bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comment sifting: pragmatic qualitative analysis of LibQUAL + Comments
Authors: Luther Michael
Published: November 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to present a practical, low-tech and adaptable methodology for converting large amounts of comment data into actionable, qualitative analysis.

Design/methodology/approach

– In 2013, the Horace W. Sturgis Library of Kennesaw State University conducted the LibQUAL+ survey, receiving 1,653 open-ended comments. In a home-grown approach to comment analysis, the Sturgis Library targeted specific areas of operational significance (chat, ILL, etc.) to analyze in depth. Keywords and synonyms were identified, comments containing these terms were evaluated and a document known as a mini-report summarized the analysis for each area.

Findings

– Over the summer of 2013, two librarians created 12 mini-reports. The mini-report format allowed investigators to build up their understanding of the organization incrementally and proved a valuable means of summarizing qualitative analysis and sharing it with various stakeholders.

Research limitations/implications

– Not all comments are coded, and therefore, potentially valuable information is lost. By limiting focus to specific operational areas, the methodology does not capture themes that are diffused throughout the organization. Some areas of operational significance are difficult to isolate by keywords.

Originality/value

– This paper contributes to the literature on pragmatic qualitative analysis. Many existing models of qualitative analysis are resource intensive, in terms of time, technology and staff training. This paper presents a variation on a methodology that is more adaptable, allowing the researchers to explore within large pools of comment data without having to code and analyze every comment.
Google classroom for librarians: features and opportunities
Authors: Izenstark Amanda , Leahy Katie L.
Published: November 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to share possible opportunities for librarians, faculty and students with access to Google Classroom, and it includes a discussion of its application and functionality in information literacy sessions.

Design/methodology/approach

– This paper describes the functionality of Google Classroom with a review of its capabilities for providing information literacy instruction based on hands-on use in several classes and observation.

Findings

– Google Classroom streamlined delivery of materials with students in one-time and multi-meeting classes. Students appreciated its seamless integration with their university email accounts.

Originality/value

– Librarians teaching classes often need to share introductory information, exercises and supplemental materials with students. Google Classroom offers a simple platform for this purpose.
National Hockey League guaranteed contracts
Authors: Landry Jon , Edgar David , Harris John , Grant Kevin
Published: November 2015

Purpose

– This paper aims to investigate, through the lens of the principal–agent problem, the relationship between payment of National Hockey League (NHL) salaries and player performance during the period of 2005-2011 and explore the inherent issues within the NHL player compensation and incentive structure.

Design/methodology/approach

– The research adopts a pragmatic philosophy with deductive reasoning. This paper focuses on the NHL season 2005-2011 and undertake analysis of historical player contracts and performance data of 670 players across 29 clubs to undertake liner regression analysis.

Findings

– This paper quantifies potential inefficiencies of NHL league contracts and defines the parameters of the principal–agent problem. It is identifies that player performance generally increases with salary, is higher in the first year of a contract and despite decreasing over the life of the contract, will usually peak again in the final year of the contract.

Research limitations/implications

– The research is based around figures from 2005-2011 and secondary statistical data. The study captures quantitative data but does not allow for an exploration of the qualitative perspective to the problem.

Practical implications

– Entry-level or first contracts are good for all teams and players because they provide incentive to perform and a reduction of risk to the team should a player not perform to expectations. The same can be said for players at the other end of the spectrum. Although not typically used much, performance bonuses for players over the age of 35 allow clubs to “take a chance” on a player and the player can benefit by reaching attainable bonuses. These findings therefore provide contributions to the practicing managers and coaches of NHL teams who can consider the results to help shape their approach to management of players and the planning of teams and succession planning for talent.

Originality/value

– The paper presents a comprehensive and current perspective of the principal–agent problem in NHL and extends the work of Purcell (2009) and Gannon (2009) in understanding player performance enhancement.
Financial distress at Comercial Mexicana, 2008-2011
Authors: Trejo-Pech Carlos Omar , White Susan , Noguera Magdy
Published: November 2015

Synopsis

Controladora Comercial Mexicana, a Mexican retailer, had successfully managed the bankruptcy process and was ready to emerge from its problems, primarily caused by speculation and excessive debt, and begin operations anew. Was the restructured Comerci capable of regaining its position as a premier retailer, and more importantly, was the firm capable of repaying the high level of debt that it carried following bankruptcy reorganization? How strong was the reorganized firm? Had Comerci truly left its problems behind in bankruptcy court, or would history repeat itself? How could Comerci raise funds needed for growth – through additional debt? Though asset sales?

Research methodology

This case was researched using publicly available information, including the company's financial statements, bankruptcy filings, news stories about the bankruptcy and financial data bases (e.g. ISI Emerging Markets, Economática, Capital IQ, etc.) to obtain information about the competitors and from financial analysts.

Relevant courses and levels

This case is intended for advanced undergraduate or MBA electives in finance. Students should have a basic understanding of valuation and financing before attempting this case. The case could also be used in a corporate finance or banking class to illustrate bankruptcy and credit risk, or could be used in an international business class to illustrate the differences between USA and international bankruptcies.
Kumnandzi Macadamia Importers: cracking the nut of self-identity
Authors: Timmerman John , Morris Frank , Lovvorn Al
Published: November 2015

Synopsis

Steve Holder had already worked with Matsapha College for ten years as the organization matured its macadamia orchard to the point of yielding sufficient proceeds to assist in the support of the colleges educational endeavors in Swaziland. Now Matsapha College was entertaining the possibility of launching a separate entity, Kumnandzi Macadamia Importers, to be a stateside distributor of both Matsapha's macadamia nuts and that of other growers in the region, with the prospect of producing additional revenue to help sponsor education. The Board of Matsapha College is interested in the idea of having the College prosper from added macadamia sales, but members have mixed opinions about the direction and form this growth should take. Before any major decisions are made, Steve learns that the organization should do some self-reflection and decide what Kumnandzi Macadamia Importers is all about before proceeding. Specifically, the Matsapha College Board of Directors needs to articulate its vision for the proposed new entity, as well as craft the entity's mission statement and value proposition.

Research methodology

The case was based upon extensive interviews with the President of the organization being described.

Relevant courses and levels

This case is targeted to both undergraduate and graduate students in Strategic Management, but may include Marketing Principles, Marketing Management, Strategic Marketing, and Entrepreneurship, especially if the course includes the task of building a business plan or marketing plan that incorporates vision and mission statements as well as a customer value proposition.
Eastern Truss Company: the technology adoption decision
Authors: Ritchie William , Williamson Dusty , Ni John , Shahzad Ali , Young George
Published: November 2015

Synopsis

Located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, Eastern Truss Company produced trusses used in construction of both large warehouses and custom homes. This case presents the student with the opportunity to analyze the critical factors associated with the decision of whether Eastern should adopt a new production technology and whether cash flows from reduction of temporary workers will cover adoption coasts. The student must evaluate the decision to adopt the production technology through the lens of operations management tools. This case is appropriate for undergraduate business studies in the field of operations management.

Research methodology

Case study.

Relevant courses and levels

Undergraduate operations management.
Mystic landscaping: selecting a form of business ownership
Authors: Vega Gina
Published: November 2015

Synopsis

This case provides information about the start-up of a successful landscaping/snow plowing business by a high school student. A description of some of the characteristics of the entrepreneur, his method of gaining start-up funds, and suggestions about the way he focused himself on his goals offer food for thought to students about the start-up process and selection of an appropriate form of business ownership.

Research methodology

Primary research.

Relevant courses and levels

This case is designed for use by undergraduates in introduction to entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial finance, or introduction to business classes. It can be introduced early in the term to encourage discussion of launching a business.
Isoform‐specific regulation of transforming growth factor‐β mRNA expression in macrophages in response to adrenoceptor stimulation
Authors: Yanagawa Yoshiki , Hiraide Sachiko , Iizuka Kenji
Published: November 2015

Transforming growth factor‐beta (TGF‐β) is a multifunctional cytokine responsible for both immune regulation and tissue repair. Although TGF‐β consists of TGF‐β1, ‐β2, and ‐β3 in mammals, isoform‐selective transcriptional regulation is less well documented in myeloid linage cells such as macrophages. In the present study, the effect of the stress‐related catecholamine adrenaline on the expression of TGF‐β isoforms in RAW264.7 macrophages and murine bone marrow‐derived macrophages was examined. Treatment with adrenaline markedly increased the mRNA expression of TGF‐β3 but not of TGF‐β1 and ‐β2. Agonist and antagonist studies indicated that adrenaline‐induced TGF‐β3 mRNA expression is mediated via β2‐adrenoceptor. Protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor H89 was found to block an increase in adrenoceptor‐mediated TGF‐β3 mRNA expression. The membrane‐permeable cAMP analog 8‐Br‐cAMP increased the mRNA expression of TGF‐β3 but not of TGF‐β1 and ‐β2. Thus, the β2‐adrenoceptor‐mediated cAMP‐PKA pathway appears to enhance TGF‐β3 mRNA expression in macrophages. Adrenoceptor‐mediated TGF‐β3 expression by macrophages may influence immune regulation and tissue repair in conditions of stress, during which the sympathetic‐nervous system releases catecholamines.
A 350‐million‐year legacy of fire adaptation among conifers
Authors: He Tianhua , Belcher Claire M. , Lamont Byron B. , Lim Sim L.
Published: November 2015

Current phylogenetic evidence shows that fire began shaping the evolution of land plants 125 Ma, although the fossil charcoal record indicates that fire has a much longer history (>350 Ma). Serotiny (on‐plant seed storage) is generally accepted as an adaptation to fire among woody plants.

We developed a conceptual model of the requirements for the evolution of serotiny, and propose that serotiny is only expressed in the presence of a woody rachis as supporting structure, compact scales covering seeds as protective structure, seed wing as dispersal structure, and crown fire as the agent of selection and mechanism for seed release. This model is strongly supported by empirical data for modern ecosystems.

We reconstructed the evolutionary history of intrinsic structural states required for the expression of serotiny in conifers, and show that these were diagnostic for early (‘transitional’) conifers from 332 Ma (late‐Carboniferous).

We assessed the likely flammable characteristics of early conifers and found that scale‐leaved conifers burn rapidly and with high intensity, supporting the idea that crown fire regimes may have dominated early conifer ecosystems.

Synthesis. Coupled with strong evidence for frequent fire throughout the Permian‐Carboniferous and fossil evidence for other fire‐related traits, we conclude that many early conifers were serotinous in response to intense crown fires, indicating that fire may have had a major impact on the evolution of plant traits as far back as 350 Ma.
Sensory quality of unheated and heated Mozzarella‐style cheeses with different fat, salt and calcium levels
Authors: Henneberry Sarah , O'Sullivan Maurice G , Kilcawley Kieran N , Kelly Philip M , Wilkinson Martin G , Guinee Timothy P
Published: November 2015

The current study evaluated the effects of reducing fat from 23w/w to 11w/w and salt from 1.8 to 1.0w/w on the texture profile attributes, volatile compounds and sensory characteristics of unheated and heated (95 °C) mozzarella‐style cheese after 15 and 35 days of storage at 4 °C. Reducing fat content significantly impaired sensory acceptability, mainly because of associated increases in firmness, rubberiness and chewiness, and reductions in fat flavour and cheese flavour in the unheated and heated cheeses. Reducing salt content had relatively minor effects. Reducing calcium content counteracted some of the negative sensory attributes associated with reduced‐fat cheese.
Using Fish Sauce as a Substitute for Sodium Chloride in Culinary Sauces and Effects on Sensory Properties
Authors: Huynh Hue Linh , Danhi Robert , Yan See Wan
Published: November 2015

Historically, fish sauce has been a standard condiment and ingredient in various Southeast Asian cuisines. Moreover, fish sauce imparts umami taste, which may enhance perceived saltiness in food. This quality suggests that fish sauce may be used as a partial substitute for sodium chloride (NaCl) in food preparation, which may present a valuable option for health‐conscious and salt‐restricted consumers. However, the degree to which NaCl can be decreased in food products without compromising taste and consumer acceptance has not been determined. We hypothesized that NaCl content in food may be reduced by partial replacement with fish sauce without diminishing palatability and consumer acceptance. Preparations of 3 types of food were assessed to test this hypothesis: chicken broth (n = 72); tomato sauce (n = 73); and coconut curry (n = 70). In the first session, the percentage of NaCl that could be replaced with fish sauce without a significant change in overall taste intensity was determined for each type of food using the 2‐Alternative Forced Choice method. In the second session, subjects rated 5 samples for each food with varying NaCl and/or fish sauce content on 3 sensory attributes: deliciousness; taste intensity; and saltiness. Our results demonstrate that NaCl reduction was possible in chicken broth, tomato sauce, and coconut curry at 25%, 16%, and 10%, respectively, without a significant loss (P < 0.05) in deliciousness and overall taste intensity. These results suggest that it is possible to replace NaCl in foods with fish sauce without reducing overall taste intensity and consumer acceptance.
Sleep problems in bipolar disorders: more than just insomnia
Authors: Steinan M. K. , Scott J. , Lagerberg T. V. , Melle I. , Andreassen O. A. , Vaaler A. E. , Morken G.
Published: November 2015

Objective

Sleep problems in bipolar disorder (BD) are common, but reported rates vary from 10% to 80%, depending on definitions, methodologies and management of potential confounding factors. This multicenter study seeks to address these issues and also compares BD cases with Hypersomnia as well as the more commonly investigated Insomnia and No Sleep Problem groups.

Method

A cross‐sectional comparison of sleep profiles in 563 BD I and II individuals who participated in a structured assessment of demographic, clinical, illness history and treatment variables.

Results

Over 40% cases met criteria for Insomnia and 29% for Hypersomnia. In univariate analysis, Insomnia was associated with BD II depression whilst Hypersomnia was associated with BD I depression or euthymia. After controlling for confounders and covariates, it was demonstrated that Hypersomnia cases were significantly more likely to be younger, have BD I and be prescribed antidepressants whilst Insomnia cases had longer illness durations and were more likely to be prescribed benzodiazepines and hypnotics.

Conclusion

Whilst Insomnia symptoms are common in BD, Hypersomnia is a significant, frequently underexplored problem. Detailed analyses of large representative clinical samples are critical to extending our knowledge of differences between subgroups defined by sleep profile.
Ethanol affects limbic and striatal presynaptic glutamatergic and DNA methylation gene expression in outbred rats exposed to early‐life stress
Authors: Vrettou Maria , Granholm Linnea , Todkar Aniruddha , Nilsson Kent W. , Wallén‐Mackenzie Åsa , Nylander Ingrid , Comasco Erika
Published: November 2015

Alcohol use disorder is the outcome of both genetic and environmental influences and their interaction via epigenetic mechanisms. The neurotransmitter glutamate is an important regulator of reward circuits and implicated in adaptive changes induced by ethanol intake. The present study aimed at investigating corticolimbic and corticostriatal genetic signatures focusing on the glutamatergic phenotype in relation to early‐life stress (ELS) and consequent adult ethanol consumption. A rodent maternal separation model was employed to mimic ELS, and a free‐choice paradigm was used to assess ethanol intake in adulthood. Gene expression levels of the Vesicular Glutamate Transporters (Vglut) 1, 2 and 3, as well as two key regulators of DNA methylation, DNA (cytosine‐5)‐methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1) and methyl‐CpG‐binding protein 2 (Mecp2), were analyzed. Brain regions of interest were the ventral tegmental area (VTA), nucleus accumbens (Acb), medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and dorsal striatum (dStr), all involved in mediating aspects of ethanol reward. Region‐specific Vglut, Dnmt1 and Mecp2 expression patterns were observed. ELS was associated with down‐regulated expression of Vglut2 in the VTA and mPFC. Rats exposed to ELS were more sensitive to ethanol‐induced changes in Vglut expression in the VTA, Acb, and dStr and in Dnmt1 and Mecp2 expression in the striatal regions. These findings suggest long‐term glutamatergic and DNA methylation neuroadaptations as a consequence of ELS, and show an association between voluntary drinking in non‐preferring, non‐dependent, rodents and different Vglut, Dnmt1 and Mecp2 expression depending on early‐life history.
Effect of fibre‐reinforced composite on the fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth
Authors: Ozsevik Abdul Semih , Yildirim Cihan , Aydin Ugur , Culha Emre , Surmelioglu Derya
Published: November 2015

The aim of this study is to evaluate the fracture resistance of root‐filled teeth restored with fibre‐reinforced composite (everX posterior). Fifty mandibular molars were divided into five groups (n = 10). Group 1: no treatment was applied (intact teeth). Group 2–5: canals were prepared and root filled. Group 2: no coronal restoration was placed. Group 3: teeth were coronally restored with composite. Group 4: composite restorations were performed following polyethylene fibre insertion at the cavity base. Group 5: composite resin placed over everX posterior. After thermocycling (5–55°C, 5000×), fracture resistance was measured. Mean force load for each sample was recorded in Newtons (N). Results were statistically analysed with one‐way analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey's tests. The mean force required to fracture samples and standard deviations are as follows: group 1: 2859.5 ± 551.27 N, group 2: 318.97 ± 108.67 N, group 3: 1489.5 ± 505.04 N, group 4: 1958.3 ± 362.94 N, group 5: 2550.7 ± 586.1 N. everX posterior (group 5) was higher than groups 2, 3 and 4 (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences between everX posterior and intact teeth (P > 0.05). Placing fibre‐reinforced composite under composite increased the fracture strength of root‐filled teeth to the level of intact teeth.
The Coagulative Profile of Cyanotic Children Undergoing Cardiac Surgery: The Role of Whole Blood Preoperative Thromboelastometry on Postoperative Transfusion Requirement
Authors: Vida Vladimiro L. , Spiezia Luca , Bortolussi Giacomo , Marchetti Marta E. , Campello Elena , Pittarello Demetrio , Gregori Dario , Stellin Giovanni , Simioni Paolo
Published: November 2015

The objective of this study is to evaluate the preoperative coagulation pattern and its association to postoperative blood products transfusion in children with congenital heart disease (CHD), focusing on cyanotic patients (oxygen saturation, SATO
2 < 85%). From January to August 2014, preoperative standard coagulation tests and rotational thromboelastometry assays were performed on 81 pediatric patients (<16 years old) who underwent surgery for CHD with the aid of cardiopulmonary bypass. Sixty patients (74%) were acyanotic and 21 (26%) cyanotic. Mean age at time of surgery was 7.9 months (interquartile range 2.9–43.6 months). Cyanotic patients had a significantly higher hematocrit (P < 0.001), a reduced prothrombin activity (PT) (P = 0.01) level, and a lower platelet count (P = 0.02) than acyanotic patients. An inverse linear association was found between patient's SATO2 and clot formation time (CFT) (INTEM, P = 0.001, and EXTEM, P < 0.0001). A direct linear association was found between patient's SATO2 and maximum clot firmness (MCF) (INTEM, P = 0.04, and EXTEM, P = 0.05). Preoperative cyanosis was also associated with a lower median MCF in FIBTEM (P = 0.02). Cyanotic patients required more frequent postoperative transfusions of fibrinogen (7/21 patients, 33% vs. 4/60 patients, 6.7%, P = 0.01) and fresh frozen plasma (14/21, 67% vs. 25/60, 42%, P = 0.08). Patients with a lower presurgery PT and platelet count subsequently required more fibrinogen transfusion P = 0.02 and P = 0.003, respectively); the same goes for patients with a longer CFT (INTEM, P = 0.01 and EXTEM, P = 0.03) and a reduced MCF (INTEM, P = 0.02 and FIBTEM, P = 0.01) as well. Cyanotic patients showed significant preoperative coagulation anomalies and required a higher postoperative fibrinogen supplementation. The preoperative MCF FIBTEM has become an important factor in our postoperative thromboelastometry‐guided transfusion protocols.
County‐level pesticide use and risk of shortened gestation and preterm birth
Authors: Winchester Paul , Proctor Cathy , Ying Jun
Published: November 2015

Aim

This study assesses the association between pesticide exposure in pregnancy, preterm birth (PTB) and shortened gestation.

Methods

Pregnancy information was abstracted from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Non‐Public Use Natality Datasets 1990–2005. Pesticide use in maternal county of residence was calculated using California Pesticide Use Reporting (PUR) data 1990–2005. Counties were ranked by pesticide use, and birth months were sorted by peak (May–June) or nonpeak (other months) pesticide use. Multivariate logistical regression models were used.

Results

Counties with higher pesticide use were associated with higher PTB (low 8.59 ± 0.11%, moderate 9.25 ± 0.07%, high 10.0 ± 0.06%, p's < 0.001) and shorter gestations (low 39.197 ± 0.014 weeks, moderate 39.126 ± 0.011 weeks, high 39.049 ± 0.011 weeks, p's < 0.001). Peak pesticide months were associated with higher PTB (10.01 ± 0.05% vs. 9.36 ± 0.05%, p < 0.001) and shorter gestations (39.069 ± 0.007 weeks vs. 39.122 ± 0.007 weeks, p < 0.001). The pesticide effect on shortened gestation and higher PTB was found in all racial groups. Pesticide use was highest for fungicides > insecticides > fumigants > herbicides > others. Each pesticide type was found to be associated with higher PTB and shorter gestation.

Conclusion

PTB and shortened gestation were significantly associated with pesticide use in maternal county of residence regardless of race, gestation at birth, and in most risk categories.
Exposure to acid‐suppressing drugs during pregnancy and the risk of asthma in childhood: an observational cohort study
Authors: Cea Soriano L. , Hernández‐Díaz S. , Johansson S. , Nagy P. , García‐Rodríguez L. A.
Published: November 2015

Background

Some research has suggested a potential link between prenatal exposure to proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) or H2‐receptor antagonists (H2RAs) and the development of childhood asthma.

Aim

To quantify the relative risk of asthma in children who experienced pre‐natal exposure to PPIs and/or H2RAs, adjusting for potential confounders.

Methods

In this observational cohort study (NCT01787435), women aged 18–45 years with completed pregnancies between January 1996 and December 2010 were identified from The Health Improvement Network in the United Kingdom, and were linked to infants. Hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazard models.

Results

Our analysis identified 2371 prenatally exposed and 7745 unexposed infants. The incidence of asthma (per 1000 person‐years) was 19.52 in the unexposed cohort, 23.88 in the PPI cohort and 32.16 in the H2RA cohort. After adjusting for maternal healthcare utilisation during the year before pregnancy, the HR for asthma in infants whose mothers received prescriptions at any time during pregnancy was 1.12 (95% confidence interval: 0.88–1.44) for PPIs and 1.43 (1.20–1.70) for H2RAs, when compared with unexposed infants. With further adjustment for maternal comorbidities and other medications, the HR for asthma was 1.03 (0.76–1.40) for PPIs and 1.32 (1.05–1.64) for H2RAs.

Conclusions

Our analysis showed no association between prenatal exposure to PPIs and asthma in childhood after adjusting for confounders. The association found for H2RAs may be explained largely by underlying environmental or genetic factors, as suggested by reductions in hazard ratio estimates following adjustment for maternal comorbidities.
Comparison of two live Bacillus species as feed additives for improving in vitro fermentation of cereal straws
Authors: Wang Zuo , He Zhixiong , Beauchemin Karen A. , Tang Shaoxun , Zhou Chuanshe , Han Xuefeng , Wang Min , Kang Jinhe , Odongo Nicholas E. , Tan Zhiliang
Published: November 2015

This study was performed in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement to explore and compare the effects of inclusion of two live Bacillus additives (B. licheniformis and B. subtilis) at four doses (0, 0.25 × 107, 0.50 × 107 and 0.75 × 107 colony‐forming units (cfu)) on in vitro gas production kinetics, fiber degradation, methane production and ruminal fermentation characteristics of maize stover and rice straw by mixed rumen microorganisms in dairy cows. The pH, concentrations of ammonia nitrogen (NH3‐N) and isovalerate were increased (P < 0.05), while the methane (CH4) production, ratio of acetate to propionate, and total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) concentration were decreased (P < 0.05) by the supplementation of B. licheniformis compared with that of B. subtilis. Adding B. licheniformis and B. subtilis raised (P < 0.05) or numerically raised the maximum gas production, while decreasing (P < 0.05) or numerically lowering pH and concentrations of most volatile fatty acids. The addition of B. licheniformis increased (P < 0.05) the NH3‐N concentration but reduced CH4 production and ratio of acetate to propionate (P < 0.05), while the NH3‐N concentration was decreased (P < 0.05), and the CH4 production and ratio of acetate to propionate were increased by that of B. subtilis compared to the control. Results obtained in this research suggest that B. licheniformis would be preferred as a live Bacillus additive in comparison with B. subtilis, and its optimal dose should be 0.25 × 107 cfu/500 mg substrates.
The risk of major cardiac malformations associated with paroxetine use during the first trimester of pregnancy: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Bérard Anick , Iessa Noha , Chaabane Sonia , Muanda Flory T. , Boukhris Takoua , Zhao Jin‐Ping
Published: November 2015

Aims

The aim of this study was to perform an up‐to‐date meta‐analysis on the risk of cardiac malformations associated with gestational exposure to paroxetine, taking into account indication, study design and reference category.

Method

A systematic review of studies published between 1966 and November 2015 was conducted using embase and MEDLINE. Studies reporting major malformations with first trimester exposure to paroxetine were included. Potentially relevant articles were assessed and relevant data extracted to calculate risk estimates. Outcomes included any major malformations and major cardiac malformations. Pooled odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using random‐effects models.

Results

Twenty‐three studies were included. Compared with non‐exposure to paroxetine, first trimester use of paroxetine was associated with an increased risk of any major congenital malformations combined (pooled OR 1.23, 95% CI 1.10, 1.38; n = 15 studies), major cardiac malformations (pooled OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.11, 1.47; n = 18 studies), specifically bulbus cordis anomalies and anomalies of cardiac septal closure (pooled OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.07, 1.89; n = 8 studies), atrial septal defects (pooled OR 2.38, 95% CI 1.14, 4.97; n = 4 studies) and right ventricular outflow track defect (pooled OR 2.29, 95% CI 1.06, 4.93; n = 4 studies). Although the estimates varied depending on the comparator group, study design and malformation detection period, a trend towards increased risk was observed.

Conclusions

Paroxetine use during the first trimester of pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of any major congenital malformations and cardiac malformations. The increase in risk is not dependent on the study method or population.
MicroRNAs in Bladder Outlet Obstruction: Relationship to Growth and Matrix Remodelling
Authors: Ekman Mari , Albinsson Sebastian , Uvelius Bengt , Swärd Karl
Published: November 2015

The discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs), which are ~22 nucleotide RNAs that inhibit protein synthesis in a sequence‐specific manner and are present in a range of species, has born hope of new therapeutic strategies. miRNAs play important roles in development and disease, but they remain poorly studied in uropathologies beyond cancer. Here, we discuss biological functions of miRNAs in the lower urogenital tract. A special focus is on miRNAs that change in bladder outlet obstruction (BOO). This is a condition that affects nearly one third of all men over 60 years and that involves growth and fibrosis of the urinary bladder. Animal models of BOO, such as that in rat, have been developed, and they feature a massive 6‐fold bladder growth over 6 weeks. Using microarrays, we have charted the miRNAs that change during the time course of this process and identified several with important modulatory roles. We discuss known and predicted functions of miR‐1, miR‐29, miR‐30, miR‐132/212, miR‐204 and miR‐221, all of which change in BOO. The majority of the miRNA‐mediated influences in BOO are expected to favour growth. We also outline evidence that miR‐29 represents a key effector molecule in a generic response to mechanical distension that is designed to counteract exaggerated organ deformation via effects on matrix deposition and stiffness. We conclude that miRNAs play important roles in bladder remodelling and growth and that they may be targeted pharmacologically to combat diseases of the lower urinary tract.
Employment Systems in Japan's Financial Industry: Globalization, Growing Divergence and Institutional Change
Authors: Yamauchi Mari
Published: November 2015

This article examines growing divergence and change in the employment systems of Japan's financial industry from the early 1990s until shortly after the so‐called Lehman Shock. This was a period which saw accelerated deregulation and globalization strongly impact the country's financial markets, leading to intensified competition over human resources. Foreign multinational corporations introduced into Japan's local product and labour markets new global ‘rules of the game’; in response, some native firms were forced to alter core aspects of a traditional employment model. The result was the emergence of diverging patterns of employment. The present study will demonstrate that the interaction of two key factors — national ownership and variation among core products and services offered — is shaping employment diversification, mediated by firms’ individual policies and practices. This research contributes to the debate on the effects of globalization on the divergence and change of employment systems.
Institutional Contestation: Colombia in the Pacific Alliance
Authors: FLEMES DANIEL , CASTRO RAFAEL
Published: November 2015

Emerging powers have tried to build functional regional power bases in their respective spheres of influence to gain support for their leadership projects and representative capacities on the global stage. This has caused diverse contestational responses by secondary powers in different regional orders. In this context, we analyse the shift of Colombia's contestation approach towards the Brazilian leadership claim in South America. With the arrival of President Santos, Colombia turned from collateral hard balancing against Brazil to institutional contestation through the Pacific Alliance. Besides furnishing evidence of the broader Colombian soft‐balancing strategy in other policy areas, the article explores and balances the domestic, structural and behavioural drivers of the strategic turn to institutional contestation through the Pacific Alliance without neglecting the economic and political motives of Colombia's engagement in the pro‐market alliance.
Targeting Notch Signaling and Autophagy Increases Cytotoxicity in Glioblastoma Neurospheres
Authors: Natsumeda Manabu , Maitani Kosuke , Liu Yang , Miyahara Hiroaki , Kaur Harpreet , Chu Qian , Zhang Hongyan , Kahlert Ulf D. , Eberhart Charles G.
Published: November 2015

Glioblastomas are highly aggressive tumors that contain treatment resistant stem‐like cells. Therapies targeting developmental pathways such as Notch eliminate many neoplastic glioma cells, including those with stem cell features, but their efficacy can be limited by various mechanisms. One potential avenue for chemotherapeutic resistance is the induction of autophagy, but little is known how it might modulate the response to Notch inhibitors. We used the γ‐secretase inhibitor MRK003 to block Notch pathway activity in glioblastoma neurospheres and assessed its effects on autophagy. A dramatic, several fold increase of LC3B‐II/LC3B‐I autophagy marker was noted on western blots, along with the emergence of punctate LC3B immunostaining in cultured cells. By combining the late stage autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ) with MRK003, a significant induction in apoptosis and reduction in growth was noted as compared to Notch inhibition alone. A similar beneficial effect on inhibition of cloogenicity in soft agar was seen using the combination treatment. These results demonstrated that pharmacological Notch blockade can induce protective autophagy in glioma neurospheres, resulting in chemoresistance, which can be abrogated by combination treatment with autophagy inhibitors.
Binding Free Energy Calculations of Nine FDA‐approved Protease Inhibitors Against HIV‐1 Subtype C I36T↑T Containing 100 Amino Acids Per Monomer
Authors: Lockhat Husain A. , Silva José R. A. , Alves Cláudio N. , Govender Thavendran , Lameira Jerônimo , Maguire Glenn E. M. , Sayed Yasien , Kruger Hendrik G.
Published: November 2015

In this work, have investigated the binding affinities of nine FDA‐approved protease inhibitor drugs against a new HIV‐1 subtype C mutated protease, I36T↑T. Without an X‐ray crystal structure, homology modelling was used to generate a three‐dimensional model of the protease. This and the inhibitor models were employed to generate the inhibitor/I36T↑T complexes, with the relative positions of the inhibitors being superimposed and aligned using the X‐ray crystal structures of the inhibitors/HIV‐1 subtype B complexes as a reference. Molecular dynamics simulations were carried out on the complexes to calculate the average binding free energies for each inhibitor using the molecular mechanics generalized Born surface area (MM‐GBSA) method. When compared to the binding free energies of the HIV‐1 subtype B and subtype C proteases (calculated previously by our group using the same method), it was clear that the I36T↑T proteases mutations and insertion had a significant negative effect on the binding energies of the non‐pepditic inhibitors nelfinavir, darunavir and tipranavir. On the other hand, ritonavir, amprenavir and indinavir show improved calculated binding energies in comparison with the corresponding data for wild‐type C‐SA protease. The computational model used in this study can be used to investigate new mutations of the HIV protease and help in establishing effective HIV drug regimes and may also aid in future protease drug design.
Novel Quinazoline Derivatives Bearing Various 4‐Aniline Moieties as Potent EGFR Inhibitors with Enhanced Activity Against NSCLC Cell Lines
Authors: Wang Changyan , Sun Yajun , Zhu Xingqi , Wu Bin , Wang Qiao , Zhen Yuhong , Shu Xiaohong , Liu Kexin , Zhou Youwen , Ma Xiaodong
Published: November 2015

A class of novel quinazoline derivatives bearing various C‐4 aniline moieties was synthesized and biologically evaluated as potent epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors for intervention of non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Most of these inhibitors are comparable to gefitinib in inhibiting these cancer cell lines, and several of them even displayed superior inhibitory activity. In particular, analogue 5b with an IC50 of 0.10 μm against the EGFR wild‐type A431 cells and 5c with an IC50 of 0.001 μm against the gefitinib‐sensitive HCC827 cells (EGFR del E746‐A750) was identified as highly active EGFR inhibitors. It was also significant that the discovered analogue 2f, not only has high potency against the gefitinib‐sensitive cells (IC50 = 0.031 μm), but also possesses remarkably improved activity against the gefitinib‐resistant cells. In addition, the enzymatic assays and the Western blot analysis for evaluating the effects of the typical inhibitors indicated that these molecules strongly interfere with the EGFR target.
Sensorimotor Decoupling Contributes to Triadic Attention: A Longitudinal Investigation of Mother–Infant–Object Interactions
Authors: de Barbaro Kaya , Johnson Christine M. , Forster Deborah , Deák Gedeon O.
Published: November 2015

Previous developmental accounts of joint object activity identify a qualitative “shift” around 9–12 months. In a longitudinal study of 26 dyads, videos of joint object interactions at 4, 6, 9, and 12 months were coded for all targets of gaze and manual activity (at 10 Hz). At 12 months, infants distribute their sensorimotor modalities between objects handled by the parent and others controlled by the infant. Analyses reveal novel trajectories in distributed joint object activity across the 1st year. At 4 months, infants predominantly look at and manipulate a single object, typically held by their mothers. Between 6 and 9 months, infants increasingly decouple their visual and haptic modalities and distribute their attention between objects held by their mothers and by themselves. These previously unreported developments in the distribution of multimodal object activity might “bridge the gap” to coordinated joint activity between 6 and 12 months.
Mutations in WNT9B are associated with Mayer–Rokitansky–Küster–Hauser syndrome
Authors: Waschk D.E.J. , Tewes A.‐C. , Römer T. , Hucke J. , Kapczuk K. , Schippert C. , Hillemanns P. , Wieacker P. , Ledig S.
Published: November 2015

Mayer–Rokitansky–Küster–Hauser syndrome (MRKHS) is a well‐known malformation pattern of the Müllerian ducts (MDs) characterized by congenital absence of the uterus and vagina. To date, most cases remain unexplained at molecular level. As female Wnt9b‐/‐ mice show a MRKHS‐like phenotype, WNT9B has emerged as a promising candidate gene for this disease. We performed retrospective sequence analyses of WNT9B in 226 female patients with disorders of the MDs, including 109 patients with MRKHS, as well as in 135 controls. One nonsense mutation and five likely pathogenic missense mutations were detected in WNT9B. Five of these mutations were found in cases with MRKHS accounting for 4.6% of the patients with this phenotype. No pathogenic mutations were detected in the control group (p = 0.017). Interestingly, all of the MRKHS patients with a WNT9B mutation were classified as MRKHS type 1, representing 8.5% of the cases from this subgroup. In previous studies, two of the patients with a WNT9B mutation were found to carry either an additional deletion of LHX1 or a missense mutation in TBX6. We conclude that mutations in WNT9B were frequently associated with MRKHS in our cohort and some cases may be explained by a digenic disease model.
In Defense of Theory
Authors: Jackendoff Ray
Published: November 2015

Formal theories of mental representation have receded from the importance they had in the early days of cognitive science. I argue that such theories are crucial in any mental domain, not just for their own sake, but to guide experimental inquiry, as well as to integrate the domain into the mind as a whole. To illustrate the criteria of adequacy for theories of mental representation, I compare two theoretical approaches to language: classical generative grammar (Chomsky, 1965, 1981, 1995) and the parallel architecture (Jackendoff, 1997, 2002). The grounds for comparison include (a) the internal coherence of the theory across phonology, syntax, and semantics; (b) the relation of language to other mental faculties; (c) the relationship between grammar and lexicon; (d) relevance to theories of language processing; and (e) the possibility of languages with little or no syntax.
Nature‐Based Solutions for Europe's Sustainable Development
Authors: Maes Joachim , Jacobs Sander
Published: November 2015

Pursuing economic targets of job creation, growth, and innovation while tackling global environmental challenges, has long been seen as impossible. However, any long‐term economic competitiveness and security depends on the extent to which natural resources are used sustainably. Therefore, the European Union is investing in nature‐based solutions to achieve this double goal. The difference between the prevailing economic model and a sustainable resource use has long seemed insurmountable. While many debates are paralyzed or radicalized, nature‐based solutions could offer a transition path with realistic, incremental steps toward a sustainable economy as envisaged by the EU Horizon 2020 vision. This paper outlines the basics of a nature‐based scenario for Europe, and proposes criteria to focus, guide, and evaluate the implementation of nature‐based solutions, geared at production of wide socioeconomic benefits, provision of jobs, and low‐carbon technology innovations.
Pseudosyndaktylie – eine entzündliche und fibrotische Wundheilungsstörung bei rezessiver Epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica
Authors: Breitenbach Jenny , Gruber Christina , Klausegger Alfred , Trost Andrea , Bogner Barbara , Reitsamer Herbert , Bauer Johann W.
Published: November 2015

Hintergrund

Die rezessive Epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica (engl.: dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, RDEB) ist eine genetisch bedingte bullöse Dermatose und durch schwere Wundheilungsstörungen und Fingerkontrakturen gekennzeichnet. Der Zweck dieser Arbeit war es, die Rolle bekannter Entzündungs‐ und Fibrosemarker in Pseudosyndaktyliegewebe von RDEB‐Patienten zu untersuchen und so den Mechanismus der Wundheilungsstörung und der Pseudosyndaktylie bei RDEB zu beleuchten.

Patienten und Methoden

Wir untersuchten die Expression der Fibrose‐ und/oder Entzündungsmarker Tenascin‐C, α‐smooth muscle actin, transformierender Wachstumsfaktor β1, Interleukin‐1β und Interleukin‐6 in vernarbtem und nicht vernarbtem Gewebe von gesunden Spendern und RDEB‐Patienten durch semiquantitative Real‐Time‐PCR und gegebenenfalls durch Immunblots. Darüber hinaus untersuchten wir das Verteilungsmuster von α‐smooth muscle actin und Tenascin‐C durch Immunfluoreszenzmikroskopie.

Ergebnisse

Mithilfe von mRNA‐ und Proteinanalysen stellten wir in Proben von Narbengewebe, die Patienten mit Epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica an ihren von Pseudosyndaktylie betroffenen Händen entnommen worden waren, eine Hochregulation von Tenascin‐C, Interleukin‐1β und Interleukin‐6, nicht jedoch von transformierendem Wachstumsfaktor β1 fest. Unerwarteterweise wurde auch α‐smooth muscle actin nicht hochreguliert.

Schlussfolgerungen

Unsere Ergebnisse bestätigen das Auftreten von Entzündung und Fibrose bei rezessiver Epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica, insbesondere in Narben Dies legt nahe, dass diese Prozesse bei Pseudosyndaktylie eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Unsere Daten weisen daher auf die Möglichkeit hin, entzündungshemmende und antifibrotisch wirksame Arzneimittel zur Prävention der Pseudosyndaktylie einzusetzen.
Validity and test–retest reliability of Children's Hand‐use Experience Questionnaire in children with unilateral cerebral palsy
Authors: Amer Ahmed , Eliasson Ann‐Christin , Peny‐Dahlstrand Marie , Hermansson Liselotte
Published: November 2015

Aim

To investigate the validity of the internet‐based version of the Children's Hand‐use Experience Questionnaire (CHEQ) by testing the new four‐category rating scale, internal structure, and test–retest reliability.

Method

Data were collected for 242 children with unilateral cerebral palsy (CP) (137 males and 105 females; mean age 9y 10mo, SD 3y 5mo, range 6–18y). Twenty children from the study sample (mean age 11y 8mo, SD 3y 10mo) participated in a retest within 7 to 14 days. Validity was tested by Rasch analysis based on a rating scale model and test–retest reliability by Kappa analysis and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).

Results

The four‐category rating scale was within recommended criteria for rating scale structure. One item was removed because of misfit. CHEQ showed good scale structure according to the criteria. The effective operational range was >90% for two of the CHEQ scales. Test–retest reliability for the three CHEQ scales was: grasp efficacy, ICC=0.91; time taken, ICC=0.88; and feeling bothered, ICC=0.91.

Interpretation

The internet‐based CHEQ with a four‐category rating scale is valid and reliable for use in children with unilateral CP. Further studies are needed to investigate the validity of the internet‐based version of CHEQ for children with upper limb reduction deficiency or obstetric brachial plexus palsy and the validity of the recommended improvements to the current version.