bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Basalt fiber reinforced polypropylene to manufacture 3D printed composites
Authors: Pelaez‐Samaniego Manuel Raul , Rhodes Kyleigh , Garcia‐Perez Tsai , Chang Yu‐Chung , Zhang Jinwen , Bakri Muhammad Khusairy Bin , Yadama Vikram
Published: June 2024

Polypropylene (PP) is one of the most used polymeric materials worldwide, either as a neat material or as a matrix for composite manufacture employing a molding process. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing is an alternative process that offers the potential for manufacturing value‐added products from PP. However, using neat PP for FDM is challenging because 3D‐printed PP warps and shrinks when cooled, and the mechanical properties of PP are poor. PP‐based composites with different fillers (e.g., glass, carbon, and natural fibers) have shown improved properties using FDM processes. An alternative filler for 3D‐printed PP‐based composites is basalt fiber (BF). The objective of this work was to assess the potential and impacts of BF as a filler for BF‐PP composites using FDM processes. PP was compounded with 15, 25, 35, and 45 wt% BF to produce filaments for 3D printing without adding any compatibilizer. Results of rheology studies, morphology, and mechanical and thermal properties of the 3D printed specimens showed that BF positively impacts Young's modulus (E), thermal stability, and dimensional stability of the composite. All composites, when processed at high shear rates (i.e., above 100 1/s), show approximately similar rheological behavior. E is almost doubled in the composite with 25 wt% BF and increased fourfold in the composite with 35 and 45 wt% BF, compared to neat PP. The Izod impact resistance of the formulations containing 35 and 45 wt% BF is ~70% that of neat PP. BF process easily and adequately reinforces PP composites manufactured via FDM.

Highlights

Neat PP's poor mechanical properties are improved by adding basalt fiber (BF).

Up to 45 wt% BF was used to reinforce PP‐based composites.

PP‐BF composites are easier to process via DFM compared to neat PP.

BF improves PP‐based composite's thermal and dimensional stability.
The anglophone crisis in Cameroon and sustainable development: A causal‐process tracing approach
Authors: Susan Enyang Besong , Matilda Agbortarh Besong , Epey Nyonsue Ebi
Published: June 2024

Armed conflict is perceived to be detrimental to sustainable development while underdevelopment is seen as the cause of armed conflict. However, little is known about the cause of the ongoing armed conflict in Southern Cameroon and its effects on the pace of sustainable development in Cameroon. This study seeks to close this gap by employing a causal‐process tracing methodology and trend analysis. The empirical results obtained suggest that there is no end to the conflict any time soon due to the divide between the Anglophone political elite, lack of international support, and repression from the government. In addition, the conflict has very minimal quantitative significant impact on the pace of development in Cameroon. By empirically analyzing the case of Cameroon, the current study lends an understanding of the causes and effects of the conflict on sustainable development and further highlights the steps that are necessary to safeguard the socio‐economic well‐being of the masses.
CuO−La2O3 Nanocomposite as a Recyclable and Eco‐Friendly, Heterogeneous Catalyst for the One‐Pot Synthesis of Pyrano [2, 3‐c] Pyrazoles
Authors: Moradi Somayeh , Safari Javad , Moradian Mohsen
Published: June 2024

In this work, the unique performance of binary acid‐base CuO/La2O3 nanocomposite as a highly efficient heterogeneous catalyst was successfully examined for the one‐pot multicomponent synthesis of pyrano [2, 3‐c] pyrazole derivatives. The strong interactions between La and Cu had a profound effect on the catalytic activity of nanocatalysts. In addition, high selectivity, easy recovery, reusability, a very reasonable price, simple preparation and eco‐friendliness are other important advantages of this nanocatalyst. The characterized nanocomposite demonstrated excellent structural and morphological properties, leading to high catalytic efficiency. Characterization using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT‐IR), X‐ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) confirmed crystallographic structure, and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE‐SEM) showed a spherical particle size of approximately 43 nm. Energy‐Dispersive X‐ray (EDX) analysis confirmed the composition of La, O, and Cu elements in the nanocomposite as 86.4 %, 13.5 %, and 0.2 %, respectively. The optimal condition for the synthesis resulted in a 98 % yield of pyrano [2, 3‐c] pyrazole derivatives under reflux with 0.02 g of CuO/La2O3 catalyst in a 10‐minute reaction time.
Efficient Visible‐Light‐Driven Aromatic Alcohol Oxidation Using PI‐TiO2 Composite Photocatalyst
Authors: Zheng Peng , Liu Jianguo , Hu Yuzhen , Zhang Qi , Zhang Xinghua , Li Song , Chen Lungang , Ma Longlong , Chen Yubao
Published: June 2024

Synthesizing fine chemicals and valuable pharmaceutical intermediates through selective catalytic oxidation of alcohols is indispensable and crucial. However, the conventional methods of alcohol oxidation have inevitable drawbacks, including harsh reaction conditions and environmental pollution. Thus, it is imperative to develop efficient catalytic oxidation systems for alcohols. Herein, we successfully synthesized a 15 wt %PI‐TiO2 composite by a one‐step solid‐state heating polymerization technique. This catalyst exhibits excellent responsiveness to visible light and demonstrates remarkable catalytic activity. Furthermore, TEMPO was introduced as a cocatalyst to construct a PI‐TiO2/TEMPO/O2 system for the catalytic oxidation of alcohols. In comparison to the individual effects of PI or TiO2, this system showcases improved catalytic activity and broader substrate applicability. As a result, the conversion efficiency of benzyl alcohol increases by 3.44 times and 2.26 times, respectively. This research not only introduces a novel approach for preparing visible light‐active PI‐TiO2 catalysts but also indicates the significance of establishing an efficient electron transfer process in alcohol catalytic oxidation.
Stable Diamine Functionalized Graphene Supported Pd Nanoparticles Showing Excellent Catalytic Activity For Mizoroki–Heck Coupling Reactions
Authors: Rana Surjyakanta , Jonnalagadda S. B.
Published: June 2024

We used a simple technique to create palladium nanoparticles on diamine functionalised graphene (Pd(0)‐AAPTMS@G) with an average particle size of 5.5 nm. Our earlier research described the Pd(0)‐AAPTMS@G material as an effective catalyst with outstanding conversion and yields for the Suzuki coupling reaction. We reported the characterisation data for Pd(0)‐AAPTMS@G catalysts previously. Here, we provide a narrative for the excellent selectivity and high yields (92–100 %) for the Mizoroki–Heck coupling product over the same Pd(0)‐AAPTMS@G catalyst. Six uses of the generated catalyst are possible without any activity loss. We also compared the catalyst characterisation for both fresh and reused catalysts.
Identification of Ajuga Iva Extracts as Potential Candidates for Antidysmenorrhea Targeting Human COX2 and PGE2S‐1 through In Vitro and In Silico Drug Repurposing Approach
Authors: Djelti Farah , Berkane Ariche , Alharbi Hanan M. , Guendouzi Abdelmadjid , Ghellai Imane , Nabil Berrahal , Belkhiri Lotfi , Brahim Houari , Tarik Chaouche , Belarbi Meriem , Cherif Fatima Yahia , Guendouzi Abdelkrim
Published: June 2024

Ajuga Iva, renowned in ethnomedicine, possesses various pharmacological properties, attributed to its diverse phytochemical profile. Despite its therapeutic potential, little research has examined the efficacy of Ajuga Iva in the treatment of dysmenorrhea, a prevalent inflammatory disorder that affects a significant number of adult women around the world, This study aims to explore the anti‐inflammatory properties of Ajuga Iva in the context of treating dysmenorrhea through a combined in vitro and in silico drug repurposing approach. In vitro assays evaluated the anti‐inflammatory efficacy of the plant extracts, revealing significant activity in inhibiting protein denaturation and heat‐induced haemolysis. Molecular docking studies identified potential bioactive phytochemicals, including Apigenin, Luteolin, Naringenin, and Quercetin, interacting with COX‐2 and PGES‐1, key enzymes in dysmenorrhea‐associated inflammatory pathways. Molecular dynamics simulations supported these interactions. Ajuga Iva methanolic extract exhibited significant anti‐inflammatory activity, as shown by its ability to inhibit protein denaturation by 80.68% at 1000 (μg/m) and heat induced haemolysis by 83.41% at 2000 (μg/m). Ajuga Iva bioactive phytochemicals showed promising interactions with COX‐2 and PGES‐1, suggesting their role in the plant's anti‐inflammatory mechanism. This research underscores the promising anti‐inflammatory activities of Ajuga Iva by inhibiting COX‐2 and PGE2S‐1, offering valuable insights for future therapeutic applications.
A Flexible Reduced Graphene Oxide‐based Paper for Supercapattery Design: Effect of Polyindole Thin Films and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
Authors: Mollamehmetoğlu Esra Atalay , Alanyalıoğlu Murat
Published: June 2024

Flexible graphene‐based paper electrodes (FGPEs) are a new class of study and the research on this electrode material has been carried out for approximately ten years. FGPEs have many advantages compared to classical solid electrodes such as being flexible, foldable, adaptable to flexible electronics, being cut, easily shaped, and effective and adjustable modification. In this work, the applicability of FGPEs modified with polyindole (PIN) thin films and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO‐NPs) to energy‐storage systems as a supercapattery design is presented, and especially the limitations of ZnO‐NPs for energy‐storage applications are revealed to inform researchers working for a similar purpose. Capacitance calculations have been performed using both cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge‐discharge (GCD) experiments. It was observed that the rGO/PIN paper demonstrated almost 30 times more energy‐storage capacity than that of the rGO/PIN/ZnO paper due to the electrochemical instability of ZnO‐NPs on the flexible electrode platform at the applied potential region in 1.0 M HClO4 solution. The rGO/PIN paper with a highly flexible property exhibited an energy density of 74.5 W h cm−2 and a power density of 2258 W cm−2 at a current density of 2.2 mA cm−2, revealing hopeful results for future modular and flexible approaches.
Acrylamide Cross‐Linked Psyllium Polysaccharide with Improved Flocculation Performance for the Removal of Microplastics from Water
Authors: Qian Dou , Zhao Jingjing , Zhai Wenna , Tang Junyue , Zhang Jianfeng
Published: June 2024

This article presents a novel material of acrylamide (AM) cross‐linked psyllium polysaccharides (PLP) derivative, PLP‐AM, which can be used as an effective polymeric flocculant for the removal of microplastics (MP) from water. PLP‐AM was produced by radical polymerization of PLP and AM using microwave irradiation instead of conventional radical initiators. The characterization of PLP‐AM was carried out by FT‐IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, intrinsic viscosity measurement and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). Polystyrene (PS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) were utilized to examine the flocculation performance of PLP‐AM. The optimum flocculation conditions were obtained by the comprehensive exploration of flocculant concentration, solution pH and temperature. In a solution with a pH 6 at 30 °C, the maximum removal percentages of PS and PVC by 60 mg/L of PLP‐AM were 92.55 % and 94.31 %, respectively, while 93.85 % of the maximum removal of PET percentage could be obtained by 80 mg/L of PLP‐AM. The results of zeta potential measurement revealed that there was adsorption electric neutralization between MP and PLP‐AM besides the adsorption bridging mechanism. These results suggest that PLP‐AM may bring an inspiration for the development of polymer flocculant to remove MP from water.
Synthesis of VO‐TiO2/VC‐g‐C3N4 Heterojunction for Improving the Photocatalytic Activity by Introducing Defect Sites
Authors: Bi Xiang , Du Gao‐Hui , Lu Jia‐Yu , Liu Zhu‐Yun , Wang Li‐Zhong , Yang Hui
Published: June 2024

Defect engineering is a proven strategy for enhancing the performance of photocatalysts. Herein, we present a new method for preparing heterojunction photocatalytic materials, VO‐TiO2/VC‐g‐C3N4, with enhanced activity. The presence of defect sites and a heterojunction structure in the catalyst gives rise to exceptional charge separation efficiency and light absorption capabilities. The synergistic effect of the heterojunction interface and activated defect sites, which act as active sites, significantly enhanced the overall photocatalytic performance of VO‐TiO2/VC‐g‐C3N4. The catalyst VO‐TiO2/VC‐g‐C3N4 exhibits superior photocatalytic activity in the NO degradation reaction: displaying 3.5‐ and 2.2 times higher degradation efficiency than VO‐TiO2 and VC‐g‐C3N4, respectively. Moreover, the nitrogen fixation performance of VO‐TiO2/VC‐g‐C3N4 is 3.8‐ and 3.1 times higher than that of VO‐TiO2 and VC‐g‐C3N4, respectively. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy capture experiments revealed that 1O2 and ⋅ OH are the primary active species in the photocatalytic reaction. The collaboration of carbon vacancy defects, oxygen vacancy defects, and the heterojunction structure created additional active sites for VO‐TiO2/VC‐g‐C3N4. The insights gained from this study offer valuable guidance for the efficient design and synthesis of VO‐TiO2/VC‐g‐C3N4 heterojunction photocatalysts, and lay a solid foundation for further research and development of such systems for large‐scale environmental remediation.
Pd(II)/LA‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Hydroarylation of Alkynoates to Construct Coumarins
Authors: Dong Shuangfeng , Li Kaiwen , Li Shuang–Long , Chen Zhuqi , Yin Guochuan
Published: June 2024

Transition‐metal ions catalyzed intramolecular hydroarylation of aryl alkynoates to construct coumarin skeletons is merited for its step and atom‐economic advantages when compared with other methodologies. The challenge is that the electrophilic cyclization of this reaction requires the strong electrophilic capability of the catalyst, which makes this methodology was seldomly developed after its early explorations. Herein, we report a Lewis acid promoted Pd(II)‐catalyzed intramolecular hydroarylation to construct coumarin and its derivatives; the linkage of Lewis acid to the Pd(II) species through diacetate bridge improved its electrophilic capability, facilitating the hydroarylation reaction happening under the neutral conditions.
The Impact of Different Catalysts on Heterogeneous Hydrogenation of Hydroxyl‐Terminated Polybutadiene
Authors: Prasad Ch. Devi Vara , Kanakaraju P. , Vinu R. , Deshpande Abhijit P
Published: June 2024

Hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) is hydrogenated using catalytic hydrogenation with HTPB as a precursor using various catalysts. The hydrogenation is carried out using iso‐propyl alcohol (IPA) and toluene as an active solvent media. The present paper used (a) charcoal, (b) palladium supported by charcoal (Pd−C), (c) palladium supported by zirconium oxide (Pd‐ZrO2), and (d) copper chromite (CC) as catalysts for hydrogenation of HTPB to study the influence on the degree of hydrogenation with respect to each catalyst. The experimental data shows that hydrogenated HTPB (HHTPB) formation is predominantly controlled by physisorption and chemical reaction with a catalyst. Various techniques like NMR, FTIR and chemical analysis are used to characterize HTPB and HHTPB. Degree of hydrogenation of HTPB is found to be higher with copper chromite when compared to other catalysts in this work. Post‐hydrogenation, no significant change in hydroxyl value and a marginal increase in molecular weight is noticed with all catalysts. HTPB and HHTPB samples are analyzed using FTIR, 1H‐NMR, and 13C‐NMR and TG‐DSC studies, and inferences are derived with respect to the change in the olefinic region, microstructural changes, molecular weight, and thermal decomposition characteristics.
Engineering Core/Ligands Interfacial Anchors of Nanoparticles for Efficiently Inhibiting Both Aβ and Amylin Fibrillization
Authors: Deng Yuzhou , Gao Guanbin , Yu Liangchong , Zhang Zijun , Zhang Bin , Li Hu , Zhang Xinyu , Shen Lei , Sun Taolei
Published: June 2024

Accurate construction of artificial nano‐chaperones' structure is crucial for precise regulation of protein conformational transformation, facilitating effective treatment of proteopathy. However, how the ligand‐anchors of nano‐chaperones affect the spatial conformational changes in proteins remains unclear, limiting the development of efficient nano‐chaperones. In this study, three types of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with different core/ligands interface anchor structures (Au─NH─R, Au─S─R, and Au─C≡C─R, R = benzoic acid) are synthesized as an ideal model to investigate the effect of interfacial anchors on Aβ and amylin fibrillization. Computational results revealed that the distinct interfacial anchors imparted diverse distributions of electrostatic potential on the nanointerface and core/ligands bond strength of AuNPs, leading to differential interactions with amyloid peptides. Experimental results demonstrated that all three types of AuNPs exhibit site‐specific inhibitory effects on Aβ40 fibrillization due to preferential binding. For amylin, amino‐anchored AuNPs demonstrate strong adsorption to multiple sites on amylin and effectively inhibit fibrillization. Conversely, thiol‐ and alkyne‐anchored AuNPs adsorb at the head region of amylin, promoting folding and fibrillization. This study not only provided molecular insights into how core/ligands interfacial anchors of nanomaterials induce spatial conformational changes in amyloid peptides but also offered guidance for precisely engineering artificial‐chaperones' nanointerfaces to regulate the conformational transformation of proteins.
Aqueous Graphene Dispersion and Biofunctionalization via Enzymatic Oxidation of Tripeptides
Authors: Barriales Kenny , Khandaker Shadman , Jain Ankit , Sementa Deborah , Nair Maya Narayanan , Wang Tong , Tang Joel , DelRe Christopher , Ulijn Rein V.
Published: June 2024

Graphene, a 2D carbon material, possesses extraordinary mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties, making it highly attractive for various biological applications such as biosensing, biotherapeutics, and tissue engineering. However, the tendency of graphene sheets to aggregate and restack hinders its dispersion in water, limiting these applications. Peptides, with their defined amino acid sequences and versatile functionalities, are compelling molecules with which to modify graphene—aromatic amino acids can strengthen interactions through π‐stacking and charged groups can be chosen to make the sheets dispersible and stable in water. Here, a facile and green method for covalently functionalizing and dispersing graphene using amphiphilic tripeptides, facilitated by a tyrosine phenol side chain, through an aqueous enzymatic oxidation process is demonstrated. The presence of a second aromatic side chain group enhances this interaction through non‐covalent support via π–π stacking with the graphene surface. Futhermore, the addition of charged moieties originating from either ionizable amino acids or terminal groups facilitates profound interactions with water, resulting in the dispersion of the newly functionalized graphene in aqueous solutions. This biofunctionalization method resulted in ≈56% peptide loading on the graphene surface, leading to graphene dispersions that remain stable for months in aqueous solutions outperforming currently used surfactants.
Enhanced Tumor Site Accumulation and Therapeutic Efficacy of Extracellular Matrix‐Drug Conjugates Targeting Tumor Cells
Authors: Chen Zhoujiang , Long Lianlin , Wang Ji , Jiang Mingli , Li Wei , Cui Wenguo , Zou Liang
Published: June 2024

The extracellular matrix (ECM) engages in regulatory interactions with cell surface receptors through its constituent proteins and polysaccharides. Therefore, nano‐sized extracellular matrix conjugated with doxorubicin (DOX) is utilized to produce extracellular matrix‐drug conjugates (ECM‐DOX) tailored for targeted delivery to cancer cells. The ECM‐DOX nanoparticles exhibit rod‐like morphology, boasting a commendable drug loading capacity of 4.58%, coupled with acid‐sensitive drug release characteristics. Notably, ECM‐DOX nanoparticles enhance the uptake by tumor cells and possess the ability to penetrate endothelial cells and infiltrate tumor multicellular spheroids. Mechanistic insights reveal that the internalization of ECM‐DOX nanoparticle is facilitated through clathrin‐mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis, intricately involving hyaluronic acid receptors and integrins. Pharmacokinetic assessments unveil a prolonged blood half‐life of ECM‐DOX nanoparticles at 3.65 h, a substantial improvement over the 1.09 h observed for free DOX. A sustained accumulation effect of ECM‐DOX nanoparticles at tumor sites, with drug levels in tumor tissues surpassing those of free DOX by several‐fold. The profound therapeutic impact of ECM‐DOX nanoparticles is evident in their notable inhibition of tumor growth, extension of median survival time in animals, and significant reduction in DOX‐induced cardiotoxicity. The ECM platform emerges as a promising carrier for avant‐garde nanomedicines in the realm of cancer treatment.
Imidazolyl Lipids Enhanced LNP Endosomal Escape for Ferroptosis RNAi Treatment of Cancer
Authors: Liu Yuanyuan , He Fengyang , Chen Longming , Zhang Yahan , Zhang Han , Xiao Junhai , Meng Qingbin
Published: June 2024

Treatments for cancer that incorporate small interfering RNA (siRNA) to target iron‐dependent ferroptosis are thought to be highly promising. However, creating a reliable and clinically feasible siRNA delivery system continues to be a major obstacle in the field of cancer treatment. Here, three imidazole‐based ionizable lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) with pH‐sensitive effects are rationally designed and synthesized for siRNA delivery. LNPs formulated with the top‐performing lipid (O12‐D3‐I3) encapsulating FVII siRNA (FVII@O‐LNP) elicited greater gene silencing than those with the benchmark Onpattro lipid DLin‐MC3‐DMA (MC3) due to its stronger endosomal escape. Moreover, Fc‐siRNA@O‐LNPs encapsulated with ferrocene (Fc) and SLC7A11/Nrf2‐targeted siRNA is formulated. The outcomes demonstrate optimal safety profiles and a significant anti‐tumor effect by inducing long‐lasting and efficient ferroptosis through a synergistic action in vivo. In summary, this work shows that imidazolyl lipid‐prepared LNPs are efficient delivery vehicles for cancer therapy and ferroptosis‐targeting siRNA administration, both of which have extensive clinical application potential.
Interfacial Accumulation and Stability Enhancement Effects Triggered by Built‐in Electric Field of SnO2/LaOCl Nanofibers Boost Carbon Dioxide Electroreduction
Authors: Li Hanjun , Huang Honggang , Huang Wenshuai , Zhang Xu , Hai Guangtong , Lai Feili , Zhu Ting , Bai Shuxing , Zhang Nan , Liu Tianxi
Published: June 2024

Constructing a built‐in interfacial electric field (BIEF) is an effective approach to enhance the electrocatalysts performance, but it has been rarely demonstrated for electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR) to date. Herein, for the first time, SnO2/LaOCl nanofibers (NFs) with BIEF is created by electrospinning, exhibiting a high Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 100% C1 product (CO and HCOOH) at −0.9–−1.1 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) and a maximum FEHCOOH of 90.1% at −1.2 VRHE in H‐cell, superior to the commercial SnO2 nanoparticles (NPs) and LaOCl NFs. SnO2/LaOCl NFs also exhibit outstanding stability, maintaining negligible activity degradation even after 10 h of electrolysis. Moreover, their current density and FEHCOOH are almost 400 mA cm−2 at −2.31 V and 83.4% in flow‐cell. The satisfactory CO2RR performance of SnO2/LaOCl NFs with BIEF can be ascribed to tight interface of coupling SnO2 NPs and LaOCl NFs, which can induce charge redistribution, rich active sites, enhanced CO2 adsorption, as well as optimized Gibbs free energy of *OCHO. The work reveals that the BIEF will trigger interfacial accumulation and stability enhancement effects in promoting CO2RR activity and stability of SnO2‐based materials, providing a novel approach to develop stable and efficient CO2RR electrocatalysts.
Liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry studies for the identification and characterization of degradation products of lobeglitazone
Authors: Mahajan Bhavna , Miniyar Pankaj , Chodankar Rahul , Mahajan Anand
Published: June 2024

The objective of the present research work was to demonstrate the application of liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) for the separation, identification, and characterization of degradation products (DPs) of the drug lobeglitazone. The drug was subjected to various stress conditions such as oxidation, hydrolysis, thermal, and photolytic degradation as per the guidelines of the International Conference on Harmonization Q1A (R2). The drug was stable under thermal stress conditions, whereas it was susceptible to degradation in the other stress conditions forming four DPs. DPs were separated using a high‐performance LC system equipped with Zorbax SB C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm particles) using isocratic elution mode. The DPs were identified and characterized using MS and MS/MS. The chemical structure and fragmentation pattern were predicted for each degradant from the data obtained by mass studies. The drug and identified DPs were assessed by in‐silico approaches for predicting absorption, distribution, metabolism, and toxicity behavior. The in‐silico tools used for prediction were the pkCSM web server, ToxTree, and OSIRIS property explorer.
The Deviant: Unruly Spaces and Errant Experiences
Authors: Angelaki Vicky
Published: June 2024

The chapter discusses spaces existing in the peri-social sphere, relegated to the marginal by means of the lives and practices they accommodate, which may be defined as outside of normative and religious codes, within the contexts of the heathen and quasi ritual. The chapter will query the role of institutional and community balances in their interactions with the eccentric, investigating the factors that render certain localities particularly desirable for and apposite to such activities, treating space not only as the physical context where the events occur, but also as a driving force towards producing these—particularly as far as natural and open-air contexts are concerned, whereby the elements are regarded as agents in their own way. The case studies are Rona Munro’s The Last Witch (2009), Matt Grinter’s Orca (2016), and Lucy Kirkwood’s The Welkin (2020).
Japanese and Taiwanese Approaches to Future Climate Displaced People
Authors: Martin Kate Hannah
Published: June 2024

This chapter aims to examine the role of climate change and environmental drivers in the migration decision-making of Pacific Islanders and to consider whether Japan and Taiwan may be a viable option for climate displaced migrants. The chapter builds on data from secondary sources to demonstrate how climate displacement is affecting Pacific Island populations and outlines Pacific Islanders’ thoughts and perspectives regarding a potentially displaced future. By delving into experiences of Pacific Island migrants who are now living in Taiwan and Japan, as well as detailing the experiences of recent refugees and the policies which affect them, the chapter shows how their observations could help to inform the migratory decisions of future displaced populations. Considering lived experiences could also help guide policymakers on how to make the climate migrants’ transition far less challenging than has previously been the case. To balance the chapter, the domestic discourse within Japan and Taiwan regarding accepting climate migrants is also considered. The chapter concludes that although both Taiwan and Japan have the capacity to accept climate displaced people from the Pacific Islands, their migratory transition is not likely to be smooth.
Asylum Seeking as Survival Strategy: The Narratives of Indonesian Work Seekers in Japan
Authors: Budianto Firman , Widarahesty Yusy
Published: June 2024

This study examines the narratives of Indonesian work seekers who have sought asylum status in Japan and explores their motives and the routes that they have taken. The qualitative data includes ethnographic fieldnotes and in-depth interviews, both in person and online, with Indonesian nationals who once aspired towards asylum-seeking status, and with Indonesians in Japan from diverse backgrounds, such as Indonesian workers and members of the diaspora in Japan, and people from related NGOs. Two major patterns emerged from their narratives. First are Indonesians who consciously aspire for asylum-seeking status on their own and are aware of the status and how to apply for it. They are usually former technical trainees. Second are Indonesians who have no choice but to apply for asylum-seeking status and are seen in this study as the victims of the migration industry. They initially received information about work in Japan from brokers in Indonesia, and, for them, asylum seeking becomes primarily a survival strategy. The study therefore argues that this type of asylum seeking is shaped by several factors, including the seekers’ personal motives, and is facilitated by external conditions both in Japan and Indonesia, such as the existence of brokers and structural factors, including socioeconomic inequalities.
From Non-existence to Unrecognised Existence: The Evolution and Limitations of Taiwan’s Hong Kong Asylum Mechanism After 2019
Authors: Chiang Min-yen , Tong Candia
Published: June 2024

During the 2019 Anti-Extradition Law Amendment Bill Movement, Hong Kong protesters faced severe police violence, followed by the imposition of the Hong Kong National Security Law by China, which eradicated political freedom. Many sought asylum in Taiwan. Despite the absence of a formalised legal framework for asylum, Taiwan has demonstrated commitment to assisting protesters with a humanitarian approach. This chapter explores Taiwan’s policy measures and their limitations.

The authors, participants in Taiwan’s assistance policies, draw on first-hand experience and interviews. The study finds that while national security is paramount for Taiwan, the lack of consensus among government departments hinders the development of a clear approach to legislation. The chapter reviews how civil society organisations played a crucial role in establishing a support system, enabling the government to create a Scheme-based assistance mechanism. Although Hong Kong protesters are not officially recognised through legal means, cooperation between the public and the third sector has led to a quasi-asylum mechanism. This research offers an in-depth analysis, benefiting from field experience, while acknowledging limitations due to its advocacy viewpoint.
Formosa as a Safe Haven? Taiwan’s Public Opinion on Potential Asylum Mechanisms and Refugees
Authors: Kironska Kristina
Published: June 2024

Taiwan—one of the most progressive countries in Asia—has no asylum law. Due to its political status and its complicated relationship with China, serious concerns surround this topic. Compounding this issue is the limited discussion on this topic within Taiwanese society, with many Taiwanese unaware of the absence of an asylum law in Taiwan, as evidenced by the interviews conducted with refugee support organisations. The lack of comprehensive social dialogue and nationally representative surveys further obscures the true stance of the Taiwanese population on the asylum issue. To address this gap, this chapter presents the findings of the first-ever comprehensive, nationally representative survey that explores Taiwanese views on the refugee issue. The survey covers various aspects: the stance on the eventual adoption of an asylum law, its potential form and concerns about it, and attitudes towards different refugee groups. While online forums may be dominated by negative comments about refugees, creating an impression of an anti-refugee attitude, the survey results paint a different picture. The Taiwanese population holds generally positive attitudes towards refugees and tends to agree that Taiwan needs a proper asylum system. However, a considerable portion of respondents remains undecided, underscoring the need for broader societal discussions on the topic.
GLP1-GIP receptor co-agonists: a promising evolution in the treatment of type 2 diabetes
Authors: Ciardullo Stefano , Morieri Mario Luca , Daniele Giuseppe , Fiorentino Teresa Vanessa , Mezza Teresa , Tricò Domenico , Consoli Agostino , Del Prato Stefano , Giorgino Francesco , Piro Salvatore , Solini Anna , Avogaro Angelo
Published: June 2024

Type 2 diabetes represents a growing challenge for global public health. Its prevalence is increasing worldwide, and, like obesity, it affects progressively younger populations compared to the past, with potentially greater impact on chronic complications. Dual glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) receptor agonists are among the new pharmacological strategies recently developed to address this challenge. Tirzepatide, characterized by its ability to selectively bind and activate receptors for the intestinal hormones GIP and GLP-1, has been tested in numerous clinical studies and is already currently authorized in several countries for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. In this context, the aim of the present document is to summarize, in the form of a narrative literature review, the currently available data on the main mechanisms of action of GIP/GLP-1 co-agonists and the clinical effects of tirzepatide evaluated in various clinical trials.
Cognitive Functioning in Youth with Anxiety Disorders: A Systematic Review
Authors: Rabner Jonathan C. , Ney Julia S. , Kendall Philip C.
Published: June 2024

Anxiety disorders are disorders involving cognition. Research on cognition in youth with anxiety can focus on cognitive content (e.g., self-talk) as well cognitive functioning. The present review examines domains of cognitive functioning (i.e., episodic memory, language, attention, executive functioning, motor skills, and visual functioning) in youth diagnosed with an anxiety disorder. A database search of Embase, PsycINFO, and PubMed yielded 28 studies that met inclusion criteria of youth aged 17 years or younger, a sample diagnosed with a principal anxiety disorder and a comparison sample of controls, a comparison between those samples, and use of a behavioral measure of neuropsychological performance. Findings did not identify any cognitive functioning strengths for anxious youth. Deficits were found in two domains (i.e., receptive language and motor skills) whereas no deficits were found in attention, visuospatial skills and one domain of executive functioning (i.e., inhibition). Most domains had mixed findings. Additional analysis indicated that anxiety disorders in youth are not associated with diminished IQ. Directions for future research are identified including (a) the prioritization of studies with larger, representative samples (b) the role of cognitive functioning as a predictor of anxiety treatment outcome (c) the examination of the effect of treatment on cognitive performance, and (d) the course of anxiety and potential impairment in cognitive functioning.
Role of microsurgical tumor burden reduction in patients with breast cancer brain metastases considering molecular subtypes: a two-center volumetric survival analysis
Authors: Bellomo Jacopo , Zeitlberger Anna Maria , Padevit Luis , Stumpo Vittorio , Gönel Meltem , Fierstra Jorn , Nierobisch Nathalie , Reimann Regina , Witzel Isabell , Weller Michael , Le Rhun Emilie , Bozinov Oliver , Regli Luca , Neidert Marian Christoph , Serra Carlo , Voglis Stefanos
Published: June 2024

Background

Advancements in metastatic breast cancer (BC) treatment have enhanced overall survival (OS), leading to increased rates of brain metastases (BM). This study analyzes the association between microsurgical tumor reduction and OS in patients with BCBM, considering tumor molecular subtypes and perioperative treatment approaches.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of surgically treated patients with BCBM from two tertiary brain tumor Swiss centers. The association of extent of resection (EOR), gross-total resection (GTR) achievement, and postoperative residual tumor volume (RV) with OS and intracranial progression-free survival (IC-PFS) was evaluated using Cox proportional hazard model.

Results

101 patients were included in the final analysis, most patients (38%) exhibited HER2-/HR + BC molecular subtype, followed by HER2 + /HR + (25%), HER2-/HR- (21%), and HER2 + /HR- subtypes (13%). The majority received postoperative systemic treatment (75%) and radiotherapy (84%). Median OS and intracranial PFS were 22 and 8 months, respectively. The mean pre-surgery intracranial tumor volume was 26 cm3, reduced to 3 cm3 post-surgery. EOR, GTR achievement and RV were not significantly associated with OS or IC-PFS, but higher EOR and lower RV correlated with extended OS in patients without extracranial metastases. HER2-positive tumor status was associated with longer OS, extracranial metastases at BM diagnosis and symptomatic lesions with shorter OS and IC-PFS.

Conclusions

Our study found that BC molecular subtypes, extracranial disease status, and BM-related symptoms were associated with OS in surgically treated patients with BCBM. Additionally, while extensive resection to minimize residual tumor volume did not significantly affect OS across the entire cohort, it appeared beneficial for patients without extracranial metastases.
Growth hormone-receptor disruption in mice reduces osteoarthritis and chondrocyte hypertrophy
Authors: Liu Huanhuan , Davis Trent , Duran-Ortiz Silvana , Martino Tom , Erdely Austin , Profio Shane , Osipov Benjamin , Loots Gabriela G. , Berryman Darlene E. , O’Connor Patrick M. , Kopchick John J. , Zhu Shouan
Published: June 2024

Excessive growth hormone (GH) has been shown to promote joint degeneration in both preclinical and clinical studies. Little is known about the effect of disrupted GH or GH receptor (GHR) on joint health. The goal of this study is to investigate joint pathology in mice with either germline (GHR-/-) or adult inducible (iGHR-/-) GHR deficiency. Knee joints from male and female GHR-/- and WT mice at 24 months of age were processed for histological analysis. Also, knee joints from male and female iGHR-/- and WT mice at 22 months of age were scanned by micro-CT (μCT) for subchondral bone changes and characterized via histology for cartilage degeneration. Joint sections were also stained for the chondrocyte hypertrophy marker, COLX, and the cartilage degeneration marker, ADAMTS-5, using immunohistochemistry. Compared to WT mice, GHR-/- mice had remarkably smooth articular joint surfaces and an even distribution of proteoglycan with no signs of degeneration. Quantitatively, GHR-/- mice had lower OARSI and Mankin scores compared to WT controls. By contrast, iGHR-/- mice were only moderately protected from developing aging-associated OA. iGHR-/- mice had a significantly lower Mankin score compared to WT. However, Mankin scores were not significantly different between iGHR-/- and WT when males and females were analyzed separately. OARSI scores did not differ significantly between WT and iGHR-/- in either individual or combined sex analyses. Both GHR-/- and iGHR-/- mice had fewer COLX+ hypertrophic chondrocytes compared to WT, while no significant difference was observed in ADAMTS-5 staining. Compared to WT, a significantly lower trabecular thickness in the subchondral bone was observed in the iGHR-/- male mice but not in the female mice. However, there were no significant differences between WT and iGHR-/- mice in the bone volume to total tissue volume (BV/TV), bone mineral density (BMD), and trabecular number in either sex. This study identified that both germline and adult-induced GHR deficiency protected mice from developing aging-associated OA with more effective protection in GHR-/- mice.
Dynamic changes of SCGN expression imply different phases of clear cell renal cell carcinoma progression
Authors: Guo Tuanjie , Wang Xuan , Wang Tao , Zhang Jian , Liu Yang , Chen Siteng , Wang Xu , Yang Xiaoqun , Wang Chaofu , Wang Xiang
Published: June 2024

The secretagogin (SCGN) was originally identified as a secreted calcium-binding protein present in the cytoplasm. Recent studies have found that SCGN has a close relationship with cancer. However, its role in the occurrence, progression, and prognosis of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) remains unclear. In this study, we utilized a mutual authentication method based on public databases and clinical samples to determine the role of SCGN in the progression and prognosis of ccRCC. Firstly, we comprehensively analyzed the expression characteristics of SCGN in ccRCC in several public databases. Subsequently, we systematically evaluated SCGN expression on 252 microarrays of ccRCC tissues from different grades. It was found that SCGN was absent in all the normal kidney tissues and significantly overexpressed in ccRCC tumor tissues. In addition, the expression level of SCGN gradually decreased with an increase in tumor grade, and the percentage of SCGN staining positivity over 50% was 86.7% (13/15) and 73.4% (58/79) in Grade1 and Grade2, respectively, while it was only 8.3% (12/144) in Grade3, and the expression of SCGN was completely absent in Grade4 (0/14) and distant metastasis group (0/4). Additionally, the expression of SCGN was strongly correlated with the patient's prognosis, with the higher the expression levels of SCGN being associated with longer overall survival and disease-free survival of patients. In conclusion, our results suggest that reduced expression of SCGN in cancer cells is correlated with the progression and prognosis of ccRCC.
Optimization of bioethanol production from sugar beet processing by-product molasses using response surface methodology
Authors: Altınışık Sinem , Nigiz Filiz Uğur , Gürdal Savaş , Yılmaz Kadir , Tuncel Necati Barış , Koyuncu Sermet
Published: June 2024

Bioethanol production from renewable biomass sources has garnered significant interest due to its potential as a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. In this study, we investigated the optimization of bioethanol production from molasses, a by-product of the sugar production process using Saccharomyces cerevisiae through Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Initially, the fermentation process was optimized using RSM, considering four independent variables: substrate concentration, pH, temperature, and fermentation time. Subsequently, the effects of these variables on bioethanol yield were evaluated, and a quadratic model was developed to predict the optimum conditions. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated a high coefficient of determination (R2) for the model, suggesting its adequacy for prediction. The optimized conditions for bioethanol production were determined as follows: substrate concentration of 200 g L−1, pH of 5.0, temperature of 30 °C and fermentation time of 72 h. Under these conditions, the predicted bioethanol yield was 84%. Overall, this study demonstrates the successful application of RSM for optimizing bioethanol production from molasses using S. cerevisiae, highlighting its potential as a promising feedstock for biofuel production.
Evolution of Farmland Abandonment Research from 1993 to 2023 using CiteSpace-Based Scientometric Analysis
Authors: Zhou Hui , Wang Jiasheng , Sun Mengzhu , Wang Jingyi , Yang Kun
Published: June 2024

Farmland abandonment significantly influences food and ecological security. To provide a comprehensive understanding of the current research landscape and evolving developments in the field of farmland abandonment, we have summarized the advancements and future trends in this research domain. This review employed CiteSpace software and incorporated geographic visualization techniques to generate knowledge maps and visually analyze literature on farmland abandonment sourced from the Web of Science (WOS) and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) core databases, spanning the period from 1993 to 2023. The findings indicated a consistent annual increase in the number of publications on abandoned farmland research. China has emerged as a significant contributor to research in this field, exhibiting a relatively large number of related research publications. The investigation on farmland abandonment spans across multiple disciplines, indicating intersections among various fields. Chinese publications predominantly focus on abandoned farmland studies within the agricultural discipline, while English publications exhibit greater interest in abandoned farmland research within the context of ecological and environmental sciences. Presently, the research hotspots in this field include the alterations in the soil properties of abandoned farmland, factors impacting farmland abandonment, the ecological impact of such abandonment, and prevention and control strategies. It is expected that future research on farmland abandonment will aim to strike a balance between ensuring food security and preserving ecological value to optimize decision-making in governance.
Physicochemical Characteristics of Silicomanganese Slag as a Recycling Construction Material: An Overview
Authors: Wong Ngie Hing , Kong Zong Yang , Sambo Ratanak , Chai Chang Saar , Khoso Ali Raza , Bamgbade Jibril Adewale , Sunarso Jaka
Published: June 2024

Silicomanganese (SiMn) slag is a by-product of ferromanganese and SiMn alloy production poses significant challenges in terms of environmentally sound disposal given its substantial volume. This brief review aims to assess the physicochemical attributes of SiMn slag and explore its potential applications in construction materials recycling. To accomplish this, we systematically evaluated 20 relevant articles, categorizing them into segments covering reutilization methods, key considerations, enhancement strategies, and the recent challenges and prospects associated with SiMn slag reutilization. Our analysis encompassed SiMn slags from five countries, revealing consistent chemical compositions characterized by SiO2, Al2O3, CaO, MnO, MgO, FeO + Fe2O3, and K2O + Na2O at similar proportions. We identified two distinct types of SiMn slag, i.e., air-cooled and water-quenched, each possessing unique physical properties influencing their suitability for reutilization. SiMn slag has been successfully repurposed into various construction materials, including cement paste, mortar, concrete, alkali-activated matrices, bricks, backfill materials, Mn extracts, and binder/cement. Several critical factors must be considered when reutilizing SiMn slag in construction materials, including cooling methods, moisture content, particle size (fineness), equipment, energy requirements, and cost considerations. To enhance the reutilization process, we propose a structured approach consisting of four key steps, i.e., incoming waste assessment, pre-treatment, physical/chemical treatment, and product development. Furthermore, this review suggests several avenues for future research, including the development of industrial-scale recycling applications, exploring environmentally friendly landfilling methods for SiMn slag, and assessing the practicality and feasibility of SiMn-slag-based products in real-world construction projects.