bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The continuing urban-rural population movement in Britain: trends, patterns, significance
Authors: Champion Tony
Published: December 2011

Urban-rural net migration remains the principal dimension of internal migration within Britain. Though its volume varies over time, there is a very consistent process of population movement down the urban hierarchy that can be called the 'counterurbanization cascade'. This involves a wide cross-section of the British population, though young adults and minority ethnic groups are not well represented. This process can be attributed to many factors, as in other countries, but two in particular are put forward to explain why it is more fully developed and persistent in Britain. These are the policy of urban containment and the strength of people's preferences for living in the countryside.
L'espace rural rhônalpin. Dynamisme démographique et migrations résidentielles
Authors: Baccaïni Brigitte
Published: December 2011

Rural Areas of Rhône-Alpes. Population Dynamics and residential Mobility.

Between 1990 and 1999, the rural areas of Rhône-Alpes experienced a notable demographic growth, superior to what the urban areas experienced. As with the rest of the French rural areas, this demographic upswing, which can be traced to the late "70s, is due to the renewed attractiveness of those areas, not quite to the natural component: more than 80% of the growth in Rhône-Alpes rural areas is accounted for by migratory balance.

The sociodemographic structure of the rural areas remains markedly different from that of the cities: the rural population is older, thus showing a relatively large number of retired people.

During the 1990-1999 intercensal period, a net 56.200 people migrated to rural Rhône- Alpes from the metropolitan urban areas. The 15-29 age group (in 1999) is the only one for which the balance is in favor of the urban areas. Still, rural areas appear to be very appealing to families with children. Urban populations are most attracted by the rural communities at the edge of urban centers. Rural centers are more often declining. Lack of urban equipment, poor public transportation service or enclosure do not discourage urban dwellers in search of a finer living environment. The most attractive communities are those least equipped. Migrants to the rural areas of Rhône-Alpes come from a rather broad geographic area, while those leaving rural for urban areas do not tend to go as far away. Migrants from the Paris basin clearly outnumber those going from rural Rhône-Alpes to the Parisian urban centers.

Whether they leave from or move to the rural areas, the young adults aged 25 to 29 are those travelling the farthest. Distance covered also varies with the type of urban area, regardless it is the origin or the destination. one for which the balance is in favor of the urban areas. Still, rural areas appear to be very appealing to families with children. Urban populations are most attracted by the rural communities at the edge of urban centers. Rural centers are more often declining. Lack of urban equipment, poor public transportation service or enclosure do not discourage urban dwellers in search of a finer living environment. The most attractive communities are those least equipped. Migrants to the rural areas of Rhône-Alpes come from a rather broad geographic area, while those leaving rural for urban areas do not tend to go as far away. Migrants from the Paris basin clearly outnumber those going from rural Rhône-Alpes to the Parisian urban centers.

Whether they leave from or move to the rural areas, the young adults aged 25 to 29 are those travelling the farthest. Distance covered also varies with the type of urban area, regardless it is the origin or the destination.
Nouvelles fonctions tertiaires et dynamiques démographiques en milieu rural
Authors: Berger Alain , Chevalier Pascal
Published: December 2011

The new Service Sector and demographic Dynamics in rural Areas.

The demographic growth of the rural areas is a phenomenon that can be observed today in the majority of the European territories. Several processes contribute to this demographic revitalization, of which some, like the extension of the areas of urban influence and the growth of the residential zones or the development of tourism have long been factors. Others are more recent and less perceptible due to their specificity, the diversity of the local situations and their variable levels of influence. The rise of the environmental function is generally considered one of the principal components of rural revival. If environment and landscape are often mentioned as explanatory factors for the choices concerning the localization of people as well as of certain economic activities, the creation of activities which one can directly attribute to these factors and their influence on employment remains very limited and often partial, seasonal and complementary to other activities.

In fact, it is in the very broad field of the service sector that one must look, in its various levels of development, to find the economic counterpart of the demographic growth of rural areas.
Rurbanisation et périurbanisation dans le centre de la Wallonie : une approche socio-démographique
Authors: Eggerickx Thierry , Capron Catherine
Published: December 2011

La Belgique connaît depuis les années 1960 un vaste processus ininterrompu de redistri------------------ bution de la population au profit des communes vertes situées à la périphérie des grandes agglomérations urbaines. Plus récemment, la saturation des communes périurbaines a poussé les ménages à chercher plus loin, jusque dans les communes rurales éloignées, leur coin de verdure. On parle alors de rurbanisation. L'objectif de cet article est de déterminer si cette revitalisation démographique des campagnes s'inscrit dans le même processus d'étalement urbain que la périurbanisation et si, par extension, le contenu démographique de cette croissance est de la même veine que celui qui a caractérisé le milieu périurbain. Plusieurs milieux de résidence - des communes périurbaines, des communes rurales et des petites villes - situés autour de Namur, dans le centre de la Wallonie, ont été identifiés. Ils ont ensuite été comparés au modèle périurbain brabançon. Il ressort de cette analyse qu'il existe des contrastes socio-démographiques nets entre ce dernier et les autres milieux de résidence. Le Brabant wallon apparaît clairement comme une région socio- démographiquement privilégiée, caractéristique qui s'explique en partie par sa position au cœur de la Belgique, l'ancienneté du processus de périurbanisation et le tri social imposé par une forte spéculation immobilière. Entre les autres milieux de résidence considérés, les différences sont minimes. Même si l'on décèle dans le chef des communes rurales, quelques relents de « conservatisme démographique », les caractéristiques socio-démographiques des ménages qui se sont installés dans ces localités sont quasiment identiques à celles des entrants dans les communes périurbaines namuroises.
Going 'back-to-the-land' again: extending the scope of counterurbanisation
Authors: Halfacree Keith
Published: December 2011

'Back-to-the-land' à nouveau : étendre la portée du concept de contrurbanisation.

Après avoir décrit l'ubiquité géographique et les problèmes conceptuels relatifs au processus de contrurbanisation, cet article vise à accroître notre compréhension sur la portée de ce phénomène. Dans ce but, nous décrivons ici les caractéristiques de deux formes 'marginales' de reclassement rural ayant eu lieu en Grande-Bretagne : de nouvelles initiatives dans le crofting en Ecosse et une renaissance de l'idée 'back-to-the- land' en Angleterre. En somme, nous désirons illustrer l'existence peu évoquée d'une grande diversité des mécanismes de contrurbanisation.
From Heavy Industries to a High-Tech Centre: Mobility of Educated Labour in Tampere
Authors: Kultalahti Olli
Published: December 2011

The paper concentrates on the changes of the industrial structure and mobility of labour force in Tampere. The city of Tampere with a population of 195.000 is the second largest urban agglomeration in Finland. The Tampere urban area has a population of about 300.000. Tampere has been a forerunner especially in the heavy processing industries, such as large textile and clothing industries, leather industries, paper mills, cardboard factories and metal works. Along with a general industrial change in the country, Tampere lost a great part of its heavy industries in the 1970s and 1980s. The volume of labour force in the sector plummeted to less than a half causing a high unemployment rate, which was worsened by a severe depression in the country in 1991-1994. After the depression the city experienced an unexpected rapid development to become one of the major high-tech centres. These developments have created new demands for skilled workers. The paper analyses industrial changes and labour migration and their interconnections in the Tampere urban area..
L'habitat de l'ancien bassin minier du Nord - Pas-de-Calais. Entre séquelles du passé et réorganisation de l'espace
Authors: Calcoen Francis
Published: December 2011

Housing in the old mining Area in Nord - Pas-de-Calais. Between after-effects of the Past and Reorganization of the Space.

The structure and the evolution of the total number of the residential housing in the mining area of Nord - Pas-de-Calais follow from the history of the socio-economic structure and of the conjunction of the demographic and economic evolutions. The same interactions may continue with the accentuation of two phenomena : the consequences of changes in the demographic structure, and the integration in the regional space.
La mortalité dans le bassin industriel de Charleroi aux 19ème et 20ème siècles : un handicap socio-démographique récurrent
Authors: Eggerickx Thierry
Published: December 2011

L'objectif de l'article est de retracer l'évolution de la mortalité dans le bassin industriel de la région de Charleroi, du 19ème siècle à nos jours. Plus précisément, trois périodes clés sont analysées : la période de forte croissance démographique de la moitié du 19ème siècle, les années charnières de baisse rapide de la mortalité des 19ème-20ème siècles et la période actuelle. Il s'agit également d'une analyse comparative car le cas du bassin industriel carolorégien est systématiquement confronté à ceux d'autres milieux d'habitat : campagnes, villes traditionnelles, grandes villes, milieu périurbain... Dans des contextes d'industrialisation rapide au 19ème siècle, puis de désindustrialisation au 20ème, la mortalité dans le bassin industriel de Charleroi accuse un retard presque chronique, notamment par rapport aux régions rurales environnantes. Aujourd'hui encore, dans un contexte de crise urbaine profonde, la population de l'ancien bassin industriel de Charleroi se caractérise par une très nette surmortalité, notamment par rapport aux milieux périurbains, socialement plus privilégiés.
Les nouvelles dynamiques de peuplement dans les zones frontalières en Wallonie
Authors: Capron Catherine , Eggerickx Thierry , Hermia Jean-Pierre
Published: December 2011

The Recent Dynamics of Settlement in the Border Regions of Walloonia.

For some years, certain localities have stopped losing their inhabitants and present, on the contrary, a spectacular population growth. This change is due to a strong migratory attraction, which takes place in a double context, both national and international. At the country level, the recent immigration toward these regions lies within the process of periurbanisation: people and families migrate to parkland, sometimes distant from their work place. At the international level, the origin is the free circulation of the goods that has transformed border spaces into transborder regions. This paper studies, on the long trend and in a comparative approach, the demographic dynamics of municipalities located along the border with Germany and the Grand-Duchy of Luxemburg. Thanks to the linkage between the individual data of the national register and the 1991 population census, we analyse the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the populations who set up in these border regions between 1993 and 1998.
Une expérience de SIG en Inde du Sud : théorie, mise en œuvre et application thématique
Authors: Guilmoto Christophe Z. , Oliveau Sébastien , Vingadassamy Sattia
Published: December 2011

L'analyse des mouvements de population agitant le système urbain occupe une place toujours plus importante dans l'étude des populations. La ville est de plus en plus éclatée. Cette réalité nouvelle ne correspond plus ni aux définitions, ni aux délimitations classiques de l'espace urbain. Les mobilités décuplées animent l'ensemble du système urbain, centre et marges comprises. L'étude de ces déplacements se complexifie, tout autant que leurs nombres et leurs trajectoires. Les seules données issues des recensements de la population ne suffisent plus à les quantifier et encore moins à les qualifier. C'est pourquoi le recours à des bases de données annexes, tel le fichier SICLONE, recensement des permis de construire peuvent contribuer à échelle fine, à de meilleures analyses, et ce notamment dans le cas d'une approche de la structuration des espaces périurbains.
Flux migratoires, poussée démographique et petite fabrique du territoire scolaire : l'exemple des Pyrénées-Orientales
Authors: Giband David
Published: December 2011

Migratory Flows, growing Demography and the Territory Home Made.

Neglected for a long time by demo-geographers, the study of the schooling population knows a recent interest. Based on a research dealing with high schools prospective planning into a French southern growing departement, this paper intents to think about the role of population geography and its traditional tools in the school planning domain. Taking act of the ineffectiveness of mathematical models and GIS for that kind of exercise, which requires to include new constraints (student mobility, parental consumerism...), a good approach needs to choose calls a logic made of scales articulation and other school zonings. This induces to determine new steps and to prefer the educational demand to the public offer. The experience made in the Roussillon region invites us to question about the socio-spatial and demographic dimensions of the schooling population and its links with land planning.
Violences urbaines et restauration de l'identité spatiale masculine
Authors: Coutras Jacqueline
Published: December 2011

Le thème des violences urbaines a envahi les champs du politique, de la morale, et prend même de l'importance dans celui de l'économique. Les auteurs de tels méfaits paraissent bien identifiés. À en croire les médias, les pouvoirs publics, les élus et beaucoup de travaux de recherche, les principaux responsables des agressions sont, explicitement et de façon quasi unanime, les « jeunes » appartenant à des familles issues de l'immigration et vivant dans les banlieues déshéritées des périphéries urbaines. La proximité résidentielle joue un rôle complexe dans la relation au monde que les « jeunes » de ces banlieues établissent à travers leurs actions sur l'espace. Elle est certes une « zone pourrie », symbole d'ennui et d'exclusion sociale : hommes et femmes estiment qu'en sortir est le seul moyen de s'en sortir. Mais à la différence des femmes, les hommes la décrivent aussi comme un territoire où ils sont chez eux, qu'ils se sont appropriés au fil du temps. Les « bandes » et réseaux dont ils font partie sont certes éphémères et fragiles, mais ils y puisent amitié et solidarité, souvent aussi des revenus financiers. En examinant les conduites des acteurs, il apparaît que les violences s 'exprimant « en public » sont une (ré)affirmation des traditionnelles valeurs de féminité et de masculinité, voire de virilité, qui identifient très fortement tout espace résidentiel dans la ville moderne.
In the Interstices of the City: Albanian Women in Athens
Authors: Vaiou Dina
Published: December 2011

In the aftermath of 1989, Southern European countries including Greece, former places of out-migration, have become the destination of massive waves of migrants. By now numerous estimates, reports and studies point to the high presence of women in these migratory movements - which challenges established stereotyped images of the migrant as a young male single person. The "discovery" of women migrants, with different presence in various migrant communities, has opened new areas of feminist research - and new tensions in feminist debates, particularly in Southern Europe where the experience of multicultural societies is very new. This is the case in urban geography/studies, to which this paper seeks to contribute, based on on-going research in Athens.

Athens, like all Greek cities, has a development history in which what has been called "the informal" plays a key role: in the production of space, in the labour market, in the functioning of institutions. This has legitimated, among other things, the limited and sometimes controversial involvement of the state in several potential fields of intervention, including welfare, housing and planning, thus reducing direct state control on everyday life. The workings of the informal have contributed to urban problems for which Athens is notorious, but have left "gaps" where mechanisms of social integration could and have developed. Such gaps have made it possible, until recently, for women (and men) migrants to find a job and home, to establish themselves in their place of destination. Based on the premise that women migrants are not passive agents, but that they develop strategies of survival and actively seek to determine the terms of their settlement in the new environment, the paper argues that their numerous presence in many central neighbourhoods of Athens has contributed to the revitalisation of the inner city, by introducing new uses of its facilities, services, infrastructures and public spaces. Through interviews with Albanian women in Athens, the paper looks into three spatial levels, neighbourhood, city, trajectory, and seeks to understand the links between gender and experiences of/in space.
Regional Development and Gendered Labour Markets
Authors: Meier Verena , Schier Michaela , Von Streit Anne
Published: December 2011

Développement régional et questions de genre sur le marché de l'emploi.

Les marchés du travail se transforment radicalement. Notre groupe de recherche du Département de Géographie de l'Université de Munich s'intéresse particulièrement, dans le contexte économique et social, aux dimensions du genre dans les processus de restructuration du marché du travail. À partir de réflexions sur les concepts de développement régional, de division du marché du travail et de signification du travail, nos aimerions présenter les idées maîtresses de nos travaux et les voies possibles de nos futures investigations de recherche sur les questions de genre. Elles concernent à la fois les aspects théoriques et méthodologiques de notre recherche.
"Un homme doit prendre femme pour être paysan !" De la dualité de la paysanne
Authors: Baeschlin Elisabeth
Published: December 2011

"A Man Needs a Wife to Run a Farm!" About the Duality of Farm Women.

Family farms are the base of Swiss agriculture. They are operated by the farmer and his wife who are the farm's labour force. Nevertheless, in the Swiss statistics, farm women are, for the most part, absent. Only the responsibilities of the farmer as the farm manager are reflected on, farm women are considered housekeepers rather than professional farm workers. In reality, farm women do contribute a lot to the operation of the small-and middle-sized farms. If agricultural production requires, farm women have to be available at any time to participate in or take over responsibility for any kind of farm work.

The new Swiss agricultural policy (Agriculture 2002) demands production diversification and complementary activities in Swiss agriculture. However, this also means new and different qualifications as well as a challenge for family farms in particular. And with that the role of farm women in the agricultural production process has to be reconsidered. Gender studies enable us to approach this new and challenging situation for farm women but also for family farms from different perspectives.
Income Migration and the Spatial Redistribution of Poverty and Income in the Mountain West Region during the 1990s
Authors: Shumway J. Matthew , Otterstrom Samuel M.
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this research is to understand how rapid population growth in the Mountain West region in the U.S. during the 1990s has affected the spatial distribution of income and poverty. Population growth in the Mountain West during the 1990s was principally through the mechanism of internal and international migration. In previous research we found that much of this growth, and the income growth that went along with it, was highly concentrated in only a few, high-amenity counties. In this paper we use IRS/Census Bureau data on income migration to identify migration of different income groups and how their migration during the 1990s has affected spatial patterns of income and poverty. Counties with the lowest levels of poverty had the largest increase in poverty during the decade. However, somewhat paradoxically, these counties also experienced the largest increase in income due to outmigration of lower income people. In general, migration patterns between 1995 and 2000 within and from beyond the Mountain West region tended to reinforce existing spatial patterns of poverty with higher income people moving to lower poverty counties and lower income people moving to higher poverty counties.
Étalement urbain : et l'Amérique profonde ?
Authors: Maret Isabelle
Published: December 2011

Urban Sprawl: What are the Trends in Rural US ?.

The U.S. population is sprawling on the American land ; the use of the term sprawl today is commonplace when speaking about disorganized settlement with moderate densities. It is accused to consume excessive open and agricultural space and leads to the increase of economical, social, and environmental costs. The ability to cure the pricey consequences of sprawl in the U.S. suppose the understanding of the multiple faces it can encompass in different context. Sprawl is linked to the high dependency of the American society on cars. It expresses the evolution of the American culture and life style. The State of Kentucky offers the case study of spreading population patterns in a rural context.
The Geography of Indigenous Identity in the United States
Authors: Comenetz Joshua
Published: December 2011

In the 2000 census, Americans were allowed to choose more than one "racial" group for the first time. Indigenous people had a higher rate of multiracial identification than other population groups. The larger number of people who identify as partly indigenous, along with the reduction in the level of undercount compared with the 1990 census, means that the total enumerated indigenous or partly indigenous population in 2000 was more than twice the size of the reported population in 1990. The intensity of indigenous identification among American Indians (measured by the share of indigenous people who claim a single racial identity) varied geographically, with higher levels on and near reservations and in western states. The core (one-race) population was much more spatially clustered than the peripheral (multi-race) population.
Estimating the Muslim Population in the United States Using Census 2000 Data
Authors: Weeks John R.
Published: December 2011

Although the number of Muslims in the United States is now large and growing, it is difficult to know how large and at what rate the population is increasing, since there are no official statistics on religious identification. For this reason there have been few serious attempts to quantify the geographic distribution of the Muslim population within the United States. Several recent surveys have provided a narrowing range of estimates of the likely size of the national U.S. population and, importantly, have provided a means for estimating the percentage of African Americans who are Muslim. Using these survey data in combination with 1990 PUMS data and recently released Census 2000 data on ancestry, language, and place of birth, I have produced estimates of the Muslim population by state. My overall national estimate based on this technique is 3.4 million Muslim as of 2000, which is slightly higher than, but close to the range of estimates generated from all recent surveys except one. The Muslim Population is currently growing at a rate of about 3.5 percent per year which is almost three times the national rate. I use these estimates at the state level to show that there are clusters of Muslims in the New York-New Jersey region, the Washington, D.C. region, the Great Lakes region, and large populations also in California and Texas. The Muslim population in Texas appears to be growing rapidly, whereas the California population is not.
La Mission, "barrio" de San Francisco : l'hispanisation d'un quartier américain et de sa rue commerçante (1950-2000)
Authors: Lehman-Frisch Sonia
Published: December 2011

Le quartier de la Mission, à San Francisco, est identifié aujourd'hui comme le quartier hispanique de la ville, le « barrio ». Or il n'en a pas toujours été ainsi, et au lendemain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, il était encore peuplé de classes populaires blanches, issues de l'immigration européenne. L'immigration en provenance du Mexique et de l'Amérique Centrale a profondément transformé le quartier et sa rue commerçante, la 24ème Rue, à partir des années 1950, et surtout 1960 et 1970. Cependant, au tournant du siècle, la population de la Mission est beaucoup plus hétérogène que l'opinion ne veut le croire. L'examen du rôle de l'église, de l'école, des associations locales et de la rue commerçante dans la Mission révèle la faiblesse des liens sociaux à l'échelle du quartier et met à mal le mythe d'une communauté d'immigrants hispaniques aux fortes solidarités.
Second Homes and Regional Population Distribution: On Administrative Practices and Failures in Sweden
Authors: Müller Dieter K. , Hall C. Michael
Published: December 2011

Résidences secondaires et répartition régionale de la population : des pratiques administratives et de leurs échecs en Suède.

Dans l'ensemble du monde industrialisé, suite au développement de formes flexibles de travail et à l'émergence de modes de vie plus mobiles chez les retraités, les ménages disposent d'une capacité croissante à répartir leur temps entre plusieurs lieux distincts, ce qui a renouvelé leur intérêt pour l'acquisition de résidences secondaires. Cet attrait renouvelé a particulièrement bénéficié aux zones rurales où la consommation des ménages de seconds résidents contribue aux activités économiques locales. Toutefois, le séjour, souvent long, dans les résidences secondaires amène à se demander si, en définitive, celles-ci ne sont pas des premières résidences, du moins sous l'angle de la relation que les propriétaires entretiennent avec elles. En raison du lien existant entre le volume de la population régionale, le niveau d'imposition et les transferts publics, la réponse à pareille question est cruciale. En effet, en tant que touristes, les propriétaires de résidences secondaires ne sont pas enregistrés dans la municipalité hôte comme résidents : leur présence impose des coûts croissants pour la collectivité locale en matière d'offre de services mais sans bénéfice via les transferts publics. L'objet du présent article est de mettre en évidence la distribution spatiale de la population saisonnière et d'estimer son impact sur les structures démographiques et économiques des zones rurales. Une base de données géographiques originale, couvrant l'ensemble des résidences secondaires en Suède, est mobilisée pour examiner cette question. À partir de l'exemple de la Suède, il est démontré que les pratiques administratives actuelles désavantagent les municipalités rurales sur le plan financier.
Introduction à la géographie électorale indienne. Nouvelle donne, anciens clivages
Authors: Vaguet Alain , Chapelet Pierre
Published: December 2011

Geography of Elections in India, an Introduction. New Deal, Ancient Discontinuities.

At the end of the 90s, a major transformation of the political landscape occurred in Federal India. The BJP, a Hindu fundamentalist group reached the power in Delhi. Restoring the spatial dynamics of the two major electoral competitors leads to find out the very classical outcomes of regional geography in India, opposing the northern States to the southern ones, much more involved in the process of modernization.
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Induced Immune Thrombocytopenia in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia?
Authors: Barak Avital F. , Bonstein Lilach , Lauterbach Roy , Naparstek Elizabeth , Tavor Sigal
Published: December 2011

The outcome and quality of life of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients has remarkably changed with the treatment of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Currently, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is considered mainly as a third line salvage therapy in cases of TKIs resistance or intolerance. Here we describe a patient with chronic phase CML who developed both resistance and late occurrence of s severe thrombocytopenia on first and second generation TKIs and eventually underwent HSCT. Although the mechanism of the myelosuppression is not fully understood, we showed for the first time the development of dose dependent platelet antibodies in the presence of TKIs, suggesting the possibility of TKIs induced thrombocytopenia. Our case emphasizes that late development of severe myelosuppression during imatinib treatment is probably an important indication for consideration of early HSCT.
Overcoming violence - a basic task of Christian churches
Authors: Huber Wolfgang
Published: December 2011

In this article � based on the second of two keynote lectures at a conference on violence � the view is developed that the task of the church with respect to violence consists mainly in overcoming violence. In the first part of the article dealing with the basic tasks of the church it is argued that the task to overcome violence is close to the essence of the church. The point of departure is taken in Article 7 of the Augsburg Confession, which understands the church as the �communion of saints� and names the pure proclamation of the gospel and the right administration of the sacraments as the two characteristics of the church. The Christian message that the church has to proclaim the gospel entails a preferential option for nonviolence that includes the responsibility to put an end to existing violence. In the second part of the article attention is given to the implications the basic task of the church in overcoming violence holds for the practice of the church. It is argued that the starting point is that the church has to proclaim the gospel of peace and as a community of faith become a community of peace herself. Some of the most important practical consequences the proclamation of the gospel of peace has for the church as a community of action, for her work in education, for her promotion of justice and for her solidarity with those in need, are discussed.
Comparison of the Effects of Walking and Weight Training Programs on Body Image in Middle-Aged Women: An Experimental Study
Authors: Tucker Larry A. , Mortell Rosemarie
Published: December 2011

Purpose.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of a resistive training intervention on body image in middle-aged women compared to an exercise walking program. Another purpose was to develop two multivariate models to explain improvement in body image among the lifters and walkers.

Design.

A pretest-posttest experimental design with random assignment of subjects to two exercise groups was employed.

Setting.

Subjects trained in their own homes and were tested at the university.

Subjects.

Participants were 60 women recruited from the local community with an average age of 42.5 ± 4.2 years.

Intervention.

Subjects were randomly assigned to a resistive training or exercise walking program, both of which were three days per week and 12 weeks in duration.

Measures.

Body cathexis was assessed using the Body Cathexis Scale; cardiovascular endurance was measured using the one-mile walk test, and muscular strength was assessed using standard weight training procedures.

Results.

After completion of the exercise interventions, lifters showed greater muscular strength than walkers, and walkers displayed greater cardiorespiratory endurance than lifters, as expected. Lifters also improved significantly more in body image than the walkers.

Conclusions.

Participation in a three-day-per-week resistive training program seems to improve body image in middle-aged women more than participation in a three-day per week walking program. Further, it appears that hard work and fitness improvements contribute significantly toward positive changes in body image.
The Impact of Organizational Characteristics on Smoking Policy Restrictions in Midwestern Hospitals
Authors: Emmons Karen M. , Biener Lois
Published: December 2011

Purpose.

The relationship between hospitals' organizational characteristics and adoption of restrictive smoking policies was examined.

Design.

Self-administered questionnaires and telephone interviews were conducted prior to and following the target date for policy implementation.

Setting.

The Director of Regional Medical Services of a community network of hospitals requested in the summer of 1989 that the 57 member hospitals voluntarily implement a policy prohibiting all smoking in hospital buildings as of January 1, 1990.

Subjects.

Subjects were the 49 hospital CEOs (86%) who provided data at both time points.

Intervention.

The Director of Regional Medical Services made a personal request of the CEO during a routine visit at each hospital.

Measures.

Measures included structural aspects of the hospitals (e.g., number of employees, number of beds, presence of chemical dependency and psychiatric units); orientation toward employee health; support for smoking restrictions among various groups; and extent of CEO authority to set smoking policy.

Results.

Fifty-one percent of hospitals increased the restrictiveness of their smoking policy; 35% adopted a complete indoor smoking ban. Stepwise multiple regression analysis demonstrated that adoption of additional smoking restrictions was related to CEOs' and perceived board of directors' support of smoking restrictions, absence of a chemical dependency unit, and experience of financial difficulties in the previous two years.

Conclusions.

It is important to educate top decision makers as to the necessity of restrictive smoking policies. Barriers to smoking restrictions in organizations with chemical dependency units deserve particular attention from health promotion practitioners and researchers.
Identifying Program Preferences through Conjoint Analysis: Illustrative Results from a Parent Sample
Authors: Spoth Richard , Redmond Cleve
Published: December 2011

Purpose.

The purpose of this article is to illustrate the application of conjoint analysis, a consumer research technique, using data from a survey of parents' preferences for prevention programs.

Design.

This study utilized a one-time, cross-sectional telephone survey.

Setting.

Data were collected from subjects living in economically disadvantaged rural midwestern counties.

Subjects.

Subjects were 202 randomly selected parents with préadolescents who indicated interest in family-focused prevention programs.

Measures.

Conjoint analysis software was employed in computer-assisted telephone interviews to evaluate relative preferences for 39 individual features of family-focused prevention programs falling under 11 categories (e.g., program meeting time, facilitator background). The software also guided computer simulations of parent choices among four types of programs.

Results.

Findings indicated that meeting time was the most important category of program features. Strongly preferred individual features included meetings scheduled on weekday evenings, instruction by child development specialists, and programs based on extensive research. Two multiple-session programs evaluated via computer simulations incorporated several preferred features and received higher ratings than did single-session programs. Estimated variance z-tests indicated limited differences in perceived importance of program feature categories across sociodemographic subgroups.

Conclusions.

Findings highlight a) differences in the relative value parents place on various features of prevention programs in the surveyed population and b) the importance of practical aspects of program delivery.
Preventing Adolescent Drug Abuse and High School Dropout through an Intensive School-Based Social Network Development Program
Authors: Eggert Leona L. , Thompson Elaine A. , Herting Jerald R. , Nicholas Liela J. , Dicker Barbara Garii
Published: December 2011

Purpose.

The hypothesis tested was that experimental subjects, relative to controls, would demonstrate significant increases in school performance and decreases in drug involvement at program exit (5 months) and at follow-up (10 months).

Design.

A two-group, repeated-measures, intervention trial was the design used.

Setting.

The study involved four urban Northwest high schools.

Subjects.

Participants included 259 youth at high risk of potential school dropout, 101 in the experimental group and 158 in the control group.

Intervention.

The Personal Growth Class experimental condition was a one-semester, five-month elective course taken as one of five or six regular classes. It had a 1:12 teacher-student ratio, and integrated group support and life-skills training interventions. The control condition included a regular school schedule.

Measures.

School performance measures (semester GPA, class absences) came from school records. Drug use progression, drug control, and adverse consequences were measured by the Drug Involvement Scale for Adolescents. Self-esteem, school bonding, and deviant peer bonding were measured using the High School Questionnaire: Inventory of Experiences. All multi-item scales had acceptable reliability and validity.

Results.

As predicted, trend analyses revealed significantly different patterns of change over time between groups in drug control problems and consequences; in GPA (but not attendance); and in self-esteem, deviant peer bonding, and school bonding. The program appeared to stem the progression of drug use, but group differences only approached significance.

Conclusion.

Program efficacy was demonstrated particularly for decreasing drug control problems and consequences; increasing GPA and school bonding; and desired changes in self-esteem and deviant peer bonding. Program effects on progression of drug use were less definitive.
Formative and Effectiveness Evaluation of a Worksite Program Promoting Healthy Alcohol Consumption
Authors: Kishchuk Natalie , Peters Claudia , Towers Anna M. , Sylvestre Marcel , Bourgault Chantal , Richard Lucie
Published: December 2011

Purpose.

This project involved the formative and effectiveness evaluation of a program aiming to enable working, nondependent drinkers to consume alcohol in a healthy and socially responsible fashion.

Design.

A baseline survey (n=387) of employee needs and interests was followed by a formative evaluation testing accessibility, interest/resistance, and potential effectiveness. The formative evaluation used successive iterations of focus groups. The subsequent effectiveness evaluation (n=268) used a randomized pre-post design with three conditions: alcohol program, placebo (nutrition) program, or no program.

Settings and Subjects.

The program was implemented in a multi-branch, blue-collar, shiftworking organization (n=813) in four Quebec cities with many mobile workers.

Intervention.

The worksite alcohol program consisted of two, half-hour sessions delivered one week apart by a health professional during paid time. The program provided information on the social and personal costs of alcohol, on strategies for promoting socially responsible drinking, and for the prevention of negative consequences of intoxication for oneself and one's family and friends.

Measures.

Constructs measured using self-administered questionnaires were: alcohol knowledge, socially responsible attitudes, perceived self-efficacy for drinking management, and self-reported drinking behavior.

Results.

Despite the lack of interest in the topic (as found in the needs and interests survey), the program was effective in promoting socially responsible attitudes and reducing self-reported weekly consumption among participants. Some placebo effects were also present. Participants were not completely representative of all employees.

Conclusion.

Worksite alcohol health promotion programs can be effective especially when promoting socially responsible attitudes.
Can Life Expectancies Be Used to Determine if Health Promotion Works?
Authors: Adrian Manuella , Layne Neville , Moreau Joan
Published: December 2011

Purpose.

The goal of this study was to develop a method to measure the impact and cost-effectiveness of health promotion.

Design.

Age- and sex-specific changes in life expectancy in Canada between 1970 to 1972 and 1985 to 1987, after the introduction of national health insurance (1970) and health promotion (1975), are used to assess the impact due to biological hardiness, improvements in the health care field, and the effects of health promotion.

Subjects.

The subjects were the total male and female population of Canada between the years 1970 to 1972 and 1985 to 1987.

Measures.

Life expectancy by years of age by sex was the measurement used.

Results.

A method is presented that allows the calculation of the differential effects of health promotion, heath care, and biological hardiness on changes in life expectancy based on sequential subtraction of life expectancies for one-year age cohorts over a 15-year period. Results were obtained for each year of age for men and women, showing gender and age differences in the relative impact of the three factors. In this illustrative example using Canadian data, health promotion was found to have less impact on longevity than health care or biological hardiness. However, of the three, health promotion was the most cost-effective.

Conclusion.

This method can be used to quantify changes in life span due to health promotion, health care, and biological hardiness for men and women at each year of age and to relate this to health expenditures for the whole population. The method is limited in that it cannot determine the relative impact of other factors that can affect life expectancy such as environmental changes or social trends.
Multi-Level Models of Information Processing, and Their Application to Psychosis
Authors: Heriot-Maitland Charles
Published: December 2011

Multi-level models have been developed to illustrate the mind's processing of qualitatively different types of information, and therefore provide a useful tool for exploring the actions and interactions of different processing levels within a single theoretical framework. This paper firstly reviews a selection of multilevel models, and then constructs a detailed rationale for applying a multi-level framework to psychosis. The argument draws on a wide psychosis literature, in the areas of positive symptoms, subjective phenomena, risk factors, and cognitive phenomena. In doing so, the discussion highlights some limitations of current (single-level) cognitive models of psychosis, and argues that a multi-level framework not only offers enhanced explanatory power, but also facilitates an integration of the evidence accumulated in different areas of psychosis research. Implications of a multi-level approach are discussed with regards to understanding the ‘psychotic-like’ experiences of both clinical and non-clinical populations. In particular, the roles of emotional meaning and function of psychotic phenomena are emphasised, and the clinical therapeutic tenet of normalisation is encouraged.
Negative Generalization and Symptoms of Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Fulford Daniel , Rosen Rebecca K. , Johnson Sheri L. , Carver Charles S.
Published: December 2011

The tendency to generalize from a single failure to one's entire self-worth is an important correlate and predictor of depression. Despite conceptual overlap between cognitive biases in anxiety and depression, little research has examined whether negative generalization relates to anxiety symptoms. We examined associations of negative generalization with symptoms of several anxiety disorders, above and beyond its association with lifetime symptoms of depression, among 248 undergraduates. After controlling for lifetime symptoms of major depression, negative generalization was significantly correlated with symptoms of each anxiety disorder tested, most notably generalized anxiety and social phobia.
Long-term impacts of aerosols on precipitation and lightning over the Pearl River Delta megacity area in China
Authors: Wang Y. , Wan Q. , Meng W. , Liao F. , Tan H. , Zhang R.
Published: December 2011

Abstract. Seven-year measurements of precipitation, lightning flashes, and visibility from 2000 to 2006 have been analyzed in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, China, with a focus on the Guangzhou megacity area. Statistical analysis shows that the occurrence of heavy rainfall (>25 mm per day) and frequency of lightning strikes are reversely correlated to visibility during this period. To elucidate the effects of aerosols on cloud processes, precipitation, and lightning activity, a cloud resolving – Weather Research and Forecasting (CR-WRF) model with a two-moment bulk microphysical scheme is employed to simulate a mesoscale convective system occurring on 28 Match 2009 in the Guangzhou megacity area. The model predicted evolutions of composite radar reflectivity and accumulated precipitation are in agreement with measurements from S-band weather radars and automatic gauge stations. The calculated lightning potential index (LPI) exhibits temporal and spatial consistence with lightning flashes recorded by a local lightning detection network. Sensitivity experiments have been performed to reflect aerosol conditions representative of polluted and clean cases. The simulations suggest that precipitation and LPI are enhanced by about 16% and 50%, respectively, under the polluted aerosol condition. Our results suggest that elevated aerosol loading suppresses light and moderate precipitation (less than 25 mm per day), but enhances heavy precipitation. The responses of hydrometeors and latent heat release to different aerosol loadings reveal the physical mechanism for the precipitation and lightning enhancement in the Guangzhou megacity area, showing more efficient mixed phase processes and intensified convection under the polluted aerosol condition.