bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The correlation of region-specific lifestyle and subjective perception of oral health with oral health-related quality of life among Tibetan early adolescents in Ganzi: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Duan Shaoying , Tang Renjie , Zhang Chenchen , Su Qianqian , Yang Huiyu , Cai He , Hu Tao
Published: January 2025

Background

The oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of Tibetan adolescents has been largely overlooked.

Aim

This cross-sectional study examined the association of region-specific lifestyle, subjective perception, and clinician conditions of oral health with Tibetan adolescents’ OHRQoL in Ganzi, Sichuan.

Methods

The OHRQoL was measured using standardized Child Oral Impacts on Daily Performances (sC-OIDP) scores. Binary logistic regression was used to explore the association between region-specific lifestyle, subjective perception of oral health, clinician oral health conditions (gingival bleeding on probing (BOP), dental calculus (DC), and decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT)), and OHRQoL.

Results

In total, 485 Tibetan adolescents were included. In relation to region-specific lifestyle, the factors associated with poorer OHRQoL were residence altitude of 3,300 m (compared to 1,400 m), buttered tea consumption by adolescents or mother, and being a boarding student. Regarding the subjective perception of oral health, adolescents that rated bad or very bad oral health or self-reported dental pain had poorer OHRQoL. Interestingly, clinician oral health conditions were not related to OHRQoL.

Conclusions

This study underscores the relationship between region-specific lifestyle, subjective oral health perceptions, and OHRQoL among Tibetan adolescents. Addressing these factors through tailored health initiatives can play a pivotal role in improving oral health outcomes and overall quality of life in remote regions like Ganzi. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies to better understand the causality and long-term impact of targeted interventions.
A comparison of 4 histological staining methods for revealing oocyte development, atresia, and postovulatory follicles in 3 fish species
Authors: Press Yvonna , McBride Richard , Tholke Emilee , Wuenschel Mark
Published: January 2025

Gonad histology complements research on the life history of fish species and provides greater accuracy and precision than macroscopic characterization of the gonad for determining patterns of oogenesis at the cellular level and maturation at the individual level. In a fishery context, histology improves estimation of mature and spawning stock biomass, identification of spawning seasonality and grounds, and preselection of specimens for calculation of annual fecundity. However, in most studies, only a single staining method (hematoxylin and eosin) has been used. In this study on 3 taxonomically diverse species, using 4 different staining methods of varying complexity (degree of counterstaining), we compared confidence levels in identification of 8 stages of oogenesis, the presence and level of degradation for postovulatory follicles, and atretic (vitellogenic) germ cells. As anticipated, the method involving the least expensive, monochromatic stain provided the lowest level of confidence, whereas the most expensive and complex counterstaining method provided the highest confidence level, with hematoxylin and eosin staining and another simple counterstaining method in between them. The effect of staining method was most evident for identifying cortical alveoli, which can affect estimation of size or age at maturity, and for identifying postovulatory follicles, which can affect estimation of spawning frequency. These results are broadly applicable for determining best practices.
Cognitive Level of Preservice Mathematics Teachers towards the Pseudo-Understanding Phenomenon
Authors: Song Shasha , Yang Zezhong
Published: January 2025

The phenomenon of students "pseudo-understanding" has attracted widespread attention, and many scholars have conducted research in this area. However, there is no research on the cognitive level of preservice mathematics teachers towards the "pseudo-understanding phenomenon." This study employed the method of questionnaire surveys to investigate the cognitive understanding of 31 preservice mathematics teachers (including both master’s students in education and undergraduate mathematics majors) at a university. Data analysis reveals that most participants attribute the phenomenon to students’ superficial understanding, failure to apply knowledge, and lack of practice. To address this, they suggest increasing practice, summarizing problem-solving methods, and encouraging more frequent review. This indicates that the current preservice mathematics teachers have a relatively limited understanding of the causes and solutions to the "pseudo-understanding phenomenon," only recognizing some of the reasons and solutions from the students' perspective, with an incomplete understanding, and neglecting the impact of teachers on students, showing a cognitive bias. The findings underscore the need for improved training in university and graduate courses to equip future educators with effective teaching strategies.
Study of IR Light Sensitivity of Graphene/PVDF Nanocomposite
Authors: Samoei Victor K. , Jayatissa Ahalapitiya H.
Published: January 2025

The synthesis of graphene/polymer composites has been extensively studied due to their potential applications in catalysis, electronics, biology, magnetism, and optoelectronics. This study investigates the photoconductivity response of graphene/poly(vinylidene fluoride) (Gr/PVDF) nanocomposites under near-infrared (IR) light. The nanocomposite films were prepared by dispersing graphene in a PVDF solution, which was subsequently deposited onto glass substrates. The films were exposed to IR light, and resistance variations were recorded over time. Structural and surface morphology analyses of the fabricated films were performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Current-voltage (I-V) measurements revealed p-type conduction behavior in the films. Notably, the photoconductivity response demonstrated a significant enhancement under IR light irradiation, particularly at negative applied voltages. These findings highlight the potential of Gr/PVDF nanocomposites for applications in infrared photodetectors, optoelectronic devices, and sensor technologies.
Effect of Sowing Date and Post-Emergence Herbicide Application on Growth of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Srivastav Susheel Kumar , Singh C. P. , Pathak Gopal Swaroop
Published: January 2025

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a major Rabi crop around the world, including India. After rice, it is India's second-most important food grain crop, accounting for about half of all calories and protein. To improve wheat growth and output, it is crucial to seed at the right time and use effective weed control techniques. An Experiment was conducted at Pilikothi Farm of T. D. P. G. College, Jaunpur, U.P. during the Rabi season of 2018-19 and 2019-20. Experiment was laid out in split plot design replicated thrice with three sowing dates i.e. 15 November, 30 November and 15 December as main plot treatment and six weed management practices i.e. weedy check, weed free, 2, 4 DEE @ 0.5 kg a.i./ha., Carfentrazone @ 0.025 kg a.i./ha., Metsulfuron methyl @ 0.004 kg a.i./ha., Arylex 20.85% + Florasulam @ 20% as sub plot treatment. Soil of the experimental field was sandy clay loam. Fertilizer dose of 150:60:40 kg N, P2O5 and K2O per hectare were applied. The results of the two years experiment clearly indicate that plant height, number of tillers, and leaf area index values were recorded high under sowing on November 15th as compared to other dates of sowing, while Arylex 20.85% + Florasulam @ 20% recorded higher growth over the rest of the herbicide treatments, but the weed-free plot recorded the highest values of the aforementioned growth parameters. Based on the findings, it is possible to infer that planting wheat on time (15th November) with Arylex 20.85% + Florasulam 20% herbicide for weed control may result in increased crop growth in the agro-climatic conditions of eastern Uttar Pradesh.
Knowledge Assessment of Stakeholders on Market-Led Extension in Telangana, India
Authors: Kumar T.V , Sreenivasulu M. , Rani V. Sudha , Vidyasagar G.E.CH , Chary D.  Srinivasa
Published: January 2025

Market-led-extension works with various aspects on quality, consumer’s preference, latest knowledge of market, market analysis, market intelligence, processing, value addition, Use of ICTs and Appropriate Extension Approaches and other marketing information on regular basis. These can helps the farmers to realize high returns for their produce, minimize the production costs, reduce the post-harvest loses and improve the product value and marketability. Hence, the extension should focus on end-to-end basis. Keeping this in view a study conducted on analyzing the knowledge level of stakeholder about Market led Extension. This study confined to an Ex-post-facto and Exploratory research designs. Northern Telangana Zone was selected purposively for current study, Out of the twelve districts that make up the Northern Telangana zone, seven districts were chosen at random. Two APMCs were randomly chosen from each of the seven districts; hence, a total of 14 APMCs were chosen for the current study. A random selection of two villages was made from each district, taking into account the district's APMC location. Based on where the APMCs were located in the specific district, the respondents were chosen at random. Stakeholder knowledge regarding Market Led Extension, the majority of farmers (54.28%) reported having low knowledge, the majority of APMC office bearers (48.57%) reported having medium knowledge, the majority of AOs (57.14%) reported having medium knowledge, and the majority of traders (40.00%) reported having medium knowledge. To bring their knowledge level into higher categories the department of Agriculture and Agricultural marketing should conduct the capacity building activities through training programmes, exposure visits taken up at regular intervals and can also conduct the collaborative development programmes with the Agricultural marketing department, KVKs, DAATTCs, SAUs in the villages. There is a need to motivate the Traders to perform market led extension activities at APMCs for this the Government of Telangana, Department of Agricultural Marketing and Department of Agriculture should conduct need based training's on market oriented agriculture and market led extension activities to the Traders.
Proteinex Bait Gel Formulations Suitable for Increased Field Stability and Enhanced Trapping of Melon Fly (Zeugodacus cucurbitae) Coquilette
Authors: Jakkanagoudra Manikantha B , Kavitha Zadda , M.Shanthi  , C.Vijayaraghavan
Published: January 2025

Cucurbit fruit fly, Zeugodacus cucurbitae is an important insect pest of cucurbits. Fruit flies consisted of over 250 species worldwide and its maggots damage fruit from inside and hence, insecticides remain practically ineffective. Trapping the adult flies through parapheromenes, protein and food based traps is the most common practice. The protein and food baits attract both sexes over the parapheromones and are more effective due to their attractiveness and comparatively less weathering under field conditions. Hence, the present study was undertaken to prepare gel based formulations of liquid proteinex bait to increase it’s trapping efficiency. The gelling agents viz., xanthan gum powder, gaur gum powder, pectin powder, carrageenan powder, sodium alginate and gum arabic powder were used to prepare gel formulations of liquid proteinex bait developed by us. Among them, pectin and xanthan gum powders turned the liquid proteinex bait to semi-liquid at very less concentrations thus making them economical to use. Pectin, guar gum and carrageenan powder gel formulations maintained semi-liquid to slightly thickened consistency up to 9th day after preparation of bait and is advantageous for stability under field conditions. Protein content of pectin and guar gum powder formulations are similar as liquid proteinex bait which contributes for more attraction. pH of pectin and guar gum powder gel formulations was higher than the liquid proteinex bait thus increasing their attractiveness. As viscosity of pectin and carrageenan powder formulations was close to liquid proteinex bait, acceptability of these baits closely follows that of liquid bait. Study concluded that pectin powder gel formulation of liquid proteinex bait was found to be ideal and economical to use in field conditions to attract both male and female fruit flies.
From the sideline: Tissue‐specific nucleoporin function in health and disease, an update
Authors: Jühlen Ramona , Fahrenkrog Birthe
Published: October 2023

The subcellular compartmentalisation of eukaryotic cells requires selective exchange between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Intact nucleocytoplasmic transport is vital for normal cell function and mutations in the executing machinery have been causally linked to human disease. Central players in nucleocytoplasmic exchange are nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), which are built from ~30 distinct proteins collectively termed nucleoporins. Aberrant nucleoporin expression was detected in human cancers and autoimmune diseases since quite some time, while it was through the increasing use of next generation sequencing that mutations in nucleoporin genes associated with mainly rare hereditary diseases were revealed. The number of newly identified mutations is steadily increasing, as is the number of diseases. Mutational hotspots have emerged: mutations in the scaffold nucleoporins seemingly affect primarily inner organs, such as heart, kidney, and ovaries, whereas genetic alterations in peripheral, cytoplasmic nucleoporins affect primarily the central nervous system and development. In this review, we summarise latest insights on altered nucleoporin function in the context of human hereditary disorders, with a focus on those where mechanistic insights are beginning to emerge.
Interfacial Assembly of 2D Graphene‐Derived Ion Channels for Water‐Based Green Energy Conversion
Authors: Fan Kun , Zhou Shan , Xie Lei , Jia Shenli , Zhao Lihua , Liu Xiangyang , Liang Kang , Jiang Lei , Kong Biao
Published: October 2023

The utilization of sustained and green energy is believed to alleviate increasing menace of global environmental concerns and energy dilemma. Interfacial assembly of 2D graphene‐derived ion channels (2D‐GDICs) with tunable ion/fluid transport behavior enables efficient harvesting of renewable green energy from ubiquitous water, especially for osmotic energy harvesting. In this review, various interfacial assembly strategies for fabricating diverse 2D‐GDICs are summarized and their ion transport properties are discussed. This review analyzes how particular structure and charge density/distribution of 2D‐GDIC can be modulated to minimize internal resistance of ion/fluid transport and enhance energy conversion efficiency, and highlights stimuli‐responsive functions and stability of 2D‐GDIC and further examines the possibility of integrating 2D‐GDIC with other energy conversion systems. Notably, the presented preparation and applications of 2D‐GDIC also inspire and guide other 2D materials to fabricate sophisticated ion channels for targeted applications. Finally, potential challenges in this field is analyzed and a prospect to future developments toward high‐performance or large‐scale real‐word applications is offered.
Co‐occurring conditions in Down syndrome: Findings from a clinical database
Authors: Baumer Nicole T. , Hojlo Margaret A. , Pawlowski Katherine G. , Milliken Anna L. , Lombardo Angela M. , Sargado Sabrina , Soccorso Cara , Davidson Emily J. , Barbaresi William J.
Published: October 2023

Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) experience a range of medical and neurodevelopmental conditions, necessitating systematic study of their occurrence and impact on neurodevelopmental outcomes. We describe the prevalence and relationships of medical, neurodevelopmental (ND), and mental health (MH) conditions in children with DS. We created a prospective clinical database of individuals with DS, integrated into the workflow of a specialty Down Syndrome Program at a specialty pediatric referral hospital. Conditions were collected through caregiver‐ and clinician report at clinical visits (N = 599). We calculated frequencies of medical, ND, and MH conditions and then assessed the relationship between medical, ND, and MH conditions using frequencies and comparative statistics. The most frequent co‐occurring conditions were vision (72.5%), ear/hearing (71.0%), gastrointestinal (61.3%), respiratory (45.6%), and feeding (33.6%) problems, with variation in frequency by age. ND and MH conditions were reported in one quarter, most commonly autism spectrum disorder and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Those with ND and MH conditions had greater frequency of medical conditions, with highest rates of vision, ear/hearing, and gastrointestinal issues, and CHD. Systematically collected clinical data in a large cohort of children with DS reveals high prevalence of several co‐occurring medical, ND, and MH conditions. Clinical care requires an understanding of the complex relationship between medical conditions and neurodevelopment.
Lattice Distortion and H‐passivation in Pure Carbon Electrocatalysts for Efficient and Stable Two‐electron Oxygen Reduction to H2O2
Authors: Lin Liangxu , Huang Liang , Wu Chang , Gao Yu , Miao Naihua , Wu Chao , Marshall Aaron T. , Zhao Yi , Wang Jiazhao , Chen Jun , Dou Shixue , Wallace Gordon G. , Huang Wei
Published: October 2023

The exploration of inexpensive and efficient catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is crucial for chemical and energy industries. Carbon materials have been proved promising with different catalysts enabling 2 and 4e− ORR. Nevertheless, their ORR activity and selectivity is still complex and under debate in many cases. Many structures of these active carbon materials are also chemically unstable for practical implementations. Unlike the well‐discussed structures, this work presents a strategy to promote efficient and stable 2e− ORR of carbon materials through the synergistic effect of lattice distortion and H‐passivation (on the distorted structure). We show how these structures can be formed on carbon cloth, and how the reproducible chemical adsorption can be realized on these structures for efficient and stable H2O2 production. The work here gives not only new understandings on the 2e− ORR catalysis, but also the robust catalyst which can be directly used in industry.
Optimization of oxygen evolution electrocatalytic activity of metal oxide nanosheet via surface modification
Authors: Sidek Haslinda Binti Mohd , Lee Jihyeong , Jin Xiaoyan , Hwang Seong‐Ju
Published: October 2023

A surface modification route to high‐performance oxygen evolution electrocatalysts was developed by immobilization of highly‐oxidized SeO42− species on the surface of exfoliated MnO2 nanosheets. The enhanced stability of tetragonally‐distorted MnO6 octahedron could be achieved by the weakening of axial Mn–O bond due to competition with highly covalent Se6+–O bonds. The selenate anchoring was found to be quite effective in improving the electrocatalyst functionality of MnO2 nanosheets for oxygen evolution reaction, which could be ascribed to the improvement of charge transfer kinetics and the enhancement of Mn3+ stability. This study emphasized that the fine‐control of bonding nature via surface modification with selenate anchoring can offer useful means to explore efficient electrocatalysts.
Hyperemesis gravidarum and eating disorders before and after pregnancy: A register‐based study
Authors: Terävä‐Utti Eeva , Nurmi Miina , Laitinen Linda , Rissanen Tiia , Polo‐Kantola Päivi
Published: October 2023

Objective

Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) is a severe form of excessive vomiting during pregnancy. The connection between psychiatric morbidity and HG has been debated, but only a few studies have focused on eating disorders (EDs). The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between HG and both pre‐pregnancy and new post‐pregnancy EDs.

Methods

A register‐based controlled study. HG diagnoses were retrieved from healthcare registers between 2005 and 2017. Women with HG in their first pregnancy resulting in delivery were chosen as cases (n = 4265; the HG group) and women with no HG as controls (n = 302,663; the non‐HG group). The associations between EDs and HG were analyzed by binary logistic regression, adjusted with age, body mass index, smoking, socioeconomic status, and pre‐pregnancy psychiatric diagnoses.

Results

In the HG group, 1.6% and in the non‐HG group, 0.2% had a pre‐pregnancy ED. Women with ED were more likely to have HG in their first pregnancy compared with women with no history of EDs (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 9.4, 95% CI 6.52–13.66, p < .0001). Moreover, 0.4% of the women in the HG group and 0.1% of the women in the non‐HG group had a new ED diagnosis after pregnancy, and thus the women in the HG group were more likely to have an ED diagnosis after pregnancy (AOR I 3.5, 95% CI 1.71–7.15, p < .001, AOR II 2.7, 95% CI 1.30–5.69, p = .008).

Discussion

We found a bidirectional association between ED and HG, suggesting a shared etiology or risk factors between these disorders. This finding emphasizes the importance of collaboration across various specialties when treating these patients.

Public Significance

Our findings suggest a bidirectional association between HG and EDs before and after pregnancy. This finding provides essential information for healthcare professionals working with pregnant women. As both of these disorders are known to have far‐reaching effects on the lives of both the mother and her offspring, our results help clinicians to target special attention and interventions to the patients suffering from these disorders.
Cavin‐2 promotes fibroblast‐to‐myofibroblast trans‐differentiation and aggravates cardiac fibrosis
Authors: Higuchi Yusuke , Ogata Takehiro , Nakanishi Naohiko , Nishi Masahiro , Tsuji Yumika , Tomita Shinya , Conway Simon J. , Matoba Satoaki
Published: October 2023

Aims

Transforming growth factor β (TGF‐β) signalling is one of the critical pathways in fibroblast activation, and several drugs targeting the TGF‐β/Smad signalling pathway in heart failure with cardiac fibrosis are being tested in clinical trials. Some caveolins and cavins, which are components of caveolae on the plasma membrane, are known for their association with the regulation of TGF‐β signalling. Cavin‐2 is particularly abundant in fibroblasts; however, the detailed association between Cavin‐2 and cardiac fibrosis is still unclear. We tried to clarify the involvement and role of Cavin‐2 in fibroblasts and cardiac fibrosis.

Methods and results

To clarify the role of Cavin‐2 in cardiac fibrosis, we performed transverse aortic constriction (TAC) operations on four types of mice: wild‐type (WT), Cavin‐2 null (Cavin‐2 KO), Cavin‐2flox/flox, and activated fibroblast‐specific Cavin‐2 conditional knockout (Postn‐Cre/Cavin‐2flox/flox, Cavin‐2 cKO) mice. We collected mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) from WT and Cavin‐2 KO mice and investigated the effect of Cavin‐2 in fibroblast trans‐differentiation into myofibroblasts and associated TGF‐β signalling. Four weeks after TAC, cardiac fibrotic areas in both the Cavin‐2 KO and the Cavin‐2 cKO mice were significantly decreased compared with each control group (WT 8.04 ± 1.58% vs. Cavin‐2 KO 0.40 ± 0.03%, P < 0.01; Cavin‐2flox/flox, 7.19 ± 0.50% vs. Cavin‐2 cKO 0.88 ± 0.44%, P < 0.01). Fibrosis‐associated mRNA expression (Col1a1, Ctgf, and Col3) was significantly attenuated in the Cavin‐2 KO mice after TAC. α1 type I collagen deposition and non‐vascular αSMA‐positive cells (WT 43.5 ± 2.4% vs. Cavin‐2 KO 25.4 ± 3.2%, P < 0.01) were reduced in the heart of the Cavin‐2 cKO mice after TAC operation. The levels of αSMA protein (0.36‐fold, P < 0.05) and fibrosis‐associated mRNA expression (Col1a1, 0.69‐fold, P < 0.01; Ctgf, 0.27‐fold, P < 0.01; Col3, 0.60‐fold, P < 0.01) were decreased in the Cavin‐2 KO MEFs compared with the WT MEFs. On the other hand, αSMA protein levels were higher in the Cavin‐2 overexpressed MEFs compared with the control MEFs (2.40‐fold, P < 0.01). TGF‐β1‐induced Smad2 phosphorylation was attenuated in the Cavin‐2 KO MEFs compared with WT MEFs (0.60‐fold, P < 0.01). Heat shock protein 90 protein levels were significantly reduced in the Cavin‐2 KO MEFs compared with the WT MEFs (0.69‐fold, P < 0.01).

Conclusions

Cavin‐2 loss suppressed fibroblast trans‐differentiation into myofibroblasts through the TGF‐β/Smad signalling. The loss of Cavin‐2 in cardiac fibroblasts suppresses cardiac fibrosis and may maintain cardiac function.
Opportunities and limitations of the ChatGPT Advanced Data Analysis plugin for hydrological analyses
Authors: Irvine Dylan J. , Halloran Landon J. S. , Brunner Philip
Published: October 2023

Artificial intelligence (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT, have already changed the way that many industries operate. Much of the recent discussion surrounding AI tools has focused on their ability to generate text and the associated ethical concerns. Recent developments with the ChatGPT Code Interpreter, now called the Advanced Data Analysis plugin, demonstrate that AI's growing abilities in the generation, translation and adaptation of computer scripts also offer significant potential to change the way that data analyses are conducted. We demonstrate the new capabilities of ChatGPT, providing four worked examples of prompt‐based generation of Python scripts to analyse hydrological datasets. Our examples include (1) converting R functions to Python to perform baseflow separation, (2) converting MATLAB functions to Python to ‘web scrape’ temperature data, (3) creating a correlation matrix of major ion groundwater data, and (4) presenting boxplots of river flow data. We discuss the significant opportunities, current limitations and concerns relating to the use of ChatGPT in hydrological data analyses.
Immunomodulation With Intravenous Immunoglobulin
Authors: Hall Philip D.
Published: October 2023

Since its introduction over a decade ago for the treatment of primary immunodeficiencies, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) has demonstrated activity in a variety of autoimmune disorders. An understanding of IVIG's immunomodulatory effects provides the rationale for its potential application in the management of autoimmune disorders. The agent has exhibited the ability to block fragment crystallizable receptors on phagocytes, interact with the idiotype‐anti‐idiotype network, and modulate T lymphocyte, B lymphocyte, and natural killer cell populations, as well as complement activity. Its immunomodulatory effects have been demonstrated in a variety of disorders such as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, Guillain‐Barré syndrome, Kawasaki disease. Numerous case reports and small studies revealed IVIG's activity in a variety of other autoimmune disorders, but controlled clinical trials are necessary to clarify these initial observations.
Effect of Nebulized Albuterol on Serum Potassium and Cardiac Rhythm in Patients With Asthma or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Dickens George R. , McCoy Andall A. , West Robert , Stapczynski J. Stephen , Clifton G. Dennis
Published: October 2023

Study Objective. To evaluate the metabolic and cardiopulmonary effects of nebulized albuterol in patients suffering moderate to severe exacerbations of asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Design. Open‐label, prospective study.

Setting. The emergency department of a university medical center.

Patients. Ten patients with moderate to severe exacerbation of asthma.

Interventions. Each patient received nebulized albuterol 2.5 mg for approximately 10 minutes.

Measurements and Main Results. Serum potassium, heart rate and rhythm, blood pressure, and pulmonary function were measured before treatment and every 15 minutes for 2 hours after treatment. Serum potassium concentrations decreased significantly (p<0.05) within 75 minutes after initiation of treatment, from a baseline value of 4.5 ± 0.6 mEq/L (range 3.5‐5.5 mEq/L) to 3.7 ± 0.5 mEq/L (range 2.8‐4.4 mEq/L) at the end of the collection period (120 minutes). Forced expiratory volume in 1 second significantly increased over time in patients with asthma (p<0.05). No statistically significant changes in blood pressure, heart rate, or corrected QT intervals occurred. Pre‐emergency department use of a β2 ‐agonist by metered‐dose inhaler was not associated with a decreased serum potassium on admission.

Conclusions. Nebulized β2‐agonists are generally efficacious and safe in patients with acute bronchospasms. However, close monitoring of serum electrolytes, heart rate, and rhythm in patients at risk (elderly, those with preexisting cardiac disease) is advised before these individuals receive repeat doses by continuous aerosol administration. (Pharmacotherapy 1994;14(6):729–733)
Binding of Methyltrienolone to Androgen Receptors in Human Skin Fibroblasts is Enhanced by Insulin
Authors: CHANG YING TAI , GHIRRI PAOLO , MIGEON CLAUDE J. , BROWN TERRY R.
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT: Previous reports have suggested a relationship between hyperinsulinemia and increased androgen secretion leading to female virilization, but no report has been made of the effects of insulin on androgen receptors. The authors tested the in vitro effect of insulin on the binding of methyltrienolone (R1881) to androgen receptors of cultured genital skin fibroblasts preincubated with serum‐free medium in the absence and presence of insulin (100 ng/mL, ie, 2600 μU/mL) for 18 hours at 37°C. Insulin increased specific binding of R1881 by 35% (range, 13% to 75%). Scatchard analysis of androgen receptor binding demonstrated a similar increase in the number of binding sites, whereas binding affinity remained unchanged. The increase in androgen receptors was dose dependent (maximum effect at 25 ng insulin/mL) and time dependent (maximum effect occurring after 12 hours). DNA measurements indicated that insulin increased binding sites per cell rather than altering the cell number. Insulin increased total protein concentration to an extent similar to that observed for the increase in androgen receptor binding sites. Cycloheximide, but not actinomycin D, inhibited the effect of insulin on androgen receptor binding. The authors' data suggest that insulin induces an increase in the number of androgen receptors per cell as part of a general anabolic effect on cellular protein content.
Human Sertoli Cells In Vitro
Authors: FOUCAULT P. , CARREAU S. , KUCZYNSKI W. , GUILLAUMIN J.M. , BARDOS P. , DROSDOWSKY M.A.
Published: October 2023

Abstract: Human Sertoli cell parameters, namely lactate, estradiol‐17β, and transferrin production, were determined after a 24‐hour incubation with either human follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) or dbcAMP in the presence or absence of testosterone plus a phosphodiesterase inhibitor (1‐methyl‐3‐isobutylxanthine; MIX). Testicular tissues were obtained from 10 young patients (mean age, 29 years); using a 3‐step enzymatic treatment, Sertoli cell enriched preparations (>92%) were studied after 4 days as primary cultures. No significant changes in lactate, estradiol‐17β, and transferrin outputs have been observed according to age in patients ranging in age from 16 years to 47 years. Sertoli cell production of the compounds is controlled by testosterone plus MIX; FSH (or dbcAMP) treatment only slightly improves their synthesis. It is suggested that human Sertoli cell function, as far as the parameters measured in this study are concerned, is likely regulated by cAMP‐dependent and independent pathways.
Sperm Motility Under Conditions of Weightlessness
Authors: ENGELMANN UTE , KRASSNIGG FRANZ , SCHILL WOLF‐BERNHARD
Published: October 2023

Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the differences in motility of frozen and thawed bull spermatozoa under conditions of weightlessness compared with ground conditions. The tests were performed within a series of scientific and technologic experiments under microgravity using sounding rockets in the Technologische Experimente unter Schwerelosigkeit (TEXUS) program launched in Kiruna, North Sweden. Using a computerized sperm motility analyzer, significant differences were found in sperm motility under microgravity compared with sperm under gravitational conditions on earth. Computer analysis showed alterations in straight line and curvilinear velocity, as well as in linearity values. The amount of progressively motile spermatozoa, including all spermatozoa with a velocity > 20 μm/second, increased significantly from 24% ± 9.5% in the reference test to 49% ± 7.6% in the microgravity test. In conclusion, there is strong evidence that gravity influences sperm motility.
Sertoli Cell‐Conditioned Medium Affects Nucleoside Utilization In Vitro
Authors: LAMB DOLORES J. , SHUBHADA SANKARARAMAN , BAKER KELTY , LEE SANG KON
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT: Rat Sertoli cell‐conditioned medium (SCCM) or low molecular weight filtrate of SCCM (< 1,000 Da molecular weight) inhibited the uptake of [3H]thymidine into cells in culture; [3H]thymidine is incorporated into DNA by means of a salvage pathway. The incorporation of radioactivity into DNA from [14C]N5,N10‐methylenetetrahydrofolate, required for the thymidylate synthetase reaction, was not inhibited by SCCM and reflected the increase in cell number. SCCM specifically inhibited the incorporation of pyrimidines ([3H]uracil, [3H]thymidine) with no effect on the transport or incorporation of [3H]adenosine. Inhibition of thymidine uptake by SCCM could have occurred by a direct competition, i.e., the secretion of thymidine into the medium by the Sertoli cells, or by an indirect mechanism that would result in an inhibition of transport. The activity was partially purified by membrane ultrafiltration, ion exchange chromatography, and sequential extraction. Addition of SCCM filtrate (< 1,000 Da molecular weight) to growth‐arrested cells cultured in the presence of inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase resulted in cell proliferation, suggesting that the factor is involved in thymidine biosynthesis. This activity may play a role in the regulation of nucleoside biosynthesis and/or utilization in the testis.
The Ethane Dimethanesulfonate‐Induced Decrease in the Fertilizing Ability of Cauda Epididymal Sperm Is Independent of the Testis
Authors: KLINEFELTER .R. , LASKEY J. W. , PERREAULT S. D. , FERRELL J. , JEFFAY S. , SUAREZ J. , ROBERTS N.
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT: Several decades ago it was reported that when adult male rats were exposed to a single injection of 50 mg/kg body weight ethane dimethanesutfonate (EDS) and mated with untreated females, average litter size was significantly reduced as early as 2 weeks later. Recently, we demonstrated that EDS exerts multiple effects in the epididymis of adult rats. Some of these effects were independent of reduced serum testosterone (T) levels. Later we found that EDS has direct effects on epididymal epithelial cells in vitro. Herein, we sought to determine whether EDS perturbs the fertilizing ability of cauda epididymal sperm. Four days after exposure to 50 mg/kg EDS, sperm from the proximal cauda epididymidis were inseminated into adult receptive females in utero; on the next day the percentage of fertilized eggs was determined. Exogenous T administration and castration were used to determine what role, if any, androgen deprivation and the testis had on the fertilizing ability of proximal cauda epididymal sperm. Sperm motion parameters, serum T, T in the caput/corpus epididymidis, and detergent‐extracted sperm protein were evaluated and correlated with fertilizing ability. We found that both castration and EDS exposure significantly compromised the fertilizing ability of sperm in proximal cauda epididymidis 4 days after exposure. Exogenous T, sufficient to maintain serum T, completely restored the fertilizing ability of sperm following castration, but not after EDS exposure. Moreover, exogenous T failed to restore fertilizing ability when castrated animals were exposed to EDS. Thus, the effects that EDS exerts on sperm maturation in vivo are independent of the testis. Finally, the only endpoint that was well correlated with fertilizing ability was the relative amount of an acidic 18‐kDa sperm protein.
Alterations of Testicular Function After Induced Autoimmune Orchitis in Rats
Authors: SUESCUN MARIA O. , CALANDRA RICARDO S. , LUSTIG LIVIA
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT: The endocrinological profile of animals with experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO) has not been sufficiently explored. With this purpose orchitis was induced in adult rats by active immunization with testicular homogenate (TH) and adjuvants. Animals were sacrificed 50 or 80 days after the first immunization. Forty‐three percent of rats immunized with TH developed orchitis. Different degrees of cell sloughing and atrophy of the seminiferous tubules and numerous macrophages and lymphocytes in close association with Leydig cells were seen. A significant increase in the number of Leydig cells was observed in rats with orchitis killed at 50 and 80 days. An enhanced number of interstitial non‐Leydig cells was also detected in rats with testicular damage killed at 80 days. Levels of serum follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) were two‐ to threefold higher in rats with EAO compared to concentrations detected in other groups. Moreover, rats with orchitis had significantly increased testicular testosterone. Serum luteinizing hormone (LH) did not change in animals of any group. In vitro studies showed an increase in the basal and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)‐stimulated testosterone production in rats with EAO. The increase in testicular steroidogenesis without a concomitant enhancement in serum LH levels detected in rats with autoimmune orchitis suggests the existence of local control mechanisms.
Development and characterization of porous membranes based on PPSU/PES using polyethylene glycol as porogen: Application for cobalt removal by polyelectrolyte‐enhanced ultrafiltration
Authors: Nafti‐Mateur Molka , Jaouadi Mouna , Van der Bruggen Bart , Naifer Karima Horchani , Jellouli Ennigrou Dorra
Published: October 2023

BACKGROUND

In this work, a polyphenylsulfone/polyethersulfone (PPSU/PES) composite membrane was successfully prepared using the phase‐inversion method in the presence of polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a hydrophilic additive. The effect of concentration of PEG (0, 2, 4 and 6 wt%) was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and contact angle analysis.

RESULTS

The obtained results confirmed that the morphology and hydrophilicity of the porous membrane varied with the addition of PES as reinforcing agent and the PEG concentration as porogen. SEM results confirmed that the membranes obtained have a high permeability with a finger‐shaped structure and that the size and density of the pores increase with an increase in the incorporated PEG. The contact angle was decreased and the porosity of the PPPn blend membranes was increased from 16.06 for the neat PPSU membrane to 385.3 L h−1 m−2 bar−1 for the PPP6 membrane. A strong interaction between the components (PPSU, PES and PEG) was revealed by FTIR spectroscopy and TGA.

CONCLUSION

The filtration results showed that PPP2 is the better formulation of the dope suspension in the range of ultrafiltration membranes in terms of flux (179.3 L h−1 m−2 bar−1) and bovine serum albumin retention (94%). The application of polyelectrolyte‐enhanced ultrafiltration using polyethylenimine (PEI) for the removal of cobalt ions afforded high removal rates (92.5%). The optimal performances were obtained at pH ≥ 4, transmembrane pressure of 4 bar and 1200 ppm of PEI. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Solvent extraction separation of Au(III) from Pd(II), Cu(II), Ni(II) in HCl solution using cationic, neutral and basic extractants
Authors: Nguyen Thi Nhan Hau , Song Si Jeong , Lee Man Seung
Published: October 2023

BACKGROUND

Etching solutions of spent printed circuit boards (PCBs) contain precious metal ions like Au(III) and Pd(II) together with Cu(II). Therefore, it is crucial to recover Au(III) and Pd(II) from these solutions. To investigate the possibility of separating Au(III) from the etching solutions, solvent extraction experiments were conducted using synthetic hydrochloric acid solutions containing Au(III), Pd(II), Cu(II), and Ni(II). The solvent extraction behavior of these four metal ions was investigated by using cationic (Cyanex 301, LIX 63), neutral (Cyanex 923 and TBP), and basic (Alamine 336 and Aliquat 336) extractants in the HCl concentration range from 1 to 9 M.

RESULTS

TBP and Cyanex 923 were successful in separating Au(III) from other metal ions when the HCl concentration was higher than 7 M. When the concentrations of Au(III) and Pd(II) changed from 0.1 to 5 g L−1, TBP was able to selectively extract Au(III) from 7 M HCl solution, while Cyanex 923 was effective in separating Au(III) from 9 M HCl solution. However, Au(III) and Pd(II) were co‐extracted by Alamine 336 and Aliquat 336 from 1 M HCl solution. Thiourea or a mixture of thiourea and HCl solution effectively stripped Au(III) from the loaded organic phases of TBP, Cyanex 923, and amines.

CONCLUSIONS

Among the six kinds of the extractants employed in this work, TBP was recommended as an extractant for the selective extraction of Au(III) from the HCl solutions containing Cu(II), Ni(II) and Pd(II) on the basis of high separation degree. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Genetic counselors and congenital heart disease: Clinical roles, genetic testing practices, and perceived genetic testing utility
Authors: Fitzgerald‐Butt Sara M. , Schartman Allison F. , Schmit Kelly , Ison Hannah E. , Helm Benjamin M.
Published: October 2023

Genetic counseling and genetic testing are essential for individuals with congenital heart disease/defects (CHD/CHDs). However, the clinical practices of genetic counselors (GCs) and their preferences for different CHD genetic testing strategies are previously unexplored. To address these gaps, GCs (n = 112) representing diverse specialties completed an online survey regarding their counseling and testing practices for syndromic CHD and apparently isolated/non‐syndromic CHDs (iCHD). We found practice variability around family screening recommendations, with prenatal respondents reporting lower prevalence of this practice for iCHDs (p = 0.0004). We found that all specialties considered chromosomal microarray (CMA) the most common prioritized genetic test for syndromic and iCHD, while more prenatal respondents considered FISH and karyotype useful for iCHDs compared to postnatal respondents (p = 0.0002 and p = 0.002, respectively). Among postnatal respondents, a higher proportion considered exome/genome sequencing as useful compared to prenatal respondents (p = 0.0159); specifically, postnatal respondents' preference for exome/genome sequencing for iCHDs was ~2.6‐fold higher than prenatal respondents. We estimated participants' assessment of utility for different genetic testing modalities for iCHDs and found that prenatal respondents assigned higher mean utility to FISH (p = 0.0002), karyotype (p = 0.0006), and CMA (p < 0.0001). There were relatively moderate to decreased utility scores for gene panels and exome/genome sequencing for iCHDs compared to cytogenetic testing, across all specialties. Overall, these results provide insight into GC practices and use of various genetic testing strategies for syndromic CHDs and iCHDs. Findings may help inform and/or standardize clinical practices for CHD genetic testing, though additional studies are warranted.
Mechanical crosstalk between the intervertebral disc, facet joints, and vertebral endplate following acute disc injury in a rabbit model
Authors: Fainor Matthew , Orozco Brianna S. , Muir Victoria G. , Mahindroo Sonal , Gupta Sachin , Mauck Robert L. , Burdick Jason A. , Smith Harvey E. , Gullbrand Sarah E.
Published: October 2023

Background

Vertebral endplate sclerosis and facet osteoarthritis have been documented in animals and humans. However, it is unclear how these adjacent pathologies engage in crosstalk with the intervertebral disc. This study sought to elucidate this crosstalk by assessing each compartment individually in response to acute disc injury.

Methods

Eleven New Zealand White rabbits underwent annular disc puncture using a 16G or 21G needle. At 4 and 10 weeks, individual compartments of the motion segment were analyzed. Discs underwent T1 relaxation mapping with MRI contrast agent gadodiamide as well T2 mapping. Both discs and facets underwent mechanical testing via vertebra—disc—vertebra tension‐compression creep testing and indentation testing, respectively. Endplate bone density was quantified via μCT. Discs and facets were sectioned and stained for histology scoring.

Results

Intervertebral discs became more degenerative with increasing needle diameter and time post‐puncture. Bone density also increased in endplates adjacent to both 21G and 16G punctured discs leading to reduced gadodiamide transport at 10 weeks. The facet joints, however, did not follow this same trend. Facets adjacent to 16G punctured discs were less degenerative than facets adjacent to 21G punctured discs at 10 weeks. 16G facets were more degenerative at 4 weeks than at 10, suggesting the cartilage had recovered. The formation of severe disc osteophytes in 16G punctured discs between 4 and 10 weeks likely offloaded the facet cartilage, leading to the recovery observed.

Conclusions

Overall, this study supports that degeneration spans the whole spinal motion segment following disc injury. Vertebral endplate thickening occurred in response to disc injury, which limited the diffusion of small molecules into the disc. This work also suggests that altered disc mechanics can induce facet degeneration, and that extreme bony remodeling adjacent to the disc may promote facet cartilage recovery through offloading of the articular cartilage.
Clinical Practice Report of Contrast‐Enhanced Ultrasound in Renal Artery Disease
Authors: Li Yan , Wang Yang , Liu Zi‐Shuo , Ma Na , Zhang Wen‐Duo , Ren Jun‐Hong
Published: October 2023

Objectives

To evaluate the diagnostic performance of renal artery contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) with modified inspection section and summarize subsequent changes in imaging assessment of renal artery disease.

Methods

A total of 1015 patients underwent renal artery CEUS were included in the study. Among them, 79 patients (156 renal arteries) suspected with renal artery stenosis (RAS) underwent digital subtraction angiography (DSA) subsequently. DSA was used as the gold standard to evaluate the diagnostic performance of CEUS in detecting RAS (≥30%) and severe stenosis (≥70%), as well as the diagnostic accuracy of classification of stenosis degree. Besides, 127 of the 1015 patients underwent other imaging examinations such as computed tomography angiography (CTA) or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) after CEUS and annual proportion of these imaging examinations was assessed.

Results

The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of CEUS for detecting RAS (≥30%) was 96.4%, 88.6%, 94.2%, 95.6% and 90.7%, respectively and the kappa value was .857 (P < .01). CEUS had a good performance in distinguishing severe stenosis (≥70%) with a sensitivity of 91.1%, specificity of 95.5%, accuracy of 92.9%, PPV of 96.5%, NPV of 88.7% and the kappa value was 0.857(P < .01). There was no significant difference between CEUS and DSA in detecting stenosis (P = 1.0) and severe stenosis (P = .227). The diagnostic accuracy of CEUS in grading RAS was 85.3% and the kappa value was 0.753 (P < .01). Besides, the annual proportion of other imaging examinations decreased for 4 consecutive years.

Conclusions

CEUS is a non‐invasive, safe and valuable technique for the assessment of renal artery disease and worthy of promotion.
Satellite‐based networks: A better link
Authors: Hanson David
Published: October 2023

In this column we will look at what the carriers are doing to improve their act and what the users can do to be more self‐reliant.