bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis and Prevalence of HIV‐2 Antibodies in Different Population Subsets in The Netherlands
Authors: van der Poel C. L. , Lelie P.N. , Reesink H. W. , Couroué A.M. , Cot M. C. , Exel‐Oehlers P.J. , Theobalds I. , Buitenwerf J. , Cameron A. , Huisman J.G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A serum panel obtained from male homosexuals (n = 278); i.v. drug abusers (n = 99), patients attending a VD clinic (n = 390), blood donors who visited Central or West Africa (n = 573), blood donors who had sexual contact with natives from Central or West Africa (n = 38), blood donors from Surinam, South America (n = 481), individuals positive for anti‐HIV‐1 (n = 94), individuals with indeterminate HIV‐1 western blot (WB) reactions (n = 73), African patients with AIDS or AIDS‐related symptoms (n = 30), and random Dutch blood donors (n = 555), was tested with HIV‐2 ELISA (ELAVIA‐2). Of these 2,611 samples, 32 (1.2%) were repeatedly reactive. Antibodies to gp140/105env were found in 4/32 by HIV‐2 WB, and in 1/4 by radioimmunoprecipitation (RIPA). These 4 HIV‐2 WB‐positive samples were also reactive with gp160/120env in HIV‐1 WB, suggesting cross‐reactivity. In a spot test with synthetic peptides of the transmembrane glycoprotein of both HIV types, 3/4 were only HIV‐1 positive and 1/4 was strongly HIV‐2 positive and weakly HIV‐1 positive. In inhibition assays with soluble HIV‐1 or HIV‐2 synthetic peptides in HIV‐1 and HIV‐2 peptide ELISA, cross‐reactivity was excluded, which indicates an HIV variant or HIV‐1/HIV‐2 double infection. It is concluded that for the moment HIV‐2 infection is at low prevalence in risk groups in The Netherlands, and that in addition to WB and RIPA, synthetic peptide assays are useful for differentiation between HIV‐1 and HIV‐2 antibodies.
Analysis of the Heterogeneity of the Binding Site Specificities of Hyperimmune Human Anti‐A and ‐A,B Sera: The Application of Competition Assays Using Murine Monoclonal Antibodies
Authors: Lubenko Anatole , Savage Julia
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Monoclonal antibodies PL41 and AL62 have previously been shown to recognize two distinct blood group A epitopes on the red cell surface. Competitive inhibition of the binding of 125I‐PL41 and 125I‐AL62 to group A1 red cells, by hyperimmune polyclonal human antibodies, has been employed to investigate the binding site specificities of 15 anti‐A and 8 anti‐A,B sera. Differences in the degree of inhibition of the binding of the two MABs by individual anti‐A or ‐A,B samples indicate that polyclonal reagents are composed of varying proportions of up to 3 (or more) different antibody specificities, each recognizing a distinct epitope: PL41‐like, AL62‐like and a third (as yet undefined) category of antibody. In general, those anti‐A sera with PL41‐like specificities are superior agglutinators of A2B cells with weakly expressed A antigens; similarly, the specificity of potent anti‐A,B sera capable of strongly agglutinating Ax cells was likewise directed towards PL41‐binding blood group A trisaccharide haptens.
Inactivation and Elimination of Viruses during the Fractionation of an Intravenous Immunoglobulin Preparation: Liquid Heat Treatment and Polyethylene Glycol Fractionation
Authors: Uemura Yahiro , Uriyu Katsuhiro , Hirao Yutaka , Takechi Kazuo , Ishikawa Hideyuki , Nakajima Tsunetaka , Kagitani Yoshio , Yokoyama Kazumasa , Funakoshi Satoshi , Nishida Masayuki , Yabushita Sadao , Furuta Koichi , Hamamoto Yoshiaki , Tochikura Tadafumi S. , Yamamoto Naoki
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A method for the heat treatment of human IgG solution at 60 °C for 10 h was established. Human immunodeficiency, mumps, vaccinia and 4 other viruses were added to the IgG solution in 33% sorbitol and heated at 60 °C. Those viruses were inactivated within 1 h. Heat‐treated intravenous IgG (IVIG‐H) was prepared by heat treatment and polyethylene glycol (PEG) fractionation. Conventional nonheated intravenous IgG (IVIG‐C) was prepared from the same source paste by the fractionation method. No physicochemical or biological difference was observed between the heated and control IVIG preparations.
Blood Donors with Indeterminate Anti‐p24gagReactivity in HIV‐1 Western Blot: Absence of Infectivity to Transfused Patients and in Virus Culture
Authors: van der Poel C.L. , Lelie P.N. , Reesink H. W. , van Exel‐Oehlers P.J. , Tersmette M. , van den Akker R. , Gonzalves M. , Huisman J. G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. During a follow‐up period of 23–40 months, 7 regular blood donors had persistently, and 4 had intermittently indeterminate anti‐p24gagreactivity in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐1 Western Blot. Serological testing and viral cultures revealed that these donors had no signs of infection for HIV‐1, HIV‐2, human T‐cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV)‐4, and HTLV‐1. Extensive interviewing and physical examination of these donors revealed neither risk factors, nor signs of HIV infection in the tested donors. Ten recipients, who were transfused with blood products from 6 of these 11 anti‐p24gag‐positive donors, were traced back. Six months after transfusion, no serological or clinical signs of HIV‐1, HIV‐2, or HTLV‐1 infection were observed in these patients. It is concluded that blood donors with persistent or intermittent anti‐p24gagreactivity in HIV‐1 Western Blot, without development of antibodies to other HIV‐encoded proteins in later blood samples, do not transmit the described retroviruses to transfused patients.
A Novel Second‐Generation Polyolefin Container for Storage of Single‐Donor Apheresis Platelets
Authors: Shimizu T. , Kouketsu K. , Kamiya T. , Futagawa H. , Hirose S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A non‐blow‐molded LE‐2 polyolefin (PO) container was developed to store single‐donor apheresis platelet concentrates (PCs) processed by the Haemonetics Plasma Collecting System (PCS) at 22°C for over 1 day. We molded PO containers with heat‐sealing of light‐weight polymer alloy films with a thickness of 0.25 mm. The film was made of polymer blends consisting of polypropylene, styrene ethylene butylene styrene‐block copolymer, and ehtylene ethylacrylate copolymer. The PO container with enough strength and flexibility in routine practice has 2 and 1.6 times higher oxygen and carbon dioxide gas transfer properties than standard polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic containers. PCs (1–1.9times1011platelets) processed from 450 ml platelet‐rich plasma were stored in 0.6‐liter PO containers at 22°C with flatbed agitation for up to 6 days. The pH of PCs was well maintained at the mean values of 7.0 in PO containers after 6 days in the well‐oxygenated condition. The energy metabolism of stored platelets was determined. Oxygen consumption rates of platelets stored in PO containers averaged 1.5 nmol/min/109platelets. The rates of glucose consumption and lactate production were 0.4 and 0.8 nmol/min/1011platelets, respectively. The rates of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation of platelets, 9.7 nmol/min/109platelets, in PO containers did not differ from those in the PVC containers. Aggregation responses to adenosine diphosphate and hypotonic shock response of platelets were better maintained in PO containers. The morphological changes into sphere forms with projections and the appearance of unclassified forms were more frequently observed in PO than in PVC containers. Single‐donor apheresis platelet products collected by the PCS system may be stored in a new 0.6‐liter PO container for over 5 days under acceptable conditions.
HLA Class I Biochemistry: Definition and Frequency Determination of Subtypes by One‐Dimensional Isoelectric Focusing and Immunoblotting
Authors: Frenz Gabriele , Doxiadis Ilias , Vögeler Udo , Grosse‐Wilde Hans
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Previous biochemical studies of HLA class I gene products were based on the use of radiolabelled lymphoblastoid cell lines and/or mitogen‐stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). We present here a nonradioactive methodology for defining HLA class I polymorphism on a small number of cells, such as 5times106lymphocytes, the vitality of which is not a requirement in contrast to radiolabelling techniques, where 1–2times106PBL are needed. We analyzed 54 serologically typed families with a total of 261 individuals and 214 haplotypes by one‐ dimensional isoelectric focusing and subsequent immunoblotting, using a polyclonal anti‐class I heavy chain serum. The banding patterns segregated within families and correlated with the serological results. A substantial number of HLA‐A and HLA‐B products appeared biochemically heterogeneous allowing the definition of subtypes and the calculation of their frequencies.
Typing for HLA Class I Gene Products Using Plasma as Source
Authors: Doxiadis Ilias , Grosse‐Wilde Hans
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Soluble HLA class I proteins have been found in serum or plasma of healthy and diseased individuals. Here we present evidence that these molecules can be readily used for determination of the HLA type by biochemical methods. Immunoprecipitation of the soluble class I gene products using monomorphic monoclonal antibodies coated to immunobeads and one‐dimensional isoelectric focusing followed by immunoblotting represents a feasible and reproducible technique for typing. Analysis of these gene products in families (n = 12, with a total of 62 individuals) as well as in the population (n = 82) showed that all serologically defined antigens tested to date were present in plasma. A reference chart established primarily for the membrane‐bound antigens could also be used for the soluble ones.
Peroxidative Events in Stored Platelet Concentrates1
Authors: Fagiolo E. , Lippa S. , Mores N. , Oradei A. , Aureli V.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Changes in metabolic and functional activity of platelets stored as platelet concentrates in plastic bags highly permeable to gases were investigated. The following parameters were measured daily: pH, pO2, pCO2, HCO3, glucose, lactic acid, lactic dehydrogenase, cellular ATP and platelet aggregation induced by different agents (collagen and ADP). As indexes of lipid peroxidative damage, the cellular levels of conjugated dienes, malonyldialdehyde and some antioxidant molecules such as coenzyme Q10 and vitamin E were determined. A marked increase in pO2, conjugated dienes, malonyldialdehyde, lactic acid and lactic dehydrogenase activity was observed during the preservation. Platelet ATP content was unmodified and a remarkable decrease in platelet aggregability was found. pCO2, cyclooxygenase activity, vitamin E, coenzyme Q10, bicarbonate and glucose showed a rapid fall. Our data seem to indicate a preservation of platelet metabolic activity and a correlation between increased lipid peroxidation and functional impairement.
Passive Transfusion of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin from Plasma Donated during Pregnancy1
Authors: Kruskall M.S. , Owings D.V. , Donovan L.M. , Pacini D.G. , Costello T.J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Although fresh frozen plasma (FFP) prepared from autologous blood donated during pregnancy has frequently been given to homologous recipients at our institution, one tranfusion resulted in an unanticipated diagnostic dilemma. A 31‐year‐old woman with disseminated intravascular coagulation of unclear etiology was transfused with multiple units of FFP, including 2 from pregnant autologous donors. A serum human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) assay, performed because of the possibility that the patient's illness was a complication of unrecognized pregnancy, was positive using a blood sample drawn 7 h after the transfusions. An extensive evaluation was completed before the possibility of passive transfer of hormone from blood products was considered. Retrospective testing of serum samples established that HCG appeared in the patient's serum only after the first FFP transfusion from a pregnant autologous donor. In 8 other recipients of 1 or 2 units of FFP from pregnant autologous donors, post‐transfusion HCG levels ranged between 96 and 1,750 mIU/ml. Of 15 recipients of packed red blood cells from pregnant autologous donors, only patients with renal failure or recipients of multiple units developed positive HCGs, which were always ≤85 mIU/ml. The differential diagnosis of a positive pregnancy test in a recently transfused individual should include the possibility of passively acquired hormone.
Partial Characterisation of the Human Erythrocyte Antigen Pta
Authors: Herron R. , Smith G.A. , Young D. , Smith D.S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Ghosts were prepared from erythrocytes positive for the rare blood group antigen Pta. Immunoblotting of the solubilised ghosts with anti‐Pta located the antigen on a band with an Mr of 31,600, about 1,100 higher than that of sialoglycoprotein γ. Binding to the same band was also observed when cytoskeleton preparations from Pt(a+) erythrocytes were immunoblotted with the antibody. Haemagglutination and immunoblotting experiments were consistent in demonstrating that the Pta antigen is not inactivated by treatment of intact erythrocytes with neuraminidase or trypsin but is destroyed by treatment with α‐chymotrypsin, papain or pronase. The data indicate that the Pta antigen is carried on a ‘new’ erythrocyte membrane protein.
Effects of Plasma Collection Systems and Processing Parameters on the Quality of Factor IX Concentrate1
Authors: Farrugia A. , Spiers D. , Young I. , Oates A. , Herrington R. , Damianos F.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Using pilot‐scale production of our present factor IX (II and X) concentrate, we have studied the effects of starting plasma source and processing parameter on two in‐vitro indicators of product quality — yield and thrombogenic potential. Plasma source did not affect factor IX yield but had a marked effect on thrombogenic potential. Factor IX concentrates produced from plasma derived through centrifugation‐based technology showed significantly higher thrombogenic potential than products derived from plasma derived through a filtration‐based system. Removal of Cohn fraction I prior to ion‐exchange chromatography resulted in a drop in factor IX yield and thrombogenic potential, as did heat treatment to 80°C for 72 h. We conclude that a membrane‐filtration‐based plasmapheresis system may be the preferred method of plasma procurement for factor IX concentrate production.
Provision of a Panel of Anti‐Toxoplasma‐Negative Blood Donors
Authors: McDonald C. P. , Barbara J. A. J. , Contreras Marcela , Brown Susan
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Toxoplasma gondii has been reported to cause complications only in immunosuppressed patients receiving leucocyte transfusion, when severe acute toxoplasmosis has been reported with associated mortality. At the North London Blood Transfusion Centre (NLBTC) we have screened 392 plasmapheresis donors (using toxoreagent latex agglutination test manufactured by Eiken) to provide a panel of blood donors negative for antibody to toxoplasma for seronegative recipients. A toxoplasma‐negative panel of donors would only be required for those rare instances when granulocyte concentrates are indicated for transfusion of seronegative recipients. The toxoreagent test classified the 392 blood donors as 36% positive, 23% weakly reactive and 41% negative; these negative sera were retested with toxoreagent and 17% of them reacted weakly but none were positive. The toxoreagent ‘weakly‐reactive’ sera (all of which were Sabin‐Feldman dye test negative) can probably best be accounted for by the exacting screening conditions under which we operated to ensure seronegativity in our special donor panel. 40% of the antibody‐positive donors were female and 34% male. Seropositivity increased with age.
Differences in Substrate Specificities for Cysteine Proteinases Used in Blood Group Serology, and the Use of Bromelain in a Two‐Phase Inhibitor Technique
Authors: Ogasawara Kenichi , Mazda Toshio
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Because substrate specificities differ between proteolytic enzymes and because knowledge of the optimal enzyme activity levels is necessary in order to standardize procedures used in antibody screening, a study was made of the best common assay method for the routinely employed enzymes bromelain, papain and ficin. Casein degradation was found better suited to this purpose than azoalbumin. With standardization achieved, a useful two‐phase bromelain inhibitor technique was devised using bromelain at 20 casein units of activity. This method improved upon the one‐stage bromelain technique in terms of sensitivity, freedom from false positive reactions and it compared well with the two‐phase papain inhibitor technique.
An Experimental Model for Preventing Alloimmunization against Platelet Transfusions by Pretreatment with Antibody‐Coated Cells
Authors: Süsal C. , Terness P. , Opelz G.
Published: March 2009

The pretreatment of LEW (RT‐11) rat recipients with antibody‐coated BN (RT‐1n) blood cells resulted in the suppression of the LEW antibody response against subsequent BN platelet and leukocyte transfusions. Both coating with homologous LEW‐anti‐BN serum or heterologous rabbit‐anti‐rat lymphocyte serum was effective. Repeated boosting with uncoated platelets or leukocytes did not abrogate the suppression. The degree of suppression was dependent on the amount of antibody used for cell coating. The induced suppression was also extended to uncoated antigens and unrelated third‐party cells. The serum‐IgG fraction of pretreated rats was strongly immunosuppressive, suggesting that the mechanism of suppression was related to the induction of a broadly reactive regulatory IgG.
Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 by Dry‐Heated Clotting Factor Concentrates1
Authors: Dietrich S. L. , Mosley J. W. , Lusher J. M. , Hilgartner M. W. , Operskalski E. A. , Habel L. , Aledort L. M. , Gjerset G. F. , Koerper M. A. , Lewis B. H. , Pegelow C. H. ,   The Transfusion Safety Study Group
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The Transfusion Safety Study monitored susceptible persons for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) infections transmitted by plasma products and blood components. Through December, 1988, 6 subjects without antibody to HIV‐1 (anti‐HIV‐1) became seropositive after receiving dry‐heated factor VIII concentrate. The preparations implicated in 3 cases were derived entirely from anti‐HIV‐1‐screened donors. In all instances, HIV‐1 infection could be explained by concentrates heated at 60 °C for 24–30 h. Limiting consideration to concentrates and components administered after study entry showed that 4 of the seroconversions occurred among 122 subjects given 10 million units of factor VIII concentrates. No seroconversions occurred among 84 subjects given 5 million units of factor IX concentrates, or 83 who received components from over 26,000 unpaid donations. Serologic surveillance of anti‐HIV‐1‐negative subjects provides important information, and should be routine in the management of persons receiving clotting factor concentrates.
Complement Levels and Circulating Immune Complexes in a Controlled, Longitudinal, Multicentre Study on Effects of Intravenous Immunoglobulin in Adults with AIDS‐Related Complex/Walter‐Reed 51
Authors: Späth P.J. , Braun M. , Meyer‐Hänni L. , Mohren D. , Mauff G. ,   ARC‐IVIG Study Group Cologne/Berne
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The complement system, as the effector mechanism of the antigen‐antibody reaction, and the levels of circulating immune complexes in a 1‐year, double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled study served as laboratory parameters to assess the effect of long‐term high‐dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy in 30 adult patients (2 times 15) with AIDS‐related complex/Walter‐Reed 5 (ARC/WR5). We obtained no evidence of an adverse effect in such patients of high‐dose IVIG administered over a 6‐month period: none of the parameters studied showed a significant difference between the two groups of patients. In both groups, using data before the first infusion or using data of the whole study, a correlation between circulating immune complexes and classical complement pathway activation was found. The most striking increase was seen in the two groups of patients for functional serum factor D. The accumulation of serum factor D was not paralleled by an increase in serum creatinine. In patients with disease progressing from ARC to AIDS within the study period, an accumulation of serum factor D was not more or less pronounced than in those who remained in the ARC stage. Accumulation of factor D was not related to the clinical score as assessed in this study.
Management of Fetal Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia by Weekly in utero Platelet Transfusions
Authors: Murphy M. F. , Pullon H. W. H. , Metcalfe P. , Chapman J. F. , Jenkins E. , Waters A. H. , Nicolaides K. H. , Mibashan R.S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Alloimmune neonatal thrombocytopenia (ANT) may cause intracranial haemorrhage in utero as well as at delivery. Recent management has concentrated on attempts to minimise fetal thrombocytopenia and prevent its complications. This report describes further experience with the use of repeated intravascular transfusions of compatible platelets in utero. The patient studied had already had one infant with intracranial haemorrhage due to ANT. In her next pregnancy, weekly intra‐uterine platelet transfusions were given from 26 weeks, but intra‐uterine death occurred at 30 weeks after the mother had a heavy fall. In her most recent pregnancy, weekly intravascular transfusions of platelets were given by cordocentesis from 29 to 34 weeks. The fetal platelet count was maintained above 30 times 109/1 for almost all of the last 6 weeks of pregnancy before delivery of a normal infant by Caesarean section at 35 weeks' gestation. This approach is effective in preventing severe fetal thrombocytopenia in the last trimester of pregnancy and is contrasted with alternative treatments of ANT. Further data are required to determine the efficacy and risks of these treatments.
Genetic Evidence That the Gene Controlling Aub Is Located on Chromosome 19
Authors: Zelinski Teresa , Kaita Hiroko , Johnson Keith , Moulds Marilyn
Published: March 2009

Abstract. DNA from a series of families segregating for Aub was analyzed with a genomic DNA probe which defines a Bg1 I polymorphism for apolipoprotein CII (APOC2). The investigation revealed that the gene for Aub is closely linked to APOC2 (ẑ = 8.43 at θ = 0.00) for paternal and maternal meioses combined, to LW (ẑ = 3.61 at θ = 0.00) in paternal meioses and less closely linked to SE (ẑ = 3.10 at θ = 0.09) for combined paternal and maternal meioses. Therefore, we propose a chromosome 19 location for the Aub gene.
Transmission of Human Parvovirus B19 by Coagulation Factor Concentrates
Authors: Williams M. D. , Cohen B. J. , Beddall A. C. , Pasi K. J. , Mortimer P. P. , Hill F.G.H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The prevalence of antibody to human parvovirus B19 was determined in 86 children with congenital bleeding disorders. Forty‐seven of 53 boys (89%) receiving non‐heat‐treated factor VIII or prothrombin complex concentrates were anti‐B19 IgG positive compared with 38% of their age‐matched controls and 48% of children treated with cryoprecipitate. Acute B19 virus infection occurred in 2 boys 3–4 weeks after they had received the same batch of commercial factor VIII concentrate. Of 11 susceptible children who had only received heat‐treated National Health Service factor VIII concentrate (8Y), I acquired anti‐B19 IgG. This suggests that 8Y heat‐treated concentrate has a much reduced risk of transmitting B19 virus and, by implication, other less heat‐stable viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus.
A New Type of Blood Component Collector: Plasma Separation Using Gravity without any Electrical Devices
Authors: Sekiguchi Sadayoshi , Takahashi Tsuneo A. , Yamamoto Sadamitsu , Hasegawa Hideya , Takenaka Yoshinori , Suemitsu Junsuke , Fukumi Hirokazu
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A new type of blood component collector (BCC) was developed to divide 450 ml of whole blood into plasma and a red cell concentrate using gravity without electrical devices. This BCC system is composed of one whole blood collection bag, two product collection bags and a plasma separator, which consists of a bundle of hydrophilized polyethylene hollow fibers (0.2 μm pore size). Without rinsing the plasma separator, the whole blood (458.1±13.5 ml, n = 22) was run through the separator using gravity without a pump. An average of 175.9 ml of plasma was collected within 11 min without hemolysis. In this completely cell‐free plasma, the recovery of total protein, albumin, globulin, IgG and IgA was nearly 100%. Prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time were in a normal range and the activity of coagulation factors did not change after the separation. In the red cell concentrate, the recovery of red cells, white cells and platelets was 94.7, 98.4 and 82.7%, respectively. Osmotic fragility of red cells, platelet morphology and functions did not change. These observations suggest that this new type of BCC is useful as a simple, fast and safe component collector.
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia Associated with an IgA Autoanti‐Gerbich
Authors: Göttsche B. , Salama A. , Mueller‐Eckhardt C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A third patient with autoimmune hemolytic anemia due to autoantibodies against Gerbich antigens is described. The patient's serum contained strong hemagglutinating antibodies of the IgA plus IgG classes which reacted with all red blood cells (RBC) tested, but not with Gerbich‐negative cells. Although the patient was typed as Gerbich‐positive, his serum failed to react with his own RBC, and the sensitization of his erythrocytes with autoantibodies was only demonstrable if eluates of his RBC were used. The failure of the autoantibodies to react with autologous RBC at the peak of hemolysis most likely reflects a weakening of Gerbich antigens during the course of autoimmune hemolytic anemia.
Bovine Albumin‐Like Protein in Commercial Human Albumin for Clinical Use
Authors: Murozuka T. , Moriwaka M. , Ito H. , Sekiguchi S. , Naiki M. , Tanaka K. , Aoyama T. , Komuro K.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. We have demonstrated that several lots of commercial human serum albumin (HSA), prepared for clinical use by two manufacturers, reacted with anti‐bovine whole serum in the double‐diffusion test. The antigenic proteins were purified by affinity chromatography from these HSA lots and their chemical and immunological properties characterized. The purified proteins showed the same molecular weight as HSA and bovine serum albumin (BSA). By CNBr treatment and trypsin digestion, the purified protein produced the same fragments as BSA. Moreover, the purified protein had an amino acid composition very similar to BSA and also 30 residues identical to those of the N‐terminal amino acid sequence of BSA. In addition, it was shown that heterophilic Hanganutziu‐Deicher antigenicity was present in the purified protein. The protein reactive against‐bovine whole serum, contained in commercial HSA, was called BSA‐like protein.
Erythrocyte Antibody Screening in Solid‐Phase: A Comparison of Two Solid‐Phase Microplate Assays with the Indirect Antiglobulin Test in Polyethylene Glycol for the Detection of Irregular Erythrocyte Antibodies
Authors: Hazenberg Corinne A.M. , Mulder Margriet B. , Beelen Josée M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The screening of a serum for irregular erythrocyte antibodies in the indirect antiglobulin test is a well‐established technique. We compared the test results of two different solid‐phase microplate indirect antiglobulin tests with a liquid‐phase indirect antiglobulin test in tubes. Antibody screening with both solid‐phase microplate techniques proved to be more sensitive than the liquid‐phase indirect antiglobulin test. In addition, a difference in sensitivity between the two solid‐phase techniques was observed: prior immobilization of test erythrocytes on the microplate followed by incubation with a serum and detection of sensitization with antihuman IgG‐coated detector cells gave better test results than secondary immobilization on the microplate of test erythrocytes sensitized with antibodies and an antihuman globulin serum.
Semi‐Quantitative Determination of H Type 1 and Type 2 Antigens on Buccal Epithelial Cells and in Saliva of Secretors and Non‐Secretors
Authors: Rahat A. , Stewart J. , Blackwell C.C. , Weir D.M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The amount of H antigens on buccal epithelial cells (BEC) of secretors and non‐secretors was measured by flow cytometry. H type 1 and H type 2 on BEC were detected with fluorescein‐labelled Ulex europaeus lectin, and H type 2 was measured with mouse monoclonal antibody. Between 3.5 and 6 times more H antigen was detected on cells from secretors compared with cells from non‐secretors. The level of H type 2 was the same on BEC of secretors and non‐secretors. Adsorption of H type 1 antigen from secretor saliva onto non‐secretors BEC was demonstrated. A simple and sensitive ELISA method was developed for the determination of H in saliva with biotin‐labelled Ulex lectin. This system provides a simple means for measuring the amount of H present in saliva and for the determination of secretor status.
Transmission of HTLV‐II via Blood Transfusion
Authors: Hjelle Brian , Mills Ray , Mertz Gregory , Swenson Sally
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Transmission of HTLV‐I by transfusion is well documented in Japan, where HTLV‐I is endemic. In non endemic regions such as the United States, HTLV‐I/II infection has been transmitted by transfusion as well, but no effort to distinguish HTLV‐I from HTLV‐II infection was made in these studies. There is a growing body of evidence that a substantial proportion of HTLV‐I/II seropositivity in the US is due to infection with HTLV‐II. We report 2 cases of apparent transfusion‐transmitted HTLV‐II infection and discuss the importance of distinguishing between the two viruses in blood donors and recipients.
Post‐Transfusion Thrombocytopenia: Its Duration in Splenic and Asplenic Individuals
Authors: Hart S. , Bareford D. , Smith N. , MacWhannel A. , Lanchbury E. , Boughton B.
Published: March 2009

Previous work in our department showed that after blood transfusion, the platelet count often falls to levels which are clinically significant. The probable site of platelet sequestration was identified as the spleen, and post‐transfusion thrombocytopenia was prevented by blood filters which remove microaggregate debris from the donor blood [1, 2]. Since the duration of the thrombocytopenia has not been investigated, the purpose of the present study was to establish the rate of onset and duration of post‐transfusion thrombocytopenia following packed red blood cell transfusions. In addition, the effect of spleen size, patients' diagnosis and post‐transfusion history were examined. These observations provide interesting new data on the mechanisms involved in this phenomenon.
Effect of EDTA on Platelet Count and Other Platelet Parameters in Blood and Blood Components Collected with CPDA‐1
Authors: McShine R.L. , Das P.C. , Sibinga C. Th. Smit , Brozović B.
Published: March 2009

We have shown in this study that addition of dried K2EDTA (1.5 mg/ml) to blood samples anticoagulated with CPDA‐1 increases significantly the platelet count and mean platelet volume (MPV) of whole blood, red cell concentrate (RCC) and platelet concentrate (PC), but not of platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) or of platelet‐poor plasma (PPP). Transmission and scanning electron microscopy illustrated that platelet aggregates which are present in some components are dispersed on mixing of the sample with EDTA and that this is accompanied by a change in platelet morphology. Determination of the platelet distribution width (PDW) indicated that the platelet populations in whole blood and RCC seem to be more uniform in size than the populations in PRP, PPP and PC. The determination of MPV and PDW changes after addition of EDTA may provide a new approach to quality control of PC.
Intravenous Drug Abuse Causes Rh Immunization
Authors: Bowman J. , Harman C. , Manning F. , Menticoglou S. , Pollock J.
Published: March 2009

Intravenous drug abuse causes many health problems. From March 1989 to January 1990 of 27 Rh‐negative women (28 pregnancies) referred to our centre, 4 women (5 pregnancies) were Rh immunized due to the sharing of needles and blood with their Rh‐positive partners. Severe hydrops was present in 4 of their 5 fetuses when they were first seen at 17–35 weeks of gestation. Only the fetus first seen at 35 weeks survived. That infant was moribund at birth and now has evidence of leukomalacia and porencephaly. The fifth fetus, not hydropic, required two intravascular fetal transfusions in order to survive. A fifth woman, immunized in a similar manner, had a spontaneous abortion. These fetuses represent some of the earliest and severest examples of hydrops fetalis ever seen at our centre. The severity of their fetal hemolytic disease is probably due to the fact that their mothers' exposure to Rh(D) antigen by blood sharing was continuous and ongoing. Because of their aberrant behaviour, these women have suffered irrreversible reproductive damage.
Miltenberger Class IX of the MNS Blood Group System
Authors: Skov Flemming , Green Carole , Daniels Geoff , Khalid Ghizala , Tippett Patricia
Published: March 2009

Mi.IX is a new phenotype in the Miltenberger series of the MNS blood group system with a frequency of 0.43% in Denmark. Mi.IX red cells are Mur+ but do not express any of the other established Miltenberger determinants. They react with a new antibody, anti‐DANE, which defines a determinant present on Mi.IX cells but not on cells of other Miltenberger phenotypes. Four Mi.IX propositi have been found. Their families show that MiIX is inherited with a MS complex (lod score 3.69 at θ = 0.00) which produces a trypsin‐resistant M antigen. DANE has been allotted the ISBT number 002032 (MNS32). Serological and immunochemical studies with human and monoclonal antibodies to various determinants on glycophorin A (GPA) suggest that Mi.IX is associated with an aberrant GPA molecule that lacks the trypsin cleavage site at amino‐acid residue 39, retains the chymotrypsin cleavage site at residue 34 and has an apparent Mr of about 1,000 less than normal GPA. It is proposed that this Mi.IX molecule has an amino acid and possibly also a glycosylation change in the region of amino‐acid residues 35–39.
Characterization of Autoantibodies in Mixed‐Type Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
Authors: Kajii Eiji , Miura Yasusada , Ikemoto Shigenori
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Three of 46 patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) satisfied the diagnostic criteria for mixed‐type AIHA in which both warm‐type and cold‐type autoantibodies against red blood cells (RBCs) are present. The specificities of these autoantibodies were analyzed. All of the warm‐type autoantibodies were IgG‐x, and the specificities were not serologically classified. The autoantibody of patient 1 reacted to the 41‐ and 80‐kD peptides on immunoblotting, and the epitope corresponding to it was papain sensitive. Two warm‐type autoantibodies from patients 2 and 3 resembled each other in serological analyses and reacted with a protease‐ and neuraminidase‐resistant antigen. However, the antigen corresponding to the autoantibody of patient 3 was located on the 37‐kD peptide by immunoprecipitation. All of the cold‐type autoantibodies were IgM‐x and showed high titer and high thermal amplitude. According to the reaction pattern with untreated and enzyme‐treated RBCs, the cold‐type autoantibodies of patients 2 and 3 were revealed to be anti‐Om and anti‐I, respectively. In patient 1, the cold‐type autoantibody was characterized as having high affinity for autologous RBCs, but its specificity was unclassified. The antigens corresponding to the cold‐type autoantibodies were not located by immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation. These serological and immunochemical approaches to autoantibodies in mixed‐type AIHA revealed that the warm and cold components recognized the different antigens.
Stability of European Anti‐D Immunoglobulin Preparations
Authors: Suomela Hannu
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The stability of 18 batches of anti‐D immunoglobulin preparations from 7 European manufacturers was studied over 28‐day incubation at +37°C and 3‐year storage at +4°C. The mean loss of activity after 28 days at +37°C was 12.3 ± 8.2%, and after 3 years at +4°C 15.2 ± 9.5%. The correlation coefficient of the loss of activity between these two storages was r = 0.61, p < 0.05 indicating that short‐term incubation can be used to evaluate the shelf life stability of anti‐D activity. In general, measurements of IgG fragments or activities of plasmin, plasminogen, or prekallikrein activator were not valuable in predicting the stability of anti‐D activity due to the fact that the preparation of each manufacturer has its own unique pattern of enzymes and inhibitors. The anti‐D immunoglobulin preparations contained up to at least 7 plasma proteins in addition to IgG. All preparations contained factor B, most of them α2‐macroglobulin, α1‐antitrypsin, albumin, and α2‐HS glycoprotein. α‐Lysozyme was present in 7, and ceruloplasmin in 2 preparations. Neither purity nor impurity correlated with stability.
Quality of Red Cell Concentrates in Relation to the Volume of the Buffy Coat Removed by Automated Processing in a Top and Bottom System
Authors: Pietersz R.N.I. , Dekker W.J. A. , Reesink H.A.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The effect of automated removal of increasing volumes of buffy coat in a ‘top and bottom’ system on the composition of red cell concentrates (RCC) was investigated. The volume of the buffy coat was adjusted to group 1: 50 ml (n = 31), group 2: 70 ml (n = 31) and group 3:100 ml (n = 31), respectively. The numbers of platelets and leukocytes in the buffy coats were comparable between the groups, whereas the red cell volumes in the buffy coats showed a significant difference (17 ± 3.6 ml group 1, versus 22 ± 4.1 ml group 2 and 26 ± 3.8 ml group 3; p < 0.001). The volumes, hematocrits and cell counts of the RCC were not significantly different. The plasma volumes were inversely correlated with the volume of buffy coat removed, i.e. 268 ± 19 ml group 1, versus 257 ± 15 ml group 2 and 233 ± 20 ml group 3 (p<0.001). We conclude that in the ‘top and bottom’ system an increase of the volume of the buffy coat from 50 to 100 ml did not improve the quality of the RCC regarding contamination with leukocytes and platelets.
Clinical Evaluation of the Effects of Storage Time and Irradiation on Transfused Platelets
Authors: Duguid J. K. M. , Carr R. , Jenkins J. A. , Hutton J. L. , Lucas G. F. , Davies J. M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Platelet concentrates stored for up to 5 days at room temperature or irradiated with 15 Gy immediately prior to transfusion were evaluated for their ability to increase the platelet count in thrombocytopenic patients. Platelets irradiated with a dose of 15 Gy immediately prior to transfusion achieved corrected increments (CI) at 1 and 20 h after transfusion no different from those achieved by non‐irradiated platelets. Storage for 5 days reduced the mean 1‐hour CI to 5.7 compared with a mean of 12.3 achieved by platelets transfused after only 1‐day storage (p = 0.008). Similary, the frequency of a repeat transfusion being indicated within 24 h increased with increasing storage time (p = 0.005).
Syphilis Serology in Blood Donors: A Possible Surrogate Marker for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Risk
Authors: Ramsey Glenn , Soltis Frank , Bowman Rebecca , McNamee Jean , Hahn Linda F. , Dixon Bruce W.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. We report a preliminary study on whether syphilis serology might be reactive in some blood donors at risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. We retrospectively analyzed voluntary blood donations with reactive Treponema pallidum antibody (TPA) tests according to the type of donation, the presence of other safety markers, confidential unit exclusion, syphilis diagnosis, and HIV risk factors. Over 2 years (1987–1988), 1 in 8,900 regular homologous donations (n = 258,610) was TPA positive as compared with 1 in 2,200 directed donations (n = 6,685) and 1 in 300 autologous donations (n = 8,870; p < 0.05 for both). The rate in directed donations was not significantly higher than in first‐time regular donors (1 in 4,800; n = 57,000). TPA‐positive donations had higher rates of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen and confidential unit exclusion than TPA‐negative donations. Ten TPA‐positive homologous or directed donors had latent or previously treated syphilis (1 in 26,500 such donations), and 2 of these had HIV risk factors. None of the autologous donors were determined to have active syphilis. Syphilis serology in blood donors bears further scrutiny as a possible surrogate marker for HIV risk.
Successful Treatment of Severe Rh Iso‐Immunization with Immunosuppression and Plasmapheresis
Authors: Odendaal H. J. , Tribe R. , Kriel C. J. , Meyer M. , Thom J. C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Nine patients with severe Rh iso‐immunization were treated by plasma exchange combined with immunosuppression. Apart from 3 abortions, previous pregnancy losses consisted of 7 intra‐uterine and 5 neonatal deaths. Only 2 patients had had no previous pregnancy loss. Differences in the optical density of the amniotic fluid of 8 patients fell into the upper Liley zone. There was one intra‐uterine death due to abruptio placentae but no neonatal deaths. When the outcome of the pregnancy immediately preceding the treatment pregnancy was compared to the treatment pregnancy, the fetal loss was reduced from 6 to 1. No adverse fetal effects were encountered.
Prevalence of Anti‐HCV Antibodies Confirmed by Recombinant Immunoblot in Different Population Subsets in The Netherlands
Authors: Van der Poel C. L. , Reesink H. W. , Mauser‐Bunschoten E. P. , Kaufmann R. H. , Leentvaar‐Kuypers A. , Chamuleau R.A.F.M. , Schaasberg W. , Bakker E. , Exel‐Oehlers P.J. , Theobalds I. , Van Boven J.J. P. , Cameron A. , Lelie P.N.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus (anti‐HCV) was studied in various population subsets in the Netherlands with anti‐HCV C100 enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and confirmed with recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA). Anti‐HCV C100 ELISA positivity and RIBA positivity were found in 39 (0.7%) and 5 (0.1%) of 5,434 blood donors from Amsterdam; 25 (5%) and 2 (0.4%) of 481 blood donors from Surinam (South America); 19 (9%) and 2 (1%) of 213 multitransfused patients; 28 (4%) and 15 (2%) of 633 hemodialysis patients; 179 (80%) and 150 (67%) of 225 hemophilia A and B patients; 8 (80%) and 4 (40%) of 10 intravenous drug abusers; 18 (15%) and 2 (2%) of 119 anti‐HIV‐positive homosexual men; 2 (2%) and none of 106 anti‐HIV‐negative homosexual men; 6 (32%) and 3 (16%) of 19 patients with acute hepatitis non‐A, non‐B (NANBH); 13 (65%) and 8 (40%) of 20 patients with chronic NANBH and/or cryptogenic cirrhosis; and 4 (40%) and 1 (10%) of 10 patients with idiopathic autoimmune chronic hepatitis. Among blood donors, a positive correlation between a history of jaundice after the age of 18 years and the presence of RIBA‐confirmed anti‐HCV antibodies was found. Among both blood donors and hemodialysis patients, a positive correlation of RIBA‐confirmed anti‐HCV positivity with elevated alanine aminotransferase levels, but not with the presence of anti‐hepatitis B core antibodies was found. In the Netherlands, HCV antibodies are low endemic among blood donors, as well as among blood donors from Surinam, and are more frequently observed in patients with NANBH and individuals at risk of blood‐borne virus infections. It is concluded that 8–13% of the C100 ELISA‐positive individuals in low‐risk populations are RIBA‐confirmed positive, as compared to 50–80% of individuals at increased risk.
High‐Dose Intravenous IgG for the Treatment of Severe Rhesus Alloimmunization
Authors: Margulies Miguel , Voto Liliana S. , Mathet Elena , Margulies Máximo
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The value of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) in the treatment of 24 severely Rh‐sensitized pregnant women was studied. IVIG was infused at a daily dose of 0.4 g/kg maternal body weight for 4–5 consecutive days, and was administered again 15–21 days later until delivery, depending on the evolution of the hemolytic disease. Our population was divided into 3 groups according to the time of onset of therapy: group 1 (n = 8), before 20 weeks' gestation; group 2 (n = 7), 20–28 weeks, and group 3 (n = 9), after 28 weeks. Initial mean anti‐D level was significantly higher in group 1 (25.9 ± 12.9 IU/ml) than in the other 2 groups, whose mean values were, however, higher than 10 IU/ml. Amniotic‐fluid total bilirubin levels before the onset of therapy were pathologic, and in 55% of the cases they coincided with zone 3 of Liley's chart. Hydrops fetalis at the onset of treatment accounted for the only 3 fetal deaths in groups 1 and 2. None of the fetuses developed hydrops during treatment. Six of the 9 neonates in group 3 were depressed at birth (1‐min Apgar below 7). However, at 5 min only 1 newborn showed an Apgar below 7. Mean birth weight was over 2,500 g in all the cases. Neonatal hematological condition in group 2 (50% of the babies required only phototherapy) was better than in the other 2 groups (transfusional therapy). There was a significant fall in maternal anti‐D titers and intrauterine hemolysis after IVIG treatment. In order to further evaluate the response to IVIG therapy, the 13 cases in our population with a history of fetal/neonatal death in the previous pregnancy were analyzed separately. The results obtained in this particular group of patients demonstrated again the effectiveness of IVIG treatment.

Conclusions: There were no adverse effects on the mother or fetus, and there was no need for neonatal intensive care. Results were more favorable if treatment was started before 28 weeks' gestation in nonhydropic fetuses.
Kinetic Aspects of the Removal of IgG and Inhibitors in Hemophiliacs Using Protein A Immunoadsorption1
Authors: Gjörstrup P. , Berntorp E. , Larsson L. , Nilsson I.M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Seven patients with hemophilia A and B and 3 patients with acquired hemophilia were treated on 13 and 4 occasions, respectively, with protein A immunoadsorption to reduce anti‐factor VIII or IX antibodies. Usually the patients were treated on 2 consecutive days. On each treatment day an average of 3 (range: 1.02–5.83) plasma volumes were processed in the congenital patients and 1.5 (range: 1.02–2.90) in those with acquired hemophilia. Plasma levels of IgG decreased from 18.9±1.9 to 3.1±1.2 g/l in the congenital group, and from 11.5±2.3 to 2.3±0.6 g/l in the acquired group. In the congenital hemophiliacs a corresponding reduction in inhibitor level of 70–95% was regularly seen; in 1 exceptional patient the inhibitor was reduced from 4,350 to 12 Bethesda Units/ml (BU/ml) during 5 days of treatment. In the congenital hemophiliacs immunoadsorption was followed by factor infusion to peak levels between 8 and 215 IU/dl. In the patients with acquired hemophilia a satisfactory reduction in inhibitor levels was obtained in 2 of the 4 treatments, which were followed by DDAVP or factor infusion. Some recommendations for the use of protein A immunoadsorption in the treatment of hemophilic patients will be given.