bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Floods in future climates: a review
Authors: Whitfield P.H.
Published: June 2012

At the global scale, the warming of the atmosphere will increase the capacity of the atmosphere to hold and accelerate the redistribution of water in the atmosphere. This suggests that flood‐generating processes linked to the atmosphere are likely to increase. However, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change projections of future floods involve extremely complex issues that defy simple generalisations. Warming will alter other aspects of the water cycle increasing evaporation, changing precipitation patterns and intensity, and also affecting the processes involved in surface storage of water, including snowpack generation, snowmelt, river ice break‐up, and glacial melt. Many of these are active in flood generation, and changes may cause floods to decrease as well as increase. However, these processes take place not at the global scale but at relatively local scale, making generalisations about flooding in future climates difficult and uncertain. At the global scale, the role of land use is generally unresolved, but at a watershed scale, land‐use effects can be as important as changes in the meteorological processes. This review shows that while meteorologically driven flooding is expected to increase in a changed climate, making a precise pronouncement regarding all floods is unwise, as many types of floods will respond differently to changing climate and that because floods are watershed scale events, these local effects will remain important.
Are extra‐labral MR findings useful in the diagnosis of a labral tear?
Authors: Saddik Daniel , Tran Phillip , Troupis John , Tirman Phillip , O'donnell John , Howells Robert , Farish Stephen , Tartaglia Con
Published: June 2012

Objective: To determine diagnostic performance statistics of extra‐labral magnetic resonance (MR) findings for detection of labral tears in a population of patients with clinical suspicion of this diagnosis.

Materials and Methods: Seventy‐nine patients clinically suspected of having a labral tear (who underwent arthroscopy) had their MR studies retrospectively reviewed to determine the presence of lateral acetabular oedema‐like marrow signal, ganglia, dysplastic femoral bumps, synovial herniation pits and geodes. These findings were then correlated with the arthroscopic presence (or absence) of a labral tear.

Results: All findings (lateral acetabular oedema‐like marrow signal, ganglia, dysplastic femoral bumps, synovial herniation pits and geodes) had a specificity and positive predictive value (PPV) of 100%. Lateral acetabular oedema‐like marrow signal had a sensitivity of 35% and 20% negative predictive value (NPV). This was the only statistically significant finding (P < 0.05).

The sensitivity and NPV of ganglia were 12% and 16%, dysplastic femoral bumps (12%, 16%), synovial herniation pits (4%, 14%) and geodes (6%, 15%) respectively, (P > 0.05).

Conclusion: Lateral acetabular oedema‐like marrow signal is a useful sign (100% PPV) in the MR diagnosis of a labral tear, if one is clinically suspected. The other findings (ganglia, dysplastic femoral bumps, synovial herniation pits and geodes) were not statistically significant. Further studies are required to evaluate these.
Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return in patients with pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Sung Won‐kyung , Au Virginia , Rose Anand
Published: June 2012

Anomalous pulmonary venous return is an uncommon congenital malformation, and may be partial or total. Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR) is more common than total anomalous pulmonary venous return, and is often associated with other congenital cardiac anomalies. Whilst many patients with PAPVR remain asymptomatic, some may present in later age with symptoms related to left‐to‐right shunt, right heart failure and pulmonary hypertension. We report two cases of PAPVR detected on Computed Tomography Pulmonary Angiogram (CTPA) for the work up of pulmonary hypertension. The cases demonstrate that, although uncommon, partial anomalous pulmonary venous return can be a contributing factor to pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary veins should be carefully examined when reading a CTPA study.
Development and evaluation of 200 novel SNP assays for population genetic studies of westslope cutthroat trout and genetic identification of related taxa
Authors: CAMPBELL N. R. , AMISH S. J. , PRITCHARD V. L. , McKELVEY K. S. , YOUNG M. K. , SCHWARTZ M. K. , GARZA J. C. , LUIKART G. , NARUM S. R.
Published: June 2012

DNA sequence data were collected and screened for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi) and also for substitutions that could be used to genetically discriminate rainbow trout (O. mykiss) and cutthroat trout, as well as several cutthroat trout subspecies. In total, 260 expressed sequence tag‐derived loci were sequenced and allelic discrimination genotyping assays developed from 217 of the variable sites. Another 50 putative SNPs in westslope cutthroat trout were identified by restriction‐site‐associated DNA sequencing, and seven of these were developed into assays. Twelve O. mykiss SNP assays that were variable within westslope cutthroat trout and 12 previously published SNP assays were also included in downstream testing. A total of 241 assays were tested on six westslope cutthroat trout populations (N = 32 per population), as well as collections of four other cutthroat trout subspecies and a population of rainbow trout. All assays were evaluated for reliability and deviation from Hardy–Weinberg and linkage equilibria. Poorly performing and duplicate assays were removed from the data set, and the remaining 200 assays were used in tests of population differentiation. The remaining markers easily distinguished the various subspecies tested, as evidenced by mean GST of 0.74. A smaller subset of the markers (N = 86; average GST = 0.40) was useful for distinguishing the six populations of westslope cutthroat trout. This study increases by an order of magnitude the number of genetic markers available for the study of westslope cutthroat trout and closely related taxa and includes many markers in genes (developed from ESTs).
Marine Mammal Zoonoses: A Review of Disease Manifestations
Authors: Waltzek T. B. , Cortés‐Hinojosa G. , Wellehan Jr. J. F. X. , Gray Gregory C.
Published: June 2012

Marine mammals evoke strong public affection as well as considerable scientific interest. However, the resultant close contact with marine wildlife poses human health risks, including traumatic injury and zoonotic disease transmission. The majority of zoonotic marine mammal diseases result in localized skin infections in man that resolve spontaneously or with appropriate medical therapy. However, other marine mammal zoonoses, if left untreated, induce life‐threatening systemic diseases that could pose public health risks. As the number of zoonotic diseases rises, the diagnosis of and treatment for these emerging pathogens pose special challenges requiring the expertise of physicians, veterinarians and wildlife biologists. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the bacterial, viral and fungal marine mammal zoonotic diseases that we hope will be utilized by public health professionals, physicians, veterinarians and wildlife biologists to better understand, diagnose and prevent marine mammal zoonotic diseases.
A Proposed Curriculum in Meteoritics for College Students
Authors: Leonard Frederick C.
Published: June 2012

Abstract

A “major” or curriculum in meteoritics, leading to the bachelor's degree in colleges and universities, is outlined. It is recognized that a major in meteoritics would consist of a “combination major” in astronomy and geology, calling for an extensive preparation in the form of certain specified “lower‐division” courses in chemistry, geology, mathematics, and physics, as well as 15 “upper‐division units” in astronomy and 10 “upper‐division units” in geology, for the major proper.
The Abnormal Penetration of the Norfork, Arkansas, Iron
Authors: La Paz Lincoln
Published: June 2012

Abstract (and Introduction) The Norfork, Arkansas, iron recently described by Nininger,1 belongs probably in the select category of North American irons of witnessed fall. While it is a normal siderite in other respects, certain surface features are unusual, and the observed depth of penetration into the earth of four feet is much greater than one would expect to find in the case of a meteorite weighing only 1050 grams. The purpose of this paper is to give some quantitative indication of the discrepancy between the reported penetration of Norfork and the calculated probable penetration of a spherical iron meteorite weighing only 1050 grams. In view of the magnitude of this discrepancy, it seems most improbable that the small iron mass under consideration attained the reported depth by actually forcing its own way into the earth. The most probable explanation of the observed abnormal penetration is that the Norfork fragment entered the earth in the wake of a much larger mass, from which it was disengaged approximately at the instant of impact. From a study of the peculiar form and superficial features of the Norfork specimen, Nininger has already been led to conjecture that it “represents a corner of a large mass which was detached just as the main body penetrated the soil.” It is shown in what follows that the weight of the unrecovered portion of the fall may lie between 27.8 and 286 kilograms.
Meteoritic Dust and the Production of Metastable Nitrogen Molecules*
Authors: Kaplan Joseph
Published: June 2012

Abstract The part played by metastable nitrogen molecules and metastable nitrogen atoms in laboratory studies of auroral and night‐sky spectra is reviewed. The indication, by recent discoveries, that surfaces play an important rôle in the production of metastable entities in the laboratory, is used as the basis for an hypothesis regarding the rôle of meteoritic dust in the upper atmosphere. It is suggested that the relatively large concentration of metastable molecules in the 40‐70‐mile region of the upper atmosphere can be ascribed to the presence there of meteoritic dust particles which act as surfaces for the production of these molecules. The luminescence of ZnCO3 in the presence of active nitrogen suggests the possibility of a similar phenomenon with meteoritic material as the luminescing particles. Finally, the remarkable similarity between laboratory night‐sky and auroral spectra and the natural spectra of the night sky and the aurorae is accounted for by the previously mentioned part played by meteoritic dust. Experimental verification of this hypothesis by Professor F. C. Leonard and the writer is proposed.
The Oxidation of Meteorites*
Authors: Buddhue John Davis
Published: June 2012

Abstract The oxide of iron meteorites is typically laminated and magnetic, with a specific gravity of 2.92 to 4.24, and dark brown to black in color. Some occurs as shale‐balls, which may result from an abundance of lawrencite. These seem to be a special case of the ordinary rusting of iron masses. Shale‐balls resemble certain lava‐bombs, but one such mass is known which is non‐lamellar and contains traces of Widmanstätten figures. These figures have been seen also in Canyon Diablo, Arizona, oxide. Their preservation may be the result of the oxidation's having begun between the kamacite bands. This type of oxidation is also responsible for the presence of the metallic particles which are found in oxides. A meteorite in an intermediate stage is known. Schreibersite particles are found because of their resistance to oxidation.

Oxides from Willamette, Oregon, and Odessa, Texas, are described and analyses given.

The oxidation of meteorites is accelerated by electrolytic action between the constituents and by the action of lawrencite.

Many oxides bear green stains. In four cases these have been identified as deposits of zaratite. The presence of this mineral and various experiments show that all the nickel need not enter the oxide, and that nickel can be removed by solution. Comparison of nickel contents of oxides and the unaltered metal shows that the oxide contains almost invariably less nickel than the metal. Hence, ancient meteorites may be unrecognizable because they have lost all their nickel.

The mineral composition of the oxides is very imperfectly known. Rustite and ayasite are suggested as possible names.
Sound from Ether Waves?*
Authors: Nininger H. H.
Published: June 2012

Abstract The writer is convinced of the reality of sound which is produced, under favorable conditions, by the natural transformation of ether waves into ordinary sound, somewhat as in the radio, and proposes that the adjective ethaërial be used to designate such sound. If such sound exist, then the noises which are frequently heard at the same time as a meteor is seen and which have been reported by many observers, may be explained as ethaërial—in contradistinction to true aërial—sounds.
Second Catalog of Meteoritic Falls Reported to the Society for Research on Meteorites: August, 1936, to December, 1938*
Authors: Nininger Addie D.
Published: June 2012

Abstract A list of 82 new discoveries (S.R.M. provisional nos. 101–182) has been added to the catalog of the known meteoritic falls of the world since August, 1936. (See ref. no. 1, post.) Outstanding features of this list are 5 authentic reports of houses which have been struck by falling meteorites. The discovery of a new meteoritic crater has been made, and a meteorite was found while a hole was being dug for a post. It is pointed out that the major portion of these new discoveries has resulted from the systematic search which is being carried on in the Great Plains region of the United States by and under the direction of the American Meteorite Laboratory of Denver, Colorado.
The Oxide of the Monahans, Texas, Meteorite
Authors: Buddhue John Davis
Published: June 2012

Abstract

The Monahans, Texas, meteorite belongs to the Cape Group of ataxites and was discovered from the rust stains in the sand above it. The meteorite was in‐closed in a loosely adherent oxide crust. The metal core was almost divided in halves by a deep fissure. When this fissure was completed, a fracture like that of armor plate was produced, although the metal is malleable. Etching produces a dull but not a very dark surface, with indistinct irregular patches visible at certain angles. Some slices produced cuts in carborundum‐cloth grinding disks. It is believed that these cuts may have been produced by small diamonds. The rust is blackish‐brown, lamellar, and magnetic, and has a specific gravity of about 3.1. It contains some residual metal and consists of 2 bodies with the same structure as the metal. A green stain is probably zaratite. A chemical analysis of the oxide crust is given and shows that the crust has lost some of its nickel. Tap water dissolves still more material, but this is possibly lawrencite.
The Goose Lake Siderite: California's Largest Known Meteorite
Authors: Leonard Frederick C.
Published: June 2012

Abstract

A siderite discovered near Goose Lake in northern Modoc County, California, on 1938 October 13, by Messrs. Joseph Secco, Clarence A. Schmidt, and Ira Iverson of Oakland, has recently been identified and just been recovered, through the coöperation of five fellows of the Society for Research on Meteorites, namely, Dr. and Mrs. H. H. Nininger, Professor Earle G. Linsley, Dr. Robert W. Webb, and the writer. This meteorite is by far the largest found up to date in California, the official weight being 2573 pounds (1167 kilograms). The overall dimensions of the mass, which is a medium octahedrite, are 3 ft. 10 in. × 2 ft. 4 1/2 in. × 1 ft. 8 in. Because all of the original fusion crust is lacking, it is inferred that the meteorite is a very old fall.
Widmanstätten Figures in Terrestrial Alloys
Authors: Leard Robert M.
Published: June 2012

Abstract

The three components of the Widmanstätten figures in nickel‐iron alloys are discussed. Kamacite is described as a solid solution of nickel in iron, taenite as probably a solid solution of iron in nickel, and plessite as a eutectoid of the two. Experiments leading to the production of a synthetic octahedrite and of a synthetic hexahedrite are reported, and the case for the presence of figures in the Greenland iron is summarized. Attention is called to the presence of Widmanstätten figures in alloys other than those of nickel‐iron.
Fused Meteoritic Iron: Second Paper
Authors: Buddhue John Davis
Published: June 2012

Abstract

Specimens of Henbury, Central Australia, and Canyon Diablo, Arizona, were fused and examined metallographically. Henbury gave a fine granular structure with probably nickel‐rich grain boundaries. Canyon Diablo, containing schreibersite, gave a granular structure, except where the schreibersite produced a pearlite‐like mixture. At the edges of this was a structure resembling martensite. Another specimen fused on charcoal was composed partly of grains of ferrite inclosed in cementite. The remainder showed a dendritic structure. This specimen exploded during fusion. Mention is made of other work in this field.
Meteorite Falls and Bright Fireballs Observed in Sweden in the Last Twenty Years
Authors: Corlin Axel
Published: June 2012

Abstract

In this paper are briefly described: (1) the meteorite of 1922 February 12, which was observed to fall into a small frozen lake at Skåne‐Tranås but which has never been recovered; (2) the 3 1/2‐kg. aërolite, observed to fall on 1922 April 20, at Hedeskoga, Skåne (photograph); (3) the meteor of 1936 September 22, unrecovered fragments from which may have fallen into the forests around Loos in central Sweden; (4) the remarkable swarm of fireballs of 1938 May 27, which were observed over a large part of southern Sweden but from which no meteorites have been found; (5) the 3.3‐kg. aërolite and a small fragment which separated from it in flight, observed to fall on 1939 April 5, at Ekeby in western Skåne (photograph); and (6) the fireball of 1939 May 26, which also was extensively observed from southern Sweden but which has as yet yielded no meteorites.
Diamonds in Canyon Diablo, Arizona, Meteorites
Authors: Nininger H. H.
Published: June 2012

Abstract

The method of detection, appearance, hardness, etc., of carbonadoes (so‐called “black diamonds”), in Canyon Diablo, Arizona, meteorites, are described. In the past nine years, carbonadoes have been encountered in about twenty specimens. These carbonadoes were usually imbedded in nodules or veins of dark sulfide and carbonaceous material, though in some instances they occurred in schreibersite inclusions; in one case, they were associated with a small cavity which occupied the central part of a schreibersite inclusion. The occurrence of diamonds near a cavity lends apparently no support to the common belief that their presence in meteorites constitutes conclusive evidence of cooling under high pressure.
The Metallurgical Interpretation of the Structures found in Meteoritic Irons*
Authors: Derge Gerhard
Published: June 2012

Abstract

Two crystallographic mechanisms have been established for the transformation from the high‐temperature, face‐centered cubic lattice of γ‐iron to the low‐temperature, body‐centered cubic lattice of α‐iron. Published researches on meteorites were not adequate to establish which of these two mechanisms operated in the formation of the coarse Widmanstätten patterns found in meteorites. It was felt that a study of these patterns in meteoritic irons would contribute to the understanding of these mechanisms.

An investigation of the macro‐and micro‐crystalline perfection of an Amalia Farm [= Bethany, Great Namaqualand], South Africa, and a Canyon Diablo, Arizona, meteorite established that the latter was far better suited for an X‐ray study of the orientation relationships in the structure. In the course of the research it was established that one of the mechanisms operated at high transformation temperatures, while the other operated at much lower temperatures. The orientations in the Canyon Diablo sample corresponded to those predicted by the high‐temperature mechanism. This, and other metallurgical evidence, is in accord with the theory that the Widmanstätten patterns in meteorites are formed by extremely slow cooling from high temperatures.

Recent advances in physical metallurgy have developed very useful correlations between rates of solid reactions and the resultant structures (coarseness of pattern) and between speed and temperature of plastic deformation and the type of deformation which occurs (slip, twinning, and cleavage). The application of this knowledge, in conjunction with adequate experiments on alloys of meteoritic composition, would undoubtedly lead to definite knowledge concerning the origin and the history of meteorites.
A Meteor Train Photographed from an Airplane*
Authors: Monnig Oscar E.
Published: June 2012

Two photographs, taken 1939 April 29, by Mr. John H. Spikes (photographer) and Capt. D. Z. Zimmerman (pilot), from an altitude of 9,300 feet about 20 miles east of ***Galem, Alabama, show what the writer interprets as a meteor train. The train is about 13° long on the first picture and 8° on the second. It shows marked distortion and some “doubling.” There are apparently insufficient data and too many unknown variables of motion involved to allow any satisfactory computations of the train's true position, height, or drift, but the upper‐air winds were probably from the west and/or north. No confirming observations of the daylight meteor which presumably caused the train have been secured. Nevertheless, the object shown is thought to be certainly a meteor train. If it is, the photographs are unique in having been taken from an airplane.
The Determination of Meteoritic Densities
Authors: Foster Joseph F.
Published: June 2012

The densities of specimens of the meteorites Holbrook, Arizona, Llano del Inca, Atacama, Chile, Xiquipilco (Toluca), Mexico, and Admire, Kansas, have been determined (v. Table 1, post, for results). The influence of the immersion‐liquid on the value of the density obtained is discussed, and examples are given. This influence is small but definite; it is especially important if the meteorite is in the form of filings or powder. The maximum error for some of the densities determined for this report is calculated and discussed. It was found to be small, particularly when the meteoritic specimen was large and the immersion‐fluid was relatively dense. Lastly, rational methods of determining densities of meteorites are discussed and suggestions are offered for a method of calculating the densities of meteorites that are not suitable for immersion in liquids.
New Data concerning the Fall of the Great [Tungus] Meteorite on June 30, 1908, in Central Siberia*
Authors: Astapowitsch I. S. , Paz Lincoln La , Wiens Gerhard , Paz ‘Lincoln La
Published: June 2012

This article contains a brief review of previous research; chiefly, however, new data concerning the fall of the Tungus, central Siberia, meteorite on June 30, 1908. New testimony of eyewitnesses was collected by the author and others in 1928‐32. A map of the region of the fall has been plotted. The meteorological conditions on the morning of June 30, 1908, have been studied on the basis of data from meteorological stations in central Siberia. The atmospheric phenomena accompanying the flight were studied with the aid of barograms from Siberian and European stations as well as seismograms recorded at Irkutsk. On the basis of sound phenomena and data supplied by barograms and seismograms, the moment of the explosion of the meteorite was determined (as 0h ***16m G.M.T.). On the basis of investigations of acoustic and light phenomena, an estimate of the number of wind‐fallen trees, the amplitude of oscillation of the atmospheric pressure at Slutsk and in England, and, finally, a comparison with other phenomena, the order of the work done by the explosion was calculated and found to be [between] ***1029 and ***1021 ergs. From the testimony of eyewitnesses, the brightness, color, and form of the head and the envelope of the meteorite, the character of the explosion, and the geocentric velocity were determined. Bounds for the [positions of the] trajectory and the radiant of the meteorite were found. [In §10 of this translation a simplification and an extension of Astapowitsch's discussion of the position of the trajectory and the radiant are given.]
Meteorite Craters and the Hypothesis of the Existence of Contraterrene Meteorites
Authors: La Paz Lincoln
Published: June 2012

Craters presenting unmistakable evidence of an impact origin have been excluded from the category of meteorite craters because no meteoritic materials have been found in or near them. The origin of certain silica‐glass deposits (closely resembling the glasses produced by fusion of siliceous materials in the intense heat incident to meteoritic impact with the surface of the Earth) is regarded as a mystery, because meteorites have not been found associated with these deposits. Attention is called in this communication to the possibility of the existence of contraterrene meteorites (defined in the paper), which would be just as capable of producing meteorite craters and silica‐glass as are ordinary meteorites, but of which no trace would remain after collision with the Earth.
The “Phantom Bertha” Mystery
Authors: Herrick Samuel
Published: June 2012

A newspaper account of a mysterious explosion at sea is reviewed and shown to be not inconsistent with the supposition that the explosion may have been due to the fall of a contraterrene meteorite. Attention of astronomers and meteoriticists is called to this and other types of phenomena which they may have to investigate in the light of the hypothesis of the existence of contraterrene matter.
Contraterrene (?) Meteorites
Authors: Nininger H. H.
Published: June 2012

This is a reply to two articles published in the February, 1941, instalment of the C.S.R.M., in which contraterrene meteorites were postulated to explain certain meteoritic phenomena. The present paper shows that all of the phenomena referred to can be explained on the basis of demonstrated facts without assuming the existence of any such purely hypothetical material.
Free Copper in a New Aërolite from Garnett, Kansas
Authors: Nininger H. H.
Published: June 2012

The occurrence of free copper in a new aërolite from Garnett, Kansas, and the aërolite itself are described. To the writer's knowledge, this is but the third time that free copper in a meteorite has been reported. It has been previously detected in specimens of the Richardton, North Dakota (aërolitic), and Xiquipilco, Mexico (sideritic), falls. The largest copper nodule discovered in the Garnett stone has about 25 times as great an exposed surface as had the most sizable fragment reported earlier, measuring 2.0 × 0.6 mm. Since the original writing of the paper, several small grains of free copper have been found in cutting a 9‐lb. individual of the Xiquipilco fall. As free copper is probably present in irons other than those from Xiquipilco, a method of searching for it is outlined. A chemical analysis of the Garnett stone, by F. G. Hawley, is included.
Metal Structures in Odessa, Texas, and Canyon Diablo, Arizona, Meteorites*
Authors: Lord J. O.
Published: June 2012

The features of structure commonly found in metallic meteorites are described. These include the Widmanstätten structure of the phases kamacite, taenite, and plessite; the mechanical twins, or Neumann bands; strain lines; slip bands; veins; and some non‐metallic features, viz., schreibersite and oxide pearlite. Photomicrographs are offered to show these various features as they occurred in a piece of an Odessa, Texas, meteorite and in a piece of a Canyon Diablo, Arizona, meteorite. A discussion of the crystallographic relationships in the various features is offered, with the purpose of throwing possible light on their history and origin. A little speculation is indulged in, regarding an explanation of these structures.
The Great Meteor of 1941 June 28*
Authors: Nininger H. H.
Published: June 2012

This is a report of observations by 4 scientists who witnessed the flight of a great meteor as they were returning from the Eighth (Flagstaff, Arizona) Meeting of the Society for Research on Meteorites, on 1941 June 28. Interesting data were recorded by these observers, who were more than 200 miles from the vanishing point of the meteor, and these observations of its appearance are compared with those of individuals who observed the same phenomenon from near‐by points.
A New Aerolite from Stonington, Colorado
Authors: Buddhue John Davis
Published: June 2012

The time, exact location, and circumstances of the finding of an aerolite from Stonington, Colorado, are not known. The stone is an old fall heavily impregnated with oxide, but most of the crust remains. The original weight was about 6 lb. The specimen is a chondrite of type Cka and contains about 20% metal and troilite. Of the silicates, 42% are soluble and 37% insoluble.
Meteorite Detectors*
Authors: La Paz Lincoln
Published: June 2012

Mathematical investigation of the vertical distribution of iron meteorites in the Earth indicates that the amount of meteoritic iron buried below maximum plow depth greatly exceeds the amount above this level. Thus, there is urgent need for instruments capable of detecting deeply buried iron meteorites. In this paper, a brief review of the physical principles underlying the operation of such meteorite dectectors is given. Difficulties encountered in field use of such equipment are discussed on the basis of experience gained as Director of the first Ohio State University Meteorite Survey; and results secured in an investigation of the Odessa, Texas, Meteorite Crater, made at the invitation of Professor W. D. Mateer, Supervisor of the Meteorite‐Crater Project of the University of Texas in September, 1939, are summarized.
Cataclysm and Evolution
Authors: Nininger H. H.
Published: June 2012

Encounters by the Earth with planetoids are here suggested as an explanation of the geological revolutions so often referred to but never explained in geological writings. Such collisions would have been responsible also for the cataclysmic destruction of species, to which Cuvier and his contemporaries gave such great thought.
The Distribution and the Probable Origin of the Lunar Craters1
Authors: Scott William
Published: June 2012

It has been shown by L. La Paz that, while members of the special class of ray craters are distributed very nearly at random on the visible portion of the Moon, the same fact does not appear to be true of the typical craters shown on certain representative lunar photographs. He has inferred that not all of the craters shown on such photographs are of impact origin. In the present paper, the nature of the distribution of 3,112 typical lunar craters listed by Blagg is investigated. It is found that the distribution of these craters is very probably a non‐random one. Such preferential distribution is unfavorable to the hypothesis that the lunar craters studied in the present paper are all of meteoritic origin. In view of the known occurrence on the Earth of craters of both volcanic and meteoritic origin, it is reasonable to conclude that craters of both types may exist on our near neighbor, the Moon.
The Aerolitic Fall of Rancho de la Presa, Zenapecuaro, Michoacan, Mexico
Authors: Nininger H. H.
Published: June 2012

An investigation made in 1929 brought to light the following facts concerning the aerolite of Rancho de la Presa, Zenapecuaro, Michoacan, Mexico. This stone was seen to fall in 1899—the exact date of the fall is unknown—by two Mexican women. The original weight of the meteorite was above 300 g. The main mass is preserved in the State Museum at Morelia, the capital of Michoacan, while 63 g. are in the Institute of Geology at Mexico City and 3 g. are in the Field Museum of Natural History at Chicago, Illinois. The aerolite should be classified probably as a brecciated, veined, gray chondrite.
The Compressive Strength of Meteorites
Authors: Buddhue John Davis
Published: June 2012

Altho the compressive strength of meteorites is important in relation to the detonation of meteorites in flight and probably in other connections in meteoritics, only one determination of it existed prior to this study. The compressive strength of 8 stones, ranging from 900 to 54,000 lb./in2., is reported.
Statistical Studies of the Meteorltic Falls of the World: 4. Their Classificational Distribution1
Authors: Leonard Frederick C.
Published: June 2012

The classificational distribution of the 1,258 meteoritic falls of the world recorded in Coulson's “A Catalogue of Meteorites” (1940)2 is studied. The essence of the paper is contained in 2 tables entitled respectively, “Classes of Meteorites and Representative Falls” and “The Classificational Distribution of the Meteoritic Falls of the World.” The system of classification employed is the Rose‐Tschermak‐Brezina system, with the several modifications described.
On the Origin of the Tektites
Authors: La Paz Lincoln
Published: June 2012

The conclusion that tektite falls were restricted in time to an earlier era in Earth history is supported by all known facts, in particular, by the results of critical examinations of various reported falls, including 2 australite falls described not long ago by the late Dr. E. S. Simpson. On the contrary, if the tektites originate as “lunar impactites,” as Dr. H. H. Nininger has recently suggested, it seems evident that they would have continued to fall onto the Earth right up to the present time. Furthermore, the probability that the distribution of “lunar impactite” falls over the Earth's surface would exhibit the alinement along 3 great circles, which is characteristic of all known tektite deposits, is vanishingly small.
Further References on the Early History of the Tucson, Arizona, Meteorites
Authors: McGough P. J.
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACT AND INTRODUCTION

The following four additional references on the history of the Tucson, Arizona, meteorites, the so‐called “Irwin‐Ainsa” and “Carleton” irons, have all been taken from an old Tucson newspaper, the Arizona Citizen, of dates January 15, April 1, and April 8, 1876. These references, which supplement those contained in the article that appeared in C.S.R.M., 3, 108–19; P. A., 51, 511–18, 563–7, 1943, will serve to complete the colorful record of the early history of the two well‐known Tucson irons.
The Identity of the “Windmill Station” with the “Valley Wells,” California, Aerolitic Fall
Authors: Leonard Frederick C.
Published: June 2012

The place names “Windmill Station” and “Valley Wells,” California, refer to one and the same aerolitic fall, of which the coördinate number is 1157,355 and which should be known as “Valley Wells.”
The Train of the Richardton, North Dakota, Aerolite, June 30, 1918
Authors: Fath E. A.
Published: June 2012

This paper contains a report of the writer's observations of the train of the Richardton, North Dakota, aerolite of June 30, 1918, a discussion of the observations, and the results derived therefrom.
“The Old Moon in the Arms of the New”
Authors: Khan A. R.
Published: June 2012

It is suggested that variations in the lunar earthshine may be due at times, in part at least, to intense meteoritic activity on the Moon. In view of this possibility, it may be worth‐while to record the intensity of the earthshine, especially when rich showers of meteors are observed to be in progress here on the Earth.
Two Additional Criteria for Identifying Aerolites
Authors: Leonard Frederick C.
Published: June 2012

The “black” or non‐metallic veins, and the magnetic properties, of aerolites can often be used as additional criteria for distinguishing these bodies from terrestrial stones.
An Electromagnetic Cane for Meteoriticists
Authors: La Paz Lincoln
Published: June 2012

The use of highly sensitive meteorite detectors may be impossible under field conditions readily permitting the recovery of surface meteorites by the use of a magnetic cane. Even when conditions are favorable for the use of powerful and elaborate detecting equipment, it may be desirable to employ a magnetic prod to test the nature of objects located beneath the surface of the ground. It is the purpose of this paper to describe an electromagnetic cane or prod which has proved most useful, not only in visual searches for surface meteorites but also in the identification of subsurface objects located by non‐discriminatory meteorite detectors.
On the Spectrum of the Solar Corona
Authors: Kaplan Joseph
Published: June 2012

Attention is called to the recent explanation of the line spectrum of the solar corona. Most of the lines have been ascribed to highly ionized atoms of iron and nickel.
Thoughts on Exploring the Moon
Authors: Nininger H. H.
Published: June 2012

It is suggested that attempts may soon be made to send rockets to the Moon and that eventual success may be achieved. The writer believes that we shall not have to wait for the hazardous transportation of human cargo in order to begin lunar exploration; he believes that by attaching suitable explosives to rockets directed by remote control, fragments of lunar rock may be dislodged with sufficient violence to project them into the sphere of terrestrial gravitation and to cause them to arrive upon our planet. By means of world‐wide networks of observing stations, the landing particles could perhaps be located, collected, and studied.
On the Ownership of Recovered Meteorites
Authors: La Paz Lincoln
Published: June 2012

Roy R. Carpenter's digest of the legal cases where the ownership of a recovered meteorite was the subject of controversy is reviewed. The accepted ruling as to the ownership of recovered meteorites is shown to be unreasonable and to work against the best interests of science. It is urged that such organizations as the Society for Research on Meteorites seek to secure more just and realistic legislation on this highly important question.
A Remark on the Puente‐Ladron, New Mexico, Aerolite
Authors: La Paz Lincoln
Published: June 2012

There is ample evidence to support the belief that the American Indians collected meteorites and preserved them for longer or shorter periods, during which, in some cases, the meteorites were transported over considerable distances. The strip of country along the Rio Puerco, within which the Puente‐Ladron, New Mexico, aerolite was found, was one of the main highways of Amerind traffic and a favorite camping and hunting ground until very recent times. Unless it can be shown that the aerolite in question was not transported into this area by an Indian and there discarded or lost, an all‐out search of the Puente‐Ladron area for other members of the shower to which it has been conjectured the stone belongs does not seem justified.
The Average Composition of Meteoritic Iron*
Authors: Buddhue John Davis
Published: June 2012

Average analyses are given by type and as a whole for iron meteorites (siderites, Si), based on selected analyses of 327 siderites. Average compositions are given also for pallasites (P), mesosiderites (Ms), and for the metallic part of chondrites (C). The composition of meteoritic iron appears to be very nearly the same, regardless of whether it occurs alone or in combination with silicate material.
Further Remarks on the Puente‐Ladron, New Mexico, Aerolite
Authors: Smith Claude H.
Published: June 2012

The facts are against the possibility that the 7.7‐gram Puente‐Ladron, New Mexico, aerolite, was carried into the area of its find by Indians and there discarded or lost; accordingly, every effort should be made to search the region carefully for other possible members of the fall.
Meteors, Burning Planes, and Rockets
Authors: Nininger H. H.
Published: June 2012

This article presents one more reason for the teaching of meteoritics in high schools as well as in colleges. Proper insight into the nature of meteorites and meteors would reduce confusion between meteors and burning planes. This understanding would save both lives and property and at the same time would increase the efficiency with which meteoriticists could attack the problem of meteor surveys.
The Coördinate Numbers of the Falls of the U.S.S.R., Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland*
Authors: Leonard Frederick C.
Published: June 2012

The coördinate numbers of the falls of the U.S.S.R., Estonia, Latvia, Luthuania, and Poland, taken from our “Catalog of Provisional Coördinate Numbers for the Meteoritic Falls of the World,” are compared, in Tables 1 and 2, with the coördinate numbers derived from the longitudes and latitudes as given by E. L. Krinov for 112 of the 113 falls appearing in his “Short Catalog of the U.S.S.R. Meteorites” (1945). Six (6) falls listed by Krinov, but not found in the catalogs of Coulson, Hey, and Leonard, are enumerated in Table 3, while 14 falls not listed by Krinov, but included in our catalog, are inventoried in Table 4. The data of Tables 1 and 2 are commented on briefly.
The Specific Gravity of Meteoritic Iron*
Authors: Buddhue John Davis
Published: June 2012

A study of more than 100 determinations of the specific gravity of siderites indicates that most of the specific gravities found are lower than that of pure iron and all are lower than that of pure nickel. This fact indicates that either (a) a large proportion of the determinations are in error or (b) the specific gravity of meteoritic iron is often abnormally low, possibly as a result of porosity. The specific gravity should increase with increasing nickel content, and there is some indication that it does. The supposition that the determinations are low because of porosity does not seem consistent with the idea that siderites are a part of the debris resulting from the destruction of a minor planet.
On the Probability of Coincidental Meteoritic Falls*
Authors: Hoel Paul G.
Published: June 2012

By means of Poisson probabilities, the number of coincidental meteoritic falls in the United States is shown to be unreasonably large when the probabilities are based upon the density of total falls. Either some of the coincidental falls are not distinct falls or such factors as increased searching in the vicinity of known falls may account for the excess.
Hypothetical Meteorites of Sedimentary Origin*
Authors: Cross Frank C.
Published: June 2012

In 1939, Dr. Assar Hadding, the Director of the Geological Institute in Lund, Sweden, described two specimens (one of limestone and one of sandstone) that he believed to be of cosmic origin. This paper briefly reviews Hadding's account and discusses three other specimens, found in the United States, that may deserve consideration in connection with the specimens found in Sweden.
Observations on the Carolina “Craters” or “Bays”*
Authors: Barringer Brandon
Published: June 2012

The Carolina “craters” or “Bays” seem unlikely to have had a meteoritic origin, because: (a) not one meteorite is known to have been indisputably associated with any of the hundreds of craters, tho many are very small; (b) the subsurface strata are undisturbed; (c) the smaller craters are not more “filled‐in” than the larger; and (d) the symmetry of the Rains, South Carolina, group can hardly be explained by a chance distribution of 6 bodies traveling thru space.
A Report on Searches for Possible Lunar Meteoric Phenomena*
Authors: Haas Walter H.
Published: June 2012

If the Moon were completely devoid of an atmosphere, as the textbooks assert, meteorites would strike its surface at full cosmic velocity. Both theoretical and observational evidence shows that the impact at cosmic velocity of a relatively small meteorite with the surface of the Moon would produce a flare easily visible from the Earth. Fully 65.7 hours of attentive systematic observation of the unilluminated portion of the Moon have not certainly revealed one such meteoritic impact‐flare. There have been observed, however, 10 moving luminous specks of short duration, seen projected against the Moon. An analysis of the characteristics of these luminous specks and of their paths is given in this paper. None of the results obtained in this analysis precludes the possibility that the observed luminous specks were lunar meteors; and it is shown that the number of such specks so far observed is roughly equal to the expected number of lunar meteors visible under the circumstances of the observations.
Adventures in a Magnetic Search for Meteorites*
Authors: Nininger H. H.
Published: June 2012

Powerful, localized anomalies were discovered by magnetometer operations in 2 different localities, leading to an investigation of those areas as the possible sites of buried meteoritic material. Excavation of one locus resulted in the complete vanishing of the anomaly and revealed nothing of a magnetic nature, altho some of the boulders in the area displayed a slight polarity. Investigation of the other site resulted in a similar disappearance of the anomaly. It is believed that the excavation process disturbed a curious pole‐to‐pole arrangement of the boulders, which had formed a powerful magnetic eddy in the Earth. The question is posed as to a more satisfactory explanation of this phenomenon.
Further Notes on the Puente‐Ladron, New Mexico, Aerolite (1068,344)*
Authors: Ninger H. H.
Published: June 2012

Further details concerning observations on the Puente‐Ladron, New Mexico, aerolite (1068,344), at the time and place of its discovery, are presented with the conclusion that the stone was found on the site where it had fallen. The probable presence in that area of other stones of the same fall is set forth and an intensive search is again urged.
Final Remarks on the Puente‐Ladron, New Mexico, Aerolite (1068,344)
Authors: La Paz Lincoln
Published: June 2012

This note consists of comments on the preceding paper. The conclusion is reached that meteoriticists might much more profitably spend their time in searching in the hospitable and inspiring neighborhood of the Canyon Diablo, Arizona, Crater for additional fragments of the shower of which the 2,789‐gram Coon Butte, Arizona, aerolite was a member, than in hunting for companions to the tiny 7.7‐gram Puente‐Ladron, New Mexico, aerolite, in a hypothetical strewn field situated in a region which outranks even Arntz, Arizona, as a meteoriticists' purgatory.
The Orbit of the Paragould, Arkansas, Meteor*
Authors: Nelson Harry E. , Thomsen Warren J.
Published: June 2012

The elements of the orbit of the body that dropped the Paragould, Arkansas, meteorites of 1930 February 17 are given. The elements were calculated from the data computed in 1941 by J. F. Foster and R. L. Duncombe for the ground point, which also are included in the paper as part of the summary of the calculation of the orbit.
Two Recent “Falls” in the Portland, Oregon, Area Reported as Meteoritic*
Authors: Pruett J. Hugh
Published: June 2012

This article contains an account of two “falls,” one that occurred on the night of October 9, 1946, the date of the Draconid meteoric shower, the other on the morning of January 4, 1947, both in the vicinity of Portland, Oregon. These “falls” were thought at the time of their occurrence to be meteoritic in nature, and, as such, were widely reported in the public press, but they were soon proved by scientists and others who investigated them to be unquestionably terrestrial in origin.
A Classificational Sequence of Meteorites
Authors: Leonard Frederick C.
Published: June 2012

A classificational sequence of meteorites, based upon what is called the Tschermak‐Brezina‐Prior—or, for brevity, Prior's—classification, is presented and discussed in detail. In an appendix, certain quotations from a paper by G. T. Prior are included for reference, and in exposition of some of the particulars of the forenamed system.
Synthetic Metallic Meteorites
Authors: Buddhue John Davis
Published: June 2012

Previous successful attempts to synthesize metallic meteorites are reviewed. The author also has been successful in synthesizing an octahedrite containing 27.7% nickel. Other alloys were prepared containing various amounts of iron, nickel, and cobalt, and 2 of these showed poorly developed Widmanstätten figures. The composition, heat treatment, hardness, and, in some cases, specific gravity of these alloys are given.