bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Increased susceptibility to azithromycin of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms using RPMI 1640 testing media
Authors: San Mauro Adrian Jimenez San , Høiby Niels , Ciofu Oana
Published: April 2024

Azithromycin (AZM) is efficient for treatment of chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm lung infections, despite of resistance in conventional susceptibility testing. It has been shown that planktonic P. aeruginosa are more susceptible to AZM when tested in RPMI 1640 medium. The aim of the study was to test the susceptibility to AZM of P. aeruginosa biofilms in LB vs RPMI 1640 media. We investigated the effect of AZM on planktonic and biofilms of (WT) P. aeruginosa (PAO1), the hypermutable (ΔmutS) and the antibiotic‐resistant phenotype(ΔnfxB) mutants. The effect of AZM on young and mature biofilms was investigated in the modified Calgary Biofilm Device by estimation of the minimal biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC). The AZM MBIC90 in LB/RPMI1640 on young biofilms treated for 24 h was 16/4 μg/mL for PAO1, 32/8 μg/mL for ΔmutS, and 256/16 μg/mL for ΔnfxB, while in mature biofilms was 256/2 μg/mL for PAO1 and ΔmutS and 16/1 μg/mL for ΔnfxB. The effect of AZM was improved when the treatment was prolonged to 72 h, supporting the intracellular accumulation of AZM. An increased susceptibility of P. aeruginosa biofilms to AZM was observed in RPMI 1640 than in LB medium. Our results might improve susceptibility testing and dosing of AZM for treatment of biofilm infections.
Two cases of laparoscopic deroofing of giant liver cysts using indocyanine green fluorescence imaging
Authors: Nakamura Gaku , Asai Koji , Watanabe Ryutaro , Moriyama Hodaka , Kujiraoka Manabu , Enomoto Toshiyuki , Watanabe Manabu , Saida Yoshihisa
Published: April 2024

Laparoscopic deroofing (LD) for giant liver cysts using indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence imaging was performed in two patients: a 53‐year‐old man with a 26‐cm, symptomatic cyst and a 50‐year‐old woman with a 13‐cm, symptomatic cyst. ICG fluorescence imaging can be used to easily identify the boundary between the liver parenchyma and the liver cyst. No postoperative bile leakage was observed in both patients. ICG fluorescence imaging is expected to become a desirable procedure in LD for giant liver cysts to reduce the occurrence of perioperative complications.
Party politics and foreign policy: The Liberal Democratic Party in Japan's security policy expansion in Southeast Asia
Authors: Irsadanar Rafyoga Jehan Pratama
Published: April 2024

This article explains the role of political parties in influencing a democratic state's international security cooperation policy. It focuses on Japan's expanded security cooperation with Southeast Asian countries pushed by the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) under Prime Minister Shinzo Abe. The LDP as the ruling party saw Japan's expanded security cooperation with Southeast Asian countries as an effort to success Abe's “Take Back Japan” campaign and to overperform the previous Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) administration. Moreover, Japan was able to expand its security cooperation with Southeast Asian countries because LDP and its junior coalition partner New Komeito, using its preliminary review system in foreign and security policy making, and its stable power in parliament, were able to pass security legislations allowing Japan's to have more security cooperation with Southeast Asian countries.
Use of 18F‐fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐d‐glucose (18F‐FDG) PET/CT for lymph node assessment before radical cystectomy in bladder cancer patients
Authors: Longoni Mattia , Scilipoti Pietro , Re Chiara , Rosiello Giuseppe , Nocera Luigi , Pellegrino Francesco , Basile Giuseppe , de Angelis Mario , Quarta Leonardo , Burgio Giusy , Necchi Andrea , Cigliola Antonio , Chiti Arturo , Picchio Maria , Salonia Andrea , Briganti Alberto , Montorsi Francesco , Moschini Marco
Published: April 2024

Objective

To assess the diagnostic performance of 18F‐fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐d‐glucose (18F‐FDG) positron emission tomograpy (PET)/computed tomography (CT) in nodal staging before radical cystectomy (RC) and pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) for bladder cancer (BCa).

Materials and Methods

This analysis was based on a cohort of 199 BCa patients undergoing RC and bilateral PLND between 2015 and 2022. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) or immunotherapy (NAI) was administered after oncological evaluation. All patients received preoperative 18F‐FDG PET/CT to assess extravesical disease. Point estimates for true negative, false negative, false positive, true positive, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy of conventional imaging and PET/CT were calculated. Subgroup analysis in patients receiving neoadjuvant treatment was performed.

Results

At preoperative evaluation, 30 patients (15.1%) had 48 suspicious nodal spots on 18F‐FDG PET/CT. At RC and bilateral PLND, a total of 4871 lymph nodes (LNs) were removed with 237 node metastases corresponding to 126 different regions. Pathological node metastases were found in 17/30 (57%) vs 39/169 patients (23%) with suspicious vs negative preoperative 18F‐FDG PET/CT, respectively (sensitivity = 0.30, specificity = 0.91, PPV = 0.57, NPV = 0.77, accuracy = 0.74). On per‐region analysis including 1367 nodal regions, LN involvement was found in 19/48 (39%) vs 105/1319 (8%) suspicious vs negative regions at PET/CT, respectively (sensitivity = 0.15, specificity = 0.98, PPV = 0.40, NPV = 0.92, ACC = 0.90). Similar results were observed for patients receiving NAC (n = 44, 32.1%) and NAI (n = 93, 67.9% [per‐patient: sensitivity = 0.36, specificity = 0.91, PPV = 0.59, NPV = 0.80, accuracy = 0.77; per‐region: sensitivity = 0.12, specificity = 0.98, PPV = 0.32, NPV = 0.93, ACC = 0.91]). Study limitations include its retrospective design and limited patient numbers.

Conclusions

In eight out of 10 patients with negative preoperative 18F‐FDG PET/CT, pN0 disease was confirmed at final pathology. No differences were found based on NAC vs NAI treatment. These findings suggest that 18F‐FDG PET/CT could play a role in the preoperative evaluation of nodal metastases in BCa patients, although its cost‐effectiveness is uncertain.
Role of diverting colostomy and reconstruction in managing Fournier's gangrene—a narrative review
Authors: Huang Siyu , Chen David C. , Perera Marlon , Lawrentschuk Nathan
Published: April 2024

Objective

To examine the role of bowel diversion and reconstructive surgeries in managing Fournier's gangrene (FG) to facilitate multidisciplinary collaboration between urologists, colorectal and plastic surgery teams.

Methods

A review of the literature was conducted using the databases Medline, Embase, PubMed in June 2023. The review included studies that evaluated the outcomes of FG following reconstructive surgeries or diverting colostomies.

Results

The existing evidence suggests that bowel diversion and colostomy formation could reduce the need for further debridement, shorten the time to wound healing, and facilitate skin graft or flap uptake in patients with FG. Additionally, the psychological impact of a stoma was shown not to be a major concern for patients. However, stoma carries a risk of perioperative complications and therefore may prolong the length of hospital stay. In reviewing the evidence for reconstruction in FG, large and deep defects seem to benefit from skin grafts or flaps. Noticeably, burial of testicles in thigh pockets has grown out of favour due to concerns regarding the thermoregulation of the testicles and the psychological impact on patients.

Conclusion

The use of bowel diversion and reconstructive surgeries in managing FG is case dependent. Therefore, it is important to have close discussions with colorectal and plastic surgery teams when managing FG.
Metabolic profiling of peri‐implant crevicular fluid in peri‐implantitis
Authors: Song Lu , Lu Hongye , Jiang Jimin , Xu Antian , Huang Yanli , Huang Jia‐Ping , Ding Pei‐Hui , He Fuming
Published: April 2024

Objects

This study aims to explore the etiology of peri‐implantitis by comparing the metabolic profiles in peri‐implant crevicular fluid (PICF) from patients with healthy implants (PH) and those with peri‐implantitis (PI).

Materials and Methods

Fifty‐six patients were enrolled in this cross‐sectional study. PICF samples were collected and analyzed using both non‐targeted and targeted metabolomics approaches. The relationship between metabolites and clinical indices including probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP), and marginal bone loss (MBL) was examined. Additionally, submucosal microbiota was collected and analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing to elucidate the association between the metabolites and microbial communities.

Results

Significant differences in metabolic profiles were observed between the PH and PI groups, with 179 distinct metabolites identified. In the PI group, specific amino acids and fatty acids were significantly elevated compared to the PH group. Organic acids including succinic acid, fructose‐6‐phosphate, and glucose‐6‐phosphate were markedly higher in the PI group, showing positive correlations with mean PD, BOP, and MBL. Metabolites that increased in the PI group positively correlated with the presence of Porphyromonas and Treponema and negatively with Streptococcus and Haemophilus.

Conclusions

This study establishes a clear association between metabolic compositions and peri‐implant condition, highlighting enhanced metabolite activity in peri‐implantitis. These findings open avenues for further research into metabolic mechanisms of peri‐implantitis and their potential therapeutic implications.
Prediction of lymph node metastasis in patients with papillary thyroid cancer based on radiomics analysis and intraoperative frozen section analysis: A retrospective study
Authors: Lv Xin , Lu Jing‐Jing , Song Si‐Meng , Hou Yi‐Ru , Hu Yan‐Jun , Yan Yan , Yu Tao , Ye Dong‐Man
Published: April 2024

Introduction

To evaluate the diagnostic efficiency among the clinical model, the radiomics model and the nomogram that combined radiomics features, frozen section (FS) analysis and clinical characteristics for the prediction of lymph node (LN) metastasis in patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC).

Methods

A total of 208 patients were randomly divided into two groups randomly with a proportion of 7:3 for the training groups (n = 146) and the validation groups (n = 62). The Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression was used for the selection of radiomics features extracted from ultrasound (US) images. Univariate and multivariate logistic analyses were used to select predictors associated with the status of LN. The clinical model, radiomics model and nomogram were subsequently established by logistic regression machine learning. The area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity and specificity were used to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the different models. The Delong test was used to compare the AUC of the three models.

Results

Multivariate analysis indicated that age, size group, Adler grade, ACR score and the psammoma body group were independent predictors of lymph node metastasis (LNM). The results showed that in both the training and validation groups, the nomogram showed better performance than the clinical model, albeit not statistically significant (p > .05), and significantly outperformed the radiomics model (p < .05). However, the nomogram exhibits a slight improvement in sensitivity that could reduce the incidence of false negatives.

Conclusion

We propose that the nomogram holds substantial promise as an effective tool for predicting LNM in patients with PTC.
Effects of increasing soil moisture on Antarctic desert microbial ecosystems
Authors: Zhang Eden , Wong Sin Yin , Czechowski Paul , Terauds Aleks , Ray Angelique E. , Benaud Nicole , Chelliah Devan S. , Wilkins Daniel , Montgomery Kate , Ferrari Belinda C.
Published: April 2024

Overgeneralization and a lack of baseline data for microorganisms in high‐latitude environments have restricted the understanding of the microbial response to climate change, which is needed to establish Antarctic conservation frameworks. To bridge this gap, we examined over 17,000 sequence variants of bacteria and microeukarya across the hyperarid Vestfold Hills and Windmill Islands regions of eastern Antarctica. Using an extended gradient forest model, we quantified multispecies response to variations along 79 edaphic gradients to explore the effects of change and wind‐driven dispersal on community dynamics under projected warming trends. We also analyzed a second set of soil community data from the Windmill Islands to test our predictions of major environmental tipping points. Soil moisture was the most robust predictor for shaping the regional soil microbiome; the highest rates of compositional turnover occurred at 10–12% soil moisture threshold for photoautotrophs, such as Cyanobacteria, Chlorophyta, and Ochrophyta. Dust profiles revealed a high dispersal propensity for Chlamydomonas, a microalga, and higher biomass was detected at trafficked research stations. This could signal the potential for algal blooms and increased nonendemic species dispersal as human activities increase in the region. Predicted increases in moisture availability on the Windmill Islands were accompanied by high photoautotroph abundances. Abundances of rare oligotrophic taxa, such as Eremiobacterota and Candidatus Dormibacterota, which play a crucial role in atmospheric chemosynthesis, declined over time. That photosynthetic taxa increased as soil moisture increased under a warming scenario suggests the potential for competition between primary production strategies and thus a more biotically driven ecosystem should the climate become milder. Better understanding of environmental triggers will aid conservation efforts, and it is crucial that long‐term monitoring of our study sites be established for the protection of Antarctic desert ecosystems. Furthermore, the successful implementation of an improved gradient forest model presents an exciting opportunity to broaden its use on microbial systems globally.
1077. Eurybia spectabilis (Aiton) G.L. Nesom: Compositae
Authors: Hind Nicholas , Lambkin Deborah
Published: April 2024

The North American Prairie plant Eurybia spectabilis (Aiton) G.L. Nesom (Compositae: Astereae: Machaerantherinae), the showy aster is illustrated and described, along with indications of distribution, habitat and ecology, flowering time, etymology, conservation status and vernacular names. The genus Eurybia (Cass.) Gray is endemic to North America and contains 22 species; it was first proposed as a subgenus of Aster L.; here the correct authority for the genus, and the disposition of Cassini's taxa is discussed—all his taxa now belong in Olearia Moench. Continuing issues with the infrageneric classification of Eurybia are highlighted, the molecular analyses not evidently supporting morphological studies. Eurybia spectabilis belongs to Eurybia subgen. Eurybia sect. Calliastrum (Torr. & A. Gray) G.L. Nesom, of which it is the lectotype; it is an octoploid species. The authority of the generic name is discussed. A full synonymy of the species is provided, together with a full type citation and location of known types together with relevant commentary. Cultivation, including suggestions for contrasting planting, or sympathetic border plantings, propagation, pests and diseases and availability of the species are discussed and commented on, and selected illustrations are cited. Only one natural hybrid, Eurybia ×herveyi A. Gray, purportedly between Eyrybia spectabilis and E. macrophylla (L.) Cass., is known. Spot characters to separate Eurybia spectabilis from Symphyotrichum laeve (L.) Á. Löve & D. Löve in the North American Prairie plantings are provided.
Shedding light on the increased carbon uptake by a boreal forest under diffuse solar radiation across multiple scales
Authors: Neimane‐Šroma Santa , Durand Maxime , Lintunen Anna , Aalto Juho , Robson T. Matthew
Published: April 2024

Solar radiation is scattered by cloud cover, aerosols and other particles in the atmosphere, all of which are affected by global changes. Furthermore, the diffuse fraction of solar radiation is increased by more frequent forest fires and likewise would be if climate interventions such as stratospheric aerosol injection were adopted. Forest ecosystem studies predict that an increase in diffuse radiation would result in higher productivity, but ecophysiological data are required to identify the processes responsible within the forest canopy. In our study, the response of a boreal forest to direct, diffuse and heterogeneous solar radiation conditions was examined during the daytime in the growing season to determine how carbon uptake is affected by radiation conditions at different scales. A 10‐year data set of ecosystem, shoot and forest floor vegetation carbon and water‐flux data was examined. Ecosystem‐level carbon assimilation was higher under diffuse radiation conditions in comparison with direct radiation conditions at equivalent total photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). This was driven by both an increase in shoot and forest floor vegetation photosynthetic rate. Most notably, ecosystem‐scale productivity was strongly related to the absolute amount of diffuse PAR, since it integrates both changes in total PAR and diffuse fraction. This finding provides a gateway to explore the processes by which absolute diffuse PAR enhances productivity, and the long‐term persistence of this effect under scenarios of higher global diffuse radiation.
Validation of the Delirium Observation Screening Scale in long‐term care facilities in Flanders
Authors: Sabbe Kelly , van der Mast Roos , Dilles Tinne , Van Rompaey Bart
Published: April 2024

Aim

The aim of this study was to validate the Delirium Observation Screening Scale (DOSS) in a population of long‐term care facility (LTCF) residents in Flanders. Currently there is no validated screening tool for delirium available for the population in this setting in Flanders.

Methods

A multisite, cross‐sectional study was conducted in six LTCFs. A total of 338 residents aged 65 years and older were included. Sociodemographic and clinical data, including data from the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) and DOSS, were obtained by three trained nurse researchers. For the DOSS, internal consistency was determined, and inter‐rater reliability was calculated. To validate the DOSS, the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive value of the DOSS relative to the CAM were determined through receiver operating characteristic analysis. This article adheres to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies (STROBE) checklist for observational research.

Results

For 338 residents, delirium assessments were completed during an early or late shift. The prevalence of delirium was 14.2% as measured with the DOSS. The reliability (α) for the CAM and DOSS was assessed, as was the inter‐rater reliability (κ) and the area under the curve. The sensitivity and specificity for a cut‐off value of 3 on the DOSS by Youden's index were very high, as was the negative predictive value. The positive predictive value was good.

Conclusions

This study showed that the DOSS is a reliable and valid instrument to screen for delirium in LTCF residents in Flanders. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; 24: 619–625.
The First Nations experience of accessing rheumatology services in a metropolitan hospital: A qualitative study
Authors: Cullen Taylor , Griffith Miki , Damodaran Arvin , Lewis Ebony , McMillan Faye , Sammel Anthony , Honeysette Rhiana , Biles Brett , Beadman Kim , Nathan Sally
Published: April 2024

Objective

First Nations Australians experience a higher burden and severity of Rheumatic Disease with poorer outcomes than the general population. Despite a widely acknowledged need to improve health outcomes, there has been minimal research assessing existing models of care from a First Nations perspective in Australia. The objective of this study was to describe First Nations experiences and barriers and enablers to accessing a hospital‐based adult Rheumatology service in Sydney.

Methods

A qualitative study using semi‐structured interviews was undertaken. Patients who self‐identified as First Nations attending the Prince of Wales Hospital Rheumatology Clinic in 2021 were invited to participate. Interviews were conducted face‐to‐face or by telephone using culturally‐appropriate Yarning methods with an Aboriginal Health Worker (AHW) at the request of participants. Thematic analysis was done in consultation with an Aboriginal Reference Group (ARG).

Results

Four categories, which encapsulated 11 themes were identified. Participants reported barriers to care such as logistics of the referral process, not feeling culturally safe because of uncomfortable clinic environments and health worker behaviours, inadequate cultural support and community perceptions of the specialty. Enabling factors included family member involvement, AHW support and telehealth consultation.

Conclusion

The current model of care perpetuates access challenges for First Nations Australians within rheumatology. Barriers to care include the delayed referral process, limited cultural responsivity in the clinic environment and poor cross‐cultural communication. There is a need for models of care that are co‐designed with First Nations Peoples to address these barriers.

Patient and Public Contribution

Participants were First Nations Australians with lived experience attending the rheumatology clinic. All interviewees were offered the opportunity to review their transcripts to ensure trustworthiness of the data. Preliminary thematic analysis was conducted in partnership with the AHW who has over 20 years experience. Following preliminary coding, a list of themes were presented to the ARG for iterative discussion and refinement. The ARG provided community representation and ensured that First Nations voices were privileged in the analysis. It's intended that the findings of this study will support the upcoming co‐design of a First Nations health service for Rheumatology patients.
Influence of graphene on corrosion properties of micro arc oxidation coatings on 7075 aluminum alloy
Authors: Chen Xiaowen , Tang Song , Zhang Defen , Yan Jingzhi , Xie Wanlin , Ran Qingzheng
Published: April 2024

This study uses 7075 aluminum alloy as the base material and employs micro arc oxidation technology to prepare ceramic coatings with different concentrations of graphene particles on the surface of the 7075 aluminum alloy. The effects of graphene particle concentration on micro arc oxidation behavior and coating performance were investigated through X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, electrochemical testing, and other performance characterization methods. The research results show that the addition of graphene particles helps to promote the transformation of metastable γ‐Al2O3 to stable α‐Al2O3, thereby enhancing the corrosion properties of the coating. When the concentration of graphene particles is 3 g/L, the prepared micro arc oxidation coating has the maximum thickness and hardness, which are 17.13 µm and 886.76 HV0.3, respectively, while the porosity and roughness are the smallest, which are .39 µm and 4.79%, respectively. Electrochemical test results show that the self‐corrosion current density is the smallest at this concentration, which is 2.323 × 10−9A/cm2. Therefore, the addition of graphene particles can effectively improve the corrosion properties of 7075 aluminum alloy.
FirstStep2Health: A cluster randomised trial to promote healthy behaviours and prevent obesity amongst low‐income preschoolers
Authors: Ling Jiying , Suriyawong Wachira , Robbins Lorraine B. , Zhang Nanhua , Kerver Jean M.
Published: April 2024

Objective

To evaluate the preliminary effects of a theory‐based, multi‐component intervention on improving healthy lifestyle behaviours and preventing obesity amongst low‐income preschoolers.

Methods

A cluster randomised controlled trial was conducted at 10 daycare centres. The 16‐week FirstStep2Health intervention, grounded in the Actor‐Partner Interdependence Model and the Social Cognitive Theory, included five components: a Facebook‐based parent programme, three virtual parent meetings, three weekly motivational text messages, parent–child learning via weekly child letters and daycare centre‐based child programme.

Results

A total of 95 preschoolers (53 intervention and 42 control) participated. Preschoolers' mean age was 49.27 months, with 57.9% being female, 12.6% being Hispanic and 40% being African American. The intervention significantly decreased intervention preschoolers' fat intake (B = −33.76, p = 0.047) and % body fat (B = −1.18, p = 0.036) compared to the control. During year 2, there were significant intervention effects on increasing skin carotenoids (B = 87.06, p = 0.035). Although not statistically significant, the intervention showed positive effects on increasing preschoolers' fruit/vegetable intake; and decreasing screen time, body mass index z‐score and proportion of overweight/obesity.

Conclusions

Even with some potential limitations (small sample size, measurement concerns and confounding with Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic), the study's results support the preliminary efficacy of the FirstStep2Health intervention in preventing obesity amongst low‐income racially diverse preschoolers.
Implementation rate of diabetic self‐management education and support for Japanese people with diabetes using the National Database
Authors: Ihana‐Sugiyama Noriko , Sugiyama Takehiro , Imai Kenjiro , Ohsugi Mitsuru , Ueki Kohjiro , Yamauchi Toshimasa , Kadowaki Takashi
Published: April 2024

People with diabetes are encouraged to receive diabetes self‐management education and support (DSMES) appropriately. However, in Japan, the implementation rates of DSMES are not known. DSMES implementation rates were calculated using the National Database of claims data, which included nearly all insurance‐covered medical procedures. The study enrolled participants who received regular antidiabetic medications between April 2017 and March 2018. The implementation rates of DSMES‐related care were calculated by characteristics, visiting medical facilities and prefectures. In 4,465,513 participants receiving antidiabetic medications (men, 57.8%; insulin use, 14.1%), nutrition guidance (5.6%) was the most frequently provided care type. Insulin users and participants visiting Japan Diabetes Society‐certified and large medical institutions had higher implementation rates of nutrition guidance. DSMES‐related care might not be provided adequately for Japanese people with diabetes. Further studies are needed to develop an optimal diabetes care system.
A survey of medical school aspirant perceptions of an unexpected lottery‐facilitated admissions adaptation
Authors: Grierson Lawrence , Lee Mark , Mahmud Meera , Profetto Jason , Sibbald Matthew , Whyte Robert , Vanstone Meredith
Published: April 2024

Introduction

Due to the COVID‐19 pandemic, the Undergraduate Medical Doctor (MD) Programme at McMaster University (Hamilton, Canada) was unable to run in‐person medical school interviews in March 2020, prompting an alternate solution that maximised admission opportunities for Indigenous applicants, prioritised admission for those rated most highly in the interview determination process, and allocated subsequent offers via lottery.

Methods

A short survey was administered to applicants who had been offered an admissions interview and were subsequently impacted by the admissions adaptations. The survey elicited perceptions of the adaptation through Likert scale ratings and free‐text responses. Survey data were analysed via a sequential (quantitative to qualitative) mixed‐methods design.

Results

196 of 552 potential participants completed the survey. Across quantitative and qualitative analyses, respondents reported that the adaptation had a negative impact on their professional development and personal life. Ratings of negative perception were greater for those who did not receive an offer than for those who accepted or declined an offer. Free text responses emphasised considerable criticism for the lottery portion of the adaptation and displeasure that efforts made in constructing applications were less relevant than anticipated.

Discussion

The negative responses to this unexpected change highlight the profound upstream impact admission policies have on the preapplication behaviours of aspiring medical students. The outcomes support a refined understanding of the value candidates place on the interview in appraising their own suitability for a career as a physician.
Comparing the migration behavior and survival of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) smolts
Authors: Sortland Lene Klubben , Aarestrup Kim , Birnie‐Gauvin Kim
Published: April 2024

Many organisms rely on migrations between habitats to maximize lifetime fitness, but these migrations can be risky due to a suite of factors. In anadromous salmonids, the smolt migration from fresh water to sea is a critical life stage, during which smolts can experience high mortality from multiple sources. This study investigated the migratory behavior and survival of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and anadromous brown trout (Salmo trutta) smolts during their seaward migration using acoustic telemetry between March and May 2021. Due to the extinction of wild salmon in the River Gudenaa after the construction of the Tange hydropower plant, this study used hatchery‐reared salmon originating from a nearby Danish river. A total of 75 hatchery‐reared salmon smolts, 75 hatchery‐reared trout smolts, and 75 wild trout smolts were tagged with acoustic transmitters and released into River Gudenaa, Denmark. The downstream movements of tagged fish were monitored using acoustic receivers deployed in the river and fjord. Hatchery‐reared trout initiated migration first, followed by hatchery‐reared salmon, with wild trout being the last to migrate. There was no difference in riverine progression rates among the three smolt groups, but noticeable differences emerged once in the fjord: trout (wild and hatchery) slowed down, whereas hatchery‐reared salmon maintained their speed. Riverine migration was predominantly nocturnal for all smolts; however, daytime migration increased at the fjord arrays. Day‐of‐year significantly influenced diurnal patterns in the river and fjord, where daytime migration increased later in the year. Hatchery‐reared salmon and wild trout had reasonably good overall survival from river to sea entry (≥66%), whereas hatchery‐reared trout had poor survival (c.26%). The fjord was the major bottleneck for survival of hatchery‐reared trout. We found no strong evidence for differences in progression rate or diurnal patterns between wild and hatchery‐reared trout to explain the lower survival. This study demonstrates that salmon and trout differ in their life‐history strategy already in the post‐smolt phase, and that stocking is a sub‐optimal strategy to aid wild populations.
The multidimensional spectrum of eco‐evolutionary relationships between sharks and remoras
Authors: Gayford Joel H.
Published: April 2024

Remoras are a highly specialised group of fishes known to associate with a range of marine megafauna, including elasmobranchs, cetaceans and marine reptiles. Remoras appear to benefit from these interspecific interactions through consumption of host dermal parasites or reduced cost of transport. Shark‐remora associations are widely documented, yet our understanding of the costs and benefits involved in these interactions is poor. Studies frequently make claims about mutualistic, commensalistic or parasitic relationships without providing the necessary quantitative information necessary to make these claims. Here I explain why this approach is problematic, and proceed to examine shark‐remora interactions in a rigorous eco‐evolutionary framework. These interactions cannot be properly classified without considering net evolutionary fitness and context dependence. In reality, shark‐remora interactions are best defined by a multidimensional spectrum of fitness consequences, with net fitness outcomes shifting between mutualism and parasitism (and vice versa) through space and time.
Synergistic effect of cinnamaldehyde and eugenol on the inhibition of Bacillus velezensis and the shelf life on quinoa fresh noodles
Authors: Wang Zinan , Liang Shan , Zhang Min
Published: April 2024

The synergistic effects of eugenol and cinnamaldehyde (MEC) were firstly used for quinoa fresh noodles (QFN) preservation. The amount of eugenol and cinnamaldehyde in combination was reduced 75% MIC value and 50% MBC value compared to the single application of eugenol and cinnamaldehyde respectively. The shelf life of QFN was prolonged 2.5 times by MEC at 25°C. Besides, MEC can significantly maintain the texture and color of QFN with less odor impact. Further mechanisms of MEC in anti‐Bacillus velezensis were suggested to affect the lag phase during growth, and disrupt the cell integrity with adenosine triphosphate and protein leakage. In addition, the observing winkle and break of cell membrane was also obtained by scanning electron microscope. Besides, a lower concentration of MEC inhibited the growth of biofilm. MEC did present a synergistic and strengthening antibacterial capacity in the inhibition of B. velezensis, and can be suggested as an antimicrobial agent in food preservations.
Global incidence and prevalence of gastritis and duodenitis from 1990 to 2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
Authors: Xu Yinling , Chen Feichi , Wen Heli
Published: April 2024

Background and Aim

Gastritis and duodenitis, prevalent diseases of the digestive system, impose a significant global burden. This study aimed to examine their incidence and prevalence patterns worldwide, including changes over the past 30 years.

Methods

The age‐standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and age‐standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) of gastritis and duodenitis, stratified by age, sex, geographical region, and sociodemographic index (SDI), were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease 2019. The dynamic trends were captured by calculating the average annual percentage changes (AAPC).

Results

In 2019, the global ASIR and ASPR of gastritis and duodenitis were 379.88/100 000 (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 312.42/100 000–448.12/100 000) and 518.11/100 000 (95% UI: 420.62/100 000–631.66/100 000), respectively. The highest rates were observed among the 50–69 age group (ASIR: 856.48/100 000; ASPR: 1158.04/100 000) and in low SDI regions (ASIR: 443.33/100 000; ASPR: 631.22/100 000). From 1990 to 2019, there was a significant decrease in global ASIR (AAPC = −0.34%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.36% to −0.31%) and ASPR (AAPC = −0.34%, 95% CI: −0.37% to −0.31%) of gastritis and duodenitis. However, ASIR (AAPC = 0.47%, 95% CI: 0.42%–0.52%) and ASPR (AAPC = 0.51%, 95% CI: 0.47%–0.52%) of gastritis and duodenitis experienced a significant increase in low SDI regions.

Conclusions

Despite a significant decrease in the global incidence and prevalence of gastritis and duodenitis, these conditions continue to impose a burden on individuals aged 50–69 years and low SDI regions. Targeted interventions for those specific populations and regions are necessary.
Use of approved Lu‐177 radiopharmaceuticals in patients with end‐stage renal disease: A review of the literature and proposed treatment algorithm
Authors: Trikalinos Nikolaos A. , Kim Hyun , Vijayan Anitha , Amurao Maxwell , Prasad Vikas
Published: April 2024

Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) can be a very useful treatment for patients with neuroendocrine neoplasms and metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer but it is routinely avoided in those with advanced kidney disease because it can adversely affect the renal function. Accordingly, no clear guidelines exist on the use of PRRT for patients on hemodialysis (HD). We performed a literature review to identify publications on HD patients who received PRRT with Lutetium‐177 (Lu177) Dotatate and Y‐90 and obtained information on Lu177 pharmacokinetics and early testing data from the manufacturer. We also perused the most recent North American Neuroendocrine Tumor Society (NANETS)/European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society (ENETS) recommendations. Seven relevant publications with a total of 15 patients were included. Patients received dose‐adjusted fractions of PRRT with HD occurring usually within 24 h. There were no immediate or long‐term serious adverse events attributed to the radioligand, although data was limited. Using available evidence and input from a multidisciplinary group, we have created an institutional workflow. Dose‐adjusted PRRT can be offered to patients undergoing HD under careful, multidisciplinary supervision.
Small‐cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the female genital tract: A comprehensive overview
Authors: Saraei Pouya , Heshmati Abbas , Hosseini Sare
Published: April 2024

Small‐cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (SCNECs) of the female genital tract are rare and aggressive tumors that are characterized by a high rate of recurrence and poor prognosis. They can arise from various sites within the female genital tract, including the cervix, endometrium, ovary, fallopian tube, vagina, and vulva. They are composed of cells with neuroendocrine features, such as the ability to produce and secrete hormones and peptides, and a high mitotic rate. Immunohistochemical staining for neuroendocrine markers, such as chromogranin A, synaptophysin, and CD56, can aid in the diagnosis of these tumors. This article provides an overview of the epidemiology, etiology, and risk factors associated with these tumors, as well as their clinical presentation, cellular characteristics, diagnosis, and finally the current treatment options for SCNECs, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, alone or in combination.
Investigating the role connective tissue fibroblasts play in the altered muscle anatomy associated with the limb abnormality, Radial Dysplasia
Authors: Murphy George R. F. , Feneck Eleanor , Paget James , Sivakumar Branavan , Smith Gill , Logan Malcolm P. O.
Published: April 2024

Radial dysplasia (RD) is a congenital upper limb birth defect that presents with changes to the upper limb anatomy, including a shortened or absent radius, bowed ulna, thumb malformations, a radially deviated hand and a range of muscle and tendon malformations, including absent or abnormally shaped muscle bundles. Current treatments to address wrist instability caused by a shortened or absent radius frequently require an initial soft tissue distraction intervention followed by a wrist stabilisation procedure. Following these surgical interventions, however, recurrence of the wrist deviation remains a common, long‐term problem following treatment. The impact of the abnormal soft connective tissue (muscle and tendon) anatomy on the clinical presentation of RD and the complications following surgery are not understood. To address this, we have examined the muscle, fascia and the fascial irregular connective tissue (ICT) fibroblasts found within soft connective tissues, from RD patients. We show that ICT fibroblasts isolated from RD patients are functionally abnormal when compared to the same cells isolated from control patients and secrete a relatively disordered extracellular matrix (ECM). Furthermore, we show that ICT fibroblast dysfunction is a unifying feature found in RD patients, even when the RD clinical presentation is caused by distinct genetic syndromes.
Multidimensional composite indicators of well‐being: Applications in economic history
Authors: Rijpma Auke , Philips Robin C. M. , van Bavel Bas J. P.
Published: April 2024

Economists and social scientists have widely contributed to the so‐called “Beyond GDP” debate—the view that current measures of economic growth are inadequate to measure well‐being and multidimensional indicators. While economic history has not been prominent in these debates, multidimensional indicators have captured the interest of economic historians, with both theoretical and empirical contributions. In this contribution, we examine the areas of consensus and debate in economic history. A comprehensive literature review shows a lack of consensus on how to use multidimensional indicators and that they face substantial critiques. We use two case‐studies (a long‐term series for the Netherlands and one on the basis of the CLIO‐INFRA panel dataset) to illustrate how common findings emerge in the literature and empirical exercises despite methodological differences. We argue that debates on the relation between economic growth and well‐being in the long‐run using these indicators can not only contribute to many founding questions in economic history—though greater precision and transparency in our assumptions about well‐being measurement are necessary—but also to better understand present‐day challenges such as how to better pursue growth in well‐being and not merely in GDP.
Guideline for gynecological practice in Japan: Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Japan Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists 2023 edition
Authors: Nishio Eiji , Ishitani Ken , Arimoto Takahide , Igarashi Toshio , Ishikawa Tetsuya , Iwase Akira , Ogawa Mariko , Ozawa Nobuaki , Kajiyama Hiroaki , Kawasaki Kaoru , Kudo Risa , Kumakiri Jun , Komura Hiroko , Komai Kan , Sato Seiya , Shinohara Koichi , Takahashi Toshifumi , Tanaka Kyoko , Tanebe Kyoko , Deguchi Masashi , Tozawa‐Ono Akiko , Nakashima Akitoshi , Nakatsuka Mikiya , Hayakawa Satoshi , Hirata Tetsuya , Fukuhara Rie , Miyakuni Yasuka , Miyazaki Hiroaki , Morisada Tohru , Kuwabara Yoshimitsu , Takenaka Masataka , Shozu Makio , Sugiura‐Ogasawara Mayumi , Maeda Tsugio , Yokoyama Yoshihito , Fujii Takuma
Published: April 2024

Twelve years after the first edition of The Guideline for Gynecological Practice, which was jointly edited by The Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology and The Japan Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the 5th Revised Edition was published in 2023. The 2023 Guidelines includes 5 additional clinical questions (CQs), which brings the total to 103 CQ (12 on infectious disease, 30 on oncology and benign tumors, 29 on endocrinology and infertility and 32 on healthcare for women). Currently, a consensus has been reached on the Guidelines, and therefore, the objective of this report is to present the general policies regarding diagnostic and treatment methods used in standard gynecological outpatient care that are considered appropriate. At the end of each answer, the corresponding Recommendation Level (A, B, C) is indicated.
Birth outcomes associated with a natural delivery approach in a perinatal center: A comparative retrospective study
Authors: Abu Shqara Raneen , Goldinfeld Gabriela , Tenne Cohen Roni , Nahir Biderman Sari , Lowenstein Lior , Frank Wolf Maya
Published: April 2024

Objectives

At our center, natural home‐like delivery settings have been established in or near conventional labor wards, for the care of pregnant women who prefer little or no medical intervention during labor and birth. We compared obstetrical and neonatal outcomes of women in active spontaneous labor, between those who chose to deliver in a natural‐delivery setup and those who chose a conventional setting.

Methods

This retrospective study included low‐risk women who delivered at term between March 1, 2020 and December 31, 2022, in a single tertiary university affiliated medical center.

Birth outcomes were compared between 124 women who delivered by natural birth (the study group) and 244 who gave birth in a conventional setting (the control group).

Results

No cesarean deliveries were performed in the study group, compared to 18 (7.4%) of the control group, p = 0.004. Intrapartum fever, postpartum hemorrhage, and uterotonic administration were similar between the groups. For the study compared to the control group, breastfeeding was more common (71.3% vs. 12.3%, p < 0.001), analgesia administration within 48 h delivery was lower (4.1% vs. 10.7%, p = 0.033), and maternal and neonatal length of hospitalization were shorter. Of the women initially admitted to the natural‐delivery room, 14 (11.5%) were transferred to a conventional‐delivery room.

Conclusions

Birth in a hospital natural‐delivery setting was associated with increased likelihood of vaginal birth, increased immediate breastfeeding and breastfeeding at discharge, and lower postpartum pain.
Professionally applied fluorides for preventing and arresting dental caries in low‐ and middle‐income countries: Systematic review
Authors: Dhanapriyanka Manori , Kosgallana Shamini , Kanthi R. D. F. C. , Jayasekara Prasanna , Dao Thi Minh An , Ha Diep Hong , Do Loc
Published: April 2024

Objectives

This systematic review aimed to review the safety and effectiveness of professionally applied fluorides for preventing and arresting dental caries in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs).

Methods

Randomized controlled trials conducted in LMICs, in which professionally applied fluorides were compared with placebo/no treatment/health education only or usual care with a minimum one‐year follow‐up period, were included. Any topically applied fluoride agents such as sodium fluoride (NaF), acidulated phosphate fluoride, silver diamine fluoride (SDF), and nano silver fluoride (NSF) were included. Five databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library) were searched in May 2022. Meta‐analysis was conducted using a random effect model.

Results

This review included 33 studies for qualitative synthesis, encompassing 16,375 children aged between 1.5 and 14 years. Nevertheless, the meta‐analysis focused on only 17 studies, involving 4067 children. Fourteen papers assessed potential adverse events, none of which was reported as major adverse events. SDF and NSF were identified as effective in arresting caries on primary teeth (p < 0.05) compared with a placebo or no treatment. Fluoride varnish and gel were identified as effective in reducing new caries development on primary teeth (p < 0.05) but not on permanent teeth (p > 0.05). The certainty of the generated evidence obtained is low.

Conclusion

The review provides valuable insights into the use of professionally applied fluorides in LMICs and contributes to recommendations for their use. However, the limited rigorous evidence suggests the need for further research to strengthen these findings and draw more robust conclusions.