bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sequential Attention Shifts
Authors: Wright Richard D , Ward Lawrence M
Published: November 2023

Attending to a visual scene to gather information about objects of interest involves dynamic, rapidly changing processes. The attention shifts mediated by these processes occur quickly and frequently just like eye movements. Whereas we have learned a good deal about covert orienting since the 1980s, most research conducted to date and discussed in earlier chapters is based on the detailed study of single shifts of attention from a fixation point to a cue or target. Our real-world experience, however, is characterized by continuous sequences of attention shifts. 7us, most laboratory experiments on covert orienting tell us only part of the story about how shifts are executed. Sequences of attention shifts that we make outside the laboratory are usually associated with a particular perceptual goal. Although we occasionally execute shifts in a stimulus-driven manner, most sequences of attention shifts are not random orienting to abrupt-onset stimuli. Like eye movements, they tend to be strategic in nature. In this chapter, we examine ideas that have been proposed about multiple attention shifts.
Physiology of Attention Shifts
Authors: Wright Richard D , Ward Lawrence M
Published: November 2023

A number of ideas have been proposed about the physiology of attention. Until the past few decades, however, they often involved localization within a single brain area. In the late 1800s, a popular idea was that the attention mechanism is located in the frontal cortex. In the mid-1900s, as mentioned in chapter 1, there was considerable support for the idea that the reticular activating system (RAS) is the brain’s primary attention center. It is now clear that attentional processing and covert orienting are mediated not only by the RAS, but also by a functional network of several other subcortical and cortical areas.
Parental Investment and Reproductive Success
Authors: Trivers Robert
Published: November 2023

I had a wonderful teacher, a man named William Drury. I met him when he was hired to oversee some booklets I was to write on animals and animal behavior for a fifth grade course of study. In effect, for two years I had a private tutor in biology, before I ever took a formal course, paid by the hour (and at a good rate) by my employer. No need to feel any guilt as you consumed yet another hour of your teacher’s time! I had graduated from college and was working for a curriculum company, putting together the new social sciences for fifth graders, just as the new mathematics and new physics had swept their curricula.
Michaels Family
Authors: Barondes Samuel H
Published: November 2023

When Michael was in kindergarten his mother, Flora, was overwhelmed by her first attack of mania. Then twenty-four years old, Flora had just published her first novel to great critical acclaim. In light of this early success, her exuberance initially seemed understandable. But instead of coming down to earth, Flora kept getting more and more excited. At a party in her honor, she startled the guests by dancing on the table and stripping off her clothes. A few restless, sleepless days later, this brilliant and elegant young woman had become so agitated and disheveled that she was admitted to a psychiatric hospital. Her diagnosis, confirmed by several specialists, was manic-depressive illness, a remarkably common mental disorder that affects , about one in a hundred men and women. Because this was in [ 941, before tranquilizers and lithium had been developed as treatments for manic behavior, it took more than a month of hospitalization and large doses of sedatives to help calm her down.
Introduction
Authors: Stanford Craig B , Bunn Henry T
Published: November 2023

More than 30 years after the publication of Man the Hunter, the role of meat in the early human diet remains a central topic of human evolutionary research. There is little doubt that meat-eating became increasingly important in human ancestry, despite the lack of direct evidence in the fossil record of how meat was obtained, or how much was eaten, or how often, or how exactly increasing importance of meat-eating may have contributed to the rise of the genus Homo. Although the fossil evidence is becoming clearer on these issues, we still lack key evidence about early hominid behavioral ecology. Information about meat-eating patterns from modern nonhuman primates, from modern foraging people, and from the fossil record could all contribute to a clearer picture of early humanity than we have at present.
Meat and the Early Human Diet: Insights from Neotropical Primate Studies
Authors: Rose Lisa M
Published: November 2023

The inclusion of meat as a regular part of the diet has long been seen as a significant development in human evolution, affecting patterns of land use, tool development, social interaction, communication, and cognitive development. By the l960s, hunting and its behavioral and technological legacy had gained broad acceptance as the key human adaptation. However, studies of contemporary hunter-gatherers such as the !Kung (Lee 1979, 1984) and changes in attitudes shaped largely by the growth of feminist awareness in the 1970s increasingly emphasized the importance of plant foods in the human diet and the predominant role of women in providing these foods (Tanner 1979; Dahlberg 1981; Fedigan 1986). In addition, the development of modern, hypothesis-driven archaeology was accompanied by a tendency to downplay the cognitive capacity of early hominids, particularly their ability to hunt large prey (e.g., Binford 1981, 1985). Meticulous work at sites such as Olduvai and Koobi Fora confirmed the associations between carcass remains, tools, and Plio-Pleistocene hominids, but by the mid 1980s, meat procurement strategies were increasingly cast in terms of scavenging rather than hunting (reviewed in Rose and Marshall 1996). However, interpretations have now begun to shift back toward a mixed strategy of hunting and scavenging, as initially proposed by Leakey (1971) and Isaac (1971) with an emphasis on “power scavenging” rather than marginal, passive scavenging (Bunn 1996, this volume; Tappen this volume). There have also been some recent attempts to integrate nonhuman primate studies and behavioral ecological principles into reconstructions of early hominid meat-eating and land use (Rose and Marshall 1996; Stanford 1996).
Development of Managerial Enterprises in Japan
Authors: Morikawa Hidemasa
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I present several tables and explain some basic facts pertaining to long-term trends in the development of managerial enterprises in Japan. Table 3.1 shows the number of salaried managers on the boards of directors of large, leading enterprises in 1905, 1913, and 1930 (respectively), as well as the board membership percentages that these numbers represent. A definition of the term “large, leading enterprise” is contained in the notes.
VSO Order as Raising Out of IP?
Authors: Camie Andrew , Harley Heidi , Pyatt Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

In the generative paradigm, there are at least two schools of thought about the derivation of VSO order via verb raising. One holds that the verb raises to the highest complementizer position (C°) of the matrix clause, in a manner familiar from den Besten’s (1981) analysis of verb second languages like German and Dutch. The other holds that the verb is not in C° at all; rather it appears on the highest head of the inflectional complex, with the subject in some lower structural position. The first of these approaches was popular in the early work in the Government and Binding framework (Stowell 1989, Depréz and Hale 1986, Hale 1989). The latter approach has gained popularity in more recent work (Chomsky 1993, Bobaljik and Camie 1996, Carnie 1995, Chung and McCloskey 1987, Mccloskey 1990, 1991, 1996a, 1996b, Rouveret 1991, Sadler 1988, Guilfoyle 1990, 1993, Duffield 1991, 1995, Pyatt 1992, Fassi Fehri 1993, among many others).
XP-Adjunction in UG
Authors: Kidwai Ayesha
Published: November 2023

I suggested, in chapter 1, that a description of the syntactic properties of the scrambling operation would provide valuable insights not only into the theoretical status of XP-adjunction but also into the architecture of Universal Grammar. In this the concluding chapter, I discuss the implications of my proposals for the theory of grammar.
The Higher Functional Field
Authors: Poletto Cecilia
Published: November 2023

This work investigates the syntax of the higher portion of the functional structure of the clause using comparative data from hundreds of Northern Italian dialects. The area contains dialects that are different in most ways yet homogenous syntactically, making it an ideal ground for analysing micro-variations in syntax. The book sheds new light on debated problems such as subject-clitic inversion, verb movement and subject positions, and the structure of the higher functional phrases.
Preverbal Subject Clitics in Declarative Contexts
Authors: Poletto Cecilia
Published: November 2023

This chapter analyzes the syntactic distribution of SCLs in the hundred varieties of the corpus. The following hypothesis is presented: in NIDs, it is possible to isolate four classes of SCLs on the basis of the set of morphological features they encode. Each class is merged in a distinct syntactic position. Several syntactic tests (illustrated in section 2.1.2) are used to prove that four distinct positions are necessary. A few of these tests are already known in the literature and concern the coordination and relative order of SCLs with respect to negation. Others are totally new, for example, those regarding the interaction between SCLs and C° Section 2.2 considers the position of the preverbal negative marker and SCLs. The Zanuttini (1997) typology of preverbal negative markers is adopted, and analysis is restricted to “strong” preverbal negative markers, analyzed by Zanuttini as heading an independent NegP projection (p. 24).
Emotions, Stress, and Health
Authors: Zautra Alex J
Published: November 2023

In this original work, Alex Zautra offers a fresh approach to understanding how emotions and stress influence health. When we brave the emotional complexities within our lives, according to Zautra, we resolve many paradoxes that we face in understanding ourselves. When we ask ourselves, “ Is my glass half empty or half full?” for instance, we seek a single answer to questions about the fullness of our lives. Doing so, we often overlook the obvious truth. The glass is both half empty and half full. Our emotional life is a rich tapestry of hope, woven from experiences with positive emotion, and fear, arising from encounters with negative emotion. With scholarship, wit and a wealth of data from carefully conducted research, Zautra presents a convincing case for understanding our emotions in two dimensions: the pursuit of the positive and defence against the negative.
The Role of Positive Emotions In Health
Authors: Zautra Alex J
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on how positive emotions may benefit physical health. However, there are problems in associating health with happiness that might give us pause to begin with. First, there is our Puritan morality warning us that anything that feels good is probably bad for us. This dictum then is reinforced by many examples of how human pursuits all too often pose threats to public health. Before getting any further in examining the evidence for the benefits, I first want address how positive emotions are viewed as hazardous to public health.

I recall my own Puritanical views coming into focus when I saw the film The Man Who Skied Down Everest. In this movie, people risk their lives so that one fellow can ski down the slopes of the highest peak in the world.1 In the end, the skier bails out halfway, tumbling down the icy slope, skis and poles flying every which way. He lives on, proud of his accomplishment, whereas others in his party suffer from frostbite and other maladies. What human folly, I told myself.
Addiction and Emotions
Authors: Zautra Alex J
Published: November 2023

There is now a Web page with an addiction questionnaire about the Internet. It contains questions that ask whether the person finds relationships with others in cyberspace more satisfying than those of “flesh and blood” at home, whether the person has virtual sex on the internet, how often, and so on. The Web page even offers to find counseling for those afflicted. Where does the virtual addict get this help? It’s on the Net, of course.

What are the right questions to ask to understand this addiction? Is the key some kind of pleasure seeking that is out of control? Is it too much of a good thing, a form of hedonistic satisfaction empty of any real intimacy with others, a cheaper but less enduring form of happiness? This is the moral view, a favorite of political conservatives.

There are other questions on the “virtual reality” addiction test that take on a different tone. “Do you find yourself avoiding problems at home by retreating into cyberspace?” “Do you stay on the net to keep from being depressed?” This angle on addiction is that, like alcohol, the Internet is taken for medicinal purposes, as a salve that covers psychological wounds and provides respite, but no cure, for emotional ills. This might be termed the liberal, or as some would say, the bleeding heart, view.
Emotions Abused
Authors: Zautra Alex J
Published: November 2023

Children are special in the way they communicate emotions. Their expressions have a purity of form that connects right to our hearts every time. Think of a child’s delight when at play. Nothing in adult life comes through so clearly and unambiguously positive as that. Now picture for a moment another scene. A 3-year-old boy standing alone in an aisle of a department store. You spot him there just as he realizes that his mom is not at his side. His lips begin to quiver; he spins around anxiously, looks all around, and then begins to sob. My heart breaks when I see this.

Children do not enter this world with such a fully developed set of emotions as these. Their emotions arrive as a work in progress. As new parents, we will stand on our heads to get a smile. But the first smiles often take weeks. It is usually 2 months before a child smiles in response to our smiles, and a full 4 months before we hear a child laugh. Anger develops gradually as well. It will take the child 4 to 6 months before he or she develops an expression of anger that is distinct from other forms of distress. And infants are born fearless. Not until 6 months do parents notice the child displaying apprehension when introduced to people outside the immediate family circle, a phenomenon commonly referred to as stranger anxiety.
Bell’s Palsy
Authors: Keyser Antoine , Pearce John M S
Published: November 2023

Charles Bell was born in the neighborhood of Edinburgh in 1774.1 His father died in 1779, leaving his mother solely responsible for the burden of raising four sons. Charles, the youngest son, was devoted to his mother. He went to Edinburgh High School, where he became friends with David Allan, a painter, known as the “Hogarth of Scotland,” who encouraged Charles’s draftsmanship.2 He received his basic medical education in Edinburgh. Like his elder brother,John Bell (1763-1820), he devoted himself to surgery. In those days, as in ours, this required a thorough knowledge of human anatomy. During his medical training, he had already published a two-volume book on anatomical dissection. Later he contributed a chapter on the anatomy of the nervous system to a book edited by his brother under the title Anatomy of the Human Body,3 where the family’s artistic gifts are shown in many of John’s engravings of bones, joints, and wounds.
Erb’Spalsy
Authors: Bruyn Richard P M
Published: November 2023

Wilhelm Heinrich Erb was born on 30 November 1840 in Winweiler, a small village in the Bavarian Pfalz. His father, a forester, imparted his love of nature to him. Very little is known of his boyhood. From papers commemorating his sesquicentennial we know that he loved music and nature and enjoyed intellectual conversation. In general his scientific oeuvre can be divided in two periods: his first Heidelberg period, before his appointment at Leipzig, in which his publications deal with diseases of peripheral nerves and spinal cord; and his second Heidelberg period, mainly dealing with muscular diseases.
Charcot’S Disease: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Authors: Goetz Christopher G
Published: November 2023

Primary amyotrophy, primary lateral sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and the concept of motor neuron disease are of significant input in contemporary neurology. They have been widely discussed in the United States under the rubric “Lou Gehrig’s disease,” after the famous baseball hero who succumbed to the condition. Most commonly, ALS is referred to as Charcot’s disease, in recognition of Jean-Martin Charcot’s major nosographic contributions and his recognition of the two distinct lesions seen in the disease. These observations set the foundation for the understanding of the organization of the normal motor system and represent in its most complete form the fruit of Charcot’s anatomoclinical technique in neurology.
Pick’S Disease
Authors: Arts Nicolaas J M
Published: November 2023

The history of Pick’s disease is complex and confusing.1-4 Over a period of 14 years, Arnold Pick published a series of four papers in which he pointed out that within the large group of the senile demented, there are patients with unusually severe aphasia and apraxia due to circumscribed atrophy of the cortex.5-8 Being convinced that these patients were suffering from senile dementia, Pick did not even envisage the possibility that he was describing a new disease entity. However, when Alzheimer studied the brains of two demented patients with circumscribed cortical atrophy, he found very characteristic histological abnormalities: argentophile inclusions and swollen neurons.9 From 1925 on, the name “Pick’s disease” was applied both to cases with the microscopic abnormalities described by Alzheimer and to cases with the macroscopic atrophy described by Pick.
Sydenham’S Chorea
Authors: Kushner Howard I , Cortes David
Published: November 2023

Sydenham’s chorea is a movement disorder characterized by facial/oral grimaces, fine, fast, uncoordinated movements often resulting from attempted voluntary actions, hypotonia, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms.1 In the majority of cases the onset of Sydenham’s chorea is diagnosed between the ages of 5 and 15, with females three times more likely than males to contract it. Most recover in two to three months, but recurrence takes place in about one-third of all cases.The movements and behaviors that characterize this disorder are believed to result from an antibody cross-reaction to basal ganglia epitopes as a sequel to a Group A !3-hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS) infection.
Von Recklinghausen’S Disease
Authors: Riccardi Victor M , Koehler Peter J
Published: November 2023

Friedrich Daniel von Recklinghausen was born in Gutersloh, Westphalia, on 2 December 1833.1-4 He was the son of the sexton and teacher Christoph von Recklinghausen (1805-1849) and his wife Friederike Christiane Zumbusch (1809-1833). Friedrich’s mother died a few weeks after his birth. His father married Caroline Jorgens. The town of Gutersloh carried the nickname “Nazareth” because the preacher there, Hermann Volkenig, insisted his flock adhere to a stark maxim: Ora et labora (pray and work). A pious Ravensberg movement with a high work ethic found particular resonance in this town and may have influenced Fritz von Recklinghausen.
Phonologic Aspects of Language Disorders
Authors: Nadeau Stephen E
Published: November 2023

Phonology is the subfield of linguistics concerned with the structure and systematic patterning of sounds in language (Akmajian et al., 1984). This chapter will focus on studies of acquired language disorders and on slip-of-the- tongue data (spoonerisms) in normal subjects, with reference to the experimental psychology literature where relevant.

The chapter begins with a review of disorders of phonological processing. Following this, a theoretical model employing the conceptual framework of parallel distributed processing (PDP) is introduced as a means of both explaining empirical observations in a cogent fashion and of potentially relating behavior to neural microstructure. The chapter concludes with a consideration of the anatomy of phonological processing. See Nadeau (2001) for more detailed review.

Phonological selection errors result in the production of incorrect phonemic sequences, easily recognizable when they constitute neologisms. Such errors provide the best evidence that the brain does implicitly recognize phonemes as operational units, and that this sublexical knowledge is accessible from the neural representation of concepts and meaning.
Lexical–Semantic Aspects of Language Disorders
Authors: Berndt Rita Sloan
Published: November 2023

Words are the primary units of human communication. They are abstract symbols that can be expressed in a number of distinct forms to convey ideas and refer to the physical world. In modern society, adults are typically proficient users of words in two forms, spoken and written. Estimates are that the average high school graduate knows the meanings of approximately 60,000 root words plus their morphological variants (Miller, 1991). Psycholinguistic studies of word processing, i.e., of the use of words in speaking, writing, reading, and listening, refer to the component of the language system dealing with words and their meanings as the “lexical–semantic system,” to distinguish these elements from components dedicated to structural (syntactic) and phonological aspects of language. This chapter will follow that terminology, and will focus on the impairment of spoken and written words produced and/or understood outside the context of a sentence.
The Callosal Syndromes
Authors: Zaidel Eran , Iacoboni Marco , Zaidel, Dahlia W , Bogen Joseph E
Published: November 2023

The collections of nerve fibers that directly connect one cerebral hemisphere with the other, called the “cerebral commissures,” include the corpus callosum, the anterior commissure, and the hippocampal commissures. Of these, the corpus callosum (CC) is by far the largest, with at least 200 million fibers. The 2 X 10 estimate of Tomasch (1954) was based on light microscopy of a few cases. According to Innocenti (personal communication, 1991) measurement by electron microscopy will at least triple the previous estimate (see also Clarke et al., 1989). Aboitiz et al. (1992) conducted a comprehensive analysis of the human CC with light microscopy and a limited analysis with electron microscopy and estimated the total number of fibers in the human CC to be over 200 million.

The posterior and the habenular commissures as well as other commissures of the spinal cord and brainstem are not included among the cerebral commissures.

Surgical section of all of the cerebral commissures is called “commissurotomy,” whereas that of the corpus callosum alone is called “callosotomy.” It is now common to use the term “split brain” to refer to cases of callosotomy as well as complete commissurotomy, since both groups of patients manifest most of the same signs and symptoms.
Pharmacotherapy of Cognition
Authors: McNamara Patrick , Albert Martin L
Published: November 2023

Treatment of cognitive disorders with drugs that modulate forebrain neurotransmitter systems is still in the early, experimental stage. Well-controlled studies of potential therapeutic agents are the exception rather than the rule, and clinicians generally are not familiar with the results of the studies that have been performed. This situation is unfortunate, as existing research indicates that pharmacologic approaches to restoration of cognitive function may be effective, especially when combined with behavioral and cognitive techniques. In this chapter we review selected topics in the pharmacology of cognition with the aim of increasing the pace and quality of research in the field.

Identification and study of potentially useful drugs that can help restore cognitive function after brain injury are difficult and have often been a haphazard enterprise (Stahl et al., 1987; Pryse Phillips et al., 2001). Methodologic and practical problems abound. First, properly controlled studies of potentially useful agents are expensive and time-consuming. Often there are not enough patients who share a given profile of deficit to achieve adequate statistical power. Even when adequate power is achieved, dropout rates are often high. Second, there is little consensus on exactly what end point measures to use to demonstrate reliable, consistent, and functional restoration of cognitive function.
Policies and People
Authors: Freedman Lawrence
Published: November 2023

Kennedy was sympathetic to the idea that the United States should embrace and support the new and largely nationalist kackrs of the third world, and in this way divert them from any communist tcnckncics, even at the risk of offending the old colonial powers who were also 1\J1u:rica’s closest allies. This had been one of the most distinctive features of his preelection roreign policy pronouncements, and was rellected in an un usual ((or an American senator) interest in Allican affairs. At the same time he was impatient with the inllexible posturing surrounding the cold war in Furope as well as alarmed by its implications.
Searching for Mi.n-iles
Authors: Freedman Lawrence
Published: November 2023

From august 196: the policy debate on Cuba had acquired a new focus and become altogether more serious. For over a month the question of Castro’s overthrow had been displaced by perplexity on the meaning of substantial ddivcrics of nu:n and cquipnu:nt from the Soviet Union. These threatened to aggravate what was already a difficult issue for an administration just months away llom important midterm elections.
Political Steps
Authors: Freedman Lawrence
Published: November 2023

Tiie main trust of initial diplomatic activity had been to line up support among Amnica’s allies, and in particular among the Organization of Amnican States. At a m,:cting of the Council of the OAS hdd on the morning of 23 October, ambassadors were asked for authority for the United States to use its anm:d forces, and in particular to impose the qu:lLlntinc. \Vith Rusk arguing that this ‘\ihrupt and secret :iltcr:ition of the balance or power” threatened the countries or all those present, eighteen voted in favor or a resolution that called ror the prompt removal llom Cuba or “all missiles and other weapons with an offensive capabil ity,” and Me.,ico abstained. Holivia and Uruguay abstained on the specilic recommendation to take “all measures, individually and collectively, in cluding the use or armed rorce.” This OAS resolution served Kennedy as his source of authority when procbiming-the quarantine the next day.1
Measured Response
Authors: Freedman Lawrence
Published: November 2023

Cuga provided kennedy with the opportunity to reduce the risk of total war by reducing tensions with the Soviet Union. At the same time the successful managcnu:nt of the crisis encouraged the vil:w that somehow a breakthrough had been made in the manipulation of force and its rdation to diplomacy. McNamara was cited as saying that, after Cuba, “ltJhcrc is no longer any such thing as strategy, only crisis management.”‘ During the crisis the administration had tended to ignore the views or the military, which had appeared beside the point because they foiled to address the agenda the president had dearly set. A limited action had succeeded as the military clamored ror stiffer, more dangerous, and more reckless me:isurcs. This kd to <l new concept of me:isured response tlut presup posed the use of proportiorute force for purposes of coercive diplonucy r:ither dun <l decisive h:ittk. The tendency was :lire:idy :ipparent in hoth defense policy and strategic analysis: more miliury options made it pos sible to csuhlish greater control over the course and outcome of a crisis:rnd war itself.
Commitment without Combat
Authors: Freedman Lawrence
Published: November 2023

of a stand llad to nc taken, then Vietnam did appear to he mon: prom ising than Laos. In geographical and political terms it s,:cnu:d to be the key to the future of the cold war in Asia. \Villiam Sullivan later n:calkd how Vietnam had “logistical access to the sea and therefore we had mil itary advantages. It was an articulated, functioning nation. Its troops were tigers and real fighters. Arni therefore the advantages would he all on our side to have the conll(rntation and showdown in Viemam, and not get sucked into this Laos operation.”‘ Furthermore, having been obliged to compromise with communists in l,aos, the United States relt almost obliged to stand up to them in Vietnam. This was the most obvious ex ample or Khrushchev’s “wars or national liberation.”
In the Dark
Authors: Freedman Lawrence
Published: November 2023

In addition to disappointment with the Laos accords, another reason for Kennedy not to push for a negotiated scttk1m:nt after the sumnu:r of l 962 was conticknn: that counterinsurgency policies wen: working. Until wdl into 1963 the top figures in the administration had no reason to doubt that this was the correct course. .i\s far as Kennedy was con cerned, probably until his death, the problem in \’ietnam was not insol uble and counterinsurgency was a valid model. It was put at risk, it seemed, by political ineptitude in Saigon.
Diem’s A.n-assination
Authors: Freedman Lawrence
Published: November 2023

It iias neen argued that the basic reason the Americans turned against Diem was that he was pursuing a m:gotiatcd scttk1m:nt with Hanoi. As an explanation of Kcrnu:dy’s motives, this is clearly inadequate. Then: is no cvicknn: that he opposed the idea in principk. Kennedy just did not sec how the politics could work out, especially given the Lws experience. As he e-.plained to Souvanna Phouma, who was also backing the idea, the “necessary ingredients” were lacking, including a “personality who could lead a united people”-that is, a \’ietnamese equivalent to Souvanna.1 Diem was dearly not such a man.
Political Ideas of the Young Turks, 1902–1908
Authors: Şükrü Hanioğlu M
Published: November 2023

Between 1902 and 1908 the political ideas of the Young Turks who occupied leading positions in major organizations shifted from grand theories aimed at reshaping the world order to simpler and more narrowly political doctrines and tactics. While the faith of the leading Young Turks in “science” endured as an underlying element, the more the Young Turk movement engaged in practical political activity, the less its earlier yearning for a society shaped by scientific doctrines is evidenced in its activities and propaganda. By 1908 these ideas were almost completely abandoned in favor of purely political doctrines and tactics. The object of these was initially to carry out a revolution and later to administer an empire, the maintenance of which was dependent on delicate political balances and not on grand theories of long-term global organization.
Austrian Jews and the Spirit of 1914
Authors: Rozenblit Marsha L
Published: November 2023

In August 1914, Europe erupted in a patriotic frenzy. Without any real sense of what modern, industrialized warfare meant, and utterly convinced that the fighting would last only a short time, soldiers in all the belligerent countries marched off to war excited by the prospect of adventure and were wildly cheered on by adulatory crowds. On both sides of the conflict, men and women of all social classes and all political persuasions joined forces to defend their fatherlands from what they perceived was an unjust attack by evil enemies bent on their destruction. Even the Socialists, who had long vowed to oppose war, rushed to the defense. In England, France, and czarist Russia on the one side, and in Germany and Austria-Hungary on the other, patriotic excitement reigned in the first months of World War I. Such patriotism seemed to dissolve traditional social, religious, and political antagonisms in the warm glow of national purpose, solidarity, and brotherhood. In war, the true nation could be forged, it was thought, and a true national community would emerge.
The Experience of Jewish Soldiers
Authors: Rozenblit Marsha L
Published: November 2023

Over 300,000 Jewish men served as soldiers in the Austro-Hungarian armed forces during World War I. About 25,000 educated, middle-class Jews held commissions as reserve officers. Jewish men fought alongside Polish, Ruthenian, German, Czech, Hungarian, Slovak, and other Habsburg soldiers against Austria’s enemies, and Jewish officers commanded units of all nationalities. Jews served loyally and courageously, receiving large numbers of military decorations for valor in a long, bloody war, and the Jewish communities of Austria basked, however briefly, in the reflected glory of Jewish bravery. Like other Austrian Jews, Jewish soldiers justified their sacrifices by claiming to fight a just war against an evil enemy and to do their duty for their emperor and fatherland. They took satisfaction in the fact that they contributed as Jews to the defense of Austria.
Correspondence Analysis of Everyday Life Experience
Authors: Mancini Tiziana , Bastianoni Paola
Published: November 2023

In recent years a growing number of studies on person-environment transactions have been carried out (see Canter, 1977; Stockols & Altman, 1987; Sundstrom, Bell, Busby, & Asmus, 1996).
Toward a Science of Mental Health Positive Directions in Diagnosis and Interventions
Authors: Keyes Corey L M , Lopez Shane J
Published: November 2023

The science of mental illness diagnosis and its treatment has taken shape over the last half of the 20th century (see U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1995). Sophisticated talk and drug therapies are now available to treat many mental illnesses. Most of these treatments remain ephemeral and only partially effective, however, and mental illness continues to disable individuals, families, and communities. The investment of capital into the study of the etiology and treatment of mental disorders has not reduced the inflow of patients and has not led to the alleviation of widespread suffering. Clearly, this nation must find ways to prevent the early onset of mental disorders and to suggest new techniques for prolonging remission and preventing disorder.
Subjective Well-Being The Science of Happiness and Life Satisfaction
Authors: Diener Ed , Lucas Richard E , Oishi Shigehiro
Published: November 2023

Since ancient times humans have wondered about what makes a good life. Scientists who study subjective well-being assume that an essential ingredient of the good life is that the person herself likes her life. Subjective wellbeing is defined as a person’s cognitive and affective evaluations of his or her life. These evaluations include emotional reactions to events as well as cognitive judgments of satisfaction and fulfillment. Thus, subjective well-being is a broad concept that includes experiencing pleasant emotions, low levels of negative moods, and high life satisfaction. The positive experiences embodied in high subjective well-being are a core concept of positive psychology because they make life rewarding.
Emotional Creativity Toward “Spiritualizing the Passions”
Authors: Averill James R
Published: November 2023

The relation between emotions and creativity is complex and charged with ambivalence. In schools we try to encourage creativity, and in the arts and sciences, we reserve our greatest praise for its achievement. A person, it seems, cannot be too creative. By contrast, a person who is too prone to emotion risks being labelled as immature, uncouth, boorish, or worse. Even our language seems to disparage emotions: Most nonemotional words have a positive connotation; the opposite is true of emotional words, where those with a negative connotation outnumber those with a positive connotation by roughly 2 to 1 (Averill, 1980b).
Self-Efficacy The Power of Believing You Can
Authors: Maddux James E
Published: November 2023

Some of the most powerful truths also are the simplest—so simple that a child can understand them. The concept of self-efficacy deals with one of these truths—one so simple it can be captured in a children’s book of 37 pages (with illustrations), yet so powerful that fully describing its mplications has filled thousands of pages in scientific journals and books over the past two decades. This truth is that believing that you can accomplish what you want to accomplish is one of the most important ingredients— perhaps the most important ingredient—in the recipe for success. Any child who has read The Little Engine That Could knows this is so. For over 20 years, hundreds of researchers have been trying to tell us why this is so.
Problem-Solving Appraisal and Psychological Adjustment
Authors: Heppner P Paul , Lee Dong-gwi
Published: November 2023

Because we face a myriad of decisions, daily hassles, major life events, and ever-changing situations, people frequently are confronted with attention-demanding problems. How people typically respond to life’s problems is of critical importance, particularly how they appraise their problem-solving skills and whether they generally approach or avoid the many problems of life. Problems are solved by moving ahead. Some people bring many skills and strengths in solving the multitude of problems in life, whereas others have significant problem-solving deficits. The research evidence in this chapter will clearly indicate that how people appraise their problem solving affects not only how they cope with problems, but also their psychological adjustment.
Reality Negotiation
Authors: Higgins Raymond L
Published: November 2023

This chapter presents an overview of the development and status of the reality negotiation construct. It relates the construct to a variety of coping processes, including contemporary models of psychotherapeutic change and the maintenance of social support systems. Following definitional, historical, and measurement sections, an overview of reality negotiation strategies precedes illustrations of the dynamically interactive nature of reality negotiation, with examples relating to coping with adversity, the individual’s effects on larger social groups, and the maintenance of social support. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of the accountability challenges faced by contemporary constructivist approaches to psychotherapy, followed by some speculations about how a culture and psychology committed to a positive view of people might facilitate peoples’ movement toward self-realization.
Gratitude and the Science of Positive Psychology
Authors: Emmons Robert A , Shelton Charles M
Published: November 2023

The concept of gratitude recently has attracted considerable interest in the popular culture. The prevalence of books targeted to general audiences on the topic (Breathnach, 1996; Hay, 1996; Miller, 1995; Ryan, 1999; Steindl-Rast, 1984; Turner, 1998; Van Kaam & Muto, 1993) testify to the broad appeal of this timeless concept. Following a similar format, these popular books generally consist of reflections on the value of gratefulness, along with strategies for cultivating an attitude of gratitude. The essential message of these volumes is that a life oriented around gratefulness is the panacea for in- satiable yearnings and life’s ills. Grateful responses to life can lead to peace of mind, happiness, physical health, and deeper, more satisfying personal relationships.
Positive Responses to Loss :Perceiving Benefits and Growth
Authors: Davis Susan Nolen-Hoeksema & Christopher G
Published: November 2023

Alicia had recently lost someone she loved dearly to a long battle with cancer. Although the death of a loved one is a negative experience by any definition, Alicia’s positive outlook on her loss is typical. In our research with recently bereaved people, we have found that 70% to 80% report finding some positive aspect in their experience with loss (Davis, Nolen-Hoeksema, & Larson, 1998; see also Calhoun & Tedeschi, 1990; Edmonds & Hooker, 1992; Lehman et al., 1993; Tennen & Affleck, 1999; Yalom & Lieberman, 1991).
Meditation and Positive Psychology
Authors: Shapiro Shauna L , Schwartz Gary E R , Santerre & Craig
Published: November 2023

Mental health, similar to physical health, has been defined in terms of absence of illness (Ryff & Singer, 1998). In the 1960s, interest shifted toward exploring positive mental health (e.g., Allport, 1961; Maslow 1968). This led to an exploration of other traditions, such as the Eastern, where thousands of years of effort have been devoted toward developing an expanded vision of human potential (Shapiro, 1980).
Aging Well: Outlook for the 21st Century
Authors: Williamson Gail M
Published: November 2023

Getting old is something most people dread because they believe it portends the loss of functional capacities and the enjoyable aspects of life. But, as my grandfather often said in the last years of his life, “Being old is better than the only available alternative.” Thus, if we are fortunate, we will age. Our best option, then, is to remain as vital as we can for as long as possible. In the last two decades, there has been a movement toward defining and fostering “successful aging” that, to judge by recent professional and popular press publications, has literally exploded.
Putting Positive Psychology in a Multicultural Context
Authors: Lopez Shane J , Prosser Ellie C , Edwards Lisa M , Magyar-Moe Jeana L , Neufeld Jason E , Rasmussen & Heather N
Published: November 2023

“Competition and prejudice clutter the landscape of virtually every town. Imagine, however, if we had more people of all races, ethnicities, or cultures, who were allowed to contribute. Imagine the enormous advances we could make in enhancing communication and increasing knowledge, and in realizing our basic needs for connectedness. Together, by drawing on the strengths of each other, we can build an American community where the word ‘equality’ truly can be applied to the abilities of all citizens to pursue their goals” (Lopez et al., 2000, p. 238).
Promoting Better Fathering Among Divorced Nonresident Fathers
Authors: Braver Sanford L , Griffin William A , Cookston Jeffrey T , Sandler, Irwin N , Williams Jason
Published: November 2023

As Bray and Easling (ch. 11 in this volume) have documented, the divorce or marital separation of their parents is a very common condition faced by children in America today. Currently, over 40% of children are expected to live in a divorced home before the age of 16 (Cherlin, 1999), more than double the proportion 30 years ago (Shiono & Quinn, 1994). A substantial empirical literature has now arisen and been summarized most aptly by Amato (Amato, 2000, 2001, 2003; Amato & Keith, 1991a, 1991b) documenting the potentially adverse effect of divorce on children. This literature also suggests that divorced fathers have a substantial role to play in impacting their children’s well-being. For example, Amato and Keith (1991a) showed that the following factors (listed roughly in order of effect size) negatively affect children’s post divorce outcomes: (a) high levels of postdivorce interparental conflict, a disturbed relationship with an impaired custodial parent (typically the mother), an absent or ineffective nonresident parent (typically the father), (d) increased economic hardship, (e) substantial levels of environmental changes (i.e., moves, other losses), etc., and (f) the child’s poor or ineffective coping skills. While the factor above most obviously impacted by the nonresident father is (c), each of the others is plausibly also affected to some degree by fathers’ actions and reactions.
Mothers in Transition: Model-Based Strategies for Effective Parenting
Authors: Bullock Bernadette Marie , Forgatch Marion S
Published: November 2023

Divorce is a time of tremendous reorganization for every person in a family. Multiple transitions in family structure commonly occur, with most parents changing partners at least once if not several times. The family literature is replete with studies attesting to the negative outcomes of divorce on family members. While findings for remarriage are less consistent, a greater number of parental partner transitions are linked to increases in parent and child adjustment problems (Brody, Neubaum, & Forehand, 1988; Furstenberg & Spanier, 1984).
Using Family Models in Health Research: A Framework for Family Intervention in Chronic Disease
Authors: Fisher Lawrence
Published: November 2023

Chronic diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and depression, continue to exact a staggering toll on the nation’s health care system. It is estimated that about 80 cents of every health care dollar is spent on services related to chronic disease and its management. Despite considerable progress in the development of effective biological treatments and the prevention of associated comorbidities for many chronic diseases, the day- to-day management of these diseases is tedious, repetitive, and at times invasive for both patients and family members. Changes in lifestyle, leisure activities, work and daily routines, and family relationships are required on a continuing basis, and the disease often becomes a major new component of personal and family life.
Molecular Basis of Evolution
Authors: Nei Masatoshi , Kumar Sudhir
Published: November 2023

From the time of Charles Darwin, it has been a dream for many biologists to reconstruct the evolutionary history of all organisms on Earth and express it in the form of a phylogenetic tree (Haeckel 1866) . The ideal approach to this problem is to use the fossil record, but since the fossil record is fragmentary and incomplete , most investigators have used the methods of comparative morphology and comparative physiology. Using this app roach , classical evolutionists have been able to infer the major aspects of the evolutionary history of organisms. However, the evolutionary change of morphological and physiological characters is so complex that this approach does not produce a clear-cut picture of evolutionary history, and the details of the phylogenetic trees reconstructed have almost always been controversial.
Phylogenetic Inference: Maximum Parsimony Methods
Authors: Nei Masatoshi , Kumar Sudhir
Published: November 2023

Maximum parsimony (MP) methods were originally developed for morphological characters (Henning 1966), and there are many different versions (Wiley 1981; Felsenstein 1982; Wiley et al. 1991; Maddison and Maddison 1992; Swofford and Begle 1993). In this book, we consider only the methods that are useful for analyzing molecular data. Eck and Dayhoff (1966) seem to be the first to use an MP method for constructing trees from amino acid sequence data. Later, Fitch (1971) and Hartigan (1973) developed a more rigorous MP algorithm for nucleotide sequence data. In these MP methods, four or more aligned nucleotide (or amino acid) sequences (m > 2: 4) are considered, and the nucleotides (amino acids) of ancestral taxa are inferred separately at each site for a given topology under the assumption that mutational changes occur in all directions among the four nucleotides (or 20 amino acids). The smallest number of nucleotide (or amino acid) substitutions that explain the en tire evolutionary process for the topology is then computed. This computation is done for all potentially correct topologies, and the topology that requires the smallest number of substitutions is chosen to be the best tree. The theoretical basis of this method is William of Ockham’s philosophical idea that the best hypothesis to explain a process is the one that requires the smallest number of assumptions. Sober (1988) states that the less we need to know about the evolutionary process to make a phylogenetic inference, the more confidence we can have in our conclusions. In this chapter, we are primarily concerned with nucleotide sequences, but the same approach can be used for amino acid sequences as well.