bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Platelets Play Differential Role During the Initiation and Progression of Autoimmune Neuroinflammation
Authors: Starossom Sarah C. , Veremeyko Tatyana , Yung Amanda W.Y. , Dukhinova Marina , Au Cheryl , Lau Alexander Y. , Weiner Howard L. , Ponomarev Eugene D.
Published: October 2015

Rationale
:

Platelets are known to participate in vascular pathologies; however, their role in neuroinflammatory diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), is unknown. Autoimmune CD4 T cells have been the main focus of studies of MS, although the factors that regulate T-cell differentiation toward pathogenic T helper-1/T helper-17 phenotypes are not completely understood.

Objective
:

We investigated the role of platelets in the modulation of CD4 T-cell functions in patients with MS and in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalitis, an animal model for MS.

Methods and Results
:

We found that early in MS and experimental autoimmune encephalitis, platelets degranulated and produced soluble factors serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), platelet factor 4, and platelet-activating factor, which specifically stimulated differentiation of T cells toward pathogenic T helper-1, T helper-17, and interferon-γ/interleukin-17–producing CD4 T cells. At the later stages of MS and experimental autoimmune encephalitis, platelets became exhausted in their ability to produce proinflammatory factors and stimulate CD4 T cells but substantially increased their ability to form aggregates with CD4 T cells. Formation of platelet–CD4 T-cell aggregates involved the interaction of CD62P on activated platelets with adhesion molecule CD166 on activated CD4 T cells, contributing to downmodulation of CD4 T-cell activation, proliferation, and production of interferon-γ. Blocking of formation of platelet–CD4 T-cell aggregates during progression of experimental autoimmune encephalitis substantially enhanced proliferation of CD4 T cells in the central nervous system and the periphery leading to exacerbation of the disease.

Conclusion
:

Our study indicates differential roles for platelets in the regulation of functions of pathogenic CD4 T cells during initiation and progression of central nervous system autoimmune inflammation.
Women’s Rights in Intellectual Property and Traditional Knowledge Protection in Lao pdr
Authors: Phochanthilath Champathong
Published: October 2015

Lao People’s Democratic Republic is a multicultural country within the Association of South East Asian Nations. It recently adopted the Intellectual Property Law in the context of enhancing regional and global economic integration. The traditional handicraft textile sector is important in Laos. It is of benefit to the country’s economic development, as well as being recognized as an important element of both national culture and the identity of Lao women. However, Lao craftswomen are facing a strong challenge preserving their traditional knowledge due to the extremely cheap imitations of items such as scarves and Lao skirts, which are being sold in Laos.

This article aims to discuss the existing international instruments and related national laws regarding intellectual property and protection of traditional knowledge with particular regard to women’s rights. Intellectual property and traditional knowledge issues attract more attention than intellectual property rights under the World Intellectual Property Organization regime; unesco, trips, cbd and human rights treaties, all to which Lao is a party, are also relevant. Nationally, Laos is still lacking adequate and appropriate means to protect rights of women as traditional knowledge holders in terms of national laws.
Equality and Singapore’s First Constitutional Challenges to the Criminalization of Male Homosexual Conduct
Authors: Lee Jack Tsen-Ta
Published: October 2015

In 2013, in Lim Meng Suang and Kenneth Chee Mun-Leon v Attorney-General1 and Tan Eng Hong v Attorney-General,2 the High Court of Singapore delivered the first judgments in the jurisdiction considering the constitutionality of section 377A of the Penal Code, which criminalizes acts of ‘gross indecency’ between two men, whether they occur in public or private. The Court ruled that the provision was not inconsistent with the guarantees of equality before the law and equal protection of the law stated in Article 12(1) of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore. The result was upheld in 2014 by the Court of Appeal in Lim Meng Suang and another v Attorney-General3 with slight differences in the reasoning. This article examines the courts’ analysis of equality law, and submits in particular that the courts ought to re-evaluate whether they should apply a presumption of constitutionality, refuse to assess the legitimacy of the object of the impugned provision, and rely on a standard of mere reasonableness or lack of arbitrariness when determining if a rational relation exists between the provision’s object and the differentia underlying a classification used in the provision.
Two new Navicula species (Bacillariophyceae) from Western Europe
Authors: Beauger Aude , Voldoire Olivier , Mertens Adrienne , Le Cohu René , Van de Vijver Bart
Published: October 2015

During a survey of some springs in the French Central Massif, a new Navicula species (Bacillariophyceae) was found: Navicula sanctamargaritae Beauger sp. nov. A second new Navicula species was observed during a routine biomonitoring project in Flanders: Navicula flandriae Van de Vijver & A.Mertens sp. nov.. The new species are formally described using light and scanning electron microscopy. Both species present a unique set of morphological characters including the structure of the central raphe endings, the striation pattern, the valve dimensions and outline, which allows their separation from similar Navicula taxa such as N. korzeniewskii, N. recens or N. cincta. The ecological preferences of each species are briefly discussed.
Neotropical Hemerodromia Meigen (Diptera: Empididae), a world of discovery II: New species from Atlantic forest, Brazil
Authors: CÂMARA JOSENIR T. , TAKIYA DANIELA M. , PLANT ADRIAN R. , RAFAEL JOSÉ A.
Published: October 2015

Eight new species of Hemerodromia Meigen are described from the Brazilian Atlantic forest, H. brevicercata sp. nov., H. carioca sp. nov., H. cornuhypandrialis sp. nov., H. megalamellata sp. nov., H. membranosa sp. nov., H. mourai sp. nov., H. cummingi sp. nov., and H. ubajaraensis sp. nov. are described and illustrated. This is the first record of the genus from the Brazilian southeast and northeast.
On the species of the genus Anthaxia Eschscholtz, 1829 described by A. Théry from Angola in 1947 (Coleoptera: Buprestidae: Anthaxiini)
Authors: BÍLÝ SVATOPLUK
Published: October 2015

The type specimens of the genus Anthaxia Eschscholtz, 1829 described from Angola by A. Théry (1947) were studied, critically evaluated and some of them synonymised: Anthaxia (Cratomerus) reticollis Quedenfeldt, 1886 = A. (C.) coelestis Théry, 1947, syn. nov., A. (Haplanthaxia) egena Kerremans, 1913 = A. (H.) decimata Théry, 1947, syn. nov., A. (H.) duvivieri Kerremans, 1898 = A. (H.) eumede Théry, 1947, syn. nov., A. (H.) mashuna Obenberger, 1931 = A. (H.) morula Théry, 1947, syn. nov. and A. (H.) sjoestedti Kerremans, 1908 = A. (H.) recisa Théry, 1947, syn. nov. The male of A. (H.) monardi Théry, 1947 is briefly described and A. (H.) puchneri Bílý, 2014 is shortly discussed. All mentioned species and the relevant types of the newly synonymised species are illustrated.
Checklist and type designations of New Zealand Aleocharinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)
Authors: LESCHEN RICHARD A. B. , NEWTON ALFRED F.
Published: October 2015

A checklist of all identified species of the staphylinid subfamily Aleocharinae known to occur in New Zealand and associated outer islands (including the Kermadec, Chatham and Auckland Islands) is presented. Included for each species, and for synonyms known from New Zealand, is a reference to the original description, type locality and type depository, and for each species the known distribution within and outside New Zealand. Type material was sought and is summarized for all indigenous New Zealand species, with lectotypes designated for 55 names and confirmation of holotypes and prior designation of lectotypes when necessary. One nomenclatural change is implemented: the preoccupied generic name Gyronotus Cameron is replaced by Marecon Blackwelder. Other taxonomic changes are not made, pending further study and revision that is badly needed. Of the 169 currently known species of Aleocharinae reported from New Zealand, at least 26 are believed to be adventive from elsewhere, two may occur naturally elsewhere, and 141 (83%) are evidently endemic to this region. Of the 65 genera represented by these described species, 27 (42%) are also endemic to the New Zealand region; an additional five genera represented in New Zealand only by unidentified or undescribed species are also noted. Ten genera are adventive. However, the actual aleocharine fauna of New Zealand will undoubtedly be much larger, and the generic composition highly modified, when the fauna is fully explored and studied in a world context.
Contribution to the faunistics of shore bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Leptopodomorpha) in the Palaearctic Region and the Himalayas
Authors: VINOKUROV Nikolay N. , KMENT Petr
Published: October 2015

New distributional data on 33 species of the infraorder Leptopodomorpha (3 species of the family Leptopodidae and 30 species and subspecies of Saldidae) from the Palaearctic Region and Himalayas are provided. The following new or confirmed records are listed: Chartoscirta cocksii (Curtis, 1835) from Kosovo; Halosalda halophila (Jakovlev, 1876), Saldula amplicollis (Reuter, 1891) and Saldula xanthochila (Fieber, 1859) from Iran; Macrosaldula jakowleffi (Reuter, 1891) from Nepal and Pakistan; Macrosaldula scotica (Curtis, 1835) from Uzbekistan; Macrosaldula variabilis (Herrich-Schaeffer, 1835), Saldula lindskogi Vinokurov, 2004, Saldula opacula (Zetterstedt, 1838) from Afghanistan; Micracanthia ornatula (Reuter, 1881) from Oman; Saldula fucicola (J. Sahlberg, 1870) from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Bulgaria; Saldula lindbergi Lindskog, 1975 from Lebanon; Saldula melanoscela (Fieber, 1859) from Iran and Montenegro; Saldula palustris (Douglas, 1874) and Saldula pilosella hirsuta (Reuter, 1888) from Montenegro; Saldula orthochila (Fieber, 1859) from Afghanistan and Pakistan; Saldula pallipes (Fabricius, 1794) from Montenegro and Nepal; Saldula pilosella pilosella (Thomson, 1871) from Libya; and Saldula saltatoria (Linnaeus, 1758) from Iran and Nepal. A tabular checklist of Leptopodomorpha of Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan is also provided.
Amphimela raydahensis sp. nov. from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae: Alticini)
Authors: TORKEY ASHRAF M. EL , DHAFER HATHAL M. AL
Published: October 2015

Amphimela raydahensis sp. nov. is described from Garf Raydah Nature Reserve (Abha, Asir Province), southwestern Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This species was collected using black light traps at different elevations dominated by cacti and wild olive trees. This is the first confirmed species of Amphimela known from the Arabian Peninsula.
Factors Controlling Low-Cloud Evolution over the Eastern Subtropical Oceans: A Lagrangian Perspective Using the A-Train Satellites
Authors: Eastman Ryan , Wood Robert
Published: October 2015

A Lagrangian technique is developed to sample satellite data to quantify and understand factors controlling temporal changes in low-cloud properties (cloud cover, areal-mean liquid water path, and droplet concentration). Over 62 000 low-cloud scenes over the eastern subtropical/tropical oceans are sampled using the A-Train satellites. Horizontal wind fields at 925 hPa from the ERA-Interim are used to compute 24-h, two-dimensional, forward, boundary layer trajectories with trajectory locations starting on the CloudSat/CALIPSO track. Cloud properties from MODIS and AMSR-E are sampled at the trajectory start and end points, allowing for direct measurement of the temporal cloud evolution. The importance of various controls (here, boundary layer depth, lower-tropospheric stability, and precipitation) on cloud evolution is evaluated by comparing cloud evolution for different initial values of these controls. Viewing angle biases are removed and cloud anomalies (diurnal and seasonal cycles removed) are used throughout to quantify cloud evolution relative to the climatological-mean evolution. Cloud property anomalies show temporal changes similar to those expected for a stochastic red noise process, with linear relationships between initial anomalies and their mean 24-h changes. This creates a potential bias when comparing the evolutions of sets of trajectories with different initial anomalies; three methods are introduced and evaluated to account for this. Results provide statistically robust observational support for theoretical/modeling studies by showing that low clouds in deep boundary layers and under weak inversions are prone to break up. Precipitation shows a more complex and less statistically significant relationship with cloud breakup. Cloud cover in shallow precipitating boundary layers is more persistent than in deep precipitating boundary layers. Liquid water path and cloud droplet concentration decrease more rapidly for precipitating clouds and in deep boundary layers.
Mechanisms of Heat Content and Thermocline Change in the Subtropical and Subpolar North Atlantic
Authors: Williams Richard G. , Roussenov Vassil , Lozier M. Susan , Smith Doug
Published: October 2015

In the North Atlantic, there are pronounced gyre-scale changes in ocean heat content on interannual-to-decadal time scales, which are associated with changes in both sea surface temperature and thermocline thickness; the subtropics are often warm with a thick thermocline when the subpolar gyre is cool with a thin thermocline, and vice versa. This climate variability is investigated using a semidiagnostic dynamical analysis of historical temperature and salinity data from 1962 to 2011 together with idealized isopycnic model experiments. On time scales of typically 5 yr, the tendencies in upper-ocean heat content are not simply explained by the area-averaged atmospheric forcing for each gyre but instead dominated by heat convergences associated with the meridional overturning circulation. In the subtropics, the most pronounced warming events are associated with an increased influx of tropical heat driven by stronger trade winds. In the subpolar gyre, the warming and cooling events are associated with changes in western boundary density, where increasing Labrador Sea density leads to an enhanced overturning and an influx of subtropical heat. Thus, upper-ocean heat content anomalies are formed in a different manner in the subtropical and subpolar gyres, with different components of the meridional overturning circulation probably excited by the local imprint of atmospheric forcing.
Twenty-First-Century Snowfall and Snowpack Changes over the Southern California Mountains
Authors: Sun Fengpeng , Hall Alex , Schwartz Marla , Walton Daniel B. , Berg Neil
Published: October 2015

Future snowfall and snowpack changes over the mountains of Southern California are projected using a new hybrid dynamical–statistical framework. Output from all general circulation models (GCMs) in phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project archive is downscaled to 2-km resolution over the region. Variables pertaining to snow are analyzed for the middle (2041–60) and end (2081–2100) of the twenty-first century under two representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios: RCP8.5 (business as usual) and RCP2.6 (mitigation). These four sets of projections are compared with a baseline reconstruction of climate from 1981 to 2000. For both future time slices and scenarios, ensemble-mean total winter snowfall loss is widespread. By the mid-twenty-first century under RCP8.5, ensemble-mean winter snowfall is about 70% of baseline, whereas the corresponding value for RCP2.6 is somewhat higher (about 80% of baseline). By the end of the century, however, the two scenarios diverge significantly. Under RCP8.5, snowfall sees a dramatic further decline; 2081–2100 totals are only about half of baseline totals. Under RCP2.6, only a negligible further reduction from midcentury snowfall totals is seen. Because of the spread in the GCM climate projections, these figures are all associated with large intermodel uncertainty. Snowpack on the ground, as represented by 1 April snow water equivalent is also assessed. Because of enhanced snowmelt, the loss seen in snowpack is generally 50% greater than that seen in winter snowfall. By midcentury under RCP8.5, warming-accelerated spring snowmelt leads to snow-free dates that are about 1–3 weeks earlier than in the baseline period.
Understanding Bjerknes Compensation in Atmosphere and Ocean Heat Transports Using a Coupled Box Model
Authors: Yang Haijun , Zhao Yingying , Liu Zhengyu
Published: October 2015

A coupled box model is used to study the compensation between atmosphere and ocean heat transports. An analytical solution to the Bjerknes compensation (BJC) rate, defined as the ratio of anomalous atmosphere heat transport (AHT) to anomalous ocean heat transport (OHT), is obtained. The BJC rate is determined by local feedback between surface temperature and net heat flux at the top of atmosphere (TOA) and the AHT efficiency. In a stable climate that ensures global energy conservation, the changes between AHT and OHT tend to be always out of phase, and the BJC is always valid. This can be demonstrated when the climate is perturbed by freshwater flux. The BJC in this case exhibits three different behaviors: the anomalous AHT can undercompensate, overcompensate, or perfectly compensate the anomalous OHT, depending on the local feedback. Stronger negative local feedback will result in a lower BJC rate. Stronger positive local feedback will result in a larger overcompensation. If zero climate feedback occurs in the system, the AHT will compensate the OHT perfectly. However, the BJC will fail if the climate system is perturbed by heat flux. In this case, the changes in AHT and OHT will be in phase, and their ratio will be closely related to the mean AHT and OHT. In a more realistic situation when the climate is perturbed by both heat and freshwater fluxes, whether the BJC will occur depends largely on the interplay among meridional temperature and salinity gradients and the thermohaline circulation strength. This work explicitly shows that the energy conservation is the intrinsic mechanism of BJC and establishes a specific link between radiative feedback and the degree of compensation. It also implies a close relationship between the energy balance at the TOA and the ocean thermohaline dynamics.
Role of Near-Inertial Internal Waves in Subthermocline Diapycnal Mixing in the Northern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Jing Zhao , Chang Ping , DiMarco Steven F. , Wu Lixin
Published: October 2015

Moored ADCP data collected in the northern Gulf of Mexico are analyzed to examine near-inertial internal waves and their contribution to subthermocline diapycnal mixing based on a finescale parameterization of deep ocean mixing. The focus of the study is on the impact of near-inertial internal waves generated by an extreme weather event—that is, Hurricane Katrina—and by month-to-month variation in weather patterns on the diapycnal mixing. The inferred subthermocline diapycnal mixing exhibits pronounced elevation in the wake of Katrina. Both the increased near-inertial (0.8–1.8f, where f is the Coriolis frequency) and superinertial (>1.8f) shear variances contribute to the elevated diapycnal mixing, but the former plays a more dominant role. The intense wind work on near-inertial motions by the hurricane is largely responsible for the energetic near-inertial shear variance. Energy transfer from near-inertial to superinertial internal waves, however, appears to play an important role in elevating the superinertial shear variance. The inferred subthermocline diapycnal mixing in the region also exhibits significant month-to-month variation with the estimated diffusivity in January 2006 about 3 times the values in November and December 2005. The subseasonal change in the diapycnal mixing mainly results from the subseasonal variation of the near-inertial wind work that causes intensification of the near-inertial shear in January 2006.
An Inductive Charging and Real-Time Communications System for Profiling Moorings
Authors: Alford Matthew H. , McGinnis Tim , Howe Bruce M.
Published: October 2015

This paper describes a system for providing power and communications to moored profiling vehicles. A McLane Moored Profiler (MP) was equipped with a rechargeable battery pack and an inductive charging system to allow it to move periodically to a charging dock at the top of a subsurface mooring. Power was provided from a large bank of alkaline batteries housed in two 0.94-m steel spheres. Data were transferred inductively from the profiler to a mooring controller, and from there back to shore via radio and Iridium satellite modems housed in a small surface communications float on an “L” tether. An acoustic modem provided backup communications to a nearby ship in the event of loss or damage to the surface float. The system was tested in a 180-m-deep fjord (Puget Sound, Washington) and at Station ALOHA (A Long-Term Oligotrophic Habitat Assessment), a 4748-m-deep open-ocean location north of Hawaii. Basic functionality of the system was demonstrated, with the profiler repeatedly recharging at about 225 W (with an overall efficiency of about 70%). Data were relayed back to shore via Iridium and to a nearby ship via the radio and acoustic modems. The system profiled flawlessly for the entire 6-week test in Puget Sound, but charging at the deep site stopped after only 9 days in the deep-ocean deployment owing to damage to the charging station, possibly by surface wave action.
Knowledge of metabolic syndrome in Chinese adults: Implications for health education
Authors: Lo Sally Wai Sze , Chair Sek Ying , Lee Iris Fung Kam
Published: October 2015

Objective:

The objective of this study was to assess knowledge of metabolic syndrome (MS) among Chinese adults and provide directions for designing healthcare promotion schemes for improving MS awareness in the community.

Design:

The study adopted a cross-sectional design and a convenience sampling method.

Method:

Chinese adults aged 18–65 years and living in the community completed a self-administered questionnaire, providing socio-demographic information and indicating their knowledge of MS using a validated knowledge of MS (K-MS) scale comprising 10 multiple-choice questions. The scores of K-MS can range from 0 to 100.

Results:

A total of 297 participants were recruited (mean age = 51.3 ± 8.9 years), 66.7% of whom were women. More than half of all participants ( n = 154) were identified as having MS and numerous participants were obese ( n = 158). The mean K-MS score was 44.9 out of 100; most participants (61%) scored below 50, indicating a poor level of MS knowledge. Participants who were older, had a lower level of education or were unemployed scored the lowest.

Conclusion:

Acquiring knowledge of MS is crucial for preventing the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. However, Chinese adults in a community setting exhibited poor understanding of MS. Public health efforts regarding primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases should be targeted at improving MS knowledge. Additional measures are needed to assist people in the low socioeconomic classes.
Increasing knowledge about obsessive compulsive disorder and support for parents and schools: Evaluation of initiatives
Authors: Jassi Amita D , Kolvenbach Sarah , Heyman Isobel , Macleod Trish , Rose Joel , Diamond Holly
Published: October 2015

Objective:

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) in children can be difficult to detect. Schools and families need to be made aware of the signs and symptoms of OCD in order to facilitate access to treatment. Parents of children with OCD may require support as well as knowledge. This study evaluated two initiatives aimed at increasing knowledge and support for parents and teachers.

Method:

This study was carried out in two parts. First, to raise awareness of the signs and symptoms of OCD, 266 schools in London were supplied with information packs. Knowledge of OCD was evaluated using a quiz before and after the dissemination of the packs. Second, groups of parents were given the opportunity to log into specially designed webinars that made it possible for them to learn about OCD and interact with other families. Feedback on webinars was collected through a survey.

Results:

Both the information packs and webinars were well received. One hundred and twenty seven teachers completed the quiz on OCD; knowledge of OCD increased after reading information packs. Twenty six parents attended webinars; parents reacted positively to being able to ask specialists questions and receive support from other families.

Conclusion:

Overall, the initiatives evaluated in this study appeared to lead to an increase in knowledge of OCD in teachers and provided access to further support for parents of children with OCD.
Undergraduate medical education: looking back, looking forward
Authors: Morrison Jill
Published: October 2015

This commentary briefly looks at some history of Medical Education in Scotland with a focus on the last two decades since the publication of ‘Tomorrow’s Doctors’ by the General Medical Council in 1993 . The current influences on Scottish Medical Education are discussed, and some of the advantages provided by technology are described. The piece concludes by emphasising the current strengths of Scottish Medical Education, which are learning from contact with patients and good clinical role models, to help students make sense of their clinical experience.
Medical education in the digital age: personal reflection on a simulation fellowship
Authors: Simpson Thomas
Published: October 2015

Technology-advanced learning in healthcare has advanced dramatically in the last 10 years, with an increasing ability to recreate complex scenarios with clinical fidelity. Other technological developments can help to advance simulation-based training as part of a resilient approach to both common scenarios and rare events. In this article, I reflect on the some of the challenges of the developing paradigm of inter-professional high-fidelity simulation and the potential affordances of this modality.
Simulation-based optimization of staffing levels in an emergency department
Authors: Ghanes Karim , Wargon Mathias , Jouini Oualid , Jemai Zied , Diakogiannis Agapitos , Hellmann Romain , Thomas Valérie , Koole Ger
Published: October 2015

We use discrete event simulation to model and analyze a real-life emergency department (ED). Our approach relies on the appropriate integration of most real-life ED features to the simulation model in order to derive useful practical results. Data is supplied from the ED of the urban French hospital Saint Camille. Our purpose is to optimize the human resource staffing levels. We want to minimize the patient average length of stay ([Formula: see text]), by integrating the staffing budget constraint and a constraint securing that the most severe incidents will see a doctor within a specified time limit. The second constraint allows to avoid the perverse effect of only considering the [Formula: see text] metric that would delay the treatment of the most urgent patients. We use simulation-based optimization, in which we perform a sensitivity analysis expressing [Formula: see text] as a function of the staffing budget and also the average door-to-doctor time for urgent patients ([Formula: see text]). We show that the budget has a diminishing marginal effect on the problem solution. Due to the correlation between [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], we also observe that the [Formula: see text] constraint may significantly affect the feasibility of the problem or the value of the optimal solution.
“To the Bottle I Go . . . to Drain My Strain”
Authors: Lee-Won Roselyn J. , Lee Ji Young , Song Hyunjin , Borghetti Lorraine
Published: October 2015

Research suggests that the experience of interpersonal racism increases target group individuals’ engagement in health-impairing behavior. While becoming relatively less visible in face-to-face communication contexts, overt racism is finding its “niche” in social media. Drawing on the general strain theory, we examined whether and how microblogged racist messages increase target group members’ intention to drink alcohol through negative emotions. In an online experiment conducted with a general adult sample of 211 Asians living in the United States, participants were randomly exposed to one of three stimuli—control (nonracist) tweets versus anti-Asian tweets versus anti-Asian retweets—and reported their affective states. Next, participants performed a drink choice task disguised as a consumer survey. Results showed that microblogged racist messages indirectly influenced drinking intention in two causal pathways: through anger and serially through shame and anger. The impact and implications of racist messages generated and disseminated through social media platforms are discussed.
Japan and international refugee protection norms: Explaining non-compliance
Authors: Wolman Andrew
Published: October 2015

Despite being a wealthy democracy and strong supporter of the international system, Japan has consistently recognized very few refugees. This article explores this conundrum. Specifically, it asks whether Japan’s low recognition rate signifies a lack of compliance with norms of international refugee protection and, after concluding in the affirmative, why this might be the case. The latter question is addressed systematically, using rationalist, normative and domestic institutional theories of international compliance. After proposing several potential factors, this article concludes by discussing how these factors can be addressed so as to promote a higher rate of Japanese refugee recognition.
From Gulf to Bridge
Authors: Feinberg Matthew , Willer Robb
Published: October 2015

Much of contemporary American political rhetoric is characterized by liberals and conservatives advancing arguments for the morality of their respective political positions. However, research suggests such moral rhetoric is largely ineffective for persuading those who do not already hold one’s position because advocates advancing these arguments fail to account for the divergent moral commitments that undergird America’s political divisions. Building on this, we hypothesize that (a) political advocates spontaneously make arguments grounded in their own moral values, not the values of those targeted for persuasion, and (b) political arguments reframed to appeal to the moral values of those holding the opposing political position are typically more effective. We find support for these claims across six studies involving diverse political issues, including same-sex marriage, universal health care, military spending, and adopting English as the nation's official langauge. Mediation and moderation analyses further indicated that reframed moral appeals were persuasive because they increased the apparent agreement between the political position and the targeted individuals’ moral values.
Relationship Dealbreakers
Authors: Jonason Peter K. , Garcia Justin R. , Webster Gregory D. , Li Norman P. , Fisher Helen E.
Published: October 2015

Mate preference research has focused on traits people desire in partners (i.e., dealmakers) rather than what traits they avoid (i.e., dealbreakers), but mate preferences calibrate to both maximize benefits and minimize costs. Across six studies ( N > 6,500), we identified and examined relationship dealbreakers, and how they function across relationship contexts. Dealbreakers were associated with undesirable personality traits; unhealthy lifestyles in sexual, romantic, and friendship contexts; and divergent mating strategies in sexual and romantic contexts. Dealbreakers were stronger in long-term (vs. short-term) relationship contexts, and stronger in women (vs. men) in short-term contexts. People with higher mate value reported more dealbreakers; people with less-restricted mating strategies reported fewer dealbreakers. Consistent with prospect and error management theories, people weighed dealbreakers more negatively than they weighed dealmakers positively; this effect was stronger for women (vs. men) and people in committed relationships. These findings support adaptive attentional biases in human social cognition.
Abductive Reasoning: How Innovators Navigate in the Labyrinth of Complex Product Innovation
Authors: Dunne Danielle D. , Dougherty Deborah
Published: October 2015

Complex innovation processes such as drug discovery present challenges to innovators because they must proceed with limited feedback but face a system that involves enormous amounts of information and unknown interdependencies. Organizational scholars suggest that abductive reasoning fits complex situations and may address many of the challenges of complexity. Abductive reasoning is a form of reasoning that generates and evaluates hypotheses in order to make sense of puzzling facts. Existing research on abductive reasoning makes a number of important contributions, but does not explain how innovators can use abductive reasoning to formulate hypotheses for possible new products and then use these hypotheses to navigate in the labyrinth of complex product innovation. We interviewed 85 scientists and managers working in the biopharmaceutical industry and use grounded theory building to develop a new framework. Our framework identifies three social mechanisms that explain how innovators use abductive reasoning to detect useful information despite the noise, avoid competency traps and local optima, and accumulate insights in a holistic way. We contribute to existing research by explaining the systematic process that enables innovators to overcome the challenges of complex innovation and navigate effectively in the labyrinth.
Ambidexterity for Corporate Social Performance
Authors: Hahn Tobias , Pinkse Jonatan , Preuss Lutz , Figge Frank
Published: October 2015

The literature on corporate social performance advocates that firms address social issues based on instrumental as well as moral rationales. While both rationales trigger initiatives to increase corporate social performance, these rest on fundamentally different and contradicting foundations. Building on the literature on organizational ambidexterity and paradox in management, we propose in this conceptual article that ambidexterity represents an important determinant of corporate social performance. We explain how firms achieve higher levels of corporate social performance through the ambidextrous ability to simultaneously pursue instrumentally and morally driven social initiatives. We distinguish between a balance dimension and a combined dimension of ambidexterity, which both enhance corporate social performance through distinct mechanisms. With the balance dimension, instrumental and moral initiatives compensate for each other – which increases the scope of corporate social performance. With the combined dimension, instrumental and moral initiatives supplement each other – which increases the scale of corporate social performance. The article identifies the most important determinants and moderators of the balance and the combined dimension to explain the conditions under which we expect firms to increase corporate social performance through ambidexterity. By focusing on the interplay and tensions between different types of social initiatives, an ambidextrous perspective contributes to a better understanding of corporate social performance. Regarding managerial practice, we highlight the role of structural and behavioral factors for achieving higher corporate social performance through the simultaneous pursuit of instrumental and moral initiatives.
Does Biology Matter in Parent–Child Relationships? Examining Parental Warmth Among Adolescents From Low-Income Families
Authors: Jaggers Jeremiah W. , Bolland Anneliese C. , Tomek Sara , Church Wesley T. , Hooper Lisa M. , Bolland Kathleen A. , Bolland John M.
Published: October 2015

Family structure has long been a consideration in research focused on adolescent outcomes. The current study uses data derived from the Mobile Youth Survey to examine how parental warmth differs over time for male and female adolescents reporting biological parents and other parental figures (e.g., grandparents, aunts, and siblings). Using estimation of random and fixed growth effects, significant differences were noted for parental type and for adolescent gender. Paternal warmth trajectories decreased across time for biological fathers, while maternal warmth remained stable for biological mothers. Conversely, maternal and paternal warmth trajectories increased from ages 11 to 18 for other parental figures. Implications for adolescent–parent relations are discussed, with an emphasis on family structure and the contributions of other parental figures on adolescent outcomes in Black American families.
The Bonds That Shame: Reconsidering the Foreign Exchange Trials of 1935–36 Against the Catholic Church in Nazi Germany
Authors: Cucchiara Martina
Published: October 2015

This article reassesses the foreign exchange trials and concurrent propaganda campaign in 1935–36 against the Catholic Church in Nazi Germany. Scholars have had difficulties situating the foreign exchange trials within the church struggle because most have viewed the proceedings as legitimate and the impact on the church and the laity as negligible. The argument of an untainted justice system under National Socialism can of course no longer be sustained, and the Nazis routinely used specific crimes to persecute their enemies. The violation of Germany’s complex foreign exchange laws became a signature crime favoured by the Security Service in the persecution of Jews. In 1935, the regime attempted to use accusations of foreign exchange violations in pursuit of the church. New evidence from the Vatican Archives reveals that the foreign exchange trials against the church were anything but legitimate proceedings on the margins of the church struggle. Instead, the regime pursued immediate and specific political goals with the trials at a crucial point in the conflict. In particular, the regime attempted to force the church to publicly capitulate on unresolved issues over Catholic lay associations. Hitler routinely interfered in the proceedings and lower-ranking officials soon joined in and used the trials to discipline bishops and religious orders within their respective spheres of influence. The bishops’ often ill-considered response to the trials only escalated the crisis within the church, and evidence indicates that the regime delayed settlements for as long as possible to press church leaders to make further concessions to the regime.
When Montevideo Was French: European Civilization and French Imperial Ambitions in the River Plate, 1838–52
Authors: Shawcross Edward
Published: October 2015

This article examines French informal-imperial ambitions in the River Plate from 1838 to 1852. It argues France achieved considerable influence, and that a shared liberal understanding of ‘civilization’ drove French politicians, diplomats and journalists to promote deeper imperial connections with the region. This ideology was an important antecedent to the colonial civilizing mission of the Third Republic. It also had supranational appeal and was adopted and adapted by Platine elites, such as Domingo Faustino Sarmiento and Juan Bautista Alberdi, to further their own political projects with French support. Thus, for these politicians, France was not an imperial aggressor, but rather the defender of ‘European civilization’.
No Longer Just Peasants and Priests: The Most Recent Studies on Nation Building in Nineteenth-Century Ukraine
Authors: Hen-Konarski Tomasz
Published: October 2015

The article provides an overview of the most recent scholarship on nation building in Ukraine during the long nineteenth century. One of the most important tendencies is the rise of what might be called the neo- or post-statist paradigm that underlines the relevance of early modern legacies for nineteenth-century activism and qualifies the image of Ukraine as a typical East and Central European, non-historical nation. As a result, the emphasis has shifted from the Austrian to the Russian Empire. Also, these new studies tend to pay much more attention to the transnational and entangled qualities of politics in nineteenth-century Ukraine. Nevertheless, contributions focusing on the ‘non-historical-nation’ aspects of the question still bring important insights and cannot be disregarded. The liminal position of Ukraine makes it especially well suited to serve as a testing ground for some received wisdoms about European nation building in general. Apart from considering the limitations of and the possible gains from present-day scholarship, the article offers some thoughts on how the political-military crisis might impact the study of Ukrainian nation building in the future.
del Nido cardioplegia in adult cardiac surgery - scopes and concerns
Authors: Valooran George Jose , Nair Shiv Kumar , Chandrasekharan Krishnan , Simon Rahul , Dominic Cyril
Published: October 2015

The convenience offered by a single-dose cardioplegia strategy is the avoidance of interruption of the flow of surgery and, more importantly, a significant reduction in the cross-clamp time. del Nido cardioplegia is an extracellular cardioplegic solution which serves these purposes and has been used successfully in pediatric cardiac surgery. The subsequent extrapolation of its use in adult cardiac surgery has returned encouraging results, as evidenced by recent literature. The use of del Nido cardioplegia in adults has been reported to shorten the cross-clamp time, cardiopulmonary bypass time and overall operating time. Intraoperative peak glucose value and insulin requirement have also been reported to be lower with del Nido cardioplegia, which can have prognostic significance. There have been reports of lesser incidence of atrial fibrillation and the number of defibrillations required with use of this technique. However, some unique concerns still remain. The lack of prospective randomized trials, the trend of elevation in CKMB (as reported by one study) and the need for a protocol-based approach to its use in adults are to be given due consideration while adopting its use in adults. This review attempts to have an overview on del Nido cardioplegia, its advantages, the recent studies comparing it with conventional cardioplegia techniques and the potential areas of concern with its use in adult cardiac surgery.
Successful lysis in a stroke following endovenous laser ablation and extensive miniphlebectomy of varicose veins
Authors: Spinedi Luca , Staub Daniel , Uthoff Heiko
Published: October 2015

Stroke is a very rare but potential fatal complication of endovenous thermal treatment in patients with a right-to-left shunt. To our best knowledge, there are only two reports in the literature of stroke after endovenous thermal ablation of varicose veins, one after endovenous laser ablation and one after radiofrequency ablation and phlebectomy, both treated conservatively. This report describes a successful lysis in a patient with an ischemic stroke associated with bilateral endovenous heat-induced thrombosis class I after endovenous laser ablation of both great saphenous vein and extensive miniphlebectomy in a patient with an unknown patent foramen ovale.
Methods for Building and Validating Equations for Physiology-Based Mathematical Models
Authors: Eddy David M. , Schlessinger Leonard
Published: October 2015

Objectives. Describe steps for deriving and validating equations for physiology processes for use in mathematical models. Illustrate the steps using glucose metabolism and Type 2 diabetes in the Archimedes model. Methods and Results. The steps are as follows: identify relevant variables, describe their relationships, identify data sources that relate the variables, correct for biases in data sources, use curve fitting algorithms to estimate equations, validate the accuracy of curve fitting against empirical data, perform partially and fully independent external validations, examine any discrepancies to determine causes and make corrections, and periodically update and revalidate equations as necessary. Specific methods depend on the available data. Specific data sources and methods are illustrated for equations that represent the cause of Type 2 diabetes and its effect on fasting plasma glucose in the Archimedes model. Methods for validating the equations are illustrated. Applications enabled by including physiological equations in healthcare models are discussed. Conclusions. The methods can be used to derive equations that represent the relationships between physiological variables and the causes of diseases and that validate well against empirical data.
Design, kinematics, and control of a soft spatial fluidic elastomer manipulator
Authors: Marchese Andrew D. , Rus Daniela
Published: October 2015

This paper presents a robotic manipulation system capable of autonomously positioning a multi-segment soft fluidic elastomer robot in three dimensions. Specifically, we present an extremely soft robotic manipulator morphology that is composed entirely from low durometer elastomer, powered by pressurized air, and designed to be both modular and durable. To understand the deformation of a single arm segment, we develop and experimentally validate a static deformation model. Then, to kinematically model the multi-segment manipulator, we use a piece-wise constant curvature assumption consistent with more traditional continuum manipulators. In addition, we define a complete fabrication process for this new manipulator and use this process to make multiple functional prototypes. In order to power the robot’s spatial actuation, a high capacity fluidic drive cylinder array is implemented, providing continuously variable, closed-circuit gas delivery. Next, using real-time data from a vision system, we develop a processing and control algorithm that generates realizable kinematic curvature trajectories and controls the manipulator’s configuration along these trajectories. Lastly, we experimentally demonstrate new capabilities offered by this soft fluidic elastomer manipulation system such as entering and advancing through confined three-dimensional environments as well as conforming to goal shape-configurations within a sagittal plane under closed-loop control.