bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Challenges and Approaches to High-Level Isolation Unit Staffing and Just-in-Time Training: A Meeting Report
Authors: Herstein Jocelyn J , Stern Katie , Flinn Jade , Garland Jennifer A , Lowe Abigail E , Sauer Lauren M
Published: March 2023

In November 2022, the National Emerging Special Pathogens Training and Education Center hosted a virtual session with global high-level isolation unit (HLIU) representatives to discuss

HLIU staffing challenges and approaches. Takeaways are relevant to healthcare institutions seeking solutions to recruit and retain their healthcare workforce amid unprecedented global staffing shortages.
Gays on Broadway
Authors: Mordden Ethan
Published: March 2023

From the genteel female impersonators of the 1910s to the raucous drag queens of La Cage Aux Folles, from the men of The Normal Heart to the women of Fun Home, and from Eva Le Gallienne and Tallulah Bankhead to Tennessee Williams and Nathan Lane, this book chronicles the plays and people that brought gay culture to Broadway. The text follows the steady liberation of gay themes on the American stage. The story begins in the early twentieth century, when gay characters were virtually banned from productions. The 1920s saw a flurry of plays closed on moral grounds as well as the Wales Padlock Act, which forbade representation of “sex degeneracy”. While authorities made consistent attempts to shutter the movement, the public remained curious, and after a few decades of war making, a truce broke out when The Boys In the Band became a national smash hit. From this point on, gay theatre proved simply too popular to abolish. With this change, theatre was graced with a host of unforgettable characters—from thrill killers to historical figures to drag performers, as well as professional gays (such as the defiantly effeminate window dresser in Kiss of the Spider Woman), closeted gays, and those run-of-the-mill citizens who don't reside entirely within the colorful nonconformist identity (such as the two male lovers in the dinner-theatre comedy Norman, Is That You?). Spoken plays and musicals, playwrights, directors, and actors all played their part in popularizing the gay movement through art.
The 1930s
Authors: Mordden Ethan
Published: March 2023

This chapter highlights the prominent gay performers in the 1930s. It starts with Eva Le Gallienne, who instituted the revolving-repertory model on Broadway and founded the Civic Repertory Theatre. Meanwhile, Cole Porter has been recognized as one of the most cynical hetero-married gays as his ballads were often obsessed or fatalistic. The chapter also considers the threat of the Wales Padlock Law that was designed to block any depiction of gay life to the public. In response, theatre people have devised ways to skip the law with performances such as Thomas H. Dickinson's Winter Bound (1929) and Mordaunt Shairp's The Green Bay Tree (1933).
The 1980s
Authors: Mordden Ethan
Published: March 2023

This chapter explores the styles presented in theatre during the 1980s. It discusses the eccentric themes of several plays such as Salammbo’s (1985) and Camille (1973) which were featured at the Ridiculous Theatrical Company under the guidance of Charles Ludlam. Ludlam’s style proved to be extremely influential in the comic wing of experimental theatre. Moreover, the Ridiculous Theatrical Company continued Ludlam’s repertory even after his passing, and Charles Busch inherited his style. Busch also moved into a Broadway postwar mainstream comedy style. The chapter also considers why gays are enthusiastic about musicals and raises the theory that young gay people needed an angle and musicals make a person smart. A New Brain (1998) presented a piece with clever lyrics and complex character relationships based on antagonism. Finally, the chapter covers examples of gay themes in theatres like the works of Stephen Sondheim.
The Fundamentalist Work Ethic
Authors: Lynn Andrew
Published: March 2023

This chapter lays out the background context of the book’s larger tracing of changes in work orientations. In the latter half of the nineteenth century, white conservative Protestants began diverging from both other Protestants and the larger American social order. A combination of forces exerted a lasting shape on the conservative Protestantism that crystallized at the beginning of the twentieth century: an inward-focused Keswick theology, the world-rejecting apocalypticism of dispensationalist theology, and growing social distance from the rapidly shifting demographics of the United States. This chapter examines lay-directed religious texts speaking to ideas of work, economics, and career in order to inductively construct a “fundamentalist work ethic” taking form among conservative Protestants of the era. This work ethic subordinated work to contemplative piety and the urgency of evangelism. A larger analysis suggests that fundamentalist theology failed to offer a priestly religion for capitalism due to its focus on eschatology and personal duties to channel wealth toward supporting missionary work. This chapter concludes with a review of the enduring effects of the fundamentalist work ethic as a cultural orientation promoted by the evangelist Billy Graham and other neo-evangelical efforts.
Evolutionary Success
Authors: McShea Daniel W.
Published: March 2023

“Success” is a value term, but which values are relevant to evolutionary success? This chapter presents a conceptual scheme identifying six alternative value bases, six alternative sources of value in the world: God, reason, nature, the unique human individual, culture, and human nature. Only two are relevant to a contemporary discussion of evolutionary success. One is the human nature basis in which success is understood in terms of things that all humans value, commonalities in our values arising from our shared affective profile. The other is a value basis rooted in nature, in the tendencies present in the evolutionary process—in other words, what the process favors or “values,” with value understood in a metaphorical sense. The chapter offers a list of possible variables that might be favored by the process, along with some suggestions for how to investigate them empirically (and warnings about how not to).
Human Success
Authors: Hourdequin Marion
Published: March 2023

Success is a teleological concept, defined in terms of a particular type of goal or outcome. From a biological point of view, organism-level evolutionary success is typically defined in relation to organismic fitness. At the species level, success might be assessed based on the persistence or proliferation of a particular species. This chapter argues that neither a persistence nor a proliferation approach to human success adequately captures the ethical dimensions of human success, and thus neither is satisfactory as a general conception of human success. For example, biological conceptions of human success that focus on persistence and proliferation of Homo sapiens relative to other species cannot be easily squared with broader conceptions of human success that focus on the ethical value of humans’ coexistence with other species. Prominent biological conceptions of success, though appropriate for certain contexts, can’t account for the diverse ways that human success might reasonably be conceived.
Introduction
Authors: Sorett Josef
Published: March 2023

Centrally, this text invites closer consideration of the terms through which “The Black Church,” as both an institution and an idea, has been conceived of within black social life and beyond. Through an assessment of the online debate surrounding Eddie Glaude’s “The Black Church Is Dead,” the introduction highlights the ways in which The Black Church has figured within the academy and in American public life, but also specifically in the context of the field of Black Studies. Generally, Black Studies has adopted an ostensibly secular orthodoxy, where the analytical category of religion—and Afro-Protestantism in particular—has often remained undertheorized. In setting the stage for the chapters that follow, this introduction contends that Black Studies might benefit from a rethinking of its secularist assumptions, as Afro-Protestantism has for centuries comprised the center of a tradition of black theory and practice.
The Afterlives of Afro-Protestantism
Authors: Sorett Josef
Published: March 2023

Chapter 4 explores three more recent examples of Afro-Protestant modernity involving scholarship (via black religious studies in the 1980s), literature (via black cultural criticism in the 1990s), and, finally, black protest politics during the 2010s. In doing so, this chapter confirms the abiding powers of the religious and racial logics that animate a desire to decenter the church (as the perceived primary institutional context for black politics and culture), which surfaced anew during the rise of #BlackLivesMatter or the Movement for Black Lives. To do so, this final chapter revisits the respective foci of chapters 1, 2, and 3 (literature, politics, and scholarship) while underlining one of the book’s central claims: that attempts to decenter Afro-Protestantism, descriptive accounts of its decline, and polemics about its demise have often served as the very conditions of possibility for its persistence and reinvention. Ultimately, this chapter focuses on the ways in which a prevailing argument regarding the declining relevance of religion in modern black life has functioned, often by design, to make a claim for a renewed role for religion (and often black churches specifically) in the present moment.
The Kingdom of Lydia
Authors: Payne Annick
Published: March 2023

The chapter discusses the kingdom of Lydia, a major Anatolian power in the first millennium bc, famous for its wealth and especially for the invention of coinage. Lydia dominated western Asia Minor in the first half of the sixth century bc, closely interacting with its various Near Eastern and Greek neighbors, until the defeat of its final king Croesus at the hands of Cyrus II of Persia. Tales of Lydia’s last ruling dynasty, the so-called Mermnad Dynasty from Gyges to Croesus, have influenced European literature since Classical times, while information about this clan is only now emerging from Lydian texts, as recent advances in Lydian philology and archaeology are readjusting the research focus on Lydia’s Near Eastern heritage. After introducing the region and the history of its settlement, the chapter presents the Lydian language, the extant Lydian inscriptions, and the other available sources that inform the subsequent overview of the history of this influential state.
Early Saba and Its Neighbors
Authors: Nebes Norbert
Published: March 2023

At the beginning of the first millennium bc, highly developed polities using alphabetic writing and monumental architecture emerged on the fringes of the central Yemeni highlands in the large dry deltas leading into the desert. The most important of these was the state of the Sabeans, who sent their caravans from their capital Marib along the Incense Route to the Mediterranean and Mesopotamia. The chapter focuses on the period from 800 to 400 bc, when Saba ruled large parts of South Arabia. The rich epigraphic documentation and especially the deed reports of the two Sabaean rulers Yiṯa‘’amar and Karib’il provide insight into a historical scenario characterized by wars and mutual alliances of the Sabeans with their South Arabian neighbors, as well as into the concept of Sabaean domination. On the basis of current archaeological and epigraphic research, special attention is also given to the topography of the oasis of Marib and nearby Sirwah, Saba’s second center in this period, as well as on the immigration of Sabaeans to Eritrea and Ethiopia and their center in Yeha in the Tigrayan highlands.
The Persian Empire under the Achaemenid Dynasty, from Darius I to Darius III
Authors: Potts D. T.
Published: March 2023

Founded by Darius I, the Achaemenid Dynasty ruled over an empire stretching, at its greatest extent, from Libya to India, and from Central Asia and the Caucasus to Upper Egypt. The direct and indirect descendants of Darius maintained power for nearly two centuries, until the Macedonian conqueror, Alexander the Great, defeated the last Achaemenid king, Darius III, and his short-lived successor, Artaxerxes V. Over the course of its existence, the Achaemenid Dynasty suffered numerous internal and external shocks, ranging from palace coups to foreign attack. Using a far-flung system of provincial governors (satraps) to enforce order and crush rebellions, it was generally successful, even if reversals in Greece, and their descriptions by Greek historians, colored later views of their state as a decadent and scarcely credible empire. Egypt and Asia Minor proved particularly difficult, and witnessed numerous revolts, but the capitals of the Persian Empire, in Iraq and western Iran (Babylon, Susa, Ecbatana, and Persepolis), were never threatened until the Macedonians brought war into the Persian heartland, and caused the downfall of what had been, up to that point, the largest empire in world history.
The Satrapies of the Persian Empire
Authors: Basello Gian Pietro
Published: March 2023

The satrapies of Persia (Old Persian Parsa) and Elam (Old Persian Uja) were at the core of the Persian Empire. While Persia roughly corresponds to the modern Iranian province of Fars, and Elam to the province of Khuzestan, their boundaries cannot be traced precisely on a map. They housed two iconic centers of power, from where most of the known royal inscriptions of the Achaemenid Dynasty originate: in Persia, the monumental complex of Persepolis (Parsa, modern Takht-e Jamshid), and in Elam, the ancient city of Susa (modern Shush). It is in these cities that one can best observe the entanglement of Elamite and Iranian cultural elements that shaped the creation and consolidation of the Persian Empire. Persia occupied the land surrounding the ancient Elamite city of Anšan, situated in the same high plain as the later foundation of Persepolis, and various groups of Persians are attested in Susa before the rise of the Persian Empire. Beyond Susa and Persepolis, lowland Susiana and the intermontane plains were key production areas for crop farming, fruit growing, and cattle breeding, as is documented in detail by the Persepolis Fortification tablets, a group of administrative texts primarily in the Elamite language. The classical authors, too, provide information on the satrapies of Persia and Elam and political events related to them, especially in connection with Alexander the Great and his army, reporting also on the mountain peoples living on these regions’ fringes.
The Satrapies of the Persian Empire
Authors: Traina Giusto
Published: March 2023

This chapter discusses the history and the geography of Media and Armenia during the Persian imperial period, from the conquest of Media to the campaigns of Alexander the Great. From the very beginning, epigraphic evidence and literary sources connect Media and Armenia, and it is likely that the satrapy of Greater Media was subdivided into two main administrative units: Media (Old Persian Mada) and Armenia (Old Persian Armina). In turn, Armenia was subdivided into two further subunits: Western Armenia and Eastern Armenia. Whereas there is scanty evidence on Media, one can trace certain aspects of local power in Armenia, especially at the end of the fifth century bc with the rise of the Orontid rulers, which does not seem to result in the Persian Empire reconfiguring the satrapal system. However, in the course of fourth century bc, the ethnogenesis of the sub-Caucasian peoples profoundly changed the region’s geopolitical order.
The Satrapies of the Persian Empire
Authors: Heller André
Published: March 2023

The chapter provides an overview of the Persian Empire’s rule over Babylonia and Assyria, covering historical events as well as social and economic aspects. After his victory over the Babylonians, Cyrus the Great was given a ceremonial reception in Babylon and was staged in the inscription of the Cyrus Cylinder as their liberator from the unjust rule of Nabonidus, the last king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire. This positive image of Cyrus is contrasted with other testimonies, and his success is explained by the fact that he did not intervene in the local administration or in the temples, which were important for the royal economy. Babylonia was a central satrapy of the Persian Empire and Babylon one of its main imperial residences. Nevertheless, there were revolts against Persian rule under Darius I and Xerxes I. The latter’s characterization as a despot, which was shaped by Herodotus and other classical authors, has recently seen revision. Although there is no archaeological evidence for his alleged destruction of temples, the cuneiform documentation nevertheless shows that administrative restructuring, changes concerning the temples, and a disentanglement between Southern and Northern Babylonia took place at that time, and this is best explained as consequences of the uprisings. Clear parallels to Cyrus’s actions can be seen in Alexander the Great. He, too, ceremonially entered Babylon after his victory over Darius III and staged himself as “king of Babylon.” Overall, the chapter draws an ambivalent picture of Persian rule over Babylonia, opening up perspectives for further research.
The Satrapies of the Persian Empire in Egypt
Authors: Agut-Labordère Damien
Published: March 2023

For a long time dominated by Egypt, the historiography of the African holdings of the Persian Empire has in recent years given a more prominent role to Nubia and especially to Libya. This chapter shows that Cambyses, after defeating the last ruler of the Saite Dynasty (Twenty-sixth Dynasty), likely did not limit his ambitions to Egypt. However, the difficulty that the Persian Empire experienced throughout the fifth and fourth centuries bc in maintaining their power in the region was arguably a factor in why the Persian authorities chose to concentrate on the Nile valley. The variety and wealth of written sources discovered in Egypt make it one of the few satrapies where the functioning of the imperial administration is best documented at all levels of its action. The political investment of the Persian Empire in Egypt matches the strong presence of Egyptians throughout the imperial lands, notably in the military forces but also in the heart of power in Susa and Persepolis.
The Southeastern Regions of the Persian Empire on the Indo-Iranian Frontier
Authors: Callieri Pierfrancesco
Published: March 2023

This chapter covers five territories of the Persian Empire, which in Bruno Jacob’s interpretation of the imperial territorial organization correspond to different degrees and concepts of administrative geography, with Arachosia representing the only “Great Satrapy.” While only Sattagydia still presents problems in its precise geographical identification, all these regions—except for Drangiana—belong to the “Indo-Iranian frontier,” for whose understanding the (rare) written sources must be combined with the representations of their peoples in the Persian Empire’s official art, especially as bearers of the imperial throne: their cultural orientation is evident in the fact that the Arachosian and the Drangianian are shown wearing Iranian dress, whereas the Sattagydian, the Gandaran, the Indian, and the Gedrosian wear Indian dress. The chapter endeavors to trace the manifestation of an imperial presence in the frontier satrapies through a detailed analysis of the archaeological sources, which show in particular the important role of Drangiana within the Iranian plateau. Due to methodological issues, the evidence from the sites of Charsada and Taxila is problematic. However, the sound methodology of the excavations at Kandahar, Akra, and Barikot allows for a more secure interpretation of the archaeological sequence, in which some features attesting to a Persian imperial presence can be isolated. The chapter therefore also stresses the need for renewed, methodologically sound excavations at Charsada and Taxila.
The Mandates
Authors: Matthiesen Toby
Published: March 2023

This chapter discusses the British and French mandates that operated on sectarian politics while treating Sunnis and Shia differently. It cites how the mandate period profoundly shifted relations between religious groups. The French, who were pro-Christians, alienated the Sunnis and fostered new senses of togetherness with Shii-leaning groups. On the other hand, the British adoption of Sunni biases towards the Shia led to the idea that Sunnis were more authentically “Arab” and less problematic partners. The chapter explains how the separate institutionalisation of Muslim communities strengthened confessional boundaries between them at a time when urbanisation and migration brought people into closer contact.
(How) can psychologists study religion?
Authors: Jong Jonathan
Published: March 2023

This chapter introduces the reader to basic methods used by psychologists, and discusses the challenges they face especially when studying religion. It begins by contrasting correlational and experimental methods, using as its primary example scientific research on the efficacy of prayer. It then considers what makes a good—a reliable and valid—measurement instrument, first by looking at two of the most commonly-used types of tests, IQ tests and personality tests, before specifically addressing measures of psychological states and traits relevant to religion. The chapter concludes that measurement remains difficult in psychological science, and despite advances in neuroscience, traditional self-report and performance-based tasks remain essential in a psychologist’s toolkit.
Are children creationists?
Authors: Jong Jonathan
Published: March 2023

This chapter describes a series of studies conducted over a decade by Deborah Kelemen. The first few studies were about how children explain features of the natural world. For adults, it is sensible to say that some things and not others exist to serve specific functions. Noses are for smelling, but rocks aren’t for anything: useful as we may find them, they do not exist for our sake, but are products of physical processes like volcanic activity. Children, it turns out, see functions and purposes all over the place: this may be the psychological foundation of creationist and intelligent design beliefs, as well as the belief that “everything happens for a reason.” Having first observed this in British and American children, Kelemen then conducted similar experiments in different contexts, including among children in China and scientists at elite American universities. The chapter considers the importance of follow-up studies and long-term research programs.
Other applications of multi-dimensional coherent spectroscopy in Physics
Authors: Li Hebin , Lomsadze Bachana , Moody Galan , Smallwood Christopher L. , Cundiff Steven T.
Published: March 2023

Multi-dimensional coherent spectroscopy on a variety of materials and systems relevant to physics and materials science is discussed. This chapter provides a summary of results from material systems not already covered in previous chapters of the book. These include semiconductor carbon nanotubes, color centers in diamond, and perovskite materials. The technique elucidates several important features in each of these systems, including the homogeneous linewidths and dephasing processes, population relaxation channels and mechanisms, carrier redistribution dynamics, and coherent phonon interactions.
On What Matters
Authors: Chadha Monima
Published: March 2023

The Buddhist no-self and no-person revisionary metaphysics aims to produce a better structure that is motivated by the normative goal of eliminating, or at least reducing, suffering. The revised structure, in turn, entails a major reconsideration of our ordinary everyday person-related concerns and practices and interpersonal attitudes, such as moral responsibility, praise and blame, compensation, and social treatment. This chapter compares Vasubandhu’s and Parfit’s stance on persons. Although Parfit flirts with eliminativism about persons, he stops short of defending it because of his implicit commitment to avoiding a wholesale revision of our actual person-related practices. Contemporary philosophers, following Parfit, assume that the cost of a wholesale revision of our ordinary practices is too high. This chapter explores the extent to which we must alter and perhaps discard some of our ordinary person-related practices and normative commitments in light of the revisionary Abhidharma metaphysics.
Ikpana Interrogatives
Authors: Kandybowicz Jason , Baron Bertille , Duncan Philip T. , Katsuda Hironori
Published: March 2023

This book documents the interrogative system of Ikpana, an endangered indigenous Ghana-Togo Mountain language of eastern Ghana also known as Logba. The system is notable is several respects. It exhibits features that: 1) buck certain typological trends, 2) act as counterexamples to certain claims about language universals, and 3) exemplify fascinating patterns that are either rare or unfamiliar in interrogative systems crosslinguistically. The book provides a theoretically informed description and analysis of Ikpana interrogative grammar, encompassing both syntactic and phonological aspects of question formation in the language, including intonation and prosody, drawing on original fieldwork and a combination of formal/theoretical and experimental methodologies. Our coverage includes the following phenomena: polar questions; wh- questions; wh- movement; partial wh- movement; wh- in situ; indirect questions; multiple wh- questions; and superiority, intervention, and island effects, among others. Over the course of the book, we demonstrate the value of documenting aspects of a language with theoretical considerations in mind by showing that theoretically guided language documentation has the potential to not only make significant contributions to language description, uncovering the existence of gaps in the documentary record of a language, but also the ability to grow our understanding of the human language faculty and expand the empirical base of our language typologies. We argue that by bringing formal/theoretical concerns to the fore when documenting a language, we can reach richer descriptions of the grammar in ways that would have been impossible if the task had been approached from a purely descriptive perspective.
From Luxuria to Lust
Authors: Berno Francesca Romana
Published: March 2023

This chapter offers an overview of some Latin writers from the second to the fourth century ce, who manifest different attitudes towards luxuria: Pliny the Younger witnesses the acceptance of a certain degree of luxury in everyday Roman life as typical of senatorial class; historiography is a conservative literary genre, so Suetonius and Tacitus still look at it as a mark of degradation, whose main model is Nero; in his novel, Apuleius shows the switch from the economic to the erotic meaning of the term. Finally, Christian authors, such as Tertullian, Augustine, and Prudentius, on one side share the focus on lust which will lead luxuria, read in this sense, to enter the list of the Seven Capital Sins; on the other side, they show strong links with Pagan tradition and rely on its commonplaces (e.g. the connection with desire, pleasure, and weakness) and rhetorical devices (e.g. personification as a seducing woman).
Numerical Methods for Field Operations
Authors: Delaney Fredrickson , Delaney Kris T.
Published: March 2023

Chapter 4 provides an introduction to numerical methods for resolving fields and conducting field-based operations such as differentiation and convolution. Spectral collocation methods using Fourier and Chebyshev bases are emphasized, which permit efficient field operations based on highly-optimized fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithms. Parallel implementations on multi-core central processing units (CPUs) and graphics processing units (GPUs) are described.
Loving the Monsters
Authors: Williams Deborah Lindsay
Published: March 2023

This chapter examines novels by Rebecca Roanhorse and Nancy Farmer, arguing that these texts illustrate a causal link between climate catastrophe and the perspectives that “other” entire populations, thus rendering them (and their geographies) available for exploitation. These novels dramatize a cosmopolitan critique of US identity politics, while demonstrating the need for a more expansive cosmopolitan theory that can better accommodate both feminism and the idea of nonhuman agency, sustained engagements with questions about female agency, environmental stewardship, and the nature of home. This chapter suggests that we can affiliate with those who are unlike us and that the monsters we most have to fear are the monsters who see the world solely in terms of commodity.
Making Bridges
Authors: Williams Deborah Lindsay
Published: March 2023

This chapter examines YA fiction by Nalo Hopkinson and Nnedi Okorafor and draws on Raymond Williams’s idea of dominant/residual/emergent in order to see how emergent practices—particularly those rooted in religious traditions—enable a shift of emphasis away from national or State-based identities to non-natal kinship groups as a source of power, resistance, and safety. These novels illustrate the power of reimagining the local as a challenge to dominant, environmentally destructive systems. The ancient belief systems that characters rediscover ultimately serve as modes of resistance to the Anglo-European legacies of colonialism and imperialism that have done such damage to the planet and its inhabitants.
The Knowledge Argument and the Subject of Experience
Authors: Howell Robert J.
Published: March 2023

Chapter 2 presents a version of the knowledge argument about the subject of experience. Given only objective knowledge, knowledge of the sort provided by the physical sciences, one cannot deduce that a system has a self or subject of experience. The subject of experience, like phenomenal states, eludes the objective perspective. It is tempting to think that this amounts to no more than the original point of the knowledge argument and that there is no further fact about subjecthood that escapes objective grasp. A conceivability argument is thus provided which argues that even if one knows all the phenomenal states a system has, in addition to all the objective facts about that system, one could still conceive that the system had different numbers of subjects.
Against Subjective Character
Authors: Howell Robert J.
Published: March 2023

Even if we are not explicitly presented with a subject of experience, it might be that consciousness is nonetheless shot through with subjectivity. Conscious states, some say, contain a subjective character even if they do not themselves present the subject. Chapter 4 distinguishes this claim from similar claims and argues against the existence of subjective character. It defends the anonymity thesis—that there is no “mineness” character to our conscious states. They are, instead, transparent and tend to direct our attention away from the self. After considering phenomenological arguments in favor of subjective character, the chapter considers an empirical argument based on the phenomenon of pathological depersonalization and arguments from the sense of bodily ownership. It is argued that there is an account of that phenomenon that is consistent with the anonymity thesis.
Pre-Reflective Self-Consciousness
Authors: Howell Robert J.
Published: March 2023

While we can explicitly reflect upon ourselves and our mental states, we often don’t. It would be odd to walk around thinking “I am thinking.” Nevertheless, it seems that there is a sense that even when we are engaged in unreflective tasks we know we are conscious. There is, according to many philosophers, a pre-reflective self-consciousness that ultimately underwrites our moments of explicit self-consciousness. Consciousness is, in some sense, always self-consciousness. Chapter 5 considers the nature of pre-reflective self-consciousness and considers an argument for its existence. It is argued that while there is pre-reflective self-consciousness it doesn’t introduce extra complexity into the structure of consciousness. Instead, there is a deflationary account of pre-reflective self-consciousness that is consistent with the elusiveness of the subject and the anonymous character of conscious experiences.
I-Thoughts and Self-Awareness
Authors: Howell Robert J.
Published: March 2023

Though the subject of experience is elusive, we do have self-awareness and it grounds some of the most certain judgments we can make. Chapter 6 argues that this self-awareness is indirect and is grounded in our knowledge of our own conscious states. On this “conscious-state view,” in our most fundamental case of self-awareness, we are aware of ourselves as the subjects of our conscious states. This view also has the benefit of providing an account of the “essential indexical.” A semantics for basic self-knowledge is provided, and the chapter concludes with answers to a series of objections that have been leveled against this “conscious state view.” By securing the certainty of the cogito in a way that is consistent with the elusiveness of the self, the conscious state view provides a compelling solution to the puzzle of self-awareness.
The Parliamentary Path to the Brexit Referendum
Authors: Russell Meg , James Lisa
Published: March 2023

This chapter explores the parliamentary developments before the Brexit referendum. It starts with the UK’s entry into the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1973 before covering the debates between the Conservative governments of Margaret Thatcher and John Major, and the Labour governments of Tony Blair and Gordon Brown. Both Westminster’s main parties had conflicted views about how to respond to the referendum result. The chapter elaborates further on the divided political parties, correlating with the extent to which backbenchers can use parliament to exert their power. The use of referendums raised questions about parliament's sovereignty after David Cameron’s commitment to facilitate the vote in the 2016 referendum.
Seeking, but Losing, a Majority: The 2017 General Election
Authors: Russell Meg , James Lisa
Published: March 2023

This chapter tackles the snap general election of June 2017. It starts with Theresa May’s promises to deliver a considerable political experience concerning Brexit. Even though she promised not to hold an early election, she did, and the 2017 snap election resulted in losses for the Conservative Party and left May to continue her premiership as the head of a minority government with the support of the Northern Ireland Democratic Unionist Party (DUP). Moreover, May’s leadership was hugely undermined as her credibility dropped. The chapter elaborates on the dynamics of a minority government. It looks into the opportunity May had of appealing directly to the public instead of taking a cross-party approach in parliament.
Determining the Form of Brexit
Authors: Russell Meg , James Lisa
Published: March 2023

This chapter discusses the options for Brexit, and parliamentarians’ attempts to influence the detailed Brexit outcome. It also looks into parliament’s role in foreign affairs. When negotiations began with the EU, it became increasingly clear that there were tensions between the ‘red lines’ that Theresa May had set out shortly after becoming Prime Minister as she tried to retain Northern Ireland’s stability because the Belfast/Good Friday Agreement relied on an open border with the Republic of Ireland. Through various mechanisms, parliamentarians sought to influence the negotiations, potentially to edge the Prime Minister towards a softer Brexit. However, no clear majority emerged despite the formation of groups on a cross-party basis.
The European Union as ‘Militant Democracy’?
Authors: Larsen Signe Rehling
Published: March 2023

This chapter demonstrates that the project of European integration and the post-Second World War development of a new form of value order constitutionalism at the domestic level are elements of a broader post-fascist constitutional project. Nevertheless, this chapter asks whether post-fascist constitutionalism applies equally to all the member states. The chapter suggests that, together with post-fascist constitutionalism, the member states of the EU are characterized by at least two additional varieties of constitutionalism: evolutionary constitutionalism and post-communist constitutionalism. These varieties of constitutionalism are not characterized by a foundational fear of the people or constrained democracy. For that reason, they do not look to the EU as a guarantor of democracy at the domestic level. The argument for the EU as a transnational militant democracy is therefore less convincing for the member states that are not influenced by post-fascist constitutionalism.
Messianism, Exodus, and the Empty Signifier of European Integration
Authors: Somek Alexander , Rendl Jakob
Published: March 2023

In most his most recent accounts of European integration, J.H.H. Weiler claims that Europe was built with Messianic fervour. After the destruction and evil wrought by the Second World War, Europe was supposed to be a ‘promised land’. The article examines how Weiler conflates the narrative of the exodus with the Messianic leap into a different aeon and concludes that they have to be held distinct. It also suggests that Weiler’s fusion of two distinct religious ideas betrays the force of ‘Europe’ as an ‘empty signifier’ (Laclau) of integration.
The Constitutional Imaginary and the Metabolic Realities of European Integration
Authors: Lindseth Peter L
Published: March 2023

The understanding of the EU as an autonomously constitutional entity—what this volume calls the EU’s ‘constitutional imaginary’—has primarily served as an ideology that legal elites and other proponents of integration have used to combat Europe’s polycentric, state-based constitutional realities. The core weakness of this ideology has been its almost exclusive focus on the ‘constraint’ function of constitutionalism rather than on the actual ‘constitution’ of power in a socio-political sense. The latter refers to the capacity of a system of governance not just to produce constraining legal norms but also to mobilize human and fiscal resources in a legitimate and compulsory fashion toward ends that governing bodies select. The construction of this sort of genuinely ‘metabolic’ constitution in the EU—one unmediated through the member states—is the true Rubicon that European governance must cross in order to turn its ‘constitutional imaginary’ into a socio-political reality.
The Struggle for Health
Authors: Sanders David
Published: March 2023

This iconic book has had a significant influence in providing students of public health, health professionals in training, and health and development activists, amongst others, with a new perspective on health and development. It answers the questions that preoccupy the concerned health or development worker, as well as the general public—why do people, especially children, still die in large numbers throughout the world, from wholly preventable diseases? Why is it that appropriate provision for health care is not available to every individual in the world? What changes can be made to improve this situation? This book provides an accessible and deeply insightful analysis of the impact of the economic and political forces that shape the population health outcomes of communities, in particular the health of the world’s poor within and across countries. It investigates the impact of poverty and underdevelopment on people’s lives as a root cause of ill-health. It calls on health care workers to expand their work beyond only providing medical care, and to also focus on addressing the social determinants of health and issues of social justice. Comprehensive Primary Health Care, community health workers and civil society activist groups are championed as solutions.
Health, Population and Inequality
Authors: Sanders David , De Ceukelaire Wim , Hutton Barbara
Published: March 2023

This chapter provides a historical perspective to explain how imperialism is entrenched in the current world order. Debunking the myths about medical interventions and overpopulation, it explains how contemporary globalisation is a continuation of imperialist political and economic policies. Underdeveloped countries have not always been poor. The historical context demonstrates that they were subjected to a global economic system that perpetuates an uneven distribution of resources, which explains their being ‘underdeveloped’. The monopolistic control by transnational corporations (TNCs) of the global food chain threatens each country’s capacity for development and the realisation of their populations’ right to food, directly and indirectly affecting health and well-being and placing them in a situation of high vulnerability and dependency. The conclusion drawn is that development requires that the mechanisms that keep people ‘underdeveloped’ are removed.
The Commercialisation of Health Care
Authors: Sanders David , De Ceukelaire Wim , Hutton Barbara
Published: March 2023

As the capitalist economic and political system extended globally, capitalist medicine was introduced into underdeveloped countries. As in developed countries, stark inappropriate health services have been primarily a result of the transformation of health into a commodity. This has led to neglect of health promotion, stunting of preventive activities and overinflation of the curative component of health care. In most post-colonial countries, the health professions and the local elites have argued for western-style health care services. In many cases, they have sealed this by adopting the educational curricula and institutions of the former colonial power. In this way, international saleability of professionals’ skills is ensured and with it their frequent international migration. The transfer of capitalist medicine to underdeveloped countries has had other important effects. As in the developed world, medical professionals are predominantly from the higher social classes and frequently allies with both local and international business interests. Behind the apparently reasonable argument of ‘professional freedom’, doctors insist on the right to private practice, sophisticated and expensive facilities and equipment and unrestricted prescribing of expensive drugs. Their vested interests have led them to resist social change that would threaten the status quo nationally or globally. Thus, the history of the medical contribution, like all history, is one of conflicts and relationships between certain social forces. The chapter asks: Is it possible to make the necessary changes in this model, in either developed or underdeveloped countries, while these commercial determinants of health are still at work?
Seeking Sanctuary
Authors: Kaikkonen Tuukka , O’Driscoll Cian
Published: March 2023

The protection of cultural heritage sites in times of war is usually traced to The Hague Conventions 1954 or the Lieber Code. We argue, however, that its roots can be discerned in the much older notion of ‘sanctuary’. To show this, we examine the historical sanctuary tradition in western Eurasia from antiquity to the Middle Ages and contrast that with the heritage protections that are codified in international humanitarian law. We argue that many sanctuaries of old continue to enjoy protection as sites of cultural heritage today. However, we also see an intriguing contrast in how the sites and their occupants are given or denied protection: heritage protection norms are ostensibly more universal but also less extensive and less absolute than the norms that governed sanctuary spaces. This opens up exciting avenues for the study of spatial protections norms, laws, and practices in the context of war and its regulation.
Conflicts in Heritage Protection
Authors: Frowe Helen , Matravers Derek
Published: March 2023

The Inseparability Thesis holds that protecting heritage is inseparable from protecting people and therefore cannot conflict with protecting people. This chapter argues that we ought to reject this thesis. Conflicts between protecting heritage and protecting people are rife, both within and without war. Most obviously, these conflicts occur in cases of scarce resources. But they also occur when we distribute the risks of war. Protecting heritage can require combatants to impose risks on civilians and to incur risks to themselves. Judging the permissibility of imposing such risks and ordering combatants to incur them demands not only that we recognise conflicts between protecting heritage and protecting people but also that we develop a rubric for comparing the moral significance of harms to each. Implementing the provisions of the 1954 Hague Convention on the Protection of Cultural Property in Times of Armed Conflict also demands the use of such a rubric.
Heritage Tourism after Conflict
Authors: Bernard Penelope , Kirchin Simon
Published: March 2023

Many sites of war and conflict are turned into conflict heritage sites, explicitly created and maintained for tourism. Such sites raise a host of interesting questions and problems that are ripe for sustained philosophical attention. For example, is it ethical to create and visit such sites for pleasure given the conflict, death and suffering that occurred at them? Is it easier to justify creating and visiting such sites in the distant past rather than in the recent past, or does the passage of time make no moral difference? This chapter maps some of the main questions and considerations arising for conflict heritage tourism, and offers some initial responses in order to stimulate wider philosophical discussion.
Religion, Dynastic Politics, and Public Discourse
Authors: Smuts R. Malcolm
Published: March 2023

Focusing on the politics surrounding Elizabeth I’s last courtship by Francis of Valois, duke of Anjou, the chapter examines the intertwining of dynastic and religious politics at multiple levels, from the international arena down to rivalries between landed families within English localities. The queen’s proposed marriage to Anjou was intended to strengthen England against growing threats from Spain, but it also seemed likely to unsettle the balance of religious and noble dynastic power at the English court and in many localities. It triggered a controversy in which tropes of dynastic loyalty and dynastic libels—of which the most notorious was John Stubbs, The Gaping Gulf—both figured prominently. These fed into competing representations of public reactions to the match, intended to persuade the queen to embrace or reject it. The public was consistently pictured, not as a body of independent individuals, but as collections of people led by dynastic leaders, including the queen, Anjou, and individual nobles and gentry, whose virtuous or vicious conduct would determine the health of the state or polity.
The Containment of Militant English Catholicism
Authors: Smuts R. Malcolm
Published: March 2023

Recent work demonstrating the continuing vitality of English Catholicism well into Elizabeth’s reign demands that we rethink how threats of Catholic rebellion were contained. Clandestine missionary activity not only won converts but began to forge networks among Catholic activists which had the potential to facilitate political resistance and rebellion. The government responded not only by arresting and selectively executing priests but also by incarcerating hundreds of lay recusants and subjecting them, after their release, to bonds restricting their movements. It stepped up surveillance and implemented a system of county militias under the control of Protestants and loyalists. These measures probably did little to diminish Catholic belief, but they discouraged political activism among all but the most committed Catholic gentry, thereby impeding the formation of organized resistance, while giving Protestants substantial advantages in getting armed forces into the field quickly in any sudden emergency. The imprisonment, confinement to London, and flight into exile of Thomas Lord Paget is examined as a case study of these processes.