bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of near-interface traps in thermally oxidized and NO-annealed SiO2/4H-SiC metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors by transient capacitance measurement
Authors: Fu Haodong , Li Qi , Zhai Dongyuan , Wang Yuwei , Lu Jiwu
Published: December 2024

The quality of the SiO2/4H-SiC interface is critical for enhancing the performance of 4H-SiC metal–oxide–semiconductor field effect transistor devices. This research primarily concentrates on characterizing near-interface traps (NITs) in the SiO2/4H-SiC metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) capacitor using transient capacitance (C–t) measurements. Two types of samples were analyzed: thermally oxidized SiO2/4H-SiC MOS capacitors with (sample OX) and without (sample NO) NO post-oxidation annealing. It was found that the measurement voltage in C–t measurements significantly affects the electrical response of NITs, which has not received substantial attention in previous reports. By carefully selecting the measurement voltage, the maximum distance that carriers can tunnel into SiO2 from 4H-SiC can be assessed. Under the stress condition of maintaining a gate voltage of 20 V for 100 s, the maximum tunneling distances were determined to be 1.6 nm for sample OX and 1.4 nm for sample NO. Additionally, the concentrations of active NITs in both samples were examined. The results provide direct evidence that NO annealing significantly reduces active NITs, particularly those located farther from the interface.
Charge injection barrier at the pentacene thin film and electrode interface characterized by time-resolved electrostatic force microscopy
Authors: Kimura Tomoharu , Kobayashi Kei , Yamagishi Yuji , Yamada Hirofumi
Published: December 2024

The contact resistances at the metal–organic interface often limit the performance of organic thin-film transistors. However, it is not straightforward to characterize the electrical property of the metal–organic interface of the organic thin film. This is because the conventional electrical measurement only gives the total electrical property of the metal–organic–metal system that is affected by many grain boundaries. In this study, we investigated a single pentacene grain connected to a Au electrode by time-resolved electrostatic force microscopy (tr-EFM), which can capture the time-evolving electrostatic force images at a nanometer-scale spatial resolution. Using the tr-EFM, we found the gradual and uniform potential increase in the pentacene grain following the positive step voltage applied to the Au electrode, which indicates that the resistance in the grain–electrode system is governed by the grain–electrode interfacial resistance. By assuming the equivalent circuit of the grain–electrode interface system, we reconstructed the femto-ampere-order current-to-voltage characteristic at the grain–electrode interface. The asymmetric characteristic in the hole injection regime and the ejection regime suggests the existence of a metal–organic Schottky junction at the interface.
Divergence time and environmental similarity predict the strength of morphological convergence in stick and leaf insects
Authors: Boisseau Romain P. , Bradler Sven , Emlen Douglas J.
Published: December 2024

Independent evolution of similar traits in lineages inhabiting similar environments (convergent or repeated evolution) is often taken as evidence for adaptation by natural selection, and used to illustrate the predictability of evolution. Yet convergence is rarely perfect for two reasons. First, environments may not be as similar as they appear. Second, responses to selection are contingent upon available genetic variation and independent lineages may differ in the alleles, genetic backgrounds, and even the developmental mechanisms responsible for the phenotypes in question. Both impediments to convergence are predicted to increase as the length of time separating two lineages increases, making it difficult to discern their relative importance. We quantified environmental similarity and the extent of convergence to show how habitat and divergence time each contribute to observed patterns of morphological evolution in 212 species of stick and leaf insects (order Phasmatodea). Dozens of phasmid lineages independently colonized similar habitats, repeatedly evolving in parallel directions on a 23-trait morphospace, though the magnitude and direction of these shifts varied. Lineages converging toward more similar environments ended up closer on the morphospace, as did closely related lineages, and closely related lineages followed more parallel evolutionary trajectories to arrive there than more distantly related ones. Remarkably, after accounting for habitat similarity, we show that divergence time reduced the extent of convergence at a constant rate across more than 100 My of separation, suggesting even the magnitude of contingency can be predictable, given sufficient spans of time.
Personality differences between birth order categories and across sibship sizes
Authors: Ashton Michael C. , Lee Kibeom
Published: December 2024

We examined associations of self-reports on the HEXACO Personality Inventory—Revised (HEXACO-PI-R) with birth order category and sibship size, controlling for participant sex and age. In a first sample (
N
> 700,000 online adults, mainly from English-speaking countries), Honesty-Humility and Agreeableness both showed the highest means for middle-borns, followed in order by last-borns (youngests), firstborns (oldests), and only children, with differences between middles and onlys of
d
≥ 0.20. The same result was replicated in a similar but smaller second sample (
N
> 70,000) in which sibship size was also assessed, thereby allowing birth order differences to be separated from sibship size differences. In that sample, Honesty-Humility and Agreeableness showed higher means with larger sibship sizes, with differences between sibship sizes of 1 and 6+ of
d
= 0.30 and
d
= 0.36, respectively. Controls for upbringing religiousness and current religiousness reduced these differences by about 25%. Within sibship sizes, birth order differences in these dimensions were considerably smaller but oldests remained up to
d
= 0.10 lower than middles and youngests. Openness was
d
≈ 0.10 higher for onlys than for non-onlys collectively, and within sibship sizes, Openness was
d
≈ 0.10 higher for oldests than for middles and youngests.
Neuronal constitutive endolysosomal perforations enable α-synuclein aggregation by internalized PFFs
Authors: Sanyal Anwesha , Scanavachi Gustavo , Somerville Elliott , Saminathan Anand , Nair Athul , Bango Da Cunha Correia Ricardo F. , Aylan Beren , Sitarska Ewa , Oikonomou Athanasios , Hatzakis Nikos S. , Kirchhausen Tom
Published: December 2024

Endocytosis, required for the uptake of receptors and their ligands, can also introduce pathological aggregates such as α-synuclein (α-syn) in Parkinson’s Disease. We show here the unexpected presence of intrinsically perforated endolysosomes in neurons, suggesting involvement in the genesis of toxic α-syn aggregates induced by internalized preformed fibrils (PFFs). Aggregation of endogenous α-syn in late endosomes and lysosomes of human iPSC-derived neurons (iNs), seeded by internalized α-syn PFFs, caused the death of the iNs but not of the parental iPSCs and non-neuronal cells. Live-cell imaging of iNs showed constitutive perforations in ∼5% of their endolysosomes. These perforations, identified by 3D electron microscopy in iNs and CA1 pyramidal neurons and absent in non-neuronal cells, may facilitate cytosolic access of endogenous α-syn to PFFs in the lumen of endolysosomes, triggering aggregation. Inhibiting the PIKfyve phosphoinositol kinase reduced α-syn aggregation and associated iN death, even with ongoing PFF endolysosomal entry, suggesting that maintaining endolysosomal integrity might afford a therapeutic strategy to counteract synucleinopathies.
Lime-based historic plasters characterization: mineralogical composition and binder to aggregate ratio
Authors: Krejsová J , Scheinherrová L , Fořt J , Pokorný J , Rovnaníková P
Published: December 2024

Preserving historic buildings requires renovation using compatible plasters that closely resemble the original ones. However, achieving this likeness requires a thorough characterization of the original plaster. This article explores the challenges of characterizing historic lime-based plasters from two architecturally interesting buildings in the Czech Republic dating back to the first half of the 20th century. Key issues include the determination of the binder-to-aggregate ratio, the fine aggregate particle size distribution, the mineralogical composition, and the degree of lime plaster carbonation. Experimental methods include X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), pH-value determination, hydrochloric acid dissolution of binder components, sieve analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TG), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The tested plasters are compared, and the effectiveness of various approaches is evaluated. The binder-to-aggregate ratios are approximately 1:5. The plaster from one of the buildings was almost pure (lime binder + aggregate), while the second one contained other components, such as calcium silicate hydrates, gypsum, and magnesium phases.
The mold infestation of buildings classified by Kohonen Self-Organizing Maps with boundaries determined by Ward clustering using multidimensional data from gas sensors
Authors: Łagód G , Piłat-Rożek M , Majerek D , Łazuka E , Guz Ł , Kočí V , Černý R
Published: December 2024

Mold infestation of buildings occurs when the moisture content of partitions increases, and is a significant problem in building operation. This problem is substantial in terms of architecture and building construction, residents’ health and aesthetic reasons. There are numerous methods of evaluating mold infestation, among them important ones include traditional biological, molecular microbiological, and chemical techniques. One of the newer methods is application of gas sensors arrays, which form an electronic nose when combined with a properly chosen data analysis algorithm. The critical issue connected with correct functioning of an electronic nose is selection of the appropriate mathematical model enabling interpretation and visualization of the results – multidimensional signals originating from sensors array. In this work a Kohonen Self-Organizing-Map with hexagonal topology was used for presenting the similarity between measurements of buildings that are in different stages of mold infestation, as well as reference sample of clean air and decayed timber. On the two-dimensional visualization of Kohonen map, the boundaries created by applying the hierarchical Ward clustering method were superimposed. This procedure allowed showing which observation would be assigned to which clusters connected with level of mold infestation.
Selected properties of wall material based on hemp shives and clay modified with polysaccharide-based polymers
Authors: Brzyski P , Wankiewicz J , Suchorab Z , Medveď I
Published: December 2024

One of the assumptions of sustainable development in construction is the use of low-processed materials. A material with a low level of embodied energy is clay. It is mainly used in fired form as building ceramics, but alternatively it can be used in raw form, e.g. in the form of plasters or unfired bricks. Clay can be modified with ingredients of plant origin, e.g. hemp shives. Porous plant fillers are used, among others, to improve the thermal insulation parameters of clay-based wall materials. The disadvantage of raw clay-based materials is their lack of water resistance. This parameter can be improved by using admixtures/additives with hydraulic, hydrophobic properties or those ensuring chemical bonding of clay. In this work, a composite based on clay and hemp shives with a fine fraction was developed for use in walls, e.g. in the form of blocks and a rammed monolith. The density, thermal conductivity, water resistance and capillary rise of three mixtures were examined. A polysaccharide-based polymers (xanthan gum and guar gum) were used as an admixture to improve water resistance. The addition of xanthan gum in the amount of 1% reduced the composite’s ability to capillary water uptake by 46% compared to the unmodified composite. Guar gum turned out to be an ineffective admixture as it deteriorated the properties of the clay composite. In the case of this admixture, in further studies, increasing the water content should be considered to improve the viscosity of the mixture, because it was noticeably too dry.
Comparison of three methodologies for evaluating the antifungal activity of cinnamaldehyde
Authors: Kobetičová K , Vrzáň J , Vidholdová Z , Fraňková A
Published: December 2024

In this study, methodologies for performing agar tests for effectiveness against moulds were compared. The substance under investigation was cinnamaldehyde. This substance is commonly used as a fungicide in agriculture to protect the root system of plants or as an insecticide in the fight against mosquitoes. Its effect against mould growth of building materials has not yet been studied. Cinnamaldehyde was tested in three ways: A) the substance was mixed directly into the agar, B) the substance was spread on the surface of the sterile agar, and C) the substance was applied to filter paper above the sterile agar. A culture of aerial fungi was spread on the agar. Petri dishes with agar were then incubated for 7 days in a thermostat under controlled conditions. The results indicate that method B is not suitable because the substance aggregates on the surface of the agar. The effectiveness of methods A and C is comparable.
Design of concrete mixtures with calcined brick soil
Authors: Pommer V. , Šádková K. , Sellnerová K. , Vejmelková E. , Koňáková D.
Published: December 2024

Calcined clays have become one of the most researched themes in the field of cement replacement in recent years. However, it is not only pure kaolinite that can be used for thermal activation. There are other options such as the use of lower-grade clays. The brick soils can be considered as a representative of these lower-grade clays. The studied soil had a lower content of clay minerals (40%) and a higher content of other impurities, mainly quartz (18%) and calcite (43%). It also contained a minor amount of gypsum (4%). After thermal calcination at 650 °C, 37% of the amorphous matter was formed, which was assumed to be a reactive part. Based on this assumption, the mixture compositions, more precisely the substitutions in the concrete mixture were made using so-called rational design. The amount of amorphous matter was used to replace cement, while the amount of crystalline phases substituted a fine aggregate. Within this logic, 5 mixtures with a replacement level of up to 25% were designed. However, as the calcined brick soil was somewhat finer, a plasticizing admixture had to be used to achieve comparable workability without an immense increase in water dosage. The best compressive strength was obtained in the case of a mixture with the 10% replacement. Specifically, it reached 69 MPa, which was by 14% higher value than the reference. Nevertheless, also the mixture with 25% showed applicable results. Its compressive strength was 55 MPa, by 11% lower value compared to the reference mixture.
The ecological aspect of sustainable development: modelling results using the Environmental Performance Index
Authors: Hayda Y I , Haida T Y , Dluhopolskyi O V , Kozlovskyi S V , Nikolenko L M , Cherniatynsky T V
Published: December 2024

The demand for a “clean, comfortable, and safe environment” as a public good has surged globally, prompting stricter environmental regulations in many countries. This paper examines the impact of these regulations on environmental welfare, using EPI. The research employs the SARIMAX model to forecast future EPI trends, emphasizing the need for continuous evaluation of individual environmental policy criteria to ensure accurate predictions and effective policy interventions. Regression analysis reveals that key predictors of environmental well-being in the Global West include climate change mitigation, ecosystem preservation, biodiversity conservation, and water pollution reduction. In African countries, climate change remains crucial, alongside biodiversity conservation and combating deforestation.
The Role of Staycation Tourism in Mitigating the Environmental Impact of Recreation in Ukraine
Authors: Martseniuk Larysa , Kryvoberets Maryna , Melnychuk Svitlana , Lihostaiev Viacheslav , Dobrovolskyi Andrii
Published: December 2024

The study aims to provide an analytical review of the advantages and disadvantages of staycation tourism and to form practical recommendations for its development in Ukraine. The volumes of tourist arrivals were analyzed, and it was found that the share of tourism accounts for more than 5% of global greenhouse gas emissions, and 90% is the use of transport for tourist needs. By 2030, CO2 emissions from tourism are expected to increase by 25% compared to 2016, i.e. from 1,597 million tons to 1,998 million tons. Tourists visiting specific advertised powers result in 95% of the world’s tourists visiting only 5% of a country’s territory. This creates a substantial anthropogenic load on a certain ecosystem of popular tourist destinations. The potential advantages and disadvantages of Staycation tourism for stakeholders are analyzed, and recommendations are offered to overcome the negative aspects of this type of tourism. In Ukraine, supporting domestic tourism is necessary, which provides both safeties for tourists and contributes to reducing transport emissions and environmental impact.
Reducing emissions and decreasing petroleum dependency by utilizing electric municipal transportation in Ukraine
Authors: Honcharova Iryna , Beloev Ivan , Beloeva Silvia , Iskiv Roman , Shyshov Serhii
Published: December 2024

Currently, the entire humanity faces the problem of depletion of oil resources and emissions into the atmosphere. The presented study demonstrates one of the ways to reduce the impact on the environment by creating and developing municipal dual-purpose electric transport: both for the transportation of passengers and the delivery of consumer goods. Since currently available vehicles delivering consumer goods are used extremely inefficiently, and municipal passenger transportation in many communities of Ukraine is not carried out or is carried out on extremely limited routes, the search for solutions to these problems should be accompanied by solving environmental problems that arise or may arise in the process of solving. The study revealed that with three-time delivery of consumer goods, according to the most conservative estimates, 1,719,900 kg of exhaust gases are emitted into the atmosphere, and gasoline is consumed for the delivery, for the production of which 23,641 barrels of oil are extracted. Moreover, the carried-out deliveries of consumer goods do not guarantee a high quality of life for the population. The proposed innovative solutions to the problem contain not only technological, technical, and economic positive effects but also have several positive social components. The desire of society to increase the level of civilizational benefits for all its members is positive and inevitable, but at the same time, the damage to the environment should be minimized.
The Influence of Analysis of Choice of Shuttle Transportation Modes in The Province of The Gunung Mas Travel Fleet Route Ruteng-Ende City
Authors: Caling Claudius Lippershey B. , Valdoni Sandi Patrisius , Jeckson Fireflies Aurel , Gondia Melinda
Published: December 2024

This study aims to analyze the selection of transportation modes of shuttle transportation within the province with the Ruteng route of Manggarai Regency to Ende City, Ende Regency. This research to assess the sustainability of future transportation. The method used in this research is quantitative descriptive where this study will examine the characteristics of transportation mode voters and also test the influence of the variables that are used as a reference in choosing the mode of transportation of the Gunung Mas travel fleet. In this study, the number of samples used as a reference in statistical calculations was 50 samples. The results of this study, it was found that as many as 52% chose because of safety and comfort, 18% chose because of ticket prices, 16% because they were delivered directly to their destination (door to door), 10% because of travel time, and as many as 4 due to the frequency of departure which is 24 hours. Variable X4 (Delivered Directly to the Destination/Door to door) with T Count 2.077 > 2.010 (T Table) and significance value 0.043 < 0.05 then factor X4 has a significant effect on factor Y. Variable X5 (Safety and Comfort) has a calculated T value > T table (3.118 > 2.010) and a Significance value of 0.03 < 0.05, so it can be concluded that variable X5 has a significant effect on the choice of transportation mode.
Application of the Geophysical Strata Rating in Sedimentary Environments
Authors: Medhurst TP
Published: December 2024

The Geophysical Strata Rating (GSR) is an empirical rock mass classification method based on the estimation of clay content, porosity and P-wave velocity from geophysical logs. It was first developed in 2005 for the Australian mining industry and is now routinely used in many operating mines. By allowing a continuous estimate of rock mass quality along the borehole column 3D geotechnical models can be developed for a range of planning and design purposes. The availability of these models provides a means to develop relationships between ground conditions and ground behaviour that can be back analysed and verified. This has allowed several new design methods to be developed to assist in the geotechnical management process such as ground support design, prediction of caving behaviour and stability of shafts. The characterisation models can be used for a range of applications such as porosity/permeability variations within the strata and is particularly useful for delineation of stress related impacts in deep mines. This paper outlines the basic premise of the GSR and provides a few examples of its application.
Rock Mass Classification in the Digital Era: A transformation in Hard Rock Tunnelling
Authors: Klein Lasse , Lehmann Gabriel , Tröndle Johannes , Benedetto Diego di
Published: December 2024

The construction industry has witnessed a transformative shift with the advent of digitalization, and tunnelling especially in hard rock is no exception. This study delves into the profound influence of digitalization on rock mass assessment methods employed in tunnelling endeavours. Conventional rock mass classification systems, such as the widely embraced RMR (Rock Mass Rating) and Q-system, have traditionally played a pivotal role in evaluating geological conditions and providing guidance for engineering decisions in hard rock tunnelling projects. While these systems are invaluable for project selection and execution, it is noteworthy that they may not always offer a comprehensive representation, and their applicability can be limited, especially in smaller-diameter tunnelling projects, as evidenced by experience from numerous past projects. The development in the field of machine intelligence and the connectivity of IT systems has increased significantly. The introduction of BIM and numerous independent platforms for construction companies, the processes of all project participants are becoming increasingly digitalized, with professional data management now an essential component of successful process management. Modern OT and IT interfaces make it possible to combine different data sources and to display and analyse them in data management tools. A comparison between geotechnical data and operational parameters can provide important conclusions for the further course of the project. In increasingly complex contract situations, the comparison between expected and encountered geology, in combination with real-time machine data, can be a crucial element between for all involved construction project shareholders.
Stope Dimension Analysis Based on Geomechanical Properties Using Brute Force Algorithm
Authors: Army Mohammad , Karian Tri
Published: December 2024

Mining operations play a crucial role in meeting global resource demands, emphasizing the importance of determining optimal stope dimensions for safe and efficient ore extraction. However, the complexity arising from multiple geomechanical factors affecting stope stability poses challenges in identifying ideal dimensions. Traditionally, engineers use an iterative process for stability analysis, but its limited scope and time-consuming nature call for more efficient algorithms. This research proposes a series of algorithms based on the brute force method using Potvin’s empirical stability criterion. The algorithm efficiently generates and evaluates stope dimension scenarios, enabling comprehensive stability analysis. Testing on case studies demonstrates its remarkable speed and effectiveness, making it a valuable tool for mine planning and optimization.
The impact of underground support and mine opening profiles on the economics of underground mining projects
Authors: Putra Danu , Karian Tri , Sulistianto Budi , Husain Taherdito Ali
Published: December 2024

Underground mines, particularly in the cut and fill method, require careful consideration of stope or slice dimensions and support. Determining the appropriate and efficient dimensions and mine support is crucial to ensuring mine safety. An increase in stope size affects the amount and quality of mine support needed, thus increasing the overall mining cost, which can impact the feasibility of the project. On the other hand, it can lower overall mining costs, as the amount of extracted ore increases. Optimization by implementing mining scenarios is performed to assess the impact of support costs on the economy of a mining block. This study attempts to examine the feasibility of three mining scenarios with various excavation profiles. Excavation profiles of stope cut and fill with variations of 2 mW x 2.5 mH, 3 mW x 3 mH, and 5 mW x 5 mH, further referred to as scenarios 1, 2, and 3, respectively, are established as the base scenarios for optimization. The mine support requirements were determined based on the material load per square meter of tunnel progress and the available mine support specifications. Based on the types of supported requirements in the model, the analysis groups the required support into two categories: one for scenarios 1 and 2, and another for scenario 3. The categorization was made because the possibility of using one set of mine supports for the whole scenario wasn’t possible. Scenario 3 necessitates stronger and more robust mine support, including the requirement for 18 pcs/m of dome plate type 47 (un-galvanized) and split set type 47 (un-galvanized), respectively, as well as 2 pcs of H-beam per meter of other primary support. The calculation of mine support costs was then performed and combined with other mining cost components to form the required cost parameter in the optimization process. The optimum stope shape for each scenario is then created through the optimization process using a widely known stope optimization module, Stope Shape Optimization (SSO), that is available in the Micromine educational package. The stope optimization results show the stope layout in the zone with high grade, where the total estimated reserves for each scenario are 20,482 metric tons, 30,057 metric tons, and 43,508 metric tons, with an average gold grade of 2.74 g/t, 2.73 g/t, and 2.71 g/t, respectively. Economic value calculations have also been performed on the amount of mined reserves in the optimization process, with the highest mining cost shown in scenario 1 at $1.40 million, resulting in a mining cost per ton of 59.93 $/ton. The highest revenue is obtained in scenario 3 with an economic value of $112.58 million, which is consistent with the profit of $109.17 million, indicating that scenario 3 is economically feasible.
Extensive genome-wide phylogenetic discordance is due to incomplete lineage sorting in the rapidly radiated East Asian genus Nekemias (Vitaceae)
Authors: He Guan-Hao , Meng Ying , Zhang Meng-Hua , Wang Da , Meng Ran , Zhang Lei , Chu Zhao-Fu , Wen Jun , Nie Ze-Long
Published: December 2024

Background and Aims

Nekemias is a small genus of the grape family, with nine species discontinuously distributed in temperate to subtropical zones of the Northern Hemisphere but mostly in East Asia. Previous phylogenetic studies on Nekemias have mainly been based on a few chloroplast markers, and the phylogenetic framework and systematic relationships are still highly contested.

Methods

We carried out a systematic framework reconstruction of Nekemias and intra-generic reticulate evolutionary analyses based on extensive single-copy nuclear and chloroplast genomic data obtained by the Hyb-Seq approach, combining genome skimming and target enrichment.

Key Results

Both nuclear and chloroplast genomic data strongly support the monophyly of Nekemias with its division into two major lineages from East Asia and North America, respectively. There are strong and extensive topological conflicts among nuclear gene trees and between nuclear and chloroplast topologies within the genus, especially within the East Asian clade.

Conclusions

Rapid radiation through predominant incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) throughout the evolutionary history of the East Asian taxa is supported to explain the relatively high species diversity of Nekemias in East Asia. This study highlights the important role of short periods of rapid evolutionary radiations accompanied by ILS as a mechanism for the complex and fast species diversifications in the grape family as well as potentially in many other plant lineages in East Asia and beyond.
Semi-parametric local variable selection under misspecification
Authors: Rossell D , Seong A K , Saez I , Guindani M
Published: December 2024

Local variable selection aims to test for the effect of covariates on an outcome within specific regions. We outline a challenge that arises in the presence of nonlinear effects and model misspecification. Specifically, for common semiparametric methods even slight model misspecification can result in a high false positive rate, in a manner that is highly sensitive to the chosen basis functions. We propose a methodology based on orthogonal cut splines that avoids false positive inflation for any choice of knots, and achieves consistent local variable selection. Our approach offers simplicity, handles both continuous and categorical covariates, and provides theory for high-dimensional covariates and model misspecification. We discuss settings with either independent or dependent data. Our proposal allows including adjustment covariates that do not undergo selection, enhancing the model’s flexibility. Our examples describe salary gaps associated with various discrimination factors at different ages, and the effects of covariates on functional data measuring brain activation at different times.
Buttonhole sign in anetoderma
Authors: Tsai Yu-Ting , Lin Shang-Hung
Published: December 2024

A 29-year-old woman presented with a 6-month history of slack, circumscribed skin on her right neck, characterized by a soft, protuberant plaque and a positive ‘buttonhole’ sign. Histopathology revealed perivascular lymphocytic infiltration and loss of elastic fibres, leading to a diagnosis of anetoderma, an elastolytic disorder more common in young women. Although autoimmune factors like antiphospholipid antibodies can be implicated, her autoimmune profile was negative, and surgical excision was performed due to cosmetic concerns.
Assessing the effectiveness of acoustic signals in mark-recapture studies to estimate dolphins’ population size
Authors: Papale Elena , Ceraulo Maria , Gregorietti Martina , De Vita Clarissa , Buscaino Giuseppa
Published: December 2024

Accurate estimations of animal population size are pivotal for implementing management strategies properly. Recapture technique based on sounds as a specimen identification mark has barely been used for marine mammals. However, inferring abundance estimates from acoustic methods could enhance the accuracy and precision of population size assessments. Here, we tested the possibility of using signature whistles as individual marks for estimating the size of common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) populations. Data were continuously collected for 326 days in 2015–2016, by using a fixed acoustic device located in the Sicily Strait (Italy). The SIGID method was applied to identify Signature Whistles Types (SWTs) over 7,000 h of recordings. Eighty SWTs were detected as long as their stereotyped fundamental frequency contours were repeated in bouts of at least 6 renditions. The mean SWTs monthly recording rate resulted in 0.19 (Standard deviation = 0.16), with 20 SWTs recorded over 5 or more different encounters (until a maximum of 30 encounters). The Jolly–Seber model (with POPAN formulation) was run in Mark software to estimate the population size. The estimated population size resulted in 171 bottlenose dolphins (95% confidence interval = 137–215). Even if the detection and identification of signature whistles required crucial precautions, and animals could be detected differently from visual techniques, the population size estimate obtained was comparable with previous results based on physical marks data. These outcomes demonstrated that signature whistles can be considered a strongly effective tool for integrating traditional mark-recapture techniques with finely estimated dolphins’ population abundances.
Loving Life? Loving Science? Quality of Life Perceptions Predict Public Attitudes Toward Science
Authors: Fuglsang Simon
Published: December 2024

This study explores a previously unstudied avenue of understanding public attitudes toward science, suggesting that perceived quality of life predicts science attitudes. This relationship is investigated in two cross-national surveys, the Special Eurobarometer 516 and the World Values Survey round 7. As a theoretical basis for the relationship, three mechanisms are proposed; that people employ quality of life perceptions as an evaluative tool for gauging the success of science, affective spillover between individual concerns and science attitudes, and expected exclusion from science based on life circumstance. Across measures of quality of life perceptions, and across the clear majority of countries investigated, higher quality of life perceptions are positively related to promise of science (societal impact), but not to reservations about science (moral and social consequences).
Bacterial and viral assemblages in ulcerative colitis patients following fecal microbiota and fecal filtrate transfer
Authors: Junca Howard , Steube Arndt , Mrowietz Simon , Stallhofer Johannes , Vital Marius , dos Anjos Borges Luiz Gustavo , Pieper Dietmar H , Stallmach Andreas
Published: December 2024

Fecal microbiota filtrate transfer is discussed as a safe alternative to fecal microbiota transfer (FMT) to treat ulcerative colitis. We investigated modulation of viral and bacterial composition during fecal microbiota filtrate transfer followed by FMT in six patients with active ulcerative colitis (where clinical activity improved in three patients after filtrate transfer) and combined 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon sequencing with a virome analysis pipeline including fast viral particle enrichment and metagenome mapping to detect frequencies of 45,033 reference bacteriophage genomes. We showed that after antibiotic treatment and during filtrate transfer, the bacterial community typically adopted a stable composition distinct to that before antibiotic treatment, with no change toward a donor community. FMT in contrast typically changed the bacterial community to a community with similarity to donor(s). There were no indications of an establishment of predominant donor viruses during filtrate transfer but a remodeling of the virome. In contrast, the establishment of donor viruses during FMT correlated with the predicted hosts established during such transfer. Our approach warrants further investigation in a randomized trial to evaluate larger therapeutic interventions in a comparable and efficient manner.
Diversification of single-cell growth dynamics under starvation influences subsequent reproduction in a clonal bacterial population
Authors: Takano Sotaro , Umetani Miki , Nakaoka Hidenori , Miyazaki Ryo
Published: December 2024

Most of the microbes in nature infrequently receive nutrients and are thus in slow- or non-growing states. How quickly they can resume their growth upon an influx of new resources is crucial to occupy environmental niches. Isogenic microbial populations are known to harbor only a fraction of cells with rapid growth resumption, yet little is known about the physiological characteristics of those cells and their emergence in the population. Here, we tracked growth of individual Escherichia coli cells in populations under fluctuating nutrient conditions. We found that shifting from high- to low-nutrient conditions caused stalling of cell growth with few cells continuing to divide extremely slowly, a process which was dependent on lipid turnover. Resuming high-nutrient inflow after low-nutrient conditions resulted in cells resuming growth and division, but with different lag times and leading to varying progeny. The history of cell growth during low-nutrient but not high-nutrient conditions was determinant for resumption of growth, which cellular genealogy analysis suggested to originate from inherited physiological differences. Our results demonstrate that cellular growth dynamics become diverse by nutrient limitations, under which a fraction of cells experienced a particular growth history can reproduce progeny with new resources in the future.
Descriptive epidemiology demonstrating the All of Us database as a versatile resource for the rare and undiagnosed disease community
Authors: Magee Drenen J , Kicker Sierra , Thomas Aeisha
Published: December 2024

Objective

We aim to demonstrate the versatility of the All of Us database as an important source of rare and undiagnosed disease (RUD) data, because of its large size and range of data types.

Materials and Methods

We searched the public data browser, electronic health record (EHR), and several surveys to investigate the prevalence, mental health, healthcare access, and other data of select RUDs.

Results

Several RUDs have participants in All of Us [eg, 75 of 100 rare infectious diseases (RIDs)]. We generated health-related data for undiagnosed, sickle cell disease (SCD), cystic fibrosis (CF), and infectious (2 diseases) and chronic (4 diseases) disease pools.

Conclusion

Our results highlight the potential value of All of Us with both data breadth and depth to help identify possible solutions for shared and disease-specific biomedical and other problems such as healthcare access, thus enhancing diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and support for the RUD community.
When Did Growth Begin? New Estimates of Productivity Growth in England from 1250 to 1870
Authors: Bouscasse Paul , Nakamura Emi , Steinsson Jón
Published: December 2024

We estimate productivity growth in England from 1250 to 1870. Real wages over this period were heavily influenced by plague-induced swings in the population. Our estimates account for these Malthusian dynamics. We find that productivity growth was zero before 1600. Productivity growth began in 1600—almost a century before the Glorious Revolution. Thus, the onset of productivity growth preceded the bourgeois institutional reforms of seventeenth-century England. We estimate productivity growth of 2% per decade between 1600 and 1800, increasing to 5% per decade between 1810 and 1860. Much of the increase in output growth during the Industrial Revolution is explained by structural change—the falling importance of land in production—rather than faster productivity growth. Stagnant real wages in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries—Engels’ Pause—is explained by rapid population growth putting downward pressure on real wages. Yet feedback from population growth to real wages is sufficiently weak to permit sustained deviations from the “iron law of wages” prior to the Industrial Revolution.
Hypertension and Cognitive Disorders
Authors: Alagiakrishnan Kannayiram , Halverson Tyler , Ahmed Ali , Frishman William H. , Aronow Wilbert S.
Published: December 2024

Systemic hypertension is possibly the most important modifiable risk factor for the development of cognitive decline, both for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. For effective blood pressure (BP) control, it requires proper assessment, using brachial, central, and ambulatory measurements, and monitoring with a focus on different BP parameters. Different BP parameters like pulse pressure, mean arterial pressure, BP variability, and circadian parameters, like nondippers and early morning surge, should be considered in the evaluation for the risk of cognitive decline due to hypertension in middle age and older adults. Chronic hypertension causes vascular remodeling in the brain and leads to brain failure or cognitive decline. Achieving specific BP goals can improve clinical outcomes and possibly slow down cognitive decline for patients with comorbid hypertension and cognitive impairment.
Diagnosis and Management of Neuropathic Breast Pain
Authors: Bejar-Chapa Maria , Caragher Seamus P. , Gfrerer Lisa , Valerio Ian L. , Colwell Amy S. , Winograd Jonathan M.
Published: December 2024

Chronic postoperative pain after breast surgery is a significant concern, with studies indicating varying rates depending on the type of surgical procedure. The risk of developing neuropathic pain is notably increased with axillary lymph node dissection due to potential nerve injuries. Additionally, the method of breast reconstruction may influence postsurgical pain rates, with conflicting findings on the impact of reconstruction type. Recent advancements in techniques such as targeted muscle reinnervation, among others, show promise in addressing postoperative pain in these patients. As the prevalence of these procedures rises, future research is likely to focus on assessing and managing pain in this patient population. The development of patient-reported outcome measures specific to breast surgery pain can aid in clinical assessment and treatment planning. This review emphasizes the importance of gaining a deeper understanding of risk factors, nerve anatomy, and treatment options to enhance outcomes and quality of life for individuals undergoing breast surgery.
Retinal Imaging Analysis Performed By ChatGPT-4o And Gemini Advanced: The Turning Point Of The Revolution?
Authors: Carlà Matteo Mario , Crincoli Emanuele , Rizzo Stanislao
Published: December 2024

Purpose:

To assess the diagnostic capabilities of the most recent chatbots releases, GPT-4o and Gemini Advanced, facing different retinal diseases.

Methods:

Exploratory analysis on 50 cases with different surgical (n=27) and medical (n=23) retinal pathologies, whose optical coherence tomography/angiography (OCT/OCTA) scans were dragged into ChatGPT and Gemini’s interfaces. Then, we asked “Please describe this image” and classified the diagnosis as: 1) Correct; 2) Partially correct; 3) Wrong; 4) Unable to assess exam type and 5) Diagnosis not given.

Results:

ChatGPT indicated the correct diagnosis in 31/50 cases (62%), significantly higher than Gemini Advanced 16/50 cases (p=0.0048). In 24% of cases, Gemini Advanced was not able to produce any answer, stating “That’s not something I’m able to do yet”. For both, primary misdiagnosis was macular edema, given erroneously in 16% and 14% of cases, respectively. ChatGPT-4o showed higher rates of correct diagnoses either in surgical (52% vs 30%) and medical retina (78% vs 43%). Notably, when presented without the corresponding structural image, in any case Gemini was able to recognize OCTA scans, confusing images for artworks.

Conclusion:

ChatGPT-4o outperformed Gemini Advanced in terms of diagnostic accuracy facing OCT/OCTA images, even if the range of diagnoses is still limited.
Clinical and Radiologic Predictors of Response to Teprotumumab: A 3D Volumetric Analysis of 35 Patients
Authors: Ugradar Shoaib , Parunakian Emanuil , Zimmerman Erin , Malkhasyan Emil , Raika Pershanjit , Douglas Raymond N. , Kossler Andrea L. , Douglas Raymond S.
Published: December 2024

Purpose:

Teprotumumab, a novel human monoclonal antibody, has been shown to reverse the clinical manifestations of thyroid eye disease. Previous reports have suggested that it demonstrates disease-modifying properties through the reduction of orbital fat and muscle volumes. This study aims to analyze orbital volumetric change following treatment and to identify clinical and radiological predictors of response.

Methods:

This was a prospective longitudinal study with 35 consecutive patients who had available pre- and posttreatment orbital imaging. Three-dimensional volumetric calculations of orbital fat, extraocular muscles, and proptosis were measured using previously validated image processing software. This information was used with demographic data to create a multivariate regression model to review which baseline clinical or radiological factors were predictors of proptosis response.

Results:

In the study orbit, 20 patients (57%) had a proptosis reduction of ≥2 mm. In the fellow orbit, 18 patients (51%) had a proptosis reduction of ≥2 mm. Regression modeling revealed that baseline proptosis and baseline muscle volumes were significant predictors of proptosis response (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). Further, changes in muscle volume and fat volume were significantly associated with proptosis response (r = 0.5, p < 0.001 and r = 0.3, p = 0.012, respectively).

Conclusion:

Teprotumumab significantly reduces orbital fat and muscle volumes. This is manifested by a significant reduction in proptosis. Baseline proptosis and muscle volumes are significant predictors of proptosis response.
Comparing distal and proximal radial access for percutaneous coronary intervention and angiography: a comprehensive meta-analysis and systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Mahmoud Mostafa Adel T. , Hamam Nada G. , Ghanm Thoria I. Essa , Khaled Ahmed , Osman Ahmed S. A. , Beddor Ahmad , Elhaddad Islam Mohsen , Ibrahim Afnan Ismail
Published: December 2024

Background

Distal radial access (DRA) through the anatomical snuff-box is a novel technique for coronary procedures. Emerging evidence suggests that DRA is associated with a lower risk of certain complications compared to proximal radial access (PRA).

Methods

A systematic review was conducted to compare clinical and procedural outcomes between both access sites for coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Scopus to identify relevant randomized controlled trials.

Results

We included 23 randomized controlled trials enrolling 10 062 patients (DRA group: 5042; PRA group: 5020) in this review. DRA was associated with a lower risk for radial artery occlusion (RAO) at the longest reported follow-up [risk ratio (RR): 0.30, P < 0.00001], in-hospital RAO (RR: 0.28, P < 0.00001), any bleeding (RR: 0.40, P = 0.04), hand clumsiness (RR: 0.05, P < 0.00001), and shorter time to hemostasis [mean difference (MD): −40.93, P < 0.00001]. However, DRA showed a higher access failure rate (RR = 2.64, P < 0.00001), longer access time (MD = 0.77, P < 0.00001), more puncture attempts (MD: 0.60, P < 0.0001), and greater access-related pain [standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.23, P = 0.02]. Both approaches were comparable in terms of major adverse cardiac events (RR = 0.74, P = 0.60), and hand function (SMD = −0.05, P = 0.68).

Conclusion

DRA is a safe alternative to PRA for coronary procedures, with a lower risk of complications, including RAO. However, it is limited by access-related challenges.