bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expressive Art Therapy Techniques: Healing the Soul Through Creativity
Authors: Snyder Beverly A.
Published: December 2011

This article presents a rationale for using expressive art therapy with clients, and presents many of the forms and techniques that can be used. Included are discussions on art and drawing, play, sand tray work, writing, and storytelling. Resources for additional learning are recommended.
Values of Youth: Messages From the Most Popular Songs of Four Decades
Authors: Ostlund Deborah R. , Kinnier Richard T.
Published: December 2011

The lyrics of the 25 most popular songs in America for each of 4 decades (the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s) were content analyzed for value themes. Using ethnographic content analysis, 9 value themes or messages were extracted from the 100 songs. The most frequently occurring theme related to romantic love. Implications for counseling are discussed.
Great Wizard or Good Witch? Two Models for Professional Counselors
Authors: Purkey William Watson , Gerber Sterling
Published: December 2011

Frank L. Baum's (1900) story The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is used as an analogy for illustrating the similarity between the adventures of Dorothy and her companions and clients seeking answers to their problems of living. Their experiences with a great wizard and a good witch are translated into dynamics of effective and less effective therapy.
The Creative Arts: An Avenue to Wellness Among Native American Indians
Authors: Herring Roger D.
Published: December 2011

The use of creative arts is an inalienable aspect of Native culture. The creative arts are enmeshed in historical and contemporary Native spiritual and humanistic value systems and perspectives on the quality of life. The interconnectedness of creative arts and Native existence represents a viable option for helping professionals who work to improve the quality of wellness with this population. Examples are presented to support the potential of this helping intervention.
Managing Stress for College Success Through Self‐Hypnosis
Authors: Carrese Marie A.
Published: December 2011

This article addresses the problem of stress and outlines the steps for self‐hypnosis as an effective method of teaching inner city college freshmen ways of coping with the pressures of higher education. The described method can be used in numerous settings and with all populations.
Staff Development as Self‐Development: Extension and Application of Russo's Humanistic‐Critical Theory Approach for Humanistic Education and Social Action Integration
Authors: Thornton Leslie J. , McEntee Mary Elizabeth
Published: December 2011

The authors show how Russo's (1995) humanistic‐critical theory approach for social action integration requires shifting staff development focused on knowing and caring about others to self‐development that includes everyone. Rationale, resources, and successful action‐practice models support and extend Russo's theory for responsible social action education in a multicultural society.

Instead of mastering and refining the use of methodologies, teachers and administrators should approach education by examining their own perspectives about society, schools, and emancipation. Rather than attempt to escape from their own ideologies and values, educators should confront them critically so as to understand how society has shaped them as individuals, to understand what it is they believe, and to understand how to structure more positively the effects they have upon students and others. Put another way, teachers and administrators, in particular, must attempt to understand how issues of class, gender, and race have left an imprint upon how they think and act. —Henry A. Giroux
Individualism, Collectivism, and Cultural Compatibility: Implications for Counselors and Teachers
Authors: Yamauchi Lois A.
Published: December 2011

Culture influences expectations about classroom goals. The cultural distinction between individualism and collectivism is one factor that affects students' adjustment from home to school. Teachers and counselors may want to capitalize on students' cultural tendencies, but also plan for ways to expand students' repertoires of expectations and behaviors.
Frankl and the Realm of Meaning
Authors: Das Ajit K.
Published: December 2011

This article presents the importance that meaning and values have in human life with special reference to Viktor Frankl's work. It points out some pathological phenomena that result from the frustration of the quest for meaning and describes principles of logotherapy to deal with them.
Becoming a Dean: The Impact of Humanistic Counselor Training on a Career in Academic Administration
Authors: Regan Stephen D.
Published: December 2011

A humanistically oriented counseling background has both positive and negative influences on becoming a successful administrator in higher education. Information from former Association for Humanistic Education and Development (AHEAD) officers who have moved into administrative roles provides insight on these influences.
Group Reward Programs: A Humanistic Approach
Authors: Cashwell Craig S. , Skinner Christopher H. , Dunn Merrily , Lewis Jennifer C.
Published: December 2011

Historically, some educators and counselors have perceived that behavioral contingencies are antithetical to a humanistic approach to education. Negative side effects and limitations of dependent and independent group reward programs are described and examined from a humanistic perspective. Interdependent group rewards are discussed as a humanistic alternative and specific recommendations for applying these programs are provided.
Applying Counseling Skills to Graduate School Teaching
Authors: Hanna Fred J. , Gerber Jill A. , Wizer David R.
Published: December 2011

This article explores the application of counseling principles to teaching. These include establishing a relationship, using group skills, recognizing transference, and managing countertransference.
Teaching Children to Care: Engendering Prosocial Behavior Through Humanistic Parenting
Authors: Horton‐Parker Radha J.
Published: December 2011

This article focuses on how counselors can help parents understand that parenting styles influence children's behavior and offers ideas for humanistic parenting to elicit socially desirable outcomes behavior in children. In addition, the article presents strategies that parents can use to increase the likelihood that young children will develop prosocial behavior and learn to respond to others with caring and concern.
CACREP Accreditation: A Case Study
Authors: Bahen Stephanie C. , Miller Kristelle E.
Published: December 2011

Both the benefits and liabilities of accreditation by the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP) are explored through a case study of one program's accreditation process.
Meeting the Challenges of Completing a Counseling Doctoral Program
Authors: Boes Susan R. , Ullery Elizabeth K. , Millner Vaughn S. , Cobia Debra C.
Published: December 2011

Tasks of a doctoral program are discussed including selecting a program, maneuvering through initial experiences, making adjustments, completing course work, preparing for comprehensive examinations, choosing an internship, and completing the dissertation.
Solution‐Focused Strategies With “Involuntary” Clients: Practical Applications for the School and Clinical Setting
Authors: Osborn Cynthia J.
Published: December 2011

Students and clients who do not seek counseling voluntarily often are characterized in a negative light and receive services that are prescriptive and forced, resembling a rigid philosophy. An alternative and more humanistic approach is that of solution‐focused counseling, which emphasizes therapeutic collaboration.
Ethical Responses to Media Depictions of Mental Illness: An Advocacy Approach
Authors: March Priscilla A.
Published: December 2011

The media, through its immense influence and frequent, often inaccurate, portrayals of mental illness, helps engender negative, incorrect perceptions about counselors and their clients. Ethical codes offer little direction to counselors wishing to confront this problem. A change‐promoting response demands that counselors move beyond traditional roles to more proactive behavior.
Using Feature Films to Teach Human Development Concepts
Authors: Harper Ruth E. , Rogers Lawrence E.
Published: December 2011

This article gives evidence of how and why feature films are effective instructional tools, particularly when teaching concepts of human development to college students. In addition to capturing student interest, use of films helps to dramatize and frame issues, generate discussion, and provide links with personal experience.
The Diagnostic Process From a Freirean Perspective
Authors: Demmitt Alan , Oldenski Thomas
Published: December 2011

This article applies Freire's ideas regarding the movement from oppression to liberation via critical reflection to the field of mental health counseling, and discusses how Freire's concepts are intentionally and unintentionally manifested through the practice of diagnosing mental illnesses
The Schemagram: Mapping Your Client's Thought Processes
Authors: Goldberg Adam N.
Published: December 2011

This article presents the Schemagram, a conceptual model counselor and client can use to map behavior through narratives. The model weaves Piagetian developmental theory with narrative techniques to create a visual flowchart depicting past, present, and future development.
A Review and Critical Analysis of Humanistic Approaches to Treating Disturbed Clients
Authors: Hansen James T.
Published: December 2011

Humanistic psychotherapies for disturbed clients are reviewed. It is concluded that humanistic treatments are effective and provide a good conceptual framework for working with disturbed clients.
Assessing Counselor Education Students' Attitudes Toward Computers and Multimedia Instruction
Authors: Hayes B. Grant , Robinson E. H.
Published: December 2011

Forty‐four beginning‐level graduate counselor education students completed 2 technology attitudinal surveys after being exposed to a 15‐week multimedia instructional approach. Results revealed a positive attitude toward computers and multimedia instruction. These findings lend empirical support for the use of multimedia instruction in training counselors and as a tool to supplement and complement traditional methods of teaching.
Empathic Responding Skills Across Counselor Education Training Tracks: A Comparison Study
Authors: Crutchfield Lori B. , Baltimore Michael L. , Felfeli Mina , Worth Stephen
Published: December 2011

The authors examined empathic responding skills among counselors‐in‐training across 3 training tracks (community, school, and school add‐on certification). Results and implications for counselor education training programs are discussed.
Clarifying Counseling Paradigms With Statements of Fundamental Professional Assumptions
Authors: Magnuson Sandy
Published: December 2011

The author discusses an instructional strategy designed to assist counselors‐in‐training, supervisees, and experienced counselors in isolating and articulating essential professional beliefs upon which their work with clients or supervisees is predicated. Additional contexts for using the technique are suggested.
Leadership for Character Education Programs
Authors: DeRoche Edward F.
Published: December 2011

This article highlights the roles and responsibilities that leaders must assume if they are to administer and guide a comprehensive character education program in a school or school district
Interactive Media and Its Contribution to the Construction and Destruction of Values and Character
Authors: Kane Harrison D. , Taub Gordon E. , Hayes B. Grant
Published: December 2011

It is nearly impossible to view any form of media without being bombarded with violence of every imaginable sort. From the Internet to television and movies, violence surrounds us. This article identifies the role of media in the perpetuation of violence and their role and influence on both values and individual character.
Latin American Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Clients: Implications for Counseling
Authors: SAGER JENNIFER B. , SCHLIMMER ELIZABETH A. , HELLMANN JAMES A.
Published: December 2011

The demand for clinical services for both Latin Americans and the lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) population is increasing rapidly. Consequently, LGB Latin Americans are more likely to seek clinical services. This article highlights critical characteristics of Latin American and LGB culture. Identity development, counseling, and ethical implications are provided.
Three Proposed Tenets of Modem Religious Humanism: Toward Humanist Unity
Authors: ASPY DAVID N.
Published: December 2011

The author traces the historical path of Christian Humanism and suggests that today they are isolated from the main body of humanists. Therefore, it seems appropriate for present‐day humanists to actively invite Christian Humanists into their group. It is contended that this action is timely and prudent because of the sizeable numbers of Christian Humanists.
Early Recollections: A Humanistic Assessment in Counseling
Authors: CLARK ARTHUR J.
Published: December 2011

As a projective technique, early recollections help counselors understand the uniqueness and potential of individuals through an empathic interaction in counseling. A case presentation illustrates the use of early recollections in counseling.
Honoring the Power of Relation: Counseling Native Adults
Authors: GARRETT MICHAEL TLANUSTA , HERRING ROGER D.
Published: December 2011

A comprehensive discussion of counseling Native adults is presented through historical overview, demographics, and exploration of Native culture. Implications for counseling Native adults are offered with humanistic emphasis on identity, humor, cultural considerations, career planning, proactive practice, creating trust, and practical recommendations for conducting sessions.
Intentionality in Helping Relationships: The influence of Three Forms of Internal Cognitions on Behavior
Authors: HOCKADAY STACY , PURKEY WILLIAM W. , DAVIS KEITH
Published: December 2011

Intentionality is a vital element in professional counseling. This article provides evidence that by reframing general internal cognitions into clearly stated internal dialogue, individuals are in a better position to reach their goals and are more likely to do so.
The Children First Program: A School‐Based Mental Health Collaborative
Authors: ARELLANO KATE McLAIN , ARMAN JOHN F.
Published: December 2011

In this article, the author offers an example of how mental health services, like the Children First program, collaborate with other services in elementary schools. The goal of the Children First program is to offer ongoing counseling that provides in‐depth, process‐oriented therapy within the grade school setting.
Transcending the Mind‐Body Dichotomy: Schizophrenia Reexamined
Authors: BEMAK FRED , EPP LAWRENCE R.
Published: December 2011

Schizophrenia is presented as a biopsychological model that goes beyond current biological etiology and considers psychosocial stressors that exacerbate this condition. High dopamine levels thought to contribute to schizophrenia are viewed as a biological reflection of loosened thought incited by psychological stress contributing to the mind‐body interaction and, at times, creative processes. Psychotherapeutic interventions are considered indispensable to the treatment of schizophrenia.
Clinical Supervision for Licensure: A Consumer's Guide
Authors: MAGNUSON SANDY , NOREM KEN , WILCOXON S. ALLEN
Published: December 2011

Graduates of counselor education programs simultaneously receive their diplomas and the challenge of obtaining requisite supervised experience in order to be licensed, certified, or registered. This article features recommendations to assist counselors‐in‐training and entry‐level, prelicensed counselors in (a) planning for postgraduate supervision and experience, (b) selecting a supervisor, (c) contracting for supervision, and (d) participating in professionally rewarding experiences.
Service Learning in School Counselor Preparation: A Qualitative Analysis
Authors: ARMAN JOHN F. , SCHERER DAVID
Published: December 2011

The Traverse Outreach Project (TOP) is a service learning model of counselor preparation. This article reports on the efficacy of the project to prepare school counselors using a service learning pedagogy. Results indicate that service learning was an effective method of integrating the theory and practice of school counseling.
Older Adults' Perceptions of Residential Relocation
Authors: KAMPFE CHARLENE M.
Published: December 2011

This study is a companion to a larger study of older adults who had made residential relocations that involved moving from one level of independence to another level. The current study examined the degree to which older individuals perceived their moves to be important, controllable, stressful, disruptive, and positive.
Social Responsibility: A Cautionary Tale for Counselors
Authors: ROBINSON SANDRA L. , HAYES B. GRANT
Published: December 2011

The counseling profession can benefit from study of the changes in teacher certification when expediency has been a priority and standards have been altered or even eliminated in moves to place persons called “teachers” in classrooms. Maintaining the integrity of counselor preparation may depend on the willingness of professionals to be proactive.
Humane Education and Humanistic Philosophy: Toward a New Curriculum
Authors: THOMAS SYDNEY CARROLL , BEIRNE PIERS
Published: December 2011

The authors argue that humane education should be an integral part of humanistic philosophy. They outline 2 key components of a humane education: (a) an understanding of the sociological and psychological dimensions of animal abuse and (b) the cultivation of empathy for nonhuman animals.
The Relationship Between a Child's Hope, a Parent's Hope, and Student‐Directed, Goal‐Oriented Academic Instruction
Authors: WESTBURG NANCY G. , MARTIN DANIEL
Published: December 2011

Levels of hope, the pathways and agency components, were measured in 46 children and 1 of their parents. After 4 weeks of goal‐oriented academic instruction, pretest‐posttest results showed that children's Pathways scores increased. Parents' Hope scores were not correlated to their child's scores. Children's Agency scores were correlated to the parents' estimations.
How Entry‐Level Assistant Professors Master the Art and Science of Successful Scholarship
Authors: MAGNUSON SANDY , DAVIS KEITH M. , CHRISTENSEN TERESA M. , DUYS DAVID K. , GLASS J. SCOTT , PORTMAN TARRELL , SCHMIDT ERIC A. , VEACH LAURA J.
Published: December 2011

This article features results of a participatory study focused on strategies used by 7 entry‐level assistant professors to negotiate the challenges of writing and submitting successful scholarly research during their 1st year as counselor education faculty members.
Sense of Place: Issues in Counseling and Development
Authors: HOLMES GARY E. , PATTERSON JAMES R. , STALLING JANICE E.
Published: December 2011

The authors present an interdisciplinary view of the concept of sense of place as a primary issue in human growth and development. The article summarizes research and theoretical ideas about sense of place that can help professionals in education, counseling, and human development understand how individual and group development are tied to the experience of geographic place.
Teaching Counseling Students to Understand and Use Immediacy
Authors: WHEELER CRAIG D. , D'ANDREA LIVIA M.
Published: December 2011

The authors examine the counseling skill of immediacy, emphasizing its importance in counselor education. Ways of addressing and teaching the skill are proposed, with an emphasis on a “gentle approach” to reduce risks associated with applying the skill and to minimize students' resistance to applying it. Examples are provided of narratives that model immediacy throughout the counseling process.
A Humanistic Approach to New Teacher Mentoring: A Counseling Perspective
Authors: NORMAN DONALD M. , GANSER TOM
Published: December 2011

The authors explore the current state of teacher mentoring, asking the question, Has teacher mentoring evolved into a product economy/managed care, “prove it” mind‐set? Humanistic concepts gleaned from counseling are proffered, highlighting the interpersonal relationship that exists between teacher mentor and mentee. Suggestions are provided for facilitating the personal development of the teacher mentee.
Empathy: Implications of Three Ways of Knowing in Counseling
Authors: CLARK ARTHUR J.
Published: December 2011

From a humanistic orientation, Carl Rogers (1964) described 3 ways of knowing with reference to empathic understanding: subjective, interpersonal, and objective. In the context of a threefold perspective of knowledge, the author expands on Rogers's conception of empathy. As a consequence of a conceptual change in the direction of empathy, implications for counseling are affected.
The Structure and Development of Internal Working Models: An Integrated Framework for Understanding Clients and Promoting Wellness
Authors: GRIFFITH BRIAN A.
Published: December 2011

The author describes internal working models as unique, individualized conceptualizations of self that are embedded in and influenced by the surrounding sociocultural environment. These models, composed of beliefs, goals, and strategies, provide a framework that defines identity. Distorted, damaged, or self‐defeating internal working models fail to provide stability and coherence and may lead to physical and emotional pain in the individual. Healthy psychosocial development requires an internal working model that includes accurate beliefs about self, others, and the world; meaningful goals; and effective strategies to accomplish those goals.
Alienation: A Concept for Understanding Low‐Income, Urban Clients
Authors: HOLCOMB‐McCOY CHERYL
Published: December 2011

The author examines the concept of alienation and how it can be used to understand low‐income, urban clients. A description is presented of 4 dimensions of alienation: powerlessness, meaninglessness, normlessness, and social isolation. Case illustrations are provided, and recommendations are made for counseling alienated clients.
Counseling African American Clients: Professional Counselors and Religious Institutions
Authors: ENNIS WILLIE , III WILLIE ENNIS , DURODOYE BETH A. , ENNIS‐COLE DEMETRIA , BOLDEN VERNIE L.
Published: December 2011

The authors describe a model counseling ministry within an African American church and discuss how the larger body of professional counselors can interface with similar programs and institutions that are a source of strength for many African Americans. Implications of the model for professional counselors are also discussed.
Fostering Intrinsic Motivation in Children: A Humanistic Counseling Process
Authors: RANDOLPH H. WATTS , CASHWELL CRAIG S. , SCHWEIGER WENDI K.
Published: December 2011

Humanistic counselors working with children seek to help them grow and develop the motivation needed to make decisions and changes in their lives. Intrinsic motivation, an important component of humanistic counseling, is defined and explicated, research is reviewed, and suggestions are made for counselors who seek to foster intrinsic motivation in children.
Native American Healing Practices and Counseling
Authors: RYBAK CHRISTOPHER J. , EASTIN CAROL LAKOTA , ROBBINS IRMA
Published: December 2011

An experiential Native American healing practices course, cotaught by a Native American pastoral counselor and a counselor educator, was offered to graduate counseling students to help them better understand Native American worldviews. A student participant's reflections are included. Students attended Native American ceremonies and learned through readings, lectures, and discussions.
The Use of Color in Art Therapy
Authors: WITHROW REBECCA L.
Published: December 2011

This article reviews the published literature on the separate fields of art therapy and color therapy, synthesizing them in a proposed use of color within art therapy. Specific techniques focusing on use of color in a nonrepresentational expressive form are suggested as a way to extend the therapeutic benefits of art therapy.
Assisting Beginning Counselors in Becoming Gay Affirmative: A Workshop Approach
Authors: GRANELLO DARCY HAAG
Published: December 2011

This article presents an outline of a 3‐hour workshop intended to assist beginning counselors in becoming more gay affirming in their counseling. The article outlines basic topics to be covered in such a workshop and provides information and resources for workshop presenters.
Lessons Learned Along the Therapy Path: Implications for Students
Authors: NORMAN DONALD M.
Published: December 2011

Presented in this article is one therapist's testimony to the importance of self‐discovery. Personal therapy experiences, as well as educational and therapist training experiences, provide the basis for recommendations regarding training future therapists in a managed care world.
Beyond Both Traditional Scientist/Humanists and Humanist/Scientists
Authors: ASPY DAVID N.
Published: December 2011

This article compares traditional science and the “new science of possibilities” for counseling based on humanistic principles. The information age impels counselors to shift to the new paradigm because the exponential increase of cultural change is generating a climate in which control‐oriented procedures are inconsistent with events and debilitating to clients.
Postmodernism and Humanism: A Proposed Integration of Perspectives That Value Human Meaning Systems
Authors: HANSEN JAMES T.
Published: December 2011

Both postmodernism and humanism place a high value on individual differences in meaning systems. However, there are significant theoretical barriers to integrating these systems into a counseling orientation. A theoretical integration is proposed, along with implications for counseling practice.
Promoting Tolerance for Ambiguity in Counselor Training Programs
Authors: LEVITT DANA HELLER , JACQUES JODI D.
Published: December 2011

Counselors‐in‐training are challenged with the ambiguity inherent in skill acquisition and development processes. This article explores the concept of ambiguity and ambiguity tolerance in counselors‐in‐training. A framework is provided for conceptualizing the inherent challenges of counselor training and how they may be addressed.
Motivations, Philosophy, and Therapeutic Approaches of a Child‐Centered Play Therapist: An Interview With Garry L. Landreth
Authors: BAGGERLY JENNIFER
Published: December 2011

To encourage counselors to implement humanistic approaches with children, the author conducted an interview with Garry Landreth, a renowned child‐centered play therapist. Landreth's motivations, theoretical philosophy, therapeutic approaches, case examples, and words of wisdom for counselors are detailed in this article. Direction in light of managed care is provided.
Job Satisfaction Researches of 1952
Authors: ROBINSON H. ALAN
Published: December 2011

This is the eleventh in a series. It covers reports published in 1952, plus earlier reports which have just come to the attention of the author. Earlier summaries will be found in Job Satisfaction by Robert Hoppock (Harper & Bros., 1935) and in the following issues of Occupations: April, 1938; October, 1940; February, 1943; April, 1945; April, 1948; December, 1948; December, 1949; October, 1950; May, 1951; May, 1952. Readers are invited to notify the author of researches appropriate for review in future articles.
Job Satisfaction Researches of 1953
Authors: ROBINSON H. ALAN
Published: December 2011

This is the twelfth in a series. It covers reports published in 1954, plus earlier reports which have just come to the attention of the author. Earlier summaries will be found in Job Satisfaction by Robert Hoppock (Harper & Bros., 1935) and in the following issues of Occupations: April, 1938; October, 1940; February, 1943; April, 1945; April, 1948; December, 1948; December, 1949; October, 1950; May, 1951; May, 1952. “Researches of 1952” may be found in the September, 1953 issue of The Personnel and Guidance Journal. Readers are invited to notify the author of researches appropriate for review in future articles.
Job Satisfaction Researches of 1954
Authors: ROBINSON H. ALAN
Published: December 2011

This is the thirteenth in a series. It covers reports published in 1954, plus earlier reports which have just come to the attention of the author. Earlier summaries will be found in Job Satisfaction by Robert Hoppock (Harper & Bros., 1935) and in the following issues of Occupations: April, 1938; October, 1940; February, 1943; April, 1945; April, 1948; December, 1948; December, 1949; October, 1950; May, 1951; May, 1952. The most recent summaries will be found in the September, 1953 and September, 1954 issues of The Personnel and Guidance Journal. Readers are invited to notify the author of researches appropriate for review in future articles.
A Tentative Definition of Emotional Immaturity Utilizing the Critical Incident Technique
Authors: EILBERT LEO R.
Published: December 2011

The guidance worker not infrequently is confronted with the problem of differentiating between normal difficulties in assumption of adult responsibilities and arrested development in emotional and mental life. Although this research is based upon deviant behavior, it is presented here together with Maurice Lorr's comments because of its potential usefulness for the counselor in identifying emotional immaturity.
Explorations of a Theory of Vocational Choice: III. A Longitudinal Study of Change in Major Field of Study
Authors: HOLLAND JOHN L. , NICHOLS ROBERT C.
Published: December 2011

A theory of vocational choice was examined by testing some of its general hypotheses in a longitudinal study. Changes in major field plans for a one‐year period (high school senior year to end of freshman year in college) were studied by assessing a sample of National Merit Finalists (332 boys and 181 girls) in high school with interest, personality, originality, self‐ratings, achievement, and aptitude measures. Students were reassessed in college and pre‐and post‐college freshman year plans were compared. Remaining in a given field appears to be associated with having personal attributes commonly associated with the typical student while leaving a field is related to dissimilarity between a student's attributes and those of the typical student.
IDENTIFICATION IN TWO VOCATIONS: ACCOUNTANTS AND CREATIVE WRITERS
Authors: SEGAL STANLEY J. , SZABO RUTH
Published: December 2011

The responses of 15 accounting students and 15 creative writing students to Sentence Completion Test items measuring attitudes toward parents, people in general and authority were compared. Differences predicted on the basis of psychoanalytic theory of identification were found. Creative writing students expressed negative reactions to parents and people in general and were more questioning of rules and regulations. For 12 of the 16 sentences evaluated, differences were found at or beyond the 0.05 level.
Undergraduate Grades as Indicators of Success in Master's Degree Programs in Education
Authors: NUNNERY MICHAEL Y. , ALDMON HOWARD F.
Published: December 2011

Using two criteria of success—the graduate grade point average and major professor's rating—and grouping the subjects accordingly, the study sought to determine if there were significant differences at the 0.05 level among the groups in regard to over‐all undergraduate GPA's, upper division undergraduate GPA's, and amount of change between freshman and senior GPA's. A stratified random sample of 173 master's degree graduates of Auburn University and the University of Tennessee were used as subjects. By use of the F test and Kramer's extension of Duncan's Multiple Range test it was found that: (a) in 9 of 14 cases there were significant differences among groups in regard to over‐all undergraduate GPA's; (b) in 9 of 14 instances there were significant differences in upper division undergraduate GPA's; (c) and in one instance the change in GPA was significantly different. It was concluded that over‐all undergraduate and upper division GPA's were good predictors of success; whereas, the change in GPA was of no value.
Decision Theory and College Choice
Authors: HILLS JOHN R.
Published: December 2011

An adaptation of decision theory was described for use in counseling about choice of college or of college curriculum. Its use requires that actuarial procedures be available for estimating probabilities of various levels of grades (events) at various colleges (alternatives). Actuarial procedures are available to all counselors for many colleges in at least two states. Values for the grades are determined by means of constant‐sum scaling. The procedure has been tried out on limited numbers of cases seen by the author and seems to be usable and helpful.
Perception of Self and Scholastic Underachievement in the Academically Capable
Authors: COMBS CHARLES F.
Published: December 2011

This study explored differences in the ways that underachievers and achievers perceive themselves and their relationships to the world around them. Achiever and underachiever groups, each consisting of 25 high school junior boys who were 115 IQ or better, were administered an apperceptive device. Protocols were analyzed in terms of six continua of perception. The statistical analyses utilizing t and F tests (with a predetermined 5 per cent Alpha level) demonstrated very significant differences between the groups. Underachievers showed significant and consistent differences from achievers in that they:

Saw themselves as less adequate,

Saw themselves as less acceptable to others,

Saw their peers as less acceptable,

Saw adults as less acceptable,

Showed an inefficient and less effective approach to problems,

Showed less freedom and adequacy of emotional expressions.

Suggestions are made of certain factors that may produce underachievement and certain possible directions for future research.
Goal Specificity in the Vocational Counseling of Future College Students
Authors: SUPER DONALD E.
Published: December 2011

The choices to be made by college‐bound youth are built into our educational system. The choices are of two types: to explore, or to specialize. Specialization, preparation along occupational lines, is required by certain institutional provisions in higher education. Usually little consideration is given to the ways in which the specific resources of the college are to be used in exploration, and little provision is made for the continuity of counseling implied in using a block of time for exploratory purposes. By systematizing educational information and client appraisals in terms of exploration and preparation counselors can give clients a clearer perspective on college. A new dimension of college catalogues and directories, giving information relevant to judging the exploratory possibilities of the curriculum, could prove most useful. Two types of students seem likely to find specific vocational preparation suited to their characteristics. They have in common a relatively high degree of structure. The students who do not and perhaps should not specialize are the multiple‐talented and the untalented. For many college‐bound students, and for some even after college, vocational goals are emergent rather than existent.
Differences in Occupational Choice Between Ninth and Twelfth Grade Boys
Authors: MONTESANO NICHOLAS , GEIST HAROLD
Published: December 2011

In order to test hypotheses drawn from patterns of vocational development, the Geist Picture Interest Inventory, Male (GPII:M) was administered to 60 high school boys along with a form used to collect statements about reasons for choice. Responses were assigned to vocationally relevant categories using criteria provided by expert judges.

It was found that there was a discernible direction of change in occupational decision making with age. Older boys use interest less, abilities more, and cite occupational variables to a significantly greater degree than younger boys. Interest is a potent consideration in vocational decision making of both older boys and younger boys, but the older boys tend to qualify their interests. The findings suggest that tentative reliance may be placed upon the possibility of identifying steps in vocational development but that attention must also be given to qualitative and intensity factors. Implications for a descriptive body of information at various developmental levels are also suggested.
Suggested Personality Implications of Kuder Preference Record (Vocational) Scores
Authors: GOBETZ WALLACE
Published: December 2011

A set of suggested personality implications of Kuder Preference Record (Vocational) scores based on an integration of published research, interpretation of research findings by recognized authorities, content analysis of the Kuder scales, and “clinical insight” is presented. The interpretations are not seen as definitive statements but rather as plausible hypotheses which, hopefully, will serve as a stimulus to other researchers, theory‐builders, and counselors to fill in the present gaps in our knowledge.
Aptitude Changes as a Function of Age
Authors: HIRT MICHAEL L.
Published: December 2011

The applicability of the General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB) for determining the aptitudes of older individuals and their relationship to job performance was studied. A sample of 400 subjects, divided into 4 groups by age, was randomly selected from a “population” of 1500 subjects. It was found that aptitudes G, V, N, and S were related to age in a curvilinear manner. The index of correlation for all the aptitudes was statistically significant, as was the correlation between aptitudes and age. Only aptitude K contributed significantly in the multiple correlation with the criterion; this was one of two variables which correlated positively with age. The possible need of a correction factor for age as well as limitations of the study were discussed.
Human Economy and Data Processing
Authors: GROSSMAN ALVIN , HOWE ROBERT
Published: December 2011

Automated data processing equipment is playing an increasingly important role in our economy. Schools, however, have in large part failed to utilize automated data processing equipment to the fullest extent possible. A limited number of school districts across the country have investigated the possible uses of data processing machines and have determined that the business department is not the only one that can profit from automated procedures. A survey of selected California schools has shown that counselors working in districts with data processing facilities spend approximately 25 per cent less time on clerical work than those counselors working in districts without access to this technological capability. The California State Department of Education, in a joint project with the Cooperative Research Branch of the United States Office of Education, has established a Research and Development Center in Educational Data Processing to pursue a wide range of goals designed to relieve pupil personnel workers from most of the clerical aspects of existing programs. While it is difficult to prove that out‐of‐pocket costs are reduced by the introduction of data processing systems, the real economy is found in the saving of valuable professional time, energy, and skill.
Job Satisfaction Researches of 1963
Authors: ROBINSON H. ALAN , CONNORS RALPH P. , ROBINSON ANN H.
Published: December 2011

This annual review of job satisfaction researches is the 22nd in a series and covers reports published in 1963 plus earlier studies not previously dealt with in this Journal. The format—findings and conclusions; topics investigated; per cent dissatisfied; current emphases; and summaries of studies—has become standard in this yearly presentation.
TWO ROLES FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOL GUIDANCE PERSONNEL
Authors: OLDRIDGE BUFF
Published: December 2011

The consequences of guidance workers functioning in a psychotherapeutic role (PR) was compared with their functioning in a consultant role (GR). There was a control group of students referred but not receiving service. Teachers rated more GR referrals improved but differences were not significant. Peer ratings showed a significant (p < 0.05) difference favoring controls. Guidance staff significantly (p < 0.05) favored GR at end of study. School staff preferences for PR were significant (p < 0.01) at beginning and end of study. However, a shift away from PR towards GR was significant (p < 0.01).
Attitude Toward School and Academic Achievement
Authors: BRODIE THOMAS A.
Published: December 2011

Two groups of urban eleventh graders were contrasted in their attitudes toward school by means of a specially developed poll. Classified as “satisfied” and “dissatisfied” with school, these groups of approximately 45 each were compared on the Iowa Tests of Educational Development. “Satisfied” students generally out‐performed “dissatisfied” students at a statistically significant level. The advantage of “satisfied” students tended to be greater on tests where academic skills were involved than on tests of general background information. It could be concluded that such skill development was more pronounced in students affirmative in their attitude toward school because of its association with typical classroom objectives and drill routine.
Persistence in Ability‐Achievement Discrepancies and Kuder Scores
Authors: WAGMAN MORTON
Published: December 2011

The research questions were (a) to what extent will students who in their high school years have made grades discrepant with their abilities continue to show such discrepancies in college and (b) how are interests related to such persisting (or changing) patterns of ability‐achievement discrepancies? The population of fall, 1958, University of Illinois freshmen was studied. At each SCAT decile level the distribution of college grade‐point averages was broken into an overachieving, an averageachieving, and underachieving group. A similar procedure was used to establish high school ability‐discrepancy groups. The hypothesis that each such high school group (underachievers, averageachievers, overachievers) would tend to persist in its own characteristic discrepant pattern in college was supported by the findings.

General hypotheses and specific predictions were developed relating patterns of ability‐achievement discrepancies to Kuder scales. The results were: (1) A positive relationship between scholastic overachievement and the Kuder conflict‐avoidance, ideational, computational, and literary scales; (2) A negative relationship between scholastic overachievement and Kuder mechanical (except for Engineering students) and outdoor (only for Liberal Arts women) scales.
Professional Educators, Parents, and Students Assess the Counselor's Role
Authors: DUNLOP RICHARD S.
Published: December 2011

A survey of attitudes was made by opinionnaire among counselor educators, counselors, high school administrators, parents, and high school seniors to determine their perceptions of the appropriateness of counselor performance of various specific tasks. Tasks were representative of several areas commonly associated with counselor responsibility: educational, vocational, and personal counseling; testing and diagnosis; teacher‐role expectancy; administrative‐clerical; and professional behavior. It was found that all groups reacted favorably to the counselor as a performer of tasks associated with educational and vocational counseling. Significant differences were observed in respondents' reactions to tasks and task groups otherwise categorized.
Pterodactyls, Passenger Pigeons, and Personnel Workers
Authors: SORENSON GARTH
Published: December 2011

If it is to survive as a significant part of the educational enterprise, school counseling must become a more rigorous and better integrated discipline. Our role in the school system must be clarified. Both our ethical and psychological assumptions must be made more explicit and subjected to logical analysis. Our psychological concepts must be tested empirically.

Our major goal should continue to be that of increasing the freedom of the individual student, in a literal sense. This can best be done by helping him increase the number of significant courses of action available to him at important decision points in his life. The counselor's efforts, therefore, should focus on the decision‐making process. Counselors should teach students to search for more rather than fewer alternative solutions to their educational, vocational, and personal problems and to evaluate the probable consequences of each alternative in terms of both the external events that are likely to follow and also the individual's own internal reactions to those events. Some of the implications of this view for counselor training are explored.
Molders of Pupil Attitudes
Authors: KRUMBOLTZ JOHN D. , VARENHORST BARBARA
Published: December 2011

Ninth grade pupils were asked to indicate the extent of their agreement with three statements each of which was attributed to a different one of three communicator groups: parents, peers, and counselors. On the average the 189 pupils agreed most readily with the statements when they were attributed to counselors. The findings and methodology suggest a relatively simple yet powerful technique for assessing the relative influence of various persons, groups and practices on pupil attitudes.
The Influence of Counseling on the Perception of Counselor Role
Authors: RIPPEE BILLY D. , HANVEY WILLIAM E. , PARKER CLYDE A.
Published: December 2011

Investigators have found widespread misunderstanding and misperceptions of the counselor's role. If the profession is to perform the functions for which it exists the counselor and those with whom he works must have a clear perception of what the work of the counselor is. A 50‐item questionnaire was developed and administered to students and teachers of three small secondary schools. It was concluded that a counseling program established in a small secondary school, where no counseling previously existed, does change significantly the students' perceptions of the counselor role. The direction of this change is determined by what the counselor does. Thus, if counselors functioned as they “should” a more correct image will follow. There was some evidence that the students who are aware of what counselors do will seek them out.
A Study in Discrimination
Authors: BARNEY O. PAT , HALL LUREL D.
Published: December 2011

Counselors in a metropolitan high school used an instrument of student self‐report to determine if students felt Negro youth were discriminated against in educational counseling. Randomly selected studens, 300 white and 85 Negro, were asked three questions; (1) Have you received counseling? If yes, (2) have you been encouraged to attend college or (3) encouraged to not attend college? The significance of the differences between per cents of yes responses of Negro and white students were computed, using the .05 level of confidence. While there were no statistically significant differences in responses, an evaluation of GPA's of students who said they were counseled to not go to college seemed to indicate that counselors were less willing to advise Negro students with marginal GPA's to try college. Students indicated they felt counselors did not discriminate in encouraging Negro students to attend or not attend college.
AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR IN VOCATIONAL MOTIVATION
Authors: ZYTOWSKI DONALD G.
Published: December 2011

A presentation of vocational motivation theories as specific cases of the more general motivational theories is made, noting the strict adherence of the theorists to taxonomies of positive motives. It is proposed that avoidance behavior be included in the theories, noting support from the work of Miller and Mowrer. Two cases of apparent career avoidance behavior are presented, along with a third case which demonstrates the development of neither positive nor negative attributes to the idea of a career. It is suggested that vocational guidance instruments attempt to measure avoidance behavior, and that the naive view that everyone has some positive motivation toward work be discarded.