bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The impact of the Beatles on pop music in Australia: 1963–66
Authors: Zion Lawrence
Published: November 2008

For young Australians in the early 1960s America was the icon of pop music and fashion. This was the result of the projection of America through the mass media and the numerous American rock'n'roll acts that were brought to Australia by Lee Gordon, an American entrepreneur who lived in Sydney (Zion 1984). This overall tendency led the American, A. L. McLeod, to observe when writing about Australian culture in 1963 that

in general, Australian popular music is slavishly imitative of United States models; it follows jazz, swing, calypso or whatever the current fashion is in New York or San Francisco at a few months distance. (McLeod 1963, p. 410)

Yet by late 1963 the potency of America was in decline. For while the Californian surf music craze made a somewhat delayed impact, especially in Sydney, the popularity of the Beatles was gathering momentum. This can be traced crudely through the Top Forty lists of the day: in Sydney the song ‘From Me To You’ entered the charts on 12 July 1963 and eventually reached number six (Barnes et al. 1979, p. 50).
Randy Newman's Americana
Authors: Winkler Peter
Published: November 2008

This article is a study of the musical style of Randy Newman, one of the most intriguing singer–songwriters in the United States today. Since Newman's is hardly a household name, let me begin with a biographical note. Born in New Orleans in 1943, Randy Newman moved to Southern California at the age of five and has lived there ever since. While still a teenager he became staff songwriter for a small publishing company, and in 1966 achieved his first commercial success with a song recorded by Judy Collins, ‘I Think It's Going To Rain Today’. He began recording for Warner Brothers/Reprise in 1968, and has released an album every two or three years since then. Except for one hit, ‘Short People’ (1977), his music has appealed to a relatively small but devoted following. Unlike many contemporary songwriters, Newman is classically trained, and is a skilled orchestrator who writes his own arrangements, as well as arrangements for other artists and occasional film scores.
Popular Music in India: 1901–86
Authors: Manuel Peter
Published: November 2008

The dramatic development of popular music in India illustrates some of the complex and varied ways that South Asians have used art and entertainment as a means of adapting and relating to the social transitions accompanying modernisation. Indian popular music, nevertheless, has been all but ignored in scholarly literature, whether musicological or sociological; this article endeavours to provide a basis for future inquiries by providing a descriptive outline of the development of modern Indian commercial music in the twentieth century.
Reflecting surfaces: the use of elements from Indian music in popular music and jazz
Authors: Farrell Gerry
Published: November 2008

In this article I explore the manner in which elements from a non-Western music appear in pop music and jazz. The music under discussion is that of the Indian subcontinent and the classical music of North India in particular. The essay covers references to Indian music in pop, rock and jazz from the sixties to the present day but concentrates mainly on the sixties and seventies, and, in the world of pop, on the music of the Beatles. The influence of orientalism on Western music is not a recent phenomena, as Reck (1985) notes, but its appearance in pop during the sixties meant that it reached a larger audience than ever before.
Music video use and educational achievement: a Swedish study
Authors: Roe Keith , Löfgren Monica
Published: November 2008

Almost since their inception film and television have employed music as background accompaniment. Despite this obvious fact, the significance of such musical accompaniment has been underestimated by most researchers (see Tagg 1979). The contemporary conjunction of video technology, communication satellites and cable-TV has created a media environment in which television featuring music videos has thrived, and in which media researchers are no longer able to ignore the synchronisation of aural and visual content. While the idea of synchronising musical and visual presentation is itself not new (see Aufderheide 1986), its realisation in the modern music video presents those seeking to describe and explain media behaviour with a new set of problems and tasks.
‘The hieroglyphics of love’: the torch singers and interpretation
Authors: Moore John
Published: November 2008

The first law of love is subjective: subjectively, jealousy is deeper than love, it contains love's truth. This is because jealousy goes further in the apprehension and interpretation of signs. It is the designation of love, its finality. Indeed, it is inevitable that the signs of a loved person, once we ‘explicate’ them, should be revealed as deceptive: addressed to us, they nonetheless express worlds which exclude us and which the beloved will not and cannot make us know … Love's signs … are deceptive signs which can be addressed to us only by concealing what they express: the origin of unknown worlds, of unknown actions and thoughts which give them a meaning. They do not excite superficial, nervous exaltation, but the suffering of a deeper exploration. The beloved's lies are the hieroglyphics of love. The interpreter of love's signs is necessarily the interpreter of lies. His fate is expressed in the motto: to love without being loved. (Deleuze 1973)
Dance bands and dance halls in Greenock, 1945–55
Authors: Thomson Raymond A.
Published: November 2008

The Americanisation of British popular culture has been the subject of intensive study and debate. Most of this, however, has had a national focus. It is the purpose of this article to examine aspects of a popular culture at a local level in order to discover the extent to which people were, or felt themselves to be, dominated by America. The history of popular culture is the history of the little people, how they passed their time and recreated themselves. Discoveries made here should cast illumination on the more global claims made by social historians.
Hot swing and the dissolute life: youth, style and popular music in Europe 1939–49
Authors: Willett Ralph
Published: November 2008

In the late thirties, the syncopated rhythms of American jazz swept through Europe, an event encouraged by both the US record industry and Hollywood. In Germany, Fascist resistance to jazz culminated in the imposition of a ban by the Reich Chamber of Music on ‘jazzified, judified dance music’, a convenient way of dealing with American competition. Nevertheless Gene Krupa and Teddy Wilson were still entered in Brunswick's German catalogue for 1939, and German bands continued to swing (on radio and records) into the forties. It is not wholly surprising to read of Goebbels and Goering dancing, in uniform, to the swing music of Jack Hylton and his Orchestra at the Berlin Press Ball in 1937. Among the young, however, swing was already beginning to symbolise a resistance to authority and non-cooperation with the Third Reich. Even newspaper articles intended to demonstrate the demoralising and corruptive effects of jazz whetted the appetite. Thus, a Frankfurter Zeitung article on ‘The Jitterbug’ attacked the bandleader Harry James, but also explained the latest swing terms such as ‘jive’ and ‘hep-cat’.
Disposable icons: pop music in Australia, 1955–63
Authors: Zion Lawrence
Published: November 2008

The name of the picture was The Blackboard Jungle, and the name of the song was ‘Rock Around the Clock’. And the name of the singer was Bill Haley and the Comets… We didn't know then that rock'n'roll was born, but we did know that music was meant for us, and we were going to have it.
Haitian popular music in Montreal: the effects of acculturation
Authors: Juste-Constant Voegeli
Published: November 2008

Acculturation is the adaptation of a group or individual to a foreign culture with which they are in contact. In the case of immigrants, however, not only contact is involved. There is a state of immersion in the host culture which, if not total, is at least partial.
The repertory of a Victorian provincial brass band
Authors: Herbert Trevor
Published: November 2008

Considerable time and print has been expended in attempting to define and date the first British brass band. This controversy should take a subordinate place to the more interesting questions that can be applied to the topic of brass bands when, unambiguously, they do exist as a fairly widespread activity and can reasonably be regarded as the active embryo of the standard ensembles which eventually formed the brass band ‘movement’.
Radio space and industrial time: music formats, local narratives and technological mediation
Authors: Berland Jody
Published: November 2008

Radio is commonly referred to as a ‘secondary medium’ in the broadcasting industry. The phrase conveys the industry's pragmatic view that no one cares whether you listen to radio so long as you do not turn it off. Since it has been displaced by television, radio is expected to accommodate itself technologically and discursively to every situation. Are you brushing your teeth, turning the corner, buying or selling jeans or entering inventory into the computer? So much the better. Your broadcaster respects the fact that these important activities must come first. Radio is humble and friendly, it follows you everywhere. In any event, television makes more money.
The ethics of digital audio-sampling: engineers' discourse
Authors: Porcello Thomas
Published: November 2008

Over the course of the past several years the use of digital audio-sampling by composers, musicians, engineers and producers has increased to a point where the sampler is now as common in the recording studio as the microphone. Digital samplers allow one to encode a fragment of sound, from one to several seconds in duration, in a digitised binary form which can then be stored in computer memory. This stored sound may be played back through a keyboard, with its pitch and tonal qualities accurately reproduced or, as is often the case, manipulated through electronic editing. Because of its unsurpassed mimetic capabilities, one common use of the sampler has been to store in computer memory a note or set of notes played by an individual who has a unique playing style. When played back through a keyboard, one could construct an entire solo line which would potentially sound as if that person were playing it. Another common use of the sampler is to extract a fragment of sound from one context and place it in a new one, with no appreciable loss of sound quality over each generation of extraction and repositioning. These three capabilities of the sampler – the mimetic/reproductive, the manipulative and the extractive – are crucial to understanding both the sampler's popularity and its potential to disrupt the production process in the music industry.
Popular Indian South African music: division in diversity
Authors: Jackson Melveen
Published: November 2008

It is frequently claimed that cultural processes in South Asia are best understood as being informed by an ethos of ‘Unity in Diversity’. The same cannot be said for culture as it has been, and still is, experienced by Indian South Africans. Far from being the homogeneous group to which apartheid South Africa relegated Indian South Africans in 1948 for the purposes of political control, the ‘Community’, as it is euphemistically called by politicians of all kinds, is plagued by sectarianism and conflict. This contest engages individuals and genuine communities who are seeking to establish a freely chosen identity, economic stability and political status.
Patterns of harmony
Authors: Moore Allan
Published: November 2008

There are two seemingly self-evident truths concerning the harmonic practices of popular music. The first, which finds clear expression in Adorno, is that such music's harmonic language is both detrimentally limited and static. The harmonic repertoire is considered to consist of a few formulae (Adorno deals with them in terms of standardisation: see Middleton 1990, p. 45ff.), by means of which song-writers string together their songs, uninfluenced by the song's content. For the expert listener, therefore, popular music should be uninteresting: it is only its psycho-economic dimension which makes it worthy of study. This tends also to be the conclusion of established musicology, except that there it is felt such ‘extra-musical’ speculation is best left to the sociologist. The second truth is that the differences between Afro-American-derived styles are material, since our identities are so strongly incorporated in the styles we use:

We mark out the differences between genres and styles partly by reference to contrasts in the way this stock of techniques and sounds is used. (Middleton 1990, p. 88)

Since harmony is not only at the forefront of traditional analytical investigation, but also forms an important initial focus for songwriters, it may well be assumed that it is therefore an important factor in enabling us to distinguish, for example, ‘rock’ from ‘pop’ from ‘soul’. However, the material reality behind these differences of style has rarely been subject to systematic investigation.
The aesthetic of radicalism: the relationship between punk and the patriotic nationalist movement of the Basque country
Authors: Lahusen Christian
Published: November 2008

Our time has come Tio/ I'm Basque and I'm proud/ That's enough Tio, say it loud/I'm Basque and I'm proud! (Negu Gorriak, 1989)

The relationship between popular music and social movements does not in itself constitute an exceptional phenomenon. However, Basque Radical Rock (as Basque punk has come to be called) has emerged as a peculiar phenomenon of the history of political mobilisation in Euskadi (the Basque name for Basque country). This peculiarity is due to the fusion of an eminently anti-establishment music of anglo-saxon origin with a nationalist patriotic movement. The ‘alliance’ between these two such diverse spheres is the theme of this article. Such an alliance is of interest because it reveals how the discursive and organisational linkages which formed Basque radical rock defined a common struggle shared by punks and nationalist activists.
Marxism, nationalism and popular music in revolutionary Cuba
Authors: Manuel Peter
Published: November 2008

Among the ever-growing body of publications on popular music, all but a small minority have tended to deal exclusively with the capitalist world. The relative neglect of the workings of popular music in socialist countries has led to an unfortunate lacuna in descriptive studies and, perhaps more importantly, a potential bias in theoretical studies. Popular cultures in socialist states may share many features with their counterparts in the capitalist world, but they are also likely to differ in several important aspects, including, for example, the role of the market, of the bureaucracy, of state cultural policy, the limits on commercialism and the entire ideological climate fostered by socialism. Consequently, many of the theoretical generalisations about popular music, based on studies of the capitalist world, must be revised or qualified when socialist countries are considered.
Argentina
Authors: Hidalgo Marcela , Salton Ricardo
Published: November 2008

This bibliography is designed to complement the article by Pablo Vila. It contains recently published academic books and articles, but excludes journalism. The discography covers significant recent music in the fields of national rock, tango, folk and ‘fusion’.
‘Jazzing’ and Australia's First Jazz Band
Authors: Whiteoak John
Published: November 2008

A growing tendency to study Australian popular musics as an aspect of Australian cultural studies has begun to bear fruit in the form of long overdue appraisal of the socio-cultural and musical significance of these musics. Yet in our justified enthusiasm for the exciting horizons made visible by this development, it is possible to forget that music research can serve more traditional but nevertheless important functions. In the study of popular musics, in particular, knowing how music was played can be more important than knowing what piece of repertoire was performed. For example, discovering what was ‘done’ to music in performance can tell us about the sound of unrecorded genres and can facilitate (for whatever reason) the reconstructed performance of these genres. Knowing that specific performance gestures (such as ‘flattened’ or ‘blues’ notes) were applied can of course increase our understanding of the social, cultural, and even the political nature of specific musics. In this article I am mostly concerned with applying this notion of ‘doing things’ to music to the retrieval of musical information about a specific ensemble. This more or less indigenous ensemble, which was promoted in 1918 as ‘Australia's First Jazz Band’, has captured the imagination of Australian jazz writers and is widely considered to represent the beginning of Australian jazz (Bissett 1979, p. 9).
‘I fought the law’: popular music and British obscenity law
Authors: Cloonan Martin
Published: November 2008

In Britain the term ‘obscenity’ has enjoyed a chequered career. Obscene libel first became an offence in 1727 when an erotic book called Venus in the Cloister was found to contravene common law by tending to ‘weaken the bonds of civil society, virtue and morality’ (Robertson 1991, p. 180). Despite this, erotic literature remained freely available throughout the eighteenth century. In the nineteenth century Britain got its first Obscene Publications Act. This came in 1857 and gave the police power to take books before local Justices who could order their forfeiture and destruction.
Wit and popular music: the calypso and the blues
Authors: Mahabir Cynthia
Published: November 2008

Calypso is an art form that laughs at pain. That's the way we deal with our blues. We begin to heal ourselves immediately, through our culture and our music.' (David Rudder, Trinidad, New York Times, 31 March 1991)

When you see me laughin', I'm laughin' to keep from cryin', but the laughter of these songs, implicit or overt, as often as not absorbs the tears.' (Langston Hughes 1966, p. 97)
‘Turn it down!’ she shrieked: gender, domestic space, and high fidelity, 1948–59
Authors: Keightley Keir
Published: November 2008

This is the space age. Not just for sputniks and moonshots but also for hi-fi. We have ‘space’ conveyed through stereo sound – if we can find space for that extra stereo speaker. The theory that space is limited is nothing new to the average housewife. (HiFi Review, April 1959, p. 49)
On playing by ear
Authors: Lilliestam Lars
Published: November 2008

The vast majority of all music ever made is played by ear. To make music by ear means to create, perform, remember and teach music without the use of written notation. This is a type of music-making that has been little observed by musicology, which has mainly been devoted to notated music. Even in the research on folk and popular music, which has expanded in the last twenty or thirty years, questions of musical practice when you play by ear are rarely treated: how do you learn to play an instrument, how do you make songs, how do you teach and learn songs and how do you conceive of music theory?
New nightingales of the Nile: popular music in Egypt since the 1970s
Authors: Danielson Virginia
Published: November 2008

‘Why buy all those?!’ a street vendor in Cairo asked as I picked out photographs of young singing stars he had for sale. ‘Take more of these,’ he suggested, proffering stills from the 1950s films of Abd al-Ḥalīm Hāfiẓ and photos of Muhammad Abd al-Wahhāb and Umm Kulthūm. ‘Those were really good days … the old singers were really good singers. There's nothing like that now. Umm Kulthūm, Abd al-Ḥalīm, they're all gone and the rest are kalām fāḍī [literally ‘empty talk’, indicating something nonsensical or of little value].’ The vendor's opinions resonate among Egyptians. When asked about music in Egypt now, listeners frequently respond by saying: ‘There are no good voices these days’; ‘The singers are all alike – you can't tell them apart’; ‘After Umm Kulthūm, Abd al-Ḥalīm, Farīd and Abd al-Wahhāb died, there was no one’.
The art/popular music paradigm and the Tunisian Ma'lūf
Authors: Davis Ruth
Published: November 2008

This article was triggered by a conversation with Jan Fairley, some years back, when she first put to me her idea for a special Middle East issue of Popular Music. My natural enthusiasm was tempered with some quite fundamental reservations. Was there such a phenomenon as ‘popular music’, in any generally accepted sense of the word, in Middle Eastern society? And if so, how were we to identify its repertoires, musicians and contexts? Could a useful distinction be made between ‘popular’ and ‘non-popular’ (or specifically, ‘art’ music) genres? And who, among my Middle Eastern music colleagues, would consider themselves scholars of ‘popular music’? As we discussed these and other such questions, Jan homed in on the truism that, for me, drawing from my experiences in Tunisian music, hit the nub of the problem: ‘of course, “popular” is different from “traditional”’.
‘The morning of freedom rose up’: Kurdish popular song and the exigencies of cultural survival
Authors: Blum Stephen , Hassanpour Amir
Published: November 2008

In the final scene of Harold Pinter's playMountain Language(1988), a guard informs the prisoners that they are now permitted to speak in their own language, at least ‘until further notice’. The guard is an agent of an unnamed state that pursues a policy of linguicide, summarised in an earlier scene by an officer who tells prisoners that ‘Your language no longer exists’. In 1993 the KurdishTiyatora Botan(based in Cologne) began to present Pinter's play to audiences of immigrants from Turkey, where Kurds were long called ‘mountain Turks’ (daǧli Türkler) by the government.
Patti Smith's ‘Gloria’: intertextual play in a rock vocal performance
Authors: Daley Mike
Published: November 2008

In this article I hope to take on some questions of meaning in a rock vocal performance, examining Patti Smith's reworked version of Van Morrison's garage band standard ‘Gloria’. By looking particularly at Smith's textual accretions and timbral manipulation, I will demonstrate some of the ways that her performance can be thought of as an intertextual, critical recasting of Morrison's tale of male sexual conquest. Smith's ‘Gloria’ differs from Morrison's not only in its altered lyric text, but also in a number of musical details which include harmonic structure, melodic range and form. In this article, though, I devote the most attention to Smith's timbral manipulation, especially the ways that she alters her pronunciation of words for expressive ends. In order to examine this in detail, I have developed a system of notation that tracks Smith's sung vowel sounds alongside her use of pitch. Some of the sonic details so revealed will be used to construct a meta-narrative of Smith's ‘Gloria’ performance.
Syncopation in rock: a perceptual perspective
Authors: Temperley David
Published: November 2008

While study of the social and cultural aspects of popular music has been flourishing for some time, it is only in the last few years that serious efforts have been made to analyse the music itself: what Allan Moore has called ‘the primary text’ (1993, p. 1). These efforts include general studies of styles and genres (Moore, 1993; Bowman, 1995); studies of specific aspects of popular styles such as harmony and improvisation (Winkler 1978; Moore 1992, 1995; Walser 1992), as well as more intensive analyses of individual songs (Tagg 1982; Hawkins 1992). In this paper I will investigate syncopation, a phenomenon of great importance in many genres of popular music and particularly in rock.
His Master's Voice? ExploringQawwaliand ‘Gramophone Culture’ in South Asia
Authors: Qureshi Regula Burckhardt
Published: November 2008

‘No modern communications medium is more intrusive in modern Indian life than recorded and electronically amplified sound’ (Babb 1995, p. 10). In South Asia, even the most exclusive student of unmediated music-making cannot avoid a mediated public soundscape that may well transmit the music being studied over loudspeakers, radios, televisions, and cassette players. This is certainly the case for qawwali, a musical genre which is firmly embedded in Sufi practice, but is also widely recorded and media-disseminated for as long as the life of the Indian record industry itself. Acknowledging this musical reality after years of live study has prompted me first to situate the study of recorded qawwalivis-à-vismy own scholarly conventions andvis-à-visthe pioneering work on sound recording done in the very region of my own study. The aim is to address the problematic of an ethnographic approach to recorded qawwali, and to present preliminary findings, including some culturally meaningful examples from the repertoire.
Masculinity and skill acquisition in the adolescent rock band
Authors: Clawson Mary Ann
Published: November 2008

In the autumn of 1994, a Rolling Stone special issue on ‘Women in Rock’ proclaimed that ‘A change has come to rock & roll’. This pronouncement – which acknowledged women's traditional under-representation in rock music while consigning it to history – was hardly a new one. The ‘discovery’ that ‘an unprecedented number of female performers were now carving out a substantial place for themselves in the rock world’ has been a recurring staple of music journalism for at least two decades (Garr 1992, p. xi). Yet women's participation in the rock music world continues to be noteworthy, defined by their status as numerical minority and symbolic anomaly. ‘In rock as in life, what is male continues to be perceived as known, normal and natural, whereas what is female is taken to be a mystery in need of explication’ (Udovich 1994, p. 50).
The diverting of musical technology by rock musicians: the example of double-tracking
Authors: Julien Olivier
Published: November 2008

InRock Formation, Steve Jones notes that ‘popular music is, at every critical juncture of its history, determined by the technology musicians use to realize their ideas’ (Jones 1992, p. 1). As far as sound treatment is concerned, the importance of that technology (or more precisely, the importance of the possibilities it offers at a certain time) is rather obvious – had he not possessed reel-to-reel tape recorders, Sam Phillips would have never been able to achieve the slap echo which was so characteristic of his productions in the 1950s.
LIABILITIES IN PRIVATE LAW
Authors: Jaffey Peter
Published: November 2008

This article elaborates upon and defends the distinction between “primary duty” claims and “primary liability” claims in private law introduced in a previous article. In particular, I discuss the relevance of the distinction to the debates over fault and strict liability and “duty skepticism” and to the relationship between primary and remedial rights. I argue that the tendency to assume that all claims in private law arise from a breach of duty is a source of error and confusion. As a prelude to the discussion, I set out an analysis of a claim or remedial right in private law as a Hohfeldian power correlated with a remedial liability. I also consider whether primary-liability claims can be formulated in terms of the legal relations found in Wesley Hohfeld's scheme, and I make some general comments about Hohfeldian analysis.
Game theory and the development of resource management policy: the case of international fisheries
Authors: MUNRO GORDON R.
Published: November 2008

This paper is not concerned with advances in game theory. Rather, the paper is concerned with the relevance, if any, of game theory to a major resource management issue, namely the management of internationally shared fishery resources. It is argued that the economics of the management of such resources cannot, in fact, be understood, other than through the lens of game theory. The paper discusses several elementary game theory concepts that are of utmost policy relevance, but which are, as of yet, poorly understood by most policy makers. The paper does, in addition, discuss a key policy problem in the management of shared fishery resources that demands a game-theoretic analysis. The required analysis, however, has yet to be developed.
Effect of gravitational deposition on biofilm formation and development
Authors: Yang Y.
Published: November 2008

Although gravitational deposition is generally regarded to be important during biofilm development because it provides a mechanism by which bacteria can come into contact with a surface, this process is usually neglected in most biofilm studies. The purpose of this study was to develop a better understanding of the effect of gravitational deposition by comparing the development of biofilms on the upper and lower surfaces of a capillary glass tube biofilm reactor under various hydrodynamic conditions. Pure cultures ofPseudomonas fluorescensandShewanella oneidensisMR-1 were used for the test. Results demonstrated that gravitational deposition significantly influences biofilm development under slow laminar flow conditions, which may be attributable to the effect of gravity on both attachment and detachment during the initial reversible attachment phase and the later development phase. Additionally, it was shown that hydrodynamic conditions have the potential to reduce the impact of gravitational deposition on biofilm development, and that this became less significant with an increase in flow rate. These results will be useful for comparing biofilm development in different biofilm systems.
A novel technique for quantifying the regional component of urban aerosol solely from its sawtooth cycles
Authors: Jia Yingtao , Rahn Kenneth A. , He Kebin , Wen Tianxue , Wang Yuesi
Published: November 2008

The presence of regional pollution in cities, while required theoretically, has only been recognized recently. This pollution forms a background that can limit efforts to reduce air pollution in cities. Its concentrations are difficult to quantify, however, even with transport models. This paper describes a novel technique for quantifying regional aerosol solely from a series of fast‐response measurements of total aerosol at a single point within a city. It uses Beijing as an example and utilizes the strong asymmetric “sawtooth cycles” of aerosol there, which contain a smoothly increasing baseline, dominated by secondary inorganic aerosol, with daily cycles superimposed. The sawtooths have average durations of 5 days and are controlled by synoptic cycles, specifically the passage of cold fronts. During a sawtooth, the concentration of aerosol increases rapidly while back trajectories rotate from the northwest to the west and south, the air becomes more humid, and the particle size of the aerosol decreases. Ancillary measurements around Beijing show that the baselines represent regional aerosol, while the daily peaks represent local aerosol. For Beijing, the regional component averages about 50% and can range from 10%–20% during northwesterly flow to 70% or so during southerly flow. A preliminary error analysis shows that the uncertainties of the concentrations of regional aerosol can be up to 50% for a single day but <10% when totaled over a sawtooth. This technique should be applicable to a wide range of locales because sawtooths have also been observed in other places in northeast China and over much of eastern North America. Sawtooths should be a general feature of populated midlatitude areas crossed regularly by the polar front. They are also seen for trace gases and should yield analogous local and regional components.
Application of an adaptive least squares correlation algorithm for stereo matching planetary image data
Authors: André Sarah L. , André Troy C. , Watters Thomas R. , Robinson Mark S.
Published: November 2008

An adaptive least squares (ALS) correlation algorithm and a region‐growing algorithm were implemented into a stereo‐matching computer program. This program (referred to as the Stereo Matching Tool Kit (SMTK)) was designed specifically for the application to planetary image data. The ALS algorithm matches a patch of one image to the corresponding area in a second image. The matching procedure is an iterative process that minimizes the sum of the square differences between the two patches to determine an optimal set of transformation parameters. Successful matches are then used to predict potential match points for surrounding locations. Using potential match points in conjunction with the region‐growing algorithm, a population of match points between the two images is determined. The stereo‐matching process is initiated by using the ALS algorithm in conjunction with Spacecraft, Planet, Instrument, C‐matrix, and Events (SPICE) information to automatically determine a set of seed points. SMTK was tested on two planetary image data sets: Mariner 10 and Clementine. SMTK‐derived digital elevation models compare well with topography generated by an area‐based stereo matcher requiring manual selection of seed points, analog stereo techniques, and photoclinometry.
Multireference state-specific Mukherjee’s coupled cluster method with noniterative triexcitations
Authors: Bhaskaran-Nair Kiran , Demel Ondřej , Pittner Jiří
Published: November 2008

We have formulated and implemented the multireference Mukherjee’s coupled cluster method with connected singles, doubles, and perturbative triples [MR MkCCSD(T)] in the ACES II program package. Assessment of the new method has been performed on the first three electronic states of the oxygen molecule and on the automerization barrier of cyclobutadiene, where a comparison with other multireference CC treatments and with experimental data where available. The MR MkCCSD(T) method seems to be a promising candidate for an accurate, yet computationally tractable, treatment of systems where the static correlation plays an important role.
An inversion technique for the calculation of embedding potentials
Authors: Roncero O. , de Lara-Castells M. P. , Villarreal P. , Flores F. , Ortega J. , Paniagua M. , Aguado A.
Published: November 2008

A new embedding method to include local correlation in large systems is proposed. In this method the density of the whole system, calculated via density functional theory approaches, is partitioned in two pieces, one corresponding to the subsystem of interest and the rest to the environment. In the second step, an embedding potential is obtained iteratively using as a driving force the self-repulsion due to the density difference, in a similar form as proposed by Zhao et al. [Phys. Rev. A 50, 2138 (1994)], to obtain the “exact” exchange-correlation functional. Such potential is added to the Fock equation to build the localized molecular orbitals which are further used to include the local electronic correlation in the subsystem of interest. This method is an alternative to the previous DFT-based embedding methods first proposed by Wesolowski and Washell [J. Phys. Chem. 97, 8050 (1993)] and after enhanced by Govind et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 110, 7677 (1999)] and adapted to metal extended systems, which use density functionals to describe the kinetic energy contribution to the embedding potential, whose precise form has been largely treated in the literature and its crucial role is discussed here. The method is applied to hydrogen chains and its van der Waals interaction with H2. The results obtained are in very good agreement with exact calculations performed on the whole system, which demonstrates that the method proposed is a very promising route to introduce correlation in large systems.
Zinc oxide nanoparticles as novel alpha-amylase inhibitors
Authors: Dhobale Sandip , Thite Trupti , Laware S. L. , Rode C. V. , Koppikar Soumya J. , Ghanekar Ruchika-Kaul , Kale S. N.
Published: November 2008

Amylase inhibitors, also known as starch blockers, contain substances that prevent dietary starches from being absorbed by the body via inhibiting breakdown of complex sugars to simpler ones. In this sense, these materials are projected as having potential applications in diabetes control. In this context, we report on zinc oxide nanoparticles as possible alpha-amylase inhibitors. Zinc oxide nanoparticles have been synthesized using soft-chemistry approach and 1-thioglycerol was used as a surfactant to yield polycrystalline nanoparticles of size ∼18 nm, stabilized in wurtzite structure. Conjugation study and structural characterization have been done using x-ray diffraction technique, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Cytotoxicity studies on human fibrosarcoma (HT-1080) and skin carcinoma (A-431) cell lines as well as mouse primary fibroblast cells demonstrate that up to a dose of 20 μg/ml, ZnO nanoparticles are nontoxic to the cells. We report for the first time the alpha-amylase inhibitory activity of ZnO nanoparticles wherein an optimum dose of 20 μg/ml was sufficient to exhibit 49% glucose inhibition at neutral pH and 35 °C temperature. This inhibitory activity was similar to that obtained with acarbose (a standard alpha-amylase inhibitor), thereby projecting ZnO nanoparticles as novel alpha-amylase inhibitors.
Comment on “Finite-element modeling method for the study of dielectric relaxation at high frequencies of heterostructures made of multilayered particle” [J. Appl. Phys. 102, 124107 (2007)]
Authors: Liu Jin , Bowler Nicola
Published: November 2008

The article of Fourn et al. [J. Appl. Phys. 102, 124107 (2007)] uses the numerical finite-element method to study the dielectric relaxation of a square array of coated cylinders. The comment here shows that similar results can be calculated immediately from the appropriate analytical expression. Our results are also compared to some figures in the article of Fourn et al. [J. Appl. Phys. 102, 124107 (2007)].
On the origin of efficiency roll-off in InGaN-based light-emitting diodes
Authors: Cao X. A. , Yang Y. , Guo H.
Published: November 2008

The external quantum efficiency (EQE) of AlInGaN-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on sapphire and bulk GaN substrates was measured over a wide range of pulsed currents with small duty cycles. The current dependence of the EQE appeared to be a strong function of the In content but nearly independent of the dislocation density in the active region. The EQE of the InGaN LEDs peaked at very low currents and decreased dramatically at high currents, whereas the AlGaN UV LED attained a saturated EQE as current increases. In contrast to minimal peak shift in the UV LED, a monotonic current-induced blueshift of the peak energy was seen up to 1 kA/cm2 for the InGaN blue and green LEDs. These results suggest that the capture of delocalized carriers by nonradiative recombination centers such as misfit defects is the major nonthermal mechanism of efficiency roll-off in InGaN LEDs.
Understanding nonpolar GaN growth through kinetic Wulff plots
Authors: Sun Qian , Yerino Christopher D. , Ko Tsung Shine , Cho Yong Suk , Lee In-Hwan , Han Jung , Coltrin Michael E.
Published: November 2008

In this paper we provide explanations to the complex growth phenomena of GaN heteroepitaxy on nonpolar orientations using the concept of kinetic Wulff plots (or v-plots). Quantitative mapping of kinetic Wulff plots in polar, semipolar, and nonpolar angles are achieved using a differential measurement technique from selective area growth. An accurate knowledge of the topography of kinetic Wulff plots serves as an important stepping stone toward model-based control of nonpolar GaN growth. Examples are illustrated to correlate growth dynamics based on the kinetic Wulff plots with commonly observed features, including anisotropic nucleation islands, highly striated surfaces, and pentagonal or triangular pits.
Cryptanalysis of a chaotic communication scheme using adaptive observer
Authors: Liu Ying , Tang Wallace K. S.
Published: November 2008

This paper addresses the cryptanalysis of a secure communication scheme recently proposed by Wu [Chaos 16, 043118 (2006)], where the information signal is modulated into a system parameter of a unified chaotic system. With the Kerckhoff principle, assuming that the structure of the cryptosystem is known, an adaptive observer can be designed to synchronize the targeted system, so that the transmitted information and the user-specific parameters are obtained. The success of adaptive synchronization is mathematically proved with the use of Lyapunov stability theory, based on the original assumption, i.e., the dynamical evolution of the information signal is available. A more practical case, but yet much more difficult, is also considered. As demonstrated with simulations, generalized synchronization is still possible, even if the derivative of the information signal is kept secret. Hence, the message can be coarsely estimated, making the security of the considered system questionable.
Hybrid CdZnO/GaN quantum-well light emitting diodes
Authors: Mares J. W. , Falanga M. , Thompson A. V. , Osinsky A. , Xie J. Q. , Hertog B. , Dabiran A. , Chow P. P. , Karpov S. , Schoenfeld W. V.
Published: November 2008

We report on the demonstration of light emission from hybrid CdZnO quantum-well light emitting diodes. A one-dimensional drift-diffusion method was used to model the expected band structure and carrier injection in the device, demonstrating the potential for 90% internal quantum efficiency when a CdZnO quantum well is used. Fabricated devices produced visible electroluminescence that was found to redshift from 3.32 to 3.15 eV as the forward current was increased from 20 to 40 mA. A further increase in the forward current to 50 mA resulted in a saturation of the redshift.
Azimuthal dependent reflection anisotropy spectroscopy of Ag(110) near the plasmon resonance energy
Authors: Farrell T. , Harrison P. , Smith C. I. , Martin D. S. , Weightman P.
Published: November 2008

The reflection anisotropy (RA) of Ag(110) has been investigated near 3.9 eV as a function of azimuthal angle θ using a photoelastically modulated spectrometer. At 3.9 eV the RA signal was small and varied as sin 4θ. At photon energies away from 3.9 eV the signal increased and varied as cos 2θ. Jones vector modeling of the system showed that in addition to the commonly observed cos 2θ dependence, which disappears when the reflection is isotropic, there is a sin 4θ dependence that occurs when the underlying dielectric function is anisotropic; in cubic materials this term is small but for other materials it may be very large.
Light transmittance memory effect of lead lanthanum zirconate titanate induced by the electrical imprint field
Authors: Ohashi Toshinori , Hosaka Hiroshi , Morita Takeshi
Published: November 2008

The possibility of inducing a light transmittance memory effect in a ferroelectric material was investigated. Lead lanthanum zirconate titanate was examined for a light transmittance memory effect, and it was confirmed that the light transmittance had two stable values in the absence of an electrical field after control of the imprint electrical field. This memory effect was demonstrated as an optical shutter under pulsed voltage operation, resulting in decreased energy consumption and simple operation.
High-frequency behavior of the Datta–Das spin transistor
Authors: López H. , Oriols X. , Suñé J. , Cartoixà X.
Published: November 2008

We have studied the high-frequency behavior and the ultimate limiting factor to the cutoff frequency for the Datta–Das spin transistor using device Monte Carlo simulations. We have found that the maximum frequency of operation is not related to intrinsic parameters to the spin of the carriers, such as the Larmor frequency or the spin lifetime, but to the transit time through the channel.
Enhanced absorption by nanostructured silicon
Authors: Bandiera S. , Jacob D. , Muller T. , Marquier F. , Laroche M. , Greffet J.-J.
Published: November 2008

Some applications such as ultrafast detectors or high efficiency photovoltaics require absorption by thin films. However, close to the bandgap, silicon absorbs very poorly. In this letter, we show that the absorption of a 100 nm slab can be as high as 50% in the range of wavelengths 700–830 nm when using a periodic structure properly designed.
The rule-based language XL and the modelling environment GroIMP illustrated with simulated tree competition
Authors: Hemmerling Reinhard , Kniemeyer Ole , Lanwert Dirk , Kurth Winfried , Buck-Sorlin Gerhard
Published: November 2008

The programming language XL (‘eXtended L-system language’) is an extension of Java, which supports the specification and execution of relational growth grammars, a variant of parallel graph grammars. XL is a powerful generalisation of the well-known L-system approach to functional–structural plant modelling. Some features of XL are discussed that are particularly useful for combining structure and function and for querying plant architectural data, and an exemplary functional–structural plant model of young beech trees is presented that is implemented in XL and includes PAR distribution, assimilate allocation and morphological plasticity. Together with a simpler model of spruce trees, this beech model is included in a virtual landscape with a mixed-species forest stand where competition for light occurs. The open-source platform GroIMP was used for the complete model development process and for visualising the results.
Estimating photosynthetically active radiation distribution in maize canopies by a three-dimensional incident radiation model
Authors: Wang Xiping , Guo Yan , Wang Xiyong , Ma Yuntao , Li Baoguo
Published: November 2008

The three-dimensional (3-D) radiation distribution model in plant canopy is pivotal for understanding and modelling plant eco-physiological processes. Diffuse and direct radiations penetrate into plant canopies in different ways and may present different intensity and wavelength composition. Sunfleck (the canopy surfaces where the direct radiation reaches) distribution in the plant canopy is usually regarded as an important index for crop development, especially under dense canopy conditions. Distributions of direct and diffuse components of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in maize (Zea mays L.) canopies were estimated respectively using a 3-D incident radiation model (3DIRM). The 3DIRM model was set up for computing incident radiation in crop canopies by applying a parallel-projection based submodel for direct solar radiation and a central-projection based submodel for incident diffuse radiation simulation in crop canopy. It was well assessed with a field experiment with multi-point PAR measurement in maize canopies with relative errors of 2.6, 4.5 and 2.6%, respectively, for sunfleck area ratio, diffuse PAR and total PAR. The results suggest that the 3DIRM model could be used to estimate the direct, diffuse and total PAR at any specific surface part in the 3-D canopy space. The exponential distinction model for direct, diffuse and total PAR along with leaf area index in different heights in maize canopies was also evaluated based on the 3DIRM simulation results.