bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elevated Apoptosis and Impaired Proliferation Contribute to Downregulated PeripheralγδT Cells in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Lu Zhimin , Su Dinglei , Wang Dandan , Li Xia , Feng Xuebing , Sun Lingyun
Published: August 2013

Objective. To investigate the frequency of peripheralγδT cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and its correlation with disease activity and to analyze the apoptotic status, proliferation ability, and intracellular cytokine profile of these cells.Methods. Flow cytometry was performed to detect the percentage and intracellular cytokine expression of peripheralγδT cells from SLE patients. Annexin-V/PI double staining was applied to determine the proportion of apoptoticγδand CD3+T cells.γδT cell proliferation was analyzed by CFSE labeling technique.Results. The percentage and absolute number ofγδT cells were remarkably decreased in active SLE patients compared to those in inactive patients and healthy controls, withγδT cell count negatively correlated with disease activity. Compared with healthy controls, peripheralγδT cells from active SLE patients exhibited higher apoptotic rate and lower proliferation ability, as well as elevated expression of intracellular IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-β, but not IL-17 or Foxp3.Conclusion. DecreasedγδT cells in the peripheral blood of SLE patients might be caused by upregulated apoptosis and downregulated cell proliferation. TheseγδT cells may secret both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines to perform their functions in SLE.
A Modified Generalized Laguerre Spectral Method for Fractional Differential Equations on the Half Line
Authors: Baleanu D. , Bhrawy A. H. , Taha T. M.
Published: August 2013

This paper deals with modified generalized Laguerre spectral tau and collocation methods for solving linear and nonlinear multiterm fractional differential equations (FDEs) on the half line. A new formula expressing the Caputo fractional derivatives of modified generalized Laguerre polynomials of any degree and for any fractional order in terms of the modified generalized Laguerre polynomials themselves is derived. An efficient direct solver technique is proposed for solving the linear multiterm FDEs with constant coefficients on the half line using a modified generalized Laguerre tau method. The spatial approximation with its Caputo fractional derivatives is based on modified generalized Laguerre polynomialsLi(α,β)(x)withx∈Λ=(0,∞),α>−1, andβ>0, andiis the polynomial degree. We implement and develop the modified generalized Laguerre collocation method based on the modified generalized Laguerre-Gauss points which is used as collocation nodes for solving nonlinear multiterm FDEs on the half line.
Fracturing Pressure of Shallow Sediment in Deep Water Drilling
Authors: Yan Chuanliang , Deng Jingen , Hu Lianbo , Yu Baohua
Published: August 2013

The shallow sediment in deep water has weak strength and easily gets into plastic state under stress concentration induced by oil and gas drilling. During drilling, the formation around a wellbore can be divided into elastic zone and plastic zone. The unified strength theory was used after yielding. The radius of the plastic zone and the theoretical solution of the stress distribution in these two zones were derived in undrained condition. The calculation model of excess pore pressure induced by drilling was obtained with the introduction of Henkel’s excess pore pressure theory. Combined with hydraulic fracturing theory, the fracturing mechanism of shallow sediment was analyzed and the theoretical formula of fracturing pressure was given. Furthermore, the influence of the parameters of unified strength theory on fracturing pressure was analyzed. The theoretical calculation results agreed with measured results approximately, which preliminary verifies the reliability of this theory.
Mitochondrial DNA Instability in Cells Lacking Aconitase Correlates with Iron Citrate Toxicity
Authors: Farooq Muhammad A. , Pracheil Tammy M. , Dong Zhejun , Xiao Fei , Liu Zhengchang
Published: August 2013

Aconitase, the second enzyme of the tricarboxylic acid cycle encoded byACO1in the budding yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae, catalyzes the conversion of citrate to isocitrate.aco1Δ results in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) instability. It has been proposed that Aco1 binds to mtDNA and mediates its maintenance. Here we propose an alternative mechanism to account for mtDNA loss inaco1Δ mutant cells. We found thataco1Δ activated the RTG pathway, resulting in increased expression of genes encoding citrate synthase. By deletingRTG1,RTG3, or genes encoding citrate synthase, mtDNA instability was prevented inaco1Δ mutant cells. Increased activity of citrate synthase leads to iron accumulation in the mitochondria. Mutations inMRS3andMRS4, encoding two mitochondrial iron transporters, also prevented mtDNA loss due toaco1Δ. Mitochondria are the main source of superoxide radicals, which are converted to H2O2through two superoxide dismutases, Sod1 and Sod2. H2O2in turn reacts with Fe2+to generate very active hydroxyl radicals. We found that loss of Sod1, but not Sod2, prevents mtDNA loss inaco1Δ mutant cells. We propose that mtDNA loss inaco1Δ mutant cells is caused by the activation of the RTG pathway and subsequent iron citrate accumulation and toxicity.
Visual Scheme for the Detection of Mobile Attack on WSN Simulator
Authors: Jeong Young-Sik , Kim Hyun-Woo , Park Jong Hyuk
Published: August 2013

Recently, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) technologies have been utilized in diverse domains. Areas where WSNs are applied have been expanded from industries, schools, and research institutes to all fields of the human society. However, WSNs should be fixed or flexible depending on the areas of application and monitoring situations. Furthermore, measures for the security of data sensed when sensor nodes communicate with each other are not perfect, so sensors are sometimes easily attacked, and the security measures cover neither cases where sensors receive wrong information nor cases where attacks on external sensor nodes are sensed. Therefore, this paper provides the GML that can be mapped on actual topography so that optimum coverage can be inferred and can set target areas for two situations: mobile sensor networks (MSNs) and fixed sensor networks (FSNs). Sensors can be efficiently arranged through this sensor node information, and when the sensors have been arranged, security simulation functions applied with data encryption for data transmission between sensor nodes are provided. This paper also proposes an external detection trace simulator (EDTS) that would make sensing data transmitted between sensors visually provide information on the sensing of external attacks.
Epstein-Barr Virus in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases
Authors: Draborg Anette Holck , Duus Karen , Houen Gunnar
Published: August 2013

Systemic autoimmune diseases (SADs) are a group of connective tissue diseases with diverse, yet overlapping, symptoms and autoantibody development. The etiology behind SADs is not fully elucidated, but a number of genetic and environmental factors are known to influence the incidence of SADs. Recent findings link dysregulation of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) with SAD development. EBV causes a persistent infection with a tight latency programme in memory B-cells, which enables evasion of the immune defence. A number of immune escape mechanisms and immune-modulating proteins have been described for EBV. These immune modulating functions make EBV a good candidate for initiation of autoimmune diseases and exacerbation of disease progression. This review focuses on systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) and sum up the existing data linking EBV with these diseases including elevated titres of EBV antibodies, reduced T-cell defence against EBV, and elevated EBV viral load. Together, these data suggest that uncontrolled EBV infection can develop diverse autoreactivities in genetic susceptible individuals with different manifestations depending on the genetic background and the site of reactivation.
A Model for the Stability of a TiO2 Dispersion
Authors: Gama Goicochea Armando
Published: August 2013

A computational study of a colloidal dispersion stabilized with grafted polymer layers is presented here as a model for white, water-based paints. The interaction model includes repulsive, three-body interactions and attractive van der Waals forces. The electrostatic interactions are also studied. Stability criteria can be established for the dispersion, such as the thickness of the adsorbed polymer layers, and the quality of the solvent. Using implicit solvent molecular dynamics calculations, the spatial distribution of the pigments is obtained through the calculation of the radial distribution functions. The results show that the solvent quality and the thickness of the grafted polymer layer are key variables in the stability of the dispersion. Additionally, a structural phase transition is predicted, which is driven by the pigment concentration in the dispersion. It is argued that the predictions of this work are useful guidelines in the design of paints and coatings of current industrial interest.
Self-Management of Oxaliplatin-Related Peripheral Neuropathy in Colorectal Cancer Survivors
Authors: Tofthagen Cindy , Gonzalez Laura , Visovsky Constance , Akers Alex
Published: August 2013

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to evaluate medications that cancer survivors with oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy take to control neuropathic symptom, and to explore self-management techniques used at home to provide temporary relief of painful neuropathy. This was a mixed methods, descriptive, cross-sectional study using self-reported data from colorectal cancer survivors previously treated with oxaliplatin. We analyzed demographic and medication data obtained from participants, along with written comments from an open-ended question regarding methods participants had tried to self-manage symptoms of neuropathy. Results. Twenty-nine percent of the sample reported taking some type of nutritional supplement with potential neuroprotective qualities. Opioids were being taken by 10% of the sample, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory and over-the-counter medications were taken by 15% of participants. Twelve percent of participants were taking antidepressants and 10% were taking anticonvulsants, primarily gabapentin. Recurrent themes for nonpharmacologic treatment included avoiding the cold/keeping warm, keeping moving, massaging or rubbing the affected area, and living with it. Conclusions. Patients treated with oxaliplatin for colorectal cancer utilize a variety of traditional pharmacologic agents and nutritional supplements in an effort to self-manage neuropathic symptoms. Patients also employ a variety of home-based therapies to provide temporary relief of peripheral neuropathy symptoms.
In UteroHepatocellular Transplantation in Rats
Authors: Muñoz-Sáez Emma , de Munck Estefanía , Maganto Paloma , Escudero Cristina , Miguel Begoña G. , Arahuetes Rosa María
Published: August 2013

This work represents a step forward in the experimental design of anin uterohepatocellular transplantation model in rats. We focused on the enrichment optimization of isolated fetal hepatocytes suspension, arranging the surgery methodology ofin uterotransplantation, monitoring the biodistribution of the transplanted hepatocytes, and assessing the success of the transplants. Rat fetuses have been transplanted at the 17th embryonic day (ED17) with fetal hepatocytes isolated from rats at the end of pregnancy (ED21). We assessed possible differences between lymphocyte population, CD4 positive, CD8 positive, double-positive T-cells, and anti-inflammatory cytokines interleukins 4 and 10 (IL4 and IL10) as well. Cellular viability reached the rates of 90–95%. Transplanted groups had a limited success. Transplanted hepatocytes were not able to pass through the hematoplacental barrier. The hepatocytes injected were primarily located in the liver. There was an upward trend in the whole amount of T CD4 and T CD8 cells. There was an increased IL4 in the transplanted groups observed in the pregnant rats. The possibility to induce tolerance in fetuses with a hepatocyte transplantin uterocould be a key point to avoid the immunosuppression treatments which must be undergone by transplanted patients.
Status of Systemic Oxidative Stress during Therapeutic Hypothermia in Patients with Post-Cardiac Arrest Syndrome
Authors: Dohi Kenji , Miyamoto Kazuyuki , Fukuda Kenichiro , Nakamura Shunsuke , Hayashi Munetaka , Ohtaki Hirokazu , Shioda Seiji , Aruga Tohru
Published: August 2013

Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) is thought to be due to the downregulation of free radical production, although the details of this process remain unclear. Here, we investigate changes in oxidative stress and endogenous biological antioxidant potential during TH in patients with post-cardiac arrest syndrome (PCAS). Nineteen PCAS patients were enrolled in the study. Brain temperature was decreased to the target temperature of 33°C, and it was maintained for 24 h. Patients were rewarmed slowly (0.1°C/h, <1°C/day). The generation of reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs) was evaluated in plasma samples by d-ROM test. Plasma antioxidant capacity was measured by the biological antioxidant potential (BAP) test. Levels of d-ROMs and BAP levels during the hypothermic stage (33°C) were suppressed significantly compared with pre-TH induction levels (P<0.05), while both d-ROM and BAP levels increased with rewarming (33–36°C) and were correlated with brain temperature. Clinical monitoring of oxidative stress and antioxidant potential is useful for evaluating the redox state of patients undergoing TH after PCAS. Additional therapy to support the antioxidant potential in the rewarming stage following TH may reduce some of the observed side effects associated with the use of TH.
Aminopeptidase N (CD13) Is Involved in Phagocytic Processes in Human Dendritic Cells and Macrophages
Authors: Villaseñor-Cardoso Mónica I. , Frausto-Del-Río Dulce A. , Ortega Enrique
Published: August 2013

Aminopeptidase N (APN or CD13) is a membrane ectopeptidase expressed by many cell types, including myelomonocytic lineage cells: monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. CD13 is known to regulate the biological activity of various peptides by proteolysis, and it has been proposed that CD13 also participates in several functions such as angiogenesis, cell adhesion, metastasis, and tumor invasion. We had previously reported that, in human monocytes and macrophages, CD13 modulates the phagocytosis mediated by receptors for the Fc portion of IgG antibodies (FcγRs). In this work, we analyzed the possible interaction of CD13 with other phagocytic receptors. We found out that the cross-linking of CD13 positively modulates the phagocytosis mediated by receptors of the innate immune system, since a significant increase in the phagocytosis of zymosan particles or heat-killedE. coliwas observed when CD13 was cross-linked using anti-CD13 antibodies, in both macrophages and dendritic cells. Also, we observed that, during the phagocytosis of zymosan, CD13 redistributes and is internalized into the phagosome. These findings suggest that, besides its known functions, CD13 participates in phagocytic processes in dendritic cells and macrophages.
New Freedom through Medical Devices Based on the Global System for Mobile Communications: A Prospective Survey of 620 Users of the Swiss Limmex Emergency Wristwatch—An Original Study from Switzerland
Authors: Tabbara Malek , Özgüler Onur S. , Exadaktylos Aristomenis K.
Published: August 2013

About 500,000 elderly people in Switzerland suffer a fall each year. Thus medical attention and help are essential for these people, who mostly live alone without a caregiver. Only 3% of people aged over 65 in Switzerland use an emergency system. Personal telehealth devices allow patients to receive enough information about the appropriate treatment, as well as followup with their doctors and reports of any emergency, in the absence of any caregiver. This increases their quality of life in a cost-effective fashion. “Limmex”—a new medical emergency watch—was launched in Switzerland in 2011 and has been a great commercial success. In this paper, we give a brief review of this watch technology, along with the results of a survey of 620 users conducted by the Department of Emergency Medicine in Bern.
Cordyceps sinensisIncreases Hypoxia Tolerance by Inducing Heme Oxygenase-1 and Metallothionein via Nrf2 Activation in Human Lung Epithelial Cells
Authors: Singh Mrinalini , Tulsawani Rajkumar , Koganti Praveen , Chauhan Amitabh , Manickam Manimaran , Misra Kshipra
Published: August 2013

Cordyceps sinensis, an edible mushroom growing in Himalayan regions, is widely recognized in traditional system of medicine. In the present study, we report the efficacy ofCordyceps sinensisin facilitating tolerance to hypoxia using A549 cell line as a model system. Treatment with aqueous extract ofCordyceps sinensisappreciably attenuated hypoxia induced ROS generation, oxidation of lipids and proteins and maintained antioxidant status similar to that of controls via induction of antioxidant gene HO1 (heme oxygenase-1), MT (metallothionein) and Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2). In contrast, lower level of NFκB (nuclear factor kappaB) and tumor necrosis factor-αobserved which might be due to higher levels of HO1, MT and transforming growth factor-β. Further, increase in HIF1 (hypoxia inducible factor-1) and its regulated genes; erythropoietin, vascular endothelial growth factor, and glucose transporter-1 was observed. Interestingly,Cordyceps sinensistreatment under normoxia did not regulate the expression HIF1, NFκB and their regulated genes evidencing thatCordyceps sinensisper se did not have an effect on these transcription factors. Overall,Cordyceps sinensistreatment inhibited hypoxia induced oxidative stress by maintaining higher cellular Nrf2, HIF1 and lowering NFκB levels. These findings provide a basis for possible use of Cordyceps sinensis in tolerating hypoxia.
Genetic Analysis ofPARK2andPINK1Genes in Brazilian Patients with Early-Onset Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Moura Karla Cristina Vasconcelos , Campos Junior Mário , de Rosso Ana Lúcia Zuma , Nicaretta Denise Hack , Pereira João Santos , Silva Delson José , dos Santos Flávia Lima , Rodrigues Fabíola da Costa , Santos-Rebouças Cíntia Barros , Pimentel Márcia Mattos Gonçalves
Published: August 2013

Parkinson's disease is the second most frequent neurodegenerative disorder in the world, affecting 1-2% of individuals over the age of 65. The etiology of Parkinson's disease is complex, with the involvement of gene-environment interactions. Although it is considered a disease of late manifestation, early-onset forms of parkinsonism contribute to 5–10% of all cases. In the present study, we screened mutations in coding regions ofPARK2andPINK1genes in 136 unrelated Brazilian patients with early-onset Parkinson's disease through automatic sequencing. We identified six missense variants inPARK2gene: one known pathogenic mutation, two variants of uncertain role, and three nonpathogenic changes. No pathogenic mutation was identified inPINK1gene, only benign polymorphisms. All putative pathogenic variants found in this study were in heterozygous state. Our data show thatPARK2point mutations are more common in Brazilian early-onset Parkinson's disease patients (2.9%) thanPINK1missense variants (0%), corroborating other studies worldwide.
Growth Estimators and Confidence Intervals for the Mean of Negative Binomial Random Variables with Unknown Dispersion
Authors: Shilane David , Bean Derek
Published: August 2013

The negative binomial distribution becomes highly skewed under extreme dispersion. Even at moderately large sample sizes, the sample mean exhibits a heavy right tail. The standard normal approximation often does not provide adequate inferences about the data's expected value in this setting. In previous work, we have examined alternative methods of generating confidence intervals for the expected value. These methods were based upon Gamma and Chi Square approximations or tail probability bounds such as Bernstein's inequality. We now propose growth estimators of the negative binomial mean. Under high dispersion, zero values are likely to be overrepresented in the data. A growth estimator constructs a normal-style confidence interval by effectively removing a small, predetermined number of zeros from the data. We propose growth estimators based upon multiplicative adjustments of the sample mean and direct removal of zeros from the sample. These methods do not require estimating the nuisance dispersion parameter. We will demonstrate that the growth estimators' confidence intervals provide improved coverage over a wide range of parameter values and asymptotically converge to the sample mean. Interestingly, the proposed methods succeed despite adding both bias and variance to the normal approximation.
Manufacturing of Nanostructured Rings from Previously ECAE‐Processed AA5083 Alloy by Isothermal Forging
Authors: Luis C. J. , Salcedo D. , León J. , Puertas I. , Fuertes J. P. , Luri R.
Published: August 2013

The manufacturing of a functional hollow mechanical element or ring of the AA5083 alloy previously equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) processed, which presents a submicrometric microstructure, is dealt with. For this purpose, the design of two isothermal forging dies (preform and final shape) is carried out using the design of experiments (DOE) methodology. Moreover, after manufacturing the dies and carrying out tests so as to achieve real rings, the mechanical properties of these rings are analysed as well as their microstructure. Furthermore, a comparison between the different forged rings is made from ECAE‐processed material subjected to different heat treatments, previous to the forging stage. On the other hand, the ring forging process is modelled through the use of finite element simulation in order to improve the die design and to study the force required for the isothermal forging, the damage value, and the strain the material predeformed by ECAE has undergone. With this present research work, it is intended to improve the knowledge about the mechanical properties of nanostructured material and the applicability of this material to industrial processes that allow the manufacturing of functional parts.
Coniferyl Ferulate, a Strong Inhibitor of Glutathione S-Transferase Isolated from RadixAngelicae sinensis, Reverses Multidrug Resistance and Downregulates P-Glycoprotein
Authors: Chen Chang , Wu Chuanhong , Lu Xinhua , Yan Zhiyong , Gao Jian , Zhao Hui , Li Shaojing
Published: August 2013

Glutathione S-transferase (GST) is the key enzyme in multidrug resistance (MDR) of tumour. Inhibition of the expression or activity of GST has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for the reversal of MDR. Coniferyl ferulate (CF), isolated from the root ofAngelica sinensis(Oliv.) Diels (RadixAngelicae sinensis, RAS), showed strong inhibition of human placental GST. Its 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) was 0.3 μM, which was greater than a known GSTP1-1 inhibitor, ethacrynic acid (EA), using the established high-throughput screening model. Kinetic analysis and computational docking were used to examine the mechanism of GST inhibition by CF. Computational docking found that CF could be fully docked into the gorge of GSTP1-1. The further exploration of the mechanisms showed that CF was a reversible noncompetitive inhibitor with respect to GSH and CDNB, and it has much less cytotoxicity. Apoptosis and the expression of P-gp mRNA were evaluated in the MDR positive B-MD-C1 (ADR+/+) cell line to investigate the MDR reversal effect of CF. Moreover, CF showed strong apoptogenic activity and could markedly decrease the overexpressed P-gp. The results demonstrated that CF could inhibit GST activity in a concentration-dependent manner and showed a potential MDR reversal effect for antitumour adjuvant therapy.
Therapeutic Effect of Chung-Pae, an Experimental Herbal Formula, on Acute Lung Inflammation Is Associated with Suppression of NF-κB and Activation of Nrf2
Authors: Kim Kyun Ha , Kim Do-Hyun , Jeong Nara , Kim Kwan-Il , Kim Yong Ho , Lee Mei , Choi Jun-Yong , Jung Hee Jae , Jung Sung-Ki , Joo Myungsoo
Published: August 2013

Acute lung injury (ALI) is an inflammatory disease with high mortality, but therapeutics against it is unavailable. Recently, we elaborated a formula, named Chung-pae (CP), that comprises four ethnic herbs commonly prescribed against various respiratory diseases in Asian traditional medicine. CP is being administered in aerosol to relieve various respiratory symptoms of patients in our clinic. Here, we sought to examine whether CP has a therapeutic effect on ALI and to uncover the mechanism behind it. Reporter assays show that CP suppressed the transcriptional activity of proinflammatory NF-κB and activated that of anti-inflammatory Nrf2. Similarly, CP suppressed the expression of NF-κB dependent, proinflammatory cytokines and induced that of Nrf2 dependent genes in RAW 264.7. An aerosol intratracheal administration of CP effectively reduced neutrophilic infiltration and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, hallmarks of ALI, in the lungs of mice that received a prior intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide. The intratracheal CP administration concomitantly enhanced the expression of Nrf2 dependent genes in the lung. Therefore, our results evidenced a therapeutic effect of CP on ALI, in which differential regulation of the two key inflammatory factors, NF-κB and Nrf2, was involved. We propose that CP can be a new therapeutic formula against ALI.
Stability Switches and Hopf Bifurcation in a Kaleckian Model of Business Cycle
Authors: Ballestra Luca Vincenzo , Guerrini Luca , Pacelli Graziella
Published: August 2013

This paper considers a Kaleckian type model of business cycle based on a nonlinear delay differential equation, whose associated characteristic equation is a transcendental equation with delay dependent coefficients. Using the conventional analysis introduced by Beretta and Kuang (2002), we show that the unique equilibrium can be destabilized through a Hopf bifurcation and stability switches may occur. Then some properties of Hopf bifurcation such as direction, stability, and period are determined by the normal form theory and the center manifold theorem.
Gorham’s Disease of the Mandible
Authors: Ravindran Rathy , Karunakaran Anila
Published: August 2013

Gorham’s disease is a rare condition characterized by progressive osteolysis of bone with ultimate total disappearance of bone. The aetiology is undetermined. It may affect any bone of the body, although there is predilection for the pelvis, humerus, axial skeleton, and mandible. Because of the rarity, the disorder goes unrecognized. Various treatment modalities are undertaken with very limited success. We report a case of Gorham’s disease of mandible in a 62-year-old man and the literature is reviewed with emphasis on aetiology, diagnosis management.
Multivariate Analysis as a Method for Evaluating the Conceptual Perceptions of Korean Medicine Students regarding Phlegm Pattern
Authors: Kim Hyungsuk , Kim Hyunho , Park Young-Jae , Park Young-Bae
Published: August 2013

Individuals may perceive the concepts in Korean medicine pattern classification differently because it is performed according to the integration of a variety of information. Therefore, analysis about individual perspective is very important for examining the cross-sectional perspective state of Korean medicine concepts and developing both the clinical guideline including diagnosis and the curriculum of Korean medicine colleges. Moreover, because this conceptual difference is thought to begin with college education, it is worthwhile to observe students’ viewpoints. So, we suggested multivariate analysis to explore the dimensional structure of Korean medicine students’ conceptual perceptions regarding phlegm pattern. We surveyed 326 students divided into 5 groups based on their year of study. Data were analyzed using multidimensional scaling and factor analysis. Within-group difference was the smallest for third-year students, who have received Korean medicine education in full for the first time. With the exception of first-year students, the conceptual map revealed that each group’s mean perceptions of phlegm pattern were distributed in almost linear fashion. To determine the effect of education, we investigated the preference rankings and scores of each symptom. We also extracted factors to identify latent variables and to compare the between-group conceptual characteristics regarding phlegm pattern.
Self‐Assembly and Soft Material Preparation of Binary Organogels via Aminobenzimidazole/Benzothiazole and Acids with Different Alkyl Substituent Chains
Authors: Jiao Tifeng , Ma Keren , Shen Xihai , Zhang Qingrui , Li Xiujin , Zhou Jingxin , Gao Faming
Published: August 2013

The gelation behaviors of binary organogels composed of aminobenzimidazole/benzothiazole derivatives and benzoic acid with single‐/multialkyl substituent chain in various organic solvents were designed and investigated. Their gelation behaviors in 20 solvents were tested as new binary organic gelators. This showed that the number and length of alkyl substituent chains and benzimidazole/benzothiazole segment have played a crucial role in the gelation behavior of all gelator mixtures in various organic solvents. More alkyl chains in molecular skeletons in present gelators are favorable for the gelation of organic solvents. The length of alkyl substituent chains has also played an important role in changing the gelation behaviors and assembly states. Morphological studies revealed that the gelator molecules self‐assemble into different aggregates from wrinkle, lamella, belt, to fiber with change of solvents. Spectral studies indicated that there existed different H‐bond formation and hydrophobic force, depending on benzimidazole/benzothiazole segment and alkyl substituent chains in molecular skeletons. The prepared nanostructured materials have wide perspectives and many potential applications in nanoscience and material fields due to their scientific values. The present work may also give new clues for designing new binary organogelators and soft materials.
Chinese Medicinal Formula (MHGWT) for Relieving Diabetic Neuropathic Pain: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Authors: Tsai Chia-I , Li Tsai-Chung , Chang Ming-Hong , Lin Shih-Yi , Lee I-Te , Lee Cheng-Hung , Wang Tzu-Yuan , Su Yi-Chang
Published: August 2013

Objective. To investigate the effects of modifiedHungqi Guizhi Wuwu Tang(MHGWT), a formula that comprises Chinese medicinal herbs, in relieving neuropathic pain in diabetics.Method. Between March 2008 and April 2009, 112 participants were randomly assigned to either the MHGWT group, whose members received MHGWT (n=56), or the control group, whose members received a placebo (n=56). Diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP) was rated using the 15-item Short-Form Brief Pain Inventory (SF-BPI), the 17-item Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ), the 13-item Modified Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MMNSI), and the 36-item “SF-36.” Nerve conduction studies (NCSs) were performed before and after treatment.Results. After 12 weeks of treatment, the SF-MPQ and SF-BPI scores of the MHGWT group were significantly (P<0.05) reduced and a significant difference between the groups was observed (P<0.05). The levels of NCS in the MHGWT group were nonsignificantly (P>0.05) reduced, and no significant difference in NCS level was observed between the groups (P>0.05).Conclusions. MHGWT shows promise in relieving DNP and deserves further investigation.
Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Combustion: Challenges and Proposed Solutions
Authors: Izadi Najafabadi Mohammad , Abdul Aziz Nuraini
Published: August 2013

Engine and car manufacturers are experiencing the demand concerning fuel efficiency and low emissions from both consumers and governments. Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) is an alternative combustion technology that is cleaner and more efficient than the other types of combustion. Although the thermal efficiency andNOxemission of HCCI engine are greater in comparison with traditional engines, HCCI combustion has several main difficulties such as controlling of ignition timing, limited power output, and weak cold-start capability. In this study a literature review on HCCI engine has been performed and HCCI challenges and proposed solutions have been investigated from the point view ofIgnition Timingthat is the main problem of this engine. HCCI challenges are investigated by many IC engine researchers during the last decade, but practical solutions have not been presented for a fully HCCI engine. Some of the solutions are slow response time and some of them are technically difficult to implement. So it seems that fully HCCI engine needs more investigation to meet its mass-production and the future research and application should be considered as part of an effort to achieve low-temperature combustion in a wide range of operating conditions in an IC engine.
Isotretinoin Oil‐Based Capsule Formulation Optimization
Authors: Tsai Pi-Ju , Huang Chi-Te , Lee Chen-Chou , Li Chi-Lin , Huang Yaw-Bin , Tsai Yi-Hung , Wu Pao-Chu
Published: August 2013

The purpose of this study was to develop and optimize an isotretinoin oil‐based capsule with specific dissolution pattern. A three‐factor‐constrained mixture design was used to prepare the systemic model formulations. The independent factors were the components of oil‐based capsule including beeswax (X1), hydrogenated coconut oil (X2), and soybean oil (X3). The drug release percentages at 10, 30, 60, and 90 min were selected as responses. The effect of formulation factors including that on responses was inspected by using response surface methodology (RSM). Multiple‐response optimization was performed to search for the appropriate formulation with specific release pattern. It was found that the interaction effect of these formulation factors (X1X2, X1X3, and X2X3) showed more potential influence than that of the main factors (X1, X2, and X3). An optimal predicted formulation with Y10 min, Y30 min, Y60 min, and Y90 min release values of 12.3%, 36.7%, 73.6%, and 92.7% at X1, X2, and X3 of 5.75, 15.37, and 78.88, respectively, was developed. The new formulation was prepared and performed by the dissolution test. The similarity factor f2 was 54.8, indicating that the dissolution pattern of the new optimized formulation showed equivalence to the predicted profile.
Critical Assessment of Implantable Drug Delivery Devices in Glaucoma Management
Authors: Manickavasagam Dharani , Oyewumi Moses O.
Published: August 2013

Glaucoma is a group of heterogeneous disorders involving progressive optic neuropathy that can culminate into visual impairment and irreversible blindness. Effective therapeutic interventions must address underlying vulnerability of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) to degeneration in conjunction with correcting other associated risk factors (such as elevated intraocular pressure). However, realization of therapeutic outcomes is heavily dependent on suitable delivery system that can overcome myriads of anatomical and physiological barriers to intraocular drug delivery. Development of clinically viable sustained release systems in glaucoma is a widely recognized unmet need. In this regard, implantable delivery systems may relieve the burden of chronic drug administration while potentially ensuring high intraocular drug bioavailability. Presently there are no FDA-approved implantable drug delivery devices for glaucoma even though there are several ongoing clinical studies. The paper critically assessed the prospects of polymeric implantable delivery systems in glaucoma while identifying factors that can dictate (a) patient tolerability and acceptance, (b) drug stability and drug release profiles, (c) therapeutic efficacy, and (d) toxicity and biocompatibility. The information gathered could be useful in future research and development efforts on implantable delivery systems in glaucoma.
Comparative Plasma Exposure of Albendazole after Administration of Rapidly Disintegrating Tablets in Dogs
Authors: Castro Silvina G. , Dib Alicia , Suarez Gonzalo , Allemandi Daniel , Lanusse Carlos , Sanchez Bruni Sergio , Palma Santiago D.
Published: August 2013

The main objectives of this study were (a) to evaluate thein vitroperformance of the rapid disintegration tablets as a way to improve the solid dispersions and (b) to study thein vivopharmacokinetics of the albendazole modified formulation in dogs. Rapid disintegration of tablets seems to be a key factor for efficiency of solid dispersions with regard to improvement of the albendazole bioavailability. Thein vivoassays performed on dogs showed a marked increase in drug plasma exposure when albendazole was given in solid dispersions incorporated into rapid disintegration tablets compared with conventional solid dosage form.
The Effect of Chinese Herbal Medicine on Albuminuria Levels in Patients with Diabetic Nephropathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Xiao Ya , Liu Yanyan , Yu Keqiang , Zhou Lin , Bi Jianlu , Cheng Jingru , Li Fei , Luo Ren , Zhao Xiaoshan
Published: August 2013

To evaluate the effect of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) on albuminuria levels in patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN), we performed comprehensive searches on Medline database, Cochrane Library, CNKI database, CBM database, Wanfang database, and VIP database up to December 2012. A total of 29 trials including 2440 participants with DN met the selection criteria. CHM was tested to be more effective in reducing urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER) (MD −82.95 μg/min, [−138.64, −27.26]) and proteinuria (MD −565.99 mg/24 h, [−892.41, −239.57]) compared with placebo. CHM had a greater beneficial effect on reduction of UAER (MD −13.41 μg/min, [−20.63, −6.19]) and proteinuria (MD −87.48 mg/24 h, [−142.90, −32.06]) compared with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB). Combination therapy with CHM and ACEI/ARB showed significant improvement in UAER (MD −28.18 μg/min, [−44.4, −11.97]), urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (MD −347.00, [−410.61, −283.39]), protein-creatinine ratio (MD −2.49, [−4.02, −0.96]), and proteinuria (MD −26.60 mg/24 h, [−26.73, −26.47]) compared with ACEI/ARB alone. No serious adverse events were reported. CHM seems to be an effective and safe therapy option to treat proteinuric patients with DN, suggesting that further study of CHM in the treatment of DN is warranted in rigorously designed, multicentre, large-scale trials with higher quality worldwide.
The Study of Fixed Point Theory for Various Multivalued Non-Self-Maps
Authors: Du Wei-Shih , Karapınar Erdal , Shahzad Naseer
Published: August 2013

The basic motivation of this paper is to extend, generalize, and improve several fundamental results on the existence (and uniqueness) of coincidence points and fixed points for well-known maps in the literature such as Kannan type, Chatterjea type, Mizoguchi-Takahashi type, Berinde-Berinde type, Du type, and other types from the class of self-maps to the class of non-self-maps in the framework of the metric fixed point theory. We establish some fixed/coincidence point theorems for multivalued non-self-maps in the context of complete metric spaces.
Analysis of a Singular Convection Diffusion System Arising in Turbulence Modelling
Authors: Dreyfuss P.
Published: August 2013

We shall study some singular stationary convection diffusion system governing the steady state of a turbulence model closely related to the one. We shall establish existence, positivity, and regularity results in a very general framework.
Tobacco Use among Health Care Workers in Southwestern Saudi Arabia
Authors: Mahfouz Ahmed A. , Shatoor Abdullah S. , Al-Ghamdi Badr R. , Hassanein Mervat A. , Nahar Shamsun , Farheen Aesha , Gaballah Inasse I. , Mohamed Amani , Rabie Faten M.
Published: August 2013

The present study targeted health care workers (HCWs) in Governmental Hospitals and Primary Health Care Centers in Abha City, southwestern Saudi Arabia. An anonymous self-report questionnaire was used to assess tobacco use and the reasons for smoking. The present study included 736 HCWs. The overall prevalence of tobacco use amounted to 26.3% (14.8% current and 11.5% former users). In a binary logistic regression analysis, males were found significantly more prone to smoke compared to females (aOR = 3.081, 95% CI: 2.004–4.739). Similarly, parental history of tobacco use was found to be a significant risk factor (aOR = 1.540, 95% CI: 1.040–2.278). Among current users, 89.9% were interested in quitting and 66.1% tried before to quit. The prevalence of smoking among HCWs in the present study, besides being a public health problem, represents a potential barrier in involving this group as a first line for tobacco control. There is a need for a national intervention programme in the country in a tailored manner for HCWs to control tobacco use parallel to the running national program for public. These interventions should begin early in basic medical education and to be applied continually during one’s medical career.
Association between Interleukin-1 Gene Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Ischemic Stroke Classified by TOAST Criteria in the Han Population of Northern China
Authors: Zhang Zheng , Liu Li-Jun , Zhang Chen , Yu Yong-Peng
Published: August 2013

Increasing evidence suggests that IL-1β(C-511T) and IL-1α(C-889T) genes polymorphisms are associated with the susceptibility to cardiocerebral vascular disease. In this paper, we investigated the relationships between these polymorphisms and the risk of ischemic stroke (IS) classified by TOAST criteria in the north Chinese Han population. 440 cases of IS and 486 age- and gender-matched controls of Chinese Han population were enrolled. Association study showed that the TT genotype and T allele of IL-1α-889 C/T were significantly associated with IS of a large artery atherosclerosis (LAA) (TT: OR = 2.01, 95% CI = 1.34–3.0, andP<0.001; T: OR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.18–1.78, andP=0.001). However, there was no significant difference in the distribution of IL-1α-889 C/T genotypes and allele frequencies between the two subgroups (small-artery occlusion (SVD) and cardioembolism (CE)) of IS and control groups. No significant association was also found between the IL-1β-511 TT genotype and T allele (TT: OR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.56–1.11, andP=0.175; T: OR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.68–1.01, andP=0.066) and IS as well as subgroups of CE and SVD. Our results implicated that IL-1α-889 C/T gene polymorphism might be associated with the susceptibility to IS, especially to IS with LAA, in a north Chinese Han population.
Cryopreservation-Induced Stress on Long-Term Preserved Articular Cartilage
Authors: Kaur Rajdeep , Pramanik K. , Sarangi S. K.
Published: August 2013

Tissue engineered cartilage constructs have potential clinical applications in human healthcare. Their effective utilization is, however, hampered by the lack of an optimal cryopreservation procedure that ensures their availability as and when required at the patient’s bedside. Cryopreservation-induced stress represents a major barrier towards the cryopreservation of such tissue constructs, and they remain a scientific challenge despite the significant progress in the long-term storage and banking of isolated chondrocytes and thin cartilage tissue slices. These stresses are caused by intra- and extracellular ice crystallization, cryoprotectant (CPA) toxicity, suboptimal rates of cooling and warming, osmotic imbalance, and altered intracellular pH that might cause cellular death and/or a disruption of extracellular matrix (ECM). This paper reviews the cryopreservation-induced stresses on tissue engineered cartilages and discusses how they influence the integrity of the tissue during its long-term preservation. We have also reported how various antioxidants, vitamins, and plant extracts have been used to inhibit and overcome the stress during cryopreservation and provide promising results.
Based on the reviewed information, the paper has also proposed some novel ways which might help in increasing the postthawing cell viability of cryopreserved cartilage.
Global Positive Periodic Solutions of Generalizedn-Species Competition Systems with Multiple Delays and Impulses
Authors: Luo Zhenguo , Luo Liping
Published: August 2013

By applying the fixed point theorem in a cone of Banach space, we obtain an easily verifiable necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of positive periodic solutions of two kinds of generalizedn-species competition systems with multiple delays and impulses as follows:xi′(t)=xi(t)[ai(t)-bi(t)xi(t)-∑j=1ncij(t)xi(t-τij(t))-∑j=1ndij(t)xj(t-γij(t))-∑j=1neij(t)∫-σij0‍fij(s)xj(t+s)ds], a.e., t>0,t≠tk, k∈Z+, i=1,2,…,n; xi(tk+)-xi(tk-)=θikxi(tk), i=1,2,…,n, k∈Z+;  and  xi′(t)=xi(t)[ai(t)-bi(t)xi(t)+∑j=1ncij(t)xi(t-τij(t))-∑j=1ndij(t)xj(t-γij(t))-∑j=1neij(t)∫-σij0‍fij(s)xj(t+s)ds], a.e., t>0, t≠tk, k∈Z+, i=1,2,…,n; xi(tk+)-xi(tk-)=θikxi(tk), i=1,2,…,n, k∈Z+.It improves and generalizes a series of the well-known sufficiency theorems in the literature about the problems mentioned previously.
Oxovanadium(IV) Complexes with Nitrogen Donors: Synthesis, Characterisation, and Biological Activities
Authors: Bajju Gauri D. , Sharma Puja , Kapahi Ashu , Bhagat Madhulika , Kundan Sujata , Gupta Deepmala
Published: August 2013

Some oxovanadium(IV) complexes of SA/SSA and 5, 10, 15, and 20-meso-tetraphenylporphyrin (H2tpp) with unidentate and bidentate nitrogen donors have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, conductivity measurements, magnetic susceptibility, UV-Vis, IR, mass spectroscopy, TGA/DTA, and 1H, 13C and 51V NMR studies to investigate the steric and electronic effects of axial ligands on the properties of porphyrins. On the basis of these studies, it has been investigated that the axial ligands bind to the sixth coordination site of the vanadium ion to form a relatively stable six-coordinate-porphyrin complex where as in the case of SA/SSA complexes the nitrogen donors bind to the equatorial position giving square pyramidal geometry. The in vitro cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines and antimicrobial activities of the synthesized compounds have been done against various fungal and bacterial pathogens. The [VO(SA/SSA)L/L-L] complexes were found to possess higher antibacterial, antifungal activity and in vitro cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines than VO(tpp)L complexes.
Identification of Optimal Target Gene Regions for Hepatitis B Virus Genotyping by DNA Sequencing
Authors: Habbal Wafa , Gärtner Barbara Christine , Monem Fawza
Published: August 2013

Objectives: DNA sequencing is the gold standard for hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotyping. We investigated the intergenotypic discriminatory capabilities of various target gene regions over the entire HBV genome, introducing a novel data evaluation approach generally applicable in viral genotyping. Methods: Complete genome sequences of seventy HBV variants obtained from the sera of 50 Syrian patients were determined and assigned GenBank accession No. from JN257148 to JN257217. Nucleotide sequence contigs were analyzed together with the NCBI reference genome set of HBV genotypes. Nine target gene regions were analyzed by phylogenetic and scored BLAST analyses. Thirty-one overlapping 300-bp sequence segments over the entire genome were also analyzed using a scored BLAST analysis, and intergenotypic discriminatory capabilities were statistically estimated for each. Results: Intergenotype discrimination was extremely significant when targeting either the complete genome, the entire coding sequence of either P or S genes, or any 300-bp sequence segment over the coding sequences of S protein or the polymerase N-terminal domain. Interestingly, intergenotypic discriminatory capability correlated negatively with intragenotype variation. Conclusions: The intragenotypic conservation of certain target gene regions determines the intergenotypic discriminatory capability and allows reliable genotyping with relatively short segments. Our referential genome-wide tabulated guide allows for selecting candidate target gene regions for sequencing-based HBV genotyping.