bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Common Themes in the Experiences of Mother‐Daughter Incest Survivors: Implications for Counseling
Authors: Ogilvie Beverly , Daniluk Judith
Published: December 2011

A qualitative method was used to explore the phenomenon of mother‐daughter incest. Common themes were extracted from in‐depth interviews with survivors of mother‐perpetrated sexual abuse, some of which parallel the experience of survivors of other forms of child sexual abuse, and some of which are more specific to mother‐daughter incest. These themes are discussed in detail. Counseling implications are discussed and treatment recommendations are made for therapists working with adult survivors of maternal sexual abuse.
College Students' Perceptions of a Psychotherapist's Treatment of a Religious Issue: Partial Replication and Extension
Authors: McCullough Michael E. , Worthington Everett L.
Published: December 2011

A study of the influence of a counselor's treatment of a client's religious values, observers' religiosity, and their interaction on observers' perceptions of counseling (Morrow, Worthington, & McCullough, 1992) was partially replicated and extended. Religious beliefs were differentiated from religious values as determinants of observers' perceptions of counseling. Student observers (N = 148) viewed one of two videotaped counseling interactions in which a counselor either supported or challenged a client's religious values. Dividing observers into high and low levels of Christian belief did not result in their perceiving religiously supportive or challenging counseling differently. Dividing observers into high and low levels of religious values produced consistent differences in how they perceived religiously supportive and challenging counseling. Findings supported the theory that people with strong religious values perceive counseling differently than people with weaker religious values.
Assessment and DSM‐IV Diagnosis of Personality Disorders: A Primer for Counselors
Authors: Fong Margaret L.
Published: December 2011

The DSM‐IV categorizes 10 personality disorders, long‐term patterns of personality traits that result in impairment of social and occupational functioning. The author details steps in the recognition and diagnosis of personality disorders, with emphasis on using the DSM‐IV diagnostic framework.
Examining Sex Differences in Altering Attitudes About Rape: A Test of the Elaboration Likelihood Model
Authors: Heppner Mary J. , Good Glenn E. , Hillenbrand‐Gunn Theresa L. , Hawkins Allyson K. , Hacquard Laura L. , Nichols Raeona K. , De Bord Kurt A. , Brock Kathleen J.
Published: December 2011

This intervention sought to improve first‐year college students' attitudes about rape. The Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) was used to examine men and women's attitude change processes. Both quantitative and qualitative methodologies were used to examine how men and women construed rape prevention messages. Results indicated numerous sex differences in the ways in which men and women experienced and changed during and after the rape prevention intervention. Women seemed to use more central‐route attitude change processes and showed more lasting change from the intervention at 2‐month follow‐up, whereas men seemed to attend more to peripheral cues of the speaker and demonstrated more transient attitude change.
Counselor Values: A National Survey
Authors: Kelly Eugene W.
Published: December 2011

A national sample (n = 479) of counselors representative of the 1993 American Counseling Association membership was surveyed regarding their value orientations in four domains: universal values, mental health values, individualistic‐collectivistic values, and religious‐spiritual values. Results yielded a multifaceted, generally concordant (although by no means unanimous) value profile for professional counselors across these value domains, presenting an overall content pattern that might be globally summarized as a strong core valuing of holistic‐humanistic empowerment related to personal development and interpersonal and social concern. Implications for counseling practice, limitations, and suggestions for future research are discussed.
A Reconceptualization of Values Clarification: Values Conflict Resolution
Authors: Kinnier Richard T.
Published: December 2011

Values Clarification (VC) waxed during the 1970s and waned during the 1980s. Today, psychology lacks an empirically based intervention for helping individuals to clarify their values. In this article, the meteoric rise and then precipitous decline of VC are first described. Conservative religious and political criticisms as well as conceptual flaws within VC are discussed. A reconceptualization of VC that addresses the criticisms and flaws is then proposed. The goal of the reconceptualization is to revitalize the topic of values conflict and clarification, to stimulate a new generation of research, and to establish an empirically based guidance for practice.
Sports Counseling: Enhancing the Development of the High School Student‐Athlete
Authors: Goldberg Alan D. , Chandler Timothy
Published: December 2011

In recent years, considerable attention has been given to the dilemmas faced by student‐athletes. The purpose of this article is to identify the major developmental issues faced by students participating in interscholastic athletics and to suggest ways in which counselors can assist them in mastering age‐appropriate developmental tasks.
Diagnosis of Mood Disorders
Authors: Seligman Linda , Moore Bonita Marcus
Published: December 2011

This article provides an overview of mood disorders according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.) criteria and other relevant information. Differential diagnosis is facilitated through discussion of differences and similarities among mental disorders, age and gender‐related patterns of mood disorders, and useful diagnostic tools.
Evaluation of a Measure of Self‐Esteem Based on the Concept of Unconditional Self‐Regard
Authors: Betz Nancy E. , Wohlgemuth Elaine , Serling Deborah , Harshbarger John , Klein Karla
Published: December 2011

A measure of unconditional self‐regard (USR) derived from Rogerian (client‐centered) theory was evaluated in four studies. Results indicated that USR was highly reliable and was strongly related to other measures of self‐esteem and negatively related to depression, anxiety, and symptoms of psychological distress. The measure was significantly related to the control and commitment dimensions of psychological hardiness but not to its challenge dimension. Evidence for discriminant validity was provided by findings that USR was unrelated to social desirability or private self‐consciousness. Finally, female students'self‐regard was significantly related to the unconditional positive regard they reported receiving from their mothers. Other correlations between self‐regard and perceived regard from others, although nonsignificant, were often large in absolute value. Implications for counseling interventions are discussed.
Sexual Contact During and After Professional Relationships: Practices and Attitudes of Female Counselors
Authors: Thoreson Richard W. , Shaughnessy Peter , Frazier Patricia A.
Published: December 2011

A national sample of female counselors (N = 377) was surveyed regarding sexual contact in professional relationships. Few respondents reported engaging in sexual contact either during or following professional relationships with clients, supervisees, or students. Individuals with doctoral degrees were more likely to have engaged in sexual contact with their own counselors, supervisors, or teachers. Counselors viewed sexual contact in current professional relationships as less ethical than contact in subsequent relationships, although relationships with former clients were seen as less ethical than relationships with former supervisees or students. Compared with male counselors from a previous study, female counselors were less likely to report sexual contact in their professional roles. Implications for research and training are discussed.
Moral Development and Hawaiian Youths: Does Gender Make a Difference?
Authors: Daniels Judy , D'Andrea Michael , Heck Ronald
Published: December 2011

This study was designed to assess the moral reasoning of Hawaiian youths. The findings challenge C. Gilligan's (1982) theoretical proposition that gender differences exist in moral development. Implications for counseling theory, research, and practice are discussed.
Life Satisfaction of Single Middle‐Aged Professional Women
Authors: Lewis Virginia G. , Borders L. DiAnne
Published: December 2011

This study examined 10 factors and their relation to the life satisfaction of single middle‐aged professional women. The proposed regression model, which included job satisfaction, gender identity, locus of control, social support, health, financial resources, leisure‐time activities, sexual satisfaction, and regrets regarding life circumstances, was explored through a questionnaire. Questionnaires were administered to single professional women in higher education institutions. Responses were received from 152 women. Performance on life satisfaction was significantly explained by recourse to the variables of job satisfaction, internal locus of control, regrets regarding life circumstances, sexual satisfaction, and leisure‐time activities.
Accreditation, Credentialing, Professionalization: The Role of Specialties
Authors: Sweeney Thomas J.
Published: December 2011

This article provides an overview of standards development, accreditation, and credentialing with particular attention to specialties. There is much to celebrate with regard to progress and successes. On the other hand, even a cursory review of the history of counseling and its current status leaves questions begging for answers. A number of unresolved issues are considered, and the pros and cons of specialties in the professionalization of counseling are presented.
School Counseling: An Evolving Specialty
Authors: Paisley Pamela O. , Borders L. DiAnne
Published: December 2011

This article provides a review of school counseling as a specialty area of the counseling profession, including attention to historical development, training standards and accreditation, certification, and future trends and issues.
Marriage and Family Counseling
Authors: Smith Robert L. , Carlson Jon , Stevens‐Smith Patricia , Dennison Michelle
Published: December 2011

This article provides an overview of marriage and family counseling, including the growth and interest of this specialty within the American Counseling Association (ACA). Areas discussed include the evolution of marriage and family counseling within ACA, standards for training, credentialing, and unique ethical considerations when counseling couples and families.
Rehabilitation Counseling: Evolution and Current Status
Authors: Leahy Michael J. , Szymanski Edna Mora
Published: December 2011

This article provides a brief review of the evolution and current status of rehabilitation counseling. Rehabilitation counseling practice is described along with the required competencies of rehabilitation counselors in providing services to individuals with disabilities. The professional status of the discipline is reviewed in terms of programs for educational preparation, professional associations, accreditation, regulation of practice, ethical mandates, and research. Finally, continuing challenges for the discipline are identified.
Addictions Counseling Certification: An Emerging Counseling Specialty
Authors: Page Richard C. , Bailey Jennifer B.
Published: December 2011

This article summarizes the national standards for addictions counseling of 4 different professional groups or boards. The new addictions specialty certification standards that are being developed jointly by the National Board for Certified Counselors and the International Association of Addictions and Offender Counselors (a division of the American Counseling Association) are compared with the standards of 3 other groups.
Certification of Specialties: Not If, But How
Authors: Pate Robert H.
Published: December 2011

The guest editorial and featured articles have established the fact of counseling specialties and also that counselors have no clear or consistent scheme to recognize professional specialization. If counselors expect external recognition of and respect for their credentials, the credentials first must be recognized and understood by counselors. The experiences of other professions suggest strategies, but counselors must determine their own way of recognizing specialties without denying counselors' common identity. The profession and practice of counseling will be strengthened if all counselors have a minimum foundation of counseling knowledge and competencies and build accepted specializations on that foundation. The counseling profession must distinguish among work settings, professional interests, and specializations as a prerequisite to a coherent scheme of recognizing specialties.
Report of the ACA Ethics Committee: 1994–1995
Authors: Garcia Jorge , Salo Mark , Hamilton W. Mark
Published: December 2011

This report contains data about ethical complaints and inquiries processed by the Ethics Committee in 1994–1995. The number of complaints was substantially lower than the preceding year and there were also changes in the nature of the complaints. Most common standards called under this year's complaints had to do with dual relationships, meeting personal needs at the expense of the client, failure to terminate a counseling relationship if unable to be of assistance to the client, and violation of the responsibility to meet high ethical standards in various professional settings. This report also includes a discussion of the findings, information about the approval of the new Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice, and educational efforts undertaken by the committee.
Multicultural Counseling: From Diversity to Universality
Authors: Patterson C. H.
Published: December 2011

Multicultural counseling has been a major source of diversity. Recently, however, it has been recognized that multicultural counseling is generic in nature, and therefore that all counseling is multicultural. Thus multiculturalism has joined the movement toward a universal system of counseling.
White Counselor Self‐Awareness: A Prerequisite for Developing Multicultural Competence
Authors: Richardson Tina Q. , Molinaro Kimberly L.
Published: December 2011

This review of the literature examines White counselor self‐awareness as an important variable in developing multicultural competence. The self‐dimension discussed in this article includes worldview, cultural values, and racial identity. It is suggested that counselor self‐awareness is a prerequisite to developing multicultural competence and that an in‐depth understanding of these factors may improve the delivery of mental health services to culturally diverse client populations.
Changing Metaphors of the Self: Implications for Counseling
Authors: Hoskins Marie , Leseho Johanna
Published: December 2011

This article reviews some of the more prevalent metaphors used to describe the nature and character of the self. These metaphors include the unified and integrated selves as well as the postmodern perspectives of multiple selves. The authors contend that counselors have theories about the self whether implicit or explicit, and that these theories directly influence their practice. They further contend that it is beneficial for counselors and other helping professionals to take the time to clarify their beliefs and assumptions about the self and that metaphors are useful conceptual tools. Various ethical questions associated with different metaphors of the self are posed.
Impact of Childhood Sexual Abuse on Client Spiritual Development: Counseling Implications
Authors: Ganje‐Fling Marilyn A. , McCarthy Patricia
Published: December 2011

The spiritual development of sexually traumatized clients is an important area of concern for counselors. In this paper, spirituality is defined, and its relevance for counselors who work with childhood sexual abuse survivors is discussed. Impact of abuse on client spirituality is described, and several suggestions are given for assessment and intervention approaches that address spiritual issues as part of the counseling process.
A Treatment for College Women at Risk for Bulimia: A Controlled Evaluation
Authors: Kaminski Patricia L. , McNamara Kathleen
Published: December 2011

Twenty‐nine college women evidencing low body esteem, repeated dieting efforts, and other dysfunctional eating behaviors or attitudes were randomly assigned to group treatment or control conditions. At posttest and follow‐up, participants who received the intervention reported significantly improved levels of self‐esteem and body satisfaction, as well as reductions in their reliance on potentially dangerous methods of weight management compared with controls. They also reported fewer fears of negative evaluation by others and endorsed fewer stereotypes about thinness and attractiveness. Finally, participants in the treatment condition showed significantly reduced levels of perfectionism at posttest, but this change was not maintained at follow‐up. Clinical implications and research recommendations are discussed.
Peer Helping Programs: Helper Role, Supervisor Training, and Suicidal Behavior
Authors: Lewis Max W. , Lewis Arleen C.
Published: December 2011

A survey of school counseling association members concerning peer helper programs provided information on the nature and prevalence of programs within Washington State. Descriptive analyses indicate that peer helper‐counseling programs are widely used and that they are often supervised by noncounseling professionals. Furthermore, the analysis revealed significantly greater numbers of completed suicides at those schools where programs are supervised by noncounseling professionals.
The Structured Peer Consultation Model for School Counselors
Authors: Benshoff James M. , Paisley Pamela O.
Published: December 2011

School counselors typically receive little or no supervision of their counseling. Results of an evaluation of the Structured Peer Consultation Model for School Counselors indicate that the model may help meet the needs of school counselors for ongoing feedback on their counseling with student‐clients.
Nine Experts Describe the Essence of Rational‐Emotive Therapy While Standing on One Foot
Authors: Weinrach Stephen G.
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of agreement among a panel of rational‐emotive therapy (RET) experts about the essence of RET. The panel of experts consisted of the 9 members of The International Training Standards and Review Committee of the Institute for Rational‐Emotive Therapy in New York. The question that the experts were asked was an adaptation of a Talmudic story known in Jewish lore as “While Standing on One Foot.” Responses were assigned to either of 2 categories: general cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) or RET‐specific. There seems to be a range of responses that capture the essence of RET. A strong case can be made for subsuming many aspects of CBT under RET because much of what is associated with CBT has its origins in RET. The confusion about where RET ends and general CBT begins goes to the very heart of RET's status today.
The Presence of Psychiatric Disorders in HIV‐Infected Women
Authors: Taylor Elizabeth R. , Amodei Nancy , Mangos Rae
Published: December 2011

Many women of low socioeconomic status who have contracted HIV qualify for individual, dual, and multiple psychiatric diagnoses that predate their knowledge of their HIV infection. Two case studies of HIV‐infected women are presented. Psychoactive substance use disorders are the most common Axis I diagnoses, followed by depression. The most frequently diagnosed Axis II disorders are borderline and antisocial personality disorders. These women reported histories that often included alcohol and other drug use, childhood sexual abuse, violent interpersonal relationships, depression, and learning disabilities. Earlier intervention addressing these problems might have prevented the onset of psychiatric disorders as well as high‐risk behaviors that lead to HIV infection.
Perspectives on Marital Love and Satisfaction in Mexican American and Anglo‐American Couples
Authors: Contreras Raquel , Hendrick Susan S. , Hendrick Clyde
Published: December 2011

Aspects of intimacy and satisfaction were explored for a volunteer sample of 54 Mexican American (classified as either Hispanic‐oriented or bicultural) and 30 Anglo‐American married couples. Data were collected by questionnaire through network sampling. Measures included the Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans, a background inventory, the Love Attitudes Scale, and the Dyadic Adjustment Scale. Ethnic differences occurred for 3 love attitudes and 2 sex attitudes (e.g. Hispanic‐oriented respondents were more pragmatic about love and less idealistic about sex). Passionate love was correlated with marital satisfaction for Anglo‐Americans and both groups of Mexican Americans. Partner similarity was evident in all 3 groups, and marital satisfaction was best predicted for all groups by passionate love scores. Implications for counseling are discussed.
Client Vocational Interests as Predictors of Client Reactions to Counselor Intentions
Authors: Mahalik James R.
Published: December 2011

It was hypothesized that client vocational interest scores would predict client reactions to counselor intentions in Hill and O'Grady's (1985) process model. Twenty‐four volunteer undergraduate clients (17 women, 7 men) assigned to counseling treatment with 24 doctoral students (14 women, 10 men), reviewed 3 videotaped sessions recording intentions and reactions, respectively. Results indicated that client vocational interests were predictive of reactions clients reported in response to counselor intentions. Issues of working with persons with various vocational interests, limitations, and directions for future research are discussed.
Self and Identity in Career Development: Implications for Theory and Practice
Authors: Blustein David L. , Noumair Debra A.
Published: December 2011

This article expands the conceptual framework of considerations of the self and identity in career development theory and practice. A brief review of the existing self and identity constructs in career development theory is provided. Selected advances in theoretical considerations of the self and identity emerging from fields outside of the purview of career development are presented with a focus on the importance of the relational and cultural contexts. An “embeddedness” perspective is offered that describes the interdependence between intrapersonal experience and social, relational, historical, and cultural contexts. A case vignette is provided to illustrate the implications for practice of that perspective.
The Counseling Profession's Commitment to Diversity‐Sensitive Counseling: A Critical Reassessment
Authors: Weinrach Stephen G. , Thomas Kenneth R.
Published: December 2011

The authors pose questions in this article that are intended to stimulate more effective strategies to ensure gender, racial, and ethnic diversity in the counseling profession. The first question addresses the implications of between‐group versus within‐group differences for the counseling process. The second question examines the need to expand the dialogue across all minorities. The third question asks who should conduct multicultural research. Various constituencies, including clients, practitioners, counselor educators, scholars, and researchers are affected. Inconsistencies are noted between the strategies now being used to achieve diversity and the philosophical foundations of the counseling profession itself. Seven recommendations are made.
Women Counselor Educators: A Survey of Publication Activity
Authors: Roland Catherine Buffalino , Fontanesi‐Seime Margaret
Published: December 2011

The authors studied the publication activity of women counselor educators, with respect to the relationship between women's career development in academia and the mentoring process. Possible alternative publishing avenues and networking opportunities pertinent to women counselor educators are suggested.
Posttermination Friendship Between Counselors and Clients
Authors: Salisbury William A. , Kinnier Richard T.
Published: December 2011

This study examined counselors' behaviors and attitudes regarding friendships and sexual relationships with former clients. A random sample of 96 members of the American Mental Health Counselors Association responded to our survey. Although a minority of counselors (33%) believed that posttermination sexual relationships might be acceptable 5 years after termination, only 4% admitted to engaging in such relationships. In contrast, 70% of the counselors believed that posttermination friendships were acceptable 2 years (on average) after termination and 33% acknowledged that they had engaged in such friendships. Potential harm to the client was the most important concern expressed by the counselors. Ethical and research implications are discussed.
Influence of a Cross‐Cultural Training Course on Racial Identity Attitudes of White Women and Men: Preliminary Perspectives
Authors: Brown Sherlon P. , Parham Thomas A. , Yonker Robert
Published: December 2011

The authors examine the influence of cross‐cultural training on the racial identity attitudes of 35 White graduate counselors in training (10 men and 25 women) and the impact of gender on training. A pretest‐posttest comparison of responses to the White Racial Identity Attitudes Survey (WRIAS) was used. Results indicated that the cross‐cultural training course (a) influenced racial identity attitudes of White counselors in training and (b) racial identity attitudes were influenced by gender.
Job Support Groups: Three Configurations
Authors: Riordan Richard J. , Kahnweiler William
Published: December 2011

Support groups can help counselors both as a referral source and as an adjunct in counseling. This report describes 3 approaches to job support groups and compares them on a number of key dimensions to assist counselors in identifying attributes of job support groups that can be most helpful to different clients.
Grandparents Raising Grandchildren
Authors: Pinson‐Millburn Nancy M. , Fabian Ellen S. , Schlossberg Nancy K. , Pyle Marjorie
Published: December 2011

Children and youths are being raised by grandparents in greater numbers than would be expected by choice or by chance. These new households represent a transfer of child‐rearing responsibilities from an absent or incapacitated parent to an older adult who could also be at risk for disability. This article discusses the implications of this trend for the helping professions, particularly as they apply to interventions required to assure the mental and physical stability of both grandparent and child.
Feminist Developmental Theory: Implications for Counseling
Authors: Wastell Colin A.
Published: December 2011

This article discusses the importance of counseling guided by a life‐span development model. Major developmental tasks across the life span are outlined from an Eriksonian perspective. This is contrasted with the feminist development theory of S. Conarton and L. Kreger‐Silverman (1988). Issues covered include the call by C. Gilligan (1991) for counselors to assist women to reclaim their intuitive voice and the importance of connectedness for women's development in Western society. Implications for counseling are explored with reference to borderline personality disorder and anorexia nervosa.
The Emergence of School Counseling and Guidance in Israel
Authors: Karayanni Mousa
Published: December 2011

This article deals with the development of counseling and guidance services in Israel. It stresses the preparation programs at the graduate level in 5 universities and discusses the current status and the major issues that school counselors, in particular, deal with today. This review further discusses in detail the future challenges and anticipated trends that the counseling profession faces in Israel.
Integrating Counseling Research and Practice
Authors: Sexton Thomas L. , Whiston Susan C.
Published: December 2011

The current research‐practice gap in the counseling profession poses a number of significant challenges to practitioners, researchers, and the profession as a whole. This introduction to the special feature, “Counseling Outcome Research: Implications for Practice,” identifies the important issues regarding the systematic integration of counseling research into practice.
Accountability Through Action Research: Research Methods for Practitioners
Authors: Whiston Susan C.
Published: December 2011

This article summarizes how outcome research methodologies can be incorporated into counseling practice in many settings. Performing an outcome study can assist counselors in evaluating their own effectiveness. In addition, more field‐based studies can contribute to the empirical knowledge base. An overview of the steps involved in an outcome or evaluative study is discussed, and a summary is provided of instruments and techniques for research in mental health counseling, career counseling, and school counseling.
At the Crossroads: Racial and Womanist Identity Development in Black and White Women
Authors: Parks Elizabeth E. , Carter Robert T. , Gushue George V.
Published: December 2011

This study explored the hypothesis that womanist identity and racial identity development are related. The racial identiy and womanist identity attitudes of 214 women were measured using the Black Racial Identity Attitude Scale, the White Racial Identity Attitude Scales (WRIAS), and the Womanist Identity Attitude Scale. Canonical correlation analysis was used to determine the nature of relationships among racial identity and womanist identity attitudes. Results showed that for Black women there was a significant relation between racial identity and womanist identity attitudes. Specifically, Internalization attitudes on the WRIAS were positively related to Level II (Encounter) and Level IV (Internalization) attitudes on the Womanist Identity Attitude Scale. Despite a larger number of White participants, no such relationship emerged for White women. Implications for theory, research, and counseling are discussed.
A Comparative Study of Declared and Undeclared College Students on Career Uncertainty and Involvement in Career Development Activities
Authors: Orndorff Robert M. , Herr Edwin L.
Published: December 2011

As reported in current research, many if not most freshmen and sophomores in colleges and universities who are declared as well as undeclared about their academic majors express uncertainty about their careers and lack the level of involvement in the career development process (especially self‐assessment, career exploration, and career decision making) necessary to make educated career decisions. This research study, using both quantitative and qualitative research processes, identifies and examines differences and similarities in career uncertainty and in levels of involvement in the career development process between declared and undeclared college students.
Testing Models of Counselor Development With a Measure of Counseling Self‐Efficacy
Authors: Melchert Timothy P. , Hays Victoria L. , Wiljanen Lynn M. , Kolocek Ann K.
Published: December 2011

Models of counselor development have become very popular, but empirical research has found differences primarily between beginning graduate students and doctoral interns. In the research described here, a counseling self‐efficacy instrument was developed and was used to test hypotheses based on self‐efficacy theory and models of counselor development, both of which would make similar predictions about increases in counseling self‐efficacy resulting from clinical training and experience. The findings include strong reliability and validity evidence for the instrument and several significantly different groups of participants that correspond roughly to the groups hypothesized in stage models of counselor development.
Age‐Related Hearing Loss: Implications for Counseling
Authors: Souza Pamela E. , Hoyer William J.
Published: December 2011

As the U.S. population ages, counseling practitioners are working with increasing numbers of hearing‐impaired older adults. Age‐related hearing loss affects various dimensions of the counseling process, in which communication is of primary importance. More generally, hearing loss has consequences for the overall lifestyle of the client and for effective functioning in the workplace and in social and family contexts. This article examines adaptation strategies used by hearing‐impaired listeners and the implications of age‐related hearing loss for counseling, intervention, and self‐management.
The Psychological and Vocational Interest Patterns of Donald Super and John Holland
Authors: WEINRACH STEPHEN G.
Published: December 2011

The theories of Donald Super and John Holland are the primary career development and choice approaches in use today. To the extent that the personality characteristics of a theorist have a direct bearing on the theory that he or she has constructed, a fuller understanding of the theorist is important. Although the profession knows much about the 2 approaches, less is known about the personalities of the theorists. The purpose of this article is to provide comparative data about each theorist's interests, values, and personalities on the basis of the results of 4 paper‐and‐pencil psychometric instruments that each completed. This study provides a rare glimpse into the psychological make‐up of 2 prominent theorists.
Counseling's Inescapable Moral Visions
Authors: CHRISTOPHER JOHN CHAMBERS
Published: December 2011

In this article, philosophical hermeneutics is combined with interpretive social science perspectives to generate a framework for considering the influence of cultural values and assumptions on counseling theory and practice. The core of this framework is the claim that people necessarily live within moral visions that answer the questions: (a) what is a person? and (b) what should a person be or become? Culture provides answers to these questions not only through folk and indigenous psychologies but also by shaping psychological and counseling theories. Moral visions are generally unacknowledged because of the fact‐value dualism and the ideals of neutrality that pervade Western culture. Consequently, moral visions, like individualism, operate as disguised ideology in counseling theory and practice.
Student Attitudes Toward Children and Adolescents With Severe Burns
Authors: HOLADAY MARGOT , McPHEARSON RUTH
Published: December 2011

Using color photographs donated by burned and nonburned children as stimulus materials, the authors compared attitudes of 218 practice teachers, senior nursing students, and counselors‐in‐training toward children and adolescents described as typical, having emotional and psychological problems, or having been severely burned and scarred. With the Adjective Generation Technique and a researcher‐designed Attitude Scale, the authors found that children with severe burns and facial scarring were regarded less favorably and were given fewer predictions of future success than the other 2 groups. Significantly fewer of the students expressed a willingness to work with them, and many had little confidence that they would be able to help burned clients. Questions generated by participants concerning things they wanted to know about the 3 groups before working with them revealed that burned children were most often asked about their injuries and scarring but were rarely asked about school, leisure activities, or friends.
Late Adolescent and Parent Perceptions of Attachment: An Exploratory Study of Personal and Social Well‐Being
Authors: RICE KENNETH G. , CUMMINS PAIGE N.
Published: December 2011

Research in the area of late adolescent attachment and adjustment has focused almost exclusively on adolescent reports of the quality of their relationships with parents. The purpose of this study was to extend the attachment literature through examining the correspondence between late adolescent children and their parents when assessing aspects of parental bonds with children. After completing a set of questionnaires, a sample of older undergraduate students (mean age = 21 years) identified parent figures who subsequently were sent a similar packet of questionnaires. Parents were asked to complete measures of parental bonds as they believed their child would complete the same measure. Regression analyses revealed that parent reports of attachment added nonsignificant portions of unique variance to the prediction of student self‐esteem and social self‐efficacy. Student perceptions of attachment accounted for significant unique variation in self‐esteem but not in social self‐efficacy.
Attachment in Adult Child‐Older Parent Relationships: Research, Theory, and Practice
Authors: Krause Allison M. , Haverkamp Beth E.
Published: December 2011

Greater longevity has increased the years that adult children share with their older parents, yet it creates the potential for family stress situations that may be amenable to counseling intervention. In this article, the authors examined an attachment theory perspective for conceptualizing adult child—older parent issues by introducing the basic constructs of attachment theory and by demonstrating how the theory and its related research can be applied to adult children's struggles with older parental issues.
Telephone Counseling for Smoking Cessation: What's in a Call?
Authors: Zhu Shu‐Hong , Tedeschi Gary J. , Anderson Christopher M. , Pierce John P.
Published: December 2011

Telephone counseling for smoking cessation has been gaining popularity as studies have demonstrated its efficacy. What comprises a successful program, however, has not yet been detailed in the literature. In this article, an innovative telephone counseling intervention for smoking cessation is described, with attention to the clinical issues of client assessment, motivation, self‐efficacy, planning, coping, relapse‐sensitive call scheduling, and self‐image. Counselor training and supervision issues, ethical and legal considerations regarding this form of service delivery, and suggestions for future direction also are outlined.
Assessing the Quality of Counseling Services: Developing Accountable Helping Systems
Authors: Steenbarger Brett N. , Smith H. Bret
Published: December 2011

Professional counselors in school, campus, and mental health settings are facing increasing demands for accountability with respect to the cost and quality of their services. This article reviews dimensions of quality and ways of assessing these in counseling settings, with particular emphasis on the development of ongoing programs of quality improvement. Such programs are described as mechanisms for science‐practice integration within counseling settings, providing decision support tools for triage, treatment planning, and the management of professional services.
Report of the ACA Ethics Committee: 1995–1996
Authors: Salo Mark , Forester‐Miller Holly , Hamilton W. Mark
Published: December 2011

This report contains data about ethical complaints and inquiries processed by the American Counseling Association (ACA) Ethics Committee from 1995 to 1996. This report also includes a discussion of the findings of the committee, information about the approval of the new ACA Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice, and educational efforts undertaken by the committee.
Counseling on the Information Highway: Future Possibilities and Potential Problems
Authors: Sampson James P. , Kolodinsky Robert W. , Greeno Brian P.
Published: December 2011

The evolution of the Internet into the information highway offers many future possibilities and potential problems in the delivery of counseling services. Features of the current Internet are briefly reviewed, and the results of an analysis of counseling applications on the Internet are presented and discussed. Current experience with computer networks, counseling applications, and the likely features of the future information highway provides a foundation for exploring the potential benefits and limitations of using this technology in counseling.
Impact of Two Clinical Peer Supervision Models on Practicing School Counselors
Authors: Crutchfield Lori B. , Borders L. Dianne
Published: December 2011

Two forms of clinical peer supervision were provided for a sample of 29 practicing school counselors. Pre‐ and posttest measures were used to assess the counselors' level of job satisfaction, counseling self‐efficacy, and counseling effectiveness (including empathic responding, adaptability and flexibility in counselor response, and client behavior change). The sample was divided into 3 groups (2 treatment and 1 control). Each supervision treatment lasted 9 weeks. None of the analyses of covariance examining treatment effects were significant. However, these individually nonsignificant results showed movement in the hypothesized direction in each instance, indicating small but pervasive effects of treatment. Participants' qualitative session evaluations also supported the helpfulness of clinical peer supervision for school counselors. Implications for future research and the practice of school counselor supervision are discussed.
Using the DSM‐IV to Enhance Collaboration Among School Counselors, Clinical Counselors, and Primary Care Physicians
Authors: Geroski Anne M. , Rodgers Kevin A. , Breen Dorothy T.
Published: December 2011

School counselors are increasingly being called upon to participate in collaborative mental health service delivery teams. This article provides information based in the language of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM‐IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) needed to enhance collaboration with physicians and mental health care providers. Brief descriptions of the more common DSM‐IV disorders of childhood and adolescence, along with their prevalence and common approaches to diagnosis and treatment, and suggestions for enhancing referral and establishing a collaborative relationship are provided.
Increasing Severity of Presenting Problems in College Counseling Centers: A Closer Look
Authors: Sharkin Bruce S.
Published: December 2011

Dealing with increasing numbers of college students who present with serious psychological problems has been identified as a significant challenge for counseling centers in the current decade. On the basis of their review of research, G. L. Stone and J. Archer (1990) concluded that the level of psychopathology among counseling center clients increased during the 1980s and likely would continue to do so into the 1990s. A closer look at the research shows that there is the perception among counseling center practitioners that psychopathology is on the rise but little direct evidence to support such a trend. Although not necessarily on the increase, there is empirical evidence that certain forms of psychological disturbance are not uncommon among clinical and nonclinical college student samples. Implications for counseling center research and practice based on this literature review are discussed.
An Analysis of Significant Events in Counseling
Authors: Wilcox‐Matthew Lori , Ottens Al , Minor Carole W.
Published: December 2011

Using an interview/questionnaire procedure, 19 clients reported 200 helpful, significant events that occurred in ongoing counseling. Each event consisted of one issue presented by the client, the counselor's response to that issue, and the immediate impact the client received from the counselor's response. With the use of qualitative analysis, 9 prominent patterns describing sequences of client change emerged from the data. These patterns were grouped into 3 superclusters of events: Dissonant, Question—Answer, and Congruent. These superclusters and the 9 prominent patterns were used to develop a model for counseling change. Implications for counseling theory and practice are discussed.
DSM—IV and Culturally Sensitive Diagnosis: Some Observations for Counselors
Authors: Smart David W. , Smart Julie F.
Published: December 2011

The evolution of cultural sensitivity in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd edition ( DSM—III); 3rd edition, Revised (DSM—III—R); and 4th edition (DSM—IV) is described. Five improvements in the DSM—IV are discussed: (a) descriptions of specific cultural features, (b) glossary of culture‐bound syndromes, (c) outline of cultural formulation, (d) broader definition of Axis IV, and (e) new “V codes.”
Loneliness, Learned Resourcefulness, and Self‐Esteem in College Students
Authors: McWhirter Benedict T.
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among types of loneliness and learned resourcefulness, self‐esteem, and gender among a sample of college students. The Revised University of California, Los Angeles, Loneliness Scale (R‐UCLA), Rosenbaum's Self‐Control Schedule, a measure of learned resourcefulness, and Rosenberg's Self‐Esteem Scale were administered to 625 college students. Previous factor analyses of the R‐UCLA revealed that it measures 2 distinct types of loneliness: intimate loneliness and social loneliness. Results of multiple regression analyses revealed that self‐esteem and gender significantly predicted the experience of global loneliness (as measured by the full‐scale R‐UCLA), intimate loneliness, and social loneliness. Learned resourcefulness significantly predicted social loneliness only. Implications for college student counseling and future research are discussed.
Women at Midlife: Implications for Theories of Women's Adult Development
Authors: Lippert Laurel
Published: December 2011

Research on midlife transitions in women is reviewed, and implications for theories of women's adult development are discussed. Findings on menopause, the postparental period, and the roles of women at midlife are presented. Research on women at midlife suggests that new theoretical models of women's adult development should continue to emerge to accommodate the diversity of women's experiences at midlife. Several theoretical approaches are discussed in light of the research findings, and recommendations are made for future research on women's adult development. Implications for counselors working with women at midlife also are discussed.
Implications of Cultural Values for Cross‐Cultural Consultation With Families
Authors: Brown Duane
Published: December 2011

Family consultation is aimed at facilitating the development of children by assisting parents to use more effective parenting techniques. Increasingly, consultants will find themselves conducting cross‐cultural consultation because of the diversity of U.S. society. R. F. Pinto (1981) pointed out that cross‐cultural consultants must be aware of their personal values and biases, be culturally empathic, be aware of their consulting paradigm, and be able to make culturally sensitive adaptations to their approach to consultation. Each of these points is addressed in this article.
At‐Risk Urban High School Students' Commitment to Career Choices
Authors: Ladany Nicholas , Melincoff Deborah S. , Constantine Madonna G. , Love Rosaria
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the commitment to career choices process for at‐risk urban high school students. Data from 189 at‐risk urban high school students were sampled. Results indicated that students' level of commitment to their career choices was related to their vocational identity, their need for occupational information, their perceived barriers to occupational goals, and the number of occupations they considered. The tendency to foreclose was related to the adherence to career myths. Implications and limitations for career theory, research, and practice are addressed.