bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Majority Fallacy Reconsidered
Authors: Pedersen Willy
Published: March 2007

The so-called majority fallacy implies that deviant norms and behaviours are attributed to a majority when this is in fact not justified Based on the fallacy, a fictitious norm pressure develops In particular, young people in loosely integrated groups are thought to be at nsk The importance of friendships and of own and friends norms in respect of drug-use development was investigated in a longitudinal study of Norwegian adolescents. Contrary to theory, friendships were found to be positively correlated with drug use. The reason may be that, at an experimental and recreational level, drug use is typically a collective, social activity The findings were more ambiguous regarding the significance of friends' norms The respondents assessed their friends' norms as more non-conformist than their own, but the perception of friends' norms did not explain future drug use, while own norms did. In addition to the majority fallacy, the following two pnnciples are suggested to help explain this finding. 'false consensus', which implies that own norms and experiences are regarded as more common m the reference groups than is warranted, and 'asymmetric ties', which implies that certain individuals with more deviant norms than average are to be found in many people's reference groups. The conclusion is therefore that the majority fallacy concept may represent an over implification of these situations, and that the causal significance of the principle has been overestimated.
Making Ends Meet in Australia and Sweden: A Comparative Analysis Using the Subjective Poverty Line Methodology
Authors: Saunders Peter , Halleröd Björn , Matheson George
Published: March 2007

The subjective poverty line methodology derives a poverty line from responses to a question asking people how much money they need in order to make ends meet. In this paper, we explore the relevance and implications of this approach using sample survey data for Australia and Sweden derived specifically for this purpose. We apply identical techniques to the two sets of data and compare and contrast the resulting poverty lines, before exploring their sensitivity to changes in the methods used to derive them. Finally, analysis focuses on a companson of the characteristics of those families in each country whose incomes are below the subjective poverty line.
The Influence of Social Support, Suggestion and Depression on Suicidal Behavior Among Icelandic Youth
Authors: Bjarnason Thoroddur
Published: March 2007

Durkheim's treatment of the social causes of suicide has remained central to sociological theory in general and to sociological treatment of suicide in particular. The two main alternative paradigms for understanding suicide are suicide suggestion and depression. Both these paradigms are derived from 19th-century perspectives rejected by Durkheim. In this paper an attempt is made to bring them together in a single causal model of suicidal behavior involving integration, suggestion and psychological distress. It is argued that social support is in fact the main protective aspect of social integration, and that social support may in conjunction with suicide suggestion influence suicidal behavior both directly and indirectly through depression Survey data on the whole population of Icelandic youth in two cohorts are split randomly into model estimation and model testing samples. A causal model of suicidal behavior, involving mental and material support by family and by others, depression and suicide suggestion is then estimated and tested by structural equation modeling. Suicidal behavior is found to be most strongly affected by mental support by family and by suicide suggestion, with depression as an intervening vanable
Social Network Analysis: Recent Achievements and Current Controversies
Authors: Mizruchi Mark S.
Published: March 2007

Network analysis has grown rapidly over the past two decades, but criticisms of the approach have increased as well This article focuses on several accomplishments and unresolved problems of the network approach In the first section. I illustrate the value of the network model in several substantive areas. focusing on studies of centrahty and power, network subgroups, and interorganizational relations I then discuss three issues over which the approach has provoked controversy the relation between network analysis and rational choice theory; the role of norms and culture, and the question of human agency I conclude with some examples of how network theorists are addressing these problems
Women's Careers in Static and Dynamic Organizations
Authors: Kvande Elin , Rasmussen Bente
Published: March 2007

This article presents a study of women graduate engineers entering male-dominated organizations and management positions. The individual perspective used in most of the previous studies in the Women in Management tradition is criticized and a structural approach to gender and organization is developed. The main data come from case studies in six large Norwegian companies where pairs of comparable male and female graduate engineers were selected. The study shows how the differences in organizational structures are the main explanatory factor for the differences in opportunities for careers.
Alterity in Modernity
Authors: Ålund Aleksandra
Published: March 2007

Departing from the notion of 'the stranger' in classical sociological literature (Alfred Schutz and Georg Simmel), the paper discusses the significance of two paradigmatic approaches, one of which has discursively branched off into modernity. In a world where the search for roots has become widespread - from the new social movements to the building of new nation-state, from identity politics to national identities - the multiple expression of exclusion has spread. A new kind of European citizen, a 'stranger', is being constructed. I argue that scientific discourses related to the intellectual heritage of Alfred Schutz have helped to create the 'stranger' and the 'non-stranger'. It is further argued that Simmel's approach is an alternative well worth highlighting.
Local Environmental Conflicts and the Change in Environmental Consciousness
Authors: Rannikko Pertti
Published: March 2007

The article examines the change in environmental consciousness by analyzing the environmental conflicts which have arisen in Finland in the past few decades and their structural and attitudinal backgrounds. The development of environmental activity in Finland has been fluctuating; the years 1979-81 and 1988-90 were active periods. During the last wave, battles were waged over the conservation of wilderness and virgin forests. Primeval nature and national cultural values experienced a reawakening. Among the many conflicts, the article analyzes in detail the struggle over the construction of tourist facilities and preservation of the mountain of Koli. For more than a hundred years Koli has been one of Finland's best-known tourist attractions and the dispute over it one of the most publicized environmental conflicts in recent years. The article shows that the bases and motives of environmental protection have been very different at different times and among different groups of people. The environment is filled with various meanings and symbols, and different people seek to protect very different things. Therefore, it is important to study those social actors who participate in the defining of environmental problems.
Constructivist Analysis and Movement Organizations: Conceptual Clarifications
Authors: Hjelmar Ulf
Published: March 2007

From the 1980s onwards a constructivist viewpoint has developed within the sociology of social movements. This new position is characterized by a multitude of different and partly contradictory meanings. Further discussion of some of the key issues within this perspective is needed in order to understand more precisely how social movements and movement organizations are constructed. Two basic elements of constructivist analysis are proposed: the capacity of movement organizations to construct a powerful identity and effective strategies, and the given opportunities in society to defend or advance the ideology of the movement organizations. The conclusion is that such a conceptual framework could further our understanding of the internal and external factors which produce what we know as movement organizations.
Dual Breadwinner Societies: Provider Models in the Scandinavian Welfare States
Authors: Ellingsæter Anne Lise
Published: March 2007

To what extent has the traditional male provider model shifted towards a model of equal economic partnership in the Scandinavian welfare states, and how can current social practices and attitudes be explained? In contrast to much recent welfare state research, this article emphasizes differences within Scandinavia, arguing that national structural, cultural and political configurations have contributed to differences among the Scandinavian welfare states in the transition toward gender equality in economic provision.
Transformation as Biographical Experience. Personal Destinies of East Berlin Graduates before and after Unification
Authors: Kupferberg Feiwel
Published: March 2007

The transformation of East German society can be seen as a contingent turning point in the life planning of individuals. It destabilized professional careers and forced individuals to make unexpected choices under conditions of great uncertainty and risk, for which their biographical experiences had not prepared them. Adaptation to the new social environment was relatively successful, but was only accomplished at considerable personal cost and/or a large amount of soul searching. A comparison of personal destinies before and after unification also suggests that political capital did not succeed in supplanting cultural capital in importance, and that autonomous life planning had not been eliminated in the socialist state, in spite of central planning and ideological control. The broader context of German history and early socialization must be taken into account in order to make sense of personal continuity across systemic changes.
On Kings, Pietism and Rent-seeking in Scandinavian Welfare States
Authors: Sørensen Aage B.
Published: March 2007

This paper argues that the origins of the Scandinavian welfare states are most usefully seen in the small-state absolutism and Lutheran Pietism characterizing 18th-century Denmark/Norway. Towards the end of the 18th century, the Danish monarch or, more correctly, his agents, created a quite generous set of welfare benefits in the 1799 Poor Law for the City of Copenhagen. In return for non-punitive and generous support, the state assumed that recipients would be obedient and grateful servants of the state and its institutions. This system was replaced with more punitive and petty systems as liberalism gained importance in the following century, but basic elements of the Pietist model for the relationship between state and citizen were maintained and recreated in the development of the generous welfare state of the late 20th century.
On the Margins of Life: Life Stories of Radical Nationalists
Authors: Fangen Katrine
Published: March 2007

This essay discusses the life stories of four radical nationalists. It is based on life story interviews as well as information gathered through a year of fieldwork. This includes conversations with all forty participants of the Norwegian radical nationalist subculture in 1993-94, and in-depth interviews with all the leading activists, except one. Elsewhere I have analysed the identities of these young people in terms of group membership, ideology and gender issues. In this essay, I highlight the radical nationalists' lives prior to their entrance into the radical nationalist underground. I focus on the way they relate to common interpretations of them by outsiders, and the way they themselves argue in order to bring reason into their choice to join a group which is condemned by most people. I look for the common features we can find in these life stories, and in the mechanisms of recruitment described by these four men.
The Peculiarities of Geography: Latin America
Authors: Neal Joe W.
Published: March 2007

Students from Latin America arriving in the United States for the first time face certain difficulties in mak ing readjustments to the environmental changes involved in the transfer. These difficulties, in large part, result from or are made more acute by misconceptions held by the student in five distinct areas of change: geographical, linguistic, educational, cultural, and political. Disoriented by these previously formed ideas, they face a cultural shock which must be overcome be fore they can successfully concentrate on the primary academic objectives. Because both the United States and Latin America stand to gain much from international educational exchange, it is essential that the experience of these Latin-American scholars be enriched to assure their receiving maximum bene fit from the educational experience in this country. Sympa thetic attention and wise counseling as part of both formal and informal orientation to the United States are required, and these in turn call for an understanding of the students' background, both personal and academic. With attention, in genuity, and experience, the problems of the Latin-American student on the United States campus—as well as those created for the university by his presence—can be overcome; the ex perience of these students in the United States can, thereby, be made more valuable, and the benefit to the United States likewise can be increased.
6. The Policy Sciences and Limited Warfare
Authors: Dexter Lewis A.
Published: March 2007

A plea for social science to engage in the "invention of in vention" to develop not only new tools of peace, but also new tools of limited war--economic, psychological and military.
From Graduate Education in the United States
Authors: Berelson Bernard
Published: March 2007

The enormously ramified system of graduate education in the United States is only 85 years old. It has seldom been appraised as a whole and in detail. Professor Bernard Berelson of the University of Chicago has provided the latest and perhaps most com prehensive of surveys of the subject. Some of his results, many of which hold special interest to our readers, appear in the following figures, tables, and quotations. They are presented here with the permission of the publishers and copyright holders (1960), McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York.
Premises and Principles of Peace
Authors: Chase Stuart
Published: March 2007

Stuart Chase, author of Live and Let Live, Some Things Worth Knowing and many another book bridging the world of social science and social action, has set forth five general facts and nineteen related conclusions on the nuclear age. Our readers may wish to address Mr. Chase, who is on our Advisory Board, with com men and criticism. An elaboration of these points appeared in the Saturday Review on May 9th of this year. The drawings below are several symbols of one world, by Susanne K. Langer.
A Fresh Look at China's Hundred Flowers Period
Authors: Das Naranarayan
Published: March 2007

The 'Hundred Flowers' period, in the opinion of the author, began on 2 May 1956, the day Mao Tse-tung proclaimed the Hundred Flowers policy in a speech he made at the Supreme State Conference. It ended on 8 June 1957, the day the Chinese Communist Party called a halt to it and cracked down on the critics of the Chinese communist regime. The author here examines, in the light of the revelations made during the Cultural Revolution, the proclamation itself, the way the intellectuals responded to it, and its immediate consequences. In another instalment later, he proposes to look at the impact of certain events in the communist world on China's libeïaliza tion drive and to investigate the reported intra-party discord with regard to the same policy and the circumstances leading to its ultimate reversal.—EDITOR
Arrangements for the 1979 National Economic Plan
Authors: Yu Qiuli
Published: March 2007

At the 21 June plenary meeting of the Second Session of the Fifth National People's Cong ress, Vice-Premier and Minister-in-Charge of the State Planning Commission Yu QIULI delivered a report on the draft of the 1979 national economic plan, which is in three parts. Following is the full text of the second part. The content of the first part 'New Successes in the Development of the National Economy in 1978' is contained in the 'Communique on Fulfilment of China's 1978 National Economic Plan' (see BEIJING REVIEW, no. 27, pp. 37-41) and the third part 'Unite As One and Go All Out To Fulfil and Overfulfil the 1979 Plan' concerns guidelines for domestic work. — EDITOR
Imperialism in Nineteenth-Century China (II)
Authors: Tan Chung
Published: March 2007

We publish below PROF. TAN CHUNG'S second article in the series 'Imperialism in Nineteenth- Century China'. In hisfirst article (CHINA REPORT, vol. xvii, no. 2, March-April 1981) , PROF. TAN elaborated Britain's employing opium as a well-calculated mode in her imperialist aggression on 19th-century China, reinforcing his well-known theory of 'opium imperialism'. In the present article, the author focuses attention on the unequal treaties or the 'Treaty System' and develops a new theory of 'Irresponsible Imperialism'. The articles are revised and reorganized versions of class lectures which PROF. TAN has delivered to the M.A. students in history over the years. In our future numbers, we shall publish his remaining articles in this series on Finance Imperial ism, Spheres of Influence and the 'Open Door' Policy, and Christian Missionary Activities in China. We welcome discussion on the issues raised by PROF. TAN.—EDITOR
On the Definition and Measurement of Small Power Status
Authors: Vayrynen Raimo
Published: March 2007

This article is aimed at describing and defining small power status. Definitions can explain either the extensional or intensional meaning of a concept. The intensional way of defining a concept is selected and on this basis the following possible defining characteristics of small powers are explored: low rank, high degree of penetration by environment, a given type of behavior, a distinct role and conflicting interests. The investigation leads to the conclusion that low rank is apparently the most useful, but also the most conventional defining characteristic. For this reason the author suggests that approaches based on the concepts of role and interest are worthy of closer in vestigation and that they may add new dimensions to the study of small powers and their behavior.
Notes on Foreign Policy Research
Authors: Väyrynen Raimo
Published: March 2007

The author makes a distinction between three approaches to foreign policy research: (1) the traditional approach emphasizing diplomatic history, (2) the 'scientific' ap proach à la Rosenau, and (3) the radical approach (represented, e.g. by William A. Williams and Gabriel Kolko). These approaches are evaluated by criteria which in clude diachronic vs. synchronic orientation, nomothetic vs. ideographic orientation, and the type of strategic actors postulated as well as the model of explanation applied (whether the foreign policy orientations are explained by relational or domestic factors). This is followed by a discussion of some of the critical problems in the analysis of foreign policy. These problems are the distinction between external behavior and for eign policy, the role of subjective vs. objective factors in the determination of foreign policy, and the need to analyze the outcomes of foreign policies, not just the decision- making processes and tools applied in the execution of the policy.
Belief Systems, Doctrines, and Foreign Policy
Authors: Brodin Katarina
Published: March 2007

This study is comprised of two parts. In the first, the relationship between the belief system of official decision-makers and the behaviour of states in the realm of foreign policy, as well as the problems and limitations inherent in this type of explanatory model, are discussed. In the second part, an alternative model is presented in which the official foreign policy doctrine is treated as a central independent variable. Parti cular attention is given to the possible usefulness of this model for predictive purposes.
The Scope and Control of Chemical Disarmament Treaties particularly with regard to Binary Chemical Weapons
Authors: Lundin Johan
Published: March 2007

In principle, this paper gives an account of the meaning of the term 'binary chemical weapons', and of the effects their existence has on the scope of and controls covered by conventions concerning prohibition of the development, production and stockpiling of chemical weapons, as well as prescriptions for their destruction. The conclusions drawn are particularly relevant to those responsible for the defence of a country against attack by chemical weapons.
The Baltic Sea: Mare Clausum or Mare Liberum?
Authors: Miljan Toivo
Published: March 2007

The article analyzes the legal and political standing of the Soviet juridical theory of mare clausum as applied to the Baltic Sea. Soviet juridical views regarding the Baltic Sea as a closed sea and the Baltic Straits as closed straits appear to be built on three foundations: the argument of security for the Soviet Union and other Baltic littoral states; Soviet juridical theorizing on the doctrine of mare clausum; and the Soviet in terpretation of the history of international agreements regarding the Baltic Straits. All three arguments are valid from the Soviet point of view; but, equally, all three argu ments are invalid from the Western point of view. After an initial presentation of the Soviet position, the article analyzes the doctrine of mare clausum in Western legal literature and refutes the Soviet historical interpretation of Baltic Straits agreements. Discrepancies between the Soviet juristic arguments and Soviet actions of the past fifty years lead to the conclusion that Soviet policies relating to the Baltic Sea are oriented towards twin objectives: to secure full freedom of navigation for Soviet and allied ships; and, to extend its control over the Baltic Sea.
Time Differences and International Interaction
Authors: Gleditsch Nils Petter
Published: March 2007

Physical distance appears to act as a restraint on interaction at all levels of social organization. However, there is one specific problem connected with high-speed in teraction over great distance in the international system - that of time differences. In international travel the 'jet lag' causes fatigue and related phenomena. (The problem of a sudden change of climate associated with rapid North-South movements has not been studied to the same degree, but appears to be less serious.) In attempting to cir cumvent these unpleasant effects by interacting through telecommunication (moving information rather than moving people), one runs into a related problem - that of non-overlapping office hours. Informal data from several organizations with interna tional activities are cited as examples of how these problems are dealt with. Technologi cal and social 'solutions' to the problem of time differences are discussed. Several of these raise new problems, among them the possibility of an emerging 'time imperialism'- with dominant nations, organizations, and individuals imposing their own time cycles on their dependent individuals and groups - seems particularly ominous.
Natural Resources and Problems of Development
Authors: Antonsen Per
Published: March 2007

The author focuses on problems in the economy of the developing countries likely to arise as a consequence of mineral exploitation in the new territories. A general shortage of mineral resources, although predicted, should not uncritically be adopted as a sufficient explanation of the demonstrated interest of industrial enterprises in undertaking heavy investments in the new territories. The economic security claimed by institutions financing large-scale investments, may just as likely force the companies to seek options for long-term supplies from these areas, unhampered by the politically caused instabilities perceived in the Third World. This develop ment may tend to push the developing countries into the role of subsidiary suppliers in the world market.

The committees preparing the UN Conference on the Law of the Sea have so far taken no realistic measures to counteract this possibility, which may prove detri mental to the economies of several developing countries. The Conference will, in the opinion of the author, provide little but a settlement of disputed interests among the coastal states.
Integration by Whom, for Whom, against Whom?
Authors: Hveem Helge
Published: March 2007

This paper is a partial critique of the 'neo-classical' integration schools, the 'neo- functionalist' inspired by Haas and the 'transactional' of Deutsch and followers. Dis cussing mainly the former, the author makes the plea that integration theory should be more clearly related to the distribution of power and to social structure. Seven aspects of the theoretical deficiencies of the 'neo-classicists' are identified and dis cussed : the atomism in the sense that national sovereignty is unduly assumed; the lack of recognition of asymmetric social relationships and the need to distinguish between vertical (asymmetric) and horizontal integration; the formalism or institution-bias resulting in the neglect of such crucial integration actors as the multinational corpora tions ; a tendency towards theoretical encapsulation not relating duly a theory of inte gration processes to other relevant political and social theory; a bias towards elites leading to undue assumption that what integration is good for elites is also automa tically good for non-elites; an obsession with the process of integration as such almost leading to making the process a goal in itself; and a widespread tendency towards structural and/or cultural bias in comparative integration studies. The critique also points out 'neo-classical' propositions and hypotheses which may usefully be re formulated and reintegrated into an alternative functional theory. Some suggestions as to the contents of such a theory are made towards the end.
The Frozen Frontier: Models for International Cooperation
Authors: Skagestad Gunnar
Published: March 2007

Current and emerging developments in the polar regions entail an increased conflict- potential as well as an increased cooperation-potential. On this backdrop the author discusses the possibilities for international cooperation on conflict-preventive measures in the polar regions. A key assumption in this context is that international cooperation as such - independently of the object of cooperation - should be ascribed a positive conflict-preventive function. The discussion, however, is here limited to a few sub ject-areas where international cooperation in the polar regions is of particular interest; notably in scientific research/exploration, economic exploitation, regulatory measures of a practical/operative nature, and regulation of sovereignty- and jurisdiction-status. More particularly, the paper gives a comparative discussion of the Svalbard (Spits bergen) and Antarctic treaties as models for the regulation of so-called 'new terri tories' (a term which encompasses, inter alia, most of the polar regions). Finally, the author examines the aptness of such models to adapt to changing circumstances, and to cover the need for measures of regulation and control in regions where many parties are involved in the developments.
The Arab Use of Oil: October 1973—July 1974
Authors: Davis Jerome D.
Published: March 2007

Davis J. The Arab Use of Oil: October 1973-July 1974. Cooperation and Conflict, XI, 1976, 57-67.

What happened in the period October 1973-July 1974, with respect to the Arab use of the oil 'weapon'? How did it happen and why? The embargoes, production cuts, and price rises which characterized the period were not the result of a tightly knit 'cartel'. Neither were they the product of sheer happenstance. In fact the events of this period were the logical outcome of historical trends in the international petroleum industry and of the delicately balanced Arab coalition against Israel. In this latter respect, crude oil was used as a means of diplomatic leverage, as a complement to Arab objectives both in the October war and in the round of diplomacy which ensued. Nor should the rise in prices during this period be credited wholly to the Arab nations. Iran was the 'hard-liner' in the critical meeting of the 'Gulf Six', whose decisions have resulted in one of the most massive resource transfers in history.

Jerome D. Davis, Institute of Political Science, University of Aarhus, Denmark.
The Perennial Problem of Small States: A Survey of Research Efforts
Authors: Amstrup Niels
Published: March 2007

The survey points to the age-old European interest in the role of small states, almost ignored in the recent literature on small states. It is shown that the numerous attempts to define a small state have exclusively been concerned with defining an independent variable to the neglect of a dependent variable, viz. the behavior of small states. The studies on the security policy of small states and on their foreign economic relations are discussed. Other approaches to the study of small states in international relations are analyzed, including various quantitative attempts. In the conclusion some alterna tives for further research are suggested.
A Cognitive Model of Decision-making: Application to Norwegian Oil Policy
Authors: Bonham G. Matthew , Heradstveit Daniel , Narvesen Ove , Shapiro Michael J.
Published: March 2007

This article attempts to increase our understanding of cognitive processes of policy- making by reporting the application of a model of individual decision-making. The application of the model is based on cognitive maps obtained from interviews which were conducted with Norwegian oil policy officials before and after the Bravo blow out in Norway's Ekofisk oil field. A comparison of simulation results for two groups of policy officials, environmentalists and non-environmentalists, using the before and after cognitive maps suggests that the model is able to replicate adjustments that policy officials make in their thinking and choice behavior to accommodate perceptions of new events.
Futures Studies and National Security: The Swedish Experience
Authors: Andrén Nils
Published: March 2007

Andrén, N. Futures Studies and National Security: The Swedish Experience. Cooperation and Conflict, XVI, 1981, 39-56.

The focus of this paper is both on the development and structure of Swedish defence- oriented studies concerning the future development of the international system and on some of the major problems related to these studies. The studies form part of a long-range planning system and take place in an organization consisting of three major groups of actors, politicians, administrators or bureaucrats, and researchers. General principles are laid down by the Ministry of Defence (or in the final instance, by Government and Parliament). Planning requirements for the studies are to a large extent formulated in accordance with the experiences and traditions of the authorities in charge of national defence. Research activities are conducted by or in close contact with The National Defence Research Institute (Försvarets Forskningsanstalt, FOA). Some general problems of futures studies are discussed as a background. In the studies related to defence planning, two major approaches may be distinguished. The one is to design, on the basis of appropriate research, general long-range projections, expressed as 'alternative futures'. The other is to produce special defence scenarios. These scenarios play an important part in assessing the character and consequences of possible future threats against Sweden and may hence serve as yardsticks for measuring - by simulation and other devices- alternative future defence structures. Finally, the futures studies are assessed as a scholarly activity in a setting marked not only by more or less well-defined and articulated political goals and biases, but also by administrative necessities and institutional preferences.
Crisis Management by Military Cooperation with a Small Ally: American-Israeli Cooperation in the Syrian- Jordanian Crisis, September 1970
Authors: Bar-Siman-Tov Yaacov
Published: March 2007

Bar-Siman-Tov, Y. Crisis Management by Military Cooperation with a Small Ally: American-Israeli Cooperation in the Syrian-Jordanian Crisis, September 1970. Cooperation and Conflict, XVII, 1982, 151-162.

The aim of this study is to examine the American—Israeli military cooperation in the Jordanian-Syrian crisis of September 1970, as an illustrative case of crisis management by military cooperation with a small ally, in a situation where there are inadequate conditions for the effective employment of direct coercive diplomacy by the major power. The U.S. role in the resolution of the crisis became effective only when it demonstrated clearly that it had a credible means to manage the crisis. The military cooperation with Israel increased tremendously the American credibility and therefore its coercive diplomacy bargaining position in the crisis. The U.S. succeeded in employ ing its military cooperation with Israel as an effective means of crisis management. because the preliminary conditions for that strategy were present. The U.S. had a local ally with its own interests, motivation and capability to act as a 'crisis manager assistant'. The main negative result of the crisis for the U.S. was Israel's increased bargaining power. When a superpower is unable to protect its vital interests by use of its own direct coercive diplomacy and needs to rely on the assistance of an ally, it has no choice other than to accept the increased bargaining power of the ally.
Nordic Security Today: Sweden
Authors: Dörfer Ingemar
Published: March 2007

During the 1970s there was a broad domestic political consensus to keep Swedish defense spending at 3.5% of the GNP. Since the defense establishment had been built up during the 1950s and 1960s, when 5% of the GNP was devoted to defense, it was impossible to maintain the same force structure. While the Air Force and the Navy modernized their services, cutting their size in half, the Army kept its force of almost 30 field brigades. The need to place all conscripts in the wartime organization kept the numbers up, but the Army had to compromise on training and weaponry. In the choice between an introvert army oriented strategy and an extrovert navy and air force strategy the Army at first prevailed for political and ideological reasons. Towards the end of the decade this trend was reversed. Sweden decided to develop a new combat aircraft, to modernize the Navy's submarine hunting capability and to improve the mobility and alertness of its field forces. Behind this reversal of policy was the end of detente in Europe and the increased interest and capabilities of the superpowers in Northern Europe. Swedish arms control policy, complementing the defense effort, also moved towards a more European security oriented posture.
Theories of Peaceful Change: an Excursion to the Study of Change in International Relations in the 1930s
Authors: Antola Esko
Published: March 2007

Antola, E. Theories of Peaceful Change: an Excursion to the Study of Change in International Relations in the 1930s. Cooperation and Conflict, XIX, 1984, 235-250.

In this article an attempt is made to relate the debate on peaceful change of the inter-war years to the current interest in the concept of change in the study of international relations. The author offers a descriptive account of the main themes of the debate fifty years ago. Finally, problems and possibilities concerning the application of these ideas in the world today are discussed.
Neutrality and External Relations: The Case of Austria
Authors: Luif Paul
Published: March 2007

Since there exists no theory of neutrality, this article concentrates on empirical data for a better understanding of the concept of neutrality. First, quantitative indicators for Austria's external behavior are given. They describe it along three dimensions: geographical scope, activity-passivity, and symmetry-asymmetry. Secondly, two case studies (on integration policy and transfer of technology) analyze Austria's decision- making in its relations to the Superpowers. By juxtaposing the findings it is shown that the indicator on the exchange of official visits reacts more strongly to the changes of Austria's relations to the Superpowers. The indicator of Austria's voting behavior in the UN points to a more stable position of Austria between the Superpowers.
The Concept of "Realism" as a Source of Confusion
Authors: Goldmann Kjell
Published: March 2007

The discussion of international politics remains preoccupied with a construct called "realist theory". In this article it is first shown that there is confusion in the literature about the substantive contents of "realist theory" and that the thoughts ascribed to this theory tend to be ambiguous, inconsistent, or trivial. It is then argued that three fundamental concerns of international politics theory, which are commonly considered in terms of realism versus idealism, are easier to comprehend if we rid ourselves of this burden and discuss them in their own terms. The three theoretical issues are (1) the explanatory power of anarchy, (2) the immutability of international politics, and (3) the amorality of international politics.
Das Primat der Neutralitätspolitik: Building Regimes at Home
Authors: Sundelius Bengt
Published: March 2007

Sundelius, B. Das Primat der Neutralitätspolitik: Building Regimes at Home. Coop eration and Conflict, XXIV, 1989, 163-178.

In this article the strategies used by the traditional foreign policy chief to control the passageway between the foreign and domestic arenas of public activity will be discussed. The paper focuses on the domestic struggle over the conduct of foreign policy. Drawing on the works of Charles Kegley and Robert Keohane, it is argued that the continued prominence of the Swedish Foreign Ministry in this sector can be understood in the context of the persistence of a well-entrenched decision regime built around the concept of neutrality. The apparent ability of this traditional gatekeeper to dominate this internal management process also in the face of the decentralizing pressures associated with interdependence will be explained in terms of the decision regime concept. The study contributes to an understanding of how international developments affect the internal organizational life of a state. Further study into the domestic roles of the international guardians of the national interest in other states, too, may be warranted. Regime-building may facilitate international cooperation or national policy coordination. It may also help perpetuate the influence of hegemonic actors in the international system and within a domestic setting. The unmasking of the attributes of decision regimes in various states or in various international issue areas would seem to be an important task for a political scientist.
Ross, J. F. L. Sweden, the European Community, and the Politics of Economic Realism. Cooperation and Conflict, XXVI, 1991, 117-128
Authors: Ross John F.L.
Published: March 2007

Long the reluctant European, Sweden recently has reversed its traditional opposition to membership in the European Community and now favors early entry. This policy shift is the result of a rapidly changing nexus of international and domestic factors. The prospect of wider and deeper European political cooperation in the post-Cold War era challenges the viability of national policies sustained by independence and neutrality; while developments within Sweden have eroded or nullified most of the old arguments against membership. In this process, the traditional rationale for Sweden's European policy, based on political considerations centered on neutrality, has been superseded by economic considerations based on the gradual deterioration in Sweden's economic performance, wherein EC membership is now regarded as less a threat to sovereignty than as a means of counteracting an increasingly uncertain economic outlook.
An Overview of the Food Service Industry
Authors: Greenaway Donald
Published: March 2007

The following article is based upon a report delivered by Mr. Greenaway before the Conference of Man power & Training Needs of the Food Service Industry, held b y the U.S. Department of Labor in Washington, D.C. on April 22, 1964.-Ed.
Observations On the International Travel Market
Authors: Koehl Albert E.
Published: March 2007

Albert E. Koehl is chairman of the board of Koehl, Landis & Landan, Inc., a New York firm which has specialized in hotel advertising and travel promotion for over 30 years. Mr. Koehl was instrumental in the development of the U.S. Bureau of Foreign Commerce's 1961 report, "The Future of Tourism in the Pacific and Far East." A member of the International Executive Corps Service, he worked as adviser to Panama's Insti tuto de Tourismo in early 1966 and to the Mo roccan Government in June. Mr. Koehl is a grad uate of Cornell's School of Hotel and Restaurant Administration.
How to Maintain a Fragile Resort
Authors: Bell Charles A.
Published: March 2007

Here's a look at Bali as an example of how a region's hotel industry may cooperate to ensure long-range tourism business
Programs of Correctional Study in Higher Education
Authors: O'Leary Vincent
Published: March 2007

Correctionally oriented programs have developed rapidly in colleges and universities in the last several years. Despite their potential impact, little information is available about the shape and goals of these pro grams and the problems confronting the educators responsible for their operation. Before, during, and after a sixteen-day institute to which twenty-four educators from two-year, four-year, and graduate programs were invited, information was generated about students in the programs, curricular approaches, and relationships with correctional agencies. Four types of academic responses to the field of correction were identified, as were some of the important dilemmas that must be addressed by academic training in correction.
The Need for Professional Education in Probation and Parole
Authors: Senna Joseph J.
Published: March 2007

While we know a great deal about the practice of probation and parole and about their place in the correctional process, we know virtually nothing about the kind of professional education that is best suited for probation and parole work and we have little information on the extent to which graduate-level opportunities are available. This article re- examines the tasks of probation and parole officers and relates them to the differing academic programs used by such personnel. Data from a na tional survey are used to demonstrate that probation and parole agencies have not supported Professional staff development. A number of ap proaches to improve graduate study for probation and parole officers, at both the agency and the university level, are described. Implementing these suggestions would help to attain the objectives of effective rehabili tation and higher professional status for community correction.
Forcible Rape and the Criminal Justice System
Authors: Chappell Duncan
Published: March 2007

Forcible rape, a crime which the criminal justice system has historically been inept at handling, has finally achieved in the past decade the recognition it deserves as a societal and crim inological problem warranting serious attention. Its cogency to a variety of current social issues—the position of women in a traditionally male-dominated society, interracial conflict, the inconsistent and discriminating imposition of the death penalty—has put rape in the spotlight of public and official concern.

This article singles out a number of salient points of con cern in the control and reduction of rape and describes some efforts that have been or are being made to bring about a reversal in the upward trend o f rape rates.

A current, comprehensive, nation-wide research project on forcible rape is described, with a summary of how the results of the project are expected to be utilized by criminal justice agencies and by other organizations dealing with rape.

Other points of concern discussed in this paper are the legal and moral issues revolving around the lack of consensus in the definition of rape, not only as specified in state statutes but also as viewed by law enforcement agencies. Conceptual differences in the definition of rape lead to inequitable and inconsistent handling of rape by the criminal justice system in addition to seriously impugning the validity, and hence usefulness, of official crime statistics.

Finally, changes in the treatment of rape victims, with the concomitant benefits to them and to the criminal justice agencies responsible for controlling and prosecuting rape, are discussed.
Police Field Services and Crime: The Presumed Effects of a Capacity
Authors: Kelling George L.
Published: March 2007

Research into the police function, police activities-preventive patrol, rapid response to calls for service, team policing, and investigations-and technology suggests that the emphasis on crime-related activities has failed to achieve crime reduction goals and may have exacerbated problems of police-citizen alienation and citizen fear of crime. Even at best, the police can have only a limited effect on crime. In the future, police must abandon strategies which prevent extensive contact with citizens. They must direct their attention to improving the quality of police-citizen interaction and to developing approaches to policing that reduce citizen fear.
Delinquency Prevention: Recommendations for Future Projects
Authors: Lundman Richard J. , Scarpitti Frank R.
Published: March 2007

A review of forty past or continuing attempts at the prevention of juvenile delinquency leads to the nearly inescapable conclusion that none of these projects has successfully prevented delinquency. After briefly examining the results of previous projects, the authors discuss a series of nine recom mendations for future projects. These recommendations include separa tion of implementation and evaluation, enrichment or abandonment of the individual treatment approach, diversification of evaluative measures, and greater sensitivity to the rights of the juvenile subjects involved in future projects.
Fiscal Homogeneity or Heterogeneity Among Suburban School Districts in Metropolitan Areas: A Case Study
Authors: Lows Raymond L. , Swichtenberg Glenn J. , Litchfield Harlan , Guth Betty Jean
Published: March 2007

This paper presents the results of a longitudinal study of fiscal characteristics among suburban high school districts in a metro politan area. The findings indicate that if uniformity of fiscal characteristics is essential to equal educational opportunity, then action to ameliorate disparities among districts must be taken at the state or federal level. Mr. Raymond L. Lows is an Assistant Professor of Educational Administration and Supervision at Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville; Mr. Glenn J. Swichtenberg is Principal of Adlai E. Stevenson Elementary School, Bloomington, Ill.; Mr. Harlan Litchfield is an Assistant Professor of Education and Supervisor of Off-Campus Student Teaching at Illinois State University; and Mrs. Betty Jean Guth is Coordinator of the Special Education Association of Peoria County, Peoria, Ill.
Role Conflict in Academic Organizations: An Exploratory Examination of the Department Chairman's Experience
Authors: Carroll Archie B.
Published: March 2007

This study reports the results of an empirical study of the role conflict phenomenon as experienced by university department chairmen within complex academic organizations. The research was designed to delve into the existence, frequency, and kinds of perceived conflict manifested at the departmental level. A probe was made into the relationship between perceived role conflict and focal person satisfaction, as measured by the chairman's reported need defi ciency. Additionally, six key decision areas were examined exploring the exis tence of role conflict in departmental chairman decision making. The author is Assistant professor of Management in the College of Business Administration of the University of Georgia.