bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A variable that may affect individual differences in the child‐directed speech of Japanese women
Authors: Ikeda Yumi , Masataka Nobuo
Published: March 2003

Sixty‐one single Japanese‐speaking women between the ages of 18 and 26 years were recorded as they read aloud picture books to a young child and as they conversed with another Japanese‐speaking woman. When their utterances were acoustically compared between the two settings with regard to prosodic features, both the average pitch and pitch excursions exhibited a significant increase when interacting with the child in 17 of the 61 women. In 36 of the remaining 44 subjects, neither of these parameters showed such changes. This individual variability was not related to the subjects' liking for picture books, previous experience with reading or being read them, or with baby‐sitting. The only variable that could explain the results was whether the subjects had grown up with one or more siblings or as only children. If they were only children, the prosodic modification was significantly less likely to occur
Gender and Mainline Protestant Pastors’ Allocation of Time to Work Tasks
Authors: Perl Paul
Published: March 2003

Some scholars argue that male and female members of the Protestant clergy have differing ministerial styles. They argue that women are more person‐oriented and interested in direct interaction with their parishioners and that men are more focused on job status and interested in administration. Using data on 1,688 clergy in eight mainline denominations, this research note compares the proportion of time that male and female pastors spend on 10 work tasks. Women devote less time than men to staff administration and supervision, a difference that is empirically attributable to their underrepresentation as senior pastors. The expectation of differing ministerial styles is most strongly supported in women’s greater allocation of time to pastoral counseling—a “personalized,” one‐on‐one ministry. However, they also spend proportionately less time than men on home and hospital visitation. This seemingly anomalous difference can be explained empirically as a factor of differential childcare responsibilities, which appear to limit women’s but not men’s movement away from home and church.
Social Ethics?
Authors: Lemert Charles
Published: March 2003

Most of the sciences of social behavior arose initially out of social ethics. The question asked is whether social ethics can revive itself as a central occupation of social thought. Such a revival faces the challenge of rethinking the normative foundations of late modern, global conditions which themselves are seen as inhospitable to the classic terms of philosophical and social ethic reflection. Though the privileged doubt it, the world is in fact inclining towards stark conditions of economic and natural instability, to say nothing of social discord—towards a triage, or latter‐day Malthusian, state. These conditions require a social ethics able to sustain itself, in the absence of global cultural accords, against a world in which social ideals of the good are uncertain, if not impossible.
On Sociocultural Evolution by Social Selection
Authors: Schatzki Theodore R.
Published: March 2003

The essay criticizes an alleged new paradigm for explaining sociocultural change: selectionism. Part one describes the general selectionist explanatory schema, which selectionists claim applies to realms beyond the biological, in particular, the sociocultural. Part two focuses on the way most selectionists, in focusing on cultural change alone, wrongly separate culture from society. Particular atten‐tion is paid to the accounts these selectionists offer of human action. Part three fills out a conception of the sociocultural, the need for which is indicated by the arguments of the previous section. Part four then criticizes existing social (as opposed to cultural) selectionist accounts of sociocultural change, again focusing on the role of human action. The conclusion is that selectionism does not offer a new explanatory paradigm, but is only a label for a class of accounts that highlight the role of contextualized agency in explaining social change.
Game Theory and Decentralisation
Authors: Carter Alan
Published: March 2003

Whereas many environmentalists have traditionally argued in favour of small‐scale, decentralised communities as a solution to the environmental crises which we appear to face, some environmental political theorists have recently argued against decentralisation. In this article I first show that game theory seems, at first glance, to support the insistence by statists that decentralisation is highly impracticable. But, second, I then attempt to demonstrate that, on closer inspection, game theory actually provides considerable support for the decentralist case.
Making Pacifism Plausible
Authors: Reader Soran
Published: March 2003

The ethics of war is a minefield. It is a morass of conceptual unclarity, contentious assumptions, impassioned arguments, unexploded myths, and the injured defenders of indistinct positions. My aim is to help to make the minefield (conceptually) safe, and to assist that most vulnerable party to the dispute, the pacifist. In this paper I explore the possibility that, farfrom being naÃ¯ve or outlandish, pacifism might follow from a widely‐held and fundamental intuition about the moral status of persons [hereafter MSP]. In Section 1 I describe MSP, and suggest how we might draw implications from it about the ethics of war. In Section 2, I argue that a ‘presumption of war‐ism’ has distorted debate in the ethics of war: to arrive at a balanced view, we need distinguish two sets of moral questions. First, can the development and maintenance of the means to make war be justified? Second, can the use of those means ever be justified? I sketch some strategies which might be developed in addressing the first question, concentrating on what MSP suggests might be wrong with setting up a war‐machine, and with being or employing a soldier. In Section 3 I argue that even if considerations from Section 2 are insufficient to establish that we must dismantle our war‐machines, facts about war which conflict with MSP do establish that we must never use them.
Critical Theory and Visual Practice in the Art School
Authors: Parsons Louise
Published: March 2003

This paper reflects upon the recent debates concerning the relationship between theory and practice in British art schools. Much has been done during the last two decades by artists, academics, writers and exhibition curators to bridge the traditional polarization between thinking and making. Underlying this venture is the keenly felt conviction that our task as teachers is to work with our students to develop creative practices which make a difference – particularly in relation to how we might use the arts to reformulate the ways in which we articulate our sense of self in a wider social and political context. In the last thirty years we have witnessed a sea change in art schools. The formerly inward looking reclusive art school culture is now inhabited by groups and individuals who are engaged in the everyday concerns of consumer culture and are committed to, first of all, harness creative production as an agent of change and, second, reject the notion that art practice is divorced from theoretical concerns.
The Electronic Prometheus and its Consequences for Art Education
Authors: Kirschenmann Johannes
Published: March 2003

This paper consists of three parts. First, a discussion of certain aspects of media art pedagogy, secondly, comments on computers from the view of art pedagogy, and finally, thoughts on a future art and media pedagogy.
Laboratory Evidence on How Managers Intuitively Value Real Growth Options
Authors: Howell Sydney D. , Jägle Axel J.
Published: March 2003

We asked 82 experienced managers to value, in effect, a set of real options, by taking decisions on invented case studies. The classic Black Scholes model should set an upper bound for rational valuations of these options (since it assumes a risk neutral discount rate, which may be optimistic). The managers valued their options erratically, and generally optimistically, though their responses to changes in moneyness, volatility and maturity tended to be in the ‘correct’ directions. Oil industry managers over‐valued least, relative to Black‐Scholes, and Brewery managers most. Questionnaires explored managers' perceptions of the real option parameters encountered in their workplaces.
Agency, Bid Resistance and the Market for Corporate Control
Authors: Holl Peter , Kyriazis Dimitris
Published: March 2003

In this paper we investigate the effects of post‐bid defence activity for a sample of takeover bids in the UK. We find that most of the defences investigated promote the interests of target managers by significantly lowering the probability of bid success. We also find that most of the defences promote the interests of shareholders by increasing wealth gains by an amount that varies between 9% and 14%. These results suggest that bid resistance is to the mutual benefit of the managers and shareholders of target firms. This conclusion is in line with recent developments in agency theory.
The Impact of Recession on the Prediction of Corporate Failure
Authors: Richardson Frederick M. , Kane Gregory D. , Lobingier Patricia
Published: March 2003

In this paper, we hypothesize that recessionary business cycles can contribute to corporate failure. Specifically, we test for a relationship between failure and (1) knowledge that failure occurred during a recession and (2) knowledge that the predictor variables were measured during a recession. We are able to show that accounting‐based logistic regression models used to predict corporate failure are sensitive to the occurrence of a recession. Furthermore, our results indicate that such models are sensitive to knowledge that the predictor variables were generated during a recession and to knowledge that failure ultimately occurred during a recession.
Term Premium Determinants, Return Enhancement and Interest Rate Predictability
Authors: Deaves Richard
Published: March 2003

This paper investigates whether simple term premium estimation techniques provide potential for return enhancement and interest rate predictability. Using short‐term US government securities, during 1959—93, it is demonstrated that utilization of such knowledge allows investors to enhance returns on fixed income portfolios, provided that other than money market alternatives can be considered as potential repositories of funds. In addition, such knowledge yielded short‐term interest rate predictions that were weakly superior to other methodologies, including the naive no‐change forecast, except during the volatile early 1980s.
Relative Excess Returns
Authors: Levin Eric J. , Wright Robert E.
Published: March 2003

Building on a no‐arbitrage relationship suggested by Clare, Thomas and Wickens (1994) between the returns on equity, bonds and treasury bills, this paper develops what is termed a ‘relative excess returns’ approach to the understanding of movements in equity prices. This no‐arbitrage relationship is used to derive an explicit measure of excess returns, which incorporates both the excess returns to equity and bonds while netting out any unprofitable (i.e. market efficient) return predictability caused by time variation in the treasury bill rate. This measure can be related to a series of observable variables in a consistent manner and used to construct a trading rule aimed at forecasting excess returns. In a series of empirical experiments, this trading rule appears to be more ‘profitable’ than both the rule suggested by Clare et al. (1994) and the gilt‐equity yield ratio rule (used by many UK analysts to guide investment decisions), and outperforms the strategy of ‘buy and hold equity’. More generally, the analysis provides support for the existence of predictable excess returns — returns which cannot be attributed to time‐varying excess returns — and for the inefficient market explanation of predictable returns.
The Transmission of Pricing Information of Dually‐Listed Stocks
Authors: Bae Kee‐Hong , Cha Baekin , Cheung Yan‐Lueng
Published: March 2003

We use the daily opening and closing prices of eighteen dually‐listed Hong Kong companies to investigate the transfer of pricing information between the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong (SEHK) and the London Stock Exchange (LSE). Evidence shows that (1) SEHK overnight returns respond significantly to change in LSE intraday returns, but the transmission process is not completed at the opening of the SEHK; (2) LSE overnight returns respond significantly to changes in SEHK intraday returns, but the transmission process is not completed at the opening of the LSE, either; (3) the impact is stronger moving from the LSE to the SEHK. This evidence indicates that information transfer runs in both directions and that most of the transmitted information continues to be processed throughout the following trading day (JEL G15).
Voluntary Disclosure of Profit Forecasts by Target Companies in Takeover Bids
Authors: Brennan Niamh
Published: March 2003

This paper examines factors influencing voluntary forecast disclosure by target companies, whether good/bad news forecasts are disclosed and the influence of forecasts on the outcome of hostile bids. Disclosure was significantly more likely during contested bids. In agreed bids, probability of forecast disclosure was greater the shorter the bid horizon. In contested bids, forecasts were more likely where there were large block shareholdings, for larger targets and for targets in the capital goods industry. There was a clear tendency to disclose good news forecasts. A significant positive association between forecast disclosure and increase in offer price was found.
Interest Rate Premia on UK Small‐Firm Bank Borrowings: A Research Note
Authors: Keasey Kevin , Watson Robert
Published: March 2003

This research note examines empirically the determinants of bank interest rate premia for a sample of UK small firms over the period 1986 to 1991. A number of testable hypotheses are formulated regarding the relationship between interest rate premia and a number of firm‐specific risk and cost factors. The empirical results indicate that interest rate premia are significantly related to several of the firm‐specific cost and risk factors. These results suggest that there has been some attempt to incorporate into loan pricing decisions both the direct costs associated with individual loan advances and the specific risk characteristics of the borrower.
Price Dynamics and Information Flows in Strategically‐Linked Debt Instruments: The NOB and MOB Constituents
Authors: Chartrath Arjun , Chaudhry Mukesh , Christie‐David Rohan
Published: March 2003

We examine information flows between the constituents of the NOB (notes‐over‐bonds) and MOB (municipals‐over‐bonds) futures spreads. The results suggest a bicausal relationship between notes and bonds and a unicausal relationship from bonds to municipals. Shocks in the bond market have a large impact on the municipal and note markets, whereas shocks in the municipal or note markets have a smaller impact on the bond market. Volatility spillover from bonds to notes and municipals is detected. We also find significant volatility persistence in all three markets. Spread trades are found to have an asymmetric influence on notes and municipal futures variance.
Recognition versus Disclosure: An Investigation of the Impact on Equity Risk Using UK Operating Lease Disclosures
Authors: Beattie Vivien , Goodacre Alan , Thomson Sarah
Published: March 2003

This study examines the equivalency of accounting recognition versus disclosure. OLS regression analysis is used to determine whether there is an association between equity risk and an adjustment to financial risk for off‐balance sheet operating leases. Two methods of adjustment are considered: constructive capitalisation and a simple factor method. The observation of a reliably positive association suggests that UK investors/analysts view operating leases from a property rights perspective rather than an ownership perspective. This supports the argument for recognition of all lease rights and obligations ‘on‐balance sheet’, as proposed in the recent G4+1 discussion paper ASB (1999).
Legal Liabilities, Audit Accuracy and the Market for Audit Services
Authors: De Sankar , Sen Pradyot K.
Published: March 2003

In quality‐differentiated audit markets with client‐firms of unknown types, insider‐managers of client firms strategically select auditors who respond to legal liabilities to decide their care level. In this signaling game, uninformed‐investors use the audit report and the auditors' identity for firm valuation. The analysis shows that increased legal liability increases the auditor's effort and audit accuracy but reduces the demand for high quality auditing because, apart from the increased audit costs, the adverse selection benefit of the worse type reduces with increased accuracy. Furthermore, alternative legal regimes and damage allocation rules alter informational efficiency of the financial market.
Auditor–Provided Consultancy Services and their Associations with Audit Fees and Audit Opinions
Authors: Firth Michael
Published: March 2003

This study examines the relationships between non–audit services fees (consultancy fees) paid to auditors and (1) audit fees, and (2) the occurrence of qualified audit opinions. The positive association between consultancy fees and audit fees is shown to be due to certain company specific events that generate a demand for consultancy services as well as requiring additional audit effort. Identified company specific events are mergers and acquisitions, new share issues, new accounting and information systems, new CEOs, and corporate restructurings. When these events are absent, there is no statistically significant relationship between audit fees and consultancy fees after controlling for company size. Companies that have relatively high consultancy fees are more likely to receive a clean audit opinion. This may be due to the non–audit work clearing up problem areas at the client company or it may be due to high consultancy fees impairing auditor independence. With the available data it is not possible to distinguish between these two reasons.
Another New Look at the Monday Effect
Authors: Sun Qian , Tong Wilson H.S.
Published: March 2003

We link up the findings of Abraham and Ikenberry (1994) and Wang, Li and Erickson (1997) by showing that negative Monday returns concentrate on days 18 to 26 of a month and they can be completely explained in the statistical sense by the negative returns on the previous Friday. More importantly, we observe a ‘week–four effect’. Not only the returns on Mondays but also returns on other days are lower during the fourth week of a month. We suggest that liquidity selling by individual investors may be the reason.
Do Underwriters Certify Value? Evidence from UK Rights Issues and Open Offers
Authors: Armitage Seth
Published: March 2003

Eckbo and Masulis (1992) and Slovin, Sushka and Lai (2000) have proposed that underwriters of seasoned equity offers certify issuer value. The study tests predictions resulting from these papers and finds little evidence from UK rights issues and open offers that underwriting banks certify. The main purpose of underwriting appears to be simply to guarantee the proceeds. There is a positive reaction to open offers (a type of private placing) but this is unlikely to be due to underwriter certification. There is a large loss of value for companies announcing deeply discounted offers, which is attributed to release of bad news on announcement
The Limits of Citizenship: Migration, Sex Discrimination and Same‐Sex Partners in EU Law
Authors: Amy Elman R.
Published: March 2003

This article addresses the paradoxical politics of heterosexism within European Union (EU) policy through a critical consideration of matrimony as the primary legitimating link between EU nationals and third‐country spouses. It also emphasizes the discrimination experienced by same‐sex couples to whom the protection and privileges of marriage are unavailable and questions efforts to extend state‐sanctioned unions to same‐sex partners. Indeed, it argues against the presumption that relationships (whether spousal, cohabitational, sexual or familial) provide justifiable criteria for citizenship and the privileges associated with it. The article has theoretical implications for those studies in which the themes of citizenship, immigration, family, sexuality and social exclusion are central.
Preparing for European Diplomacy?
Authors: Duke Simon W.
Published: March 2003

The literature on European foreign policy has paid scant attention to one critical aspect — European diplomacy. This article considers the nature of European diplomacy, the ways in which it manifests itself and, most importantly, the preparation of EU officials as well as national diplomats for European diplomacy. It is argued that more attention needs to be paid to training so that they may engage more effectively in European diplomacy. In order to facilitate this, support is lent to the idea of establishing a College of European Diplomacy. Effective European foreign policy needs a professional supporting diplomatic service.
Bridging Research and Practice: The Challenge of ‘Normal Operations’ Studies
Authors: Bourrier Mathile
Published: March 2003

The article will present some possible explanations of the difficulty to bridge research and practice in the domain of risk management. A first block of reasons has to do with the very content of the analyses themselves. Of great importance is also the time chosen for them to be carried out. The second argument will bring to the foreground the difficulty for a lot of fruitful research to permeate into management spheres. One way to reconcile experts, scholars and decision makers may come from new attention devoted to organisational design and formal structures. This calls for the study of normal operations as opposed to relying too exclusively on accident cases and crisis situations. We believe that this perspective can help us improve our level of understanding of complex organisations, because it focuses on the duality of organisational life: the dark side and the bright side, always tightly coupled.
Annotation: Randomised trials
Authors: Harrington Richard C. , Cartwright‐Hatton Sam , Stein Alan
Published: March 2003

Background: This annotation describes the uses of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in clinical child psychology and psychiatry. Method: It explores the scientific basis for randomised designs, the conceptual and methodological issues that can arise when using them, alternative methods, and future directions. Results: There are many issues that have to be tackled when using randomised trials to answer questions about the effectiveness of interventions used by child mental health professionals. The most important are conceptual issues concerning the design of these studies, practical issues, and issues about the interpretation of the results. There are some situations in which randomised trials are not possible or ideal and alternative strategies may therefore be needed. Future RCTs should be more explicit about whether their primary purpose is to further scientific knowledge or to evaluate the benefit of a treatment in routine clinical practice. Future trials should also have outcomes of unequivocal significance and be reported in accordance with standardised guidelines. Conclusions: Well‐designed and unambiguously reported RCTs usually provide the best possible evidence about the effectiveness of an intervention. RCTs are not, however, the only way of establishing cause and effect and their results should always be interpreted in the light of other evidence.
Expressed emotion, attributions and depression in mothers of children with problem behaviour
Authors: Bolton Catherine , Calam Rachel , Barrowclough Christine , Peters Sarah , Roberts Janine , Wearden Alison , Morris Julie
Published: March 2003

Background: This was an initial study seeking to examine the relationship between Expressed Emotion (EE), spontaneous causal attributions and depression in mothers of children referred for problem behaviour.

Method: Sixty‐one mothers were interviewed using the Camberwell Family Interview (CFI). The CFI was coded for maternal EE and spontaneous causal attributions regarding the child's behaviour. Self‐report measures of child problem behaviour and maternal depressive symptoms were also completed.

Results: Consistent with previous research, high EE mothers, compared to low EE mothers, were more likely to make attributions that judged the cause of problem behaviour to be personal to and controllable by the child and also made more ‘child‐blaming’ attributions than low EE mothers. Mothers’ scores on the Beck Depression Inventory were found to be associated with ‘child‐blaming’ attributions and higher levels of EE. Regression analyses did not support the hypothesised role of attributions as a mediator between depression and EE but did identify EE as a potential mediator in the relationship between maternal depressed mood and ratings of child problem behaviour.

Conclusions: These results indicate the relevance of both EE and attributions in mothers of children with problem behaviour and suggest that maternal depressed mood is an important factor which is related to both of these.
Are fingers special? Evidence about movement preparation from event–related brain potentials
Authors: Wild–Wall Nele , Sangals Jörg , Sommer Werner , Leuthold Hartmut
Published: March 2003

Ulrich, Leuthold, and Sommer (1998) suggested that movement preparation at the level of the motor cortex, as indexed by the lateralized readiness potential (LRP), proceeds in a strongly hierarchical fashion, where parameters other than response hand are prepared only if all the movement parameters are known. These conclusions were based on an experiment where a precue provided information about response hand, direction of finger movement, and movement force. To assess the generality of these findings, we replaced the force parameter with response finger. LRP indicated that preparation of the required finger is possible even when preliminary information is incomplete. Therefore, movement preparation appears to follow different rules when anatomical relationships (hand and finger) are concerned as compared to functional parameters like movement direction. On the other hand, at a limb–unspecific level, as indicated by the contingent negative variation, we confirmed evidence for parallel programming of all movement parameters.
Energy resource depletion, task difficulty, and cardiovascular response to a mental arithmetic challenge
Authors: Wright Rex A. , Martin Rebecca E. , Bland Jennifer L.
Published: March 2003

This study examined further cardiovascular effects of energy resource depletion. Participants performed initially an easy counting task (Task A easy) or a hard counting task (Task A difficult) for 5min. Shortly thereafter, they were provided the chance to earn a modest incentive by attaining a low performance standard (Task B easy) or a high performance standard (Task B difficult) on a mental arithmetic task. As expected, the Task A difficulty factor combined with the Task B difficulty factor to determine blood pressure responses during the second performance period. Whereas Task A easy participants evinced relatively stronger responses when Task B was difficult than when Task B was easy, Task A difficult participants evinced relatively stronger responses when Task B was easy than when Task B was difficult. These cardiovascular results partially replicate cardiovascular results from a prior depletion study using a cognitive, as opposed to a motor, challenge. They also extend the cardiovascular results from the prior study by demonstrating that the cardiovascular influence of energy depletion depends on the difficulty of the challenge with which people are confronted.
The Relationship of Participation in Sports and Physical Activity to Body Objectification, Instrumentality, and Locus of Control Among Young Women
Authors: Parsons Elizabeth M. , Betz Nancy E.
Published: March 2003

The primary purposes of this study were to assess the possible relationship of sports participation during high school to body self-objectification, instrumentality and locus of control, and to explore the possibility that different sports might be differentially related to psychological variables according to the perceived stereotypical masculinity or femininity of the sport. Two studies were reported herein. In the first, using 195 male and female students, we examined perceptions of sports according to emphasis on physical appearance and perceived masculinity/femininity. These findings were used in Study 2, which included 437 college women, to describe sports participation along dimensions of both extent of participation and the nature of the sports in which the individual participated. Extent of participation in physical fitness activity was also assessed. Participation in sports and/or physical activity was associated with higher scores on the body shame subscale of McKinley and Hyde's (1996) Objectified Body Consciousness Scale, which indicates greater internalization of cultural standards of female beauty. Body shame was also related to participation in more “feminine” sports (those focusing more on female appearance). Physical activity was also consistently related to both instrumentality and locus of control. Further research is needed to understand the relationship of sports and physical exercise activities to body self-objectification and other indicators of psychological functioning among women.
Women Derive Collective Self-Esteem from Their Feminist Identity
Authors: Carpenter Sandra , Johnson Lesley E.
Published: March 2003

Women's self-esteem is more strongly related to social acceptance and inclusion than to accomplishments. We investigated the extent to which women derive self-esteem from being women, that is, from their membership in a collective gender group. We hypothesized and found that women's collective self-esteem (i.e., self-esteem derived from their gender group) would systematically vary for women showing differing degrees of feminist development. Thus, women's self-esteem derived from womanhood seems to depend on the “meaning” of womanhood to the individual woman.
2001 Carolyn Sherif Award Address: the Presence of an Absence
Authors: Fine Michelle
Published: March 2003

Awarded for your spectacular contributions to feminist psychology, Division 35 presents to you the Carolyn Wood Sherif Award. A prodigious researcher and theorist, you break down the artificial distinctions between basic and applied work and between erudition and accessibility. In your scholarship you have raised to the forefront neglected variables such as ethnicity, social class, and disability. Your creativity, courage, warmth, and generosity of spirit make you an inspiration to scholars across a spectrum of disciplines, many of whom you have mentored, nurtured, and helped. Nor does your indefatigable advocacy stop at the campus gates. With humor, wisdom, and abundant determination, you have used the tools of our discipline to create community and to advance the cause of social justice. It is with gratitude that we honor you and your work, Michelle Fine.
Undermining Reasonableness: Expert Testimony in a Case Involving a Battered Woman who Kills
Authors: Terrance Cheryl , Matheson Kimberly
Published: March 2003

Student participants ( N = 316) viewed a videotaped simulated case involving a woman who had entered a self-defense plea in the shooting death of her abusive husband. As successful claims of self-defense rest on the portrayal of a defendant who has responded reasonably to his/her situation, the implications of various forms of expert testimony in constructing this narrative were examined. Jurors were presented with either expert testimony regarding the battered woman syndrome (BWS), the BWS framed within post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) nomenclature, or a no-expert control condition. As the BWS classification may support a stereotypical victim, the degree to which the defendant fit the stereotype in terms of her access to a social support network (family, friends, employment outside of the home) was varied within the expert testimony conditions to reflect either a high or low degree of stereotype fit. Although jury verdicts failed to differ across expert testimony and stereotype fit conditions, perceptions of her credibility and mental stability did. Although affording jurors a framework from which the defendant's experiences as a battered woman may be acknowledged, this portrayal, as advanced within PTSD nomenclature, endorsed a pathological characterization of the defendant. Implications of this discourse for battered women within the context of self-defense are discussed.
Australian Exceptionalism: The Role of Trade Unions in the Emergence of Enterprise Bargaining
Authors: Briggs Chris
Published: March 2003

Both the international/comparative and Australian literature on the decentralisation of bargaining has typically portrayed unions as reactive or impotent and globalisation and employers as the key agents of change. None of the current theories which explain decentralisation as the product of globalisation, employer-led ‘low-cost flexibility coalitions’ or the ‘strategic managerialism’ of the Business Council of Australia (BCA) can fully account for the shift to enterprise bargaining in Australia during 1990/91. Unlike other nations where a decentralisation of bargaining has occurred, it was the union movement which actually engineered the change through two industrial campaigns which forced a reluctant Australian Industrial Relations Commission (AIRC) to introduce enterprise bargaining. The erosion of union solidarity behind centralised wage fixation and a power struggle between the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) and the AIRC, not the pressure of the BCA, were the key factors behind the shift in ACTU policy. However, the union movement created the space for a new wage system without developing an alternative regime leaving a policy vacuum to be filled by the BCA and a ‘low-cost flexibility’ coalition congealed among employers as fears of a wage explosion receded: the formation of a ‘low-cost flexibility coalition’ and the domination of the BCA throughout the 1990s were therefore as much a consequence as a cause of the decentralisation of bargaining in Australia.
Income Inequality and Income Mobility in the Scandinavian Countries Compared to the United States
Authors: Aaberge Rolf , Björklund Anders , Jäntti Markus , Palme Mårten , Pedersen Peder J. , Smith Nina , Wennemo Tom
Published: March 2003

This paper compares income inequality and income mobility in the Scandinavian countries and the United States during 1980–90. The results suggest that inequality is greater in the United States than in the Scandinavian countries and that this inequality ranking of countries remains unchanged when the accounting period of income is extended from one to eleven years. The pattern of mobility turns out to be remarkably similar, in the sense that the proportionate reduction in inequality from extending the accounting period of income is much the same. But we do find evidence of greater dispersion of first differences of relative earnings and income in the United States. Relative income changes are associated with changes in labor market and marital status in all four countries, but the magnitude of such changes are largest in the United States.
Absolute and Relative Deprivation and the Measurement of Poverty
Authors: Duclos Jean–Yves , Grégoire Phillipe
Published: March 2003

This paper develops the link between poverty and inequality by focussing on a class of poverty indices (some of them well–known) which aggregate normative concerns for absolute and relative deprivation. The indices are distinguished by a parameter value that captures the ethical sensitivity of poverty measurement to “exclusion” or “relative–deprivation” aversion. The indices can be readily used to predict the impact of growth on poverty. An illustration using LIS data finds that the United States show more relative deprivation than Denmark and Belgium whatever the percentiles considered, but that overall deprivation comparisons of the four countries considered will generally depend on the intensity of the ethical concern for relative deprivation. The impact of growth on poverty also depends on the presence of and on the attention granted to concerns over relative deprivation.
An Experimental Investigation of Retention and Rotation Requirements
Authors: Dopuch Nicholas , King Ronald R. , Schwartz Rachel
Published: March 2003

We provide results from an experiment designed to assess whether mandatory rotation and/or retention of auditors increases auditors' independence by reducing their willingness to issue reports biased in favor of management. Auditors' reporting is compared across the following four regimes: one that does not require either rotation or retention, a second that requires retention only, a third that requires rotation only, and a fourth that requires both rotation and retention. We find that the rotation requirements in the third and fourth regimes decreased auditor‐subjects' willingness to issue biased reports, relative to the two regimes in which rotation was not imposed. In these other two regimes, however, many manager‐subjects voluntarily retained the same auditor‐subjects over multi‐periods. While the long running interactions between manager‐ and auditor‐subjects resulted in more favorable reports by auditor‐subjects (a lower level of independence), the established relationships also induced manager‐subjects to make higher investments.
Auditor Reputation Building
Authors: Mayhew Brian W.
Published: March 2003

This paper reports the results of an experimental economics study designed to examine reputation building by information verifiers (auditors). The results identify boundary conditions to reputation formation and supply insight into auditors’ incentives to form reputations. Reputations form in all sessions of treatments that supply nearly immediate rewards to participants who adopt reputation equilibrium strategies. In contrast, reputations form in less than half of the sessions of a treatment where participants have to maintain reputation equilibrium strategies for number of periods before the market rewards their effort. The results suggest the immediacy of rewards for adopting reputation strategies is a critical determinant of reputation formation.
Accountability Demands and the Auditor’s Evidence Search Strategy: The Influence of Reviewer Preferences and the Nature of the Response (Belief vs. Action)
Authors: Turner Cynthia Williams
Published: March 2003

This study examines differences in auditors’ search behaviors associated with the preferences of audit management (reviewer preferences) and the nature of the required response (belief versus action) in the context of an accounts receivable collectibility review. I find that auditors facing reviewers who expressed concern about auditors spending time specifically looking for evidence inconsistent with explanations provided by the client (credence preference) examined fewer evidence items and followed a more client‐prompted search (i.e., a search for evidence that follows directly from the client’s explanation) than those facing reviewers who expressed concern about auditors’ ready acceptance of client explanations without adequate justification (skepticism preference) and those facing reviewers who expressed no specific concern (unknown preference). Further, auditors in the action conditions examined fewer evidence items and spent less time per evidence item than those in the judgment conditions. Additional analyses also indicate that auditors who were held accountable to a reviewer with an unknown preference generally responded as if the reviewer maintained a skepticism preference.
Do Mandatory Hedge Disclosures Discourage or Encourage Excessive Speculation?
Authors: Sapra Haresh
Published: March 2003

In order to shed some light on the desirability of hedge disclosures, I investigate the consequences of hedge disclosures on a firm’s risk management strategy. Several major results emerge from this analysis. First, greater transparency about a firm’s derivative activities is not necessarily a panacea for imprudent risk management strategies. I show that such transparency actually induces the firm to take excessive speculative positions in the derivative market. Second, I show that the firm may choose a prudent risk management strategy in the absence of hedge disclosures. However, the selection of a prudent risk management comes at a cost. The firm’s production policy is distorted in the absence of hedge disclosures.

These findings suggest that regulators must carefully investigate the trade‐offs between production distortions and risk management distortions in evaluating the desirability of mandatory hedge disclosures for all firms.
Explaining Monday Returns
Authors: Draper Paul , Paudyal Krishna
Published: March 2003

The Monday effect is reexamined using two stock indexes and a sample of 452 individual stocks that trade on the London Stock Exchange. The results based on conventional test methods reveal a negative average return on Monday. Extending the analysis to examine the effects of various possible influences simultaneously, the average Monday return becomes positive and does not differ significantly from the average returns of most other days of the week. Fortnight, ex‐dividend day, account period, (bad) news flow, trading activity, and bid‐ask spread effects are all controlled for. The results broadly support the trading time hypothesis.
An Analysis of Nonunderwritten Rights Offers: The Case of Closed‐END Funds
Authors: Miles James A. , Peterson Mark A.
Published: March 2003

We study nonunderwritten rights offerings without subscription pre‐commitments from large shareholders. The results indicate firms incur substantial indirect costs in the form of price concessions for raising equity capital this way. The data therefore support the selling cost explanation of the rights‐offering paradox. Additionally, we describe how market participants collectively respond to intermediate such offerings.
Social Policy Supports for Adolescence in the Twenty‐First Century: Framing Questions
Authors: Pittman Karen , Diversi Marcelo , Ferber Thaddeus
Published: March 2003

Worldwide changes are altering the conditions under which adolescents prepare for adulthood and are increasing the need for thoughtful, tailored, youth policies and programs. This article offers a set of “framing questions” aimed at helping countries and communities create policies that are adapted to the particulars of a given context. These questions are presented as a means for policy makers, advocates, practitioners, researchers, community members, parents, and adolescents to formulate services, supports, and opportunities that will help adolescents become adults who are problem free, fully prepared, and fully engaged in their communities.
Adolescent Perceptions of Conflict in Interdependent and Disengaged Friendships
Authors: Shulman Shmuel , Laursen Brett
Published: March 2003

Interdependent and disengaged friendships in a middle‐class sample of suburban Israeli adolescents were examined for differences in reports of conflict behavior. A total of 194 (100 females, and 94 males) close, reciprocal friends participated in a joint problem‐solving task used to categorize friendships. Interdependent friends balanced closeness and individuality by cooperating on the task, whereas disengaged friends emphasized individuality by working independently on the task. In separate interviews, these friends recounted their most important conflict from the previous week. Older adolescents (M= 17.4 years) reported more conflicts over private disrespect than did younger adolescents (M= 12.7 years), whereas younger adolescents reported more conflicts over public disrespect and undependability than did older adolescents. Differences between friendship types in conflict initiation, negative affect, and relationship impact were found among older adolescents but not younger adolescents; differences in conflict resolutions were found in both age groups. In contrast to disengaged friends, interdependent friends were better able to manage conflicts in a manner that emphasized relationship harmony over individual gain.
Risk Analysis, Life Cycle Assessment—The Common Challenge of Dealing with the Precautionary Frame (Based on the Toxicity Controversy in Sweden and the Netherlands)
Authors: Tukker Arnold
Published: March 2003

Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) and comparative risk assessment (RA) use the same building blocks for analyzing fate and potential effects of toxic substances. It is tacitly assumed that emission‐effect calculations can give uniform and decisive answers in debates on toxicity problems. For several decades, mainstream policy sciences have taken a different starting point when analyzing decision making on complex, controversial societal issues. Such controversies in essence are thought to be caused by the fact that different actor coalitions adhere to a different, but in scientific terms equally reasonable, conceptualization or “framing” of the problem. A historical, argumentative analysis of the Dutch chlorine debate and the Swedish PVC debate shows that this is also true in the discussions on toxic substances. Three frames have been identified, which were coined the “risk assessment frame,”“the strict control frame,” and the “precautionary frame.” These frames tacitly disagree about the extent of knowledge/ignorance about the impacts of substances, the robustness/fallibility of emission‐reduction schemes, and the robustness/vulnerability of nature. The latter frame, adhered to by environmentalists, seeks to judge substances mainly on their inherent safety. Under the current institutional arrangements and practices, RA and LCIA are executed mainly in line with the philosophy expressed by the risk assessment frame. This article gives various suggestions for dealing with framing in debates on toxic substances. One of the options is elaborated in somewhat more detail, i.e., the development of multiple indicators and calculation schemes for RA and LCIA that reflect the different frames. An outline is given for a possible indicator system reflecting the precautionary principle.
Influence of Safety Measures on the Risks of Transporting Dangerous Goods Through Road Tunnels
Authors: Saccomanno Frank , Haastrup Palle
Published: March 2003

Quantitative risk assessment (QRA) models are used to estimate the risks of transporting dangerous goods and to assess the merits of introducing alternative risk reduction measures for different transportation scenarios and assumptions. A comprehensive QRA model recently was developed in Europe for application to road tunnels. This model can assess the merits of a limited number of “native safety measures.” In this article, we introduce a procedure for extending its scope to include the treatment of a number of important “nonnative safety measures” of interest to tunnel operators and decisionmakers. Nonnative safety measures were not included in the original model specification. The suggested procedure makes use of expert judgment and Monte Carlo simulation methods to model uncertainty in the revised risk estimates. The results of a case study application are presented that involve the risks of transporting a given volume of flammable liquid through a 10‐km road tunnel.