bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An exploration of alternative proteins as a potential sustainable solution to meeting the nutritional needs of the ever‐increasing global population
Authors: Munialo Claire D.
Published: March 2024

Proteins of animal origin have been used in various food formulations as they have been shown to possess excellent techno‐functional properties such as gel formation, emulsification, foam ability and stability, among others. However, the production of proteins from animal sources does come at an environmental cost due to the greenhouse effect that is attributable to the rearing of animals. To mitigate against the environmental impact of the production of protein from animal origin, research has focused on alternative proteins such as those of plant, insect or mycoprotein origin. However, there are still several issues as well as mapping of alternative proteins in terms of their nutritional profile, sensorial attributes that include taste and texture as well and the challenges that exist in mimicking proteins of animal origin that need to be addressed which would broaden the window of application of alternative proteins. Therefore, this review explores some of the alternative protein sources that have been characterised in terms of their techno‐functional characteristics and underpins the challenges such as allergenicity that exist in the use of alternative. Furthermore, this work aims to evaluate consumer perception and acceptance of alternative proteins which is pivotal in their success in food production and process as well as ensuring the safety of these proteins. As such, this work will contribute towards the existing knowledge on the possible applications of these proteins as sustainable, cheaper solutions.
Impact of telehealth on stroke survivor–caregiver dyad in at‐home rehabilitation: A systematic review
Authors: Bartoli Davide , Petrizzo Antonello , Vellone Ercole , Alvaro Rosaria , Pucciarelli Gianluca
Published: April 2024

Aim

To examine studies involving the impact of telerehabilitation (TLR), tele‐training and tele‐support on the dyad stroke survivor and caregiver in relation to psychological, physical, social and health dimensions.

Design

A systematic review was conducted.

Data Sources

The following electronic databases were consulted until September 2023: PsycInfo, CINAHL, Eric, Ovid, PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Central and Web of Science.

Review Methods

It was conducted and reported following the checklists for Reviews of PRISMA 2020 Checklist. Critical evaluation of the quality of the studies included in the review was performed with the Joanna Briggs Institute Checklists.

Data Synthesis

A total of 2290 records were identified after removing duplicates, 501 articles were selected by title and abstract and only 21 met the inclusion criteria. It included 4 quasi‐experimental studies, 7 RCTs, 1 cohort study and 9 qualitative studies. The total number of participants between caregivers and stroke survivors was 1697, including 858 stroke survivors and 839 caregivers recruited from 2002 to 2022. For a total of 884 participants who carried out TLR activities in the experimental groups,11 impact domains were identified: cognitive/functional, psychological, caregiver burden, social, general health and self‐efficacy, family function, quality of life, healthcare utilization, preparedness, quality of care and relationship with technology.

Conclusions

The results support the application of telehealth in the discharge phase of hospitals and rehabilitation centres for stroke survivors and caregivers. TLR could be considered a substitute for traditional rehabilitation only if it is supported by a tele‐learning programme for the caregiver and ongoing technical, computer and health support to satisfy the dyad's needs.

Impact

Designing a comprehensive telemedicine programme upon the return home of the dyad involved in the stroke improves the quality of life, functional, psychological, social, family status, self‐efficacy, use of health systems and the dyad's preparation for managing the stroke.

Patient or Public Contribution

No patient or public contribution.
‘They don't think I can do it’: Experiences of self‐advocates, employment specialists, and employers on employment of adults with intellectual disability
Authors: Morris Rae , Christianson‐Barker Jennifer , Stainton Tim , Mills Rachel , Rowley Chris , Cox John , Schroeder Monica , Hole Rachelle
Published: April 2024

Background

A multi‐phase Canadian study was conducted as part of a large‐scale community and academic research partnership focused on understanding and improving the employment experiences of people with intellectual disabilities.

Method

This multi‐method study utilized a sequential approach, using findings from qualitative interviews (n = 28) to inform an online survey (n = 149). Participants were invited to share their experiences with paid employment or with persons with intellectual disabilities.

Results

Thematic analysis of data across interview and survey findings resulted in six themes: (1) assumptions and attitudes, (2) knowledge and awareness, (3) accessibility of processes, (4) use of accommodations, (5) workplace relationships, and (6) supports and resources.

Conclusions

A holistic and systemic approach has the potential to improve inclusive employment experiences of people with intellectual disabilities. Action is needed mainly at the policy and employer level to reduce barriers and improve on facilitating measures reinforced by the themes shared in this study.
Ultrasonography is an effective tool for breast cancer screening in individuals with severe motor and intellectual disabilities
Authors: Miyashita Yusuke , Yanagida Kumi , Shirafuji Naoki , Hoshide Ryuji , Sato Katsuyuki , Taku Keiichi , Nakamura Kimitoshi
Published: April 2024

Background

Individuals with severe motor and intellectual disabilities have become an aging population, and high cancer morbidity and mortality are critical issues affecting their survival. Cancer screening is a crucial method of resolving this issue; however, a suitable screening method for them has not been established.

Methods

We used ultrasonography alone and performed breast cancer screening for women over 30 years old in our facility from 2016 to 2023. We observed the outcomes and calculated the recall/detection rate in this screening.

Results

Three cases among 379 tested positive in this screening, all of which underwent radical surgery. They are alive and well without relapse present. We detected these breast cancer cases with a low recall rate.

Conclusion

We were able to successfully detect breast cancer cases using ultrasonography alone. Ultrasonography is an effective and feasible tool for breast cancer screening in individuals with severe motor and intellectual disabilities.
Design and development of a mobile augmented reality‐based learning environment for teaching the lives of scientists
Authors: Yildirim Pelin , Kececi Gonca
Published: April 2024

Background

Science history is a discipline that teaches the development of scientific thought and the discoveries of scientists. However, these topics can sometimes be abstract and difficult to understand. The use of technology can make the teaching of the history of science more effective, engaging, and accessible. By providing students with visual and interactive experiences, it allows them to better understand abstract concepts and closely follow the discoveries of scientists. In this way, history of science lessons can become more appealing and conducive to learning for students.

Objectives

This research aims to design and develop a Mobile Augmented Reality (MAR) environment that can be used for teaching science history.

Methods

The research was conducted using a design‐based research method consisting of four stages: Analysis, design, development‐implementation‐evaluation, and reporting. The research involved 10 science teachers and five secondary school students. Data were collected through focus group interviews, individual interviews, notes, audio recordings, and images, and then analysed using content analysis.

Results and Conclusions

As a result of the research, a MAR application named TISAR‐3D was developed, which allows students to interactively and visually explore scientists and enrich their learning experience.

Implications

The widespread use of the TISAR‐3D application in science history education is recommended, as well as the development of similar MAR applications for other topics.
Preliminary evaluation of behavior technician burnout when working with boarded and traditional psychiatric inpatients diagnosed with developmental disabilities
Authors: Luehring Mathew C. , Romani Patrick W. , Ariefdjohan Merlin
Published: April 2024

Problem

The COVID‐19 pandemic has led to a youth mental health crisis, with research demonstrating an increased prevalence of depression, anxiety, and disruptive behavior in youth compared to pre‐pandemic years. Consequently, the insurgence of emergency psychiatric evaluations has increased the demands for extended inpatient stay (or patient boarding) at various licensed treatment facilities. Questions remain about the extent of burnout being experienced by behavior technicians who are caring for these patients.

Methods

The Shirom‐Melamed Burnout Measure was used to evaluate symptoms of burnout of behavior technicians practicing at a specialized psychiatric inpatient unit. Comparisons were made for instances of caring for boarded (meeting criteria for discharge but unable to be discharged due to disposition) and traditional patients (short‐term treatment).

Findings

Behavior technicians caring for boarded patients reported significantly higher scores in overall stress, physical exhaustion, cognitive fatigue, and emotional exhaustion than those managing patients getting traditional care.

Conclusions

Extensive burnout can have adverse impacts at both the personal level (staff well‐being, individual staff–patient interactions) and clinic level (daily operations and service, general quality of care). Efforts need to be made to address this issue to prevent staff turnover.
Modeling Hierarchical Attribute Structures in Diagnostic Classification Models with Multiple Attempts
Authors: Kwon Tae Yeon , Huggins‐Manley A. Corinne , Templin Jonathan , Zheng Mingying
Published: March 2024

In classroom assessments, examinees can often answer test items multiple times, resulting in sequential multiple‐attempt data. Sequential diagnostic classification models (DCMs) have been developed for such data. As student learning processes may be aligned with a hierarchy of measured traits, this study aimed to develop a sequential hierarchical DCM (sequential HDCM), which combines a sequential DCM with the HDCM, and investigate classification accuracy of the model in the presence of hierarchies when multiple attempts are allowed in dynamic assessment. We investigated the model's impact on classification accuracy when hierarchical structures are correctly specified, misspecified, or overspecified. The results indicate that (1) a sequential HDCM accurately classified students as masters and nonmasters when the data had a hierarchical structure; (2) a sequential HDCM produced similar or slightly higher classification accuracy than nonhierarchical sequential LCDM when the data had hierarchical structures; and (3) the misspecification of the hierarchical structure of the data resulted in lower classification accuracy when the misspecified model had fewer attribute profiles than the true model. We discuss limitations and make recommendations on using the proposed model in practice. This study provides practitioners with information about the possibilities for psychometric modeling of dynamic classroom assessment data.
The link between functional response and longevity of Trichogramma evanescens strains indigenous to Türkiye: A comparative assessment of parameters
Authors: Tonğa Adil
Published: March 2024

A previous comprehensive survey in the Mediterranean and Southeastern regions of Türkiye investigating the natural egg parasitism of lepidopteran maize pests, Sesamia spp, (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn. and Chilo partellus (Swinhoe; Lepidoptera: Crambidae) by Trichogramma evanescens Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) yielded successful establishment of laboratory cultures of six strains molecularly clustering into two main groups. In this study, the functional response and adult longevity of the strains reared and tested on a factitious host, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) were investigated to provide insights into their potential as candidate biocontrol agents under constant laboratory conditions. The functional response modelling process consisted of two main sequential steps: model selection using polynomial logistic regression and parameter estimation using an iterative maximum likelihood estimation method. The functional response of two strains showed negative linear parameters (type II): HAP068M and HAP268S. Although their attack rate did not differ, the handling time of HAP268S was longer than that of HAP068M. In contrast, four strains had positive linear and negative quadratic parameters (type III) in their functional response: HAP044S, HAP070S, HAP210S, and HAP258M. The strains exhibiting type III functional response did not differ in their handling time, while HAP044S had a higher attack coefficient than HAP070S, HAP210S, and HAP258M. The longevity of both female and male adults significantly differed between strains. More importantly, the females belonging to strains exhibiting type II functional response presented a shorter longevity, compared to those with type III functional response. Males also showed a similar trend in their longevity. This paper discusses the differences in functional response types and estimated parameters of the strains in relation to their relevance for biological control programs and reveals a link between their functional response and longevity as potential reciprocal predictors.
Effects of hypothermia–hypoxia pulping, high hydrostatic pressure processing, and repeat freeze–thaw cycles on the quality of raw kiwifruit puree
Authors: Lu Lin , Fan Jiangtao , Pan Siyi , Liu Fengxia
Published: April 2024

This study evaluated the effects of the whole process of non‐thermal processing (hypothermia–hypoxia pulping and high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) pasteurization), different freezing methods, and repeat freeze–thaw cycles on physicochemical and nutritional quality of kiwifruit puree. Results showed that hypothermia–hypoxia treatment can retain the vitamin C, total phenol content, and antioxidant capacity of the puree better. Different pasteurization treatments can effectively kill microorganisms and improve the total phenol content and antioxidant capacity of the raw puree. Compared with thermal treatment, HHP can better retain the color, viscosity, and aroma components of the raw puree. The freezing methods have little impact on the quality of the raw puree, but peroxidase enzyme activity after quick freezing was significantly higher than that of slow freezing. Different freeze–thaw treatments had adverse effects on the quality of kiwifruit, and the damage of 25°C thawing conditions was more serious than that of 4°C thawing conditions. This research would provide new ideas for the production and storage of high‐quality kiwifruit puree and potential technical support for kiwifruit puree commercial production.

Practical Applications

The results of this study showed that non‐thermal processing can maintain the quality of kiwifruit puree better than traditional thermal processing, which provides a new idea for the production of high‐quality kiwifruit puree. In addition, this study suggests that temperature fluctuations should be minimized during storage to better maintain kiwifruit quality. This will provide potential technical support for the commercialization of kiwifruit puree.
Enhancing resolution and contrast in fibre bundle‐based fluorescence microscopy using generative adversarial network
Authors: Ketabchi Amir Mohammad , Morova Berna , Uysalli Yiğit , Aydin Musa , Eren Furkan , Bavili Nima , Pysz Dariusz , Buczynski Ryszard , Kiraz Alper
Published: April 2024

Fibre bundle (FB)‐based endoscopes are indispensable in biology and medical science due to their minimally invasive nature. However, resolution and contrast for fluorescence imaging are limited due to characteristic features of the FBs, such as low numerical aperture (NA) and individual fibre core sizes. In this study, we improved the resolution and contrast of sample fluorescence images acquired using in‐house fabricated high‐NA FBs by utilising generative adversarial networks (GANs). In order to train our deep learning model, we built an FB‐based multifocal structured illumination microscope (MSIM) based on a digital micromirror device (DMD) which improves the resolution and the contrast substantially compared to basic FB‐based fluorescence microscopes. After network training, the GAN model, employing image‐to‐image translation techniques, effectively transformed wide‐field images into high‐resolution MSIM images without the need for any additional optical hardware. The results demonstrated that GAN‐generated outputs significantly enhanced both contrast and resolution compared to the original wide‐field images. These findings highlight the potential of GAN‐based models trained using MSIM data to enhance resolution and contrast in wide‐field imaging for fibre bundle‐based fluorescence microscopy.

Lay Description: Fibre bundle (FB) endoscopes are essential in biology and medicine but suffer from limited resolution and contrast for fluorescence imaging. Here we improved these limitations using high‐NA FBs and generative adversarial networks (GANs). We trained a GAN model with data from an FB‐based multifocal structured illumination microscope (MSIM) to enhance resolution and contrast without additional optical hardware. Results showed significant enhancement in contrast and resolution, showcasing the potential of GAN‐based models for fibre bundle‐based fluorescence microscopy.
Invasive group A streptococcal infection can be fatal to pregnant women in restricted medical resources remote areas—Emergent alert after COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Onigahara Motohisa , Yanazume Shintaro , Torisu Hiromichi , Kobayashi Hiroaki
Published: April 2024

Invasive group A streptococcal (iGAS) infection is a leading cause of maternal death. The increase in the number of patients with iGAS in Japan is markedly greater than before the coronavirus pandemic. We encountered a case of iGAS infection, on a remote island with restricted medical resources, in a third‐trimester pregnant woman, resulting in both maternal and fetal death. A 34‐year‐old woman was admitted via a local general hospital with a high fever. Intrauterine fetal death disseminated intravascular coagulation, and septic shock were confirmed. Broad‐spectrum antibiotics were started, and the patient was returned to the local general hospital. Eight hours after arrival, the patient died of circulatory and respiratory dysfunction complications. iGAS infections in remote areas may directly lead to life‐threatening conditions and should be treated as an emergency, comparable to the serious conditions of placental abruption or placenta previa.
Children with disabilities lack access to nutrition, health and WASH services: A secondary data analysis
Authors: Rice Isabel , Opondo Charles , Nyesigomwe Lydia , Ekude Daniel , Magezi Julius , Kalanzi Andrew , Kerac Marko , Hayes Julia , Robello Malia , Halfman Sarah , DeLacey Emily
Published: April 2024

Malnutrition and disability are major global public health problems. Poor diets, inadequate access to nutrition/health services (NaHS), and poor water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) all increase the risk of malnutrition and infection. This leads to poor health outcomes, including disability. To better understand the relationship between these factors, we explored access to NaHS and household WASH and dietary adequacy among households with and without children with disabilities in Uganda. We used cross‐sectional secondary data from 2021. Adjusted logistic regression was used to explore associations between disabilities, access to NaHS, WASH and dietary adequacy. Of the 6924 households, 4019 (57.9%) reported having access to necessary NaHS, with deworming and vaccination reported as both the most important and most difficult to access services. Access to services was lower for households with children with disabilities compared to those without, after adjusting for likely confounding factors (Odds ratio = 0.70; 95% CI 0.55–0.89, p = 0.003). There is evidence of an interaction between disability and WASH adequacy, with improved WASH adequacy associated with improved access to services, including for children with disabilities (interaction odds ratio = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.02–1.22, p = 0.012). The proportion of malnourished children was higher among households with children with disabilities than households without it (6.3% vs. 2.4% p < 0.001). There are concerning gaps in access to NaHS services in Uganda, with households with children with disabilities reporting worse access, particularly for those with low WASH adequacy. Improved and inclusive access to NaHS and WASH needs to be urgently prioritized, especially for children with disabilities.
The prevalence of rumination syndrome and rumination disorder: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Haworth Jordan J. , Treadway Sam , Hobson Anthony R.
Published: April 2024

Background

Rumination is characterized by the repeated regurgitation of food. Rumination syndrome is a disorder of gut‐brain interaction diagnosed by Rome criteria, whereas rumination disorder is a feeding and eating disorder diagnosed by DSM‐5 criteria. We aimed to determine the global prevalence of rumination according to these criteria across all age groups.

Methods

We performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis of studies reporting the prevalence of rumination syndrome according to Rome III and Rome IV and rumination disorder according to the following validated DSM‐5 assessments: PARDI, EDA‐5, EDY‐Q, STEP, and STEP‐CHILD. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsychINFO (from January 1, 2006, to June 1, 2023) to identify studies reporting the prevalence of rumination in community settings in participants of any age. We did a meta‐analysis to estimate the pooled prevalence and odds ratio (OR) of rumination according to diagnostic criteria, country, and characteristics such as age and sex.

Key Results

The search strategy generated 1243 studies, of which 147 studies appeared to be relevant. Thirty studies were included, with a total of 114,228 participants, of whom 61,534 of these were adults and 52,694 were children. The pooled prevalence of rumination syndrome in children of all ages according to Rome III criteria was 1.0% (95% CI 0.3–1.6; I2 91.1%), but no data were available for adults. According to Rome IV criteria, the pooled prevalence of rumination syndrome in children of all ages was 0.4% (95% CI 0.2–0.6; I2 56.4%) and 3.7% in adults (95% CI 2.3–5.1; I2 91.4%). The pooled prevalence of rumination disorder in children of all ages according to EDY‐Q was 2.1% (95% CI 0.9–3.4; I2 = 78.1%), but only one study utilizing EDY‐Q in adults was included (0.7% [95% CI 0.4–1.0]). No data were available for children or adults using any other validated DSM‐5 assessments for rumination disorder. Irrespective of diagnostic criteria, the pooled prevalence of rumination was higher in adults compared to children and adolescents (3.0% [95% CI 1.4–4.7; I2 = 98.1%] vs. 0.8% [95% CI 0.4–1.3; I2 = 90.8%]), but higher in adolescents than in children (1.1% [95% CI 0.3–2.0; I2 = 92.8%] vs. 0.1% [95% CI 0.0–0.2; I2 = 24.5%]). In adults, factors independently associated with rumination were female gender (OR 1.4 [95% CI 1.0–2.0]), anxiety (OR 2.3 [95% CI 2.1–2.6]), and depression (OR 1.8 [95% CI 1.2–2.9]). No association between gender and rumination was seen in children.

Conclusions and Inferences

The prevalence of rumination is more common in adults than in children. In adults, rumination is associated with female gender, anxiety, and depression. Future population studies should aim to better understand why this behavior is more common in adults and also compare validated DSM‐5 assessments for rumination disorder with Rome criteria for rumination syndrome as prevalence may differ.
Corneal biomechanics are not exclusively compromised in high myopia
Authors: Yii Fabian , Strang Niall , Bernabeu Miguel O. , Dhillon Baljean , MacGillivray Tom
Published: April 2024

Introduction

Research assuming linearity has concluded that corneal biomechanics are compromised in high myopia. We investigated whether this assumption was appropriate and re‐examined these associations across different levels of myopia.

Methods

Myopic (spherical equivalent refraction, SER ≤ −0.50 D) eyes of 10,488 adults aged 40–69 years without any history of systemic and ocular conditions were identified in the UK Biobank. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression was employed to test the linear association between corneal hysteresis (CH) or corneal resistance factor (CRF), separately, and SER while controlling for age, sex, corneal radius and intraocular pressure. Quantile regression (QR) was used to test the same set of associations across 49 equally spaced conditional quantiles of SER.

Results

In OLS regression, each standard deviation (SD) decrease in CH and CRF was associated with 0.08 D (95% CI: 0.04–0.12; p < 0.001) and 0.10 D (95% CI: 0.04–0.15; p < 0.001) higher myopia, respectively. However, residual analysis indicated that the linearity assumption was violated. QR revealed no evidence of a significant association between CH/CRF and SER in low myopia, but a significant (p < 0.05) positive association became evident from −2.78 D (0.06 and 0.08 D higher myopia per SD decrease in CH and CRF). The magnitude of association increased exponentially with increasing myopia: in the −5.03 D quantile, every SD decrease in CH and CRF was associated with 0.17 D (95% CI: 0.08–0.25; p < 0.001) and 0.21 D (95% CI: 0.10–0.31; p < 0.001) higher myopia. In the −8.63 D quantile, this further increased to 0.54 D (95% CI: 0.33–0.76; p < 0.001) and 0.67 D (95% CI: 0.41–0.93; p < 0.001) higher myopia per SD decrease in CH and CRF.

Conclusions

Corneal biomechanics appeared compromised from around −3.00 D. These changes were observed to be exponential with increasing myopia.
Adaptation of cultured decapod crustaceans to changing salinities: Physiological responses, molecular mechanisms and disease implications
Authors: Jaffer Yousuf Dar , Bhat Irfan Ahmad , Mir Ishfaq Nazir , Bhat Raja Aadil Hussain , Sidiq M. Junaid , Jana Prasanta
Published: March 2024

In recent years, the production of economically important crustaceans, and decapods in inland saline areas has increased considerably. The osmoregulatory capacity of these decapods renders them culturable in wide salinity ranges, contributing to a global industry valued at billions of dollars. Therefore, gaining insights into the fundamental mechanisms that drive the adaptive capacity of crustaceans to thrive in diverse salinity ranges is essential. This comprehensive review paper unveils the pivotal adaptations of decapods that allow them to flourish in diverse salinities, ranging from freshwater to saline waters. This article discusses the molecular mechanisms of osmoregulation in decapod crustaceans with more emphasis on Litopenaeus vannammei. Moreover, the importance of maintaining an ideal osmotic balance for efficient digestion and nutrient absorption in L. vannamei is discussed. Furthermore, the effect of salinity on disease resistance in these species is explored, highlighting the need for effective disease management in aquaculture. Overall, this review explores the multifaceted factors influencing decapod crustaceans' adaptation to shifting salinities and also emphasizes the ongoing need for continued research in this domain.
Hausdorff dimension of plane sections and general intersections
Authors: Mattila Pertti
Published: April 2024

This paper extends some results of Mattila (J. Fractal Geom. 66 (2021) 389–401 and Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn. A Math. 42 (2017) 611–620), in particular, removing assumptions of positive lower density. We give conditions on a general family , of orthogonal projections which guarantee that the Hausdorff dimension formula holds generically for measurable sets with positive and finite ‐dimensional Hausdorff measure, . As an application we prove for Borel sets with positive ‐ and measures that if , then for almost all rotations and for positively many . We shall also give an application to the estimates of the dimension of the set of exceptional rotations.
Urban landscapes as therapeutic landscapes: the transforming conceptions of care environments
Authors: Pyykkönen Siiri , Kymäläinen Päivi
Published: March 2024

Psychiatric hospitals are increasingly being built in urban landscapes, in contrast to many of the old hospitals which were located in peripheral areas close to nature. This indicates a change in the conception of therapeutic landscapes: rural natural landscapes have been replaced by a more relational and fluid understanding and practices where therapeutic environments are created in relation to society, communities, networks and everyday urban life. We examine how the conception of therapeutic landscapes was constituted in the planning process of the urban psychiatric hospital in Turku, Finland, by analyzing the arguments and discourses on therapeutic elements in the planning materials. The findings reveal how the shift from inpatient care towards outpatient care has redirected attention away from hospitals. Instead of relying on healing by natural elements in remote locations, everyday environments, artificial landscapes and multifunctional spaces are now expected to create therapeutic atmospheres.
How agriculture performs urbanity: connecting urbanization and socio-practical shifts in farming cultures
Authors: Preininger Ernst Michael
Published: March 2024

Agriculture and farming practices are often at the center of idealized imaginaries and characterizations of rurality. At the same time, agriculture is in flux, undergoing rapid change through globalized economic restructuring and new globalized cultural paradigms. Agriculture is thus a venue where farmers put into practice the latest technological advances to remain competitive economically, a process which simultaneously challenges farmers’ (self-)perceptions and the characterizations of rural communities. Scholars of urbanization theory propose exploring rural transformations through the everyday, as performed through practices and reflected in the habitus. Building on such scholarship, this article connects insights from urbanization studies with a qualitative assessment of practice shifts in farming by situating digitally-assisted farming practices as indicators of rural transformation. Using the participatory visual method of photovoice, the article follows how farmers from south-eastern Austria outline contexts in which digitization has led to transforming their farming practices. The conceptual framework of habitual urbanity (Dirksmeier 2006, 2007, 2009) is used to analyze the resulting material. The main qualitative results highlight how digital technologies led to the reordering, reassessment, and at times, discontinuation, of everyday farm tasks. These disruptions potentially lead to a growing variety of business modes and at the same time, mark cornerstones of rural transformation in thought and behavior.
Reduced cold tolerance of viral-infected leafhoppers attenuates viral persistent epidemics
Authors: Chen Biao , Cao Gehui , Chen Yulu , Zhang Tong , Zhou Guohui , Yang Xin
Published: April 2024

Most arthropod-borne viruses produce intermittent epidemics in infected plants. However, the underlying mechanisms of these epidemics are unclear. Here, we demonstrated that rice stripe mosaic virus (RSMV), a viral pathogen, significantly increases the mortality of its overwintering vector, the leafhopper species
Recilia dorsalis
. Cold-stress assays indicated that RSMV reduces the cold tolerance of leafhoppers, a process associated with the downregulation of leafhopper cuticular protein genes. An RSMV-derived small RNA (vsiR-t00355379) was found to facilitate the downregulation of a leafhopper endocuticle gene that is mainly expressed in the abdomen (named RdABD-5) and is conserved across dipteran species. The downregulation of
RdABD-5
expression in
R. dorsalis
resulted in fewer and thinner endocuticle lamellae, leading to decreased cold tolerance. This effect was correlated with a reduced incidence rate of RSMV in early-planted rice plants. These findings contribute to our understanding of the mechanism by which viral pathogens reduce cold tolerance in arthropod vectors and suggest an approach to managing the fluctuating prevalence of arboviruses.

IMPORTANCE

Increasing arthropod vector dispersal rates have increased the susceptibility of crop to epidemic viral diseases. However, the incidence of some viral diseases fluctuates annually. In this study, we demonstrated that a rice virus reduces the cold tolerance of its leafhopper vector,
Recilia dorsalis
. This effect is linked to the virus-derived small RNA-mediated downregulation of a gene encoding a leafhopper abdominal endocuticle protein. Consequently, the altered structural composition of the abdominal endocuticle reduces the overwinter survival of leafhoppers, resulting in a lower incidence of RSMV infection in early-planted rice plants. Our findings illustrate the important roles of RNA interference in virus-vector insect-environment interactions and help explain the annual fluctuations of viral disease epidemics in rice fields.
Wolbachia
strains
w
Mel and
w
AlbB differentially affect
Aedes aegypti
traits related to fecundity
Authors: Maciel-de-Freitas Rafael , Sauer Felix G. , Kliemke Konstantin , Garcia Gabriela A. , Pavan Márcio G. , David Mariana R. , Schmidt-Chanasit Jonas , Hoffmann Ary , Lühken Renke
Published: April 2024

Two
Wolbachia
strains,
w
Mel and
w
AlbB, have been transinfected into
Aedes aegypti
mosquitoes for population replacement with the aim of reducing dengue transmission. Epidemiological data from various endemic sites suggest a pronounced decrease in dengue transmission after implementing this strategy. In this study, we investigated the impact of the
Wolbachia
strains
w
Mel and
w
AlbB on
Ae. aegypti
fitness in a common genetic background. We found that
Ae. aegypti
females infected with the
w
Mel strain exhibited several significant differences compared with those infected with the
w
AlbB strain. Specifically,
w
Mel-infected females laid significantly fewer eggs, ingested a lower amount of blood, had a reduced egg production rate, and exhibited a decreased
Wolbachia
density at a later age compared with mosquitoes infected with the
w
AlbB strain. Conversely, the
w
AlbB strain showed only mild negative effects when compared with
Wolbachia
-uninfected specimens. These differential effects on
Ae. aegypti
fitness following infection with either
w
Mel or
w
AlbB may have important implications for the success of population replacement strategies in invading native
Ae. aegypti
populations in endemic settings. Further research is needed to better understand the underlying mechanisms responsible for these differences in fitness effects and their potential impact on the long-term efficacy of
Wolbachia
-based dengue control programs.

IMPORTANCE

The transmission of arboviruses such as dengue, Zika, and chikungunya is on the rise globally. Among the most promising strategies to reduce arbovirus burden is the release of one out of two strains of
Wolbachia
-infected
Aedes aegypti
:
w
Mel and
w
AlbB. One critical aspect of whether this approach will succeed involves the fitness cost of either
Wolbachia
strains on mosquito life history traits. For instance, we found that
w
Mel-infected
Ae. aegypti
females laid significantly fewer eggs, ingested a lower amount of blood, had a reduced egg production rate, and exhibited a decreased Wolbachia density at a later age compared with mosquitoes infected with the
w
AlbB strain. Conversely, the
w
AlbB strain showed only mild negative effects when compared with
Wolbachia
-uninfected specimens. These differential effects on mosquito fitness following infection with either
w
Mel or
w
AlbB may have important implications for the success of population replacement strategies in invading native
Ae. aegypti
populations.
Quantitative comparison of cell–cell detachment force in different experimental setups
Authors: Vishen Amit Singh , Prost Jacques , Sens Pierre
Published: April 2024

We compare three different setups for measuring cell–cell adhesion. We show that the measured strength depends on the type of setup that is used. For identical cells different assays measure different detachment forces. This can be understood from the fact that cell–cell detachment is a global property of the system. We also analyse the role of external force and line tension on contact angle and cell–cell detachment. Comparison with the experiments suggest that viscous forces play an important role in the process. We dedicate this article to Fyl Pincus who for many of us is an example to be followed not only for outstanding science but also for a marvelous human behavior.

Graphical abstract
Inflationary models constrained by reheating
Authors: Germán Gabriel , Hidalgo Juan Carlos , Padilla Luis E.
Published: March 2024

The study of reheating in inflationary models is crucial to understand the early universe and obtain information about the dynamics and parameters of inflation. The reheating temperature$$T_{re}$$Treand the duration of the reheating phase, quantified by the number ofe-folds$$N_{re}$$Nre, have significant implications for particle production, thermalisation, and the primordial power spectrum. The duration of reheating affects the abundance of particles, including dark matter, and shapes the primordial power spectrum and the anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background. By combining cosmological observations and theoretical considerations, we can constrain both$$T_{re}$$Treand$$N_{re}$$Nre, which in turn restrict the spectral index$$n_s$$ns, the tensor-to-scalar ratior, and the parameters of the inflationary model. The use of consistency relations between observables, such as$$n_s$$nsandr, provides additional constraints on inflationary models and determines limits for other observables, such as the running of the scalar spectral index. These limits are valuable for assessing the viability of models and can serve to specify priors in Bayesian analyses of specific models. As an example of how to proceed, we study in detail a particular case of a generalized$$\alpha $$α-attractor model that accurately reproduces the observed quantities. We present equations for the conditions of instantaneous reheating, establish consistency relations, and explore the generalized$$\alpha $$α-attractor model using cosmological data. We study the model defined by its potential as a given formula and, furthermore, considering its possible origin in supergravity theories, we impose constraints on the reheating temperature to avoid the overproduction of gravitinos.
Thermal energy transport in stratified 2D-Casson fluid flow over an inclined exponentially stretching surface with Soret/Dufour effects: Numerical simulations and applications in energy harvesting
Authors: Iqbal Zahoor , Asad Sadia , Alroobaea Roobaea , Alhagyan Mohammed , Boulaaras Salah , Gargouri Ameni , Albasheir Nafisa A. M.
Published: March 2024

Significance: The thermal energy transfer in nanofluid flow over an exponentially stretching surface has crucial practical configurations in various industrial processes, and it has potential applications in heat exchangers, chemical engineering, energy harvesting, and material processing. Purpose: This study is devoted to exploring the features of free convection in the thermally stratified, unsteady flow of Casson fluid over an inclined, exponentially stretching surface. Moreover, the implications of nonlinear thermal radiation, activation energy, and thermal/salute stratification effects are examined over the thermal energy transport distributions. Diffusion-thermo and thermo diffusion impressions are also taken into consideration. Methodology: By introducing reasonable transformations, partial differential equations are altered into ordinary differential equations. A nonlinear system of differential equations is solved numerically by employing the Midrich numerical technique. Findings: The impacts of diverse fluid parameters like the Soret/Dufour number, temperature difference parameter, radiation parameter, thermal/salute stratification parameter, magnetic parameter, and Prandtal number are assessed and depicted in plots by explaining the physical justifications of each parameter. Also, numerical values of sink friction and local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are computed and examined for different values of pertinent variables involved in the problems. It is found that the rate of thermal energy transport is significantly enhanced by the larger estimation of the radiation parameter. Furthermore, it is perceived that the escalation in the temperature ratio constant leads to increased thermal convection in the fluid, while the larger thermal stratification constant decays the rate of heat transport in the fluid. Additionally, the rate of thermal transport is de-escalated due to the escalation in the intensity of thermal stratification parameter.
Comparison of pin-loaded tensile behavior and failure behavior of thermosetting and thermoplastic composite
Authors: Hwang Dong-Wook , Kumar Sanjay , Jo Su-Min , Li Xiaoqi , Kim Yun-Hae
Published: March 2024

This study investigated the pin-loaded tensile behavior, bearing strength, and failure mechanisms of thermosetting and thermoplastic composite materials. Specifically, the investigation focuses on carbon-fiber-reinforced polyetherketoneketone (CF/PEKK) and carbon-fiber-reinforced epoxy (CF/EPOXY). Notably, CF/PEKK exhibited a shear-out failure mode, surpassing CF/EPOXY with a 56.4% higher peak load. The absence of crack propagation in CF/EPOXY, attributed to the presence of yarn at a 90∘ angle, leads to bearing failure. In contrast, CF/PEKK demonstrates a significantly higher bearing strength, approximately 150[Formula: see text]MPa greater than CF/EPOXY. This discrepancy in performance suggests that CF/PEKK holds promise as a structural material for applications involving the fastening of thermoplastic composites, presenting a viable alternative to traditional thermosetting composites. The findings imply that the unique failure mechanisms and enhanced mechanical properties of CF/PEKK make it a compelling candidate for use in scenarios where thermosetting composites are conventionally applied. This study contributes valuable insights into the potential advancements and applications of thermoplastic composites in structural materials, paving the way for optimized and innovative engineering solutions.
Stagnation point flow of third-order nanofluid towards a lubrication surface using hybrid homotopy analysis method
Authors: Ahmad M. , Bashir Basharat , Muhammad Taseer , Taj M. , Faisal Muhammad
Published: March 2024

In recent times, the interaction of nanoparticles has significantly enhanced the thermal association of heat transport. This phenomenon plays a crucial role in hydraulic systems, particularly in the context of lubrication and its associated consequences on mass and heat transport. Current studies have focused on investigating the thermal effects of a third-order nanofluid on a lubricated stretched surface near an analytical stagnation point. The lubrication process involves the use of a thin, adjustable coating of lubricant fluid. To analyze this complex system, we employ the Buongiorno model and explore thermophoresis and the Brownian motion phenomenon. For deriving analytical results of updated boundary layer ordinary differential equations, we rely on the dependable and effective hybrid homotopy analysis method (HHAM). To exhibit the effectiveness of our study, we provide a numerical comparison. Based on theoretical flow assumptions, we establish a range of flow parameters. In the presence of lubrication, we physically examine how these parameters affect temperatures, velocities, concentration, and other relevant quantities of thermal interest. These new findings have practical applications in polymer production, heat transmission, and hydraulic systems.
Grain boundary effects on defect production and damage cascade evolution in SiC/PyC interface: A molecular dynamics study
Authors: Cai Ziqi , Li Yuanming , Li Wenjie , Wu Jian , Zhang Liying , Shao Zhuang , Lei Bo , Zhang Qingmin
Published: March 2024

In this study, molecular dynamics simulations were employed to investigate the effect of symmetrical tilt grain boundaries (STGBs) on the cascade collision evolution at the SiC/PyC interface. We observed that the tilt angle size of grain boundary (GB) spatial structures significantly influences both the type and number of defects caused by primary knock-on atom (PKA) collisions at the interface, altering the cascade damage morphology. Under the PKA range from 1.5[Formula: see text]keV to 15[Formula: see text]keV at 1000[Formula: see text]K, the interplay between GB and interface damage throughout various cascade collision stages impacts defect generation and PKA efficiency. Integrating the analyses of displacement cascade morphology, threshold displacement energy (TDE), and Frenkel pairs (FPs) evolution, it is evident that GBs introduced into the SiC/PyC interface with single crystals exhibit reduced defect absorption efficiency. This implies the existence of competing mechanisms of GB damage and interfacial damage. Notably, the GB plane near the interface exhibits enhanced irradiation resistance and atomic arrangement stability compared to areas without GB. Overall, our results offer crucial insights into the irradiation resistance mechanics of ceramic composite interfaces, laying the groundwork for future studies.
Exploring Deep Reinforcement Learning for Holistic Smart Building Control
Authors: Ding Xianzhong , Cerpa Alberto , Du Wan
Published: April 2024

In recent years, the focus has been on enhancing user comfort in commercial buildings while cutting energy costs. Efforts have mainly centered on improving HVAC systems, the central control system. However, it’s evident that HVAC alone can’t ensure occupant comfort. Lighting, blinds, and windows, often overlooked, also impact energy use and comfort. This paper introduces a holistic approach to managing the delicate balance between energy efficiency and occupant comfort in commercial buildings. We present
OCTOPUS
, a system employing a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) framework using data-driven techniques to optimize control sequences for all building subsystems, including HVAC, lighting, blinds, and windows.
OCTOPUS
’s DRL architecture features a unique reward function facilitating the exploration of tradeoffs between energy usage and user comfort, effectively addressing the high-dimensional control problem resulting from interactions among these four building subsystems. To meet data training requirements, we emphasize the importance of calibrated simulations that closely replicate target-building operational conditions. We train
OCTOPUS
using 10-year weather data and a calibrated building model in the EnergyPlus simulator. Extensive simulations demonstrate that
OCTOPUS
achieves substantial energy savings, outperforming state-of-the-art rule-based and DRL-based methods by 14.26% and 8.1%, respectively, in a LEED Gold Certified building while maintaining desired human comfort levels.