bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Accumulation of CD11c+CD163+ Adipose Tissue Macrophages through Upregulation of Intracellular 11β-HSD1 in Human Obesity
Authors: Nakajima Shotaro , Koh Vivien , Kua Ley-Fang , So Jimmy , Davide Lomanto , Lim Kee Siang , Petersen Sven Hans , Yong Wei-Peng , Shabbir Asim , Kono Koji
Published: October 2016

Adipose tissue (AT) macrophages (ATMs) are key players for regulation of AT homeostasis and obesity-related metabolic disorders. However, the phenotypes of human ATMs and regulatory mechanisms of their polarization have not been clearly described. In this study, we investigated human ATMs in both abdominal visceral AT and s.c. AT and proposed an 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1)–glucocorticoid receptor regulatory axis that might dictate M1/M2 polarization in ATMs. The accumulation of CD11c+CD163+ ATMs in both visceral AT and s.c. AT of obese individuals was confirmed at the cellular level and was found to be clearly correlated with body mass index and production of reactive oxygen species. Using our in vitro system where human peripheral blood monocytes (hPBMs) were cocultured with Simpson–Golabi–Behmel syndrome adipocytes, M1/M2 polarization was found to be dependent on 11β-HSD1, an intracellular glucocorticoid reactivating enzyme. Exposure of hPBMs to cortisol-induced expression of CD163 and RU-486, a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, significantly abrogated CD163 expression through coculture of mature adipocytes with hPBMs. Moreover, 11β-HSD1 was expressed in crown ATMs in obese AT. Importantly, conditioned medium from coculture of adipocytes with hPBMs enhanced proliferation of human breast cancer MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. In summary, the phenotypic switch of ATMs from M2 to mixed M1/M2 phenotype occurred through differentiation of adipocytes in obese individuals, and upregulation of intracellular 11β-HSD1 might play a role in the process.
Circulating Soluble IL-6R but Not ADAM17 Activation Drives Mononuclear Cell Migration in Tissue Inflammation
Authors: Schumacher Neele , Schmidt Stefanie , Schwarz Jeanette , Dohr Dana , Lokau Juliane , Scheller Jürgen , Garbers Christoph , Chalaris Athena , Rose-John Stefan , Rabe Björn
Published: October 2016

Neutrophil and mononuclear cell infiltration during inflammatory processes is highly regulated. The first cells at the site of infection or inflammation are neutrophils, followed by mononuclear cells. IL-6 plays an important role during inflammatory states. It has been shown in several models that the soluble form of IL-6R (sIL-6R) is involved in the recruitment of mononuclear cells by a mechanism called IL-6 trans-signaling. It had been speculated that sIL-6R was generated at the site of inflammation by shedding from neutrophils via activation of the metalloprotease ADAM17. Attempts to genetically delete the floxed ADAM17 gene selectively in myeloid cells infiltrating an air pouch cavity upon injection of carrageenan failed because in transgenic mice, LysMcre did not lead to appreciable loss of the ADAM17 protein in these cells. We therefore used ADAM17 hypomorphic mice, which only express ∼5% of ADAM17 wild-type levels in all tissues and show virtually no shedding of all tested ADAM17 substrates, to clarify the role of ADAM17 during local inflammation in the murine air pouch model. In the present study, we demonstrate that although IL-6 and the trans-signaling mechanism is mandatory for cellular infiltration in this model, it is not ADAM17-mediated shedding of IL-6R within the pouch that orchestrates this inflammatory process. Instead, we demonstrate that sIL-6R is infiltrating from the circulation in an ADAM17-independent process. Our data suggest that this infiltrating sIL-6R, which is needed for IL-6 trans-signaling, is involved in the controlled resolution of an acute inflammatory episode.
Асимптотика условных вероятностей успешного размещения случайного числа частиц по ячейкам
Authors: Afonina Aleksandra Igorevna , Kayumov Ilgiz Rifatovich , Chuprunov Alexej Nikolaevich
Published: October 2016

Пусть $\zeta,\zeta_i$ ($i\in\mathbf N$) - независимые одинаково распределенные неотрицательные целочисленные случайные величины, $(\eta_{i1},…,\eta_{iN})$ - заполнения ячеек в обобщенной схеме размещения $\zeta_i$ частиц по $N$ ячейкам, $1\le i\le n$, при фиксированном $Z_n=(\zeta_1,…,\zeta_n)$ эти схемы размещения независимы. Рассматриваются условные вероятности $\mathbf P(A_{n,N}\mid Z_n)$ события $A_{n, N}$, состоящего в том, что в каждой ячейке каждой из $n$ схем размещения содержится не более $r$ частиц, где $r$ - фиксированное число. Приведены условия, обеспечивающие сходимость последовательности $\mathbf P(A_{n,N}\mid Z_n)$ к неслучайному пределу с вероятностью 1. Показано, что случайная величина $\ln\mathbf P(A_{n,N}\mid Z_n)$ асимптотически нормальна. Обсуждаются приложения полученных результатов к помехоустойчивому кодированию.
О числе помеченных внешнепланарных $k$-циклических блоков
Authors: Voblyi Vitalii Antonievich
Published: October 2016

Получена явная формула для числа помеченных внешнеплананых $k$-циклических блоков с заданным числом вершин.
Неравенства Либа-Тирринга на торе
Authors: Ilyin Aleksei Andreevich , Laptev Ari Arievich
Published: October 2016

Рассматриваются неравенства Либа-Тирринга на $d$-мерном торе с произвольными периодами. В пространстве функций, имеющих нулевое среднее по отношению к самой короткой координате, доказываются неравенства Либа-Тирринга для $\gamma$-моментов отрицательных собственных значений с константами, не зависящими от отношения периодов. Даются приложения к аттракторам системы Навье-Стокса с трением.
Библиография: 33 названия.
Локальные лакуны Петровского вблизи параболических особенностей волновых фронтов строго гиперболических уравнений в частных производных
Authors: Vassiliev Victor Anatolievich
Published: October 2016

Мы перечисляем локальные лакуны Петровского (т.е. области локальной регулярности главных фундаментальных решений строго гиперболических уравнений в частных производных с постоянными коэффициентами в $\mathbb R^N$) вблизи параболических особых точек их волновых фронтов (т.е. точек типов $P_8^1$, $P_8^2$, $\pm X_9$, $X_9^1$, $X_9^2$, $J_{10}^1$, $J_{10}^3$). Эти точки образуют следующее по сложности семейство классов естественной классификации особых точек после так называемых простых особенностей $A_k$, $D_k$, $E_6$, $E_7$, $E_8$, изученных ранее.
Также мы представляем компьютерную программу, перечисляющую топологически различные морсификации критических точек гладких функций, а следовательно, и локальные компоненты дополнения до типичного волнового фронта вблизи его особых точек.
Библиография: 22 названия.
Топология конфигурационного пространства, сингулярности потенциала и полиномиальные интегралы уравнений динамики
Authors: Kozlov Valery Vasil'evich , Treschev Dmitry Valerevich
Published: October 2016

Для интегрируемых систем с двумя степенями свободы известны неравенства, связывающие эйлерову характеристику конфигурационного пространства (как замкнутой двумерной поверхности) с числом сингулярных точек ньютоновского типа потенциальной энергии. С другой стороны, имеются результаты об условиях эргодичности систем на двумерном торе с короткодействующим потенциалом, зависящим лишь от расстояния до притягивающего или отталкивающего центра. В настоящей работе рассмотрена задача об условиях существования нетривиальных полиномиальных по импульсам первых интегралов задачи о движении частицы по многомерному евклидову тору в силовом поле, потенциал которого имеет точки сингулярности. Эти условия зависят только от порядка сингулярности, и в двумерном случае им удовлетворяют потенциалы с сингулярностями ньютоновского типа.
Библиография: 13 названий.
Mineralogical properties and internal structures of individual fine
particles of Saharan dust
Authors: Jeong Gi Young , Park Mi Yeon , Kandler Konrad , Nousiainen Timo , Kemppinen Osku
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Mineral dust interacts with incoming/outgoing radiation, gases, other aerosols, and clouds. The assessment of its optical and chemical impacts requires knowledge of the physical and chemical properties of bulk dust and single particles. Despite the existence of a large body of data from field measurements and laboratory analyses, the internal properties of single dust particles have not been defined precisely. Here, we report on the mineralogical organization and internal structures of individual fine ( <  5 µm) Saharan dust particles sampled at Tenerife, Canary Islands. The bulk of Tenerife dust was composed of clay minerals (81 %), followed by quartz (10 %), plagioclase (3 %), and K-feldspar (2 %). Cross-sectional slices of Saharan dust particles prepared by the focused ion beam technique were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to probe the particle interiors. TEM analysis showed that the most common particle type was clay-rich agglomerate, dominated by illite–smectite series clay minerals with subordinate kaolinite. Submicron grains of iron (hydr)oxides (goethite and hematite) were commonly dispersed through the clay-rich particles. The median total volume of the iron (hydr)oxide grains included in the dust particles was estimated to be about 1.5 % vol. The average iron content of clay minerals, assuming 14 wt % H2O, was determined to be 5.0 wt %. Coarse mineral cores, several micrometers in size, were coated with thin layers of clay-rich agglomerate. Overall, the dust particles were roughly ellipsoidal, with an average axial ratio of 1.4 : 1.0 : 0.5. The mineralogical and structural properties of single Saharan dust particles provide a basis for the modeling of dust radiative properties. Major iron-bearing minerals, such as illite–smectite series clay minerals and iron (hydr)oxides, were commonly submicron- to nano-sized, possibly enhancing their biogeochemical availability to remote marine ecosystems lacking micronutrients.
Spatial and temporal CCN variations in convection-permitting
aerosol microphysics simulations in an idealised marine tropical
domain
Authors: Planche Céline , Mann Graham W. , Carslaw Kenneth S. , Dalvi Mohit , Marsham John H. , Field Paul R.
Published: October 2016

Abstract. A convection-permitting limited area model with periodic lateral boundary conditions and prognostic aerosol microphysics is applied to investigate how concentrations of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) in the marine boundary layer are affected by high resolution dynamical and thermodynamic fields. The high-resolution aerosol microphysics–dynamics model, which resolves differential particle growth and aerosol composition across the particle size range, is applied on a domain designed to match approximately a single grid square of a climate model. We find that, during strongly convective conditions, CCN concentrations vary by more than a factor of 8 across the domain (5th–95th percentile range), and a factor of ~3 at more moderate wind-speed conditions. One reason for these large sub-climate-grid-scale variations in CCN is that emissions of sea-salt and DMS are much higher when spatial and temporal wind speed fluctuations become resolved at this convection-permitting resolution (making peak wind speeds higher). By analysing how the model evolves during spin-up, we gain new insight into the way primary sea-salt and secondary sulphate particles contribute to the overall CCN variance in these realistic conditions, and find a marked difference in the variability of super-micron and sub-micron CCN. Whereas the super-micron CCN are highly variable, being dominated by strongly fluctuating emitted sea-spray, the sub-micron CCN tend to be steadier, being mainly produced on longer timescales following growth after new particle formation in the free troposphere, with fluctuations inherently buffered by the fact that coagulation is faster at higher particle concentrations. We also find that sub-micron CCN are less variable in particle size, the accumulation mode mean size varying by ~20 % (0.101 to 0.123 µm diameter) compared to ~35 % (0.75 to 1.10 µm diameter) for coarse mode particles at this resolution. We explore how the CCN variability changes in the vertical, and at different points in the spin-up, showing how CCN concentrations are introduced both by the emissions close to the surface, and at higher altitudes during strongly convective conditions. We also explore how the non-linear variation of sea-salt emissions with wind speed propagates into variations in sea-salt mass mixing ratio and CCN concentrations, finding less variation in the latter two quantities due to the longer transport timescales inherent with finer CCN, which sediment more slowly. The complex mix of sources and diverse community of processes involved makes sub-grid parameterization of CCN variations difficult. However, the results presented here illustrate the limitations of predictions with large-scale models and the high-resolution aerosol-dynamics modelling system shows promise for future studies where the aerosol variations will propagate through to modified cloud microphysical evolution.
Hydrologically transported dissolved organic carbon influences soil
respiration in a tropical rainforest
Authors: Zhou Wen-Jun , Lu Hua-Zheng , Zhang Yi-Ping , Sha Li-Qing , Schaefer Douglas Allen , Song Qing-Hai , Deng Yun , Deng Xiao-Bao
Published: October 2016

Abstract. To better understand the effect of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) transported by hydrological processes (rainfall, throughfall, litter leachate, and surface soil water; 0–20 cm) on soil respiration in tropical rainforests, we detected the DOC flux in rainfall, throughfall, litter leachate, and surface soil water (0–20 cm), compared the seasonality of δ13CDOC in each hydrological process, and δ13C in leaves, litter, and surface soil, and analysed the throughfall, litter leachate, and surface soil water (0–20 cm) effect on soil respiration in a tropical rainforest in Xishuangbanna, south-west China. Results showed that the surface soil intercepted 94.4 ± 1.2 % of the annual litter leachate DOC flux and is a sink for DOC. The throughfall and litter leachate DOC fluxes amounted to 6.81 and 7.23 % of the net ecosystem exchange respectively, indicating that the DOC flux through hydrological processes is an important component of the carbon budget, and may be an important link between hydrological processes and soil respiration in a tropical rainforest. Even the variability in soil respiration is more dependent on the hydrologically transported water than DOC flux insignificantly, soil temperature, and soil-water content (at 0–20 cm). The difference in δ13C between the soil, soil water (at 0–20 cm), throughfall, and litter leachate indicated that DOC is transformed in the surface soil and decreased the sensitivity indices of soil respiration of DOC flux to water flux, which suggests that soil respiration is more sensitive to the DOC flux in hydrological processes, especially the soil-water DOC flux, than to soil temperature or soil moisture.
Climate-driven change in a Baltic Sea summer microplanktonic community – desalination play a more important role than ocean acidification
Authors: Wulff Angela , Karlberg Maria , Olofsson Malin , Torstensson Anders , Riemann Lasse , Steinhoff Franciska , Mohlin Malin , Ekstrand Nina , Chierici Melissa
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Scenario modeling suggests that the Baltic Sea, one of the largest brackish-water bodies in the world, could expect increased precipitation (decreased salinity) and increased concentration of atmospheric CO2 over the next 100 years. These changes are expected to affect the microplanktonic food web, and thereby nutrient and carbon cycling, in a complex and possibly synergistic manner. In the Baltic Proper, the extensive summer blooms dominated by the filamentous cyanobacteria Aphanizomenon sp., Dolichospermum sp. and the toxic Nodularia spumigena, contribute up to 30 % of the yearly new nitrogen and carbon exported to the sediment. In a 12 days outdoor microcosm experiment, we tested the combined effects of decreased salinity (from 6 to 3) and increased CO2 concentrations (380 and 960 µatm) on a natural summer microplanktonic community, focusing on diazotrophic filamentous cyanobacteria. Based on our results, the most important factor was salinity, and pCO2 showed only minor effects on total biovolumes of phytoplankton and abundances of heterotrophic bacteria. No interaction effects of salinity and pCO2 were found on any of the measured parameters. The biovolume of the toxic N. spumigena was negatively affected by salinity 3, and the treatment with salinity 3 and 960 µatm CO2 resulted in increased biomass of the presumably non-toxic Dolichospermum sp. Biovolumes of ciliates, diatoms and dinoflagellates were lower in salinity 3. Thus, the lower salinity seemed more important than increased pCO2, and considering the Baltic Proper, we do not expect any dramatic effects of increased pCO2 in combination with decreased salinity on the microplanktonic food web. We believe that our study can add one piece to the complicated puzzle to reveal the combined effects of increased pCO2 and reduced salinity levels on the Baltic microplanktonic community.
Contrasting growth responses among plant growth forms to nitrogen fertilization in a subtropical forest in China
Authors: Tian Di , Li Peng , Fang Wenjing , Xu Jun , Luo Yongkai , Yan Zhengbing , Zhu Biao , Wang Jingjing , Xu Xiaoniu , Fang Jingyun
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition has been a noteworthy aspect of global change. Previous observational studies in temperate and tropical forests have focused on the effects of N deposition on tree growth. Here we asked how trees and other plant growth forms respond to experimental N deposition in a subtropical forest in China. We conducted a four-year N fertilization experiment in a subtropical evergreen forest in southeastern China with three treatment levels applied to 9 20 × 20 m plots and replicated in three blocks. We classified the plants to trees, saplings, shrubs(including tree seedlings) and ground-cover plants (ferns) according to the growth forms, then we measured the absolute and relative basal area increments of trees and saplings, and the aboveground biomass of understory shrubs and ferns. In addition, we grouped individuals of the dominant tree species Castanopsis eyrei into three size classes and analyzed their growth responses to N fertilization separately. Although the total tree growth on plot level did not show a significant response to the N fertilization, the small trees with DBH (diameter at breast height) values of 5–10 cm were hindered by N fertilization, while the growth of large trees with DBH > 10 cm showed neutral or weakly positive responses to N fertilization. Small trees, saplings and particularly understory shrubs and ground-cover ferns suppressed seriously by increasing N fertilization. The proportions of plant mortality in N-fertilized plots were higher than in unfertilized plots and most of the dead individuals were small trees, saplings, shrubs and ferns. N deposition potentially leads to increased growth of larger plant individuals at tree layer in the forest community and suppresses the growth and survival of other individuals at understory and ground-cover layers. Therefore, differences in the growth responses of different plant growth forms and individual sizes should be taken into account when evaluating the effects of N deposition on the functioning of these forest ecosystems, including their potential for carbon storage.
Characterising hydrological response in urban watersheds based on
inter-amount time distributions
Authors: ten Veldhuis Marie-Claire , Schleiss Marc
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Urban watersheds are typically characterised by a more flashy nature of the hydrological response compared to natural watersheds. Predicting the degree of flashiness associated with urbanisation is not straightforward, as it is influenced by interactions between impervious cover, basin size, drainage connectivity and stormwater management infrastructure. In this study, we present an alternative approach of analysing hydrological response variability and basin flashiness, based on the distribution 5 of inter-amount times.We analyse inter-amount time distributions of streamflow time series for 17 (semi)urbanised basins in North Carolina, US, ranging from 13 km2 to 238 km2 in size. We show that in the inter-amount times analysis, sampling frequency is tuned to the local variability in the flow pattern, resulting in more balanced representation of high and low flow periods in the time series. This helps to stabilize the variance of the distribution across scales and leads to more robust scaling behaviour. We show that inter-amount times distributions can be used to detect regulation effects on flow patterns, 10 identify critical sampling resolutions and characterise flashiness of hydrological response. The possibility to use both the classical approach and the inter-amount time framework to identify minimum observable scales and analyse flow data opens up interesting areas for future investigation.
Rheological transitions in the middle crust:
insights from Cordilleran metamorphic core complexes
Authors: Cooper Frances J. , Platt John P. , Behr Whitney M.
Published: October 2016

Abstract. High strain mylonitic rocks in Cordilleran metamorphic core complexes reflect ductile deformation in the middle crust, but in many examples it is unclear how these mylonites relate to the brittle detachments that overlie them. Field observations, microstructural analyses, and thermobarometric data from the footwalls of three metamorphic core complexes in the Basin and Range province, USA (the Whipple Mountains, California; the northern Snake Range, Nevada; and Ruby Mountains–East Humboldt Range, Nevada) suggest the presence of two distinct rheological transitions in the middle crust. (1) The brittle-ductile transition (BDT), which depends on thermal gradient and tectonic regime, and marks the switch from discrete brittle faulting and cataclasis to continuous, but still localized, ductile shear. (2) The localized-distributed transition or LDT, a deeper, dominantly temperature-dependent transition, which marks the switch from localized ductile shear to distributed ductile flow. In this model, brittle normal faults in the upper crust persist as ductile shear zones below the BDT in the middle crust, and sole into the subhorizontal LDT at greater depths. In metamorphic core complexes, the presence of these two distinct rheological transitions results in the development of two zones of ductile deformation: a relatively narrow zone of high-stress mylonite that is spatially and genetically related to the brittle detachment, underlain by a broader zone of high-strain, relatively low-stress rock that formed in the middle crust below the LDT, and in some cases before the detachment was initiated. In some examples (e.g. the Whipple Mountains) the lower zone is spatially distinct from the detachment, although high-strain rocks from the lower zone were subsequently exhumed along the detachment. The two zones show distinct microstructural assemblages, reflecting different conditions of temperature and stress during deformation, and contain superposed sequences of microstructures reflecting progressive exhumation, cooling, and strain localization.
What Matters in Higher Education A meta-analysis of a decade of learning design
Authors: Lloyd Margaret , Bahr Nan
Published: October 2016

The Journal of Learning Design (JLD) has had a relatively short history of open-access peer-reviewed publication in the broad field of multidisciplinary pedagogy and learning design in higher education with a focus on the innovative use of technology. It began in 2005 and its decade of publication has coincided with a period of great volatility in higher education largely wrought by technology and changes in the demographics and location of our student populations. During this decade, learning design has received growing attention as educational institutions have grappled with shifts to blended learning, incorporation of Web 2.0 technologies in course offerings, and conduct of fully online program suites. MOOCs, certification and badging have swept us off our feet at the same time as increasing scrutiny has been applied to ensure program quality and more efficient delivery methods. The Journal of Learning Design (JLD) has been a contemporaneous witness to this period of change and, along with others of its ilk, has provided an authentic discourse of how our authors, who identify as system leaders, academics and learning designers, have addressed the challenge of a changing learning environment.
Staff Burnout in Care Institutions for Juvenile Delinquents in Jordan
Authors: Sulaiman Shhadeh Alsloot Khaled
Published: October 2016

The current study aimed to identify the levels of burnout among staff in care institutions for juvenile delinquents in Jordan, and how different these levels, based on the variables of academic qualifications, years of experience, and marital status. The sample consisted of (107) staff. Maslach Burnout Scale used in this study. The results showed high level of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, and moderate level of lack of sense of accomplishment among participants.Level of emotional exhaustion varied according to academic qualifications: holders of secondary or below and university qualification holders, the results were in favor of holders of secondary or below, while no statistically significant differences shown in apathy and lack of sense of accomplishment and the total degreeBurnout Scale. The results indicated no differences in the three main levels and the total degreeofBurnout Scale based on the various levels of years of experience and marital status.
De Wet raadgevend referendum in de praktijk
Authors: Weesing-Loeber L.H.M. , Breunese H.M.B.
Published: October 2016

De Wet raadgevend referendum in de praktijk

Iets meer dan een jaar geleden is de Wet raadgevend referendum (Wrr) in werking getreden. In dit artikel wordt teruggekeken op dat jaar. Allereerst wordt kort de systematiek van de Wrr uiteengezet. Daarna wordt bezien hoe de wetgever omgaat met de referendabiliteit van wetten en het gebruik van de spoedprocedure uit artikel 12 Wrr. De bijdrage beschrijft tevens in hoeveel gevallen er daadwerkelijk verzoeken tot het houden van een referendum zijn gedaan. Ten slotte gaat het artikel in op de praktische lessen die geleerd kunnen worden van het eerste referendum dat op grond van deze wet is gehouden en op de suggesties die zijn gedaan om de Wrr aan te passen.
Chromatographic Analysis of a Multicomponent Mixture of B1, B6, B12, Benfotiamine, and Diclofenac; Part I: HPLC and UPLC Methods for the Simultaneous Quantification of These Five Components in Tablets and Capsules
Authors: Fayed Ahmed Salah , Hegazy Maha Abdel-Monem , Wahab Nada Sayed Abdel
Published: October 2016

New, simple, highly sensitive, precise, and accurate gradient reversed-phase chromatographic methods were developed using HPLC and ultra-HPLC (UPLC) systems for the determination of five components, namely thiamine, pyridoxine, cyanocobalamin, benfotiamine, and diclofenac in tablets and capsules. The methods were compared for their efficiency in the separation and determination of these five compounds using two different C18 columns (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm; and 100 × 4.6 mm, 2.6 μm) for HPLC and UPLC, respectively. Chromatographic separation was performed with a mobile phase containing acetonitrile and 0.025 M phosphate buffer (pH 3.5), with a gradient program and a flow rate of 1.5 and 1.0 mL/min for both methods, respectively. The methods were validated according to International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. Linearity was achieved in the range of 5.00 to 150.00 μg/mL for each of the five compounds. Ruggedness and intermediate precision were confirmed by different analysts on different columns on different days. Moreover, the components were subjected to an accelerated stability study under acidic, alkaline, and oxidative stress conditions and no interfering peaks were observed. The five compounds were efficiently separated in <20 min by HPLC, whereas for UPLC, separation was achieved in <8 min, which dramatically decreased the consumption of organic solvents.
Determination of Withanolides in Withania somnifera by Liquid Chromatography: Single-Laboratory Validation, First Action 2015.17
Authors: Koshy Rojison , Anand Mayachari Shivanand , Murali Balasubramanian , Brunelle Sharon L
Published: October 2016

An LC method was developed and validated in 2007 for analyzing Withania somnifera raw material (root) and dried extracts for withanolide content, including withanoside IV, withanoside V, withaferin A, 12-deoxywithastromonolide, withanolide A, and withanolide B. The method involved the extraction of the analytes with methanol, their subsequent filtration, and then analysis on a C18 column with an acetonitrile gradient and UV detection. Single-laboratory validation yielded linearity generally in the range of 20 to 200 μg/mL for each analyte, with a repeatability precision of RSD < 3% in most cases, and recovery in the range of 90 to 105%. These results compare well with the performance criteria recently detailed in AOAC Standard Method Performance Requirement 2015.007. The method was shown to be rugged with respect to different analysts, equipment, and days of analysis, and the sample solution was shown to be stable for 24 h at room temperature after extraction. The method was reviewed by the AOAC Expert Review Panel on Dietary Supplements (Set 2 Ingredients) and approved for First Action Official MethodSM status.
Fuga de cerebros y biografías low cost: nueva etapa en la precarización de la juventud
Authors: Santos Ortega Antonio , Muñoz Rodríguez David
Published: October 2016

La normalización de la precariedad entre las personas jóvenes está entrando en lo que parece una nueva fase. De la mano de, entre otros factores, los discursos empresariales y la teoría del capital humano, estamos asistiendo a una vuelta de tuerca en la presión sobre la juventud: ya no basta con la búsqueda «activa» de empleo, ahora hay que invertir en uno mismo como «empresario de sí mismo» y, en esta lógica, si es preciso hay que optar por la «movilidad internacional». Presentamos una revisión teórica y conceptual alrededor de lo que se conoce como fuga de cerebros y su justificación discursiva. Estamos ante un proceso que probablemente dejará una marca importante en una generación que ha visto truncadas sus posibilidades de transición a situaciones estables, idealmente identificadas con el mundo adulto.Normalization of precariousness among young people is entering in a new phase. Led by, among other factors, the human capital theory, we are witnessing a twist in pressure on young people: it is no longer enough with «active» job search, now you have to invest in yourself as entrepreneur of yourself’ and in this logic, maybe young people must choose for the «international mobility», which is represented as a cosmopolitan option. We present a theoretical and conceptual review around what is known as brain drain and its discursive justification. We are facing a process that will probably leave a significant mark on a generation whose chances of transition to stable situations have been truncated, ideally identified with the adult world.
Jóvenes titulados superiores en la encrucijada de la crisis
Authors: Gentile Alessandro
Published: October 2016

La crisis económica hace más difícil la transición a la vida adulta. Ni siquiera los jóvenes universitarios están a salvo de la precariedad laboral. Hemos entrevistados a veinte españoles entre 20 y 30 años, con títulos académicos y con trabajos precarios para saber cómo la coyuntura actual influye en sus posibilidades de independencia. A través de sus posicionamientos interpretativos, describimos la crisis como trampa, obstáculo o desafío. La alteración de su emancipación es un reflejo de los problemas de relevo generacional y de promoción social que las familias de clase media están experimentando en nuestro país en los últimos años.The economic crisis has increased the difficulty of the transition to adulthood. Neither young people with academic degrees can avoid employment instability. We interviewed twenty Spanish young-adults between 20 and 30 years old, with bachelor degrees and precarious jobs in order to know how the current economic downturn is influencing their possibility of independence. According to their interpretative perspectives, we describe the crisis as a trap, as an obstacle or as a challenge. The changes of their emancipation patterns are the spitting images of those problems related to generational replacement and social promotion that Spanish middle-class families have been experimenting during the last years.
Europeanization and social movement mobilization during the European sovereign debt crisis: The cases of Spain and Greece
Authors: Bourne Angela , Chatzopoulou Sevasti
Published: October 2016

The article addresses Europeanization of social movements in the context of the European Sovereign Debt Crisis. Europeanization occurs when movements collaborate, or make horizontal communicative linkages with movements in other countries, contest authorities beyond the state, frame issues as European and claim a European identity. The article presents a theoretical framework and research design for measuring the degree of social movement Europeanization followed by results of a pilot study on mobilization in Spain and Greece during 2011. While many contentious action events studied only encompassed the domestic arena, the pilot study showed a relatively high degree of Europeanization in the Greek case, suggesting the viability of future research.El presente artículo aborda la europeización de los movimientos sociales en el contexto de la crisis de la deuda soberana europea. La europeización se produce cuando los movimientos colaboran, o establecen vínculos horizontales, con movimientos de otros países, contestan a las autoridades más allá de los límites del Estado-nación, identifican cuestiones como europeos y reclaman una identidad europea. El artículo presenta un marco teórico y un diseño investigación para medir el grado de europeización de los movimientos sociales seguido por los resultados de un estudio piloto de la movilización en España y Grecia durante el año 2011. Mientras que muchas de las acciones de protesta estudiadas solamente apelaban al ámbito doméstico, el estudio piloto muestra un relativamente alto grado de europeización en el caso griego, lo que sugiere la viabilidad de futuras investigaciones.
Derechos humanos y justicia con las personas con diversidad funcional
Authors: Aparicio Payá Manuel
Published: October 2016

Uno de los problemas de justicia más importantes que existen en la actualidad es el que se refiere a los seres humanos con diversidad funcional. Desde hace algunas décadas el modelo social de la discapacidad ha insistido en que estos deben ser contemplados como sujetos activos de justicia y no como meros sujetos pasivos de beneficencia. La pretensión de este artículo es doble: por un lado, aplicando la teoría de la justicia como reconocimiento de A. Honneth, indagamos en qué consiste dicho trato justo; por otro lado, siguiendo la ética cordial de Cortina, abordamos la cuestión del fundamento de los Derechos de las Personas con Discapacidad.One of the most important problems of justice existing today is centred on human beings with functional diversity. Through the last few decades the social model of disability has insisted on the fact that these individuals should be considered active subjects of justice and not only mere passive subjects of charity. The aim of this article is twofold: on the one hand, applying the theory of justice as recognition by Honneth, we investigate what such fair treatment consists of; on the other hand, following the cordial ethics by Cortina, we deal with the question of the basis of the Rights of People with Dissabilities.
A microbiological and physical-chemical based evaluation of artisanal Minas cheese production in Rio Paranaíba city, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Authors: Guimarães Nasser Vinícius , Evangelista Visôtto Liliane , Martins Campos Fábio , De Barros Fernandes Regiane Victória , Alvarenga Botrel Diego
Published: October 2016

The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbiological and physical-chemical features of the water and milk used in the preparation of artisanal cheese produced in seven dairies, located in Rio Paranaíba, Minas Gerais, Brazil, in order to ascertain the conformity of these parameters with the current legislation. Physical-chemical analyzes of water (alkalinity, acidity, residual chlorine, chlorine and pH), milk (fat, protein, total solids, nonfat dry extract, acidity, cryoscopy and density) and cheese (moisture content, presence of starch and alkaline phosphatase) were performed. Also, it was determined the most probable number of coliform at 30 °C, at 45 °C and mesophilic count in the samples of water, milk and cheese. Cheese weight, diameter and height were also determined to verify the patterning of the physical format of cheeses. The water used by dairies showed satisfactory microbiological characteristics. However, the water in properties 2 and 7 showed mean values of alkalinity approximately 2 times higher and lower than the recommended range (10 to 50 mg CaCO3.L-1), respectively. Considering the confidence intervals, no water sample showed satisfactory results for alkalinity and residual chlorine determinations. With regards to raw milk samples, three samples showed mesophilic bacteria count greater than 1 x 105 CFU/mL (property 1, 5 and 7), whereas four and two samples showed number of coliforms at 30 °C and at 45 °C higher than 1100 NMP/mL, respectively. The milk produced in the property 2 showed confidence interval values for density (1.033 to 1.035), above the recommended limit. In addition, the confidence interval for the freezing point of milk in all properties were out of recommended values (-0.550 to -0.530 °H). Seventy-five percent of the cheeses had coliform counts at 30 °C greater than 1 x 103 MPN/g and 100% of the samples had humidity valueabove 45.9% (maximum allowed after maturation). The weight of cheeses from the properties 2, 4, 5, 6 and 7 also exceeded the recommended limit (1-1.2 kg). The artisanal cheese-making process requires some adjustments to meet the standards of current legislation, aiming to bring added value and greater product safety.
Comportamento humano na criação de cães e a prevalência de parasitos intestinais com potencial zoonótico
Authors: Lallo Maria Anete , Spadacci-Morena Diva Denelle , Dall´Acqua Coutinho Selene
Published: October 2016

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a natureza das relações estabelecidas em cães de estimação e seus donos em áreas urbanas com pequenos espaços de convivência como a cidade de São Paulo e seu papel na prevalência de parasitos intestinais com potencial zoonótico. Para tal, amostras fecais de cães atendidos em clínicas veterinárias (n = 500), residentes em abrigos (n = 250) e em canis comerciais (n = 250) foram examinadas para detecção de parasitos intestinais por microscopia de luz e por imunofluorescência direta.Para avaliar as relações estabelecidas entre cães e os responsáveis por eles, foi aplicado questionário aos responsáveis pelos cães atendidos nas clínicas veterinárias pesquisadas. Do total de amostras testadas, 45%foram positivas para parasitos intestinais, sendo que os cães criados coletivamente em abrigos (57,2%) e canis (48%) apresentaram as maiores prevalências de parasitos intestinais, especialmente infecções por protozoários. O questionário revelou que a maioria dos cães foi adotada a partir de abrigos públicos, tinham acesso livre a casa e aos quartos, dormiam na cama com seus donos e não recebiam tratamentos antiparasitários regulares. Concluiu-se que os parasitos intestinais foram muito prevalentes em cães. A presença de G. duodenalis, Cryptosporidium sp., Toxocara canis e Ancylostoma sp., todos agentes de zoonoses, sugere que os cães podem ser fonte de infecção para os seres humanos ou para o ambiente. As estreitas relações estabelecidas com os seus cães, demonstrada por hábitos de criação e estilo de vida dos proprietários, podem favorecer a transmissão de zoonoses parasitárias, especialmente pelos hábitos de dormir com o cão ou ser lambido pelo mesmo.
Production strategies: the best practices of the eletrical and eletronics industry in Brazil
Authors: Gronovicz Marco Aurélio , Gechele Cleto Marcelo
Published: October 2016

Productive systems that efficiently meet cost, time limit and quality requirements have become increasingly relevant due to the economics and technological turbulences that periodically hit the global economy. In the electrical and electronics industry, the fierce competition has demanded innovation, dynamism, and quick answers in developing new products and production management from the enterprises. This work aims to investigate the ways of action adopted by enterprises from this industry in Brazil. The methodology analyzes in details primary data obtained from interviews, direct observation, participant observation, document analysis and study of multiple cases in 5 large and medium-scale Brazilian enterprises as a validation mechanism. The data collected and later analyzed in this survey corresponds to the period from 2011 to 2015. As a research contribution, were identified some of best practices have been chosen for the definition and implementation of their production strategies. The main similarities and differences were also highlighted, compared and analyzed among the practices adopted by the investigated enterprises and cited authors.
Hydrostructural setting of Riardo Plain: effects on Ferrarelle mineral water type
Authors: Viaroli Stefano , Mastrorillo Lucia , Mazza Roberto , Paolucci Vittorio
Published: October 2016

The exploitation of groundwater resources must always keep in account the geology and hydrogeological settings of the catchment basin for the sustainability of withdrawals, in order not to overexploit the aquifer. Especially, in the case of mineral water extraction, even more attention should be paid to understand what are the water-rock-gases interaction mechanisms, which allow obtaining a specific water chemistry. The case of Ferrarelle mineral water (western sector of Riardo Plain, Caserta) is particularly complex. Through the acquisition of a great amount of former geological and hydrogeological data and by new hydrogeological surveys, it has been possible to distinguish the aquifer levels, distinguishing four circulations over the Roccamonfina Volcano and in the Riardo Plain. The presence of volcanic and volcaniclastic deposits deriving from the Roccamonfina Volcano which cover a highlytectonized carbonate bedrock, allows the formation of two aquifers in hydraulic continuity. This mixing between the two aquifers allows, with the ascent of deep CO2 through faults in the carbonate bedrock, the formation of the typical chemical composition of the mineral water Ferrarelle. In the eastern sector of the plain, it is possible to distinguish the volcanic aquifer from the carbonate one, probably due to the presence of low permeability deposits.
Inhibiting poly(ADP-ribosylation) improves axon regeneration
Authors: Byrne Alexandra B , McWhirter Rebecca D , Sekine Yuichi , Strittmatter Stephen M , Miller David M , Hammarlund Marc
Published: October 2016

The ability of a neuron to regenerate its axon after injury depends in part on its intrinsic regenerative potential. Here, we identify novel intrinsic regulators of axon regeneration: poly(ADP-ribose) glycohodrolases (PARGs) and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs). PARGs, which remove poly(ADP-ribose) from proteins, act in injured C. elegans GABA motor neurons to enhance axon regeneration. PARG expression is regulated by DLK signaling, and PARGs mediate DLK function in enhancing axon regeneration. Conversely, PARPs, which add poly(ADP-ribose) to proteins, inhibit axon regeneration of both C. elegans GABA neurons and mammalian cortical neurons. Furthermore, chemical PARP inhibitors improve axon regeneration when administered after injury. Our results indicate that regulation of poly(ADP-ribose) levels is a critical function of the DLK regeneration pathway, that poly-(ADP ribosylation) inhibits axon regeneration across species, and that chemical inhibition of PARPs can elicit axon regeneration.
Limitations to photosynthesis by proton motive force-induced photosystem II photodamage
Authors: Davis Geoffry A , Kanazawa Atsuko , Schöttler Mark Aurel , Kohzuma Kaori , Froehlich John E , Rutherford A William , Satoh-Cruz Mio , Minhas Deepika , Tietz Stefanie , Dhingra Amit , Kramer David M
Published: October 2016

The thylakoid proton motive force (pmf) generated during photosynthesis is the essential driving force for ATP production; it is also a central regulator of light capture and electron transfer. We investigated the effects of elevated pmf on photosynthesis in a library of Arabidopsis thaliana mutants with altered rates of thylakoid lumen proton efflux, leading to a range of steady-state pmf extents. We observed the expected pmf-dependent alterations in photosynthetic regulation, but also strong effects on the rate of photosystem II (PSII) photodamage. Detailed analyses indicate this effect is related to an elevated electric field (Δψ) component of the pmf, rather than lumen acidification, which in vivo increased PSII charge recombination rates, producing singlet oxygen and subsequent photodamage. The effects are seen even in wild type plants, especially under fluctuating illumination, suggesting that Δψ-induced photodamage represents a previously unrecognized limiting factor for plant productivity under dynamic environmental conditions seen in the field.
Rac1-mediated membrane raft localization of PI3K/p110β is required for its activation by GPCRs or PTEN loss
Authors: Cizmecioglu Onur , Ni Jing , Xie Shaozhen , Zhao Jean J , Roberts Thomas M
Published: October 2016

We aimed to understand how spatial compartmentalization in the plasma membrane might contribute to the functions of the ubiquitous class IA phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) isoforms, p110α and p110β. We found that p110β localizes to membrane rafts in a Rac1-dependent manner. This localization potentiates Akt activation by G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Thus genetic targeting of a Rac1 binding-deficient allele of p110β to rafts alleviated the requirement for p110β-Rac1 association for GPCR signaling, cell growth and migration. In contrast, p110α, which does not play a physiological role in GPCR signaling, is found to reside in nonraft regions of the plasma membrane. Raft targeting of p110α allowed its EGFR-mediated activation by GPCRs. Notably, p110β dependent, PTEN null tumor cells critically rely upon raft-associated PI3K activity. Collectively, our findings provide a mechanistic account of how membrane raft localization regulates differential activation of distinct PI3K isoforms and offer insight into why PTEN-deficient cancers depend on p110β.
Sexually dimorphic neuronal responses to social isolation
Authors: Senst Laura , Baimoukhametova Dinara , Sterley Toni-Lee , Bains Jaideep Singh
Published: October 2016

Many species use social networks to buffer the effects of stress. The mere absence of a social network, however, may also be stressful. We examined neuroendocrine, PVN CRH neurons and report that social isolation alters the intrinsic properties of these cells in sexually dimorphic fashion. Specifically, isolating preadolescent female mice from littermates for <24 hr increased first spike latency (FSL) and decreased excitability of CRH neurons. These changes were not evident in age-matched males. By contrast, subjecting either males (isolated or grouped) or group housed females to acute physical stress (swim), increased FSL. The increase in FSL following either social isolation or acute physical stress was blocked by the glucocorticoid synthesis inhibitor, metyrapone and mimicked by exogenous corticosterone. The increase in FSL results in a decrease in the excitability of CRH neurons. Our observations demonstrate that social isolation, but not acute physical stress has sex-specific effects on PVN CRH neurons.