bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bertso-eskolak: alderdi sozio-emozionalaren garrantzia ahalduntze prozesuan
Authors: Fernández Rodríguez Vanesa , Vizcarra Morales Maria Teresa , Alvarez-Uria Amaia
Published: November 2021

Hasierako bertsolaritzaren irakaskuntza teknikaren jabekuntzan zentratzen zen eta tradizionalki bertsolaritza gizonen jarduera izan da (Larrañaga 2013: 41). Mende aldaketarekin batera ordea, gizartean aldaketak egon dira, eta aldaketa horiek bertsolaritzaren sisteman eta ikaskuntzan isla eta eragina izan dituzte. Lan honetan egungo emakume bertsolari eta irakasleek bertso-eskoletan eta hezkuntza arautuan zer-nolako metodologia erabiltzen duten eta alderdi sozio-emozionala eta ahalduntze prozesua zelan kudeatzen dituzten ezagutu nahi izan dugu, euren diskurtso eta praktikei arreta jarriz. Horretarako 10 elkarrizketa sakon eta 16 behaketa egin dira. Emaitzen artean ikus daiteke adimen emozionalaren lanketa egiten dela, bai pertsonala bai taldekoa; genero perspektiba esparru formal eta ez formaletan txertatu dela, eta irakasleak ikasle guztiak ahalduntzen saiatzen direla, ikasleak bide horretan agente aktibo bihurtze aldera.
Giza Zientzietako eta Gizarte Zientzietako abstract-ak, berdinak ote? Euskarazko laburpenen diskurtso-ezaugarriak
Authors: Boillos Pereira Mari Mar , Bereziartua Etxeberria Garbiñe
Published: November 2021

Laburpen zientifikoak edo abstract-ak garrantzi esanguratsua du esparru akademikoan. Horregatik egin dira hainbat azterlan testu horien egitura prototipikoa hizkuntza eta diziplina desberdinetan ezagutzeko. Azterlan honetan, euskarazko testu horien ezaugarri diskurtsiboak ezagutu nahi dira, baita Gizarte Zientzien eta Giza Zientzien eremukoen artean desberdintasunik ba al dagoen ikusi ere. Horretarako, Uztaro aldizkariaren azken 5 urteetako 99 laburpen aztertu dira Hyland-en eredua jarraituz (2000). Emaitzen arabera, egitura ugari daude eta homogeneotasun orokorra falta da, bai ezagutza-eremu batean eta bai bestean. Hori dela eta, sistematikotasunerantz urratsak emateko beharrari buruz egindako hausnarketak aurkeztuko dira.
Beginnings
Authors: Sowder Judith T.
Published: November 2021

The beginning of a new year as well as the threshold of a new century and a new millennium seem appropriate times to take stock of where we have been and where we are going as a mathematics education research community. We have accomplished a great deal in the past half century of our existence, and I for one look forward to reading the forthcoming book on the history of mathematics education, edited by Jeremy Kilpatrick and George Stanic. That book will review for us our progress thus far, but what are the challenges we now face? This question will be addressed in various ways at various gatherings in the coming year, and new agendas will result from those discussions.
Valor do Produto de Moda por Agentes Artificiais
Authors: Kuhnen Gabriela , Sousa Richard Perassi Luiz de , Braviano Gilson
Published: November 2021

O avanço das tecnologias tem possibilitado grandes evoluções em relação ao desenvolvimento de máquinas inteligentes. Para tanto, sua programação e lógica pode ser entendida por meio dos processos semióticos que acontecem nos seres humanos. Através de interpretações de signos, as máquinas organizam informações e tomam decisões, possuindo a capacidade de aprender. Na moda, os sistemas de escolhas são complexos, pois envolvem tanto fatores materiais como intangíveis. Esse sistema de valor se estabelece em qualquer momento da cadeia produtiva e dependem especificamente dos pesos que os usuários dão para cada fator que pode variar de acordo com seu estilo de vida, cultura ou crenças. O objetivo deste artigo foi realizar uma análise crítica e reflexiva em que se discute o valor do produto de moda na vida dos usuários a ponto de se tornarem passíveis de serem escolhidos por um agente externo e artificial. Acredita-se que considerando todos os níveis de circunstâncias, condições e fatores de uso a quantidade de variáveis na tomada de decisão tende ao infinito, fazendo assim com que, até o momento, seja improvável que os agentes artificiais possam gerar valor para o produto de moda da mesma forma como os seres humanos.
Bilateral comparison of the activity concentration for a standardized 137Cs solution between the National Institute of Standards Technology (NIST) and the National Institute of Nuclear Research (ININ)
Authors: Pibida Leticia , Regits Willie , Garcla Diaz Olga , Martinez Ayala Lucia , Mendoza Nava Hector
Published: November 2021

This paper summarized the results of the activity concentration of a 137Cs solution performed as a bilateral comparison between the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in the United States of America and the National Institute of Nuclear Research (ININ) in Mexico.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis canonical virulence factors interfere with a late component of the TLR2 response
Authors: Hinman Amelia E , Jani Charul , Pringle Stephanie C , Zhang Wei R , Jain Neharika , Martinot Amanda J , Barczak Amy K
Published: November 2021

For many intracellular pathogens, the phagosome is the site of events and interactions that shape infection outcome. Phagosomal membrane damage, in particular, is proposed to benefit invading pathogens. To define the innate immune consequences of this damage, we profiled macrophage transcriptional responses to wild-typeMycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb) and mutants that fail to damage the phagosomal membrane. We identified a set of genes with enhanced expression in response to the mutants. These genes represented a late component of the TLR2-dependent transcriptional response to Mtb, distinct from an earlier component that includedTnf. Expression of the later component was inherent to TLR2 activation, dependent upon endosomal uptake, and enhanced by phagosome acidification. Canonical Mtb virulence factors that contribute to phagosomal membrane damage blunted phagosome acidification and undermined the endosome-specific response. Profiling cell survival and bacterial growth in macrophages demonstrated that the attenuation of these mutants is partially dependent upon TLR2. Further, TLR2 contributed to the attenuated phenotype of one of these mutants in a murine model of infection. These results demonstrate two distinct components of the TLR2 response and identify a component dependent upon endosomal uptake as a point where pathogenic bacteria interfere with the generation of effective inflammation. This interference promotes tuberculosis (TB) pathogenesis in both macrophage and murine infection models.
Genetic diversity of ‘Very Important Pharmacogenes’ in two South-Asian populations
Authors: Bharti Neeraj , Banerjee Ruma , Achalere Archana , Kasibhatla Sunitha Manjari , Joshi Rajendra
Published: November 2021

Objectives

Reliable identification of population-specific variants is important for building the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) profile. In this study, genomic variation using allele frequency differences of pharmacologically important genes for Gujarati Indians in Houston (GIH) and Indian Telugu in the U.K. (ITU) from the 1000 Genomes Project vis-à-vis global population data was studied to understand its role in drug response.

Methods

Joint genotyping approach was used to derive variants of GIH and ITU independently. SNPs of both these populations with significant allele frequency variation (minor allele frequency ≥ 0.05) with super-populations from the 1000 Genomes Project and gnomAD based on Chi-square distribution with p-value of ≤ 0.05 and Bonferroni’s multiple adjustment tests were identified. Population stratification and fixation index analysis was carried out to understand genetic differentiation. Functional annotation of variants was carried out using SnpEff, VEP and CADD score.

Results

Population stratification of VIP genes revealed four clusters viz., single cluster of GIH and ITU, one cluster each of East Asian, European, African populations and Admixed American was found to be admixed. A total of 13 SNPs belonging to ten pharmacogenes were identified to have significant allele frequency variation in both GIH and ITU populations as compared to one or more super-populations. These SNPs belong to VKORC1 (rs17708472, rs2359612, rs8050894) involved in Vitamin K cycle, cytochrome P450 isoforms CYP2C9 (rs1057910), CYP2B6 (rs3211371), CYP2A2 (rs4646425) and CYP2A4 (rs4646440); ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter ABCB1 (rs12720067), DPYD1 (rs12119882, rs56160474) involved in pyrimidine metabolism, methyltransferase COMT (rs9332377) and transcriptional factor NR1I2 (rs6785049). SNPs rs1544410 (VDR), rs2725264 (ABCG2), rs5215 and rs5219 (KCNJ11) share high fixation index (≥ 0.5) with either EAS/AFR populations. Missense variants rs1057910 (CYP2C9), rs1801028 (DRD2) and rs1138272 (GSTP1), rs116855232 (NUDT15); intronic variants rs1131341 (NQO1) and rs115349832 (DPYD) are identified to be ‘deleterious’.

Conclusions

Analysis of SNPs pertaining to pharmacogenes in GIH and ITU populations using population structure, fixation index and allele frequency variation provides a premise for understanding the role of genetic diversity in drug response in Asian Indians.
Multi-omic characterization of the thermal stress phenome in the stony coral Montipora capitata
Authors: Williams Amanda , Pathmanathan Jananan S. , Stephens Timothy G. , Su Xiaoyang , Chiles Eric N. , Conetta Dennis , Putnam Hollie M. , Bhattacharya Debashish
Published: November 2021

Background

Corals, which form the foundation of biodiverse reef ecosystems, are under threat from warming oceans. Reefs provide essential ecological services, including food, income from tourism, nutrient cycling, waste removal, and the absorption of wave energy to mitigate erosion. Here, we studied the coral thermal stress response using network methods to analyze transcriptomic and polar metabolomic data generated from the Hawaiian rice coral Montipora capitata. Coral nubbins were exposed to ambient or thermal stress conditions over a 5-week period, coinciding with a mass spawning event of this species. The major goal of our study was to expand the inventory of thermal stress-related genes and metabolites present in M. capitata and to study gene-metabolite interactions. These interactions provide the foundation for functional or genetic analysis of key coral genes as well as provide potentially diagnostic markers of pre-bleaching stress. A secondary goal of our study was to analyze the accumulation of sex hormones prior to and during mass spawning to understand how thermal stress may impact reproductive success in M. capitata.

Methods

M. capitata was exposed to thermal stress during its spawning cycle over the course of 5 weeks, during which time transcriptomic and polar metabolomic data were collected. We analyzed these data streams individually, and then integrated both data sets using MAGI (Metabolite Annotation and Gene Integration) to investigate molecular transitions and biochemical reactions.

Results

Our results reveal the complexity of the thermal stress phenome in M. capitata, which includes many genes involved in redox regulation, biomineralization, and reproduction. The size and number of modules in the gene co-expression networks expanded from the initial stress response to the onset of bleaching. The later stages involved the suppression of metabolite transport by the coral host, including a variety of sodium-coupled transporters and a putative ammonium transporter, possibly as a response to reduction in algal productivity. The gene-metabolite integration data suggest that thermal treatment results in the activation of animal redox stress pathways involved in quenching molecular oxygen to prevent an overabundance of reactive oxygen species. Lastly, evidence that thermal stress affects reproductive activity was provided by the downregulation of CYP-like genes and the irregular production of sex hormones during the mass spawning cycle. Overall, redox regulation and metabolite transport are key components of the coral animal thermal stress phenome. Mass spawning was highly attenuated under thermal stress, suggesting that global climate change may negatively impact reproductive behavior in this species.
(Sub)titles in cinematic virtual reality: a descriptive study
Authors:   Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, España, Agulló Belén , Matamala Anna ,   Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, España
Published: November 2021

Virtual reality has attracted the attention of industry and researchers. Its applications for entertainment and audiovisual content creation are endless. Filmmakers are experimenting with different techniques to create immersive stories. Also, subtitle creators and researchers are finding new ways to implement (sub)titles in this new medium. In this article, the state-of-the-art of cinematic virtual reality content is presented and the current challenges faced by filmmakers when dealing with this medium and the impact of immersive content on subtitling practices are discussed. Moreover, the different studies on subtitles in 360º videos carried out so far and the obtained results are reviewed. Finally, the results of a corpus analysis are presented in order to illustrate the current subtitle practices by The New York Times and the BBC. The results have shed some light on issues such as position, innovative graphic strategies or the different functions, challenging current subtitling standard practices in 2D content.
Ian Bruton-Simmonds: Mend your English or What we should have been taught at Primary School. 10th edition
Authors:   Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, Bugueño Miranda Félix Valentín
Published: November 2021

Félix Valentín Bugueño Miranda, 2021: "Ian Bruton-Simmonds: Mend your English or What we should have been taught at Primary School. 10th edition", Onomázein 53, 210-218.
Microstructure and Tensile Behavior of a Novel Monocrystalline Co‐Based Superalloy at Different Temperatures
Authors: Lian Yeda , Wang Xiaoshuai , Gao Liqiang , Yin Qian , Hu Pinpin , Wen Zhixun , Wang Jundong
Published: November 2021

Microstructures and tensile properties of a novel monocrystalline Co‐based superalloy are investigated by experiments and finite element simulation. Microstructures of heat‐treated alloys are composed of γ and cubical γ' precipitates without the presence of the secondary phase, and the fraction of γ' phase is about 86%. The experimental results show that tensile properties of the novel monocrystalline Co‐based superalloy have abnormal yield behavior. In low and medium temperature ranges (R.T. 850 °C), the yield stress increases gradually with temperature increase and the tensile fracture surface is characterized by cleavage rupture. At 850 °C, fracture mechanism is composite of cleavage and microporous. While above 850 °C, the yield stress decreases rapidly, and fracture surface is constituted of mixed fracture surface of dimples and micropores. The simulation results show that the tensile stress‐–strain curves are well fitted to the experimental data at different temperatures.
Highly Enhanced Triboelectric Performance from Increased Dielectric Constant Induced by Ionic and Interfacial Polarization for Chitosan Based Multi‐Modal Sensing System
Authors: Sun Jingzhe , Choi Hyeongsub , Cha Seokjun , Ahn Dahye , Choi Minseok , Park Sangki , Cho Yujang , Lee Jiwoo , Park Tae‐eon , Park Jong‐Jin
Published: November 2021

The coexistence of increasingly severe environmental concerns and bio‐signal sensing systems drives the development of environmental affinity and energy harvesting materials. Chitosan is a richly sourced biodegradable material derived from crustaceans, which provides a new option for environmentally, wearable triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). In this paper, the triboelectric performance of chitosan blends are proposed to enhance the dielectric constant by optimizing the ionic polarization and interface polarization for the first time, which fills in the blank of enhancing the output of chitosan triboelectric by systematically engineering in ionic/molecular and pH effect. Triboelectric output enhanced chitosan film in TENG shows an output voltage 3 times (18 V) higher than that of the initial film and 25 times (200 V) higher after corona charge injection. The chitosan film for wearable devices not only can be used as a unit of a triboelectric device to measure human motion signal, but also can be used as a piezoresistive sensor (ΔR/R0: 0 to 1.5) and an air humidity sensor (relative humidity: 20% to 90%) after mixing carbon black. The study provides a stimulating example that triboelectric nano generator/piezoresistive sensor is made from chitosan and used in the multi‐modal sensing system.
Homologous Bromides Treatment for Improving the Open‐Circuit Voltage of Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Li Yong , Xu Weidong , Mussakhanuly Nursultan , Cho Yongyoon , Bing Jueming , Zheng Jianghui , Tang Shi , Liu Yang , Shi Guozheng , Liu Zeke , Zhang Qing , Durrant James R. , Ma Wanli , Ho‐Baillie Anita W. Y. , Huang Shujuan
Published: November 2021

The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of solution‐processed organic–inorganic mixed halide perovskite solar cells has achieved rapid improvement. However, it is imperative to minimize the voltage deficit (Woc = Eg/q − Voc) for their PCE to approach the theoretical limit. Herein, the strategy of depositing homologous bromide salts on the perovskite surface to achieve a surface and bulk passivation for the fabrication of solar cells with high open‐circuit voltage is reported. Distinct from the conclusions given by previous works, that homologous bromides such as FABr only react with PbI2 to form a large‐bandgap perovskite layer on top of the original perovskite, this work shows that the bromide also penetrates the perovskite film and passivates the perovskite in the bulk. This is confirmed by the small‐bandgap enlargement observed by absorbance and photoluminescence, and the bromide element ratio increasing in the bulk by time‐of‐flight secondary‐ion mass spectrometry and depth‐resolved X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Furthermore, a clear suppression of non‐radiative recombination is confirmed by a variety of characterization methods. This work provides a simple and universal way to reduce the Woc of single‐junction perovskite solar cells and it will also shed light on developing other high‐performance optoelectronic devices, including perovskite‐based tandems and light‐emitting diodes.
Work Function‐Based Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Hydrogen Sensor and Its Functionality: A Review
Authors: Sahoo Tejaswini , Kale Paresh
Published: November 2021

Hydrogen, a nonpolluting gas, is emerging as an ideal, suitable, and economical energy carrier. The current global non‐carbon hydrogen production is 105.8 MW in 2020 and is expected to reach 218 MW in 2021. Hydrogen possesses low ignition energy of 0.017 mJ and reacts exothermically with air, posing severe safety challenges. Humanly undetectable gas needs accurate and sensitive sensors to prevent accidents. Amongst different hydrogen sensors currently developed, work function‐based sensors are sensitive, selective, cost‐effective, smaller in size, less susceptible to environmental change, and viable for mass production. This paper reviews semiconductor work function‐based gas sensors, the structures and materials used in fabricating the structures, and the sensor performance. Metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS)‐based Schottky diode, MOS capacitor, and MOS field‐effect transistors (FETs) are the three types of triple‐layer work function‐based sensors. The work function of the catalyst changes when the hydrogen molecule dissociates on its surface, ultimately causing an electrostatic potential shift, affecting the sensitivity. Nanomaterials and nanostructure add better sensitivity and response time to the sensor due to the high surface‐to‐volume ratio. Improved structures such as suspended gate FETs and hybrid suspended gate FETs may further improve the hydrogen adsorption into the catalyst due to the metal–oxide air gap without forming metal hydride.
Black‐to‐Transmissive Electrochromism in π‐Conjugated Polymer‐Based Materials and Devices
Authors: Yan Shuanma , Zhang Ling , Lv Xiaojing , Sun Jingwei , Zhang Yujian , Zhang Cheng
Published: November 2021

Electrochromic (EC) materials can exhibit reversible changes in their light absorption properties within the entire electromagnetic spectrum via redox reactions induced by the application of a low voltage on the order of a fraction of a volt to a few volts, holding great potential in many commercial applications, including smart windows, rear‐view mirrors, protective eyewear, and electronic paper. Of all EC materials, black EC materials, especially those that can reversibly switch between black and transmissive states, have attracted considerable attention in the research field of electrochromism, because of their significant usefulness for a number of commercial applications especially in smart windows and displays, as well as the tremendous challenges in their preparations and improvements. In recent decades, numerous black EC materials and devices, including neutral‐state black to oxidized‐state transmissive (black‐to‐transmissive) and oxidized‐state transmissive to neutral‐state black (transmissive‐to‐black), have been created in studies. This review focuses on the development of black‐to‐transmissive electrochromism in π‐conjugated polymer‐based EC materials from the perspective of the realization methodology, containing the donor–acceptor approach and physical color mixing strategy. A conclusion and an outlook are presented to point out the challenges and perspectives for further study of black‐to‐transmissive electrochromism in π‐conjugated polymer‐based materials and devices.
Molecular Weight Tuning of Organic Semiconductors for Curved Organic–Inorganic Hybrid X‐Ray Detectors
Authors: Nanayakkara M. Prabodhi A. , Masteghin Mateus G. , Basiricò Laura , Fratelli Ilaria , Ciavatti Andrea , Kilbride Rachel C. , Jenatsch Sandra , Webb Thomas , Richheimer Filipe , Wood Sebastian , Castro Fernando A. , Parnell Andrew J. , Fraboni Beatrice , Jayawardena K. D. G. Imalka , Silva S. Ravi P.
Published: November 2021

Curved X‐ray detectors have the potential to revolutionize diverse sectors due to benefits such as reduced image distortion and vignetting compared to their planar counterparts. While the use of inorganic semiconductors for curved detectors are restricted by their brittle nature, organic–inorganic hybrid semiconductors which incorporated bismuth oxide nanoparticles in an organic bulk heterojunction consisting of poly(3‐hexylthiophene‐2,5‐diyl) (P3HT) and [6,6]‐phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester (PC70BM) are considered to be more promising in this regard. However, the influence of the P3HT molecular weight on the mechanical stability of curved, thick X‐ray detectors remains less well understood. Herein, high P3HT molecular weights (>40 kDa) are identified to allow increased intermolecular bonding and chain entanglements, resulting in X‐ray detectors that can be curved to a radius as low as 1.3 mm with low deviation in X‐ray response under 100 repeated bending cycles while maintaining an industry‐standard dark current of <1 pA mm−2 and a sensitivity of ≈ 0.17 μC Gy−1 cm−2. This study identifies a crucial missing link in the development of curved detectors, namely the importance of the molecular weight of the polymer semiconductors used.
Raman Nanotags‐Guided Intraoperative Sentinel Lymph Nodes Precise Location with Minimal Invasion
Authors: Deng Binge , Wang Yaohui , Wu Yifan , Yin Wenjin , Lu Jinsong , Ye Jian
Published: November 2021

The accurate positioning of sentinel lymph node (SLN) by tracers during surgery is an important prerequisite for SLN biopsy. A major problem of traditional tracers in SLN biopsy is the short surgery window due to the fast diffusion of tracers through the lymphatics, resulting in a misjudgment between SLN and second echelon lymph node (2nd LN). Here, a nontoxic Raman nanoparticle tracer, termed gap‐enhanced Raman tags (GERTs), for the accurate intraoperative positioning of SLNs with a sufficient surgical time window is designed. In white New Zealand rabbit models, GERTs enable precise identification of SLNs within 10 min, as well as provide the surgeon with a more than 4 h time window to differentiate SLN and 2nd LN. In addition, the ultrahigh sensitivity of GERTs (detection limit is 0.5 × 10−12 m) allows detection of labeled SLNs before surgery, thereby providing preoperative positioning information for minimally invasive surgery. Comprehensive biosafety evaluations carried out in the context of the Food and Drug Administration and International Standard Organization demonstrate no significant toxicity of GERTs, which supports a promising clinical translation opportunity of GERTs for precise SLN identification in breast cancer.
Ultrathin Anion Conductors Based Memristor
Authors: Xiong Xuya , Xiong Feng , Tian He , Wang Zegao , Wang Yuqing , Tao Rui , Klausen Lasse Hyldgaard , Dong Mingdong
Published: November 2021

The accumulation and motion of metal ions in the ferroelectric oxide and layered dichalcogenides play a critical role in the development of nonvolatile, adaptive memories for applications in neuromorphic computing. To further simplify and control this fundamental process in electronic devices, anion conductors based memristor is first developed by using layered double hydroxide (LDH) as the active materials, where the intercalated ions in subatomic interlayer have superior ion conductivity exhibiting memristive effect. The results show that LDH memristors exhibit abnormal resistive switching behavior with ON/OFF ratio up to 105 at room temperature with the set/reset voltage distribution of 0.3 V. Further studying reveals that the LDH memristior shows stable abnormal unipolar characteristics, following the space‐charge‐limited current transport theory. In situ conductive atomic force microscopy measurements visualize the formation of conductive channels under external bias and significantly reveal the linear correlation between set voltage and the thickness of LDH with the slope of 0.13 V per molecular layer. The results indicate ions may play the key role in realizing set and reset process. The newly reported resistive switching behavior of LDH may shed lights on the development of more intercalated 2D materials based memristor.
Crystal Facet Engineering Induced Active Tin Dioxide Nanocatalysts for Highly Stable Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Jiang Bo , Qiu Yue , Tian Da , Zhang Yu , Song Xueqin , Zhao Chenghao , Wang Maoxu , Sun Xun , Huang Huihuang , Zhao Chenyang , Zhou Hao , Chen Aosai , Fan Lishuang , Zhang Naiqing
Published: November 2021

Controlling exposed crystal facets through crystal facet engineering is an efficient strategy for enhancing the catalytic activity of nanocrystalline catalysts. Herein, the active tin dioxide nano–octahedra enclosed by {332} crystal facets (SnO2 {332}) are synthesized on reduced graphene oxide and demonstrate powerful chemisorption and catalytic ability, accelerating the redox kinetics of sulfur species in lithium–sulfur chemistry. Attributed to abundant unsaturated–coordinated Sn sites on {332} crystal planes, SnO2 {332} has outstanding adsorption and catalytic properties. The material not only adsorbs and converts polysulfides efficiently, but also prominently lowers the decomposition energy barrier of Li2S. The batteries with these high active electrocatalysts exhibit excellent cycling stability with a low capacity attenuation of 0.021% every cycle during 2000 cycles at 2 C. Even with a sulfur loading of 8.12 mg cm−2, the batteries can still cycle stably and maintain a prominent areal capacity of 6.93 mAh cm−2 over 100 cycles. This research confirms that crystal facet engineering is a promising strategy to optimize the performance of catalysts, deepens the understanding of surface structure‐oriented electrocatalysis in Li–S chemistry, while aiding the rational design of advanced sulfur electrodes.
Remembering for the right reasons: Explanations reduce catastrophic forgetting
Authors: Ebrahimi Sayna , Petryk Suzanne , Gokul Akash , Gan William , Gonzalez Joseph E. , Rohrbach Marcus , Darrell Trevor
Published: November 2021

The goal of continual learning (CL) is to learn a sequence of tasks without suffering from the phenomenon of catastrophic forgetting. Previous work has shown that leveraging memory in the form of a replay buffer can reduce performance degradation on prior tasks. We hypothesize that forgetting can be further reduced when the model is encouraged to remember the evidence for previously made decisions. As a first step towards exploring this hypothesis, we propose a simple novel training paradigm, called Remembering for the Right Reasons (RRR), that additionally stores visual model explanations for each example in the buffer and ensures the model has “the right reasons” for its predictions by encouraging its explanations to remain consistent with those used to make decisions at training time. Without this constraint, there is a drift in explanations and increase in forgetting as conventional continual learning algorithms learn new tasks. We demonstrate how RRR can be easily added to any memory or regularization‐based approach and results in reduced forgetting, and more importantly, improved model explanations. We have evaluated our approach in the standard and few‐shot settings and observed a consistent improvement across various CL approaches using different architectures and techniques to generate model explanations and demonstrated our approach showing a promising connection between explainability and continual learning. Our code is available at https://github.com/SaynaEbrahimi/Remembering-for-the-Right-Reasons.
Measuring and characterizing generalization in deep reinforcement learning
Authors: Witty Sam , Lee Jun K. , Tosch Emma , Atrey Akanksha , Clary Kaleigh , Littman Michael L. , Jensen David
Published: November 2021

Deep reinforcement learning (RL) methods have achieved remarkable performance on challenging control tasks. Observations of the resulting behavior give the impression that the agent has constructed a generalized representation that supports insightful action decisions. We re‐examine what is meant by generalization in RL, and propose several definitions based on an agent's performance in on‐policy, off‐policy, and unreachable states. We propose a set of practical methods for evaluating agents with these definitions of generalization. We demonstrate these techniques on a common benchmark task for deep RL, and we show that the learned networks make poor decisions for states that differ only slightly from on‐policy states, even though those states are not selected adversarially. We focus our analyses on the deep Q‐networks (DQNs) that kicked off the modern era of deep RL. Taken together, these results call into question the extent to which DQNs learn generalized representations, and suggest that more experimentation and analysis is necessary before claims of representation learning can be supported.
Improving users' mental model with attention‐directed counterfactual edits
Authors: Alipour Kamran , Ray Arijit , Lin Xiao , Cogswell Michael , Schulze Jurgen P. , Yao Yi , Burachas Giedrius T.
Published: November 2021

In the domain of visual question answering (VQA), studies have shown improvement in users' mental model of the VQA system when they are exposed to examples of how these systems answer certain image‐question (IQ) pairs. In this work, we show that showing controlled counterfactual IQ examples are more effective at improving the mental model of users as compared to simply showing random examples. We compare a generative approach and a retrieval‐based approach to show counterfactual examples. We use recent advances in generative adversarial networks to generate counterfactual images by deleting and inpainting certain regions of interest in the image. We then expose users to changes in the VQA system's answer on those altered images. To select the region of interest for inpainting, we experiment with using both human‐annotated attention maps and a fully automatic method that uses the VQA system's attention values. Finally, we test the user's mental model by asking them to predict the model's performance on a test counterfactual image. We note an overall improvement in users' accuracy to predict answer change when shown counterfactual explanations. While realistic retrieved counterfactuals obviously are the most effective at improving the mental model, we show that a generative approach can also be equally effective.
Oral manifestations of Ehlers‐Danlos syndromes
Authors: Lepperdinger Ulrike , Zschocke Johannes , Kapferer‐Seebacher Ines
Published: November 2021

Ehlers‐Danlos syndromes (EDS) are a group of inherited connective tissue disorders. Patients with EDS exhibit distinct pathologies of the teeth and the oral cavity. Here, we summarize the current knowledge in the various EDS types, in particular regarding severe changes in oral health‐related quality of life, the differential emergence of periodontitis, characteristic yet highly cumbersome dental manifestations, apparent anomalies of oral soft tissues, and relevant issues related to dental implantology. Resolution of remaining open questions will primarily rely on the standardization of diagnostic criteria. Clinical centers that specialize on this rare pathology need to apply congruent approaches for exact characterization of clinical features in conjunction with genetic validation that should be reached without exception in all patients and relevant family members.
Neurodevelopmental atypisms in the context of joint hypermobility, hypermobility spectrum disorders, andEhlers–Danlossyndromes
Authors: Baeza‐Velasco Carolina
Published: November 2021

Joint hypermobility (JHM), defined as an increased range of joint motion, is a frequent somatic trait in the general population but also the hallmark of many of the hereditary disorders of connective tissue. Ehlers–Danlos syndromes (EDS) belong to this group of diseases and are characterized by tissue fragility, skin abnormalities, and JHM. Between JHM and EDS, there are the so‐called hypermobility spectrum disorders (HSD), which is an umbrella term referring to people with symptomatic JHM who do not fulfill criteria for a syndromic connective tissue disorder such as EDS. Among the variety of clinical correlates of JHM/HSD/EDS, neurodevelopmental atypisms are common although often not screened for and identified in the clinical setting. This article reviews the pertinent literature concerning neurodevelopmental conditions for which there is some evidence of an association with JHM/HSD/EDS. These include hyperactivity and attention deficit, learning, communication, and motor problems including tic disorders such as Tourette syndrome and autism spectrum disorders. Underlying mechanism hypotheses for such interconnections are also reviewed. The coexistence of connective tissue‐altered conditions and neurodevelopmental atypisms increases disability in patients from an early age. Thus, increased awareness among clinicians and researchers is necessary to promote assessment, diagnosis, and develop management strategies to meet the specific needs of those affected.
Assessing bidirectional associations between cognitive impairment and late age‐related macular degeneration in the Age‐Related Eye Disease Study 2
Authors: Le Jimmy T. , Agrón Elvira , Keenan Tiarnan D. L. , Clemons Traci E. , Brenowitz Willa D. , Yaffe Kristine , Chew Emily Y. ,   for the AREDS2 Research Group
Published: November 2021

Introduction

We aimed to investigate bidirectional associations between cognitive impairment and late age‐related macular degeneration (AMD).

Methods

Participants in the Age‐Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) received annual eye examinations and cognitive function testing (e.g., Modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status [TICS‐M]). We examined bidirectional associations between cognitive impairment (e.g., a TICS‐M score < 30) and late AMD at 5 and 10 years.

Results

Five thousand one hundred eighty‐nine eyes (3157 participants; mean age 72.7 years) were analyzed and followed for a median of 10.4 years. Eyes of participants with cognitive impairment at baseline were more likely to progress to late AMD at 5 years (hazard ratio [HR], 1.24; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08–1.43) and 10 years (HR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.05–1.37) than eyes of participants without cognitive impairment. Worse baseline AMD severity was not associated with developing cognitive impairment.

Discussion

Cognitive impairment is associated with late AMD progression in AREDS2. Our finding highlights the importance of eyecare for people with cognitive impairment.
Personalized nutrition for dementia prevention
Authors: Samieri Cécilia , Yassine Hussein N. , Melo van Lent Debora , Lefèvre‐Arbogast Sophie , van de Rest Ondine , Bowman Gene L. , Scarmeas Nikolaos
Published: November 2021

The role of nutrition has been investigated for decades under the assumption of one‐size‐fits‐all. Yet there is heterogeneity in metabolic and neurobiological responses to diet. Thus a more personalized approach may better fit biological reality and have increased efficacy to prevent dementia. Personalized nutrition builds on the food exposome, defined as the history of diet‐related exposures over the lifetime, and on its interactions with the genome and other biological characteristics (eg, metabolism, the microbiome) to shape health. We review current advances of personalized nutrition in dementia research. We discuss key questions, success milestones, and future roadmap from observational epidemiology to clinical studies through basic science. A personalized nutrition approach based on the best prescription for the most appropriate target population in the most relevant time‐window has the potential to strengthen dementia‐prevention efforts.
Preparation of Pickering‐polyHIPEs from surface modified pumice stabilized high internal phase emulsions as supporting materials for lauric acid impregnation
Authors: Mert Hatice Hande , Eslek Ali , Mert Mehmet Selçuk , Mert Emine Hilal
Published: November 2021

Preparation of Pickering‐high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and divinylbenzene (DVB) by using natural abundant pumice zeolite was performed. Pumice was surface modified with cethyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) to increase its compatibility with the emulsion phases. By using a combination of CTAB‐modified pumice (CtP) and low amount of non‐ionic emulsifier mixture Pickering‐HIPEs were obtained. The influence of the amount of surface modified pumice and emulsifier mixture on the emulsion stability was observed. The morphological, thermal, and mechanical properties of the obtained polyMMA‐based Pickering‐polyHIPEs were investigated by altering the amount of CtP loading. Moreover, the Pickering‐polyHIPE monolith exhibiting an open‐porous network was used as supporting matrix for lauric acid (LA). The thermal characterization of the resulting LA impregnated Pickering‐polyHIPE composite revealed that the impregnation rate of LA is 42.08%. The latter formed Pickering‐polyHIPE composite showed a good performance in latent heat storage due to the 111.2 J/g of normalized enthalpy of LA within the Pickering‐polyHIPE composite.
Construction of novel regenerated cellulose based foam derived from waste cigarette filters as effective oil adsorbent
Authors: Zhang Qingling , Cheng Youliang , Fang Changqing , Shi Jiayu
Published: November 2021

The reuse of waste cigarette filters is helpful to save resources and protect environment, and cellulose based functional materials can be applied in wastewater treatment due to the high porosity. Therefore, a novel kind of cellulose foams were fabricated by using waste cigarette filters and polyvinyl alcohol via a lyophilization technology and hydrophobicity modification in this work. As‐prepared foams possessed an ultra‐low density and high specific surface area (up to 40 m2 g−1). After the hydrophobicity modification, the cellulose foam exhibited a water contact angle of 91.9° and 126.2° on external surface and cross section, which showed a superior oil adsorption capacity of 14 g g−1. These developed cellulose foams have a low cost, good hydrophobicity and high adsorption capacity for oil as a promising absorbent, realizing the conversion of waste into high‐value products successfully.
Evaluating commercially available wireless cardiovascular monitors for measuring and transmitting real‐time physiological responses in children with autism
Authors: Nuske Heather J. , Goodwin Matthew S. , Kushleyeva Yelena , Forsyth Daniel , Pennington Jeffrey W. , Masino Aaron J. , Finkel Emma , Bhattacharya Anushua , Tan Jessica , Tai Hungtzu , Atkinson‐Diaz Zabryna , Bonafide Christopher P. , Herrington John D.
Published: November 2021

Commercially available wearable biosensors have the potential to enhance psychophysiology research and digital health technologies for autism by enabling stress or arousal monitoring in naturalistic settings. However, such monitors may not be comfortable for children with autism due to sensory sensitivities. To determine the feasibility of wearable technology in children with autism age 8–12 years, we first selected six consumer‐grade wireless cardiovascular monitors and tested them during rest and movement conditions in 23 typically developing adults. Subsequently, the best performing monitors (based on data quality robustness statistics), Polar and Mio Fuse, were evaluated in 32 children with autism and 23 typically developing children during a 2‐h session, including rest and mild stress‐inducing tasks. Cardiovascular data were recorded simultaneously across monitors using custom software. We administered the Comfort Rating Scales to children. Although the Polar monitor was less comfortable for children with autism than typically developing children, absolute scores demonstrated that, on average, all children found each monitor comfortable. For most children, data from the Mio Fuse (96%–100%) and Polar (83%–96%) passed quality thresholds of data robustness. Moreover, in the stress relative to rest condition, heart rate increased for the Polar,F(1,53) = 135.70,p < 0.001,ηp2 = 0.78, and Mio Fuse,F(1,53) = 71.98,p < 0.001,ηp2 = 0.61, respectively, and heart rate variability decreased for the Polar,F(1,53) = 13.41,p = 0.001,ηp2 = 0.26, and Mio Fuse,F(1,53) = 8.89,p = 0.005,ηp2 = 0.16, respectively. This feasibility study suggests that select consumer‐grade wearable cardiovascular monitors can be used with children with autism and may be a promising means for tracking physiological stress or arousal responses in community settings.

Lay Summary

Commercially available heart rate trackers have the potential to advance stress research with individuals with autism. Due to sensory sensitivities common in autism, their comfort wearing such trackers is vital to gathering robust and valid data. After assessing six trackers with typically developing adults, we tested the best trackers (based on data quality) in typically developing children and children with autism and found that two of them met criteria for comfort, robustness, and validity.
Designing a circular business strategy: 7 years of evolution at a large washing machine manufacturer
Authors: van Loon Patricia , Van Wassenhove Luk N. , Mihelic Ales
Published: November 2021

This paper discusses the development of circular business models for a large white goods manufacturer. A 7‐year journey in designing, discussing, adapting, and finally finding a potentially profitable circular offer is summarized, and the barriers that had to be overcome in this process are highlighted. The shift from selling washing machines to repeated leases with remanufacturing steps in‐between turned out to be very challenging. Despite the numerous claims in the consulting world that both manufacturers and consumers can benefit from the transition to a circular economy, it took multiple iterations to find a business model with the potential of being economically attractive to both the company and the client. The transformation process of shifting to a circular business model tends to be highly underestimated by companies and involves many issues beyond product design such as customer relationships, return logistics, remanufacturing operations, and service contracts. Researchers will need to work with companies to address the transition issues and to increase the relevance of circular economy research.
Experimental and Computational Analysis of the Solution and Solid‐State Conformations of Hexadepsipeptides from Beauveria felina
Authors: Du Feng‐Yu , Mándi Attila , Li Xiao‐Ming , Meng Ling‐Hong , Kurtán Tibor , Wang Bin‐Gui
Published: November 2021

Comprehensive Summary

Chemical investigation of Beauveria felina, a marine‐derived entomopathogenic fungus, obtained two new destruxin hexadepsipeptides (1 and 2) containing an L‐Ala5 residue instead of the usual N‐Me‐L‐Ala5. Interestingly, the presence of the L‐Ala5 residue enabled two slowly‐exchanging solution conformers with cis/trans (ILE3)‐(N‐Me‐Val4) amide bond for 1 and 2 with 1.5 : 1 and 1 : 1 cis/trans ratios, respectively, while only the conformer with cis amide bond was found in the solid‐state. The solution and solid‐state conformers were studied by NMR, X‐ray diffraction and solution and solid‐state ECD measurements, as well as by TDDFT‐ECD calculations. Structural (conformational) parameter‐activity correlations suggested that the extended destruxin geometry with the preferred cis (ILE3)‐(N‐Me‐Val4) bond probably resulted in improved bioactivity and reduced toxicity for the destruxin class. This was the first report on the interconversion phenomenon of cis/trans amide bonds of destruxin class, which could give insights in the development of bioactive destruxin agents with lower toxicity.
A Two‐Dimensional Semiconductive Metal‐Organic Framework for Highly Efficient Microwave Absorption
Authors: Miao Peng , Zhang Tao , Wang Teng , Chen Juan , Gao Tong , Wang You , Kong Jie , Chen Kai‐Jie
Published: November 2021

Comprehensive Summary

Advanced microwave absorbing materials (MAMs) are urgently required to eliminate and attenuate microwaves to address the ubiquitous microwave radiations and interference. In this contribution, we report the microwave absorption application of a two‐dimensional (2D) semiconductive metal‐organic framework (MOF), i.e., CuHT (HT = 4‐hydroxythiophenol), without any pyrolysis at high temperature. Owing to the suitable electrical conductivity (2.69 × 10–4 S·cm–1), CuHT renders remarkable microwave absorption performance, with the minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of –50.9 dB and the effective absorption bandwidth of 4.2 GHz (7.7—10.9 GHz) at a thickness of 1.74 mm. Based on DFT calculation, microwave attenuation is mainly originated from resistance loss due to the conducting planes of honeycomb‐like Cu2S layers. Thanks to the facile kilogram‐scale synthesis, CuHT holds great potential for future microwave absorption applications.