bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Fog of Change: Opacity and Asperity in Organizations
Authors: Hannan Michael T. , Pólos László , Carroll Glenn R.
Published: February 2007

Initial architectural change in organizations often induces other subsequent changes, generating lengthy cascades of changes in subordinate units. This article extends a formal model of cascading organizational change by examining the implications for organizational change of the limited foresight of those who initiate such change about unit interconnections (structural opacity) and the normative restrictiveness imposed on architectural features by organizational culture (cultural asperity). Opacity leads actors to underestimate the lengths of periods of reorganization and the associated costs of change, thereby prompting them unwittingly to undertake changes with adverse consequences. Increased opacity and asperity lengthen the total time that the organization spends reorganizing and the associated opportunity costs; and the expected effect of an architectural change on mortality hazards increases with the intricacy of the organizational design, structural opacity, and the asperity of organizational culture. We illustrate the theory with an interpretation of the 1995 collapse of Baring Brothers Bank.
Cultural Collapses in the Northwest: A Reply to Ian Kuijt
Authors: Hayden Brian , Ryder June
Published: February 2007

We previously suggested that the abandonment of large housepit villages along the Mid-Fraser River ca. 1200 B.P. was due to landslides that decimated salmon stocks and the main subsistence staples of the villages. Kuijt has questioned the plausibility of such a scenario. However, he confuses the two landslide episodes we discuss and raises unrealistic expectations about lake formation, migration behavior, and residual populations. He also confuses the lacustrine vs. fluvial effects of landslide blockages. While he attributes to us specific interpretations to which we are not tied and which are not critical for our basic argument, he offers no real alternative explanation for why the large Mid-Fraser villages were abandoned.
Showing off, Foraging Models, and the Ascendance of Large-Game Hunting in the California Middle Archaic
Authors: Broughton Jack M. , Bayham Frank E.
Published: February 2007

In a recent paper in American Antiquity (2002:231-256), Hildebrandt and McGuire argue that archaeofaunal patterns in California document an ascendance of artiodactyl hunting during the Middle Archaic. They also suggest that such a trend is inconsistent with predictions derived from optimal-foraging models. Given the apparent failure of foraging theory, they advance a “showing off” model of large-game hunting. While their presentation is intriguing, we do not see a theoretical warrant for predicting that show-off hunting would have increased during the Middle Archaic. We present here an alternative hypothesis for the increase in artiodactyl abundances and the hunting-related patterns they identify. That hypothesis follows directly from the prey model itself under what appears to have been a dramatic artiodactyl population expansion after the drought-dominated middle Holocene period.
New observations on the secondary chemistry of world Ephedra (Ephedraceae)
Authors: Caveney Stanley , Charlet David A. , Freitag Helmut , Maier‐Stolte Maria , Starratt Alvin N.
Published: February 2007

For several millennia, stem extracts of Ephedra (Ephedraceae, Gnetales) have been used as folk medicines in both the Old and New World. Some species were used in treatments of questionable efficacy for venereal disease in North America during the last century. Many Eurasian species produce phenylethylamine alkaloids, mostly ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, that interact with adrenergic receptors in the mammalian sympathetic nervous system. Asian Ephedra have been used recently in the clandestine manufacture of a street drug, methamphetamine. Although ephedrine alkaloids are not detectable in New World species of Ephedra, together with Asian species they contain other nitrogen‐containing secondary metabolites with known neuropharmacological activity. Many mesic and particularly xeric species worldwide accumulate substantial amounts of quinoline‐2‐carboxylic acids, or kynurenates, in their aerial parts. Many species of Ephedra accumulate cyclopropyl amino acid analogues of glutamate and proline in their stems and roots, and particularly in the seed endosperm. Mesic species synthesize substantial amounts of three L‐2‐(carboxycyclopropyl)glycine stereomers rarely seen in nature. A cyclopropyl analogue of proline with known antimicrobial activity, cis‐3,4‐methanoproline, is found in large amounts in the stems and seeds of many Ephedra species. The ability to synthesize cyclopropyl amino acids may be an ancestral feature in the taxon. The natural function in the taxon of these three groups of secondary compounds remains to be established.
cpDNA‐RFLP in Ceramium (Rhodophyta): intraspecific polymorphism and species‐level phylogeny
Authors: Wattier Rémi A. , Davidson Alistair L. , Ward Barbara A. , Maggs Christine A.
Published: February 2007

Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of chloroplast (cp) DNA is a powerful tool for the study of microevolutionary processes in land plants, yet has not previously been applied to seaweed populations. We used cpDNA‐RFLP, detected on Southern blots using labeled total plastid DNA, to search for intraspecific and intrapopulational cpDNA RFLP polymorphism in two species of the common red algal genus Ceramium in Ireland and Britain. In C. botryocarpum one polymorphism was detected in one individual among 18 from two populations. Twenty‐six individuals of C. virgatum from five populations at three locations exhibited a total of four haplotypes. One was frequent (80.8% of individuals); the others were rare (7.7, 7.7, and 4.2%) and were private to particular populations. Polymorphism was observed in two populations. The corrected mean was 2.26 ± 0.36 haplotypes per population, which was within the typical range determined for higher plants using similar techniques. The spatial distribution of haplotypes was heterogeneous, with highly significant population differentiation (P = 0.00018; Fisher's exact test). Intraspecific polymorphism in C. virgatum had no impact on species‐level phylogenetic reconstruction. This is the first unequivocal report of both intraspecific and intrapopulational cpDNA‐RFLP polymorphism in algae.
The science of plant morphology: definition, history, and role in modern biology
Authors: Kaplan Donald R.
Published: February 2007

As a scientific discipline, plant morphology is 211 yr old, originated by Goethe in 1790. It is a discipline that has largely been Germanic in practice. Because it took its origins from the study of the natural history of plants and the United States is principally an engineering society, the discipline of plant morphology in its pure form has never been widely practiced in this country. What has been labeled “plant morphology” in the United States has served largely as a handmaiden for systematics, using morphological characteristics to carve up diversity into its systematic subunits. Because the heart of plant morphology as a science is a focus on the convergences rather than the homologies in a phylogenetic sense, the German tradition of plant morphology is a unifying science that focuses on fundamental themes that transcend systematic boundaries. This paper traces the history of the science of plant morphology through the lineage of its principal practitioners: Goethe, Hofmeister, von Goebel, and Troll. It also evaluates the principles of plant morphology by applying them to the phyletically diverse Pteridophytes, showing that contemporary members of that group exhibit levels of shoot organization comparable to that of seed plants and discusses the implications of these findings.
Phylogeny of Malpighiaceae: evidence from chloroplast ndhF and trnl‐F nucleotide sequences
Authors: Davis Charles C. , Anderson William R. , Donoghue Michael J.
Published: February 2007

The Malpighiaceae are a family of ∼1250 species of predominantly New World tropical flowering plants. Infrafamilial classification has long been based on fruit characters. Phylogenetic analyses of chloroplast DNA nucleotide sequences were analyzed to help resolve the phylogeny of Malpighiaceae. A total of 79 species, representing 58 of the 65 currently recognized genera, were studied. The 3′ region of the gene ndhF was sequenced for 77 species and the noncoding intergenic spacer region trnL‐F was sequenced for 65 species; both sequences were obtained for the outgroup, Humiria (Humiriaceae). Phylogenetic relationships inferred from these data sets are largely congruent with one another and with results from combined analyses. The family is divided into two major clades, recognized here as the subfamilies Byrsonimoideae (New World only) and Malpighioideae (New World and Old World). Niedenzu's tribes are all polyphyletic, suggesting extensive convergence on similar fruit types; only de Jussieu's tribe Gaudichaudieae and Anderson's tribes Acmanthereae and Galphimieae are monophyletic. Fleshy fruits evolved three times in the family and bristly fruits at least three times. Among the wing‐fruited vines, which constitute more than half the diversity in the family, genera with dorsal‐winged samaras are fairly well resolved, while the resolution of taxa with lateral‐winged samaras is poor. The trees suggest a shift from radially symmetrical pollen arrangement to globally symmetrical pollen at the base of one of the clades within the Malpighioideae. The Old World taxa fall into at least six and as many as nine clades.
Origin and genetic diversity of Spartina anglica (Poaceae) using nuclear DNA markers
Authors: Ayres Debra R. , Strong Donald R.
Published: February 2007

Spartina alterniflora, introduced into the UK in the 1800s, was the seed parent in an interspecific hybridization with S. maritima. The sterile F1 hybrid S. ×townsendii gave rise to the fertile allopolyploid S. anglica by chromosomal doubling. Previous chromosome, isozyme, and cpDNA surveys did not reveal notable genetic variation within either the parental or the hybrid species. We used nuclear DNA markers (random amplified polymorphic DNA ([RAPD]) and inter‐simple sequence repeats (ISSR) to further explore the origin, diversity, and parentage of S. anglica. We found DNA fragments in S. ×townsendii were the aggregate of diagnostic DNA fragments from S. maritima and S. alterniflora, thus confirming its hybrid origin. The S. ×townsendii genotype was identical to most of the S. anglica individuals analyzed, establishing the genetic concordance of these two taxa. We found widespread genetic variation within S. anglica. This could indicate that S. anglica arose several times, from different S. maritima sires. Alternatively, alleles could have been lost through recombination and/or through loss of entire chromosomes in S. anglica. Finally, all but one S. anglica individual had a S. alterniflora component that was indistinguishable from a S. alterniflora plant extant in Marchwood, UK, leaving open the possibility that this plant is the actual seed parent of S. anglica.
The questionable affinities of Lactoris: evidence from branching pattern, inflorescence morphology, and stipule development
Authors: González Favio , Rudall Paula
Published: February 2007

The phylogenetically ambivalent monotypic genus Lactoris presents sympodial (determinate) branching, as a terminal flower is present on each main branch. The synflorescence is thyrsoid. Partial inflorescences are rhipidia with up to three flowers. The ochrealike stipule is formed by the fusion of two lateral stipules, which forms an adaxial ligule‐like structure and a two‐flanked leaf sheath that encircles the parental axis. The leaf sheath elongates with the growth of the preceding internode. Although sympodial growth and a sheathing leaf base are present in all Piperales (Aristolochiaceae, Lactoridaceae, Piperaceae, and Saururaceae), the presence of stipules is confined to Lactoris, Saururaceae, and some Piperaceae. These characters are consistent with the placement of Lactoris within Piperales, although its phylogenetic position within the order remains equivocal, except for the possible sister group relationship suggested by the presence of cymose inflorescences in both Lactoris and Aristolochiaceae.
Evidence for a switch in the reproductive biology of Rubus alceifolius (Rosaceae) towards apomixis, between its native range and its area of introduction
Authors: Amsellem Laurent , Noyer Jean‐Louis , Hossaert‐McKey Martine
Published: February 2007

We compared the reproductive system of Rubus alceifolius in its native range in Southeast Asia, in Madagascar, where the plant was introduced apparently some centuries ago, and in La Réunion, an Indian Ocean island onto which R. alceifolius was introduced (from Madagascan source populations) around 1850. While tetraploidy makes it impossible to analyze variation in R. alceifolius using classical methods of population genetics, both the patterns of genetic diversity (as revealed by AFLP [amplified fragment length polymorphism] markers) and differences between half‐sib progeny and their maternal parents (revealed by microsatellite markers) show that in the plant's native range in southeast Asia, seeds are produced sexually. In contrast, in Madagascar sexual reproduction cannot alone account for the genetic patterns observed with microsatellite markers. Over 85% of the half‐sib progeny resulting from open pollination gave multilocus genotypes identical to those of their respective maternal parents, despite the fact that the latter had alleles that were rare in the population. The other progeny differed in having an allele with one motif more or less than that of the maternal parent. Seeds thus appear to be produced mostly or exclusively by apomixis in Madagascar. We present findings suggesting that Madagascan populations result from hybridization of introduced R. alceifolius and native populations of R. roridus, a closely related species of Rubus subgenus Malachobatus, and suggest that apomixis was a consequence of this hybridization. In Reunionese populations of R. alceifolius (derived from Madagascan populations), seeds obtained in controlled pollination experiments were all genetically identical to maternal parents. While genetic variation (microsatellite markers) in Reunionese populations was low, it was sufficient to allow us to demonstrate that seeds could not have resulted from fertilization by the pollen donors chosen for controlled pollinations, or from autogamy, and were produced exclusively by apomixis.
Phylogenetic relationships in Pleurothallidinae (Orchidaceae): combined evidence from nuclear and plastid DNA sequences
Authors: Pridgeon Alec M. , Solano Rodolfo , Chase Mark W.
Published: February 2007

To evaluate the monophyly of subtribe Pleurothallidinae (Epidendreae: Orchidaceae) and the component genera and to reveal evolutionary relationships and trends, we sequenced the nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5.8S gene for 185 taxa. In addition, to improve the overall assessments along the spine of the topology, we added plastid sequences from matK, the trnL intron, and the trnL‐F intergenic spacer for a representative subset of those taxa in the ITS study. All results were highly congruent, and so we then combined the sequence data from all three data sets in a separate analysis of 58 representative taxa. There is strong support in most analyses for the monophyly of Pleurothallidinae and in some for inclusion of Dilomilis and Neocognauxia of Laeliinae. Although most genera in the nine clades identified in the analyses are monophyletic, all data sets are highly congruent in revealing the polyphyly of Pleurothallis and its constitutent subgenera as presently understood. The high degree of homoplasy in morphological characters, especially floral characters, limits their usefulness in phylogenetic reconstruction of the subtribe.
Functional significance of variation in bryophyte canopy structure
Authors: Rice Steven K. , Collins David , Anderson Ann M.
Published: February 2007

In most bryophytes, the thickness of boundary layers (i.e., unstirred layers) that surrounds plant surfaces governs rates of water loss. Architectural features of canopies that influence boundary layer thickness affect the water balance of bryophytes. Using field samples (9.3 cm diameter cushions) from 12 populations (11 species) of mosses and liverworts, we evaluated the relationship between canopy structure and boundary layer properties. Canopy structure was characterized using a contact surface probe to measure canopy depth along perpendicular transects at spatial scales ranging from 0.8 to 30 mm on 186 points per sample. Semivariance in depth measurements at different spatial scales was used to estimate three architectural properties: surface roughness (Lr), the scale of roughness elements (Sr), and fine‐scale surface texture, the latter characterized by the fractal dimension (D) of the canopy profile. Boundary layer properties were assessed by evaporation of ethanol from samples in a wind‐tunnel at wind speeds from 0.6 to 4.2 m/s and applied to characterize mass transfer using principles of dynamic similarity (i.e., using dimensionless representations of conductance and flow). In addition, particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used to visualize and quantify flow over two species. All cushions exhibited the characteristics of turbulent as opposed to laminar boundary layers, and conductance increased with surface roughness. Bryophyte canopies with higher Lr had greater conductances at all wind speeds. Particle image velocimetry analysis verified that roughness elements interacted with flow and caused turbulent eddies to enter canopies, enhancing evaporation. All three morphological features were significantly associated with evaporation. When Lr, Sr, and D were incorporated with a flow parameter into a conductance model using multiple linear regression, the model accounted for 91% of the variation in mass transfer.
Morphological interpretation of the spikelet in Digitaria atra (Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae) and emended generic description
Authors: Vega Andrea S. , Rúgolo de Agrasar Zulma
Published: February 2007

Digitaria atra is illustrated for the first time and the original description is emended. The diagnosis of the genus Digitaria is completed by introducing modifications related to the spikelet's morphology and the lower lemma's consistency. Some remarks about the lower palea are included. The unusual morphological characteristics of the spikelet of D. atra are compared with the tribe Isachneae and some genera of Paniceae.
Analysis of shoot apical organization in six species of the Cupressaceae based on chimeric behavior
Authors: Korn Robert W.
Published: February 2007

Six species of the Cupressaceae, the variegated Leyland cypress (Cupressocyparis leylandii ‘Silver Dust’), savin (Juniperus sabina variegata Laws), davurian juniper (Juniperus davurica ‘expansa variegata’), California incense cedar (Calocedrus decurrens ‘Aureovariegata’), the American arbor vitae (Thuja occidentalis ‘lutae zebrina’ Kent), and the sawara false cypress (Chamaecyparis pisifera ‘nana aureovariegata’) were examined for the behavior of albino‐green shoot chimeras. The fate of the variegations in these six plants is the same in two important respects. First, the majority (89%) of sprays with an original sector become completely white. Second, sectorial branch sprays of the original sectorial sprays become either completely green or white in a 1 : 1 ratio. Based on the first finding it is concluded that there is one rather than the two to four apical initials in the shoot apex, as generally postulated. This single apical initial, actually an apical cell lineage, residing in the tunica layer can both form the leaf epidermis and by rare periclinal divisions form sectorial chimeras. The second finding is that there is no selection advantage of either type, a feature also postulated by others.
Myrtaceae revisited: a reassessment of infrafamilial groups
Authors: Wilson Peter G. , O'Brien Marcelle M. , Gadek Paul A. , Quinn Christopher J.
Published: February 2007

Cladistic analyses are presented of matK sequence data as well as a nonmolecular database for an identical set of exemplar species chosen to represent the core genera or groups of genera in Myrtaceae. Eleven robust clades are recognized on the molecular data. Polyphyly of the previously recognized Metrosideros and Leptospermum alliances is confirmed, and several smaller informal taxonomic groupings are recognized from among the members of the former alliance, i.e., the Tristania, Tristaniopsis, Metrosideros, and Lophostemon groups. The nonmolecular analysis provides only limited resolution of relationships. A degree of congruence exists between the two analyses in that two separate fleshy‐fruited clades, the Acmena and Myrtoid groups, are identified, as are the Eucalypt and Tristania groups, and Psiloxylon and Heteropyxis are the first lineages to diverge in both analyses. A combined analysis recognized all 11 clades that received strong support from the molecular data. A high level of homoplasy is revealed in many of the nonmolecular characters when they are examined against the combined estimate of phylogeny.
Heterophylly in the yellow waterlily, Nuphar variegata (Nymphaeaceae): effects of [CO2], natural sediment type, and water depth
Authors: Titus John E. , Gary Sullivan P.
Published: February 2007

We transplanted Nuphar variegata with submersed leaves only into natural lake sediments in pH‐, [CO2]‐, depth‐, and temperature‐controlled greenhouse tanks to test the hypotheses that more fertile sediment, lower free [CO2], and shallower depth would all stimulate the development of floating leaves. Sediment higher in porewater [NH4+] favored floating leaf development. Low CO2‐grown plants initiated floating leaf development significantly earlier than high CO2‐grown plants, which produced significantly more submersed leaves and fewer floating leaves. Mean floating leaf biomass was significantly greater than mean submersed leaf biomass but was not influenced by CO2 enrichment, whereas mean submersed leaf biomass increased 88% at high [CO2]. At the shallower depth (35 cm), floating leaves required 50% less biomass investment per leaf than at 70 cm, and a significantly greater proportion of plants had floating leaves (70 vs. 23–43% at 35 vs. 70 cm, respectively) for the last three of the eight leaf censuses. Sediment type, water depth, and especially free [CO2] all can influence leaf morphogenesis in Nuphar variegata, and the development of more and larger submersed leaves with CO2 enrichment favors the exploitation of high [CO2] when it is present in the water column.
The Venomous Course of Southwestern Opium: Qing Prohibition in Yunnan, Sichuan, and Guizhou in the Early Nineteenth Century
Authors: Bello David
Published: February 2007

The opium-smuggling trade that britain pursued on the eastern seacoast of China has become the symbol of China's century-long descent into political and social chaos. In the standard historical narratives of both China and Euro-America, opium is the primary medium through which the Qing dynasty (1644–1911) encountered the modern economic, social, and political institutions of the West. Consequently, opium and the Western powers' advent on the Chinese coast have become almost inextricably linked. Opium, however, was not simply a Sino-British problem geographically confined to southeastern China. It was, rather, a transimperial crisis that spread among an ethnically diverse populace and created regionally distinct problems of control for the Qing state.
Another “People of India” Project: Colonial and National Anthropology
Authors: Jenkins Laura Dudley
Published: February 2007

In a bookstore in delhi, a salesman, apprised of my interest in lower-caste politics, handed me a tome about the officially listed Dalit, or untouchable, groups,The Scheduled Castes(Singh 1995). The first thing to strike me was the cover, a glossy photograph of a presumably Scheduled Caste woman with her back against a tall stone wall, surrounded by her four grubby kids. She is beaming. The second thing to strike me was the title of this new series, of which this was the second volume. The series, by the central government's Anthropological Survey of India, was called the People of India, a name that had been used for several rather notorious colonial ethnographic projects. Intrigued, I began to examine this most recent avatar of the People of India.
Building Shanghai, One Page at a Time: The Aesthetics of Installment Fiction at the Turn of the Century
Authors: des Forges Alexander
Published: February 2007

In the last two decades of the Qing dynasty, installment publication became the dominant mode of presentation for Chinese fiction, as it had been for European and Japanese literature for more than half a century. Whether printed daily as one feature in a newspaper, weekly in literary supplements, or monthly in the fiction journals that took off in the early 1900s, Chinese vernacular fiction of this period appeared in parts over time, just as the works of Honoré de Balzac, Charles Dickens, Jippensha Ikku, Fyodor Dostoevsky, and even Henry James did (Link 1981; Lee and Nathan 1985; Chen 1988). As early as 1892, Shanghai author Han Bangqing praised the installment form for heightening suspense and forcing the reader to imagine what might happen next; by 1910 “addiction” to installment fiction could be understood as anaestheticexperience, and the popularity of the format would only increase in the decades to follow. This article seeks to trace the rise of the installment form in late Qing and early Republican China, investigate its ties with the contemporaneous cultural production of Shanghai as a metropolitan media center, and demonstrate the effects of its associated aesthetic.
Variations in Professionalism
Authors: Reynolds Susan
Published: February 2007

Readers who look forward to a fierce debate may be in for a disappointment, as I find myself more or less in agreement with most of the points the three commentators have made about my article. I am grateful to them for the attention they have given it and for their pertinent and constructive comments.
Mrs. Mayne and Her Boxing Kangaroo: A Married Woman Tests Her Property Rights in Colonial New South Wales
Authors: Golder Hilary , Kirkby Diane
Published: February 2007

In 1891, in the Supreme Court of New South Wales, Mrs. Olivia Mayne brought an action for breach of contract against two brothers, theatrical entrepreneurs, James and Charles MacMahon. Mrs. Mayne claimed the MacMahon brothers owed her money for the hire of her property, a boxing kangaroo called “Fighting Jack.” The MacMahons contested her claim, hoping to avoid their obligation by disputing the legally binding nature of the agreement they had made with her. The argument became one about the contractual capacity of a married woman.
Many Laws, Many Legalities
Authors: Kercher Bruce
Published: February 2007

Peter Karsten asks why there might be a greater comparative propensity among CANZ historians than among those of the United States. Part of the reason may lie in the legal education many of us in Australia received, and in the formal legal status of many commonwealth countries until recently. As recently as the early 1970s, Australian law students were taught that English law was as significant as that made in the Australian courts. Appeals from the Australian Supreme Courts to the Privy Council were finally abolished only in 1986. From that time onward, there was a drive within the law schools to find differences from England, to look toward comparisons with other places than England.
Systematics of Nonea (Boraginaceae‐Boragineae): new insights from phenetic and cladistic analyses
Authors: Selvi Federico , Papini Alessio , Bigazzi Massimo
Published: February 2007

Nonea, one of the largest but lesser known genera of Boraginaceae tribe Boragineae, has been investigated by means of phenetics and cladistics to analyse morphological diversity and phylogenetic relationships within the group. Cluster analysis of 29 taxa recognizes five groups of annual species placed in one large cluster and two groups of perennial taxa in another cluster. Principal Component Analysis shows that the enigmatic Greek species, Paraskevia cesatiana (≡ Nonea cesatiana), is morphologically intermediate between Nonea and Pulmonaria, but closer to the latter due to fruit characters. Successive weighting using 42 characters and Pulmonaria as outgroup indicates that Nonea is paraphyletic, because the two species of Elizaldia are nested within the group of annual taxa. The South Mediterranean species N. vesicaria is closer to the North African taxa of Elizaldia than to any other member of Nonea. The perennial species of the N. intermedia group growing in mesic habitats of the Pontic‐Caucasian region and Eastern Anatolia are in basal position, whereas Paraskevia cesatiana is not nested within Nonea. Candolle’s sections of Nonea are not clearly supported. Nonea sect. Orthocaryum also appears paraphyletic due to the position of N. obtusifolia, a taxon with numerous autapomorphies that are difficult to interprete phylogenetically. Possible trends of character evolution are discussed also in the light of cytogeographical aspects. These aspects indicate x = 10 as the primary base number and either polyploidy or descending dysploidy associated with the adaptive shortening of the life‐cycle as major driving forces of species formation.
Studies on Geocalycaceae XIV. Physotheca J. J. Engel & Gradst., a new genus of Hepaticae from Ecuador, belonging to a new subfamily, Geocalycaceae subfam. Physothecoideae J. J. Engel & Gradst.
Authors: Engel John J. , Gradstein S. Rob
Published: February 2007

Physotheca autoica J. J. Engel & Gradst. is a liverwort genus and species new to science and is endemic to the Andes of southern Ecuador. The new genus, while having several characters also found in the family Geocalycaceae, differs from members of that family in a number of important respects, which are discussed. The mode of growth of Physotheca is unusual, and occurs strictly by repeated innovations originating from below the bracts or bracteoles of the gynoecium. The inflated, bladder‐like perianths are noteworthy, and have a shape and form that is remarkably similar to the sterile perianths of the unrelated genus Pleurozia. Capsule wall anatomy is also unusual, the walls are 7–8‐stratose, and the outer layer, which has both one‐phase and two‐phase development represented, readily collapses. The large spores (to nearly 39 µm) are echinate and nearly three times the elater width, and the elaters, which frequently uncoil, adhere in considerable number to the inner face of the capsule wall. The best placement of Physotheca is within the family Geocalycaceae. Due to the unusual combination of these and other characters, the genus does not fit into any of the known subfamilies of Geocalycaceae and must be placed in a new subfamily, Physothecoideae J.J. Engel & Gradst.
Nomenclature of Hymenocallis taxa (Amaryllidaceae) in southeastern United States
Authors: Smith Gerald L. , Garland Mark A.
Published: February 2007

For the Flora of North America, Smith & Flory (2002) recognized 15 species and four infraspecific taxa of Hymenocallis in the southeastern United States from Texas and Oklahoma east to Virginia. Here we justify the selection of names used for these taxa in the Flora of North America treatment and typify those names.
Molecular evidence for multiple diversification patterns of alpine plants in Mediterranean Europe
Authors: Vargas Pablo
Published: February 2007

A preliminary synthesis of diversification patterns of alpine plants in the Mediterranean region of Europe is presented based on seven plant groups displaying morphological differentiation and infraspecific taxa. Both previous and new phylogenetic results from ITS sequences and fingerprinting data suggest different colonization routes and modes of speciation in Androsace vitaliana (recent differentiation in the Iberian Peninsula), Anthyllis montana (west‐to‐east colonization and differentiation in Europe), Arenaria tetraquetra (colonization and differentiation from SE Iberian mountains to the Pyrenees; increasing number of chromosome complements), Saxifraga oppositifolia (colonization from the arctic to the Iberian Peninsula), Saxifraga pentadactylis (differentiation in Mediterranean and Eurosiberian mountains by geographic isolation), and Soldanella alpina (differentiation and colonization from northern Iberia to the Alps, and then to the Pyrenees and the Balkan Peninsula). Relative static diversification of Juniperus communis var. saxatilis in Europe, based on identity of chloroplast trnL‐F sequences, is also described. Most morphological variation, expressed by number of sub‐species recognized in previous taxonomic treatments of the seven plant groups, appears to have occurred during the Pleistocene (< 1.75 Myr). Recurrent change of Quaternary climatic conditions in the Mediterranean Basin, coupled with geographic characteristics, life cycle, dispersal mechanisms, and pre‐Holocene genetic structure are not convincing factors to account for all the observed diversification. Additionally, stochastic processes are also considered for evaluating present‐day distributions and processes of speciation.
Myristicineae, a new suborder within Magnoliales
Authors: Chatrou Lars W.
Published: February 2007

Myristicaceae are sister group to the remaining five families of Magnoliales, which make up the suborder Magnoliineae. Both with regard to morphological and DNA sequence data, Myristicaceae have diverged substantially from Magnoliineae, whereas at the same time monophyly of Magnoliales is conclusive. This relationship between Myristicaceae and Magnoliineae is affirmed by describing the suborder Myristicineae.
Kandelia obovata (Rhizophoraceae), a new mangrove species from Eastern Asia
Authors: Sheue Chiou-Rong , Liu Ho-Yih , Yong Jean W. H.
Published: February 2007

Kandelia (Rhizophoraceae) has long been regarded as a monotypic mangrove genus. Recent studies in chromosome number, molecular phylogeography, physiological adaptation, and leaf anatomy, however, reveal that there are two well differentiated sets of geographical populations separated by the South China Sea. These are recognized as two distinct species, Kandelia candel (L.) Druce and Kandelia obovata Sheue, Liu & Yong sp. nov.
Validation of the namesEmporiaceae,Emporia, andEmporia lockardii
Authors: Mapes Gene , Rothwell Gar W.
Published: February 2007

Descriptions ofEmporiaceaeandEmporiaare provided in order to validly publish the namesEmporiaceaeMapes & G. W. Rothwell, andEmporiaMapes & G. W. Rothwell. An emended description ofEmporia lockardii(Mapes & G. W. Rothwell) Mapes & G. W. Rothwell, published as a new combination, is also provided.
Lectotypification of Crataegus coccinea L. and its conspecificity with C. pedicellata Sarg. (Rosaceae)
Authors: Phipps James B. , Cafferty Steve , MacKlin James A.
Published: February 2007

Crataegus coccinea L., a name with an erratic history of usage but which has given its name to an important subdivision of the genus, C. ser. (or sect.) Coccineae, is lectotypified. It is held to be identical to the well­known North American species C. pedicellata Sarg., which it can now safely displace.
Phylogenetic relationships in Nepeta L. (Lamiaceae) and related genera based on ITS sequence data
Authors: Jamzad Ziba , Chase Mark W. , Ingrouille Martin , Simmonds Monique S. J. , Jalili Adel
Published: February 2007

The internal transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrITS) from 43 species of Nepeta and representatives of closely related genera (Lallemantia, Dracocephalum and Agastache) and outgroups (Lavandula, Stachys, Newcastelia and Prostanthera) were sequenced. Parsimony analysis indicated that Nepeta is monophyletic and composed of five major monophyletic groups, most of which comprise species belonging to more than one section in previous classifications. These five clades are composed of: (1) sect. Spartonepeta; (2) sects. Macronepeta + Spicatae; (3) sects. Nepeta + Micranthae p.p. + Oxynepeta + Schizocalyx + Macrostegiae; (4) sects. Capituliferae + Denudatae + Micranthae p.p. + Micronepeta p.p.; and (5) sect. Psilonepeta. The phylogenetic relationships among species of these groups are congruent with the distribution of some floral characters, including corolla shape, bract texture, color and pollen exine ornamentation.
Asclepiadeae classification: evaluating the phylogenetic relationships of New World Asclepiadoideae (Apocynaceae)
Authors: Rapini Alessandro , Chase Mark W. , Goyder David J. , Griffiths Jayne
Published: February 2007

To provide an overview of New World Asclepiadoideae, we here evaluate Asclepiadeae classification by comparing the taxonomic arrangement of subtribes with a topology obtained through analyses of two plastid DNA regions (trnL intron and trnL­F intergenic spacer) for 111 species of Asclepiadoideae representing the major lineages of the subfamily. Without Jobinia, Nephradenia and Barjonia, Asclepiadeae are not monophyletic. The monotypic African genus Eustegia, with pendent pollinia, may represent the sister clade of Marsdenieae ­ Ceropegieae, the group composed of plants with erect pollinia. Metastelmatinae including African plants are also non­monophyletic, and the circumscription of the recently re­instated Cynanchinae should be studied further. Overall, Asclepiadeae are composed of three main clades. The Old World Astephaninae are the sister group of the other Asclepiadeae, which are divided into the ACTG (Asclepiadinae, Cynanchinae, Tylophorinae and Glossonematinae) and MOG (Metastelmatinae, Oxypetalinae and Gonolobinae) clades. According to this study, the New World Asclepiadoideae fall into just four clades: (1) Marsdenia (Marsdenieae), (2) Asclepias (Asclepiadinae, Asclepiadeae), (3) Cynanchum subgenus Mellichampia (Cynanchinae, Asclepiadeae), and (4) MOG, the clade comprising the majority of New World Asclepiadoideae.
Patterns of endemism and comparative phylogeography confirm palaeo‐environmental evidence for Pleistocene refugia in the Eastern Alps
Authors: Tribsch Andreas , Schönswetter Peter
Published: February 2007

Climatic fluctuations during Quaternary glaciations had a significant influence on the distribution of taxa and on their intraspecific genetic structure. In this paper, we test hypotheses on Pleistocene refugia for mountain plants in the eastern part of the European Alps derived from palaeoenvironmental and geological results, with new data on distributional patterns of 288 vascular plant endemics and molecular phylogeographies of selected species. High numbers of endemics are found in calcareous regions at the southern and the eastern border of the Eastern Alps, which remained unglaciated during the Pleistocene. The distribution of local endemic taxa in general, and of silicicolous taxa in particular, shows a clear relationship with hypothetical glacial refugia in the southern, southeastern, easternmost, and northeastern Alps. Molecular phylogeographic data from several silicicolous alpine species (Androsace alpina, Androsace wulfeniana, Eritrichium nanum, Phyteuma globulariifolium, Ranunculus glacialis, Saponaria pumila) are not completely congruent. However, all genetically defined population groups are in congruence with hypothetical refugia. In general, results from distributions of endemic taxa and data from intraspecific phylogeography are compatible with previously hypothesized refugia suggesting that refugial situations have shaped the current patterns. The combination of patterns of endemism with molecular phylogeographic data provides an efficacious approach to reveal glacial refugia in vascular plants.
Generic criteria and an infrageneric system for Hedysarum and related genera (Papilionoideae‐Leguminosae)
Authors: Choi Byoung-Hee , Ohashi Hiroyoshi
Published: February 2007

New generic delimitations for Corethrodendron, Hedysarum, Sulla and Taverniera are proposed together with new infrageneric systems for Hedysarum, with special reference to morphological evidence. Hedysarum sect. Spinosissima is treated as a distinct genus Sulla, and H. sect. Hedysarum is newly circumscribed on the basis of its conserved type, H. alpinum. Hedysarum sections Crinifera, Multicaulia and Subacaulia are very similar to each other and are merged into an enlarged H. section Multicaulia. Hedysarum sect. Fruticosa is transferred to the genus Corethrodendron. On the other hand, Stracheya is reduced to a section of the genus Hedysarum. A key to the genera and the infrageneric taxa, their nomenclature, synonymy and short descriptions are provided.
Orthographic conundrums: the problem of ‐opsis and ‐botrys
Authors: David John C.
Published: February 2007

A survey of the use of two common suffixes of generic names and species epithets in botanical nomenclature is provided and discrepancies in treatment, either in the form of the stem or in the gender, are demonstrated. The reasons for these discrepancies and their consequences are outlined and possible means of harmonization are indicated.
Molecular phylogeny of Ericameria (Asteraceae, Astereae) based on nuclear ribosomal 3′ ETS and ITS sequence data
Authors: Roberts Roland P. , Urbatsch Lowell E.
Published: February 2007

Phylogenetic relationships and composition of Ericameria were investigated by parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses of ITS and 3′ ETS sequences for 50 taxa including all known species in Ericameria and several related taxa. The independent analyses of the data sets led to highly congruent, though not identical, results. Analyses of the combined sequence data generally improved resolution and clade support. Ericameria, Pentachaeta, Rigiopappus and Tracyina are resolved in a monophyletic group distinct from Chrysothamnus, Xylothamia, and representatives of the Solidago lineage. The expanded circumscription of Ericameria to include sections Asiris, Macronema and Stenotopsis, and species transferred from Chrysothamnus including E. albida, is supported. Within Ericameria the alignment of species into sections is not in total agreement with previously proposed relationships. Also, the molecular data do not support the treatment of section Stenotopsis as distinct from section Ericameria.
Differentiation in DNA fingerprinting and morphology among species of the pleurocarpous moss genus, Rhytidiadelphus (Hylocomiaceae)
Authors: Vanderpoorten Alain , Hedenäs Lars , Jacquemart Anne-Laure
Published: February 2007

DNA fingerprinting techniques including inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) and restriction digest patterns from 18S­26S nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS) were combined with a detailed morphological analysis to seek characters that discriminate closely related species in the pleurocarpous moss genus, Rhytidiadelphus. The two sibling species, R. subpinnatus and R. squarrosus, were indistinguishable based on ITS markers but displayed a clear genetic discontinuity based on ISSR markers. Overall, genetic divergence was similar among R. squarrosus and R. subpinnatus on the one hand and R. loreus and R. triquetrus on the other. The results clearly support the specific status of R. subpinnatus and R. japonicus within the controversial R. squarrosus complex. New divergent morphological characters were found between R. subpinnatus and R. squarrosus. The results suggest that ISSR markers may be an alternative for distinguishing sibling moss species when sequences of the most variable genomic regions traditionally used at low taxonomic level, such as ITS, do not provide the appropriate degree of polymorphism.
Amnesty 1945: The Revolving Door of Stalin's Gulag
Authors: Alexopoulos Golfo
Published: February 2007

Memoir literature suggests that Iosif Stalin's gulag was largely populated by political prisoners and that release from detention was extremely rare. In this article, Golfo Alexopoulos notes that most gulag inmates represented criminal offenders who cycled through Stalin's labor camps and colonies in vast numbers. She argues that the gulag formed a dynamic system in which the majority of prisoners came and went and uses Stalin's largest single release of gulag prisoners to expose the movement and tension of this revolving door. Surprisingly, Stalin's amnesty occurred over the objections of the NKVD leadership and despite great cost to the gulag system; the law was not designed to address postwar labor shortages, relieve overcrowded facilities, or remove less productive prisoners. Rather, the postwar prisoner exodus constituted a political act, and one consistent with Stalinist penal practice in which most prisoners cycled through the camps, connecting the world of the gulag with the larger society.
Epidemic and Empire: Ethnicity, Class, and “Civilization” in the 1892 Tashkent Cholera Riot
Authors: Sahadeo Jeff
Published: February 2007

A cholera epidemic that swept through Central Asia on its way to Russia and Europe in 1892 transformed visions and practices of empire in Tashkent, the capital of the Russian province of Turkestan. Jeff Sahadeo argues that the epidemic revealed interdependencies between Russian colonizers and the predominandy Muslim local population, even as it produced ethnic violence. Tsarist officials and Russian settlers ruthlessly suppressed a June 1892 protest against anticholera measures that violated principles of local culture, based on Islam. Central Asian and Russian elites sought accommodation to prevent further violence; poor Russians, meanwhile, received censure for their own opposition to anticholera regulations and violence during the riot. Hopes that anticholera measures based on new advances in medicine pioneered by Robert Koch would display the superiority of European “civilization” evaporated. Tsarist administrators and Russian elites saw in the behavior of Central Asians and poor Russians proof of their inherent backwardness. The city remained under emergency statute until 1917, with administrators convinced of the danger of a revolutionary coalition across ethnic lines.
Geography Matters: Discerning the Importance of Local Context
Authors: Mitchneck Beth
Published: February 2007

Basic geographical considerations like distance and resource location do influence political and economic processes; yet, focusing on additional geographical concepts such as relative location, relational space, and embedded sociospatial relationships strengthens and deepens analysis to reveal easily overlooked factors and implications of transition. Beth Mitchneck uses the example of survey research on Russia's transition, now prevalent in study of the region, to show that identifying spatial and regional variation is not always a simple or straightforward process and that incorporating nuanced geographical concepts into both the construction and analysis of a survey instrument about local politics reveals regions as settings for social practice. By shifting from a paradigm where regions are containers in physical space to one where regions are settings in which social behavior and action is situated, she suggests that inconsistent experience of transition processes are related to regional or spatial variation.
Isaak Babel'’s Tales of Collectivization: Rites of Transition in the New Soviet Village
Authors: Avins Carol J.
Published: February 2007

Isaac Babel'’s two stories depicting the 1930 collectivization campaign must be placed beside his other story cycles in any effort to understand the writer and his time. The resistance to authority displayed in “Kolyvushka” and the reconciliation reached for in “Gapa Guzvha” have in common an important and hitherto unnoted feature: the implicit adaptation of Orthodox religious ritual to new functions. In both stories the climactic encounter with officialdom shows how vestiges of religious ritual become improvised rites of transition, religious in form but political in content. Placing Babel”s stories in the context of the surrounding cultural and political discourse (including Iosif Stalin's “Dizzy with Success article, but focusing on the pages ofNovyi mir, where one of the stories appeared), this article explores links between Babef”s dark depiction of the countryside in crisis and contemporary treatments of collectivization, religion, and literaryengagement.