bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Behavioral Control of Smoking with Combined Procedures
Authors: Nelson Sidney K.
Published: September 2011

54 smokers were treated under one of three conditions. The longer the subject had been smoking prior to treatment and higher daily smoking rates at the time of therapy were the best predictors of whether the subject was able to quit smoking. Subjects were treated with several self-control procedures over varying number of daily sessions. It was concluded that an immediate punishment technique was not effective and that 5, 7, or 9 days of therapy were not of sufficient duration for a high rate of success to be attained.
Voting Intention and the Complexity of Political Images: A Pilot Study
Authors: Powell Larry
Published: September 2011

To determine whether voting intention affected the development and formation of political candidates' images, an hypothesis was tested: voting intention would influence a voter to engage in a different range of interactions for each candidate and lead to the development of images of differing complexities. Analysis of images for two 1975 Mississippi gubernatorial candidates was conducted using factor analysis. The respondents' images for the candidate they did not support were more distinct, more differentiated, and more complex than were their images for the candidate that they supported. Implications are discussed.
Effects on Productivity and Morale of a Systems-Designed Job-Enrichment Program in Pacific Telephone
Authors: Gallegos Robert C. , Phelan Joseph G.
Published: September 2011

In two experiments over a 14-mo. period, 56 maintenance mechanics (framemen) served as experimental ( N = 21) and control ( N = 35) groups. Framemen carried work responsibilities on large “frames“—serving the larger business communities. Quantity aspect of the work consisted of 24-hr., day-to-day connection of wires to complete new, re-arranged, or disconnected circuits. The quality aspect could be measured by number of customer complaints which could be directly traced to inefficient or careless work on the frames. For the experimental groups only, all jobs were “systems analyzed.” Analyses were carried out and job enlargement (horizontal loadings) and job enrichment (vertical loadings) were implemented. Feedback was provided on productivity of individuals. “Hawthorne effects” and fluctuations of effort due to subtle types of supervisor-employee interaction were controlled by alternating supervisors and other environmental controls. Job satisfaction of each group was measured by the Job Description Index before and after each experiment. Following introduction of job-enrichment programs for experimental groups and measured before and after and during 14 mo., significant improvement in quantity and quality occurred and was maintained after termination of experiments. Expressed job satisfaction was average or slightly below on the Job Description Index for all workers. Despite improvement in productivity there were no significant differences in expressed job satisfaction.
Estradiol, Caerulein and Size of Meal in Female Rats
Authors: Stern Jeffrey J. , Page Pamela
Published: September 2011

Caerulein, a decapeptide extracted from the skin of frogs, has been shown to mimic the meal-limiting actions of cholecystokinin. Caerulein was administered systemically (.25, .50, .75 μg/kg) and intraventricularly (.05, .10, .25 μg/kg) to estradiol (5 μg) and oil-primed ovariectomized rats. Estradiol pretreatment did not enhance the meal-restricting effects of caerulein nor did it increase the binding of tritiated caerulein by the ventromedial hypothalamus. It was concluded that gut hormones do not underlie estradiol's effect on size of meal.
Psychometric Attributes of the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale
Authors: Jegede R. Olukayode
Published: September 2011

The Self-rating Anxiety Scale recently introduced by Zung was administered to 206 normal male and female subjects and 142 psychiatric outpatients of both sexes. Coefficient alpha and average item-total correlations were high for the two groups. The mean scores for these two groups were significantly different. These results suggest that the instrument has sufficient reliability and construct validity to justify further use in Nigeria.
MMPI Correlates of the Popoff Index of Depression
Authors: Rhodes Robert J. , Rice Audrey S.
Published: September 2011

Responses of 100 psychiatric patients on a new self-report measure—the Popoff Index of Depression—and the MMPI are compared. The index appears to measure subjective aspects of depression and correctly categorizes a large percentage of depressed patients. It does not measure the low energy level frequently seen in depressed patients nor does it differentiate depression from anxiety. Age and sex differences suggest the need for a change in the cut-off score recommended in the original article. The value of the covert depression subscale of the index remains questionable.
Self-Concept and Locus of Control in Primary-Grade Children Identified as Requiring Special Educational Programing
Authors: Tolor Alexander , Tolor Belle , Blumin Shirley S.
Published: September 2011

A group of 28 children from kindergarten through Grade 4, presenting a variety of learning-related problems, were compared with a matched group of 28 control children on the Revised Self-appraisal Inventory and on the Preschool and Primary Internal-External Control Scale. It was hypothesized that the problem children relative to the controls would exhibit less positive self-concepts and have a more external generalized expectancy for control of reinforcement. The expectation was supported for the self-concept measure but not for the measure of locus of control. It was concluded that the Self-appraisal Inventory is a useful measure for assessing self-concepts of children who are being considered for placement in special educational programs and might be helpful in evaluation of these programs.
Trust as a Complex Multi-Dimensional Construct
Authors: Corazzini John G.
Published: September 2011

While many uses of the construct trust assume unidimensionality, there is a lack of agreement as to meaning and measurement. Some have suggested trust to be a multi-dimensional construct. This study explored further the notion that trust is multi-dimensional. A factor analysis of three paper-and-pencil measures of trust yielded four underlying factors: suspicion-trust, risk-taking, gambling, and cynicism. The implications of this finding are discussed. Recommendations for future conceptualization and study are included.
A Critique of Classical Test Theory
Authors: Muir Donal E.
Published: September 2011

Examination of the methodological literature of the behavioral and social sciences indicates that measurement terms are used differently than in the natural sciences. The rationale for these departures is usually ascribed to classical test theory, a measurement model claimed to be more applicable to psychological and social data than the traditional measurement model of the natural sciences, which requires the development of standard instruments defining, by consensus, parametric values. Classical test theory seemingly avoids this necessity, but only by inviting validation by fiat, resulting in instrument evaluations which are trivial, misleading, or invalid. The development of measurement in the behavioral and social sciences might be encouraged by the abandonment of classical test theory and a return to natural-science measurement theory.
Personality Correlates of EEG Change during Meditation
Authors: Akers Thomas K. , Tucker Don M. , Roth Randy S. , Vidiloff John S.
Published: September 2011

15 seminary students who regularly practiced a form of Christian meditation were given the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). Electroencephalographic (EEG) signals were recorded and analyzed for percent time alpha during performance of a series of mental arithmetic tasks and also during a period of meditation. Higher scores on the Hypochondriasis scale of the MMPI were associated with increase in alpha as the subject proceeded from the mental arithmetic tasks to the meditation period. This result is discussed in terms of previous research, the pre-meditation level of alpha, and the implications for the use of meditation as a therapeutic procedure.
Some Antecedents of Children's Sex-Role Stereotypes
Authors: Perloff Richard M.
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated children's observational learning of sex-role stereotypes from parental and televised models. Children's and parents' sex-role stereotypes were measured by Baruch's (1975) shortened sex-role stereotype questionnaire. Children's stereotypes tended to be similar to their parents' stereotypes, and children whose mothers were employed outside the home had less stereotyped sex-role perceptions than children whose mothers did not work outside the home. The results also indicated that heavy television viewers did not have more stereotyped sex-role perceptions than moderate or light viewers. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Contingency Factors in Negative Practice of Smoking
Authors: O'Brien Richard M. , Dickinson Alyce M.
Published: September 2011

100 cigarette smokers were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 treatment groups balancing the level of smokers within groups. To uncover the importance of chaining in overresponding or satiation treatments of cigarette smoking, 2 of these groups were required to double or triple their baserate in 2 or 3 cigarette chains while a third group simply doubled their daily consumption. For comparison, a fourth group received covert sensitization treatment of their smoking while a fifth group acted as an attention-monitoring control. Following 1 wk. of cigarette-by-cigarette baserate each group received 1 wk. of treatment and 3 wk. of follow-up meetings. Contacts with all subjects were also made 3 and 6 mo. after treatment. All groups significantly decreased smoking following treatment, but the 3-mo. follow-up showed no significant difference from baserate. Group differences were not statistically significant, although the attention-monitoring group was least effective at all posttreatment measurement points. Although subject reports indicate chaining increased the aversiveness of the negative practice regime, it showed no effect on treatment efficiency.
Affective Associations by Japanese Pre-School Children to Black and White Boxes
Authors: Goldberg Faye J. , Iwawaki Saburo , Yukawa Takaki , Iwata Jun-Inchi , Ikegami Kiniki
Published: September 2011

To determine if early affective associations toward black and white occur in Japan a procedure used for American children was modified and used with 32 Japanese 5-yr.-olds. They sorted 28 objects into “good” and “bad” and “liked” and “disliked” groups and were then asked to decide if a replica of each were in a black or a white box. Unlike the American sample, there was no greater attribution of the positively evaluated objects to the white box than the black box although significantly more children preferred the white to the black box. Object preferences of American and Japanese children correlated highly.
Reliability of the Jackson Personality Inventory
Authors: Jackson Douglas N.
Published: September 2011

Internal consistency reliability estimates were obtained for two samples of college students for the Jackson Personality Inventory using Bender's coefficient theta. In the California sample ( n = 82), values ranged from .84 to .95, with a median of .93. The Pennsylvania sample ( n = 307) yielded a range of .75 to .93, with a median of .90.
Leading Questions and the Eyewitness Report of a Live and a Described Incident
Authors: Brown Lauren , Heymann Susan , Preskill Barbara , Rubin David , Wuletich Terri
Published: September 2011

Loftus found that false presuppositions included in questions given after á film increase the likelihood that those presuppositions will be remembered as part of the film itself. This finding has been extended to two conditions chosen to simulate more closely nonlaboratory situations. In one condition 27 undergraduates unexpectedly witnessed a live incident and in another condition 27 different undergraduates heard a description of that incident.
Lack of Intensity and Frequency of Interpersonal Contacts as Alternative Sources of Consumers' Dissatisfaction
Authors: Scherf Gerhard W.
Published: September 2011

A survey of 96 working women showed that respondents who reported either a very high or a very low dissatisfaction with the “intensity” of their interpersonal relationships also showed a correspondingly high or low dissatisfaction with items of material value. No association of this nature was found with regard to dissatisfaction with the “frequency” of interpersonal relationships.
Adolescent Males' Ratings of Being Understood by Fathers, Best Friends and Significant others
Authors: Millen Leverett , Roll Samuel
Published: September 2011

An adolescent male's relationship with his father and his best friend is investigated. 413 male college students filled out a rating scale in which each reported how much he felt understood by his father, mother, by best male friend, best female friend, by favorite teacher, and by any additional person he wished to designate. The ratings were on a 7-point scale, ranging from “virtually a total stranger” to “complete understanding.” The mean ratings for a son's feeling of being understood by significant others was analyzed by a procedure for the multiple comparison of means described by Games (1971). The sons felt relatively more understood by their best friends than they did by their fathers. Implications of the findings for a theory of friendship and for psychotherapy with adolescent males are discussed.
Perceptions of and Preferences for Instrumental versus Expressive Therapists
Authors: Doster Joseph A. , Matloff Jeffrey L. , Samelson Jeffrey L.
Published: September 2011

Two investigations used the instrumental-expressive role distinction to shape counseling behaviors and found these orientations differentially affecting subjects' preferences for therapists. Though similarity of role failed to influence choice of therapists, subjects who devalued their ability to cope with a psychological problem were attracted to the instrumental therapist, gave the therapist more responsibility for treatment outcome, and showed stronger identification with an opposite-sex parent.
Precursors of Premature Disease and Death: Rorschach and Figure-Drawing Factors
Authors: Schori Thomas R. , Thomas Caroline Bedell
Published: September 2011

Participants in the Precursors Study affected with any of six disorders were compared with their matched, but healthy, control counterparts on 4 Rorschach and 10 Figure-drawing factors. Similar comparisons were made for the psychological (suicide, mental illness, and emotional disturbance) and somatic (essential hypertension, coronary occlusion, and malignant tumor) subsets of the affected participants and for those affected by each of the six individual disorders. The findings, though in themselves modest, provide evidence of the existence of psychological precursors of premature disease and death. The Rorschach human-movement factor was the main variable differentiating the total disordered group from the matched control group. This suggests that the affected subjects, as a group, had more active fantasy lives and might be considered to be more sensitive or vulnerable.
Use of Spatial Cues with Regard to the Invasion of Group Space
Authors: Soper W. Barlow , Karasik Russell
Published: September 2011

An innovative technique was used to explore spatial cues utilized by participants in deciding to invade the group space of two strangers. Confederates were placed at varying intervals from the center line in four long hallways of varying widths, representing the four experimental conditions. Participants were tallied as they chose to walk between or around the confederates. The smallest critical distance, at which 100% of the participants chose to invade rather than avoid the space between the confederates, was established. A consistent ratio was found between the confederate to wall (external distance) and confederate to confederate (internal distance) for the first 100% invasion for each experimental distance. The authors suggest that some consistent proportionate distance may be fundamental to the participants' decisions to invade group space. Further research is suggested to investigate the concept of “response cost” when the participant is forced to alter his path to avoid invasion.
Organizational Climate as a Predictor of Organizational Practices
Authors: Hitt Michael A. , Morgan Cyril P.
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the relationship between organizational climate and certain organizational practices. Organizational climate and organizational practices were measured using a perceptual measurement-organizational attribute approach. The Litwin and Stringer Improved Climate Questionnaire was used to measure perceptions of organizational climate dimensions and scales from House and Rizzo's Organizational Practices Questionnaire were used to measure perceptions of certain organizational practices of 84 salaried employees in a large industrial organization. The results showed dimensions of organizational climate to be predictive of the six organizational practices studied, adaptability, planning adequacy, work-flow coordination, conflict and inconsistency, decision delay, and information distortion and suppression. The results showed certain climate dimensions to be predictive of each of the organizational practices studied. The dimension of reward was an important predictor in each of the regression models and, therefore, may be the most important climate dimension for the six organizational practices.
Paced and Unpaced Output and Retroactive Inhibition in Free Recall
Authors: Decker Wayne H.
Published: September 2011

Separate and simultaneous free recall of two lists containing both repeated and nonrepeated category words were compared under paced and unpaced conditions. 84 undergraduates served as subjects. Retroactive inhibition, measured as loss between original learning and final recall, was greater for separate recall than simultaneous, greater for paced recall than unpaced, and greater for nonrepeated than repeated categories. The recall test and pacing conditions interacted, as separate recall yielded greater retroactive inhibition than simultaneous with paced but not with unpaced recall. The unusual finding of greater retroactive inhibition in nonrepeated categories was attributed to the relatively large number of small categories. The interaction of recall test and pacing may indicate that a temporal effect has been mistaken for a recall-test effect in previous studies.
Habituation Should Be Measured Directly: Effects of Physostigmine on Activity
Authors: Stewart Warren , Stewart Nancy
Published: September 2011

The effect of 0.1 and 0.25 mg/kg physostigmine on the rate of habituation of ambulation, rearing and grooming in rats tested in a 36- × 36-in. open field was investigated. While physostigmine decreased all responses, it did not facilitate their rate of habituation. The need to measure habituation directly is discussed.
Self-Concept as a Function of Political Ideology and Activism
Authors: Jones Warren H. , Nichol Shirlynn S. , Prokop Charles
Published: September 2011

The present study sought to determine whether level of political activism of 126 male college students mediates the relationship between political ideology and self-concept. The expected interactions did not obtain; however, both ideology and activism were significantly related to self-concept, with liberals and activists indicating more positive self-regard.
Stability of the WISC-R for 9-Year-Olds with Learning Difficulties
Authors: Covin Theron M.
Published: September 2011

The WISC-R was administered to 30 urban public school 9-yr.-olds twice at one-day intervals by the same white examiner. Children were of low income and had been referred for learning problems. Correlations between the first and second administrations were for Verbal IQ .83, for Performance IQ .84, and for Full Scale IQ .85. Stability coefficients for the subtest scaled scores ranged from .22 on Comprehension to .86 on Block Design.
Effect of Presence of a Companion on Speed of Escape from Electric Shock
Authors: Epley Stephen W. , Cottrell Nickolas B.
Published: September 2011

Does the presence of a companion decrease a human being's drive or arousal in aversive situations? Subjects escaped from electric shocks. For some subjects, the shock was mild, while for others it was aversive. Moreover subjects were either alone or with a companion who also escaped from either mild or aversive electric shocks. Contrary to the notion that “company breeds comfort,” the presence of a companion increased the speed of escape from electric shocks. The results support Zajonc's drive theory of social facilitation. One hypothesis that integrates these findings with those of previous studies of socially mediated stress reduction is that social conditions have different effects on reactions to primary as opposed to acquired sources of noxious stimulation.
Emergence of a Kwashiorkor-Like Syndrome Associated with Protein-Calorie Malnutrition in the Developing Rhesus Monkey (Macaca Mulatta)
Authors: Geist Charles R. , Smith Olin W. , Zimmermann Robert R. , Geist Enid M.
Published: September 2011

An infant rhesus monkey was separated from its mother at 90 days of age, housed individually, and at 120 days of age placed on a purified low protein diet containing 3.5% casein by weight. To enhance the effects of protein-calorie malnutrition, a protein-deficient diet containing 2.0% casein by weight was introduced at 415 days of age. When compared with other animals on an identical dietary regime, the subject manifested a reduced intake of food and a marked decrease in weight gain. Clinical symptomatology analogous to human kwashiorkor progressively developed into an acute phase as a result of protein deficiency and included: brittle, depigmented, and sparse hair; chronic diarrhea; dermatitis as “flaky-paint rash” on the extremities and “moist groin rash;” edema of the face and extremities; hypoalbuminemia; hypoproteinemia; retardation of growth and physical development; and wasting of muscle tissue. Within 172 days following the dietary shift from 3.5% to 2.0% casein, a terminal state was evidenced.
Comparability of WISC and Peabody IQs of Young Children from Three Heterogeneous Groups
Authors: Hatch Gary L. , Covin Theron M.
Published: September 2011

Peabody and WISC IQs of three groups of children from differing socioeconomic status levels and/or intellectual levels were compared. For the total sample of 67, correlations of .88, .88, .91 were obtained between the Peabody and WISC Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQs, respectively. The Peabody IQs correlated .74 with the WISC Full Scale for the middle-range of intelligence (kindergarten). Those of higher socioeconomic status in a child study center showed the highest correlation .57 between Peabody and WISC Performance Scale IQs. For more deprived children from Headstart IQs on the Peabody and WISC Verbal Scale correlated .63.
A Programmed Personal Growth Laboratory
Authors: Sheridan Edward P. , Melhus George E.
Published: September 2011

A highly structured non-credit laboratory was designed for college students seeking personal growth experience. Two groups ( ns = 8, 11) were conducted according to this program, each by a trained facilitator and these facilitators each conducted a traditional human relations laboratory group to serve as a comparison ( ns = 8, 11). The Personal Orientation Inventory was used to measure participants' positive growth and the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List was used to measure changes in the experiences of Anxiety, Hostility, and Depression. One programmed group showed significant positive changes on the Personal Orientation Inventory on 6 scales and the other showed significant positive changes on 5 scales. In contrast, one traditional group showed positive changes on 4 scales while the other changed on one scale. Anxiety, hostility, and depression remained unchanged except in one programmed group where the decrease in hostility was significant. Results suggest the programmed approach is at least as beneficial as the traditional unstructured human relations laboratories for college students and significant personal growth can be measured with this paper-and-pencil inventory. Cross-validation is in order.
Effects of State-Trait Anxiety and Task Difficulty on Paired-Associate Learning
Authors: Reeves Robert A. , May William W.
Published: September 2011

The prediction from state-trait theory and drive theory that high A-State subjects will perform better than low A-State subjects on an easy task and more poorly on a more difficult task was tested using paired-associate learning tasks. This prediction was not supported, as low A-State subjects made fewer errors than high A-State subjects on both the easy and difficult tasks. High A-Trait groups responded with higher A-State in both pre- and post-treatment conditions than did low A-Trait groups as predicted by state-trait theory. Low A-Trait groups showed greater gains in pre-treatment to post-treatment A-State than did high A-Trait groups, a result which supported neither state-trait theory nor Saltz's (1970) hypothesis. Implications for research were discussed.
Validity of the Stimulus Familiarization Effect under Varied Choice Instruction Situations for Young Children
Authors: Linford Maxine D. , Linford Anthony G.
Published: September 2011

First-grade children (48 boys, 48 girls) were asked to select one toy from a pair either to keep permanently or to play with immediately. Subjects had been familiarized with one of the pair for either 3 or 5 min.; the other toy was novel. Children preferred novel toys to play with immediately but familiar toys to keep permanently. However, more than 3 min. of familiarization was necessary before the stimulus familiarization effect became evident.
Orthogonal Components of Reported Male Sexual Behavior
Authors: Corriveau Donald P. , Brown Walter A. , Monti Peter M.
Published: September 2011

In constructing an inventory that would yield a general measure of sexual performance and sexual interest, responses of 101 male paid volunteers were subjected to a principal component analysis. No general factor of sexual activity was found. Instead the results indicated that various components of sexual performance occur independently. Implications for the assessment of sexual behavior in basic and applied research were presented.
Covert Sensitization with Internal Aversive Cues in the Treatment of Chronic Alcoholism
Authors: Tepfer Karl S. , Levine Bruce A.
Published: September 2011

A 58-yr.-old male who had been drinking alcohol heavily for 32 yr. was treated with covert sensitization. Covert sensitization material was obtained from his responses to the Fear Survey Schedule, which included many fears of somatic dysfunction, physical pain and suffering. During 7 wk. of treatment subject's self-reported drinking behavior was eliminated and remained so at 26-, 52-, and 78-wk. follow-ups. Apparently covert sensitization with preexisting somatic concerns can be effectively employed in treatment of alcoholism.
The Community Psychological Clinic: Resource Integrator, Treatment Facility, and Research Center
Authors: Weininger O.
Published: September 2011

This paper explores the nature and function of the community psychological clinic, constructing on the experience which a clinical psychologist had while working in a center in midtown of a large city. It presents a practical service-oriented program which is, at the same time, dependent for its success on a fruitful interaction between learning and doing, between the skills that the clinical person brings to the community and the ever-changing needs of the neighbourhood. To be effective the community psychological clinic appears to be the sort which must continue to function as a research-oriented clinic, trying to add to its knowledge an understanding of the changing needs of the community, its families and its members, along with the services offered to the community. The need is also one where the service must be evaluated in terms of the impact that it makes upon the child, his family, and the neighbourhood.
Comparison of Two Criteria for Determining the Number of Factors
Authors: Silverstein A. B.
Published: September 2011

The parallel analysis criterion and the roots < 1 criterion were applied to the standardization data for four of Wechsler's intelligence scales. The two criteria agreed on the number of factors for 14 of 24 age groups, while for the other 10 groups the parallel analysis criterion indicated one more factor than the roots > 1 criterion.
A Measure of Individual Differences in Sex Stereotyping and Sex Discrimination: The “Macho” Scale
Authors: Villemez Wayne J. , Touhey John C.
Published: September 2011

A personality measure of individual differences in sex-role stereotyping and sex discrimination was developed. The “Macho” scale fulfills satisfactory psychometric criteria of internal consistency and reliability, and the 28 items are controlled for social desirability. Personality correlates of macho include sex-role orientation among males, and authoritarianism, and the scale discriminates between criterion groups selected from different ethnic and educational subcultures. Research applications of the scale to experimental and correlational studies in personality, social psychology, and sociology are proposed.
Cross-Cultural Reliability and Factor Structure of the Wilson-Patterson Conservatism Scale
Authors: Hogan H. Wayne
Published: September 2011

Based on the responses of 273 university and business school students residing in New Orleans, Louisiana, the reliability and factor structure of the Wilson-Patterson Conservatism Scale as used with American, English, Netherlands, New Zealand, and Australian subjects were examined. Similar mean-item scores and factor structures across samples suggest the cross-cultural usefulness of the scale as a measure for conservatism.
Contributions to Psychohistory: II. Toynbee's Study of History: A Contribution to the Psychology of Crisis Cults and Religion
Authors: Kuttner Robert E. , Shaw Joyce M.
Published: September 2011

The premise in the psychology of religion which maintains that religion is a response to an unmanageable stress or threat is shown to have applicability above the level of the individual. It is shown to be inherent in the function of institutionalized religion for families. Oppressed minorities, marginal classes, and primitive tribes show similar responses when their security is endangered. This is manifested by crisis cults, millennial cults, and nativist churches. Reference is made to the historical works of Arthur Toynbee, and it is suggested that high civilizations likewise evolve a buffering religion when endangered or disintegrating. A principle of behavior true at all levels of social organization can be considered to be an axiom in the psychology of religion.
Credibility of Smoking Control Strategies in Non-Smokers: Implications for Clinicians
Authors: Hynd George W. , Chambers Clyde , Stratton Terry T. , Moan Eugene
Published: September 2011

The credibility of rapid smoking, relaxation, covert sensitization, satiation, and a combined approach was assessed in 113 subjects who were self-reported non-smokers. The results suggest that non-smokers more than smokers rate with greater variability strategies for smoking treatment favoring relaxation significantly over the other treatments examined. It also appears that satiation was least preferred when compared with descriptions of other treatments. These findings, while similar to those reported for smokers, suggest that significant others who do not smoke may likely support the positive treatment expectations of those who undergo treatment for the control of smoking.
Acquisition of Secondary Reinforcers by Children
Authors: Haines James R.
Published: September 2011

In one partially reinforced and one continuously reinforced group, children made no response during training. One partially reinforced group picked up and ate candy which was presented contiguously with a light. One partially and one continuously reinforced group picked up the candy but did not eat it. One control group received no candy during training trials, and a second control group received no training. Extinction tests with the light contingent upon lever excursion indicated that a response during acquisition was not necessary to condition a secondary reinforcer, but strong effects were obtained by including a consummatory response. Stronger effects were obtained with a partial schedule and either no response or a consummatory response during acquisition trials.
Three Methods of Peer Review in a State Mental Hospital System
Authors: Hays J. Ray
Published: September 2011

Three methods of peer review were examined in three public mental hospitals. A multidisciplinary committee developed admissions criteria and standards of care which were applied in each hospital. The three methods of review did not show significant differences in judgments based on the clinical records of patients or cost. The recommended model of review is the use of hospital staff providing primary review and consultants providing periodic external review necessary for quality assurance, development of the local review model, and assistance in implementing any changes required as a result of the review process. The system should form a complete feedback loop between service providers, the review committee, and facility administration with the aim of improved patient care through staff education. Psychologists, in addition to their clinical skills, brought to the review process the knowledge of psychological assessment and research skills. The research skills are necessary if the review process is to be systematic and the conclusions drawn from the process are valid. Psychologists should actively pursue involvement in the review process so that psychology will not simply be an adjunct to the assessment phase of treatment and hospitalization.
Evaluation of Studio Experiences in the Lively Arts
Authors: Meredith Gerald M.
Published: September 2011

The humanities distill what is most valuable in human experience—feeling and form, outer style and inner cultivation. The present study proposed a 10-item rating scale to measure the instructional objectives associated with studio experiences.
Use of Aversive Stimulation to Elicit Vocalization in Mute Schizophrenics
Authors: Swift Leslie H. , Magaro Peter A. , Antonitis Joseph J.
Published: September 2011

2 mute schizophrenic females were treated by eliciting verbal responses with aversive stimulation (hand-in-face) then reinforcing these responses by terminating the aversive stimulation and presenting positive reinforcement in the form of candy and verbal approval. Individual and group settings were employed. Patient A became conversational after 12 days. Patient B began emitting words, phrases, and sentences after 3 mo. but had not become conversational at the end of the study. Differences between the two patients were further explored in a conventional operant conditioning setting. As predicted Patient A conditioned much faster on fixed ratio schedules than Patient B.
Locus of Control and Depression among Noninstitutionalized Elderly Persons
Authors: Hanes Carolyn R. , Wild Bradford S.
Published: September 2011

Depression was associated with external locus of control orientation among a sample of 48 noninstitutionalized elderly persons. The over-all results supported Seligman's hypothesis that depressives perceive themselves to lack personal control. However, a trend in the direction of higher correlations between externality and depression fot males than females suggests the possibility that perceived lack of control may be more depressing when it conflicts with expectations concerning self-reliance and mastery associated with traditional male sex roles.
Genetic and Family Origins of Humor Preferences: A Twin Study
Authors: Wilson Glenn D. , Rust John , Kasriel Judith
Published: September 2011

49 pairs of MZ twins and 52 pairs of DZ twins rated a series of 48 cartoons classified as nonsense, satire, aggression, and sex. Analysis of variance and comparison of intra-class correlations yielded some indication of a genetic effect on reactions to aggressive humor, but the family environment appeared to be more important as a determinant of individual differences in appreciation of nonsense, satire, and sexual humor.
Faculty-Based Indicators of Teaching Effectiveness in Higher Education
Authors: Meredith Gerald M.
Published: September 2011

The study investigated the credibility ratings assigned to 16 indicators of teaching effectiveness by 749 faculty members. Four factors were identified, information sources related to students, colleagues, performance, and external validation.
Attitudes toward Mental Illness: A Conflict between Students and Professionals
Authors: Morrison James K. , Madrazo-Peterson Rita , Simons Patricia , Gold Barry A.
Published: September 2011

A study was undertaken of the attitudes of professionals and students in two “gatekeeper” professions (medicine and law). Results indicated, as predicted, that lawyers ( n = 52) and physicians ( n = 58) were significantly more oriented to the medical model than were the students in those same professions ( ns = 37 and 21, respectively). The implications of such divergent attitudes are briefly discussed.
Discrimination and Attention in Dogs
Authors: Haney R. R. , Crowder William F.
Published: September 2011

Two dogs were trained to perform a left-right discrimination task in which depressing a treadle presented a compound visual and auditory stimulus in random order appropriate to one or the other of two distant reinforcement stations. Depression of the appropriate discrimination treadle was reinforced by water presentation. A modified correction procedure was used in training. Following acquisition, probe test trials consisting of the visual stimulus component alone, the auditory stimulus component alone, and reversed or cues-opposed compound stimulus were presented. Test trials demonstrated the visual component of the compound stimulus to have acquired discriminative control, but the cues-opposed test trials also demonstrated a low but extant degree of discriminative control exerted by the auditory stimulus component. As the compound stimulus employed here consisted of visual components differing only in location and auditory components differing only in pitch, implications for future research manipulating further these qualitative and quantitative variables were discussed.
The Vocational Interests of Drug-Dependent Patients
Authors: Taylor Gregory A. , Bidus Donald R. , Collins Hardin A.
Published: September 2011

To investigate the Strong Vocational Interest Blank profiles of a group of drug abusers participating in a voluntary VA Drug Abuse Program profiles were obtained for 65 male veterans ranging in age from 18 to 44 yr. Mean scores are reported for the Basic Interest Scales, the Occupational Scales, and the Non-occupational Scales. The responses by the patients did not yield significant numbers of high or low scores. Among the Occupational Scales there was not a single mean standard score in the “A” range. The profiles were basically bland but suggested a people orientation with manipulative aspirations. An interpretation of the high and low scores is discussed. It appeared that the profiles were relatively stable and were not likely to change substantially over time.
Conservation among the Elderly: An Assessment of Women
Authors: Hughston George A. , Protinsky Howard O.
Published: September 2011

This study was conducted to investigate decline of abilities to perform Piagetian measures of conservation of surface area, mass, and volume among a volunteer sample of elderly women. All of the 54 volunteer subjects were judged to be middle-class, ambulatory, and approximately “normal, older people” living outside an institute. Subjects had a mean age of 68.60, showed no overt signs of ill health, and appeared to be alert and responsive. Data indicated that a great proportion of the subjects were able to perform all the Piagetian tasks.
Will Classroom Instruction Change Attitudes toward Drug Abuse?
Authors: Vogt A. T.
Published: September 2011

A classroom drug-education program was evaluated in the field to determine if it changed attitudes toward the abuse of marijuana, stimulants, depressants, LSD, and heroin. The subjects were 80 7th graders from middle-class homes. The results indicated that the program did not significantly change drug-abuse attitudes.
Poison Aversion and Sexual Behavior in the Golden Hamster
Authors: Fox Robert A.
Published: September 2011

Disruption of 10 male Golden hamsters sexual behavior following pairing of lithium chloride poisoning and female vaginal secretion was studied using male and female hamsters that had been isolated for 5 wk. prior to poisoning. Sniff/lick latencies were longer for poisoned males than for controls but mount times and intromission times were unaffected. These results are consistent with cue-uniqueness effects and also demonstrate conditioned aversion to olfactory sexual cues is not necessarily sufficient to disrupt the male sexual response sequence.
National Differences in Personality as Related to ABO Blood Group Polymorphism
Authors: Eysenck Hans J.
Published: September 2011

Blood group polymorphisms of the ABO system are related to personality differences, AB being more frequent among introverts, and the ratio A/B being higher among stable subjects. In view of the fact that Japanese are more introverted and more neurotic than British samples, it was predicted that Japanese, as compared with British, would have a higher proportion of AB carriers and a lower A/B ratio. Both predictions were confirmed by study of the established frequencies for blood groups in the two countries.
Toward an Integration of Psychoanalysis and the Social Sciences
Authors: Fine Reuben
Published: September 2011

It has been argued that psychoanalysis is a psychological system with a philosophical outlook. Its philosophy has been designated the analytic ideal. The behavioral sciences, products in the main of the past hundred years, have developed as bodies of empirical information grounded on dubious theoretical bases. Hence they have in general been opposed to psychoanalysis. Nor can this opposition be expected to diminish or disappear unless the practitioners succeed in disentangling their personal biases from their ideology. All the social sciences should be reorganized with psychoanalytic psychology as the core. From the other side, psychoanalysis can be strongly influenced and improved by incorporation of data from the social sciences. In many areas that is going on rapidly. The result will be one unified science of man, with psychoanalysis at or near the center, which will embrace all the knowledge currently available, and build a sound base for future growth and research.
Birth Order, Age Spacing between Siblings, and Cognitive Performance
Authors: Marjoribanks Kevin
Published: September 2011

Regression surface analysis was used to examine the confluence model which proposes that the relations between birth order and intellectual ability are accounted for by the age spacing between adjacent siblings. The model was extended to investigate relationships between birth order, age spacing between older and younger adjacent siblings, and measures of intelligence, mathematics, word knowledge, word comprehension, the language environment of the family, and parents' expectations for 500 11-yr.-old Australian children. The results provided support for the confluence model when relations between birth order, age spacing to younger adjacent siblings, and intelligence test scores were investigated but in general the propositions of the confluence model were not supported when the academic achievement and family environment scores were examined.
Effects of Body Position and Attitude Similarity on Interpersonal Attraction and Opinion Change
Authors: McGinley Hugh , Nicholas Karen , McGinley Patsy
Published: September 2011

Addressees, who were similar or dissimilar in attitude to a communicator, viewed slides of the communicator which showed her displaying either open or closed body positions. Addressees who were similar in attitude to the communicator evaluated her more positively than addressees who were dissimilar to her. Given attitude similarity between addressees and the communicator, addressees evaluated the communicator more positively when she displayed open body positions than when she displayed closed body positions. In general addressees' opinion changes were directly related to their positive evaluation of the communicator but in some cases the addressees' awareness of the experimental manipulation altered the effect on opinion.
A Variable-Interval Punishment Procedure for Assessing Anxiolytic Effects of Drugs
Authors: Sanger D. J. , Blackman D. E.
Published: September 2011

Laboratory techniques for assessing the behavioral effects of anxiolytic drugs often involve the use of a punishing procedure and rats or other species as subjects. Some aspects of conventional experimental designs, however, make difficult interpretation of the drugs' effects. The present experiment made use of a modified punishment with rats, which was designed to reduce interpretative difficulties. Both food and shock presentations were scheduled at similar, though independent, variable intervals. Chlordiazepoxide and amobarbital were found to produce dose-related decreases in the suppression of responding produced by punishment.
The Female as Manipulator: A Replication
Authors: Rosenthal Saul F.
Published: September 2011

A replication of a crucial study in the development of Machiavellianism research which substituted female subjects for the males in the original study did not produce comparable results. The replication raises questions about the applicability of this particular attribute to females as well as some more general questions of changes in the meaning of other popular personality constructs.
Job Satisfaction of School Superintendents as Related to Perceptions of Leader's Behavior
Authors: Brown Sidney E. , Bledsoe Joseph C.
Published: September 2011

Four personal and situational variables and the Consideration and Initiating Structure variables of the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire were used to predict three indices of Job Satisfaction of 136 Georgia public school superintendents. Method of selection and Consideration were reliable predictors, with appointed superintendents reporting more satisfaction than elected ones. Correlations were relatively low with variance accounted for by independent variables only .045, .103, and .062 for Intrinsic, Extrinsic, and General Satisfaction, respectively.
Personality Relationships among Parents and Adolescent Offspring in Inpatient Treatment
Authors: Archer Robert P. , Sutker Patricia B. , White Jerry L. , Orvin George H.
Published: September 2011

The present investigation examined relationships between personality characteristics of 51 adolescents hospitalized for psychiatric treatment and their biological parents. Family members were administered the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) within one week of adolescent hospital admission. Pearson product-moment correlations were performed for all possible group comparisons on each MMPI scale. Analysis of variance of difference scores reflecting the relationship of adolescent to parent profile elevations was used to examine the effects of sex of adolescent, sex of parent, and adolescent diagnostic classification on similarity of parent's and offspring's profiles. Interpreted in the context of previous research, results suggest that the more severe the adolescent psychiatric disturbance, the more dissimilar personality characteristics of parent and child. With the possible exception of emerging antisocial patterns, abnormal personality development may be related to adolescents' failure to establish or copy parental personality characteristics.