bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical profile and outcomes in brainstem glioma: An institutional experience
Authors: Lachi Pavan , Irrakula Monica , Ahmed Syed , Joseph Deepa , Pamidighantam Suresh , Jagannath Rao Naidu Kotiyala
Published: August 2015

Aim of the Study: This study was to analyze the clinical outcomes of brain stem glioma treated with radiation therapy (RT) in our institution. Material and Methods: Records of 48 patients with brainstem glioma treated between January 2007 and January 2013 were reviewed. Demographic variables, clinical variables, radiological findings and treatment details with respect to age, sex, location of tumor ( pontine Vs non pontine ), signs and symptoms, RT dose, follow up period and outcomes were recorded. Patients were subdivided into two groups based on their age, age <15 years (Group I) and age >=15 yrs (Group II). Results: The median age at diagnosis was 10 years (range 4-50). Male to female ratio was 11:10. Of the 48 cases analyzed, 27 patients (56%) were in group I and 21 (44%) were in group II. Radiologically, 90.5% had involvement of pons. 10 (21%) patients received RT dose >60 Gy and 38 (79 %) patients received RT dose of 54-60 Gy. Median overall survival was 7months (range 3-44 months). Median overall survival in Group I and Group II was 4 months and 10 months respectively (P = 0.042).
Conclusions: Brain stem glioma in pediatric age group is associated with worse outcomes than in adults.
A case of early extraneural medulloblastoma metastases in a young adult
Authors: Kondoff Slavomir , Milev Milko , Laleva Lili , Tzekov Christo , Kostadinova Christina , Kirova-Nedyalkova Galina , Dakova Polina
Published: August 2015

Extraneural metastases are a relatively rare manifestation of the primary brain tumors, and a major part of the cases has been associated with initial medulloblastoma. Herein, we present the case of a young female adult diagnosed and operated for medulloblastoma. The patient developed extraneural metastases in the first postoperative year. The condition exhibited an aggressive course of development, and the applied treatment approaches were unable to halt its progression. A short literature review identifies the predictive factors determining both prognosis and treatability of the condition; the current limitations and future perspectives of the treatment options are discussed.
Enchondroma of the cervical spine in young woman: A rare case report
Authors: Jeong Dong , Paeng Sung
Published: August 2015

Enchondroma is a type of benign cartilaginous bone tumor. Enchondroma of the spine is very rare. There are only a few cases of enchondromas located in the lamina of the cervical spine have been reported. Therefore, we report a case of enchondroma in the cervical spine. A 24-year-old female patient presented with a history of neck pain, restriction of neck movement, pain and numbness along the right scapula, and weakness accompanied by wasting of the right hand. Presumptive diagnoses included bony tumors such as an aneurysmal bone cyst or a giant cell tumor. Radiologic examinations revealed a round tumor in the right lamina of C4 with extracortical extension and foramen of C4-5. C4 right hemilaminectomy and facetectomy were performed with near complete removal of the tumor. On histological examination, the tumor was confirmed to be an enchondroma. At the 6-month follow-up, a computed tomography scan showed no recurrence with good alignment.
La señalización de los contenidos en las principales cadenas de televisión españolas
Authors: Ortiz Sobrino Miguel Ángel , Fuente Cobo Carmen , Martínez Otero Juan María
Published: August 2015

Este artículo analiza cómo señalizan las televisiones los contenidos de sus programas y si lo hacen según lo establecido por el Código de Autorregulación sobre Contenidos de Televisión e Infancia. También recoge la opinión de expertos sobre los problemas de los operadores de televisión para interpretar los criterios de clasificación y señalización que aparecen en la normativa legal. Metodología: Se utiliza una metodología basada en el Estudio de Caso, completada con un cuestionario Delphi y una entrevista a un grupo de expertos. Resultados. Se constata que, aunque las cadenas señalizan la emisión, en algún caso se detecta falta de señalización en la EPG, en la web y en el teletexto. También se confirman  dificultades para interpretar los criterios del Código de Autorregulación. Discusión y conclusiones: Urge una reflexión sobre los criterios orientadores del Código, una mejor información a los usuarios y el control de contenidos audiovisuales on line.
Judicial snapshots and fair use theory
Authors: Birnhack Michael
Published: August 2015

Decision-makers and legislatures around the world have recently placed copyright limitations and exceptions on their agenda. The main reference point is the American fair use defence. The policy debates focus on the advantages and disadvantages to the content industries, intermediaries and users. Unfortunately, too often missing from this discussion is the underlying theory of the exceptions. The risk is that a foreign concept will be detached from its origin and transplanted within a different legal setting, without sufficient attention as to how it should be absorbed within the recipient legal body. Theory can fulfil the crucial function of enabling the successful absorption of the transplant.

The article strives to redirect us back to the theoretical avenue. It classifies fair use justifications in two categories: those that are internal to copyright law and those external thereto. These justifications should be read against the background of the overall conception of copyright law. The case study at stake is Israeli copyright law. Israel was the first common law country to shift from a British-based, relatively narrow rule of fair dealing defence to the American, open standard of fair use, in its 2007 Copyright Act. However, courts began the shift more than a decade before the legislation, inserting American considerations into the British statutory structure. In so doing, courts relied on a partial, slightly outdated version of fair use, in what I call a judicial snapshot. The result was two decades of incoherent and unstable doctrine. Accordingly, this article warns against the perils of un-theorized transplant.
How to patent a chemical? The instability of a new type of intellectual property (Switzerland, 1888–1907)
Authors: Chachereau Nicolas
Published: August 2015

The extension of intellectual property, and the pressure exerted on developing countries through trade agreements, is not as recent as is often thought. This article examines such a historical case, when Switzerland revised its patent law in 1907, to extend patent protection to chemicals. This was largely due to the pressure exerted by the German government and to the lobbying of the country's chemical industry.

Examining closely the elaboration of the new patent law, the article reveals how unstable the category of patents on chemical inventions was. It did not simply cross a border, being exported from Germany to Switzerland. As Swiss politicians and industrialists discussed the new patent law, they referred to other countries, but they did not only copy, they also rejected some of their features. The reasons for this instability were not to be found only in the pressure and criticism exerted by Germany, or the willingness to protect the interests of the Swiss chemical industry. The Swiss law also differed because of real and legitimate concerns regarding the effects of patents on society and economy.
Intellectual property for the neurocentric age: towards a neuropolitics of IP
Authors: Dunagan Jake , Halbert Debora
Published: August 2015

In this article we seek to expand the conversation about the possible new relationships and dilemmas that arise at the nexus between neuroscience, creativity, authorship and intellectual property. This article does not use traditional legal argumentation to understand the future of intellectual property, but rather deploys a scenario-based interrogation of possible future trajectories, a method derived from the discipline of futures studies. Instead, we draw upon a mix of social, legal, political, and technological trends to generate different alternative possibilities. Taken together, emerging insights from the brain sciences and the shifting dynamics of IP law point to a need for a new analytical framework – a neuropolitics of IP law. We ultimately conclude that without a fundamental transformation in how we understand intellectual property and its ownership, the mechanisms in place for expanding corporate control of IP at the expense of the individual should be of serious concern.
Protecting the musicians and/or the record industry? On the history of ‘neighbouring rights’ and the role of Fascist Italy
Authors: Fleischer Rasmus
Published: August 2015

The early history of the so-called ‘neighbouring rights’, as part of the history of copyright, has so far been given very little attention by scholars. This article sheds light on a European contest over the rights in sound recordings during the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s. This forms an important part of the background to the Rome Convention of 1961. The article first looks separately at how musicians’ unions and the record industry were raising different demands for protective legislation, motivated by the use of new electronic media. At the beginning, no one imagined that these protections would be bundled together as ‘neighbouring rights’. While the International Labour Organization (ILO) put great efforts into creating a convention protecting only the performers, another actor turned out to be more influential in the long run, proposing a hierarchical bundling of rights in which only record companies were entitled to compensation for the use of recordings. This actor was the Fascist government of Italy. The article argues that there are some continuities from the legal philosophy of Italian Fascism to the system of ‘neighbouring rights’ established in the Rome Convention.
Apresentação
Authors: Otto Claricia , Caimi Flávia Eloisa , Martins da Silva Mônica
Published: August 2015

Apresentação
La formación del profesorado en didáctica de la historia: modelos de formación y propuestas para el desarrollo profesional
Authors: Martínez Pedro Miralles , Ibáñez Raquel Sánchez , Ferrer Laura Arias
Published: August 2015

En este artículo de reflexión teórica se muestra, en primer lugar, un estado de la cuestión del  perfil profesional de los docentes de Educación Infantil, Primaria y Secundaria que imparten la asignatura de Historia. Se comparan los resultados de los cuestionarios aplicados a los maestros por los órganos de la Administración del Estado español, hace una década, con las conclusiones de algunos de los trabajos más recientes realizados por equipos de investigación de universidades españolas. En la segunda parte de este artículo se señala el déficit de conocimiento histórico de los alumnos de Educación Infantil y Primaria de Grado de la Universidad de Murcia (UMU), a partir de los primeros resultados de una investigación, que se inició en el año 2013, por el grupo de investigación de Didáctica de las Ciencias Sociales de la UMU. Se trata de una investigación cualitativa sobre las ideas previas de los estudiantes acerca de acontecimientos importantes de la historia de España, realizada mediante cuestionarios con preguntas semi-estructuradas y abiertas para los estudiantes. Las conclusiones de estas investigaciones sugieren que algunas debilidades en la formación académica de los profesores hace una década, aún persisten en la actualidad. Por esta razón, en la última parte de este trabajo se centra en el mayor peso que debe tener la enseñanza de las ciencias sociales en la formación de docentes que darán a la historia en los diferentes niveles educativos.
Um panorama das tecnologias digitais da informação e comunicação na educação: desafios, habilidades e incentivos estatais
Authors: Grossi Márcia Gorett Ribeiro , Gonçalves Carla Fernanda , Tufy Sandra Pedrosa
Published: August 2015

Este artigo tem como objetivo refletir sobre os novos desafios, as novas habilidades e os incentivos estatais necessários aos professores para utilizarem as Tecnologias Digitais da Informação e Comunicação (TDIC) nos processos de ensino e aprendizagem cujos alunos pertencem a uma nova geração: a geração net. Percebe-se que a educação enfrenta dificuldades para a efetiva e significativa utilização das TDIC no cotidiano das escolas brasileiras e que a maioria dos professores tem recebido uma formação tímida nos cursos de pedagogia nas universidades federais, em relação à apropriação dessas novas tecnologias digitais e suas aplicações pedagógicas relevantes nos contextos escolares. Indicando a necessidade de um olhar mais atento para a formação dos profissionais da educação no que se refere ao uso das TDIC, destaca-se ainda a importância dos incentivos estatais na promoção das políticas públicas voltadas para o uso das Tecnologias Digitais da Informação e Comunicação no desenvolvimento e aperfeiçoamento dos processos de letramento informacional entre os profissionais da educação.
An investigation of how radiation may cause accelerated rates of tropical cyclogenesis and diurnal cycles of convective activity
Authors: Nicholls M. E.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Recent cloud-resolving numerical modeling results suggest that radiative forcing causes accelerated rates of tropical cyclogenesis and early intensification. Furthermore, observational studies of tropical cyclones have found that oscillations of the cloud canopy areal extent often occur that are clearly related to the solar diurnal cycle. A theory is put forward to explain these findings. The primary mechanism that seems responsible can be considered a refinement of the mechanism proposed by Gray and Jacobson (1977) to explain diurnal variations of oceanic tropical deep cumulus convection. It is hypothesized that differential radiative cooling or heating between a relatively cloud-free environment and a developing tropical disturbance generates circulations that can have very significant influences on convective activity in the core of the system. It is further suggested that there are benefits to understanding this mechanism by viewing it in terms of the lateral propagation of thermally driven gravity wave circulations, also known as buoyancy bores. Numerical model experiments indicate that mean environmental radiative cooling outside the cloud system is playing an important role in causing a significant horizontal differential radiative forcing and accelerating the rate of tropical cyclogenesis. As an expansive stratiform cloud layer forms aloft within a developing system the mean low-level radiative cooling is reduced, while at mid levels small warming occurs. During the daytime there is not a very large differential radiative forcing between the environment and the cloud system, but at nighttime when there is strong radiative clear-sky cooling of the environment it becomes significant. Thermally driven circulations develop, characterized by relatively weak subsidence in the environment but much stronger upward motion in the cloud system. This upward motion leads to a cooling tendency and increased relative humidity. The increased relative humidity at night appears to be a major factor in enhancing convective activity, thereby leading in the mean to an increased rate of genesis. It is postulated that the increased upward motion and relative humidity that occur throughout a deep layer aid both in the triggering of convection and in providing a more favorable local environment at mid levels for maintenance of buoyancy in convective cells due to a reduction of the detrimental effects of dry air entrainment. Additionally, the day/night modulations of the environmental radiative forcing appear to play a major role in the diurnal cycles of convective activity in the cloud system. It is shown that the upward velocity tendencies in the system core produced by the radiative forcing are extremely weak when compared to those produced by latent heat release in convective towers, but nevertheless over the course of a night they appear capable of significantly influencing convective activity.
Real-time measurements of secondary organic aerosol formation and aging from ambient air in an oxidation flow reactor in the Los Angeles area
Authors: Ortega A. M. , Hayes P. L. , Peng Z. , Palm B. B. , Hu W. , Day D. A. , Li R. , Cubison M. J. , Brune W. H. , Graus M. , Warneke C. , Gilman J. B. , Kuster W. C. , de Gouw J. A. , Jimenez J. L.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Field studies in polluted areas over the last decade have observed large formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) that is often poorly captured by models. The study of SOA formation using ambient data is often confounded by the effects of advection, vertical mixing, emissions, and variable degrees of photochemical aging. An Oxidation Flow Reactor (OFR) was deployed to study SOA formation in real-time during the CalNex campaign in Pasadena, CA, in 2010. A high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) and a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) alternated sampling ambient and reactor-aged air. The reactor produced OH concentrations up to 4 orders of magnitude higher than in ambient air, achieving equivalent atmospheric aging from hours up to several weeks in 3 min of processing. OH radical concentration was continuously stepped, obtaining measurements of real-time SOA formation and oxidation at multiple equivalent ages from 0.8 days–6.4 weeks. Enhancement of OA from aging showed a maximum net SOA production between 0.8–6 days of aging with net OA mass loss beyond 2 weeks. Reactor SOA mass peaked at night, in the absence of ambient photochemistry, and correlated with trimethylbenzene concentrations. Reactor SOA formation was inversely correlated with ambient SOA and Ox, which along with the short-lived VOC correlation, indicates the importance of relatively reactive (τOH ∼ 0.3 day) SOA precursors in the LA-Basin. Evolution of the elemental composition in the reactor was similar to trends observed in the atmosphere (O : C vs. H : C slope ∼ -0.65). Oxidation state of carbon (OSC) in reactor SOA increased steeply with age and remained elevated (OSC ∼ 2) at the highest photochemical ages probed. The ratio of OA in the reactor output to excess CO (ΔCO, ambient CO above regional background) vs. photochemical age is similar to previous studies at low to moderate ages and also extends to higher ages where OA loss dominates. The mass added at low-to-intermediate ages is due primarily to condensation of oxidized species, not heterogeneous oxidation. The OA decrease at high photochemical ages is dominated by heterogeneous oxidation followed by fragmentation/evaporation. A comparison of urban SOA formation in this study with a similar study of vehicle SOA in a tunnel supports the dominance of vehicle emissions in urban SOA. Pre-2007 SOA models underpredict SOA formation by an order of magnitude, while a more recent model performs better but overpredicts at higher ages. These results demonstrate the value of the reactor as a tool for in situ evaluation of the SOA formation potential and OA evolution from ambient air.
A method to retrieve super-thin cloud optical depth over ocean background with polarized sunlight
Authors: Sun W. , Baize R. R. , Videen G. , Hu Y. , Fu Q.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. In this work, an algorithm that uses the polarization angle of the backscattered solar radiation to detect clouds with optical depth (OD) < ~ 0.3 is further developed. We find that at viewing angles within ± ~ 8° around the backscattering direction, the p-polarized intensity that is parallel to the meridian plane of reflected light from surface is sensitive to and nearly linearly related to the optical depth of super-thin clouds. Moreover, our sensitivity study suggests that the p-polarized intensity at these viewing angles is not sensitive to the ocean surface conditions. Using this property of p-polarized intensity, super-thin clouds' optical depth can be retrieved.
Schneefernerhaus as a mountain research station for clouds and turbulence
Authors: Risius S. , Xu H. , Di Lorenzo F. , Xi H. , Siebert H. , Shaw R. A. , Bodenschatz E.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Cloud measurements are usually carried out with airborne campaigns, which are expensive and are limited by temporal duration and weather conditions. Ground-based measurements at high-altitude research stations therefore play a complementary role in cloud study. Using the meteorological data (wind speed, direction, temperature, humidity, visibility, etc.) collected by the German Weather Service (DWD) from 2000 to 2012 and turbulence measurements recorded by multiple ultrasonic sensors (sampled at 10 Hz) in 2010, we show that the Umweltforschungsstation Schneefernerhaus (UFS) located just below the peak of Zugspitze in the German Alps, at a height of 2650 m, is a well-suited station for cloud–turbulence research. The wind at UFS is dominantly in the east–west direction and nearly horizontal. During the summertime (July and August) the UFS is immersed in warm clouds about 25 % of the time. The clouds are either from convection originating in the valley in the east, or associated with synoptic-scale weather systems typically advected from the west. Air turbulence, as measured from the second- and third-order velocity structure functions that exhibit well-developed inertial ranges, possesses Taylor microscale Reynolds numbers up to 104, with the most probable value at ~ 3000. In spite of the complex topography, the turbulence appears to be nearly as isotropic as many laboratory flows when evaluated on the "Lumley triangle".
A study of turbulent fluxes and their measurement errors for different wind regimes over the tropical Zongo Glacier (16° S) during the dry season
Authors: Litt M. , Sicart J.-E. , Helgason W.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Over glaciers in the outer tropics, during the dry winter season, turbulent fluxes are an important sink of melt energy due to high sublimation rates, but measurements in stable surface layers in remote and complex terrains remain challenging. Eddy-covariance (EC) and bulk-aerodynamic (BA) methods were used to estimate surface turbulent heat fluxes of sensible (H) and latent heat (LE) in the ablation zone of the tropical Zongo Glacier, Bolivia (16° S, 5080 m a.s.l.), from 22 July to 1 September 2007. We studied the turbulent fluxes and their associated random and systematic measurement errors under the three most frequent wind regimes. For nightly, density-driven katabatic flows, and for strong downslope flows related to large-scale forcing, H generally heats the surface (i.e. is positive), while LE cools it down (i.e. is negative). On average, both fluxes exhibit similar magnitudes and cancel each other out. Most energy losses through turbulence occur for daytime upslope flows, when H is weak due to small temperature gradients and LE is strongly negative due to very dry air. Mean random errors of the BA method (6 % on net H + LE fluxes) originated mainly from large uncertainties in roughness lengths. For EC fluxes, mean random errors were due mainly to poor statistical sampling of large-scale outer-layer eddies (12 %). The BA method is highly sensitive to the method used to derive surface temperature from longwave radiation measurements and underestimates fluxes due to vertical flux divergence at low heights and nonstationarity of turbulent flow. The EC method also probably underestimates the fluxes, albeit to a lesser extent, due to underestimation of vertical wind speed and to vertical flux divergence. For both methods, when H and LE compensate each other in downslope fluxes, biases tend to cancel each other out or remain small. When the net turbulent fluxes (H + LE) are the largest in upslope flows, nonstationarity effects and underestimations of the vertical wind speed do not compensate, and surface temperature errors are important, so that large biases on H + LE are expected when using both the EC and the BA method.
Plume-based analysis of vehicle fleet air pollutant emissions and the contribution from high emitters
Authors: Wang J. M. , Jeong C.-H. , Zimmerman N. , Healy R. M. , Wang D. K. , Ke F. , Evans G. J.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. An automated identification and integration method has been developed for in-use vehicle emissions under real-world conditions. This technique was applied to high-time-resolution air pollutant measurements of in-use vehicle emissions performed under real-world conditions at a near-road monitoring station in Toronto, Canada, during four seasons, through month-long campaigns in 2013–2014. Based on carbon dioxide measurements, over 100 000 vehicle-related plumes were automatically identified and fuel-based emission factors for nitrogen oxides; carbon monoxide; particle number; black carbon; benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX); and methanol were determined for each plume. Thus the automated identification enabled the measurement of an unprecedented number of plumes and pollutants over an extended duration. Emission factors for volatile organic compounds were also measured roadside for the first time using a proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer; this instrument provided the time resolution required for the plume capture technique. Mean emission factors were characteristic of the light-duty gasoline-dominated vehicle fleet present at the measurement site, with mean black carbon and particle number emission factors of 35 mg kg fuel−1 and 7.5 × 1014 # kg fuel−1, respectively. The use of the plume-by-plume analysis enabled isolation of vehicle emissions, and the elucidation of co-emitted pollutants from similar vehicle types, variability of emissions across the fleet, and the relative contribution from heavy emitters. It was found that a small proportion of the fleet (< 25 %) contributed significantly to total fleet emissions: 100, 100, 81, and 77 % for black carbon, carbon monoxide, BTEX, and particle number, respectively. Emission factors of a single pollutant may help classify a vehicle as a high emitter; however, regulatory strategies to more efficiently target multi-pollutant mixtures may be better developed by considering the co-emitted pollutants as well.
Observations of precipitable water vapour over complex topography of Ethiopia from ground-based GPS, FTIR, radiosonde and ERA-Interim reanalysis
Authors: Mengistu Tsidu G. , Blumenstock T. , Hase F.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Water vapour is one of the most important greenhouse gases. Long-term changes in the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere need to be monitored not only for its direct role as a greenhouse gas but also because of its role in amplifying other feedbacks such as clouds and albedo. In recent decades, monitoring of water vapour on a regular and continuous basis has become possible as a result of the steady increase in the number of deployed global positioning satellite (GPS) ground-based receivers. However, the Horn of Africa remained a data-void region in this regard until recently, when some GPS ground-receiver stations were deployed to monitor tectonic movements in the Great Rift Valley. This study seizes this opportunity and the installation of a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) at Addis Ababa to assess the quality and comparability of precipitable water vapour (PWV) from GPS, FTIR, radiosonde and interim ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim) over Ethiopia. The PWV from the three instruments and the reanalysis show good correlation, with correlation coefficients in the range from 0.83 to 0.92. On average, GPS shows the highest PWV followed by FTIR and radiosonde observations. ERA-Interim is higher than all measurements with a bias of 4.6 mm compared to GPS. The intercomparison between GPS and ERA-Interim was extended to seven other GPS stations in the country. Only four out of eight GPS stations included simultaneous surface pressure observations. Uncertainty in the model surface pressure of 1 hPa can cause up to 0.35 mm error in GPS PWV. The gain obtained from using observed surface pressure in terms of reducing bias and strengthening correlation is significant but shows some variations among the GPS sites. The comparison between GPS and ERA-Interim PWV over the seven other GPS stations shows differences in the magnitude and sign of bias of ERA-Interim with respect to GPS PWV from station to station. This feature is also prevalent in diurnal and seasonal variabilities. The spatial variation in the relationship between the two data sets is partly linked to variation in the skill of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) model over different regions and seasons. This weakness in the model is related to poor observational constraints from this part of the globe and sensitivity of its convection scheme to orography and land surface features. This is consistent with observed wet bias over some highland stations and dry bias over few lowland stations. The skill of ECMWF in reproducing realistic PWV varies with time of the day and season, showing large positive bias during warm and wet summer at most of the GPS sites.
Dual-wavelength light scattering for selective detection of volcanic ash particles
Authors: Jurányi Z. , Burtscher H. , Loepfe M. , Nenkov M. , Weingartner E.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. A new method is presented in this paper which analyses the scattered light of individual aerosol particles simultaneously at two different wavelengths in order to retrieve information on the particle type. We show that dust-like particles, such as volcanic ash, can be unambiguously discriminated from water droplets on a single particle level. As a future application of this method, the detection of volcanic ash particles should be possible in a humid atmosphere in the presence of cloud droplets. We show an example, how the characteristic behaviour of pure water's refractive index can be used to separate water droplets and dust-like particles which are commonly found in the micrometer size-range in the ambient air. The low real part of the water's refractive index around 2700–2800 nm results in low scattered light intensities compared to e.g. the visible wavelength range and this feature can be used for the particle identification. The two-wavelength measurement setup was theoretically and experimentally tested and studied. Theoretical calculations were done using Mie theory. Comparing the ratio of the scattered light at the two wavelengths (R value) for water droplets and different dust types (basalt, andesite, African mineral dust, sand, volcanic ash, pumice) showed at least 9 times higher values (on average 70 times) for water droplets than for the dust types at any diameter within the particle size range of 2–20 μm. The envisaged measurement setup was built up into a laboratory prototype and was tested with different types of aerosols. We generated aerosols from the following powders simulating dust-like particles: cement dust, ISO 12103-1 A1 Ultrafine Test Dust and Ash from the 2012 eruption of the Etna volcano. Our measurements verified the theoretical considerations, the median experimental R value is 8–21 times higher for water than for the "dust" particles.
Millennial changes in North Atlantic oxygen concentrations
Authors: Hoogakker B. A. A. , Thornalley D. J. R. , Barker S.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Glacial–interglacial changes in bottom water oxygen concentrations [O2] in the deep Northeast Atlantic have been linked to decreased ventilation relating to changes in ocean circulation and the biological pump (Hoogakker et al., 2015). In this paper we discuss seawater [O2] changes in relation to millennial climate oscillations in the North Atlantic ocean over the last glacial cycle, using bottom water [O2] reconstructions from 2 cores: (1) MD95-2042 from the deep northeast Atlantic (Hoogakker et al., 2015), and (2) ODP 1055 from the intermediate northwest Atlantic. Deep northeast Atlantic core MD95-2042 shows decreased bottom water [O2] during millennial scale cool events, with lowest bottom water [O2] of 170, 144, and 166 ± 17 μmol kg−1 during Heinrich ice rafting events H6, H4 and H1. Importantly, at intermediate core ODP 1055 bottom water [O2] was lower during parts of Marine Isotope Stage 4 and millennial cool events, with lowest values of 179 and 194 μmol kg−1 recorded during millennial cool events C21 and a cool event following Dansgaard–Oeschger event 19. Our reconstructions agree with previous model simulations suggesting that glacial cold events may be associated with lower seawater [O2] across the North Atlantic below ~1 km (Schmittner et al., 2007), although in our reconstructions the changes are less dramatic. The decreases in bottom water [O2] during North Atlantic Heinrich events and earlier cold events at the deep site can be linked to water mass changes in relation to ocean circulation changes, and possibly productivity changes. At the intermediate depth site a strong North Atlantic Intermediate Water cell precludes water mass changes as a cause for decreased bottom water [O2]. Instead we propose that the lower bottom [O2] there can be linked to productivity changes through increased export of organic material from the surface ocean.
Improved end-member characterization of modern organic matter pools in the Ohrid Basin (Albania, Macedonia) and evaluation of new palaeoenvironmental proxies
Authors: Holtvoeth J. , Rushworth D. , Imeri A. , Cara M. , Vogel H. , Wagner T. , Wolff G. A.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. We present elemental, lipid biomarker and compound-specific isotope (δ13C, δ2H) data for soils and leaf litter collected in the catchment of Lake Ohrid (Albania, Macedonia), as well as macrophytes, particulate organic matter and sediments from the lake itself. Lake Ohrid provides an outstanding archive of continental environmental change of at least 1.2 M years and the purpose of our study is to ground truth organic geochemical proxies that we developed in order to study past changes in the terrestrial biome. We show that soils dominate the lipid signal of the lake sediments rather than the vegetation or aquatic biomass, while compound-specific isotopes (δ13C, δ2H) determined for n-alkanoic acids confirm a dominant terrestrial source of organic matter to the lake. There is a strong imprint of suberin monomers on the composition of total lipid extracts and chain-length distributions of n-alkanoic acids, n-alcohols, ω-hydroxy acids and α,ω-dicarboxylic acids. Our end-member survey identifies that ratios of mid-chain length suberin-derived to long-chain length cuticular-derived alkyl compounds as well as their average chain length distributions can be used as new molecular proxies of organic matter sources to the lake. We tested these for the 8.2 ka event, a pronounced and widespread Holocene climate fluctuation. In SE Europe climate became drier and cooler in response to the event, as is clearly recognizable in the carbonate and organic carbon records of Lake Ohrid sediments. Our new proxies indicate biome modification in response to hydrological changes, identifying two phases of increased soil OM supply, first from topsoils and then from mineral soils. Our study demonstrates that geochemical fingerprinting of terrestrial OM should focus on the main lipid sources, rather than the living biomass. Both can exhibit climate-controlled variability, but are generally not identical.
EUROSPEC: at the interface between remote sensing and ecosystem CO2 flux measurements in Europe
Authors: Porcar-Castell A. , Mac Arthur A. , Rossini M. , Eklundh L. , Pacheco-Labrador J. , Anderson K. , Balzarolo M. , Martín M. P. , Jin H. , Tomelleri E. , Cerasoli S. , Sakowska K. , Hueni A. , Julitta T. , Nichol C. J. , Vescovo L.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Resolving the spatial and temporal dynamics of gross primary productivity (GPP) of terrestrial ecosystems across different scales remains a challenge. Remote sensing is regarded as the solution to upscale point observations conducted at the ecosystem level, using the eddy covariance (EC) technique, to the landscape and global levels. In addition to traditional vegetation indices, the photochemical reflectance index (PRI) and the emission of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF), now measurable from space, provide a new range of opportunities to monitor the global carbon cycle using remote sensing. However, the scale mismatch between EC observations and the much coarser satellite-derived data complicates the integration of the two sources of data. The solution is to establish a network of in situ spectral measurements that can act as bridge between EC measurements and remote sensing data. In situ spectral measurements have been already conducted for many years at EC sites, but using variable instrumentation, setups, and measurement standards. In Europe in particular, in situ spectral measurements remain highly heterogeneous. The goal of EUROSPEC Cost Action ES0930 was to promote the development of common measuring protocols and new instruments towards establishing best practices and standardization of in situ spectral measurements. In this review we describe the background and main tradeoffs of in situ spectral measurements, review the main results of EUROSPEC Cost Action, and discuss the future challenges and opportunities of in situ spectral measurements for improved estimation of local and global carbon cycle.
Palaeoceanographic changes in Hornsund Fjord (Spitsbergen, Svalbard) over the last millennium: new insights from ancient DNA
Authors: Pawłowska J. , Zajączkowski M. , Łącka M. , Lejzerowicz F. , Esling P. , Pawlowski J.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. This paper presents the reconstruction of climate-driven environmental changes of the last millennium from Hornsund Fjord (Svalbard) based on sedimentological and micropalaeontological records. Our palaeo-investigation was supported by the analysis of foraminiferal ancient DNA (aDNA), focusing on non-fossilised monothalamous species. The main climatic fluctuations over the last millennium were the Medieval Warm Period (MWP, 1000–1600 AD), the Little Ice Age (LIA, 1600–1900 AD), and the Modern Warming (MW, 1900 AD–present). Our study indicated that environmental conditions in Hornsund during the MWP and the early LIA (before ~ 1800 AD) were relatively stable, resulting from the distant position of glaciers. The beginning of the LIA (~ 1600 AD) was poorly evidenced by the micropalaeontological record, but well marked in the aDNA data, by an increased proportion of monothalamous foraminifera, especially Bathysiphon sp. The early LIA (~ 1600– ~ 1800 AD) was marked by the increase in abundance of sequences of Hippocrepinella hirudinea and Cedhagenia saltatus. In the late LIA (after ~ 1800 AD), conditions in the fjord became glacier-proximal, characterised by increased meltwater outflows, high sedimentation and a high calving rate. This coincided with an increase in the percentages of sequences of Micrometula sp. and Vellaria pellucidus. During the MW, major glaciers fronts retreated rapidly to the inner bays, limiting the iceberg discharge to the fjord centre and causing the shift in the foraminiferal community reflected in both fossil and aDNA records. Palaeoceanographic changes in the Hornsund Fjord over the last millennium were driven mainly by the inflow of shelf-originated water masses and glaciers' activity. However, the environmental changes were poorly evidenced in the micropalaeontological record, but well documented in our aDNA data. We considerably increased the number of potential proxy species by including monothalamous foraminifera in the palaeoecological studies.
A Late Pleistocene sea level stack
Authors: Spratt R. M. , Lisiecki L. E.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Late Pleistocene sea level has been reconstructed from ocean sediment core data using a wide variety of proxies and models. However, the accuracy of individual reconstructions is limited by measurement error, local variations in salinity and temperature, and assumptions particular to each technique. Here we present a sea level stack (average) which increases the signal-to-noise ratio of individual reconstructions. Specifically, we perform principal component analysis (PCA) on seven records from 0–430 ka and five records from 0–798 ka. The first principal component, which we use as the stack, describes ~80 % of the variance in the data and is similar using either five or seven records. After scaling the stack based on Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) sea level estimates, the stack agrees to within 5 m with isostatically adjusted coral sea level estimates for Marine Isotope Stages 5e and 11 (125 and 400 ka, respectively). When we compare the sea level stack with the δ18O of benthic foraminifera, we find that sea level change accounts for about ~40 % of the total orbital-band variance in benthic δ18O, compared to a 65 % contribution during the LGM-to-Holocene transition. Additionally, the second and third principal components of our analyses reflect differences between proxy records associated with spatial variations in the δ18O of seawater.
Multi-generational oxidation model to simulate secondary organic aerosol in a 3-D air quality model
Authors: Jathar S. H. , Cappa C. D. , Wexler A. S. , Seinfeld J. H. , Kleeman M. J.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Multi-generational gas-phase oxidation of organic vapors can influence the abundance, composition and properties of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Only recently have SOA models been developed that explicitly represent multi-generational SOA formation. In this work, we integrated the statistical oxidation model (SOM) into SAPRC-11 to simulate the multi-generational oxidation and gas/particle partitioning of SOA in the regional UCD/CIT (University of California, Davis/California Institute of Technology) air quality model. In the SOM, evolution of organic vapors by reaction with the hydroxyl radical is defined by (1) the number of oxygen atoms added per reaction, (2) the decrease in volatility upon addition of an oxygen atom and (3) the probability that a given reaction leads to fragmentation of the organic molecule. These SOM parameter values were fit to laboratory smog chamber data for each precursor/compound class. SOM was installed in the UCD/CIT model, which simulated air quality over 2-week periods in the South Coast Air Basin of California and the eastern United States. For the regions and episodes tested, the two-product SOA model and SOM produce similar SOA concentrations but a modestly different SOA chemical composition. Predictions of the oxygen-to-carbon ratio qualitatively agree with those measured globally using aerosol mass spectrometers. Overall, the implementation of the SOM in a 3-D model provides a comprehensive framework to simulate the atmospheric evolution of organic aerosol.
The LAGRANTO Lagrangian analysis tool – version 2.0
Authors: Sprenger M. , Wernli H.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Lagrangian trajectories are widely used in the atmospheric sciences, for instance to identify flow structures in extratropical cyclones (e.g., warm conveyor belts) and long-range transport pathways of moisture and trace substances. Here a new version of the Lagrangian analysis tool LAGRANTO (Wernli and Davies, 1997) is introduced, which offers considerably enhanced functionalities. Trajectory starting positions can be defined easily and flexibly based on different geometrical and/or meteorological conditions, e.g., equidistantly spaced within a prescribed region and on a stack of pressure (or isentropic) levels. After the computation of the trajectories, a versatile selection of trajectories is offered based on single or combined criteria. These criteria are passed to LAGRANTO with a simple command language (e.g., "GT:PV:2" readily translates into a selection of all trajectories with potential vorticity, PV, greater than 2 PVU; 1 PVU = 10−6 K m2 kg−1 s−1). Full versions of this new version of LAGRANTO are available for global ECMWF and regional COSMO data, and core functionality is provided for the regional WRF and MetUM models and the global 20th Century Reanalysis data set. The paper first presents the intuitive application of LAGRANTO for the identification of a warm conveyor belt in the North Atlantic. A further case study then shows how LAGRANTO can be used to quasi-operationally diagnose stratosphere–troposphere exchange events. Whereas these examples rely on the ECMWF version, the COSMO version and input fields with 7 km horizontal resolution serve to resolve the rather complex flow structure associated with orographic blocking due to the Alps, as shown in a third example. A final example illustrates the tool's application in source–receptor analysis studies. The new distribution of LAGRANTO is publicly available and includes auxiliary tools, e.g., to visualize trajectories. A detailed user guide describes all LAGRANTO capabilities.
DebrisInterMixing-2.3: a Finite Volume solver for three dimensional debris flow simulations based on a single calibration parameter – Part 1: Model description
Authors: von Boetticher A. , Turowski J. M. , McArdell B. W. , Rickenmann D. , Kirchner J. W.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Here we present a three-dimensional fluid dynamic solver that simulates debris flows as a mixture of two phases (gravel and fine material suspension) with a third unmixed phase representing the air and the free surface. We link all rheological parameters to the material composition, i.e., to water content, clay content and mineral composition, content of sand and gravel, and the gravel's friction angle; the user must specify only a single free model parameter. The Volume-Of-Fluid (VOF) approach is used to combine the three phases into a single cell-averaged Navier–Stokes equation for incompressible flow, based on code adapted from standard solvers of the Open-Source CFD software OpenFOAM. We present a stable implementation of a Coulomb-Viscoplastic model that represents the pressure-dependent flow behavior of the granular phase, and a Herschel–Bulkley representation of the interstitial fluid. The VOF method saves computational costs compared to drag-force based multiphase models. Thus depth-averaging is not necessary and complex three-dimensional flow structures can be simulated.
WRF4G: WRF experiment management made simple
Authors: Fernández-Quiruelas V. , Fernández J. , Cofiño A. S. , Blanco C. , García-Díez M. , Magariño M. , Fita L. , Gutiérrez J. M.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. This work presents a framework, WRF4G, to manage the experiment workflow of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) modelling system. WRF4G provides a flexible design, execution and monitoring for a general class of scientific experiments. It has been designed with the aim of facilitating the management and reproducibility of complex experiments. Furthermore, the concepts behind the design of this framework can be straightforwardly extended to other models. We describe the user interface and the new concepts required to design parameter-sweep, hindcast and climate simulation experiments. A number of examples are provided, based on the design used for existing (published) WRF experiments. This software is open-source and publicly available http://www.meteo.unican.es/software/wrf4g).
4D Visualization of Painted Sculpture and Murals
Authors: Ai M. Y. , Tong H. , Shen L. , Wang R. X. , Zhang F. , Zhang Z. C. , Hu Q. W. , Zhu Y. X. , Zhang H.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Most cultural heritage applications address visualization with using various media or platforms: desktop-based multimedia presentations, museum kiosks, or videos produced with computer animation. However, these techniques can not directly reveal or show the course that the colorful surface of painted sculpture and murals becomes faint along with the change of the climate and time. Most current techniques just preserve the current appearance and disseminate the current situation of the painted sculpture and murals. The course how these forms of cultural heritage change along the time has not been visualized. In this paper we developed an approach to modelling of painted sculpture and murals that has undergone changes over the years. Different hypotheses has also be given if there is uncertainty. A painted sculpture of Mogao Grottoes is used to demonstate this approach.