bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The local expression and trafficking of tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA in the axons of sympathetic neurons
Authors: Gervasi Noreen M. , Scott Shane S. , Aschrafi Armaz , Gale Jenna , Vohra Sanah N. , MacGibeny Margaret A. , Kar Amar N. , Gioio Anthony E. , Kaplan Barry B.
Published: April 2016

Synthesis and regulation of catecholamine neurotransmitters in the central nervous system are implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of neuropsychiatric disorders. To identify factors that regulate the presynaptic synthesis of catecholamines, we tested the hypothesis that the rate-limiting enzyme of the catecholamine biosynthetic pathway, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), is locally synthesized in axons and presynaptic nerve terminals of noradrenergic neurons. To isolate pure axonal mRNA and protein, rat superior cervical ganglion sympathetic neurons were cultured in compartmentalized Campenot chambers. qRT-PCR and RNA in situ hybridization analyses showed that TH mRNA is present in distal axons. Colocalization experiments with nerve terminal marker proteins suggested that both TH mRNA and protein localize in regions of the axon that resemble nerve terminals (i.e., synaptic boutons). Analysis of polysome-bound RNA showed that TH mRNA is present in polysomes isolated from distal axons. Metabolic labeling of axonally synthesized proteins labeled with the methionine analog, L-azidohomoalanine, showed that TH is locally synthesized in axons. Moreover, the local transfection and translation of exogenous TH mRNA into distal axons facilitated axonal dopamine synthesis. Finally, using chimeric td-Tomato-tagged constructs, we identified a sequence element within the TH 3′UTR that is required for the axonal localization of the reporter mRNA. Taken together, our results provide the first direct evidence that TH mRNA is trafficked to the axon and that the mRNA is locally translated. These findings raise the interesting possibility that the biosynthesis of the catecholamine neurotransmitters is locally regulated in the axon and/or presynaptic nerve terminal.
Packaging of Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (MPMV) genomic RNA depends upon conserved long-range interactions (LRIs) between U5 and gag sequences
Authors: Kalloush Rawan M. , Vivet-Boudou Valérie , Ali Lizna M. , Mustafa Farah , Marquet Roland , Rizvi Tahir A.
Published: April 2016

MPMV has great potential for development as a vector for gene therapy. In this respect, precisely defining the sequences and structural motifs that are important for dimerization and packaging of its genomic RNA (gRNA) are of utmost importance. A distinguishing feature of the MPMV gRNA packaging signal is two phylogenetically conserved long-range interactions (LRIs) between U5 and gag complementary sequences, LRI-I and LRI-II. To test their biological significance in the MPMV life cycle, we introduced mutations into these structural motifs and tested their effects on MPMV gRNA packaging and propagation. Furthermore, we probed the structure of key mutants using SHAPE (selective 2′hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension). Disrupting base-pairing of the LRIs affected gRNA packaging and propagation, demonstrating their significance to the MPMV life cycle. A double mutant restoring a heterologous LRI-I was fully functional, whereas a similar LRI-II mutant failed to restore gRNA packaging and propagation. These results demonstrate that while LRI-I acts at the structural level, maintaining base-pairing is not sufficient for LRI-II function. In addition, in vitro RNA dimerization assays indicated that the loss of RNA packaging in LRI mutants could not be attributed to the defects in dimerization. Our findings suggest that U5-gag LRIs play an important architectural role in maintaining the structure of the 5′ region of the MPMV gRNA, expanding the crucial role of LRIs to the nonlentiviral group of retroviruses.
Έκθεσις των εργασιών του Διοικητικού Συμβουλίου από 1 Ιανουαρίου 1894 - 31 Δεκεμβρίου 1894
Authors: ΠΑΠΠΟΥΔΩΦ Αρ. , ΚΑΠΡΑΛΟΣ Κ. Δ.
Published: April 2016

no abstract
Έκθεσις των εργασιών του Διοικητικού Συμβουλίου από 1 Ιανουαρίου 1897 - 31 Δεκεμβρίου 1897
Authors: ΧΡΙΣΤΙΑΝΙΚΗ ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΕΙΑ (ΧΑΕ)
Published: April 2016

no abstract
Δωρεαί εις το Χριστιανικόν Μουσείον κατά το έτος 1895
Authors: ΧΡΙΣΤΙΑΝΙΚΗ ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΕΙΑ (ΧΑΕ)
Published: April 2016

no abstract
Αρχαί της Χριστιανικής Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας κατά το έτος 1896
Authors: ΧΡΙΣΤΙΑΝΙΚΗ ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΕΙΑ (ΧΑΕ)
Published: April 2016

no abstract
Αρχαί της Χριστιανικής Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας κατά το έτος 1898
Authors: ΧΡΙΣΤΙΑΝΙΚΗ ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΕΙΑ (ΧΑΕ)
Published: April 2016

no abstract
The Potential of Servicizing as a Green Business Model
Authors: Agrawal Vishal V. , Bellos Ioannis
Published: April 2016

It has been argued that servicizing business models, under which a firm sells the use of a product rather than the product itself, are environmentally beneficial. The main arguments are as follow. First, under servicizing the firm charges customers based on the product usage. Second, the quantity of products required to meet customer needs may be smaller because the firm may be able to pool customer needs. Third, the firm may have an incentive to offer products with higher efficiency. Motivated by these arguments, we investigate the economic and environmental potential of servicizing business models. We endogenize the firm’s choice between a pure sales model, a pure servicizing model, and a hybrid model with both sales and servicizing options; the pricing decisions; and the resulting customer usage. We consider two extremes of pooling efficacy, i.e., no pooling versus strong pooling. We find that under no pooling servicizing leads to higher environmental impact due to production but lower environmental impact due to use. In contrast, under strong pooling, when a hybrid business model is more profitable, it is also environmentally superior. However, a pure servicizing model is environmentally inferior for high production costs because it leads to a larger production quantity even under strong pooling. We also examine the product efficiency choice and find that the firm offers higher efficiency products only under servicizing models with strong pooling.

This paper was accepted by Serguei Netessine, operations management.
The EU referendum: Implications for the NHS
Authors: Timmins Nick
Published: April 2016

With the EU referendum upcoming, Nick Timmins, senior fellow at the Institute for Government and the King's Fund, considers the potential effects on healthcare
Defer, delegate or ditch!
Authors: Oshikanlu Ruth
Published: April 2016

What is your work schedule like? Are you struggling to fit in everything you want to do in your working day? Do you wish you had more hours in your working day?
Tomorrow's Child exhibition: The first 1001 days
Authors: Hanley Jane
Published: April 2016

Tomorrow's Child is a groundbreaking exhibition bringing together the art and the science of pregnancy, and the first 2 years of life.
Gender dysphoria in children and the role of the health visitor
Authors: Greenfield Heather
Published: April 2016

Society defines children as ‘boy’ or ‘girl’ based on their genital appearance at birth. For most, the fixed gender identity option of boy or girl, typically associated with the assigned sex of ‘male’ or ‘female’, causes little or no discomfort, and the possibility of incongruence between assigned sex and gender identity is rarely raised. However, many people, including children, feel that their assigned sex at birth does not reflect their gender identity. The terms ‘gender’ and ‘sex’ are commonly used interchangeably and, like ‘sex’, gender has traditionally been viewed as a binary concept, in this case, either boy/man or girl/woman. This article will discuss gender dysphoria and why awareness of this condition matters for health visitors.
The health visitor contribution to the parent/health visitor relationship
Authors: Bidmead Christine , Cowley Sarah , Grocott Patricia
Published: April 2016

This paper, the third in a series of five, presents selected data from a qualitative study undertaken to identify measureable indicators of the parent/health visitor (HV) relationship, focusing on the HV contribution to that relationship. Data from both HVs and parents reveal the importance of the HV's qualities, characteristics and relational skills. These are discussed with reference to existing literature and research.
La sobreexplotación de acuíferos y los planes de ordenación hidráulica en la cuenca del río Vinalopó, Alicante
Authors: Bru Ronda Concepción
Published: April 2016

La cuenca del río Vinalopó,con un desarrollo de 1.705 km2, abarca gran porción del límite suroccidental de la provincia de Alicante. Se incluyen en ella 24 municipios, con un total de 384.406 habitantes desigualmente distribuidos. La penuria hídrica, los altos índices de aridez y la extrema irregularidad de los módulos fluviales determinan unas condiciones limitativas para el mantenimiento de una gran riqueza creada. Aspectos mayorados en los últimos años con la aparición de fenómenos de sobreexplotación de los acuíferos profundos de la cuenca, que abastecían a una gran parte del territorio. La Administración Hidráulica inició en esta situación las declaraciones provisionales de sobreexplotación de los acuíferos de la Sierra de Crevillente y de Jumilla-Villena. Estas acciones se inscriben en una fase transitoria y preliminar a la aprobación del Plan Hidrológico. Limitaciones de tipo jurídico y consuetudinario aún no resueltas, así como la propia gravedad de la «situación terminal» de estos acuíferos, que implica otras acciones correctoras no estrictamente ligadas a la ordenación de las extracciones, definen la complejidad en la que se mueven las soluciones al problema hidráulico de la cuenca y al futuro desarrollo que de él depende.
Contrapuntos en la agricultura de Galicia
Authors: Torres Luna María Pilar de
Published: April 2016

Galicia gets individualized in the context of the Spanish countrycide ar being a unique space, both for its working population ar well as for the high number of cultivations found in it. The cattle-raising is the most important activity in the agricultural domain. Besider cattle then are ‘islands” of evolutioned agriculture, modernized and commercialized, that provide hign yields and benefits. On the other hand, the largest spaces are dedicated to fodder cultivations, following in importance maize, potato, cereal and vine. This article deals with some of those interverting contrasts in the galician agriculture.
Inmigración en el litoral norte de la provincia de Alicante: Denia y Villajoyosa al término de la Guerra Civil
Authors: Gómez López José Daniel , Sebastiá Llinares Consuelo
Published: April 2016

La inmigración en las respectivas cebeceras de la Marina y el Marquesat de Denia (provincia de Alicante), según el análisis de los Padrones Municipales de Habitantes de 1940 y 1945, denota la gran importancia que tiene el criterio de la vecindad geográfica, tanto a nivel comarcal como provincial. Son los municipios de las propias comarcas más cercanos los que dan los aportes más importantes, y lo mismo sucede a nivel provincial, con las comarcas limítrofes a los espacios que se estudian. Frente a esta corriente tradicional, con presencia de efectivos cuya llegada se ha rastreado hasta finales del s. XIX, existe otro contingente de refugiados durante la Guerra Civil (años 1937 y 1938), que, según Listas Nominativas conservadas en el Archivo Municipal dianense —para Villajoyosa no se han encontrado listados homólogos—, proceden del Centro de la Península, Andalucía y provincias levantinas principalmente.
Las salinas del mediodía alicantino a fines de la Edad Media
Authors: Hinojosa Montalvo José
Published: April 2016

Valencian salt, which during the Middle Ages was considered a royal prerogative, was principally found in the salt flats along the southern cost of Alicante, especially in the area known as La Mata. The leasing of the rights to exploit these flats was an important source of income for the Bailia of Orihuela, and the Santangel family was one of the most important leaseholders. The exportation of Valencian salt to Italian ports was clearly monopolized by the Genoese.
El aeropuerto de El Altet y sus perspectivas de futuro
Authors: Matarredona Coll Enrique
Published: April 2016

Los objetivos del presente trabajo son dos: en principio, se pretende analizar los parámetros que definen en la actualidad al tráfico aéreo y sus perspectivas de futuro, y a continuación, se realiza un diagnóstico sobre el pasado, presente y futuro del aeropuerto de El Altet en el que el autor propone una serie de reflexiones y consideraciones tendentes a dinamizar una infraestructura que debe ser considerada como pieza fundamental para el mantenimiento y posterior desarrollo del sector turístico alicantino.
The Use of Collage and Assemblage in Donald Barthelme's Stories
Authors: Gómez Reus Teresa
Published: April 2016

Tradilionally the structural analysis of a work of fiction concerns itself with elements of plotted narrative and sequence. Barthelme's fiction, however, is a fiction which lacks or subverts many of the traditional principles. This paper tries to explore Barthelme's individual use of collage and montage in Come Back, Dr. Caligari and in Unspeakable Practices, Unnatural Acts. In these two works Barthelme uses the juxtaposition of fragments as a device to question the role of language and literature and to mock the absurdities and inadequacies of contemporary society.
Lyric compression in the stories of Katherine Mansfield
Authors: Hughes Brian
Published: April 2016

This paper begins by stressing the need for a more critical approach to the work of Katherine Mansfield, accounts of which tend often to rely on purely biographical material. After discussing the relative failure of In a German Pension, which is attributed to a want of focus in the narrative point of view, the essay goes on to suggest that, in the later work, the twin techniques of highlighting and epiphany (the privileging of certain lyrical moments of symbolic vision) enable Katherine Mansfield to construct more satisfactory narratives in which judgements are implied rather than stated. Without denying the importance of Mansfield's personal experiences as source material, or the relatively well-documented influence of Chekhov, the paper stresses the importance in her development of early-century literary theory and practice, especially the current of Modernism as it affected the lyric in particular. It is suggested that this helps to account for the poetic nature of Katherine Mansfield's most characteristic work.
The Relationship between Henry and William James and its Repercussions on the Novelist's Work
Authors: Álvarez Calleja María Antonia
Published: April 2016

According to Henry James's biographers, there was a clear sibling rivalry between him and his brother. The young Henry could not compete with William because of his own mild character, nor accompany him in the boys' games, always presided by his eider brother. The novelist could yet remember, at the end of his life, William's insult: "I play with boys who curse and swear," while with a mixture of affection and praise, describes the philosopher in his autobiography as a distant and elusive figure -"William was always round the comer and out of sight"- and complains of never being in the same classroom, even though the difference of age was just sixteenth months. This rivalry marked the writer; hence his predilection for second sons through all his fiction: Roderick Hudson, Morgan in "The Pupil," Kate Croy, Owen Wingrave or Valentin in The American, among other main characters. Henry could not equal William's action, but he would develop his imagination and reach the summit of his career, becoming the father of the modern English novel.
Books, pens and pencils: the trials of a Victorian youth
Authors: Cornut-Gentille D'Arcy Chantal
Published: April 2016

In this survey, we have focussed our attention on the first part of the novel David Copperfield and analyzed how the child hero's natural dispositions are crushed by faulty training. Through his early schooling and youthful experiences, David gains a knowledge of the wretchedness children may suffer in the rigidly practical Victorian society which tended to regard little ones as small-scale adults. By means of the story, Dickens is clearly denouncing the excessive eagerness of utilitarians for efficiency and productiveness in education, and his protests are directed against educators, educational establishments and institutions which ignored the child's need to develop at a natural pace in an atmosphere of affectionate encouragement and happiness.
Same/mismo and other identifiers
Authors: Losada Durán José Ramón
Published: April 2016

This paper offers a contrastive analysis of the identifiers same and mismo. It begins with a discussion of the morphological and distributional features that characterize them and distinguish one from the other. The Spanish adjective has more flexibility of distribution than the English one. The notion of identification is carefully explained, defined and differentiated from that of equality or likeness. Same and mismo are the terms mostly used to express the idea of identification and, therefore, they are syntactically and semantically analysed in detail. They are compared with words of similar meaning such as like/como, equal/igual, identical/idéntico and distinguished from them. Finally, the nominalization of the two adjectives, same and mismo, is also discussed and contrasted. The greatest difference between the two substantivized identifiers are found not at the level of meaning but at the level of morphology.
E.S.P.: fact or fiction?
Authors: Crombie Winifred , Rika-Heke Powhiri
Published: April 2016

The term ESP (English for Specific or Specifiable Purposes) has been used in a general sense to refer to a wide range of very different courses—from the very specific, formulaic or semi-formulaic occupationally-oriented course (for which we use here the label RRE, Restricted Repertoire English), to the very general, open-ended academically related course (generally referred to as EAP, English for Academic Purposes). The fact that the designation ESP is used for both of these suggests that they have more in common than either has with what are sometimes referred to as GPE (General Purpose English) courses. A close examination of many EAP courses, however, reveals that they are very similar indeed to a number of higher level GPE courses and, indeed, to many courses designed for native speakers. We suggest here that, except in the case of RRE, labels suggesting that courses relate directly to specific or specifiable purposes are misleading and should be abandoned.
Literature in the teaching of English as a foreing language
Authors: Elliott de Riverol Jenny
Published: April 2016

This paper secks to examine the place of literature in the foreign language class and looks at the enrichening effect its use has, both from a cultural and linguistic viewpoint. Examples given will be mainly from personal experience gained from teaching adult Spanish speakers.
Stress and rhythm in English
Authors: Solé Sabater Maria-Josep
Published: April 2016

This paper studies the role played by stress and rhythm in English. The effects of stress on the phonetic realization of segments, the morphological and syntactic function of elements and the structuring of information in the sentence are considered. English rhythm is studied and the factors that contribute to maintain a regular stress-timed rhythm are presented. A rhythmical approach to English pronunciation is proposed, which involves the practice of pronunciation in terms of stressing and unstressing and in longer stretches of speech. Finally, some material for practising English stress and rhythm is presented.
Literature as study and resource: the purposes of English literature teaching at university level
Authors: Zaro Vera Juan Jesús
Published: April 2016

This paper attempts to examine the two main purposes of the teaching of English literature at university level in an EFL situation. The first, literature as study, is divided into two options. One is the type of teaching that considers literature as a cultural product for whose interpretation aspects outside the literary work (historical, social, critical, biographical data) must be accounted for. The other is the stylistics option, dealing with the analysis of literary texts by examining their language. The second general purpose is the recent widespread use of literature as a resource for the teaching of the English language. In our opinion, it is the EFL environment which allows the implementation of the two aims, whose goals and methods are closely interlinked, providing as well a connection between the teaching of language and literature. Some suggestions for this implementation are offered in the specific case of Spanish universities.
Heaney's poetic mind and practice: from "Feeling into words" to "The government of the tongue" and "The redress of poetry"
Authors: Abad García Pilar
Published: April 2016

This article focuses on the noteworthy intellectual and artistic coherence apparent in the relationship between Seamus Heaney's poetic mind and his work, particularly as displayed in three of his prose writings belonging to distinct stages of his literary careen From there, the article moves on to consider broadly some aspects of Heaney's poetic corpus as artistic evidence of this coherence and to appraise Heaney's position within the realm of contemporary Irish poetry.
Brian Friel: two recent "translations". The London Vertigo and A Month in the Country
Authors: Andrews Elmer
Published: April 2016

The concept of 'translation' has for long been central to Friel's art. His two latest 'translations' are The London Vertigo (1990), a version of Charles Macklin's The True-born Irishman (1761) and A Month in the Country (1992), a version of Turgenev's play. This essay offers a close analysis of Friel's latest drama, suggesting reasons for his attraction to the earlier plays, discussing the implications of the changes he has made to the original or earlier texts, and indicating ways in which these two latest plays represent a further development of his dramatic concerns.
A Bibliography of Samuel Beckett's Work (1906-1989)
Authors: García Landa José Ángel
Published: April 2016

This bibliography lists Samuel Beckett's literary works and essays, arranged in chronological order according to the date of composition of the first version. Both the English and the French versions of the works have been included, the translations being for the most part the author's own. The main Spanish translations and editions of the works are included as well. Other lists include compilations and joint editions of the works, interviews, etc.
Categories, morphological features, and slang in the graffiti of a United States Western University
Authors: Breva Claramonte Manuel , García Alonso José Ignacio
Published: April 2016

In this paper, we delineate some aspects of the language of graffiti from a corpus (250 pages) gathered in the Spring of 1991 at the Campus of the University of Colorado in Boulder. Our purpose is to examine the language of graffiti going beyond a simple grouping of inscriptions. This paper includes an outline of the social significance and categories of wall and desk top inscriptions. It covers the peculiar and idiosyncratic spellings observable in graffiti. It discusses abbreviations, acronyms, clippings, play on words, and rhymes. It contains an analysis of slang expressions such as compounds with head and drug terminology. Finally, it examines new derivational formations which will probably never acquire dictionary status and new meanings common among students. In sum, our corpus reveals that students are quite creative linguistically and graffiti amply illustrates how human speech changes and evolves continually.
Rule-breaking and meaning-making in Edward Lear
Authors: Ponterotto Diane
Published: April 2016

Nonsense seems to break many rules of semantico-syntactic compatibility and somehow managed to construct discourse. This paper discusses the work of Edward Lear, the 19th century English writer and painter in a attempt to identify some of the linguistic and psycholinguistic principles underlying the nonsense text. It claims that nonsense relies on a "fuzzy" image—not meaning, but the suggestion of meaning or a feeling of sense, which results basically from the manipulation of the phonemic and lexemic possibilities of the English language and the exploitation of patterns of redundancy, sustained by a rigid syntactic and metric structure. It also suggests a relation to strategies of child language acquisition which would on the one hand explain the popularity of nonsense and on the other hand support the hypothesis that the origin of the genre is to be sought in the nursery-rhyme tradition of English literature.
Christie Malry's Own Double-Entry: B.S. Johnson's oppositional discourse of unbelief
Authors: Crews Brian
Published: April 2016

This article points out the analogous nature of the novel and postmodernism as forms of oppositional discourse and suggests that it is worthwhile to consider the postmodernist novel as the oppositional discourse of unbelief, which contests the forms and conventions of our culture, in general, and of the novel itself, in particular, deliberately setting itself up in opposition to them. This is the case of Christie Malry's Own Double-Entry, where an analogy is drawn between the Double-Entry system of bookkeeping, which the protagonist applies rigorously to his experience, and the Grand Narratives of Christianity and Capitalism, which are rigorously applied to our own. Each is a manner of giving form and significance to existence in the same way as narrative itself tends towards a similar fallacious ordering of experience. Thus, Johnson alludes to a conceivable reality but at the same time contests the validity of the forms we use to give shape to it.
Francis Bacon's use of ancient myths in Novum Organum
Authors: MacIntyre Wendell P.
Published: April 2016

Francis Bacon's monumental work, Novum Organum, is an attempt to establish a new status for mankind. Using some of the most prominent myths —particularly those dealing with the gods Pan, Dionysius, Perseus, and Prometheus— Bacon hoped to inaugurate a new era of success and happiness for his fellow man. In Book I of Novum Organum, Bacon involves these gods and their significances, juxtaposing them with man as he might and could be. In this essay, the author examines about twenty of the "Aphorisms" in Bacon's work, showing the possible impact of the ancient god who is most appropriate for the "Aphorisms" under discussion. This article is clearly a work of utopian proportions, revealing fascinating journeys into the realm of romanticism.
Characteristics of apposition in The Great Gatsby
Authors: Seoane Posse Elena
Published: April 2016

The aim of this paper is to study the syntactic and semantic characteristics of apposition as exemplified in The Great Gatsby, a novel written by F. Scott Fitzgerald in the 1920s, which, due to its narrator's tendency to poeticize reality and to detailed description, provides a good many examples of the use of apposition in all its varieties. In the pages that follow I first establish a set of definite criteria which define apposition and then I go on to illustrate these in the appositions found in the novel mentioned above. Finally I offer a pragmatic and stylistic explanation for the author's frequent use of appositions.
Approaches to the teaching of translation
Authors: Vidal Claramonte María del Carmen África
Published: April 2016

Translation Studies have only recently begun to be considered as an independent discipline. Many questions remain unanswered. One which has not received much attention is that connected with the teaching of translation. The aim of this essay is to suggest some ideas concerning this issue, taking first into account the qualities of the translator, his social and cultural background, etc. The essay also considers the question of reading a text well and offers some suggestions for exploitation of this subject and others in the classroom.
Sonnets
Authors: Shakespeare William , Villacañas Palomo Beatriz
Published: April 2016

Sonnets XXII; CXVI; XX; XII; XCVIII; CXXXVIII; CXLIV / translated by Beatriz Villacañas Palomo
Left-dislocation revisited
Authors: Acuña Fariña Juan Carlos
Published: April 2016

The aim of this paper is to provide syntactic evidence that left-dislocated NPs (LDs) do not belong inside the structure of the sentences with which they are usually associated. It is argued here that the relationship between LDs and these sentences is merely a semantic one of co-reference and that, therefore, no formal, structural liaison exists between them. The analysis that contemplates the left-dislocated constituent as a sister of a lower clausal node inside the highest S node is consequently abandoned in favour of a discourse-oriented interpretation. According to this, left-dislocation is best seen as involving structurally independent co-referential units in discourse.
Fictional self-consciousness in Robert Coover's Pricksongs and Descants
Authors: Miguel Alfonso Ricardo
Published: April 2016

This essay reads Robert Coover's novel Pricksongs and Descants as an instance of the interchange between mimetic representation and literary self-reflexivity characteristic of postmodern novelists such as Vladimir Nabokov or John Barth. It analyses some of the short stories collected in this volume as examples of Coover's ongoing concern with the interchange between (1) our perception of the real, (2) the systems of thought by means of which we account for the flux of reality, and (3) the epistemological nature and function of literature as a vehicle for modern self-understanding. The result is not only a (literary) experiment in which the structures of the traditional, linear novel are relentlessly questioned, but also an inquiry into the possibility of tracing a clear-cut distinction between fiction and reality and, subsequently, between art and life.
Translation versus adaptation in Spain and England
Authors: Muir Kenneth
Published: April 2016

The differences between the Elizabethan theatre and the theatre of our day are so enormous that adaptations are necessary. The gulf between the English secular stage and the Catholic stage of the Golden Age makes straightforward translations impossible. Although adaptations are inevitable, they are regrettable necessities. It is better to reveal Shakespeare in his world than to believe that he is our contemporary.
The Jacobean radical picture of The White Devil
Authors: González Fernández de Sevilla José Manuel
Published: April 2016

The White Devil presents a radical vision of Jacobean times. The play becomes a dramatic reflection of the crisis which brought about a new consciousness of life and death. Thus, it challenges an old order in need of change since everything is corrupted and abused. Characters are forced to live in a world of chaos and nonsense where ambiguity and appearances are the strategies to follow. Vittoria and Monticelso know how to use them to get power and social promotion. In this way drama shows a metatheatrical potential, for it contributes to give new solutions and to shape new expectations.
Blurring focalization: psychological expansions of point of view and modality
Authors: Martínez Lorente Joaquín
Published: April 2016

This paper revises how the expansion of analysis beyond the classic perceptual facet creates problems in narratological models of focalization. The difficulties in maintaining the original ideals of "grammatical" objectivity and typological neatness are illustrated by the comparatively more problematic (or less satisfactory) reductiveness of the attempts to implement psychological distinctions. The possibility of applying Fowler's "mindstyle" and Lindemann's "mindscape", as well as more sophisticated typologies using modality (Simpson's and Dolezel's) are discussed. The analytical problems raised are illustrated by a methodologically oriented study of a story by Graham Greene ("I Spy").
Amicitia in old English letters: Augustine's ideas of "friendship" and their reception in Eangyth's letter to Boniface
Authors: Cünnen Janina
Published: April 2016

Main themes under discussions of the Boniface's correspondences are the sources for his writings and the motif of "friendship". Although these aspects have often been examined in conjunction with patristic writings, nevertheless a concrete comparison between the patristic sources and the letters to and from Boniface has not been attempted. In this article, on the basis of Augustine's Confessiones and Eangyth's letter to Boniface, I would like to demonstrate that Anglo-Saxon writers adopted not only motifs and themes shown in Augustine's Confessiones but also his theories on friendship in particular, and that he can therefore be valued as the main source of Anglo-Saxon letter-writing in general.
A relevance theory approach to the Scandinavian influence upon the development of the English language
Authors: Ruiz Moneva María Ángeles
Published: April 2016

The Scandinavians were one of the peoples whose stay in England was to affect the development of the English language in several and crucial ways. The impact of the Scandinavian language upon English, which may be studied from the perspective of the area of historical linguistics and language contact, was to be felt during the earliest stages of the development of the language, namely, the periods corresponding to Old and Middle English. However, the influence of Scandinavian upon English was not of the same nature in either of the above mentioned periods of the language. On the whole, it is admitted that whereas during the Old English period the influence may be reduced in general terms to the extra linguistic factors, its effects were to be felt more directly upon the language during the Middle English period. To give just an example, this is the case of the double system of declensions for the personal and possessive pronouns that can be found in Middle English, according to the different parts or regions of England. The aim of this paper will be to focus upon the areas in which the Scandinavian language influenced the subsequent development of the English language. Such impact was not only restricted to phonetics or semantics, but also influenced a field such as grammar. More concretely, those aspects in which the Scandinavian language has been most influential in the subsequent history of the English language will be analysed. The approach that will be followed is that of relevance theory, so as to show the ways in which the communicative balance between processing efforts and communicative effects may have caused certain phenomena under study.
Relevance and modality
Authors: Berbeira Gardón José Luis
Published: April 2016

This paper sets out to reasess some relevance-theoretic analyses of the English modals, in particular Walton (1988), Groefsema(1995), Klinge (1993) and Berbeira Gardón (1996a), and show how a unified treatment of modal verbs is possible within the framework of Sperber and Wilson's Relevance Theory. Before going through each of these proposals one by one, a summary is offered of the main theoretical assumptions common to all of them. In the last two sections, it is argued that a unified account of the English modals can be given if we assume that they encode that the state of affairs described in the proposition expressed is located in a potential world. This proposal draws heavily on Wilson and Sperber's (1988) account of non-declarative sentences.
Relevance and the translation of poetry
Authors: Dahlgren Thorsell Marta
Published: April 2016

The analysis of poetry brings up questions that are normally not asked when analysing prose, at least not in the case of descriptive prose. This study was originated in the analysis of translated poetry and touches on controversial issues where many dogmas still stand unchallenged. Poetry and poetic prose are areas where the discourse is supposed to emphasize "connotation" rather than "denotation." Connotations are supposed to be subjective and therefore not amenable to serious research activity. This paper discusses the categories of overt and covert translation and offers a tentative approximation to an application of the tools of pragmatics to the analysis of selected poems and their translations. It is contended that the concept of relevance can be applied to poetry to explain -and perhaps limit- interpretations open to readers.
Processing for relevance
Authors: Groefsema Marjolein
Published: April 2016

One of the basic claims of relevance theory is that because a communicator asks for the attention of the addressee, the addressee is entitled to assume that the communicator is trying to be relevant, and interpret an utterance according to this expectation. This paper addresses the question of what the consequences of this claim are for a model on on-line input processing, and proposes a model in which addressees interpret utterances in accordance with the principle of relevance, by building anticipatory hypotheses about the overall propositional form of the utterance. It is shown how this proposal can account for psycholinguistic findings concerning disambiguation, and for the interpretation of centre embedded sentences.
Be relevant (relevance, translation and cross-culture)
Authors: Mateo Martínez José
Published: April 2016

This paper focusses on relevance, translation and cross culture, that is, on the way addressees from different languages and cultures perceive the same messages and how these respond to the varied expectations communicators have and which have been nurtured from a wide cultural experience. Relevance theory offers the right tools to understand the way people from different cultural backgrounds react to the same pieces of information and the effects they cause on them. Using Gutt's application to translation of Sperber and Wilson's "descriptive and interpretive use of language", I highlight the importance of descriptive (covert) translation, not only in examples where the addressee's assumptions must be fulfilled even at the expense of the communicative intentions manifested in the original language but also in other instances where interpretive translation would have been traditionally preferred.
Language learner autonomy in practice: possibilities in a foreign language situation
Authors: Bocanegra Valle Ana María , Haidl Dietlmeier Anton
Published: April 2016

In this article the concept of learner autonomy is applied to the foreign language classroom although some ideas might also be useful within a second language context. It begins by approaching the different problems that a foreign language context entails. It then goes on to put forward the rationale which justifies David Little's construct of developmental and experiential learning (Learner Autonomy) as the result of both interactional and inferential input. The latter is redefined here on the basis of a pragmatic theory: Relevance Theory, first proposed by Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson in 1986. Finally, some hints aiming to foster learner autonomy inside and outside the classroom are reported after an experience with university students of English in Spain.
Charles Brockden Brown's Wieland or, fiction as an instrument of salvation in post-revolutionary America
Authors: Manuel Cuenca Carme
Published: April 2016

When in 1798 Brown finished writing Wieland or, the Transformation, an American Tale, he sent a copy of the book to Thomas Jefferson, who was then Vice President of the United States. The fact that Brown intended his text to be read for the first time by such an outstanding figure of the nation shows that he had written the novel with a clear aim in mind. Retaking Jane Tompkins's reading of the novel as a work useful in the area of national politics, I will discuss that this text is firmly rooted in the historical background of post-Revolutionary America and that as such, it is a desperate warning note on the dangers lurking within the optimistic dream of a new society. From this point of view, I read Wieland neither as an expression of Brown's preoccupation with art and artifice, nor as a symbolic representation of the universal dark side of human consciousness, nor as a battle between Calvinist pessimism and the merits of Enlightenment idealism. Neither do I read it as a political tract, but as a post-revolutionary jeremiad which encapsulates a passionate analysis on some aspects of eighteenth-century American thought and culture. Consequently, the two different sets of components —Gothic elements and explorations of social, political and philosophical questions— are made to serve one main objective: the dissection of the American mission and of the happy assurances of national self-fulfillment endorsed by the Republican ideology.
Seventeenth-century prose fiction by English women writers: primary sources and recent studies (1977-97)
Authors: Figueroa Dorrego Jorge
Published: April 2016

This is a bibliography of prose fiction written by English women in the seventeenth century. It includes sections on general bibliographies, studies and anthologies, and on the various writers involved (Mary Wroth, Anna Weamys, Margaret Cavendish, Aphra Behn, Catherine Trotter, Mary Pix, and Delarivier Manley), each divided into primary and secondary sources.
The "wooden substitute" in Graham Swift's The Son, or the futher step in the de-familiarizing transition from modernism to postmodernism
Authors: Aguilar Osuna Juan Jesús
Published: April 2016

Graham Swift, as a postmodernist writer, partakes of the ontological defamiliarizing spirit that has become "the dominant" in the literature of the second half of the twentieth century. His short story The Son is a micro-scale version of the way in which he -by exploring problematic family bonds, most of them non-biological parent-child correspondences- literally de-familiarizes in his longer works the artificiality of the referential relationship that is assumed to exist between a supposedly objective reality and man's representation/creation of it. In this way, translating family relationships into referential bonds between signs and their referents, The Son can be approached as an allegorical dramatization of a further development in the consciousness of defamiliarization that helps to trace a transitional movement from modernism to postmodernism. This awareness of the hiatus in referential bonds and of its further implications may not be pleasant for everybody, but it is definitely liberating.
Relevance theory, humour, and the narrative structure of humorous novels
Authors: Larkin Galiñanes Cristina
Published: April 2016

Recent work on the application of relevance theory to humorous speech-acts (jokes) defines these as being characterised by an increased demand in processing effort for the attainment of maximum contextual effects. This increase, however, is limited to the resolution of incongruities typically presented in this sort of utterance. Humorous novels, because of their greater length, are rather more complex, and base the process of incongruity-resolution largely on an interplay of internal coherence established by the use of strong implicatures in the depiction of character, and external incongruity established on the level of the narrator's appeal to the reader's encyclopaedic knowledge. The use of strong implicatures, which characterises these works and seems necessary for the sustained creation of humour, would probably explain the fact that they are intuitively and almost invariably considered third-class literature, since "good" literature, according to relevance theory, is characterised by a complexity and multiplicity of contextual effects produced fundamentally by the use of weak implicature.
The translatability of metaphor in LSP: application of a decision-making model
Authors: Fuertes Olivera Pedro Antonio , Velasco Sacristán Marisol
Published: April 2016

The pragmatic approach to translation implies the consideration of translation as a useful test case for understanding the role of language in social life. Under this view this article analyses the decision-making stage translators go through in the course of formulating a TT. Hence this article contributes both to enhance the status of translation theory and to explain some of the decisions taken by the Spanish translators of three English Manuals of Economics. In short, we have argued that the use of a 'maximax' strategy for translating English metaphors as Spanish similarity-creating metaphors can be attributed to subjective factors, especially to the translators' cognitive system, their knowledge bases, the task specification, and the text type specific problem space. As a result, we have also claimed that proposals for translating microtextual problems —for example, metaphors — can benefit from the study of the above-mentioned subjective factors since they allow or inhibit the translators' choices in the decision-making stage of the translation process.
Translating the world: differences and common core in culturally-determined vocabulary
Authors: Inchaurralde Besga Carlos
Published: April 2016

Content vocabulary may have different connotative values and different denotational meanings in different languages according to cultural idiosyncracy, manifested in culture-specific "key" meanings and culture-related scripts. Our claim here is that, even in all these cases involving the use of background knowledge with culturally-determined differences in different languages, there is still room for transfer of a core meaning, which makes translation possible and allows transcultural communication. This fact is illustrated by examining some words related to the term 'freedom' in English which are claimed not to be equivalent across languages.
Searching for some relevance answers to the problems raised by the translation of irony
Authors: Ruiz Moneva María Ángeles
Published: April 2016

Even though the approaches and definitions of irony have not been historically homogeneous, it has generally been argued that it implies a certain discrepancy in meaning, be it between what is said and what is meant, or between attitudes such as blame and praise, to refer only to some of the most recurrent tendencies. Moreover, recent literary and pragmatic views on the interpretation of irony seem to have agreed upon the role played by inference, thus stressing the fact that traditional models of communication fall short to account for the dexterity of possible meanings that may be conveyed by such a proteic resource. It may be said that the inferentially based relevance approach to communication has been offering fruitful insights into the understanding of irony. Thus, the relevance studies on irony go back in time more than twenty years so far, and new proposals keep on being put forward (1978-). However, perhaps not so many suggestions have been made on the problems and possible recurrent traits in the translation of irony. The present paper sets out to explore some of the problems that have been traced in the translation of irony. The relevance analyses of irony and of translation will then be sketched, with a view to testing whether the relevance proposals on communication and translation can shed some light upon these issues.
Cognitive semantics and axiology: a new proposal to study metaphor in economics advertising discourse
Authors: Cortés de los Ríos María Enriqueta
Published: April 2016

In this paper, we provide the groundwork for an analysis of metaphor from the point of view of cognitive linguistics. This study attempts to show an interpretation of metaphor which is different from a mere comparison or substitution function and is by no means a deviant or marginal process. We refer to metaphor not only as a matter of language but also as one of thought, that is, in the way we conceptualize one mental domain in terms of another. The specific focus is to analyse the metaphors used in advertising to transfer values to a banking institution. As a result, we aim to demonstrate that cognitive semantics and axiology are closely related.