bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elements of a ‘nervous system’ in sponges
Authors: Leys Sally P.
Published: February 2015

Genomic and transcriptomic analyses show that sponges possess a large repertoire of genes associated with neuronal processes in other animals, but what is the evidence these are used in a coordination or sensory context in sponges? The very different phylogenetic hypotheses under discussion today suggest very different scenarios for the evolution of tissues and coordination systems in early animals. The sponge genomic ‘toolkit’ either reflects a simple, pre-neural system used to protect the sponge filter or represents the remnants of a more complex signalling system and sponges have lost cell types, tissues and regionalization to suit their current suspension-feeding habit. Comparative transcriptome data can be informative but need to be assessed in the context of knowledge of sponge tissue structure and physiology. Here, I examine the elements of the sponge neural toolkit including sensory cells, conduction pathways, signalling molecules and the ionic basis of signalling. The elements described do not fit the scheme of a loss of sophistication, but seem rather to reflect an early specialization for suspension feeding, which fits with the presumed ecological framework in which the first animals evolved.
Peptide-gated ion channels and the simple nervous system of Hydra
Authors: Gründer Stefan , Assmann Marc
Published: February 2015

Neurons either use electrical or chemical synapses to communicate with each other. Transmitters at chemical synapses are either small molecules or neuropeptides. After binding to their receptors, transmitters elicit postsynaptic potentials, which can either be fast and transient or slow and longer lasting, depending on the type of receptor. Fast transient potentials are mediated by ionotropic receptors and slow long-lasting potentials by metabotropic receptors. Transmitters and receptors are well studied for animals with a complex nervous system such as vertebrates and insects, but much less is known for animals with a simple nervous system like Cnidaria. As cnidarians arose early in animal evolution, nervous systems might have first evolved within this group and the study of neurotransmission in cnidarians might reveal an ancient mechanism of neuronal communication. The simple nervous system of the cnidarian Hydra extensively uses neuropeptides and, recently, we cloned and functionally characterized an ion channel that is directly activated by neuropeptides of the Hydra nervous system. These results demonstrate the existence of peptide-gated ion channels in Hydra, suggesting they mediate fast transmission in its nervous system. As related channels are also present in the genomes of the cnidarian Nematostella, of placozoans and of ctenophores, it should be considered that the early nervous systems of cnidarians and ctenophores have co-opted neuropeptides for fast transmission at chemical synapses.
Neuronal polarity: an evolutionary perspective
Authors: Rolls Melissa M. , Jegla Timothy J.
Published: February 2015

Polarized distribution of signaling molecules to axons and dendrites facilitates directional information flow in complex vertebrate nervous systems. The topic we address here is when the key aspects of neuronal polarity evolved. All neurons have a central cell body with thin processes that extend from it to cover long distances, and they also all rely on voltage-gated ion channels to propagate signals along their length. The most familiar neurons, those in vertebrates, have additional cellular features that allow them to send directional signals efficiently. In these neurons, dendrites typically receive signals and axons send signals. It has been suggested that many of the distinct features of axons and dendrites, including the axon initial segment, are found only in vertebrates. However, it is now becoming clear that two key cytoskeletal features that underlie polarized sorting, a specialized region at the base of the axon and polarized microtubules, are found in invertebrate neurons as well. It thus seems likely that all bilaterians generate axons and dendrites in the same way. As a next step, it will be extremely interesting to determine whether the nerve nets of cnidarians and ctenophores also contain polarized neurons with true axons and dendrites, or whether polarity evolved in concert with the more centralized nervous systems found in bilaterians.
Structure Determination from Powder X-ray Diffraction Data of Black Azo (Hydrazone) Pigments
Authors: Otani Junji , Matsumura Michio , Fujii Kotaro , Uekusa Hidehiro
Published: February 2015

Crystal structures of two black monoazo (hydrazone) pigments have been determined from powder X-ray diffraction data combined with DFT calculations. The DFT calculations suggested the molecules are in hydrazone forms but not in azo forms in both crystal structures. The molecular arrangements in the crystal structures suggested Davydov splitting may occur by excitonic interactions and it causes the red absorption band shift in the crystalline state leading to the characteristic black colors.
A brief review of recent Charcot-Marie-Tooth research and priorities
Authors: Ekins Sean , Litterman Nadia K. , Arnold Renée J.G. , Burgess Robert W. , Freundlich Joel S. , Gray Steven J. , Higgins Joseph J. , Langley Brett , Willis Dianna E. , Notterpek Lucia , Pleasure David , Sereda Michael W. , Moore Allison
Published: February 2015

This brief review of current research progress on Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease is a summary of discussions initiated at the Hereditary Neuropathy Foundation (HNF) scientific advisory board meeting on November 7, 2014. It covers recent published and unpublished in vitro and in vivo research. We discuss recent promising preclinical work for CMT1A, the development of new biomarkers, the characterization of different animal models, and the analysis of the frequency of gene mutations in patients with CMT. We also describe how progress in related fields may benefit CMT therapeutic development, including the potential of gene therapy and stem cell research. We also discuss the potential to assess and improve the quality of life of CMT patients. This summary of CMT research identifies some of the gaps which may have an impact on upcoming clinical trials. We provide some priorities for CMT research and areas which HNF can support. The goal of this review is to inform the scientific community about ongoing research and to avoid unnecessary overlap, while also highlighting areas ripe for further investigation. The general collaborative approach we have taken may be useful for other rare neurological diseases.
Validation of ORTO-15 Questionnaire in the group of urban youth aged 15-21
Authors: Stochel Martyna , Janas - Kozik Małgorzata , Zejda Jan , Hyrnik Joanna , Jelonek Ireneusz , Siwiec Andrzej
Published: February 2015

Cel

Głównym celem badania była walidacja i adaptacja do warunków polskich w grupie młodzieży miejskiej kwestionariusza ORTO-15.

Metoda

Badaniem objęto grupę 399 osób (15-21 lat), będących uczniami i uczennicami szkół ponadgimnazjalnych w Sosnowcu. ORTO-15 jest narzędziem stworzonym we Włoszech przez L.M. Donini, składa się z 15 pozycji opisujących nasilenie ryzyka występowania ortoreksji (diagnoza populacyjna). W procedurze walidacji wykorzystano trzy podstawowe metody stosowane w analizie rzetelności - porównanie dwukrotnych badań tym samym testem, analizę właściwości statystycznych pozycji testowych oraz analizę związku pozycji testowych z ogólnym wynikiem testu. Ponadto badaniu poddano zgodność wyniku badania kwestioriuszem ORTO-15 z wynikami innego kwestionariusza ukierunkowanego na zachowania żywieniowe (EAT-26).

Wyniki

Analiza rzetelności kwestionariusza ORTO-15 oparta na powtarzalności odpowiedzi wskazuje na bardzo dobrą (kappa: 0.81-1.00 dla 5 pozycji) oraz dobrą (kappa: 0.61-0.80 dla 10 pozycji) powtarzalność. Analiza rzetelności oparta na wartości statystyki α Cronbacha osiągnęła satysfakcjonujący poziom (0,7 – 0,9). Pełna zgodność występowania ryzyka ortoreksji oraz ryzyka zaburzeń odżywiania wyniosła 47,2% (Kappa = 0,04; 95% PU: 0,004 – 0,09) dla Orto-40 oraz 88,2% (Kappa = 0,32; 95% PU: 0,17 – 0,47) dla Orto-35.

Wnioski

Kwestionariusz ORTO-15 jest wiarygodnym narzędziem identyfikującym ryzyko występowania ortoreksji w warunkach badań populacyjnych w grupie młodzieży miejskiej w wieku 15 – 21 lat.
Attentional bias training in reducing symptoms of anxiety
Authors: Kłosowska Joanna , Blaut Agata , Paulewicz Borysław
Published: February 2015

Lęk związany jest z tendencyjnością uwagi, czyli skłonnością do zwracania szczególnej uwagi na bodźce zagrażające. Zjawisko to występuje zarówno u osób cierpiących na zaburzenia lękowe, jak i u osób zdrowych o podwyższonym poziomie lęku-cechy. Niniejszy artykuł jest próbą analizy paradygmatu badawczego, służącego do modyfikacji tendencyjności uwagi (CBM-A Cognitive Bias Modyfication - Attention). Coraz większa liczba badań pokazuje, że przy pomocy komputerowych metod, takich jak zmodyfikowana wersja zadania na lokalizację punktu, można wyuczyć osoby badane odwracania uwagi od bodźców zagrażających, co wpływa na redukcję symptomów lęku. Taki efekt działania treningu tendencyjności uwagi stwierdzono zarówno u dorosłych, jak również u dzieci i młodzieży cierpiących m.in. na fobię społeczną, zaburzenie lękowe uogólnione, czy subkliniczne objawy zaburzenia obsesyjno-kompulsyjnego. Wyniki te pozwalają na częściową weryfikację poznawczych koncepcji zaburzeń lękowych, zgodnie z którymi tendencyjność uwagi jest ważnym czynnikiem podatności na lęk i zaburzenia lękowe. W artykule rozważane są również nie do końca jasne mechanizmy działania CBM-A oraz ograniczenia tej metody.
Female Gender and Diabetes Mellitus Increase the Risk of Recurrence after Laparoscopic Incisional Hernia Repair
Authors: Hornby ST , McDermott FD , Coleman M , Ahmed Z , Bunni J , Bunting D , Elshaer M , Evans V , Kimble A , Kostalas M , Page G , Singh J , Szczebiot L , Wienand-Barnett S , Wilkins A , Williams O , Newell P
Published: February 2015

Background

Laparoscopic hernia repair is used widely for the repair of incisional hernias. Few case studies have focussed on purely ‘incisional’ hernias. This multicentre series represents a collaborative effort and employed statistical analyses to provide insight into the factors predisposing to recurrence of incisional hernia after laparoscopic repair. A specific hypothesis (ie, laterality of hernias as well as proximity to the xyphoid process and pubic symphysis predisposes to recurrence) was also tested.

Methods

This was a retrospective study of all laparoscopic incisional hernias undertaken in six centres from 1 January 2004 to 31 December 2010. It comprised a comprehensive review of case notes and a follow-up using a structured telephone questionnaire. Patient demographics, previous medical/surgical history, surgical procedure, postoperative recovery, and perceived effect on quality of life were recorded. Repairs undertaken for primary ventral hernias were excluded. A logistic regression analysis was then fitted with recurrence as the primary outcome.

Results

A total of 186 cases (91 females) were identified. Median follow-up was 42 months. Telephone interviews were answered by 115/186 (62%) of subjects. Logistic regression analyses suggested that only female sex (odds ratio (OR) 3.53; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.39–8.97) and diabetes mellitus (3.54; 1–12.56) significantly increased the risk of recurrence. Position of the defect had no statistical effect.

Conclusions

These data suggest an increased risk of recurrence after laparoscopic incisional hernia repair in females and subjects with diabetes mellitus. These data will help inform surgeons and patients when considering laparoscopic management of incisional hernias. We recommend a centrally hosted, prospectively maintained national/international database to carry out additional research.
Acute Paraspinal Compartment Syndrome as a Rare Cause of Loin Pain
Authors: Hoyle A , Tang V , Baker A , Blades R
Published: February 2015

A significant proportion of emergency urological admissions are comprised of ureteric colic presenting as loin pain. A variety of alternative pathologies present in this manner and should be considered during systematic assessment. We report the case of a patient admitted with severe unilateral back and flank pain after strenuous deadlift exercise. Clinical examination and subsequent investigation following a significant delay demonstrated acute paraspinal compartment syndrome (PCS) after an initial misdiagnosis of ureteric colic. The patient was managed conservatively. We review the current literature surrounding the rare diagnosis of PCS and discuss the management options.
Brachiocephalic Artery Haemorrhage During Percutaneous Tracheostomy
Authors: Sharma SD , Kumar G , Hill CS , Kaddour H
Published: February 2015

Percutaneous tracheostomy was performed on a 69-year-old woman to facilitate weaning. Insertion of the size 7 tracheostomy tube resulted in profuse bleeding around the tracheostomy site. On inflation of the tracheostomy balloon, the bleeding stopped. Urgent computed tomography demonstrated the brachiocephalic artery was abnormally high and lying in an oblique fashion over the trachea, and the tracheostomy tube was displacing the trachea posteriorly. Surgical repair of the defect in the brachiocephalic artery was undertaken and a surgical tracheostomy was performed in theatre. This case raises important issues about the potential dangers of percutaneous tracheostomy in cases of abnormal anatomy. It also emphasises the importance of direct visualisation of the seeker needle using the endoscope. In cases where there is a suspicion of abnormal anatomy, it is safer to obtain preprocedural imaging or perform a surgical tracheostomy.
Retrograde Inversion Stripping as a Complication of the Clarivein® Mechanochemical Venous Ablation Procedure
Authors: Lane TRA , Moore HM , Franklin IJ , Davies AH
Published: February 2015

The endovenous revolution has accelerated the development of new techniques and devices for the treatment of varicose veins. The ClariVein® mechanochemical ablation device offers tumescentless treatment with a rotating ablation tip that can theoretically become stuck in tissue. We present the first report of retrograde stripping of the small saphenous vein without anaesthesia following attempted use of the ClariVein® device, without adverse sequelae.
Dashboard (in the) Knee
Authors: Patel MS , Qureshi AA , Green TP
Published: February 2015

We present the case of a 19-year-old individual presenting to an orthopaedic outpatient clinic several months following a dashboard knee injury during a road traffic accident with intermittent mechanical symptoms. Despite unremarkable examination findings and normal magnetic resonance imaging, the patient was identified subsequently as having an intra-articular plastic foreign body consistent with a piece of dashboard on arthroscopic knee assessment, the retrieval of which resulted in a complete resolution of symptoms.
Diaphragmatic Hernia Masquerading as a Pulmonary Metastasis
Authors: Lodhia JV , Appiah S , Tcherveniakov P , Krysiak P
Published: February 2015

Iatrogenic injury accounts for the second most common cause of acquired diaphragmatic hernias after penetrating trauma. An increased incidence of these hernias has been observed with the widespread use of laparoscopic surgery. We present the case of a 65-year-old woman who initially underwent sigmoid resection for an adenocarcinoma and a subsequent liver resection for metastasis. She was noted to have a left lower lobe pulmonary nodule on surveillance computed tomography, for which she underwent a mini-thoracotomy for a planned resection. At the time of surgery, the pulmonary nodule was discovered to be a diaphragmatic hernia, most probably of iatrogenic origin. We discuss the difficulty in diagnosis given her history and the location of such a lesion.
The Current Role of Staging Laparoscopy in Oesophagogastric Cancer
Authors: Convie L , Thompson RJ , Kennedy R , Clements WDB , Carey PD , Kennedy JA
Published: February 2015

Introduction

Oesophagogastric cancers are known to spread rapidly to locoregional lymph nodes and by transcoelomic spread to the peritoneal cavity. Staging laparoscopy combined with peritoneal cytology can detect advanced disease that may not be apparent on other staging investigations. The aim of this study was to determine the current value of staging laparoscopy and peritoneal cytology in light of the ubiquitous use of computed tomography in all oesophagogastric cancers and the addition of positron emission tomography in oesophageal cancer.

Methods

All patients undergoing staging laparoscopy for distal oesophageal or gastric cancer between March 2007 and August 2013 were identified from a prospectively maintained database. Demographic details, preoperative staging, staging laparoscopy findings, cytology and histopathology results were analysed.

Results

A total of 317 patients were identified: 159 (50.1%) had gastric adenocarcinoma, 136 (43.0%) oesophageal adenocarcinoma and 22 (6.9%) oesophageal squamous carcinoma. Staging laparoscopy revealed macroscopic metastases in 36 patients (22.6%) with gastric adenocarcinoma and 16 patients (11.8%) with oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Positive peritoneal cytology in the absence of macroscopic peritoneal metastases was identified in a further five patients with gastric adenocarcinoma and six patients with oesophageal adenocarcinoma. There was no significant difference in survival between patients with macroscopic peritoneal disease and those with positive peritoneal cytology (p=0.219).

Conclusions

Staging laparoscopy and peritoneal cytology should be performed routinely in the staging of distal oesophageal and gastric cancers where other investigations indicate resectability. Currently, in our opinion, patients with positive peritoneal cytology should not be treated with curative intent.
Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of BCL2 Rearrangement in 53 Patients With Follicular Lymphoma Presenting as Primary Skin Lesions
Authors: Pham-Ledard Anne , Cowppli-Bony Anne , Doussau Adélaïde , Prochazkova-Carlotti Martina , Laharanne Elodie , Jouary Thomas , Belaud-Rotureau Marc-Antoine , Vergier Béatrice , Merlio Jean-Philippe , Beylot-Barry Marie
Published: February 2015

Objectives:

To study the diagnostic value of BCL2 rearrangement in follicle center lymphoma (FCL) presenting as primary skin lesions, evaluate its prevalence and the prognostic value in primary cutaneous FCL (PCFCL), and assess prognostic factors in PCFCL.

Methods:

Fifty-three patients with a cutaneous presentation of FCL without a history of nodal lymphoma were selected retrospectively. Clinical and histologic data were collected together with staging and follow-up data. A fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) test for BCL2 split probes was performed on skin biopsy specimens.

Results:

Initial staging procedures identified 47 PCFCLs and six cases of secondary skin involvement of FCL (SSIFCL). FISH detected seven cases carrying a BCL2 rearrangement: four (8.5%) of 47 PCFCLs and three (50%) of six SSIFCLs. These seven cases coexpressed BCL2 and CD10. In PCFCL, cutaneous relapse rate was 42.6%. A small/medium centrocytic cell population was associated with a higher probability of skin relapse in univariate (P = .008) and multivariate (P = .028) analysis, and BCL2 rearrangement detection was associated with secondary extracutaneous spreading (P = .05).

Conclusions:

We observed that BCL2 rearrangement in PCFCL is rare, associated with initial positivity of staging (diagnostic value) or with secondary extracutaneous spreading (prognostic value). In selected cases with BCL2-CD10 coexpression, FISH testing could detect patients with poor outcome and require closer monitoring.
Effects of Levonorgestrel-Releasing Intrauterine System on Lymphangiogenesis of Adenomyosis
Authors: Cho SiHyun , Choi Young Sik , Yun Bo Hyon , Chon Seung Joo , Jung Yeon Soo , Kim Hye Yeon , Park Joo Hyun , Seo Seok Kyo , Kim Se Hoon , Lee Byung Seok
Published: February 2015

Objectives:

Lymphangiogenesis may be involved in the pathogenesis of adenomyosis. We investigated the lymphatic vessels of patients with adenomyosis, including those treated with levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS).

Methods:

Full-thickness uterine samples were obtained from patients who received hysterectomies. Twenty-one patients with adenomyosis and 17 patients with adenomyosis who were treated with LNG-IUS were included. Eighteen patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia served as controls. Immunohistochemical staining was performed with antibodies against podoplanin and lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1. The lymphovascular density (LVD) was analyzed in each sample by the “hot spot” method.

Results:

The LVDs were significantly higher in the endometrial and myometrial tissues of patients with adenomyosis compared with those of patients treated with the LNG-IUS or controls. No significant differences were noted between the LNG-IUS–treated group and controls. Evaluation of the LVDs according to the menstrual cycle showed that the differences in the endometrial tissues of the adenomyosis group and those of the LNG-IUS–treated group or the controls were more prominent during the secretory phase.

Conclusions:

Treatment with the LNG-IUS resulted in reduced lymphangiogenesis and LVD in the endometrial and myometrial tissues of patients with adenomyosis. Reduced lymphangiogenesis may be one mechanism by which the LNG-IUS reduces adenomyosis-related symptoms.
Pruning and prioritising: a case study of a pragmatic method for managing a rapid systematic review with limited resources
Authors: Harnan Sue Elizabeth , Cooper Katy , Jones Sarah Lynne , Jones Elaine
Published: February 2015

Full systematic reviews are time and resource heavy. We describe a method successfully used to produce a rapid review of yoga for health and wellbeing, with limited resources, using mapping methods. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were developed a priori and refined post hoc, with the review team blind to the study results to minimise the introduction of bias. This method allowed the review to be tailored to make use of the best available evidence and the health topics of most relevance to the commissioners, and to enable the evidence base to be disseminated to practitioners in a timely fashion.
Use of academic social research by public officials: exploring preferences and constraints that impact on research use
Authors: Cherney Adrian , Head Brian , Povey Jenny , Ferguson Michele , Boreham Paul
Published: February 2015

While academics can do more to communicate the key messages of their research, the organisational cultures and information infrastructure of policy-related work units also play a large part in influencing the extent of research uptake in government agencies. Data from a large Australian survey (N 2084) of policy-related officials in government agencies is examined to provide insights into how certain preferences, constraints and organisational factors influence the ways in which policy personnel seek out and use academic social research.
High Phosphohistone H3 Expression Correlates with Adverse Clinical, Biological, and Pathological Factors in Neuroblastomas
Authors: Ramani Pramila , Taylor Scott , Miller Elizabeth , Sowa-Avugrah Emile , May Margaret T.
Published: February 2015

Phosphohistone H3 (pHH3), a biomarker of the late G2- and M-phase of the cell cycle, provides a powerful indication of the proliferative state of many cancers. We investigated the prognostic significance of pHH3 by immunostaining 80 neuroblastomas and counting the average number of strongly stained nuclei and mitotic figures. The median and 75th percentile pHH3 proliferation indices (PIs) were 0.54% and 1.06% (range, 0.01% to 2.23%) respectively. pHH3 expression was significantly higher in neuroblastomas from patients with adverse clinical characteristics, all unfavorable pathological factors including high mitosis karyorrhexis index (MKI), and adverse biological factors including MYCN oncogene amplification. High pHH3-PIs, at 1% threshold, were significantly associated with a shorter overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) in the univariable Cox regression analyses. In the multivariable models, high pHH3 counts were significantly associated with worse OS after adjustment for age but were not independent of either high MKI or MYCN amplification. In children less than 18 months of age, high MKIs and high PHH3-PIs were associated with significantly worse OS and EFS. In conclusion, high pHH3 expression correlates strongly with high MKI and MYCN amplification and indicates poor prognosis in neuroblastomas.
Significance of Serum 24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D in the Assessment of Vitamin D Status: A Double-edged Sword?
Authors: Cashman Kevin D , Hayes Aoife , Galvin Karen , Merkel Joyce , Jones Glenville , Kaufmann Martin , Hoofnagle Andrew N , Carter Graham D , Durazo-Arvizu Ramon A , Sempos Christopher T
Published: February 2015

BACKGROUND

24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D [24,25(OH)2D] in serum may be both a nuisance and nutritionally valuable.

METHODS

We investigated the impact of 24,25(OH)2D3 on the performance of commercially available immunoassays for serum total 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] using (a) serum from a nationally representative sample of adults, (b) serum from a spiking experiment, and (c) data from the UK Vitamin D External Quality Assurance Scheme (DEQAS). We also investigated the utility of the serum ratio of 24,25(OH)2D3 to 25(OH)D as an index of inactivation and of response to vitamin D supplementation using randomized controlled trial (RCT) data. Measurement of 24,25(OH)2D in sera by a LC-MS/MS method allowed for an investigation of its impact on immunoassay-derived serum 25(OH)D values as well as its clinical utility. We report data from a nationally representative sample of adults, a recent vitamin D RCT in older adults, and DEQAS.

RESULTS

24,25(OH)2D3 contributed to the positive bias observed in some immunoassays relative to LC-MS/MS-derived estimates for total 25(OH)D. A spiking experiment showed that the degree of cross-reactivity with 24,25(OH)2D was high and may underpin this positive bias. Adjustment for 24,25(OH)2D3 concentration brought estimates closer to true values. Data from the vitamin D RCT showed that the ratio of 24,25(OH)2D3 to 25(OH)D was associated with serum 25(OH)D3 and with response of serum 25(OH)D to vitamin D supplementation.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings highlight that the effect of 24,25(OH)2D3 in serum is a double-edged sword—an interferent for some immunoassays, yet potentially informative of nutritional status.
A Sense of Belonging: Walking with Thaer through migration, memories and space
Authors: O’Neill Maggie , Perivolaris John
Published: February 2015

‘A Sense of Belonging: Walking with Thaer through migration, memories and space’ introduces and provides a conceptual and affective context to the photographic essay by John Perivolaris ‘Walking with Thaer’. Undertaken as part of the ‘Transational Communities: Towards a Sense of Belonging’ project funded by the AHRC, Thaer led John on a walk from a space he called home in the city to a special place, mapping the spaces and places along the way that were important to him. The process of walking and talking opened up a relational and dialogic space where embodied knowledge, the relationship between the visual and other senses and memories were shared. The photographs and the narrative help us to see the importance of memories, that the past is ‘right here, in the midst of the present’ and that the stories told here also ‘leap forward’ and help to ‘map the future’. In looking at the minutiae, what is ordinarily overlooked, we can often reach a better understanding of the bigger picture – towards a radical democratic imaginary.
Visualism in the University Culture
Authors: Lippert Paul
Published: February 2015

The importance of Walter Ong’s phenomenology is illustrated through some issues arising out of his ideas about visualism. The contemporary relevance of these ideas and issues is suggested through a brief consideration of two aspects of the university culture today: the industrialization of higher education, and the ascendancy of deconstruction.
Circular seating arrangements: Approaching the social crux in language classrooms
Authors: Falout Joseph
Published: February 2015

Circular seating arrangements can help instill a sense of belonging within classroom communities with overall positive effects on learning, emotions, and wellbeing. Yet students and their teachers within certain language classroom contexts, due to sociocultural limitations, may be relegated to learning in antisocial environments instilled partly by rank-and-file seating. Attributions for teacher demotivation can often lie in student misbehaviors, while student demotivation, silence, and resistance relate strongly to lack of bodily displays and physical affordances of interpersonal care, understanding, and trust that, if present, would contribute positively to many social aspects of their learning and identity formation. Specifically, rank-and-file seating constricts the area in the classroom most likely to dispose attention and interest to the learning and to others, whereas circular seating potentially expands this area, known as the action zone, to the whole classroom. Seating arrangements therefore can play an important role in the formation of interpersonal dynamics and identity formation among students and their teachers. In this paper, the purposes and ways of using circular seating in language classrooms will be explored from a social psychological perspective. Language teachers are invited to imagine and experiment with possibilities for uses of different seating arrangements in their own classrooms.
Examining emotional intelligence within the context of positive psychology interventions
Authors: Gregerson Tammy , MacIntyre Peter D. , Hein Finegan Kate , Read Talbot Kyle , Claman Shelby L.
Published: February 2015

Emotional intelligence has not been widely studied in second language acquisition and studies published to date have been questionnaire-based. In this study we take a qualitative approach to focus on how emotional intelligence is used by two participants, one a learner and the other a pre-service teacher. The two focal participants were selected because they showed the most positive movement toward attaining their possible future L2 selves among a larger sample. Analysis shows the ways in which four branches of emotional intelligence inter-acted as respondents worked with three activities adapted from the literature on positive psychology: savouring, three good things, and learned optimism. This paper shows how both the learner and teacher employed emotional intelligence to understand and integrate their experiences inside and outside the classroom as part of the language learning and teaching process.
Learning from authoritarian teachers: Controlling the situation or controlling yourself can sustain motivation
Authors: Everhart Chaffee Kathryn , Noels Kimberly A. , McEown Maya Sugita
Published: February 2015

Positive psychology encompasses the study of positive outcomes, optimal functioning, and resilience in difficult circumstances. In the context of language learning, positive outcomes include academic engagement, self-determined motivation, persistence in language learning, and eventually becoming a proficient user of the language. These questionnaire studies extend previous research by addressing how these positive outcomes can be achieved even in adverse circumstances. In Study 1, the primary and secondary control scales of interest were validated using 2468 students at a Canadian university. Study 2 examined the capacity of 100 Canadian language learners to adjust themselves to fit in with their environment, termed secondary control, and how it was related to their motivation for and engagement in language learning and their feelings of anxiety speaking in the classroom. Secondary control in the form of adjusting one’s attitude towards language learning challenges through positive reappraisals was positively associated with self-determined motivation, need satisfaction, and engagement. analyses, positive reappraisals were also found to buffer the negative effects of having a controlling instructor on students’ engagement and anxiety. These findings suggest that personal characteristics interact with the learning environment to allow students to function optimally in their language courses even when the teacher is controlling.
The TRIPS Agreement as a Coercive Threat: Estimating the Effects of Trade Ties on IPR Protection Regimes
Authors: Cardwell Ryan , Ghazalian Pascal L.
Published: February 2015

Negotiators from developed countries pushed hard for the inclusion of the TRIPS Agreement in the WTO set of agreements because it was viewed as a potentially effective method of coercing developing countries to strengthen their protection of intellectual property rights (IPR). We investigate whether the threat of cross-agreement retaliation, which could be authorized in disputes regarding the TRIPS Agreement, is effective in changing countries’ IPR protection regimes. The results from a panel empirical model suggest that both the TRIPS Agreement and the strength of trade ties with developed countries are important determinants of IPR protection regimes, but the vulnerability to potential trade losses through cross-agreement retaliation is not a uniformly significant determinant across geo-economic regions. These results extend beyond the TRIPS Agreement and highlight the potential ineffectiveness of the WTO’s retaliation mechanism as a coercive threat.
Towards efficient private distributed computation on unbounded input streams
Authors: Dolev Shlomi , Garay Juan , Gilboa Niv , Kolesnikov Vladimir , Yuditsky Yelena
Published: February 2015

In the problem of private “swarm” computing, n agents wish to securely and
distributively perform a computation on common inputs, in such a way
that even if the entire memory contents of some of them are exposed,
no information is revealed about the state of the computation.
Recently, Dolev, Garay, Gilboa and Kolesnikov
[Innov. Comput. Sci. (2011), 32–44]
considered this problem in the setting of information-theoretic security, showing how to perform such computations on input streams of unbounded length. However, the cost of their solution is exponential in the size of the finite state automaton (FSA) computing the function.
In this work we are interested in an efficient (i.e., polynomial time)
computation of the above model, at the expense of minimal
additional assumptions. Relying on the existence of one-way functions,
we show how to process unbounded inputs (polynomial in the security parameter)
at a cost linear in m, the number of FSA states. In
particular, our algorithms achieve the following:
In the case of (n,n)-reconstruction (i.e., in which all n
agents participate in the reconstruction of the distributed
computation) and at most n - 1 agents are corrupted, the time required to process each input symbol and the time complexity for reconstruction are

O
(
m
n
)

$O(mn)$

, while agent storage is

O
(
m
+
n
)

$O(m+n)$

.
In the case of

(
n
-
t
,
n
)

$(n-t,n)$

-reconstruction (where only

n
-
t

$n-t$

agents
take part in the reconstruction) and at most t agents are corrupted,
the agents' storage is

O
(

n
-
1

n
-
t

+
m
)

$O(\binom{n-1}{n-t}+m)$

, the time required to process each input symbol is

O
(
m

n
-
1

n
-
t

)

$O(m\binom{n-1}{n-t})$

and the time complexity of reconstruction is

O
(
m
t
)

$O(mt)$

.
We achieve the above through a carefully orchestrated use of pseudo-random generators and secret-sharing, and in particular a novel share
re-randomization technique which might be of independent interest.
Three ammonium salts of sulfathiazole: crystallography and anti-microbial assay
Authors: Akhmad Aznan Aina Mardia , Abdullah Zanariah , Khoo Chai-Hoon , Chen Bao-Jing , See Tian-Hong , Sim Jiun-Horng , Cheah Yoke-Kqueen , Seng Hoi-Ling , Tiekink Edward R.T.
Published: February 2015

The crystal and molecular structures of three ammonium salts derived from sulfathiazole are described. In each case, the anion is in the azanide form, features an intramolecular S←O interaction, and adopts a U-shape. The structures of two cations, [R(HOCH2CH2)NH2]+, namely for R = Me (1) and iPr (2), are unprecedented in the crystallographic literature. Extensive hydrogen bonding is observed in all crystal structures and leads to a two-dimensional array for 1, and three-dimensional architectures for each of 2 and 3 (R = CH2CH2OH). The salts exhibited anti-microbial activity against a range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and proved bactericidal toward Vibrio parahaemolyticus, but had no advantage over sulfathiazole itself.
Die qualitative Bestimmung von Phosphatiden durch Papierchromatographie
Authors: Beiss U. , Armbruster O.
Published: February 2015

Durch die Entwicklung der neuen Lösungsmittel-Systeme A: Diisobutylketon-Methylisobutylketon - Methyläthylketon - Chloroform - Ameisensäure (98-proz.) - Wasser (30 - 26 - 10 - 110 -30 -3) und B: Tetrahydrofuran-Diisobutylketon-Wasser (45-5-6) wird die papierchromatographische Auftrennung von Phosphatidgemischen im 1- und 2-dimensionalen Chromatogramm ermöglicht. Die Chromatographie kann auch bei Anwendung von Lipid-Rohextrakten durchgeführt werden. Für die Bestimmung einzelner Phosphatidkomponenten kann in Spezialfällen die Anwendung der Systeme C bis E vorteilhafter sein. Die Kombinationsfärbung mit Ninhydrin-Dipikrylamin-Rhodamin B ermöglicht eine bessere Differenzierung der Phosphatide auf dem Chromatogramm.
Zur Biochemie der Thiamintriphosphorsäure
Authors: Greiling Helmut , Kiesow Lutz
Published: February 2015

Es wird eine neue Synthese von 32P-markiertem TTP * ausgehend von TDP und trägerfreiem Phosphat in Gegenwart von N,N′ - Dicyclohexylcarbodiimid beschrieben. Das Verhältnis der Radioaktivität von γ-, β- und α-Ρ-Atom beträgt 2: 1: 0. TDP, Pyrophosphat, N-Äthylmaleinsäureamid und 2.4-Dinitrophenol sind Inhibitoren der Myosin-TTP-ase
Artefakte in elektronenmikroskopischen Präparaten
Authors: Menke Wilhelm
Published: February 2015

Nach Fixierung mit Osmiumtetroxyd läßt sich die Verteilung von kolloiden Kristallen in Mikrotomschnitten im Dunkelfeld sichtbar machen. Die Kristalle werden dabei im „Licht“ ihrer Reflexe abgebildet. Bei der Beurteilung der Kontraste in Hellfeldaufnahmen müssen auch sekundäre Veränderungen der Präparate im Elektronenstrahl berücksichtigt werden
Über die Korrelation zwischen der Linsenentwicklung und der Gesamtentwicklung des Keims bei Triturus vulgaris
Authors: Becker Ursula
Published: February 2015

Um an der ganzen Larve feststellen zu können, welches Entwicklungsstadium der Augenlinsen jeweils einem bestimmten Entwicklungszustand des ganzen Embryos bzw. der Larve zugeordnet ist, wurde die Korrelation zwischen den Larvenstadien 30-47 (HARRISON) und den in dieselbe Entwicklungsperiode fallenden Differenzierungs-Stadien 1-9 der Linse an 652 Larven und 1281 Linsen von Triturus vulgaris untersucht. Es ergibt sich eine hohe positive Korrelation zwischen den beiden Entwicklungsvorgängen (Tab. 1). - Das genaue Maß der Zuordnung wurde durch Berechnung der jeweiligen Stadien-Durchschnittswerte und der Regressions-Koeffizienten ermittelt. Die Regressions-Geraden geben eine gute Annäherung an die Kurven der Stadien-Durchschnittswerte (Abb. 1 und 2). Höherpolynomiale Regressionen geben eine fortschreitend bessere Annäherung an die empirischen Werte (s. Tab. 2 a, b und 3 a, b und Regressionskurve 5. Ordnung in Abb. 1).
Some observations on the Formation of Giant Cells in Tissue Cultures of Chicken Macrophages
Authors: Franklin Richard M.
Published: February 2015

Die Züchtung von Makrophagen aus heparinisiertem Hühnerblut wird beschrieben. Bei pH 5,5 bis 6,0 entstehen durch Phagozytose benachbarter Makrophagen vielkernige Riesenzellen. Die Kerne dieser Riesenzellen teilen sich nicht weiter.
Isolierung von 2 neuen pflanzlichen Aminosäuren: S (β-Carboxyäthyl)-L-cystein und Albizziin aus den Samen von Albizzia julibrissin Durazz. (Mimosaceae)
Authors: Gmelin Rolf , Strauss Günther , Hasenmaier Gerhard
Published: February 2015

Aus den Samen von Albizzia julibrissin Durazz. wurden 2 neue, frei vorkommende Aminosäuren - Albizziin und eine S-haltige Aminosäure - isoliert. Albizziin ist vermutlich eine α-Aminoß-ureidopropionsäure. Es werden einige Angaben über das Vorkommen von Albizziin in Mimosaceen-Arten gemacht. Die S-haltige Aminosäure wurde als S(β-Carboxyäthyl)-L-cystein erkannt. Bei enzymatischer Spaltung durch die C-S-Lyase aus Albizzia lophantha Benth. zerfällt S(β-Carboxyäthyl)-L-cystein in β-Mercaptopropionsäure. Brenztraubensäure und Ammoniak.
Über die Verteilung von Radioyttrium und radioaktiven Seltenen Erden im Säugerorganismus
Authors: Spode Ernst
Published: February 2015

Es wird über das Vertcilungsmuster von Radioyttrium (91Y) in Meerschweinchen nach intrakardialer, intraperitonealer und subkutaner Applikationsweise und die dabei auftretenden Unterschiede berichtet. Nach der Inkorporation von Yttrium muß mit einer Leberpassage vor der Knochenspeicherung gerechnet werden. Die hohen Aktivitäten in Leber und Nieren bedürfen mehr als bisher der strahlenbiologischen Beachtung
Über die Beziehungen zwischen der chemischen Konstitution organischer Verbindungen und ihrem Rf-Wert in der Papierchromatographie II
Authors: Schauer H. K. , Bulirsch R.
Published: February 2015

RM = log

als Meßwert, welcher dem vorgeschlagenen Verfahren zur Konstitutionsaufklärung zugrunde lag, hat sich nicht als allgemein brauchbar erwiesen. Auftretende Anomalien blieben zunächst unerklärt.

Es wurde daher versucht, die Theorie der Papierchromatographie auf eine breitere Grundlage zu stellen. Die so erhaltene Beziehung

erlaubt eine sinnvolle Deutung wesentlicher, in der Papierchromatographie beobachteter Abweichungen. Noch verbleibende Unschärfen sind z. T. experimentell oder materiell bedingt und nicht allgemein zu erfassen.

Durch Einführung physikalisch definierter Maßfunktionen für Rf von der Form log

für die das Symbol RN vorgeschlagen wird, kann in fast allen Fällen, in denen RM versagt, innerhalb gewisser Intervalle Linearität zwischen RN und den ganzzahligen Vielfachen der konstitutionellen Gruppen und Zustände organischer Verbindungen erzielt und damit eine Konstitutionsermittlung praktisch möglich gemacht werden.

Dies wird an einer Reihe von Beispielen belegt.

Untersuchungen sind im Gange, Rf durch eine bessere Meßgröße zu ersetzen
Austausch von 32P zwischen markierten und unmarkierten Serumlipoproteiden in vitro
Authors: Ott H.
Published: February 2015

Werden Serumlipoproteide, die biologisch mit 32P markiert wurden, elektrophoretisch getrennt und mit unmarkierten, gleichfalls elektrophoretisch getrennten, Serumlipoproteid-Fraktionen inkubiert, dann kommt in vitro eine Übertragung des Markierungsisotops zwischen signiertem α1-Lipoproteid und unsigniertem β-Lipoproteid und umgekehrt zustande. Die viel zu kurzen Halbwertszeiten für 32P-markierte Serumphosphatide gegenüber 131J-markierten sind durch Phosphorübertragungen erklärbar.
Über den Einfluß der Milzexstirpation auf die Nucleolenzahl von Deciduazellen
Authors: Rigler R. , Rosenkranz W.
Published: February 2015

Die Zählung der in den Decidualzellkernen normaler und milzloser Ratten vorhandenen Nucleolen hat einen signifikanten Unterschied zu erkennen gegeben. Er wird im Sinne eines Ploidieunterschiedes gewertet und daraus in Übereinstimmung mit früheren Untersuchungen auf einen polyploidisierenden Einfluß der Milz geschlossen.
Vergleichende taxonomische, morphologische und serologische Untersuchungen an insektenpathogenen Rickettsien
Authors: Krieg Aloysius
Published: February 2015

The definition of genus Rickettsiella given by PHILIP should be completed and corrected because in all instars of insects particularly the cytoplasm, not the nucleus of the diseased cells was infected. No morphological differences were found between the known types Rickettsiella popilliae, Rickettsiella melolonthae and Rickettsiella tipulae. In serological experiments a group-specific partial-antigen and a type-specific partial-antigen were demonstrated in each of the studied Rickettsiellae.
Die Inaktivierung der endotoxischen Lipoid-Komponente (Lipoid A) bakterieller Lipopolysaccharide durch Pferdeserum
Authors: Westphal O. , Hammer D. , Lüderitz O. , Nowotny A. , Eichenberger E. , Goebel F.
Published: February 2015

In den Lipopolysacchariden gram-negativer Bakterien sind für viele endotoxische Eigenschaften Wirkgruppen der Lipoid-Komponente — Lipoid A — verantwortlich. Serum höherer Tiere und des Menschen enthält einen Faktor, welcher bakterielle Endotoxine inaktiviert (F. HEGEMANN). Im Rahmen von Untersuchungen zur näheren Charakterisierung des Substrates der Inaktivierung wurde die Einwirkung von Pferdeserum auf gereinigtes, polysaccharid-freies Lipoid A aus dem Endotoxin von E. coli 08-Bakterien verfolgt. 250 μg dieses Lipoid Α-Präparates verursachen nach intravenöser Injektion beim Pferd regelmäßig eine markante Fieberreaktion mit Maximum im Mittel von 2,3° C sowie Leukopenie mit folgender mäßiger Leukocytose. Nach Inkubation von 250 μg Lipoid A mit Pferdeserum bei 37° C, in Mengen von 500 ml bis herab zu 1 ml, wird dessen endotoxische Wirksamkeit innerhalb 24 Stdn. total inaktiviert. Substrat des endotoxin-inaktivierenden Serumfaktors vom Pferd sind demnach gewisse Wirkgruppen im bakteriellen Lipoid A.
Notizen: Zur Frage der linearen Dosisabhängigkeit somatischer Strahlenschäden
Authors: Kühne P. , Krokowski E. , Ehling U.
Published: February 2015

Erstmals wurde für einen somatischen Strahlenschaden innerhalb eines bestimmten Dosisbereiches eine lineare Dosis-Effekt-Beziehung nachgewiesen. Die statistische Analyse widerlegt nicht die Hypothese eines geradlinigen Verlaufes der Dosis-Effekt-Kurve bis zur Dosis Null, wodurch die Annahme einer unschädlidien Schwellendosis hinfällig wäre.
Hemmung der Tumorglykolyse durch 2-Methyl-1.4-naphthochinon
Authors: Tiedemann Heinz , Risse Hans-Jörg , Born Jochen
Published: February 2015

Die Glykolyse (Substrat: Glucose) von Homogenaten des Ascites-Tumors der Maus und von intakten Tumorzellen wird durch 2-Methyl-1.4-naphthochinon in einer Konzentration von 4—5 · 10-5 Mol/l fast vollständig gehemmt. Unter anaeroben Bedingungen ist die Hemmung wesentlich geringer.

Bei Versuchen mit Homogenaten wurde die Bildung von Milchsäure aus Glucose stärker gehemmt als die Bildung von Milchsäure aus Glucose-6-phosphat oder Fructose-1.6-diphosphat.
Das Terminalorgan der Protonephridien, Feinstruktur und Deutung der Funktion
Authors: Kümmel Georg
Published: February 2015

An ultradünnen Schnitten durch das Terminalorgan der Protonephridien bei Miracidien von Fasciola hepatica L. wurde gezeigt, daß dessen Membran im Anfangsteil stark verdünnt ist. Es wird daher hier ein Filtrationsmechanismus angenommen, vergleichbar der Filtration des Primärharns im Glomerulus der Wirbeltierniere.