bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of polymeric aerogels for cryogenic insulation applications
Authors: Churu G , Demko J A , Kimminau K , Lantz D , McGuire H , Van der Weil G , Field M , Malakooti S , Vivod S L
Published: July 2024

Non-vacuum insulation systems are frequently applied in the thermal management of low temperature systems as well as for the use and storage of cryogens. Aerogels are known for their low density, high mesoporosity, high surface areas, low thermal conductivity and high acoustic impedance. This study focuses on polymeric aerogels that can be mass produced as large monoliths while maintaining the low thermal conductivity over a wide temperature range. The manufacturing flexibility of polymeric aerogels allows fabrication of monolithic blocks and sheets that can be applied in various configurations to insulate cryogenic and superconducting devices. To measure the thermal conductivity, an immersion calorimeter was developed and has been operated at different cold boundary temperatures. The calorimeter heats a hollow cylinder of insulating material on the inside surface and the surrounding bath maintains a cold boundary. This calorimeter was used to measure the thermal conductivity of commercially available FoamGlass and a hollow cylinder of a polymeric aerogel machined from a cast cylinder. The thermal conductivity of the FoamGlass and the polymeric aerogel are compared at room temperature (290 K), ice bath (273 K), and at liquid nitrogen (80 K) cold boundary temperatures. Room temperature measurements of the modulus of elasticity and yield strength using an optical technique are also reported for flat specimens of the aerogel made from the same stock as the cylindrical specimens tested for thermal conductivity. Mechanical properties of aerogels are also reported under compression and both at room temperature and at cryogenic temperature (Liquid nitrogen).
Ca-repaired BaZrO3 nanorods/YBa2Cu3O7-x interface for enhanced pinning in YBa2Cu3O7-x nanocomposites with 2-8% BaZrO3 doping
Authors: Wu Judy , Panth Mohan , Ogunjimi Victor , Ann Sebastian Mary , Zhang Di , Haugan Timothy , Wang Haiyan
Published: July 2024

C-axis aligned BaZrO3 (BZO) nanorods formed via strain-mediated self-assembly in BZO-doped YaBa2Cu3O7-x (BZO/YBCO) nanocomposite films can provide strong pinning to the quantized magnetic vortices. While the strain initiated from the BZO/YBCO lattice mismatch plays a critical role in nucleation and evolution of the BZO nanorods, it also leads to a highly defective BZO/YBCO interface and hence reduced pinning efficiency of BZO nanorods. This work reports a recent study in probing the effect of BZO/YBCO interface on the pinning efficiency of the BZO nanorods as the interface is repaired dynamically during the BZO nanorod growth using Ca doping. Within the BZO doping range of 2-8 vol.%, significantly enhanced pinning efficiency of the BZO nanorods have been observed. A peak enhancement up to five-fold of critical current density at 9.0 T and 65-77 K has been obtained in the 6 vol.% BZO/YBCO nanocomposites after the interface repair. This result not only illustrates the critical importance of the BZO/YBCO interface in the pinning efficiency, but also provides a facile scheme to achieve such an interface to restore the pristine pinning efficiency of the BZO nanorods.
Qualification and test of space compatible superconducting current leads (REBCO) designed for adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators
Authors: Duval J M , Prouvé T , Collier-Wright M , Drechsler A , Hindley D , La Rosa Betancourt M , Kroll R , Branco M , Orgaz Diaz D , Schlachter S I
Published: July 2024

Many astrophysics observations require space telescopes, either to reduce atmospheric perturbation or simply to make these detections possible (in the X-Ray spectrum for example). One of these missions, Athena, is led by the European Space Agency (ESA), with additional international contributions, dedicated to X-Ray observation. Two instruments will be part of this mission and among them, X-IFU, will use Transition Edge Sensors (TES) to detect and precisely measure the energy of X-Ray photons. These sensors require a temperature of 50 mK to reach their ambitious sensitivity goals. In space, this temperature can be reached using Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigeration (ADR) and such a cooling system is currently being developed for the X-IFU instrument. ADR utilizes magnetocaloric materials which, upon variation in magnetic fields, can produce a cooling effect. The magnetic field of the order of 1 T in a volume of 10s of cm3 is produced by a superconducting coil with high winding number and current limited to approximately 2 A. Even though this current is low compared to most earth-based systems, metallic current leads to link the high- and low-temperature stages would cause high thermal loads, unacceptable for the limited capacity of the cryogenic cooling chain of the spacecraft. Therefore, a harness consisting of superconducting current leads is planned to reduce the thermal loads at the low-temperature stage. As part of an ESA contract, our team designed, built and tested such a space-compatible harness. This harness includes the electrical interfaces at both ends as well as mechanical support. Its development is capable of operating between interfaces at 80 K and 4 K. The harness is based on industrially available Rare-Earth-Barium-Copper-Oxide (REBCO) High-Temperature Superconductor (HTS) tapes. The tapes were laser-cut by our group to fulfill our specifications, Parylene coated and reinforced with Kapton laminate tape for mechanical and insulating purposes. After characterization of the single tapes, the assembled harness has been subjected to an extensive qualification sequence including thermal cycling and mechanical testing based on launch loads requirements. This paper will summarize the technical design choices for this HTS harness. It will discuss the test results and propose some perspectives for the next iteration of the development.
Critical current stability of 2G REBCO tape for space-flight HTS leads
Authors: Canavan Edgar R , Comber Brian
Published: July 2024

High reliability is an essential requirement for all spaceflight hardware. Like the Hitomi x-ray observatory, its follow-on mission XRISM uses 2G REBCO tapes as current leads for the superconducting magnets that are a key component of the Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator (ADR) that cools the detector array. While the Hitomi Soft X-ray Spectrometer (SXS) worked flawlessly in orbit, during its development there were indications that the critical current of its specialized REBCO tapes could degrade over time when exposed to normal-humidity air. To demonstrate that the updates to the XRISM HTS lead assemblies had mitigated this risk, a series of tests were carried out to measure the stability of Ic
of dozens of samples over a period greater than the flight assemblies were exposed to air during integration and test. The test rig allowed not only the measurement of the sample Ic
, but also the localization of the voltage rise as the current approached Ic
. We will discuss the trends in the critical current of the samples, as well as localization of lower Ic
regions.
Space experiments using superconducting magnet technology
Authors: Werfel F N , Floegel-Delor U , Riedel T , Schirrmeister P , Koenig R , Kantarbar V , Vakaliuk O
Published: July 2024

We report on a fast-track experiment on the International Space Station (ISS) with the Earth’s magnetic field, which has been recognized as a major task for a better understanding of our planet. For this purpose, YBCO bulk superconductors have been prepared, transported and stored on board the ISS. The properties of single grain superconducting bulk will be investigated before and after the ISS experiments. In parallel, the magnetic interaction between BEarth and our YBCO bulk was investigated. An external 3D Helmholtz coil cancels unwanted electromagnetic fields down to 5 μT. Highly sensitive flux-gate sensors monitored the magnetic configuration as the ceramic plate was cooled to cryogenic temperatures. Shielding and field concentration effects of the Earth’s magnetic field were observed and discussed. Thermally induced magnetic flux compression for future long-duration space missions was successfully tested, enabling future spacecraft shielding and braking functions.
Cryogenic vacuum chamber testing of a conductively-cooled, high temperature superconducting rotor for a 1.4 MW electric machine for aeronautics applications
Authors: Scheidler Justin J. , Stalcup Erik J. , Tallerico Thomas F. , Torres William , Duffy Kirsten P. , Mulder Tysen T.
Published: July 2024

This paper presents the second ever demonstration of a superconducting rotor cooled only via conductive connection to a cryocooler, i.e., without pumped or solid cryogens. The full-scale rotor was operated statically in its intended environment – about 1e-3 torr vacuum with only conductive cooling through mechanical connections to a cryocooler contained on the rotor. Stable operation of the rotor in a representative magnetic environment was demonstrated up to its rated direct current (57.2 A) and the designed temperature limit for the superconductor (62 K). Additional electrical measurements increased confidence that the superconducting coils functioned as intended. A collection of steady state temperature distributions was measured at operating and non-operating conditions. In all but one case, the observed temperature gradient between the cold tip and superconducting coils satisfies the design but with little margin. Opportunities to reduce the gradient are identified.
Preliminary experimental studies into the storage capacity of cryogenic hydrogen in aerogel blanket materials
Authors: Swanger A M , Khlyapov Y , Bone J , Fernandez E , Otto M , Schmitt J , Blair R , Notardonato W U , Kapat J
Published: July 2024

The abundance and diversity of hydrogen applications necessitates continued and accelerated research into advanced storage technologies. Traditionally, hydrogen has been stored as either a high-pressure, warm gas; or a low-pressure, cryogenic liquid. Methods such as cryo-supercritical and cryo-adsorbed have been explored, but are not yet mainstream. Cryo-adsorbed is attractive because higher storage densities at higher temperatures than liquid may be achieved. Recently NASA, in partnership with Eta Space, Southwest Research Institute, the University of Central Florida, and Air Liquide, have been exploring the use of inexpensive, commercially available silica aerogel blanket materials for cryo-adsorbed hydrogen storage. Unlike most adsorbents, aerogel blanket is not a powder, but a robust, composite material that can be formed into complex shapes to aid in more efficient storage system designs, and has already been proven to uptake large quantities of fluids such as nitrogen and oxygen. Recent experimental efforts into the uptake of low-pressure hydrogen gas at 77 K, and liquid hydrogen at normal boiling point (NBP) will be discussed. Although preliminary in nature, the test results are promising, showing up to a 49% increase in storage density at 77 K over the gas alone, and greater than a one-to-one volume equivalency with NBP LH2.
Liquid hydrogen storage and transfer-control system for integrated zero emission aviation (IZEA)
Authors:   Collaboration, Virdi P S , Guo W , Cattafesta L , Cheetham P , Cooley L , Gladin J , He J , Ionel D M , Kim C , Li H , Ordonez J , Pamidi S , Zheng J
Published: July 2024

The growth in the aviation sector has highlighted the need to decrease carbon emissions, a significant factor in climate change. Hydrogen is a potential alternative clean fuel due to its high energy density. As a collaborative effort in developing integrated zero emission aviation (IZEA, a NASA ULI), we present the design concept for a liquid hydrogen storage system for short-range aircraft with a gravimetric index greater than 0.6. Our design leverages the cryogenic cooling power of liquid hydrogen to support the temperature and heat loads of various power system components, such as the high-temperature superconducting (HTS) generator, HTS motor, DC power distribution cable network, and power electronic converters. By controlling the pressure in the storage tank, we demonstrate that it is feasible to deliver the desired mass flow rate of hydrogen while effectively cooling the power system components using practical heat exchangers. Also, since heat exchangers are an integral part of our hydrogen storage and flow system, their design also impacts the overall system storage density. The entire system is designed considering the space and weight factors of an aircraft. This work represents a significant advancement towards developing the complete IZEA thermal management system for a given airplane and flight profile.
Can process intensification of liquefaction technology for LNG and LH2 accelerate adoption for transportation use?
Authors: Barclay J A , Archipley C C
Published: July 2024

One of the reasons gaseous fuels, methane, and hydrogen, are renewable and sustainable replacements for traditional liquid hydrocarbon-based transportation fuels is their small carbon footprint. Global awareness of the immediate need to address impacts of emissions from transportation energy use has emphasized urgency of changes from business as usual. However, the transition from existing fuels to new fuels is complex because fuel usage is huge, and so many variables influence the rate of adoption. When one reads excellent energy outlooks of major energy companies, data driven reports of international and national energy agencies, along with thoughtful studies of the water, energy, food nexus, the systemic complexities are daunting. Marchetti’s insightful numerical modeling of the rate of transition among different energy sources over the past two centuries with credible validation from recorded usage data shows the time scale for appreciable changes among energy systems is several decades. A further important observation of Marchetti’s work is that transitions among energy sources were and are driven by substitution of superior technology rather than by depletion of prevalent sources. These observations incentivize developments of more efficient, less expensive, robust, scalable methods of production, liquefaction, storage, transport, delivery, and dispensing of hydrogen and natural gas to accelerate adoption by transportation customers. This paper presents a few examples of process intensification in advanced liquefiers for LNG and LH2 at the same location could reduce capital costs, energy costs, and footprints of different sized liquefiers. These combinations could help address gaps in existing technology for several essential needs such as liquefiers for heavy-duty vehicle refueling stations or marine vessel bunkering systems, or refrigerators for storage tank boil-off management systems. Modular, containerized liquefiers plants with several tonne/day capacity could be scaled by interconnecting multiple units to make small industrial plants that match localized fuel demands from distributed mobile users.
GaN HEMT and Air Core Magnetics based Power Converters Evaluations at Cryogenic Temperature
Authors: Wei Yuqi , Maksudul Hossain Md , Alan Mantooth H.
Published: July 2024

Cryogenic power electronics is both advantageous and indispensable in many applications, like deep space probe, military electric vehicle, magnetic resonance imaging etc. Among different semiconductors, the gallium nitride (GaN) high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) is the most promising candidate for cryogenic applications with significant conduction loss and switching loss reductions. Moreover, there is no carrier freeze out effect for the GaN HEMTs, which is applicable in extreme low temperature operating conditions. In this work, the efficiency of GaN HEMTs based power converters with different power levels (from several Watts to several kiloWatts) are evaluated at cryogenic temperature. Three different commercial GaN HEMTs are used in these power converters, including the Texas Instruments LMG5200 80 V GaN half-bridge power stage with integrated gate driver, the GaN Systems 650 V bottomcooled GaN HEMT GS66516B, and the 650 V top-cooled GaN HEMT GS66516T from GaN Systems. Moreover, two different cryogenic power converter evaluation methods (cryogenic chamber and liquid nitrogen channeled through cold plate) are investigated. Three of these power converters are evaluated by using a cryogenic chamber and such that the converter operating environment temperature can be regulated. One of the power converters is evaluated by using liquid nitrogen (LN2) channeled through a cold plate, where the gate driver can be designed to operate at non-cryogenic temperatures to ensure the safe operation of the system. Due to the degraded performance of conventional magnetic components, air core magnetics are used in these power converters to improve the converter efficiency. Efficiency improvements at cryogenic temperature are observed for all the GaN HEMTs and air core magnetics based power converters, which are promising for cryogenic power electronics applications.
Development of an apparatus and process for precision measurements of cryogenic thermal contraction of materials
Authors: Tuttle James , Jahromi Amir , Canavan Edgar , Nellis Jacob , Scheidler Justin
Published: July 2024

NASA frequently needs thermal contraction data for materials to be used in cryogenic space flight missions. To satisfy this need, we developed an apparatus and a high-precision technique for performing such measurements using a commercial fiber-optic-based position sensor. We describe the measurement process and its verification using a copper sample. We also present data for alumina and sintered samarium cobalt, which we characterized for potential NASA use.
Static friction testing of various materials in liquid nitrogen
Authors: Truchon J A , Miller F K , Nellis G F
Published: July 2024

The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment will utilize charge readout planes (CRPs) that are submerged within liquid argon. These charge readout planes are part of a drift detector used measure the cascade of charged particles generated by the interaction of neutrinos with the argon nuclei. The CRPs require specially designed supports to ensure they remain precisely positioned even after the thermal contraction of the sensors and the cryostat that occurs during cooldown. These supports must also protect the cryostat floor and CRPs from potential damage due to thermal strain during cooldown. These objectives are satisfied by utilizing an intermediate slip plane within the support to provide a stress relief point with a lower friction coefficient than the interface between the sensor support and the cryostat floor. Therefore, the design of these supports requires knowledge of the static coefficient of friction for various materials at cryogenic temperatures. It was found that the coefficient of friction associated with materials such as metals, ceramics, and polymers have been studied very little at cryogenic temperatures. Specifically, there is not much data relative to the static coefficient of friction associated with polymers at low temperatures. Therefore, a test apparatus was developed to measure various materials’ cryogenic static coefficient of friction with the geometry required for the support design. Several tests with different materials were carried out using this test apparatus to identify a material combination with very different static coefficients of friction that can be used for the membrane to support interface and intermediate slip plane.
Magneto-structural phase transitions and two-dimensional spin waves in graphite
Authors: Gheorghiu N , Ebbing C R , Haugan T J
Published: July 2024

We have previously found experimental evidence for several quantum phenomena in oxygen-ion implanted of hydrogenated graphite: ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, paramagentism, triplet superconductivity, Andreev states, Little-Parks oscillations, Lamb shift, Casimir effect, colossal magnetoresistance, and topologically-protected flat-energy bands [1-6]. Triplet superconductivity results in the formation of Josephson junctions, thus with potential of being used for spintronics applications in the critical area of quantum computing. In this paper, we are showing new experimental evidence for the formation of two-dimensional (2D) spin waves in oxygen-ion enriched and in hydrogenated highly oriented pyrolytic graphite. The temperature evolution of the remanent magnetizationMrem(T) data confirms the formation of spin waves that follow the 2D Heisenberg model with a weak uniaxial anisotropy. In addition, the step-like features also found in the temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity between insulating and metallic states suggest several outstanding possibilities, such as a structural transition, triplet superconductivity, and chiral properties.
Oxidized structure and Compositional properties of 1144 phase FBS by analytical electron microscopy
Authors: Sung Z-H , Masi A , Lee JY , Duchenko A , Hu X , Kim A G , Celentano G
Published: July 2024

The 1144 phase (Ae1A1Fe4As4) shows a strong advantage of engineering fabrication among Fe (Iron)-based superconductor (FBS) family due to the robustness of its superconducting properties with respect to chemical inhomogeneities, granted by its uniform crystalline-layered structure. This regularity is furthermore associated to crystalline defects capable of acting as efficient pinning centers, from which high critical currents can achieved at high fields. Like other FBS phases, its lossless current-carrying capability can be remarkably degraded by distractions at grain boundaries (GBs). GB oxidation is an issue of upmost importance to the realization of the practical FBS application for high field (> 20T) magnet. In this study, we explore oxidized grain boundary and intrinsic grain structural properties of 1144 polycrystalline samples by applying analytical electron microscopy such as atomic resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography. These structural properties of samples produced by a mechanochemically assisted synthesis are evaluated following the degradation of superconducting properties due to oxidation. We observe a strong correlation between the contamination at grain boundaries and the decrease of transport properties of the bulk sample, while the crystallin structure seems to be not affected by the oxidation.
Lightweight clad bi-metal conductors for cryogenic applications
Authors: Cruz Feliciano A , Ghosh A , Kacher J , Graber L , Jin Z
Published: July 2024

Lightweight cryogenic conductors are required for applications in electric propulsion, such as cryogenically-fueled electric airplanes and ships. Clad bi-metal conductors allow to consider certain conductor metals that would not be feasible as a single conductor. This includes materials that are chemically reactive and materials that would not have the right mechanical properties to draw wires. The Ashby method is used to compare material combinations systematically. Manufacturing techniques and applications are also discussed. Copper-clad lithium wire stands out as one of the promising new types of clad bi-metal conductors for cryogenic applications.
Efficacy of 3D printed anatomically equivalent thermoplastic polyurethane guide conduits in promoting the regeneration of critical-sized peripheral nerve defects
Authors: Zennifer Allen , Chellappan David Raj , Chinnaswamy Prabu , Subramanian Anuradha , Sundaramurthi Dhakshinamoorthy , Sethuraman Swaminathan
Published: July 2024

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is an emerging tool for creating patient-specific tissue constructs analogous to the native tissue microarchitecture. In this study, anatomically equivalent 3D nerve conduits were developed using thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) by combining reverse engineering and material extrusion (i.e. fused deposition modeling) technique. Printing parameters were optimized to fabricate nerve-equivalent TPU constructs. The TPU constructs printed with different infill densities supported the adhesion, proliferation, and gene expression of neuronal cells. Subcutaneous implantation of the TPU constructs for three months in rats showed neovascularization with negligible local tissue inflammatory reactions and was classified as a non-irritant biomaterial as per ISO 10993-6. To perform in vivo efficacy studies, nerve conduits equivalent to rat’s sciatic nerve were fabricated and bridged in a 10 mm sciatic nerve transection model. After four months of implantation, the sensorimotor function and histological assessments revealed that the 3D printed TPU conduits promoted the regeneration in critical-sized peripheral nerve defects equivalent to autografts. This study proved that TPU-based 3D printed nerve guidance conduits can be created to replicate the complicated features of natural nerves that can promote the regeneration of peripheral nerve defects and also show the potential to be extended to several other tissues for regenerative medicine applications.
Fabrication of high photocatalytic activity photocatalysts with TiO2 supported on lamellar BiOCl
Authors: Wang Na , Ma Wei , Jin Yu
Published: July 2024

A lamellar nanostructure consisting of anatase TiO2/BiOCl was effectively developed while employing the approach of solvothermal. The samples underwent comprehensive analysis of their phase structures, morphologies, surface areas, optical properties, and electronic states using various techniques including x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method, UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra (UV–vis DRS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and photoluminescence spectroscopy(PL). The photoelectrochemical data demonstrated that the incorporation of anatase TiO2 nanoparticles into the BiOCl lamellar structure significantly improved its photocatalytic efficiency to degrade Malachite Green (MG) in UV light, surpassing the performance of both pure BiOCl and anatase TiO2. Additionally, the study delved into the photocatalytic mechanism responsible for this enhanced performance. The superior photocatalytic efficiency of the anatase TiO2/BiOCl composites can be ascribed to higher surface area, smaller crystallite size, stronger light absorption and improved charge separation efficiency.
An experimental and numerical study about the effect of substrate thickness on dimensional deviation in laser powder bed fusion process
Authors: Gülcan Orhan , Günaydın Kadir , Kundakcıoğlu Erdem , Tamer Aykut
Published: July 2024

Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process has received great attention recently from both academic and industry perspective due to its ability to enable the manufacturing of very complex parts. However, the dimensional deviation of LPBF produced parts still needs more investigation. Different part and process parameters have been investigated in terms of their effects on dimensional deviation in LPBF process. However, the effect of substrate platform thickness was not fully covered in literature especially in terms of experimental findings. To fill this gap, this study focused on the effect of substrate thickness on dimensional deviation of an engine bracket produced from CoCrMo powder with LPBF method. Thermomechanical simulation studies were performed and validated with experimental findings. The results showed that dimensional deviation decreased when substrate thickness increased, the trend of which was captured by thermomechanical simulations. The results also revealed that simulation results converged to the measurement results when substrate thickness increased.
Comparison of the effect of different external electrodes on discharge plasma-assisted diffusion flame stabilization
Authors: ZHOU 周 Siyin 思引 , LIU 刘 Xiang 翔 , NIE 聂 Wansheng 万胜 , YUAN 袁 Shuhui 姝蕙
Published: July 2024

To optimize the design of plasma injectors, the influence of different external electrodes on plasma-assisted flame stabilization was assessed by using a nonequilibrium plasma injector flame control setup. The electrical characteristics of the injector, flame structure parameters, flame intensity, discharge power, and cost-to-effectiveness ratio under different external electrodes (four mesh electrodes and one copper foil electrode) were analyzed using electrical and optical methods. The results show that reducing the mesh size of the external electrode leads to a decrease in breakdown voltage. Compared with a ceramic dielectric barrier-based injector, an injector with a quartz dielectric barrier produces a higher breakdown voltage under the same conditions. For the same actuation voltage, the discharge current increases as the mesh size of the external electrode decreases, and combustion is enhanced by the discharge plasma; therefore, it is better to adopt a smaller mesh hole size to realize good flame stabilization under a lower actuation voltage. However, under the studied working conditions, reducing the mesh hole size of the external electrode increases the cost-to-effectiveness ratio of plasma injector-based flame stabilization. Thus, considering the cost-to-effectiveness ratio and the weight of the injector, an external electrode with a larger mesh hole size should be chosen, which contradicts the above rule.
Cross-boundary risks of hinterland hazards to city infrastructure
Authors: Joines Macie , Horgan Madison , Li Rui , Helmrich Alysha , Dirks Abbie , Tarr Kayla , Sparks Ryan , Hoff Ryan , Kimball Mindy , Chester Mikhail
Published: July 2024

Extreme weather-related events are showing how infrastructure disruptions in hinterlands can affect cities. This paper explores the risks to city infrastructure services including transportation, electricity, communication, fuel supply, water distribution, stormwater drainage, and food supply from hinterland hazards of fire, precipitation, post-fire debris flow, smoke, and flooding. There is a large and growing body of research that describes the vulnerabilities of infrastructures to climate hazards, yet this work has not systematically acknowledged the relationships and cross-governance challenges of protecting cities from remote disruptions. An evidence base is developed through a structured literature review that identifies city infrastructure vulnerabilities to hinterland hazards. Findings highlight diverse pathways from the initial hazard to the final impact on an infrastructure, demonstrating that impacts to hinterland infrastructure assets from hazards can cascade to city infrastructure. Beyond the value of describing the impact of hinterland hazards on urban infrastructure, the identified pathways can assist in informing cross-governance mitigation strategies. It may be the case that to protect cities, local governments invest in mitigating hazards in their hinterlands and supply chains.
A Minimally Good Life
Authors: Hassoun Nicole
Published: July 2024

As the Coronavirus pandemic surged around the world and many people lost their livelihoods, as well as lives, one could almost hear the desperate call to buttress social safety nets around the world. Existing social safety nets in many countries have obvious problems: most reasonable people agree that children should not go hungry and everyone should have access to emergency medical care. But how can we determine what kind of social safety net will suffice? What do we owe to each other and what can we claim out of respect for our common humanity? The United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and many states’ constitutions embody different answers to this question. The philosophical literature also contains many potential accounts of what this concern requires. Good Enough? The Minimally Good Life Account of What We Owe to Others and What We Can Justifiably Demand argues that respect for our common humanity requires helping others live minimally good lives when doing so does not require sacrificing our own ability to live well enough. This, it suggests, provides a unified answer to the question of what we must give to, and can demand from, others as a basic minimum.
Helping People Live Minimally Well in Present and Future Generations
Authors: Hassoun Nicole
Published: July 2024

How should we help people live minimally good lives in present and future generations when doing so does not require sacrificing our own ability to live well enough? After all, almost any institutions or policies we might implement impact individuals’ ability to live such lives in future, as well as present, generations. This chapter defends the principle that we should choose policies that prioritize the least well-off in all generations and help as many people as possible in present generations. If we should judge two policies with the same impact on present (future) generations solely based on their impact on future (present) generations, this principle tells us quite a bit about how we should help people in present and future generations flourish. Moreover, the idea that we should ensure that those in future generations have the basic minimum whenever they come into existence arguably entails that we do not have to prioritize preventing tragedies that could afflict many in far future generations who need not come into existence. At least, we should not do so at great cost to those in present and near-future generations. Rather, barring tragic conflicts, we should both prioritize helping the global poor now and ensure that everyone who comes into existence in the future has a basic minimum.
Satire
Authors: Hawes Clement
Published: July 2024

English poetic satire rises and develops in the seventeenth century. Despite the revolutions and counter-revolutions that constitute high politics in this turbulent era, the mode of poetic satire expresses patterns that unify writers across partisan divides. As satire moves from an emphasis on blasphemy to a focus on obscenity, sexuality and the body prove to be paramount targets of attack. An exotic target for sundry Royalists, still in the vein of embodiment, is the large red nose of Cromwell. Long before the Augustan Age, Marvell inaugurates some lines of attack on a terrible poet whose body is shrinking from starvation. Rochester’s famous ‘sceptre lampoon’, is a risky and hilarious satire on Charles II. Oldham’s anti-Jesuit satire revives satirical blasphemy, managing to work ‘God’ and ‘turd’ into the same line. By the time we reach Dryden, we find a satirist who can combine poetic finesse, narrative genius, and hard-hitting topicality.
Aemilia Lanyer
Authors: Knoppers Laura L
Published: July 2024

This chapter argues that links with visual art can help us see the craft, unity, and virtuosity of Aemilia Lanyer’s Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum (1611) and illumine her formal and aesthetic decisions. Aligning Lanyer’s passion poem with Caravaggio’s Deposition (1600–1604) and The Taking of Christ (1602), we see how Lanyer uses visual language and forceful pointing (positional, temporal, and spatial deictics) to bring her readers into an imagined scene or composition as if it were taking place right in front of them. Her seemingly anomalous three-part form (dedications, passion poem, country-house poem) draws on the Renaissance altarpiece triptych to foreground patrons, frame a central sacred scene, and associate events and people widely separated in space and time. But Lanyer also genders her poetic space, and her rapidly shifting and at times ambiguous deictic markers unsettle the aesthetic, as well as the social-cultural environment in which she is grounded.
John Donne
Authors: Guibbory Achsah
Published: July 2024

Donne is the greatest, most innovative, and influential lyric poet of the seventeenth century. With his unique clever, yet serious wit, sometimes flirting with blasphemy, he explores varieties of love, both human and divine, sexual and spiritual, sacred and profane, sometimes blurring the boundaries between them. His Elegies, Songs and Sonets, and devotional poems employ ‘conceits’, or extended metaphors, inviting readers to figure out their logic and the complex but intriguing argument of his poems, which are always seeking some kind of ‘truth’ about human experience. Donne is preoccupied with problems of faith and constancy (whether in erotic love or in relation to God), and with the interrelation and interdependence of body and soul. Often challenging tradition and authorities, bold and questioning in his stance, Donne inspired other seventeenth-century poets such as Katherine Philips, Anne Bradstreet, John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester, and Aphra Behn. His poetic influence extends to the present.
Ben Jonson
Authors: Lockwood Tom
Published: July 2024

This chapter considers the making of Ben Jonson’s poetry, and the meanings that it creates for communities of readers. Beginning with Jonson’s statement to the Scottish poet, William Drummond of Hawthorden, ‘That he wrote all his first in prose’, this chapter considers the influence of Jonson’s education on his writing and sees in the ideal blend of instruction and pleasure that he found at Westminster School with William Camden a model for the societies imagined and created in his poetry. Reading examples from the three major collections of Jonson’s poetry—his Epigrams (1612), The Forest (1616), and The Underwood (posthumous, 1640)—the chapter ends with a consideration of Jonson’s influence on later generations of poets, and on their conception of poetry and poetic history.
Lady Mary Wroth
Authors: Smith Rosalind
Published: July 2024

Lady Mary Wroth actively experimented with formal categories of lyric poetry, particularly libel, complaint, sonnet, and song, in the pursuit of poetic virtuosity as well as Protestant political and religious programmes. She drew upon the Sidneian familial networks of which she was part, and broader humanist and vernacular traditions of poetry, in order to embed her works in both male and female-authored coterie cultures and poetic traditions. The poetic exemplarity that Wroth aimed for was recognised by her contemporaries and evidenced in the extent to which her works were read, enjoyed, and recirculated in her lifetime and beyond. Substantial, difficult, and dazzling, her poetry redefines the horizon of expectation for women as writers in the seventeenth century, and makes a significant contribution to the development of poetic mode, genre, and form in Jacobean literature.
Archipelagic Poetry
Authors: Coolahan Marie-Louise
Published: July 2024

Archipelagic literary criticism directs attention to the literary interactions between the ‘four nations’: England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. This approach to literary study embraces a plurality of voices and languages across the islands of Britain and Ireland, exploring multi-polar perspectives that de-centre that of England. This chapter begins with a survey of archipelagic criticism, outlining key directions that have been taken and debates opened up. It then charts a course through archipelagic approaches to individual poets—some (such as Marvell and Milton) engulfed in historical events that sucked in all the adjacent islands; others (Philips, Vaughan, Drummond, Melville, Southwell, Shank, Llwyd, and anonymous composers of verse) living and working in different parts of the archipelago, contending with its intertwined and cross-cutting energies. These examples reveal the shifting dynamics of collision and encounter, encompassing political engagement with contemporary events, aesthetic developments in poetic form, and the cross-fertilisation of different language traditions.
Optimal Practices in the Delivery of Aesthetic Medical Care to Patients on Immunosuppressants and Immunomodulators: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Cattelan Leila , Dayan Steven , Fabi Sabrina G
Published: July 2024

Nonsurgical aesthetic procedures have been steadily growing in popularity among patients of all ages and ethnicities. At present, the literature remains devoid of guidelines on optimal practices in the delivery of aesthetic medical care to patients on immunosuppressant medications. The authors of this review sought to determine the physiologic responses of immunocompromised patients related to outcomes and potential complications following nonsurgical aesthetic procedures, and to suggest recommendations for optimal management of these patients. A comprehensive systematic review of the literature was performed to identify clinical studies of patients who had undergone nonsurgical aesthetic procedures while immunosuppressed. Forty-three articles reporting on 1690 immunosuppressed patients who underwent filler injection were evaluated, of which the majority (99%; 1682/1690) were HIV patients, while the remaining 8 were medically immunosuppressed. The complication rate of filler in this population was 28% (481/1690), with subcutaneous nodules the most frequently reported adverse event. A detailed synthesis of complications and a review of the inflammatory responses and impact of immunosuppressants and HIV infection on filler complications is presented. The authors concluded that patients on immunomodulatory medications may be at increased risk of filler granuloma relative to the general population, while patients on immunosuppressants may be at increased risk of infectious complications. Rudimentary guidelines for optimal preprocedural patient assessment, aseptic technique, injection technique, and antibacterial and antiviral prophylaxis are reviewed. Ongoing advancements in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying these inflammatory processes will undoubtedly optimize management in this patient population.

Level of Evidence: 3
CWAS-Plus: estimating category-wide association of rare noncoding variation from whole-genome sequencing data with cell-type-specific functional data
Authors: Kim Yujin , Jeong Minwoo , Koh In Gyeong , Kim Chanhee , Lee Hyeji , Kim Jae Hyun , Yurko Ronald , Kim Il Bin , Park Jeongbin , Werling Donna M , Sanders Stephan J , An Joon-Yong
Published: July 2024

Variants in cis-regulatory elements link the noncoding genome to human pathology; however, detailed analytic tools for understanding the association between cell-level brain pathology and noncoding variants are lacking. CWAS-Plus, adapted from a Python package for category-wide association testing (CWAS), enhances noncoding variant analysis by integrating both whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and user-provided functional data. With simplified parameter settings and an efficient multiple testing correction method, CWAS-Plus conducts the CWAS workflow 50 times faster than CWAS, making it more accessible and user-friendly for researchers. Here, we used a single-nuclei assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with sequencing to facilitate CWAS-guided noncoding variant analysis at cell-type-specific enhancers and promoters. Examining autism spectrum disorder WGS data (n = 7280), CWAS-Plus identified noncoding de novo variant associations in transcription factor binding sites within conserved loci. Independently, in Alzheimer’s disease WGS data (n = 1087), CWAS-Plus detected rare noncoding variant associations in microglia-specific regulatory elements. These findings highlight CWAS-Plus’s utility in genomic disorders and scalability for processing large-scale WGS data and in multiple-testing corrections. CWAS-Plus and its user manual are available at https://github.com/joonan-lab/cwas/ and https://cwas-plus.readthedocs.io/en/latest/, respectively.
GraphADT: empowering interpretable predictions of acute dermal toxicity with multi-view graph pooling and structure remapping
Authors: Ma Xinqian , Fu Xiangzheng , Wang Tao , Zhuo Linlin , Zou Quan
Published: July 2024

Motivation

Accurate prediction of acute dermal toxicity (ADT) is essential for the safe and effective development of contact drugs. Currently, graph neural networks, a form of deep learning technology, accurately model the structure of compound molecules, enhancing predictions of their ADT. However, many existing methods emphasize atom-level information transfer and overlook crucial data conveyed by molecular bonds and their interrelationships. Additionally, these methods often generate “equal” node representations across the entire graph, failing to accentuate “important” substructures like functional groups, pharmacophores, and toxicophores, thereby reducing interpretability.

Results

We introduce a novel model, GraphADT, utilizing structure remapping and multi-view graph pooling (MVPool) technologies to accurately predict compound ADT. Initially, our model applies structure remapping to better delineate bonds, transforming “bonds” into new nodes and “bond-atom-bond” interactions into new edges, thereby reconstructing the compound molecular graph. Subsequently, we use MVPool to amalgamate data from various perspectives, minimizing biases inherent to single-view analyses. Following this, the model generates a robust node ranking collaboratively, emphasizing critical nodes or substructures to enhance model interpretability. Lastly, we apply a graph comparison learning strategy to train both the original and structure remapped molecular graphs, deriving the final molecular representation. Experimental results on public datasets indicate that the GraphADT model outperforms existing state-of-the-art models. The GraphADT model has been demonstrated to effectively predict compound ADT, offering potential guidance for the development of contact drugs and related treatments.

Availability and implementation

Our code and data are accessible at: https://github.com/mxqmxqmxq/GraphADT.git.
Sex and season influence behaviour and physiology of lake trout following angling
Authors: Howell Bradley E , Navarroli Giulio , DePasquale Simon W , Cooke Steven J , Hasler Caleb T
Published: July 2024

Catch-and-release angling exposes fish to challenges that may result in sub-lethal effects or mortality. Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) undergo high rates of release because of size-based harvest regulations or voluntary angler behaviour. Here, we examine short-term impairment in lake trout angled during the summer (n = 74) and fall spawning period (n = 33) to inform best practices for angling. Immediately following capture or 0.5 h post-capture, fish underwent reflex and barotrauma assessments, and a small blood sample was collected. Fish were also fitted with an externally mounted biologger equipped with depth, temperature and tri-axial acceleration sensors, that was tethered to allow retrieval of the logger after 14 min. In the summer, reflex impairment and barotrauma at 0 and 0.5 h were significantly correlated. Loss of orientation and bloating were the most observed indicators. Larger fish and those captured at increased depth had higher barotrauma scores, while prolonged fight times decreased the barotrauma score regardless of sampling time. Plasma cortisol, lactate and glucose increased 0.5 h after capture, and extracellular and intracellular pH decreased, all signs that angling was inducing a metabolic response. However, no relationships were found between blood indices and mortality (18.9%). The time required to reach maximum depth after release was longer for fish with increased air exposure but shorter for those with longer fight times. During the fall, fish displayed no mortality or reflex impairment. Anal prolapse was the most observed indicator of barotrauma but only observed in females. Blood indices were most altered 0.5 h after capture, with increased cortisol values for fish that were female, particularly large or captured at deeper depth. Locomotor activity was highest for males and increased with depth. Together, our findings suggest that the effects of catch-and-release angling may be dependent on several factors, including sex, season and angling depth.