bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intake Boosting
Authors: Baines Nick
Published: April 2015

Intake boosting is an important feature of modern engines, directly benefiting the specific power output and indirectly responsible for improvements in efficiency. It is also essential to compensate for the loss of power brought about by combustion systems that are designed to limit engine emissions. Intake boosting is done by superchargers and turbochargers. By far, the most common method of boosting is by turbocharging, which is the main focus of this chapter, but supercharging and charge air cooling also feature. The principal components of the turbocharger are the compressor and turbine, and their performance parameters and maps are described. The operational characteristics of a turbocharged engine are largely determined by the match between the engine and the turbocharger. The performance characteristics of each component and the ways in which they interact in automotive engines are discussed in detail. From this, the need for boost control devices such as wastegates and variable geometry turbines becomes apparent. Other intake boosting systems, including series turbochargers, turbocompounding, electric assist, and pressure wave superchargers, are also described.
Thermodynamic Analysis
Authors: Naber Jeffrey D. , Johnson Jaclyn E. , Margraves Charles H.
Published: April 2015

The analysis of combustion and internal combustion (IC) engines requires consideration of thermodynamics including application of the laws of conservation coupled with determination of thermophysical properties and analysis of thermochemistry. This chapter outlines the requisite thermodynamic constitutive relationships including equations of state, and discusses real fluids, liquids, mixture relations, and intensive properties of internal energy, enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy. Within these principles, control volumes are developed and applied to the conservation laws of mass, momentum, and energy. Compressible and incompressible flows are discussed and defined in relation to engine behavior. Thermochemistry is introduced in the context of the combustion of fuel–air mixtures. In this chapter, we consider humid air coupled with residuals from the reactants in defining combustion processes. The reactant‐to‐product descriptions given by the relationships formed from the thermochemistry lead to the definition of the thermodynamic properties of enthalpies of formation and heating values of the fuel. This chapter also encompasses an introduction to the second law of thermodynamics for engines, which incorporates the properties of entropy and exergy, and further considers the role of isentropic processes and resulting efficiencies. Further discussion of the second law provides the definition of equilibrium, maximum work, and an energy and loss analysis. We conclude with a discussion on application of the developed thermodynamic principles and relationships to simplified ideal engine cycles, along with a brief introduction to more complex one‐ and two‐zone energy conversion (heat‐release) models for IC engines.
Stoichiometric Exhaust Emission Control
Authors: Kubsh Joseph E.
Published: April 2015

The primary exhaust emission control technology for stoichiometric, gasoline engines is the three‐way catalytic converter. This precious metal‐based catalyst, combined with air/fuel control of the engine, provides high conversion efficiencies for all three regulated exhaust pollutants: hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen. State‐of‐the‐art stoichiometric gasoline exhaust emission systems are defined by light‐duty vehicles certified to near‐zero exhaust emission levels associated with California's Partial Zero Emission Vehicle designation or Super Ultra‐low Emission Vehicle designation. In these advanced stoichiometric emission control systems, advanced three‐way catalysts are displayed on high cell density ceramic or metallic substrates in combinations of close‐coupled and underfloor converter locations. These advanced three‐way catalysts utilize layered architectures and thermally stable oxygen storage materials, in combination with advanced engine controls, to reduce exhaust pollutants by more than 95% in both emission test cycle and real‐world driving conditions.
Cooling Systems
Authors: Bowyer Stephen F. , Triantafyllidis Haralabos , Case Mark E.
Published: April 2015

Modern automotive engines require directed cooling to manage the temperatures of the engine components that are in contact with the combustion chamber and exhaust gases. Early in the history of the automobile, engines were cooled by either air blowing over the engine or a thin liquid cooling jacket that absorbed excess heat and transferred it to an external heat exchanger where it radiated the heat to the atmosphere. As the power density of automobiles increased, liquid cooling systems became standard for their higher cooling capacity and ability to pinpoint key problem areas within the engine. While providing acceptable cooling and facilitating improved engine durability, the liquid cooling systems were simple and remained relatively unchanged for decades. With renewed focus on fuel economy, that is starting to change and cooling systems are beginning to contribute to the next wave of improvements in automotive efficiency.
A Pseudo‐Model Strategy Combining Experiment and Model to Investigate the Targeting Efficiency of Injected Magnetic Nanoparticles as Therapeutics Carriers
Authors: Liu Yanping , Xue Yanan , Yu Bo , Long Sihui , Luo Xiaogang , Cai Ning , Yu Faquan
Published: April 2015

Magnetic drug targeting (MDT) with the attachment of therapeutics on magnetizable particles to position them to target locations for the enhancement of targeting efficiency (TE) would allow better treatment of not only cancer but other diseases. However, the TE is low usually. The prediction of TE is necessary but difficult in whether theoretical or experimental aspect. A pseudo‐model strategy dependent on both the experiment and model was developed to this end. Two processes of blood circulation clearance and targeting magnetic migration were abstracted to depict the fate of in vivo injected magnetic particles. The pseudo‐model is to calculate TE in terms of two variables, or the half lives representing the respective characteristic time for the two processes, which can be conveniently determined experimentally. Two magnetic particles of different mobility were prepared for the in vitro assessment of the model. The experimental results verified the reliability of the model. An optimal targeting time was proposed to guide the targeting process. The model also provides a clue that the TE cannot be high. The strategy can determine TE readily by broad choice of these parameters.
Effect of Strain Rate on Tensile Ductility and Fracture Behavior of Bulk Nanotwinned Copper
Authors: You Zesheng , Lu Lei
Published: April 2015

A bulk columnar‐grained copper with preferentially oriented nanoscale growth twins is prepared by means of direct‐current electrodeposition. Tensile tests at different strain rates reveal a significant influence of strain rate on the tensile ductility and fracture behavior. The ductility, especially the post‐necking elongation, reduces dramatically at low strain rates, which is associated with evident intergranular fracture. The results suggest that the grain size as well as the grain boundary microstructural evolution exert a strong influence on the intrinsic fracture mode in the nanotwinned structure.
Intracellular Delivery of Bioactive Cargos to Hard‐to‐Transfect Cells Using Carbon Nanosyringe Arrays under an Applied Centrifugal g‐Force
Authors: Choi Minsuk , Lee Sang Ho , Kim Won Bae , Gujrati Vipul , Kim Daejin , Lee Jinju , Kim Jae‐Il , Kim Hyungjun , Saw Phei Er , Jon Sangyong
Published: April 2015

There is considerable interest in developing a common, universal platform for delivering biomacromolecules such as proteins and RNAs into diverse cells with high efficiency. Here, it is shown that carbon nanosyringe arrays (CNSAs) under an applied centrifugal g‐force (cf‐CNSAs) can deliver diverse bioactive cargos directly into the cytosol of hard‐to‐transfect cells with relatively high efficiency and reproducibility. The cf‐CNSA platform, an optimized version of a previous CNSA‐mediated intracellular delivery platform that adds a g‐force feature, exhibits more rapid and superior delivery of cargos to various hard‐to‐transfect cells than is the case in the absence of g‐force. Active species, including small interfering RNAs, plasmids, and proteins are successfully transported across plasma membrane barriers into various cells. By overcoming the limitations of currently available transfection methods, the cf‐CNSA platform paves the way to universal delivery of a variety of cargos, facilitating the analysis of cellular responses in diverse cell types.
Preparation of Microwave Absorbing E‐Glass/Epoxy Nanocomposites with Low Content of Binary Carbon Nanofillers
Authors: Rakha Sobia A. , Khurram A. A. , Ali Naveed , Munir Arshad , Iqbal Ahsan , Subhani T. , Gul I. H.
Published: April 2015

The nanocomposite microwave absorbers are prepared from laminates of E glass/epoxy matrix with the incorporation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and detonation nanodiamond (DND). Nanodiamond particles are used to effectively and uniformly disperse the carbon nanotubes in the polymer matrix, leading to a very homogenous mixture. The results showed that microwave absorption of nanocomposites increases with the increase in MWCNTs concentration in 11–17 GHz frequency range. The maximum loss of –28 dB was obtained at 14 GHz. The bandwidth corresponding to the reflection loss of −10 dB is 4.5 GHz. The mechanical properties are also improved after incorporating MWCNTs and DND in the composite. The tensile strength has been increased by ∼113% after the addition of 1.0 wt% MWCNTs and 0.1 wt% DND. The morphological investigation demonstrated that coating of MWCNTs on the surface of the woven glass fibers in the presence of DND resulted in uniform dispersion of nanotubes throughout the matrix with the formation of connected networks that helps in electrical conduction and load transfer between the nanofillers and the matrix. The role of MWCNTs and DND particles in enhancing the electromagnetic absorption and mechanical properties of the nanocomposite laminates is explained.
Toward High‐Efficiency Solution‐Processed Planar Heterojunction Sb2S3 Solar Cells
Authors: Zimmermann Eugen , Pfadler Thomas , Kalb Julian , Dorman James A. , Sommer Daniel , Hahn Giso , Weickert Jonas , Schmidt‐Mende Lukas
Published: April 2015

Low‐cost hybrid solar cells have made tremendous steps forward during the past decade owing to the implementation of extremely thin inorganic coatings as absorber layers, typically in combination with organic hole transporters. Using only extremely thin films of these absorbers reduces the requirement of single crystalline high‐quality materials and paves the way for low‐cost solution processing compatible with roll‐to‐roll fabrication processes. To date, the most efficient absorber material, except for the recently introduced organic–inorganic lead halide perovskites, has been Sb2S3, which can be implemented in hybrid photovoltaics using a simple chemical bath deposition. Current high‐efficiency Sb2S3 devices utilize absorber coatings on nanostructured TiO2 electrodes in combination with polymeric hole transporters. This geometry has so far been the state of the art, even though flat junction devices would be conceptually simpler with the additional potential of higher open circuit voltages due to reduced charge carrier recombination. Besides, the role of the hole transporter is not completely clarified yet. In particular, additional photocurrent contribution from the polymers has not been directly shown, which points toward detrimental parasitic light absorption in the polymers. This study presents a fine‐tuned chemical bath deposition method that allows fabricating solution‐processed low‐cost flat junction Sb2S3 solar cells with the highest open circuit voltage reported so far for chemical bath devices and efficiencies exceeding 4%. Characterization of back‐illuminated solar cells in combination with transfer matrix‐based simulations further allows to address the issue of absorption losses in the hole transport material and outline a pathway toward more efficient future devices.
Dew‐point measurements for water in compressed carbon dioxide
Authors: Meyer Christopher W. , Harvey Allan H.
Published: April 2015

When transporting CO2 for sequestration, it is important to know the water dew point in order to avoid condensation that can lead to corrosion. A flow apparatus to measure the water content at saturation in a compressed gas has been constructed. A saturator humidifies the flowing gas by equilibrating it with liquid water. Then, a gravimetric hygrometer measures the water mole fraction of the humid gas. Dew‐point data for H2O in CO2 on six isotherms between 10 and 80 °C at pressures from 0.5 to 5 MPa are reported. The uncertainties in water content at the dew point (expanded uncertainty with coverage factor k = 2) are on average 0.3%, significantly smaller than in any previous work. The data have been analyzed to extract the interaction second virial coefficient; the values are consistent with the theoretical estimates of Wheatley and Harvey but have a much smaller uncertainty. Published 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2015 © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 2913–2925, 2015
Digit ratio (2D:4D) does not correlate with daily 17β‐estradiol and progesterone concentrations in healthy women of reproductive age
Authors: Klimek Magdalena , Galbarczyk Andrzej , Colleran Heidi , Thune Inger , Ellison Peter T. , Ziomkiewicz Anna , Jasienska Grazyna
Published: April 2015

Objectives

Second‐to‐fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) is proposed as a proxy for the prenatal balance of sex hormones, is related to hormone‐dependent characteristics in adult life, and is a possible predictor of disease later in life. Here, we studied the relationship between 2D:4D and ovarian steroid hormones (17β‐estradiol and progesterone) among women of reproductive age.

Methods

From 186 healthy premenopausal women, aged 24–37 years, we collected saliva samples daily during the entire menstrual cycle. Data on reproductive and lifestyle characteristics were collected via questionnaires, and anthropometric measurements were performed.

Results

No statistically significant relationships were detected between adult women's sex hormone concentrations (17β‐estradiol and progesterone) during the menstrual cycle and 2D:4D, in either left or right hand, when controlling for size at birth, body mass index, and physical activity.

Conclusions

This study shows, for the first time in a large sample of women of reproductive age, that 2D:4D is not a predictor of adult women's sex hormone concentration. The lack of relationship may be because 2D:4D might be genetically determined and is not related to maternal nutritional environment during fetal development. These results support the hypothesis that, in contrast to the nutritional quality of the fetal environment, the fetal hormonal environment (reflected by 2D:4D) does not determine reproductive physiology in later life. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:666–673, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Goldberg–Shprintzen megacolon syndrome with associated sensory motor axonal neuropathy
Authors: Dafsari Hormos Salimi , Byrne Susan , Lin Jean‐Pierre , Pitt Matthew , Jongbloed Jan DH , Flinter Frances , Jungbluth Heinz
Published: April 2015

Goldberg–Shprintzen megacolon syndrome (GOSHS) (OMIM 609460) is characterized by a combination of learning difficulties, characteristic dysmorphic features and Hirschsprung's disease. Variable clinical features include iris coloboma, congenital heart defects and central nervous system abnormalities, in particular polymicrogyria. GOSHS has been attributed to recessive mutations in KIAA1279, encoding kinesin family member (KIF)‐binding protein (KBP) with a crucial role in neuronal microtubule dynamics. Here we report on a 7‐year‐old girl with GOSHS as a result of a homozygous deletion of exons 5 and 6 of the KIAA1279 gene. She had been referred with the suspicion of an underlying neuromuscular disorder before the genetic diagnosis was established, prompted by the findings of motor developmental delay, hypotonia, ptosis and absent reflexes. Neurophysiological studies revealed unequivocal evidence of a peripheral axonal sensory motor neuropathy. We hypothesize that an axonal sensory motor neuropathy may be part of the phenotypical spectrum of KIAA1279‐related GOSHS, probably reflecting the effects of reduced KBP protein expression on peripheral neuronal function. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Adult presentation of X‐linked Conradi‐Hünermann‐Happle syndrome
Authors: Posey Jennifer E. , Burrage Lindsay C. , Campeau Philippe M. , Lu James T. , Eble Tanya N. , Kratz Lisa , Schlesinger Alan E. , Gibbs Richard A. , Lee Brendan H. , Nagamani Sandesh C.S.
Published: April 2015

Conradi‐Hünermann‐Happle syndrome, or X‐linked dominant chondrodysplasia punctata type 2 (CDPX2), is a genodermatosis caused by mutations in EBP. While typically lethal in males, females with CDPX2 generally manifest by infancy or childhood with variable features including congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma, chondrodysplasia punctata, asymmetric shortening of the long bones, and cataracts. We present a 36‐year‐old female with short stature, rhizomelic and asymmetric limb shortening, severe scoliosis, a sectorial cataract, and no family history of CDPX2. Whole exome sequencing (WES) revealed a p.Arg63del mutation in EBP, and biochemical studies confirmed a diagnosis of CDPX2. Short stature in combination with ichthyosis or alopecia, cataracts, and limb shortening in an adult should prompt consideration of a diagnosis of CDPX2. As in many genetic syndromes, the hallmark features of CDPX2 in pediatric patients are not readily identifiable in adults. This demonstrates the utility of WES as a diagnostic tool in the evaluation of adults with genetic disorders. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A maternally inherited 16p13.11‐p12.3 duplication concomitant with a de novo SOX5 deletion in a male patient with global developmental delay, disruptive and obsessive behaviors and minor dysmorphic features
Authors: Quintela Ines , Barros Francisco , Lago‐Leston Ramon , Castro‐Gago Manuel , Carracedo Angel , Eiris Jesus
Published: April 2015

We detail here the clinical description and the family genetic study of a male patient with global developmental delay, disruptive and obsessive behaviors and minor dysmorphic features and a combination of two rare genetic variants: a maternally inherited 16p13.11‐p12.3 duplication and a de novo 12p12.1 deletion affecting SOX5. The 16p13.11 microduplication has been implicated in several neurodevelopmental and behavioral disorders and is characterized by variable expressivity and incomplete penetrance. The causes of this variation in phenotypic expression are not fully clear, representing a challenge in genetic diagnosis and counseling. However, several authors have proposed the two‐hit model as one of the underlying mechanisms for this phenotypic heterogeneity. Our data could also support this two‐hit model in which the 16p13.11‐p12.3 duplication might contribute to the phenotype, not only as a single event but also in association with the SOX5 deletion. The SOX5 gene plays important roles in various developmental processes and has been associated with several neurodevelopmental disorders, mainly intellectual disability, developmental delay and language and/or speech delay as well as with behavior problems and dysmorphic features. However, many of the physical features and behavioral manifestations as well as language deficiencies present in our patient are consistent with those previously reported for SOX5 deletions. Patients carrying multiple genomic variants, as the one presented here, illustrate the difficulty in analyzing genotypes when the contribution of each variant results in overlapping phenotypes and/or, alternatively, in the modification of the clinical manifestations defined by the coexisting variant. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dissecting the phenotype of supernumerary marker chromosome 20 in a patient with syndromic pierre robin sequence: Combinatorial effect of gene dosage and uniparental disomy
Authors: Izumi Kosuke , Kubota Noriko , Arakawa Michiko , Takayama Masayoshi , Harada Yukiko , Nakamura Tomohiko , Nishi Eriko , Hidaka Eiko
Published: April 2015

Clinical phenotypes in individuals with a supernumerary marker chromosome (SMC) are mainly caused by gene dosage effects due to the genes located on the SMC. An additional effect may result from uniparental disomy (UPD). Consequently, the occurrence of UPD may be a confounding factor in identifying genotype‐phenotype correlations in SMC syndromes. Here, we report on a patient that illustrates this problem; the phenotype of this patient was a consequence of a combined effect of gene dosage and UPD. The proband showed facial dysmorphisms, growth retardation and developmental delay. G‐band karyotype of the proband's peripheral blood showed the presence of mosaic SMC. A SNP array analysis documented maternal UPD20 and 20p duplication. It is known that maternal UPD20 causes prenatal onset growth retardation and feeding difficulties. By contrast, duplication of 20p causes facial dysmorphisms, micrognathia, cleft palate, developmental delay and vertebral anomalies. Our classification of the proband's phenotype showed a mixture of these two effects. Therefore, we suggest the routine use of genome‐wide SNP array towards the detailed genotype‐phenotype correlations for SMC syndromes. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Familial Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome with lethal arterial events caused by a mutation in COL5A1
Authors: Monroe Glen R , Harakalova Magdalena , van der Crabben Saskia N , Majoor‐Krakauer Danielle , Bertoli‐Avella Aida M , Moll Frans L , Oranen Björn I , Dooijes Dennis , Vink Aryan , Knoers Nine V , Maugeri Alessandra , Pals Gerard , Nijman Isaac J , van Haaften Gijs , Baas Annette F
Published: April 2015

Different forms of Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome (EDS) exist, with specific phenotypes and associated genes. Vascular EDS, caused by heterozygous mutations in the COL3A1 gene, is characterized by fragile vasculature with a high risk of catastrophic vascular events at a young age. Classic EDS, caused by heterozygous mutations in the COL5A1 or COL5A2 genes, is characterized by fragile, hyperextensible skin and joint laxity. To date, vessel rupture in four unrelated classic EDS patients with a confirmed COL5A1 mutation has been reported. We describe familial occurrence of a phenotype resembling vascular EDS in a mother and her two sons, who all died at an early age from arterial ruptures. Diagnostic Sanger sequencing in the proband failed to detect aberrations in COL3A1, COL1A1, COL1A2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, SMAD3, and ACTA2. Next, the proband's DNA was analyzed using a next‐generation sequencing approach targeting 554 genes linked to vascular disease (VASCULOME project). A novel heterozygous mutation in COL5A1 was detected, resulting in an essential glycine substitution at the C‐terminal end of the triple helix domain (NM_000093.4:c.4610G>T; p.Gly1537Val). This mutation was also present in DNA isolated from autopsy material of the index's brother. No material was available from the mother, but the mutation was excluded in her parents, siblings and in the father of her sons, suggesting that the COL5A1 mutation occurred in the mother's genome de novo. In conclusion, we report familial occurrence of lethal arterial events caused by a COL5A1 mutation. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Catatonia in an adolescent with velo‐cardio‐facial syndrome
Authors: Faedda Gianni L. , Wachtel Lee E. , Higgins Anne Marie , Shprintzen Robert J.
Published: April 2015

Velo‐cardio‐facial syndrome (VCFS) is the most common microdeletion syndrome in humans and is probably the most frequent genetic cause of psychosis currently known. Many psychiatric disorders have been reported to occur in people with VCFS including, but not limited to schizophrenia, unipolar and bipolar mood disorders (with or without psychotic features), schizoaffective disorder, psychosis NOS, social phobia, generalized and separation anxiety, obsessive‐compulsive disorder, autism spectrum disorder, cognitive impairment, and ADHD. This report describes the psychiatric onset and development of catatonia in an adolescent female with VCFS that was undiagnosed until 15 years of age. Catatonia may be a relatively common presentation in people with VCFS with treatment‐refractory psychiatric manifestations. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ABCB1 gene variants and antidepressant treatment outcome: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Breitenstein Barbara , Brückl Tanja Maria , Ising Marcus , Müller‐Myhsok Bertram , Holsboer Florian , Czamara Darina
Published: April 2015

The efflux pump P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp), a gene product of the ABCB1 gene, plays a pivotal role in the transfer of various molecules across the blood–brain barrier. P‐gp protects the brain by selectively extruding its substrates, including certain antidepressive drugs, thereby limiting their uptake into the brain. Uhr et al. [2008] first showed that ABCB1 variants predicted the remission to antidepressants with P‐gp substrate properties in patients suffering from major depression (MD). Other studies investigating the influence of ABCB1 polymorphisms on antidepressant treatment response produced inconclusive results. In this meta‐analysis, we systematically summarized 16 pharmacogenetic studies focused on the association of ABCB1 variants and antidepressant treatment outcome in patients with MD (overall n = 2695). We investigated the association of treatment outcome and six ABCB1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): rs2032583, rs2235015, rs2235040, rs1045642, rs2032582, rs1128503. We stratified for admission status, ethnicity, and prescription of concomitant medication. SNP rs2032583 showed a nominally significant association across all studies (P = 0.035, SNP was studied in a total of 2,037 patients) and a significant Bonferroni‐corrected association among inpatients (P = 1.5 × 10−05, n = 485). Also SNP rs2235015 was significantly associated with antidepressant treatment outcome withstanding Bonferroni correction (P = 3.0 × 10−04) among inpatients in a smaller subsample (n = 195). There were no significant associations of the other SNPs tested with antidepressant treatment outcome. Future pharmacogenetic association studies should focus on the role of the ABCB1 SNP rs2032583 in antidepressant outcome prediction. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Causal discovery in an adult ADHD data set suggests indirect link between DAT1 genetic variants and striatal brain activation during reward processing
Authors: Sokolova Elena , Hoogman Martine , Groot Perry , Claassen Tom , Vasquez Alejandro Arias , Buitelaar Jan K. , Franke Barbara , Heskes Tom
Published: April 2015

Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common and highly heritable disorder affecting both children and adults. One of the candidate genes for ADHD is DAT1, encoding the dopamine transporter. In an attempt to clarify its mode of action, we assessed brain activity during the reward anticipation phase of the Monetary Incentive Delay (MID) task in a functional MRI paradigm in 87 adult participants with ADHD and 77 controls (average age 36.5 years). The MID task activates the ventral striatum, where DAT1 is most highly expressed. A previous analysis based on standard statistical techniques did not show any significant dependencies between a variant in the DAT1 gene and brain activation [Hoogman et al. (2013); Neuropsychopharm 23:469–478]. Here, we used an alternative method for analyzing the data, that is, causal modeling. The Bayesian Constraint‐based Causal Discovery (BCCD) algorithm [Claassen and Heskes (2012); Proceedings of the 28th Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence] is able to find direct and indirect dependencies between variables, determines the strength of the dependencies, and provides a graphical visualization to interpret the results. Through BCCD one gets an opportunity to consider several variables together and to infer causal relations between them. Application of the BCCD algorithm confirmed that there is no evidence of a direct link between DAT1 genetic variability and brain activation, but suggested an indirect link mediated through inattention symptoms and diagnostic status of ADHD. Our finding of an indirect link of DAT1 with striatal activity during reward anticipation might explain existing discrepancies in the current literature. Further experiments should confirm this hypothesis. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anderson localization of Bogoliubov excitations on quasi‐1D strips
Authors: Gaul Christopher , Lugan Pierre , Müller Cord A.
Published: April 2015

Anderson localization of Bogoliubov excitations is studied for disordered lattice Bose gases in planar quasi–one‐dimensional geometries. The inverse localization length is computed as function of energy by a numerical transfer‐matrix scheme, for strips of different widths. These results are described accurately by analytical formulas based on a weak‐disorder expansion of backscattering mean free paths.

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Bildung drei‐ und vierkerniger Titanacyclen durch [Cp*2Ti]‐vermittelte intermolekulare C‐C‐Kupplung von Dinitrilen
Authors: Becker Lisanne , Arndt Perdita , Spannenberg Anke , Jiao Haijun , Rosenthal Uwe
Published: April 2015

Die Reaktionen von [Cp*2Ti(η2‐Me3SiC2SiMe3)] mit verschiedenen Dicyanverbindungen wurden untersucht. Hierbei traten Nitril‐Nitril‐C‐C‐Kupplungen auf, die wegen der Bifunktionalität der Substrate zu mehrkernigen Komplexen führten. Im Falle von 1,3‐ und 1,4‐Dicyanbenzol bildeten sich drei‐ und vierkernige Varianten der seltenen 1‐Metalla‐2,5‐diazacyclopenta‐2,4‐diene. Diese werden als mögliche Katalysatoren angesehen und wurden daher in der Ringöffnungspolymerisation von ε‐Caprolacton getestet. Bei der Umsetzung mit dem Alkyldinitril Adiponitril entstand durch eine zusätzliche Protonierung der Ringstickstoffatome eine dreikernige Variante eines 1‐Metalla‐2,5‐diazacyclopent‐3‐ens. Für ein besseres Verständnis der molekularen Organisation der Produkte wurden die Strukturen und Bindungssituationen mit Röntgenkristallographie und DFT‐Analyse untersucht.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective CH Arylation for the Synthesis of P‐Stereogenic Compounds
Authors: Lin Zi‐Qi , Wang Wei‐Zhen , Yan Shao‐Bai , Duan Wei‐Liang
Published: April 2015

A palladium‐catalyzed enantioselective CH arylation of N‐(o‐bromoaryl)‐diarylphosphinic amides is described for the synthesis of phosphorus compounds bearing a P‐stereogenic center. The method provides good enantioselectivities and high yields. The products were readily transformed into P‐chiral biphenyl monophosphine ligands.
Synthesis, Structure, and Air‐stable N‐type Field‐Effect Transistor Behaviors of Functionalized Octaazanonacene‐8,19‐dione
Authors: Wang Chengyuan , Zhang Jing , Long Guankui , Aratani Naoki , Yamada Hiroko , Zhao Yang , Zhang Qichun
Published: April 2015

Increasing the length of N‐heteroacenes or their analogues is highly desirable because such materials could have great potential applications in organic electronics. In this report, the large π‐conjugated N‐heteroquinone 6,10,17,21‐tetra‐((triisopropylsilyl)ethynyl)‐5,7,9,11,16,18,20,22‐octaazanonacene‐8,19‐dione (OANQ) has been synthesized and characterized. The as‐prepared OANQ shows high stability under ambient conditions and has a particularly low LUMO level, which leads to it being a promising candidate for air‐stable n‐type field‐effect transistors (FETs). In fact, FET devices based on OANQ single crystals have been fabricated and an electron mobility of up to 0.2 cm2 V−1 s−1 under ambient conditions is reported. More importantly, no obvious degradation was observed even after one month. Theoretical calculations based on the single crystal are consistent with the measured mobility.
Sol Processing of Conjugated Carbon Nitride Powders for Thin‐Film Fabrication
Authors: Zhang Jinshui , Zhang Mingwen , Lin Lihua , Wang Xinchen
Published: April 2015

The chemical protonation of graphitic carbon nitride (CN) solids with strong oxidizing acids, for example HNO3, is demonstrated as an efficient pathway for the sol processing of a stable CN colloidal suspension, which can be translated into thin films by dip/disperse‐coating techniques. The unique features of CN colloids, such as the polymeric matrix and the reversible hydrogen bonding, result in the thin‐film electrodes derived from the sol solution exhibiting a high mechanical stability with improved conductivity for charge transport, and thus show a remarkably enhanced photo‐electrochemical performance. The polymer system can in principle be broadly tuned by hybridization with desired functionalities, thus paving the way for the application of CN for specific tasks, as exemplified here by coupling with carbon nanotubes.
Highly Enantioselective Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones with Chiral (NH)2P2 Macrocyclic Iron(II) Complexes
Authors: Bigler Raphael , Huber Raffael , Mezzetti Antonio
Published: April 2015

Bis(isonitrile) iron(II) complexes bearing a C2‐symmetric diamino (NH)2P2 macrocyclic ligand efficiently catalyze the hydrogenation of polar bonds of a broad scope of substrates (ketones, enones, and imines) in high yield (up to 99.5 %), excellent enantioselectivity (up to 99 % ee), and with low catalyst loading (generally 0.1 mol %). The catalyst can be easily tuned by modifying the substituents of the isonitrile ligand.
Formation of Tri‐ and Tetranuclear Titanacycles through Decamethyltitanocene‐Mediated Intermolecular C–C Coupling of Dinitriles
Authors: Becker Lisanne , Arndt Perdita , Spannenberg Anke , Jiao Haijun , Rosenthal Uwe
Published: April 2015

The reactions of [Cp*2Ti(η2‐Me3SiC2SiMe3)] (Cp*=η5‐pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) with various dicyano compounds were investigated. Nitrile–nitrile CC couplings result in multinuclear complexes owing to the bifunctionality of the substrates. Applying 1,3‐ or 1,4‐dicyanobenzene led to tri‐ and tetranuclear complexes of the rare 1‐metalla‐2,5‐diaza‐cyclopenta‐2,4‐dienes. These are potential catalysts and were tested in the ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone. The reaction with adiponitrile as alkyl dinitrile afforded a trinuclear 1‐metalla‐2,5‐diaza‐cyclopent‐3‐ene through additional protonation of the nitrogen atoms. The structure and bonding of the products were investigated by X‐ray crystallography and DFT analysis to understand the molecular organization in the macrocycles.
Microscale Crystals of Cytochrome c and Calixarene on Electrodes: Interprotein Electron Transfer between Defined Sites
Authors: McGovern Róise E. , Feifel Sven C. , Lisdat Fred , Crowley Peter B.
Published: April 2015

The assembly of redox proteins on electrodes is an important step in biosensor development. Recently, p‐sulfonato‐calix[4]arene was shown to act as “molecular glue” for the assembly and crystallization of cytochrome c (cyt c). Electrochemical data are presented for microscale cyt c–calixarene crystals grown on self‐assembled monolayers (SAM)‐modified Au electrodes. The crystals were characterized by cyclic voltammetry and exceptionally high concentrations of electroactive cyt c were obtained. The peak currents were found to increase linearly with the square root of the scan rate, thus allowing an evaluation of the rate constant for electron self‐exchange. This study revealed high electroactivity accompanied by fast interprotein electron transfer in crystals, which may have implications for the construction of novel bioelectronic devices.
Flow pattern transition, frictional pressure drop, and holdup of gas non‐Newtonian fluid flow in helical tube
Authors: Thandlam Anil Kumar , Mandal Tapas Kumar , Majumder Subrata Kumar
Published: April 2015

An investigation on flow pattern, pressure drop, and holdup of cocurrent upward two‐phase flow in a vertical helical coil tube has been carried out with Newtonian and non‐Newtonian fluids. The flow patterns observed in the present study are divided into three main regimes, i.e. plug flow, slug flow, and stratified flow. Lockhart–Martinelli parameter (X) was used to predict the friction factor and frictional pressure drop of two‐phase flow. Correlations for the frictional pressure drop were developed to interpret the observed flow patterns with various operating variables. The effect of geometrical parameters on flow pattern, pressure drop, and holdup are enunciated. Based on the experimental data, a correlation was proposed to predict the flow transitions of flow patterns (i.e. plug–slug flow and slug–stratified flow) by dimensional analysis. Probabilistic neural network model has also been developed to predict the flow patterns of two‐phase flow. © 2015 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The application of polyethyleneimine draw solution in a combined forward osmosis/nanofiltration system
Authors: Jun Byung‐Moon , Nguyen Thi Phuong Nga , Ahn Soo‐Hyun , Kim In‐Chul , Kwon Young‐Nam
Published: April 2015

The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of solution chemistry of branched polyethyleneimine (PEI) draw solute and to evaluate the PEI draw solute in a combined forward osmosis (FO)/nanofiltration (NF) system. Pure water was extracted from feed solution using the FO process, and the separation of pure water was achieved by the NF process. Lower molecular weight PEI showed higher water flux than higher molecular weight PEI, due to the lower internal concentration polarization caused by a higher diffusion rate and the easy permeation of pure water by lower viscosity of the draw solution (DS). The FO water flux was determined by the osmotic pressure induced by protonation/deprotonation of PEI, and the reverse draw solute flux was determined by the combination of PEI size due to the speciation and electrostatic interaction between the membrane and PEI. This study shows that the Js/Jw value of PEI at pH 7 was smaller than those of sodium chloride and magnesium sulfate. The recovery of PEI DS using NF has a higher value (99.4%) than of sodium chloride (20.6%) and magnesium sulfate (97.0%); this means that PEI would be a promising draw solute in an FO–NF combined system for the saline water desalination. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42198.
Exploration of deep eutectic solvent‐based mesoporous silica spheres as high‐performance size exclusion chromatography packing materials
Authors: Tang Baokun , Row Kyung Ho
Published: April 2015

Choline chloride (ChCl) with three alcohol‐based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) was applied as a new type of green solvent for the modification of mesoporous silica spheres. The mesoporous silica spheres were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area analysis. Many uniform and mesoporous silica spheres were obtained with a ChCl–1,2‐butanediol DES as a reactant. The DES‐modified mesoporous silica spheres were used for the adsorption of polysaccharides (alginic acid, fucoidan, and laminarin). The adsorption results show that the ChCl–1,2‐butanediol DES‐based silica spheres had stable interactions with the target compounds. A comparison of the three sorbents as size exclusion chromatography packing materials showed that the ChCl–1,2‐butanediol DES‐based silica spheres produced good resolution of the three test polysaccharides and exhibited the best separation capability. This was attributed to the uniform mesoporous structure of the ChCl–1,2‐butanediol DES‐based silica spheres. Therefore, more DESs should be applied to the preparation of mesoporous silica spheres in future studies. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42203.
Carbohydrate crosslinked biocompatible polyurethanes: Synthesis, characterization, and drug delivery studies
Authors: Solanki Archana Ritesh , Kamath Bolavinayak V. , Thakore Sonal
Published: April 2015

A series of novel polyurethanes (PUs) with carbohydrate crosslinkers was synthesized. The drug loading and release kinetics were studied by using lamotrigine as a model drug. The polymers were designed in such a way that the drug release was tailored by differences in the stoichiometry of polymers. All the PUs were characterized for thermal and morphological properties by using differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscope, respectively. The encapsulation of drug inside PU matrix was confirmed via Fourier transform‐infrared (FT‐IR) spectra and scanning electron microscope. The kinetics and release mechanisms were observed to be a function of stoichiometric parameters such as type of crosslinker, polyol/crosslinker ratio and polyol/chain extender ratio. All the PUs were observed to be non‐cytotoxic in normal lung cell line L132. The synthesized PUs exhibited good mechanical strength, tunable release rates and biocompatibility that can be utilized in biomedical applications like wound dressing, biomedical implants, and drug delivery carriers. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42223.
Synthesis and Evaluation of New 4‐Chloro‐2‐(3‐chloro‐4‐fluorophenyl)‐5‐(aliphatic/cyclic saturated amino)pyridazin‐3(2H)‐one Derivatives as Anticancer, Antiangiogenic, and Antioxidant Agents
Authors: Kamble Vinod T. , Sawant Ajay S. , Sawant Sanjay S. , Pisal Parshuram M. , Gacche Rajesh N. , Kamble Sonali S. , Kamble Vilas A.
Published: April 2015

Pyridazinones are widely recognized as versatile scaffolds with a wide spectrum of biological activities. In the present work, a series of new 4‐chloro‐2‐(3‐chloro‐4‐fluorophenyl)‐5‐(aliphatic/cyclic saturated amino)pyridazin‐3(2H)‐one derivatives 4a–i were synthesized and characterized by spectral techniques. The inhibitory effects of the synthesized compounds 4a–i on the viability of three human cancer cell lines, HEP3BPN 11 (liver), MDA 453 (breast), and HL 60 (leukemia), were assessed using the 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction assay. Among the compounds 4a–i screened, 4g and 4i exhibited inhibitory activity very close to the standard methotrexate; therefore, these lead compounds were further tested for their potential to inhibit the proangiogenic cytokines involved in tumor progression. Compound 4g was found to be a potent antiangiogenic agent against TNFα, VEGF, FGFb, and TGFβ, whereas 4i showed potent antiangiogenic activity against TNFα, VEGF, FGFb, and leptin. All the compounds 4a–i were screened for their antioxidant activities using 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picryl hydrazine (DPPH), OH, and superoxide anion radicals. Compound 4f showed better OH radical scavenging activity than the standard ascorbic acid.
Mining full‐text journal articles to assess obliteration by incorporation:HerbertA.Simon's concepts of bounded rationality and satisficing in economics, management, and psychology
Authors: McCain Katherine W.
Published: April 2015

This study explores the usefulness of full‐text retrieval in assessing obliteration by incorporation (OBI) by comparing patterns ofOBIand citation substitution across economics, management, and psychology for two concept catch phrases—bounded rationality and satisficing. Searches using each term are conducted inJSTORand in selected additional full‐text journal sources from over the years 1987–2011. Two measures ofOBIare used, one simply tallying the presence or absence of references to Simon's oeuvre (strictOBI) linked to the catch phrase and one counting only papers lacking any embedded reference as evidence of obliteration (lenientOBI). By either measure,OBIexisted but varied across subject area, time period, and catch phrase. Economics had the highest strictOBI(82%) and lenientOBI(43%) for bounded rationality and the highest strictOBI(64%) for satisficing; all 3 subject areas were essentially tied for lenientOBIat about 30%. Sixty‐two percent of the articles for bounded rationality—psychology were retrieved only because the catch phrase occurred in a title in the article bibliography.OBIresearch can benefit from full‐text searching; the main tradeoff is more detailed and nuanced evidence concerningOBIexistence and trends versus increased noise in the retrieval.
Patients' perceptions of their medical records from different subject positions
Authors: Huvila Isto , Cajander Åsa , Daniels Mats , Åhlfeldt Rose‐Mharie
Published: April 2015

Better knowledge of the habits and preferences of patients helps one understand why and how patients might need or want to access health services online and offline. Such knowledge provides a basis for designing systems for providing complementary health information. This article discusses how patients' conceptualizations of their health‐information‐related preferences, motivations, and needs are linked to the perceived role of medical records as an informational artifact. We identified seven subject positions: (P1) Hypothetically positive to e‐health services generally, (P2) Positive to reading medical records due to implications, (P3) Positive to all Internet use including medical records online, (P4) Distrustful and wants to be in control of health treatment, (P5) Worried about health, (P6) Wants communication with health care professionals, and (P7) Do not understand their medical record. These subject positions can explain the worry and enthusiasm documented in earlier literature. The diversity of subject positions implies that health care information services should be planned with different subject positions in mind rather than a simple demographic group. Special attention needs to be given to finding flexible solutions that address the opportunities and worries of the identified subject positions.
Identifying the topology of the K‐pop video community on YouTube: A combined Co‐comment analysis approach
Authors: Song Min , Jeong Yoo Kyung , Kim Ha Jin
Published: April 2015

YouTube is a successful social network that people use to upload, watch, and comment on videos. We believe comments left on these videos can provide insight into user interests, but to this point have not been used to map out a specific video community. Our study investigates whether and how user commenting behavior impacts the topology of the K‐pop video community through analysis of co‐commenting behavior on these videos. We apply a traditional author cocitation analysis to this behavior, in a process we refer to as co‐comment analysis, to detect the topology of this community. This involves: a) an analysis of user co‐comments to elicit the inclination of user homophily within the community; b) an analysis of user co‐comments, weighted frequency of co‐comments, to detect user interests in the community; and c) an analysis of user co‐comments, weighted sentiment scores, to capture user opinions by polarity. The results indicate that users who comment on specific K‐pop videos also tend to comment on topically similar YouTube videos. We also find that the number of comments made by users correlates with the degree of positivity of their comments. Conversely, users who comment negatively on K‐pop videos are not inclined to form specific user groups, but rather present only their opinions individually.