bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental evolution for the recovery of growth loss due to genome reduction
Authors: Hitomi Kenya , Ishii Yoichiro , Ying Bei-Wen
Published: January 2024

As the genome encodes the information crucial for cell growth, a sizeable genomic deficiency often causes a significant decrease in growth fitness. Whether and how the decreased growth fitness caused by genome reduction could be compensated by evolution was investigated here. Experimental evolution with an Escherichia coli strain carrying a reduced genome was conducted in multiple lineages for approximately 1000 generations. The growth rate, which largely declined due to genome reduction, was considerably recovered, associated with the improved carrying capacity. Genome mutations accumulated during evolution were significantly varied across the evolutionary lineages and were randomly localized on the reduced genome. Transcriptome reorganization showed a common evolutionary direction and conserved the chromosomal periodicity, regardless of highly diversified gene categories, regulons, and pathways enriched in the differentially expressed genes. Genome mutations and transcriptome reorganization caused by evolution, which were found to be dissimilar to those caused by genome reduction, must have followed divergent mechanisms in individual evolutionary lineages. Gene network reconstruction successfully identified three gene modules functionally differentiated, which were responsible for the evolutionary changes of the reduced genome in growth fitness, genome mutation, and gene expression, respectively. The diversity in evolutionary approaches improved the growth fitness associated with the homeostatic transcriptome architecture as if the evolutionary compensation for genome reduction was like all roads leading to Rome.
Seventeen-year study reveals fluctuations in key ecological indicators on two reef crests in Cuba
Authors: Ramos Amanda , González-Díaz Patricia , Banaszak Anastazia T. , Perera Orlando , Hernandez Delgado Fredy , Delfín de León Sandra , Vicente Castro Patricia , Aguilera Pérez Gabriela Caridad , Duran Alain
Published: January 2024

Reef crests in the Caribbean have lost approximately 80% of the foundational habitat-forming coral Acropora palmata (Lamarck, 1816), with declines registered as early as the 1950s mainly from anthropogenic causes. We studied two reef crests in the northwestern region of Cuba over 17 years (2005 to 2021) to evaluate temporal changes in coral cover, dominated by A. palmata, and their potential drivers. The density of A. palmata generally showed a negative trend at both reefs, with the lowest density recorded in 2021 at 0.2 ± 0.05 col. m−2 at Playa Baracoa and 1.0 ± 0.1 col. m−2 at Rincon de Guanabo. The mean size of the colonies in the two reefs also decreased over time. In Playa Baracoa, the mean diameter of A. palmata colonies decreased from 2012 at 67 ± 5.9 cm to 2013 at 34 ± 2.2 cm, whereas in Rincon de Guanabo, a change in diameter was evident from 2015 at 44.3 ± 2.3 to 2021 at 21.6 ± 0.9 cm. Adult colonies (10 cm–50 cm diameter) predominated in most years on both reefs. The populations of A. palmata on both reefs were healthy, with an average of 70% colonies in good condition during the study period. However, A. palmata cover decreased by almost half by 2021, to 8.6% in Playa Baracoa and 16.8% in Rincon de Guanabo. By contrast, macroalgal cover increased two-fold to 87.1% in Playa Baracoa and four-fold to 77.2% in Rincon de Guanabo. The density of the sea urchin Diadema antillarum was higher in Playa Baracoa than in Rincon de Guanabo. The highest densities were 2.8 ± 0.2 ind. m−2 in Playa Baracoa in 2005 and 0.1 ± 0.03 ind. m−2 in Rincon de Guanabo in 2008. Although our results show an overall decline of A. palmata (density and percent cover) and an increase in macroalgae, these two reef crests are in better condition than most reefs in the Caribbean in terms of the density and health of A. palmata populations, and the density of D. antillarum at Playa Baracoa. Our results are important in establishing a management plan to ensure the condition of these reef crests does not degrade further.
A dynamic nomogram for predicting 28-day mortality in septic shock: a Chinese retrospective cohort study
Authors: Xu Zhijun , Huang Man
Published: January 2024

Background

Septic shock is a severe life-threatening disease, and the mortality of septic shock in China was approximately 37.3% that lacks prognostic prediction model. This study aimed to develop and validate a prediction model to predict 28-day mortality for Chinese patients with septic shock.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study enrolled patients from Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University between December 2020 and September 2021. We collected patients’ clinical data: demographic data and physical condition data on admission, laboratory data on admission and treatment method. Patients were randomly divided into training and testing sets in a ratio of 7:3. Univariate logistic regression was adopted to screen for potential predictors, and stepwise regression was further used to screen for predictors in the training set. Prediction model was constructed based on these predictors. A dynamic nomogram was performed based on the results of prediction model. Using receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve to assess predicting performance of dynamic nomogram, which were compared with Sepsis Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) systems.

Results

A total of 304 patients with septic shock were included, with a 28-day mortality of 25.66%. Systolic blood pressure, cerebrovascular disease, Na, oxygenation index (PaO2/FiO2), prothrombin time, glucocorticoids, and hemodialysis were identified as predictors for 28-day mortality in septic shock patients, which were combined to construct the predictive model. A dynamic nomogram (https://zhijunxu.shinyapps.io/DynNomapp/) was developed. The dynamic nomogram model showed a good discrimination with area under the ROC curve of 0.829 in the training set and 0.825 in the testing set. Additionally, the study suggested that the dynamic nomogram has a good predictive value than SOFA and APACHE II.

Conclusion

The dynamic nomogram for predicting 28-day mortality in Chinese patients with septic shock may help physicians to assess patient survival and optimize personalized treatment strategies for septic shock.
Predicting repeat power ability through common field assessments: is repeat power ability a unique physical quality?
Authors: Natera Alex O. , Chapman Dale W. , Chapman Neil D. , Keogh Justin W.L.
Published: January 2024

Background

The repeat power ability (RPA) assessment is used to test the ability to repeatedly produce maximal ballistic efforts with an external load. The underpinning physical qualities influencing RPA are undetermined. This study aimed to gain further insight into the physical qualities that determine RPA by analysing the association between physical qualities and an assessment of RPA.

Materials and methods

Ten well-trained male field hockey players performed an RPA assessment consisting of 20 repetitions of loaded countermovement jumps (LCMJ20), with a percent decrement score of peak power output calculated. Over a two-week period, each participant performed the YoYo Intermittent Recovery Test 2 (IRT2), a repeated speed ability assessment incorporating a 180° change of direction (RSA180), a 40-meter linear speed test (40 mST), an isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP), a countermovement jump (CMJ), and a 3-repetition maximum half squat (HS) assessment. Pearson’s correlation analysis was used to determine the strength of relationships between each assessment variable and the LCMJ20. The assessment variables with the strongest relationships within each assessment were used in a stepwise multiple linear regression analysis to determine the best predictor model of LCMJ20.

Results

RSA180percent decrement score (RSA180% had a very strong, significant relationship with LCMJ20 (r = 0.736: p < 0.05). HS relative strength (HSrel) was found to have a significant and very strong, negative relationship with LCMJ20 (r =  − 0.728: p < 0.05). Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis showed RSA180 to explain 48.4% of LCMJ20 variance (Adjusted R2 = 0.484) as the only covariate included in the model.

Conclusion

The findings indicate that RSA180 as a repeated high intensity effort (RHIE) task is strongly related to LCMJ20 and is also the best predictor of LCMJ20. This may suggest that RPA can provide practitioners with information on RHIE performance. The variance between assessment methods indicates that RPA may be a distinct physical quality, future research should assess other physical capacities to better understand the factors contributing to RPA.
Práticas gerenciais empresariais: uma análise a partir da percepção dos gestores de empresas da região geoadministrativa do Vale do Mamanguape – PB
Authors: Marinho Ana Caroline da Silva , Macedo João Marcelo Alves , Cavalcante Isabelle Carlos Campos Rezende , Soares Yara Magaly Albano , Da Silva Daniel José Cardoso
Published: January 2024

Este artigo teve como objetivo analisar as práticas gerenciais utilizadas para a tomada de decisão nas micro e pequenas empresas das cidades da Região Geoadministrativa do Vale do Mamanguape. Para tanto, utilizou-se o método indutivo, aplicando-se um questionário com os gestores de várias empresas dos 12 municípios que abrangem essa região, presencialmente ou por meio da plataforma do Google Forms®. Obtiveram-se 62 respostas, entretanto, a conjuntura da pandemia da Covid-19 impossibilitou o acesso a mais gestores de algumas cidades. O estudo é original e se justifica, por conseguir chegar aos empresários que têm gerido suas organizações com baixa expertise técnica, porém com grande talento/arte, o que é um destaque, embora os deixe mais vulneráveis. Nesse sentido, tal diagnóstico deve contribuir com a melhoria da assessoria na região e na formação dos profissionais. Os principais resultados do estudo identificaram que as práticas gerenciais mais utilizadas são as de simples aplicação, por exemplo: controle de receitas, controle de despesas, contas a pagar e controle de caixa e fluxo de caixa. Observou-se que essas práticas são feitas de maneira informal, e que os gestores das empresas não utilizam os artefatos adequados para o controle gerencial. Quanto ao uso da contabilidade como apoio à gestão, verificou-se que os gestores gostariam de utilizar, porém, estes acreditam que traria mais custos/despesas para a empresa. O estudo contribui com um diagnóstico exploratório para a região, pois a gestão das organizações investigadas tem se utilizado de meios informais, com planilhas ou mesmo papel/livro caixa. Ainda se constatou que muitos gestores usam da sua experiência ou da de familiares para a tomada de decisão, compartilhando, assim, as responsabilidades. Por fim, identificaram-se indicativos de carência da educação empresarial por parte dos gestores, confirmando a justificativa deste estudo.
Ecotheologies and Intersectionality. A Decolonial Perspective on Intersections of Life
Authors: Höfer Alena
Published: January 2024

Many (formerly) marginalised groups contribute their epistemologies of holistic living to the field of research on ecojustice and ecotheology. They often express a variety of intersectional entanglements of human and non-human life, as well as the intersectional human impact of the climate crisis. These connections are addressed in Christian communities and in the theologies of people who are particularly affected by the climate crisis. My concern in this article is to analyse and discuss how knowledge about non-human life can be incorporated into an intersectional perspective as an example of decolonial learning. Keywords: Ecotheologies, Intersectionality, Decoloniality, Feminist theology, Indigenous knowledge
Resilient responses to stressful events among chiropractic students: A cross-sectional survey
Authors: Baca Kira J. , Derby Dustin C. , Salsbury Stacie A.
Published: January 2024

Objective

Resilient students may better navigate the challenges of chiropractic training. This study explored the relationships between response to stressful experiences, perceived stress, and quality of life among students at 1 US chiropractic college campus.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 873 students. The anonymous online questionnaire included demographics, quality of life, perceived stress, and the Response to Stressful Events Scale (RSES). Hierarchical multiple regression analyses assessed for significant relationships among variables.

Results

A sample of 221 students (60% female) completed the survey (25% response rate). Male respondents reported greater psychological health. Participants reporting high quality of life exhibited higher resiliency on the RSES flat score and many RSES domains. Respondents who rated greater psychological health and social relationships exhibited greater spiritual resiliency. Respondents reporting higher psychological health and lower levels of perceived stress exhibited higher self-efficacy resilience. Psychological health was the most important predictor for RSES flat score and domains, except for spiritual resilience, for which social relationships were most important. Male gender was predictive of 3 RSES domains: meaning making, active coping, and cognitive flexibility.

Conclusion

More resilient responses to stressful events were reported by male chiropractic students and those who reported greater psychological health, higher quality of life, or lower perceived stress. Female students and those experiencing psychological challenges or lower quality of life might consider resilience training to increase the use of protective coping strategies. These findings may permit academic institutions to identify students at highest risk and employ interventions to prevent program withdrawal.
Development of Scheduled Caste Farmers through Integrated Farming System in Bangalore Rural District, India
Authors: Madhuprasad V. L. , Ravindra Usha , Harshitha, D.
Published: January 2024

The study was conducted in Bengaluru Rural district of Karnataka State, a total sample of 275 respondents was selected for the study and the data was collected by using pretested structured interview schedule and analyzed using appropriate statistical tools. It was observed that, the livelihood security of the respondents under ‘highly satisfied’ category was improved from 23.64 per cent from the bench mark data to 38.18 per cent. In ‘less satisfied’ category it was decreased to 32.73 per cent from 41.82 per cent after implementation of the project. Out of seven dimensions of livelihood security, maximum increase was noticed in employment security (69.84%) followed by ecological security (60.96%), living amenities (52.39%), economic efficiency (51.76 %), coping strategies against stress (45.35%), assets (37.13 %) and social equitability (28.03%) and overall livelihood security increased by 48.17 per cent after implementation of the project. The personal, socio-economic and psychological characteristics of the beneficiaries; land holding, cropping pattern, livestock possession, innovativeness, mass media exposure, management orientation, level of aspiration, training undergone, participation in development programme, access to extension personnel and access to resources exhibited positive and significant relationship with livelihood security.The R2 value of 0.324 indicated that all 18 variables had contributed to the tune of 32.40 per cent of variation in Livelihood Security of respondents. Hence, the concerned development departments should promote and strengthen the IFS activities to enhance the livelihood security of resource poor framers. The positive and significantly related characteristics needs to be considered while selecting the farmers for IFS programs to enhance their livelihood security.
Advances in the Biology, Behavior, Ecology, and Management of the Sal Heartwood Borer, Hoplocerambyx spinicornis Newman, 1842 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae): A Review
Authors: Shikha Deep , Biradar Shruti Gurappa , Sharanappa C. H.  , Thilagam P. , Upadhyay Lalit , Chaudhary L. S. , Panigrahi Chandan Kumar
Published: January 2024

This extensive research on Hoplocerambyx spinicornis, a notorious pest inflicting substantial damage on Sal trees (Shorea robusta) in India. The focus is on the beetle's biology, behavior, ecological implications, and the current strategies for its management. The Sal tree, a vital component of Indian forests, faces significant threats from H. spinicornis, whose life cycle and destructive larval stage are closely examined. The review highlights the species' taxonomy within the Cerambycidae family and details its distinct morphological characteristics, particularly the adaptations observed in different developmental stages. The beetle's host selection process, largely dictated by the physiological state of Sal trees, and its feeding behavior, both in larval and adult stages, are critically analyzed for their extensive impact on tree health and forest structure. The ecological implications of H. spinicornis infestations are profound, with substantial effects on biodiversity and forest dynamics. This beetle's interaction with other species, including natural predators and symbiotic relationships, forms a complex ecological web influencing forest health. In addressing management strategies, the review covers a spectrum of approaches, from early detection methods like pheromone trapping to biological controls utilizing natural enemies and microbial agents. The role of chemical treatments, despite their efficacy, raises environmental concerns, highlighting the need for sustainable approaches. Cultural and mechanical controls, such as silvicultural practices and sanitation logging, are discussed as part of an integrated pest management (IPM) framework, which combines various strategies in a balanced and ecologically sensitive manner. The review identifies key challenges and future directions, emphasizing the necessity of genetic studies, long-term ecological research, and the development of sustainable management strategies. The impact of external factors such as climate change and habitat alteration on H. spinicornis and Sal forests is critically examined, underscoring the need for adaptive management strategies. This review aims to provide a holistic understanding of H. spinicornis, offering insights for researchers, forest managers, and policymakers involved in the conservation of Sal forests.
Optimizing Pre-Sowing Treatments for the Enhanced Growth, Fruit Yield, and Seed Quality in Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench
Authors: Adheena P.  , Namboodiri Raji Vasudevan , Bastian Dijee , Anitha P.  , Rashmi C. R.
Published: January 2024

This research investigated diverse pre-sowing techniques' impact on the growth, fruit, and seed yield of okra variety Arka Anamika. From fourteen treatments, seven were selected based on germination and vigour index for a subsequent field experiment. The Randomized Block Design trial with three replications revealed significant variations in growth and yield among pre-sowing treatments. The treatment employing PEG (Poly ethylene glycol) 6000-13.5% (-0.25MPa) for 6 hours exhibited the highest germination percentages. Pseudomonas fluorescens-10g/kg of seed also displayed notable performance. Treatment variations were observed in plant height, branches, and flowering timings. The results suggest that in terms of plant growth and flowering time, P. fluorescens was more effective than Trichoderma viride. P. fluorescens -10g/kg of seed, demonstrated superior results in achieving maximum seed yield parameters, ranking highest overall. T. viride-4g/kg of seed, emerged as the second most effective treatment. Recommendations for preserving seed quality included KNO3 2% for 6 hours and PEG 6000-13.5% (-0.25MPa) for 12 hours. Application of biocontrol agents, especially P. fluorescens and T. viride, markedly improved okra variety Arka Anamika's fruit and seed yield characteristics. The study concludes by emphasizing the benefits of biocontrol agents on overall performance and suggesting targeted treatments for optimal seed quality.
Management Strategies of Malnourished Children and Its Associated Factors in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
Authors: Osunu Patricia T. , Moyegbone John E. , Ofili Charles C. , Nwose Ezekiel U.
Published: January 2024

Aim: Malnutrition being a public health problem among children is more common in low- middle-income countries such as Nigeria, with a nationwide prevalence rate of 32 percent among children under the age of five years. This study aims to assess the management strategies of malnourished children and its associated factors in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.

Methods: This was a prospective descriptive observational study conducted among a randomly selected sample of 360 health workers who managed malnutrition among children aged 5 years and below. Ten (10) Primary healthcare facilities and 5 private hospitals were randomly selected across the 8 local government areas in Bayelsa State, Nigeria.  Data was obtained using a self-administered questionnaire. The level of significance was determined using a confidence interval of 95% and a P-Value less than 0.05.

Results: the majority 355 (98.6%) of the respondents were female, with the age group 25 to 34 years old accounting for the highest proportion of participants 160 (44.4%). Doctors 53 (14.8%), Registered Nurses 171 (47.8%), and Community Health Extension Workers (CHEW) 73 (20.3%) were the major categories of the health workers that participated in this study. Two-hundred and seventeen (60.3%) of the health workers claimed that 33% (one-third) of the children they see at the clinic weekly are malnourished. In the management of malnutrition, majority (71.15%) of the malnourished children were managed using supplements and ready-to-use therapeutic foods. Other strategies include; formula (8.61%), and treating underlying illness (13.89%). The factors that affect the eradication of malnutrition were found to include beliefs (19%), socioeconomic status of parents and caregivers of the children (18%), food insecurity (23%), immune factors (15%), and malnutrition in form of poor dietary habits (25%).

Conclusion: Ready-to-use therapeutic foods was the major strategy employed in the management of malnutrition in children in Bayelsa State. Malnutrition, food insecurity Cultural beliefs were factors that affect the eradication of malnutrition.
Comparative Analysis of Precast and In situ Concrete and Their Effectiveness on Koga Irrigation Structures
Authors: Jemberie Hibret Andualem , Demiss Belachew Asteray , Reda Shumet Getahun
Published: January 2024

Most construction projects in Ethiopia are built by using conventional cast in situ concrete. However, the latest technology reveals various priorities of the precast construction method over the cast in situ concrete. The main aim of this study is to analyze better irrigation lining concrete among two types of casting by conducting visual inspection methods and non-destructive tests to characterize defects. Koga irrigation main canal, which is found in Northwest Ethiopia, was used as a study area because it is made of both in situ and precast concrete linings. The study reveals that the lower strength, severe defects, and lower uniformity due to the high level of difficulty in pouring and vibrating the concrete on the side slopes of the canal were observed in the in situ lined canal. However, the growth of grass in the joints, and sealing of closely spaced and less water-tight joints are observed at the precast part of the canal lining. Providing reinforcement bars on the in situ canals and providing water-tight joints for the precast concrete part are viable solutions.
Mobile app interaction in pandemic times: experience of pregnant and postpartum woman / Interação por aplicativo móvel em tempos de pandemia: experiência de gestantes e puérperas
Authors: De Lima Margarete Maria , De Almeida Rocha Gabriela , Costa Roberta , Antunes Wilhelm Laís , Pereira Drews Miriane , Frello Roque Ariane Thaise
Published: January 2024

Objetivo: conhecer a experiência de mulheres que compartilharam a vivência do ciclo gravídico-puerperal durante a Pandemia Covid-19 em um grupo de aplicativo de mensagem criado para complementar as atividades educativas de um grupo de gestantes.  Método: estudo qualitativo, descritivo e exploratório. Os dados são provenientes das mensagens de 94 mulheres participantes de Grupos de Gestantes e Casais Grávidos realizados em 2020, vinculado a um projeto de extensão de uma Universidade do Sul do país. Resultados: apresentam sentimentos relacionados à ausência do contato físico com família e amigos, dúvidas e desafios encontrados durante a gestação e puerpério, medos e incertezas em relação ao processo de parto e nascimento. Conclusão: o grupo de gestantes mediado por aplicativo de mensagens mostrou ser um aliado na interação entre as mulheres, possibilitando a  educação em saúde e a criação de uma rede de apoio respeitando o distanciamento social.
In-hospital professionals' knowledge about basic life support in cardiac arrest / Conhecimento dos profissionais intra-hospitalares acerca do suporte básico de vida em uma parada cardiorrespiratória
Authors: Trentin Patricia Aparecida , Maestri Eleine , Santos Anderson Batista dos , Ramos Alexandre Inácio , Conceição Vander Monteiro da , Haag Fabiana Brum
Published: January 2024

Objetivo: avaliar o efeito da intervenção educativa no conhecimento da equipe de enfermagem sobre o suporte básico de vida para o atendimento à parada cardiorrespiratória de adultos no ambiente intra-hospitalar. Método: estudo transversal com abordagem quantitativa, realizado com 25 profissionais de enfermagem em dois hospitais de região oeste de Santa Catarina - Brasil. Avaliou-se por meio da aplicação de um pré-teste, intervenção educativa e pós-teste. Resultados: houve aumento significativo no conhecimento dos profissionais. O hospital A obteve a média de acertos de 7,23 no pré-teste, elevando para 11,33 no pós-teste, com valor de p ≤ 0,0001. Já o hospital B pontuou 6,07 no pré-teste, progredindo para 11,15 no pós-teste, valor de p ≤ 0,0006. Conclusão: a intervenção realizada demonstrou ser uma estratégia eficaz, visto que os resultados pré-teste demostravam déficit significativo de conhecimento, e após a intervenção educativa, mostraram melhoria na maioria dos itens avaliados em relação ao atendimento específico.
Crystallographic report: Crystal structure of a three‐dimensional coordination polymer, [Cd(Hbtc)(H2O)]n (btc = 1, 2, 4−benzenetricarboxylate)
Authors: Zheng Pei‐Qing , Long La‐Sheng , Huang Rong‐Bin , Zheng Lan‐Sun
Published: July 2003

The three‐dimensional coordination polymer [Cd(Hbtc)(H2O)]n (1) (btc = 1, 2, 4−benzenetricarboxylate) has been synthesized by hydrothermal reaction of cadmium(II) ions and 1,2,4‐benzenetricarboxylic acid anhydride in which the cadmium(II) center is coordinated by one water molecule and five separated Hbtc ligands that define a distorted octahedral geometry. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, properties and crystal structural characterization of diorganotin(IV) derivatives of 2‐mercapto‐6‐nitrobenzothiazole
Authors: Ma Chunlin , Jiang Qin , Zhang Rufen
Published: July 2003

The diorganotin(IV) dichlorides R2SnCl2 (R: Ph, PhCH2 or n‐Bu) react with 2‐mercapto‐6‐nitrobenzothiazole (MNBT) in benzene to give [Ph2SnCl(MNBT)] (1), [(PhCH2)2Sn(MNBT)2] (2) and [(n‐Bu)2Sn(MNBT)2] (3). The three complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis and IR, 1H, 13C and 119Sn NMR spectroscopies. X‐ray studies of the crystal structures of 1, 2 and 3 show the following. The tin environment for complex 1 is distorted cis‐trigonal bipyramid with chlorine and nitrogen atoms in apical positions. The structure of complex 2 is a distorted octahedron with two benzyl groups in the axial sites. The geometry at the tin atom of complex 3 is that of an irregular octahedron. Interestingly, intra‐molecular non‐bonded Cl…S interactions and S…S interaction were recognized in the crystallographic structures of 1 and 3 respectively. As a result, complex 1 is a polymer and complex 3 is a dimer. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studies on the disproportionation of trichloromethyltin
Authors: Bertelo Christopher A. , Duriez Christophe , Girois Stéphane , Jousseaume Bernard , Toupance Thierry
Published: July 2003

The rate of disproportionation of trichloromethyltin in various solvents was studied by two methods, derivatization with sodium tetraethylborate and 13C NMR measurements, which gave similar results. The reaction followed second‐order kinetics and was more rapid in coordinating solvents than in uncoordinating ones. Moreover, it was catalyzed by nucleophiles, such as amines or alcohols, which is in favor of a nucleophile‐assisted electrophilic reaction. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and properties of organic–inorganic hybrid gel films based on polyvinylpolysilsesquioxane synthesized from trimethoxy(vinyl)silane
Authors: Gunji Takahiro , Okonogi Hiroshi , Sakan Tomomi , Takamura Norihiro , Arimitsu Koji , Abe Yoshimoto
Published: July 2003

Polyvinylpolysilsesquioxane (PVPS) organic–inorganic hybrid gel films comprising polyethylene and siloxane backbone linkages were prepared through two routes: trimethoxy(vinyl)silane (VTS) was first subjected to radical polymerization of the vinyl groups, followed by acid‐catalyzed hydrolytic polycondensation of the trimethoxysilyl groups (route A) to afford PVPS; in the second route PVPS was prepared in reverse order (route B). PVPS gel films were transparent and homogeneous. We find that the mechanical and heat‐resisting properties correlate both to the degree of polymerization and the degree of cross‐linking. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Arylferrocenylmethanols: a new family of ferrocenes to be used as mediators in biosensors
Authors: Carollo Lorenzo , Curulli Antonella , Floris Barbara
Published: July 2003

Arylferrocenylphenylmethanols, ArFcPhCOH, were prepared from the corresponding aryl ferrocenyl ketones, ArCOFc, prepared by Friedel–Crafts acylation. pKa values of ArCOFc were determined in sulfuric acid. The electrochemical properties of ArFcPhCOH were investigated. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and radioprotective study of new siladithioacetals and germadithioacetals
Authors: Célariès Benoît , Amourette Christine , Lion Claude , Rima Ghassoub
Published: July 2003

A series of organosilicon and organogermanium compounds derived from cysteamine, methylcysteamine and 2‐[1‐(1‐naphthyl)ethyl]‐2‐imidazoline have been prepared and their radiopharmacological properties (radioprotective activity and toxicity) have been determined in mice. A number of these new organometallic derivatives have been found to possess radioprotective activity.

We have also noted a notable decrease of the toxicity and a fairly large increase in the radioprotective activity in comparison with the unsubstituted organic molecules. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
UV light‐mediated alkylation of inorganic selenium
Authors: Guo Xuming , Sturgeon Ralph E. , Mester Zoltán , Gardner Graeme J.
Published: July 2003

In the presence of low molecular weight organic acids (formic, acetic, propionic and malonic), inorganic selenium(IV) is converted by UV irradiation to volatile selenium carbonyl, dimethylselenide and diethylselenide, depending on the acid used. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of the volatile products shows that, in 0.7 M formic acid solution, approximately 60–70% (v/v) SeH2 and 30–40% (v/v) SeCO are formed. The presence of nitrate ion appears to increase threefold the formation of SeCO while completely suppressing formation of SeH2. Copyright © 2003 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of novel chelated dimethylamino lithium arylamide dimers: molecular structure of [1‐LiNPhCHPhCH2‐2‐NMe2C6H4]2
Authors: Al‐Masri Harbi Tomah , Sieler Joachim , Hey‐Hawkins Evamarie
Published: July 2003

The reaction of 1‐NHPhCHPh‐2‐NMe2C6H4 (1) and 1‐NHPhCHPhCH2‐2‐NMe2C6H4 (2) with n‐BuLi in diethyl ether gave the solvent‐free chelated dimethylamino lithium amides [1‐LiNPhCHPh‐2‐NMe2C6H4]2 (3) and [1‐LiNPhCHPhCH2‐2‐NMe2C6H4]2 (4). The lithium amides 3 and 4 were characterized by 1H, 7Li, and 13C NMR spectroscopy. A crystal structure determination was carried out on 4, which is the first example of a structurally characterized solvent‐free dimeric chelated dimethylamino lithium arylamide with three‐coordinate lithium centers that contains a seven‐membered chelate ring. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of tributyltin(IV) chloride on fertilization of Styela plicata (Ascidiacea: Tunicata): II. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy studies
Authors: Mansueto C. , Villa L. , D'Agati P. , Marcianò V. , Pellerito C. , Fiore T. , Scopelliti M. , Nagy L. , Pellerito L.
Published: July 2003

The morphological aspects of Styela plicata fertilization after treatment with tributyltin(IV) chloride are described by means of scanning and transmission electron microscopy investigations. Alterations have been shown both on female and male gametes; spermatozoa, all the egg envelopes and the mitochondria of the egg cortical cytoplasm are modified in relation to incubation time. As a consequence, the damage to gametes blocks sperm–egg interaction and fertilization does not occur. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous arsenic‐ and selenium‐specific detection of the dimethyldiselenoarsinate anion by high‐performance liquid chromatography–inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry
Authors: Gailer J. , Buttigieg G. A. , Denton M. B.
Published: July 2003

The seleno‐bis (S‐glutathionyl) arsinium ion, [(GS)2AsSe]−, which can be synthesized from arsenite, selenite and glutathione (GSH) at physiological pH, fundamentally links the mammalian metabolism of arsenite with that of selenite and is potentially involved in the chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity of inorganic arsenic. A mammalian metabolite of inorganic arsenic, dimethylarsinic acid, reacts with selenite and GSH in a similar manner to form the dimethyldiselenoarsinate anion, [(CH3)2As(Se)2]−. Since dimethylarsinic acid is an environmentally abundant arsenic compound that could interfere with the mammalian metabolism of the essential trace element selenium via the in vivo formation of [(CH3)2As(Se)2]−, a chromatographic method was developed to rapidly identify this compound in aqueous samples. Using an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP‐AES) as the simultaneous arsenic‐ and selenium‐specific detector, the chromatographic retention behaviour of [(CH3)2As(Se)2]− was investigated on styrene–divinylbenzene‐based high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) columns. With a Hamilton PRP‐1 column as the stationary phase (250 × 4.1 mm ID, equipped with a guard column) and a phosphate‐buffered saline buffer (0.01 mol dm−3, pH 7.4) as the mobile phase, [(CH3)2As(Se)2]− was identified in the column effluent according to its arsenic:selenium molar ratio of 1 : 2. With this stationary phase/mobile phase combination, [(CH3)2As(Se)2]− was baseline‐separated from arsenite, selenite, dimethylarsinate, methylarsonate and low molecular weight thiols (GSH, oxidized GSH) that are frequently encountered in biological samples. Thus, the HPLC–ICP‐AES method developed should be useful for rapid identification and quantification of [(CH3)2As(Se)2]− in biological fluids. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of di‐n‐butyltin(IV) complexes with 4′/2′‐nitrobiphenyl‐2‐carboxylic acids: X‐ray crystal structures of [{(n‐C4H9)2Sn(OCOC12H8NO2−4′)}2O]2 and (n‐C4H9)2Sn{OCOC12H8NO2−4′}2
Authors: Kapoor Ramesh , Gupta Anand , Kapoor Pratibha , Venugopalan Paloth
Published: July 2003

Reactions of di‐n‐butyltin(IV) oxide with 4′/2′‐nitrobiphenyl‐2‐carboxylic acids in 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 stoichiometry yield complexes [{(n‐C4H9)2Sn(OCOC12H8NO2−4′/2′)}2O]2 (1 and 2) and (n‐C4H9)2Sn(OCOC12H8NO2−4′/2′)2 (3 and 4) respectively. These compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, IR and NMR (1H, 13C and 119Sn) spectroscopy. The IR spectra of these compounds indicate the presence of anisobidentate carboxylate groups and non‐linear CSnC bonds. From the chemical shifts δ (119Sn) and the coupling constants 1J(13C, 119Sn), the coordination number of the tin atom and the geometry of its coordination sphere have been suggested. [{(n‐C4H9)2Sn(OCOC12H8NO2−4′)}2O]2 (1) exhibits a dimeric structure containing distannoxane units with two types of tin atom with essentially identical geometry. To a first approximation, the tin atoms appear to be pentacoordinated with distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry. However, each type of tin atom is further subjected to a sixth weaker interaction and may be described as having a capped trigonal bipyramidal structure. The diffraction study of the complex (n‐C4H9)2Sn(OCOC12H8NO2−4′)2 (3) shows a six–coordinate tin in a distorted octahedral frame containing bidentate asymmetric chelating carboxylate groups, with the n‐Bu groups trans to each other. The n‐BuSnn‐Bu angle is 152.8° and the SnO distances are 2.108(4) and 2.493(5) Å. The oxygen atom of the nitro group of the ligand does not participate in bonding to the tin atom in 1 and 3. Crystals of 1 are triclinic with space group P1 and of that of 3 have orthorhombic space group Pnna. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The synthesis, NMR (1H, 13C, 119Sn) and IR spectral studies of some di‐ and tri‐organotin(IV) sulfonates: X‐ray crystal structure of [(n‐C4H9)2Sn(OSO2C6H4CH3‐4)2·2H2O]
Authors: Kapoor Ramesh , Gupta Anand , Kapoor Pratibha , Venugopalan Paloth
Published: July 2003

A number of alkyltin(IV) paratoluenesulfonates, RnSn(OSO2C6H4CH3‐4)4−n (n = 2, 3; R = C2H5, n‐C3H7, n‐C4H9), have been prepared and IR spectra and solution NMR (1H, 13C, 119Sn) are reported for these compounds, including (n‐C4H9)2Sn(OSO2X)2 (X = CH3 and CF3), the NMR spectra of which have not been reported previously. From the chemical shift δ(119Sn) and the coupling constants 1J(13C, 119Sn) and 2J(1H, 119Sn), the coordination of the tin atom and the geometry of its coordination sphere in solutions of these compounds is suggested. IR spectra of the compounds are very similar to that observed for the paratoluenesulfonate anion in its sodium salt. The studies indicate that diorganotin(IV) paratoluenesulfonates, and the previously reported compounds (n‐C4H9)2Sn(OSO2X)2 (X = CH3 and CF3), contain bridging SO3X groups that yield polymeric structures with hexacoordination around tin and contain non‐linear CSnC bonds. In triorganotin(IV) sulfonates, pentacoordination for tin with a planar SnC3 skeleton and bidentate bridging paratoluenesulfonate anionic groups are suggested by IR and NMR spectral studies. The X‐ray structure shows [(n‐C4H9)2Sn(OSO2C6H4CH3‐4)2·2H2O] to be monomeric containing six‐coordinate tin and crystallizes from methanol–chloroform in monoclinic space group C2/c. The SnO (paratoluenesulfonate) bond distance (2.26(2) Å) is indicative of a relatively high degree of ionic character in the metal–anion bonds. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toxicological and pesticidal studies on novel bioactive sulfonamide imine organotin(IV) complexes
Authors: Jain Mukta , Singh R. V.
Published: July 2003

Toxicological, pesticidal and stereochemical aspects of organotin(IV) complexes with a sulfonamide imine ligand having an N∩N donor system are described with the support of elemental analysis, IR, UV, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and 119Sn NMR spectroscopy. The spectral data suggest that the ligand acts in a monobasic bidentate manner coordinating through the nitrogen atom. The complexes have been characterized on the basis of molecular weight determinations, conductivity measurements, and magnetic measurements. The isolated products are coloured solids, soluble in dimethylsulfoxide, dimethylformamide (DMF) and methanol. All the complexes are monomeric in nature, as indicated by their molecular weight determinations. Conductivity measurements in dry DMF show them to be non‐electrolytes. From the analyses of these studies the donor sites of the ligand are located and the geometries of the donor environment around the tin(IV) acceptor centres proposed. The ligand and its metal complexes are tested in vitro against a number of pathogenic fungal and bacterial strains and the findings are discussed. Emphasis has been given to the nematicidal properties. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prospective evaluation of laparoscopic total mesorectal excision with colonic J-pouch reconstruction for mid and low rectal cancers
Authors: Tsang W W C , Chung C C , Li M K W
Published: July 2003

Background

Results of laparoscopic sphincter-preserving total mesorectal excision and colonic J-pouch reconstruction are few. The aim of this study was to examine outcomes after this procedure.

Methods

Patients with mid or low rectal cancer underwent laparoscopic total mesorectal excision with construction of a colonic J pouch, performed by a single surgeon. The patients were evaluated prospectively.

Results

From March 1999 to January 2002, 44 patients underwent laparoscopic total mesorectal excision with colonic J-pouch reconstruction. There were 21 men and 23 women of median age 65·5 years. The median operating time was 180 min and median blood loss 80 ml. There was no conversion to an open procedure. The median distance of the anastomosis from the anal verge was 4 cm. No procedure-related death occurred. Four patients developed significant complications that required reoperation. With a median follow-up period of 15 months, no port-site recurrence was noted. Five patients developed distant metastases, and two had local recurrence in the pelvis. Bowel function was satisfactory at 6, 12 and 18 months after ileostomy closure.

Conclusion

Laparoscopic total mesorectal excision with colonic J-pouch reconstruction is safe, with a reasonable operating time. Early results suggest satisfactory oncological control and functional outcomes.
Prospective study of proximal gastrectomy for early gastric cancer in the upper third of the stomach
Authors: Katai H , Sano T , Fukagawa T , Shinohara H , Sasako M
Published: July 2003

Background

Total gastrectomy with D2 dissection is the standard treatment in Japan for early upper-third gastric cancer. The purpose of this study was to confirm the safety and radicality of proximal gastrectomy as an alternative operation.

Methods

Between 1993 and 1999, 45 patients with an apparent primary early gastric cancer in the upper third of the stomach were treated by proximal gastrectomy with jejunal interposition. The spleen was preserved, but the suprapancreatic nodes were cleared.

Results

Histology confirmed early gastric cancer in 37 patients while eight had advanced disease. Nodal metastasis was observed in six patients. There was no hospital death and no early postoperative complications. One patient died from nodal recurrence and two from unrelated causes. Two patients had reflux symptoms without endoscopic oesophagitis. Mean weight loss was 11·5 per cent of initial bodyweight.

Conclusion

Proximal gastrectomy for early upper-third gastric cancer can be performed safely with an excellent cure rate. This procedure deserves further clinical evaluation to assess patients' quality of life.
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma presenting with obstructive jaundice
Authors: Ravindra K V , Stringer M D , Prasad K R , Kinsey S E , Lodge J P A
Published: July 2003

Background

Obstructive jaundice is a rare presenting feature of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Lymphomatous masses in the peripancreatic and hepatic hilar regions are potentially difficult to diagnose.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was undertaken of patients presenting with obstructive jaundice secondary to NHL at a tertiary care hepatobiliary unit.

Results

Over a 7-year period, six adults and three children with NHL were managed. The site of the lymphomatous mass was at the hepatic hilum in six patients and the peripancreatic area in three. Diagnostic procedures included a laparotomy and biopsy in four patients, hepatic trisectionectomy in two, percutaneous biopsy in two and lymph node biopsy in one patient. Percutaneous biopsy confirmed the diagnosis in both the patients in whom it was attempted. One patient died following liver resection. Chemotherapy was the mainstay of treatment and achieved complete remission in four patients, partial remission in three and no response in one patient. Two patients subsequently required operation for a benign biliary stricture after achieving complete remission.

Conclusion

NHL must be considered in the differential diagnosis of obstructive jaundice in adults and children. Attempts must be made to diagnose the condition using non-operative techniques. Chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment. Late benign strictures of the bile duct requiring operation may develop.
l-Erythro-methoxamine is more potent than phenylephrine in effecting contraction of internal anal sphincter in vitro
Authors: Jones O M , Thompson J M , Brading A F , Mortensen N J McC
Published: July 2003

Background

Topical phenylephrine has been shown to increase resting anal canal pressure in normal and incontinent individuals. However, high concentrations of gel (10–40 per cent) are required that may cause local side-effects. The aim of this study was to determine whether methoxamine, another α-1-adrenoceptor agonist, might be a more potent alternative to phenylephrine.

Methods

Porcine internal anal sphincter (IAS) tissue was cut into strips, suspended in a superfusion organ bath and allowed to equilibrate. Strips were subjected to each drug under test for 20 s, sufficient to obtain stable tone. Phenylephrine, methoxamine (1 : 1 : 1 : 1 ratio of its four isomers) and each of the individual isomers of methoxamine were evaluated in turn.

Results

In vitro, methoxamine racemate and phenylephrine were similarly potent in causing contraction of IAS strips (mean(s.e.m.) dose giving half maximal effect (EC50) at 74·7(16·5) versus 58·3(13·4) µM respectively; P = 0·443). However, one of the methoxamine isomers, l-erythro-methoxamine (EC50 17·6(3·7) µM), was significantly more potent than the other three isomers, methoxamine racemate and phenylephrine (P = 0·002).

Conclusion

l-Erythro-methoxamine is four times more potent than phenylephrine and is a possible treatment for incontinence. Trials are under way to examine the efficacy of l-erythro-methoxamine in vivo.
Reoperation for neurological complications following carotid endarterectomy
Authors: Stewart A H R , McGrath C M , Cole S E A , Smith F C T , Baird R N , Lamont P M
Published: July 2003

Background

There remains a dilemma whether or not to re-explore the carotid artery when a neurological complication occurs after carotid endarterectomy. This study reviewed the indications for, findings and clinical outcomes following re-exploration.

Methods

Patients who experienced transient or permanent neurological events following carotid endarterectomy were identified from a prospectively compiled computerized database. Case notes were retrieved to determine time to onset of symptoms, use of carotid artery imaging and details about patients who had surgical re-exploration, and outcomes.

Results

Some 780 consecutive carotid endarterectomies were performed over 16 years, with an incidence of major stroke or death of 2·3 per cent (18 patients). Fifty-one patients experienced transient or permanent neurological events following surgery, 25 of whom underwent re-exploration. The findings included carotid thrombosis (ten patients), flap or other technical cause (three), haematoma (two) and no abnormality (ten). The neurological outcome after 30 days was similar, whether or not the carotid artery was re-explored.

Conclusion

Carotid artery re-exploration was undertaken in approximately half of the patients who developed neurological complications following carotid endarterectomy. Although the cause was identified and a secondary procedure was undertaken in 14 of 25 patients, there was no improvement in clinical outcome at 30 days compared with that of patients managed non-operatively.