bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Development of Old English ǣ: Middle English Spelling Evidence
Authors: Stenbrenden Gjertrud F.
Published: May 2021

This chapter presents the range of spellings for the reflexes of ǣ1 and ǣ2 in ME dialects, as found in SED, LAEME and LALME. Old English ǣ appears to have raised early in Middle English, as the dominant spelling is ; this is further supported by the fact that  spellings are more frequent in the early LAEME texts than in the later ones. The spelling variants show geographic variation in Old English, with ǣ1 and ǣ2 appearing to have merged in some dialects but kept apart in others. Their reflexes are not kept apart in spelling in any systematic fashion in any ME dialects, but their distribution is certainly are not random. As the sound-changes affecting the two ǣ’s took some time to reach completion, they overlapped in time with the early stages of the Great Vowel Shift; the author argues that they must be seen as part of that shift, rather than as similar but unrelated changes.
Examining the Evidence for Phonemic Affricates: Middle English /t͡ʃ/, /d͡ʒ/ or [t-ʃ], [d-ʒ]?
Authors: Minkova Donka
Published: May 2021

Affricates represent an analytic challenge, as a category intermediate between simple stops and a sequence of a stop and a fricative. The paper traces the historical evidence for the development of OE [c], a single segment, to palatal [cj], assibilated [tʃ], the sequence [tʃ], and back to a single segment contour /t͡ʃ/, building on diagnostics like the blocking property of medial clusters versus singletons in resolution in OE verse, alliteration, metrical treatment in terms of syllable weight, data from language acquisition, phonetics in terms of durational properties, the interaction with Middle English sound changes, as well as the early neutralization of the singleton-geminate contrast. Further support comes from spelling, including a possible Celtic origin for OE , and  spellings in LAEME as evidence supporting Orthographic Remapping of Palatal c. Finally, the author considers the impact of Old French loanwords, where the simplification of affricates in Anglo-Norman is argued to be delayed compared to Central French due to the existence of the sequences [tʃ] and [dʒ] in Middle English.
Neo-Pagan Scotland: Fashioning Origins
Authors: Shaw Michael
Published: May 2021

In their attempts to advance Scottish cultural revivalism, many writers and artists looked to mythical origins to help bind the national community and define its international connections. This chapter illustrates that it was not just Celtic mythical heroes that appealed to cultural revivalists but also Mediterranean paganisms, and that Celtic and Greek gods and mythologies often interacted in Scottish literature and art. The chapter uses John Duncan’s Ramsay Garden murals as a case study, before going on to assess William Sharp/Fiona Macleod’s concern with paganism. Fiona Macleod’s neo-pagan writings reveal the complicated gender dynamics of cultural revivalism in Scotland. The chapter then discusses the significant presence of Pan in fin-de-siècle Scottish culture, before exploring John Davidson’s resistance to both neo-paganism and Scottish cultural revivalism.
The Frei Administration
Authors: Lockhart James
Published: May 2021

This chapter assesses the Frei administration's national and international response to the energy the Cuban Revolution unleashed in Latin America in the 1960s. It presents President Eduardo Frei as an independent actor with his own agenda, which included the backing and accelerating of Chileans' developmental project in nuclear science and technology. It also reconstructs and reevaluates the United States, particularly the CIA's, relationship with Frei.
Cool and Correct
Authors: Lockhart James
Published: May 2021

This chapter clarifies the Nixon administration's approach to the Allende administration after November 1970. It also evaluates President Salvador Allende's worldview and internationalism -- and Allende's relationship with the Soviet Union and KGB as well.
Theory
Authors: Eiran Ehud
Published: May 2021

The theory chapter explains how scholars analyse current-day post-colonial settlement projects. It shows that much of the focus in the literature is on internal explanations such as settler-driven or an audience costs perspective; or bicommunal/bilateral explanations such as social control or economic utilization.
The History of the Present English Subjunctive
Authors: Moessner Lilo
Published: May 2021

Based on the definition of the subjunctive as a realisation of the grammatical category mood and an expression of the semantic/pragmatic category modality the book presents the first comprehensive and consistent description of the history of the present English subjunctive. It covers the periods Old English (OE), Middle English (ME), and Early Modern English (EModE), and it considers all contruction types in which the subjunctive is attested, namely main clauses, noun clauses, relative clauses, and adverbial clauses. Besides numerically substantiating the well-known hypothesis that the simplification of the verbal syntagm led to a long-term frequency decrease of the subjunctive, it explores the factors which governed its competition with other verbal expressions. The data used for the analysis come from The Helsinki Corpus of English Texts; they comprise nearly half a million words in 91 files. Their analysis was carried out by close reading, and the results of the analysis were processed with the statistical program SPSS. This combined quantitative-qualitative method offers new insights into the research landscape of English subjunctive use and into the fields of historical English linguistics and corpus linguistics.
The subjunctive in adverbial clauses
Authors: Moessner Lilo
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores the frequency development of the subjunctive and its competitors, namely indicatives and modal constructions, in the adverbial clauses of a corpus covering the periods Old English (OE), Middle English (ME), and Early Modern English (EModE). It also describes the influence of the parameters text category, adverbial clause type, and matrix verb on the realisation of the verbal syntagm of adverbial clauses. The corpus analysis shows that subjunctive frequency is surpassed by indicative frequency already in OE, whereas it keeps its ground against modal constructions until EModE. The biggest shares of subjunctives are found in the text categories STA (legislative texts) and IS (secular instruction texts), in clauses of condition and concession, and in matrix clauses with verbal syntagms realised by subjunctives and imperatives.
Carin Fock-Göring’s Gravestone: Tracing the Legacy of the Swedish First Lady of the Third Reich
Authors: Wen Patrick
Published: May 2021

This chapter takes a long view of the dynamic role played by the image of Carin Fock-Goering within the Nazi imagination before, during and after the Third Reich. Exploring and interrogating various constructions of imagined Swedishness and Aryanness within the Nazi propaganda machine, the chapter sheds light on the problematic, multivalent, mythologizing discourses surrounding the creation of the Fock “legend.” Her public image first functions as a paragon of total fealty to the Fuehrer and as a quasi-First Lady of the regime in the absence of a Mrs. Hitler. Fock’s curious posthumous legacy as an elevated and almost saintly ideal of womanhood within the Reich reveals much about how Sweden and Swedishness were imagined by the Third Reich. The postwar trajectory of the Fock “legend” signals a more overt expression of Sontag’s notion of “fascinating fascism” as seen through the macabre and highly fetishized fascination with and itinerary of her remains.
The Globalization of the Danish Documentary: Creative Collaboration and Modes of Global Documentaries
Authors: Bondebjerg Ib
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines Nordic documentary directors who have followed a cosmopolitan and global trend in filmmaking, both in their strategies of co-production and in the engagement with global realities abroad and at home. One of the most prolific is the American-British-Danish Joshua Oppenheimer whose two films The Act of Killing (2007) and The Look of Silence (2014) has had an incredibly strong international impact. Thematically and aesthetically they have challenged existing forms and manage to raise the global awareness of the almost forgotten Indonesian Holocaust. But also as a production case the films are very interesting. Oppenheimer’s primary production company is the internationally very prolific Final Cut For Real, but this company is co-producing with both Scandinavian, British and US companies, and the funding comes from an impressive list of PSB TV stations in Scandinavia, Europe, from Film Institutes and from various transnational and European funding bodies and NGOs. This chapter, based on interviews with Oppenheimer and his key production partners and articles, analyses his films as transnational co-productions.
Distributed Cognition in Medieval and Renaissance Studies
Authors: Anderson Miranda
Published: May 2021

The purpose of this chapter is to provide a background to current research in medieval and Renaissance studies on topics related to distributed cognition and to consider how the various chapters in this volume represent, reflect and advance work in this area. The volume brings together 14 chapters by international specialists working in the period between the ninth and the seventeenth century in the fields of law, history, drama, literature, art, music, philosophy, science and medicine. The chapters revitalise our reading of medieval and Renaissance works by bringing to bear recent insights in cognitive science and philosophy of mind on the distributed nature of cognition. Together the chapters make evident the ways in which particular notions and practices of distributed cognition emerged from the particular range of sociocultural and technological contexts that existed during this period. This chapter attempts to put these contributions in their wider research context by examining how such topics have been approached by mainstream scholarship, earlier work in the cognitive sciences and by existing applications of distributed cognition theory. It draws out both more general features of distributed cognition and what was distinctive about medieval and Renaissance insights into (and superstitions about) the cognitive roles of the body and environment. Throughout this chapter, I reference the chapters in this volume that provide further information on topics covered or take forward the issues in question. In the concluding section, I turn to a fuller overview of the chapters themselves
Medieval Icelandic Legal Treatises as Tools for External Scaffolding of Legal Cognition
Authors: Schäfke Werner
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the medieval Icelandic law book Grágás as it is contained in the medieval manuscripts Staðarhólsbók (AM 334 fol.) and Konungsbók (GKS 1157 fol.), and explores in what ways the two manuscripts can be considered to function as external tools of legal cognition. The aim of the chapter is to explore how the modern concept of distributed cognition can aid us in understanding historical phenomena, in this case, the function of two medieval Icelandic codices containing collections of laws. The chapter outlines what lines of thought and reasoning the examined medieval codices support when used for finding relevant legal norms or charting applicable law. In order to clarify the relation of the historical development of distributed legal cognition and its textual tools, the chapter’s conclusion compares the Grágás manuscripts to an early modern Icelandic legal manuscript (AM 60 8vo), and to modern statute collections. This comparison shows how the distribution of legal cognition to textual tools slowly developed within the textual culture of a formerly predominantly oral society without a significant domestic administrative literacy.
Horse-Riding Storytellers and Distributed Cognition in Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales
Authors: Bolens Guillemette
Published: May 2021

The taming of horses changed humans’ relation to space, movement, and speed. It increased their social agency and environmental impact. In fourteenth-century England, Geoffrey Chaucer writes about the storytelling contest of a group of men and women travelling together on horseback to Canterbury. Bringing an enactive practice of language together with the dynamic of horse-riding, TheCanterbury Tales characterizes its storytelling pilgrims by the way they ride their horses and speak to each other. The pilgrims’ kinesis, narrative skills and cognitive styles are linked to a use of artefacts (e.g., clothing, weapons, stirrups) which defines them as characters. Chaucer conveys such distributed information by working with language in a way that successfully induces readers’ cognitive engagement, and triggers perceptual-motor simulations of situated actions in meaningful ways.
Ben Jonson and the Limits of Distributed Cognition
Authors: Lyne Raphael
Published: May 2021

Ben Jonson’s Bartholomew Fair (1614) and The Alchemist (1610) depict characters attempting to establish and redefine themselves within and against the marketplace. In this chapter the network of goods for sale, and especially the street-sellers’ cries which were so characteristic of London life, and which are recorded in songs from the period, are seen as a cognitive ecology in which dramatic versions of distributed selfhood take particular shapes. Jonson’s plays anticipate and also comment on notions of extended, economic, and ‘soft’ selfhood like those explored by Andy Clark, Don Ross, and others.
‘Le Sigh’: Enactive and Psychoanalytic Insights into Medieval and Renaissance Paralanguage
Authors: Fradenburg Joy L. O. Aranye
Published: May 2021

Sighing is both performative and vital activity, and exemplifies the role of ‘primordial affectivity’ in the organism’s co-creativity with its environment. Emerging from the organism’s ‘cares’, transforming the atmosphere and the affect that initiated it, the sigh is a striking instance of distributed cognition, an action reaching through ancient respiratory processes to the most deliberate forms of self-care. Premodern psychology understood the sigh as an attempt to free the circulation of vital and animal spirits from blockage caused by the overheating of imaginative and estimative faculties when obsessed by the image of a loved object. Contemporary science similarly sees the chief physiological action of the sigh, the opening of air spaces in the lungs, as dynamically engaged with affective experience. In the domain of psychoanalysis, the sigh is a transitional phenomena; it buys time and gives us the time to open up to something new. The sigh relaxes constriction, opening the throat and enabling speech. Hence its vital importance in amorous verse. ‘Le Sigh’ proposes that sighing is the template for the concluding couplet of Shakespeare’s sonnet form. Its innovation is to give us the breathing room to bear our care-full lives.
‘Like a Flash of Inspiration’: Byron’s Marginalised Lyricism in Hebrew Melodies
Authors: O’Neill Michael
Published: May 2021

Despite intensive critical work on Byron’s Hebrew Melodies, they tend to be marginalised in Byron’s work. While there is a great deal of art in Byron’s lyrics, they often have an effect of a flash of inspiration. The essay (re-)examines the lyric art and imaginative force of poems frequently marginalised in accounts of Byron’s poetic career, involving comparisons with the lyricism of other poets, including Wordsworth, Shelley and Moore. Moore’s relations with Ireland are evident, Byron’s with Jewish suffering are less so, except that in his act of virtuosic empathy he can summon up Biblical cadences and imply an obscure, but deep link between apparently remote subject matter and private feeling.
The Margins of Genius: Byron, Nationalism and the Periodical Reviews
Authors: Tuominen-Pope Josefina
Published: May 2021

This is a case study of the intricate conflict at the margins of genius and celebrity and the intersection of high and low culture in the Romantic period. The main focus is on accounts of Byron and his relationship with fame and genius in literary periodicals, most prominently Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine and the London Magazine during the period of 1818 to 1824. The main argument of the essay is that the vast amount of attention awarded to the concept of genius, combined with the heightened sense of nationalism in this period, caused critics to view genius as a national property wasted by Byron in his search for celebrity
‘I ask his pardon for a postscript’: Byron’s Epistolary Afterthoughts
Authors: Shears Jonathon
Published: May 2021

Signing off his letters always involved a type of lingering for Byron and an opportunity of reflecting on the just-completed letter. The voice comes from the same man, and yet simultaneously from somewhere else.In the light of these speculations, this essay intends to examine a range of Byron’s postscripts from correspondence written throughout his life in order to explore the various ways in which they ironically subvert, superintend, supplement, gloss or reinscribe the construction of his character in the main body of his letters. Examples of marginalised inscription are treated as a type of paratext that – unlike the marginalia in the poems – has never been considered at any length and, rather like Derrida’s supplement, bespeaks a dual addition to and subtraction from the composing self.
The Little Art Colony and US Modernism
Authors: Gano Geneva M.
Published: May 2021

U.S. Modernism at Continent’s End: Carmel, Provincetown, Taos historicizes and theorizes the significance of the early twentieth-century little arts colony as a uniquely modern social formation within a global network of modernist activity and production. Emphasizing communities rather than single artists, and modernist activity instead of products, this study considers modernism as social, aesthetic, and political processes that developed differentially in response to local and global pressures. In addition to offering a historical overview of the emergence of three critical sites of modernist activity—the little art colonies of Carmel, Provincetown, and Taos—this study offers new critical readings of major authors associated with those places: Robinson Jeffers, Eugene O’Neill, and D. H. Lawrence. Continent’s End tracks the radical thought and aesthetic innovation that emerged from these villages and reveals a surprisingly dynamic circulation of persons, objects, and ideas between the country and the city and back again, producing modernisms that were cosmopolitan in character yet also site-specific.
Christianity in South and Central Asia
Authors: Jeyaraj Daniel
Published: May 2021

While Christianity in South and Central Asia has deep historical roots, the World Wars, the demise of British colonialism, and Islamic influence have been defining turning points. Today, Christians in South and Central Asia constitute a minority and most struggle for political recognition, social equality and protection from persecution. With Russia, China, and USA are major players in sociopolitical dynamics, ethnic and cultural tensions permeate across geopolitical borders with the influence of the Russian Orthodox Church, along with Chinese and American globalization. Christian organizations exercising ecumenical efforts find success in ministries that alleviate suffering and promote social mobility among believers and non-believers alike. However, such efforts can be branded as threats to the social fabric. Despite having to live in secrecy in most regions, Christians as minorities seek good relationships with others at various levels. Inter-religious engagement becomes problematic when Christians question the status quo and demand equal opportunities and rights. Pentecostal Christians exert influence on fellow Christians and non-Christians alike. Their worship and spirituality, theology and social work, mission and evangelism struggle with caste, tribal and other ethnic identities, and their united churches contribute to the fullness of global Christianity.
Tajikistan
Authors: Ashurov Barakatullo
Published: May 2021

Christianity in modern Tajikistan is closely connected to the missionary movement of the Church of the East in the Central Asian landmass. The historical patterns of the ROC aimed to cover only European and Russian nationals with Russian language only. This has led to Christianity being dubbed a ‘Russian religion’. The Roman Catholic Church was in Central Asia since the thirteenth century. The first wave of Protestants came through the Mennonites (Brethren), along with Evangelicals and Baptists (who both eventually merged in 1941 into the Evangelical Baptists), and the second wave came through various Protestant mission organizations after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Protestant churches in the country comprise both local converts from Islam and those of Russian Orthodox background. Although non-Tajik Christians are culturally acceptable, local converts are regarded as traitors. Many such restrictions apply equally to all religions. State restraint toward religious minorities are due to inherited Soviet tradition and fear of the extremist ideology that was a cause of the recent civil war. Current persecution in the country is largely a matter of social discrimination rather than state control. Nonetheless, the existing communities, particularly those with valid registrations, are thriving, albeit on a small scale.
Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Radford David
Published: May 2021

Since 1991 significant numbers of the ‘ethnic’ Kyrgyz have accepted the Christian faith, a figure close to 20,000 Kyrgyz Christians. Kyrgyz number about 71% of Kyrgyzstan’s population, Uzbeks 14% and Russians 8%. Christianity has had a long history with Central Asia with historical links to Nestorian and Assyrian Christianity (Church of the East). However, the faith disappeared by the mid-14th century due to persecution and plague. Despite efforts to proselytise the community by the Russian Orthodox Church, the peoples of Central Asia maintained continuity within their affairs. This also meant that religious identification was tied to ethnicity and identity: to be Russian was to be Christian (ROC); to be Central Asian was to be Muslim. Of all the post-Soviet Central Asian nations, Kyrgyzstan has been considered the most open and least authoritarian of all post-Soviet Central Asian nations. While a relaxed policy of religious freedom led to a marketplace of religious ideas, Kyrgyz Christians are stigmatized by being labelled as sell-outs, deniers of their Muslim birth-identity, adherents to Russian God, and cultists. Nevertheless, the spread of Christianity has been due to factors such as cultural continuity and the person-to-person involvement of Kyrgyz Christians with those from their community.
Bhutan
Authors: Wangyal Tandin
Published: May 2021

Bhutan is the only surviving monarchy in the Himalayas, having resisted any foreign colonial power. It is a predominantly Buddhist nation; Buddhism permeates all facets of their lives. Bhutan’s first exposure to Christianity came in 1627, with the visit of two Portuguese Jesuits, who were stymied by linguistic barriers. However, in the second half of the twentieth century Bhutan slowly opened up to medical missions that treated leprosy patients. From the 1960s Christians from Darjeeling and Kalimpong in India came to the country to work, and through their influence some Bhutanese came to faith in Christ. Late twentieth century/early twenty-first century conversions via ‘power encounters’ has led to a Pentecostal movement in Bhutan. In 2004 the Bhutan Council of Churches’ Fellowship (BCCF) was formed, in response to a need for local institutionalized unity. Translation work in the Tsanglha language began in 1989 and the New Testament was completed in 2009. A significant challenge lying ahead is the contextualisation of theology in Bhutan in relation to Buddhist culture. Work in this area can help to demonstrate that Christian Bhutanese are loyal citizens, with a valuable contribution to make to national life.
Tribal Identity
Authors: Behera Marina Ngursangzeli
Published: May 2021

The term ‘tribe’ is resented by some because it resonates with antiquated social evolutionist theories, but it is also a legal term. In order to enjoy certain privileges provided by the Indian constitution, a group needs to be recognised as a Scheduled Tribe or Caste. Many of these tribals call themselves Adivasi, or the ‘first dwellers’, a Hindi/Sanskritic term. It is meaningful to distinguish between the two large groups – the Adivasi and the north-eastern tribals. The Adivasi are formed by a culture system based on belief in a close inter-relatedness with nature. For the indigenous people of Northeast India, land is central to their existence as a community. What made the Christian message of the missionaries attractive was not the message of salvation and of Christ’s redemptive sacrifice but because Christ was portrayed as one who could vanquish these evil spirits they were afraid of. However, the sacrificial elements in the animistic religion were replaced by the self-sacrifice of Jesus. Education has been transformative in the life of the people of Northeast India. Having experienced exploitation that left them aliens in their own land, Christianity enables Adivasis to assert themselves on equal terms with the societies around them.
Revenge Tragedy and Classical Philosophy on the Early Modern Stage
Authors: Crosbie Christopher
Published: May 2021

This book discovers within early modern revenge tragedy the surprising shaping presence of a wide array of classical philosophies not commonly affiliated with the genre. By recovering the pervasive influence of Aristotelian faculty psychology on The Spanish Tragedy, Aristotelian ethics on Titus Andronicus, Lucretian atomism on Hamlet, Galenic pneumatics on Antonio’s Revenge and Epictetian Stoicism on The Duchess of Malfi, this book reveals how the very atmospheres and ontological assumptions of revenge tragedy exert their own kind of conditioning dramaturgical force. The book also revitalises our understanding of how the Renaissance stage, even at its most lurid, functions as a unique space for the era’s practical, vernacular engagement with received philosophy.
Oeconomia and the Vegetative Soul: Thomas Kyd’s Naturalisation of Revenge in the Spanish Tragedy
Authors: Crosbie Christopher
Published: May 2021

This chapter uncovers a lost philosophical substructure for Thomas Kyd’s The Spanish Tragedy, one which shapes the play's central class antagonisms. Through his sophisticated revision of Aristotelian faculty psychology, Kyd appropriates early modern understandings of the vegetative soul – the imperceptible source of all reproduction, nutrition, and growth inherent in all living things – to reveal middling ambition as a natural phenomenon. By presenting the latent desire for growth and development as the consequence of an innate psychology, Kyd’s play transforms revenge into an understandable outgrowth of thwarted ambition, a type of reproduction by absence, when all lawful means of material advancement become foreclosed. Revenge thus appears throughout The Spanish Tragedy as instinctively reproductive, a naturalization of retribution accomplished via the dramatist’s clever situation of the revenge narrative within a complex, though accessible, ontological framework that subtly exerts its force on the audience throughout the play.
Reading Machines in the Modernist Transatlantic
Authors: White Eric B.
Published: May 2021

Reading Machines in the Modernist Transatlantic provides a new account of aesthetic and technological innovation, from the Machine Age to the Information Age. Drawing on a wealth of archival discoveries, it argues that modernist avant-gardes used technology not only as a means of analysing culture, but as a way of feeding back into it. As well as uncovering a new invention by Mina Loy, the untold story of Bob Brown’s ‘reading machine’ and the radical technicities of African American experimentalists including Gwendolyn Bennett, Ralph Ellison and Langston Hughes, the book places avant-gardes at the centre of innovation across a variety of fields. From dazzle camouflage to microfilm, and from rail networks to broadcast systems, White explores how vanguardists harnessed socio-technics to provoke social change. Reading Machines argues that transatlantic avant-gardes deployed ‘techno-bathetic’ strategies to contest the dominance of the technological sublime. This major but hidden cultural narrative engaged with the messy particulars and unintended consequences of technology’s transduction in society. Techno-bathetic vanguardists including Futurists, Vorticists, Dadaists, post-Harlem Renaissance radicals and American Super-realists proposed new, non-servile ways of reading and doing technology. The books reveals how these formations contested the entrenched hierarchies of both the transatlantic Machine Age and technological sublime.
A 5th E: Distributed Cognition and the Question of Ethics in Benjamin and Vygotsky, and Horkheimer and Dewey
Authors: Morgan Ben
Published: May 2021

The chapter uses Walter Benjamin’s engagement with Soviet developmental psychologist Lev Vygotsky, and Max Horkheimer’s with the work of American pragmatist John Dewey to suggest a productive path not taken by the Frankfurt School in the 1930s and 1940s as they considered the empirical study of human beings’ ‘mimetic’, i.e. pre-conscious and visceral interactions with others and with the world. Their analyses suggests positive ways of re-thinking the relation between norms and ‘primary intersubjectivity’ if we abandon their unnecessarily stark distinction between mimetic and goal-oriented forms of behaviour. The result is an understanding of how the basis of primary subjectivity, imitation, is itself necessarily distributed and ethically inflected, adding a 5th E to embedded, embodied, enactive and extended cognition.
Laziness as Concept-Metaphor
Authors: Ladyga Zuzanna
Published: May 2021

The chapter explores what laziness has meant for philosophers, especially those few who chose to address it directly, and provides a conceptual frame for the laziness metaphor. Philosophical inquiries into unproductive idling are rare, but in each instance they center around the issues of the body and resistance. That is the case with Martin Heidegger’s notion of Lässigkeit as the basic existential sensibility, Emmanuel Levinas’s paresse as a position of refusal towards life, and Giorgio Agamben’s inoperativity. But it is also the case when Roland Barthes and Theodor Adorno define idleness in terms of insubordination to pedagogical rituals or as a position of ethical neutrality, when Sandor Ferenczi discovers the principle of neocatharsis in relaxation, or when Donald Winnicott dwells on the benefits of laziness as a psychosomatic symptom. When those ideas are juxtaposed against the political models of passive dissent (such as the parrhēsia model of Diogenes the Cynic, or the strike model proposed by Paul Lafargue), laziness emerges as a valuable signifier for the complex haptic-affective mechanism of counter-normativity. The discourse of laziness lays bare and unmasks the hidden conflation of the biological, the symbolic, and the political.
Inertia and Not-Knowing in the Fiction of Donald Barthelme
Authors: Ladyga Zuzanna
Published: May 2021

The chapter looks at Barthelme’s literary work through the prism of sloth/laziness variants such as inertia, nausea, and most importantly, Anton Ehrenzweig’s rendition of inoperativity via the concept of unconscious scanning. From Barthelme’s early renditions of the figure of the artist such as the Pollockian Paul in Snow White (1967), through avatars of passive artists in his short stories, to the half-dead-half-alive carcass of D.F. in The Dead Father (1975), there emerges a radical counter-Rosenbergian philosophy of action/inaction. No author of American postmodernism has done more to counteract the Rosenbergian post-Romantic idea of heightened sensibility of passive repose than did Barthelme. The purpose of this chapter is to bring the themes of inertia and sterēsis, understood by Barthelme as Ehrenzweig’s unconscious scanning, as unique insights into creative processes, insights which exceed the classical postmodern ethical and aesthetic regime
Dis/Obedience
Authors: Rossdale Chris
Published: May 2021

This chapter looks at how anti-militarists attempt to become ‘disobedient’ in the conduct of direct action, with a particular focus on how they constitute themselves as (il)legal subjects. It begins with some reflections on the intimate relationships between concepts of obedience and disobedience, with the rest of the chapter considering how those relationships are manifest in the movement. The first main section outlines how activists attempt to become disobedient, with a focus on the intentional and embodied labour involved in preparing for individual acts of disobedience. The next section reflects on how, despite these disobedient acts, anti-militarists also operate as obedient subjects. The argument here focuses on the politics of ‘accountability’, looking at how many (but not all) activists frame their disobedience through a higher duty of obedience, whether to the law, the state, or to God. It provides some critical reflection on the politics of accountability. The chapter then discusses how, even as they practice accountability, activists locate further opportunities for resistance, turning legal processes into fresh instantiations of disobedience. The conclusion argues that it is vitally important to make space for a politics of disobedience which is not automatically positioned in reference to a higher practice of obedience.
Minority Audience: The Oudayas Museum and the Manufacturing of Elitism in Moroccan Museums1
Authors: Micheli Francesca De
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on the relationship between Moroccan museums and their relationship with local visitors. Drawing from original interviews, historical archives and the Moroccan museum context, it investigates how a postcolonial country like Morocco translates a colonial museum apparatus into public national heritage, destined to all citizens. The chapter’s analysis is based on an exhibition held at the Oudayas Museum in Rabat in 2003, as well as interviews with residents of the kasbah surrounding the museum. It highlights a slew of social, cultural, and economic issues linked to symbolic capital and local perception. The chapter shows the need for the Moroccan museum sector to re-think museums in local terms as a pathway toward cultural democratisation.
A National Museum for a People Without a Land: The Palestinian Museum, Birzeit
Authors: Holman Zoe
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the development of the recently-founded museum at Birzeit, the West Bank, by documenting the political, ideological, material and cultural challenges associated with the project of curating a narrative of Palestinian history. Drawing on original interviews with the museum’s founders and managers alongside settler colonial theory, it contextualises the struggle to preserve Palestinian heritage and culture in the face of continuing displacement and Israeli occupation. It considers the museum’s architecture as well as a number of its exhibits and physical and virtual projects to analyse the success with which the project offers an inclusive, nuanced and dynamic archive of Palestinian national history.
‘The dense, murky water of the past’: Swamps, Nostalgia and Settlement Myth in Meir Shalev’s The Blue Mountain
Authors: Boast Hannah
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the changing meanings of swamp drainage in Israel’s national mythology. Swamp drainage was undertaken in the early twentieth century by the Jewish National Fund and again after the establishment of the State of Israel. Once seen as a triumph of Zionist ingenuity, draining swamps was redefined in the late twentieth century as an emblem of Zionism’s environmental hubris. This chapter assesses this history through Meir Shalev’s magical realist novel The Blue Mountain (1988), situating Shalev’s text in its contemporary contexts of environmentalism and post-Zionism.
Antonioni and the Aesthetics of Impurity
Authors: Nardelli Matilde
Published: May 2021

Michalangelo Antonioni’s 1960s films are widely recognized as both exemplars of cinema and key texts in ushering in cinema’s ‘modern’ incarnation. Reconnecting Antonioni’s aesthetically audacious films of the 1960s to the ferment of their historical time, Antonioni and the Aesthetics of Impurity addresses these works’ crucial, yet overlooked, affinity with the new ‘impure’ art practices that emerged in the period. At the same time, the book also offers a novel reading of the films’ dialogue with postwar pictorial abstraction. Revealing an Antonioni who embraced both mixed and mass media and reflected on them via his cinema, the book, through both an intermedial and a transnational focus, replaces auteuristic accounts of the director’s work with a new understanding of its critical significance in late-twentienth century cinema and visual culture.
Introduction: Antonioni and the Aesthetics of Impurity
Authors: Nardelli Matilde
Published: May 2021

The introduction addresses the ‘modernity’ of Antonioni’s 1960s films in the context of the proliferation of the mass image in postwar culture on the one hand, and aesthetic and art-historical debates about medium specificity, and ‘purity’, on the other.
Walled out of humanity: Sir John Clerk and his circle
Authors: Montgomery Alan
Published: May 2021

This chapter concentrates on the life, work and circle of eminent Scottish antiquarian and self-avowed Romanist Sir John Clerk of Penicuik. It explores Clerk’s own fascination with ancient Rome, which had been inspired by both his education and a Grand Tour to Italy, and examines how this impacted on his own interpretations of Scotland’s heritage. As a key player in the formulation of the 1707 British Union, Clerk’s involvement in modern politics clearly influenced his view of the nation’s past. Also discussed here are Clerk’s important patronage of other antiquarians, particularly Alexander Gordon, whose iconic tome Itinerarium Septentrionale of 1726 would become a key text on Roman Scotland for decades to follow.
Introduction
Authors: Buschfeld Sarah , Kautzsch Alexander
Published: May 2021

In the Introduction to the volume, the editors introduce the overall topic, i.e., newly emerging realities and current debates in World Englishes theorising. They discuss why a unified approach towards postcolonial and non-postcolonial Englishes is inevitable to fully capture the current linguistic realities behind the spread and entrenchment of English worldwide. Subsequently, they provide a concise summary of the EIF Model (Buschfeld and Kautzsch) in comparison to Schneider’s (2003, 2007) Dynamic Model, and offer a brief description of the outline of the book by chapter.
English in the Philippines: A Case of Rootedness and Routedness
Authors: Bolivar Bejay Villaflores
Published: May 2021

The researcher focuses on a hybrid form of English and Cebuano-Bisaya, one of the dominant local languages in the Philippines. Drawing from the Extra and Intra-territorial Model of Buschfeld and Kautzsch, the article argues that the emergence of Bislish is propelled by extra- and intra-territorial forces: first, language policies and a regional resistance against Tagalog as the national language; second, the surge of globalization and the Cebuano speakers’ endeavor for upward and outward mobility. The researcher surmounts that the prominence of Bislish in various domains, particularly in online communities of practice, is tied to the speakers’ attitudes of rootedness and routedness. The study affirms the viability of the EIF Model in explicating cases of language hybridity in postcolonial contexts.
English in South Korea: Applying the EIF Model
Authors: Rüdiger Sofia
Published: May 2021

This chapter applies the EIF Model by Buschfeld and Kautzsch (2017) to the case of South Korea, where English has a special status due to the military involvement of the US after World War II, and where the desire for English is both strong and persistent. The continuing deployment of American soldiers to South Korea in combination with the factors of globalization and the global mobility of individuals contributes to a strong presence of English in the East Asian nation. This chapter proposes to add the factors of ‘presence of English in the linguistic landscape and within the L1’ as well as ‘cultural phenomena’ to the forces to be included in the EIF Model as these potentially influence further development of the respective variety. Consequently, English loanwords in Korean and the phenomenon of K-Pop are discussed from a World Englishes perspective. In the end, South Korea is placed between the stabilization (phase 2) and nativization phase (phase 3) of the EIF Model.
English in Japan: The Applicability of the EIF Model
Authors: Ike Saya , D’Angelo James
Published: May 2021

The chapter considers the case of Japan and its historical involvement with English from the point of earliest contact, through the Meiji Restoration, and analyses the subsequent development of Japanese English (JE) to the present day. It presents a careful discussion of applying Buschfeld and Kautzsch’s EIF Model to Japan, both from the viewpoint of Schneider’s Dynamic Model, and the enhanced perspective offered by the EIF Model. A range of loanwords and morpho-syntactic features are discussed, and well as cultural influences from a variety of external and internal forces. Finally, the chapter investigates possible advantages of – and points that need further definition in – developing the EIF Model and its theoretical contribution to the field. The chapter demonstrates that the EIF Model is indeed useful in the description and categorization of Expanding Circle varieties of English, and helps enhance the world Englishes paradigm to better account for these emerging varieties.
English in Gibraltar: Applying the EIF Model to English in Non-Postcolonial Overseas Territories
Authors: Suárez-Gómez Cristina
Published: May 2021

The variety of English spoken in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar shares with postcolonial varieties the fact that a new variety of English emerged from a process of language contact. Although GibE has been tentatively placed in the phase ‘Endonormative Stabilization’ of the Dynamic Model, Weston (2011) notes some theoretical problems in its application, given the still non-postcolonial status of Gibraltar. The integrative approach of the EIF Model may constitute a more comprehensive framework for the analysis of the evolution, current status and linguistic forms of GibE (see Buschfeld and Kautzsch 2017: 105). By assessing the local linguistic realities of the territory, this paper attempts to trace the development of English in Gibraltar and the degree of nativization of GibE. It analyzes (i) the political status of Gibraltar, (ii) the population size, (iii) the sociodemographic background (paying special attention to age) and (iv) the coexistence of different languages.
English in Ghana: Extra- and Intra-territorial Forces in a Developmental Perspective
Authors: Brato Thorsten
Published: May 2021

The chapter discusses the evolution of English in Ghana and its current sociolinguistic manifestations against the Extra- and Intra-territorial Model. On the intra-territorial side, educational and language policies as well as sociodemographic realities play a major role, which together with the colonial history as the major extra-territorial force, have shaped Ghanaian English throughout its history. In the absence of a sizable settler strand, the paper stresses the importance of speakers from some of the coastal areas, in which English-medium education was established first, as the ‘founder population’. They provided some covert norms for future generations of English speakers in the country and may even account for some linguistic patterns found today.
Police and Community in Twentieth-Century Scotland
Authors: Jackson Louise , Davidson Neil , Fleming Linda
Published: May 2021

This book examines the relationships forged between police officers and the diverse urban and rural communities in which they lived and worked in Scotland across the twentieth century. It considers the formal structures and rhetoric that defined and prescribed the policing ideal, as well as the ways in which policing was experienced from a range of grassroots’ perspectives. Drawing on a wealth of archival materials, oral history interviews, and memoirs, as well as previously unused primary sources, the authors identify factors that led to co-operation, consensus and the building of trust as well as tension and conflict across a century of social, political and technological change. The book compares the practices, cultures and repertoires of policing in urban and rural areas, highlighting the ways in which gender (as embodied and performed) shaped occupational identities, as well as race, ethnicity and religion.
Negating Sartre
Authors: Craig Cairns
Published: May 2021

Sartre’s existential philosophy of freedom was founded on the ‘nothingness’ of consciousness. In several of her novels, Spark adopts ideas from Sartre’s philosophy in order to reveal their contradictory and inhuman consequences. Thus in The Hothouse by the East River Spark poses an ontological paradox: Paul and Elsa died in England in the Second World War, in spite of which they live on as all-too-material ghosts in post-war New York and have conceived children who grow up as wealthy New Yorkers. Spark gives their son the name Pierre, which is the name of a friend regularly invoked by Sartre in illustrating aspects of his philosophy in Being and Nothingness. Spark’s Pierre, both a being and a nothingness, is the producer of a new version of J. M. Barrie’s Peter Pan, in which Barrie’s vision of an eternal childhood is performed by aged actors. The ‘Neverland’ of Barrie’s play thus becomes a mockery of a world that has lost its belief in eternity and has made art a compensation for that loss, a theme also played out in Lise’s efforts to become the producer of the drama of her own death in The Driver’s Seat.
The Geopolitics of the Personal
Authors: Craig Cairns
Published: May 2021

Christian existentialist philosophers, such as Gabriel Marcel, argued for a conception of the human individual not as an isolated subjectivity, as in Descartes’ cogito, but as born into and shaped by its relationships with others. ‘Being’ is necessarily ‘being with’. Spark’s plots dramatise, in characters such as Jean Brodie, the dangers of an isolating subjectivity that seeks to make the world conform to its own wishes in order to deny the fact they have been ‘thrown’ into a world they did not choose. In defiance of Sartre’s emphasis on the ability of human beings to choose their own future, Spark’s novels emphasise the historical and geographic ‘thrownness’ of her characters, their accidental arrival in situations they did not choose. These may be the geographical flashpoints of modern history, such as the Palestine of The Mandelbaum Gate, or the temporal eruption of the past into the present, as in Territorial Rights. It is this fundamental lack of control that leads Spark to insist that ridicule must be central to contemporary art, since ridicule not only challenges religious, political and ideological efforts to control events but challenges the presumptions of art itself when it seeks to shape the world.
Introduction
Authors: Mason Nicholas , Mole Tom
Published: May 2021

This introductory essay opens by establishing the gap between the richness of Romantic-era literary periodicals and this genre’s ongoing marginality in the academic study of the period. Pushing back against a growing tendency to consign the era’s periodical literature to the margins of the “long eighteenth” or “long nineteenth” century, it stakes the Romantic period’s claim as a distinct and unusually dynamic moment in the history of British literary periodicals. Before concluding with a brief synopsis of the volume’s contents and organization, it also explains the rationale for using a single magazine, Blackwood’s, to illustrate the brilliance, range, and sophistication of the age’s great periodicals.