bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hygrocybe rigelliae (Velen.) E.Ludwig comb. nov. und Hygrocybe roseascens sp. nova, eine nahestehende Art aus der Untergattung Cuphophyllus (Agaricales, Hygrophoraceae, Tricholomataceae)
Authors: Ludwig E.
Published: May 2004

Die Literatur zu Hygrophorus rigelliae Velen. wird diskutiert, die Art wird zu Hygrocybe umkombiniert. Eine eng verwandte, neue Spezies – Hygrocybe roseascens – mit (nach Entwässerung) auffallenden rosa Tönen auf dem teilweise schuppigen Hut, 1–4‐sporigen Basidien und kleinen, (sub)globosen Sporen wird beschrieben. Die Unterschiede zu anderen Arten werden diskutiert. Eine Tafel mit Habituszeichnungen und den mikroskopischen Merkmalen wird beigegeben. Eine Farbtafel der neuen Art wird im Band III meines Pilzkompendiums veröffentlicht werden, steht aber bereits jetzt im Internet unter http://www.pabb‐web.de (“Pilzbilder”) zur Verfügung. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Bestimmungshilfen für einige europäische Rindenhelmlinge
Authors: Miersch J. , Hardtke H.‐J. , Rönsch P.
Published: May 2004

Die Bestimmung von rindenbewohnenden Helmlingsarten (Mycena) ist schwierig. In publizierten Bestimmungsschlüsseln müssen zuerst die Sektionen und danach die Arten nach Mikromerkmalen erfasst werden. Um diese Schwierigkeiten zu überwinden, beschreiben wir für rindenbewohnende Helmlinge zwei Schlüssel, in denen mit Hilfe relativ einfacher Merkmale – wie Lamellenanheftung am Stiel, Hutfarben, Sporenform und Gestalt der Cheilozystiden, – 12 bis16 Arten erkannt werden können. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Periconiellaspecies occurring on ferns
Authors: Braun U.
Published: May 2004

Periconiellaspecies occurring on ferns are discussed, described and illustrated.Periconiella lygodiisp. nova is validated, and the speciesP. benkertiisp. nova andP. rhachidicolasp. nova are introduced. A key is also provided to the species occurring on ferns. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Neufunde pflanzenbewohnender Mikromyceten aus der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
Authors: Jage H. , Braun U.
Published: May 2004

Neufunde von 26 blattbewohnenden Mikromyceten (Erysiphales, Fungi imperfecti, Peronosporales) aus Sachsen‐Anhalt und angrenzenden Bundesländern (Bundesrepublik Deutschland) werden angegeben und kurz diskutiert. Elf Arten sind neu für Deutschland, eine Art ist neu für Europa, sieben Wirtspflanzen sind Erstnachweise für Europa und 13 weitere Wirte sind neu für Deutschland. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Beiträge zur Pilzflora von Mecklenburg‐Vorpommern (Deutschland)
Authors: Kreisel H.
Published: May 2004

Aus der Region Mecklenburg‐Vorpommern (Deutschland) werden Funde von 74 Arten Macromyceten mitgeteilt. Die Verbreitung von acht dieser Arten ist auf Rasterkarten dargestellt. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Beitrag zur Kenntnis einiger Ascomyceten in Mecklenburg‐Vorpommern (Deutschland)
Authors: Richter T.
Published: May 2004

Zwölf Schlauchpilze (Ascomycetes) werden nachfolgend mit (Kurz‐)Beschreibungen und teilweise mit Zeichnungen vorgestellt. Es handelt sich dabei um neun Arten der Ordnung Pezizales und drei der Ordnung Helotiales. Darunter dürften sich für Mecklenburg‐Vorpommern recht seltene bzw. neue Arten befinden. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fünf bemerkenswerte Funde corticioider Pilze aus Deutschland
Authors: Grosse‐Brauckmann H. , Kummer V.
Published: May 2004

Es werden Funde folgender, bisher nicht oder sehr selten in Deutschland nachgewiesener corticioider Macromyceten vorgestellt: Elaphocephala iocularis, Phlebiella albida, Ph. gaspesica, Thanatephorus sterigmaticus und Vararia gallica. Von diesen stellen die erst‐ und die letztgenannte Art sowie Phebiella gaspesica Erstnachweise für Deutschland dar. Neben einer Fundbeschreibung erfolgen Angaben zur jeweiligen systematischen Stellung, zur Ökologie und zur Verbreitung. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Die Rot‐Eiche (Quercus rubra L., Fagaceae) als stark mykotrophe Gehölzart – ein Vergleich der Makromyzetenflora unter Rot‐Eichen und einheimischen Eichen in der Umgebung von Potsdam, Deutschland
Authors: Sammler P.
Published: May 2004

In den Jahren 1998–2002 wurde die Fruktifikation von Makromyzeten in Rot‐Eichen‐Reinbeständen auf fünf ausgewählten Parzellen untersucht und mit derjenigen unter einheimischen Eichen (Q. petraea, Q. robur) auf angrenzenden Parzellen verglichen. Unter Rot‐Eichen bzw. einheimischen Eichen fruktifizierten insgesamt 50/63 Ektomykorrhiza‐Pilzarten, 40/52 terrestrische Saprophyten und 47/32 lignikole Pilzarten. Die Abundanz der Fruchtkörperbildung war bei den terrestrischen Makromyzeten unter Quercus robur/Q. petraea größer als unter Q. rubra. Als eine wesentliche Ursache für die höhere Artenanzahl und Abundanz von Makromyzeten unter einheimischen Eichen wird das unterschiedliche Alter der Bestände [durchschnittlich (60)–80 > 80 Jahre bei Q. petraea/Q. robur und 30–60 (80) Jahre bei Q. rubra] vermutet.

Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse hinsichtlich der Artendiversität bei der Ektomykorrhiza‐Bildung zeigen aber auch, dass die Rot‐Eiche auf sauren und schwach sauren, nährstoffärmeren Standorten in Brandenburg ein annähernd gleich hohes Potential wie die einheimischen Eichen aufweist. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Die Flechten in Willdenows ‘Florae Berolinensis Prodromus’ und ihr Vorkommen im heutigen Berlin
Authors: Sipman H. J. M. , Leuckert Ch. , Otte V. , Knoph J.‐G. , Rux K.‐D.
Published: May 2004

Für die von Willdenow 1787 für Berlin aufgeführten Flechtenarten wird eine moderne taxonomische Interpretation gegeben und es werden Angaben über das Vorkommen im heutigen Berlin gemacht, über die Perioden von 1965–1991 und 1992–2003. Von 71 seinerzeit dokumentierten Arten waren bis 1991 38 verschollen. Davon sind bedingt durch die verbesserte Luftqualität seitdem 11 wiedergefunden worden. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Kommentiertes Verzeichnis der Flechten und flechtenbewohnenden Pilze Brandenburgs, Deutschland – zweite Fassung
Authors: Otte V. , Rätzel S.
Published: May 2004

Fünf Jahre nach Erscheinen der ersten wird eine neue Zusammenstellung der in Brandenburg (einschließlich Berlins) nachgewiesenen Flechten und lichenicolen Pilze vorgelegt. Die Gefährdung der Sippen wird eingeschätzt und erstmals ihre Verbreitung in den Naturräumen dargestellt. Die Zahl der Taxa ist gegenüber der letzten Liste um 20 % gestiegen. Zahlreiche verschollene Sippen konnten wiederaufgefunden werden. Viele säureempfindliche Epiphyten sind infolge verbesserter Luftqualität in Wiederausbreitung. Nicht gebessert hat sich die Situation bei typischen Alleebaumflechten, vielen Arten der Agrarlandschaft und Besiedlern alter Gemäuer. Die für Brandenburg typischen Erdflechten sind z.T. noch weit verbreitet, aber tendenziell rückläufig und einige Arten hochgradig gefährdet oder verschwunden. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Flechten, Moose und lichenicole Pilze aus dem nordwestlichen Kaukasus – erster Nachtrag
Authors: Otte V.
Published: May 2004

Es werden weitere Mitteilungen zur Kryptogamenflora des nordwestlichen Kaukasus gemacht. Im Unterschied zu den früheren Ergebnissen, die schwerpunktmäßig aus den höheren Berglagen des Untersuchungsgebietes stammten und einen weitgehend europäischen Florencharakter erkennen ließen, ergaben die neueren Befunde aus den tieferen Berglagen einen beträchtlichen Anteil von Sippen, die in ihrer holarktischen Verbreitung einen Ostseitencharakter erkennen lassen und in Europa selten sind oder fehlen. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Neue Makromyceten‐Kollektionen von Vietnam und deren systematische und ökogeographische Bedeutung
Authors: Dörfelt H. , Kiet T. T. , Berg A.
Published: May 2004

In einer kompilierten Übersicht von Kiet (1996) werden 826 Arten von Makromyceten für Vietnam aufgezählt. Die frühesten Angaben stammen von Patouillard (1890). Sowohl von den Literaturangaben als auch von den Arten, die Kiet in den letzten Jahrzehnten neu beobachtet hat, sind der Literatur nur knappe oder gar keine Beschreibungen zu entnehmen. Die vorliegende Arbeit fußt auf Aufsammlungen einer Vietnamreise im September 1999. Es werden 25 Arten für das Gebiet genannt, kurz beschrieben und aus mykogeopraphischer und systematischer Sicht bewertet. Neu für Vietnam werden angegeben: Boletus queletii, Cantharellus cinnabarinus, Chaetocalathus columellifer, Entoloma cf. platyphylloides, Geastrum fimbriatum, Hypomyces chrysospermus, Inocybe caesariata, Lactarius sanguifluus, Lactarius volemus, Paxillus cf. curtisii, Polyporus ciliatus, Pulveroboletus ravenelii, Russula pectinatoides und Suillus bovinus.

Als neue Art wird Xerocomus langbianensis beschrieben, neue Varietäten sind Amanita excelsa var. nigrogranulata, Boletus queletii var. aurantiacus, Chaetocalathus columellifer var. microspora, Geastrum fimbriatum var. melanocyclum, Lactarius sanguifluus var. asiaticus, Lactarius volemus var. asiaticus und Polyporus ciliatus var. tropicus. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Glechoma hederacea (Lamiaceae) in North America: invasion history and current distribution
Authors: Scholler M. , Böllmann J.
Published: May 2004

Glechoma hederacea L. (Ground‐ivy, Lamiaceae), a perennial mat‐forming herb, is native to the temperate regions of Eurasia and was introduced elsewhere (South East Asia, New Zealand and North America). Based on data obtained from herbaria, literature, online and other data bases and field studies, we documented the invasion history and current distribution of this plant in North America. At present, the plant is recorded from all but two continental states of the USA and all southern provinces of Canada. There are two main ranges: the larger one covers mainly the eastern part of the U.S.A. and a smaller one stretches along the West Coast. While published records of Glechoma hederacea date from 1814, the oldest specimen is from 1829. During the 19th century the species spread westwards at a rate of approximately 30 km/year. The spread and present range of G. hederacea can only be explained by climatic factors (degree of oceanicity) and considering human activity. Especially long distance propagation of vegetative parts of the plants and the change of the environment that accompanies human settlements may have had a major influence on these processes. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Orobanche benkertii sp. nova (Orobanchaceae Vent.) und weitere Orobanche‐Sippen aus dem Nordwest‐Kaukasus
Authors: Rätzel St. , Uhlich H.
Published: May 2004

Im Verlaufe von zwei Exkursionen des Erstautors in den Nordwest‐Kaukasus (Republik Adygeja) in den Jahren 2001 und 2002 konnte reichhaltiges Material der Gattung Orobanche L. gesammelt werden. Im Ergebnis der Durchsicht der Belege wurden weitere Erkenntnisse insbesondere zu den weniger bekannten Endemiten Orobanche gamosepala, O. grossheimii und O. inulae gewonnen sowie sechs neue Taxa (Orobanche benkertii sp. nova, O. laxissima sp. nova, O. alba subsp. xanthostigma subsp. nova, O. alba subsp. xanthostigma f. sineglandulosa f. nova, O. grossheimii f. pallescens f. nova, O. flava subsp. cicerbitae subsp. nova) werden beschrieben. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Octosporella erythrostigma (Pezizales) and Pithyella frullaniae (Helotiales), two remarkable ascomycetes on Frullania dilatata
Authors: Döbbeler P.
Published: May 2004

Octosporella erythrostigma comb. nova (Pezizales) (syn. Peziza erythrostigma, O. urosperma) with perithecioid ascomata and Pithyella frullaniae comb. nova (Helotiales) (syn. Pithya frullaniae) with apothecia are redescribed based on many new records from Europe. Both species occur sporadically but obligately on the corticolous hepatic Frullania dilatata (Jungermanniales). Octosporella erythrostigma was hitherto known only from very few collections, Pithyella frullaniae only from the type material. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nonlinearity of FMRI responses in human auditory cortex
Authors: Talavage Thomas M. , Edmister Whitney B.
Published: May 2004

An investigation was made into the nature of the nonlinearity observed in auditory functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments associated with increases in total duration of acoustic imaging noise [e.g., Edmister et al., 1999; Shah et al., 1999]. A two‐stimulus, four‐condition paradigm was used to evaluate four acoustic conditions involving: (1) the presence or absence of a desired broadband music stimulus; and (2) two possible durations of trains of acoustic noise associated with image acquisition. Responses observed while increasing the duration of acoustic imaging noise were consistent with previous work (Talavage et al. [1999]: Hum Brain Mapp7:79–88) but the response to combined stimulation did not exhibit variation as a function of the acoustic imaging noise duration. These results suggest that spectral overlap of the stimuli produced colocalized responses that did not add linearly. This conclusion has implications for conducting both blocked and rapid‐presentation event‐related auditory fMRI experiments. The cortical activity induced by the stimulus may not reflect the activation, in spatial extent or magnitude of signal change, occurring in the absence of other acoustic noise. Hum. Brain Mapping 22:216–228, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Concentration of IL‐2, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10 and TNF‐alpha in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia after cessation of chemotherapy
Authors: Mazur Bogdan , Mertas Anna , Sońta‐Jakimczyk Danuta , Szczepański Tomasz , Janik‐Moszant Anna
Published: May 2004

The immunosuppressive effect of cytotoxic drugs, basic therapeutic agents in the treatment of childhood acute leukemias, requires monitoring of the immune system following cessation of therapy. The cytokines are soluble proteins that play a key role in the immunoregulation of the lymphocyte function. The cytokines regulate growth, differentiation and function of various cells in normal conditions. The aim of our study was to estimate serum levels of IL‐2, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10 and TNF‐alpha in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) after cessation of chemotherapy. The study involved 150 children with ALL. This group consisted of: 30 children 1 month after treatment cessation; 30 children, 3 months later; 30 children 6 months later; 30 children, 9 months later and 30 children, 12 months later. The control group consisted of 30 healthy children. The levels of the cytokines under study were assayed using the immunoassay kits (R&D Systems, USA). During the study significant differences in TNF‐alpha, IL‐2 and IL‐8 serum concentrations were observed among treated children and controls. However there were no differences in IL‐6 and IL‐10 concentrations. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Achieving competency in psychological assessment: Directions for education and training
Authors: Krishnamurthy Radhika , VandeCreek Leon , Kaslow Nadine J. , Tazeau Yvette N. , Miville Marie L. , Kerns Robert , Stegman Robert , Suzuki Lisa , Benton Sheryl A.
Published: May 2004

This article provides an overview of issues related to the development and evaluation of competency in psychological assessment. Specifically, we delineate the goals, ideas, and directions identified by the psychological assessment work group in the Competencies Conference: Future Directions in Education and Credentialing in Professional Psychology. This is one of a series of articles published in this issue of the Journal of Clinical Psychology. Several other articles that resulted from the Competencies Conference will appear in Professional Psychology: Research and Practice and The Counseling Psychologist. The psychological assessment group was charged with the tasks of: (a) identifying the core components of psychological assessment competency; (b) determining the central educational and training experiences that will aid competency development; (c) explicating strategies for evaluating competence; and (d) establishing future directions for furthering the identification, training, and evaluation of competence in psychological assessment. We present a set of eight core competencies that we deemed important for achieving psychological assessment competency and discuss four guidelines for training in the domain of psychological assessment. A variety of methods for evaluating competencies in this domain are suggested, with emphasis on using a collaborative model of evaluation. Recommendations for future directions include strengthening the academic prerequisites for graduate school training; increasing training in culturally sensitive measures; incorporating innovative assessment‐related technologies into training; and addressing discontinuities between academic training, internship, and practice environments. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Safe two‐plasmid production for the first clinical lentivirus vector that achieves >99% transduction in primary cells using a one‐step protocol
Authors: Lu Xiaobin , Humeau Laurent , Slepushkin Vladimir , Binder Gwendolyn , Yu Qiao , Slepushkina Tatiana , Chen Ziping , Merling Randall , Davis Brian , Chang Yung‐Nien , Dropulic Boro
Published: May 2004

We report the design of a unique two‐plasmid production system for the first lentiviral vector to be evaluated in humans, VRX496. VRX496 is an optimized VSV‐G pseudotyped vector derived from HIV‐1 that expresses antisense to the HIV envelope gene. We found that a two‐plasmid approach to production resulted in higher vector production titers when compared with a three‐plasmid approach, which is particularly important for vector production at the large scale. Therefore, we carefully designed a single packaging construct, VIRPAC, for safety by reducing its homology with VRX496 and by insertion of functionally validated genetic elements designed to reduce the risk of generation of a replication‐competent lentivirus (RCL). A native cis‐acting ribozyme is used to prevent read through into the envelope gene from the upstream gag‐pol genes in the packaging vector, thus preventing RNAs containing gag‐pol and env together for comparable safety to a three‐plasmid system. We demonstrate that there is no significant in vivo vector mobilization using a primary SCID‐hu mouse transplantation model, which correlates with the presence of an anti‐HIV payload and suggests that inclusion of antisense may be a useful tool to restrict mobilization in other vector constructs. Gene transfer is achieved using a one‐step transduction procedure that is simple and clinically translatable, which reaches stable transduction efficiencies of >99% in CD4+ T lymphocytes within 3 days of culture initiation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of a new solid‐phase cartridge for the preconcentration of phenolic compounds in water
Authors: Sirvent Gemma , Hidalgo Manuela , Salvadó Victòria
Published: May 2004

The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of a new solid‐phase extraction cartridge, Spe‐ed Advanta, in the extraction and preconcentration of four phenolic compounds (phenol, 2‐chlorophenol, 2‐nitrophenol, and 2,4‐dichlorophenol) from water. The solid phase is a polystyrene‐divinylbenzene resin modified with carboxylic groups, these polar groups improve the contact between the matrix and the aqueous solutions in the extraction of polar analytes. We studied several elution solvents in order to find the most efficient one. Sample concentration, sample volume, and sample pH are also investigated as well as the best method for drying the cartridge. Recoveries achieved with the new phase are compared with those obtained with Isolute ENV+, a non‐modified polystyrene‐divinylbenzene stationary bed. The best experimental conditions were then used for determination of the phenols in spiked environmental waters.
Definite peak identification of (R)‐and (S)‐methadone and (R)‐ and (S)‐EDDP using established HPLC and CE methods
Authors: Trkulja Sandra , Kovar Karl‐Artur
Published: May 2004

Methadone is widely used for the treatment of opioid dependence. HPLC and CE are widespread methods for drug monitoring and metabolism studies. Although the methods are widely used for methadone and its main metabolite EDDP [1, 2], a definite direct peak identification for EDDP enantiomers is not described. This study describes a method for specific identification of each peak in the chromatogram and electropherogram of methadone analysis. The result of the study demonstrates differences in the elution order of the enantiomers of methadone and EDDP due to the technique used for analysis. The elution order of EDDP using HPLC is interchanged with respect to the order of the peaks in the electropherogram.
Quantitative analysis of caffeic acid phenethyl ester in crude propolis by liquid chromatography‐electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Del Boccio Piero , Rotilio Domenico
Published: May 2004

Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), an active component of propolis from honeybee hives, is known to have antimitogenic, anticarcinogenic, antinflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. The paper describes a rapid and simple liquid chromatography‐electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry method for qualitative and quantitative determination of CAPE. The chromatographic separation was performed with a Luna RP‐C18 column using a water‐acetonitrile linear gradient. The method was linear over a 0.125–80 ng/mL range (LOD = 62.5 pg/mL). The method was applied for the quantitation of caffeic acid phenethyl ester in crude propolis samples, which were analysed directly after extraction with ethyl acetate solution.
Dual column capillary gas chromatographic system for the in situ analysis of volatile organic compounds on a cometary nucleus
Authors: Szopa Cyril , De Pra Mauro , Tellini Ilaria , Sternberg Robert , Pietrogrande Maria C. , Vidal‐Madjar Claire , Raulin François
Published: May 2004

Two Wall Coated Open Tubular capillary columns, coated with poly(cyanopropylphenyl‐dimethyl)siloxane and poly(diphenyl‐dimethyl)siloxane stationary phases, have been selected for use in the COmetary SAmpling and Composition space experiment for the separation and identification of the wide range of volatile organic compounds which could be present in cometary nuclei. This article presents the main characteristics of the tandem column system for the analysis of solutes of cometary interest within the constraints of space instrumental operating conditions. The high efficiency of the columns is demonstrated and the influence of the operating conditions on their separation properties are investigated. The studied columns exhibit complementary retention pattern: their use in a dual column system makes it possible to achieve the separation and the identification of the compounds of interest. Finally, the good analytical behavior of the columns when analyzing samples which include large amounts of water, the main presumed volatile in comets, is demonstrated. The presented results thus show the suitability of the selected tandem columns system for the desired analyses, and their performance on adaptation to in‐situ cometary chemical investigation.
Characterization of alkyl‐cobalamins formed on trapping of epoxide metabolites of 1,3‐butadiene
Authors: Fred Charlotta , Haglund Johanna , Alsberg Tomas , Rydberg Per , Minten Johanna , Törnqvist Margareta
Published: May 2004

Analytical methods facilitating studies of electrophilically reactive and genotoxic compounds in vitro and in vivo are needed. The strong nucleophile, cob(I)alamin, formed by reduction of Vitamin B12 [cob(III)alamin], may be used for trapping and analysis of 1,2‐epoxides and other electrophiles. In the present study, cob(I)alamin is evaluated as an analytical tool for 1,2‐epoxide metabolites (oxiranes) of 1,3‐butadiene. Products of reaction of cob(I)alamin with 1,2‐epoxy‐3‐butene (EB), 1,2:3,4‐diepoxybutane (DEB), and 1,2‐epoxy‐3,4‐butanediol (EBdiol) have been analyzed by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled on‐line to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) and ultraviolet diode array detection (UV‐DAD). It was shown that a specific alkyl‐Cbl complex is formed for each metabolite and that it was possible to discriminate between the products by HPLC‐UV and by LC‐MS. Quantification of DEB with the method by use of another 1,2‐epoxide as an internal standard was successfully performed. The possibility of using cob(I)alamin for trapping and analysis of the three oxirane metabolites of 1,3‐butadiene will facilitate quantitative comparisons of species in vitro with regard to metabolism of 1,3‐butadiene.
Effects of pressure drop on absolute retention matching in comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography
Authors: Shellie Robert , Marriott Philip , Morrison Paul , Mondello Luigi
Published: May 2004

Comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) analysis has the capability to resolve many more components of complex mixtures than traditional single column GC analysis. There is an increasing need to provide reliable identification of these separated components; time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) is the most appropriate technology to achieve this task. Rather than require MS for all GC×GC separations, it is desirable to assign peak identities to specific peak positions in the GC×GC separation space, and this necessitates matching peak retentions in the two experiments – GC×GC‐FID and GC×GC‐TOFMS. The atmospheric vs. vacuum outlet conditions confound this task. It is shown here that by employing a supplementary gas supply, provided to a T‐union between the column outlet and the MS interface, it is possible to generate 2D chromatograms for GC×GC‐FID and GC×GC‐TOFMS that are essentially exactly matched. There is no degradation in separation performance or efficiency in the second column in the system interfaced to the T‐union. Since the GC×GC‐FID experiment uses hydrogen for maximum efficiency, and GC×GC‐TOFMS uses helium carrier, translation of (conditions/retentions) must account for the different viscosities of the carrier gases. Translation of conditions is based on well‐known principles established in single column analysis. Tabulated data illustrate that retention reproducibility was of the order of better than 4 s for the average first dimension retention difference, and about 40 ms for the average second dimension retention difference when comparing GC×GC‐FID and GC×GC‐TOFMS results. This should provide considerable support for identification in routine GC×GC‐FID analysis of specific sample types, once the peaks in 2D separation space have been assigned identities through GC×GC‐TOFMS analysis.
Rural tourism development in southeastern Europe: transition and the search for sustainability
Authors: Hall Derek
Published: May 2004

This paper evaluates current issues surrounding the role and development of rural tourism in southeastern Europe (SEE) (Romania, Bulgaria, Albania and much of former Yugoslavia), setting this within the wider context of change in post‐communist central and eastern Europe (CEE). It examines local and global factors of development and change, particularly within the context of aspirations towards sustainability. The paper concludes that the impacts of EU membership — both of the 2004 enlargement, and later potentially for the countries of southeastern Europe themselves — is likely to be crucial in market and product development for rural tourism. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functionalization of Multi‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Electrografting of Polyacrylonitrile
Authors: Petrov Petar , Lou Xudong , Pagnoulle Christophe , Jérôme Christine , Calberg Cédric , Jérôme Robert
Published: May 2004

Summary: Multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) have been successfully modified with polyacrylonitrile (PAN) by a cathodic electrochemical process. The surface‐modified MWNTs afforded are then dispersible in good solvents for PAN, such as N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF). Collected from a dilute dispersion, these MWNTs are essentially disentangled, as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. From the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) traces for polyacrylonitrile and polyacrylonitrile‐grafted MWNTs, the maximum grafting ratio is estimated at 0.28.

Electrochemical grafting of polyacrylonitriles onto the surface of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes.

magnified image

Electrochemical grafting of polyacrylonitriles onto the surface of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes.
Structure of polyelectrolyte solutions: influence of salt and chain flexibility
Authors: Winkler Roland G.
Published: May 2004

The structural properties of polyelectrolyte solutions with and without added salt are investigated using an integral equation theory approach. For rodlike systems, all components of the solution (polyions, counterions, anions, and cations) are treat explicitly. Solutions of flexible polyelectrolytes are investigated using the Debye‐Hückel model. The Polymer‐Reference‐Interaction‐Site model for the multicomponent system together with the Reference‐Laria‐Wu‐Chandler closure is solved numerically. It is show that the Coulomb interaction leads to a long‐range liquid like structure. Addition of salt causes screening of the interaction and the structure disappears at very high salt concentrations. Comparison of the correlation functions of the multicomponent systems with those obtained by a one‐component Debye‐Hückel model exhibits good agreement. Moreover, for an appropriate range of parameters, such as density or Bjerrum length, a shell of equally charged saltions exists in the vicinity of a polyion. The effective potential between two monomers displays attraction among the equally charged polyions. The strength of the attraction increases with increasing salt concentration.
Adsorption of linear and star‐shaped polyelectrolytes to monolayers of charged amphiphiles
Authors: Schnitter M. , Menzel H.
Published: May 2004

Adsorption of polyelectrolytes has been studied employing monolayers of ionic amphiphiles at the air water interface as model surfaces. The adsorption of polyelectrolytes from a solution brought into contact with the amphiphile monolayer results in changes of the monolayer structure and properties. Monitoring these changes can be done by recording the changes in surface pressure. The kinetics of the adsorption depends strongly on the nature of the polyelectrolyte. Depending on the structure of the polyelectrolyte a purely diffusion controlled adsorption or a sequence of diffusion controlled adsorption and ordering processes have been identified to determine the kinetics. The influence of the molecular architecture on the polyelectrolyte adsorption has been further studied employing linear and star shaped poly(acrylic acid) and poly(N‐propyl‐4‐vinyl pyridinium bromides), respectively. An unexpected behavior with an induction period in the adsorption kinetics of both polymers has been found. Furthermore, the degree of branching has only very minor effects on the adsorption kinetics.
Microsurgical lip replantation: Evaluation of functional and aesthetic results of three cases
Authors: Duroure F. , Simon E. , Fadhul S. , Fyad J.P. , Chassagne J.F. , Stricker M.
Published: May 2004

Lip amputations are rare, and microsurgical replantation must be systematically tried to restore form and function in one step. The authors present a series of three cases. Revascularization of the amputated segment was obtained by arterial anastomosis with the corresponding labial coronary artery. No venous anastomosis was carried out, because no vein could be identified. Venous drainage was obtained by inducing bleeding and by postoperative application of leeches for 6 days. Anticoagulant therapy and antibiotherapy were used for 10 days. With this approach, two lip amputations were completely saved, and a third amputation only suffered partial necrosis. Aesthetic and functional results were evaluated as being good, with reestablishment of labial continence and recovery of protective sensitivity. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oberlin's ulnar nerve transfer to the biceps motor nerve in obstetric brachial plexus palsy: Indications, and good and bad results
Authors: Noaman Hassan Hamdy , Shiha Anis Elsayed , Bahm Jörg
Published: May 2004

We present 7 children with obstetric brachial plexus palsy treated by transferring two motor fascicles out of the ulnar nerve to the biceps nerve. Three were male, and 4 were female. The left‐side brachial plexus was affected in 4 patients, and the right side in 3 patients. All children had vaginal delivery; two of them presented with shoulder dystocia. The average birth weight was 4,300 g (range, 3,620–5,500 g). Average age at time of operation was 16 months (range, 11–24 months). The indication for the operation was absent active elbow flexion with active shoulder abduction against gravity in 4 cases, and no biceps function and bad shoulder function in 3 cases. Oberlin's ulnar nerve transfer was done in 4 cases without brachial plexus exploration in those children with good shoulder function, and exploration of the brachial plexus was performed in the other 3 cases with bad shoulder function. The average follow‐up was 19 months (range, 13–30 months). Five children had biceps muscle ≥M3 with active elbow flexion against gravity, and 2 children had biceps muscle <M3. We recommend Oberlin's ulnar nerve transfer for upper‐type obstetric brachial plexus palsy in 1) breech delivery with avulsion of C5 and C6 nerve roots,) late presentation with good recovery of shoulder function, and 3) neuroma‐in‐continuity of the upper trunk with intraoperative good nerve conduction for the shoulder muscles, the same as preoperative good shoulder function but with no biceps action. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Singularities of the resolvent at the thresholds of a stratified operator: a general method
Authors: Gado Bio Soumarou Chabi , Durand Marc , Goudjo Côme
Published: May 2004

Our problem is about propagation of waves in stratified strips. The operators are quite general, a typical example being a coupled elasto‐acoustic operator H defined in ℝ2 × I where I is a bounded interval of ℝ with coefficients depending only on z∈I. One applies the ‘conjugate operator method’ to an operator obtained by a spectral decomposition of the partial Fourier transform Ĥ of H. Around each value of the spectrum (except the eigenvalues) including the thresholds, a conjugate operator may be constructed which ensures the ‘good properties’ of regularity for H. A limiting absorption principle is then obtained for a large class of operators at every point of the spectrum (except eigenvalues). If the point is a threshold, the limiting absorption principle is valid in a closed subspace of the usual one (namely L, with s>½) and we are interested by the behaviour of R(z), z close to a threshold, applying in the usual space L, with s>½ when z tends to the threshold. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differential protonation and dynamic structure of doxylamine succinate in solution using 1H and 13C NMR
Authors: Somashekar B. S. , Nagana Gowda G. A. , Ramesha A. R. , Khetrapal C. L.
Published: May 2004

A protonation and dynamic structural study of doxylamine succinate, a 1:1 salt of succinic acid with dimethyl‐[2‐(1‐phenyl‐1‐pyridin‐2‐yl‐ethoxy)ethyl]amine, in solution using one‐ and two‐dimensional 1H and 13C NMR experiments at variable temperature and concentration is presented. The two acidic protons of the salt doxylamine succinate are in ‘intermediate’ exchange at room temperature, as evidenced by the appearance of a broad signal. This signal evolves into two distinct signals below about −30 °C. A two‐dimensional 1H1H double quantum filtered correlation experiment carried out at −55 °C shows protonation of one of the acidic protons to the dimethylamine nitrogen. A two‐dimensional rotating frame 1H1H NOE experiment at the same temperature reveals that the other proton remains with the succinate moiety. Comparison of the 1H and 13C chemical shifts and the 13C T1 relaxation times of the salt with those of the free base further substantiate the findings. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complete assignments of 1H and 13C NMR data for 10 phenylethanoid glycosides
Authors: Wu Jun , Huang Jianshe , Xiao Qiang , Zhang Si , Xiao Zhihui , Li Qingxin , Long Lijuan , Huang Liangmin
Published: May 2004

Ten phenylethanoid glycosides, including two new ones, isolated from the aerial parts of the mangrove plant Acanthus ilicifolius were identified. The first complete assignments of the 1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts for these glycosides were achieved by means of 2D NMR techniques, including 1H–1H COSY, TOCSY, HSQC and HMBC spectra. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automated structure elucidation of two unexpected products in a reaction of an α,β‐unsaturated pyruvate
Authors: Sharman Gary J. , Jones Ian C. , Parnell Mark P. , Willis Michael C. , Mahon Mary F. , Carlson Dean V. , Williams Antony , Elyashberg Mikhail , Blinov Kirill , Molodtsov Sergey G.
Published: May 2004

The reaction between an α,β‐unsaturated pyruvate and ethyl diazoacetate (EDA) yielded two unexpected products. The structures of these products were determined by automated elucidation of the chemical structures using spectroscopic inputs of a series of 1D and 2D NMR data using the computer program ACD/Structure Elucidator, StrucEluc. The formation of these products is rationalised. Their structures were also confirmed by x‐ray crystallography. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complete NMR elucidation of a novel trishomocubane hydantoin and its mono‐ and bis‐t‐Boc protected derivatives
Authors: Fourie Louis , Govender Thavendran , Hariprakasha Humcha K. , Kruger Hendrik G. , Raasch Terrence
Published: May 2004

The syntheses of a novel trishomocubane hydantoin and its mono‐ and bis‐protected t‐Boc derivatives are described. The less nucleophilic N‐3′ nitrogen of the hydantoin ring is protected first when treated with di‐tert‐butyl dicarbonate (t‐Boc anhydride), possibly owing to steric hindrance by the bulky trishomocubane cage skeleton. More basic conditions were required to form the bis‐protected t‐Boc hydantoin with the same reagent. The structures of these novel compounds were elucidated with 2D NMR techniques. The proton spectrum of the trishomocubane skeleton is complex owing to major overlap of proton signals. A high‐level DFT calculation was used to determine some of the crucial interatomic positions, which assisted with the elucidation of the structures. The assignment of proton and carbon signals of the three structures is described and it differs significantly from each other and also from the trishomocubanol precursor. The bis‐Boc hydantoin is required for a more facile hydrolysis to the corresponding trishomocubane amino acid at room temperature. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Opportunities afforded by the study of unmyelinated nerves in skin and other organs
Authors: Kennedy William R.
Published: May 2004

Neurological practice is mainly focused on signs and symptoms of disorders that involve functions governed by myelinated nerves. Functions controlled by unmyelinated nerve fibers have necessarily remained in the background because of the inability to consistently stain, image, or construct clinically applicable neurophysiological tests of these nerves. The situation has changed with the introduction of immunohistochemical methods and confocal microscopy into clinical medicine, as these provide clear images of thin unmyelinated nerves in most organs. One obvious sign of change is the increasing number of reports from several laboratories of the pathological alterations of cutaneous nerves in skin biopsies from patients with a variety of clinical conditions. This study reviews recent methods to stain and image unmyelinated nerves as well as the use of these methods for diagnosing peripheral neuropathy, for experimental studies of denervation and reinnervation in human subjects, and for demonstrating the vast array of unmyelinated nerves in internal organs. The new ability to examine the great variety of nerves in different organs opens opportunities and creates challenges and responsibilities for neurologists and neuroscientists. Muscle Nerve 756–767, 2004
Beak gape dynamics during song in the zebra finch
Authors: Goller Franz , Mallinckrodt Mary Jo , Torti Sylvia D.
Published: May 2004

Bird song is a complex communication behavior that requires the coordination of several motor systems. Sound is produced in the syrinx and then modified by the upper vocal tract, but the specific nature and dynamics of this modification are not well understood. To determine the contribution of beak movements to sound modification, we studied the beak gape patterns in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). Subsyringeal air sac pressure and song were recorded together with changes in beak gape, which were monitored with a magneto‐sensitive transducer. Beak gape was positively correlated with fundamental frequency, peak frequency, and subsyringeal air sac pressure in all but one bird. For harmonic stacks, peak frequency increased with increasing beak gape, and the relationship between fundamental frequency and beak gape was no longer significant. Experimentally holding the beak open or closed had acoustic consequences consistent with the model in which beak movements change upper vocal tract length and, thus, the filter properties. Beak gape was positively correlated with sound amplitude in all but two birds. The relationship between beak aperture and amplitude may, however, be indirect because air sac pressure is correlated with amplitude and beak gape. The beak is opened quickly and to its widest aperture immediately prior to the onset of sound and at rapid transitions in sound, suggesting that beak movements may affect vibratory behavior of the labia. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 59: 289–303, 2004
Global formulation of 3D magnetostatics using flux and gauged potentials
Authors: Repetto M. , Trevisan F.
Published: May 2004

The use of algebraic formulation for the solution of electromagnetic fields is becoming more and more widespread. This paper presents the theoretical development of two algebraic formulations of the magneto‐static problem and their implementation in a three dimensional computational procedure based on an unstructured tetrahedral mesh. A complete description of the variables used and of the solution algorithm is provided together with a discussion about the performances of the method. The performances of the two procedures are tested and assessed versus cases with known solutions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Switching between multivariable controllers
Authors: Niemann Henrik , Stoustrup Jakob , Abrahamsen Rune B.
Published: May 2004

A concept for implementation of multivariable controllers is presented in this paper. The concept is based on the Youla–Jabr–Bongiorno–Kucera (YJBK) parameterization of all stabilizing controllers. Using this scheme for implementation of multivariable controllers, it is shown how it is possible to smoothly switch between multivariable controllers with guaranteed closed‐loop stability. This includes also the case where one or more controllers are unstable.

The concept for smooth on‐line changes of multivariable controllers based on the YJBK architecture can also handle the start‐up and shut down of multivariable systems. Furthermore, the start‐up of unstable multivariable controllers can be handled as well. Finally, implementation of (unstable) controllers as a stableQparameter in aQ‐parameterized controller can also be achieved. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Organ distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) associated coronavirus (SARS‐CoV) in SARS patients: implications for pathogenesis and virus transmission pathways
Authors: Ding Yanqing , He Li , Zhang Qingling , Huang Zhongxi , Che Xiaoyan , Hou Jinlin , Wang Huijun , Shen Hong , Qiu Liwen , Li Zhuguo , Geng Jian , Cai Junjie , Han Huixia , Li Xin , Kang Wei , Weng Desheng , Liang Ping , Jiang Shibo
Published: May 2004

We previously identified the major pathological changes in the respiratory and immune systems of patients who died of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) but gained little information on the organ distribution of SARS‐associated coronavirus (SARS‐CoV). In the present study, we used a murine monoclonal antibody specific for SARS‐CoV nucleoprotein, and probes specific for a SARS‐CoV RNA polymerase gene fragment, for immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, respectively, to detect SARS‐CoV systematically in tissues from patients who died of SARS. SARS‐CoV was found in lung, trachea/bronchus, stomach, small intestine, distal convoluted renal tubule, sweat gland, parathyroid, pituitary, pancreas, adrenal gland, liver and cerebrum, but was not detected in oesophagus, spleen, lymph node, bone marrow, heart, aorta, cerebellum, thyroid, testis, ovary, uterus or muscle. These results suggest that, in addition to the respiratory system, the gastrointestinal tract and other organs with detectable SARS‐CoV may also be targets of SARS‐CoV infection. The pathological changes in these organs may be caused directly by the cytopathic effect mediated by local replication of the SARS‐CoV; or indirectly as a result of systemic responses to respiratory failure or the harmful immune response induced by viral infection. In addition to viral spread through a respiratory route, SARS‐CoV in the intestinal tract, kidney and sweat glands may be excreted via faeces, urine and sweat, thereby leading to virus transmission. This study provides important information for understanding the pathogenesis of SARS‐CoV infection and sheds light on possible virus transmission pathways. This data will be useful for designing new strategies for prevention and treatment of SARS. Copyright © 2004 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A multistep model for ovarian tumorigenesis: the value of mutation analysis in the KRAS and BRAF genes
Authors: Russell S. E. Hilary , McCluggage W. Glenn
Published: May 2004

Epithelial ovarian tumours represent a complex group of histological subtypes and there has long been controversy over the question of a precursor lesion for these neoplasms. The application of mutation analysis of the KRAS and BRAF genes (members of the RAS‐RAF‐MEK‐ERK‐MAP kinase pathway) is consistent with the model for progression of mucinous carcinomas and a subset of serous carcinomas (the so‐called low‐grade serous carcinomas) through benign and borderline lesions. The relatively high incidence of BRAF and KRAS mutations in serous borderline tumours and low‐grade serous carcinomas, and their extremely low incidence/absence in high‐grade serous carcinomas, provide strong evidence that high‐grade carcinomas do not arise through this intermediate step. Copyright © 2004 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.