bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction to Nanofiber Materials
Authors: Ko Frank K. , Wan Yuqin
Published: July 2014

Presenting the latest coverage of the fundamentals and applications of nanofibrous materials and their structures for graduate students and researchers, this book bridges the communication gap between fiber technologists and materials scientists and engineers. Featuring intensive coverage of electroactive, bioactive and structural nanofibers, it provides a comprehensive collection of processing conditions for electrospinning and includes recent advances in nanoparticle-/nanotube-based nanofibers. The book also covers mechanical properties of fibers and fibrous assemblies, as well as characterization methods.
Markov Chains and Dependability Theory
Authors: Rubino Gerardo , Sericola Bruno
Published: July 2014

Dependability metrics are omnipresent in every engineering field, from simple ones through to more complex measures combining performance and dependability aspects of systems. This book presents the mathematical basis of the analysis of these metrics in the most used framework, Markov models, describing both basic results and specialised techniques. The authors first present both discrete and continuous time Markov chains before focusing on dependability measures, which necessitate the study of Markov chains on a subset of states representing different user satisfaction levels for the modelled system. Topics covered include Markovian state lumping, analysis of sojourns on subset of states of Markov chains, analysis of most dependability metrics, fundamentals of performability analysis, and bounding and simulation techniques designed to evaluate dependability measures. The book is of interest to graduate students and researchers in all areas of engineering where the concepts of lifetime, repair duration, availability, reliability and risk are important.
Chronicles from the Environmental Justice Frontline
Authors: Roberts J. Timmons , Toffolon-Weiss Melissa M.
Published: July 2014

Chronicles from the Environmental Justice Frontline, first published in 1991, provides a rare glimpse of the environmental justice movement as it plays out in four landmark struggles at the end of the twentieth century. The book describes the stories of everyday people who have decided to take to the streets to battle what they perceive as injustice: the unequal exposure of minorities and the poor to the 'bads' produced by our industrial society. In these struggles residents and local, state, and national environmental and social justice groups are on one side pitted against local and state government representatives and industry on the other. By employing historical and theoretical lenses in viewing these struggles, the book reveals how situations of environmental injustice are created and how they are resolved. These cases bear great similarity to battles occurring across the nation, and are setting precedents for national and state agencies as they handle these cases.
Measuring the Natural Environment
Authors: Strangeways Ian
Published: July 2014

Measurements of natural phenomena are vital for any type of environmental monitoring, from the practical day-to-day management of rivers and agriculture, and weather forecasting, through to longer-term assessment of climate change and glacial retreat. This book looks at past, present and future measurement techniques, describing the operation of the instruments used and the quality and accuracy of the data they produce. The book will be important for all those who use or collect such data, whether for pure research or day-to-day management of the environment. It will be useful for students and professionals working in a wide range of environmental science: meteorology, climatology, hydrology, water resources, oceanography, civil engineering, agriculture, forestry, glaciology, ecology. The first edition received excellent reviews and this new edition has been expanded considerably, through the addition of six new chapters and the extension and modification of many of the existing chapters.
Light Horse
Authors: Bou Jean
Published: July 2014

The mounted soldier is one of the most evocative symbols in Australian military history. Now a celebrated part of Australia's army heritage, the role and very existence of mounted troops in modern warfare was being called into question at the time of its most crowning military moments. Light horse regiments, particularly those that served in South Africa, Palestine and the trenches of Gallipoli, played a vital role in Australia's early military campaigns. Based on extensive research from both Australia and Britain, this book is a comprehensive history of the Australian Light Horse in war and peace. Historian Jean Bou examines the place of the light horse in Australia's military history throughout its existence, from its antecedents in the middle of the nineteenth century, until the last regiment was disbanded in 1944.
Human Tissue in Transplantation and Research
Authors: Price David
Published: July 2014

Deficiencies and shortfalls in the supply of human organs for transplantation and human tissue for research generate policy dilemmas across the world and have often given rise to major and deleterious controversies, such as those relating to organ and tissue retention practices following post-mortem examination. They also create an environment in which illegitimate commercial activities flourish. At the same time, patients are denied the therapy they desperately require and researchers are impeded from carrying out vital work into the causes of, and efficacious treatments for, major illnesses and diseases. David Price sets out a clear and integrated legal and policy framework which emanates from the tissue source but protects the interests of donors and relevant professionals through tailored property entitlements, but without presupposing rights to trade in 'original' materials.
Mismanagement of Marine Fisheries
Authors: Longhurst Alan
Published: July 2014

Longhurst examines the proposition, central to fisheries science, that a fishery creates its own natural resource by the compensatory growth it induces in the fish, and that this is sustainable. His novel analysis of the reproductive ecology of bony fish of cooler seas offers some support for this, but a review of fisheries past and present confirms that sustainability is rarely achieved. The relatively open structure and strong variability of marine ecosystems is discussed in relation to the reliability of resources used by the industrial-level fishing that became globalised during the 20th century. This was associated with an extraordinary lack of regulation in most seas, and a widespread avoidance of regulation where it did exist. Sustained fisheries can only be expected where social conditions permit strict regulation and where politicians have no personal interest in outcomes despite current enthusiasm for ecosystem-based approaches or for transferable property rights.
A History of Canberra
Authors: Brown Nicholas
Published: July 2014

Designed as an 'ideal city' and emblem of the nation, Canberra has long been a source of ambivalence for many Australians. In this charming and concise book, Nicholas Brown challenges these ideas and looks beyond the clichés to illuminate the unique, layered and often colourful history of Australia's capital. Brown covers Canberra's selection as the site of the national capital, the turbulent path of Walter Burley Griffin's plan for the city and the many phases of its construction. He surveys citizens' diverse experiences of the city, the impact of the Second World War on Canberra's growth and explores the city's political history with insight and wit. A History of Canberra is informed by the interplay of three themes central to Canberra's identity: government, community and environment. Canberra's distinctive social and cultural history as a centre for the public service and national institutions is vividly rendered.
Performing Menken
Authors: Sentilles Renée M.
Published: July 2014

This book was first published in 2003. Performing Menken uses the life experiences of controversial actress and poet Adah Isaacs Menken to examine the culture of the Civil War period. Menken managed to portray herself as both respectable and daring, claiming for herself various (differing) racial and ethnic identities. Playing male roles on stage, she became the reigning femme fatale. Yet she was also known as an intellectual, publishing poetry and essays. She shared friendships with the greatest writers of her time, including Walt Whitman, Mark Twain, and Alexandre Dumas, père. Performing Menken also looks at what Menken's choices reveal about her period. It explores the roots of the cult of celebrity that emerged from the crucible of war. While discussing Menken's racial and ethnic claims and her performance of gender and sexuality, Performing Menken focuses on contemporary use of social categories to explain patterns in America's past and considers why such categories appear to remain important.
Essential Equations for Anaesthesia
Authors: Gilbert-Kawai Edward T. , Wittenberg Marc D.
Published: July 2014

A sound knowledge of equations and their use, derivation and clinical application is an absolute prerequisite for any anaesthetist. As a result, equations are a favourite question topic of examiners, particularly in the viva examinations. Many candidates answer these poorly, losing valuable marks and floundering when they face what they perceive as 'nightmare' questions. This book provides a simple, portable, reference guide to all the equations that candidates may be asked about during their examinations. The content is split into four sections: physics, pharmacology, physiology and statistics. Each equation is clearly explained, derived where necessary, and placed into a clinical context using a worked or clinically relevant example to demonstrate its use. Units and relevant terms are given and, where required, clear, concise diagrams have also been provided to simplify understanding. Written by anaesthetic trainees, this is an essential resource for preparation for the FRCA, EDA and other anaesthetic examinations.
Bayesian Probability Theory
Authors: Linden Wolfgang von der , Dose Volker , Toussaint Udo von
Published: July 2014

From the basics to the forefront of modern research, this book presents all aspects of probability theory, statistics and data analysis from a Bayesian perspective for physicists and engineers. The book presents the roots, applications and numerical implementation of probability theory, and covers advanced topics such as maximum entropy distributions, stochastic processes, parameter estimation, model selection, hypothesis testing and experimental design. In addition, it explores state-of-the art numerical techniques required to solve demanding real-world problems. The book is ideal for students and researchers in physical sciences and engineering.
Treasure Island
Authors: Stevenson Robert Louis
Published: July 2014

This classic tale by Robert Louis Stevenson (1850–94) was first published as a serial between 1881 and 1882 in the children's magazine Young Folks, where it received little attention, and then in the form of this book in 1883, which secured its everlasting fame. Telling the story of the young Jim Hawkins' search for the buried treasure of Captain Flint, it had a profound impact on how pirates were perceived in the popular imagination, immortalising treasure maps marked with an 'X', exotic locations, and one-legged seamen with parrots on their shoulders. Vividly drawn, the character of Long John Silver remains one of the most compelling antagonists in all of children's literature. The work of a masterful storyteller at the height of his powers, this coming-of-age adventure has been adapted for film and television countless times, and continues to delight readers of all ages.
'Nature and the Greeks' and 'Science and Humanism'
Authors: Schrödinger Erwin , Penrose Roger
Published: July 2014

Nobel laureate Erwin Schrödinger was one of the most distinguished scientists of the twentieth century; his lectures on the history and philosophy of science are legendary. 'Nature and the Greeks' and 'Science and Humanism' makes available for the first time in many years the text of two of Schrödinger's most famous lecture series. 'Nature and the Greeks' offers a comprehensive historical account of the twentieth-century scientific world picture, tracing modern science back to the earliest stages of Western philosophic thought. 'Science and Humanism' addresses some of the most fundamental questions of the century: what is the value of scientific research? and how do the achievements of modern science affect the relationship between material and spiritual matters? A foreword by Roger Penrose sets the lectures in a contemporary context, and affirms they are as relevant today as when they were first published.
Lectures on Lyapunov Exponents
Authors: Viana Marcelo
Published: July 2014

The theory of Lyapunov exponents originated over a century ago in the study of the stability of solutions of differential equations. Written by one of the subject's leading authorities, this book is both an account of the classical theory, from a modern view, and an introduction to the significant developments relating the subject to dynamical systems, ergodic theory, mathematical physics and probability. It is based on the author's own graduate course and is reasonably self-contained with an extensive set of exercises provided at the end of each chapter. This book makes a welcome addition to the literature, serving as a graduate text and a valuable reference for researchers in the field.
Overall and Larmer on Miracles as Evidence for the Existence of God
Authors: JANKUNIS FRANK
Published: July 2014

Would the occurrence of a miracle be evidence for or against the existence of God? Christine Overall and Robert Larmer have a longstanding debate over this question. In this paper, I argue that their respective positive accounts are not quite right and some important criticisms each levies against the other fail. I then move the debate forward by identifying and synthesizing what is correct in their respective accounts.
Sergeant-Major Gandhi: Indian Nationalism and Nonviolent “Martiality”
Authors: Misra Maria
Published: July 2014

This article takes issue with recent accounts of the evolution of Gandhian ideas that have stressed his importance as a global theorist of principled nonviolence. It suggests that throughout his life Gandhi's writings display a preoccupation with ideas of martial courage and fearlessness; his stance might best be defined as one of nonviolent “martiality” rather than nonviolence per se. His overriding goal was not to proselytize for global “ahimsa” (nonviolence) but to shape the Indian people into a nonviolent army that could wrest freedom from the colonizers. It explains this concern for both nonviolence and martial attitudes by arguing that Gandhi's thought has to be reassessed and placed within several important contexts: the widespread global popularity of militarism before 1914; an influential intellectual critique of Western “materialist” values; Asian nationalist efforts to develop “indigenous” forms of mobilizational politics in their struggles against imperialism; and Indian thinking about caste (varna), which was central to Gandhi's thought and has generally been neglected in the literature. These contexts help us to understand Gandhi's complex and sometimes contradictory thinking on the issue of violence.
Aural microsuction for wax impaction: survey of efficacy and patient perception
Authors: Prowse S J , Mulla O
Published: July 2014

Objective:

Cerumen impaction is a common problem, and aural microsuction is a technique frequently employed for its management. This study aimed to quantify the patient perception, safety and efficacy of this procedure.

Methods:

Patients were asked to complete a questionnaire following cerumen clearance by microsuction. The perceived severity of pain, noise-related discomfort and vertigo was scored on a scale of 1 to 10. Patients with mastoid cavities and those who had used a cerumenolytic agent in the preceding week were analysed separately.

Results:

A total of 159 questionnaires were returned. Mean scores (95 per cent confidence intervals) were: pain, 2.34 (2.06–2.62); noise discomfort, 3.03 (2.71–3.35); and vertigo, 1.95 (1.66–2.25). There was successful clearance (i.e. sufficient to view the tympanic membrane) in 91 per cent of cases. Patients who had used cerumenolytics reported significantly less pain and vertigo (p = 0.008 and p < 0.001, respectively) compared with those who had not, whilst patients with mastoid cavities reported greater levels of vertigo (p < 0.001) than those without.

Conclusion:

Aural microsuction is well tolerated. Side effects are mild, and the prior use of cerumenolytics appears to further reduce their severity.
Understanding older adults' attitudes and beliefs about drinking: perspectives of residents in congregate living
Authors: BURRUSS KAREN , SACCO PAUL , SMITH CRISTAN A.
Published: July 2014

Drinking motives may change as adults age, yet few studies in the United States of America have examined older adults' perspectives about their own drinking habits. The current study explored beliefs and attitudes of alcohol use of retired adults residing in a congregate care setting in the Baltimore/Washington DC metro area. Individual interviews were conducted with a sub-sample of 11 individuals who participated in a daily diary study on alcohol use among older adults. All participants in the study were identified as regular drinkers, meaning they had an alcoholic beverage on at least six of the eight days prior to screening. The participants' mean age was 81.5 years with a majority being women (54.5%). Older adults reported alcohol use as a long-term habit or routine. Participants also recognised that their alcohol use was influenced by peer drinking and by the availability of alcohol at the congregate care setting. Participants normalised their drinking as a form of routine socialisation carried from earlier life stages. Participants did not report reactive drinking, suggesting that older drinkers do not see their alcohol use as driven by specific reactions to life stresses or losses associated with ageing. The study also indicates that drinking may provide older adults in congregate care with a sense of continuity from before retirement and preserve their identity and autonomy.
The geographical co-distribution and socio-ecological drivers of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea in Queensland, Australia
Authors: XU Z. , HU W. , TONG S.
Published: July 2014

This study aimed to explore the spatio-temporal patterns, geographical co-distribution, and socio-ecological drivers of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea in Queensland. A Bayesian conditional autoregressive model was used to quantify the impacts of socio-ecological factors on both childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea at a postal area level. A distinct seasonality of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea was found. Childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea were mainly distributed in the northwest of Queensland. Mount Isa city was the high-risk cluster where childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea co-distributed. Emergency department visits (EDVs) for pneumonia increased by 3% per 10-mm increase in monthly average rainfall in wet seasons. By comparison, a 10-mm increase in monthly average rainfall may cause an increase of 4% in EDVs for diarrhoea. Monthly average temperature was negatively associated with EDVs for childhood diarrhoea in wet seasons. Low socioeconomic index for areas (SEIFA) was associated with high EDVs for childhood pneumonia. Future pneumonia and diarrhoea prevention and control measures in Queensland should focus more on Mount Isa.
Low detection ofVibrio choleraecarriage in healthcare workers returning to 12 Latin American countries from Haiti
Authors: LLANES R. , SOMARRIBA L. , HERNÁNDEZ G. , BARDAJI Y. , AGUILA A. , MAZUMDER R. N.
Published: July 2014

This investigation was undertaken to characterize the prevalence of intestinalVibrio choleraein healthcare workers (HCWs) returning from Haiti due to the ongoing cholera epidemic. Eight hundred and fifty asymptomatic HCWs of the Cuban Medical Brigade, who planned to leave Haiti, were studied by laboratory screening of stool culture forV. cholerae. A very low percentage (0·23%) of toxigenicV. choleraeserogroup O1, serotype Ogawa was found. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the largest reported screening study forV. choleraeinfection in asymptomatic HCWs returning from a cholera-affected country. Cholera transmission to health personnel highlights a possible risk of transmitting cholera during mobilization of the population for emergency response. Aid workers are encouraged to take precautions to reduce their risk for acquiring cholera and special care should be taken by consuming safe water and food and practising regular hand washing.
Heterogeneity in men's marijuana use in the 20s: Adolescent antecedents and consequences in the 30s
Authors: Washburn Isaac J. , Capaldi Deborah M.
Published: July 2014

Adolescent psychopathology is commonly connected to marijuana use. How changes in these adolescent antecedents and in adolescent marijuana use are connected to patterns of marijuana use in the 20s is little understood. Another issue not clearly understood is psychopathology in the 30s as predicted by marijuana use in the 20s. This study sought to examine these two issues and the associations with marijuana disorder diagnoses using a longitudinal data set of 205 men with essentially annual reports. Individual psychopathology and family characteristics from the men's adolescence were used to predict their patterns of marijuana use across their 20s, and aspects of the men's psychopathology in their mid-30s were predicted from these patterns. Three patterns of marijuana use in the 20s were identified using growth mixture modeling and were associated with diagnoses of marijuana disorders at age 26 years. Parental marijuana use predicted chronic use for the men in adulthood. Patterns of marijuana use in the 20s predicted antisocial behavior and deviant peer association at age 36 years (controlling for adolescent levels of the outcomes by residualization). These findings indicate that differential patterns of marijuana use in early adulthood are associated with psychopathology toward midlife.
Cascading effects of interparental conflict in adolescence: Linking threat appraisals, self-efficacy, and adjustment
Authors: Fosco Gregory M. , Feinberg Mark E.
Published: July 2014

This study examined the longitudinal implications of adolescents' exposure to interparental conflict for their developmental success. In the proposed developmental cascade model, adolescents' perceptions of parental conflict as threatening is a risk factor for diminished self-efficacy, which would account for diminished adjustment. This study presents longitudinal data for 768 sixth-grade students and their families over four time points, ending in eighth grade. Analyses were conducted in three steps. First, replication of longitudinal support for threat as a mediator of the link between interparental conflict and emotional distress was found; however, findings did not support threat as a mediator of behavior problems or subjective well-being. Second, threat was found to mediate the longitudinal association between interparental conflict and self-efficacy. Third, a developmental cascade model supported a risk process in which interparental conflict was related to adolescents' threat appraisals, which undermined self-efficacy beliefs, and was then linked with emotional distress, behavior problems, and subjective well-being.
Analysis of the Binary Asymmetric Joint Sparse Form
Authors: HEUBERGER CLEMENS , KROPF SARA
Published: July 2014

We consider redundant binary joint digital expansions of integer vectors. The redundancy is used to minimize the Hamming weight,i.e., the number of non-zero digit vectors. This leads to efficient linear combination algorithms in abelian groups, which are used in elliptic curve cryptography, for instance.

If the digit set is a set of contiguous integers containing zero, a special syntactical condition is known to minimize the weight. We analyse the optimal weight of all non-negative integer vectors with maximum entry less thanN. The expectation and the variance are given with a main term and a periodic fluctuation in the second-order term. Finally, we prove asymptotic normality.
INTEREST RATE EFFECTS OF DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES IN A NEW KEYNESIAN LIFE-CYCLE FRAMEWORK
Authors: Kara Engin , von Thadden Leopold
Published: July 2014

This paper develops a small-scale DSGE model that embeds a demographic structure within a monetary policy framework. We extend the nonmonetary overlapping-generations model of Gertler and present a small synthesis model that combines the setup of Gertler with a New Keynesian structure, implying that the short-run dynamics related to monetary policy can be compared with that of the standard New Keynesian model. In sum, the model offers a New Keynesian platform that can be used to characterize the response of macroeconomic variables to demographic shocks, similarly to the responses to technology or monetary policy shocks. We offer such characterizations for flexible and sticky price equilibria. Empirically, we calibrate the model to demographic developments projected for the euro area. The main finding is that the projected slowdown in population growth and the increase in longevity contribute slowly over time to a decline in the equilibrium interest rate.
Family sociodemographic characteristics as correlates of children’s breakfast habits and weight status in eight European countries. The ENERGY (EuropeaN Energy balance Research to prevent excessive weight Gain among Youth) project
Authors: Manios Yannis , Moschonis George , Androutsos Odysseas , Filippou Christina , Van Lippevelde Wendy , Vik Froydis N , te Velde Saskia J , Jan Natasha , Dössegger Alain , Bere Elling , Molnar Denes , Moreno Luis A , Chinapaw Mai JM , De Bourdeaudhuij Ilse , Brug Johannes
Published: July 2014

Objective

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the associations of family sociodemographic characteristics with children’s weight status and whether these potential associations are mediated by children’s breakfast habits.

Design

A school-based survey among 10–12-year-old children was conducted in eight European countries. Children’s weight and height were measured and breakfast habits and family sociodemographic characteristics were self-reported by 5444 children and their parents. International Obesity Task Force cut-off points were used to categorize children as overweight/obese or normal weight. Mediation analyses were used to test the potential mediating effect of children’s breakfast consumption on the associations between family sociodemographic characteristics and children’s overweight/obesity.

Setting

Schools in eight European countries participating in the ENERGY (EuropeaN Energy balance Research to prevent excessive weight Gain among Youth) project.

Subjects

Children aged 10–12 years and their parents (n 5444).

Results

Children’s reported daily breakfast consumption varied from 56 % in Slovenia to 92 % in Spain on weekdays and from 79 % in Greece to 93 % in Norway on weekends. Children of native parents, with both parents employed and with at least one parent having more than 14 years of education were more likely to consume breakfast daily and less likely to be overweight/obese. Finally, mediation analyses revealed that the association of parental nationality and parental educational status with children’s overweight/obesity was partially mediated by children’s daily breakfast consumption.

Conclusions

The study shows that the lower likelihood of being overweight/obese among 10–12-year-old children of native background and higher parental educational status was partially mediated by children’s daily breakfast consumption.
Resource needs for a socially just and sustainable urban agriculture system: Lessons from New York City
Authors: Cohen Nevin , Reynolds Kristin
Published: July 2014

Many urban agriculture programs, and the organizations that run them, require substantial resources to remain viable and provide the multifunctional benefits that practitioners and supporters hope to achieve. As urban agriculture activity expands, practitioners and supporters face significant challenges, including how to match resources to the needs of practitioners and expectations of municipalities, and how to distribute those resources effectively and equitably so that communities, and the city as a whole, capture the benefits of these projects. This is particularly important as cities face increasing pressure to reduce costs and maximize the return on public expenditures. A 2-year study called Five Borough Farm documented the goals and objectives of urban agriculture projects in New York City and the resources for their success. The data showed that resource needs go beyond the material and financial needs discussed in the urban agriculture literature (e.g., land, soil, money). Interviews documented that urban agriculture projects have broader goals than merely producing food, and that attaining these goals (e.g., environmental improvements, community development, social justice) requires the support of government and networks of practitioners, non-profit organizations and philanthropies. Moreover, interviewee comments suggested that significant disparities in access to resources make the urban agriculture system in New York unequal and constrain the efforts of some farms and gardens. This paper, based on the Five Borough Farm research, examines the resource needs of urban agriculture operations in terms of farm and garden viability and equity among practitioners. It describes the goals, expectations and resource needs of New York City urban agriculture from the perspectives of farmers and gardeners, and from the views of city officials, funders and supporting non-profits. It discusses the need for attention to the political and social structures that create disparity and precariousness to ensure a sustainable and just urban agricultural system, in addition to the financial and technical assistance resources that enable farmers and gardeners to produce food. The paper concludes with recommended strategies to align resource needs and urban agriculture goals and expectations in New York and other cities.
Employment and educational outcomes in early intervention programmes for early psychosis: a systematic review
Authors: Bond G. R. , Drake R. E. , Luciano A.
Published: July 2014

Aims.

Young adults with early psychosis want to pursue normal roles – education and employment. This paper summarises the empirical literature on the effectiveness of early intervention programmes for employment and education outcomes.

Methods.

We conducted a systematic review of employment/education outcomes for early intervention programmes, distinguishing three programme types: (1) those providing supported employment, (2) those providing unspecified vocational services and (3) those without vocational services. We summarised findings for 28 studies.

Results.

Eleven studies evaluated early intervention programmes providing supported employment. In eight studies that reported employment outcomes separately from education outcomes, the employment rate during follow-up for supported employment patients was 49%, compared with 29% for patients receiving usual services. The two groups did not differ on enrolment in education. In four controlled studies, meta-analysis showed that the employment rate for supported employment participants was significantly higher than for control participants, odds ratio = 3.66 [1.93–6.93],p < 0.0001. Five studies (four descriptive and one quasi-experimental) of early intervention programmes evaluating unspecified vocational services were inconclusive. Twelve studies of early intervention programmes without vocational services were methodologically heterogeneous, using diverse methods for evaluating vocational/educational outcomes and precluding a satisfactory meta-analytic synthesis. Among studies with comparison groups, 7 of 11 (64%) reported significant vocational/education outcomes favouring early intervention over usual services.

Conclusions.

In early intervention programmes, supported employment moderately increases employment rates but not rates of enrolment in education. These improvements are in addition to the modest effects early programmes alone have on vocational/educational outcomes compared with usual services.
Fluorescent polymeric aggregates for selective response to Sarin surrogates
Authors: Rusu Anca D. , . Moleavin Ioana A , Hurduc Nicolae , Hamel Matthieu , Rocha Licinio
Published: July 2014

Fluorescent polymeric chemical sensors with double signal generation in aqueous solutions for Sarin detection.
Transition of crystallographic and electronic structures in In–Zn–Se alloys grown by molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Lee Ling , Huang Liang-Kuei , Yang Chu-Shou , Chiu Shang-Jui , Wang Chia-Hsin , Chen Jeng-Lung , Ku Ching-Shun , Lee Jyh-Fu , Lee Hsin-Yi
Published: July 2014

Owing to zinc vacancies induced during vapour-phase deposition and the stoichiometric and crystallographic evolutions in the In–Zn–Se alloy, five distinct phases and the corresponding electronic structures were demonstrated.
Metal(ii) complexes based on 4-(2,6-di(pyridin-4-yl)pyridin-4-yl)benzonitrile: structures and electrocatalysis in hydrogen evolution reaction from water
Authors: Gao Xiao Lin , Gong Yun , Zhang Pan , Yang Yong Xi , Meng Jiang Ping , Zhang Miao Miao , Yin Jun Li , Lin Jian Hua
Published: July 2014

Based onL, three metal(ii)-complexes shows different electrocatalytic activities in HER from water.
Stability and toxicity of heteroleptic organometallic Bi(v) complexes towards Leishmania major
Authors: Ong Yih Ching , Blair Victoria L. , Kedzierski Lukasz , Andrews Philip C.
Published: July 2014

A series of organometallic bismuth(v) dicarboxylates, [BiPh3(O2CR′)2], were synthesised and evaluated for their anti-leishmanial activity. The complexes are effective against parasite promastigotes (0.6–2.5 μM), but prone to slow reductive decomposition.
Enzymatically synthesized dextran nanoparticles and their use as carriers for nutraceuticals
Authors: Semyonov David , Ramon Ory , Shoham Yuval , Shimoni Eyal
Published: July 2014

This study evaluated the use of enzymatically synthesized dextran nanoparticles to entrap a hydrophobic nutraceutical, the isoflavone genistein.
A novel method for classifying starch digestion by modelling the amylolysis of plant foods using first-order enzyme kinetic principles
Authors: Edwards Cathrina H. , Warren Frederick J. , Milligan Peter J. , Butterworth Peter J. , Ellis Peter R.
Published: July 2014

LOS plots of first-order digestibility data enable the rapid identification of nutritionally-important starch fractions, and allow the final extent (C∞) of starch amylolysis to be accurately predicted.
Dithienylethene-based rotaxanes: synthesis, characterization and properties
Authors: Hu Fang , Huang Juanyun , Cao Meijiao , Chen Zhao , Yang Ying-Wei , Liu Sheng Hua , Yin Jun
Published: July 2014

The photochromic materials have been widely applied in many fields.
Preparation of monolithic titania aerogels with high surface area by a sol–gel process combined surface modification
Authors: Yang Hui , Zhu Wenjun , Sun Sai , Guo Xingzhong
Published: July 2014

Monolithic titania (TiO2) aerogels with high surface area were successfully synthesized by the sol–gel process combined surface modification, followed by ambient pressure drying.
Nanoscale zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 as a selective adsorbent for theophylline over caffeine and diprophylline
Authors: Yan Fang , Liu Zhong-Ying , Chen Jin-Long , Sun Xiao-Yan , Li Xiao-Juan , Su Meng-Xiang , Li Bo , Di Bin
Published: July 2014

Exploration of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 as an adsorbent for selective adsorption of theophylline over caffeine and diprophylline in aqueous solution.
The Use of Singing as a Therapeutic Modality Within the Context of Voice Therapy
Authors: LeBorgne Wendy DeLeo , Donahue Erin
Published: July 2014

The use of singing voice exercises as a therapeutic modality within the traditional voice therapy session as a means to facilitate functional improvement will be the focus of this article. The reader will be presented with a brief review of the literature as it pertains to the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) guidelines and scope of practice. In addition, this article will provide insights for the speech-language pathologist (SLP) with respect to the clinical utility and functionality of singing voice exercises as a means to bridge the gap from vocal injury to restored vocal function. Relevant clinical examples for a variety of patient populations will be highlighted.
Modelling and analysis of phase modulator based on silicon microring for long‐haul transmission
Authors: Chen Weiwei , Wang Pengjun , Yang Jianyi
Published: July 2014

In this study, the authors numerically analyse the electrical and the optical properties of a silicon microring phase modulator using reverse‐biased pn junction configuration. The performance of the device is examined in terms of frequency chirp, switching time and intensity dip. They also evaluate the data transmission performance by varying the propagation distances at a bit rate of 10 Gbit/s. The simulation results show that the generated differential‐phase‐shift‐keying data at a drive signal with rise and fall times of 10 ps can achieve error‐free transmission for propagation distances up to 55.6 km, whereas the one at a drive signal with rise and fall times of 50 ps needs a 4.13 dB power penalty in a 17.5 km fibre transmission without dispersion compensation.
The Multiple Voices of Belonging: Migrant Identities and Community Practice in South Wales
Authors: Jackson Lucy
Published: July 2014

The Welsh Assembly Government (WAG) argues that inclusion begins on day one of arrival in the UK and that successful inclusion is closely related to the standard of reception procedures and people's experience (2006). However, this paper argues that inclusion for migrants within Wales is a complex mixture both of belonging and of exclusion and is at once national, local, and multiple in its formation. This paper moves beyond statistics on belonging and community by attaching a more nuanced and detailed understanding of the everyday situation of belonging and community for migrants living in Wales. By highlighting the way in which belonging is multiscalar, operating in and through the everyday, and is influenced and driven by individual circumstance and context I demonstrate the complexities of this term. This paper draws on in-depth qualitative research conducted in South Wales to outline how migrants in this context attest to and negotiate multiple senses of belonging. In telling their stories, this paper offers new directions in how we approach the nature of belonging for migrant groups by drawing on the practice and performance of everyday life.
Managing Strangerhood: Young Sikh Men's Strategies
Authors: Hopkins Peter
Published: July 2014

This paper offers a critique of accounts of ‘the stranger’ that lack empirical grounding and are fetishising, suspicious, and anxious. Instead, I propose that we should engage with strangers and move towards more relational, emotional, and embodied accounts of the place of the stranger in contemporary society. In order to illustrate this argument, I draw upon qualitative research with young Sikh men growing up in urban Scotland to explore the complex strategies enacted by these young men in responding to being placed in the position of the stranger. The strategies employed by the young men include educating others, managing multicultural intimacies, affiliating with the Scottish nation, and travelling far to socialise with friends. Overall, this paper offers a relational, embodied, and emotional set of insights into young Sikh men's strategies for managing being cast as strangers and demonstrates the agency and creativity of the young men in doing so.
Feeding lucerne silage to beef cattle at three allowances and four feeding frequencies affects circadian patterns of methane emissions, but not emissions per unit of intake
Authors: Jonker Arjan , Molano German , Antwi Christopher , Waghorn Garry
Published: July 2014

The objective of this study was to determine the circadian variation in methane (CH4) emissions from cattle fed lucerne silage at different feeding levels and feeding frequencies, to assist with interpretation of short ‘snapshot’ CH4 measurements used for predicting daily emissions. Eight Hereford × Friesian heifers (initially 20 months of age) were used in five consecutive periods (P1–5) of 14 days with CH4 emissions measured using respiration chambers for two consecutive days at the end of each period. Feed was restricted to intakes of ~6, 8, 8, 8 and 11 ± 1.3 (ad libitum) kg lucerne silage dry matter (DM), fed in 2, 2, 3, 4 or ad libitum (refilled twice daily) meals per day in P1–5, respectively. Daily CH4 production (g/day) was lower in P1 than in P2–4 (P < 0.05), which were lower than in P5 (P < 0.05), but CH4 yield (24.3 ± 1.23 g/kg DM) was unaffected by treatment. Among the five periods, CH4 emission rate (g/h) before feeding ranged from 1.8 to 6.5 g/h, time to peak CH4 production after start of feeding ranged from 19 to 40 min and peak CH4 production rate ranged from 11.1 to 17.5 g/h. The range in hourly CH4 emission rates during the day decreased with increasing feed intake level, but was unaffected by feeding frequency. In summary, the circadian pattern of CH4 emissions was affected by feed allowance and feeding frequency, and variation in CH4 emission rate was reduced with increasing intake, without affecting average daily yield (g CH4/kg DM intake).
Self‐reported participation and beliefs about bowel cancer screening in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Varlow Megan , Stacey Ingrid , Dunlop Sally , Young Jane , Kite James , Dessaix Anita , McAulay Claire
Published: July 2014

Issue addressed

To describe self‐reported bowel cancer screening participation, beliefs and attitudes in a sample of New South Wales (NSW) adults, and to identify beliefs and demographic factors associated with self‐reported bowel cancer screening participation.

Methods

This study used data from the International Cancer Benchmarking Partnership Module 2, a representative populationbased telephone survey. Self‐reported participation in and beliefs about bowel cancer screening were measured using the Awareness and Beliefs about Cancer survey of people aged 50 years and over living in NSW, Australia (n = 2001). Logistic regression modelling was used to identify explanatory variables associated with bowel cancer screening participation.

Results

Half of all women (54.1%, 95% CI: 50.8–57.4%) and two‐thirds of men (65.7%, 95% CI: 61.5–69.9%) reported screening for bowel cancer within the previous 5 years. Believing that screening was only necessary when experiencing symptoms was more likely to be endorsed by people aged 65 years and over (25.5%, 95% CI: 22.2–28.7%) rather than younger (50–64 years; 16.7%, 95% CI: 13.8–19.7%), non‐English‐speaking migrants (35.4%, 95% CI: 26.7–44.1%) versus others (18.6%, 95% CI: 16.4–20.7%), and people in metropolitan (23.3%, 95% CI: 20.4–26.1%) versus non‐metropolitan areas (16.4%, 95% CI: 12.8–20%). People who disagreed that screening was only necessary when experiencing symptoms were four times more likely to report screening participation (OR 3.96, 95% CI: 3.11–5.03).

Conclusions

Community education about bowel cancer screening is needed to correct misperceptions regarding screening in the absence of symptoms. Tailored strategies for older, migrant and urban communities may be beneficial.

So what?

Education strategies that promote the need for screening in the absence of symptoms and correct misconceptions about bowel cancer screening amongst subgroups of the NSW population may improve screening rates and decrease the burden of bowel cancer in NSW.
Does recreational catch impact the TAC for commercial
fisheries?
Authors: Eero Margit , Strehlow Harry V. , Adams Charles M. , Vinther Morten
Published: July 2014

The western Baltic cod is one of the first fish stocks in Europe that, since 2013, includes recreational catches in stock assessment and fisheries management advice. In this paper, we investigate the sensitivity of the calculated commercial total allowable catch (TAC) to including recreational catches in stock assessment. Our results show that the most crucial aspect in terms of the impact on commercial TAC is the assumption on recreational catch dynamics relative to that of commercial fisheries used in forecast. The results were less sensitive to the information on the historical amount and age structure of recreational catch. Our study is intended to inform potential debates related to resource allocation between the commercial and recreational sectors and contribute to developing a general framework for incorporating recreational catches in fisheries management advice in ICES.
SU‐E‐T‐333: Towards Customizable Radiotherapy Enhancement (CuRE) for Prostate Cancer Using Cisplatin Nanoparticles
Authors: Sinha N , Cifter G , Sajo E , Ngwa W
Published: July 2014

Purpose:

Replacing routinely used brachytherapy spacers with multifunctional ones loaded with cisplatin nanoparticles (CNP), which can be released into the tumor after implantation, could enable customizable radiation boosting to the prostate tumor in addition to chemotherapy effect. This study investigates the feasibility of customizing the intra‐tumor biodistribution and corresponding dose enhancement (DEF) over time for the released CNP as a function of nanoparticle size.

Methods:

Dose enhancement factors (DEF) due to photon‐induced emission of photo‐/Auger electrons from CNPs were calculated as a function of concentration using previously published analytical calculation method. An experimentally determined diffusion coefficient (D) for 10 nm nanoparticles in mouse tumor model was employed to estimate D for other sizes using the Stoke‐ Einstein equation. The error function diffusion model in the experimental study was applied to generate the intra‐tumor concentration profile for a burst release of CNPs from the spacer over time. The corresponding DEF profiles were then determined for brachytherapy using Pd‐103 and I‐125 sources.

Results:

As expected, the generated profiles showed greater DEF over time for smaller CNP sizes at sample distances from the spacer. For example, for a centrally located spacer, clinically significant DEF (> 20%) could be achieved near the tumor periphery (ca. 0.85 cm distance from the spacer for average PCa tumor size) after 20, and 100 days, respectively for CNPs sizes of 2 nm, and 10 nm, using I‐125. Meanwhile for Pd‐103, clinically significant DEF could be achieved at the same position after 22 and 108 days, respectively, for same size particles.

Conclusion:

Our preliminary results demonstrate the feasibility of customizing dose enhancement to prostate tumors as a function of spacer location, brachytherapy source type or size of CNPs released from multifunctional spacers. Such an approach could enable customizable radiation boosting to tumor sub‐volumes, while minimizing dose to healthy tissues.