bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Midwives’ recognition and response to maternal deterioration: A national cross‐sectional study
Authors: Ebert Lyn , Massey Debbie , Flenady Tracy , Nolan Samantha , Dwyer Trudy , Reid‐Searl Kerry , Ferguson Bridget , Jefford Elaine
Published: July 2022

Background

Early warning systems (EWS) are used across health care settings as a tool for the early identification of clinical deterioration and to determine the need to escalate care. Early detection of clinical deterioration and appropriate escalation of care in maternity settings is critical to the safety of pregnant women and infants; however, underutilization of EWS tools and reluctance to escalate care have been consistently reported. Little is known about midwives' use of EWS in the Australian context.

Methods

Using a cross‐sectional approach, we elicited the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of a purposive sample of Australian midwives (n = 87) with respect to the Maternal Early Warning Trigger Tool (MEWT). Participants answered a 25‐question Likert scale survey and one open‐ended question. Qualitative answers were analyzed using consensus coding.

Results

Midwives reported positive attitudes toward the MEWT, describing it as a valuable tool for identifying clinical deterioration, especially when used as an adjunct to clinical judgment. However, midwives also identified training gaps; 25% had received no training, and only half of those who had received training felt it was effective. In addition, professional tension can create a significant barrier to the effective use of the MEWT. Midwives also reported feeling influenced by their peers in their decision‐making with respect to use of the MEWT and being afraid they would be chastised for escalating care unnecessarily.

Conclusions

Although the MEWT is valued by Australian midwives as a useful tool, barriers exist to its effective use. These include a lack of adequate, ongoing training and professional tension. Improving interdisciplinary collaboration could enhance the use of this tool for the safety of birthing women and their infants.
Monoclonal antibody treatment during pregnancy and lactation in women with multiple sclerosis or neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder
Authors: Nohara Chiyoko
Published: July 2022

Multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica (NMOSD) are more prevalent in women and mainly affecting young women, the majority of whom are of childbearing age. In addition, recent treatment algorithms suggest that patients who have poor prognostic factors are treated with highly effective disease‐modifying drugs from the beginning. Monoclonal antibodies for MS or NMOSD are basically highly effective disease‐modifying drugs. Therefore, young women with MS or NMOSD will have more opportunities to receive monoclonal antibody treatment than ever before. Currently, five monoclonal antibodies for MS or NMOSD are available in Japan: natalizumab and ofatumumab for MS, and eculizumab, satralizumab and inebilizumab for NMOSD. The pregnancy and breastfeeding of each monoclonal antibody drug is reviewed, and the evidence surrounding the safety of monoclonal antibody drugs during both pregnancy and breastfeeding in women with MS or NMOSD is discussed.
Out of Their Shells: Digitisation of Endangered Diversity in Orphaned Collections Spurs Access and Discovery
Authors: Tan Yu Kai , Burke Ann C. , Thomas Ellen
Published: July 2022

Natural history collections assembled before modern‐day, anthropogenic declines in species occurrence and abundance can provide essential data for conservation and biogeographic research. Digitizing old, commonly ‘orphaned’ collections in small institutions without professional curators increases local community access to specimens, as well as global access to digitized data. We present a case study, documenting a 19th century freshwater mussel (Order: Unionoida) collection, which is part of the 'orphaned' natural history collections at Wesleyan University (Middletown, CT, USA). We curated this collection by identifying specimens according to present taxonomic practices, and using archival documents to recover metadata. Nearly 1900 specimens in 402 ‘lots’, representing 155 species, were photographed and catalogued. Three primary type specimens were identified; 64 species are on the IUCN Red List, with 4 extinct, and 28 Critically‐Endangered to Endangered. We created and publicly host online 3D models of imperiled species. These models enabled us to organize an exhibit of 3D prints of fragile specimens, and to study ecophenotypic variation of freshwater mussels along a river gradient. Our project documents the challenges and achievements of a case study illuminating the potential scientific value of, and revival strategies for, orphaned natural history collections.
一种理解博物馆学习的方式——基于观众身份的视角
Authors: Zhao Xingyu
Published: July 2022

本文提出了一个论点, 即博物馆观众的身份、动机和学习, 彼此之间相互交错、难解难分。所有的个体都扮演着多重身份, 很多身份是情境化的, 是个体基于对社会和环境的反应建构而成的。身份影响动机, 动机反过来直接影响观众的行为和学习。观众去博物馆参观时, 倾向于扮演某一种身份、或几种身份的组合。本文提出五种博物馆特有的身份, 具体如下: 探索者、助学者、专业者/爱好者、体验追求者、精神追求者。初步的研究结果表明, 这些特定身份的动机类型可能有助于解释博物馆参观的长期学习效果。
The importance of understanding the broader experience of stuttering
Authors: Herring Caryn , Yaruss J. Scott
Published: July 2022

This commentary is on the original article by Boyce et al. on pages 1297–1306 of this issue.
Changing the outcome in genetic brain disorders
Authors: Franz David Neal
Published: July 2022

This commentary is on the original articles by Wang et al. and Zhang et al. on pages 1230–1236 and 1237–1245 of this issue.
“Restrict foreigners, not robots”: Partisan responses to automation threat
Authors: Wu Nicole
Published: July 2022

Recent scholarship on technological change highlights its negative impacts on employment and wages. However, a decade of nationally representative surveys show that Americans hold favorable views toward technology despite concerns over labor displacement. How do people cope with employment threats from a trend they consider desirable? Using a survey experiment, this paper argues that people opt to buffer domestic workers from technological threats with substitute policies against outgroups that they believe could improve wages and employment prospects. Specifically, direct cues about technological displacement make Republicans more likely to demand tighter restrictions on immigration and Democrats more likely to support higher tariffs. In other words, citizens respond to automation anxiety by blaming and penalizing groups that they consider unwelcome or objectionable, depending on their partisanship. Respondents remained reluctant to express support for technological restrictions. Thus, automation anxiety may intensify resistance to globalization, but not necessarily technology.
Intense droughts affect temporal stability of Amazonian stream fish assemblages
Authors: Martins André Ribeiro , Bastos Douglas Aviz , Sousa Leandro Melo , Giarrizzo Tommaso , Vieira Thiago Bernardi , Zuanon Jansen
Published: July 2022

The frequency and duration of exceptionally intense droughts is increasing as a consequence of ongoing climate change in many regions of the planet. Lower rain fall in some regions and the increasing in the use of water resources by human populations is increasing the number of water bodies experiencing drying processes. Such changes in ecosystem dynamics have direct impacts on biological communities.

Here, we investigated the temporal structure of fish assemblage in terra‐firme (i.e., non‐floodable) streams in the Eastern Brazilian Amazon by sampling over three seasonal cycles (2012, 2013, 2014). The research investigated the temporal dynamics of the ichthyofauna of streams that experienced temporary flow interruption in 2012; using the ichthyofauna of perennial streams (not interrupted by the effects of drought) as controls to determine the effects of flow cessation on the temporal structure of fish assemblages and their recovery after drought.

The species composition of perennial streams remained stable over 3 years (2012, 2013, 2014), not differing between the dry and rainy periods. On by contrast, the species composition of the streams that temporarily dried changed after the flow interruption event.

Responses to the temporary flow interruption were not uniform among species, with some increasing in abundance after the event while others decreased. The species whose abundance increased immediately after flow interruption tended to return to initial conditions in the third year of sampling, which might be related to low resource availability in those streams. Species whose abundance decreased tended to remain in low abundance, possibly as a result of local/regional rarity of these species, hindering population restoration processes.

The dissimilarity in fish assemblage composition (based on the relative abundance of species) between sampling events revealed that the changes caused by the temporary flow interruption were significantly greater than the temporal changes recorded in perennial streams. Overall, the results indicated that intense drought events may alter fish species composition in terra‐firme streams and that such changes may persist for some years.

Our results also provide evidence that the responses of fish species to flow regime change are not uniform, highlighting the need for a better understanding of the basic biology of fishes to predict the effects of increased climate disturbances more accurately in aquatic communities. Untangling the effects of natural cyclical factors from the effects deriving from unpredictable extreme events is crucial to better predict the impacts of global climate change on the structure of biological communities.
Asymmetry of thermal sensitivity and the thermal risk of climate change
Authors: Buckley Lauren B. , Huey Raymond B. , Kingsolver Joel G.
Published: July 2022

Aim

Understanding and predicting the biological consequences of climate change requires considering the thermal sensitivity of organisms relative to environmental temperatures. One common approach involves ‘thermal safety margins’ (TSMs), which are generally estimated as the temperature differential between the highest temperature an organism can tolerate (critical thermal maximum, CTmax) and the mean or maximum environmental temperature it experiences. Yet, organisms face thermal stress and performance loss at body temperatures below their CTmax, and the steepness of that loss increases with the asymmetry of the thermal performance curve (TPC).

Location

Global.

Time period

2015–2019.

Major taxa studied

Ants, fish, insects, lizards and phytoplankton.

Methods

We examine variability in TPC asymmetry and the implications for thermal stress for 384 populations from 289 species across taxa and for metrics including ant and lizard locomotion, fish growth, and insect and phytoplankton fitness.

Results

We find that the thermal optimum (Topt, beyond which performance declines) is more labile than CTmax, inducing interspecific variation in asymmetry. Importantly, the degree of TPC asymmetry increases with Topt. Thus, even though populations with higher Topts in a hot environment might experience above‐optimal body temperatures less often than do populations with lower Topts, they nonetheless experience steeper declines in performance at high body temperatures. Estimates of the annual cumulative decline in performance for temperatures above Topt suggest that TPC asymmetry alters the onset, rate and severity of performance decrement at high body temperatures.

Main conclusions

Species with the same TSMs can experience different thermal risk due to differences in TPC asymmetry. Metrics that incorporate additional aspects of TPC shape better capture the thermal risk of climate change than do TSMs.
Investigating the microstructures and properties of Mg‐Al LDH film‐coated Mg‐Li alloy: Effect of hydrothermal temperature
Authors: Zhang Ju‐mei , Li Jia‐cheng , Hou An‐rong , Duan Xin , Lian Duo‐duo , Zhang Meng‐chun , Zhang Teng
Published: July 2022

Magnesia‐alumina layered double hydroxide (Mg‐Al LDH) films grown in situ on LA43M magnesium‐lithium (Mg‐Li) alloy were synthesized utilizing the hydrothermal method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy‐dispersive spectrometry (EDS), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize the surface morphologies, composition, and phase of the Mg‐Al films. The corrosion resistance of the Mg‐Al films was estimated via immersion experiment and hydrogen evolution test, and the tribological properties were investigated using tribological wear tests. The results showed that the thickness of the Mg‐Al LDH film enhanced, and the size of the LDH sheets increased as the hydrothermal temperature raised, resulting in the improvement of the corrosion and wear resistance. When the hydrothermal temperature reached 110°C, interlayer anions were loaded the most, and the film achieved the optimal thickness. The Mg‐Al LDH film had the optimum corrosion resistance and tribological properties. At this point, the weight loss of the film was 1.3560 mg·cm–2, and the average friction coefficient was .149. It demonstrated that synthesizing Mg‐Al LDH at a hydrothermal temperature of 110°C was an effective approach to improve the corrosion resistance of LA43M.
The emergence of Trichophyton indotineae: Implications for clinical practice
Authors: Gupta Aditya K. , Venkataraman Maanasa , Hall Deanna C. , Cooper Elizabeth A. , Summerbell Richard C.
Published: July 2022

Emergence and increase of terbinafine‐resistant dermatophytosis led to the identification of Trichophyton mentagrophytes internal transcriber space (ITS) genotype VIII in 2017, later renamed as Trichophyton indotineae and classified as a separate species in 2020. With its suspected origin in South Asia, this novel strain has emerged in Bahrain, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, India, Iran, Japan, Russia, and Switzerland, with its spread attributed primarily to travel and migration. Diagnosis using routine mycology laboratory techniques is unable to distinguish T. indotineae from T. mentagrophytes and T. interdigitale; specific identification requires genomic sequencing to identify unique, specific markers. One speculated reason for this recent outbreak is the unrestricted use of topical steroid creams and antifungal agents. Patients with extensive tinea corporis and cruris due to T. indotineae present with inflammatory red plaques in multiple body sites. The majority of these infections prove to be resistant to conventional antifungals, including allylamines and azoles (itraconazole and fluconazole), thus emphasizing the need for antifungal susceptibility testing before treatment initiation and for reassessing in nonresponsive patients. Molecular studies have identified several point mutations in the ERG1 (terbinafine resistance) and ERG11 (azole resistance) genes, which need to be analyzed further. Use of relatively new agents, such as voriconazole and luliconazole, as well as device modalities and combination therapy, could be investigated for recalcitrant T. indotineae infections.
Factors determining income and product type of Robusta coffee farming in Central Java, Indonesia
Authors: Prasetyo Edy , Listiyaningsih Dini , Setiadi Agus , Mukson Mukson , Roessali Wiludjeng , Ekowati Titik
Published: July 2022

Coffee farmers in Central Java have widely cultivated Robusta cultivars. During the last decade, the demand for coffee has increased substantially. The coffee commodity is cultivated because of the high price, which potentially generates income for the farmers. The study aimed to analyse the farmers’ income associated with the post‐harvest processing and analyse the factors that affect the post‐harvest processing from coffee farming in the Temanggung Regency. Primary data were obtained from direct interviews with 98 farmers running the coffee farming business. The results show that the product processed in green bean coffee boosted the farmers’ income, and the socio‐economic characteristics, extension service, and plan density influenced product processing. The confounding factors influencing the income were the farm size, the age of coffee plantations, production level, and the variable cost. It is recommended that farmers sell green bean coffee by intensifying extension services and increasing plant density.
Understanding antibiotic‐seeking behaviour: A qualitative case study of mothers of children aged 5 and under
Authors: Bosley Helen , Henshall Catherine , Appleton Jane V. , Jackson Debra
Published: July 2022

Background

Antibiotics savelives and have been effectively and reliably used for decades to treat infections and improve health outcomes. This trust in antibiotics has contributed to over prescribing and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. Significant amounts of antibiotics are still widely prescribed and taken, especially in young children. However, there is a paucity of existing literature relating to how mothers, who are the main carers of young children, may be influenced by their trust in antibiotics.

Aims

To explore what factors influence mothers' decisions to seek antibiotics for their young children.

Design

Qualitative case study using postcode boundaries.

Methods

Thematic analysis of qualitative data from mothers of children under 5, recruited via community playgroups within the case. Data were collected between October 2018 and May 2019, from six focus groups (n = 19) and one‐to‐one interviews (n = 14). Thematic analysis of the data consisted of six phases: data familiarization; generating initial codes; searching for themes; reviewing themes; defining and naming themes; and producing the report.

Results

Mothers were influenced by their belief and trust in antibiotics. Antibiotics were identified as symbolic of recovery, healing and of providing protection and safety.

Conclusion

By understanding the symbolic power of antibiotics on maternal decision making, all antibiotic prescribers may be able to offer and provide reassuring alternative and acceptable treatment options to mothers, rather than using antibiotics.

Impact

This paper introduces the concept of antibiotics as powerful symbols which influence antibiotic seeking behaviour. This in turn may result in inappropriate use of antibiotics which contributes to the risk of antimicrobial resistance developing. Although the majority of antibiotics are still prescribed by doctors, the number of nurse prescribers has been increasing. Therefore, an increased awareness of antibiotic symbolism, in all prescribing clinicians, is important to enable future local and national strategies to be developed, to support maternal decision making and reduce antibiotic seeking behaviour.
The experience of staff utilizing data to evaluate and improve person‐centred practice: An action research study
Authors: Radbron Emma , Wilson Valerie , McCance Tanya , Middleton Rebekkah
Published: July 2022

Aim

Explore how nurses and midwives use patient experience data collected from a mobile health app to influence the development of person‐centred practice.

Design

Participatory action research, underpinned by the Person‐Centred Nursing Framework and Practice Development principles.

Methods

Six clinical units in a large health district engaged in three action cycles from 2018 to 2020 using a mobile health app. Nursing/midwifery staff on the units (N = 177) utilized data collected via the app to evaluate and improve person‐centred practice. A pre–post survey using the PCPI‐S was conducted to evaluate staff perceptions of person‐centredness. Data from the surveys (n = 101 in 2018 and n = 102 in 2020) and 17 semi‐structured interviews were used to understand the influence working with these data had on person‐centred practice. The Guidelines for Best Practices in the Reporting of Participatory Action Research have been used to report this study.

Results

Improvements in person‐centred practice were noted across both data sets. There was a statistically significant increase in two domains of the PCPI‐S in the independent t‐test and across all three domains in the paired t‐test results. Thematic analysis resulted in the identification of six themes: Getting everyone on board, once we understood, keeping on track, there's a person in the bed, knowing you're doing a good job and improving over time.

Conclusion

Engaging with the data collected from the app in a facilitated and collaborative way results in increases in person‐centredness.

Impact

This study provides insight into how nurses and midwives used data from a mHealth app to evaluate and improve person‐centred practice. Utilizing the data generated by the app resulted in increased person‐centredness amongst staff and changes to practice and culture. Nursing and midwifery teams who are supported to engage with patient experience data in an action‐oriented way will see person‐centred practice improvements, affecting patients and staff.
Quantifying euryhaline histories in red drum Sciaenops ocellatus: otolith chemistry and muscle isotope ratios
Authors: Walther Benjamin D. , Torrance Louisa E.
Published: July 2022

The combined use of otolith chemistry and tissue isotopes has the potential to reveal movements, habitat associations and food web interactions at a variety of spatial and temporal scales. Here, a combination of otolith Ba:Ca life‐history transects with muscle tissue δ13C and δ15N values has been used to assess habitat use and oligohaline residence in red drum Sciaenops ocellatus in subtropical estuaries in the north‐western Gulf of Mexico. Tissue isotopes were distinct among capture locations, particularly between bays with differing proximities to freshwater inflow sources. Otolith edge Ba:Ca values and tissue δ13C values were not correlated. These results indicated that fish were neither residing in nor feeding in oligohaline waters for significant periods of time within the tissue turnover window of several months prior to capture. Nonetheless, spatial differences in tissue isotope values indicated limited mixing among bays and relatively high site fidelity during estuarine occupancy. Lifetime otolith Ba:Ca transects revealed individual variability in the magnitude of residence in oligohaline waters. Using a mean oligohaline occupancy threshold, an estimated 82% of individuals used oligohaline waters at some point in their life. Nonetheless, 66% of individuals spent <20% of their life histories in oligohaline waters, suggesting intermittent and infrequent excursions into low salinity waters. Finally, a literature survey identified 56 peer‐reviewed publications using combinations of otolith chemistry and tissue stable isotope ratios with a wide range of marker pairings and study aims. The diversity of ecological questions that can be asked with the combined use of these two approaches will provide valuable insight into fish ecology.
Liposuction to improve the dorsocervical fat pad in esthetic need: Anatomical study and clinical case series
Authors: Wang Guanhuier , Zhao Jianfang , Zhang Xinling , Yang Shan , Zhang Weiguang , Xie Hongbin
Published: July 2022

Background

Patients are undergoing surgery to relieve the prominent dorsocervical fat pad because of their esthetic needs.

Objective

To determine their clinical needs, it is necessary to research the clinic, radiography, and anatomy of dorsocervical fat pad.

Methods

The occipital fat thickness, dorsal fat thickness, and the length, width, and thickness of the dorsocervical fat were measured through MRI imaging. Body projection position were recorded. The correlation between the body mass index and dorsocervical hump was analyzed. Anatomical and histological studies of cadavers with a dorsocervical hump were performed. The liposuction for dorsocervical fat pad was introduced and patients were followed up.

Results

In measurement, the MRI imaging of 109 patients were evaluated. The average length, width, and thickness of the dorsocervical fat pad were 114.47, 89.24, and 23.46 mm, respectively, and it is commonly located from the 3rd cervical vertebra to the 3rd thoracic vertebra. The average dorsocervical ratio was 151%. 43.1% patients had a dorsocervical hump. Based on the protrusion degree, the dorsocervical fat pad was classified into three types. The dorsocervical hump severity had a low correlation with obesity. In anatomy, 4 cadavers were dissected. The histological staining indicated that two layers of fat pad constituted a dorsocervical fat pad. As for treatment, 34 patients underwent liposuction to improve the dorsocervical contour, all of them reported satisfactory outcome.

Conclusions

The histological manifestations and morphological measurement of dorsocervical fat pad is researched. Besides, liposuction was applied in 34 patients with dorsocervical hump, and had received satisfied outcome.
Retrospective study of the absorbable braided polydioxanone threads’ usefulness in the aged lower eyelids' rejuvenation
Authors: Khan Galina , Kim Beom Jun , Kim Dong Gyu , Park EunSoo
Published: July 2022

Background

Tear trough deformity, hyperpigmentation, and skin laxity of the lower eyelid make individuals appear fatigued and elderly. Many patients prefer less invasive, cosmetic correction of the aged lower eyelid. Polydioxanone (PDO)‐barbed threads introduced braided fine threads design, which works as a template for attraction of the regenerative factors and for cells' migration and proliferation. The purpose of this study was to estimate the outcomes of simultaneous additional application of braided type PDO threads (N‐scaffold) for aged lower eyelids' rejuvenation in patients, who underwent the midface PDO thread lifting.

Materials and Methods

A total of 30 patients with mildly loose skin in the facial area, who underwent the thread lifting using PDO threads, were included in this study. Patients were divided into two groups, 15 patients per group. The first group underwent the midface thread lifting using PDO threads (“non‐SCA” group). The second group underwent midface thread lifting in combination with braided PDO threads for tear trough deformity improvement (“N‐scaffold” group). The results were evaluated subjectively, based on the patients' satisfaction rates, and objectively, by evaluating photographs.

Results

According to Barton's grading system, 7 months after the treatment, there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups: 1.733 ± 0.74 in the non‐SCA group and 0.733 ± 0.83 in the N‐scaffold group (p < 0.05). Based on patients' self‐assessment, there was a significant difference at 7 months after the treatment: 2.86 ± 0.84 in “non‐SCA” group and 3.76 ± 0.90 in “N‐scaffold” group, p < 0.05. Complications such as persistent swelling, hematoma, skin irregularity, and infection were not observed during follow‐up assessments.

Conclusion

The application of braided type PDO threads (N‐scaffold) as part of the midface thread lifting, for aged lower eyelids rejuvenation appears to be effective and safe within a period. This study suggests that PDO threads insertion may be a useful, additional, and non‐invasive tool for the aged lower eyelids rejuvenation.
Cutaneous manifestations of Coronavirus Disease 2019
Authors: Ghafoor Rabia , Ali Syeda Mahanum , Goldust Mohamad
Published: July 2022

Background

COVID‐19 has been linked to a variety of dermatological conditions.

Objective

To determine the presence of various cutaneous manifestations in patients with COVID‐19, also to define their features in relation to the systemic symptoms.

Methods

This research enrolled a total of 1206 lab‐confirmed COVID‐19 individuals at a tertiary‐care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. Expert dermatologists assessed patients for COVID‐related skin conditions. COVID‐19 severity was categorized as asymptomatic/mild, moderate, or severe.

Results

Of the 102 (85.7%) patients with only one cutaneous sign, 26.5% developed maculopapular/morbiliform/erythematous rash; 14.7% urticaria; 9.85% vesicular/pustular exanthem; 14.7% vascular pattern; 12.7% infections, 7.8% miscellaneous and 9.8% late cutaneous findings A longer‐lasting vascular pattern was related with an older age and a fatal COVID‐19 outcomes (P: 0.000) compared with mild/moderate disease. Most of the retiform purpura presented exclusively with thromboembolic episodes. The moderate severity was correlated with maculopapular/morbiliform/exanthematous phenotype (P: 0.009), whereas urticaria was attributed to asymptomatic/mild disease (0.001) compared with moderate/severe infection.

Limitations

Single‐Center and observational study.

Conclusion

Vascular lesions were correlated with disastrous COVID‐19 outcomes, whereas retiform purpura was linked to adverse outcomes. The maculopapular/morbiliform/erythematous rash was associated with moderate severity, while the urticarial rash was linked to milder course compared with moderate/severe severity infection.
Closed for mafia: Evidence from the removal of mafia firms on commercial property values
Authors: Calamunci Francesca M. , Ferrante Livio , Scebba Rossana
Published: July 2022

Using a sample of almost 7000 Italian municipalities from 2002 to 2019, we investigate how the removal of mafia‐infiltrated firms affects commercial sale and rental prices. We conjecture that targeting mafia businesses leads to a reduction in local disamenities and an increase in the demand for commercial properties. Applying the latest methodologies based on difference‐in‐differences approaches, we show that antimafia policies aimed at confiscating and reassigning mafia firms have positive spillover effects on commercial real estate prices, driving values upward by about 4%. This is especially true for small–medium municipalities in mafia‐ridden provinces. The evidence we provide supports the enforcement of antimafia policies with an economic content, as they pose a threat to criminal financial interests and curb the mafia influence in the market.
Clarifying rural‐urban disparities in alcohol‐related emergency department visits and hospitalizations in Ontario, Canada: A spatial analysis
Authors: Friesen Erik Loewen , Yu Winnie , Buajitti Emmalin , Selby Peter , Rosella Laura , Kurdyak Paul
Published: July 2022

Purpose

Rates of alcohol‐related harm are higher in rural versus urban Canada. This study characterized the spatial distribution and regional determinants of alcohol‐related emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalizations in Ontario to better understand this rural‐urban disparity.

Methods

This was a cross‐sectional spatial analysis of rates of alcohol‐related ED visits and hospitalizations by Ministry of Health subregion (n = 76) in Ontario, Canada between 2016 and 2019. Regional hot‐ and cold‐spots of alcohol‐related harm were identified using spatial autocorrelation methods. Rurality was measured as the population weighted geographic remoteness of a subregion. The associations between rurality and rates of alcohol‐related ED visits and hospitalizations were evaluated using hierarchical Bayesian spatial regression models.

Findings

Rates of alcohol‐related ED visits and hospitalizations varied substantially between subregions, with high rates clustering in Northern Ontario. Overall, increasing rurality was associated with higher subregion‐level rates of alcohol‐related ED visits (males adjusted relative rate [aRR]: 1.67, 95% credible interval [CI]: 1.49‐1.87; females aRR: 1.78, 95% CI: 1.60‐1.98) and hospitalizations (males aRR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.24‐1.45; females aRR: 1.59, 95% CI: 1.45‐1.74). However, after the province was separated into Northern and Southern strata, this association only held in Northern subregions. In contrast, increasing rurality was associated with lower rates of alcohol‐related ED visits in Southern subregions (males aRR: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.79‐0.96; females aRR: 0.88, 95% CI: 0.81‐0.97).

Conclusions

There are regional differences in the association between rurality and alcohol‐related health service use. This regional variation should be considered when developing health policies to minimize geographic disparities in alcohol‐related harm.
Evaluation of proton pump inhibitor administration in hospitalized dogs in a tertiary referral hospital
Authors: Duxbury Samantha , Sorah Emily , Tolbert M. Katherine
Published: July 2022

Background

Although proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are commonly administered to hospitalized dogs, prescribing patterns and appropriateness of use require continued investigation.

Hypothesis/Objective

Describe prescription patterns and appropriateness of use associated with PPIs in hospitalized dogs at a single tertiary care facility. We hypothesized that the majority of prescriptions would not comply with current guidelines for the rational use of acid suppressants.

Animals

Two hundred randomly selected hospitalized dogs.

Methods

Retrospective evaluation of the medical records associated with a randomly selected sample of hospitalized dogs that received PPIs between January 2013 and December 2018.

Results

A total of 12 610 dogs were admitted for first‐time hospitalization between January 2013 and December 2018. Forty percent of these dogs (5062/12610) were prescribed a PPI PO or IV. Of the 200 randomly selected records, an adequate indication for use was identified in 27% of dogs (54/200). Of the dogs surviving to discharge, 54% (95/175) were discharged with a PPI and 51.6% (49/95) of those were prescribed an inadequate dose.

Conclusions and Importance

Our findings support other studies in which the majority of PPI prescriptions for hospitalized dogs at a tertiary care hospital lacked an appropriate indication. Furthermore, analysis of the prescribing patterns of dispensed PPIs identified a frequent occurrence of dosages considered inadequate, raising concern for ineffective treatment even with appropriate indications of use. With growing concern of adverse effects associated with PPI and other acid suppressant administration in human and veterinary medicine, rational use of these medications following consensus guidelines should be emphasized and treatment should be reserved for dogs with historical, physical examination, clinicopathologic, and imaging findings supportive of an appropriate indication for use.
While stability lasts: A stochastic model of noncustodial stablecoins
Authors: Klages‐Mundt Ariah , Minca Andreea
Published: July 2022

The “Black Thursday” crisis in cryptocurrency markets demonstrated deleveraging risks in over‐collateralized noncustodial stablecoins. We develop a stochastic model that helps explain deleveraging crises in these over‐collateralized systems. In our model, the stablecoin supply is decided by speculators who optimize the profitability of a leveraged position while incorporating the forward‐looking cost of collateral liquidations, which involves the endogenous price of the stablecoin. We formally characterize regimes that are interpreted as stable and unstable for the stablecoin. We prove bounds on quadratic variation (QV) and the probability of large deviations in the stable domain and we demonstrate distinctly greater price variance in the unstable domain. We identify a deflationary deleveraging spiral by means of a submartingale. These deleveraging spirals, which resemble short squeezes, lead to faster collateral drawdown (and potential shortfalls) and are accompanied by higher price variance, as experienced on Black Thursday. We conclude by discussing noncustodial ways in which the issues raised in this paper can be mitigated.
Reduced proinflammatory activity of outer membrane vesicles of Tannerella forsythia treated with quorum sensing inhibitors
Authors: An Sun‐Jin , Ha Kyung‐Won , Jun Hye‐Kyoung , Kim Hyun Young , Choi Bong‐Kyu
Published: July 2022

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) of bacteria harbor physiologically active molecules, and quorum sensing inhibitors (QSIs) are expected to regulate bacterial virulence. In this study, we analyzed the proinflammatory activity of OMVs of the periodontal pathogen Tannerella forsythia treated with d‐arabinose and d‐galactose as QSIs, which inhibit the biofilm formation of periodontal pathogens and autoinducer 2 activity. Compared to OMVs of nontreated T. forsythia (TF OMVs), OMVs released from QSI‐treated T. forsythia, designated TF ara‐OMVs and TF gal‐OMVs, showed reduced production of TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, and IL‐8 in THP‐1 monocytes through decreased activation of NF‐κB/MAPKs. Using a human NF‐κB reporter cell line and bone marrow‐derived macrophages from TLR2−/− mice, TF ara‐OMVs and TF gal‐OMVs showed less activation of TLR2 than TF OMVs. These results demonstrated that QSIs provide a dual advantage against bacterial infection by inhibiting bacterial biofilm formation and generating OMVs with reduced proinflammatory activity.
My Kidney Identity: Contextualizing pediatric patients and their families kidney transplant journeys
Authors: Dunbar Julia C. , Bascom Emily , Pratt Wanda , Snyder Jaime , Smith Jodi M. , Pollack Ari H.
Published: July 2022

Background

Even though having a kidney transplant is the treatment of choice for children with kidney failure, it can cause anxiety for patients and their families resulting in decreased psychosocial functioning, adherence, and self‐management. We set out to identify the information needs required to help pediatric patients and their families contextualize their posttransplant experiences as they recalibrate their understanding of normalcy throughout their transplant journey.

Methods

Participants submitted photographs related to feeling: (1) worried, (2) confident, (3) similar to peers without kidney disease, and (4) different from these peers. The photographs served as a foundation for an in‐depth interview.

Results

Nineteen individuals (10 pediatric transplant recipients and 9 caregivers) were interviewed at a mean of 8 years posttransplant. We identified five specific themes and tensions our participants associated with recalibrating their version of “normal” throughout the transplant journey: (1) exchanging information (information consumers vs. information contributors, (2) transitional management (family management vs. self‐management), (3) building confidence (worry vs. confidence), (4) telling one's story (hiding vs. self‐expression), and (5) normalizing kidney transplantation (feeling different vs. feeling similar). These five themes/tensions form one's Kidney Identity, shift from negative to positive throughout the transplant journey, illustrating a more abstract and complex account of kidney transplantation over time.

Conclusions

Having a patient view their Kidney Identity over time may support self‐reflection of one's progress posttransplant and potentially help clinicians, patients, and their caregivers identify barriers and areas where they may need more support to ensure their successful engagement in their care.
Risk of Falls in adults 45–64 years old in the United States
Authors: Amiri Azita , Dong Xiaoxia , Frith Karen
Published: July 2022

Falls among the older adults (64+ years old [YO]) are considered public health issues. However, fall prevention in middle adulthood (age 45–64) has received less attention. We studied the associations between the number of falls and fall‐related injuries and indicators for socio‐demographics, chronic diseases, and difficulties in conducting activities in two age groups, 45–64 YO and 64+. In this secondary data analysis, we used the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) 2018 data. The study showed respondents in the 45–64 YO have higher average falls and fall‐related injuries than those 64+ (P < .001). Variables that link to more falls and fall‐related injuries in 64+ correspond to more falls and fall‐related injuries in 45–64 YO. The finding indicates that the odds of falls and fall‐related injuries are comparable across age groups when considering demographic characteristics. However, odds of falling in the presence of arthritis and asthma are higher for respondents in 45–64 YO than the 64+ YO. The risk of falls and fall‐related injuries are not specific to older adults. Factors that matter to the number of falls and fall‐related injuries in the older adults also count in the younger age group. Nurses are asked to validate available fall assessment tools for adults 45–64 years old and evaluate all clients over 45 for fall risk.
Reducing health disparities: Adherence to referrals for further diagnosis among asylum seeking children
Authors: Amit Aharon Anat
Published: July 2022

Objective

Asylum‐seeking children are most vulnerable to health problems and non‐utilization of health amenities. The aim of the study was to compare adherence with referrals for further diagnostic tests among asylum‐seeking children and native Israeli children.

Design

A retrospective cohort study.

Sample

The study was conducted among 3508 children born in 2016–2017, with two randomized sample groups: Israeli children (n = 243) and asylum‐seeking children (n = 271). Data were retrieved from the children's medical files.

Measurements

Referrals for further diagnostic tests were defined as written referrals by a public health nurse or pediatrician. Data collected included the child's and mother's details, as well as data on referrals. A multiple logistic regression test was performed to detect risk variables for non‐adherence to referrals.

Results

No differences were found between the groups regarding adherence to referrals for further diagnosis. Having medical insurance did not explain adherence to referrals. Asylum‐seeking children have more need for further follow‐up than do Israeli children.

Conclusion

Asylum‐seeking children and Israeli children respond similarly to the preventive health services offered with equal accessibility. Public health nurses have an essential role in encouraging adherence to screening tests and to referrals for further diagnostic tests and in mitigating health disparities among asylum‐seeking children.
Concealed identity information detection with pupillometry in rapid serial visual presentation
Authors: Chen Ivory Y. , Karabay Aytaç , Mathȏt Sebastiaan , Bowman Howard , Akyürek Elkan G.
Published: July 2022

The concealed information test (CIT) relies on bodily reactions to stimuli that are hidden in mind. However, people can use countermeasures, such as purposely focusing on irrelevant things, to confound the CIT. A new method designed to prevent countermeasures uses rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) to present stimuli on the fringe of awareness. Previous studies that used RSVP in combination with electroencephalography (EEG) showed that participants exhibit a clear reaction to their real first name, even when they try to prevent such a reaction (i.e., when their name is concealed information). Because EEG is not easily applicable outside the laboratory, we investigated here whether pupil size, which is easier to measure, can also be used to detect concealed identity information. In our first study, participants adopted a fake name, and searched for this name in an RSVP task, while their pupil sizes were recorded. Apart from this fake name, their real name and a control name also appeared in the task. We found pupil dilation in response to the task‐irrelevant real name, as compared to control names. However, while most participants showed this effect qualitatively, it was not statistically significant for most participants individually. In a second study, we preregistered the proof‐of‐concept methodology and replicated the original findings. Taken together, our results show that the current RSVP task with pupillometry can detect concealed identity information at a group level. Further development of the method is needed to create a valid and reliable concealed identity information detector at the individual level.
Parental aspirations and child private‐school enrollment: Evidence from India
Authors: Georgiadis Andreas , Benny Liza , Galab Sheikh , Reddy Prudhvikar , Behrman Jere
Published: July 2022

We estimate the relationship between parental aspirations and child private‐school enrollment using longitudinal data on children from India aged 8–22 years and instrumental variables that address a number of possible biases in the estimation for a causal interpretation. We find that children whose parents aspire for them to complete university are 21% more likely to attend a private school at age 12 and that this persists through to age 15. Our results also suggest that children living in wealthier households and in communities with higher wages are more likely to be enrolled in private schools at both age 12 and 15 years. We further find that children whose parents aspire for them to complete university are more likely to have done so by age 22 years. Overall, our findings highlight the scope for improving access to private schools among the poor through relaxing associated external and internal constraints.
Local treatment for canine anal sacculitis: A retrospective study of 33 dogs
Authors: Lundberg Annette , Koch Sandra N. , Torres Sheila M.F.
Published: July 2022

Background

Little information has been published regarding treatment of canine anal sacculitis (AS).

Objectives

Primary objective: determine the outcomes of AS local treatment at the referral dermatology service of the authors' institution. Secondary objective: determine signalment, body condition score (BCS), stool quality and comorbidities associated with AS.

Animals

Thirty‐three dogs with AS presented to the referral dermatology service between 1 January 2010 and 31 March 2021.

Materials and methods

An electronic medical record search was conducted. Information regarding sex, breed, age at disease onset, weight, BCS, stool quality, comorbidities, treatment and treatment outcome were collected. Treatment outcome was categorised as “resolved clinically”, “clinical signs resolved per owner”, “did not complete treatment” or “failed”. Dogs were excluded if seen by another service, not treated for AS, or if perianal sinuses (fistulae), anal sac masses, or anal sac abscesses were identified.

Results

Nineteen dogs were male and 14 female. Twenty‐four breeds were included. Average age at disease onset was 4.4 years. Average BCS was 5.8 of 9. Stool quality was “poor” in seven of 33 and normal in 23 of 33 cases. Atopic dermatitis was the most common comorbidity (12 of 33). Treatment typically consisted of anal sac flushing with saline followed by infusion using a commercially available steroid/antibiotic/antifungal ointment. Treatment was repeated on average 2.9 times. Resolution of AS was obtained in 24 of 33 cases, clinical signs resolved per owner in four of 33, five of 33 cases did not complete treatment, and no cases failed treatment.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

Local treatment with flushing and infusion is effective for treating AS in dogs.
Tagging Singapore English
Authors: Lin Li , Han Kunmei , Hing Jia Wen , Cao Luwen , Ooi Vincent , Huang Nick , Bao Zhiming
Published: July 2022

It is well‐known that Outer Circle English has undergone extensive contact‐induced lexical and grammatical restructuring. Is it possible to use common NLP tools developed for Inner Circle English to process Outer Circle English texts? Here, we report our experience of using the Stanford PoS tagger to tag the Singaporean component of the International Corpus of English (ICE‐SIN). We isolate two major contact‐related causes of tagging errors: (1) lexical and grammatical loans directly borrowed from the local languages; and (2) English‐origin words with new grammatical meanings acquired from the local languages. While the first type may be easy to overcome, the latter type is intractable, creating an extra layer of morphosyntactic complexity. We achieved comparable accuracy rates in the more formal registers, and a lower but still decent 88% in the informal register of private conversations. A tagged ICE‐SIN allows us to investigate lexical and grammatical restructuring at unprecedented levels of detail.