bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heat resistance of graphitized steel
Authors: V. O. Savchenko
Published: October 2014

Purpose. The investigation of temperature dependences of steels' mechanical properties and heat resistance under conditions of thermal cyclic loads. It's necessary to determine the mechanical properties and heat resistance indices of graphitized steels and cast iron VCh400 within the temperature range of 20…800°С. Methodology. Graphitized steels of the following chemical composition (mass %): 0.61…1.04C; 1.19…1.59%Si; 0.32…0.37%Mn; 0.12…0.17%Al; 0.008…0.014%S and 0.016…0.025%Р have been heat-treated according to the mode: heating up to 810°С – holding for 2 hours; cooling down to 680°С – holding for 2 hours with further cooling using the furnace in order to provide the ferrite-pearlite metallic base with graphite inclusions. In order to determine heat resistance indices (heat stresses index K and the material's resistance criterion at thermal cyclic load C) the indices of graphitized steels' and cast irons' mechanical properties in the temperature range of 20…800°С have been investigated. Findings. It has been established that as a result of lower carbon content and smaller quantity of graphite inclusions, graphitized steel exceeds such indices of nodular cast iron VCh400 as: tensile strength and plasticity at room and high temperatures, and also heat resistance criteria K and C. This steel can be used to manufacture articles operating under conditions of thermal cyclic loads. Originality. Tensile strength and percent elongation of graphitized steels within the temperature range of 20…800°С have been determined. Calculations of heat resistance criteria to the heat stresses index K and the material's resistance criterion at thermal cyclic loads C within the temperature range 20…800°С in comparison with nodular cast iron of VCh400 grade have been carried out. Practical value. The expediency of using graphitized steel for manufacturing of articles operating under conditions of thermal cyclic loads has been shown.
Research of approaches to increase the efficiency of functioning of railway transport subdivisions from the point of view of sustainable development
Authors: O. I. Kharchenko
Published: October 2014

Purpose. Modern transport systems are not stable and can not stand up to the destabilizing factors. Global track record in the economic and commercial management systems is the use of the concept of sustainable development. It is necessary on the basis of analysis of literary sources to define the directions of efficiency increase of functioning of railway transport subdivisions from the point of view of sustainable development. Methodology. To achieve the purpose the features of the use of sustainable development conception and its realization were investigated at a management of the complex systems. The existent models were also analyzed in the field of efficiency increase of functioning of railway transport subdivisions. Findings. On the basis of literary sources analysis, keeping up the conceptual essence of the sustainable development, the main directions of efficiency increase of subdivisions functioning were selected. They take into account the basic requirements of steady development and should be considered as a complex. Originality. New directions to consider the efficiency increase issues from position of sustainable development were offered by the author. Three components of conceptions of sustainable development (economic, ecological and social) should be examined in a balanced way. Thus, the above mentioned theoretical studies can promote the forming of new economy model corresponding to the purposes and principles of sustainable development. Practical value. The conducted analysis development confirms the necessity of researches on perspective directions of development of railway transport subdivisions, which are marked by the guidance of Ukrzaliznytsia. It enables to select basic directions for further research in the area of efficiency increase.
Influence of chemical compounds on the forming of electric ARC
Authors: I. O. Vakulenko  , S. O. Plitchenko  , D. M. Makarevych
Published: October 2014

Purpose. The purpose of work is a comparative analysis of chemical compounds influence on the process of electric arc forming and condition of its burning. Methodology. Material for an electrode was a wire 3 mm in diameter of low carbon steel with contain of carbon 0.15%. As chemical compounds, which determine the terms of forming of arc welding were used kaolin; CaCO3 with the admixtures of gypsum to 60%; SiO2 and Fe – Si with the iron concentration to 50%. Researches were conducted at the use of direct electric current and the arc of reverse polarity. As a source of electric current the welding transformer of type PSO-500 was used. On the special stand an initial gap between the electrode and metal-plate was equal to 1–1.5 mm. The interelectrode interval was filled with the probed chemical compounds and it was formed an electric arc. In the moment of electric arc arise the values of electric current and the arc voltage were determined. After the natural break of electric arc, the final size of the gap between electrodes was accepted as the maximal value of the arc lengths. Findings. In the conditions of experiment the metal transfer in interelectrode interval corresponded to the drop mechanism. According to external characteristics the ratio between the maximal arc length and the power of electric discharge has the appearance of exponential dependence. Specific power of electric arc characterizes environment of interelectrode interval in the moment of arc forming per unit of its length. Originality. 1. On the basis of influence analysis of the studied chemical compounds on the formation processes of electric arc inversely proportional relationship between the power of the electric current and the maximum arc length to the moment of its natural break is defined. 2. The ratio between the maximal arc length and the power of electric current with sufficiently high correlation coefficient is subjected to the exponential dependence. Influence of the studied compounds on the process of electric arc forming is determined using the degree values of the obtained ratio. 3. The value of specific power of electric current in the moment of electric arc forming per unit of its length can be accepted as the parameter, which characterizes the environment in the interelectrode interval. Practical value. In the conditions of identical adjusting strength of electric current it is determined the gradation of the studied chemical compounds in the order of increase of their influence on the process of the arc burning. Kaolin has the minimum influence and Fe – Si – the maximal one.
Improvement directions of maintenance system of multiple unit
Authors: O. S. Krasheninin  , V. A. Gogaiev
Published: October 2014

Purpose. Efficiency of function multiple units park (MUP) as a complex system considerably depends on the modes and conditions of its operation, which is defined as the state of their eigenstate and state of the system content. The purpose is the decision scientifically - a technical problem of system of the content of maintenance operation and repair of a rolling stock. Methodology. Article is devoted to a question of the maintenance operation and repair of a rolling stock of Ukraine. On the basis of theoretical probe, the situation which has developed on maintenance operation and repair of MVPS is analysed. The comparative analysis of a railway, motor and air transportation is provided. On the basis of the analysis and comparison by authors it is offered transition from scheduled preventive to system of service of railway transport to service on an actual state. Findings. According to given theoretical comparison of the put perspective in different types of transport it is possible to note that experience and features of operation rolling stock in allied industries is the base for revision and improvement of system of the maintenance rolling stock, including at various stages of its operation. Originality. This article provides the comparative theoretical analysis, concerning contents and repair system between railway, automobile and by air. Practical value. Introduction new approaches of the maintenance operation and rolling stocks repair will allow carrying out gradual transition from maintenance operation and repairing existing scheduled preventive system in repair system «on an actual state». Thus it is possible maximum cutting-down of number of sudden refusals in operation, providing high coefficient of operational readiness of a rolling stock (to 0.95). A comparative analysis of the maintenance system and repair is the basis of the transition feasibility.
New approaches to maintenance and repairing of the traction substations equipment on electrified railways on the basis of smart-technologies
Authors: O. O. Matusevich
Published: October 2014

Purpose. At the stage of modernization and reconstruction of electrified railroads in Ukraine one should take into account the innovative development level of all electric supply subjects on the basis of advanced technologies. Determination the ways to increase the power supply reliability of electrified railways and reducing the accidents of the traction substation power equipment (TS). Methodology. For attainment a goal it’s studied the international experience on qualitative power supply of the electrical railways at the basis of the ideology of Smart Grid. It’s conducted a research of the major methods of technical servicing, repairing (TS and R) and diagnostics the traction substation devices of electrified railways. Findings. As a result of research it was concluded that the basis of the new methods of maintenance and repearing is analysis of the risks of operation of the weared equipment or equipment with some defects (maintenance of equipment on the basis of the actual technical condition). It’s also concluded that the conceptual definitions of Smart Grid point to the important role of smart grid technology to the economic development of the electrical system. Significant world experience of maintenance and repairing at the basis of the actual technical state shows the following general assessment of the effectiveness of this method: reducing maintenance costs by 75%, reducing the number of services up to 50%, reduction the number of failures by 70% in the first year. Originality. As a research and improvement result of the maintenance and repairing system of traction substations, the author has proposed the concept of maintenance and repairing intelligent system, monitoring and diagnostic of technical process equipment. The basic components of the system are proposed. It’s proposed a maintenance of the equipment of traction substation at the actual technical state with better resource parameters. In the normative document for maintenance and repairing of the equipment of traction substations, power points and sectioning posts of the electrified railways "CE-0024", this approach for organizing and conducting the maintenance and repairing of the TS is not considered. Practical value. Implementation of this system allows: to increase the main indicators of maintenance and repairing; decrease operating costs of the power equipment by using maintenance and repairing at a basis of the actual technical state; improve the reliability of equipment and the power supply system of TS of electrified railways, obtain economic benefit, and so on.
Effect of sieved coal bottom ash as a sand replacement on the properties of cement concrete
Authors: Kadam Madhav Punjaji , Patil Yogesh D.
Published: October 2014

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation into the effects of sieved coal bottom ash (SCBA) as a replacement for natural sand on the properties of concrete. The compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength and water permeability were studied. Natural sand was replaced with SCBA (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100% by weight) at a fixed water/cement ratio. The results indicate that there was a decrease in the density and workability of SCBA concrete with an increase in SCBA percentage. It was also found that, compared with a control concrete, the compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength increased when the percentage of SCBA was increased up to 30% and the same properties decreased when the percentage of SCBA was increased beyond 30%. The permeability of SCBA decreased up to 50% replacement and increased beyond 50% replacement.
Plastic deformation of asphalt mixture under waveform loading
Authors: Mansourkhaki Ali , Sarkar Alireza
Published: October 2014

The primary objective of this research study was to investigate the effects of waveform loading and loading pulse duration on plastic deformation of asphalt mixtures, the so-called rutting potential. Specifically the effects of loading patterns corresponding to axle configurations (single, double and triple) under various short loading pulses have been examined. The experiments were conducted at three stress levels, pulse durations and loading patterns. Finally, using the associated model parameters, the impacts of each variable on permanent strain were evaluated. It is concluded that with certain pulse durations, plastic deformation under triple axles could be higher than those caused by single and double axles and yet under double axles it could be higher than those under single axles.
A Longitudinal, Multilevel Analysis of Homicide Against Children Aged 0–9 Years Using State-Level Characteristics: 1979–2007
Authors: Douglas Emily , Vanderminden Jennifer
Published: October 2014

Annually, over a thousand children are the victims of homicide in the United States Homicide among younger children, 0–9 years of age, is usually perpetrated by parents and caregivers. Researchers neither have tracked changes in the homicide rate among young children over time nor have they used theory to understand what factors may drive these changes. In this analysis of state-level data, we used longitudinal growth modeling and ecological theory to examine changes in homicide rate against children aged 0–9 years from 1979 to 2007. Our results indicate that states are relatively consistent, over time, in their homicide rates. Furthermore, a cultural context of criminal and risky behavior is positively associated with homicide against children. We discuss implications for future research and prevention.
The Umbrella That Is Too Wide and Yet Too Small: Why Dynamic Testing Has Still Not Delivered on the Promise That Was Never Made
Authors: Beckmann Jens F.
Published: October 2014

In this article, I reflect on potential reasons for the seemingly persistent impression that dynamic testing has not delivered on its promise. Potential reasons are embedded in a paradox. On the one hand, validity-related expectations toward dynamic tests seem too broad. This includes fuzziness in defining the diagnostic target constructs, simplistic quantitative focus on conventional validity indices, and overgeneralized expectations regarding incremental validity. At the same time, the focus on dynamic testing seems too narrow. By introducing three tests of cognitive flexibility, I exemplify that dynamic testing has potential which goes beyond the assessment of learning potential in specific subpopulations. My ambition is to help in addressing potential users’ misconceptions about dynamic testing productively.
Student Cognitive Motivation: The Mediating Role of Self-Reactive Influences on the Relationship Between Negative Feedback and Intended Effort
Authors: Hart Caroline O. , Mueller Christian E.
Published: October 2014

This study examined college students’ cognitive motivation based on goal intentions in the context of negative performance–goal discrepancies. Specifically, an integrated model of intended effort was developed to further understand the relationships between negative performance–goal discrepancies, self-reactive influences, and intended effort toward the next proximal goal. We explored these relationships within an authentic achievement-oriented setting by using actual exam performance with a sample of 451 undergraduate students. Primary results from a path analysis suggest that, among other things, future affective self-evaluation is more predictive of intended effort than performance–goal discrepancy or self-efficacy toward original goal attainment. Implications are primarily intended for those interested in fostering students’ cognitive motivation.
Relative Contributions of Allelopathy and Competitive Traits to the Weed Suppressive Ability of Winter Wheat Lines Against Italian Ryegrass
Authors: Worthington Margaret , Reberg‐Horton S. Chris , Brown‐Guedira Gina , Jordan David , Weisz Randy , Murphy J. Paul
Published: October 2014

Allelopathy and competitive ability have been identified as independent factors contributing to the weed suppressive ability of crop cultivars; however, it is not clear whether these factors have equal influence on weed suppression outcomes of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) lines in the field. Fifty‐eight winter wheat lines adapted to the southeastern United States were screened for allelopathic activity against Italian ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. ssp. multiflorum [Lam.] Husnot) in an agar‐based seedling bioassay. Eight strongly and weakly allelopathic lines were identified and evaluated for weed suppressive ability and grain yield tolerance in a replicated field experiment conducted in North Carolina. Significant genotypic differences in weed suppressive ability were found in three of four study environments, while genotypic differences in yield tolerance were identified in all environments. Although the allelopathic activity of genotypes varied in the seedling bioassay, no correlations between allelopathy and weed suppressive ability or grain yield tolerance were observed. Weed suppressive ability was correlated with competitive traits, including vigor and erect growth habit during tillering (Zadoks GS 29), high leaf area index (LAI) at stem extension (GS 31), plant height at tillering and stem extension (GS 29, 31), grain yield in weedy conditions, and grain yield tolerance. Therefore, breeders in the southeastern United States should focus their efforts on improving competitive traits within adapted germplasm rather than selecting for cultivars with high allelopathic activity to achieve maximum gains in weed suppressive ability against Italian ryegrass.
Overview of Paediatric Renal Care Activities and Availability of Renal Replacement Therapy for Children at Mulago Hospital, Uganda
Authors: Amos Odiit , Robert Kalyesubula , Peace Atukunda , Oliver Nabacwa , S.P Eyoku , Sarah Kiguli
Published: October 2014

Introduction :

The range of activities undertaken by any renal team will depend on many factors. One of the common challenges encountered in Mulago hospital is management of kidney failure in a child.

Objective :

to outline activities of the renal team with specific reference to RRT.

Methodology:

members of the renal team were interviewed for their activities, and ward records spanning a period of 3 years were reviewed, for information on children who had had RRT.

Results:

activities of the renal team included: training, sensitization of the public, research, and nursing care of patients on dialysis. Nineteen (19) children had had RRT, fourteen (14) had been put on PD; 4 on Haemodialysis (HD); and 1 child had a kidney transplant in India. All children with Acute Tubular Necrosis recovered normal kidney functions by the end of RRT; 3 out of the 4 children with rapidly progressive Glomerulonephritis progressed to CKD.

Conclusion :

Renal Replacement Therapy for children is happening at a very low level. The renal team is engaged predominantly in conservative management of kidney failure and in preventive activities.
Renal Clinical - Pathological Manifestations in Bullous Pemphigoid
Authors: Zhao Ke-Zhong , Lian Zhang , Liu Jian-Feng , Cai Yong-Hong , Han Rui-Hong , Yan Zhang , Wang Jin-Lei , Wang Yin-Lin , Jin Zhao
Published: October 2014

A 61-year old man was admitted with a 2-month history of skin rash, and proteinuria and intermittent hemoptysis for 2 weeks. The patient had developed circular erythema and blisters all over the body with scab formation. Edema of the legs and eyelids appeared 2 weeks prior to admission. Kidney biopsy showed membranous nephropathy (phase II) with focal segmental mesangial proliferation and deposits of IgG along the GBM. Skin biopsy demonstrated IgG deposits in the epidermal basement membrane zone. The simultaneous development of a rare renal and skin autoimmune disorder, resulting from non-cross-reactive autoantibodies, suggests that a common triggering event could be responsible for the autoimmune injury. This patient with bullous pemphigoid was treated with corticosteroids, which were tapered to an acceptable and effective maintenance dose following treatment with intravenous cyclophosphamide.
Lack of Association of the CD247 SNP rs2056626 with Systemic Sclerosis in Han Chinese
Authors: Wang Jiucun , Yi Lin , Guo Xinjian , He Dongyi , Li Hongyi , Guo Gang , Wang Yi , Zou Hejian , Gu Yuanhui , Tu Wenzhen , Wu Wenyu , Yang Li , Xiao Rong , Lai Syeling , Assassi Shervin , Mayes Maureen D , Zhou Xiaodong
Published: October 2014

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a complex disease involving multiple genetic factors. A recent genome-wide association study (GWAS) indicated that CD247 was strongly associated with SSc, which was subsequently confirmed in a SSc cohort of European population. However, genetic heterogeneity in different ethnic populations may significantly impact the complex trait of SSc. The studies herein aimed to examine whether the SSc-associated SNP rs2056626 of CD247 identified in Caucasian is also associated with Han Chinese SSc. A Han Chinese cohort consisting of 387 SSc patients and 523 healthy controls were examined in the studies. TaqMan assays were performed to examine the SNP. Exact p-values were obtained (Fisher’s test) from 2x2 tables of allele counts and disease status. The results showed that there was no association between rs2056626 of CD247 and SSc or any SSc subtypes of Han Chinese. The negative results are important in understanding genetics of SSc in different ethnic populations, which further suggest complex nature of genetics of SSc.
Temporal and Spatial Expression Patterns of Bone Morphogenetic Protein 3 in Developing Zebrafish
Authors: Ito-Amano Midori , Nakamura Yukio , Morisaki Mika , He Xinjun , Hayashi Masanori , Watanapokasin Ramida , Kato Hiroyuki
Published: October 2014

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are important elements in bone biology. We herein report the expression profiles of zebrafishbmp3(zbmp3) as demonstrated by real-time PCR andin situhybridization. The expression ofzbmp3was highly detectable by real-time PCR from 1 day post-fertilization (1 dpf) to 2 weeks post-fertilization (2 wpf) and peaked at 1 wpf. Forin situhybridization experiments,zbmp3was expressed in the otic vesicle at 1 dpf, 2 dpf, 3 dpf, and 5 dpf. It was also expressed in the pharyngeal arches, including the opercle, branchiostegal ray, and pectoral fins, at 2 dpf. Our results suggest thatzbmp3may play an important role in the skeletal biology of developing zebrafish.
On the Optimum Placement of Dissipators in a Steel Model Building Subjected to Shaking-Table Tests
Authors: Foti Dora
Published: October 2014

The following research presents the numerical and experimental results obtained on a reduced scale steel model
of a medium-rise building structure dynamically protected with energy dissipaters. The steel-steel friction dissipates energy
as the structure undergoes interstory drifts. A preliminary numerical analysis is performed to determine the best position
of the friction dampers in the longitudinal frames. All the nodes of the numerical model have been assumed with the
same bending stiffness. Shaking table tests have been performed, both in random vibration tests (to determine the natural
periods and the dynamic characteristics of the model) and in earthquake simulation tests (to study the dynamic behaviour
of the model with and without dampers). The results have been compared to those achieved during a previous experimental
study based on the same model protected with only one friction damper for each longitudinal frame.
Analytical Methods for Pesticide Residues
Authors: Liang H.C. , Bilon Navdeep , Hay Michael T.
Published: October 2014

A review of literature published in 2013 on analytical methods for pesticides, including mostly insecticides but also some herbicides, is presented here and includes papers on analytical methods such as biochemical assays and immunoassays, electrochemical methods, review articles on analytical methods, chromatographic or mass spectrometric techniques, spectrophotometric techniques, fluorescence, and chemiluminescence techniques. There is also a section on extraction techniques because of their importance in pesticide residue analyses.
Activated Sludge and other Aerobic Suspended Culture Processes
Authors: Jahan Kauser , Hoque Shamia , Ahmed Tariq
Published: October 2014

This is a literature review for the year 2013 and contains information specifically related to suspended growth processes including activated sludge and sequencing batch reactors. This review is a subsection of the Treatment Systems section of the annual literature review. The review encompasses modeling, nutrient removal, system design and operation, oxygen transfer, and solids separation. A number of topics that have seen an increase in activity compared to recent past reviews. These include energy efficiency, new strains and methods for determining biodegradation kinetic parameters, fate and occurrence of hormones, endocrine disrupters and pharmaceuticals, which are referred to as microconstituents following current WEF terminology. Microconstituents as they relate to suspended growth reactors are covered in this review, while membrane bioreactors are reviewed in another section in this journal. Other subsections from the Treatment Systems section that might also be related to this section include: Wastewater Collection Systems; Biological Fixed Film Systems; and Modeling, Instrumentation, Automation, and Optimization of Wastewater Treatment Facilities. Many of the subsections in the Industrial Wastes, Hazardous Wastes, and Fate and Effects of Pollutants sections could also have some overlap with this section.
Membrane Processes
Authors: Pellegrin Marie‐Laure , Min Kyungnan , Diamond Jason , Sadler Mary E. , Greiner Anthony D. , Zhang Kai , Aguinaldo Jorge , Arabi Sara , Liu Minggang , Burbano Marie S. , Padhye Lokesh P. , Kent Fraser , McCandless Robert
Published: October 2014

This review, for literature published in 2013, contains information related to membrane processes for municipal and industrial applications. This review is a subsection of the Treatment Systems section of the annual Water Environment Federation literature review and covers the following topics: pretreatment, membrane bioreactor (MBR) configuration, design, nutrient removal, operation, industrial treatment, fixed film and anaerobic membrane systems, reuse, microconstituents removal, membrane technology advances, membrane fouling, and modeling. Other sub‐sections of the Treatment Systems section that might relate to this literature review include: Biological Fixed‐Film Systems, Activated Sludge and Other Aerobic Suspended Culture Processes, Anaerobic Processes, Water Reclamation and Reuse. The following sections might also have related information on membrane processes: Industrial Wastes, Hazardous Wastes, and Fate and Effects of Pollutants.
Disinfection Processes
Authors: Munakata Naoko , Kuo Jeff
Published: October 2014

A review of the literature published in 2013 on topics relating to disinfection processes is presented. This review is divided into the following sections: disinfection methods, microbiology and microbial communities, disinfection byproducts, the effect of disinfectants on microconstituents, and biosolids.
Biosolids and Sludge Management
Authors: Brisolara Kari Fitzmorris , Sandberg M. Alice
Published: October 2014

This review section covers journal articles and conference papers related to biosolids and sludge management that were published in 2013. The literature review has been divided into the following sections:  • Biosolids regulations and management issues,  • Biosolids characteristics and measurement  including microconstituents, pathogens, and nanoparticles,  •Sludge treatment technologies including pretreatment and sludge minimization, conditioning and dewatering, innovative technologies, and digestion,  • Disposal and reuse including land application and innovative alternatives,  • Odor and air emissions,  • Energy issues, and  • Risk analysis
Water Reclamation and Reuse
Authors: Anderson Lindsay , DiCicco Julie , Sampson Holly , Wesley Daniel , Walsh Margaret E. , Gagnon Graham A.
Published: October 2014

A review of the literature published in 2013 on topics relating to water reclamation and reuse is presented. This review is divided into the following sections: (1) General: extent of reuse, research needs, guidelines and monitoring, and health effects (2) Treatment technologies: integrated process design, membrane treatment, membrane bioreactors, electrocoagulation, ion exchange and adsorption, wetlands, managed aquifer recharge, and (3) Planning and management: public acceptance and education, economics/pricing, water quality planning and management and project/case studies. It can be seen from this review that much of the treatment technology research has mainly focused on integrated process design, membrane and other innovative technologies.
Chemical Waste and Allied Products
Authors: Hung Yung‐Tse , Aziz Hamidi Abdul , Hassan Siti Hafizan , Yeh Ruth Yu‐Li , Liu Lian‐Huey , Butler Erick
Published: October 2014

This review of literature published in 2013 focuses on waste related to chemical and allied products. The topics cover the waste management practices, hospital waste, perfume waste, pesticide waste, chemical wastewater, pesticide wastewater and pharmaceutical wastewater. The other topics include aerobic treatment, anaerobic treatment, sorption and ozonation.
Mine Drainage: Characterization, Treatment, Modeling, and Environmental Aspect
Authors: Wei Xinchao , Wolfe F. Andrew , Han Yuexin
Published: October 2014

Globally, mine drainage is a persistent environmental problem facing the mining industry. This review covers the literature published in 2013 on topics relating to acid mine drainage (AMD) or acid rock drainage (ARD) due to the presence of sulfide bearing minerals in active and abandoned coal/hard rock mining sites or waste spoil piles. This review is divided into the four sections: 1) mine drainage characterization, 2) mine drainage treatment 3) modeling and simulation, and 4) environmental aspect. Many papers presented in this review address more than one important topic and different sections presented in this review should not be regarded as being mutually‐exclusive or all‐inclusive.
Bioenergy from Biofuel Residues and Wastes
Authors: Choudri B.S. , Baawain Mahad
Published: October 2014

This review includes works published in the general scientific literature during 2013 on the production of bioenergy and biofuel from waste residues generated from bioethanol and biodiesel production with a brief overview of current and emerging feedstocks. A later section of this review summarizes literature on culturing algae for biofuels including bioreactors and open pond cultivation systems with the utilization of inorganic and organic sources of nutrients. New methods applicable to the mass culture of algae are highlighted. Algal cell harvesting and oil extraction techniques tested and developed for algae are also discussed.
Nonpoint Source Pollution
Authors: Ahmed Imtiaz Uddin , Shou Wan , Gang Daniel Dianchen
Published: October 2014

This article presents a comprehensive review of research advances in 2013 on nonpoint source (NPS) pollution mainly caused by agricultural runoff, urban stormwater, highway stormwater, and atmospheric deposition. Modeling techniques of NPS with various tools and the impact of climate change on NPS are also reviewed. Diverse control and treatment measures and best management practices (BMPs) for mitigating NPS pollution and their socioeconomic impacts are assessed.
Fate of Environmental Pollutants
Authors: Padhye Lokesh P. , Tezel Ulas
Published: October 2014

A review of the literature published in 2013 on topics relating to the fate of emerging environmental pollutants during wastewater treatment is presented. This review is divided into the following sections: emerging biological agents, estrogens, metals, nanomaterials, nutrients, persistent organic pollutants, pharmaceuticals and personal care products and herbicide, and trace organic contaminants.
Economics
Authors: Palley Paul D. , Parcero Miriam E.
Published: October 2014

A review of literature during calendar year 2013 focused on environmental policies and sustainable development, and economic policies. This review is divided into these sections: sustainable development, irrigation, ecosystems and watershed management, climate change and disaster risk management, environmental policies management, economic growth, water supply policies, water consumption, water price regulation, and valuation.
Environmental Law
Authors: Sanders Dee Ann
Published: October 2014

The activity level in water‐related environmental law was relatively low in 2013, with no new or reauthorized environmental laws enacted. The government shut‐down in October caused delays in some environmental programs, but there was significant activity on climate change. A new EPA Administrator, Gina McCarthy, took over from Lisa Jackson during 2013.
Effects of Pollution on Marine Organisms
Authors: Mearns Alan J. , Reish Donald J. , Oshida Philip S , Ginn Thomas , Rempel‐Hester Mary Ann , Arthur Courtney , Rutherford Nicolle
Published: October 2014

This review covers selected 2013 articles on the biological effects of pollutants and human physical disturbances on marine and estuarine plants, anjmals, ecosystems and habitats. The review, based largely on joumal articles, covers field and laboratory measurement activities (bioaccumulation of contaminants, field assessment surveys, toxicity testing and biomarkers) as well as pollution issues of current interest including endocrine dismpters, emerging contaminants, wastewater discharges, dredging and disposal, etc. Special emphasis is placed on effects of oil spills and marine debris due in part to the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil blowout in the Gulf of Mexico and the 2010 Japanese tswwmi. Several topical areas reviewed in the past (ballast water and ocean acidification) were dropped year. The focus of this review is on effects, not pollutant fate and transport. There is considerable overlap across subject areas (e.g.some bioaccumulation papers may be cited in other topical categories). Please use keyword searching of the text to locate related but distributed papers. Use this review only as a guide and please consult the original papers before citing them.
Infinitely many equivalent versions of the graceful tree conjecture
Authors: Wang Tao-Ming , Yang Cheng-Chang , Hsu Lih-Hsing , Cheng Eddie
Published: October 2014

A graceful labeling of a graph with q edges is a labeling of its vertices
using the integers in [0, q], such that no two vertices are assigned the same
label and each edge is uniquely identified by the absolute difference between
the labels of its endpoints. The well known Graceful Tree Conjecture (GTC)
states that all trees are graceful, and it remains open. It was proved in
1999 by Broersma and Hoede that there is an equivalent conjecture for GTC
stating that all trees containing a perfect matching are strongly graceful
(graceful with an extra condition). In this paper we extend the above result
by showing that there exist infinitely many equivalent versions of the GTC.
Moreover we verify these infinitely many equivalent conjectures of GTC for
trees of diameter at most 7. Among others we are also able to identify new
graceful trees and in particular generalize the ?-construction of
Stanton-Zarnke (and later Koh- Rogers-Tan) for building graceful trees
through two smaller given graceful trees.
Wahrheit und die erfolgreiche Praxisorientierung
Authors: Jakovljevic Dragan
Published: October 2014

In diesem Aufsatz wird pragmatistische Sicht von Wahrheit betrachtet, wie
diese im klassischen Pragmatismus (James, Pierce) eingeleitet worden ist. Im
Mittelpunkt der Untersuchung steht hierbei die Frage nach einem angemessenen
Wahrheitskriterium, d.h. die Frage nach der Brauchbarkeit von Feststellungen
ueber die erfolgreiche Anwendung unserer Annahmen, Ueberzeugungen, Ideen ...
als Indiz ihrer Richtigkeit. Aufgrund einer kritischen Analyse werden die
eigentuemlichen Grenzen dieses Kriteriums aufgezeigt, zugleich aber auch die
Moeglichkeit seiner Beibehaltung im Rahmen eines aufgelockerten und
breiteren Verstaendnisses bestaetigt, wo bei die anhaltende Bewaehrung von
Annahmen innerhalb intersubjektiver Praxis eine zentrale Rolle spielt.
Epistemology of architectural design from interdiscursive knowledge exchange to design strategy
Authors: Kordic Milena
Published: October 2014

Tracing the influence of philosophical theories on architecture, the paper
explores possibilities to expand the theoretical platform that allows for
creation of new design methodological models. If, as a contemporary cultural
context, we assume the shift in understanding of the world from determined
and rational to multiple, temporal, and complex, then the (architectural)
design models are moving from static and fixed to balanced dynamic systems.
In such dynamic systems, order and disorder are pulsing toward each other
continuously. In this paper, the transformation of existing to new design
methodological models are investigated on an example of resonance of Gilles
Deleuze?s philosophical ideas and thought-creative models of architect and
theorist Peter Eisenman. Identifying the formative conditions for design
methodology models, the paper introduces an open-end in the design
methodology structure, from which the emergence of new creative models is
possible.
Asceticism as an eclectic ethics
Authors: Fatic Aleksandar
Published: October 2014

The methodological divisions in ethics result in fundamental consequences
both on the conceptual level and in the practical applicability of such
ethics. These divisions arise from broader theoretical positions, however
they are also the work of individual moral sensibilities or 'moral
instincts', as they are called at least in the Hegelian tradition. The
deontological, consequentialist, vrtue-, developmental and other
methodological models of ethics have facilitated a miltiplication of
standards of ethical argument. This process has been intellectually
productive, however at the same time it has created significant problems for
practical philosophy, especially for applied philosophical areas which
require a clearly defined and specific referential relationship between the
key values formative of the respective ethical models on the one hand, and
the concrete moral challenges encountered by the proponents of such ethics,
on the other. The contemporary, value- and methodologically transformative
age, requires ethics to go beyond the methodological and conceptual
reductionism and adopt a synthetic and eclectic approach to moral argument.
The first question to be asked in this context is what types of already
available normative ethical models might be reinterpreted and further
developed into synthetic ethics. This paper discusses the ethics of
asceticism, primarily in the form of Christian ethics, as a good candidate
for a comprehensive and synthetic ethics. The paper purports to elucidate, on
various levels, the potential of ascetic ethics to integrate elements of
eudaimonistic ethics, duty ethics, virtue-ethics, consequentialist and
deontological ethical methodologies. To do so the paper focuses two key and,
at least by my lights, provocative questions: (1) To what extent the ethics
of asceticism is 'negative' and based solely on the principles of
self-denial, and to what extent is it able to incorporate a positive dynamic
content? In other words, can the ascetic Christian ethics be interpreted so
that it is able to integrate the concept of pleasure in the meaning of
'eudaimonia'? (2) Is an ascetic ethics able to generate specific moral
questions instrumental to a moral justification of asctions, which would
meaningfully integrate the various methods of ethical argument (minimally the
deontological, consequentialist and virtue-ethics)? If this consideration is
able to show that ascetic ethics can achieve both goals, one could reasonably
conclude that it is a good candidate for a general eclectic ethics. Of
course, this would not automatically mean that the asectic ethics is the only
potentially synthetic ethics, however it would facilitate a broader
conceptualisation of asceticism as a practical way of moral thinking geared
towards achieving a 'good life'. At the same time, such a consideration might
open an additional inroad into the formulation of general criteria which
practical philosophy, and especially ethics, would need to fulfil in order to
address the composite and synthetic issues that life in a transformative age
presents.
Children in Family Policy Discourses in Germany: From Invisible Family Members to Society's Great Hope
Authors: Lepperhoff Julia , Correll Lena
Published: October 2014

The current political and media debate in Germany is increasingly interested in children. This focus is the result of a development over several decades during which not only the demands placed on family and educational policy have changed radically, but also the role of children in the nation state has been entirely re-determined. This article therefore focuses on the question of how the status and significance of childhood have changed in family policy discourse since the foundation of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and how concepts of childhood have expanded and shifted. The analysis is based on a discourse analysis of FRG family policy from 1949 on, using four key discourse models on childhood. It states that argumentations centred on the family as an institution have gradually shifted towards argumentations focusing on child policy. This increasing significance of child policy argumentations can only be understood in conjunction with national debates on demographic, economic and education policy. Thus, the article demonstrates that the perception of children as autonomous members of the family and the rise of children as subjects with individual rights are closely connected to problems of an instrumentalisation of childhood.
Framing Narratives of Social Media, Risk and Youth Transitions: Government of ‘Not Yet’ Citizens of Technologically Advanced Nations
Authors: Owen Stephen
Published: October 2014

The proliferation of technologies in democracies of the Global North in the last century has often given rise to concerns related to the mediatisation of young people's lives. Recent decades have seen an explosion in the use of social media, social network sites and informational communication technologies among young people, which have in turn generated new sets of concerns relating to their proper use, and the potential consequences that might arise through their improper use. This article canvasses the works of four intellectuals – Baroness Susan Greenfield, Sherry Turkle, Jim Steyer and Raffi Cavoukian – all of whom have recently released books alerting parents to the potential for these technologies to harm their children in the present or the future. It is argued that these contribute to ‘life after social networking’ and ‘moral panic’ discourses that are linked to processes of subjectification and offer new sites for political and economic government in neoliberal countries of the Global North.
Abschätzung der Messunsicherheit einer Einsatzhärtungstiefe-Messung
Authors: Kempf M. , Müller P. , Velten D.
Published: October 2014

Kurzfassung

Die Kenntnis der Messunsicherheit verbessert die Aussagekraft von Einsatzhärtungstiefe-Messungen. Ausgehend von der Definition in der DIN EN ISO 2639:2002 [1] wird unter Anwendung des „Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement“ [2] die Messunsicherheit abgeschätzt. Dazu werden die Einflüsse der Härteprüfung, der Positionierung der Prüfpunkte und der Probe berücksichtigt. Das Verfahren wird an zwei Beispielen angewendet: Zunächst werden die gemäß Norm zulässigen Toleranzen vollständig ausgenutzt, anschließend die Unsicherheit eines automatisierten Härteprüfers experimentell ermittelt. In beiden Fällen dominiert der Probeneinfluss das Ergebnis.
PHYBALCHT: Kurzzeitverfahren zur Abschätzung der Ermüdungseigenschaften metallischer Werkstoffe
Authors: Kramer H. , Starke P. , Klein M. , Eifler D.
Published: October 2014

Kurzfassung

Kurzzeitverfahren zur Bewertung von Ermüdungseigenschaften metallischer Werkstoffe sind von großem wissenschaftlichem und wirtschaftlichem Interesse. Eine typische Fragestellung sind Wärmebehandlungsprozesse, bei denen eine große Variantenvielfalt auftritt und die Einflüsse individueller Prozessparameter zu bewerten sind. Mit PHYBALCHT, das auf einer zyklischen Härteprüfung beruht, wird am Lehrstuhl für Werkstoffkunde der TU Kaiserslautern ein solches Kurzzeitverfahren entwickelt. Mit PHYBALCHT kann der Proben- und Versuchsaufwand zur Ermittlung von Ermüdungseigenschaften metallischer Werkstoffe gegenüber konventionellen Verfahren erheblich reduziert werden. Aus Kraft-Eindringtiefen-Hysteresen wird eine plastische Eindringtiefenamplitude ha,p analog zur plastischen Dehnungsamplitude ermittelt und als Funktion der Zyklenzahl N aufgetragen. Dieser Messwertverlauf ist für jeden Werkstoff und Werkstoffzustand charakteristisch. Die mit PHYBALCHT ermittelten Kennwerte zeigen eine sehr gute Korrelation mit dem zyklischen Verfestigungsverhalten der untersuchten Stähle.