bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sovereign Debt Restructuring - Recent Developments and Implications for the Fund's Legal and Policy Framework
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

his paper reviews the recent application of the Fund’s policies and practices on sovereign debt restructuring.

Specifically, the paper:

• recaps in a holistic manner the various policies and practices that underpin the Fund's legal and policy framework for sovereign debt restructuring, including on debt sustainability, market access, financing assurances, arrears, private sector involvement (PSI), official sector involvement (OSI), and the use of legal instruments;

• reviews how this framework has been applied in the context of Fund-supported programs and highlights the issues that have emerged in light of recent experience with debt restructuring; and
• describes recent initiatives in various fora aimed at promoting orderly sovereign debt restructuring, highlighting differences with the Fund’s existing framework.

Based on this stocktaking, the paper identifies issues that could be considered in further depth in follow-up work by staff to assess whether the Fund’s framework for debt restructuring should be adapted:

• first, debt restructurings have often been too little and too late, thus failing to re-establish debt sustainability and market access in a durable way. Overcoming these problems likely requires action on several fronts, including (i) increased rigor and transparency of debt sustainability and market access assessments, (ii) exploring ways to prevent the use of Fund resources to simply bail out private creditors, and (iii) measures to alleviate the costs associated with restructurings;
• second, while creditor participation has been adequate in recent restructurings, the current contractual, market-based approach to debt restructuring is becoming less potent in overcoming collective action problems, especially in pre-default cases. In response, consideration could be given to making the contractual framework more effective, including through the introduction of more robust aggregation clauses into international sovereign bonds bearing in mind the inter-creditor equity issues that such an approach may raise.

The Fund may also consider ways to condition use of its financing more tightly to the resolution of collective action problems;

• third, the growing role and changing composition of official lending call for a clearer framework for official sector involvement, especially with regard to non-Paris Club creditors, for which the modality for securing program financing commitments could be tightened; and
• fourth, although the collaborative, good-faith approach to resolving external private arrears embedded in the lending into arrears (LIA) policy remains the most promising way to regain market access post-default, a review of the effectiveness of the LIA policy is in order in light of recent experience and the increased complexity of the creditor base. Consideration could also be given to extending the LIA policy to official arrears.
Unconventional Monetary Policies - Recent Experiences and Prospects
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

This paper addresses three questions about unconventional monetary policies. First, what policies were tried, and with what objectives? Second, were policies effective? And third, what role might these policies continue to play in the future?
Review of Facilities for Low-Income Countries - Proposals for Implementation
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

Based on the Executive Board’s guidance during the first stage of the Review of Low Income Countries (LIC) Facilities, this paper suggests a number of refinements to the facilities and instruments that are consistent with the self-sustainability of the Poverty Reduction and Growth Trust (PRGT). The proposals seek to improve the tailoring and flexibility of Fund support. Taken together with those advanced in the parallel paper on PRGT eligibility, they are projected to keep the average annual demand for PRGT resources within a range consistent with the Board’s approved strategy to make the PRGT self-sustaining over the period 2013–35. The proposals are as follows.
Helping Developing Countries Address Public Debt Management Challenges - An IMF-World Bank Capacity Building Partnership
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

In 2009, the Boards of the IMF and World Bank jointly endorsed a capacity building program to help developing countries strengthen their public debt management frameworks. A key aspect of the program was to help developing countries implement the framework developed by staffs to formulate an effective medium-term debt management strategy (MTDS). The Boards also supported the continued use of the complementary framework—the Debt Management Performance Assessment (DeMPA)—developed in 2007, to assess the effectiveness of the broader institutional arrangements for public debt management. This paper provides an update on the implementation of the program since its endorsement in 2009.
IMF Membership in the Financial Stability Board
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

In light of the recent establishment of the Financial Stability Board (FSB) as an association under Swiss law, this paper proposes Fund membership in the new association. The FSB was formed in 2009 and the Fund’s Executive Board approved the Fund’s membership in 2010, which has provided the Fund with the necessary scope to engage and collaborate with the FSB on a wide range of issues of mutual interest. Recently, in response to a request by the G-20 to establish the FSB with a well-defined “legal personality,” the FSB was established as an association under Swiss law. In light of this change, an Executive Board decision is required for the Fund to formally join the Association.
Outcome of the Quota Formula Review - Report of the Executive Board to the Board of Governors
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

In completing the Fourteenth General Review of Quotas and approving the Proposed Amendment on the Reform of the Executive Board, the Board of Governors requested that the Executive Board complete a comprehensive review of the quota formula by January 2013. The Executive Board was also requested to bring forward the timetable for completion of the Fifteenth General Review of Quotas (hereafter the 15th Review) to January 2014.
Energy Subsidy Reform - Lessons and Implications
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

Energy subsidies have wide-ranging economic consequences. While aimed at protecting consumers, subsidies aggravate fiscal imbalances, crowd-out priority public spending, and depress private investment, including in the energy sector. Subsidies also distort resource allocation by encouraging excessive energy consumption, artificially promoting capital-intensive industries, reducing incentives for investment in renewable energy, and accelerating the depletion of natural resources. Most subsidy benefits are captured by higher-income households, reinforcing inequality. Even future generations are affected through the damaging effects of increased energy consumption on global warming. This paper provides: (i) the most comprehensive estimates of energy subsidies currently available for 176 countries; and (ii) an analysis of ?how to do energy subsidy reform, drawing on insights from 22 country case studies undertaken by IMF staff and analyses carried out by other institutions.
Proposed Amendment on the Reform of the IMF Executive Board and Fourteenth General Review of Quotas - Status of Acceptances and Consents
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

This status report reviews progress toward implementation of the 2010 Quota and Governance Reforms. It updates the status of consents to the proposed quota increases under the 14th General Review of Quotas and of acceptances of the Proposed Seventh Amendment on the Reform of the Executive Board (“Board Reform Amendment” or “Seventh Amendment”) as set out in the Board of Governors Resolution No. 66-2.
Macroeconomic Developments in Low-Income Developing Countries
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

This report examines macroeconomic developments and related vulnerabilities in low-income developing countries (LIDCs)—a group of 60 countries that have markedly different economic features to higher income countries and are eligible for concessional financing from both the IMF and the World Bank. Collectively, they account for about one-fifth of the world’s Population.
Review of the Financial Sector Assessment Program - Further Adaptation to the Post-Crisis Era - Background Studies
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

The past five years have seen an expansion of the scope of FSAPs to assess countries' macroprudential policy (MaPP) frameworks. This note documents this increase and offers some suggestions on how the treatment of MaPP issues in FSAPs can be further strengthened and better integrated into the overall financial stability assessment.
Sixth Periodic Monitoring Report on the Status of Implementation Plans in Response to Board-Endorsed IEO Recommendations
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

IMF staff and
completed on June 30, 2014 for the Executive Board’s consideration on August 7, 2014.
Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative and Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative—Statistical Update
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

The HIPC Initiative and MDRI are nearly complete, with 36 countries having already reached the completion point under the HIPC Initiative. Chad, in April 2015, is the latest country to reach the completion point. Debt relief under the Initiative has alleviated debt burdens substantially in recipient countries and has enabled them to increase their poverty-reducing expenditure by over one and a half percentage points of GDP between 2001 and 2014.

Creditor participation in the HIPC Initiative has been strong amongst the multilateral and Paris Club creditors; however participation from other creditor groups still needs to be strengthened. The total cost of debt relief to creditors under the HIPC Initiative is currently estimated to be US$74.8 billion, while the costs to the four multilateral creditors providing relief under the MDRI is estimated at US$41.6 billion in end-2014 present value terms.
The 2017 Joint Review of the Standards and Codes Initiative
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

The standards and codes (S&C) initiative was launched in the aftermath of the emerging market crises of the 1990s as part of efforts to strengthen the international financial architecture, with a focus on emerging markets. The initiative has aimed at promoting international standards and codes to improve economic and financial resilience by assisting countries in strengthening their economic institutions and informing World Bank and IMF work. The four previous reviews confirmed a fairly high appreciation of the overall initiative, while also raising questions about the initiative’s link to surveillance and capacity development efforts, weak uptake by market participants, as well as a need to improve traction with policy makers. This review reaffirms the country authorities’ appreciation for S&C work, and its focus and scope are guided by the February 2017 paper.
Statement by the Managing Director on the Independent Evaluation Office's Report on the IMF and Social Protection
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

I welcome the report of the Independent Evaluation Office (IEO) on the IMF and Social Protection. This is an area in which the Fund has broadened its engagement in recent years, responding to the needs of the membership. The conclusion that I draw from the report—that the Fund has made strong progress—is therefore an encouraging one, even as I recognize that there is scope to do better. The IEO’s analysis and findings have much in common with recent work by Fund staff, while providing a broader perspective that is very valuable. Overall, I find the IEO’s recommendations for refining the Fund’s approach to social protection to be well-judged, and the proposals have my support.
Use of Supervisory Standards in the Financial Sector Assessment Program—Understandings with Standard Setting Bodies
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

This paper informs the Executive Board of the staff-level understandings reached with global Standard Setting Bodies (SSBs) on the use of the three financial sector supervisory standards in FSAPs:

the Basel Committee’s Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervision (BCP), set by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS);
the Insurance Core Principles (ICP), set by the International Association of Insurance Supervisors (IAIS); and
the Objectives and Principles of Securities Regulation (Principles), set by the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO).
As graded assessments of compliance with supervisory standards are voluntary, FSAPs have adopted a flexible approach to the use of supervisory standards. A standard is either assessed in full, resulting in grades, or used as the basis for a deeper analysis of selected elements of the oversight framework in a focused review, without grades. The SSBs and Fund staff have reached understandings on a refinement of the existing flexible approach, with sets of “base principles” serving as the starting points for focused reviews.
List of IMF Member Countries with Delays in Completion of Article IV Consultations or Mandatory Financial Stability Assessments over 18 Months
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

In line with a framework introduced in 2012 for addressing excessive delays in the completion of Article IV consultations, this report lists the IMF members for which the Article IV consultation has been delayed by more than 18 months at end-May, 2017. The delay is counted past the stipulated date for the consultation plus any applicable grace period. There are no countries for which the mandatory financial stability assessments are delayed by more than 18 months at end-May, 2017.
State-Contingent Debt Instruments for Sovereigns - Annexes
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

These annexes accompany the IMF Policy Paper State Contingent Debt Instruments for Sovereigns
Honduras
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept.
Published: September 2019

Selected Issues
Republic of Serbia
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. European Dept.
Published: September 2019

Macroeconomic stability has been maintained with robust economic growth, declining public debt, as well as low and stable inflation. While Serbia continues to address structural challenges, supported by the Policy Coordination Instrument, more determined efforts are needed to ensure faster income convergence with the EU.
Niger
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
Published: September 2019

Niger faces daunting development challenges, aggravated by terrorist incursions, low uranium export prices, and climate change. Nonetheless, GDP growth picked up to
6.5 percent last year- and should average above 7 percent over the next five years thanks to reforms, substantial donor support, several large-scale projects, and a one-time boost from the projected commencement of crude oil exports in 2022.
France
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
Published: September 2019

Important institutional and policy changes have taken place since the 2012 FSAP. At the national level, the authorities have strengthened the macroprudential framework by establishing the High Council for Financial Stability (HCSF), enhanced monitoring of financial stability risks, prepared to manage the Brexit fall-out, introduced macroprudential measures, and taken various financial reform measures included in Loi PACTE—Action Plan for Business Growth and Transformation—and initiatives on digital finance, crypto-assets, green finance, and combating cyber risk. At the European level, significant changes include the Banking Union (BU), Capital Requirements Regulation/Capital Requirements Directive (CRR/CRD), Solvency II, and efforts towards a Capital Markets Union (CMU).
The financial system is more resilient than it was in 2012. Capital positions and asset quality have improved. Banking business is better placed to handle cross-border contagion, including from exposures to high-yield EA economies. Insurers’ solvency ratios have been stable and have been bolstered by the effective implementation of Solvency II. Household savings and balance sheets are relatively sound and house prices presently appear broadly aligned with fundamentals.
France
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. European Dept.
Published: September 2019

Selected Issues
Chad
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
Published: September 2019

Chad is a low-income fragile country that depends heavily on oil revenues. In recent years, it has been heavily impacted by an oil price shock and security tensions which intensified recently with a rise in terrorists attacks and rebel movements. Significant progress has been made under the 2017 ECF arrangement to help restore debt sustainability and fiscal stability. However, the economic, financial, and social situation is still very difficult, and the recovery in the non-oil economy has not taken strong hold yet as the economy continues to deal with legacies from the crisis and long-standing structural weaknesses.
Russian Federation
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. European Dept.
Published: September 2019

Selected Issues
Republic of Madagascar
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
Published: September 2019

Despite some electoral cycle-related uncertainties—the preparation and holding of the Presidential election in December 2018 and Parliamentary elections in May 2019—economic developments remained favorable in 2018 and the first months of 2019. Macroeconomic slippages were limited, with spending strictly contained within budget limits. The stable functioning of public institutions allowed for continued implementation of the economic reform program.
Responsive or Repressive? How Frontline Bureaucrats Enforce the One Child Policy in China
Authors: Mattingly Daniel C.
Published: September 2019

How do authoritarian states implement policies that curb individual freedom? In this article, I examine the implementation of the One Child Policy in China, which has had an enormous impact on Chinese society and yet has received little attention from political scientists. I argue that
the success or failure of the policy hinged on using frontline bureaucrats to infiltrate society. Important theories suggest that bureaucratic penetration may increase bureaucrats' responsiveness to citizens and decrease implementation of the law. Drawing on a unique dataset and natural experiment,
I show the opposite to be true in China: a one standard deviation increase in bureaucratic penetration lowers over-quota births by 2 to 7 percentage points. There is suggestive evidence that bureaucrats leverage their social embeddedness to control society. The article shows how frontline
bureaucrats beyond the police, military, or ruling party are key agents of repression and political control.
Do the Rich and the Poor Have Different Conceptions of Democracy? Socioeconomic Status, Inequality, and the Political Status Quo
Authors: Ceka Besir , Magalhães Pedro C.
Published: September 2019

In this study, we investigate how socioeconomic status is related to people's commitment to liberal democracy. Based on sociological and psychological theories of social conflict and dominance, we argue that those who enjoy a more privileged position in the social hierarchy tend to
develop stronger preferences for the existing social and political order. Conversely, people in underprivileged positions tend to be less supportive of that order. Hence, we expect the relationship between socioeconomic status and commitment to liberal democracy to be context-specific: positive
in liberal democracies but negative in autocracies. Furthermore, we argue that income inequality amplifies these dynamics, widening the gap between low and high status individuals. We test our hypotheses using the fifth wave of the World Value Surveys.
The effect of polymorphism in the FADS2 gene on the fatty acid composition of bovine milk
Authors: Proskura Witold Stanisław , Liput Michał , Zaborski Daniel , Sobek Zbigniew , Yu Yu-Hsiang , Cheng Yeong-Hsiang , Dybus Andrzej
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) play a role in a wide variety of physiological processes. They are produced by a series of desaturation and elongation reactions. Δ-6-desaturase is a membrane-bound enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of α-linolenic acid (C18:3n-3) and linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) to stearidonic acid (18:4n-3) and γ-linolenic acid (18:3n-6). It is encoded by the FADS2 gene located on bovine chromosome 29. The aim of this study was to identify a single nucleotide polymorphism in the FADS2 gene and to determine possible associations with milk fatty acid composition in two breeds of dairy cattle, i.e., Jersey and Polish Holstein-Friesian. Direct DNA sequencing revealed the presence of an A-to-G substitution in intron 3 of the FADS2 gene (rs209202414). Both populations were genotyped with an appropriate PCR-RFLP assay. The following genotype distributions were observed: for Jerseys, AA = 0.24, AG = 0.63, and GG = 0.13; for Polish Holstein-Friesians, AA = 0.17, AG = 0.40, and GG = 0.43. In Jerseys, statistically significant relationships were found between the FASD2 genotypes and the following milk fatty acids: lauric (P=0.0486), behenic (P=0.0199), lignoceric (P=0.0209), oleic (P=0.0386), eicosatrienoic (P=0.0113), and docosadienoic (P=0.0181). In Polish Holstein-Friesian cows, significant associations were observed for erucic (P=0.0460) and docosahexaenoic (P=0.0469) acids. The study indicated the A-to-G substitution (rs209202414) in the bovine FADS2 gene as a potential genetic marker for fatty acid composition in cattle milk.
Characterization of aerosol particles at Cape Verde close to sea and cloud level heights – Part 2: ice nucleating particles in air, cloud and seawater
Authors: Gong Xianda , Wex Heike , van Pinxteren Manuela , Triesch Nadja , Fomba Khanneh Wadinga , Lubitz Jasmin , Stolle Christian , Robinson Tiera-Brandy , Müller Thomas , Herrmann Hartmut , Stratmann Frank
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Ice nucleating particles (INPs) in the troposphere can form ice in clouds via heterogeneous ice nucleation. Yet, atmospheric number concentrations of INPs (NINP) are not well characterized and although there is some understanding of their sources, it is still unclear to what extend different sources contribute, nor if all sources are known. In this work, we examined properties of INPs at Cape Verde from different sources, the oceanic sea surface microlayer (SML) and underlying water (ULW), the atmosphere close to both sea and cloud level as well as cloud water. Both enrichment and depletion of NINP in SML compared to ULW were observed. The enrichment factor (EF) varied from roughly 0.4 to 11, and there was no clear trend in EF with temperature. NINP in PM10 sampled at Cape Verde Atmospheric Observatory (CVAO) at any particular temperature spanned around 1 order of magnitude below −15 °C, and about 2 orders of magnitude at warmer temperatures (>−12 °C). NINP in PM1 were generally lower than those in PM10 at CVAO. About 83 ± 22 %, 67 ± 18 % and 77 ± 14 % (median ± standard deviation) of INPs had a diameter > 1 µm at ice activation temperatures of −12, −15, and −18 °C, respectively. Among the 17 PM10 samples at CVAO, three PM10 filters showed elevated NINP at warm temperatures, e.g., above 0.01 std L−1 at −10 °C. However, for NINP in PM1 at CVAO, this is not the case. At these higher temperatures, often biological particles have been found to be ice active. Consequently, the difference in NINP between PM1 and PM10 at CVAO, suggests that biological ice active particles were present in the super-micron size range. NINP in PM10 at CVAO was found to be similar to that on Monte Verde (MV, at 744 m a.s.l.) during non-cloud events. During cloud events, most INPs on MV were activated to cloud droplets. When highly ice active particles were present in PM10 filters at CVAO, they were not observed in PM10 filters on MV, but in cloud water samples, instead. This is direct evidence that these INPs which are likely biological are activated to cloud droplets during cloud events. In general, Cape Verde was often affected by dust from the Saharan desert during our measurement. For the observed air masses, atmospheric NINP in air fit well to the concentrations observed in cloud water. When comparing concentrations of both sea salt and INPs in both seawater and PM10 filters, it can be concluded that sea spray aerosol (SSA) only contributed a minor fraction to the atmospheric NINP. Therefore it can be said that, unless there would be a significant enrichment of NINP during the formation of SSA particles, NINP was mainly dominated by mineral dust at cold temperatures with few contributions from possible biological particles at warmer temperatures.
Ionospheric Plasma Density Measurements by Swarm Langmuir Probes: Limitations and possible Corrections
Authors: Diego Piero , Coco Igino , Bertello Igor , Candidi Maurizio , Ubertini Pietro
Published: September 2019

Abstract. The ESA Swarm constellation includes three satellites, which have been observing the Earth's ionosphere since November 2013, following polar orbits. The main ionospheric plasma parameters, such as electron density and temperature, are measured by means of Langmuir probes (Lps); electron density measurements, in particular, are nowadays largely considered as qualitatively reliable, and have been used in several published papers to date. In this work, we aim to discuss how some technical characteristics of Swarm Lps, such as their size and location on board the satellites, as well as the operational setup of the instruments, could lead to limitations in their accuracy if one underestimates the influence of satellite proximity, and the larger extension of the plasma sheath surrounding the probes due to the operational point of the voltage ripple. Two specific corrections are proposed for the assessment and possible mitigation of such effects. Finally, a comparison is made with electron density measurements from CSES-01 mission, which relies on Langmuir probes as well, whose geometry and operating mode are standard.
Physical drivers of the nitrate seasonal variability in the Atlantic cold tongue
Authors: Radenac Marie-Hélène , Jouanno Julien , Tchamabi Christine Carine , Awo Mesmin , Bourlès Bernard , Arnault Sabine , Aumont Olivier
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Ocean color observations show semiannual variations of chlorophyll in the Atlantic cold tongue with a main bloom in boreal summer and a secondary bloom in December. In this study, ocean color and in situ measurements, and a coupled physical-biogeochemical model are used to investigate the processes that drive this variability. Results show that the main phytoplankton bloom in July-August is driven by a strong vertical supply of nitrate in May-July and the secondary bloom in December is driven by a shorter and moderate supply in November. The upper ocean nitrate balance is analyzed and shows that vertical advection controls the nitrate input in the equatorial euphotic layer and that vertical diffusion and meridional advection are key in extending and shaping the bloom off equator. Horizontal advection mostly acts to bring nitrate low water below the mixed layer. Our results also give insights on the influence of intraseasonal processes in these exchanges. Observations and model show that the Equatorial Undercurrent brings low-nitrate water (relatively to off-equatorial surrounding waters) but still rich enough to enhance the cold tongue productivity.
Using nowcasting technique and data assimilation in a meteorological model to improve very short range hydrological forecasts
Authors: Poletti Maria Laura , Silvestro Francesco , Davolio Silvio , Pignone Flavio , Rebora Nicola
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Forecasting flash floods some hours in advance
is still a challenge, especially in environments made up of many small
catchments. Hydrometeorological forecasting systems generally allow for
predicting the possibility of having very intense rainfall events on quite
large areas with good performances, even with 12–24 h of anticipation.
However, they are not able to predict the exact rainfall location if we
consider portions of a territory of 10 to 1000 km2 as the order of magnitude.
The scope of this work is to exploit both observations and modelling sources
to improve the discharge prediction in small catchments with a lead time of
2–8 h. The models used to achieve the goal are essentially (i) a probabilistic
rainfall nowcasting model able to extrapolate the rainfall evolution from
observations, (ii) a non-hydrostatic high-resolution numerical weather
prediction (NWP) model and (iii) a distributed hydrological model able to
provide a streamflow prediction in each pixel of the studied domain. These
tools are used, together with radar observations, in a synergistic way,
exploiting the information of each element in order to complement each other.
For this purpose observations are used in a frequently updated data
assimilation framework to drive the NWP system, whose output is in turn used
to improve the information as input to the nowcasting technique in terms of
a predicted rainfall volume trend; finally nowcasting and NWP outputs are
blended, generating an ensemble of rainfall scenarios used to feed the
hydrological model and produce a prediction in terms of streamflow. The flood prediction system is applied to three major events that occurred in the
Liguria region (Italy) first to produce a standard analysis on predefined
basin control sections and then using a distributed approach that exploits the
capabilities of the employed hydrological model. The results obtained for
these three analysed events show that the use of the present approach is
promising. Even if not in all the cases, the blending technique clearly
enhances the prediction capacity of the hydrological nowcasting chain with
respect to the use of input coming only from the nowcasting technique;
moreover, a worsening of the performance is observed less, and it is
nevertheless ascribable to the critical transition between the nowcasting
and the NWP model rainfall field.
IDENTIDADE, GÊNERO E TRANSGENERIDADE: A CONSTRUÇÃO DO SER-MULHER NO VIDEODOCUMENTÁRIO “LAERTE-SE”
Authors: Cordeiro Ana Luiza , Rohling Nivea
Published: September 2019

Levando em conta a acepção de que as identidades e os modos de existirsão socialmente produzidos a partir de diferentes práticas discursivas, forjandoprocessos de diferenciação dos sujeitos e legitimando o pertencimento a determinados grupos, o presente artigo analisa os discursos sobre o ser-mulher trans* no videodocumentário Laerte-se, considerando as múltiplas vozes que ecoam nessa narrativa multissemiótica. Para tanto, a análise tomou como base os estudos sobre gênero, sexualidade e identidade tais como: Beauvoir (1980), Butler (2001), De Lauretis (1994), Geraldi (2010), Moita Lopes (2013). O gênero documentário é um objeto diverso, tanto em sua roteirizarão – vozes da protagonista, do produtor, do diretor –, quanto em sua composição – imagens, músicas, enunciados, depoimentos, encenações –, fazendo ecoar e entrelaçar diferentes discursos sobre a identidade trans* para um mesmo produto midiático. Os resultados apontam para quatro eixos de centralização: o íntimo, o privado, o profissional e o ficcional – explicitando a construção identitária do ser-mulher trans do sujeito Laerte que transita entre a dualidade masculina-feminina, instaurada e reforçada socialmente, e a manifestação política do (r)existir como trans*.
A COLABORAÇÃO NA APRENDIZAGEM DE ESCRITA DAS LÍNGUAS DE SINAIS (ELiS): O QUE PENSAM ALUNOS OUVINTES SOBRE O TRABALHO EM PARES?
Authors: Freitas Guilherme Gonçalves , Figueiredo Francisco José Quaresma de , Costa Artur Moraes da
Published: September 2019

Esta pesquisa, de caráter qualitativo, tem por objetivo verificar os benefícios da aprendizagem colaborativa durante a produção de textos escritos em Escrita das Línguas de Sinais (ELiS). Adotamos, como eixo orientador deste estudo, teorias sobre interação e sobre a aprendizagem colaborativa de línguas, e a investigação ocorreu na Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG) com 6 alunos ouvintes do curso de licenciatura em Letras: Libras. Os instrumentos utilizados para coleta de dados foram: entrevistas e gravações de áudio e vídeo das interações das quais os estudantes participaram. Assim, buscamos responder às seguintes perguntas: 1) Quais as percepções dos alunos quando escrevem em ELiS individualmente e quando escrevem com o colega?; 2) De que forma a produção de texto, numa perspectiva colaborativa, pode ajudar os alunos na escrita em ELiS? Os resultados mostram que, durante a produção em pares, os alunos mencionaram mais pontos positivos do que negativos, como por exemplo: oportunidade de troca de conhecimento; possibilidade de aumento da autoestima na aprendizagem de ELiS; oportunidade de correção e reflexão, entre outros. Desse modo, concluímos que a utilização da abordagem colaborativa durante as aulas de ELiS tem o potencial para criar um ambiente positivo para aprendizagem.
ATOS DE FALA SOBRE GÊNERO E SEXUALIDADE: A NECESSIDADE DO CONTRADISCURSO
Authors: Betim Deleon , Iurk Bernardo Ozorio
Published: September 2019

Resumo: O presente texto objetiva realizar uma análise a partir da teoria dos atos de fala de J. L Austin sobre as questões de gênero e sexualidade, especificamente, a performatividade e a representação no que concerne à temática citada. Os exemplos aqui discutidos foram retirados das experiências vivenciadas e/ou observadas pelos pesquisadores em âmbitos familiares, escolares e esportivos. Foram selecionados devido sua alta incidência no cotidiano. Podemos observar que muitos atos de fala pretendem agir no sentido de manter o status quo e normatizar gêneros e sexualidades.
Different Effects of Motivation Orientation on Ideational Flexibility: Key Role of Optimism
Authors: Li Yadan , Yang Yilong , Yang Junyi , Qi Senqing , Wang Xuewei , Han Keyang , Hu Weiping , Qiu Jiang
Published: September 2019

The present study investigated the relationships between motivation orientation (approach and avoidance motivations) and ideational flexibility and the potential effects of optimism on these associations in a large behavioral sample of 320 healthy young adults. As predicted, the approach motivation-ideational flexibility relationship and the avoidance motivation-ideational flexibility relationship were differentially affected by individual difference measures of dispositional optimism. More specifically, optimism significantly moderated the relationship between avoidance motivation and ideational flexibility, whereas it did not moderate the relationship between approach motivation and ideational flexibility. Detailed analysis revealed that avoidance motivation related positively to ideational flexibility, especially for people with low optimism. Furthermore, in an external validation analysis using data obtained from an independent sample of participants (replication cohort; n = 249), we showed that dispositional optimism can reliably affect the approach motivation-ideational flexibility relationship and the avoidance motivation-ideational flexibility relationship differentially. These findings help resolve the ongoing controversy surrounding the nature of the motivation orientation-creativity nexus and have potential implications for current practice and interventions.
A Research on Cognitive Metonymy Models of News Headlines from ft.com
Authors: Mai Chunyan
Published: September 2019

News as a literary form adopted by public media, has been playing an important role in reporting international events. Due to the fast pace of life in today’s society, readers usually grasp the major events by just reading the headlines. While the headline as the “eye” of a piece of news, enables the readers to catch the key and hot point at the first time by means of its terse and concise words. With the rise of cognitive linguistics, metonymy is regarded not only as a rhetorical device, but also as a way of thinking the objective world. What’s more, metonymy also plays an important role in the news headline discourse organization. Therefore, based on the cognitive metonymy theory, this research makes the case studies of the news headlines which contain metonymy in order to answer the two questions: (1) Among the different kinds of cognitive metonymy models, which one is used the most frequently in news headlines? (2) Are the natures and values of news headlines related to the choice of these cognitive metonymy models?
Management of Lecturers Resource Development at Higher Education
Authors: Kemal Isthifa , Suryadi Suryadi , Rosyidi Unifah
Published: September 2019

The purpose of this study was to determine the management of the development of lecturer resources in the tri dharma of higher education in STKIP Bina Bangsa Getsempena (STKIP BBG) Banda Aceh. This research is focused on the implementation of the tri dharma of higher education. This research uses a qualitative method with a case study approach. Data were collected by interview, observation and documentation study, then analyzed qualitatively. As for data analysis techniques, descriptive-inductive and reflective models are specifically used in this study. The results of these research programs in the implementation of the tri dharma of higher education are carried out on an ongoing basis so that lecturer resources are maintained. All of them in the management of lecturer resource development rests on the vision of the institution to make universities superior.
Simultaneous Determination of Four Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Three Estrogen Steroid Hormones in Wastewater Samples by Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Based on Solidification of Floating Organic Droplet and HPLC
Authors: Beldean-Galea Mihail Simion , Klein Romain , Coman Maria-Virginia
Published: September 2019

Background: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and estrogen steroid hormones (estrogens) are pharmaceuticals intensively studied in environmental analysis due to their toxic effect on animal and human beings. Objective: Development of a simple, fast, and sensitive extraction method for the simultaneously analysis of four NSAIDs (ketoprofen, naproxen, ibuprofen, and diclofenac) and three estrogens (17ß-estradiol, 17α-ethynylestradiol, and estriol) from wastewater samples. Method: Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic droplet followed by HPLC analysis with UV detection was developed. The influence of the main extraction parameters, e.g., the volume of extraction solvent and of disperser, the pH, and the ionic strength of sample were evaluated. Results: Good resolutions between the selected drugs were obtained using a reverse-phase column and a mobile phase of acetonitrile and water. This method provides good linearity (r > 0.999) in a concentration range of 1–100 µg/mL, good intra- and inter-day precision (RSD <7%) and low LOQs. The obtained enrichment factors were ranged between 162 and 180 for NSAIDs and between 118 and 185 for estrogens. The relative recoveries were situated >80% for all analysed drugs, except estriol (59%) both in synthetic and real wastewater samples. Conclusions: The developed method has been successfully applied for the analysis of the selected drugs in wastewater samples collected from the influent of a wastewater treatment plant. Highlights: Four NSAIDs and three estrogens from wastewater samples were simultaneously extracted and analysed using only 10 mL of sample and 50 μL of extraction solvent.
LP-SAR: Linhas de Processo para Software em Ambientes Regulados
Authors: Marques Johnny , Yelisetty Sarasuaty
Published: September 2019

Com grande notoriedade nos últimos tempos, os ambientes regulados por normas, tradicionalmente os ambientes safety-critical, possuem disciplina de execução. Historicamente, normas das diversas tecnologias disponíveis, incluindo a engenharia de software, foram surgindo ao longo dos últimos 30 anos. Percebe-se na revisão destas normas um conjunto de interseção bem amplo entre seus processos, atividades, entradas e saídas. O objetivo deste artigo curto é apresentar um modelo geral com linhas de processo, em elaboração inicial, para o desenvolvimento de software, visando a aplicação multidomínios em ambientes regulados. Este trabalho encontra-se em andamento na Divisão de Ciência da Computação do Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica.
SARSSi*: a Safety Requirements Specification Method based on STAMP/STPA and i* language
Authors: Vilela Jéssyka , Silva Carla , Castro Jaelson , G. Martins Luiz Eduardo , Gorschek Tony
Published: September 2019

Context: traditional hazard analysis techniques were not proposed to be used in the Requirements Engineering (RE) process. Objective: The aim of this work is to present and discuss a new method for early safety requirements specification called SARSSi* to be used at the beginning of the development of safety-critical systems. Method: this goal is achieved through the combination of two techniques: (1) STAMP/STPA; and (2) i* language. Results: this paper attempts to bridge the gap between two parallel trends in systematic safety approaches – the combination of requirements and safety engineering techniques. Our method consists of six steps and guidelines to perform a preliminary hazard analysis and facilitate the systematic identification of safety-critical functions and components. Conclusions: We demonstrate the utility of our method by applying it in a real industry case study. The initial results show preliminary suitability of our method and its contribution to improving the visualization of the information generated in the hazard analysis such as the hazards, their causes, environmental conditions, and safety requirements.
Simulando o Acesso a Recursos Compartilhados em um Cenário de Computação Ubíqua
Authors: Alves Vieira Marcos , Teixeira de Carvalho Sérgio
Published: September 2019

Novos paradigmas de computação como a Internet das Coisas e a Web das Coisas estão tornando os espaços inteligentes cada vez mais comuns. Um dos problemas nesse contexto é garantir o acesso aos recursos dos espaços inteligentes pelas diferentes entidades que o compõem, considerando diferentes prioridades e permissões de acesso. Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar e simular a utilização de um algoritmo e uma linguagem de especificação de políticas de acesso a recursos compartilhados em um cenário de computação ubíqua. A simulação foi feita sob os formalismos da Especificação de Sistemas de Eventos Discretos (DEVS) no ambiente de modelagem MS4 Me (MS4 Modeling Environment). Pôde-se concluir que tanto a linguagem quanto o algoritmo apresentados são abordagens válidas para tratar o acesso concorrente aos recursos de um cenário de computação ubíqua.
Simulação de Requisitos de Alto Nível em Casos de Garantia de Software Aeroembarcado
Authors: José Porfírio Emerson , Junio Cunha e Sousa Fernando , Crisostomo Velasco Gislainy , Teixeira de Carvalho Sérgio
Published: September 2019

Contexto: Um Caso de Garantia de Software é um instrumento de auditoria utilizado para garantir que o software para sistemas críticos seja seguro e esteja em conformidade com as normas estabelecidas pelos organismos responsáveis. Na indústria de software aeronáutico, por exemplo, ele é utilizado para descrever as atividades prescritas pela norma Software Considerations in Airborne Systems and Equipment Certification (RCTA DO-178C), sem as quais o software poderia ser um fator contribuinte para acidentes catastróficos quando aeroembarcado. Problema: Devido a novos conceitos e funcionalidades cada vez mais complexas dos sistemas aviônicos, tais atividades, inerentes à Engenharia de Software, necessitam de constante pesquisa e atualização dos processos e ferramentas utilizados. Método: Este artigo descreve um trabalho acadêmico de simulação segundo um guia para Simulation-Based Studies (SBS). Resultados: A notação padrão para Casos de Garantia Unified Modeling Language (UML) e o formalismo Discrete-Events Specification (DEVS) foram combinados em um exemplo para modelagem e simulação de requisitos de alto nível do software aeronáutico Roll Rate Control (RRC). Conclusão: Pela simulação foi possível realizar o objetivo de certificação atendido pelo Caso de Garantia, o que comprovou a viabilidade das ferramentas para esse propósito.
Um Estudo sobre a Variabilidade de Aspectos Dinâmicos no Ecossistema de Software Educacional SOLAR
Authors: Ferreira Coutinho Emanuel , Ilane Moreira Bezerra Carla
Published: September 2019

Um Ecossistema de Software (ECOS) refere-se a uma coleção de produtos de software com algum determinado grau de relacionamento simbiótico. O SOLAR é um Ambiente Virtual de Aprendizagem (AVA) que possibilita a publicação de cursos e interação com os mesmos entre seus diversos usuários. Nesse contexto, surge o ECOS SOLAR, onde diversas situações de evolução e manutenção fazem parte de seu cotidiano. O objetivo deste trabalho é discutir a variabilidade dinâmica da modelagem de software do ECOS de e-learning SOLAR. Como exemplo, discutiu-se aspectos de variabilidade dinâmica do modelo de features da funcionalidade fórum de discussão do AVA SOLAR, um dos serviços mais utilizados dentro do ECOS SOLAR.
Implementations Supporting Automated Technology Transfer in MDE as a Service
Authors: Basso Fábio Paulo , Rodrigues Elder , Bernardino Maicon , Werner Claudia , Oliveira Toacy
Published: September 2019

Coopetition characterizes scenarios where competing firms establish collaborations for some intent. Here applies foundational studies built on software reuse and asset standards, such as for OSLC and RAS, asset platforms, smart contracts and others that are essential for promoting coopetition in the area. Our contribution is an experience report that provide foundations for technology transfer to software factory coopetition scenarios. Our goal is to characterize some coopetition approaches and tool support assisting Software Engineering (SE) tasks for technology transfer. This paper presents an experience report analyzing multi-case studies, implemented in local scenarios for coopetition, characterizing the research area with a summary of the main findings. The presented results are twofold: 1) With the current tool support in the state-of-the art, automation of SE tasks for technology transfer is feasible to local scenarios; and 2) However, global coopetition scenarios impose new implementation barriers.
Uma análise da relação entre code smells e dívida técnica auto-admitida
Authors: de S. Gomes Felipe Gustavo , Souto Mendes Thiago , O. Spínola Rodrigo , Mendonça Manoel , Farias Mário
Published: September 2019

Code smells indicam possíveis problemas na implementação de um sistema que podem levar à necessidade de refatoração do seu código. Eles podem ser detectados automaticamente e são considerados indicadores de presença de Dívida Técnica (DT). Contudo, estudos indicam que considerar apenas code smells na tarefa de detecção da presença de itens de dívida é insuficiente. É necessário utilizar estratégias de detecção complementares, como a utilização de informações extraídas a partir de comentários de código. Porém, ainda são poucos os estudos sobre a relação entre code smells e DT autoadmitida. Este trabalho analisa três projetos open source para investigar a relação existente, em termos de sobreposição e complementariedade de itens de DT identificados, utilizando detecção via code smells e DT auto-admitida. Os resultados indicam que as informações de comentários podem complementar as informações de code smells e apoiar os desenvolvedores a identificar DT.