bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Copper Concentration and Distribution in the Ground Water of Delta State Polytechnic, Ozoro, Nigeria
Authors: Akpomrere O. R. , Uguru H.
Published: July 2020

Copper toxicity in the ecosystems have becomes a global concern in recent times; therefore, there is need to curtail the increment of copper concentration within the environment. In this study, a total of 67 ground water samples were collected from the premises of Delta State Polytechnic, Ozoro, at a depth of 90 cm. The water samples were collected during the peak of the rainy season (September 2019); when the water table of the study area was very high, close to the soil surface. Copper concentration of all the water samples collected was measured using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The results showed that copper concentration in the study ranged between 1.01 mg/L and 2.105 mg/L. The spatial distribution of the copper concentration within the study area was determined using Geostatistical tool. Variation map developed from the results showed that the copper concentration does not spread uniformly across the study area. High copper concentration was generally recorded at the North Eastern and central parts of the school; while low copper concentration was recorded at the South Eastern part of the school. Furthermore, the results strongly showed that waste dump potentially affects the copper concentration of the ground water within the study area. This study results advocated the need for proper waste disposal with the polytechnic environment, and the adequate treatment of the groundwater before human consumption.
Azithromycin and Hydroxychloroquine Accelerate Recovery of Outpatients with Mild/Moderate COVID-19
Authors: Guérin Violaine , Lévy Pierre , Thomas Jean-Louis , Lardenois Thierry , Lacrosse Philippe , Sarrazin Emmanuel , Andreis Natacha Regensberg-de , Wonner Martine
Published: July 2020

Aims: The challenge regarding COVID-19 is to prevent complications and fatal evolution. Azithromycin (AZM) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have proven their antiviral effect in vitro. We aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of AZM alone or combined to HCQ, prescribed, at an early stage, in patients with Covid-19, in a primary care setting.

Study Design: Retrospective observational study.

Place and Duration of Study: Patients have been followed by private practitioners in France, between March and April 2020.

Methodology: Eighty-eight patients received either no or a symptomatic treatment (NST) (n=34) or AZM alone (n=34) or AZM+HCQ (n=20). The efficacy end point was the time to clinical recovery and the safety end point was the occurrence of cardiovascular events. To improve the evidence level, a case-control analysis was performed on a sample of 57 patients (19/group) matched for age, sex and BMI.

Results: The mean (SD) times to achieve clinical recovery were respectively 25.8 days (11.1), 12.9 days (13.4) and 9.2 days (9.3), showing a statistically significant difference between NST and AZM alone (p<0.0001) or AZM+HCQ (p<0.0001). The statistical difference between NST and AZM was confirmed (p=0.0149) as well as the difference with AZM+HCQ (p=0.0002). No cardiac toxicity was recorded in any patient. No statistical difference was shown between AZM and AZM+HCQ groups, although the dual therapy tended to be more effective in patients over 50 years, based on an analysis using the cox model.

Conclusion: AZM and AZM+HCQ favourably impacted the course of the disease. We need trials, ideally prospective/double blind, to show if a statistical difference can be evidenced with a broader group, and clarify the indications of each treatment depending on initial clinical presentation.
Optimal Prediction Variance Capabilities of Inscribed Central Composite Designs
Authors: Nwanya Julius C. , Dozie Kelechukwu C. N.
Published: July 2020

This study looks at the effects of replication on prediction variance performances of inscribe central composite design especially those without replication on the factorial and axial portion (ICCD1), inscribe central composite design with replicated axial portion (ICCD2) and inscribe central composite design whose factorial portion is replicated (ICCD3). The G-optimal, I-optimal and FDS plots were used to examine these designs. Inscribe central composite design without replicated factorial and axial portion (ICCD1) has a better maximum scaled prediction variance (SPV) at factors k = 2 to 4 while inscribe central composite design with replicated factorial portion (ICCD3) has a better maximum and average SPV at 5 and 6 factor levels. The fraction of design space (FDS) plots show that the inscribe central composite design is superior to ICCD3 and inscribe central composite design with replicated axial portion (ICCD2) from 0.0 to 0.5 of the design space while inscribe central composite design with replicated factorial portion (ICCD3) is superior to ICCD1 and ICCD2 from 0.6 to 1.0 of the design space for factors k = 2 to 4.
Comparative Analysis of Minerals, Heavy Metals and Amino Acids Compositions of the Seeds and Juice of Cucumis metuliferus
Authors: Ani Onuabuchi Nnenna , Achikanu Cosmas Ezekaibeya , Onyishi Chukwuebuka Kenechukwu
Published: July 2020

The aim of this study was to compare the minerals, heavy metals and amino acids compositions of the seeds and juice of Cucumis metuliferus. The minerals and heavy metals content were evaluated using FS240AA agilent atomic absorption spectrometer according to the method of American Public Health Association while the amino acids content was evaluated using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). From the mineral analysis, concentrations of calcium (23.416 ppm), aluminum (0.094 ppm), manganese (0.242 ppm) and iron (1.243 ppm) were higher in the juice than in the seeds with respective values of 20.084 ppm, 0.079 ppm, 0.221 ppm and 0.934 ppm while the concentrations of magnesium (29.749 ppm), zinc (4.184 ppm), copper (0.125 ppm), sodium (8.927 ppm) and potassium (7.594 ppm) were higher in the seeds than in the juice with respective values of 20.592 ppm, 1.271 ppm, 0.030 ppm, 8.594 ppm and 6.833 ppm. The juice had higher concentrations of heavy metals such as arsenic (20.082 ppm), lead (4.135 ppm), cobalt (0.178 ppm), silver (0.074 ppm), selenium (7.246 ppm) and mercury (4.609 ppm) as against the seed with respective values of 0.578 ppm, 1.455 ppm while cobalt, silver, selenium and mercury were not detected. However, the concentrations of cadmium (0.389 ppm), chromium (0.545 ppm) and nickel (0.288 ppm) were higher in the seeds than in the juice with respective values of 0.082 ppm, 0.252 ppm and 0.016 ppm. From the result of amino acid analysis, 18 amino acids were found in both the seeds and juice which include 9 essential and 9 non-essential amino acids respectively. The qualitative composition of amino acids in both the seeds and the juice was same, but the quantitative contents differed although non-significantly from each other with prevalence of amino acids in the seeds. Aspartate was the most abundant of the amino acids found while cysteine was the least.  These results suggest that the seeds and juice of Cucumis metuliferus contain adequate essential minerals which are beneficial to human health. The contaminant levels of heavy metals highlights the necessity on the quality and safety concerns about their use and handling. The amino acids analysis showed that both the seeds and juice of Cucumis metuliferus are good sources of amino acid and could be used as food supplement. The amino acid content may also provide useful information for determination of the protein quality of Cucumis metuliferus.
Comparative Growth and Ions Response to Phosphorus Application for Two Brassica Species under Salt Stress
Authors: Zaman Badar-uz- , Nawaz Sundas
Published: July 2020

The genetic level differences between Brassica species can have potential impact on their performance under salt stress conditions together with Phosphorus and Potassium applications. In this study we hypothesized that certain level of salt stress mitigation can be done with applications of Phosphorus and Potassium solutions. Germinated seeds of Brassica juncea (var. Khanpur raya) and B. napus (Faisal canola), raised to 10 days seedlings stage and transferred to continuously aerated nutrient solution  For salt stress, applied NaCl @60 mM in the nutrient solution’ also applied phosphorus as potassium di hydrogen phosphate (PDP) @ 0 and 10 mM in triplicates. Khanpur raya and Faisal canola responded significantly (p< 0.01) to the application of PDP for growth and ions relations under salt stress and non-stress. Under stress conditions, shoot fresh mass (SFM) of Khanpur raya increased 10 percent with 10 mM of applied PDP than its control whereas SFM of Faisal canola increased 8 percent than its control. Root fresh mass (RFM) of Khanpur raya increased 8 percent with 10 mM of applied PDP than its control whereas RFM of Faisal canola increase 10 percent than its control. Dry mass of Khanpur raya increased 11 percent with 10 mM of applied PDP than its control whereas SDM of Faisal canola increased 6 percent than its control. Root dry mass (RDM) of Khanpur raya increased 18 percent with 10 Mm of applied PDP than its control whereas RDM of Faisal canola increased 19 percent than its control. In Khanpur raya Na+ /K+ ratio decreased 21 percent than the control, whereas this ratio decreased 24 percent in Faisal canola than its control. Under salt stress, physiological P-use in shoot and root of Khanpur raya increased 11 and 8 percent respectively than that of Faisal canola.
Evaluation of Fertilizer Doses for Kharif Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) through Soil Test Crop Response Approach in Mollisols of Uttarakhand
Authors: Bhatt Pallavi , Singh Sobaran , Bhatt Lalit , Pant Pawan Kumar , Kumar Sarvesh
Published: July 2020

A Field experiment was conducted at N. E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Latitude 290N, Longitude 79030’ E and Altitude 243.84 m above MSL) during kharif season of 2018-19 in Mollisols of Uttarakhand, India for brinjal through Soil Test Crop Response (STCR) to recommend desired fertilizer nutrients. In the Initial phase of the investigation the artificially fertility gradient was setup to create heterogeneity in experimental soil for the test crop. Further, in second phase response of brinjal to selected combinations of three levels of FYM (0, 10 and 20 t ha-1), four levels of nitrogen (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg N ha-1), four levels of phosphorus (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg P2O5 ha-1) and four levels of potassium (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg K2O ha-1) in different soil fertility strips was also worked out in a Fractional Factorial Design (Latin Square type). Using the data of soil analysis, nutrient uptake and yield the basic data for fertilizer prescription were computed. Fertilizer adjustment equations were generated with the help of basic data. Fertilizer prescription equation helps in evaluating fertilizer requirement for kharif brinjal at different soil test values and yield targets as per farmers’ economic conditions. Before their use by soil testing laboratories/farmers, the equations must be verified at farmer’s field.
Heavy Metal Stabilization in Sewage Sludge Composting Process
Authors: Rehana M. R. , Joseph Biju , Gladis R.
Published: July 2020

The most important factor limiting the soil application of sewage sludge is the presence of heavy metals.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of composting on nutrient content, heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb) concentration and heavy metal fractions in the sewage composts with different bulking agents (sawdust and coirpith), heavy metal adsorbent (zeolite) and liming materials (lime and flyash). Experimental results revealed that sewage sludge composts were rich in organic carbon and plant nutrients. Total nutrients and heavy metal concentration showed an increasing trend towards the maturity of composts. Heavy metal fractionation studies pointed out that mobile fractions of heavy metals such as exchangeable and carbonate fractions decreased at the end of composting whereas the residual fractions increased which indicates that composting of sewage sludge with heavy metal adsorbent and different bulking agents decreased the mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals. The compost C8 (Sewage sludge + sawdust + zeolite (50:30:20) + flyash) was superior with respect to stabilization of heavy metals studied. The concentration of Cd, Cr and Pb were within the permissible limit as per Fertilizer Control Order (FCO). The addition of coal flyash and zeolite enhanced the stabilization of heavy metals due to the higher alkalinity and ion exchange capacity of flyash and zeolite respectively. Polyphenolic group and organic compounds present in sawdust also have the ability to bind heavy metal. The study revealed that composting is an effective technology for reducing the heavy metal bioavailability and the heavy metal speciation studies of the matured composts revealed that considerable portion of the heavy metals were associated with immobile fractions indicating less bioavailability and ecotoxicity.
Design and Construction of an Electrically Operated Paint Mixing Machine
Authors: Iyobosa Omorusi Ikponmwosa
Published: July 2020

An electrically operated paint-mixing machine was developed. The machine consisted of a mixing drum with a capacity of 30.6 L. The test was carried out by mixing 25%, 50%, and 75% of the total mixing capacity of the machine, and the time taken for the constituents to be thoroughly mixed were recorded. The mixer member (agitator) was used to mix the paint components by the use of an electric motor. For easy mixing of denser paint components i.e. paints with high viscosity, particularly oil-based (or enamel) paint, a hydraulic lift, with a travel height (distance) of about 40 cm, was introduced to move the mixing disc vertically in the upward (up to a height of 19 cm above the drum) and downward direction (up to a height of 15 cm above the bottom of the drum) to prevent clogging of the paint components while mixing. The hydraulic mechanism also allows the operator to remove the drum after mixing as well as to install the drum in place before starting the mixing operation. The machine was powered with a 0.74 hp (550 W) electric motor, which transmitted the rotary motion of the driving component through a V-belt to the driven component which was supported with two bearings. The test results obtained from the running of the machine showed that the time taken to mix thoroughly 30.6 L of paint constituents was 102 minutes. This was done to study the reliability and the time taken to accomplish the thorough mixing of the paint components. To achieve this, the volume of paint constituents (L) ranged from 10.2 L at 35 minutes to 30.6 L at 102 minutes. This finding elucidates the ability to tackle the problems of mixing paint locally by hand and by manually operated machines, which are not only primitive but both time and energy consuming, and as well serves as an innovation in the paint industry.
Implications of Stress and Study Habits on Academic Outcome of Undergraduate Nursing Students in Selected Universities in South-West, Nigeria
Authors: Mustapha Sinmileoluwa, , Onibokun Adenike , Abiodun Omolola Lydia
Published: July 2020

Introduction: Stress is a physical and emotional reaction that individuals exhibit as a result of the threat from demanding circumstance(s). Excessive exposure to stress may result in mental and physical problems which may diminish a student's sense of worth and might affect his or her academic outcome. This high level of stress has been widely reported among undergraduate nursing students throughout their academic program.

Aims: This study determined the implications of stress and study habit on the academic outcome of undergraduate nursing students.

Study Design: A descriptive cross-sectional design was used for this study.

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Nursing, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo Osun State and Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo Ogun State between April, 2018 and May, 2018.

Methodology: A convenient sampling technique was used to select 156 participants from a target population of 762 undergraduate students (200 – 500 Level) in the selected institutions. Data were obtained using a self-developed questionnaire which consists of three sections that address the objectives of this study. Hypotheses were tested at 5% level of significance.

Results: Findings from the study show that 20.1% of the respondents usually experience tiredness when they are about to study, 22% reported using stimulants to help them read for a longer period. Furthermore, 42.0% of the student engaged in personal studies and 41.4% used group discussions. 23.7% of the students claimed that proper preparation for tests and examinations improved their academic outcome. Overall, 57.7% of the respondents go through moderate level of stress while 9.6% go through high level stress.  The findings from the study show that there is no significant association between studying habits and academic outcome of the undergraduate nursing students (p. Value > 0.005).

Conclusion: Nursing students (who are the future nurses), face considerable levels of physical, psychological and mental stress during the course of their training, which in turn affects their academic performance. There is also no significant association between studying habits and academic outcome of the undergraduate nursing students (p. Value > 0.005). It is therefore important to identify stressors among such students and equip them with and/or provide appropriate coping mechanisms that can help the students adjust to stressful situations, and in turn emerge as excellent health care professionals.
Classification of Control and Neurodegenerative Disease Subjects Using Tree Based Classifiers
Authors: Shah Syed Ahsin Ali , Habib Nazneen , Aziz Wajid , Khan Ehsan Ullah , Nadeem Malik Sajjad Ahmed
Published: July 2020

Background: The medical researchers are developing different non-invasive methods for early detection of Neurodegenerative Diseases (NDDs) when pharmacological interventions are still possible to further prevent the disease progression. The NDDs are associated with the degradation in the complex gait dynamics and motor activity. The classification of gait data using machine learning techniques can assist the physicians for early diagnosis of the neural disorder when clinical manifestation of the diseases is not yet apparent.

Aims: The present study was undertaken to classify the control and NDD subjects using decision trees based classifiers (Random Forest (RF), J48 and REPTree).

Methodology: The data used in the study comprises of 16 control, 20 Huntington’s Disease (HD), 15 Parkinson’s Disease (PD), and 13 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) subjects, which were taken from publicly available database from Physionet. The age range of control subjects was 20-74, HD subjects was 36-70, PD subjects was 44-80, and ALS subjects was 29-71. There were 13 attributes associated with the data. Important features/attributes of the data were selected using correlation feature selection - subset evaluation (cfs) method. Three tree based machine learning algorithms (RF, J48 and REPTree) were used to classify the control and NDD subjects. The performance of classifiers were evaluated using Precision, Recall, F-Measure, MAE and RMSE.

Results: In order to evaluate the performance of tree based classifiers, two different settings of data i.e. complete features and selected features were used. In classifying control vs HD subjects, RF provides the robust separation with classification accuracy of 84.79% using complete features and 83.94% using selected features. While in classifying control vs PD subjects, and control vs ALS subjects, RF also provides the best separation with classification accuracy of 86.51% and 94.95% respectively using complete features and 85.19% and 93.64% respectively using selected features.

Conclusion: The variability analysis of physiological signals provides a valuable non-invasive tool for quantifying the system of dynamics of healthy subjects and to examine the alternations in the controlling mechanism of these systems with aging and disease. It is concluded that selected features encode adequate information about neural control of the gait. Moreover, the selected features along with tree based machine learning algorithms can play a vital for early detection of NDDs, when pharmacological interventions are still possible.
Variation of Vertical Total Electron Content (TEC) Over West Africa during Geomagnetic Storms
Authors: Okpala Kingsley Chukwudi , Ugwu Ernest Benjamin , Attah Okwudili Joseph , Obiegbuna Dominic , Anamezie Rose Chigoziri , Egbunu Friday
Published: July 2020

Changes in vertical total electron content (VTEC) over West Africa which were associated with four geomagnetic storms in 2015 have been studied. The spatial evolution of the quiet time TEC over West Africa for four months (vis; March, June, October and December) which may give rise to unique features of the storm TEC were also evaluated. Quiet-time VTEC (i.e Sq VTEC) was obtained using the hourly means of the international quietest days for each month when a storm of interest occurred. The change in TEC ( ) was obtained after removing the quiet time VTEC from the storm day VTEC.  A significant latitudinal variation in VTEC was observed at 22:00LT over West Africa and this was accompanied by the usual broad peak at about 14-17UT. The latitudinal disparity observed in the Sq  at 22.00LT was likely driven by the intesification of the fountain effect. The maximum   observed during the storms in 2015 were of the other of 16 TECU. These results have important implications for our present understanding of TEC evolution during a geomagnetic and its direct effect on the technologies that depend on it.
Evaluation of primary health care for children under 5 years old in the municipality of lagarto-se
Authors: Costa Adênia Káren Cardoso , Mesquita Anne Katherine Nascimento , Farre Anny Giselly Milhome Milhome da Costa , Cavalcante Karenine Maria Holanda , Barreiro Maria do Socorro Claudino
Published: July 2020

Objetivo: avaliar a efetividade da assistência primária as crianças menores de cinco anos de idade cadastradas em uma Clínica de Saúde da Família, Lagarto-SE. Método: trata-se de uma pesquisa de resultados, de abordagem quantitativa e delineamento transversal, no qual se utilizou Primary Care Assessment Tool – Versão Criança para avaliação dos atributos de acesso, longitudinalidade, coordenação, integralidade, orientação familiar e orientação comunitária. Resultados: foram entrevistados 50 adultos, responsáveis por crianças de até cinco anos de idade cadastradas no serviço. A avaliação foi positiva para o grau de afiliação e o atributo coordenação-sistema de informações, e os demais não alcançaram o escore mínimo de referência. Conclusão: os atributos revelam há barreiras no acesso ao serviço, falha na continuidade do atendimento, fragilidade na referência e contra-referência e comprometimento na comunicação profissionais de saúde-paciente.
Brain death and the process of donation of organs: a family care
Authors: Ribeiro Kaiomakx Renato Assunção , Prado Ludymilla Silva , Santos Flabiana Reis , Gonçalves Fernanda Alves Ferreira , Borges Maria Madalena , Abreu Edivalda Pereira de
Published: July 2020

Objetivo: Discutir sobre a reação familiar frente ao processo de comunicação de morte encefálica e a possível doação de órgãos. Método: Revisão integrativa da literatura, com busca dos artigos nas bases de dados: SciELO, BEDENF, LILACS, MEDLINE publicados entre os anos de 2008 a 2017. Selecionou-se para essa pesquisa, 14 publicaçoes conforme os criterios de inclusão e exclusão. Resultados: O elemento principal para que o processo de doação seja satisfatório é a família. E que estes apresentam reações diversas ao receber a informação de morte encefálica e a possível doação de órgão. Dentre esses vários fatores estão a local onde a comunicação é realizada e o desconhecimento dos familiares sobre a opinião do doador. Conclusão: Ao receberem o diagnóstico de morte encefálica, os familiares apresentam manifestações como tristeza, choro e revolta. O desconhecimento esse assunto, leva os familiares a uma série de questionamentos e uma possível recusa na doação.
Sexual behavior, sociodemographic and economic profile of both first-year brazilian and international students at a public university
Authors: Farias Ana Gesselena da Silva , Joaquim Davide Carlos , Benedito Francisco Cezanildo Silva , Brito Erika Helena Salles de , Costa Edmara Chaves , Leite Ana Caroline Rocha de Melo
Published: July 2020

Objetivo: Caracterizar, comparar e associar o perfil sociodemográfico e econômico, bem como o comportamento sexual e o conhecimento e presença de Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis (IST) entre universitários brasileiros e estrangeiros recém-ingressos a uma universidade pública. Métodos: Pesquisa exploratória, descritiva e quantitativa, conduzida com 131 estudantes. Resultados: Houve o predomínio de participantes do sexo masculino, brasileiros e guineenses, solteiros, com parceria eventual e renda familiar de até um salário mínimo. Mais da metade dos participantes brasileiros e estrangeiros tinha iniciado a vida sexual antes dos 18 anos e tinha tido, no mínimo, 2 parceiros. A maior parte dos estudantes sabia o conceito de IST e não tinha contraído qualquer uma delas. Foi observada associação entre ser estrangeiro, ter tido a 1ª relação sexual e conhecer IST. Conclusão: Percebe-se que a realidade dos universitários estrangeiros se assemelha à realidade dos brasileiros, sendo ambos vulneráveis às IST.
Caring for the person with mental disorder according to the family’s understanding
Authors: Ronsani Ana Paula Vargas , Siqueira Daiana Foggiato de , Mello Amanda De Lemos , Terra Marlene Gomes , Cattani Ariane Naidon , Welter Lisiane Dos Santos
Published: July 2020

Objetivo: compreender como o familiar cuida da pessoa com transtorno mental. Métodos: pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa, do tipo exploratória e descritiva, realizada em uma Unidade de Atenção Psicossocial. A produção de dados ocorreu, no período de maio a julho de 2017, por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas com 20 familiares. Resultados: A partir das análises, destacaram-se os significados em relação ao cuidado prestado, sendo eles: cuidado como forma de carinho, amor, compaixão; cuidado como forma de vigia, estar atento a algo, ou ainda se referem ao cuidado, como administrar a medicação, cuidar da higiene pessoal e alimentação. Evidenciou-se um adoecimento dos familiares, que ocorreram a partir dos sintomas da doença e, também, a falta de apoio e suporte social aos cuidadores. Ainda, emergiu a questão da religião/fé/espiritualidade como dispositivos de suporte. Conclusão: considerou-se que o cuidado prestado pelo familiar à pessoa com transtorno mental é singular, segundo cada realidade.
Nursing education process: what the scientific productions provide
Authors: Adamy Edlamar Kátia , Zocche Denise Antunes de Azambuja , Vendruscolo Carine , Almeida Miriam de Abreu
Published: July 2020

OBJETIVO: analisar as produções científicas que abordam o ensino do Processo de Enfermagem no Brasil. MÉTODO: a busca de produções científicas foi realizada na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, incluindo-se artigos publicados entre 2002-2016. Foram selecionadas 33 publicações, atendendo aos critérios de inclusão e exclusão. RESULTADOS: os resultados são apresentados em duas Dimensões Temáticas: Dimensão Temática/1- Metodologias de Ensino do Processo de Enfermagem: trata da diversidade metodológica empregada no ensino do Processo de Enfermagem e do ensino do Processo de Enfermagem permeado pela práxis; Dimensão Temática/2- Aplicabilidade do Processo de Enfermagem: aborda a integração ensino serviço como estratégia de aplicabilidade do Processo de Enfermagem e reconhece as etapas do Processo de Enfermagem para compreender sua aplicação. CONCLUSÃO: apesar das poucas publicações relacionadas à temática, foi possível perceber que a fusão entre os conhecimentos teórico e prático implica na (re)organização do Processo de Enfermagem a partir da realidade do serviço.
Knowledge and implementation of integrative and complementary practices by primary care nurses
Authors: Jales Renata Dantas , Nelson Isabel Cristina Amaral , Solano Lorrainy da Cruz , Oliveira Kalyane Kelly Duarte de
Published: July 2020

OBJETIVO: Identificar o conhecimento e a aplicação das práticas integrativas e complementares pelos enfermeiros da atenção básica. MÉTODOS: É uma pesquisa descritiva de abordagem qualitativa envolvendo 19 enfermeiros da atenção básica do município de Mossoró situado no estado do Rio Grande do Norte, aprovada pelo comitê de ética e pesquisa sob o parecer 2.113.411. RESULTADOS: Identificou-se quatro categorias: conhecimento dos enfermeiros sobre práticas integrativas; a não implementação das práticas integrativas e complementares na assistência do enfermeiro; implementação das práticas integrativas e complementares na assistência do enfermeiro; e as práticas são importantes para o cuidado em saúde. CONCLUSÃO: O conhecimento sobre a politica nacional de práticas integrativas e complementares, a variabilidade e a finalidade de tais práticas ainda se apresenta limitado, a solução para o conhecimento e implementação deficitários seria o ensino, seja ele na graduação ou na vida profissional.
Consumption of benzodiazepines by elderly users of the strategy family health
Authors: Neto Constantino Duarte Passos , Leite Eliane de Sousa , Martins Álissan Karine Lima , Oliveira Francisca Bezerra de , Castro Anúbes Pereira de , Pimenta Cláudia Jeane Lopes
Published: July 2020

Objetivo: Investigar a prevalência da utilização de benzodiazepínicos por idosos usuários da Estratégia Saúde da Família. Métodos: Estudo documental e quantitativo realizado em dois municípios do Estado do Ceará. Foram analisados 184 prontuários de idosos usuários da Estratégia Saúde da Família. Resultados: Observou-se uma maior prevalência de mulheres, com idade variando entre 60 e 85 anos, casadas ou com união estável, analfabetas, que possuíam alguma doença crônica e que não utilizam psicotrópicos. Para os idosos que utilizam tais medicamentos, têm-se uma maior frequência de benzodiazepínicos, cujo consumo ocorre há menos de quatro anos, sendo mais prescrito o Diazepam 5 mg, com dose de meio comprimido diariamente. Também foi evidenciada uma deficiência no acompanhamento do idoso que utiliza psicotrópicos. Conclusão: A prevalência do uso de benzodiazepínicos nos idosos investigados foi considerada alta, o que requer um maior cuidado do idoso e de seus familiares/cuidadores acerca dos efeitos adversos desses medicamentos.
Heart changes in elderly chikungunya: integration review
Authors: Noronha Lúcia de Fátima Mororó , Queiroz Ronaldo Bezerra de
Published: July 2020

Objetivo: identificar, avaliar e transmitir novos dados e recomendações aos profissionais de saúde. Método: trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura realizada nas bases Scopus, Cinahl, Ibecs, Medline e Lilacs. Resultados: inicialmente foram encontrados 248 artigos, após exclusão dos artigos que não se enquadraram nos critérios de inclusão foram selecionados 6, conclusão: Concluímos que existe um alto índice de mortalidade em idosos por alterações cardíacas, associação elevada de comorbidades e recursos simples de diagnóstico nas fases das alterações cardíacas por Chikungunya. Torna-se necessário garantir uma maior atenção ao atendimento inicial e acompanhamento do idoso com esta arbovirose envolvendo melhores práticas na rotina da assistência clínica, ampliação do uso de exames cardiológicos de imagem e laboratoriais em unidades de saúde e de pesquisas científicas por parte dos profissionais de saúde.
Chloride Channels
Authors: Akabas Myles H
Published: July 2020

Chloride channels are integral membrane proteins that regulate the movement of chloride ions across cellular membranes. They perform a vital role in physiological processes such as epithelial transport, the regulation of nerve and muscle cell membrane excitability, cell volume regulation and in determining the pH within cytoplasmic membrane‐bound organelles. Several distinct protein families form chloride channels whose opening is regulated by different stimuli including neurotransmitter binding, changes in the concentrations of intracellular second messengers including cAMP and Ca
2+
, and phosphorylation. High‐resolution protein structures of many types of chloride channels have been solved by x‐ray crystallography and cryo‐electron microscopy. Mutations in genes encoding chloride channels impair their function and cause a variety of genetic diseases. Several clinically useful medicines act by modulating the activity of specific types of chloride channels.

Key Concepts

Chloride channels are ion channels that facilitate the movement of chloride ions across cell membranes.

Chloride channels play fundamental roles in diverse physiological processes.

Several distinct gene families encode proteins that function as chloride channels and have unique atomic structures.

Genetic diseases result due to mutations in chloride channels that impair their function.

The mechanism of action of a number of drugs used clinically involves chloride channels as specific targets.
Norepinephrine and Epinephrine: Introduction
Authors: Stanford Susan Clare
Published: July 2020

The catecholamines, norepinephrine and epinephrine (formerly named noradrenaline and adrenaline) are released from the adrenal gland and neurons in the brain. Norepinephrine is also released from the majority of postganglionic, sympathetic neurons in the peripheral (autonomic) nervous system. Conversion of the amino acid, tyrosine, to
l
‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine is the rate‐limiting step in the synthetic pathway for both these catecholamines. This process is regulated by several hormones and neurotransmitters, which act via intracellular messengers to help ensure that the rate of catecholamine synthesis matches the rate of their release. In the periphery, norepinephrine and epinephrine are essential for maintaining a stable internal body state (‘homoeostasis’). In the central nervous system, norepinephrine has an important role in the regulation of attention/vigilance/alarm and its synchronization with the autonomic nervous system, but little is known about the function of neuronal epinephrine.

Key Concepts

The distribution of norepinephrine and epinephrine in the periphery.

The distribution of norepinephrine and epinephrine in and brain.

Regulation of the biosynthesis of norepinephrine and epinephrine.

The role of norepinephrine and epinephrine in the periphery.

The role(s) of norepinephrine and epinephrine in the brain.
Action Potentials: Generation and Propagation
Authors: Fouda Mohamed A , Ruben Peter C
Published: July 2020

All cells maintain a voltage across their plasma membranes. However, only excitable cells can generate action potentials, the rapid transient changes in membrane potential that spread along the surface of these unique cells. Action potential generation and propagation occur through and is regulated by, the function of voltage‐gated ion channels. These channels are proteins with ion‐selective pores that span the cell membrane. Ion channels undergo changes in their structural conformation in response to changes in the electrical field across the membrane. These structural changes cause the opening of the channels' pores through which ions can flow down their electrochemical gradient. The charge carried by ions creates an electrical current and rapidly alters the membrane potential with time and voltage‐dependent properties. This rapid, transient membrane potential change is called the action potential. Action potentials transmit information within neurons, trigger contractions within muscle cells, and lead to exocytosis in secretory cells.

Key Concepts

Rapid changes in membrane ion permeabilities generate action potentials.

Ion channels are transmembrane proteins that control the passage of ions. Voltage‐gated sodium ion channels play a crucial role in the development of action potential.

Action potential is ‘all or none’ response.

Refractory Period is the time when it is physiologically impossible to elicit another action potential.

Action potential propagation changes in a ‘day/night’ dependent manner ‘circadian rhythm’.
Dopamine
Authors: Bannon Michael J , Bannon Erin E , Bannon Kellen T
Published: July 2020

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter (or chemical messenger) found in diverse organisms ranging from invertebrates to humans. It is also a required intermediate in the formation of the neurotransmitters noradrenaline and adrenaline. Although found in a number of vertebrate tissues, dopamine's most important effects are due to robust expression in a relatively small number of central nervous system neurones that have widespread projections. Dopamine signalling affects a correspondingly wide variety of physiological functions, from gastrointestinal motility and pituitary hormone release, to voluntary movements, motivation and reward, and higher cognitive processes. Although dopamine neurotransmission is normally a highly regulated process, drugs have been developed to modify its signalling. Some commonly used drugs affect dopamine neurotransmission indirectly (by changing its synthesis, storage, release, reuptake or inactivation), whereas other drugs more directly mimic or block the actions of dopamine at its biological targets (i.e. multiple cell surface dopamine‐responsive receptors). An astonishingly broad range of central nervous system disorders (including Parkinson disease, schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and sleep disorders), and other medical conditions (such as nausea, excessive pituitary hormones, gastrointestinal disorders and cardiovascular shock) are currently treated using such drugs.

Key Concepts

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter in the brain and elsewhere, as well as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitters noradrenaline and adrenaline.

Dopamine synthesis is regulated by a rate‐limiting enzyme, and its extracellular concentrations controlled by an active recapture mechanism and several metabolic enzymes.

The effects of dopamine are mediated by a family of G protein‐coupled receptors linked to distinct intracellular signalling pathways.

Though relatively few in number, dopamine‐containing neurons originating in the mammalian midbrain send branching fibres that innervate widespread areas of the forebrain.

Brain dopamine influences learning and execution of voluntary movements, motivation, reward, attention and working memory.

Disturbances in dopamine neurotransmission have been implicated in a number of CNS disorders but shown most conclusively in Parkinson disease and drug abuse.

Drugs that modify CNS dopamine neurotransmission are used to treat a variety of disorders including Parkinson disease, schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, sleep disorders and nausea.

Dopamine receptors outside of the CNS are targets in the medical treatment of excessive pituitary hormone release, certain gastrointestinal disorders and cardiovascular shock.

The extensive study of this simple neurotransmitter system has led to fundamental discoveries regarding cellular and molecular mechanisms contributing to normal brain function and human disease.
DNADamage
Authors: Placentra Victoria , Limpose Kristin , Corbett Anita , Doetsch Paul
Published: July 2020

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) encodes the information necessary for all functions of life. Despite the critical importance of DNA, its chemical structure is susceptible to chemical and physical alterations including base damage and single‐ and double‐strand break (DSB) induction. Cellular DNA damage results from both environmental exposures and endogenous sources from normal cellular metabolism. DNA damage in both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes is associated with several human diseases including the development of cancer. The biological consequences of DNA damage are largely determined by a cell's DNA repair capabilities and the interaction of damaged DNA with the replication and transcription machinery. Technologies exist for the detection and measurement of cellular DNA damage in varying contexts.

Key Concepts

Estimated rates of induction of various deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) lesions, including spontaneous hydrolysis and oxidative DNA damage, have been determined.

Potential biological consequences of DNA damage include physiological conditions such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, heart disease and ageing.

Various exogenous and endogenous sources induce DNA base lesions and strand breaks that can be detected by molecular and biochemical methods.

Incorporation of damaged deoxyribonucleotides during DNA synthesis can occur due to errors committed by DNA polymerases and/or disruptions of nucleotide pool balance.

Many of the features resulting from DNA packing into chromatin, including DNA–protein interactions and sequence context, greatly impact how damage is distributed within the genome.

Mutational signatures of cancers arise from context‐dependent DNA damage and can be attributed to specific types of DNA damage.

DNA is often the target of chemotherapeutic drugs used to treat cancer, resulting in tumour cell death.

Mitochondrial DNA damage can increase reactive oxygen species, leading to cell death and in certain instances give rise to mutations that contribute to cancer phenotypes.
XenopusEmbryo: Neural Induction
Authors: Monsoro‐Burq Anne‐Hélène
Published: July 2020

In vertebrate embryos, the future nervous system forms during early development by a series of molecular events named neural induction. This includes the early action of mesoderm‐derived fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), followed by the blockade of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling by the dorsal mesoderm during gastrulation, and finally comprises the regionalisation of the neural plate along the anterior‐posterior and medial‐lateral axes, under the complex and combined actions of FGFs, retinoids and Wnts. Founding experiments using frog embryos have initiated intensive research on neural induction 90 years ago. Molecular approaches combined with classical experimental embryology strategies provide a powerful way of deciphering those intricate regulations in frogs and more recently in other vertebrates. The current model of neural induction in the frog model systemXenopus,is largely conserved between aquatic species and amniotes. This model was recently updated to describe neural induction in the posterior spinal cord.

Key Concepts

The formation of neural precursors from the embryonic ectoderm is one of the earliest embryonic inductions.

Neural induction results in the formation of a neural plate regionalised along its anterior‐posterior and medial‐lateral axis.

Neural induction is subdivided into at least three steps: acquisition of neural competence, induction of anterior neural tissue and posteriorisation of the neural tissue.

Almost a century after the discovery of the Spemann–Mangold organiser in frogs, the exploration of the molecular mechanisms driving neural induction remains a very active field of research.

The models and molecular mechanisms discovered in frogs are largely conserved in other vertebrates including amniotes.
Ethical Issues in Multiplex Genetic Testing
Authors: Kilbride Madison , Bradbury Angela
Published: July 2020

As a result of technological advancements, multiplex (or multigene) genetic tests are increasingly available both inside and outside the clinical setting. Multiplex genetic tests include: expanded carrier screening (ECS), preimplantation genetic testing (PGT), prenatal genetic diagnosis (PND), newborn screening (NBS), predictive genetic testing, diagnostic genetic testing, whole‐genome sequencing (WGS) and whole‐exome sequencing (WES). Many of these tests include dozens – even hundreds – of genes that are associated with a wide range of genetic conditions. While multiplex genetic tests have significant advantages over more targeted approaches, they also raise ethical concerns, related to informed consent, the implications of genetic selection and uncertainty. Outside the clinical setting, direct‐to‐consumer (DTC) genetic testing also raises a set of ethical concerns, including some that are specific to the DTC model.

Key Concepts

Multiplex genetic testing has important advantages over targeted approaches, including efficiency, cost‐effectiveness and the detection of unanticipated genetic risks.

There are different types of multiplex genetic tests.

Multiplex genetic testing raises ethical concerns about informed consent, the implications of genetic selection and uncertainty.

Obtaining informed consent to multiplex genetic testing is challenging because multiplex tests often analyse genes that are associated with a range of diseases, penetrance estimates and medical management strategies.

Genetic testing, particularly of embryos and fetuses, raises ethical concerns about genetic selection for or against certain traits.

Multiplex genetic tests can lead to significant uncertainty for patients interested in learning about their own genetic risks or those of their current or future children.

Multiplex genetic testing is increasingly available through direct‐to‐consumer (DTC) platforms, raising unique ethical questions about the nature of informed consent outside the clinical setting.

In order to realise the promise of multiplex genetic tests, there is a need to continue studying the risks and benefits of different types of tests by collecting and evaluating outcome data.
The First Flexible Dual‐Ion Microbattery Demonstrates Superior Capacity and Ultrahigh Energy Density: Small and Powerful
Authors: Liu Qianwen , Zhang Guofeng , Chen Nan , Feng Xixi , Wang Chengzhi , Wang Jiaqi , Jin Xuting , Qu Liangti
Published: July 2020

Humans live today in a high‐tech and informationalized society. With the development of the emerging electronic information age, various electronic systems are inclined to be multifunctional and miniaturized. It is urgent to develop “small and powerful” micro‐batteries with flexibility and high electrochemical performance to meet the diverse needs of microelectronic components. However, low electrochemical performance exists in traditional microenergy storage devices, which fail to satisfy the energy needs for microdevices. Here, for the first time, a planar integrated flexible rechargeable dual‐ion microbattery (DIMB) is reported, which is fabricated from an interdigital pattern of graphite as an electrode and lithium hexafluorophosphate as an electrolyte. As a microbattery, the DIMB exhibits a high reversible capacity of 56.50 mAh cm−3, and excellent cycle stability with 90% capacity retention after 300 cycles under a high working voltage. The application of DIMB in microdevices, such as light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), digital electronic game consoles, and electrochromic glasses is also investigated, fully demonstrating its “small and powerful” performance. The integrated DIMB is a high‐voltage microdevice that reaches a nonpareil discharge voltage of about 100 V and a charging capacity of 102 mAh g−1. This dual ion‐based flexible microbattery could become a promising candidate for energy storage and conversion components in next‐generation microelectronic devices and integrated electronic devices.