bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adverse Effects of Raw Soybean Extract in Artificial Diet on Survival and Growth of Lygus hesperus Knight
Authors: Cohen Allen C. , Zeng Fanrong , Crittenden Patrick
Published: September 2017

Bioassays were conducted to examine the effects of raw soybean extract in artificial diet on the development, survival, adult weight and biomass accumulation of Lygus hesperus Knight. The diet containing raw soybean extract significantly reduced survival of L. hesperus. Total biomass per rearing unit and survival from eggs to adults were significantly less for L. hesperus fed diet containing raw soybean extract than it was for those fed heat-treated extract, diet with extraction buffer but no extract, or control (standard) diet. Development period, weight of individual adults, and egg production were not significantly different among the four treatments. However, development time was greater for the L. hesperus exposed to raw soy extract, and egg production, as well as individual adult weights, were consistently lower than those fed on the other treatments. Raw and autoclaved soy extracts were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), revealing differences in protein banding patterns, including those from total protein and glycoprotein profiles. Activity of soy trypsin inhibitor (STI) also was measured in raw and heated samples, and it was determined that autoclaving greatly decreased the inhibition activity of this protein. The heat-based deactivation of STI, and the disappearance of most protein bands are most likely associated with the denaturation of proteins and formation of large aggregates that fail to migrate in an electrophoretic field.
Butyl Carbitol Acetate as an Ant Repellent on the Pecan Tree Trunk
Authors: Dutcher James D. , Beaver Rodney W.
Published: September 2017

2 – (2 – butoxyethoxy) ethyl acetate (butyl carbitol acetate), an animal repellent, was found to repel red imported fire ants, Solenopsis invicta (Buren), in trail blocking, pickup, and trail to source bioassays. Butyl carbitol acetate effectively prevented worker ants from trailing up the trunk of pecan trees for 1 wk and reduced foraging for 2 wks after application. Butyl carbitol acetate and farnesol were more effective than neem extract, methyl myristate, methyl anthranilate, and Tanglefoot® (The Tanglefoot Co., Grand Rapids, Ml) in restricting ants from crossing a trunk barrier. Also, application of the repellents dissolved in wax-slurry and applied directly to the trunk was more effective than application to a wax-covered Kraft paper (Food Services Direct, Hampton, VA) band. Wax-covered strings amended with the repellents and tied around the trunk were similar in effectiveness to the waxy slurry band.
Occurrence of the Latero-subapical Labial Sensillum in Borysthenes maculata and Andes marmorata (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae)
Authors: Liang Ai-Ping
Published: September 2017

A peg-like structure, found on each lateral side of the distal segment of the labium, close to the labial apex, in two cixiid planthopper species Borysthenes maculata (Matsumura) and Andes marmorata (Uhler) (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae), is reported for the first time with scanning electron micrograph. It is an elongate, peg-like structure hidden in an elongate, narrow, shallow cavity parallel to the longitudinal axis of the labium. In B. maculata, the peg, being about 82 μm proximal to the labial tip, is about 27.6–29.4 μm long and 6.8–7.6 μm wide with a blunt apex. The peg in A. marmorata, being about 60 μm proximal to the labial tip, is distinctly short and narrow and is about 10.2–12.0 μm long, tapering gradually from a basal width of about 2.7 μm to a blunt apex of 0.88 μm wide. The structure, being two in number (one at each lateral side of the labium), is present in both male and female adults. Light microscopic survey shows that this structure is common in cixiid species. It also is present in species of the relatively primitive fulgoromorphan families, e.g., Achilixiidae, Delphacidae and Achilidae, but it is absent in other relatively advanced fulgoromorphan families, e.g., Fulgoridae, Dictyopharidae, Lophopidae and Eurybrachidae. It is regarded as a homologous structure with the previously described ‘multi-lobed sensillum’ in Delphacidae and is herein named ‘latero-subapical labial sensillum’. The function of the structure is not clear but it seems likely that it is a sensory structure. The phylogenetic significance of this structure is briefly discussed.
Description of the Postdefecating Larva of Stilbum cyanura (Förster) and Observations on Adult Behavior
Authors: Tormos José , Polidori Carlo , Asís Josep Daniel , Federici Matteo
Published: September 2017

The postdefecating larva (prepupa) of Stilbum cyanura (Förster) is described, illustrated and compared with the mature larvae of other Chrysididae. Analysis of the character states important for clarifying the phylogeny of this family are: (a) all abdominal segments divided/not divided into two annulets; (b) integument (1), atrium (2), opening into subatrium (3), mandibles (4), maxillae (5), maxillary palpi (6), and labium (7) with/without: (1) setae or spines, (2) asperities or weak lines on circumference, (3) spines; (4) setae on base, (5) spinules, (6) five apical sensilla, (7) papillose margin; (c) cranium with five or more/1–4/without pairs of setae; (d) antennal papillae: (1) longer/not longer than broader, (2) with two/three apical sensilla; (e) labrum with/without: (1) anterior edge notched, (2) sensilla, and (f) galeae highly/normally/poorly developed, show that the mature larva of Stilbum is characterized by the autapomorphy: antennal papillae with four apical sensilla. A few observations on a female of S. cyanura on the mud nest of its host, Sceliphron caementarium (Drury) (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) showed that the cuckoo wasp, after an exploration phase to localize a host larva, create a hole in mud with its mouthparts and then insert the abdomen in this hole to oviposit in the host brood cell.
Neozygites fresenii (Entomophthorales: Neozygitaceae) Prevalence in Aphis gossypii (Homoptera: Aphididae) in Three South Central Georgia Cotton Fields
Authors: Marti Orville G. , Olson D. M.
Published: September 2017

The presence of cotton aphids, Aphis gossypii Glover, and the incidence of its fungal pathogen, Neozygites fresenii (Nowakowski) Batko, were monitored with pan traps, plant sampling, and sticky traps in three south central Georgia cotton fields in the early part of the 2002 growing season. Aphids were trapped in low numbers (<10/trap/sampling date) in fields 1 and 2 until 17 June when the aphid population increased to >60/trap/sampling date. A similar increase was observed in field 3 after 21 June. Differences observed in the three fields were attributed to differences in planting date. Aphids in sticky traps were counted but not examined for pathogenic fungi. Aphids were detected in pan traps as early as 4 May, but all were negative for N. fresenii until 10 June, after which the mean incidence of the fungus increased rapidly to a peak of >60% by 27 June. The aphid population as determined by plant sampling increased logarithmically between 3 June and 8 July, whereas the increase in incidence of N. fresenii was exponential, with all of the observed increase occurring after 10 June. Multiple generations of the fungus developed between its first detection in aphids in mid-June to the peak of the epizootic on or after 8 July.
Effect of Feeding by a Burrower Bug, Pangaeus bilineatus (Say) (Heteroptera: Cydnidae), on Peanut Flavor and Oil Quality
Authors: Chapin Jay W. , Sanders Timothy H. , Dean Lisa O. , Hendrix Keith W. , Thomas James S.
Published: September 2017

A burrower bug, Pangaeus bilineatus (Say) (Heteroptera: Cydnidae), is known to feed extensively on peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., pods; particularly under certain reduced tillage production conditions. These bugs produce a strong odor when infested peanuts are uprooted, and previous anecdotal evidence indicated that burrower bug feeding is detrimental to peanut flavor. Various levels of burrower bug kernel feeding (0, 5, 10, 25, and 50% of seed by weight) were evaluated for effects on peanut flavor and oil quality. Burrower bug feeding had no detrimental effect on flavor as determined by trained panelists using descriptive sensory analysis. There was a slight, but measurable effect on oil quality as determined by a decrease in oxidative stability and an increase in peroxide values with increased levels of feeding. There was no measurable effect on free fatty acid content or fatty acid profile at the feeding levels tested. The data indicate that incidental feeding (<20% of seed) by this pest is unlikely to be detrimental to peanut flavor. At higher feeding incidence levels, the potential risks of direct yield loss, grade reductions, and aflatoxin contamination are of greater significance than concern for relatively minor reductions in oil quality.
Seasonal Abundance of Temnochila chlorodia (Mannerheim) (Coleoptera: Trogositidae) Collected in Western Pine Beetle Pheromone-Baited Traps in Northern California
Authors: Fettig Christopher J. , Dabney Christopher P.
Published: September 2017

Bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) are commonly recognized as the most important mortality agent in western coniferous forests. In this study, we describe the abundance of bark beetle predators collected in multiple-funnel traps baited with exo-brevicomin, frontalin and myrcene in northern California during 2003 and 2004. A total of 32,903 Temnochila chlorodia (Mannerheim), 79 Enoclerus lecontei (Wolcott), and 12 E. sphegeus (F.) were collected. The seasonal abundance of E. lecontei and E. sphegeus was not analyzed because too few individuals were collected. In general, T. chlorodia was most abundant in late spring, but a second smaller peak in activity was observed in late summmer. Overall, the ratio of males to females was 0.82. A significant temporal effect was observed in regard to sex ratios with more males collected during later sample periods. Temnochila chlorodia flight activity patterns were similar between years, but activity was generally delayed several weeks in 2003.
Feeding Responses of Trichopoda pennipes (F.) (Diptera: Tachinidae) to Selected Insecticides
Authors: Tillman P. Glynn
Published: September 2017

Feeding responses of the parasitoid Trichopoda pennipes (F.) to acetamiprid, cyfluthrin, dicrotophos, indoxacarb, oxamyl, and thiamethoxam were determined in laboratory tests. Trichopoda pennipes adults exhibited repellency to a sugar water food source treated with oxamyl, cyfluthrin, indoxacarb, and acetamiprid and diminution of feeding when they actually fed on sugar water containing any of the insecticides. Although four of the insecticides in this study exhibited antifeedant activity, ingestion of food treated with any of these compounds always resulted in the death of the flies. Therefore, repellency to the insecticides was the only response by the flies that insured their survival.
Host-Free Survival of Boll Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Previously Fed Vegetative-Stage Regrowth Cotton
Authors: Suh Charles P.-C. , Spurgeon Dale W.
Published: September 2017

The need to minimize populations of overwintering boll weevils (Anthonomus grandis Boheman) in eradication programs is widely recognized, but the potential contribution of nonfruiting regrowth cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) to weevil survival has not been directly examined. We conducted experiments in 2002 and 2003 to examine the host-free survival of weevils previously supplied vegetative-stage regrowth cotton. Weevils, 1–3 d after eclosion, were caged with vegetative regrowth cotton under ambient environmental conditions (2002), or in a controlled environment (23.9 ± 2°C, 13:11 [L:D] h photoperiod, 2003). Four cohorts of each weevil sex were examined each year. Of the 60 weevils dissected in 2002, 12% possessed the hypertrophied fat bodies associated with diapause and extended host-free survival. In both years, the majority of weevils (>75%) died during the initial 3 wks of the host-free period. No differences in host-free survival were detected between weevil sexes, but differences were observed among replicates of the experiment established on different dates. Survival patterns among replicates, however, did not strictly follow a seasonal pattern. Overall, approximately 5% of the weevils survived ≥12 wks beyond the feeding period. Maximum observed host-free longevities were 21 wks in 2002 and 19 wks in 2003. Our findings suggest vegetative-stage regrowth cotton should not be disregarded in eradication zones, particularly in those experiencing unsatisfactory progress or resurgence of weevil populations.
Pesticide Toxicity to Anastrepha suspensa (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Nigg Herbert N. , Simpson Samuel E. , Fraser Suzanne
Published: September 2017

Twenty-four materials were assessed for toxicity to Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) in laboratory assays. Compounds which should be effective for managing A. suspensa were abamectin, azinphos-methyl, baythroid, bifenthrin, chlorpyrifos, emamectin, fipronil, imidacloprid, methamidophos, and spinosad. Oviposition was inhibited up to 168 h in surviving females by abamectin, baythroid, bifenthrin, fipronil, imidacloprid, methidathion, and spinosad. By varying chemistries, A. suspensa management should provide effective and responsible control with minimal environmental impact while providing opportunities for resistance management.
Experimental Treatment Threshold for the Cotton Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) Using Natural Enemies in Arkansas Cotton
Authors: Conway Hugh E. , Steinkraus Donald C. , Ruberson John R. , Kring Timothy J.
Published: September 2017

The potential of an experimental threshold for reducing the number of insecticide applications for control of the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, was demonstrated in cotton. A 3-yr field study at Clarkedale, AR, compared the current economic threshold for the cotton aphid to an experimental threshold that incorporates predaceous coccinellids, aphid parasitoids and the aphid fungus, Neozygites fresenii (Nowakowski) Batko. Treatments consisted of untreated plots, conventional treatment threshold plots, experimental threshold plots, and a fungicide treatment designed to disrupt aphid fungus epizootics. This fungicide treatment failed to influence fungal epizootics, so data for these plots were removed. Twice weekly, aphids were counted on 20 plants per plot and predators were counted using a dislodgment method. An application of 0.033 kg ai/ha of imidacloprid was made when aphids reached treatment level according to conventional or experimental threshold levels. Insecticide applications were triggered by the conventional threshold on 18 and 28 June 1999, on 28 June and 3 July 2000, and on 7 and 12 July 2001. The experimental threshold called for applications on 28 June 1999, 3 July 2000, and 19 July 2001. Aphid densities peaked in untreated plots at 142, 76, and 27 aphids per leaf and in treated plots at 49, 34, and 29 in 1999, 2000 and 2001, respectively. Larval coccinellid densities in untreated plots peaked at 9.0, 3.7, and 0.6 larvae per row-m and in treated plots 3.0, 1.4, and 0.5 in 1999, 2000 and 2001, respectively. Adult coccinellid densities peaked in untreated plots at 3.0, 2.7, and 0.5 adults/row-m and in treated plots at 0.8, 2.1, and 0.5 in 1999, 2000, and 2001, respectively. During each year, an epizootic of N. fresenii caused a rapid decrease in aphid numbers in mid to late July, eliminating the need for additional treatments. In 1999, significantly lower yield of lint occurred in the untreated plots than in conventional or experimental plots. No significant yield differences among treatments occurred in 2000 or 2001. Use of the experimental threshold delayed the initial insecticide application by 1 wk and eliminated one insecticide application on the experimental plots whereas maintaining cotton yields.
Cropping Preferences of Common Lepidopteran Pests in a Cotton/Soybean Cropping System
Authors: Bundy C. Scott , McPherson R. M.
Published: September 2017

Two soybean varieties (an early-maturing Group V and a later-maturing Group VII) and two cotton varieties (a conventional and a transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner [Bt]) were grown in adjacent replicated large field plots at two locations for 3 growing seasons. The abundance of commonly-observed lepidopteran pests within these two crops was observed weekly throughout each growing season. The green cloverworm, Hypena scabra (F.); soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), and; velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, preferred soybeans over cotton at all six test sites. The bollworm complex, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) and Heliothis virescens (F.), preferred soybeans at one site, cotton at two sites, and no crop preference at three sites. There was no difference in the seasonal mean abundance of the pests between the two soybean maturity groups. A few varietal differences were noted on soybeans on specific sampling dates; however, they occurred when insect numbers were low. Population densities approached economic injury levels on both the early and later-maturing soybean varieties. In cotton, the bollworm complex was significantly more abundant in conventional cotton than in Bt cotton. Although soybean loopers are a pest of both crops, soybeans are preferred when they are planted adjacent to cotton. Given this behavioral response, soybeans might serve as a trap crop to attract soybean loopers into a small planting of soybeans and out of the major planting of cotton.
Red Imported Fire Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Worker Head Widths as an Indicator of Social Form in Louisiana
Authors: Colby Dee , Inmon Lacy , Foil Lane
Published: September 2017

Classification of red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, colonies as monogyne or polygyne by using differences in worker size (head widths) was compared to PCR discrimination of alleles for colony social form. Maximum head widths were significantly different between the two social forms, but reliable assignment of social form based on head widths was not possible because of considerable overlap in sizes among ants in the two social forms.
Hylobitelus xiaoi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Adult Feeding, Oviposition, and Egg and Pupal Survival at Constant Temperatures
Authors: Wen Xiao-Sui , Shi Ming-Qing , Haack Robert A. , Kuang Yuan-Yu , Hou Pei-Hua
Published: September 2017

The pine-infesting weevil, Hylobitelus xiaoi Zhang, is native to southeastern China. This weevil has become a major pest of slash pine, Pinus elliottii Engelm., in China, where this North American pine is grown extensively. We evaluated various H. xiaoi life-history parameters at nine constant temperatures of 11, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, 28, 30, and 32°C. Adults initiated feeding on twig bark at 13°C and peak feeding occurred at 30°C. Adults suffered high mortality at 32°C. Mated females produced significantly more eggs at 25°C than at any other temperature during the 4-wk test period. Egg survival was highest over the temperature range of 19–25°C, whereas pupal survival was highest over the range of 19–22°C. These life-history parameters are discussed in terms of this beetle's annual activity cycle in southeastern China.
Isolation and Evaluation of Beauveria bassiana (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) for the Suppression of the Glassy-winged Sharpshooter, Homalodisca coagulata (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)
Authors: Dara Surendra K. , McGuire Michael R. , Kaya Harry K.
Published: September 2017

The glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca coagulata (Say) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), is a significant threat to California agriculture as a vector of the bacterium, Xylella fastidiosa Wells, causative agent of Pierce's disease. Control strategies target vector populations to prevent the spread of the bacterium. One of the potential means of controlling H. coagulata is the use of entomopathogenic fungi. To discover naturally-occurring fungal pathogens that are adapted to H. coagulata and its habitats, soil samples from organic citrus and conventional pomegranate orchards in Tulare and Riverside counties in southern California were screened for the presence of pathogens. Using a modified Galleria bait method that required small quantities of soil, 124 isolates of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin and four isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) were recovered. Additionally, 22 isolates of B. bassiana were recovered by plating soil suspensions on selective growth media. Natural fungal infections were not detected in H. coagulata populations from periodic sampling in Kern, Riverside and Ventura counties in southern California. Some of the B. bassiana isolates recovered from soil and other insect hosts in southern California were evaluated against H. coagulata along with those isolated from H. coagulata in Texas and Mississippi. Growth of the selected isolates also was evaluated at 15, 23, 28 and 32°C. The Texas isolate and two California isolates of B. bassiana were virulent against H. coagulata and warrant further study.
Antennal and Behavioral Responses of Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) (Heteroptera: Miridae) to Metathoracic Scent Gland Compounds
Authors: Zhang Qing-He , Chauhan Kamlesh R. , Zhang Aijun , Snodgrass Gordon L. , Dickens Joseph C. , Aldrich Jeffrey R.
Published: September 2017

Hexyl and (E)-2-hexenyl butyrates and (E)-4-oxo-2-hexenal are major components of the metathoracic scent gland (MSG) secretion and aeration samples of many plant bugs (Miridae), including the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois). Laboratory and field experiments were performed (1) to determine the extent to which MSG-produced compounds are detected by antennae of L. lineolaris males and females, and (2) to elucidate the behavioral activity associated with the antennally active MSG compounds. The three major MSG-produced compounds elicited strong antennal responses by both sexes. In Y-track olfactometer tests, attraction of males to virgin females was significantly reduced when a dispenser loaded with hexyl butyrate was placed with the virgin females. Hexyl butyrate tested alone against a blank control significantly repelled males. In the field, ternary and partial binary combinations of these three EAD-active compounds failed to attract either sex, whereas virgin females attracted a significant number of males. However, addition of hexyl butyrate and/or (E)-2-hexenyl butyrate to virgin female-baited traps significantly reduced the number of males caught compared with the level of the blank control traps. This might be due either to a negative effect on pheromone release by the females or direct repellency of males, or both. These MSG compounds may be useful for mating disruption and other pest management tactics against economically important plant bugs.
Taxonomic Changes in the Oriental Spittlebug Genus Eoscarta Breddin (Hemiptera: Cercopoidea: Cercopidae)
Authors: Liang Ai-Ping , Jiang Guo-Mei
Published: September 2017

Two new generic synonyms of Eoscarta Breddin, 1902 (Hemiptera: Cercopoidea: Cercopidae) are proposed: Eoscarta Breddin, 1902 = Lora Distant, 1908 (Type species: Aphrophora inclyta Walker, 1858) = Aphrophorias Kirkaldy, 1910 (Replacement name for Lora Distant [1908] nec Lora Gistel [1948]) (senior synonym first). One new species combination, Eoscarta inclyta (Walker, 1858), comb. nov. is established. The diagnosis of Eoscarta is given and an autapomorphy of the genus is proposed. Eoscarta rufa (Walker, 1870) and Eoscarta (Keducarta) impressa (Walker, 1870) are transferred to Haematoscarta and Hemiliterna, respectively, and two new species combinations, Haematoscarta rufa (Walker, 1870), comb. nov. and Hemiliterna impressa (Walker), comb, nov., are erected.
Effect of Mi-1.2 gene in Natal Host Plants on Behavior and Biology of the Tomato Psyllid Bactericerca cockerelli (Sulc) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae)
Authors: Casteel Clare L. , Walling Linda L. , Paine Timothy D.
Published: September 2017

The Mi-1.2 gene has been isolated from wild varieties of tomato, Solanum peruvianum (Mill), and incorporated into near isogenic commercial varieties of tomato, Solanum lycopersicon. Plants containing the gene confer resistance to tomato psyllid, Bactericerca cockerelli (Sulc), as well as species of aphids, whiteflies, and nematodes. Considering bias in host preference and oviposition responses based on early adult experience is well documented in the literature; the objective of this study was to determine if the presence or absence of the Mi-1.2 in the rearing host influenced subsequent host selection, oviposition, and development time. The results presented here show that the host that psyllids developed on did not affect subsequent selection of host for oviposition, but incidence of oviposition was higher on plants that did not contain the Mi-1.2 gene [Moneymaker (mi-1.2)] compared to plants with the Mi-1.2 gene [Motelle (Mi-1.2)]. Psyllid nymph survival and development time did not differ between plant varieties. Consequently, plants containing the gene may be useful components to IPM programs to control the tomato psyllid.
Resistance to Rhopalosiphum padi (Homoptera: Aphididae) in Triticale and Triticale-Derived Wheat Lines Resistant to Diuraphis noxia (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Hesler Louis S. , Haley Scott D. , Nkongolo Kabwe K. , Peairs Frank B.
Published: September 2017

Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (bird cherry-oat aphid) and Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) (Russian wheat aphid) are common aphid pests of wheat and can cooccur at relatively high levels within wheat fields. Resistance to both aphids has been identified in several triticale accessions. We conducted experiments to identify and characterize antibiosis-type resistance to R. padi in additional triticale lines and to test R. padi-resistance levels in several backcrossed, triticale-derived lines of D. noxia-resistant wheat. Triticale accessions ‘6A-558’, ‘H85-734’ and ‘M86-6174’ were identified with moderate levels of antibiosis to R. padi. All three accessions limited R. padi population growth relative to ‘Arapahoe’ over 13 d. 6A-558 increased development time of R. padi compared to that on Arapahoe, and 6A-558, H85-734 and M86-6174 each decreased the number of nymphs produced by R. padi over 7 d. Additional tests confirmed ‘N1185’ triticale as a strong source of resistance to R. padi, and showed that ‘Lamar’ wheat was not resistant to R. padi. Tests of wheat lines derived from crosses between N1185 and Lamar and then selected for resistance to D. noxia showed that three of 13 lines reduced the number of R. padiper plant, with resistance levels comparable to N1185 in two lines. Nymphiposition by R. padi measured over a 24-h period did not differ among any lines in no-choice tests. The results provide further support that triticale is a significant source of resistance to R. padi, but further work is needed to understand transference of R. padi-resistance from triticale to wheat.
Attractiveness, Responsiveness, Mating, and Flight of Irradiated Tarnished Plant Bug (Heteroptera: Miridae)
Authors: Villavaso Eric J.
Published: September 2017

To further evaluate the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), as a candidate for sterile insect technique (SIT), adults were treated with doses of 10 or 20 krad gamma-irradiation to determine the effects on flight, mating, attractiveness of females and responsiveness of males. Nearly all irradiated and unirradiated bugs flew from Petri dishes fitted with inverted cones. Male mating success of irradiated insects trended lower than that of unirradiated insects in laboratory tests, but was significantly lower than that of unirradiated insects in field cages. Irradiated males released into field cages were more likely than unirradiated males to be captured in nonsticky traps baited with virgin females. Unirradiated females placed in nonsticky traps deployed in weed fields attracted more native tarnished plant bugs than irradiated females.
In vitro Inhibition of Glutathione S-transferases by Several Insecticides and Allelochemicals in Cotton Bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hübner
Authors: Chen Feng-Ju , Zhang Chang-Zhong , Gao Xi-Wu
Published: September 2017

Glutathione S-transferases are a group of enzymes catalyzing the conjugation of reduced glutathione (GSH) with a wide range of xenobiotics bearing electrophilic sites. In insects, GSTs are involved in resistance to insecticides and allelochemicals. In vitro inhibitory effects of several insecticides and allelochemicals on glutathione S-transferases activity in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hübner, were studied. All organophosphate, carbamate and pyrethroid insecticides tested demonstrated moderate or low inhibiting GST activity toward 1-chlorine-2, 4-ditrobenzo (CDNB). Three allelochemicals (quercetin, tannic acid and rutin) were the most potent inhibitors of the enzymes among all compounds tested. Tannic acid was competitive with CDNB, quercetin was noncompetitive, and rutin was neither competitive nor noncompetitive.
Supercooling in the Adult Boll Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Relative to Physiological Condition and Diet
Authors: Suh Charles P.-C. , Spurgeon Dale W.
Published: September 2017

Severe winter temperatures are known to reduce overwintering survival of the boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis Boheman), but the mechanisms responsible for overwintering mortality are poorly understood. We examined the effects of adult physiological status (reproductive, diapause, intermediate diapause), diet (flower buds or fruit of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L.) and time since feeding (0 or 2 d) on freezing points of weevils. Differences in supercooling points among weevil physiological states were not detected. However, adults fed cotton fruit (bolls) supercooled to lower temperatures (mean ± SE; −17.4 ± 0.23°C) than those initially fed flower buds (squares) followed by bolls (−15.8 ± 0.40°C). Weevils fed squares exhibited the highest mean supercooling point (−14.4 ± 0.35°C). Additional study confirmed the effects of diet on supercooling when weevils were exposed to freezing temperatures immediately after feeding (bolls, −12.5 ± 0.45°C; squares, −10.2 ± 0.45°C). However, supercooling points were lowered but similar for both diets when exposure to freezing temperatures occurred 2 days after feeding (bolls, −17.1 ± 0.45°C; squares, −17.2 ± 0.46°C). Also, tissues excised from bolls froze at lower temperatures (−10.7 ± 0.41 °C) than pollen sacs excised from squares (−8.2 ± 0.41°C). We found that supercooling ability did not indicate weevil physiological status. Furthermore, the observed supercooling points suggest that acute freezing is an unlikely mortality mechanism in the more southerly U.S. cotton production regions. Regardless, both diet type and the time since feeding are important factors that should be considered in supercooling or survival studies involving temperatures low enough to freeze weevils.
Effect of Tillage on Cotton Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae), Pathogenic Fungi, and Predators in South Central Georgia Cotton Fields
Authors: Marti Orville G. , Olson D. M.
Published: September 2017

Two species of fungi, Neozygites fresenii Nowakowski (Batko) and Pandora neoaphidis Remaudiere and Hennebert (Humber), pathogens of the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, were studied in 12 south central Georgia cotton fields under conservation or conventional tillage in 2003 and 2004. Aphids and ants on cotton plants were enumerated in both years, and aphid predators (coccinellids, lacewings, and spiders) were counted in 2004. Plant sampling began the first week of June and continued for 16 wks in 2003 and for 14 wks in 2004. Numbers of aphids on cotton plants increased until the first week of July and declined thereafter. More aphids were present on plants in 2004 than in 2003 for the first 9 wks of sampling, but did not differ thereafter. More aphids were present on plants under conservation tillage than under conventional tillage only between weeks 3–8. Pandora neoaphidis was detected in aphids in midMarch by monitoring with pan traps on field margins. Neozygites fresenii, in contrast, was not observed until 18 June 2003 and 16 June 2004, and peaked simultaneously with the aphid population and then declined. The incidence of P. neoaphidis was less than that of N. fresenii, but peaked simultaneously with it in the first week of July. Ants, primarily the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, occurred in larger numbers in fields under conservation tillage than under conventional tillage, apparently because of greater disruption of soil and weed habitat under conventional tillage. In both tillage types, coccinellids peaked early in the season and lacewings late in the season, with larger numbers of coccinellids present in fields under conservation tillage. Although there was a sharp peak in lacewing numbers late in the season under conservation tillage, overall lacewing numbers were not different under the 2 types of management. Spider numbers increased gradually throughout the growing season, with only slightly higher numbers present under conservation tillage. The effects of different tillage methods were more evident on the aphids and their predators than on the fungal pathogens.
Attraction of Insect Natural Enemies to Habitat Plantings in North Carolina
Authors: Witting B. E. , Orr D. B. , Linker H. M.
Published: September 2017

Two studies were conducted to evaluate the relative attractiveness of floral habitats that may provide nectar and pollen food resources to natural enemies of agricultural insect pests in North Carolina. In the first study, timed observations were made of insect flower-feeding to estimate attraction of natural enemies to 16 plant species in 2004 and 5 plant species in 2005. Insects were identified to the family level and assigned to 1 of 6 feeding groups. In both years, crop predators fed from fennel (Foeniculum vulgare P. Mill.) flowers in greater abundance than from any other flowers observed. Crop parasitoids fed most often on fennel in 2005. In both years, the remaining insect feeding groups other than pollinators were not significantly affected by flower species. In 2005 the response of representatives of 3 families of egg parasitoids (Mymaridae, Scelionidae, and Trichogrammatidae) to 6 habitat plants (black-eyed Susan, buckwheat, fennel, cock's comb [Celosia cristata L.], Shasta daisy [Leucanthemum × superbum (J. W. Ingram) Berg, ex Kent.], and yarrow [Achillea millefolium L.]) was determined. Crabgrass (Digitaria spp. Haller), that exhibited no obvious flowering, served as a control. Results demonstrated that flower species and height affected insects of all 3 families of parasitoids, but removal of flowers only affected scelionids which were trapped in greater abundance in cock's comb plots at flower height. Mymarids were most abundant at 0.5 times the flower height in black-eyed Susan plots regardless of flower presence, and trichogrammatids were trapped in greatest abundance at 0.5 times the canopy height in unmowed crabgrass plots. Our results indicate that habitat plantings may attract egg parasitoids, but that flowers themselves do not appear to be responsible for this attraction.
Fecundity, Fertility and Longevity Reductions in Adult Oriental Fruit Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Exposed to Surfaces Treated with the Ecdysteroid Agonists Tebufenozide and Methoxyfenozide
Authors: Reinke Michael D. , Barrett Bruce A.
Published: September 2017

The effects on the fecundity, fertility and longevity of oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), were examined in a 2-part study that exposed adults to surfaces treated with the ecdysone agonists tebufenozide and methoxyfenozide. The first experiment revealed that when recently-emerged moths were exposed to tebufenozide- or methoxyfenozide-treated surfaces continuously throughout their lives (including mating and oviposition), mean fecundity was significantly reduced. In addition, continuous exposure to methoxyfenozide-treated surfaces significantly reduced female longevity. Exposure to surfaces treated only with a surfactant (Latron B-1956®) used in field applications of tebufenozide and methoxyfenozide also significantly impaired the mean fecundity and percent fertility of the oriental fruit moth. The second part of the study showed that when recently-emerged unmated moths were exposed to treated surfaces for 24 h, then paired with a nontreated partner of the opposite sex to mate and oviposit on nontreated surfaces, significant reductions in mean fecundity occurred only when the female was exposed to methoxyfenozide-treated surfaces. There were no significant differences in percent fertility among the treatments. Finally, females exposed to methoxyfenozide-treated surfaces for 24 h had significantly reduced longevity.
Foraging Behavior of the Mealybug Parasitoid Anagyrus sp.nov. nr. sinope (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)
Authors: Chong Juang-Horng , Oetting Ronald D.
Published: September 2017

Anagyrus sp. nov. nr. sinope Noyes and Menezes (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is a candidate biological control agent against the Madeira mealybug, Phenacoccus madeirensis Green (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). This study reported on the components of the oviposition behavior of Anagyrus sp. nov. nr. sinope in relation to 6 developmental stadia of P. madeirensis: crawlers, second-instar nymphs, third-instar immature females, third-instar immature males, prereproductive adult females, and ovipositing adult females. A behavioral sequence and a time budget were prepared for Anagyrus sp. nov. nr. sinope, indicating that the parasitoids foraging in a patch containing third-instar and prereproductive adult females had the highest probability to encounter and eventually parasitize a host. The parasitoids attacking third-instar and prereproductive adult females also spent the largest proportion of total foraging time in oviposition (67 and 69%, respectively) and had the longest handling time (997 and 655 sec per event, respectively). No third-instar immature males, which were wrapped in thick tests constructed of wax filaments, were parasitized by the parasitoids. Anagyrus sp. nov. nr. sinope did not avoid superparasitism. Parasitoids foraging in patches of third-instar and adult females had a higher self-superparasitism rate (27–33%) than crawlers and second-instar nymphs (8–14%). The clutch sizes in the superparasitized mealybugs were slightly larger than those in the mealybugs parasitized only once, but the difference was only significant in the ovipositing female P. madeirensis. Older and larger mealybugs exhibited more vigorous defensive behaviors by walking away and flipping abdomens. However, such behavioral defenses were not effective against the persistent parasitoids.
Ground Beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) Assemblages in Apple Orchards Receiving Pheromone-based or Conventional Tortricid Management Programs
Authors: Gronning Erik K. , Pfeiffer Douglas G.
Published: September 2017

Pitfall trapping was used to assess the effect of a low-spray mating disruption program targeted against the codling moth and leafrollers on carabid communities (potential predators of codling moth, Cydia pomonella [L.], leafrollers [Lepidoptera: Tortricidae] and apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella [Walsh]) in the orchard ground cover. Abundance and species richness of carabids were generally higher in mating disruption blocks relative to conventionally-managed blocks. Over 2 yrs, 3,173 carabids representing 62 species in 27 genera were collected. The most common carabids (more than 5% of the total carabid population) were Harpalus pensylvanicus (DeGeer) (38.2%), Harpalus erythropus Dejean (11.4%), Poecilus lucublandus (Say) (10.1%), Dicaelus elongatus Bonelli (6.2%) and Harpalus longicollis LeConte (5.9%).
Pyrethroid Insecticide Efficacy Against Tobacco Budworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in North Carolina Flue-Cured Tobacco: Implications for Insecticide Resistance Management
Authors: Abney M.R. , Sorenson C.E. , Southern P.S.
Published: September 2017

Foliar applications of 3 pyrethroid insecticides were made to flue-cured tobacco and compared with Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) bait and sprays of acephate and spinosad for control of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), in 2001, 2002, and 2003. Lambda-cyhalothrin, cyfluthrin, and bifenthrin provided significant control of tobacco budworm when compared with untreated checks in all 3 yrs; however, they were generally less efficacious than the other insecticides tested. The level of control among the pyrethroids differed significantly within years but was inconsistent from year to year. The severity of tobacco budworm feeding damage was recorded for individual plants in each treatment, and damage averaged over pyrethroid treatments was 54.17% lower than the untreated control in 2001 and 79.84% lower in 2003. Pyrethroid treatments had no impact on yield of cured leaf in 2001 or 2003 compared with controls. The use of pyrethroid insecticides in flue-cured tobacco will increase the selection pressure placed on tobacco budworm populations in North Carolina. As a result, resistance to this class of insecticides may develop at an accelerated rate.
Soybean Nitrogen Relations and Root Characteristics after Cerotoma trifurcata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Larval Feeding Injury
Authors: Lundgren Jonathan G. , Riedell Walter E.
Published: September 2017

Bean leaf beetle, Cerotoma trifurcata (Förster), is a pest of economic importance to soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) production in the U.S. This greenhouse study was conducted to characterize larval feeding damage effects on nitrogen (N) assimilation and root system characteristics in soybean. Pots containing individual plants (n = 15) were exposed to 1 of 3 treatment levels that varied in infestation intensity: high intensity (19 larvae per pot), low intensity (5 larvae), and an uninfested control group. After 3 wk, the plants were dissected, and the fresh and dry weights of the roots and shoots were recorded. Also, the number of nodules, number of damaged nodules, and the volume of nodules were compared among the treatments. Leaf and pod chlorophyll, nitrate-N, ureide-N, amino-N, and total N concentrations were measured and compared among the treatments. Nodules were the only organs on the root system that were visibly damaged by larval feeding. External nodule surfaces were scarred, and frequently the internal matrices of the nodules were completely excavated by the larvae. Significantly more nodules per plant were found in the infested treatments, and damaged nodules were significantly more abundant on plants in the high infestation compared with those in the low infestation treatment. Also, plants from the highly infested treatment had significantly smaller nodules than the uninfested control, suggesting that the infested plants responded to larval damage by producing additional nodules. Leaf and pod ureide-N and total N concentrations were significantly lower in infested plants. Thus, feeding by C. trifurcata larvae affects the characteristics of nodules as well as the concentrations of N assimilates within soybean plants.
Infrared Detection of Internal Feeders of Deciduous Tree Fruits
Authors: Hansen James D. , Carlton Richard , Adams Steve , Lacey Lawrence A.
Published: September 2017

Codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is a worldwide pest of apple and pear. Due to the severity of codling moth in agroecosystems, it is a quarantine pest in countries where it is not considered an established species. Detection of codling moth infestations in exports intended for these countries is crucial to the U.S. apple industry. Tests were conducted on infrared thermoimaging that demonstrate detection of infestation by codling moth larva in apples. The system is dependent on subtle but significant differences in surface temperature between infested or entry sites and nearby uninfested sites. Because the imaging data are digital, computer programs can be used to rapidly and effectively sort infested fruits from the packing line.
Relationship of Coarse Woody Debris to Arthropod Availability for Red-Cockaded Woodpeckers and Other Bark-Foraging Birds on Loblolly Pine Boles
Authors: Horn Scott , Hanula James L.
Published: September 2017

This study determined if short-term removal of coarse woody debris would reduce prey available to red-cockaded woodpeckers (Picoides borealis Vieillot) and other bark-foraging birds at the Savannah River Site in Aiken and Barnwell counties, SC. All coarse woody debris was removed from four 9-ha plots of mature loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) in 1997 and again in 1998. We sampled arthropods in coarse woody debris removal and control stands using crawl traps that captured arthropods crawling up tree boles, burlap bands wrapped around trees, and cardboard panels placed on the ground. We captured 27 orders and 172 families of arthropods in crawl traps whereas 20 arthropod orders were observed under burlap bands and cardboard panels. The most abundant insects collected from crawl traps were aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) and ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). The greatest biomass was in the wood cockroaches (Blattaria: Blattellidae), caterpillars (Lepidoptera) in the Family Noctuidae, and adult weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). The most common group observed underneath cardboard panels was Isoptera (termites), and the most common taxon under burlap bands was wood cockroaches. Overall, arthropod abundance and biomass captured in crawl traps was similar in control and removal plots. In contrast, we observed more arthropods under burlap bands (mean ± SE; 3,021.5 ± 348.6, P = 0.03) and cardboard panels (3,537.25 ± 432.4, P = 0.04) in plots with coarse woody debris compared with burlap bands (2325 ± 171.3) and cardboard panels (2439.75 ± 288.9) in plots where coarse woody debris was removed. Regression analyses showed that abundance beneath cardboard panels was positively correlated with abundance beneath burlap bands demonstrating the link between abundance on the ground with that on trees. Our results demonstrate that short-term removal of coarse woody debris from pine forests reduced overall arthropod availability to bark-foraging birds.
Native Boron Levels and the Effect of Boron Treatment on Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), Coptotermes acinaciformis (Froggatt) (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), and Mastotermes darwiniensis Froggatt (Isoptera: Mastotermitidae)
Authors: Gentz Margaret C. , Grace J. Kenneth
Published: September 2017

Although boron is a ubiquitous element found in rocks, soil and water, little has been determined about its physiological role in plants and animals. Comparing the effect of sublethal boron exposure on 3 species yields a broader view of the toxicity of boron compounds in termites. Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) were collected from colonies maintained in at the University of Hawaii at Manoa campus in Honolulu, HI (United States); C. acinaciformis (Froggart) from Darwin, North Territory (Australia); and Mastotermes darwiniensis Froggart (Isoptera: Mastotermitidae) from Darwin, North Territory (Australia). Termites were exposed to untreated composite board or board containing zinc borate and anhydrous boric acid (ZB/B2O3 in a 60/40 ratio, 0.75% BAE) in a no-choice test for 5 d, either in Honolulu (C. formosanus) or Australia (C. acinaciformis and M. darwiniensis); survival rates, wet weight, and boron content of the termites were determined. Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) was used to determine boron content in field-caught and experimental termites. There was a significant (P < 0.01) decrease in survival of the boron-treated Coptotermes in comparison with the untreated termites, although no mortality was observed in M. darwiniensis. All 3 species showed a significant (P < 0.01) increase in boron content in boron-treated individuals, and there were no significant differences observed between the field-caught and untreated termites.