bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Magnetic Study of Two Isotypic Manganese Chloro‐Sulfides: MnSbS2Cl and the New Compound MnBiS2Cl.
Authors: Doussier Charlotte , Andre Gilles , Leone Philippe , Janod Etienne , Moelo Yves
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Chemical Changes Occurring Upon Cycling of a SnO2 Negative Electrode for Lithium Ion Cell: In situ Moessbauer Investigation.
Authors: Sandu I. , Brousse T. , Schleich D. M. , Danot M.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Hydrothermal Synthesis and Photocatalytic Activities of SrTiO3‐Coated Fe2O3 and BiFeO3.
Authors: Luo Junhua , Maggard Paul A.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Distanna‐closo‐dodecaborate.
Authors: Joosten Dominik , Pantenburg Ingo , Wesemann Lars
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Additive Pummerer Reaction of Heteroaromatic Sulfilimines with Carbon Nucleophiles.
Authors: Padwa Albert , Nara Shinji , Wang Qiu
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Indium(III)‐Catalyzed Highly Regioselective Addition of Thiolacetic Acid to Non‐Activated Olefins.
Authors: Weiwer Michel , Dunach Elisabet
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Strong Counteranion Effects on the Catalytic Activity of Cationic Silicon Lewis Acids in Mukaiyama Aldol and Diels—Alder Reactions.
Authors: Hara Kenji , Akiyama Ryuto , Sawamura Masaya
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Convenient One‐Pot Negishi Coupling of Amino‐Heteroaryl Chlorides and Alkyl Bromides.
Authors: Walters Iain A. S.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Preparation and Synthetic Transformation of Alkenyl Carbamates into Vinyl Zirconocene Derivatives.
Authors: Chechik‐Lankin Helena , Marek Ilan
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Reductive Aldol Reactions Using Aldehydes as the Stoichiometric Reductants.
Authors: Willis Michael C. , Woodward Robert L.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ligand‐Induced Acceleration of the Intramolecular [3 + 2] Cycloaddition Between Alkynes and Alkylidenecyclopropanes.
Authors: Duran Juan , Gulias Moises , Castedo Luis , Mascarenas Jose L.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Novel Synthesis of 1‐Aryl‐1‐trifluoromethylallenes.
Authors: Han Hee Young , Kim Myong Sang , Son Jang Bae , Jeong In Howa
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Heterogeneous Intermolecular Hydroamination of Terminal Alkynes with Aromatic Amines.
Authors: Shanbhag Ganapati V. , Kumbar Suresh M. , Joseph Trissa , Halligudi Shivappa B.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Efficient Syntheses of β‐Amino‐N‐acylbenzotriazoles and Cinnamides Through Regioselective 1,4‐ or 1,2‐Addition of Amines to N‐Cinnamoylbenzotriazoles.
Authors: Wang Xiaoxia , Zou Xuefei , Li Jian , Hu Qinghong
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Surfactant‐Mediated Solvent‐Free Dealkylative Cleavage of Ethers and Esters and trans‐Alkylation under Neutral Conditions.
Authors: Bhattacharya Apurba , Patel Nitin C. , Vasques Tomas , Tichkule Ritesh , Parmar Gaurang , Wu Jiejun
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
High‐Pressure Organic Chemistry. Part 30. A New Practical Method for the Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Ureas via High‐Pressure‐Promoted Condensation of 2,2,2‐Trichloroethyl Carbamates (Troc‐Carbamates) with Amines.
Authors: Azad Saleha , Kumamoto Koji , Uegaki Kaoru , Ichikawa Yoshiyasu , Kotsuki Hiyoshizo
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Environment Friendly Synthesis of Biaryls: Suzuki Reaction of Aryl Bromides in Water at Low Catalyst Loadings.
Authors: Jiang Nan , Ragauskas Arthur J.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Nitrile Anion Cyclization with Epoxysilanes Followed by Brook Rearrangement/Ring‐Opening of Cyclopropane Nitriles/Alkylation.
Authors: Okugawa Seigo , Masu Hyuma , Yamaguchi Kentaro , Takeda Kei
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of 1‐{[(Aryl‐5‐oxopyrrolidin‐3‐yl)carbonyl] ‐amino}‐5‐oxopyrrolidine‐3‐carboxylic Acids.
Authors: Mickevicius V. , Beresnevicius Z.‐I. G. , Mickevicius M. , Sapijanskaite B.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A General and Efficient Synthesis of Azaindoles and Diazaindoles.
Authors: Harcken Christian , Ward Vancey , Thomson David , Riether Doris
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Substituted Hexahydroindazoles
Authors: Bugaev A. A. , Golikov A. G. , Kriven'ko A. P.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
An Efficient and One‐Pot Synthesis of Imidazolines and Benzimidazoles via Anaerobic Oxidation of Carbon—Nitrogen Bonds in Water.
Authors: Gogoi Pranjal , Konwar Dilip
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Partial Structures of Ketoconazole as Modulators of the Large Conductance Calcium‐Activated Potassium Channel (BKCa).
Authors: Power Eoin C. , Ganellin C. Robin , Benton David C. H.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Novel Photochromic 6‐Benzyloxo‐spirobenzopyran Compounds.
Authors: Elizalde Luis E. , de los Santos Gladys , Garcia Aida E. , Medellin Diana I. , Acosta Ricardo
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cyclopropanation of N‐Substituted 2‐Oxochromene‐3‐carboxamides and 3‐Oxobenzo[f]chromene‐2‐carboxamides with Bromine‐Containing Zinc Enolate Prepared from α,α‐Dibromopinacolin and Zinc.
Authors: Shchepin V. V. , Silaichev P. S. , Vakhrin M. I. , Russkikh N. Yu.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Novel Approach Towards the Synthesis of 3,3a,4,5‐Tetrahydroquinolino[4,3‐c]isoxazole Derivatives: Application to the Preparation of Previously Unattainable 3a,4‐Dihydroazabenzopyrano[4,3‐c]isoxazole Scaffolds.
Authors: Alcazar Jesus , Alonso Jose Manuel , Andres Jose Ignacio , Bartolome Jose Manuel , Fernandez Javier
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Propanal in the Syntheses of Alkyl‐Substituted 3‐Cyano‐2‐piperidone (IV), 3‐Cyano‐2,5,6,7‐tetrahydropyrindin‐2(1H)‐one (VI), and 3‐Cyanopyridine‐2(1H)‐thione (IX).
Authors: Dyachenko V. D. , Chernega A. N.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Structure—Activity Relationships of 8‐Azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane Benzylamine NK1 Antagonists.
Authors: Thomson Christopher G. , Carlson Emma , Chicchi Gary G. , Kulagowski Janusz J. , Kurtz Marc M. , Swain Christopher J. , Tsao Kwei‐Lan C. , Wheeldon Alan
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Structure of Halocyclization Products of 2‐Allylsulfanyl‐3‐amino‐3,4‐dihydroquinazolin‐4‐one.
Authors: Britsun V. N. , Esipenko A. N. , Staninets V. I. , Lozinskii M. O.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of 2,6‐Diphenylpyrazine Derivatives and Their DNA Binding and Cytotoxic Properties.
Authors: Dias Nathalie , Jacquemard Ulrich , Baldeyrou Brigitte , Lansiaux Amelie , Goossens Jean‐Francois , Bailly Christian , Routier Sylvain , Merour Jean‐Yves
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Reactions of 2‐Triphenylphosphoimino‐1‐azaazulenes with Aryl Isocyanates and Aryl Isothiocyanates.
Authors: Nagamatsu Kentaro , Serita Ai , Zeng Jun‐Hau , Fujii Hiroyuki , Abe Noritaka , Kakehi Akikazu
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Facile Synthesis of Trifluoromethyl‐Substituted Enynes: Remarkable Reactivity and Stereoselectivity of Tributyl(3,3,3‐trifluoropropynyl)stannane in Carbostannylation of Alkynes.
Authors: Shimizu Masaki , Jiang Guofang , Murai Masahito , Takeda Youhei , Nakao Yoshiaki , Hiyama Tamejiro , Shirakawa Eiji
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Highly Efficient Production of Nootkatone, the Grapefruit Aroma from Valencene, by Biotransformation.
Authors: Furusawa Mai , Hashimoto Toshihiro , Noma Yoshiaki , Asakawa Yoshinori
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Haterumadienone: A New Puupehenone Congener from an Okinawan Marine Sponge, Dysidea sp.
Authors: Ueda Katsuhiro , Ueta Tomoyuki , Siwu Eric Richard Oktavianus , Kita Masaki , Uemura Daisuke
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Molecular Transformations as a Way of Finding and Exploiting Consistent Local QSAR.
Authors: Sheridan Robert P. , Hunt Peter , Culberson J. Chris
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Two Model Receptor System of the α1D Adrenergic Receptor to Describe Interactions with Epinephrine and BMY7378.
Authors: Bautista Debra L. , Morris Deanna H. , Stein Lauren , Asher Wesley , Hammitt Timothy
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Variable‐Aspect‐Ratio, Single‐Crystalline ZnO Nanostructures.
Authors: Cheng Bin , Shi Wensheng , Russell‐Tanner Joette M. , Zhang Lei , Samulski Edward T.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Design and Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihydro‐1H‐[1]‐benzothieno[2,3‐c]pyran and 3,4‐Dihydro‐1H‐pyrano[3,4‐b]benzofuran Derivatives as Non‐Nucleoside Inhibitors of HCV NS5B RNA Dependent RNA Polymerase.
Authors: Gopalsamy Ariamala , Aplasca Alexis , Ciszewski Gregory , Park Kaapjoo , Ellingboe John W. , Orlowski Mark , Feld Boris , Howe Anita Y. M.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
1‐[4‐(1H‐Benzoimidazol‐2‐yl)‐phenyl]‐3‐ [4‐(1H‐benzoimidazol‐2‐yl)‐phenyl]‐urea Derivatives as Small Molecule Heparanase Inhibitors.
Authors: Miao Hua‐Quan , et al. et al.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Heterogeneous Reactions Important in Atmospheric Ozone Depletion: A Theoretical Perspective
Authors: Bianco Roberto , Hynes James T.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Metallasupramolecular Architectures, an Overview of Functional Properties and Applications
Authors: Amijs Catelijne H. M. , van Klink Gerard P. M. , van Koten Gerard
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Multi‐Dimensional Crystal Structures and Unique Solid‐State Properties of Heterocyclic Thiazyl Radicals and Related Materials
Authors: Awaga Kunio , Tanaka Toshiyuki , Shirai Takahiro , Fujimori Masato , Suzuki Yosuke , Yoshikawa Hirofumi , Fujita Wataru
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Syntheses of Natural Products Having an Epoxyquinone Structure
Authors: Miyashita Kazuyuki , Imanishi Takeshi
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Recent Advances in Natural Product Synthesis by Using Intramolecular Diels—Alder Reactions
Authors: Takao Ken‐ichi , Munakata Ryosuke , Tadano Kin‐ichi
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Physico‐Chemical Properties of Aqueous Alkanolamine Solutions Used in the Treatment of Gas
Authors: Vinel D.‐J. , Bouallou Chakib
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Views on Antidiarrheal Effect of Wood Creosote: Is Wood Creosote Really a Gastrointestinal Antiseptic?
Authors: Ataka Koji , Ito Masafumi , Shibata Takashi
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Sonochemistry and Other Novel Methods Developed for the Synthesis of Nanoparticles
Authors: Mastai Y. , Gedanken A.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Quantum‐Chemical Methods for the Construction of Wave Functions of Many‐Electron Systems Alternative to the Hartree—Fock Approximation
Authors: Chuvylkin N. D. , Smolenskii E. A. , Zefirov N. S.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Homogene Katalyse in der Chemischen Industrie. Selektivität, Aktivität und Standzeit
Authors: Röper Michael
Published: April 2006

Die homogene Katalyse hat sich in der Technik als Ergänzung zur heterogenen Katalyse fest verankert. Eine besondere Domäne sind die C‐C‐verknüpfenden Reaktionen wie Oligomerisierung von Olefinen, Hydoformylierungen, Carbonylierungen und Hydrocyanierungen. In der Feinchemie haben sich enantioselektive Synthesen, vor allem Hydrierungen, sowie Kupplungsreaktionen etabliert und finden zunehmend breitere Anwendung. Wegen des Potentials, Reaktionssequenzen stark zu verkürzen und Abfälle aufgrund der hohen Selektivitäten und der Vermeidung von Koppelprodukten drastisch zu vermindern, trägt die homogene Katalyse zur nachhaltigen Entwicklung der Chemie und einer Verbesserung der Wirtschaftlichkeit bei.
Heterogene Katalyse. Schlüsseltechnologie der chemischen Industrie
Authors: Schüth Ferdi
Published: April 2006

Heterogen katalysierte Reaktionen sind von enormer technischer Bedeutung. Zahlreiche Prozesse laufen an der Oberfläche fester Katalysatoren mit hoher Geschwindigkeit und Selektivität ab.

Durch moderne Methoden haben wir mittlerweile detaillierte Einblicke in den Ablauf vieler katalytischer Reaktionen gewonnen, teilweise können die Ergebnisse von Experimenten unter Ultrahochvakuumbedingungen auf die Bedingungen des technischen Prozesses extrapoliert werden. Wesentliche Reaktionsklassen werden diskutiert und an vier technischen Beispielen unterschiedliche Aspekte heterogen katalysierter Reaktionen erläutert.
Asymmetrische Katalyse mit Metall‐Komplexen. Bild oder Spiegelbild?
Authors: Muñiz Kilian
Published: April 2006

Die asymmetrische Katalyse ist eine Schlüsseltechnologie. Der vorliegende Aufsatz diskutiert allgemeine Grundlagen und Prinzipien der asymmetrischen Katalyse und verdeutlicht die Funktionsweise anhand ausgewählter Beispielreaktionen. Diese beinhalten asymmetrische katalytische Hydrierungen von Alkenen, Ketonen und Iminen, asymmetrische Oxidationskatalysen wie die Dihydroxylierung und Epoxidierung von Alkenen sowie eine Reihe von asymmetrischen katalysierten C‐C‐Bindungsknüpfungen wie der allylischen Substitution, Cyclopropanierungen und Diels‐Alder‐Reaktionen sowie Dialkyl‐ und Diphenylzink‐Additionen an Aldehyde. Im jeweiligen Zusammenhang werden auch typische Katalysephänomene wie kinetische und dynamische kinetische Racematspaltung, Ligandenbeschleunigung, nicht‐lineare Effekte und asymmetrische Autokatalyse besprochen.
Chemie und Biologie Hand in Hand. Enzyme als Katalysatoren
Authors: Breuer Michael , Stürmer Rainer
Published: April 2006

Die Biokatalyse hat sich in den letzten Jahren zu einer wichtigen Methode zur Herstellung von Feinchemikalien, Vitaminen, chiralen Zwischenprodukten und anderen Schlüsselprodukten der chemischen Industrie entwickelt. In Zukunft werden weitere Synthesen von Industriechemikalien auf der Basis nachwachsender Rohstoffe entwickelt werden. Man geht zudem davon aus, dass die Biokatalyse in Zukunft maßgeblich zur Herstellung von Biokraftstoffen sowie nachhaltigen und bioabbaubaren Polymeren beitragen wird.
Welches Gift ist es?
Authors: Hatscher Deike
Published: April 2006

Wissen Sie, welches Steroidalkaloid mit der Summenformel C31H42N2O6 den kleinen bunten Blattsteiger so “schrecklich” macht?
Brennstoffzellen ohne Platin
Authors: Jaenicke Lothar
Published: April 2006

In Brennstoffzellen werden Protonen und Elektronen zu molekularem Wasserstoff vereinigt. Um die Aktivierungshürde zu überwinden, benötigt man einen beschleunigenden Katalysator. Die Technik verwendet dazu als Anode die kostbaren Übergangsmetalle aus der Platinreihe. Das ist jedoch keine brauchbare Lösung des im Wortsinn brennenden Ingenieursproblems. Platin ist nicht nur selten, daher teuer; sondern zudem nicht zu verantworten. Der unvermeidliche Abrieb belastet in unbekannter Weise die Umwelt.
Chirale Katalyse und Analyse auf einem Chip vereint
Authors: Groß Michael
Published: April 2006

Miniaturisierung macht nicht nur Computer schneller, sondern auch chemische Reaktionen und Analysen im Mikroformat. Da aber der Gesamtprozess nur so schnell abgewickelt werden kann wie sein langsamster Schritt, sollten am besten alle Schritte von der Synthese bis zur Analyse auf einem Chip untergebracht werden.
Mesoblastic nephroma—A report from the Gesellschaft fur Pädiatrische Onkologie und Hämatologie (GPOH)
Authors: Furtwaengler Rhoikos , Reinhard Harald , Leuschner Ivo , Schenk Jens P. , Goebel Ulrich , Claviez Alexander , Kulozik Andreas , Zoubek Andreas , von Schweinitz Dietrich , Graf Norbert ,   Gesellschaft fur Pädiatrische Onkologie und Hämatologie (GPOH) Nephroblastoma Study Group
Published: April 2006

BACKGROUND

Surgery alone is the appropriate first‐line treatment for patients with mesoblastic nephroma (MN). Nevertheless, there are reports of local recurrences and metastasis, especially in the cellular subtype. The authors evaluated the outcome of patients with MN who were enrolled in either the International Society of Pediatric Oncology (SIOP) 93‐01/GPOH or the SIOP 2001/GPOH Nephroblastoma Study and Trial.

METHODS

In total, 50 patients with MN were analyzed. Eleven patients were suspected antenatally of having a renal tumor. The median age at diagnosis was 18.5 days. Central pathologic review was performed for all specimens. The median observation time was 4.2 years.

RESULTS

Forty‐five patients underwent initial surgery. Five patients older than 6 months received preoperative chemotherapy. Twenty‐nine tumors were classic MN, and 21 tumors were cellular MN. Nine patients had a Stage III MN, 5 of those patients had tumor ruptures, and 8 had positive surgical margins. After they underwent nephrectomy, 40 patients received no further treatment. For the entire group, event‐free survival (EFS) (94%) and overall survival (OS) (95%) were excellent. Patients with a cellular MN, patients with age 3 months or older, and patients with Stage III MN had lower EFS. Three patients developed recurrent disease, and 2 of those patients died. Metastases to the brain, lung, and liver were observed in 1 patient.

CONCLUSIONS

Radical nephrectomy with accurate surgical‐pathologic staging is the standard of care for children with MN. Nonetheless, a subgroup of patients with MN (Stage III cellular MN in patients age 3 months or older) tends to develop recurrences more often. Further prospective studies will be needed to verify this finding and should help determine whether these patients may benefit from adjuvant therapy. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Evaluation of the HER2/neu‐derived peptide GP2 for use in a peptide‐based breast cancer vaccine trial
Authors: Mittendorf Elizabeth A. , Storrer Catherine E. , Foley Rebecca J. , Harris Katie , Jama Yusuf , Shriver Craig D. , Ponniah Sathibalan , Peoples George E.
Published: April 2006

BACKGROUND

E75 and GP2 are human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐A2‐restricted immunogenic peptides derived from the HER2/neu protein. In a E75 peptide‐based vaccine trial, preexisting immunity and epitope spreading to GP2 was detected. The purpose of this study was to further investigate GP2 for potential use in vaccination strategies. Importantly, a naturally occurring polymorphism (I → V at position 2, 2VGP2) associated with increased breast cancer risk was addressed.

METHODS

Prevaccination peripheral blood samples (PBMC) from HLA‐A2 breast cancer patients and CD8+ T cells from HLA‐A2 healthy donors were stimulated with autologous dendritic cells (DC) pulsed with GP2 and tested in standard cytotoxicity assays with HER2/neu+ tumor cells or GP2‐ or 2VGP2‐loaded T2 targets. Additional cytotoxicity experiments used effectors stimulated with DC pulsed with E75, GP2, or the combination of E75+GP2.

RESULTS

GP2‐stimulated prevaccination PBMC from 28 patients demonstrated killing of MCF‐7, SKOV3‐A2, and the HLA‐A2− control target SKOV3 of 28.8 ± 3.7% (P<.01), 29.5 ± 4.0% (P<.01), and 16.9 ± 2.7%, respectively. When compared with E75, GP2‐stimulated CD8+ T cells lysed HER2/neu+ targets at 43.8 ± 5.2% versus 44.2 ± 5.7% for E75 (P = .87). When combined, an additive effect was noted with 58.6 ± 5.4% lysis (P = .05). GP2‐stimulated CD8+ T cells specifically recognized both GP2‐loaded (19.6 ± 5.7%) and 2VGP2‐loaded T2 targets (17.7 ± 5.2%).

CONCLUSIONS

GP2 is a clinically relevant HER2/neu‐derived peptide with immunogenicity comparable to that of E75. Importantly, GP2‐specific effectors recognize 2VGP2‐expressing targets; therefore, a GP2 vaccine should be effective in patients carrying this polymorphism. GP2 may be most beneficial used in a multiepitope vaccine. Cancer 2006. Published 2006 by the American Cancer Society.
Phase II study of capecitabine combined with gemcitabine in the treatment of androgen‐independent prostate cancer previously treated with taxanes
Authors: Rodney Alan , Dieringer Pauline , Mathew Paul , Jonasch Eric , Tannir Nizar , Pagliaro Lance C.
Published: April 2006

BACKGROUND

The primary objective of the current study was to evaluate the effectiveness of capecitabine and gemcitabine in the treatment of patients with androgen‐independent prostate cancer (AIPCa) who experienced disease progression after taxane therapy. The secondary objective was to evaluate the safety and tolerability of the combination of capecitabine and gemcitabine in these patients.

METHODS

Patients with AIPCa, either metastatic or unresectable disease, and prior taxane therapy were eligible. Patients were treated with 800 mg/m2 of capecitabine orally twice daily (1600 mg/m2 per day) for 14 days, and 800 mg/m2 of gemcitabine intravenously on Days 1 and 8. This regimen was repeated every 21 days. Response to therapy was determined by measuring prostate‐specific antigen concentration.

RESULTS

Sixteen patients participated in this study from June 2003 to January 2004. There were no responses as defined by a 50% decline in prostate‐specific antigen. The study was terminated early because the response rate was not projected to exceed 30% (rejection error of 10%). Toxicities were notable: 3 patients had Grade 3 thrombocytopenia, 4 patients had Grade 3 neutropenia, and 3 patients had Grade 3 infections (according to the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria [version 2.0]). Eight patients (50%) required dose reduction or treatment interruption.

CONCLUSIONS

The combination of capecitabine and gemcitabine for the salvage treatment of patients with AIPCa was associated with significant toxicities and was ineffective for induction of disease regression. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Highly Anisotropic Orbitally Dependent Superexchange in Cyano‐Bridged Clusters Containing Mn(III) and Mn(II) Ions
Authors: Palii Andrew , Ostrovsky Sergey M. , Klokishner Sophia I. , Tsukerblat Boris. S. , Dunbar Kim R.
Published: April 2006

We study the orbitally dependent magnetic exchange in cyanide‐based clusters as a source of the barrier for reversal magnetization. We consider the Mn(III)–CN–Mn(II) dimer and linear Mn(II)–NC–Mn(III)–CN–Mn(II) trimer containing octahedrally coordinated Mn(III) and Mn(II) ions with special emphasis on the magnetic manifestations of the orbital degeneracy of the Mn(III) ion. The kinetic exchange mechanism involves the electron transfer from the single occupied t2 orbitals of the Mn(II) ion [${{}^6A_{\,1} \left( {t_2^3 e^2 } \right)}$ ground state] to the singly occupied t2 orbitals of the Mn(III) ion [${{}^3T_{\,1} \left( {t_2^4 } \right)}$ ground state] resulting in the charge‐transfer ${{}^5T_2 \left( {t_2^2 e^2 } \right)_{Mn(III)} }$${ - {}^2T_2 \left( {t_2^5 } \right)_{Mn(II)} }$ state of the pair. The deduced effective exchange Hamiltonian that takes into account orbital degeneracy leads to an essentially non‐Heisenberg energy pattern. The energy levels are shown to be dependent on both spin and orbital quantum numbers, thus providing direct information about the magnetic anisotropy of the system. Along with the magnetic exchange, the model includes an axial component of the crystal field and spin–orbit coupling operating within the ground ${{}^3T_1 \left( {t_2^4 } \right)}$ cubic term of the Mn(III) ion. We have shown that under certain conditions both named interactions lead to the occurrence of the barrier for the reversal of magnetization, which significantly increases when passing from the dimer to the trimer. This provides a possible way for raising the magnetic barrier in the family of cyano‐bridged manganese clusters.
Kinetic Model of Energy Transfer Processes Between Low‐Coordinated Ions on MgO by Photoluminescence Decay Measurements
Authors: Chizallet Céline , Costentin Guylène , Krafft Jean‐Marc , Lauron‐Pernot Hélène , Che Michel
Published: April 2006

Photoluminescence decay studies of emitting species on MgO nanocubes at room temperature provide evidence of three surface species characterized by an excitation and emission wavelength couple {λexc;λem}. Species A corresponds to {λexc=240 nm; λem=380 nm}, whereas the couple {λexc=280 nm; λem=470 nm} is assigned to two species: B and B′, the former is involved in energy transfer from excited state A* and the latter in direct emission from excited state B′*. A simple model for energy transfer from species A* to B is proposed. The numerical resolution of equations corresponding to this model is in good agreement with experimental data. This method quantifies the kinetics of intrinsic emission and energy transfer processes. Lifetime values indicate that phosphorescence is taking place, and species A, B and B′ are identified as edge O2−4 C, corner O2−3 C and kink O2−3 C oxide ions respectively.
Conformational Effects on Circular Dichroism in the Photoelectron Angular Distribution
Authors: Di Tommaso Devis , Stener Mauro , Fronzoni Giovanna , Decleva Piero
Published: April 2006

The B‐spline density‐functional method has been applied to the conformers of the (1R, 2R)‐1,2‐dibromo‐1,2‐dichloro‐1,2‐difluoroethane molecule. The cross section, asymmetry, and dichroic parameters relative to core and valence orbitals, which do not change their nature along the conformational curve, have been systematically studied. While the cross section and the asymmetry parameter are weakly affected, the dichroic parameter appears to be rather sensitive to the particular conformer of the molecule, suggesting that this dynamical property could be a useful tool for conformational analysis. The computational method has also been applied to methyl rotation in methyloxirane. Unexpected and dramatic sensitivity of the dichroic‐parameter profile to the methyl rotation, both in the core and valence states, has been found. Boltzmann averaging over the conformers reproduces quite closely the profiles previously obtained for the minimum‐energy conformation, which is in good agreement with the experimental results.
Spin–Orbit Ab Initio Investigation of the Photolysis of Bromoiodomethane
Authors: Liu Ya‐Jun , Ajitha Devarajan , Krogh Jesper Wisborg , Tarnovsky Alexander N. , Lindh Roland
Published: April 2006

The photodissociation of bromoiodomethane has been investigated by spin–orbit ab initio calculations. The experimentally observed A‐ and B‐bands and the corresponding photoproducts were assigned by multistate second‐order multiconfigurational perturbation theory in conjunction with spin–orbit interaction through complete active space state interaction potential energy curves, vertical excitation energies, and oscillator strengths of low‐lying excited states. The present conclusions with respect to the dissociation process in the B‐band are different compared with those of previous studies. The reaction between the iso‐CH2Br‐I and iso‐CH2I‐Br species has also been studied. Finally, a set of stable excited states was identified for both isomers. These species might be of importance in the recombination process that follows the photodissociation in a solvent.
Cover Picture: Direct Observation of Single Protein Molecules in Aqueous Solution (ChemPhysChem 4/2006)
Authors: Grünwald David , Hoekstra Andreas , Dange Thomas , Buschmann Volker , Kubitscheck Ulrich
Published: April 2006

The cover picture shows a surface plot representation of the trajectories of a single quantum dot (larger signals in the back) and of a single fluorescent antibody (four smaller signals in the front) in aqueous buffer solution. In their Communication on page 812 Grünwald et al. show that imaging by an electron multiplying charge‐coupled device is fast enough to obtain images of diffusing single molecules. The antibody signals are not as bright as the quantum dots, and slighty more smeared out due to movements during the 3‐ms frame integration time.
Functional CD1a is stabilized by exogenous lipids
Authors: Manolova Vania , Kistowska Magdalena , Paoletti Samantha , Baltariu Gabriel M. , Bausinger Huguette , Hanau Daniel , Mori Lucia , De Libero Gennaro
Published: April 2006

Self‐glycosphingolipids bind to surface CD1 molecules and are readily displaced by other CD1 ligands. This capacity to exchange antigens at the cell surface is not common to other antigen‐presenting molecules and its physiological importance is unclear. Here we show that a large pool of cell‐surface CD1a, but not CD1b molecules, is stabilized by exogenous lipids present in serum. Under serum deprivation CD1a molecules are altered and functionally inactive, as they are unable to present lipid antigens to T cells. Glycosphingolipids and phospholipids bind to, and restore functionality to CD1a without the contribution of newly synthesized and recycling CD1a molecules. The dependence of CD1a stability on exogenous lipids is not related to its intracellular traffic and rather to its antigen‐binding pockets. These results indicate a functional dichotomy between CD1a and CD1b molecules and provide new information on how the lipid antigenic repertoire is immunologically sampled.
Oxidorhenium(V) Complexes of a Family of Bipyridine‐Like Ligands Including Pyridyltriazines and Pyrazinyltriazine: Oxygen‐Atom Transfer, Metal Redox and Correlations
Authors: Das Samir , Chakravorty Animesh
Published: April 2006

The title ligands (general abbreviation L) are bipyridine (bpy), its dimethyl (mbpy) and diphenyl (pbpy) derivatives, phenanthroline (phen), 5,6‐diphenyl‐3‐(2‐pyridyl)‐1,2,4‐triazine (ppyt) and its dimethyl (mpyt) and pyrazinyl (ppzt) analogues. The concerned oxido complexes are [ReOCl3(L)],[ReOBr3(ppyt)] and [ReOBr3(ppzt)]. The chloro and bromo complexes of ppyt and ppzt were prepared by reacting these ligands with [ReOX3(AsPh3)2] (X = Cl, Br). The X‐ray structures of [ReOCl3(ppyt)] and [ReOCl3(ppzt)] reveal that the ReCl3fragment is meridionally disposed and that the L ligand isN,N‐coordinated such that the pyridine/pyrazine nitrogen liestransto the oxido oxygen atom. The Re–O lengths [1.656(10)/1.625(9) Å] correspond to approximate triple bonding. The rate of oxygen‐atom transfer from [ReOX3(L)] to triphenylphosphane in solution follows second‐order kinetics and is associated with a large and negative entropy of activation (approx. –30 cal K–1 mol–1). The initial attack is believed to involve the phosphane lone pair and Re≡O π*‐orbitals. Electron withdrawal from the ReVO moiety by varying X or L facilitates oxygen‐atom transfer. Thus, the rates follow the orders Br < Cl; mbpy < bpy < phen < pbpy << mpyt < ppyt < ppzt. The reduction potential of the quasireversible ReVIO/ReVO couple displays similar trends and the logarithmic rate constant of oxygen‐atom transfer is found to correlate linearly with the reduction potential. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Runoff and soil loss under individual plants of a semi‐arid Mediterranean shrubland: influence of plant morphology and rainfall intensity
Authors: Bochet E. , Poesen J. , Rubio J. L.
Published: April 2006

The influence of plant morphology and rainfall intensity on soil loss and runoff was determined at the plant scale for three representative species of a semi‐arid patchy shrubland vegetation of east Spain, representing contrasting canopy structures and plant phenologies (Rosmarinus officinalis, Anthyllis cytisoides and Stipa tenacissima).

Twenty‐seven microplots of less than 1 m2, each containing one single plant, were built to quantify runoff volume and sediment yield under the canopies of the three species. Runoff and rates of soil loss measured in these plots under natural rainfall conditions were compared with control microplots built in the bare inter‐plant areas. Precipitation was automatic‐ally recorded and rainfall intensity calculated over a two‐year period.

Results indicated that individual plants played a relevant role in interrill erosion control at the microscale. Compared with a bare soil surface, rates of soil loss and runoff reduction varied strongly depending on the species. Cumulative soil loss was reduced by 94·3, 88·0 and 30·2 per cent, and cumulative runoff volume was reduced by 66·4, 50·8 and 18·4 per cent under the Rosmarinus, Stipa and Anthyllis canopies, respectively, compared with a bare surface. Anthyllis was significantly less efficient than the two other species in reducing runoff volume under its canopy. Differences between species could only be identified above a rainfall intensity threshold of 20 mm h−1. The different plant morphologies and plant compon‐ents explained the different erosive responses of the three species. Canopy cover played a major role in runoff and soil loss reduction. The presence of a second layer of protection at the soil surface (litter cover) was fundamental for erosion control during intense rainfall. Rainfall intensity and soil water status prior to rainfall strongly influenced runoff and soil loss rates. The possible use of these species in restoration programmes of degraded areas is discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of functional image analysis contest (FIAC) data with brainvoyager QX: From single‐subject to cortically aligned group general linear model analysis and self‐organizing group independent component analysis
Authors: Goebel Rainer , Esposito Fabrizio , Formisano Elia
Published: April 2006

The Functional Image Analysis Contest (FIAC) 2005 dataset was analyzed using BrainVoyager QX. First, we performed a standard analysis of the functional and anatomical data that includes preprocessing, spatial normalization into Talairach space, hypothesis‐driven statistics (one‐ and two‐factorial, single‐subject and group‐level random effects, General Linear Model [GLM]) of the block‐ and event‐related paradigms. Strong sentence and weak speaker group‐level effects were detected in temporal and frontal regions. Following this standard analysis, we performed single‐subject and group‐level (Talairach‐based) Independent Component Analysis (ICA) that highlights the presence of functionally connected clusters in temporal and frontal regions for sentence processing, besides revealing other networks related to auditory stimulation or to the default state of the brain. Finally, we applied a high‐resolution cortical alignment method to improve the spatial correspondence across brains and re‐run the random effects group GLM as well as the group‐level ICA in this space. Using spatially and temporally unsmoothed data, this cortex‐based analysis revealed comparable results but with a set of spatially more confined group clusters and more differential group region of interest time courses. Hum. Brain Mapp, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combined permutation test and mixed‐effect model for group average analysis in fMRI
Authors: Mériaux Sébastien , Roche Alexis , Dehaene‐Lambertz Ghislaine , Thirion Bertrand , Poline Jean‐Baptiste
Published: April 2006

In group average analyses, we generalize the classical one‐samplettest to account for heterogeneous within‐subject uncertainties associated with the estimated effects. Our test statistic is defined as the maximum likelihood ratio corresponding to a Gaussian mixed‐effect model. The test's significance level is calibrated using the same sign permutation framework as in Holmes et al., allowing for exact specificity control under a mild symmetry assumption about the subjects' distribution. Because our likelihood ratio test does not rely on homoscedasticity, it is potentially more sensitive than both the standardttest and its permutation‐based version. We present results from the Functional Imaging Analysis Contest 2005 dataset to support this claim. Hum Brain Mapp 27:402–410, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Permutation testing of orthogonal factorial effects in a language‐processing experiment using fMRI
Authors: Suckling John , Davis Matthew H. , Ooi Cinly , Wink Alle Meije , Fadili Jalal , Salvador Raymond , Welchew David , Şendur Levent , Maxim Vochita , Bullmore Edward T.
Published: April 2006

The block‐paradigm of the Functional Image Analysis Contest (FIAC) dataset was analysed with the Brain Activation and Morphological Mapping software. Permutation methods in the wavelet domain were used for inference on cluster‐based test statistics of orthogonal contrasts relevant to the factorial design of the study, namely: the average response across all active blocks, the main effect of speaker, the main effect of sentence, and the interaction between sentence and speaker. Extensive activation was seen with all these contrasts. In particular, different vs. same‐speaker blocks produced elevated activation in bilateral regions of the superior temporal lobe and repetition suppression for linguistic materials (same vs. different‐sentence blocks) in left inferior frontal regions. These are regions previously reported in the literature. Additional regions were detected in this study, perhaps due to the enhanced sensitivity of the methodology. Within‐block sentence suppression was tested post‐hoc by regression of an exponential decay model onto the extracted time series from the left inferior frontal gyrus, but no strong evidence of such an effect was found. The significance levels set for the activation maps are P‐values at which we expect <1 false‐positive cluster per image. Nominal type I error control was verified by empirical testing of a test statistic corresponding to a randomly ordered design matrix. The small size of the BOLD effect necessitates sensitive methods of detection of brain activation. Permutation methods permit the necessary flexibility to develop novel test statistics to meet this challenge. Hum Brain Mapp27:425–433, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Socioeconomic gradients in clinical stage at presentation and survival among breast cancer patients in the Stockholm area 1977–1997
Authors: Rutqvist Lars. E. , Bern Annete
Published: April 2006

A program to ensure an equivalent standard of care for all patients with breast cancer was initiated in the Stockholm area in the mid 1970s. As part of an evaluation of this program, social gradients in clinical stage at presentation and survival were analyzed among patients diagnosed during 1977 through 1997. The patients (n = 15,021) were selected from a database covering about 88% of all diagnosed breast cancer cases in the region. Putative associations were analyzed between clinical stage, survival and different socioeconomic indicators (level of education, income and occupation). There were significant social differences (p < 0.01) in distribution of clinical stage as well as in total and stage‐specific survival. High income, more skilled work and a high level of education were all associated with clinically less advanced tumors and hence better survival. However, stage‐specific survival differences were mostly generated by differences in nonbreast cancer mortality. The results indicate social inequalities regarding awareness of the disease and/or access to early detection. Social gradients in nonbreast cancer mortality were also found to influence observed survival. In contrast, we observed no significant social differences in stage‐specific breast cancer mortality. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.