bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic Modifications of Seizure Susceptibility and Expression by Altered Excitability inDrosophilaNa+and K+Channel Mutants
Authors: Lee Jisue , Wu Chun-Fang
Published: October 2006

A seizure-paralysis repertoire characteristic of Drosophila “bang-sensitive” mutants can be evoked electroconvulsively in tethered flies, in which behavioral episodes are associated with synchronized spike discharges in different body parts. Flight muscle DLMs (dorsal longitudinal muscles) display a stereotypic sequence of initial and delayed bouts of discharges (ID and DD), interposed with giant fiber (GF) pathway failure and followed by a refractory period. We examined how seizure susceptibility and discharge patterns are modified in various K+and Na+channel mutants. Decreased numbers of Na+channels in naptsflies drastically reduced susceptibility to seizure induction, eliminated ID, and depressed DD spike generation. Mutations of different K+channels led to differential modifications of the various components in the repertoire. Altered transient K+currents in Sh133and Hk mutants promoted ID induction. However, only Sh133but not Hk mutations increased DD seizure and GF pathway failure durations. Surprisingly, modifications in sustained K+currents in eag and Shab mutants increased thresholds for DD induction and GF pathway failure. Nevertheless, both eag and Shab, like Sh133, increased DD spike generation and recovery time from GF pathway failure. Interactions between channel mutations with the bang-sensitive mutation bss demonstrated the role of membrane excitability in stress-induced seizure-paralysis behavior. Seizure induction and discharges were suppressed by naptsin bss nap double mutants, whereas Sh heightened seizure susceptibility in bss Sh133and bss ShMdouble mutants. Our results suggest that individual seizure repertoire components reflect different neural network activities that could be differentially altered by mutations of specific ion channel subunits.
Suretyship in German and Polish Law: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Kocsis Imola , Olechowski Marcin
Published: October 2006

This paper analyzes the institution of suretyship in the German and Polish legal systems. It highlights both differences and similarities of the main characteristics, such as conditions to validity, scope of liability, defences available to the surety and the recourse by the surety in case of payment. The analysis is based not only on the relevant legal provisions, jurisprudence and doctrine, but also on their application in the business practice of the two countries.The comparative overview of the suretyship permits the conclusion that both legal systems regulate the principal features of this institution rather similarly. However, there are also a number of significant differences. Notably, German jurisprudence and doctrine appear to adopt a more flexible approach to this institution than the prevailing position in Polish law. On the other hand, the liability of the surety is more rigorously shaped under Polish law. Whereas German law and practice seem in many respects to be more protective of the surety than Polish law and jurisprudence, the latter provides the surety with far less possibilities to be released from the assumed liability.
Culture and Context: A Study of Neighborhood Effects on Racial Socialization and Ethnic Identity Content in a Sample of African American Adolescents
Authors: Bennett M. Daniel
Published: October 2006

Ethnic identity is believed by some to function as a protective factor for ethnic minority youth, in particular African American youth. Although ethnic identity development is primarily the result of racial socialization practices, it may also be influenced by other contextual factors. Neighborhood factors, parent characteristics, parenting style, and bicultural competence may play pivotal roles in the ethnic identity development of African American youth. Exploratory factor analysis and path analysis were used to explore the influence of certain contextual factors on the ethnic identity content of study participants. The findings suggest that urban hassles negatively affect the content of ethnic identity but that this effect may be mediated by racial socialization. This research represents a continuing effort to explore the influence of contextual factors on the ethnic identity content of African American youth. By broadening the focus to include features of parents as well as of neighborhoods, a more complete understanding is provided.
What Resources Are Needed for Volunteerism? A Life Course Perspective
Authors: Tang Fengyan
Published: October 2006

Using secondary data analysis of three waves of data from the Americans’ Changing Lives surveys, this study examines what resources in terms of human, social, and cultural capital are needed in volunteerism and whether there is any age cohort difference in the relationships of volunteerism with human, social, and cultural capital. Interaction terms between age cohort and resources were created and the effects were tested through the generalized estimating equations method. The findings show older cohorts relied more on human capital and social integration to expand volunteer hours and organizational involvement, whereas younger people needed more spiritual and social supports to increase volunteer commitment. These research findings point to the importance of developing resources for lifelong volunteerism. The findings suggest that volunteer organizations should take cohort-specific strategies to recruit and facilitate potential volunteers, especially in the older population, based on the resources needed for volunteering.
Intergenerational Engagement in Retirement Communities: A Case Study of a Community Capacity-Building Model
Authors: Kaplan Matthew , Liu Shih-Tsen (Nike) , Hannon Patricia
Published: October 2006

An intergenerational intervention strategy called Generation Station was established and field tested at a continuing care retirement community (CCRC) in central Pennsylvania over a 13-month period beginning in 2001. With the goal of exposing residents to a broad range of possibilities for intergenerational contact, the emphasis of this intervention was on building the institution’s capacity to conduct intergenerational programs rather than on creating a finite, activity-specific program. The process involved identifying local children and youth programs, engaging administrators in interagency dialogue, and formulating intergenerational program-matic links based on complementary objectives and curricula of local organizations. Results were drawn from interviews conducted with CCRC residents and staff and from observations of intergenerational activities. CCRC residents and staff deemed multiple activities with multiple organizational partners as a convenient way to establish a flexible program and address the diverse interests, abilities, and preferences of retirement community residents and local youth.
The Effect of News Coverage Concerning the Opponents' Reaction to a Concession on Its Evaluation in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
Authors: Maoz Ifat
Published: October 2006

This research studied the effect of news coverage on evaluation of concessions offered in negotiation. Specifically, it examined the influence of a press report concerning the opponents' reaction to a proposed concession—stating that the opponent has rejected the concession or that the opponent has accepted it—on the evaluation of a concession in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.The research also examined the effects of the political affiliation of respondents—as hawks or as doves in the conflict—on their evaluation of the concession. An experimental design was employed in which Israeli-Jewish respondents read a news report that described a concession proposed by the Israelis in the Israeli-Palestinian negotiations. In line with the research hypotheses, the findings demonstrated the operation of a reactive reevaluation effect,whereby Israeli-Jewish respondents evaluated a compromise proposal more positively when it was framed in the news press report as rejected by the Palestinians than when the same compromise was framed as having been accepted by the Palestinians.This bias was also found to affect dovish respondents, while hawkish respondents were not affected by the news coverage concerning the opponents’ response to a concession.
Political and Media Systems Matter
Authors: Strömbäck Jesper , Dimitrova Daniela V.
Published: October 2006

This study compares the news coverage of election campaigns in three Swedish newspapers at the time of the 2002 national election and three U.S. newspapers at the time of the 2004 presidential election. The results from the content analysis show that the metaframe of politics as a strategic game was more common in the U.S. newspapers, while the metaframe of politics as issues was more common in the Swedish newspapers. U.S. articles were also more likely to use the horse-race and political strategy frames. While U.S. coverage was predominantly descriptive in focus, an interpretive journalistic style was more often dominant in the Swedish articles. The results also show that the U.S. news stories were triggered by the words and actions of the campaigns more often than the Swedish news stories.
Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA as a tool for genotoxicity: an assessment
Authors: Noel Sanjeev , Rath Srikanta Kumar
Published: October 2006

Novel short-term assays are required to substantiate the battery of assessment methods for evaluating the genotoxicity of candidate drugs. In this study, an attempt has been made to evaluate randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis for its potential to establish genotoxic effect of a known genotoxicant, ie, ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) in Swiss mice (Mus musculus). Based on the RAPD profiles, genetic damages were detected in EMS-exposed animals, suggesting its usefulness in scanning whole genome for assessing the genotoxic effects of candidate drugs. The profiles were generated using genomic DNA, isolated from liver prior to treatment and from liver, bone marrow and blood after treatment of the genotoxicant. Measurable differences indicative of genetic damages were observed when the pre- and post-treatment profiles were compared. This suggests that RAPD analysis may be useful for assessing the pre-clinical genotoxic effects of candidate drugs.
Great News for the Great Barrier Reef: Tully River Water Quality
Authors: Carter Robert M.
Published: October 2006

A prerequisite for meaningful environmental legislation is that it be based upon an adequate scientific understanding of the natural system to which it is applied. In 2003, the Australian Commonwealth and Queensland State governments introduced a Reef Water Quality Protection Plan, which aimed to “improve” water quality in river catchments adjacent to the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) and in nearby coastal waters. The Plan was introduced in the absence of any substantive evidence for regional degradation of GBR water quality. This paper reviews the available data regarding nutrient contents in the Tully River, north Queensland, which is cited as the best (available) evidence for human-related changes in nutrient export from (GBR) catchments [1]. It is shown that the claim of human-related nutrient enrichment in the Tully River, and regionally, is without substance. No detectable trends in GBR water quality have occurred since systematic measurements were first started in the 1980s. Environmental policies that are based on mischievous claims of chimerical damage to the Great Barrier Reef damage the reputation of science as a tool for disinterested analysis, and provoke widespread cynicism in the community regarding the integrity of contemporary environmental politics.
Domestic Offset Projects: Limited Opportunities in Germany but Potential for Others?
Authors: Betz Regina , Rogge Karoline , Schön Michael
Published: October 2006

This paper examines the potential for Domestic Offset Projects (DPs) in climate protection in Germany. DPs are unilateral GHG emissions reduction projects carried out in a country with a binding greenhouse gas emission reduction target under the Kyoto Protocol (Annex I Country). In contrast to the well known project-based mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol – the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Joint Implementation (JI) – Domestic Offset Projects are located in the same country as the investor. Therefore tradable emission reduction certificates for DPs are issued by the investor's domestic authority. This paper presents possible implementation options for DPs based on JI and CDM experience, as well as possible implementation problems. Policy additionality seems to be an especially crucial requirement and thus was analysed in more detail. In addition, the emission reduction potential resulting from DPs was estimated for the Federal state of Baden-Württemberg, in South-West Germany. Here, it is shown that the scope for DPs is restricted because of the extent of the German climate program. In Baden-Württemberg only some DPs and JI activities fulfil the criterion of policy additionality. For this reason, DPs are probably of more interest in Annex-I countries with a more limited climate policy mix.
Archigram's Analogical Approach to Digitality
Authors: Ribeiro Fabíola M. , Spitz Rejane
Published: October 2006

The Archigram Group produced a number of design projects on the subject of computers, either imagining how computers might affect the life of city dwellers, or investigating what changes such machines would bring to architecture. Working with analogical tools and thinking about an abstract digital future, the Archigram architects deployed concepts that would have come to be crucial in recent discussions in architecture based on digital reality. Their research into things digital – without the aid of computers – led them into inquiring about individuality, expendability, interactivity, customisation and even virtualisation. Rendered in some of their design projects we find a number of architectural proposals which offer a new approach towards the relationship between time, space and architecture – an approach which is currently central for contemporary architecture conceived in cyberspace.
Computational Design of Parametric Scripts for Digital Fabrication of Curved Structures
Authors: Goldberg Sergio Araya
Published: October 2006

This paper explores strategies for building toolchains to design, develop and fabricate architectural designs. It explains how complex curved structures can be constructed from flat standard panels. The hypothesis of this research is that by embedding ruled based procedures addressing generative, variational, iterative, and fabricational logics into early phases of design, both design techniques and digital fabrication methods can merge to solve a recurrent problem in contemporary architectural design, building double curved structures. Furthermore it achieves this using common fabrication methods and standard construction materials. It describes the processes of programming computational tools creating and developing designs to fabricate continuous complex curved structures. I describe this through a series of experiments, using parametric design environments and scripted functions, implementing certain techniques to fabricate these designs using rapid prototyping machines. Comparing different design and fabrication approaches I offer a discussion about universal application of programmed procedures into architectural design.
Weed occurrence in Finnish coastal regions: a survey of organically cropped spring cereals
Authors: RIESINGER P. , HYVÖNEN T.
Published: October 2006

Weed communities of organically cropped spring cereal stands in the southern and the northwestern coastal regions of Finland (= south and northwest, respectively) were compared with respect to number of species, frequency of occurrence, density and dry weight. Regional specialization of agricultural production along with differences in climate and soil properties were expected to generate differences in weed communities between south and northwest. Total and average numbers of species were higher in the south than in the northwest (33 vs. 26 and 15.6 vs. 10.0, respectively). Some rare species (e.g. Papaver dubium) were found in the south. Fumaria officinalis and Lamium spp. were found only in the south. The densities and dry weights of Lapsana communis, Myosotis arvensis, Polygonum aviculare, Tripleurospermum inodorum and Vicia spp. were higher in the south, while the densities and dry weights of Elymus repens, Persicaria spp. and Spergula arvensis were higher in the northwest. Total density of weeds did not differ between south and northwest (average = 565 vs. 570 shoots m-2, respectively). Total dry weight of weeds was higher in the northwest compared with the south (average = 1594 vs. 697 kg ha-1, respectively), mainly due to the high dry weight of E. repens. The only variable that was dependent on the duration of organic farming was weed density in the south. The abundance of nitrophilous in relation to non-nitrophilous weed species was higher while the abundance of perennial ruderal and grassland weed species was lower compared with previous weed surveys. This can be regarded as the result of increasing cropping intensity on organic farms in Finland. Different weed communities call for the application of specific target-oriented weed management in the respective coastal regions.;
Polymer coated turnip rape seed did not facilitate early broadcast sowing under Finnish growing conditions
Authors: PELTONEN-SAINIO P. , KÄNKÄNEN H. , PAHKALA K.
Published: October 2006

An alternative sowing time for summer turnip rape (Brassica rapa L. var. oleifera subvar. annua) and canola rape (Brassica napus L. var. oleifera subvar. annua) was investigated under northern European growing conditions, where the growing season is very short and seedling establishment in spring is difficult. Using a method termed carrier technology, seeds of spring canola were coated with polymer and sown in winter or early spring. Two types of polymer were tested: water-impervious PoligenÆÊWE3 (polyethylene wax at five rates depending on experiment) and water-soluble, freeze sensitive ExtenderÆÊ (GrowTech at 3% of seed weight). Four separate field experiments at two locations (Jokioinen, 60¢X81¡¦N and Mietoinen, 60¢X38¡¦N) and two laboratory experiments were carried out in 2002¡V2004. Early sowing times were used in combination with autumn control of weeds using non-selective herbicides and broadcast sowing onto cereal stubble to promote cost-efficiency. Such sowing method failed to produce even plant stands, as only few seedlings emerged. The polymer coatings were successful and the water-soluble, freeze sensitive polymer designed to allow an alternative sowing time performed well in laboratory tests. Large numbers of early sown coated and control seeds remained viable until the end of spring. Under field conditions germination or seedling establishment failed probably due to poor seed-to-soil contact. Moreover, unfavourable winter and spring conditions likely resulted in lack of synchrony between adequate temperature and water availability needed for seed imbibition and germination.;
Pharmaceutische Chemie
Authors: H. G.
Published: October 2006

Zur Darstellung von Bromwasserstoffsäure

Zur Bereitung von Ferrum oxydatum saccharatum solubile

Liquor Ferri albuminati (Drees)

Syrupus Ferri oxydati solubilis

Bei Bereitung von Reagenspapieren

Über käufliche Tinkturen

Über den Nachweis freier Säuren im Mageninhalte

Die quantitative Bestimmung des Quecksilberchlorids in den (Sublimat‐)Verbandstoffen

Zur Prüfung des Natriumbicarbonat

Naregami alata

Phosphatbestimmungen im pathologischen Harn
Die Nomenklatur der berberinähnlichen Alkaloide
Authors: Awe Walther
Published: October 2006

Die vorliegende Arbeit schließt sich eng an eine kürzlich in dieser Zeitschrift erschienene experimentelle Untersuchung über Berberinderivate1) an. Da sich hierbei erhebliche Nomenklaturschwierigkeiten ergaben, als es sich darum handelte, die verschiedenen Oxy‐, Oxo‐, Äthoxy‐derivate zu kennzeichnen, erscheint es notwendig, bevor die experimentellen Untersuchungen über weitere Abkömmlinge des Berberins beschrieben werden, die bisher sehr unexakte und unübersichtliche Nomenklatur exakt und eindeutig zu gestalten.
Über die Convolvuline; neue Bausteine und Unterscheidungsreaktionen
Authors: Graf E. , Dahlke E. , Voigtländer H. W.
Published: October 2006

In brasilianischem Jalapenharz („Resina operculina”︁) wird als bisher unbekannter Bestandteil 4‐Oxo‐caprylsäure gefunden. Es wird eine Übersicht über die heute bekannten Bruchstücke von brasilianischem (Resina Jalapae DAB 6) und mexikanischem Jalapenharz gegeben. Die von Mannich und Schumann 1938 entdeckte, nur im brasilianischem Harz enthaltene Exogonsäure, deren Struktur kürzlich von uns aufgeklärt wurde, gestattet eine qualitative Unterscheidung der beiden Harze und eine approximative Bestimmung von brasilianischem Harz — auch in Gemischen beider — mittels der Oximierungsreaktion. Weiterhin werden als Unterscheidungsreaktionen die DC der Säuren (Exogonsäure als Kennzeichen von brasilianischem Harz) und die PC der Zucker (Fucose als Kennzeichen von mexikanischem Harz) beschrieben.
Über die Synthese rhodanhaltiger Verbindungen in der Pyridin‐ und Chinolinreihe. 10. Mitt.: Über organische Rhodanverbindungen
Authors: Friedrich F. , Pohloudek‐Fabini R.
Published: October 2006

Es wird über die Möglichkeiten der Synthese von Rhodanverbindungen in der Pyridin‐ und Chinolinreihe nach verschiedenen Methoden, und zwar aus Mercaptanen bzw. Sulfensäurerhodaniden, ferner nach der Sandmeyer‐Reaktion und schließlich durch direkte Rhodanierung berichtet. Die Identität der dargestellten Verbindungen wird, abgesehen von der Elementaranalyse, z. T. durch Überführung in Derivate (Disulfide) bzw. den chemischen Nachweis der organisch gebundenen Rhodangruppe bestätigt.
Verhalten rhodanierter Schiffscher Basen gegenüber Raney‐Nickel, Hydrazin und Alkalien. 11. Mitt.: Über organische Rhodanverbindungen
Authors: Poholoudek‐Fabini R. , Fröhling D.
Published: October 2006

In Gegenwart von Raney‐Nickel als Wasserstoffüberträger findet eine Hydrierung der Azomethinfunktion erst mit sehr großem Überschuß an Metallkatalysator statt, wobei die Rhodangruppe unter Eliminierung des Schwefels quantitativ abgespalten wird. Raney‐Nickel ohne Zufuhr von Wasserstoff führt durch unvollständige Desulfurierung zu Sulfiden. — Mit Hydrazin erfolgt keine Reduktion, sondern Aufspaltung der Azomethinfunktion und Umsetzung der Aldehydkomponente mit dem Reagens zum Azin. — Die Behandlung mit Natronlauge bzw. Natriumcarbonat liefert Disulfide mit intakter Azomethinbindung.
Über die photochemische cis‐trans‐Isomerisierung des Annulolins
Authors: Schunack W. , Rochelmeyer H.
Published: October 2006

Das Alkaloid Annulolin wird in den Wurzeln von Lolium multiflorum Lam. als trans‐2‐(3,4‐Dimethoxystyryl)‐5‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐oxazol gebildet. Unter Lichteinfluß unterliegt es einer cis‐trans‐Isomerisierung. Es gelang, die Isomere zu trennen. Während im trans‐Annulolin eine planare Einebnung des Moleküls möglich ist, würden sich bei Einebnung des cis‐Isomers die Wirkungssphären von Stickstoff und orthoständigem Wasserstoff überschneiden. cis‐Annulolin ist infolge dieser Hinderung und der dadurch verursachten Störung des Resonanzsystems fluoreszenzunfähig.

Für die photochemische cis‐trans‐Isomerisierung ist ein Konjugationssystem wie das des Stilbens oder 2‐Styryloxazols erforderlich. Die Erscheinung der Umlagerung wird diskutiert.
Zur Kernacylierung von 1‐Methylphenothiazin. 7. Mitt.: Über Phenothiazinverbindungen
Authors: Bräuniger H. , Ahrend K. F.
Published: October 2006

1‐Methyl‐10‐acetylphenothiazin liefert in einer Friedel‐Crafts‐Reaktion 1‐Methyl‐2,10‐diacetylphenothiazin. Die Struktur dieser Verbindung wird aufgeklärt. 1‐Methyl‐2‐acetylphenothiazin wird nach Wolff‐Kishner zu 1‐Methyl‐2‐äthylphenothiazin reduziert, aus dem durch Desulfurierung mit Raney‐Nickel 2‐Methyl‐3‐äthyl‐diphenylamin gewonnen wird. Die Synthese von 2,3‐Dimethyldiphenylamin und 1,2‐Dimethylphenothiazin wird beschrieben.
Über die Pseudomorphin‐Bildung bei der fermentativen Morphin‐Oxydation
Authors: Schenek G. , Frömming K.‐H. , Schneller H.‐G.
Published: October 2006

Bei der Einwirkung der Phenoloxydase auf Morphin in Gegenwart von 4‐Hydroxyzimtsäure tritt Pseudomorphin auf. Einwirkung von Peroxydase/Wasserstoffperoxid auf Morphin ergibt auch ohne 4‐Hydroxyzimtsäure die Bildung von Pseudomorphin; 4‐Hydroxyzimtsäure fördert, 3,4‐Dihydroxy‐zimtsäure hemmt die durch Peroxydase bewirkte Pseudomorphinbildung.

Es wird für diese Reaktionen ein Radikalmechanismus diskutiert.
Synthetische Untersuchungen über 3‐Hydroxybiurete 22. Mitt. über Hydroxylamin‐Derivate
Authors: Zinner G. , Weber R.‐O. , Ritter W.
Published: October 2006

Für das Umsetzungsprodukt von 2 Mol Phenylisocyanat mit 1 Mol Hydroxylamin wird die Struktur eines 1,5‐Diphenyl‐3‐hydroxybiurets bewiesen; es werden erstmals O‐substituierte Derivate dieser Verbindung hergestellt. Die Umsetzung von Hydroxylamin mit aliphatischen Isocyanaten und Cyclohexylisocyanat führt je nach den Reaktionsbedingungen zu Hydroxyharnstoffen, 3‐Hydroxybiureten und N,N,O‐Tris(carbamoyl)‐hydroxylaminen.
Schopenhauer und die Biologie: Metaphysik der Lebenskraft auf empirischer Grundlage
Authors: Malter Rudolf
Published: October 2006

Schopenhauer versteht seine Philosophie als immanente Metaphysik, deren a priori gewonnene Resultate empirisch bestätigt werden können. Vor allem in der Schrift Über den Willen in der Natur geht es Schopenhauer um den Nachweis, daß die lebenswissenschaftliche Forschung seiner Zeit eine Fülle von Daten geliefert hat, die auf empirischer Basis eine Bestätigung der Lebenskraftmetaphysik erbringen. Dies wird in den Hauptlinien ausgeführt.

In einem Anhang wird ein Überblick über die Literatur gegeben, die sich mit Schopenhauers Verhältnis zur Biologie befaßt.
Verfassungen, die nicht rechtlich, aber wirklich sind A. H. L. Heeren und das Ende der Aufklärungshistorie
Authors: Blanke Horst Walter
Published: October 2006

Career and oeuvre of the Göttingen historian Heeren (1760‐1842) mark the end of Enlightenment's historiography in a twofold respect: Owing success at the early stage of his exemplary career mainly to the fact that he worked on a particular field of research (which had not yet been treated intensively) on the lines of traditional questions, issues and strategies of argumentation, Heeren principally went beyond the limitations of these traditional patterns very soon by developing the rudiments of an idea of history centred on historical ideal types and demanding a genuinely historical approach. (But as he himself did not consistently pursue this concept of history, it fell into oblivion in the sequel.) With the rise of new scholarly standards, i. e. the methods of historical criticism in particular, Heeren (who did not apply them) was increasingly severely criticized. By calling his reputation as a scholar to question, his critics attacked Enlightenment's historiography in general, thus contributing essentially to its becoming obsolete.
Unser Wissen verdoppelt sich alle 100 Jahre Grundlegung einer „Wissensmessung”︁
Authors: Stuhlhofer Franz
Published: October 2006

Our knowledge is doubling every 100 years: Laying the foundation for the „measuring of knowledge”︁. The slogan of the doubling of our knowledge every 15 years is well‐known. But there are three methods leading consistently to a doubling period of 100 years (the 2nd and the 3rd method show, moreover, that modern science began in the 2nd half of the 15th century, and that there were several downs, with a particularly low one about 1705): The comparison of text books (of different age), the growing number of important discoveries per period of time (selected by authors of chronological tables) and the growing number of famous scientists (included by encyclopedias or mentioned in works on the history of science). (Books which are suitable as a basis for such research are compiled in a comprehensive bibliography.) The counting of research objects like chemical elements, animal and plant species, stars etc. shows very different results and is not very appropriate for measuring the speed of growth of knowledge; quite inappropriate for this purpose is measuring the number of all research workers and the whole scientific literature. We must make a distinction whether we want to measure the growth of science or that knowledge. Previous attempts to the „measuring of knowledge”︁ are shortly summarized.
National standardization of ZAP‐70 determination by flow cytometry: The French experience
Authors: Garff‐Tavernier Magali Le , Ticchioni Michel , Brissard Martine , Salmon Céline , Raynaud Sophie , Davi Frédéric , Bernard Alain , Merle‐Béral Hélène , Ajchenbaum‐Cymbalista Florence , Letestu Rémi
Published: October 2006

Background:

ZAP‐70, after being considered as a potential surrogate for VH mutational status, has seen its own prognostic value emerge. We aimed at standardizing a simple, fast, and reproducible flow cytometry method.

Methods:

AntiZAP‐70 antibody 2F3.2 was used with indirect labeling and secondary anti‐IgG2a antibody. The reference values for the expression of the results were determined on 45 normal blood samples. ZAP‐70 protein expression was investigated in 192 CLL samples. The indirect technique was compared with FITC‐conjugated 2F3.2 clone, and with clone 1E7.2‐FITC, ‐PE or ‐AlexaFluor 488.

Results:

Using FITC or PE‐conjugated antibodies, 2F3.2 and 1E7.2 clones allowed a much less adequate discrimination between positive and negative cells and discordant cases were most likely true negative cases. Using the AlexaFluor 488 conjugated 1E7.2 clone, the discordant cases were mostly negative with the conjugated antibody and positive with the 2F3.2 clone but Western blotting or RNA microarray confirmed discordant cases were false negative with the conjugated antibody. Subsequently, recommendations were used by 13 centers participating in an interlaboratory quality control protocol. The use of MFI ratio appeared to be more reliable.

Conclusions:

Results suggested that slight differences in the procedure had little impact on the interpretation in characteristic cases; however, careful interpretation was required for values close to threshold. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Radiosynthesis of (−)‐cocaine and nor‐(−)‐cocaine using tritium‐labelled methanol
Authors: Just Wilhelm W. , Werner Gottfried
Published: October 2006

(−)‐Cocaine and nor‐(−)‐cocaine both were labelled on the methyl ester group with tritium. The synthesis was performed by partial hydrolysis of the parent compounds and reesterification of them using tritium‐labelled methanol.
Synthesis of carbon‐14 disulfide and N,N′‐dicyclohexylcarbo‐14C‐diimide
Authors: Perry C. W. , Burger W.
Published: October 2006

Methyl‐14C iodide of high specific activity was converted to carbon‐14 disulfide in quantitative yield by reaction with phosphorus pentasulfide at 300–325°C. Following literature procedures, N,N′ dicyclohexylcarbo‐14C‐diimide was prepared in 54% yield from the carbon‐14 disulfide.
Preparation of trimethyloxosulfonium‐13C iodide
Authors: El‐Fayoumy M. A. G. , Dorn H. C. , Ogliaruso M. A.
Published: October 2006

Trimethyloxosulfonium‐13C iodide (30% 13C‐enriched) was prepared from 13C‐labelled barium carbonate by proceeding through methanol‐13C and methyl‐13C iodide. The original procedure for the preparation of trimethyloxosulfonium iodide which afforded 53.6% of product was modified so that a 77% yield of trimethyloxosulfonium‐13C iodide was obtained.
Synthesis of 2‐ethyl‐2‐phenyl‐d5‐glutarimide (glutethimide‐d5)
Authors: Aboul‐Enein Hassan Y.
Published: October 2006

The synthesis of 2‐ethyl‐2‐phenyl‐d5‐glutarimide (glutethimide‐d5) and its mass fragmentometry is described.
Synthesis of carbon‐13 labelled uracil, 6,7‐dimethyllumazine, and lumichrome, via a common intermediate: Cyanoacetylurea
Authors: Triplett J. W. , Mack S. W. , Smith S. L. , Digenis G. A.
Published: October 2006

Uracil, 6,7‐dimethyllumazine, and lumichrome have been labelled with carbon‐13 at positions 6, 8a, and 10a, respectively. This was accomplished via a common intermediate, cyanoacetylurea‐6‐13c. Lumazine and lumichrome were condensation products of 5,6‐diaminouracil and either 2,3‐butanedione. or a condensate of it. Uracil was produced by a Raney Nickel reduction followed by acid catalyzed cyclization. This method is also applicable to labelling these compounds at other carbons within the molecules.
Synthesis of 123I‐4‐(3‐dimethylaminopropylamino)‐7‐iodoquinoline
Authors: Bijl J. A. , Kaspersen F. M. , Lindner L.
Published: October 2006

123I‐4‐(3‐dimethylaminopropylamino)‐7‐iodoquinoline (IAQ), a potential localizing agent for melanoma, was prepared by isotopic exchange between 123I‐iodide and the phosphate or sulphate of IAQ. Yields up to 96% were obtained. The total time for preparation is restricted to 30 minutes.
An improved method for synthesis and purification of 125I or 131I labeled carrier‐free 5‐iodo‐2′‐deoxyuridine
Authors: Keough W. G. , Hofer Kurt G.
Published: October 2006

Consistently high yields (up to 95%) of carrier‐free 5‐iodo‐2′‐deoxyuridine‐125I (or 131I) can be obtained by iodination of 2′‐deoxyuridine at varying concentrations of radioactive NaI (1–10 mCi), as long as the molarity of deoxyuridine in the reaction mixture is kept at or above 10−2 M. At lower deoxyuridine molarities the reaction yield is significantly reduced. Several different purification procedures (Biogel P‐2 400 mesh or Sephadex G‐10 column chromatography, paper chromatography with water‐saturated ethyl acetate or water‐saturated butanol) are described. The two column chromatography systems yield iododeoxyuridine of > 95% chemical and radiochemical purity. The two paper chromatography systems are somewhat more involved, but yield 125I or 131I labeled 5‐iodo‐2′‐deoxyuridine of > 99% chemical and radiochemical purity.
Synthesis of deuterated pentacenes
Authors: Kwant B. H.
Published: October 2006

Pentacene‐d14, pentacene‐d12 and pentacene‐d4 were obtained from 6,13‐pentacenequinone‐d12 and 6,13‐pentacenequinone‐d4 by re‐fluxing with aluminumcyclohexoxide‐d33 or aluminumcyclohexoxide. The former quinones were prepared from 1,2‐benzenedicarboxal de‐hyde‐6 or 1,2‐benzenedicarboxaldehyde‐d2 and 1,4‐cyclohexane‐dione‐d8. The aldehydes were prepared from naphthalene‐d8 through ozonization or by reduction of 1,2‐benzenedicarboxylic acid dimethylester with LiAID4. All synthetic methods were described in detail.
The synthesis of nicotinic acid‐7‐13C
Authors: Meinert M. C. , Nunez H. A. , Syerrum R. U.
Published: October 2006

Nicotinic acid, an intermediate in the pyridine nucleotide cycle, was labeled with 13C at the 7 position. The reaction of CuCN‐13C (prepared from NaCN‐13C) with 3‐bromopyridine, followed by hydrolysis to the acid and purification by ion exchange chromatography, gave an overall yield of 72% nicotinic acid‐7‐13C. This greater than 3‐fold increase in yield over previous methods is the result of in situ hydrolysis of the nitrile intermediate.
Synthese d'un nouvel anorexigene marque au 14C : le (Trifluoromethylthio‐3′ phenyl)‐1 Ethylamino‐2 Propane 14C‐1
Authors: Pichat L. , Tostain J.
Published: October 2006

Carbonatation of 3‐trifluoromethylthio phenylmagnesium bromide 2 with 14CO2 leads to (carboxyl‐14C) 3‐trifluoromethylthio benzoic acid 3. Reduction of the latter with borane‐methyl sulfide complex (CH3)2 S ‐ BH3 in presence of trimethyl borate gives rise to 3‐tri‐fluoromethylthio benzyl alcohol 4, which is oxidized by lead tetracetate in pyridine to give 3‐trifluoromethylthio benzaldehyde 14CO 5. The latter reacts with nitroethane to give 1‐(3′‐trifluoro methylthio phenyl)‐2‐nitropropene‐1‐14C 6. This nitropropene is reduced by Fe‐HCl in presence of FeCl3 into 1‐(3′‐trifluoromethyl‐thio phenyl)‐2‐propanone‐1‐14C 7. Condensation of ethylamine with the ketone 7 followed by reduction in situ with sodium borohydride leads to 1‐(3′‐trifluoromethylthio phenyl)‐2‐ethylamino propane‐1‐14C 8 isolated as the hydrochloride. Specific activity: 47 mCi/mMole with an overall yield of 10 % based on barium carbonate‐14C.
A convenient synthesis of carboxyl‐labelled ricinoleic acid
Authors: McChesney James D. , Fraher Phil
Published: October 2006

The exchange reaction of carboxyl groups with labelled carbon dioxide has been utilized for the preparation of carboxyl labelled ricinoleic acid. The thermal instability of ricinoleic acid is overcome by pyrolysis of the t‐butyl ether‐t‐butyl ester in the presence of labelled carbonate. The developed procedure should be appropriate to other thermally unstable substrates.
Synthesis of 2‐fluorobenzo[rst]pentaphene and 2‐fluorobenzo[rst]pentaphene‐5‐13C
Authors: Sardella D. J. , Mariani H. A. , Mahathalang P. , Boger E.
Published: October 2006

The syntheses of 2‐fluorobenzo[rst]pentaphene and 2‐fluoro‐benzo[rst]pentaphene‐5‐ 13C (70% 13C) and their precursors are described, and relevant directly‐bonded 13C‐1H couplings reported.The labelled material was used to differentiate the NMR resonances of the 5‐ and 8‐protons, in connection with our studies of the remote effect exercised by fluorine on their reactivities toward electrophilic aromatic substitution, and on the carcinogenic activity of benzo[rst]pentaphene.
Syntheses d'Indoles Specifiquement Deuteries
Authors: Lautié Marie France
Published: October 2006

Deuterated indoles were prepared either by exchange (indole ND, ‐1,3‐d2,‐3d,‐d7) or by suitable reactions on indole derivatives (indole ‐2d, ‐5,7‐d2 ‐4, 5, 6, 7 d4). These latter compounds can be deuterated by exchange on the 1 and 3 positions of the pyrrole moiety.
Rapid synthsls of14C LABELLED 4(5)‐amino‐5(4)‐imidazole‐carboxamide
Authors: Koltai E. , Bánfi D. , Szatmári I. , Hornyák‐Hámori Maria , Schawartz J. , Szüts T.
Published: October 2006

4(5)‐Amino‐5(4)‐imidazole‐2‐14C‐carboxamide was prepared in a two step synthesis. K14CN was converted into ethyl formimidate‐14C hydrochloride, which was reacted with 2‐amino‐2‐amidino‐acetamide dihydrochloride to give the desired product.
Synthesis of ortho deuterated phenylisocyanate under mild conditions
Authors: Masson M. A. , Dormoy J. R.
Published: October 2006

A new method has been developed for the synthesis of phenylisocyanate 2‐2H through the use of azido (tris dimethylamino) phosphonium hexafluorophosphate and benzoic acid 2‐2H. The product prepared is obtained with a high percentage of isotopic substitution, specificity of label and appreciable yield.
Synthesis of 3‐cyano‐4‐methyl‐5(14C)‐methyl‐2‐(5‐14C)pyrrolyloxamic acid
Authors: Honigberg I. L. , Meltzer N. M. , Blanton C. D.
Published: October 2006

A synthesis of 3‐cyano‐4‐methyl‐5 (14C)‐methyl‐2‐(5‐14C)pyrrolyloxamic acid is described. The compound, having specific activity of 66.7 μCi/mmole, was obtained in 19.68% overall yield from uniformly labelled 14C‐L‐alanine.
A high yield synthesis of dimethylsulfide‐d6, and preparation of chloro‐(dimethylsulfide‐d6)gold(i) and trichloro(dimethylsulfide‐d6)gold(III)
Authors: Shaw C. Frank , Cancro Margaret P. , Butler Ian S.
Published: October 2006

Dimethylsulfide‐d6 has been prepared in higher yield than reported previously by an improved method involving the reduction of dimethylsulfoxide‐d6 with triphenylphosphine in a solvent mixture of carbon tetrachloride and 2,2‐dimethoxydiethyl ether at 0°C. The high isotopic purity of the compound was demonstrated by its gas phase infrared and mass spectra. Its utility as a ligand in coordination chemistry was then shown by the synthesis of two typical gold complexes, viz., chloro(dimethylsulfide‐d6)gold(I) and trichloro(dimethylsulfide‐d6)gold(III).
Preparation of tritium‐labelled gibberellin GA3 at high specific activity
Authors: Ayrey G. , Chapman J. M.
Published: October 2006

Gibberellin GA3 was prepared in low yield but at high specific activity (6.68 Ci/mmol) by platinum catalyzed exchange with tritiated water at 80°C for 16 hours.
Radioactively labelled epoxides part II. (1) tritium labelled cyclohexene oxide, transstilbene oxide and phenanthrene 9,10‐oxide
Authors: Oesch Franz , Sparrow Alan J. , Platt Karl L.
Published: October 2006

Tritium labelled cyclohexene oxide, trans‐stilbene oxide and phenanthrene 9,10‐oxide were prepared with specific activities of 0.7 ‐ 1.1 mCi per mmole starting with monoor diketo compounds.

Tritium was introduced by reducing the ketone precursors with tritiated complex metal hydrides.

The resulting alcohols were transformed to the epoxides by methods described for the unlabelled compounds.

The syntheses require only two or three steps and yield cyclohexene oxide, trans‐stilbene oxide and phenanthrene 9,10‐oxide, important substrates for the study of epoxide hydratase and glutathione S‐transferases in high radiochemical purity.
Aminozucker‐Derivate des Ferrocens und Ruthenocens ‐ Synthese und Markierung mit 14C und 103Ru
Authors: Schneider Michael , Wenzel Martin
Published: October 2006

Glucosamine, galactosamine and mannosamine react with ferrocene‐ or ruthenocene‐carbaldehyde, respectively to yield the corresponding Schiff's bases, which are reduced at the CN‐bond and at the aldehyde function of the sugar moity. With 14C‐labelled amino‐sugars or 103Ru‐labelled ruthenocene‐carbaldehyde the labelled aminohexite compounds of the metallocenes are synthesized.
The synthesis of SQ‐14225‐14C [N‐[(S)‐2‐methyl‐3‐mercaptopropanoyl‐1‐14C]‐L‐proline]
Authors: Hasegawa M. , Ohyabu S. , Ueda T. , Yamaguchi M.
Published: October 2006

The preparation of SQ‐14225‐14C, anti‐hypertensive drug, is described. The starting material, methacrylic acid‐1‐14C, was prepared in a high yield by carbonation of the corresponding Grignard reagent with 14CO2. The final product was obtained from the acid through a four step synthesis with specific activity of 3.20 mCi/mmol. The overall radiochemical yield was 8.0% based on Ba14CO3.
Synthesis of tritium labelled verrucarol and verrucarin a
Authors: Yagen Boris , Jarvis Bruce B.
Published: October 2006

Two tritium labelled trichothecenes, verrucarol (2) and verrucarin A (5) were synthesized with high specific activity. Oxidation of verrucarol (1) to the 15‐dehydroverrucarol (3) followed by sodium borotritide reduction yielded [15‐3H]‐verrucarol (2). Reduction of 16‐mesyloxyverrucarin A (7) in a special buffer‐organic solvent system with a phase transfer catalyst, produced [16‐3H]‐verrucarin A (5). Final purification of the radioactive products was achieved by preparative thin layer chromatography. Their structures were assigned based on the analytical data of the corresponding nonradiolabelled compounds obtained from the nonradioactive preparations.
Synthesis of 4‐13C‐4‐hydroperoxycyclophosphamide and alpha‐13C‐4‐hydroperoxycyclophosphamide
Authors: Ho Chorng‐Kei , Ludeman Susan M.
Published: October 2006

New synthetic routes were developed for incorporating 13C into the oxazaphosphorine ring and nitrogen mustard functionality of cyclophosphamide metabolites. 1,2‐13C2‐Vinylbromide and ethylene oxide were used to synthesize 3,4‐13C2‐3‐butenyl N,N‐bis(2‐chloroethyl)phosphorodiamidate via the intermediacy of 3,4‐13C2‐3‐buten‐1‐ol. Ozonolysis of the phosphorodiamidate gave 4‐13C‐4‐hydroperoxycyclophosphamide with an overall yield of 16% which was 27‐times higher than a previously reported synthesis. As an extension of this synthetic pathway, 2‐13C‐ethyl bromoacetate was used to incorporate 13C into the C1 position of bis(2‐chloroethyl)amine hydrochloride which was used as a precursor to alpha‐13C‐4‐hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (obtained in 16% overall yield). Also discussed are applications of these pathways to the synthesis of diversely labelled (14C, 13C, 2H) 4‐hydroperoxycyclophosphamides, chirally‐labelled oxazaphosphorines, phosphoramide mustards, and related alkylating agents.
Synthesis of 13C‐ and 14C‐labeled ellagic acid
Authors: Mishra Nrusingha C. , Gold Barry
Published: October 2006

The syntheses of [13C]‐ and [14C]ellagic acid (EA) were accomplished by reacting [13C]‐ or [14C]CO2 with metalated 3,4,5‐trimethoxybenzene to afford trimethylgallic acid which was O‐demethylated with hydroiodic acid. Oxidation of the resulting labeled gallic acid with potassium persulfate produced EA. The yields of trimethylgallic acid and EA based on [14C]BaCO3 are 48 and 1%, respectively. Final purification of EA involved the use of preparative reversed‐phase HPLC and removal of the eluent buffer salts on a C18 Sep‐Pak column. The isotopic purity of [13C]EA was determined by 13C NMR. The [14C]EA had 99% radiochemical purity as determined by analytical HPLC and a specific activity of ca. 110 mCi/mmol.
Deuterierte herz‐affine technetium‐isonitril‐komplexe
Authors: Wenzel M.
Published: October 2006

t ‐ Butylisonitril (TBI) and Methoxy‐isobutyl‐isonitril (MIBI) were labelled with deuterium leading to TBI‐d2 and MIBI‐d2 or MIBI‐d5. After labelling with 99mTc the organ‐distribution in mice and rats was studied. The deuterated isonitriles showed only a small increase in myocard‐affinity but a significant decrease in blood concentration, so more favourable ratios heart/blood were reached.
New synthesis system of (C‐11)propyl ketene and its reactons with various alcohols
Authors: Fujii Ryou , Imahori Yoshio , Ido Tatsuo , Yagyu Takehiko , Horii Hitoshi , Wakita Kazuo , Moriyama Yoshihiko , Ueda Satoshi , Yamamoto Y. Lucas , Nakahashi Hisamitsu
Published: October 2006

A new synthesis of (C‐11)propyl ketene using a HCl/Helium gas mixture and glass beads was developed. This improved synthesis method gave high yields and good reproducibility, which had been difficult to attain with our previous method. The (C‐11) propyl ketene is a useful precursor for labeling, in high specific activity, bioactive compounds which have a hydroxyl group. The reactivity of (C‐11) propyl ketene in the acylation of various alcohols was evaluated. The relative reactivity of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols were 1, 0.4 and 0.1, respectively, and the reactivity of the noncarrier added conditions was similar to that using cold propyl ketene. This (C‐11)propyl ketene was also useful for the formation of N‐butyl compounds, making it possible to label many bioactive compounds.
Synthesis of [1,3,5‐13C3]benzoic acid and [2,4,6,7‐13C4]benzoic acid from 13C‐labelled sodium pyruvates
Authors: Akira Kazuki , Baba Shigeo
Published: October 2006

The synthesis of [1,3,5‐13C3]‐ and [2,4,6,7‐13C4]benzoic acid (5a and 5b) from [2‐13C]‐ and [3‐13C]sodium pyruvate (1a and 1b), for in vitro and in vivo tracer studies using 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, is reported. After condensation of 1 to [13C]methyldihydrotrimesic acids 2 using sodium hydroxide, decarboxylation to [13C]uvitic acid 3 was carried out using conc. sulfuric acid. Additional decarboxylation of 3 was achieved with cupric oxide and quinoline, and the resulting [13C]toluenes 4 were effectively trapped, using a simplified decarboxylation apparatus. Compounds 4 were subsequently oxidized to 5 using potassium permanganate without further purification. The overall yields of 5 from 1 were 26–28 %, with isotopic purities of 96–98 %. In addition, the assignments for 13C NMR signals of benzoic acid were first substantiated.
Synthesis of SCH 42427 labelled with 14C in two different positions
Authors: Hesk D. , Bowlen C. , Duelfer T. , Koharski D. , McNamara P. , Saluja S.
Published: October 2006

[14C]‐Sch 42427 was synthesized by two different methods, resulting in incorporation of the label in different parts of the molecule. In the first synthesis [benzyl‐α‐14C]‐Sch 42427 was synthesized in overall 1.7% yield via a 6 step procedure, using [14C]‐trimethyl sulphoxonium iodide as the source of label. The second synthesis gave rise to [SO2‐14CH3]‐Sch 42427, which was prepared via a 2 step procedure from [14C]‐sodium thiomethoxide. Radiochemical purities were greater than 99% for both batches, and analysis by chiral hplc failed to detect any of the undesired S,S enantiomer.