bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Breathing and Singing
Authors: Katz Martin
Published: November 2023

The primary building block of successful collaboration is surely the breath. If you are to read only a single chapter of this book, please make it this one! Like me, many of my esteemed colleagues in collaboration admit to being secret would-be singers. It can be no accident then, that the voices and instruments we all accompany should enjoy the fruits of our vicarious but utterly complete physical identification where breathing is concerned. Any musician benefits from singing and, of necessity, breathing, but particularly those for whom air is not required to make the instrument work. A conductor, a violinist, an organist, and we hard-working pianists can play for hours at a time without taking a breath, and that is precisely the problem. For the pianist, singing and breathing are beyond crucial. Ignorance of this issue might limit a solo pianist’s success somewhat, but for an accompanist it would be a disaster. Whether it be a physical necessity or an artistic choice, nothing approaches the importance of breathing in the quest for true collaboration.
Five
Authors: Katz Martin
Published: November 2023

Lighting and costumes for an opera or a play can suggest things never expressed by the actors. A film’s soundtrack can manipulate our emotions before, during, or even after an event on the screen. A Wagnerian leitmotif heard in the orchestra can expand on what a character is feeling or can put the lie to what he is actually saying. In this chapter we will consider expressing that which is verbally unexpressed. The previous chapter discussed bringing to life at the piano the things that are concretely expressed in the text: verbal structures, characters, tangible elements, textual blacks and whites. Some subjectivity was involved, but I would wager that most pianists—those intent on real collaboration in its fullest sense—would make very similar choices. In this chapter, however, we proceed to the world of implication, innuendo, inference, and suggestion. Everything is subjective here, and the score’s instructions often give us little of what we need. An active and fertile imagination is the collaborator’s best friend here.
Kitchen Tools
Authors: Katz Martin
Published: November 2023

We all have a kitchen drawer with the tools we use for behind-the-scenes preparations. Everything in it is necessary, and everything has its particular job to do. The guests in the dining room, enjoying the meal, might never know how each implement was used in its creation, but it would be immediately apparent if something were not up to standard. This chapter is such a collection of miscellaneous essentials. Most of the discussion here uses examples from the vocal repertoire, but much of the information would apply to instrumental collaboration as well.
The Steinway Philharmonic*
Authors: Katz Martin
Published: November 2023

As I write these lines, I am very aware of how the life of a professional collaborative pianist has changed, particularly for those who work primarily with singers. The first famous accompanist of whom I was aware was Gerald Moore. I knew of him through his witty lectures, his books, and his consistently superb recordings. I am confident that Sir Gerald could play arias as well as anyone, but the fact is that his performing career did not often require him to do so. He accompanied countless artists who sang opera, but never on recital programs. I don’t know if Moore worked much with opera, but it is certainly not what comes to mind at the mention of his illustrious name.
The Overflowing Brain
Authors: Klingberg Torkel
Published: November 2023

As the pace of technological change accelerates, we are increasingly experiencing a state of information overload. Statistics show that we are interrupted every three minutes during the course of the work day. Multitasking between email, cell-phone, text messages, and four or five websites while listening to an iPod forces the brain to process more and more informaton at greater and greater speeds. And yet the human brain has hardly changed in the last 40,000 years. Are all these high-tech advances overtaxing our Stone Age brains or is the constant flood of information good for us, giving our brains the daily exercise they seem to crave? In The Overflowing Brain, cognitive scientist Torkel Klingberg takes us on a journey into the limits and possibilities of the brain. He suggests that we should acknowledge and embrace our desire for information and mental challenges, but try to find a balance between demand and capacity. Klingberg explores the cognitive demands, or “complexity,” of everyday life and how the brain tries to meet them. He identifies different types of attention, such as stimulus-driven and controlled attention, but focuses chiefly on “working memory,” our capacity to keep information in mind for short periods of time. Dr Klingberg asserts that working memory capacity, long thought to be static and hardwired in the brain, can be improved by training, and that the increasing demands on working memory may actually have a constructive effect: as demands on the human brain increase, so does its capacity. The book ends with a discussion of the future of brain development and how we can best handle information overload in our everyday lives. Klingberg suggests how we might find a balance between demand and capacity and move from feeling overwhelmed to deeply engaged.
Introduction: The Stone Age Brain Meets the Information Flood
Authors: Klingberg Torkel
Published: November 2023

You’ve just entered a room, probably to fetch something, but you’re not that sure, for you’re staring at the wall trying to remember what it was you were going to do. The instruction to yourself that you had in your head only a moment ago has vanished. Maybe you were distracted by your cell phone? Perhaps you were trying to do two or three things at the same time? Whatever, the outcome was a surplus of information in your brain that left you standing there gazing blankly at the wall. Our brains have limited capacity for processing information. This book is an attempt to understand why this is so, what effect it has on our everyday lives, and how we can stretch these limits with mental exercise.
Models of Working Memory
Authors: Klingberg Torkel
Published: November 2023

In chapter 3, we saw that the ability to retain information is essential to a wide range of mental tasks. Working memory is used to control attention, to remember instructions, to keep in mind a plan of things to do, and to solve complex problems. However, working memory is of limited capacity, a bottleneck that restricts our ability to process information and reason. If we were to ask ourselves what presents problems when the Stone Age brain meets the information flood, one of the answers would be the limitations of working memory. So let us now take a closer look at exactly how information is stored and whether we can localize where in the brain these limitations reside. Some of the most important advances in our understanding of brain activity and working memory were made by Yale neuroscientist Patricia Goldman-Rakic, one of the developers of the dot test.
Does ADHD Exist?
Authors: Klingberg Torkel
Published: November 2023

The demands of the information society, with its copious information, simultaneous situations, pace, and distractions, make many of us feel as though we are suffering from some sort of attention deficit. As we have already seen, many of these challenges surrounding us can be traced directly to working memory. Let us, therefore, look more closely at the individuals who have the most serious attention difficulties, and see if these problems can also be linked to working memory.
A Cognitive Gym
Authors: Klingberg Torkel
Published: November 2023

Practice makes perfect. Because of the brain’s plasticity, practicing a musical instrument causes changes to the cortical areas that control fine motor movement and that perceive notes—and there is nothing to say that we cannot similarly train the areas of the brain the deal with working memory capacity. Despite this, psychologists have customarily treated working memory capacity as something static, an attribute immune to external influence.
The Flynn Effect
Authors: Klingberg Torkel
Published: November 2023

As we have already discussed, New Zealand professor James Flynn demonstrated how IQ performance improved throughout the 1900s—and what improvements they were. If the average performance in 1932 was 100, by 1990 it was 120. A person who scored an average 100 in 1990 would therefore be able to count herself among the top 15 percent if she went back in time to 1932. According to some, it also seems as if the curve is steepening. What was once an average IQ increase of 0.31 IQ point per year in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s had risen to 0.36 IQ point per year by the 1990s. This result is surprising, since it was previously thought that intelligence was a constant. But an ever-expanding file of studies suggests that this is not the case. Given that many people cock their revolvers as soon as they hear the word intelligence, maybe it would be a good idea at this point to say a few words about what scientists usually mean by the term.
Finger Facility
Authors: Schuring Martin
Published: November 2023

The preceding chapters describe a method of sound production that should result in a free and easy tone that functions well in all registers and at all dynamic levels. If those techniques are mastered, the only remaining aspects of basic playing technique are finger facility and articulation. Finger facility is discussed in this chapter, articulation in the next.
Career Development
Authors: Schuring Martin
Published: November 2023

The first step in developing a career is to decide how you will pursue your advanced study. The first part of this chapter gives advice for the young student wishing to be a college music major. Later, we will discuss how the advanced student can prepare for the music profession. Preparing for college can be confusing, stressful, and filled with doubt, especially if the goal is to study oboe. Do you want to find the best law school in your state? There are guides to help you. The same applies for many other disciplines, but not oboe. While this section is written for an American high school student wishing to be an oboe major in college, anyone looking for a place to study should find some useful ideas here. First, prepare yourself. I find that college freshmen are initially stressed by reed making, by music theory, and by piano. Each of these requires time to study and practice, and each of these can be learned in high school. If they are not, they will each require an hour or two every day during the first semester of college, making that semester al-most unbearable.
The Most Fundamental Question Facing Mankind Today Is Whether Man Can Evolve to Live in Harmony with Nature
Authors: Officer Charles , Page Jake
Published: November 2023

There is a popular bumper sticker that says: “If the people lead, the leaders will follow.” This is as good a motto as any as we face what seem to be overwhelming global troubles. But humanity has operated out of optimism (if sometimes misplaced) through its history, and a realistic optimism is certainly something needed now.

To that end, in this book we have sought to put some of our current problems in a context that is geologic, noting that the Earth has been around a long time and will continue to exist for a long time to come. It has continually undergone changes—small and vast—on time scales from a year or less to several million years. In terms of geologic time, there have been “abrupt” extinctions, such as the Ice Age megafauna and the dinosaurs—great extinction events that took place amid the constant background buzz of evolution and extinction. We know something of the environmental stresses that caused these extinctions but are far from understanding them in detail. They are of scientific interest in themselves, but a better understanding of them would surely cast light on the anthropogenic environmental changes we now face.
Sex Radicals and Captive Pedestrians
Authors: Sides Josh
Published: November 2023

When she was a blonde, doe-eyed teenager, Carol Doda’s future was not bright. A high-school dropout from Napa County, she landed in the Tenderloin in the early 1960s, where she quickly found a roommate and friend in a male hairstylist who shared his makeup tips with her. Doda fell in love with her roommate and became inconsolably jealous about his mysterious preference for male company. Her love unrequited, Doda took a job as a dancing cocktail waitress at the Condor go-go bar in North Beach and moved into the district. “Big” Davey Rosenberg, a corpulent, hard-nosed club promoter, saw great profit potential in Doda and encouraged her to perform her dance in one of designer Rudi Gernreich’s new “topless” bathing suits. On June 22, 1964, the twenty-year-old Doda metamorphosed from ingénue to internationally renowned sexual spectacle when she took to the stage at the Condor and revolutionized the local burlesque show circuit by baring her breasts in their entirety during her performance of the “swim” dance. She brazenly tossed aside the pasties that striptease dancers had worn for most of the century. Shortly thereafter—also at Rosenberg’s urging—Doda received one of the first silicone breast augmentations, increasing her modest bust size to a double D. Doda’s likeness, depicted on a forty-foot sign complete with red, illuminated nipples, towered over the intersection of Columbus Avenue and Broadway Street and became a landmark, drawing throngs of locals and tourists alike.
The Unspoken Sexuality of Golden Gate Park
Authors: Sides Josh
Published: November 2023

To wander among the dense, winding cypress groves of Golden Gate Park during the sexual revolution was to enter a world of virtually limitless sexual possibility. So dense in places as to be almost impassible, the thicket easily shrouded anonymous gay and straight trysts. At the “wasteland”—as locals described the western end of the park at Ocean Beach—the decrepit Beach Chalet building and defunct windmills were given over to sex-hunters, squatters, vandals, and raccoons. For those San Franciscans who had seen the park in better times, its demise was a shocking symbol of a city run amok. Indeed, no public space in the city was as thoroughly transformed by the sexual revolution as was Golden Gate Park in the 1960s and 1970s.
The Many Legacies of AIDS
Authors: Sides Josh
Published: November 2023

Selma Dritz was the last person you would expect to be an expert on the outlandish gay sex scene South of Market. Born in Chicago to Russian parents in 1917, Dritz finished medical school in 1941 and became the chief resident of the Cook County Contagious Disease Hospital before retiring in 1947 to raise her three children. She and her family moved to San Francisco in 1949, where they bought a house in the sleepy southwestern edge of the outer Sunset District, and Dritz became a stay- at-home mom for almost two decades. Once her kids were grown, she got a master’s degree in public health at Berkeley in 1967 and quickly accepted a post as assistant director of disease control for the SFDPH. As a doctor and a mother, she already knew the terrain well. “At first,” she later recalled, the work “was the usual standard chasing down of measles, mumps, whooping cough, making sure that children in school had their proper immunizations.”
Dilantin: The Great Achievement of Tracy Jackson Putnam and H. Houston Merritt
Authors: Rowland Lewis P
Published: November 2023

Epilepsy comes in many forms, so many different types that specialists have been stymied in trying to come up with a classification agreeable to all of them or, at least, most of them. As a result, they are still basing descriptions and discussions on a 1981 document. All epileptic attacks are “brainstorms” that result from disordered electrical rhythms of nerve cells in the brain. The resulting behavioral abnormalities can be seen by others and, too often, by loss of consciousness. If the attack recurs, the condition is called “epilepsy,” which is estimated to affect 40 million people worldwide. Classification of the attacks is important for both diagnosis and treatment, but recognition of the different types now combines not only the visible actions of the subject but also what happens in the electroencephalogram (EEG). The world was simpler for Tracy Putnam and Houston Merritt, when they worked together in the mid-1930s, for the EEG was just then being introduced.
Putnam, a True Boston Brahmin
Authors: Rowland Lewis P
Published: November 2023

We know little about Houston Merritt’s origins, but his professional life is documented from the time of his arrival in Boston in 1928 to his prime years, his final illness, and even his postmortem examination in 1979 (as described in Chapter 13). In contrast, Tracy Putnam’s family is thoroughly documented for two centuries, but little is known about his final years. Putnam was the scion of five European families that were among the first to appear in North America: the Jackson, Quincy, and Pickering families, who settled Massachusetts Bay Colony, as well as the Washburn and Tucker families, of the Plymouth Colony. He was therefore a true Boston Brahmin, as defined by Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr., the physician–writer and father of the even more famous Supreme Court justice who had the same name plus “Junior”; they were Brahmins themselves.
H. Houston Merritt, 1902–1979
Authors: Rowland Lewis P
Published: November 2023

Houston Merritt was not a Boston Brahmin. He was not born into any upper class. He was proud to be a Tar Heel, a native of North Carolina. He was born in Wilmington, the largest city of that state and the largest port but no longer a great metropolitan area; the population in the year 2000, was 75,838.
Before the War
Authors: Tec Nechama
Published: November 2023

An excited crowd surrounded the new arrivals. The crowd demanded to know who had come, who was left behind, what was happening to them, who else will arrive, why were they not yet here. Question upon question kept piling up. Coming all at once they were hard to follow, impossible to answer. Here and there, among the noisy haphazard efforts to tell, to connect, one could hear sudden outbursts—relatives, friends, and acquaintances were finding each other. This was May 1943 and the center of this commotion was a group of Jewish runaways from Lida ghetto. Disheveled and exhausted, most were too bewildered to talk. Passively, in silence they simply looked on.
Escapes from the Ghetto
Authors: Tec Nechama
Published: November 2023

True to its policy, the leaders of the Bielski otriad soon invited another group from Nowogródek ghetto. This group was to join relatives and friends already in the forest. Among the invited was Sonia Boldo, an outgoing and attractive young girl, who had an uncle, an aunt, two cousins, and a close friend, Chaja Bielski, in the otriad. When the Bielski guides entered the ghetto, word about their presence spread rapidly. Rumor had it that Sonia Boldo was about to run away. Right away she was watched by the Jewish authorities, the Judenrat. In Nowogródek most ghetto officials were opposed to illegal departures. If an illegal escape was discovered, it could mean death for those who stayed—the Germans often employed the principle of collective responsibility.
Rescue or Resistance
Authors: Tec Nechama
Published: November 2023

He would avoid talking to the non-Jewish partisans about his main preoccupation: the saving of lives. To them he presented himself as a guerrilla fighter and continually repeated that he had come to the forest to wage war against the enemies of the Soviet Union, the Germans. And when Panchenko suggested that they cooperate in anti-Nazi moves he readily agreed. Their joint military ventures began in the last quarter of 1942 and continued into the second half of 1943. Although such anti-German moves were initiated by Panchenko, the two otriads each carried the same burden. Publicly Tuvia continued to emphasize his personal commitment to anti-German activities. In reality he and his group were under pressure to participate. A refusal could have endangered the very existence of the Bielski otriad. Russian partisans would not have tolerated an unwillingness to fight, especially not from Jews whom they suspected of cowardice.
The “ Big Hunt “
Authors: Tec Nechama
Published: November 2023

When the Bielski otriad reached the Nalibocka forest in summer 1943, the Russian partisan movement had already granted it some legitimacy. Tuvia and his people had come to a place more fully controlled by the Soviets. Here many guerrilla detachments had already established their bases, including the headquarters of General Platon, head of the Russian partisans for the Baranowicze region. At that time the Soviet partisan movement had also adopted a more liberal recruitment policy. From the Jewish perspective this was a mixed blessing. As an open invitation to all able-bodied men, this policy was a most welcome development. On the other hand, because this invitation included Nazi supporters, it led to stronger anti-Semitism.
The American Founders and the Scottish Enlightenment
Authors: Edwards Jonathan , Lincoln Abraham
Published: November 2023

Benjamin Franklin and Jonathan Edwards engaged in a dialogue about human nature that included participants throughout the Western world. In the eighteenth century, however, no corner of Western civilization was more deeply engaged with problems concerning human nature, the development of the self, and the relationship between the self and society, than Scotland. From Scotland came many of the ideas that American thinkers of the eighteenth century and after applied to the issues confronting them. For this reason it seems desirable to look specifically at the Scottish Enlightenment and its relationship to American thought during the generation after the death of Edwards. Both the Constitution of the United States and the arguments made on its behalf were deeply informed by contemporary ideas about the self and society, many of which came from Scotland.
Engendering [In]Security and Terror: On the “Protection Racket” of Security States
Authors: Denike Margaret
Published: November 2023

Animating Iris Marion Young’s writings on social justice are questions concerning power—questions such as what power is; what forms it takes; how it operates in different contexts; how it produces or modifies behaviors; how it works in ways that limit individuals’ actions and capacities; and generally, how it organizes the structural injustices lived by members of social groups in contemporary Western societies. They guide her critical assessment of mainstream concepts of injustice, and her efforts to sketch frameworks for social policy and law reform initiatives that such concepts inform. Collectively, her essays provide multifaceted theoretical frameworks and practical approaches to relations of power and justice that are invaluable as a resource for theories of sexual, racial, socioeconomic, and other forms of differentiation, discrimination, and domination, as well as for strategies of progressive social policy reform.
Introduction
Authors: Jenkyns Richard
Published: November 2023

Every man is an island, entire of himself; an island, however, which is part of an immense archipelago encompassing innumerable specks of land, each with its own shape and pattern, its distinct configuration of rock and inlet, yet all ruffled by the same breezes, fretted by the same unceasing seas. The historian is a species of surveyor or cartographer; his task is to map these territories. The interpreter of a recent period may hope to work on both the large and the small scale, to learn something of the character of individual men and women, and thus to balance the general with the particular. The historian of a remote era is not commonly so fortunate: the distance between himself and the countless islands of humanity that he studies is so great that they are usually reduced to indistinguishable dots or blurred into an undifferentiated mass. Where writers have survived, though, the case is somewhat altered. A poem, play, speech or treatise is the product of an individual mind (so much is a truism), and sometimes at least we may be tempted to think that its author, perhaps by design, perhaps willy-nilly, has revealed something of himself.
The Latin Experience: Virgil and the Poets
Authors: Jenkyns Richard
Published: November 2023

‘Arma gravi numero violentaque bella’ (Weapons and violent wars in heavy rhythm) —so Ovid begins his Amores, comically irrelevant from the start. Shorter poems almost always and even longer works quite often were known by their opening words: beginning ‘Cynthia prima’, Propertius had established that his first book should be called Cynthia—fittingly, since his love passion dominates it through out. But no one could call Ovid’s amatory collection ‘Arma gravi numero’ without absurdity; and besides, every reader will know that this is not the most famous Augustan work to take ‘arma’ for its beginning.’
Iconoclasm
Authors: Karlin-Hayter Patricia
Published: November 2023

Iconoclasm, literally the smashing of images, is the term designating the movement that forbade the making or veneration of images, whether of God or of saints. The opposite position we usually call Iconoduly, although that word is not attested in Greek.
Romance, Revenge, And Pathos The Novellas of the Cyropaedia
Authors: Gera Deborah Levine
Published: November 2023

The colourful, romantic episodes of the Cyropaedia—the stories of Panthea, Croesus, Gobryas, and Gadatas—are the subject of this chapter. These dramatic tales, often referred to as the novellas of the Cyropaedia, are highly compelling in themselves; they also raise interesting questions about Xenophon’s sources. Did he invent these stories? Rework them? Lift them whole from other sources? We shall first look briefly at the content and form of these tales in order to see just how unusual and colourful the stories of the Cyropaedia are. Next comes an investigation of possible sources or influences, and the final portion of the chapter is devoted to a detailed commentary on the individual tales.
Xenophon And His Hero
Authors: Gera Deborah Levine
Published: November 2023

Throughout most of the Cyropaedia there is little doubt that Cyrus is meant to be an ideal figure, a successful ruler whose model conduct is well worth emulating. So Xenophon introduces him at the very opening of the Cyropaedia and so the Persian leader appears for most of the work: Cyrus is wise, virtuous, and ever successful in achieving his ambitions. We have seen that Xenophon believes in teaching by example, with an outstanding hero to serve as paradigm—eg. Agesilaus of the Agesilaus, Socrates of the Memorabilia, Xenophon himself in the Anabasis —and it is no surprise to find that the Cyrus of the Cyropaedia is, on the whole, another such paragon of virtue. None the less, at times Xenophon has Cyrus behave in surprising or inconsistent fashion and it is this question—the relationship between Xenophon and his hero in the Cyropaedia—which is the subject of this chapter.

One outstanding fact about Cyrus is that he is virtually omnipresent in the Cyropaedia—he is nearly always ‘on stage’ and closely involved with every aspect of the work. There are very few occasions when we are allowed to ignore his existence, and if others are allowed to share the limelight it is only for a brief period and because Xenophon has a specific purpose in mind, a purpose which someone other than his hero is better qualified to serve. Thus Cambyses, Cyrus’ father, is shown teaching his son because Cambyses is meant to be a model father and teacher, while the hero of the Cyropaedia (who was not, it seems, an ideal parent) is—just this once—an eager and enthusiastic pupil. Abradatas is a focus of attention at Thymbrara because he is the only important character in the Cyropaedia who is going to die bravely on the battlefield. Panthea, of course, introduces romance into the work; Cyrus himself is perhaps too intent upon his conquests to be swept away by passion. So too Pheraulas muses at length on the value of wealth because he, unlike Cyrus, can relinquish control over his property.
Book 1
Authors: Paschalis Michael
Published: November 2023

Juno spots the Trojans as they are hardly out of sight of Sicily and sailing joyfully ( ‘laeti ‘) towards Italy, their ancestral home. The joy of the Trojans revives Juno ‘s undying wound ( ‘aeternum ... uul nus ‘) and memories of her impotence to overcome her mortal enemies, which are vented in a monologue. The reader knows from the proem that Juno ‘s ‘dolor ‘ (9) and her memory (4) interrelate; and in 7. 286 ff. the goddess ‘s ‘dolor ‘ is specifically linked with the joy of Aeneas ( ‘laetum ‘), her ,vound ( ‘fixa ‘), and again with memories of her past impotence vis-a-vis the Trojans. Finally, both the proem and lines 25-6 associate Juno ‘s ‘dolores ‘ with her Vrath ( ‘ira ‘). Thus, in the opening of the storm episode the reader is induced to associate Vound and ‘dolor ‘, the latter functioning as a physical symptom of the former, and Juno ‘s ‘dolor ‘ ,with the ‘laetitia ‘ of the Trojans.
Barbarian Spinach and Roman Bacon: The Comedies of Plautus
Authors: Gowers Emily
Published: November 2023

Latin literature begins in bulk with Plautus, and many later writers look back to his world as a Land of Cockaigne, where cooks, parasites, and slaves wallowed among mounds of tripes, hams, and delectable sweets and shellfish. Food, above all else, seems to preserve the savour of Plautus for later generations. Franta, for example, conjures up a menu out of Plautus’ ‘ancient crammings’ (veterum saginarum), capons, seafood, cakes, and wine, to tempt the puritan Marcus Aurelius. Apuleius’ own opulent style is made flesh in cloying lists of sausages and calamitously sticky sweetmeats straight out of comic recipes. And Gellius thinks some verses on a parasite’s appetite are genuine because they have the authentic ‘smack’ of Plautus (propterea resipiant Plautinum stilum).
Amt
Authors: Diggle James
Published: November 2023

Apart from its link with Mt, A has no clear affiliation to any individual manuscript or group of manuscripts. h preserves the truth uniquely once, and once with Mt: 159 AIS; 1611 AMt.
LP
Authors: Diggle James
Published: November 2023

L and P are typical of the time and place of their copying. The sources which have contributed to their texts are so varied that it is impossible to bring them into any stemmatic relationship either with each other or with the remaining manuscripts.2 I have illustrated the connections which exist between them and members of (.3 I now illustrate such connections as are discoverable between them and the remaining manuscripts.
Truth Preserved in a Minority
Authors: Diggle James
Published: November 2023

I offer first a list (i) of 61 readings which I believe to be both right and inherited and whose preservation hangs by a slender thread–because they are attested by a single manuscript or by a handful of manuscripts or only as a variant.1 Only a very few of these have any likelihood of being conjectural, or lucky slips, rather than inherited, or false rather than true. I then offer a list (ii) of 41 further readings which are also weakly preserved. I have included in this list readings which are either certainly or possibly true and which may be, but are not certainly, inherited rather than conjec¬ tural. For HMBOV I quote readings not only by the first hand but also by any correcting hands. For the later manuscripts I generally quote readings only by the first hand (including corrections and variants written by the first hand or the rubricator), but if there is doubt whether or not a correction or variant is by the first hand (the doubt arises particularly in the case of manuscripts which I have not inspected personally)
Introduction: Contexts and Sources
Authors: Jones Lesley Dean
Published: November 2023

Until the last decade very little research had been done on ancient views of female physiology. That it is now a focus of considérable scholarly activity1 is due to a new intellectual perspective on ancient science and a growth of interest in the study of women in antiquity. Seemingly bizarre théories based on erroneous observations are no longer scoffed at as bad science or distilled in the hope of discovering a kernel of truth to be identified as the theory’s true contribution to Western science. Instead, they are recognized as intellectual products capable of providing insight into how the ancients interacted with their world. The récognition that women were an important part of this world has latterly blossomed into an acknowledgement that half of the ancients were women. That this acknowledgement appeared late in Classical scholarship is not sur- prising because few works by women survived late antiquity. Théories of female physiology, however, presumably received some input from women, so scientific texts concerned with women’s bodies could be doubly useful in revealing both how men in antiquity regarded women and how women regarded themselves.
Conclusion
Authors: Jones Lesley Dean
Published: November 2023

Inconsistencies are évident in each of the two major sources for scientific théories of women’s bodies in the Classical era. In the Hippocratic Corpus these are due largely to its being compiled from the writings of many authors over an extended period of time, and in the Aristotelian to the fact that although Aristotle was a single author, the composition of the biological treatises spanned a large portion of his career during which he was continually adding to his knowledge and modifying his théories. The basic model of the female body differs so much between the two corpora, however, that the internai inconsistencies appear relatively minor. For the Hippocratics, woman is a radically different animal from man in structure and processes. For Aristotle she is a substandard man whose body only approximates to the idéal in human structure and processes.
The Range of Procedures
Authors: Todd S C
Published: November 2023

Central to this book is the problem of shaping the law of Athens, and thus of ordering and classifying (for to fail to classify is simply to list) the various elements that go to make up that system. That is why procedure has been given priority over substantive law in our discussion of the subject, a priority which it appears to have held in the minds of the Athenians themselves. Within the context of procedural law, however, further questions of classification need to be asked, for there are various ways in which the Athenians either did or could conceivably have organized their legal procedures. We hear of a distinction between dikai kata tinos (roughly, ‘penal prosecutions’) and dikai pros tina (those in which there is no threat of punishment): this is discussed in detail by Ruschen-busch, but he notes that at least by the fourth century the Athenians do not seem to have made much of it (1969: 392). Distinctions according to the nature of the penalty (did it go to the state or to the prosecutor?) are explored by Harrison (1968-71: ii. 78), who finds however that this is so much a matter of indifference to our sources that we often do not know its destination in a particular case, let alone the system (if any) on which this was decided.1 More promising at first sight is the classification adopted by Lipsius (1908-12), who arranges his material according to the magistrate presiding over the court which heard the case.
Relations with People Outside the Polis
Authors: Todd S C
Published: November 2023

Only one of Lysias’ preserved speeches (Lys. 22) directly concerns international commerce, or indeed any form of commercial activity: this is a prosecution speech in a dispute involving the grain trade. The procedure employed here is uncertain. Apagoge is possible, but more likely is an eisangelia (Hansen 1975: 117–18, cf. Hansen 1976: –34), originally submitted to the boule (§ 14), but now being referred to a regular digastric court(§ 1, 6-7, etc.). Certainly it entails serious consequences: on several occasions (§ 2, 5, 13) it is implied that conviction will carry the death penalty.
Army And Civilians In The East
Authors: Isaac Benjamin
Published: November 2023

The Roman army in the East, unlike that in the West and North, was frequently based in cities. The evidence of permanent garrisons in towns has been listed above, but the function of the troops in towns and the effect of their presence there was not discussed. That would not have been out of place in chapters which attempt to describe the army as a force of occupation instead of frontier-defence. However, in the present chapter an attempt is made to describe what we know about the relationship between army and civilians in cities in the East. It is not an attempt to replace any part of R. MacMullen’s Soldier and Civilian. It aims to clarify various aspects of this relationship that result from the peculiarities of army organization in the eastern frontier-provinces. Three subjects are discussed: the army in cities, the army and taxation, and propaganda.
The Treasures of the Opisthodomos
Authors: Harris Diane
Published: November 2023

The location of the so-called Opisthodomos has been the subject of controversy and speculation for well over a century. The term itself is usually used to mean the rear chamber of a temple. The most obvious assumption would be to identify the Opisthodomos as the western portico of the temple of Athena Parthenos; but it has been conjectured that the name belongs to the back (western) room of the Old Temple to Athena which was rebuilt as a temporary shelter to house the cult statue and serve as the repository for treasures after the Persian sack of the Akropolis. This room in the western half of the so-called Dorpfeld foundations has been variously identified as the Opisthodomos, the Hekatompedon, and the Archaios Neos. For the purposes of the following catalogue of objects, it is not essential to decide where exactly the collection of treasures resided, whether in the west porch of the Parthenon or in the temporary shelter of the Dorpfeld foundations. I prefer to place these objects in the latter location because of the literary references, which agree in referring to the Opisthodomos as a separate building behind the temple of Athena Polias (the Erechtheion).
The Treasures of the Proneos
Authors: Harris Diane
Published: November 2023

The Parthenon has some architectural peculiarities which suggest that the interior was designed with its function as a treasury in mind. The Proneos is deeper than the Opisthodomos, and has a sculpted Lesbian cyma plus an Ionic frieze over the cross-wall and door between the Proneos and Hekatompedon. All of the walls had wall-crowns, but most were painted, rather than sculpted, with Lesbian leaf. The door into the Opisthodomos was larger than that leading into the Proneos, with the height of the former cutting into the level of the entablature.
The Treasures of the Hekatompedon
Authors: Harris Diane
Published: November 2023

The Hekatompedon became the principal repository for the treasures after the fall of Athens to Sparta at the end of he fifth century. The name ‘Hekatompedon’ (one-hundred-foot cella) was used to mean the main (eastern) cella with its double Doric interior peristyle and cult statue, or alternatively referred to the temple as a whole. It was also the name of the temple’s sixth-century predecessor, and was perhaps used for that part of the south side of the Akropolis in the period between the Persian sack and the beginning of construction in the time of Perikles.
The Art of Aristophanes’ Lyric
Authors: Parker L P E
Published: November 2023

The first passage quoted gives an idea of what success (beyond the instant lionization described in Peace 769-74) meant to Aristophanes and his fellow comic poets. It also gives a glimpse of the social milieu that produced both Attic tragedy and comedy. Secondly, this and the other passages form part of the evidence that the performances at symposia covered a much wider rang than the little verses preserved by Athenaeus (694c-9sf) which make up much of the section of carmina convivialia in Page, PMG (884-917).
The Metres of Aristophanes
Authors: Parker L P E
Published: November 2023

Since Boeckh observed the significance of verse-end in lyric (Pindari carmina quae supersunt (Leipzig, 1811-21), texts of Pindar have been laid out in verses. In texts of dramatic lyric, however, editors, while often (and necessarily) correcting and rearranging the colometries inherited from medieval MSS, still, for the most part, divide into cola of dimeter- or trimeter-length. A major reason for this is the comparative difficulty of finding verse-end in dramatic lyric, where the metrical pattern is generally repeated only once, instead of eight or ten times, as often in Pindar. It is also arguable that presentation in short cola makes it easier for the metrically-conscious reader to distinguish the rhythm. Not infrequently, however, division into short cola makes metrical nonsense.
Thesmophoriazusae
Authors: Parker L P E
Published: November 2023

Birds and points forward to Frogs. Parts of the play are marked by the predominance, or significant presence, of particular metres. Again, however, Tkesm. differs from Lys. in that changes of metre seem to have little structural function. Choice of metre reflects subject-mattter: trochaic for comment, dochmiacs for emotion, etc.
Wealth
Authors: Parker L P E
Published: November 2023

In Wealth, the use of lyric to provide a running commentary on the action has been altogether abandoned. The role of the chorus in reacting to events with the emotional heightening of lyric is reduced to a single short burst of joy in dochmiacs (637-40). Otherwise, the lyric element has dwindled to a single, self-contained comic set-piece (290--321), only tenuously connected with the plot. Both here and in the dochmiacs, however, lyric continues to allude to and to burlesque poetic forms outside comedy.
Everything to Do with Dionysos? Ritualism, the Dionysiac, and the Tragic
Authors: Friedrich Rainer
Published: November 2023

Dionysos is said to be the ‘elusive god’ who ‘defies definition’. Thus, when we ask the ancient question ‘what does tragedy have to do with Dionysos?’, we have first to ascertain who this Dionysos might be. Scholarship and Grand Theory since the Romantic era have produced a bewildering plethora of interpretations of this deity. In his important study of the formation of the modern Dionysos (or rather Dionysoi) from Romanticism to post-structuralism, Albert Henrichs observes that ‘no other god has created more confusion in the modern mind, nor produced a wider spectrum of different and often contradictory interpretations’.
Roman Organization, Arms, and Equipment
Authors: Elton Hugh
Published: November 2023

The late Roman armed forces were divided into two parts, the field army troops (comitatenses) and the border troops (limitanei), which both had land and marine components. This section examines the organization of both groups together with various support services and militias.
Finance
Authors: Elton Hugh
Published: November 2023

The Roman army in the fourth century employed at least 300,000 individuals. According to an anonymous sixth-century Byzantine writer, ‘expenditure on the army is the biggest item of state expenditure every year’. Paying for this organization consumed most of the imperial budget and became more difficult during the fifth century, especially in the West.
Fortifications
Authors: Elton Hugh
Published: November 2023

Permanent army bases and many urban areas in the late Empire were defended by fortifications. In addition, some fortified refuge sites existed. Though each site was important in its own right (especially military ones), it also had a place in a defensive network, dependent on its size and location. This chapter discusses the principles determining how individual sites were defended but does not analyse particular sites or how regional defensive systems operated.
Operations
Authors: Elton Hugh
Published: November 2023

Boundaries between strategic and operational, and between operational and tactical decisions are very flexible and the selection of material that belongs here, rather than in Chapter 8, is difficult. Some of the topics discussed, such as strategic intelligence, belong equally well there. Since most field operations were conducted by the comitatenses this section refers mostly to them, not to limitanei. However, the two parts of the army appear to have been similar in capability.
The Naqada Period (c.4000—3200 BC)
Authors: Midant-Reynes Béatrix
Published: November 2023

The second major phase of the Predynastic Period—the Naqada culture— derives its name from the site of Naqada, in Upper Egypt, where in 1892 Flinders Petrie uncovered a vast cemetery of more than 3000 graves. Petrie, struck at once by the unusual nature of these burials, compared with those previously known in Egypt, mistakenly ascribed them to a group of foreign invaders. This group was supposed to have continued in existence until the end of the Old Kingdom, and it was even suggested that they might have been responsible for its decline.
The Roman Period (30 BC–AD 311)
Authors: Peacock David
Published: November 2023

There can be few historical events better known than the love affair between Mark Antony, triumvir of Rome, and the beautiful and talented Queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt. His association with Cleopatra may not have been without political motives, for there was much to be gained by Rome fostering good relations with Egypt, the wealth of which was proverbial. Ultimately, however, his relationship brought him into conflict with his astute, single-minded, brother-in-law, Octavian. The issue was finally settled in the battle of Actium, fought in September 31 BC, and a year later Octavian, who in 27 BC changed his name to Augustus, entered Egypt for the first and last time. Egypt, the land of the pharaohs and their Hellenistic successors, the Ptolemies, was now part of the Roman empire.
Theseus and Heracles
Authors: Mills Sophie
Published: November 2023

Myths evolve and develop out of the needs of the society that tells them: a myth that has no interest for its audience will die, and thus narrators of myths will always ‘customize’ their material, according to what is required of it at a particular moment. Euripides’ Heracles is an especially instructive example of how historical place and time can influence the retelling of an established myth. What we know of the myth of Heracles’ madness before, and after, Euripides’ play, strongly suggests that his version of the story differs from the more common one in three major respects: he invents the character of the tyrant Lycus; he inverts the traditional order of the labours and the madness, so that the labours are no longer directly connected with the madness; and–most importantly–he introduces Theseus into the myth to offer Heracles honour and a home at Athens, and (by implication) a place to die. Euripides’ account seems to have cotained too many novelties for it to have influenced later Greek versions, and the introduction of Theseus into a story which originally has no place for him must be a product of a specifically Athenian perspective. Like the Theseus of Euripides’ Suppliants, the Theseus of the Heracles exhibits many of the qualities deemed essentially Athenian by Athenian encomia of Athens.
Introduction
Authors: Wyke Maria
Published: November 2023

This volume of essays explores the cultural production of modern Italy, Britain, and the United States as well as that of Augustan Rome. It analyses representations of the women of the ancient world in Latin love poetry and British television drama, in Roman historiography and nineteenth-century criminal anthropology, on classical coinage and college websites, as poetic metaphor and in the Hollywood star system.