bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Continuous flash suppression operates in local spatial zones: effects of mask size and contrast
Authors: Han Shui'Er , Lukaszewski Raphael , Alais David
Published: July 2018

Continuous flash suppression (CFS) is a technique in which presenting one eyewith a dynamic Mondrian sequence prevents a low-contrast target in the other eye frombeing perceived for many seconds. Frequently used to study unconscious visualprocessing, CFS bears many similarities with binocular rivalry (BR), another populardichoptic stimulation technique. It is therefore puzzling that the effect of mask size andcontrast seem to differ between CFS and BR. To resolve this discrepancy, we conducted asystematic investigation on the effects of mask size and contrast in CFS. Also, buildingon findings from BR, we asked if the collinearity of the contours in the Mondrian maskerplay a role in CFS suppression. Our results showed a robust effect of mask contrast onsuppression durations, and an effect of mask size that depended on collinearity.Specifically, higher mask contrasts produced longer suppression regardless of collinearityand mask size. Mask size, on the other hand, had little effect on suppression whencollinearity was low and it weakened suppression when collinearity is high. Theseobservations parallel prior findings in BR, further substantiating the close link betweenthe two paradigms and demonstrating the usefulness of a shared explanatory frameworkdescribing both phenomena.
Lacot Blondelle Hainselin 2017_Aiguiser l'esprit critique des étudiants en Psychologie : gardons l'esprit sportif
Authors: Lacot Emilie , Blondelle Geoffrey , Hainselin Mathieu
Published: July 2018

Although critical mind is a prerequisite to many university courses, it is hard to have students interested in experimental methods courses. We present two ways to avoid this phenomenon. The first method consists in presenting a fake scientific concept, the Bill Shankly syndrome. Students generally write it without questioning, reinforced with the teacher introduced as a world-class specialist with authority. The second method, in small groups, consists in training students to check evidences and sources.These methods, crossing theories and applications in social and cognitive psychology, learning and teaching sciences, is not for Psychology only and can be developed in different areas.
Cognitive Changes in Conjunctive Rule-Based Category Learning: An ERP Approach
Authors: Rabi Rahel , Joanisse Marc F , Zhu Tianshu , Minda John Paul
Published: July 2018

PreprintWhen learning rule-based categories, sufficient cognitive resources are needed to test hypotheses, maintain the currently active rule in working memory, update rules after feedback, and to select a new rule if necessary. Prior research has demonstrated that conjunctive rules are more complex than unidimensional rules and place greater demands on executive functions like working memory. In our study, event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded while participants performed a conjunctive rule-based category learning task with trial-by-trial feedback. In line with prior research, correct categorization responses resulted in a larger stimulus-locked late positive complex compared to incorrect responses, possibly indexing the updating of rule information in memory. Incorrect trials elicited a pronounced feedback-locked P300 elicited which suggested a disconnect between perception, and the rule-based strategy. We also examined the differential processing of stimuli that were able to be correctly classified by the suboptimal single-dimensional rule (“easy” stimuli) versus those that could only be correctly classified by the optimal, conjunctive rule (“difficult” stimuli). Among strong learners, a larger, late positive slow wave emerged for difficult compared to easy stimuli, suggesting differential processing of category items even though strong learners performed well on the conjunctive category set. Overall, the findings suggest that ERP combined with computational modelling can be used to better understand the cognitive processes involved in rule-based category learning
Replications can cause distorted belief in scientific progress: BBS commentary by Białek on Zwaan et al.
Authors: Bialek Michal
Published: July 2018

If we want psychological science to have a meaningful real-world impact, it has to be trusted by the public. Scientific progress is noisy; accordingly, replications sometimes fail even for true findings. We need to communicate the acceptability of uncertainty to the public and our peers, to prevent psychology from being perceived as having nothing to say about reality.
Questions and Answers About the Policy Relevance of Personality
Authors: Roberts Brent , Hill Patrick
Published: July 2018

Personality traits are increasingly being considered as useful tools in applied settings, including education, health, industrial psychology, and economics. The initial use of personality traits in applied settings has been predicated on their ability to predict valued outcomes. Most of these initial efforts have focused on using traits under the assumption that traits are functionally unchanging. The assumption that traits are unchanging is both untrue and a limiting factor on using personality traits more widely in applied settings where the emphasis is on both selection and development. To address the misconceptions concerning personality trait change, we address seven related questions surrounding the stability and change of personality traits and their relevance to interventions. In so doing, we present a case that traits can serve both as predictors of success in applied settings, as well as potential intervention targets across different domains. Though trait change will likely prove a more difficult target outcome than typical targets in applied interventions, it also may be a more fruitful one given the variety of life domains affected by personality traits.
High attentional load enhances the susceptibility to non-speech audiovisual illusions
Authors: Michail Georgios , Keil Julian
Published: July 2018

The role of attentional processes in the integration of input from different sensory modalities is complex and multifaceted. Importantly, little is known about how simple, non-linguistic stimuli are integrated when the resources available for sensory processing are exhausted. We studied this question by examining multisensory integration under conditions of limited endogenous attentional resources. Multisensory integration was assessed through the sound-induced flash illusion (SIFI), in which a flash presented simultaneously with two short auditory beeps is often perceived as two flashes, while attentional load was manipulated using an n-back task. A one-way repeated measures ANOVA revealed that attentional load had a significant effect on the perception of the illusion while post-hoc tests showed that participants’ illusion perception was increased in high compared to low attentional load conditions. Additional analysis demonstrated that this effect was not related to a response bias. These finding provides evidence that the integration of non-speech, audiovisual stimuli is enhanced under high attentional load and it therefore supports the notion that top-down attentional control plays an essential role in multisensory integration.
The impact of cultural exposure and message framing on oral health behavior: Exploring the role of message memory
Authors: Brick Cameron
Published: July 2018

Background. Health messages are more effective when framed to be congruent with recipient characteristics, and health practitioners can strategically decide on message features to promote adherence to recommended behaviors. We present exposure to United States (U.S.) culture as a moderator of the impact of gain- vs. loss-frame messages. Since U.S. culture emphasizes individualism and approach orientation, greater cultural exposure was expected to predict improved patient choices and memory for gain- framed messages, whereas individuals with less exposure to U.S. culture would show these advantages for loss-framed messages.Methods. 223 participants viewed a written oral health message in one of three randomized conditions: gain-frame, loss-frame, or no-message control, and were given ten flosses. Cultural exposure was measured with the proportions of life spent and parents born in the U.S. At baseline and one week later, participants completed recall tests and reported recent flossing behavior.Results. Improved patient decisions (increased flossing) and memory maintenance during the week were each predicted by congruent cultural exposure and message frame (e.g., low cultural exposure and loss frame). Incongruent messages led to the same flossing as no message. Memory retention did not explain the flossing effect.Limitations. Flossing behavior was self-reported. Cultural exposure may only have practical application in either highly individualistic or collectivistic countries. Conclusions. In healthcare settings where patients are urged to follow a behavior, asking basic demographic questions could allow medical practitioners to intentionally communicate in terms of gains or losses to improve patient decision making and adherence.
Testing similarity effects with dyadic response surface analysis
Authors: Schönbrodt Felix D. , Humberg Sarah , Nestler Steffen
Published: July 2018

Dyadic similarity effect hypotheses state that the (dis)similarity between dyad members (e.g., the similarity on a personality dimension) is related to a dyadic outcome variable (e.g., the re- lationship satisfaction of both partners). Typically, these hypotheses have been investigated by using difference scores or other profile similarity indices as predictors of the outcome variables. These approaches, however, have been vigorously criticized for their conceptual and statistical shortcomings. Here, we introduce a statistical method that is based on polynomial regression and addresses most of these shortcomings: Dyadic response surface analysis (DRSA). This model is tailored for similarity effect hypotheses and fully accounts for the dyadic nature of relationship data. Furthermore, we provide a tutorial with an illustrative example and reproducible R and Mplus scripts that should assist substantive researchers in precisely formulating, testing, and interpreting their dyadic similarity effect hypotheses.
Editorial: Bayesian methods for advancing psychological science
Authors: Vandekerckhove Joachim , Rouder Jeffrey N. , Kruschke John K.
Published: July 2018

The editorial for a Special Issue of the journal Psychonomic Bulletin & Review.
Cultural differences in preferences for facial coloration (manuscript)
Authors: Han Chengyang , Wang Hongyi , Hahn Amanda , Fisher Claire , Kandrik Michal , Fasolt Vanessa , Morrison Danielle , Lee Anthony J , Holzleitner Iris Jasmin , DeBruine Lisa Marie , Jones Benedict C
Published: July 2018

Effects of facial coloration on attractiveness judgments are hypothesized to be “universal” (i.e., similar across cultures). However, only two studies have directly compared facial color preferences in two cultures. Both of those studies reported that White UK and Black African participants showed similar preferences for facial coloration. By contrast with the cross-cultural similarity reported in those studies, here we show cultural differences in the effects of facial coloration on Chinese and White UK participants' (N=196) facial attractiveness judgments. While both Chinese and White UK participants preferred faces with increased lightness and redness, Chinese participants had stronger preferences for lightness and White UK participants had stronger preferences for redness. More strikingly, while Chinese participants preferred faces with decreased yellowness, White UK participants preferred faces with increased yellowness, and this effect was not qualified by face ethnicity. These results suggest that preferences for facial coloration are not necessarily universal, but can differ across cultures.
"Green to be seen" and "brown to keep down": Identity moderates the effect of visibility on environmental behavior
Authors: Brick Cameron , Sherman David , Kim Heejung
Published: July 2018

Social identities predict pro-environmental behavior, but the strength may depend on whether the behavior is visible to others. When an environmentalist considers a pro-environmental behavior such as carrying reusable grocery bags, being observed by others may motivate signaling the valued group membership and may increase behavior ("green to be seen"). When an anti-environmentalist considers a pro-environmental behavior that could signal that unwanted social identity, being observed may lead to less behavior ("brown to keep down"). United States residents completed three correlational surveys (total N = 1,126) of identity, visibility, and self-reported behavior frequency using the Recurring Pro-environmental Behavior Scale. Three multilevel studies revealed that environmentalist identity predicted pro-environmental behavior more strongly for high-visibility behaviors, controlling for confounds at the person level (attitudes, political identity) and the behavior level (difficulty, effectiveness). This research helps uncover the key social identities and contextual factors that lead individuals to embrace or reject pro-environmental behaviors.Brick, C., Sherman, D. K., & Kim, H. S. (2017). “Green to be seen” and “brown to keep down”: Visibility moderates the effect of identity on pro-environmental behavior. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 51, 226–238. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2017.04.004
Novel representations that support rule-based categorization are acquired on-the-fly during category learning
Authors: Soto Fabian , Ashby F. Gregory
Published: July 2018

Humans learn categorization rules that are aligned with separable dimensions through a rule-based learning system, which makes learning faster and easier to generalize than categorization rules that require integration of information from different dimensions. Recent research suggests that learning to categorize objects along a completely novel dimension changes its perceptual representation, making it more separable and discriminable. Here we asked whether such newly learned dimensions could support rule-based category learning. One group received extensive categorization training and a second group did not receive such training. Later, both groups were trained in a task that made use of the category-relevant dimension, and then tested in an analogical transfer task (Experiment 1) and a button-switch interference task (Experiment 2). We expected that only the group with extensive pre-training (with well-learned dimensional representations) would show evidence of rule-based behavior in these tasks. Surprisingly, both groups performed as expected from rule-based learning. A third experiment tested whether a single session (less than one hour) of training in a categorization task would facilitate learning in a task requiring executive function. There was a substantial learning advantage for a group with brief pre-training with the relevant dimension. We hypothesize that extensive experience with separable dimensions is not required for rule-based category learning; rather, the rule-based system may learn representations “on the fly” that allow rule application. We discuss what kind of neurocomputational model might explain these data best.
What doesn’t kill you, …: Means for avoidance goal pursuit are less enjoyable than means for approach goal pursuit
Authors: Hennecke Marie
Published: July 2018

Personal goals can be directed towards approaching positive states (approach goals) or towards avoiding negative states (avoidance goals). Little is known about whether people experience the means they deploy (e.g., goal-conducive activities and objects) for approach goal pursuit in the same way they experience the means for avoidance goal pursuit. Three studies show that the means that people consider effective for their avoidance goals are experienced as less enjoyable than the means they consider effective for their approach goals (Study 1), that people consider unenjoyable means as more instrumental for avoidance than for approach goals and enjoyable means as more instrumental for approach than for avoidance goals (Study 2), and that there is a fit effect causing higher ratings of means effectiveness if a given means instrumentality for either approach or avoidance goals matches the intrinsic enjoyment of this means, that is when an enjoyable means is instrumental for an approach goal or a non-enjoyable means is instrumental for an avoidance goals (“fit” conditions) as opposed to when a non-enjoyable means is instrumental for an approach goal or an enjoyable means is instrumental for an avoidance goal (“non-fit” conditions) (Study 3). I discuss potential mechanisms, as well as consequences for means choice and self-regulation more broadly.
Using art for the development of teamwork and communication skills among health professionals: A literature review
Authors: Acai Anita , McQueen Sydney A. , McKinnon Victoria , Sonnadara Ranil
Published: July 2018

Background: In healthcare, interpersonal skills such as teamwork and communication are essential for safe, high-quality, person-centered care. Methods: Four reference databases were searched using relevant keyword combinations in order to examine how the visual and performing arts have been used to facilitate the development of teamwork and communication skills among health professionals and what the outcomes were. Reference list checking was also conducted in order to identify other relevant articles not captured in the initial search strategy. Results: Many of the studies that we reviewed revealed that after participation in the arts, participants felt positively about the experience, had a greater awareness of the importance of teamwork and communication skills in their professional practice, and reported general improvements in these skills. Conclusions: While the initial results of this review seem promising, a concerted effort to conduct more methodologically sound studies on various art forms and their effect on the development of health professionals’ interpersonal skills is required.
Afterthoughts
Authors: Vandekerckhove Joachim
Published: July 2018

Some thoughts on Bayesian inference and its applications in psychology and cognitive science.
RSA 2018 Abstract Submission - Interaction between Motivations for Using Alcohol Responsibly
Authors: Richards Dylan Keith
Published: July 2018

We examined an interaction effect between autonomous and controlled motivations for using alcohol responsibly on alcohol-related problems.
How pervasive is mind wandering, really?
Authors: Seli Paul , Beaty Roger , Cheyne James Allan , Smilek Daniel , Schacter Daniel L.
Published: July 2018

Recent claims that people spend 40-50% of their waking lives mind wandering (MW) (Killingsworth & Gilbert, 2010; Kane et al. 2007) have become widely accepted and frequently cited. While acknowledging attention to be inconstant and wavering, and MW to be ubiquitous, we argue and present evidence that such simple quantitative estimates are misleading and potentially meaningless without serious qualification. MW estimates requiring dichotomous judgments of inner experience rely on questionable assumptions about how such judgments are made and the resulting data do not permit straightforward interpretations. We present evidence that estimates of daily-life MW vary dramatically depending on response options provided. Offering participants a range of options in estimating task engagement yielded variable MW estimates, from approximately 60% to 10%, depending on assumptions made about how observers make introspective judgments about their MW experiences and how they understand what it means to be on- or off-task.
What deep learning can tell us about higher cognitive functions like mindreading?
Authors: Aru Jaan , Vicente Raul
Published: July 2018

Can deep learning (DL) guide our understanding of computations happening in biological brain? We will first briefly consider how DL has contributed to the research on visual object recognition. In the main part we will assess whether DL could also help us to clarify the computations underlying higher cognitive functions such as Theory of Mind. In addition, we will compare the objectives and learning signals of brains and machines, leading us to conclude that simply scaling up the current DL algorithms will not lead to human level mindreading skills. We then provide some insights about how to fairly compare human and DL performance. In the end we find that DL can contribute to our understanding of biological computations by providing an example of an end-to-end algorithm that solves the same problems the biological agents face.
Time, Memory, and the Legacy of Howard Eichenbaum
Authors: Ranganath Charan
Published: July 2018

Over the past 15 years, there has been an explosion of new research on the role of the hippocampus in representation of information about time in memory. Much of this work was inspired by the ideas and research of Howard Eichenbaum, who made major contributions to our understanding of the neurobiology of episodic memory and the neural representation of time. In this paper, I will review evidence regarding the role of time in understanding hippocampal function. This review will cover a broad range of evidence from studies of humans and nonhuman animals with a narrative arc that follows Howard’s major discoveries. These studies demonstrate that the hippocampus encodes information in relation to an episodic context, and that time, as well as space, serves to define these contexts. Moreover, the research has shown that the hippocampus can encode temporal, spatial, and situational information in parallel. Building on this work, I present a new framework for understanding temporal structure in human episodic memory. I conclude by outlining current controversies and new questions that must be addressed by the field in the years to come.
The effect of incongruency and cognitive load on short-term verbatim and gist memory in the Conjoint Recognition paradigm
Authors: Stahl Christoph , Klauer Karl Christoph
Published: July 2018

The present research investigated effects of schema incongruency and cognitive load at encoding on short-term memory. Memory for items that are incongruent with an active schema is sometimes found to be more accurate than memory for schema-congruent items. A recent model predicts that this effect is especially pronounced under cognitive load. Two studies manipulated cognitive load and schema incongruency of study items. Verbatim and gist memory for the items was assessed. According to the attention-elaboration (AE) framework, an incongruency advantage is predicted for verbatim and gist memory that is expected to decrease under cognitive load. According to the Encoding Flexibility model (EFM), as cognitive load increases, verbatim memory should favor incongruent over congruent items and gist memory should be superior for congruent items. Based upon a multinomial model that dissociates verbatim and gist memory, the results provide direct evidence for a verbatim and a gist memory advantage for expectancyincongruent information, confirming AE predictions. Consistent with the EFM, the verbatim incongruency advantage was increased under moderate (but not strong) cognitive load. An integrative framework is proposed to account for the results.
How visual experience and task context modulate the use of internal and external spatial coordinate for perception and action
Authors: Crollen Virginie , Spruyt Tiffany , Mahau Pierre , Bottini Roberto , Collignon Olivier
Published: July 2018

Recent studies proposed that the use of internal and external coordinate systems may be more flexible in congenitally blind when compared to sighted individuals. To investigate this hypothesis further, we asked congenitally blind and sighted people to perform, with the hands uncrossed and crossed over the body midline, a tactile TOJ and an auditory Simon task. Crucially, both tasks were carried out under task instructions either favoring the use of an internal (left vs. right hand) or an external (left vs. right hemispace) frame of reference. In the internal condition of the TOJ task, our results replicated previous findings (Röder et al., 2004) showing that hand crossing only impaired sighted participants’ performance, suggesting that blind people did not activate by default a (conflicting) external frame of reference. However, under external instructions, a decrease of performance was observed in both groups, suggesting that even blind people activated an external coordinate system in this condition. In the Simon task, and in contrast with a previous study (Roder et al., 2007), both groups responded more efficiently when the sound was presented from the same side of the response (‘‘Simon effect’’) independently of the hands position. This was true under the internal and external conditions, therefore suggesting that blind and sighted by default activated an external coordinate system in this task. All together, these data comprehensively demonstrate how visual experience shapes the default weight attributed to internal and external coordinate systems for action and perception depending on task demand.
Neural responses to perturbations in visual and auditory metronomes during sensorimotor synchronization
Authors: Balasubramaniam Ramesh , Comstock Daniel
Published: July 2018

Tapping in synchrony to an isochronous rhythm involves several key functions of the sensorimotor system including timing, prediction and error correction. While auditory sensorimotor synchronization (SMS) has been well studied, much less is known about mechanisms involved in visual SMS. By comparing error correction in auditory and visual SMS, it can be determined if the neural mechanisms for detection and correction of synchronization errors are generalized or domain specific. To study this problem, we measured EEG while subjects tapped in synchrony to separate visual and auditory metronomes that both contained small temporal perturbations to induce errors. The metronomes had inter-onset intervals of 600 milliseconds and the perturbations where of 4 kinds: +/- 66 milliseconds to induce period corrections, and +/- 16 milliseconds to induce phase corrections. We hypothesize that given the less precise nature of visual SMS, error correction to perturbed visual flashing rhythms will be more gradual than with the equivalent auditory perturbations. Additionally, we expect this more gradual error correction will be reflected in the visual evoked potentials. Our findings indicate that the visual system is only capable of more gradual phase corrections to even the larger induced errors. This is opposed to the swifter period correction of the auditory system to large induced errors. EEG data found the peak N1 auditory evoked potential is modulated by the size and direction of an induced error in line with previous research, while the P1 visual evoked potential was only effected by the large late-coming perturbations resulting in reduced peak latency. Looking at the error response EEG data, an Error Related Negativity (ERN) and related Error Positivity (pE) was found only in the auditory +66 condition, while no ERN or pE were found in any of the visual perturbation conditions. In addition to the ERPs, we performed a dipole source localization and clustering analysis indicating that the anterior cingulate was active in the error detection of the perturbed stimulus for both auditory and visual conditions in addition to being involved in producing the ERN and pE induced by the auditory +66 perturbation. Taken together, these results confirm that the visual system is less developed for synchronizing and error correction with flashing rhythms by its more gradual error correction. The reduced latency of the P1 to the visual +66 suggests that the visual system can detect these errors, but that detection does not translate into any meaningful improvement in error correction. This indicates that the visual system is not as tightly coupled to the motor system as the auditory system is for SMS, suggesting the mechanisms of SMS are not completely domain general.
Neural coding partially accounts for the relation between children’s number line estimation and numerical comparison performance
Authors: Prather Richard
Published: July 2018

Numerical comparison is a primary measure of the acuity of children’s approximate number system (ANS). ANS acuity is associated with key developmental outcomes such as symbolic number skill, standardized test scores and even employment outcomes(Halberda, Mazzocco, & Feigenson, 2008; Parsons & Bynner, 1997). We examine the relation between children’s performance on the numerical comparison task and the number line estimation task. It is important to characterize the relation between tasks in order to develop mathematics interventions that lead to transfer across tasks. We find that number line performance is significantly predicted by non-symbolic comparison performance for participants ranging in age from 5 to 8 years. We also evaluate, using a computational model, if the relation between the two tasks can be adequately explained based on known neural correlates of number perception. Data from humans and non-human primates characterizes neural activity corresponding to the perception of numerosities. Results of behavioral experimentation and computational modeling suggest that though neural coding of number predicts a correlation in participants’ performance on the two tasks, it cannot account for all of the variability in the human data. This is interpreted as consistent with accounts of number line estimation in which number line estimation does not rely solely on participants’ numerical perception.
Will We Be Harmed, Will It Be Severe, Can We Protect Ourselves? Threat Appraisals Predict Collective Angst (and Its Consequences)
Authors: Tabri Nassim , Wohl Michael Jeremy Adam , Caouette Julie
Published: July 2018

Across four studies, we applied the cognitive model of anxiety (Clark & Beck, 2010) to explicate the appraisals that elicit collective angst (i.e., concern for the ingroup’s future vitality). In Study 1a, consistent with the model, Québécois experienced collective angst when they appraised a threat 1) as likely to harm their group, 2) as severely harming their group, and 3) appraised Québécois as not having efficacy to protect their group. In Study 1b, results were replicated in the context of the realistic threat that Islamic extremists pose to Christian-Lebanese. In Studies 2a and 2b, we manipulated the three appraisals and found a similar pattern of results in the context of a potential terrorist attack on American soil by Islamic extremists. Importantly, collective angst mediated the threat appraisal effect on (non-Muslim) Americans’ prejudice towards Muslims. The utility of the appraisal model for regulating collective angst (and thus its consequences) are discussed.
Risk of schizophrenia, schizoaffective, and bipolar disorders by migrant status, region of origin, and age-at-migration: A national cohort study of 1.8 million people
Authors: Dykxhoorn Jen , Hollander Anna-Clara , Lewis Glyn , Magnusson Cecelia , Dalman Christina , Kirkbride James Bowes
Published: July 2018

Background: We assessed whether risk of various psychotic disorders and non-psychotic bipolar disorder (including mania) varied by migrant status, region of origin, or age-at-migration, hypothesizing that risk would only be elevated for psychotic disorders. Methods: We established a prospective cohort of 1,796,257 Swedish residents born between 1982-97, followed from their 15th birthday, or immigration to Sweden after age 15, until diagnosis, emigration, death, or end of 2011. Cox proportional hazards models were used to model hazard ratios by migration-related factors, adjusted for covariates. Results: All psychotic disorders were elevated among migrants and their children compared with Swedish-born individuals, including schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] - migrants: 2.20, 95%CI: 1.96-2.47; aHR-children: 2.00, 95%CI: 1.79-2.25), affective psychotic disorders (aHR-migrant: 1.42, 95%CI: 1.25-1.63; aHR-children: 1.22 95%CI: 1.07-1.40), and other non-affective psychotic disorders (aHR-migrant: 1.97, 95%CI: 1.81-2.14; aHR-children: 1.68, 95%CI: 1.54-1.83). For all psychotic disorders, risks were generally highest in migrants from Africa (i.e. aHR-schizophrenia: 5.24, 95%CI: 4.26-6.45) and elevated at most ages-of-migration. By contrast, risk of non-psychotic bipolar disorders was lower for migrants (aHR: 0.58, 95%CI: 0.52-0.64) overall, and across all ages-of-migration except infancy (aHR: 1.20; 95%CI: 1.01-1.42), while risk for their children was similar to the Swedish-born population (aHR: 1.00, 95%CI: 0.93-1.08). Conclusions: Increased risk of psychiatric disorders associated with migration and minority status may be specific to psychotic disorders, with exact risk dependent on region of origin.
"A new wiki way?" - An experimental study of collaborative knowledge building scripts
Authors: Heimbuch Sven , Uhde Kerstin , Bodemer Daniel
Published: July 2018

One of Wikipedia's main guiding principles reads as follows: Be Bold. From Wikipedia's early days on users were encouraged to share their knowledge at any convenient time without major restrictions by either adding new content or editing the encyclopaedia's existing content in the sense of knowledge building in collaborative writing systems. In order to ensure that authors and editors of articles successfully collaborate on shared knowledge artifacts, rules and guidelines have been implemented into the community closely related to the "Be Bold" principle. One of these guidelines is the so-called Bold, Revert, Discuss (BRD) Cycle that describes a workflow corresponding to a collaboration script on how individuals in an environment like Wikipedia should interact with each other to jointly create and manage articles. This cycle was primarily implemented to attract masses of new authors and editors to the community by lowering the bar for participation. From today's point of view it is debatable if this procedure should be further promoted or if alternative methods as the in this study proposed script Discuss, Deliberate, Revise (DDR) prove themselves as more effective for knowledge building with a special focus on socio-cognitive conflicts in wikis. We expect that students collaboratively working together using the DDR alternative script will produce qualitatively higher articles and will perform better in a knowledge test about the study's topic.
Race and politics in the 2016 United States Presidential primaries - NMCS 2017
Authors: Trent Jessica , Signorella Margaret L.
Published: July 2018

We will assess whether there is a correlation between political affiliations during the 2016 presidential primaries and attitudes regarding current racial issues in the United States (i.e. systemic racism, gentrification, police brutality, educational inequality).
The Accuracy of Demographic Stereotypes
Authors: Jussim Lee
Published: July 2018

This paper reviews evidence on the accuracy of demographic stereotypes. Doing so requires first discussing how to define stereotypes and how to assess their accuracy. Evidence is then reviewed showing that race, gender, and age stereotypes tend to be moderately to highly accurate. Recent work on “implicit bias” also shows that implicit stereotypes primarily reflect social realities rather than prejudices. Evidence on person perception is also reviewed showing that people tend to rely on the most diagnostic information when judging others and, in general, that means relying on individuating information. Nonetheless, relying on a stereotype has generally been found to increase rather than reduce the accuracy of person perception. Because prior theory and research has focused primarily on sources of inaccuracy in stereotypes, it seems to have largely missed the mark. Therefore, we also review research on several processes that might help explain these relatively high levels of stereotype accuracy. Last, limitations to existing research on stereotype accuracy are discussed, as are directions for future research.
A Comprehensive Method of Single-Case Data Analysis: Interrupted Time-Series Simulation (ITSSIM)
Authors: Tarlow Kevin , Brossart Daniel
Published: July 2018

Single-case experimental methods are used across a range of educational and psychological research. Single-case data are analyzed with a variety of methods, but no statistic has demonstrated clear superiority over other methods. The time-series nature of single-case designs requires special consideration for baseline trend and autocorrelation when estimating intervention effect size. However, standard correction methods are limited because they assume precise statistical estimation of trend and autocorrelation. Unlike standard correction methods, Monte Carlo simulation methods can address the poor precision of single-case effect size indices. This paper presents the rationale for a new simulation method, Interrupted Time-Series Simulation (ITSSIM). A small field test was also conducted, and ITSSIM performed similarly to sophisticated multilevel methods for single-case research. ITSSIM is accessible as a free software application that requires no prior knowledge of statistical computing or syntax. ITSSIM may be used to estimate the effect size of a single interrupted time-series (AB design), and multiple ITSSIM effect size estimates may be combined via meta-analysis.
The strengths of wisdom provide unique contribution to improved leadership, sustainability, inequality, Gross National Happiness, and civic discourse in the face of contemporary world problems
Authors: Grossmann Igor , Brienza Justin Peter
Published: July 2018

We present evidence for the strengths of intellectual virtues philosophers and behavioral scientists characterize as key cognitive elements of wisdom. Wisdom has been of centuries-long interest for philosophical scholarship, but relative to intelligence largely neglected in public discourse on educational science, public policy, and societal well-being. Wise reasoning characteristics include intellectual humility, recognition of uncertainty, consideration of diverse viewpoints, and an attempt to integrate these viewpoints. Emerging scholarship on these features of wisdom suggest that they uniquely contribute to societal well-being, improve leadership, shed light on societal inequality, promote cooperation in Public Goods Games and reduce political polarization and intergroup-hostility. We review empirical evidence about macro-cultural, ecological, situational and person-level processes facilitating and inhibiting wisdom in daily life. Based on this evidence, we speculate about ways to foster wisdom in education, organizations and institutions.
Variable Selection in Structural Equation Models with Regularized MIMIC Models
Authors: Jacobucci Ross , Kievit Rogier , Brandmaier Andreas Markus
Published: July 2018

Methodological innovations have allowed researchers to consider increasingly sophisticated statistical models that are better in line with the complexities of real world behavioural data. However, despite these powerful new analytic approaches, sample sizes may not always be sufficiently large to deal with the increase in model complexity. This poses a difficult modeling scenario that entails large models with a comparably limited number of observations given the number of parameters (also known as the “small n, large p” problem). We here describe a particular strategy to overcoming this challenge, called regularization. Regularization, a method to penalize model complexity during estimation, has proven a viable option for estimating parameters in this small n, large p settings, but has so far mostly been used in linear regression models. Here we show how to integrate regularization within structural equation models, a popular analytic approach in psychology. We first describe the rationale behind regularization in regression contexts, and how it can be extended to regularized structural equation modeling (Jacobucci, Grimm, & McArdle, 2016). Our approach is evaluated through the use of a simulation study, showing that regularized SEM outperforms traditional SEM estimation methods in situations with a large number of predictors, or when sample size is small. We illustrate the power of this approach in a N=627 example from the CAM-CAN study, modeling the neural determinants of visual short term memory. We illustrate the performance of the method and discuss practical aspects of modeling empirical data, and provide a step-by-step online tutorial.
Ideological Fit Enhances Interpersonal Orientations
Authors: Chopik William J. , Motyl Matt
Published: July 2018

Living among politically dissimilar others leads individuals to feel left out and ultimately predicts mobility away from an area. But does living in politically incongruent environment affect how we relate to other people? In two national samples (N = 12,846 and N = 6,316), the congruence between an individual’s ideological orientation and their community’s ideological orientation were examined. Lack of ideological fit with one’s environment was associated with a difficulty to form close relationships and lower perspective taking. Our findings illustrate the psychological effects of living among dissimilar others and possible explanations for how social environments modulate interpersonal relations.
Introducing COSMOS: a web-platform for multimodal game-based psychological assessment geared towards open science practice
Authors: Aeberhard Andy , Gschwind Leo , Kossowsky Joe , Luksys Gediminas , de Quervain Dominique , Papassotiropoulos Andreas , Vogler Christian
Published: July 2018

We have established the COgnitive Science Metrics Online Survey (COSMOS) platform that contains a digital psychometrics toolset in the guise of applied games measuring a wide range of cognitive functions. Here we are outlining this online research endeavor designed for automatized psychometric data collection and scalable assessment: Once set up, the low costs and expenditure associated with individual psychometric testing allow substantially increased study cohorts and thus contribute to enhancing study outcome reliability. We are leveraging gamification of the data acquisition method to make the tests suitable for online administration. By putting a strong focus on entertainment and individually tailored feedback, we aim to maximize subjects’ incentives for repeated and continued participation. The objective of measuring repeatedly is obtaining more revealing multi-trial average scores and measures from various operationalizations of the same psychological construct instead of relying on single-shot measurements. COSMOS is set up to acquire an automatically and continuously growing dataset that can be used to answer a wide variety of research questions.Following the principles of the open science movement, this data set will also be made accessible to other publicly-funded researchers, given that all precautions for individual data protection are fulfilled. We have developed a secure hosting platform and a series of digital gamified testing instruments that can measure theory of mind, attention, working memory, episodic long- and short-term memory, spatial memory, reaction times, eye-hand coordination, impulsivity, humor appreciation, altruism, fairness, strategic thinking, decision making and risk-taking behavior. Furthermore, some of the game-based testing instruments also offer the possibility of using classical questionnaire items. A subset of these gamified tests is already implemented in the COSMOS platform, publicly accessible and currently undergoing evaluation and calibration as normative data is being collected. In summary, our approach can be used to accomplish a detailed and reliable psychometric characterization of thousands of individuals to supply various studies with large-scale neuro-cognitive phenotypes. Our game-based online testing strategy can also guide recruitment for studies as they allow very efficient screening and sample composition. Finally, this setup also allows to evaluate potential cognitive training effects and whether improvements are merely task specific or if generalization effects occur in or even across cognitive domains.
Trait Ratings for the Radboud Faces Database
Authors: Jaeger Bastian
Published: July 2018

Since its publication, the Radboud Faces Database (RaFD; Langner et al., 2010) has become one of the most widely used face databases. At the time of writing, it has been cited more than 1,400 times. The database includes validation data such as rated genuineness, clarity, and intensity of the displayed facial expression. Ratings of models’ attractiveness based on their neutral, frontal gaze image is also available and age data for most models can be found at http://gijsbijlstra.nl/rafd-ratings/. These ratings are useful for researchers who want to (a) select models who score particularly low or high on a certain characteristic, (b) ensure that different image sets do not significantly differ on certain characteristics, or (c) control for these characteristics in statistical analyses. Here, additional trait ratings for all 39 models of the RaFD’s Caucasian Adult Subset (neutral expression, frontal gaze) are presented. The models were rated on 19 trait dimensions: trustworthiness, dominance, attractiveness, competence, openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, emotional stability, aggressiveness, friendliness, health, intelligence, anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise.
Self-Regulation and Social Pressure Reduce Prejudiced Responding and Increase Motivation to be Non-Prejudiced
Authors: Buzinski Steven G. , Kitchens Michael B.
Published: July 2018

Self-regulation constrains the expression of prejudice, but when self-regulation falters, the immediate environment can act as an external source of prejudice regulation. This hypothesis derives from work demonstrating that external controls and internal self-regulation can prompt goal pursuit in the absence of self-imposed controls. Across four studies we found support for this complementary model of prejudice regulation. In Study 1, self-regulatory fatigue resulted in less motivation to be non-prejudiced, compared to a non-fatigued control. In Study 2, strong (vs. weak) perceived social pressure was related to greater motivation to be non-prejudiced. In Study 3, dispositional self-regulation predicted non-prejudice motivation when perceived social pressure was weak or moderate, but not when it was strong. Finally, in Study 4 self-regulatory fatigue increased prejudice when social pressure was weak but not when it was strong.
Partial color word comprehension precedes production
Authors: Wagner Katherine , Jergens Jill , Barner David
Published: July 2018

Previous studies report that children use color words haphazardly beforeacquiring adult-like meanings. The most common explanation is that childrendo not abstract color as a domain of linguistic meaning until severalmonths after they begin producing color words, resulting in a stage duringwhich children produce but do not comprehend color words. Contrary to thisaccount, the current study provides converging evidence from multiplemeasures that toddlers (N=55; 18-33 mos) acquire partial but systematiccolor word meanings often before production, although adult meanings areacquired much later. These data support the idea that inductive processesof category formation, rather than problems abstracting color, explain thedelay between children’s first production of color words and mastery ofadult meanings.