bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of dust and hybrid mixture explosion potential in process plants
Authors: Dastidar Ashok Ghose , Nalda‐Reyes Bernadette , Dahn C. James
Published: October 2005

Dust explosions are a serious hazard in the process industries. They have resulted in the destruction of process plants and equipment, injury to workers, and loss of production. The five factors required for a dust explosion are: (1) fuel, (2) oxidant, (3) confinement, (4) dispersion, and (5) ignition source. These factors are often embodied in an “explosion pentagon.” Disruption of any one of these factors can prevent a dust explosion from occurring. Before mitigation of a dust explosion can take place, one has to realize the full extent of the explosion potential of the dust/powder material in the intended process environment. This can be achieved by focusing on the many ways that these five components can come together in a specific process condition to form a pentagon.

This risk constitutes two components: the probability of the explosion and the severity of the consequences. Both factors have to be fully realized to evaluate the dust explosion risk. Currently, standard test protocols are followed to establish a relative measure of these two factors. However, these standard test methods may not reflect the true process environment and interpretation of the results are required.

The purpose of this work is to review test methodologies for assessing the magnitude of an explosion in a process environment and the ease at which the dust explosion can be initiated. This article will also critique how they may be applied to “real‐world” process environments and potential mitigation steps to break the “explosion pentagon.” © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2005
Trace element determination in hair by synchrotron x‐ray fluorescence analysis: application to the hair of Napoleon I
Authors: Chevallier P. , Ricordel I. , Meyer G.
Published: October 2005

Several hairs belonging to Napoleon I were analyzed through synchrotron induced x‐ray fluorescence analysis. This study revealed the presence of many toxic elements, often far above the lethal content, and with important concentration variations from one hair to another and even from one place to another in a same sample. This does not seem to favor the simple hypothesis of poisoning through arsenic ingestion. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tramadol‐induced blockade of delayed rectifier potassium current in NG108‐15 neuronal cells
Authors: Tsai Tung‐Ying , Tsai Yu‐Chuan , Wu Sheng‐Nan , Liu Yen‐Chin
Published: October 2005

Tramadol is a centrally acting analgesic drug used mainly in the moderate to severe pain control. In this study, the effects of this agent on ion currents of NG108‐15 neuronal cells were investigated. This cell line expresses Kv3.1a mRNAs and exhibits the activity of delayed rectifier K+(KDR) channels. Tramadol suppressed the amplitude of delayed rectifier K+current (IK(DR)) in a concentration‐dependent manner with an IC50values of 25 μM. Tramadol (30 μM) also shifted the steady‐state inactivation ofIK(DR)to a more negative membrane potential by approximately −15 mV. The role of the KDRchannel, particularly as a member of the Kv3 superfamily, is to stabilize the resting potential and to reduce the width of action potentials in the time‐coding neurons. Tramadol‐induced block ofIK(DR)observed in this study could be partly responsible for its anti‐depressant action.
Cloning, expression, characterisation and three‐dimensional structure determination of Caenorhabditis elegans spermidine synthase
Authors: Dufe Veronica T. , Lüersen Kai , Eschbach Marie-Luise , Haider Nashya , Karlberg Tobias , Walter Rolf D. , Al-Karadaghi Salam
Published: October 2005

The polyamine synthesis enzyme spermidine synthase (SPDS) has been cloned from the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Biochemical characterisation of the recombinantly expressed protein revealed a high degree of similarity to other eukaryotic SPDS with the exception of a low affinity towards the substrate decarboxylated S‐adenosylmethionine (K
m
= 110 μM) and a less pronounced feedback inhibition by the second reaction product 5’‐methylthioadenosine (IC50
= 430 μM). The C. elegans protein that carries a nematode‐specific insertion of 27 amino acids close to its N‐terminus was crystallized, leading to the first X‐ray structure of a dimeric eukaryotic SPDS.
Neprylisin decreases uniformly in Alzheimer's disease and in normal aging
Authors: Russo Roberta , Borghi Roberta , Markesbery William , Tabaton Massimo , Piccini Alessandra
Published: October 2005

The proteolysis of β‐amyloid (Aβ) requires neprylisin, an enzyme that has been shown as reduced in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We investigated whether a decrease in neprilysin levels contributes to the accumulation of amyloid deposits not only in AD but also in the normal aging. We analyzed neprilysin mRNA and protein levels in cerebral cortex from 10 cognitively normal elderly subjects with amyloid plaques (NA), 10 cases of AD, and 10 control cases free of amyloid plaques. We found a significant decrease in neprilysin mRNA levels in both AD and NA compared to control cases. Thereby, the defect of neprilysin appears to correlate with Aβ deposition but not with degeneration and dementia.
Structural basis for lipid‐mediated interactions between mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier monomers
Authors: Nury H. , Dahout-Gonzalez C. , Trézéguet V. , Lauquin G. , Brandolin G. , Pebay-Peyroula E.
Published: October 2005

The oligomerization state of the ADP/ATP carrier is an important issue in understanding the mechanism underlying nucleotide exchange across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The first high resolution structure obtained in the presence of carboxyatractyloside revealed a large cavity formed within a monomer in which the inhibitor is strongly bound. Whereas the protein–protein interactions implicated in the first crystal form are not biologically relevant, the new crystal form described herein, highlights favorable protein–protein interactions. The interactions are mediated by endogenous cardiolipins, which are tightly bound to the protein, two cardiolipins being sandwiched between the monomers on the matrix side. The putative dimerization interface evidenced here is consistent with other structural, biochemical or functional data published so far.
Differential CCR1‐mediated chemotaxis signaling induced by human CC chemokine HCC‐4/CCL16 in HOS cells
Authors: Kim In Sik , Jang Sung-Wuk , Sung Ho Joong , Lee Ji-Sook , Ko Jesang
Published: October 2005

Human CC chemokine‐4 (HCC‐4)/CCL16 is a chemoattractant for monocytes and lymphocytes. Although HCC‐4 binds to multiple CC chemokine receptors, the receptor‐mediated signal transduction pathway induced by HCC‐4 has not been characterized. Human osteogenic sarcoma cells stably expressing CCR1 were used to investigate HCC‐4‐mediated chemotaxis signaling events via CCR1. The chemotactic activity of HCC‐4 as well as those of other CCR1‐dependent chemokines including MIP‐1α/CCL3, RANTES/CCL5, and Lkn‐1/CCL15 was inhibited by the treatment of pertussis toxin, an inhibitor of Gi/Goprotein, U73122, an inhibitor of phospholipase C (PLC), and rottlerin, a specific inhibitor of protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ). These results indicate that HCC‐4‐induced chemotaxis signaling is mediated through Gi/Goprotein, PLC, and PKCδ. SB202190, an inhibitor of p38 mitogen activated protein kinase, only blocked the chemotactic activity of HCC‐4, but not those of other CCR1‐dependent chemokines. SB202190 inhibited HCC‐4‐induced chemotaxis in a dose‐dependent manner (P< 0.01). HCC‐4 induces p38 activation in both a time and dose‐dependent manner. However, such p38 activation was not induced by other CCR1‐dependent chemokines. To further investigate the differential effect of HCC‐4, the Ca2+mobilization was examined. HCC‐4 induced no intracellular Ca2+flux in contrast to other CCR1‐dependent chemokines. These results indicate that HCC‐4 transduces signals differently from other CCR1‐dependent chemokines and may play different roles in the immune response.
Binding interaction of SARS coronavirus 3CLpro protease with vacuolar‐H+ ATPase G1 subunit
Authors: Lin Cheng-Wen , Tsai Fuu-Jen , Wan Lei , Lai Chien-Chen , Lin Kuan-Hsun , Hsieh Tsung-Han , Shiu Shi-Yi , Li Jeng-Yi
Published: October 2005

The pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS‐CoV) is an important issue for treatment and prevention of SARS. Recently, SARS‐CoV 3CLpro protease has been implied to be possible relevance to SARS‐CoV pathogenesis. In this study, we intended to identify potential 3CLpro‐interacting cellular protein(s) using the phage‐displayed human lung cDNA library. The vacuolar‐H+ ATPase (V‐ATPase) G1 subunit that contained a 3CLpro cleavage site‐like motif was identified as a 3CLpro‐interacting protein, as confirmed using the co‐immunoprecipitation assay and the relative affinity assay. In addition, our result also demonstrated the cleavage of the V‐ATPase G1 fusion protein and the immunoprecipitation of cellular V‐ATPase G1 by the 3CLpro. Moreover, loading cells with SNARF‐1 pH‐sensitive dye showed that the intracellular pH in 3CLpro‐expressing cells was significantly lower as compared to mock cells.
Interactions of DC‐SIGN with Mac‐1 and CEACAM1 regulate contact between dendritic cells and neutrophils
Authors: van Gisbergen Klaas P.J.M. , Ludwig Irene S. , Geijtenbeek Teunis B.H. , van Kooyk Yvette
Published: October 2005

Early during infection neutrophils are the most important immune cells that are involved in killing of pathogenic bacteria and regulation of innate immune responses at the site of infection. It has become clear that neutrophils also modulate adaptive immunity through interactions with dendritic cells (DCs) that are pivotal in the induction of T cell responses. Upon activation, neutrophils release TNF‐α and induce maturation of DCs that enables these antigen‐presenting cells to stimulate T cell proliferation and to induce T helper 1 polarization. DC maturation by neutrophils also requires cellular interactions that are mediated by binding of the DC‐specific receptor DC‐SIGN to Mac‐1 on the neutrophil. Here, we demonstrate that also CEACAM1 is an important ligand for DC‐SIGN on neutrophils. Binding of DC‐SIGN to both CEACAM1 and Mac‐1 is required to establish cellular interactions with neutrophils. DC‐SIGN is a C‐type lectin that has specificity for Lewisx, and we show that DC‐SIGN mediates binding to CEACAM1 through Lewisx moieties that are specifically expressed on CEACAM1 derived from neutrophils. This indicates that glycosylation‐driven binding of both Mac‐1 and CEACAM1 to DC‐SIGN is essential for interactions of neutrophils with DCs and enables neutrophils to modulate T cell responses through interactions with DCs.
SNARE‐mediated membrane traffic modulates RhoA‐regulated focal adhesion formation
Authors: Gonon Eva M. , Skalski Michael , Kean Michelle , Coppolino Marc G.
Published: October 2005

In the present study, we examined the role of soluble NSF attachment protein receptor (SNARE)‐mediated membrane traffic in the formation of focal adhesions during cell spreading. CHO‐K1 cells expressing a dominant‐negative form of N‐ethylmaleimide‐sensitive factor (E329Q‐NSF) were unable to spread as well as control cells and they formed focal adhesions (FAs) that were larger than those in control cells. FA formation was impaired in cells transfected with a dominant‐negative form of RhoA, but, significantly, not in cells simultaneously expressing dominant‐negative NSF. Treatment of E329Q‐NSF‐expressing cells with the ROCK inhibitor Y‐27632 did inhibit FA formation. The results are consistent with a model of cell adhesion in which SNARE‐mediated membrane traffic is required for both the elaboration of lamellipodia and the modulation of biochemical signals that control RhoA‐mediated FA assembly.
Cell integrity signaling activation in response to hyperosmotic shock in yeast
Authors: García-Rodríguez Luis J. , Valle Rosario , Durán Ángel , Roncero César
Published: October 2005

Current progress highlights the role of the yeast cell wall as a highly dynamic structure that responds to many environmental stresses. Here, we show that hyperosmotic shock transiently activates the PKC signaling pathway, a response that requires previous activation of the HOG pathway. Phosphorylation of Slt2p under such conditions is related to changes in the glycerol turnover and is mostly Mid2p dependent, suggesting that changes in cell turgor, mediated by intracellular accumulation of glycerol, are sensed by PKC sensors to promote the cell integrity response. These observations, together with previous results, suggest that yeast cells respond to changes in cellular turgor by remodeling their cell walls.
Disseminated Mycobacterium avium infection in young cats: overrepresentation of Abyssinian cats
Authors: Baral Randolph M. , Metcalfe Steven S. , Krockenberger Mark B. , Catt Melissa J. , Barrs Vanessa R. , McWhirter Carol , Hutson Christina A. , Wigney Denise I. , Martin Patricia , Chen Sharon C.A. , Mitchell David H. , Malik Richard
Published: October 2005

Disseminated Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAC) infection was diagnosed in 10 young cats (1–5 years of age) from Australia or North America between 1995 and 2004. A further two cats with disseminated mycobacteriosis (precise agent not identified) were recognised during this period. Of the 12, 10 were Abyssinian cats, one was a Somali cat and one was a domestic shorthair cat. None of the cats tested positive for either FeLV antigen or FIV antibody. The clinical course of these infections was indolent, with cats typically presenting for weight loss, initially in the face of polyphagia, with a chronicity of up to several months. Additional clinical features included lower respiratory tract signs and peripheral lymphadenomegaly. A marked diffuse interstitial pattern was evident in thoracic radiographs, even in cats without overt respiratory involvement. Hair clipped to perform diagnostic procedures tended to regrow slowly, if at all. Diagnosis was generally made by obtaining representative tissue specimens from mesenteric lymph nodes, liver or kidney at laparotomy, or from a popliteal lymph node. The primary antecedent event was most likely colonisation of either the alimentary or respiratory tract, followed by local invasion and eventual lymphatic and haematogenous dissemination. Nine cases were treated using combination therapy with agents effective for MAC infection in human patients. Two cats are still undergoing initial therapy and have responded. Of the remaining seven, all responded during long courses (5–14 months) of clarithromycin combined with either clofazimine or rifampicin, and a fluoroquinolone or doxycycline. Of these, three cats remain well (with durations between 2 months and 2 years following therapy); two developed recurrent disease (at 3 months and 2 years, respectively, following therapy) and have restarted therapy. The remaining two cats improved 1 year and 5 months, respectively, after diagnosis but ultimately succumbed. The two cats in which therapy was restarted have improved dramatically. Certain lines of Abyssinian and Somali cats likely suffer from a familial immunodeficiency that predisposes them to infection with slow-growing mycobacteria such as MAC.
Visual scoring of clots in foremilk
Authors: Rasmussen Morten D
Published: October 2005

The necessary unequivocal and generally accepted definitions of normal and abnormal milk are not available. A precise definition is needed in order for companies to develop sensors to detect and sort abnormal milk at the time of milking. Experts at a workshop defined abnormal milk to be that from cows whose foremilk had changed in homogeneity or was coloured by blood. The objectives of this paper were: firstly, to explore how different groups of people scored the appearance of foremilk; and secondly, to develop a method suitable as an objective reference for testing of manual and automatic detection systems. Consumers, farmers and advisors did not agree on the visual appearance of normal, watery, clotty milk, or milk with blood, and experience is needed to score the visual appearance of foremilk correctly. It seems reasonable to expect a sensitivity of at least 70% for detection of abnormal milk during foremilking. Filter sizes 0·05, 0·07, 0·1, 0·2, 0·5, 1·0, and 2·0 mm were used to filter milk from cows with visually abnormal foremilk. If clots appeared in the foremilk, clots appeared on all size filters, but the filter with pore size 0·1 mm was the easiest to read and work with. The filter method is not reliable in identifying quarters with watery, yellowish, or bloody milk, whereas the method seems consistent, and at least as good as scoring of visual appearance in finding clots in the milk. Clots should show clearly on the filter to be counted as abnormal milk. All clinical cases with clots in the foremilk can be found on the filter and such cases have high somatic cell count (SCC). Both trained and untrained persons using the filter method can score normal and abnormal foremilk with a high specificity (>90%) and a high sensitivity (>80%). The filter method is recommended as a reference for scoring the homogeneity of foremilk.
Economic impact of reduced milk production associated with Johne's disease on dairy operations in the USA
Authors: Losinger Willard C
Published: October 2005

Accurately assessing the economic impacts of diseases and other factors that affect milk production requires that the demand for milk be taken into account. Because demand for milk in the USA is relatively inelastic (i.e., consumers generally purchase a somewhat fixed amount over a given time frame, regardless of fluctuations in price), consumers tend to reap much of the benefit of enhanced production. An examination of the economic impacts of Johne's disease indicated that reduced milk production, associated with the determination of dairy operations as Johne's-positive, reduced consumer surplus by $770 million ± $690 million, and resulted in a total loss of $200 million ± $160 million to the US economy in 1996. Most of the economic surplus lost by consumers was transferred to producers, whose economic surplus increased by $570 million ± $550 million as a result of the reduced milk production associated with Johne's disease. Uncertainty analysis showed that the estimated reduction in milk production on Johne's-positive dairy operations accounted for most of the uncertainty in the economic-impact estimates. If Johne's disease had not been present on US dairy operations, then an additional 580 million ±460 million kg of milk would have been produced, but the price would have fallen by 1·1±1·0 cents/kg, and the total value of the milk would have decreased by $580 million ± $560 million.
Specific effect of high-pressure treatment of milk on cheese proteolysis
Authors: Buffa Martín , Guamis Buenaventura , Trujillo Antonio J
Published: October 2005

The extent of primary and secondary proteolysis of cheeses made from raw (RA), pasteurized (PA, 72 °C, 15 s) or pressure-treated (PR, 500 MPa, 15 min, 20 °C) goats' milk was assessed. Modifications in cheese-making technology were introduced to obtain cheeses with the same moisture content, and thus studied per se the effect of milk treatment on cheese proteolysis.

The PR milk cheese samples were differentiated from RA and PA milk cheeses by their elevated β-lg content, and by the faster degradation of αs1-, αs2- and β-CN throughout ripening. Non-significant differences were found in either pH 4·6 soluble-nitrogen or trichloracetic acid soluble-nitrogen contents of cheeses. However, the pasteurization of milk decreased the free amino acid production in cheese. The RA milk cheeses had the highest amount of proline and the lowest concentrations of serine, tyrosine, arginine and α-aminobutyric acid, whereas PR milk cheese showed higher levels of arginine.
Understanding Posttraumatic Stress: Theory, Reflections, Context and Future
Authors: Joseph Stephen , Williams Ruth
Published: October 2005

Exposure to a traumatic event may lead a person to experience posttraumatic stress. But there are wide individual differences in the severity and chronicity of reactions. Some people remain affected for considerable periods of time, but others are able to adjust relatively quickly, and some even go on to report experiencing positive personal changes as a result of experience of trauma. The psychosocial framework proposes that individual variation in response to trauma is attributable to the interaction between various personality and social psychological factors. This is a practical framework for formulation and for developing interventions with people who have problems adjusting to traumatic life experiences. In this paper we provide a retrospective account of the building of the psychosocial framework, and using case examples illustrate its use in formulation and developing intervention with individuals with varying difficulties. We also aim to look beyond this work in the past to subsequent developments and to future directions, in particular the new and emerging field of growth through adversity.
Do Parenting Programmes for Severe Child Antisocial Behaviour Work over the Longer Term, and for Whom? One Year follow-up of a Multi-Centre Controlled Trial
Authors: Scott Stephen
Published: October 2005

The aim of the study was to see whether there were lasting effects of a behaviourally-based group parenting programme when delivered in a real life, regular clinical practice setting. Follow-up was one year after the end of a controlled trial that involved four local child and adolescent mental health services in London and Southern England. The participants were fifty-nine children aged 3–8 years referred with antisocial behaviour, whose parents received the Webster-Stratton Incredible Years basic videotape group programme. Those in the waiting list control group were not followed up as some went on to receive the same intervention. Measures included the semi-structured parent interview (PACS) and questionnaire (SDQ) about child behaviour. At follow-up, the original improvement in the intervention group was found to have persisted, with no loss of treatment effectiveness (effect size compared to pre-treatment score 0.91 standard deviations, compared to post treatment score −0.06 SD). The proportion of children in the clinical range before treatment was 68%, at follow-up 37%. Children with the most severe initial problems changed the most; risk factors such as low income, being a lone parent, or being in an ethnic minority did not reduce treatment effectiveness. Parenting groups can reduce serious child antisocial behaviour effectively in the longer term. This is an important ongoing benefit for the children and their families. If this trajectory continues to be maintained in the future, then the poor long-term prognosis, which includes criminality and social exclusion, is likely to be improved.
Norwegian Adolescents' Reactions to Distant Warfare
Authors: Dyregrov Atle , Raundalen Magne
Published: October 2005

A total of 1695 Norwegian adolescents answered a questionnaire concerning how they perceived and reacted to the threat of war during the 1999 Kosovo war and the 2003 Iraq war. Based on previous research and clinical experience the following hypotheses were formed: a) The Kosovo war, being in closer proximity to Norway, will result in more reactions than the Iraq war; b) There will be more communication between adolescents and adults following the Iraq war than following the Kosovo war, due to education by psychologists via the media in the intervening period; c) Girls will evidence more reactions than boys, in line with previous work; d) Adolescents who score above cut-off on the Impact of Event Scale will report less communication with friends and parents, in line with psychosocial theories of posttraumatic stress and previous empirical findings. The first three hypotheses were generally supported, but findings regarding hypothesis (d) were mixed. It is believed that a more open communicative climate has developed in families and schools following increased attention by professionals and media to the coverage of wars and disasters in the media. Mild reactions to the two wars suggest adolescent resilience. Professionals can play an important role in disseminating information on how such events can be handled by parents, professionals and society at large.
Festschrift for William Yule
Authors: Smith Patrick , Dalgleish Tim , Perrin Sean
Published: October 2005

Welcome to this special issue of Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, a Festschrift to mark the retirement of Professor William Yule. The collection of papers here, covering reading problems, parenting and conduct disorder, the effects of war on civilian children, cognitive factors associated with trauma in children, social-cognitive approaches to post traumatic stress, and the assessment of PTSD in children, can only begin to skim the surface of his contribution to clinical child psychology in over 40 years of research, teaching, and – above all – clinical work. It is fitting that such a collection appears in this journal. Bill joined the BABP (later BABCP) as a founder member in 1972. Three years later, he and Ray Hodgson began to co-edit the new quarterly BABP Bulletin, the forerunner to Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy. Bill retired as Editor of the Journal in 1984, having helped to develop what started out as a single sheet newsletter into a successful, respected, international scientific publication. He is also a former Chair of the Association, and was made an Honorary Fellow in 1984.
The Joys of Bill-Watching
Authors: de Silva Padmal
Published: October 2005

This paper provides a brief account of Bill-Watchers Anonymous, an unofficial organization dedicated to the task of observing, and reporting on, a major figure in British clinical psychology. The aims and objectives are summarized. Some of the findings made by the members, based on direct observation and investigation, are highlighted. The essentially rewarding nature of this work is emphasized.
The Children's Revised Impact of Event Scale (CRIES): Validity as a Screening Instrument for PTSD
Authors: Perrin Sean , Meiser-Stedman Richard , Smith Patrick
Published: October 2005

The Children's Revised Impact of Event Scale (CRIES) is a brief child-friendly measure designed to screen children at risk for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). It has good face and construct validity, a stable factor structure, correlates well with other indices of distress, and has been used to screen very large samples of at-risk-children following a wide range of traumatic events. However, few studies have examined the scale's validity against a structured diagnostic interview based on the DSM-IV criteria for PTSD. In the present study, the CRIES and the PTSD section of the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule-Child and Parent Version (ADIS-CP) were administered to a sample of children and adolescents (n=63) recruited from hospital accident and emergency rooms and the validity of the CRIES as a screening tool evaluated. Cutoff scores were chosen from this sample with a low base-rate of PTSD (11.1%) to maximize sensitivity and minimize the likelihood that children with a diagnosis of PTSD would fail to be identified. Cutoff scores were then cross-validated in a sample of 52 clinically referred children who had a high base-rate of PTSD (67.3%). A cutoff score of 30 on the CRIES-13 and a cutoff score of 17 on the CRIES-8 maximized sensitivity and specificity, minimized the rate of false negatives, and correctly classified 75–83% of the children in the two samples. The CRIES-8 (which lacks any arousal items) worked as efficiently as the CRIES-13 (which includes arousal items) in correctly classifying children with and without PTSD. Results are discussed in light of the current literature and of the need for further development of effective screens for children at-risk of developing PTSD.
The SRM Approach to Family Assessment
Authors: Cook William L.
Published: October 2005

Abstract. In family systems, it is possible for one to put oneself at risk by eliciting aversive, high-risk behaviors from others ( Cook, Kenny, & Goldstein, 1991 ). Consequently, it is desirable that family assessments should clarify the direction of effects when evaluating family dynamics. In this paper a new method of family assessment will be presented that identifies bidirectional influence processes in family relationships. Based on the Social Relations Model (SRM: Kenny & La Voie, 1984 ), the SRM Family Assessment provides information about the give and take of family dynamics at three levels of analysis: group, individual, and dyad. The method will be briefly illustrated by the assessment of a family from the PIER Program, a randomized clinical trial of an intervention to prevent the onset of psychosis in high-risk young people.
Assessing Aggressive Behavior in Children
Authors: Nicole Sandro , Caprara Gian Vittorio
Published: October 2005

Abstract. It is hypothesized that marginal behavioral deviations, through their aggregation, may generate impressions of discomfort and disturbance, leading in their turn to progressive social seclusion, lower self-esteem, and maladjustment. The article describes an attempt to assess the development of a stable aggressive behavior, by means of a neuro-fuzzy model of the relationships between sociometric predictors (popularity/refusal rates among peers, hyperactivity, prosocial behavior) and yearly variations in physical and verbal aggressive conduct in children. A hardly noticeable initial difference (classification into marginally aggressive and marginally nonaggressive) is sufficient to lead to relevant differences, such as a resilience to change the judged aggressive level in the presence of changes of sociometric predictors for marginally aggressive children only.
Assessing the Home Literacy Environment
Authors: Marjanovič Umek Ljubica , Podlesek Anja , Fekonja Urška
Published: October 2005

Abstract. As the findings of many studies have shown, different aspects of children's home literacy environment are related to the development of their language competence. We designed the Home Literacy Environment Questionnaire (HLEQ) to evaluate the quality of different aspects of the home literacy environment. This paper presents the development of this instrument, including: (1) the construction of the instrument based on the theoretical background and findings about the relation between family environment and child language development; (2) examination of the construct validity of the HLEQ and (3) an evaluation of its empirical criterion validity through correlations with children's achievements on a language development scale and their storytelling ability. Language competence was assessed with a sample of 4-year-old children that attended a Slovenian preschool. Using factor analysis, five HLEQ factors were identified: Stimulation to use language, explanation (F1), Reading books to the child, visiting the library and puppet theater (F2), Joint activities and conversation (F3), Interactive reading (F4) and Zone-of-proximal-development stimulation (F5). The findings show that some aspects of the home literacy environment (F2, F4 and F5) are positively related to different measures of child language development at 4 years of age and also contribute to a prediction of child language competence. Four HLEQ factors (F1, F2, F3, and F5) were also positively related to maternal level of education.
Blocking Is Sensitive to Causal Structure in 4-Year-Old and 8-Year-Old Children
Authors: Beckers Tom , Van den Broeck Uschi , Renne Marij , Vandorpe Stefaan , De Houwer Jan , Eelen Paul
Published: October 2005

Abstract. In a contingency learning task, 4-year-old and 8-year-old children had to predict the outcome displayed on the back of a card on the basis of cues presented on the front. The task was embedded in either a causal or a merely predictive scenario. Within this task, either a forward blocking or a backward blocking procedure was implemented. Blocking occurred in the causal but not in the predictive scenario. Moreover, blocking was affected by the scenario to the same extent in both age groups. The pattern of results was similar for forward and backward blocking. These results suggest that even young children are sensitive to the causal structure of a contingency learning task and that the occurrence of blocking in such a task defies an explanation in terms of associative learning theory.
Relative Weight of Local and Global Properties Depends on both the Position of Local Elements and the Saliency of Global Form
Authors: Ripoll Thierry , Fiere Églantine , Pélissier Aline
Published: October 2005

Abstract. Love, Rouder, and Wisniewski (1999 ) and Ripoll and Marty (2005 ) showed that subjects could process global properties very quickly in a same/different task on abstract visual scenes for which the conspicuity of local and global properties had been controlled. In this new experiment, two important new factors were manipulated: saliency of the global pattern and location of local similarity. The results showed that the saliency of the global form as well as the location of local similarity determines the strength of global and local effects. Global effects continue to manifest themselves even when the extraction of the global form is difficult. Finally, the whole pattern of results suggests that local and global processing proceeds simultaneously and involves two attentional systems whose spatial characteristics are very different.
Deformation and metamorphic history of the Western Blue Ridge–Eastern Blue Ridge terrane boundary, southern Appalachian Orogen
Authors: Massey M. A. , Moecher D. P.
Published: October 2005

The Western–Eastern Blue Ridge boundary involved formation by premetamorphic thrusting of an oceanic fragment/accretionary wedge/island arc upon Laurentian basement and metasedimentary cover. Detailed outcrop‐scale mapping, structural and petrographic analysis reveal both terranes experienced the same deformation at the same metamorphic grade. Early F1 and F2 isoclinal folds are overprinted by F3 open to tight folds; F3 transposes S2 to an axial planar cleavage (S3), the youngest penetrative feature. Prekinematic to synkinematic (relative to S2) Barrovian metamorphism attained kyanite grade in the Western Blue Ridge (WBR), upper amphibolite facies in the Eastern Blue Ridge (EBR), and anatexis in both terranes. Postkinematic M2B is characterized by appearance of fibrolite throughout the kyanite zone, coarsening to granular sillimanite and identification of a kyanite‐sillimanite isograd in the WBR. D3 strain was accommodated by dynamic recrystallization of quartz, neocrystallization, folding, and basal slip of micas, pressure solution of plagioclase, folding of kyanite, and fracturing of garnet. Scattered lower greenschist‐facies M4 static retrograde metamorphism resulted in replacement of kyanite and garnet by sericite and chlorite, respectively. Although the juxtaposition of two lithologically distinct terranes implies a fault relationship, polymetamorphism and deformation obliterated any microfabrics, mineral assemblages, or structures that might have developed during premetamorphic thrusting. The boundary cannot be an extension of a continent‐scale, dextral strike‐slip fault system inferred to have developed along Laurentian margin in the Devonian.
Atmospheric radiative transfer through global arrays of 2D clouds
Authors: Cole J. N. S. , Barker H. W. , O'Hirok W. , Clothiaux E. E. , Khairoutdinov M. F. , Randall D. A.
Published: October 2005

Shortwave and longwave 2D radiative transfer calculations were performed using Monte Carlo radiative transfer models and output from a global climate model (GCM) that employed, in each of its columns, a 2D cloud system‐resolving model (CSRM) with a horizontal grid‐spacing Δx of 4 km. CSRM output were sampled every 9 hours for December 2000. Radiative fluxes were averaged to the GCM's grid. Monthly‐mean top of atmosphere (TOA) shortwave flux differences between 2D radiative transfer and the Independent Column Approximation (ICA) are at most 5 W m−2 in the tropics with a zonal‐average of 1.5 W m−2. These differences are 2 to 10 times smaller than those stemming from the maximum‐random overlap model and neglect of horizontal variability of cloud. Corresponding longwave differences are approximately 3 times smaller than their shortwave counterparts. Use of CSRM data with Δx < 4 km may roughly double the reported differences between 2D and ICA TOA SW fluxes.
ICESat waveform measurements of within‐footprint topographic relief and vegetation vertical structure
Authors: Harding David J. , Carabajal Claudia C.
Published: October 2005

The Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) mission determines land surface vertical structure within laser footprints due to topographic relief and vegetation using received waveforms recorded by the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS). In low‐relief areas with tree cover the waveforms and derived elevation products provide useful biophysical parameters, including maximum canopy height, crown depth, the outer‐canopy ruggedness, and a measure of canopy cover. For areas where within‐footprint topographic relief is large compared to vegetation height, interpretation of the waveforms is complex. The contribution of canopy and ground to received waveforms is illustrated by comparing them with co‐located waveforms computed using an instrument model applied to high resolution Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). The model includes representations of the transmit pulse's spatial and temporal distributions, and the receiver field‐of‐view sensitivity and temporal smoothing. This provides a means to validate GLAS waveforms, elevation products, and footprint geolocation.
Super‐diffusion via Lévy lagrangian velocity processes
Authors: Cushman John H. , Park Moongyu , Kleinfelter Natalie , Moroni Monica
Published: October 2005

Super‐diffusive mixing in geophysics occurs in atmospheric turbulence, near surface currents in oceans, and macro‐pore flow in the subsurface to name three of many areas. Models of super‐diffusion have been around for almost a century, yet here we put forth a new perspective on the topic which clarifies and substantially expands on classical approaches. Eighty years after it was introduced, we trivially derive Richardson's scaling law for atmospheric super‐diffusion, where the mean square separation of two tracer particles goes as t3, by assuming the Lagrangian velocity can be represented as a Brownian process. Next we generalize in the spirit of Mandelbrot's intermittency to other types of flows by employing Lagrangian velocities represented as α‐stable Lévy processes. For a specific flow field, we show how to obtain the stability parameter, α, from tracer experiments and the finite‐size Lyapunov exponent.
A climate sensitivity test using a global cloud resolving model under an aqua planet condition
Authors: Miura Hiroaki , Tomita Hirofumi , Nasuno Tomoe , Iga Shin‐ichi , Satoh Masaki , Matsuno Taroh
Published: October 2005

A global Cloud Resolving Model (CRM) is used in a climate sensitivity test for an aqua planet in this first attempt to evaluate climate sensitivity without cumulus parameterizations. Results from a control experiment and an experiment with global sea surface temperature (SST) warmer by 2 K are examined. Notable features in the simulation with warmer SST include a wider region of active convection, a weaker Hadley circulation, mid‐tropospheric moistening in the subtropics, and more clouds in the extratropics. Negative feedback from short‐wave radiation reduces the climate sensitivity parameter compared to a result in a more conventional model with a cumulus parameterization.
Potential of MODIS EVI and surface temperature for directly estimating per‐pixel ecosystem C fluxes
Authors: Rahman A. F. , Sims D. A. , Cordova V. D. , El‐Masri B. Z.
Published: October 2005

We tested the potential of estimating per‐pixel gross primary production (GPP) directly from the MODIS enhanced vegetation index (EVI) and respiration directly from MODIS surface temperature (MOD11). Carbon flux data were obtained from 10 eddy covariance tower sites representing a wide range of North American vegetations. The correlation between across‐site tower GPP and EVI was comparable (r = 0.77) to that between tower GPP and MOD17‐GPP (r = 0.73), suggesting that EVI could be used to provide reasonably accurate direct estimates of GPP on a truly per‐pixel basis. There was also a strong relationship (r2 = 0.67) between respiration and surface temperature of dense vegetation, suggesting that estimation of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) may be possible with relatively simple pixel based models, at least for some vegetation types.
Groundwater‐controlled valley networks and the decline of surface runoff on early Mars
Authors: Harrison Keith P. , Grimm Robert E.
Published: October 2005

Fluvial erosion on early Mars was dominated by valley networks created through a combination of groundwater processes and surface runoff. A reduced greenhouse effect due to CO2 loss, together with a declining geothermal heat flux, promoted the growth of a cryosphere and a Hesperian hydrologic regime dominated by outflow channel formation. We test the hypothesis that the transition from valley network to outflow channel formation was preceded by a more subtle evolution characterized by a weakening of surface runoff, leaving groundwater processes as the dominant, final source of valley network erosion. Our hypothesis, supported by a terrestrial analog in the Atacama desert of Chile, is related to the groundwater sapping reactivation hypothesis for densely dissecting highland valley networks on Mars suggested by Baker and Partridge in 1986 and focuses on the age analysis of large, sparsely dissecting valley networks such as Nanedi Valles, Nirgal Vallis, valleys in fretted terrain, and tributaries of outflow channels and Valles Marineris chasmata. We find that these features are consistently late Noachian to Hesperian in age, younger than Noachian densely dissecting dendritic valley networks in the southern highlands. In the Tharsis region the observation of dense and sparse valley network morphologies on Hesperian terrain suggests that while surface runoff gave way to groundwater processes consistent with our hypothesis, the transition may have occurred later than elsewhere on the planet. The volcanic nature of Tharsis suggests that geothermal heat and volatile production led to episodically higher volumes of surface runoff in this region during the Hesperian.
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Authors: Clark T. E. , Love S. T. , Nitta Muneto , ter Veldhuis T.
Published: October 2005

Coset methods are used to construct the action describing the dynamics of the (massive) Nambu-Goldstone scalar degree of freedom associated with the spontaneous breaking of the isometry group of AdSd+1 space to that of an AdSd subspace. The resulting action is an SO(2,d) invariant AdS generalization of the Nambu-Goto action. The vector field theory equivalent action is also determined.
Observation of resistive drift Alfvén waves in a helicon plasma
Authors: Sun Xuan , Biloiu Costel , Scime Earl
Published: October 2005

A low-frequency, transverse electromagnetic wave is observed in a magnetized helicon plasma with 1⪢β>νe∕Ωe. The wave is localized to the vicinity of the largest plasma density gradient and appears only at a low neutral pressure. Based on the scaling of the wave frequency and amplitude with magnetic field strength, the wave is identified as the resistive drift Alfvén wave.
Convergence of replica exchange molecular dynamics
Authors: Zhang Wei , Wu Chun , Duan Yong
Published: October 2005

Replica exchange molecular dynamics (REMD) method is one of the generalized-ensemble algorithms which performs random walk in energy space and helps a system to escape from local energy traps. In this work, we studied the accuracy and efficiency of REMD by examining its ability to reproduce the results of multiple extended conventional molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and to enhance conformational sampling. Two sets of REMD simulations with different initial configurations, one from the fully extended and the other from fully helical conformations, were conducted on a fast-folding 21-amino-acid peptide with a continuum solvent model. Remarkably, the two REMD simulation sets started to converge even within 1.0ns, despite their dramatically different starting conformations. In contrast, the conventional MD within the same time and with identical starting conformations did not show obvious signs of convergence. Excellent convergence between the REMD sets for T>300K was observed after 14.0ns REMD simulations as measured by the average helicity and free-energy profiles. We also conducted a set of 45 MD simulations at nine different temperatures with each trajectory simulated to 100.0 and 200.0ns. An excellent agreement between the REMD and the extended MD simulation results was observed for T>300K, showing that REMD can accurately reproduce long-time MD results with high efficiency. The autocorrelation times of the calculated helicity demonstrate that REMD can significantly enhance the sampling efficiency by 14.3±6.4, 35.1±0.2, and 71.5±20.4 times at, respectively, ∼360, ∼300, and ∼275K in comparison to the regular MD. Convergence was less satisfactory at low temperatures (T<300K) and a slow oscillatory behavior suggests that longer simulation time was needed to reach equilibrium. Other technical issues, including choice of exchange frequency, were also examined.
Atomic force microscopy measurements of topography and friction on dotriacontane films adsorbed on a SiO2 surface
Authors: Trogisch S. , Simpson M. J. , Taub H. , Volkmann U. G. , Pino M. , Hansen F. Y.
Published: October 2005

We report comprehensive atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements at room temperature of the nanoscale topography and lateral friction on the surface of thin solid films of an intermediate-length normal alkane, dotriacontane (n-C32H66), adsorbed onto a SiO2 surface. Our topographic and frictional images, recorded simultaneously in the contact mode, reveal a multilayer structure in which one to two layers of molecules adsorb adjacent to the SiO2 surface oriented with their long axis parallel to the interface followed by partial layers of molecules oriented perpendicular to the surface. The thicknesses of the parallel and perpendicular layers that we measured with the AFM agree with those inferred from previous x-ray specular reflectivity measurements on similarly prepared samples. We also observe bulk dotriacontane particles and, in contrast with our previous measurements, are able to determine their location. Above a minimum size, the bulk particles are separated from islands of perpendicularly oriented molecules by regions of exposed parallel layers that most likely extend underneath the particles. We find that the lateral friction is sensitive to the molecular orientation in the underlying crystalline film and can be used effectively with topographic measurements to resolve uncertainties in the film structure. We measure the same lateral friction on top of the bulk particles as on the perpendicular layers, a value that is about 2.5 times smaller than on a parallel layer. Scans on top of parallel layers indicate a constant height but reveal domains having different sublevels of friction. We explain this by the domains having different azimuthal orientations of the molecules.