bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Further generalizations of the Banach contraction principle
Authors: Jleli Mohamed , Karapınar Erdal , Samet Bessem
Published: November 2014

We establish a new fixed point theorem in the setting of Branciari metric spaces. The obtained result is an extension of the recent fixed point theorem established in Jleli and Samet (J. Inequal. Appl. 2014:38, 2014).
Correlation of early over-sedation with clinical outcomes in mechanically ventilated patients: further studies are needed
Authors: Jiang Shou Yin , Zhao Ying Ying , Zhao Xiao Gang
Published: November 2014

No abstract
Olaparib Monotherapy in Patients With Advanced Cancer and a Germline BRCA1/2 Mutation
Authors: Kaufman Bella , Shapira-Frommer Ronnie , Schmutzler Rita K. , Audeh M. William , Friedlander Michael , Balmaña Judith , Mitchell Gillian , Fried Georgeta , Stemmer Salomon M. , Hubert Ayala , Rosengarten Ora , Steiner Mariana , Loman Niklas , Bowen Karin , Fielding Anitra , Domchek Susan M.
Published: November 2014

Purpose

Olaparib is an oral poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor with activity in germline BRCA1 and BRCA2 (BRCA1/2) –associated breast and ovarian cancers. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of olaparib in a spectrum of BRCA1/2-associated cancers.

Patients and Methods

This multicenter phase II study enrolled individuals with a germline BRCA1/2 mutation and recurrent cancer. Eligibility included ovarian cancer resistant to prior platinum; breast cancer with ≥ three chemotherapy regimens for metastatic disease; pancreatic cancer with prior gemcitabine treatment; or prostate cancer with progression on hormonal and one systemic therapy. Olaparib was administered at 400 mg twice per day. The primary efficacy end point was tumor response rate.

Results

A total of 298 patients received treatment and were evaluable. The tumor response rate was 26.2% (78 of 298; 95% CI, 21.3 to 31.6) overall and 31.1% (60 of 193; 95% CI, 24.6 to 38.1), 12.9% (eight of 62; 95% CI, 5.7 to 23.9), 21.7% (five of 23; 95% CI, 7.5 to 43.7), and 50.0% (four of eight; 95% CI, 15.7 to 84.3) in ovarian, breast, pancreatic, and prostate cancers, respectively. Stable disease ≥ 8 weeks was observed in 42% of patients (95% CI, 36.0 to 47.4), including 40% (95% CI, 33.4 to 47.7), 47% (95% CI, 34.0 to 59.9), 35% (95% CI, 16.4 to 57.3), and 25% (95% CI, 3.2 to 65.1) of those with ovarian, breast, pancreatic, or prostate cancer, respectively. The most common adverse events (AEs) were fatigue, nausea, and vomiting. Grade ≥ 3 AEs were reported for 54% of patients; anemia was the most common (17%).

Conclusion

Responses to olaparib were observed across different tumor types associated with germline BRCA1/2 mutations. Olaparib warrants further investigation in confirmatory studies.
TBX1 regulates epithelial polarity and dynamic basal filopodia in the second heart field
Authors: Francou Alexandre , Saint-Michel Edouard , Mesbah Karim , Kelly Robert G.
Published: November 2014

Elongation of the vertebrate heart occurs by progressive addition of second heart field (SHF) cardiac progenitor cells from pharyngeal mesoderm to the poles of the heart tube. The importance of these cells in the etiology of congenital heart defects has led to extensive research into the regulation of SHF deployment by signaling pathways and transcription factors. However, the basic cellular features of these progenitor cells, including epithelial polarity, cell shape and cell dynamics, remain poorly characterized. Here, using immunofluorescence, live imaging and embryo culture, we demonstrate that SHF cells constitute an atypical, apicobasally polarized epithelium in the dorsal pericardial wall, characterized by apical monocilia and dynamic actin-rich basal filopodia. We identify the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome gene Tbx1, required in the SHF for outflow tract development, as a regulator of the epithelial properties of SHF cells. Cell shape changes in mutant embryos include increased circularity, a reduced basolateral membrane domain and impaired filopodial activity, and are associated with elevated aPKCζ levels. Activation of aPKCζ in embryo culture similarly impairs filopodia activity and phenocopies proliferative defects and ectopic differentiation observed in the SHF of Tbx1 null embryos. Our results reveal that epithelial and progenitor cell status are coupled in the SHF, identifying control of cell shape as a regulatory step in heart tube elongation and outflow tract morphogenesis.
On the Influence of Science Funding Policies on Business Sector R&D Activity
Authors: Rószkiewicz Marta Magdalena
Published: November 2014

The analysis focuses on assessing the impact of science and innovation policy on increasing business research activity, represented by the measure of business expenditure on research (BERD). The study concentrates on the impact of direct and indirect funding instruments. The effects of public intervention were examined basing on the pursued policy and the country’s level of innovativeness in 21 countries. In order to build aggregate variables of direct and indirect financial flows, the procedure of principal components was performed. Correlations between these variables and business sector activity were examined. The procedure of hierarchical clustering allowed to determine groups of countries which used similar policy instruments and experienced the same dynamics of BERD expenditures. The aim of such clustering was to highlight basic types of relations between the policy pursued and the activity of business sector. The study allowed to determine that direct funding has a significant effect on increasing BERD expenditures and is decreasing with the growing intensity of these outlays. The relation for indirect funding was found to be more complex. The generosity of country’s tax incentives for R&D was proved to be dependent on the level of innovativeness of business sector and was represented by an inverted U-shaped curve. The level of innovativeness was also found to have a stronger impact on business sector research activity than the policy pursued by a country. Basic recommendations on research funding policies were built based on the performed analysis.
HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES IN PROSTATE TISSUE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF DORNIER MEDILAS D UROBEAM 940NM LASER WHILE APPLYING METHOD OF MODIFIED VAPORIZATION OF BENIGN ADENOMATOUS HYPERPLASIA OF PROSTATE
Authors: Diachuk Michail , Pasechnikov Sergey , Kuryk Olena , Zhuravchak Andriy
Published: November 2014

The results of morphological ivestigation of prostate tissue after vaporization prostatectomy by Laser Dornier Medilas D UroBeam and transurethral prostate resection in patients with benigh prostatic hyperplasia is shown. We found that the successive use laser  Dornier Medilas D Urobeam at power 175-250 W and transurethral resectionof prostate  provides diminishing of area of coagulative necrosis which prevents formation of massive scab. At the same time the photoselective to haemoglobin as a result of vaporization draws coagulative necrosis of content of vessels in areas with unchanged stroma  and  prevents bleeding.
USE OF ENZYMES IN COMPLEX TREATMENT OF ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME IN WOMEN WITH REPRODUCTIVE LOSSES OF ANDIJAN STATE
Authors: Maniyozova Gulnoza , Negmatshaeva Habiba , Yuldasheva Ozoda , Turaeva Gulnoza , Parpieva Dilfura
Published: November 2014

Obstetric complications developing at antiphospholipid syndrome are serious medical-social problem. Seeking of the treatment methods sets conditions for urgency of the article reviewed. Enzyme preparations are widely applied for treatment of women with fecundity disorder and hemorheology changes. Research objective was in clinico-laboratorial evaluation of Serrata drug impact in antiphospholipid syndrome in women with reproductive losses of Andijan state. Methods: Data of 43 women in the non-pregnancy state with reproductive losses (RL) in past history with revealed APS had been studied by us. Results: Thus, conducted therapy with Serrata was conductive to haemostasis. Conducted researches confirm the safety of application.
THE STUDY OF CYTOGENETIC EFFECT OF ACTELLIC INSECTICIDE IN BONE MARROW CELLS OF MICE AFTER SINGLE EXPOSURE AT HIGH TEMPERATURE
Authors: Shermuratov Anvarjon Rakhmankulovich
Published: November 2014

We aimed to investigate in detail the structural mutations after influence of actellic insecticide at different doses and different temperature conditions. We tested effects of single introduction of different doses of actellic: 48, 96, 192, and 384 mg/kg. Cytogenetic effect of actellic in bone marrow cells at different temperature regimens was studied. Following actellic administration, animals were being in two temperature regimes: normal (18-20°C) and high (37-38°C). After treatment with actellic, animals were kept within 1, 2, 4 and 8 hours at high temperature (37-38°C), i.e. in a thermostat (TV-80) with access of air. In experiments, the animals were divided into seven groups. The animals of the 1st group were administered actellic at a dose 384 mg/kg and kept under normal temperature until slaughtering. The animals of the 2nd group after administration of actellic were immediately placed in an environment with a temperature of 37-38°C. Animals of the 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th groups after treatment with actellic were transferred to conditions with high temperature, respectively, for 1, 2, 4 and 8 hours. The 7th group of mice was under normal temperature conditions without treatment with actellic. Our results have shown that in normal temperature conditions single exposure of actellic (384 mg/kg) did not affect the genetic apparatus of somatic cell, evidenced by the frequency of chromosome aberrations in bone marrow cells that were within the control levels. However, at high temperatures (37-38°C) the pesticide caused 6-fold larger number of chromosome aberrations in bone marrow cells, in comparison with normal conditions.
THE RATE OF ACUTE SPINAL CORD INJURY IN TASHKENT CITY BETWEEN 2005-2012 YEARS
Authors: Khikmatullaev Rukhulla Zabikhullaevich , Iskandarov Alisher Iskandarovich , Khakimova Dildora Zabikhullaevna
Published: November 2014

Objective: to analyze main clinical-statistical indices of spine and spinal cord injuries (SCI) and system of organization of medical aid to the victims. We conducted a cohort retrospective study of materials of medical institutions of Tashkent city. Medical records of patients and records of forensic examinations were analyzed. 242 cases of spinal cord injuries were studied. Over the last 10 years in Tashkent the frequency of SCI have been tend to increase, males and working-age people are dominated. In 60.9% of cases the injury was associated, in 36.2% - isolated, and in 2.9% - combined. Fallings from height and road traffic accidents were the main reasons for getting SCI. Lesions at cervical level registered in 45% of cases, thoracic level - 27.3%, at lumbar level - 27.7%, respectively. According to ASIA/IMSOP, full injuries were noted in 40.1% of cases, incomplete injures were in 59.9%. Overall mortality from SCI was 68.6%. Thus, for the first time this study allowed to get in detail the clinical and statistical indicators of SCI in the region.
Interdental cleaning – meeting the needs of the changing oral environment
Authors: Tilling Elaine
Published: November 2014

This article discusses different scenarios affecting the mouth and how interdental cleaning can help to prevent oral disease
Well-planned play and practical work are key
Authors: Aitken Liz
Published: November 2014

Confidence in maths begins – or is lost – at an early age, says Liz Aitken. In the first of her four-part series she outlines ways to ensure reception pupils engage with the subject.
Be confident when it comes to the interview
Authors: Cartwright Eva
Published: November 2014

Eva Cartwright provides advice on how to prepare for your interview so that when the big day comes you know you will be putting your best foot forward.
Magna Carta - ‘symbol of freedom under law’
Authors: Davis John
Published: November 2014

What significance does this document have for society today? Spark debate by using John Davis' lesson plan to understand an important turning point in history.
The creative curriculum: challenging all children
Authors: McKeown Sal
Published: November 2014

There are infinite possibilities in a crosscurricular approach that provides opportunities to explore a range of subjects under one topic. Ofsted is increasingly recognising this as a way to raise standards. Sal McKeown talks to schools which are maximising the inter-connectedness of learning.
Early morbidity after aseptic revision hip arthroplasty in Denmark
Authors: Lindberg-Larsen M. , Jørgensen C. C. , Hansen T. B. , Solgaard S. , Kehlet H.
Published: November 2014

Data on early morbidity and complications after revision total hip replacement (THR) are limited. The aim of this nationwide study was to describe and quantify early morbidity after aseptic revision THR and relate the morbidity to the extent of the revision surgical procedure. We analysed all aseptic revision THRs from 1st October 2009 to 30th September 2011 using the Danish National Patient Registry, with additional information from the Danish Hip Arthroplasty Registry. There were 1553 procedures (1490 patients) performed in 40 centres and we divided them into total revisions, acetabular component revisions, femoral stem revisions and partial revisions. The mean age of the patients was 70.4 years (25 to 98) and the median hospital stay was five days (interquartile range 3 to 7). Within 90 days of surgery, the readmission rate was 18.3%, mortality rate 1.4%, re-operation rate 6.1%, dislocation rate 7.0% and infection rate 3.0%. There were no differences in these outcomes between high- and low-volume centres. Of all readmissions, 255 (63.9%) were due to ‘surgical’ complications versus 144 (36.1%) ‘medical’ complications. Importantly, we found no differences in early morbidity across the surgical subgroups, despite major differences in the extent and complexity of operations. However, dislocations and the resulting morbidity represent the major challenge for improvement in aseptic revision THR.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014; 96-B:1464–71.
Clinical negligence in foot and ankle surgery
Authors: Ring J , Talbot C. L. , Clough T. M.
Published: November 2014

We present a review of litigation claims relating to foot and ankle surgery in the NHS in England during the 17-year period between 1995 and 2012.

A freedom of information request was made to obtain data from the NHS litigation authority (NHSLA) relating to orthopaedic claims, and the foot and ankle claims were reviewed.

During this period of time, a total of 10 273 orthopaedic claims were made, of which 1294 (12.6%) were related to the foot and ankle. 1036 were closed, which comprised of 1104 specific complaints. Analysis was performed using the complaints as the denominator. The cost of settling these claims was more than £36 million.

There were 372 complaints (33.7%) involving the ankle, of which 273 (73.4%) were related to trauma. Conditions affecting the first ray accounted for 236 (21.4%), of which 232 (98.3%) concerned elective practice. Overall, claims due to diagnostic errors accounted for 210 (19.0%) complaints, 208 (18.8%) from alleged incompetent surgery and 149 (13.5%) from alleged mismanagement.

Our findings show that the incorrect, delayed or missed diagnosis of conditions affecting the foot and ankle is a key area for improvement, especially in trauma practice.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:1510–14.
The natural history of the rheumatoid shoulder
Authors: van der Zwaal P. , Pijls B. G. , Thomassen B. J. W. , Lindenburg R. , Nelissen R. G. H. H. , van de Sande M. A. J.
Published: November 2014

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the natural history of rheumatoid disease of the shoulder over an eight-year period. Our hypothesis was that progression of the disease is associated with a decrease in function with time.

A total of 22 patients (44 shoulders; 17 women, 5 men, (mean age 63)) with rheumatoid arthritis were followed for eight years. All shoulders were assessed using the Constant score, anteroposterior radiographs (Larsen score, Upward-Migration-Index (UMI)) and ultrasound (US). At final follow-up, the Short Form-36, disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) Score, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and use of anti-rheumatic medication were determined.

The mean Constant score was 72 points (50 to 88) at baseline and 69 points (25 to 100) at final follow-up. Radiological evaluation showed progressive destruction of the peri-articular structures with time. This progression of joint and rotator cuff destruction was significantly associated with the Constant score. However, at baseline only the extent of rotator cuff disease and the UMI could predict the Constant score at final follow-up.

A plain anteroposterior radiograph of the shoulder is sufficient to assess any progression of rheumatoid disease and to predict functional outcome in the long term by using the UMI as an indicator of rotator cuff degeneration.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:1520–4.
Prevention of dislocation of the hip in children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Hägglund G. , Alriksson-Schmidt A. , Lauge-Pedersen H. , Rodby-Bousquet E. , Wagner P. , Westbom L.
Published: November 2014

In 1994 a cerebral palsy (CP) register and healthcare programme was established in southern Sweden with the primary aim of preventing dislocation of the hip in these children.

The results from the first ten years were published in 2005 and showed a decrease in the incidence of dislocation of the hip, from 8% in a historical control group of 103 children born between 1990 and 1991 to 0.5% in a group of 258 children born between 1992 and 1997. These two cohorts have now been re-evaluated and an additional group of 431 children born between 1998 and 2007 has been added.

By 1 January 2014, nine children in the control group, two in the first study group and none in the second study group had developed a dislocated hip (p < 0.001). The two children in the first study group who developed a dislocated hip were too unwell to undergo preventive surgery. Every child with a dislocated hip reported severe pain, at least periodically, and four underwent salvage surgery. Of the 689 children in the study groups, 91 (13%) underwent preventive surgery.

A population-based hip surveillance programme enables the early identification and preventive treatment, which can result in a significantly lower incidence of dislocation of the hip in children with CP.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014; 96-B:1546–52.
Exam Corner – November 2014
Authors: Khanduja V.
Published: November 2014

The FRCS (Tr & Orth) examination has three components: MCQs, Vivas and Clinical Examination. The Vivas are further divided into four sections comprising Basic Science, Adult Pathology, Hands and Children’s Orthopaedics and Trauma. The Clinical Examination section is divided into Upper and Lower limb cases. The aim of this section in the Journal is to focus specifically on the trainees preparing for the exam and to cater to all the sections of the exam. The vision is to complete the cycle of all relevant exam topics (as per the syllabus) in four years.
The Pony, the Pig, and the Horse
Authors: Deming Alison Hawthorne
Published: November 2014

A poet steps back into rural pastures of her twenties, where animals, living and dead, sustained her and her daughter.
Enough
Authors: Pape Sarah
Published: November 2014

Determined to nourish her bereaved grandfather, a mother conquers the bathroom scale of her childhood and works to accept the tension between eating too much and too little.
Insistent Needles: On Reading Ellen Bass’s “Birdsong from My Patio”
Authors: Nezhukumatathil Aimee
Published: November 2014

Revisiting a beloved poem, a writer parses the “glittering voices” of birds, her boys, and Ellen Bass.
Differentiation
Authors: Dungy Camille T.
Published: November 2014

A search for chicken and waffles above the Arctic Circle leads two poets to new understandings of self and family—and to an unlikely feast.
Happiness
Authors: Carlson Ron
Published: November 2014

The cabin stood before us shuttered and silent like a big puzzle box we were about to open. There was work to do. Nick opened the front door and we went in and found the old good smell of firewood and burned coffee and the dry smell of the books .
On the Preparation of Books
Authors: Ponce Pedro
Published: November 2014

Hungry and observant cooks would have noticed the texture of the pages salvaged from the spent fire, a crispness and pliability recalling firsthand accounts of certain meats .
Hello! I Am Saying Hello! Because that is What I Do When I Say Hello!
Authors: Upton Lee
Published: November 2014

My eyes snagged on a man’s upper lip. It was a thin lip but an expressive one. You expected those lips to speak a Romance language. And then the man spoke with the flat Midwestern voice of any of us. “You must be Natalie,” he said .
Breaking the Jemima Code: The Legacy of African American Cookbooks
Authors: Tipton-Martin Toni
Published: November 2014

Frustrated with the whitewashing of Southern culinary traditions, a food scholar examines the first African American cookbook, honoring the skill and innovation of its author and other chefs of earlier eras.
Greens: A Mess of Memories about Taste
Authors: Kenan Randall
Published: November 2014

A Southerner savors the particular goodness of mustard greens.
Spoon Bread
Authors: Frank Matthew Gavin
Published: November 2014

A visitor to Nebraska digs into the lexicon of utensils, plagues, and prairie dogs.
Safeguarding the Universal Acceptance of Human Rights Through the Receptor Approach
Authors: Zwart Tom
Published: November 2014

The receptor approach relies on ethnographic research to identify social institutions and cultural values that match international human rights obligations. Where these institutions and values fall short, home-grown remedies are used to amplify them. The receptor approach provides a practical tool to activists and states. In addition, it welcomes culture as a potential source of human rights rather than dismissing it as an impediment to their protection. Yvonne Donders and Vincent Vleugel’s position that it is “old wine in new bags” is therefore unfounded. The same is true for their argument that it pits “the West against the rest.” Research shows that regional values are still notably different. States are entitled to take these cultural differences into account when implementing their human rights obligations. Denying them their right to do so will force Southern states to disengage.
Russian NGOs and the European Court of Human Rights: A Spectrum of Approaches to Litigation
Authors: Sundstrom Lisa McIntosh
Published: November 2014

This article begins to build a typology of litigation efforts by Russian NGOs at the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). It finds that the varied political and professional backgrounds of activists, as well as their international partnerships, shape how they approach the ECtHR. Despite similar training in ECtHR litigation, NGOs vary in their philosophies and goals of litigation. The author explores these variations by examining the cases of three leading Russian human rights NGOs in submissions to the ECtHR, comparing their approaches and suggesting explanations for differences among them.
Putting the Puzzle Pieces Together: Human Rights Advocacy and the History of International Human Rights Standards Website
Authors: Walling Carrie Booth , Waltz Susan
Published: November 2014

Human Rights Advocacy and the History of International Human Rights Standards ( http://humanrightshistory.umich.edu ) explores the development and evolution of international human rights policy. This website is a useful teaching tool for instructors and a resource for practitioners interested in the standard setting work of the human rights movement and the intellectual history of human rights policy. It is organized around five thematic areas where human rights organizations have significantly contributed to policy: identifying human rights problems, promoting policy mechanisms within the UN system, establishing accountability for human rights abuse, developing research methodologies, and setting the agenda for future standard setting and advocacy work.
The “Myth” and Mystery of US History on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights: The 1947 “United States Suggestions for Articles to be Incorporated in an International Bill of Rights”
Authors: Way Sally-Anne
Published: November 2014

This article examines the official position of the United States on economic, social, and cultural rights during the drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the detail of which is mysteriously absent from contemporary histories of human rights. An overlooked June 1947 US draft for an international bill of rights proves beyond doubt early official US support for economic, social, and cultural rights, if only in an aspirational Declaration rather than a legally-binding Covenant. The official US position shifted significantly over 1947 and 1948, but this US draft remained surprisingly significant for the eventual phrasing of the 1966 International Covenant on these rights.
The Right to Minority Language Instruction in Schools: Negotiating Competing Claims in Multinational China
Authors: Zhu Guobin
Published: November 2014

Although the right to minority language instruction is widely recognized as a linguistic human right, it has not simultaneously been recognized and implemented in China. This article aims to analyze a Chinese dilemma: how to maintain economic growth while protecting minority rights in general and linguistic rights in particular. By examining the evolution of bilingualism as national language policy, the article shows that China’s policy orientation has actually derailed from its original track and, to some extent, breached the constitutional principle of equal protection. Further, it scrutinizes and compares the claims upheld by different stakeholders and asserts that the government’s GDP-driven attitude and interventionist approach to language policy is detrimental to minorities’ linguistic rights and to national solidarity. It concludes that linguistic pluralism and cultural diversity should be cherished and promoted in policy and law making in multinational China.
Cultural Diversity, Legal Pluralism, and Human Rights from an Indigenous Perspective: The Approach by the Colombian Constitutional Court and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights
Authors: Isa Felipe Gómez
Published: November 2014

The increasing cultural diversity and legal pluralism prevailing in the global South should not always be seen as a threat to a universal concept of human rights, but as an enriching input for it. The progressive recognition of indigenous peoples’ rights in the last decades is forging, sometimes with difficulties, a more open and dynamic conception of human rights. By opening the door to the indigenous conceptions of law, justice, and dignity, both the Colombian Constitutional Court and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights are decisively contributing with their progressive jurisprudence to an increasingly more multicultural approach to human rights. The culmination of this complex and somewhat contradictory process took place with the adoption of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in September 2007, a clear example of an attempt to balance indigenous conceptions of dignity with the very basics of international human rights law. The aim of this work is to analyze how the Colombian Constitutional Court and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights conceive the problematic but also challenging relationship between indigenous legal pluralism and the protection and promotion of human dignity. The so-called multicultural jurisprudence is paving the way for a more inclusive conception of human rights, a conception enriched by local ways of framing and understanding human dignity.
Toward Effective Intervention for Haiti’s Former Child Slaves
Authors: Kennedy Cara L.
Published: November 2014

Restavèk is a form of child domestic slavery in Haiti that affects an estimated 300,000 children. This article describes the results of two linked qualitative studies conducted with former restavèk children and their caregivers. Results indicate a range of problems and mental health symptoms that children experience upon leaving restavèk , and include detailed information on four of the most prevalent and severe problems: internalizing and externalizing mental health symptoms, experiences of violence, experiences of being unwelcome upon return home, and the mental health impact of children’s economic realities upon returning home. Recommendations for intervention design and services are provided.
The Global Ethics of Helping and Harming
Authors: Hunt Luke William
Published: November 2014

This article addresses two issues. First, it critiques a prominent position regarding how affluent states should balance their national interest on the one hand and their duty to aid developing states on the other. Second, it suggests that absent a principled way to balance national interest with international aid, a state’s more immediate concern is to comply with its negative duty to not harm other states. To support this position, the article constructs a conception of harm that may be applied to questions regarding a state’s negative duties, focusing upon the example of the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Agreement (TRIPS).
Words of Violence: “Fear Speech,” or How Violent Conflict Escalation Relates to the Freedom of Expression
Authors: Buyse Antoine
Published: November 2014

The limits of the freedom of expression are a perennial discussion in human rights discourse. This article focuses on identifying yardsticks to establish the boundaries of freedom of expression in cases where violence is a risk. It does so by using insights from the social sciences on the escalation of violent conflict. By emphasizing the interaction between violence and discourse, and its effect on antagonisms between groups, it offers an interdisciplinary perspective on an ongoing legal debate. It introduces the notion of “fear speech” and argues that it may be much more salient in this context than hate speech.
Truth Delayed: Accounting for Human Rights Violations in Guatemala and Spain
Authors: Phelps Teresa Godwin
Published: November 2014

This article discusses two situations in which the truth of human rights violations was suppressed until generations later: the truth of the Arbenz presidency and overthrow in Guatemala and the truth about the Spanish Civil War victims. In each of these instances, starkly different although with similarities, the impetus for finding out the truth came from unexpected sources: in Guatemala, from an insistent family and an international commission; in Spain, from a journalist who came upon the remains of his grandfather. What occurred and is still occurring in these situations offers insights into what victims of human rights abuses want and need. It also offers effective ways for a government to respond if it hopes to move forward into building a more just society. It argues that acknowledgement is as important as knowledge; that truth alone, while necessary, is not sufficient.
Objectivity and Extra-Historicity in Understanding the Qur’an
Authors: Elmi M. J.
Published: November 2014

The aim of this paper is to examine the hermeneutical method of understanding the Qur’an with regard to the authorial intention and in the light of the possibility of new and different readings and understandings of the Qur’an. According to Islamic teachings, there is a fundamental, determinative and inalienable mode of communication between humankind and the Divine, and this communication is embedded in religious scriptures in general and in our case the Qur’an. In this paper two main questions about understanding the Qur’an will be explored. The first question concerns the possibility of discerning the authorial intention from the text itself. The importance of this question is clearly manifest in regard to religious scriptures which have been with us now for many centuries. When we look at different interpretations of these scriptures, it can be seen that each of them directly or indirectly presents itself as the true understanding of the scripture in question. Then, the issue immediately arises: which of these different and in some cases contradictory modes of understanding of the text is in fact the true one and in accord with the Divine intention? In addition, some influential hermeneutical scholars have denied the possibility of attaining the authorial intention with any degree of objective verifiability. According to them, ‘understanding’ is the act of the reader, and the meaning which is presented by the interpreter has to be considered as his or her own production not the author’s intention. The second question is about the possibility of new readings and understandings of the Qur’an in relation to the new contexts which differ from the context from which the Qur’an emerged. The root of the second question goes back to the fundamental Islamic belief that Islam is the final religion and that the Qur’an is the final revelation which guides mankind forever. Therefore, some Muslim scholars such as Fazlur Rahman and Nasr Abu Zayd suggest that there is a need for a new hermeneutical method, through which one may transcend the literal meaning of Qur’anic verses to fulfil the demand of the new context on the one hand, and also objectively attribute the new modes of understanding to God, on the other. Finally, the conventional hermeneutical method of Shi‘a scholars in response to these two questions is explored in this article.
Defining the Boundaries of Sacred Space: Unbelievers, Purity, and the Masjid al-Haram in Shi‘a Exegesis of Qur’an 9:28
Authors: Darwish Linda
Published: November 2014

This study examines how some of the most preeminent commentators of the Shi‘a exegetical tradition have interpreted Qur’an 9:28 to frame the relationship between shirk (associating others with God), impurity, and the confessional boundaries around Islamic sacred space, the Masjid al-Haram in particular. The paper revolves around three main questions: how do commentators define the boundaries of shirk ? What is the nature of the mushrik ’s (polytheist’s) impurity? And, what is the extent of the prohibition against entering the Masjid and why? The paper demonstrates that commentators tend towards highly precautionary interpretations of non-Muslim impurity, including that of ahl al-kitab , with contrary views appearing only in the modern period. Nevertheless, despite some variance of opinion, the exegetical tradition on Qur’an 9:28 is not unique to Shi‘a Islam but reflects an understanding of what counts as sacred space and how separation acts to make space sacred that is found in religion more generally.
Thou Shalt Emulate the Most Knowledgeable Living Cleric: Redefinition of Islamic Law and Authority in Usuli Shi‘ism
Authors: Heern Zackery Mirza
Published: November 2014

This paper analyses the reconceptualization of Islamic law and authority as defined by Murtada al-Ansari (d. 1864), the influential scholar and first sole supreme exemplar ( marja‘ al-taqlid al-mutlaq ) of the international Shi‘i community. This paper argues that by redefining core concepts related to Islamic legal theory and clerical authority, Ansari significantly increased the power of individual Shi‘i clerics. Ansari’s conception of marja‘ al-taqlid required all lay Shi‘is to emulate the judgments of the most knowledgeable living Shi‘i jurist ( mujtahid ). Ansari’s legacy in Islamic law is that he streamlined the process of ijtihad , which enhanced the ability of mujtahids to issue rulings on virtually any case. Therefore, Ansari refined theories and practices associated with the generation and dissemination of legal rulings. These contributions gave mujtahids supreme socio-legal authority in the Shi‘i world, which continues to operate within many of the general premises established by the school of Shaykh al-Ansari.
Reviews Film
Authors: Repass William
Published: November 2014

Earth (1930) Soviet Union Director Alexander Dovzhenko Runtime 76 minutes
On the issue of sustainability in fashion studies
Authors: Mora Emanuela , Rocamora Agnès , Volonté Paolo
Published: November 2014

In recent years sustainability has been at the forefront of some of the most stimulating reflections on fashion. It is also the main topic of the second issue of the International Journal of Fashion Studies. This had not been planned and is the fortuitous result of the peer reviewing process. But this coincidence is symptomatic of a significant trend in contemporary fashion studies. This editorial gives an overview of the current state of studies on sustainable fashion and identifies some of the most pressing issues.
Fashion as a site for memory: Reflections on a fashion exhibition, ‘Clive Rundle About Memory’
Authors: de Greef Erica
Published: November 2014

This article aims to explore the complex curatorial approach of my exhibition titled ‘Clive Rundle About Memory’, held in Johannesburg, 24 June–24 July 2011. The exhibition resulted from investigations into notions of memory in the work of South African fashion designer Clive Rundle. Shown in an art gallery, the installation afforded Rundle’s work a context away from an aesthetic or material approach to the fashion exhibition, rather employing more conceptual methodologies.

I will discuss the components of the exhibition and address the research conducted around Rundle’s work that explored these traces of history and memory surfacing in the present, as sites of narrative with multiple histories and entangled pasts. I have considered the complex constructions of Rundle’s own creative processes with his compositions of dialectical senses, histories and temporalities that blur the boundaries between art and fashion, between function and aesthetics. In this article I investigate the presentation of these fashioned slippages between the past and the contemporary, between history and memory, between absence and presence, and where negotiations of meaning begin to surface and disappear.
The Birth of Festivals out of the Spirit of the Alternative Scenes of the 1980s: International Programmes and Festivals (from the field of Contemporary Dance and Performing Arts)
Authors: Vevar Rok
Published: November 2014

The article briefly describes the festival landscape in the field of performing arts and contemporary dance in Slovenia since World War II. The beginnings of contemporary dance festivals reach back to the mid-1970s, when the Kinetikon Cultural Association establishes Ljubljana Dance Days, although foreign dance companies had come to Ljubljana before that (José Limón, 1957, and a range of European and American dance companies at the turn of 1960s and 1970s). After Slovenia's independence, we witness the first wave of festival foundings in the mid-1990s, and the other after 2000. The article also attempts to outline the reasons for the increased volume of production in the field of contemporary dance art in the 1980s.
Here and Now: Tulkudream, Tanja, Zgonc and Butoh
Authors: Leskovšek Nika
Published: November 2014

Using various approaches, this article attempts to explicate the phenomenon of the performance Tulkudream by Tanja Zgonc, its unique intertwinement of Tibetan Buddhism and the method of butoh; drawing on its specificity, the text offers a review of the contemporary position of butoh and its topicality, while it also investigates whether or not it is possible to use butoh to actualise some theories of dance. In so doing so, the article relies especially on the application of the "autonomous body of dance", the concept with a longstanding tradition in the history of dance theory.
A partial coping with passivity in the public sphere
Authors: Arhar Nika
Published: November 2014

With an approach that strictly distinguishes between collective and individual operation in a public space, Bojana Cvejić and Ana Vujanović open the discussion of public sphere performative acts and test the connections between ideological performative acts by group formations and individuals with social order and the possibility of changing them. The broadly set starting points also expose the loosely addressed issuesthat can be used as guidelines in further research: the application of theses in the field of collective operation upon the individualistic social system and a precise confrontation with the pluralism found in the neo-liberal democracy, the intertwining operation of ideology in performative acts with the power that mobilises the performative acts, and the connection between the individualistic and group tendencies in designing and redesigning the public sphere.
Masks, Problems, Transformations and Crossings: Criticism Theory and the History of Contemporary Dance in Slovenia
Authors: Vevar Rok
Published: November 2014

The article examines different genres of dance journalism from the period before the Second World War and after it. It records the proliferation of dance theory and the introduction of new concepts and methods since the 1970s, especially in the late 1980s and early 1990s, and follows the increase in writing about dance through 2005.
Two Surface Activation Strategies to Functionalize Cotton Fibers with Cys-LC-LL-37 Antibacterial Peptide
Authors: Mouro Cláudia , Pedrosa Marta , Vaz Joana , Gouveia Isabel
Published: November 2014

This investigation aimed to determine which of two surface activation methods, N,N'-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) or 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO), allowed more effective bonding of Cys-LC-LL-37, an antimicrobial peptide (AMP), onto cotton fibers and which one presented greater antimicrobial activity. The antibacterial effect of the TEMPO-activated cotton functionalized with Cys-LC-LL-37 was more effective against Staphylococcus aureus, while the CDI-activated cotton covalently bonded to Cys-LC-LL-37 was more effective against Klebsiella pneumoniae. CDI-activated cotton retained a higher percentage of the AMP, making this bioactive strategy the choice for development of AMP antimicrobial textiles.
Ekonomiczne i społeczne aspekty konkurencji podatkowej w Unii Europejskiej
Authors: Michalczyk Leszek
Published: November 2014

Artykuł omawia zagadnienia związane z występowaniem różnic w wysokości podatków. Zagadnienia te omawiane są w nawiązaniu do polityki konkurencji poszczególnych krajów o pozyskanie jak największego wolumenu kapitału inwestycyjnego. W artykule przyjęto założenie o migrującym kapitale inwestycyjnym w globalizującej się gospodarce. W tym aspekcie działania administracji unijnej realizującej projekty harmonizacyjne, będące de facto unifikującymi są niemożliwe do realizacji. Realizacja ich byłaby też niekorzystna dla państw niemogących konkurować pod innymi względami o pozyskanie kapitału inwestycyjnego. W tym zakresie uwzględniono przypadek Polski, która nie dysponuje ani najtańszą siłą roboczą, ani najkorzystniejszymi warunkami infrastrukturalnymi dla inwestycji biznesowych. W artykule odniesiono się również do polskich Specjalnych Stref Ekonomicznych jako przykładu „rajów podatkowych” występujących w strukturze UE.
Dwa oblicza życia imigrantów w enklawie etnicznej
Authors: Suchocka Renata
Published: November 2014

W opracowaniu wskazano społeczne skutki, czyli blaski i cienie życia imigrantów w enklawie etnicznej, wskazano również na te aspekty, które sprzyjają, i te, które stanowią przeszkodę w integracji członków enklawy społeczeństwie przyjmującym. Uwzględniono koncepcje kapitału społecznego, kulturowego i kapitału migracyjnego oraz znaczenia sieci migracyjnych w adaptacji migrantów. Szczególnie skoncentrowano się na relacji pomiędzy oddziaływaniem enklawy a możliwościami awansu społecznego w społeczeństwie przyjmującym. Podjęto próbę wskazania obszarów samowykluczenia ekonomicznego, kulturowego, politycznego jako skutków społecznych presji wywieranej przez enklawę.Warunkiem integracji ze społeczeństwem przyjmującym jest istnienie kapitału pomostowego, budowanie sieci powiązań łączących migrantów z zewnętrznym środowiskiem i umożliwiających uczestnictwo w szerszym społeczeństwie.
Ocena proponowanych zmian w przepisach Kodeksu karnego dotyczących środków zabezpieczających
Authors: Góralski Piotr
Published: November 2014

Pod koniec roku 2012 i na początku 2013 Ministerstwo Sprawiedliwości opublikowało dwa projekty zmian w przepisach ustaw karnych oraz w ustawie o ochronie zdrowia psychicznego. Projekty te wprowadzają możliwość stosowania nowych środków zabezpieczających wobec zaburzonych osobowościowo sprawców najcięższych przestępstw po odbyciu przez nich kary 25 lat pozbawienia wolności. Jedną z form tego typu środków ma być umieszczanie takich osób w specjalnym zakładzie psychiatrycznym, określonym przez autorów zmian jako „ośrodek terapii osobowości”. Środek ten ma być orzekany przez sąd opiekuńczy.Autor artykułu akceptuje zasadnicze założenia i cele reformy, wypowiadając się krytycznie w zakresie szczegółowych propozycji nowelizacyjnych. Główne zarzuty podniesione w publikacji dotyczą założenia, że nowy środek o charakterze izolacyjnym będzie stosowany nie przez sąd karny, lecz przez sąd opiekuńczy oraz że wykonywanie tego środka ma być realizowane w instytucji mającej przede wszystkim charakter leczniczy.
Problem związania sądu polubownego przepisami prawa materialnego
Authors: Knoppek Krzysztof
Published: November 2014

W doktrynie procesu cywilnego pojawiły się opinie, że sądy polubowne (arbitrażowe) muszą przestrzegać wszystkich przepisów prawa cywilnego (prawa materialnego) na takiej samej zasadzie, jak czynią to sądy państwowe. Pogląd ten jest błędny, gdyż nie można go wyprowadzić ani z przepisów części piątej Kodeksu postępowania cywilnego, ani też z postanowień Regulaminu arbitrażowego UNCITRAL z 2010 r. Poza tym sama idea sądów arbitrażowych polega na tym, że orzekają one na podstawie postanowień umowy, ogólnych zasad prawa, zasad słuszności i ustalonych zwyczajów. Nie są natomiast związane prawem materialnym, muszą jedynie respektować podstawowe zasady porządku prawnego (klauzula porządku publicznego). Strony, którym to nie odpowiada, nie powinny zapisywać swoich spraw cywilnych sądom polubownym.
Radykalne uproszczenie prawa podatkowego w ujęciu Paula Kirchhofa
Authors: Wróblewski Bartłomiej P.
Published: November 2014

Artykuł dotyczy koncepcji Paula Kirchhofa uproszczenia prawa podatkowego. Została ona przedstawiona w projekcie Bundessteuergesetzbuch: Ein Reformentwurf zur Erneuerung des Steuerrechts (Federalny kodeks podatkowy: projekt reformy dla odnowienia prawa podatkowego [2011]). Projekt uproszczenia prawa podatkowego Kirchhofa jest próbą odpowiedzi na dobrze rozpoznane słabości współczesnych systemów podatkowych i powtarzające się wezwania do ich reformy. Choć kodeks został stworzony z myślą o Niemczech, nieukrywane ambicje heidelberskiego profesora są większe. Zgodnie z nimi jego koncepcja uproszczenia prawa podatkowego może być zastosowana w innych państwach, a częściowo także w regulacjach podatkowych w prawie Unii Europejskiej. Celem artykułu jest zapoznanie czytelnika z motywacjami Kirchhofa, przyjętymi przez niego założeniami, a także podstawowymi regulacjami projektu. W miejsce ponad 30 podatków występujących w prawie niemieckim projekt pozostawia jedynie cztery: podatek dochodowy, podatek od spadków i darowizn, podatek obrotowy oraz podatek akcyzowy. Znacznie ograniczona została liczba wyjątków, zwolnień i regulacji szczególnych. W efekcie zamiast ponad 50 000 paragrafów obowiązującego prawa podatkowego proponowana regulacja zawiera tylko 237 paragrafów. Jest to pierwsze omówienie koncepcji Kirchhofa w polskiej doktrynie prawa. Zdaniem autora artykułu przedstawiony przez Kirchhofa kodeks zasługuje na pozytywną ocenę, może być wzorem dla nadaktywnego ustawodawcy oraz inspiracją dla reform systemów podatkowych we współczesnym świecie. Autor artykułu dostrzega jednak problem uzyskania przez tego rodzaju projekt trwałej akceptacji doktryny prawa, partii politycznych i opinii publicznej.