bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Markov switching regression analysis of freeway crash risks considering spatial effect
Authors: Xu Chengcheng , Li Zhibin , Yang Zhao
Published: March 2018

A Markov switching logit model with spatial dependencies for real-time crash risk assessment is proposed, with the purpose of identifying hazardous traffic-flow conditions with high crash potential. The Markov switching process assumes that freeway segments can switch between two unobserved safety states over time, and that parameter estimates may vary between these two states. The spatial simultaneous autoregressive process was used to account for possible dependencies in crash likelihood between neighbouring freeway segments. The proposed model was used to link crash likelihood with real-time traffic, weather and roadway geometry data. The Bayesian inference method based on Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations was used for model estimation. Bayes factor analysis suggested that the proposed model produces a better fit than other alternatives that ignore temporal or/and spatial effects. The estimation results revealed that two states with regard to crash likelihood exist and that freeway segments can switch between these states over time. The spatial autocorrelation coefficient indicated that crash likelihood on a freeway segment is interlinked with those on neighbouring segments over space. The key traffic variables contributing to crash likelihood are detector occupancy, occupancy difference between adjacent lanes, speed variance and occupancy difference between upstream and downstream detector stations. Moreover, three geometric variables and weather conditions are significantly related to crash likelihood in the model. The receiver operating characteristic curve showed that the predictive performance of the proposed model is satisfactory.
Güç Sistemlerinde Meydana Gelen Kısa Devre Arızalarına Karşı Akım Sınırlayıcı Yapısının En Uygun Yerleşim Yerinin Belirlenmesi
Authors: Ayvaz Alişan , Boylu Ayvaz Birsen
Published: March 2018

Güç sistemlerinde meydana gelen
simetrik ve simetrik olmayan kısa devre arızaları şebekenin güç dengesini
bozarak güç sistemini kararsız hale getirebilmektedir. Bu durumun önüne geçmek
ve kısa devre arızalarına karşı sistemin kararlı halde kalma yeteneğini
geliştirmek için çeşitli arıza akımı sınırlayıcı yapıları özellikle
yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları içeren güç sistemlerinde kullanılmakta ve
çalışmalara konu olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, güç sistemlerinde meydana gelen kısa
devre arızalarına karşı süperiletken arıza akımı sınırlayıcı (SAAS) yapısının
en uygun yerleşim yeri bulunmaya çalışılmıştır. Güç sistemi modeli olarak 3
makinalı, 9 baralı batı sistemi koordinasyon konseyi (WSCC) test sistemi
kullanılmış ve analizler MATLAB simülasyon yazılımında gerçekleştirilmiştir.
SPA-H atmosferik korozyona dayanıklı çelik saçların direnç nokta kaynağında hasar tiplerinin çekme-sıyırma dayanımına etkisi
Authors: AKKAŞ Nuri
Published: March 2018

Bu çalışmada raylı sistem araçlarında kullanılan SPA-H atmosferik
korozyona dayanıklı çelik saçların elektrik direnç nokta kaynağı ile
birleştirilmesinde oluşan hasar tiplerinin çekme-sıyırma dayanımına etkisi incelenmiştir.
120 kVA akım ve zaman kontrollü pinomatik bir direnç nokta kaynak makinesi
kullanılarak numuneler hazırlanmıştır. Kaynak zamanı 10, 15, 20, 25 ve 30
periyot (1 periyot = 0,02 s) olarak seçilmiştir.  Kaynak akım şiddeti 6 kA ile 11 kA arasında
0,5 kA artırılarak uygulanmıştır. Elektrot kuvveti 4 kN olarak sabit
tutulmuştur. Elde edilen nokta kaynaklı bağlantıların hasar tipleri ile çekme-sıyırma
dayanımı arasındaki ilişki araştırılmış ve sonuç olarak kaynak akım şiddeti ve
zamanının en uygun değerleri tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır.
Water for sustainable development in the Berg Water Management Area, South Africa
Authors: Cole Megan J. , Bailey Richard M. , Cullis James D.S. , New Mark G.
Published: March 2018

Water is fundamental to human well-being and economic growth. Measuring how water contributes to sustainable development is an important aspect of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6, ‘Water and sanitation for all’. This importance is especially significant for water-scarce developing countries such as South Africa. Appropriate indicators can support decision-making and highlight key issues on inequality, unemployment and sustainability. In this paper, additional indicators for SDG 6.4 on water-use efficiency are proposed that focus on how individuals and households benefit, both directly and indirectly, from the allocations and use of water resources. The Berg Water Management Area (WMA) in the southwest corner of South Africa is used as a case study to illustrate the results. Residential per capita water use and municipal water losses were determined for all towns in the area. Figures for jobs and income per unit of water use were calculated for the heavily water-dependent industries, namely, agriculture, agriprocessing, freshwater aquaculture, mining and steel processing. This approach to measuring the socio-economic benefits of water use are relevant for other countries seeking to measure the role that water plays in achieving inclusive sustainable development, and could be included in the final SDG 6 indicator suite.

Significance:

New measures of water-use efficiency based on jobs and income are proposed.

New indicators are proposed for SDG 6.

Water use, jobs and annual income are estimated for all heavily water-dependent sectors in the Berg WMA.
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum disease prediction: A review and potential applications in South Africa
Authors: Rothmann Lisa A. , McLaren Neal W.
Published: March 2018

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a predominant plant pathogen, with host crops of agricultural and economic importance internationally. South African host crops of importance include canola, soybean and sunflower, which contribute significantly to the South African economy. This significance emphasises the importance of effective disease management strategies, including rotation with non-host crops, planting cultivars with a degree of tolerance, and using relevant cultural and chemical practices. The sporadic nature of disease outbreaks caused by Sclerotinia spp. can complicate fungicide application timing as a result of the pathogen’s interaction with the host and environment. The use of prediction modelling for diseases caused by Sclerotinia spp. can contribute to increased fungicide application efficacy and a reduction in the number of unnecessary sprays. Predictive modelling is based upon the collection and statistical analysis of multi-locality and multi-seasonal, pathogen, disease and weather data. Incorporating the complexity of disease initiation and development into such models is dependent on selecting the correct statistical tools to interpret appropriate data, which can be used to develop a model that is accurate, precise and reliable. Internationally, forecasting models for diseases caused by Sclerotinia spp. exist and are applied commercially for multiple Sclerotinia spp. on important agricultural crops. The application of these models in a South African context has been limited but provides promise for effective disease intervention technologies. This review provides a platform to raise awareness of the potential applications of plant disease epidemiology and the use of statistics and mathematical modelling in agricultural systems. Plant disease forecasts are an important part of the future for sustainable and economically viable agronomic decisions.
 Significance:

Optimisation of plant disease management through ensuring that fungicide applications coincide with disease-favourable conditions, thus targeting the disease more strategically.
The use of mathematical and statistical models to quantify the interactions among the host, pathogen and environment and predict future outbreaks of the disease.
The study of temporal and spatial interactions among the host, pathogen and environment on plant disease behaviour.
approach for the determination and correlation of diversity and efficiency of software development teams
Authors: Altiner Seher , Ayhan Mustafa B.
Published: March 2018

We examined the impact of diversity on team efficiency. To do so, a model was developed to measure both the efficiency and diversity of the teams. Based on these measures, the correlation between efficiency and diversity was also analysed. In addition, to demonstrate the applicability of the model, it was applied to a real-life problem involving five teams dealing with different software development projects. Firstly, diversity indices were calculated based on age, experience, education and gender information on each member for each team by using Simpson’s Diversity Index. Then, four key performance indicators (KPIs) were defined to measure the success rate of the teams. Depending on these KPIs, efficiencies of the teams were measured through data envelopment analysis (DEA). The correlation between team efficiency and each diversity factor was analysed and all four factors had positive correlation with efficiency. That is, in order to increase efficiency, teams should be composed of members with diverse characteristics. Education was the diversity factor that had the most positive correlation with team efficiency. This result highlights the importance of different educational backgrounds on team efficiency.

Significance: 

This study represents the first attempt to measure team diversity using Simpson’s Diversity Index.

A new technique is proposed to measure team efficiency through DEA.

Team efficiency is positively correlated with diversity, specifically educational level, which is important for many software development teams to consider.
La docencia en el nivel básico en México: de la profesionalización a la Precarización
Authors: Alaníz Hernández Claudia
Published: March 2018

El presente artículo tiene por objetivo analizar el impacto de la reforma educativa implementada por el presidente Peña Nieto en el ejercicio de la docencia en el nivel básico como actividad profesional. Metodológicamente toma como elemento de análisis la propuesta de Hortal (2002) sobre la ética de las profesiones para argumentar cómo la reforma educativa del año 2013 constituye un parte aguas en la concepción del magisterio como profesión de Estado. El estudio de las condiciones laborales de los maestros permite concluir que, paradójicamente, los cambios introducidos precarizan la docencia al individualizar la actividad, en lugar de afianzar la profesionalización de los maestros de educación básica.
Umbrales de la educación Adventista en Chile: Entre el Colegio Adventista de Púa y el Colegio Adventista de Chillán (1906-1922)
Authors: Parada Ulloa Marcos
Published: March 2018

La historia del Colegio Adventista de Púa y del Colegio Adventista de Chillán, se remontan a comienzos del siglo XX en Chile. El primer colegio fue fundado en 1902 con la fundación de la Escuela Adventista de Santiago y en 1906 fue fundado el Colegio Adventista de Púa, dirigido por Carlos Krieghoff, cuyo propósito fue la formación de obreros, evangelización de los indígenas del sector y más tarde ser los iniciadores de la Educación en Chile. En 1922 la Iglesia determinó el traslado del Colegio a la comuna de Chillán, por la conectividad y cercanía con la capital con el objetivo de preparar obreros para la obra adventista.
QUALIDADE E VARIABILIDADE ESPACIAL NA SEMEADURA DO MILHO DE SEGUNDA SAFRA
Authors: Arcoverde Sálvio Napoleão Soares , Souza Cristiano Márcio Alves de , Cortez Jorge Wilson , Maciak Paulo Alexandre Graciano , Nagahama Hideo De Jesus
Published: March 2018

O estabelecimento da cultura do milho é um dos pontos a ser observado na qualidade da semeadura. Objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade e a variabilidade espacial da semeadura do milho de segunda safra feita por uma semeadora-adubadora pneumática. Os dados foram coletados em área comercial com produção de milho de segunda safra, área de 33 ha, perfazendo-se uma malha amostral composta de 69 pontos com duas amostras a cada 0,5 ha. Determinaram-se a quantidade de plântulas emergidas e a distância entre plantas em dois metros, a fim de calcular o estande de plantas por metro e a porcentagem de espaçamentos normais, falhos e duplos. Realizou-se, inicialmente, análise descritiva e controle estatístico do processo (CEP) para caracterizar os dados e averiguar a estabilidade da semeadura do milho e, posteriormente, a geoestatística para identificar a dependência espacial das variáveis estudadas. O estande foi uniforme e a distribuição longitudinal para espaçamento normal abaixo da meta de 90%. O CEP demonstrou baixa variação para estande e espaçamento duplo, embora esta variável tenha apresentado instabilidade no processo. A ausência de dependência espacial para os espaçamentos e o uniforme estande de plantas na área indicam homogeneidade no plantio feito pela semeadora-adubadora.Palavras-chave: controle de qualidade, geoestatística, semeadora-adubadora. QUALITY AND SPATIAL VARIABILITY SECOND CORN CROP SEEDINGABSTRACT: One of the points to be noted in corn establishment is the seeding quality. This  study   evaluate quality and spatial variability of second corn crop seeding done with  pneumatic fertilizer-seeder spreader. The data sampling occurred in a second corn crop commercial area of 33 ha , using a sampling grid composed of 69 points with two samples every 0.5 ha. In order to calculateplants per meter and percentage of normal, double and skip spacing, the amount of seedlings emerged and the distance between plants in two meters were measured.  To characterize the data and determine the stability of the corn seeding, descriptive analysis and statistical process control (CEP) were performed.  Then, a geostatistics analysis was held to identify the spatial dependence of the variables studied. The stand was uniform and the longitudinal distribution was, normal, below the 90% target. The CEP demonstrated  stand and double-spaced low variation, although this last variable has shown instability in the process. The absence of spatial dependence and the uniform plant stand indicate homogeneity in the fertilizer-seeder planting process.KEYWORDS: quality control, geostatistics, fertilizer-seeder.
SINIF ÖĞRETMENLERİNİN MATEMATİK DERSİNE İLİŞKİN TUTUMLARININ CEŞİTLİ DEĞİŞKENLER AÇISINDAN İNCELENMESİ: ARTVİN VE AYDIN İLİ ÖRNEKLERİ
Authors: Çavuşoğlu Güler , Özsoy Nesrin
Published: March 2018

Bu çalışmada sınıf öğretmenlerinin matematik dersine karşı tutumlarının bazı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma tarama modelinde betimsel bir çalışmadır. Çalışmanın örneklemini Artvin ve Aydın merkez ilçede çalışan 315 sınıf öğretmeni oluşturmaktadır. 2015 – 2016 eğitim öğretim yılında gerçekleştirilen çalışmada veri toplama aracı olarak anket uygulanmıştır. Araştırmaya katılan sınıf öğretmenlerinin matematik dersine karşı tutumlarını incelemek için elde edilen veri seti SPSS 22.0 paket programında analiz edilmiştir. analiz kapsamında, frekans tabloları, güvenirlik ve geçerlilik analizi, Kaiser-Mayer-Olkin örneklem yeterliliği ölçütü, Bartlett sınaması, faktör analizi, bağımsız örneklem t testi, tek yönlü varyans analizi ve Tukey testinden faydalanmıştır. Araştırmanın sonuçlarına göre, yaş değişkeni ile eğitim düzeyi arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur. (p < 0,05) 59 yaş ve altı katılımcılarda eğitim düzeyi incelendiğinde çoğunluk olarak lisans düzeyinde eğitime sahip oldukları görülürken 60 ve üzeri yaş grubunun %75’inin eğitim düzeyi ön lisans, %25’inin ise lisans olduğu belirlenmiştir. Kadın katılımcıların ev ödevi verme sıklığının erkeklere göre daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Erkek katılımcıların Eğitim Fakültesi Sınıf Öğretmenliği Anabilim Dalında, 3. Sınıfta okutulan Matematik Öğretimi dersinin haftada 3 saat olmasına yönelik görüşleri kadınlara göre daha olumludur. Öğretmenlerin deneyim süresi ile ev ödevi verme durumu arasında anlamlı bir anlamlı bir ilişki bulunamamıştır.Eğitim Fakültelerinin Sınıf Öğretmenliği Anabilim Dallarında okutulan matematik ders sayısının arttırılması ve ders içeriğinin zenginleştirilmesi önerisinde bulunulmuştur. Ayrıca Okutulan matematik dersinin ilkokul programı ile uyumlu hale getirilmesi tavsiye edilmiştir.
Analysis of the association between CFH Y402H polymorphism and response to intravitreal ranibizumab in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD)
Authors: Mohamad Nur Afiqah , Ramachandran Vasudevan , Ismail Patimah , Mohd Isa Hazlita , Chan Yoke Mun , Ngah Nor Fariza , Md Bakri Norshakimah , Ching Siew Mooi , Hoo Fan Kee , Wan Sulaiman Wan Aliaa , Inche Mat Liyana Najwa , Hazmi Mohamed Mohd
Published: March 2018

Pharmacogenetic studies indicate that a variable response to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy in patients with neovascular form of AMD (nAMD) may be due to polymorphisms in the complement factor H gene (CFH). This study is the first to investigate the association between CFH Y402H polymorphism and the response to ranibizumab therapy in Malaysian patients with nAMD. We included 134 patients with nAMD, examined between September 2014 and February 2016. The diagnosis of nAMD was confirmed by ophthalmologic examination, before ranibizumab therapy was started. Each patient received an intravitreal injection of 0.5 mg/0.05 ml ranibizumab following a treat-and-extend (TE) regimen. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central retinal thickness (CRT) were recorded after 3 and 6 months following the first injection and compared with the baseline values. Genotyping of Y402H (rs1061170) polymorphism was performed using PCR-RFLP and the amplified product was digested with MluCI restriction enzyme. Association between the Y402H genotypes and response to treatment was determined by a logistic regression analysis of responder (n = 49) and non-responder (n = 84) group. Significantly worse mean BCVA was observed for the CC genotype compared to the TT + CT genotype in the total sample after 6-month follow-up (p = 0.018). Comparing the baseline and 6-month point measurements, improved mean BCVA was observed in responder group, while worse mean BCVA was recorded for non-responder group. However, our regression analysis, adjusted for confounding factors, showed no significant association between the Y402H genotypes and response to treatment in nAMD patients under the recessive model (p > 0.05). Overall, our results suggest that factors other than Y402H polymorphism may be involved in the progression of nAMD after treatment with anti-VEGF agents, in Malaysian population.
Modulatory effect of curcumin on ketamine-induced toxicity in rat thymocytes: Involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway
Authors: Pavlovic Svetlana , Jovic Zorica , Karan Radmila , Krtinic Dane , Rankovic Gorana , Golubovic Mladjan , Lilic Jelena , Pavlovic Voja
Published: March 2018

Ketamine is a widely used anesthetic in pediatric clinical practice. Previous studies have demonstrated that ketamine induces neurotoxicity and has a modulatory effect on the cells of the immune system. Here, we evaluated the potential protective effect and underlying mechanisms of natural phenolic compound curcumin against ketamine-induced toxicity in rat thymocytes. Rat thymocytes were exposed to 100 µM ketamine alone or combined with increasing concentrations of curcumin (0.3, 1, and 3 μM) for 24 hours. Cell viability was analyzed with CCK-8 assay kit. Apoptosis was analyzed using flow cytometry and propidium iodide as well as Z-VAD-FMK and Z-LEHD-FMK inhibitors. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and mitochondrial membrane potential [MMP] were measured by flow cytometry. Colorimetric assay with DEVD-pNA substrate was used for assessing caspase-3 activity. Involvement of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway was tested with Wortmannin inhibitor. Ketamine induced toxicity in cells, increased the number of hypodiploid cells, caspase-3 activity and ROS production, and inhibited the MMP. Co-incubation of higher concentrations of curcumin (1 and 3 μM) with ketamine markedly decreased cytotoxicity, apoptosis rate, caspase-3 activity, and ROS production in rat thymocytes, and increased the MMP. Application of Z-VAD-FMK (a pan caspase inhibitor) or Z-LEHD-FMK (caspase-9 inhibitor) with ketamine effectively attenuated the ketamine-induced apoptosis in rat thymocytes. Administration of Wortmannin (a PI3K inhibitor) with curcumin and ketamine significantly decreased the protective effect of curcumin on rat thymocytes. Our results indicate that ketamine-induced toxicity in rat thymocytes mainly occurs through the mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway and that the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is involved in the anti-apoptotic effect of curcumin.
МОРФОЛОГИЯ ПОВЕРХНОСТИ ПЛЕНОК PbTe/Si (100), СИНТЕЗИРОВАННЫХ МОДИФИЦИРОВАННЫМ МЕТОДОМ «ГОРЯЧЕЙ СТЕНКИ»
Authors: Samoylov A. M. , Kuzminykh O. G. , Synorov Yu. V. , Ivkov S. A. , Agapov B. L. , Belonogov E. K.
Published: March 2018

Методами растровой электронной микроскопии, локального рентгеноспектрального анализа, рентгенофазового анализа и атомно-силовой микроскопии изучен количественный элементный состав, фазовая природа, а также морфология поверхности гомогенных пленок теллурида свинца, синтезированных модифицированным методом «горячей стенки» на подложках Si (100). При повышении температуры Si (100) подложки до Т = 593 - 608 К  синтезированы мозаичные монокристаллические пленки PdTe с текстурой (100). Установлено, что повышение температуры Si подложки при остальных постоянных режимах синтеза способствует увеличению средних латеральных размеров кристаллитов пленок. Показано, что средняя величина латеральных размеров кристаллитов пленок PbTe на подложках Si (100) увеличивается с ростом толщины и продолжительности синтеза. Установлено, что средние значения шероховатости пленок PbTe/Si (100) увеличиваются с ростом средней толщины пленок PbTe. При этом поликристаллические пленки PbTe/Si (100) при одинаковых значениях средней толщины характеризуются более высокими значениями шероховатости по сравнению с мозаичными монокристаллическими образцами PdTe (100).

 

Экспериментальные исследования были проведены с помощью научно-технической базы ЦКПНО ВГУ.
SYNTAX STUDIES IN HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS: WORD ORDER IN ENGLISH AND GERMAN AS INDO-GERMANIC LANGUAGES
Authors: Purwitasari Ana
Published: March 2018

This research aims to describe the development of syntax in English and German diachronically and involves a broader inquiry into English and German as sister languages rooted from Germanic language. In this research, the author gathered data from manuscripts written in both the English and German languages produced at particular times. This research used descriptive-qualitative method. The results showed that: 1) Diachronically, English and German have gone through four periods in their syntax patterns development; 2) Old English and Old High German sentence patterns are apparently the same, adopting SVO-structure; 3) The existence of conjunction separates the verb and object in German, but it does not change anything in the English word-order, from Middle English to Modern English; 3) Early Modern English verbs should be put in the second position. However, Early New High German verb is placed in agreement with the conjunction since conjunction influences the position of the verb and object.Keywords: Syntax; Germanic languages; historical linguistics; Indo-Germanic languagesPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan perkembangan sintaksis dalam bahasa Inggris dan bahasa Jerman secara diakronik dan merupakan penelitian yang diperluas terkait bahasa Inggris dan bahasa Jerman sebagai rumpunbahasa yang berasal dari bahasa Jermanik. Dalam penelitian ini, penulis mengumpulkan data dari manuskrip yang ditulis dalam keduabahasa tersebut, bahasa Inggris danJerman,pada waktu tertentu. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: 1) Secara diakronik, bahasaInggris dan Jerman telah melalui empat periode dalam pengembangan pola sintaksisnya; 2) Pola kalimat bahasaInggris lama dan Jerman lama tampaknya sama, yaitu memilikistruktur SVO; 3) Adanya konjungsi yang memisahkan kata kerja dan benda dalam bahasa Jerman, tidak mengubah apapun dalam ketentuankata perintah padabahasa InggrisdaribahasaInggrisAbad Pertengahan ke bahasa Inggris Modern; 3) Kata kerja bahasa Inggris di awalmasabahasaInggrisModern harus diletakkan di posisi kedua. Namundemikian, kata kerja bahasaJermanditempatkan bersama konjungsi sejakkonjungsimempengaruhi posisi kata kerja dan objek.Kata kunci: Sintaksis; bahasa Jerman; linguistik historis; bahasa Indo-JermanKata kunci: Sintaksis; bahasa Jerman; linguistik historis; bahasa Indo-Jerman
TRANSFORMASI SEMATAN KLAUSA RELATIF PADA TEKS TERJEMAHAN ALQURAN YANG MENGANDUNG ETIKA BERBAHASA
Authors: Shofiyuddin Shofiyuddin
Published: March 2018

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) mengidentifikasi transformasi sematan klausa relatif, (2) menjelaskan proses terjadinya transformasi sematan, dan (3) menjelaskan kaidah transformasi yang terdapat pada teks terjemahan Alquran yang mengandung etika berbahasa. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan teknik dokumentasi, simak, dan catat. Data dalam penelitian ini berupa kalimat-kalimat yang terdapat pada terjemahan ayat-ayat Alquran yang mengandung transformasi sematan. Sumber datanya adalah teks terjemahan Alquran yang mengandung etika berbahasa. Analisis data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode padan ekstralingual dan padan intralingual. Pengujian keabsahan data menggunakan teknik triangulasi sumber data. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan (1) terdapat  41  kalimat transformasi sematan klausa relatif yang terdapat pada teks terjemahan Alquran yang mengandung etika berbahasa, (2) proses transformasi sematan pada teks terjemahan Alquran yang mengandung etika berbahasa, (3) kaidah transformasi berdasarkan jenis kalimat terbagi menjadi dua, yaitu kalimat kompleks dan kalimat sederhana. Kalimat sederhana hanya terdiri atas satu proses transformasi saja dan dalam penelitian ini terdapat sepuluh. This research aims to (1) identify kinds of relative embedded clauses transformation; (2) describe the transformation process, and (3) describe the transformation principles of the Holy Quran translation that contains language ethics. The data collection techniques for the study involved documents mining, observation and recording. The data were in the form of translated sentences of the Quran that contained embedded transformation. The data source was translated text of the Quran that reflected language ethics. Data analysis of this study involved intralingual and extralingual methods. Data triangulation was also employed to cross-check the reliability of the data. The results of the analysis indicate that (1) there are forty-one sentences of relative embedded clauses transformation in the translated text of the Holy Quran that contains language ethics, (2) embedded transformation process in the translation of the Quran contains language ethics, and (3) the transformation principles based on sentence types are of two types: complex and compound sentences. A compound sentence only involved one transformation process, and there are ten such sentences revealed in the present study.
Relationships of Candida with Frequency of Brushing, Age and Smoking in Patients with Removable Dental Prosthesis: A Quantitative Study
Authors: Ghalib Alan , Gul Sarhang , Abdulkareem Jwan
Published: March 2018

Objective: Although progress has been made to reduce opportunistic infection of fungi in the oral cavity, the prevalence of denture stomatitis associated with Candida has increased. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of denture cleaning frequencies, age and smoking habit on the levels of Candida species in the saliva of patients wearing removable  partial or complete dentures. 

Methods: Subjects wearing removable partial or complete dentures were recruited. A questioner was used to collect information on oral hygiene habits and smoking. Saliva samples were collected by oral rinse technique in a sterile container and cultured in duplicate Sabouraud Dextrose Agar. The numbers of colonies were determined by aCOLyte colony counter and the number expressed as a colony forming unit (CFU). The CFU and clinical data were analyzed for correlation and the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to determine statistically significant differences. 

Results: Among 99 subjects recruited, 47 were wearing complete dentures and 28 were smokers. The brushing frequencies were once (37 subjects), twice (39 subjects) and three times (23 subjects) per day. CFU was significantly higher in partial denture wearers than complete denture wearers and the brushing frequencies significantly correlated with CFU (r = -0.85, P= 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in CFU between smokers and non-smokers and no correlation of CFU with age was found. 

Conclusions: This quantitative study has suggested that there are statistically significant differences in the levels of Candida in the saliva of subjects with different brushing frequencies and wearing a different type of denture. However, no statistically significant difference was noticed between smokers and non-smokers, and there was no significant correlation between CFU and age.
Quantitative Expression of Cell-Free Salivary Transcriptomes (IL8, IL1β, And H3F3A) in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Oral Erosive Lichen Planus
Authors: Mahmood Darya , Garib Balkees , Muhammad Belal
Published: March 2018

Objective: Diagnosis of oral SCC at its earliest stage is crucial for increasing survival rate. Salivary transcriptome meets demands for noninvasive, accessible, and highly efficient diagnostic medium. This study designed to investigate whether quantification of cell-free salivary mRNA of certain genes (IL8, IL1β, H3F3A) is an informative diagnostic tool for early detection of oral SCC and malignant transformation in erosive oral lichen planus.

Methods: The mRNA of salivary transcriptomes of IL8, IL1B, and H3F3A genes were examined in 18 individuals (six oral SCC, six oral lichen planus, and six healthy people). Up to 5 ml of unstimulated saliva was collected from each person. The total RNA was extracted from the cell-free saliva samples and converted to cDNA. The mRNA expression level of the indicated genes was quantified by a qRT-PCR technique using specific primers and SyberGreen reagent. The data obtained from the qRT-PCR reaction was analyzed using the comparative CT (2-ΔΔCT) method. Independent t-test was performed to find the relation between variables. P-value < 0.05 was considered significant.

Results: The results show that the mRNA expression of all the three indicated genes (IL8, IL1B, and H3F3A) was up-regulated in all OSCC and erosive oral lichen planus cases in comparison to normal cases. 

Conclusions: This work demonstrates a significant correlation between cell-free salivary mRNA of certain genes and cases of OSCC and oral lichen planus. These findings suggest that detection of salivary mRNA of certain related genes hold promises as future biomarkers for accurate and early diagnosis of oral malignancies.
Role of Ultrasound in Diagnosis of Thyroiditis and Evaluation of Individual Sonographic Features in Proved Cases of Thyroiditis
Authors: Fateh Salah , Faraj Faruk , Saleh Abdulwahed , Amin Mstafa , Faraj Shad
Published: March 2018

Objective: To evaluate the role of ultrasound in the diagnosis of thyroiditis and to evaluate its sonographic features.

Methods: Thirty-nine cases included in this study, age ranged between16-65years with a mean of 39.4 years. The majority (95%) of the cases were female. Examinations were done in an outpatient clinic using real-time Sonography with the high-frequency linear probe, Following variables; gland size, its echogenicity, texture, vascularity and pattern of involvement by the disease process were recorded, then accordingly, a provisional diagnosis of thyroiditis made and reported. After that, US-guided Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNA) done for the patients according to physical referral and order, while the procedure explained to the patient's and written consent. Then the final results were compared while FNA was considered as a gold standard diagnostic test.

Results: Thirty-seven cases (95%) proved to be thyroiditis with ultrasound diagnostic sensitivity of 95%. Most commonly diagnosed type of thyroiditis was chronic (69.2%). Regardless type of thyroiditis, most common sonographic features were decreased in echogenicity and heterogenic texture, they were reported among all studied cases (100%). Majority of cases (Nearly 67%) had large thyroid size and most of the patients (nearly 77%) had diffuse thyroid involvement. Regarding vascularity, decreased vascularity was most common finding (43%), while among cases of increased vascularity, majority of cases (77%) were chronic thyroiditis.

Conclusions: Ultrasound is a sensitive tool and can play an important role in the diagnosis of thyroiditis, while it's available, noninvasive and cost-effective imaging modality. The decrease in echo and heterogeneity in texture are the two most common US features in the diagnosis of thyroiditis.
Evaluation of Different Enamel Surface Treatment on the Bracket Bonding
Authors: Hassan Bayan , Mohammed Mansour
Published: March 2018

Objective: To evaluate and compare the effects of different enamel conditioning techniques on the shear bond strength of brackets, the failure sites following debonding and the surface morphology of the enamel. 

Methods: In this study, 72 human premolars were randomly divided into six groups of 12 specimens each. The enamel surfaces of the teeth were etched with 37% phosphoric acid in group PA, deproteinized using sodium hypochlorite and 37% phosphoric acid in group NaOCl + PA, sandblasted and etched with 37% phosphoric acid in group AA + PA, conditioned by self-etching primer in group TPSEP, deproteinized using sodium hypochlorite and conditioned by self-etching primer in group NaOCl +TPSEP, sandblasted and conditioned by self-etching primer in group AA + TPSEP. After enamel conditioning procedures, brackets were bonded to the treated enamel surface, and shear bonding test was performed. After deboning, ARI scores were calculated for all groups. Two samples from each group before bonding procedure were inspected by SEM to study the surface topography of enamel following different conditioning techniques. Data were subjected to analysis of One-way variance, Scheff post hoc, Chi-square and Spearman’s tests.       

Results: The mean bond strength values for groups NaOCl and PA have a higher mean shear bond strength among other groups while self-etching primer in group TPSEP had a lower shear bond strength. A significant difference was observed in the bond strengths between groups (p < 0.001). However, non-significant difference found in ARI in all groups (P = 0.118).SEM observation revealed different etching patterns on the enamel surface after pretreatment.

Conclusions: Enamel surface pretreatments, using a combination of sodium hypochlorite or sandblasting before phosphoric acid and self-etching primer, result in increased shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets as well as the surface roughness of enamel.
CARLAVIRUS IN LILY COLLECTION OF GRISHKO' NATIONAL BOTANICAL GARDEN
Authors: Korotyeyeva G. , Petrova G. , Kykot L. ,   M.M. Grishko' National Botanical Garden National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Published: March 2018

Screening of Lilium plants on virus diseases in the collections of M.M. Grishko' National Botanical Garden have been conducted. Basing on serological, biological and morphological properties, we suggest that filamentous virus is related to Lily symptomless virus. Another virus is not completely identified, but symptoms induced on indicator plants suggested that it was Tomato aspermy virus.
DETECTION OF THE PATHOGEN OF VIRAL DISEASE IN SAMBUCUS NIGRA PLANTS
Authors: Mishchenko L. , Dunich A. , Taran O. , Glushchenko L.
Published: March 2018

For the first time viral disease of elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) was detected in Ukraine. Symptomatology of the disease and morphological properties of the virus are studied. Based on scientific literature data, screening of viruses that can infect elderberry plants in Ukraine is conducted. Antigens of PVY, PVM, SMV, AMV, and BYMV in elderberry plants with symptoms of viral disease were not detected.
ANTIVIRAL AND IMMUNOSTIMULATORY POTENTIAL OF FLUORINE CONTAINING TRIAZOLES
Authors: Naumenko K. , Golovan A. , Baranova G. , Zagorognya S. , Shermolovytch Yu.
Published: March 2018

The problem of finding effective antiviral drugs caused high morbidity and wide spread of viral infections. The purpose of this study was to investigate of antyherpetic activity fluorinated nucleoside G8 and G9 compounds (2-N-substituted-4-tosyl-5polyfluoroalkyl-1,2,3-triazole) in vivo models and determine their immunomodulatory potential. Shown significant inhibition of virus reproduction under the influence of the compounds at concentrations of 0.4 and 0.5 mg/kg, which was more effective of acyclovir. Protection ratio amounted to 80%. Increasing level of IFN-γ and IL-2 in serum of animals, indicated available immunomodulatory effect fluorinated nucleoside compounds. Our studies indicated that there is antiherpetic, immunomodulatory activity of fluorine containing triazole and there is need to in-depth study of the mechanisms of this process.
MOLECULAR AND GENETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SURFACE AND NONSTRUCTURE PROTEINS OF PANDEMIC INFLUENZA VIRUSES A(H1N1)PDM09 IN 2015-2016 EPIDEMIC SEASON
Authors: Smutko O. , Radchenko L. , Mironenko A.
Published: March 2018

The aim of the present study was identifying of molecular and genetic changes in hemaglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA) and non-structure protein (NS1) genes of pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 strains, that circulated in Ukraine during 2015-2016 epidemic season. Samples (nasopharyngeal swabs from patients) were analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR). Phylogenetic trees were constructed using MEGA 7 software. 3D structures were constructed in Chimera 1.11.2rc software. Viruses were collected in 2015-2016 season fell into genetic group 6B and in two emerging subgroups, 6B.1 and 6B.2 by gene of HA and NA. Subgroups 6B.1 and 6B.2 are defined by the following amino acid substitutions. In the NS1 protein were identified new amino acid substitutions D2E, N48S, and E125D in 2015-2016 epidemic season. Specific changes were observed in HA protein antigenic sites, but viruses saved similarity to vaccine strain. NS1 protein acquired substitution associated with increased virulence of the influenza virus.
CHARACTERISTICS OF IMMUNE RESPONSE UNDER EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF ACID BURNS OF THE ESOPHAGUS
Authors: Koval T. , Ischuk T. , Raetska Ya.
Published: March 2018

It is well known that the immune system is actively involved in the regeneration and healing process of burn wounds. However, unanswered questions remain about the role of humoral immunity in the mechanisms of healing and complications of burn wounds. We have developed an experimental model of the acid burns of the esophagus (ABE) corresponding esophageal burns in children 1-8 years. We studied the features of humoral immunity in rats with AВE, with the observed reduction of IgG and increase levels of medium and low circulating immune complexes (CIC) on the first day after the burn of the esophagus. On the 21st day after the burn, we observed an increase in the concentration of IgG and a slight accumulation of medium- and low-CIC. Studied indicators can be used for the differentiation of ABE.
STRUCTURAL AND FAUNISTIC ORGANIZATION OF THE UDAY RIVER'S LITTORAL ZOOPLANKTON IN THE NATIONAL NATURE PARK "PYRIATYNSKIY"
Authors: Burian Z. , Trokhymets V.
Published: March 2018

Results of the investigation of the littoral zooplankton's structural and faunistic organization of the Uday river are presented. The research was conducted in the National Nature Park "Pyriatynskiy" in summer 2015. As the result of research 58 zooplankton's species were established. Their density, biomass, ecological spectrum of the community, type and way of the feeding were analyzed.
PREVALENCE OF DRUG RESISTANT HIV STRAINS IN HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE
Authors: Babii N.
Published: March 2018

The prevalence of drug resistant HIV strains among HIV-positive reproductive aged persons with ineffective antiretroviral therapy (ART) was assessed. The prevalence of drug resistant strains of HIV was 73.8% in the group of women and 89.29% in the group of men (totally in 80.0% of patients). In the spectrum of drug resistance mutations (DRMs) the most prevalent mutation associated with high-level resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors was substitution M184V (80.36%); in addition, the high prevalence of K65R (26.79%) was indicated. The most common mutations causing a high-level resistance to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors were G190S/A (57.14%), Y181C (37.50%), K101E (33.93%). The DRMs to protease inhibitors were indicated with significantly less frequent (5.36%).
ZERKONID MITES (ACARI, MESOSTIGMATA: ZERCONIDAE) OF THE ZONE OF MIXED FORESTS OF UKRAINE
Authors: Balan P.
Published: March 2018

Studied collection zerkonid mites (Acari, Mesostigmata: Zerconidae) zone of mixed forests Ukraine stored at the Department of Zoology of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. For the first time provides a full species composition of these mites zone of mixed forests of Ukraine.
El discurso antifrancés de un borbonista español. Macanaz ante «El siglo de Luis XIV», de Voltaire
Authors: Precioso Izquierdo Francisco
Published: March 2018

RESUMENLa crítica y el juego de respuestas cruzadas entre franceses y españoles vertebrará buena parte de las relaciones culturales y políticas entre ambos vecinos durante el periodo Moderno. Una página más de esta polémica será escrita por don Melchor Macanaz  en 1757 en sus «Notas» a El Siglo de Luis XIV de Voltaire. La obra nos servirá para analizar el discurso original de un viejo borbonista antifrancés desengañado con las autoridades francesas, hostil a todo lo relacionado con la corona de Francia e impulsor  de la memoria castellana de los primeros reyes de la dinastía Borbón en España.PALABRAS CLAVEEl siglo de Luis XIV; borbonismo; discurso. ABSTRACTCultural and political relations between French and Spanish are vertebrates by criticism and answers crossed during the Modern period. A page of this controversy is written by Don Melchor Macanaz in the “Notes” to “The Age of Louis XIV” by Voltaire (1757). The work will serve to analyze the hostile speech against France of a part of the Spanish followers of the Bourbon and the construction of the Castilian memory of the first Bourbon kings in Spain.KEY WORDSMelchor Macanaz; Volaire; The Century of Louis XIV; bourbonism; speech.
La cultura material de los tesoreros generales de la Santa Cruzada en el Burgos del siglo XVIII
Authors: Sanz de la Higuera Francisco
Published: March 2018

RESUMENLa documentación recopilada en los protocolos notariales, en especial los inventarios post-mortem de varios tesoreros generales de la Santa Cruzada de Burgos en la segunda mitad del Seiscientos y gran parte del Setecientos, permite un análisis crítico de sus niveles de fortuna y de los principales sesgos de su cultura material y una aproximación a la cultura de las apariencias y a las redes de influencia en las que se debatían de forma cotidiana o de una manera más extraordinaria. Sus interiores domésticos en vida y las mentalidades que se adivinan a través de sus últimas voluntades, posibilitan el descubrimiento de las estrategias que hubieron de adoptar ellos, sus hogares y los entramados en que estaban implicados.La tesorería general de la Santa Cruzada no estaba al alcance de cualquiera. Disponían de significativos recursos económicos y financieros, una adecuada formación contable y nutridos contactos, cercanos o lejanos, en las intrincadas redes de la Administración. Eran testaferros de individuos muy poderosos, de La Corte, ubicados al final de una maquinaria aviesa y complicada, preñada de peldaños de poder, entre las cumbres más aristocráticas y los niveles intermedios, con los consumidores de las bulas en el extremo más débil y desprotegido. Abstenerse de ayunar tenía sus sobrecargas para unos, la mayoría, y sus beneficios para otros, una minoría afortunada y económicamente solvente.PALABRAS CLAVESanta Cruzada, Burgos, Siglo XVII y XVIII, cultura material, redes de influencia. ABSTRACTThe compiled information in the notarial registry, in special the probate inventories of several major treasures of the Santa Cruzada in Burgos in the second half of Seventeen Century and great parto of Eighteen Century, allow a critical analisys of their levels of fortune and the main slant of the material culture and an aproximation to the apperance culture and to the influence net in which they were debated of daily form or in a more extraordinary way. Their domestic interiors in life and the mentalities that are guessed through their last wills, allow the discovery of the taken strategies, their homes and the studdings in which they were involved.The general treasury of the Santa Cruzada was not scope of anyone. They had significant economic and financiers resources, a suitable accountig education and full contacts, nearby or distant, in the dense nets of the Administration. They were testaferros of very powerfull people, of the Cort, located at the final part of a difficult and complicated machine, full of steps of power, between the most aristocratic summit and the interval levels, with the consumers of the bulas in the most weak and disprotected extreme. To be abstain from fasting had their overload for ones, the majority, and its benefits for the others, a lucky and economically solvent minority.KEY WORDSSanta Cruzada, Burgos, XVIIth and XVIIIth Centuries, material culure, influence nets.
Retóricas paratextuales académicas entre dos siglos. El entorno zaragozano
Authors: Cano Turrión Elena
Published: March 2018

RESUMENEl presente trabajo pretende poner de manifiesto los cambios de las retóricas paratextuales en el Bajo Barroco que, a su vez, desvelan el cambio en la poesía y en la concepción de esta por parte de los mismos poetas y de los responsables del proceso editorial. Con este fin se analizan aprobaciones, prólogos y dedicatorias de obras poéticas impresas. El estudio se centra en la actividad poética de las academias y los volúmenes poéticos individuales de los académicos, con especial interés en el entorno zaragozano desde mediados del siglo XVIII. Será en este periodo del nacimiento de la Poesía del Bajo Barroco, habitualmente tachada de prosaica e impropia, cuando veamos desplazarse la atención de los autores de los paratextos desde el autor del libro examinando hacia sí mismos llegando, en algunos casos, a reclamar para ellos la misma estima que para el autor de la obra que elogian o censuran.PALABRAS CLAVEAcademias, Bajo Barroco, paratextos, aprobaciones, prólogos, dedicatorias, jocoserio, Zaragoza. ABSTRACTThis paper aims to highlight the changes in the paratextual rhetoric during the Lower Baroque period, which, at the same time, reveal the change in poetry and in its conception by the poets themselves and those in charge of the editorial process. To this end, approvals, prologues and dedications of printed poetic works will be analyzed. This study focuses on the poetic activity of academies and the individual poetic volumes of its poets, with particular interest in the Zaragoza’s literary field from mid-Seventeenth Century to the early decades of the Eighteenth Century. It will be at this period of the birth of Low Baroque’s poetry, usually labelled as prosaic an inappropriate, when we’ll see how the attention of the authors of the paratexts, will be addressed to themselves, arriving in some cases to claim for themselves same status as for the author of the work who they praise or blame.KEYWORDSAcademies, Low Baroque, paratexts, approvals, prefaces, dedications, jocoserio, Zaragoza
Nota preliminar. Cervantes en el siglo XVIII
Authors: Martínez Mata Emilio
Published: March 2018

TITLEPreliminary note: Cervantes in eighteenth-century