bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimal fixed‐structure control for linear non‐negative dynamical systems
Authors: Nersesov Sergey G. , Haddad Wassim M. , Chellaboina VijaySekhar
Published: February 2004

In this paper, we develop optimal output feedback controllers for set‐point regulation of linear non‐negative dynamical systems. Specifically, using a constrained fixed‐structure control framework we develop optimal output feedback control laws that guarantee that the trajectories of the closed‐loop system remain in the non‐negative orthant of the state space for non‐negative initial conditions. In addition, we characterize domains of attraction predicated on closed and open Lyapunov level surfaces contained in the non‐negative orthant for unconstrained optimal linear‐quadratic output feedback controllers. Output feedback controllers for compartmental systems with non‐negative inputs are also given. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Web Site Evolution
Authors: Boldyreff Cornelia , Tonella Paolo
Published: February 2004

Web sites are becoming increasingly important for companies and organizations. Crucial information as well as economic transactions are managed by Web sites, so that their reliability, usability and overall quality are central issues. The advent of new technologies, such as Web services, makes the domain of Web applications a very dynamic one, where the evolution is rapid and unavoidable. Moreover, existing systems are also eligible for migration to the Web, thus requiring specific reengineering processes and methods.

This special issue is focused on the recent achievements produced by software engineering research that has been conducted on Web sites. Reverse engineering, restructuring, testing and dynamic analysis are well‐established disciplines that have been investigated in the new domain of the Web. Moreover, migration of legacy code to the Web poses technical problems related to domain analysis, adoption challenges and performance assessment. This issue provides an overview of the most promising results achieved in these fields. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the business value and technical challenges of adopting Web services
Authors: Tilley S. , Gerdes J. , Hamilton T. , Huang S. , Müller H. , Smith D. , Wong K.
Published: February 2004

This paper provides a balanced perspective of the business value and technical challenges of adopting Web services. Technology adoption is a continual challenge for both tool developers and enterprise users. Web services are a prime example of an emerging technology that is fraught with adoption issues. Part of the problem is separating marketing hype from business reality. Web services are network‐accessible interfaces to application functionality. They are built using Internet technologies such as XML and standard protocols such as SOAP. The adoption issues related to Web services are complex and multifaceted. For example, determining whether this technology is a fundamental advance, rather than something old under a new name, requires technical depth, business acumen, and considerable historical knowledge of past developments. A sample problem from the health care industry is used to illustrate some of the adoption issues. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ady2p is essential for the acetate permease activity in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Paiva Sandra , Devaux Frederic , Barbosa Sonia , Jacq Claude , Casal Margarida
Published: February 2004

To identify new genes involved in acetate uptake in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, an analysis of the gene expression profiles of cells shifted from glucose to acetic acid was performed. The gene expression reprogramming of yeast adapting to a poor non‐fermentable carbon source was observed, including dramatic metabolic changes, global activation of translation machinery, mitochondria biogenesis and the induction of known or putative transporters. Among them, the gene ADY2/YCR010c was identified as a new key element for acetate transport, being homologous to the Yarrowia lipolytica GPR1 gene, which has a role in acetic acid sensitivity. Disruption of ADY2 in S. cerevisiae abolished the active transport of acetate. Microarray analyses of ady2Δ strains showed that this gene is not a critical regulator of acetate response and that its role is directly connected to acetate transport. Ady2p is predicted to be a membrane protein and is a valuable acetate transporter candidate. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Large‐scale screening of yeast mutants for sensitivity to the IMP dehydrogenase inhibitor 6‐azauracil
Authors: Riles Linda , Shaw Randal J. , Johnston Mark , Reines Daniel
Published: February 2004

Mutations in several genes encoding components of the RNA polymerase II elongation machinery render S. cerevisiae cells sensitive to the drug 6‐azauracil (6AU), an inhibitor of IMP dehydrogenase and orotidylate decarboxylase. It is thought that a reduction in nucleotide levels following drug treatment causes transcriptional elongation to be more dependent on a fully functional RNA polymerase. To gain insight into the basis of the 6AU‐sensitive phenotype and discern its specificity, we screened almost 3000 deletion mutants for growth in the presence of drug; 42 (1.5%) were reproducibly sensitive to the drug. The sensitive mutants included several missing known transcription elongation factors, but the majority were in genes involved in other cellular processes. Not all of the 6AU‐sensitive strains displayed cross‐sensitivity to mycophenolic acid (MPA), another drug that inhibits IMP dehydrogenase and has been employed as a screening agent for elongation mutants, showing that these two drugs are mechanistically distinct. Several of the mutants were tested for the ability to induce transcription of IMP dehydrogenase‐encoding genes, in response to 6‐AU and MPA treatment. As expected, mutants defective in transcriptional elongation factors were unable to fully induce IMPDH expression. However, most of the 6AU‐sensitive strains had normal levels of IMPDH expression. Thus, although 6AU‐sensitivity often results from defects in the elongation machinery, mutations that compromise processes other than transcription and induction of IMPDH also lead to sensitivity to this drug. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Overexpression of ovine leptin in Pichia pastoris: physiological yeast response to leptin production and characterization of the recombinant hormone
Authors: Laborde C. , Chemardin P. , Bigey F. , Combarnous Y. , Moulin G. , Boze H.
Published: February 2004

Ovine leptin was cloned in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris using a pPIC9K vector. Leptin was produced and secreted into the culture medium using the Saccharomyces cerevisiae α‐mating factor prepro signal by five clones. Expression levels of leptin varied from clone to clone, depending on the copy number of the ob gene. Highest expression was observed with the single‐copy clone S27 (250 mg/l). The modifications of culture conditions in batch and fed‐batch culture increase the yield of protein. The use of higher cell concentration (63 g/l) before induction of oLept associate with a regulation of pH at 3.2, which decreases the effects of proteolysis, increases the expression level of the oLept to 402 mg/l. Moreover, compared with the non‐producer clone, we observed a drastic decrease in growth rate and biomass yield in the leptin‐producing clones. At the end of the fed‐batch phase at pH 3.2 with clone S27, mortality rate reached 17.3%. Results showed that recombinant leptin production induced metabolic stress, and a negative impact on biomass yield and growth rate. We characterized the recombinant leptin produced by clone S27. It exhibited a molecular mass of 16 kDa, an N‐terminal amino acid sequence identical to that of ovine leptin but with an additional tyrosine introduced by the cloning site. Moreover, it was found to be biologically active in vitro. The available production of a large quantity of oLept will strengthen the functional study for theorical and practical purposes. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of Ynt1 in nitrate and nitrite transport in the yeast Hansenula polymorpha
Authors: Machín Felix , Medina Braulio , Navarro Francisco J. , Pérez M. Dolores , Veenhuis Marten , Tejera Paula , Lorenzo Helena , Lancha Ana , Siverio José M.
Published: February 2004

Ynt1 is the only high‐affinity nitrate uptake system in Hansenula polymorpha. Nitrate uptake was directly correlated with the Ynt1 levels and shown to be independent of nitrate reductase (NR) activity levels. Ynt1 failed to transport chlorate and, as a result, strains lacking YNT1 were sensitive to chlorate, as is the wild‐type. Nitrite uptake in a wild‐type strain was partially inhibited by nitrate to levels shown by a YNT1‐disrupted strain in which, in turn, nitrite transport was not inhibited by nitrate. It is concluded that nitrite uptake takes place by two different transport systems: Ynt1 and a nitrite‐specific transporter(s). The nitrite‐specific transport system was induced by nitrate; consistently, no induction was observed in strains lacking the transcription factor YNA1, which is involved in nitrate and nitrite induction of the nitrate assimilatory structural genes. Ynt1 presents its optimal rate for nitrite uptake at pH 6, while pH 4 was optimal for the specific nitrite uptake system(s). At pH 5.5, the contribution of Ynt1 to high‐affinity nitrate and nitrite uptake was around 95% and 60%, respectively. The apparent Km of Ynt1 for nitrate and nitrite is in the µM range, as is the specific nitrite uptake system for nitrite. The analysis of the effect of the reduced nitrogen sources on nitrate assimilation revealed that glutamine inactivates nitrate and nitrite transport, dependent on Ynt1, but not the nitrite‐specific system. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neonatal ventral hippocampus lesion alters the dopamine content in the limbic regions in postpubertal rats
Authors: Alquicer Glenda , Silva‐Gómez Adriana B. , Peralta Fernando , Flores Gonzalo
Published: February 2004

The neonatal ventral Hippocampus (nVH) lesion in rats has been used as a model to test the hypothesis that early neurodevelopmental abnormalities lead to behavioral changes putatively linked to schizophrenia. The schizophrenic patients tend to social isolation. In addition, considerable evidence from behavioral and neurochemistry studies strongly implicate the dopamine (DA) system and the medial part of the prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in the pathophysiology of the social isolation syndrome. In order to assess effects of the postweaning social isolation (pwSI) on the DA system of the nVH lesions, we investigated the DA content and its metabolite, DOPAC in different limbic subregions in rats postpubertally at postnatal day (P) 78 following nVH lesions at P7 with and without pwSI for 8 weeks. The DA and DOPAC were measured by HPLC with electrochemical detection. The nVH lesion induces increase in the DA content in the hippocampus with no effect in the mPFC, nucleus accumbens and caudate‐putamen, while the pwSI induces major increase in the DA content in limbic subregions such as the mPFC, nucleus accumbens and hipocampus with opposite effect in the caudate‐putamen. These results suggest that while pwSI has an effect in the postpubertal content of DA in both sham and nVH lesions in rats, the nVH‐lesioned rats appear to be affected to a greater extent than the sham animals underscoring the influence of pwSI differences in the development of behaviors in the nVH‐lesioned animals.
The effect of tibiofemoral joint kinematics on patellofemoral contact pressures under simulated muscle loads
Authors: Li G. , DeFrate L. E. , Zayontz S. , Park S. E. , Gill T. J.
Published: February 2004

Altered patellofemoral joint contact pressures are thought to contribute to patellofemoral joint symptoms. However, little is known about the relationship between tibiofemoral joint kinematics and patellofemoral joint contact pressures. The objective of this paper was to investigate the effect of tibiofemoral joint kinematics on patellofemoral joint pressures using an established in vitro robotic testing experimental setup. Eight cadaveric knee specimens were tested at 0°, 30°, 60°, 90°, and 120° of flexion under an isolated quadriceps load of 400 N and a combined quadriceps/hamstrings load of 400 N/200 N. Tibiofemoral joint kinematics were measured by the robot and contact pressures by a TekScan pressure sensor. The isolated quadriceps loading caused anterior translation and internal rotation of the tibia up to 60° of flexion and posterior translation and external rotation of the tibia beyond 60°. The co‐contraction of the hamstring muscles caused a posterior translation and external rotation of the tibia relative to the motion of the tibia under the quadriceps load. Correspondingly, the contact pressures were elevated significantly at all flexion angles. For example, at 60° of flexion, the hamstrings co‐contraction increased the posterior tibial translation by approximately 2.8 mm and external tibial rotation by approximately 3.6°. The peak contact pressure increased from 1.4 ± 0.8 to 1.7 ± 1.0 MPa, a 15% increase. The elevated contact pressures after hamstrings co‐contraction indicates an intrinsic relation between the tibiofemoral joint kinematics and the patellofemoral joint biomechanics. An increase in posterior tibial translation and external rotation is accompanied by an increase in contact pressure in the patellofemoral joint. These results imply that excessive strength conditioning with the hamstring muscles might not be beneficial to the patellofemoral joint. Knee pathology that causes an increase in tibial posterior translation and external rotation might contribute to degeneration of the patellofemoral joint. These results suggest that conservative treatment of posterior cruciate ligament injury should be reconsidered. © 2004 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A silencer element in the cartilage oligomeric matrix protein gene regulates chondrocyte‐specific expression
Authors: Issack Paul S. , Liu Chuan‐Ju , Prazak Lisa , di Cesare Paul E.
Published: February 2004

The molecular mechanisms by which mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes are poorly understood. The cartilage oligomeric matrix protein gene (COMP) encodes a noncollagenous extracellular matrix protein whose expression pattern correlates with chondrocyte differentiation and arthritis. We have used the COMP promoter as a model to identify regulatory sequences necessary for chondrocyte‐specific expression and to identify cell type‐specific proteins that bind these sequences. We have previously cloned 1.9 kilobases of the 5′ flanking promoter sequence of the murine COMP gene and by deletion analysis have identified two spatially distant chondrocyte‐specific regulatory regions. One element is situated proximally (−125 to −75), and a second region is located distally (−1925 to −592) relative to the transcription start site. In the present study, we performed a finer deletion analysis of the region of the COMP promoter from −1925 to −592 and identified a silencer region situated between −1775 and −1725. This silencer binds sequence‐specific protein complexes; the intensity of these complexes is greater in two different fibroblast cell lines (NIH3T3 and 10T1/2) than in chondrocytic RCS cells. Competition experiments localized the binding site of these protein complexes from −1775 to −1746; deletion of this 30‐bp site results in a selective increase in COMP promoter activity in fibroblasts. Four tandem repeats of this 30‐bp site are sufficient to confer negative transcriptional regulation on a heterologous promoter (SV40) in NIH3T3 fibroblasts. These results suggest that negative regulation of transcription is an important mechanism for chondrocyte‐specific expression of the COMP gene. © 2003 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Theoretical model and experimental results for the nonlinear elastic behavior of human annulus fibrosus
Authors: Wagner Diane R. , Lotz Jeffrey C.
Published: February 2004

The physical properties of the annulus fibrosus are critical to the intervertebral disc's biomechanical function; alterations with degeneration and aging can contribute directly to joint dysfunction and pain. A constitutive model that links the mechanical structure of the annulus to its material properties is important for many bioengineering purposes. To this end, we developed a strain energy function with separate terms to represent the matrix, the fibers, and the interactions between the constituents. Additionally, we measured the tensile and compressive stress–strain response of the annulus in the circumferential direction. We simultaneously applied the strain energy function to these new data and to data from a wide range of experimental protocols reported in the literature. By choosing experimental protocols that use an unloaded reference configuration, we developed a comprehensive formulation for the multiaxial annular elastic behavior. As a partial validation, this formulation predicted experimental results that were not included in model parameter specification. We anticipate that this constitutive formulation will be useful for computational simulations of the disc's biomechanical response and for elucidating structure–function relationships of the annulus fibrosus. © 2004 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Reflexes in the shoulder muscles elicited from the human coracoacromial ligament
Authors: Diederichsen Louise Pyndt , Nørregaard Jesper , Krogsgaard Michael , Fischer‐Rasmussen Torsten , Dyhre‐Poulsen Poul
Published: February 2004

Morphological studies have demonstrated mechanoreceptors in the capsuloligamentous structures of the shoulder joint, however knowledge of the role these joint receptors play in the control of shoulder stability is limited. We therefore investigated the effect of electrically induced afferent activity from mechanoreceptors in the coracoacromial ligament (CAL) on the activity of voluntary activated shoulder muscles in healthy humans. In study I, wire electrodes, for electrical stimulation, were inserted into the CAL in eight normal shoulders. In study II, a needle electrode was inserted into the CAL in seven normal shoulders. Electric activity was recorded from eight shoulder muscles by surface and intramuscular electrodes. During isometric contractions, electrical stimulation was applied to the CAL at two different stimulus intensities, a weak stimulus (stim‐1) and a stronger stimulus (stim‐2).

In both experiments, electrical stimulation of the CAL elicited a general inhibition in the voluntary activated shoulder muscles. In study I the average latencies (mean ± SE) of the muscular inhibition were 66 ± 4 ms (stim‐1) and 62 ± 4 ms (stim‐2) during isometric flexion and 73 ± 3 ms (stim‐1) and 73 ± 5 ms (stim‐2) during isometric extension. In study II the average latency (mean ± SE) of the response was 66 ± 4 ms (stim‐1) during isometric flexion. Our results demonstrated a response, probably of reflex origin, from mechanoreceptors in the CAL to the shoulder muscles. The existence of this synaptic connection between mechanoreceptors in CAL and the shoulder muscles suggest a role of these receptors in muscle coordination and in the functional joint stability. © 2004 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published y Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
From prominence to decline: Russian studies of international negotiations
Authors: Lebedeva Marina
Published: February 2004

The essay analyzes progress in the field of international negotiations. In the author’s assessment, Russian research on negotiations, once a prominent discipline, is currently in decline. Despite the persistent need to study international negotiations, most scholars who had formerly been active in the field have moved to other areas. The rise of new issues demanding urgent attention, the principally changed form of international negotiations’ problematique, as well as serious financial difficulties have all contributed to the discipline’s decline. The author ends on a positive note and expresses the conviction that international negotiations will be revived as an academic field in Russia. She bases that conviction on the country’s practical needs, as well as its growing integration into Western IR studies.
Functional analysis of PU.1 domains in monocyte‐specific gene regulation
Authors: Nishiyama Chiharu , Nishiyama Makoto , Ito Tomonobu , Masaki Shigehiro , Masuoka Nobutaka , Yamane Hisakazu , Kitamura Toshio , Ogawa Hideoki , Okumura Ko
Published: February 2004

The Ets family transcription factor PU.1 is required for the development of various lymphoid and myeloid cell lineages, and regulates the expression of several genes in a cell type‐specific manner. Recently we found that overproduction of PU.1 in mouse bone marrow‐derived mast cell progenitors induced the expression of monocyte‐specific genes. This prompted us to analyze the functions of each domain of PU.1 in monocyte‐specific gene expression, using transfection of mast cell progenitors with a series of retrovirus vectors for overexpression of various truncation mutants. Both the acidic region and the Ets domain of PU.1 were required for expression of monocyte‐specific genes, and for enhanced interleukin‐6 production in response to lipopolysaccharide. The Gln‐rich region was suggested to be involved in expression of both MHC class II and F4/80. On the other hand, when PU.1 protein lacking the PEST domain was produced in the progenitor cells, expression of monocyte‐specific genes was substantially enhanced, suggesting that the PEST domain plays a negative role in monocyte‐specific gene expression.
Rev‐erbα upregulates NF‐κB‐responsive genes in vascular smooth muscle cells
Authors: Migita Hideyuki , Morser John , Kawai Kohichi
Published: February 2004

Rev‐erbα and retinoic acid receptor‐related orphan receptor‐α (RORα) are orphan nuclear receptors but their effects on transcription are opposed. Here, we show that Rev‐erbα was expressed predominantly in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) rather than endothelial cells. Overexpression of Rev‐erbα upregulated the expression of interleukin‐6 and cyclooxygenase‐2, and increased transactivation by NF‐κB and translocation of p65 to the nucleus in A7r5 VSMCs. Furthermore, the expression of Rev‐erbα was upregulated by RORα1 but that upregulation was attenuated by Rev‐erbα itself in A7r5 VSMCs. These results suggest a regulatory link between Rev‐erbα and the NF‐κB pathway.
Cg‐Rel, the first Rel/NF‐κB homolog characterized in a mollusk, the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas
Authors: Montagnani C. , Kappler C. , Reichhart J.M. , Escoubas J.M.
Published: February 2004

We report here the identification and functional characterization of Cg‐Rel, a gene encoding the Crassostrea gigas homolog of Rel/NF‐κB transcription factors found in insects and mammals. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis showed that Cg‐Rel shares the structural organization of Rel/NF‐κB transcription factors of class II. It includes a Rel homology domain as well as a C‐terminal transactivation domain (TD). Overexpression of Cg‐Rel in the Drosophila S2 cell line activated the expression of a NF‐κB‐dependent reporter gene, whereas transfection with a Cg‐Rel construct containing a C‐terminal deletion of the TD or using a reporter gene with mutated κB binding sites failed to activate expression. These results suggest that Cg‐Rel is a functional member of the Rel family of transcription factors, making this the sixth structurally homologous component of the Rel/NF‐κB pathway characterized in C. gigas. Based on homology to other invertebrates’ Rel/NF‐κB cascade, the function of the oyster pathway may serve to regulate genes involved in innate defense and/or development. These findings serve to highlight a potentially important regulatory pathway to the study of oyster immunology, hence allowing comparison of the immune system in vertebrates and invertebrates, an important key issue to understand its evolution.
Uridine 5′‐polyphosphates (p4U and p5U) and uridine(5′)polyphospho(5′)nucleosides (UpnNs) can be synthesized by UTP:glucose‐1‐phosphate uridylyltransferase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Guranowski Andrzej , de Diego Anabel , Sillero Antonio , Günther Sillero Marı́a Antonia
Published: February 2004

UTP:glucose‐1‐phosphate uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.9) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae can transfer the uridylyl moiety from UDP‐glucose onto tripolyphosphate (P3), tetrapolyphosphate (P4), nucleoside triphosphates (p3Ns) and nucleoside 5′‐polyphosphates (p4Ns) forming uridine 5′‐tetraphosphate (p4U), uridine 5′‐pentaphosphate (p5U) and dinucleotides, such as Ap4U, Cp4U, Gp4U, Up4U, Ap5U and Gp5U. Unlike UDP‐glucose, UDP‐galactose was not a UMP donor and ADP was not a UMP acceptor. This is the first example of an enzyme that may be responsible for accumulation of dinucleoside tetraphosphates containing two pyrimidine nucleosides in vivo. Occurrence of such dinucleotides in S. cerevisiae and Escherichia coli has been previously reported (Coste et al., J. Biol. Chem. 262 (1987) 12096–12103).
From Blood to Public Office: Constituting Bureaucratic Rulers in Colonial Malaya
Authors: Triantafillou Peter
Published: February 2004

With the transformation from the Malay kerajaan rule based on economic extraction and the capability to take life to British colonial rule, Malays aspiring to govern others were now subject to a set of mundane disciplinary techniques seeking to promote a bureaucratic ethos that precipitated around academic merits, team spirit and above all the strange distinction between public and private spheres of action.
In the Eye of the Storm: The Social Construction of the Forces of Nature and the Climatic and Seismic Construction of God in the Philippines
Authors: Bankoff Greg
Published: February 2004

The social construction of hazard is a matter of considerable moment to those engaged in disaster preparedness, management and relief. All too often, insufficient recognition is accorded to the manner in which people's actions are influenced by their cultural interpretation of what they are experiencing. Behaviours that appear inappropriate or illogical to external agency or relief workers may be entirely consistent and rational actions when understood in the context of the operating schema of the individuals experiencing such phenomena.
Serfdom and household structure in Central Russia: Voshchazhnikovo, 1816–1858
Authors: DENNISON TRACY K.
Published: February 2004

In this article, data for the serf estate of Voshchazhnikovo, in Yaroslavl' province, is used to test existing theories about peasant household size and structure in imperial Russia. Empirical evidence from soul revisions, household listings, and estate regulations is brought to bear on the view that large, complex households were predominant throughout Russia in the pre-emancipation period, and that landlords' policies had little effect on the demographic behaviour of serfs. Household size and structure in Voshchazhnikovo, which was located in the Central Industrial region, differed significantly from that found for the estates in the Central Black Earth region studied by P. Czap and S. Hoch. Mean household size in Voshchazhnikovo ranged from 4.5 to 5.2, and roughly half of all households were of the simple-family sort. Age at first marriage was later than in the Central Black Earth region, and a greater proportion of females remained unmarried. There were also substantially more female-headed households on this estate than on the estates studied by Czap and Hoch. Finally, estate records suggest that the landlord at Voshchazhnikovo attempted to influence demographic behaviour through the use of fines and taxes. These attempts were successful, though their effects were unevenly distributed across the Voshchazhnikovo serf population.
Driver's Virtues
Authors: SLOTE MICHAEL
Published: February 2004

Julia Driver's Uneasy Virtue offers a theory of virtue and the virtues without being an instance of virtue ethics. It presents a consequentialist challenge to recent virtue ethics, but its positive views – and especially its interesting examples – have great significance in their own right. Driver's defence of ‘virtues of ignorance’ has force despite all the challenges to it that have been mounted over the years. But there are also examples differing from those Driver has mentioned that favour the idea of such virtues. Perhaps certain virtues of religious faith and the virtue necessary for dealing as best one can with moral dilemmas both require ignorance. However, some of the examples Driver does discuss raise the question whether virtue status is based solely on consequences, rather than perhaps having (in addition) a motivational component.
Response to my Critics
Authors: DRIVER JULIA
Published: February 2004

This essay is a rejoinder to comments on Uneasy Virtue made by Onora O'Neill, John Skorupski, and Michael Slote in this issue. In Uneasy Virtue I presented criticisms of traditional virtue theory. I also presented an alternative – a consequentialist account of virtue, one which is a form of ‘pure evaluational externalism’. This type of theory holds that the moral quality of character traits is determined by factors external to agency (e.g. consequences). All three commentators took exception to this account. Therefore, the bulk of my response focuses on defending the externalist account of virtue presented in the final chapters of Uneasy Virtue.
Michael Brawne: 1925–2003
Authors: CAROLIN PETER , ALLIES BOB , CORREA CHARLES , DOWSON PHILIP , CLEGG PETER , STONEHOUSE ROGER , DE GREY SPENCER , HAWKES DEAN
Published: February 2004

Architect, author and teacher, Michael Brawne was also an arq contributor and referee. His article ‘Research, design and Popper’ published in our second issue (1/2, pp 10–15) was an analysis of the similarity between architectural design and scientific research based on Karl Popper's hypothetico-deductive theory. It cut straight to the heart of the declared subject of this journal. Reading it again, one can almost hear Michael – with his characteristically precise enunciation (and often exquisitely drawly voice) – elucidating his argument.

The following celebration of Michael and his contribution to architecture speaks eloquently about the man and his teaching but surprisingly little about his completed buildings – especially those of the '60s and '70s. There was something very rigorous about these. Indeed, Charles Correa asserts that the houses in Hampstead are ‘among the half-dozen most important pieces of architecture’ constructed in the UK over the last 50 years.

It was in the first Hampstead house that, in 1962, there emerged the surface mounted vertical mullions that were to appear again – always subtly related to the internal spatial arrangement – in later projects. And there was his use on the upper levels of his buildings of steeply sloping Cor-Ten sheet (something that today's generation, who seem to have rediscovered this problematic material, could well learn from). In plan, his buildings often made a powerful use of the diagonal (the Cambridge influence perhaps?) and occasionally revealed his admiration for Alvar Aalto's work. This thoughtful, highly distinctive body of work extended from country cottage conversions and extensions to competition designs such as his ‘groundscraper’ high-density housing entry for the Portsdown competition.

And what of Michael's exhibition designs? Following the 1965 publication of his book, The New Museum, it was a field in London which he seemed to dominate for much of the late '60s and the '70s – with shows such as the stunning Art in Revolution at the Hayward Gallery in 1971 and the exquisite Age of Neo-Classicism at the Royal Academy in the following year. In the mid '90s, his work for ecclesiastical museums in Germany was equally elegant and well-judged. And, over the last six years, recalling his artist father, he turned to making sculpture at Bath College.

Michael Brawne is remembered here by some of his contemporaries, fellow teachers and students. The first contribution, by Bob Allies, is reproduced by permission from The Independent newspaper in which it appeared on 16 August 2003.
UK construction research is too fragmented… …a new approach is needed
Authors: Lorch Richard
Published: February 2004

Framing the question of a research and innovation (R&I) strategy for the UK construction industry requires careful consideration of several key issues: pluralism, vision and recognition of the significance of product (place and its constituent components) as well as process. Much of the groundwork for specific research topics has been undertaken and identified elsewhere (Macmillan, 2002), so this paper does not reinvent the wheel or list all the relevant research issues. Any discussion informing an R&I strategy should provide continuity and not jettison previous work in order to provide continuity. Too much structural change in past funding mechanisms has led to uncertainty for researchers and has adversely affected medium- and long-term projects.
Finnish humanity and independence The breadth of Bawa's oeuvre
Authors: CHARRINGTON HARRY
Published: February 2004

By coincidence I lived for a couple of years in a small flat in Matti Välikangas' Olympic Village in Helsinki (1939–40) to which Hildi Hawkins referred in Insight: ‘Home, sweet home’ (arq 7/1, pp 94–96). I too reflected my time in such environments onto my home here: the hyper-efficient planning, daylighting, wet-floor bathrooms, double-rebated doors with lift-off hinges etc. Along with a quality that I also sense in some design of the same period here; seemingly quite ordinary buildings imbued with the hopes of an embryonic welfare state and the care of the architects and builders who built them.
Utzon
Authors: Weston Richard
Published: February 2004

It has taken a long time to be able to assess Jørn Utzon's importance. Until the end of the twentieth century, the architect described by Sigfried Giedion as the most important of the ‘third generation’ hardly appeared in its literature. By contrast we had no such problem with Le Corbusier: there were the Oeuvres Complètes. It was easy to consult any building, indeed sketch, and along the way to be thoroughly coerced into his theoretical position. His massive and megalomaniac contribution to the last century could be studied first through L'Esprit Nouveau, the avant-garde magazine which promulgated him – ‘17.23, 2me février, 1926, Grande Pensée de L-C …’ and so forth – and later through the archives and sketchbooks. Wright suffered from too many publications. After the Wasmuth Portfolio of 1910 there was no single, accessible reference to his huge output: his theory tended to the verbose, and he was devious in concealing his own sources, most especially his debt to Japan. Mies van der Rohe wrote little and was famously gnomic; his buildings supplied his ‘text’. The so-called second generation, Aalto and Kahn, were well served in terms of publication of their work. The former's theoretical position took much posthumous teasing-out by critics to become widely understood. He could overcome people's ignorance of Finnish – for example, by his 1961 definition ‘acoustic separation is kilograms’ and by his stupefied reaction to the question of what module he used: ‘a millimetre, more or less!’ – but he wrote little.
Eine Global-Skala zur Erfassung des familiären Umfeldes
Authors: Steinhausen H.-C. , Wolgensinger E.
Published: February 2004

Zusammenfassung: Fragestellung: Die Reliabilität der in Australien entwickelten und für die vorliegende Studie übersetzten Global-Skala zur Erfassung des familiären Umfeldes (GSEFU). Methode: Vergleich der Einschätzung und Reliabilität der schriftlichen Fallvignetten durch internationale Beurteiler und eigene Beurteiler. Überprüfung der Interbeurteilerübereinstimmung bei klinischen Fällen vor und nach Gruppen-Training mit Manualeinweisung und Diskussion schriftlicher Fallvignetten. Ergebnisse: Der Vergleich von sieben schriflichen Fallvignetten ergab weitgehend ähnlich mittlere Beurteilungen von Klinikern in Zürich wie in der internationalen Studie der australischen Autoren. Ebenso war die Beurteiler-Übereinstimmung in den beiden Studien auf einem ähnlich hohen und befriedigenden Niveau. Ein in der eigenen Studie durchgeführtes einmaliges Training führte zu keiner höheren Beurteiler-Übereinstimmung. Schlussfolgerung: Die vorliegenden psychometrischen Kennwerte und die Verfügbarkeit einer Übersetzung bilden wichtige Voraussetzungen für die Einsetzbarkeit der GSEFU in den deutschsprachigen Ländern.
Übersetzungs- und Validierungsansätze der deutschen Version des «Teenage Inventory of Social Skills»
Authors: Pössel P. , Häußler B.
Published: February 2004

Zusammenfassung: Fragestellung: Eine Reihe von Studien konnte die enge Verbindung zwischen geringer sozialer Kompetenz und psychischen Störungen bei Jugendlichen aufzeigen. Methode: Um das soziale Verhalten von Jugendlichen untereinander erfassen zu können, wurde das «Teenage Inventory of Social Skills» (TISS) übersetzt und validiert. Ergebnisse: Die faktorenanalytisch ermittelten Skalen «positives Verhalten» und «negatives Verhalten» haben eine Interne Konsistenz von α = .86 und .85. Die Retest-Reliabilität über 13-18 Tage beträgt für beide Skalen r= .89. Während sich kein Zusammenhang der Skala «positives Verhalten» mit den Syndromskalen des «Youth Self-Report» zeigt, korreliert die Skala «negatives Verhalten» erwartungsgemäß mit den Syndromskalen «aggressives Verhalten» und «dissoziales Verhalten». Schlussfolgerungen: Mit dem «Teenage Inventory of Social Skills - Deutsch» (TISS-D) liegt nach den bisherigen Daten ein ökonomisches und reliables Instrument zur Erfassung von Sympathie- und Antipathie generierendem Verhalten von Jugendlichen im Selbsturteil vor.
A nonlinear convolution model for the evasion of CO2 injected into the deep ocean
Authors: Kheshgi Haroon S. , Archer David E.
Published: February 2004

Deep ocean storage of CO2 captured from, for example, flue gases is being considered as a potential response option to global warming concerns. For storage to be effective, CO2 injected into the deep ocean must remain sequestered from the atmosphere for a long time. However, a fraction of CO2 injected into the deep ocean is expected to eventually evade into the atmosphere. This fraction is expected to depend on the time since injection, the location of injection, and the future atmospheric concentration of CO2. We approximate the evasion of injected CO2 at specific locations using a nonlinear convolution model including explicitly the nonlinear response of CO2 solubility to future CO2 concentration and alkalinity and Green's functions for the transport of CO2 from injection locations to the ocean surface as well as alkalinity response to seafloor CaCO3 dissolution. Green's functions are calculated from the results of a three‐dimensional model for ocean carbon cycle for impulses of CO2 either released to the atmosphere or injected a locations deep in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. CO2 transport in the three‐dimensional (3‐D) model is governed by offline tracer transport in the ocean interior, exchange of CO2 with the atmosphere, and dissolution of ocean sediments. The convolution model is found to accurately approximate results of the 3‐D model in test cases including both deep‐ocean injection and sediment dissolution. The convolution model allows comparison of the CO2 evasion delay achieved by deep ocean injection with notional scenarios for CO2 stabilization and the time extent of the fossil fuel era.
Cross‐shore migration of lunate megaripples during Duck94
Authors: Ngusaru Amani S. , Hay Alex E.
Published: February 2004

Remote acoustic observations of lunate megaripple migration are presented from two storm events during the Duck94 nearshore dynamics experiment for time periods during which longshore currents were weak (<20 cm/s). During these periods, significant wave orbital velocities were 50–80 cm/s; megaripple heights were 0.05–0.5 m; megaripple horns were directed shoreward; the crest‐to‐trough slope of the shoreward advancing ripple face was close to the angle of repose; and migration speeds were 10–40 cm/h onshore. The observations also indicate that the megaripples stalled, and may have begun to migrate offshore, when the mean offshore flow exceeded 20 cm/s during the second storm. Stress‐based bed load sediment transport models are moderately successful in predicting the observed dependence of migration velocity on measured fluid velocities separated into zero (mean current), infragravity wave, and sea‐and‐swell wave frequency bands. Wave and mean current friction factors, fw and fc, are obtained by best fit between the predicted and observed migration velocities, for two choices (3/2 and 5/2) for the stress exponent ξ in the bed load transport part of the model. Net transport is computed using wave velocity amplitudes determined from both run length statistics and wave by wave. Improved agreement with observations is obtained for the wave‐by‐wave net transport predictions and for the wave‐like treatment of the infragravity band. The level of agreement is relatively insensitive to the value of ξ. The best fit current and wave friction factor values, for ξ = 5/2 and 3/2 are fc = 4.3 × 10−3 and 8.0 × 10−3 and fw = 1.7 × 10−2 and 4.8 × 10−2, respectively.
Evaluating the effect of rain on SeaWinds scatterometer measurements
Authors: Draper David W. , Long David G.
Published: February 2004

A simple wind/rain backscatter model is used with co‐located precipitation radar (PR) data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite to evaluate the effect of rain on SeaWinds on QuikSCAT σ° observations. The model incorporates wind‐induced surface scattering, the surface rain perturbation, and atmospheric rain attenuation and scattering. The co‐located PR measurements afford direct computation of SeaWinds‐scale averaged rain rate and atmospheric rain attenuation and scattering. An estimate of the wind‐induced surface backscatter is computed via numerical weather prediction (NWP) winds. By synergistically combining the SeaWinds, NWP, and PR data, estimates of surface rain perturbation and combined surface/atmospheric scattering are made as a function of PR‐derived rain rate. The scattering from rain is dominated mainly by the surface perturbation low rain rates, and by atmospheric scattering at high rain rates. The backscatter model estimates 94% of the observed rain‐contaminated SeaWinds on QuikSCAT σ° values to within 3 dB. Using the model, the conditions are determined for which it is possible to estimate rain from scatterometer measurements and where wind retrieval is not possible.
Errors in position‐fixing by GPS in an environment of strong equatorial scintillations in the Indian zone
Authors: DasGupta A. , Ray S. , Paul A. , Banerjee P. , Bose A.
Published: February 2004

The signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) of the L1 (1.6 GHz) transmission from the GPS and GLONASS satellites has been recorded at Calcutta (22.58°N, 88.38°E geographic; 32°N magnetic dip, 17.35°N dip latitude) since 1999 by a stand‐alone coarse acquisition (C/A) code Ashtec receiver. The receiver usually tracks 10–15 satellites, sampling different sections of the ionosphere at different look angles from the station. Simultaneously, L‐band (1.5 GHz) signals from geostationary INMARSAT (65°E) (350 km subionospheric point: 21.08°N, 86.59°E geographic; 28.74°N magnetic dip, 15.33°N dip latitude) and VHF (244 MHz) from FLEETSATCOM (73°E) (350 km subionospheric point: 21.10°N, 87.25°E geographic; 28.65°N magnetic dip, 15.28°N dip latitude) are also recorded. Calcutta is situated under the northern crest of the equatorial anomaly in the Indian longitude sector. The SNR of many GPS and GLONASS links, particularly in the southern sky and near overhead, has been found to scintillate frequently in between the local sunset and midnight hours. Scintillations of satellite signals near overhead are caused by irregularities in electron density distribution in an environment of high ambient ionization occurring near the crest of the equatorial anomaly. For the links at lower elevation angles in the southern sky, scintillations occur when satellites are viewed “end‐on” through the field‐aligned plasma bubbles. During periods of intense scintillations, in the high sunspot number years 1999–2002, it has frequently been observed that seven or eight GPS/GLONASS satellite links out of 15 may simultaneously show scintillations in excess of 10 dB. This paper presents an example of the above when the position determined with GPS shows fluctuations to the extent of 11 m in latitude and 8 m in longitude under such an environment.
Data assimilation for neutral thermospheric species during geomagnetic storms
Authors: Fuller‐Rowell T. J. , Minter C. F. , Codrescu M. V.
Published: February 2004

During a geomagnetic storm, Joule heating heats the neutral gas and drives horizontally divergent winds which force upwelling of the neutral atmosphere. The heavier molecular species N2 and O2, abundant in the lower thermosphere, are transported to high altitude where they increase the loss rate of the F region ionosphere. The “bulge” of enhanced molecular species, or depleted atomic oxygen, is long‐lived, returning to equilibrium mainly through the slow process of molecular diffusion. Its longevity, of the order of a day, enables the global wind system to transport the composition disturbance over thousands of kilometers, driven by the combination of quiet and storm‐time wind fields. In a stand‐alone physical model the formation and subsequent movement of the composition features depend on accurate specification of the spatial and temporal distribution of the Joule heating from the magnetosphere and knowledge of the time‐dependent wind fields to define the transport. Neither is sufficiently well known given current observational capability. An alternative approach is to combine the knowledge contained in a physical model with observations of the thermospheric composition. It has been demonstrated that FUV images can provide a reliable estimate of the magnitude and structure of oxygen‐depleted regions on the sunlit side of Earth. A Kalman filter data assimilation method has been developed to combine FUV observations with a physical model in order to optimally define the global distribution of neutral thermosphere composition. This distribution is used as one of the important drivers in a model for Global Assimilation of Ionospheric Measurements (GAIM) in order to improve specification and forecast of the response of the ionosphere to geomagnetic storms.
A latitudinal network of GPS receivers dedicated to studies of equatorial spread F
Authors: Valladares C. E. , Sheehan R. , Villalobos J.
Published: February 2004

Five GPS receivers have been deployed near the 74°W longitude meridian to measure the variability of total electron content (TEC) latitudinal profiles and to study the relation of this variability with the onset and evolution of spread F plasma structures. These five GPS receivers, together with two others that form part of the International GPS Service (IGS) network, three more that belong to the South Andes Project network, and an additional receiver located at Ancon, Peru, provide TEC values between 8°N and 40°S geographic latitude. In addition, all five GPS receivers managed by Boston College give the amplitude scintillation on a near‐real time basis. This fact allows us to know the maximum latitude to which the irregularities extend and to infer the maximum altitude of the plasma bubbles. We have calculated TEC latitudinal profiles using the TEC values obtained by all the receivers between 1998 and 2001. We found that during the equinoxes, UHF scintillations occur when the ratio of the crest to the trough of the anomaly is 2 or larger. During the December solstice the crest is not very pronounced, but a sharp decrease of TEC at the magnetic equator precedes the onset of 1‐km scale irregularities. We have also examined a longitudinal variability of scintillations by partitioning the sky in two sectors separated at the 74°W meridian. We consistently observe a greater number of GPS scintillation events at the eastern longitudes over the Amazon rain forest. This intriguing finding could well be explained by a larger population of gravity waves at longitudes east of the Andes.