bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Serum phosphatidylinositol as a biomarker for bipolar disorder liability
Authors: Knowles Emma EM , Meikle Peter J , Huynh Kevin , Göring Harald HH , Olvera Rene L , Mathias Samuel R , Duggirala Ravi , Almasy Laura , Blangero John , Curran Joanne E , Glahn David C
Published: February 2017

Objectives

Individuals with bipolar disorder (BPD) exhibit alterations in their phospholipid levels. It is unclear whether these alterations are a secondary consequence of illness state, or if phospholipids and illness risk overlap genetically. If the latter were true, then phospholipids might provide key insights into the pathophysiology of the illness. Therefore, we rank‐ordered phospholipid classes by their genetic overlap with BPD risk in order to establish which class might be most informative in terms of increasing our understanding of illness pathophysiology.

Methods

Analyses were conducted in a sample of 558 individuals, unselected for BPD, from 38 extended pedigrees (average family size=14.79, range=2−82). We calculated a coefficient of relatedness for all family members of nine individuals with BPD in the sample (N=185); this coefficient was set to be zero in unrelated individuals (N=373). Then, under an endophenotype ranking value (ERV) approach, this scalar index was tested against 13 serum‐based phospholipid concentrations in order to rank‐order lipid classes by their respective overlap with BPD risk.

Results

The phosphatidylinositol class was significantly heritable (h2=0.26, P=6.71 × 10−05). It was the top‐ranked class, and was significantly associated with BPD risk after correction for multiple testing (β=−1.18, P=2.10 × 10−03, ERV=0.49).

Conclusions

We identified a peripheral biomarker, serum‐based phosphatidylinositol, which exhibits a significant association with BPD risk. Therefore, given that phosphatidylinositol and BPD risk share partially common etiology, it seems that this lipid class warrants further investigation, not only in terms of treatment, but also as a promising diagnostic and risk marker.
Developmental changes in the whole number bias
Authors: Braithwaite David W. , Siegler Robert S.
Published: February 2017

Many students’ knowledge of fractions is adversely affected by whole number bias, the tendency to focus on the separate whole number components (numerator and denominator) of a fraction rather than on the fraction's magnitude (ratio of numerator to denominator). Although whole number bias appears early in the fraction learning process and under speeded conditions persists into adulthood, even among mathematicians, little is known about its development. Performance with equivalent fractions indicated that between fourth and eighth grade, whole number bias decreased, and reliance on fraction magnitudes increased. These trends were present on both fraction magnitude comparison and number line estimation. However, analyses of individual children's performance indicated that a substantial minority of fourth graders did not show whole number bias and that a substantial minority of eighth graders did show it. Implications of the findings for development of understanding of fraction equivalence and for theories of numerical development are discussed.
Fidgety movements, cerebral palsy, and cognitive ability
Authors: Zuk Luba
Published: February 2017

This commentary is on the original article by Datta et al. on pages 618–624 of this issue.
Five‐year cost‐effectiveness of the Patient Empowerment Programme (PEP) for type 2 diabetes mellitus in primary care
Authors: Lian Jinxiao , McGhee Sarah M. , So Ching , Chau June , Wong Carlos K. H. , Wong William C. W. , Lam Cindy L. K.
Published: February 2017

This study evaluated the short‐term cost‐effectiveness of the Patient Empowerment Programme (PEP) for diabetes mellitus (DM) in Hong Kong. Propensity score matching was used to select a matched group of PEP and non‐PEP subjects. A societal perspective was adopted to estimate the cost of PEP. Outcome measures were the cumulative incidence of all‐cause mortality and diabetic complication over a 5‐year follow‐up period and the number needed to treat (NNT) to avoid 1 event. The incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER) of cost per event avoided was calculated using the PEP cost per subject multiplied by the NNT. The PEP cost per subject from the societal perspective was US$247. There was a significantly lower cumulative incidence of all‐cause mortality (2.9% vs 4.6%, P < .001), any DM complication (9.5% vs 10.8%, P = .001) and CVD events (6.8% vs 7.6%, P = .018), in the PEP group. The costs per death from any cause, DM complication or case of CVD avoided were US$14 465, US$19 617 and US$30 796, respectively. The extra amount allocated to managing PEP was small and it appears cost‐effective in the short‐term as an addition to RAMP.
Comparative effectiveness and safety of different basal insulins in a real‐world setting
Authors: Ji Linong , Zhang Puhong , Zhu Dongshan , Lu Juming , Guo Xiaohui , Wu Yangfeng , Li Xian , Ji Jiachao , Jia Weiping , Yang Wenying , Zou Dajin , Zhou Zhiguang , Gao Yan , Garg Satish K. , Pan Changyu , Weng Jianping , Paul Sanjoy K. ,   on behalf of the ORBIT study group
Published: February 2017

Aims

To compare glucose control and safety of different basal insulin therapies (BI, including Insulin NPH, glargine and detemir) in real‐world clinical settings based on a large‐scale registry study.

Methods

In this multi‐center 6‐month prospective observational study, patients with type 2 diabetes (HbA1c ≥ 7%) who were uncontrolled by oral anti‐diabetic drugs (OADs) and were willing to initiate BI therapy were enrolled from 209 hospitals within 8 regions of China. Type and dose of BI were at the physician's discretion and the patients’ willingness. Interviews were conducted at 0 months (visit 1), 3 months (visit 2) and 6 months (visit 3). Outcomes included change in HbA1c, hypoglycemia rate and body weight from baseline at 6 months.

Results

A total of 16 341 and 9002 subjects were involved in Intention‐To‐Treat (ITT) and per‐protocol (PP) analysis, respectively. After PS regression adjustment, ITT analysis showed that reduction in HbA1c in glargine (2.2% ± 2.1%) and detemir groups (2.2% ± 2.1%) was higher than that in the NPH group (2.0% ± 2.2%) (P < .01). The detemir group had the lowest weight gain (−0.1 ± 2.9 kg) compared with the glargine (+0.1 ± 3.0 kg) and NPH (+0.3 ± 3.1 kg) groups (P < .05). The glargine group had the lowest rate of minor hypoglycaemia, while there was no difference in severe hypoglycaemia among the 3 groups. The results observed in PP analyses were consistent with those in ITT analysis.

Conclusion

In a real‐world clinical setting in China, treatment with long‐acting insulin analogues was associated with better glycaemic control, as well as less hypoglycaemia and weight gain than treatment with NPH insulin in type 2 diabetes patients. However, the clinical relevance of these observations must be interpreted with caution.
Lip and tooth injuries at public swimming pools in Austria
Authors: Lechner Katharina , Connert Thomas , Kühl Sebastian , Filippi Andreas
Published: February 2017

Background/Aims

There is an increased risk of orofacial injuries in swimming pool facilities. Nevertheless, only a few studies have addressed this issue. The aim of this study was to identify the frequency of lip and tooth injuries at public swimming pools in Austria. A further aim was to examine which gender and age groups were affected, where and why these injuries occurred, and whether pool attendants had sufficient knowledge of dental first‐aid measures.

Material and methods

A total of 764 pool attendants in Austria were contacted by telephone and 689 participated in the study (90.2%). The attendants were interviewed retrospectively about accident occurrences in 2014 by a standardized questionnaire. Responses to the provision of first aid and choice of storage medium for avulsed teeth were subsequently evaluated.

Results

The frequency of lip injuries was 19.0%, and tooth injuries were 11.3%. Male bathers (P < .05) and children under 12 years (P < .001) most frequently suffered injuries. The waterslide was the most common accident site. The most common cause of lip injuries was slipping on wet surfaces (39.0%), and for tooth injuries it was collisions with other persons or objects (each 28.1%). The pool attendants' responses were predominantly good or sufficient on first aid, with the exception of what storage medium to choose. Tooth rescue boxes were available in only 8.6% of all pool facilities.

Conclusion

Orofacial injuries are a frequently occurring problem in swimming pool facilities. The pool attendants' knowledge on first‐aid care of tooth injuries could still be improved.
Resistance to valproic acid as predictor of treatment resistance in genetic generalized epilepsies
Authors: Gesche Joanna , Khanevski Marina , Solberg Carl , Beier Christoph Patrick
Published: February 2017

This study aimed at defining clinical predictors of drug resistance in adults with genetic generalized epilepsy (GGE) who were treated with a broad spectrum of antiepileptic drugs. Of a cohort of 137 unselected adult GGE patients with long‐term follow up, clinical and demographic data, putative prognostic factors (e.g., psychiatric comorbidities, electroencephalography [EEG]), treatment response, and data indicative of social status were collected. Fifty‐eight patients had seizures within the past year. Thirty‐three patients met the definition of “drug‐resistant epilepsy” according to the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) definition. Psychiatric comorbidities, age at first diagnosis, and absences were associated with worse seizure control, whereas focal changes in EEG remained without prognostic impact. Resistance to valproic acid was the most important prognostic factor for refractory seizures. Resistance to valproic acid had a specificity of 100% to identify patients with drug resistance and correlated strongly with bad social outcome and seizure burden. Conversely, 21.2% of all patients with refractory seizures according to the ILAE definition later became seizure free (mainly with valproic acid). Our data suggest that “drug resistant GGE” must not be declared unless patients were adequately treated with valproic acid, and advocate resistance to valproic acid as a new clinical biomarker for drug‐resistant GGE.

A PowerPoint slide summarizing this article is available for download in the Supporting Information section here.
Varying demographic impacts of different fisheries on three Mediterranean seabird species
Authors: Genovart Meritxell , Doak Daniel F. , Igual José‐Manuel , Sponza Stefano , Kralj Jelena , Oro Daniel
Published: February 2017

Fisheries have an enormous economic importance, but reconciling their socio‐economic features with the conservation and sustainability of marine ecosystems presents major challenges. Bycatch mortality from fisheries is clearly among the most serious global threats for marine ecosystems, affecting a wide range of top predators. Recent estimates report ca. 200,000 seabirds killed annually by bycatch in European waters. However, there is an urgent need to rigorously estimate actual mortality rates and quantify effects of bycatch on populations. The Mediterranean Sea is one of the most impacted regions. Here, we estimate for the first time both bycatch mortality rates and their population‐level effects on three endemic and vulnerable Mediterranean taxa: Scopoli's shearwater, Mediterranean shag, and Audouin's gull, that die in different types of fishing gears: longlines, gillnets and sport trolling, respectively. We use multi‐event capture–recapture modelling to estimate crucial demographic parameters, including the probabilities of dying in different fishing gears. We then build stochastic demography models to forecast the viability of the populations under different management scenarios. Longline bycatch was particularly severe for adults of Scopoli's shearwaters and Audouin's gulls (ca. 28% and 23% of total mortality, respectively) and also for immature gulls (ca. 90% of mortality). Gillnets had a lower impact, but were still responsible for ca. 9% of juvenile mortality on shags, whereas sport trolling only slightly influenced total mortality in gulls. Bycatch mortality has high population‐level impacts in all three species, with shearwaters having the highest extinction risk under current mortality rates. Different life‐history traits and compensatory demographic mechanisms between the three species are probably influencing the different bycatch impact: for shearwaters, urgent conservation actions are required to ensure the viability of their populations. Results will be very useful for guiding future seabird conservation policies and moving towards an ecosystem‐based approach to sustainable fisheries management.
The point of a Guillemot's egg
Authors: Birkhead Tim R. , Thompson Jamie E. , Jackson Duncan , Biggins John D.
Published: February 2017

The adaptive significance of avian egg shape in birds is poorly understood. The pyriform (pear‐like) shape of the Common Guillemot's Uria aalge egg has long been considered to be an adaptation to prevent eggs rolling off the bare cliff ledges on which this species breeds. Rolling was thought to be prevented either by the egg spinning like a top, which is not the case, or by rolling in an arc, which it does but with little influence on whether the egg will fall from a ledge. We therefore sought alternative explanations for the pyriform shape of the Common Guillemot's egg. This species breeds in extremely dense colonies, which makes their eggs vulnerable to mechanical damage from conspecifics, and to contamination by debris such as faeces and soil. We present evidence consistent with both these possible explanations. First, the pyriform shape of Common Guillemot eggs means that a higher proportion of the eggshell lies in contact with the substrate and this may minimize the effect of impacts. Resistance to impacts may be further enhanced because their eggshells are especially thick where they are in contact with the substrate. Secondly, Common Guillemot eggs are often heavily contaminated with faecal material and other debris during incubation. Most contamination is on the pointed end of the egg where it is in contact with the substrate; the pyriform shape thus keeps the blunt end of the egg, which has the highest porosity, relatively free of contamination, which in turn may facilitate both gas exchange during incubation and the hatching process, because the chick emerges from the blunt end of the egg.
Early stage dissolution characteristics of aluminosilicate glasses with blast furnace slag‐ and fly‐ash‐like compositions
Authors: Newlands Katrina C. , Foss Morten , Matchei Thomas , Skibsted Jørgen , Macphee Donald E.
Published: February 2017

Supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) have been used by the cement industry for decades to partly replace the portland cement fraction of concrete binders. This is particularly important today in addressing CO2 emissions from the cement manufacturing process. However, defining the reactivity of these mainly aluminosilicate‐based materials and their influence on portland cement hydration chemistry has challenged the research community and has limited SCM replacement levels in cementitious binders. In this study, aluminosilicate glasses as models for blast furnace slag and fly‐ash systems were synthesized and exposed to different activator solutions in a continuously stirred closed system reactor for a period up to 3 hours. Solution compositions were measured from the very first minutes of dissolution and correlated with results from complementary solid surface analysis. Initial Ca concentration maxima in the first 30 minutes of exposure to the activating solution was a common feature in most dissolution profiles with a subsequent rapid decline attributable to Ca‐reincorporation on the reacting surface. Surface‐specific analysis confirmed Ca and Al enrichment at the surface, suggesting the formation of a Ca‐modified aluminosilicate layer, supporting a dissolution‐reprecipitation mechanism for SCM reactivity. Differing chemistries are thought to be responsible for the Ca and Al reintegration on the reacting surface depending on the pH of the solution; near‐neutral conditions favor Ca‐readsorption and surface condensation reactions, whereas alkaline solutions favor Ca‐reintegration via covalently bound phases.
Connective tissue graft and tunnel or trapezoidal flap for the treatment of single maxillary gingival recessions: a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Santamaria Mauro Pedrine , Neves Felipe Lucas da Silva , Silveira Camila Augusto , Mathias Ingrid Fernandes , Fernandes‐Dias Stephanie Botti , Jardini Maria Aparecida Neves , Tatakis Dimitris N.
Published: February 2017

Background

Although ample evidence supports connective tissue graft (CTG) use for root coverage, there is need for research on recipient site preparation approaches. The purpose of this study was to compare the outcomes of trapezoidal coronally advanced flap (CAF) and coronally advanced tunnel flap (TUN) when used in conjunction with CTG.

Methods

Forty‐two patients presenting 42 single maxillary, Miller Class I and II, gingival recession defects were randomly assigned to receive either CAF + CTG (N = 21) or TUN + CTG (N = 21). Clinical, patient‐centred, and aesthetic outcomes were assessed.

Results

Six months postoperatively, both groups resulted in significant reduction in recession depth and increases in keratinized tissue thickness and width. CAF + CTG and TUN + CTG mean root coverage was 87.2 ± 27.1% and 77.4 ± 20.4% respectively (p = 0.02). Complete root coverage was achieved in 71.4% and 28.6% of defects treated with CAF + CTG and TUN + CTG respectively (p = 0.01). At 7 days postoperatively, TUN + CTG patients reported significantly less pain experience (p = 0.04). Both approaches reduced dentine hypersensitivity by approximately 85% (p < 0.05). Patient‐based aesthetic evaluation indicated significant improvement for both groups. Although patient‐ and professional‐based aesthetic assessments revealed no differences between groups, tissue texture was significantly better for TUN + CTG (p = 0.02).

Conclusions

For root coverage of single maxillary recession defects, CAF + CTG was more effective than TUN + CTG (ClinicalTrial.org‐NCT02814279).
Genetic Determinism vs. Phenotypic Plasticity in Protist Morphology
Authors: Mulot Matthieu , Marcisz Katarzyna , Grandgirard Lara , Lara Enrique , Kosakyan Anush , Robroek Bjorn J. M. , Lamentowicz Mariusz , Payne Richard J. , Mitchell Edward A. D.
Published: February 2017

Untangling the relationships between morphology and phylogeny is key to building a reliable taxonomy, but is especially challenging for protists, where the existence of cryptic or pseudocryptic species makes finding relevant discriminant traits difficult. Here we use Hyalosphenia papilio (a testate amoeba) as a model species to investigate the contribution of phylogeny and phenotypic plasticity in its morphology. We study the response of H. papilio morphology (shape and pores number) to environmental variables in (i) a manipulative experiment with controlled conditions (water level), (ii) an observational study of a within‐site natural ecological gradient (water level), and (iii) an observational study across 37 European peatlands (climate). We showed that H. papilio morphology is correlated to environmental conditions (climate and water depth) as well as geography, while no relationship between morphology and phylogeny was brought to light. The relative contribution of genetic inheritance and phenotypic plasticity in shaping morphology varies depending on the taxonomic group and the trait under consideration. Thus, our data call for a reassessment of taxonomy based on morphology alone. This clearly calls for a substantial increase in taxonomic research on these globally still under‐studied organisms leading to a reassessment of estimates of global microbial eukaryotic diversity.
Associations of domain‐specific physical activities with insomnia symptoms among 0.5 million Chinese adults
Authors: Zheng Bang , Yu Canqing , Lin Liling , Du Huaidong , Lv Jun , Guo Yu , Bian Zheng , Chen Yiping , Yu Min , Li Jianguo , Chen Junshi , Chen Zhengming , Li Liming ,   The China Kadoorie Biobank Collaborative Group
Published: February 2017

Previous studies have demonstrated the association between physical activity and sleep quality. However, there is little evidence regarding different domains of physical activity. This study aimed to examine the associations between domain‐specific physical activities and insomnia symptoms among Chinese men and women. Data of 452 024 Chinese adults aged 30–79 years from the China Kadoorie Biobank Study were analysed. Insomnia symptoms were assessed with self‐reported difficulties in initiating or maintaining sleep, early morning awakening, daytime dysfunction and any insomnia symptoms. Physical activity assessed by questionnaire consisted of four domains, including occupational, commuting‐related, household and leisure‐time activities. Gender‐specific multiple logistic regression models were employed to estimate independent associations of overall and domain‐specific physical activities with insomnia symptoms. Overall, 12.9% of men and 17.8% of women participants reported having insomnia symptoms. After adjustment for potential confounders, a moderate to high level of overall activity was associated with reduced risks of difficulties in initiating or maintaining sleep and daytime dysfunction in both sexes (odds ratios range: 0.87–0.94, P < 0.05). As to each domain of physical activity, similar associations were identified for occupational, household and leisure‐time activities in women but not men (odds ratios range: 0.84–0.94, P < 0.05). Commuting‐related activity, however, was associated with increased risks of difficulties in initiating or maintaining sleep and any insomnia symptoms in both sexes (odds ratios range: 1.07–1.17, P < 0.05). In conclusion, a moderate to high level of physical activity was associated with lower risks of insomnia symptoms among Chinese adults. However, such associations varied hugely in different domains of physical activity and with gender differences, which could help with better policy‐making and clinical practice.
Using dogs to find cats: detection dogs as a survey method for wide‐ranging cheetah
Authors: Becker M. S. , Durant S. M. , Watson F. G. R. , Parker M. , Gottelli D. , M'soka J. , Droge E. , Nyirenda M. , Schuette P. , Dunkley S. , Brummer R.
Published: February 2017

Rapid global large carnivore declines make evaluations of remaining populations critical. Yet landscape‐scale evaluations of presence, abundance and distribution are difficult, as many species are wide‐ranging, occur only at low densities and are elusive. Insufficient information‐gathering tools for many large carnivore species compounds these challenges. Specially trained detection dogs have demonstrated effectiveness for carnivore surveys, but are untested on extremely sparse, wide‐ranging species, such as cheetah Acinonyx jubatus. In this study, we conducted the first rigorous cheetah survey using detection dogs in a key transboundary area in the remote Liuwa–Mussuma Transfrontier Conservation Area (TFCA) in Western Zambia. We proposed to (1) evaluate the effectiveness of detection dog versus spoor surveys in detecting cheetah presence; (2) extract and analyze DNA from scat samples to estimate minimum population size and genetic effective population size; (3) determine the extent of cheetah occurrence in the unprotected transboundary corridor. Two detection dog teams surveyed 2432 km2 containing 74 randomly located transects in the transfrontier area. Twenty‐seven cheetah scats were detected and confirmed by genetic analysis, while no cheetah spoor was detected, clearly demonstrating the superiority of detection dogs in detecting cheetah presence. Combining scat samples with opportunistically collected samples, we estimated 17–19 cheetahs, an effective population size of 8–14 and a density of 5.9–6.6 per 1000 km2. Cheetah utilized key transfrontier areas outside of the national park; however, because utilization appears low, improved connectivity and protection for these areas are critical. Approximately one third of Africa's estimated cheetah resides in protected areas, with 87% in transboundary areas. Our study demonstrates the efficacy of detection dog survey methods in providing information on cheetah across large landscapes. It will have particular value in areas where other survey means may be impossible, such as TFCAs, where size, remoteness and lack of accessibility often make traditional survey methods difficult or cost prohibitive.
Fungal adaptation to contemporary fungicide applications: the case of Botrytis cinerea populations from Champagne vineyards (France)
Authors: Walker A.‐S. , Ravigne V. , Rieux A. , Ali S. , Carpentier F. , Fournier E.
Published: February 2017

In addition to being one of the most acute problems impeding chemical control of fungal diseases, the evolution of fungicide resistance is an emblematic case of local adaptation to spatially heterogeneous and temporally variable selection pressures. Here we dissected the adaptation of Botrytis cinerea (the causal agent of grey mould) populations on grapes to several fungicides. We carried out a 2‐year survey (four collection dates) on three treated/untreated pairs of plots from vineyards in Champagne (France) and monitored the frequency of four resistant phenotypes that are unambiguously associated with four distinct genotypes. For two loci under selection by currently used fungicides (MDR1 and MDR2), the frequencies of resistant mutations at vintage were greater in treated plots compared to untreated plots, showing that the effect of selection is detectable even at the plot scale. This effect was not detectable for two other loci under selection by previously used fungicides (BenR1 and ImiR1). We also found that treatment with currently used fungicides reduced B. cinerea effective population size, leading to a significant decrease in genic diversity and allelic richness in treated vs. untreated plots. We further highlight that even under ample drift and migration, fungal populations can present an efficient response to selection. Finally, for the four studied loci, the costs of fungicide resistance were estimated by modelling the decrease in the frequency of resistant mutations in the absence of treatment. We discuss the importance of these estimates for defining strategies for limiting or counteracting the local adaptation of pests to fungicides.
Comparison of motor diagnoses by Chicago Classification versions 2.0 and 3.0 on esophageal high‐resolution manometry
Authors: Patel A. , Cassell B. , Sainani N. , Wang D. , Shahid B. , Bennett M. , Mirza F. A. , Munigala S. , Gyawali C. P.
Published: February 2017

Background

The Chicago Classification (CC) uses high‐resolution manometry (HRM) software tools to designate esophageal motor diagnoses. We evaluated changes in diagnostic designations between two CC versions, and determined motor patterns not identified by either version.

Methods

In this observational cohort study of consecutive patients undergoing esophageal HRM over a 6‐year period, proportions meeting CC 2.0 and 3.0 criteria were segregated into esophageal outflow obstruction, hypermotility, and hypomotility disorders. Contraction wave abnormalities (CWA), and ‘normal’ cohorts were recorded. Symptom burden was characterized using dominant symptom intensity and global symptom severity. Motor diagnoses, presenting symptoms, and symptom burden were compared between CC 2.0 and 3.0, and in cohorts not meeting CC diagnoses.

Key Results

Of 2569 eligible studies, 49.9% met CC 2.0 criteria, but only 40.3% met CC 3.0 criteria (P<.0001). Between CC 2.0 and 3.0, 82.8% of diagnoses were concordant. Discordance resulted from decreasing proportions of hypermotility (4.4%) and hypomotility (9.0%) disorders, and increase in ‘normal’ designations (13.0%); esophageal outflow obstruction showed the least variation between CC versions. Symptom burden was higher with CC 3.0 diagnoses (P≤.005) but not with CC 2.0 diagnoses (P≥.1). Within ‘normal’ cohorts for both CC versions, CWA were associated with higher likelihood of esophageal symptoms, especially dysphagia, regurgitation, and heartburn, compared to truly normal studies (P≤.02 for each comparison).

Conclusions and Inferences

Despite lower sensitivity, CC 3.0 identifies esophageal motor disorders with higher symptom burden compared to CC 2.0. CWA, which are associated with both transit and perceptive symptoms, are not well identified by either version.
Pathophysiology of fecal incontinence in obese patients: A prospective case‐matched study of 201 patients
Authors: Brochard C. , Vénara A. , Bodère A. , Ropert A. , Bouguen G. , Siproudhis L.
Published: February 2017

Background

Obesity is an emerging risk factor for fecal incontinence (FI). The aim of this study was to characterize pathophysiologic mechanisms of FI in obese patients compared with non‐obese patients in a prospective case‐matched study.

Methods

The general characteristics and data of the anorectal manometry and endosonography of patients who were evaluated for FI at a single institution from 2005 to 2015 were prospectively assessed. Fecal incontinence was defined by a Cleveland Clinic Incontinence Score (CCIS) >4. Obesity was defined by a body mass index ≥30 kg/m2. Obese patients were case‐matched with two age‐ and sex‐matched non‐obese patients.

Key Results

A total of 201 patients were included (67 obese matched with 134 non‐obese). The CCIS, Knowles‐Eccersley‐Scott Symptom Constipation Score and quality of life score were comparable between obese and non‐obese patients with FI. Factors significantly associated with obesity in FI patients were cholecystectomy (odds ratio [OR]=3.45 [1.19‐10.32], P=.0230), irritable bowel syndrome ‐ diarrhea (OR=2.94 [1.22‐7.19], P=.0158), upper part of the anal canal resting pressure ≥22 mm Hg (OR=3.45 [1.45‐8.76], P=.0045), maximum rectal tolerable volume ≥240 mL (OR=3.14 [1.34‐7.54], P=.0082), and abdominal pressure ≥28 mm Hg (OR=2.75 [1.13‐7.33], P=.0248) by multivariate analysis.

Conclusions & Inferences

Obese patients with FI had a comparable severity of FI to that of non‐obese patients with FI. Regarding obesity in patients with FI, physicians should focus on stool consistency.
Who is a Distracted Driver? Associations between Mobile Phone Use while Driving, Domain‐Specific Risk Taking, and Personality
Authors: Sween Madison , Ceschi Andrea , Tommasi Francesco , Sartori Riccardo , Weller Joshua
Published: February 2017

Mobile phone use while driving (MPUWD) is an increasingly common form of distracted driving. Given its widespread prevalence, it is important for researchers to identify factors that may predict who is more likely to engage in this risky behavior. The current study investigates associations between MPUWD risk behaviors, domain‐specific risk perceptions, and broad personality dimensions. An Italian community sample (n = 804) completed a survey regarding MPUWD risk perceptions and engagement in MPUWD, in addition to the HEXACO‐PI‐R, a broad six‐factor personality inventory (honesty‐humility, emotionality, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness to experience), and the DOSPERT, a six‐factor domain‐specific self‐report risk‐taking measure (health/safety, recreational, social, ethical, gambling, and investment). With respect to domain‐specific risk taking, greater frequency of SMS use while driving most strongly was associated with greater risk taking for the health/safety, gambling, and ethical risk domains. Further, greater honesty‐humility and conscientiousness, two traits related to cognitive control and risk behaviors, and to a lesser extent openness to experience, were associated with less frequent MPUWD, and positively associated with MPUWD risk perceptions. With growing public safety concern surrounding MPUWD, understanding associated personality factors is not only important for identifying psychological mechanisms underlying risk behavior, but also for more effective prevention and intervention programs.
Spatial Optimization of Future Urban Development with Regards to Climate Risk and Sustainability Objectives
Authors: Caparros‐Midwood Daniel , Barr Stuart , Dawson Richard
Published: February 2017

Future development in cities needs to manage increasing populations, climate‐related risks, and sustainable development objectives such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Planners therefore face a challenge of multidimensional, spatial optimization in order to balance potential tradeoffs and maximize synergies between risks and other objectives. To address this, a spatial optimization framework has been developed. This uses a spatially implemented genetic algorithm to generate a set of Pareto‐optimal results that provide planners with the best set of trade‐off spatial plans for six risk and sustainability objectives: (i) minimize heat risks, (ii) minimize flooding risks, (iii) minimize transport travel costs to minimize associated emissions, (iv) maximize brownfield development, (v) minimize urban sprawl, and (vi) prevent development of greenspace. The framework is applied to Greater London (U.K.) and shown to generate spatial development strategies that are optimal for specific objectives and differ significantly from the existing development strategies. In addition, the analysis reveals tradeoffs between different risks as well as between risk and sustainability objectives. While increases in heat or flood risk can be avoided, there are no strategies that do not increase at least one of these. Tradeoffs between risk and other sustainability objectives can be more severe, for example, minimizing heat risk is only possible if future development is allowed to sprawl significantly. The results highlight the importance of spatial structure in modulating risks and other sustainability objectives. However, not all planning objectives are suited to quantified optimization and so the results should form part of an evidence base to improve the delivery of risk and sustainability management in future urban development.
Vitamin E nanoemulsion activity on stored red blood cells
Authors: Silva C. A. L. , Azevedo Filho C. A. , Pereira G. , Silva D. C. N. , Castro M. C. A. B. , Almeida A. F. , Lucena S. C. A. , Santos B. S. , Barjas‐Castro M. L. , Fontes A.
Published: February 2017

Background

Stored red blood cells (RBCs) undergo numerous changes that have been termed RBC storage lesion, which can be related to oxidative damage. Vitamin E is an important antioxidant, acting on cell lipids. Thus, this study aimed to investigate vitamin E activity on stored RBCs.

Methods

We prepared a vitamin E nanoemulsion that was added to RBC units and stored at 4 °C. Controls, without vitamin E, were kept under the same conditions. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was monitored for up to 35 days of storage. RBC elasticity was also evaluated using an optical tweezer system.

Results

Vitamin E‐treated samples presented a significant decrease in ROS production. Additionally, the elastic constant for vitamin E‐treated RBCs did not differ from the control.

Conclusion

Vitamin E decreased the amount of ROS in stored RBCs. Because vitamin E acts on lipid oxidation, results suggest that protein oxidation should also be considered a key factor for erythrocyte elastic properties. Thus, further studies combining vitamin E with protein antioxidants deserve attention, aiming to better preserve overall stored RBC properties.
Evaluation of positive and false‐positive results in syphilis screening of blood donors in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Authors: Sandes V. S. , Silva S. G. C. , Motta I. J. F. , Velarde L. G. C. , de Castilho S. R.
Published: February 2017

Objectives

We propose to analyse the positive and false‐positive results of treponemal and nontreponemal tests in blood donors from Brazil and to evaluate possible factors associated with the results of treponemal tests.

Background

Treponemal tests have been used widely for syphilis screening in blood banks. The introduction of these tests in donor screening has caused an impact and a loss of donors who need to be assessed.

Methods

This was a retrospective cross‐sectional study of syphilis screening and confirmatory test results of blood donors that were obtained before and after adopting a chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA). A comparative analysis was performed using a second sample drawn from positive donors. The possible factors associated with CLIA‐positive or CLIA‐false‐positive results were investigated in a subgroup. Statistical tests were used to compare the proportions and adjusted estimates of association.

Results

The reactivity rate increased from 1·01% (N = 28 158) to 2·66% (N = 25 577) after introducing the new test. Among Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL)‐ and CLIA‐confirmed results, the false‐positive rates were 40·5% (N = 180) and 37·4% (N = 359), respectively (P = 0·5266). Older donors (OR = 1·04; P = 0·0010) and donors with lower education levels (OR = 6·59; P = 0·0029) were associated with a higher risk of positivity for syphilis.

Conclusions

CLIA represents an improvement in blood bank serological screening. However, its use in a healthy population appears to result in high rates of false positives. Identifying which characteristics can predict false positives, however, remains a challenge.
Evaluation of target angular position algorithms for multi-beam fishery sonars
Authors: Vatnehol Sindre N. , Ona Egil
Published: February 2017

Two methods for measuring the angular position of a reference target when observed with a horizontally transmitting, multi-beam fishery sonar are described. The theory behind realizations of both a Split-Beam (SB) algorithm and an Interpolated Neighbouring Beam (INB) algorithm is described for a cylindrical transducer array. The algorithms were implemented on both simulated and real data collected during field calibrations. The estimated precision was ±0.2 to ±0.25°, for both algorithms when the target was within the central part of the beam. The precision was reduced for targets with large inclination angles, or in the beam-overlap region of the SB's two half-transducer arrays. The SB algorithm provides an accurate target location within the entire main lobe of the acoustic beam. For the INB method, the accuracy is only good within a small sector close to the acoustic axis, or within ±1.5°−±2.5° depending on the sonar operating frequency. Repeated calibration trials have shown that the SB algorithm can be used to track the reference-target position in real-time with adequate accuracy for use on fishery acoustic surveys.
Time domain nearfield acoustical holography without wrap-around error and spectral leakage for forward propagation
Authors: Attendu Jean-Michel , Ross Annie
Published: February 2017

Nearfield acoustical holography can be used to visualize time domain evolution of non-stationary sound fields. It requires sampling of the pressure field with a microphone array to calculate the sound field on other parallel surfaces, either toward the source or farther away from it. This paper focuses on forward propagation of fields sampled with a planar array. Several formulations exist to perform such calculation; however, despite being mathematically well-posed, they generate significant errors, especially for larger propagation distances. These errors are mainly due to wrap-around and spectral leakage. It is shown in this paper that generation of leakage can be avoided by sampling the analytical Green's function in the time and space domains. Such formulation allows the application of linear convolution, which completely suppresses wrap-around errors. The results obtained from the proposed formulation are compared to the analytical solution of a baffled piston with transient displacement. The average discrepancy is below 3.5% for propagation distances of 5 to 55 cm. In comparison, the relative error obtained with other propagators varies from 6% to 73%, depending on the propagation distance and method used. Finally, the proposed formulation is applied to experimental data obtained from an impacted plate.
The Mis-Education of the African American Student-Athlete
Authors: Harrison Louis , Bimper Albert Y. , Smith Martin P. , Logan Alvin D.
Published: February 2017

The African American male student-athlete occupies one of the most peculiar positions in American society. While lauded for their sport performance, they are often viewed as problematic in the broader society. While their performance generates millions of dollars for universities and the NCAA, for most, their labor often produces comparatively little personal gain. While they are recruited as student-athletes, they soon realize that the demands of their athletic commitment renders them athlete-students. Many outside of sport would argue that this is a choice and an informed decision. But we argue much of this is a consequence of the mis-education of the African American student-athlete. We examine this phenomenon through the lens of Critical Race Theory to provide an alternative view of the issues faced by African American student-athletes and suggest an alternative pedagogy that might be investigated to meet their needs.
The Science of Healthy Menstruation in Exercising Women
Authors: Williams Nancy I. , Etter Clara V. , Lieberman Jay L.
Published: February 2017

An understanding of the health consequences of abnormal menstrual function is an important consideration for all exercising women. Menstrual disturbances in exercising women are quite common and range in severity from mild to severe and are often associated with bone loss, low energy availability, stress fractures, eating disorders, and poor performance. The key factor that causes menstrual disturbances is low energy availability created by an imbalance of energy intake and energy expenditure that leads to an energy deficit and compensatory metabolic adaptations to maintain energy balance. Practical guidelines for preventing and treating amenorrhea in exercising women include evidence-based dietary practices designed to achieve optimal energy availability. Other factors such as gynecological age, genetics, and one’s susceptibility to psychological stress can modify an individual’s susceptibility to menstrual disturbances caused by low energy availability. Future research should explore the magnitude of these effects in an effort to move toward more individualized prevention and treatment approaches.
Preventing Death from Exertional Heat Stroke—The Long Road from Evidence to Policy
Authors: Casa Douglas J. , Hosokawa Yuri , Belval Luke N. , Adams William M. , Stearns Rebecca L.
Published: February 2017

Exertional heat stroke (EHS) is among the leading causes of sudden death during sport and physical activity. However, previous research has shown that EHS is 100% survivable when rapidly recognized and appropriate treatment is provided. Establishing policies to address issues related to the prevention and treatment of EHS, including heat acclimatization, environment-based activity modification, body temperature assessment using rectal thermometry, and immediate, onsite treatment using cold-water immersion attenuates the risk of EHS mortality and morbidity. This article provides an overview of the current evidence regarding EHS prevention and management. The transfer of scientific knowledge to clinical practice has shown great success for saving EHS patients. Further efforts are needed to implement evidence-based policies to not only mitigate EHS fatality but also to reduce the overall incidence of EHS.
Self-assembly of electronically abrupt borophene/organic lateral heterostructures
Authors: Liu Xiaolong , Wei Zonghui , Balla Itamar , Mannix Andrew J. , Guisinger Nathan P. , Luijten Erik , Hersam Mark C.
Published: February 2017

Integrating borophene with organic molecules results in electronically abrupt self-assembled lateral heterostructures.
Zika virus causes testicular atrophy
Authors: Uraki Ryuta , Hwang Jesse , Jurado Kellie Ann , Householder Sarah , Yockey Laura J. , Hastings Andrew K. , Homer Robert J. , Iwasaki Akiko , Fikrig Erol
Published: February 2017

Zika virus replicates in mouse testes and causes testicular atrophy, with implication on sexual transmission and male fertility.
Eastern Europe's laser centers will debut without a star
Authors: Cartlidge Edwin
Published: February 2017

ELI's plans for a 200-petawatt laser quietly postponed.
California rains put spotlight on atmospheric rivers
Authors: Rosen Julia
Published: February 2017

Forecasts of moisture conduits could aid water managers.
New AAAS president emphasizes making the case for science
Authors: Jarvis Michaela
Published: February 2017

Susan Hockfield has built support for major research initiatives
Bumblebees show cognitive flexibility by improving on an observed complex behavior
Authors: Loukola Olli J. , Solvi Cwyn , Coscos Louie , Chittka Lars
Published: February 2017

Very clever bees use tools

One hallmark of cognitive complexity is the ability to manipulate objects with a specific goal in mind. Such “tool use” at one time was ascribed to humans alone, but then to primates, next to marine mammals, and later to birds. Now we recognize that many species have the capacity to envision how a particular object might be used to achieve an end. Loukola
et al.
extend this insight to invertebrates. Bumblebees were trained to see that a ball could be used to produce a reward. These bees then spontaneously rolled the ball when given the chance.

Science
, this issue p.
833
A Mesozoic aviary
Authors: Brusatte Stephen L.
Published: February 2017

Biomechanical models are key to understanding how dinosaurs experimented with different ways of flying
Molecular stitches for enhanced recycling of packaging
Authors: Creton Costantino
Published: February 2017

An additive creates tough blends from waste polyethylene and polypropylene
Deadly force
When Police Kill
Franklin E. Zimring
Harvard University Press, 2017. 320 pp.
Authors: Cook Philip J.
Published: February 2017

A timely tome calls for more research on police killings and departmental training that emphasizes that “lives matter”
Approving new drugs
Authors: LaMattina John L.
Published: February 2017

As the Trump administration takes shape, there is much speculation as to what major changes will be made. A dominant theme of the Trump campaign was to cut through bureaucracy in Washington, D.C., thereby enhancing innovation and bringing new technology to Americans more quickly. Nowhere could such a philosophical change have more impact than on Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of new drugs.