bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research of Optimize Performance of Coal Flotation Collectors
Authors: Ji Deng Gao , Cai Yang Hui , Guo Xu Long , Peng Su Qin , Wei Shuang Guo
Published: October 2011

There are lots of problems in coal flotation reagents. For example, it was difficult to disperse in coal pulp, it needs a large consumption, and its selectivity was poor. So this paper refers that kerosene can be made into compound kerosene by using different chemical products and surfactants, and then used for coal flotation. Tests proved that compound kerosene can disperse in coal pulp quickly; they had a high yield of clean coal, a fast flotation speed and a higher flotation perfection index. As a result, the flotation effect of Fy-6 compound kerosene was the best of all. Clean coal zeta potential of Fy-6 compound kerosene and kerosene had been tested, and they had been compared with raw coal.
Study on the Floatation Effect of ZFC Agent for Difficult Slime
Authors: Xie Wei Wei , He Lan Hong , Wang Jia , He Xiao Wei
Published: October 2011

This paper introduced a newly developed coal flotation collector ZFC and its flotation characteristics for Shanxi three different coal samples. ZFC was an emulsion composed by 27% diesel oil, 70% water and 3% homemade surfactant PGS. The surfactant PGS was synthesized with environmental friendly reproducible oil and several surfactants. The flotation results showed that the ZFC had the characteristics of excellent performance, high selectivity and good stability. ZFC could promote the dispersion of diesel oil in the slurry, so that the efficiency of floatation was improved and about 70% diesel oil was saved.
Study on Synthesis of Nesquehonite Whiskers
Authors: Wang Bin , Yan Ping Ke , Gao Yu Juan
Published: October 2011

Thermal composition of low temperature water is taken as way in the text, with the MgSO4•7H2O and NH4HCO3being raw materials to make nesquehonite whiskers, further talking about the concentration of the reactant, reactive temperatures, mixing speed, solution pH and the quantity of additive addition etc. factors impacting whiskers synthetic of magnesium carbonate hydrate by controlling the growth environment. On this foundation ,finally drop MgSO4solutions by 2.45 mL/min at 50oC by 0.5 mol/L. Join 0.5% KH2PO4obtain slender perfectly straight, smooth surface and average length-diameter ratio of 34 crystal whiskers, carrying out the control to the crystal whiskers facial look and optimized performance for 247 μm and average diameter for 7.2 μm and on the average long diameter comparing.
Pressure Transient Analysis of Polymer Injection Wells
Authors: Nie Xiang Rong , Cheng Shi Qing
Published: October 2011

Polymer solution is known as non-Newtonian Fluid. Hence, when a well is injected by polymer solution, the well test data analysis using Newtonian fluid flow model will be erroneous. However, the analysis results usually were inaccurate when generalized non-Newtonian fluid model which considering polymer solution as power law fluid and taking no account of physical and chemical behaviors. These results clearly suggest the need for a study to come up with a new model considering both physical and chemical behaviors when polymer solution flowing in the reservoirs. At first, this study modified two parameter models: viscosity model and permeability decreasing coefficient model, all of them considering diffusion, conduction and IPV (inaccessible pore volume). Then, those models were applied to set up the new well testing model of a well located in an infinite reservoir. The log-log plots of the pressure and pressure derivatives have been prepared through numerical solutions. A further study has been done about the characteristics of the new type curves considering different parameters.
Risk Assessment of Extended Reach Well Based on Gray Matter-Element
Authors: Zhang Hui , Gao De Li , Liu Wen Sheng
Published: October 2011

Drilling is one of the major means for oil and gas exploration and development. Extended reach wells (ERWs) are defined as directional wells or horizontal wells with horizontal displacement (HD) to vertical depth (VD) ratio greater than or equal to 2. Extended reach drilling (ERD) confronted many technical difficulties. Risk analysis of ERD before drilling is of great significance for preventing complex accidents during drilling operations, improving the drilling rate and efficiency. Based on gray matter-element theory, this paper established a comprehensive risk assessment model for ERD operations and applied this model to evaluate the drilling risk of Well B6ERW07(HD to VD ratio 5.94, horizontal displacement 7,419.42 m, vertical depth 1,248.50 m, measured depth 8,144.31 m)in the Liuhua oil field, South China Sea. The assessment results show that the predicted success rate of drilling this ERW is 49.9%. This result can be important criteria and thus contributes greatly to decision making.
Partitioning Prediction on the Risk of Water Inflow of the Roof in Huangling No.2 Mine
Authors: Feng Jie , Hou En Ke , Deng Nian Dong , Ma Gong She , Li Xi Min
Published: October 2011

In the light of more and more serious water hazard problems in Huangling mining area, according to analyze the hydrogeology condition and water-filling factors of Huangling No.2 mine, this paper selected the formula in the Standard on the Exploration of Hydrogeology and Engineering-Geology in the Mining Area (GB12719-91) (Standard for short) to calculate the height of water flowing fractured zone in coal seam No.2. On the basis of the Shangzhenzi and Baiyaogou water source, a scientific risk evaluation system for the roof water-bursting condition during mining coal seam No. 2 is established, and a division scheme for the condition is also put forward. The paper points out that a water inflow risk area is composed by 14 drillings (R65, Fx1, Fx7 and so on) which is approximately 30.6km2 in the southwest of predate mining district. The study provides basis for carrying out “The twelfth five-year plan” of the mine.
Analysis on Microbial Community Structure and Phylogenetics for the Reservoir System after the Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery
Authors: Huang Yong Hong , Ding Hai Yan , Hou Zhao Wei , Ren Guo Ling , Wu Xiao Lin , Song Kao Ping
Published: October 2011

In order to probe a new enhanced oil recovery technology during the post polymer flooding process, we constructed the 16SrDNA gene library and analysed PCR-DGGE during the post-microbial enhanced oil recovery of polymer flooding process. Through the research for the reservoir system, we studied the microbial community structure and genetic diversity after polymer flooding process, made the phylogenetic analysis. It is supposed to provide a dependable basis for MEOR through directional control microbial community of reservoir, through development and application of effective microbial flooding technology.
Quantitative Evaluation of Micro Pore Throat Characteristics in Extra Low Permeability Sandstone Oil Reservoir of Yanchang Group in Ordos Basin Using Constant Rate Mercury Penetration Technique
Authors: Gao Hui , Sun Wei
Published: October 2011

Micro pore throat characteristics of extra low permeability sandstone oil reservoir of Yangchang group in Ordos basin are analyzed using constant rate mercury penetration technique. The results show that pore radius distributes similarly, in 100～200μm, peak values are about 140μm in extra low permeability sandstone oil reservoir. The lower the permeability is, the narrower the distribution ranges of throat are, content of smaller throats become high and variation is more sensitive to permeability, distribution ranges of pore throat radius ratio are wide and permeability has bigger influence on input mercury saturation of throat in extra low permeability sandstone oil reservoir. The difference of pore throat characteristics mainly depends on throat in extra low permeability sandstone oil reservoir. The impacts of pore and throat on total capillary curve are various to different permeability cores, Throat development should be paid more attention in middle or later stage of oil development to extra low permeability sandstone oil reservoir.
Acidizing Radius Design Model for Sandstone Reservoir
Authors: Yang Bao Quan , Wang Rui , Fu Hai Rong , Zhang Xiao Shi
Published: October 2011

Acidizing radius design is an important determinative factor for the economic benefit of acidizing. According to theoretical derivation on Darcy’s formula, the theoretical models of stimulation ratio and optimum acidizing radius for conventional injection well and fractured injection well are obtained. With the example of Hailaer Oilfield, the optimum acidizing radius of different types wells is obtained. This design model is applied for 7 wells in Xinanling Group of Hailaer Oilfield. The results of field tests indicate the design model is practical and can also be used to guide the acidizing design for other sandstone reservoirs.
A Model with Back-Propagation Algorithm for the Estimation of Irreducible Water Saturation
Authors: Ma Ping Hua , Fan Hong Fu , Li Ke
Published: October 2011

As one of the most important reservoir parameters, irreducible water saturation, Swir, is a key parameter in evaluating multi-phase flow, as well as its importance in defining oil in-place. Residual oil saturation, the target of tertiary recovery, is also a function of Swir. In traditionally, Swir is determined by conducting capillary pressure experiments, requiring considerable resources and long time periods, with the consequence of a limited number of core plug evaluations for a particular reservoir. Thus, the estimation of Swir with mathematical models is developed in recent years. The study reported in this paper uses artificial neural network to determine Swir. The optimal model is chosen among 25 simulations, subtilizing different combinations of hidden layer nodes and activation functions for the hidden and output layers. Its performance is compared with other conventional models, demonstrating the superior performance of the proposed Swir prediction models.
Feasibility of Particle Jet as a Drilling Medium for the Development of Deep Complicated Oil-Gas Reservoir
Authors: Du Yu Kun , Wang Rui He , Ni Hong Jian
Published: October 2011

The technical problems existing in deep well drilling are becoming more and more predominant during the exploration and development of oil-gas field. The poor formation drillability, low drilling rate and complicated pressure system cause the underground accidents frequent, extend well construction cycle, and make the cost of the project much higher. Therefore, it is urgent to develop new technologies to improve the efficiency of the exploration and development in deep unconventional oil-gas reservoir. The particle jet technology is a new energy-saving way which has a broad application prospect. It can take the way of sucking in particles in annulus space to cycle use the particles, and promote the drilling rate. The feasibility of particle jet as a drilling medium is verified by the theoretical and experimental study, which provides the basis for the design of particle jet tool.
Research on the Correction Method for Measurement Data of WOB while Drilling Based on Strain Analysis
Authors: Liu Gong Hui , Zhang Tao , Li Jun , Yang Yu Long
Published: October 2011

By detecting the axial strain at the near-bit, we can obtain the weight on bit(WOB), however, some other factors in the well such as hydrostatic force, circulating pressure, may also affect the measurement. Unless take these factors into consideration, derive the correction formula for the measurement data of WOB, eliminate the impact of other forces, we may not obtain the actual data of the weight on bit.
Adsorption of Pb (II) from Aqueous Solutions on Expanded Graphite
Authors: Zhao Ying Hua , Dong Jin Hui , Zhang Ying Chen , Zhu Min Cong , Li Deng Xin
Published: October 2011

Expanded graphite (EG) was prepared by microwave irradiation at 1000 w for 60 s. It is a novel adsorbent for Pb (Ⅱ) adsorption. This paper aims to investigate the effect of the adsorption of EG. The adsorption behavior of Pb (Ⅱ) from aqueous solution onto EG was investigated with variety of parameters such as pH, adsorbents dosage, initial Pb (Ⅱ) concentration, contact time and temperature. On conditions that the pH=6.04,the dosage of adsorbent was 0.075g, the concentration of Pb(Ⅱ) was 100mg/L and the temperature was 15°C, the maximum removal rate could reach at 86.55% .The results showed that the EG was an efficient and novel adsorbent for the removal of lead from aqueous solution. The microstructures of the resultant expanded graphite were observed by scanning electron micrographs.
Research on Viscosity Reduction and the Transportation at Atmospheric Temperature for Heavy Oil with Microwave Radiation Technique
Authors: Jiang Hua Yi , Zhang Yi Nan , Wei Ai Jun , Wang Xu
Published: October 2011

Paper analysises active regulation of microwave to heavy oil by experiment and theory. Determine heavy oil’ rheological indicators before and after . test the composition and structure of heavy oil by the chemical analysis tools, before and after the role of the microwave, analysis the cause of rheological change. Based on the theories of electromagnetic field and the thermodynamic, Establish the mathematical model of microwave effect on heavy oil, determine the experimental temperature distribution inside the heating chamber, and further analysis the mechanism of microwave on heavy oil. Also introduced field application of single-well oil pipeline microwave heater which was development by experiments and theory research. Experimental and theoretical analysis shows that the microwave effect on heavy oil, both have thermal effects and non-thermal effects. Field application shows that microwave is feasible used in heating pipeline in theory, field trials are successful.
Characteristics and Kinetics of Gaseous Hydrocarbon Generation from Pyrolysis of Crude Oil under High Pressure and High Temperature
Authors: Zhang Qing Xuan , Li Wen Juan , Zhang Bin , Zhang Jia Rui , Wang Zong Xian
Published: October 2011

The pyrolysis of three oil samples from Tarim Basin was carried out under 390°C and high pressures formed by injecting N2in the closed system and the influences of temperature, time and the oil compositions on the pyrolysis reaction of oil to gas were discussed. The gas generation ratio increased and average activation energy decreased with the content of polar compositions in oil, and the gas generation ratio changed intensively with reaction time for high content of polar compositions under the experimental conditions. The effect of pressure on pyrolysis of oil was tightly related to oil composition. High pressure was beneficial to the pryolysis of oil with more polar compositions. The calculated value of the gas generation ratio fitted well with experiment value as the parallel first order reaction model containing 11 reactions with different activation energies and different preexponential factors was used for simulating the pyrolysis reaction of oil to gas by minimizing objective function with MATLAB optimization module.
Ni-Based Alloy Coating on Plain-Carbon Steel by Hot Dipping Process
Authors: Lin Tao , Wang Li Sheng , Gao Zhi Shan , Guo Zhi Meng
Published: October 2011

A layer of Ni-Cr-Si-B-Fe alloy was successfully coated on plain steel substrate by hot dipping process. The Ni-Cr-Si-B-Fe alloy coating has a homogeneous thickness of 3mm. The chemical composition and microstructure were studied with SEM and XRD in this paper. The result shows that the Ni-Cr-Si-B-Fe alloy coating is defect-free and chemical bonded with plain steel substrate. A light band zone of 8-10 m width is between Ni-Cr-Si-B-Fe alloy coating and plain steel substrate, and may be considered as a quickly solidified layer. The coating microstructure is a heterogeneous microstructure and changes from the light band zone to the surface of the coating, which is composed mainly of coarse columnar dendrite, needle-like precipitates and scattered eutectic structures. Four regions across the thickness of Ni brazing alloy coating, due to solidification conditions upon hot-dipping, have been identified with distinguished microstructure. In γ-(Fe, Ni) solid solution matrix, the hard phases of CrB, Fe2B and Cr23C6 is identified in the coating.
Research on Thermocouple Embedded Theory for Thermal State of CC Mould Copper Plate with High Casting Speed
Authors: Sun Li Gen , Li Hui Rong , Zhang Jia Quan
Published: October 2011

High casting speed would change the thermal state of the mould copper plate, The coupled visco-elasto-plastic FEM models have been presented for thermal process analysis of steel shell and the mould copper plates. With the understanding to the mould thermal state for different casting speed, the characters of mould copper plate thermal flux is obtained. It is shown that, the highest thermal flux zone is getting downward with casting speed increasing, and it would also make harder for breakout signals catching.
Environmentally Friendly Electrochemical Method for the Direct Extraction of Titanium from High-Titanium Slag
Authors: Zou Xing Li , Lu Xiong Gang , Zhou Zhong Fu , Li Chong He , Ding Wei Zhong
Published: October 2011

The solid oxide membrane (SOM) method is an emerging technology for the environmentally friendly and energy-efficient extraction of metals direct from their respective oxides. This paper reports on the successful extraction of titanium powder direct from high-titanium slag in molten calcium chloride using the SOM method. The deoxidation process was carried out at 1000 °C and potential of 3.8 V. The current feature, phase composition evolution and morphology variation were investigated experimentally. It is found that the titanium can be successfully electrochemically extracted from high-titanium slag, the deoxidation process possesses a considerable electrolysis rate, and the current efficiency reaches ~55% in 6 h. It is shown that the SOM method is a promising alternative process for the extraction of titanium direct from titanium mineral resources.
Release of Ferulic Acid from Wheat Bran by Ultrasonic Assisted Alkaline Hydrolysis
Authors: Zhang Zhi Qing , Yao Yan Yan , Zhou Li Ming , Xiong Shan Bo , Xiang Jian Jun
Published: October 2011

Ferulic acid, a compound showing antioxidant ability, is found in abundance in wheat bran. Its release depends mainly on the breaking of its ester linkage to other constitutive elements of the cell wall, such as arabinoxylans, ligin, cellulose and so on. Response surface methodology and orthogonal design were respectively used to evaluate the effects of NaOH concentration, alkali/ethanol ratio, extraction temperature and pH on ferulic acid extraction yield from wheat bran. The released ferulic acid concentration was determinated by HPLC method Experiments carried out under the predicted optimal conditions，with NaOH concentration of 5.76%, pH of 3.2, alkali/ethanol ratio of 1.39:1, temperature of 59.75 °C, the actual extraction yield in agreement with the expected yield, with 4.45mg.g-1 extraction rate of ferulic acid in wheat bran . And the results confirm the potential of wheat bran valorization in the field of natural antioxidant extraction, possibly viable in an industrial scheme.
The Radical Scavenging Activity of Protein Hydrolysates Prepared from Mercenariamercenaria and Ruditapesphilippinarum
Authors: Mu Jiao Jiao , Zhao Qian Cheng , Li Jian Wei
Published: October 2011

The Mercenaria mercenaria protein hydrolysates (MMPH) and Ruditapes philippinarum protein hydrolysates (RPPH) were prepared by three enzymatic methods, and the radical scavenging activity of the protein hydrolysates was analyzed. The results showed that the protein hydrolysates prepared by the combination of Protamex and Flavourzyme exhibited significant radical scavenging activity; For DPPH radical, the EC50values of MMPH and RPPH were 33.0 mg/mL and 93.0 mg/mL, respectively, and for hydroxyl radical, the EC50values of the protein hydrolysates were 7.5 mg/mL and 7.0 mg/mL, respectively; The protein hydrolysates were further fractionated by ultrafiltration membrane of 6000 Da, and the radical scavenging activity of the resultant fraction with lower molecular weight (<6000 Da) was significantly (P<0.05) increased, and for DPPH radical, the EC50values of MMPH and RPPH fractions were 29.5 mg/mL and 58.5 mg/mL, respectively, and for hydroxyl radical, the EC50 values of the fractions were 6.0 mg/mL and 7.0 mg/mL, respectively.
Preliminary Research on Extract Ferulic Acid from Wheat Bran by Ultrasonic-Assisted Alkaline-Alcohol Hydrolysis
Authors: Liu Shu Xing , Wang Bei
Published: October 2011

Extracting Ferulic Acid from wheat bran by ultrasonic-assisted alkaline-alcohol hydrolysis.Bran removed part of starch and protein by amylase and protease,using ultrasonic and different concentrations of alkaline-alcohol solution to prepare ferulic acid,and then based on the yield of ferulic acid release from wheat bran to determine optimal preparation condition.The optimum conditions are:the concentration of sodium hydroxide 4%,alkaline-alcohol volume ratio of 2:1,ultrasonic temperature 80°C,ultrasonic power 200w,solid-to-liquid ratio 1:12,ultrasonic time of 30min,under this conditions the average extraction yield is 3.1mg/g
Separation and Properties of Polysaccharides from Asparagus (Officinalis L) Old Stalks
Authors: Song Jia , Ma Yue , Zhang Chao , Zhao Xiao Yan , Qian Hai Feng
Published: October 2011

The polysaccharides of the asparagus old stalks was seperated by ethanol precipitation and ultrafiltration. The molecular weigh distribution and antioxidative capacity of the extracts of the alcohol precipitation(C-1), ultrafiltration retention(C-2), and ultrafiltration penetrates (C-3) were further evaluated. The polysaccharides yields of the C-1, C-2, and C-3 were 1.53, 1.21, and 0.71%, respectively. The weigh average molecular weight of C-1, C-2, and C-3 were 163900, 135880, and 61063 Da, respectively. C-2 showed the strongest antioxidant capacity in all extracts by the scavenging effect on DPPH, superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. Therefore, the ultrafiltration was an alternative to separate the polysaccharides from the asparagus old stalks and kept their antioxidatant capacity.
The Factors Analysis about Comprehensive Utilization Effects of the Straws in the Huang-Huai Plain
Authors: Quan Ying , Yang Ping , Wu Shi Jian
Published: October 2011

We established multiple regression models by on-site survey on 3090 famers’ family in 139 counties in 4 provinces in the Huang-Huai plain, comprehensively analyzing the factors which affect the utilization of farmer's straw. Research results indicate that, some factors such as family agricultural labor population number, and family income level, and masters’ political conditions, and duties in village, and education life, and straw using technology master situation, and straw using cognitive and farming area, and farming system, and straw subsidies, and straw industry development have positive effects on straw comprehensive utilization, while the factors like part-time work degree, and domestic livestock culture situation, and the cost-effective of using straw have negative effects on straw comprehensive utilization. These factors like straw subsidies, the cost-effective of using straw, straw using cognitive, straw utilization technology, family farm income, farm area have significant impact on farmer's straw utilization; masters’ political conditions, duties in village, education life, family livestock culture situation, straw industry development make little influences. To increase the level of farmer's straw comprehensive utilization, there are some measures to take: Party members and leaders of the village further play the exemplary role apart from raising the awareness of farmers on crop straw; conscientiously implement the State subsidy policies about straw; implement straw utilization technology innovation, actively promote straw utilization technology; promote the realization of straw resources and commercialization to improve farmers’ income.
Architectural Structure of Channel Sand Bodies in Meandering River and Remaining Oil Tapping Study-as on PI2a of South-Two Area in Sanan Field
Authors: Liu Zong Bao , Bi He
Published: October 2011

According to the theory of reservoir architectural structure and sedimentology, applied the hierarchy analysis, pattern guidance and performance verification methods, taking the South-Two area for example, with the cores, logs and performance, we have done some quantitative research on the parameters of composite channel sand bodies, single point bar sand bodies and the lateral accretion bodies on point bars in South two area, built Three-dimensional model of point bars. Study shows that the point bar sand bodies in PI2a unit are meandering point bar sand bodies formed by the lateral accretion of distributary channels in coastal delta distributary plain. The space combination model of lateral accretion bodies is horizontal-obique type. The width of lateral accretion bodies is 38.5～54m, the average dip of lateral accretion layer is 9.5°, and separation of lateral accretion layer is about 15m. The features above shows the spatial distribution of the lateral accretion body on point bars. With the changes of seepage field and gravity, the influence to remaining oil of lateral accretion layer has been analyzed. Numerical simulation and performance showed that the main concentration of remaining oil is in the upper of the point bar lateral accretion body, proposed the principles and methods of horizontal wells in the point bar sand bodies to tapping potential remaining oil, which provide a theoretical guidance to domestic similar fine reservoir description and the remaining oil tapping.
Identification and Distribution of Lithologic Reservoirs in Permian Formation, Q Area in Zhunger Basin
Authors: Xiong Ting , Liu Zhen , Huang Zhi Long , Xiong Xiao Hua , Qing Lu
Published: October 2011

Taking the Q area in Zhunger Basin for example, reservoirs and traps in the subwater fan in WuTonggou Formation can be identified by sequence stratigraphy, the analysis of seismic attributions and the optimization which can also be used to analyze the oil saturation. Therefore, the region of hydrocarbon can be predicted. The oil source rocks are in the middle of Permian System, and the major reservoirs are in the Upper Permian System. The WuTonggou Formation in upper Permian system can be divided into three parts: LST, TST and HST. Sand bodies of LST are the targets of this research. The subwater apron deposited from east to west. The braided channel in the middle fan is the best reservoir. The resolution was improved by the technology of seismic frequency division, and the strata slices of 40HZ seismic data were proved the best. Obviously, the subwater fan deposited from east and the braided channel changed its location continuously. The major flow direction of braided channel changed from the west to the south. It is also illustrated that the northern part of Q area uplifted and the sedimentary center migrated from northwest to southwest. The original sandstone was sealed by mudstone along with the transfer of braided channel. Therefore, the lithologic traps were updip pinch out, which can be generated because of the uplift of northern part. After the optimization of seismic attributes based on GA-BP, results showed that the areas of high oil saturation were in the west and southwest, especially the reservoirs which were in the southwest had the highest oil saturation.
Preparation and Antioxidant Properties of Collagen Polypeptide from Navodon septentionalis Bone
Authors: Yang Lu , Ding Li Jun
Published: October 2011

Collagen peptide was prepared from Navodon septentionalis bone by applying bromelin as a catalyst. Navodon septentionalis bone was mixed with 1%bromelin (w:w)and water at a ratio of 1:4 (w/w).The mixture was incubated at 60°Cfor 4 hours. The dehydration degree was up to 26.20% on optimum condition and the concentration of polypeptide was almost 50mg/ml. The antioxidant activity was investigated and compared with vitamin C, TBHQ, BHA and BHT. Collagen polypeptide at 50mg/ml and 10mg/ml exhibited 80% and 92.5% of scavenging activities on hydroxy radical and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, respectively.
Thermal Stress Field Simualtion Research in Heating Process Based on FEM
Authors: Dong Zhao Wei , Wan Xiao Hang , Zhang Jie Ying
Published: October 2011

For increasing heat efficiency and preventing crack resulting in thermal stress, the laws of heating slab must be accurately studied. The thermal stress field distribution in slab heating process is researched, which adopts FEM and bases on the transient non-linear heat analysis theory. The 3500 slab heating model is established in according to the heating technique in mills. The factor of conduction coefficient and specific heat changing with temperature also are considered. The heating process is simulated and the influence laws of furnace temperature and heating rate are drawn, which is very significant in engineering.
Study of Strengthen Flotation Separation for Middle-Low Grade Bauxite
Authors: Zhou Chang Chun
Published: October 2011

The ore properties and strengthen separation of bauxite were studied in this paper. The parameters in strengthen separation, such as dosage of collectors, flotation turbulence and inflation etc., were also discussed. With the increase of collector dosage, the recovery of Al2O3increased.,When the collector dosage was 900 g/t, A/S of foam was 7.06 and the recovery was 86.39%. The recovery also increased with the increase of stirring speed. When the speed of agitation mixing impeller reached 1700 r/min, the recovery was 84.56% and A/S of concentrate was 6.71. With the increase of inflation, the number of bubbles increased, the contact opportunities between bubbles and mineral particles increased, and the recovery increased. When the inflation was 0.35 m3/h, the recovery was 85.21% and A/S of foam was 6.71,. With the increase of inflation over 0.35 m3/h, the enhancement of recovery was not limited and the bubble inclusions led to the decrease of recovery of Al2O3.
Analysis of Critical Restricting Factors and Proposals for Coabed Methane Development in China
Authors: Yun Jian , Xu Feng Yin , Zeng Wen Ting , Zhong Ning Ning , Wang Jia Lin
Published: October 2011

"Clean technology and low carbon" is becoming a new trend of energy development worldwide. To speed up Coalbed Methane (CBM) exploration and development is of significant importance to reduce coal mine gas accidents, to protect atmospheric environment and to improve energy structure. Greater efforts have been exerted to CBM development, and three major CBM enterprises emerged. Qinnan, Lu’an and Sanjiao cooperation modes are developed to promote the coordinated development of gas extraction and coal mining. Many exploration and development technologies, tailored for various rank coal methane and for different geological conditions, are developed. Exploring technology, in CBM buried deeper than 800m and in low-rank coal bed methane development, has achieved substantial breakthrough. Moreover, Qinnan, Hancheng, Daning-jixian and Baode four favorable blocks are all adjacent to the major existing pipelines. China is rich in CBM resources, with great potentials and promising prospects, however, two factors of technology and management are still constraining the development of China’s CBM. Based on the analysis of the key factors, four following suggestions are proposed: to adjust strategies based on the resource distribution, to further coordinate governmental policies and entrepreneur performance, to strive to make technological breakthroughs in increasing single well yield and in promoting integrated economic efficiency, to establish a unified information platform to avoid disorderly competition and repeated investment.
The Resistance Properties of Gas-Solid Flow for Horizontal Branch Pipe
Authors: Jing Rong He , Ren Fang , Wang Xiao Ning
Published: October 2011

In the horizontal tee two branches pipe, pneumatic conveying experiment of hollow glass beading and millet was carried out using compressed air. The average diameters were both 2mm. The paper studied their resistance properties comparatively. The results showed: if the convey pressure was basically unchanged, for two kinds of particle which had the same average particle diameter but the different densities, when the openings difference value of the flow valve in the two branch pipes increased, in the region of higher gas velocity, the distance of the resistance properties curves became farther away, in the region of lower, curves were closer, the critical speed of branch pipe which had larger local resistance increased significantly, that of the other branch pipe declined slightly. The pressure drop value of particle with smaller density was smaller, the critical speed was generally higher, and the inflection point of the resistance characteristics curve appeared earlier.
Depth Space and the Theory of Depth Space Control Power
Authors: Cai Yi Ming
Published: October 2011

Abstract: The ideas of energy-saving, environmental protection and low-carbon and all kinds of disciplines are of great relevance. Lack of resources and environmental deterioration are the serious but common problems that mankind are facing now. Being the first scholar to put forward the theory of breadth and depth of space to divide ocean development resources and other resources, the author once again originally found the depth space resources of the development and utilization of plant energy and other renewable resources on land and the characteristics of depth space resources, and also discussed his theoretical view on depth space resources control power deeply. In future, people who can scientifically and rationally develop and use energy and other resources will both own the key to harmonious development with nature concerning energy and other resources exploration of nations and human kind, and the key to peace and primary material base controlling the fate of the world and human. The article focuses on the depth space development and the regarding new resources which will bring a broad and long-term interests and influence on resource and environment problems, the harmony of human society and sustainable development, as well as play a significant role in the area of economy and new geopolitics in the future.
MFA Study on Typical Energy (Coal) Chemical Base — Ningdong Case
Authors: Shen Peng , Ye Jing , Fu Ze Qiang , Gao Bao
Published: October 2011

Energy (coal) chemical base refers to the industrial cluster which is mainly formed by coal, thermal power, coal chemical and building materials industries within a special region. The constructions of energy (coal) chemical bases promote the in situ conversion of coal resources, reducing water and material consumption as well as pollutant emissions. Through the material flow analysis, the input and output relationship within energy (coal) chemical-base was carried out in this article. And combined with case study, recommendations of key technologies to perfect the energy (coal) chemical-based industrial chain were proposed, so as to promote environmental protection.
Conflict and Cooperation among Sino-US-EU Based on Climate Change
Authors: Wang Ya Qiong , Xue Yao Wen
Published: October 2011

Global warming is emerging as the common concern of all countries and people on earth. This paper first emphatically analyzes the game process of Sino-US-EU according to the interest and position of the groups at the UN Conference on Climate Change. After that, the paper finds the reason why the three parties failed to reach an agreement and proposes measures to solve the focal point. In the end, this paper prospects the developing trend to the next Climate Change Conference.
Dimensionless Analysis on Operation Performance of Low-Carbon Business
Authors: Li Zhu Mei , Zhao Li Ping
Published: October 2011

Catastrophe analysis on financial statements of the 76 low-carbon listcompanies in 2001-2009 is used. By designing analysis indicators of financial management capacity and operating growth capacity, comprehensive performance of low-carbon business is evaluated using dimensionless analysis and mapminmax method. it finds: Overall business performanceof low-carbon businesses tends to rise, especially the financial management capacity significantly improved, but there is no continuing business development capacity, but significant decline. Responds to this, some measures are proposed: upgrad low-carbon technologies strategically,occupy low-carbon technologies high ground etc.
Ticks on pastures and on two breeds of cattle in the Eastern Cape province, South Africa
Authors: Nyangiwe Nkululeko , Goni Sindisile , Hervé-Claude Louis P. , Ruddat Inga , Horak Ivan G.
Published: October 2011

Many studies on the population dynamics of questing ticks on pastures and of parasitic ticks on cattle have been conducted. Few, however, have attempted to link the two in a single study. This study aimed to assess the population dynamics of questing ixodid ticks on pastures and of adult ticks on two breeds of cattle with different levels of susceptibility to tick infestation on the same pastures. Between January 2005 and December 2009 questing ixodid ticks were collected monthly from natural pastures at the Döhne Agricultural Development Institute and at the adjacent Campagna Production System in the Amahlathi District, Eastern Cape province, South Africa. Between February 2007 and January 2010 adult ticks were collected monthly from Bonsmara and Nguni cattle grazing these pastures. Ten tick species were collected from the pastures and 12 from the cattle. Significantly more questing larvae of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Rhipicephalus decoloratus, Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi and Rhipicephalus microplus were recovered from the pastures grazed by Bonsmara cattle than from those grazed by Nguni cattle (p ≤ 0.05). Significantly more adult Hyalomma rufipes, Rhipicephalus follis, R. appendiculatus, R. decoloratus, R. evertsi evertsi and R. microplus were collected from the Bonsmara cattle than from the Nguni cattle (p ≤ 0.05). The study showed that Nguni cattle are less susceptible to tick infestation than are Bonsmara cattle and fewer questing ticks are collected from pastures grazed by Nguni cattle than by Bonsmara cattle.
Materials for Membrane Fuel Cells
Authors: Heinzel Angelika
Published: October 2011

Brennstoffzellen als elektrochemische Energiewandler haben durch gezielte Materialentwicklung Anwendungsreife erlangt. Für die Membranbrennstoffzelle sind das insbesondere der ionenleitende, polymere Festelektrolyt, Edelmetall‐Nanokatalysatoren auf korrosionsstabilen Kohlenstoffträgermaterialien, Gasdiffusionsschichten mit ausgeklügeltem Porensystem sowie Werkstoffe für die Bipolarplatte, die für die Serienfertigung geeignet sind. Die Fortschritte der letzten Jahre auf dem Gebiet der Materialentwicklung sind beeindruckend und haben zu Brennstoffzellen mit hoher Leistungsdichte, einer guten Lebensdauer und mit robustem Betriebsverhalten geführt.
A frequency‐domain‐based master stability function for synchronization in nonlinear periodic oscillators
Authors: Righero Marco , Corinto Fernando , Biey Mario
Published: October 2011

An efficient methodology to study conditions for stable in‐phase synchronization in networks of periodic identical nonlinear oscillators is proposed. The problem of investigating synchronization properties on periodic trajectories is reduced to an eigenvalue problem by means of the joint application of master stability function and harmonic balance techniques. The proposed method permits to exploit the periodicity of trajectories, reducing computational time with respect to traditional time‐domain approaches (which were designed to deal with generic attractors) and good accuracy. In addition, such method can easily deal with networks of nonlinear periodic oscillators described by differential‐algebraic equations, and then both static and dynamic coupling could be studied. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Barrier effect of flame retardant systems in poly(methyl methacrylate): Study of the efficiency of the surface treatment by octylsilane of silica nanoparticles in combination with phosphorous fire retardant additives
Authors: Quach Yen , Cinausero Nicolas , Sonnier Rodolphe , Longuet Claire , Lopez‐Cuesta Jose‐Marie
Published: October 2011

In this work, flame retardant systems comprising ammonium polyphosphate (AP423) and hydrophilic (A200) or hydrophobic (R805) nanometric silica were incorporated into PMMA. The following techniques were performed to detail the fire behaviour of the composites: mass loss cone calorimetry, pyrolysis‐combustion flow calorimetry, pyrolysis‐gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, thermogravimetric analysis, X‐ray diffraction analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and microscopic observations. The best fire behaviour was obtained with the surface‐treated silica in the presence of AP423. The formation of a new crystalline phase from the interactions between AP423 and R805 silica and a strong barrier effect due to a layered residue were the main modes of action of this system. Moreover, we have shown that the difference between the AP423 + R805 and AP423 + A200 systems was due to poor dispersion of the silica into the PMMA matrix in the latter formulation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A review of in‐vivo optical properties of human tissues and its impact on PDT
Authors: Sandell Julia L. , Zhu Timothy C.
Published: October 2011

A thorough understanding of optical properties of biological tissues is critical to effective treatment planning for therapies such as photodynamic therapy (PDT). In the last two decades, new technologies, such as broadband diffuse spectroscopy, have been developed to obtain in vivo data in humans that was not possible before. We found that the in vivo optical properties generally vary in the ranges μa = 0.03–1.6 cm–1 and μs′ = 1.2–40 cm–1, although the actual range is tissue‐type dependent. We have also examined the overall trend of the absorption spectra (for μa and μs′) as a function of wavelength within a 95% confidence interval for various tissues in vivo. The impact of optical properties on light fluence rate is also discussed for various light application geometries including superficial, interstitial, and within a cavity. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A Facile Synthesis and Structural Verification of Etorphine and Dihydroetorphine from Codeine
Authors: Huang Xin‐Ren , Srimurugan Sankareswaran , Lee Gene‐Hsiang , Chen Chinpiao
Published: October 2011

In this study, an improved process for the synthesis of etorphine and dihydroetorphine from codeine with an overall yield of 2.7% and 1.5% respectively is described. The structure of 19‐propylthevinol 7 was verfied by X‐ray structure analysis. This result is promising for synthesizing various morphine‐based drugs.
Synthesis and Characterization of the First Doubly‐bridged N,N‐dimethylthiocarbamoyl Metal Complex: Crystal Structure of [Mo(Cl)(CO)2(PPh3)]2(η1:η2:μ‐SCNMe2)2
Authors: Wang Hsiao‐Fen , Yih Kuang‐Hway , Lee Gene‐Hsiang , Huang Shou‐Ling
Published: October 2011

The first doubly‐bridged thiocarbamoyl metal complex [Mo(Cl)(CO)2(PPh3)]2(η1:η2:μ‐SCNMe2)2 (2) was formed from stirring [Mo(CO)2(η2‐SCNMe2)(PPh3)2Cl] (1) in dichloromethane at room temperature. Complex 2 is a dimer with each thiocarbamoyl unit coordinating through sulfur and carbon to one metal center and bridging both metals through sulfur. Complex 2 is characterized by X‐ray diffraction analysis.
Synthesis, Structure and Solvatochromism Studies on Copper(II) Complexes Containing Ethylenediamine, Pyridine and Imidazol Ligands
Authors: Golchoubian Hamid , Nazari Omeleila , Kariuki Benson
Published: October 2011

Two copper(II) complexes type [Cu(en)X2](ClO4)2, where en = ethylenediamine and X = pyridine, 1 or imidazol, 2 have been synthesized and prepared on the bases of elemental analysis, spectroscopic and molar conductance measurements. The X‐ray crystal analysis of these complexes demonstrated that the copper(II) ions are in square planar environments through coordination by two nitrogen atoms of the ethylenediamine and two nitrogen atoms of two pyridine or imidazol molecules and the ClO4‐ ions are bound weakly above and below of the molecular plane. The complexes show three ions behavior in all solvents. The complexes are soluble in various solvents and are solvatochromic. The solvatochromism of the complexes were investigated by UV‐Vis spectroscopy with different solvent parameters such as DN, AN, α and β using multiple linear regression (MLR) method. The results suggested that the DN parameter of the solvent has the most contribution to the shift of the d‐d absorption band of the complex 1 but in complex 2 the DN and β have almost similar importance in the observed variation in the shift of the νmax values with solvent nature.
A New Combination Strategy as Applied in Predicting Chromatographic Retention Times of Oligonucleotides at a Range of Temperatures from 30 °C to 80 °C
Authors: Liang Gui‐Zhao , Ma Xiu‐Yan , Chen Yu‐Zhen , Li Yuan‐Chao , Lv Feng‐Li , Yang Li
Published: October 2011

We develop a new combination strategy to predict retention times of oligonucleotides in ion‐pair reversed‐phase high performance liquid chromatography. The key step of the strategy is to use score of generalized base properties (SGBP) combined with auto cross covariance (ACC) to resolve the feature representation of nucleic acids. This representation characterize physicochemical, quantumchemical, topological, spatial structural features, etc., and their neighboring effect between bases at a certain distance apart in a sequence. The next step is to use the variables selected by genetic algorithm (GA) to construct prediction models of retention times of oligonucleotides based on support vector machine (SVM). Accordingly, GA‐SVM models give different prediction performance using different input descriptors resulting from different step lengths in the ACC transformation, indicating the neighboring effect between bases should not be neglected in the features related to the chromatographic retention of oligonucleotides. As a whole, the GA‐SVM predictors obtained from more than 20 training samples can produce satisfying performance in predicting the chromatographic retention of oligonucleotides at a range of temperatures (30 °C, 40 °C, 50 °C, 60 °C and 80 °C), respectively. The present approach based on the SGBP‐ACC‐GA‐SVM combination shows great application prospect in the field of separation and analysis science, bioinformatics and proteomics.
Relationship between soil temperature and fruit colour development of ‘Clemenpons’ Clementine mandarin (Citrus clementina Hort ex. Tan)
Authors: Mesejo Carlos , Gambetta Giuliana , Gravina Alfredo , Martinez‐Fuentes Amparo , Reig Carmina , Agusti Manuel
Published: October 2011

BACKGROUND: In Citrus, root temperature regulates rind colouration. However, few studies have investigated the range of temperatures and timing which determine rind colour break. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between range of soil temperature (ST) and rind colour development in the precocious ‘Clemenpons’ Clementine mandarin. Reflective white plastic mulch was used to modify root temperature.

RESULTS: Mulching increased reflected light and reduced daily maximum ST and temperature range, major differences being established 70–30 days before harvest. Rind colour‐break correlated positively with 20 °C < ST < 23 °C; thus, 20–23 °C appears to be the ST threshold interval for fruit colouration. The sooner the soil reached it, the sooner the fruit changed rind colour. In our experiments, control trees accumulated 565 h at this ST interval before fruit changed colour, whereas in treated trees it occurred 2 weeks earlier. Hence, in treated trees the colour break was advanced by 2 weeks and this increased the percentage of fruit harvested at the first picking date by up to 2.5‐fold.

Conclusions: Fruit colour‐break does not take place at a certain ST, but after several hours at a ST of 20–23 °C. In our experiments, reducing ST during the 2 months before harvest advances the first picking date in the ‘Clemenpons’ Clementine mandarin. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry