bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flow Structure and Heat Transfer of Jet Impingement on a Rib-Roughened Flat Plate
Authors: Alenezi Abdulrahman H. , Almutairi Abdulrahman , Alhajeri Hamad M. , Addali Abdulmajid , Gamil Abdelaziz A. A.
Published: June 2018

The jet impingement technique is an effective method to achieve a high heat transfer rate and is widely used in industry. Enhancing the heat transfer rate even minimally will improve the performance of many engineering systems and applications. In this numerical study, the convective heat transfer process between orthogonal air jet impingement on a smooth, horizontal surface and a roughened uniformly heated flat plate is studied. The roughness element takes the form of a circular rib of square cross-section positioned at different radii around the stagnation point. At each location, the effect of the roughness element on heat transfer rate was simulated for six different heights and the optimum rib location and rib dimension determined. The average Nusselt number has been evaluated within and beyond the stagnation region to better quantify the heat transfer advantages of ribbed surfaces over smooth surfaces. The results showed both flow and heat transfer features vary significantly with rib dimension and location on the heated surface. This variation in the streamwise direction included both augmentation and decrease in heat transfer rate when compared to the baseline no-rib case. The enhancement in normalized averaged Nusselt number obtained by placing the rib at the most optimum radial location R/D = 2 was 15.6% compared to the baseline case. It was also found that the maximum average Nusselt number for each location was achieved when the rib height was close to the corresponding boundary layer thickness of the smooth surface at the same rib position.
Exploring “Dormant” Opto-Mechanical Properties of the Isotropic Phase of Liquid Crystals and Revealing Hidden Elasticity of (Ordinary) Liquids
Authors: Noirez Laurence , Kahl Philipp
Published: June 2018

There is little literature on the flow properties of the isotropic phase of liquid crystalline fluids. However, this phase is an ideal tool to bridge the physics of liquid crystals with those of (ordinary) fluids. Optical and mechanical studies are presented, demonstrating that away from any phase transition, the isotropic phase of liquid crystalline molecules (LCs) and liquid crystalline polymers (LCPs) can work as an optical oscillator in response to low-frequency mechanical excitation, establishing the elastic origin of the flow birefringence and “visualizing” the very existence of the elastic nature of the liquid state. Additionally, mimicking the excellent anchoring ability of liquid crystals, an alternative rheological protocol optimizing the fluid/substrate interfaces is presented to access the low-frequency shear elasticity in various one-component liquids and salt-free aqueous solutions.
Optimizing Extraction Conditions of Free and Bound Phenolic Compounds from Rice By-Products and Their Antioxidant Effects
Authors: Irakli Maria , Kleisiaris Fotis , Kadoglidou Kalliopi , Katsantonis Dimitrios
Published: June 2018

Rice by-products are extensively abundant agricultural wastes from the rice industry. This study was designed to optimize experimental conditions for maximum recovery of free and bound phenolic compounds from rice by-products. Optimized conditions were determined using response surface methodology based on total phenolic content (TPC), ABTS radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing power (FRAP). A Box-Behnken design was used to investigate the effects of ethanol concentration, extraction time and temperature, and NaOH concentration, hydrolysis time and temperature for free and bound fractions, respectively. The optimal conditions for the free phenolics were 41–56%, 40 °C, 10 min, whereas for bound phenolics were 2.5–3.6 M, 80 °C, 120 min. Under these conditions free TPC, ABTS and FRAP values in the bran were approximately 2-times higher than in the husk. However, bound TPC and FRAP values in the husk were 1.9- and 1.2-times higher than those in the bran, respectively, while bran fraction observed the highest ABTS value. Ferulic acid was most evident in the bran, whereas p-coumaric acid was mostly found in the husk. Findings from this study demonstrates that rice by-products could be exploited as valuable sources of bioactive components that could be used as ingredients of functional food and nutraceuticals.
Deciphering the Adaptation of Corynebacterium glutamicum in Transition from Aerobiosis via Microaerobiosis to Anaerobiosis
Authors: Lange Julian , Münch Eugenia , Müller Jan , Busche Tobias , Kalinowski Jörn , Takors Ralf , Blombach Bastian
Published: June 2018

Zero-growth processes are a promising strategy for the production of reduced molecules and depict a steady transition from aerobic to anaerobic conditions. To investigate the adaptation of Corynebacterium glutamicum to altering oxygen availabilities, we conceived a triple-phase fermentation process that describes a gradual reduction of dissolved oxygen with a shift from aerobiosis via microaerobiosis to anaerobiosis. The distinct process phases were clearly bordered by the bacteria’s physiologic response such as reduced growth rate, biomass substrate yield and altered yield of fermentation products. During the process, sequential samples were drawn at six points and analyzed via RNA-sequencing, for metabolite concentrations and for enzyme activities. We found transcriptional alterations of almost 50% (1421 genes) of the entire protein coding genes and observed an upregulation of fermentative pathways, a rearrangement of respiration, and mitigation of the basic cellular mechanisms such as transcription, translation and replication as a transient response related to the installed oxygen dependent process phases. To investigate the regulatory regime, 18 transcriptionally altered (putative) transcriptional regulators were deleted, but none of the deletion strains showed noticeable growth kinetics under an oxygen restricted environment. However, the described transcriptional adaptation of C. glutamicum resolved to varying oxygen availabilities provides a useful basis for future process and strain engineering.
Vertical Distribution of Total Mercury and Mercury Methylation in a Landfill Site in Japan
Authors: Yang Jing , Takaoka Masaki , Sano Akira , Matsuyama Akito , Yanase Ryuji
Published: June 2018

Mercury is a neurotoxin, with certain organic forms of the element being particularly harmful to humans. The Minamata Convention was adopted to reduce the intentional use and emission of mercury. Because mercury is an element, it cannot be decomposed. Mercury-containing products and mercury used for various processes will eventually enter the waste stream, and landfill sites will become a mercury sink. While landfill sites can be a source of mercury pollution, the behavior of mercury in solid waste within a landfill site is still not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to determine the depth profile of mercury, the levels of methyl mercury (MeHg), and the factors controlling methylation in an old landfill site that received waste for over 30 years. Three sampling cores were selected, and boring sampling was conducted to a maximum depth of 18 m, which reached the bottom layer of the landfill. Total mercury (THg) and MeHg were measured in the samples to determine the characteristics of mercury at different depths. Bacterial species were identified by 16S rRNA amplification and sequencing, because the methylation process is promoted by a series of genes. It was found that the THg concentration was 19–975 ng/g, with a geometric mean of 298 ng/g, which was slightly less than the 400 ng/g concentration recorded 30 years previously. In some samples, MeHg accounted for up to 15–20% of THg, which is far greater than the general level in soils and sediments, although the source of MeHg was unclear. The genetic data indicated that hgcA was present mostly in the upper and lower layers of the three cores, merA was almost as much as hgcA, while the level of merB was hundreds of times less than those of the other two genes. A significant correlation was found between THg and MeHg, as well as between MeHg and MeHg/THg. In addition, a negative correlation was found between THg and merA. The coexistence of the three genes indicated that both methylation and demethylation processes could occur, but the lack of merB was a barrier for demethylation.
Within-Host Competition between Two Entomopathogenic Fungi and a Granulovirus in Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
Authors: Pauli Giuliano , Moura Mascarin Gabriel , Eilenberg Jørgen , Delalibera Júnior Italo
Published: June 2018

We provide insights into how the interactions of two entomopathogenic fungi and a virus play a role in virulence, disease development, and pathogen reproduction for an economically important insect crop pest, the sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). In our model system, we highlight the antagonistic effects of the co-inoculation of Beauveria bassiana and granulovirus (DisaGV) on virulence, compared to their single counterparts. By contrast, combinations of Metarhizium anisopliae and B. bassiana, or M. anisopliae and DisaGV, have resulted in additive effects against the insect. Intriguingly, most cadavers that were derived from dual or triple infections, produced signs/symptoms of only one species after the death of the infected host. In the combination of fungi and DisaGV, there was a trend where a higher proportion of viral infection bearing conspicuous symptoms occurred, except when the larvae were inoculated with M. anisopliae and DisaGV at the two highest inoculum rates. Co-infections with B. bassiana and M. anisopliae did not affect pathogen reproduction, since the sporulation from co-inoculated larvae did not differ from their single counterparts.
Honey Bee Survival and Pathogen Prevalence: From the Perspective of Landscape and Exposure to Pesticides
Authors: Alburaki Mohamed , Chen Deniz , Skinner John , Meikle William , Tarpy David , Adamczyk John , Stewart Scott
Published: June 2018

In order to study the in situ effects of the agricultural landscape and exposure to pesticides on honey bee health, sixteen honey bee colonies were placed in four different agricultural landscapes. Those landscapes were three agricultural areas with varying levels of agricultural intensity (AG areas) and one non-agricultural area (NAG area). Colonies were monitored for different pathogen prevalence and pesticide residues over a period of one year. RT-qPCR was used to study the prevalence of seven different honey bee viruses as well as Nosema sp. in colonies located in different agricultural systems with various intensities of soybean, corn, sorghum, and cotton production. Populations of the parasitic mite Varroa destructor were also extensively monitored. Comprehensive MS-LC pesticide residue analyses were performed on samples of wax, honey, foragers, winter bees, dead bees, and crop flowers for each apiary and location. A significantly higher level of varroa loads were recorded in colonies of the AG areas, but this at least partly correlated with increased colony size and did not necessarily result from exposure to pesticides. Infections of two viruses (deformed wing virus genotype a (DWVa) and acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV)) and Nosema sp. varied among the four studied locations. The urban location significantly elevated colony pathogen loads, while AG locations significantly benefited and increased the colony weight gain. Cotton and sorghum flowers contained high concentrations of insecticide including neonicotinoids, while soybean and corn had less pesticide residues. Several events of pesticide toxicity were recorded in the AG areas, and high concentrations of neonicotinoid insecticides were detected in dead bees.
Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Focused Surface Acoustic Wave (F-SAW) Device for Interfacial Droplet Jetting
Authors: Lee Donghwi , Lee Namkyu , Choi Geehong , Cho Hyung Hee
Published: June 2018

In this study, we investigate the interfacial droplet jetting characteristics and thermal stability of a focused surface acoustic wave device (F-SAW). An F-SAW device capable of generating a 20 MHz surface acoustic wave by applying sufficient radio frequency power (2–19 W) on a 128°-rotated YX-cut piezoelectric lithium niobate substrate for interfacial droplet jetting is proposed. The interfacial droplet jetting characteristics were visualized by a shadowgraph method using a high-speed camera, and a heat transfer experiment was conducted using K-type thermocouples. The interfacial droplet jetting characteristics (jet angle and height) were analyzed for two different cases by applying a single interdigital transducer and two opposite interdigital transducers. Surface temperature variations were analyzed with radio frequency input power increases to evaluate the thermal stability of the F-SAW device in air and water environments. We demonstrate that the maximum temperature increase of the F-SAW device in the water was 1/20 of that in the air, owing to the very high convective heat transfer coefficient of the water, resulting in prevention of the performance degradation of the focused acoustic wave device.
Obtaining Reflection Coefficients from a Single Point Velocity Measurement
Authors: McKee Rachael , Elsäßer Björn , Schmitt Pál
Published: June 2018

The quantification of the reflection of water waves is of paramount importance in coastal and marine engineering. Reflected waves are produced as a result of an incident wave meeting a reflective boundary e.g., in a wave basin. While reflection can be seen as an undesirable disturbance, for example in experimental tests performed in confined tanks, it can also have a useful purpose such as being directed towards wave energy converters (WECs). Whether useful or not, reflection needs to be accurately quantified. For cases effected by directional spreading such as WECs, the wave height of a reflected wave will be spatially variable. The majority of quantification methods are based on frequency domain analysis of surface elevation data at more than one discrete location over approximately one wavelength. Thus, a method which requires a single point measurement is desirable. This paper presents a novel method derived from Linear Wave theory to quantify reflection coefficients using orbital velocity measurements at one discrete location. An additional advantage of this method is it only requires data over a single wave cycle and thus will be particularly suitable for numerical simulations. In the present form the method is only applicable to monochromatic waves. The theoretical background of the method is explained in detail. An application is demonstrated through a comparison to reflections quantified using surface elevation measurements in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) numerical simulations. It is found that the results of the new proposed method compare to surface elevation methods within the levels of experimental accuracy.
Interventional and surgical management of abdominal compartment syndrome in severe acute pancreatitis
Authors: Dambrauskas Žilvinas , Paršeliūnas Audrius , Maleckas Almantas , Gulbinas Antanas , Barauskas Giedrius , Pundzius Juozas
Published: June 2018

Background and objective. Management of the abdominal compartment syndrome during severe acute pancreatitis by the open abdomen method is associated with considerable morbidity and resource utilization. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the ultrasound-guided percutaneous interventions and/or minimally invasive surgery in the treatment of abdominal compartment syndrome. Material and methods. Forty-four patients with severe acute pancreatitis were enrolled into a prospective study and treated according to the standard management protocol. Interventional and/ or surgical management of abdominal compartment syndrome was employed in 6 (13.6%) cases. In the context of this study, we assessed the feasibility and effectiveness of subcutaneous fasciotomy of the anterior m. rectus abdominis sheath, as well as the role of ultrasound-guided drainage of intra-abdominal and peripancreatic fluid collections in the management of abdominal compartment syndrome. Results. Subcutaneous fasciotomy of the anterior m. rectus sheath and ultrasound-guided drainage of intra-abdominal and peripancreatic fluid collections seem to be safe (minor risk of bleeding or infection, closed abdomen, and easy care for the patient) and effective (resulted in a sustained decrease of intra-abdominal pressure to 13–16 mm Hg and regression of organ failures after intervention). Subcutaneous anterior m. rectus fasciotomy may appear to be beneficial in case of refractory abdominal compartment syndrome avoiding morbidity associated with the open abdomen technique. Conclusions. Both the subcutaneous fasciotomy and ultrasound-guided drainage of intra-abdominal and/or peripancreatic fluid collections seem to be safe and effective alternatives in the management of abdominal compartment syndrome; however, prospective studies are needed to further evaluate their clinical role.
The influence of dexamethasone and ketolgan on postoperative nausea and vomiting and estimation of risk factors in women undergoing gynecologic laparoscopic surgeries
Authors: Rimaitis Kęstutis , Svitojūtė Asta , Macas Andrius
Published: June 2018

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of dexamethasone and ketolgan on postoperative nausea and vomiting and to evaluate risk factors for postoperative nausea and vomiting. Material and methods. A prospective, double-blind, randomized clinical study was carried out. One hundred fi fty-three ASA I–II women undergoing laparoscopic gynecologic operations were randomized into three groups: dexamethasone group (n=51), ketolgan group (n=51), and control group (n=51). Patients in the dexamethasone group were given 4 mg of dexamethasone intravenously before the induction of general anesthesia, the ketolgan group received 30-mg ketolgan intravenously, and control group did not receive any medication. The incidence and severity of postoperative nausea and vomiting were registered 24 hours after the surgery. Results. The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting in the dexamethasone group was 13.8%; in the ketolgan group, 37.3%, and in the control group, 58.9% (P=0.026). Patients with a history of migraine suffered from postoperative nausea and vomiting in 70.3% of cases and migraine- free patients in 25.8% of cases (P=0.015). Opioids for postoperative analgesia increased the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting as compared with nonsteroidal anti-infl ammatory drugs (P=0.00002). Conclusions. Preoperative medication with dexamethasone signifi cantly reduces the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Avoidance of opioids for postoperative analgesia reduces the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Migraine and motion sickness are independent risk factors for postoperative nausea and vomiting.
Folikulinio skydliaukės vėžio ilgalaikio kompleksinio gydymo rezultatai
Authors: Baranauskas Zenonas , Valuckas Konstantinas , Tiškevičius Sigitas
Published: June 2018

Tyrimo tikslas. Ištirti folikuliniu skydliaukės vėžiu sergančiųjų kompleksinio gydymo metodo (tiroidektomija+radiojodoterapija+hormonoterapija) įtaką išgyvenamumui. Tyrimo medžiaga ir metodai. Atliktas retrospektyvusis tyrimas. Ištirti 448 pacientai (394 moterys, 54 vyrai, amžiaus vidurkis – 48 m. (95 proc. PI 46–50), sergantys folikuliniu skydliaukės vėžiu ir gydyti nuo 1982 iki 2006 m. Vilniaus universiteto Onkologijos institute. Visiems tiriamiesiems atliktos tiroidektomijos. Po operacijos tiriamieji buvo gydyti radiojodoterapija – 131J. Tiriamiesiems skirta pakaitinė-supresinė hormonoterapija tiroksinu. Baigus gydymą, tiriamieji pirmuosius metus buvo tirti kas 6 mėn., po to – kartą per metus. Duomenys apie gydytus ligonius įtraukti į duomenų bazę, analizuoti naudojant statistinės analizės programas (STATA, SPSS) ir Kaplano-Mejerio bei Cox proporcinės rizikos modelius. Rezultatai. Visiems 448 pacientams po tiroidektomijos ir gydymo radiojodu scintigrafiškai ir skenografiškai skydliaukės projekcijoje buvo aptikta skydliaukės audinio ir naviko liekanų. Skydliaukės audinio ir naviko liekanoms sunaikinti buvo skirtos vidutinės suminės 131J dozės – 5,6±0,2 GBq. Sergantiesiems skydliaukės vėžiu ir esant metastazių plaučiuose, kauluose, kaklo ir tarpuplaučio limfmazgiuose, skirtos vidutinės suminės 131J dozės – 19,5±3,1 GBq. 91,2 proc. pacientų gavo pakankamą tiroidinių hormonų kiekį. Po kompleksinio gydymo stebimų pacientų tiroglobulino kiekis kraujyje neviršijo 1,1±0,2 ng/ml. Taikant šią skydliaukės folikulinio vėžio gydymo metodiką, nustatytas 10, 20, 30 metų išgyvenamumas atitinkamai – 91,2, 81,9, 77,1 proc. Išvados. Lietuvoje sergantiesiems folikuliniu skydliaukės vėžiu taikomas kompleksinis gydymas (tiroidektomija+radiojodoterapija+hormonoterapija) yra efektyvus gydymo metodas. Gydant šiuo metodu, pasiektas aukštas išgyvenamumo lygis: 10 metų išgyveno 91,2 proc., 20 metų – 81,9 proc., 30 metų – 77,1 proc. pacientų.
Use of Acupuncture in an Infant with Restlessness and Agitation
Authors: Murg Katharina , Raith Wolfgang , Urlesberger Berndt
Published: June 2018

Abstract: Background: We are reporting here about a 3-month-old boy with a history of failure to thrive, hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy and neurological misbehaviour including hypotension in body muscles, who was found to have screaming attacks, agitation and restlessness. Methods/Results: Body and ear acupuncture was used both as supporting and integrative therapy to reduce the phases of restlessness and screaming and, simultaneously, the use of hypnotic drugs, as well as to improve the baby’s thriving. Conclusions: Our case has proved that standardised ear and body acupuncture applied by trained acupuncturist paediatricians is a helpful non-pharmacological treatment tool. While acupuncture is typically used in the outpatient setting, it can equally be used in the inpatient setting, as exemplified by the positive outcome of the presented case.
Phosphorus-Containing Mineral Evolution and Thermodynamics of Phosphorus Vaporization during Carbothermal Reduction of High-Phosphorus Iron Ore
Authors: Zhang Yuanyuan , Xue Qingguo , Wang Guang , Wang Jingsong
Published: June 2018

High-phosphorus iron ore is not used because of its high phosphorus content. Phosphorus is mainly present in fluorapatite. In this work, the phosphorus vaporization that occurs during the carbothermal reduction of fluorapatite was investigated. The thermodynamic principle of vaporization, which removes phosphorus during carbothermal reduction, was elucidated, and the mineral evolution of high-phosphorus iron ore was summarized. The results demonstrate that it was difficult to reduce fluorapatite when only carbon was added. When Al2O3, SiO2, and Fe2O3 were added, the dephosphorization of fluorapatite was stimulated, and the dephosphorization temperature decreased. A phosphorus-containing gas was generated during this process. SiO2 had the strongest effect on the dephosphorization of fluorapatite. The carbothermal reduction rate of fluorapatite accelerated when SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 were concurrently added. These oxides were advantageous for vaporization dephosphorization. The gas-phase volatiles were detected through gas-phase mass spectrometry. The volatiles were primarily P2 or PO. The temperature range of 1000–1100 °C was the optimum for vaporization dephosphorization. This article provides a theoretical and experimental basis for the development and utilization of high-phosphorus iron ore through vaporization dephosphorization.
Effects of Cold Swaging on Mechanical Properties and Magnetic Susceptibility of the Zr–1Mo Alloy
Authors: Ashida Maki , Morita Masahiro , Tsutsumi Yusuke , Nomura Naoyuki , Doi Hisashi , Chen Peng , Hanawa Takao
Published: June 2018

Zr alloy is expected to decrease the artifact volume of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) due to its relatively small magnetic susceptibility. To improve the mechanical properties of a Zr–1mass%Mo alloy that yielded a reduced artifact volume during MRI, the alloy was melted, hot-forged, and cold-swaged with area reduction ratios of 30%, 50%, 60%, 70%, and 84%. The effects of cold swaging on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and magnetic susceptibility of the alloy were investigated. Before cold swaging, the microstructure consisted of laminated and layered α- and β-phases; however, after cold swaging, the α- and β-phases were bent and distorted, and the α-phase became oriented along the {10 1¯ 0} plane. The ultimate tensile strength and elongation to fracture of the Zr–1Mo alloy after cold swaging with an 84% area reduction were 1001 MPa and 10.7%, respectively. The alloy only experienced work-hardening when subjected to large deformations. On the other hand, the change in magnetic susceptibility with cold-swaging was small, from 13.85 × 10−9 to 14.87 × 10−9 m3·kg−1. Thus, a good balance of mechanical properties and low magnetic susceptibility in the Zr–1Mo alloy was obtained by cold swaging. Therefore, this alloy is suitable for utilization in medical devices and is expected to decrease the artifact volume.
Hydroxyl Group and Vasorelaxant Effects of Perillyl Alcohol, Carveol, Limonene on Aorta Smooth Muscle of Rats
Authors: Cardoso-Teixeira Ana Carolina , Ferreira-da-Silva Francisco Walber , Peixoto-Neves Dieniffer , Oliveira-Abreu Klausen , Pereira-Gonçalves Átila , Coelho-de-Souza Andrelina Noronha , Leal-Cardoso José Henrique
Published: June 2018

The present study used isometric tension recording to investigate the vasorelaxant effect of limonene (LM), carveol (CV), and perillyl alcohol (POH) on contractility parameters of the rat aorta, focusing in particular on the structure-activity relationship. LM, CV, and POH showed a reversible inhibitory effect on the contraction induced by electromechanical and pharmacomechanical coupling. In the case of LM, but not CV and POH, this effect was influenced by preservation of the endothelium. POH and CV but not LM exhibited greater pharmacological potency on BayK-8644-induced contraction and on electromechanical coupling than on pharmacomechanical coupling. In endothelium-denuded preparations, the order of pharmacological potency on electrochemical coupling was LM < CV < POH. These compounds inhibited also, with grossly similar pharmacological potency, the contraction induced by phorbol ester dibutyrate. The present results suggest that LM, CV and POH induced relaxant effect on vascular smooth muscle by means of different mechanisms likely to include inhibition of PKC and IP3 pathway. For CV and POH, hydroxylated compounds, it was in electromechanical coupling that the greater pharmacological potency was observed, thus suggesting a relative specificity for a mechanism likely to be important in electromechanical coupling, for example, blockade of voltage-dependent calcium channel.
Antischistosomal Properties of Hederacolchiside A1 Isolated from Pulsatilla chinensis
Authors: Kang Naixin , Shen Wenhua , Gao Hongwei , Feng Yulin , Zhu Weifeng , Yang Shilin , Liu Yanli , Xu Qiongming , Yu Di
Published: June 2018

Background: Schistosomiasis is a major neglected disease for which the current control strategy involves mass treatment with praziquantel, the only available drug. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop new antischistosomal compounds. Methods: The antischistosomal activity of hederacolchiside A1 (HSA) were determined by total or female worm burden reductions in mice harboring Schistosoma japonicum or S. mansoni. Pathology parameters were detected on HSA against 1-day-old S. japonicum-harboring mice. Moreover, we confirmed the antischistosomal effect of HSA on newly transformed schistosomula (NTS) of S. japonicum in vitro. Results: HSA, a natural product isolated from Pulsatilla chinensis (Bunge) Regel, was initially corroborated to possess promising antischistosomal properties. We demonstrated that HSA had high activity against S. japonicum and S. mansoni less in 11 days old parasites harbored in mice. The antischistosomal effect was even more than the currently used drugs, praziquantel, and artesunate. Furthermore, HSA could ameliorate the pathology parameters in mice harboring 1-day-old juvenile S. japonicum. We also confirmed that HSA-mediated antischistosomal activity is partly due to the morphological changes in the tegument system when NTS are exposed to HSA. Conclusions: HSA may have great potential to be an antischistosomal agent for further research.
Correlation of FT-IR Fingerprint and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Salak (Salacca zalacca) Fruit Extracts Utilizing Orthogonal Partial Least Square
Authors: Saleh Mohammed S. M. , Siddiqui Mohammad Jamshed , Mat So’ad Siti Zaiton , Roheem Fatimah Opeyemi , Saidi-Besbes Salima , Khatib Alfi
Published: June 2018

Salak fruit (Salacca zalacca), commonly known as snake fruit, is used indigenously as food and for medicinal applications in Southeast Asia. This study was conducted to evaluate the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of salak fruit extracts in correlation to its Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) fingerprint, utilizing orthogonal partial least square. This calibration model was applied to develop a rapid analytical method tool for quality control of this fruit. A total of 36 extracts prepared with different solvent ratios of ethanol–water (100, 80, 60, 40.20, 0% v/v) and their α-glucosidase inhibitory activities determined. The FT-IR spectra of ethanol–water extracts measured in the region of 400 and 4000 cm−1 at a resolution of 4 cm−1. Multivariate analysis with a combination of orthogonal partial least-squares (OPLS) algorithm was used to correlate the bioactivity of the samples with the FT-IR spectral data. The OPLS biplot model identified several functional groups (C–H, C=O, C–N, N–H, C–O, and C=C) which actively induced α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.
Preparation of TiO2/Carbon Nanotubes/Reduced Graphene Oxide Composites with Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity for the Degradation of Rhodamine B
Authors: Huang Yanzhen , Chen Dongping , Hu Xinling , Qian Yingjiang , Li Dongxu
Published: June 2018

In this report, ternary titanium dioxide (TiO2)/carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) composites were fabricated by a facile and environmentally friendly one-pot solvethermal method for the removal of Rhodamine B (RhB). Its structures were represented by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Raman spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The photocatalytic performance was tested by the degradation efficiency of RhB under UV-vis light irradiation. The experimental results indicated that photocatalytic activity improved as the ratio of CNTs:TiO2 ranged from 0.5% to 3% but reduced when the content increased to 5% and 10%, and the TiO2/CNTs/rGO-3% composites showed superior photocatalytic activity compared with the binary ones (i.e., TiO2/CNTs, TiO2/rGO) and pristine TiO2. The rate constant k of the pseudo first-order reaction was about 1.5 times that of TiO2. The improved photocatalytic activity can be attributed to the addition of rGO and CNTs, which reduced the recombination of photo-induced electron-hole pairs, and the fact that CNTs and rGO, with a high specific surface area and high adsorption ability to efficiently adsorb O2, H2O and organics, can increase the hydroxyl content of the photocatalyst surface.
Molecular Pathways Underlying Cholesterol Homeostasis
Authors: Afonso Milessa Silva , Machado Roberta Marcondes , Lavrador Maria , Quintao Eder Carlos Rocha , Moore Kathryn , Lottenberg Ana
Published: June 2018

Cholesterol is an essential molecule that exerts pleiotropic actions. Although its presence is vital to the cell, its excess can be harmful and, therefore, sustaining cholesterol homeostasis is crucial to maintaining proper cellular functioning. It is well documented that high plasma cholesterol concentration increases the risk of atherosclerotic heart disease. In the last decades, several studies have investigated the association of plasma cholesterol concentrations and the risk of cardiovascular diseases as well as the signaling pathways involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Here, we present an overview of several mechanisms involved in intestinal cholesterol absorption, the regulation of cholesterol synthesis and uptake. We also discuss the importance of reverse cholesterol transport and transintestinal cholesterol transport to maintain cholesterol homeostasis and prevent atherosclerosis development. Additionally, we discuss the influence of dietary cholesterol on plasma cholesterol concentration and the new recommendations for cholesterol intake in a context of a healthy dietary pattern.
Long-Term Diet Supplementation with Lactobacillus paracasei K71 Prevents Age-Related Cognitive Decline in Senescence-Accelerated Mouse Prone 8
Authors: Corpuz Henry M. , Ichikawa Saki , Arimura Misa , Mihara Toshihiro , Kumagai Takehisa , Mitani Takakazu , Nakamura Soichiro , Katayama Shigeru
Published: June 2018

This study aimed to assess the suppressive effect of long-term diet supplementation with Lactobacillus strains on cognitive decline in the senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) model. For 43 weeks, fourteen-week-old female SAMP8 mice were fed a standard diet containing 0.05% (w/w) Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei 327 (L. 327) or Lactobacillusparacasei K71 (L. K71) derived from rice grains and sake lees, respectively. SAMP8 mice that were fed a L. K71-supplemented diet had better cognitive performance compared with the control and L. 327 groups in the Barnes maze and passive avoidance tests. An ELISA analysis revealed that the levels of serotonin were elevated in the serum and brain tissue of L. K71-fed mice. The protein expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), and phosphorylated CREB were evaluated using western blot. Long-term administration of L. K71 resulted in increased protein expression of BDNF and CREB phosphorylation in the hippocampus. These results suggest that prolonged intake of a diet supplemented with a Lactobacillus strain derived from sake lees may prevent age-dependent cognitive decline by upregulating BDNF expression in the hippocampus.
Light–Matter Interaction of Single Quantum Emitters with Dielectric Nanostructures
Authors: Diguna Lina Jaya , Tjahjana Liliana , Darma Yudi , Zeng Shuwen , Wang Hong , Birowosuto Muhammad Danang
Published: June 2018

Single quantum emitters are critical components for many future quantum information technologies. Novel active material systems have been developed and transitioned into engineering efforts at nanoscale. Here, we review recent progress of diverse quantum emitters and their optical properties, including fluorescent point defect in bulk and single nanocrystal, two-dimensional materials, and quantum dots (QDs). Remarkable progress has also been made in controlling spontaneous emission by utilizing the local density of optical states in dielectric photonic nanostructures. We focus on the enhanced light–matter interaction between the emitter and cavity, enabling the realization of efficient and fast single photon sources.
Tensile Creep Behavior of Quasi-Unidirectional E-Glass Fabric Reinforced Polypropylene Composite
Authors: Zhai Zhanyu , Jiang Bingyan , Drummer Dietmar
Published: June 2018

The present work addressed the creep behavior of quasi-unidirectional E-glass fabric reinforced polypropylene composites under off-axis tensile loading. A series of creep tests were performed on the composite at three different loading stress levels. The creep response of off-axis samples of quasi-unidirectional composites under a constant loading level can be clearly observed. A phenomenological viscoplasticity model was built for describing the creep behavior of the composite. To improve the accuracy of prediction, cyclic loading-unloading tests were adopted to determine the material constants in the model. The predicted results in terms of the strains after a load over a period of time were found to be satisfactory, compared with the experimental results. In addition, same failure mechanism was found in off-axis samples under quasi-static and creep loading cases.
Realistic Forest Stand Reconstruction from Terrestrial LiDAR for Radiative Transfer Modelling
Authors: Calders Kim , Origo Niall , Burt Andrew , Disney Mathias , Nightingale Joanne , Raumonen Pasi , Åkerblom Markku , Malhi Yadvinder , Lewis Philip
Published: June 2018

Forest biophysical variables derived from remote sensing observations are vital for climate research. The combination of structurally and radiometrically accurate 3D “virtual” forests with radiative transfer (RT) models creates a powerful tool to facilitate the calibration and validation of remote sensing data and derived biophysical products by helping us understand the assumptions made in data processing algorithms. We present a workflow that uses highly detailed 3D terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) data to generate virtual forests for RT model simulations. Our approach to forest stand reconstruction from a co-registered point cloud is unique as it models each tree individually. Our approach follows three steps: (1) tree segmentation; (2) tree structure modelling and (3) leaf addition. To demonstrate this approach, we present the measurement and construction of a one hectare model of the deciduous forest in Wytham Woods (Oxford, UK). The model contains 559 individual trees. We matched the TLS data with traditional census data to determine the species of each individual tree and allocate species-specific radiometric properties. Our modelling framework is generic, highly transferable and adjustable to data collected with other TLS instruments and different ecosystems. The Wytham Woods virtual forest is made publicly available through an online repository.
Error Analysis of Magnetohydrodynamic Angular Rate Sensor Combing with Coriolis Effect at Low Frequency
Authors: Ji Yue , Xu Mengjie , Li Xingfei , Wu Tengfei , Tuo Weixiao , Wu Jun , Dong Jiuzhi
Published: June 2018

The magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) angular rate sensor (ARS) with low noise level in ultra-wide bandwidth is developed in lasing and imaging applications, especially the line-of-sight (LOS) system. A modified MHD ARS combined with the Coriolis effect was studied in this paper to expand the sensor’s bandwidth at low frequency (<1 Hz), which is essential for precision LOS pointing and wide-bandwidth LOS jitter suppression. The model and the simulation method were constructed and a comprehensive solving method based on the magnetic and electric interaction methods was proposed. The numerical results on the Coriolis effect and the frequency response of the modified MHD ARS were detailed. In addition, according to the experimental results of the designed sensor consistent with the simulation results, an error analysis of model errors was discussed. Our study provides an error analysis method of MHD ARS combined with the Coriolis effect and offers a framework for future studies to minimize the error.
A Smart Collaborative Routing Protocol for Reliable Data Diffusion in IoT Scenarios
Authors: Ai Zheng-Yang , Zhou Yu-Tong , Song Fei
Published: June 2018

It is knotty for current routing protocols to meet the needs of reliable data diffusion during the Internet of Things (IoT) deployments. Due to the random placement, limited resources and unattended features of existing sensor nodes, the wireless transmissions are easily exposed to unauthorized users, which becomes a vulnerable area for various malicious attacks, such as wormhole and Sybil attacks. However, the scheme based on geographic location is a suitable candidate to defend against them. This paper is inspired to propose a smart collaborative routing protocol, Geographic energy aware routing and Inspecting Node (GIN), for guaranteeing the reliability of data exchanging. The proposed protocol integrates the directed diffusion routing, Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR), and the inspecting node mechanism. We first discuss current wireless routing protocols from three diverse perspectives (improving transmission rate, shortening transmission range and reducing transmission consumption). Then, the details of GIN, including the model establishment and implementation processes, are presented by means of the theoretical analysis. Through leveraging the game theory, the inspecting node is elected to monitor the network behaviors. Thirdly, we evaluate the network performances, in terms of transmission delay, packet loss ratio, and throughput, between GIN and three traditional schemes (i.e., Flooding, GPSR, and GEAR). The simulation results illustrate that the proposed protocol is able to outperform the others.
Thermal Energy Harvesting on the Bodily Surfaces of Arms and Legs through a Wearable Thermo-Electric Generator
Authors: Proto Antonino , Bibbo Daniele , Cerny Martin , Vala David , Kasik Vladimir , Peter Lukas , Conforto Silvia , Schmid Maurizio , Penhaker Marek
Published: June 2018

This work analyzes the results of measurements on thermal energy harvesting through a wearable Thermo-electric Generator (TEG) placed on the arms and legs. Four large skin areas were chosen as locations for the placement of the TEGs. In order to place the generator on the body, a special manufactured band guaranteed the proper contact between the skin and TEG. Preliminary measurements were performed to find out the value of the resistor load which maximizes the power output. Then, an experimental investigation was conducted for the measurement of harvested energy while users were performing daily activities, such as sitting, walking, jogging, and riding a bike. The generated power values were in the range from 5 to 50 μW. Moreover, a preliminary hypothesis based on the obtained results indicates the possibility to use TEGs on leg for the recognition of locomotion activities. It is due to the rather high and different biomechanical work, produced by the gastrocnemius muscle, while the user is walking rather than jogging or riding a bike. This result reflects a difference between temperatures associated with the performance of different activities.
Effects of Reflection to Improve Goal-Directed Self-Talk on Endurance Performance
Authors: Latinjak Alexander T. , De las Heras Bernat , Sacot Arnau , Fernandez David , Robinson Daniel , Lane Andrew M.
Published: June 2018

We investigated the effects of an intervention that encouraged reflection on organic self-talk used during endurance performance. Using an experimental design, we compared the effects of enhancing metacognitive skills by (a) planning and (b) reviewing and evaluating goal-directed self-talk. Participants completed three time-to-exhaustion cycling task trials in which we hypothesized that the intervention group would perform significantly better than the control group. Further, we expected a reduction in perceived exertion for a given workload among participants following a self-talk intervention. Thirty-four participants completed a time-to-exhaustion cycle ergometer test, after which participants were randomly divided into an intervention and control group. The intervention group performed reflection tasks on performance in the time-to-exhaustion test. Participants completed two further time-to-exhaustion tests. Repeated measures analyses of covariance to test whether the intervention group performed for longer indicated no significant difference in time to exhaustion (p = 0.157). Perceived exertion rates were 2.42% higher in the intervention compared to the control group (p = 0.025). In conclusion, in the intervention group, goal-directed self-talk led to increased sensitisation to perceived exertion, and participants chose to stop exercising at this point rather than repeat implementation of self-talk statements and persist for longer.
Factors Preventing the Use of Alternative Transport Modes to the Car in Later Life
Authors: Luiu Carlo , Tight Miles , Burrow Michael
Published: June 2018

Recent research related to transport gerontology argues that the autonomy, flexibility and independence provided by the car are fundamental in fulfilling travel needs in later life. Statistics show that in the western world the car is the most used mode of travel among the older population. Despite the importance of promoting transport policies to incentivize people to switch to more sustainable forms of transportation, alternatives to the car are still underused by older people. The aim of this scoping review is to analyze the transport barriers affecting the use of alternative modes to the car in later life. The paper investigates how issues related to personal security, health impairments, service provision, affordability, comfort, attitude, built environment, information and awareness of all transport modes influence modal choice. The analysis of the literature shows that despite the benefits provided by public transport, flexible transport services, taxis, walking and cycling, there are still several factors that negatively affect the use of these modes. The paper concludes by reflecting on potential solutions that might help to create a transport system less reliant on the car and which is able to meet the mobility needs of the older population.
Uncovering Patterns of Location of Brownfields to Facilitate Their Regeneration: Some Remarks from the Czech Republic
Authors: Turečková Kamila , Nevima Jan , Škrabal Jaroslav , Martinát Stanislav
Published: June 2018

The issue of brownfield regeneration is closely connected to balanced and sustainable development of regions, towns, and cities as it endeavors to reuse buildings and sites that have already lost their original use, but at the same time offers a possibility to generate new beneficial activities for the whole society that exceed just material or physical changes of the brownfield sites. The regeneration of every brownfield is usually a highly site-specific issue and individual and unique impacts of regeneration on the particular locality are obvious. Yet, several patterns in sets of non-regenerated brownfields can be identified. By finding and defining such patterns, a framework of indicators to facilitate brownfield regeneration can be created and the importance and strength of a particular indicator can be defined. By means of the analyses, we are able to recommend various relevant and most suitable approaches with regards to brownfield regeneration in individual regions. We have employed Factor Analysis (FA) for the identification of key factors of brownfield regeneration. In particular, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to conduct analyses of 1304 non-regenerated brownfields located in seven regions of the Czech Republic (NUTS 3 level). Data were obtained from publicly available brownfield databases of individual regional administrations. By means of Factor Analysis, it was ascertained that the most frequent factor that is typical for the surveyed non-regenerated brownfields is the ownership. The second most frequent factor is the size of the brownfields. As the third factor according to importance, the distance between the location of the individual brownfield and the municipality of extended powers (the so-called small district) was identified. By taking into account the results of the conducted analyses, brownfield regeneration policies of individual regions might be adapted to be more suitably targeted.