bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Suppression of multiple anti‐apoptotic BCL2 family proteins recapitulates the effects of JAK2 inhibitors in JAK2V617F driven myeloproliferative neoplasms
Authors: Takei Hisashi , Coelho‐Silva Juan Luiz , Tavares Leal Cristina , Queiroz Arantes Rocha Adriana , Mantello Bianco Thiago , Welner Robert S. , Mishima Yuta , Kobayashi Ikei S. , Mullally Ann , Lima Keli , Machado‐Neto João Agostinho , Kobayashi Susumu S. , Lobo de Figueiredo‐Pontes Lorena
Published: November 2021

Several lines of research suggest that Bcl‐xL‐mediated anti‐apoptotic effects may contribute to the pathogenesis of myeloproliferative neoplasms driven by JAK2V617F and serve as therapeutic target. Here, we used a knock‐in JAK2V617F mouse model and confirmed that Bcl‐xL was overexpressed in erythroid progenitors. The myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN)‐induced phenotype in the peripheral blood by conditional knock‐in of JAK2V617F was abrogated by conditional knockout of Bcl2l1, which presented anemia and thrombocytopenia independently of JAK2 mutation status. Mx1‐Cre Jak2V617W/VF/Bcl2l1f/f mice presented persistent splenomegaly as a result of extramedullary hematopoiesis and pro‐apoptotic stimuli in terminally differentiated erythroid progenitors. The pan‐BH3 mimetic inhibitor obatoclax showed superior cytotoxicity in JAK2V617F cell models, and reduced clonogenic capacity in ex vivo assay using Vav‐Cre Jak2V617F bone marrow cells. Both ruxolitinib and obatoclax significantly reduced spleen weights in a murine Jak2V617F MPN model but did not show additive effect. The tumor burden reduction was observed with either ruxolitinib or obatoclax in terminal differentiation stage neoplastic cells but not in myeloid‐erythroid precursors. Therefore, disrupting the BCL2 balance is not sufficient to treat MPN at the stem cell level, but it is certainly an additional option for controlling the critical myeloid expansion of the disease.
The effects of maternal smartphone use on mother–child interaction
Authors: Lederer Yael , Artzi Hallel , Borodkin Katy
Published: November 2021

This study assessed the effects of maternal smartphone use on mother–child interaction. Thirty‐three Israeli mothers and their 24‐ to 36‐month‐old toddlers (16 boys) from middle‐high socioeconomic status participated in three within‐subjects experimental conditions: maternal smartphone use, maternal magazine reading, and uninterrupted dyadic free‐play. The mothers produced fewer utterances, provided fewer responses to child bids, missed child bids more often, and exchanged fewer conversational turns with their children when engaged with a smartphone or printed magazines compared to uninterrupted free‐play. The quality of maternal responsiveness was also decreased. These findings suggest maternal smartphone use compromises mother–child interaction, which given smartphone ubiquity in daily life may have negative effects on child development in various domains, including language, cognition, and socioemotional regulation.
A Survey on Deep Learning for Skeleton‐Based Human Animation
Authors: Mourot Lucas , Hoyet Ludovic , Le Clerc François , Schnitzler François , Hellier Pierre
Published: November 2021

Human character animation is often critical in entertainment content production, including video games, virtual reality or fiction films. To this end, deep neural networks drive most recent advances through deep learning (DL) and deep reinforcement learning (DRL). In this article, we propose a comprehensive survey on the state‐of‐the‐art approaches based on either DL or DRL in skeleton‐based human character animation. First, we introduce motion data representations, most common human motion datasets and how basic deep models can be enhanced to foster learning of spatial and temporal patterns in motion data. Second, we cover state‐of‐the‐art approaches divided into three large families of applications in human animation pipelines: motion synthesis, character control and motion editing. Finally, we discuss the limitations of the current state‐of‐the‐art methods based on DL and/or DRL in skeletal human character animation and possible directions of future research to alleviate current limitations and meet animators' needs.
Cardiac angiosarcoma: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Luo Limin , Zhao Weipeng , Wang Yongshi , Liu Kun
Published: November 2021

Primary cardiac tumors are extremely rare, among which malignancies comprise about 15–25%. As the most common type of primary cardiac malignancies, angiosarcomas tend to arise in the right heart, especially right atrium. In this case report, we presented a 32‐year‐old female with primary cardiac angiosarcoma in the right atrial appendage detected by transesophageal echocardiography, as it is difficult to display on conventional transthoracic echocardiography.
Diffusion imaging of fornix and interconnected limbic deep grey matter is linked to cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Valdés Cabrera Diana , Smyth Penelope , Blevins Gregg , Emery Derek , Beaulieu Christian
Published: November 2021

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have shown white matter (WM) and deep grey matter (GM) abnormalities in the limbic system of multiple sclerosis (MS) participants. Structures like the fornix have been associated with cognitive impairment (CI) in MS, but the diffusion metrics are often biased by partial volume effects from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) due to its small bundle size and intraventricular location. These errors in DTI parameter estimation worsen with atrophy in MS. The goal here was to evaluate DTI parameters and volumes of the fornix, as well as associated deep GM structures like the thalamus and hippocampus, with high‐resolution fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR)‐DTI at 3T in 43 MS patients, with and without CI, versus 43 controls. The fornix, thalamus and hippocampus displayed atrophy and/or abnormal diffusion metrics, with the fornix showing the most extensive changes within the structures studied here, mainly in CI MS. The affected fornix volumes and diffusion metrics were associated with thalamic atrophy and atypical diffusion metrics in interconnected limbic GM, larger total lesion volume and global brain atrophy. Lower fractional anisotropy (FA) and higher mean and radial diffusivity in the fornix, lower hippocampus FA and lower thalamus volume were strongly correlated with CI in MS. Hippocampus FA and thalamus atrophy were negatively correlated with fatigue and longer time since MS symptoms onset, respectively. FLAIR‐DTI and volumetric analyses provided methodologically superior evidence for microstructural abnormalities and extensive atrophy of the fornix and interconnected deep GM in MS that were associated with cognitive deficits.
“The interpersonal is political”: Understanding the sociological ambivalence created in parent and adult offspring cohabiting relationships
Authors: Halliwell Sherree Dawn , Ackers George Karl
Published: November 2021

Objective

This article considers the ambivalence generated in familial cohabitation where adult offspring have never left or have returned to live with their parents.

Background

Ambivalence is commonly used in psychology to describe contradictory emotions at the interpersonal level.

Method

A thematically analyzed ethnographic study of eight cohabitating families living in North Wales, in the United Kingdom, explored both generations' perspectives on cohabitation.

Results

Although our study found evidence of ambivalence at the interpersonal level, we suggest that this was drawn from a structural contradiction, namely, that although cohabitation was the result of structural issues, such as graduate underemployment and the affordable housing crisis, societal values labeled it the personal consequence of a failed adulthood. This caused these families feelings of shame and guilt that created a barrier blocking the interpersonal negotiations needed to develop more positive living arrangements and family roles. The generational contradictions in values of self, family, and society produced irreconcilable personal and political tensions.

Conclusion

This study concludes that two changes are needed to better negotiate ambivalence in family cohabitation. First, the social narrative that responsibilizes young adults for their failure to attain financial and residential independence needs to be challenged. Second, to address current structural contradictions, the social contract on the provision for family social care needs political renegotiation.

Implications

Building on the concept of sociological ambivalence, this article suggests that studies of ambivalence need to take a critical perspective that questions the structural forces that produce and constrain interpersonal familial relationships.
Second‐line interventions for migraine in the emergency department: A narrative review
Authors: Kazi Farnam , Manyapu Mallika , Fakherddine Maha , Mekuria Kumelachew , Friedman Benjamin W.
Published: November 2021

Objective

Millions of patients present to US emergency departments (ED) annually for the treatment of migraine. First‐line treatments, including metoclopramide, prochlorperazine, and sumatriptan, fail to provide sufficient relief in up to one‐third of treated patients. In this narrative review, we discuss the evidence supporting the use of injectable (intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous) medications for patients in the ED who fail to improve sufficiently after treatment with first‐line medication.

Methods

We used the American Headache Society's guideline, “Management of Adults with Acute Migraine in the Emergency Department: The American Headache Society Evidence Assessment of Parenteral Pharmacotherapies,” published in 2016, to identify first‐line medications for migraine. We then conducted a PubMed search to determine whether any evidence supported the use of these medications as second‐line therapy and whether any evidence existed to support the use of injectable therapies not discussed in the guideline as second‐line therapy.

Results

We identified only scant high‐quality randomized data of second‐line therapy. Therefore, we based our recommendations on medications that have reliably demonstrated efficacy as first‐line treatment of migraine. These medications include injectable non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and acetaminophen. Dihydroergotamine and valproic acid have some data supporting efficacy. More recently, greater occipital nerve blocks (GONBs) have been shown to be efficacious. With the exception of meperidine, opioids have been shown to be not efficacious. Most data published to date demonstrate no role for propofol and ketamine.

Conclusions

There are no evidence‐based second‐line treatments of migraine in the ED setting. For patients with migraine, who fail to improve after treatment with a first‐line medication, it is reasonable to use an intravenous NSAID or intravenous acetaminophen. Alternatively, clinicians adept at performing a GONB may offer this treatment.
Importance of Thai macaque bioresources for biological research and human health
Authors: Srikulnath Kornsorn , Ahmad Syed Farhan , Panthum Thitipong , Malaivijitnond Suchinda
Published: November 2021

During the past century, macaque bioresources have provided remarkable scientific and biomedical discoveries related to the understanding of human physiology, neuroanatomy, reproduction, development, cognition, and pathology. Considerable progress has been made, and an urgent need has arisen to develop infrastructure and viable settings to meet the current global demand in research models during the so‐called new normal after COVID‐19 era. This review highlights the critical need for macaque bioresources and proposes the establishment of a designated primate research center to integrate research in primate laboratories for the rescue and rehabilitation of wild macaques. Key areas where macaque models have been and continue to be essential for advancing fundamental knowledge in biomedical and biological research are outlined. Detailed genetic studies on macaque bioresources of Thai origin can further facilitate the rapid pace of vaccine discovery.
Suicide attempts among Taiwanese lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender adults during the 2018 Taiwan referendum on same‐sex issues
Authors: Wang Ya‐Ching , Chang Shiow‐Ru , Miao Nae‐Fang
Published: November 2021

Purpose

To examine suicide attempts and the influencing factors among Taiwanese lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) adults during the 2018 Taiwanese referendum on same‐sex issues.

Research design and methods

The 2018 Taiwanese referendum was held on November 24. A cross‐sectional online survey was conducted between October 2018 and February 2019. A total of 1012 self‐identified LGBT adults were included in the final sample.

Results

Among the 1012 Taiwanese LGBT adults, the rates of suicide attempts ranged from 9.1% to 24.4%. A younger age, being a student, having low income, having mental health issues, and having a high level of depressive symptoms were associated with a significantly higher risk of suicide attempts in the participants. Conversely, having a postgraduate degree, having high self‐esteem, and perceiving support from friends and family were associated with a lower risk of suicide attempts.

Conclusion

This is the first study to investigate suicide attempts among LGBT individuals and the influencing factors within the context of a same‐sex marriage referendum in an Asian country. The results of this study demonstrate the importance of suicide prevention measures for the LGBT community, particularly during times of increased social stress and conflict between social groups with diverse sexual and gender identities.

Clinical relevance

The results of this study suggest that nurses’ and health‐care providers’ sensitivity toward LGBT patients and their knowledge and skills in providing culturally competent care are key factors in suicide prevention for LGBT adults. Therefore, nurses and health‐care providers must be provided with training courses on culturally competent care.
Botulinum toxin type A treatment is associated with improved social and psychological behavior: A retrospective study
Authors: Sykianakis Dimitris , Stratigos Alexander , Chatziioannou Argiro , Christodoulou Christos
Published: November 2021

Background

The human face significantly affects the individuals' quality of life, attitude, and mental state. The study of anatomy would always be on the spotlight, as the beauty of the face is desired by humans worldwide. However, age, stress, and negative emotions could lead to stimulation of the corrugator supercilii and procerus muscles in the glabellar region and, subsequently, to alterations in face's characteristics, which could be associated with isolation and avoidance of engaging in social contacts.

Aims

Here, we aimed to examine the degree to which treatment with botulinum toxin type A (BoNT A) can affect patients' quality of life and mental state.

Patients/Methods

The data collection was performed using 11 questionnaires, which were filled by 83 individuals who underwent BoNT A treatment (sex, 95% female and 5% male; mean age, 48 years).

Results

The results showed that the treatment with BoNT A improved the patients' social and psychological behavior, and their opinion regarding their appearance. This effect developed within 1 month following completion of the treatment. Moreover, the effect was higher in patients' social behavior and was better in patients aged 40–49 years compared to those aged <40 and ≥49 years.

Conclusions

Thus, BoNT A treatment could be considered as an important way to improve the social behavior and socialization of individuals by raising their psychology and self‐esteem.
Approach to differentiate between hyaluronic acid skin quality boosters and fillers based on their physicochemical properties
Authors: Kleine‐Börger Linda , Meyer Robert , Kalies Alexander , Kerscher Martina
Published: November 2021

Background

The clinical indications, applications, and effect of the injectable hyaluronic acid range skin quality boosters (SQBs) are different than those of filler products. Material properties are increasingly being discussed for differentiation and in connection with clinical effects and esthetic indications.

Aims

The aim of this study is to evaluate whether SQB products can be differentiated from filler products by their physicochemical material properties.

Material and methods

Physicochemical properties (extrusion force, swelling degree, rheology, and cohesivity) of two SQBs (BELR, JUVVE) were compared with those of fillers (BELB, JUVVT) using the same manufacturing technology.

Results

Cohesivity was almost equal for SQBs and fillers. Few statistically significant differences in physicochemical properties were found. Properties of SQBs differed from fillers mainly in their delta of rheological properties and extrusion force.

Conclusion

In this study, physicochemical differences between SQB and filler were determined and described, supporting the presence of two categories and their different clinical indications and applications.
Long‐term follow up in two cases of pelvic reconstruction using a combined VRAM flap‐sacrocolpopexy for severe perineal hernia after abdominoperineal resection
Authors: Yamamoto Shotaro , Hamuro Akihiro , Nagahara Hisashi , Motomura Hisashi , Koyama Masayasu , Tachibana Daisuke
Published: November 2021

Perineal hernia is an infrequent complication of abdominoperineal resection (APR) and, currently, there is no consensus as to the optimal operative technique. Surgical repair can be achieved by either cerclage or the use of mesh or autologous tissue, and it has been reported that the recurrence rate after repair using autologous tissue is 33%. We present two post‐APR cases of severe perineal hernia with pelvic organ prolapse (POP) which did not improve after repair using mesh. We regenerated the pelvic floor using a vertical rectus abdominis myocutaneous (VRAM) flap and performed a concomitant sacrocolpopexy to fix the POP. Drooping of the perineum and pelvic floor was greatly improved, and the patients have not experienced any recurrence for 6 years. This dual procedure has not been previously mentioned in the literature, and we consider this the first report of its kind.
Teacher Perceptions of and Experiences with Student Menstruation in the School Setting
Authors: Huseth‐Zosel Andrea L. , Secor‐Turner Molly
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND

Menstrual hygiene management is an important public health issue for adolescents. The objective of this study was to explore teacher perceptions and experiences addressing adolescent menstruation experiences at school and examine their perception of the impact of menstruation on student learning.

METHODS

Teachers in a Midwest school district participated in an online survey about their perceptions of adolescent school‐based menstruation experiences, including: experience and comfort‐level with providing menstruation assistance, presence of menstrual products in classroom/office for students, perceptions about adolescent school‐based menstruation experiences, and perceptions on the impact of menstruation on student learning.

RESULTS

Two hundred and nine teachers participated in this study. Teachers perceived students' school‐based menstruation experiences to be mostly negative, stressful, embarrassing, and focused on concealment. Teachers described school‐based menstruation events as a distraction to learning and responded by offering emotional support and menstrual products, typically purchased by teachers.

CONCLUSION

Teachers' negative perception of about menstruation and distractions in the classroom are amplified by social norms associated with overall menstruation‐related stigma. Findings emphasize the importance of educating teachers on how to more positively address student menstruation experiences to foster a more supportive environment conducive to learning for these students.
Does cognitive inflexibility predict violent extremist behaviour intentions? A registered direct replication report of Zmigrod et al., 2019
Authors: Schumann Sandy , Salman Nadine L. , Clemmow Caitlin , Gill Paul
Published: November 2021

Purpose

Zmigrod et al. (2019a, Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 989) demonstrated that lower levels of cognitive flexibility predict a higher willingness to fight and die for the national in‐group. We conducted a registered direct replication of their Study 1. Extending the original study, we examined whether the documented relationship held when a self‐report measure for cognitive flexibility was introduced and when identity fusion was controlled for. We also investigated whether cognitive inflexibility predicts normative pro‐group behaviour intentions.

Methods

Participants (N = 1378) reported in a cross‐sectional survey study their willingness to fight, die and sacrifice themselves for the in‐group and completed the Remote Associates (RAT) as and Wisconsin Card Sorting (WCST) tests. Afterwards, self‐reported cognitive flexibility, identity fusion and normative pro‐group behaviour intentions were assessed.

Results

Results showed a small negative relationship between RAT accuracy rates and willingness to fight and die. WCST accuracy rates were positively related with willingness to die but not correlated with willingness to fight. Self‐report measures of cognitive flexibility were partially positively and partially negatively associated with support for violent extremism. There was further evidence that lower cognitive flexibility predicts higher normative pro‐group behaviour intentions. A mini meta‐analysis, which synthesized findings from the original study and our replication, demonstrated a relatively small negative correlation between cognitive flexibility and support for violent extremism.

Conclusions

In summary, even though not all individual results could be replicated, we confirmed the overall conclusion of the original study: lower cognitive flexibility predicted stronger willingness to fight and die for an in‐group. The findings highlight that it is important to integrate cognitive style in multi‐level frameworks of risk factors of violent extremism. Additionally, our results point out that the validity of different measures of cognitive flexibility, including self‐report tools, must be further examined. Future research that evaluates cognitive flexibility training in the context of CVE/PVE interventions is also encouraged.
Medical ethnobotany of the Marma community of Rangamati district of Bangladesh
Authors: Islam Taherul , Pieroni Andrea , Uddin Shaikh Bokhtear , Faruque Mohammad Omar
Published: November 2021

The ethnomedicinal practices of Marma indigenous community of Bangladesh is considered rich. This study aimed to compile their medicinal plant usage to get fresh insights into newer ethnobotanical uses. Ethnomedicinal information was collected through open‐ended/semi structured techniques following field interview, plant interview and market survey from key informants. Documented data was further analyzed using different quantitative indices. The Jaccard index was also calculated to show the degree of similarity with previous studies conducted in Bangladesh and abroad. A total of 196 plants from 75 families belonging to 164 genera were documented in the survey. Gastrointestinal disorders epitomized the foremost complaints sort with the use of 72 plant species, followed by pain and inflammation (63 species). Leaves (42.8%) were the principal source of medication while trees were the major plant type used in the ethnobotanical practice. The original application of ethnomedicinal plants within our study was compared with 44 previous ethnomedicinal research studies and the Jaccard index (JI) ranged from 0.78 to 46.78. The highest similarity within the country was recorded with studies from the Bandarban district while the lowest was from the northern region. Similarly, the highest similarity with reports from neighboring countries was with Chanduali district of UP, India and the lowest with FATA, Pakistan. Importantly, our literature study exhibited that this study recorded 23 species with new ethnomedicinal uses. The Marma community still depends on plants to treat different complaints/diseases. This compilation may provide a future resource for further phytochemical and pharmacological studies.
Piecing together the eophytes – a new group of ancient plants containing cryptospores
Authors: Edwards Dianne , Morris Jennifer L. , Axe Lindsey , Duckett Jeffrey G. , Pressel Silvia , Kenrick Paul
Published: November 2021

The earliest evidence for land plants comes from dispersed cryptospores from the Ordovician, which dominated assemblages for 60 million years. Direct evidence of their parent plants comes from minute fossils in Welsh Borderland Upper Silurian to Lower Devonian rocks. We recognize a group that had forking, striated axes with rare stomata terminating in valvate sporangia containing permanent cryptospores, but their anatomy was unknown especially regarding conducting tissues.

Charcoalified fossils extracted from the rock using HF were selected from macerates and observed using scanning electron microscopy. Promising examples were split for further examination and compared with electron micrographs of the anatomy of extant bryophytes.

Fertile fossil axes possess central elongate cells with thick walls bearing globules, occasional strands and plasmodesmata‐sized pores. The anatomy of these cells best matches desiccation‐tolerant food‐conducting cells (leptoids) of bryophytes. Together with thick‐walled epidermal cells and extremely small size, these features suggest that these plants were poikilohydric.

Our new data on conducting cells confirms a combination of characters that distinguish the permanent cryptospore‐producers from bryophytes and tracheophytes. We therefore propose the erection of a new group, here named the Eophytidae (eophytes).
Use of ofatumumab and eplerenone in post‐transplant recurrence of FSGS
Authors: Jain Namrata G. , Chen Justin K. , Mahajan Ruchi , Kehoe Jacqueline , Singer Pamela , Whyte Dilys , Bomback Andrew S.
Published: November 2021

Background

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) predisposes patients for risk of recurrent disease in allografts.

Methods

We report a case of a recipient of an unrelated living donor renal transplant and discuss considerations for utilization of ofatumumab and eplerenone in treatment for recurrent FSGS.

Results

The recipient was initially managed with scheduled plasmapheresis, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), and rituximab post‐transplant during index hospitalization. With notable recurrence of FSGS noted on kidney transplant biopsy, she was initially treated with additional plasmapheresis sessions leading to downtrend in proteinuria. The patient was then transitioned to LDL‐A pheresis, which resulted again in uptrend in proteinuria. This prompted return to scheduled plasmapheresis sessions weekly, leading again to a downtrend in proteinuria. Albumin levels remained within normal range throughout her course. Following initiation of eplerenone and ofatumumab, the patient demonstrated normalization of urine protein:creatinine ratio and remission of FSGS recurrence without need for additional apheresis.

Conclusions

With notable risk of recurrence of FSGS in kidney transplants leading to allograft failure, the use of ofatumumab and eplerenone in conjunction should be considered for management to induce remission.
Quality Certification in Agricultural Supply Chains: Implications from Government Information Provision
Authors: Bian Yiwen , Yan Shuai , Yi Zelong , Guan Xu , Chen Ying‐Ju
Published: November 2021

This study investigates the implication of government information provision on a farming cooperative's quality certification strategy in an agricultural supply chain. A farming cooperative has some private quality information of its product and can convey it via quality certification in the planting stage. A product distributor makes the order decision based on the farming cooperative's quality certification and can observe the exact product quality information only after the product is reaped. During this process, a local government provides free but imperfect demand forecasting to help the farming cooperative make more efficient pricing and quality certification decisions. We show that the impact of quality certification on the farming cooperative's profit hinges on three factors: the quality standard, the cost of certification, and the precision rate of government information, and the profit exhibits non‐monotonic relationship with any of these factors. The farming cooperative could become worse off with the government's free information provision, and a higher information precision rate could result in a down‐side jump for the farming cooperative's profit. In comparison to government information channel, the farming cooperative may choose to costly acquire the demand information by itself and controls the information precision rate. Our main results hold when the distributor can determine the retail price and discuss the possible signaling role of wholesale price under our game framework.
The association between late preterm birth and cardiometabolic conditions across the life course: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Yoshida‐Montezuma Yulika , Stone Erica , Iftikhar Saman , De Rubeis Vanessa , Andreacchi Alessandra T. , Keown‐Stoneman Charles , Mbuagbaw Lawrence , Brown Hilary K. , de Souza Russell J. , Anderson Laura N.
Published: November 2021

Background

The effect of being born late preterm (34–36 weeks gestation) on cardiometabolic outcomes across the life course is unclear.

Objectives

To systematically review the association between being born late preterm (spontaneous or indicated), compared to the term and cardiometabolic outcomes in children and adults.

Data sources

EMBASE(Ovid), MEDLINE(Ovid), CINAHL.

Study selection and data extraction

Observational studies up to July 2021 were included. Study characteristics, gestational age, cardiometabolic outcomes, risk ratios (RRs), odds ratios (ORs), hazard ratios (HRs), mean differences and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were extracted.

Synthesis

We pooled converted RRs using random‐effects meta‐analyses for diabetes, hypertension, ischemic heart disease (IHD) and body mass index (BMI) with subgroups for children and adults. The risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle‐Ottawa scale and certainty of the evidence was assessed using the grading of recommendations, assessment, development and evaluation (GRADE) approach.

Results

Forty‐one studies were included (41,203,468 total participants; median: 5.0% late preterm). Late preterm birth was associated with increased diabetes (RR 1.24, 95% CI 1.17, 1.32; nine studies; n = 6,056,511; incidence 0.9%; I2 51%; low certainty) and hypertension (RR 1.21, 95% CI 1.13, 1.30; 11 studies; n = 3,983,141; incidence 3.4%; I2 64%; low certainty) in children and adults combined. Late preterm birth was associated with decreased BMI z‐scores in children (standard mean difference −0.38; 95% CI −0.67, −0.09; five studies; n = 32,602; proportion late preterm 8.3%; I2 96%; very low certainty). There was insufficient evidence that late preterm birth was associated with increased IHD risk in adults (HR 1.20, 95% CI 0.89, 1.62; four studies; n = 2,706,806; incidence 0.3%; I2 87%; very low certainty).

Conclusions

Late preterm birth was associated with an increased risk of diabetes and hypertension. The certainty of the evidence was low or very low. Inconsistencies in late preterm and term definitions, confounding variables and outcome age limited the comparability of studies.
Adolescent intergroup connections and their developmental benefits: Exploring contributions from social network analysis
Authors: Kornienko Olga , Rivas‐Drake Deborah
Published: November 2021

Because diverse school settings provide students with opportunities to form same‐ and cross‐group relationships with youth of various ethnicities and races, an important question arises: How are these opportunities taken up, and what are the developmental implications of doing so? Accumulating evidence suggests that these connections are beneficial to youth. Yet, we currently have a limited understanding of the specific peer mechanisms that produce these benefits. Addressing this gap requires adopting a relational perspective and using social network analysis (SNA) tools to characterize the theorized developmental mechanisms through which intergroup connections promote adolescent psychological and academic adjustment. To do so, we present an integrative account in which intergroup connections are viewed as developing and influencing adolescent outcomes in the context of broader peer networks. We then discuss the need to disentangle peer network selection from peer influence dynamics to provide an accurate account of multiple processes through which intergroup connections shape development and briefly explore how these goals are achieved by using statistical approaches to modeling of social networks. This review seeks to guide the next generation of research to more thoroughly test and refine the developmental theory and advance knowledge that will inform interventions to promote intergroup connections and their academic and socio‐emotional benefits.
Variation in the Syntax of Plural Markers: The Case From Plural –Menin Mandarin
Authors: Kim Kyumin , Meng Xiao
Published: November 2021

This paper provides a novel analysis of plural marker–menin Mandarin as a modifier: –mendoes not realize a head such as Num(ber); rather, it adjoins to a DP in the nominal structure. The proposed analysis can account for defining properties of –menas a modifier, such as the interpretation of a bare noun with respect to –men, lack of agreement, co‐occurrence with a classifier, and so on, which cannot be accounted for by the previous approaches that view –menas realizing a head, such as Num, in the nominal projection. The consequences of this paper support the recent view that the syntax of plural markers is not homogeneous but heterogeneous.
Base cation‐enhancing role of corn straw biochar in an acidic soil
Authors: Yuan Jinhua , E Shengzhe , Che Zongxian
Published: November 2021

Biochar affects base cation retention and leaching when it is used to enhance the base cation status of acidic soil. However, the details of its contribution are not yet clear. In this study, six loadings of corn straw biochar (0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%, w/w) were applied to an acidic Ferralsol and incubated for 1 year. The results showed that the content of water‐soluble and exchangeable base cations of K, Na, Ca and Mg increased with increasing levels of biochar in amended soil. The percentage of water‐soluble Na, Ca and Mg of amended soil significantly decreased, while the percentage of exchangeable K, Ca and Mg increased significantly after the addition of biochar. For K and Na, biochar affected their leaching concentrations both as a source and by increasing the pH. For Ca, biochar reduced Ca leaching when the biochar loading was ≥4%, and the contribution increased from 30.8% to 100% at 4%–10% loading. For Mg, biochar reduced Mg leaching at biochar loadings 2%–10%, the reduction increasing from 22.0% to 70.5%. The results show that corn straw biochar can increase the content of the soil nutrient base cations K, Ca and Mg by increasing their exchangeable forms and enhance soil retention by decreasing their leaching. Thus, corn straw biochar can be used to effectively improve acidic soil base cation fertility.
5S‐IGS rDNA in wind‐pollinated trees (Fagus L.) encapsulates 55 million years of reticulate evolution and hybrid origins of modern species
Authors: Cardoni Simone , Piredda Roberta , Denk Thomas , Grimm Guido W. , Papageorgiou Aristotelis C. , Schulze Ernst‐Detlef , Scoppola Anna , Salehi Shanjani Parvin , Suyama Yoshihisa , Tomaru Nobuhiro , Worth James R. P. , Cosimo Simeone Marco
Published: November 2021

Standard models of plant speciation assume strictly dichotomous genealogies in which a species, the ancestor, is replaced by two offspring species. The reality in wind‐pollinated trees with long evolutionary histories is more complex: species evolve from other species through isolation when genetic drift exceeds gene flow; lineage mixing can give rise to new species (hybrid taxa such as nothospecies and allopolyploids). The multi‐copy, potentially multi‐locus 5S rDNA is one of few gene regions conserving signal from dichotomous and reticulate evolutionary processes down to the level of intra‐genomic recombination. Therefore, it can provide unique insights into the dynamic speciation processes of lineages that diversified tens of millions of years ago. Here, we provide the first high‐throughput sequencing (HTS) of the 5S intergenic spacers (5S‐IGS) for a lineage of wind‐pollinated subtropical to temperate trees, the Fagus crenata – F. sylvatica s.l. lineage, and its distant relative F. japonica. The observed 4963 unique 5S‐IGS variants reflect a complex history of hybrid origins, lineage sorting, mixing via secondary gene flow, and intra‐genomic competition between two or more paralogous‐homoeologous 5S rDNA lineages. We show that modern species are genetic mosaics and represent a striking case of ongoing reticulate evolution during the past 55 million years.
Effects of 0.0015% preservative‐free tafluprost on the equine eye
Authors: Azimpour Saeed , Emami alagha Hannah , Faghihi Houman , Rajaei Seyed Mehdi , Shokoohimand Armin
Published: November 2021

Objective

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects and potential side effects of topical preservative‐free (PF) tafluprost 0.0015% in ophthalmologically normal horses.

Animals

Five adult grade horses.

Procedures

One of the eyes of each horse was randomly chosen as the “treatment” eye, and consequently, the contralateral eye served as the “control.” A single dose of PF tafluprost 0.0015% (0.2 mL) was instilled in the treated eye of each horse. Intraocular pressure (IOP), Schirmer's tear test (STT) levels of each eye, and an ophthalmic examination were performed at T0 (baseline), T30, T120, T24 h, and T48 h.

Results

The mean IOP values of the treated eyes at baseline (T0), T30, T120, T24 h, and T48 h were 25.4 ± 4.8 mmHg, 21.2 ± 1.92 mmHg, 15.20 ± 2.48 mmHg, 18.40 ± 1.51 mmHg, and 24.60 ± 1.94 mmHg, respectively. Significant differences were observed between the mean baseline IOP level and the T120 and T24 h time points (p = .001 and p = .009). The mean STT levels at each time point showed insignificant fluctuations during the study (p = .140). Adverse effects such as chemosis and episcleral injection were observed 30 min after the instillation of tafluprost 0.0015% (T30). Blepharospasm and conjunctival hyperemia were observed 120 min (T120) after the administration of the medication.

Conclusion and clinical relevance

Tafluprost 0.0015% showed potential in reducing IOP, but due to its local side effects, it is not a good candidate for management of glaucoma in horses. Tafluprost did not notably affect STT.
Measuring the balance of the world's largest machine
Authors: Baird William H.
Published: November 2021

The electrical power grid has been described as the largest machine in the world. Although we customarily assume our electrical outlets provide a steady sinusoidal voltage with a frequency of 60 Hz (in North America), the variations from that ideal are easy to observe using the methods described in this article. These frequency variations are important since, as can be shown with introductory-level physics concepts, they arise when power generation and usage are not balanced on the electrical grid. The challenge of balancing the electrical grid will increase over the coming years as we adopt more sustainable but less predictable energy sources, and this connection to one of our current societal challenges makes this project interesting to students.
An exact solution for a particle in a velocity-dependent force field
Authors: Yáñez Julio M. , Gutiérrez Gonzalo , González-Cataldo Felipe , Laroze David
Published: November 2021

We revisit the classical mechanics problem of a particle moving under the influence of a force that depends on its velocity. Using the properties of the rotation matrix and associated operators, we show that it is possible to find an exact analytical solution to a number of problems where the differential equation of motion depends on the velocity. First, we apply our method to the well-known cases of a particle under the influence of the Lorentz force and Coriolis force, providing the complete analytical solution in each case for the motion of the particle in three dimensions. We also show that the complete solution can be obtained when the centrifugal force is included, showing the applicability to cases where there is simultaneous dependence on the position and velocity. This method, which is not currently discussed in a typical course in elementary mechanics, provides an alternative approach to the traditional methods that are used to solve these types of problems.
Differences in Fosfomycin Resistance Mechanisms between Pseudomonas aeruginosa and
Enterobacterales
Authors: Zheng Dina , Bergen Phillip J. , Landersdorfer Cornelia B. , Hirsch Elizabeth B.
Published: November 2021

Multidrug-resistant (MDR)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
presents a serious threat to public health due to its widespread resistance to numerous antibiotics.
P. aeruginosa
commonly causes nosocomial infections including urinary tract infections (UTI) which have become increasingly difficult to treat. The lack of effective therapeutic agents has renewed interest in fosfomycin, an old drug discovered in the 1960s and approved prior to the rigorous standards now required for drug approval.
Clinical Relevance of Rifampicin‐Moxifloxacin Interaction in Isoniazid-Resistant/Intolerant Tuberculosis Patients
Authors: Vogensen Vanessa B. , Bolhuis Mathieu S. , Sturkenboom Marieke G. G. , van der Werf Tjip S. , de Lange Wiel C. M. , Anthony Richard M. , van Soolingen Dick , Alffenaar Jan-Willem , Kerstjens Huib A. M. , Akkerman Onno W.
Published: November 2021

Moxifloxacin is an attractive drug for the treatment of isoniazid-resistant rifampicin-susceptible tuberculosis (TB) or drug-susceptible TB complicated by isoniazid intolerance. However, co-administration with rifampicin decreases moxifloxacin exposure.
In Vitro
Susceptibility of Gram-Negative Pathogens to Cefiderocol in Five Consecutive Annual Multinational SIDERO-WT Surveillance Studies, 2014 to 2019
Authors: Karlowsky James A. , Hackel Meredith A. , Takemura Miki , Yamano Yoshinori , Echols Roger , Sahm Daniel F.
Published: November 2021

We report
in vitro
susceptibility data from five consecutive annual SIDERO-WT surveillance studies (2014 to 2019) for cefiderocol and comparators tested against Gram-negative clinical isolates from North America and Europe. CLSI broth microdilution was used to determine MICs for
Enterobacterales
(
n 
= 31,896),
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
(
n 
= 7,700),
Acinetobacter baumannii
complex (
n 
= 5,225),
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
(
n 
= 2,030), and
Burkholderia cepacia
complex (
n 
= 425).
Genetic Background Affects the Mucosal Secretory IgA Levels, Parasite Burden, Lung Inflammation, and Mouse Susceptibility toAscaris suumInfection
Authors: Oliveira Luciana Maria , Nogueira Denise Silva , Geraldi Ricardo Marcelo , Barbosa Fernando Sérgio , Amorim Chiara Cássia Oliveira , Gazzinelli-Guimarães Ana Clara , Resende Nathália Maria , Pinheiro-Rosa Natália , Kraemer Lucas Rocha , Mattos Matheus Silvério , Bueno Lilian Lacerda , Faria Ana Maria Caetano , Russo Remo Castro , Gaze Soraya , Fujiwara Ricardo Toshio
Published: November 2021

Ascariasis is a neglected tropical disease that is widespread in the world and has important socioeconomic impacts. The presence of various stages of worm development in the pulmonary and intestinal mucosae induces a humoral and cellular immune response. However, although there is much evidence of the protective role of mucosal immunity against various pathogens, including helminths, there is still a gap in the knowledge about the immune response and the mechanisms of action that are involved in protection against diseases, especially in the initial phase of ascariasis. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the kinetic aspects of the immune parasitological parameters in intestinal and pulmonary mucosae in male mice with early ascariasis.
Slow slip in subduction zones: Reconciling deformation fabrics with instrumental observations and laboratory results
Authors: Oncken O. , Angiboust S. , Dresen G.
Published: November 2021

Cataclasites are a characteristic rock type found in drill cores from active faults as well as in exposed fossil subduction faults. Here, cataclasites are commonly associated with evidence for pervasive pressure solution and abundant hydrofracturing. They host the principal slip of regular earthquakes and the family of so-called slow earthquakes (episodic slip and tremor, low to very low frequency earthquakes, etc.). Slip velocities associated with the formation of the different types of cataclasites and conditions controlling slip are poorly constrained both from direct observations in nature as well as from experimental research. In this study, we explore exposed sections of subduction faults and their dominant microstructures. We use recently proposed constitutive laws to estimate deformation rates, and we compare predicted rates with instrumental observations from subduction zones. By identifying the maximum strain rates using fault scaling relations to constrain the fault core thickness, we find that the instrumental shear strain rates identified for the family of “slow earthquakes” features range from 10−3s−1 to 10−5s−1. These values agree with estimated rates for stress corrosion creep or brittle creep possibly controlling cataclastic deformation rates near the failure threshold. Typically, pore-fluid pressures are suggested to be high in subduction zones triggering brittle deformation and fault slip. However, seismic slip events causing local dilatancy may reduce fluid pressures promoting pressure-solution creep (yielding rates of <10−8 to 10−12s−1) during the interseismic period in agreement with dominant fabrics in plate interface zones. Our observations suggest that cataclasis is controlled by stress corrosion creep and driven by fluid pressure fluctuations at near-lithostatic effective pressure and shear stresses close to failure. We posit that cataclastic flow is the dominant physical mechanism governing transient creep episodes such as slow slip events (SSEs), accelerating preparatory slip before seismic events, and early afterslip in the seismogenic zone.