bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intra-species variation in maximum moisture content, cell-wall density and porosity of hardwoods
Authors: Riesco Muñoz Guillermo , Pulgar Lorenzo José Ángel
Published: October 2022

Some properties of wood, such as maximum moisture content, cell-wall density and porosity, are not well known, even though they affect the performance of chemical preservatives, glues and coatings on wood. This knowledge gap was addressed in the present study by analysing these physical properties in laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) wood. Laurel is a common hardwood tree in southern Europe. Seventeen laurel trees were felled for the study, and 300 defect-free specimens were obtained from the trees for analysis. The following mean values were obtained: wood maximum moisture content, 114%; cell-wall oven-dry density, 1198 kg m−3; and oven-dry wood porosity, 45%. Significant inter- and intra-tree variations in the three properties were observed. The inter-tree variation was mainly attributed to the tree age, and the trend suggests that wood maximum moisture content and porosity are expected to be lower in older trees than those under study. The values of the three properties were slightly, but statistically significantly, lower at the highest positions in the tree. Harvesting of the basal logs of young trees is therefore advisable only if more porous wood is required, and commercial exploitation of the whole trunk of mature trees is recommended if more compact wood is required. The variation in cell-wall density was not negligible, although this variable is often assumed to be approximately constant for all wood species. Maximum moisture content and wood porosity can be estimated using bulk or apparent density as a predictor variable.
Heaviside function as an activation function
Authors: Hatano Naoya , Ikeda Masahiro , Ishikawa Isao , Sawano Yoshihiro
Published: October 2022

The uniform closure of the neural networks with Heaviside activation is specified.
Sustainability Value – Ökologie und Ökonomie auf einen Blick
Authors: Kurek Rainer , Chennoju Sai
Published: October 2022

Klima- und Energiewende, Umwelt- und Ressourcenschonung gehören zu den zentralen Herausforderungen unserer Zeit. Nachhaltigkeit gewinnt an Bedeutung. Um der „Corporate Social Responsibility“ gerecht werden zu können, ist es nötig, Produkte für den Markt vorzusehen, die ein positives Ökologie- und Ökonomie-Verhältnis ermöglichen. Die Sustainability-Value-Analyse ist ein Management-Instrument, das genau diesen Zweck erfüllt, wie am Beispiel einer „NFK in 3D“-Tragstruktur der NAchhaltigen MIttel-KOnsole „NAMIKO“ dargestellt wird: Nachhaltigkeit im „Frontloading“.
Impact of the annealing temperature on the structural, morphology and optical properties of bilayer thin films In/Se prepared by thermal evaporation method
Authors:   Department of physics, College of Education, Al- Qadisiyah University, Qadisiyah, Iraq, Kadham Z. K. , Hussain S. A. ,   Department of physics, College of Science, Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq
Published: October 2022

Thermal evaporation in a high vacuum was utilized under a pressure of (10 -5 m bar) to deposit indium selenium (In/Se) multilayer thin films on a glass substrate with a constant overall thickness of (350 nm). For (100,300°C)annealing temperatures results of (XRD ) showed the appearance of the two compounds (In2Se3 ) and (In/Se ), while the morphological tests showed that films had uniform and homogeneous surfaces free of voids and islands and spectral analysis (Uv.-Vis. ) showed to anneal temperatures affect grain formation and grain splitting in the film. Increased annealing led to an increase in absorbance while decreasing the energy gap noting that the Hall effect tests showed that the prepared compound is of the type n-type.
Development of chitosan base PbBiS2 thin films for photovoltaic application
Authors:   Department of Chemistry, Vel Tech Multi Tech Dr.Rangarajan Dr.Sakunthala Engineering College, Avadi, Tamilnadu, India, Shanthi D. , Yogananthb A. ,   Department of Chemistry, Sanghamam College of Arts and Science, Melmalyanur, Tamilnadu, India., Anandhavelu S. ,   Department of Applied Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Pennalur, Sriperumbudur-602117,Tamilnadu, India, Balasubramanian V. ,   Department of Science, Amrita Vidyalayam, Nallampalayam, Coimbatore 641 006, Tamil Nadu, India, Suresh J. ,   Department of Chemistry, Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College, N.G.G.O Colony, Coimbatore-641 022, Tamilnadu, India., Babu S. A. ,   Department of Applied Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Pennalur, Sriperumbudur-602117,Tamilnadu, India, Sarveswaran S. ,   Department of Robotics and Automation, Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College, Coimbatore-641 022, Tamilnadu, India
Published: October 2022

Novel poly-crystalline nature of chitosan (CS) based Lead Bismuth Sulphide (PbBiS2) thin films have been deposited at different deposition temperatures by chemical bath deposition (CBD), a lucid and low cost technique. Structural, optical and electrical properties of the films were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy dispersive analysis of X-ray (EDAX), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Spectrophotometry, Photoluminescence, Hall Effect and Current-Voltage (I-V) estimations. The films were identified to be polycrystalline with orthorhombic shape. The films exhibited a highly reflective surface with a metal appearance. The optical band differences on the films ranged from 2.22 to 1.97 eV. The negative nature of the Hall coefficients indicated that the majority of load-carrying materials were electrons. The intensity of the photo-luminescence emission was increased. Current-voltage measurements reported the semiconductor nature of the film. The prepared thin films are suitable for solar cell applications.
Immobilization of erosion ions in seawater by Fe-Al bimetallic hydroxide
Authors:   School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China, Fu C. H. , Ge Y. M. ,   School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China, Zhan Q. W. ,   School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China, Wang A. H. ,   China Construction Industrial & Energy Engineering Group Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210046, China, Zhou J. L. ,   School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China, Pan Z. H. H. ,   School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
Published: October 2022

Immobilization of erosion ions in seawater by Fe-Al bimetallic hydroxide was systematically analyzed. Firstly, Fe-Al bimetallic hydroxide was synthesized in the simulated solution of marine concrete crack area, and immobilization of chloride ion and sulfate ion was studied. The treatment effects of chloride ion and sulfate ion were obviously different, indicating that it had selectivity for ion immobilization. Secondly, immobilization of hydroxyl ion by bimetallic hydroxide was also demonstrated according to the high alkali environment in marine concrete crack area. The pH value of simulated solution decreased significantly, and the more solid products, the greater the decrease. Finally, microstructure and composition of Fe-Al bimetallic hydroxide was studied by SEM and EDS. The crystal presented spherical and spherical accumulation, which provided a natural place for immobilization of erosion ions. In addition to Fe, Al C, O, Na and Mg, chlorine and sulfur were found in Fe-Al bimetallic hydroxides. The simulated solution treated by Fe-Al bimetallic hydroxides was studied by FTIR. Erosion ions entered the interlayer structure of Fe-Al bimetallic hydroxide through ion exchange, while lactate ions were replaced into simulated solution. The results provided a new idea for improving the repair effect of concrete crack based on microbial mineralization.
Influence of the cerium-doped Fe2O3 on structural and morphological properties for enhanced photocatalytic performance
Authors:   Department of Physics, Arignar Anna Government Arts College, Attur, Salem636121, Tamilnadu, India, Umamaheswari G. T. , Surumbarkuzha N. ,   Department of Physics, Government Arts College, Salem – 636007, Tamilnadu, India, Kulathuraan K. ,   Department of Physics, Arulmigu Palaniandavar College of Arts & Culture, Dindigul Road, Palani-624601, Subramani S. ,   Department of Electronics, PSG College of Arts & Science, Coimbatore- 641 014, Tamilnadu, India, Thangarasu R. ,   Department of Physics, K.S. Rangasamy College of Arts & Science, Tiruchengode-637215, Tamilnadu, India, Arunachalam S. ,   Department of Electrochemistry, Saveetha School of Engineering (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai-602105, Tamilnadu, India, Kumar M. ,   Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung City - 413310, Taiwan
Published: October 2022

In this study, pure and Ce-doped Fe2O3 nanoparticles were prepared using the sol-gel technique, and the microstructural, morphological, electrical, and photocatalytic activities were studied. Here, these prepared samples were characterized by XRD, FTIR, HR-TEM, and SEM) with EDAX. The XRD pattern demonstrates that the Fe2O3 nanorods are highly crystalline, and Ce ions were properly incorporated into the Fe2O3 lattice. SEM images are to facilitate increasing Ce doping, nanorods, and nanosphere-like structures smooth Fe2O3 nanorods have appeared. The lattice spacing growth with SAED pattern along the direction plane [018] was measured to be roughly 0.21 nm, and element mapping using EDX analysis is observed to the distribution of Fe, Ce & O elements. The functional groups and chemical interactions of Ce-substituted Fe2O3 samples were measured using FTIR spectroscopy. In particular, a novel photocatalytic activity of the products was considered using methylene blue. The findings suggest that Ce-doped Fe2O3 products have greater MB reduction efficiency than undoped Fe2O3.
Development of Lab Scale MAVeP Mobility Prototype
Authors: Abd Mutalib Mohd Azri , Norsinnira Zainul Azlan
Published: October 2022

This paper presents the development, calibration and mechanism control of lab scale Motorised Adjustable Vertical Platform (MAVeP) mobility prototype. MAVeP has been developed and equipped with mecanum wheels to allow an omnidirectional movement. The omnidirectionality, or the ability to move in any direction, without altering the direction of the MAVeP’s body, makes this type of driving useful, especially in narrow and confined areas such as inside satellite assembly, integration and test centre (AITC). Since MAVeP has been delivered at AITC and high accuracy and repeatability movement are crucial during the application, a robot prototype representing MAVeP mobility has been designed and developed. The mechanical and electrical design, including all processes and components, are selected and explained in detail. The development of the robot prototype, its parameters and calibration are also discussed. The DC motor control for separate wheels of the MAVeP mobility prototype using PID controller and the calibrations to synchronous the four wheels’ rotation are also discussed in this paper. The experimental result shows that the robot prototype is established and ready to be used in research.
Autonomía, grupo y evaluación como dimensiones de un contexto de Educación Secundaria. Explorando sus características y las opiniones de los estudiantes
Authors: Martinenco Rebeca Mariel , Vaja Arabela Beatriz , Martín Rocío Belén
Published: October 2022

El objetivo general del trabajo es explorar las características que asume un contexto de aprendizaje particular de Educación Secundaria y las opiniones que los estudiantes expresan al respecto. Los objetivos específicos del estudio fueron: a) describir y analizar características del contexto como la autonomía, el grupo y la evaluación; y b) indagar acerca de las opiniones que poseen los estudiantes respecto a las mencionadas dimensiones. Se trabajó con estudiantes de quinto año en clases de Lengua y Literatura, abordándose temáticas como el realismo mágico y la literatura española. Desde un enfoque cualitativo, en este estudio de caso se efectuaron observaciones con el fin de conocer lo que acontecía en las clases y se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a los doce estudiantes que asistían a dichas clases para conocer sus opiniones respecto de ciertas características y dimensiones de la secuencia de clase en cuestión. Los resultados obtenidos se organizan en torno a las tres dimensiones del contexto: autonomía, grupo y evaluación. Los mismos demuestran una marcada preferencia por tareas que promuevan la autonomía cognitiva, que se puedan llevar a cabo de manera grupal y que involucren una evaluación entendida como proceso. En las conclusiones se retoman los aportes del trabajo y se mencionan nuevas líneas de investigación derivadas del estudio realizado.
Optimization of Tuned Mass Damper for Submerged Floating Tunnel with Frequency-Domain Dynamics Simulation
Authors: Jin Chungkuk , Kim Sung-Jae , Kim MooHyun
Published: October 2022

In this study, the Tuned Mass Damper (TMD) optimization is carried out to reduce the resonant motion of Submerged Floating Tunnel (SFT) under wave excitations. The SFT dynamics is evaluated in frequency domain; a new approach to cost-effectively optimizing TMD parameters for a moored system is suggested. Discrete-Module-Beam (DMB) method is used to model the Tunnel; mooring lines are included as equivalent stiffness matrix through static-offset tests by the fully coupled model. Since the frequency-domain dynamics simulation model is employed, a significant reduction in optimization time can be achieved. TMD is installed at the tunnel’s mid-length to mitigate the lateral motion of the Tunnel and coupled with the Tunnel with translational and rotational springs and dampers. The optimization process for TMD parameters is performed through the Genetic Algorithm (GA). The GA generates the TMD mass and spring and damping coefficients. The dynamics simulation is performed under wave conditions and this process is repeated until the stopping criteria is satisfied. Results demonstrate that TMD with optimized parameters significantly reduces the lateral motion, especially near the system’s lowest lateral natural frequency. This frequency-domain optimization also works as intended with significantly decreased optimization time.
A concepção de Democracia tensionada entre a Pedagogia Libertária e a Gestão Escolar Democrática
Authors: Muller Rafael Sarto
Published: October 2022

O presente artigo teve como objetivo compreender os deslocamentos de sentidos de Democracia entre as concepções de Pedagogia Libertária e Gestão Escolar Democrática. Estando a primeira localizada dentro dos estudos críticos e anarquistas e a segunda baseada num paradigma liberal-capitalista, a incompatibilidade entre tais constructos torna-se superável a partir do surgimento da noção de Gestão Social. Assim, realizou-se uma revisão de literatura dos materiais acadêmicos disponíveis no Google Acadêmico que versassem sobre “Pedagogia Libertária” e “gestão social”. Como resultado, percebeu-se que a construção teórica sobre os pilares da Pedagogia Libertária e a crítica à Gestão Escolar Democrática através da Gestão Social envolvem a reconfiguração do conceito de Democracia em seus três aspectos principais: liberdade, igualdade e fraternidade. Na acepção mais comum de Gestão Escolar Democrática, a democracia tem caráter burguês e liberal, compondo-se da liberdade de exploração, da igualdade por padronização e fraternidade entre iguais e irmãos. A democracia proposta pela Pedagogia Libertária, diferentemente, entende uma liberdade com espontaneidade, a igualdade social com respeito às diferenças individuais e solidariedade coletiva com compartilhamento dos recursos.
Characteristics of germinated corn flour and influence of germination on cookie properties
Authors: Oskaybaş-Emlek B. , Özbey A. , Kahraman K.
Published: October 2022

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of germination on the physicochemical, structure, pasting, and morphological properties of corn. Germination improved total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant capacity (AC). Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) of flour showed that some starch granule was destroyed with germination. In the same way, pasting values decreased due to changes in the starch granule. FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infrared) spectra confirmed that germination leads to changes in the chemical structure. The XRD (X-ray diffractometer) analysis showed that patterns did not change with germination. In addition, raw and germinated corn flour were used in gluten-free cookie preparation. The cookie dough was evaluated for stickiness. The physical, textural, colour, TPC, and AC of cookie samples were determined. Gluten-free cookies prepared with germinated flour exhibited significantly higher AC due to increase in TPC. Germination could be used to enhance functional properties of corn.
Quality and nutritional characteristics of durum wheats grown in Anatolia
Authors: Unsal Canay Ferda , Sanal Turgay , Koskel Hamit
Published: October 2022

This study aimed to determine the quality and nutritional characteristics of durum wheat varieties commonly grown in Anatolia and detect changes in nutritional properties due to milling. There were significant differences in hectoliter weight, thousand kernel weight, hardness index, kernel size, ash, protein, beta-carotene contents, and SDS sedimentation values. The correlation between ash and phytic acid contents was significant (r=0.953). Over 60% reduction was observed in semolina samples’ phytic acid content compared to wheat. There were significant correlations between TDF and phytic acid contents in the durum wheat and semolina samples. Although the Zn, Fe, P, Ca, and B concentrations of the wheat samples grown in Central Anatolia were higher than those grown in South-eastern Anatolia, there was an opposite trend in their semolina samples. The results might benefit breeders in improving durum wheat’s technological and nutritional quality.
Losing insurance and psychiatric hospitalizations
Authors: Maclean Johanna Catherine , Tello-Trillo Sebastian , Webber Douglas
Published: October 2022

We study the effect of losing insurance on psychiatric – mental health disorder (MHD) and substance use disorder (SUD) – hospital-based care. Psychiatric disorders cost the U.S. over $1T each year and hospitalizations provide important and valuable care for patients with these disorders. We use variation in public insurance coverage (Medicaid) eligibility offered by a large-scale and unexpected disenrollment in the state of Tennessee in 2005 that lead to 190,000 individuals losing their insurance. Medicaid enrollees are at elevated risk for psychiatric disorders. Following the disenrollment, hospitalizations for SUDs declined by 15.4 percent. Findings suggest that MHD hospitalizations declined by 4.2 percent, but the coefficient estimate is imprecise. The expected financing of hospital care received also changed, with the probability that Medicaid was listed as the expected payer for MHD and SUD hospitalizations declining by 27.5 percent and 30.8 percent respectively post-disenrollment. We provide suggestive evidence that psychiatric health declined post-disenrollment.
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF DYNAMIC MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF GRAPHENE-REINFORCED ALUMINUM MATRIX COMPOSITES
Authors: Du Xiaoming , Lu Zhixuan , Guo Shuang
Published: October 2022

The effects of the strain rate of dynamic loading, volume fraction, shapes and orientation of graphene on the dynamic mechanical properties, deformation and damage of graphene/7075Al composites were simulated using the finite element method, and the damage mechanism of the composites under dynamic load was revealed. The flow strain-stress curves were obtained. The effect of strain rates on the flow stress of the composites was analyzed. The results show that graphene/7075Al composites exhibit a significant strain rate effect. With an increase in the volume fraction of graphene, the yield strength of the composites increases and the composites have significant stress-softening characteristics at a strain rate of 10000 s–1, leading to a reduced strain-hardening effect. The shape and orientation of graphene have an important influence on the dynamic mechanical properties and the extent of damage made to the composites. The flow stress of the composites increases with varying the graphene shape and orientation in the following order, respectively: prism < cylinder < platelet < disc and 0°< 3D < 90° < 45°. The extent of the damage to the composites increases in the following order: disc < platelet < cylinder < prism and 0° < 3D < 90° < 45°. The dynamic failure mechanism of graphene/7075Al composites is interface damage.
INFLUENCE OF Ce ADDITION ON THE MICROSTRUCTURE AND HOT-PROCESSING MAPS OF Mg-1Ca-0.5Mn ALLOYS
Authors: Cai Zhihui , Jia Yongyong , Fan Qinhong , Hou Yaojie , Ma Lifeng
Published: October 2022

To investigate the processability of Mg-1Ca-0.5Mn alloys with and without the addition of Ce, hot-compression tests were performed on a Gleeble-3800 thermo-mechanical simulator at 300–450 °C and 0.001–5 s–1. The flow stress, processing map, and microstructure characterization of the alloys were investigated. The results show that the flow stress of the Mg-1Ca-­0.5Mn-­0.5Ce alloy was significantly improved for all the thermomechanical deformation parameters, and the dynamic recrystallization phenomenon was delayed. This phenomenon was attributed to the finer grains and the dense distribution of the fine and coarse particles pinned at the grain boundaries. The processing map shows that the Mg-1Ca-0.5Mn-0.5Ce alloy has better processing performance at a low strain rate.
CHARACTERIZATION OF LIME MORTAR AND PLASTERS OF FORTRESS CONCEPCION DE LA VEGA
Authors: Prieto-Vicioso Esteban , Flores-Sasso Virginia , Martínez-Ramírez Sagrario , Ruiz-Valero Letzai , Pérez Gloria
Published: October 2022

The arrival of Christopher Columbus in America stimulated the creation of new settlements in which the materials and construction methods coming from Spain and those existing in the area were used. The first village built was La Isabela (1494) where the Spaniards found good limestone for ashlars and were able to make lime as well as good clay for earth walls, masonry walls, etc. After La Isabela, the cities of La Vega (1495) and Santo Domingo (1498) were established. These villas still include vestiges of these building materials that are a source of information about their composition. The study is focused on the ruins of the fortress of Concepcion de La Vega that survived the earthquake in 1562 that destroyed the city. The aim of this research was to characterize the mortar and plasters of the fortress of Concepcion de La Vega on the Hispaniola Island. To determine their chemical and mineralogical composition optical microscopy (OM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy and a thermogravimetric differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) were used. The results showed that the major component of the mortars was CaCO3 (95 %), indicating that there is lime mortar. The plaster is lime based with iron oxide.
The Effect of Cultural Descriptive Norms on Financial Systems: A Cross-Cultural Analysis
Authors: AKTAŞ Mert , BOZAGAÇ Filiz , SALTIK Ömür
Published: October 2022

We investigated the effect of descriptive, cultural norms on national financial systems by comparing the incentive for achievement and risk-aversion attributes of 32 different nations’ cultures. Multiple regression analyses showed that performance and future orientation positively relate to market capitalisation, but institutional collectivism and uncertainty avoidance negatively correlate. Performance orientation boosted market capitalisation, but institutional collectivism, whereas uncertainty avoidance hindered it. We could not find any relationship between the cultural norms and the bank deposit ratios. Two steps scatter plot analysis showed clusters between cultural norms, bank deposit, and future orientation norms.
On Optimal Toll Design for Bosporus Crossings
Authors: EKİCİ Özgün
Published: October 2022

For many years, two toll bridges served commuter demand to cross the strait called Bosporus in Istanbul, Turkey. An underground connection called the Eurasian tunnel had been recently launched to relieve the strait's traffic. We study a simple transportation model that incorporates the forces that have come into play after the opening of the Eurasian tunnel. We find that for welfare maximisation, the premium paid for using the tunnel should be fixed in the two directions and not excessive. The current toll regime violates these features, and we recommend its amendment in light of our findings.
An Investigation of The Effect of Social Media Marketing and Innovation on Firm Performance with The Technology Acceptance Model
Authors: KURNUÇ Murat , GÜZEL Dilşad
Published: October 2022

This study examines the effect of social media marketing and innovation on the performance of food and beverage firms with the technology acceptance model. Within the scope of the study, a survey was conducted as a field application. Data were collected from 163 food and beverage firms in Erzurum. Structural equation analysis was used in the AMOS program to test the hypotheses. As a result of the study, it was seen that facilitating conditions, compatibility, perceived usefulness, and perceived ease of use affected social media marketing, while cost had no effect. In addition, it has been concluded that social media marketing and innovation affect firm performance.
Особенности демографических показателей промышленного крепостного населения XVIII-XIX веков: метрические книги села Кудиново Богородского уезда 1777-1862 гг.
Authors: Рязанов Влас Александрович
Published: October 2022

В статье автор рассматривает метрические книги прихода села Кудиново в Подмосковье как источник информации о демографических характеристиках крепостных крестьян, которые занимались промышленным производством на расположенных в приходе текстильных и кирпичных предприятиях. Для сравнения используется соседний приход села Бисерово без организованного промышленного производства, население которого составляли государственные крестьяне. Практически все демографические показатели промышленных помещичьих крестьян оказываются выше, чем у лично свободных соседей. Крепостные промышленные крестьяне раньше женились на более молодых женщинах, имели больше доживающих до совершеннолетия сыновей, их население росло на треть быстрее, несмотря на пониженную продолжительность жизни. Экономическая опека дворян, в том числе право не платить подоходный налог, позволяла многим крестьянам начать собственное дело и затем перейти в торговые сословия.
A New Multicarrier Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) Strategy based on Rooted Tree Optimization (RTO) Algorithm for Reducing Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) of Switched-Capacitor Nine-level Inverter in Grid-connected PV systems
Authors: Aboub H. , Mechouma R. , Azoui B. , Labiod C. , Khechekhouche A.
Published: October 2022

This paper proposed a new strategy of sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique to control three-phase nine-level switched-capacitor inverter (9LSCI) in grid-connected PV systems. The main advantage of this inverter is high voltage gain, achieved by switching the capacitors in series and parallel to boost up the output voltage using low voltage input. To improve the quality of solar energy for injection into the electrical grid, a rooted tree optimization (RTO) algorithm is used to get optimum values of initial angles of multi carriers SPWM technique, giving the lowest possible values of the total harmonic distortion (THD). The design also can maximize the efficiency of the multi-level inverter by minimizing its size using fewer components and a single DC source and reducing the rate of THD. The higher effectiveness and accuracy of the suggested RTO-SPWM technique was tested and verified in comparison to existing classical SPWM technique from the performance of PV-grid systems that it can effectively reduce the total harmonic distortion to 0.16 %.
Crosslinked Spin-Assisted Layer-by-Layer Polyelectrolyte Nanofiltration Membrane: From Literature Review to Experiment
Authors: Fadhillah Farid
Published: October 2022

Layer-by-Layer (LbL) assembly is considered as the most versatile and robust method in thin-film fabrication. However, its use in the preparation of desalination membrane is still in its infancy. Spin-assisted layer-by-layer assembly (SA-LbL), one of the LbL variants, was selected for the fabrication of a nanofiltration membrane due to its versatility to produce an ultra-thin film with highly controlled film properties within an incredibly short time. Branched-polyethyleneimine (PEI) and poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) were employed and alternately deposited on the top of the ultrafiltration polyethersulfone (PES) substrate. PEI/PSS film was then crosslinked using Gluteraldehyd (GA). The resulting membrane was tested at a feed concentration of 2000 ppm NaCl, a pressure of 10 bar, and a temperature of 25°C. Crosslinking time and many layers were varied to investigate the extent of crosslinking and its impact on membrane performance. The permeation test of (PEI/PSS)10 crosslinked for 6 hours showed rejection of 94.2 % and water flux of 4.2 L/h·m2 meanwhile uncrosslinked (PEI/PSS)35 showed rejection of 75.66% only. The result showed that crosslinking improved the rejection of NaCl with a smaller number of layers. This result also displayed SA-LbL method is promising and can be used to produce membrane suitable for NF or RO application.
A review of recent advances in metaheuristic maximum power point tracking algorithms for solar photovoltaic systems under the partial-shading conditions
Authors: Sutikno T. , Pamungkas A. , Pau G. , Yudhana A. , Facta M.
Published: October 2022

Several maximum power point (MPP) tracking algorithms for solar power or photovoltaic (PV) systems concerning partial-shading conditions have been studied and reviewed using conventional or advanced methods. The standard MPPT algorithms for partial-shading conditions are: (i) conventional; (ii) mathematics-based; (iii) artificial intelligence; (iv) metaheuristic. The main problems of the conventional methods are poor power harvesting and low efficiency due to many local maximum appearances and difficulty in determining the global maximum tracking. This paper presents MPPT algorithms for partial-shading conditions, mainly metaheuristics algorithms. Firstly, the four classification algorithms will be reviewed. Secondly, an in-depth review of the metaheuristic algorithms is presented. Remarkably, 40 metaheuristic algorithms are classified into four classes for a more detailed discussion; physics-based, biology-based, sociology-based, and human behavior-based are presented and evaluated comprehensively. Furthermore, the performance comparison of the 40 metaheuristic algorithms in terms of complexity level, converter type, sensor requirement, steady-state oscillation, tracking capability, cost, and grid connection are synthesized. Generally, readers can choose the most appropriate algorithms according to application necessities and system conditions. This study can be considered a valuable reference for in-depth works on current related issues.
Conversion of Green Silica from Corn Leaf into Zeolites Na A-X
Authors: Kurniawan Teguh , Satria Dhimas , Saputra Juniafit Bima , Bilad Muhammad Roil , Nordin Nik Abdul Hadi Md , Abdullah Hairus
Published: October 2022

Combustion of corn leaf as a model of biomass from agricultural waste is a simple way to obtain the energy. It produces a low-value by-product of ash and is rich in silica that can become a precursor for zeolite production. In this study, acid-treated corn leaves combustion was performed to produce high purity silica (SiO2). The diffraction pattern suggested that the extracted silica was amorphous without the impurities phase. Additionally, the nitrogen isotherm indicated that the material was highly mesoporous silica with a total surface area of 200 m2/g. The hydrothermal method was then applied with a composition molar ratio of 1.25SiO2:1Al2O3:5Na2O:250H2O to synthesize zeolites from the silica. The temperature and time effect on the hydrothermal zeolite’s synthesis was investigated. The diffraction pattern shows that high crystalline zeolite Na A-X was produced at temperatures of 100°C and 8 h hydrothermal time. According to nitrogen physisorption analysis, the zeolite Na A-X consisted of micropores with a total surface area of 270 m2/g. The morphology of zeolite Na A-X was cube for the Na-A and octahedral for the Na-X. The hydrothermal temperature and time highly affected the zeolite formed. This research suggested that the ash waste could be valorized through conversion into a high economic value zeolites.
Amorphous Iron Phosphate: Inorganic Sol-Gel Synthesis-Sodium and Potassium Insertion
Authors: Maarouf Fatima-Ezzahra , Saoiabi Sanaa , Azzaoui Khalil , Khalil Hind , Khalil Mariam , Yahyaoui Ahmed El , Saoiabi Ahmed , Hammouti Belkheir , Youssoufi Moulay Hfid , Shityakov Sergey , Hamed Othman , Jodeh Shehdeh , Sabbahi Rachid
Published: October 2022

Amorphous iron phosphate, FePO4.2H2O, was synthesized at ambient temperature using an inorganic sol-gel method coupled with a microwave route. The experimental conditions for the gelling of the Fe (III)-H3PO4 system are defined.  Potentiometric Time Titration (PTT) and Potentiometric Mass Titration (PMT) methods were used to investigate the acid-base surface chemistry of obtained phosphate. Variations of surface charge with the contact time, Q = f(t), are examined for time contact ranged from 0 to 72 hours. The concentrations suspensions used for this purpose were 0.75, 1.25, and 2.5 g/L. The point of zero charges (PZC) and isoelectric point (IEP) were defined using the derivative method examining the variations , at lower contact time. A value of 5.4 was obtained for both PZC and IEP. Q in the function of the t method is performed for synthesized FePO4. 2H2O in NaCl and KCl electrolytes. The optimal surface charge of 40 C corresponding to insertion of 4.2x10-4 M of Na+ or K+, is achieved in explored conditions. The results suggest that the synthesized iron phosphate is amorphous.
Effects of Moisture Content and Grain Type on Mechanical Properties of White Rice: Literature review and Experiment
Authors: Bintoro Nursigit , Zahra Alya Iqlima
Published: October 2022

The mechanical properties of agricultural grains are required in the design of agricultural processes and machinery. These properties are influenced by moisture content and grain type. This study aimed to determine the effect of moisture content and grain type on the mechanical properties of white rice. There are three different types of white rice, namely short-bold (Koshihikari), long-medium (IR 64), and very long-slender (Basmati) grains within three levels of moisture content of 9%, 14%, and 19% were used as the samples in the experiment. The experiment was designed into Completely Randomized Design, factorial 3 x 3. The dimension, internal friction angle, and rupture force of the grain samples were respectively measured using a digital calliper, direct shear cell apparatus, and compression test apparatus. It could be concluded that moisture content, grain type, and the interaction of these two factors significantly affected almost all parameters of the mechanical properties of white rice. Most of the relationships between the parameters of mechanical properties and moisture content could be expressed as linear equations.
Strawberry-fortified Yogurt: Production, Sensory, Antioxidant Activity Test, and Model for Practicum
Authors: Supriyanti Florentina Maria Titin , Roslina Dida , Zackiyah Z. , Hanifa Islah
Published: October 2022

This study aims to produce as well as analyze the sensory and antioxidant activity of fortified strawberry yogurt with cryoconcentration and pasteurization preparation methods. The results for the sensory test of strawberry fortified yogurt showed that the pasteurized yogurt is the best for taste and aroma because the use of heat when pasteurizing releases the aroma from strawberries. Reducing the water content using this method allows the strawberry flavor more concentrated. The cryoconcentration method allows the texture and color to be better than other methods. This is influenced by the use of low temperatures in the cryoconcentration method to maintain the anthocyanin content in strawberries which acts as a red pigment. The greater concentration of fortificants added results in higher antioxidant activity gained. Based on the IC100 value, the fortification of strawberries with the cryoconcentration method was significantly different from the pasteurization method in increasing the antioxidant activity of strawberry-fortified yogurt. The benefit of this research is to process milk into yogurt. Thus, it can be consumed by consumers with lactose intolerant sufferers. The addition of strawberries increases the antioxidants to prevent degenerative diseases. In addition, due to its simply design and production, this study is possibly used as a model in the practicum class.
THE EFFECT OF PHYSICAL AND OCEANOGRAPHIC FACTORS ON THE EXPANSION OF THE POLLUTION AREA OF THE CASPIAN SEA (NORTH-EASTERN COASTAL ZONE OF AZERBAIJAN)
Authors:   ANAS Institute of Geography, Azerbaijan, Baku, Ahmadova Rena
Published: October 2022

Aim. Our main goal is to study the spread of pollution caused by natural and anthropogenic factors in the water area of the Caspian Sea, the largest closed basin in the world, according to physical and oceanographic factors. The methodological basis of the article. The article uses methods of processing statistical indicators and selects the Brooks-Koch method to calculate the rise height (∆H0) of wastewater in a stratified environment. Results. In the water area of the Republic of Azerbaijan, the pollution of the Caspian Sea occurs mostly in the Absheron Peninsula. The main reason for this is that the area is rich in oil and gas reserves and there are many oil production enterprises. In addition to natural factors such as wind, temperature and currents, anthropogenic factors also influence the spread of oil-contaminated seawater. As a result of the analysis of the physical and oceanographic factors, we determined that the depth of sewage should be more than 70 meters when it is discharged into the sea. The main reason for this is that the sewage dumped in the depth is mixed with the cold, and with time, heavy bottom currents. As sewage mixed with clean seawater rises to the surface, it continues to mix in the intermediate layers because its weight is heavier than the layer above it. The main reason why this happens only in the Caspian Sea is that the temperature of the sea water increases instead of decreasing with depth. The fact that the turbulent mixing coefficient calculated for the area confirmed in the article is 104-106 shows that the concentration pulsation intensifies with the increase in the diameter of the sewage sludge. This situation creates conditions for the mixing of waste water with the surrounding water. Scientific novelty. The effect of physical and oceanographic factors on the change, expansion and deepening of the area of sewage in the Caspian Sea water area was studied. Also, the turbulent diffusion coefficient of pollution in coastal zones was calculated.
ASSESSMENT OF MODERN LANDSCAPE POTENTIAL IN THE CASPIAN COASTAL PLAINS
Authors:   Institute of Geography of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan, Baku, Azerbaija, Nadirov Magir Abdulali oghlu
Published: October 2022

Aim: In recent decades, high population growth rates have increased the impact on nature. The expansion of agricultural areas and the rapid appropriation of land require landscape assessment and systematic planning of nature management mechanisms. The main purpose of the study is to assess the natural landscape potential of the territory and propose measures that reflect the nature of the landscape and its regional and ecological significance. Methodology: The Caspian coastal plains of Azerbaijan, chosen as the study area, are distinguished by their sensitivity to anthropogenic impacts. In the evaluation process, the landscapes of the study area were categorized as weak, medium, and strong in terms of natural resource potential, productivity, and recreational potential. For determining the levels of sensitivity to technogenic impacts, landscapes were grouped according to the level of ecological tension into satisfactory, stressed, critical, and crisis levels and an expert assessment was carried out using a 100-point system. Results: According to the calculation, 54% of the coastal plains of the Caspian Sea that make up the study area are semi-arid landscapes, 14% are forests and meadows, 26% are dry steppes, and 5% are hydromorphic-intrazonal landscapes. During the assessment, it was revealed that landscapes with a low natural resource potential cover 42% of the area, landscapes with an average natural resource potential - 23%, and landscapes with a strong natural resource potential - 11%. Protected landscapes cover 24% of the study area. Evaluation of the sensitivity of landscapes to technogenic impacts showed that most of the territory (41%) is at a severe ecological level. Scientific novelty: The landscapes of the study area were evaluated in terms of natural resource potential and anthropogenic impacts. As a result, a system of measures for optimal management of landscape complexes was proposed taking into account the separated zones.
THEORY AND PRACTICE OF VOLUNTEER TOURISM IN THE CONDITION OF THE MILITARY STATE IN UKRAINE THROUGH RUSSIAN AGGRESSION AND THE REVIVAL OF TOURISM AFTERTHE WAR (CASE OF CITY OF KAMYANETS-PODILSKYI)
Authors:   Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Smyrnov Igor , Lyubitseva Olha ,   Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Hryniuk Diana ,   Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Stepanets Inna ,   Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
Published: October 2022

The aim of the article is to reveal the possibilities of tourism development, in particular volunteer tourism, under the martial law in Ukraine due to Russian aggression and the need to revive tourism after the Victory. The authors investigate the theoretical aspects of volunteerism in the transformation process and its adaptation to the needs of modern tourism and wartime tourism, taking into account the interests of temporarily displaced people. The experience and practice of volunteer tourism is presented on the example of the pearl of Podillia - the city of Kamianets-Podilskyi. The need to continue the successful practice of restoration and adaptation of the city's architectural monuments for tourism objects and improvement of tourism infrastructure has been emphasized. Research methodology. It consists in the systematization of a powerful volume of scientific, scientific-journalistic, statistical, cartographic information and own volunteer experience using the analysis and synthesis of a number of literary sources regarding the issues of volunteering and volunteer tourism in the realities of wartime. The methodology provides for taking into account the powerful practical experience of promoting a complex tourist destination on the example of the city of Kamianets-Podilskyi, which distinguishes its resource base for the development of cultural and cognitive, national and patriotic, mystical, memorial and other types of tourism in the volunteer tourism movement. Results of the research. The outcomes stressed the importance and necessity of introducing volunteer tourism in Kamyanets-Podilsky in order to promote already developed types of tourism and the branding of new ones. This will contribute to the development of sustainable tourism under martial law and accelerate the Victory. Practical significance lies in the disclosure of the essence and importance of volunteering and volunteer tourism for the development and reconstruction of Ukrainian cities, in particular, Kamyanets-Podilsky under martial law. It also identifies opportunities and the need to already contribute to the improvement and renewal of tourism infrastructure, such as communication routes, hotel and restaurant networks, taking into account the needs of temporarily displaced persons. Such proposals and experiences of volunteer tourism can be scaled to other Ukrainian cities to accelerate Victory.
The Use of Computer Algorithms and the Possibility of Historical Simulation in Digital History in Germany
Authors:   The Korean Society For German History, Hwang Ki Woo
Published: October 2022

In relation to history simulation, the difference between the technical principle of operating it and the actual use is very large at the current stage of digital history. However, the reason for such a difference is that while the technology of programs with complex and massive capacities such as human perception is already beyond our expectations, there is no history-optimized program yet to grasp historical events as a whole. Although the aforementioned text mining or network analysis methods have a device that can process high-dimensional areas such as human perception as data, it can only identify one aspect of the relationship between actors, and the level of development of a kind of historical simulation program that integrates them into one program is at an early stage, even abroad. The big difference between this theory and reality stems from the need for knowledge other than history in the process of constructing the simulation rather than a technical problem. For example, among the various factors that constitute the actor's attributes, there are many cases that require special knowledge of the psychological part or the external natural environment. Of course, the contents constituting the attribute can be limited to the scope covered by the historian, but in order to precisely construct the simulation model, the contents other than the history of the attribute must be very detailed, and for this, the help of the specialized area must be obtained.
Historical simulations have recently attracted attention for a new leap forward in digital history. In particular, the various expertise required in history simulation will expand the scope of history, thereby reaffirming the achievements of existing history and reducing unnecessary arguments, as well as triggering new and productive debates as the extension of expanded history. To do so, we first need to recognize two facts. The first is the fact that detailed technical environments for historical simulation are already in place, and the other is that research on simulation models optimized for historical studies by integrating these detailed results is insufficient. Fortunately, an integrated model for historical simulation has recently been introduced, such as German digital historian Shoeermann. Although the programs for building integrated historical simulation models are in the early stages, their applicability in the field of “history education” is at least significant, given that there is a device in place to identify the results produced by existing historical studies.