bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Meta‐analysis of the effects of venous super‐drainage in deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flaps for breast reconstruction
Authors: Pignatti Marco , Pinto Valentina , Giorgini Federico A. , Lozano Miralles Maria Elisa , Cannamela Giacomo , D'Arpa Salvatore , Cipriani Riccardo , De Santis Giorgio
Published: November 2020

Introduction

Venous congestion is the most common vascular complication of the deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEP) flaps. Adding a second venous drainage by anastomosing a flap vein and a recipient vein (super‐drainage) is considered the solution of choice. Evidence to support this procedure, had not yet been confirmed by an analysis of the literature. We aimed to provide this evidence.

Materials and methods

We searched the literature (MedLine, Scopus, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar), for studies discussing venous congestion and venous super‐drainage in DIEP flap for breast reconstruction. Thirteen of the 35 articles compared results between one or two venous anastomoses. Meta‐analysis was performed following PRISMA guidelines. Pooled risk ratio (RRs) for congestion, fat necrosis, partial necrosis, and total necrosis with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using a fixed‐effect model with the Mantel–Haenszel method. The need to return to surgery (95% CI) was estimated with a random effect model using the DerSimonian and Liard method.

Results

We showed a statistically significant advantage of super‐drainage to reduce the venous congestion of the flap (RR: 0.12, 95% CI: 0.04–0.34, p‐value <.001), partial flap necrosis (RR: 0.50, 95% CI: 0.30–0.84, p‐value .008), total flap necrosis (RR: 0.31, 95% CI: 0.11–0.85, p‐value .023), and the need to take the patient back to surgery for perfusion‐related complications (RR: 0.45, 95% CI: 0.21–0.99, p value .048).

Conclusions

Performing a second venous anastomosis between the SIEV and a recipient vein (venous superdrainage) reduces venous congestion and related complications in DIEP flaps for breast reconstruction.
Evaluation of multislice inputs to convolutional neural networks for medical image segmentation
Authors: Vu Minh H. , Grimbergen Guus , Nyholm Tufve , Löfstedt Tommy
Published: November 2020

Purpose

When using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for segmentation of organs and lesions in medical images, the conventional approach is to work with inputs and outputs either as single slice [two‐dimensional (2D)] or whole volumes [three‐dimensional (3D)]. One common alternative, in this study denoted as pseudo‐3D, is to use a stack of adjacent slices as input and produce a prediction for at least the central slice. This approach gives the network the possibility to capture 3D spatial information, with only a minor additional computational cost.

Methods

In this study, we systematically evaluate the segmentation performance and computational costs of this pseudo‐3D approach as a function of the number of input slices, and compare the results to conventional end‐to‐end 2D and 3D CNNs, and to triplanar orthogonal 2D CNNs. The standard pseudo‐3D method regards the neighboring slices as multiple input image channels. We additionally design and evaluate a novel, simple approach where the input stack is a volumetric input that is repeatably convolved in 3D to obtain a 2D feature map. This 2D map is in turn fed into a standard 2D network. We conducted experiments using two different CNN backbone architectures and on eight diverse data sets covering different anatomical regions, imaging modalities, and segmentation tasks.

Results

We found that while both pseudo‐3D methods can process a large number of slices at once and still be computationally much more efficient than fully 3D CNNs, a significant improvement over a regular 2D CNN was only observed with two of the eight data sets. triplanar networks had the poorest performance of all the evaluated models. An analysis of the structural properties of the segmentation masks revealed no relations to the segmentation performance with respect to the number of input slices. A post hoc rank sum test which combined all metrics and data sets yielded that only our newly proposed pseudo‐3D method with an input size of 13 slices outperformed almost all methods.

Conclusion

In the general case, multislice inputs appear not to improve segmentation results over using 2D or 3D CNNs. For the particular case of 13 input slices, the proposed novel pseudo‐3D method does appear to have a slight advantage across all data sets compared to all other methods evaluated in this work.
Multi‐shot acquisitions for stimulus‐evoked spinal cord BOLD fMRI
Authors: Barry Robert L. , Conrad Benjamin N. , Maki Satoshi , Watchmaker Jennifer M. , McKeithan Lydia J. , Box Bailey A. , Weinberg Quinn R. , Smith Seth A. , Gore John C.
Published: November 2020

Purpose

To demonstrate the feasibility of 3D multi‐shot magnetic resonance imaging acquisitions for stimulus‐evoked blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in the human spinal cord in vivo.

Methods

Two fMRI studies were performed at 3T. The first study was a hypercapnic gas challenge where data were acquired from healthy volunteers using a multi‐shot 3D fast field echo (FFE) sequence as well as single‐shot multi‐slice echo‐planar imaging (EPI). In the second study, another cohort of healthy volunteers performed an upper extremity motor task while fMRI data were acquired using a 3D multi‐shot acquisition.

Results

Both 2D‐EPI and 3D‐FFE were shown to be sensitive to BOLD signal changes in the cervical spinal cord, and had comparable contrast‐to‐noise ratios in gray matter. FFE exhibited much less signal drop‐out and weaker geometric distortions compared to EPI. In the motor paradigm study, the mean number of active voxels was highest in the ventral gray matter horns ipsilateral to the side of the task and at the spinal level associated with innervation of finger extensors.

Conclusions

Highly multi‐shot acquisition sequences such as 3D‐FFE are well suited for stimulus‐evoked spinal cord BOLD fMRI.
Perceived Constraints and Negotiations to Trout Fishing in Georgia Based on Angler Specialization Level
Authors: TenHarmsel Hailey J. , Boley B. Bynum , Irwin Brian J. , Jennings Cecil A.
Published: November 2020

Anglers face constraints that influence participation and dropout rates. Some recreational anglers may be able to negotiate constraints by altering the timing or frequency of participation, acquiring new skills, or modifying nonrecreational aspects such as family or work responsibilities. We consider data collected via a mail survey from Georgia-resident trout license holders to identify both perceived constraints and strategies used to negotiate them. To capture variation among anglers, survey responses were grouped by level of angler specialization using K-means cluster analysis, which resulted in a three-cluster solution of most, moderately, and least specialized anglers. Analyses of variance were used to detect potential differences among the three specialization clusters. Tests revealed that the least specialized anglers experienced constraints more intensely than the most or moderately specialized anglers. Likewise, least specialized anglers were less able to negotiate constraints when compared to the most or moderately specialized anglers. However, the least specialized anglers used negotiation strategies involving overcoming perceived lack of skill more intensely than their counterparts. The most intensely experienced constraints overall were lack of time due to work or family obligations and distance to Georgia’s trout waters from home. The most intensely used negotiation strategies overall were “learn to enjoy being outside and stress less about catching fish” and “encourage family or friends to go fishing with me.” This research benefits fishery managers by providing a method of identifying angling groups that perceive more constraints and are less likely to overcome these constraints through constraint negotiation strategies. With this information, managers may choose to tailor efforts towards reducing constraints for angling groups that have low participation and may drop out of the activity all together.
A multipoint stress mixed finite element method for elasticity on quadrilateral grids
Authors: Ambartsumyan Ilona , Khattatov Eldar , Nordbotten Jan Martin , Yotov Ivan
Published: November 2020

We develop a multipoint stress mixed finite element method for linear elasticity with weak stress symmetry on quadrilateral grids, which can be reduced to a symmetric and positive definite cell centered system. The method utilizes the lowest order Brezzi–Douglas–Marini finite element spaces for the stress and the trapezoidal quadrature rule in order to localize the interaction of degrees of freedom, which allows for local stress elimination around each vertex. We develop two variants of the method. The first uses a piecewise constant rotation and results in a cell‐centered system for displacement and rotation. The second uses a continuous piecewise bilinear rotation and trapezoidal quadrature rule for the asymmetry bilinear form. This allows for further elimination of the rotation, resulting in a cell‐centered system for the displacement only. Stability and error analysis is performed for both methods. First‐order convergence is established for all variables in their natural norms. A duality argument is employed to prove second order superconvergence of the displacement at the cell centers. Numerical results are presented in confirmation of the theory.
Discovery of Benzyl Tetraphosphonate Derivative as Inhibitor of Human Factor Xia
Authors: Kar Srabani , Mottamal Madhusoodanan , Al‐Horani Rami A.
Published: November 2020

The inhibition of factor XIa (FXIa) is a trending paradigm for the development of new generations of anticoagulants without a substantial risk of bleeding. In this report, we present the discovery of a benzyl tetra‐phosphonate derivative as a potent and selective inhibitor of human FXIa. Biochemical screening of four phosphonate/phosphate derivatives has led to the identification of the molecule that inhibited human FXIa with an IC50 value of ∼7.4 μM and a submaximal efficacy of ∼68 %. The inhibitor was at least 14‐fold more selective to FXIa over thrombin, factor IXa, factor Xa, and factor XIIIa. It also inhibited FXIa‐mediated activation of factor IX and prolonged the activated partial thromboplastin time of human plasma. In Michaelis‐Menten kinetics experiment, inhibitor 1 reduced the VMAX of FXIa hydrolysis of a chromogenic substrate without significantly affecting its KM suggesting an allosteric mechanism of inhibition. The inhibitor also disrupted the formation of FXIa – antithrombin complex and inhibited thrombin‐mediated and factor XIIa‐mediated formation of FXIa from its zymogen factor XI. Inhibitor 1 has been proposed to bind to or near the heparin/polyphosphate‐binding site in the catalytic domain of FXIa. Overall, inhibitor 1 is the first benzyl tetraphosphonate small molecule that allosterically inhibits human FXIa, blocks its physiological function, and prevents its zymogen activation by other clotting factors under in vitro conditions. Thus, we put forward benzyl tetra‐phosphonate 1 as a novel lead inhibitor of human FXIa to guide future efforts in the development of allosteric anticoagulants.
Validation and comparisons of NaOH and Na4P2O7 extraction methods for the characterization of organic amendments
Authors: Audette Yuki , Longstaffe James G. , Gillespie Adam W. , Smith D. Scott , Voroney R. Paul
Published: November 2020

The objectives of this study are to compare the chemical properties of organic matter (OM) in alkaline extracts of turkey litter compost, source‐separated organic compost, and biosolid pellets, and to validate the use of humic acids (HAs) for analyzing the functionality (i.e., the ability to complex with nutrients) of OM. The humic fractions, including (HAs), fulvic acids (FAs), and alkaline nondissolved fraction (humin), were isolated either with NaOH or Na4P2O7 (PyroP) and the chemical properties were analyzed by solid‐state 13C NMR spectroscopy. The study showed that the proportions of each functional group of the combination of HAs, FAs, and humin were essentially identical to that of their HCl‐treated original materials, except for a lower recovery of O‐alkyl groups. Although the yield of HAs extracted with PyroP was lower than that with NaOH, their spectral characteristics were not significantly different. The functionality of the OM, assuming a correlation with the sum of the proportions of carboxyl and phenolic groups, was higher in both HAs and FAs than that in humin. Based on the proportion and functionality of the HAs in the OM, we conclude that the use of HAs extracted with either NaOH or PyroP is valid for studies of OM functionality. The study also shows that the functionality and stability of OM are highly source dependent. We predict that amendments of the more humified turkey litter compost would have higher potential to increase SOM levels and retain nutrients compared with the source‐separated organic compost and biosolid pellets.
Evaluating interactional competence in interview and paired discussion tasks: A rater cognition study
Authors: Vo Sonca
Published: November 2020

Studies of interaction in speaking assessment have highlighted problems regarding the unequal distribution of interaction patterns in different task types. However, little attempt has been made to include both verbal and nonverbal interaction features elicited in the tasks. Therefore, this study examined the elicitation of verbal and nonverbal interaction in different task types by investigating which types of interaction features raters noticed when rating interaction across interview and paired discussion tasks. The study analyzed the use of interaction features in 32 verbal reports from four raters who commented on interaction features that affected their judgment. The findings of the study suggest that both verbal and nonverbal communication contributed to interactional effectiveness. The study also revealed that test‐takers seem to have more opportunities to demonstrate their interactional ability in paired task formats than in interview formats. Pedagogical implications are also provided.
Is it worth teaching vocabulary?
Authors: Nation Paul
Published: November 2020

Most teachers are concerned about the teaching of vocabulary. However, it is much more effective to focus on the ways in which vocabulary can be learned. This article looks at the jobs of the teacher, which include, in order of importance, (1) designing a balanced course, (2) organizing classroom work and homework, (3) training the learners in how to learn, (4) testing, and (5) teaching vocabulary. These jobs apply to the learning of vocabulary through independent study and learning through language use. There is a brief description of the author’s ideal vocabulary learning program, which includes a balance of learning opportunities.
Aero‐hydro‐servo‐elastic coupling of a multi‐body finite‐element solver and a multi‐fidelity vortex method
Authors: Ramos‐García Néstor , Sessarego Matias , Horcas Sergio González
Published: November 2020

The manuscript presents a novel aero‐hydro‐servo‐elastic coupling framework, MIRAS‐HAWC2. In this coupling, the wind turbine blades and rotor‐wake aerodynamics are modeled using a modified lifting‐line theory which accounts for blade curvature, combined with a hybrid vortex method. The wind turbine structure and foundation are modeled using a finite‐element and multi‐body system approach. Last, hydrodynamics are modeled using Airy wave theory together with Morison's equation. An initial assessment of the performance of the aeroelastic coupling framework has been performed for steady rotor‐only cases, assuming laminar inflow without shear. This included a comparison against fully resolved computational fluid dynamics, for both stiff and flexible blades showing an excellent agreement. In a second stage, the aero‐hydro‐servo‐elastic coupling is used, comparing MIRAS‐HAWC2 as well as blade‐element momentum‐based simulations with selected results from the Offshore Code Comparison Collaboration projects (OC3 and OC4), which study the NREL 5 MW turbine mounted on different offshore support structures. A good agreement has been obtained for the simulations of a monopile with rigid foundation, a tripod, and jacket support structures.
Partisanship in Initial State Responses to the COVID‐19 Pandemic
Authors: Gusmano Michael K. , Miller Edward Alan , Nadash Pamela , Simpson Elizabeth J.
Published: November 2020

In this article, we review state policy responses to the COVID‐19 pandemic and argue that they were driven primarily by partisan politics. Preliminary evidence suggests that the party affiliation of a state's Governor was the most important factor shaping the nature and timing of the response. In particular, we find that Republican Governors were less likely than their Democratic counterparts to issue stay‐at‐home orders and, when they did issue them, were slower to do so. This finding is consistent with a recent trend in U.S. health policy toward vertical partisan coalitions in which state leaders align their policies with national party leaders even when those decisions may not be in the best interest of their states or supported by a majority of their constituents. In this case, however, since President Trump's response to the outbreak has been inconsistent, many Republican Governors appear to be aligning their COVID‐19 responses with the national party's perceived rhetorical and electoral enhancing goals of personal freedom and economic growth/recovery, rather than with President.
Clean Energy Technology for the Mitigation of Climate Change: African Traditional Myth
Authors: Airoboman Abel Ehimen , Airoboman Patience Ose , Airoboman Felix Ayemere
Published: November 2020

The global Anticipated Energy Transition Period (AETP) is one that all stakeholders must embrace with respect to curbing energy poverty, thereby addressing issues related to climate change especially in the sub-Saharan region of Africa. The region is endowed with abundant richer, cleaner, and affordable energy sources, majority of which has remained untapped due to many reasons, one of which is tied to the socio-cultural traditional beliefs and value systems of the citizens. This has forced majority of the inhabitants to continue to rely on the use of non-biodegradable materials for the purpose of cooking and many other activities. This value system, therefore, contributes to have had an adverse effect on the climate and also on the health of the citizens most of whom are women and children residing in rural areas. The outlook on the AETP, their effect on climate change, the use of Clean Energy Technology (CET) domestically, the various strata expected to come with the AETP, the socio-cultural dynamics in terms of acceptability by all (rural, peri-urban, and urban areas) is addressed in this chapter. The chapter concluded by designing a CET model that could assist in planning for the AETP and mitigating climate change.
Closing the Circle: Research and Policymaking in Education
Authors: Iftimescu Simona , Ion Georgeta , Proteasa Carmen , Iucu Romiţă , Marin Elena , Stîngu Mihaela
Published: November 2020

This paper aims to analyse the configuration of factors contributing to research uptake in education, with a particular focus on the Romanian context. One subsequent objective is to identify mechanisms for developing better synergies, not only between educational practice and research but also between these and educational policy. In doing so, the paper argues for shared responsibility among higher education institutions and policymakers for improving the educational system. The paper relies on results from a survey administered to a selected sample of civil servants in the Romanian central administration involved in the planning, evaluation and implementation of public policies in the field of education. Our results address the mechanisms of research uptake and utilisation by the central administration (communication and dissemination strategies, clarity, access and availability of research data, policymakers’ preferences for certain research topics) and the perceived relationship between researchers and policymakers (for example, the strength and nature of the relationship, or policymakers’ general involvement in research studies). The findings of our study pave the way for an in-depth analysis of organizational factors likely to affect research utilisation: research culture and engagement with researchers; the political and managerial context likely to promote research transfer; and the financial context needed to foster quality results.
Re-Thinking an Educational Model Suitable for 21st Century Needs
Authors: Birtwistle Tim , Wagenaar Robert
Published: November 2020

How should learning in higher education best meet the challenges posed by the many changes in society and employment? If graduates are knowledgeable in a particular field of studies and are trained in key generic competences/transferable skills to allow for autonomy and responsibility, is that enough? Is it being achieved? Or are new and diverse sets of learning models (Lifelong Learning or the 60 Year Curriculum) needed? Learners must be empowered to operate as responsible and active citizens in their society and be successful participants in a dynamic labour market. Society will require continuous (re-)training to handle rapid technological and societal changes. To stay relevant as autonomous educational providers, higher education institutions will have to change their formats of learning and teaching. A revised higher education model demands a highly flexible format to cater for individualised learning pathways, based on three key components: (1) a particular field of studies (thematic or disciplinary)—the core—(2) a fully integrated set of transferable skills and (3) a large set of learning units of various sizes covering a flexible curriculum. Can it respond to five societal challenges in each component: interculturalism; processes of information and communication; processes of governance and decision making; ethics, norms, values and professional standards and the impact of climate change? Measuring and Comparing Achievements of Learning Outcomes in Higher Education in Europe (CALOHEE), an EU funded project envisages a new model. The paper will partly be based on the (initial) findings of this project. International cooperation in the context of the EHEA is essential to engage all, and make a change.
Regional Mobility in Europe: The Importance of CEEPUS Based on Hungarian Evidence
Authors: Holicza Peter
Published: November 2020

The Central European Exchange Programme for University Studies (CEEPUS) was founded more than 25 years ago with the aim of supporting the strategic role of the region by academic and further cooperation among the Central, Eastern and Balkan States of Europe. Its framework covers mobility grants for students and teachers within academic networks designed to operate joint programmes and degrees. The importance and impact of CEEPUS are less researched and highlighted compared to the European Union flagship Erasmus Programme, but its results and potential made a comeback to international political agendas and are an actual topic on policy forums. The current scheme is secured only until 2025. Therefore, this research intends to support decision and policymaking processes for future planning by presenting the outcomes of programme participation and necessary changes for improvement and to answer whether the CEEPUS is still needed besides the Erasmus+ and other mobility programs. Hungary is among the founders and one of the most important member states considering the allocated grants, the number of professional networks and mobilities—that make the processed sample representative and valuable.
S matrix for a three-parameter integrable deformation of AdS3 × S3 strings
Authors: Bocconcello Marco , Masuda Isari , Seibold Fiona K. , Sfondrini Alessandro
Published: November 2020

Abstract

We consider the three-parameter integrable deformation of the AdS3 × S3 superstring background constructed in arXiv:1811.00453. Working on the string worldsheet in uniform lightcone gauge, we find the tree-level bosonic S matrix of the model and study some of its limits.
Exploring color-octet scalar parameter space in minimal R-symmetric models
Authors: Carpenter Linda M. , Murphy Taylor , Smylie Matthew J.
Published: November 2020

Abstract

In this work we study the collider phenomenology of color-octet scalars (sgluons) in minimal supersymmetric models endowed with a global continuous R symmetry. We systematically catalog the significant decay channels of scalar and pseudoscalar sgluons and identify novel features that are natural in these models. These include decays in nonstandard diboson channels, such as to a gluon and a photon; three-body decays with considerable branching fractions; and long-lived particles with displaced vertex signatures. We also discuss the single and pair production of these particles and show that they can evade existing constraints from the Large Hadron Collider, to varying extents, in large regions of reasonable parameter space. We find, for instance, that a 725 GeV scalar and a 350 GeV or lighter pseudoscalar can still be accommodated in realistic scenarios.
Dualities for three-dimensional $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 2 SU(Nc) chiral adjoint SQCD
Authors: Amariti Antonio , Fazzi Marco
Published: November 2020

Abstract

We study dualities for 3d $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 SU(Nc) SQCD at Chern-Simons level k in presence of an adjoint with polynomial superpotential. The dualities are dubbed chiral because there is a different amount of fundamentals Nf and antifundamentals Na. We build a complete classification of such dualities in terms of |Nf− Na| and k. The classification is obtained by studying the flow from the non-chiral case, and we corroborate our proposals by matching the three-sphere partition functions. Finally, we revisit the case of SU(Nc) SQCD without the adjoint, comparing our results with previous literature.
On the Isoperimetric Inequality and Surface Diffusion Flow for Multiply Winding Curves
Authors: Miura Tatsuya , Okabe Shinya
Published: November 2020

In this paper we establish a general form of the isoperimetric inequality for immersed closed curves (possibly non-convex) in the plane under rotational symmetry. As an application, we obtain a global existence result for the surface diffusion flow, providing that an initial curve is$$H^2$$H2-close to a multiply covered circle and is sufficiently rotationally symmetric.
Efficacy of laser monotherapy or non-surgical mechanical instrumentation in the management of untreated periodontitis patients. A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Lin Zhikai , Strauss Franz J. , Lang Niklaus P. , Sculean Anton , Salvi Giovanni E. , Stähli Alexandra
Published: November 2020

Objective

To evaluate and compare the effects of laser monotherapy with non-surgical mechanical instrumentation alone in untreated periodontitis patients.

Materials and methods

A focused question was formulated based on the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, and Study design criteria (PICOS): in patients with untreated periodontitis, does laser mono-therapy provide adjunctive effects on pocket probing depth (PPD) changes compared with non-surgical instrumentation alone? Both randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials (CCTs) were included. The results of the meta-analyses are expressed as weighted mean differences (WMD) and reported according to the PRISMA guidelines.

Results

The search yielded 1268 records, out of which 8 articles could be included. With respect to PPD changes, a meta-analysis including 5 articles (n = 148) failed to identify statistically significant differences in favor of laser monotherapy for PPD change (WMD = 0.14 mm; 95% CI: − 0.04/0.32; z = 1.51; p = 0.132) nor for clinical attachment level (CAL) (WMD = 0.04 mm; 95% CI: − 0.35/0.42; z = 0.19; p = 0.850). Data on cost-effectiveness are lacking. One study reported patient-related outcome measures (PROMS).

Conclusions

In untreated periodontitis patients, laser monotherapy does not yield superior clinical benefits compared with non-surgical mechanical instrumentation alone.

Clinical relevance

In untreated periodontitis patients, mechanical instrumentation with hand and/or ultrasonic instruments remains the standard of care.
Efficient lubrication of a high-speed electromechanical powertrain with holistic thermal management
Authors: Morhard B. , Schweigert D. , Mileti M. , Sedlmair M. , Lohner T. , Stahl K.
Published: November 2020

In order to increase the power density of BEVs (Battery Electric Vehicles), high-speed concepts are being progressively developed. With increased speed, the power of the electrical machine can be maintained with reduced torque and therefore size, resulting in cost and package advantages. In the joint research project Speed4E with seven industrial and five university partners, such high-speed electromechanical powertrain is being developed and investigated. The electrical machines will run at a maximum rotational speed of 50,000 rpm in the test rig and 30,000 rpm in the test vehicle. The developed lubrication system for the Speed4E transmission aims for high efficiency and optimized heat balance, via a demand-oriented oil flow. In this context, this study investigates how an efficient lubrication system can be designed with respect to the holistic thermal management of the vehicle. Therefore, a hybrid lubrication consisting of dip and injection lubrication is realized. For the analysis and evaluation, efficiency calculations and CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulations of the oil distribution are presented.
Neutron star merger remnants
Authors: Bernuzzi Sebastiano
Published: November 2020

Binary neutron star mergers observations are a unique way to constrain fundamental physics and astrophysics at the extreme. The interpretation of gravitational-wave events and their electromagnetic counterparts crucially relies on general-relativistic models of the merger remnants. Quantitative models can be obtained only by means of numerical relativity simulations in $$3+1$$

3
+
1

dimensions including detailed input physics for the nuclear matter, electromagnetic and weak interactions. This review summarizes the current understanding of merger remnants focusing on some of the aspects that are relevant for multimessenger observations.
Using 206/207Pb isotope ratios to estimate phosphorus sources in historical sediments of a lowland river system
Authors: Tye A. M. , Chenery S. , Cave M. R. , Price R.
Published: November 2020

Purpose

Engineering and dredging strategies to manage sediment, along with river-scouring, can reveal older sediments. These present a unique opportunity to assess past sources of phosphorus (P) inputs into river sediments. We used the sediment concentrations of P, lead (Pb) and 206/207Pb isotopes to produce ‘first-order’ estimates of the source (diffuse agricultural or sewage treatment) of phosphorus.

Materials and methods

Sediment cores (n = 30) were collected from the length of the non-tidal River Nene, a lowland river in eastern England. Cores were analysed for sediment elemental concentrations and Pb isotopes. Principal component analysis and linear regression modelling were used to assess the relationships between P, Pb and Pb isotopes. Monte-Carlo simulations and boot-strapping were undertaken to estimate, with 95% confidence intervals, the source of P in these sediments.

Results and discussion

Analysis of the relationships between PTotal, PbTotal and 206/207Pb isotope ratios suggested that sediments were deposited largely prior to the phasing out of tetra-ethyl Pb (PbBHT) from petrol. Regression models showed positive correlations between PTotal and PbTotal (R2 = 0.85). Principal component analysis suggested a strong sewage treatment signal for Pb and P enrichment. In the rural upper three water bodies, little sewage treatment work (STW)-derived P was found in the sediment, a consequence of limited STW input and greater sediment transport. In the more urbanised water bodies 4–6, ‘first-order estimates’ of STW P suggest that median concentrations were 30–40% of PTotal.

Conclusions

The strong relationships between Pb and P concentrations in river water provided the opportunity to use 206/207Pb isotope ratios to calculate ‘first-order’ estimates of the proportion of P released from STWs in the historical sediment. Understanding the sources of historical sediment P can be used to assess the success of current sediment management strategies and to base further mitigation measures. Results suggest that whilst much recent sediment P is removed, the legacy sediment remains to contribute P to the water body. Thus, options regarding the practical removal of these sediments and the extent to which this would improve water P status need to be assessed and balanced against options such as further decreasing soil P or STW P stripping.
The impact of gender-stereotypical text contents on reading competence in women and men
Authors: Thums Kathrin , Gnambs Timo , Wolter Ilka
Published: November 2020

Societies have socially shared assumptions about what constitutes typically male or female attributes. Language can contribute to gender inequality by transmitting gender stereotypes. This study examines whether gender-stereotypical connotations in stimulus texts within a reading competence test might serve as a nuisance factor distorting reading competence measurements. In addition to a general factor for reading competence, we expected gender-stereotypical texts to give rise to gender-specific factors regarding the text content. The research was based on a sample of 813 adults from a pilot study of theGerman National Educational Panel Study(NEPS). A bifactor model confirmed a general factor for reading competence. However, the two gender-specific factors were not found; consequently, no substantial gender differences in reading competence for gender-stereotypical text content were observed. These findings indicate that there is no substantial impact of gender-stereotypical text connotations on the measurement of women’s and men’s reading competence.
Surface hydrophobicity: effect of alkyl chain length and network homogeneity
Authors: Chen Wenqian , Karde Vikram , Cheng Thomas N. H. , Ramli Siti S. , Heng Jerry Y. Y.
Published: November 2020

Understanding the nature of hydrophobicity has fundamental importance in environmental applications. Using spherical silica nanoparticles (diameter = 369 ± 7 nm) as the model material, the current study investigates the relationship between the alkyl chain network and hydro-phobicity. Two alkyl silanes with different chain length (triethoxymethylsilane (C1) vs. trimethoxy(octyl)silane (C8)) were utilised separately for the functionalisation of the nanoparticles. Water contact angle and inverse gas chromatography results show that the alkyl chain length is essential for controlling hydrophobicity, as the octyl-functionalised nanoparticles were highly hydrophobic (water contact angle = 150.6° ± 6.6°), whereas the methyl-functionalised nanoparticles were hydrophilic (i.e., water contact angle = 0°, similar to the pristine nanoparticles). The homogeneity of the octyl-chain network also has a significant effect on hydrophobicity, as the water contact angle was reduced significantly from 148.4° ± 3.5° to 30.5° ± 1.0° with a methyl-/octyl-silane mixture (ratio = 160:40 µL·g−1 nanoparticles).
Characterising populations living close to intensive farming and composting facilities in England
Authors: Douglas Philippa , Fecht Daniela , Jarvis Deborah
Published: November 2020

Bioaerosol exposure has been linked to adverse respiratory conditions. Intensive farming and composting facilities are important anthropogenic sources of bioaerosols. We aimed to characterise populations living close to intensive farming and composting facilities. We also infer whether the public are becoming more concerned about anthropogenic bioaerosol emissions, using reports of air pollution related incidents attributed to facilities. We mapped the location of 1,257 intensive farming and 310 composting facilities in England in relation to the resident population and its characteristics (sex and age), area characteristics (deprivation proxy and rural/urban classification) and school locations stratified by pre-defined distance bands from these bioaerosol sources. We also calculated the average number of air pollution related incidents per year per facility. We found that more than 16% of the population and 15% of schools are located within 4,828 m of an intensive farming facility or 4,000 m of a composting facility; few people (0.01 %) live very close to these sites and tend to be older people. Close to composting facilities, populations are more likely to be urban and more deprived. The number of incidents were attributed to a small proportion of facilities; population characteristics around these facilities were similar. Results indicate that populations living near composting facilities (particularly>250 to ⩽ 4,000 m) are mostly located in urban areas (80%–88% of the population), which supports the need for more community health studies to be conducted. Results could also be used to inform risk management strategies at facilities with higher numbers of incidents.
Long-term effects of intensive B cell depletion therapy in severe cases of IgG4-related disease with renal involvement
Authors: Quattrocchio Giacomo , Barreca Antonella , Demarchi Andrea , Fenoglio Roberta , Ferro Michela , Del Vecchio Giulio , Massara Carlo , Rollino Cristiana , Sciascia Savino , Roccatello Dario
Published: November 2020

IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is an immune-mediated disorder often showing elevated serum IgG4 concentrations, dense T and B lymphocyte infiltration, and IgG4-positive plasma cells and storiform fibrosis. We prospectively evaluated for 4 years 5 patients with histologically proven IgG4-RD of whom 3 had tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) and 2 had retroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF). They received an intensive B depletion therapy with rituximab. The estimated glomerular filtration rate of TIN patients after 1 year increased from 9 to 24 ml/min per 1.73 m2. IgG/IgG4 dropped from 3236/665 to 706/51 mg/dl, C3/C4 went up from 49/6 to 99/27 mg/dl, and the IgG4-RD responder index fell from 10 to 1. CD20+ B cells decreased from 8.7 to 0.5%. A striking drop in interstitial plasma cell infiltrate as well as normalization of IgG4/IgG-positive plasma cells was observed at repeat biopsy. Both clinical and immunological improvement persisted over a 4-year follow-up. Treating these patients who were affected by aggressive IgG4-RD with renal involvement in an effort to induce a prolonged B cells depletion with IgG4 and cytokine production decrease resulted in a considerable rise in eGFR, with IgG4-RD RI normalization and a noteworthy improvement in clinical and histological features. Furthermore, the TIN subgroup was shown not to need for any maintenance therapy.
Association between the CEBPA and c-MYC genes expression levels and acute myeloid leukemia pathogenesis and development
Authors: Krygier Adrian , Szmajda-Krygier Dagmara , Sałagacka-Kubiak Aleksandra , Jamroziak Krzysztof , Żebrowska-Nawrocka Marta , Balcerczak Ewa
Published: November 2020

CEBPA and c-MYC genes belong to TF and play an essential role in hematologic malignancies development. Furthermore, these genes also co-regulate with RUNX1 and lead to bone marrow differentiation and may contribute to the leukemic transformation. Understanding the function and full characteristics of selected genes in the group of patients with AML can be helpful in assessing prognosis, and their usefulness as prognostic factors can be revealed. The aim of the study was to evaluate CEBPA and c-MYC mRNA expression level and to seek their association with demographical and clinical features of AML patients such as: age, gender, FAB classification, mortality or leukemia cell karyotype. Obtained results were also correlated with the expression level of the RUNX gene family. To assess of relative gene expression level the qPCR method was used. The expression levels of CEBPA and c-MYC gene varied among patients. Neither CEBPA nor c-MYC expression levels differed significantly between women and men (p=0.8325 and p=0.1698, respectively). No statistically significant correlation between age at the time of diagnosis and expression of CEBPA (p=0.4314) or c-MYC (p=0.9524) was stated. There were no significant associations between relative CEBPA (p=0.4247) or c-MYC (p=0.4655) expression level and FAB subtype and mortality among the enrolled patients (p=0.5858 and p=0.8437, respectively). However, it was observed that c-MYC and RUNX1 expression levels were significantly positively correlated (rS=0.328, p=0.0411). Overall, AML pathogenesis involves a complex interaction among CEBPA, c-MYC and RUNX family genes.
The Four Levels of Awakening
Authors: Anālayo Bhikkhu
Published: November 2020

The early discourses present the realization of four levels of awakening as the chief purpose of mindfulness practice. A survey of the opinions of various scholars, alleging these four levels to be a later development, shows that the main arguments proposed in support of this assessment are unconvincing. The testimony provided by a comparative study of the early discourses instead conveys the impression that these four levels of awakening are an integral part of the teachings of early Buddhism in the form in which they have been preserved in the textual records. These four levels depict a gradual purification of the mind which can be achieved through the cultivation of insight based on the practice of mindfulness.
Robotic rectal resection: oncologic outcomes
Authors: Fiorillo Claudio , Quero Giuseppe , Menghi Roberta , Cina Caterina , Laterza Vito , De Sio Davide , Longo Fabio , Alfieri Sergio
Published: November 2020

Robotic surgery has progressively gained popularity in the treatment of rectal cancer. However, only a few studies on its oncologic effectiveness are currently present, with contrasting results. The purpose of this study is to report a single surgeon’s experience on robotic rectal resection (RRR) for cancer, focusing on the analysis of oncologic outcomes, both in terms of pathological features and long-term results. One-hundred and twenty-two consecutive patients who underwent RRR for rectal cancer from January 2013 to December 2019 were retrospectively enrolled. Patients’ characteristics and perioperative outcomes were collected. The analyzed oncologic outcomes were pathological features [distal (DM), circumferential margin (CRM) status and quality of mesorectal excision (TME)] and long-term outcomes [overall (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS)]. The mean operative time was 275 (± 60.5) minutes. Conversion rate was 6.6%. Complications occurred in 27 cases (22.1%) and reoperation was needed in 2 patients (1.5%). The median follow-up was 30.5 (5.9–86.1) months. None presented DM positivity. CRM positivity was 2.5% (2 cases) while a complete TME was reached in 94.3% of cases (115 patients). Recurrence rate was 5.7% (2 local, 4 distant and 1 local plus distant tumor relapse). OS and DFS were 90.7% and 83%, respectively. At the multivariate analysis, both CRM positivity and near complete/incomplete TME were recognized as negative prognostic factors for OS and DFS. Under appropriate logistic and operative conditions, robotic surgery for rectal cancer proves to be oncologically effective, with adequate pathological results and long-term outcomes. It also offers acceptable peri-operative outcomes, further confirming the safety and feasibility of the technique.
Soil erosion risk and sediment yield assessment with universal soil loss equation and GIS: in Dijo watershed, Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia
Authors: Bekele Bagegnehu , Gemi Yenealem
Published: November 2020

Soil erosion is the main drivers in the world and Ethiopia in particular. This study has been conducted at Dijo watersheds in the Rift valley Basins of Ethiopia to estimate soil erosion rate and identify erosion hotspot areas for proper planning using Geographic Information System and Universal Soil Loss Equation adapted to Ethiopian condition. 64 years mean annual rainfall data for estimating erosivity factor, digital soil map for estimating soil erodibility factor, Digital Elevation Model for estimating topographic (LS) factor, Land use land cover for cover factor detection from Ethiopian ministry of water resources. The result reveals that the soil loss ranges from 0 ton/ha/year in flat slope to 38.09 ton/ha/year from steep slopes. The average soil loss rate is 2.2 tons per hectare per year and has been classified into three erosion severity classes as very low, low and moderate. The result also reveals that most of the watershed erosion severity evaluated under very low and low soil erosion severity classes covering 97.3% of the watershed areas which is due to the effect of mixed plantation of various tree and terraces. However, moderate soil erosion in the upper parts of the watershed could be due to the inherent characteristics of vertisols, lack of vegetation cover and terraces which should be given first priority for conservation interventions. From the gross soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year sediment yields have been estimated at watershed outlet. Policy aim at keeping land productivity will need to focus to reduce low and moderate soil erosion through terracing, inter-cropping, contour farming, strip cropping, conservation tillage, mulching and biological stabilizers based on their slope range, soil type and land use type. The current finding on erosion was evaluated based on the past 10 years land use land cover scenario; therefore, soil erosion might be reduced if the current land use land cover scenario considered. Finally, the integration of USLE and GIS is an effective tool in mapping the spatial distribution of soil erosion from the entire watershed. The moderate and low soil erosion severity areas should be managed through terracing, inter-cropping, contour farming, strip cropping, conservation tillage, mulching and biological stabilizers based on their slope range, soil type and land use type. Free grazing and cultivation of steep slope(Northern parts) contributed for moderate soil erosion in the watershed should be managed by cut–carry system, limiting the number of cattle units to be grazed in the specific plot of land and leaving the marginal steep slope areas with no ground covers for natural regeneration. Finally, the current finding on erosion was evaluated based on the past 10-year land use land cover scenario. Therefore, the soil erosion could be reduced if the current land use land cover scenario is considered.
Solubility of Precursors and Carbonation of Waterglass-Free Geopolymers
Authors: Werling N. , Dehn F. , Krause F. , Steudel A. , Schuhmann R. , Emmerich K.
Published: November 2020

Geopolymers have the potential to function as an environmentally friendly substitute for ordinary Portland cement, with up to 80% less CO2 emission during production. The effect is best utilized for geopolymers prepared with amorphous silica instead of waterglass (Na2xSiyO2y+x) to adjust the Si:Al ratio. The reactivity of the precursors with the alkaline activator affects the final mineralogical properties of the binder. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the amount of different phases formed during geopolymerization and to understand the quantitative evolution of carbonation during geopolymer synthesis by determining the solubility of metakaolinite and amorphous SiO2 in NaOH at various concentrations. The solubility was studied by ICP-OES measurements. X-ray diffraction was used for qualitative and quantitative phase analysis of the geopolymers. The solubility of the precursors increased with calcination temperature of metakaolinite, reaction time for amorphous SiO2, and at higher NaOH concentrations. Partial dissolution resulted in free Na+, which is a source for the formation of carbonates in the geopolymers. Thermonatrite occurred prior to trona formation in all samples.