bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acceptance of cosmetic surgery in adolescents: The effects of caregiver eating messages and objectified body consciousness
Authors: Őry Fanni , Láng András , Meskó Norbert
Published: February 2022

Cosmetic procedures are aimed at enhancing clients’ attractiveness by modifying their physical appearance. Women prefer cosmetic surgery more than men do, due to the ideal of leanness advertised by the media. Female adolescents, undergoing an emotionally unstable developmental stage, are particularly responsive to unrealistic beauty standards. The more they internalize cultural norms, the more they objectify their bodies. Young people’s views on their bodies are essentially influenced by the feedback received from their parents and other adults. The present study explored the impact of caregiver eating messages and objectified body consciousness on the acceptance of cosmetic surgery among Hungarian female students aged 14 to 19 years (M = 16.79, SD = 1.245). Self-report scales used to collect data in four secondary schools. The expected associations were tested with path analysis. Caregiver eating messages generally had an indirect positive impact on the acceptance of cosmetic surgery that was mediated by the shame component of objectified body consciousness. A direct impact was only shown by critical/restrictive caregiver messages and by the shame component of objectified body consciousness. The other two components of objectified body consciousness were unrelated to the acceptance of cosmetic surgery. In sum, caregiver messages on female adolescents’ appearance and eating habits have a formative role on their attitudes towards cosmetic surgery. Such messages predict their proneness to view their bodies as objects serving to meet certain beauty standards. The more they endorse such views, the more they are willing to consider cosmetic surgery to enhance their appearance.
Opinion mining from machine translated Bangla reviews with stacked contractive auto-encoders
Authors: Bodini Matteo
Published: February 2022

In the last years, online users have been sharing more and more opinions, reviews, and comments on the web. Opinion mining is the automatic process of getting the subject of such opinions, and recently it has been attracting great commercial and academic interest. Several methods were presented for performing opinion mining in Bangla language, however they reported limited performance. In the present article, we considered the only two publicly datasets available for opinion mining in the Bangla language. We machine translated the datasets into the English language and we preprocessed them by extracting textual frequency based features. Then, we designed two stacked contractive auto-encoders based architectures to perform opinion mining in Bangla language, one for each dataset. The classifiers were trained on the machine translated version on the two datasets in a stacked learning fashion. The proposed classifiers achieved improved performance, with respect to accuracy ($$\ge 96\%$$

≥
96
%

), precision ($$\ge 93\%$$

≥
93
%

), recall ($$\ge 94\%$$

≥
94
%

), and F1 score ($$\ge 94\%$$

≥
94
%

), reported in the past state of the art works. Furthermore, the experimental results showed that both the machine translation procedure and the stacked learning frameworks improved the final classification performance.
Tamoxifen Activates Dormant Primordial Follicles in Mouse Ovaries
Authors: Wei Wei , Komatsu Kouji , Osuka Satoko , Murase Tomohiko , Bayasula Bayasula , Nakanishi Natsuki , Nakamura Tomoko , Goto Maki , Iwase Akira , Masubuchi Satoru , Kajiyama Hiroaki
Published: February 2022

Our previous study found that 17β-estradiol (E2) suppresses primordial follicle activation and growth in cultured mouse ovaries. In this study, we administered tamoxifen, an estrogen receptor antagonist, into the abdominal cavity of mice to clarify the relationship between primordial follicle activation and the physiological concentration of E2in mouse ovaries. The results showed that tamoxifen promoted primordial follicle activation. Administration of tamoxifen promoted degradation of the extracellular matrix surrounding primordial follicles in the ovaries. Furthermore, tamoxifen decreased the expression of stefin A, an inhibitor of cathepsins that digest some proteins and extracellular matrix, in the ovaries. Mechanical stress produced by the extracellular matrix reportedly suppresses the activation of primordial follicles. The collective results show that tamoxifen can promote primordial follicle activation through the degradation of the extracellular matrix surrounding primordial follicles. Our results indicate that E2suppresses primordial follicle activation in vivo and that tamoxifen may be useful as a therapeutic agent against infertility.

Graphical abstract
Laboratory experiment of ATP measurement using Mars soil simulant: as a method for extraterrestrial life detection
Authors: Enya Keigo , Sasaki Satoshi
Published: February 2022

We present a laboratory experiment of ATP measurement using Mars soil simulant and Escherichia coli (E. coli) with a point of view for future application to searching extraterrestrial life. We used Mars Global Simulant MGS-1 (Exolith Lab) as soil simulant, added E. coli suspension to it, then the soil simulant with E. coli was dried. Various configurations of samples with different E. coli density, 1.75 × 102, 1.75 × 103, 1.75 × 104, 1.75 × 105, and 1.75 × 106 cells (g soil)−1, were prepared together with controls. ATP extraction reagent and luminescence reagent were added to the sample, and bioluminescence measurement was performed. The result suggests significant detection of ATP for samples with E. coli density used in this work. Similar experiments but without the soil simulant were carried out, and results with and without the soil simulant are compared. Based on the ATP measurement studied in this work, we discussed extraterrestrial life search, planetary protection, relation with the panspermia hypothesis, and also other applications.

Graphical abstract
Long-term Quality of Life and Sexual Function After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy and Radical Surgery for Locally Advanced Cervical Cancer
Authors: Palaia Innocenza , Santangelo Giusi , Caruso Giuseppe , Perniola Giorgia , Tibaldi Valentina , Muzii Ludovico , Benedetti Panici Pierluigi , Di Donato Violante
Published: February 2022

Background

Cervical cancer survivors report the worst quality of life (QoL) among all cancer survivors and this is mainly due to their younger age and the long-term treatment sequelae.

Aim

The purpose of this study is to assess the long-term QoL and sexual function of locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC) patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) and radical hysterectomy (RH) instead of the standard chemoradiotherapy.

Methods

This is a retrospective case-control study including LACC patients (FIGO stage IIB-IVA) treated with the NACT-RH strategy and a control group of healthy women undergoing hysterectomy for uterine fibromatosis in the same period.

Outcomes

Main outcome measures were the EORTC QLQ-C30 and EORTC QLQ-CX24 for quality of life and Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) for sexual function.

Results

Overall, 96 patients were included: 48 LACC and 48 controls. The mean age at diagnosis was 45.5 ± 9.0 and 47.0 ± 7.8, respectively (P = .38). Compared to controls, LACC patients reported lower mean scores for the global health status (69.4 ± 22.6 vs 81.2 ± 24.3; Mean Difference (MD): -11.80 [95% CI: -21.19, -2.41]; P = .016), QLQ-C30 functional scale (80.1 ± 22.6 vs 92.4 ± 14.9; MD: -12.30 [95% CI: -19.96, -4.64]; P = .002), QLQ-Cx24 functional scale (55.5 ± 25.0 vs 80.4 ± 22.4; MD: -24.00 [95% CI: -34.40, -15.40]; P < .001), and the total FSFI (19.3 ± 9.6 vs 26.2 ± 9.9; MD: -6.90 [95% CI: -10.80, -3.00]; P < .001). On the other hand, LACC patients reported higher mean scores on the QLQ-C30 (16.9 ± 22.1 vs 8.4 ± 16.6; MD: 8.50 [95% CI: 0.68, 16.32]; P = .03) and QLQ-CX24 (26.0 ± 28.8 vs 15.0 ± 11.7; MD: 11.00 [95% CI: -2.21, 19.79]; P = .01) symptoms scales.

Clinical implications

The confirmed poor quality of life even in surgically treated LACC survivors underlines the importance of tailoring parametrectomy based on lymph node status and developing personalized strategies.

Strengths and limitations

The study assessed the long-term QoL and sexual function in the specific subpopulation of LACC patients treated with NACT-RH. Main limitations include the small sample size and the retrospective design.

Conclusion

LACC long-term survivors treated with NACT-RH experience poor QoL and sexual dysfunction.
Altered prefrontal activation during the inhibition of eating responses in women with bulimia nervosa
Authors: Berner Laura A. , Winter Samantha R. , Ayaz Hasan , Shewokis Patricia A. , Izzetoglu Meltem , Marsh Rachel , Nasser Jennifer A. , Matteucci Alyssa J. , Lowe Michael R.
Published: February 2022

Background

The sense of ‘loss of control’ (LOC), or a feeling of being unable to stop eating or control what or how much one is eating, is the most salient aspect of binge eating. However, the neural alterations that may contribute to this experience and eating behavior remain poorly understood.

Methods

We used functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to measure activation in the prefrontal cortices of 23 women with bulimia nervosa (BN) and 23 healthy controls (HC) during two tasks: a novel go/no-go task requiring inhibition of eating responses, and a standard go/no-go task requiring inhibition of button-pressing responses.

Results

Women with BN made more commission errors on both tasks. BN subgroups with the most severe LOC eating (n = 12) and those who felt most strongly that they binge ate during the task (n = 12) showed abnormally reduced bilateral ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC) activation associated with eating-response inhibition. In the entire BN sample, lower eating-task activation in right vlPFC was related to more frequent and severe LOC eating, but no group differences in activation were detected on either task when this full sample was compared with HC. BN severity was unrelated to standard-task activation.

Conclusions

Results provide initial evidence that diminished PFC activation may directly contribute to more severe eating-specific control deficits in BN. Our findings support vmPFC and vlPFC dysfunction as promising treatment targets, and indicate that eating-specific tasks and fNIRS may be useful tools for identifying neural mechanisms underlying dysregulated eating.
“Living room art” and the material culture of provenance: Retracing bourgeois everyday life and art collecting practices through restitution files
Authors: Löffler Emily
Published: February 2022

The Landesmuseum Mainz holds a bundle of objects (paintings, works on paper, furniture) that entered its collections in September 1943 as a transferral ordered by the Oberfinanzpräsident of the State of Hesse. The objects had been confiscated by the fiscal authorities of Mainz and Darmstadt immediately after their owners had been deported. In terms of artistic quality, these pieces could be described as “living room art,” a term that well reflects the social function of Jewish upper-middle-class material culture. By combining the methodologies of provenance research and material culture studies, this article analyzes how the “living room art” that once belonged to the German Jewish middle-class closely related to social belonging, self-representation, and the identity of their owners and how the anti-Semitic persecution impacted their material life. This approach aims at reframing object-based provenance research – which is traditionally formulated in the context of the “art world,” for example, the study of art dealership, collecting, and museum history – in the context of the study of Jewish middle-class cultural consumption, small-scale private art collecting, and micro-history.
A Threat to National Security? The Legal Dispute between ‘Red Rudi’ and the British Home Office, 1970–1971
Authors: Karcher Katharina
Published: February 2022

Initially admitted to the United Kingdom on a short-term visa, the disabled German student activist Rudi Dutschke applied for a student visa in the United Kingdom in 1970. His application was rejected on grounds of national security. Dutschke was one of the first aliens who made use of his right to appeal, but the closed material procedure applied in his case meant that critical evidence remained undisclosed. Far from being ‘simply a historical curiosity’, the Dutschke case powerfully illustrates how two social dynamics at the centre of the moral panic in the late 1960s – immigration and student protest – were linked and framed as a threat to the nation.
The Effect of Rejection Sensitivity on Fear of Intimacy in Emerging Adulthood
Authors: Giovazolias Theodoros , Paschalidi Eirini
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Background: This research examined fear of intimacy during emerging adulthood. We attempted to determine whether rejection sensitivity has any effect on fear of intimacy through the mediational effect of interpersonal anxiety. We also assumed that remembered parental acceptance can have a buffering effect on the above relationships. Methods: The sample was composed of 679 (280 male and 399 female) university students. Data collection was accomplished through the use of self-report questionnaires, which measured rejection sensitivity, fear of intimacy, interpersonal anxiety, and remembered parental acceptance. Analyses of mediation and moderation effects variables were conducted through the use of the PROCESS statistical software. Results: Analysis showed that there is a partial meditational effect of interpersonal anxiety on the relationship of rejection sensitivity to fear of intimacy. Further, remembered maternal acceptance had a protective effect on the development of fear of intimacy in young women who are sensitive to rejection and have high interpersonal anxiety. Discussion: Rejection sensitivity seems to have an effect on the development of fear of intimacy through increasing interpersonal anxiety, especially in females. These relationships seem to be moderated by maternal acceptance. Conclusion: Student counselling would be beneficial to help students in this transitional period become aware of anxious interpersonal patterns and regulate their reactivity when facing perceived rejection cues in their interpersonal relationships.
Why Do We Punish?
Authors: Nockur Laila , Kesberg Rebekka , Pfattheicher Stefan , Keller Johannes
Published: February 2022

Abstract. We investigated whether individuals’ punishment behavior aims at compensating for inflicted harm (i.e., retribution) or at deterring the offender from committing the offense again (i.e., deterrence) and whether punishment motives depend on the punishment system. Participants ( N = 149) assigned punishment for selfish decisions in a group resource allocation task under three conditions: Open punishment (the allocator is informed about the punishment, allowing for retribution and deterrence); hidden punishment (the allocator is not informed about the punishment, precluding deterrence); and unintentional offense (decision is made by the computer not the allocator, precluding retribution and deterrence). In line with retribution motives, participants assigned more punishment under hidden punishment compared to unintentional offense and open punishment. We found these differences in punishment between punishment conditions only under centralized punishment (i.e., punishment can only be executed by one group member), but not under decentralized punishment (i.e., each group member can punish).
Effects of the Hydrous Domain in the Mantle Wedge on Magma Formation and Mixing at the Northeast Lau Spreading Center, SW Pacific
Authors: Haase K. M. , Schoenhofen M. V. , Storch B. , Beier C. , Regelous M. , Rubin K. , Brandl P. A.
Published: February 2022

Abundant volcanic activity occurs in the back‐arc region of the northern Tofua island arc where the Northeast Lau Spreading Center (NELSC) propagates southwards into older crust causing the formation of numerous seamounts at the propagating rift tip. An off‐axis volcanic diagonal ridge (DR) occurs at the eastern flank of the NELSC, linking the large rear‐arc volcano Niuatahi with the NELSC. New geochemical data from the NELSC, the southern propagator seamounts, and DR reveal that the NELSC lavas are tholeiitic basalts whereas the rear‐arc volcanoes typically erupt lavas with boninitic composition. The sharp geochemical boundary probably reflects the viscosity contrast between off‐axis hydrous harzburgitic mantle and dry fertile mantle beneath the NELSC. The new data do not indicate an inflow of Samoa plume mantle into the NELSC, confirming previously published He isotope data. The NELSC magmas form by mixing of an enriched and a depleted Indian Ocean‐type upper mantle end‐member implying a highly heterogeneous upper mantle composition in this area. Most NELSC lavas are little affected by a slab component implying that melting is adiabatic beneath the spreading center. The DR lavas show the influence of a component from the subducted Louisville Seamount Chain, which was previously thought to be restricted to the nearby arc volcanoes Niuatoputapu and Tafahi. This signature is rarely detected along the NELSC implying little mixing of melts from the low‐viscosity hydrous portion of the mantle wedge beneath the rear‐arc volcanoes into the melting region of the dry mantle beneath the NELSC.
Impact of Sea Ice Production off Sabrina Coast, East Antarctica
Authors: Orsi A. H. , Webb C. J.
Published: February 2022

Sea ice production is critical to ocean overturning. Brine released within Antarctic polynyas transforms surface water into denser Shelf Water (SW). In spite of the persistent Dalton Polynya, SW is absent off Sabrina Coast. To explain its passive role in‐situ and remote datasets for 2003–2015 are analyzed. Combined volume export near the shelf break and inshore volume change render an average sea ice production of 197.41 km3 per year (4.6 m/yr productivity), highly correlated (0.95) to divergent interior sea ice motion. Meltwater input of 157.5 Gt/yr is required to match the salinity of a prominent subsurface Thermostad measured in 2014–2015. SW formed during 2003–2008 but halted in 2009–2011, when summer sea ice divergence and export were at a minimum (<10 km3), significantly freshening the Thermostad (−5.07 ΔS per decade). Large sea ice export (>30 km3) increased its salinity (2.16 ΔS per decade) since 2012.
Cold Air Outbreaks Promote New Particle Formation Off the U.S. East Coast
Authors: Corral Andrea F. , Choi Yonghoon , Crosbie Ewan , Dadashazar Hossein , DiGangi Joshua P. , Diskin Glenn S. , Fenn Marta , Harper David B. , Kirschler Simon , Liu Hongyu , Moore Richard H. , Nowak John B. , Scarino Amy Jo , Seaman Shane , Shingler Taylor , Shook Michael A. , Thornhill Kenneth L. , Voigt Christiane , Zhang Bo , Ziemba Luke D. , Sorooshian Armin
Published: February 2022

New particle formation (NPF) is the dominant contributor to total particle number concentration and plays an important role in the cloud condensation nuclei budget. Airborne data from Aerosol Cloud meTeorology Interactions oVer the western ATlantic Experiment (ACTIVATE) are used to address seasonal NPF statistics and factors related to NPF in and around clouds. Higher ratios of particle concentrations greater than 3 versus 10 nm (N3/N10) were mainly observed above boundary layer cloud tops during winter as compared to summer. Cold dry air and low aerosol surface area concentration facilitate NPF over the ACTIVATE region; these conditions are especially prevalent during flights coinciding with cold air outbreaks.
High‐Temperature Equation of State of FeH: Implications for Hydrogen in Earth's Inner Core
Authors: Tagawa Shoh , Gomi Hitoshi , Hirose Kei , Ohishi Yasuo
Published: February 2022

While hydrogen is one of plausible major light elements in the core, the high‐temperature equation of state (EoS) of Fe‐H alloy has not been experimentally examined to the core pressure range. Here we measured the volume (V) of non‐magnetic (NM) face‐centered cubic (fcc) FeH at high pressure and temperature (P‐T) to 142 GPa and 3660 K in a laser‐heated diamond‐anvil cell and obtained its P‐V‐T EoS. An increase in the lattice volume of Fe per H atom, ΔVH, determined as functions of P and T is found to be substantially smaller than the volume of metallic H that has been used to estimate H concentration in Fe‐H alloy. The ΔVH is almost identical between fcc and double hexagonal close‐packed phases in the NM state, suggesting that it may be applicable to hcp. The extrapolation of ΔVH to inner core conditions indicates its maximum H content to be 0.8–0.9 wt%.
Concentrated and Intensifying Humid Heat Extremes in the IPCC AR6 Regions
Authors: Speizer Simone , Raymond Colin , Ivanovich Catherine , Horton Radley M.
Published: February 2022

Extreme humid heat events have seen rapid increases globally in recent decades, but regional changes and higher‐order temporal characteristics, such as interannual and intra‐annual clustering, have not been widely explored. Using ERA5 reanalysis data from 1979 to 2019, we find increasing trends of varying magnitudes in extreme wet‐bulb temperatures at the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Sixth Assessment Report (IPCC AR6) regional scale. In many locations, interannual variations in extremes show a strong relationship with the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation. The temporal proximity of precipitation events to humid heat days in arid regions suggests that local moisture effects may lead to clustering. Knowledge of these spatial and temporal patterns aids in understanding how potential heat stress is increasing, as well as facilitates the development of regionally specific adaptation and mitigation strategies for combating the associated societal impacts.
Turbulent Mixing in the Barrier Layer of the Equatorial Pacific Ocean
Authors: Liu Chuanyu , Huo Dan , Liu Zhiyu , Wang Xiaowei , Guan Cong , Qi Jifeng , Wang Fan
Published: February 2022

The barrier layer (BL) is an expansive halocline layer commonly found in the western equatorial Pacific, long been thought to inhibit entrainment of colder thermocline water into the surface mixed layer (ML), consequently facilitating the development of El Niño. But here we find frequent turbulent mixing in the BL from both direct turbulence measurements and indirect mixing estimates within an 11‐year‐long Argo profile data set. The observed BL mixing is as strong as in the ML, yielding effective heat transfers across the isothermal layer (IL) base. The estimated BL mixing is ubiquitous, with occurrence ranging 20%–60% spatially and peaking at around 160°W, 0°N; it occurs more frequently in La Niña than El Niño years. The BL mixing is associated with thicker ML, BL, and IL, weaker BL stratification, and lower temperature and higher salinity in the IL. How the BL mixing may impact the El Niño development deserves further exploration.
The Seed Populations in the Earth's Outer Radiation Belt During the Main Phase of Magnetic Storms: A Statistical Study
Authors: Wang Xu , Tang Chaoling , Ni Binbin , Su Zhengpeng , Zhang Jichun
Published: February 2022

Using the data from Van Allen Probes, we investigate in detail the seed populations in the outer radiation belt during the storm main phase. Based on the different flux variations of the seed electrons before the storm and around the storm peak, these storm events are divided into “flux decay events,” “flux enhancement events” and “strong flux enhancement events.” For flux decay events, a shorter storm main phase (≤12 hr) and smaller southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and solar wind electric field (−15 nT < Bzmin < −5 nT, 2 mV/m < Eymax < 7 mV/m) are found. For flux enhancement events, large southward Bzmin and Eymax (−29 nT < Bzmin < −10 nT, 5 mV/m < Eymax < 11 mV/m) for the shorter main phase or smaller southward Bzmin and Eymax (−23 nT < Bzmin < −5 nT, 3 mV/m < Eymax < 11 mV/m) for the longer main phase (>12 hr) are observed. For strong flux enhancement events, larger southward Bzmin and Eymax (−32 nT < Bzmin < −13 nT, 5 mV/m < Eymax < 22 mV/m) for the shorter main phase or smaller southward Bzmin and Eymax (−26 nT < Bzmin < −9 nT, 3 mV/m < Eymax < 16 mV/m) for the longer main phase are observed. These suggest that the flux variations of the seed electrons during the storm main phase are highly influenced by the duration of the storm main phase, southward IMF, and solar wind electric field.
SEDENOSS: SEparating and DENOising Seismic Signals With Dual‐Path Recurrent Neural Network Architecture
Authors: Novoselov Artemii , Balazs Peter , Bokelmann Götz
Published: February 2022

Seismologists have to deal with overlapping and noisy signals. Techniques such as source separation can be used to solve this problem. Over the past few decades, signal processing techniques used for source separation have advanced significantly for multi‐station settings. But not so many options are available when it comes to single‐station data. Using Machine Learning, we demonstrate the possibility of separating signals for single‐station, one‐component seismic recordings. The technique that we use for seismic signal separation is based on a dual‐path recurrent neural network which is applied directly to the time domain data. Such source separation may find applications in most tasks of seismology, including earthquake analysis, aftershocks, nuclear verification, seismo‐acoustics, and ambient‐noise tomography. We train the network on seismic data from STanford EArthquake Dataset and demonstrate that our approach is (a) capable of denoising seismic data and (b) capable of separating two earthquake signals from one another. In this work, we show that Machine Learning is useful for earthquake‐induced source separation. We provide a reproducible research repository with the algorithms here: https://github.com/crimeacs/source-separation.
A Deep Learning Estimation of the Earth Resistivity Model for the Airborne Transient Electromagnetic Observation
Authors: Wu Xin , Xue Guoqiang , Zhao Yang , lv Pengfei , Zhou Zhou , Shi Jinjing
Published: February 2022

Because of the relatively weak useful signal and noises with complex characteristics, the data processing of airborne electromagnetic observation is very difficult. As the downstream of data processing, inversion generally cannot further distinguish whether there are residual noises in the processed data. That is, in the current processing flow, the signal‐noise distinguishing is isolated from the signal‐model mapping. The reliability of the estimated earth resistivity model will be seriously affected due to the probable disadvantages in the denoising process. To this end, we propose a manifold assumption, and so establish one “feedback” mechanism between signal‐noise distinguishing and signal‐model mapping. On this basis, we propose a deep learning method: through simultaneous optimal training the network parts for signal‐noise distinguishing and earth resistivity model estimation respectively, the entire neural network can perform the denoising and inversion in the traditional sense at the same time, so as to obtain more objective and reliable estimation results of earth resistivity model. We use the Stacked Auto‐encoder neural network structure to implement the proposed method, and test the network performance with simulation and measured data. The results show that the proposed method can obtain a more reliable earth resistivity model directly from the noisy data.
Multiscale Temporal Response of Salt Intrusion to Transient River and Ocean Forcing
Authors: Payo‐Payo Marta , Bricheno Lucy M. , Dijkstra Yoeri M. , Cheng Weicong , Gong Wenping , Amoudry Laurent O.
Published: February 2022

Salt intrusion in surface waters endangers freshwater availability, influences water quality, and affects estuarine ecosystem services with high economic and social values. Salt transport and the resulting salinity distributions result from the non‐linear interactions between salt and water dynamics. Estuaries are often considered under (quasi)‐steady assumption or by focusing on specific timescales. Our understanding of their temporal multiscale response to transient forcing is limited, which hinders the implementation of effective mitigation strategies. We apply wavelet analyses to quantify the variability of salt intrusion from hourly to seasonal timescales and unravel the temporal variability of its response across scales. We focus on an estuary that undergoes significant transient forcing, the Modaomen estuary in the Pearl River Delta, and apply the wavelet analyses to year‐long data generated by a coastal ocean numerical model. Our results show that this estuary responds to changes in tidal and riverine forcing throughout the year over interwoven timescales. Our results highlight the temporal variability of the salt intrusion response time both within a given regime and for the transition between regimes. They also suggest that tides control the response time more strongly than river discharge, even though river discharge determines the magnitude of the salt intrusion, and thus modulates the evolution of the salt intrusion response time. We propose a broadly applicable framework to calculate response times with simple data. These results can provide a first‐order guidance for design and implementation of estuarine management strategies and mitigation measures that ensure water access and facilitate sustainable development.
Storm Surge and Tidal Dissipation in Deltaic Wetlands Bordering a Main Channel
Authors: Nordio Giovanna , Fagherazzi Sergio
Published: February 2022

Deltas are complex systems where tidal and riverine signals interact with each other. In river‐dominated deltas, where river discharge is sufficiently high, tidal amplitude is attenuated and distorted. Here we use wavelet analysis to examine the water level signal in stations located in wetlands adjacent to the main river outlet in the Wax Lake system, part of the Mississippi River Delta in Louisiana, USA. We study the signal attenuation in lateral wetlands at different frequency bands, following the propagation of the water level signal from the Gulf of Mexico to the innermost stations. During high river discharge, the astronomical tide measured inside the wetlands is reduced of 90%–98% in comparison to the tide in Atchafalaya Bay. Storm surge events, largely occurring at lower temporal frequencies, propagate conserving their energy once the signal enters the delta mouth. The river discharge signal, mostly present at frequencies lower than 1.59 μHz, is felt depending on river discharge conditions and the station position within the wetlands. Our results suggest that lateral wetlands in the Wax Lake system act as a low pass filter, attenuating tidal components but not the low frequency components of storm surges.
3D Numerical Simulation of Secondary Wave Generation From Mountain Wave Breaking Over Europe
Authors: Heale Christopher J. , Bossert Katrina , Vadas Sharon L.
Published: February 2022

In this paper, we simulate an observed mountain wave event over central Europe and investigate the subsequent generation, propagation, phase speeds and spatial scales, and momentum deposition of secondary waves under three different tidal wind conditions. We find the mountain wave breaks just below the lowest critical level in the mesosphere. As the mountain wave breaks, it extends outwards along the phases and fluid associated with the breaking flows downstream of its original location by 500–1,000 km. The breaking generates a broad range of secondary waves with horizontal scales ranging from the mountain wave instability scales (20–300 km), to multiples of the mountain wave packet scale (420 km+) and phase speeds from 40 to 150 m/s in the lower thermosphere. The secondary wave morphology consists of semi‐concentric patterns with wave propagation generally opposing the local tidal winds in the mesosphere. Shears in the tidal winds cause breaking of the secondary waves and local wave forcing which generates even more secondary waves. The tidal winds also influence the dominant wavelengths and phase speeds of secondary waves that reach the thermosphere. The secondary waves that reach the thermosphere deposit their energy and momentum over a broad area of the thermosphere, mostly eastward of the source and concentrated between 110 and 130 km altitude. The secondary wave forcing is significant and will likely be very important for the dynamics of the thermosphere. A large portion of this forcing comes from nonlinearly generated secondary waves at relatively small‐scales which arise from the wave breaking processes.
The Role of Snow in Controlling Halogen Chemistry and Boundary Layer Oxidation During Arctic Spring: A 1D Modeling Case Study
Authors: Ahmed Shaddy , Thomas Jennie L. , Tuite Katie , Stutz Jochen , Flocke Frank , Orlando John J. , Hornbrook Rebecca S. , Apel Eric C. , Emmons Louisa K. , Helmig Detlev , Boylan Patrick , Huey L. Gregory , Hall Samuel R. , Ullmann Kirk , Cantrell Christopher A. , Fried Alan
Published: February 2022

Reactive chlorine and bromine species emitted from snow and aerosols can significantly alter the oxidative capacity of the polar boundary layer. However, halogen production mechanisms from snow remain highly uncertain, making it difficult for most models to include descriptions of halogen snow emissions and to understand the impact on atmospheric chemistry. We investigate the influence of Arctic halogen emissions from snow on boundary layer oxidation processes using a one‐dimensional atmospheric chemistry and transport model (PACT‐1D). To understand the combined impact of snow emissions and boundary layer dynamics on atmospheric chemistry, we model Cl2 and Br2 primary emissions from snow and include heterogeneous recycling of halogens on both snow and aerosols. We focus on a 2‐day case study from the 2009 Ocean‐Atmosphere‐Sea Ice‐Snowpack campaign at Utqiaġvik, Alaska. The model reproduces both the diurnal cycle and high quantity of Cl2 observed, along with the measured concentrations of Br2, BrO, and HOBr. Due to the combined effects of emissions, recycling, vertical mixing, and atmospheric chemistry, reactive chlorine is typically confined to the lowest 15 m of the atmosphere, while bromine can impact chemistry up to and above the surface inversion height. Upon including halogen emissions and recycling, the concentration of HOx (HOx = OH + HO2) at the surface increases by as much as a factor of 30 at mid‐day. The change in HOx due to halogen chemistry, as well as chlorine atoms derived from snow emissions, significantly reduce volatile organic compound lifetimes within a shallow layer near the surface.
Activating α7nAChR ameliorates abdominal aortic aneurysm through inhibiting pyroptosis mediated by NLRP3 inflammasome
Authors: Fu Hui , Shen Qi-rui , Zhao Yi , Ni Min , Zhou Can-can , Chen Ji-kuai , Chi Chen , Li Dong-jie , Liang Guang , Shen Fu-ming
Published: February 2022

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is defined as a dilated aorta in diameter at least 1.5 times of a normal aorta. Our previous studies found that activating α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) had a protective effect on vascular injury. This work was to investigate whether activating α7nAChR could influence AAA formation and explore its mechanisms. AAA models were established by angiotensin II (Ang II) infusion in ApoE−/−mice or in wild type and α7nAChR−/−mice. In vitro mouse aortic smooth muscle (MOVAS) cells were treated with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). PNU-282987 was chosen to activate α7nAChR. We found that cell pyroptosis effector GSDMD and NLRP3 inflammasome were activated in abdominal aorta, and inflammatory cytokines in serum were elevated in AAA models of ApoE−/−mice. Activating α7nAChR reduced maximal aortic diameters, preserved elastin integrity and decreased inflammatory responses in ApoE−/−mice with Ang II infusion. While α7nAChR−/−mice led to aggravated aortic injury and increased inflammatory cytokines with Ang II infusion when compared with wild type. Moreover, activating α7nAChR inhibited NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD pathway in AAA model of ApoE−/−mice, while α7nAChR deficiency promoted this pathway. In vitro, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation and NLRP3 knockdown reduced GSDMD expression, in MOVAS cells treated with TNF-α. Furthermore, activating α7nAChR inhibited oxidative stress, reduced NLRP3/GSDMD expression, and decreased cell pyroptosis in MOVAS cells with TNF-α. In conclusion, our study found that activating α7nAChR retarded AAA through inhibiting pyroptosis mediated by NLRP3 inflammasome. These suggested that α7nAChR would be a potential pharmacological target for AAA.
Trimetazidine enhances myocardial angiogenesis in pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy mice through directly activating Akt and promoting the binding of HSF1 to VEGF-A promoter
Authors: Shu Hong-yang , Peng Yi-zhong , Hang Wei-jian , Zhang Min , Shen Lan , Wang Dao-wen , Zhou Ning
Published: February 2022

Latest clinical research shows that trimetazidine therapy during the perioperative period relieves endothelial dysfunction in patients with unstable angina induced by percutaneous coronary intervention. In this study we investigated the effects of TMZ on myocardial angiogenesis in pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy mice. Cardiac hypertrophy was induced in mice by transverse aortic constriction (TAC) surgery. TAC mice were administered trimetazidine (2.8 mg/100 µL, i.g.) for 28 consecutive days. We showed that trimetazidine administration significantly increased blood vessel density in the left ventricular myocardium and abrogated cardiac dysfunction in TAC mice. Co-administration of a specific HSF1 inhibitor KRIBB11 (1.25 mg/100 µL, i.h.) abrogated the angiogenesis-promoting effects of trimetazidine in TAC mice. Using luciferase reporter and electrophoretic mobility shift assays we demonstrated that the transcription factor HSF1 bound to the promoter region of VEGF-A, and the transcriptional activity of HSF1 was enhanced upon trimetazidine treatment. In molecular docking analysis we found that trimetazidine directly bound to Akt via a hydrogen bond with Asp292 and a pi–pi bond with Trp80. In norepinephrine-treated HUVECs, we showed that trimetazidine significantly increased the phosphorylation of Akt and the synergistic nuclear translocation of Akt and HSF1, as well as the binding of Akt and HSF1 in the nucleus. These results suggest that trimetazidine enhances myocardial angiogenesis through a direct interaction with Akt and promotion of nuclear translocation of HSF1, and that trimetazidine may be used for the treatment of myocardial angiogenic disorders in hypertensive patients.
Computer vision-aided bioprinting for bone research
Authors: Liu Changxi , Wang Liqiang , Lu Weijie , Liu Jia , Yang Chengliang , Fan Chunhai , Li Qian , Tang Yujin
Published: February 2022

Bioprinting is an emerging additive manufacturing technology that has enormous potential in bone implantation and repair. The insufficient accuracy of the shape of bioprinted parts is a primary clinical barrier that prevents widespread utilization of bioprinting, especially for bone design with high-resolution requirements. During the last five years, the use of computer vision for process control has been widely practiced in the manufacturing field. Computer vision can improve the performance of bioprinting for bone research with respect to various aspects, including accuracy, resolution, and cell survival rate. Hence, computer vision plays a substantial role in addressing the current defect problem in bioprinting for bone research. In this review, recent advances in the application of computer vision in bioprinting for bone research are summarized and categorized into three groups based on different defect types: bone scaffold process control, deep learning, and cell viability models. The collection of printing parameters, data processing, and feedback of bioprinting information, which ultimately improves printing capabilities, are further discussed. We envision that computer vision may offer opportunities to accelerate bioprinting development and provide a new perception for bone research.
Asparaginyl endopeptidase protects against podocyte injury in diabetic nephropathy through cleaving cofilin-1
Authors: Lei Chuntao , Li Mengran , Qiu Yang , Xie Yaru , Hao Zhe , Yin Xingjie , Zhang Zhentao , Su Hua , Yang Linlin , Lin Jihong , Hammes Hans-Peter , Zhang Chun
Published: February 2022

Podocyte injury and loss are critical events in diabetic nephropathy (DN); however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that asparaginyl endopeptidase (AEP) protects against podocyte injury through modulating the dynamics of the cytoskeleton. AEP was highly upregulated in diabetic glomeruli and hyperglycemic stimuli treated-podocytes; however, AEP gene knockout and its compound inhibitor treatment accelerated DN in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, whereas specific induction of AEP in glomerular cells attenuated podocyte injury and renal function deterioration. In vitro, elevated AEP was involved in actin cytoskeleton maintenance and anti-apoptosis effects. Mechanistically, we found that AEP directly cleaved the actin-binding protein cofilin-1 after the asparagine 138 (N138) site. The protein levels of endogenous cofilin-1 1-138 fragments were upregulated in diabetic podocytes, consistent with the changes in AEP levels. Importantly, we found that cofilin-1 1-138 fragments were remarkably unphosphorylated than full-length cofilin-1, indicating the enhanced cytoskeleton maintenance activity of cofilin-1 1-138. Then we validated cofilin-1 1-138 could rescue podocytes from cytoskeleton disarrangement and injury in diabetic conditions. Taken together, our data suggest a protective role of elevated AEP in podocyte injury during DN progression through cleaving cofilin-1 to maintain podocyte cytoskeleton dynamics and defend damage.
Structure and assembly of the S-layer in C. difficile
Authors: Lanzoni-Mangutchi Paola , Banerji Oishik , Wilson Jason , Barwinska-Sendra Anna , Kirk Joseph A. , Vaz Filipa , O’Beirne Shauna , Baslé Arnaud , El Omari Kamel , Wagner Armin , Fairweather Neil F. , Douce Gillian R. , Bullough Per A. , Fagan Robert P. , Salgado Paula S.
Published: February 2022

Many bacteria and archaea possess a two-dimensional protein array, or S-layer, that covers the cell surface and plays crucial roles in cell physiology. Here, we report the crystal structure of SlpA, the main S-layer protein of the bacterial pathogen Clostridioides difficile, and use electron microscopy to study S-layer organisation and assembly. The SlpA crystal lattice mimics S-layer assembly in the cell, through tiling of triangular prisms above the cell wall, interlocked by distinct ridges facing the environment. Strikingly, the array is very compact, with pores of only ~10 Å in diameter, compared to other S-layers (30–100 Å). The surface-exposed flexible ridges are partially dispensable for overall structure and assembly, although a mutant lacking this region becomes susceptible to lysozyme, an important molecule in host defence. Thus, our work gives insights into S-layer organisation and provides a basis for development of C. difficile-specific therapeutics.
Increased fMRI connectivity upon chemogenetic inhibition of the mouse prefrontal cortex
Authors: Rocchi Federico , Canella Carola , Noei Shahryar , Gutierrez-Barragan Daniel , Coletta Ludovico , Galbusera Alberto , Stuefer Alexia , Vassanelli Stefano , Pasqualetti Massimo , Iurilli Giuliano , Panzeri Stefano , Gozzi Alessandro
Published: February 2022

While shaped and constrained by axonal connections, fMRI-based functional connectivity reorganizes in response to varying interareal input or pathological perturbations. However, the causal contribution of regional brain activity to whole-brain fMRI network organization remains unclear. Here we combine neural manipulations, resting-state fMRI and in vivo electrophysiology to probe how inactivation of a cortical node causally affects brain-wide fMRI coupling in the mouse. We find that chronic inhibition of the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) via overexpression of a potassium channel increases fMRI connectivity between the inhibited area and its direct thalamo-cortical targets. Acute chemogenetic inhibition of the PFC produces analogous patterns of fMRI overconnectivity. Using in vivo electrophysiology, we find that chemogenetic inhibition of the PFC enhances low frequency (0.1–4 Hz) oscillatory power via suppression of neural firing not phase-locked to slow rhythms, resulting in increased slow and δ band coherence between areas that exhibit fMRI overconnectivity. These results provide causal evidence that cortical inactivation can counterintuitively increase fMRI connectivity via enhanced, less-localized slow oscillatory processes.
Different gut microbial communities correlate with efficacy of albendazole-ivermectin against soil-transmitted helminthiases
Authors: Schneeberger Pierre H. H. , Gueuning Morgan , Welsche Sophie , Hürlimann Eveline , Dommann Julian , Häberli Cécile , Frey Jürg E. , Sayasone Somphou , Keiser Jennifer
Published: February 2022

Soil-transmitted helminth infections represent a large burden with over a quarter of the world’s population at risk. Low cure rates are observed with standard of care (albendazole); therefore, a more effective combination therapy (albendazole and ivermectin) is being investigated but showed variable treatment efficacies without evidence of intrinsic parasite resistance. Here, we analyzed the microbiome ofTrichuris trichiuraand hookworm-infected patients and found an association of different enterotypes with treatment efficacy. 80 T. trichiura-infected patients with hookworm co-infections from Pak-Khan, Laos, received either albendazole (n = 41) or albendazole and ivermectin combination therapy (n = 39). Pre-/post-treatment stool samples were collected to monitor treatment efficacy and microbial communities were profiled using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, qPCR, and shotgun sequencing. We identified three bacterial enterotypes and show that pre-treatment enterotype is associated with efficacy of the combination treatment for bothT. trichiura(CRET1 = 5.8%; CRET2 = 16.6%; CRET3 = 68.8%) and hookworm (CRET1 = 31.3%; CRET2 = 16.6%; CRET3 = 78.6%). This study shows that pre-treatment enterotype enables predicting treatment outcome of combination therapy forT. trichiuraand hookworm infections.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03527732. Registered 17 May 2018,https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03527732.
Natural variation in Glume Coverage 1 causes naked grains in sorghum
Authors: Xie Peng , Tang Sanyuan , Chen Chengxuan , Zhang Huili , Yu Feifei , Li Chao , Wei Huimin , Sui Yi , Wu Chuanyin , Diao Xianmin , Wu Yaorong , Xie Qi
Published: February 2022

One of the most critical steps in cereal threshing is the ease with which seeds are detached from sticky glumes. Naked grains with low glume coverage have dramatically increased threshing efficiency and seed quality. Here, we demonstrate that GC1 (Glume Coverage 1), encoding an atypical G protein γ subunit, negatively regulates sorghum glume coverage. Naturally truncated variations of GC1 C-terminus accumulate at higher protein levels and affect the stability of a patatin-related phospholipase SbpPLAII-1. A strong positive selection signature around the GC1 genic region is found in the naked sorghum cultivars. Our findings reveal a crucial event during sorghum domestication through a subtle regulation of glume development by GC1 C-terminus variation, and establish a strategy for future breeding of naked grains.