bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plutarch's Rhythmic Prose
Authors: Hutchinson G. O.
Published: August 2018

Greek literature is divided, like many literatures, into poetry and prose; but in the earlier Roman Empire, 31 bc to ad 300, much Greek (and Latin) prose was written in one organized rhythmic system. Whether most, or hardly any, Greek prose adopted this patterning has been entirely unclear; this book for the first time adequately establishes an answer. It then seeks to get deeper into the nature of prose-rhythm through one of the greatest Imperial works, Plutarch’s Lives. All its phrases, almost 100,000, have been scanned rhythmically. Prose-rhythm is revealed as a means of expression, which draws attention to words and word-groups. (Online readings are offered too.) Some passages in the Lives pack rhythms together more closely than others; the book looks especially at rhythmically dense passages. These do not occur randomly; they attract attention to themselves, and are marked out as climactic in the narrative, or as in other ways of highlighted significance. Comparison emerges as crucial to the Lives on many levels. Much of the book closely discusses particular dense moments, in commentary form, to show how much rhythm contributes to understanding, and is to be integrated with other sorts of criticism. These remarkable passages make apparent the greatness of Plutarch as a prose-writer: a side not greatly considered amid the huge resurgence of work on him. The book also analyses closely rhythmic and unrhythmic passages from three Greek novelists. Rhythm illuminates both a supreme Greek writer, Plutarch, and three prolific centuries of Greek literary history.
Rhythmic Prose in Plutarch’sLives
Authors: Hutchinson G. O.
Published: August 2018

From this chapter the book goes more deeply into one productive and central author: Plutarch. The basis for the book is a scansion of all of Plutarch’s Lives, not just the end of sentences but every small phrase: 2,297 pages, almost 100,000 phrases. For the other half of Plutarch’s work, the philosophical and related writings, the end of every sentence has been scanned. There thus exists a much more abundant body of material for the consideration of Plutarch than for any other Greek author. It is possible to advance from scansion into interpretation. With many detailed examples, and with the help of ancient comments, a connection is indicated between rhythm and emphasis, or attention; thus a rhythmic close draws attention to the words that create it. This can be independently confirmed from context, word-order, etc., and is demonstrated on a large scale in the book as a whole.
Life as Art (Plutarch,Timoleon35)
Authors: Hutchinson G. O.
Published: August 2018

The book now looks at a series of passages, most of them rhythmically dense. These show the rhythmic system, and Plutarch’s writing, at its most intense or heavily loaded, and they thus throw light on both of them. Plutarch’s actual writing has not been very closely considered, unlike so many other aspects of him. A commentary format is used for the discussion; the analysis always grows out of the rhythm, but it shows how rhythm bears on the wider interpretation of passages. The first commentary comes from the Life of Timoleon, and provides a climactic encapsulation of his achievements in bringing freedom and peace to Sicily. Plutarch is here seen turning Timaeus or other source-material into exultant rhythmic prose.
What to Write under a Statue (Cato Maior19.4–6)
Authors: Hutchinson G. O.
Published: August 2018

This chapter offers another passage of summary, but here not in exalted style. Rather, Plutarch uses the medium of a supposed inscription to show the Roman people’s appreciation of Cato the Elder’s censorship, and his moral rescue of the Roman res publica. The historicity of the inscription is extremely doubtful; but the passage shows a fruitful interaction between the austere moral ethos of the Middle Republic (as restored by Cato) and the rich and stylish eloquence of Greek Imperial prose. The passage is not mere hagiography: Cato’s stance on statues has changed. The passage moves away from dense rhythm into a witty and irresistible mot.
A Dangerous Leap (Alexander63.2–6)
Authors: Hutchinson G. O.
Published: August 2018

A mass of comparative material, Greek and Latin, rhythmic and unrhythmic, enables us to scrutinize sharply Plutarch’s treatment in the Life of Alexander of Alexander’s leap into an Indian city full of enemies. Alexander’s life was a field cultivated with particular assiduity by ancient writers; Plutarch himself treats the incident at length in a philosophical work: De Alexandri Magni Fortuna aut Virtute, speech 2. The density of rhythm in this passage is crucial to making the moment a climax in the Life; the writing is actually sober and intently compact when compared both to Plutarch’s own treatment in the piece mentioned and to the Homeric account in Arrian. This sobriety is historiographical as well as stylistic.
Daggers and Dangers (Brutus1.5, 16.4, 52.1–4, 7–8; 19–20)
Authors: Hutchinson G. O.
Published: August 2018

The consideration of one specific Life—see ch. 9—is expanded by a look at passages which show density but more briefly than the criteria require, and at a substantial passage which exemplifies writing in a lower key. The passages more briefly or intermittently dense are more engaged with violent action—tyrannicide by an ancestor of Brutus’, a false alarm before the killing of Caesar, and Brutus’ last hours and suicide. The lesser extent of the density throws light on the Life, which portrays Brutus—with some straining of the evidence—as a gentle soul, guided by his philosophy. The rhythmically looser passage, like that from the Timoleon in ch. 5, shows loosening and tightening of rhythm to fit the content—particularly that of Antony’s incendiary speech. Passages from Appian and from Plutarch’s own Life of Caesar throw light on the specific treatments in these extracts.
A Surprise from Cato (Pompey54.5–9)
Authors: Hutchinson G. O.
Published: August 2018

In two Lives, Plutarch gives a detailed treatment of how Pompey became sole consul in 52 bc. The rhythmically dense account in the Life of Pompey can be compared in detail with the looser account in the Life of Cato the Younger. The account in the Life of Pompey involves a comparison with Cato which is important to the Life; it also evokes a political meeting in a way that brings the reader nearer to the speeches and the drama. More of Cato’s quirkiness appears in the Life of Cato the Younger. Accounts by Cassius Dio and Appian can also be brought in to the discussion; all the Greek authors are philosophically and politically interested in the constitutional question.
Mist or Smoke? (Flamininus4.8–12)
Authors: Hutchinson G. O.
Published: August 2018

This chapter analyses an atmospheric and involving treatment of a key Roman victory, of Flamininus over Philip V. Plutarch and the non-rhythmic Livy are probably both drawing on the non-rhythmic Polybius; and most likely Plutarch wishes his divergence from Livy in content to be seen. Comparison with Livy certainly gives a closely related non-rhythmic account to set against Plutarch’s, and the rhythmic writing of Plutarch’s will certainly have differentiated it from Polybius’. We should not judge too confidently what actually happened, and what was in Plutarch and Livy’s source or sources; but it is apparent how Plutarch uses rhythm to build up the emotion and physicality of his depiction. Aeschylus on Salamis comes into the intertextuality.
A Blasé Mother (Plutarch,Cleomenes43 (22).4–5)
Authors: Hutchinson G. O.
Published: August 2018

The preceding passage of Chariton is set against another passage from Plutarch’s Agis and Cleomenes (cf. ch. 17). Cleomenes’ mother treats herself and her relationship with her son very differently from Chaereas’ mother. Her sense of humour and her Spartan nobility, and the delicate portrayal of interaction with the son, lead to a passage which is much wider in range and outlook than the passage from Chariton. This one shows a considerable degree of rhythmic density, although it does not quite meet the criteria set in ch. 3. The long sentences and the altering narrative display a very different exploitation of prose-rhythm from Chariton’s.
Bewilderments of Joy (Heliodorus 10.38.3–4)
Authors: Hutchinson G. O.
Published: August 2018

A climactic non-rhythmic passage from a novelist is analysed, to show its difference from Chariton, and more especially from the passage in the next chapter. The passage is climactic, part of the great finale of Heliodorus’ novel. The language flows without rhythmic stopping-points, and perhaps even seeks to compensate for the absence of rhythm with arresting complication of expression and thought. Thucydides is the basis for developments which are obscure in meaning and recall in stylistic balance other prose of the fifth and fourth centuries. The writing is far from the sharpness of Chariton, to which rhythm makes such a contribution.
Chaereas Lives (Chariton 5.8.1–3)
Authors: Hutchinson G. O.
Published: August 2018

A climactic point in Chariton contrasts with the passage of Heliodorus considered in the previous chapter. The language of theatre is used in both; but Chariton orchestrates an almost operatic complication of characters with contrasting feelings. Rhythm brings out the complication with pointed ingenuity. The account culminates in wry extremity on the king of Persia: love overcomes all. Thucydides is again an important layer, but all is turned in the direction of ingenious intricacy sharply mastered. It is also seen how rhythm helps to highlight exceedingly forceful links in language which run through the novel. Thus rhythm promotes structure on a large scale as on a small one.
The King of Persia is Put in His Place (Chariton 8.5.5–7)
Authors: Hutchinson G. O.
Published: August 2018

At another big moment in Chariton, the queen of Persia arrives by sea and is restored to her astonished husband. The passage conveys with refinement the mixed feelings of the king, who loves both his wife and Callirhoe, the heroine of the novel. It also conveys with refinement the meeting of the husband and wife, and the wife’s handling of the king’s mixed feelings, and her own. Rhythm helps the subtlety here, as well as the strong depiction of emotion. Apparently simple physical narrative is charged with point, as rhythm invites the reader to linger over phrases.
When Do Countries Implement Structural Reforms?
Authors: Dias da Silva Antonio , Givone Audrey , Sondermann David
Published: August 2018

This chapter’s objective is to investigate which factors—macroeconomic, policy-related, or institutional—foster the implementation of structural reforms. We therefore look at episodes of structural reforms over three decades across forty OECD and EU countries and link them to these factors. Our results suggest that structural reforms implementation is more likely during deep recessions and when unemployment rates are high. Moreover, the further it is distant from best practice, the more likely a country is to implement reforms. External pressures, such as being subject to a financial assistance programme, or being part of the European Single Market facilitated pro-competitive reforms. Low interest rates tend to promote rather than discourage structural reforms, while there seems no clear link between fiscal policy and reforms. Moreover, reforms in product markets tend to increase the likelihood of labour market reforms following suit. Many robustness checks have been carried out confirming our main results.
Short Run Costs of Structural Reforms
Authors: Sajedi Rana
Published: August 2018

Structural reforms that increase competition in product markets, or increase flexibility in labour markets, can entail short run output costs unless offset by a demand expansion. When monetary policy is constrained and cannot carry out this short run expansion, there is a potential role for fiscal policy. This chapter quantifies these short run fiscal costs and long run fiscal benefits of reforms, and investigates how the design of reforms can affect this trade-off. In the model, both the costs and benefits of reforms are generally small, although increasingly large reforms entail larger rises in deficit-to-GDP in the short run. Results suggest that reforms in labour markets have little effect on public finances in the long run, but can help to ameliorate the short run costs of product market reforms.
The Quantification of Structural Reforms in OECD Countries
Authors: Égert Balázs , Gal Peter
Published: August 2018

This chapter describes and discusses a new supply-side framework that quantifies the impact of structural reforms on per capita income in OECD countries. It presents the overall macroeconomic impacts of reforms by aggregating over the effects on physical capital, employment, and productivity through a production function. On the basis of reforms defined as observed changes in policies, the chapter finds that product market regulation has the largest overall single policy impact five years after the reforms. But the combined impact of all labour market policies is considerably larger than that of product market regulation. The paper also shows that policy impacts can differ at different horizons. The overall long-term effects on GDP per capita of policies transiting through capital deepening can be considerably larger than the five- to ten-year impacts. By contrast, the long-term impact of policies coming only via the employment rate channel materializes at a shorter horizon.
Labour Market Regulations and Growth
Authors: Badunenko Oleg
Published: August 2018

This chapter builds a model in which labour market regulations influence labour productivity growth through labour markets. The model decomposes labour productivity growth into components attributable to (i) changes in efficiency; (ii) technological change; (iii) physical capital deepening; (iv) human capital accumulation; (v) labour market regulations changes. The empirical analysis Penn World Tables and Economic Freedom of the World data is performed for 1970–95 and 1995–2014. Findings can be summarized as follows. First, physical capital deepening is the major driving force behind productivity growth over the period. Labour market regulation changes having contributed next to nothing during 1970–95, become the second most important force of economic growth after 1995. Second, relatively rich nations benefit more from changes to labour market regulations than do relatively poor nations. Finally, contributions from labour market regulations changes to growth is stronger for countries with less liberalized labour markets.
Labour Market Regulations and Capital Intensity
Authors: Cette Gilbert , Lopez Jimmy , Mairesse Jacques
Published: August 2018

What is the impact of labour market regulations as measured by the OECD indicator of employment protection legislation (EPL) on capital and skill composition? Precisely, this study investigates the effects of changes in EPL on changes in four types of capital and three components of labour skill. They include construction, non-ICT, ICT, and R&D capital components on the one hand, and low-, medium-, and highly-skilled labour on the other. Our analysis is grounded on a large country–industry panel dataset of fourteen OECD countries, and eighteen manufacturing and market service industries, from 1988 to 2007. It shows that strengthening EPL lowers ICT capital and, even more severely, R&D capital relative to non-ICT and construction capital; it also brings down low-skilled relative to highly-skilled workers’ employment. These results suggest that structural reforms for more labour flexibility could have a favourable impact on firms’ R&D investment and hiring of low-skilled workers.
Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Dynamics
Authors: Mann Peter
Published: August 2018

This book explores the fascinating subject of classical mechanics, which is the pinnacle of nineteenth-century physics, from a fresh and exciting viewpoint. With its foundations laid down in ancient Greece, classical physics was truly born in the 1700s with Sir Isaac Newton’s discoveries and quickly developed into the modern scientific method that is commonplace today. After the Newtonian revolution, others reformulated classical mechanics into different descriptions and new formalisms, each uncovering novel aspects of the mathematical and geometrical laws of nature. Over the last 400 years, classical physics has been used to engineer bridges, railways, engines, antennas, planes and much, much more. Classical mechanics is still a vibrant field of active research in theoretical physics and, to this day, captures the excitement of many physicists. Classical mechanics persists today due to its incredible practicality and as the physical embodiment of many fields of abstract mathematics. In this book, the reader journeys from Newton’s three laws of motion to analytical mechanics and Lagrangian and Hamiltonian dynamics, as well as the formulations of Jacobi and many other hard-working natural philosophers who lend their names to classical mechanics.
Wave Mechanics & Elements of Mathematical Physics
Authors: Mann Peter
Published: August 2018

This chapter presents an in-depth look at classical wave mechanics and mathematical physics, containing key examples directly relevant to molecular physics. The separation of variables is used to construct the Helmholtz equation from the one-dimensional wave equation before considering the three-dimensional wave equation. From this, equations for the temporal, radial, azimuth and angular components are developed and solutions using the Bessel equations and Legendre polynomials are found. Boundary conditions are explained and the Rayleigh plane wave expansion as the general solution to the Helmholtz equation is reconstructed. Both the Hermite equation and the Legendre equation are derived using the series solution method, and the Laplace equation is discussed.
Point Transformations in Lagrangian Mechanics
Authors: Mann Peter
Published: August 2018

This chapter discusses point transformations in Lagrangian mechanics. Sometimes, when solving problems, it is useful to change coordinates in velocity phase space to better suit and simplify the system at hand; this is a requirement of any physical theory. This change is often motivated by some experimentally observed physicality of the system or may highlight new conserved quantities that might have been overlooked using the old description. In the Newtonian formalism, it was a bit of a hassle to change coordinates and the equations of motion will look quite different. In this chapter, point transformations in Lagrangian mechanics are developed and the Euler–Lagrange equation is found to be covariant. The chapter discusses coordinate transformations, parametrisation invariance and the Jacobian of the transform. Re-parametrisations are also included.
The Jacobi Energy Function
Authors: Mann Peter
Published: August 2018

This chapter focuses on the Jacobi energy function, considering how the Lagrange formalism treats the energy of the system. This discussion leads nicely to conservation laws and symmetries, which are the focus of the next chapter. The Jacobi energy function associated with a Lagrangian is defined as a function on the tangent bundle. The chapter also discuss explicit vs implicit time dependence, and shows how time translational invariance ensures the generalised coordinates are inertial, meaning that the energy function is the total energy of the system. In addition, it examines the energy function using non-inertial coordinates and explicit time dependence.
Near-Equilibrium Oscillations
Authors: Mann Peter
Published: August 2018

In this chapter, the theory of near-equilibrium oscillations is developed and normal mode analysis is performed. This topic requires a little bit of linear algebra when dealing with matrices, as well as an understanding of differential equations. The chapter explores small perturbations (small nudges or tiny shifts) to a stable equilibrium point in configuration space and introduces the characteristic equation. Interdisciplinary examples are then investigated, including a surface science example in which the bond frequencies of surface adsorbates are calculated, an example in which the motion of atoms in a triatomic molecule is examined and an example in which the molecular physics of atomic force microscopy is analysed. The properties of the eigenvalue problem for small oscillations are also investigated.
Hamilton’s Equations & Routhian Reduction
Authors: Mann Peter
Published: August 2018

In this chapter, the Poisson bracket and angular momentum are investigated and first integrals are used to develop conservation laws as a canonical Noether’s theorem. The Poisson bracket was developed by the French mathematician Poisson in the late nineteenth century and it is a reformulation, or at least a tidying up, of Hamilton’s equations into one neat package. The Poisson bracket of a quantity with the Hamiltonian describes the time evolution of that quantity as one moves along a curve in phase space. The Lie algebra structure of symmetries in mechanics is highlighted using this formulation. The classical propagator is derived using the Poisson bracket.
Poisson Brackets & Angular Momentum
Authors: Mann Peter
Published: August 2018

This chapter discusses canonical transformations and gauge transformations and is divided into three sections. In the first section, canonical coordinate transformations are introduced to the reader through generating functions as the extension of point transformations used in Lagrangian mechanics, with the harmonic oscillator being used as an example of a canonical transformation. In the second section, gauge theory is discussed in the canonical framework and compared to the Lagrangian case. Action-angle variables, direct conditions, symplectomorphisms, holomorphic variables, integrable systems and first integrals are examined. The third section looks at infinitesimal canonical transformations resulting from functions on phase space. Ostrogradsky equations in the canonical setting are also detailed.
Hamilton-Jacobi Theory
Authors: Mann Peter
Published: August 2018

This chapter focuses on Liouville’s theorem and classical statistical mechanics, deriving the classical propagator. The terms ‘phase space volume element’ and ‘Liouville operator’ are defined and an n-particle phase space probability density function is constructed to derive the Liouville equation. This is deconstructed into the BBGKY hierarchy, and radial distribution functions are used to develop n-body correlation functions. Koopman–von Neumann theory is investigated as a classical wavefunction approach. The chapter develops an operatorial mechanics based on classical Hilbert space, and discusses the de Broglie–Bohm formulation of quantum mechanics. Partition functions, ensemble averages and the virial theorem of Clausius are defined and Poincaré’s recurrence theorem, the Gibbs H-theorem and the Gibbs paradox are discussed. The chapter also discusses commuting observables, phase–amplitude decoupling, microcanonical ensembles, canonical ensembles, grand canonical ensembles, the Boltzmann factor, Mayer–Montroll cluster expansion and the equipartition theorem and investigates symplectic integrators, focusing on molecular dynamics.
Constrained Hamiltonian Dynamics
Authors: Mann Peter
Published: August 2018

This chapter focuses on autonomous geometrical mechanics, using the language of symplectic geometry. It discusses manifolds (including Kähler manifolds, Riemannian manifolds and Poisson manifolds), tangent bundles, cotangent bundles, vector fields, the Poincaré–Cartan 1-form and Darboux’s theorem. It covers symplectic transforms, the Marsden–Weinstein symplectic quotient, presymplectic and symplectic 2-forms, almost symplectic structures, symplectic leaves and foliation. It also discusses contact structures, musical isomorphisms and Arnold’s theorem, as well as integral invariants, Nambu structures, the Nambu bracket and the Lagrange bracket. It describes Poisson bi-vector fields, Poisson structures, the Lie–Poisson bracket and the Lie–Poisson reduction, as well as Lie algebra, the Lie bracket and Lie algebra homomorphisms. Other topics include Casimir functions, momentum maps, the Euler–Poincaré equation, fibre derivatives and the geodesic equation. The chapter concludes by looking at deformation quantisation of the Poisson algebra, using the Moyal bracket and C*-algebras to develop a quantum physics.
The Structure of Phase Space
Authors: Mann Peter
Published: August 2018

This chapter introduces the reader to canonical perturbation theory as a tool for studying near-integrable systems. Many problems in physics and chemistry do not have exact analytical solutions; these systems are in direct opposition to integrable systems and action-angle variables. The chapter starts by considering tiny perturbations to integrable Hamiltonians. Poincaré in 1893 claimed this was the fundamental question of classical mechanics and, fittingly, Hamilton–Jacobi theory is the starting point. The chapter develops Poincaré’s fundamental equation as well as Delaunay’s small divisor problem. Resonant, near–resonant and non-resonant tori are investigated in the context of Poincaré’s theorem and KAM theory is described in detail. Chaos and Poincaré maps are presented before discussing determinism, deterministic chaos and Laplace’s demon.
Hamiltonian Field Theory
Authors: Mann Peter
Published: August 2018

This chapter discusses classical electromagnetism. As an example of a classical field theory, electrodynamics is framed using a Lagrangian density. Until pioneers such as Faraday and Maxwell, electric vector fields and magnetic vector fields were regarded as separate phenomena entirely and it was only in the late nineteenth century that scientists saw them as components of a larger concept, the electromagnetic field. Maxwell’s equations are derived and the wave equations are revisited. The chapter discusses gauge fixing, the Hodge star, the Lorentz force law and molecular multipole moments and closes by defining the electromagnetic tensor and the Minkowski metric tensor.
Noether’s Theorem for Fields
Authors: Mann Peter
Published: August 2018

This is a unique chapter that discusses classical path integrals in both configuration space and phase space. It examines both Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulations before qualitatively discussing some interesting features of gauge fixing. This formulation is then linked to superspace and Grassmann variables for a fermionic field theory. The chapter then shows that the corresponding operatorial formulation is none other than the Koopman–von Neumann theory. In parallel to quantum theory, the classical propagator or the transition amplitude between two classical states is given exactly by the phase space partition function. The functional Dirac delta is discussed, and the chapter closes by briefly mentioning Faddeev–Popov ghosts, which were introduced earlier in the chapter.
The (Not So?) Basics
Authors: Mann Peter
Published: August 2018

This chapter discusses matrices. Matrices appear in many instances across physics, and it is in this chapter that the background necessary for understanding how to use them in calculations is provided. Although matrices can be a little daunting upon first exposure, they are very handy for a lot of classical physics. This chapter reviews the basics of matrices and their operations. It discusses square matrices, adjoint matrices, cofactor matrices and skew-symmetric matrices. The concepts of matrix multiplication, transpose, inverse, diagonal, identity, Pfaffian and determinant are examined. The chapter also discusses the terms Hermitian, symmetric and antisymmetric, as well as the Levi-Civita symbol and Laplace expansion.
Linear Algebra
Authors: Mann Peter
Published: August 2018

This chapter is key to the understanding of classical mechanics as a geometrical theory. It builds upon earlier chapters on calculus and linear algebra and frames theoretical physics in a new and useful language. Although some degree of mathematical knowledge is required (from the previous chapters), the focus of this chapter is to explain exactly what is going on, rather than give a full working knowledge of the subject. Such an approach is rare in this field, yet is ever so welcome to newcomers who are exposed to this material for the first time! The chapter discusses topology, manifolds, forms, interior products, pullback and pushforward, as well as tangent bundles, cotangent bundles, jet bundles and principle bundles. It also discusses vector fields, integral curves, flow, exterior derivatives and fibre derivatives. In addition, Lie derivatives, Lie brackets, Lie algebra, Lie–Poisson brackets, vertical space, horizontal space, groups and algebroids are explained.
Introduction
Authors: Capp Bernard
Published: August 2018

This chapter introduces the issues, surveys briefly the existing literature, and sets out the scope of the book. It summarizes contemporary views on the appropriate relationship between siblings, especially the rights and responsibilities of an elder brother towards his sisters and younger brothers. Contemporaries saw these as grounded in both nature and scripture, but recognized too the strength of sibling rivalries and resentments over favouritism and inheritance. These were often explored in contemporary drama, such as Shakespeare’s As You Like It and King Lear, and in social commentaries and polemic. The imagery of brotherhood and sisterhood pervaded the language as well as literature of the period, both as tokens of friendship and (in the case of elder/younger brothers) of oppression within the family. In language as in life, the sibling relationship was a heated and divisive issue for both parents and children.
The Experience of Childhood
Authors: Capp Bernard
Published: August 2018

The chapter sets out the gendered context of childhood, on family issues such as the education and behaviour deemed appropriate for boys and girls, and what level of freedom they might enjoy. It explores parental preferences in terms of both gender and birth order, and shows that despite a general preference for boys, many couples hoped for children of both sexes. The analysis then addresses the issue of individual favouritism. While the eldest son was often favoured, other parents showered affection on their youngest, or the one closest in temperament. Parental favouritism was a major factor in sibling rivalry, with resentment over issues such as inheritance directed both at parents and the favoured siblings. The chapter ends by exploring the contrasting evidence of close childhood bonds, and striking examples of the care and protection provided by older children towards younger brothers and sisters.
Stepchildren, Half-Siblings, and the Illegitimate
Authors: Capp Bernard
Published: August 2018

High mortality rates meant that many families lost a parent while the children were still young. This chapter explores the concerns of bereaved women and men deciding whether to remarry, and of children anticipating the arrival of a step-parent. Many families included a stepmother or stepfather, half-siblings or step-siblings, bringing new issues of sibling rivalry. Young children faced the possibility of neglect, cruelty, and the alienation of their own parent’s affections. Older children, especially in propertied families, worried about the threat to their inheritances. In practice, reconstituted families sometimes bonded very well and many coped adequately, but a minority ended in disaster. The chapter examines all these categories, including situations where the children became caught up in conflicts between husband and wife. There were other kinds of irregular families, too, and the chapter ends by exploring the situation of illegitimate half-siblings, and the issue of sibling incest.
William Stout
Authors: Capp Bernard
Published: August 2018

William Stout, a Lancaster ironmonger, was a Quaker and a lifelong bachelor. He and his sister and non-Quaker brothers represent a striking example of sibling support and harmonious interdependence. Most decisions by family members were taken collectively, after much discussion. William’s sister acted for many years as his housekeeper and assistant, and they boarded several young nephews and nieces in succession. The siblings and their widowed mother cooperated amicably, and William was often willing to defer to their wishes. Highly successful in business, he used his wealth to support his brother’s children and grandchildren. But relationships with the next generation proved more tricky, with their gratitude tempered by resentment at their dependence.
Alice Thornton and Dorothy Osborne
Authors: Capp Bernard
Published: August 2018

This chapter explores sibling ties from a sister’s perspective. Both women experienced fraught relationships with their brothers. Alice Thornton shows a young woman fighting back when her brother blocked her from the inheritance rightfully hers. In her frank autobiography, she justified her actions, while trying to avoid criticism of her brother tarnishing the family’s good name. Dorothy Osborne’s story centres on her brother Henry’s campaign to sabotage her love for William Temple and push her into a match he considered more acceptable. Henry’s diary and Dorothy’s letters give both sides of a complex and stormy relationship. Henry asserted his ‘rights’ as an elder brother, and believed that he was acting in his sister’s best interests. At the same time, he wanted an arrangement that would suit his own interests, and was driven by passionate emotions that revealed a clearly incestuous dimension.
James Yonge and John Cannon
Authors: Capp Bernard
Published: August 2018

James Yonge was a successful Plymouth surgeon, John Cannon a minor excise official and teacher with a scrappy and unsuccessful career. Both men lived to a good age, and both narratives reflect lifelong anger at what they saw as their parents’ discrimination, and their bitter resentment at the favours enjoyed by their brothers and sisters. Both cases show vividly how childhood sibling rivalries and resentments could survive for a lifetime and blight adult lives and relationships. In Yonge’s case, sibling rivalries became entangled with political differences. In Cannon’s case, resentment and emotional turbulence were exacerbated by the fact that his younger sibling enjoyed greater success in life. As the elder brother, Cannon always believed he should enjoy a superior status, but circumstances made this impossible to achieve.
International Relations Meets Critical Theory
Authors: Devetak Richard
Published: August 2018

This chapter provides an account of the reception of critical theory in international relations in the early 1980s. It is structured around detailed studies of four pioneering international relations theorists: R. B. J. Walker, Richard K. Ashley, Andrew Linklater, and R. W. Cox. In their different ways these international relations scholars helped fashion the critical persona on the basis of a modified philosophical reflexivity inherited from German idealism and historical materialism, and their Frankfurt School heirs. The end result of this reception was to refigure the theorist as a critical intellectual, capable of achieving higher levels of ethical comportment on the basis of Enlightenment self-reflection, and deeper insight into the latent forces of political transformation on the basis of dialectical-philosophical history.
Critical International Theory in Historical Mode
Authors: Devetak Richard
Published: August 2018

This chapter recovers a neglected, namely, historical mode of theorizing in an effort to reorient critical international theory. As critical international theories have become more meta-theoretical and abstract, they have lost touch with history. The chapter reconsiders R. W. Cox’s writings—in particular his abiding engagement with historicism and realism—as a means of retrieving critical intellectual resources outside of German idealism and historical materialism. The chapter then uses revisionist histories of the Enlightenment to help reorient critical international theory around historically grounded rather than philosophically grounded forms of criticism. Intellectual resources for this end are recovered from early modern European thought—particularly the historicizing and secularizing political theories of Renaissance humanism and Absolutist historiography. The final section explores the thought of Giambattista Vico, one of Cox’s professed influences, for its ‘Enlightened’ emphasis on humanist pedagogy and its historicist attention to changing forms of civil institutions.
Non-Descriptive Relativism
Authors: Bedke Matthew S.
Published: August 2018

This chapter identifies a novel family of metaethical theories that are non-descriptive and that aim to explain the action-guiding qualities of normative thought and language. The general strategy is to consider different relations language might bear to a given content, where we locate descriptivity (or lack of it) in these relations, rather than locating it in a theory that begins with the expression of states of mind, or locating it in a special kind of content that is not way-things-might-be content. One such view is sketched, which posits two different content-fixing cognitive roles for bits of language. One role fixes a descriptive relation to content and another role fixes a non-descriptive relation to content. In addition to non-descriptivity and action guidance, the chapter briefly considers the appearance of mind-independent authoritative force, disagreement, and Frege–Geach concerns.
The Puzzle of Pure Moral Motivation
Authors: Lerner Adam
Published: August 2018

People engage in pure moral inquiry whenever they inquire into the moral features of some act, agent, or state of affairs without inquiring into the non-moral features of that act, agent, or state of affairs. The first section of this chapter argues that ordinary people act rationally when they engage in pure moral inquiry, and so any adequate view in metaethics ought to be able to explain this fact. The Puzzle of Pure Moral Motivation is to provide such an explanation. The remaining sections of the chapter argue that each of the standard views in metaethics has trouble providing such an explanation. A metaethical view can provide such an explanation only if it meets two constraints: it allows ordinary moral inquirers to know the essences of moral properties, and the essence of each moral property makes it rational to care for its own sake whether that property is instantiated.
Skepticism About Ought Simpliciter
Authors: Baker Derek
Published: August 2018

There are many different oughts. There is a moral ought, a prudential ought, an epistemic ought, the legal ought, the ought of etiquette, and so on. These oughts can prescribe incompatible actions. What I morally ought to do may be different from what I self-interestedly ought to do. Philosophers have claimed that these conflicts are resolved by an authoritative ought, or by facts about what one ought to do simpliciter or all-things-considered. However, this chapter defends the view that the only coherent notion of an ought simpliciter comes with preposterous first-order normative commitments. It is more reasonable to reject the ought simpliciter in favor of the form of normative pluralism advocated in Tiffany (2007).
Introduction
Authors: Janssen Ted , Chapuis Gervais , de Boissieu Marc
Published: August 2018

First a general description of the concept of crystalline structures is presented with some historical background information. The classical approach of periodic structures is presented along with the important topic of symmetry and its role characterizing physical properties. The limitations of the classical model are then introduced in view of the new experimental observations discovered since the 1970s. New forms of crystalline structures including incommensurately modulated and composite structures are presented along with quasicrystalline structures (quasicrystals). The necessity to extend the theory of space group symmetry is then discussed and the concept of superspace symmetry is introduced in order to describe these new forms of matters.
Description and symmetry of aperiodic crystals
Authors: Janssen Ted , Chapuis Gervais , de Boissieu Marc
Published: August 2018

This chapter first introduces the mathematical concept of aperiodic and quasiperiodic functions, which will form the theoretical basis of the superspace description of the new recently discovered forms of matter. They are divided in three groups, namely modulated phases, composites, and quasicrystals. It is shown how the atomic structures and their symmetry can be characterized and described by the new concept. The classification of superspace groups is introduced along with some examples. For quasicrystals, the notion of approximants is also introduced for a better understanding of their structures. Finally, alternatives for the descriptions of the new materials are presented along with scaling symmetries. Magnetic systems and time-reversal symmetry are also introduced.
Structure
Authors: Janssen Ted , Chapuis Gervais , de Boissieu Marc
Published: August 2018

This chapter discusses the X-ray and neutron diffraction methods used to study the atomic structures of aperiodic crystals, addressing indexing diffraction patterns, superspace, ab initio methods, the structure factor of incommensurate structures; and diffuse scattering. The structure solution methods based on the dual space refinements are described, as they are very often applied for the resolution of aperiodic crystal structures. Modulation functions which are used for the refinement of modulated structures and composite structures are presented and illustrated with examples of structure models covering a large spectrum of structures from organic to inorganic compounds, including metals, alloys, and minerals. For a better understanding of the concept of quasicrystalline structures, one-dimensional structure examples are presented first. Further examples of quasicrystals, including decagonal quasicrystals and icosahedral quasicrystals, are analysed in terms of increasing shells of a selected number of polyhedra. The notion of the approximant is compared with classical forms of structures.
How to Do Things with Austin
Authors: Kaplan Mark
Published: August 2018

Argues that, far from presenting an insurmountable obstacle to the project of constructive epistemology, the deployment of Austin’s requirement of fidelity enables us to find new solutions to epistemological problems; argues, in particular, that, once we embrace Austin’s fidelity requirement, we can see that we must reject solutions to the paradoxes of the lottery and preface that would have us effect an indifference to whether our set of beliefs is consistent or deductively cogent; offers a solution to the paradox of the lottery; argues that Austin’s insights, into how to think about knowledge and fallibility, enable us see how properly to solve the paradox of the preface.
Introduction
Authors: Keller Helen , Moeckli Daniel
Published: August 2018

The following introduces the book by explaining its background and providing an overview of its different parts. It also provides a brief summary of the chapters and the themes discussed by the contributors. These themes include the origins of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), their influence and achievements, as well as both the challenges they have faced to date and those to be faced in the future.
Influence of the ICESCR in Africa
Authors: Ssenyonjo Manisuli
Published: August 2018

This chapter considers the influence of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in Africa. It seeks to show how the Covenant as interpreted by the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights has, through the fifty years since its adoption, influenced the regional and domestic protection of economic, social and cultural rights (ESCR) in Africa. The chapter begins by considering the influence of the Covenant on the regional protection of human rights in Africa, followed by an analysis of the influence of the Covenant on the protection of ESCR in the domestic legal systems of African States, focusing primarily on the constitutional protection of ESCR. It then considers the limited influence of the Covenant on national courts’ jurisprudence in African States that apply dualist and monist approaches to international treaties. The chapter ends by making recommendations to maximize the future influence of the Covenant.
The Institutional Future of the Covenants
Authors: Gaer Felice D
Published: August 2018

Longstanding proposals to strengthen implementation of the international human rights treaties have often focused on procedural reforms such as harmonizing methods of work or consolidating ten treaty monitoring bodies into one. This article reviews past reform efforts and then considers proposals to create stronger individual petition mechanisms—including a ‘world court’—as a way of strengthening human rights implementation. After discussing these proposals, the author offers additional ways to make the system more effective and efficient. She rejects the oft-suggested proposal to create a ‘world court’ for human rights, noting legal, organizational, logistical, and financial obstacles. Rather than rushing to tear down the current treaty body system, the author offers a proposal for determining how consolidation of petition proceedings might affect normative standards.
Lying, Deception, and Deceit
Authors: Stokke Andreas
Published: August 2018

This chapter presents the traditional view of lying, according to which to lie is to say something one believes to be false with the intent to deceive. It is argued that this view is too narrow in that lying does not necessarily involve intentions to deceive, and this alternative account of lying is defended against critical attempts to reconcile the deceptive view of lying with so-called bald-faced lying. The chapter ends by laying out the account of lying argued for in the book. According to this view, to lie is to assert something one believes to be false, where assertion is understood as saying something and thereby propose that it become part of the common ground of the conversation.
Common Ground
Authors: Stokke Andreas
Published: August 2018

This chapter provides a detailed account of the notion of the common ground of conversations, which plays a central role in the Stalnakerian account of assertion that the book relies on for its characterization of lying. The chapter specifies that common ground information is defined in terms of acceptance, rather than belief, and shows how this feature allows that bald-faced lies are assertions. Moreover, the chapter demonstrates how the Stalnakerian conception of communication makes room for bald-faced implicatures. A number of objections to this picture of assertion and the common ground definition of lying are rebutted, including issues concerning the notion of proposing information for common ground uptake, as well as problems involving metaphor and malapropism.
Bullshitting and Lying
Authors: Stokke Andreas
Published: August 2018

This chapter extends the analysis of bullshitting from the last chapter to provide an account of the difference between bullshitting and lying. It distinguishes between different kinds of lying. The difference between ordinary lying and Augustinian real lying is explained. The chapters shows that while there is a sense in which ordinary liars are indifferent toward whether their assertions are true or false answers to questions under discussion, such speakers are nevertheless clearly distinguishable from bullshitters. The chapter uses these observations to argue that while lying and bullshitting are not incompatible, most lying is not bullshitting. Both the ordinary liar and the Augustinian real liar are concerned with truth-values, albeit in different ways, while the bullshitter is indifferent toward truth and falsity.