bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theranostic Approach for Cancer Treatment: Multifunctional Gold Nanorods for Optical Imaging and Photothermal Therapy
Authors: Betzer Oshra , Ankri Rinat , Motiei Menachem , Popovtzer Rachela
Published: November 2015

A critical problem in the treatment of cancer is the inability to identify microsized tumors and treat them without normal tissue destruction. While surgical excision of tumors is highly effective, residual micrometastases and remaining positive margins are the main cause of recurrence. In this study, we propose a theranostic approach for the detection and therapy of head and neck cancer (HNC). We developed a plasmonic‐based nanoplatform for combined, ultrasensitive in vivo spectroscopic detection and targeted therapy of HNC. This detection method involves near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy of gold nanorods (GNRs) that selectively target and attach to squamous cell carcinoma HNC cells, through an immune complex. Diagnosis is based on a spectral shift analysis, which is generated by interparticle‐plasmon‐resonance patterns of the specifically targeted GNRs. Additionally, the ability to design the GNRs to strongly absorb light in the NIR region enables efficient irradiation of these GNRs, for selective photothermal therapy (PTT) of the cancer cells. We expect this targeted, noninvasive, and nonionizing spectroscopic detection method to provide a highly sensitive and simple diagnostic tool for micrometastasis. In addition, the concomitant development of targeted PTT, based on specific cancer markers, may pave the way for tailoring effective therapy for patients, toward an era of personalized medicine.
An Optimization Scheduling Model for Wind Power and Thermal Power with Energy Storage System considering Carbon Emission Trading
Authors: Li Huan-huan , Ju Li-wei , Tan Qing-kun , Xin He , Tan Zhong-fu
Published: November 2015

Wind power has the characteristics of randomness and intermittence, which influences power system safety and stable operation. To alleviate the effect of wind power grid connection and improve power system’s wind power consumptive capability, this paper took emission trading and energy storage system into consideration and built an optimization model for thermal-wind power system and energy storage systems collaborative scheduling. A simulation based on 10 thermal units and wind farms with 2800 MW installed capacity verified the correctness of the models put forward by this paper. According to the simulation results, the introduction of carbon emission trading can improve wind power consumptive capability and cut down the average coal consumption per unit of power. The introduction of energy storage system can smooth wind power output curve and suppress power fluctuations. The optimization effects achieve the best when both of carbon emission trading and energy storage system work at the same time.
Superior Oblique Anterior Transposition with Horizontal Recti Recession-Resection for Total Third-Nerve Palsy
Authors: Eraslan Muhsin , Cerman Eren , Onal Sumru , Ogut Mehdi Suha
Published: November 2015

Aims. To report the results of lateral rectus muscle recession, medial rectus muscle resection, and superior oblique muscle transposition in the restoration and maintenance of ocular alignment in primary position for patients with total third-nerve palsy.Methods. The medical records of patients who underwent surgery between March 2007 and September 2011 for total third-nerve palsy were reviewed. All patients underwent a preoperative assessment, including a detailed ophthalmologic examination.Results. A total of 6 patients (age range, 14–45 years) were included. The median preoperative horizontal deviation was 67.5 Prism Diopter (PD) (interquartile range [IQR] 57.5–70) and vertical deviation was 13.5 PD (IQR 10–20). The median postoperative horizontal residual exodeviation was 8.0 PD (IQR 1–16), and the vertical deviation was 0 PD (IQR 0–4). The median correction of hypotropia following superior oblique transposition was 13.5 ± 2.9 PD (range, 10–16). All cases were vertically aligned within 5 PD. Four of the six cases were aligned within 10 PD of the horizontal deviation. Adduction and head posture were improved in all patients. All patients gained new area of binocular single vision in the primary position after the operation.Conclusion. Lateral rectus recession, medial rectus resection, and superior oblique transposition may be used to achieve satisfactory cosmetic and functional results in total third-nerve palsy.
Rheology, Mechanical Properties, and Thermal Stability of Maleated Polyethylene Filled with Nanoclays
Authors: Al-Juhani Abdulhadi A.
Published: November 2015

Maleated polyethylene (MAPE) was used in this study as a model matrix for hosting hydrophobic nanoclay (C15A) and hydrophilic nanoclay (C30B), to investigate the effect of nanoclay loading on the bulk properties of the composites. Composites were prepared by melt‐blending technique, with varying the loading from 0 to 9 wt.%. Tensile, oxidative TGA, and FE‐SEM tests were employed for both C15A‐filled polymer and C30B‐filled polymer, which confirmed that C15A had better dispersion and was much superior to C30B for enhancing the mechanical properties and thermal stability of MAPE. Consequently, XRD and melt rheology tests were performed for C15A‐filled polymer only. XRD confirmed the formation of nanocomposite structure, which could be the main reason for the significant increase in the thermal stability and viscosity. For example, compared to the neat polymer, the degradation temperature at the 20% mass loss was increased by 72°C after the addition of 5 wt.% C15A. Based on rheological analysis, the percolation threshold was around 3 wt.% loading of C15A. Fitting the viscosity data to the Cross model suggested that increasing C15A loading had a strong effect for increasing the shear thinning index and relaxation time of the nanocomposites.
Analysis of Traceability Optimization and Shareholder’s Profit for Efficient Supply Chain Operation under Product Recall Crisis
Authors: Memon Muhammad Saad , Lee Young Hae , Mari Sonia Irshad
Published: November 2015

Product recall gains considerable importance in recent times; the reason may be the huge losses faced by manufacturers because of product recall issues. Furthermore, the revenue of the firm is immensely affected as a result of product recall, which may lead to serious outcomes. Huge recall cost (such as repairing or destroying the recalled products and cost of notification) occurs as a result of large recall. Therefore, in order to minimize the quantity and probability of recalls the traceability systems are widely used and considered as a necessary part of product safety strategies. However, from literature it is clear that manufacturers are still struggling to obtain the significant results. This study helps the managers to understand the importance of recall cost by analysing its impact on shareholders profit. Keeping in view the importance of problem, the paper proposed an integrated optimization model to minimize the expected loss to shareholders in recall crisis using batch dispersion methodology. The analysed results show that reduction in traceability level increases the expected shareholders losses while decreasing the operational costs. This will help managers to optimally set the production batch sizes in order to reduce the product recall impact.
Symplectic Toric Geometry and the Regular Dodecahedron
Authors: Prato Elisa
Published: November 2015

The regular dodecahedron is the only simple polytope among the platonic solids which is not rational. Therefore, it corresponds neither to a symplectic toric manifold nor to a symplectic toric orbifold. In this paper, we associate to the regular dodecahedron a highly singular space called symplectic toric quasifold.
Combined MYC Activation and Pten Loss Are Sufficient to Create Genomic Instability and Lethal Metastatic Prostate Cancer
Authors: Hubbard Gretchen K. , Mutton Laura N. , Khalili May , McMullin Ryan P. , Hicks Jessica L. , Bianchi-Frias Daniella , Horn Lucas A. , Kulac Ibrahim , Moubarek Michael S. , Nelson Peter S. , Yegnasubramanian Srinivasan , De Marzo Angelo M. , Bieberich Charles J.
Published: November 2015

Genetic instability, a hallmark feature of human cancers including prostatic adenocarcinomas, is considered a driver of metastasis. Somatic copy number alterations (CNA) are found in most aggressive primary human prostate cancers, and the overall number of such changes is increased in metastases. Chromosome 10q23 deletions, encompassing PTEN, and amplification of 8q24, harboring MYC, are frequently observed, and the presence of both together portends a high risk of prostate cancer-specific mortality. In extant genetically engineered mouse prostate cancer models (GEMM), isolated MYC overexpression or targeted Pten loss can each produce early prostate adenocarcinomas, but are not sufficient to induce genetic instability or metastases with high penetrance. Although a previous study showed that combining Pten loss with focal MYC overexpression in a small fraction of prostatic epithelial cells exhibits cooperativity in GEMMs, additional targeted Tp53 disruption was required for formation of metastases. We hypothesized that driving combined MYC overexpression and Pten loss using recently characterized Hoxb13 transcriptional control elements that are active in prostate luminal epithelial cells would induce the development of genomic instability and aggressive disease with metastatic potential. Neoplastic lesions that developed with either MYC activation alone (Hoxb13-MYC) or Pten loss alone (Hoxb13-Cre∣PtenFl/Fl) failed to progress beyond prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and did not harbor genomic CNAs. By contrast, mice with both alterations (Hoxb13-MYC∣Hoxb13-Cre∣PtenFl/Fl, hereafter, BMPC mice) developed lethal adenocarcinoma with distant metastases and widespread genome CNAs that were independent of forced disruption of Tp53 and telomere shortening. BMPC cancers lacked neuroendocrine or sarcomatoid differentiation, features uncommon in human disease but common in other models of prostate cancer that metastasize. These data show that combined MYC activation and Pten loss driven by the Hoxb13 regulatory locus synergize to induce genomic instability and aggressive prostate cancer that phenocopies the human disease at the histologic and genomic levels. Cancer Res; 76(2); 283–92. ©2015 AACR.
Gender-Specific Molecular and Clinical Features Underlie Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma
Authors: De Rienzo Assunta , Archer Michael A. , Yeap Beow Y. , Dao Nhien , Sciaranghella Daniele , Sideris Antonios C. , Zheng Yifan , Holman Alexander G. , Wang Yaoyu E. , Dal Cin Paola S. , Fletcher Jonathan A. , Rubio Renee , Croft Larry , Quackenbush John , Sugarbaker Peter E. , Munir Kiara J. , Battilana Jesse R. , Gustafson Corinne E. , Chirieac Lucian R. , Ching Soo Meng , Wong James , Tay Liang Chung , Rudd Stephen , Hercus Robert , Sugarbaker David J. , Richards William G. , Bueno Raphael
Published: November 2015

Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive cancer that occurs more frequently in men, but is associated with longer survival in women. Insight into the survival advantage of female patients may advance the molecular understanding of MPM and identify therapeutic interventions that will improve the prognosis for all MPM patients. In this study, we performed whole-genome sequencing of tumor specimens from 10 MPM patients and matched control samples to identify potential driver mutations underlying MPM. We identified molecular differences associated with gender and histology. Specifically, single-nucleotide variants of BAP1 were observed in 21% of cases, with lower mutation rates observed in sarcomatoid MPM (P < 0.001). Chromosome 22q loss was more frequently associated with the epithelioid than that nonepitheliod histology (P = 0.037), whereas CDKN2A deletions occurred more frequently in nonepithelioid subtypes among men (P = 0.021) and were correlated with shorter overall survival for the entire cohort (P = 0.002) and for men (P = 0.012). Furthermore, women were more likely to harbor TP53 mutations (P = 0.004). Novel mutations were found in genes associated with the integrin-linked kinase pathway, including MYH9 and RHOA. Moreover, expression levels of BAP1, MYH9, and RHOA were significantly higher in nonepithelioid tumors, and were associated with significant reduction in survival of the entire cohort and across gender subgroups. Collectively, our findings indicate that diverse mechanisms highly related to gender and histology appear to drive MPM. Cancer Res; 76(2); 319–28. ©2015 AACR.
The ALK/ROS1 Inhibitor PF-06463922 Overcomes Primary Resistance to Crizotinib in ALK-Driven Neuroblastoma
Authors: Infarinato Nicole R. , Park Jin H. , Krytska Kateryna , Ryles Hannah T. , Sano Renata , Szigety Katherine M. , Li Yimei , Zou Helen Y. , Lee Nathan V. , Smeal Tod , Lemmon Mark A. , Mossé Yael P.
Published: November 2015

Neuroblastomas harboring activating point mutations in anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) are differentially sensitive to the ALK inhibitor crizotinib, with certain mutations conferring intrinsic crizotinib resistance. To overcome this clinical obstacle, our goal was to identify inhibitors with improved potency that can target intractable ALK variants such as F1174L. We find that PF-06463922 has high potency across ALK variants and inhibits ALK more effectively than crizotinib in vitro. Most importantly, PF-06463922 induces complete tumor regression in both crizotinib-resistant and crizotinib-sensitive xenograft mouse models of neuroblastoma, as well as in patient-derived xenografts harboring the crizotinib-resistant F1174L or F1245C mutations. These studies demonstrate that PF-06463922 has the potential to overcome crizotinib resistance and exerts unprecedented activity as a single targeted agent against F1174L and F1245C ALK-mutated xenograft tumors, while also inducing responses in an R1275Q xenograft model. Taken together, these results provide the rationale to move PF-06463922 into clinical trials for treatment of patients with ALK-mutated neuroblastoma.

Significance: The next-generation ALK/ROS1 inhibitor PF-06463922 exerts unparalleled activity in ALK-driven neuroblastoma models with primary crizotinib resistance. Our biochemical and in vivo data provide the preclinical rationale for fast-tracking the development of this agent in children with relapsed/refractory ALK-mutant neuroblastoma. Cancer Discov; 6(1); 96–107. ©2015 AACR.

See related commentary by Versteeg and George, p. 20.

This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1
Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers Predict Clinical Evolution in Patients with Subjective Cognitive Decline and Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Sierra-Rio Alba , Balasa Mircea , Olives Jaume , Antonell Anna , Iranzo Alex , Castellví Magda , Bosch Beatriz , Grau-Rivera Oriol , Fernandez-Villullas Guadalupe , Rami Lorena , Lladó Albert , Sánchez-Valle Raquel , Molinuevo José Luis
Published: November 2015

Background: Determination of Alzheimer's disease (AD) by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers - 42-amino-acid amyloid-β (Aβ42), total tau and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) - has demonstrated high validity for detecting AD neuropathological changes. However, their prognostic utility to predict the onset of dementia in predementia subjects is still questioned. We aimed to study the prospective clinical evolution of a group of subjects with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and to determine the prognostic capacity of AD CSF biomarkers. Methods: 149 subjects with MCI or SCD, not meeting dementia criteria, underwent a prospective clinical, neuropsychological and CSF biomarker study. Patients were initially classified as SCD or MCI following internationally accepted criteria. CSF sampling was obtained and analysed following consensus protocols. Neuropsychological and clinical evaluations were conducted at the follow-up. Statistical analysis considering the final clinical diagnosis, regression analysis to define risk factors and survival curves for progression were made. Results: 72.4% of subjects (83% MCI and 27% SCD) with a pathological CSF ratio (Aβ42/p-tau) met criteria for dementia during the 5-year follow-up versus 18.7% of subjects from the group with a normal ratio. The pathological CSF ratio was a powerful marker of risk for AD dementia (OR 27.1; 95% CI 10.3-71.2). Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that only 15% of subjects with a pathological CSF ratio remained free of AD dementia at 5 years of follow-up. All subjects who reverted to normal cognition presented a normal CSF profile at baseline. Conclusion: An abnormal AD CSF biomarker profile in predementia subjects is a powerful predictor of cognitive and/or functional decline in the medium term.
Individualized Risk Communication and Outreach for Primary Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Community Health Centers
Authors: Persell Stephen D. , Brown Tiffany , Lee Ji Young , Shah Shreya , Henley Eric , Long Timothy , Luther Stephanie , Lloyd-Jones Donald M. , Jean-Jacques Muriel , Kandula Namratha R. , Sanchez Thomas , Baker David W.
Published: November 2015

Background—

Many eligible primary cardiovascular disease prevention candidates are not treated with statins. Electronic health record data can identify patients with increased cardiovascular disease risk.

Methods and Results—

We performed a pragmatic randomized controlled trial at community health centers in 2 states. Participants were men aged ≥35 years and women ≥45 years, without cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus, and with a 10-year risk of coronary heart disease of at least 10%. The intervention group received telephone and mailed outreach, individualized based on patients’ cardiovascular disease risk and uncontrolled risk factors, provided by lay health workers. Main outcomes included: documented discussion of medication treatment for cholesterol with a primary care clinician, receipt of statin prescription within 6 months, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol repeated and at least 30 mg/dL lower than baseline within 1 year. Six hundred forty-six participants (328 and 318 in the intervention and control groups, respectively) were included. At 6 months, 26.8% of intervention and 11.6% of control patients had discussed cholesterol treatment with a primary care clinician (odds ratio, 2.79; [95% confidence interval, 2.25–3.46]). Statin prescribing occurred for 10.1% in the intervention group and 6.0% in the control group (odds ratio, 1.76; [95% confidence interval, 0.90–3.45]). The cholesterol outcome did not differ, and the majority of patients did not repeat lipid levels during follow-up.

Conclusions—

Risk communication and lay outreach increased cholesterol treatment discussions with primary care clinicians. However, most discussions did not result in statin prescribing. For outreach to be successful, it should be combined with interventions to encourage clinicians to follow contemporary risk-based cholesterol treatment guidelines.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clincialtrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01610609.
Health and Economic Implications of National Treatment Coverage for Cardiovascular Disease in India
Authors: Basu Sanjay , Bendavid Eran , Sood Neeraj
Published: November 2015

Background—

Whether to cover cardiovascular disease costs is an increasingly pressing question for low- and middle-income countries. We sought to identify the impact of expanding national insurance to cover primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary treatment for cardiovascular disease in India.

Methods and Results—

We incorporated data from coverage experiments into a validated microsimulation model of myocardial infarction and stroke in India to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of alternate coverage strategies. Coverage of primary prevention alone saved 3.6 million disability-adjusted life-years (DALY) per annum at an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $469 per DALY averted when compared with the status quo of no coverage. Coverage of primary and secondary preventions was dominated by a strategy of covering primary prevention and tertiary treatment, which prevented 6.6 million DALYs at an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $2241 per DALY averted, when compared with that of primary prevention alone. The combination of all 3 categories yielded the greatest impact at an incremental cost per DALY averted of $5588 when compared with coverage of primary prevention plus tertiary treatment. When compared with the status quo of no coverage, coverage of all 3 categories of prevention/treatment yielded an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $1331 per DALY averted. In sensitivity analyses, coverage of primary preventive treatments remained cost-effective even if adherence and access to therapy were low, but tertiary coverage would require avoiding unnecessary procedures to remain cost-effective.

Conclusions—

Coverage of all 3 major types of cardiovascular treatment would be expected to have high impact and reasonable cost-effectiveness in India across a broad spectrum of access and adherence levels.
Cost-Effectiveness of Screening for Primary Aldosteronism and Subtype Diagnosis in the Resistant Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Lubitz Carrie C. , Economopoulos Konstantinos P. , Sy Stephen , Johanson Colden , Kunzel Heike E. , Reincke Martin , Gazelle G. Scott , Weinstein Milton C. , Gaziano Thomas A.
Published: November 2015

Background—

Primary aldosteronism (PA) is a common and underdiagnosed disease with significant morbidity potentially cured by surgery. We aim to assess if the long-term cardiovascular benefits of identifying and treating surgically correctable PA outweigh the upfront increased costs in patients at the time patients are diagnosed with resistant hypertension (RH).

Methods and Results—

A decision-analytic model compares aggregate costs and systolic blood pressure changes of 6 recommended or implemented diagnostic strategies for PA in a simulated population of at-risk RH patients. We also evaluate a 7th “treat all” strategy wherein all patients with RH are treated with a mineralocorticoid-receptor antagonist without further testing at RH diagnosis. Changes in systolic blood pressure are subsequently converted into gains in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) by applying National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data on concomitant risk factors to an existing cardiovascular disease simulation model. QALYs and lifetime costs were then used to calculate incremental cost-effectiveness ratios for the competing strategies. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for the strategy of computerized tomography (CT) followed by adrenal venous sampling (AVS) was $82 000/QALY compared with treat all. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios for CT alone and AVS alone were $200 000/QALY and $492 000/QALY; the other strategies were more costly and less effective. Integrating differential patient-reported health-related quality of life adjustments for patients with PA, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios for screening patients with CT followed by AVS, CT alone, and AVS alone were $52 000/QALY, $114 000/QALY, and $269 000/QALY gained.

Conclusions—

CT scanning followed by AVS was a cost-effective strategy to screen for PA among patients with RH.
Estimating Weight of Patients With Acute Stroke When Dosing for Thrombolysis
Authors: Barrow Tom , Khan Muhammad S. , Halse Omid , Bentley Paul , Sharma Pankaj
Published: November 2015

Background and Purpose—

Estimating patient weight forms an important part of emergency ischemic stroke management guiding the dose of alteplase (tissue-type plasminogen activator). Weighing patients with stroke can be logistically challenging and time consuming, potentially delaying treatment times. We aimed to assess the reliability of approximating weight to determine recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator dose and whether potential inaccurate dosing affected patient outcomes.

Methods—

Two hundred forty-two consecutive patients were studied at a large tertiary stroke center. Estimated and actual measured weight, alteplase dose, and pre-and post-modified Rankin Scale/National Institute of Health Stroke Scale outcome were recorded for each patient.

Results—

Clinicians significantly underestimated weights by 1.13 kg (range, −43 to +18 kg; SD, 7.14;
P
<0.05). The difference between estimated and actual weight proved to be greatest in the heaviest third of patients (−4.51 kg; SD, 8.35;
P
<0.001), resulting in 19.7% of patients receiving a deviation of at least 10% from the recommended recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator dose. On average, the heaviest third of patients received an underdose of 0.04 mg/kg and were found to have a greater baseline National Institute of Health Stroke Scale on admission (
P
<0.001). National Institute of Health Stroke Scale improvement by day 7 or on discharge was significantly reduced in patients weighing >78 kg (National Institute of Health Stroke Scale score difference of 4.0 points,
P
<0.05) than in lighter individuals.

Conclusions—

Clinicians are poor at approximating the weights of patients with stroke in the acute setting, especially when patients lie at the extremes of weight. Beds capable of weighing patients should be mandated in emergency rooms for patients with acute stroke.
Après que justice soit rendue: La réinstallation des acquittés des juridictions pénales internationales dans des États tiers
Authors: Savadogo Raymond Ouigou
Published: November 2015

This article examines thoroughly what is done and sketches the furrows of what could be done in the process of relocation in third countries of those acquitted by international criminal tribunals. By carefully analysing instrument by instrument, it considers whether third States are legally obliged to receive these acquitted persons in their territories. Starting with what is done, it illustrates various but unsuccessful endeavours of relocation based on the non-exhaustive areas of cooperation enshrined in the ictr statute, the Residual Mechanism, and the Rome Statute before closely discussing the binding nature of the Security Council resolutions adopted in this regard. As for what could be done, the article addresses the intricate and complicated entanglement between exclusion clause in refugee law and presumption of innocence both in terms of standard of proof and modes of participation necessary for exclusion from refugee protection in four countries chosen by the acquitted themselves.
Medicine, Mujūn, and Microcosm in Ḥikāyat Abī l-Qāsim al-Baghdādī
Authors: Selove Emily
Published: November 2015

In this essay, connections between medieval medicine and medieval Arabic literary banquets are investigated on the basis of the Arabic commentaries on the Hippocratic Aphorisms on the one hand and passages fromḤikāyat Abī l-Qāsimon the other. Intersections between these two kinds of texts describing the advantages and disadvantages of wine explain the contemporary wisdom behind comical medical speeches.
Three new combinations of Butyriboletus (Boletaceae)
Authors: Zhao Kuan , Wu Gang , Halling Roy , Yang Zhu L.
Published: November 2015

Boletus peckii, B. pulchriceps and B. roseopurpureus, which were originally described from North America, are characterized by a yellow tube layer that often bruises blue, a yellow reticulated stipe especially at the apex, firm yellow-tinged flesh that often turns blue when exposed, smooth spores and an interwoven trichodermic pileipellis. The phylogenetic positions of the three species are inferred by molecular phylogenetic analysis based on DNA sequences of four gene markers (ITS, nrLSU, tef1-α and rpb1). Both morphological features and molecular phylogenetic evidence indicate that these three boletes belong to Butyriboletus, and thus, should be transferred to the genus.
The rediscovery of Astragalus autranii (Fabaceae) on Mt Tomor, south central Albania
Authors: Tan Kit , Shuka Lulezim , Gjeta Ermelinda , Vold Gert
Published: November 2015

Astragalus autranii (Fabaceae) placed by Sytin & Podlech in a section of its own (A. sect. Baldaccia) was described from a single specimen in the Barbey-Boissier Herbarium at Geneva. Our observations show that its placement in A. sect. Hololeuce would also be appropriate. The species was first collected by Baldacci in 1892 on Mt Tomor in south central Albania and rediscovered by Markgraf at the locus classicus in June 1928. A complete and amended description of the species is here provided as corolla features were not available in the type material and the flower colour was incorrectly described by Markgraf. Information on habitat, ecology and threat status are also detailed for the first time. Mt Tomor is designated as a protected National Park; however, some of the Astragalus populations may be affected by future road construction.
A new species and a key to 19 species of the genus Traulia Stål, 1873 (Orthoptera: Catantopidae) from China
Authors: CAO CHENG-QUAN , SHI JIAN-PING , YIN ZHAN
Published: November 2015

A new species of the genus Traulia Stål, 1873 namely Traulia xiai sp. nov. is described from China in this paper. The new species is similar to Traulia brachypeza Bi, 1986, but differs from the latter by the short tegmina, reaching the middle of third abdominal tergite only. The new species is also similar to Traulia ornate Shiraki, 1910, but differs from the latter by hind tibia all orange red and furculae of male absent. We think that Traulia yifengensis Wang, Xiangyu & Liu, 1997 is a valid species, not a synonym of Traulia brachypeza Bi, 1985 by Wei & Huang (2012), because the tegmina of Traulia yifengensis is very long, extending over the end of abdomen distinctly. A key to 19 species of this genus from China is also given in this paper. The type specimens are deposited in the National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung, Taiwan, China.
Contribution to the genus Chrysidea Bischoff, 1913 from China, with description of a new species (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae)
Authors: ROSA PAOLO , XU ZAI-FU
Published: November 2015

The genus Chrysidea Bischoff, 1913 belongs to the tribe Chrysidini (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae). Bohart (1988) revalidated the genus after it was considered as subgenus of Chrysis Linnaeus, 1761 (Linsenmaier 1959) or Trichrysis Lichtenstein, 1876 (Kimsey & Bohart 1981) and synonymised it with Chrysis (Trichrysis) (Linsenmaier 1984). Kimsey & Bohart (1991) gave a checklist of 19 known species of Chrysidea, of which three are known from the Oriental Region, C. bidenticulata (Mocsáry, 1913), C. furiosa (Cameron, 1897) and C. monticellii (du Buysson, 1906). Only one species, C. pumila (Klug, 1845), has been recorded for the Palaearctic part of China (Hammer 1936; Rosa et al. 2014).
Underwater Glider Observations in the Oxygen Minimum Zone off Central Chile
Authors: Pizarro Oscar , Ramírez Nadin , Castillo Manuel I. , Cifuentes Ursula , Rojas Winston , Pizarro-Koch Matias
Published: November 2015

Gliders have become an efficient and reliable oceanographic platform for measuring physical and biogeochemical properties of the seawater, and the global glider fleet is rapidly expanding. In Chile, glider observations have been carried out in very different oceanographic environments, from the mild upwelling region of subtropical northern Chile to the channels of southern Patagonia. Herein, we briefly present observations and results obtained in the oxygen minimum zone off Concepcion (∼36°30′S). Many new features have been observed in this region thanks to the relatively high resolution of the glider measurements. Future plans for the glider program include an oceanic time series off central Chile that will contribute to the regional observing system of the ocean and allow evaluations of low-frequency changes like those associated with El Niño and La Niña events.
Use of X-Band Differential Reflectivity Measurements to Study Shallow Arctic Mixed-Phase Clouds
Authors: Oue Mariko , Galletti Michele , Verlinde Johannes , Ryzhkov Alexander , Lu Yinghui
Published: November 2015

Microphysical processes in shallow Arctic precipitation clouds are illustrated using measurements of differential reflectivity ZDR from the U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program polarimetric X-band radar deployed in Barrow, Alaska. X-band hemispheric range height indicator scans used in conjunction with Ka-band radar and lidar measurements revealed prolonged periods dominated by vapor depositional, riming, and/or aggregation growth. In each case, ice precipitation fell through at least one liquid-cloud layer in a seeder–feeder situation before reaching the surface. A long period of sustained low radar reflectivity ZH (<0–5 dBZ) and high ZDR (6–7.5 dB) throughout the depth of the cloud and subcloud layer, coinciding with observations of large pristine dendrites at the surface, suggests vapor depositional growth of large dendrites at low number concentrations. In contrast, ZDR values decreased to 2–3 dB in the mean profile when surface precipitation was dominated by aggregates or rimed dendrites. Small but consistent differences in zenith Ka-band radar Doppler velocity and lidar depolarization measurements were found between aggregation- and riming-dominated periods. The clean Arctic environment can enhance ZDR signals relative to more complex midlatitude cases, producing higher values.
Improving Parameterization of Entrainment Rate for Shallow Convection with Aircraft Measurements and Large-Eddy Simulation
Authors: Lu Chunsong , Liu Yangang , Zhang Guang J. , Wu Xianghua , Endo Satoshi , Cao Le , Li Yueqing , Guo Xiaohao
Published: November 2015

This work examines the relationships of entrainment rate to vertical velocity, buoyancy, and turbulent dissipation rate by applying stepwise principal component regression to observational data from shallow cumulus clouds collected during the Routine Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Aerial Facility (AAF) Clouds with Low Optical Water Depths (CLOWD) Optical Radiative Observations (RACORO) field campaign over the ARM Southern Great Plains (SGP) site near Lamont, Oklahoma. The cumulus clouds during the RACORO campaign simulated using a large-eddy simulation (LES) model are also examined with the same approach. The analysis shows that a combination of multiple variables can better represent entrainment rate in both the observations and LES than any single-variable fitting. Three commonly used parameterizations are also tested on the individual cloud scale. A new parameterization is thus presented that relates entrainment rate to vertical velocity, buoyancy, and dissipation rate; the effects of treating clouds as ensembles and humid shells surrounding cumulus clouds on the new parameterization are discussed. Physical mechanisms underlying the relationships of entrainment rate to vertical velocity, buoyancy, and dissipation rate are also explored.
A Microscale View of Mixing and Overturning across the Antarctic Circumpolar Current
Authors: Naveira Garabato Alberto C. , Polzin Kurt L. , Ferrari Raffaele , Zika Jan D. , Forryan Alexander
Published: November 2015

The relative roles of isoneutral stirring by mesoscale eddies and dianeutral stirring by small-scale turbulence in setting the large-scale temperature–salinity relation of the Southern Ocean against the action of the overturning circulation are assessed by analyzing a set of shear and temperature microstructure measurements across Drake Passage in a “triple decomposition” framework. It is shown that a picture of mixing and overturning across a region of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) may be constructed from a relatively modest number of microstructure profiles. The rates of isoneutral and dianeutral stirring are found to exhibit distinct, characteristic, and abrupt variations: most notably, a one to two orders of magnitude suppression of isoneutral stirring in the upper kilometer of the ACC frontal jets and an order of magnitude intensification of dianeutral stirring in the subpycnocline and deepest layers of the ACC. These variations balance an overturning circulation with meridional flows of O(1) mm s−1 across the ACC’s mean thermohaline structure. Isoneutral and dianeutral stirring play complementary roles in balancing the overturning, with isoneutral processes dominating in intermediate waters and the Upper Circumpolar Deep Water and dianeutral processes prevailing in lighter and denser layers.
An Improved Liquid Water Absorption Model at Microwave Frequencies for Supercooled Liquid Water Clouds
Authors: Turner D. D. , Kneifel S. , Cadeddu M. P.
Published: November 2015

An improved liquid water absorption model is developed for frequencies between 0.5 and 500 GHz. The empirical coefficients for this model were retrieved from a dataset that consists of both laboratory observations of the permittivity of liquid water (primarily at temperatures above 0°C) and field observations collected by microwave radiometers in three separate locations with observations at temperatures as low as −32°C. An optimal estimation framework is used to retrieve the model’s coefficients. This framework shows that there is high information content in the observations for seven of the nine model coefficients, but that the uncertainties in all of the coefficients result in less than 15% uncertainty in the liquid water absorption coefficient for all temperatures between −32° and 0°C and frequencies between 23 and 225 GHz. Furthermore, this model is more consistent with both the laboratory and field observations over all frequencies and temperatures than other popular absorption models.
Assessing the Surface Solar Radiation Budget in the WRF Model: A Spatiotemporal Analysis of the Bias and Its Causes
Authors: Ruiz-Arias José A. , Arbizu-Barrena Clara , Santos-Alamillos Francisco J. , Tovar-Pescador Joaquín , Pozo-Vázquez David
Published: November 2015

Solar radiation plays a key role in the atmospheric system but its distribution throughout the atmosphere and at the surface is still very uncertain in atmospheric models, and further assessment is required. In this study, the shortwave downward total solar radiation flux (SWD) predicted by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model at the surface is validated over Spain for a 10-yr period based on observations of a network of 52 radiometric stations. In addition to the traditional pointwise validation of modeled data, an original spatially continuous evaluation of the SWD bias is also conducted using a principal component analysis. Overall, WRF overestimates the mean observed SWD by 28.9 W m−2, while the bias of ERA-Interim, which provides initial and boundary conditions to WRF, is only 15.0 W m−2. An important part of the WRF SWD bias seems to be related to a very low cumulus cloud amount in the model and, possibly, a misrepresentation of the radiative impact of this type of cloud.
Private Damage Actions Under the Robinson-Patman Act
Authors: Blair Roger D. , Durrance Christine Piette
Published: November 2015

Over the past four decades, there has been virtually no public enforcement of the Robinson-Patman Act. Neither the Department of Justice nor the Federal Trade Commission has pursued cases involving price discrimination. Consequently, private enforcement is all that is left. But private enforcement is fraught with difficulties. In this article, we examine the difficulties that private plaintiffs face in pursuing damages flowing from unlawful price discrimination. We trace these difficulties to the Supreme Court’s decisions in Brooke Group and J. Truett Payne.
Therapeutic drug monitoring of antimicrobials
Authors: Balakrishnan Indran , Shorten Robert J
Published: November 2015

As pathology services become more centralized and automated, the measurement of therapeutic antimicrobial drugs concentrations is increasingly performed in clinical biochemistry or ‘blood science’ laboratories. This review outlines key groups of antimicrobial agents: aminoglycosides, glycopeptides, antifungal agents and antituberculosis agents, their role in managing infectious diseases, and the reasons why serum concentration measurement is important.
Traumatic experiences, posttraumatic stress symptoms, depression, and health-risk behavior in relation to injury among University of Nairobi students in Kenya
Authors: Othieno Caleb J , Okoth Roselyne , Peltzer Karl , Pengpid Supa , Malla Lucas O
Published: November 2015

Objective

To describe the prevalence and types of injuries in relation to traumatic experiences, posttraumatic stress symptoms, depression, and health-risk behaviors among university students in Kenya.

Method

A cross-sectional study collected data on a random sample of university students using a questionnaire to record sociodemographic variables while injuries experiences recorded using the Centers for Disease control criteria and Breslau’s seven-item screener was used to identify post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Depressive symptoms were measured using Center for Epidemiological Studies Short Depression Scale.

Results

Nine hundred and twenty-three students (525 male and 365 female) were included in the study, mean age 23 years (SD 4.0). Serious injury in the previous 12 months was reported by 29.00% of the students. PTSD was present in 15.67% (men 15.39% and women 16.1%). Out of the total, 41.33% of the students had depressive symptoms (35.71% mild–moderate symptoms and 5.62% severe). In the multivariable logistic regression being poor, binge drinking, tobacco use, ever been diagnosed with HIV, physically abused as a child, high PTSD score, and depression (adjusted odds ratio 5.49, 95% confidence interval 4.32–13.21) were significantly ( p value < 5%) associated with injury in the last 12 months.

Conclusion

Unintentional injuries and PTSD symptoms are common in this student population and are positively linked to depression and other risky behaviors. Measures aimed at improving the mental health, such as early identification and treatment of depression, may be useful in reducing the prevalence of such injuries among the youth.
Unmet need for treatment of depression among immigrants from the former USSR in the US: A primary care study
Authors: Landa Alla , Skritskaya Natalia , Nicasio Andel , Humensky Jennifer , Lewis-Fernández Roberto
Published: November 2015

The stress of immigration can increase risk for major depressive disorder (MDD), while cultural factors can contribute to difficulty in diagnosis and treatment of MDD among immigrant populations. Consequently, immigrants are less likely to have their treatment needs met. Our goal was to assess the unmet need for the diagnosis and treatment of depression among immigrants from the former USSR—a large immigrant group in the US—as well as demographic characteristics and immigration history associated with depression. We conducted a survey in an urban primary care clinic using measures of MDD symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-9), functioning, and treatment history among 102 Russian-speaking immigrants. Current moderate-to-severe symptoms of MDD were reported by 26.5% of participants with 33.3% of the symptomatic patients reporting suicidal ideation. Among participants with probable MDD, 63.0% reported not receiving mental health treatment and 59.3% never being diagnosed with MDD. The rates of untreated depression did not vary by gender nor did they diminish with prolonged stay in the US. Results suggest that undiagnosed and untreated depression is highly prevalent in this immigrant group.
Short‐term Quality‐of‐Life Outcomes following Transoral Diverticulotomy for Zenker’s Diverticulum
Authors: Van Abel Kathryn M. , Tombers Nicole M. , Krein Kari A. , Moore Eric J. , Price Daniel L. , Kasperbauer Jan L. , Hinni Michael L. , Lott David G. , Ekbom Dale C.
Published: November 2015

Objective

To prospectively analyze quality‐of‐life outcomes following transoral diverticulotomy with cricopharyngeal myotomy (DCPM) for Zenker’s diverticulum (ZD).

Study Design

Prospective single‐group study.

Settings

Tertiary academic institution.

Subjects and Methods

A prospective multicenter study performed from January 1, 2012, to July 1, 2014, included 18 patients presenting with ZD undergoing DCPM. Standardized questionnaires—including the 10‐item Eating Assessment Tool (EAT‐10), Functional Outcome of Swallowing Scale (FOSS), and the Reflux Symptom Index (RSI)—were completed preoperatively and at 3 and 6 months postoperatively. Videofluoroscopic studies were obtained and analyzed by our senior speech‐language pathologist, who was blinded to the clinical outcomes.

Results

Eighteen patients were included (11 women; mean age, 72.6 years; range, 53‐86 years). All patients had ZD on preoperative videofluoroscopic swallowing studies. The most common comorbidities included hypertension (10 of 18, 55.6%), dyslipidemia (8 of 18, 44.4%), hiatal hernia (6 of 18, 33.3%), and gastroesophageal reflux disease (5 of 18, 27.8%). Median preoperative RSI was 27 (interquartile range [IQR], 22.5‐31.5); FOSS, 2 (IQR, 2‐3); and EAT‐10, 21.5 (IQR, 13.5‐27.5). The 3‐month questionnaire (88.9% completion) demonstrated an improved median RSI of 5 (IQR, 1‐7.5; P <. 001), FOSS of 0 (IQR, 0; P <. 001), and EAT‐10 of 0 (IQR, 0‐3; P <. 001). Fourteen patients (77.8%) completed the 6‐month questionnaire, demonstrating a median RSI of 4 (IQR, 0‐8), FOSS of 0 (IQR, 0‐0.5), and EAT‐10 of 1 (IQR, 0‐3). While regurgitation decreased following surgery (P =. 007), nighttime cough did not (P =. 25).

Conclusion

This study supports an improvement in functional outcome and quality of life in patients with ZD undergoing DCPM.
Author Self‐Citation in the Otolaryngology Literature
Authors: Tolisano Anthony M. , Song Sungjin A. , Cable Benjamin B.
Published: November 2015

Objective

To determine the prevalence of author self‐citation in the field of otolaryngology.

Study Design and Setting

A retrospective review of bibliographic references in 5 otolaryngology journals.

Subjects and Methods

Five high‐impact otolaryngology journals were reviewed over a 3‐month period between January and March 2014 to identify the pattern of author self‐citations. Data included study type, otolaryngology topic, authorship, total citations, author self‐citations, and country of origin.

Results

Nearly two‐thirds of articles contained at least 1 self‐citation, with an average of 2.6 self‐citations per article. Self‐citations represented nearly 10% of total citations. Articles with at least 1 self‐citation had more authors (5.8 vs 4.9, P <. 01) and more citations (30.4 vs 22.2, P <. 01) per article than did those without self‐citations. There was no difference in self‐citation practices between articles originating within the United States and abroad (P =. 65). Last authors were the most frequent self‐citers and were more likely than lead authors to cite themselves (P <. 01). Original reports contained the highest percentage of self‐citations per article as compared with reviews and case reports (P <. 01).

Conclusion

Author self‐citation in the otolaryngology literature is common and compares similarly to other medical specialties previously studied. Self‐citation should not be considered inappropriate, as it is often done to expand on earlier research. Nevertheless, editors, researchers, and readers should be aware of this increasingly recognized phenomenon and its associated potential implications to the process of scientific inquiry.
Introduction to the special issue: Unplugging the Milgram machine
Authors: Brannigan Augustine , Nicholson Ian , Cherry Frances
Published: November 2015

The current issue of Theory & Psychology is devoted to Stanley Milgram and his contribution to the study of obedience. It presents a decidedly critical evaluation of these well-known experiments that challenges their relevance to our understanding of events such as the Holocaust. It builds on recent investigations of the Milgram archive at Yale. The discipline’s adulation of the obedience research overlooks several critical factors: the palpable trauma experienced by many participants, and the stark skepticism of the deceptive cover-story experienced by many others, Milgram’s misrepresentation of the way in which the prods were undertaken to ensure standardization, and his failure to de-brief the vast majority of participants. There is also the cherry-picking of findings. The project was whitewashed in the film, Obedience, prepared by Milgram to popularize his conclusions. The articles contributed for this issue offer a more realistic assessment of Milgram’s contribution to knowledge.