bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Choral Singing in Speaking Voice Preservation of Aging Adults
Authors: Stager Sheila V. , Sparks Andrew D. , Bielamowicz Steven A. , Edgar Julia D.
Published: June 2020

Purpose

This descriptive cohort pilot study, using a convenience sample, examined whether evidence from vocal function measures, auditory–perceptual ratings, and/or endoscopic signs of aging supported singing in senior chorales as a possible intervention to preserve the speaking voice in aging adults.

Method

Thirteen singers and five nonsinging controls, all over 65 years of age, participated. They were assessed at two visits, 15–20 months apart. Vocal function measures and auditory–perceptual ratings of estimated age and the presence of voice disorders were compared across singing status and visit. Changes in the presence and degree of laryngeal signs of aging between visits were compared across singing status.

Results

Using an alpha of .2, deemed acceptable for pilot studies, vocal function measures supported choral singing as an intervention to preserve the speaking voice as less noise energy between 2 and 3 kHz (
p
= .01) and lower phonation threshold pressures (PTPs) were present (
p
= .09) for singers compared to nonsinging controls. Greater flows at comfortable pitch (
p
= .04) and high pitch (
p
= .06) as well as lower cepstral peak prominence smoothed (CPPS) for the vowel /a/ (
p
< .01) were found at Visit 2 for both groups, but singers demonstrated lower flows at Visit 2 than nonsinging controls at comfortable pitch (
p
= .06). Auditory–perceptual ratings did not support preservation of speaking voice, although a larger percentage of listeners rated nonsinging controls as voice disordered at Visit 2. Endoscopic ratings supported preservation, as singers were more likely than nonsinging controls to be rated as having laryngeal signs of aging absent at both visits (
p
= .02).

Conclusion

The findings from this pilot study provide evidence that regular singing in senior chorales may assist in preserving older adults' speaking voices.
High step‐up DC/DC converters based on coupled inductor and switched capacitors
Authors: Ding Jie , Zhao Shiwei , Yin Huajie , Qin Ping , Zeng Guanbao
Published: June 2020

This study proposes a series of high step‐up DC/DC converters based on the coupled inductor and switched capacitors. The priority of the switched capacitor connection methods of the converters is presented by their contributions to the voltage gain so that the converters can be selected optimally according to the gain demand. For this converter, the voltage gain can be adjusted by both of the turns ratios of the coupled inductor and the number of switched‐capacitor units. It makes it possible to further improve the voltage gain when the turns ratio of the coupled inductor is rather high. Moreover, the introduction of switched capacitors can reduce the voltage stress of power components. In this study, the operating principle and performance characteristics of the converters are analysed. Also, a 300 W prototype is set up for verification. The experimental results demonstrate the effect of the theoretical analysis and superiority of the converter.
Retrospective research of rice blast development in Krasnodar region
Authors: Nartymov Dmitry , Dubina Elena , Garkusha Sergey
Published: June 2020

Today, rice blast remains the most dangerous disease, therefore, along with breeding developments, it is necessary to study the dependence of the pathogen’s behavior on agroclimatic conditions. In addition, an understanding of the dynamics of blast development in the non-growing season is necessary. The studies conducted are aimed at establishing agroclimatic patterns that contribute to the development of the disease in the pre-growing and growing periods by analyzing the results of the implementation of the mathematical model. As a result of research, the dependence of the intensity of damage to rice crops on the intensity of environmental influences in the pre-growing season was established, which suggests that it is necessary to apply agrotechnological measures before sowing to reduce the phytosanitary load on plants and the environment.
Physiological and biochemical aspects of the fungicidal action of promising biocontrol Bacillus subtilis strains against phytopathogenic fungi pp. Fusarium and Pyrenophora
Authors: Pavlova Marina , Asaturova Anzhela , Allakhverdian Valeria , Sidorova Tatyana
Published: June 2020

The article presents some aspects of the interaction between biocontrol Bacillus subtilis strains and phytopathogenic fungi Fusarium and Pyrenophora. The presence of antifungal metabolites complexes in the culture fluid of the strains, including surfactin and iturin A has been found. The nature of the changes in the mycelium of phytopathogenic fungi is examined when co-cultivated with B.subtilis strains.
Secondary screening of strains of antagonists to a Phoma pathogen on sunflower
Authors: Maslienko Lyubov , Voronkova Aliya , Datsenko Lyubov , Efimtseva Evgeniya , Punogina Daria
Published: June 2020

There are presented data of the first stage of the secondary screening of antagonist strains from a collection of the biological methods laboratory of V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops to the aggressive isolate of Phoma macdonaldii Boerema infecting sunflower. We used methods of ‘agar blocks’ and ‘perforated Petri dishes’. As a result of a screening of 55 antagonist strains to Phoma macdonaldii pathogen we selected 17 promising strains-producers of microbiological preparations having biological efficiency exceeding 40.0 %. In control variant without seed treatment sunflower seedlings infection was up to 76.2 %, and maximal biological efficiency of laboratory samples from fungi-producers were determined for a strain M-24 Penicillium sp. (73.8 %); from bacteria of a genus Bacillus – for a strain D-10 Bacillus sp. (74.2%); from bacteria of a genus Pseudomonas – for a strain Sgc-1 Pseudomonas sp. (73.8 %). Maximal colonizing activity were noted for fungi-producers M-24 Penicillium sp. (85.7 %) and Xk-1 Ch. olivaceum (71.4 %), as well as for bacteria of a genus Bacillus – 5B-1 B. subtilis (71.4 %) and a genus Pseudomonas – Oif 2-1 Pseudomonas sp. and 14-3 P. chlororaphis (71.4 %) against Phoma infection in control of 70.0 %.
The impact of Pseudomonas syringae bacteria on the plant pathogenic fungi and cherry plants
Authors: Maslova Marina , Grosheva Ekaterina , Shamshin Ivan , Kuznetsova Anna , Fedorenko Alexander
Published: June 2020

The investigations are made of cherry biological peculiarities and disease excitants composition. The domination of necrotrophic fungi and Pseudomonas syringae van Hall bacteria in pathocenosis is shown. The fact of microbiota associative lesion of plants is established. The antagonist action of isolated bacterium in relation to Cytospora leucostoma (Pers.) Sacc., Alternaria alternata Keissl., Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht., Monillia cinerea Bonord is detected. The character of isolated bacterium metabolites, pathogenic fungi and their association effect on a host-plant is established. The ability of bacterium to lower the activity of phytotoxins secretion in fungi when cultivated together is identified. It has been found that it is the fungal pathogens causing the development of die-back in cherry in investigated gardens, whereas P. syringae bacterium, when in latent state, plays a part of protector and permits to suppress the development of fungal infection. Taking into account the fact that this bacterium is pathogenic, the works of advanced breeding for resistance of the horticultural crops to bacterial blight are recommended.
Virin HSK and Helicovex SK – efficacy and safety of baculovirus-based bioinsecticides
Authors: Ismailov Vladimir , Agasjeva Irina , Ananko Grigory , Kolosov Alexey
Published: June 2020

Insect pest control is a key mechanism to give humans advantage over insects in competition for food resources. Bioinsecticides are highly virulent in target insects, can control their populations and prevent a sharp increase in their number. The bioinsecticide Virin HSK was created in FBRI SRC VB “Vector”. Helicoverpa zea single nuclear polyhedrosis virus strain HS-18 is the active basis for Virin HSK. Here we studied the effectiveness of Helicovex SK and Virin HSK bioinsecticides as cotton bollworms control agent in comparison with the chemical insecticide Pirinex, CE and determined the safety of these insectisides for the entomophage. The flow rate of the working fluid was 200 l/ha. Helicovex SK and Virin HSK protected soybean during bean ripening and corn in the period from wax ripeness to harvesting. Helicovex SK and Virin HSK had higher efficiency than Pirinex KE.
Influence of plant immunity inducers on the quality of apple fruit in Abkhazia
Authors: Belous Oksana , Pantiya Georgiy , Mikhailova Yelena , Karpun Natalia , Ayba Liosik
Published: June 2020

The quality of fruit depends largely on the growing area of the crop, the intensity of disease development, damage by pests, as well as on the treatment of plants with compounds of various chemical natures. When introducing the immunity inducers Albit® (poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid), Immunocytophyte® (arachidonic acid ethyl ether) and Ecogel® (chitosan lactate) into apple tree protection systems, an urgent task is to study their influence on the quality of fruits. Research was conducted on apple trees (cultivars Idared and Golden Rangers) in the conditions of the Republic of Abkhazia (Gulripsh district). When treated with immunity inducers, the genotypic features of the cultivars were clearly revealed. For the susceptible Idared cultivar, it is more significant to use Ecogel®, which causes the active synthesis of soluble solids, pectin, soluble sugars, ascorbic acid, and as a result, an increase in the sugar-acid index. At the same time, a relatively resistant cultivar Golden Rangers has a similar effect when treated with Immunocytophyte®. Treatment with Albit® has the same effect on the synthesis of soluble organic acids in the fruits of the studied apple cultivars, reducing their amount. The results obtained indicate the need for a cultivar-specific approach in the application and selection of plant immunity inducers.
Influence of plant immunity inducers on the degree of apple scab development when applied in plant protection systems in the zone of humid subtropics of Abkhazia
Authors: Pantiya Georgiy , Mikhailova Yelena
Published: June 2020

One of the ways to reduce pesticide load and prevent emergence of pathogen resistance can be the use of plant immunity inducers in plant protection systems. The purpose of these studies was to evaluate an efficiency of natural plant immunity inducers Albit® (poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid), Immunocytophite® (arachidonic acid ethyl ether) and Ecogel® (chitosan lactate) in apple scab protection systems in Abkhazia. The maximum resistance of apple trees to this phytopathogen was recorded in the experimental variants with Albit® and Ecogel® application in half dosages of fungicides and in the variant of production processing (biological efficiency reached 79.4 %). Plant immunity inducers used on apple trees showed cultivar-specificity. For the four-year research period, the greatest efficiency of immunity inducers was achieved on the susceptible cultivar Idared in the second year of the experiment, while on the relatively scab-resistant cultivar Golden Rangers – it was achieved only in the third year. The greatest stability in the efficiency for a four-year period was observed for the tank mix Albit with half dosages of fungicides. Immunocytophyte® was characterized by lower inducing activity, which is associated with its activation of the jasmonate pathway for the formation of non-specific induced immunity.
Improving food security in Nigeria through livestock innovation
Authors: Gavrilova Nina
Published: June 2020

The challenge of ensuring food security, which concerns not only the availability of food products but also their nutritional quality, is particularly important for modern Nigeria. The diet of the population lacks sufficient animal protein, which entails many health problems. Nigeria’s livestock sector, despite its considerable size, is not able to satisfy the demand of the rapidly growing population for animal protein. The steady development of animal husbandry in Nigeria is hindered by the escalating conflict between farmers and pastoralists, which causes loss of life, destruction of crops and livestock. The Nigerian authorities have made repeated attempts to find a solution to resolve the conflict, one of them being the decision to establish livestock ranches that would limit the grazing area and thereby eliminate the main cause of the tensions – constant migrations of livestock, but to no avail. Modern laws do not take into account many of the nuances that make attempts to organize livestock farming in fenced areas unfeasible. However, keeping farm animals on ranches is an innovative way to develop livestock in Nigeria. The author believes that Nigerian laws regulating the livestock sector require significant modification, where special attention should be paid to innovative components.
The use of curcumin in modeling gerontological drinks with enhanced flavor
Authors: Zavorokhina Nataliya , Chugunova Olga , Feofilaktova Olga
Published: June 2020

In connection with the emerging global trend of an increase in the number of elderly people, an increase in morbidity and age-related changes occurring in the body, including a deterioration in taste and olfactory sensitivity, there is a need to provide rational nutrition for this category of citizens. The aim of the study was to model the formulations of gerontological drinks with enhanced flavor with a low glycemic index, with enhanced functional properties and containing the stevioside-curcumin complex.The study was carried out in the city of Yekaterinburg in three stages: investigated the taste and olfactory sensitivity in people aged 25-40 years and 65-90 years, investigated the effect of stevia extracts on the solubility of curcumin, simulated samples of drinks. It was found that the recognition of tastes in people in the age group of 65-90 years is worse in comparison with people in the age group of 25-40 years: for salty - by 37.8%, for sour - by 39.0%, for bitter - by 64 , 0%, for sweets by 6.0%. Olfactory sensitivity is 25.9% worse. Disease sensitivity is significantly affected by the disease: sensitivity is worse in diseases of the digestive system by 22.9%, circulatory system - by 26.8%, endocrine system - by 25.2%, genitourinary system - by 26.1%. To enhance the flavor intensity, yeast extract and the stevioside-curcumin complex obtained by extraction of curcumin from turmeric rhizome powder with long ethyl alcohol using stevioside were added to the drinks. It was found that with the addition of stevioside in an amount of 8%, the maximum yield of curcumin was observed — 14.33 ± 0.3 mg / ml. Then they developed model samples of drinks, the sweetness profile of which is close to that of sugar, the aftertaste is 3 times longer, the taste intensity is 15% higher, antioxidant activity is 5.7 times more than that of a competitor.
Prospects of poultry subcomplex development of Russia in new conditions
Authors: Semin A.N. , Karkh D.A. , Kondratenko I.S.
Published: June 2020

Poultry subcomplex is one of the key links of the agro- industrial complex of Russia. Its importance is due to the fact that in times of crisis it is able to provide all segments of the population with inexpensive but protein nutritious and dietary products. Due to new challenges when the country stands on the threshold of crisis phenomena manifestation in the economy, the development of the poultry subcomplex receives a new impulse. However, it is necessary to be based not only on the previous experience of its functioning, but also to take into account the new requirements of the poultry market. This is confirmed by indicators of subcomplex development.
New methods of efficiency evaluation of poultry subcomplex
Authors: Kondratenko I.S. , Blaginin V.A.
Published: June 2020

The political and economic situation in Russia and around Russia in recent years brings to the fore the most pressing issues, including the problem of food security of the country. The solution of this problem can be connected only with increasing the efficiency and competitiveness of the domestic agro-industrial complex. A special role in agro-industrial complex is played by the multiplier industries, to which the poultry subcomplex refers to. Evaluation of its effectiveness requires new approaches, coming from the fact that this subcomplex is a link of a sole chain — agro-industrial complex.
Cultivation of fireweed (Epilobium ngustifolium) together with nettle dioecious (Urtica dioica)
Authors: Starkovskiy Boris , Simonov Gennadiy , Malinovskaya Yulia
Published: June 2020

The authors studied the possibility of cultivating fireweed in a grass mixture with nettle dioecious in the conditions of the North-Western region of the Russian Federation. It has been stated that both plants begin to grow immediately after snowmelt. The blooming phase of nettle begins simultaneously with that of fireweed. As the plants grow and develop in a grass mixture, the suppression of fireweed is noted. In the third year of life, nettle stalks were higher than those of fireweed. During the period of research, the productivity of the grass mixture was lower than that of pure fireweed plantings by 1.3 t/ha. In the single-species option, the amount of protein and the amount of metabolizable energy were 348 kg/ha and 19.5 GJ/ha respectively, which is 42 kg/ha and 2.5 GJ/ha higher than in the grass mixture. Nettle dioecious forms dense bushes in the third year of growing. Fireweed turns out to be in unfavorable conditions: its growing energy decreases, it comes into the blooming phase earlier and its suppression from the coenosis by nettle becomes evident.
Production peculiarities of Brussels sprouts in Crime for conveyor delivery of its heads to the retail chain
Authors: Turbin V. , Dementev Yu. , Kenyo I.
Published: June 2020

The results of a long-term study on the theoretical foundation of the adaptation capabilities of Brussels sprouts of the Franklin F1 and Diablo F1 hybrids to growing in the natural and climatic conditions of Crimea are figured. Recommended terms of outdoor transplanting of seedlings, substantiated the acceptance of the cultivation Brussels sprouts in winter culture, shows the duration of the phases of laying, growth, development and maturation of Brussels sprouts. The proposed elements of growing technology permit to wide the range of vegetables consumed by the population of Crimea, prolong the delivery period of Brussels sprouts to the retail chain. Research on the agrobiological assessment of brussels sprouts hybrids, development and validation of the main agrotechnological techniques affecting the formation of brussels sprouts in the natural and climatic conditions of the Russian South was performed in stationary field experiments at the Department of Vegetable Production and Plant Protection of the Academy of Bioresources and Nature Management of the Crimean Federal University during 2007-2018. The article is aimed for vegetable growers, agricultural production entrepreneurs, gardeners, farmers, research institutions staff, graduate students and students.
Analysis of root crop preparation system
Authors: Brusenkov Aleksey , Kapustin Vasiliy , Nemtinov Vladimir , Nemtinova Yulia
Published: June 2020

In recent years, the technical level of agricultural production has increased significantly, successfully introduced new technological techniques, means of mechanization and automation of production in crop and livestock. At the same time, further progress in this direction is impossible without systematically organized work on the development and implementation of modern automatic control systems for various processes. Works in this direction are based primarily on a detailed study of the properties of various objects of agricultural production, as the basis for the analysis and synthesis of effective automatic control systems is mathematical modeling of real processes and devices. Recently, there has been a transition from the modeling of individual devices to the modeling of complex technological schemes, which is largely due to a significant increase in the complexity and dimension of the problems to be solved. Therefore, this approach allows you to set and solve optimal control problems not only for individual devices, but for entire technological complexes, which in turn will provide a significant economic effect and will be widely used in solving many engineering problems.
Spring long stalk grafting as a promising resource-saving way of obtaining branched sweet cherry seedlings
Authors: Kopylov Vladimir , Burlak Vladimir , Kovalenko Olga , Ryabov Vladimir
Published: June 2020

The formation of costs in the cultivation of fruit crops have their own characteristics. Before establishing perennial plantings, it is necessary to grow planting material. The high cost of planting material is due to the rather sophisticated technology of growing it. Nowadays, seedlings grafted on low rootstock and have 3 or more branches are chosen to lay modern intensive gardens, thus accelerating the formation of crown in the garden and the entry of trees into the the fruiting period for 1-2 years, as well as by its growth strength and reduction of harvest costs. For cultivation of sweet cherries planting material, summer budding and winter grafting are used, but in these methods seedlings are poorly branched or well branched, but with sharp angles of lateral branches offset. Spring grafting with long stalks can become a promising and resource-saving way of obtaining branched sweet cherry seedlings. This method does not require the use of a grafting complex, provides minimal costs for grafting care, there is also no need for special methods of seedlings branchings strengthening.
Improving the efficiency of resource potential use is an urgent task of the agro – industrial complex
Authors: Krasnoperova Elena
Published: June 2020

The Russian economy is not going through an easy time. Production volumes and efficiency are growing slowly, against this background, a pleasant exception is the situation of the agro-industrial complex. In terms of export revenue, agriculture ranks 2nd among all industries. Of course, the income from the export of agricultural raw materials is several times less than the income from the export of energy resources. However, a positive trend and good prospects for increasing export potential are important here. The article suggests measures to adjust the economic and social policy in the sphere of agriculture in the Chelyabinsk region. The policy of declaring small rural settlements not promising is not justified. All these areas of innovation in the agro-industrial complex should not be applied separately, but in combination. Such measures will provide a greater synergy effect than isolated measures.
Statistical analysis as a management tool of AIC innovative development
Authors: Egorova L.V. , Vaslavskaya I.Y.
Published: June 2020

In the agro-industrial complex (hereinafter AIC), innovative development is manifested in the introduction of new technologies for processing agricultural products, the use of elite sowing materials, the use of unconventional, yet efficient management practices, high-tech technology and equipment, and in the use of intangible assets in all their forms. However, the introduction of innovations in agro-industrial complex has its own specificity related to the heterogeneity of the vast territory of the country. The Russian Federation is characterized by the heterogeneity of regions in the area of socio-economic, climatic and geographical factors, which imposes its imprint on the development of national agro-industrial complex. In this article we will present the results of a statistical study of Russia's agriculture development level depending on its territorial location in order to further develop recommendations on optimal investing in innovative development of a specific direction.
Support and implementation of the government program in the agricultural sector for business entities subjects on the example of the Republic of Bashkortostan
Authors: Bayguzina Lyuza , Galimova Guzaliya , Nurdavlyatova Elvira , Ponomareva Larisa
Published: June 2020

The scientific article discusses the implementation of the state program “Development of Agriculture andregulation of agricultural products, raw materials and food markets in the RepublicBashkortostan”, which aims to ensure the implementation of planned production valuescommodity production volumes of the main types of products. Effectiveness of the implementation of measuresgovernment program is largely determined by the volume of involvement in the Republic of Bashkortostanfederal funds.In this regard, the importance of the work of signing agreements betweenThe Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Bashkortostan onallocation of federal funds to the republic.At the present stage, global changes are taking place both in the global economy and in the regionallevel.Therefore, there is a need for innovative and cost- effectiveproduction methods.One of the directions of public policyin the agro-industrial complex is the support of innovatively active enterprises, farmersfarms that can solve the main economic problems and the country’s recovery from the crisis andensure sustainable innovative development of the economy.
The development of export oriented agriculture: methods of region export potential assessment
Authors: Kundius Valentina , Kovaleva Irina
Published: June 2020

The study uses a systematic approach to ensure the complexity and focus of scientific recommendations, analytical, abstract-logical, calculating-constructive, economic-statistical, economic-mathematical, monographic methods of research. The methodical approach to justifying the placement of organic agricultural products and food production, localizing it using method of mapping. The Based on the acceptance of mapping with allocation locally segments based on certain criteria or features based on the points-rating system.

This allows us to distinguish local segments of industry production and organic farming using signs of geographical and behavioral segmentation. At the same time, the criterion of segmentation by geographical basis may be the natural and economic zoning of the area in question; the criterion of segmentation by behavioral basis may be the degree of need of the residents of the area for a particular product. In the end, the allocation of segments is reduced to ranking local zones of production and processing of organic agricultural products and markets, forming in them
The role of human capital in the digitalization of the country’s agriculture
Authors: Voronin B.A. , Chupina I.P. , Voronina Ya.V. , Chupin Yu.N. , Zarubina E.V. , Simachkova N.N.
Published: June 2020

Many agricultural enterprises in our country are working in crisis conditions. Therefore, the formation of human capital in modern conditions is a continuation of the strategic goals of the enterprise, where each enterprise has its own goals, performance and development prospects. Currently, distance education is considered on the same equal basis as full- time education in higher education institutions. Intellectual and innovative activities become the main ones in training. That is why human capital is the main factor in the development of the enterprise. Currently, each company considers the tasks of personnel specialization. Each company is responsible for training and retraining its employees. The company is also responsible for reviewing issues related to the training or retraining of individual employees. Digitalization creates such opportunities – to learn remotely without interrupting production processes in their activities. Recently, online training has become popular, and the number of people on such courses continues to grow.
Correlational study between the indicators of innovation activity and agricultural production in the Russian regions
Authors: Simonov Aleksey , Tarasova Irina , Vinogradova Nadezhda , Stepanov Аlexandr , Fomenko Olga
Published: June 2020

This article is devoted to the issue of the correlation between the innovation activity and the volume of agricultural production in the Russian Federation in the context of the established documents, defining the security policy in our country. The hypothesis of the correlation between innovation activity and agricultural production in the conditions of the fourth technological revolution is substantiated. The mathematical tools that can be applied in these areas, taking into account the significant differentiation of the Russian regions, have been studied. To obtain the system assessment of innovation activity in the Russian Federation, the developed integrated index of innovation activity in the region has been used. During the study of the correlation between innovation activity and the volumes of agricultural production, the results of correlational- regression model had been specified on the basis of the correspondence analysis method. During the analysis software tools, created in Volgograd State Technical University, as well as statistical packages and also spreadsheet MS Excel, were used. This fact allows to computerize a considerable part of calculations. It was concluded, that the regions with the developed innovative activity are characterized by large volumes of agricultural production, and the volumes of agricultural production can.
Economic efficiency calculation of production of functional product based on milk serum and medicinal plant extract at the food industry enterprise
Authors: Prosekov Alexsandr , Alabina Tatiana , Bryukhachev Evgeny , Zaushintsena Alexandra
Published: June 2020

Possibility of medicinal plants use in the production of functional products on the example of whey beverage based on rosewort liquid concentrate, which has immunomodulatory, antioxidant, antitumor, nootropic, antidepressant properties, having a multifunctional value in the application, is proved in the works of different authors. The paper offers process and technological production scheme of pasteurized whey beverage with apple juice and pulp enriched with biologically active substances of rosewort “Golden Reserve”. The economic efficiency of beverage introduction into production at the operating process line of food industry enterprise “MPA (Milk production association) “Skomoroshka“” LLC located in Kemerovo region (Kuzbass) is calculated for mid-term. Average market prices for raw materials and finished products are taken into account by the following indicators: expenses, cost, results, cash flow and others based on accounting and economic approaches taking into account non-stationarity of the Russian economy.
A stochastic prediction of minibus taxi driver behaviour in South Africa
Authors: Schlüter Jan , Frewer Manuel , Sörensen Leif , Coetzee Justin
Published: June 2020

For many emerging and developing countries, urbanization and demographic changes require a remodelling of transportation systems and networks. Paratransit, with its demand responsive characteristics of being fully flexible, often represents the backbone of the transport sector while being an informal and, therefore, fairly unorganised system with little knowledge about working routines of its workers. As an example, this paper analyses the minibus taxi industry in South Africa based on data from Rustenburg, a mid-sized city, to gain valuable insights into the working behaviour of minibus taxi drivers by taking an evidence-based and data-based approach. Therefore, the principle of reference-dependent preferences is applied to the data to investigate the labour supply choice of taxi drivers, since sheer profit maximization has proven inadequate for the analysis here. Results indicate, that working hours for South African minibus taxi drivers are likely to be in the 10–12 h bracket with a revenue-dependent additional hour accounting for the revenue performance of that day. As a main finding however, South African minibus taxi drivers cannot clearly be attributed to either reference dependence or profit-maximization behaviour.
Does following optimized routes for single cars improve car routing?
Authors: Carrasco S. , Medina P. , Rogan J. , Valdivia J. A.
Published: June 2020

We study the impact of deserting a pre-established path, determined by a navigation software, on the overall city traffic. To do so, we consider a cellular automaton model for vehicular traffic, where the cars travel between two randomly assigned points in the city following three different navigation strategies based on the minimization of the individual paths or travel times. We found, in general, that, above a critical car density, the transport improves in all strategies if we decrease the time that the vehicles persist in trying to follow a particular strategy when a route is blocked, namely, the mean flux increases, the individual travel times decrease, and the fluctuations of density in the streets decrease; consequently, deserting helps prevent traffic jams.
Neural network reproduces vibrational effects in manganese-germanium
Authors: Frank Jodi Ackerman
Published: June 2020

The machine learning method has been applied for the first time to a binary compound.
Combined impact of confinement and solute on freezing is greater than the sum of the parts
Authors: Bandari Anashe
Published: June 2020

The presence of a solute in water works synergistically with confinement to affect its freezing behavior.
Structural dynamics of incommensurate charge-density waves tracked by ultrafast low-energy electron diffraction
Authors: Storeck G. , Horstmann J. G. , Diekmann T. , Vogelgesang S. , von Witte G. , Yalunin S. V. , Rossnagel K. , Ropers C.
Published: June 2020

We study the non-equilibrium structural dynamics of the incommensurate and nearly commensurate charge-density wave (CDW) phases in 1T-TaS2. Employing ultrafast low-energy electron diffraction with 1 ps temporal resolution, we investigate the ultrafast quench and recovery of the CDW-coupled periodic lattice distortion (PLD). Sequential structural relaxation processes are observed by tracking the intensities of main lattice as well as satellite diffraction peaks and the diffuse scattering background. Comparing distinct groups of diffraction peaks, we disentangle the ultrafast quench of the PLD amplitude from phonon-related reductions of the diffraction intensity. Fluence-dependent relaxation cycles reveal a long-lived partial suppression of the order parameter for up to 60 ps, far outlasting the initial amplitude recovery and electron-phonon scattering times. This delayed return to a quasi-thermal level is controlled by lattice thermalization and coincides with the population of zone-center acoustic modes, as evidenced by a structured diffuse background. The long-lived non-equilibrium order parameter suppression suggests hot populations of CDW-coupled lattice modes. Finally, a broadening of the superlattice peaks is observed at high fluences, pointing to a non-linear generation of phase fluctuations.
Optical parametric gain in CMOS-compatible sub-100 μm photonic crystal waveguides
Authors: Sahin Ezgi , Ng Doris K. T. , Tan Dawn T. H.
Published: June 2020

Emerging compositionally engineered complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)-compatible platforms have been employed for high efficiencies in various on-chip applications, including optical parametric amplification and wavelength conversion. Combining the novel nonlinear optics platforms such as ultra-silicon-rich nitride (USRN: Si7N3) with periodic waveguide structures can lead to further enhancement of material nonlinearities via the slow light effect and enable ultra-compact devices. Four-wave mixing in a USRN-based, CMOS-compatible, photonic crystal waveguide (PhCWg) leading to on/off optical parametric signal gain reaching 3 dB, and a large instantaneous idler conversion efficiency of −1 dB is explored experimentally. Enhancement of Kerr nonlinearity in the presence of a sizable and near-constant group index allows the findings on an ultra-compact, 97 μm-long PhCWg, equivalent to a large on/off gain per unit length of 333 dB/cm.
Enhanced sensitivity of nanoscale subsurface imaging by photothermal excitation in atomic force microscopy
Authors: Yip Kevin , Cui Teng , Filleter Tobin
Published: June 2020

Photothermal excitation of the cantilever for use in subsurface imaging with atomic force microscopy was compared against traditional piezoelectric excitation. Photothermal excitation alleviates issues commonly found in traditional piezoelectrics such as spurious resonances by producing clean resonance peaks through direct cantilever excitation. A calibration specimen consisting of a 3 × 3 array of holes ranging from 200 to 30 nm etched into silicon and covered by graphite was used to compare these two drive mechanisms. Photothermal excitation exhibited a signal-to-noise ratio as high as four times when compared to piezoelectric excitation, utilizing higher eigenmodes for subsurface imaging. The cleaner and sharper resonance peaks obtained using photothermal excitation revealed all subsurface holes down to 30 nm through 135 nm of graphite. In addition, we demonstrated the ability of using photothermal excitation to detect the contact quality variation and evolution at graphite–polymer interfaces, which is critical in graphene-based nanocomposites, flexible electronics, and functional coatings.
A detailed examination of anisotropy and timescales in three-dimensional incompressible magnetohydrodynamic turbulence
Authors: Chhiber Rohit , Matthaeus William H. , Oughton Sean , Parashar Tulasi N.
Published: June 2020

When magnetohydrodynamic turbulence evolves in the presence of a large-scale mean magnetic field, an anisotropy develops relative to that preferred direction. The well-known tendency is to develop stronger gradients perpendicular to the magnetic field, relative to the direction along the field. This anisotropy of the spectrum is deeply connected with the anisotropy of estimated timescales for dynamical processes and requires reconsideration of basic issues such as scale locality and spectral transfer. Here, analysis of high-resolution three-dimensional simulations of unforced magnetohydrodynamic turbulence permits quantitative assessment of the behavior of theoretically relevant timescales in Fourier wavevector space. We discuss the distribution of nonlinear times, Alfvén times, and estimated spectral transfer rates. Attention is called to the potential significance of special regions of the spectrum, such as the two-dimensional limit and the “critical balance” region. A formulation of estimated spectral transfer in terms of a suppression factor supports a conclusion that the quasi-two-dimensional fluctuations (characterized by strong nonlinearities) are not a singular limit, but may be in general expected to make important contributions.
Broadband tunable phase shifter for microwaves
Authors: Zhang Jinli , Li Tianyi , Kokkoniemi Roope , Yan Chengyu , Liu Wei , Partanen Matti , Tan Kuan Yen , He Ming , Ji Lu , Grönberg Leif , Möttönen Mikko
Published: June 2020

We implement a broadly tunable phase shifter for microwaves based on superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) and study it both experimentally and theoretically. At different frequencies, a unit transmission coefficient, |S21| = 1, can be theoretically achieved along a curve where the phase shift is controllable by the magnetic flux. The fabricated device consists of three equidistant SQUIDs interrupting a transmission line. We model each SQUID embedded at different positions along the transmission line with two parameters, capacitance and inductance, the values of which we extract from the experiments. In our experiments, the tunability of the phase shift varies from 0.07 × π to 0.14 × π radians along the full-transmission curve with the input frequency ranging from 6.00 GHz to 6.28 GHz. The reported measurements are in good agreement with simulations, which is promising for future design work of phase shifters for different applications.
Photodissociation dynamics of the tert-butyl perthiyl radical
Authors: Nichols Bethan , Sullivan Erin N. , Neumark Daniel M.
Published: June 2020

The photodissociation dynamics of the tert-butyl perthiyl (t-BuSS) radical are investigated by fast-beam coincidence translational spectroscopy. A fast (6 keV–8 keV) beam of neutral t-BuSS radicals is produced via photodetachment of the corresponding anion, followed by photodissociation at 248 nm (5.00 eV) or 193 nm (6.42 eV) and coincident detection of the neutral products. Photofragment mass and translational energy distributions are obtained at both wavelengths. At 248 nm, the dominant product channel (90%) is found to be S loss, with a product translational energy distribution that peaks close to the maximum available energy and an anisotropic photofragment angular distribution, indicating dissociation along a repulsive excited state. A minor channel (10%) leading to the formation of S2 + t-Bu is also observed. At 193 nm, both two- and three-body dissociation are observed. The formation of S2 + t-Bu is the dominant two-body product channel, with multiple electronic states of the S2 molecule produced via excited-state dissociation processes. The formation of S + t-BuS is a minor two-body channel at this dissociation energy. The three-body channels are S2 + H + isobutene, S2 + CH3 + propene, and S + SH + isobutene. The first two of these channels result from a sequential dissociation process in which the loss of S2 from t-BuSS results in ground-state t-Bu with sufficient internal energy to undergo secondary fragmentation. The third three-body channel, S + SH + isobutene, is attributed to the loss of internally excited HS2 from t-BuSS, which then rapidly dissociates to form S + SH in an asynchronous concerted dissociation process.
Determination of effective attenuation length of slow electrons in polymer films
Authors: Ma J. H. , Naulleau P. , Ahmed M. , Kostko O.
Published: June 2020

Slow electrons (with energy below 10 eV) play an important role in nature and technology. For instance, they are believed to initiate solubility change in extreme ultraviolet resists. Depending on their mobility, such secondary electrons can lead to image blur and degradation of patterning resolution. Hence, it is important to characterize the transport of slow electrons by measuring parameters such as the effective attenuation length (EAL). We present a technique that allows for prompt characterization of EAL in polymer films. In this experiment, slow electrons are generated in a substrate upon absorption of x-ray photons. The attenuation of electron flux by a polymer film is measured as a function of film thickness, allowing for the determination of EAL for slow electrons. We illustrate this method with poly(hydroxy styrene) and poly(methyl metacrylate) films. Furthermore, we propose an improvement for this technique that would enable the measurement of EAL as a function of electron kinetic energy.
Electronic structures and magnetization reversal in Li0.5FeCr1.5O4
Authors: Yang Min Young , Seong Seungho , Lee Eunsook , Ghanathe M. , Kumar Amit , Yusuf S. M. , Kim Younghak , Kang J.-S.
Published: June 2020

By employing temperature (T)-dependent soft x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) in the Fe and Cr 2p absorption edges, the electronic structures of Li0.5FeCr1.5O4 spinel ferrite, which exhibits magnetization compensation, have been investigated. This work provides evidence that (i) both Fe and Cr ions are trivalent, (ii) most of Fe3+ ions occupy the A (Td) sites, while Cr3+ ions occupy the B (Oh) sites, (iii) the magnetic moments of Fe and Cr ions are coupled antiferromagnetically, and (iv) they are reversed at ∼255 K. The sum-rule analysis of Fe and Cr 2p XMCD spectra reveals that the orbital magnetic moments of Fe and Cr ions in Li0.5FeCr1.5O4 are much larger than those of metallic Fe and Cr, implying the large spin–orbit coupling and the non-fully occupied t2g orbitals of Fe3+ and Cr3+ ions. Based on these findings, we have provided a comprehensive model for the electronic and spin configurations of Fe and Cr ions in (Fe)A[Li0.5Cr1.5]BO4.
Termination-dependence of Fermi level pinning at rare-earth arsenide/GaAs interfaces
Authors: Zhang Zhaofu , Guo Yuzheng , Robertson John
Published: June 2020

The properties of metal/semiconductor interfaces are generally described by the metal-induced gap states (MIGS) model. However, rare-earth (RE) arsenide interfaces are found not to follow the MIGS model in having very different Schottky barrier heights (SBHs) for the Ga- or As-terminations of polar (100) or (111) RE-As/GaAs interfaces. Density function supercell calculations find this effect is due to localized defect interface states located on the mis-coordinated atoms of these interfaces that pin their SBHs at very different energies for each termination as determined by the anion sublattice bonding. Band offsets of semiconducting ScN/GaN interfaces also depend on their termination as determined by the same defect interface states. This pinning mechanism dominates any MIGS mechanism when it arises. Nonpolar (110) interfaces have little change in bonding, so they have no defect interface states, and we find their SBH is pinned by MIGS at the charge neutrality level. Hence, traditional MIGS models should be extended to include such interface states in a more general description.
Structural and optical characteristics of Sn-doped CuGaSe2 thin films as a new intermediate band material for high-efficiency solar cells
Authors: Fan Wenliang , Yao Haiyan , Wang Yanlai , Li Qingyan
Published: June 2020

In this research, a new intermediate band (IB) material Sn-doped CuGaSe2 was synthesized for light absorbing layers of high-efficiency solar cells via ball milling. The experimental investigation indicated that element Sn can be successfully doped in the chalcopyrite CuGaSe2 sample, which enhanced the absorption spectrum significantly in the range of visible and near-infrared light wavelength (500 nm–900 nm). With the increase in the content of Sn, the optical bandgap of CuGa1−xSnxSe2 thin films was tuned from 1.65 eV to 1.41 eV for the doping content x from 0.00 to 0.06. The above results proved that the IB was introduced into the CuGa1−xSnxSe2 thin films, and due to the IB existence, this material leads to lower-energy photo absorption (with energy hν ≤ 1.68 eV). Moreover, the presence of Sn4+ in the host material was testified by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Element composition and mapping analysis further confirmed that the fabricated film is composed of Cu, Ga, Sn, and S, and all elements have a homogeneous distribution without partial aggregation. Photoelectric investigations of the Sn–CuGaSe2 indicated that it is a desirable and promising IB material, which could be another candidate for light absorption layers of high-efficiency solar cells.
Li diffusion in Si and LiSi: Nuclear quantum effects and anharmonicity
Authors: Kumar Vishank , Di Stefano Davide , Rignanese Gian-Marco , Gonze Xavier
Published: June 2020

The diffusion of Li in bulk Si and crystalline LiSi is investigated over a wide range of temperatures employing first-principles calculations based on density functional theory, transition state theory, and the kinetic Monte Carlo method. Nuclear quantum effects are incorporated by computing the vibrational spectrum and its effect on the effective energy barrier. The Li diffusion coefficient in bulk Si calculated with such quantum effects is ∼33% lower than the classical limit near room temperature due to higher effective energy barrier and tends to the classical limit at a high temperature (>1000 K). The presence of anharmonicity, estimated by the quasiharmonic approximation and the cBΩ model, increases the diffusion coefficient by ∼60%. For Li diffusion in LiSi with multiple vacancy jumps, we obtain an effective diffusion barrier of 0.27 eV ± 0.01 eV. In the Li–Si system, the quantum mechanical effects are only marginally significant at room temperature.