bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Brief communication (Original). Validity and reliability of Thai version Overactive Bladder Symptom Score (OABSS-T)
Authors: Honglertsakul Chavalit
Published: August 2015

Background: Overactive bladder (OAB) is a symptom-based condition, difficult to evaluate and impairs human related quality of life. A questionnaire is essential for the diagnosis and evaluation of treatment outcomes. The Overactive Bladder Symptom Score (OABSS) questionnaire has been mentioned previously as a useful tool for quantifying symptoms, severity, and treatment outcomes.

Objectives: To examine the psychometric properties of the OABSS in Thai women with overactive bladder.

Methods: Sixty women aged over 18 years, diagnosed with overactive bladder syndrome were recruited. They visited in two sessions at a two-week intervals using an OABSS questionnaire translated into Thai by a group of translators comprised of bilingual doctors and native speakers. OABSS in Thai preserves the original format using seven questions.

Results: Sixty woman aged over 18 years with overactive bladder symptoms were recruited (mean age 56; SD17.8). Content validity revealed a high score of symptoms. Internal consistency of the questionnaire from both visits showed a Cronbach alpha at 0.80 and 0.82 respectively. There was a strong association between the seven-item OABSS score at visit 1 and visit 2 with an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.96 (95% CI 0.947-0.981).

Conclusion: The OABSS Thai version is valid, and easily evaluates symptoms and severity of OAB. It could be used not only by urologists, but also by other healthcare providers as a screening tool for OAB in Thailand.
IL28B genotyping and treatment of HCV infected subjects
Authors: Novotny Dalibor , Roubalova Lucie , Aiglova Kvetoslava , Bednarikova Jana , Bartkova Margita
Published: August 2015

Background: Chronic hepatitis C is a common cause of advanced liver disease and appropriate treatment has been complex and a challenge. Reaction of individual genotypes to classical pegylated interferon-ribavirin therapy differs and no success has been achieved in some even after repeated therapy cycles. New types of so called directly acting antivirals (DAAs) are hopeful, as shown in many recent clinical studies, and triple therapy regimens involving DAA are becoming the new standard of care.

Objective: To summarize knowledge about the relationship between HCV therapeutic regimens and the genetic background of the host represented by interleukin 28B (IL28B) gene polymorphisms. In the first part, the host basic mechanisms in specific and innate immunity are introduced. The IL28B genotype and its role in the course of HCV treatment are described in the second part.

Methods: We searched and summarized publications on HCV therapeutic regimens and host IL28B polymorphisms.

Results: Compared to classical regimens, the association between IL28B polymorphism and treatment outcome of HCV infected patients is weaker in triple therapy using first generation DAAs boceprevir and telaprevir.

Conclusions: The association between IL28B polymorphism and treatment outcome is lessened with availability of new therapeutic regimens. Nevertheless, IL28B genotyping may still be useful for individualization of treatment strategies.
Diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus: comparison between National Diabetes Data Group and Carpenter– Coustan criteria
Authors: Boriboonhirunsarn Dittakarn , Lertbunnaphong Tripop , Tientong Kamaitorn
Published: August 2015

Background: A 100-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is commonly used to diagnose gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Carpenter-Coustan (CC) criteria, based on lower threshold plasma glucose values than the National Diabetes Data Group (NDDG) criteria, result in an apparently increased prevalence of GDM. However, the extent of the increase is not known, and effects on perinatal outcome are not clear.

Objective: To evaluate the increase in the prevalence of GDM if CC criteria are applied to OGTT results, we compared findings with NDDG criteria. Pregnancy outcomes between women without GDM and those with GDM diagnosed by NDDG and CC criteria were compared.

Methods: A total of 640 at-risk pregnant women were studied. They were either diagnosed as having GDM by initial testing (145 women), or repeat testing at 24−28 weeks of gestation (495 women). CC criteria were applied to the OGTT results and prevalence of GDM was re-evaluated.

Results: The apparent prevalence of GDM increased by 22.2% using CC criteria. The change was 27.6% at the initial test and 31.5% at repeat tests during 24−28 weeks of gestation. Infant birth weight in GDM diagnosed by either NDDG or CC criteria was significantly higher than in the negative OGTT group (P < 0.001). Rates of macrosomia were comparable. Neonatal hypoglycemia was 14.6% in the NDDG group, 8.2% in CC only group, and 4.6% in negative OGTT group (P < 0.001).

Conclusion: The CC criteria identify 22% more cases of GDM than NDDG criteria during initial and repeat tests.
Post-surgical physical activity enhancing program for elderly patients after hip fracture: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Suwanpasu Sunee , Aungsuroch Yupin , Jitapanya Chanokporn
Published: August 2015

Background: Hip fracture seriously influences an elderly person’s life and mobility, independent living, and causes earlier mortality. Although surgery is generally successful, many of the elderly suffer from decreased physical ability after surgery for hip fracture.

Objectives: To determine the effects of a physical activity enhancing program (PEP) on the level of physical activity of elderly patients after surgical treatment of hip fracture.

Methods: A randomized controlled trial of 46 elderly patients was conducted at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital from January 2012 to February 2013 to evaluate the effectiveness of the Resnick self-efficacy model (2009) compared with standard care in improving physical activity. The participants were enrolled on a criteria basis and were block randomized into two groups. The intervention group attended four phases of physical training and efficacy based intervention comprising assessment, preparation, practicing, and evaluation phases with face-to-face contact and five telephone calls during seven weeks post-surgery.

Results: Six weeks after discharge, the physical activity of the intervention group increased by significantly more than the control group (F1,43 = 9.63, P < 0.01), with an effect size of 0.18 after controlling for preoperative physical activity. The ratio of the effect on physical activity induced by the PEP was higher than that induced by usual care (65.2% vs. 47.8%).

Conclusion: PEP is effective at improving physical activity. Efforts to follow up for longer periods and with studies using larger populations are recommended.
Selected rare and protected macrofungi (Agaricomycetes) as bioindicators of communities of xerothermic vegetation in the Nida Basin
Authors: Tomaszewska Agnieszka , Łuszczyński Janusz , Lechowicz Łukasz , Chrapek Magdalena
Published: August 2015

Results of mycological investigations conducted in xerothermic grasslands of the Nida Basin in the years 1984–2013 are presented. Our research brings up to date the current knowledge on ecological requirements of threatened species of macrofungi. Strong affiliations between macrofungi and specific phytocenoses of the alliances Festuco-Stipion and Seslerio-Festucion duriusculae were detected. A considerable influence of the occurrence of certain species of steppe fungi on the composition of the mycobiota in the Nida Basin was identified.
Professor dr hab. Maria Lisiewska
Authors: Stasińska Małgorzata
Published: August 2015

The article presents the biography and scientific achievements of Professor Maria Lisiewska. She earned master’s degree and Ph.D. in natural sciences from Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań. After earning her doctoral degree, she stayed at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań and conducted her thrilling research on mycology and taught until now. Prof. Maria Lisiewska is an author of many books, articles, and other scholarly reports.
Kosovo tradition as an incentive to a stable identity: An impartial viewpoint
Authors: Marković Saša , Zobenica Adela
Published: August 2015

The epilogue to the story of Kosovo, which is drawn from the folk­tales of the Battle of Kosovo, is as much an inspiration and obsession as is the story's prologue and central idea. Despite certain opinions, the potential of this story remains intact and untapped. Our opinion remains that the identity of Serbs needs to recognize the values of the heritage of Kosovo, and to apply it steadily and responsibly to a given historical moment. Any extreme attempts at politicizing people's opinions on the fairness and the sacrifice, both through stereotypes and denials, imply our inconsistency and the inconsist­ency of our contemporaries, predecessors, or future generations. Our immaturity and failure to recognize our own heritage in the message that elevates us to humility and virtue is our experience only. The story of Kosovo will endure even if we, convinced that we are on the right path, fail to find it.
Ragusan Antunini Galeazzo Brugnoli from Mantua
Authors: Pekić Radmilo
Published: August 2015

The economic development of Dubrovnik from the end of fourteenth century and the start of textile manufacturing in the second half of fifteenth century encouraged the massive arrival of foreigners. Many Italian experts were motivated by the measures of Ragusan government which offered them privileges, loans and commercial spaces. One of them was Giorgio Brugnoli, a nobleman from Mantua, who had came with his family in Dubrovnik. His son Galeazzo Brugnoli, the subject of this work, once was the most significant textile manufacturer and merchant . Thanks to his business and family reputation he became the mem­ber of well-known antunini. In three mandates he led this prominent corporation. Almost the entire life Galeazzo Brugnoli tied to Dubrovnik, where he formed his family and ended his life. His descendants continued successfully his business until their family died out, 227 years after their arrival.
The effects of Albanian terrorism in Kosovo and Metohija
Authors: Stevanović Obrad
Published: August 2015

The very first ideas about secession of Kosovo and Metohija of the Republic of Serbia and the use of violence in achieving them appeared immediately after the First Balkan War (1912). The key pillars of this, secessionist motivated violence in Kosovo during and after the wars of liberation of Serbia (1912 and 1918). And between the two world wars, were kachach, during and after World War II that were ballistic groups of Albanian extremists. Violence based on their tradition, with unforeseeable serious consequences for vital interests of the Republic of Serbia, escalated in the last decade of the twentieth century, violence Albanian extremist group called the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLÁ), supported by influential members of the international community. In many papers, the analysis of the specific objectives, the holders-active entities, resources, facilities attack - passive subjects and consequences, as constituent elements of that violence, confirmed his terrorist character of the KLÁ as a terrorist profile of its key holder. In this regard, the work is the result of research in which the author, as a consequence of the analysis of the constituent elements of Albanian terrorism in Kosovo and Metohija, the end of the last century and the beginning of this century, identified scientifically described and classified the effects, or levels of achievement of objectives internal and holders Foreign support­ers. In addition to the indisputable proven effects in achieving the goals of the operational and intermediate levels, the work is proven and partial achievement of strategic-political (ethno-separatistic) internal target holders of Albanian terrorism in Kosovo and Metohija, defined as secession-the secession of Kosovo and Metohija from the Republic of Serbia. The deployment of international military, security and civilian forces in Kosovo and Metohija, with the tempo­rary transfer of jurisdiction of state authorities of the FRY and Serbia to the security and the UN mission (KFOR and UNMIK) and the EU (EULEX), work has been identified as an indisputable effect of engag­ing in foreign entities the resolution on the Kosovo issue. In addition, work has confirmed the assumption according to which the set-up and to achieve this strategic objective external entities was primarily based on their 'hidden' geopolitical interests, and not to publicly proclaimed goals defined as stopping a 'humanitarian catastrophe' in Kosovo and Metohija.
The relationship of poetry and prose in old Serbian literature
Authors: Kostić-Tmušić Aleksandra
Published: August 2015

This work is pointing out relations between poetry and prose in contemporary understanding of this problem, on one hand, and the comprehension of these relations in Serbian medieval literarary works, on the other hand. Literature, which was created in contemporary, modern period, is making clear difference in relations between poetry and prose, while in studies of Old Serbian literature there are tendencies for deleting lines between prosaic and poetic way of speaking, therefore even rhythmical poems are sometimes called prose. Only conditionally, some genres can be classified as prosaic, other as poetic, while a big group remains mixed, because, for some features it may be considered as poetic, and for some features it may be considered as prosaic. As well as in all cultural areas, Byzantine orientation had decisive influence on forming and developing of Serbian medieval literature. Byzantine literary tradition has become paradigm for establishing and determining of philosophy, aesthetics and poetic in period of the earliest Serbian literature, which had as a crucial mission to overmaster early Christian literary heritage, which was, basically, Byzantine, as well as to overmaster the other medieval literatures. Very important things for poetry in Old Serbian literature are its rhythm, melody and sound. These terms are wider than term linguistic values. Elements which are creating rhythm, melody and sound are elements of the language. However, they do not stand only as sounds but, also, have certain linguistic values. Aim of this work is to get closer apprehension of Old Serbian literature throughout intellection of old Serbian writer and poet, guiding by laws of medieval poetics and aesthetics, but seen through contemporary scholars of literature eyes.
Layering of life (Sara novel of Peter Sarić)
Authors: Kostić Dragomir
Published: August 2015

Novel Sara of Petar Sarić consists of two parts; in it are processed or present two wars, two major wars in the region of Montenegro and Herzegovina, the First and Second World War. However, it is more novel about divisions within the family and the man himself, (and infamous assault of godfather Luka on Sarah also and his murder are in that function), in the first part; and on the divisions among the people, in general, in the second part of the novel. The second part is, in fact, the image layering of life, not a symbolic one, full of hope, faith, reliance, rather than a concrete, real life, that life which is transformed into a fear of life. Separate, poetical, part of the novel, is his main character, Sara. It is no coincidence that her name novel entitled. Because she is one of most beautiful characters in the newer Serbian prose. Speech about the Sara precedes speech about her book. The book is Sara, Sara's book! Possession of book is her main feature of the exterior. Sara comes out from the Book and disappears in the book. Self contained and independent, therefore doomed to conflict with the environment. Loyal to husband and family, loyal to the truth and for justice, she ,,not hurt anything and anyone, no one is standing in the way, to anyone not wroth, nor has anyone looked wrong.' At the same time, the strange beauty, beauty that could not fit into some sort of scheme, one particular image or idea of beauty that again and again renewed, changed, remaining distant, and unmet. Strange goodness, marvelous beauty, she suffered unusual way; her life was transformed into continuous abstinence, repression, in anxiety and fear. In a word: in martirizam! Finally, in order to safe­guard children, sacrificed herself. Novel is a strong critique of society which is not able to recognize the beauty / goodness!.
Satisfação com a imagem corporal em mulheres gestantes e não gestantes
Authors: Teixeira Fabiano Augusto , Schneider Voldiana Lúcia Pozzebon , Wolpe Raquel Eleine , Sperandio Fabiana Flores
Published: August 2015

Introdução: A imagem corporal associa-se ao autoconceito com foco na aparência e na forma corporal, entendida como a representação mental do próprio corpo como um processo dinâmico e singular. Objetivo: Este estudo objetivou analisar a percepção da imagem corporal de mulheres gestantes e compará-las com um grupo de não gestantes. Métodos: Utilizou-se a Escala de Nove Silhuetas. Fizeram parte do estudo 60 mulheres, divididas em 4 grupos com 15 participantes cada, sendo os grupos 1, 2 e 3 com idade gestacional de 16ª, 26ª e 36ª semanas, respectivamente, contadas a partir da data da última menstruação, e um grupo de não gestantes. Os dados foram tabulados e analisados no programa estatístico SPSS®. Resultados: A maioria das mulheres participantes do estudo acredita que a silhueta ideal é a mais magra do que a silhueta atual. O IMC foi diferente para todos os grupos pesquisados, indicando um aumento no peso com o decorrer da gestação. Com isso, percebeu-se que as gestantes apresentam uma forma singular de observar as mudanças no seu corpo de acordo com a idade gestacional em que se encontram e com as experiências vividas anteriormente. Com relação à diferença na percepção corporal de gestantes e não gestantes, não foi possível observar diferenças significativas entre os grupos. Conclusão: Existe a necessidade de elaborar um instrumento de pesquisa que represente as gestantes, tanto na posição anatômica quanto na posição de perfil, nas diferentes semanas gestacionais, para que a visualização da forma corporal seja mais adequada à realidade física das gestantes.
‘Please Do not Stand over the Buddha’s Head (Pay Respect)’: Mediations of Tourist and Researcher Experience in Thailand
Authors: Andrew Jocuns  , Ingrid de Saint-Georges  , Nawasri Chonmahatrakul  , Jantima Angkapanichkit
Published: August 2015

This paper examines signs mediating tourist experience in temples and heritage sites in Thailand, paying particular attention to how language is used on signs, the semiotic make-up of the signs, and the economy of discourses embedded within those signs. Utilizing a geosemiotic approach (Scollon and Scollon 2003), we show that the signs populating tourist spaces in Thailand not only address rather different audiences, but also index distinct orders of discourse (religious, commercial, informational, regulatory). We propose that signs mediate differently the landscape of Thai Buddhist temples for the local Thai audience and for non-Thai Western others, implying for each group not only different kinds of behaviours but also contrasted positions and identities. In that sense, we view signs in this tourist context observed as cultural tools for boundary production between Easterner and Westerner.
Low-noise encoding of active touch by layer 4 in the somatosensory cortex
Authors: Andrew Hires Samuel , Gutnisky Diego A , Yu Jianing , O'Connor Daniel H , Svoboda Karel
Published: August 2015

Cortical spike trains often appear noisy, with the timing and number of spikes varying across repetitions of stimuli. Spiking variability can arise from internal (behavioral state, unreliable neurons, or chaotic dynamics in neural circuits) and external (uncontrolled behavior or sensory stimuli) sources. The amount of irreducible internal noise in spike trains, an important constraint on models of cortical networks, has been difficult to estimate, since behavior and brain state must be precisely controlled or tracked. We recorded from excitatory barrel cortex neurons in layer 4 during active behavior, where mice control tactile input through learned whisker movements. Touch was the dominant sensorimotor feature, with >70% spikes occurring in millisecond timescale epochs after touch onset. The variance of touch responses was smaller than expected from Poisson processes, often reaching the theoretical minimum. Layer 4 spike trains thus reflect the millisecond-timescale structure of tactile input with little noise.
An extrafollicular pathway for the generation of effector CD8+ T cells driven by the proinflammatory cytokine, IL-12
Authors: Shah Suhagi , Grotenbreg Gijsbert M , Rivera Amariliz , Yap George S
Published: August 2015

The proinflammatory cytokine IL-12 drives the generation of terminally differentiated KLRG1+ effector CD8+ T cells. Using a Toxoplasma vaccination model, we delineate the sequence of events that naïve CD8+ T cells undergo to become terminal effectors and the differentiation steps controlled by IL-12. We demonstrate that direct IL-12 signaling on CD8+ T cells is essential for the induction of KLRG1 and IFN-γ, but the subsequent downregulation of CXCR3 is controlled by IL-12 indirectly through the actions of IFN-γ and IFN-γ-inducible chemokines. Differentiation of nascent effectors occurs in an extrafollicular splenic compartment and is driven by late IL-12 production by DCs distinct from the classical CD8α+ DC. Unexpectedly, we also found extensive proliferation of both KLRG1− and KLRG1+ CD8+ T cells in the marginal zone and red pulp, which ceases prior to the final KLRG1Hi CXCR3Lo stage. Our findings highlight the notion of an extrafollicular pathway for effector T cell generation.
The Covalent Functionalization of Graphene on Substrates
Authors: Criado Alejandro , Melchionna Michele , Marchesan Silvia , Prato Maurizio
Published: August 2015

The utilization of grown or deposited graphene on solid substrates offers key benefits for functionalization processes, but especially to attain structures with a high level of control for electronics and “smart” materials. In this review, we will initially focus on the nature and properties of graphene on substrates, based on the method of preparation. We will then analyze the most relevant literature on the functionalization of graphene on substrates. In particular, we will comparatively discuss radical reactions, cycloadditions, halogenations, hydrogenations, and oxidations. We will especially address the question of how the reactivity of graphene is affected by its morphology (i.e., number of layers, defects, substrate, curvature, etc.).
Generalized supersymmetric cosmological term in N=1 supergravity
Authors: Concha P. K. , Rodríguez E. K. , Salgado P.
Published: August 2015

Abstract

An alternative way of introducing the supersymmetric cosmological term in a supergravity theory is presented. We show that the AdS-Lorentz superalgebra allows to construct a geometrical formulation of supergravity containing a generalized supersymmetric cosmological constant. The N = 1, D = 4 supergravity action is built only from the curvatures of the AdS-Lorentz superalgebra and corresponds to a MacDowell-Mansouri like action. The extension to a generalized AdS-Lorentz superalgebra is also analyzed.
A reduced maximality labeled transition system generation for recursive Petri nets
Authors: Bouneb Messaouda , Saidouni Djamel Eddine , Ilie Jean Michel
Published: August 2015

In Saidouni et al. (Maximality semantic for recursive Petri net. Europeen conference on modelling and simulation (ECMS’13) pp 544–550,
2013
) a maximality operational semantics has been defined for the recursive Petri net model. This operational semantics generates a true concurrency structure named maximality-based labeled transition systems (MLTS). This paper proposes an approach that generates an on-the-fly reduced MLTS modulo a maximality bisimulation relation. The interest of the approach is shown using an example concerning the woodshop cutting system.
Factors Determining Outcome After Surgery for Chronic Groin Pain Following a Lichtenstein Hernia Repair
Authors: Zwaans Willem A. R. , Verhagen Tim , Roumen Rudi M. H. , Scheltinga Marc R. M.
Published: August 2015

Background

Some patients develop chronic groin pain after a Lichtenstein hernia repair. Previous studies have demonstrated beneficial effects of removal of entrapped inguinal nerves or a meshectomy in patients with chronic pain after open inguinal hernia mesh repair. Factors determining success following this remedial surgery are unknown. The aim of the study was to identify potential patient‐ or surgery‐related factors predicting the surgical efficacy for inguinodynia following Lichtenstein repair.

Methods

Consecutive adult patients with a history of persistent pain following Lichtenstein repair who underwent remedial surgery were analysed using univariate analysis. Significant confounders (p < 0.05) were combined in a multivariate logistic regression model using a backward stepwise regression method.

Results

A total of 136 groin pain operations were available for analysis. Factors contributing to success were removal of a meshoma (OR 4.66) or a neuroma (OR 5.60) and the use of spinal anaesthesia (OR 4.38). In contrast, female gender (OR 0.30) and preoperative opioid use (OR 0.38) were significantly associated with a less favourable outcome. Using a multivariate analysis model, surgery under spinal anaesthesia (OR 4.04), preoperative use of opioids (OR 0.37), and meshoma removal (OR 5.31) greatly determined surgical outcome.

Conclusions

Pain reduction after remedial surgery for chronic groin pain after Lichtenstein repair is more successful if surgery is performed under spinal anaesthesia compared to general anaesthesia. Removal of a meshoma must be considered as success rates are optimized following these measures. Patients using opioids preoperatively have less favourable outcomes.
Antenatal Diagnosis of Klippel–Trenaunay–Weber Syndrome
Authors: Gupta Ashutosh , Aneja Anjila , Mehta Sanjay , Saini Pankaj
Published: August 2015

Klippel–Trenaunay–Weber syndrome (KTWS) is a rare congenital disease characterized by cutaneous hemangiomas, soft tissue, and bone hypertrophy. It may be associated with arteriovenous malformation involving deeper pelvic organs. We present a prenatally-diagnosed case of KTWS identified at 26 weeks. Antenatal ultrasound identified subcutaneous hemangioma with soft tissue hypertrophy with unilateral hypertrophy of the lower extremity with right renal hydronephrosis. During the rest antenatal period, KTWS did not deteriorate and was not complicated by acute enlargement and sequestration and Kasabach–Merritt syndrome.
Effects of Noxious Electrical Stimulation and Eccentric Exercise on Pain Sensitivity in Asymptomatic Individuals
Authors: Stackhouse Scott K. , Taylor Christine M. , Eckenrode Brian J. , Stuck Erica , Davey Helen
Published: August 2015

Background

Achilles tendinopathy is a common overuse injury in running and jumping athletes. Currently, we do not understand why some conservative interventions (eg, noxious electrical stimulation and eccentric training) may reduce the pain associated with tendinopathy.

Objective

To determine whether noxious electrical stimulation (NES) or eccentric contractions would alter pain sensitivity around the asymptomatic Achilles tendon.

Design

A double‐blind trial with block‐randomization by gender into 3 intervention arms: NES, eccentric contractions, or low‐intensity cycling.

Participants

A total of 40 volunteers with no current pain conditions started the study, and 39 completed follow‐up testing.

Methods

Participants underwent 2 baseline sessions to assess pain sensitivity response stability of pressure pain threshold (PPT), heat pain threshold (HPT), and heat temporal summation (HTS) over the Achilles tendon. Immediately after the second baseline session, participants performed 1 session of an intervention and were tested immediately postintervention and the next morning. Eccentric‐only plantarflexor exercise was performed (4 sets of 15 repetitions) using full bodyweight and slow, 5‐second contractions. Noxious electrical stimulation was applied to the Achilles for 20 minutes and dosed to the subjects' pain tolerance. Low‐intensity cycling was dosed (60‐70 W for 20 minutes) to minimize occurrence of exercise‐induced hypoalgesia. The PPT was the primary outcome measure.

Results

For PPT, both NES (P < .001) and eccentric (P = .003) groups were less sensitive to pressure immediately posttreatment, and the eccentric group maintained this effect through the next morning (P = .043). No group differences were seen for HPT, but the NES (P = .031) and eccentric (P = .036) groups had less HTS the next morning.

Conclusions

A single session of eccentric exercise and NES can produce immediate and next‐day reductions in pain sensitivity in asymptomatic adults. The immediacy of these effects points toward a neurophysiologic mechanism. Future research needs to be performed in clinical populations and to assess any cumulative effects to repetitive intervention.
The Sophists
Authors: Guthrie W. K. C.
Published: August 2015

The third volume of Professor Guthrie's great history of Greek thought, entitled The Fifth-Century Enlightenment, deals in two parts with the Sophists and Socrates, the key figures in the dramatic and fundamental shift of philosophical interest from the physical universe to man. Each of these parts is now available as a paperback with the text, bibliography and indexes amended where necessary so that each part is self-contained. The Sophists assesses the contribution of individuals like Protagoras, Gorgias and Hippias to the extraordinary intellectual and moral fermant in fifth-century Athens. They questioned the bases of morality, religion and organized society itself and the nature of knowledge and language; they initiated a whole series of important and continuing debates, and they provoked Socrates and Plato to a major restatement and defence of traditional values.
Historia General de las Cosas de Nueva España
Authors: Sahagûn Bernardino de
Published: August 2015

Friar Bernardino Sahagûn was in 1529 one of the first Catholic missionaries to the Aztecs. During his sojourn in Mexico he came to speak Nahuatl (the native language) fluently and to understand the Aztec culture, customs, religion and infrastructure intimately. He compiled the largest and most richly detailed record of the Aztecs and their history before the civilisation was wiped out by the Spanish conquest, and Sahagûn is sometimes considered 'the father of ethnology', as his study was the first to derive from the subjects' own point of view, through using native informants in his research. The work, written in 1540, was originally an illustrated manuscript of twelve books in a combination of Nahuatl and Spanish; this version, in Spanish only, was first published in 1829. Volume 2 examines the government and monarchy, the gold and precious stone industry, sacrificial divination, and Aztec theology and moral philosophy.
Bayesian Speech and Language Processing
Authors: Watanabe Shinji , Chien Jen-Tzung
Published: August 2015

With this comprehensive guide you will learn how to apply Bayesian machine learning techniques systematically to solve various problems in speech and language processing. A range of statistical models is detailed, from hidden Markov models to Gaussian mixture models, n-gram models and latent topic models, along with applications including automatic speech recognition, speaker verification, and information retrieval. Approximate Bayesian inferences based on MAP, Evidence, Asymptotic, VB, and MCMC approximations are provided as well as full derivations of calculations, useful notations, formulas, and rules. The authors address the difficulties of straightforward applications and provide detailed examples and case studies to demonstrate how you can successfully use practical Bayesian inference methods to improve the performance of information systems. This is an invaluable resource for students, researchers, and industry practitioners working in machine learning, signal processing, and speech and language processing.
Islamic Intellectual History in the Seventeenth Century
Authors: El-Rouayheb Khaled
Published: August 2015

For much of the twentieth century, the intellectual life of the Ottoman and Arabic-Islamic world in the seventeenth century was ignored or mischaracterized by historians. Ottomanists typically saw the seventeenth century as marking the end of Ottoman cultural florescence, while modern Arab nationalist historians tended to see it as yet another century of intellectual darkness under Ottoman rule. This book is the first sustained effort at investigating some of the intellectual currents among Ottoman and North African scholars of the early modern period. Examining the intellectual production of the ranks of learned ulema (scholars) through close readings of various treatises, commentaries, and marginalia, Khaled El-Rouayheb argues for a more textured - and text-centered - understanding of the vibrant exchange of ideas and transmission of knowledge across a vast expanse of Ottoman-controlled territory.
Secure Multiparty Computation and Secret Sharing
Authors: Cramer Ronald , Damgård Ivan Bjerre , Nielsen Jesper Buus
Published: August 2015

In a data-driven society, individuals and companies encounter numerous situations where private information is an important resource. How can parties handle confidential data if they do not trust everyone involved? This text is the first to present a comprehensive treatment of unconditionally secure techniques for multiparty computation (MPC) and secret sharing. In a secure MPC, each party possesses some private data, while secret sharing provides a way for one party to spread information on a secret such that all parties together hold full information, yet no single party has all the information. The authors present basic feasibility results from the last 30 years, generalizations to arbitrary access structures using linear secret sharing, some recent techniques for efficiency improvements, and a general treatment of the theory of secret sharing, focusing on asymptotic results with interesting applications related to MPC.
Twelve Landmarks of Twentieth-Century Analysis
Authors: Choimet D. , Queffélec H.
Published: August 2015

The striking theorems showcased in this book are among the most profound results of twentieth-century analysis. The authors' original approach combines rigorous mathematical proofs with commentary on the underlying ideas to provide a rich insight into these landmarks in mathematics. Results ranging from the proof of Littlewood's conjecture to the Banach–Tarski paradox have been selected for their mathematical beauty as well as educative value and historical role. Placing each theorem in historical perspective, the authors paint a coherent picture of modern analysis and its development, whilst maintaining mathematical rigour with the provision of complete proofs, alternative proofs, worked examples, and more than 150 exercises and solution hints. This edition extends the original French edition of 2009 with a new chapter on partitions, including the Hardy–Ramanujan theorem, and a significant expansion of the existing chapter on the Corona problem.
Ockham's Razors
Authors: Sober Elliott
Published: August 2015

Ockham's razor, the principle of parsimony, states that simpler theories are better than theories that are more complex. It has a history dating back to Aristotle and it plays an important role in current physics, biology, and psychology. The razor also gets used outside of science - in everyday life and in philosophy. This book evaluates the principle and discusses its many applications. Fascinating examples from different domains provide a rich basis for contemplating the principle's promises and perils. It is obvious that simpler theories are beautiful and easy to understand; the hard problem is to figure out why the simplicity of a theory should be relevant to saying what the world is like. In this book, the ABCs of probability theory are succinctly developed and put to work to describe two 'parsimony paradigms' within which this problem can be solved.
Explaining Social Behavior
Authors: Elster Jon
Published: August 2015

In this new edition of his critically acclaimed book, Jon Elster examines the nature of social behavior, proposing choice as the central concept of the social sciences. Extensively revised throughout, the book offers an overview of key explanatory mechanisms, drawing on many case studies and experiments to explore the nature of explanation in the social sciences; an analysis of the mental states - beliefs, desires, and emotions - that are precursors to action; a systematic comparison of rational-choice models of behavior with alternative accounts, and a review of mechanisms of social interaction ranging from strategic behavior to collective decision making. A wholly new chapter includes an exploration of classical moralists and Proust in charting mental mechanisms operating 'behind the back' of the agent, and a new conclusion points to the pitfalls and fallacies in current ways of doing social science, proposing guidelines for more modest and more robust procedures.
The Rise of the Israeli Right
Authors: Shindler Colin
Published: August 2015

The Israeli Right first came to power nearly four decades ago. Its election was described then as 'an earthquake', and its reverberations are still with us. How then did the Right rise to power? What are its origins? Colin Shindler traces this development from the birth of Zionism in cosmopolitan Odessa in the nineteenth century to today's Hebron, a centre of radical Jewish nationalism. He looks at central figures such as Vladimir Jabotinsky, an intellectual and founder of the Revisionist movement and Menahem Begin, the single-minded politician who brought the Right to power in 1977. Both accessible and comprehensive, this book explains the political ideas and philosophies that were the Right's ideological bedrock and the compromises that were made in its journey to government.
Collisionless Shocks in Space Plasmas
Authors: Burgess David , Scholer Manfred
Published: August 2015

Shock waves are an important feature of solar system plasmas, from the solar corona out to the edge of the heliosphere. This engaging introduction to collisionless shocks in space plasmas presents a comprehensive review of the physics governing different types of shocks and processes of particle acceleration, from fundamental principles to current research. Motivated by observations of planetary bow shocks, interplanetary shocks and the solar wind termination shock, it emphasises the physical theory underlying these shock waves. Readers will develop an understanding of the complex interplay between particle dynamics and the electric and magnetic fields that explains the observations of in situ spacecraft. Written by renowned experts in the field, this up-to-date text is the ideal companion for both graduate students new to heliospheric physics and researchers in astrophysics who wish to apply the lessons of solar system shocks to different astrophysical environments.
The Dilemma of the Commoners
Authors: De Moor Tine
Published: August 2015

One of the classic problems in social science is known as 'the dilemma of the commons', in which land, water, and other resources held jointly by social or economic segments tend to be depleted sooner and to a greater extent than privately held assets. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, many aspects of western European society changed fundamentally, including the abolition of common-property rights, which in itself was related to social and economic shifts in that same society. This book intends to put the debate on commons, commoners, and the disappearance of both throughout early modern and modern northwestern Europe in a new light, through new approaches and innovative methodologies. Tine De Moor aims to link the historical debate about the long-term evolution of commons to the present-day debates on common-pool resources, as well as touching upon various disciplines within the social sciences that work on commons issues.
Nationalist Violence in Postwar Europe
Authors: De la Calle Luis
Published: August 2015

This book argues that nationalist violence in developed countries is the product of unresponsive political elites and nationalists blocked from attracting supporters through legal channels. Political elites are prone to ignoring a regional polity when their clout in that region is negligible and they do not rely on the region's support to maintain their positions of power. Conversely, when nationalists cannot make inroads through legal channels, incentives for violence are ripe. Thus, when nationalists in postwar Europe found elites unresponsive, it was state repression that helped radicals build a new group of support around militant action. The larger this new constituency legitimizing violence grew, the longer the conflict lasted. The book elucidates this complex dynamic through a deft combination of theoretical modeling, statistical methods and comparative case studies from the Basque Country, Catalonia, Corsica, Northern Ireland, Sardinia and Wales.
Quality Standards, Value Chains, and International Development
Authors: Swinnen Johan , Deconinck Koen , Vandemoortele Thijs , Vandeplas Anneleen
Published: August 2015

Over the past decades, the world has witnessed an unprecedented growth in global value chains, propelled by increasingly demanding quality standards. These trends lead to concerns about the impact of value chains on development and poverty and about the possible protectionist nature of quality standards in rich countries. This book offers the first integrated theoretical analysis of the economic and political factors which determine the level of quality standards, as well as their economic effects along the value chain. Using realistic assumptions motivated by empirical research, the theoretical framework in this book makes it possible to study the efficiency effects as well as the distributional consequences of one of the most striking evolutions affecting global trade and development today.
Elastic Language
Authors: Zhang Grace Q.
Published: August 2015

Elastic language carries non-specific and stretchable meaning, as in 'He loves her, kind of'. It is used like a slingshot, targeting various strategic goals. Consolidating current research and charting new directions, this book develops a refreshing theory of elasticity, empirically attested by natural language data from tension-prone encounters between Australian Customs officers and passengers. The theory proposes three principles (fluidity, stretchability and strategy) and offers a systematic look at how elastic language, as a sliding scale, works to balance strengthening and weakening speech tones, to firm and soften a speaker's stance, and to reveal and evade the truth. The comparative analysis of forms, functions, and context confirms that elastic language is fluid, stretchable, and strategic. It serves both cooperative and competitive functions, and social and speech factors impact on its use. This book will appeal to students and researchers working in pragmatics, applied linguistics, sociolinguistics, discourse analysis, and communication.
Shakespeare and the Visual Imagination
Authors: Sillars Stuart
Published: August 2015

Shakespeare's knowledge of the practices of visual art, its fundamental concepts and the surrounding debates is clear from his earliest works. This book explores this relationship, showing how key works develop visual compositions as elements of dramatic movement, construction of ideas, and reflections on the artifice of theatre and language. The Taming of the Shrew, Love's Labour's Lost, Richard II and A Midsummer Night's Dream are explored in detail, offering new insights into their forms, themes, and place in European traditions. The use of emblems is examined in Titus Andronicus and As You Like It; studies of Venus and Adonis, some sonnets and The Rape of Lucrece reveal different but related visual aspects; a later chapter suggests how the new relation between seeing and soliloquy in The Rape of Lucrece is developed in other plays. Extensively illustrated, the book explores Shakespeare's assimilation and exploration of visual traditions in structure, theme and idea throughout the canon.
Mark
Authors: Bock Darrell
Published: August 2015

This volume provides a comprehensive, accessible introduction to the Gospel of Mark, now widely considered the first recorded treatment of Jesus. Darrell Bock explains how this text, once the least-used gospel, came to be regarded as the starting point for understanding Jesus. Drawing together previous arguments and discussion in a constructive summary, he traces the significance of Mark and addresses key features such as its cultural and historical background, its narrative flow, and the role of Greek in supplying meaning. This commentary highlights the issues Mark's gospel raises and develops Mark's message surrounding Jesus' claims of kingdom authority and salvation, the call to disciples to follow him, and the preparation of those disciples to face suffering in light of their choice. Mark will be a valuable resource for students, teachers, and pastors alike.
Indigeneity and Legal Pluralism in India
Authors: Parmar Pooja
Published: August 2015

As calls for reparations to indigenous peoples grow on every continent, issues around resource extraction and dispossession raise complex legal questions. What do these disputes mean to those affected? How do the narratives of indigenous people, legal professionals, and the media intersect? In this richly layered and nuanced account, Pooja Parmar focuses on indigeneity in the widely publicized controversy over a Coca-Cola bottling facility in Kerala, India. Juxtaposing popular, legal, and Adivasi narratives, Parmar examines how meanings are gained and lost through translation of complex claims into the languages of social movements and formal legal systems. Included are perspectives of the diverse range of actors involved, based on interviews with members of Adivasi communities, social activists, bureaucrats, politicians, lawyers, and judges. Presented in clear, accessible prose, Parmar's account of translation enriches debates in the fields of legal pluralism, indigeneity, and development.
Jus Cogens
Authors: Weatherall Thomas
Published: August 2015

One of the most complex doctrines in contemporary international law, jus cogens is the immediate product of the socialization of the international community following the Second World War. However, the doctrine resonates in a centuries-old legal tradition which constrains the dynamics of voluntarism that characterize conventional international law. To reconcile this modern iteration of individual-oriented public order norms with the traditionally state-based form of international law, Thomas Weatherall applies the idea of a social contract to structure the analysis of jus cogens into four areas: authority, sources, content and enforcement. The legal and political implications of this analysis give form to jus cogens as the product of interrelation across an individual-oriented normative framework, a state-based legal order, and values common to the international community as a whole.