bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gaussian estimates for heat kernels on Lie groups
Authors: MUSTAPHA SAMI
Published: July 2002

Let G be a connected real Lie group and let [gfr ] be
its Lie algebra. We shall denote by [qfr ] ⊂ [gfr ] the radical of [gfr ].
Let [gfr ] = [qfr ] [ltimes ] [sfr ] (where [sfr ] is semisimple or 0) be a Levi
decomposition of [gfr ] (cf. [11]). When [sfr ] ≠ 0
we can apply the Iwasawa decomposition on [sfr ] (cf. [8])
[sfr ] = [nfr ] [oplus ] [afr ] [oplus ] [kfr ], where [nfr ] is nilpotent and [afr ]
is abelian and normalizes [nfr ] so that [nfr ] [oplus ] [afr ] is a soluble algebra.
Since [nfr ] [oplus ] [afr ] normalizes [qfr ] it is clear that
[rfr ] = [qfr ] [oplus ] [nfr ] [oplus ] [afr ] is a soluble Lie algebra of [gfr ].
By Lie's theorem (cf. [11]) we can find a basis on
[rfr ]c = [rfr ] [otimes ] C for which the adjoint
action of [rfr ] on [rfr ]c takes a triangular form. Let us denote by
λ1(x); λ2(x), …,
λn(x), x ∈ [rfr ] the corresponding
eigenvalues. The λj's can
be identified with elements of Homℝ([rfr ], C)
and are called the roots of the adjoint action of [rfr ]. Let us denote by
[Lscr ] = {L1, …, Lk}
the set of the non zero real parts of the λj's.
We shall say that the group G is a B-group if [Lscr ] ≠ &0slash; and if there exist
α1, …, αk [ges ] 0,
[sum ]kj=1 αj = 1, such that
[sum ]kj=1 αjLj = 0. Otherwise we say that G is an
NB-group. It can be shown that the above definition is independent of the particular
choice of the Levi and Iwasawa decompositions that are used (cf. [13]).

We shall denote by dlg = dg
(resp. drg) the left (resp. right) Haar measure on
G and by m(g)
= drg/dlg
the modular function.

Let [Xscr ] = {X1, X2, …,
Xn} be left invariant fields on G
that verify the Hörmander condition (cf. [15]) and let
Δ = −[sum ]X2j be the corresponding
sub-Laplacian. Δ is formally self adjoint on the Hilbert space
L2(G, drg) and the
spectral gap of Δ is defined by

formula here
Rhumbline Distances
Authors: Tijardović Ivica
Published: July 2002

This paper compares the differences between the rhumbline courses and distances calculated
by three methods: the classical formula, precise formula and by software contained in a
typical GPS receiver. It concludes that, while the calculations made by the GPS receiver are
generally more accurate than the classical method, navigators must use Tables of Latitude
Parts to calculate rhumbline distances accurately.
Coordinating fence law with range management strategies in the USA
Authors: CENTNER T.J.
Published: July 2002

In areas where livestock production predominates, a ‘fence-out rule’ as opposed to a ‘fence-in rule’ has been advocated due to perceived economic advantages associated with open-range livestock production; people desiring to have no livestock on their properties need to construct fences. Yet a region's total economy may be enhanced by moving away from established fence-out and cost-sharing rules. With changes in public perceptions of property rights, advances in technology, and the acquisition of new scientific information, fence rules should be expected to evolve. This paper articulates political, economic and scientific considerations in the USA that may be contemplated by citizens and elected officials for altering directives controlling livestock. To promote economic efficiency and social well-being, the paper advocates the scrutiny of existing fence-out and cost-sharing rules in a region to determine whether alternative rules should be preferred. The demise of fence-out rules in some areas in the USA and other countries could help achieve a more sustainable use of range resources.
Is commercial reed harvesting compatible with breeding purple herons Ardea purpurea in the Camargue, southern France?
Authors: Barbraud Christophe , Mathevet Raphael
Published: July 2002

Reedbeds of the Rhône river delta, southern France, constitute an important breeding habitat for purple herons (Ardea purpurea) in Europe. However, the area of reed harvested commercially has increased in recent years and, since 1997, a European Union agri-environmental policy has been implemented to reconcile economic development with conservation goals for harvested reedbeds. Here, we investigate trends in breeding numbers of purple herons and the effect of reed harvesting on reedbed occupancy by herons. A regression model indicates that reedbed use by breeding herons was negatively affected by the reed harvesting pressure. An increase of nearly 50% in the harvested area following the implementation of the policy was probably caused by subsidies (from 67 to 100 US$/ha/year) proposed to reed harvesters, although associated with harvesting constraints intended to conserve heron colonies. The difference between the payments with and without colonies does not appear to have been sufficient to convince reed harvesters to conserve colonies. A case study showed that one heron colony located in a reserve area persisted, while another split into smaller colonies following modifications of reedbeds for future reed harvesting. Results suggest that the agri-environmental policy in its present form has failed to accomplish its primary objective of improving conditions for breeding purple herons in the Camargue. Potential breeding habitat for purple herons have decreased and urgent action is needed to protect some reedbeds from intense reed cutting.
The UK transition from nature preservation to ‘creative conservation’
Authors: SHEAIL J. , TREWEEK J.R. , MOUNTFORD J.O.
Published: July 2002

A half century has elapsed since the appointment of an official body, the Nature Conservancy, in 1949, and the beginnings of what might be described as the modern nature conservation movement in the UK. Whilst ecologists perceived the 'heritage of wild nature' to be largely the outcome of past land use, and that the nature reserves would have to be managed consciously if their wildlife interest were to be sustained, there was only the most rudimentary understanding of how this might be achieved. Drawing for the most part on projects affecting wetlands, the paper illustrates the early steps taken to bring greater scientific rigour to reserve management. Whilst the potential for habitat restoration was recognized, there was little opportunity for its practice in the intensively-farmed countryside until grant aid was made available for such purpose from the agricultural budget in the 1980s. Where nature conservation had begun to subsume nature preservation, some fifty years ago, notions of 'creative conservation' have similarly encouraged reassessment of the purpose and practice of wildlife-resource management. This time however the challenge is being met in both the wider countryside and the built environment.
Quantitative decision tools for conservation programme planning: practice, theory and potential
Authors: GUIKEMA SETH , MILKE MARK
Published: July 2002

Conservation programme planning involves allocating a limited budget amongst different potential conservation projects. The selection of projects for funding is subject to a high degree of uncertainty and a number of competing objectives such as ecological protection, recreation and community relations. The purposes of this paper are to summarize the quantitative methods currently used in deciding which conservation projects to fund and to present a general methodology based on decision analysis that can be used for making conservation programme planning decisions. The methodology directly links the proposed contributions of projects to the objectives of the conservation agency, and it includes an explicit consideration of uncertainty and a conversion of ordinal scores into utilities. The methodology is a rational way of making decisions in conservation situations that are characterized by high degrees of uncertainty and subjective information. An application of decision analysis with staff from the New Zealand Department of Conservation is described. Some of the difficulties with using this methodology in practice are discussed in both the New Zealand and broader contexts. The conclusions are that conservation programme planning is currently based on managerial experience and relatively simple scoring procedures, but that a more rational approach based on decision analysis is possible, and additional research would reduce the amount of effort required to use decision analysis for conservation programme planning.
SHORT PAPER The declining HBsAg carriage rate in pregnant women in

Hong Kong
Authors: KWAN L. C. , HO Y. Y. , LEE S. S.
Published: July 2002

The HBsAg status and demographic data of 2480 pregnant women who

attended antenatal

clinics at Maternal and Child Health Centres in Hong Kong were collected

by means of a self-administered questionnaire over a 1-week period in July

1996, to explore the underlying reason

of a higher than expected HBsAg prevalence. Local women constituted

49·2% of the sample,

mainland Chinese 39·7% and others 11·1%. The overall

HBsAg prevalence was 10·0%. When

related to place of birth, those born in Hong Kong had a prevalence of

8·4% whereas the

prevalence of those born in mainland China was 13·1%

(P<0·001). The overall HBsAg

carriage rate is high because of a higher rate in immigrants in the

community. It is apparent

that the HBsAg prevalence of local people in Hong Kong has been decreasing

in the past

decade. Overall, the current HBsAg carriage rate in the local adult population

is estimated to have declined to about 8%.
Hepatitis A antibody prevalence among young adults in Israel
– the decline continues
Authors: GDALEVICH M. , GROTTO I. , MANDEL Y. , MIMOUNI D. , SHEMER J. , ASHKENAZI I.
Published: July 2002

This study sought to determine whether the decline in prevalence

of hepatitis A virus (HAV)
antibodies detected in Israel in 1977, 1984, and 1987 has continued. The
anti-HAV antibody
prevalence of a systematic sample of 578 male and female recruits inducted
into the Israel
Defence Force in 1996 was 38·4%. The reduction in antibody
prevalence from 1977 (64%) was
highly significant (P<0·001). There was a smaller
decrease rate in recruits of European, North
American, Australian and South African origin than from elsewhere.
A ‘strategy’ that uses
active immunization against hepatitis A (inactivated vaccine, instead of
gamma globulin)
should be considered, particularly in high risk groups such as field units

during military service.
Antigenic diversity of bovine viral diarrhoea viral isolates
contradicts the concept of herd specific strain
Authors: HAMERS C. , LAMBOT M. , ONCLIN M. , LECOMTE C. , PASTORET P.-P.
Published: July 2002

In the epidemiology of bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD),
immunotolerant – persistently infected
animals (IPI) appear to be major sources of contamination. These animals
produce large
quantities of replicating virus and have therefore been proposed as being
responsible for
generating antigenic variability. However, limited studies have failed
to detect antigenic or
genetic changes in viruses isolated at different times from IPI. An hypothesis
is that the
immunotolerance of IPI against their homologous strain is accompanied by
immune
elimination of antigenic variants. The presence of an IPI in a herd could
therefore limit
antigenic variation, eventually leading to the existence of herd specific
strains. To verify this
hypothesis we characterized, against a panel of monoclonal antibodies,
37 BVD virus strains
isolated from IPI of 12 herds in Eastern Belgium. Intra-herd antigenic
variation was compared
to inter-herd variation. Antigenic variation within herds was found to
be surprisingly high but,
nevertheless, significantly lower than variation between herds.
Health risks associated with unpasteurized goats' and ewes'
milk on retail sale in England and Wales. A PHLS Dairy
Products Working Group Study
Authors: LITTLE C. L. , de LOUVOIS J.
Published: July 2002

A pilot study to determine the microbiological quality of unpasteurized milk from goats and
ewes sampled from farm shops, health food shops, and other retail premises found that 47%,
(47/100) of goats' and 50% (13/26) of ewes' milk samples failed the standards prescribed by
the Dairy Products (Hygiene) Regulations 1995. In addition, Staphylococcus aureus, haemolytic
streptococci or enterococci, were present in excess of 102 c.f.u./ml in 9 (7%) 2 (2%) and 19
(15%) samples, respectively. Salmonella, campylobacter, verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia
coli O157[ratio ]H7 and Listeria monocytogenes were not detected in the samples. At the time of
purchase approximately half of the milk samples (58%) were frozen, the rest were liquid. Farm
outlets sold predominantly liquid milk, other retail premises sold a frozen product. The
microbiological quality of goats' and ewes' milk, whether frozen or liquid, was not significantly
different. Milk sold from farm shops was of lower quality than that from health food shops
and other retail premises. In this pilot study most producers (92%) supplied, and most retailers
(76%) sold unpasteurized goats' and ewes' milk that contained unacceptable levels of indicator
organisms. The study was carried out during the winter when goats' milk production is
reduced. The results indicate the need for a full representative study of unpasteurized goats'
and ewes' milk on retail sale throughout the year.
Risk factors for monoinfections and coinfections with HIV,
hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses in northern Spanish
prisoners
Authors: PALLÁS J. , FARIÑAS-ÁLVAREZ C. , PRIETO D. , LLORCA J. , DELGADO-RODRÍGUEZ M.
Published: July 2002

A cross-sectional study was conducted in prisons of Cantabria (northern Spain) from June
1992 to December 1994. Inmates were asked to participate in a survey on prevalence and risk
factors for monoinfections and coinfections with HIV, HBV and HCV. Crude and multiple
odds ratios of risk factors were calculated (by polychotomous logistic regression). Prevalence of
coinfections was higher than that of monoinfections. IDU risk factors were the main
independent variables associated with monoinfections and coinfections with these agents. The
strength of association increased with the degree of coinfection for IDU risk factors and penal
status, e.g. duration of injecting drug use for more than 5 years yielded an adjusted OR
ranging from 1·3 (95% CI: 0·4–5·1) for HBV monoinfection to 180 (95% CI: 61·0–540·0) for
HIV–HBV–HCV coinfection. In comparison, sexual behaviours were less important than IDU
risk factors.
Phylogeographic patterns exhibited by Ontario rabies virus variants
Authors: NADIN-DAVIS S. A. , SAMPATH M. I. , CASEY G. A. , TINLINE R. R. , WANDELER A. I.
Published: July 2002

A previous study on N gene variation of rabies viruses circulating in Ontario red foxes
identified four viral variants. This study confirms the geographical localization of these variants
and extends the analysis to the less conserved G gene of these viruses. A greater number of
regionally localized variants was revealed and their phylogenetic relationships have been
examined. Ongoing surveillance on recent disease outbreaks revealed that variants do not
always persist in specific areas. The distribution of these variants did however appear to be
influenced by topographical features of the study area likely to affect host animal movements
and contacts. The majority of G gene base changes were synonymous and limited glycoprotein
sequence variation predominantly to the C-terminal transmembrane and endo-domains. These
data are most readily explained by random appearance of genetic viral variants followed by
their spread throughout sub-populations of the fox host according to the easiest routes of
transmission.
Genetic diversity of atypical Aeromonas salmonicida studied
by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis
Authors: HÄNNINEN M.-L. , HIRVELÄ-KOSKI V.
Published: July 2002

Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) pattern analysis with XbaI restriction enzyme was used
to study the genetic heterogeneity of 88 atypical Aeromonas salmonicida strains which were
earlier or during this study characterized phenotypically, by ribotyping (ClaI/PstI) and by
plasmid profile analysis. The strains of certain ribotypes were also analysed by digestion with
SpeI. The strains represented different geographic locations: Finland (72 strains), Iceland (5
strains), Norway (5 strains), Sweden (4 strains) and Denmark (2 strains), and they were from
17 fish species during 1981–97. Thirty-one PFGE genotypes found among these strains
correlated well with the ribotypes, and in most cases PFGE pattern analysis subdivided
ribotypes into several PFGE genotypes, and further within a PFGE genotype into subtypes.
XbaI and SpeI digests produced concordant results. In most cases, PFGE patterns of strains
with the same ribotype shared many fragments, suggesting genetic relatedness. PFGE patterns
of most Norwegian and Icelandic strains isolated during an approximately 10-year period had
the same ribotype and their PFGE patterns shared most fragments, suggesting close genetic
relatedness. Moreover, atypical strains of ribotypes B/B and H/H isolated from the same
Finnish fish farms had closely related patterns suggesting genetic stability and persistence of
these genotypes. Genotype 29 of Achromogenic strains was strongly associated with disease of
Finnish arctic char and grayling. PFGE was shown to be a distinguishing method to study the
genetic heterogeneity of atypical A. salmonicida. This method is applicable to studies of the
epidemiology of these infections.
A reconsideration of the taxonomic status of Macrotrachela quadricornifera (Rotifera, Bdelloidea)
Authors: Ricci Claudia
Published: July 2002

The study focuses on the differences between large and small forms of a rotifer species, Macrotrachela quadricornifera (Rotifera, Bdelloidea), by reviewing the literature and adding further morphological differences. Evidence from life‐history traits, growth patterns and trophi (hard structures of the specialized rotifer pharynx) morphology suggests that the large and small forms of M. quadricornifera should not be considered the same species. Macrotrachela vanoyei Schepens, 1954 is re‐established as a good species, differing from M. quadricornifera in the smaller size of body, egg and trophi, as well as the number of proximal and distal teeth on the trophi.
Heterogeneity of risk aggregation for alcohol problems between early and middle
childhood: Nesting structure variations
Authors: WONG MARIA M. , ZUCKER ROBERT A. , PUTTLER LEON  I. , FITZGERALD HIRAM E.
Published: July 2002

We examined how family and child risk factors jointly affected stability and change in
externalizing behavior over time in a prospective study of eventual alcohol use disorder. Study
participants were community-recruited alcoholic and control families, and their initially
preschool-aged male and female children (N = 335). Family risk varied as a function
of both parental alcoholism (ALC) and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and was evaluated
for both parents. Child risk was characterized by a set of risky temperament attributes pertaining
to high activity, high reactivity, and low attention span. Externalizing behavior was used as the
proxy indicator for later alcohol problems. For children in the high family risk group (involving
current ALC in both parents or current ALC + ASPD comorbidity or both), child risk when
children were 3–5 years old (Wave 1) directly predicted externalizing behavior when
children were 6–8 years old (Wave 2), even when Wave 1 child risk was controlled for. In
addition, parents' negative interaction with children at Wave 1 mediated the effect of child
risky temperament on Wave 2 externalizing behavior. No such pattern was observed in the low
family risk group, where only autostability effects were predictive of outcomes at Wave 2. The
importance of nesting structure as an ingredient in the epigenesis of risk was discussed. Its
particular relevance in understanding the process of risk transmission among offspring from
antisocial alcoholic families was emphasized.
Higher-order narrowing with definitional trees
Authors: HANUS MICHAEL , PREHOFER CHRISTIAN
Published: July 2002

Functional logic languages with a sound and complete operational semantics are mainly based
on an inference rule called narrowing. Narrowing extends functional evaluation by goal solving
capabilities, as in logic programming. Due to the huge search space of simple narrowing,
steadily improved narrowing strategies have been developed in the past. Needed narrowing
is currently the best narrowing strategy for first-order functional logic programs due to its
optimality properties wrt the length of derivations and the number of computed solutions. In
this paper, we extend the needed narrowing strategy to higher-order functions and λ-terms
as data structures. By the use of definitional trees, our strategy computes only independent
solutions. Thus, it is the first calculus for higher-order functional logic programming which
provides for such an optimality result. Since we allow higher-order logical variables denoting
λ-terms, applications go beyond current functional and logic programming languages. We
show soundness and completeness of our strategy with respect to LNT reductions, a particular
form of higher-order reductions defined via definitional trees. A general completeness result
is only provided for terminating rewrite systems due to the lack of an overall theory of
higher-order reduction which is outside the scope of this paper.
Alcohol use and misuse in older adults
Authors: Schonfeld Lawrence , Dupree Larry W
Published: July 2002

Alcohol misuse among older people has now been investigated for over 30 years. Schonfeld and Dupree previously described studies of alcohol use and abuse in the USA and UK, categories of older problem drinkers, age-inappropriate assessments, and examples of age-specific treatment. This review addresses more recent studies on drinking behaviour across several countries, screening assessment for older adults, alcohol problems in primary care medical settings, current age-specific treatment programmes, and treatment recommendations by expert panels, as well as in-home detoxification and use of the medication naltrexone as adjuncts to treatment.
Paternal conributions to embryogenesis
Authors: De Jonge C
Published: July 2002

The ejaculate is analyzed in the clinic primarily to obtain an estimation of sperm number, motion characteristics and cell morphology. Based on these data, conclusions are formulated as to the overall ‘fertility’ of the male. A major problem has been that the conclusions derived are often not (well) correlated with expected outcome, i.e., fertility. As a consequence, adjunct tests, e.g., sperm function tests, have been developed in an effort to uncover those defects/assets not revealed when measuring standard semen parameters. While some of these tests, e.g., hemizona assay, have helped to shed light on dysfunctional processes associated with fertilization, e.g., zona binding and penetration, individually they do not totally suffice for identifying fertile (defined as being capable of producing offspring) males.
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis
Authors: Verlinsky Yury , Kuliev Anver
Published: July 2002

Preimplantation diagnosis of inherited and chromosomal diseases allows couples at risk of conceiving a genetically abnormal fetus to avoid the birth of an affected child without the need for a prenatal diagnosis and selective abortion of an affected fetus. For some couples this may be the only option, because they cannot accept termination of pregnancy as a measure of avoiding the birth of an affected child. Even for those who accept prenatal diagnosis, repeated termination of pregnancy forces them to look for other options to control the outcome of their pregnancies from the very outset. This may be achieved by genetic analysis of oocytes or cleaving embryos, which opens a new prospect for ‘prepregnancy’ genetic diagnosis. As will be shown, such an approach will also be a useful addition to assisted reproduction technologies, at least for in vitro fertilization (IVF) patients of advanced maternal age.
Maternal anaemia in pregnancy. Iron and pregnancy - a haematologist's view
Authors: Letsky Elizabeth A
Published: July 2002

As a haematologist I would like to present an alternative view to the belief that routine iron supplements during pregnancy are neither necessary or beneficial in developed countries and that advantages, if any, are far outweighed by widely publicized real and theoretical side effects.

For most clinicians it is difficult to accept that in well nourished populations the extra requirements of pregnancy are not met by a normal mixed diet. The haemodilution which occurs in healthy pregnancy because of the dramatic expanse in plasma volume has encouraged the acceptance of abnormally low haemoglobin levels as being physiological. Traditionally, obstetricians have believed that the only manifestation of iron deficiency during pregnancy is maternal anaemia which results in very few clinical manifestations and there are no other adverse sequelae for the mother and none at all for the fetus and infant. These concepts are supported by the fact that controlled trials do not demonstrate any obvious benefit of iron supplementation, particularly if the neonate is not subjected to long-term follow-up. More indirect associations such as general maternal wellbeing, reduced fetal placental ratio, preterm deliveries, post-partum haemorrhage and recovery from blood loss at delivery have not been looked at in an objective manner.
Assembly in vitro of vitelline envelope components induced by a cortical alveolus sialoglycoprotein of eggs of the fish Tribolodon hakonensis
Authors: Kudo Shigeharu , Teshima Chisato
Published: July 2002

Assembly in vitro of vitelline envelope (VE) components, which were precipitated by 50–70% saturated ammonium sulphate from VE extracts, was induced by the action of a sialoglycoprotein that is immunohistochemically localised in cortical alveoli of fish eggs and has serine proteinase activity. The VE components consisted of major bands of molecular mass about 150–120, 110–100, 70 and 27 kDa in addition to about 20 minor bands and contained a chorionic transglutaminase, visualised as two fluorescent bands by monodansylcadaverine staining. The VE component assembly in vitro was Ca2+-dependent, not induced if the sialoglycoprotein was pretreated with a serine proteinase inhibitor, and inhibited by the presence of p-chloromercuribenzoate, iodoacetamide or L-cysteine in the reaction medium system. Electron microscopy revealed that assembly in vitro of the VE components consisted of aggregates of network sheets, consisting of branching and anastomosing thin (approximately 27–52 nm) and thick (approximately 137–376 nm) filamentous substances. Separation by SDS-PAGE showed that a considerable number of VE components participated in the assembly in vitro in various amounts. These results suggest at least partial reproduction of the phenomena that occur in the process of fertilisation envelope (FE) formation, and provide a new approach to investigation of the process of FE assembly in vitro.
The role of structural integrity of the fertilising spermatozoon in early human embryogenesis
Authors: Colombero Liliana T. , Moomjy Maureen , Sills E. Scott , Rosenwaks Zev , Palermo Gianpiero D.
Published: July 2002

While the fertilising spermatozoon supplies the active centre directing the human zygote's first mitotic division, the relative contributions of the sperm head and tail (as well as the importance of the sperm's general structural integrity) to subsequent developmental processes remain incompletely studied. The sperm nucleus contains paternal chromatin necessary for restoration of a diploid genome, but the functional role of the sperm tail (either attached or dissected) in early human embryonic growth is not known. In this investigation using oocytes donated by in vitro fertilisation patients, human oocytes were injected with isolated sperm heads (n = 73), isolated sperm flagella (n = 11) or both (dissected sperm heads + free sperm tails, n = 26). The formation of bipronucleate zygotes was recorded for each method. Among oocytes surviving injection with isolated sperm heads, 44 of 66 (67%) formed two pronuclei. Of oocytes receiving only sperm tails, 2 of 11 (18%) displayed two pronuclei, but a single polar body was evident in both cases. When dissected spermatozoa parts (head + tail) were jointly injected, 12 of 26 (46%) developed two pronuclei. From embryos resulting from each of these three fertilisation regimes, blastomere biopsies were obtained and subjected to multiprobe fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) analysis to detect mosaicism or aneuploidy arising from these experimental treatments. Only embryos with growth sufficient to permit sampling of at least two blastomeres were evaluated, and FISH analysis was successful in 25 of 29 (86%) embryos tested. Of 12 embryos derived from injection of an isolated sperm head, only one was normal diploid; the remaining 11 were mosaic. Both embryos resulting from injection of an unattached sperm tail were mosaic. Of 11 embryos generated from oocyte injection with sperm head + tail segments, 10 (91%) were mosaic and only one was normal diploid. Results from this study show that injection of isolated sperm segments can permit oocyte activation and bipronuclear formation. However, a high rate of mosaicism in human embryos originating from disrupted sperm or sperm components suggests that more than a ‘sum of parts’ is needed for later development. The structural integrity of the intact fertilising spermatozoon appears to contribute to normal human early embryogenesis.
Persistence of human mitochondrial DNA throughout the development to the blastocyst of mouse zygotes microinjected with human mitochondria
Authors: Vasilyev V.B. , Sokolova V.A. , Sorokin A.V. , Bass M.G. , Arbuzova N.I. , Patkin E.l. , Golubkov V.I. , Dyban A.P. , Gaitskhoki V.S.
Published: July 2002

The conditions for transfer of human mitochondria into fertilised mouse ova were elaborated. Species-specific primers were designed to discriminate human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and the endogenous mtDNA in the preimplantation embryos. Human mitochondria isolated from the HepG2 cell line were microinjected into murine zygotes, and the latter cultured for 96 h to the blastocyst stage. The polymerase chain reaction allowed the detection of human mtDNA at every stage of embryo cleavage. In some cases a clear disparity in distribution of human mtDNA among blastomeres was evident.
HARDY’S RUSTICS AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF CLASS
Authors: Jann Rosemary
Published: July 2002

IT WAS FORMANY YEARS conventional in Hardy studies to treat his rustics — those minor working-class characters who flesh out rural communities, especially in the early novels — in terms that effectively muted their ideological significance: to consider them as literary conventions like the chorus of Greek tragedy or Shakespeare’s clowns, for instance, or at best nostalgic details of local color (for examples, see Wotton 189–91). More recently, some Marxist critics have exposed the biases of such approaches, although at times oversimplifying in other ways the ideological functions of these characters.1 My objective in this essay is to argue for what I see as the more complicated and more dialogic ways in which these minor characters function to focus issues of social mobility that are at the heart of Hardy’s fiction. I am interested in the ways rustic characters function as agents of class rivalry, but more specifically in the ways their characteristic behaviors help to define by contrast the kinds of subjectivity that justify the higher social positions of the more central characters. Hardy’s characteristic combination of this strategy with the more conventional one for advancing bourgeois values in the Victorian novel — by exposing the unworthiness of gentry and aristocrats — can be linked to his insecurities about his own class identity and the repressions involved in maintaining it. He sympathized with the resentments of the lower classes, yet was also invested in positioning them as different from those who, like himself,
THACKERAY AND “THE GREAT MASTER OF CRAIGENPUTTOCH”: A NEW REVIEW OF THE LIFE OF JOHN STERLING — AND A NEW UNDERSTANDING
Authors: Fielding K. J.
Published: July 2002

TWO OF THE BEST accounts of the relations between Thackeray and Carlyle are those by Gordon N. Ray in his great life and letters of the novelist, and the well-informed essay by C. R. Sanders “The Carlyles and Thackeray” in his Carlyle’s Friendships and Other Studies. Yet both of them are crucially and entirely wrong in attributing a review of a work by Carlyle in the Times to Thackeray when we now find it was obviously by a regular reviewer Samuel Phillips.1 So they are mistaken in several conclusions that go well beyond biographical detail and bear on the way both writers represent mid-Victorian opinion in matters affecting fiction and belief. The Times, the two writers, and the work in question, which was Carlyle’s Life of John Sterling (1851), were all opinion-formers, going to the centre of what we think of as Victorianism. But it seemed curiously clear to the otherwise perceptive Sanders and Gordon Ray that, since Carlyle and Thackeray differed on a number of questions such as the place of the great man in history, it was acceptable that the savage and stupid Times review of 1 November 1851 was his. After all, Thackeray’s daughter Lady Ritchie declared that she had talked to Carlyle about The Life of Sterling in 1871, when she “spoke of her father’s review in the Times” (Ritchie 160), with the result that it was included in the standard Centenary edition of his Works.
Estimation of road salt use based on winter air temperature
Authors: Venäläinen Ari
Published: July 2002

The annual amount of salt used to prevent slippery conditions on roads was estimated with the help of winter monthly mean air temperatures. Air temperature is measured reliably at almost all meteorological stations and the use of air temperature for the estimation of road maintenance conditions is a tempting alternative compared with the use of more complicated indices calculated using meteorological observations available at only a small number of stations. It was found that in Finnish climatological conditions, warmer than normal weather in November and March and colder than normal weather in December, January and February reduces the need for salting. Warm mid‐winter months mean slippery conditions and, consequently, an abundant use of salt. The temperature explained about 60% of the annual variation of salt use and thus gave surprisingly good estimates for the salting amounts. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Statistical verification of forecast icing risk indices
Authors: Carriere Jean‐Marie , Alquier Samuel , Le Bot Christine , Moulin Eric
Published: July 2002

A statistical verification of a number of forecast icing algorithms is presented. The algorithms are based on gridded forecasts of temperature and humidity from the global model of the European Centre for Medium‐range Weather Forecasts. This study was undertaken with the use of a database of pilot reports issued from the Winter Icing and Storm Program and collected between 1993 and 1995 over the USA. The results are presented both in terms of percentage of detection and in terms of total surface of the forecast. They highlight the difficulty of having to make a choice between those two criteria. Taking into account vertical velocity in the algorithms reduces the percentage of detection, but the area where icing is forecast decreases to an even higher extent. Copyright © 1997 Royal Meteorological Society
Arousal response with aging: Pupillographic study
Authors: KIM MANHO , BEVERSDORF DAVID Q. , HEILMAN KENNETH M.
Published: July 2002

The performance of cognitive behaviors requires
an activated, aroused cerebral cortex. Although studies
have shown that there are decrements of cognitive functions
in the elderly, changes in arousal with aging have not
been fully studied. Our objective was to learn if there
are attention–arousal changes associated with aging.
Visual stimuli were presented to induce orienting responses
or arousal reactions. Because changes in pupil size reflect
changes in arousal, we recorded and compared pupillary
responses of young and older normal participants using
infared pupillography. During the 1 s that we recorded
pupillary changes, we found major phases: a brief initial
constriction (C1), then a maximal dilation (D1)—an
arousal response, followed by constriction (C2), a habituation
response. Although amplitude of these 3 phases was not
different between the 2 groups, the interval between the
D1 and C2 response was prolonged in the older group. Although
the arousal response is not dramatically altered with aging,
habituation appears to be delayed. (JINS, 2000,
6, 348–350.)
Performance of Alzheimer's disease patients in judging
word relatedness
Authors: BAYLES KATHRYN A. , TOMOEDA CHERYL K. , CRUZ ROBYN F.
Published: July 2002

Sixty individuals with probable Alzheimer's
disease (AD) and 48 normal elders were given a task in
which they had to judge the relatedness of concepts as
a means of evaluating semantic memory. Very mild AD patients
performed similarly to normal elders. Mild AD patients
were significantly inferior in performance to normals but
the pattern of their performance did not suggest a loss
of conceptual knowledge. Moderate AD patients were significantly
inferior in performance to mild AD patients, and 8 moderate
AD patients (compared to 1 mild AD patient) were unable
to do the task. The pattern of performance of moderate
patients suggests that conceptual knowledge may degrade
and ultimately be lost. (JINS, 1999, 5,
668–675.)
Technological change and tropical deforestation: a perspective at the household level
Authors: Soest Daan P. Van , Bulte Erwin H. , Angelsen Arild , Kooten G. Cornelis van
Published: July 2002

We analyse the effects of technological change in agriculture on forest clearing by households in developing countries. The possible effects are found to be many and diverse, depending on the type of change and the institutional context. We conclude that agricultural intensification is certainly not the panacea that some believe it to be.
The Importance of Dramatic
Play in Education and Therapy
Authors: Slade Peter
Published: July 2002

There is a growing concern about behaviour, violence, and moral
attitudes.
The following is an outline of the link between home and school and what

might be done to encourage early-learning conditions; also there are
warnings about how delinquency might start. There is the author's
original
description of the two main forms of play and of how to establish more

constructive attitudes through Social Drama, particularly in Senior
Schools. In dealing with delinquents, there is explanation of emotional

‘Experience without Sin’. Conclusions are based on nearly 70
years of
careful observation of thousands of children.
Introduction
Authors: Scott Stephen
Published: July 2002

In the first part of the Forum on Play, in Volume 3,
Number 2, an overview of the functions of play was
provided by David Pellegrini and Peter Smith, and
the importance of play in the school playground was
emphasised by Peter Blatchford.

In this, the second part of our forum, Anne Alvarez and
Asha Phillips start us off with a masterly exposition of the
importance of play in a clinical therapeutic relationship.
They show how analytic thinking about play has developed,
and add in a wider understanding from developmental
psychology. They give vivid examples of
what can happen during therapeutic sessions, and propose
that if a secure relationship can be established, the child
will then be safe to explore alternative ways of feeling and
being, free of fear.

Allison James then brings us an anthropological perspective
on play. With examples, she develops the argument that children's

play is not merely a re-enactment
of adult values and rules. Rather, successful play with
other children is a finely tuned ‘act’ that requires sensitive

attunement in order to follow the niceties of the rules and
meanings that govern situations. These are complex and
differ according to the context the child is in, but are
specific to the child's own world and not merely generated
by adults.

Finally, Peter Slade offers us a uniquely personal view of
how he has used play in drama therapy with children.
Reading it enables us to glimpse ways of thinking spanning
his 50 years of experience.

To give a practitioner's perspective, we invited Ann
Cattanach to comment on the first two reviews in the
forum and Margaret Hunter to comment on the three
reviews in this issue. However, if any of these reviews or
commentaries sparks off opinions, reminiscences, or
experiences, please write to the Editors, so they can be
shared with the readership.
Relative obliqueness and the contribution of nonheads in the subcategorization of Old English compound verbs
Authors: GOH GWANG-YOON
Published: July 2002

Although the argument structure of preposition–verb (P–V) compounds in Old English (OE) is jointly determined by the head V and the nonhead P, the contribution of the nonhead is limited, often resulting in a seemingly peculiar case-government pattern for a given P–V compound. This paper shows that a new understanding of the case-assigning properties of the head in OE P–V compounds, which is built on the relative obliqueness among OE NP arguments, with accusative NPs less oblique than dative or genitive NPs and verbal arguments less oblique than prepositional arguments, enables us not only to explain the contribution of the nonhead without weakening the traditional priority of the head but also to improve upon the argument attraction process as an account of subcategorization inheritance, demonstrating how the mechanism of argument attraction can be constrained in a principled way.
Could translocation aid hen harrier conservation in the UK?
Authors: Watson Mark , Thirgood Simon
Published: July 2002

Translocation is increasingly used in conservation to re‐establish or augment populations of threatened species or to remove individual animals from areas of human‐wildlife conflict. We assess the feasibility and utility of translocating hen harriers (Circus cyaneus) in the UK to enhance their distribution and abundance whilst simultaneously reducing the impact of harrier predation on red grouse (Lagopus lagopus scoticus) populations and shooting bags. Current knowledge of hen harrier feeding ecology, dispersal, survival and recruitment suggests that they would be suitable subjects for translocation with the aim of increasing their distribution in the UK. Assessment of habitat and food availability suggest that there are suitable recipient sites beyond the current range of the hen harrier in the UK. However, translocation would not be a sustainable method of reducing predation on grouse moors because it would have to continue indefinitely as long as grouse moors attracted harriers. Translocation of harriers to grouse moors where they have been locally extirpated would not be appropriate until levels of illegal control are reduced. Establishing new harrier populations through translocation away from grouse moors may become desirable if initiatives to reduce human‐raptor conflicts on grouse moors are unsuccessful, or as an interim measure to accelerate the recovery of hen harriers in the UK.
Genetic evidence for a role for Src family kinases in TNF family receptor signaling and cell survival
Authors: Xing Lianping , Venegas Ana M. , Chen Amy , Garrett-Beal Lisa , Boyce Brendan F. , Varmus Harold E. , Schwartzberg Pamela L.
Published: July 2002

Mutant src−/− mice have osteopetrosis resulting from defective osteoclasts, the cells that resorb bone. However, signaling pathways involving Src family members in osteoclasts remain unclear. We demonstrate that expression of a truncated Src molecule, Src251, lacking the kinase domain, induces osteopetrosis in wild-type and src+/− mice and worsens osteopetrosis in src−/− mice by a novel mechanism, increased osteoclast apoptosis. Induction of apoptosis by Src251 requires a functional SH2, but not an SH3, domain and is associated with reduced AKT kinase activity. Expression of Src251 dramatically reduces osteoclast survival in response to RANKL/TRANCE/OPGL, providing evidence that Src family kinases are required in vivo for survival signaling pathways downstream from TNF family receptors.
Characterization of U4 and U6 interactions with the 5′ splice site using a S. cerevisiae in vitro trans-splicing system
Authors: Johnson Tracy L. , Abelson John
Published: July 2002

Spliceosome assembly has been characterized as the ordered association of the snRNP particles U1, U2, and U4/U6·U5 onto pre-mRNA. We have used an in vitro trans-splicing/cross-linking system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae nuclear extracts to examine the first step of this process, 5′ splice site recognition. Thistrans-splicing reaction has ATP, Mg2+, and splice-site sequence requirements similar to those ofcis-splicing reactions. Using this system, we identified and characterized a novel U4–5′ splice site interaction that is ATP-dependent, but does not require the branch point, the 3′ splice site, or the 5′ end of the U1 snRNA. Additionally, we identified several ATP-dependent U6 cross-links at the 5′ splice site, indicating that different regions of U6 sample it before a U6–5′ splice site interaction is stabilized that persists through the first step of splicing. This work provides evidence for ATP-dependent U4/U6 association with the 5′ splice site independent of ATP-mediated U2 association with the branch point. Furthermore, it defines specific nucleotides in U4 and U6 that interact with the 5′ splice site at this early stage, even in the absence of base-pairing with the U1 snRNA.
The Large srh Family of Chemoreceptor Genes in Caenorhabditis Nematodes Reveals Processes of Genome Evolution Involving Large Duplications and Deletions and Intron Gains and Losses
Authors: Robertson Hugh M.
Published: July 2002

The srh family of chemoreceptors in the nematodeCaenorhabditis elegans is very large, containing 214 genes and 90 pseudogenes. It is related to the str, stl, andsrd families of seven-transmembrane or serpentine receptors. Like these three families, most srh genes are concentrated on chromosome V, and mapping of their chromosomal locations on a phylogenetic tree reveals 27 different movements of genes to other chromosomes. Mapping of intron gains and losses onto the phylogenetic tree reveals that the last common ancestral gene of the family had five introns, which are inferred to have been lost 70 times independently during evolution of the family. In addition, seven intron gains are revealed, three of which are fairly recent. Comparisons with 20 family members in the C. briggsae genome confirms these patterns, including two intron losses in C. briggsae since the species split. There are 14 clear C. elegans orthologs for these 20 genes, whose average amino acid divergence of 68% allows estimation of 85 gene duplications in the C. elegans lineage since the species split. The absence of six orthologs in C. elegans also indicates that gene loss occurs; consideration of all deletions and terminal truncations of srh pseudogenes reveals that large deletions are common. Together these observations provide insight into the evolutionary dynamics of this compact animal genome.

[A truncated alignment of most annoted members of this protein family is available in Pfam v. 4.2 as family 7tm_5 (http://pfam.wustl.edu/); alignments of all translations are available as supplementary information at http://www.genome.org and can be opened with the program PAUP; alignments of all translations and genes are available athughrobe@uiuc.edu.]