bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lagrangean‐based solution approaches for the generalized problem of locating capacitated warehouses
Authors: Bektaş Tolga , Bulgak Akif Asil
Published: August 2010

The traditional capacitated warehouse location problem consists of determining the number and the location of capacitated warehouses on a predefined set of potential sites such that the demands of a set of customers are met. A very common assumption made in modeling this problem in almost all of the existing research is that the total capacity of all potential warehouses is sufficient to meet the total demand. Whereas this assumption facilitates to define a well‐structured problem from the mathematical modeling perspective, it is in fact restrictive, not realistic, and hence rarely held in practice. The modeling approach presented in this paper breaks away from the existing research in relaxing this very restrictive assumption. This paper therefore investigates the generalized problem of locating warehouses in a supply chain setting with multiple commodities with no restriction on the total capacity and the demand. A new integer programming formulation for this problem is presented, and an algorithm based on Lagrangean relaxation and decomposition is described for its solution. Three Lagrangean heuristics are proposed. Computational results indicate that reasonably good solutions can be obtained with the proposed algorithms, without having to use a general purpose optimizer.
Board Independence and CEO Turnover
Authors: LAUX VOLKER
Published: August 2010

This paper analyzes how board independence affects the CEO's ability to extract rents from the firm. The CEO is assumed to possess private information about his ability, which the board needs in order to decide whether to replace him. If the board is more active in removing low quality CEOs, the incumbent is better able to use his information advantage to extract rents. Since the board cannot commit not to renegotiate the contract, a board that is fully independent from the CEO is more active than is efficient ex ante. For this reason, shareholders are better off if the board of directors lacks some independence. The model predicts that a trend toward greater board independence is associated with subsequent trends toward higher CEO turnover, more generous severance packages, and larger stock option grants.
Manchester Section
Authors: PENNINGTON W. H.
Published: August 2010

PAPER read November 21st, 1902, in the Chemical Lecture Theatre of the Manchester Municipal School of Technology.
Consumer Demands in Synthetic‐polymer Materials
Authors: Hanworth The Viscount
Published: August 2010

The consumer point of view in relation to standards in textiles is advanced. Particular mention is made of the Teltag scheme, which is intended to give shoppers impartial information about the performance of the goods they buy.
NINTH GEORGE DOUGLAS LECTURE
Authors: Blackburn J. A.
Published: August 2010

The historical development of the cotton and man‐made fibres dyeing and finishing industry is outlined. Recent developments in the structure and organisation of this industry are then discussed. The future demand for textiles made from cotton and man‐made fibres is discussed. Although it is estimated that the total British market for woven and knitted fabrics of cotton and man‐made fibres will increase from 3200 million yd2 in 1968 to 3600 million yd2 in 1975, practically the whole of this increase will probably be in knitting. The future organisation of the industry is discussed in relation to future demand. Finishing is now the keystone in the manufacture of textiles. Viyella is basing its forward planning on the likelihood that the demand for polyester‐cotton blends will be 400–500 million yd2. The most effective way for firms in the Lancashire textile industry to become more competitive is for them to organise the finishing operation so that maximum economies are realised through long runs and bulk processing. This means that fewer than the present 139 units in piece bleaching, dyeing and printing will be required, and almost certainly fewer than the 70 postulated by the Textile Council.
Formation of Cysteic Acid by the Action of Sodium Hydroxide on Wool
Authors: Miró P. , García‐Domínguez J. J. , Parra J. L.
Published: August 2010

The formation of cysteic acid in wool treated with sodium hydroxide has been studied to determine whether the reaction follows two different mechanisms depending on the groups near to the cystine residues. The direct nucleophilic attack of hydroxide ions on sulphur occurs to a negligible extent.
Continuous Colouring of Paper
Authors: KING J. A. E.
Published: August 2010

Methods in use at the author's organisation for the continuous coloration of paper are described. Particular attention is paid to the techniques for the preparation of dye‐liquors and for their addition.
Whither High‐temperature Steaming ?
Authors: Alsberg Fred R.
Published: August 2010

Recent advances in machinery design have led to the development of high‐temperature festoon steamers for the fixation of prints on woven or knitted fabrics made from flat or texturised yarns. Dye selection for polyester, polyester‐cellulosic blends, triacetate and secondary acetate fabrics is discussed, together with other possible uses of the new steamers. The preferred printing paste contains urea, but, since there are some objections to the use of urea, the validity of which depends on the conditions in a particular works, recent work is described which has led to a printing‐paste recipe based on the use of Atexal PN‐HT (1CI). The HT steaming process is the most rational one for the fixation of disperse dyes on synthetic‐polymer fabrics.
Use of Additives for Improving the Properties of Man–made Fibres Obtained from Solutions
Authors: Sarmadjieva W. , Markova I. , Kastanio M.
Published: August 2010

A study of the effect of various non–solvents, plasticizing compounds and salts on the properties of man–made fibres was carried out on acrylic, viscose and acetate fibres. The addition of non–solvents to the spin–solution of acrylic copolymers decreases the viscosity and permits an increase in the concentration of the spinning solution giving improved fibre properties.

The addition of non–solvents to viscose and acetate fibres produces similar results, the most effective being with viscose fibres.

The addition of plasticizing compounds improves the sorption properties of fibres and decreases their electrical resistance.

The treatment of gels of acrylic fibres with salts improves their dyeing properties and decreases the accumulation of static electricity.
Ceramic colorants
Authors: Bell Bernard T
Published: August 2010

The history of ceramic colorants is reviewed, from around 1700 BC when iron earths and copper compounds were used by Egyptian potters, to the latest developments. An outline of the present day manufacture of ceramic colorants and modern process control procedures is presented. All the major types of ceramic colorants are described together with details of their development, properties and uses. Ideas for directions for future research in this area are discussed.
Dynamic response: its impact on the textile marketing chain.
Authors: Bradbury Mike , Kent John
Published: August 2010

Retailers, garment makers and fabric suppliers measure the success of the finisher in terms of product and supplier performance, response time, and costs and margins. Mike Bradbury and John Kent look at the introduction of a dynamic response management style, an approach which can meet the rapidly changing needs of the textile chain and provide improved financial performance. The second part of this article, looking at the implications for the finisher, will be published in the next issue of the Journal.
“Car Seat Dermatitis”: A Newly Described Form of Contact Dermatitis
Authors: Ghali Fred E.
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  Over the last several years, our clinic has documented an increasing trend of contact dermatitis presenting in areas that are in direct contact with certain types of car seats composed of a shiny, nylon‐like material. Our practice has encountered these cases in both atopic and nonatopic infants, with a seasonal predilection for the warmer months. This brief report highlights some of the key features of this condition and alerts the clinician to this newly described form of contact dermatitis.
SOME MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATIONS IN THE DIATOM CYMBELLA CISTULA1,2
Authors: Hufford Terry L. , Collins Gary B.
Published: August 2010

Several populations of Cymbella cistula (Ehr.) Kirchn. were studied. An epiphytic population contained smaller specimens than any reported by recent authors. The size range of members of the epiphytic population included specimens as small as 24 μ long by 11 μ wide. These small specimens could be mistaken for C. cistula var. maculata (Kütz.) V. H., but differ in having isolated puncta, which, may be indistinct, and somewhat coarser striae.
THE USE OF A HAIR LOOP TO ISOLATE UNICELLS INTO PURE CULTURE1
Authors: Edmonds Peter R.
Published: August 2010

The formation and use of a microhair loop to isolate algal unicells into pure culture are described. Loops made from the distal end of cat vibrissae have been used to isolate unicells as small as 5–10 μ. Advantages of the loop technique over conventional mechanical methods are discussed.
MARINE CRYPTOMONAD STARCH FROM AUTOLYSIS OF GLYCEROL‐GROWN CHROOMONAS SALINA1
Authors: Antia Naval J. , Cheng Joseph Y. , Foyle Richard A. J. , Percival Elizabeth
Published: August 2010

The extracellular starch released by autolysis of glycerol‐grown Chroomonas salina (Wislouch) Butcher was purified and chemically characterized. It contained 99%D‐glucose, formed a blue complex (λmax at 605 nm) with iodine, and showed an optical rotation value more positive than that of potato starch. Methylation analysis established the presence of 1,4‐ and 1,4,6‐glucoside linkages in the proportion 15:1. These properties indicate the cryptomonad starch to be an iodophilic α‐(1,4)‐glucan, composed of ca. 30% amylose with amylopectin, and broadly resembling potato, Chilomonas and other unicellular algal starches.
OBSERVATIONS ON NAVICULA ULVACEA, A RARE FOLIOSE MARINE DIATOM1
Authors: Hanic Louis A. , Lobban Christopher S.
Published: August 2010

Navicula ulvacea (Berkeley ex Kütz.) P. T. Cleve, a marine colonial blade‐forming diatom originally discovered in Scotland was collected at North Rustico, Prince Edward Island, during winter 1971. It formed dense stands of Porphyra‐like fronds, ranging up to 60 mm long × 20 mm wide. These occurred under ice‐covered water on rocks 1–2 m below zero tide. Comparisons made at the light and scanning electron microscope level compared favorably with original Aberdeen material. Clonal cultures established from single cells at first also formed blades, but rarely more than 10 mm long. In numerous serial subcultures made since 1971 no further blades have been formed. Instead, growth consisted of well‐separated cells or short filaments scattered over the bottom and sides of the vessels. Older cultures developed prostrate sheets of filaments, embedded in a mucilagenous matrix and occasional bubble‐like eruptions. Results of the cultures suggest that N. ulvacea probably occurs in a prostrate form in nature, perhaps more commonly than in the blade form. Literature records since the original collection in 1844 are brought together but are considered doubtful. A discussion on nomenclature is included.
ISOLATION AND PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF NITRATE ASSIMILATION MUTANTS OF DUNALIELLA TERTIOLECTA (CHLOROPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Latorella A. Henry , Bromberg Susan K. , Lieber Kent , Robinson James
Published: August 2010

Fifteen nitrate assimilation‐deficient mutants of the euryhaline green alga, Dunaliella tertiolecta Butcher were selected by their chlorate resistance. Ten mutants, unable to grow on NO3− but able to grow on NO2−, had no detectable nitrate reductase activity. Five mutants, unable to grow on either NO3− or NO2−, had depressed levels of both nitrate and nitrite reductase. A method for assaying methyl viologen‐nitrate reductase in the presence of nitrite reductase is described.
CO2 ACCUMULATION BY CHLORELLA SACCHAROPHILA (CHLOROPHYCEAE) AT LOW EXTERNAL pH: EVIDENCE FOR ACTIVE TRANSPORT OF INORGANIC CARBON AT THE CHLOROPLAST ENVELOPE1
Authors: Beardall John
Published: August 2010

The CO2 uptake characteristics of the acid‐tolerant alga Chlorella saccharophila (Krüger) Nadson have been examined. These, together with direct estimations of internal inorganic C concentrations, indicate that air‐adapted cells of this alga possess a CO2 accumulation mechanism similar to that reported in other members of the Chlorophyceae and in Cyanophyceae. This accumulation mechanism operates at external pH values of 4 and less. Under these conditions CO2 must be the carbon species crossing the plasmlemma, and since preliminary evidence suggests that the transport mechanism is active primary uniport of HCO3–, it is proposed that the site of the CO2 accumulation mechanism is the chloroplast envelope.
VALVE MORPHOLOGY OF SYNEDRA GOULARDI (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Schwarzwalder Robert N. , Postek Michael T.
Published: August 2010

Specimens of Synedra goulardi Bréb. from samples taken in Costa Rica were acid cleaned and examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. This linear‐lanceolate diatom displays an unusual pattern of markings in its central area which have been mistaken as striae but are actually internal costae. As is typical for members of its genus and that of many other genera in the Fragilariaceae, S. goulardi possesses non‐stalked labiate processes, apical pore fields and a lack of marginal spines. There is a great deal of variability in the striae of the genus, ranging from single rows of puncta to areolate striae. Synedra goulardi has double punctate striae. The presence of fossil forms (Neogene) with single punctate striae suggest this may be a primitive condition in the genus.
INTERACTIONS AMONG IRRADIANCE, OXYGEN EVOLUTION AND NITRITE UPTAKE BY CHLAMYDOMONAS (CHLOROPHYCEAE)1,2
Authors: Curtis Paul Jefferson , Megard Robert O.
Published: August 2010

Nitrite uptake and oxygenic photosynthesis by cultures of Chlamydomonas sp. isolated from Lake Superior were measured at different irradiances in order to compare predictive models of nitrite uptake and to assess the proportion of photoreductant (measured as oxygen evolution, mol × 4 eq. mol−1) that is allocated to nitrite assimilation (measured as nitrite uptake, mol × 6 eq. mol−1). These measurements are analogous to measurements of carbon fixation (CO2 uptake) at different irradiances and photosynthetic activities.

Nitrite uptake as a function of irradiance did not follow Michaelis‐Menten kinetics as proposed for nitrate by MacIsaac and Dugdale (1972) because of inhibition at high irradiances. The Haldane equation described nitrite uptake better. Nitrite uptake as a function of oxygenic photosynthesis followed Michaelis‐Menten kinetics. Irradiance‐dependent (Haldane) and photosynthesis‐dependent models described nitrite uptake equally well.

We suggest that nitrite is taken up and assimilated in response to intracellular concentrations of photoreductant that are directly proportional to photosynthetic activity and are related indirectly to irradiance. This contention is supported by photosynthesis‐dependent nitrite uptake (Michaelis‐Menten) at both light‐limited and photoinhibited photosynthetic activities. This is consistent conceptually with deactivation of light traps at high irradiance levels.

The proportion of photoreductant allocated to nitrite uptake and assimilation increased markedly at low irradiance levels. This indicates that cells synthesize important N‐containing biomolecules across a broader range of irradiance levels than fixation of carbon for synthesis of energy storage and structural products.
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF SELECTIVE CHLOROPLAST DESTRUCTION AFTER SOMATIC CELL FUSION IN GRIFFITHSIA PACIFICA KYLIN (RHODOPHYTA)1,2
Authors: Koslowsky Donna J. , Waaland Susan D.
Published: August 2010

Fusion of somatic cells from different geographic isolates of Griffithsia pacifica is followed by a cytoplasmic incompatibility reaction (CIR)5 in the cytoplasm donated by only one of the isolates. This CIR is characterized by the aggregation, fusion, and lysis of chloroplasts of the sensitive strain; the cholorplasts of the other strain are unaffected. Within a given cell, chloroplast fusions result in a 50% decrease in chloroplast number in the first 8 h; over the next 3–5 weeks, chloroplast lysis leads to the complete loss of photosynthetic pigments (18). Results of this ultrastructural study indicated that the primary effect of the cytoplasmic incompatibility reaction was a directed destruction of the sensitive strain chloroplasts. No aggregation or abnormalities were seen in organelles other than the chloroplasts. Chloroplast destruction was accompanied by extensive vesiculation of the cytoplasm and a definit change in the physiological state of the cell; the dictyosomes became inactive and there was a reduction in the amount of endoplasmic reticulum, cytoplasmic ribosomes and starch grains. This selective destruction of one chloroplast population in the presence of a second population of unaffected chloroplasts suggests that the incompatibility reaction observed in G. pacifica results from competitive interactions between the two chloroplast types.
INTRACELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF SAXITOXINS IN THE DINOFLAGELLATE GONYAULAX TAMARENSIS1
Authors: Anderson Donald M. , Cheng Toni Po‐On
Published: August 2010

The potent neurotoxin saxitoxin, and possibly several of its derivatives, are localized in two types of sites within the marine dinoflagellate Gonyaulax tamarensis Lebour. Immunocytochemical techniques using a polyclonal antibody and epifluorescence microscopy demonstrate toxin localization within the nucleus as well as on the periphery of small granules thought to be starch grains. In the nuclear region, the labelling occurred on or close to the permanently‐condensed chromosomes as well as in an area within the two arms of the nucleus in the vicinity of the nucleous. No binding was observed in a closely‐related, non‐toxic dinoflagellate. Different binding affinities were observed between the nucleus and the grains at high and low antibody dilutions. This may relate to the polyclonal nature of the antiserum and to the presence of multiple toxins within the G. tamarensis isolate studied. Mechanistic interpretations of these labelling patterns remain speculative, especially the localization of the antigen at the outer edge of starch grains, but the distinct labelling in the nuclear region suggests that saxitoxin, with its two positively charged guanidinium groups, may bind to nucleic acids or nuclear proteins in a manner analogous to the polyamines and other cations. The labelling patterns reported here suggest that the saxitoxins may not simply be secondary metabolites but instead could be important compounds involved in the structure and function of the G. tamarensis genome.
EFFECT OF LIGHT HISTORY ON THE ULTRASTRUCTURE AND PHYSIOLOGY OF PROROCENTRUM MARIAE‐LEBOURIAE (DINOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Coats D. Wayne , Harding Lawrence W.
Published: August 2010

Ultrastructural and physiological responses of Prorocentrum mariae‐lebouriae (Parke & Ballantine) Faust are reported for cultures maintained at growth irradiances (Ig) ranging from 20.6 to 0.3 E m−2.d−1 and following downward shifts in light intensity. We tested the hypothesis that Prorocentrum grown under light regimes that elicit different responses in photosynthesis and pigmentation exhibit distinctive cell ultrastructures. Prorocentrum from high‐light conditions had high saturation intensities for photosynthesis (Ik) and low levels of Chl a, Chl c and peridinin‐cell−1 These cultures were morphologically distinguished by a large starch volume fraction (Vv), small chloroplast Vv and fewer thylakoids lamella−1. Ik values were lower and pigment concentrations higher in low‐light treatments, and cells showed reduced starch Vv, large chloroplast Vv, and higher numbers of thylakoids · lamella −1. Cells grown under extremely low‐light conditions appeared stressed as indicated by the absence of starch reserves and the presence of large vacuoles within the cytoplasm. Results for presence of large vacuoles within the cytoplasm. Results for quantiative electron microscopy, photosynthesis‐irradiance (P‐I) relations and cell pigmentation indicate that photoadaptation in P. mariae‐lebouriae involves a strategy that encompasses changes in both the “size” and “number” of photosynthetic units.
PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENT ORGANIZATION IN DIATOMS (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Brown Jeanette S.
Published: August 2010

The isolation and characterization of six pigment‐protein complexes from five diatom species (Phaeodactylum tricornutumBohlin,Chaetoceros gracilisSchutt,Nitzschiasp. Mono Lake,Nitzschia laevisHust. and Thalassiosira pseudonana (Hust.) Hasle and Heimdal) was accomplished by membrane dissociation with digitonin followed by gel electrophoresis. Six analogous complexes obtained from all species were correlated in spectral characteristics and relative mass with complexes from higher plants obtained by the same procedure. The largest of these complexes, comprising about 15% of the total Chl a, contained reaction centers of Photosystem I (PSI) and antenna pigments (LHC1).Some PSI complexes also separated from LHC1in the gel. For the first time in diatoms, a Photosystem II complex was isolated and identified from its position in the gels, absorption and fluorescence spectra, lack of P700, and enrichment carotene. Three antenna pigment‐protein complexes in addition to LHC1occurred in varying proportion under different experimental conditions but in sum, they accounted for 70% of the total Chl a. All three bands were highly enriched in Chl c and fucoxanthin, although the ratio of Chl c/ xanthophyll decreased between the slowest migrating LHC2and fastest moving LHC4LHC3contained the highest proportio of pigment‐protein and was composed primarily of polypeptides of about 18,000 D. Essentially all α‐ and β‐carotene was bound to the reaction center complexes. The Nitzschia from Mono Lake differed from the other species in that PSI complexes could not be readily dissociated from its membrane by digitonin treatment, a characteristic which may reflect a different chloroplast membrane structure in this alga.
DEVELOPMENTAL STUDIES IN PORPHYRA (BANGIOPHYCEAE). II. CHARACTERIZATIO OF THE MAJOR LECTIN BINDING GLYCOPROTEINS IN DIFFERENTIATED REGIONS OF THE PORPHYRA PERFORATA THALLUS1
Authors: Kaska Deborah D. , Polne‐Fuller Miriam , Gibor Aharon
Published: August 2010

Detergent soluble extracts of differentiated regions of the Porphyra perforata J. Ag. thallus (holdfast, rhizoidal, vegetative and reproductive cells) were fractionated on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels. Glycoproteins were identified by their lectin affinity. Extracts from all areas of the thallus contained glycoproteins, but the staining patterns were different for each region with each of the lectins tested: concanavalin A, Ulex europeaus agglutinin, Ricinus communis agglutinin, soybean agglutinin and peanut agglutinin. These data indicate that the morphologically distinct regions of the thallus also differ biochemically. Analysis of the lectin blots revealed the presence of tissue‐specific glycoproteins in the five thallus areas. Such unique glycoproteins could be used as markers of differentiation in this species.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTIO IN CODIUM FRAGILE SSP. TOMENTOSOIDES (CHLOROPHYCEAE) FROM THE NORTHEAST COAST OF NORTH AMERICA1
Authors: Prince Jeffrey S.
Published: August 2010

Male and female gametes were formed within the same gametangiurn on reproductive plants of Codium fragile (Sur.) Hariot ssp. tomentosoides (Van Goor) Silva growing off Appledore Island in the Gulf of Maine, USA. The female gametes were approximately twice the diameter of male gametes and outnumbered male gametes in the same gametangium by approximately six times. Fusion appears to require gametes from different gametangia if not different plants.
THE AUTOFLUORESCENT FLAGELLUM: A NEW PHYLOGENETIC ENIGMA1
Authors: Coleman Annette W.
Published: August 2010

Epifluorescence microscopy reveals the presence of fluorescence in the living cells of at least three classes of flagellates. In Ochromonas cells, the fluorescence is blue‐green in color and is found only in the short flagellum, both in the flagellar swelling and throughout the length of the flagellum. As recognized by the locale and color of the flagellar fluorescence, the same fluorescence is observed in only certain other heterokont algal groups but is also found in one of the two isokont flagella of the prymnesiophyte Prymnesium parvum.
AT THE CROSSROADS: THE LIFE INSURANCE INDUSTRY AND FINANCIAL SERVICES REFORM
Authors: Hughes Gary E.
Published: August 2010

Abstract: In September of 1996, The Board of Directors of the American Council of Life Insurance (“ACLI”)reversed decades of policy and embraced for the first time the concept of reciprocal ownership or “affiliations” between life insurance companies and commercial banks. Under this new policy mandate, the ACLI is advocating federal legislation that would permit banks to sell all types of insurance and control insurance underwriters through separate affiliates or subsidiaries. In return, 1) insurers would have the authority to acquire banks; 2) the insurance activities of banks would be fully subject to state insurance regulation; and 3) federal bank regulators would be precluded from preempting state regulatory authority.

This article reviews the various factors that precipitated this watershed policy decision, discusses the structural and regulatory issues that are important to life insurers, and speculates briefly on the prospects for financial services legislation.
Controlled Porosity Alumina Structures for Ultra‐Precision Hydrostatic Journal Bearings
Authors: Durazo‐Cardenas Isidro S. , Stephenson David J. , Corbett John
Published: August 2010

A series of fine‐grade alumina powders has been used in combination with maize starch granules to produce porous structures for porous hydrostatic journal‐bearing applications. A comprehensive series of tests was conducted to characterize porosity in terms of density, pore size, and permeability. Successful processing of quality journal‐bearing components has been demonstrated for preferred combinations of alumina size and starch content, using fixed‐processing parameters. The new porous ceramic bearings showed consistent and reproducible properties and are suitable for a wide range of higher precision engineering applications. The porous ceramic‐bearing processing route has also proved to be low cost and environmentally sound.
Photophysical and Photocatalytic Properties of Ag2M2O7 (M=Mo, W)
Authors: Kim Dong Wook , Cho In‐Sun , Lee Sangwook , Bae Shin‐Tae , Shin Seong Sik , Han Gill Sang , Jung Hyun Suk , Hong Kug Sun
Published: August 2010

Ag‐based oxides, Ag2M2O7 (M=Mo, W) with a triclinic structure, were prepared using a conventional solid‐state reaction method, and their band structures and photocatalytic properties were investigated. From the electronic band structure calculations, Ag2Mo2O7 had an indirect band gap of 2.65 eV, whereas Ag2W2O7 had a direct band gap of 3.18 eV. Moreover, the calculated electron affinities were 4.75 eV for Ag2Mo2O7 and 4.62 eV for Ag2W2O7. The smaller band gap and higher electron affinity of Ag2Mo2O7 than those of Ag2W2O7 originated from the contribution of the unoccupied Mo 4d orbital to the conduction band, which was positioned at a lower energy level than the W 5d orbital. The effects of the different band structure characteristics in Ag2M2O7 (M=Mo, W) on the photocatalytic activity were investigated by the degradation of a Rhodamine B dye solution under visible light irradiation. The results showed that the photocatalytic activity of Ag2Mo2O7 was much higher than that of Ag2W2O7 and comparable with a well‐known WO3 powder. The higher photocatalytic property of Ag2Mo2O7 was attributed to its higher optical absorption ability and lower charge recombination rate.
Price‐ending practices and cultural differences in the food service industry: a study of Taiwanese restaurants
Authors: Parsa H. G. , Hu Hsin‐Hui ‘Sunny’
Published: August 2010

Menu price endings communicate more than economic worth. Restaurateurs encourage consumers to attribute intrinsic meaning to specific price endings, such as quality and value, but these derived meanings are not universally accepted. This study indicates that Taiwanese restaurateurs use price‐ending digits in varying frequencies and may attribute different meanings to menu price‐ending digits compared to US restaurateurs. For instance, digit 4 is perceived as a negative number and rarely used for price‐ending purposes by the Taiwanese. Although digit 8 is perceived as a lucky number, it is used less frequently than digits 0 and 5. There is an emerging trend to use digit 9 as a price‐ending choice in the quick service restaurant (QSR) segment indicating adoption of Western pricing practices. In spite of widespread westernization, the Taiwanese still hold many traditional cultural beliefs that affect their pricing strategies. Food production methods have remained largely traditional, although there is an emerging trend to adopt Western methods in the QSR segment.
Relative influence of male and female care in determining nestling mass in a migratory songbird
Authors: Stodola Kirk W. , Linder Eric T. , Buehler David A. , Franzreb Kathleen E. , Kim Daniel H. , Cooper Robert J.
Published: August 2010

Biparental care is common in birds, with the allocation of effort being highly variable between the sexes. In most songbird species, the female typically provides the most care early in the breeding cycle with both parents providing care when provisioning young. Food provisioning should be directly related to offspring quality; however, the relative influence each parent has on offspring quality has rarely been assessed at the nest level. Consequently, we were interested in assessing the relative influence male and female provisioning has on one measurement of offspring quality, nestling mass, in the black‐throated blue warbler Dendroica caerulescens. Over a six year period, 2003–2008, we collected information on average nestling mass per brood on day 6 of the nestling cycle and parental provisioning rates on day 7 of the nestling cycle from 182 first brood nests on three different study plots. We found that average nestling mass was directly related to male provisioning rate, while it was not related to female provisioning rate. On the other hand, estimated biomass provisioned had little influence on average nestling mass, calling into question its utility in assessing parental quality. Finally, there was some indication that parental influence on average nestling mass was dependent on the other parent's provisioning rate, suggesting that parents work in concert to influence nestling quality.
Study of pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokine profile in the patients with parthenium dermatitis
Authors: Akhtar Nasim , Verma Kaushal K. , Sharma Alpana
Published: August 2010

Background: Parthenium dermatitis is a common airborne allergic contact dermatitis induced by exposures to the weed Parthenium hysterophorus. The disease manifests as itchy erythematous papules, papulovesicular and plaque lesions on exposed areas of the body.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to show the alterations in pro/anti‐inflammatory cytokines in parthenium dermatitis.

Methods: The study included 50 patients with parthenium dermatitis confirmed by patch testing using aqueous extracts of P. hysterophorus and 50 age‐matched healthy controls. The levels of pro‐inflammatory [tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐8, and IL‐17] and anti‐inflammatory (IL‐4 and IL‐10) cytokines were estimated by commercially available high sensitivity enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits.

Results: All the dermatitis patients showed significantly (P < 0.001) elevated levels of TNF‐α, IL‐6, IL‐8, and IL‐17 levels as compared to healthy controls. In contrast, the anti‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐4 showed an insignificant decrease (P < 0.217) and a decrease in level of IL‐10 was statistically significant (0.001) compared with controls.

Conclusions: The present study suggests the involvement of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of parthenium dermatitis. A decrease in levels of anti‐inflammatory cytokines was demonstrated, which could not downregulate pro‐inflammatory cytokines in parthenium dermatitis.
Haematological Abnormalities in Hepatic Cirrhosis in Children
Authors: Sjölin Stig , Foconi Severino
Published: August 2010

Haematological studies are presented on sixteen children with cirrhosis of the liver. Slight to moderate anaemia was found in six patients. An increased total plasma volume caused apparent anaemia in four patients. Macrocytosis of unknown aetiology was found in fourteen. The cause and mechanism of the anaemia varied, and in some patients several factors contributed to it. The mean red‐cell life span was shortened in fifteen patients, and evidence is presented that hyperhaemolysis was mainly due to increased splenic sequestration of red cells. In at least eight patients erythropoiesis was sufficient to compensate for the increased red‐cell destruction, but in five the bone‐marrow response to anaemia was below normal with respect to the output of viable red cells. In one patient a low red‐cell production was probably the only cause of anaemia. The “absolute reticulocyte count” was approximately proportional to the effective red‐cell production in ten patients, but in four the reticulocyte count was increased and the effective red cell production normal. The results of radioiron and survival studies also indicated ineffective erythropoiesis in four patients. This finding probably signifies intrinsic red‐cell defects. Bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract and iron deficiency probably contributed to the anaemia of some patients.

Hyperhaemolysis was associated with leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and splenomegaly infive patients, and with thrombocytopenia and splenomegaly in three. The finding that leukopenia and thrombocytopenia disappeared immediately after splenectomy in all six patients so treated indicates that the leukopenia and thrombocytopenia were due to hypersplenism.
Characterization of Cold Agglutinins from Human Plasmas by Different Fractionation Methods
Authors: Olesen H. , Mansa B. , Lind K.
Published: August 2010

Six different plasma samples with high titre cold agglutinins have been fractionated.

Euglobulin precipitation: the cold agglutinins from four of the six samples studied could be precipitated quantitatively.

Ammonium sulphate precipitation: the cold agglutinins from five of the patients were precipitated at a molar concentration from 1.5 to 2.0 and from the sixth patient at a molar concentration from 0.6 to 1.2.

DEAE cellulose chromatography: the cold agglutinins of all six patients showed almost the same elution patterns, i.e. start of elution at about 0.1 molar sodium phosphate pH 6.0 and peak of elution at 0.15 molar sodium phosphate pH 5.8.

Gel filtration on Sephadex G‐200: the cold agglutinins of all six patients appeared in the first peak.
Infectious Mononucleosis An Autoradiographic Study of DNA‐and RNA‐Synthesis
Authors: Schmid Jakob R. , Oechslin Robert J. , Moeschlin Sven
Published: August 2010

The in vitro DNA and RNA synthesis of infectious mononucleosis (I.M.) cells have been studied in four patients. For evaluation, monocytoid, lymphocytoid and plasmocytoid I.M. cells were distinguished. Short‐term incubation with H3‐thymidine revealed that the DNA synthesis index was highest in plasmocytoid forms with 21 per cent labelling, followed by monocytoid I.M. cells with 7.5 per cent and lymphocytoid I.M. cells with 1.3 per cent uptake. In vitro RNA synthesis was also characterized by most active rates of incorporation of H3‐uridine and H3‐cytidine in plasmocytoid cell types and a similar drop in the intensity of uptake for the other two forms. The still enigmatic origin and function of these irritation cells of the peripheral blood are emphasized. The rather striking autoradiographic findings of cellular proliferation and active RNA synthesis in these cells reveals properties of immature cells. The previously suggested possibility of intracellular viral synthesis is considered to be rather unlikely from our findings. On the other hand, a relationship to multipotent mononuclear stem cells which today have to be assumed to occur in the peripheral blood of even healthy individuals, is discussed.
Observations on Horse Blood Coagulation
Authors: Gardikas C. , Kallinikou M. , Kallinikos G.
Published: August 2010

The present experiments seem to indicate that horse blood is deficient in both Factors VIII and IX, the concentration of Factor VIII varying from 30 to 60 per cent of the normal human levels, and the concentration of Factor IX varying from 50 to 80 per cent, the corresponding concentrations in 12 normal human males varying from 60 to 150 per cent and from 70 to 150 per cent, respectively.

The finding that the recalcification time of horse plasma was considerably longer than that of normal human plasma is of interest, since it is known that only very low concentrations of Factor VIII or Factor IX, namely below 5 per cent, affect the results of the test

Finally, by using the glass activation test of Margolis, it was shown that activated equine plasma and activated normal human plasma are equally effective in shortening the clotting time of intact human or equine plasma.
Haemoglobin Caserta: An Abnormal Haemoglobin Observed in a Southern Italian Family
Authors: Ventruto V. , Baglioni C. , De Rosa L. , Bianchi P. , Colombo B. , Quattrin N.
Published: August 2010

An abnormal haemoglobin, observed in a southern Italian family, is described. The electrophoretic and chromatographic behaviour of this haemoglobin is reported. This haemoglobin appears to differ from previously described abnormal haemoglobins and it has thus been named haemoglobin Caserta. The average amount of haemoglobin Caserta present in heterozygotes is 12 per cent. The fingerprinting analysis of haemoglobin Caserta has revealed an alteration, which has tentatively been localized in the “core” region of the β peptide chain.
Studies on Thrombopoiesis II Effect of a Non‐Dialyzable Spleen Preparation on the Thrombocyte Level
Authors: Cooney D. P. , Blatt W. F. , Louis‐Ferdinand R. , Smith B. A.
Published: August 2010

Evidence is presented for the presence in normal bovine and canine spleen of a material that elevates the platelet count of rabbits. An extraction method and bioassay are outlined. The spleen extract is non‐dialyzable, heat and pH resistant, and exhibits an absorption peak at 265 mμ. It is postulated that the extract effects new platelet production by causing the differentiation of precursor cells to megakaryoblasts. Activity was also found in red cells and platelets but not in a variety of other bovine organs.
Some Effects of 1‐methyl‐2‐p‐(isopropyl‐carbamoyl)‐benzyl‐hydrazine and Mannomustine on the Metabolism of Human Erythrocytes in Vitro
Authors: Mortensen Esper
Published: August 2010

During incubation of erythrocytes with Natulan® and Degranol® a depression of the concentrations of reduced glutathione and adenosine triphosphate and an increase of the osmotic fragility and the formation of methaemoglobin were demonstrated. No effect of the drugs on the activity of the enzymes glucose‐6‐phosphate‐dehydrogenase and pyruvate kinase was found. The possible significance of these findings is discussed.
A Simple Procedure for the Determination of DNA Synthesis in Cultured Lymphocytes
Authors: Börjeson Jan , Gardell Sven , Nordén ÅKe
Published: August 2010

A simple method for the determination of the incorporation of H3‐thymidine in cultured lymphocytes is described. The cells are broken up by treatment with papain at 65° C. Nucleic acids are then precipitated with a quaternary ammonium compound. The water insoluble complex is dissolved in methanol and the radioactivity determined in a liquid scintillation spectrometer. The method offers special advantage when large number of cultures have to be studied.
Assessment of Body Stores of Vitamin B12 During Maintenance Therapy of Pernicious Anaemia with Depot Cyanocobalamin Preparation (Betolvex®)
Authors: Bastrup‐Madsen Poul
Published: August 2010

The serum vitamin B12 level during the first eight weeks after a single injection of the depot‐cyanocobalamin preparation, Betolvex, may be considered as a reflection of the body stores. Experiments with this method seem to indicate that patients on maintenance therapy with Betolvex have obtained a replenishment of the tissue stores, while this does not seem to be the case in some patients examined on maintenance therapy with hog's stomach, liver extract, aqueous cyanocobalamin and hydroxocobalamin.
The Ultrastructure of Eosinophilic Granulocytes in the Peritoneal Cavity of Rats Following Injection of Ferritin
Authors: BRO‐RASMUSSEN FREDE , EGEBERG J.
Published: August 2010

Electron microscopic studies were performed on eosinophilic granulocytes obtained from the peritoneal cavity of rats by peritoneal lavage using 50 ml physiological saline at varying times after intraperitoneal injection of ferritin.

Ten minutes after the injection the cytoplasm of the eosinophilic leukocytes showed phago‐lysosome‐like inclusions containing ferritin. These inclusions were also present one hour after the injections of ferritin. The ferritin phagocytosis results in morphological changes of the eosinophilic granules, but not in degranulation of the eosinophilic cells.

In the neutrophilic cells of the peritoneal fluid there were clusters of phago‐cytized eosinophilic granules exhibiting signs of degenerative changes. The phagocytosis of eosinophilic granules is interpreted as a link in the disintegration of the eosinophilic leukocytes.
The Effect of an Enzyme Preparation from Aspergillus Oryzae on the Aggregation of Rabbit Platelets in vitro
Authors: SVÄRD PER OLOV
Published: August 2010

A proteolytic enzyme preparation from the mould Aspergillus oryzae was found to influence markedly the aggregation of rabbit platelets. In low and high concentrations the enzyme inhibited aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate, whereas in moderate concentrations it caused aggregation of the platelets.
Synthesis of Donor TypeγG‐Globulin Following Thymus Transplantation in Hypo‐γ‐Globulinaemia with Severe Lymphocytopenia
Authors: HARBOE MORTEN , PANDE HELENE , BRANDTZAEG PER , TVETER KJELL J. , HJORT PETER F.
Published: August 2010

In an infant with hypo‐γ‐globulinaemia and severe lymphocytopenia thymus transplantation induced formation of a monoclonalγG‐globulin and a monoclonalγM‐globulin. The patient and his parents were Gm(‐l), whereas the monoclonalγG‐globulin was Gm(l). The father of the thymus donor was Gm(l). We concluded that the monoclonalγG‐globulin was synthesized by cells originating from the thymus graft.
Ferrokinetics in Patients Suffering from Chronic Renal Disease and Anaemia
Authors: Magid E. , Hilden M.
Published: August 2010

The plasma iron transport rate and the radio‐iron incorporation into the erythrocytes were measured in 18 patients with chronic renal disease and anaemia. The results of surface counting which was carried out in 15 of the patients were also taken into consideration in the interpretation of the ferrokinetic indices.

The results revealed that total erythropoiesis failed to increase in response to the anaemia in at least 13 of the 18 patients. Total erythropoiesis was increased in at least 2 cases. It is presumed that intramedullary haemolysis was increased in one of these patients, whilst in the second patient the most probable cause of the anaemia was intravascular haemolysis.

The radio‐iron incorporation into the erythrocytes was abnormally low in 9 cases.
Gastric Secretion of Acid and Intrinsic Factor during Histamine Infusion in 14 Cases of Duodenal Ulcer
Authors: Dotevall G. , Walan A. , Weinfeld A.
Published: August 2010

The secretion of hydrochloric acid and of intrinsic factor was studied in 14 subjects with chronic duodenal ulcer before and during six 15 minutes periods of intravenous histamine infusion. The amount of infused histamine was increased with every 15 minutes period. The volume of gastric juice increased successively during the first four periods and was maximal and equal in the last three periods of increasing histamine stimulation. The secretion of hydrochloric acid increased steadily during the increasing rate of histamine infusion, reaching a maximal and equal output in the last two periods. The concentration of intrinsic factor, however, was maximal in the first period and decreased steadily in the following periods of histamine stimulation. The output of intrinsic factor was maximal during the first three periods and decreased during the following periods in spite of increasing rate of histamine infusion. Since the volume of gastric juice was maximal and equal during the last three periods the fall in intrinsic factor concentration was more marked than the decrease in its output. The concentration of intrinsic factor in the last period was lower than basally. These results indicate that histamine causes a ‘wash‐out’ of stored intrinsic factor. The output of intrinsic factor was, however, still significantly higher than basally even 75–90 minutes after the histamine infusion had started. This could be due to a late ‘wash‐out’ mechanism or to a stimulation of intrinsic factor production and secretion.
Co57 Vitamin B12 Clearance Studies in Pernicious Anaemia
Authors: Meyer Leo M. , Osofsky Marvin , Miller Inez F.
Published: August 2010

Clearance rate of intravenously administered radioactive vitamin B12 in untreated pernicious anaemia patients is slow in 50 per cent of cases studied.

Administration of labelled vitamin B12 bound to slow serum to ‘normal clearing’ pernicious anaemia subjects or to normal persons is followed by normal clearance rate.

Radioactive vitamin B12 bound to normal serum is cleared at a normal rate in pernicious anaemia patients with slow clearance rate.

Radioactive vitamin B12 bound to slow serum when mixed with normal serum in proportions of 1:1 or 1:0.5 is cleared at a normal rate in ‘slow clearing’ pernicious anaemia patients.

These studies suggest the presence of a ‘serum factor’ in normal serum and some patients with pernicious anaemia in relapse which enhances clearance of vitamin B12 bound to ‘slow serum’.
Reticulocyte Function in PNH: in vitro Study of Haemoglobin Synthesis
Authors: Izak G. , Lewis S. M. , Patterson M. J. L. , Turpin F.
Published: August 2010

The functional ability of PNH reticulocytes was studied by in vitro investigations on reticulocyte‐rich suspensions obtained from the blood of eight patients with PNH. The parameter used was the incorporation of 59Fe and of glycine‐2‐14C, and the results were related to RNA content of the reticulocytes. Iron appeared to enter the PNH cells normally but a relatively small amount was protein bound. In contrast to the behaviour of normal reticulocytes in control experiments, in the PNH reticulocytes there was little or no iron incorporation. The block of haem synthesis was also demonstrated by a four to five fold reduction in incorporation of glycine into haem. Globin synthesis appeared to be unaffected. These findings support the suggestion that in PNH there is a disturbance of the integrated process of cell maturation, demonstrable at the reticulocyte level.
A Case of Factor VIII Inhibitor Developed after Electric Shock Therapy
Authors: Ollendorff P. , Amris C. J.
Published: August 2010

A 75 year old and hitherto healthy man developed a severe haemorrhagic diathesis after electric shock therapy. Coagulation studies revealed a coagulation defect due to a specific inhibitor of Factor VIII. The inhibitor seemed to be of enzymatic nature. The patient received no blood transfusions or protein injections or other treatment which could fully explain the development of the inhibitor. It therefore seems likely that the inhibitor production was induced by the electric shock therapy.