bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microbial community diversity, structure and assembly across oxygen gradients in meromictic marine lakes, Palau
Authors: Meyerhof Matthew S. , Wilson Jesse M. , Dawson Michael N. , Michael Beman J.
Published: June 2016

Microbial communities consume oxygen, alter biogeochemistry and compress habitat in aquatic ecosystems, yet our understanding of these microbial–biogeochemical–ecological interactions is limited by a lack of systematic analyses of low‐oxygen ecosystems. Marine lakes provide an ideal comparative system, as they range from well‐mixed holomictic lakes to stratified, anoxic, meromictic lakes that vary in their vertical extent of anoxia. We examined microbial communities inhabiting six marine lakes and one ocean site using pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes. Microbial richness and evenness was typically highest in the anoxic monimolimnion of meromictic lakes, with common marine bacteria present in mixolimnion communities replaced by anoxygenic phototrophs, sulfate‐reducing bacteria and SAR406 in the monimolimnion. These sharp changes in community structure were linked to environmental gradients (constrained variation in redundancy analysis = 68%–76%) – particularly oxygen and pH. However, in those lakes with the steepest oxygen gradients, salinity and dissolved nutrients were important secondary constraining variables, indicating that subtle but substantive differences in microbial communities occur within similar low‐oxygen habitats. Deterministic processes were a dominant influence on whole community assembly (all nearest taxon index values >4), demonstrating that the strong environmental gradients present in meromictic marine lakes drive microbial community assembly.
Iron‐encapsulated cold‐set whey protein isolate gel powder ‐ Part 2: Effect of iron fortification on sensory and storage qualities of Yoghurt
Authors: Onsekizoglu Bagci Pelin , Gunasekaran Sundaram
Published: June 2016

Iron was incorporated at 20–60 mg/kg of yoghurt using iron‐encapsulated cold‐set whey protein isolate gel powder (WPI‐Fe) and by direct addition of ferrous sulphate solution. The changes in physicochemical and sensory qualities of the yoghurt samples were determined over 14 days of storage. Quality attributes of the yoghurt fortified using WPI‐Fe particles at up to 60 mg iron/kg were similar to those of unfortified control samples, especially in terms of colour and flavour, while the samples fortified by direct addition of ferrous sulphate exhibited noticeable adverse effects even at 20 mg iron/kg.
Population genetic structure of the biological control agent Macrolophus pygmaeus in Mediterranean agroecosystems
Authors: Streito Jean‐Claude , Clouet Cécile , Hamdi Faten , Gauthier Nathalie
Published: June 2016

Biological control of agricultural pests relies on knowledge of agroecosystem functionality, particularly when affected by the use of mass‐produced biological agents. Incorporating pre‐ and/or post‐release information such as genetic diversity and structure on these agents using molecular‐based approaches could advance our knowledge of how they perform in agroecosystems. We evaluated the population genetics of Macrolophus pygmaeus, the most widely used predatory mirid against many arthropod pests of greenhouse crops in the Mediterranean region, using the mitochondrial Cytb sequence and microsatellite data, and population genetics and phylogeny approaches. We investigated commercially mass‐produced insects (i.e., commercial insects either mass‐reared in the laboratory for many generations, or purchased by farmers and released in the greenhouses) and “wild” insects (i.e., that occur naturally outside or are collected in nature for release in the greenhouses). The mirids were mainly collected in agroecosystems in which solanaceous plants are grown in northern Spain, southern France and Greece. Both molecular markers and approaches distinguished 2 genetically differentiated populations. The less genetically diverse population, hereafter named the “commercial” strain included all individuals from laboratory mass‐rearings and most releases of commercially bred individuals. The most genetically diverse population mainly comprised individuals originating from noncultivated environments, or from releases of “wild” individuals. Rare examples of hybridization between M. pygmaeus from the 2 populations were observed and asymmetric gene flow was revealed. These findings provide new insights into what happens to M. pygmaeus released in the agroecosystems we studied, and show that it is possible to monitor some commercial strains.
Kidney Transplantation in Slovenia From 1970 to 2015
Authors: Kandus Aljoša , Buturović Ponikvar Jadranka , Mlinšek Gregor , Oblak Manca , Arnol Miha
Published: June 2016

This report gives an overview of kidney transplantation in Slovenia, a country with a population of 2.1 million and one transplant center. The establishment of a national transplant organization resulted in the acceptance of Slovenia into Eurotransplant (ET) in 2000. Between 1970 and 2015, 1158 kidney transplantations were performed. From 1970 to 2009, 126 patients were transplanted from living related donors, only two in the ET period. From 1986 to 1999, 239 patients received kidney grafts from deceased donors, while 793 patients were transplanted from deceased donors after joining ET. In ET period, 1‐ and 5‐year patient survival rates were 98.1% and 93.8%, and the concomitant graft survival rates were 94.3% and 87.5%, respectively. During the ET period, the number of deceased donor kidney transplants per year was three times higher than in the 14 years before. Patient and graft survival rates have been very good and entirely comparable to those in large reports.
Citrate Anticoagulation in Tandem Membrane Plasma‐Exchange or Immunoadsorption and Hemodialysis in Patients With Immunological Diseases and Dialysis‐Dependence
Authors: Ponikvar Rafael , Gubenšek Jakob , Ponikvar Jadranka Buturović
Published: June 2016

In 1996 we performed tandem membrane plasma exchange‐hemodialysis in a 3‐year‐old girl and tandem immunoadsorption‐hemodialysis with citrate as the only anticoagulant in a patient with Goodpasture's syndrome. In the present study, we evaluated the feasibility, efficacy and safety of 24 tandem plasma exchange/immunoadsorption hemodialysis procedures in four different circuit setups with citrate as the only anticoagulant. In two setups, the tandem procedures were connected in series (plasma exchange hemodialysis and immunoadsorption hemodialysis), while in the other two setups they were in parallel (plasma exchange hemodialysis with independent blood circuits and plasma exchange hemodialysis with independent arterial blood lines, but with a common return line). All tandem procedures were feasible, efficient and safe. No serious side‐effects were recorded. The most elegant setup was the procedure with independent, parallel blood circuits. However, serial tandem procedures provided for the elimination of citrate and normalization of electrolytes before blood was returned to the patient.
Citrate Extended High Cut‐Off Hemodiafiltration for Renal Recovery in Patients With Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Marn Pernat Andreja , Medved Bojan , Gubenšek Jakob , Premru Vladimir , Knap Bojan , Buturovic‐Ponikvar Jadranka , Ponikvar Rafael
Published: June 2016

We proposed a combination of convective and diffusive transport mechanisms as high cut‐off (HCO) post‐dilution hemodiafiltration dialysis technique to optimize serum immunoglobulin free light chains (FLCs) removal which may improve dialysis dependent renal failure in patients with multiple myeloma. To reduce bleeding risk regional citrate anticoagulation was successfully used for the first 7 h followed by 1 h anticoagulant‐free hemodiafiltration to avoid citrate accumulation. We retrospectively assessed the effect of FLCs reduction on the renal outcome of 28 patients treated with 133 citrate extended post‐dilution HCO (Theralite 2100; Gambro, Lund, Sweden) hemodiafiltration sessions between 2010 and 2016. Renal recovery was demonstrated in 61% of all patients. Twenty‐three patients achieved more than 50% reduction of FLCs concentrations and 88% of those became dialysis independent. Our experience supports the extended citrate HCO hemodiafiltration as a good treatment strategy that enable a sustained reduction in serum FLCs concentration and recovery of renal function.
Comparison of the Pharmacological Effects of Paricalcitol Versus Calcitriol on Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in the Dialysis Population
Authors: Večerić‐Haler Željka , Romozi Karmen , Antonič Manja , Benedik Miha , Ponikvar Jadranka Buturović , Ponikvar Rafael , Knap Bojan
Published: June 2016

Management of secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) in dialysis population includes the use of active vitamin D forms, among which paricalcitol was shown to be more effective at reducing parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations. A prospective randomized study comparing the effectiveness and safety of peroral paricalcitol and calcitriol in suppressing PTH concentrations in 20 hemodialysis patients was performed comparing the influence of agents on PTH suppression, calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) level and calcium‐phosphorus product (C×P). The study was performed in an “intent to treat” manner with primary end point in reduction of PTH level in the target area of 150 > PTH < 300 ng/L after 3 months. At the time point 3 months after therapy induction paricalcitol and calcitriol were equally efficient at correcting PTH levels, with paricalcitol showing significantly less calcemic effect than calcitriol.
Integrative Examination of Motor Abilities in Dialysis Patients and Selection of Tests for a Standardized Physical Function Assessment
Authors: Bučar Pajek Maja , Leskošek Bojan , Vivoda Tjaša , Svilan Katarina , Čuk Ivan , Pajek Jernej
Published: June 2016

To reduce the need for a large number of executed physical function tests we examined inter‐relations and determined predictive power for daily physical activity of the following tests: 6‐min walk, 10 repetition sit‐to‐stand, time up‐and‐go, Storke balance, handgrip strength, upper limb tapping and sitting forward bend tests. In 90 dialysis and 140 healthy control subjects we found high correlations between all tests, especially those engaging lower extremities. Sit‐to‐stand, forward bend and handgrip strength were selected for the test battery and composite motor performance score. Sit‐to‐stand test was superior in terms of sensitivity to uremia effects and association with daily physical function in adjusted analyses. There was no incremental value in calculating the composite performance score. We propose to standardize the physical function assessment of dialysis patients for cross‐sectional and longitudinal observations with three simple, cheap, well‐accessible and easily performed test tools: sit‐to‐stand test, handgrip strength and Human Activity Profile questionnaire.
Vascular Access Effects on Motor Performance and Anthropometric Indices of Upper Extremities
Authors: Bučar Pajek Maja , Čuk Ivan , Pajek Jernej
Published: June 2016

A decrement of upper extremity motor performance is a concern with vascular access creation. We analyzed differences in handgrip strength, tapping test and anthropometric indices of arms with and without vascular access (N = 87) and compared them to bilateral differences in control subjects (N = 140). Fistula harboring arms had weaker grip strength than contralateral arms of 2.7 kg and this difference was statistically marginally larger than the difference between non‐dominant and dominant arms in controls of 1.6 kg (mean difference 1.1 kg, P = 0.06). No difference in the magnitude of inferiority of fistula arms compared to control non‐dominant arms was present in the tapping test. Absolute results of both motor tests on any side were significantly worse in dialysis patients. Although weaker and slower, fistula arms showed larger mean upper‐arm and forearm circumferences of 0.4–0.6 cm. Our results show no significant negative effect of arteriovenous access on motor performance of upper extremities.
Fate of Central Venous Catheters Used for Acute Extracorporeal Treatment in Critically Ill Pediatric Patients: A Single Center Experience
Authors: Rus Rina R , Premru Vladimir , Novljan Gregor , Grošelj‐Grenc Mojca , Ponikvar Rafael
Published: June 2016

Renal replacement treatment (RRT) is required in severe acute kidney injury, and a functioning central venous catheter (CVC) is crucial. Twenty‐eight children younger than 16 years have been treated at the University Medical Centre Ljubljana between 2003 and 2012 with either acute hemodialysis (HD) and/or plasma exchange (PE), and were included in our study. The age of the patients ranged from 2 days to 14.1 years. Sixty‐six CVCs were inserted (52% de novo, 48% guide wire). The sites of insertion were the jugular vein in 20% and the femoral vein in 80%. Catheters were in function from 1 day to 27 days. The most common cause for CVC removal or exchange was catheter dysfunction (50%). CVCs were mostly inserted in the femoral vein, which is the preferred site of insertion in acute HD/PE because of the smaller number of complications.
Post‐Transplant Recurrence of Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis in a Child With Heterozygous Mutations in NPHS1 and NPHS2
Authors: Battelino Nina , Arnol Miha , Kandus Aljoša , Ponikvar Rafael , Novljan Gregor
Published: June 2016

Renal transplantation is the optimal renal replacement therapy (RRT) in children, but some primary diseases can recur after transplantation, and recurrence accounts for a significant proportion of graft losses, being second only to acute rejection. The risk of disease recurrence is highest among patients with idiopathic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), presumably due to a circulating permeability factor. Less is clear about the genetic forms of FSGS, where the data regarding the frequency of recurrence are rather conflicting. We present a 12‐year‐old girl with rapidly progressive FSGS and end‐stage renal disease in her native kidneys associated with heterozygous mutations in NPHS1 and in NPHS2, suffering from early post‐transplant recurrence. On the basis of reviewed literature, and until further and more conclusive evidence considering pathogenicity is provided, we propose that FSGS patients with heterozygous mutations in NPHS1 or NPHS2 should be considered as having idiopathic FSGS, and post‐transplant recurrence should be anticipated.
Effect of Carrageenan on Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Low‐Fat Colby Cheese
Authors: Wang Fang , Tong Qigen , Luo Jie , Xu Yiqing , Ren Fazheng
Published: June 2016

The effect of carrageenan (κ‐carrageenan, ι‐carrageenan, and λ‐carrageenan) on the physiochemical and functional properties of low‐fat Colby cheese during ripening was investigated. Protein, fat, and moisture contents; the soluble fractions of the total nitrogen at pH 4.6; protein and fat recovery; and the actual yield and dry matter yield (DM yield) were monitored. Hardness, springiness, and the storage modulus were also evaluated to assess the functional properties of the cheese. Moreover, the behavior of water in the samples was investigated to ascertain the underlying mechanisms. The results indicated that 0.15 g/kg κ‐carrageenan had no significant effect on the actual yield and DM yield, and physiochemical and functional properties of low‐fat Colby cheese. The protein content increased in the low‐fat cheese and low‐fat cheese containing κ‐carrageenan, and the moisture in the nonfat substance (MNFS) decreased in both samples, which contributed to the harder texture. The addition of 0.3 g/kg ι‐carrageenan and 0.3 g/kg λ‐carrageenan improved the textural and rheological properties of low‐fat cheese by 2 ways: one is increasing the content of bound and expressible moisture due to their high water absorption capacity and the other is interfering with casein crosslinking, thereby further increasing MNFS and the actual yield.
Serum and synovial fluid concentrations of cold‐inducible RNA‐binding protein in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Yoo In Seol , Lee Sun Young , Park Chan Keol , Lee Jeong Chan , Kim Young , Yoo Su Jin , Shim Seung Cheol , Choi Yoon Seok , Lee Young , Kang Seong Wook
Published: June 2016

Aim

There is growing evidence that cold‐inducible RNA‐binding protein (CIRP) promotes inflammatory responses. This study investigated the relationship between CIRP and rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods

Peripheral blood and synovial fluid were collected from 15 patients with RA and from 16 patients with osteoarthritis (OA). The concentration of CIRP was measured with the sandwich enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results

The concentration of serum CIRP was significantly elevated in the RA patient group (RA patients = 26.39 ± 10.48 pg/mL, OA patients = 17.14 ± 7.24 pg/mL, P = 0.009). Furthermore, the RA patient group had a significantly higher CIRP concentration than that of the OA patient group in synovial fluid (153.56 ± 108.93 pg/mL vs. 23.63 ± 16.18 pg/mL, P < 0.001). The mean synovial fluid concentration of CIRP was significantly higher than that of the serum concentration in the RA patient group (serum concentration = 26.39 ± 10.48 pg/mL, synovial fluid = 153.56 ± 108.93 pg/mL, P < 0.001). Disease Activity Score of 28 joints (DAS28)‐ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) and DAS28‐CRP (C‐reactive protein) were positively correlated with the synovial fluid concentration of CIRP (DAS28‐ESR: r = 0.582, P = 0.023; DAS28‐CRP: r = 0.541, P = 0.037).

Conclusion

The serum and synovial concentrations of CIRP in the RA patients were increased compared to the OA patients. Additionally, the synovial concentration of CIRP in RA patients correlated well with disease activity, that is, the DAS28‐ESR/CRP. Based on these results, CIRP mediates inflammation and is a potential marker for synovial inflammation.
These Bars Can't Hold Us Back: Plowing Incarcerated Geographies with Restorative Food Justice
Authors: Sbicca Joshua
Published: June 2016

Mass incarceration entrenches racial and class inequality and segregation. Before, during, and after low‐income people of color enter prison, they experience a range of barriers and biases that make it difficult to break out of the prison pipeline. This article investigates food justice and restorative justice activists in Oakland, California who are intervening at the point of reentry. I argue for the significance of teasing out the connections between food and carceral politics as a way to expand the practice and understanding of food justice. Specifically, I show how the incarcerated geographies of former prisoners, that is, perspectives and experiences that result due to the prison pipeline, motivate the formation of a restorative food justice. The associated healing and mutual aid practices increase social equity by creating spaces to overcome the historical trauma of mass incarceration, produce living wage jobs, rearticulate relationships to food and land, and achieve policy reforms.
Characterization and expression of non‐polymorphic liver expressed antimicrobial peptide 2: LEAP‐2 in the Japanese quail, Coturnix japonica
Authors: Ishige Taichiro , Hara Hiromi , Hirano Takashi , Kono Tomohiro , Hanzawa Kei
Published: June 2016

Liver‐expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP‐2) is a cationic peptide that plays an important role in innate immunity for host defense. The aim of this study was to characterize the LEAP‐2 gene in the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Japanese quail LEAP‐2 (CjLEAP‐2) was identified from the Japanese quail draft genome database by a local BLAST analysis using chicken LEAP‐2 (GgLEAP‐2). The exon‐intron structure of CjLEAP‐2, analyzed from three quails, is composed of three exons, as is the chicken LEAP‐2 homolog (GgLEAP‐2). An analysis of the coding sequence revealed that CjLEAP‐2 is 231 bp long, like GgLEAP‐2, and 93% identical to GgLEAP‐2 at the nucleic acid level. The predicted amino acid sequence of CjLEAP‐2 contained the liver‐expressed antimicrobial peptide 2‐precursor domain and four cysteine residues characteristic of the LEAP‐2 protein. The amino acid sequence of the mature peptide of CjLEAP‐2 was 100% identical to that of GgLEAP‐2. We confirmed that CjLEAP‐2 was transcribed in at least seven tissues, including the digestive system. Additionally, the mature peptide region of CjLEAP‐2 exhibited no polymorphisms in 99 quails from six strains. Taken together, these findings indicate that CjLEAP‐2 is non‐polymorphic and therefore, it likely plays an important role in the innate immunity of quail as it does in chicken.
Ageing and obesity similarly impair antibody responses
Authors: Frasca D , Diaz A , Romero M , Blomberg B B
Published: June 2016

Ageing is characterized by increased low-grade chronic inflammation, which is a significant risk factor for morbidity and mortality of elderly individuals. Similar to ageing, obesity is considered to be an inflammatory predisposition associated with chronic activation of immune cells and consequent local and systemic inflammation. Both ageing and obesity are characterized by reduced innate and adaptive immune responses. This review focuses on B cells, how they may contribute, at least locally, to low-grade chronic inflammation in ageing and obesity and on the mechanisms involved.
Effects of type II collagen epitope carbamylation and citrullination in human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-DR4+ monozygotic twins discordant for rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: De Santis M , Ceribelli A , Cavaciocchi F , Generali E , Massarotti M , Isailovic N , Crotti C , Scherer H U , Montecucco C , Selmi C
Published: June 2016

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of the native, citrullinated or carbamylated type II human collagen T cell- and B cell-epitopes on the adaptive immune response in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Peripheral blood T and B cells obtained from a human leucocyte D4-related (antigen DR4− HLA-DR4)+ woman with early RA, her healthy monozygotic twin and an unrelated HLA-DR3+ woman with early RA were analysed for activation (CD154/CD69), apoptosis (annexin/7-aminoactinomycin), cytokine production [interferon (IFN)γ/interleukin (IL)−17/IL-4/IL-10/IL-6] and functional phenotype (CD45Ra/CCR7) after stimulation with the collagen native T cell epitope (T261-273), the K264 carbamylated T cell epitope (carT261–273), the native B cell epitope (B359–369) or the R360 citrullinated B cell epitope (citB359–369), and the combinations of these. The T cell memory compartment was activated by T cell epitopes in both discordant DR4+ twins, but not in the DR3+ RA. The collagen-specific activation of CD4+ T cells was induced with both the native and carbamylated T cell epitopes only in the RA twin. Both T cell epitopes also induced IL-17 production in the RA twin, but a greater IL-4 and IL-10 response in the healthy twin. The citrullinated B cell epitope, particularly when combined with the carbamylated T cell epitope, induced B cell activation and an increased IL-6/IL-10 ratio in the RA twin compared to a greater IL-10 production in the healthy twin. Our data suggest that circulating collagen-specific T and B cells are found in HLA-DR4+ subjects, but only RA activated cells express co-stimulatory molecules and produce proinflammatory cytokines. Carbamylation and citrullination further modulate the activation and cytokine polarization of T and B cells.
Hypothyroidism and pregnancy loss: comparison with hyperthyroidism and diabetes in a Danish population‐based study
Authors: Andersen Stine Linding , Olsen Jørn , Laurberg Peter
Published: June 2016

Background

Hypothyroidism is a common endocrine disease. The frequency of pregnancy loss in women with known hypothyroidism as opposed to women with a later diagnosis of hypothyroidism has not been evaluated and compared with other common endocrine diseases.

Design

Population‐based cohort study using Danish nationwide registers.

Participants

All pregnancies in Denmark, 1997–2008, resulting in live birth (n = 732 533), spontaneous abortion (n = 112 487) or stillbirth (n = 2937) were identified together with information on maternal hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism and diabetes.

Methods

Cox model was used to estimate adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) with 95% confidence interval (95%CI) for spontaneous abortion and stillbirth, reference: no hypo‐ or hyperthyroidism or diabetes (n = 824 310).

Results

We identified 4951 pregnancies where maternal hypothyroidism was diagnosed before the pregnancy (group 1) and 2464 pregnancies where maternal hypothyroidism was diagnosed in the 2‐year period after the pregnancy (group 2). In group 1, 825 pregnancies (16·7%) resulted in spontaneous abortion which was more frequent than in nonexposed (13·2%), (aHR 1·19 (95%CI 1·12–1·27)), and of the same magnitude as in hyperthyroidism (17·2%, P = 0·5) and diabetes (17·5%, P = 0·2) diagnosed before the pregnancy. In group 2, the frequency was 12·2% (aHR 0·92 (0·84–1·02)). In group 2, 16 pregnancies (0·65%) resulted in stillbirth which was more frequent than in nonexposed (0·36%), (aHR 1·81 (1·11–2·97)), of the same magnitude as in hyperthyroidism (0·82%, P = 0·5) and less frequent than in diabetes (2·9%, P < 0·001) diagnosed after the pregnancy. In group 1, the frequency was 0·40% (aHR 1·11 (0·68–1·82)).

Conclusions

Hypothyroidism increased the risk of both early and late pregnancy loss as did hyperthyroidism and in particular diabetes. We hypothesize that undetected or insufficiently treated maternal disease in the pregnancy may be of causal importance.
Efficacy and cost‐effectiveness of intracameral vancomycin in reducing postoperative endophthalmitis incidence in Australia
Authors: Au Cheryl PY , White Andrew JR , Healey Paul R
Published: June 2016

Background

Endophthalmitis is a rare but devastating postoperative complication of cataract surgery. We aimed to describe the incidence of acute postoperative endophthalmitis in an Australian population over a 14‐year period.

Design

This was a retrospective longitudinal cohort study performed at Westmead Hospital, a major tertiary hospital in Sydney, Australia.

Participants

Patients who had acute postoperative endophthalmitis within 6 weeks of their cataract surgery at Westmead Hospital were included.

Methods

Endophthalmitis cases from 2000 to 2014 were identified from computerized diagnostic coding. These were cross‐referenced with the cataract surgery list over this time period. The routine use of intracameral vancomycin at the end of cataract surgery was introduced in Westmead Hospital in 2004.

Main Outcome Measures

We quantified the incidence of acute postoperative endophthalmitis pre and post the routine use of intracameral vancomycin.

Results

A total of 14 805 cataract cases were performed at Westmead Hospital from 2000 to 2014. Seventeen cases of endophthalmitis were within 6 weeks post cataract surgery performed at Westmead Hospital. In the period 2000 to 2003, the incidence of postoperative endophthalmitis was 0.43% (11/2539). From 2004 to 2014, there was a dramatic decrease in the incidence of postoperative endophthalmitis to 0.049% (6/12 266, P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

There has been a nine‐fold reduction in the rate of acute postoperative endophthalmitis with the use of intracameral vancomycin in cataract surgery. Post‐cataract surgery endophthalmitis is now a relatively rare cause of endophthalmitis in this Australian population. Our study supports the routine use of intracameral vancomycin as postoperative endophthalmitis prophylaxis.
The effect of a flapless alveolar ridge preservation procedure with or without a xenograft on buccal bone crest remodeling compared by histomorphometric and microcomputed tomographic analysis
Authors: de Barros Raquel Rezende Martins , Novaes Arthur Belém , de Carvalho Jessica Pires , de Almeida Adriana Luisa Gonçalves
Published: June 2016

Objectives

This study evaluated buccal bone crest remodeling, socket composition after healing, and dimensional ridge preservation after flapless tooth extraction procedures with or without a xenograft comparing histomorphometric and microcomputed tomographic (micro‐CT) data.

Material and Methods

The mandibular premolars of eight dogs were extracted without flaps. One socket on each side received a grafting material (test group), and the other remained only with a blood clot (control group). Twelve weeks after treatment, buccal bone crest, alveolar ridge dimensions, and composition were analyzed by histomorphometry and micro‐CT.

Results

Two‐ and three‐dimensional evaluations showed better results for the grafted group when compared to the non‐grafted group.

Conclusion

The flapless alveolar ridge preservation procedure with deproteinized bovine bone material enhanced buccal bone crest, alveolar ridge dimensions and bone formation when compared to sockets with the blood clot only, as observed by histomorphometric and micro‐CT analysis.
Cell‐specific biomarkers and targeted biopharmaceuticals for breast cancer treatment
Authors: Liu Mei , Li Zhiyang , Yang Jingjing , Jiang Yanyun , Chen Zhongsi , Ali Zeeshan , He Nongyue , Wang Zhifei
Published: June 2016

Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death among women, and its related treatment has been attracting significant attention over the past decades. Among the various treatments, targeted therapy has shown great promise as a precision treatment, by binding to cancer cell‐specific biomarkers. So far, great achievements have been made in targeted therapy of breast cancer. In this review, we first discuss cell‐specific biomarkers, which are not only useful for classification of breast cancer subtyping but also can be utilized as goals for targeted therapy. Then, the innovative and generic‐targeted biopharmaceuticals for breast cancer, including monoclonal antibodies, non‐antibody proteins and small molecule drugs, are reviewed. Finally, we provide our outlook on future developments of biopharmaceuticals, and provide solutions to problems in this field.
Public education and misinformation on brain death in mainstream media
Authors: Lewis Ariane , Lord Aaron S. , Czeisler Barry M. , Caplan Arthur
Published: June 2016

Introduction

We sought to evaluate the caliber of education mainstream media provides the public about brain death.

Methods

We reviewed articles published prior to July 31, 2015, on the most shared/heavily trafficked mainstream media websites of 2014 using the names of patients from two highly publicized brain death cases, “Jahi McMath” and “Marlise Muñoz.”

Results

We reviewed 208 unique articles. The subject was referred to as being “alive” or on “life support” in 72% (149) of the articles, 97% (144) of which also described the subject as being brain dead. A definition of brain death was provided in 4% (9) of the articles. Only 7% (14) of the articles noted that organ support should be discontinued after brain death declaration unless a family has agreed to organ donation. Reference was made to well‐known cases of patients in persistent vegetative states in 16% (34) of articles and 47% (16) of these implied both patients were in the same clinical state.

Conclusions

Mainstream media provides poor education to the public on brain death. Because public understanding of brain death impacts organ and tissue donation, it is important for physicians, organ procurement organizations, and transplant coordinators to improve public education on this topic.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci from three cryptic species of Ceratosolen emarginatus
Authors: Yang Li‐Yuan , Yu Hui , Zhang Da‐Yong , Liao Wan‐Jin
Published: June 2016

From an enriched (AG)n/(AC)n library, we developed nine polymorphic microsatellite loci for three cryptic species of the fig‐pollinating wasp Ceratosolen emarginatus. We genotyped one population for each of the three cryptic species across all the nine loci. In total, 204 alleles were detected from the three cryptic species of C. emarginatus. The observed heterozygosity was 0.755 ± 0.034, 0.653 ± 0.030 and 0.603 ± 0.073 in C. emarginatus populations A, B and C, respectively; the expected heterozygosity was 0.850 ± 0.031, 0.724 ± 0.035 and 0.702 ± 0.104, respectively. No linkage disequilibrium was found between any two loci of all three cryptic species. The newly isolated microsatellite markers will be very useful for estimating the genetic variation within and among the cryptic species and for revealing the mechanisms of speciation and inbreeding coexistence hypothesis of the cryptic species.
New genus and species of Aleyrodidae (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha) from North‐Eastern India, with remarks on its relationships with allied genera
Authors: Dubey Anil K.
Published: June 2016

A new genus and species of whitefly, Arunaleyrodes geminus, are described from Sago forests of Arunachal Pradesh in North‐Eastern India. Habitus images, camera lucida drawings and scanning electron micrographs are provided to supplement the description and discussions. This new genus is distinguished from Aleurotuba in having long anterior and posterior marginal setae, apically rounded ensiform dorsal setae (except caudal setae), each marginal tooth with a wax‐secreting longitudinal groove along the axis of the tooth, and posteriorly elevated vasiform orifice. An apparently closely related genus, Aleurotuba, is diagnosed, discussed and illustrated here.
Comparative effects of inbreeding and outbreeding on the ontogeny of Heliconius erato phyllis (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
Authors: De Nardin Janaína , Da Silva Luciana , De Araújo Aldo Mellender
Published: June 2016

Inbreeding depression has been reported in various groups of organisms, including insects. Estimates of inbreeding consequences were obtained by comparing 12 life‐history and morphological traits among nine inbred families (F = 0.25) and 16 outbred families (F = 0) of the Neotropical butterfly Heliconius erato phyllis. A Student's t‐test showed statistically significant differences for pupal weight and right forewing area, both in males and in females, between inbred and outbred families. Survival during development, from egg hatching to adulthood, also differed significantly between inbred and outbred families. The average number of haploid lethal equivalents was 0.17 for pupal weight, 0.15 for forewing area and 0.71 for survival from hatching to adulthood. The results of this study confirm that the consequences of inbreeding are more deleterious to life history traits than to morphological ones.
Prevention of infantile spasms relapse: Zonisamide and topiramate provide no benefit
Authors: Rajaraman Rajsekar R. , Lay Johnson , Alayari Amethyst , Anderson Kirsten , Sankar Raman , Hussain Shaun A.
Published: June 2016

Objective

There is scant evidence to guide the management of infantile spasms after successful response to initial therapies. There is significant risk of relapse, largely because effective pharmacologic treatments cannot be continued long term because of concern for significant adverse events. Zonisamide (ZNS) and topiramate (TPM) are commonly used to prevent relapse, and the purpose of this study was to specifically evaluate the efficacy of ZNS and TPM as agents for secondary prevention of infantile spasms.

Methods

Patients with video–electroencephalography (EEG) confirmed resolution of infantile spasms were retrospectively identified. Relevant clinical data were systematically collected, including lead time from onset of spasms to successful treatment response, etiology of infantile spasms, number of treatment failures prior to response, timing of relapse, and detailed exposure data for ZNS and TPM.

Results

We identified 106 patients with response to hormonal therapy (n = 58), vigabatrin (n = 25), or surgery (n = 23). To prevent relapse of infantile spasms, 37 patients received ZNS, 34 received TPM, 3 received both ZNS and TPM, and 38 patients received neither ZNS nor TPM. There were 44 relapses, occurring a median of 6.9 (3.2–10.8) months after initial response. Time to relapse was not affected by treatment with ZNS or TPM. Relapse was less likely among patients who were older (hazard ratio 0.97 [per month], p = 0.036) and those who responded to surgical resection (hazard ratio = 0.28, p = 0.017). Of note, we identified a relatively refractory cohort with multiple treatment failures and long lead time to initial response.

Significance

In this refractory cohort, neither ZNS nor TPM was successful in preventing relapse of infantile spasms, despite relatively high dosages. At this time, aside from surgical resection in eligible candidates, there is no known treatment that is efficacious in the prevention of relapse of infantile spasms.
Vitiligo therapy: restoring immune privilege?
Authors: Boniface Katia , Seneschal Julien , Taïeb Alain , Merched Aksam
Published: June 2016

The therapeutic hypothesis proposed by Speeckaert and van Geel in this issue (1) is based on the dramatic effects of the new drugs targeting immune privilege checkpoints (PD1/PDL, CTLA4) in current advanced melanoma therapy as major inductors of vitiligo changes in the skin. Such striking clinical manifestations cannot be classified as mere side effects without considering possible consequences for spontaneously occurring vitiligo.”
Two olfactory receptors—OR2A4/7 andOR51B5—differentially affect epidermal proliferation and differentiation
Authors: Tsai Teresa , Veitinger Sophie , Peek Irina , Busse Daniela , Eckardt Josephine , Vladimirova Dilyana , Jovancevic Nikolina , Wojcik Sebastian , Gisselmann Günter , Altmüller Janine , Ständer Sonja , Luger Thomas , Paus Ralf , Cheret Jeremy , Hatt Hanns
Published: June 2016

Olfactory receptors (ORs), which belong to the G‐protein coupled receptor family, are expressed in various human tissues, including skin. Cells in non‐olfactory tissues tend to express more than one individualORgene, but function and interaction of two or moreORs in the same cell type has only been marginally analysed. Here, we revealedOR2A4/7 andOR51B5 as two newORs in human skin cells and identified cyclohexyl salicylate and isononyl alcohol as agonists of these receptors. In cultured human keratinocytes, both odorants induce strong Ca2+signals that are mediated byOR2A4/7 andOR51B5, as demonstrated by the receptor knockdown experiments. Activation of corresponding receptors induces acAMP‐dependent pathway. Localization studies and functional characterization of both receptors revealed several differences.OR2A4/7 is expressed in suprabasal keratinocytes and basal melanocytes of the epidermis and influences cytokinesis, cell proliferation, phosphorylation ofAKTand Chk‐2 and secretion ofIL‐1. In contrast,OR51B5 is exclusively expressed in suprabasal keratinocytes, supports cell migration and regeneration of keratinocyte monolayers, influences Hsp27,AMPK1 and p38MAPKphosphorylation and interestingly,IL‐6 secretion. These findings underline that differentORs perform diverse functions in cutaneous cells, and thus offering an approach for the modulated treatment of skin diseases and wound repair.
Light‐emitting diodes downregulate cathelicidin, kallikrein and toll‐like receptor 2 expressions in keratinocytes and rosacea‐like mouse skin
Authors: Lee Jee‐Bum , Bae Soo Hyeon , Moon Ki Rang , Na Eui Young , Yun Sook Jung , Lee Seung‐Chul
Published: June 2016

Cathelicidin (LL‐37), Toll‐like receptor 2 (TLR‐2) and kallikreins (KLKs) are key inflammatory mediators in rosacea. Laser or light‐based devices have been successfully used for rosacea. We investigated the effects of light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) on LL‐37, KLKs, TLR‐2 and protease activity in cultured normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) and rosacea‐like mouse skin (RLMS). LL‐37, KLK5, KLK7 and vitamin D receptor were induced by 1α, 25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 (VD3) and TLR‐2 by Ad‐CMV transfection in cultured NHEKs. NHEKs were subjected to LED irradiation at differing wavelengths (480–940 nm) and fluences (1–40 J/cm2). Inflammatory mediators were analysed with RT‐PCR and real‐time PCR and protease activity analysis and immunocytofluorescence staining were performed for NHEKs. Changes in RLMS induced by LL‐37 peptide were evaluated with real‐time PCR, immunohistochemical staining and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. In NHEKs, LED at 630 and 940 nm significantly attenuated LL37, KLK5 and TLR‐2 mRNA expressions. Protease activity was significantly suppressed at 630, 850 and 940 nm. In the RLMS, LL‐37, KLK5 and PAR‐2 mRNA expressions significantly decreased at 24 and 48 hours after LED irradiation was performed three times at 630 and 940 nm. mCAMP and IL‐8 protein levels and protease activity after LED irradiation were lower than those in RLMS control groups. LED at 630 and 940 nm downregulated TLR‐2, KLK5 and LL‐37 expressions and protease activity in NHEK and RLMS. Thus, LEDs may be promising for rosacea treatment. However, clinical trials are required for further study.
Evidence of slow‐release morphine sulfate abuse and diversion: epidemiological approaches in a French administrative area
Authors: Peyriere Hélène , Nogue Erika , Eiden Céline , Frauger Elisabeth , Charra Maryline , Picot Marie‐Christine ,   List of investigators
Published: June 2016

Slow‐release oral morphine sulfate (SM) is one of the most abused prescription opioids in France. However, the regional feature of the abuse of morphine is poorly documented. To investigate the abuse of SM in a French administrative region, a multisource approach was applied. The first approach was based on SM exposition at national and regional level using the OPPIDUM survey. In a second approach, we analyzed a drug reimbursement database to assess the magnitude of SM abuse in Languedoc‐Roussillon (LR) region. A clustering method was applied to classify patients and to describe the profile of deviant patients. The third approach was based on a self‐administered anonymous questionnaire, proposed to patients seen in addiction care centers in the LR region and consuming oral SM. The OPPIDUM study showed that in most regions, where the prevalence of heroin use is higher than the national average of 9.1%, SM consumers were fewer. With the clustering method, three subgroups were identified. One of them gathered 35 users (3.2%) with a deviant behavior characterized by significantly more dispensations, dispensing pharmacies, and prescribers. These subjects were mainly men, younger, and more consumers of benzodiazepines and opioid maintenance therapy than the others. The third study allowed specifying that SM was mainly injected (93.7%), bought in the street (80%), and used because of unavailability and the poor quality of heroin (33.9%). The three proposed approaches are complementary and help to clarify the abuse of oral SM, while assessing the motivations of this abuse.
Bisphosphonate‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw: data from the French national pharmacovigilance database
Authors: de Boissieu Paul , Gaboriau Louise , Morel Aurore , Trenque Thierry
Published: June 2016

The aim of this study was to describe bisphosphonate‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) in the French national pharmacovigilance database. BRONJ was identified with the standardized MedDRA query (SMQ) ‘osteonecrosis’ among all data from 1985 to 31 December 2014. Because this SMQ was not specific to the jaw localization, selection of cases based on anatomy was performed after data extraction. For each case, demographic and medical information was analysed, as well as data about notification (year of notification, year of occurrence, outcome, seriousness). Known associated factors for BRONJ were also documented: dentoalveolar surgery, glucocorticoids, chemotherapy, anti‐angiogenics, denosumab. Among 1404 SMQ notifications, 663 were located in the jaws and 629 were associated with bisphosphonate use. BRONJ reported in the database mainly affected women (n = 443, 71%) with an oncological indication (n = 440, 70%). BRONJ was considered as serious in 91%. Outcome was unfavourable for 92% of cases. Associated factors were identified for 70% of the patients. A peak of notification was noted in 2014 (13% of all cases), but on analysis by year of occurrence instead of by year of notification, this peak disappeared. SMQ ‘osteonecrosis’ appears to be an adequate tool to analyse BRONJ in a pharmacovigilance database.
Activating β‐catenin signaling in CD133‐positive dermal papilla cells increases hair inductivity
Authors: Zhou Linli , Yang Kun , Xu Mingang , Andl Thomas , Millar Sarah E. , Boyce Steven , Zhang Yuhang
Published: June 2016

Bioengineering hair follicles using cells isolated from human tissue remains a difficult task. Dermal papilla (DP) cells are known to guide the growth and cycling activities of hair follicles by interacting with keratinocytes. However, DP cells quickly lose their inductivity during in vitro passaging. Rodent DP cell cultures need external addition of growth factors, including WNT and BMP molecules, to maintain the hair inductive property. CD133 is expressed by a subpopulation of DP cells that are capable of inducing hair follicle formation in vivo. We report here that expression of a stabilized form of β‐catenin promoted clonal growth of CD133‐positive (CD133+) DP cells in in vitro three‐dimensional hydrogel culture while maintaining expression of DP markers, including alkaline phosphatase (AP), CD133, and integrin α8. After a 2‐week in vitro culture, cultured CD133+ DP cells with up‐regulated β‐catenin activity led to an accelerated in vivo hair growth in reconstituted skin compared to control cells. Further analysis showed that matrix cell proliferation and differentiation were significantly promoted in hair follicles when β‐catenin signaling was up‐regulated in CD133+ DP cells. Our data highlight an important role for β‐catenin signaling in promoting the inductive capability of CD133+ DP cells for in vitro expansion and in vivo hair follicle regeneration, which could potentially be applied to cultured human DP cells.
Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 drives energy metabolism on the synaptic highway
Authors: Liu Ji , Pang Zhiping P.
Published: June 2016

Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1), a gut–brain hormone, coordinates energy balance in both peripheral organs and the central nervous system (CNS). In the pancreas, GLP‐1 facilitates insulin exocytosis or suppresses glucagon exocytosis via multiple pathways such as regulating KATP/Kv channels, N‐type Ca2+ channels, and the readily releasable pool. In the CNS, GLP‐1 signaling regulates neuronal excitability in various brain regions, including neurons in the hippocampus, hypothalamus, and mesolimbic systems. GLP‐1 modulation on synaptic transmission includes both pre‐ and postsynaptic pathways that are either excitatory or inhibitory. Synaptic transmission conveys information flow in the brain and governs brain‐mediated behaviors. The study of GLP‐1 control of energy metabolism at a synaptic level may shed light on the role of GLP‐1 function in the brain. Various challenges remain including defining the mechanism of GLP‐1 release in the brain.
A Rationale for Criterion‐Referenced Proficiency Testing
Authors: Clifford Ray
Published: June 2016

This article summarizes some of the technical issues that add to the complexity of language testing. It focuses in particular on the criterion‐referenced nature of the ACTFL Proficiency Guidelines—Speaking; and it proposes a criterion‐referenced interpretation of the ACTFL guidelines for reading and listening. It then demonstrates how using criterion‐referenced testing and scoring enhances the accuracy of reading and listening proficiency ratings while also providing informative feedback to learners.