bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Properties of Composite Materials Used for Bracket Bonding
Authors: Gama Ana Caroline Silva , Moraes Andre Guaraci de Vito , Yamasaki Lilyan Cardoso , Loguercio Alessandro Dourado , Carvalho Ceci Nunes , Bauer Jose
Published: August 2013

The purpose of this study was to evaluate in vitro the shear bond strength to enamel, flexural strength, flexural modulus, and contraction stress of one orthodontic composite and two flowable composites. Orthodontic brackets were bonded to 45 human maxillary premolars with the composites Transbond XT, Filtek Z-350 flow and Opallis flow and tested for shear bond strength. For measurement of flexural strength and flexural modulus, specimens were fabricated and tested under flexion. For the contraction stress test, cylindrical specimens were tested and an extensometer determined the height of the specimens. The data were subjected to one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α=0.05). The shear bond strength values were significantly lower (p<0.05) for the flowable composites compared with the orthodontic composite. For the flexural strength, no statistically significant difference was found among the composites (p>0.05) while the flexural modulus was significantly higher (p<0.05) for Transbond XT than for Filtek Z-350 flow and Opallis flow. The orthodontic composite presented significantly lower contraction stress values than the flowable composites (p<0.05). The light-activated orthodontic composite material presented higher flexural modulus and shear bond strength and lower contraction stress than both flowable composites.
Antibiofilm and Antibacterial Activities of Farnesol and Xylitol as Potential Endodontic Irrigants
Authors: Alves Flavio R. F. , Neves Monica A. S. , Silva Marlei G. , Rocas Isabela N. , Siqueira Jr. Jose F.
Published: August 2013

This study investigated the antibiofilm and antibacterial effects of farnesol and xylitol in a series of experiments in order to evaluate their potential use as root canal irrigants. The following substances were tested: 0.2% farnesol; 5% and 20% xylitol; 0.2% farnesol plus 20% xylitol; and saline (control). For comparison with an established endodontic irrigant, 2.5% NaOCl was included in each test. Three experiments were conducted: the crystal violet assay, to evaluate the effects on the biofilm biomass; the dentin disinfection test, to evaluate the effects on bacterial viability in biofilms; and the root canal disinfection test, to simulate the use in the root canal environment. Farnesol was the most effective substance in reducing the biofilm biomass, followed by 20% xylitol. All substances affected bacterial viability in biofilms; farnesol showed the best results followed by the farnesol/xylitol combination. Irrigation with all substances significantly reduced the bacterial load (p<0.001), but only the farnesol/xylitol combination was significantly more effective than saline (p=0.02). NaOCl was more effective than any other substance tested in the three experiments (p<0.001). The findings demonstrated that farnesol affected both the biofilm biomass and the viability of cells in the biofilm, while 20% xylitol affected only the biofilm biomass. Although not more effective than NaOCl, the combination of these two antibiofilm substances has potential to be used in endodontics in certain situations.
Extranodal Nasal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma: A Rare Oral Presentation and FASN, CD44 and GLUT-1 Expression
Authors: Pontes Helder Antonio Rebelo , Pontes Flavia Sirotheau Correa , Silva Brunno Santos de Freitas , Fonseca Felipe Paiva , Andrade Bruno Augusto Benevenuto de , Rizo Victor Hugo Toral , Romanach Mario Jose , Leon Jorge Esquiche , Almeida Oslei Paes de
Published: August 2013

Extranodal natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma is an aggressive malignant tumor with distinctive clinicopathological features, characterized by vascular invasion and destruction, prominent necrosis, cytotoxic lymphocyte phenotype and a strong association with Epstein-Barr virus. Here is reported an extranodal nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma case, involving the maxillary sinus, floor of the orbit, and interestingly extending to the oral cavity through the alveolar bone and buccal mucosa, preserving the palate, leading to a primary misdiagnosis of aggressive periodontal disease. Moreover, this work investigated for the first time the immunohistochemical expression of fatty acid synthase (FASN) and glucose transporter 1 (GLUT-1) proteins in this neoplasia. FASN showed strong cytoplasmatic expression in the neoplastic cells, whereas GLUT-1 and CD44 were negative. These findings suggest that the expression of FASN and the loss of CD44 might be involved in the pathogenesis of the extranodal nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma, and that GLUT-1 may not participate in the survival adaptation of the tumor cells to the hypoxic environment. Further studies with larger series are required to confirm these initial results.
Forecasting functional implications of global changes in riparian plant communities
Authors: Kominoski John S , Shah Jennifer J Follstad , Canhoto Cristina , Fischer Dylan G , Giling Darren P , González Eduardo , Griffiths Natalie A , Larrañaga Aitor , LeRoy Carri J , Mineau Madeleine M , McElarney Yvonne R , Shirley Susan M , Swan Christopher M , Tiegs Scott D
Published: August 2013

Riparian ecosystems support mosaics of terrestrial and aquatic plant species that enhance regional biodiversity and provide important ecosystem services to humans. Species composition and the distribution of functional traits – traits that define species in terms of their ecological roles – within riparian plant communities are rapidly changing in response to various global change drivers. Here, we present a conceptual framework illustrating how changes in dependent wildlife communities and ecosystem processes can be predicted by examining shifts in riparian plant functional trait diversity and redundancy (overlap). Three widespread examples of altered riparian plant composition are: shifts in the dominance of deciduous and coniferous species; increases in drought‐tolerant species; and the increasing global distribution of plantation and crop species. Changes in the diversity and distribution of critical plant functional traits influence terrestrial and aquatic food webs, organic matter production and processing, nutrient cycling, water quality, and water availability. Effective conservation efforts and riparian ecosystems management require matching of plant functional trait diversity and redundancy with tolerance to environmental changes in all biomes.
A Study on a Novel PCP’s Structure Using Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Zhang Jin , Li Wei , Wu Yongfu , Zhang Shicheng , Nair Mohan , Li Xiaolin
Published: August 2013

In a progressive cavity pump (PCP), the rubber stator is not only susceptible to damage, and thus is a major factor affecting the pump’s performance. To date, however, an experimental method to test the deformation and forced state of the elastomer of a stator under real operating conditions is still not available. In order to study the deformation of PCP’s elastomer, a numerical simulation method, finite element analysis (FEA), has been successfully applied. In order to improve PCP’s working efficiency and life, a novel structure, in which the elastomer is covered over the rotor rather than over the stator, is put forward, and the general structure performance is analyzed by FEA. Hereinafter PCP with this novel structure is called "construction A".

Another idea to improve the failure resistance of PCP’s elastomer is to use some kind of reinforced material inside the rubber sleeve. Similar reinforced structures have been widely applied in other products, for instance, car tires. In a tire, there are various cords which are used as reinforcement layers. Steel cords, nylon cords, polyester cords, rayon cords and some hybrid cords are mature reinforcement materials in the tire industry. In this study, nylon cords are adopted to reinforce the structure of "construction A", which is hereinafter called "construction B". A comparison of structure performance between "construction A" and "construction B" has been conducted based on FEA results. It should be noted that even though stress and strain in both constructions are the same, "construction B" will have longer lifetimes than "construction A" because of greater failure resistance exhibited by "construction B".

The purpose of this research is to find the difference between the two proposed novel constructions and the conventional construction. Based on the FEA analysis, the practicability of the novel PCPs can be assessed.
A Computational Model for Analysis of Fluid-Structure Interaction within Elastomeric Progressing Cavity Pumps
Authors: Lima J. A. , Medeiros P. E. , Paladino E. E. , Almeida R. F. , Assmann B. W.
Published: August 2013

Progressing Cavity Pumps (PCP) are positive-displacement pumps customarily employed in the petroleum industry for artificial lift of high viscosity oils, or fluids with moderate degree of gas and/or sediments. Basically, an elastomeric PCP consists of a metallic helical rotor and a twin helix rubber stator. For this kind of PCP, flow is strongly modified by structural deformations undergone by the stator. For automation, design and operation optimization purposes, any mathematical model able to accurately describe and predict flow and structural phenomena inside these pumps is welcome. However, due to its intrinsically coupled non-linear multiphysics - flow and structural fields, friction, wear, heat generation - analysis of the real dynamic interaction is very complex and experimental measuring is extremely hampered by the elastomeric nature of the stator. Therefore, as an attempt to describe and numerically evaluate this dynamic behavior, the present work features a simplified three-dimensinoal computational model for analysis of the fluid-structure interaction (FSI) in single-lobe elastomeric progressing cavity pumps. The governing unsteady and three-dimensional fluid dynamic equations, for laminar or turbulent flow, are solved using an Element-based Finite Volume Method in a moving and deformable mesh, to account for the relative motion between rotor and stator, and the stator deformation as well. Once a pressure distribution on the stator inner surface is obtained, for an initial non-deformable fluid domain/geometry, it is then used to evaluate the corresponding structural deformations of the elastomeric stator. In the present model, only radial deformations are allowed, being explicitly evaluated following an elastic linear model. This procedure is continuously repeated until "converged" geometrical configuration and flow field are reached before a new time step is advanced. In addition to dynamically provide detailed information on flow and structural fields (pressure, velocity, deformation and tension distributions), operational parameters such as volumetric efficiency, viscous loses and torque, for example, are precisely predicted by the model developed as function of several parameters (rotor and stator dimensions, pump rotation and differential pressure, fluid viscosity, and elastomer bulk modulus). Numerical results are presented and compared against experimental findings, illustrating the behavior of the main fields, for the different governing parameters.
Relationships Among Vegetation Indices Derived from Aerial Photographs and Soybean Growth and Yield
Authors: Hoyos‐Villegas V. , Fritschi F. B.
Published: August 2013

Improving crop productivity in drought‐prone environments is a daunting challenge. Selection of advanced breeding materials for yield is a labor‐intensive procedure and sometimes produces misleading results because of the complex genetic behavior of yield. Remote sensing techniques can provide an instantaneous, nondestructive, and quantitative assessment of a crop's ability to intercept radiation and photosynthesize. The objective of this study was to examine vegetation indices derived from aerial images as biomass and yield prediction tools for soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] under different levels of water availability. Two commercial soybean cultivars with contrasting maturity were planted on a rooting‐depth restriction installation. Multispectral aerial images were acquired at early flowering and during seed filling, and fifteen vegetation indices were calculated and their associations with yield and biomass assessed. The indices estimated using the near infrared (NIR), RED, and GREEN portions of the spectrum were weak predictors of soybean yield under severe water stress conditions. However, under moderate drought or unstressed conditions, the regressions were able to explain up to 80% of the data on the basis of R2 values. The nominally best relationships with yield were found for NIR from images taken at seed fill and with biomass for RED bands extracted from images taken at flowering. Results suggest that aerial imaging shows potential as a tool for yield and biomass prediction of soybean cultivars.
Genetic Diversity in a Worldwide Collection of Sainfoin Using Morphological, Anatomical, and Molecular Markers
Authors: Zarrabian Mohammad , Majidi Mohammad Mahdi , Ehtemam Mohammad Hossein
Published: August 2013

Genetic information on sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.), an important forage species, is highly limited. In this study, genetic diversity and trait relationships of 80 sainfoin accessions were evaluated using morphological, anatomical, and inter‐simple sequence repeats (ISSR) characteristics. Results of 2 yr of study indicated a wide range of variability in the germplasm using all three data sets. Based on morphological assessment, accessions were divided into three different groups that could be easily identified by traits such as palatability, resistance to powdery mildew, and percentage of plant shoot and leaf. On the other hand, great diversity was found for anatomical traits, especially vessel diameter, sieve diameter, width of phloem, and xylem/phloem ratio, possibly indicating different mechanisms of water and solute transport among populations. Results indicated that anatomical traits were less influenced by environmental constraints compared with agro‐morphological traits. Accessions with high vessel diameter and large xylem diameter were may be palatable. Result of ISSR markers showed that high genetic variation among accessions can be closely related to “Isolation by distance” model, resulting in accessions falling into two main clusters (Iranian and the exotics), each having four subclusters. Most of the genetic variance was found among the accessions and less among the geographical groups. Results suggested that Asia and Eastern Europe may be the main center of diversity for this species.
Cloning and Characterization of Importin α in Brassica napus L.
Authors: Wang Daojie , Yang Cuiling , Lu Ming , Huang Fei , Guo Aiguang , Song Chunpeng
Published: August 2013

A previously identified genic male sterile (GMS) line in Brassica napus L. (rapeseed), in which the male sterile trait is controlled by a monogenic dominant locus, has been designated as MDGMS. In this study, we cloned importin‐α‐like sequences in MDGMS and its allelic fertile line. When we compared complementary DNA (cDNA) and deduced amino acid sequences of both cloned regions, several mutations were detected between the two lines. Sequence analysis revealed that the cloned gene contains 10 exons and 9 introns, consistent with IMPa‐4 in Arabidopsis spp., and it was accordingly designated as BnIMPα (Brassica napus importin α). Splice junctions of all introns in BnIMPα follow the GT–AG rule, and the amino acid sequence of BnIMPα contains the nuclear localization signal (NLS) sequence RKKIYKTGVDADEARRRR. The BnIMPα protein possesses characteristic features of importin α, such as an importin β binding (IBB) domain, eight tandem armadillo (ARM) repeats, and two helix–turn–helix motifs (HEAT) repeats. BnIMPα ribonucleic acid interference (RNAi) resulted in sterility or reduced fertility of male and female gametes, indicating that BnIMPα is necessary for gametogenesis in B. napus. Compared with the wild‐type, RNAi plants were highly susceptible to downy mildew and viral diseases. Tissue and subcellular localization analysis indicated that BnIMPα is expressed in all plant tissues other than seeds, especially conducting tissue and stamens, and that BnIMPα is localized in the nucleus.
Transition metal complexes with thiosemicarbazide-based ligands. Part 60. Reactions of copper(II) bromide with pyridoxal S-methylisothiosemicarbazone (PLITSC). Crystal structure of [Cu(PLITSC−H)H2O]Br•H2O
Authors: Leovac Vukadin , Vojinovic-Jesic Ljiljana , Ivkovic Sonja , Rodic Marko , Jovanovic Ljiljana , Holló Berta , Mészáros-Szécsényi Katalin
Published: August 2013

The synthesis and structural characterization of a square-planar copper(II)
complex with pyridoxal S-methylisothiosemicarbazone (PLITSC) of the formula
[Cu(PLITSC?H)H2O]Br?H2O (1) as the first Cu(II) complex with monoanionic
form of this ligand were described. Complex 1 together with two previously
synthesized complexes [Cu(PLITSC)Br2] (2) and [Cu(PLITSC)Br(MeOH)]Br (3)
were characterized by elemental analysis, IR and electronic spectra and also
by the methods of thermal analysis, conductometry and magnetochemistry.
Study of vaporization of LiI, LiI/C70, LiI/LiF/C70 from the Knudsen cell located into ionization chamber of the mass spectrometer
Authors: Djustebek Jasmina , Veljkovic Miomir , Velickovic Suzana
Published: August 2013

The vaporization of LiI, LiI/C70 and LiI/LIF/C70 were studied using a Knudsen
cell located into ionization chamber of a magnetic sector mass spectrometer
in a temperature range from 350 ?C to 850 ?C. ?s the ion species, LinI+ (n =
2, 3, 4, and 6) were identified from a mixture LiI/C70. While the clusters
LinI+ and LinF+ (n = 2 - 6) were detected from a mixture LiI/LiF/C70. The
intensities of LinI+ were higher than the emission of LinF+ cluster when the
ratio of LiI to LiF was 2:1. By contrast, the emission of the LinF+ is
favored when the ratio of LiI to LiF was 1:2. These results show that the
vaporization of a mixture LiI/LIF/C70 from the Knudsen cell located into
ionization chamber of the mass spectrometer represents an efficient and
simple way to obtain and investigate clusters of the type LinX, X-F, I. In
this work it has also been shown that the trend of the ln (Intensity, arbit.
units) versus temperature for all LinI+ clusters before and after the
melting point of LiI was not same. It suggested that the way of the
formation of these clusters can be different due to changes in temperature.
Accounting Education Research: Ranking Institutions and Individual Scholars
Authors: Holderness D. Kip , Myers Noah M. , Summers Scott L. , Wood David A.
Published: August 2013

Previous rankings of accounting literature have largely ignored the subtopic of accounting education research. Given the important role that rankings play in creating incentives and benchmarks, ranking education research may improve both the quality and quantity of research in this subtopic. This paper ranks academic institutions and individual accounting researchers based on their production of accounting education research. We show that the correlation between education research rankings and singular, noneducation research rankings is very low (i.e., ranges from 0.20 to 0.31), emphasizing the importance of considering education rankings separately from other topical areas in accounting research. We also provide evidence of the institutional factors that contribute to producing accounting education research and when professors produce this type of research in their careers. These findings will likely be of interest to current faculty, administrators, and industry leaders as they make decisions based on accounting education research.

JEL Classifications: M4; M40; M41; M49.

Data Availability: Requests for data may be made to the authors.
Kinematic and kinetic analysis of dogs during trotting after amputation of a thoracic limb
Authors: Jarvis Sarah L. , Worley Deanna R. , Hogy Sara M. , Hill Ashley E. , Haussler Kevin K. , Reiser Raoul F.
Published: August 2013

Objective—To characterize biomechanical differences in gait between dogs with and without an amputated thoracic limb.

Animals—Client-owned dogs (16 thoracic-limb amputee and 24 quadruped [control] dogs).

Procedures—Dogs were trotted across 3 in-series force platforms. Spatial kinematic and kinetic data were recorded for each limb during the stance phase.

Results—Amputees had significant increases in stance duration and vertical impulse in all limbs, compared with values for control dogs. Weight distribution was significantly increased by 14% on the remaining thoracic limb and by a combined 17% on pelvic limbs in amputees. Braking ground reaction force (GRF) was significantly increased in the remaining thoracic limb and pelvic limb ipsilateral to the amputated limb. The ipsilateral pelvic limb had a significantly increased propulsive GRF. The carpus and ipsilateral hip and stifle joints had significantly greater flexion during the stance phase. The cervicothoracic vertebral region had a significantly increased overall range of motion (ROM) in both the sagittal and horizontal planes. The thoracolumbar vertebral region ROM increased significantly in the sagittal plane but decreased in the horizontal plane. The lumbosacral vertebral region had significantly greater flexion without a change in ROM.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Compared with results for quadruped dogs, the vertebral column, carpus, and ipsilateral hip and stifle joints had significant biomechanical changes after amputation of a thoracic limb. The ipsilateral pelvic limb assumed dual thoracic and pelvic limb roles because the gait of a thoracic limb amputee during trotting appeared to be a mixture of various gait patterns.
Kinematic and kinetic analysis of dogs during trotting after amputation of a pelvic limb
Authors: Hogy Sara M. , Worley Deanna R. , Jarvis Sarah L. , Hill Ashley E. , Reiser Raoul F. , Haussler Kevin K.
Published: August 2013

Objective—To evaluate biomechanical gait adaptations in dogs after amputation of a pelvic limb.

Animals—Client-owned dogs (12 pelvic limb–amputee and 24 quadruped [control] dogs).

Procedures—Dogs were trotted across 3 in-series force platforms. Spatial kinematic and kinetic data were recorded for each limb during the stance phase.

Results—Pelvic limb amputees had increased peak braking forces in the contralateral thoracic limb and increased propulsive forces and impulses in both the ipsilateral thoracic limb and remaining pelvic limb. Time to peak braking force was significantly decreased, and time to peak propulsive force was significantly increased in all remaining limbs in amputees. Amputees had an increase in range of motion at the tarsal joint of the remaining pelvic limb, compared with results for the control dogs. Amputees had increased vertebral range of motion at T1 and T13 and increased vertebral extension at L7 within the sagittal plane. In the horizontal plane, amputees had increased lateral bending toward the remaining pelvic limb, which resulted in a laterally deviated gait pattern.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Pelvic limb amputees adjusted to loss of a limb through increased range of motion at the tarsal joint, increased range of motion in the cervicothoracic and thoracolumbar vertebral regions, and extension of the lumbosacral vertebral region, compared with results for the control dogs. Amputees alternated between a laterally deviated gait when the pelvic limb was in propulsion and a regular cranially oriented gait pattern when either forelimb was in propulsion with horizontal rotation around L7.
Effect of forelimb lameness on hoof kinematics of horses at a trot
Authors: Moorman Valerie J. , Reiser Raoul F. , Peterson Michael L. , McIlwraith C. Wayne , Kawcak Chris E.
Published: August 2013

Objective—To determine kinematic changes to the hoof of horses at a trot after induction of unilateral, weight-bearing forelimb lameness and to determine whether hoof kinematics return to prelameness values after perineural anesthesia.

Animals—6 clinically normal Quarter Horses.

Procedures—For each horse, a sole-pressure model was used to induce 3 grades (grades 1, 2, and 3) of lameness in the right forelimb, after which perineural anesthesia was administered to alleviate lameness. Optical kinematics were obtained for both forelimbs with the horse trotting before (baseline) and after induction of each grade of lameness and after perineural anesthesia. Hoof events were identified with linear acceleration profiles, and each stride was divided into hoof-contact, break-over, initial-swing, terminal-swing, and total-swing segments. For each segment, kinematic variables were compared within and between limbs by use of mixed repeated-measures ANOVA.

Results—During hoof-contact, the left (nonlame) forelimb hoof had greater heel-down orientation than did the right (lame) forelimb hoof, and during break-over, the nonlame hoof went through a larger range of motion than did the lame hoof. Maximum cranial acceleration during break-over for the lame hoof was greater, compared with that at baseline or for the nonlame hoof. Following perineural anesthesia, the sagittal plane orientation of the hoof during hoof-contact did not vary between the lame and nonlame limbs; however, interlimb differences in maximum cranial acceleration and angular range of motion during break-over remained.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that hoof kinematics may be useful for detection of unilateral, weight-bearing forelimb lameness in horses that are trotting.
In vitro effects of meloxicam on metabolism in articular chondrocytes from dogs with naturally occurring osteoarthritis
Authors: Budsberg Steven C. , Stoker Aaron M. , Johnston Spencer A. , Liska William , Reno Lisa R. , Cook James L.
Published: August 2013

Objective—To assess effects of in vitro meloxicam exposure on metabolism in articular chondrocytes from dogs with naturally occurring osteoarthritis

Sample—Femoral head cartilage from 16 dogs undergoing total hip replacement

Procedures—Articular cartilage samples were obtained. Tissue sulfated glycosaminoglycan (SGAG), collagen, and DNA concentrations were measured. Collagen, SGAG, chondroitin sulfate 846, NO, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-3, MMP-9, and MMP-13 concentrations in culture medium were analyzed. Aggrecan, collagen II, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9, MMP-13, ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif (ADAMTS)-4, ADAMTS-5, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, TIMP-2, TIMP-3, interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, cyclooxygenase-1, cyclooxygenase-2, and nducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression were evaluated. Comparisons between tissues cultured without (control) and with meloxicam at concentrations of 0.3, 3.0, and 30.0 μg/mL for up to 30 days were performed by means of repeated-measures analysis.

Results—Meloxicam had no effect on chondrocyte SGAG, collagen, or DNA concentrations. Expression of ADAMTS-5 was significantly decreased in all groups on all days, compared with the day 0 value. On day 3, culture medium PGE2 concentrations were significantly lower in all meloxicam-treated groups, compared with values for controls, and values remained low. Culture medium MMP-3 concentrations were significantly lower on day 30 than on day 3 in all meloxicam-treated groups.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that in vitro meloxicam treatment of osteoarthritic canine cartilage for up to 30 days did not induce matrix degradation or stimulate MMP production. Meloxicam lowered PGE2 release from this tissue, and effects on tissue chondrocyte content and matrix composition were neutral.
Validation of a commercially available enzyme immunoassay for measurement of plasma antidiuretic hormone concentration in healthy dogs and assessment of plasma antidiuretic hormone concentration in dogs with congestive heart failure
Authors: Scollan Katherine F. , Bulmer Barret J. , Sisson D. David
Published: August 2013

Objective—To validate the use of a human enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kit for measurement of plasma antidiuretic hormone (ADH) concentration in dogs and evaluate plasma ADH concentrations in dogs with congestive heart failure (CHF) attributable to acquired cardiac disease, compared with findings in healthy dogs.

Animals—6 healthy dogs and 12 dogs with CHF as a result of chronic degenerative valve disease or dilated cardiomyopathy.

Procedures—Plasma samples from the 6 healthy dogs were pooled and used to validate the EIA kit for measurement of plasma ADH concentration in dogs by assessing intra-assay precision, dilutional linearity, and spiking recovery. Following validation, plasma ADH concentrations were measured in the 6 healthy dogs and in the 12 dogs with CHF for comparison.

Results—The EIA kit measured ADH concentrations in canine plasma samples with acceptable intra-assay precision, dilutional linearity, and spiking recovery. The intra-assay coefficient of variation was 11%. By use of this assay, the median plasma concentration of ADH in dogs with CHF was 6.15 pg/mL (SD, 3.2 pg/mL; range, 4.18 to 15.47 pg/mL), which was significantly higher than the median concentration in healthy dogs (3.67 pg/mL [SD, 0.93 pg/mL; range, 3.49 to 5.45 pg/mL]).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Plasma ADH concentrations in dogs can be measured with the tested EIA kit. Plasma ADH concentrations were higher in dogs with CHF induced by acquired cardiac disease than in healthy dogs. This observation provides a basis for future studies evaluating circulating ADH concentrations in dogs with developing heart failure.
Effects of clopidogrel on the platelet activation response in horses
Authors: Brooks Marjory B. , Divers Thomas J. , Watts Ashlee E. , Ness Sally L. , Frye Amelia H. , Stokol Tracy , Fubini Susan L.
Published: August 2013

Objective—To evaluate the platelet activation response before and after treatment with clopidogrel in horses.

Animals—12 healthy adult mares.

Procedures—In a masked study, horses (6/group) were randomly allocated to alternately receive placebo or clopidogrel via nasogastric tube at a loading dose of 4 mg/kg followed by 2 mg/kg every 24 hours. Blood samples were collected before and 72 hours after initiation of treatment for ADP- and collagen-induced light transmission aggregometry; determination of closure time in collagen-ADP cartridges; modified thrombelastography for comparison of maximal amplitudes generated by kaolin, reptilase, and reptilase plus ADP activation; and flow cytometric tests to detect platelet fibrinogen binding, P-selectin expression, and phosphatidylserine externalization before and after ex vivo stimulation with thrombin, convulxin, thrombin with convulxin, and calcium ionophore.

Results—Clopidogrel administration induced a significant decrease in mean aggregation response to 5μM and 10μM ADP stimulation; however, 2 horses had resistance to clopidogrel's inhibitory action. Significant differences after clopidogrel treatment were not found in any other tests of platelet function.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Assays using commercially available reagents were configured to measure different variables of the platelet activation response; however, clopidogrel's platelet inhibitory action was only detected by ADP-induced light transmission aggregometry. Results also suggested that horses, like humans, have interindividual variability in response to clopidogrel that may influence the drug's clinical efficacy as an antiplatelet agent.
Assessment of left ventricular volumes by use of one-, two-, and three-dimensional echocardiography versus magnetic resonance imaging in healthy dogs
Authors: Meyer Judith , Wefstaedt Patrick , Dziallas Peter , Beyerbach Martin , Nolte Ingo , Hungerbühler Stephan O.
Published: August 2013

Objective—To quantify left ventricle (LV) volumes by use of 1-D, 2-D, and 3-D echocardiography versus MRI in dogs.

Animals—10 healthy Beagles.

Procedures—During anesthesia, each dog underwent an echocardiographic examination via the Teichholz method, performed on the basis of standard M-mode frames (1-D); the monoplane Simpson method of disk (via 2-D loops); real-time triplane echocardiography (RTTPE) with a 3-D probe; and real-time 3-D echocardiography with a 3-D probe. Afterward, cardiac MRI was performed. Values for the LV end-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV), and ejection fraction (EF) were compared between each echocardiographic method and the reference method (cardiac MRI).

Results—No significant differences for EDV, ESV, and EF were detected between RTTPE and cardiac MRI. Excellent correlations (r = 0.97, 0.98, and 0.95 for EDV, ESV, and EF, respectively) were found between RTTPE and values for cardiac MRI. The other echocardiographic methods yielded values significantly different from cardiac MRI and results correlated less well with results of cardiac MRI for EDV, ESV, and EF. Use of the Teichholz method resulted in LV volume overestimation, whereas the Simpson method of disk and real-time 3-D echocardiography significantly underestimated LV volumes.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Use of RTTPE yielded excellent correlations and nonsignificant differences with cardiac MRI and is a suitable method for routine veterinary cardiac examination.
Effects of exercise on markers of venous remodeling in lungs of horses
Authors: Stack Alice , Derksen Frederik J. , Sordillo Lorraine M. , Williams Kurt J. , Stick John A. , Brandenberger Christina , Steibel Juan P. , Robinson N. Edward
Published: August 2013

Objective—To determine the effects of 2 weeks of intense exercise on expression of markers of pulmonary venous remodeling in the caudodorsal and cranioventral regions of the lungs of horses.

Animals—6 horses.

Procedures—Tissue samples of the caudodorsal and cranioventral regions of lungs were obtained before and after conditioning and 2 weeks of intense exercise. Pulmonary veins were isolated, and a quantitative real-time PCR assay was used to determine mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and −9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 and −2, collagen type I, tenascin-C, endothelin-1, platelet-derived growth factor, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Protein expression of collagen (via morphometric analysis) and tenascin-C, TGF-β, and VEGF (via immunohistochemistry) was determined.

Results—Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage was detected in 2 horses after exercise. The mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and −9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2, TGF-β, and VEGF was significantly lower in pulmonary veins obtained after exercise versus those obtained before exercise for both the caudodorsal and cranioventral regions of the lungs. Collagen content was significantly higher in tissue samples obtained from the caudodorsal regions of the lungs versus content in samples obtained from the cranioventral regions of the lungs both before and after exercise. Exercise did not alter protein expression of tenascin-C, TGF-β, or VEGF.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results of this study indicated 2 weeks of intense exercise did not alter expression of marker genes in a manner expected to favor venous remodeling. Pulmonary venous remodeling is complex, and > 2 weeks of intense exercise may be required to induce such remodeling.
Qualitative and quantitative interpretation of computed tomography of the lungs in healthy neonatal foals
Authors: Lascola Kara M. , O'Brien Robert T. , Wilkins Pamela A. , Clark-Price DVM Stuart C. , Hartman Susan K. , Mitchell Mark A.
Published: August 2013

Objective—To qualitatively describe lung CT images obtained from sedated healthy equine neonates (≤ 14 days of age), use quantitative analysis of CT images to characterize attenuation and distribution of gas and tissue volumes within the lungs, and identify differences between lung characteristics of foals ≤ 7 days of age and foals > 7 days of age.

Animals—10 Standardbred foals between 2.5 and 13 days of age.

Procedures—Foals were sedated with butorphanol, midazolam, and propofol and positioned in sternal recumbency for thoracic CT. Image analysis software was used to exclude lung from nonlung structures. Lung attenuation was measured in Hounsfield units (HU) for analysis of whole lung and regional changes in attenuation and lung gas and tissue components. Degree of lung attenuation was classified as follows: hyperinflated or emphysema, −1,000 to −901 HU; well aerated, −900 to −501 HU; poorly aerated, −500 to −101 HU; and nonaerated, > −100 HU.

Results—Qualitative evidence of an increase in lung attenuation and patchy alveolar patterns in the ventral lung region were more pronounced in foals ≤ 7 days of age than in older foals. Quantitative analysis revealed that mean ± SD lung attenuation was greater in foals ≤ 7 days of age (−442 ± 28 HU) than in foals > 7 days of age (−521 ± 24 HU). Lung aeration and gas volumes were lower than in other regions ventrally and in the mid lung region caudal to the heart.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Identified radiographic patterns and changes in attenuation were most consistent with atelectasis and appeared more severe in foals ≤ 7 days of age than in older neonatal foals. Recognition of these changes may have implications for accurate CT interpretation in sedated neonatal foals with pulmonary disease.
Effects of oxygen insufflation rate, respiratory rate, and tidal volume on fraction of inspired oxygen in cadaveric canine heads attached to a lung model
Authors: Zimmerman Melina E. , Hodgson David S. , Bello Nora M.
Published: August 2013

Objective—To assess the effects of oxygen insufflation rate, respiratory rate, and tidal volume on fraction of inspired oxygen (Fio2) in cadaveric canine heads attached to a lung model.

Sample—16 heads of canine cadavers.

Procedures—Each cadaver head was instrumented with a nasal insufflation catheter through which oxygen was delivered. The trachea was attached to a sample collection port connected by means of corrugated tubing to a lung model. Eight treatment combinations that varied in respiratory rate (10 or 20 breaths/min), tidal volume (10 or 15 mL/kg), and oxygen insufflation rate (50 or 100 mL/kg/min) were applied to each head in a replicated Latin square design. Gas samples were manually collected, and inspired oxygen concentrations were analyzed. The Fio2 and end-tidal CO2 concentration were determined and compared among sample groups.

Results—Estimated least squares mean Fio2 for various treatment combinations ranged from 32.2% to 60.6%. The Fio2 was significantly increased at the higher insufflation rate (estimated marginal least squares mean, 48.7% vs 38.6% for 100 and 50 mL/kg/min, respectively), lower respiratory rate (48.9% vs 38.3% for 10 and 20 breaths/min, respectively), and smaller tidal volume (46.8% vs 40.0% for 10 and 15 mL/kg, respectively).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Fio2 in the model was affected by oxygen insufflation rate, respiratory rate, and tidal volume. This information may potentially help clinicians interpret results of blood gas analysis and manage canine patients receiving oxygen insufflation via a nasal catheter.
Regional Analysis of Big Five Personality Factors and Suicide Rates in Russia
Authors: Voracek Martin
Published: August 2013

Extending cross-national and intranational studies on possible aggregate-level associations between personality dimensions and suicide prevalence, this study examined the associations of the Big Five personality factors and suicide rates across 32 regions of the Russian Federation. Failing to replicate one key finding of similar geographic studies, namely, a correspondence of higher suicide rates with lower Agreeableness and Conscientiousness (i.e., higher Psychoticism) scores, higher suicide rates corresponded to higher Agreeableness scores. This effect was obtained with one available data source (regional-level Big Five ratings based on the National Character Survey), but not with another (based on the NEO–PI-R measure). All in all, regional suicide rates across Russia were dissociated from regional variation in personality dimensions.
Responding to Moral Dilemmas: The Roles of Empathy and Collectivist Values among the Chinese
Authors: Mann Stephen K. F. , Cheng Viviana
Published: August 2013

The present study assessed how empathy and vertical collectivism are related to moral competency in a sample of Hong Kong Chinese university students ( N = 153; 70 men, 83 women). The Emotional Tendency Scale, Individualism-Collectivism Scale, and Moral Judgment Test were used to quantify empathy, vertical collectivism, and moral competency, respectively. Results showed that empathy was not statistically significantly correlated with moral judgment. The interaction of vertical collectivism and empathy predicted a theoretically important portion of the variance in moral competency. The role of culture in moral development was discussed.
Lymphogranuloma venereum among men who have sex with men in the Netherlands: regional differences in testing rates lead to underestimation of the incidence, 2006-2012
Authors: Koper N E , van der Sande M A , Gotz H M , Koedijk F D , on behalf of the Dutch STI clinics collective
Published: August 2013

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Investigation of an imported case of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection in Florence, Italy, May to June 2013
Authors: Puzelli S , Azzi A , Santini M G , Di Martino A , Facchini M , Castrucci M R , Meola M , Arvia R , Corcioli F , Pierucci F , Baretti S , Bartoloni A , Bartolozzi D , de Martino M , Galli L , Pompa M G , Rezza G , Balocchini E , Donatelli I
Published: August 2013

On 31 May 2013, the first case of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection in Italy was laboratory confirmed in a previously healthy adult man, who developed pneumonia with moderate respiratory distress after returning from a holiday in Jordan. Two secondary cases were identified through contact tracing, among family members and colleagues who had not previously travelled abroad. Both secondary cases developed mild illness. All three patients recovered fully.
Exhaled Breath Analysis in Tuberculosis Case Detection: The New Horizon
Authors: Pal Ranabir , Dahal S , Gurung A
Published: August 2013

Sixty years ago, Nobel Prize winner Linus Pauling proposed the concept that human breath is a complex and dynamic gaseous mixture of more than 200 different endogenous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are continually being released in different quantities within the internal environment during health and disease. The researchers estimate that more than a thousand chemicals produced in different organ-systems as metabolic end products come out every minute through the respiratory tract. Volatile organic compounds and other products of oxidative stress are a big chunk among these exhaled breath elements.DOI: http://doi.dx.org/10.3126/nje.v3i2.8509
P-drug selection: Choosing medicines objectively
Authors: Shankar Ravi P
Published: August 2013

I read with great interest the article by Banerjee I. about ‘Concepts of P drug selection’ in the current issue of the Nepal Journal of Epidemiology. Personal (P) drug selection is an excellent exercise to teach students to prescribe medicines based on objective criteria and unbiased sources of medicine information. I had been involved in initiating the exercise on P drug selection at Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Pokhara. I had also been involved with the exercise at KIST Medical College, Lalitpur. Recently I have started this exercise at the Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Dutch Caribbean.DOI: http://doi.dx.org/10.3126/nje.v3i2.8510
Editorial
Authors: Sharma Dewakar
Published: August 2013

Nepalese Heart Journal | Volume 7 | No.1 | November 2010 (special issue) | Page i-ii DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njh.v7i1.8491
Review of Ischemic Heart Disease Patients admitted in Dhulikhel Hospital
Authors: Gurung Ram Bahadur , Pant Pankaj , Pokharel Baburam , Koju Rajendra , Bedi TRS
Published: August 2013

The ischaemic heart disease is one of the most common cause of preventable deaths. The number of deaths due to ischaemic heart disease has been reported to be on the rise in the low and mid­dle income countries. Data on the prevalence and risk profile of ischaemic heart disease is scarce in Nepal. The aim of this study was to analyze the demographic and risk profile of patients with ischaemic heart disease admitted at Dhulikhel hospital. 115 patients in the period between 2008 to 2009 with the diagnosis of ischaemic heart disease were identified and analyzed. The mean age of patients with IHD was 62.9+/- 12.79 years and the youngest was aged 34 years. The number of male patients was greater (54.8%) than the females (45.2%). Among the risk factors hypertension and diabetes were more common in females, where­as smoking was more common in males. The study also showed more people with IHD came from rural than urban areas. In conclusion, the ischaemic heart disease is a rising public health problem affecting even the younger age groups and people from lower socioeconomic strata. Nepalese Heart Journal | Volume 7 | No.1 | November 2010 (special issue) | Page 1-4 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njh.v7i1.8493
Diagnostic Cardiac Catheterization for Congenital Heart Disease in Nepal
Authors: Regmi Shyam R , Maskey A , Dubey L , Malla R , Bhatt Y , Rajbhandari R , Limbu YR , KC MB
Published: August 2013

Accurate preoperative anatomic and functional diagnosis is of vital importance for surgical repair of congenital heart disease. The diagnostic accuracy of echocardiography alone in congenital heart disease is satisfactory but interventional catheterization is still required to derive the adequate in­formation before surgical repair. This is a retrospective review of our early results with cardiac catheterization for congenital heart disease in Shahid Gangalal National Heart Center (SGNHC), Nepal. Nepalese Heart Journal | Volume 7 | No.1 | November 2010 (special issue) | Page 5-7 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njh.v7i1.8494
Socio-economic Analysis and the Study of Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, Control and Risk Factors of Hypertension in Hospital Staff
Authors: Shakya Samjhana , Bhattarai J , Rawal K , Kunwar AR , Shakya YR , Sharma D
Published: August 2013

Hypertension is an important public health challenge in the developing and the developed world alike. This worksite based descriptive cross-sectional study was undertaken in Sahid Gangalal National Heart Centre in 2010 with 50 subjects were recruited by multistage purposive cluster sampling. The primary aim of this descriptive cross-sectional study was to assess the socioeco­nomic status and to measure the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and correlates of hypertension. The prevalence of pre-hypertension is 38% and hypertension is 34%. Among the hypertensive 53% are aware of their condition and 66.66% of them are under treatment and 16.66% have con­trol over the condition. The prevalence of overweight and obesity were 22% and 4% respectively. The prevalence of central obesity was 29.72% among male and 69% among female. Knowledge, Attitude and Practice on hypertension was satisfactory. Fourteen percent understood hypertension as a raised blood pressure during blood flow in the arteries. Majority of them (72%) have posi­tive attitude towards use of medicine in hypertension. Majority of them (86%) had checked their blood pressure in last 2 years. Difference in prevalence of hypertension was found among the tobacco users and non- users (65% vs 40%), who do regular exercise and those who do not (28% vs. 38%) and sleep disturbance was higher among hypertensive than non-hypertensive (48% vs. 10%). Patients with Dislipidemia (32%) had higher prevalence of hypertension than those without Dislipidemia (44% vs 30 %) Similar finding were found between overweight participants (26%) and normal weight participants (46% vs 34%). The prevalence of hypertension is higher with the higher socio-economic status. Nepalese Heart Journal | Volume 7 | No.1 | November 2010 (special issue) | Page 15-19 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njh.v7i1.8496