bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Mechanisms of Nano‐AlN Content in the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Fe–25Mn–9Al–8Ni–1C–0.2Ti Alloy
Authors: Bai Yaping , Lei Naqing , Guo Fan , He Zibo , Li Jianping , Sun Chongfeng , Wang Ping
Published: January 2025

In order to design a high‐strength, tough alloy for structural components, Fe–25Mn–9Al–8Ni–1C–0.2Ti–xAlN (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1 wt%) alloys are prepared by powder metallurgy combined with vacuum arc melting. It can be seen from microstructure that the AlN/Al preform obtained by homogenizing mixing followed by vacuum pressureless sintering is added to the arc melting in the form of raw materials, and the AlN phase can exist stably and be uniformly distributed in the matrix. The main phases of the alloys are composed of austenite, ferrite, and TiC. With the increase of AlN content, the ferrite content is decreased and the grains are refined. The distribution of ferrite grains is changed from network to needle‐like and dot‐like morphology. Mechanical property test results reveal that the addition of the nano‐AlN can maintain the stability of the tensile strength while significantly improving its elongation after fracture. Specifically, when the AlN content is 0.5 wt%, the elongation after fracture reaches the maximum value of ≈55.8%, representing ≈98.5% improvement compared to the matrix alloy. It is attributed to the promotion of slip line formation by nano‐AlN, resulting in a higher density of slip lines within the alloy.
Depth‐Modulus Engineered Meta‐Elastomers for Multiaxial Strain Programming in Stretchable Displays
Authors: Choi Jun‐Chan , Lee Dong Won , Jeong Hoon Yeub , Yang Jiwoo , Jeong Sujin , Kim Woojin , Son Jeong Gon , Kim Heesuk , Hong Yongtaek , Chung Seungjun
Published: January 2025

With the growing demand for displays with diverse form factors, stretchable displays are at the forefront of this evolution garnering significant interest. One challenge is image warping caused by the high Poisson's ratio (ν) of conventional elastomers during stretching, meta‐elastomer (ME) substrates incorporating high‐modulus mechanical metamaterial frames with a negative ν have emerged as promising solutions. However, the modulus mismatch between the frame and matrix results in undesirable thickness variations in ME substrates under tensile stress, degrading image quality by distorting the focal length. In this study, depth‐modulus engineered MEs that achieve near‐zero ν under multiaxial strain are reported. By infiltrating a vaporized cross‐linker, a continuous depth‐modulus gradient in the ME substrates is created, effectively minimizing Poisson's effects and z‐axis deformation simultaneously. These continuous gradient depth‐modulus engineered ME (C‐GDME) substrates reduce the in‐plane ν to 0.09 and exhibit thickness variation close to half that of pristine ME substrates without modulus tailoring. Furthermore, C‐GDME substrates demonstrate excellent mechanical durability and ≈90% visible‐light transmittance. The integrated light‐emitting diode arrays on the C‐GDME substrates display linear and predictable pixel displacement under stretching, highlighting their potential for stretchable displays.
Robotic devices for Structural Health Monitoring
Authors: Górski Marcin , Grzyb Krzysztof , Zając Jakub
Published: January 2025

The last decade has seen the dynamic development of robotic tools, particularly the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Miniaturization, improvement of control tools, and specialization of these devices have made them tools that are eagerly used by various industries, including the construction industry. Initially, UAVs were used for visual inspections; today, highly specialized devices are an increasingly important element of Structural Health Monitoring (SHM), assessing the condition of structures and estimating their load‐bearing capacity. This article aims to present the current state of technology in robotic solutions in SHM, with particular emphasis on those providing possibilities for contact‐based diagnostics. The work refers to wheeled robots and drones, including functional tools for diagnostics of the bond quality of the fiber‐reinforced polymers strengthening overlays with the concrete surface. The paper reviews the types, scope, and methodology of data collection by robotic devices. It also shows attempts to integrate data with other SHM methods, incorporate them into the building information modeling environment, and create a digital twin of the structure. It also indicates further directions of work already initiated in the automated assessment of load‐bearing capacity and estimation of the safety level of structures.
High Schools' Role in Promoting Equity for Multilingual Learners' Access to College
Authors: Kanno Yasuko , Leider Christine Montecillo , Li Kuang , David Nick , Chen Erning “Henry”
Published: January 2025

High school plays a pivotal role in preparing students for college. Accordingly, a large body of research examines how high schools shape general education students' postsecondary options. However, there is a dearth of research on high schools' role in promoting multilingual learners' (MLs) college access. MLs' educational experiences differ from those of other minoritized students because MLs are still developing English language proficiency while also learning academic content. It is thus important to examine high schools' role in shaping MLs' postsecondary pathways. Adopting a multisite qualitative case study approach and an ecology of equity framework, we compare the policies and practices of two Massachusetts public high schools that both successfully expanded MLs' postsecondary options but in different ways. We argue that expanding equity in MLs' college access looks very different depending on the context of schools and the socioeconomic circumstances and the immigration status of the students they serve. Sending many MLs to 4‐year colleges need not be the only measure of success; expanding MLs' awareness of other postsecondary options and helping them choose a path that is aligned with their goals is also a valid approach to equity.
Family Poultry Farming in Sri Lanka: An Integral Component of Protein Security, Poverty Alleviation and Public Health
Authors: Pujani Gunasekara Umayangana , Wasantha Kalupahana Anil , Deepachandi Gunasekara Yasodhara , Silva‐Fletcher Ayona , Sagarika Kalupahana Ruwani
Published: January 2025

Family poultry farming plays a crucial role in ensuring protein availability and household income, particularly in low‐income families. This study investigates the knowledge, attitudes and practices of family poultry farmers regarding poultry diseases, biosecurity and vaccinations. The research involved surveying 150 farmers in a selected area in Sri Lanka's western province, revealing significant knowledge gaps, particularly in understanding poultry diseases, their causes, transmission pathways and potential impacts on humans. Most respondents demonstrated a lack of familiarity with biosecurity practices, with only a small fraction accurately identified recommended measures. Among the total respondents, only 16.7% were familiar with the term ‘biosecurity’. Additionally, only 29.3% recognized that family poultry could pose a threat to public health. A significant majority (84.67%) admitted to not knowing which diseases could be effectively prevented through vaccination, and 80% of respondents had never vaccinated their birds. These findings highlight the challenges faced by family poultry farmers due to their limited understanding of crucial aspects of poultry management. The study underscores the need for government intervention and policy development to address these issues. Education and training programmes are essential to enhance farmers’ awareness regarding disease control, biosecurity measures and the benefits of vaccination.
The current clinical approach to feeding and eating disorders aimed to increase personalization of management
Authors: Schmidt Ulrike H. , Claudino Angelica , Fernández‐Aranda Fernando , Giel Katrin E. , Griffiths Jess , Hay Phillipa J. , Kim Youl‐Ri , Marshall Jane , Micali Nadia , Monteleone Alessio Maria , Nakazato Michiko , Steinglass Joanna , Wade Tracey D. , Wonderlich Stephen , Zipfel Stephan , Allen Karina L. , Sharpe Helen
Published: January 2025

Feeding and eating disorders (FEDs) are a heterogeneous grouping of disorders at the mind‐body interface, with typical onset from childhood into emerging adulthood. They occur along a spectrum of disordered eating and compensatory weight management behaviors, and from low to high body weight. Psychiatric comorbidities are the norm. In contrast to other major psychiatric disorders, first‐line treatments for FEDs are mainly psychological and/or nutrition‐focused, with medications playing a minor adjunctive role. Patients, carers and clinicians all have identified personalization of treatment as a priority. Yet, for all FEDs, the evidence base supporting this personalization is limited. Importantly, disordered eating and related behaviors can have serious physical consequences and may put the patient's life at risk. In these cases, immediate safety and risk management considerations may at least for a period need to be prioritized over other efforts at personalization of care. This paper systematically reviews several key domains that may be relevant to the characterization of the individual patient with a FED aimed at personalization of management. These domains include symptom profile, clinical subtypes, severity, clinical staging, physical complications and consequences, antecedent and concomitant psychiatric conditions, social functioning and quality of life, neurocognition, social cognition and emotion, dysfunctional cognitive schemata, personality traits, family history, early environmental exposures, recent environmental exposures, stigma, and protective factors. Where possible, validated assessment measures for use in clinical practice are identified. The limitations of the current evidence are pointed out, and possible directions for future research are highlighted. These also include novel and emerging approaches aimed at providing more fine‐grained and sophisticated ways to personalize treatment of FEDs, such as those that utilize neurobiological markers. We additionally outline remote measurement technologies designed to delineate patients’ illness and recovery trajectories and facilitate development of novel intervention approaches.
Augmenting trauma‐focused cognitive behavior therapy for post‐traumatic stress disorder with memory specificity training: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Bryant Richard A. , Dawson Katie S. , Yadav Srishti , Tran Jenny , Choi‐Christou Jasmine , Rawson Natasha , Tockar Julia , Stech Eileen , Garber Benjamin , Broomfield Catherine , Harrison Anthony , Keyan Dharani , Azevedo Suzanna
Published: January 2025

Although trauma‐focused cognitive behavior therapy (TF‐CBT) is the recommended treatment for post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), up to one‐half of patients do not respond to this intervention. There is an urgent need to develop new strategies to improve treatment response. Training people to recall specific positive memories may augment treatment gains in TF‐CBT. We conducted a controlled trial in Australia with current or former first responders (including police, firefighters and paramedics) with PTSD, who were randomized on a 1:1 basis to 12 weekly 90‐min individual sessions of either TF‐CBT combined with memory specificity training (TF‐CBT/MT) or TF‐CBT alone. The primary outcome was change in PTSD severity independently assessed at baseline, post‐treatment, and six months after treatment (primary outcome timepoint). Secondary outcomes included measures of depression, trauma‐related cognitions, alcohol use, and quality of life. Between October 2021 and May 2023, fifty participants were randomized to TF‐CBT/MT, and fifty to TF‐CBT alone. Most participants were males (71.0%) and the mean age was 46.8±9.9 years. At the 6‐month assessment, participants receiving TF‐CBT/MT showed a greater reduction of PTSD severity than those randomized to TF‐CBT alone (mean difference: 9.2, 95% CI: 3.2‐15.1, p=0.003), indicating a large effect size (0.9, 95% CI: 0.1‐1.6). Participants receiving TF‐CBT/MT also had greater reductions in alcohol use (mean difference: 5.3, 95% CI: 1.5‐9.2, p=0.007; effect size: 0.8, 95% CI: 0.2‐1.4) and self‐blame cognitions (mean difference: 0.8, 95% CI: 0.2‐1.4, p=0.008; effect size: 0.5, 95% CI: 0.1‐0.9). These data suggest that memory specificity training adds significantly to the effect of standard TF‐CBT in reducing PTSD severity. This approach can offer a simple and easy to implement strategy to augment treatment for PTSD patients.
3-D Discrete Vortex and Convection for the Lorenz System
Authors: Kawamoto Shunji
Published: January 2025

The Lorenz system is well known as a three-dimensional (3-D) mathematical model for atmospheric convection and is considered from the viewpoint of discrete chaos functions. Firstly, the 3-D generalized Lorenz map with system parameters is proposed, and the bifurcation diagrams are calculated to find discrete limit cycles. Then, the 3-D orbit solutions are shown to have the 2-D limit cycles with active dynamics on the x–y plane. Finally, the 3-D discrete vortices with distortion are numerically illustrated, depending on the system parameters and initial conditions of cells. In particular, the 3-D vortices with distortion and convection correspond to the 2-D limit cycles, which are briefly discussed on high or low atmospheric pressure of atmospheric convection and on 3-D climate change for the Lorenz system, as nonlinear dynamics of 3-D nonequilibrium open systems.
Electroweak phase transition in two scalar singlet model with pNGB dark matter
Authors: Ghosh Dilip Kumar , Mukherjee Koustav , Mukherjee Shourya
Published: January 2025

Abstract

We investigate the dynamics of the electroweak phase transition within an extended Standard Model framework that includes one real scalar (Φ) and one complex scalar (S), both of which are SM gauge singlets. The global U(1) symmetry is softly broken to a

$$ {\mathcal{Z}}_3 $$

Z
3

symmetry by the S
3 term in the scalar potential. After this U(1) symmetry breaking, the imaginary component of the complex scalar (S) acts as a pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone boson (pNGB) dark matter candidate, naturally stabilized by the

$$ {\mathcal{Z}}_2 $$

Z
2

symmetry of the scenario. Specially, the spontaneous breaking of the global U(1) symmetry to a discrete

$$ {\mathcal{Z}}_3 $$

Z
3

subgroup can introduce effective cubic terms in the scalar potential, which facilitates a strong first-order phase transition. We analyze both single-step and multi-step first-order phase transitions, identifying the parameter space that satisfies the dark matter relic density constraints, complies with all relevant experimental constraints, and exhibits a strong first-order electroweak phase transition. The interplay of these criteria significantly restricts the model parameter space, often leading to an underabundant relic density. Moreover, we delve into the gravitational wave signatures associated with this framework, offering valuable insights that complement traditional dark matter direct and indirect detection methods.
Investigating the Constraints and Mitigation Strategies for the Adoption of Sustainable Land Management Practices in Erosion-prone Areas of Southeast Nigeria
Authors: Olumba Cynthia Nneka , Garrod Guy , Areal Francisco
Published: January 2025

The adoption of sustainable land management practices (SLMPs) is crucial to improve soil health, and farm yield, and potentially limit the degradation of agricultural and ecological systems. However, farmers still encounter diverse challenges when trying to implement SLMPs. Research on the potential mitigation strategies to address the complex challenges to the adoption of SLMPs in the developing countries context is limited. Accordingly, this study investigates the constraints to adopting SLMPs using household survey data collected from 480 sampled farmers in erosion-prone areas of southeast Nigeria. Also, through focus groups and interviews with key stakeholders in the land sector, the study investigates the potential mitigation strategies to address the constraints. Descriptive statistics were used to explore the characteristics of the farmers, while Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to analyse the constraints to the adoption of SLMPs. The qualitative data collected were analysed using inductive thematic analysis. The PCA result identified economic/financial factors as the principal constraint to the adoption of SLMPs. Other barriers to the adoption of SLMPs in the study area include constraints related to the characteristics of the SLMPs, institutional constraints and constraints related to land property rights. Based on the stakeholders’ perspectives, financial and economic support, improved R&D, knowledge exchange and advisory system, policy and regulatory solutions, and multi-stakeholder engagement are important strategies to tackle the constraints to the adoption of SLMPs. Insights from this study could help practitioners, conservation planners and policymakers design more targeted and effective interventions to promote the widespread adoption of SLMPs.
CXR-LLaVA: a multimodal large language model for interpreting chest X-ray images
Authors: Lee Seowoo , Youn Jiwon , Kim Hyungjin , Kim Mansu , Yoon Soon Ho
Published: January 2025

Objective

This study aimed to develop an open-source multimodal large language model (CXR-LLaVA) for interpreting chest X-ray images (CXRs), leveraging recent advances in large language models (LLMs) to potentially replicate the image interpretation skills of human radiologists.

Materials and methods

For training, we collected 592,580 publicly available CXRs, of which 374,881 had labels for certain radiographic abnormalities (Dataset 1) and 217,699 provided free-text radiology reports (Dataset 2). After pre-training a vision transformer with Dataset 1, we integrated it with an LLM influenced by the LLaVA network. Then, the model was fine-tuned, primarily using Dataset 2. The model’s diagnostic performance for major pathological findings was evaluated, along with the acceptability of radiologic reports by human radiologists, to gauge its potential for autonomous reporting.

Results

The model demonstrated impressive performance in test sets, achieving an average F1 score of 0.81 for six major pathological findings in the MIMIC internal test set and 0.56 for six major pathological findings in the external test set. The model’s F1 scores surpassed those of GPT-4-vision and Gemini-Pro-Vision in both test sets. In human radiologist evaluations of the external test set, the model achieved a 72.7% success rate in autonomous reporting, slightly below the 84.0% rate of ground truth reports.

Conclusion

This study highlights the significant potential of multimodal LLMs for CXR interpretation, while also acknowledging the performance limitations. Despite these challenges, we believe that making our model open-source will catalyze further research, expanding its effectiveness and applicability in various clinical contexts.

Key Points

Question

How can a multimodal large language model be adapted to interpret chest X-rays and generate radiologic reports?

Findings

The developed CXR-LLaVA model effectively detects major pathological findings in chest X-rays and generates radiologic reports with a higher accuracy compared to general-purpose models.

Clinical relevance

This study demonstrates the potential of multimodal large language models to support radiologists by autonomously generating chest X-ray reports, potentially reducing diagnostic workloads and improving radiologist efficiency.
Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging outcome after proximal hamstring tendon repair at mean 3 years follow-up
Authors: Sgustav Carlo , Lacheta Lucca , Stöckle Ulrich , Akgün Doruk , Geisel Dominik , Park Hi-Un , Marth Adrian , Kim Suchung
Published: January 2025

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to assess clinical and radiological outcome in patients after proximal hamstring tendon repair. We hypothesized that there is a significant correlation among subjective clinical outcome and interlimb asymmetries in muscle strength, fatty infiltration, and hamstring volume.

Methods

This retrospective monocentric case series included patients with surgical repair after proximal hamstring tendon rupture. Clinical outcome was assessed utilizing: Healthy Days Core Module (CDC HRQOL-4), numeric pain rating scale (NRS), modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS), Tegner Activity Scale (TAS), return to pre-injury activity level (RTPA), and patient satisfaction score. Postoperative hamstring strength was measured using a handheld dynamometer and radiological outcome was determined by postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Results

Twenty-seven patients with a mean age of 51.2 (± 12.6) years were available for follow-up at a mean of 41.11 (± 18.4) months. Patients state a mean of 10.6 (± 11.5) days in the unhealthy days (UHD) index and 88.9% show “good health” in the simple summary score (SSS). Mean subjective outcome scores were as follows: NRS 1.1 (± 2.4), mHHS 90.3 (± 14.8) and TAS 5.7 (± 2.2). A total of 59.3% RTPA and 88.9% state to be somewhat or very satisfied with their surgery. Mean interlimb strength ratio was 0.88 (± 0.21). MRI demonstrated a fully restored muscle–tendon unit, significantly greater fatty infiltration in the injured hamstrings (p = 0.009, d = 0.558), and a mean interlimb hamstring volume ratio of 0.94 (± 0.11). With respect to the 10% benchmark, patients had no significant asymmetries in muscle strength (p = 0.677, d = 0.084) or hamstring volume (p = 0.102, d = − 0.34). Correlation analysis revealed moderate correlation among asymmetries in strength and volume (p = 0.073, r = 0.373). In patients with the operated side inferior to the healthy side (n = 15), there was strong correlation among asymmetries in strength and volume (p = 0.002, r = 0.725). Statistically significant correlation was found between interlimb muscle volume atrophy and increase in fatty infiltration (p = 0.015, r = 0.481).

Conclusion

Proximal hamstring repair results in good clinical outcome with satisfactory recovery of hamstring strength and volume. Interlimb asymmetries, in terms of muscle strength, fatty infiltration, and hamstring volume do not correlate with clinical outcome.

Study Type

Retrospective cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.
Ocrelizumab dose selection for treatment of pediatric relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis: results of the OPERETTA I study
Authors: Mar Soe , Valeriani Massimiliano , Steinborn Barbara , Schreiner Teri , Waubant Emmanuelle , Filippi Massimo , Kotulska Katarzyna , Mazurkiewicz-Beldzinska Maria , El Azzouzi Bouchra , Lin Chien-Ju , Shen Yun-An , Kletzl Heidemarie , Evershed Joanna , Hogea Alexandra , Manlius Corinne , Bonati Ulrike , Banwell Brenda
Published: January 2025

Background

The presented study identified the appropriate ocrelizumab dosing regimen for patients with pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis (POMS).

Methods

Patients with POMS aged 10–17 years were enrolled into cohort 1 (body weight [BW] < 40 kg, ocrelizumab 300 mg) and cohort 2 (BW ≥ 40 kg, ocrelizumab 600 mg) during a 24-week dose-exploration period (DEP), followed by an optional ocrelizumab (given every 24 weeks) extension period. Primary endpoints: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics (CD19+ B-cell count); secondary endpoint: safety; exploratory endpoints: MRI activity, protocol-defined relapses, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score change.

Results

A total of 23 patients (cohort 1: n = 6, age 10–12 years, BW 27.0–39.0 kg; cohort 2: n = 17, age 11–17 years, BW 42.1–108.4 kg) were enrolled. Median treatment duration was 120 (range, 24–193) weeks at the primary analysis cutoff (October 5, 2023). Overall, the pharmacokinetic data were within the range observed at 600 mg in adult patients with MS; however, the exposure at 300 mg in patients < 40 kg was lower than with 600 mg in patients ≥ 40 kg. Shifting the cutoff to 35 kg would provide better exposure to patients with 35–40 kg body weight. Sustained, near-complete B-cell depletion was observed. The safety profile was consistent with that in adults. EDSS scores remained stable; no clinical relapses were observed.

Conclusion

A dosing regimen of 300 mg ocrelizumab for patients < 35 kg, and 600 mg for patients ≥ 35 kg (every 24 weeks), was selected for the phase 3 OPERETTA II trial (NCT05123703).

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04075266.
Climate signal age effects in Pinus uncinata tree-ring density data from the Spanish Pyrenees
Authors: Spelsberg Sophie , Büntgen Ulf , Homfeld Inga K. , Kunz Marcel , Martinez del Castillo Edurne , Tejedor Ernesto , Torbenson Max , Ziaco Emanuele , Esper Jan
Published: January 2025

Key message

The temperature sensitivity of maximum latewood density measurements in pine trees from a high-elevation site in the Spanish Pyrenees increases with tree age. Detrending modulates the intensity of the effect.

Tree-rings are the prime archive for high-resolution climate information over the past two millennia. However, the accuracy of annually resolved reconstructions from tree-rings can be constrained by what is known as climate signal age effects (CSAE), encompassing changes in the sensitivity of tree growth to climate over their lifespans. Here, we evaluate CSAE in Pinus uncinata from an upper tree line site in the Spanish central Pyrenees, Lake Gerber, which became a key location for reconstructing western Mediterranean summer temperatures at annual resolution. We use tree-ring width (TRW) and maximum latewood density (MXD) measurements from 50 pine trees with individual ages ranging from 7 to 406 years. For MXD, temperature sensitivity increases significantly (p < 0.01) with tree age from r = 0.31 in juvenile rings with a cambial age < 100 years to r = 0.49 in adult rings > 100 years. Similar CSAE are not detected in TRW, likely affected by the overall lower temperature signal (r
TRW = 0.45 vs. r
MXD = 0.81 from 1951 to 2020). The severity of CSAE is influenced by the approach used to remove ontogenetic trends, highlighting the need to assess and consider potential biases during tree-ring standardization. Our findings reveal CSAE to add uncertainty in MXD-based climate reconstructions in the Mediterranean. We recommend studying CSAE by sampling diverse age classes in dendroclimatic field campaigns.
Gestational diabetes and mental health: longitudinal analysis of data from the GEMS randomized trial
Authors: Ohene-Agyei Phyllis , Gamble Greg D. , Tran Thach , Harding Jane E. , Crowther Caroline A.
Published: January 2025

Purpose

There is limited high-quality evidence about perinatal mental health among women with gestational diabetes. We aimed to assess the risks and longitudinal changes in anxiety, depression, and health-related quality of life comparing women with gestational diabetes and those without among a contemporary cohort of pregnant women.

Methods

Prospective cohort study of participants in the GEMS Trial. Women with a singleton pregnancy were eligible if they had a 75-g diagnostic oral glucose-tolerance test between 24 and 32 weeks’ gestation, provided written informed consent, and completed questionnaires about anxiety, depression, and health-related quality of life at the study time points.

Results

There were no differences in risk for anxiety (RR 1.13, 95% CI 0.86, 1.49; p = 0.39) or depression (RR 1.08, 95% CI 0.78, 1.50; p = 0.64) between the two groups at 36 weeks’ gestation or 6 months postpartum [anxiety: (RR 1.21, 95% CI 0.90, 1.63; p = 0.21); depression: (RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.55, 1.28; p = 0.43]. However, at 36 weeks’ gestation participants with gestational diabetes reported better physical functioning, and at 6 months postpartum, better mental functioning (mean difference (MD) in scores 1.28, 95% CI 0.25, 2.30; p = 0.01) although worse physical functioning (MD -2.99, 95% CI -3.90, -2.07; p = < 0.001) compared to participants without.

Conclusion

The risk for poor mental health during the perinatal period does not differ importantly among women diagnosed and treated for gestational diabetes compared to the general pregnant population.
Enhanced RTP method for nonlinear statistical prediction of ship structural response
Authors: Matsui Sadaoki
Published: January 2025

In this study, the Enhanced RAO-based Translation Process (ERTP) method, which is an enhanced version of the RAO-based Translation Process (RTP) method proposed in the previous study, is newly proposed. The RTP method approximates the Extreme Value Distribution (EVD) in arbitrary irregular waves from the nonlinear response in regular waves based on the idea of the transformation process, in which the nonlinear process is regarded as a transformation of a linear process. However, it was found that the RTP method is inaccurate when the response spectrum has multiple peaks, which is often the case for stresses in ship structures in waves. To solve this problem, the author developed the ERTP method, which defines a nonlinear transformation based on the L
p-norm of the response spectrum. Direct Load and Structure Analysis considering the nonlinearity of wave loads was conducted and confirmed that the proposed method can reasonably estimate the EVD even for structural elements with a multi-peaked response spectrum with respect to the wave direction.
Do coastal salt mudflats (sabkhas) contribute to the blue carbon sequestration?
Authors: Elsayed Hadil , Al Disi Zulfa Ali , Naja Khaled , Strakhov Ivan , Mundle Scott O. C. , Al-Kuwari Hamad Al Saad , Sadooni Fadhil , Diloreto Zach , Al-Khayat Jassim Abdulla A. , Dittrich Maria
Published: January 2025

Blue carbon represents the organic carbon retained in marine coastal ecosystems. Sabkhas (an Arabic for “mudflats”), formed in tidal environments under arid conditions, have been proposed to be capable of carbon sequestrating. Despite the growing understanding of the critical role of blue carbon ecosystems, there is a current dispute about whether sabkhas around the Persian Gulf can contribute to carbon retention as a blue carbon ecosystem. The arguments often lack data on a critical contributor, inorganic carbon in the form of carbonates, which can drive the net carbon exchange with the atmosphere. In this study we inventory organic and inorganic carbon retention capacity in two contrasting sabkhas of the Qatar Peninsula: carbonaceous Dohat Faishakh and siliciclastic Khor Al-Adaid. Despite the differences in organic carbon stock between the two sabkhas, the Dohat Faishakh sabkha has higher (37.17 ± 0.81 Mg Corg ha−1) than it is in the Khor Al-Adaid sabkha (13.75 ± 0.38 Mg Corg ha−1) for 0. 44 m sediment depth, the organic carbon retained in sabkhas is similar to those reported for mangroves and salt marshes. Notably, calculated CO2 net sequestration indicated that both sabkhas evade CO2 into the atmosphere. Thus, carbonate formation negated organic carbon accumulation in carbonaceous sabkha. Consequently, for proper evaluation of sabkhas as a blue carbon ecosystem, an inorganic carbon analysis, especially of carbonate formation, is inevitable. Considering only organic carbon stock may ay overestimate carbon sequestration capacity.
Load-bearing capacity of an experimental dental implant made of Nb-1Zr
Authors: Pott Philipp-Cornelius , Petsa Karolina , Klose Christian , Schleich Julian-Tobias , Brümmer Neele , Winkel Andreas , Maier Hans Jürgen , Stiesch Meike
Published: January 2025

Although implants have undergone a remarkable development over the past decades, modern implants still show complications that make the improvement of materials necessary. The presented study investigates the load-bearing capacity of an experimental dental implant made of a niobium alloy (Nb1Zr) compared to identical implants made of Ti6Al4V using chewing simulation for artificial aging. Eight implants each with an experimental design were manufactured from Nb1Zr and Ti6Al4V. A standardized abutment made of Ti6Al4V was fabricated for each implant and screwed into the implant with a screw made of the same material. A shape-identical crown for an upper first molar was fabricated for all implants using the CAD/CAM technique. All specimens were artificially aged using chewing simulation for 1 × 106 cycles and thermocycling between 5 °C and 55 °C for 4 × 103 cycles. After that, all specimens were loaded until failure. This was followed by a 3D analysis of the deformation of the samples. 100% of the samples survived the artificial aging. The Nb1Zr samples failed at 2595 ± 1069 N. In the Ti6Al4V group, failure occurred at 2958 ± 1058 N. The first deformations occurred in both groups from a load of at least 1114 N. The 3D analysis revealed deformations of 0.08 mm in the implant shoulder area of the Nb1Zr implants and of 0.04 mm in the Ti6Al4V implants. This difference was significant (p = 0.016). The investigated Nb1Zr alloy appears to be suitable for implants. The measured load-bearing capacity is significantly higher than the expected intraoral masticatory forces.

Graphical Abstract
Breaking Up Rationally
Authors: Villiger Daniel , de Vries Bouke
Published: January 2025

The end of a long-term romantic relationship ranks among the most stressful and momentous events in life. Thus, the decision of whether to break up with someone whom one has been with for many years should generally be made very carefully. Unfortunately, decision theory is often thought to be unable to provide rational guidance in such high-stake life choices due to the outcomes’ presumed transformative character. The present paper shows how agents can rationally decide whether to leave their romantic partner even if the decision is transformative. It does so by using a novel five-level account of transformative decision-making, which can also be used for other key life choices, and which is the first to integrate in a systematic way several approaches for making (certain types of) transformative decisions that have been proposed in recent years.
Comparison of Random Forest and Stepwise Regression for Variable Selection Using Low Prevalence Predictors: A case Study in Paediatric Sepsis
Authors: Gilholm Patricia , Lister Paula , Irwin Adam , Harley Amanda , Raman Sainath , Schlapbach Luregn J , Gibbons Kristen S
Published: January 2025

Introduction

Variable selection is a common technique to identify the most predictive variables from a pool of candidate predictors. Low prevalence predictors (LPPs) are frequently found in clinical data, yet few studies have explored their impact on model performance during variable selection. This study compared the Random Forest (RF) algorithm and stepwise regression (SWR) for variable selection using data from a paediatric sepsis screening tool, where 18 out of 32 predictors had a prevalence < 10%.

Methods

Variable selection using RF was compared to forward and backward SWR. Model performance was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), and the variables retained. Additionally, a simulation study assessed how increasing the prevalence of the predictors impacted the variable selection results.

Results

The best fitting RF and SWR models retained were 22, and 17 predictors, respectively, with 14 and 10 predictors having a prevalence < 10%. Both the RF and SWR models had similar predictive performance (RF: AUC [95% Confidence Interval] 0.79 [0.77, 0.81], LR: 0.80 [0.78, 0.82]). The simulation study revealed differences for both RF and SWR models in variable importance rankings and predictor selection with increasing prevalence thresholds, particularly for moderately and strongly associated predictors.

Discussion

The RF algorithm retained a number of very low prevalence predictors compared to SWR. However, the predictive performance of both models were comparable, demonstrating that when applied correctly and the number of candidate predictors is small, both methods are suitable for variable selection when using low prevalence predictors.
Quality attributes of test cases and test suites – importance & challenges from practitioners’ perspectives
Authors: Tran Huynh Khanh Vi , Ali Nauman bin , Unterkalmsteiner Michael , Börstler Jürgen , Chatzipetrou Panagiota
Published: January 2025

The quality of the test suites and the constituent test cases significantly impacts confidence in software testing. While research has identified several quality attributes of test cases and test suites, there is a need for a better understanding of their relative importance in practice. We investigate practitioners’ perceptions regarding the relative importance of quality attributes of test cases and test suites and the challenges that they face in ensuring the perceived important quality attributes. To capture the practitioners’ perceptions, we conducted an industrial survey using a questionnaire based on the quality attributes identified in an extensive literature review. We used a sampling strategy that leverages LinkedIn to draw a large and heterogeneous sample of professionals with experience in software testing. We collected 354 responses from practitioners with a wide range of experience (from less than one year to 42 years of experience). We found that the majority of practitioners rated Fault Detection, Usability, Maintainability, Reliability, and Coverage to be the most important quality attributes. Resource Efficiency, Reusability, and Simplicity received the most divergent opinions, which, according to our analysis, depend on the software-testing contexts. Also, we identified common challenges that apply to the important attributes, namely inadequate definition, lack of useful metrics, lack of an established review process, and lack of external support. The findings point out where practitioners actually need further support with respect to achieving high-quality test cases and test suites under different software testing contexts. Hence, the findings can serve as a guideline for academic researchers when looking for research directions on the topic. Furthermore, the findings can be used to encourage companies to provide more support to practitioners to achieve high-quality test cases and test suites.
Moralism as a Pathology of Public Discourse: A Realist Assessment
Authors: Burelli Carlo , Destri Chiara
Published: January 2025

This paper aims to offer a critique of a rigidly moralistic temperament in public discourse from the perspective of political realism. It unpacks three types of moralism in public discourse, and for each, it explains why it is normatively problematic from a realist perspective: ‘Moralist Causalism’ is the belief that moral preaching is an apt way to affect the world for the better; ‘Moralist Manicheism’ is a dichotomous division of the world between good and evil; ‘Moralist Absolutism’ is the conviction that only morality matters when we answer the question, ‘What should we do?’. The paper then turns these negative criticisms into a positive recipe for how to look realistically at what is valuable in the world. First, there are not only multiple values in the world but also different sources of values (epistemic, instrumental, aesthetic…) which may conflict with one another. We call this requirement ‘Meta-Normative Pluralism’. Second, politics is pivotal because it is the sphere where the clashes among all other spheres of value are authoritatively resolved—a role which moralists usurp for morality.
The predictive value of prostate spherical volume ratio in lower urinary tract symptoms and clinical progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Ji Tangrao , Huang Kewei , He Biming , Wang Haifeng
Published: January 2025

Purpose

To evaluate the predictive value of Prostate Spherical Volume Ratio for Lower urinary tract symptoms and clinical progression of Benign prostatic hyperplasia. And compared with other prostatic anatomical parameters.

Methods

A total of 154 patients with Benign prostatic hyperplasia who underwent MRI and urodynamics were included in the study, while prostate anatomical parameters such as prostate spherical volume ratio, prostate volume, intravesical prostatic protrusion, prostatic urethral length and presumed circle area ratio were determined based on MRI measurements. Average length of follow-up was 12 months. The primary outcome was follow-up for the clinical progression of Benign prostatic hyperplasia, defined as an increase in the International Prostate Symptom Score of at least 4 points, Benign prostatic hyperplasia-related prostatic surgery. Univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses were conducted to identify risk factors for lower urinary tract symptoms. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify risk factors for clinical progression of Benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Results

Multivariate linear regression highlighted the significant association of prostate spherical volume ratio with lower urinary tract symptoms. In multivariable logistic regression analysis prostate spherical volume ratio is an independent risk factor for the clinical progression of Benign prostatic hyperplasia to an increase in the International Prostate Symptom Score of at least 4 points (OR = 1.53 p = 0.016) and Benign prostatic hyperplasia -related prostatic surgery (OR = 5.15 p = 0.020).

Conclusion

Prostate spherical volume ratio has been significantly correlated with Lower urinary tract symptoms, and it was an independent risk factor for the clinical progression of Benign prostatic hyperplasia.

This trial is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov

NCT06448533
Time course of hospitalizations in patients with heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease around sleep-disordered-breathing diagnosis
Authors: Tafelmeier Maria , Malfertheiner Maximilian , Zeman Florian , Penzel Thomas , Schoebel Christoph , Randerath Winfried , Treml Marcel , Lotz Gary , Pepin Jean-Louis , Arzt Michael
Published: January 2025

Purpose

In heart failure (HF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) populations, sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is associated with impaired health outcomes. We evaluated whether in patients with HF, concomitant HF and COPD or COPD, the number of hospitalizations would be reduced in the year after testing for SDB with and without treatment initiation compared to the year before.

Methods

We performed a multicentre retrospective study of 390 consecutive sleep-clinic patients who had a primary diagnosis of chronic HF, HF and COPD or COPD and a secondary diagnosis of SDB. The date of SDB-testing was defined as the index date. Data on healthcare utilization was extracted for the 12-month period prior to and after this date.

Results

The initiation of adaptive servoventilation (ASV) and non-invasive ventilation (NIV) treatment resulted in a statistically significant reduction in the number of hospitalisations. While continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment also demonstrated a reduction in hospitalisations, the observed effect did not reach the level of statistical significance. After accounting for demographics and comorbidities in multivariable regression analyses, only NIV was significantly associated with a reduction in hospitalizations, while CPAP or ASV were not. NIV appears to be underutilized in COPD.

Conclusions

Our data indicate, that patients with HF or COPD and concomitant SDB may benefit from the initiation of appropriate PAP-therapy. Whether treating SDB in HF- and COPD-patients influences healthcare utilization merits further investigation.
Design of a nutrient profiling model for life cycle assessment of “superfoods” to address nutritional deficiencies and enhance environmental protection in Spain
Authors: Fernández-Ríos Ana , Laso Jara , Batlle-Bayer Laura , Amo-Setién Francisco , Abajas-Bustillo Rebeca , Ortego-Maté Carmen , Aldaco Rubén , Margallo María
Published: January 2025

Purpose

The overriding connection between climate interactions and nutritional outcomes of food systems is at the forefront of research, especially when it comes to assessing alternative food products. Accordingly, the objective of this paper is to design a nutrient profiling (NP) model adapted to the Spanish context for use in nutritionally-factored environmental life cycle assessments (LCA) of “superfoods.”

Methods

The variability in nutritional needs between countries and their associated environmental impact were the key points that motivated the creation of the model and guided its development. Based on the “nutrient rich” family of models, the characterization of the NP system was guided by the definition of the specific purpose and the selection of qualifying and disqualifying nutrients according to the Spanish recommendations. The introduction of weighting factors was motivated by the capacity of “superfoods” to cover main nutritional shortfalls of the population and they were estimated with the actual and the recommended intake levels.

Results and discussion

The Spanish Nutrient Rich (“super”)Food 9.2 (sNRF9.2) model validation and testing across various foods successfully fulfills its purpose by aligning with the Spanish Public Health Strategy and providing an adequate prioritization of products. The application of the index to “superfoods” identified chia seeds, turmeric, kale, or moringa, among others as the most beneficial, thus demonstrating their nutritional potential. Even though the application as functional unit in the LCA of “superfoods” is ongoing, preliminary results in conventional products showed its usefulness in conveying integrated information efficiently.

Conclusions

The model represents an initial step toward advancing research, adapting a contextualized NP model for future objective environmental analysis of “superfoods.” It will contribute to ensuring sustainable food security and provide new insights and perspective for decision-making by consumers, stakeholders, and policy makers.
Sure they Gamble – But At Least They’re Not Being Bullied! A Survey of Parental Perspectives of Adolescent Gambling
Authors: Dittman Cassandra K. , Gossner Michelle , Browne Matthew , Hing Nerilee , Rockloff Matthew , Russell Alex M. T. , Lole Lisa
Published: January 2025

There is almost no research on adolescent gambling from the perspective of parents, despite their important role in preventing adolescent engagement in potentially risky and harmful activities. This study used a quantitative online survey of 1,185 parents (69% mothers) of adolescents (aged 12 to 17 years) to examine parental attitudes and knowledge of adolescent gambling and adolescent exposure to parental gambling. Most parents disapproved of adolescents being exposed to gambling and that gambling was less concerning than other adolescent issues (e.g., bullying, drugs). Despite being concerned by gambling, parents reported that adolescent gambling was common and often gambled in the presence of their adolescent; particularly fathers. Fathers were also more likely to hold positive attitudes towards adolescent gambling, and reported higher levels of adolescent gambling and simulated gambling. These findings suggest that public health strategies to prevent adolescent gambling should build parental awareness of gambling and its risks and harms.