bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Statistical notes on false positive and negative error rates in the evaluation of long-term carcinogenicity bioassays
Authors: Hothorn Ludwig A.
Published: March 2022

The appropriate interpretation of mortality-adjusted tumor incidences in long-term carcinogenicity bioassays depends substantially on the actual false positive and false negative error rates. These depend, among other things, on the type of analysis of multiple correlated tumor sites and the mode of dose-response dependence in relation to the design. Selected quantitative results, such as shape-to-design relationship and discreteness are presented and the influence of further issues is discussed qualitatively.
DNA 5-methylcytosine detection and methylation phasing using PacBio circular consensus sequencing
Authors: Ni Peng , Zhong Zeyu , Xu Jinrui , Huang Neng , Zhang Jun , Nie Fan , Zhao Haochen , Zou You , Huang Yuanfeng , Li Jinchen , Xiao Chuan-Le , Luo Feng , Wang Jianxin
Published: March 2022

Long single-molecular sequencing, such as PacBio circular consensus sequencing (CCS) and nanopore sequencing, is advantageous in detecting DNA 5-methylcytosine (5mC) in CpGs, especially in repetitive genomic regions. However, existing methods for detecting 5mCpGs using PacBio CCS are less accurate and robust. Here, we present ccsmeth, a deep-learning method to detect DNA 5mCpGs using CCS reads. We sequence PCR-treated and M.SssI-treated DNA of one human sample using PacBio CCS for training ccsmeth. Using long (≥10Kb) CCS reads, ccsmeth achieves 0.90 accuracy and 0.97 AUC on 5mCpG detection at single-molecule resolution. At the genome-wide site level, ccsmeth achieves >0.90 correlations with bisulfite sequencing and nanopore sequencing using only 10× reads. Furthermore, we develop a Nextflow pipeline, ccsmethphase, to detect haplotype-aware methylation using CCS reads, and then sequence a Chinese family trio to validate it. ccsmeth and ccsmethphase can be robust and accurate tools for detecting DNA 5mCs using PacBio CCS.
Tissue-Targeted CRISPR–Cas9-Mediated Genome Editing of Multiple Homeologs in F0-Generation Xenopus laevis Embryos
Authors: Corkins Mark E. , DeLay Bridget D. , Miller Rachel K.
Published: March 2022

Xenopus laevis frogs are a powerful developmental model that enables studies combining classical embryology and molecular manipulation. Because of the large embryo size, ease of microinjection, and ability to target tissues through established fate maps, X. laevis has become the predominant amphibian research model. Given that their allotetraploid genome has complicated the generation of gene knockouts, strategies need to be established for efficient mutagenesis of multiple homeologs to evaluate gene function. Here we describe a protocol to use CRISPR–Cas9-mediated genome editing to target either single alleles or multiple alloalleles in F0X. laevis embryos. A single-guide RNA (sgRNA) is designed to target a specific DNA sequence encoding a critical protein domain. To mutagenize a gene with two alloalleles, the sgRNA is designed against a sequence that is common to both homeologs. This sgRNA, along with the Cas9 protein, is microinjected into the zygote to disrupt the genomic sequences in the whole embryo or into a specific blastomere for tissue-targeted effects. Error-prone repair of CRISPR–Cas9-generated DNA double-strand breaks leads to insertions and deletions creating mosaic gene lesions within the embryos. The genomic DNA isolated from each mosaic F0 embryo is sequenced, and software is applied to assess the nature of the mutations generated and degree of mosaicism. This protocol enables the knockout of genes within the whole embryo or in specific tissues in F0X. laevis embryos to facilitate the evaluation of resulting phenotypes.
Trends in coordination of rhenium organometallic complexes in the Protein Data Bank
Authors: Brink Alice , Jacobs Francois J. F. , Helliwell John R.
Published: March 2022

Radiopharmaceutical development has similar overall characteristics to any biomedical drug development requiring a compound's stability, aqueous solubility and selectivity to a specific disease site. However, organometallic complexes containing 188/186Re or 99mTc involve a d-block transition-metal radioactive isotope and therefore bring additional factors such as metal oxidation states, isotope purity and half life into play. This topical review is focused on the development of radiopharmaceuticals containing the radioisotopes of rhenium and technetium and, therefore, on the occurrence of these organometallic complexes in protein structures in the Worldwide Protein Data Bank (wwPDB). The purpose of incorporating the group 7 transition metals of rhenium/technetium in the protein and the reasons for study by protein crystallography are described, as certain PDB studies were not aimed at drug development. Technetium is used as a medical diagnostic agent and involves the 99mTc isotope which decays to release gamma radiation, thereby employed for its use in gamma imaging. Due to the periodic relationship among group 7 transition metals, the coordination chemistry of rhenium is similar (but not identical) to that of technetium. The types of reactions the potential model radiopharmaceutical would prefer to partake in, and by extension knowing which proteins and biomolecules the compound would react with in vivo, are needed. Crystallography studies, both small molecule and macromolecular, are a key aspect in understanding chemical coordination. Analyses of bonding modes, coordination to particular residues and crystallization conditions are presented. In our Forward look as a concluding summary of this topical review, the question we ask is: what is the best way for this field to progress?
Internationalization motives, location advantages and performance: the case of Indian firms from knowledge-intensive industries
Authors: Ahsan Faisal Mohammad , Sinha Ashutosh Kumar
Published: March 2022

Purpose

Recent empirical findings on the relationship between internationalization and firm performance (I–P) suggest a significant role of firm's context. Extending this line of argument, the authors study the effect of internationalization on firm's performance for emerging market firms from knowledge-intensive industries, taking into account the firm's motive of internationalization and host country’s location-based advantages.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors link host country-specific advantages (CSAs) with firm-specific advantages (FSAs) to identify three distinct settings of internationalization for emerging economy firms – (1) asset-exploitative internationalization in developing or least developed countries, (2) asset-exploitative internationalization in developed countries and (3) strategic asset-seeking internationalization. The authors test this study’s hypotheses on a sample of 415 Indian firms from knowledge-intensive industries.

Findings

The authors find that firm's performance upon internationalization is non-linear in each of the three different settings. The nature of the non-linear relationship depends upon location-based advantages of the host country and the motive of internationalization.

Originality/value

The motive of internationalization and the location-based advantages sought during internationalization are unique for emerging economy firms. Hence, the study extends understanding of the I–P linkage in an emerging economy context.
Scale development for analyzing the fit of real and virtual world integration: an example of Pokémon Go
Authors: Shiau Wen-Lung , Huang Li-Chun
Published: March 2022

Purpose

Augmented reality (AR) has become a trend, and the effects of Pokémon Go, the most popular online and mobile game, have been explored in many studies. However, few studies have developed questionnaires of fit to investigate the relationship between the fit and the integration of the game's virtual world and reality. The paper intends to integrate the models of stimulus-organism-response (S-O-R) and information systems success with cognitive fit theory to explore the fit and reactions of users in the integration of real and virtual worlds.

Design/methodology/approach

Following MacKenzie's scale development, two surveys were conducted. The first survey was conducted to perform a scale development of fit. The second survey was collected from 315 Pokémon Go players to validate the fit scale and it was analyzed via structural equation modeling.

Findings

The results show that scale development of fit has good reliability and validity. Furthermore, game information quality, game system quality and virtual (Pokémon) characteristics have significantly positive effects on cognitive and emotional fit. Cognitive and emotional fit have significant positive effects on user satisfaction, and user satisfaction has significant positive effects on continued intention to play. The results suggest that maintaining the quality of the game and improving the virtual interface will provide a better fit between the real and virtual worlds, enhancing user satisfaction with the fit as well as their intention for continued use.

Originality/value

Although fit has been widely studied in various contexts, the application of AR has been rarely discussed. This study develops a scale of fit and takes Pokémon Go as the subject to validate the fit measurement and discuss players' cognition and feelings regarding the game. The authors measure user reactions to different stimuli and explore cognitive and emotional fit as well as the integration of virtual worlds and reality. In sum, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is one of the earliest studies to explore and develop a cognitive and emotional fit scale for future researchers and practitioners.
Unlocking value with a crowdsourcing configuration of smart city: a system dynamic simulation
Authors: Caporuscio Andrea , Pietronudo Maria Cristina , Schiavone Francesco , Leone Daniele
Published: March 2022

Purpose

The paper aims to explore the value generated by a specific configuration of a smart city's infrastructure by proposing a comparison between a silos configuration versus a crowd configuration at the data storage and processing level.

Design/methodology/approach

A system dynamics simulation is adopted to determine and compare the value created by the two configurations of smart city's infrastructure. The simulation outlines the flow of data and their positive and negative feedback that reinforce and hinder the smart city value generation.

Findings

The results demonstrate the huge impact of the availability of data for App developers when crowdsourcing configuration is adopted. Furthermore, results unveil the potential in value generation of a crowdsourcing smart city platform configuration compared to a silos architecture.

Originality/value

The authors have proposed a comparison between two alternative smart city digital platform configurations. The paper seeks to test the magnitude of the pros and cons of a crowdsourcing approach in setting up a smart city digital platform. The paper provides new guidelines for improving the data management of smart cities.
Comparative microbiome analysis of Diaphorina citri and its associated parasitoids Tamarixia radiata and Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis reveals Wolbachia as a dominant endosymbiont
Authors: Ashraf Hafiza Javaria , Ramos Aguila Luis Carlos , Akutse Komivi Senyo , Ilyas Muhammad , Abbasi Asim , Li Xiaofang , Wang Liande
Published: March 2022

Microbiome analysis in a host–parasitoid interaction network was conducted to compare the taxonomic composition of bacterial communities of Diaphornia citri, Tamarixia radiata, and Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis. The comparative analysis revealed differences in the composition and diversity of the symbiont populations across the host and its associated parasitoids. Proteobacteria was the most dominant phylum, representing 67.80% of the total bacterial community, while Candidatus Profftella armature and Wolbachia were the dominant genera across the host and parasitoids. There were clear differences observed in alpha and beta diversity of microbiota through the host and its associated parasitoids. The function prediction of bacterial communities and Pearson correlation analysis showed that specific bacterial communities displayed positive correlations with the carbohydrate metabolism pathway. Furthermore, when symbiotic bacteria were eliminated using a broad‐spectrum antibiotic, tetracycline hydrochloride, the parasitoids' median survival time and longevity were significantly reduced. We confirmed the physiological effects of symbiotic bacteria on the fitness of parasitoids and demonstrated the effect of antibiotics in decreasing the food intake and measurement of amino acids in the hemolymph. This study sheds light on basic information about the mutualism between parasitoids and bacteria, which may be a potential source for biocontrol strategies for citrus psyllid, especially D. citri.
Finding Place in the Archive: A Case Study of St. John [Colored] Missionary Baptist Church, 1866–1900
Authors: Hopkins Portia D.
Published: March 2022

This article explores the ongoing preservation efforts of The St. John Fundraising and Preservation Committee at St. John Missionary Baptist Church (SJMBC). The church, founded in 1869 by former slaves, is located in Fort Bend County, Texas, a county which held the second‐largest slave population in the state in 1860. SJMBC sought to develop an archive of historical records to narrate St. John's early history, particularly at sites it intersected with the history of Fort Bend County, Missouri City, and the Dew Brothers plantation during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Because the majority of the church records were lost in a fire in 2006, Friends of St. John needed to locate other sites in the archive where the church's presence and significance were recorded. They recruited researchers, public scholars and architects and developed relationships with nearby universities and churches to aid in their mission. Highlighting several types of source materials such as a slaver's account book, maps, census, deed, and school records and tax assessments held by the county, SJMBC established a historical narrative of the church through a calculated juxtaposition to well‐established historical narratives of significant white people and events in the county.
Hereditary renal glycosuria, diabetes and responses to SGLT2 inhibitor
Authors: Ren Qian , Gong Siqian , Han Xuyao , Ji Linong
Published: March 2022

Aims

To present the clinical features of two rare cases with hereditary renal glycosuria and diabetes, explore their responses to sodium‐glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, and summarize the reported solute carrier family 5 member 2 (SLC5A2) mutations and related phenotypes.

Methods

Two patients were followed up for 6.5 and 3 years respectively. SLC5A2 and hepatocyte nuclear factor 1‐alpha (HNF1A) gene were sequenced. We used the flash glucose monitoring system to evaluate the efficacy of SGLT2 inhibitor treatment. Then we retrieved all the literature and analyzed SLC5A2 gene mutations and the phenotypes.

Results

During long‐time follow up, the two patients had frequent unproportional renal glycosuria in the morning even when their fasting serum glucose was only slightly increased. A novel rare mutation V359G and a pathogenic rare mutation ivs7 + 5G > A in SLC5A2 gene were found respectively. In Case 1, the 24 h glucose excretion was 2.2 g/d and increased to 103 g/d after dapaglifozin treatment, whereas the average glucose (6.33 ± 1.56 vs. 6.28 ± 1.74 mmol/L), and time in range (TIR) (95% vs. 93%) were similar. In Case 2, the 24 h glycosuria was 121.4 g/d and increased to 185.8 g/day after dapaglifozin add‐on therapy, with a further reduction of average glucose (9.11 ± 2.63 vs. 7.54 ± 2.39 mmol/L, p < 0.001) and better TIR (70% vs. 84%). We reviewed 139 cases with hereditary renal glycosuria and SLC5A2 gene mutation. The urine glucose was highest in patients with homozygous mutations [64.0(36.6–89.6)g/24 h] compared with compound heterozygous mutations [25.9(14.4–41.2)g/24 h] and heterozygous mutations [3.45(1.41–7.50)g/24 h] (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Genetic renal glycosuria could not protect individuals completely from developing diabetes. Patients with SGLT2 gene mutations are still responsive to the SGLT2 inhibitor treatment.
Low back pain presentations to rural, regional, and metropolitan emergency departments
Authors: Davidson Simon R. E. , Kamper Steven J. , Haskins Robin , O'Flynn Michael , Coss Karen , Smiles John Paul , Tutty Amanda , Linton Jane , Bryant Joe , Buchanan Maree , Williams Christopher M.
Published: March 2022

Objective

To describe the context of low back pain (LBP) presentations to emergency departments (EDs) by remoteness areas, hospital delineation level and staffing portfolios.

Design

A retrospective observational study using routinely captured ED and admission data over a 5‐year period (July 2014–June 2019).

Settings

Thirty seven EDs across a large health district in NSW, Australia, covering major cities, inner regional areas and outer regional areas.

Participants

Emergency department (ED) presentations with a principal or secondary diagnosis of LBP based on ICD‐10 code (M54.5).

Main outcome measures

ED presentation and associated admission measures, including presentation rate, referral source, time in ED, re‐presentation rate, admission details and cost to the health system.

Results

There were 26 509 ED presentations for LBP across the 5 years. Time spent in ED was 206 min for EDs in major cities, 146 min for inner regional EDs and 89 min for outer regional EDs. Re‐presentation rates were 6% in major cities, 8.8% in inner regional EDs and 11.8% in outer regional EDs. Admission rates were 20.4%, 15.8% and 18.8%, respectively.

Conclusions

This study describes LBP presentations across 37 EDs, highlighting the potential burden these presentations place on hospitals. LBP presentations appear to follow different pathways depending on the ED remoteness area, delineation level and staff portfolio.
Surveying the changing climate of Northern Territory medical workforce retention
Authors: Pendrey Catherine , Quilty Simon , Lucas Robyn
Published: March 2022

Introduction

Low retention is a significant contributor to medical workforce shortages in rural and remote regions of Australia, including in the Northern Territory (NT). Many of these areas are susceptible to climate change, which could exacerbate workforce retention problems.

Objective

To examine factors influencing medical workforce retention in the NT, including the potential impact of climate change.

Design

Cross sectional online survey of NT medical professionals, distributed via email through professional networks. Predominantly quantitative mixed methods (descriptive statistics, multivariate logistic regression, thematic analysis). Main 2 outcome measures reported were proportion of respondents intending to leave the NT, timeframe of intention to leave and motivating factors.

Findings

Of 1407 registered practising medical professionals in the NT, 362 responded who met inclusion criteria (26% estimated response rate) and 351 completed all questions. Of the latter, 143 (41%) intended to leave the NT, 102 (29%) were unsure, and 106 (30%) did not intend to leave. Among doctors in training (DITs) 67 (55%) intended to leave and 29 (24%) were unsure. The best multivariable predictive model included only practice type (with general practitioners/rural generalists and non‐GP specialists significantly less likely to intend to leave compared to DITs), and location of primary medical degree (with non‐NT training non‐significantly associated with greater intention to leave). Of those intending to leave 94 (66%) reported planning to do so within two years. Training and career development opportunities, job dissatisfaction, moving to a preferred location and family‐related factors were all important motivators. Of those considering leaving, 58 (24%) identified climate change as a motivating factor.

Conclusion

Retention remains a key challenge in addressing rural workforce shortages. In addition to established factors, climate change is an important driver that has the potential to worsen workforce shortages in susceptible regions.
Short‐ and long‐term outcomes of single‐incision laparoscopic surgery for right colon cancer: A multicenter propensity score‐matched analysis
Authors: Tominaga Tetsuro , Nonaka Takashi , Shiraishi Toshio , Sumida Yorihisa , Takeshita Hiroaki , Hisanaga Makoto , Fukuoka Hidetoshi , Hashimoto Shintaro , To Kazuo , Tanaka Kenji , Sawai Terumitsu , Nagayasu Takeshi
Published: March 2022

Introduction

Single‐incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) for colon cancer is a recent innovation in minimally invasive surgery that can improve short‐term outcome. However, several biases exist in current favorable comparisons of SILS with conventional laparoscopic (CL) surgery. Moreover, the oncological outcomes in SILS remain unclear. The aim of this study was to identify outcomes following SILS and CL for right colectomy using a propensity score‐matched analysis.

Methods

A total of 553 patients underwent curative resection for right colon cancer (58 SILS and 495 CL). After propensity score matching, 58 patients in each group were matched.

Results

Before matching, median age was younger (p = 0.037) and clinical stage was lower (p < 0.001) in the SILS group. After matching, operation time was shorter (172 versus 193 min, p = 0.007) and blood loss was less (12 versus 20 mL, p = 0.037) in the SILS group. Most of the SILS cases were performed (43.1%) or supervised (51.7%) by an expert surgeon. Median follow‐up duration was 30 and 37 mo in the SILS and CL groups, respectively. Three‐year relapse‐free survival was 92.5% and 92.4% (p = 0.781); and overall survival was 100% versus 98.1% (p = 0.177).

Conclusions

Under the control of expert surgeons, SILS appeared to be a safe and feasible approach and had similar oncological outcomes compared with CL in a propensity score‐matched cohort of patients with right‐sided colon cancer.
Maternal characteristics as indications for routine induction of labor: A nationwide retrospective cohort study
Authors: Goodarzi Bahareh , Seijmonsbergen‐Schermers Anna , van Rijn Maaike , Shah Neel , Franx Arie , de Jonge Ank
Published: March 2022

Background

Maternal characteristics, such as parity and age, are increasingly considered indications for routine induction of labor of otherwise healthy women to prevent fetal and neonatal mortality. To fully balance the risks and benefits of induction of labor, we examined the association of additional relevant maternal characteristics and gestational age with fetal and neonatal mortality.

Methods

We conducted a nationwide retrospective cohort study among a healthy Dutch population consisting of all singleton pregnancies in midwife‐led care after 37 weeks of gestation in the period 2000‐2018. We examined the association of maternal ethnicity, age, parity, and socioeconomic status with fetal and neonatal mortality, stratified by gestational age. The association of single characteristics was examined using descriptive statistics, and univariable and multivariable logistics regression analyses. The associations of multiple characteristics were examined using inter‐categorical analyses and using interaction terms in the multivariable logistic regression analyses.

Results

The results showed that ethnicity, age, parity, socioeconomic status, and gestational age did not act as single determinant of fetal and neonatal mortality. The probability of fetal and neonatal mortality differed among subgroups of women depending on which determinants were considered and the number of determinants included.

Conclusions

Decision‐making about induction of labor to prevent fetal and neonatal mortality based on a single determinant may lead to overuse or underuse of IOL. A value‐based health care strategy, addressing social inequity, and investing in better screening and diagnostic methods that employ an individualized and multi‐determinant approach may be more effective at preventing fetal and neonatal mortality.
Developmental profiles of schizotypy in the general population: A record linkage study of Australian children aged 11–12 years
Authors: Green Melissa J. , O’Hare Kirstie , Laurens Kristin R. , Tzoumakis Stacy , Dean Kimberlie , Badcock Johanna C. , Harris Felicity , Linscott Richard J. , Carr Vaughan J.
Published: March 2022

Objectives

The detection of young people at high risk for psychotic disorders has been somewhat narrowly focused on overt symptom‐based markers that reflect mild reality distortion (e.g., psychotic‐like experiences), or prodromal syndromes that are proximal to psychosis onset. The concept of schizotypy represents a broader framework for investigating risk for schizophrenia (and other disorders) in childhood, before the onset of prodromal or overt symptoms. We sought to detect profiles of risk for psychosis (schizotypy) in a general population sample of 22,137 Australian children aged 11–12 years, and to determine early life risk factors associated with these profiles from data available in linked records (registers).

Methods

Fifty‐nine self‐reported items were used as indicators of schizotypy across six broad domains; z‐scores for each domain were subjected to latent profile analyses (LPA). A series of multinomial logistic regressions was used to examine the association between resulting profile (class) membership and several childhood and parental risk factors, and the proportion of children with mental disorders among each schizotypy profile was examined.

Results

The LPA revealed three person‐centred profiles referred to as True Schizotypy (n = 1,323; 6.0%), Introverted Schizotypy (n = 4,473; 20.2%), and Affective Schizotypy (n = 4,261; 19.2%), as well as a group of children showing no risk (n = 12,080; 54.6%). Prior exposure to perinatal and familial adversities including childhood maltreatment, as well as poor early childhood development and academic functioning, was variously associated with all risk groups. There was a higher proportion of childhood mental disorder diagnoses among children in the True Schizotypy group, relative to other profiles.

Conclusion

Subtle differences in the pattern of exposures and antecedents among schizophrenia liability profiles in childhood may reflect distinct pathogenic pathways to psychotic or other mental illness.

Practitioner points

Children aged 11–12 years report characteristics of schizotypy which can be classified into three distinct profiles that may represent different pathological processes towards later mental ill‐health.

Early life exposure to perinatal and familial adversities including childhood maltreatment, early childhood developmental vulnerability, and poor academic functioning predict membership in all three childhood schizotypy profiles.

Latent liability for schizophrenia (and potentially other mental disorders) may be represented by different profiles of functioning observable in childhood.
Reliability coefficients for multiple group item response theory models
Authors: Andersson Björn , Luo Hao , Marcq Kseniia
Published: March 2022

Reliability of scores from psychological or educational assessments provides important information regarding the precision of measurement. The reliability of scores is however population dependent and may vary across groups. In item response theory, this population dependence can be attributed to differential item functioning or to differences in the latent distributions between groups and needs to be accounted for when estimating the reliability of scores for different groups. Here, we introduce group‐specific and overall reliability coefficients for sum scores and maximum likelihood ability estimates defined by a multiple group item response theory model. We derive confidence intervals using asymptotic theory and evaluate the empirical properties of estimators and the confidence intervals in a simulation study. The results show that the estimators are largely unbiased and that the confidence intervals are accurate with moderately large sample sizes. We exemplify the approach with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) in two groups defined by education level and give recommendations for applied work.
How do dental practitioners, educators and students diagnose and manage caries risk and caries lesions? A COM‐B analysis
Authors: Abreu‐Placeres Ninoska , Newton Jonathon Tim , Avila Viviana , Garrido Luis E. , Jácome‐Liévano Sofia , Pitts Nigel B. , Ekstrand Kim R. , Ochoa Emilia M. , Martignon Stefania
Published: March 2022

Objective

The International Caries Classification and Management System (ICCMS™), a comprehensive, evidence‐informed, best clinical practice system, comprises a 4D cycle: 1D‐Determine risk; 2D‐Detect and assess lesions; 3D‐Decide on a personalized care plan; and 4D‐Do preventive and tooth‐preserving care. The aim of this study was to establish how Colombian dental practitioners, educators and students diagnose and manage caries risk and caries lesions using the COM‐B model and the ICCMS™ system.

Methods

A total of 1094 participants (practitioners: n = 277; educators: n = 212; students: n = 605) completed a previously validated 79‐item questionnaire which explores, based on the COM‐B model, the practitioners' self‐reported caries diagnosis and management behaviours. Descriptive statistics, Welch's ANOVAs and multiple linear regressions were computed.

Results

All groups generally performed the behaviours within the 4‐D categories ‘Most of the time’ to ‘Always’ (students: 4.06 ± 0.95; educators: 3.94 ± 0.98; practitioners: 3.86 ± 1.01). The most frequently performed diagnosis behaviours (1D/2D) were for practitioners assessing initial/moderate lesions (4.09 ± 1.01) and for educators and students cleaning teeth before lesion assessment (4.41 ± 0.80 and 4.38 ± 0.77 respectively). The least frequently performed decision/management (3D/4D) behaviour was non‐operative care for moderate‐caries lesions (when applicable) (practitioners: 2.64 ± 1.23; educators: 2.68 ± 1.17; students: 3.22 ± 1.41). Opportunity (Resources and Relevance) was the best COM‐B predictor for diagnostic behaviours, whereas capability and opportunity (Relevance) were the strongest predictors for management behaviours.

Conclusion

Colombian practitioners, educators and students diagnose and manage caries risk and caries lesions implementing best practice with a high to very high frequency.
Long‐term voice outcomes and quality of life after open partial horizontal laryngectomy type II vs. total laryngectomy: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: D’Alatri Lucia , Longobardi Ylenia , Parrilla Claudio , Crudo Fabrizio , Oliveto Giuseppe , Mari Giorgia , Marchese Maria Raffaella , Passali Giulio Cesare , Ausili Cefaro Carolina , Paludetti Gaetano , Galli Jacopo
Published: March 2022

Objectives

We aim to analyse long‐term voice outcomes and quality of life (QoL) in patients undergoing open partial horizontal laryngectomy type II (OPHL type II) and to compare them to those obtained by patients undergoing total laryngectomy (TL) with voice prosthesis (VP).

Design

Cross‐sectional cohort study.

Setting

Patients undergoing surgery for advanced laryngeal cancer, assessed during the usual follow‐up consultations at the Phoniatric Unit (February 2020‐December 2020).

Participants

Forty‐five patients were enrolled and divided into two groups: OPHL group and TL group.

Main outcomes measures

Acoustic analysis, maximum phonation time, INFV0 scale, I‐SECEL, UW‐QoL‐V4 and MDADI questionnaires were used to assess the long‐term outcomes.

Results

Voices of patients undergoing OPHL Type II were worse than those of laryngectomised patients with VP. Nevertheless, scores in voice and dysphagia‐related QoL were comparable and scores in the social domain of QoL were higher in OPHL group.

Conclusions

Open partial horizontal laryngectomy Type II allows an acceptable voice recovery and a satisfactory QoL.
Interaction of N‐methylformanilide with high‐performance polyimide fibre and its effect on dyeing
Authors: Shao Dongyan , Du Jinmei , Xu Changhai , Wang Hongbo
Published: March 2022

High‐performance polyimide fibre is well known for its outstanding thermal stability, fire resistance and chemical stability, and it has great potential for use in fire‐protective textiles. One major drawback of polyimide fibre is that it is difficult to dye under regular conditions. In this work, it was found that polyimide fibre could be dyed with disperse dyes with the assistance of N‐methylformanilide. Thus, it was proposed that there might exist an interaction between polyimide fibre and N‐methylformanilide that plays an important role in dyeing. Experimental results showed that N‐methylformanilide penetrated into polyimide fibre, resulting in a slight swell in diameter and decrease in the breaking strength of polyimide fibre. X‐ray diffractometric data showed no apparent solvent‐introduced increase on the crystallinity of polyimide fibres but an orderly change on the interplanar spacing. When N‐methylformanilide was removed from polyimide fibre by thermal treatment, the diameter, breaking strength and interplanar spacing of the polyimide fibres were all recovered to some extent. This indicated that the interactions between polyimide macromolecular chains were broken because of the penetration of N‐methylformanilide, and new interactions occurred between polyimide macromolecular chains and N‐methylformanilide that played a role in lubricating dye molecules to diffuse into polyimide fibres.
An integrated belowground trait‐based understanding of nitrogen‐driven plant diversity loss
Authors: Tian Qiuying , Lu Peng , Zhai Xiufeng , Zhang Ruifang , Zheng Yao , Wang Hong , Nie Bao , Bai Wenming , Niu Shuli , Shi Peili , Yang Yuanhe , Li Kaihui , Yang Dianlin , Stevens Carly , Lambers Hans , Zhang Wen‐Hao
Published: March 2022

Belowground plant traits play important roles in plant diversity loss driven by atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition. However, the way N enrichment shapes plant microhabitats by patterning belowground traits and finally determines aboveground responses is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the rhizosheath trait of 74 plant species in seven N‐addition simulation experiments across multiple grassland ecosystems in China. We found that rhizosheath formation differed among plant functional groups and contributed to changes in plant community composition induced by N enrichment. Compared with forb species, grass and sedge species exhibited distinct rhizosheaths; moreover, grasses and sedges expanded their rhizosheaths with increasing N‐addition rate which allowed them to colonize belowground habitats. Grasses also shaped a different microenvironment around their roots compared with forbs by affecting the physicochemical, biological, and stress‐avoiding properties of their rhizosphere soil. Rhizosheaths act as a “biofilm‐like shield” by the accumulation of protective compounds, carboxylic anions and polysaccharides, determined by both plants and microorganisms. This enhanced the tolerance of grasses and sedges to stresses induced by N enrichment. Conversely, forbs lacked the protective rhizosheaths which renders their roots sensitive to stresses induced by N enrichment, thus contributing to their disappearance under N‐enriched conditions. This study uncovers the processes by which belowground facilitation and trait matching affect aboveground responses under conditions of N enrichment, which advances our mechanistic understanding of the contribution of competitive exclusion and environmental tolerance to plant diversity loss caused by N deposition.
Mobility and life satisfaction among wheelchair users: A study using mobile phone data in Seoul, South Korea
Authors: Lee Yushin , Oh Seongeun , Cha Jaehyuk , Kim Kwanguk (Kenny) , Lee Sun Young , Kim Hansung
Published: March 2022

This study explored the association between mobilities and life satisfaction among wheelchair users. Mobilities encompass not only spatial mobility but also motility. Offline and online questionnaires were administered, and a mobile phone application was used to gather GPS data. Motility was measured in terms of the perceived mobility environment, and spatial mobility was measured by the daily travel distance, the average number of edges in daily motif patterns, and the number of trips per week. The results show that the perceived mobility environment and the number of edges in daily motif patterns were positively associated with life satisfaction. However, the spatial range of movement and number of trips had no correlation with life satisfaction. These results suggest that social efforts are needed to improve motility as well as mobility and promote social activity among people with mobility disabilities.
Mass transport in binary TiO2:SiO2 and GeO2:SiO2 direct ink write glasses
Authors: Lange Andrew P. , Sasan Koroush , Bayu Aji Leonardus Bimo , Yee Timothy Y. , Ha Jungmin , Ryerson F. J. , Remulla Gabriela , Dylla‐Spears Rebecca
Published: March 2022

The mass transport mechanisms of Ti in TiO2:SiO2 and Ge in GeO2:SiO2 direct ink write, additively manufactured glasses were studied. Due to the low solubility of Ti in SiO2 and high melting point of TiO2 relative to SiO2, Ti transport was found to occur via solid state interdiffusion between adjoining SiO2 and TiO2 precursor particles. The diffusivity of titanium in SiO2 measured over typical sintering temperatures (1000–1300°C) using Rutherford backscattering spectrometry was . This provides an estimate of ∼30 nm for the diffusion length under typical sintering conditions (2 h at 1200°C). Although Ti and Ge have similar diffusivities in SiO2 glass at low concentrations, GeO2 was found to be much more mobile during the sintering of printed GeO2:SiO2 green bodies. This was evident in glasses with phase separated GeO2 regions over length scales of ∼10 µm and in experiments involving binary xerogel films in which GeO2 migrated over ∼10 µm through cracked, porous SiO2 layers. Large phase separated regions and long transport lengths in GeO2:SiO2 suggest that the transport of GeO2 occurs prior to the densification of the SiO2 matrix via an alternative mechanism such as capillary flow. These results inform important considerations in the design of index modifying inks for the direct ink write process, namely initial precursor phase, mutual solubility with the base SiO2 glass, and mass transport throughout the sintering process.
Merton Miller's Contribution to Modern Finance
Authors: Stulz René M.
Published: March 2022

This article sums up the research and writings of the University of Chicago's Merton Miller, winner of the 1990 Nobel Prize in Economics, and widely regarded as the “father of modern finance,” in terms of a single governing principle: the role of arbitrage in ensuring the “efficiency” of financial markets and, more generally, the effectiveness of such markets in promoting economic growth and creating social wealth.

Starting with the formulation of Proposition I (also known as the capital structure “irrelevance” proposition) with Franco Modigliani in 1958, Miller's research over the next 40 years is seen as applying—with remarkable clarity and consistency—the principle of arbitrage to the study of many aspects of financial markets. Miller's main accomplishment is seen as making arbitrage arguments the cornerstone of modern finance. The arbitrage proof of Proposition I introduced a new standard in finance—namely, that any finding in financial research deserving serious consideration must have the critical property that it cannot represent opportunities for riskless profit by investors. And arbitrage proves to be a constant theme in Miller's writings, from his work in corporate finance to his later studies of financial innovation, derivatives markets, and financial crashes and crises.

Having launched and then presided over the transformation of financial studies from a “glorified apprenticeship system” into a scientific discipline, Miller devoted much of the last 15 years of his life to a different, though clearly related undertaking: the defense of financial markets against the attacks of politicians and regulators, as well as businessmen intent on stifling competition—including hostile takeovers. Whether it was the alleged role of the stock index futures markets in the 1987 market crash, the claims of “overleveraging” in the LBOs of the ‘80s, or the derivatives fiascos in the mid‐'90s, Miller was there to provide careful economic analysis of the problems. In the early ‘90s, he explained why the “myopia” of the U.S. stock market was likely to cause far fewer problems than the “hyperopia” induced by regulatory distortions of the Japanese market. And in one of his last speeches, Miller showed that the primary cause of the recent Asian crisis was not “too much reliance on financial markets,” as claimed by politicians and the popular press, but “too little”—in particular, the heavy dependence on bank financing (particularly state‐owned banks) and the failure to develop alternative sources of capital that continues to depress the Japanese economy.
Beige mucosa observable under narrow‐band imaging indicates the active sites of eosinophilic esophagitis
Authors: Ayaki Maki , Manabe Noriaki , Tomida Akemi , Tada Naoya , Matsunaga Tae , Murota Masayuki , Fujita Minoru , Katsumata Ryo , Kobara Hideki , Masaki Tsutomu , Haruma Ken
Published: March 2022

Background and Aim

The majority of patients with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) are likely to have observable features under narrow‐band imaging, namely beige mucosa. However, the histological features and clinical implications of beige mucosa have not been investigated. The aim of this study was to determine whether beige mucosa could serve as an endoscopic marker for predicting active inflammatory sites of EoE.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed both the narrow‐band images and biopsied specimens of 77 esophageal lesions from 35 consecutive patients with EoE. We divided these specimens into two groups: target biopsied specimens from beige mucosa (beige group) and specimens biopsied from non‐beige mucosa (non‐beige group). The number of eosinophils per high‐powered field, thickness of the superficial differentiated cell layer, and depth of the hemoglobin component from the surface layer were compared between the two groups.

Results

Forty‐four out of the 45 specimens were diagnosed as histological active lesions in the beige group. The sensitivity, specificity, and overall accuracy of beige mucosa in predicting EoE activity were 97.8%, 96.9%, and 97.8%, respectively. Compared with the non‐beige group, specimens in the beige group had a significantly thinner superficial differentiated cell layer.

Conclusions

Beige mucosa is associated with thinning of the normal superficial differentiated cell layer, and these histological changes in the active inflammatory sites of EoE could be recognized endoscopically as color differences. Beige mucosa may serve as an endoscopic indicator for predicting the histological activity of EoE.
Iron deficiency, but not anemia, is identified in naturally occurring obesity and insulin resistance in male nonhuman primates
Authors: Chaudhari Uddhav K. , Newcomb Jennifer D. , Jen K‐L Catherine , Hansen Barbara C.
Published: March 2022

Objectives

To understand the development of iron deficiency in obesity and its long‐term impact on the profile of anemia in spontaneously obese nonhuman primates.

Methods

The study included 69 adult male nonhuman primates, (NHPs, Macaca mulatta, rhesus monkeys), ranging from normal to obese, and type 2 diabetes (T2D) as defined for humans.

Results

Iron deficiency was present in 31.9% and mild anemia in 13% of the rhesus monkey in the colony. Serum iron levels were significantly lower in obese (p < .01) and T2D (p < .01)) compared with normal NHP. Obese NHPs also had significantly higher hemoglobin (p < .05), and red blood cell count (p < .05) than normal weight NHPs, thus not related to anemia.

Conclusions

Iron deficiency with increased hemoglobin and red blood cells was significantly associated with increased adiposity, insulin resistance, and diabetes. Iron deficiency does not cause and is not related to anemia in obese and T2D NHPs.
Confirmation bias in simulated CSA interviews: How abuse assumption influences interviewing and decision‐making processes?
Authors: Zhang Yikang , Segal Aleksandr , Pompedda Francesco , Haginoya Shumpei , Santtila Pekka
Published: March 2022

Purpose

Research has shown that confirmation bias plays a role in legal and forensic decision‐making processes and, more specifically, child interviews. However, previous studies often examine confirmation bias in child interviews using non‐abuse‐related events. We enrich the literature by examining interviewers’ behaviours in simulated child sexual abuse (CSA) cases.

Method

In the present study, we used data from a series of experiments in which participants interviewed child avatars to examine how an assumption of abuse based on preliminary information influenced decision‐making and interviewing style. Interview training data (N interview = 2084) from eight studies with students, psychologists and police officers (N = 377) were included in the analyses.

Results

We found that interviewers’ preliminary assumption of sexual abuse having taken place predicted 1) a conclusion of abuse by the interviewers after the interview; 2) higher confidence in their judgement; 3) more frequent use of not recommended question types and 4) a decreased likelihood of reaching a correct conclusion given the same number of available relevant details.

Conclusion

The importance of considering how preliminary assumptions of abuse affect interview behaviour and outcomes and the implications for the training of investigative interviewers were discussed.
Reducing anxiety and preventing trauma in pediatric epidermolysis bullosa
Authors: Haller Courtney N. , Jaquez Sasha D. , Henkel Emily D. , Levy Moise L. , Diaz Lucia Z.
Published: March 2022

Although dermatologists are well‐trained in the medical management of complex skin disease, psychosocial care often exceeds a dermatologist's skillset. We aim to elucidate major factors to consider in the comprehensive management of pediatric epidermolysis bullosa (EB) and provide care recommendations. There are many types of trauma a child with EB may experience, from social to psychological to medical. We include information on trauma‐informed care and advice for the dermatologist and multidisciplinary team regarding patient‐centered and family‐centered approaches to recognizing and reducing anxiety and trauma in EB patients.
In-silico Studies Reveal Potential Epitope based Vaccine against M.leprae Phosphoglycerate Mutase Protein
Authors: Triwijaya Renata , Hasuki Winda , Mustika Kresnia Gabriele , Natasya Jacqulin , Natalia Satya Putri Gabriella Angel , Parikesit Arli Aditya
Published: March 2022

Leprosy is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae that mainly affects the skin, peripheral nerve, mucosa of the upper respiratory tract, and eyes. There is no vaccine designed specifically to prevent leprosy. The most common vaccine strategy is Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), however its efficacy is highly variable between studies. Current study utilized a computational method to predict antigenic epitopes from Mycobacterium leprae for peptide vaccine development. Molecular docking of top predicted peptides from 6 antigenic B-cell and 3 CTL epitopes were analyzed. These predicted antigenic epitopes might potentially be target peptides for future leprosy vaccines.