bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Angiostrongylus vasorum infection in 23 dogs (1999–2002)
Authors: Chapman P. S. , Boag A. K. , Guitian J. , Boswood A.
Published: February 2006

Angiostrongylosis was diagnosed in 23 dogs presenting Queen Mother Hospital for Animals between June 1999 and 2002. The animals' clinical records were reviewed retrospectively and certain risk factors were compared with a control population of 3407 dogs. Twenty‐two of the 23 dogs were from south‐England and dogs from Surrey (n=8) were significantly overrepresented. There were also significantly more Cavalier Charles spaniels (n=5) and Staffordshire bull terriers (n=the affected dogs than in the control group. The median affected dogs was 10 months (range five to 90 months). common presenting signs were cough (65 per cent), dyspnoea (43 per cent), haemorrhagic diathesis (35 per cent) and (26 per cent). Four dogs were thrombocytopenic and eight significant prolongations in prothrombin time and/or activated partial thromboplastin time. Thoracic radiographs were abnormal 18 of 19 dogs. A variety of changes were observed, the most being a patchy alveolar‐interstitial pattern affecting the dorsocaudal lung fields. Angiostrongylus vasorum larvae were found in 10 bronchoalveolar lavage specimens and 19 of 19 faecal Three dogs died shortly after admission to the hospital. The remainder were successfully treated with fenbendazole at of 50 mg/kg for five to 21 days. A vasorum should now be considered endemic to south‐east England.
Intramyocardial arterial narrowing in dogs with subaortic stenosis
Authors: Falk T. , Jönsson L. , Pedersen H. D.
Published: February 2006

Earlier studies have described intramyocardial arterial narrowing based on hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the vessel wall in dogs with subaortic stenosis (SAS). In theory, such changes might increase the risk of sudden death, as they seem to do in heart disease in other species. This retrospective pathological study describes and quantifies intramyocardial arterial narrowing in 44 dogs with naturally occurring SAS and in eight control dogs. The majority of the dogs with SAS died suddenly (n=27); nine had died or been euthanased with signs of heart failure and eight were euthanased without clinical signs. Dogs with SAS had significantly narrower intramyocardial arteries (P<0.001) and more myocardial fibrosis (P<0.001) than control dogs. Male dogs and those with more severe hypertrophy had more vessel narrowing (P=0.02 and P=0.02, respectively), whereas dogs with dilated hearts had slightly less pronounced arterial thickening (P=0.01). Arterial narrowing was not related to age, but fibrosis increased with age (P=0.047). Dogs that died suddenly did not have a greater number of arterial changes than other dogs with SAS. This study suggests that most dogs with SAS have intramyocardial arterial narrowing and that the risk of dying suddenly is not significantly related to the overall degree of vessel obliteration.
Carpal hyperflexion in a growing dog following neural injury to the distal brachium
Authors: Holland C. T.
Published: February 2006

A three‐month‐old dobermann was presented with hyperflexion of the right carpus. The abnormality had evolved over a three‐week period, following circumferential soft tissue trauma to the distal brachium. The carpal joint angle measured at the limit of passive extension was 105° compared with 175° for the left carpus, and prevented placement of metacarpal and digital pads on the ground. Neurological examination revealed marked atrophy of the carpal extensors, an absent extensor carpi radialis reflex and moderate atrophy of the carpal flexors. Spontaneous electromyographic activity consistent with denervation was recorded in the carpal extensor and flexor muscles. Surgical exploration of the distal radial nerve disclosed a region of fibrosis enmeshing the deep branch of the radial nerve. Following relief of the entrapped nerve, carpal hyperflexion, muscle atrophy and the extensor carpi radialis reflex deficit gradually resolved over four months. It is suggested that, in the rapidly growing limb, myoneural dysfunction induced by trauma was the underlying pathophysiological mechanism for carpal hyperflexion.
Eyelid eosinophilic granuloma in a Siberian husky
Authors: Vercelli A. , Cornegliani L. , Portigliotti L.
Published: February 2006

Canine eosinophilic granuloma (CEG) is a rare skin disease of unknown origin. It has been reported in Siberian huskies, Cavalier King Charles spaniels and occasionally in other breeds. The lesions comprise nodules or plaques, mostly localised in the oral cavity. A case of a single cutaneous nodular lesion of CEG on the eyelid of a Siberian husky is described. Complete remission was achieved with oral glucocorticoid treatment.
Myelopathy caused by a histiocytic sarcoma in a cat
Authors: Smoliga J. , Schatzberg S. , Peters J. , Mcdonough S. , Delahunta A.
Published: February 2006

An eight‐year‐old, female spayed, domestic shorthair cat presented with a three‐week history of progressive general proprioceptive ataxia and upper motor neuron paresis of the hindlimbs. Computed tomography revealed a mediastinal mass invading the vertebral canal with the T1 spinal nerve and roots, causing extramedullary compression of the cranial thoracic spinal cord. Histopathological and immunohistochemical studies of the mass during postmortem examination disclosed a neoplasm, later determined to be a poorly differentiated histiocytic sarcoma. Feline histiocytic tumours are rare, with only two prior reports existing in the veterinary literature. This report details a case work‐up and reviews the literature on feline histiocytic diseases and tumours affecting the feline spinal cord.
Partial percutaneous discectomy for treatment of thoracolumbar disc protrusion: retrospective study of 331 dogs
Authors: Kinzel S. , Wolff M. , Buecker A. , Krombach G. A. , Stopinski T. , Afify M. , Weiss C. , Kupper W.
Published: February 2006

Objectives: To determine retrospectively the prognosis and outcome for dogs diagnosed with thoracolumbar intervertebral disc disease treated with partial percutaneous discectomy (PPD).

Methods: Three hundred and thirty‐one dogs presenting with symptoms of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc disease from 1998 to 2003 were treated with PPD. Diagnosis and location of intervertebral disc disease was confirmed by clinical examination, radiography, myelography and magnetic resonance imaging. PPD was performed via fluoroscopy‐guided removal of a 5 mm bore cylinder out of the central intervertebral space.

Results: Clinical success after surgery was achieved in 159 (88·8 per cent) grade II to IV patients and 58 (38·2 per cent) grade V patients. The mean (sd) time from percutaneous discectomy to first improvement was 8·3 (13·2) days.

ClinicalSignificance: The PPD approach to the thoracolumbar spine involves minor trauma (yielding rapid recovery) and less pain, and produces results comparable with open fenestration. Consequently, this simple minimal invasive technique can be recommended as an alternative to the technique of fenestration and can be easily performed in addition to open surgical decompression techniques or prophylactically. However, it is not a replacement for surgical treatment in dogs with thoracolumbar disc disease that require removal of disc fragments causing spinal cord or nerve root compression.
Chronic axillary wound repair in a cat with omentalisation and omocervical skin flap
Authors: Gray M. J.
Published: February 2006

A mature, neutered male domestic cat was presented with a chronic axillary wound of unknown origin and at least three years' duration. The diagnostic investigation included screening tests for feline leukaemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus, tissue culture and histological examination. No underlying aetiology or perpetuating cause could be identified. An omental flap was created, passed via a subcutaneous tunnel, and packed into the wound site after excision of all chronic granulation tissue. The skin defect was closed using an omocervical axial pattern skin flap. A small area of the distal edge of the flap became necrotic but the defect healed by second intention. To the author's knowledge, this is the first clinical report of the use of an omocervical skin flap for repair of a chronic axillary wound in a cat. This flap offers a useful alternative where the use of a thoracodorsal axial pattern flap is not possible due to the extent of the lesion.
Urethral transitional cell carcinoma in a cat
Authors: Takagi S. , Kadosawa T. , Ishiguro T. , Ohsaki T. , Okumura M. , Fujinaga T.
Published: February 2006

A 15‐year‐old, male neutered cat was referred for investigation of dysuria. A retrograde urethrography was performed which showed two space‐occupying masses within the lumen of the mid‐to‐proximal urethra. Exploratory coeliotomy revealed two urethral masses. Segmental urethrectomy was performed to resect the mass, and the lower urinary tract was reconstructed by vesico‐urethral anastomosis. Histopathology showed the mass to be a transitional cell carcinoma with incomplete surgical margins. Tumour regrowth was suspected when dysuria was found approximately 318 days after surgery. Clinical signs were palliated by radiation using weekly fractions of 6 Gy for three weeks. The cat died of unknown causes 386 days postoperatively.
Ischaemic stroke in dogs and humans: a comparative review
Authors: Garosi L. S. , McConnell J. F.
Published: February 2006

Cerebrovascular accidents, also known as strokes, are one of the major causes of disability and mortality among adult humans. The increased availability of magnetic resonance imaging in veterinary medicine means they are being increasingly recognised in dogs, too. Cerebrovascular accident is defined as the sudden onset of non‐progressive, focal brain dysfunction as a result of ischaemic infarction or haemorrhage. Focal ischaemic stroke is caused by interruption of the arterial blood flow to a dependent area of brain parenchyma by a thrombus or an embolus. Once the diagnosis of ischaemic stroke is confirmed, potential sources of thrombosis or embolism should be investigated and treated accordingly. Dogs with ischaemic stroke tend to recover within several weeks with supportive care only.
Myocarditis and generalised vasculitis associated with leishmaniosis in a dog
Authors: Torrent E. , Leiva M. , Segalés J. , Franch J. , Peña T. , Cabrera B. , Pastor J.
Published: February 2006

A three‐year‐old, female bulldog was presented with bilateral uveitis, apathy, listlessness, generalised lymphadenopathy and perivulvar haematoma. The initial laboratory studies showed non‐regenerative anaemia, polyclonal gammopathy and a high urine protein:creatinine ratio. Serology for leishmaniosis was positive and treatment with allopurinol and meglumine antimoniate was started. Despite treatment, the dog's clinical condition deteriorated. Signs included cutaneous ecchymosis, respiratory distress and finally cardiorespiratory arrest. Histopathological studies of postmortem tissue samples revealed a generalised vasculitis of several internal organs and severe myocarditis. Leishmania species organisms were identified in affected tissues using immunoperoxidase labelling and PCR techniques.
L‐thyroxine responsive cricopharyngeal achalasia associated with hypothyroidism in a dog
Authors: Bruchim Y. , Kushnir A. , Shamir M. H.
Published: February 2006

An eight‐year‐old, male boxer dog was presented with a one‐month history of hindlimb weakness followed by compulsive ineffective drinking, dysphagia, regurgitation and nasal reflux during drinking. A neurological examination revealed weakness and conscious proprioception deficits in both hindlimbs with normal spinal reflexes. The dog's swallowing function was examined by fluoroscopy. This showed normal prehension of the barium paste, bolus formation and contraction of the pharyngeal muscle, but no opening of the upper oesophageal sphincter was detected. A serum thyroid stimulating hormone level of 0.402 ng/dl and serum total T4 of 0.01 μg/dl were determined. The dog fully recovered one month after L‐thyroxine therapy. The association found between cricopharyngeal achalasia and hypothyroidism suggests that hypothyroidism should be included in the list of differential diagnoses for dogs with cricopharyngeal achalasia.
Perivulvar dermatitis in a cat treated by episioplasty
Authors: Ranen E. , Zur G.
Published: February 2006

Perivulvar dermatitis is common in obese, older female dogs that have infantile vulvae. Removing the excessive perivulvar skin folds by episioplasty has been recommended as the treatment of choice for perivulvar dermatitis in bitches. This report describes a case of perivulvar dermatitis in a cat that was treated by episioplasty. Ten days after surgery a substantial improvement was noticed, and 67 days later the skin in the perineal/perivulvar area appeared to be normal. The cat had not been given any medication. As in bitches, episioplasty in cats can be successful in reducing perivulvar dermatitis.
Unusual vascular ring anomaly associated with a persistent right aortic arch in two dogs
Authors: House A. K. , Summerfield N. J. , German A. J. , Noble P. J. M. , Ibarrola P. , Brockman D. J.
Published: February 2006

An unusual vascular ring anomaly consisting of a persistent right aortic arch and a left ligamentum arteriosum extending from the main pulmonary artery to an aberrant left subclavian artery and left aortic arch remnant complex was identified in a German shepherd dog and a great Dane. The left subclavian artery and left aortic arch remnant complex originated at the junction between the right distal aortic arch and the descending aorta and coursed dorsal to the oesophagus in a cranial direction. The attachment of the ligamentum arteriosum to the aberrant left subclavian artery was approximately 5 cm cranial to the point of origin of the aberrant left subclavian artery and left aortic arch remnant complex from the descending aorta in both dogs. This anomaly observed in both dogs is similar to an anomaly reported in humans, in which a persistent right aortic arch is found in conjunction with an aberrant left subclavian artery and a left aortic arch remnant (Kommerell's diverticulum). Surgical ligation and division of the left ligamentum arteriosum in both dogs, along with division of the left subclavian artery in the great Dane, resulted in resolution of clinical signs in both of the dogs in this report.
Assessment of cytological criteria for diagnosing osteosarcoma in dogs
Authors: Reinhardt S. , Stockhaus C. , Teske E. , Rudolph R. , Brunnberg L.
Published: February 2006

Objectives: To evaluate the specific cytological criteria of osteosarcomas in dogs.

Methods: Significant cytological characteristics of osteosarcoma and benign mesenchymal bone proliferations were determined from imprint smears of 25 dogs with osteosarcoma (group 1) and 20 dogs admitted for removal of surgical bone implants after uncomplicated healing of bone fractures (group 2).

Results: Mild to moderate cellular necrosis occurred frequently in patients with osteosarcoma. The cytoplasm of osteoblasts was pale blue to blue with a more pronounced basophilia in group 2. In 48 per cent of the patients in group 1, but none in group 2, osteoblasts showed a slight to moderate eosinophilic cytoplasmic granulation. In both groups, osteoblasts contained one red to pale blue nucleus with one or two grey‐red to blue nucleoli in group 2. Forty‐four per cent of animals in group 1 had osteoblasts with more than two nucleoli per nucleus. The median nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio was higher in group 1 (1:2·0) than in group 2 (1:3·5). Osteoblasts in group 1 were frequently seen to have a clumped chromatin pattern and showed significantly more criteria of malignancy (median six criteria per patient) than those in group 2 (median two criteria per patient). In group 1, mitoses of osteoblasts were detectable in 23 of 25 dogs, whereas only one dog in group 2 had evidence of mitotic osteoblasts.

Clinical Significance: Cytological criteria can be helpful in the diagnosis of canine osteosarcoma.
Inheritance of dermoid sinus in the Rhodesian ridgeback
Authors: Hillbertz N. H. C. Salmon
Published: February 2006

Objectives: To define the mode of inheritance of dermoid sinus.

Methods: A chi‐squared analysis was performed on data from 46 litters produced between 1990 and 2001. Data were corrected to avoid bias in the segregation ratio.

Results: In data from 57 litters (n=492), 82 dermoid sinus positive offspring were observed. The frequency of affected offspring in the Swedish Rhodesian ridgeback population is estimated to be between 8 and 10 per cent.

Clinical Significance: Bias in heredity pattern may be caused by undetected dermoid sinus type V. Improved clinical diagnosis of all dermoid sinus types is therefore crucial.
Cerebral and conjunctival haemorrhages associated with von Willebrand factor deficiency and canine angiostrongylosis
Authors: Whitley N. T. , Corzo‐Menendez N. , Carmichael N. G. , MCGarry J. W.
Published: February 2006

A case of angiostrongylosis is described in a 14‐month‐old golden retriever bitch. Conjunctival haemorrhage and neurological signs, referable to a space‐occupying cerebral lesion, were associated with defective primary haemostasis caused by low levels of von Willebrand factor. Full clinical recovery followed treatment with desmopressin, fresh whole blood transfusion, fenbendazole and supportive care. The magnetic resonance image of the suspected organising haematoma is described. Similarities to the human condition, acquired von Willebrand syndrome, and a possible role for aberrant larval migration in haematoma formation are suggested.
Intracranial haemorrhage associated with Angiostrongylus vasorum infection in three dogs
Authors: Garosi L. S. , Platt S. R. , McConnell J. F. , Wray J. D. , Smith K. C.
Published: February 2006

This report describes three dogs with intracranial haemorrhage secondary to severe coagulation defects associated with Angiostrongylus vasorum infection. The initial case was diagnosed at necropsy, with two subsequent cases diagnosed antemortem and successfully treated. The dogs ranged in age from 14 months to four years and were presented for evaluation of a severe, subacute onset of suspected cerebral disease. Magnetic resonance imaging performed on all three dogs was suggestive of multiple areas of intraparenchymal brain haemorrhage. Coagulation assays showed a consumptive coagulopathy resembling chronic disseminated intravascular coagulation. Postmortem examination of the initial case confirmed the presence of multiple intracranial and extracranial haemorrhages. An unexpected finding was that of a marked multifocal nematode infection of the lungs with an associated vasculopathy. The parasites were confirmed to be A vasorum. In the two other dogs, faecal examination by Baermann technique confirmed A vasorum infection. Both dogs were treated with fenbendazole and one was additionally given a plasma transfusion. Repeated coagulation assays were normal within one week. Neurological examinations were normal for both dogs within six weeks. This case series indicates that A vasorum infection should be considered as a possible aetiology of intracranial haemorrhage in dogs.
Use of a multi‐stage exercise test to assess the responsiveness of rate‐adaptive pacemakers in dogs
Authors: Ferasin L. , Faena M. , Henderson S. M. , Langford K. , Darke P. G. G.
Published: February 2006

Objectives: To assess the ventricular rate response of rate‐adaptive (VVIR) pacemakers in dogs using a multi‐stage exercise test.

Methods: The rate‐responsiveness of VVIR pacemakers was assessed in seven dogs with complete atrioventricular (AV) block and implanted with various models of pulse generators (six motion sensors and one automatic dual‐sensor rate‐response pacemaker). Response activity was assessed with a multi‐stage exercise test on a treadmill. Atrial and ventricular rate were analysed retrospectively at the end of the test and the AV ratio was calculated after each minute of exercise.

Results: During exercise, the mean (sd) AV ratio recorded in all paced dogs was 1.7 (0.5) (expected physiological ratio 1.0), although a variety of individual performances was observed. A poor response (AV ratio 2.8 [0.2]) was obtained with the automatic dual‐sensor pacemaker, suggesting that this type of rate‐responsive device may not be indicated for implantation in dogs with complete AV block. The overall AV ratio for the six dogs implanted with motion sensors was 1.4 (0.2), showing a better performance of these pacemakers during exercise.

Clinical Significance: This multi‐stage exercise test represents an easy and repeatable method for assessing the accuracy of rate‐responsive sensors and offers valuable information for the correct setting of VVIR pacemakers in dogs.
Unusual presentation of avulsion of the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle in a dog
Authors: Ridge P. A. , Owen M. R.
Published: February 2006

A five‐and‐a‐half‐year‐old, male neutered golden retriever was presented with sudden onset, plantigrade stance of the left pelvic limb one month after a traumatic incident. A diagnosis of avulsion of the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle was made based on clinical signs and radiographic assessment. Initial wire reduction and fixation were unsuccessful. However, reduction and fixation with monofilament leader line augmented with a trans‐hock external fixator resulted in a successful outcome. The dog had a normal gait 18 months after revision surgery.
Bilateral fixation of Y‐T humeral condyle fractures via medial and lateral approaches in 29 dogs
Authors: Mckee W. M. , Macias C. , Innes J. F.
Published: February 2006

Objectives: To describe bilateral fixation of Y‐T fractures of the humeral condyle via combined medial and lateral approaches, and to determine the technique's clinical and radiographic short‐term outcomes.

Methods: Details of 30 consecutive fractures in 29 dogs were reviewed. These included signalment, method of fixation, complications, and follow‐up limb function and range of elbow joint motion.

Results: The age of the dogs ranged from three months to nine years, and bodyweight ranged from 1.9 to 48 kg. The humeral condyle was reattached to the shaft using medial and lateral bone plates in 18 fractures, a medial plate and lateral Kirschner wire(s) in six fractures, and medial and lateral Kirschner wire(s) in six fractures. Major complications were recorded in four fractures and minor complications in two fractures. Limb function at follow‐up was graded as excellent in 12, good in 15 and fair in three fractures. The range of elbow flexion was normal in seven, mildly reduced in 18, moderately reduced in four and severely reduced in one fracture.

Clinical Significance: In contrast to the caudal approach, combined medial and lateral approaches decrease the extent of periarticular soft tissue dissection, avoid complications associated with olecranon osteotomy and enable exposure of the entire humeral diaphysis for fixation. Bilateral fixation is likely to be better at counteracting bending and torsional forces compared with unilateral fixation.
Retrospective study of indications for and outcome of perineal urethrostomy in cats
Authors: Bass M. , Howard J. , Gerber B. , Messmer M.
Published: February 2006

Objectives: To evaluate indications for and outcome of perineal urethrostomy in cats.

Methods: The medical records of 59 cats that had undergone perineal urethrostomy were evaluated. Short‐term follow up information (for a period of four weeks following surgery) was available for all of the cats. Long‐term follow up information (for a period of at least four months) was available for 39 cats.

Results: Early complications occurred in 25.4 per cent of cats and late complications were observed in 28.2 per cent of cats. The most frequent late complication was recurring bacterial urinary tract infection.

ClinicalSignificance: Despite frequent complications and recurring signs of lower urinary tract disease, 32.2 per cent of the cats had a disease‐free long‐term outcome (mean four years, median 3.9 years), and 88.6 per cent of clients interviewed thought that their cats had a good quality of life after surgery.
Nephrotic syndrome associated with administration of sulfadimethoxine/ ormetoprim in a dobermann
Authors: Vasilopulos R. J. , Mackin A. , Lavergne S. N. , Trepanier L. A.
Published: February 2006

This case report describes sulphonamide‐induced nephrotic syndrome in a young dobermann dog. The clinical signs and laboratory abnormalities resolved shortly after discontinuation of the sulphonamide antibiotic and with generalised supportive care. Since nephrotic syndrome typically carries a guarded prognosis in veterinary medicine and is poorly responsive to therapy, a thorough drug history should be an important part of the investigation of any animal with a protein‐losing nephropathy.
Thrombo‐ischaemic pinnal necrosis associated with fenbendazole treatment in a dog
Authors: Nuttall T. J. , Burrow R. , Fraser I. , Kipar A.
Published: February 2006

An 11‐week‐old, female West Highland white terrier was presented with necrosis of the distal third of both pinnae. Haematology, biochemistry and urinalysis, Coombs test, antinuclear antibody and cold autoagglutinin antibody tests were normal. A drug reaction to fenbendazole was diagnosed. The necrotic ear tips were surgically removed. Histopathology revealed extensive coagulative necrosis of the epidermis and superficial to mid‐dermis, a moderate interstitial neutrophilic infiltrate and complete thrombotic occlusion and necrosis of blood vessels. There was also endothelial cell activation and proliferation with endothelial cell cushions protruding into the vascular lumen. Immunohistochemistry for factor VIII‐related antigen confirmed endothelial cell involvement. This case represents an unusual, drug‐induced, thrombo‐ischaemic necrosis of the pinnae. It is also, to the authors' knowledge, the first report of fenbendazole sensitivity in a dog. The histopathology is similar to previous cases of proliferative thrombovascular pinnal necrosis, suggesting that drug reactions should be considered in this condition.
Treatment of insulinoma in a springer spaniel with streptozotocin
Authors: Bell R. , Mooney C. T. , Mansfield C. S. , Jones B. R.
Published: February 2006

An eight‐year‐old, female springer spaniel was treated for metastatic insulinoma with a single intravenous dose of 500 mg/m2 streptozotocin (SZN), and pre‐and post‐treatment diuresis. A tapering dose of corticosteroids was also administered over a 28‐day period. SZN and corticosteroid administration resulted in resolution of hypoglycaemia and subsequent development of diabetes mellitus. Further metastases caused cervical spinal pain and the dog was euthanased 118 days after SZN administration. SZN can be safely used for the treatment of canine insulinoma, but, when compared with other published cases, a marked variation in clinical response to this drug exists and further study is warranted.
Computed tomography as an aid in the diagnosis of chronic nasal disease in dogs
Authors: Lefebvre J. , Kuehn N. F. , Wortinger A.
Published: February 2006

Objectives: To assess the use of computed tomography (CT) in the diagnosis of chronic nasal disease in dogs.

Methods: A retrospective study of 85 dogs with chronic nasal discharge due to primary nasal disease, which had undergone CT and biopsy, was carried out. Medical records were reviewed signalment, clinical signs, CT findings, endoscopic findings and histopathology. The results obtained via CT were correlated with nasal histopathology and gross anatomical observations were recorded at the time of rhinoscopy.

Results: Neoplasia was diagnosed in 37 dogs for which CT typically revealed a soft tissue density associated with extensive turbinate destruction. Inflammatory rhinitis was diagnosed in 40 dogs. CT disclosed either normal turbinate structures or mild to moderate turbinate destruction, with or without the presence of soft tissue densities (mucopus) within the nasal passages. Fungal rhinitis was diagnosed in seven dogs for which CT disclosed extensive turbinate destruction with hyperlucency of the nasal passages. One dog had normal CT and histopathology findings.

ClinicalSignificance: CT greatly enhanced the ability to diagnose chronic nasal disease in dogs, providing detailed information regarding the extent of the disease, accurate discrimination of neoplastic versus non‐neoplastic diseases, and identification of areas of the nose to examine rhinoscopically and suspicious regions to target for biopsy.
Small‐cell carcinoma of the lung resembling a brachial plexus tumour
Authors: Ferreira A. J. A. , Peleteiro M. C. , Correia J. H. D. , Jesus S. O. , Goulão A.
Published: February 2006

A small‐cell carcinoma of the lung was identified in a six‐year‐old female German shepherd dog with a history of chronic lameness of the left forelimb, Horner's syndrome and sensory deficits on the caudal portion of the left forelimb below the elbow. A mass, the exact location of which was difficult to ascertain, was identified during radiographic examination of the thorax. It was easily identified, using magnetic resonance imaging, as an apical tumour of the left lung with dorsal extension and involvement of paraspinal structures, such as spinal nerve roots C8 to T1 and the sympathetic trunk. Postmortem examination confirmed a mass in the left apical lobe of the lung, compatible with a diagnosis of small‐cell carcinoma by histopathology and immunohistochemistry. This clinical presentation is similar to Pancoast syndrome described in humans.
Sensory neuropathy in two Border collie puppies
Authors: Vermeersch K. , van Ham L. , Braund K. G. , Bhatti S. , Tshamala M. , Chiers K. , Schrauwen E.
Published: February 2006

A peripheral sensory neuropathy was diagnosed in two Border collie puppies. Neurological, electrophysiological and histopathological examinations suggested a purely sensory neuropathy with mainly distal involvement. Urinary incontinence was observed in one of the puppies and histological examination of the vagus nerve revealed degenerative changes. An inherited disorder was suspected.
Anaplasma phagocytophiluminfection in a dog: identifying the causative agent using PCR
Authors: Kirtz G. , Meli M. , Leidinger E. , Ludwig P. , Thum D. , Czettel B. , Kölbl S. , Lutz H.
Published: February 2006

A diagnosis ofAnaplasma phagocytophiluminfection was confirmed in a two‐year‐old male golden retriever displaying few clinical and haematological abnormalities. This was achieved by demonstrating ehrlichial organisms in circulating neutrophils, by indirect immunofluorescence assay usingA phagocytophilumas an antigen, and by detecting DNA specific for the 16S rRNA gene of granulocyticAnaplasmaby PCR. After treatment with doxycycline for 10 days the dog showed improvement and the laboratory values returned to normal.
Complications following full‐thickness small intestinal biopsy in 66 dogs: a retrospective study
Authors: Shales C. J. , Warren J. , Anderson D. M. , Baines S. J. , White R. A. S.
Published: February 2006

Objectives: To retrospectively report the complications seen after full‐thickness multiple small intestinal biopsies were performed in 66 dogs.

Methods: Animals that died as a result of enteric wound breakdown were compared with the surviving population to identify fatal risk factors.

Results: Seventeen dogs had hypoalbuminaemia and eight had albumin levels below 20 g/l at surgery. Twelve dogs had concurrent disease, of which seven had skin disease. Seven dogs suffered minor complications which resolved with treatment. Eight dogs (12 per cent) died or were euthanased between three and nine days postoperatively (mean [sd] 4·5 [2·1]) due to enteric wound breakdown. Seven of these dogs developed septic peritonitis and one died of haemorrhage. No statistically significant differences were identified in any of the parameters examined for the development of fatal enteric wound dehiscence.

ClinicalSignificance: Full‐thickness intestinal biopsy is not a benign procedure. However, this study concludes that there are no consistent predictors for patients at increased risk of enteric wound breakdown.
Ultrasonographic evaluation of the thickness of the small intestinal wall in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Rudorf H. , van Schaik G. , O'Brien R. T. , Brown P. J. , Barr F. J. , Hall E. J.
Published: February 2006

Objectives: To establish whether the intestinal wall thickness, as measured ultrasonographically, is significantly increased in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The results would provide the information necessary to decide whether measurement of ultrasonographic wall thickness can predict IBD in dogs.

Methods: The intestinal wall thickness of 75 dogs with idiopathic IBD, as measured by ultrasonography, was compared with recently published normal values. IBD was either confirmed histologically (n=54) or suspected (n=21). In all cases there was a positive response to immunosuppressive treatment.

Results: A positive association between intestinal wall thickness in dogs and either the histological diagnosis or the response to treatment was not found. Ultrasonographic intestinal wall measurements do not appear to be able to establish a diagnosis of intestinal inflammation and may result in a false negative diagnosis in cases of IBD.

Clinical Significance: The same ‘grey zone’ of between 4 and 6 mm used in humans can be used in the canine duodenum to distinguish the normal range, reserving the term ‘abnormal’ for an intestinal measurement greater than 6 mm in the duodenum and greater than 4·7 mm in the jejunum.
Eyelid reconstruction using a split eyelid flap after excision of a palpebral tumour in a Persian cat
Authors: Hagard G. M.
Published: February 2006

This case report documents the use in a cat of a method of palpebral reconstruction previously only described in a series of dogs. A split eyelid flap was used to reconstruct a deficit created by the removal of an apocrine adenoma of the paratrichial sweat gland on the upper lid. This particular technique was chosen over other methods because of its ability to create a smooth hairless eyelid margin. The method previously described in dogs was modified in the present case to address both the fact that the resection was more extensive and the difference in periocular anatomy in the cat.
Localised mid‐jejunal volvulus following intussusception and enteroplication in a dog
Authors: Jasani S. , House A. K. , Brockman D. J.
Published: February 2006

Ileocolic intussusception was successfully treated surgically by partial enterectomy and enteroplication in an 11‐month‐old, male neutered German shepherd dog. Segmental intestinal volvulus was identified in the same dog two months later and was managed successfully by a second partial enterectomy. The dog made an uneventful recovery and was free of clinical disease six months after the second surgery. Both conditions are reviewed in this case report and a possible relationship between these two episodes in this dog is discussed.
Paraoesophageal hiatal hernia and megaoesophagus in a three‐week‐old Alaskan malamute
Authors: Kirkby K. A. , Bright R. M. , Owen H. D.
Published: February 2006

Paraoesophageal hiatal hernia was diagnosed in a three‐week‐old Alaskan malamute. Reduction of the hernia was followed by an oesophagopexy and a bilateral gastropexy. During the early postoperative period, the puppy continued to have signs that were thought to be related to a concurrent megaoesophagus. At nine months of age the dog had gained weight and was well except for occasional episodes of regurgitation. These episodes responded well to medical therapy, and at the time of writing the dog had not required further treatment.
Survey of dermatophytes on clinically normal cats in the southeast of England
Authors: Patel A. , Lloyd D. H. , Lamport A. I.
Published: February 2006

Objectives: To report the incidence of dermatophytes on the hair coat of asymptomatic cats in the southeast of England. Asymptomatic cats are often blamed for transmission of dermatophytes between animals and humans. This study may help to clarify whether cats are responsible for the increase in fungal infections among the human population.

Methods: A total of 169 clinically healthy cats without any dermatological signs were sampled using the Mackenzie brush technique and cultured for dermatophytes. Thirty cats were from a closed colony and 139 were feral or from domestic households in the southeast of England.

Results: The incidence of Microsporum canis and Trichophyton mentagrophytes in household and feral cats was 2.16 per cent for each dermatophyte. This survey shows little difference in the isolation rates of M canis between the southeast and southwest of England, which was reported on in 1994.

ClinicalSignificance: Given the low number of dermatophytes isolated, asymptomatic cats are unlikely to be responsible for the increasing incidence of human infection. Asymptomatic carriers with T mentagrophytes in the hair coat have not been previously reported and may need to be considered when treating humans with trichophytosis.
Vitamin D‐dependent rickets type II in a cat
Authors: Godfrey D. R. , Anderson R. M. , Barber P. J. , Hewison M.
Published: February 2006

A cat with clinical signs indicating rickets was diagnosed as having a defect of vitamin D receptors. Clinical signs had been seen from four months of age. Treatment with calcium supplementation and various forms of vitamin D did not alter plasma calcium levels or reverse skeletal lesions of lateral antebrachial bowing, lumbar spinal lordosis and costochondral beading. Analgesics were effective for relieving skeletal pain during the bone growth phase and were withdrawn when the animal reached skeletal maturity. Therapy for hip osteoarthritis was given from five years of age until the cat was euthanased at nine years of age as a result of refractory hip pain.
Gastric mucinous adenocarcinoma with cutaneous metastases in a dog: diagnosis by fine‐needle aspiration cytology
Authors: Dell'Orco M. , Bertazzolo W. , Vergine M. , Ferla M. , Pozzo S. , Rondena M. , Roccabianca P.
Published: February 2006

A 12‐year‐old, intact, male mixed‐breed dog was presented with anorexia, vomiting and multiple cutaneous nodules on its neck, trunk and hindlimbs. Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of the nodules was characterised by a pleomorphic population of cells arranged singly or in small cohesive clusters, embedded in an amorphous mucinous material stained positive by periodic acid‐Schiff (PAS). Acinar structures were occasionally found. Cells appeared either small with scant basophilic cytoplasm or large with a histiocytic appearance. Large cells had cytoplasm filled with a PAS‐positive granular material. A presumptive diagnosis of cutaneous metastases of a mucinous adenocarcinoma was made. A primary, gastric, signet‐ring mucinous adenocarcinoma was confirmed postmortem examination and by histopathology. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of a gastric mucinous adenocarcinoma with cutaneous disseminated metastases in a dog.
Chondrosarcoma of the proximal humerus in a cat
Authors: Merchav R. , Dank G. , Aizenberg I. , Shahar R.
Published: February 2006

Chondrosarcoma of the proximal humerus was diagnosed in a four‐year‐old, castrated male, domestic shorthair cat that was presented with a slowly growing solid mass in the region of the proximal humerus. Forequarter amputation was advised, but declined by the owners. Following surgical debulking clinical signs resolved, but two months after surgery the cat was readmitted because the mass had recurred in the same region. The forequarter was amputated. Histopathological evaluation of the tumour confirmed the diagnosis of chondrosarcoma. Follow‐up examinations performed over a period of 15 months from initial presentation revealed that the cat was doing well and had no signs of metastatic disease. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported case of chondrosarcoma of the proximal humerus in a cat to be diagnosed and surgically treated. This case demonstrates that animals with such tumours may recover well after complete excision.
EXPERIMENTAL MODELING OF LARGE WHALE ENTANGLEMENT INJURIES
Authors: Woodward Becky L. , Winn Jeremy P. , Moore Michael J. , Peterson Michael L.
Published: February 2006

Abstract

The abrasive impact of commercial fishing gear on right whale fluke tissue was modeled using a reciprocating load generator. A line passing over the leading edge of a fluke specimen was fixed at one end while the other end was loaded in an oscillatory manner. A 24‐h abrasion test using an accelerated loading rate of 60 cycles/min and a 9.0‐kg load on the fixed end of the most abrasive line tested (old sink line) was used to simulate a whale swimming 2 m/s towing four standard lobster buoys for five days. A tension load of 267 N was generated on the oscillatory side of the fluke. The test line failed to break the skin on the fluke but, instead, produced a compression furrow (maximum depth 0.31 cm) that closely resembled marks found on stranded right (Eubalaena glacialis) and humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae) whales. Different line types (float vs. sink) and ages of rope (new vs. old) produced furrows of varying depths and appearances. Further tests characterizing whale skin/fishing line interactions will provide a better understanding of the mechanisms that govern entanglement injuries and provide a framework for better forensic analysis and interpretation of gear‐related injuries observed in large whales.
LONG‐TERM TRENDS IN HARBOR SEAL NUMBERS AT TUGIDAK ISLAND AND NANVAK BAY, ALASKA
Authors: Jemison Lauri A. , Pendleton Grey W. , Wilson Carol A. , Small Robert J.
Published: February 2006

Abstract

We conducted land‐based counts of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardii) and collected related environmental data at Tugidak Island (Gulf of Alaska, 1994–2000) and Nanvak Bay (Bristol Bay, 1990–2000) to estimate population trends and identify factors influencing counts. At Tugidak Island, the seal population declined substantially during molting from 1976 through the 1980s, stabilized in the early 1990s, and increased at a moderate rate (3.4%/yr, CI: 1.0%–5.8%) from 1994 to 2000. Pups and all seals ashore during pupping increased at higher annual rates of 5.4% (CI: 2.2%–8.8%) and 8.3% (CI: 4.5%–12.3%) from 1994 to 2000 at Tugidak Island. At Nanvak Bay seals declined in abundance between 1975 and 1990 but increased during the 1990s at 9.2%/yr (CI: 7.2%–11.3%) during pupping and 2.1%/yr (CI: 0.6%–3.6%) during molting. Date and time‐of‐day were significant covariates in all analyses. Factors that led to declines at Tugidak Island and Nanvak Bay have seemingly abated sufficiently such that these populations are currently increasing, though still greatly reduced from the 1970s. Index sites are useful adjuncts to aerial surveys, providing survey‐related information not always available from aerial counts, which is useful in survey design and data analysis.
BEHAVIORAL THERMOREGULATION OF THE NEW ZEALAND SEA LION (PHOCARCTOS HOOKERI)
Authors: Beentjes Michael P.
Published: February 2006

Abstract

Behavioral thermoregulation of New Zealand sea lions (Phocarctos hookeri) was studied at a male haul‐out ground at Papanui Beach, Otago Peninsula, New Zealand. The proportion of time spent by sea lions in each of five postures (prone, curled, oblique, ventral‐up, dorsal‐up) and also with the number of flippers exposed or tucked (hind and fore) at different black‐bulb temperature (Tbb°C) ranges was recorded. Use of prone and curled postures (0–1 flippers exposed) declined as Tbb increased, suggesting that these are adopted to conserve heat; oblique and dorsal‐up postures (3–4 flippers exposed) use increased with Tbb indicating a role in heat dissipation. The transition between heat conserving and heat dissipating postures occurred at about 14°–20°C (Tbb). Both foreflipper and hind flipper exposure increased with Tbb and the trends were similar, but overall hind flipper exposure was 89% of foreflipper exposure. The results show that surface area of flippers exposed to air is largely controlled by postural adjustment. The increase in flipper exposure with Tbb provides evidence of behavioral thermoregulation and that flippers are major sites for heat loss in the New Zealand sea lion, as observed for other otariid species. Nonpostural thermoregulatory behaviors such as flipper waving and sand flipping increased with Tbb, and may provide additional means of dissipating heat. Total body surface areas of six sea lions ranged from 1.72 to 3.39 m2 (curvilinear length range from 1.60 to 2.35 m), and total flipper surface area averaged 22.7% of total body surface area. As otariids do not employ their hind limbs for aquatic propulsion, their role in behavioral thermoregulation may provide an explanation for the relatively large size of the hind flippers of the New Zealand sea lion.
DIFFERENCES IN FORAGING LOCATION OF MEXICAN AND CALIFORNIA ELEPHANT SEALS: EVIDENCE FROM STABLE ISOTOPES IN PUPS
Authors: Aurioles David , Koch Paul L. , Le Boeuf Burney J.
Published: February 2006

Abstract

Female northern elephant seals, Mirounga angustirostris, from Año Nuevo (AN) in central California feed offshore in mid‐latitude waters (40°–55°N). Migratory patterns and foraging locations of seals from Mexico are unknown. Rookeries on San Benitos (SB) islands in Baja California Sur, Mexico, are ∼1,170 km south of AN. Although the colonies are similar in size, seals from SB begin breeding earlier and have an earlier breeding birthing peak than seals from AN. To determine if the foraging location of seals from Mexico was similar to that of seals from California, we measured δ13C and δ15N values in the hair of 48 suckling pups at SB and 37 from AN, assuming that their isotopic signatures reflected those of mothers' milk, their exclusive diet. The mean δ13C and δ15N values for SB pups (−16.1‰± 0.9‰ and 17.7‰± 0.9‰, respectively) were significantly higher than those for AN pups (−17.6‰± 0.4‰ and 15.6‰± 1.0‰, respectively). From data on environmental isotope gradients and known behavior of SB and AN populations, we hypothesize that the isotope differences are due to females in the SB colony foraging ∼8° south of seals from AN. This hypothesis can be tested by deployment of satellite tags on adult females from the SB colony.
CETACEAN ABUNDANCE IN HAWAIIAN WATERS ESTIMATED FROM A SUMMER/FALL SURVEY IN 2002
Authors: Barlow Jay
Published: February 2006

Abstract

Cetacean abundance is estimated for the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) around the Hawaiian Islands based on a ship line‐transect survey from August to November, 2002. Sighting detection functions are estimated from this and other NOAA research surveys from 1986 to 2002 using a new, multiple‐covariate approach. Twenty‐four species were seen on this survey, including two species (Fraser's dolphin [Lagenodelphis hosei] and sei whale [Balaenoptera borealis]) that had not been previously documented to occur in Hawaiian waters. The most abundant large whales are sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) and Bryde's whales (Balaenoptera edeni). The most abundant delphinids are pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus), rough‐toothed dolphins (Steno bredanensis), Fraser's dolphins, spotted dolphins (Stenella attenuata), and striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba). Dwarf and pygmy sperm whales (Kogia simaandKogia breviceps) and Cuvier's beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris) are also estimated to be quite abundant. Some of the migratory baleen whales (fin whales [Balaenoptera physalus], sei whales, minke whales [B. acutorostrata], and humpback whales [Megaptera novaeangliae]) were seen only late in the survey. Abundance is estimated for 19 cetacean species. The overall density of cetaceans is low in the study area, especially for delphinids. The precision of density and abundance estimates is generally low for all species because of the low number of sightings.