bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Presumption of innocence and ensuring proof of guilt in criminal proceedings
Authors: Marchenko A. R.
Published: November 2024

The presumption of innocence is an important bastion against miscarriages of justice and abuse of power. It guarantees that individuals will not be punished without solid and legally established evidence of their guilt. It also guarantees the impartiality of the judicial system, avoiding biased determination of the outcome of a trial. In practice, the presumption of innocence means that the prosecution has the burden of proof, the accused is not obliged to prove his or her innocence, and any doubts should be in favour of the accused.
The presumption of innocence is one of the fundamental principles of our judicial system. It balances the need to punish offences with the need to protect individual rights. Case law has established a number of requirements to ensure that the presumption of innocence is not distorted. These include the need to have sufficient and substantiated incriminating evidence, as well as to respect the fundamental rights of the accused during criminal proceedings. The author analyses the national case law which defines the stages of criminal proceedings and the main provisions of the presumption of innocence and ensuring proof of guilt. The court of its own internal conviction, based on a comprehensive, full and impartial examination of all the circumstances of criminal proceedings, guided by law, evaluates each evidence in terms of relevance, admissibility, reliability, and the totality of the evidence collected in terms of sufficiency and interconnection, based on the provisions of the presumption of innocence and ensuring proof of guilt, in particular, by virtue of Art. 62 of the Constitution of Ukraine and Article 17 of the CPC of Ukraine, the provisions of Article 6 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, according to which everyone charged with a criminal offence is presumed innocent until proven guilty according to law.
The genesis of methods and tools of counterintelligence activities of a national special service: historical experience and prospects
Authors: Shevchenko C. V. , Morei T. V.
Published: November 2024

The article provides a historical analysis of the methods and tools of intelligence and counterintelligence activities exploited by the national intelligence service in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, in the period of the Cossacks and the formation of the Ukrainian Cossack-Hetman State. The priority goal is to establish dialectical connection between the effective tools of countering the aggressor of that period and nowadays.
The relevance of the article lies in the study of the counterintelligence activities of the national intelligence service of that period, the transformation of the relevant units and their powers from the Cossack period to nowadays, as it was set up in the context of the national liberation war in confrontation with external enemies. The author highlights the historical aspects of counterintelligence activities of the period under study, in particular, the methods and tools that are used in conducting naval campaigns.
The article is allocated to the study of the formation and evoluation of counterintelligence activities in historical aspects, the fundamental tactics of warfare of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries during successful naval operations in the context of retrospective changes in national special services, as well as the opportunity to use the Cossacks’ experience in the modernisation and transformation of counterintelligence tools in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war of the twenty-first century. The researchers have introduced a historical parallel between the powerful Cossack «Gull» boats and the «SeaBaby» unmanned surface vehicles and «Mamai» high-speed maritime drones that are used by the Security Service of Ukraine in the Black Sea to repel the aggressor.
The aspects of the genesis of counterintelligence methods and tools have been outlined in the study. They depict overt and covert methods and techniques of intelligence and counterintelligence, that have been used in the fight against the enemy in various forms since ancient times and have undergone long changes.
It has been mentioned that the results of studying the history of the formation and functioning of national special services are of empirical impact. They can be used to improve and enhance the activities of the Security Service of Ukraine in modern realities, to conduct effective counterintelligence activities and special operations in the context of war with the aggressor and to adjust the national security strategy.
Subject and system of criminology in the views of Hans Gross
Authors: Volobuyev A. F.
Published: November 2024

The article is devoted to the problem of systematization of forensic knowledge. It is noted that in modern conditions it is solved by creating two relatively separate theories - the doctrine of the subject and the doctrine of the forensic system. The thesis about the key role in the construction of the forensics system of a clear definition of its subject and its structure is substantiated. The subject of criminology is a system-forming factor for the content of this science. This necessitates the unification of this problem within the framework of a single forensic science. The significance of the use of the historical research method for the formation of such a teaching is emphasized.
From this point of view, the historical monument of the late 19th and early 20th centuries is analyzed - the scientific work of Hans Gross «Manual for judicial investigative judges as a system of criminology». It is emphasized that this book had many editions in different years and gained extreme popularity among investigators, prosecutors, and judges of different countries of the world. It should be noted that this scientific work actually laid the foundation of criminology, on which this science developed in the following years. This development took place in both practical and theoretical aspects. Taking this into account, it is argued that Hans Gross’s views on the subject and system of forensics have not lost their significance in modern times. It is noted that their analysis allows modern researchers to orient themselves in a number of problematic issues of the development of criminology, to evaluate modern ideas about ways to solve them. In particular, two ideas of the outstanding scientist are noted: 1) criminology has as its subject the study of two types of activity - criminal activity and the activity of the investigator, which is reflected in the knowledge system of this science; 2) the system of criminology should consist of general and special parts based on the example of criminal law, the practical implementation of whose provisions in the judiciary is carried out precisely through criminology. It is claimed that these ideas are well-founded and productive and deserve their further development taking into account modern scientific processes.
Results of the Hague Conference on private international law on the unification of jurisdiction rules in private international law
Authors: Voltornist O. S.
Published: November 2024

The Hague Conference on Private International Law (hereinafter – “Conference”) has played a pivotal role in the development and unification of jurisdictional rules in private international law. This paper examines the outcomes of the Conference various conventions, focusing on their impact on harmonizing jurisdictional frameworks among member states. By analyzing key conventions, such as the 1965 Hague Convention on Service Abroad of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents, the 1970 Hague Convention on the Taking of Evidence Abroad in Civil or Commercial Matters, and the 2005 Hague Convention on Choice of Court Agreements, this research highlights how these instruments address conflicts of laws and jurisdictional disputes in cross-border cases.
The paper further explores the challenges faced in implementing these conventions, including differing national interpretations and the influence of domestic legal systems on international agreements. Through comparative analysis, it evaluates the effectiveness of these conventions in reducing forum shopping and ensuring more predictable outcomes for parties involved in international disputes.
Moreover, this study reflects on the future prospects for further unification of jurisdiction rules, considering emerging trends such as globalization, digitalization, and the increasing complexity of cross-border legal issues. The research aims to contribute to the discourse on private international law by providing insights into the Conference achievements and identifying areas where further efforts are needed to enhance the coherence and effectiveness of jurisdictional rules. Ultimately, the findings underscore the significance of international cooperation in resolving jurisdictional challenges and advancing the uniform application of private international law principles.
The success of the Hague Conference, however, hinges not only on the adoption of conventions but also on the degree to which states integrate these instruments into their domestic legal frameworks. Inconsistencies in ratification and divergent national practices often dilute the intended harmonization, creating gaps in enforcement and legal uncertainty. Some major economies have yet to ratify key conventions, limiting their global reach and diminishing the benefits of predictability and uniformity. These obstacles highlight the need for stronger mechanisms to monitor and encourage compliance, along with the development of flexible frameworks that can accommodate diverse legal traditions while still promoting convergence. Enhanced dialogue among member states and targeted technical assistance could foster broader participation, ensuring that the potential of the Conference’s conventions is fully realized.
Implementation of international legal standards regarding the prevention (prevention) of offenses and crimes in Ukraine
Authors: Havrylenko V. V.
Published: November 2024

It is pointed out, we can frankly say that European integration transformations in the reform of law enforcement activities have already become an irreversible process and for many years to come this will be the main direction of improving the functioning of Ukrainian judicial, prosecutorial and other law enforcement bodies. Despite the state of war and the continued resolute repulsion of Russian aggression, Ukraine is making significant efforts to implement the necessary transformations in its national legal order. The article examines the international legal standards that regulate the activity of Ukrainian national judicial and law enforcement agencies in preventing the commission of criminal offenses as one of the most important components of the crime prevention process. The thesis that crime prevention in Ukraine, as one of the most important components of the functioning of the law and order system, should be carried out precisely on the basis of international standards, which, in turn, create an atmosphere of orderliness and coordination of the actions of all law enforcement structures of the signatories of international agreements on combating crime as a phenomenon not only at the national level, but also its modern manifestations in the form of cross-border and international organized crime. Based on the analysis of international legal sources and the works of domestic scientists, conclusions are drawn that it is necessary to use the European experience of public administration in combating crime through the implementation of international standards in public administration and planning of the activities of judicial and law enforcement agencies, including in separate areas of combating crime; it is expedient among the priority measures to apply international standards for the prevention of corruption both in the entire system of state bodies in general, and especially for countering criminal corruption offenses that can be committed by officials of any rank in the spheres of judicial, prosecutorial and other law enforcement activities; it is necessary to achieve a high level of public trust in judicial and law enforcement structures; it is necessary to form an anti-corruption culture of law enforcement officers taking into account the requirements of international standards and best global practices.
The right to join trade unions in international law
Authors: Gutnyk V. V.
Published: November 2024

The article examines the right to join trade unions in international law. It is emphasized that the right to join trade unions is a unique human right, which is directly provided for in the main international legal acts for the protection of human rights, in particular, in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 1966, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966, the European Convention on Human Rights of 1950. The special legal nature of this right is emphasized, which at the same time belongs to the group of civil and political rights, as well as socio-economic rights. In addition, the right to organize in a trade union derives simultaneously from the right to freedom of association and the right to work.
Attention is drawn to the fact that the right to join trade unions includes the right of workers without discrimination or prior permission to form and join trade unions of their own choice; trade unions should be allowed to operate freely, without undue restrictions on their functioning. The right to form and join trade unions also requires that trade unionists be protected from any form of discrimination, harassment, intimidation or repression.
Special attention is paid to the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights regarding the protection of the right to join trade unions. It is emphasized that the European Court of Human Rights considers freedom of trade unions as an important element of social dialogue between employees and employers, and therefore an important tool in achieving social justice and harmony. It is concluded that according to the practice of the European Court of Human Rights, trade unions do not have a special legal status different from other associations. At the same time, the European Court of Human Rights emphasizes that the European Convention on Human Rights requires that, under national law, trade unions have the opportunity, under conditions not inconsistent with Article 11 of the Convention, to fight for the protection of the interests of their members.
Problematic aspects of the realization of economic sanctions in the European Union
Authors: Karliuha Y. K.
Published: November 2024

The article addresses the realization of economic sanctions, which have become one of the key instruments for ensuring compliance with international law, given the inability of the United Nations Security Council—paralyzed by Russia’s veto power—to fulfill its primary role of maintaining international peace and security. Particular attention is given to the realization of economic sanctions in the European Union (EU), which, alongside the United States, currently serves as a leading proponent of these coercive measures. The focus on the EU is explained by Ukraine’s aspirations for EU membership, which necessitates the systematic alignment of national legislation with EU law, as well as by the critical need to ensure the effective implementation of economic sanctions, which today represent one of the few viable tools for influencing violators of international law.
In this context, the article aims to analyze the practice of economic sanctions realization in the EU and to identify the problematic aspects that affect the effectiveness of these coercive measures. To achieve this goal, the process of sanctions realization in the EU is divided into three stages: the initiation and imposition of sanctions, their implementation, and the monitoring and evaluation phase.
It is established that the initiation and imposition stage faces significant challenges, including the need to reach consensus among EU member states on sanction decisions, which can be complicated by the divergent political interests of individual European countries, the timely adoption of the necessary legal acts by the Council of the EU, and the legality of these measures. In contrast, the implementation stage is characterized by the lack of a unified approach to transposing economic sanctions into the national legal frameworks of EU member states, which hinders the effective enforcement of sanction regimes. The monitoring and evaluation stage reveals issues such as the lack of sufficient resources in EU member states to fulfill their reporting obligations to the European Commission regarding the implementation of EU sanctions legislation, the complexity and ambiguity of EU acts in the area of restrictive measures, the unclear definition of the objectives of economic sanctions, and the absence of a unified system for evaluating the effectiveness of sanction measures. The author emphasizes that these factors negatively impact the achievement of the goals at this stage, which in turn undermines the overall effectiveness of EU restrictive measures.
The article stresses that the identified shortcomings in the EU’s sanction implementation practices could serve as a foundation for improving domestic sanctions legislation and enhancing its effectiveness. In particular, it is recommended to develop mechanisms for the monitoring and evaluation of sanctions effectiveness, introduce liability for violations of sanction laws, and authorize a designated state body to provide clarifications on compliance with sanction regulations.
Іnternational legal aspects of combating doxing in the digital age
Authors: Cherniavska B. V. , Kovalchuk A. Yu.
Published: November 2024

The authors explore the issue of safeguarding personal data, particularly its identifying components, in the context of the Internet. Doxing, a criminal act involving the unauthorized collection of information and its public dissemination without the owner’s consent, has gained significant traction on social media platforms, where identifying information can be quickly spread and misused against individuals. Large language models (artificial intelligence) are integrated into many software programs designed to protect personal data. However, in light of large-scale data breaches, the authors raise concerns about the liability of entities or individuals who fail to adequately secure such data, especially when cyber incidents are linked to the use of AI. The rapid advancement and widespread use of artificial intelligence contribute to these growing concerns. In 2023, the emergence of several language models facilitated both the manipulation and aggregation of data, exacerbating the problem. The authors express serious concerns about ensuring user privacy and information security in a landscape increasingly shaped by open-source intelligence and the further exploitation of such data. In an era where personal data has become a highly valuable commodity, protecting it has become a priority for governments worldwide. In light of this, the authors aim to examine and synthesize international legal approaches to safeguarding the right to privacy and regulating the protection of personal (identifying) information on the Internet. The study relies on general scientific methods of inquiry, including comparative analysis and modelling. The authors conclude that cyberattacks, the theft of personal data, the increasing use of open-source intelligence, the penetration of digital identification technologies into all socio-economic processes, and the proliferation of the Internet of Things pose real threats to individual privacy and the security of identifying information as a critical component of personal data.
The pole of the EU in ensuring the energy security of Ukraine
Authors: Kostyuchenko Y. M.
Published: November 2024

The role of the European Union (EU) in ensuring Ukraine’s energy security in the conditions of modern geopolitical challenges is studied. Since the onset of Russia’s full-scale aggression against Ukraine, the country’s energy infrastructure has suffered significant damage, leading to an energy supply crisis. In such conditions, cooperation with the EU is critically important for the restoration and stabilization of Ukraine’s energy sector.
The key directions and mechanisms of cooperation between Ukraine and the EU in the field of energy security, including the provision of financial assistance, technical support, as well as the implementation of joint projects in the field of renewable energy and energy efficiency, were considered. Special attention is given to the National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) until 2030, developed with EU support and serving as a crucial component of Ukraine’s energy security strategy.
The article also analyzes the impact of the implementation of the EU Clean Energy Package on Ukraine’s regulatory environment, promoting predictable conditions for investors and facilitating Ukraine’s integration into the European energy market. The role of market incentives in attracting investments in renewable energy sources and their impact on Ukraine’s energy security is examined.
he impact of the implementation of the EU Clean Energy Package on the regulatory and legal environment of Ukraine is analyzed, which contributes to the creation of predictable conditions for investors and ensures the integration of Ukraine into the European energy market. The significant role of international cooperation and the role of international financial institutions in providing the necessary funding for the implementation of the NECP is also discussed.
Particular attention is given to the potential of Ukraine’s renewable energy sector, including opportunities for expanding wind, solar, biomass, and hydropower capacities. The implementation of distributed generation, energy storage systems, and microgrids, which contribute to enhancing energy independence and resilience at the community level, is also considered.
Conclusions were made about the need for further close cooperation between Ukraine and the EU to ensure Ukraine’s energy security, as well as Ukraine’s prospects for becoming a leader in the field of renewable energy in the region. The article provides recommendations on priority areas for the development of the energy sector and measures that will strengthen Ukraine’s energy security in the context of European integration.
Modernization of national judicial systems in the context of international legal standards
Authors: Kulik S. V.
Published: November 2024

It is indicated that the foreign experience of modernizing national judicial systems by implementing international standards into constitutional laws to implement the provisions of the European Charter on the Status of Judges of 1998 (hereinafter the European Charter) is important, where it is determined that «in every European state, the basic principles of the conduct of judges are laid down in internal regulations at the highest level, and the main provisions at least at the legislative level.» Attention is drawn to the need for the implementation of this standard confirmed in another international document, namely: in the Explanatory Note to the European Charter on the Status of Judges dated July 10, 1998, which reads: «The basic principles on which the law on the status of judges is based, which defines guarantees of competence, independence and impartiality of judges and courts should be adopted in normative acts at the highest level, that is, in the Constitution, in the case of European states, which created such a basic text full of difficulties and inaccuracies.
The author comments on the above provisions. Firstly, in the European Charter and the Explanatory Note, which has the status of a Model Code, in an imperative form (such phrases as: «in every European state», «must be adopted») are used, it is determined that the international standard must be implemented in regulatory acts at the highest level, i.e. in the Constitution. Secondly, this standard must be defined «in every European state», that is, no European state can evade the implementation of the standard or ignore it. But, the question arises: are we talking about all the countries of Europe (geographical approach) or only the states of the Council of Europe or the European Union or the signatory states of the European Charter (institutional approach)? Thirdly, the Explanatory Note recognizes the fact that the main text of the European Charter is full of difficulties and inaccuracies, that is, the balance and clarity of the legal wording could be better. And where are the guarantees that the text of the Explanatory Note (Model Law) also does not contain inaccuracies or ambiguities?
It is noted that, in general, the texts of each international document «suffer» from ambiguities and inaccuracies, and over time require partial additions or complete revision. In the opinion of the author, providing evaluation judgments in an international document about another document is incorrect and unnecessary. In fact, these claims should be addressed not to the document itself, but to those who drafted, accepted and signed it.
Origin and development of the values of the European Union
Authors: Motyl V. I.
Published: November 2024

The article analyzes the emergence of European values in the concepts of philosophers of Ancient Greece and state thinkers of Ancient Rome.
The author shows their further development under the influence of Christianity, social church doctrine, ideas of German classical philosophers, thinkers of the Enlightenment, and founders of the concept of natural law.The significance of the first European documents on the protection of fundamental rights and freedoms, in particular the Magna Charta of 1215, the Habeas Corpus of 1679, the English Bill of Rights of 1689, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789, the first constitutions in Europe, and the US Constitution (1787) are studied. The study of the genesis of the values on which the EU is based today takes into account the development of the Ukrainian state and law and their impact on this process, in particular the establishment of Greek city-states in the Southern Black Sea region, the introduction of Christianity in Kyivan Rus. The significance of the documents and treaties of Kyivan Rus and the Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk (1710) in terms of their compliance with the values of the EU and their influence on their formation is clarified. Particular attention is paid to the evolution of EU values after the conclusion of the 1950 Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms within the framework of the Council of Europe and the creation of the European Communities. The author analyzes the texts of the Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (1951), the Treaty on the European Economic Community (1957), and the Single European Act (1986).The transformation of EU values and their legal nature from the Draft Treaty on a Constitution for Europe (2003) to the Charter of Fundamental Rights (2001), which became part of the Lisbon Treaty (2009), is studied in more detail. Special attention is paid to the evolution of legal terminology in EU law, when the term «principles» is still used in the text of the Treaty of Amsterdam, and the term «values» is used in the text of the Treaty of Lisbon. The author shows how values developed from philosophical, concepts, under the influence of religious and political teachings, supplemented and transformed in EU law from legal principles to values. In the final part of the article, conclusions are formulated.
Raphael Lemkin’s conception of genocide and background of its emergence
Authors: Pasichnyk V. V.
Published: November 2024

The article is devoted to the study of the concept of genocide proposed by Raphael Lemkin and its evolution in international law. R. Lemkin – the author of the term «genocide» – developed a broad concept of this crime, which included not only the physical elimination of the national, ethnic or social groups but also the destruction of their language, culture, social structure and economic base. However, after the adoption of the UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide in 1948, the legal definition of genocide was significantly narrowed.
The article analyses R. Lemkin’s views on defining the scope of what can be considered genocidal acts, in particular, in the context of the Holocaust and other crimes committed by the Nazis, as well as in the context of the Holodomor.
The article also examines the historical background of the emergence of the concept of genocide and the evolution of international legal instruments that protected the rights of national, ethnic and cultural groups before the emergence of this concept. In particular, the role of the Hague Conventions, many peace treaties, decisions of international judicial bodies and reports of international administrative bodies in the formation of legal prerequisites for the protection of the rights of the specified groups before the introduction of the concept of genocide and the adoption of the UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide of 1948 is analysed.
In addition, the article analyses in detail the differences between the original concept of R. Lemkin and the narrower concept that was enshrined in the 1948 UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. Also, the views of modern scholars regarding the concept of genocide proposed by R. Lemkin are discussed.
The results of this research may be useful for further analysis of the intellectual heritage of R. Lemkin, the influence of his concept of genocide on the development of modern international law, as well as for the further search for ways to improve international standards for the protection of minority rights and international legal instruments for the prevention of genocide, punishment for its commission and protection of its victims.
History of formation and development of the consular service
Authors: Peftyts V. M.
Published: November 2024

The article examines some key points in the development of the consular institute and the improvement of the legal framework aimed at regulating relations within the relevant sphere of international activity. The history of the consular service is analyzed from ancient times, hostile to the very presence of a «foreign element», to the modern era, concerned with the issue of codification of related legal fields; special attention is paid to the era of the Middle Ages and early modern times as the most fruitful chronological segments from the point of view of the development of fundamentally new norms, practically formalized in the specific conditions of the prevalence of trade and maritime relations. The author cites a number of fundamental documents that became a kind of “substrate” for the formation of the system of consular law in the modern sense of the word: the mysterious Amalfi Table (an amazing monument, probably, from the end of the first millennium AD). The system of consular law in the modern sense was shaped by the mystery of the Amalfi Table (an amazing monument probably from the end of the first millennium), numerous bilateral conventions between sovereign states, elevated to absolute status by the Westphalian system of international relations, Latin American regional “pacts” dedicated to defining the exhaustive range of functions of consular representatives, and, finally, the universal Convention on Consular Relations, created by persistent efforts and under the auspices of the symbol of the new international order – the planetary United Nations.
In conclusion, the author expresses the view that the consular service has gained a unique position in the modern international political kaleidoscope; no matter how paradoxical it may sound, the frantic whirlwind of global life in the twenty-first century highlights the success of defending the interests of a state directly “on the ground” by consistently upholding the legal rights of ordinary citizens and legal entities. In other words, an objective indicator of the level of development and practical, rather than declared, effectiveness of a country’s diplomatic service is not limited to the functioning of its highest level – the Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Embassy; all these indicators are clearly evidenced by the performance of consular offices.
The sphere of lending according to the legislation of Ukraine and the EU regarding the protection of consumer rights
Authors: Semko I. S.
Published: November 2024

The article examines the peculiarities of the protection of consumer rights in the field of lending under the legislation of Ukraine and the EU from the point of view of bringing national legislation into line with the requirements of EU law in this area.
It was determined that the EU is actively working on improving legal mechanisms for the protection of consumer rights in the field of consumer credit through the adoption of new acts. The article analyzes individual changes in this area, as well as outlines the reasons for such changes.
In modern banking practice, a fairly wide list of types of consumer loans is used, the main classification features of which are: types of creditors; types of borrowers; repayment methods; terms of use; degree of credit coverage of the cost of goods, works, and services; software; interest payment methods; lending facilities, loan amounts, loan currency, etc. But the presence of a large number of banking products does not exclude the possibility and does not reduce the need for their further development and expansion, which should contribute to the development of consumer lending in general.
The level of socio-economic development of the country directly affects the development of consumer lending, at the same time, the dynamics of such macro-indicators as gross domestic product, income and expenditure of the population, volumes of services provided, retail turnover, average monthly nominal wages, etc. have the greatest influence.
Consumer lending has a higher efficiency compared to corporate lending, and this is explained not only by its high profitability, but also by the presence of additional income that accompanies the provision of consumer loans. At the same time, the effectiveness of consumer lending depends on the terms of granting, and accordingly, short-term consumer loans are more effective. Therefore, the performance of banks in general as part of the banking system of Ukraine depends on how the mechanism of consumer lending in banking institutions is formed, how regulation and regulation of consumer lending is carried out.
Positively evaluating the adoption of the relevant Law in 2016, the author notes the need for its revision and improvement, taking into account Ukraine’s European integration progress, as well as the importance of preserving the economic well-being of the population of our state in the face of a full-scale invasion. According to the author, the corresponding changes should concern the requirements for information about consumer credit, the specifics of its conclusion from the point of view of accompanying financial instruments, as well as the simplification and improvement of legal mechanisms for early termination of consumer credit contracts.
Digital forensics in the provision of crime prevention activities
Authors: Kolesnyk V. A. , Hora I. V. , Popovich I. I.
Published: November 2024

The article is devoted to the consideration of issues of digitalization of social and other processes of existence and development of the state, society, its economic, industrial, communication, and information spheres, as well as the impact of digital technologies on crime and the activities of law enforcement agencies fighting against it. It was noted that the use of digital technologies brought a lot of positive things to social and industrial practice, facilitated the performance of many tasks in the production of products, in the field of management of state and industrial and social processes, expanded opportunities for high-quality and fast communication between people using computer systems and networks, the worldwide Internet. The use of advanced scientific developments and modern technologies for illegal purposes created difficulties for timely identification of signs of preparation of crimes, collection of evidence and implementation of evidence during pre-trial investigation. Certain difficulties in proving the guilt of criminals are due to the emergence of new and little-studied evidence – electronic and their sources, with the study of evidentiary information in digital form and its use in evidence.
The science of criminology and its new direction - digital criminology - should help in the fulfillment of tasks to combat crime. These questions are widely discussed today by Ukrainian and foreign scientists and practitioners. Some of them consider digital forensics as a separate science that deals with the fight against cybercrimes and crimes that are committed using a computer. However, the authors of the article, relying on the opinions of domestic and foreign scientists, prove that digital forensics is not a separate science, but a direction of the traditional science of forensics, the provisions of which cover issues of forensic techniques, tactics and methods of crime investigation. Its developments are aimed at the search, research and use in proving electronic evidence and digital traces.
The author’s understanding of the main tasks of digital forensics is formulated, the solution of which is necessary for the optimal integration of electronic evidence into the system of traditional evidence and ensuring their recognition by judicial practice.
Behaviors of titanium alloy VT1-0 and its modifications in the analogues of blood plasma and intercellular fluid
Authors: Golovanova O.A. , Bryanskiy B.Y. , Gryaznova T.S.
Published: November 2024

In this paper, we investigate the relative change of sample mass (Z) and the rateof change of weight of samples V titanium VT1-0 (Ti) and its modifications (etched Ti and Ti with calcium-phosphate coverage (Ti|Ca/P)) in the analogy of blood plasma (BP) and intercellular fluid (IF) (every two weeks during a semiyear). In the systems "BP-Ti", "BP-etched Ti" meaningful change the masses it is not found (Z ˂ 0,01 %). For the system there is a "BP-Ti|Ca/P" Z = (0,06±0,02) %. For IF:Тi - (0,03±0,01) %; etched Ti - (0,04±0,01) %;Ti|Ca/P - (0,05±0,03) %. For IF is characteristic parabolic V-τ are dependences and linear in case of Ti. For the system "BP-Ti|Ca/P" V-τ dependence is not set. Parabolic dependences by implication specify on the competition of processes of besieging-dissolution of calcium-phosphate on the surface of titan.
Analysis of the phase composition and properties of the human bone
Authors: Golovanova O.A. , Gerk S.A. , Panova T.V.
Published: November 2024

The results of the study of the composition, morphology, microhardness of human bone tissue in the "norm" and in pathology are presented. It is shown that the processes occurring in the affected bone tissue are characterized by a decrease in the crystallinity of the mineral component, compaction and degradation of the bone substance, conversion of collagen and a low molecular weight organic component.
SELECTION OF BLOCKS IN A VIDEO STREAM FOR EMBEDDING DIGITAL WATERMARKS
Authors: Belim S.V. , Cherepanov P.G.
Published: November 2024

The article proposes a method for selecting blocks for embedding digital watermarks in video files. The video stream is represented as a three-dimensional object. For embedding digital watermarks, the Koch-Zhao method is used, which is generalized to the three-dimensional case. The main goal of the proposed method is to reduce visible distortions from embedding data. For the selection of blocks, their statistical analysis is performed. The variance of the color intensity of individual pixels is chosen as the main parameter. A computer experiment is conducted. To assess the level of visibility, the ratio of noise to the main signal is calculated. The threshold value of the variance above which the embedding is the least noticeable is experimentally determined.
SOFTWARE FOR MODELING OF NETWORK AND SIMULATION OF COMPUTER NETWORK ATTACKS
Authors: Bazhenov A.V. , Guts A.K.
Published: November 2024

The article presents a software application that simulates different computer networks and attacks on these networks.
Identifikasi Kecukupan Mineral Mikro Selenium dan Zinc pada Pakan Sapi Perah Awal Laktasi di Koperasi Sarono Makmur, Sleman, Yogyakarta
Authors: Anam Moh Sofiul , Agus Ali , Widyobroto Budi Prasetyo , Gunawan Gunawan , Astuti Andriyani
Published: November 2024

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi kandungan dan kecukupan mineral mikro selenium (Se) dan zinc (Zn) dalam pakan sapi perah pada fase awal laktasi di Koperasi Sarono Makmur, Sleman, Yogyakarta. Dilakukan pengambilan sampel bahan pakan berupa hijauan dan konsentrat yang digunakan sebagai pakan dari 24 ekor sapi perah awal laktasi (days in milk <100 hari). Mineral mikro dianalisis menggunakan instrumen inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kandungan Se dalam bahan pakan hijauan berkisar antara 0,03-0,20 mg/kg BK (bahan kering), sedangkan Se dalam bahan pakan konsentrat berkisar antara 0,16-0,64 mg/kg BK. Kandungan Zn dalam hijauan berkisar antara 12,75-33,10 mg/kg BK, sedangkan Zn dalam konsentrat berkisar antara 35,50-73,50 mg/kg BK. Kandungan Se dan Zn dalam ransum masing-masing yaitu 0,16 dan 28,93 mg/kg BK. Kesimpulan yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini yaitu kandungan mineral mikro Se dan Zn pada berbagai jenis bahan pakan hijauan dan konsentrat di Koperasi Sarono Makmur, Sleman, Yogyakarta menunjukkan nilai yang bervariasi. Selain itu, kadar Se dan Zn dalam ransum masih berada di bawah standar yang direkomendasikan untuk sapi perah laktasi. Oleh karena itu, suplementasi mineral tersebut perlu dipertimbangkan untuk meningkatkan kualitas pakan dan mendukung kesehatan serta produktivitas sapi perah awal laktasi.
Kajian Pendeteksian Estrus pada Domba Menggunakan Saliva Test
Authors: Roesillah Diar , Setiawan Rangga , Hilmia Nena
Published: November 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penggunaan uji saliva dalam mendeteksi estrus pada domba.  Penelitian dilaksanakan di Peternakan rakyat yang berlokasi di Kampung Cihaji dan Kampung Cisitu, Tasikmalaya.  Objek penelitian ini adalah 18 ekor domba betina yang sudah dewasa kelamin dan tidak bunting.  Penelitian dilakukan dengan mengamati karakteristik estrus pada domba penelitian dan kristal yang terbentuk pada saliva domba yang mengering.  Data yang terkumpul dianalisis dengan menggunakan analisis deskriptif untuk menentukan jumlah domba estrus dan hubungan antara karakteristik estrus dengan saliva dianalisis dengan uji korelasi Kendall Tau dan uji korelasi Jaspen’s M.  Hasil penelitian menujukkan bahwa 9 ekor domba dalam kondisi estrus.  Kristal pada saliva yang terbentuk pada domba estrus adalah kristal tanpa pola (96,61%), kristal dengan pola pakis (1,69%), kristal dengan pola cabang (1,13%), dan kristal dengan pola cemara (0,56%).  Kristal saliva yang muncul saat estrus merupakan kristal tanpa pola, sementara kristal saliva pola pakis hanya ditemukan pada 3 ekor domba estrus pada 1-2 hari sebelum waktu estrus. Selain itu, hasil penelitian menujukkan bahwa tidak ada korelasi hubungan antara saliva dengan karakteristik estrus pada domba.
Pengaruh Kadar Resiquimod (R848) Terhadap Keutuhan Membran Hasil Sexing Pada Lapisan Atas Dan Bawah Pada Spermatozoa Kambing Peranakan Etawah
Authors: Maulana Gifari Ahmad , Solihati Nurcholidah , Setiawan Rangga
Published: November 2024

Kambing Peranakan Etawah adalah ternak yang populer dikembangbiakan di Indonesia dikarenakan dapat memenuhi kebutuhan protein hewani masyarakat.  Dalam menunjang program perkembangbiakan kambing tersebut, usaha yang dapat dilakukan adalah memprogram keturunan sesuai dengan tujuan pemeliharaan. Sexing adalah cara terbaik yang dapat membantu dalam program perkembangbiakan. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh dari pemberian kadar Resiquimod (R848) pada keutuhan membran plasma hasil sexing dengan metode swim up. Metode ini dapat menyeleksi spermatozoa berkromosom X dan Y, dengan prinsip akan menguji motilitas spermatozoa terbaik dengan cara bergerak naik ke lapisan atas. Pengujian kualitas spermatozoa tersebut meliputi parameter keutuhan membran pada setiap lapisan. Penelitian ini merupakan percobaan dengan analisis statistik metode Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL). Penelitian ini diberikan empat perlakuan, yaitu P0 (tanpa R848), P1 (R848 0,3 μM), P2 (R848 0.6 μM), dan P3 (R848 0,9 μM). Setiap perlakuan dilakukan pengulangan sebanyak tujuh kali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keutuhan membran plasma lapisan atas dan bawah memiliki nilai persentase dengan rentang 80,10% - 83,53%. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa penambahan resiquimod tidak memberi pengaruh nyata terhadap keutuhan membran plasma spermatozoa kambing Peranakan Etawah. Etawah crossbreed goats are popular livestock bred in Indonesia because they can meet people's animal protein needs. In supporting the goat breeding program, efforts that can be made are to program the offspring according to rearing objectives. Sexing is the best way that can help in the breeding program. The research was conducted to determine the effect of administering levels of Resiquimod (R848) on the integrity of the plasma membrane resulting from sexing using the swim up method. This method can select spermatozoa with X and Y chromosomes, with the principle that it will test the motility of the best spermatozoa by moving up to the top layer. Testing the quality of spermatozoa includes membrane integrity parameters in each layer. This research is an experiment using statistical analysis using the Completely Randomized Design (CRD) method. This research was given four treatments, namely P0 (without R848), P1 (R848 0.3 μM), P2 (R848 0.6 μM), and P3 (R848 0.9 μM). Each treatment was repeated seven times. The results showed that the integrity of the upper and lower layers of the plasma membrane had a percentage value in the range of 80.10% - 83.53%. It can be concluded that the addition of resiquimod does not have a significant effect on the integrity of the plasma membrane of spermatozoa in Etawah crossbreed goats.
Generación automática de códigofuente a través de Modelos Preentrenados de Lenguaje
Authors: Bender Adrián , Nicolet Santiago , Folino Pablo , Lopez Juan José , Hansen Gustavo
Published: November 2024

Un Transformer es un modelo de Aprendizaje Profundo creado en 2017 con el objetivo de realizar traducciones entre lenguajes naturales. Las innovaciones que introdujo, particularmente la de auto-atención, han permitido construir prototipos que tienen una noción intuitiva del contexto, y comprenden el significado y los patrones subyacentes del lenguaje. En 2020 OpenAI hizo público GPT-3, un modelo preentrenado enfocado hacia la generación de lenguaje, que mostró resultados prometedores, creando textos con una calidad tal que se hace difícil distinguir si fueron escritos por un humano o por una máquina. Podemos afirmar que el código fuente es texto generado en un lenguaje formal, y por lo tanto podría ser generado con herramientas basadas en estos prototipos. Este trabajo presenta un estudio de la evolución y el estado del arte en este campo: la generación automática de código fuente a partir de especificaciones escritas en lenguaje natural. Recorremos diferentes casos, su éxito, las dificultades de encontrar mecanismos de evaluación y su posible implementación en un futuro por las empresas.