bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some Assessments and Evaluations on Current Developments in the Immigration Law
Authors: Arslan Çetin
Published: December 2019

Immigration has presented itself in every chapter of the history with regards to its social, economic, political and legal aspects. However, with special regards to the global and regional instability which has come into focus and become chronic, it has gained vital importance for almost all developed and developing countries. Mentioned issue has transformed into a specific and extraordinary situation for Turkey which is situated at the intersection of the continents, Asia and Europe. Because Turkey has not only become a transit country for irregular migration but also it has turned into – if we may say so- the focus point of this vicious circle. The legislator who is aware of this situation, has brought upon essential amendments and innovations and also has concluded international, regional and bilateral agreements. We, within the scope and size of our study, shall examine certain issues which we deem important within the context of Foreigners and International Protection Law No. 6458 dated 04.04.2013 within the light of Constitution, European Convention on Human Rights and the jurisprudence of European Court of Human Rights and shall discuss some existing and potential problems in addition to suggestions for solution.
The Exchange Rate Volatility in Indonesia and Policy Response
Authors: Syarifuddin Ferry
Published: December 2019

High fluctuation of exchange rate in short horizon is obviously making economic activity more risky as uncertainty rises. Moreover, volatile exchange rates also make commodity prices, interest rates and a host of other variables more volatile as well. Although changes in long-run exchange rates tend to undergo relatively gradual shifts, in the shorter horizon, the exchange rate might be very volatile. Then there should be a systematic and measured policy to mitigate the foreign exchange fluctuations and to minimize the fluctuations as well as to drive it to its fundamental value. In this part, USD/IDR volatility is investigated using GARCH approach. The results reveal that, USD/IDR volatility in Indonesia is persistent. On the other hand, the following studies also present the outcomes of effectiveness of policy response by the Central Bank. Foreign-exchange sale interventions by the Central Bank lead conditional volatility of the USD/IDR to decrease slightly.
The Impacts of Global Financial Crisis on Construction Sector in Turkey
Authors: Fırat Fatih Kürşat , Soyu Esra
Published: December 2019

The global crisis in United States began as the form of the mortgage crisis in the housing market. Profound effects the financial crisis emerged in 2008 spread rapidly throughout the world as a result of globalization and also its effects were felt in our country. Both in earlier crises and the emergence and spread of the global economic crisis in the cyclical indicators are known to play an important role. There are different opinions on this subject in the literature. It is seen that there is a relation between the global crisis in the financial sectors and the construction sector based on mostly housing industry. Especially in the developing countries like Turkey, the construction sector, which is an important contribution to the economic growth, is seen negatively affected by the global crisis. The aim of this study is to analyze the variations occurred in the construction industry during the 2008 global economic crisis and is to introduce how the construction sector is affected by the crisis. Here, Turkey's main economic indicators during the crisis are examined considering the construction sector and GDP growth rates. As a result of this study, it is put forward that the construction sector in Turkey is one of the sectors most affected by the global crisis.
Foreign Direct Investment and Intra-Industry Trade: Causality Analysis of Transport Equipment Sector in Turkey (2006-2013)
Authors: Doğanay Muharrem Akın , Değer Mustafa Kemal , Genç Murat Can
Published: December 2019

The main purpose of this study is that to test empirically relationship between Intra-Industry Trade (IIT) and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). In this study, the relationship between IIT and FDI was analysed using time series analysis for the Turkish transport equipment sector. For this purpose, FDI, import and export data in the transport equipment sector were obtained from the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey and Turkish Statistical Institute. The period of the study has been limited between 2006:01 and 2013:11 due to constraints in the relevant data about the Turkish economy. In this study, the Grubel - Lloyd index have been derived using import and export values for the transport equipment sector in Turkey. This index and FDI in the transport equipment sector has been tested by the Granger causality analysis. The existence empirical and theoretical literature has not been reached any consensus about the relationship between the variables. Some researchers found a bilateral sign between FDI and IIT, while another studies show that there is some presence of unidirectional causality. This study's findings indicate that there is a unidirectional causality from FDI to IIT in the Turkish Transport equipment sector.
Trade Expectations Theory and China’s Rising: Towards a Peaceful Future?
Authors: Alperen Ümit , Günay Ahmet
Published: December 2019

Since mid-1990, it has been discussed that China’s economic rise would affect political space. There are some worries that the “rejuvenation” of China as economic, politic, geo-strategic power could challenge to the current international system. Hence this rising has been called “China threat theory” and it could cause a conflict in international system. According to realist school, China’s peaceful rise is almost impossible, so China will threat to the current international system and clash with hegemonic power. They also provide some empirical evidence from history. On the other hand, Liberals expresses that trade provides valuable benefits to any particular states. So, China as a dependent state should avoid from war or conflict, since peaceful trading gives it all the benefits of close ties without any of the costs and risks of war. This paper attempts to examine ‘China’s peaceful rise’ based on interdependence and trade expectations theory within the context of international political economy. To analyze whether China threat or not to the world, we have to know the relationship between economic and politics. Trade expectations theory could explain the rise of China with establishes bridge between incompetence of realist and liberal theories. According to trade expectations theory, the rise of China will be peaceful because of China’s expectations as economically are positive. For this reason, China as a rational actor chooses win-win without risk instead of win-lose or lose-lose. If China’s expectations turn into negative in future, its policies could change from cooperation to conflict.
Features of Value Added Distribution of Gazprom Corporation in 2004-2012
Authors: Pletnev Dmitri , Nikolaeva Ekaterina , Bitkulova Zinfira
Published: December 2019

Searching for new indices of a modern corporation is one of urgent problems of modern economic science. In our opinion, there are good prospects of using "a value added" as an indicator. It reflects a corporation’s ability of creating a new value, whereas its distribution between different players shows an ability of meeting their interests. The aim of the present paper is to propose a methodology and consider a calculation of the amount and distribution of values added between major groups of players on the basis of some financial statements of the Gazprom Corporation for the period of 2004-2012. The proposed methodology for estimating a value added is based on a Marxist interpretation of this concept. Such a value added can be calculated as a sum of elements that belong to different stakeholders. For our calculation, we have used data contained in the Gazprom Corporation’s IFRS consolidated financial statements and quarterly reports for the period of 2004-2012. The main part of the value added of Gazprom was appropriated by the state through tax and customs systems. Its share is around 50% of the total value added. The second most important recipients of the value added are corporation owners. Their share just slightly fell short of 40% in 2010 and 2011, and in 2012 it was 33.8%. The third most important subjects in terms of value added assignments are workers. Their share has been steadily shrinking in the period from 2004 (13.8%) to 2012 (10.4%).
Problems of Privatisation and Regulation in Transition Economies
Authors: Reel Yeşim
Published: December 2019

In spite of difficulties, most transition economies in the Former Soviet Union (FSU) and Eastern Europe now have private sectors whose relative size is comparable to the private sectors in Western European countries. The transition countries have had very different objectives, but most started privatisation more or less with the same policy, based on the experience of the United Kingdom, although this was soon to change. While most of the Eastern European countries were fast to adopt modern standards and regulations, some FSU countries have lagged behind. Along with a wide range of gains for producers and consumers, there have been drawbacks, such as social polarisation and forms of capture (of business, of the state). Unlike most analysis of transition, which considers major components, this paper looks at the microeconomics of transition, since this involves the creation of markets through the process of privatisation. In general, transition economies have to develop new institutions and polices to support the privatisation and restructuring. In addition to these, they require regulation, which has been under-developed and causes other, different problems, related to the development of new models. Therefore, the need for a new, third phase of transformation is highlighted. New initiatives on labour, capital and regulation issues become vital now in transition economies.
The Effects Service Trade on Transition Economies: 2000-2010
Authors: Yapraklı Sevda , Temurlenk Mehmet Sinan , Türkmen Adem , Doker Aslı Cansın
Published: December 2019

While emerging information technologies have been infusing to the production of manufactured goods at higher rate for widespread use of services, with this case, the services sector in terms of production and consumption eliminates the need to have done. Moreover, many service branches have been subject to international trade and more with each year, the share of service trade is increasing in international trade. International service trade with helping to close the technological development gap between developing and developed countries has significant role on economic growth, realization for process of economic development in structural imbalances and accordingly the macroeconomic policy response. International service trade of the country's economic transformation in the process, it is purposed that production function method based on the model is used in the context of traditional and modern service trade on economic growth, to examine the effects and the impacts on direction of the transition economies between 2000 and 2010. For 15 transition economies having satisfied data; the effects of modern and traditional trade in service on growth rate is examined with using panel data analysis. The model shows that accumulation of capital per capita and for representing human capital chosen the received tertiary education enrolment rate, traditional and modern trade in service has significant effect on growth. On the other hand, openness has no significant effect on growth for chosen country group and identified time period. It can be said that policies aimed physical and human capital stock can create significant effect on growth.
The Role of Social Protection Expenditure in the Fight against Poverty
Authors: Bozkaya Gülferah
Published: December 2019

The concept gradually accumulate wealth in the world and intensifies poverty and insecurity are increasing to the same extent. When we look at the past, present and edit the markets cannot self-cleaning, as they cannot, by themselves can be considered as social justice has been seen cannot produce. Social justice-seeking different genders, groups and generations ensures the promotion of equality between the values. The realization of social justice on a global scale before everything redistribution of income from the rich to the poor is mandatory. Redistributing income in various forms of social protection social justice, provide more in several sizes. Avoidance of poverty by helping individuals develop their individual autonomy, dignity, protects and supports integration with the community. Whatever the economic power and productivity of individuals worthy of human dignity to have a minimum standard of social life provides guaranteed by the state. Spread evenly across society for education and health facilities and offers high standards. Social protection expenditure used in the creation of the European Union using ESSPROS method a methodology that has been guiding international social protection expenditures to produce an international comparison also provides the opportunity to do. In the light of current international developments in the field of social policy, social protection expenditure in Turkey will be evaluated in a comparative perspective.
Potential of Renewable Energy Sources in Gökçeada Turkey
Authors: Şengül Ümran , Tan Sibel , Atak Şermin , Şengül Ahmet Bilal
Published: December 2019

Energy is the ability to do work and life is the source of life. In parallel to the increase of population increase in the production of goods and services are increasingly in demand for energy. Evaluation of all sources of energy that can be produced now it has become very necessary. Widely used in meeting the energy demand of fossil fuels (oil, gas, coal) are limited energy resources and emissions are more harmful emissions. Spread of harmful emissions lessened even the most important problems is that they will end done day. From this perspective, the assessment of renewable energy sources in the world is an important issue. Gökçeada, Turkey is the largest island and the hills and plains lined one after the other, with a rugged structure consists of volcanic mass. Gökçeada consists of 77% mountainous, 12 % hilly and 11% plains and in terms of wind energy, which is the region with the greatest potential in Turkey. However, in terms of Gökçeada development index the least developed regions in the sixth regions, which is located in class. From this perspective, in this study, which will provide an important contribution to the region development of renewable energy sources wind, solar, tidal and renewable, biofuels and Hydraulics energy potential and capacity were investigated. Based on the data obtained, recommendations are made to invest in the renewable energy sector.
Comparative Analysis of Birth Rate and Life Expectancy in Macedonia, Turkey and the European Union
Authors: Miceski Trajko , Stojovska Natasha
Published: December 2019

The comparative analysis of birth rate and life expectancy will provide information about the position of Macedonia in relation to Turkey and the EU and also about the factors that have the greatest impact on the population’s movement and vitality. This information should help the policy creators in the process of defining and implementing measures for increasing the birth rate and life expectancy of the population, which is aim of every country. In this paper will be put out some theoretical aspects about the economic, social, psychological, technological, cultural and political factors that have impact on the birth rate and life expectancy of the population. Also, the tabular and graphical displays will show the movement of these two demographic features in the period from 1980 to 2011. Changes in birth rate and life expectancy in Macedonia, Turkey and the European Union have been leading to demographic aging of the population in the last three decades. The birth rate in these countries shows a trend of continuous decline, despite the gradual increase in life expectancy of the population. Although the declined birth rate and increased life expectancy of the population have been a common features of these countries in the last decades, the percentage of this changes is different for each country.
Recent Energy Policy Regulation on Solar Energy Systems in Turkey: Impact on the Economy and the Environment
Authors: Güneş Mehmet , Güneş Mustafa
Published: December 2019

The main objective of this report is to give detail information regarding the capacity of Turkish electricity market as well as taking into consideration the country’s economic situation all over the world. Following by this, the demand and consumption of Turkey’s electricity capacity is given by associated with its economical growth and dependence on energy from abroad. It is pointed out that Turkey is the one of the biggest fossil fuel consumers. The fact of the time line of Turkey’s energy status is highlighted by given actual data comparing last three decades. The effect of utilizing of fossil energy source on country’s economical and environmental welfare is discussed. There is a wide consensus on existing un-reversible climate change due to increased CO2 emissions so in order to reduce emission the benefit of utilizing solar energy system is explained in accord with country’s solar energy policy up to date as well as additional incentives granted by Turkish government for installation. The country great solar energy potential and installed photovoltaic capacity are also given by comparing other countries.
The Comparison of Population Trends between Turkey and Transition Economies
Authors: Çayır Yunus Serhat
Published: December 2019

In this study, Turkey is compared to the Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries with regard to the population trends by means of data from HDI Report developed by UNDP. Population trends include total population, population annual growth, urban population, median age, total dependency rate, total fertility rate in HDI. The data indicates that the rate of median age in Turkey is lower than CEE countries and many of Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in 2010. Moreover, the rate of total fertility is higher in CIS countries than in the CEE countries in 2012. The rate of annual growth of population is lower in CEE countries than in the CIS countries in the period of 2000/2005 and 2010/2015. Only Turkey has tendency to reduce the rate of annual growth of population among CIS countries. Total dependency rate is higher in CIS countries (%46) than in the CEE countries (%44) in 2012. With %46.8 an overall dependency rate Turkey is located in the middle range among CIS countries. Urban population rate (% of total) is lower in CIS countries (%54, 69) than in CEE countries (%61.45) in 2012. Tajikistan has the lowest urban population rate among the CIS and CEE countries. Turkey’s (%72, 5) urban population rate is located in one of the top positions among CIS and CEE countries.
Effects of Financial Risks in Turkish and Eurasian Economies on Real Economic Growth and Public Sector Borrowing: 2000-2013
Authors: Tengiz Yusuf Ziya , Aydeniz Emine Şule , Göksenli Ali
Published: December 2019

The effects of global and economical crisis on Turkey and Eurasian countries depend strongly on countries’ dependence ratio of foreign trade, on integrations and economic structure. Real economic growth of Russian and Belarus economies is affected by Euro and US-dollar rate of exchange (RoE), Kazakhstan’s economy by Euro RoE, Turkmenistan’s by Euro exchange and interest and Turkish economy by Euro RoE and consumer price index (CPI). The effect of public borrowings ratio on gross domestic product is affected in Russian economy by Euro RoE, CPI and interests 1 and 2, in Kazakhstan economy by US dollar RoE and interest, in Belarus economy by US dollar RoE, interest and CPI, in Turkmenistan’s by Euro RoE and interest and Turkish economy by interest and CPI. Russia must regulate improving economy politics in Euro exchange, interest and CPI indicators to increase real economical growth and decrease ratio of public borrowings on gross domestic product. Kazakhstan must focus on Euro RoE, US dollar RoE, interest and CPI indicators. The same situation is valid for Belarus. Turkmenistan must give importance to Euro exchange and interests in its politics of economy. Turkey must take Euro exchange, CPI and interests into consideration. Thereby real economy growth will increase and ratio of public borrowings on gross domestic product will decrease. To decrease shocks against fragility, to develop global competition strength and decrease of foreign-source dependency, Turkey and Eurasian countries must develop new strategies and constitute and develop economy politics for global competition capacity.
Financial Regulation in Achieving Financial Stability: Selected EU Countries and Turkey Comparison
Authors: Ciğerci İsmail , Gökce Cem
Published: December 2019

Financial stability means the stability in payment systems and also means resistance against shocks in financial markets and in foundations being active in such markets. Stability in financial markets usually brings along the financial system’s stable action, accordingly the allocation of sources in economy in a productive way and the management and distribution of risks in a suitable way. It is, however, a certain fact that financial instability causes important problems in economy. Such instabilities cause financial crisis and so, high costs of the financial crisis emphasizes the importance of financial stability. One of the most common methods used to prevent financial instability is the ‘’financial regulation’’. Financial regulations are the rules and limitations laid down by the public to the financial spies’ economic decisions and actions in order to increase its own social purpose function. Financial regulatory services are composed of three parts: to observe the actions of financial foundations, to discipline them, and to coordinating them. Since financial markets are of more importance in economy comparing to other markets, financial regulation is different from the other regulations as well. The purpose of the financial regulation implemented for the financial markets is to equalize the distribution of the data owned by individuals who are transacting in the financial system. In this research, the importance of financial regulations in achieving financial stability is being emphasized and selected-EU countries and Turkey will be compared.
Crime of Banking Embezzlement in Turkish Law
Authors: Özenbaş Nazmiye
Published: December 2019

White-collar crime, which is perhaps the most important of types of crime in terms of havoc and committed by the superior contrary to common belief, has much more influence than conventional crime. This crimes, are committed by well-respected professionals in their business. Besides, this study explain one of the this type of crime, crime of banking embezzlement. Because of the vital importance of banking to countries’ economy and the detrimental effects of the fraudulent actions of bankers to the well being of a bank and its systemic effect to the other banks in the market, regulators impose criminal sanctions. In Turkey, a special embezzlement offence that can be conducted by bankers is regulated under article 160 of the Banking Law No.5411. This article aims to analyze this controversial criminal offence within Banking Law No.5411 and Turkish Criminal Law No.5237. In this respect, the study includes general information about embezzlement, elements of the offence, special circumstances that affects the nature of the offence, specific forms of the offence and prosecution methods. It should be noted that, the elements and structure of bank embezzlement which is expected in the first paragraph of Article 160 is very similar to the embezzlement which is provided for in the Penal Code. However, the structure of which is conditional embezzlement expected in the third paragraph of that Article is very different from embezzlement provided in the Criminal Code. In the study also, recommendations are presented regarding the upon completion of the crime and trial precondition.
The Effectiveness of Regional Development Policies: An Application on Sub-Regions of Turkey
Authors: Bakırcı Fehim , Ekinci Emine Demet , Şahinoğlu Tuba
Published: December 2019

This study aims to determine the effectiveness on regional employment of regional development policies in Turkey. The study has included 12 regions according to NUTS-1 based on data for 2007-2012 periods. The effectiveness of regional development policies in these regions has been estimated by using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method. Inputs in the DEA analysis include total public investment and breakdown of investment incentive certificates according to fixed investments (general investments). Outputs are regional employment data on agriculture, industry and service sector. According to results, efficiency measurement has displayed inequality among regions and years. However, the West Regions has generally been found to have higher efficiency. The results of Turkey have showed that the employment gap causing inefficiencies has been largely derived from employment in agriculture sector.
Identifying the Factors Affecting Business Cycles Synchronization between Turkey and Macedonia Economies
Authors: Şimşek Türker , Aslan Emre , Karkacıer Atila , Güven Ahmet
Published: December 2019

This study aim to identify the affecting factors about business cycles synchronization between Turkey and its trade partner, Macedonia. For a better understanding of the subject, we give the theoretical and empirical literatures. Countries are faced with crises and recessions because of often fluctuations in the economy. Dynamic structure of economic fluctuations should be analyzed for the combat the crises and recessions. It must be analyzed the relationship between business cycles fluctuations and economic variables with sophisticated econometric methods. Analyzing the business cycles synchronization is important for the sake of stability and determining the prudential policies. We used Panel Generalized Methods of Moments to analyze the business cycles synchronization between Turkey and its trade partner, Macedonia via STATA. Identifying the determinants of business cycles synchronizations between Turkey and Macedonian economies provide the effective economic policies in these countries. Effective economic policy increase the trade volume between Turkey and Macedonia. If we identify the business cycles synchronization correctly, policy makers take an advantage for interventions on economy. After the analyzed, we conclude that there is a business cycles synchronization between Turkey and Macedonia.
Economic Growth in the Axis of Human Capital, R&D and Innovation: An Analysis on the G8 Countries
Authors: Gömleksiz Mustafa , Mercan Birol
Published: December 2019

In recent years, human capital, R&D activities and innovation have an important place in both empirical studies related with economic growth and new growth models. In this context, it is drawn that innovations frequently arising from R&D activities are the main engine of the new economy, while productivity-based positive relationship between human capital and economic growth of the countries is emphasized by a variety of evidence. This paper empirically investigates the impact of human capital, R&D and innovation on economic growth in context of G8 countries. Indicators used in analyze covering the period 1998-2012 are gross domestic product per capita, public spending on education, population with tertiary education between aged 25-64, total public and private sector R&D expenditures and international patent grants. Such relationships were analyzed by using the panel data method for the 8 cross-sectional units and 15 year long period. The results indicate that impact of both human capital and innovation on economic growth is signifanctly positive. Furthermore, results show that the total public and private sector R&D expenditure has a negative effect on economic growth while its coefficient statistically insignificant. Latter result obtained from analyze also contribute to discussions about the roles of patents and public funding or public performed R&D in economic growth.
Competitiveness Analysis of the Konya Footwear Cluster
Authors: Arıcıoğlu Mustafa Atilla , Koraş Muhittin , Gömleksiz Mustafa
Published: December 2019

Since the beginning of 1980's advancements in studies on competitiveness and clustering in global scale have also affected the manufacturing sector in Turkey at the beginning of 2000's. In several debates, it has been strongly emphasized that measurement of both competitiveness and clustering in regional level is a necessity for analyze and implementation processes. This study aims to investigate clustering tendency of footwear manufacturers and to analyze competition power of firms in Konya province in Turkey. For this purpose, footwear industry in the province is analyzed by Porter’s Diamond Model. In addition to Porter’s Model, effect of government factor was included in the analysis. Furthermore, a SWOT analyze was performed through workshops with manufacturers. In regard to competitiveness analysis of footwear industry in Konya, it is shown that the industry has an intermediate competition power. According to analysis, physical conditions of the industry is favorable in context of factor requirements, while lack of human resources is seen as a serious problem in labor-intensive sectors. Also, knowledge spillovers depending upon density and availability in conventional relationships are regarded as an important advantage.
Effects of Openness on Employment in Turkey and EU Countries
Authors: Özdemir Zekai , Noyan Yalman İlkay , Karaköy Çağatay
Published: December 2019

According to the general theory, it is recognized that exports increase employment. Recently, in the world economy, increasing unemployment, foreign trade of the impact on employment has led to new research. Many of the aforementioned studies validating the theory, some of them have different results. In recent studies in Turkey was a different result. In this study, Turkey and the European Union countries in terms of trade effect on employment will be examined. For this purpose, employment and foreign trade data for the years 2000-2012 using a panel data analysis will be done. Exports, imports, wages, and production depending on the change in employment and the interaction will be investigated. Depending on available data at the sectoral level, there will be a distinction. Especially in the last ten years, the recession and rise in unemployment in Europe will be discussed with the relevant dynamics. In Turkey, the current account deficit, growth, unemployment issues are noteworthy. European Union accession process, Turkey and the European Union countries in the comparison will be significant in the economic indicators.
Cluster-based Innovation Policies: A Critical Approach
Authors: Döner Ayşe Saime
Published: December 2019

Following the shift to a knowledge-based economy, designing and implementing the right institutions relevant to knowledge production has become the main concern of national industrial policies. Regional clustering appears as a commonly adopted policy tool to promote innovation in developed countries as well as in developing countries. In this regard, this paper examines innovation process in detail and explores the instruments that cluster-based innovation policies must support for promoting innovation. Innovation process may require particular coordination mechanisms at cognitive, institutional and social levels. I first draw a conceptual framework to define the essential aspects that need to be favored by innovation policies. This framework is then used to propose instruments of cluster-based innovation policies. While the idea of regional innovation clusters is mainly based on the geographical dimension of successful innovative activities, the success of clusters depends essentially on coordination mechanisms among the actors involved in the innovation process. Putting forward mostly financial incentives for companies isn't enough for clusters to sustain innovation. These clusters may only continue to promote transient innovation activities and not become the focal of a “learning region”, unless they get embedded into a more complex relational setup.
The Effect of Regulations Related to the Modifications of Union, Division and Type Alteration in Turkish Commercial Law to Business Life
Authors: Büyükipekçi Semih , Atabey Naim Ata
Published: December 2019

Businesses nowadays need restructuring in which economy becomes global to create new values, to be efficient in world market and to reach strategic priorities in business life. Being restructured provides some advantages such as the increase of the company’s value, reorganization of the structure and management of the company and the increase of competition advantage. The importance of union, division and type alteration has increased to advance competition strength of Turkish companies both in domestic market and foreign market. There were some insufficiencies in legal regulations of union, division and type alteration in Turkey for many years. In this context, the draft was completed in 2005, was passed in parliament in 2011 and with Law No: 6102 it came into force in July, 2012. The purpose of this chapter is by presenting the modifications of union, division and type alteration after Law No: 6102 Turkish Commercial Code, revealing the innovations brought in Commercial Life/ Business Life. With these legislative regulations made in Turkey the improvement of commercial relationships with Macedonia and Balkan States is expected.
Structure of the Constitutional Courts in Comparative Law: Macedonia, Turkey, Germany, Austria, France, Italy and Spain
Authors: Karaman Ebru
Published: December 2019

When the legislative has delimited rights and freedoms illegally, Constitutional Court should step in as an efficient assurance and this forcefulness is undoubtedly related to the structure of the Constitutional Court. The Constitutional Court's organization and election of the members of the Constitutional Court and status have a great importance for freedom of the Court. As a matter of fact, the only way to protect people’s fundamental rights and freedoms is possible with independent verdict. Judiciary which fulfills the function of judgment behalf of the nation and the judges who hold the judicial power, have an indispensable importance. The assurance of people’s right and freedoms could be provided only, when the court has accomplished their mission away from all kinds of pressure and influence. The freedom of judges also means their appointments, employee rights and working condition therefore; in first place, the organization of the Turkish Constitutional Court (General Assembly, Department, Division, Commission), then the election of members of the Turkish Constitutional Court and the status are compared with the regulation of Macedonia, Germany, Austria, France, Italy and Spain.
The Effects of Structural Shocks on Turkish Economy
Authors: Aşık Bekir
Published: December 2019

This paper investigates the role of the real business cycle dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model with different shocks for a small open economy. The main goal of this study is to compare the effects of different structural shocks on the macroeconomic fluctuations of Turkey. Different types of shocks are employed, such as temporary shocks, trend growth shocks, and world interest rate shock as driving forces. In addition to investigating the effects of different shocks, we consider the effects of working capital requirements and spread as friction. Variance decompositions are computed to assess the role of shocks in macroeconomic fluctuations. I fit the model to the data using Bayesian techniques to determine which shock has the most impact on the business cycles of Turkish economy over the period from the first quarter of 1988 to the last quarter of 2012. The main findings are: (1) output, consumption, and investment growth are mostly driven by the trend growth shocks and temporary shocks are less important. (2) Trade balance growth are driven by world interest rate shocks. (3) Real business model is not successful to replicate the some of the key features of economic fluctuations.
National Interests and Eurasian Economic Integration
Authors: Umarov Khodjamahmad
Published: December 2019

Integration processes, both on global and on regional levels faced serious barriers. Research of these barriers shows that they are connected with irreversible nature of integration processes. The last 30 years behind some exceptions these processions consisted an essence of economic globalization and regionalization trends. Economic integration was focused on realization of small group of oligarchs and the state bureaucrats’ interests. Such orientation with inevitability brought into an impasse which can be explained as the serious crisis phenomenon. In the report the assessment of influence of interests on economic integration is given. Only national interests can appear as influential socio-economic factor of integration processes development. The fullest implementation of national interests directs integration processes on the way of creation of necessary vital conditions for the vast majority of the population. It is, especially, important for the Euroasian space where labor segments of the population occupy the main part of the population and where inertia of the Soviet system is still felt in the economy sphere. Very important is the question of conceptual bases of the Euroasian economic integration. Latter is based on ideology of neoliberal economic school. Development of integration processes in line with a certain neoliberal theory can lead to structural degradation of economy, to transformation of economy of the countries of EuroSEC in mineral and raw appendage of the developed countries. The same situation possible to see in other economic unions of Asia, Africa and Latin America countries.
The Effect of Health Expenditure per Capita over Health Indicators: Comparative Analysis of MINT and BRIC Countries
Authors: Öngel Volkan , Altındağ Erkut , Öngel Gökten
Published: December 2019

Major positive effect on health indicators of a country is seen to arise from the increase in their income within historical perspective. But according to many studies in the literature the impact of such changes vary depending on the country's overall level of development. In terms of the positive changes over the health indicators of a country can be said to affect the developmental processes in the same way especially in developing countries. In this context, our study highlights the recent and emerging economies of two groups of countries; BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) and MINT (Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey). The relationship between health expenditure per capita and life expectancy at birth time and mortality rates of children under age 1 are analyzed retrospectively.
Regional Analysis of Russian Foreign Trade for Promoting International Cooperation and Import Substitution
Authors: Kashbrasiev Rinas , Stepin Anatoly
Published: December 2019

This research is a continuation of the comprehensive study of foreign economic activity of the Russian Federation, conducted by the authors over the past several years. The article is devoted to the typology of Russian regions on import statistics, taking into account their sectoral characteristics. At the same time the main direction of the article is focused on solving problems of rationalization of import substitution, which became urgent after the geopolitical fallout of 2014.
The methodology presented in this study is the author's uniquely designed method of typology of regions based on import statistics. The method includes a combination of integrated assessments of homogeneity/heterogeneity of regional import’s structure by seven commodity groupings used in Russian state statistics, and the graphical visualization of their results.
The results of the typology are the following: the identification of several groups of regions, unequal in size, but relatively homogeneous in imported goods. The most representative group includes regions with predominant expenditures on imports of machine-building products (57 of 82 regions of the Russian Federation). This group of regions and the machine-building sector of the national economy were the basis for recommendations on the development of international cooperation and import substitution. Other groups of imports were not left without analysis.
Evaluation of Turkic Republics In Terms of Business Feasibility Potential
Authors: Dilek Serkan , Konak Ali
Published: December 2019

Today, level of countries’ business feasibility in terms of global competition has a great importance. For businessmen, determination of the level of countries’ business feasibility provides important information about the level of overall business feasibility of the examined countries and plays an important role on understanding the levels of the investment feasibility of countries. In this context, in our search, the levels of business feasibility of countries Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgzstan presenting available business feasibility index and Global Competitiveness Index between 2004-2014 has been examinated with the help of the business feasibility index prepared by World Economic Forum (WEF), thus it has been trying to put forward strengths and weaknesses in terms of getting feasibility business in these countries. As a result of studies, with together change from country to country and from year to year, the most important barriers in front of the feasibility business in the examined Turkic Republics in recent years, has been determined that they are based on inability to access enough to an electrical source, the lack of protection of investors and inability to perform remarkable progress in the matter of tax paid. After all, in Turkish Republics, it was that there are positive developments in the process of starting work, also significantly reduced in bankruptcy, besides, the realization of significant progress about formalization of property and reaching credit resources and in line with these developments, it has been concluded that Turkic Republics -except Tajikistan- has slightly developments in being business feasible country.
The Importance of E-Waste Management In Terms of Environmental Economics and Sustainability
Authors: Marangoz Mehmet , Önce Asım Günal , Aydın Ali Emre
Published: December 2019

Today, environmental economics examining the economic contribution of protecting the environment and natural resources and preventing the environmental pollution has become an important issue like energy. In this context the relationship between economy and environment is analyzed. In this relationship process of economy management change the environment and environmental qualifications take part in success of economy. Sustainable development, as an another important concept, explains realization of the efforts for economic growth and enhancing the welfare level in the meantime protecting the environment and people’s quality of life. Sustainable development has great importance for managing environmental, economic and social resources accurately.
E-waste (electronic waste) management comes to the forefront in the context of environmental economics and sustainable development. Along with technological advancements and changing consumption habits e-waste management and e-waste recycling become crucial. While there are several related studies focus on waste management and recycling and their relationship between environmental economics and sustainable development few study deal with e-waste management. This study aims to fill this gap and make a contribution with emphasizing the importance of e-waste management for environmental economics and sustainable development.
In this study e-waste practices in the World are evaluated, recycle ratios and their economic impact are examined, e-waste management’s importance as a financial trigger is emphasized, not only short term but also long term effects of e-waste management are elaborated from the point of sustainability and suggestions are discussed for improving the recycling processes for practitioners and law-makers.
Have Credit Rating Agencies Got a Role in Triggering 2007 Global Financial Crisis?
Authors: Bocutoğlu Ersan
Published: December 2019

The efforts for understanding the 2007 Global Financial Crisis requires more elaborated studies on the institutions, processes and other micro foundations of financial services industry instead of studies solely on mainstream business cycles theories that have obviously failed in understanding, explaining and predicting the crisis. This paper attempts to investigate whether or not credit rating agencies had played a triggering role in 2007 Global Financial Crisis. It is a study of parties, institutions and processes within financial services market. It is well documented that the credit rating agencies whose main function is to provide investors with information about the credit-worthiness of securities on which they plan to invest had hardly ever performed that function properly during the crisis. By changing their business models from ‘investor pays model’ to ‘issuer pays model’, they paved the way to conflict of interest and inevitably created chaos in financial services industry. Credit rating agencies doubtlessly are responsible for triggering the 2007 Global Financial Crisis. However it should be fair to emphasize also the responsibility of the US regulatory processes in emerging the conflict of interest in credit rating industry by giving some credit rating agencies an oligopoly power in the credit rating market and taking their credit ratings as the basic points of reference for regulatory purposes. It is obvious that the credit rating industry needs a reform.
Classification of Turkish Republics with Specific Economic Indicators in Fuzzy Clustering Analysis
Authors: Erilli Necati Alp , Karaköy Çağatay
Published: December 2019

Economic indicators in economic policies have an important place in determining the levels of development. Determining and classifying the existing social and economic structures of countries is very important for examining the development states and possible development tendencies of countries and forming regional development policies in line with these. The aim in cluster analysis, is to classify datas in to similarity and perform useful knowledge for the researcher. Cluster analysis, which became more popular among the subjects of statistical classification in recent years, can give more reliable results when there is apriori knowledge about number of clusters. Fuzzy models interested in fuzzy model structures and try to estimate system behaviours that has no knowledge about their structure. Fuzzy Cluster Analysis is try to decompose the groups which membership degrees cannot be determined. When the number of datas and variables increased or cluster structures came to closer for all, Cluster analysis has given more successful results then the other cluster analysis methods. In this study, Turkish Republics were classified in terms of the indicators determined by using Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) and Gath Geva methods which are frequently used in fuzzy clustering analysis. The objective was to find out the common class structures of Turkish Republics which came out with the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991 and which experienced economic similar problems and thus to help countries in the same clusters in similar economic planning. Results are also compared between fuzzy and crisp clustering analysis methods.