bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seasonal variation of the ion upflow in the topside ionosphere during SAPS (subauroral polarization stream) periods
Authors: Wang H. , Lühr H.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. A statistical study has been performed by using two years of DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program) plasma observations to investigate the seasonal effect of SAPS (subauroral polarization stream) on the ion upflow in the duskside ionosphere of the Northern Hemisphere. There are obvious upflows occurring in the topside ionosphere around the SAPS region, exceeding 200 m s−1 at winter solstice, indicating an important relationship between SAPS and the local plasma upward motion. Both SAPS and ion upward velocities show similar seasonal variations, largest in winter and smallest in summer, irrespective of geomagnetic activity. A good correlation is found and a linear relationship is derived between SAPS and the ion upflow velocities. During December solstice the average upflow flux can reach about 2 × 108 cm−2 s−1 for more disturbed periods, which is comparable to the typical upflow flux in the dayside cusp region. The depression of the ion temperatures around the peak SAPS region can be understood in terms of the adiabatic cooling. The hot ion cools down when expanding into the low ion concentration region. The electron temperature elevates around the SAPS region because of the reduced Coulomb cooling in the low ion density region. Both the changes of ion and electron temperatures are larger in winter than in summer, however, for Kp < 4 the electron temperatures are almost seasonably independent. The present work highlights the important role of the SAPS-related frictional heating at mid-latitudes on the local formation of the strong upward flow, which might provide a direct ionospheric ion source for the ring current and plasmasphere in the duskside sector.
Isotopic constraints on the pre-industrial oceanic nitrogen budget
Authors: Somes C. J. , Oschlies A. , Schmittner A.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. The size of the bioavailable (i.e., "fixed") nitrogen inventory in the ocean influences global marine productivity and the biological carbon pump. Despite its importance, the pre-industrial rates for the major source and sink terms of the oceanic fixed nitrogen budget, N2 fixation and denitrification, respectively, are not well known. These processes leave distinguishable imprints on the ratio of stable nitrogen isotopes, δ15N, which can therefore help to infer their patterns and rates. Here we use δ15N observations from the water column and a new database of seafloor measurements to constrain rates of N2 fixation and denitrification predicted by a global three-dimensional Model of Ocean Biogeochemistry and Isotopes (MOBI). Sensitivity experiments were performed to quantify uncertainties associated with the isotope effect of denitrification in the water column and sediments. They show that the level of nitrate utilization in suboxic zones, that is the balance between nitrate consumption by denitrification and nitrate replenishment by circulation and mixing (dilution effect), significantly affects the isotope effect of water column denitrification and thus global mean δ15NO3–. Experiments with lower levels of nitrate utilization within the suboxic zone (i.e., higher residual water column nitrate concentrations, ranging from 20 to 32 μM) require higher ratios of benthic to water column denitrification, BD : WCD = 0.75–1.4, to satisfy the global mean NO3– and δ15NO3– constraints in the modern ocean. This suggests that nitrate utilization in suboxic zones plays an important role in global nitrogen isotope cycling. Increasing the net fractionation factor ϵBD for benthic denitrification (ϵBD = 0–4‰) requires even higher ratios, BD : WCD = 1.4–3.5. The model experiments that best reproduce observed seafloor δ15N support the middle to high-end estimates for the net fractionation factor of benthic denitrification (ϵBD = 2–4‰). Assuming a balanced fixed nitrogen budget, we estimate that pre-industrial rates of N2 fixation, water column denitrification, and benthic denitrification were between 195–350 (225), 65–80 (76), and 130–270 (149) Tg N yr−1, respectively, with our best model estimate (ϵBD = 2‰) in parentheses. Although uncertainties still exist, these results suggest that marine N2 fixation is occurring at much greater rates than previously estimated and the residence time for oceanic fixed nitrogen is between ~ 1500 and 3000 yr.
Hydrological functions of sinkholes and characteristics of point recharge in groundwater basins
Authors: Somaratne N. , Smettem K. , Lawson J. , Nguyen K. , Frizenschaf J.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Karstic limestone aquifers are hydrologically and hydrochemically extremely heterogeneous and point source recharge via sinkholes and fissures is a common feature. We studied three groundwater systems in karstic settings dominated by point source recharge in order to assess the relative contributions to total recharge from point sources using chloride and δ18O relations. Preferential groundwater flows were observed through an inter-connected network of highly conductive zones with groundwater mixing along flow paths. Measurements of salinity and chloride indicated that fresh water pockets exist at point recharge locations. A measurable fresh water plume develops only when a large quantity of surface water enters the aquifer as a point recharge source. The difference in chloride concentrations in diffuse and point recharge zones decreases as aquifer saturated thickness increases and the plumes become diluted through mixing. The chloride concentration in point recharge fluxes crossing the watertable plane can remain at or near surface runoff chloride concentrations, rather than in equilibrium with groundwater chloride. In such circumstances the conventional chloride mass balance method that assumes equilibrium of recharge water chloride with groundwater requires modification to include both point and diffuse recharge mechanisms.
REAL-TIME GIS AND ITS APPLICATION IN INDOOR FIRE DISASTER
Authors: Xu W. , Zhu Q. , Zhang Y. , Ding Y. , Hu M.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. GIS is now faced with the challenge how to represent and understand the fast-paced, constantly changing world, given increasingly real-time data including readings from large-scale distributed sensors and large quantities of simulation data generated by computation models. Traditional static GIS pays more attention to representing historic data and Temporal GIS(TGIS) only treats time as a occasional but not critical factor and can't support the explicit change representation. In this context, Real-time GIS(RGIS) is put forward and its data model becomes a key problem how to make an appropriate abstraction over the rapid changes implied in real-time data stream and establish the general interaction relationship between them. The paper proposes a spatiotemporal changeoriented three-domain model with the emphasis on the semantic interaction relationship of object, event and process. Based on this model, a semantic enrichment method for multi-scale spatiotemporal change is put forward. Finally, as a RGIS application, indoor fire disaster simulation is illustrated and proves the validity of the proposed model.
DOCUMENTATION AND VISUALIZATION OF AN AS-BUILT TUNNEL BY COMBINING 3D LASER SCANNING AND WEB MAPPING
Authors: Zhang C. , Arditi D. , Chen Z.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. A new way to document and visualize the as-built condition of an urban tunnel project with high accuracy is described in this paper, based on recent developments of laser scanning technology. In traditional surveying, the components of a tunnel are organized on the basis of the location of stations and offsets along the project alignment specified in the drawings. It is difficult for people without an engineering background to understand the information involved in surveying reports, drawings, and engineering data. However, in the interest of transparency, public agencies that commission construction projects have to make project information available to government officials and to the general public. This paper discusses the combined use of laser scanning technology and web mapping services to improve the documentation and visualization of an urban metro tunnel. Laser scanning technology is introduced to perform the surveyor's task, document the as-built condition, and geo-reference the construction elements. A set of panoramic pictures is generated by laser scanning that allows for taking measurements and extracting 3D coordinates. An XML file that contains geo-reference information is appended to each panoramic picture. Using application programming interface (API), this information is referenced to a web mapping service. A case study of the CTA Red line Tunnel in Chicago, IL demonstrates this method in a real life project.
EXPLORING THE PROCESSES OF GENERATING LOD (0–2) CITYGML MODELS IN GREATER MUNICIPALITY OF ISTANBUL
Authors: Buyuksalih I. , Isikdag U. , Zlatanova S.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. 3D models of cities, visualised and exploded in 3D virtual environments have been available for several years. Currently a large number of impressive realistic 3D models have been regularly presented at scientific, professional and commercial events. One of the most promising developments is OGC standard CityGML. CityGML is object-oriented model that support 3D geometry and thematic semantics, attributes and relationships, and offers advanced options for realistic visualization. One of the very attractive characteristics of the model is the support of 5 levels of detail (LOD), starting from 2.5D less accurate model (LOD0) and ending with very detail indoor model (LOD4). Different local government offices and municipalities have different needs when utilizing the CityGML models, and the process of model generation depends on local and domain specific needs. Although the processes (i.e. the tasks and activities) for generating the models differs depending on its utilization purpose, there are also some common tasks (i.e. common denominator processes) in the model generation of City GML models. This paper focuses on defining the common tasks in generation of LOD (0–2) City GML models and representing them in a formal way with process modeling diagrams.
GIS-BASED SMART CARTOGRAPHY USING 3D MODELING
Authors: Malinverni E. S. , Tassetti A. N.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. 3D City Models have evolved to be important tools for urban decision processes and information systems, especially in planning, simulation, analysis, documentation and heritage management. On the other hand existing and in use numerical cartography is often not suitable to be used in GIS because not geometrically and topologically correctly structured. The research aim is to 3D structure and organize a numeric cartography for GIS and turn it into CityGML standardized features. The work is framed around a first phase of methodological analysis aimed to underline which existing standard (like ISO and OGC rules) can be used to improve the quality requirement of a cartographic structure. Subsequently, from this technical specifics, it has been investigated the translation in formal contents, using an owner interchange software (SketchUp), to support some guide lines implementations to generate a GIS3D structured in GML3. It has been therefore predisposed a test three-dimensional numerical cartography (scale 1:500, generated from range data captured by 3D laser scanner), tested on its quality according to the previous standard and edited when and where necessary. Cad files and shapefiles are converted into a final 3D model (Google SketchUp model) and then exported into a 3D city model (CityGML LoD1/LoD2). The GIS3D structure has been managed in a GIS environment to run further spatial analysis and energy performance estimate, not achievable in a 2D environment. In particular geometrical building parameters (footprint, volume etc.) are computed and building envelop thermal characteristics are derived from. Lastly, a simulation is carried out to deal with asbestos and home renovating charges and show how the built 3D city model can support municipal managers with risk diagnosis of the present situation and development of strategies for a sustainable redevelop.
VIRTUAL 3D CITY MODELING: TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATIONS
Authors: Singh S. P. , Jain K. , Mandla V. R.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. 3D city model is a digital representation of the Earth's surface and it's related objects such as Building, Tree, Vegetation, and some manmade feature belonging to urban area. There are various terms used for 3D city models such as "Cybertown", "Cybercity", "Virtual City", or "Digital City". 3D city models are basically a computerized or digital model of a city contains the graphic representation of buildings and other objects in 2.5 or 3D. Generally three main Geomatics approach are using for Virtual 3-D City models generation, in first approach, researcher are using Conventional techniques such as Vector Map data, DEM, Aerial images, second approach are based on High resolution satellite images with LASER scanning, In third method, many researcher are using Terrestrial images by using Close Range Photogrammetry with DSM & Texture mapping. We start this paper from the introduction of various Geomatics techniques for 3D City modeling. These techniques divided in to two main categories: one is based on Automation (Automatic, Semi-automatic and Manual methods), and another is Based on Data input techniques (one is Photogrammetry, another is Laser Techniques). After details study of this, finally in short, we are trying to give the conclusions of this study. In the last, we are trying to give the conclusions of this research paper and also giving a short view for justification and analysis, and present trend for 3D City modeling. This paper gives an overview about the Techniques related with "Generation of Virtual 3-D City models using Geomatics Techniques" and the Applications of Virtual 3D City models. Photogrammetry, (Close range, Aerial, Satellite), Lasergrammetry, GPS, or combination of these modern Geomatics techniques play a major role to create a virtual 3-D City model. Each and every techniques and method has some advantages and some drawbacks. Point cloud model is a modern trend for virtual 3-D city model. Photo-realistic, Scalable, Geo-referenced virtual 3-D City model is a very useful for various kinds of applications such as for planning in Navigation, Tourism, Disasters Management, Transportations, Municipality, Urban Environmental Managements and Real-estate industry. So the Construction of Virtual 3-D city models is a most interesting research topic in recent years.
Seismic vulnerability assessment of school buildings in Tehran city based on AHP and GIS
Authors: Panahi M. , Rezaie F. , Meshkani S. A.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. The objective of the study was to evaluate the seismic vulnerability of school buildings in Tehran city based on analytical hierarchical process (AHP) and geographical information systems (GIS). Therefore, to this end, the peak ground acceleration, slope and soil liquefaction layers were used for preparation geotechnical map. Also, the construction materials of structures, year of construction, their quality and seismic resonance coefficient layers were defined as major affecting factors in structural vulnerability of schools. Then, the AHP method was applied to assess the priority rank and weight of criteria (layers) and alternatives (classes) of each criterion through pair wise comparison in all levels. Finally, geotechnical and structural spatial layers were overlaid to prepare the seismic vulnerability map of school buildings in Tehran city. The results indicated that only in 72 schools (about 3%) out of 2125 schools in the study area, the destruction rate is very high and therefore their reconstruction should be considered.
Modeling volcanic ash resuspension – application to the 14–18 October 2011 outbreak episode in Central Patagonia, Argentina
Authors: Folch A. , Mingari L. , Osores M. S. , Collini E.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Volcanic fallout deposits from the June 2011 Cordón Caulle eruption in Central Patagonia were remobilized in several occasions months after their emplacement. In particular, during 14–18 October 2011, an intense outbreak episode generated huge volcanic clouds that were dispersed across Argentina, causing multiple impacts in the environment, affecting the air quality and disrupting airports. Fine ash particles in volcanic fallout deposits can be resuspended under favourable meteorological conditions, particularly during strong wind episodes in arid environments having low soil moisture and poor vegetation coverage. In opposition to eruption-formed ash clouds, modeling of resuspension-formed ash clouds has received little attention. In consequence, there are no emission schemes specially developed and calibrated for volcanic ash, and no operational product exists to model and forecast the formation and dispersal of resuspension ash clouds. Here we implement three dust emission schemes of increasing complexity in the FALL3D tephra dispersal model and use the 14–18 October 2011 outbreak episode as a model test case. We calibrate the emission schemes and validate the results of the coupled WRF-ARW/FALL3D modeling system using satellite imagery and measurements of visibility (a quantity related to total suspended particle concentration at surface) and particulate matter (PM10) concentration at several meteorological and air quality stations sparse across Argentina and Uruguay. Our final goal is to test the capability of the modeling system to become, in the near future, an operational forecast product for volcanic ash resuspension events.
A coupling of hydrologic and hydraulic models appropriate for the fast floods of the Gardon river basin (France): results and comparisons with others modelling options
Authors: Laganier O. , Ayral P. A. , Salze D. , Sauvagnargues S.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Mediterranean catchments are regularly affected by fast and flash floods. Numerous hydrologic models were developed, and allow to reconstruct these floods. However, these approaches often concern average size basins, of some hundreds km2. At more important scales (>1000 km2), a coupling of hydrologic and hydraulic models appears to be an adapted solution. This study analyses the performances of a coupling of models and compares them with those of others modelling strategies. The distributed SCS-LR hydrologic model implemented in the ATHYS modelling platform ( http://www.athys-soft.org ), and the MASCARET hydraulic modelling code, based on full Saint-Venant equations, are employed. The coupling is applied to the Gardon river basin (2040 km2), in the southeast of France. The results are satisfactory at the downstream stations. Furthermore, the coupling has few parameters, expecting interesting perspectives for flood forecasting.
The Impact of Global Institutions on National Health HIV/AIDS Policy Making in Developing Countries
Authors: Mokushev Zhanat
Published: September 2013

This article explores the relationship of global institutions such as the International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization, World Bank, and individual developing countries in social health policy making in terms of HIV and AIDS. We examine the role of IGOs and NGOs in regarding to HIV/AIDS issues then analyse the TRIPs agreement as a tool for developing countries to negotiate with International organisations in global health policy decisions.
Stalin on Stamps and other Philatelic Materials: Design, Propaganda, Politics
Authors: Kolchinsky Alexander
Published: September 2013

Stamps, postcards, and illustrated covers present a valuable and underappreciated resource in historical research, particularly when they deal—directly or indirectly—with images of national leaders. Th eir content and design refl ect and sometimes even anticipate political developments. Th e case of Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union from 1929 to 1953, is especially complex due to his extraordinary national and international infl uence. Th is work analyzes the usage of Joseph Stalin’s likeness and name on stamps and other postal items in the context of contemporaneous political circumstances and the needs of domestic and international propaganda. Th e study examines philatelic items issued not only in the Soviet Union and other communist countries, but also in Western Europe and the United States.
Business application of viral marketing and Electronic Word-of-mouth. Firm opinions
Authors:   Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Área de Comunicación Audiovisual, C/ Parralillos s/n 09001 Burgos (España). veaguilar@ubu.es, Aguilar Arcos Virginia , San Martín Gutiérrez Sonia ,   Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Área de Comercialización e Investigación de Mercados, C/ Parralillos s/n 09001 Burgos (España). sanmargu@ubu.es, Payo Hernanz René ,   Facultad de Humanidades y Educación, Área de Historia del Arte. C/ Villadiego, s/n. 09001 Burgos (España). rpayo@ubu.es
Published: September 2013

Traditional word of mouth, which was for many years used as effective advertising that didn't require major investments in mass media, has become a new marketing opportunity with the advent of new technologies and the Internet. Thus, a new marketing strategy called viral marketing has emerged and it exploits existing social networks to produce exponential increases in brand awareness. The effect of "online word of mouth" is a powerful tool for businesses, but its true potential is yet to be discovered. The objective of this research is to analyze this phenomenon through an extensive literature review of the term, as well as an empirical study consisting of indepth interviews conducted with a sample of large Spanish companies. The results indicate that viral marketing can be used for the benefit of both large companies with big budgets and small businesses. Successful experiences of this strategy show that, when integrated with the rest of the company's business strategies, it can improve the recommendation of the brand and increase its visibility in the market. Viral marketing can be advantageous when launching a new product to the market. However, its effectiveness and the measurement of the campaigns are seen by many academics and professionals as a weakness of this strategy.
Defining a Critical Mass Threshold for Agricultural Support Services
Authors: Nousaine Aaron J. , Jolley G. Jason
Published: September 2013

Utilizing four counties in western North Carolina as a study area, this paper examines the existence of a critical mass threshold in agricultural production below which crucial support services could be expected to close down or relocate outside the region. Twenty-two key stakeholder interviews suggest that for most support service businesses, no such critical mass threshold exists at the regional level. For those support service types most at-risk, an IMPLAN model was utilized to determine the economic impact to the region.
A Dialogic Approach to Implementing General Education Assessment at the Department Level
Authors: Rosaen Sarah F. , Hayes Rebecca A. , Paroske Marcus , Mare Danielle De La
Published: September 2013

A quasi-experimental design found that an induction of nonhierarchical dialogue, called meta-assessment, about general education assessment at the program level increases faculty commitment to assessment in comparison to a control group. Full- and part-time communication faculty participated in a seminar about assessment. Results indicate that both faculty groups felt comfortable bringing up negative and risky topics about assessment during the seminar. Attending the seminar, moreover, improved the communication faculties' attitudes, confidence, and understanding of assessment in comparison to the control department. Moreover, communication faculty continued to have higher confidence and understanding compared to the control after completing assessment.
Identification and Quantification of the Major Fungitoxic Components of the Brazilian Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Essential Oil
Authors: Barcelos Rosimeire C. , Jham Gulab N. , Dhingra Onkar D. , Mendonca Fernanda A. , M. Valente Vania M.
Published: September 2013

Hydrodistillation of Brazilian basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) yielded 0.4% of essential oil (EO), with activity against eight important postharvest deteriorating fungi. The crude EO completely inhibited the radial growth of the fungi at a concentration of 0.1%. Thirty-two components were identified in crude EO by Kováts retention index, mass spectrometry and standards. Preparative TLC-bioautography of the crude EO presented only one band with an antifungal activity greater than that of crude EO with the following chemical composition (%): 1,8-cineole (6.2), linalool (36.3), camphor (9.7), Alpha-terpineol (3.8), methyl chavicol (9.1) and eugenol (34.9). Based on these results, these compounds were considered to be the major fungitoxic components. This is the first study in the literature that presents data obtained simultaneously on the activity of crude basil EO against eight important post-harvest deteriorating fungi, its unequivocal chemical identification and quantification (area %).
Who Benefits Most from Rural Electrification? Evidence in India
Authors: Khandker Shahidur R. , Samad Hussain A. , Ali Rubaba , Barnes Douglas F.
Published: September 2013

This paper applies an econometric analysis to estimate the average and distribution benefits of rural electrification using rich household survey data from India. The results support that rural electrification helps reduce time allocated to fuel wood collection by household members and increases time allocated to studying by boys and girls. Rural electrification also increases labor supply of men and women, schooling of boys and girls, household per capita income and expenditure. Electrification also helps reduce poverty. But the larger share of benefits accrues to wealthier rural households, with poorer ones having a more limited use of electricity. The analysis also shows that restricted supply of electricity, due to frequent power outages, negatively affects both household electricity connection and its consumption, thereby reducing the expected benefits of rural electrification.
Sustaining Continuous Improvement: A Longitudinal and Regional Study
Authors: Quesada-Pineda Henry J. , Madrigal Johanna
Published: September 2013

This paper presents the results of a longitudinal study of four continuous improvement (CI) leader companies in two different global regions. The goal of the research was to understand how employee perception of different factors that impact the long-term sustainability of the CI process might change over time. Quantitative data analysis was used to capture and statistically analyse employee perceptions by CI factor, time, and geographical location. After validation and reduction techniques were applied to the research model, five factors were singled out: change management, strategic planning, knowledge management, performance management, and sustainability of the CI process. For two of the four companies, no changes in perception were found during the period of study for any of the factors. For the other two, however, changes were perceived in at least one of the five constructs in the study. Changes were also found across the regions included. By leveraging the quantitative analysis with qualitative data collected through interviews and visits to the case study companies, we were able to explain the changes in perception and single out the best CI management process to sustain CI in the long term.
Intake of Some Biological Seeds and Root Extracts of Plants Improves Fertility and Hatchability of Turkey Eggs
Authors: Ndubuisi S. Machebe  , Simeon O. Ugwu  , C.S. Atu  , Ndofor-Foleng H. Mbunwen
Published: September 2013

An experiment was conducted to determine the fertility and hatchability of eggs laid by Turkey hens fed extracts of okra seed, pumpkin seed and guava root powder for 8 weeks. Twenty four, 32 weeks old turkeys (4 toms and 20 hens) were randomly selected and allotted into four treatment groups; T1 (No extract or feed supplementation); T2 (50 ml okra seeds extracts/ litre of water); T3 (50 ml guava root extract/ litre of water) and T4 (50 g pumpkin seed powder/kg of feed). Turkey hens were subjected to artificial insemination and eggs laid in the period were collected and determined for fertility and hatchability. Total and weekly egg production of hens was higher (P < 0.05) in T2 and T4 groups of birds. The number of fertile eggs, early, middle and late dead embryo was better (P < 0.05) for the same groups of birds compared to other treatments. Egg hatchability percentage of hens in T2 and T4 groups were markedly improved and higher (P < 0.05) than those in T1 and T3 groups. Fertility and hatchability of eggs in T1 and T3 were similar (P > 0.05). The findings concluded that feeding okra and pumpkin seed extracts to breeder turkey hens can improves the fertility and hatchability of the eggs.
South Africa’s Adolescents in a Wired World
Authors: Merwe Petro van der
Published: September 2013

New technology, like the internet and cellphones, play a significant role in adolescents’ lives today, and this role is rapidly growing, transforming adolescents’ everyday lives in profound ways. Adolescents all over the world use new technology and their numbers are still rising. Some adolescents, particularly in South Africa, have, however, hardly been touched by new technology. This could be ascribed to a lack of interest, understanding or opportunity. It is important to understand the digital divide in South Africa before one can begin to understand the role of interactive media (e.g. computers, video games, educational software, the internet and cellphones) in adolescents’ lives. The article provides a review and theoretical background of matters such as how many adolescents have access to the internet, where they are likely to get it, and what effects exposure to digital media have. The research was conducted with the objective to investigate the relationship between the digital divide and digital technologies (including the internet and cellphones) and their use by South African adolescents. The article also attempts to investigate the extent to which South African adolescents engage in online activities that can involve risks, awareness of (parents and secondary schools) and competencies to address the challenges adolescents face online. The method used in this study was content analysis of previously published material, and evaluation of this material provides an understanding of the progress of research in clarifying the current problem of digital divide. An historical overview is relevant to consider in implementing programmes in digital and media literacy. Findings indicate that new forms of digital media are well positioned to play a constructive role in advancing powerful solutions to national educational challenges. Schools must determine what they want learners to experience and learn from their use of new technology so that they are empowered to take control of this powerful new tool in their lives. This article highlights the need for digital media literacy programmes in South African schools that adequately prepare learners for the complex and dynamic life of the 21st century.
Archaeological Fingerprinting and Fremont Figurines
Authors: Pitblado Bonnie L. , Cannon Molly Boeka , Bloxham Megan , Janetski Joel , Adovasio J.M. , Anderson Kathleen R. , Nelson Stephen T.
Published: September 2013

After the anonymous 2011 return of a long-missing Pilling Fremont figurine, a multi-disciplinary research team conducted “fingerprint” analyses in an effort to match it to 10 mates with intact provenance. The Pilling figurines, crafted 1,000 years ago and cached in a remote sandstone niche in eastern Utah, are the most significant find of Fremont portable art ever documented because they occurred in situ and are unparalleled in detail and completeness. Most of the other 400-plus known Fremont figurines derive from secondary contexts, limiting inferences archaeologists might otherwise draw in domains ranging from Fremont exchange to inter- and intra-cultural ideology. Basketry-imprint analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and portable X-ray fluorescence suggest that the returned specimen is the original Pilling. After a 40-year absence, it is now permanently curated with the rest of the collection at the Prehistoric Museum, USU Eastern, in Price, Utah, and can contribute to research of a rare artifact class. The techniques reported can also be applied to finds of fragmentary Fremont figurines in secondary contexts to assess relationships among specimens and sites. Most broadly, the successful application of nondestructive pXRF may inspire confidence in scientists studying rare and delicate specimens traditionally profiled using destructive methods such as INAA.
Designing a Sample of Cores to Estimate the Number of Features at a Site
Authors: Welch Paul
Published: September 2013

Previous literature dealing with designing samples of points on a grid focuses on finding all the targets in a sample area, as would be the case when shovel-testing to discover features or sites within an impact zone. That goal will be achieved most efficiently using offset-square or hexagonal grid patterns. However, if the goal is to estimate the number of features based on a probability sample, the optimum design is actually a square grid with a grid interval greater than the target diameter. This surprising but welcome result is due to the interaction of several nonlinear relationships between the grid interval, the target size, the number of sample points, and the probability of intersecting a feature, combined with the fact that square grids can avoid edge-effect biases more efficiently than the other designs. The square also requires the lowest total travel time. Substantial additional cost-efficiency can be gained by using a cluster design with at least five clusters.
Sex differences in predictors of violent and non‐violent juvenile offending
Authors: Stephenson Zoe , Woodhams Jessica , Cooke Claire
Published: September 2013

In response to concerns regarding the rise in female juvenile violent crime and the dearth of gender‐specific research, this study aimed to identify predictors of violent offending in female offenders. Data were extracted from risk assessments of 586 male and female juvenile offenders (aged 11–17 years) conducted between 2005 and 2009 by the Youth Offending Service in Gloucestershire, an English county. Information regarding the young people's living arrangements, family and personal relationships, education, emotional/mental health, thinking and behavior, and attitudes to offending was recorded. Comparisons were made between the violent male offenders (N = 185), the violent female offenders (N = 113), the non‐violent male offenders (N = 150), and the non‐violent female offenders (N = 138) for these variables. These were followed by a multinomial logistic regression analysis. The findings indicated that engaging in self‐harm was the best predictor of being a female violent offender, with the predictors of giving into pressure from others and attempted suicide nearing significance. Furthermore, non‐violent females were significantly less likely to lose control of their temper and more likely to give in to pressure from others than their violent counterparts. Non‐violent males were significantly less likely to lose control of their temper and more likely to self‐harm and give in to pressure from others than violent males. Although many similarities existed between sexes for predictors of violent offending, the findings of this study indicate that more attention needs to be paid to the mental health of female offenders. Aggr. Behav. 40:165–177, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multiscale strategic planning model for the design of integrated ethanol and gasoline supply chain
Authors: Andersen Federico E. , Díaz M. Soledad , Grossmann Ignacio E.
Published: September 2013

The design and planning of an integrated ethanol and gasoline supply chain is addressed, and is composed of harvesting and production sites for ethanol, petroleum refineries, distribution centers where blending takes place, and the retail gas stations where blends of gasoline and ethanol are sold. We postulate a superstructure that combines all the components of the supply chain and different means of transportation, and model this multiscale design problem as a multiperiod MILP model. In order to identify regions where investments are needed and the optimal configuration of the network, a strategic planning model is considered in which gasoline stations are aggregated in different regions. A detailed formulation is considered where regions are disaggregated into gas stations to determine the retrofit projects for the selection of blending pumps over their expected life. Also, the application of these MILP models with two large‐scale problems are illustrated. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 4655–4672, 2013
Quantum states and vortex patterns in nanosuperconductors
Authors: Deloof Bart , Moshchalkov Victor V. , Chibotaru Liviu F.
Published: September 2013

The quanum levels and corresponding vortex states in nanoscale superconductors are investigated within generalized Bogolubov‐de Gennes theory. For symmetric (square‐shaped) samples thermodynamically stable vortex phases form symmetry‐consistent patterns and no transition to conventional Abrikosov‐like vortex patterns occurs till T=0K for sizes not exceeding 25 nm. For vorticity a giant vortex is stabilized at temperatures in the vicinity of , which transforms into a giant antivortex and four normal vortices with lowering the temperature. On the other hand, the vortex pattern for vorticity corresponds to an antivortex and four normal vortices in the whole temperature domain.
Antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity of hydrogel–nanosilver composites based on copolymers from 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropanesulfonate sodium
Authors: Valle Hernán , Rivas Bernabé L. , Fernández Mar , Mondaca María A. , Aguilar María R. , Román Julio San
Published: September 2013

In this research, we contributed to the search for potential hydrogel–silver dressings by generating hydrogel–silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) composites prepared by the dipping of the crosslinked hydrogel poly(N‐vinylpyrrolidone‐co‐2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropanesulfonate sodium) (1:1) and poly(acrylamide‐co‐2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropanesulfonate sodium) (1:1) into an aqueous suspension of citrate‐stabilized AgNPs. The composites obtained were evaluated by an antibacterial activity assay on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and subjected to an in vitro cytotoxicity assay for human fibroblasts. The composite formed from the hydrogel poly(N‐vinylpyrrolidone‐co‐2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropanesulfonate sodium) with 3 mol % N,N‐methylene bisacrylamide showed the highest antibacterial activity and the least cytotoxicity among the composites tested; this makes it an excellent alternative as a potential dressing for the treatment of deep and exudative wounds. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39644.
Effect of surface modification of graphite oxide on the morphological, thermal, and mechanical properties of polyurea/graphite oxide composites
Authors: Yang Jintao , Zheng Jiongzhou , Hu Renhao , Chen Feng , Fan Ping , Zhong Mingqiang
Published: September 2013

Three surface modifiers, namely, aminopolyether (D2000), phenyl isocyanate, and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG800), which have different affinities to the hard and soft segments in polyurea, were used to synthesize functionalized graphite oxides (GO). The PEG800‐modified (PEG800‐GO) and phenyl isocyanate‐modified (i‐GO) GOs were highly exfoliated and dispersed in DMF, whereas the D2000‐modified GO (D2000‐GO) produced some precipitates. Polyurea/GO composites were prepared using a solution‐blending method, in which functionalized GO platelet suspensions in dimethyl formamide were used. Results show that PEG800‐GO and i‐GO are uniformly dispersed throughout the polymer matrix on a nanoscale, whereas D2000‐GO forms visible aggregates. The well‐dispersed GO platelets improved the thermal stability and mechanical properties of polyurea. PEG800‐GO, which has a strong affinity for the soft segments, shows a more significant reinforcing effect. At 2.0 wt % GO loading, the tensile strength of polyurea was enhanced by ∼75%. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39775.
Poly(ethylene terephthalate)/poly(ethylene glycol‐co‐1,3/1,4‐cyclohexanedimethanol terephthalate)/clay nanocomposites: Mechanical properties, optical transparency, and barrier properties
Authors: Wu Jyh‐Horng , Yen Ming‐Shien , Kuo M. C. , Tsai Yuhsin , Leu Ming‐Tsong
Published: September 2013

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/clay, PET/poly(ethylene glycol‐co‐1,3/1,4‐cyclohexanedimethanol terephthalate) (PETG), and PET/PETG/clay nanocomposites were fabricated using the twin‐screw extrusion technique. The spherulitic morphologies, thermomechanical, mechanical, and gas‐barrier properties, as well as the effect of clay on the transparency of the resulting nanocomposites were identified. The clay induced the heterogeneous nucleation of the nanocomposites during the cold crystallization process, thereby increasing the crystallinities and melting temperatures of the resulting nanocomposites. The incorporation of clay increased the storage moduli, Young's moduli, impact strengths, and barrier properties of the PET, PETG, and PET/PETG blend. Regarding the optical transparency, the inclusion of clay can make the crystallizable PET matrix crystalline opaque. However, the amorphous PETG maintained its transparency. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39869.
Do we need the g‐index?
Authors: Schreiber Michael
Published: September 2013

Using a very small sample of 8 data sets it was recently shown by De Visscher (2011) that the g‐index is very close to the square root of the total number of citations. It was argued that there is no bibliometrically meaningful difference. Using another somewhat larger empirical sample of 26 data sets I show that the difference may be larger and I argue in favor of the g‐index.
Two‐Photon Polarity Probes Built from Octupolar Fluorophores: Synthesis, Structure–Properties Relationships, and Use in Cellular Imaging
Authors: Le Droumaguet Céline , Sourdon Aude , Genin Emilie , Mongin Olivier , Blanchard‐Desce Mireille
Published: September 2013

A series of octupolar fluorophores built from a triphenylamine (TPA) core connected to electron‐withdrawing (EW) peripheral groups through conjugated spacers has been synthesized. Their photoluminescence, solvatochromism, and two‐photon absorption (2PA) properties were systematically investigated to derive structure–property relationships. All derivatives exhibit two 2PA bands in the 700–1000 nm region: a first band at low energy correlated with a core‐to‐periphery intramolecular charge transfer that leads to an intense 1PA in the blue‐visible range, and a second more intense band at higher energy due to an efficient coupling of the branches through the TPA core. Increasing the strength of the EW end groups or the length of the conjugated spacers and replacing triple‐bond linkers with double bonds induces both enhancement and broadening of the 2PA responses, thereby leading to cross‐sections up to 2100 GM at peak and higher than 1000 GM over the whole 700–900 nm range. All derivatives exhibit intense photoluminescence (PL) in low‐ to medium‐polarity environments (with quantum yields in the 0.5–0.9 range) and display a strong positive solvatochromic behavior (with Lippert–Mataga specific shifts ranging from 15 000 to 27 500 cm−1), triple bonds, and phenyl moieties in the conjugated spacers, thereby leading to larger sensitivities than those of double bonds and thienyl moieties. More hydrophilic derivatives were also shown to be biocompatible, to retain their 2PA and PL properties in biological conditions, and finally to be suitable as polarity sensors for multiphoton cell imaging.
Non‐Parametric Identification Method of Volterra Kernels for Nonlinear Systems Excited by Multitone Signal
Authors: Han H. T. , Ma H. G. , Tan L. N. , Cao J. F. , Zhang J. L.
Published: September 2013

To solve the problem of Volterra frequency‐domain kernels (VFKs) of nonlinear systems, which can be difficult to identify, we propose a novel non‐parametric identification method based on multitone excitation. First, we have studied the output properties of VFKs of nonlinear systems excited by the multitone signal, and derived a formula for identifying VFKs. Second, to improve the efficiency of the non‐parametric identification method, we suggest an increase in the number of tones for multitone excitation to simultaneously identify multi‐point VFKs with one excitation. We also propose an algorithm for searching the frequency base of multitone excitation. Finally, we use the interpolation method to separate every order output of VFK and extract its output frequency components, then use the derived formula to calculate the VFKs. The theoretical analysis and simulation results indicate that the non‐parametric method has a high precision and convenience of operation, improving the conventional methods, which have the defects of being unable to precisely identify VFKs and identification results are limited to three‐order VFK.
Nonparametric estimation in an “illness‐death” model when all transition times are interval censored
Authors: Frydman Halina , Gerds Thomas , Grøn Randi , Keiding Niels
Published: September 2013

We develop nonparametric maximum likelihood estimation for the parameters of an irreversible Markov chain on statesfrom the observations with interval censored times of 0 → 1, 0 → 2 and 1 → 2 transitions. The distinguishing aspect of the data is that, in addition to all transition times being interval censored, the times of two events (0 → 1 and 1 → 2 transitions) can be censored into the same interval. This development was motivated by a common data structure in oral health research, here specifically illustrated by the data from a prospective cohort study on the longevity of dental veneers. Using the self‐consistency algorithm we obtain the maximum likelihood estimators of the cumulative incidences of the times to events 1 and 2 and of the intensity of the 1 → 2 transition. This work generalizes previous results on the estimation in an “illness‐death” model from interval censored observations.
Service attachment: The relative contributions of ward climate perceptions and attachment anxiety and avoidance in male inpatients with psychosis
Authors: Campbell Roslyn , Allan Steven , Sims Patrick
Published: September 2013

Background

It has been suggested that mental health services can help meet the attachment needs of inpatients and improve patient outcomes through the provision of a ‘secure base’; however, what defines the latter is unclear. Perception of ward climate might be a useful indicator.

Aim

The aim of this study was to examine whether inpatient perceptions of the ward climate, which is partly under the control of the service, or inpatients' own personal levels of attachment anxiety and avoidance are more associated with their attachment to their service.

Method

Seventy‐six men diagnosed with a psychotic illness, who were residents in one of four regional medium‐security units in England, completed questionnaire measures of service attachment, personal attachment style and ward climate.

Results

Ward climate was more strongly associated with service attachment than personal levels of attachment anxiety and avoidance. The most important aspect of ward climate for service attachment was the depth and influence of staff support for the inpatients.

Conclusions

Although patient characteristics are important influences on development of service attachment, ward climate is also important. The latter may be easily and reliably monitored with a brief questionnaire. Strategies to enhance and maintain its positive components are likely to be important for progress with forensic hospital inpatients who have a psychotic illness. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.