bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling service encounters and customer experiential value in retailing
Authors: Keng Ching‐Jui , Huang Tseng‐Lung , Zheng Li‐Jie , Hsu Maxwell K.
Published: August 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to explore the impacts of service encounters on customer experiential value and subsequently on customer behavioral intentions in a shopping mall context in Taiwan.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were gathered using mall intercepts at three large shopping malls in northern Taiwan. Structural equation modeling was employed to assess the proposed research model empirically.

Findings

The empirical results revealed that: personal interaction encounters positively influenced perceptions of efficiency and excellence value; physical environment encounters positively affected perceptions of playfulness and aesthetics; and all dimensions of customer experiential value (i.e. efficiency, service excellence, playfulness, and aesthetics) positively affected customer behavioral intentions.

Originality/value

Following Bitner's suggestion in 1990, the present study classified service encounters into two dimensions – personal interaction encounters and physical environment encounters. Further, the empirical findings revealed that customer experiential value mediated the relationship between service encounters and consumer behavioral intentions.
The innovation development process of Michelin‐starred chefs
Authors: Ottenbacher Michael , Harrington Robert J.
Published: August 2007

Purpose

This paper aims to compare and contrast the innovation process described by Michelin‐starred chefs with existing theoretical innovation process models.

Design/methodology/approach

Semi structured interviews with Michelin‐starred chefs in Germany were conducted to better understand the underlying factors and dimensions that describe process practices. A sample of 12 Michelin‐starred chefs awarded one, two or the maximum of three stars were interviewed about how they develop new food creations in their restaurants.

Findings

Research results indicated that the development process of Michelin‐starred chefs has similarities and differences to traditional concepts of new product development. Michelin‐starred chefs' innovation processes do not include a business analysis stage and because of the simultaneity of production and consumption and the importance of human factors in service delivery, employees play a more important role in fine dining innovation than in other product innovation situations. Furthermore, Michelin‐starred chefs' innovation processes do not implement an all‐encompassing evaluation system.

Research limitations/implications

The study was conducted in only one country and on a small sample. Based on an analysis of the findings, the innovation development process of Michelin chefs can be broken down into seven main steps.

Originality/value

The present study expands the scope of hospitality innovation research and the findings have not only important implications for high‐end restaurant settings but also other restaurant segments, and other hospitality service endeavors.
Dyadic integration of the performance management process
Authors: Forslund Helena , Jonsson Patrik
Published: August 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore how to integrate the performance management (PM) process of delivery service in customer/supplier dyads.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper is based on a multiple case study of six customer/supplier dyads of manufacturing companies.

Findings

The analysis focuses on describing and comparing the activities of the PM process. Most activities show low levels of integration in the dyads studied. Defining metrics and target setting are considered most important to integrate. Lack of common metrics definitions and ERP deficiencies were important obstacles for integration. Research issues related to four areas of supply chain PM are discussed.

Research limitations/implications

The study ends with a number of suggestions for further research on the PM process in supply chains. Proceeding into these studies is necessary for increasing knowledge about PM.

Practical implications

The paper reveals practical problems and outlines practical issues in integrating and handling the PM process in dyads, especially when measuring delivery service using the on‐time delivery metric. It also presents a model for describing and integrating the PM process and its activities.

Originality/value

Practical implications and generation of multiple issues for further research applying a dyadic approach in supply chain PM, a research approach that is quite uncommon.
Developing mixed convection of a nanofluid in a horizontal tube with uniform heat flux
Authors: Akbari M. , Behzadmehr A.
Published: August 2007

Purpose

This paper seeks to show the effect of using nanofluid on mixed convection heat transfer in a horizontal tube.

Design/methodology/approach

Three‐dimensional elliptic governing equation has been solved using finite volume approach. Grid independence test has been performed to find the suitable grids. Obtained numerical results have been validated with the available experimental and numerical results in the literature. Parametric study has been done to see the effects of Reynolds number, Grashof number and volume fraction of the nanoparticles on the hydrodynamic and thermal parameters in a horizontal tube.

Findings

The nanoparticles volume fraction does not have a direct effect on the secondary flow and the skin friction coefficient. However, its effect on the entire fluid temperature causes the strength of the secondary flow to reduce. For a given Grashof number, increasing the particles' concentration augments convective heat transfer coefficient. It does not have a significant effect on the skin friction coefficient at the low Grashof number. However, skin friction coefficient is slightly affected at the higher Grashof numbers.

Research limitations/implications

The Grashof number is limited for which the Boussinesq hypothesis for the variation of density with the temperature would be valid.

Practical implications

This paper promotes designing heat exchangers, solar collectors, cooling electronic devices.

Originality/value

Nanofluid mixed convection in a horizontal tube has been studied and the effects of nanoparticles concentration on the hydrodynamic and thermal parameters have been shown and discussed.
Simulation of heap leaching process in a bed of porous and spherical ore particles
Authors: Sheikhzadeh G.A. , Mehrabian M.A.
Published: August 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to apply the numerical methods to study the heap leaching process in a bed of porous and spherical ore particles. This study is performed in two stages: first, modeling the leaching process of a soluble mineral from a spherical and porous ore particle to obtain the distribution of mineral concentrations, leaching solvent concentration and dissolved mineral in the particles (the particle model), and second, modeling the heap leaching of the mineral from a porous bed consisting of spherical and porous ore particles to obtain the distribution of mineral concentrations, leaching solvent concentration and dissolved mineral in the bed (the bed model).

Design/methodology/approach

The governing equations are derived for the particle model, and then converted into non‐dimensional form using reference quantities. The non‐dimensional equations are discretised on a uniform spherical grid fitted to the particle using finite difference method. The resulting algebraic equations are solved using Tri‐Diagonal Matrix Algorithm, and the governing equations are derived for the bed model, and then converted into non‐dimensional form using reference quantities. The non‐dimensional equations are discretised explicitly on a one‐dimensional and uniform grid fitted to the bed. The unknown quantities are evaluated using the corresponding values at the previous time interval.

Findings

The results obtained from numerical modeling show that, when the particle has a low diffusion resistance or a high chemical resistance, the reaction takes place slowly and homogeneously throughout the ore particle. On the other hand, when the bed has a low convection resistance, the reaction takes place homogeneously throughout the bed. As the convection resistance increases, the non‐homogeneous (local) behavior predominates. It is also noticed that, when the chemical reaction resistance is high, the reaction takes place homogeneously throughout the bed.

Research limitations/implications

The dynamic diffusion and movement of solution in the ore particles and ore bed are not modeled and volumetric ratio of solution in the particles and the bed and also vertical velocity of solution in the bed are assumed to be fixed constants.

Practical implications

This study shows that the reaction takes place homogeneously throughout the bed when the convection resistance is low, the diffusion resistance is high, the concentration resistance is low, and the chemical reaction resistance is high.

Originality/value

Homogeneous reaction conditions being suitable for heap leaching operations are identified. Thus, it is recommended to approach the above conditions when preparing ore heaps and designing the relevant operation.
Language and ethnicity in international management
Authors: Lauring Jakob
Published: August 2007

Purpose

Managing people in a multinational corporation most often means, communicating across cultural as well as linguistic boundaries. Through the study of Danish expatriates in Saudi Arabia this paper sets out to investigate the use of language as related to ethnicity and group formation.

Design/methodology/approach

Investigating the use of language in international settings, an ethnographic fieldwork methodology relying on longitudinal participant observations and semi‐structured interviews is applied.

Findings

The relation between language usage and ethnicity is discussed with regard to cross‐cultural management. Based on a case of Danish expatriates, language can be identified as linked to social strategies of inclusion and exclusion.

Practical implications

The analysis indicates that language use should be conceived as a dynamic process linked to social strategies facilitating categorization of groups in the struggle for resources and recognition. It is recommended that the character of language as linked to social strategies is taken into account in international business. Ignoring the important role of language in multinational corporations may lead to loss of resources and hindrances to organizational and managerial development due to the lack of communication and knowledge sharing.

Originality/value

By applying a process‐oriented theoretical perspective combined with an iterative data collection, new insights into the social dynamics of language use in multinational corporations are provided.
Inter‐organizational learning across levels: an object‐oriented approach
Authors: Toiviainen Hanna
Published: August 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the research methodology of analyzing learning in inter‐organizational networks based on an object‐oriented approach.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper draws from the cultural‐historical activity theory (CHAT), specifically from the concepts of the object of activity, developmental contradiction, and expansive learning. An intermediate concept, the “learning event,” is elaborated to study in a longitudinal way collaboration in a small‐firm network.

Findings

Learning in inter‐organizational networks is best captured by analyzing historically the expansive object‐creation at multiple levels of activity. Learning takes place in a dialectical movement across the levels of collaboration and across the objects and outcomes created. Transitions across the levels are critical for learning apparently enhanced by a network's innovative capacity to create intermediate levels. This vertical dimension of collaboration alongside the horizontal dimension may enrich the CHAT approach.

Research limitations/implications

The model of learning across levels is a generalization to be applied to analyses of learning in networks. The levels are historically emergent and are to be contextually explored case by case.

Practical implications

Network partners are encouraged to analyze and utilize the learning potential of network activity where models are needed as pedagogic and developmental tools.

Originality/value

The paper introduces a novel way of conceiving the levels of learning, and strengthens the focus on the object of activity accompanied by contradictions and tensions energizing collaboration and learning, which are often omitted in inter‐organizational studies.
Analysing third generation activity systems: labour‐power, subject position and personal transformation
Authors: Daniels Harry , Warmington Paul
Published: August 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to describe how Engeström's “third generation” activity theory, with its emphasis on developing conceptual tools to understand dialogues, multiple perspectives and networks of interacting activity systems, has informed research into professional learning in multiagency service settings in England.

Design/methodology/approach

Researchers worked intensively with multi‐professional teams in five English local authorities. Through the use of developmental research work (DWR) methodologies, they sought to understand and facilitate the expansive learning that takes place in and for multiagency work.

Findings

Provisional analysis of data has emphasised the need to understand activity systems in terms of contradictions, which may be developed through reference to the notion of labour‐power; subject positioning and identity within activities; emotional experiencing in processes of personal transformation. The general working hypothesis of learning itself requires expansion to include notions of experiencing and identity formation within an account that includes systematic and coherent analysis of the wider social structuring of society.

Practical implications

The paper describes the beginnings of a refinement of DWR methodology, workshop methods and activity theory derived analyses of data generated through DWR.

Originality/value

The analysis offered represents an advance beyond second generation activity theory, which was concerned with single activity systems. The conceptual strands (upon labour‐power related contradictions, subject positioning, emotional experiencing) have been under‐developed in activity theory. This project exemplifies the complexities of the “dual motive” of object‐oriented activity systems.
Organizational culture and intellectual capital: a new model
Authors: Sánchez‐Cañizares Sandra M. , Ángel Ayuso Muñoz Miguel , López‐Guzmán Tomás
Published: August 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to examine the connection between the concepts of organizational culture and intellectual capital to enable the proposal of a model to measure intellectual capital. This model highlights culture as an essential component of intellectual capital.

Design/methodology/approach

The study begins with an analysis of the connection between the concepts of organizational culture and intellectual capital. It then examines the principal models that are used to measure intellectual capital, focusing on their structure and the location of culture. The importance of this capital for organizations is emphasized.

Findings

The paper proposes a new model to measure intellectual capital. This model considers culture as the central nucleus around which the remaining integrated capitals configure. The importance of cultural capital is seen within organizations at two levels: the national culture; and the culture of the organization. These are essential features, and give internal logic to the proposed model.

Originality/value

The models of measurement of intellectual capital lack an internal logic which would synchronize the elements with the variables employed when characterizing intellectual capital as a body. There is a tendency to consider each of the elements or capitals mentioned as independent, without a nexus existing to connect them. This paper centres on the search for the stated internal logic and for the consideration of culture as a key element in this. This gives a new focus to the role that is played by the configuration of intellectual capital in each enterprise.
Which IC components explain national IC stocks?
Authors: Luis Hervas‐Oliver José , Dalmau‐Porta Juan Ignacio
Published: August 2007

Purpose

The paper seeks to provide a consistent theoretical framework to measure national intellectual capital (IC) and also empirical evidence on the core factors which explain countries' IC stocks.

Design/methodology/approach

A multidisciplinary theoretical framework is provided to underpin research on regional/national IC. Empirical evidence through multivariate methodology is used in order to design a method to extract the national IC drivers which can explain countries' IC stocks in OECD countries in the years 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2005.

Findings

Theoretical bases of IC are presented to contribute to expanding territorial IC fundamentals and a regional/national IC model is developed. Results show that technological capability and the governmental policy oriented to business are both key factors in mapping the position of the nation in the IC ranking and both are mainly responsible for the levels of countries' IC.

Research limitations/implications

The sample was limited to OECD countries.

Practical implications

The paper is a very useful source of information for policymakers. The paper also opens a necessary debate on the critical areas that need to be reinforced in order to develop regional and national knowledge and national IC platforms. The IC index offered thus explains the key areas in need of improvement in order to upgrade the national IC.

Originality/value

To date, no study has identified the critical IC areas, but rankings have been drawn up with no conclusions at all. This exploratory study adds new empirical evidence to fill this gap in the research.
Does intellectual capital disclosure reduce an IPO's cost of capital?
Authors: Singh Inderpal , Mitchell Van der Zahn J.‐L.W.
Published: August 2007

Purpose

The pivotal aim is to examine the association between underpricing and intellectual capital (IC) disclosures amongst Singapore initial public offerings (IPOs). A secondary aim is to elaborate on the research by Bukh into IC disclosures by Danish IPOs.

Design/methodology/approach

Using a theoretical framework based on the notions of ex ante uncertainty and information asymmetry, the study examines empirically 334 Singapore IPO prospectuses between 1997 and 2004.

Findings

Contrary to theoretical predictions and much of the prior financial disclosure/underpricing research, we find a positive association between underpricing and the extent of IC disclosure. Additional sub‐sample analysis shows that the positive association holds across the market's broader industry base, but is strongest amongst IPOs that are heavily reliant on IC resources.

Research limitations/implications

The research studies Singapore IPOs only, within a specific timeframe (1997‐2004), and concentrates on a single disclosure mechanism (though the one considered most significant to an IPO).

Practical implications

Empirical analysis suggests issuers may not use IC disclosures effectively to reduce their cost of capital. Rather, they use IC disclosures as a strategic tool to complement underpricing. Further, findings suggest policymakers may need to introduce minimal uniform IC disclosure requirements to prevent a speculative IPO market from developing as the significance of IC increases.

Originality/value

Study is the first to provide empirical evidence of the association between IC disclosures and underpricing. Further, it is one of the very first to examine the consequences of IC disclosures and thereby provide a new path for future IC disclosure research.
The Heathen are Wrong
Authors: Dean J. J.
Published: August 2007

‘I was there when France fell; and I have written this book to mourn her.’ Many English-speaking people were there when France fell, and many have written books, to mourn the collapse of her army, or the dissolution of her political machine, or the capture of Paris, or the surrender of her navy. But the France mourned here, with this pall of many colours and many patterns, is not the agony of events that announced her painful death, but the reality of France, dying beneath the suffering of the last fatal illness : France as men of the French way of thinking loved and understood her. This reality is not widely, or at any rate not fully, understood in England and America; it is not understood what has died, nor what is the loss caused by that death, nor the true nature of the disease from within and the enemy from without which combined to bring about this disaster. These are the three leading strains of Mr. Bagger’s ‘Impersonal Autobiography,’ which he calls ‘an account of the End of Our Time in terms of one man’s life,’ likening himself to a scribe hurrying away from the sack of Cnossus, that most modern and urban of ancient cultural centres, to tell the Egyptians ‘to look to their fences and defences.’ For Mr. Bagger escaped with difficulty to New York, and there they said to him, what they had aid in France : ‘It cannot happen here.’

This is neither a historical treatise, nor a philosophical essay, nor humorous reminiscence, nor a traveller’s diary, nor an epicure’s observations—it is all of these things, and much more. It is much more, because all these kinds of writing are woven together in a lively and powerful narrative, which gaily carries the reader, now along one strand, now another, though it always winds in greater or lesser circles around the background of France.
Jacques Maritain and ‘The Disaster’
Authors: de Onaindia Canon A.
Published: August 2007

The illustrious Catholic philosopher has not been idle during his enforced exile in New York. He left France at Christmas, 1939, to undertake his usual lectures in the Universities of Toronto and America, and then came the fall of France. He sojourns in a free country and believes it his duty to aid his own country to rise again, and to help to bring about the triumph of the universal human ideals and values symbolised by Christian Democracy. To this end he is writing books, articles and lectures. His students are the great public of Europe and America; his studies and ideas converge upon the philosophy of modern politics. He is not enclosed within the narrow confines of any party, bur soars to the heights, untrammeled by preoccupations with slogans. In all his social writings his calm judgment, at once profound and deeply human, has always stood out. The philosopher usually follows the paths of mere speculation; Maritain takes pleasure in turning the searchlight of Catholic philosophy upon the living reality offered in the succession of great events through which we are now passing.
By What Authority?
Authors: Farrell Ambrose
Published: August 2007

In May 1939 the Lower House of the Convocation of Canterbury humbly requested His Grace the President (in conjunction with the President of the Convocation of York) to appoint a Commission to consider the whole question of the revision and codification of the Canon Law. Later on in the summer of 1939 the Commission was appointed under the title “Canon Law Commission” by the Archbishop of Canterbury (Dr Lang) in conjunction with the Archbishop of York (Dr Temple) with the following terms of reference:

A—To consider and report on the questions:

(1) What is the present status of Canon Law in England (a) as regards canons in force before the Reformation; (b) as regards canons made and promulgated since the Reformation; and (2) What method should be followed to determine which canons are to be regarded as obsolete and to provide the Church with a body of canons certainly operative and apart from which none would be operative or reasonably regarded as operative.

B—To prepare, if after such consideration this seems expedient, a revised body of canons based on the conclusions reached under A above, for submission to Convocation.

‘In order to make its conclusions intelligible to the ordinary reader the Commission has written much of its report in the form of a short history of Canon Law, dealing with its origins and the part which it has played in the life of the Church of England. The report is divided into seven chapters. Chapter I deals with the place of law in the Christian Church.
The Academic Heresy
Authors: Coleburt J. E.
Published: August 2007

The world today is struggling to shift immovable blocs, but there is one fast-forming bloc which, despite its great inherent dangers, seems to have received little notice. The extension of education and the emphasis laid on its purely formal side are tending to introduce a trade union as it were, of ‘men of letters’, whose blessing it will be necessary to obtain before being accepted for any profession or administrative post—I say ‘men of letters’, referring to those symbols of academic prowess which follow their names rather than to any knowledge of the humanities which might, in a more liberal age, have led to their acquiring them. In the academic world at the moment, fortunately, there are still many fine representatives of this more enlightened past, but it is very hard to see how they can find worthy successors under the present system, particularly if education is to be state-controlled. The more obvious characteristics of this system are excessive specialisation and an undue respect for the expert, but more harmful is the attitude that lies behind it. The modern pundits are not misled, as the Victorians were, into an over-optimistic belief in the powers of the human mind and its ability to obtain not only physical luxury by scientific research but also spiritual satisfaction by an idealistic philosophy of its own making; but rather, cynically disillusioned by the failure of their predecessors, they limit the sphere of the human mind, even in the so-called humane faculties, to that accumulation of facts or manipulation of words which can be tested by examinations.
The Christian and Society in St Paul
Authors: Murphy‐O'Connor Jerome
Published: August 2007

It is intriguing to speculate where theological controversy would be without St Paul. From the very beginning he has been quoted on both sides of every argument. This has been facilitated by the proverbial obscurity of many of his statements, but indirectly it is evidence of the complexity of his thought. Paul is not easy to understand because he was not a simple man. His enthusiasm had nothing of the shallow lucidity that characterizes the fanatic. The Corinthians accused him of ambivalence, but it is probably truer to say that he was simply a very hard-headed pragmatist. He was certainly capable of letting his mind run free in a sweep that carried his thought into a cosmic dimension, but for all that he never lost his sharp awareness of the realities of any given situation. This latter facet of his character has been rather overlooked, because the interest of commentators has lain elsewhere. However, at precisely this juncture in the history of the Church it is important to recognize the pragmatic dimension of his thought, because its realism is very instructive. Fortunately this aspect appears most clearly when Paul has to concern himself with the relationship of the believer to the society in which he lived, since this problem is perhaps the most crucial confronting the Christian today.
Confrontation Between Hinduism and Christ
Authors: Panikkar Raymond
Published: August 2007

The problem of Christ and world religions is both significant and urgent. It is significant because the very universality of Christ is at stake in the current dialogue among the great religions of the world. The problem is urgent, because, now that the old solutions no longer hold, we must find a new answer to the problem. The whole Church is everywhere on the move and so is seeking out new paths; and in this particular case what she is looking for is a response that is free at once of the exclusiveness that has sometimes unhappily characterized the end of syncretism. We have now, I believe, reached a turning point in the history of Christianity: even Vatican II has already considered other religions as paths to salvation.

In the first part of this paper I wish to speak of three aspects of the confrontation of Christ by Hinduism, and in the second part I shall try to conclude the discussion by showing what a confrontation of Hinduism by Christ might suggest.

My first section could be entitled: ‘‘The Misunderstanding’, for we cannot deny that there is a fundamental misunderstanding in the dialogue between Christianity and Hinduism. All the historical exceptions only prove the rule of what the Abbé Monchánin called ‘the great misunderstanding’. I should like to begin by quoting a proverb known in many languages which asks: ‘What is the first requirement if you want to teach Gopal Sanskrit?’ A rationally minded person would immediately answer: the first requirement is that you know Sanskrit.
The Documents of the Papal Commission on Birth Control
Authors: Dummett Michael
Published: August 2007

In the present crisis over Humanae Vitae, Catholic opinion may be roughly divided into three groups: those who believe that the Pope’s pronouncement ought to be treated as definitive; those who already agreed with or have come to accept the Pope’s decision, but deplore the process of disciplinary enforcement of it on the clergy now under way in some countries, including this one; and those who think that the decision was wrong and must be reversed. Presumably, however, there are few Catholics who would deny that the fact that the Pope chose to take this stance, and to promulgate his decision in so weighty a manner, ought to be weighed carefully by anyone concerned to have a true opinion on the matter. It is therefore of great importance to come to understand what may have led the Pope to his decision; and this can best be done by enquiring into the cogency of the three documents submitted to him by the Papal Commission.

The first of these documents, generally known as the ‘majority report’, presents arguments of a general moral and theological nature in favour of the view that the use of contraceptives is not in all cases morally impermissible. The second, the ‘minority report’, offers arguments to show that it would be impossible for the Church to reverse her traditional position and adopt that of the majority report. The third document, without advancing any position of its own on the substantive question, attempts to controvert the arguments of the minority report and show that it would be in principle possible for the Church to change the official line on contraception.
The Primacy of Peter: Theology and Ideology—I
Authors: Ernst Cornelius
Published: August 2007

I

It is now clear enough that the disturbance in the Catholic world caused by the publication of Humanae Vitae was a symptom of much deeper stirrings in the Church than a difference of opinion about contraceptive methods of family limitation. We have to recognize that a profound shift of Catholic consciousness had already begun to take place, and that the publication of Paul VI’s encyclical served to precipitate this new consciousness and to make its protest against the old articulate.

The visible structure of the older Catholic consciousness is easily described: within the period between Pius IX and Pius XII, Catholics recognized their distinctive identity, especially in England, in terms of an explicit awareness of the Pope, Mary, eucharistic devotions as well as Mass, Friday abstinence and the unlawfulness of ‘unnatural’ methods of birth control. It is instructive to recall that the Pope who confirmed his predecessor’s withdrawal of the discussion of contraception from Vatican II and who could not accept the recommendations of his theological commission is also the Pope who insisted on giving Mary the title of Mater Ecclesiae in his allocution of 21st November, 1964, at the close of the third period of Vatican II, although the title was after consideration excluded from the chapter on Mary in the constitution Lumen Gentium on the Church; thus Paul VI continued the tradition of Pius IX and Pius XII in associating Pope and Mary in a special relationship to the Church. Paul VI is also the Pope of the encyclical Mysterium Fidei on the Eucharist.
A Runaway World Revisited
Authors: John Eric
Published: August 2007

To review Dr Leach’s Reith Lectures, A Runaway World, is not a straightforward task. It is not possible to take up the many points on which they invite comment or provoke disagreement without first defining one’s position towards the blanket disapproval with which they were greeted when originally delivered, and noting the implications of this opposition. The lectures were meaty and intentionally provocative: contrary to their author I think they make better reading than listening simply because there is too much to take in by the ear alone: which makes it all the sadder that so much comment was lavished on them as radio talks and so little in their printed form. Reith Lectures have, of course, proved controversial in the past but none has provoked quite the response these did, and this must, at least in part, be explained by timing and the topic.

The whole conception of the Reith Lectures assumes a hierarchical public opinion with a narrow apex definable largely in terms of who knows who but predominantly drawn from certain professions and the public service and the so-called quality newspapers, transmitting downwards through the universities, the colleges of education to eventually the secondary modern schools, the right opinions and the tolerated areas of disagreement. Quite suddenly in the last three years this hierarchical structure has started to break up and voices quite outside the old establishment, more strident, much less informed, but sometimes more passionately concerned have started to make themselves heard and been shown to carry weight.
The Governor Eyre Controversy
Authors: Daniel Peter
Published: August 2007

Just over a hundred years ago, the case of Governor Eyre split English society into fiercely opposing factions: one led by Carlyle and Ruskin included Dickens and Tennyson; in the other J. S. Mill was supported by Darwin and Huxley.

The slave-based prosperity of Jamaica in the eighteenth-century had given place by the early 1860s to an economic decline, the white sugar-planters easily outdistanced by foreign competitors, the negroes now mostly working their own land, but discontented and seeking more. Droughts, disease and the American Civil War had brought the latter’s discontent to a head. The national Assembly was unrepresentative, venal and inefficient. In this delicate situation the task of ruling as Governor was one which called for very exceptional qualities. To this assignment Edward John Eyre was appointed in 1862; Eyre had been an emigrant and explorer in Australia, where he had done much to protect the aborigines. He had been seven years Lieutenant-Governor of New Zealand, six years Lieutenant- Governor of St Vincent, and then Governor of the Leeward Islands. Able and humane, Eyre was obstinate and tactless, and he soon became unpopular in Jamaica.

On 9th October, 1865, a rebellion broke out at Morant Bay, led by a negro demagogue called Bogle. His men killed the German custos and about twenty others, mostly Volunteers, wounding thirty-odd as well. In the next few days sporadic outbreaks took place in neighbouring parishes. Eyre promptly declared martial law in the troubled district, and sent troops there. They found the rebels dispersed or hidden, and there was no organized resistance.
Love and Marriage in the Middle Ages—I
Authors: Parmisano Fabian
Published: August 2007

John Noonan’s long history of contraceptive practice and prohibition demands and merits a second reading—a cautious one. For all the intelligence and careful research that has obviously gone into it, still it has its gaps and misreadings, some of them by no means peripheral to the author’s overall picture of an ‘evolving’, ‘developing’ ecclesiastical doctrine of love and marriage and the Church’s consequent attitudes toward contraception. One of the wider gaps is the failure to consider a man named Nicole Oresme; and one of the more serious misreadings is of St Thomas Aquinas.

Noonan proposes that Martin le Maistre—a late fifteenth-century layman of considerable standing and reputation in the University of Paris—was the first theologian to make the ‘modern’ breakthrough. Prior to him the Augustinian insistence, found also in St Thomas, on procreative purpose as the only justifying motive for conjugal intercourse held all but exclusive sway. Marriage was rarely or only secondarily thought of in terms of love, and where love happened to be encouraged it was not the kind that had to do with sex. Sex as a biological function productive of the child, well and good (for the most part); but as an expression of love, as an experience of joy and pleasure, no—on pain of at least venial sin. But with le Maistre we have ‘the beginning of a new stage in the Catholic approach to marriage’. His ethics offer reasons justifying conjugal intercourse other than procreation and even suggests (though hesitantly) venereal pleasure as a licit motive.
Character and Liberalism
Authors: Bergonzi Bernard
Published: August 2007

When Ortega y Gasset was writing his Notes on the Novel in the nineteen-twenties he could still take it for granted that the fundamental purpose of the novel was the presentation of character:

Let the reader recall the great novels of former days that have lived up to the high standards of our time, and he will observe that his attention is turned to the personages themselves, not to their adventures. We are fascinated by Don Quixote and Sancho, not by what is happening to them. In principle a Don Quixote as great as the original is conceivable in which the knight and his servant go through entirely different experiences. And the same holds for Julien Sorel or David Copperfield.

Indeed, Ortega assumed that this interest was being intensified in the work of Proust, which offered opportunities for the ever greater and more leisurely contemplation of character, even if at the expense of dramatically interesting action. And in so far as Proust— like Joyce—represented the culmination of the realistic novel as well as its destruction, Ortega was not wholly wrong. Nevertheless, I presume that no intelligent modern reader could read his remarks without some slight incredulity. The notion that character can be considered as an absolute, without necessary reference to a given literary context, is a quintessential nineteenth-century concept; it underlies, for instance, Bradley’s Shakespearean Tragedy, a celebrated work in which the influence of the nineteenth-century novel is everywhere apparent; it has been pilloried in such a statement of twentieth-century critical orthodoxy as L. C. Knights’ How Many Children Had Lady Macbeth?
Penance and the History of Penance
Authors: Swanston Hamish
Published: August 2007

In a previous article in this Journal (December, 1968) I presented a description of some elements in the contemporary revival of the Penance Service. This description made it plain that there is not one novel element in such services and that their procedures derive from the traditional practice of the Church. I based this description on my experience of the contemporary celebration of the sacrament in a variety of community contexts, and certainly these services are going on all over the place. This is evidenced in several recent books. Penance: Virtue and Sacrament, edited by John Fitzsimons (Bums and Oates, Compass Books, 90 pp., 18s., 1969), gives the papers and some idea of the excitements of the 1968 Spode Conference of Practical Liturgy. These papers and the essays collected in Making Sense of Confession edited by Otto Betz (Chapman, 25s., 1968), show us what is entailed in the appreciation of penance as a sign of the renewing love of Christ in the eucharistic congregation. These two books are decisively adult in tone, expressive of an awareness that, as Cardinal Rampolla once remarked, ‘of necessity the Church should be democratic, not demagogic, but simply the plebs sancta', and alive to the urgent demands of penance if we are to come into that holiness. Fr F. J. Heggen’s Children and Confession (Sheed and Ward, Stag Books, 118 pp., 9s., 1969) is a more particularized effort which is concerned with one area in which most successful celebrations have been developing in many parts of the world.
Birth Control in Jewish Law
Authors: Cohen David
Published: August 2007

Since the advent of Vatican Council II initiated by the late Pope John XXIII, indeed of blessed memory, there has been a great transformation within the Roman Catholic Church in its attempt to renew itself. Traditional Catholic patterns of thought and attitudes of mind have been under severe criticism, challenge and analysis. Indeed, a reformation from within has taken place. As a consequence there has been theological development, a revaluation in biblical exegesis and an attempt to show how the Church in its mission is relevant to the problems and the needs of contemporary society.

It was during this process of self-examination and aggorniamento that the Encyclical Humanae Vitae, ‘On Human Life’, appeared, in July 1968. The impact of the encyclical was enormous upon the Catholic world and the world at large and so began the debate, discussion and division of opinion within the Church.

Countless numbers of Catholics who were looking forward to a modification in the traditional teaching on birth control were deeply disappointed. The Holy Father had spoken and it was forbidden.

As a Jew with a profound regard for the Kerygma of Christ, I attended many lectures and ‘Teach Ins’ within the Catholic community on Humanae Vitae and it was strange to observe that not on any single occasion did I hear a Catholic speaker or member of an audience ask the basic question; what does Jewish religion that is Orthodox Rabbinic Judaism teach on birth control? In view of the fact that the Church claims to be the new Israel, the completion of the old Israel, I was puzzled as to why this vital question was never asked.
Creation and Re‐Creation
Authors: Woolgar Daniel
Published: August 2007

When God created all things in His Wisdom, we are introduced to His work in three stages because we cannot understand all the works of God at once. So God instructs us about these elemental things which happened before men existed on this world, and He tells us that in the beginning of His creation He created the good things, the basic things, the things which could, as it were, contain all the other things that He wanted to make. On the first day He created the Light, and on the second day He created the Heaven, and on the third day He created the Earth and the Sea and all the things which grow on the earth. All these things are the good things. God said so and it is so.

Then there was the second stage in God’s creation. God could have left these things to grow; the seeds of life were in the earth. They were given on the third day and all seems to be complete; but it was not enough for God. More than the seeds of life were needed for them to prosper. It was not good enough that they should be just good. Things need more than the seeds of life if they are to live; they need the blessing of God, if they are to be fruitful. The work of the second three days was the work of blessing what was already good. On the first day God created light, but on the fourth day He made the stars which shine in the light.
War Literature II
Authors: Foster Paul Urban
Published: August 2007

Is Britain’s frontier on the Rhine or on the Straits of Dover? Since July, 1940, this question has been a poignant one. It has a more than military significance, however, for it comports great moral issues, the duty or indifference which Britain owes to the Continent of Europe. That it owes only indifference is the theme of one of the most interesting books which the war has produced in English. Sea tower, by T 124, is a book lucid in its composition and extremely compelling in its conclusions. Briefly, the author sets out to show that the original Anglo-French Entente, which first caused us to send great armies to the Continent, arose out of the threat to British sea-power when the Germans began to build a large navy in the first years of this century. This German construction was the result of the appreciation by the Kaiser and his advisers of the doctrine elucidated in Mahan’s classic work on sea-power, that ‘Great Britain, the wealthiest country in the world, possessor of the world’s greatest empire,’ had achieved that position through her naval supremacy. The author maintains that, as the threat was a naval one, it was paradoxical to contribute a great land-army to the struggle on the Continent, and successfully shows that the responsibility rests chiefly upon two men; these were Sir Edward Grey and Sir Henry Wilson, two men whose reputations become more questionable year by year. An expeditionary force, he says, was no more necessary to our interests in 1939 than it was in 1914.
Carry on Calepin
Authors: Allen Louis
Published: August 2007

Racism. I. The death of an Arab

There’s nothing very poetic about the title ‘XVIIIe arrondissement’, but it contains districts with a claim to poetic nomenclature as strong as that of the Rue du Chat qui peche or The Land of Green Ginger. One of them is the area called la Goutte d’Or, though its surroundings are far from rich and far from poetic. It is, in fact, one of the many Arab ghettos of Paris, a violent, rowdy, and unsalubrious spot, where North African labourers try to construct some kind of domestic life for themselves in the teeth of the environment and the intolerance of their French neighbours. In one of the tenements of la Goutte d’Or, in the last week of October 1971, a young Arab boy was shot dead on the staircase outside his uncle’s flat by the concierge, Daniel Pigot. Pigot pleaded legitimate defence, his story being that the lad, Djellali ben Ali, had attacked Pigot’s mistress—his wife, according to another version—scratching her neck as he went down the stairs to buy the morning’s milk and bread for breakfast. Djellali’s uncle, Lahaouri Djahafi, tells a different story. A week before he had been threatened himself by Pigot, who brandished a rifle at him. Djahafi had brushed the incident aside with uneasy humour, but he knew that Pigot, a laundryman who worked in Boulogne-sur-Seine, lived in an explosive situation: his damp hovel contained not merely his wife/mistress but five children in one room, and he was envious of what appeared to him the increasing worldly success of his neighbour across the landing. Djahafi had been a hawker who had left Algiers for France in 1948 and had managed to set himself up in a little shop selling cloths and silks, ‘Aux tissus et soieries d’Orient’.