bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Supplementation of high-dose ascorbic acid reduces necrosis on random dorsal skin flap in rats
Authors: Wijaya Intan Permata , Rusly Hariantana Hamid Agus Roy , Bagus Mahadewa Tjokorda Gde , Putu Hendra Sanjaya Gusti I , Suka Adnyana Made I , Suyasa Ketut I
Published: August 2022

ABSTRACT

Background:

Flap necrosis due to ischemia-reperfusion injury remains a challenge to minimize in every flap procedure. Antioxidants are one of the alternatives developed to reduce free radicals formed from ischemia-reperfusion injury after the severance of blood vessels while also accelerating the wound healing process. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is the most widespread antioxidant available worldwide.

Objective:

To determine the effect of high-dose ascorbic acid in reducing the occurrence of necrosis on random dorsal skin flaps in Wistar rats.

Methods:

An double-blinded in-vivo experimental study was done on 36 Wistar rats undergoing a random dorsal skin flap procedure. The samples were divided into 2 groups. The intervention group samples were injected with high-dose ascorbic acid injection intraperitoneally at 300mg/kgBW per day for up to 7 days, while the control group samples were injected with normal saline. Variables analyzed were macrophage and malondialdehyde amount on the third day, fibroblasts amount on the seventh day, and distal flap necrosis on the seventh day.

Result:

Higher macrophage (14.56 vs. 4.78, p < 0.001) and fibroblasts amount (54 vs. 18, p < 0.001) were observed on the intervention group. Lower malondialdehyde amount (12 vs. 28, p < 0.001) was observed in the intervention group. There was a lower percentage of distal flap necrosis in the intervention group (11.9 vs. 36.2%, p < 0.001).

Conclusion:

Intraperitoneal injection of high-dose ascorbic acid reduced the extent of distal flap necrosis on random dorsal skin flaps of Wistar rats.

Highlights
Maya Rao and Indian Feminist Theatre
Authors: Dutt Bishnupriya
Published: August 2022

Maya Rao, performer, performance maker and feminist, has not only contributed to Indian feminist theatre, but is a trailblazer, who set new standards in solo performances, mapped an alternate career trajectory for women in theatre and, in the face of right-wing state repression in India, has engaged significantly in performance activism. This Element looks back at her early career in the 1980s when she was creating agit prop theatre for the feminist movement and forward to her performance activism in the twenty-first century, with detailed attention to Rao's acclaimed protest Walk, and her participation in the protests against the Citizenship Amendment Act. The study also encompasses her parallel work in the theatre, from early collaborations with feminist directors to her solo projects. The author traces her creative-political journey towards an egalitarian feminist future.
Co-Producing and Co-Designing
Authors: Robert Glenn , Locock Louise , Williams Oli , Cornwell Jocelyn , Donetto Sara , Goodrich Joanna
Published: August 2022

Many healthcare improvement approaches originated in manufacturing, where end users are framed as consumers. But in healthcare, greater recognition of the complexity of relationships between patients, staff, and services (beyond a provider-consumer exchange) is generating new insights and approaches to healthcare improvement informed directly by patient and staff experience. Co-production sees patients as active contributors to their own health and explores how interactions with staff and services can best be supported. Co-design is a related but distinct creative process, where patients and staff work in partnership to improve services or develop interventions. Both approaches are promoted for their technocratic benefits (better experiences, more effective and safer services) and democratic rationales (enabling inclusivity and equity), but the evidence base remains limited. This Element explores the origins of co-production and co-design, the development of approaches in healthcare, and associated challenges; in reviewing the evidence, it highlights the implications for practice and research. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Robert Boyle and Natural Kinds
Authors: ADRIAENSSEN HAN THOMAS , NAUTA LODI
Published: August 2022

This paper studies Robert Boyle's account of kinds and classification. A number of commentators have argued that, for Boyle, classifications are inevitably the product of conventions. Others have challenged this reading, arguing that, according to Boyle, the corpuscular makeup of bodies gives rise to hard-edged natural kinds and classes. We argue that Boyle's position is more complicated than the available realist and conventionalist readings acknowledge. We argue that, according to Boyle, the individuation of kinds was to some degree the result of convention. At the same time, however, Boyle held that our classificatory practices are subject to constraints. We identify some of these constraints by turning to Boyle's discussion of the late scholastic debate about the plurality of forms, in particular the contributions of Jacopo Zabarella and Daniel Sennert. In this way, we clarify how Boyle strikes a balance between realist and conventionalist elements in his treatment of kinds.
Comparing post-concussion symptom reporting between adults with and without a TBI history within an adult male correctional facility
Authors: Theadom Alice , Mitchell Tracey , Shepherd Daniel
Published: August 2022

Background:

A higher proportion of people in prison have a history of traumatic brain injury (TBI) than the general population. However, little is known about potentially related persistent symptoms in this population.

Aims:

To compare symptom reporting in men with and without a history of TBI following admission to a correctional facility.

Methods:

All men transferred to the South Auckland Correctional Facility in New Zealand complete a lifetime TBI history and the Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptom Questionnaire (RPQ) as part of their routine health screen. Data collected between June 2020 and March 2021 were extracted and anonymised. Participants were classified as reporting at least one TBI in their lifetime or no TBI history. The underlying factor structure of the RPQ was determined using principal components analysis. Symptom scores between those with and without a TBI history were compared using Mann Whitney U tests.

Results:

Of the N = 363 adult male participants, 240 (66%) reported experiencing at least one TBI in their lifetime. The RPQ was found to have a two-factor structure (Factor 1: cognitive, emotional, behavioural; Factor 2: visual-ocular) explaining 61% of the variance. Men reporting a TBI history had significantly higher cognitive, emotional and behavioural (U = 50.4, p < 0.001) and visuo-ocular symptoms (U = 68.5, p < 0.001) in comparison to men reporting no TBI history.

Conclusion:

A history of TBI was associated with higher symptom burden on admission to a correctional facility. Screening for TBI history and current symptoms on admission may assist prisoners experiencing persistent effects of TBI to access rehabilitation.
Growth of a fluid-infused patch from droplet drainage into a thin porous layer
Authors: Zheng Zhong
Published: August 2022

Growth of a fluid-infused patch on a thin porous layer, e.g. on a piece of paper or cloth, is related to the transmission of virus particles through exhaled droplets and aerosols. We present a theoretical model to describe how a wet patch develops gradually through imbibition, once a sessile droplet attaches at a permeable surface and drains gradually into a thin porous layer. Two limiting cases are considered based on different assumptions on the motion of the contact line during the coupled process of drop drainage and patch growth: (i) the apparent contact angle remains unchanged, so the radius of a sessile droplet decreases with time; and (ii) the location of the contact line remains pinned, so the contact angle decreases as time progresses. The model leads to evolution pathways for both the droplet and the fluid film within the porous layer, without introducing arbitrary fitting parameters. Potential implications of the model and its solutions are also discussed briefly in the context of the outspread of COVID-19, employing physical parameters for exhaled droplets, paper and cloth.
Reflections and focusing of inertial waves in a tilted librating cube
Authors: Wu Ke , Welfert Bruno D. , Lopez Juan M.
Published: August 2022

A fluid-filled cube rotating about an axis passing through the midpoints of opposite edges is subjected to small librations (i.e. modulation of the mean rotation). Low viscosity regimes, with Ekman number as small as

$10^{-8}$

and equally small relative forcing amplitude, are explored numerically. The full inertial range of forcing frequencies, from 0 to twice the mean rotation rate are considered. The response flows are dominated by inertial wavebeams emitted from edges and/or vertices, depending on the forcing frequency. How these reflect on the cube's walls and focus onto edges and vertices lead to intricate patterns. Most of the results can be reconciled using linear inviscid ray-tracing theory with careful attention to wavebeam emissions and reflections. However, even at the low Ekman number and relative forcing amplitude considered, other effects are discernible which are not captured by ray tracing. These include a symmetry breaking due to viscous effects and a progressive wave, retrograde to the mean rotation and localized in the boundary layers of the cube, due to nonlinear effects and the librational forcing.
The swelling and shrinking of spherical thermo-responsive hydrogels
Authors: Butler Matthew D. , Montenegro-Johnson Thomas D.
Published: August 2022

Thermo-responsive hydrogels are a promising material for creating controllable actuators for use in micro-scale devices, since they expand and contract significantly (absorbing or expelling fluid) in response to relatively small temperature changes. Understanding such systems can be difficult because of the spatially and temporally varying properties of the gel, and the complex relationships between the fluid dynamics, elastic deformation of the gel and chemical interaction between the polymer and fluid. We address this using a poro-elastic model, considering the dynamics of a thermo-responsive spherical hydrogel after a sudden change in the temperature that should result in substantial swelling or shrinking. We focus on two model examples, with equilibrium parameters extracted from data in the literature. We find a range of qualitatively different behaviours when swelling and shrinking, including cases where swelling and shrinking happen smoothly from the edge, and other situations that result in the formation of an inwards-travelling spherical front that separates a core and shell with markedly different degrees of swelling. We then characterise when each of these scenarios is expected to occur. An approximate analytical form for the front dynamics is developed, with two levels of constant porosity, that well-approximates the numerical solutions. This system can be evolved forward in time, and is simpler to solve than the full numerics, allowing for more efficient predictions to be made, such as when deciding dosing strategies for drug-laden hydrogels.
On the Fatou theorem for ∂̄J-subsolutions in wedges
Authors: Sukhov Alexandre
Published: August 2022

We prove a version of the Fatou theorem for bounded functions with a bounded $\overline \partial _J$ part of the differential on wedge-type domains in an almost complex manifold.
Erasure as a Tool of Nineteenth-Century European Exploration, and the Arctic Travels of Tookoolito and Ipiirvik
Authors: Kaalund Nanna Katrine Lüders
Published: August 2022

The American publisher Charles Francis Hall had no previous experience with the Arctic before he travelled there in 1860. Yet, Hall transformed himself into an Arctic authority, and was given command of a United States governmental funded expedition in 1870. Hall was only able to undertake his work in the Arctic because of his relationship with Tookoolito and Ipiirvik, a married Inuit couple from Cumberland Sound, and this article examines the structural processes that enabled Hall to rescript their expertise as his own. Tookoolito and Ipiirvik travelled with Hall for over a decade, a relationship where the unequal power-dynamic was continuously transformed and renegotiated in the United States and the Arctic. Drawing on recent historiographical insights on the construction of exploration knowledge in the imperial context, this article interrogates the epistemic and physical violence involved in Hall's erasure of Tookoolito and Ipiirvik's expertise and personhood. In doing so, I highlight the structural function of the erasure of Indigenous knowledge and labour in the production of nineteenth-century European and Euro-American Arctic science, and its enduring influence on the historiography.
Dynamics of fermentation profile, bacterial communities and their functional characteristics in red clover
Authors: Wang Siran , Shao Tao , Li Junfeng , Zhao Jie , Dong Zhihao
Published: August 2022

The bacterial community is important for shaping the fermentation characteristics of silage. This study aimed to investigate the fermentation characteristics, bacterial community and predicted functional characteristics of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) silage. First-cutting red clover was collected at the early bloom stage, wilted for 5 h and then ensiled in 10 litre-capacity silos. Triplicate silos were sampled after 1, 3, 7, 15, 30 and 60 days of ensiling, respectively. The bacterial communities on days 3 and 60 were assessed through high-throughput sequencing technology, and 16S rRNA-gene predicted functional characteristics were analysed based on the KEGG using Tax4Fun. After 60 days of ensiling, red clover silage was fermented well, as indicated by high lactic acid (~77.3 g/kg DM), and low concentrations of butyric acid (~3.73 g/kg DM) and ammonia nitrogen (~55.0 g/kg TN). During the initial stage of ensiling, fructose and glucose were more preferred than sucrose for microbes. The predominant genus Lactococcus (0.542) on day 3 was replaced by Lactobacillus (0.553) on day 60. The metabolism of amino acids, energy, cofactors and vitamins was inhibited, while the metabolism of nucleotides and carbohydrates was enhanced after ensiling. High-throughput sequencing technology combined with 16S rRNA gene-predicted functional analyses revealed the differences during the early and late stages of red clover silage not only for distinct bacterial compositions but also for specific functional traits. Our results could provide a comprehensive insight into bacterial community and their functional profiles to further improve the silage quality.
Diagnostic tools in coronavirus disease 2019 associated mucormycosis – do we need three-dimensional computed tomography?
Authors: Gupta G , Shakrawal N , Banthia S , Nehara H R , Chand D
Published: August 2022

Objective

Three-dimensional computed tomography reconstruction of the face has recently been presented as a newer diagnostic tool in coronavirus disease 2019 associated mucormycosis. This study was conducted to compare three-dimensional computed tomography reconstruction with conventional two-dimensional computed tomography in coronavirus disease 2019 associated mucormycosis.

Methods

A total of 123 mucormycosis patients underwent three-dimensional computed tomography reconstruction after a comprehensive clinical investigation. The involvement of the facial skeleton was noted.

Results

The anterior maxillary wall was most commonly involved (9.8 per cent). Involvement of the lateral maxillary wall was noted in 6.5 per cent of patients. Sixty-seven patients (54.5 per cent) underwent endoscopic surgery, 22 (17.9 per cent) underwent open surgical procedures, and 12 (9.8 per cent) had combined endoscopic and open surgical procedures. In 21 patients (17.1 per cent), open surgery was performed in the first instance based on additional three-dimensional computed tomography findings, and revision surgical procedures were avoided.

Conclusion

Three-dimensional computed tomography of the face was found to be superior in determining the extent of disease. It reduces delays in diagnosis, facilitates surgical planning and minimises the need for multiple surgical procedures.
Hekate of Lagina: a goddess performing her civic duty
Authors: Herring Amanda
Published: August 2022

The Hellenistic Sanctuary of Hekate at Lagina represents the only site at which Hekate received state-sponsored cult at a monumental temple and a privileged place in the local pantheon. Elsewhere in Karia and the wider Greek world, Hekate was associated with magic and the underworld and received personal dedications at doorways and crossroads. This portrayal was echoed in art, where her character manifested in her triple-bodied form. Yet, at Lagina, part of the city of Stratonikeia, she was always represented with a single body. She was the focus of civic cult, in particular during the Hekatesia-Romaia festival, which celebrated the political alliance between Stratonikeia and Rome. Through an analysis of inscriptions, representations of the goddess in sculpture and coins, and the ritual use of the complex, this article concludes that Hekate of Lagina was a syncretic and singular figure who did not exist outside of Stratonikeia, and that her function at Lagina was primarily political, as a civic patron. As a goddess who oversaw life’s transitions and acted as a saviour of her people, she was uniquely suited to the role. The goddess and her sanctuary were used by the local population to create community identities and to negotiate their relationships with the wider world, particularly their imperial rulers.
Gongs, Bells, and Cymbals: The Archaeological Record in Maritime Asia from the Ninth to the Seventeenth Centuries
Authors: Nicolas Arsenio
Published: August 2022

The growth and expansion of maritime trade in the first millennium CE altered the musical landscape of Asia, from earlier Austronesian and Austroasiatic migrations, to the early contacts with India, China, Arabia, and the continuing navigation towards the Pacific and Oceania. Much later in the tenth century, Chinese chronicles describe that peoples from the south called Luzoes (Luzon, Philippines) had invaded its southern shores, while Indian histories record the voyages of sailors from western Indonesia. By the eighth century, Austronesian languages from Borneo had spread towards Madagascar. A trade centred on beads, tin, copper, pottery, ceramics, natural products, and food also carried musical instruments and musicians bearing new ideas in music making and ritual life.
The Dance Identity of the Vlachs of Lailias Village and ITS Transformations Over Three Generations
Authors: Panopoulou Kalliopi
Published: August 2022

Dealing with the issue of identity—irrespective of any theoretical orientation—means dealing with the issue of difference in relation to the “other” and the social boundaries that define the “cultural stuff” within and between communities (Barth 1969:13; Gefou-Madianou 1999:192). “Cultural stuff can be described as referring, inter alia, to the collective memory, history, and origin of cultural groups (Smith 1991:32). However, social boundaries tend not to be hard and fast or specifically delineated idioms of identity, but flexible and negotiable, according to different socio-political environments and personal interests (Barth 1969; Jenkins 2002:122). Thus, identity is perceived as an open-ended and never-finalized process, always constituted within cultural representations and not irrespective of them (Avdikos 2003:333). Moreover, taking into consideration that

so many of our most tenacious categories of identity are mapped into bodily difference … expanding through a continual slippage of categories to include ethnicity and nationality and even sexuality as well, we should not ignore the ways in which dance signals and enacts social identities in all their continually changing configurations. (Desmond 1997:49)
The Zorn Trials and the Jante Law: On Shining Musically in the Land of Moderation
Authors: Kaminsky David
Published: August 2022

Danish-Norwegian author Aksel Sandemose called these commandments “the Jante’ Law,” so-named for his protagonist's fictional Danish home-town in the semi-autobiographical novelA Fugitive Crosses His Tracks(orig. pub. 1933; English trans., 1936:77-78). Over the years this ironic credo of elder-dominated communal living has expanded and acquired a special resonance with respect to Swedish cultural self-image. Today in Sweden, the Jante Law occupies a place in the popular imagination as a descriptor of a specifically Scandinavian attitude, a subtly enforced culture of moderation and humility.
“Global Folk Music” Fusions: The Reification of Transnational Relationships and the Ethics of Cross-Cultural Appropriations in Finnish Contemporary Folk Music
Authors: Hill Juniper
Published: August 2022

A Finnish fiddler trading fours with a Hindustani vocalist, Swedish herding calls soaring over a djembe and didjeridu groove, Russian refrains inserted between Finnish texts and Swedish harmonies—these are only a few examples of the transnational musical fusions and collaborations that characterize nykykansanmusiikki, or “contemporary folk music,” in Finland. It is common practice for Finnish contemporary folk musicians to collaborate with foreign artists, dig for source materials in neighbouring countries, play traditional instruments from multiple cultures, market their creations as “world music from Finland,” and speak of “global folk music communities.”
Playing with Meaning: Perspectives on Culture, Commodification and Contestation Around the Didjeridu
Authors: Magowan Fiona
Published: August 2022

The didjeridu has accumulated considerable symbolic capital in recent years. Its status as an icon of Aboriginality, musical tradition and ritual significance has embedded it firmly within the Australian national imagination. However, the didjeridu did not hold centre stage as a symbol of Indigeneity until fairly recently, when it moved from the periphery of the Australian continent to come to stand for Australianness at its centre. The didjeridu has crossed internal boundaries altering perceptions of music and music making in different parts of Aboriginal Australia. It has crossed national and international boundaries through adaptations of its shape, tone and rhythmic contours, and it has taken on new cultural histories as a result of its global appropriation by non-Indigenous peoples. Globalisation presents both a threat and an opportunity for the recontextualisation of Indigenous meanings around the didjeridu.
“Religion Never Had it so good“: Contemporary Nasyid and the Growth of Islamic Popular Music in Malaysia
Authors: Sarkissian Margaret
Published: August 2022

The Taliban in Afghanistan and the hardline clergy in Iran might regard them as blasphemous, but in Malaysia Islamic pop groups are a hit, even with fundamentalist politicians. Nasyid groups, as they are known, are winning awards for using their talents to bring people closer to Islam. (MGW 13 June 1999)
Managing Musical Diversity Within Frameworks of Western Development AID: Views from Ukraine, Georgia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: Helbig Adriana , Tsitsishvili Nino , Haskell Erica
Published: August 2022

Researchers have increasingly begun to critically assess local engagements with globalizing notions of civil society that have been introduced via Western-based supranational political, economic, financial, and cultural programmes (Fischer 1997; Okongwu and Mencher 2000; Yúdice 2003). Following the notion of thinking globally and acting locally, such programmes are usually set up by transnational structures such as the World Bank, UNESCO, the European Union, or global foundations such as the Open Society Institute, and put into practice by local actors, among them non-governmental organizations. This article positions music within intra-national discourses that work hand-in-hand with the political and cultural economics of Western cultural initiatives and aim to promote an understanding of pluralism in countries throughout Eastern and South Eastern Europe. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork conducted by Nino Tsitsishvili, Erica Haskell, and myself in Georgia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Ukraine, respectively, this study juxtaposes the perspectives of policy makers and grant givers in Western Europe and the United States with the views of people in post-socialist conflict zones for whom such initiatives are intended. It analyses the political and cultural implications of UNESCO's declaration of Georgian polyphony as a masterpiece of intangible cultural heritage of humanity, the local effects of internationally sponsored music projects in post-war Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the role of national minority music festivals sponsored by Western philanthropic organizations in nation-building processes in Ukraine.
The powers of silence: Making sense of the non-definition of gender in international criminal law
Authors: Santos de Carvalho Juliana
Published: August 2022

Silence has often been studied in international law as a mechanism tied to passivity and oppression. In this study, I propose an exploration of other ontologies of silence by unravelling its possibilities as an active mechanism, namely: (i) a tool for resistance; and (ii) a linguistic device for managing disagreement. For this, I use as an exploratory ground the construction of a non-definition of gender for the crime of persecution in international criminal law (ICL). Analysing the Rome Statute negotiations, I examine how gender-conservative actors successfully opposed the proposal for a non-definition of gender, arguing that such a solution would harm the clarity required by the principle of legality in ICL. By establishing that legal rules must be clear, specific, and cohesive, I argue that the legality principle imposes a burden of speech upon non-state voices in ICL, one that encircles them within a subalternity scheme where speech is demanded but can only be performed or mediated by states. Exploring the negotiations of the Convention on Crimes Against Humanity draft, I examine how the non-definition of gender allowed feminist and queer activists to resist such a burden of speech for the conceptualization of gender. Simultaneously, silence also provided an opportunity for International Law Commission members to propose a draft that avoids cacophony around a contentious term. By reflecting on the active roles of silence, this study contributes to new modes of analysing resistance to dominant modes of legal discourse, as well as exploring dynamics of order(ing) in international law-making.
AVICENNA ON HUMAN SELF-INTELLECTION
Authors: Hennig Boris
Published: August 2022

I argue that Avicenna allows for at least one case where we can intellectually grasp a particular individual as such: Each human intellect can intellect itself as numerically this one intellect without relying on any general notion or concept. This is because humans can retain their individuality when separated from their bodies. I discuss passages in which Avicenna appears to affirm and deny that humans can intellect themselves. I conclude that in contrast to the self-awareness that Avicenna showcases in his “floating human” thought experiment, human self-intellection is a rare achievement, and I explain how it differs from the more perfect self-intellection of the divine intellect.
Advanced fellowship training for cardiology fellows in acute care cardiology
Authors: Pater Colleen M. , Wilmot Ivan , Russell Jennifer L. , Madsen Nicolas L.
Published: August 2022

Hospitalised children have become more medically complex and increasingly require specialised teams and units properly equipped to care for them. Within paediatric cardiology, this trend, which is well demonstrated by the expansion of cardiology-specific ICUs, has more recently led to the development of acute care cardiology units to deliver team-based and condition-focused inpatient care. These care teams are now led by paediatric cardiologists with particular investment in the acute care cardiology environment. Herein, we describe the foundation and development of an Acute Care Cardiology Advanced Training Fellowship to meet the clinical, scholarly, and leadership training needs of this emerging care environment.
Prebiotic decluttering: the thermodynamic tail-wind to asymmetric autocatalysis
Authors: Perović Slobodan
Published: August 2022

I outline a general thermodynamic condition for the earliest steps in the origin of life based on fluctuation theorems developed in the last two decades. I argue that the exponentially developing loop of asymmetric autocatalysis and thermodynamic tail-wind condition (TTC) in the prebiotic clutter was a key to a particular trajectory of decluttering via a sequence of early symmetry breaking events. Such decluttering was bound to result, most prominently, in homochiral amino acids and homochiral sugars composing nucleotides as the TTC exponentially favoured asymmetric autocatalytic processes over catalytic and symmetric autocatalytic processes in the clutter. I describe the loop's structure, including its chemical and physical properties, and explain that the TTC/asymmetric autocatalysis loop intersected with multiple chemical, geological and climatological feedback loops, thus providing conditions for the propagation of living systems as we know them.
Arbeitsplatz-basierte Assessments: eine Bedarfsanalyse bei Assistenzärztinnen und ‑ärzten sowie ihren Supervisierenden
Authors: Schwitz Fabienne , Bartenstein Andreas , Huwendiek Sören
Published: August 2022

Zusammenfassung. In der ärztlichen Weiterbildung in der Schweiz sind pro Jahr vier Arbeitsplatz-basierte Assessments (ABA) wie Mini-CEX oder DOPS vorgesehen. Sie wurden eingeführt als Hilfsmittel für Feedback sowie für die Vereinbarung von Lernzielen im klinischen Alltag. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Untersuchung ist es, begünstigende und hemmende Faktoren der Anwendung von ABAs zu identifizieren. Die Resultate geben Aufschluss darüber, wie ABAs verbessert werden können, um das Lernen am Arbeitsplatz effizient zu fördern. Dazu gehört, dass alle in der Anwendung geschult werden. Wichtig ist insbesondere ein unmittelbares und spezifisches Feedback, das Verbesserungsmöglichkeiten aufzeigt und erreichbare Lernziele festlegt. Die Dokumentation soll benutzerfreundlich sein und eine Übersicht über den Lernverlauf ermöglichen. ABAs sollen nicht als Pflicht wahrgenommen werden, sondern als Hilfsmittel für wertvolle Lernmomente.
Do Beliefs About Font Size Affect Retrospective Metamemory Judgments in Addition to Prospective Judgments?
Authors: Luna Karlos , Albuquerque Pedro B.
Published: August 2022

Abstract. Beliefs about how memory works explain several effects on prospective metamemory judgments (e.g., the effect of font size on judgments of learning; JOLs). Less is known about the effect of beliefs on retrospective judgments (i.e., confidence). Here, we tested whether font size also affects confidence ratings and whether beliefs play a similar role in confidence than in JOLs. In two experiments, participants studied words in small and large size, rated JOLs, and completed a font-size test in which they indicated the font size at study and a standard old/new recognition test. The results confirmed that font size affected both JOLs and confidence ratings. The presentation of the counter-belief that memory is better for words in small font size in Experiment 2 and the analyses of confidence for participants who did not believe that large fonts improved memory suggested that the effect of font size on confidence was based on beliefs. This research shows that the debate on theory-based and experience-based factors should not be limited to prospective metamemory judgments but also encompass retrospective judgments.
Transfer of Test-Enhanced Learning
Authors: DiMarco Donnelle , Marmurek Harvey
Published: August 2022

Abstract. Memory for paired-associate words is facilitated by interim testing relative to restudy. According to the mediator effectiveness hypothesis, the benefit of retrieval practice is a consequence of the activation of a mediator word linking the cue and target. Evidence for the activation of cue-related mediators stems from the finding that mediators are more effective at prompting recall of target words than are words not associated with the original cue, a pattern that is larger following testing than restudy. The benefit of testing for the unstudied cues at the final test is referred to as transfer of test-enhanced learning. One goal of the current study was to examine whether the activation of mediators leads to the recall of targets indirectly via the original cues in a process known as backward chaining. We indexed backward chaining with the probability of incorrectly recalling a trial-specific original cue in place of a target. The second goal was to explore whether testing would yield a transfer effect for cues associated with target words. In four experiments, following an initial study of weakly related word pairs (e.g., Mother–CHILD), participants either restudied the pairs or attempted to recall the target given the original cue (e.g., Mother). On a final cued-recall test, participants were presented with unstudied cues that were related to either the original cue (semantic mediators, e.g., Father) or the target (target-related cues, e.g., Baby). The type of new cue presented on the final test was varied either between subjects (Experiment 1) or mixed within a list (Experiments 2, 3, and 4). Mixing mediators and target-related cues reduced the transfer of test-enhanced learning and increased the likelihood of recalling the original cues when shown a mediator. These results challenge the assumptions of the mediator effectiveness hypothesis.
Willingness to Donate Organs After Death
Authors: Ruggieri Stefano , Boca Stefano , Ingoglia Sonia
Published: August 2022

Abstract: Background: Despite the growing number of organ transplants, there is still a significant difference between the number of donated organs and the number of people waiting for them. Knowing the reason people decide to donate is the first step to increasing organ donation rates. Aims: The main aim of the present study was to develop and validate a new scale for organ donation. Method: In three studies, 3,585 participants ranging in age between 14 and 89 years were selected through systematic random sampling. In the first study, we created a scale following the organ donation model theoretical framework and submitted the scale to exploratory factor analysis. In the second study, we performed a confirmatory factor analysis to cross-validate the hypothesized factor structure. In the third study, the scale was related to some important variables involved in organ donation. Results: Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis with a good fit index and acceptable levels of validity and reliability guarantee the quality of the scale and stable factor solution. Limitations: The main limitations are connected to social desirability, the presence of systematic bias of the population that refused to take part in the study, and the use of the Caucasian population. Conclusion: The resulting scale consists of 21 items in a seven-factor model (bodily integrity, fear of death, familial beliefs, altruism, medical mistrust, trust in the health institution, and emotional support). We also observed the relationship between scale factors, religiosity, and knowledge of organ donation with the willingness to donate organs.
Crossing the Boundaries: How Key Advancements in Understanding of Headland Sediment Bypassing Improves Definition of Littoral Cells
Authors: George Douglas A. , Castelle Bruno , Mulligan Ryan P.
Published: August 2022

Headland sediment bypassing connects short‐term physical forcing and long‐term morphological response. The contributions from King et al., 2021, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC017053 are a substantial step in understanding the complexities by combining field observations, process‐based numerical modeling, and empirical generalization with the development of an improved parametrization of headland sediment bypassing. This study adds to the growing body of knowledge about littoral cell boundaries, or as proposed in this commentary, littoral cells that respond to varying wave energy and water levels that may influence the results from shoreline change models. Evolution of the shoreline in the context of climate change can be better understood by considering variability in littoral cell boundaries.
Megathrust Shear Modulated by Albite Metasomatism in Subduction Mélanges
Authors: Ujiie Kohtaro , Noro Kazuya , Shigematsu Norio , Fagereng Åke , Nishiyama Naoki , Tulley Christopher J. , Masuyama Haruna , Mori Yasushi , Kagi Hiroyuki
Published: August 2022

Aseismic megathrust slip downdip of the seismogenic zone is accommodated by either steady creep or episodic slow slip events (SSEs). However, the geological conditions defining the rheology of megathrust slip remain elusive. We examined exhumed subduction mélanges on Kyushu, Japan, which deformed at ∼370–500°C under greenschist to epidote‐amphibolite facies conditions, comparable to warm‐slab environments. The mélanges recorded fluid release and viscous shear localization associated with metasomatic reactions between juxtaposed metapelitic and metabasaltic rocks. Metasomatic reactions caused albitization of metapelite, resulting in depth‐dependent changes to megathrust rheology. In a mélange deformed at ∼370°C, very fine grained reaction products (metasomatic albite) facilitated grain boundary diffusion creep at stresses of ∼45 MPa, less than those in the surrounding metabasalt. Mineralogical and chemical changes during metasomatic reactions, and their field content, imply an onset of albite metasomatism at ∼350°C. Albite metasomatism therefore potentially contributed to decreased megathrust strength around the inferred thermally controlled base of the seismogenic zone. In a mélange deformed near the mantle wedge corner at ∼500°C, metasomatic reactions promoted local quartz vein formation and localized viscous shear at slow slip strain rates, during which the coarse‐grained metasomatic albite behaved as relatively rigid blocks in a viscous matrix. We suggest that albite metasomatism can facilitate changes in a megathrust slip mode with depth and may explain why slip mode changes from creep to SSEs with tremor with increasing depth.
A Database of MMS Bow Shock Crossings Compiled Using Machine Learning
Authors: Lalti A. , Khotyaintsev Yu. V. , Dimmock A. P. , Johlander A. , Graham D. B. , Olshevsky V.
Published: August 2022

Identifying collisionless shock crossings in data sent from spacecraft has so far been done manually or using basic algorithms. It is a tedious job that shock physicists have to go through if they want to conduct case studies or perform statistical studies. We use a machine learning approach to automatically identify shock crossings from the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft. We compiled a database of 2,797 shock crossings, spanning a period from October 2015 to December 2020, including various spacecraft‐related and shock‐related parameters for each event. Furthermore, we show that the shock crossings in the database are spread out in space, from the subsolar point to the far flanks. On top of that, we show that they cover a wide range of parameter space. We also present a possible scientific application of the database by looking for correlations between ion acceleration efficiency at shocks with different shock parameters, such as the angle between the upstream magnetic field and the shock normal θBn and the Alfvénic Mach number MA. We find no clear correlation between the acceleration efficiency and MA; however, we find that quasi‐parallel shocks are more efficient at accelerating ions than quasi‐perpendicular shocks.
Improved Boundary Conditions for Coupled Geospace Models: An Application in Modeling Spacecraft Surface Charging Environment
Authors: Yu Yiqun , Su Shengjun , Cao Jinbin , Jordanova Vania K. , Denton Michael H.
Published: August 2022

Spacecraft surface charging in the inner magnetosphere often occurs in the pre‐midnight to the dawn sector when electron fluxes of tens of keV increase. Inner magnetosphere ring current models can be used to simulate/predict the spacecraft surface charging environment, with their outer boundary conditions specified either based on observations or provided by other models, such as MHD models. In the latter approach, using MHD quantities, the flux spectrum at the outer boundary is commonly assumed to follow a Kappa or Maxwellian distribution function. Such a method however often departs greatly from the realistic spectrum at E < tens of keV, a crucial energy range in the surface charging anomaly. In order to achieve a better representation of the surface charging environment, we propose to combine the MHD‐parameterized flux spectrum with an empirical electron flux model of E < 40 keV to set the electron flux boundary condition. Results indicate that as opposed to the case where the MHD‐parameterized flux distribution is solely used at the model boundary, simulations with the new boundary condition yields a more intense surface charging environment. The integrated electron flux between 10 < E < 50 keV, a measure of the severity of the surface charging environment, is significantly enhanced by 1‐2 orders of magnitude, leading to a much better agreement with Van Allen Probes measurements. This study hence demonstrates a reasonable solution to the setting of outer boundary conditions for inner magnetosphere models and is recommended for coupled geospace circulation models.
Acceptability of a Brief, Intensive Adolescent Obesity Intervention With Wellness Coaching
Authors: Biggs Bridget K. , Vickers Kristin S. , Hathaway Julie C. , Hofschulte Deanna R. , Clark Matthew M. , Mapes Melissa D. , Murad Angela L. , Peterson Nolan W. , Prigge Bradly , Kumar Seema , Cunningham Megan L. , Hensrud Donald D.
Published: August 2022

Objective:

This report describes data regarding the acceptability of delivering a family-based behavioral lifestyle intervention for adolescent obesity in a brief, intensive onsite program (initial 3 sequential days + 1 follow-up day) combined with telephonic wellness coaching (WC).

Methods:

Four cohorts consisting of 7 adolescents aged 15–17 years (self-identifying as 4 male, 2 female, 1 transgender male; 6 White, 1 African American and White) and thirteen parents participated in a new clinical intervention consisting of 3 days onsite programming, 3-months telephonic wellness coaching, and 1 day onsite follow up. Enrollment, attendance, and retention were recorded. Participants provided quantitative and qualitative feedback regarding acceptability of the program during postintervention interviews.

Results:

Of 11 families invited, 8 enrolled. Seven families participated, with 1 family lost to follow up. Adolescents completed an average 5.6/9 planned WC sessions. Adolescents rated the program positively overall and liked experiential sessions best. However, participants reported the onsite program was too long, they encountered barriers to sustained engagement during wellness coaching follow up, and parents desired greater guidance and structure for their involvement.

Conclusions:

Combining in-person sessions with telephonic wellness coaching was acceptable to participants, but intervention refinement is needed. Future program development and research investigating hybrid models should consist of briefer in-person sessions, emphasize skill practice, and include ongoing guidance to parents to provide developmentally appropriate support.

Implications for Impact Statement

This new clinical program evaluation found that extending onsite family-based behavioral lifestyle intervention for adolescent obesity with telephonic wellness coaching was acceptable to participants, but that program refinement is needed. Feedback highlighted the importance of keeping onsite sessions brief, engaging adolescents with hands-on skill practice, and providing ongoing guidance to parents to support sustained adolescent engagement in behavior change.
A multichannel optical computing architecture for advanced machine vision
Authors: Xu Zhihao , Yuan Xiaoyun , Zhou Tiankuang , Fang Lu
Published: August 2022

Endowed with the superior computing speed and energy efficiency, optical neural networks (ONNs) have attracted ever-growing attention in recent years. Existing optical computing architectures are mainly single-channel due to the lack of advanced optical connection and interaction operators, solving simple tasks such as hand-written digit classification, saliency detection, etc. The limited computing capacity and scalability of single-channel ONNs restrict the optical implementation of advanced machine vision. Herein, we develop Monet: a multichannel optical neural network architecture for a universal multiple-input multiple-channel optical computing based on a novel projection-interference-prediction framework where the inter- and intra- channel connections are mapped to optical interference and diffraction. In our Monet, optical interference patterns are generated by projecting and interfering the multichannel inputs in a shared domain. These patterns encoding the correspondences together with feature embeddings are iteratively produced through the projection-interference process to predict the final output optically. For the first time, Monet validates that multichannel processing properties can be optically implemented with high-efficiency, enabling real-world intelligent multichannel-processing tasks solved via optical computing, including 3D/motion detections. Extensive experiments on different scenarios demonstrate the effectiveness of Monet in handling advanced machine vision tasks with comparative accuracy as the electronic counterparts yet achieving a ten-fold improvement in computing efficiency. For intelligent computing, the trends of dealing with real-world advanced tasks are irreversible. Breaking the capacity and scalability limitations of single-channel ONN and further exploring the multichannel processing potential of wave optics, we anticipate that the proposed technique will accelerate the development of more powerful optical AI as critical support for modern advanced machine vision.
Digital phenotyping of generalized anxiety disorder: using artificial intelligence to accurately predict symptom severity using wearable sensors in daily life
Authors: Jacobson Nicholas C. , Feng Brandon
Published: August 2022

Background

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a highly prevalent condition. Monitoring GAD symptoms requires substantial time, effort, and cost. The development of digital phenotypes of GAD may enable new scalable, timely, and inexpensive assessments of GAD symptoms.

Method

The current study used passive movement data collected within a large national cohort (N = 264) to assess GAD symptom severity.

Results

Using one week of movement data, machine learning models accurately predicted GAD symptoms across a continuum (r = 0.511) and accurately detected those individuals with elevated GAD symptoms (AUC = 0.892, 70.0% Sensitivity, 95.5% Specificity, Brier Score = 0.092). Those with a risk score at the 90th percentile or above had 21 times the odds of having elevated GAD symptoms compared to those with lower risk scores. The risk score was most strongly associated with irritability, worry controllability, and restlessness (individual rs > 0.5). The risk scores for GAD were also discriminant of major depressive disorder symptom severity (r = 0.190).

Limitations

The current study examined the detection of GAD symptom severity rather than the prediction of GAD symptom severity across time. Furthermore, the instant sample of data did not include nighttime actigraphy, as participants were not asked to wear the actigraphs at night.

Conclusions

These results suggest that artificial intelligence can effectively utilize wearable movement data collected in daily life to accurately infer risk of GAD symptoms.