bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Críticas à exiguidade dos prazos processuais eleitorais
Authors: Gomes Reginaldo Gonçalves
Published: October 2018

Este artigo tem o objetivo de analisar os prazos processuais previstos na Legislação Eleitoral em cotejo com os princípios do contraditório e da ampla defesa. Argumenta-se que os prazos na Justiça Eleitoral afrontam os princípios do contraditório e da ampla defesa, uma vez que a celeridade no julgamento das ações eleitorais subtrai das partes tempo necessário para preparar o ajuizamento de ação, de contestar e interpor recurso. Para tanto, será analisada a legislação eleitoral e abordada da doutrina em relação ao tema, utilizando-se como marco teórico o modelo constitucional de processo.
Devido processo penal midiático: análise da opinião pública frente à punição
Authors: Poll Roberta Eggert , Castilhos Aline Pires de Souza Machado de
Published: October 2018

Após longo tempo de opressões propagadas durante o absolutismo o Estado assumiu para si o dever de punir os delinquentes, implantando critérios de justiça para todos, cuja observância é obrigatória e independentemente da existência de opressão midiática. Verdade seja dita: vivemos em um momento delicado no qual os discursos estão cada vez mais inflados de modo a suscitar a ira, a raiva, e a antipatia naqueles que desconhecem as origens dos problemas criminológicos. Não é excesso dizer que no processo penal midiático o magistrado se torna refém da mídia punitiva e opressora. Importante destacar que o respeito às garantias fundamentais do acusado não se confunde com impunidade. O processo penal não pode ser encarado como um instrumento a serviço do ius puniendi do Estado, e sim como um limitador deste poder e garantidor dos direitos do indivíduo a ele submetido.
A criação da Agência Nacional de Mineração (ANM) na transição do marco regulatório minerário: avaliação crítica da Medida Provisória 791/2017 e a sustentabilidade socioambiental
Authors: Bambirra Felipe Magalhães , De Carvalho Diógenes Faria , De Carvalho Diógenes Faria
Published: October 2018

O artigo busca refletir, a partir de uma perspectiva crítica, sobre a reforma da regulação no setor minerário, em especial a partir da recente criação da Agência Nacional de Mineração por meio da Medida Provisória nº 791/2017, à luz do princípio da sustentabilidade socioambiental, com previsão no art. 3º, II, c/c art. 170, VI, art. 219 e art. 225 da Constituição Federal de 1988. Trata-se de pesquisa teórica, de cunho exploratório, utilizando-se como técnica de pesquisa a bibliográfica e, em específico, de modo crítico, a análise legal, tendo em vista as disposições constitucionais e internacionais sobre o tema. Inicialmente, buscou-se contextualizar brevemente a citada reforma no cenário econômico nacional, bem como foi avaliado, considerando os mecanismos jurídicos disponíveis, se a criação da Agência Nacional de Mineração contribui para o aperfeiçoamento do marco regulatório da atividade minerária no país.
Sobre a índole receptiva do Brasil: uma análise dos projetos de lei desenvolvidos entre os anos de 1947 a 2016 que tratam sobre refúgio
Authors: Cardoso Fernando Da Silva , Silva Wine Santos
Published: October 2018

As guerras, perseguições políticas, desastres ambientais, pobreza, desemprego, entre outros fatores, ensejaram o aumento no número de pessoas refugiadas no mundo, o que se tornou um desafio a ser enfrentado pela Comunidade Internacional. Com isso, a discussão acerca da questão dos refugiados se situa entre temas mais amplos, dentro do cenário internacional. O método de pesquisa adotado é o dialético. O tipo de abordagem é o qualitativo. Já os tipos de pesquisa adotados são bibliográfica, explicativa e descritiva. A técnica de coleta de dados é a documental, por meio de Projetos de Lei propostos pela Câmara dos Deputados. A técnica de análise utilizada foi a de conteúdo. Pela análise dos Projetos de Lei, constata-se, na primeira categoria analítica o interesse econômico e político do Brasil na elaboração de políticas públicas para refugiados. Na segunda categoria analítica, infere-se da análise o interesse meramente econômico do Brasil na proteção dos direitos de pessoas refugiadas, colocando os imigrantes em situação de extrema vulnerabilidade através da demora no acesso imediato a concessão de refúgio. Por fim, na terceira categoria analítica, percebe-se a preocupação na tentativa de vedar a permanência de indivíduos refugiados que tenham praticado algum tipo de ilícito, bem como a estreita relação entre política imigratória e política criminal.
Contratos privados de assistência à saúde: paradigma da essencialidade
Authors: Ferreira Jussara Suzi Assis Borges Nasser , Costa Larissa Aparecida
Published: October 2018

O modelo gerado pela globalização nas últimas décadas, promove mudanças importantes nas interações sociais, fomentando discussões acerca da posição de vulnerabilidade do consumidor nos contratos privados de plano de saúde, objeto da investigação. A partir de uma análise crítica, por meio do método dedutivo e levantamento bibliográfico, o estudo analisa os pressupostos que marcam a constitucionalização das relações negociais, com vistas a um regramento adequado à tutela da parte débil, acrescido da metódica do paradigma da essencialidade.
Gaming for peace: Gender awareness training and the Polish military
Authors: Holohan Anne , Pyz Justyna , Trochowska Kamila
Published: October 2018

Despite regulatory and legal changes, women are persistently underrepresented in
military organisations on peacekeeping missions. This article argues that part of the
reason for this can be found in persistent stereotypical ideas about gender roles, and looks
at the attitudes and experience of Polish military personnel who have been deployed on
peacekeeping missions as evidence of this. However, witnessing other militaries stance on
gender, where such stereotypes are still there, but not as entrenched, can cause personnel
to contextualise if not question their own organisation’s stance on gender. Sixteen Polish
military peacekeepers were interviewed in-depth about their experiences on peacekeeping
missions as part of a European H2020 project, Gaming for Peace (GAP). The interviews were used to build scenarios for a digital role-playing game to develop soft skills among
peacekeeping personnel, and these soft skills included gender awareness. This article
analyses the interviews to explore the experience of gender for both men and women in the
Polish military, and shows that there is an urgent need for the type of training in gender
awareness that is part of GAP.
MILITARY SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL ENTITIES IN THE COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION IN 2013÷2016
Authors: Seń Andrzej , Szlachta Mieczysław
Published: October 2018

A comprehensive evaluation of scientific entities was made by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education in 2017. The evaluation concerned the activities of entities within 2013÷2016. It included 993 entities consisting of 14 military scientific and technical units (6 research institutes and 8 faculties of military universities). Results of scientific activities of all entities were compared by using the same methodology in order to find out an actual status of the Polish science and to estimate the required level of budget subsidies for particular entities. The process of their evaluation has accounted scientific and creative achievements, scientific capabilities, practical effects of scientific and development activities and other effects. The publication shows the ranking of selected military scientific-technical entities on the breakdown of other entities subjected to evaluation within the frame of specific criteria. Obtained results have been used to indicate necessary actions needed to improvement of achievements of the military scientific-technical entities and obtaining a higher scientific category in the next process of evaluation.
A CONCEPT OF THE AIR DRAG LAW FOR SPHERICAL FRAGMENTS PREPARED ON THE BASIS OF AASTP-1 ALLIED PUBLICATION DATA
Authors: Kwiecień Cezary
Published: October 2018

A concept of the air drag law for spherical fragments (balls) is presented in the paper on the base of a set of discrete values of the air drag coefficients included in the AASTP-1 [1] document – an allied publication on the principles for storage of ammunition and explosive materials. The proposal is aimed to increase the reliability of calculations for different expert investigations concerning possible impacts of enforced fragmentation ammunition with spherical fragments into the objects. The proposed method may be used at designing stages or at the reverse engineering for assessing potential threats caused by unknown types of the ordnance. It may be also useful at external ballistic calculations for pellet ammunition (hunting and police) and moreover for the tank canister shells. Anyway the common access to computers is an encouragement for leaving apart the methods which assume a constant value of the aerodynamical drag coefficient.
MODEL OF BOMB AIRDROP DYNAMICS AT TURBULENCE CONDITIONS
Authors: Grajewski Krzysztof , Kowaleczko Grzegorz , Pietraszek Mariusz
Published: October 2018

The purpose of this article is to present partial results of simulation tests currently conducted at the Air Force Institute of Technology. These tests concern the flight dynamics of the LBCw-10 flight bomb, which was developed at ITWL and is currently undergoing modernization. Simulations were carried out using proprietary software developed for the needs of these studies. The article presents a classic model of spatial motion of a bomb and basic data of this object. The method of calculating aerodynamic forces is described in detail, complementing this description with exemplary aerodynamic characteristics, which were obtained using commercial PRODAS software. Additionally, the method of taking into account the variability of the wind field, and in particular the turbulence of the atmosphere is presented. A stochastic wind field model was used. Illustrative results of calculations are shown, which will be used in the process of bomb modernization involving the use of active flight path control.
A Arte nas aventuras da Interpretação
Authors: Koneski Anita Prado
Published: October 2018

Dentre as inúmeras possibilidades interpretativas que a arte nos oferece, apresento nesta exposição o viés proporcionado pelo pensamento de Bachelard. Como resultado da inversão entre o real e o irreal, surge uma reflexão a respeito da prática do Educador em Arte
A Educação Musical e os Novos Tempos da Educação Brasileira
Authors: Figueiredo Sérgio Luiz Ferreira De
Published: October 2018

Este artigo apresenta uma visão panorâmica sobre a educação musical no Brasil, focalizando sinteticamente vários momentos históricos onde se desenvolveram práticas educacionais diversas. A legislação brasileira apresenta novas perspectivas para a educação musical nas escolas. 0 texto também mostra uma experiência concreta no município de Florianópolis, SC, onde uma parceria entre a Universidade e a Secretaria de Educação tem contribuído para o estabelecimento de uma ação efetiva em termos de educação musical.
O HORIZONTE HISTÓRICO DA ARTE INCOMUM
Authors: Andriolo Arley
Published: October 2018

O objetivo deste texto é apresentar a formação histórica do campo da Arte Incomum no Brasil. Este itinerário de cerca de 100 anos permite ao leitor notar como as proposições psiquiátricas e psicológicas inauguraram o olhar para as obras de nãoarte (obras marginais), representando um horizonte de retenções que dirigiu a recepção das obras. Conclui-se que, embora estas proposições tenham aberto o campo artístico para tais obras, estendem-se para o futuro restringindo o lugar dos criadores marginais.
The Comparison of Shear Bond Strenght of Different Bulk-Fill Composites to a Bioactive Dentine Substitute
Authors: ÜNAL Murat
Published: October 2018

Objective: The aim of this research was to compare shear bond strength(SBS) of
various bulk-fill composites(BFC) to Biodentine(BD) with different time
intervals.

Materials
and Methods: 300 cyclindrical acrylic blocks with a
hole(4 mm diameter a 2 mm height) were prepared. The holes were filled with BD
and after bonding
application, 5 different BFC groups were divided into 10 main groups in
2 mm and 4 mm height, and these 10 main groups were divided into 3 subgroups
according to three different waiting times(12 min, 24 hour and 2 week). After
then, SBSs measured and the fractured surfaces were examined. Statistical
analyzes were performed with Kolmogorov-Simirnov, Anova(F) and Tukey HSD tests.

Results: Significant differences were found between
the 2 mm and 4 mm Filtek Posterior
BFCs. However, there was not significant differences the other BFC groups. İn
all BFC groups, there was significant difference found between the groups
waited for 12 min and,24 h and 2 weeks. Conclusion:
In clinically, we may prefer to use BFC at a height of 4 mm,onto BD with after
1 day of waiting time.
Do medical students' knowledge and attitudes about health and exercise affect their physical fitness?
Authors: Allen Thomas Wesley , Liang Michael T.C. , Dombromski H. Timothy , Chang Cheng-Ou , Andriulli John , Bastianelli Milo , Davina Eleanor , Norris Scott D.
Published: October 2018

This study examined the relationship between unselected first-year medical students' knowledge and attitudes about health or exercise and their personal physical fitness. The 131 subjects performed a maximal exercise test to determine physical fitness by measuring maximal oxygen consumption (V02 max), underwent hydrostatic weighing to assess body fat content (percent body fat), and completed a questionnaire to measure their knowledge and attitudes about health promotion/disease prevention and exercise. Many independent variables were significantly associated with VO2 max in bivariate analyses, but only percent body fat, resting systolic blood pressure, and perceived barriers to health promotion/disease prevention and to exercise were significant predictors of Vo2max (mLxkg-1xmin-1) in the multivariate analyses. The absolute Vo2max (mL-1 x min-1) can be predicted from percent body fat, weight, and perceived barriers to health promotion/disease prevention. Freshmen medical students' attitudes toward health promotion/disease prevention and exercise constitute one of three strong predictors of physical fitness levels and should be determined, along with percent body fat and resting systolic blood pressure, when estimating fitness levels in a medical student population.
Quantifying passive resistance to motion in the straight-leg-raising test on asymptomatic subjects
Authors: Beal Myron C. , Hallgren Richard C. , Reynolds Herbert M.
Published: October 2018

The clinician needs an objective way to measure limb motion in the straight-leg-raising test. A biomechamcal algorithm was used to quantify resistance to motion in 15 asymptomatic subjects. Measurements from a pendulum electrogoniometer and hand-held load cell were used to calculate a moment representing passive resistance to motion. After three measurement trials, significant increases in range of motion (4.7%) and moment (8.4%) occurred. Then, an isometric contraction-relaxation of the hip extensors produced a highly significant increase in motion (8.8%) but decrease in moment «14.3%). A third order polynomial fit of moment per angle stratified the sample into two groups according to their change in moment. Motion in group 1 increased 8.0%, and in group 2, 9.5%. However, group 1 had no change in moment whereas group 2 had a highly significant decrease in moment (22.90/0). The measured change in resistance demonstrated that a simple biomechanical algorithm quantified properties in a clinical test that were not observed in range of motion alone.
Delirium tremens: A review
Authors: Griffin Richard E. , Gross, George A. , Teitelbaum Howard S.
Published: October 2018

Delirium tremens was first identified as being due to long-term excessive alcohol intake in 1813, but is now known to be associated with abrupt withdrawal of alcohol in chronically habituated persons. Recent publications quote an anticipated mortality rate of 15% to 20%. Our experience in the past 20 years has not confirmed that rate. This review reveals that the prevalence of fatal cases is extremely low, with the true mortality close to 0%. We believe that this decrement is due to the increasing use of benzodiazepines to detoxify alcoholic patients. It is posstulated that the benzodiazepines act either to prevent delirium tremens or to reduce the neurotransmitter disruption in the central nervous system caused by excessive alcohol intake, or both.
Teaching residents to write a research paper
Authors: Coleridge Samuel T.
Published: October 2018

Medical writing and publications are important in developing a scholarly basis for residency programs and in providing a learning experience for both resident and faculty mentors. Residency directors must provide the stimulus and support for both faculty and residents' varied creative activities. This support manifests itself in a commitment to scholarly activity (including a dedicated research person), the procurement of available research materials, the establishment of a process or plan for beginning a research project, and the development of a method for rewarding or recognizing faculty and residents who produce scholarly works. Some osteopathic residency programs may need to train faculty in research skills at the same time that residents are learning to write. Trained faculty are better models and coaches for residents engaged in research. Beginning with a fundamental, but disciplined, writing program, both faculty and residents may learn methods for sharing new knowledge or acquiring those skills necessary to critically analyze the medical literature.
What is an archaeon and are the Archaea really unique?
Authors: Harish Ajith
Published: October 2018

The recognition of the group Archaea as a major branch of the tree of life (ToL) prompted a new view of the evolution of biodiversity. The genomic representation of archaeal biodiversity has since significantly increased. In addition, advances in phylogenetic modeling of multi-locus datasets have resolved many recalcitrant branches of the ToL. Despite the technical advances and an expanded taxonomic representation, two important aspects of the origins and evolution of the Archaea remain controversial, even as we celebrate the 40th anniversary of the monumental discovery. These issues concern (i) the uniqueness (monophyly) of the Archaea, and (ii) the evolutionary relationships of the Archaea to the Bacteria and the Eukarya; both of these are relevant to the deep structure of the ToL. To explore the causes for this persistent ambiguity, I examine multiple datasets and different phylogenetic approaches that support contradicting conclusions. I find that the uncertainty is primarily due to a scarcity of information in standard datasets—universal core-genes datasets—to reliably resolve the conflicts. These conflicts can be resolved efficiently by comparing patterns of variation in the distribution of functional genomic signatures, which are less diffused unlike patterns of primary sequence variation. Relatively lower heterogeneity in distribution patterns minimizes uncertainties and supports statistically robust phylogenetic inferences, especially of the earliest divergences of life. This case study further highlights the limitations of primary sequence data in resolving difficult phylogenetic problems, and raises questions about evolutionary inferences drawn from the analyses of sequence alignments of a small set of core genes. In particular, the findings of this study corroborate the growing consensus that reversible substitution mutations may not be optimal phylogenetic markers for resolving early divergences in the ToL, nor for determining the polarity of evolutionary transitions across the ToL.
Anthropocene and Planetary Boundaries
Authors: Castree Noel
Published: October 2018

“The Anthropocene” was a scientific neologism in 2000 but is now something of a buzzword in the Earth and environmental sciences, with the prospect of becoming part of the lingua franca of the social sciences and humanities too. It is closely related to the younger scientific neologism “planetary boundaries.” Both terms describe human impacts on the face of the Earth that are wider and deeper than previously recognized. Both also have an epochal meaning, suggesting as they do the end of the Holocene epoch (the period of Earth history during which
Homo sapiens
have flourished). This entry details the origins of the Anthropocene concept, and its collateral term, planetary boundaries. It then discusses antecedent concepts that failed to catch on in the world of science or the wider world. Contemporary attempts to formally designate the Anthropocene as a new geological epoch are then considered. Despite being so far inconclusive, these attempts have not prevented the Anthropocene being visible in the broader environmental sciences courtesy of the planetary boundaries hypothesis. The entry considers how social scientists and humanities scholars are responding to the claim that humanity is leaving its “safe operating space,” concluding with a discussion of how the broader academic discussions of the Anthropocene are being registered in geography. Though so far fairly marginal to debates about both ideas, geographers have a clear stake in determining the future significance of these concepts for science and society.
Human Ecology
Authors: Knapp Gregory
Published: October 2018

Human ecology can refer to a variety of disciplinary subfields or to the interdisciplinary project to systematically study human–environment relations; it may include research that has been or may be labeled differently (e.g., as cultural ecology). Ongoing research includes study of the major episodes and transformations of human–environment relationships including the human revolution, foraging, agriculture, civilization, and modernization in terms of such factors as environment, demography, efficiency, social stratification, and violence. Studies have also focused on human ecological adaptations in particular environments, such as mountains, polar regions, arid zones, and the humid tropics. Human ecologists also are interested in norms of behavior, alternatives for development, and prospects for sustainability.
T
obler's First Law of Geography
Authors: Waters Nigel
Published: October 2018

Tobler's first law (TFL) of geography was introduced into the geographical literature in an article that Waldo Tobler published in the journal
Economic Geography
in 1970. In this article, which described a simulation of population growth in Detroit, Tobler stated that to make his model operational he would “invoke the first law of geography: everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things.” This entry considers whether TFL is an accurate description of the real world. Specifically, it considers the following questions: Is TFL really a law and, if so, is it the most important law in geography? Do modern spatial interpolation techniques allow the model to be operationalized? How can “near” and “distant” be measured? Is it true for Euclidean and network space? Do classic models of human and urban geography conform to TFL?
Overlay, Topological
Authors: Kim Changjoo
Published: October 2018

A topological overlay is a geoprocess whereby separate layers sharing the same spatial extent are merged in different ways. It is the most required and common geographic information system (GIS) technique in spatial data processing. In GIS, questions on spatial relationships (e.g., on top of or within) among features can be answered with the use of a topological overlay. It allows users to combine two or more layers to intersect, erase, or modify datasets, resulting in a new feature with the updated attributes of the input and overlay dataset values. The logic behind how a topological overlay works is based on the rules of Boolean logic. Exemplary methods of a topological overlay include erase, identity, intersect, symmetric difference, union, update, and so on. A topological overlay is different from a graphical overlay (image overlay), which neither requires any attribute updates nor creates a new dataset. Topological overlay among different feature types is possible: a point‐in‐polygon, a line‐in‐polygon, and a polygon‐on‐polygon overlay. Although overlay works in both vector and raster domains, a topological overlay is mainly applied to vector formats because it requires the rebuilding of topologic structure for node, arc, and polygon.
Geotargeted Alerts and Warnings
Authors: Wood Michele M.
Published: October 2018

Technological advances have made it possible to deliver geotargeted alert and warning messages to mobile devices. In the context of risk communication alerts and warnings, geotargeting refers to efforts to transmit risk communication messages only to those individuals physically located within the geographic area at risk. How this technology may influence the manner in which people receive and respond to public warnings bears on the further development of risk communication theory and also on emerging warning practice.
The critical nature of debriefing in high‐fidelity simulation‐based training for improving team communication in emergency resuscitation
Authors: Chamberland Cindy , Hodgetts Helen M. , Kramer Chelsea , Breton Esther , Chiniara Gilles , Tremblay Sébastien
Published: October 2018

Emergency resuscitation in intensive care units (ICUs) requires effective team communication to orchestrate the joint performance of several individuals. Although team simulation training has proven an effective means to improve communication skills in high‐risk environments, the influence of debriefing content on simulation‐based learning is less clear. In this study, 10 ICU teams completed three consecutive cardiac resuscitation scenarios, followed by a 3‐month follow‐up. Control teams received a debriefing on the basis of resuscitation technical skills after each of the first three scenarios, whereas the experimental teams' debriefing focused on team communication. Results showed that although information sharing improved for all teams, communication quality improved only for experimental teams, and these training benefits dissipated after 3 months. The study helps develop a methodology for assessing team communication and highlights the importance of frequent team simulation‐based training and debriefing in emergency medicine that includes both technical and nontechnical skills.
Does alcohol loosen the tongue? Intoxicated individuals' willingness to report transgressions or criminal behavior carried out by themselves or others
Authors: Mindthoff Amelia , Hagsand Angelica V. , Schreiber Compo Nadja , Evans Jacqueline R.
Published: October 2018

Police commonly interview intoxicated suspects. This is concerning when suspects are innocent because intoxication often leads to a higher risk for impulsive decision making and reduces inhibition. However, the manner in which intoxication affects people's reporting of unethical or criminal actions carried out by themselves or others is unknown and was thus addressed in the current study. Participants (N = 116) were randomly assigned to one of six conditions based on a 2 (transgression: self, other) × 3 (alcohol condition: low‐to‐moderate intoxication, placebo, sober‐control) between‐participants design. After drinking their assigned beverages, participants were asked to disclose a transgression. No main effect of alcohol emerged. However, the odds that participants would report a transgression were significantly higher if they were asked to report a personal, rather than someone else's, transgression. Overall, low‐to‐moderate intoxication did not increase the likelihood of sensitive information disclosure in this initial study, but additional research is needed.
Macroscale Biomolecular Electronics and Ionics
Authors: Amdursky Nadav , Głowacki Eric Daniel , Meredith Paul
Published: October 2018

The conduction of ions and electrons over multiple length scales is central to the processes that drive the biological world. The multidisciplinary attempts to elucidate the physics and chemistry of electron, proton, and ion transfer in biological charge transfer have focused primarily on the nano‐ and microscales. However, recently significant progress has been made on biomolecular materials that can support ion and electron currents over millimeters if not centimeters. Likewise, similar transport phenomena in organic semiconductors and ionics have led to new innovations in a wide variety of applications from energy generation and storage to displays and bioelectronics. Here, the underlying principles of conduction on the macroscale in biomolecular materials are discussed, highlighting recent examples, and particularly the establishment of accurate structure–property relationships to guide rationale material and device design. The technological viability of biomolecular electronics and ionics is also discussed.
In‐Plane Ferroelectricity in Thin Flakes of Van der Waals Hybrid Perovskite
Authors: You Lu , Liu Fucai , Li Hongsen , Hu Yuzhong , Zhou Shuang , Chang Lei , Zhou Yang , Fu Qundong , Yuan Guoliang , Dong Shuai , Fan Hong Jin , Gruverman Alexei , Liu Zheng , Wang Junling
Published: October 2018

Collective ferroic orders in van der Waals (vdW) crystals are receiving increasing attention in 2D materials research. The interplay between spatial quantum confinement and long‐range cooperative phenomena not only broadens the horizon of fundamental physics, but also enables new device paradigms and functionalities built upon vdW heterostructures. Here, the in‐plane ferroelectric properties in thin flakes of vdW hybrid perovskite bis(benzylammonium) lead tetrachloride are studied. The ordering of electric dipoles along the layer plane circumvents the depolarization field and preserves the ferroelectricity down to one unit‐cell thickness or two vdW layers at room temperature. The superior performance of the electromechanical energy conversion is demonstrated by exploiting its in‐plane piezoelectricity. The successful isolation of ferroelectric order in atomically thin vdW hybrid perovskite paves the way for nonvolatile flexible electronic devices with the cross‐coupling between strain, charge polarization, and valley degrees of freedom.
Tactile Chemomechanical Transduction Based on an Elastic Microstructured Array to Enhance the Sensitivity of Portable Biosensors
Authors: Wang Ting , Qi Dianpeng , Yang Hui , Liu Zhiyuan , Wang Ming , Leow Wan Ru , Chen Geng , Yu Jiancan , He Ke , Cheng Hongwei , Wu Yun‐Long , Zhang Han , Chen Xiaodong
Published: October 2018

Tactile sensors capable of perceiving biophysical signals such as force, pressure, or strain have attracted extensive interest for versatile applications in electronic skin, noninvasive healthcare, and biomimetic prostheses. Despite these great achievements, they are still incapable of detecting bio/chemical signals that provide even more meaningful and precise health information due to the lack of efficient transduction principles. Herein, a tactile chemomechanical transduction strategy that enables the tactile sensor to perceive bio/chemical signals is proposed. In this methodology, pyramidal tactile sensors are linked with biomarker‐induced gas‐producing reactions, which transduce biomarker signals to electrical signals in real time. The method is advantageous as it enhances electrical signals by more than tenfold based on a triple‐step signal amplification strategy, as compared to traditional electrical biosensors. It also constitutes a portable and general platform capable of quantifying a wide spectrum of targets including carcinoembryonic antigen, interferon‐γ, and adenosine. Such tactile chemomechanical transduction would greatly broaden the application of tactile sensors toward bio/chemical signals perception which can be used in ultrasensitive portable biosensors and chemical‐responsive chemomechanical systems.
Ultrathin Ti2Nb2O9 Nanosheets with Pseudocapacitive Properties as Superior Anode for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Shen Laifa , Wang Yi , Lv Haifeng , Chen Shuangqiang , van Aken Peter A. , Wu Xiaojun , Maier Joachim , Yu Yan
Published: October 2018

Sodium‐ion batteries are emerging as promising candidates for grid energy storage because of the abundant sodium resources and low cost. However, the identification and development of suitable anode materials is far from being satisfactory. Here, it is demonstrated that the Ti2Nb2O9 nanosheets with tunnel structure can be used as suitable anode materials for sodium‐ion batteries. Ti2Nb2O9 nanosheets are synthesized by liquid exfoliation combined with topotactic dehydration, delivering a high reversible capacity of 250 mAh g−1 at 50 mA g−1 at a suitable average voltage of ≈0.7 V. It is found that a low energy diffusion barrier, enlarged interlayer spacing, and exceptional nanoporosity together give rise to high rate performance characterized by pseudocapacitive behavior. The observed high reversible capacity, excellent rate capability, and good cyclability of Ti2Nb2O9 nanosheets make this material competitive when compared to other sodium insertion anode materials.
Cycling‐Induced Degradation of Organic–Inorganic Perovskite‐Based Resistive Switching Memory
Authors: Ren Yanyun , Ma Hanlu , Wang Wei , Wang Zhongqiang , Xu Haiyang , Zhao Xiaoning , Liu Weizhen , Ma Jiangang , Liu Yichun
Published: October 2018

As one key issue of resistive switching (RS) memory, the cycling endurance is poorly understood in hybrid perovskite‐based memory devices. Here, the cycling failure and the corresponding cycling‐induced degradation of CH3NH3PbI3‐based resistive random access memory devices are discussed. The high resistance state clearly decreases with the number of operation cycles, finally triggering irreversible failure in the collapse of switching window. By monitoring the I–V curves for all cycles, a negative set event is observed to be the critical turning point that considerably accelerates the cycling degradation rate. The decrease of |Vset| and |Vreset| indicates a reduction of the migration barrier of iodine vacancies (VI), which accounts for the appearance of a negative set after cycling. The understanding of RS cycling degradation can promote the optimization of device endurance by slowing the defect accumulation rate.
The Unusual Properties of Polytetrafluoroethylene Enable Massive‐Volume Vitrification of Stem Cells with Low‐Concentration Cryoprotectants
Authors: Cao Yuan , Zhao Gang , Panhwar Fazil , Zhang Xiaozhang , Chen Zhongrong , Cheng Lin , Zang Chuanbao , Liu Feng , Zhao Yuanjin , He Xiaoming
Published: October 2018

Injectable stem cell‐hydrogel constructs hold great potential for regenerative medicine and cell‐based therapies. However, their clinical application is still challenging due to their short shelf‐life at ambient temperature and the time‐consuming fabrication procedure. Banking the constructs at cryogenic temperature may offer the possibility for their “off‐the‐shelf” availability to end‐users. However, ice formation during the cryopreservation process may compromise the construct quality and cell viability. Vitrification, cooling biological samples without apparent ice formation, has been explored to resolve the challenge. However, contemporary vitrification methods are limited to very small volume (up to ≈0.25 mL) and/or need highly toxic and high concentration (up to ≈8 m) of permeable cryoprotectants (pCPAs). Here, it is shown that polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, best known as Teflon for making nonstick cookware) capillary is flexible and unusually stable at cryogenic temperatures. By using the PTFE capillary as a flexible cryopreservation vessel together with alginate hydrogel microencapsulation and Fe3O4 nanoparticle‐mediated nanowarming to suppress ice formation, massive‐volume (e.g., 10 mL) vitrification of cell‐alginate hydrogel constructs with low concentrations (≈2.5 m) of pCPAs can be achieved. This may greatly facilitate the use of stem cell‐based constructs for tissue regeneration and cell based therapies in the clinic.
Facile Fabrication of Nitrogen‐Doped Porous Carbon as Superior Anode Material for Potassium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Li Deping , Ren Xiaohua , Ai Qing , Sun Qing , Zhu Lin , Liu Yang , Liang Zhen , Peng Ruiqin , Si Pengchao , Lou Jun , Feng Jinkui , Ci Lijie
Published: October 2018

Potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs), using carbon materials as the anode, are regarded as a promising alternative to lithium‐ion batteries owing to the feasible formation of stage‐1 potassium intercalation compounds (KC8). However, due to the large radius of the potassium ion, graphite‐based electrodes still suffer poor rate capability and insufficient cycling life. In this work, a hierarchically nitrogen‐doped porous carbon (NPC) is reported for the first time. The NPC electrode delivers a high reversible capacity of 384.2 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles at a current density of 0.1 A g−1 and an outstanding rate capability of 185 mAh g−1 at 10.0 A g−1, which surpasses most of the reported carbonaceous electrodes in PIBs. The excellent performance can be ascribed to the surface‐driven behavior dominated K‐storage mechanism, which is verified by quantitative kinetics analysis. Theoretical simulation results further illuminate the enhanced K affinity in N‐doped active sites, which accounts for the superior rate performance of the NPC electrode. In addition, galvanostatic intermittent titration technique measurements further quantify the diffusion coefficient of K ions. Considering the superior electrochemical performance of the electrode and comprehensive investigation of the K storage mechanism, this work can provide fundamental references for the subsequent research of potassium‐ion batteries.
A Water‐Splitting Carbon Nitride Photoelectrochemical Cell with Efficient Charge Separation and Remarkably Low Onset Potential
Authors: Peng Guiming , Albero Josep , Garcia Hermenegildo , Shalom Menny
Published: October 2018

A simple method to grow a closely packed carbon nitride (CN) film by the crystallization of CN monomers on a conductive substrate followed by a thermal condensation is reported. The as‐synthesized CN exhibits excellent performance as photoanode material in a photoelectrochemical cell. Detailed (photo)electrochemical and transient absorption measurements indicate excellent charge separation properties, high hole‐extraction efficiency (up to 50 %), a long electron lifetime, and low amount of defect states below the CN conduction band. Consequently, the CN photoanode exhibits a markedly low overpotential of 0.25 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), which is comparable with the state‐of‐the‐art metal‐based photoanodes, an impressive photocurrent density of 116 μA cm−2 at 1.23 V versus RHE in an alkaline solution without sacrificial agent, as well as excellent stability over a wide pH range (0–13).
Synthesis of Water‐Soluble Blue‐Emissive Tricyclic 2‐Aminopyridinium Salts by Three‐Component Coupling‐(3+3)‐Anellation
Authors: Bakulina Olga , Merkt Franziska K. , Knedel Tim‐Oliver , Janiak Christoph , Müller Thomas J. J.
Published: October 2018

The (3+3) anellation of alkynones and cyclic amidines is a novel and unexpected approach to generate intensively blue luminescent tricyclic 2‐aminopyridinium salts with quantum yields Φf up to 63 % in water. By implementation into a consecutive three‐component reaction, these title compounds are obtained rapidly and efficiently in a diversity‐oriented fashion. Most interestingly, these bi‐ and tricyclic 2‐aminopyridinium salts emit in dichloromethane and water solutions, thus making them interesting novel luminophore probes for bioanalytics, as well as in the solid state, thus making them blue emitters with tunable efficiency.
The Origin of the Reduced Reductive Stability of Ion–Solvent Complexes on Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal Anodes
Authors: Chen Xiang , Li Hao‐Ran , Shen Xin , Zhang Qiang
Published: October 2018

The intrinsic instability of organic electrolytes seriously impedes practical applications of high‐capacity metal (Li, Na) anodes. Ion–solvent complexes can even promote the decomposition of electrolytes on metal anodes. Herein, first‐principles calculations were performed to investigate the origin of the reduced reductive stability of ion–solvent complexes. Both ester and ether electrolyte solvents are selected to interact with Li+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+. The LUMO energy levels of ion–ester complexes exhibit a linear relationship with the binding energy, regulated by the ratio of carbon atomic orbital in the LUMO, while LUMOs of ion–ether complexes are composed by the metal atomic orbitals. This work shows why ion–solvent complexes can reduce the reductive stability of electrolytes, reveals different mechanisms for ester and ether electrolytes, and provides a theoretical understanding of the electrolyte–anode interfacial reactions and guidance to electrolyte and metal anode design.
Synthesis of iron‐based metal organic framework and its visible light‐driven photocatalytic degradation of dye pollutants
Authors: Wang Chang‐Ji , Li Han‐Xu
Published: October 2018

A novel metal–organic compound [Fe (ox)(phen)]n (phen = 1,10‐Phennannthroline, ox = oxalate acid) has been hydrothermally synthesized and structurally characterized by X‐ray single‐crystal diffraction, X‐ray diffraction, IR, UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The compound crystallized in monoclinic,space group P21 with a = 0.92289 (3) nm, b = 1.35719 (3) nm, c = 1.02012 (4) nm,β = 94.372 (2)°,V = 1.27402(8)nm3,Z = 2,and exhibited a 2D layer structure. The photocatalytic activities of the compound were evaluated by decomposing Rhodamine B (RhB) and methyl orange (MO) under the visible light irradiation. In addition, the mechanism of the photocatalytic properties were proposed during this process.
Effect of pyrolysis temperature on pine sawdust chars and their gasification reactivity mechanism with CO2
Authors: Tong Wei , Liu Qingcai , Ren Shan , Zhou Jian , Zhang Tianshi , Yang Chen
Published: October 2018

The mechanism on CO2 gasification reactivity of pine sawdust chars (PS chars) obtained from the different pyrolysis temperatures (873, 973, and 1073 K) is studied on the basis of nonisothermal thermogravimetric method. The order of gasification reactivity is PS char‐873 > PS char‐973 > PS char‐1073. The effect of pyrolysis temperature is depicted by microstructure characterization, and the gasification reactivity is analyzed with nonisothermal kinetic models. The microstructure characterizations of chars are characterized by scanning electron micrograph, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, Fourier transform infrared, and X‐ray diffraction. Results show that the microcrystalline structure of biomass char is the dominant factor for the effect of gasification reactivity with the pyrolysis temperature rising. The kinetic models of Flynn–Wall–Ozawa and Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose are applied to describe the kinetics of gasification process. The average values of activation energy are in close agreement with the two methods. Both of the methods prove that F2 mechanism is applicable to the gasification of PS chars at lower pyrolysis temperature and F1 mechanism at higher pyrolysis temperature. Besides, there is a compensation effect between activation energy and preexponential factor in the CO2 gasification process.
Effects of the geometrical configuration of air–water mixer on the size and distribution of microbubbles in aeration systems
Authors: Basso Alessio , Hamad F. A. , Ganesan P.
Published: October 2018

The objective of this work is to present a novel geometrical configuration for microbubble generators (MBGs) to improve dissolved‐oxygen levels in water. Among various methodologies from the literature, Orifice and Venturi tubes have been considered as baseline cases. Experimental data from the literature are used to verify a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) case developed for a better understanding of the dynamics of MBGs. As a result, the validated CFD setup has been implemented on a modified Venturi‐type generator, where air is injected coaxially with respect to the tube axis, whereas a helicoid wall at variable pitch angle is used. Results show a reduction in the mean bubble diameter distribution from the baseline Venturi tubes, particularly, at low‐speed inlet velocities. This is of interest, especially to decrease the energy requirement for most common water aeration systems.
Computational fluid dynamics simulation of gas–liquid–solid polyethylene fluidized bed reactors incorporating with a dynamic polymerization kinetic model
Authors: Hui Pan , Yuan‐Xing Liu , Zheng‐Hong Luo
Published: October 2018

A comprehensive polymerization kinetics model that includes site formation, chain initiation, chain propagation, chain transfer and chain deactivation elementary reactions was incorporated into the three‐fluid computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to describe the polymer properties in the gas–liquid–solid three‐phase polyethylene fluidized bed reactor. The effect of operating conditions on polyethylene properties was firstly discussed. Furthermore, due to the importance and complexity of scaling up three‐phase reactors, the incorporated CFD model was then employed to investigate the scale‐up influence, which indicates that the difference of flow hydrodynamics in the reactor due to scale‐up effect will result in the difference of polymerization reaction rate.
Vascularization Strategies for Peripheral Nerve Tissue Engineering
Authors: Muangsanit Papon , Shipley Rebecca J. , Phillips James B.
Published: October 2018

Vascularization plays a significant role in treating nerve injury, especially to avoid the central necrosis observed in nerve grafts for large and long nerve defects. It is known that sufficient vascularization can sustain cell survival and maintain cell integration within tissue‐engineered constructs. Several studies have also shown that vascularization affects nerve regeneration. Motivated by these studies, vascularized nerve grafts have been developed using various different techniques, although donor site morbidity and limited nerve supply remain significant drawbacks. Tissue engineering provides an exciting alternative approach to prefabricate vascularized nerve constructs which could overcome the limitations of grafts. In this review article, we focus on the role of vascularization in nerve regeneration, discussing various approaches to generate vascularized nerve constructs and the contribution of tissue engineering and mathematical modeling to aid in developing vascularized engineered nerve constructs, illustrating these aspects with examples from our research experience. Anat Rec, 301:1657–1667, 2018. © 2018 The Authors. The Anatomical Record published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Association of Anatomists.
Redox‐Active Dynamic Self‐Supporting Thixotropic 3D‐Printable G‐Quadruplex Hydrogels
Authors: Biswas Ankan , Maiti Sayan , Kalaskar Deepak M. , Das Apurba K.
Published: October 2018

Redox‐active G‐quadruplex hydrogels were prepared by dynamic boronate ester formation between ferroceneboronic acid and guanosine. Dynamic boronate esters imparted thixotropic and 3D‐printability to the hydrogel. Initially, the ferrocene moiety was oxidised to produce a weaker ferrocenium‐based green hydrogel. However, the less stable ferrocenium converted into more stable ferrocene to produce a hydrophobic, water‐stable and robust hydrogel.
Understanding the Impact of Mesh on Tank Overflow System Capacity
Authors: Burkhardt Jonathan B. , Goodrich James A. , Szabo Jeff , Hall John , Crosby Jake , Tourney Seth , Clement Robert
Published: October 2018

A 2016 incident that resulted in damage to a water storage tank's roof motivated pilot‐scale experiments to be conducted to determine the impact of mesh on tank overflow capacity. A clean mesh installed near the outlet of an overflow system did not reduce the capacity during the weir‐dominated flow regime. Mesh was found to reduce the area available to flow, which was found to lower the achievable capacity through the system. Considering only the head loss or pressure drop associated with the mesh, and not area reduction, resulted in an overestimation of achievable capacity, which could lead to an undersized overflow system. The results and formulas presented will help water utilities ensure that overflow systems with mesh are appropriately sized.