bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Survival benefit of liver resection for Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage B hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Kim H , Ahn S W , Hong S K , Yoon K C , Kim H-S , Choi Y R , Lee H W , Yi N-J , Lee K-W , Suh K-S
Published: May 2017

Background

Although transarterial chemoembolization is recommended as the standard treatment for Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage B hepatocellular carcinoma (BCLC-B HCC), other treatments including liver resection have been used. This study aimed to determine the survival benefit of treatment strategies including resection for BCLC-B HCC compared with non-surgical treatments.

Methods

The nationwide multicentre database of the Korean Liver Cancer Association was reviewed. Patients with BCLC-B HCC who underwent liver resection as a first or second treatment within 2 years of diagnosis and patients who received non-surgical treatment were selected randomly. Survival outcomes of propensity score-matched groups were compared.

Results

Among 887 randomly selected patients with BCLC-B HCC, 83 underwent liver resection as first or second treatment and 597 had non-surgical treatment. After propensity score matching, the two groups were well balanced (80 patients in each group). Overall median survival in the resection group was better than that for patients receiving non-surgical treatment (50·9 versus 22·1 months respectively; P < 0·001). The 1-, 2-, 3- and 5-year overall survival rates in the resection group were 90, 88, 75 and 63 per cent, compared with 79, 48, 35 and 22 per cent in the no-surgery group (P < 0·001). In multivariable analysis, non-surgical treatment only (hazard ratio (HR) 3·35, 95 per cent c.i. 2·16 to 5·19; P < 0·001), albumin level below 3·5 g/dl (HR 1·96, 1·22 to 3·15; P = 0·005) and largest tumour size greater than 5·0 cm (HR 1·81, 1·20 to 2·75; P = 0·005) were independent predictors of worse overall survival.

Conclusion

Treatment strategies that include liver resection offer a survival benefit compared with non-surgical treatments for potentially resectable BCLC-B HCC.
Dielectric Responses of Polyurethane Films Related to Temperature and Frequency
Authors: Hwang Seung Won , Shin Min Jae , Shin Jae Sup , Kim Chy Hyung
Published: May 2017

The dielectric properties of polyurethane were investigated at the temperature range of −170 to 100°C and at the frequency range of 0.01 Hz to 3 kHz. Two dielectric relaxations were observed related to the glass transition of the soft segments (α‐relaxation) close to −15°C and related to the mobility of the extender connecting the hard segments (I‐relaxation) near 50–85°C. For α‐relaxation process, the relaxation time, τ = 0.012 and 5.3 × 10−3 s for a film of 2.2 mm and 42 µm in thickness at −15°C were estimated. As temperature increased, the newly appeared I‐relaxation at the temperatures above 25°C resulted in a different relaxation process. The two relaxations followed the temperature–frequency superposition principle with different shifting factors. The polyurethane films with two different thicknesses exhibited equivalent types of relaxations but different relaxation times and shifting rates depending on their intermolecular arrangements. They showed stable dielectric responses and losses under varied DC bias electric fields.
Strategic deployment of CHO expression platforms to deliver Pfizer's Monoclonal Antibody Portfolio
Authors: Scarcelli John J. , Shang Tanya Q. , Iskra Tim , Allen Martin J. , Zhang Lin
Published: May 2017

Development of stable cell lines for expression of large‐molecule therapeutics represents a significant portion of the time and effort required to advance a molecule to enabling regulatory toxicology studies and clinical evaluation. Our development strategy employs two different approaches for cell line development based on the needs of a particular project: a random integration approach for projects where high‐level expression is critical, and a site‐specific integration approach for projects in which speed and reduced employee time spend is a necessity. Here we describe both our random integration and site‐specific integration platforms and their applications in support of monoclonal antibody development and production. We also compare product quality attributes of monoclonal antibodies produced with a nonclonal cell pool or clonal cell lines derived from the two platforms. Our data suggests that material source (pools vs. clones) does not significantly alter the examined product quality attributes. Our current practice is to leverage this observation with our site‐specific integration platform, where material generated from cell pools is used for an early molecular assessment of a given candidate to make informed decisions around development strategy. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:1463–1467, 2017
Steam reforming of tar model compounds over ni supported on CeO2and mayenite
Authors: de Caprariis Benedetta , Bracciale Maria Paola , De Filippis Paolo , Hernandez Asbel David , Petrullo Antonietta , Scarsella Marco
Published: May 2017

Ni‐CeO2, Ni/Co‐CeO2, and Ni‐Ca12Al14O33were synthesized by the auto‐combustion method and tested as catalysts in the steam reforming of tar model compounds in a fixed bed reactor. Toluene, phenol, andn‐heptane were chosen as representative of the different classes of organic compounds that can be found in tar. The catalysts were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and temperature‐programmed reduction (TPR). From XRD analysis it was observed in all the synthesized catalysts the presence of two phases, NiO and CeO2or Ca12Al14O33. A stronger interaction of NiO with mayenite structure, compared to that of NiO with CeO2, was also shown by TPR analysis. The best performances in terms of conversion and stability were obtained when Ni supported on mayenite was used, confirming the higher redox properties of this support that confers to the catalyst a better resistance to deactivation by carbon deposition. The lower performances observed for Ni supported on CeO2in terms of conversion and activity were substantially improved by partial substitution of Ni with Co, confirming its ability to increase the Ni catalytic activity and to enhance the reforming of oxygenated species. The apparent kinetic parameters calculated for all the catalysts and the model compounds confirm the obtained experimental results.
Carbon‐Free O2 Cathode with Three‐Dimensional Ultralight Nickel Foam‐Supported Ruthenium Electrocatalysts for Li–O2 Batteries
Authors: Liu Ziqiang , Feng Ningning , Shen Zihan , Li Fujun , He Ping , Zhang Huigang , Zhou Haoshen
Published: May 2017

A new carbon‐ and binder‐free O2 cathode was fabricated by electroplating Ru‐nanoparticle‐coated ultralight Ni foam, which has good electron‐conducting and electrocatalytic properties. This all‐metal monolithic structure was able to suppress CO2 evolution and provided 306 times higher capacity than commercial Ni foam‐based O2 cathodes.
High Photon‐to‐Current Conversion in Solar Cells Based on Light‐Absorbing Silver Bismuth Iodide
Authors: Zhu Huimin , Pan Mingao , Johansson Malin B. , Johansson Erik M. J.
Published: May 2017

Here, a lead‐free silver bismuth iodide (AgI/BiI3) with a crystal structure with space group R
m is investigated for use in solar cells. Devices based on the silver bismuth iodide deposited from solution on top of TiO2 and the conducting polymer poly(3‐hexylthiophene‐2,5‐diyl) (P3HT) as a hole‐transport layer are prepared and the photovoltaic performance is very promising with a power conversion efficiency over 2 %, which is higher than the performance of previously reported bismuth‐halide materials for solar cells. Photocurrent generation is observed between 350 and 700 nm, and the maximum external quantum efficiency is around 45 %. The results are compared to solar cells based on the previously reported material AgBi2I7, and we observe a clearly higher performance for the devices with the new silver and bismuth iodides composition and different crystal structure. The X‐ray diffraction spectrum of the most efficient silver bismuth iodide material shows a hexagonal crystal structure with space group R
m, and from the light absorption spectrum we obtain an indirect band gap energy of 1.62 eV and a direct band gap energy of 1.85 eV. This report shows the possibility for finding new structures of metal‐halides efficient in solar cells and points out new directions for further exploration of lead‐free metal‐halide solar cells.
Incidence and significance of true papillae in thyroid fine needle aspiration*
Authors: Renshaw Andrew A. , Gould Edwin W.
Published: May 2017

Introduction

Whether true papillae without nuclear features of papillary carcinoma in thyroid fine needle aspirates should be diagnosed as atypia of undetermined significance (AUS) is unclear.

Methods

The results of all thyroid FNAs performed from 2014‐2016 with corresponding resections as well as aspirates from 2000‐2016 with a diagnosis of follicular variant of papillary carcinoma or Noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary‐like nuclear features (NIFTP) were reviewed.

Results

Papillae with fibrovascular cores were identified in 17 of 149 consecutive cases (11%), 3 of which had nuclear features of papillary carcinoma and were papillary carcinoma at resection. All 14 cases of papillae without nuclear features of papillary carcinoma were benign. Of 29 papillary carcinomas, papillae were identified in 8 (28%) and “swirls” were identified in 3 (10%) additional cases, all in cases of papillary carcinoma, NOS. Papillae and swirls were not identified in any cases of NIFTP (13 cases) or follicular variants of papillary carcinoma (15 cases).

Conclusion

True papillae are relatively common. Both papillae with nuclear atypia and swirls are highly specific for papillary carcinoma, NOS and are not seen in NIFTP. True papillae with fibrovascular cores but without cytologic features of papillary carcinoma are benign and should not be diagnosed as AUS. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2017;45:689–692. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Costly defense in a fluctuating environment—sensitivity of annual Nothobranchius fishes to predator kairomones
Authors: Polačik Matej , Janáč Michal
Published: May 2017

Antipredator strategies increase the chances of survival of prey species but are subject to trade‐offs and always come at a cost, one specific category being the “missed opportunity.” Some animals that can modulate the timing of life‐cycle events can also desynchronize this timing with the occurrence of a predator. In an unpredictable environment, such a modification may result in a mismatch with prevailing conditions, consequently leading to reproductive failure. In eastern Africa, temporary pools existing only during the rainy season are inhabited by annual fish of the genus Nothobranchius. We examined (i) the capability of multiple Nothobranchius populations and species to cease hatching when exposed to chemical cues from native fish predators and adult conspecifics and (ii) the ability of N. furzeri to modulate their growth rate in the presence of a gape‐limited fish predator. As the tested Nothobranchius spp. originate from regions with extreme environmental fluctuations where the cost of a missed opportunity can be serious, we predicted an inability to cease hatching as well as lack of growth acceleration as both the predator's gape limitation and the environment select for the same adaptation. Our results showed no biologically relevant influence of kairomone on hatching and no influence on growth rate. This suggests that, in an unpredictable environment, the costs of a missed opportunity are substantial enough to prevent the evolution of some antipredator defense strategies.
Straightforward and Stereoselective Synthesis of α,β‐Diamino Acid Derivatives by Means of an Organocatalyzed Decarboxylative Mannich Reaction
Authors: Singjunla Yuttapong , Baudoux Jérôme , Rouden Jacques
Published: May 2017

A rapid and convenient method has been developed for the stereoselective synthesis of α,β‐diamino acid derivatives from amido‐substituted malonic acid half oxyesters (MAHOs) and imines. The anti products were obtained with a diastereomeric ratio up to 99:1 by using a decarboxylative Mannich reaction catalyzed by commercially available 1,4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2] octane (DABCO).
Selective Electrochemical Detection of Pirarubicin by Means of DNA‐modified Graphite Biosensor
Authors: Paziewska−Nowak Agnieszka , Jankowska−Śliwińska Joanna , Dawgul Marek , Pijanowska Dorota G.
Published: May 2017

Pirarubicin (THP) is an anthracycline drug, which is mainly used in the anticancer treatment. Utilization of THP may be associated with many dangerous side effects, therefore monitoring of drug level in patients’ organism is an important aspect of chemotherapy. In our research we focused on designing of an electrochemical DNA‐based biosensor for selective detection of pirarubicin (THP). Our biosensor utilizes the ability of pirarubicin to interact with DNA double helix and the fact that THP is an electrochemically active compound. Graphite electrodes modified with DNA enable to obtain nearly three thousand times higher sensitivity (41.8⋅103 A/M) than non‐modified sensors. Furthermore, in the case of THP detection by means of bare graphite electrodes, LOD was 43.6⋅10−9 M, whereas for developed DNA biosensors ‐112⋅10‐12 M. A study of selectivity of DNA–modified biosensors was carried out in aqueous solutions containing interferents: acetaminophen (PCT) and ascorbic acid (AA) as well as in samples of fetal bovine serum (FBS) spiked with PCT and AA. In established measurement conditions one peak corresponding to THP reduction was observed, whereas no redox peaks assigned to interferents (PCT, AA) were present. These results indicate that developed biosensors are selective to pirarubicin.
Reconciled Nanoarchitecture with Overlapped 2 D Anatomy for High‐Energy Hybrid Supercapacitors
Authors: Abureden Salah , Hassan Fathy M. , Yu Aiping , Chen Zhongwei
Published: May 2017

A unique and novel, flower bouquet‐like, vanadium disulfide (VS2) nanosheet structure with very small prominent VS2 nanoparticles (10–25 nm) anchored on the surface of graphene nanosheets (VS2/G) was synthesized by a facile solvothermal method. The material showed superior electrochemical performance upon testing as a supercapacitor and achieved specific capacitance values of 211 and 135 F g−1 at current densities of 1 and 20 A g−1, respectively, with 97 % capacitance retention after 8000 cycles at 5 A g−1 with high coulombic efficiency. The material was used to fabricate a full‐cell hybrid supercapacitor (HSC), which showed a specific capacitance of 132 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1 with remarkable cyclability up to 8000 cycles at 5 A g−1 and a loss of less than 1×10−4 F cycle−1. The HSC demonstrated an excellent energy density of 46.93 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 0.91 kW kg−1 and retained a high energy density of 23.11 Wh kg−1 even upon increasing the power density tenfold (9.40 kW kg−1). This unique material synthesized by a simple method is a very promising candidate for next‐generation energy‐storage technologies that can fill the gap between batteries and supercapacitor devices.
Removal of Sr2+, Co2+, and Cs+ from aqueous solution by immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae with magnetic chitosan beads
Authors: Yin Yanan , Hu Jun , Wang Jianlong
Published: May 2017

In this article, a novel biomaterial, the immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae with magnetic chitosan was prepared, characterized, and applied for the removal of Sr2+, Co2+, and Cs+ from aqueous solution in single and binary component systems. The results demonstrated that initial pH values had significant influence on the removal of Sr2+, Co2+, and Cs+. The maximum sorption capacity (qm) for Sr2+, Co2+, and Cs+ in single system was calculated to be 36.97 mg/g, 30.92 mg/g, and 16.67 mg/g from the Langmuir model, respectively. The presence of the competitive metal ions could inhibit the adsorption of the primary metal ions. The order of sorption capacity for Sr2+, Co2+, and Cs+ in both single and binary component systems was Sr2+> Co2+ > Cs+. The immobilized S. cerevisiae had higher affinity to Sr2+ than to Co2+ and Cs+, which was potential biosorbent for removing Sr2+, Co2+, and Cs+ from radioactive wastewater. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 36: 989–996, 2017
Application of high‐resolution Mobile Metal Ion (MMI) soil geochemistry to archaeological investigations: An example from a Roman metal working site, Somerset, United Kingdom
Authors: Sylvester Graham C. , Mann Alan W. , Rate Andrew W. , Wilson Clare A.
Published: May 2017

An innovative application of Mobile Metal Ion (MMI) partial extraction soil geochemistry is used to identify below‐surface archaeological features, using a previously incompletely surveyed Roman metal‐working site at St. Algar's Farm, Somerset, as a case study. Soil samples were taken and analyzed for 53 elements by the MMI geochemical method. Lead, Tl, Ba, and Zn were found in very high concentrations and the sensitivity of the technique also enabled Ag, Au, and Sn to be measured in anomalous concentrations. Elemental maps accurately outlined known metal working areas. Principal component analysis and bivariate correlations identified two suites of associated elements: Pb, Ba, Tl, Ag, Au, Cu, Sb, the base and noble metal group (BNM), and Fe, Ti, Nb, Mn, Co, Cu, P, Li, Rb, Sc, Cs, K, Ga, P, Zr, Th, and Sn, the pegmatite (PEG) group. These were used to form indices that delineate the metal working area and areas possibly related to the processing of pegmatite containing Sn. The high‐sensitivity MMI data were compared with strong acid digest results from a limited number of the MMI samples; the MMI data showed better geochemical contrast than the strong acid results. Multielement statistical similarity comparisons with off‐site samples suggest likely sources for the Pb and Sn used at the St. Algar's site. The increased sensitivity of MMI soil analysis combined with the multielement capacity allows a more detailed archaeological interpretation.
Gravity and the formation of the archaeological record: Main concepts and methodological tools
Authors: Ozán Ivana L.
Published: May 2017

This contribution aims to discuss how gravity‐driven processes affect the archaeological record with the goal of building a broad conceptual and methodological framework for dealing with these contexts. A wide compilation of cases regarding gravity‐driven processes is analyzed to recognize relevant environmental factors, the way they affect the properties of the record, and long‐term archaeological expectations. Only by understanding the specific mechanisms and processes that occur in each context can an accurate methodological approach be chosen on which to base interpretations. A careful taphonomic study of the spatial distribution, frequency, size, diversity, and orientation of materials comprising the archaeological record is the first step to recognizing formation processes. Actualistic studies provide a framework for discussing the timing and intensity at which processes occur. A detailed geomorphological description is required to interpret sedimentological and micromorphological analysis, which in turn helps understanding of the relative subaerial permanence of the record, its temporal resolution, and preservation potential. Interpreting surface and buried materials requires the understanding of pedogenetic processes. Broad in/off‐site spatial sampling strategies definitely yield a more realistic picture about the variety of processes in slope settings.
Injectable dual redox responsive diselenide‐containing poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel
Authors: Gong Chu , Shan Meng , Li Bingqiang , Wu Guolin
Published: May 2017

An injectable dual redox responsive diselenide‐containing poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel was successfully developed by combining the conceptions of injectable hydrogels and dual redox responsive diselenides. In the first step, four‐armed PEG was modified with N‐hydroxysuccinimide (NHS)‐activated esters and thereafter, crosslinked by selenocystamine crosslinkers to form injectable hydrogels via the rapid reaction between NHS‐activated esters and amino groups. The cross‐sectional morphology, mechanical properties, and crosslinking modes of hydrogels were well characterized via scanning electron microscope (SEM), rheological measurements, and Fourier transform infrared spectra, respectively. In addition, the oxidation‐ and reduction‐responsive degradation behaviors of hydrogels were observed and analyzed. The model drug, rhodamine B, was encapsulated in the hydrogel. The drug‐loaded hydrogel exhibited a dual redox responsive release profile, which was consistent with the degradation experiments. The results of all experiments indicated that the formulated injectable dual redox responsive diselenide‐containing PEG hydrogel can have potential applications in various biomedical fields such as drug delivery and stimuli‐responsive drug release. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 2451–2460, 2017.
Enhanced chondrogenic differentiation of stem cells using an optimized electrospun nanofibrous PLLA/PEG scaffolds loaded with glucosamine
Authors: Mirzaei Samaneh , Karkhaneh Akbar , Soleimani Masoud , Ardeshirylajimi Abdolreza , Seyyed Zonouzi Hasti , Hanaee‐Ahvaz Hana
Published: May 2017

Recently, tissue engineering has become one of the most important approaches in medical research for the treatment of injuries and lesions. In the present study, poly(l‐lactide) acid (PLLA), and polyethylene glycol (PEG) with different ratios and PEG molecular weights were used in order to produce appropriate nanofibrous scaffolds using the electrospinning technique for cartilage tissue engineering applications. Glucosamine was also incorporated into the polymeric scaffolds to enhance the biological properties. Mesenchymal stem cells and chondrocytes were used to monitor the differentiation yield. Water absorption test, 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and mechanical properties analyses were performed to characterize the prepared scaffolds. All fabricated scaffolds had porous and nanofibrous structure with interconnected pores. The PLLA‐PEG scaffolds containing PEG with the molecular weights of 3000 and 20,000 and ratio of 85:15 was selected for glucosamine incorporation and cell culture studies due to their superior mechanical properties. According to our data, it was identified that PLLA/PEG 20,000 containing glucosamine had the most capability to support protein absorption, stem cell attachment, and proliferation. Chondrogenic‐related genes such as sex‐determining region Y‐Box 9 (SOX9) and collagen type II were shown to be expressed on these scaffolds higher than those observed on control groups. Taking together, it was demonstrated that in combination with PLLA, PEG 20,000 is a suitable substrate to improve the mechanical and physical properties of nanofibrous scaffolds. In addition, glucosamine‐PLLA/PEG 20,000 was shown to support stem cell attachment, proliferation, and chondrogenic differentiation and so holds promising potential for cartilage tissue engineering applications. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 2461–2474, 2017.
Characterization of wear debris from metal‐on‐metal hip implants during normal wear versus edge‐loading conditions
Authors: Kovochich Michael , Fung Ernest S. , Donovan Ellen , Unice Kenneth M. , Paustenbach Dennis J. , Finley Brent L.
Published: May 2017

Advantages of second‐generation metal‐on‐metal (MoM) hip implants include low volumetric wear rates and the release of nanosized wear particles that are chemically inert and readily cleared from local tissue. In some patients, edge loading conditions occur, which result in higher volumetric wear. The objective of this study was to characterize the size, morphology, and chemistry of wear particles released from MoM hip implants during normal (40° angle) and edge‐loading (65° angle with microseparation) conditions. The mean primary particle size by volume under normal wear was 35 nm (range: 9–152 nm) compared with 95 nm (range: 6–573 nm) under edge‐loading conditions. Hydrodynamic diameter analysis by volume showed that particles from normal wear were in the nano‐ (<100 nm) to submicron (<1000 nm) size range, whereas edge‐loading conditions generated particles that ranged from <100 nm up to 3000–6000 nm in size. Particles isolated from normal wear were primarily chromium (98.5%) and round to oval in shape. Edge‐loading conditions generated more elongated particles (4.5%) (aspect ratio ≥ 2.5) and more CoCr alloy particles (9.3%) compared with normal wear conditions (1.3% CoCr particles). By total mass, edge‐loading particles contained approximately 640‐fold more cobalt than normal wear particles. Our findings suggest that high wear conditions are a potential risk factor for adverse local tissue effects in MoM patients who experience edge loading. This study is the first to characterize both the physical and chemical characteristics of MoM wear particles collected under normal and edge‐loading conditions. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 986–996, 2018.
Corrosion behavior of surface modifications on titanium dental implant. In situ bacteria monitoring by electrochemical techniques
Authors: Díaz Ivan , Pacha‐Olivenza Miguel Ángel , Tejero Ricardo , Anitua Eduardo , González‐Martín Maria Luisa , Escudero Maria Lorenza , García‐Alonso Maria Cristina
Published: May 2017

The effects of surface modifications and bacteria on the corrosion behavior of titanium have been studied. Five surface modifications were analyzed: two acid etchings (op V, op N), acid etching + anodic oxidation (op NT), sandblasting + acid etching (SLA), and machined surfaces (mach). The corrosion behavior of the surface modifications was evaluated by following the standard ANSI/AAMI/ISO 10993‐15:2000. Cyclic potentiodynamic and potentiostatic anodic polarization tests and ion release by ICP‐OES after immersion for 7 days in 0.9% NaCl were carried out. Microbiologically induced corrosion (MIC) of low and high roughness (mach, op V) was assessed in situ by electrochemical techniques. Streptococcus mutans bacteria were resuspended in PBS at a concentration of 3 × 108 bacteria mL−1 and maintained at 37°C. MIC was measured through the open circuit potential, Eoc, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy from 2 to 28 days. Potentiodynamic curves showed the typical passive behavior for all the surface modifications. The titanium ion release after immersion was below 3 ppb. In situ bacteria monitoring showed the decrease in Eoc from −0.065 (SD 0.067) Vvs. Ag/AgCl in mach and −0.115 (SD 0.084) Vvs. Ag/AgCl in op V, to −0.333 (SD 0.147) Vvs. Ag/AgCl in mach and −0.263 (SD 0.005) Vvs. Ag/AgCl in op V, after 2 and 28 days, respectively. A reduction of the oxide film resistance, especially in op V (54 MΩ cm2 and 6 MΩ cm2, after 2 and 28 days, respectively) could be seen. Streptococcus mutans negatively affected the corrosion resistance of titanium. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 997–1009, 2018.
Rapid and simultaneous measurement of phosphorus metabolite pool size ratio and reaction kinetics of enzymes in vivo
Authors: Kim Sang‐Young , Chen Wei , Ongur Dost , Du Fei
Published: May 2017

Purpose

The metabolites phosphocreatine (PCr), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and in‐organic phosphate (Pi) are biochemically coupled. Their pool sizes, assessed by their magnetization ratios, have been extensively studied and reflect bioenergetics status in vivo. However, most such studies have ignored chemical exchange and T1 relaxation effects. In this work, we aimed to extend the
method to simultaneously quantify the reaction rate constants as well as phosphorus metabolite pool size ratios under partially relaxed conditions.

Materials and Methods

Modified Bloch‐McConnell equations were used to simulate the effects of chemical exchanges on T1 relaxation times and magnetization ratios among PCr, γ‐ATP, and Pi. The
method with iteration approach was used to measure both reaction constants and metabolite pool size ratios. To validate our method, in vivo data from rat brains (N = 8) at 9.4 Tesla were acquired under two conditions, i.e., approximately full relaxation (TR = 9 s) and partial relaxation (TR = 3 s). We compared metabolite pool size ratios and reaction constants before and after correcting the chemical exchange and T1 relaxation effects.

Results

There were significant errors in underestimation of PCr/γATP by 12 % (P = 0.03) and overestimation of ATP/Pi ratios by 14 % (P = 0.04) when not considering chemical exchange effects. These errors were minimized using our iteration approach, resulting in no significant differences (PCr/γATP, P = 0.47; ATP/Pi, P = 0.81) in metabolite pool size ratios and reaction constants between the two measurements (i.e., short versus long TR conditions).

Conclusion

Our method can facilitate broad biomedical applications of 31P magnetization saturation transfer spectroscopy, requiring high temporal and/or spatial resolution for assessment of altered bioenergetics.

Level of Evidence: 2

Technical Efficacy: Stage 1

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;47:210–221.
When should we use contrast material in cardiac MRI?
Authors: Paiman Elisabeth H.M. , Lamb Hildo J.
Published: May 2017

At present, most of the cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations rely on contrast‐enhanced protocols, but noncontrast alternatives are emerging. Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) imaging for the detection of myocardial scar can be considered the main cause for the embedding of cardiac MRI into the clinical routine. The novel noncontrast technique of native T1 mapping shows promise for tissue characterization in ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathy and may provide additional information over conventional LGE imaging. Technical issues, including measurements variability, still need to be resolved to facilitate a wide clinical application. Ischemia detection can be performed with contrast‐based stress perfusion and contrast‐free stress wall motion imaging. For coronary magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), protocols with and without contrast material have been developed. Research on coronary atherosclerotic plaque characterization has introduced new applications of contrast material. For MRA of the aorta, which traditionally relied on contrast administration, several noncontrast protocols have become available. This review provides an overview of when to use contrast material in cardiac and cardiac‐related vascular MRI, summarizes the major imaging building blocks, and describes the diagnostic value of the available contrast‐enhanced and noncontrast techniques. Contrast material in cardiac MRI should be used for LGE imaging for tissue characterization in ischemic or nonischemic cardiomyopathy and may be used for stress perfusion imaging for the detection of ischemia. In cardiac‐related vascular MRI, use of contrast material should be avoided, unless high‐quality angiography is required that cannot be obtained with noncontrast protocols.

Level of Evidence: 5

Technical Efficacy: Stage 3

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;46:1551–1572.
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor: Correlations between MRI features, tumor biology, and clinical outcome after surgery
Authors: Canellas Rodrigo , Lo Grace , Bhowmik Sreejita , Ferrone Cristina , Sahani Dushyant
Published: May 2017

Purpose

To assess which magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features are associated with pNETs (pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors) grade based on the WHO classification, as well as identify MRI features related to disease progression after surgery.

Materials and Methods

In this Institutional Review Board (IRB)‐approved study, 1.5T and 3.0T MRI scans of 80 patients with surgically verified pNETs were assessed. The images were evaluated for tumor location; size; pattern; predominant signal intensity on precontrast T1‐ and T2‐weighted images, as well as on postcontrast arterial and portal venous phase T1‐weighted sequences; presence of pancreatic duct dilatation; pancreatic atrophy; restricted diffusion; vascular involvement by the tumor; extrapancreatic tumor spread; and synchronous liver metastases. Tumors were graded based on the WHO classification and patients were followed‐up with computed tomography (CT) or MRI after surgical resection. Data were analyzed with Student's t and chi‐square tests, logistic regression, and Kaplan–Meier curves.

Results

The MRI features that were associated with aggressive tumors were: size >2.0 cm (odds ratio [OR] = 4.8, P = 0.002), “T2 nonbright lesions” on T2‐weighted images (OR = 4.6, P = 0.008), presence of pancreatic ductal dilatation (OR = 4.9, P = 0.024), and restricted diffusion within the lesion (OR = 4.9, P = 0.013). Differences in progression‐free survival distribution were found for patients whose pNETs were associated with the following MRI features: size >2.0 cm (χ2 (1) = 6.0, P = 0.014), “nonbright lesions” on T2‐weighted images (χ2 (1) = 6.8, P = 0.009), and presence of pancreatic duct dilatation (χ2 (1) = 10.9, P = 0.001).

Conclusion

MRI features can be used to assess pNETs aggressiveness and identify patients at risk for early disease progression after surgical resection.

Level of Evidence: 3

Technical Efficacy: Stage 3

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;47:425–432.
Fragmentation characteristics of hydroxycinnamic acids in ESI‐MSn by density functional theory
Authors: Yin Zhi‐Hui , Sun Chang‐Hai , Fang Hong‐Zhuang
Published: May 2017

This work aims to analyze the electrospray ionization multistage mass spectrometry (ESI‐MSn) fragmentation characteristics of hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs) in negative ion mode. The geometric parameters, energies, natural bond orbitals and frontier orbitals of fragments were calculated by density functional theory (DFT) to investigate mass spectral fragmentation mechanisms. The results showed that proton transfer always occurred during fragmentation of HCAs; their quasi‐molecular ions ([M − H]−) existed in more than one form and were mainly with the lowest energy. The fragmentation characteristics included the followings: (1) according to the different substitution position of phenolic hydroxyl group, the ring contraction reaction by CO elimination from benzene was in an increasingly difficult order: m‐phenolic hydroxyl > p‐phenolic hydroxyl > o‐phenolic hydroxyl; and (2) ortho effect always occurred in o‐dihydroxycinnamic acids (o‐diHCAs), i.e. one phenolic hydroxyl group offered H+, which combined with the other one to lose H2O. In addition, there was a nucleophilic reaction during ring contraction in diHCAs that oxygen atom attacked the carbon atom binding with the other phenolic hydroxyl to lose CO2. The fragmentation characteristics and mechanism of HCAs could be used for analysis and identification of such compounds quickly and effectively, and as reference for structural analogues by ESI‐MS. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Human cytomegalovirus triggers the assembly of AIM2 inflammasome in THP‐1‐derived macrophages
Authors: Huang Yuan , Liu Lingling , Ma Di , Liao Yi , Lu Yuanyuan , Huang Heyu , Qin Wenqing , Liu Xinglou , Fang Feng
Published: May 2017

Absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasome is a multiprotein complex which plays a pivotal role in the host immune response to multiple pathogens. The role of AIM2 in human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is poorly studied. Thus, using a small inference RNA (siRNA) approach and THP‐1 derived macrophage cells infected with HCMV AD169 strain, we investigated the impact of HCMV infection on AIM2‐mediated molecular events. Compared to wild‐type cells, AIM2‐defiecient macrophages showed a limited ability to activate caspase‐1, process IL‐1β, and induce cell death. In addition, AIM2‐defiecient cells were unable to efficiently control HCMV infection, as the transcription of virus DNA polymerase gene UL54 and major tegument protein gene UL83 were higher compared to wild‐type cells. In conclusion, HCMV infection induces an AIM2 inflammasome response, which negatively influences viral life cycle.
Epidemiological and genetic analysis concerning the non‐enterovirus 71 and non‐coxsackievirus A16 causative agents related to hand, foot and mouth disease in Anyang city, Henan Province, China, from 2011 to 2015
Authors: Li Yang , Bao Honghong , Zhang Xiangping , Zhai Mingqiang , Bao Xiaobing , Wang Demin , Zhang Shuanhu
Published: May 2017

Enterovirus 71 (EV‐A71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CV‐A16) are major pathogens of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and have been associated with consecutive outbreaks of HFMD in China over the past years. Although several other human enteroviruses (HEVs) have also acted as causative agents of HFMD, published information on their roles in the prevalence of HFMD is limited. This study was conducted to reveal the characteristics of the pathogenic spectrum and molecular epidemiology of the non‐EV‐71 and ‐CV‐A16 HEVs in Anyang City, which is located in north‐central China and has a population of five million. From 2011 to 2015, 2270 samples were collected from HFMD patients (3.89 ± 1.06 years of age), and 1863 HEV‐positive samples, including 524 samples with 23 non‐EV‐71 and non‐CV‐A16 serotypes, were identified. Based on the nucleotide sequence of the VP1 gene, 6 common non‐EV‐71 and non‐CV‐A16 HEVs, including coxsackievirus A2, A6, A10, A14, B2, and B5, were studied to determine their phylogenies and selective pressures. Phylogenetic analyses revealed a high level of genetic divergence and a pattern of lineage replacement over time in Mainland China. Selective pressure analyses showed that purifying selection was predominant in the evolution of the VP1 gene, whereas positive selection acted on individual codons. Overall, non‐EV‐71 and non‐CV‐A16 HEVs were important constituents of the pathogenic spectrum of HFMD in Anyang City during 2011‐2015. Some of these HEVs with complex and active phylogenies represent a potential threat to public health, suggesting that long‐term monitoring of these pathogens should be implemented to prevent HFMD outbreaks.
Seasonal nitrogen uptake and regeneration in the western coastal Arctic
Authors: Baer Steven E. , Sipler Rachel E. , Roberts Quinn N. , Yager Patricia L. , Frischer Marc E. , Bronk Deborah A.
Published: May 2017

Here, we present the first study to investigate the seasonal importance of amino acid‐nitrogen (N) to Arctic near shore microbial communities. We measured primary productivity and the uptake of ammonium, nitrate, urea, and amino acids in two size fractions (> 3 μm and approximately 0.7–3 μm), as well as ammonium regeneration and nitrification using 15N and 13C tracer approaches in the near‐shore waters of the Chukchi Sea, during January, April, and August for two consecutive years. At discrete depths, nitrate comprised 46–78% of the total dissolved N pool during January and April but only 2–6% during August. Dissolved organic N (DON) concentrations increased between January and August though the carbon (C) : N (mol : mol) of the DON pool declined. Of the substrates tested, amino acids supported the bulk of both N and C nutrition in both size fractions during January and April (ice‐covered). Urea generally had the lowest uptake rate under ice‐covered conditions; uptake of urea‐C was only detectable in August. Though previous Arctic studies focused largely on nitrate, we found nitrate uptake was generally lower than other substrates tested. The sharp decline in nitrate concentration between April and August, however, indicates a drawdown of nitrate during that period. Rates of ammonium uptake were highest in August, when it was the dominant N substrate used. During all sample periods, rates of ammonium regeneration were sufficient to supply ammonium demand. Rates of nitrification varied between sample periods, however, with much higher rates seen in January and April.
A synoptic survey of microbial respiration, organic matter decomposition, and carbon efflux in U.S. streams and rivers
Authors: Hill Brian H. , Elonen Colleen M. , Herlihy Alan T. , Jicha Terri M. , Mitchell Richard M.
Published: May 2017

We analyzed ecoenzyme activities related to organic matter processing in 1879 streams and rivers across the continental U.S. as part of the USEPA's National Rivers and Streams Assessment. Ecoenzymatic stoichiometry was used to construct models for carbon use efficiency (CUE) and decomposition (−k). Microbial respiration (Rm) was estimated from sediment organic carbon stocks, CUE, and −k. The streams and rivers were classified by size (headwaters: 1st‐order; streams: 2nd–3rd order; small rivers: 4th–5th order; big rivers 6th–7th order; and great rivers ≥ 8th order) and condition class (least, intermediate, and most disturbed), and grouped into nine ecoregions. There were ecoregion, stream size, and condition class effects for CUE, −k, and Rm, with Rm increasing from eastern ecoregions through the plains to the western ecoregions. CUE, −k, and Rm decreased with increasing streams size and increased with increasing disturbance. Rm, CUE, and −k were correlated with water and sediment chemistry; CUE and −k were also correlated with stream bed fine sediments; and CUE was further correlated with catchment land cover. Rm was extrapolated to ecoregional and national scales, and the results suggest that microbial assemblages account for 12% of the total CO2 outgassing, and nearly 50% of the aquatic metabolism C losses, from U.S. streams and rivers. Cumulative respiratory C losses increased from headwaters to small streams, then decreased with increasing stream size. This U‐shaped respiration curve was not evident when streams were viewed by disturbance classes, suggesting that anthropogenic disturbances mask the expected organic matter processing signature of the river continuum.
Tips and pitfalls in direct ligation of large spontaneous splenorenal shunt during liver transplantation
Authors: Kim Hyeyoung , Yoon Kyung Chul , Lee Kwang‐Woong , Yi Nam‐Joon , Lee Hae Won , Choi YoungRok , Oh Dongkyu , Kim Hyo‐Sin , Hong Suk Kyun , Ahn Sung Woo , Suh Kyung‐Suk
Published: May 2017

Patients with large spontaneous splenorenal shunts (SRSs) prove challenging during liver transplantation (LT), regardless of organizing portal vein (PV) thrombosis. Here, we detail the clinical outcomes of 26 patients who underwent direct ligation of large SRSs during LT. Direct ligation of large SRS was applied in poor portal flow during LT. We performed temporary test clamping of the SRS before direct ligation and applied PV pressure monitoring in patients who showed signs of portal hypertension, such as bowel edema. We retrospectively reviewed and evaluated their clinical outcomes. Among 843 patients who underwent LT between 2010 and 2015, 26 (3.1%) underwent direct ligation of SRS without any intraoperative event. Mean preoperative Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease score was 16.7 ± 9.0. The main PV diameter on preoperative computed tomography was 8.3 ± 3.4 mm (range, 3.0‐14.0 mm). SRS was easily identified at just below the distal pancreas and beside the inferior mesenteric vein in all patients. Accompanying PV thrombectomy was done in 42.3% of patients. Among 26 patients, massive and prolonged ascites was evident in 15.4% (n = 4) postoperatively. They were all living donor LT recipients with a small PV diameter (4.0‐6.7 mm). Except for 1 patient who underwent splenic artery embolization, ascites was tolerable and well controlled by conservative management. There was a 7.7% rate of major complications related to direct ligation, including reoperation due to combined ligation of SRS along with a left renal vein at the confluence. Except for 1 hospital mortality due to sepsis, 25 patients (96.2%) are alive with no evidence of further PV complications. In conclusion, direct ligation of large SRS during LT is a safe and feasible method to overcome the effects of a large SRS. Liver Transplantation 23 899–906 2017 AASLD.
Flexible Diazide Based Sulfonated Polytriazoles and Their Proton Exchange Membrane Properties
Authors: Saha Sayantani , Banerjee Susanta , Komber Hartmut , Voit Brigitte
Published: May 2017

The preparation, characterization, and property evaluation of a series of new semifluorinated polytriazoles (PTEHSH‐XX) with various degrees of sulfonation is described. The polymers are synthesized by the click polymerization reaction of a mixture of a new diazide monomer, 1,4‐bis‐[{2′‐trifluromethyl 4′‐(4″‐azidophenyl)phenoxy}]phenyl, and a sulfonated monomer, 4,4′‐diazido‐2,2′‐stilbenedisulfonic acid disodium salt, with an equimolar amount of a dialkyne monomer, 1,3‐diethynylbenzene. The polytriazoles are characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and NMR spectroscopic techniques. The polytriazoles show good solubility in selective organic solvents and film forming ability. The films prepared from these polymers show high thermal and chemical stability, low water uptake, high dimensional stability, and excellent mechanical properties. The transmission electron microscopy images of these polymers exhibit a uniformly phase separated morphology. The polymers show very high proton conductivity and the values are within the range of 27–118 mS cm−1 at 30 °C, 53–225 mS cm−1 at 80 °C, and 58–235 mS cm−1 at 90 °C in hydrated condition.

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Different renal phenotypes in related adult males with Fabry disease with the same classic genotype
Authors: Mignani Renzo , Moschella Mariarita , Cenacchi Giovanna , Donati Ilaria , Flachi Marta , Grimaldi Daniela , Cerretani Davide , Giovanni Paola De , Montevecchi Marcello , Rigotti Angelo , Ravasio Alessandro
Published: May 2017

Background

Fabry disease related patients with classical mutation usually exhibit similar severe phenotype especially concerning renal manifestation.

Methods

A dry blood spot screening (DBS) and the DNA analysis has been performed in a 48‐year‐old man (Patient 1) because of paresthesia.

Results

The DBS revealed absent leukocyte α‐Gal A enzyme activity while DNA analysis identified the I354K mutation. Serum creatinine and e‐GFR were in normal range and also albuminuria and proteinuria were absent. The brain MRI showed ischemic lesions and a diffuse focus of gliosis in the white matter, while the echocardiogram showed a left ventricular hypertrophy. The renal biopsy performed in the case index showed a massive deposition of zebra bodies. By a familiar investigation, it was recognized that his brother (Patient 2) died 2 years before from sudden death syndrome at the age of 49. He had suffered sporadic and undiagnosed pain at the extremities, a prior cataract, bilateral neurosensorial hearing loss and left ventricular hypertrophy on Echocardiogram. His previous laboratory examinations revealed a normal serum creatinine and the absence of proteinuria. Pedigree analysis of the brothers revealed a high disease burden among family members, with an affected cousin (Patient 3) who progressed early to end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) that required renal transplantation.

Conclusions

Here we describe the clinical history of three adult male members of the same family with the same genotype who manifested different presentation and progression of the disease, particularly concerning the renal involvement.
Novel agents for sperm purification, sorting, and imaging
Authors: Feugang Jean M.
Published: May 2017

The stringent selection of viable spermatozoa ensures the transmission of high‐quality genetic material to the egg during fertilization. Sperm heterogeneity within or between ejaculates and between males obliges varied post‐collection handling of semen to assure satisfactory fertility rates. The current techniques used to assess sperm generally detect non‐viable and non‐fertilizing gametes in the ejaculate, but do not permit the investigation of semen for improved fertility outcomes. Advances in technology, however, have spurred the search for new approaches to enrich semen with high‐quality spermatozoa and to track intra‐uterine sperm migration. This review highlights the current and future methodologies used for sperm labeling, selection, tracking, and imaging, with specific emphasis on the recent influence of nanotechnology.