bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of millimeter waves on cyclophosphamide induced suppression of T cell functions
Authors: Makar Vera , Logani Mahendra , Szabo Imre , Ziskin Marvin
Published: June 2003

The effects of low power electromagnetic millimeter waves (MWs) on T cell activation, proliferation, and effector functions were studied in BALB/c mice. These functions are important in T‐lymphocyte mediated immune responses. The MW exposure characteristics were: frequency = 42.2 GHz; peak incident power density = 31 ± 5 mW/cm2, peak specific absorption rate (SAR) at the skin surface = 622 ± 100 W/kg; duration 30 min daily for 3 days. MW treatment was applied to the nasal area. The mice were additionally treated with cyclophosphamide (CPA), 100 mg/kg, a commonly used immunosuppressant and anticancer drug. Four groups of animals were used in each experiment: naive control (Naive), CPA treated (CPA), CPA treated and sham exposed (CPA + Sham), and CPA treated and MW exposed (CPA + MW). MW irradiation of CPA treated mice significantly augmented the proliferation recovery process of T cells (splenocytes). A statistically significant difference (P < .05) between CPA and CPA + MW groups was observed when cells were stimulated with an antigen. On the other hand, no statistically significant difference between CPA and CPA‐Sham groups was observed. Based on flow cytometry of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, two major classes of T cells, we show that CD4+ T cells play an important role in the proliferation recovery process. MW exposure restored the CD25 surface activation marker expression in CD4+ T cells. We next examined the effector function of purified CD4+ T cells by measuring their cytokine profile. No changes were observed after MW irradiation in interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) level, a Th2 type cytokine, while the level of interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ), a Th1 type cytokine was increased twofold. Our results indicate that MWs enhance the effector function of CD4+ T cells preferentially, through initiating a Th1 type of immune response. This was further supported by our observation of a significant enhancement of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) production by peritoneal macrophage's in CPA treated mice. The present study shows MWs ameliorate the immunosuppressive effects of CPA by augmenting the proliferation of splenocytes, and altering the activation and effector functions of CD4+ T cells. Bioelectromagnetics 24:356‐365, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phosphate metabolites in muscular contraction caused by magnetic stimulation
Authors: Chiba Atsushi , Inase Masahiko
Published: June 2003

The metabolism of high energy phosphates during muscular contraction due to direct electrical stimulation, indirect stimulation via nerve excitation, and magnetic stimulation was studied in isolated muscles (frog sartorius muscles) by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (31P‐NMR). Twitch amplitudes elicited by each stimulus were measured alternatively at 3 mm displacement loading and 5 g weight. Both the creatine/inorganic phosphate (PCr/Pi) and pH changes were more marked in direct electrical stimulation than in magnetic stimulation. The muscular contraction caused by magnetic stimulation showed less fatigue than that caused by direct electrical muscular stimulation. Bioelectromagnetics 24:366‐371, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of anisotropic diamagnetic susceptibility of a bull sperm
Authors: Emura Runa , Takeuchi Tetsuya , Nakaoka Yasuo , Higashi Terumasa
Published: June 2003

Bull sperm and paramecium cilium were exposed to uniform static magnetic fields to observe their magnetic orientations and measure their anisotropic diamagnetic susceptibility (δχ) for each. The prepared samples were whole bull sperm, bull sperm flat heads, and paramecium cilia, because bull sperm tails in a perfect condition could not be prepared. The whole bull sperm and the bull sperm heads became oriented perpendicular to the magnetic fields (1.7 Tesla maximum), while the paramecium cilia became parallel to the magnetic fields (8 Tesla maximum). A whole bull sperm, a bull sperm head, and a paramecium cilium were photometrically studied to obtain δχ for each, which were estimated to be 1 × 10−19, 3 × 10−19, and 2 × 10−20 J/T2, respectively. δχ of a sperm flagellum was estimated from the measured value of δχ of the paramecium cilium, which agrees well with the difference between δχ of the whole sperm and the sperm head. Additionally, this difference of δχ almost coincides with the δχ values calculated from δχ of tubulin, as well. If the magnetic effect on biological systems is solved and the magnetic orientation correlates with it, δχ will become the quantitative index of the effect. Bioelectromagnetics 24:347‐355, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of a 50 Hz sinusoidal magnetic field on cell adhesion molecule expression in two human osteosarcoma cell lines (MG‐63 and Saos‐2)
Authors: Santini Maria Teresa , Rainaldi Gabriella , Ferrante Antonella , Indovina Pietro Luigi , Vecchia Paolo , Donelli Gianfranco
Published: June 2003

The possibility that a sinusoidal 50 Hz magnetic field with a magnetic flux density of 0.5 mT can induce variations in the expression of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) in two human osteosarcoma cell lines (MG‐63 and Saos‐2) was investigated. In particular, the expression of two important integrins, VLA‐2, the receptor for collagen, and VLA‐5, the receptor for fibronectin, as well as CD44, were examined in both cell lines after these had been exposed for 7 and 14 days to a 50 Hz, 0.5 mT field. Cell surface morphology (scanning electron microscopy), cell growth characteristics (growth curves and cell cycle phase distribution), and cell death (necrosis and apoptosis) were also examined. The results demonstrate that no variations in surface morphology and cell death occurred between control and exposed cells in both MG‐63 and Saos‐2 cells, while significant changes were noted in cell growth and fibronectin and CD44 expression in MG‐63 cells. The results are discussed in view of the important role that CAMs play in controlling various cancer cell functions, particularly proliferation and metastasis. Bioelectromagnetics 24:327‐338, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The evolution of floral homeotic gene function
Authors: Irish Vivian F.
Published: June 2003

Plant MADS‐box genes encode transcriptional regulators that are critical for a number of developmental processes. In the angiosperms (the flowering plants), these include the specification of floral organ identities, flowering time and fruit development. It appears that the MADS box gene family has undergone considerable gene duplication and sequence divergence within the angiosperms. Here I discuss the possibility that these events have allowed the recruitment of these genes to new developmental pathways in particular angiosperm lineages. Recent analyses of sequence changes, expression patterns and, in a few cases, gene function are beginning to provide tantalizing evidence for deciphering when and how such genetic diversification has led to particular morphological innovations. In the future, comparative studies of large numbers of species will be required to assess the extent of such variation as well as to fully understand the mechanisms by which evolution of these developmental regulators has played a role in shaping new morphologies. BioEssays 25:637–646, 2003. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
What's your position? the Xenopus cement gland as a paradigm of regional specification
Authors: Wardle Fiona C. , Sive Hazel L.
Published: June 2003

The correct positioning of organs during embryonic development requires multiple cues. The Xenopus cement gland is a mucus‐secreting epithelium that is a simple model for organogenesis, allowing detailed analysis of this complex process. The cement gland forms at a conserved anterior position, where embryonic ectoderm and endoderm touch. In all deuterostomes, this region will form the stomodeum (primitive mouth) and, in some aquatic larva, will also form a cement gland. In recent years, a model has been put forward suggesting that an intermediate level of BMP signaling in the ectoderm leads to cement gland formation. We propose an alternative model whereby, during gastrulation, the cement gland (CG) is positioned by the overlap of three domains, corresponding to anterodorsal identity (AD), ventrolateral identity (VL), and ectodermal outer layer identity (EO), defining the equation (AD + VL + EO = CG). Anterodorsal identity requires a contribution by the transcription factor Otx2 while ventrolateral identity requires the BMP4 signaling pathway. These postional cues are integrated to activate cement gland differentiation. This integration appears to require intermediate steps, including expression of pitx genes, and members of the ATF/CREB and Ets transcription factor families. BioEssays 25:717–726, 2003. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reconstructing eukaryotic NAD metabolism
Authors: Rongvaux Anthony , Andris Fabienne , Van Gool Frédéric , Leo Oberdan
Published: June 2003

In addition to its well‐known role as a coenzyme in oxidation–reduction reactions, the distinct role of NAD as a precursor for molecules involved in cell regulation has been clearly established. The involvement of NAD in these regulatory processes is based on its ability to function as a donor of ADP‐ribose; NAD synthesis is therefore required to avoid depletion of the intracellular pool. The rising interest in the biosynthetic routes leading to NAD formation and the highly conserved nature of the enzymes involved prompted us to reconstruct the NAD biosynthetic routes operating in distinct eukaryotic organisms. The evidence obtained from biochemical and computational analysis provides a good example of how complex metabolic pathways may evolve. In particular, it is proposed that the development of several NAD biosynthetic routes during evolution has led to partial functional redundancy, allowing a given pathway to freely acquire novel functions unrelated to NAD biosynthesis. BioEssays 25:683–690, 2003. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The role of class I HLH genes in neural development—have they been overlooked?
Authors: Ik Tsen Heng Julian , Tan Seong‐Seng
Published: June 2003

Helix–loop–helix (HLH) genes encode for transcription factors affecting a whole variety of developmental programs, including neurogenesis. At least seven functional classes (denoted I to VII) of HLH genes exist,1 with subclass members exhibiting homo‐ and heterodimerisation for proper DNA binding and transcriptional regulation of downstream target genes. In the developing nervous system, members of class II, V and VI have been most extensively studied concerning their roles in neural programming. In contrast, the function of class I proteins (such as E12 and E47) is poorly defined and the orthodox view relegates them to general dimerisation duties that are necessary for the activity of the other classes. However, closer scrutiny of the spatiotemporal expression patterns of class I factors, combined with recent biochemical evidence, would suggest that class I proteins possess specific functions during early neural differentiation. This essay supports this possibility, in addition to putting forward the hypothesis that, outside their general dimerisation activity, class I genes have independent roles in regulating neurogenesis. BioEssays 25:709–716, 2003. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The pleiotropic functions of the Y‐box‐binding protein, YB‐1
Authors: Kohno Kimitoshi , Izumi Hiroto , Uchiumi Takeshi , Ashizuka Megumi , Kuwano Michihiko
Published: June 2003

The Y‐box‐binding protein (YB‐1) represents the most evolutionary conserved nucleic‐acid‐binding protein currently known. YB‐1 is a member of the cold‐shock domain (CSD) protein superfamily. It performs a wide variety of cellular functions, including transcriptional regulation, translational regulation, DNA repair, drug resistance and stress responses to extracellular signals. As a result, YB‐1 expression is closely associated with cell proliferation. In this review, we will begin by briefly describing the characteristics of YB‐1 and will then summarize the pleiotropic functions brought about via DNA–RNA transaction and protein–protein interactions. In addition, we will discuss the diverse range of potential physiological and pathological functions of YB‐1. BioEssays 25:691–698, 2003. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The story of cell fusion: Big lessons from little worms
Authors: Shemer Gidi , Podbilewicz Benjamin
Published: June 2003

The ability of two or more cells to unite to form a new syncytial cell has been utilized in metazoans throughout evolution to form many complex organs, such as muscles, bones and placentae. This requires migration, recognition and adhesion between cells together with fusion of their plasma membranes and rearrangement of their cytoplasmic contents. Until recently, understanding of the mechanisms of cell fusion was restricted to fusion between enveloped viruses and their target cells. The identification of new factors that take part in developmental cell fusion in C. elegans opens the way to understanding how cells fuse and what the functions of this process are. In this review, we describe current knowledge on the mechanisms and putative roles of developmental cell fusion in C. elegans and how cell fusion is regulated, together with other intercellular processes to promote organogenesis. BioEssays 25:672–682, 2003. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influenza type A in humans, mammals and birds: Determinants of virus virulence, host‐range and interspecies transmission
Authors: Baigent Susan J. , McCauley John W.
Published: June 2003

The virulence of a virus is determined by its ability to adversely affect the host cell, host organism or population of host organisms. Influenza A viruses have been responsible for four pandemics of severe human respiratory disease this century. Avian species harbour a large reservoir of influenza virus strains, which can contribute genes to potential new pandemic human strains. The fundamental importance of understanding the role of each of these genes in determining virulence in birds and humans was dramatically emphasised by the recent direct transmission of avian influenza A viruses to humans, causing fatal infection but not community spread. An understanding of the factors involved in transmission between avian and mammalian species should assist in the development of better surveillance strategies for early recognition of influenza A virus strains having human pandemic potential, and possibly in the design of anti‐viral strategies. BioEssays 25:657–671, 2003. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genes, neurons and codes: Remarks on biological communication
Authors: Kerszberg Michel
Published: June 2003

I examine critically the application of information‐theoretic ideas to biological communication during embryonic development and in the functioning central nervous system (CNS). I show that intercellular communication relies mostly on simple signals whose role is to effect a selection among predetermined cellular states. Hence, a crucial role is played by cellular memory, which stabilizes such states. Memory in cells is partly located in the nuclear DNA; no less important however is (phenotypic) memory lying in the cell's organelles and compartments. Because of combinatorial effects in gene expression patterns, cell memory is an enormously powerful mechanism, which also underlies plasticity, and thus constitutes the factor unifying genetic determination, plasticity and learning. Communication in the CNS is analyzed in some detail: here, cellular memory is embodied in anatomy (i.e., cell shape) and neurochemistry. These are the major, relatively “static” factors affecting the routing of neural impulses in the adult CNS. In addition, however, faster channeling is also required: action potentials must be directed to their targets along a few of exponentially many paths, and this dynamic routing is crucial for proper operation. I suggest that collective oscillatory modes may play a role in solving this addressing problem, in the same way that the clock signal gates the operation of man‐made computers. BioEssays 25:699–708, 2003. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Epigenomic replication: Linking epigenetics to DNA replication
Authors: McNairn Adrian J. , Gilbert David M.
Published: June 2003

The information contained within the linear sequence of bases (the genome) must be faithfully replicated in each cell cycle, with a balance of constancy and variation taking place over the course of evolution. Recently, it has become clear that additional information important for genetic regulation is contained within the chromatin proteins associated with DNA (the epigenome). Epigenetic information also must be faithfully duplicated in each cell cycle, with a balance of constancy and variation taking place during the course of development to achieve differentiation while maintaining identity within cell lineages. Both the genome and the epigenome are synthesized at the replication fork, so the events occurring during S‐phase provide a critical window of opportunity for eliciting change or maintaining existing genetic states. Cells discriminate between different states of chromatin through the activities of proteins that selectively modify the structure of chromatin. Several recent studies report the localization of certain chromatin modifying proteins to replication forks at specific times during S‐phase. Since transcriptionally active and inactive chromosome domains generally replicate at different times during S‐phase, this spatiotemporal regulation of chromatin assembly proteins may be an integral part of epigenetic inheritance. BioEssays 25:647–656, 2003. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pathways of intracellular communication: Tetrapyrroles and plastid‐to‐nucleus signaling
Authors: Rodermel Steve , Park Sungsoon
Published: June 2003

Retrograde plastid‐to‐nucleus signaling plays a central role in coordinating nuclear and plastid gene expression. The gun (genomes uncoupled) mutants of Arabidopsis have been used to demonstrate that Mg‐protoporphyrin (Mg‐Proto) acts as a plastid signal to repress the transcription of nuclear photosynthesis genes.1 It is unclear how Mg‐Proto triggers repression, but several components of this pathway have been recently identified. These include the products of GUN4 and GUN5. GUN5 is the ChlH subunit of Mg‐chelatase, which produces Mg‐Proto, and GUN4 is a regulator of ChlH activity.2 GUN4 might also play a role in photoprotection and in the trafficking of Mg‐Proto. BioEssays 25:631–636, 2003. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Checkpoint signaling: Epigenetic events sound the DNA strand‐breaks alarm to the ATM protein kinase
Authors: Abraham Robert T.
Published: June 2003

The ATM protein kinase is centrally involved in the cellular response to ionizing radiation (IR) and other DNA double‐strand‐break‐inducing insults. Although it has been well established that IR exposure activates the ATM kinase domain, the actual mechanism by which ATM responds to damaged DNA has remained enigmatic. Now, a landmark paper provides strong evidence that DNA‐strand breaks trigger widespread activation of ATM through changes in chromatin structure.1 This review discusses a checkpoint activation model in which chromatin perturbations lead to the conversion of inactive ATM domains to phosphorylated, active ATM monomers. The new findings underscore the critical importance of epigenetic events in genome function and surveillance in mammalian cells. BioEssays 25:627–630, 2003. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Die Eroberung des Luftraumes: Wie die Tiere fliegen lernten
Authors: Rüppell Georg
Published: June 2003

Die Eroberung des Luftraumes gelang viermal: Insekten, Flugsauriern, Vögeln und Fledermäusen. Warum sind Insekten und Vögel dabei am erfolgreichsten geworden? Auch die Entstehung des Fluges interessiert heute besonders, denn diese Leistung ist von großer Bedeutung für das Verständnis der Evolution. Während viele Ergebnisse vor allem auf paläontologischem Material fußen, wird hier von funktionalen und Anpassungsaspekten ausgegangen. Das kann zur Klärung offener Fragen beitragen, da Fossilien der wirklichen Flugpioniere kaum vorhanden sind.
Das Perm: Farnwälder, Glutwolken und Salzwüsten
Authors: Rößler Ronny
Published: June 2003

Im Perm gab es so umwälzende geo‐ und biologische Veränderungen auf der Erde wie nie zuvor. Der Superkontinent Pangäa formierte sich im Zuge der Kollision von Nord‐ und Süderde, intensiver Vulkanismus gestaltete des Antlitz unseres Planeten und sorgte gleichzeitig für die Konservierung und Überlieferung eindrucksvoller Fossilien. Diese gestatten die Rekonstruktion komplexer Nahrungsketten und ‐netze — eine Folge der Erschließung unterschiedlichster Lebensräume. Die Nacktsamer wurden zur dominierenden Pflanzengruppe, erste säugetierähnliche Reptilien traten auf. Die äquatorialen Moorwälder des Karbons wurden abgelöst durch kleinräumige, aber an Vielfalt kaum zu übertreffende Lebensräume. Im marinen Bereich sehen wir in Europa die buchtenreiche Küste des zechsteinzeitlichen Binnenmeeres, dem wir mit Kupferschiefer und Evaporiten wichtige Rohstoffe verdanken. Das große Massensterben sorgte am Ende des Perms für eine explosive Radiation neuer Formen.
SARS: Weltreise eines neuen Virus
Authors: Drosten Christian
Published: June 2003

Der Erreger der lebensgefährlichen Lungenkrankheit SARS wird die Forschung noch lange beschäftigen: Das Virus stammt aus einer völlig neuen Gruppe von Coronaviren, von der es vermutlich noch weitere Vertreter gibt. Und: Das Virus könnte sich bei seiner derzeitigen globalen Ausbreitung in neue Wirtstiere zurückziehen, aus denen es dann möglicherweise nochmals ausbricht.
Weltreisende mit gutem Gedächtnis
Authors: Irsch Wilhelm
Published: June 2003

Von den heute lebenden etwa 10.000 Vogelarten sind über die Hälfte zumindest teilweise Zugvögel. Schätzungsweise 50 Milliarden Vögel ziehen weltweit jedes Jahr von den Winterquartieren in die Brutgebiete und wieder zurück. Diese Wanderungen erfordern nicht nur ein ausgezeichnetes Orientierungssystem, sondern auch ein gutes Erinnerungsvermögen, wie Erkenntnisse der Max‐Planck‐Forschungsstelle für Ornithologie in Andechs belegen.
Biokontrolle gegen eingewanderte Pflanzen und Tiere
Authors: Brennicke Axel
Published: June 2003

In Australien sind Kaninchen nicht putzig und süß, sondern ein echtes Problem. In den USA sind es die Nutria, in Kassel die Waschbären: eingewanderte Spezies, die heimische Arten verdrängen und sich ungeniert ausbreiten. Ausführliche Studien beweisen jetzt, dass ein Mangel an Feinden die biologischen Invasoren so stark macht. In einer neuen Umgebung werden die Einwanderer deutlich weniger von Krankheitserregern befallen als in ihrem Ursprungsland.
Larven der Tiefsee
Authors: Wendler Silke
Published: June 2003

Gestielte Seelilien sind besonders urtümliche Vertreter der Echinodermen. Da die Seelilien in der Tiefsee leben, war es lange nicht möglich, lebende Exemplare für Laborstudien zu sammeln. Dank der Seelilie Metacrinus rotundus weiß man jetzt, wie sich diese Stachelhäuter entwickeln.
Lauschangriff auf Dickhäuter
Authors: Irsch Wilhelm
Published: June 2003

Britischen Wildbiologen ist der Nachweis gelungen, dass jeder Elefant eine individuelle Stimme hat, an der man ihn auch über Kilometer hinweg identifizieren kann. Amerikanische Wissenschaftler der Cornell Universität in Ithaca haben deshalb in Zentralafrika Horchposten aufgestellt, mit deren Hilfe sie den Afrikanischen Elefanten (Loxodonta africana)vor dem Aussterben bewahren wollen.
Afferent connections of the parvocellular subparafascicular thalamic nucleus in the rat: Evidence for functional subdivisions
Authors: Coolen Lique M. , Veening Jan G. , Wells Adam B. , Shipley Michael T.
Published: June 2003

The parvocellular subparafascicular nucleus of the thalamus (SPFp) consists of separate subdivisions, i.e., a medial portion containing galanin‐immunoreactive (‐IR) axons and a lateral portion containing calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP)‐IR neurons and fibers. These subdivisions appear to have distinct functional roles. In particular, ejaculation‐induced Fos expression is expressed in the medial SPFp. Hence, it was hypothesized that medial SPFp is involved in relay of copulation‐related information. In contrast, lateral SPFp is involved in the processing of auditory and visual signals involved in fear‐conditioned responses. Here we tested the hypothesis that medial and lateral subdivisions of SPFp receive different sets of afferents and that these differences contribute to the separate functional roles of the two subdivisions. Inputs to medial and lateral SPFp were identified following injections of FG restricted to either division in male rats. The medial SPFp receives unique inputs from lumbar spinothalamic cells and brain regions involved in processing of visceral stimuli, supporting the hypothesis that the medial SPFp is involved in the relay of genitosensory information critical for the expression of male sexual behavior. The afferents of the lateral SPFp include brain regions involved in processing of visual and auditory signals and support a role for this subdivision in relay of visual and auditory information. Thus, the two subdivisions of SPFp are anatomically and functionally distinctive. J. Comp. Neurol. 463:132–156, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Parvocellular subparafascicular thalamic nucleus in the rat: Anatomical and functional compartmentalization
Authors: Coolen Lique M. , Veening Jan G. , Petersen Daniel W. , Shipley Michael T.
Published: June 2003

The parvocellular subparafascicular thalamic nucleus (SPFp) is located in the posterior thalamus, consists of horizontally oriented cells, and extends from rostromedial to caudolateral, fusing with the posterior intralaminar nucleus and the peripeduncular nucleus. The present study demonstrates a chemoarchitechtonic and functional parcellation of the rat SPFp. Analysis of the distributions of the neuropeptides galanin, calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP), substance P, and calbindin revealed the existence of a medial and lateral subdivision within SPFp, and a possible intermediate subdivision. The medial subdivision contains a dense population of galanin‐immunoreactive fibers, originating from galanin neurons in the lumbosacral spinal cord. In contrast, the lateral subdivision contains CGRP‐positive fibers and neurons. The presence of substance P and calbindin immunoreactivity throughout the entire nucleus suggests that these are separate subdivisions of SPFp, rather than different subnuclei. The present study also investigated the functional association of the separate subdivisions of SPFp for male and female rat sexual behavior. In the medial subdivision, Fos‐positive neurons were activated in males by display of ejaculation and in females by vaginocervical stimulation. Thus, Fos induction in medial SPFp appears to reflect processing of inputs related to those events. In contrast, sexual behavior did not induce Fos in the lateral SPFp. Taken together, the present results indicate the existence of separate subdivisions in SPFp that are involved in different behavioral functions. The medial SPFp may process inputs important for sexual behavior, whereas the lateral SPFp may be involved in convergence of auditory and nociceptive inputs important for conditioned fear responses. J. Comp. Neurol. 463:117–131, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Urocortin in the central nervous system of a primate (Cebus apella): Sequencing, immunohistochemical, and hybridization histochemical characterization
Authors: Vasconcelos Luciana A.P. , Donaldson Cynthia , Sita Luciane V. , Casatti Claudio A. , Lotfi Claudimara F.P. , Wang Liqun , Cadinouche M.Z. Alia , Frigo Lúcio , Elias Carol F. , Lovejoy David A. , Bittencourt Jackson C.
Published: June 2003

The urocortin (UCN)‐like immunoreactivity and UCN mRNA distribution in various regions of the nonprimate mammalian brain have been reported. However, the Edinger‐Westphal nucleus (EW) appears to be the only brain site where UCN expression is conserved across species. Although UCN peptides are present throughout vertebrate phylogeny, the functional roles of both UCN and EW remain poorly understood. Therefore, a study focused on UCN system organization in the primate brain is warranted. By using immunohistochemistry (single and double labeling) and in situ hybridization, we have characterized the organization of UCN‐expressing cells and fibers in the central nervous system and pituitary of the capuchin monkey (Cebus apella). In addition, the sequence of the prepro‐UCN was determined to establish the level of structural conservation relative to the human sequence. To understand the relationship of acetylcholine cells in the EW, a colocalization study comparing choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and UCN was also performed. The cloned monkey prepro‐UCN is 95% identical to the human preprohormone across the matched sequences. By using an antiserum raised against rat UCN and a probe generated from human cDNA, we found that the EW is the dominant site for UCN expression, although UCN mRNA is also expressed in spinal cord lamina IX. Labeled axons and terminals were distributed diffusely throughout many brain regions and along the length of the spinal cord. Of particular interest were UCN‐immunoreactive inputs to the medial preoptic area, the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, the oral part of the spinal trigeminal nucleus, the flocculus of the cerebellum, and the spinal cord laminae VII and X. We found no UCN hybridization signal in the pituitary. In addition, we observed no colocalization between ChAT and UCN in EW neurons. Our results support the hypothesis that the UCN system might participate in the control of autonomic, endocrine, and sensorimotor functions in primates. J. Comp. Neurol. 463:157–175, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neurotrophin‐3 is expressed in a discrete subset of olfactory receptor neurons in the mouse
Authors: Vigers Alison J. , Böttger Bärbel , Baquet Zachary C. , Finger Thomas E. , Jones Kevin R.
Published: June 2003

In transgenic neurotrophin‐3 lacZ‐neo (NT‐3lacZneo) mice, in which the coding region for NT‐3 is replaced by Eschericia coli lacZ, the expression of β‐galactosidase faithfully mimics the expression of NT‐3 (Vigers AJ, Baquet ZC, Jones KR [2000], J Comp Neurol 416:398–416). During embryonic and early postnatal development, β‐galactosidase is detected in the olfactory system, beginning at embryonic day 11.5 in the nasal epithelium and at embryonic day 16.5 in the olfactory bulb. Levels of β‐galactosidase rise with age, reaching a peak during the second postnatal week, when β‐galactosidase reactivity is visible in up to 50% of the glomeruli. As the animal matures, the β‐galactosidase levels decline, but staining remains present in axons and cell bodies of a specific subset of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) projecting to a limited subset of glomeruli. The heavily labeled ORNs do not follow the typical OR expression zones in the epithelium but appear similar to the “patch” expression pattern of mOR37 receptors. The most heavily reactive glomeruli exhibit a striking reproducible pattern in the ventral olfactory bulb (OB). Some glomeruli of the OB contain calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP)–immunoreactive fibers of the trigeminal nerve. However, double‐label immunocytochemistry for CGRP and β‐galactosidase rendered no correlation between trigeminal innervation and the degree of innervation by NT‐3–expressing ORNs. Thus, the timing and presence of β‐galactosidase in a subset of ORNs suggests that NT‐3 plays a role in synaptogenesis and/or synapse function in a specific subset of ORNs within the olfactory bulb. J. Comp. Neurol. 463:221–235, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nociceptor structural specialization in canine and rodent testicular “free” nerve endings
Authors: Kruger Lawrence , Kavookjian Anahid M. , Kumazawa Takao , Light Alan R. , Mizumura Kazue
Published: June 2003

The receptive fields (RFs) of polymodal nociceptor units of canine testis consist of small fascicles of branching axons ending as clusters within the thin vascular layer overlying the seminiferous tubules. This propitious arrangement enabled serial reconstruction of electron micrographs of a flat, punctate zone, identified during recording of impulse discharge of a single physiologically characterized nociceptor “unit.” The RFs showed multiple axons, with some branching and sequential vesicle‐containing swellings, similar to what have been called terminals and assumed to constitute impulse generating sites in other tissues. Consistent with this interpretation is the local presence of: (1) clusters of small mitochondria, (2) glycogen granules, and (3) sectors of axolemma denuded of Schwann cell processes and thus “free” endings directly contacting the epithelial basal lamina. The most distal sectors showed additional morphologic properties: (1) zones of vesicles embedded in an extensive granular matrix, (2) preterminal arrays of “axonal reticulum” derived from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum displacing axonal cytoskeletal elements, (3) a variety of sizes and electron lucency in clear, spherical vesicles and a few granular or dense‐core vesicles, and (4) specialization in the last Schwann cell of the fascicle. These latter features may reflect differences in the specialized receptor mechanisms of nociceptors that are difficult to detect without extensive serial electron microscopic analysis. Alternatively, these features may constitute a regional specialization of the testis. The term free nerve ending is perhaps an insufficient and inaccurate descriptor of the morphology of nociceptors. These findings are considered in the context of their possible relation to the sensitized vanilloid receptor mechanism unique to nociceptors. J. Comp. Neurol. 463:197–211, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vesicular glutamate transporters, VGluT1 and VGluT2, in the trigeminal ganglion neurons of the rat, with special reference to coexpression
Authors: Li Jin‐Lian , Xiong Kang‐Hui , Dong Yu‐Lin , Fujiyama Fumino , Kaneko Takeshi , Mizuno Noboru
Published: June 2003

Vesicular glutamate transporters are responsible for glutamate transport into synaptic vesicles. In the present study, we examined immunohistochemically the expression of vesicular glutamate transporters, VGluT1 and VGluT2, in trigeminal ganglion neurons of the rat. Immunohistochemistry for VGluT1 and VGluT2 indicated that more than 80% of trigeminal ganglion neurons express VGluT1 and/or VGluT2 in their cell bodies. It also indicated that large and small trigeminal ganglion neurons express VGluT2 more frequently than VGluT1. Dual immunofluorescence histochemistry for VGluT1 and VGluT2 indicated that trigeminal ganglion neurons express VGluT2 more frequently than VGluT1 and that more than 80% of VGluT‐expressing trigeminal ganglion neurons express VGluT1 and VGluT2. Many axon terminals in the superficial layers of the medullary dorsal horn also showed VGluT1 and VGluT2 immunoreactivities. Some of these axon terminals were confirmed to form the central core of the synaptic glomerulus. These results indicated that VGluT1 and VGluT2 are coexpressed in the cell bodies and axon terminals in most trigeminal ganglion neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 463:212–220, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrastructural analysis of [3H]thymidine‐labeled cells in the rat utricular macula
Authors: Oesterle Elizabeth C. , Cunningham Dale E. , Westrum Lesnick E. , Rubel Edwin W
Published: June 2003

Ototoxic drugs stimulate cell proliferation in adult rat vestibular sensory epithelia, as does the infusion of transforming growth factor alpha (TGFα) plus insulin. We sought to determine whether new hair cells can be regenerated by means of a mitotic pathway. Previously, studies have shown that the nuclei of some newly generated cells are located in the lumenal half of the sensory epithelium, suggesting that some may be newly generated sensory hair cells. The aim of this study was to examine the ultrastructural characteristics of newly proliferated cells after TGFα stimulation and/or aminoglycoside damage in the utricular sensory epithelium of the adult rat. The cell proliferation marker tritiated‐thymidine was infused, with or without TGFα plus insulin, into the inner ears of normal or aminoglycoside‐damaged rats for 3 or 7 days by means of osmotic pumps. Autoradiographic techniques and light microscopy were used to identify cells synthesizing DNA. Sections with labeled cells were re‐embedded, processed for transmission electron microscopy, and the ultrastructural characteristics of the labeled cells were examined. The following five classes of tritiated‐thymidine labeled cells were identified in the sensory epithelium: (1) labeled cells with synaptic specializations that appeared to be newly generated hair cells, (2) labeled supporting cells, (3) labeled leukocytes, (4) labeled cells that we have classified as “active cells” in that they are relatively nondescript but contain massive numbers of polyribosomes, and (5) labeled degenerating hair cells. These findings suggest that new hair cells can be generated in situ by means of a mitotic mechanism in the vestibular sensory epithelium of adult mammals. J. Comp. Neurol. 463:177–195, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Progressive degeneration of nonphosphorylated neurofilament protein‐enriched pyramidal neurons predicts cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease: Stereologic analysis of prefrontal cortex area 9
Authors: Bussière Thierry , Giannakopoulos Panteleimon , Bouras Constantin , Perl Daniel P. , Morrison John H. , Hof Patrick R.
Published: June 2003

We performed a stereologic analysis of a subset of pyramidal neurons known to be vulnerable in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and characterized by particularly high somatodendritic levels of nonphosphorylated neurofilament protein. In the neocortex, these large pyramidal neurons reside in the deep part of layer III (layer IIIc) and the superficial part of layer V (layer Va). We focused on prefrontal cortex area 9 in elderly control cases in comparison to cases with different degrees of cognitive dysfunction. The results confirmed that these neurons are preferentially vulnerable in AD, as their numbers decrease dramatically in cases with definite dementia, correlating strongly with the severity of the disease, to a nearly complete loss (>90%) in the endstages of AD. Furthermore, a triple‐labeling experimental paradigm revealed that these particular neurons are far more likely to develop neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) and do so at a faster rate than other pyramidal cells. Nonphosphorylated neurofilament protein‐rich neurons also shrink considerably during formation of NFT and the largest among them are preferentially affected. Laminar differences in the severity of these effects were observed, layer Va being more severely affected, possibly correlating with the involvement of specific cortical projections. These data reveal that different populations of neurons prone to NFT formation are lost at different rates in AD, and that nonphosphorylated neurofilament protein‐enriched neurons emerge as a strikingly vulnerable subpopulation of neurons. Their preferential involvement suggests that neurons providing specific corticocortical connections between association areas are at high risk for degeneration in AD. J. Comp. Neurol. 463:281–302, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pattern of retinal projections in the California ground squirrel (Spermophilus beecheyi): Anterograde tracing study using cholera toxin
Authors: Major Daniel E. , Rodman Hillary R. , Libedinsky Camilo , Karten Harvey J.
Published: June 2003

The retinofugal pathways in the California ground squirrel, Spermophilus beecheyi, were mapped after intravitreal injections of cholera toxin B‐subunit. The results of the current study are consistent with work in other mammals and provide new details relevant to the organization and evolution of the visual system. All retinorecipient nuclei received bilateral input, with a contralateral predominance. The suprachiasmatic nucleus is heavily innervated, and sparse terminals were noted in other hypothalamic areas. In addition to the interstitial, medial, lateral, and dorsal terminal nuclei, a few fibers of the accessory optic tract may enter the ventral lateral geniculate and the nucleus of the optic tract, though this innervation may not derive from the same ganglion cells innervating the accessory optic nuclei. Retinal terminals are found in the intergeniculate leaflet and the “dorsal cap” of the ventral lateral geniculate. Retinal fibers pass rostrally from the dorsal cap toward the anterodorsal thalamus, confirming a projection described in the tree shrew and monkeys. Retinal termination patterns in the dorsal lateral geniculate reveal a hexilaminate organization of alternating ipsilateral and contralateral input. Variations in terminal morphology suggest that sublayers receive input from distinct ganglion cell types and that laminar comparisons can be made with primates. Finally, terminal patterns in the superior colliculus reveal a dense, highly ordered columnar organization supporting functional properties of tectal receptive fields. All the visual structures in the ground squirrel are large and well differentiated, making the sciurid visual system an accessible rodent model for comparing visual processing with that in other diurnal vertebrates. J. Comp. Neurol. 463:317–340, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
From determining capacity to facilitating competencies: A new mediation framework
Authors: Crawford Susan H. , Dabney Lewis , Filner Judith M. , Maida Peter R.
Published: June 2003

Some in the mediation field suggest that mediators should determine whether or not a participant has the
capacity to mediate. This article asserts that determining capacity limits parties' access to the mediation
process, abridges civil rights, reduces mediator effectiveness, and erodes fundamental principles of mediation.
It proposes a framework that centers not on legal or clinical practice, but on the theory and practice of
mediation as a distinct field.
Mediator reflections on practice: Connecting select demographics and preferred orientations
Authors: Herrman Margaret S. , Hollett Nancy L. , Eaker Dawn Goettler , Gale Jerry
Published: June 2003

This article uses several indicators of a mediator's orientation: (1) his or her goals,
(2) focus on the process of mediation, (3) perceptions of personal strengths, (4)
the signals that tell him or her that a mediation is working, and (5) his or her preferred outcome. We
examine how select demographic and practice characteristics—sex, experience as a mediator, professional
background, and organizational context—relate to orientations. The characteristics of sex and professional
background significantly modify the general pattern in ways that confirm assumptions common in the literatures
on negotiation and mediation.
Adversaries? Partners? How about counterparts? On metaphors in the practice and teaching of negotiation and dispute resolution
Authors: Cohen Jonathan R.
Published: June 2003

Metaphors pervade the practice of negotiation and related dispute resolution processes. The dominant
metaphors are competitive ones, from games, sports, and war. A second set of cooperative metaphors, often from
dance, is also used. This article argues that, since negotiation and related dispute resolution processes
inherently involve both competition and cooperation, language reflecting that tension should be used. For
example, negotiating parties should be called by the mixed term counterpart rather than the
purely competitive adversary or the purely cooperative partner. Counterpart
may also be a very useful metaphor in teaching these subjects. Language awareness can help us better understand
and at times improve dispute resolution practice and teaching.
Having students take responsibility for the process of learning
Authors: Schneider Andrea K. , Macfarlane Julie
Published: June 2003

There is often an inconsistency in conflict resolution teaching between what we are trying to
impart—that process matters deeply and that we should be proactive about enabling effective and
appropriate process—and how class is often conducted. This short article offers some reflections on the
sources of that inconsistency, and some suggestions for corrective action.
Training on purpose
Authors: Stains Robert R.
Published: June 2003

It is easy to forget that how one learns and what one learns depend on why one learns. This article argues
for the significance of motivation for learning to trainers in ADR.
Complexity, conflict resolution, and how the mind works
Authors: Jones Wendell , Hughes Scott H.
Published: June 2003

Western thought has changed considerably over the centuries. As assumptions about knowledge shifts, fields of
practice are affected. This article reviews critical epistemological developments and the implications for the
field of ADR.
Is it “peacemakers teaching?” or is it “teaching peacemakers?”
Authors: Bluehouse Philmer
Published: June 2003

Peacemaking is a culturally embedded and culturally influencing process. This personal reflection shares
wisdom for all peacemakers.
Emotional intelligence and mediation training
Authors: Shearouse Susan H.
Published: June 2003

This is a comment on a recent article entitled “Emotional Intelligence and Mediation Training,”
by Lori Schreier, in Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 2002, 20 (1).
Double Wall Carbon Nanotubes with an Inner Diameter of 0.4 nm
Authors: Ci L. , Zhou Z. , Tang D. , Yan X. , Liang Y. , Liu D. , Yuan H. , Zhou W. , Wang G. , Xie S.
Published: June 2003

Selective preparation of double wall carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) is achieved by a floating iron catalyst CVD method with sufur promotion. SEM shows that the product consists of entangled nanotubes. HRTEM and Raman scattering have revealed that the smallest inner diameter of as‐grown carbon nanotubes is 0.4 nm (see Figure). The smallest diameter is found to be produced at the low carbon partial pressure with low sulfur content.
Preparation of Pt–Ru Alloyed Thin Films Using a Single‐Source CVD Precursor
Authors: Huang S.‐F. , Chi Y. , Liu C.‐S. , Carty A.J. , Mast K. , Bock C. , MacDougall B. , Peng S.‐M. , Lee G.‐H.
Published: June 2003

Treatment of (dimethylaminomethyl)ruthenocene with cis‐Pt(DMSO)2Cl2 led to the formation of a ruthenocenyl platinum complex [CpRu(η5‐C5H3CH2NMe2)Pt(DMSO)Cl] (1); subsequent treatment of 1 with [Na(hfac)] afforded an air‐stable Pt–Ru complex [CpRu(η5‐C5H3CH2NMe2)Pt(hfac)] (2). Its volatility and other physical data relevant to CVD experiments were assessed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The Pt–Ru thin films were then deposited at two deposition temperatures, 300 °C and 400 °C, using O2 as the reactive carrier gas. The as‐deposited thin films were characterized using energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). Results indicated the formation of a homogeneous Pt–Ru solid solution at the lower deposition temperature. However, upon raising the temperature to 400 °C, phase separation between Pt and Ru occurred, which then induced the growth of RuO2 grains at the substrate surface and caused depletion of the alloy in ruthenium. The electrocatalytic activities of the films, in respect of methanol oxidation, were investigated, in half‐cell experiments, by cyclic voltammetry.