bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of ionic strength, monoethanolamine, copper, and pH on adsorption of alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride in wood
Authors: Lee Myung Jae , Cooper Paul
Published: January 2011

Various factors were investigated that could affect the adsorption of alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (ADBAC) on red pine wood. An increase in ionic strength of ADBAC solution had little effect on ion exchange (chemisorption) but allowed higher hydrophobic uptake (physisorption) of ADBAC in wood. ADBAC solution containing high amounts of monoethanolamine (MEA) and Cu decreased the chemisorption of ADBAC; free MEA and Cu appear to compete with ADBAC cations for the same bonding sites in wood. When ADBAC in MEA solution was adsorbed on wood under different pH conditions, ADBAC adsorption increased with increasing pH, but was considerably lower than the cation exchange capacity of red pine. Red pine blocks were treated radially and longitudinally with alkaline copper quat solution to verify how the micelle form of ADBAC penetrates into wood. Copper penetrated evenly into 50 mm thick wood samples with little gradient with depth; however, high amounts of ADBAC were concentrated on the surface creating a steep gradient with depth. After accelerated leaching, considerable amounts of physically adsorbed ADBAC leached out, especially from the surface.
Quantification of polypropylene (PP) in wood plastic composites (WPCs) by analytical pyrolysis (Py) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
Authors: Windt Michael , Meier Dietrich , Lehnen Ralph
Published: January 2011

The common use of wood together with traditional chemical polymers opens new possibilities in the field of sustainable product development. Wood plastic composites (WPCs) are an ideal combination of these raw materials, which can be produced with standard plastic technology such as extrusion or injection moulding. Wood to plastic ratio in a WPC influences quality and price, thus adaptation of analytical tools for material testing and quality assurance is required. In this study, the suitability of analytical pyrolysis (Py) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was investigated to quantify the amount of polypropylene (PP) in WPCs. The reliability of these methods was tested by analysing WPCs with different ratios of wood and PP. The amount of PP can be determined with DSC based on its melting point as the influence of wood is negligible in this context. The increment of typical PP markers and decrement of wood markers was observed and quantified in the pyrograms if the PP content in WPCs was elevated. Thus, the ratio of PP and wood can be reliably quantified by means of online and offline analytical pyrolysis.
NIR-based prediction of extractives in American white oak heartwood
Authors: Taylor Adam M. , Labbé Nicole , Noehmer Andrea
Published: January 2011

White oak is commonly used for cooperage and the heartwood extractives are important for this application because of their impact on the flavor and color of wine and spirits aged in white oak barrels. White oak extractives comprise a complex mixture of compounds and the composition of the mixture can change within trees over time. The ability to monitor the extractives component of white oak heartwood could be helpful for assessments of barrels and their contents. Wood from five American white oak stave logs was sampled. NIR-based models could provide reasonable predictions of the concentration of individual extractives components. However, these extractives were highly correlated to one another and to radial location suggesting that segregation of white oak material based on distance from the pith could be an efficient method for selecting samples that are relatively rich in flavor-associated chemicals. The relatively poor near infrared-based prediction ability for total extractives content could be due to age-related changes in the composition of the mixture of extractives across the radius.
Effects of high-dose octreotide LAR on glucose metabolism in patients with acromegaly inadequately controlled by conventional somatostatin analog therapy
Authors: Mazziotti Gherardo , Porcelli Teresa , Bogazzi Fausto , Bugari Giovanna , Cannavò Salvatore , Colao Annamaria , Cozzi Renato , De Marinis Laura , degli Uberti Ettore , Grottoli Silvia , Minuto Francesco , Montini Marcella , Spinello Maurizio , Giustina Andrea
Published: January 2011

Objective

In this study, the effect of high-dose octreotide LAR on glucose metabolism in patients with acromegaly was investigated.

Design

A post-hoc analysis of a clinical trial enrolling 26 patients with acromegaly not controlled by standard maximal somatostatin analog (SSAs) dose and randomized to receive high-dose (60 mg/28 days) or high-frequency (30 mg/21 days) octreotide i.m. injection (octreotide LAR) for 6 months.

Methods

Glucose metabolic status was defined as worsened when a progression from normoglycemia to impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or from IFG to diabetes occurred or when an increase of HbAlc by at least 0.5% was demonstrated. An improvement of glucose metabolism was defined in the presence of a regression from IFG to normoglycemia and/or when HbAlc decreased by at least 0.5%.

Results

Glucose metabolic status remained unchanged in a majority of patients (16/26 patients, 65.3%), worsened in six patients, and improved in four patients. Pre-existing metabolic status did not predict worsening of glucose metabolism, which, conversely, was significantly related to persistent biochemical activity of the disease. In fact, patients with worsened glucose metabolism exhibited a less frequent decrease in serum GH and IGF1 levels, compared with patients with improved or unchanged glucose metabolism (2/6 vs 18/20; P=0.01).

Conclusion

An increase in octreotide LAR dose or frequency did not impact on glucose metabolism in most patients. Worsening of glucose metabolic status occurred in close relation with persistently uncontrolled acromegaly.
Thyroid hormones and fetal neurological development
Authors: Patel J , Landers K , Li H , Mortimer R H , Richard K
Published: January 2011

The development of fetal thyroid function is dependent on the embryogenesis, differentiation, and maturation of the thyroid gland. This is coupled with evolution of the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis and thyroid hormone metabolism, resulting in the regulation of thyroid hormone action, production, and secretion. Throughout gestation there is a steady supply of maternal thyroxine (T4) which has been observed in embryonic circulation as early as 4 weeks post-implantation. This is essential for normal early fetal neurogenesis. Triiodothyronine concentrations remain very low during gestation due to metabolism via placental and fetal deiodinase type 3. T4 concentrations are highly regulated to maintain low concentrations, essential for protecting the fetus and reaching key neurological sites such as the cerebral cortex at specific developmental stages. There are many known cell membrane thyroid hormone transporters in fetal brain that play an essential role in regulating thyroid hormone concentrations in key structures. They also provide the route for intracellular thyroid hormone interaction with associated thyroid hormone receptors, which activate their action. There is a growing body of experimental evidence from rats and humans to suggest that even mild maternal hypothyroxinemia may lead to abnormalities in fetal neurological development. Our review will focus on the ontogeny of thyroid hormone in fetal development, with a focus on cell membrane transporters and TR action in the brain.
Diversity-Enhancing Selection Acts on a Female Reproductive Protease Family in Four Subspecies ofDrosophila mojavensis
Authors: Kelleher Erin S , Clark Nathaniel L , Markow Therese A
Published: January 2011

Protein components of the Drosophila male ejaculate are critical modulators of reproductive success, several of which are known to evolve rapidly. Recent evidence of adaptive evolution in female reproductive tract proteins suggests this pattern may reflect sexual selection at the molecular level. Here we explore the evolutionary dynamics of a five-paralog gene family of female reproductive proteases within geographically isolated subspecies of Drosophila mojavensis. Remarkably, four of five paralogs show exceptionally low differentiation between subspecies and unusually structured haplotypes that suggest the retention of old polymorphisms. These gene genealogies are accompanied by deviations from neutrality consistent with diversifying selection. While diversifying selection has been observed among the reproductive molecules of mammals and marine invertebrates, our study provides the first evidence of this selective regime in any Drosophila reproductive protein, male or female.
Comparison of Constitutional and Replication Stress-Induced Genome Structural Variation by SNP Array and Mate-Pair Sequencing
Authors: Arlt Martin F , Ozdemir Alev Cagla , Birkeland Shanda R , Lyons Robert H , Glover Thomas W , Wilson Thomas E
Published: January 2011

Copy-number variants (CNVs) are a major source of genetic variation in human health and disease. Previous studies have implicated replication stress as a causative factor in CNV formation. However, existing data are technically limited in the quality of comparisons that can be made between human CNVs and experimentally induced variants. Here, we used two high-resolution strategies—single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays and mate-pair sequencing—to compare CNVs that occur constitutionally to those that arise following aphidicolin-induced DNA replication stress in the same human cells. Although the optimized methods provided complementary information, sequencing was more sensitive to small variants and provided superior structural descriptions. The majority of constitutional and all aphidicolin-induced CNVs appear to be formed via homology-independent mechanisms, while aphidicolin-induced CNVs were of a larger median size than constitutional events even when mate-pair data were considered. Aphidicolin thus appears to stimulate formation of CNVs that closely resemble human pathogenic CNVs and the subset of larger nonhomologous constitutional CNVs.
Regulation of Anoxic Death in Caenorhabditis elegans by Mammalian Apoptosis Signal-Regulating Kinase (ASK) Family Proteins
Authors: Hayakawa Teruyuki , Kato Kumiko , Hayakawa Ryoichi , Hisamoto Naoki , Matsumoto Kunihiro , Takeda Kohsuke , Ichijo Hidenori
Published: January 2011

Cells and organisms face anoxia in a wide variety of contexts, including ischemia and hibernation. Cells respond to anoxic conditions through multiple signaling pathways. We report that NSY-1, the Caenorhabditis elegans ortholog of mammalian apoptosis signal-regulating kinase (ASK) family of MAP kinase (MAPK) kinase kinases (MAP3Ks), regulates viability of animals in anoxia. Loss-of-function mutations of nsy-1 increased survival under anoxic conditions, and increased survival was also observed in animals with mutations in tir-1 and the MAPK kinase (MAP2K) sek-1, which are upstream and downstream factors of NSY-1, respectively. Consistent with these findings, anoxia was found to activate the p38 MAPK ortholog PMK-1, and this was suppressed in nsy-1 and tir-1 mutant animals. Furthermore, double-mutant analysis showed that the insulin-signaling pathway, which also regulates viability in anoxia, functioned in parallel to NSY-1. These results suggest that the TIR-1–NSY-1–SEK-1-PMK-1 pathway plays important roles in the reponse to anoxia in C. elegans.
An Asymmetric Chromosome Pair Undergoes Synaptic Adjustment and Crossover Redistribution During Caenorhabditis elegans Meiosis: Implications for Sex Chromosome Evolution
Authors: Henzel Jonathan V , Nabeshima Kentaro , Schvarzstein Mara , Turner B Elizabeth , Villeneuve Anne M , Hillers Kenneth J
Published: January 2011

Heteromorphic sex chromosomes, such as the X/Y pair in mammals, differ in size and DNA sequence yet function as homologs during meiosis; this bivalent asymmetry presents special challenges for meiotic completion. In Caenorhabditis elegans males carrying mnT12, an X;IV fusion chromosome, mnT12 and IV form an asymmetric bivalent: chromosome IV sequences are capable of pairing and synapsis, while the contiguous X portion of mnT12 lacks a homologous pairing partner. Here, we investigate the meiotic behavior of this asymmetric neo-X/Y chromosome pair in C. elegans. Through immunolocalization of the axis component HIM-3, we demonstrate that the unpaired X axis has a distinct, coiled morphology while synapsed axes are linear and extended. By showing that loci at the fusion-proximal end of IV become unpaired while remaining synapsed as pachytene progresses, we directly demonstrate the occurrence of synaptic adjustment in this organism. We further demonstrate that meiotic crossover distribution is markedly altered in males with the asymmetric mnT12/+ bivalent relative to controls, resulting in greatly reduced crossover formation near the X;IV fusion point and elevated crossovers at the distal end of the bivalent. In effect, the distal end of the bivalent acts as a neo-pseudoautosomal region in these males. We discuss implications of these findings for mechanisms that ensure crossover formation during meiosis. Furthermore, we propose that redistribution of crossovers triggered by bivalent asymmetry may be an important driving force in sex chromosome evolution.
Genetic Evidence That DNA Methyltransferase DRM2 Has a Direct Catalytic Role in RNA-Directed DNA Methylation in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Naumann Ulf , Daxinger Lucia , Kanno Tatsuo , Eun Changho , Long Quan , Lorkovic Zdravko J , Matzke Marjori , Matzke Antonius J M
Published: January 2011

RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) is a small RNA-mediated epigenetic modification in plants. We report here the identification of DOMAINS REARRANGED METHYLTRANSFERASE 2 (DRM2) in a forward screen for mutants defective in RdDM in Arabidopsis thaliana. The finding of a mutation in the presumptive active site argues in favor of direct catalytic activity for DRM2.
Fault-tolerant embryonic network development for high reliability mechatronic applications
Authors: Szász Cs. , Chindriş V.
Published: January 2011

As it is known, the immune system found in higher evolutional level biological organisms is a distributed and multilayered system that is robust and able to identify infectious pathogens, injury, diseases, or other harmful effects. Therefore, their properties and abilities — like self-healing or surviving — would be more advantageous in many mechatronic applications, where often are imposed robustness and also high reliability operation requirements. Founded by these observations, the paper is focused on modeling and simulation artificial embryonic structures, with the purpose to develop VLSI hardware architectures able to imitate cells or organism operation mode, with similar robustness like their biological equivalents from nature. Self-healing algorithms and artificial immune properties implementation is investigated and experimented on the developed models. The presented theoretical and simulation approaches were tested on a FPGA-based embryonic network architecture (embryonic machine), built with the purpose to implement on silicon fault-tolerant and surviving properties of living organisms.
Physico-chemical characterization of geothermal water from wells 1704 Săcuieni and 752 Săcuieni in north-western Romania with ternary diagrams
Authors: Setel A. , Sebesan M. , Gabriela B. , Craciun Cornel A. , Sebesan R.
Published: January 2011

In this paper presents ternary diagrams for geothermal waters from two wells in Săcuieni: ternary diagram Na-K-Mg, ternary diagram Cl-SO4-HCO3 and calculation model, which allows location of geothermal fluids in these diagrams. Classification of geothermal water with the two diagrams, involving knowledge of their chemical composition. Thus, it was the chemical composition of geothermal water coming from drillings: 1704 Săcuieni and 752 Săcuieni, situated in Bihor county. Location of geothermal water on the two diagrams we will establish the type of water, depending to the presence in their content of major anions and cations, what is of great importance for use in various purposes of the geothermal fluids.
Avaliação de tecnologia em saúde: II. A análise de custo-efetividade
Authors: Secoli Silvia Regina , Nita Marcelo Eidi , Ono-Nita Suzane Kioko , Nobre Moacyr
Published: January 2011

O advento de novas tecnologias na saúde causou impacto nos indicadores clínicos e econômicos. Os métodos de pesquisa que incorporam conceitos da economia da saúde e epidemiologia clínica permitem avaliar a eficiência de novas tecnologias, por exemplo, através da análise de custo-efetividade. Este é um instrumento de análise de valor das intervenções em saúde. A metodologia, análise de custo-efetividade, é condição determinante da moderna prática de cuidados à saúde, pois as opções terapêuticas hoje disponíveis no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) ou no sistema de saúde suplementar do Brasil passam necessariamente por tal análise, logo o sistema de saúde bem como os profissionais da saúde são levados a reexaminar os benefícios e custos de suas ações para assegurar que haja incorporação das tecnologias mais eficientes. Neste segundo artigo sobre avaliação de tecnologia em saúde reviram-se os conceitos de análise de custo-efetividade, os passos envolvidos na sua execução e o método para a análise crítica dos resultados.
NM23 protein expression in colorectal carcinoma using TMA (tissue microarray): association with metastases and survival
Authors: Oliveira Levindo Alves de , Artigiani-Neto Ricardo , Waisberg Daniel Reis , Fernandes Luis Cesar , Lima Flávio de Oliveira , Waisberg Jaques
Published: January 2011

CONTEXT: NM23, a metastasis suppressor gene, may be associated with prognosis in patients with colorectal carcinoma. OBJECTIVE: To analyze NM23 expression and its association with the presence of lymph node and liver metastases and survival in patients operated on for colorectal carcinoma. METHODS: One hundred thirty patients operated on for colorectal carcinoma were investigated. Tissue microarray blocks containing neoplastic tissue and tumor-adjacent non-neoplastic mucosa were obtained and analyzed by immunohistochemical staining using a monoclonal anti-NM23 antibody. Immunohistochemical expression was assessed using a semiquantitative scoring method, counting the percentage of stained cells. The results were compared regarding morphological and histological characteristics of the colorectal carcinoma, presence of lymph node and liver metastases, tumor staging, and patient survival. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney test, the Kruskal-Wallis test and Fisher's exact test. Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test. RESULTS: NM23 expression was higher in colorectal carcinoma tissue than in adjacent non-neoplastic mucosa (P<0.0001). NM23 protein expression did not correlate with degree of cell differentiation (P = 0.57), vascular invasion (P = 0.85), lymphatic invasion (P = 0.41), perineural infiltration (P = 0.46), staging (P = 0.19), lymph node metastases (P = 0.08), or liver metastases (P = 0.59). Disease-free survival showed significant association (P = 0.01) with the intensity of NM23 protein immunohistochemical expression in colorectal carcinoma tissue, whereas overall survival showed no association with NM23 protein expression (P = 0.13). CONCLUSIONS: NM23 protein expression was higher in neoplastic colorectal carcinoma tissue than in adjacent non-neoplastic mucosa, showing no correlation with morphological aspects, presence of lymph node or liver metastases, colorectal carcinoma staging, or overall survival. Disease-free survival was higher in patients with increased NM23 expression.
Is dynamic two-dimensional anal ultrasonography useful in the assessment of anismus? A comparison with manometry
Authors: Murad-Regadas Sthela Maria , Regadas Francisco Sérgio P , Barreto Rosilma Gorete Lima , Rodrigues Lusmar Veras , Fernandes Graziela Olivia da Silva , Lima Doryane Maria dos Reis
Published: January 2011

CONTEXT: Anismus is a prevalent functional cause of outlet delay. It is characterized by symptoms of obstructed defecation associated with paradoxical contraction of the pelvic floor muscles. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the ability of two dimensional anal ultrasonography to identify anismus patients with paradoxical contraction or normal relaxation, comparing findings with manometric measurements. METHODS: Forty-nine women presenting with outlet delay and a mean validated Wexner constipation score of 13.5 were included in a prospective study. Following screening with anal manometry, the patients were assigned to one of two groups: G-I -with normal relaxation and G-II -patients with anismus. Dynamic anorectal ultrasonography was used to quantifier the movement of the puborectalis muscle and to measure changes in the angle between two converging lines drawn from the 3 o'clock and the 9 o'clock positions of the endoprobe circumference to the internal border of the puborectalis muscle. The angle decreases during straining in patients with normal relaxation, but increases in patients with anismus. The agreement between the two techniques was verified with the Kappa index. RESULTS: In manometry, during straining the anal canal pressure decreased by 41.3% in G-I and increased by 168.6% in G-II, indicating a diagnosis of anismus for the second group. In US, during straining, the angle produced by the movement of the puborectalis muscle decreased from 63 ± 1.31 to 58 ± 1.509 degrees (P = 0.0135) in 23 of the 30 patients in G-I, indicating normal relaxation, and increased from 66 ± 0.972 to 72 ± 0.897 degrees (P = 0.0001) in 16 of the 19 patients in G-II, indicating anismus. The index of agreement between manometry and two dimensional anal ultrasonography was moderate: 77% (23/30) for G-I and 84% (16/19) for G-II. CONCLUSION: Two-dimensional dynamic anal ultrasonography showed similar results previously suggested by anal manometry at identifying patients with normal relaxation or paradoxical contraction.
Clarithromycin-resistant Helicobacter pylori in Recife, Brazil, directly identified from gastric biopsies by polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Lins Ana Kelly , Lima Roberto A , Magalhães Marcelo
Published: January 2011

CONTEXT: Clarithromycin is the most effective drug used in the eradication of infection by Helicobacter pylori. Due to worldwide increase in resistance, pre-treatment susceptibility testing for clarithromycin is recommended. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prevalence of clarithromycin resistance of H. pylori in Recife, a city in Northeast Brazil. METHODS: From January 2006 to December 2007, 114 gastric biopsy samples positive for H. pylori at culture were directly assayed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the most frequent point mutations involved in clarithromycin resistance. Results were compared with those obtained by Etests. RESULT: Molecular and phenotypic methods showed 111 (97.4%) susceptible or resistant concordant results. PCR detected 3 (2.6%) biopsy specimens with H. pylori-resistant genotypes, which were misdiagnosed as susceptible by Etests. In Recife, based on PCR results, primary clarithromycin resistance was found in 15 (16.5%) patients, prevalence close to that observed in Southeast Brazil. Resistance increased to 52% among previously treated patients. The point mutation A2143G was present in 20 (71.4%) of specimens and A2142G, in 8 (28.6%) of specimens. A2142C was not found. CONCLUSION: In Recife, the prevalence of primary clarithromycin resistance, 16.5%, showed the need for pretreatment susceptibility testing in H. pylori infections.
Adenovirus respiratory infection: significant increase in diagnosis using PCR comparing with antigen detection and culture methods
Authors: Stroparo Elenice , Cruz Cristina R. , Debur Maria do Carmo , Vidal Luine R. , Nogueira Meri B. , Almeida Sergio M. de , Pereira Luciane A. , Rotta Indianara , Raboni Sonia Mara
Published: January 2011

Adenovirus (AdV) respiratory infections are usually described as being associated with high mortality rates. Laboratory diagnosis is essential for the establishment of the appropriate therapy, and for guiding the implementation of preventive measures in order to prevent the spread of the infection. Aiming to analyze the sensitivity and specificity of the laboratorial diagnosis methods available, we compared antigen detection by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IF), and a specific nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR), to detect AdV in respiratory samples collected from patients admitted to hospital with acute respiratory disease. Positive samples were inoculated into a cell culture to confirm the results. We analyzed 381 samples from the nasopharyngeal aspirates collected during the year 2008; of these, 2.6% tested were positive for adenovirus through IF and 10% through PCR; positive isolation was obtained in 40% and 26% of these cases, respectively. Most infected patients were children under six months of age, and despite of the fact that a significant number of patients required intensive care, the mortality rate was low (5%). In conclusion, molecular methods were found to be useful for rapid diagnosis of adenovirus infections with higher sensitivity than antigen detection; their introduction permitted a significant increase in diagnoses of adenovirus infections.
Evaluation of enterovirus 71 immune status in São Paulo state, Brazil
Authors: Luchs Adriana , Cilli Audrey , Russo Denise H. , Costa Fernanda F. , Carmona Rita de Cássia C. , Timenetsky Maria do Carmo S.T.
Published: January 2011

Antibodies to Enterovirus 71 (EV71) were evaluated in São Paulo State during 1999-2005. The titer of neutralizing antibodies against EV71 was determined by microneutralization assay, and a titer of > 1:8 was defined as indicative of protected immunity. Neutralizing antibodies to EV71 were observed in 12.4% (55/442) of sera samples, a low protective rate, suggesting that EV71 infection is uncommon in this region, but that there is a relatively high susceptibility to EV71 related diseases, which is worrying considering the recent Asian outbreaks. Also, a significant location-specific difference in seropositivity was observed. Neutralizing antibodies to EV71 were observed in 8.7% (21/241) of São Paulo metropolitan area sera samples, and 16.9% (34/201) of the sera samples from other municipalities. A high number of Brazilian residents live in country and coastal areas without adequate access to piped water or sanitation. This situation may contribute to the EV71 dissemination in these zones. The analysis of environmental samples could possibly make a valuable contribution to studies on the epidemiology of EV71.
Conforto ambiental de bezerros bubalinos (Bubalus bubalis Linnaeus, 1758) em sistemas silvipastoris na Amazônia Oriental
Authors: Moraes Júnior Raimundo José , Garcia Alexandre Rossetto , Santos Núbia de Fátima Alves dos , Nahúm Benjamim de Souza , Lourenço Junior José de Brito , Aaraújo Cláudio Vieira de , Costa Norton Amador da
Published: January 2011

Foi analisado o efeito de dois sistemas silvipastoris nos índices de conforto ambiental e alterações nos parâmetros fisiológicos de bezerros bubalinos criados na Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Belém-PA (clima Afi), no Período 1 (abril a setembro/2007) e Período 2 (outubro/2007 a março/2008). Foram inseridos onze bezerros no Sistema Silvipastoril 1 (SSP1), que apresentava sombreamento útil nas pastagens de 18 a 21%, e oito no Sistema Silvipastoril 2 (SSP2), sem sombreamento, com lago para banho. Foram mensuradas as variáveis fisiológicas: temperatura retal (TR), frequência respiratória (FR), temperatura da pele (TP), e calculados o Índice de Temperatura e Umidade (ITU) e Índice de Conforto de Benezra (ICB), nos dois períodos experimentais, comparados pelo Teste Tukey (P < 0,05). O ITU apresentou diferença estatística entre horários (P < 0,05) e período do ano (P < 0,05), e oscilou de 73,5 ± 1,3 até 82,2 ± 0,8. A TR apresentou diferença estatística entre horários e períodos do ano (P < 0,05), com amplitude de 38,3 ± 0,26 a 39,3 ± 0,38 °C. A FR apresentou diferença significativa entre horários (P < 0,05), com amplitude de 32,2 ± 9,2 a 56,5 ± 19,0 mov min-1, consideradas acima dos níveis normais, enquanto a TP foi diferente estatisticamente entre períodos e horários (P < 0,05) e variou de 23,6 ± 8,3 a 31,7 ± 5,4 °C. Nos Períodos 1 e 2 e nos dois SSP's, os ICBs estiveram acima do valor ideal, variando de 2,46 ± 0,33 a 3,31 ± 0,62 (SSP1) e 2,42 ± 0,30 a 3,45 ± 0,66 (SSP2).
Fungos micorrízicos arbusculares em sistema de aléias no Estado do Maranhão, Brasil
Authors: Nobre Camila Pinheiro , Ferraz Júnior Altamiro Souza de Lima , Goto Bruno Tomio , Berbara Ricardo Luís Louro , Noqueira Marcelo Diógenes Costa
Published: January 2011

Sistemas em aléias podem consistir numa solução para o uso da terra em regiões do Trópico Úmido. A relação dessa forma de manejo com a dinâmica dos fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) ainda é pouco compreendida. O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar a influência de leguminosas arbóreas em um sistema em aléias na capacidade infectiva e diversidade de FMA nativos em São Luís, Maranhão. Amostras de solo coletadas do sistema em aléias no campus experimental da Universidade Estadual do Maranhão (UEMA) - São Luís, em duas épocas do ano (Julho/2006 e Abril/2007), a duas distâncias (0 m e 0,5 m) do tronco de três leguminosas (Leucaena leucocephala, Clitoria fairchildiana e Acacia mangium) e em área testemunha (sem leguminosas) na profundidade de 0 - 20 cm. O solo coletado foi utilizado para avaliar a capacidade infectiva dos FMA nativos, densidade e identificação de glomerosporos. O sistema em aléias aumenta o potencial de infectividade dos FMA nativos dependendo da espécie de leguminosa arbórea associada, estação de coleta e proximidades das árvores. Dezesseis espécies de FMA foram encontradas na área distribuídas em cinco gêneros, sendo Scutellospora o mais representativo.
Análise da arborização urbana de três cidades da região norte do Estado de Mato Grosso
Authors: Almeida Danielucia Noya , Rondon Neto Rubens Marques
Published: January 2011

O presente estudo teve por objetivo analisar a arborização viária de três cidades da região norte do Estado de Mato Grosso, sendo: Alta Floresta, Carlinda e Nova Monte Verde. Foi levantado um total de 663 indivíduos, distribuídos em 20 famílias botânicas, 30 gêneros e 31 espécies. 51,6% das espécies são exóticas à flora brasileira e 48,4% são nativas. As espécies mais frequentes nas cidades avaliadas foram: Licania tomentosa (45,4%), Ficus benjamina (18,1%) e Roystonea oleraceae (13,6%). Nas três cidades, mais de 80% da população obteve diâmetro â altura do solo inferior a 0,4 m e mais de 60% da população estava abaixo de 6,0 m de altura total, em todas as cidades. Os indivíduos plantados sob a fiação elétrica representaram menos de 50% da população amostrada, nas três cidades amostradas, e altura média das árvores, sob a fiação, variou de 3,2 m (Nova Monte Verde) a 5,9 m (Alta Floresta). Mais de 85% dos indivíduos apresentaram bifurcação abaixo de 1,80 m. A densidade de árvores/km de calçada estimado nas cidades avaliadas variou entre 47,7 árvores/km (Alta Floresta) e 56,0 árvores/km (Carlinda). O índice de diversidade de Shannon estimado foi 1,17 (Carlinda), 1,75 (Nova Monte Verde) e 1,76 (Alta Floresta). A largura das vias e recuos permite o plantio de espécies de médio e grande porte. Contudo, é essencial o planejamento da arborização urbana e definição de critérios e técnicas adequadas para a realização de plantios e manutenções.
Ação inseticida do extrato de Derris amazonica Killip para Cerotoma arcuatus Olivier (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae
Authors: Alecio Márcio Rodrigo , Fazolin Murilo , Netto Rosalee Albuquerque Coelho , Catani Valdomiro , Estrela Joelma Lima Vidal , Alves Suziane Barros , Correa Raquel da Silva , Andrade Neto Romeu de Carvalho , Gonzaga Adriana Dantas
Published: January 2011

A abundância e o potencial inseticida de Derris amazonica e a necessidade de controle de Cerotoma arcuatus Olivier (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) na cultura do feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) estimularam a realização desta pesquisa, que objetivou avaliar a ação inseticida do extrato de D. amazonica a adultos de C. arcuatus em condições de laboratório. Os bioensaios testaram as vias de intoxicação por ingestão de folhas contaminadas, contato com superfície contaminada e aplicação tópica, com delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Os valores de mortalidade e consumo foliar dos insetos foram submetidos à análise de regressão, sendo utilizada a análise de Probit para determinação das CL50, da DL50 e dos TL50. O extrato de D. amazonica, contendo 3,7% de rotenona, foi tóxico para adultos de C. arcuatus via ingestão de folhas contaminadas (CL50=15,14 µL do extrato.mL-1 de água), superfície contaminada (CL50=0,45 µL do extrato.cm-2) e aplicação tópica (DL50=1,44 µL do extrato.g-1 do inseto). Mortalidades de adultos de C. arcuatus superiores a 80% e os menores tempos letais médios foram obtidos na concentração de 5% (v v-1) do extrato em todos os bioensaios. O consumo foliar de adultos de C. arcuatus foi inversamente proporcional a concentração do extrato quando expostos por via de ingestão foliar ou aplicação tópica, sendo inclusive observada inibição da alimentação dos indivíduos. O extrato de D. amazonica é tóxico para C. arcuatus e inibe a alimentação dos insetos a partir da concentração de 1% (v v-1).
Composição química e valor nutricional para grandes herbívoros das folhas e frutos de aninga (Montrichardia linifera, Araceae)
Authors: Amarante Cristine Bastos do , Müller Regina Celi Sarkis , Dantas Kelly das Graças Fernandes , Alves Cláudio Nahum , Müller Adolfo Henrique , Palheta Dulcidéia da Conceição
Published: January 2011

Montrichardia linifera (Araceae), conhecida popularmente como 'aninga', faz parte dos ecossistemas de várzea da Amazônia e da dieta natural de animais como peixe-boi, tartarugas, peixes, búfalo e gado. Com o objetivo de contribuir para o conhecimento químico e valor nutricional da mesma, folhas e frutos de M. linifera foram coletados às margens dos rios Guamá e Maratauíra, no Estado do Pará, Brasil. Em folhas e frutos foram realizadas análises de umidade, resíduo mineral fixo (cinzas), lipídios, proteínas, fibra bruta, concentração de carboidratos e valor calórico. A composição mineral (Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Zn e Mn) foi obtida por espectrometria de absorção atômica de chama. Observou-se que tanto as folhas quanto os frutos da aninga, apesar de calóricos (289,75 kcal e 355,12 kcal, respectivamente), possuem baixo valor protéico (0,44% e 0,24 %, respectivamente). As concentrações de manganês obtidas (folha = 3279,46 mg kg-1e fruto = 18151,53 mg kg-1) foram consideradas tóxicas, extrapolando o limite máximo tolerável para ruminantes (1000 mg kg-1). A M. linifera, tem capacidade de absorver e bioacumular grandes quantidades de Ca, Mg e Mn presentes no solo, o que torna inadequada a sua utilização exclusiva na alimentação de quelônios, bovinos e bubalinos, havendo necessidade de mais estudos para sua aplicação como parte da ração.
Isomerização do óleo essencial de pimenta-longa (Piper hispidinervium C. DC) para a obtenção de isosafrol
Authors: Cremasco Marco Aurelio , Braga Nazareno de Pina
Published: January 2011

As piperáceas brasileiras apresentam propriedades para serem utilizadas, entre outras aplicações, como inseticidas e antifúngicos. Dentre as piperáceas, pode-se citar a Piper hispidinervum C. DC. De suas folhas e dos talos finos extrai-se um óleo essencial rico em safrol, que é utilizado pela indústria como matéria-prima na manufatura, por exemplo, do piperonal. A sequência natural do processo para a obtenção do piperonal é o de submeter o safrol obtido da concentração do óleo essencial à isomerização para seu correspondente isômero estável chamado isosafrol. Apresenta-se neste artigo, por sua vez, a síntese do isosafrol diretamente do óleo essencial de pimenta-longa (Piper hispidinervium C. DC). Este óleo essencial apresenta o safrol como constituinte majoritário, possibilitando a sua isomerização para a produção de isosafrol, que é empregado nas indústrias farmacêuticas e de fragrâncias. O objetivo deste trabalho é o de apresentar a obtenção do isosafrol sem a necessidade da etapa de separação do safrol do óleo essencial de pimenta-longa. Para tanto, foram realizados ensaios de isomerização do óleo essencial, obtendo-se uma solução contendo 79,4 % da mistura cis, trans-isosafrol. Ressalte-se que o óleo essencial continha 86,4 % de safrol, resultando em alto rendimento na sua conversão a cis, trans-isosafrol de 97,1 %.
Cooking process evaluation on mercury content in fish
Authors: Farias Luciana Aparecida , Fávaro Déborah Inês , Santos José Osman , Vasconsellos Marina Beatriz , Pessôa Artemiza , Aguiar Jaime Paiva Lopes , Yuyama Lucia
Published: January 2011

This study evaluated different cooking processes (roasted, cooked and fried) on total mercury (Hg) content in fish species most consumed by Manaus residents and surrounding communities, Amazon region. The results obtained for total Hg in natura and after the three types of preparation (roasted, cooked and fried) for 12 fish species showed a significant Hg concentration variation. In the present study the cooked and frying processes resulted in higher Hg losses for Pacu, Pescada, Jaraqui, Curimatã, Surubin and Aruanã fish species, most of them presenting detritivorous and carnivorous feeding habits. The higher Hg losses in the roasting process occurred for Sardinha, Aracu, Tucunaré, Pirapitinga, Branquinha and Tambaqui fish species, most of them being omnivorous and herbivorous fish species. Some micronutrients (Ca, Fe, K, Na, Se and Zn) in fish species in natura were also determined in order to perform a nutritional evaluation regarding these micronutrients.
Optimum dietary protein requirement for Amazonian Tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum Cuvier, 1818, fed fish meal free diets
Authors: Oishi César Augusto , Nwanna Lawrence C , Pereira Filho Manoel
Published: January 2011

Fish meal free diets were formulated to contain graded protein levels as 25% (diet 1), 30% (diet 2), 35% (diet 3) and 40% (diet 4). The diets were fed to tambaqui juveniles (Colossoma macropomum) (46.4 ± 6.3g) in randomly designed recirculating systems for 60 days, to determine the optimum protein requirement for the fish. The final weight of the fish, weight gain (28.1, 28.5, 32.2, 28.0g) and specific growth rate increased (P>0.05) consistently with increasing dietary protein up to treatment with 35% protein diet and then showed a declining trend. Feed intake followed the same trend resulting in best feed efficiency (62.5%) in fish fed diet with 35% protein. Similarly, the protein intake increased significantly with increasing dietary protein levels and reduced after the fish fed with 35% protein; while protein efficiency ratio (2.28, 1.99, 1.87, 1.74) decreased with increasing dietary protein levels. Carcass ash and protein had linear relationship with dietary protein levels while the lipid showed a decreasing trend. Ammonia content (0.68, 0.73, 0.81, 1.21 mg L-1) of the experimental waters also increased (P<0.05) with increasing protein levels while pH, dissolved oxygen and temperature remained fairly constant without any clear pattern of inclination. Broken-line estimation of the weight gain indicated 30% protein as the optimum requirement for the fish.
Fine litter accumulation in Central Amazonian Tropical Rainforest canopy
Authors: Couto-Santos Fabiana Rita do , Luizão Flávio J
Published: January 2011

Fine litter dynamics within the canopy differ from litter dynamics on the forest floor for reasons such as differences in microclimate, substrate, disturbance level, stratum influence and decomposition rates. This study is the first attempt to quantify the fine litter accumulated in the canopy of Central Amazonian forests. We compared the canopy litter accumulation to fine litter-layer on forest floor and to other forests and also investigated which were the mostly accumulated litter omponents. We found that Central Amazonian Rainforest intercepts greater fine litter in the canopy (294 g.m-2) compared to other forest formations with higher winds speed as in a Costa Rican Cloud Forest (170 g.m-2). The mean canopy fine litter accumulated at the end of the dry season was less than a half of that on soil surface (833 g.m-2) and the fine wood component dominates the canopy samplings (174 g.m-2) while leafy component predominate on soil surface litter (353 g.m-2).
Atmosfera modificada e refrigeração para conservação pós-colheita de uva 'Niagara Rosada'
Authors: Cia Patrícia , Benato Eliane Aparecida , Valentini Silvia Regina de Toledo , Sanches Juliana , Ponzo Francine Scolfaro , Flôres Daniela , Terra Maurilo Monteiro
Published: January 2011

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da atmosfera modificada na conservação pós-colheita da uva 'Niagara Rosada' armazenada sob refrigeração, em dois experimentos. No primeiro experimento avaliou-se o acondicionamento de cachos nas seguintes embalagens: papelão ondulado (testemunha); tereftalato de polietileno (PET); cloreto de polivinila (PVC) 17 μm; polietileno linear de baixa densidade (PELBD) 25 μm; e PELBD 50 μm. Em outro experimento, avaliaram-se os sistemas de acondicionamento: sacolas de plástico abertas (testemunha); polietileno de baixa densidade (PEBD) 25 μm; PEBD 25 μm, com injeção de mistura gasosa (21% O2/5% CO2); PEBD 25 μm (21% O2/10% CO2); PEBD 25 μm (21% O2/20% CO2). Os cachos foram armazenados a 1±1°C e 90±5% de umidade relativa (UR) por 28 dias, seguido de armazenamento em condições do ambiente (25±2°C e 80±5% UR). Os cachos foram avaliados quanto à perda de massa de matéria fresca, firmeza, cor das bagas, esbagoamento, sólidos solúveis totais (SST), acidez titulável (AT), relação SST/AT e incidência de podridões. O filme PELBD 50 μm, a partir do 14º dia a 1°C, seguido por mais três dias a 25°C, causou a fermentação dos cachos. As embalagens PELBD 25 μm, com ou sem injeção de mistura gasosa, e PVC 17 μm reduzem a perda de massa de matéria fresca dos cachos, mas não reduzem o esbagoamento e a incidência de podridões.
Deficit hídrico e secamento parcial do sistema radicular em pomar de lima ácida
Authors: Sampaio Antonio Hélder Rodrigues , Coelho Filho Maurício Antonio , Coelho Eugênio Ferreira , Daniel Rossini , Machado Victor Vinícius , Carvalho Gian Carlos , Santana Junior Edvaldo Bispo
Published: January 2011

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do deficit hídrico associado ao secamento parcial do sistema radicular ("partial rootzone drying", PRD) na produção e eficiência de uso de água, em pomar de lima ácida 'Tahiti', na Região do Semiárido baiano. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com seis tratamentos e seis repetições. Os tratamentos com PRD foram realizados pela alternância periódica (7, 14 ou 21 dias) dos lados em que o microaspersor localizava-se em relação às plantas. Esses tratamentos foram conduzidos com lâmina d'água equivalente a 50% da evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc) e comparados ao tratamento com deficit hídrico de 50% da ETc com microaspersor fixo em um dos lados das plantas, e ao tratamento 100% da ETc, com aspersores de ambos os lados das plantas. Avaliou-se também o PRD (21 dias) com diminuição da irrigação em 25% da ETc. O PRD com 50% da ETc não difere do tratamento com esse mesmo deficit e sem alternância de lados da irrigação, em termos de produtividade, eficiência do uso da água, e diâmetro e peso dos frutos, independentemente do período de alternância dos lados de irrigação. O PRD com diminuição da irrigação em 25% da ETc não causa perdas em relação à condição sem deficit e sem localização da irrigação.
Produtividade e qualidade da cana-de-açúcar irrigada com efluente de estação de tratamento de esgoto
Authors: Deon Magnus Dall'Igna , Gomes Tamara Maria , Melfi Adolpho José , Montes Célia Regina , Silva Elisabete da
Published: January 2011

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho produtivo e qualitativo da cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp.), irrigada por gotejamento subsuperficial com efluente de estação de tratamento de esgoto (EETE). Testaram-se lâminas de irrigação entre 0, na testemunha sem irrigação, e 200% da evapotranspiração máxima da cultura, em dois ciclos de cultivo de cana soca, adubada com metade da quantidade recomendada de nitrogênio (N). A produtividade, em cada ciclo, foi ajustada a um modelo que considera a produtividade da cana planta como covariável. Por esse modelo, os ganhos em produtividade, proporcionados pela reposição da evapotranspiração com EETE, foram de 17,13 e 25,76 Mg ha-1. A aplicação de 200% de EETE resultou no ganho estimado de 19,84 Mg ha-1 na primeira soca e 40,47 Mg ha-1 na segunda. Houve redução de sólidos solúveis do caldo da cana, com o uso da irrigação na primeira soca. No entanto, outros parâmetros indicativos da qualidade industrial não foram significativamente alterados pela irrigação. A irrigação com EETE proporciona ganhos de produtividade da cana-de-açúcar e reduz a adubação nitrogenada recomendada no cultivo da primeira e segunda socas.
Production technology for entomopathogenic fungus using a biphasic culture system
Authors: Machado Ana Carolina Ribeiro , Monteiro Antonio Carlos , Almeida Aline Maria Belasco de , Martins Maria Inez Espagnoli Geraldo
Published: January 2011

The objective of this research was to evaluate combinations of liquid media obtained from agro-industrial residues and by-products, with solid media prepared with mixtures of grains and their derivatives, aiming to increase the production of JAB 02 and JAB 45 isolates of Lecanicillium lecanii. Sporulation, conidial viability and process yield were evaluated as well as the production costs using the JAB 45 isolate as a model system were analyzed. The production of JAB 02 was not increased using the biphasic culture. For JAB 45, some combinations provided an increase in yield, especially cheese whey with wheat bran and wheat grain, with lower production costs. Viability was not influenced by the production method, and the combinations showed no differences in the process yield. The biphasic method is suitable for the production of L. lecanii, and proves to be an appropriate technology to use in mass production by biofactories.
Acurácia do diagnóstico nutricional de pomares de mangueiras obtido por três fórmulas DRIS
Authors: Wadt Paulo Guilherme Salvador , Silva Davi José
Published: January 2011

O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar a aplicação de medidas de acurácia para determinar a utilidade de diagnósticos nutricionais para comparação de fórmulas DRIS, e avaliar o emprego dessas medidas no processo de modelagem das funções do Sistema Integrado de Diagnose e Recomendação (DRIS). Foram avaliadas três fórmulas: relações bivariadas simplificadas; relações multivariadas; e modelagem das funções DRIS. Foram utilizados dados de monitoramento nutricional de pomares de mangueiras cultivadas no Vale do São Francisco. O desempenho das fórmulas foi avaliado com base na concordância de seus diagnósticos com o proporcionado pelo método das faixas de suficiência. Foram determinadas as acurácias global e de insuficiência, de equilíbrio, de excesso, de deficiência, de suficiência e de toxicidade nutricional. A fórmula simplificada e a de relações multivariadas tiveram resultados semelhantes para as acurácias de deficiência e insuficiência, mas inferior ao da fórmula DRIS para modelagem das funções. Esta última, por possibilitar o ajuste do coeficiente de sensibilidade de cada função DRIS, mostrou-se promissora para diminuir riscos de diagnósticos falsos de deficiência (deixar de recomendar o nutriente quando ele é necessário) e de insuficiência (recomendar o nutriente quando ele não é necessário). No entanto, a fórmula DRIS para modelagem das funções não mostra desempenho satisfatório nas demais medidas de acurácia.