bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of modified pushover analysis procedure for the estimation of seismic demands of buildings subjected to near‐fault earthquakes having forward directivity
Authors: Mortezaei A. , Ronagh H. R. , Kheyroddin A. , Amiri G. Ghodrati
Published: October 2009

Near‐fault ground motions with long‐period pulses have been identified as being critical in the design of structures. These motions, which have caused severe damage in recent disastrous earthquakes, are characterized by a short‐duration impulsive motion that transmits large amounts of energy into the structures at the beginning of the earthquake. In nearly all of the past near‐fault earthquakes, significant higher mode contributions have been evident, resulting in the migration of dynamic demands (i.e., drifts) from the lower to the upper stories. Due to this, the static nonlinear pushover analysis (PA) (which utilizes a load pattern proportional to the shape of the fundamental mode of vibration) may not produce accurate results when used in the analysis of structures subjected to near‐fault ground motions. The objective of this paper was to improve the accuracy of the pushover method in these situations by introducing a new load pattern into the common pushover procedure. Several PAs are performed for six existing reinforced concrete buildings that possess a variety of natural periods. Then, a comparison is made between the PA results (with four new load patterns) and those of FEMA‐356 with reference to nonlinear dynamic time‐history analyses. The comparison shows that, generally, the proposed pushover method yields better results than all FEMA‐356 PA procedures for all investigated response quantities, and is a closer match to the nonlinear time‐history responses. In general, the method is able to reproduce the essential response features providing a reasonable measure of the likely contribution of higher modes in all phases of the response. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Support vector machine based semi‐active control of structures: a new control strategy
Authors: Li Chunxiang , Liu Qing
Published: October 2009

The present paper presents the support vector machine (SVM)‐based semi‐active control algorithm used for designing general dampers for multistorey structures under earthquakes. First, the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) controller for the numerical model of a multistorey structure formulated using the dynamic dense method is obtained by using the classic LQR control theory. Then, a SVM model is designed and trained to emulate the performance of the LQR controller. Likewise, this SVM model comprises the observers and controllers of the control system. Finally, in accordance with the features of general semi‐active dampers, a SVM‐based semi‐active control strategy is put forward. More specifically, an online auto‐feedback semi‐active control strategy is developed and then realized by resorting to SVM. In order to numerically verify the control effectiveness of the present control strategy, the time history analysis has been implemented to a structure with general dampers designed by the SVM‐based semi‐active control algorithm. In numerical simulations, four seismic waves including the El Centro, Hachinohe and Kobe waves, as well as the Shanghai artificial wave, whose peak ground accelerations are all scaled to 0.1 g, are taken into consideration. Comparative results demonstrate that general semi‐active dampers designed using the SVM‐based semi‐active control algorithm is capable of providing higher level of response reduction. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Linear low‐density polyethylene/(soya powder) blends containing polyethylene‐g‐(maleic anhydride) as a compatibilizer
Authors: Sam S.T. , Ismail H. , Ahmad Z.
Published: October 2009

Blends were made from linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) and various amounts of soya powder. The soya powder content was varied from 5 to 20 wt%. Polyethylene‐g‐(maleic anhydride) (PE‐g‐MA) was used as a compatibilizer. Tensile strength and elongation at break (EB) decreased with increasing soya powder content. However, Young's modulus increased with the incorporation of soya powder. The addition of PE‐g‐MA as a compatibilizer increased the tensile strength, EB, and modulus of the blends. The interfacial adhesion between soya powder and LLDPE was improved by the incorporation of PE‐g‐MA, as demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy. Increasing the content of soya powder reduced the crystallinity of the LLDPE phase. The addition of PE‐g‐MA had no significant effect on melting temperature, but the degree of crystallinity of the LLDPE was increased. The thermal stability of the blends was determined by using thermogravimetric analysis. Thermal stability decreased with increasing soya powder loading. However, the addition of PE‐g‐MA slightly increased the thermal stability of LLDPE/(soya powder) blends. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effective monitoring and control—centralized schemes in third generation router based WiMAX mesh network
Authors: Xiao Jun , Xiong Naixue , Vasilakos Athanasios V. , Pan Yi
Published: October 2009

Wireless monitoring and control technique is vital to improve the performance of wireless networks, e.g., helping improve the efficiency of scheduling. In this paper, we focus on two centralized algorithms based on IEEE 802.16 standard to adopt effective monitor and control mechanism to do the scheduling and channel assignment in WiMAX mesh networks. The base station (BS) monitors the subscriber stations (SSs) and gathers their requests, and then controls the SSs under the direction of the centralized algorithm. The IEEE 802.16 standard proposes two kinds of scheduling algorithms in WiMAX mesh networks, centralized and distributed algorithms. The centralized solution is more convenient to monitor and control a WiMAX mesh network since the central node is the unique monitor and controller. This paper mainly introduces two schemes working in a centralized mode. They are working in a tree search active link selection (TSALS) fashion and a link search active link selection (LSALS) fashion. In these schemes, each node is equipped with a third generation (3G) mesh router, which owns two relay transceivers and can be tuned among multiple channels. The major goal of our solution is to reduce the length of scheduling under an interference‐aware restriction. The feasibility and efficiency of our proposal are testified through extensive simulations. The result justifies that our algorithms provide much higher performance than the previous ones. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Corridors, local food resources, and climatic conditions affect the utilization of the urban environment by the Black‐headed Gull Larus ridibundus in winter
Authors: Maciusik Bogumiła , Lenda Magdalena , Skórka Piotr
Published: October 2009

Black‐headed Gulls Larus ridibundus (BHGs) in urban areas are a public nuisance. The aim of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the occurrence and abundance of the BHG foraging in urban areas in winter. The study was conducted in the city of Krakow (southern Poland) in four easily identifiable urban habitats: (1) areas with blocks of flats, (2) areas with congested housing, (3) detached single‐family housing and (4) green areas. In each of these four habitats, 60 small (1‐ha) plots were randomly chosen, and the bird's presence and abundance were noted. Results revealed that birds occurred most frequently and in the largest numbers in plots with blocks of flats and green areas as well as plots located close to rivers and water reservoirs. This highlights the importance of ecological corridors and stepping‐stones for the presence of this species in the city. Food resources had no effect on the presence of the gulls but the abundance of the species was positively correlated with the number of litter‐bins. This indicates that local food resources could be more important than large landfills for this species in urban habitats during winter. No human disturbance indices had an effect on the occurrence and abundance of the BHG. Higher temperature and lack of snow cover positively affected utilization of the urban habitats by the species that indicates that global warming may speed up synurbanization of the BHG. To control the number of BHGs in urban areas, we suggest preventing access to local food resources by placing litter bins with waste baskets that are inaccessible to animals. Also, the public should behave appropriately towards gulls and refrain from feeding them intentionally.
Correlation of mRNA and protein in complex biological samples
Authors: Maier Tobias , Güell Marc , Serrano Luis
Published: October 2009

The correlation between mRNA and protein abundances in the cell has been reported to be notoriously poor. Recent technological advances in the quantitative analysis of mRNA and protein species in complex samples allow the detailed analysis of this pathway at the center of biological systems. We give an overview of available methods for the identification and quantification of free and ribosome‐bound mRNA, protein abundances and individual protein turnover rates. We review available literature on the correlation of mRNA and protein abundances and discuss biological and technical parameters influencing the correlation of these central biological molecules.
High-Tech Home Care – von der Intensivstation ins Wohnzimmer
Authors: Ewers Michael
Published: October 2009

Einleitung

Patienten in kritischen Gesundheitssituationen und solche mit therapeutisch-technischem Unterstützungsbedarf sollen auch in Deutschland vermehrt im häuslichen Umfeld versorgt werden. Die Voraussetzungen der alsHigh-Tech Home Care (HTHC)oderHospital-at-Home (H@H)international bekannten Versorgungsform und die mit dem Transfer der Medizintechnik von der Intensivstation ins Wohnzimmer verbundenen (un-)erwünschten Effekte – besonders für die Nutzer – erfahren aber noch selten die notwendige Aufmerksamkeit.
Application of thermomagnetic analysis to picroilmenite investigation
Authors: Ibragimov Sh.Z. , Mishenin S.G.
Published: October 2009

Picroilmenite samples from five kimberlite pipes of the Yakutian kimberlite province have been studied. Point microprobe analyses of two mutually perpendicular profiles of each sample were carried out to study the compositional inhomogeneity of picroilmenite. Thermomagnetic curves were also recorded for each sample. A model for the processing of thermomagnetic curves is proposed on the basis of the relationship between the Curie point of picroilmenite and the content of the hematite end-member. The compositions determined by the thermomagnetic curves and microprobe analysis are rather similar. The conclusion has been drawn that thermomagnetic analysis can be used for the rapid determination of the picroilmenite composition. The possibilities and restrictions of this method are shown.
Petromagnetic parameters of bottom sediments as indicators of the climatic and environmental changes in the central zone of the Sea of Okhotsk during the last 350 kyr
Authors: Malakhov M.I. , Gorbarenko S.A. , Malakhova G.Yu. , Harada N. , Vasilenko Yu.P. , Bosin A.A. , Gol’dberg E.L. , Derkachev A.N.
Published: October 2009

Bottom sediments from the central zone of the Sea of Okhotsk were preliminarily dated. The petromagnetic parameters of two groups of samples formed at cold and warm climatic stages were studied. Warm oxygen isotopic stages and substages were characterized by the coexistence of pseudo-single-domain allogenic magnetite and predominant magnetite and greigite (pyrrhotite) grains subject to biologic control. At cold stages, sediments containing a mixture of pseudo-single-domain and multidomain terrigenous magnetite particles accumulated. The petromagnetic curves agree with the normalized standard oxygen isotopic curve over the last 350 kyr of the column section.
Electrochemical effects in rocks: petroleum exploration and engineering–geological applications
Authors: Shigaev V.Yu.
Published: October 2009

The use of electrochemical effects in petroleum exploration and engineering–geological applications is discussed with reference to the Zhirnovsky oil and gas field where mobile forms of metals are 1.5–2 times above the background. Electrochemical stiffening applied to Maastrichtian shales, which are sliding planes of landslides in the Lower Volga area, increased their stiffness by a factor of 2 or more.
Class formation and capitalism. A second look at a classic
Authors: Somers Margaret R.
Published: October 2009

Studies of class-formation have long been dominated by anespitemology of absensethe study of theabsenceof Marx's predicted revolutionary class consciousness among the Western working class. Katznelson's and Zolberg's pathbreakingWorking-Class Formation: Ninetenth-century Patterns in Western Europe and the United States(1986) posed a major challenge to this tradition. Instead of being seen as deviant or exceptional, moreover, the individual cases of class formation are analysed asvariationsthat can only be explained by each nation's pattern of historicalprimarily politicalformation. An instant classic,Working-Class Formationhas not to date been surpassed by subsequent studies. This essay reviews the strenghts and the weaknesses of this classic volume, suggesting in the final analysis that it does not quite realize the full extent of its radical implications.
A comparison of salmonella serotypes found in the faeces of gulls feeding at a sewage works with serotypes present in the sewage
Authors: Fenlon D. R.
Published: October 2009

The numbers of salmonella serotypes in raw sewage, sewage sludge and final effluent at a sewage treatment works were determined. Resting gulls which had previously been feeding on the sewage were disturbed and individual faecal samples tested for the presence of salmonellae. The serotypes were compared with those in the sewage. Six serotypes were isolated from the sewage, Salmonella Stanley being found in all types of sample. Eleven of the twenty gull faeces samples were positive for salmonellae, a carriage rate of 55%. Seven serotypes were found, S. stanley being most frequent. Three serotypes were found in both sewage and gull faeces.
The incidence of scarlet fever
Authors: Perks Elizabeth M. , Mayon-White Richard T.
Published: October 2009

This study attempted to find the incidence of scarlet fever in the Oxford region, including the proportion of patients from whomStreptococcus pyogenescould be isolated. General practitioners collected throat swabs from patients with suspected scarlet fever. The swabs were examined for viral and bacterial pathogens. Children admitted to hospital were used as controls. Twenty-five of 105 patients with suspected scarlet fever grewStr. pyogenes; M type 4 was the commonest type. The clinical diagnosis of scarlet fever was not always confirmed by throat culture. The annual incidence of scarlet fever was estimated to be 0·3 cases per 1000 per year.
The herring gull Larus argentatus as a carrier of salmonella
Authors: Butterfield Jennifer , Coulson J. C. , Kearsey Susan V. , Monaghan Patricia , McCoy J. H. , Spain G. E.
Published: October 2009

The proportion of salmonella carriers among town-nesting herring gulls increased significantly from 2·1% in 1975–6 to 8·4% in 1979. The range of serotypes carried by herring gulls was similar to that causing infection in man, and it is likely that the gulls ingest these serotypes when feeding at untreated sewage outfalls on the coast. This is supported by the proportion of salmonella carriers being higher among first-year birds (9·7%) than among older birds (2·0%), as it is known that higher proportions of immature herring gulls feed on the coast. Herring gulls carrying salmonellas appeared healthy at the time of capture and at a later date it was assumed that they were not themselves infected. However, their habit of congregating in large numbers on reservoirs and rubbish tips and also at resting sites on farmland often far from feeding and roosting areas, multiplies thejpollution problem and increases the potential health hazard for both man and farm stock. Herring gulls feed at a variety of sites and fly many miles from food source to food source and from feeding areas to the roost. Thus, even within the same day, there is the possibility of the transfer of salmonellas over a much wider area than previously considered.
Pen and field trials of a new anticoagulant rodenticide flocoumafen against the house mouse (Mus musculus L.)
Authors: Rowe F. P. , Bradfield A. , Swinney T.
Published: October 2009

The efficacy of flocoumafen, a novel anticoagulant rodentide, was evaluated in feeding tests on confined and free-living populations of house mice (Mus musculus L.). In four pen trials, family groups of laboratory-reared wild mice were conditioned to feeding on plain foods and then offered flocoumafen at 0.005% in pinhead oatmeal bait. All 68 mice, comprising juvenile and adult animals, died within 10 days.

Ten field trials were carried out, using the same formulated poison bait, against mice infesting farm buildings. Mean treatment success, estimated from live-capture and mortality data, ranged between 87–1 and 100%.

The performance of flocoumafen is compared with that of difenacoum, bromadiolone and brodifacoum used at the same concentration in oatmeal bait. Flocoumafen gave an equally effective but quicker kill of mice. It is concluded that flocoumafen is a promising new rodenticide for the control of M. musculus.
Occurrence of a nonplasmid-located determinant for gentamicin resistance in strains ofStaphylococcus aureus
Authors: Witte W. , Dünnhaupt K.
Published: October 2009

The occurrence of resistance to gentamicin in strains ofStaphylococcus aureuswith different phage patterns in two hospitals is described. The data suggest transfer of gentamicin resistance between different strains. In the strains investigated the determinant for resistance to gentamicin (parallel resistance to kanamycin and tobramycin) is located on the chromosome. The transfer of this resistance determinant in a mixed culture of donor and recipient cellsin vitrois mediated by transduction because it is dependent upon lysogenicity of the donor for a serogroup-B phage and because it can be inhibited by γ-globulin. The transfer is always associated with lysogenization of the recipient cells by this phage.
Prospective study ofClostridium difficilecolonization and para-cresol detection in the stools of babies on a special care unit
Authors: Phua T. J. , Rogers T. R. , Pallett A. P.
Published: October 2009

Infants' stools were examined for the presence ofClostridium difficileand its cytotoxin in a study performed over a one-year period on a special care baby unit. Overall, 21% of infants were colonized, but the organism was only recovered in a seven-month period during which its weekly prevalence in the group varied from zero to 44%, with a distinct clustering of colonized infants being observed. Tests for the presence of cytotoxin in the stools and in supernatants of broth that had been inoculated with each isolate were negative. The factors predisposing to colonization were a prolonged stay in the unit, low birth weight, younger gestational age and being nursed in an incubator. The organism was recovered only once from an environmental screen.

An antibiogram, used in conjunction with toxin production, was helpful in distinguishing these isolates from a collection obtained from other units in the hospital. We conclude thatCl. difficilewas acquired by nosocomial spread although we did not establish the precise mechanism involved.

The detection of para-cresol by gas–liquid chromatography was found to be specific but insufficiently sensitive as a screening test for the organism's presence in the stools. It could only be demonstrated in infants whose birth-weights were less than 2500 g, and no association was observed between the type of feed and para-cresol presence in stools.
Biochemical techniques for the genetic and phenotypic analysis of viruses: ‘Molecular Epidemiology’
Authors: Oxford J. S.
Published: October 2009

New technologies now enable virologists to study small genetic and antigenic differences between field isolates of animal viruses at a higher level of discrimination than has been possible using conventional serological techniques. The most important of the laboratory techniques revolve around the use of monoclonal antibodies, peptide mapping, fingerprinting of whole RNA virus genomes, RNA:RNA hybridization, ‘electropherotyping’ of virus RNA or polypeptides, restriction enzyme analysis of virus DNA genomes, cloning of genes and rapid sequencing of viral DNAs and RNAs, in the latter case using primer extension techniques (reviewed by Palese & Roizman, 1980). From a practical point of view, genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity among viruses may be of considerable importance in attempts to control certain virus diseases by chemo- or immunoprophylaxis.
Microbiological aspects of goat's milk. A Public Health Laboratory Service survey
Authors: Roberts Diane
Published: October 2009

In a 12-month survey (June 1982–May 1983) 41 laboratories examined 2493 samples of goat's milk for colony counts and the presence of pathogens. The statutory tests for cow's milk were also applied.

Surface counts of < 105 organisms per ml of raw milk were given by 79% of samples at 37 °C and by 76% at 22 °C. There were < 100 coliforms per ml in 71% of samples, < 10 Escherichia coli per ml in 91%. Staphylococcus aureus was not detected in countable numbers in 96% of samples. Only one isolation of campylobacter was made and two of Yersinia enterocolitica. Salmonella was not detected in 2462 samples. The methylene blue test was carried out on 2368 samples and 86·7% were deemed satisfactory. No sample was Brucella ring-test-positive.

Experiments on the survival and growth of six food poisoning organisms in stored goat's milk showed that Bacillus cereus, Staph. aureus, Salmonella typhimurium and Y. enterocolitica survived quite well and multiplied at the higher storage temperature of 30 °C. Clostridium perfringens only increased 10- to 100-fold while Campylobacter jejuni did not grow.

The results of the survey indicate that any problems with goat's milk relate to poor hygiene during production rather than transmission of organisms from the goat herself.
The severity of whooping cough in hospitalised children – is it declining?
Authors: Johnston I. D. A. , Anderson H. R. , Lambert H. P.
Published: October 2009

Four hundred and sixty admissions for whooping cough to three hospitals between 1974–9 were reviewed. Many children had a long illness. More than half of them had severe or moderately severe coughing spasms and a quarter had pronounced feeding difficulties. The incidence of clinical pneumonia and convulsions was low and there were no deaths. The disease continues to be much more severe in infancy. There was some evidence that the disease declined in severity over the period studied. A number of factors including increased use of erythromycin may have contributed to this change.
Feasibility and efficacy of in-home water chlorination in rural North-eastern Brazil
Authors: Kirchhoff Louis V. , McClelland Karen E. , Pinho Maria Do Carmo , Araujo J. Galba , De Sousa M. Auxiliadora , Guerrant Richard L.
Published: October 2009

The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility, acceptability and effect of an in-home water chlorination programme in a rural village. Previous studies at this site showed high levels of faecal coliforms in household water, high diarrhoea rates in children, and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and rotaviruses were the most common pathogens isolated from patients. Household water came from a pond and was stored in clay pots. No homes had sanitary facilities. A blind, cross-over trial of treatment of household water with inexpensive hypochlorite by a community health worker was carried out over 18 weeks among 20 families. Water in the clay pots was sampled serially, and symptom surveillance was done by medical students. The programme was generally acceptable to the villagers and no change in water use patterns were apparent. The mean faecal coliform level in the chlorinated water was significantly less than in the placebo treated samples (70 vs 16000 organisms/dl, P < 0·001). People living in houses receiving placebo treatment had a mean of 11·2 days of diarrhoea per year, and the highest rate of 36·7 was among children less than 2 years old. Diarrhoea rates were not significantly different among the participants while exposed to water treated with hypochlorite. We conclude that a low-cost programme of this type, which utilizes community resources, is logistically feasible, appears to be culturally acceptable in this setting, and can result in a marked reduction in water contamination. The lack of effect on diarrhoea rates suggests that improvement in water quality may affect morbidity only when other variables relating to faecal–oral agent transmission are ameliorated at the same time.
Legionella pneumophilaserogroup 1 subgrouping by monoclonal antibodies – an epidemiological tool
Authors: Watkins I. D. , Tobin J. O'H. , Dennis P. J. , Brown W. , Newnham R. , Kurtz J. B.
Published: October 2009

A panel of 10 monoclonal antibodies was used to subgroup 326 strains ofLegionella pneumophilaserogroup 1. All but two strains could be classified into three major subgroups named after their representative strains Pontiac 1, Olda and Bellingham 1. Of the 50 isolates from patients, 44 representing 32 separate incidents were of the Pontiac subgroup. This subgroup was also found in 16 of 18 buildings epidomiologically associated with Legionnaires' Disease. In contrast, strains of the Olda subgroup predominated in buildings where no infections had occurred. In 9 of the 11 incidents where isolates were available from at least one patient as well as from the suspected environmental source, the monoclonal antibody reaction patterns of strains from patients were identical to those of one or more of their environmental counterparts.
Serious infection in a neonatal intensive care unit: A two-year survey
Authors: Hensey O. J. , Hart C. A. , Cooke R. W. I.
Published: October 2009

Over a two-year period 160 episodes of serious infection occurred in 139 infants admitted to a regional neonatal intensive-care unit. Eighty-seven (26%) of very low birth weight (VLBW) neonates and 52 (8%) of infants of birth weight > 1500 g were infected. The majority (84%) had bactcraemia alone. Though the clinical features of infection were not distinctive, in 94% of episodes the peripheral white blood cell or band counts were abnormal. Thirty-three (21%) of the infections occurred in infants under 48 h old and 15 of these followed prolonged rupture of membranes (>48h). All of the infections due to group B streptococci (5), Streptococcus viridans (2) and Haemophilus influenzae (3) occurred in this group. Coagulase-negativc staphylococci (CONS) accounted for 49% of the infections and there was a marked increase in incidence of such infections during the survey. Infections with CONS were not necessarily associated with parenteral nutrition, the presence of intra-arterial catheters or mechanical ventilation but the rise in incidence was coincident with change in skin disinfectant usage and the general use of a third-generation cephalosporin to which the CONS were resistant.

Although VLBW infants with meningitis were more likely to die than those of higher birthweight, the risk for those with bacteriacmia was the same in both groups. Infants with CONS sepsis were less likely to die than those with infections due to Gram-negative bacteria and the time from onset of infection to death was significantly longer for the former.
Respiratory disease in a colony of rats. II. Isolation ofMycoplasma pulmonisfrom the natural disease, and the experimental disease induced with a cloned culture of this organism
Authors: Whittlestone P. , Lemcke Ruth M. , Olds R. J.
Published: October 2009

Mycoplasma pulmoniswas isolated from the pneumonic lung of a rat. Two groups of mycoplasma-free rats were inoculated, one with a culture of theM. pulmonisstrain winch had been cloned four times (group A) and the other with a lung homogenate of the rat from which the strain had been isolated (group B). A third group (C) consisted of uninoculated control animals. Each group was kept in strict isolation and allowed to breed so that the progeny was naturally exposed to any pathogens present in the inoculated animals. After different periods of exposure, rats were autopsied, respiratory tracts and inner ears were cultured for mycoplasmas and bacteria, and sera were tested for complement-fixing antibodies to murine mycoplasmas.

In group-A rats,M. pulmoniswas consistently isolated from the inner ears or lungs from 50 to 715 days after exposure. Complement-fixing antibody toM. pulmoniswas detected 20 days after inoculation, but in the naturally exposed progeny antibody took longer than 50 days to develop. Antibodies to the other known mycoplasmas of murino origin,M. arthritidisandM. neurolylicum, were never found. Purulent otitis interna was consistently found from day 55 onwards, while lung lesions were first observed at 85 days and persisted to 715 days. Pulmonary lesions developed more slowly in inoculated parents than in exposed progeny. Similar results were found in group-B rats, which were examined up to 441 days after inoculation. Uninoculated group-C rats were examined up to 768 days of ago, butM. pulmoniswas not recovered; of tho 54 animals whose serum was tested all wore negativo to tho three species of mycoplasmas, except one which had a titre of 16 withM. pulmonis. Pneumonia, bronchiectasis or lymphoroticular hyperplasia wore not seen in any of these control rats. Bacterial respiratory pathogens were not isolated from rats in any of the groups, nor was antibody to Sendai virus detected.

Tho results suggest thatM. pulmonisalono can cause pneumonia and bronchiee-tasis in rats since mechanical carry-over of another pathogen with the initial cloned inoculum is very unlikely and there was no evidence for the participation of any other rat pathogen. The respiratory disease induced by the cloned culture was comparable with that induced by the lung homogenate, and with the well-known syndrome of chronic respiratory disease and bronchiectasis in the rat.
Anthrax infection in bone meal from various countries of origin
Authors: Davies D. G. , Harvey R. W. S.
Published: October 2009

Using animal inoculation, three out of six Lebanese and three out of nine Argentinian and two out of two Pakistan separate commercial consignments of bone meal imported during 1970 were found to be infected with anthrax.
Simulated human skin scales
Authors: Lees Julienne , Brighton W. D.
Published: October 2009

Human skin scales which have been shed naturally bear a flora of micro-organisms which is unknown until tested. To replace these scales in a study of the micro-environment of both the human body and of models a method has been devised of making synthetic scales which behave both physically and aerodynamically in a similar way to the natural material. The synthetic materials carry no natural flora and it is possible to include in them test markers of several kinds to assist in identification after dispersion.
Streptococcal infection in young pigs. V. An immunogenic polysaccharide from Streptococcus suis type 2 with particular reference to vaccination against streptococcal meningitis in pigs
Authors: Elliott S. D. , Clifton-Hadley Felicity , Tai Joseph
Published: October 2009

Of 17 pigs vaccinated with Streptococcus suis type-2 capsular polysaccharide plus Freund's Incomplete Adjuvant, all developed opsonizing antibody against Str. suis type 2. Of 14 pigs vaccinated with type-2 polysaccharide alone, 4 (possibly 6) developed opsonizing antibody. It is possible that some pigs vaccinated with polysaccharide plus Freund's Incomplete Adjuvant developed opsonizing antibody in response to a ‘booster’ injection of polysaccharide alone. Of 21 unvaccinated control pigs, late bleeding from 3 showed opsonizing activity against Str. suis type 2.
Staphylococcus aureusin Antarctica: carriage and attempted eradication
Authors: Krikler S. J.
Published: October 2009

The carriage ofStaphylococcus aureuswas studied in a group of 28 men living in a totally isolated environment for a year. Initially, nasal, axillary and perineal swabs were taken at weekly intervals, but from week 24 throat swabs were taken from known nasal carriers. Several attempts were made during the study to eradicateS. aureus. Eight subjects consistently carried their own phage type throughout the study, despite the application of antibacterial agents. In three subjects strains were isolated late in the study of a phage type which had either not been isolated before in this study, or had not been found for a prolonged period. Nine of the 12 nasal carriers also yieldedS. aureusfrom the throat. It is apparent that following attempted eradication,S. aureusmay seem to disappear, only to reappear some time later; ‘eradication’ in this case would be an erroneous appellation.
Reduction of naturally occurring enteroviruses by wastewater treatment processes
Authors: Morris R.
Published: October 2009

The levels of cytopathic enteroviruses at two wastewater-treatment works were monitored over a period of 9 months. The maximum level of virus at works 1 was 72500 p.f.u. l-1and at Avorks 2,57500 p.f.u. l-1. Examination of process efficiency showed an overall reduction of 63% for works 1 and 26 % for works 2 when used without lagooning. When lagooning was employed at the second works, virus reduction was 97%. Individual treatment processes showed poor reduction of virus levels. Sedimentation and rapid sand filtration had no significant effect on levels whilst both percolating filtration and activated sludge showed some reduction. Only lagooning resulted in substantial reductions of virus levels.
Antibiotic sensitivity of enteropathogenic bacteria isolated from patients in a Sharjah hospital
Authors: Damjanovic V. , Furtado Maria , Patmore M.
Published: October 2009

In recent years widespread circulation of salmonella and shigella strains resistantto multiple antibiotics has become an international problem. Accordingly the bacterial sensitivity to a range of antibiotics has been assessedin vitroand recorded for the period 1979–83 for patients from the Al Qassimi Hospital. A total of 229 enteric pathogens from 148 children and 59 adult patients were isolated and studied. Most of the enterobacteria were sensitive to colistin, gentamicin, trimethoprim and chloramphenicol (Salmonella typhiapproached 100% sensitivity). High rates of sensitivity were also found to ampicillin inS. typhi(96%) and other salmonella serotypes (85%), whilst only 57% ofShigellaspecies and 14% ofEscherichia coliwere sensitive to this antibiotic. Low rates of sensitivity to sulphamethoxazole, streptomycin and tetracycline were found in shigella andE. coli(ranging from 7 to 14%). Approximately 50% ofS. typhiand other salmonella serotypes were sensitive to sulphamethoxazole and streptomycin and 80% to tetracycline. Resistance to three or more antibiotics was very common in shigella and enteropathogenic strains ofE. coli(74–85%), less common in non-typhoid salmonella (29%) and exceptional inS. typhistrains. In general, shigella andE. coliisolates showed a high rate of resistance to several antibiotics, whilstS. typhiand other salmonella serotypes retained their original sensitivity to most of the antibiotics used in clinical practice.
Distribution of multilocus genotypes ofEscherichia coliwithin and between host families
Authors: Caugant Dominique A. , Levin B. R. , Selander R. K.
Published: October 2009

Isolates from the intestinalEscherichia coliflora of 28 members of five families (including parents, children, and household pets) in Amherst, Massachusetts, and Rochester, New York, were characterized by the electrophoretic mobilities of 12 enzymes to estimate the extent of sharing of strains among associated and unassociated hosts. Among the 655 isolates examined, 60 different combinations of electromorphs (electrophoretic types or ETs), each representing a distinctive multilocus genotype, were identified, of which 85% were recovered from only a single individual. On average, 11 % of the ETs isolated from the same family were shared by two or more members; 4·9% of ETs were shared among members of unassociated families living in the same city; and only 2% were shared by families in different cities. All three ETs that were recovered from multiple hosts in the present study are widespread clones that have been isolated from many other host individuals in North America and Sweden.
Investigation of an outbreak of adenovirus type 3 infection in a boys' boarding school
Authors: Payne S. B. , Grilli E. A. , Smith A. J. , Hoskins T. W.
Published: October 2009

An outbreak of pharyngoconjunctival fever caused by adenovirus type 3 was studied in a boarding school for 800 boys aged 11–18 years. A total of 96 clinical cases were confirmed by laboratory tests. Clinical infection rates were higher in the younger boys but total infection rates did not vary with age. Previous infection provided 88% protection against reinfection.

The techniques of virus isolation, complement fixation and neutralization were compared in the diagnosis of cases. Virus isolation diagnosed 86% of confirmed cases. Where acute sera (collected at onset) and convalescent sera (collected within one month) were available complement fixation and neutralization tests each diagnosed 96% of cases.
Experimental infection of castrated lambs with Mycoplasma agalactiae
Authors: MacOwan K. J. , Brand T. F. , McGillveray N. , Hunter A. R.
Published: October 2009

The course of experimental infection in groups of 6-month-old castrated lambs with field isolates of Mycoplasma agalactiae from France was followed culturally and serologically for 7 months. Infection with an ovine field isolate following inoculation by different routes and contact exposure was compared with that caused similarly by a caprine field isolate. The prolonged infections produced were symptomless apart from limited arthritis in one animal inoculated with the isolate from sheep and increased lachrymation in another associated with the goat isolate. The ovine isolate was more virulent in that ante- and post-mortem recoveries of the organism were more consistent and the serological responses more pronounced. Serological responses varied between animals and between strain infections, and the results of the film inhibition test were more consistent than those of the complement fixation test. The limitations of both these tests for detecting carrier infections are discussed.
Geographic distribution of restriction types ofMycobacterium bovisisolates from brush-tailed possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) in New Zealand
Authors: Collins D. M. , De Lisle G. W. , Gabric D. M.
Published: October 2009

DNA restriction endonuclease analysis was used for intra-specific typing ofMycobacterium bovisisolates from 83 brush-tailed possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) obtained between 1982 and 1984 from the three major regions in New Zealand with endemic bovine tuberculosis. All the isolates were found to be genetically very similar. Differentiation of the isolates into 33 restriction types was achieved by using high-resolution electrophoresis and the combined results from separate digestions with the restriction enzymesBstEII,PvuII andBclI. The typing system was entirely reproducible. Isolates of the same type were usually found in adjacent localities and were always limited to one of the three major regions. In some cases, isolates of the same type were found in both 1982 and 1984. The phenotypic significance of the small genetic differences identified between different isolates is unknown. The typing system will be useful for monitoring the transmission ofM. bovisto other species and the future spread of differentM. bovistypes through possum populations.
Population structure of the invasive bivalve Isognomon bicolor on rocky shores of Rio de Janeiro State (Brazil)
Authors: Breves-Ramos A. , Junqueira A.O.R. , Lavrado H.P. , Silva S.H.G. , Ferreira-Silva M.A.G.
Published: October 2009

The aim of this study was to compare the population structure of the invasive bivalve Isognomon bicolor in three different areas on the coast of Rio de Janeiro State and to verify its temporal variation. All the areas presented high densities, reaching more than 1000 live individuals per 100 cm2. The number of dead individuals and recruits was higher in Ilha do Brandão (Angra dos Reis) than in the other areas. The individuals sampled at Praia Vermelha (Rio de Janeiro) presented the highest maximum and mean sizes, compared to those found at Ilha do Brandão. In this area, vermetid molluscs are dominant and build a complex reef structure where only a few individuals of I. bicolor can really grow.
Some reflections on the Antarctic Treaty
Authors: Baker F.W.G.
Published: October 2009

2009 brings not only the 50th anniversary of the Antarctic Treaty but also the end of the International Geophysical Year (IGY) and of its extension into the period of International Geophysical Cooperation (IGC 1959). It is also the 133rd anniversary of K. Weyprecht's suggestion that initiated the impetus. As he noted, ‘if Polar Expeditions are looked upon merely as a sort of international steeple-chase . . . and their main object is to exceed by a few miles the latitude reached by a predecessor these mysteries (of Meteorology and Geomagnetism) will remain unsolved’ (Weyprecht 1875). Although he stressed the importance of observations in both the Arctic and Antarctic during the first International Polar Year (IPY) in 1882–1883 only two stations in the sub-Antarctic region, at Cap Horn and South Georgia, made such scientific recordings. In spite of the fact that several expeditions to the Antarctic had been made in the period between the first and the second IPY 1932–1933, no stations were created in Antarctica during that IPY. The major increase in scientific studies in Antarctica came with the third IPY, which became the IGY of 1957–1958.
Common interests in the international space of Antarctica
Authors: Berkman Paul Arthur
Published: October 2009

The Antarctic Treaty was adopted by twelve nations in Washington, DC on 1 December 1959 with the interests of science and the progress of all mankind. Seven of these nations asserted territorial claims, including the overlapping claims of Argentina, Chile and the United Kingdom in the Antarctic Peninsula. The five other nations were non-claimants, including the United States and Soviet Union (now Russian Federation), which reserved rights to press claims in the future.
Java's ruined candis and the British picturesque ideal
Authors: Tiffin Sarah
Published: October 2009

When Thomas Stamford Raffles published his seminal text The History of Java in 1817, ruins were a favourite leitmotif in British art, forming an important element within the visual vocabulary of the picturesque. Given the fascination in this period for the ruin, fuelled by a tradition of antiquarian enquiry, the newly developing science of archaeology, and the increased possibilities for travel in the wake of imperial expansion, it is not surprising that Raffles chose to devote a whole a chapter of his publication to Java's ruined candis. The plates and vignettes which illustrate the chapter, created according to pictorial conventions that were ordinarily applied to the crumbling remains of Europe's classical past, are amongst the most beautiful portrayals of South-East Asia's architectural remains. This paper examines how these images elicited set emotional responses associated with the idea of ruins and ruination and confirmed key stereotypes associated with the region, linking the candis, and by implication the Javanese themselves, with a vanished past rather than with a dynamic and forward-looking present.
Language Policy and Language-in-Education Policy in the Philippines
Authors: Fsc Andrew Gonzalez
Published: October 2009

The major local (Austronesian) languages of the Philippines are Cebuano, Tagalog (the basis of pilipino), Ilocano, Hiligaynon, Bicol, Waray (Samber-Leyte), Kapampangan, and Pangasinan (rank ordered according to the number of first-language speakers). Earlier, any language which had at least 500,000 first-language speakers was considered a major language; with the growth in population, this number has been pushed to 1,000,000. All but Pangasinan, which has about 950,000 first-language speakers, have over a million first-language speakers based on the 1975 census. (A census was taken in 1980 and preliminary reports have been released; however, a breakdown according to language speakers is not yet available.)
English and Japanese: A Contrastive Study (1978–1982)
Authors: Hinds John
Published: October 2009

The contrastive study of Japanese and English discourse structures may be divided into two major areas of inquiry. The first of these areas concerns grammatical studies which examine cohesive ties, word order constraints, and sociolinguistic variations (Hinds 1982b, Kuno 1978, Makino 1978a). The second of these areas concerns specific or implied contrasts between organizational parameters which shape the overall form of discourse. Following Longacre (1976), it is possible to differentiate, minimally, among four discourse types: expository, narrative, procedural, and hortatory.
SLA Models and Issues: Acquisition of Semantics
Authors: dittmar Norbert
Published: October 2009

Semantic aspects of learner varieties have only recently gained the interest of second language acquistion [SLA] researchers. This is partly a consequence of some shifts in SLA theory and partly due to the discussion of “form” and “function” and the notions “pragmatics” and “semantics” in linguistic theory. There are two corollaries in recent SLA research: interlanguages should be described on the basis of their use in real communication situations, and the process of learning (strategies and stages in course of acquisition) should be the focus of empirical work. (For a discussion ofprocessandproductcf., Dittmar 1984.) As a matter of fact, the present standard paradigm in SLA is the description of learner varieties “outside the classroom” with a focus on “learning without explicit teaching” (also known by the somewhat misleading term undirected learning ) under natural conditions of communication with an emphasis on cross-sectional studies in the seventies (cf., Klein and Dittmar 1979) and on longi- tudinal research in the eighties (cf., Perdue 1982).
Attitudes and Motivation
Authors: Gardner R. C.
Published: October 2009

The notion that attitudes and motivation would be implicated in second language acquisition is not a new one. As early as 1941, Jordan investigated the relation between attitudes toward a number of school subjects and grades in those subjects, and found the relationships for French to be among the highest. A number of later studies by other researches also showed relationships between attitudes towards learning languages and proficiency in the language (see Gardner 1985 for a review). The first reference to a possible relationship between attitudes toward the other language community and achievement in that language, however, appears to have been made by Arsenian (1945). One of the many relevant questions he raised, for example, was, “In what way do affective factors, such as social prestige, assumed superiority, or—contrariwise—assumed inferiority, or enforcement of a language by a hated nation affect language learning in a child?” (Arsenian 1945:85).
Language and Aging
Authors: Kemper Susan , Anagnopoulos Cheryl
Published: October 2009

In the late 1970s Gillian Cohen surveyed research on the effects of aging on language and concluded that “geriatric psycholinguistics is virtually an unexplored territory” (1979:412). In the decade since she reached this conclusion, psycholinguists, sociolinguists, speech-language pathologists, and cognitive scientists have begun to explore this territory and to map a wide range of age-related changes to language.