bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cryptography: A Quantitative Analysis of the Effectiveness of Various Password Storage Techniques
Authors: Patra Rohan , Patra Sandip
Published: October 2021

Recently, there has been a rise in impactful data breaches releasing billions of people’s online accounts and financial data into the public domain. The result is an increased importance of effective cybersecurity measures, especially regarding the storage of user passwords. Strong password storage security means that an actor cannot use the passwords in vectors such as credential-stuffing attacks despite having access to breached data. It will also limit user exposure to threats such as unauthorized account charges or account takeovers. This research evaluates the effectiveness of different password storage techniques. The storage techniques to be tested are: BCRYPT Hashing, SHA-256 Hashing, SHA-256 with Salt, and SHA-256 with MD5 Chaining. Following the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) guidelines on password strength, both a weak and robust password will be passed through the stated techniques. Reversal of each of the results will be attempted using Rainbow Tables and dictionary attacks. The study results show that pairing a strong password that has not been exposed in a data breach with the BCRYPT hashing algorithm results in the most robust password security. However, SHA-256 hashing with a salt results in a very similar level of security while maintaining better performance. While plain SHA-256 hashing or chaining multiple hashing algorithms together is theoretically as secure, in practice, they are easily susceptible to simple attacks and thus should not be used in a production environment. Requiring strong password which have not been exposed in previous data breaches was also found to greatly increase security.
TINJAUAN TERHADAP DASAR-DASAR TEOLOGIS PRAKTIK HIDUP SELIBAT
Authors: Boimau Imanuel
Published: October 2021

Abstract: This article discusses an overview of the theological foundations of the practice of celibacy. The theological grounds that are generally used are free choice for the sake of the Kingdom of Heaven, gifts and the concept that sex is a sin. Regarding these three principles, there is debate about how to understand each of the existing principles and which ones are acceptable and which are not. Through a study of various literatures, from these three theological foundations it is concluded that only free choice for the sake of the kingdom of God and gifts can be used or accepted as the theological basis for the practice of celibacy. While celibacy on the basis of sex is a sin, it is an inaccurate theological basis. With two accepted theological grounds, namely free choice for the sake of God's kingdom and grace, celibacy should be lived as a vocation that is lived willingly (free choice) by someone who is given gifts by God with the aim of living to glorify God.

 

Keywords: Celibacy, Gift, Calling, Sex, Sin.

 

Abstrak: Artikel ini membahas tentang tinjauan terhadap dasar-dasar teologis praktik hidup selibat. Adapun dasar-dasar teologis yang umumnya digunakan adalah pilihan bebas demi Kerajaan Surga, karunia, dan konsep bahwa seks adalah dosa. Terkait ketiga dasar ini, ada perdebatan tentang bagaimana semestinya memahami setiap dasar yang ada dan dasar mana yang dapat diterima dan tidak. Melalui studi terhadap berbagai literatur, dari ketiga dasar teologis ini disimpulkan bahwa hanya pilihan bebas demi Kerajaan Surga dan karunia yang dapat digunakan atau diterima sebagai dasar teologis untuk praktik hidup selibat. Sementara selibat dengan dasar seks adalah dosa merupakan dasar teologis yang kurang tepat. Dengan dua dasar teologis yang diterima, yaitu pilihan bebas demi Kerajaan Surga dan karunia, maka selibat semestinya dijalani sebagai sebuah panggilan yang dihidupi dengan kerelaan hati (pilihan bebas) oleh seseorang yang diberikan karunia oleh Allah dengan tujuan untuk hidup mempermuliakan Allah.

 

Kata-kata kunci: Selibat, Karunia, Panggilan, Seks, Dosa.
MORTALIDADE POR TRANSTORNOS MENTAIS E COMPORTAMENTAIS EM ADOLESCENTES NAS REGIÕES BRASILEIRAS, 2010 A 2019
Authors: Farias Sirley Amélia , Pires de Arruda Taynara Aparecida , Silva Alves Thamires Stefany da , Soares Cardoso Gonçalves Thiago , Paniago Kresta Wellen Thamara , Alves Pereira Vitória Carolina , Campos Santos Priscila , Santos Borges Jaýne , Gomes Machado Lúbia Maieles , De Oliveira Lima Natasha Rayane
Published: October 2021

Objetivo: Analisar as taxas de mortalidade por transtornos mentais e comportamentais em adolescentes, segundo sexo nas regiões geográficas Brasileiras, no período entre 2010 e 2019. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico, descritivo, com análise das taxas de mortalidade por transtornos mentais e comportamentais em adolescentes, segundo sexo nas regiões geográficas Brasileiras, no período entre 2010 e 2019, os dados estão disponíveis em bases de dados secundários de acesso livre, os quais não apresentam variáveis que possibilite a identificação de indivíduos. Resultados e discussão: Os dados de óbitos dos adolescentes demostraram que o gênero masculino tem a maior taxa de mortalidade em ambos os grupos etários, e o gênero feminino apresentou oscilações na taxa de mortalidade durante a série estudada e a taxa de mortalidade no grupo etário de 15-19 anos se mostrou superior. Conclusão: Este estudo mostrou que por mais que os adolescentes 15-19 anos sejam mais afetados o aumento de mortalidade do grupo 10-14 anos demostra o quão precoce está se tornando esses fatores de risco em adolescentes nas regiões do Brasil.
Evaluation of morphometric characteristics of Betwa drainage basin
Authors:   Department of Geography, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Kumar Neetesh , Singh Jagadish ,   Department of Geography, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi
Published: October 2021

The morphometric analysis of any drainage basin is considered useful for water resource studies such as flood assessment, water quality sampling, water use reporting, watershed management etc. Drainage basin is generally defined as the areal extent of land from which the surface runoff flows to a defined drain, channel, stream or river. It is mainly governed by the topography of the terrain. Geographical Information System and Image Processing Techniques can be used for the identification of morphological features and analyzing properties of the basin. The morphometric parameters include linear, areal and relief aspects. ‘Watershed Atlas of India’ (2014) on 1:50,000 scale is an important digital database for planning and monitoring of development programs on a watershed basis. It serves as a uniform baseline for developing a hydrological unit-based data bank to be used for the management of water resources in the country. Run-off, sedimentation, water balance, evapotranspiration and several other catchment characterization related studies may be taken up on a watershed basis. The present study deals with morphometric parameters such as stream order (Nu), stream length (Lu), bifurcation ratio (Rb), drainage density (D) and stream frequency (Fs) of the Betwa drainage basin. Geographically the basin (77° 30′ to 80° 12′ east longitudes and 23°30′ to 25°55′ north latitudes) is located in two states i.e. Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh occupying an area of 43780 km2. The length of the stream segment is maximum for the first-order stream and decreases as the stream order increases. This study would help in understanding the hydrological behaviour of the basin. This, in turn, may enable the local people to utilize the resources of the basin for the sustainable development of the area.
Covid-19 and the restructuring of economic space: Emerging research frontiers in Economic Geography (with special reference to India)
Authors:   Professor, Department of Geography, M.D. University, Rohtak (Haryana), Singh Sachinder
Published: October 2021

The first case of COVID-19 was reported in December 2019. However, in no time this local outbreak of the corona virus became a pandemic. Not only it has slowed down the intensity of economic activities across the globe, but it has also resulted in the restructuring of the economic space. Besides, it has also brought in the long term debate on the benefits of economic globalization. The article sketches the outlines for the re-examination of the economic space as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic. Five research themes are proposed for revisiting economic globalization, workers, inequality, neoliberal economic policies, and development. Studies on these themes will unfold our understanding of the ongoing economic changes from local to global level and we would be in a better position to explain the nature of emerging economic space.
Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Educational Sector in Kerala
Authors: P S Siji , Varma Dr. Ranjini R.
Published: October 2021

The study emphasis on the impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on educational sector in Kerala. The world has been experiencing a rare disaster of Covid-19 pandemic (corona virus disease) since 2019. Covid -19 pandemic has spread all over the world. Everybody are confused and so tensed and also excited about the pandemic because it is a rare disease and the medicine for the same is not yet innovated. Even scientists are not able to predict the future spread of the disease, so the only thing what the countries can do is to stop spreading the virus in the country. For that most of the countries in the world have been implementing quarantines, lockdowns and social distancing practices to contain the pandemic. Covid -19 pandemic has impacted every sector in the economy such as education, tourism, business, health, finance etc. In this context an attempt is made to examine the impact of covid-19 on Kerala’s economy. Here we examine the impact of Covid-19 pandemic on educational sector in Kerala and through this study the researcher tries to explain the positive as well as negative impacts of Covid -19 pandemic on educational sector in Kerala with special reference to Thrissur district.
Corrosion Behavior of a Laser-MIG Hybrid Welding-Brazing Joint of 6061 Aluminum Alloy to SUS304 Stainless Steel
Authors: Liu Ruilin , Liu Yunqi , Lei Zheng , Tang Hui , He Shaoxiong , Li Yuanxing , Zhu Zongtao
Published: October 2021

Lightweight steel-aluminum structures have broad application prospects because of their lowering weight characteristics, however, the corrosion of welding-brazing joints in steel-aluminum structures is less concerned or studied. In this paper, the corrosion behavior of the laser-MIG (metal inert gas) hybrid welding-brazing joints of steel-aluminum is investigated through the tests and analysis of salt spray, immersion, and electrochemistry. The salt spray and immersion tests show that obvious galvanic corrosion occurs at the welded joints, in which the aluminum side is seriously corroded while the steel side is not corroded. The open-circuit potential (OCP) values of the aluminum alloy and the weld metal are similar (approximately −0.48 V), and the stainless steel has a higher OCP value of −0.33 V. The corrosion resistance of the weld metal is lower than aluminum- and steel-based materials. The corrosion resistance of the joints is controlled by the aluminum alloy part of the two metals based on the OCP and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis. A possible corrosion process schematic for the physical/chemical properties of a welding-brazing joint immersed in a sodium chloride solution is proposed according to EIS.
AMAMENTAÇÃO EM TEMPOS DE COVID-19
Authors: Costa Alessandra Martinelli
Published: October 2021

Introdução: O aleitamento materno é recomendado pelo Ministério da Saúde e pela Organização Mundial da Saúde com início na primeira hora de vida e mantido exclusivamente até os 6 meses. O leite materno fornece todos os nutrientes necessários para o desenvolvimento infantil, além de anticorpos, fatores de crescimento e enzimas de proteção como lisozima e lactoferrina. A amamentação fornece proteção contra doenças infectocontagiosas e respiratórias, diarréia, alergias, além de ser um fator protetivo na saúde da mulher, prevenindo diversos agravos de saúde, como o câncer de mama. Em tempos de Covid-19, houve retrocesso na prática da amamentação, pelo receio da transmissão e infecção pelo Sars-Cov-2, o que coloca em risco a saúde e o desenvolvimento infantil. Objetivos: Analisar a prática da amamentação em tempos de Covid-19. Material e métodos: Foi realizada a revisão sistemática de literatura, com artigos selecionados nas bases de dados BVS saúde, Scielo e PubMed, com os descritores: ´´Aleitamento materno``, ´´Amamentação`` e ´´Covid-19``. Resultados: A transmissão vertical do Sars-Cov-2 ainda não foi comprovada, devido a ausência de fragmentos virais no líquido amniótico, placenta, e no leite materno. Para as mães com quadros gripais, recomenda-se a manutenção da amamentação e são orientados medidas de segurança como: uso contínuo de máscara cirúrgica durante a amamentação; evitar falar e tossir no momento da prática; trocar a máscara a cada mamada; manter a higiene das mãos antes de amamentar. Ademais, caso as puérperas não se sintam confortáveis, é recomendado a ordenha do leite e a oferta à criança por uma pessoa saudável, a fim de que não sejam perdidos os benefícios do leite materno para a criança. Conclusão: O aleitamento materno não deve ser descontinuado no cenário do Covid-19, pois os benefícios superam enormemente os riscos. Para a prática correta, deve-se atentar-se aos cuidados higiênicos-sanitários corretos. A ausência da amamentação gera graves complicações no desenvolvimento e crescimento infantil, promove suscetibilidade à infecções, alergias e doenças respiratórias, além de interferir na maturidade imunológica infantil e promover a perda do vínculo do binômio mãe-filho. Portanto, caso seja da vontade da mãe, a amamentação deve ser estimulada e realizada seguindo as orientações estabelecidas.
IMPLEMENTASI ILMU AL–MUNASABAH DALAM MEMAHAMI AYAT-AAYAT HUKUM EKONOMI SYARIAH
Authors: Ihwanudin Nandang , Putri Fitria Nuryanti Aliya , Syifa Utami Handriansyah Alya
Published: October 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis ayat-ayat yang berkaitan dengan hukum ekonomi syuariah dengan mengimplementasikan ilmu al-munasabah yang merupakan salah satu cabang dari ulumul Quran. Ilmu ini dapat membantu dan membuka akal seseorang untuk dapat memahami berbagai macam peraturan dan hukum yang terdapat dalam Alquran.  Pendekatan penelitian yang digunakan adaalah penelitian kualitatif dengan studi kepustakaan serta analisis isi terhadap ayat-ayat yang diduga kuat dikategorikan mengandung hukum ekonomi syariah. Setelah dilakukan analisis, dengan mengimplementasikan Ilm al-Munasabah ditemukan bahwa: (1) Pondasi yang diatasnya dibangun Hukum Ekonomi Syariah antara lain QS. 6: 165 yang dikorelasikan dengan ayat sebelumnya (164) dan sesudahnya (166) menunujukkan bahwa kebebasan mendayagunakan potensi sumber daya alam diikuti dengan kewajiban untuk mempertanggungjawabkannya kepada pemberi karunia tersebut sebagai manifestasi asas tauhidullah; (2) mengacu pada tafsir QS. 2: 168, 5: 8, dan 16: 91, ditemukan prinsip-prinsip hukum ekonomi syariah sebagai berikut: (a) Prinsip saling memenuhi kebutuhan hidup secara layak dan benar, (b) tolong menolong dalam kebaikan, (c) saling menguntungkan, (d) saling berkompetisi secara positif, (e) saling melindungi dan saling memberi jaminan, (f) saling memegang keadilan dan keseimbangan, (g) saling memenuhi janji, dan (h) tidak saling merusak atau tidak saling merugikan; dan (3) berdasarkan QS 4: 160, 161, 162; 3: 130; 2: 175-179, ditemukan bahwa praktik riba muncul sebagai akibat pranata ekonomi syariah yang bersifat filantrofis tidak berjalan. Oleh karena itu, Allah swt dengan pris al-tadaruj fi al-hukm, mengkrisi praktik riba, lalu riba yang berlipat diharamkan, dan berikutnya, semua bentuk riba diharamkan
A Study On The Influence Of Sodium Salt Solution On The Atterberg Limits And Swelling Of Bentonite Clay
Authors:   Department of Civil Engineering, Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India., Kumar Saurabh , Garg Dr. Prashant ,   Department of Civil Engineering, Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India., Singh Amandeep ,   Department of Civil Engineering, Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.
Published: October 2021

Due to industrialization and subsequent rise in urbanisation, our groundwater system and geoenvironmental reserves are getting degraded due to detrimental effects of industrial wastes discarded off into the geo-environment. Basic components like water, air and soil all get degraded resulting unacceptable loss of their natural virtues like purity, renewability, stability, sustainability and tolerability. Major industrial effluents like salt solutions, chemicals, artificial dyes, heavy metals, pharmaceutical residues and sewages etc., are posing the major problems for the ecosystem and their subparts. Since, bentonite clay has peculiar characteristics of high swelling and high pollutant absorbing capacity along with low hydraulic conductivity, it is used as a geotechnical clay liner. However, the geotechnical parameters of bentonite get affected on interaction with cations present in salt solutions. This investigation was carried out in order to observe the influences of salt solutions on bentonite and the results obtained depicts that the varying salt concentrations have a definite influence on Atterberg limits, swelling of bentonite.
In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Potentials of Ethanolic Flower Extract and Isolated Compound, Rutin from Bauhinia tomentosa L.
Authors:   PG and Research Department of Botany, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore – 641 029, Tamilnadu., Gangadharan Gargi , Thenmozhi K. ,   PG and Research Department of Botany, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore – 641 029, Tamilnadu.
Published: October 2021

Bauhinia tomentosa L. belonging to the family Caesalpiniaceae is a traditional medicinal plant species used by the local healers for the treatment of inflammation and other ailments. The present study was addressed to isolate and characterize bioactive entities exists in the ethanolic extract of B. tomentosa flower. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory effects of crude and isolated compounds were assessed using carrageenan induced paw oedema model. Indomethacin, a renowned reference drug was used for comparison. In vivo antioxidant activities were achieved using standard procedures. In anti-inflammatory studies, the isolated compound, rutin (10mg/kgb.w.) manifested potent activity by inhibiting paw oedema (92.6%) than the crude extracts (88.7%). With reference to these findings, rutin also registered eminent therapeutic property in terms of in vivo antioxidant activity. Therefore, the current study exposed that the anti-inflammatory effects of isolated compound, rutin is more expected to depend on their ability to inhibit the production of proinflammatory mediators and proposes that the studied plant species can be deliberated as one of the finest, versatile and most frequently used household remedies for varied manifestations. Furthermore, the compound isolated may serve as a lead molecule for the formulation of active novel drugs without any adverse side effects.
Copper ferrite catalyst for direct arylation of acidic C-H bonds in azoles with aryl aldehydes
Authors: Vu Minh Cuong  , Nguyen Thai Anh  , Phan Thanh Son Nam  , Nguyen Thanh Tung
Published: October 2021

Coupling reagents toward direct arylation of C2-H bonds in aryl azoles are often limited to aryl halides. Herein we report a functionalization of the acidic sp2 C-H bonds in benzothiazoles with benzaldehyde derivatives. Reactions proceeded in the presence of commercially ready CuFe2O4 catalyst. Scope of functional groups included chloro, nitro, cyano, and ester groups.
Studying the removal of CO2 on stratified ZnO prepared by hydro
Authors: Pham Quang Minh  , Chang-Ha Lee  , Vu Anh Tuan
Published: October 2021

In this study, ZnO was synthesized by the simple hydrothermal method. The physicochemical properties of the materials were characterized by SEM, XRD, N adsorption/desorption isotherm methods. The CO2 removal experiments were conducted using the thermogravimetric method (TGA). The material has a stratified structure, with a surface area of 24.4 m2/g and a pore volume of 0.280 cm3/g. The influences of temperature, ZnO morphology, and feed gas composition were studied. Besides, the durability and applicability of the material were evaluated through repeated regeneration.
Ethylene production via ethanol dehydration over desilicated ZSM-5 catalyst
Authors: Bui Tan Loc  , Le Nguyen Quang Tu  , Nguyen Quang Long
Published: October 2021

The catalytic dehydration of ethanol is a potential alternative route to synthesize ethylene apart from the traditional method which depends on fossil fuels. This report successfully prepared modified ZSM-5 with mesopores using desilication methods to enhance ethanol catalytic dehydration performance and ethylene production at lower temperature. The modified zeolite have the external surface area increased by 3.5 times and a higher dehydration efficiency compared with the original sample especially at temperatures below 220°C. Increasing reaction temperatures and gas houly space velocity (GHSV) increased the dehydration efficiency while increasing the inlet ethanol concentration had opposite effect. Significantly, the ethanol conversion over modified zeolite remained above 90 % when the GHSV increased to 36000 h‑1 after the time-on-stream of 24 h.
Synthesis of TiO2 thin films on different substrates by chemical vapor deposition method
Authors: Ta Hong Duc  , Phan Ngoc Quang  , Vu Viet Thang  , Le Minh Thang
Published: October 2021

TiO2 thin films were synthesized by using Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) method on different substrates, such as glass, aluminium foil , and ceramic. The samples had been characterized by microscopy analysis, SEM, and EDS. The results show that TiO2 thin films were successfully fabricated and TiO2 nanocrystals with size of 50-100 nm loaded uniformly on surface of different substrates. The photocatalytic activities of all samples were investigated in photo-degradation of methyl orange (MO) under UV light irradiation and was followed by the UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, showing that the conversion of methyl orange achieved the highest percentage of 91% with TiO2 thin film synthesized on the ceramic substrate over 270 minutes of reaction. The hypothetical mechanism explaining this observation is that the surface morphology of ceramic plays a major role in the augmentation of MO molecules adsorption onto the surface of material, thus, improves the dye degradation process.
A theoretical study on the kinetics for ethanol reaction with formyl radical
Authors: Nguyen Trong Nghia  , Nguyen Duc Trung  , Tran Thi Thoa  , Phan Thi Thuy
Published: October 2021

C2H5OH is one of important renewable fuels. The mechanism for the C2H5OH + HCO reaction has been investigated by a potential energy surface calculation at the B3LYP/aug-cc-pVTZ (optimization) and CCSD(T)/cc-pVTZ (single-point) levels. Our results show that the HCO free radical can abstract the H atoms in the OH group giving CH3CH2O + CH2O or in the CH2 group giving CH3CHOH + CH2O. The rate constant results by TST calculations considering tunneling corrections show that the second pathway is dominate in all the calculation temperature range of 300-2000K.
Aerodynamic size-resolved composition and cloud condensation nuclei properties of aerosols in Beijing suburban region
Authors: Yu Chenjie , Liu Dantong , Hu Kang , Tian Ping , Wu Yangzhou , Zhao Delong , Wu Huihui , Hu Dawei , Guo Wenbo , Li Qiang , Huang Mengyu , Ding Deping , Allan James
Published: October 2021

Abstract. The size-resolved physiochemical properties of aerosols determine their atmospheric lifetime, cloud interactions, and the deposition rate on human respiratory system, however most atmospheric composition studies tend to evaluate these properties in bulk. This study investigated size-resolved constituents of aerosols on mass and number basis, and their droplet activation properties, by coupling a suite of online measurements with an aerosol aerodynamic classifier (AAC) based on aerodynamic diameter (Da) in Pinggu, a suburb of Beijing. While organic matter accounted for a large fraction of mass, a higher contribution of particulate nitrate at larger sizes (Da > 300 nm) was found under polluted cases. By applying the mixing state of refractory black carbon containing particles (rBCc) and composition-dependent densities, aerosols including rBCc were confirmed nearly spherical at Da > 300 nm. Importantly, the number fraction of rBCc was found to increase with Da at all pollution levels. The number fraction of rBC is found to increase from ~3 % at ~90 nm to ~15 % at ~1000 nm, and this increasing rBC number fraction may be caused by the coagulation during atmospheric aging. The droplet activation diameter at a water supersaturation of 0.2 % was 112 ± 6 nm and 193 ± 41 nm for all particles with Da smaller than 1 μm (PM1) and rBCc respectively. As high as 52 ± 6 % of rBCc and 50 ± 4 % of all PM1 particles in number could be activated under heavy pollution due to enlarged particle size, which could be predicted by applying the volume-mixing of substance hygroscopicity within rBCc. As rBCc contributes to the quantity of aerosols at larger particle size, these thickly coated rBC may contribute to the radiation absorption significantly or act as an important source of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). This size regime may also exert important health effects due to their higher deposition rate.
Understanding the surface temperature response and its uncertainty to CO2, CH4, black carbon, and sulfate
Authors: Nordling Kalle , Korhonen Hannele , Räisänen Jouni , Partanen Antti-Ilari , Samset Bjørn H. , Merikanto Joonas
Published: October 2021

Abstract. Understanding the regional surface temperature responses
to different anthropogenic climate forcing agents, such as greenhouse gases
and aerosols, is crucial for understanding past and future regional climate
changes. In modern climate models, the regional temperature responses vary
greatly for all major forcing agents, but the causes of this variability are
poorly understood. Here, we analyze how changes in atmospheric and oceanic
energy fluxes due to perturbations in different anthropogenic climate
forcing agents lead to changes in global and regional surface temperatures.
We use climate model data on idealized perturbations in four major
anthropogenic climate forcing agents (CO2, CH4, sulfate, and
black carbon aerosols) from Precipitation Driver Response Model Intercomparison Project (PDRMIP) climate experiments for six climate
models (CanESM2, HadGEM2-ES, NCAR-CESM1-CAM4, NorESM1, MIROC-SPRINTARS,
GISS-E2). Particularly, we decompose the regional energy budget
contributions to the surface temperature responses due to changes in
longwave and shortwave fluxes under clear-sky and cloudy conditions, surface
albedo changes, and oceanic and atmospheric energy transport. We also
analyze the regional model-to-model temperature response spread due to each
of these components. The global surface temperature response stems from
changes in longwave emissivity for greenhouse gases (CO2 and CH4)
and mainly from changes in shortwave clear-sky fluxes for aerosols (sulfate
and black carbon). The global surface temperature response normalized by
effective radiative forcing is nearly the same for all forcing agents (0.63,
0.54, 0.57, 0.61 K W−1 m2). While the main physical processes
driving global temperature responses vary between forcing agents, for all
forcing agents the model-to-model spread in temperature responses is
dominated by differences in modeled changes in longwave clear-sky
emissivity. Furthermore, in polar regions for all forcing agents the
differences in surface albedo change is a key contributor to temperature
responses and its spread. For black carbon, the modeled differences in
temperature response due to shortwave clear-sky radiation are also important
in the Arctic. Regional model-to-model differences due to changes in
shortwave and longwave cloud radiative effect strongly modulate each other.
For aerosols, clouds play a major role in the model spread of regional
surface temperature responses. In regions with strong aerosol forcing, the
model-to-model differences arise from shortwave clear-sky responses and are
strongly modulated by combined temperature responses to oceanic and
atmospheric heat transport in the models.
Response of particle number concentrations to the clean air action plan: lessons from the first long-term aerosol measurements in a typical urban valley in western China
Authors: Zhao Suping , Yu Ye , Li Jianglin , Yin Daiying , Qi Shaofeng , Qin Dahe
Published: October 2021

Abstract. The strictest ever clean air action (CAA) plan has been implemented by
the Chinese government since 2013 to alleviate the severe haze pollution. The
PM2.5 mass concentration was found to largely be reduced in response to
emission mitigation policies, but the response of particle number concentrations
(PNCs) to CAA was less evaluated in the previous studies, which may
be significantly different from PM2.5 mass due to newly formed particle impacts.
In this work, the first in situ observation of particle number size distributions
(PNSDs) during 2012–2019 in urban Lanzhou was used to analyze long-term PNC
variations and CAA impacts. The average number of particles in nucleation
(N13−25, particle number in the size range of 13–25 nm), Aitken
(N25−100, particle number in the size range of 25–100 nm) and
accumulation (N100−800, particle number in the size range of 100–800 nm)
modes were respectively 2514.0, 10 768.7 and 3258.4 cm−3, and N25−100 accounted for about 65.1 % of total PNCs during
the campaign. The k-means clustering technique was used to classify the hourly
mean PNSDs into six clusters, and each cluster corresponded to a specific
source and influencing factor. The polluted clusters governed the winter
PNCs before 2016, and their occurrence was less and less frequent after
2016, which was largely dominated by reduction in primary emissions.
However, the contribution of new particle formation (NPF) events to summer
N13−25 decreased from 50 % to about 10 % during 2013 to 2015 and
then increased to reach around 60 % in 2019. The trends of size-resolved
PNCs for each cluster were quantified by Theil–Sen regression. The
size-segregated PNCs exhibited downward trends for all clusters during
2012–2015, especially in spring. The annual relative slopes of spring PNCs
varied from −54.7 % to −17.2 %, −42.6 % to −14.1 %, and −40.7 % to
−17.5 % per year for 13–25, 25–100, and 100–800 nm size ranges, and the
reduction in the polluted clusters was much larger than NPF clusters. The
ultrafine particle number was increased, and the amplitude was much greater
during 2016–2019. The annual relative slopes of N13−25 varied between
8.0 % in fall and 135.5 % in spring for the NPF cluster. In response to CAA,
the increased daytime net radiation, higher ambient temperature and lower
relative humidity at noon for NPF events also could partly explain the
higher N13−25 induced by the more frequent nucleation events after 2016,
especially in spring. The air masses were mainly from the adjacent regions of
urban Lanzhou and less affected by long-range transport for NPF events, and
thus the particles were not easily grown by coagulation during transport
processes, which was helpful for the occurrence of NPF events. Therefore, some
effective measures to cooperatively control particle number concentration and mass should
be taken for the Chinese megacities.
Correcting bias in log-linear instrument calibrations in the context of chemical ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Bi Chenyang , Krechmer Jordan E. , Canagaratna Manjula R. , Isaacman-VanWertz Gabriel
Published: October 2021

Abstract. Quantitative calibration of analytes using chemical ionization
mass spectrometers (CIMSs) has been hindered by the lack of commercially
available standards of atmospheric oxidation products. To accurately
calibrate analytes without standards, techniques have been recently
developed to log-linearly correlate analyte sensitivity with instrument
operating conditions. However, there is an inherent bias when applying
log-linear calibration relationships that is typically ignored. In this
study, we examine the bias in a log-linear-based calibration curve based on
prior mathematical work. We quantify the potential bias within the context
of a CIMS-relevant relationship between analyte sensitivity and instrument
voltage differentials. Uncertainty in three parameters has the potential to
contribute to the bias, specifically the inherent extent to which the
nominal relationship can capture true sensitivity, the slope of the
relationship, and the voltage differential below which maximum sensitivity
is achieved. Using a prior published case study, we estimate an average bias
of 30 %, with 1 order of magnitude for less sensitive compounds in some
circumstances. A parameter-explicit solution is proposed in this work for
completely removing the inherent bias generated in the log-linear
calibration relationships. A simplified correction method is also suggested
for cases where a comprehensive bias correction is not possible due to
unknown uncertainties of calibration parameters, which is shown to eliminate
the bias on average but not for each individual compound.
Uncertainties in the atmospheric loading to ice-sheet deposition for volcanic aerosols and implications for forcing reconstruction
Authors: Gao Ya , Gao Chaochao
Published: October 2021

Abstract. Volcanic radiative forcing reconstruction is an important part of paleoclimate simulation and attribution efforts, and the conversion factor used to transfer ice core-based sulfate observation into stratospheric volcanic aerosol loading (LTD factor) is critical for such reconstruction. A Pinatubo-based LTD combing observations of nuclear tomb test debris in Greenland and volcanic sulfate aerosols in Antarctic was derived and widely applied in the CMIP5 and CMIP6 simulations. This study revisits the LTD factor, by using 58 polar ice core records of volcanic depositions and a Monte Carlo sampling model. A set of Tambora-based LTDs with associated uncertainties are obtained, which corrects the bias of over-representing the west Antarctic. New LTDs for Pinatubo and Agung are calculated using 18 and 24 Antarctic ice core observations, respectively, and the uncertainties are evaluated against the Monte Carlo characterization with varying ice core numbers. The comparison of Southern Hemispheric LTD among Tambora, Pinatubo and Agung suggests that, the conversion factor may vary significantly among different eruptions. Even larger uncertainty is revealed when compare the ice-core-based conversion factor with the model results. Both results suggest systematic and stochastic causes that are difficult to anticipate, and call for precaution when single conversion factor is used for reconstruction.
Experimental induction of resins as a tool to understand variability in ambers
Authors: Seyfullah Leyla J. , Roberts Emily A. , Jardine Phillip E. , Schmidt Alexander R.
Published: October 2021

Abstract. Amber is chiefly known as a preservational medium of biological inclusions, but it is itself a chemofossil, comprised of fossilised plant resin. The chemistry of today's resins has been long investigated as a means of understanding the botanical sources of ambers. However, little is known about the chemical variability of resins and consequently about that of the ambers that are derived from particular resins. We undertook experimental resin production in Araucariacean plants to clarify how much natural resin variability is present in two species, Agathis australis and Wollemia nobilis, and whether different resin exudation stimuli types can be chemically identified and differentiated. The latter were tested on the plants, and the resin exudates were collected and investigated with Fourier-transform infrared attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy to give an overview of their chemistry for comparisons, including multivariate analyses. The Araucariacean resins tested did not show distinct chemical signatures linked to a particular resin-inducing treatment. Nonetheless, we did detect two separate groupings of the treatments for Agathis, in which the branch removal treatment and mimicked insect-boring treatment-derived resin spectra were more different from the resin spectra derived from other treatments. This appears linked to the lower resin viscosities observed in the branch- and insect-treatment-derived resins. However the resins, no matter the treatment, could be distinguished from both species. The effect of genetic variation was also considered using the same stimuli on both the seed-grown A. australis derived from wild-collected populations and on clonally derived W. nobilis plants with natural minimal genetic diversity. The variability in the resin chemistries collected did reflect the genetic variability of the source plant. We suggest that this natural variability needs to be taken into account when testing resin and amber chemistries in the future.
Evidence for and significance of the Late Cretaceous Asteroussia event in the Gondwanan Ios basement terranes
Authors: Yeung Sonia , Forster Marnie , Skourtsos Emmanuel , Lister Gordon
Published: October 2021

Abstract. The Late Cretaceous Asteroussia event as recorded in the Cyclades is a
potential key to the tectonic evolution of Western Tethys. Microstructural
analysis and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology on garnet–mica schists and
the underlying granitoid basement terrane on the island of Ios demonstrates
evidence of a Late Cretaceous high-pressure, medium-temperature (HP–MT)
metamorphic event. This suggests that the Asteroussia crystalline nappe on
Crete extended northward to include these Gondwanan tectonic slices. In this
case, the northern part of the Asteroussia nappe (on Ios) is overlain by the
terrane stack defined by the individual slices of the Cycladic
Eclogite–Blueschist Unit, whereas in the south (in Crete) the Asteroussia
slices are near the top of a nappe stack defined by the individual tectonic
units of the external Hellenides. This geometry implies that accretion of the
Ios basement terrane involved a significant leap of the subduction megathrust
(250–300 km) southward. Accretion needs to have commenced at or
about ∼38 Ma, when the already partially exhumed slices of the
Cycladic Eclogite–Blueschist Unit began to thrust over the Ios basement. By
∼35–34 Ma, the subduction jump had been accomplished, and
renewed rollback began the extreme extension that led to the exhumation of the
Ios metamorphic core complex.
Assessment of neutrons from secondary cosmic rays at mountain altitudes – Geant4 simulations of environmental parameters including soil moisture and snow cover
Authors: Brall Thomas , Mares Vladimir , Bütikofer Rolf , Rühm Werner
Published: October 2021

Abstract. Ground-based measurements of neutrons from secondary cosmic rays are affected by environmental parameters, particularly hydrogen content in soil. To investigate the impact of these parameters, in particular snow cover, Geant4 Monte Carlo simulations were carried out. In a previous study the model used for the Geant4 Monte Carlo simulations was already validated by measurements performed with an extended-range Bonner sphere spectrometer (ERBSS) at Zugspitze, Germany, and at Jungfraujoch, Switzerland. In the present study a sensitivity analysis including different environmental parameters (i.e. slope of mountain, snow height, and soil moisture) and their influence on the flux of neutrons from secondary cosmic rays was performed with Geant4. The results are compared with ERBSS measurements performed in 2018 at the Environmental Research Station Schneefernerhaus located at the Zugspitze, Germany. It is shown that the slope of the Zugspitze mountain reduces the neutron flux from secondary cosmic rays between about 25 % and 50 % as compared to a horizontal surface, depending on neutron energy and snow cover. An increasing height of snow cover, simulated as snow water equivalent (SWE), reduces the total neutron flux exponentially down to a factor of about 2.5 as compared to soil without any snow cover, with a saturation for snow heights greater than 10 to 15 cm SWE, depending on neutron energy. Based on count rates measured with the individual spheres of the ERBSS, SWE values were deduced for the whole year 2018. Specifically, mean SWE values deduced for the winter months (January to March) are between 6.7 and 10.1 cm or more, while those for the summer months (July to September) are between 2.1 and 3.6 cm. Soil moisture of 5 % water mass fraction in limestone leads to a decrease of the total neutron flux by about 35 % compared to dry limestone. It is concluded that the measurement of neutrons from secondary cosmic radiation can be used to gain information on the height of snow cover and its seasonal changes, on soil moisture, and on local geometry such as mountain topography. Because the influence of such parameters on neutron flux from secondary cosmic rays depends on neutron energy, analysis of the whole neutron energy spectrum is beneficial.
Is it north or west foehn? A Lagrangian analysis of PIANO IOP 1
Authors: Saigger Manuel , Gohm Alexander
Published: October 2021

Abstract. A case study of a foehn event in the Inn Valley near Innsbruck, Austria, is investigated that occurred on 29 October 2017 in the framework of the first Intensive Observation Period (IOP) of the Penetration and Interruption of Alpine Foehn (PIANO) field campaign. Accompanied with northwesterly crest-level flow, foehn broke through at the valley floor as strong westerly winds in the moring and was terminated in the afternoon by a cold front arriving from the north. The difference between local and large-scale wind direction rises the question of whether the event should be classified as north or west foehn – a question that has not been convincingly answered in the past for similar events based on Eulerian approaches. Hence, the goal of this study is to assess the air mass origin and the mechanisms of foehn penetration to the valley floor based on a Lagrangian perspective. For this purpose a mesoscale simulation with WRF and a backward trajectory analysis with LAGRANTO are conducted. The trajectory analysis shows that the major part of the air mass arriving at Innsbruck originates six hours earlier over eastern France, crosses the two mountain ranges of the Vosges and the Black Forest and finally impinges on the Alps near Lake Constance and the Rhine Valley. Orographic precipitation over the mountains leads to a net diabatic heating of about 2.5 K and to a moisture loss of about 1 g kg−1 along the trajectories. A secondary air stream originates further south over the Swiss Plateau and contributes with about 10 to 40 % to the foehn air in Innsbruck. Corresponding trajectories are initially nearly parallel to the northern Alpine rim and get lifted above crest level in the same region as the main trajectory branch. Air parcels within this branch experience a net diabatic heating of about 2 K, and, in contrast to the ones of the main branch, an overall moisture uptake due to evaporation of precipitation formed above this air mass. Penetration into the Inn Valley mainly occurs in the lee of three local mountain ranges – the Lechtal Alps, the Wetterstein, and the Mieming Chain – and is associated with a gravity wave and a persistent atmospheric rotor. A secondary penetration takes place in the western end of the Inn Valley via the Arlberg Pass and Silvretta Pass. Changes in the upstream flow conditions cause a shift in the contributions of the associated penetration branches. From a Lagrangian perspective this shift can be interpreted on the valley scale as a gradual transition from west to northwest foehn, despite the persistent local west wind at Innsbruck. However, a clear classification in one or the other category remains subjective even with the Lagrangian approach and, given the complexity of the trajectory pattern, is nearly impossible with the traditional Eulerian view. Likewise, foehn criteria based on pure adiabatic heating due to subsidence on the leeward side, i.e., the isentropic drawdown mechanism, are not appropriate to classify such moist events.
Penggunaan Metode Topsis dalam Sistem Pendukung Keputusan Pemilihan Karyawan Terbaik Pada SPBU 34.15306 Medang Karawaci
Authors: Rudianto
Published: October 2021

Intisari— Karyawan merupakan unsur yang paling utama dan inti dalam berjalannya roda perusahaan sehingga membutuhkan kinerja karyawan yang baik yang paham visi dan misi perusahaan juga yang bisa menjalankan tugas dan tanggung jawabnya dengan sebaik mungkin. untuk meningkatkan kinerja karyawan perlu adanya mekanisme penilaian kinerja bagi seluruh karyawan. SPBU 34. Medang Karawaci selama ini melakukan penilaian karyawannya belum menggunakan metode apapun yang ilmiah sehingga dirasa hasilnya tidak adil dan sangat subyektif menimbulkan ketidak puasan terhadap hasil penilain tersebut. Perlu adanya metode Sistem Pengambilan Keputusan (SPK) dalam penilaian kinerja karyawannya. Metode TOPSIS dirasa cocok untuk dijadikan metode di dalam mengambil keputusan memilih karyawan terbaik karena konsepnya sederhana tetapi tahapan pemecahan masalahnya termasuk kompleks sehingga penilaian kinerja yang di hasilkan bersifat objektif dan dpat diterima semua pihak.
Kata Kunci— Kinerja Karyawan, Karyawan Terbaik, SPK, TOPSIS
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