bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heteroaromatic‐Substituted Mono‐ and Bis(triimidosulfonates)
Authors: Selinka Carola , Stalke Dietmar
Published: September 2003

In this paper we present the syntheses and structures of the metal complexes [(THF)2Li{(NtBu)3S(C4H3NMe)}] (1), [(tmeda)Li{(NtBu)3S(C4H3S)}] (2), [(tmeda)Li{(NtBu)3S(C4H3Se)}] (3), [(THF)4Li2{(tBuN)3S(SC4H2)S(NtBu)3}] (4a) and [(tmeda)2Li2{(tBuN)3S(SC4H2)S(NtBu)3}] (4b). The lithium salts form non‐aggregated soluble molecules rather than infinite insoluble solid‐state lattices like their oxo analogues. The metals are N,N‐chelated rather than tripodally coordinated. Although the S−N bond to the one pendant spectator tBuN group is considerably shorter than in the metal‐coordinated tBuN groups, conjugation of the S−N bonds to the heteroaromatic rings could not be deduced unambiguously from the experimental structures. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Synthesis and Structure of [{(THF)2Li}3Me2Al{(PhNH)2(PhN)4P3N3}], the First Mixed‐Metal Phosphazenate Complex
Authors: Rivals Frederic , Steiner Alexander
Published: September 2003

Reaction of the trilithium phosphazenate [{(THF)2Li}3{(PhNH)3(PhN)3P3N3}] with one equivalent of trimethylaluminium yields the first mixed‐metal phosphazenate complex [{(THF)2Li}3Me2Al{(PhNH)2(PhN)4P3N3}]. X‐ray structure analysis showed that the Me2Al group is accommodated in an N(exo)−P−N(exo) chelation site of the phosphazenate ligand. Two lithium ions reside in N(ring)−P−N(exo) sites, while the third lithium ion interacts with the ligand solely via an N(ring) atom. NMR spectroscopic data obtained from THF solution indicate a fluxional behaviour of the lithium ions, which oscillate between mono‐ and bidentate coordination sites. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Polar Molecular Precursors for Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal Clusters and Low‐Dimensional Polymer Structures: the Solid‐State Structures of [CaI(dme)3]I, and cis‐[SrI2(diglyme)2] (dme = CH3OC2H4OCH3; diglyme = CH3(OC2H4)2OCH3)
Authors: Fromm Katharina M. , Maudez William
Published: September 2003

Two new alkaline earth metal halide adducts with oxygen‐donor polyether ligands are described. One of them, cis[SrI2(diglyme)2], features two terminally bonded anions in vicinal positions, and at an angle of ca. 90°. The low bond valence sum of ca. 1.9 indicates how well the cation is shielded by its ligands in the solid state, and that ligand exchange can be expected in solution and upon reaction. The second compound, [CaI(dme)3]I, consists of an ion pair formed by the cationic complex [CaI(dme)3]+ with one anion in terminal position, and one iodide. Both compounds possess a strong dipole moment at the molecular level, but crystallize in centrosymmetric space groups. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
The First Structurally Characterized Diorganoaluminate
Authors: Eaborn Colin , Gorrell Ian B. , Hitchcock Peter B. , Smith J. David
Published: September 2003

The first structurally characterized dialkylaluminate [{Li(THF)}(AltBu{C(SiMe3)3}H2)]2 (3) is dimeric in the solid state with [Li(THF)]+ and [AltBu{C(SiMe3)3}H2]− fragments linked by Li···H−Al bridges. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
A Homologous Series of Base‐Free Organo(alkaline‐earth) Metallocenes: Synthesis and Molecular Structures of [1,2,4‐(SiMe3)3C5H2]2(Ca, Sr, Ba)
Authors: Harvey Melanie J. , Quisenberry Keith T. , Hanusa Timothy P. , Young Jr. Victor G.
Published: September 2003

Bis[1,2,4‐tris(trimethylsilyl)cyclopentadienyl] complexes [1,2,4‐(SiMe3)3C5H2]2Ae [(Cp3Si)2Ae; Ae = Ca (1), Sr (2), Ba (3)] are isolated from the 2:1 reaction of K[Cp3Si] and AeI2 in diethyl ether. Under the same reaction conditions used for the heavier metallocenes, the corresponding (Cp3Si)2Be compound was not formed, although calculations suggest that the beryllocene would be sterically feasible. Compound 1 crystallizes as a bent monomer from hexanes (ring centroid−Ca−ring centroid = 166.7°) with two η5‐Cp3Si ligands on the calcium atom [Ca−C(av) = 2.63(2) Å]. Metallocene 2, the first crystallographically characterized example of an unsolvated strontocene, is also isolated as a bent monomer (159.4°) from hexanes with two η5‐Cp3Si ligands on the strontium atom [Sr−C(av) = 2.819(2) Å]. Compound 3 crystallizes on sublimation as a coordination dimer in which each barium atom is flanked by two η5‐Cp3Si rings [Ba−C(av) = 3.01(2) Å] and one methyl group from a neighboring Cp′ ring; the intermolecular Ba···C(methyl)′ distance is 3.275(6) Å. The amount of bending observed in 1−3 and other Group‐2 metallocenes varies with the metals, the steric bulk of the cyclopentadienyl ligands, and crystal packing effects, and is not easily predictable. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Synthesis, Structures and Characterization of the Calcium Pyrrolates [Ca{(2‐(dimethylaminomethyl)pyrrolyl}2 donorn] (donor = THF and pyridine, n = 2; DME and TMEDA, n = 1) as Potential Precursors for Solid‐State Applications
Authors: Vargas Wilda , Ruhlandt‐Senge Karin
Published: September 2003

The synthesis and characterization of novel alkaline earth metal pyrrolyl derivatives is described. The target molecules were synthesized using transamination and metallation protocols, involving either the treatment of calcium bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)]amide with two equivalents of 2‐(dimethylaminomethyl)pyrrole (2‐DMAMP) or the reaction of elemental calcium with two equivalents of 2‐DMAMP. Different donors, namely THF, pyridine (py), DME (dimethoxyethane), and TMEDA (N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylethylenediamine) were utilized to study their influence on the structural chemistry of the target compounds. In order to compare the influence of the metal coordination on the pyrrole ligand, we included the crystal structure of the free 2‐DMAMP ligand. All new compounds were characterized using 1H, 13C NMR and IR spectroscopy in addition to X‐ray crystallography. Crystal data with Mo‐Kα radiation (λ = 0.71073 Å) are as follows: 1: [Ca(2‐DMAMP)2(THF)2], a = 15.440(2) Å, b = 14.992(2) Å, c = 10.175(1) Å, β = 94.9(3)°,V= 2346.6(6) Å3, Z = 4, monoclinic, space group P21/c, R1(all data) = 0.0981; 2: [Ca(2‐DMAMP)2(py)2], a = 9.168(6) Å, b = 10.418(7) Å, c = 13.329(8) Å, α = 85.9(1)°, β = 72.9(1)°, γ = 86.2(1)°, V = 1212.2(1) Å3, Z = 2, triclinic, space group P$\bar 1$
, R1 (all data) = 0.0711; 3: [Ca(2‐DMAMP)2(DME)], a = 10.814(1) Å, b = 12.907(1) Å, c = 15.170(1) Å, V = 2117.3(3) Å3, Z = 4, orthorhombic, space group P212121, R1 (all data) = 0.0729; 4: [Ca(2‐DMAMP)2(TMEDA)], a = 9.403(6) Å, b = 15.810(1) Å, c = 15.417(1) Å, V = 2292.0(3) Å3, Z = 4, orthorhombic, space group Pbcn, R1 (all data) = 0.0997; 5: 2‐DMAMP, a = 10.8820(7) Å, b = 15.2186(10) Å, c = 9.7578(6) Å, β = 109.736(2)°,V = 1521.05(17) Å3, Z = 2, monoclinic, space group Cc, R1 (all data) = 0.0382. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
The Directed Lithiation of Benzenoid Aromatic Systems
Authors: Wheatley Andrew E. H.
Published: September 2003

Directed metallation using organolithium bases is one of the best ways of regiospecifically elaborating aromatic systems and their substituents. For benzenoid arenes, deprotonation occurs at the ortho, lateral or peri positions. The reasons for each type of reaction will be considered in the context of the propensities of different directing groups for complex formation with the incoming organolithium base, acidification of the reactive site(s) and post‐reaction stabilisation of the metal ion(s). Discussion will concentrate on structural investigations, for the most part by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and/or by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. Theoretical studies will also be incorporated. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Cooperative THF Ring‐Opening by B(C6F5)3 and a Tellurium Diimide Dimer
Authors: Chivers Tristram , Schatte Gabriele
Published: September 2003

The tellurium diimide dimer [tBuNTe(μ‐NtBu)2TeNtBu] (1) and B(C6F5)3 form a 1:1 adduct which instigates THF ring‐opening to give [tBuNTe(μ‐NtBu)2TeN(tBu)(CH2)4OB(C6F5)3] (3) quantitatively; complex 3 is also formed rapidly when 1 is added to a THF solution of B(C6F5)3. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Structures and Reactions of 1,3‐Diamidodilithium Complexes: the Hemisolvated l‐[CMe2{CHMeN(R)}2Li2·OEt2], the Unsolvated 1:1 Mixed Organo‐amidolithium u‐[CMe2{CHMeN(R′)}2·Li2·(nBuLi)2], and the Product of Oxidative Ring Closure, the Pyrazolidine l‐[(RNCHMe)2CMe2] (R = 2‐iPr‐C6H4; R′ = 2,6‐iPr2‐C6H3)
Authors: Carey David T. , Mair Francis S. , Pritchard Robin G. , Warren John E. , Woods Rebecca J.
Published: September 2003

The hemi‐solvated C2‐symmetric 1,3‐diamidolithium l‐[CMe2{CHMeN(R)}2Li2·OEt2] has been crystallographically characterized. It reacts with oxygen to form the N‐N ring‐closed pyrazolidine l‐[(RNCHMe)2CMe2]. The slightly bulkier Cs‐symmetric amidolithium u‐[CMe2{CHMeN(R′)}2·Li2] forms an unsolvated 1:2 heterocubane complex with nBuLi in the solid state and in solution, as determined by X‐ray crystallography and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy (R = 2‐iPr‐C6H4; R′ = 2,6‐iPr2‐C6H3). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Nucleophilic Substitution of Chloro‐Substituted Enaminones that are Derivatives of Imidazolidine Nitroxides − The Catalytic Effect of the Cyanide Ion
Authors: Roshchupkina Galina I. , Rybalova Tatyana V. , Gatilov Yury V. , Reznikov Vladimir A.
Published: September 2003

The cyanide ion is a catalyst for reactions of nucleophiles with chloro‐substituted enaminones derived from imidazolidine nitroxides, which result in the formation of formal nucleophilic substitution products. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Linear Analogues of Acid‐ and Ester‐Terminated Polyamido Dendrimers: Design, Syntheses, and Physical Properties
Authors: Newkome George R. , Moorefield Charles N. , Epperson Jon D.
Published: September 2003

The synthesis of linear, unnatural amines and carboxylic acids, based on amide connectivity and possessing identical repeat unit architecture to that of analogous dendrimers, was undertaken to assess and compare their physical characteristics. For the series, unexpected insoluble behavior was observed at low molecular weights in contrast to their branched counterparts or other known linear dendritic analogs. Molecular modeling suggests a high degree of intra‐ and intermolecular H‐bonding for the series. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Synthesis of Novel Nucleo‐β‐Amino Acids and Nucleobase‐Functionalized β‐Peptides
Authors: Brückner Arndt M. , Garcia Margarita , Marsh Andrew , Gellman Samuel H. , Diederichsen Ulf
Published: September 2003

Four novel β‐amino acids bearing the canonical nucleobases guanine, cytosine, adenine, and thymine in the side chain, are synthesized starting from Boc‐L‐aspartic acid 4‐benzyl ester. The syntheses are accomplished in six steps by the nucleophilic substitution of (S)‐β‐(tert‐butoxycarbonylamino)‐δ‐bromopentanoic acid benzyl ester with the corresponding nucleobase derivative as the key step. The guaninyl and cytosinyl β‐amino acids were built into β‐peptides that were studied by temperature‐dependent CD and UV spectroscopy. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Synthesis and Two‐Photon‐Excited Fluorescence of Benzothiazole‐Based Compounds with Various π‐Electron Donors
Authors: Cao Du‐Xia , Fang Qi , Wang Dong , Liu Zhi‐Qiang , Xue Gang , Xu Gui‐Bao , Yu Wen‐Tao
Published: September 2003

We have synthesized a series of new D−π−A compounds that feature various electron donors and a fixed benzothiazolyl unit as an electron acceptor. The crystal structure of compound 3 [trans,trans‐2‐{4‐[(4‐N‐carbazolyl)styryl]styryl}‐1,3benzothiazole, CSSB] was determined. All these compounds show high fluorescence quantum yields and 3 in toluene gives the most intense blue emission around 450 nm with a quantum yield of Φ = 0.69. When excited at 800 nm by a Ti:sapphire femtosecond laser, these compounds exhibit strong two‐photon‐excited fluorescence (TPEF) in the blue‐to‐orange region. The measured TPEF cross‐section of compound 2 [trans,trans‐2‐{4‐[4‐(N,N‐diphenylamino)styryl]styryl}‐1,3‐benzothiazole, DPSSB], for example, is about 6.1 times that of Coumarin 307. Photophysical data indicate that these compounds are polar in the ground state and have an enhanced polarity in the excited state, and that the electron donating ability of a dialkylamino group is much stronger than that of a diarylamino group. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Highly Shape‐Selective, Biomimetic, and Efficient Deprotection of Carbonyl Compounds Masked as Ethylene Acetals or Dioxolanes Produced from 1,2‐Ethanediol
Authors: Ji Hong‐Bing
Published: September 2003

A simple, mild, efficient, and organic solvent‐free biochemical approach for the deprotection of carbonyl compounds protected as 1,3‐dioxolanes through the use of cyclodextrins as catalysts has been developed. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Arborol‐Functionalised Tetrathiafulvalene Derivatives: Synthesis and Thin‐Film Formation
Authors: Gall Thierry Le , Pearson Christopher , Bryce Martin R. , Petty Michael C. , Dahlgaard Henriette , Becher Jan
Published: September 2003

The syntheses of a series of novel tetrathiafulvalene derivatives substituted with four side‐chains terminating in hydrophilic amidoalcohol (arborol) groups are reported, for example the tetrathiafulvalene derivative 15. Some of these arborol derivatives formed thin films by spin‐coating from methanol solution onto solid supports such as glass, ITO‐coated glass and gold. The quality of the films improved markedly with an increasing number of alcohol substituents at the periphery of the molecule. Optical absorption spectroscopy showed that oxidative doping of these films could be achieved chemically and electrochemically. The observation of low‐energy bands in the UV/Vis absorption spectra (λmax = 820 nm tailing to ca. 1300 nm) and the moderate levels of conductivity (σrt ≈︁ 10−4 S cm−1) in these doped films strongly suggest that a significant degree of supramolecular order is present, with π‐π stacking of the TTF cores. To the best of our knowledge this is the first time that semiconducting behaviour has been achieved in molecular arborol systems that possess an electroactive core unit. This work offers the prospect of using spin‐coated films of TTF‐arborols as semiconducting charge‐transport layers in optoelectronic devices. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Cover Picture: Gold‐Catalyzed Hydroarylation of Alkynes (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 18/2003)
Authors: Reetz Manfred T. , Sommer Knut
Published: September 2003

The cover picture shows the proposed mechanism of the gold(I)‐catalyzed hydroarylation of electron‐poor alkynes. A ligand‐stabilized gold(I) cation reacts with acetylenecarboxylic acid ester to form a π complex in which the alkyne coordinates via its triple bond to the soft and thus carbophilic cationic gold center. This complex is attacked by mesitylene from the side opposite to the bulky gold cation, resulting in the formation of a vinylgold intermediate. The simultaneously released H+ protonates this intermediate stereospecifically, setting free the product (Z)‐β‐mesitylacrylic acid ester as well as regenerating the cationic gold catalyst. Details are discussed in the article by M. T. Reetz and K. Sommer on p. 3485 ff.
‘Greening’ the chemical industry: research and development priorities for biobased industrial products
Authors: Dale Bruce E
Published: September 2003

The chemical industry developed over the past century using petroleum as its primary feedstock. A variety of economic, political and social forces are now leading the chemical industry to use or consider renewable plant‐based feedstocks in addition to or instead of petroleum. The next century may see a gradual transition away from petroleum as the primary feedstock for chemicals, materials and liquid fuels. If this transition is to occur, and if the chemical industry is to become more sustainable, a considerable amount of research must be done. This paper summarizes the research and development priorities for a more sustainable, or ‘green’, chemical industry based on renewable plant resources and relies heavily on a recent report of the National Research Council (NRC) of the United States. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Breast conservation therapy rates are no different in medically indigent versus insured patients with early stage breast cancer
Authors: Parviz Maryam , Cassel Jay Brian , Kaplan Brian J. , Karp Stephen E. , Neifeld James P. , Penberthy Lynne T. , Bear Harry D.
Published: September 2003

Purpose

Multiple prospective, randomized studies show that breast conservation therapy (BCT) results in survival rates equal to mastectomy (Mx) for patients with early stage breast cancer (ESBC). Nevertheless, BCT remains underused in certain areas of the nation, without clearly definable reasons. Several studies have implicated socioeconomic status as one potential cause for this disparity in BCT usage. We sought to compare BCT rates in the medically indigent versus insured patients, within the same institution.

Methods

Data from 1993 to 2000, collected from the institutional tumor registry and the hospital's claims records, were analyzed for 928 patients with ESBC (Stages 0, I, and II), treated at a single medical center. The same surgeons treated both insured and indigent patients. Patients treated by BCT or Mx were compared for age, race, stage, insurance status, access to a radiation therapy center, surgeon, and year of diagnosis.

Results

Patient age, race, surgeon, or insurance status did not significantly affect the rate of mastectomy. Stage I patients (P < 0.001) and those treated after 1995 had higher BCT rates (54.9% in 1993–95 vs. 70.7% in 1996–2000; P < 0.001). Travel distance to a radiation therapy center had no significant impact on BCT rates, except for patients >40 miles distant.

Conclusions

These data refute the hypothesis that socioeconomic status, as reflected by medical insurance, is a determinant of BCT in women with ESBC. Distance of <40 miles to a radiation therapy facility, Stage I disease, and diagnosis after 1995 were factors associated with higher BCT rates. J. Surg. Oncol. 2003;84:57–62. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer patients after neoadjuvant chemotherapy
Authors: Reitsamer Roland , Peintinger Florentia , Rettenbacher Lukas , Prokop Eva
Published: September 2003

Background and Objectives

Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is an accurate method for axillary staging in patients with early breast cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and the feasibility of SLNB in breast cancer patients who had received preoperative (neoadjuvant) chemotherapy.

Methods

Patients with advanced breast cancer stage II or III who were treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy were included in the study. Sentinel lymph node (SLN) identification and biopsy was attempted and performed, and axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) was performed in the same surgical procedure after SLNB. The histopathologic examination of the SLNs and the dissected axillary lymph nodes was performed and nodal status was compared.

Results

Thirty patients were included in the study. After peritumoural injection of technetium‐99m labelled human albumin and subareolar subcutaneous injection of blue dye, the SLNs could be identified in 26/30 patients (identification rate 86.7%). In 4/30 patients (13.3%) SLNs could not be identified. In 25/26 patients (96.2%) SLNs accurately predicted the axillary status. Eleven patients had negative SLNs and negative nodes in ALND. Six patients had positive SLNs and positive nodes in ALND. In eight patients SLNs only were positive and nodes in ALND were negative. One patient had a false‐negative SLNB, calculating a false‐negative rate of 6.7% (1/15).

Conclusions

SLNB is a well introduced technique for axillary staging in patients with early breast cancer. The accuracy of SLNB after neoadjuvant chemotherapy is similar to patients with primary surgery. SLNB could be an alternative to ALND in a subgroup of patients after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and therefore could reduce morbidity due to surgery in those patients. Due to small numbers of patients, further evaluation in this subset of patients is required. J. Surg. Oncol. 2003;84:63–67. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential diagnosis of gallbladder cancer using positron emission tomography with fluorine‐18‐labeled fluoro‐deoxyglucose (FDG‐PET)
Authors: Koh Toshimori , Taniguchi Hiroki , Yamaguchi Akihiro , Kunishima Satoshi , Yamagishi Hisakazu
Published: September 2003

Background and Objectives

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the utility of positron emission tomography (PET) with fluorine‐18‐labeled fluoro‐deoxyglucose (FDG) in the preoperative differential diagnosis of gallbladder tumors. We performed PET studies of gallbladder tumors in order to predict the malignancy of these tumors preoperatively.

Methods

Sixteen patients who had protuberant lesions in the gallbladder and who were scheduled to undergo surgery were studied with PET using FDG. Focally increased FDG uptake in the gallbladder region was considered malignant. The FDG‐PET findings were compared with the histological findings of surgical pathology.

Results

Sensitivity of FDG‐PET was 75% (6/8 patients). One of two false‐negative cases suffered from diabetes mellitus, and in the other case, the lesion was small. Specificity was 87.5% (7/8 patients). A case with xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC) was the only false‐positive case.

Conclusions

FDG‐PET may be able to provide important information for evaluating the malignancy of gallbladder tumors. J. Surg. Oncol. 2003;84:74–81. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunohistochemical study of protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist II in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Ajisaka Hideyuki , Shimizu Koichi , Miwa Koichi
Published: September 2003

Background and Objectives

Protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist II (PIVKA‐II) has been used as a tumor marker of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this study, we examined the expressions of PIVKA‐II in HCC tissues.

Methods

Expression of PIVKA‐II in HCC was evaluated with the avidin–biotin–peroxidase complex method. Paraffin‐embedded HCC tissues obtained from 48 patients were subjected to immunohistochemical staining using the anti‐PIVKA‐II antibody monoclonal antibody (MU‐3) (Eisai, Tokyo, Japan).

Results

The tissue PIVKA‐II positivity rate of 12/23 (52.2%) in HCC with vascular infiltration was significantly higher than the rate of 4/25 (16.0%) in HCC without such infiltration. Further, the tissue PIVKA‐II positivity rate of 13/28 (46.4%) in HCC of tumor stage III or IV was significantly higher than the rate of 3/20 (6.0%) in HCC of tumor stage I or II. Overall survival rate tended to be lower in the tissue‐PIVKA‐II‐positive than ‐negative patients.

Conclusions

PIVKA‐II may play an important role in progression of HCC and is useful not only as a tumor marker but also as a prognostic factor. J. Surg. Oncol. 2003;84:89–93. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An inverse problem for an inhomogeneous string with an interval of zero density
Authors: Mennicken Reinhard , Pivovarchik Vyacheslav
Published: September 2003

In the present paper we characterize the spectrum of small transverse vibrations of an inhomogeneous string with the left end fixed and the right one moving with damping in the direction orthogonal to the equilibrium position of the string. The density of the string is supposed to be smooth and strictly positive everywhere except of an interval of zero density at the right end. Sufficient (close to the necessary) conditions are given for a sequence of complex numbers to be the spectrum of such a string. (© 2003 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Existence and high regularity of the solution of a nonlinear parabolic problem with algebraic‐differential boundary conditions
Authors: Moroşanu Gh. , Wendland W. L.
Published: September 2003

In this paper we investigate a nonlinear 1D parabolic problem with algebraic‐differential boundary conditions. Existence, uniqueness and higher regularity of the solution is proved. It is shown that actually any regularity can be obtained provided that appropriate smoothness of the data and compatibility assumptions are required. (© 2003 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Trichostatin A, an inhibitor of histone deacetylases, strongly suppresses growth of pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells
Authors: Donadelli Massimo , Costanzo Chiara , Faggioli Laura , Scupoli Maria Teresa , Moore Patrick S. , Bassi Claudio , Scarpa Aldo , Palmieri Marta
Published: September 2003

In cells with an altered p53 gene, the expression of p21WAF1/CIP1, a potent inhibitor of cyclin‐dependent kinases, can be induced by histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors via a p53‐independent pathway, which may play a critical role in arrest of cell growth. Accordingly, HDAC inhibitors such as trichostatin A (TSA) have potential utility in pancreatic cancer, as most of these tumors possess mutations in p53, which in fact is the main cause of chemoresistance to 5‐fluorouracil. We have analyzed the effect of TSA on the proliferation of nine pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines, all containing a mutated p53 gene. TSA strongly inhibited the cellular growth of all these cell lines at submicromolar concentrations. The cellular mechanisms underlying this effect consisted of cell cycle arrest at the G2 phase and apoptotic cell death. The expression of p21WAF1/CIP1 normally induced at the transcriptional level by p53 was also strongly activated by TSA. These findings suggest that inhibitors of HDAC may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for treatment of pancreatic cancer. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mission attachment and satisfaction as factors in employee retention
Authors: Brown William A. , Yoshioka Carlton F.
Published: September 2003

Nonprofit organizations rely on the mission to attract resources and guide decision making. Increasingly,
mission statements are recognized as a strong management tool that can motivate employees and keep them focused
on the organization's purpose. This research investigated employee attitudes toward the mission in a youth
and recreation service organization. In general, the employees expressed positive attitudes toward the
organization's mission, and those attitudes were related to employee satisfaction and intentions to remain
with the organization. However, dissatisfaction with pay tended to override employee's mission attachment as
explanation of why they may leave the organization. The implication is that mission might be salient in
attracting employees but less effective in retaining them.
Welfare reform and the future of nonprofit organizations
Authors: Reisch Michael , Sommerfeld David
Published: September 2003

This article discusses implications of the 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act
(PRWORA) for nonprofit social service organizations. We emphasize their role in the contemporary social
safety net in relation to the public sector. Based on a study of ninety organizations operating in the Detroit
metropolitan area, we adopted the supplementary, complementary, and adversarial framework from Young
(1999) to assess the complex and evolving relationship between the nonprofit and public sectors in the
post‐PRWORA era. The findings indicate a clear presence of all three perspectives; however, the
continued shifting of responsibility for social services to private, nonprofit organizations suggests a growing
dominance of the supplementary role. This raises concerns regarding future nonprofit capacity and other potential
costs of nonprofit sector service provision.
Successful collaboration between the nonprofit and public sectors
Authors: Shaw Mary M.
Published: September 2003

Public and private funding sources often require nonprofit organizations to provide evidence of partnership
with a governmental entity before financing a project. However, the circumstances under which working
partnerships between the nonprofit and public sectors are forged and sustained have not been fully studied. This
article presents the findings of a case study of land trusts and local governments and identifies conditions
that foster successful collaboration. Social factors such as experience on the part of key personnel in working
with the opposite entity and genuine affection for each other are more important than economic benefits. This
suggests that a nonprofit agency interested in creating a viable partnership to improve a project should give
careful consideration to assigning staff.
A qualitative analysis of social concerns of women with ovarian cancer
Authors: Ferrell Betty R. , Smith Stephany L. , Ervin Kate S. , Itano Jennifer , Melancon Cindy
Published: September 2003

A diagnosis of ovarian cancer requires a woman to reevaluate her interactions with family, friends, and employers, and cope with unexpected and unwanted changes in areas spanning from financial stability to sexuality and fertility. Social well‐being is the aspect of a patient's overall quality of life that encompasses these topics, as it has evolved to represent activities related to roles and relationships at work and at home. The purpose of this study was to explore the social well‐being of women with ovarian cancer to better define their needs for the health care community. Data consisted of all correspondence (n=21,806) sent to ‘Conversations!: The newsletter for those fighting ovarian cancer’ by women with ovarian cancer from 1994 to 2000. Using ethnographic, qualitative research methods, statements related to the impact of disease were bracketed and coded within physical, psychological, social, and spiritual domains according to the City of Hope Quality of Life Ovarian Cancer Instrument. Comments reflecting social well‐being were categorized in sub‐themes and reviewed for content. Statements related to social support were most common (n=251) reflecting the need for support from family, friends, and other women with ovarian cancer. Distress regarding the genetic association of the disease comprised a major theme (n=73). Family relationships were also discussed (n=146) in light of the stress of changing roles and relationships at home. Issues related to employment and returning to work (n=74) focused on both the difficulties in taking time off work to receive treat‐ment and sense of achievement felt upon returning to work and regaining normalcy. The themes identified in this study challenge healthcare professionals to provide increased disease‐specific support, as well as concomitant sup‐port for husbands/partners and children of patients. Additional information on genetic testing and counseling for women at‐risk due to a family history of ovarian cancer is also needed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long term benefits of communication skills training for cancer doctors
Authors: Finset Arnstein , Ekeberg Øivind , Eide Hilde , Aspegren Knut
Published: September 2003

Objective. To assess satisfaction and learning accomplishments after communication skills training courses for cancer doctors in the Nordic countries.

Method. 155 physicians from the five Nordic countries participated in a communication skills training course. Questionnaires were completed at baseline, at course completion and at follow‐up after 2 to 6 years.

Results. 94% of the physicians indicated satisfaction with the course. Physicians who had participated in the whole course (as opposed to those who had participated only in parts of the course) and physicians from Denmark and Sweden were most satisfied with the course. Whereas physicians at baseline most frequently reported a need to learn specific aspects of communication, often with emphasis on psychiatric problems, at follow‐up they most typically reported that they had learnt basic communication skills (i.e. to listen and to pose open‐ended questions). The majority of the physicians reported at follow‐up that they applied the learnt skills to patient‐related work, in relation to colleagues and on a personal level.

Conclusion. Communication skills courses for senior clinicians with no previous formal training in this field should emphasise basic communication skills as well as the handling of difficult situations in doctor–patient interaction. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cancer patients consultation patterns in primary care and levels of psychological morbidity: Findings from the Health Survey for England
Authors: Allgar Victoria L. , Neal Richard D. , Pascoe Shane W.
Published: September 2003

Aim. To determine the consultations patterns in general practice, for people with cancer and other chronic illnesses, and to assess the levels of psychological morbidity.

Methods. The following questions from the 1999 Health Survey for England were analysed: presence of a self‐reported long‐standing illness and its nature, numbers of contacts with general practitioner (GP) in the previous 2 weeks, contact with a GP in the previous year for anxiety/depression or a mental, nervous or emotional problem, presence of a self‐reported long‐standing illness of mental illness, anxiety or depression, and GHQ12 scores. For comparison purposes, data from respondents reporting having asthma, arthritis, diabetes, other long‐standing illness, and no long‐standing illness are presented.

Results. A third of respondents with cancer had contact with a GP in the last 2 weeks, which was slightly higher than the other illness group, however the pattern of attendances for those respondents who did consult were similar between groups. A quarter of people with cancer had spoken to a GP in the last year about being anxious/depressed, or about a mental, nervous or emotional problem. A third of cancer respondents reported high GHQ12 scores, but self‐reported long‐standing illness of ‘mental illness/anxiety/depression’ was low (4%).

Conclusion. The findings suggest that psychological morbidity may be unrecognised in some cancer patients. There is potential for these symptoms to be identified and treated in primary care, especially given the ongoing nature of the patient–doctor relationship and the easy access primary care affords. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Symptom prevalence, distress, and change over time in adults receiving treatment for lung cancer
Authors: Cooley Mary E. , Short Thomas H. , Moriarty Helene J.
Published: September 2003

Adequate management of symptoms in adults with lung cancer is an important focus for clinical interventions. Knowledge of symptom prevalence and distress can be used to develop empirically based interventions that can potentially reduce distressing symptoms and improve quality of life. The purposes of this study were to describe which symptoms are most distressing, describe the prevalence of symptoms in adults receiving treatment for lung cancer, identify how symptoms change over time, and identify patient‐related and clinical characteristics related to symptom distress. Data were available from 117 patients. Fatigue and pain were the most distressing symptoms for each group and at each time. Significant differences in distressing symptoms among the treatment groups were noted for nausea, fatigue, bowel pattern, and concentration at entry into the study and difficulty with appetite at 6 months. Many of the individual symptoms demonstrated a decrease in distress from 0 to 3 months and then an increase in distress levels from 3 to 6 months. Many of the individual symptoms were associated with demographic covariates and treatment group values but no consistent pattern emerged over time except for baseline symptom distress. Symptom distress at entry to the study was a strong predictor of nine distressing symptoms at 3 months and seven distressing symptoms at 6 months. Questionnaires such as the SDS may be useful as screening instruments to target those who need more intensive interventions. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Caregiving for women with advanced breast cancer
Authors: Coristine Marjorie , Crooks Dauna , Grunfeld Eva , Stonebridge Carole , Christie Anne
Published: September 2003

Aim: To describe the psychosocial impact on caregivers of caring for women with advanced breast cancer.

Methods: Five focus groups were held with bereaved caregivers. Qualitative content analysis of the transcripts was conducted to identify emerging themes.

Results: Two categories of caregivers were identified: spouse caregivers (SCGs) and non‐spouse caregivers (NSCGs), who were either close friends or relatives. SCGs and the patient managed care cooperatively and shared care‐related decision making. Working SCGs managed multiple roles but employers gave them support and freedom to take the time that was necessary to care for their wives. NSCGs had the most life roles to manage, and saw themselves as agents for the patient. The terminal phase of disease was most burdensome for all caregivers, although NSCGs had the most difficulties. During this phase, the patients' activities of daily living became much more impaired. In addition, some patients were not willing to receive continence support from caregivers, and some caregivers found that they could not provide continence support. SCGs were able to negotiate these care‐related roles with their spouse, but NSCGs struggled to satisfy the wishes of the patient.

Conclusion: Caregivers assume great responsibility for providing care, particularly during the terminal phase. Caregiving becomes more complex with each additional life role of the caregiver. SCGs have two advantages: (1) living with the patient facilitates caregiving and (2) patterns of decision making that were established previous to the illness facilitated shared decision making between the patient and spouse caregiver. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of question wording on assessments of interest in genetic testing for breast cancer risk
Authors: Bottorff Joan L. , Ratner Pamela A. , Richardson Chris , Balneaves Lynda G. , McCullum Mary , Hack Tom , Chalmers Karen , Buxton Jane
Published: September 2003

The purpose of this study was to compare the results of different measures of interest in genetic testing for breast cancer risk. A telephone survey of a random sample of women without breast cancer was conducted in British Columbia, Canada. Interest in genetic testing for breast cancer risk was measured in three ways: (1) an unprompted assessment of interest, (2) assessment of interest when prompted with a hypothetical offer of testing, and (3) assessment of interest when provided with supplementary information. Substantial differences in reported levels of interest in genetic testing were observed across the different assessment approaches, with the unprompted assessment of interest resulting in lowest levels of interest. The highest levels of interest were observed when the assessment of interest was prompted with a hypothetical offer of testing. Factors predicting interest in genetic testing varied depending on the assessment measure used. These findings suggest that more attention must be given to measurement issues, including complete reporting of measures used in research, development of standardized approaches to assessing interest in genetic testing, and more rigorous psychometric evaluations of measures of interest in genetic testing. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What to synthesize? from Emil Fischer to peptidomics
Authors: Ivanov Vadim T. , Blishchenko Elena Yu. , Sazonova Olga V. , Karelin Andrey A.
Published: September 2003

The driving forces, incentives and strategic targets of peptide synthesis have undergone considerable evolution during the centenary following the pioneer work of Emil Fischer. In those days peptide synthesis was considered as a way of confirming the polypeptide theory of protein structure. The scientific community also expected (naively) that the synthesis would eventually lead to the creation of artificial living organisms. Only in the 1950s, when the first exact amino acid sequences were established did peptide chemistry obtain firmer ground and clearly defined targets. The total synthesis of peptide hormones and antibiotics became possible, providing valuable material for elucidating structure–functional relationships and the mechanisms of biological action. In the following years the number of peptides isolated from various biological sources grew with impressive speed and peptides became known as the most abundant, ubiquitous group of low molecular bioregulators. The design and synthesis of novel peptide based pharmaceuticals became an important area of peptide chemistry. At present we are facing the challenge of analysing the structures and bioactivities of total sets of peptides, i.e. peptidoms, present in concrete tissues or groups of cells. The results obtained along these lines at the IBCH RAS Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry are briefly considered in the review. Copyright © 2003 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Model analysis of time‐dependent stresses and deformations of structural concrete
Authors: Elbadry Mamdouh M , Youakim Samer A , Ghali Amin
Published: September 2003

This paper presents a model method for predicting the immediate and time‐dependent strains and stresses in concrete structures with or without prestressing. The time‐dependent parameters that enter the analysis include creep and shrinkage of concrete and relaxation of the prestressing reinforcement. The method is based on analysis of strain distribution in individual sections by satisfying equilibrium and compatibility. The method presented is comprehensive; it applies to concrete structures reinforced with steel or fibre‐reinforced polymers, and to composite sections comprising concrete and structural steel parts. Calculation of the central deflection and end rotations of a straight member from curvature values at a number of equally spaced sections is illustrated. Available computer programs for use in the time‐dependent analysis are briefly described. The analysis steps are demonstrated by a flowchart and by numerical examples. The model analysis is verified by comparisons with published experimental results. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical dissipation in time‐step integration algorithms for structural dynamic analysis
Authors: Fung T C
Published: September 2003

To damp out spurious high‐frequency responses, time‐step integration algorithms for structural dynamic analysis should have controllable numerical dissipation in the high‐frequency regime. The algorithms should also be unconditionally stable so that the time‐step size is governed by the accuracy requirement only. This paper reviews several recently developed frameworks that can be used to construct unconditionally stable dissipative time‐step integration algorithms. The continuous displacement (single‐field) formulations are considered here. The algorithmic parameters that can be used to control the numerical dissipation in time‐step integration algorithms are also discussed.
Integrated sensing of civil and innovative FRP structures
Authors: Mufti A A , Tennyson R C , Cheng J J R
Published: September 2003

Modern and innovative technologies, developed as part of ISIS Canada activities, are described. These technologies involve new building materials, comprising polymers and super‐strong fibres, and innovative sensors incorporating fibre optics. It is argued that the ISIS technologies will pave the way to innovation as well as for rehabilitating and rejuvenating Canada's ageing and fast‐crumbling infrastructure in a cost‐effective manner. This paper chronicles the latest developments of ISIS technologies.
Analysis and design of floating bridges
Authors: Watanabe Eiichi , Utsunomiya Tomoaki
Published: September 2003

The history of floating bridges can be dated back to 2000 BC. There are many types of floating bridges, depending on the conditions of the land and the types of barriers to cross. As compared with land‐based bridges, only limited information is available for floating bridges in many respects, such as past construction records, meteorological and durability conditions. In recent years it has been possible to design floating bridges more scientifically because of theoretical developments in the hydrodynamic interactions between fluid and floating bodies. This paper aims to overview the design and analysis of floating bridges following a recently published design manual by JSCE, and describes the recent development of their design with special emphasis on the use of steel.
New results for the analysis of linear systems with time‐invariant delays
Authors: Zhang Jianrong , Knospe Carl R. , Tsiotras Panagiotis
Published: September 2003

This paper presents a comparison system approach for the analysis of stability and ℋ︁∞performance of linear time‐invariant systems with unknown delays. The comparison system is developed by replacing the delay elements with certain parameter‐dependent Padé approximations. It is shown using the special properties of the Padé approximation to e−sthat the value sets of these approximations provide outer and inner coverings for that of each delay element and that the robust stability of the outer covering system is a sufficient condition for the stability of the original time delay system. The inner covering system, in turn, is used to provide an upper bound on the degree of conservatism of the delay margin established by the sufficient condition. This upper bound is dependent only upon the Padé approximation order and may be made arbitrarily small. In the single delay case, the delay margin can be calculated explicitly without incurring any additional conservatism. In the general case, this condition can be reduced with some (typically small) conservatism to finite‐dimensional LMIs. Finally, this approach is also extended to the analysis of ℋ︁∞performance for linear time‐delay systems with an exogenous disturbance. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An integrated study of the grain‐size‐dependent magnetic mineralogy of the Chinese loess/paleosol and its environmental significance
Authors: Liu Qingsong , Banerjee Subir K. , Jackson Michael J. , Chen Fahu , Pan Yongxin , Zhu Rixiang
Published: September 2003

To investigate the grain‐size‐dependent properties of the magnetic minerals in Chinese loess/paleosol samples (Touxiangdao, Xining, Qinghai province, China), magnetic extracts were divided into two size fractions by gravitational settling. On the basis of hysteresis measurements, thermal demagnetization of low‐temperature saturation isothermal remanent magnetization, and nonmagnetic studies (SEM and XRD) we identified magnetic phases both in the grain size fractions of the magnetic extracts and in the less magnetic residues to provide more accurate and complete descriptions of all the magnetic components in the bulk natural samples. The results show that the oxidation degree (nonstoichiometry) of magnetic minerals is strongly affected by both grain size and the paleoclimatic environment in which they were deposited and altered. In ascending order of the oxidation degree of our samples, we find (1) loess‐coarse particles (LC) are multidomain (MD) magnetite with slight oxidation, (2) paleosol‐coarse (PC) particles are also MD magnetite but with a higher oxidation degree compared to LC, (3) loess‐fine (LF) particles are pseudo‐single domain (PSD) magnetite with a high oxidation degree, and (4) paleosol‐fine (PF) particles are PSD maghemite. Single domain (SD) and superparamagnetic (SP) maghemite mainly stay in the residues. Further thermomagnetic analysis of PF (PSD maghemite) revealed that this natural maghemite has a Curie temperature identical to that of magnetite and that the conversion efficiency of transformation from maghemite to hematite is only about 50% after a 700°C heating/cooling cycle. These new results identify the sources of multicomponent NRM in Chinese loess sequences as well as clarify the paleoenviromental and paleoclimatic controls on the remanence components.