bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Life-Theme Method for Scoring of Interviews in the Longitudinal Study of Young Business Managers
Authors: Rychlak Joseph F. , Bray Douglas W.
Published: September 2011

Longitudinal studies of adult development are reviewed preceding the description of the Management Progress Study, a long-term study of young men in business management. A method for scoring the “life themes” revealed in the lengthy annual interviews with Ss is presented. The nine themes are occupational, ego-functional, financial-acquisitive, locale-residential, marital-familial, parental-familial, recreational-social, religious-humanism, and service. Illustrative results show trends in these themes for individuals and groups over a seven-year period. The scoring method will be applied to the several hundred cases in the Study to illuminate interrelations over time of the life themes with job environment and performance, assessment center evaluations of these Ss, and medical findings
Shaping Performance on Programmed Materials
Authors: Berman Mark Laurence
Published: September 2011

A method of shaping greater speed and accuracy with programmed materials is described. An adjusting schedule of reinforcement, in which reinforcement (in the form of points or money) was contingent upon each of 4 Ss' gradually increasing his speed and accuracy, was used effectively. Ongoing research involves the use of different step-sizes in the adjusting schedules and Ss choose which of two contingencies, time or errors, they will attempt to meet.
Effects of Activation Level on Paired-Associate Learning
Authors: Germana Joseph
Published: September 2011

Ss were divided into high activation (HiAct) and low activation (LoAct) groups on the basis of pre-learning basal skin resistance (BSR). All Ss were given 3 trials on 2 different lists of paired-associates and the number of competing responses, omission errors, and correct responses emitted were recorded. In support of activation theory, it was found that HiAct Ss consistently made more competing responses but fewer omission errors than the LoAct Ss. The study also replicated the systematic decrement in number of competing responses across Trial 2 positions found in an earlier study and termed there the “habituational position effect.”
Confirmation of the Freudian Psychosexual Stages Utilizing Sexual Symbolism
Authors: Cameron Paul
Published: September 2011

2,336 Ss between the ages of 3 and 17 chose one member of each of 12 pairs of Freudian-inspired shapes representing masculinity or femininity. Choices supported the psychoanalytic hypotheses that: (1) the phallic, latency, and genital stages would be revealed in shape preferences; and (2) both males and females aged 13 or older would prefer masculine shapes due to the male-orientation of our culture while the choices of children in the phallic stage, who were assumed ignorant of our culture's male-orientation, would be determined by opposite-sex attraction.
Note concerning Individual Differences and Behavior on Programmed Materials
Authors: Snelbecker Glenn E. , Downes Robin C.
Published: September 2011

Representatives of four divergent groups (normal children, retarded children, normal adults, schizophrenic adults) were compared as to their errors on the Long-Holland Inductive Reasoning Program. The results suggest that programmed instruction reduces but does not eliminate the usually compelling effects of individual ability and personality differences.
Sample Size Required to Observe at Least k Rare Events
Authors: Overall John E.
Published: September 2011

Tables based upon Poisson distribution are presented which specify total sample size adequate to ensure ( p > .95) that a certain specified number of rare events will be observed. The tables are useful in planning sampling surveys where special interest is in obatining at least a specified number of cases of special research interest. The tables can also be used as basis for rejecting the hypothesis that occurrence rate for rate event exceeds some specified value in the population.
Effects of Preweaning Noxious Stimulation on Later Behavior of Rats: Role of Experimenter Contact and Spacing of Stimulation
Authors: Henderson Norman D.
Published: September 2011

The role of experimenter contact in preweaning stimulation experiments was examined by comparing the behavior of rats receiving noxious stimulation in their home environment without intervention by E to that of rats stimulated in a novel environment. In Exp. 1, 160 Wistar rats were undisturbed or subjected to a loud noise massed at either 2 or 21 days of age or spaced throughout the preweaning period. Adult testing revealed no differences between in-cage and out-of-cage groups but supported the earlier findings that spaced noxious stimulation increased subsequent emotionality less than massed stimulation. Blood sugar levels were higher for massed groups than for spaced or undisturbed groups. All groups receiving preweaning stimulation showed less emotional reactivity after an adult stressor than undisturbed Ss. In Exp. 2, 220 rats were undisturbed or subjected to cold stress in a design similar to that of Exp. 1. Results were similar in that massed groups were more emotional than spaced groups and that few clear in-cage vs out-of-cage differences were found.
Individual and Group Performance
Authors: Pawlicki Robert , Gunn Walter
Published: September 2011

Two freshman psychology classes were presented a series of factual statements and asked to respond either true or false both individually and collectively to determine the importance of individual performance preceding group performance and vice versa in terms of shift (change of an answer given to a statement in one situation from an answer previously given to the same statement in another situation), the influence on accuracy of one situation preceding the other and the amount of shift observed in students with high grades and those with low grades. The data indicated that students at the extreme lower grade level (quartile IV) tended to shift more than students at the extreme upper level (quartile I), but no clear-cut differentiation appeared in central areas (quartiles II and III). No significant difference in shift occurred when group performance preceded individual performance or vice versa. Group performance preceding individual performance did prove to have a beneficial influence upon the individual's performance in that Ss conform somewhat to the performance of the group. The accuracy of the group performance was superior to that of the individuals.
Effects of Threat of Shock on Conflict Resolution and Conflict Generalization
Authors: Schill Thomas , Boor Myron
Published: September 2011

Ss were exposed to a three-stage experimental conflict paradigm consisting of pretraining (weak conflict), conflict training (either strong conflict, strong conflict plus threat of shock for wrong responses, weak conflict, or weak conflict plus threat of shock for wrong responses), and post-conflict performance (weak conflict). The results indicated: (1) performance in a weak conflict situation was markedly affected by previous conflict exposure, (2) threat of shock associated with weak and strong conflict situations increased indecisiveness particularly in the weak conflict condition, and (3) the threat of shock groups and the strong conflict non-threat group were significantly more indecisive during the post-conflict than the weak conflict group, but the former three groups did not differ significantly from one another. These results were discussed as being more consistent with a competing-response than a dynamogenic formulation regarding the effects on the individual of exposure to conflict.
Extinction of a Discrete-Trial Bar-Press as a Function of Percentage Reinforcement, Reinforcement Cue, and Manipulandum Condition
Authors: Porter John J. , Kopp Rosemary
Published: September 2011

6 groups of 12 albino rats received 80 acquisition trials, defined as 12 bar-presses, with sucrose reward. Two groups received 100% reward; four groups received 50% reward, half with a dipper click on all trials (50C), half with a dipper click only when reinforced (50C-NC). 3 of the 6 groups had the bar present during the ITI, 3 did not. During extinction half of each group received the dipper click, half did not. During extinction the 50C-NC groups were significantly more resistant to extinction than the other 100% and 50% groups, which did not differ significantly. Results were discussed in terms of a discrimination hypothesis of secondary reinforcement.
Effects of Amount of Interpolated Activity in Short-Term Memory
Authors: Kulp Richard A.
Published: September 2011

A short-term memory (STM) experiment attempted to separate the effects of interference due to interpolated activity (IA, digit counting) and elapsed time in a retroactive inhibition (RI) paradigm, whereas in previous studies IA and elapsed time have been confounded. A further intent was to assess the effects of rate of information processing (rate of counting) on the retention of individual items. Two levels of word frequency (high and low) were combined factorially with three retention intervals (3, 9, and 18 sec.) and two levels of forced counting (1.3 and 2.25 digits/sec.); 20 Ss were assigned at random to each of the 12 conditions. Word frequency, retention interval, and rate of counting were significant sources of variation. The results indicated the importance of rate of information processing, as opposed to amount of IA, and elapsed time in the retention of individual items in STM. Results were discussed in terms of their relevance to the decay theory of forgetting up to 9 sec. Rate of information processing can be viewed as an effective means of filling S‘s “rehearsal space,” thus reducing implicit rehearsal during the retention period.
Formula Scoring: Absolute or Relative?
Authors: Creaser James W. , Little Ellis B.
Published: September 2011

This analysis examines test scores which have been derived from the correction-for-guessing formula. Studies referred to have shown that significant discrepancies usually exist between Corrected Scores and Absolute Scores (measures of “pure knowledge”) for group averages. New data are presented which show that the correlations between Corrected Scores and Absolute Scores are not high enough to interpret the two as measuring the same attribute. Correlations of Corrected Scores with Relative (total right) Scores are significantly higher than with Absolute Scores. The conclusion is that Corrected Scores are not good estimates of “pure knowledge,” either for group or individual data.
In Support of Technical Eclecticism
Authors: Lazarus Arnold A.
Published: September 2011

It is argued that psychotherapists who function as eclectic theorists must inevitably embrace divergent and contradictory notions. To remain theoretically consistent does not require the rejection of promising techniques culled from other theoretical orientations. Technical eclecticism can enrich the practitioner's range of therapeutic effectiveness without violating his allegiance to a theoretical system which best satisfies his own subjective needs. The view upheld is that therapeutic competence depends upon an array of effective techniques rather than upon a mass of plausible theories.
Stability and Internal Consistency of a Measure of Self-Actualization
Authors: Klavetter Robert E. , Mogar Robert E.
Published: September 2011

The Personal Orientation Inventory (POI), a recently developed measure of self-actualizing tendencies, was administered on 2 occasions to 48 college students to determine the stability, independence, and utility of 10 subscales. Stability coefficients and intercorrelations indicated that 3 of the 12 scales, Inner Direction, Time Competence, and Self-actualization Value, accounted for almost all the variance. Since many of the intercorrelations approximated the scales' reliabilities, it was concluded that performance on the POI could be more accurately and parsimoniously expressed in terms of fewer dimensions.
Smoking Attitudes and Intentions of College Students and Their Relation to Cognitive Dissonance
Authors: Lichtenstein Edward
Published: September 2011

A questionnaire measuring smoking habits, attitudes toward the danger of smoking, and future intentions regarding smoking, was administered to 602 college students. as expected, smokers tended to minimize the danger of smoking and were more skeptical of the validity of the scientific evidence linking smoking and lung cancer than non-smokers. Smokers may be said to reduce dissonance by avowing an intention to quit smoking in the future and believing that they can do so. Approximately half of the smokers indicated subjective dissatisfaction with their habit, this being stronger and more consistent for men.
Persons Admired by Turkish University Students
Authors: Field G. R.
Published: September 2011

875 Turkish university students were asked to name the 2 living and 2 dead persons for whom they had the greatest admiration. Although Turks headed the 2 lists, persons drawn from international life were predominant. The Turkish students rarely mentioned religious figures or individuals drawn from their immediate range of experience.
Effects of Rule Structure and Reward Magnitude on the Acquisition and Adoption of Self-Reward Criteria
Authors: Liebert Robert M. , Allen Mary Kathleen
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the effects of rule structure and reward magnitude on children's acquisition and adoption of a self-reward criterion that a training agent had either displayed or imposed. A 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design, with two levels of rule structure, two levels of reward magnitude, two modes of training, and sex differentiation was employed. as predicted, high rule structuring resulted in less rule deviation and more self-rewarding verbalizations than did low rule structuring. However, contrary to prediction, high-reward Ss did not differ significantly from low-reward Ss with respect to the amount of rule violation committed in the training agent's absence.
Experimental Test of Dissonance Reduction
Authors: Dobbert Ruth Rohl , Ferguson Leonard W.
Published: September 2011

Self-assigned low grades on an unannounced quiz on cognitive dissonance created (in accord with hypothesis) sufficient dissonance to cause 69% of a group of 29 students to express unfavorable attitudes toward the quiz (or professor responsible for the quiz). Only 23% of a control group of 13 students who assigned themselves high grades did likewise.
Psychology of the Scientist: XXV. Experimenter Bias and Tails of Pascal
Authors: Harrington Gordon M. , Ingraham Larry H.
Published: September 2011

Responding to a commentary by Rosenthal (1967) on Ingraham and Harrington (1966), it is suggested that interest has centered on the existence of experimenter bias to such an extent as to obscure questions of relevant variables. Some surprisingly neglected aspects of statistical procedures and critical variables are examined.
Psychology of the Scientist: XXVII. Experimenter Bias: Occam's Razor versus Pascal's Wager
Authors: Harrington Gordon M.
Published: September 2011

Rosenthal (1967a, 1967b) in the most recent of a series of interchanges over a study by Ingraham and Harrington (1966) points up residual differences in interpretation. These differences remain.
“Limited Capacity” Hypothesis in Incidental and Intentional Learning
Authors: Sommers Richard H.
Published: September 2011

Murdock (1965) has proposed the “limited capacity” hypothesis for intentional learning, stating that Ss may have a limited capacity for immediate recall of material learned in a given amount of time, regardless of rate or number of presentations. This study investigates this phenomenon for both intentional and incidental learning. Ss, divided into six groups, learned nonsense syllables printed on different colored backgrounds at rates of 1, 2, and 4 sec. per item. The intentional groups were told to learn the syllables and their corresponding colors; the incidental groups were told only to learn the syllables. In spite of an apparent superiority of the 2-sec. interval, the data indicated that Murdock's hypothesis holds for both conditions of learning; no significant differences were found between the different presentation rates. However, an analysis of trend suggests that a curvilinear relationship may exist.
Effect of a Speed Set on Awareness and Verbal Operant Conditioning
Authors: David Kenneth H.
Published: September 2011

A study to determine the relationship between verbal operant conditioning (VOC) and awareness as measured by Dulany's post-conditioning interview. 76 Ss were given instructions for either a Speed Set or Non-speed Set. Taffel's sentence-completion task was used with an intertrial color-naming task. Reinforced Ss showed a significant increase in VOC ( p < .01), while the Nonreinforced Ss showed no increase in VOC ( p > .05). Speed Set vs Non-speed Set had no significant effect upon either VOC or awareness ( p > .05). The results supported the position of Spielberger and DeNike, in which awareness is considered to be a necessary mediating factor for VOC.
Correlates of the Ideational Preference Dimension among Prison Inmates
Authors: Stein Kenneth B.
Published: September 2011

The meaningfulness of ideational activity preference as a psychological dimension among newly admitted prison inmates was explored in relation to various psychological, social, and vocational interest variables. In addition to various correlations of the ideational variable with others for the total prison sample of 971 inmates, 255 who scored high (HI) and 341 inmates who scored low (LI) on ideazional preference as derived from the MIAPS were compared for mean differences. The HI inmates were relatively less disturbed emotionally, showed greater social and interpersonal adaptiveness, appeared more mature and intelligent, and showed greater interest in the more “cerebral” occupations. A larger proportion of HI than LI Ss had been incarcerated for homicide as their current offense. The implications of these findings conceptually and for future research were discussed.
Factorial Analysis of Motivational Self-Ratings from a Combined Sample of Male and Female Subjects
Authors: Sciortino Rio
Published: September 2011

An iterative factor analysis was performed on the scores obtained from a Motivational Adjective Check List (MACL) for a combined sample of undergraduate male and female students ( N = 202). The initial matrix of significant factors was totated according to the quartimax, varimax, and equamax procedures. The promax rotation was, then, performed on each of the three orthogonal solutions obtaining the promax-quartimax, promax-varimax, and promax-equamax solutions. Interpretation of factors was based on the promax-equa max solution and the factors obtained were: striving and assertion.
Effect on Test Score Variance of Differential Weighting of Item Responses
Authors: Aiken Lewis R.
Published: September 2011

It is well-known that assigning different numerical weights to the best, or correct, responses to different items on objective tests does not appreciably change the order of total scores on the test. Less well understood is the effect of assigning different weights to “non-best,” or incorrect, responses. This paper illustrates how total score variance is increased by such differential response weighting. Three cases are discussed: (I) The case in which the best response to an item is assigned one weight and the non-best responses another weight, the two weights remaining constant from item to item; (II) The case in which each response option is assigned a different weight, the k weights remaining constant from item to item; (III) The case in which there are k response weights per item, but the weights vary from item to item. A consideration of these three cases demonstrates how the increase in total test score variance due to differential response weighting varies directly with the total number of items on the test, the number of response options per item, the square of the differential response weights, and the proportion of examinees selecting a particular response option.
MMPI Testing for Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Hovey H. B.
Published: September 2011

With 7 items of the MMPI, 64% of a group of multiple sclerosis (MS) cases were identified, 28% of a group of central nervous system (CNS) cases were differentiated from a non-organic neuropsychiatric (NP) control group, and none of the control group was misidentified.
Effects of Training in Therapy on Trainees' Attitudes
Authors: Herron William G.
Published: September 2011

Two preliminary investigations of what happens to trainee attitudes as a result of therapy supervision for a short period of time are reported; in both studies attitude change was negligible. A third study, currently in progress, measures changes over a longer duration.
Emergence of Distinct Verbal Phases in Group Therapy
Authors: Heckel Robert V. , Holmes George R. , Salzberg Herman C.
Published: September 2011

This study attempted to ascertain whether discrete stages emerged in the group therapeutic process. Ss were drawn from four different groups using similar therapeutic techniques. Results indicated that individual Ss develop similar patterns of response over time. The data supported a two-stage development of several of the response measures but with a greater number of sessions a different pattern may evolve.
Factors Influencing the Vicious Circle Phenomenon
Authors: Williams John T.
Published: September 2011

When rats were tested in a vicious circle paradigm, varying the location of shock in the alley from trial to trial had little or no effect. Trials to criterion data contradicted speed data in the second experiment, and this led to the rejection of speed data as a measure of the vicious circle effect. It was shown that speed data can introduce a bias which increases the probability of a significant vicious circle effect. The duration of intertrial interval was shown to be an important factor in vicious circle studies, and an explanation of the effects of intertrial interval was made based upon dissipation of reactive inhibition and of the autonomic aftereffects of shock.
Oral Word Association Norms for Educable Mentally Retarded Children in the Public Schools
Authors: Hom George L. , Prehm Herbert J.
Published: September 2011

As word-association norms for non-institutionalized retardates do not exist, this study assessed the feasibility of collecting such norms, using a sample of 19 non-institutionalized retardates. Responses to 100 words from the Palermo-Jenkins study (1964) were obtained. Results indicated that individual testing of Ss is feasible. The verbal repertoire of the sample was mote heterogeneous than that of institutionalized retardates and smaller than that of normal Ss.
Inquiry into the Structure of Mentation Processes
Authors: Houston Susan H.
Published: September 2011

Study of conditions conducive to breakdown of the human mentation system provides important clues to some basic mechanisms of this system. Sensory deprivation, sleep deprivation, solitary confinement, possibly even dreaming have in common greatly reduced sensory-input inventory and, specifically, lack of human contact or interchange. In these situations relative mental malfunction occurs, signalled by panic behavior, abnormal states such as paranoia, and hallucination. The present article explores the hypothesis that the deviant functioning of mentation under these and similar circumstances results from one particular type of deprivation—that of human interchange—and that such interchange is essential for the development and optimal maintenance of cognitive processes.
Multivariate Relationships between Spouses' Trait Scores on the Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey
Authors: Signori Edro I. , Rempel Henry , Pickford John H.
Published: September 2011

A reworking of correlations between the spouses of three matched groups of happily married, troubled, and separating couples on the 10 traits of the Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey showed: (1) stronger evidence than previously reported of unhappiness in marriage being associated with inverse spouse relationships on personality traits, (2) less evidence than is shown in a study by Cattell and Nesselroade for the operability of the “completeness” principle in marriage. Some differences between the two studies are also discussed.
Motoric and Ideational Dimensions: A Study of Personality Styles among Prison Inmates
Authors: Stein Kenneth B.
Published: September 2011

Two preceding investigations in this series studied the ideational and motoric dimensions separately. The current study dealt with the motoric-ideational interactions and the four derived expressive styles. It was hypothesized that Ss more highly developed in both the ideational and motoric spheres (HIHM) should show the least emotional, social, and interpersonal disturbance of the four stylistic groups while those low in both (LILM) should show the greatest disturbance. Those high in ideational but low in motoric (HILM) should rank second to the HIHM stylistic group in social and interpersonal effectiveness while the low ideational, high motoric (LIHM) should be more effective than the LILM but less than both the HIHM and HILM styles. Ss for the quadrants were drawn from a total sample of 971 prison inmates. The instrument used for measurement and classification of the motoric-ideational styles was the MIAPS. The hypotheses for the most part were confirmed, the exception being that LIHM showed the poorest adaptiveness and effectiveness in a number of measures. Characteristics of these stylistic groups in relation to vocational preference and intellectual and academic achievement were also presented. These results were discussed in relation to theoretical formulations as well as empirical findings from other studies pertaining to the ideational and motoric dimensions.
A Test to Measure Performance Styles in Interpersonal Relations
Authors: Ring Kenneth , Wallston Kenneth
Published: September 2011

A 55-item paper-and-pencil test, designed to measure an individual's characteristic performance style, was administered to 852 undergraduates. The test (PST) is presented in its entirety, along with normative data, scale intercorrelations, and correlations with other tests.
Validation of the CPI Femininity Scale in Korea
Authors: Gough Harrison G. , Chun Kitaek , Chung Yang-Eun
Published: September 2011

The 38-item Fe (Femininity) scale of the California Psychological Inventory has validly differentiated between males and females in American, French, Italian, Norwegian, Turkish, and Venezuelan applications. Also, from studies in the United States, a theoretical rationale of the scale as diagnosing nurturant, forbearing, compassionate femininity vs venturesome, autonomous, and dispassionate masculinity has been evolved. Further cross-cultural study therefore seems warranted. A Korean translation was administered to 156 female and 155 male eighth and ninth grade students in Seoul. Means of 21.18 and 18.05 were obtained; the difference of 3.13 was statistically significant ( p < .001). 30 items differentiated in the proper direction, 8 showed reversals. Although Fe functioned validly in this Korean evaluation, its level of efficiency was somewhat lower than in previous applications.
Range of Correlation Coefficients
Authors: Priest H. F.
Published: September 2011

A single correlation coefficient can take values between −1.0 and +1.0. What is just as important, but less often taught, is that the correlations in a matrix of intercorrelations are not free to vary over the same range of values. This is relevant whenever we try to assess whether a number of variables have relatively high or relatively low intercorrelations and is particularly relevant to ipsative scores.
Test of Cognitive Dissonance Theory in an Elementary School Setting
Authors: Petersen Ronald C. , Hergenhahn B. R.
Published: September 2011

To test cognitive dissonance in an elementary school setting, a dissonance-producing situation was created between 18 students' performance on a simulated academic task and their self-regard with respect to academic work. The hypothesis that students performing at variance with their self-appraisals would experience more dissonance and consequently make more of an effort to reduce the dissonance than the group performing consistently with their self-appraisals, was not confirmed.
Hostile Press, Need Achievement and Task Difficulty
Authors: Moore J. William , Smith Wendell I. , Teevan Richard
Published: September 2011

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of task difficulty on achievement when ability and two types of motivation, Hostile Press and need achievement, are varied. It was found that Ss of high Hostile Press generally achieved more than Ss of high need achievement and the latter more than Ss of low need achievement. Ss of both high Hostile Press and high need achievement tended to prefer the more difficult tasks.
Relationship between Set 2 of the Depression Adjective Check Lists (DACL) and Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS)
Authors: Marone Joseph , Lubin Bernard
Published: September 2011

This paper reports the relationship between Set 2 of the Depression Adjective Check Lists and the Self-rating Depression Scale. Psychiatric inpatients (Admission Wards, N = 51; Intensive Treatment Wards, N = 54) and 47 student nurses completed the DACL and the SDS which were presented in random order. All rs among the 3 lists of Set 2 of the DACL and the SDS total score were significant ( p = .01). All rs between the 3 DACLs and SDS factors (Pervasive Affect, Physiological Equivalents, and Psychological Equivalents) were significant, except that rs between Pervasive Affect and DACLs were not significant for the student nurse group. As Pervasive Affect seems to refer to the chronicity of the syndrome, the nonsignificant rs for this group are expected.
Note on Magnitude of a Money Reinforcer in a Concurrent Schedule of Reinforcement
Authors: Sanders Richard M.
Published: September 2011

3 male high-school students participated in an experiment designed to determine the effects of the magnitude of a monetary reinforcer on human behavior in a complex situation. A two-key concurrent schedule of reinforcement was used with drl as one component and either FI or VI as the second component. It was demonstrated that increasing the reinforcement magnitude for the drl schedule produced a small transient increase in the rate of responding on the FI or VI components, even though the magnitude of reinforcement remained constant for these components.
Associative Characteristics of Selected Form Classes for Children Varying in Age and Intelligence
Authors: Williams Charlotte L. , Tillman M. H.
Published: September 2011

Retarded (R), normal (N), and superior (S) children across four age levels were compared on homogeneous responses for six form classes on word-association and word-usage tasks Results generally indicated that rate of development and sequence of development were similar; initial differences in performance levels (R ≤ N; R < S; N = S) were maintained or, in a few instances, increased.
Personality Correlates of Actual Self-Disclosure
Authors: Pedersen Darhl M. , Breglio Vincent J.
Published: September 2011

A questionnaire which obtained actual self-disclosure about five topics—interests, personality, studies, body, and money—and instruments which measured seven personality traits were administered to 52 Ss. Seven self-disclosure scores were obtained from the questionnaire, one depth rating for each topic, a total depth score (sum of the five topic depth ratings), and an amount of disclosure score (count of words written in responding to all five topic areas). All self-disclosure measures were correlated with the personality variables for males and females separately and also with sex. No significant relationships were found between the personality variables and the measures of self-disclosure for females. However, data suggested that more emotionally unstable males tended to disclose more about their personality and their health and physical appearance than the stable males. Although no significant correlations were found between masculinity-femininity as a personality trait and the measures of actual disclosure, females tended to disclose more than males about all topics except “money.”
Ingroup versus Outgroup Choices of Strategy Made by Boys Playing a Non-Zero-Sum Game
Authors: Wilson Warner , Rickard Henry C.
Published: September 2011

32 boys attending a therapeutic camp for emotionally disturbed children played a modified Prisoner's Dilemma game, 2 teams playing on each occasion. Ss choose a competitive or cooperative strategy toward both opponents and partners for 45 trials. Partners received more cooperation than opponents ( p < .001). This result successfully replicated earlier findings. on the other hand, post-ratings on several types of traits failed to distinguish between ingroup and outgroup. A number of correlations were presented: significant positive correlations occurred in regard to favorability of ratings of ingroup and outgroup and cooperativeness toward ingroup and outgroup. Cooperativeness in the experimental session did not correlate with counselor ratings on aggression, cooperation, or attention.
Hypnosis Reconceptualized: An Overview of Barber's Theoretical and Empirical Work
Authors: Chaves John F.
Published: September 2011

This paper provides a summary and clarification of Barber's reconceptualization of “hypnosis” and contrasts it with the traditional approach. Traditional hypnosis theory assumes that a special state of consciousness (the hypnotic trance state) is instrumental in eliciting “hypnotic” behaviors. Barber rejects this basic assumption and focuses on denotable antecedent variables that are functionally related to the behaviors. Differences in assumptions underlying the two approaches have led to fundamental differences in methodology, in the types of questions asked, and in the explanations provided. All available criticisms of Barber's work are discussed and evaluated.
Teacher Trainee Responses to Two Personality Inventories
Authors: Becker James A.
Published: September 2011

A number of studies have investigated the personality characteristics of teacher trainees using various instruments. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the 6 factors of docility, introversion-extroversion, authoritarianism, compulsive conformity, avoidance, and dependency are functions of the instruments or are particular to trainees in education.
Alpha Blocking “Conditioning,” Sensitization and Interstimulus Interval
Authors: Torres Aurelio A.
Published: September 2011

5 groups of Ss trained with ISIs of 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 sec. were used in a study of trace alpha blocking “conditioning.” CS was a 0.5-sec. tone, and US was a single light flash. 20 female college students showing at least 50%-time alpha rhythm in their resting EEGs served as Ss. Alpha blocking Rs were defined as a 25% reduction in alpha amplitude during the 0.5 sec. of the CS (initial R) and the 0.5 sec. immediately preceding the US (trace R), as compared to the 0.5 sec. immediately preceding the CS. Analysis of variance of the Rs showed no effect from ISI, a highly significant response effect, with trace Rs more numerous than initial Rs, a highly significant trials effect, and a significant response × trials interaction. Trend analysis of the trials and the interaction confirmed and extended these results by showing significant over-all linear, cubic and quintic components. Initial Rs consistently decrease (habituation), while trace Rs showed significant decreases and increases. Initial Rs were attributed to sensitization, while two types of pre-US or trace Rs were identified: one, at the beginning of “conditioning”, possibly related to initial Rs and undergoing fast habituation, and “true” trace Rs which developed after 20 trials and subsequently habituated slower than initial Rs. Differences between trace and delayed alpha blocking Rs were also discussed.
Academic Performance as a Function of Task Requirements and Cognitive Style
Authors: Pohl Richard L. , Pervin Lawrence A.
Published: September 2011

In a study of the relation between cognitive style and academic performance in 4 departments (Engineering, Natural Science, Social Science, Humanities) 150 Princeton upperclassmen completed the Schroder Paragraph Completion Test which was used to measure cognitive style. Scores on the PCT, together with scores on verbal and mathematical aptitude tests, were related to performance in each of the four departments. A relationship was found between the cognitively concrete style and good performance in Engineering, and the cognitively abstract style and performance in the Social Sciences and Humanities. There was no significant relationship between cognitive style and performance in the Natural Sciences. The data support the view that performance can best be understood as the result of an interaction between personality (cognitive style) and environment (task requirements).
Systematic-Representative Study of Spontaneous Activity in the Rat
Authors: Pereboom A. C.
Published: September 2011

Spontaneous activity in the rat over a continuous 47-hr. period was investigated as a function of age, sex, food-water deprivation, illumination level, starting time, temperature, and experimental environment. A one-half replication ( N = 192) of a complete factorial design was used. The results were in essential agreement with earlier work, with activity greatest for young, cool, high-deprivation Ss run in the activity wheel. on the basis of the 6 different recording devices used here, it was suggested that uninterrupted running may be more responsive to the momentary state of the organism than the number of discrete acts evoked by cage-type environments.
Complex Methods of Presentation, Internal Consistency of Learning Material, and Accuracy of Written Recall
Authors: King David J. , Madill Jon
Published: September 2011

2 experiments are reported. The first compared the accuracy of written recall for three methods of presentation: simple oral, visual equal-time, and dual. For sequence measures, retention improved in the order presented above. Exp. 2 compared the above three methods of presentation for explicated and non-explicated versions of the learning material. Similar findings were obtained on relative retention under the three methods of presentation. In general, retention was also superior for the explicated version of the learning material.
Spontaneous Alternation and the Influence of Reward
Authors: Baker J. Garry , Franken Robert E.
Published: September 2011

The experiment studied the effects of number of rewards and stimulus change upon spontaneous alternation. Rats were given 0, 4, 8, and 16 non-forced food-rewarded trials to a given alternative of a T maze, after which the non-rewarded stimulus alternative was changed to a checkerboard pattern for half of the Ss. Alternation decreased with increasing number of reinforced trials, 80, 90, 60, and 30%, respectively, for the four reward conditions; however, Ss that received a change in the non-rewarded alternative alternated at a high rate, 80, 100, 80, and 80%, respectively, for the four reward conditions. The results pose a problem for traditional drive-reduction and food-incentive interpretations of learning as well as for satiation theories of spontaneous alternation.
Programmed Instruction for Institutionalized Offenders: Contingency Management and Performance Contracts
Authors: Clements Carl B. , McKee John M.
Published: September 2011

Contractual agreements and contingency management procedures were used in an attempt to increase the productivity of 16 prison inmates studying programmed educational materials. Programmed instruction requires that S respond in a verbal (written) manner to specially constructed questions and/or statements. A question or statement and its corresponding response constitute a “frame.” Ss agreed to complete a progressively greater number of frames per week during an E-management phase. Work was assigned daily by means of a performance contract. During a subsequent self-management phase Ss contracted with themselves to produce more frames than they had completed during the baseline. Following completion of a unit of work during the E-management and self-management phases, S was allowed a 15-min. period in which he could either select an item from a reinforcement menu or opt to return to the study area. Under contingency-management procedures Ss successfully completed the work assigned at first by E and later by themselves. Increased amounts of work were accompanied by greater work efficiency; total time in the work area per day decreased, and the number of frames completed per hour increased. Test performance was better during the contingency-management phases than in the baseline phase.
Determinants of Primacy for Items in Continuous Serial Learning
Authors: Harcum E. Rae , Pschirrer Martin E. , Coppage Edwin W.
Published: September 2011

This study investigates the learning of continuous serial lists of nonsense syllables in terms of the strategies by which Ss select the syllables to be learned first. Three hypotheses were tested and verified by the results: (a) Ss select the first temporal item of a series as cognitively first when instructional and structural bases for differentiation are not provided by E; (b) Ss also tend to cognize a structurally isolated item as first in the series; and (c) the relative effectiveness of these two anchoring tendencies depends upon the position of the structurally isolated syllable within the temporal series. Results support the theory that the cognition of one or more “beginning” items establishes the serial-position curve because the anchors provided by these items, which are learned first, facilitate the acquisition of the remaining items.
A Chained Adjusting Ratio Schedule
Authors: Randolph John J. , Sewell William R.
Published: September 2011

3 pigeons were exposed to a chained FI 2, adjusting ratio schedule in which the ratio was equal to the number of responses emitted in the preceding interval. When the correlation between the interval output and the following ratio was removed, interval rates declined. A descriptive analysis of sequential interval output suggested an explanation for these findings.
Functional Values as AIDS and Distractors in Problem Solving
Authors: Maier Norman R. F. , Janzen Junie C.
Published: September 2011

The two-string problem (Maier, 1931) was used to investigate the effect of functional values of objects on problem solving. This problem can be used to test the cause-and-effect aspect of functional values since it has a variety of solution types, ranging from the obvious to the innovative. 4 objects were investigated under 3 conditions: all 4 presented; 1 object presented; 4 presented along with 10 others. The concept of functional values was supported for certain types of solutions in that the tools available influenced the type of solution generated. However, it could not account for a high number of innovative solutions utilizing an object which had a functional value unrelated to the problem. The various objects also acquired new functions and meanings as solution-types were discovered. Thus two types of problem solving are suggested: one in which the solution reached gives new meanings to previous experiences; the other in which old meanings influence subsequent solutions. The latter process was found to inhibit the former.
Attitudes toward Cheating: General and Specific
Authors: Steininger Marion
Published: September 2011

College freshmen were given one of two questionnaires, which asked how justified cheating would be in each of 32 situations. In one questionnaire, the situational variables were the interest level of the course, the meaningfulness of the tests, their difficulty, the teaching of the professor, and whether he leaves or stays during tests. In the other questionnaire, the variables were the warmth of the professor, the frequency with which he discovers cheating, the meaningfulness of the tests, whether they are essay or objective, and the student's grade in the course. The extent to which a student said cheating was justified was hypothesized to be a compromise between a negative attitude toward cheating in general and the need to defend it because situational pressures result in the temptation to cheat. The data showed the predicted J-curve of conformity for “good” situations, as well as the predicted deviation from this curve for “bad” situations. In contrast to previous data, it was found that the women said cheating was justified as often as and to the same degree as the men.
Increase and Decrease in Light and Noise Stimuli as Reinforcers for Albino Rats
Authors: O'Neil David G. , Cooper Leslie M. , Pedersen Darhl M.
Published: September 2011

The effect upon response latencies of random increases or decreases in stimulus intensity following a barrier-crossing response in a Mowrer-Miller shuttle box was studied. Stimulus change was contingent upon the response. 32 albino rats were randomly assigned to a control group which received no stimulation and to three experimental groups: Group L (subjected to changes in light), Group N (subjected to changes in noise), and Group LN (subjected to changes in light and noise). It was found that (a) in terms of mean latencies Group LN differed significantly from Group L and the control group. (b) Although the trial effect was significant, response latency did not consistently decrease over trials. (c) The mean number of spontaneous crossings was significantly larger for Group LN than for all other groups. (d) The mean number of spontaneous crossings increased over trials.
Effects of Deprivation upon Aggression in Rats
Authors: Lester David , Cheses Karen T.
Published: September 2011

It was predicted that the effects of food deprivation upon spontaneous aggression in rats would be to increase the likelihood of victory. The results indicated, however, that deprivation decreased the chances of winning. The effect of deprivation upon exit latencies from the home cage was to decrease latencies. A tendency was noted for victorious rats to have shorter exit latencies than defeated rats.
Operant Components of Conditioned Licking in Desert Rodents
Authors: Boice Robert
Published: September 2011

The development and interaction of operant and respondent behaviors in conditioned licking were compared in 7 species of rodents, 5 from desert habitats ( Eutamias quadrivittatus, Neotoma micropus and albigula, Onychomys leucogaster, and Dipodymus ordi) and 2 from environments where water is freely available ( Sigmodon hispidus and Rattus norvegicus). (a) Domesticated Norway rats showed superior conditioning over wild Norway rats and E. quadrivittatus, the only other groups to show continued improvement during the 10 daily sessions, and (b) species most inferior in conditioning showed the least apparent need for water and the lowest operant level of licking during initial sessions.
Differential Classical Salivary Conditioning in the Dog: The Effects of Three CS-US Intervals
Authors: Ost John W. P. , Proctor Stewart , De Fonso Lenore
Published: September 2011

Dogs with chronic salivary fistulae received differential classical salivary conditioning with 1 of 3 CS-US intervals: 2-, 5-, or 15-sec. Differential CR magnitude was greatest in the 5-sec. and least in the 15-sec. group. The effect of ISI was due largely to its influence upon CS+ rather than CS– performance. Baseline, CR strength corrected for baseline, and UR magnitude were reliably greater following reinforced than nonreinforced trials.
Comment on “A Comparison of Dropouts and Nondropouts on Participation in School Activities”
Authors: Moller Nancy , Asher William
Published: September 2011

Caution in accepting conclusions from an ex post facto research (Bell, 1967) on dropouts is recommended prior to testing alternative hypotheses.