bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation and uncertainty investigation of the NO2, CO and NH3 modeling over China under the framework of MICS-Asia III
Authors: Kong Lei , Tang Xiao , Zhu Jiang , Wang Zifa , Fu Joshua S. , Wang Xuemei , Itahashi Syuichi , Yamaji Kazuyo , Nagashima Tatsuya , Lee Hyo-Jung , Kim Cheol-Hee , Lin Chuan-Yao , Chen Lei , Zhang Meigen , Tao Zhining , Li Jie , Kajino Mizuo , Liao Hong , Sudo Kengo , Wang Yuesi , Pan Yuepeng , Tang Guiqian , Li Meng , Wu Qizhong , Ge Baozhu , Carmichael Gregory R.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Despite significant progress in improving chemical transport models (CTMs), applications of these modeling endeavours are still subject to the large and complex model uncertainty. Model Inter-Comparison Study for Asia III (MICS-Asia III) provides the opportunity to assess the capability and uncertainty of current CTMs in East Asia applications. In this study, we evaluated the multi-model simulations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and ammonia (NH3) over China under the framework of MICS-Asia III. Compared with MICS-Asia II, modeling results were provided by a larger number of independent groups from different countries/regions and covered a longer period of time (one-full year). Furthermore, most of these groups used a common emission inventory, common meteorological inputs, and the same modeling domain and horizontal resolutions. New observations over North China Plain (NCP) and Peral River Delta (PRD) were also available in MICS-Asia III, allowing model evaluations over highly industrialized regions. The results show that most models well captured the monthly and spatial patterns of NO2 in NCP though NO2 levels were slightly underestimated. Relatively poor performance in NO2 simulations was found in PRD with larger root mean square error and lower spatial correlation coefficients, possibly due to the relative coarse model resolutions. All models significantly underpredicted CO concentrations both in NCP and PRD, with annual mean concentrations 65.4 % and 61.4 % underestimated by the ensemble mean respectively. Such large underestimations suggest that CO emissions might be underestimated in current emission inventory. In contrast to the good skills in simulating the monthly variations of NO2 and CO concentrations, all models failed to reproduce the observed monthly variations of NH3 concentrations in NCP. Most models mismatched the observed peak in July and showed negative correlation coefficients with observations, which may be closely related to the uncertainty in the monthly variations of NH3 emissions and the NH3 gas-aerosol partitioning. Finally, inter-comparisons of these model results were conducted to quantify the impacts of model uncertainty on the simulations of these gases, which are shown increase with the reactivity of species. Models contained more uncertainty in the NH3 simulations. This suggests that for some highly active and/or short-lived primary pollutants, like NH3, model uncertainty can also take a great part in the forecast uncertainty in addition to the emission uncertainty. Based on these results, some recommendations are made for future studies.
THE SITE OF SAN CALOCERO DI ALBENGA (SV). AN INTER-DISCIPLINARY METHODOLOGICAL TRAINING GROUND
Authors: Roascio S.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. This paper summarizes the results of the research on the site of San Calocero di Albenga where, in late antiquity, a martyrial sanctuary was built on the remains of a probable funerary enclosure of the late imperial era. This site is known since the first half of the twentieth century for the pioneering research of Nino Lamboglia both in the field of the first experiences of stratigraphic archaeology and for an embryonic reading of the walls. After further investigations by the Soprintendenza della Liguria, the archaeological complex has been the subject of new studies since 2014. At this moment, the Politecnico di Milano was involved in surveying activities, and extensive use of archaeometric investigations was made. In particular, the minero-petrographic analysis of the mortars and the C14 on the lime clumps allowed reaching new significant knowledge in the scanning of construction activities and their dating.
GROUND BASED 3D MODELLING (PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND TLS) - SURVEY, DOCUMENTATION AND STRUCTURAL ASSESSMENT OF XX CENTURY CULTURAL HERITAGE IN INDIA – A CASE STUDY OF THE MASONRY VAULTS IN DEHRADUN
Authors: Tucci G. , Rihal S. , Betti M. , Conti A. , Fiorini L. , Kovacevic V. C. , Bartoli G.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. The paper presents the case study of the survey of the sail vaults of the main building of the Forest Research Institute in Dehradun. The building has been acquired with photogrammetric and laser scanner techniques during the Ground Based 3D Modelling (Photogrammetry and TLS) tutorial, at the ISPRS TC V Mid-term Symposium held in Dehradun, India in November 2018. The acquired data was then used for a structural evaluation of masonry vaults. The 3D model, built using the point cloud data, has been used in an open source finite element analysis software to develop a numerical model and comparative analyses have been carried out. The objective of numerical analysis is assessing both the benefits of structural meshes generated directly from point cloud data and the structural behaviour of the masonry vaults.
ADVANCED 3D MODELING VERSUS BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING: THE CASE STUDY OF PALAZZO ETTOREO IN SACILE (ITALY)
Authors: Visintini D. , Marcon E. , Pantò G. , Canevese E. P. , De Gottardo T. , Bertani I.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. This paper presents an experience of 3D modeling starting from laser scanning data and following two alternative approaches: the first one, called “Advanced 3D modeling”, based on an original meshing algorithm, while the second make use of Revit BIM software.The case study in Palace Ettoreo in Sacile (Pordenone, Italy), constructed in Renaissance Venetian style in the 16th century: it has a trapezoid plan and is developed on three floors, with the ground one endowing a portico on two façades.The palace has been surveyed by two terrestrial laser scanners: a Riegl Z420i for 5 external scans and a FARO Photon 120 for 53 internal scans; also a topographic surveying of 270 targets have been carried out. The final TLS cloud has 1,4 billions of points.The Advanced 3D modeling has produced a “smart” mesh, allowing also to model the elements with deformations (out of plumb, bulges and troughs). Moreover, this model drastically reduce the stored data: the whole palace is modeled by 111.496 polygons only.The modeling with Revit follows the classical flowchart where the principal architectonical elements are gradually composed: this HBIM process has required a strong manual work in exploiting the available parametric objects and/or in the definition of new objects.Comparing the two models with respect the points cloud, both have evidenced advantages and limitations: therefore, the best solution is a process involving their combination. At the beginning, the Advanced 3D modeling is performed onto the points cloud, so well exploiting the segmentation tools and the smart meshing of the surfaces preserving any geometrical irregularity. Such obtained model allows metrical and morphological evaluation on the various structural and architectonical elements. Afterwards, this very light model becomes the entry data for the modeling in BIM environment, where also the shape of irregular elements are so imported.
GIS ANALYSIS OF THE SEISMIC DAMAGE ON HISTORICAL MASONRY SPIRES
Authors: Zanazzi E. , Coïsson E. , Ferretti D.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. The Emilia 2012 earthquake highlighted the high vulnerability of historical masonry spires, at the top of bell towers. Indeed almost half of the spires, in the area hit by the seismic event, show the loss of the top. The observed collapse mechanism consists in sliding of the spire top and in the resulting overturning. Once the emergency phase has passed, it is now a duty to learn from this traumatic experience and to provide new tools for the prevention of the destructive effects of future earthquakes. In this perspective, a geodatabase was designed, using the ArcGIS Pro software, for monitoring the vulnerabilities of the surveyed spires. Indeed, as we learn from the study of the effects of past earthquakes, seismic damages are recurrent for each building typology and therefore they can be predictable and avoidable. For example, by statistically elaborating the data of the designed database, a correlation arose between the levels of damage of the spires and their type of masonry arrangement. Indeed four different masonry typologies have been distinguished. The work then focuses on three damaged spires of churches belfries, proposing three consolidation hypotheses to prevent the future loss of the rebuilt top part of the spire. The structural analyses, performed with Abaqus CAE and detailed in a different work, showed that the same intervention produces different results on the different case studies: a demonstration that there is not an “absolute” best solution, but an intervention suitable for each case.
RECONSTRUCTION OF HISTORICAL GEODETIC SYSTEMS FOR THEIR IMPLEMENTATION IN REPROJECTION ALGORITHMS
Authors: Baiocchi V. , Deligios M. , Giannone F. , Timar G.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Historical cartography is an important source of geographic information for diachronic studies. The Italian geodetic datum from the second half of the 20th century are well known and used, while the reference systems used previously do not have a certain documentation also because they were developed by the military geographical institute, which at the time was a uniquely military body with the related problems of confidentiality.The reconstruction of the datum of each single historical map is a fundamental process, in order to be able to correctly compare historical information with the current ones, but it is complex because of the scarce information available on the type of datum and cartographic projection used for the production of the map.The reconstruction of the ancient morphology of an area, such as that of 1893 Forma urbis map or the pre-reclamation maps of Agro Pontino, is of fundamental importance for various studies on geomorphological changes of the territory, including, for example, the reconstruction of diverted and/or covered watercourses.Many of the Italian historical maps have been referred to the ellipsoid of Bessel with different orientations that in many cases are the same used previously or simultaneously for public purposes including, in particular, the drafting of the cadastral cartography.
DOCUMENTING THE CONSERVATIVE EVOLUTION OF THE CITY WALLS THANKS TO THE INTEGRATION OF DIGITAL SYSTEMS OF VARIOUS TYPOLOGIES. THE CASE STUDY OF VALBONA GATE
Authors: Baratin L. , Cattaneo A. , Gasparetto F. , Moretti E. , Lonati S.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. The presented study describes how to document in a dynamic way a complex and full of historical information architecture with a flexible system. Thanks to the collaboration between various professional figures and the integration of various digital systems, it has been possible to create an open documentary model able to satisfy the need to manage complex information.Our case study is the Valbona gate, the main entrance of the city of Urbino. The project presents two different phases: a first study is characterised by the setting up of a Datawarehouse concerning state of conservation and restoration managed with a GIS system; the second part is focused on a new type of documentation, developed with an online software, CDR - Conservation Digital Report.Thanks to the capacity of organising all data into a single Geodatabase system, the information relating to the conservation status and to deterioration, restoration interventions carried out.The result is a geodatabase linked with conservative sheets expressly scheduled. In this way the documentation is completed by a system which allows a simple updating of information and its implementation, if necessary.
THE GAMHER RESEARCH PROJECT FOR METRIC DOCUMENTATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE: CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS
Authors: Bitelli G. , Balletti C. , Brumana R. , Barazzetti L. , D'Urso M. G. , Rinaudo F. , Tucci G.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. GAMHer (Geomatics data Acquisition and Management for landscape and built Heritage in a European perspective) is a three-year research project financed under the Italian PRIN 2015 framework (Progetti di Ricerca di Rilevante Interesse Nazionale). The project, started in February 2017 under the University of Bologna coordination, links other 5 Italian research groups mainly involved in Cultural Heritage (CH) documentation and data management: Politecnico di Milano, Politecnico di Torino, IUAV Venice, University of Florence, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio and University of Bergamo.GAMHer aims at exploiting some research and practical challenges in those disciplines devoted to generate 3D models for objects related to both landscape and built heritage; primary focus is then on digital photogrammetry and 3D scanning. These techniques are more and more applied in different contexts, having as the main subjects monuments, buildings, natural and urban landscapes. Some critical points however remain for their implementation, also facing to the new European directives, strictly connected to the requirement of the Digital Agenda for Europe. A wider use of digital data has to be achieved, in Europe as well as internationally, and therefore an analysis of the current developments is significant, together with a critical assessment of their performances.
MAPPING EVOLVING HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE SYSTEMS
Authors: Branduini P. , Laviscio R. , L’Erario A. , Toso F. C.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Landscape is not a sum of elements to be juxtaposed in a paper or a digital space. It is a complex system of relationships among components that have evolved over time. It is not a sum of material permanencies, more or less recognizable and placeable in space, but an interweaving of economic, social, religious and political meanings that link permanencies and give them value.How to represent these relationships from existing geographic or historical databases? How can we illustrate the co-evolution between nature and culture that has given form to today’s landscape? And how to allow at the same time to update data and their relationships?Through the comparison among examples taken from local participative experiences (ecomuseum community maps) and others directly managed and produced by the Authors (itinerary maps), the contribution reflects on these main critical issues: landscape representation problems, data collecting and updating, information sharing. The main results show that the data digitalization and georeferencing can help to illustrate and understand tangible and intangible characteristics of landscape and overcome the gaps from a sharing mapping procedure with a bottom-up approach and the point of view by the experts with a top-down approach. On the contrary, the digital representation of landscape data shows another set of problems that currently are mainly solved in traditional ways. The paper will also deal with these aspects.
GEOMETRIC SURVEY DATA AND HISTORICAL SOURCES INTERPRETATION FOR HBIM PROCESS: THE CASE OF MANTUA CATHEDRAL FAÇADE
Authors: Adami A. , Fregonese L. , Rosignoli O. , Scala B. , Taffurelli L. , Treccani D.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Planned conservation approach requires a sustained, long-term action to better manage the cultural heritage assets during their life cycle. Together with programmed conservation and local interventions, there is a large amount of information related to the building; it emerges the need for an appropriate tool in which to store all data. Historic Building Information Modelling (HBIM) can be an appropriate way to address this issue. In this context, the lack of automatic tools (to speed up the project) and the need for data interpretation in the process are noticeable, especially for cultural heritage items. In this paper we present a practical case study. Starting from an integrated survey of Mantua Cathedral (located in Northern Italy) we developed a HBIM model of its façade. Particular emphasis is given to data interpretation both from geometrical survey and from historical sources. The resulting model is consistent and coherent with reality. As a result, we state that the development of a HBIM model is not an automatized process. In the process, from the survey to the final model, there is the need for a deep knowledge and a deep understanding of the building, not only in term of geometrical survey but also of its historical phases, its changes in time, its materials and the construction techniques. HBIM can be a useful instrument for planned conservation, which strongly requires a coherent model to be effective and useful. A proper model, working as an integrated archive, can increase the effectiveness of planned conservation.
MERGING PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND AUGMENTED REALITY: THE CANADIAN LIBRARY OF PARLIAMENT
Authors: Carrión-Ruiz B. , Blanco-Pons S. , Weigert A. , Fai S. , Lerma J. L.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. In recent years, Augmented Reality (AR) technology has experienced considerable progress and the combination of AR and 3D modeling opens up new opportunities regarding 3D data visualization and interaction. Consequently, the dissemination of cultural heritage can benefit from these technologies in order to display the cultural assets as realistically and interactively as possible. In this way, high-accuracy 3D models are integrated in the real world.Nevertheless, progress has also still been limited due to several factors. The paper presents a case study based on the recreation of the Queen Victoria sculpture in an AR application. Furthermore, the environment of the sculpture is simulated by panoramic images, inside the Library of Parliament in Ottawa, Canada. The main problems for the development of an AR smartphone application from panoramic images and photogrammetric 3D data are described in this paper. The characteristics of AR systems are explained in detail, analyzing all the steps involved and the available solutions considered.
THE EVOLUTION OF MODELLING PRACTICES ON CANADA’S PARLIAMENT HILL: AN ANALYSIS OF THREE SIGNIFICANT HERITAGE BUILDING INFORMATION MODELS (HBIM)
Authors: Chow L. , Graham K. , Grunt T. , Gallant M. , Rafeiro J. , Fai S.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. In this paper, we explore the evolution of modelling practices used to develop three significant Heritage Building Information Models (HBIM) on Canada’s Parliament Hill National Historic Site – West Block, Centre Block, and The Library of Parliament. The unique scope, objective, and timeline for each model required an in-depth analysis to select the appropriate classification for Level of Detail (LOD) and Level of Accuracy (LOA). With each project, the refinement of modelling practices and workflows evolved, culminating in one of our most complex and challenging projects – the Library of Parliament BIM. The purpose of this paper is to share ideas and lessons learned for the intricate challenges that emerge when using LOD and LOA classifications including trade-offs between model performance, tolerances, and anticipated BIM use. In addition, we will evaluate how these decisions effected managing the digitization, data processing, data synthesis, and visualisation of the models.
AN OPTIMISED WORKFLOW FOR THE INTERACTIVE EXPERIENCE WITH CULTURAL HERITAGE THROUGH REALITY-BASED 3D MODELS: CASES STUDY IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND URBAN COMPLEXES
Authors: Cipriani L. , Bertacchi S. , Bertacchi G.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. The paper compares two workflows for the achievement of 3D models aimed at in-depth studies on the geometric features of Cultural Heritage artefacts and their dissemination. The purpose is the outlining of pros and cons of different techniques coming from entertainment and video games industry, starting from highly reliable 3D documentation of cultural assets, i.e. architectural/archaeological/urban sites. Two different possible applications are described: (i) procedural modelling used for understanding and visualising reconstruction hypotheses of the vaulted pavilions at Hadrian’s Villa, Tivoli, Rome; (ii) optimisation of 3D high-detailed models, as input files, turned into visual reliable and highly portable assets for game-engines. The first case study is focussed on creating a flexible model for evalueting reconstruction hypotheses and supplying restorers with useful hints for shape completion of ruined pavilions. The second case study makes available detailed digital contents for storytelling historical and cultural events in an attractive way, as in the case of the urban explorative model of Chiuro, a small town in northern Italy.
THE USE OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN THE RESTORATION AND CONSERVATION OF BUILT CULTURAL HERITAGE/ THE CASE OF THE STATUE OF FOUARA, SETIF, ALGERIA
Authors: Ali Khodja N. , Zeghlache H. , Benali F. , Guani O.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. The present paper deals with the techniques using the laser scanner survey in the restoration of the statue of Fouara in Setif, Algeria. This statue which is made of marble was realized by Francis de St Vidal in 1899 that represents a nymph which is a part of the fountain, publicly displayed in the center of the city's main plaza. On 18 December 2018, a man defaced the statue, removing the facial features and breasts with a hammer and chisel.As a matter of fact, the build cultural heritage in Algeria is in danger from attacks and reaction time deterioration with age. Following the day of the incident, our team has been called to use a previous scanner laser survey of the nymph that was stored in our cultural heritage monument database in order to help the restoration of the missing part of the nymph (the face and the breast. as matter of fact, the original laser scanning survey provided a helpful and accurate details to support the restoration of the nymph.
REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGIES FOR LINEAR INFRASTRUCTURE MONITORING
Authors: D’Aranno P. , Di Benedetto A. , Fiani M. , Marsella M.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. The need for a continuous evaluation of the state of preservation of civil infrastructures during their lifetime is increasingly requiring advanced monitoring technologies. The improvement of spatial and temporal resolution of the measurements is now one of the most significant achievement, especially for large infrastructures. Monitoring actions are necessary to maintain safety conditions by controlling the evolution of deformation patterns or detecting significant instabilities. Remote sensing technique such as Differential Interferometry by Synthetic Aperture Radar (DInSAR) allows identifying environmental vulnerability and potential damages on large road infrastructures thus contributing to plan and optimize maintenance actions. DInSAR data allow to highlight instability processes and to quantify mean deformation velocities and displacement time series. This information can be analysed considering geotechnical and structural characteristics and adopted to evaluate possible safety condition improvement and damage mitigation. Using proximal remote sensing techniques, such as Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR), it is possible to analyse the pavement conditions on 3D models derived from a dense point cloud acquired by Mobile Laser Scanner (MLS). By combining the DInSAR and LiDAR datasets a great improvement is expected in the capability to promptly identifying critical situations and understanding potential risks affecting extended road infrastructures. The principal aim of this paper is to provide a general overview of the most innovative remote sensing techniques for infrastructure safety condition assessments. Furthermore, a methodological approach to define a reliable procedure for data processing and integration is applied on a test area located in the municipality of Rome.
THE FACADE’S DOME OF THE ST. ANTHONY’S BASILICA IN PADUA
Authors: Diaz M. , Holzer S. M.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. The basilica of St. Anthony in Padua (13th–14th cent.) is one of the most remarkable pilgrimage sites in Italy. To date, the monument itself has never been subject to a comprehensive stratigraphic analysis. Important information about the construction sequence of the building may be conserved in the domed roofs protecting the inner masonry shells.The present paper will focus on the dome next to the facade. During the survey, data acquisition via laser scanner have been flanked by standard tasks. Specifically, the stratification analysis of the timber framework of the dome requires to measure the entire structure, including parts with difficult access, and calls for many scan bases to go further the sight obstacles represented by the rafters and the horizontal collar-beams. Therefore, application of laser scanning might appear difficult at first sight.The authors will show that the approach confirms the suitability of the laser scanner technology in facing the general complexity of the structure. The development of a graphic documentation in CAD environment entailed a manageable complexity in terms of time-consumption and precision in data processing. So far, the plans reveal the irregular profile of the dome in its inner masonry shell, and of the outer masonry drum. The sections show a two-centre curvature of the elevation of the outer timber shell. However, the joints among the rafters, ribs, and tie-beams still require a series of traditional in-depth assessments acquired in close-range access.Nevertheless, the pragmatic investigative modus operandi, tested up to now, does represent a fixed protocol suitable to be iterated and perfected for each cupola. In such complex structures, the laser scanning process confirms to be a valid strategy to reach a good compromise between time consumption, human effort, and millimetre precision. In this way, the collected material provides a first contribution to acquire knowledge on this Italian medieval masterpiece, which stands out on the international scenario for its historical richness and architectural complexity.
SURVEY AND VIRTUAL RECONSTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROMAN FLOORS IN AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXT
Authors: Fazio L. , Lo Brutto M. , Dardanelli G.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Despite the consistent development of approaches aimed at the virtual reconstruction of whole houses or archaeological monuments, the variety of technologies involved in virtual reconstruction procedures and the complexity of a rigorous process to provide validation models, seems to limit a univocal and shared standards adoption. For example, compared to the large number of contributions on the virtual reconstruction of whole architectures or cultural heritage sites, only a few works have proposed a rigorous workflow specific to mosaics and ancient floors and to their virtual reconstruction. The goal of this work is to present the first results on the virtual reconstruction of the "Temple of Isis" in Marsala (Italy); in particular, the work is aimed at the virtual reconstruction of the mosaic and the opus spicatum floor still preserved in situ. A close-range photogrammetric survey was carried out in order to provide a detailed floors 3D reconstruction; a structure-from-motion photogrammetry approach was employed to obtain a detailed 2D and 3D documentation with millimetric accuracy and high level of colour fidelity. Thanks to the photogrammetric products, accurate virtual restoration/reconstruction of the whole floor surfaces was conducted in a rigorous way and as close as possible to the historical reality.
MAGO: A NEW APPROACH FOR ORTHOPHOTOS PRODUCTION BASED ON ADAPTIVE MESH RECONSTRUCTION
Authors: Gagliolo S. , Federici B. , Ferrando I. , Sguerso D.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Orthophotos are one of the most common and typical products of a photogrammetric post-processing and, since the diffusion of specific software, their generation and usage have become even more widespread. In spite of it, some issues remain on the accuracy of orthophoto reconstruction, which is often downgraded by the introduction of meshes and Digital Surface Models to be used as surfaces representing the object. The use of a more accurate and reliable input, such as a point cloud, makes these approximations avoidable. For this reason, a new approach, termed MAGO (Adaptive Mesh for Orthophoto Reconstruction), is here delineated and proposed. The input data of the procedure are the user-defined orthophoto plane, the image and its internal and external orientation parameters, and a point cloud representing the object. Each pixel of the image is projected on the orthophoto plane at its original resolution via an iterative process, which builds an adaptive mesh, defined by means of the three best fitting points, where the collinearity rays and the point cloud intersect. After an overview on the method and its innovative features, an example on a test case is reported, together with a comparison between MAGO’s and another photogrammetric software results.
PHOTOGRAMMETRY: METHODS OF SURVEY AND APPLICATIONS ON RESTORATION WORKS
Authors: Genin S. M.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. This paper presents diverse methods of photogrammetric surveys and applications in restoration works. It compares the methods of survey and highlights their advantages for each specific project. All the methods used showed the great advantage of photogrammetry, compared with the traditional method of survey. There is a great reduction of working hours (field and office). The restitution may be drawn up at any time, with the required degree of rigour, and may be more or less detailed depending on the needs of the Project, case of the dismantling of Cais das Colunas, in Lisbon. The single-image photogrammetry allows the restitution of flat elements, without information on their depth, which is ideal for surveying facades. In the Conservation project of the vaults of Jerónimos monastery church, the traditional stereophotogrammetry had the advantage of stereoscopic vision, allowing a careful observation of the details, anomalies of the construction and a precise diagnostic in situ. Photogrammetry of multiple images is a much faster method for obtaining the 3D model, through a dense cloud of points, which is the most commonly used in recent restoration projects, for heritage documentation and three-dimensional visualisation of the object. This last method was used to survey the church facade of the monastery of Alcobaça. The survey of São Miguel – o - Anjo lighthouse in Porto, and all the other cases, proved that photogrammetric restitution allows a detailed mapping of the construction, necessary for a correct diagnostic of the anomalies to support the Conservation Project.
URBAN HERITAGE MONITORING, USING IMAGE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES AND DATA COLLECTION WITH TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNER (TLS), CASE STUDY CUENCA - ECUADOR
Authors: Heras V. , Sinchi E. , Briones J. , Lupercio L.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. The role of heritage documentation has proven beneficial for the conservation and management of built heritage. Different tools has supported the recording of buildings, city buildings blocks and sites. However, in most of the heritage sites a lack of systematic methodologies for adequate data analysis has revealed the misusing of heritage documentation. Thus, sites enlisted as World Heritage Sites (WHS) by the UNESCO, are dealing with values that remain at the urban scale, while the documentation activities are focused mainly in buildings.These situation suits to many sites in developing countries, such as the historic city of Cuenca, at the south of Ecuador. The UNESCO included Cuenca as a WHS in 1999 due to important heritage features. Nevertheless, these heritage values remain at the city level, while the documentation tools and used techniques are focused in individual elements making more difficult the control and management decision-making at the city level. In this context, this research contributes to heritage management; by exploring documentation techniques that provide detailed information and that support heritage analysis at different scales from the urban level, city building blocks and heritage building.Thereby, the digital aerial photogrammetry, orthomosaics and Model Digital Terrain (MDT) were used to allow the acquisition of an aerial representation of the historic landscape of the city. These data combined with other existing heritage registers, enable the identification and analysis of different valuable elements at different scales. The results has demonstrated that combination of different heritage tools improves heritage conservation with less economic resources.
H-BIM AND THE DOMAINS OF DATA INVESTIGATIONS OF HERITAGE BUILDINGS CURRENT STATE OF THE ART
Authors: Khalil A. , Stravoravdis S.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Heritage BIM can represent many advantages for heritage building documentation, restoration, retrofitting and management. However, the most complicated challenge concerning H-BIM is the inevitability of starting at an intermediate point in the asset’s life cycle, which can be much more complex than the relatively straightforward cradle-to-grave model that describes new-build construction (Historic England, 2017). This leads to irregular geometry, non-homogeneous materials, variable morphology, not documented changes, damage and various stages of construction. These challenges put more weight on the surveying, documentation, modelling and visualisation phase within the process of HBIM.Many investigation tools can be used and combined to document and investigate the fabric of historic buildings. This paper reviews the literature and the state of art of the different domains of data that could be included in the documentation and investigation process of the built heritage, in order to assess the breadth and depth by which heritage buildings can be documented. These data can vary from outer geometry survey, to sub-surface materials and structural integrity investigations, to data concerning the building performance, as well as the historic records concerning the building`s morphology over time, which can help to create a more in-depth knowledge about the heritage buildings` status and performance and can create a solid base for any required restoration and retrofitting processes.
BEP & MAPPING PROCESS FOR THE RESTORATION BUILDING SITE
Authors: Lucarelli M. , Laurini E. , Rotilio M. , De Berardinis P.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. The BEP, acronym for BIM Execution Plan, consists of the information management plan created by the design team to illustrate how to meet the requirements defined in the Employer's Information Requirement (EIR).The big amount of data will have to be organized a priori both for the professionals who will use that piece of information and for the stakeholders who will have to receive only the right information and use specific worksets. Just at this stage, the heart of the BIM method, there are different advantages compared to the traditional process, in which these informational steps were omitted, causing errors, delays and therefore an increase in active and passive costs. This paper explores the methodology applied to the mapping process of the management of a recovery site. For a better understanding of the result achieved, the stages of the process have been explained, from the acquisition of data, through the scan to BIM process up to the construction phases. In addition, the phases (Identify BIM goal and uses, Design BIM Project Execution Process, Develop information exchange) and the steps (Investigation, Identification and Strategy) necessary to achieve the objective have been analyzed. This is the Lean construction and Integrated Project Delivery (IPD), methodologies and systems that allow the improvement of the building process thanks to data sharing and communication between stakeholders before work begins so as to eliminate any possible delay.
GEO-INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR A MULTIMODAL ACCESS ON HISTORICAL PHOTOGRAPHS AND MAPS FOR RESEARCH AND COMMUNICATION IN URBAN HISTORY
Authors: Maiwald F. , Henze F. , Bruschke J. , Niebling F.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. This contribution shows ongoing interdisciplinary research of the project HistStadt4D, concerning the investigation and development of different multimodal access strategies on large image repositories. The first part of the presented research introduces different methods of access, where classical analogue access stands in contrast to digital access strategies such as online collections, Web3D, Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR). We discuss the main persisting issues of libraries, advantages of digital methods, and different access tools. The second part shows technologies and workflows used to create various access possibilities. The photogrammetric and geo-informational work serves as a technical basis for a 3D WebGIS as well as multiple AR/VR applications, which require spatial oriented images, object coordinates, and further spatial data. We introduce a research environment that allows art historians spatial access to historical photography, integrating 3D/4D models with photographic documents of the respective architecture. For dissemination of research results in installations and museums, we present fully immersive VR as well as handheld AR applications allowing users a free exploration of historical photography in a spatial setting.
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC WIREFRAME AND DENSE POINT CLOUD 3D MODELLING OF HISTORICAL STRUCTURES: THE STUDY OF SULTAN SELIM MOSQUE AND YUSUF AGA LIBRARY IN KONYA, TURKEY
Authors: Altuntas C. , Mert S. , Yaman G. , Cengiz Y. , Sonmez M.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. The photogrammetry enables to getting high accuracy measurement with low-cost and easy application in documentation of historical structures. The object details are signified with lines in cultural heritage documentation by photogrammetry. The combination of all the lines create 3D wireframe model of the measurement object. In addition, patch surfaces of the wireframe are mapped with the texture from the images for more realistic visualization. On the other hand, the progress on computer vision and image processing techniques is allowing automatically perform the photogrammetric process. A large number of points that are called dense point cloud can be measured from coverage area of multi view images. The dense point cloud represents the object shape with small space measured points while the wireframe photogrammetry is representing the object with lines. In this study these two photogrammetric methods were evaluated with respect to visualization, cost, labour and measurement time through 3D modelling of historical structures of Sultan Selim Mosque and Yusuf Aga Library.
HOW TO EXTRACT USEFUL INFORMATION ABOUT THE DECAY OF BASS RELIEVES IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL AREA
Authors: Malinverni E. S. , Pierdicca R. , Di Stefano F. , Sturari M. , Mameli M. , Frontoni E. , Orazi R. , Colosi F.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Cultural Heritage goods represent the memory and the history of the civilization. Notwithstanding, there are not sufficient public resources to guarantee their preservation and maintenance. Nowadays between several geomatic techniques available, the pillar for the preservation of mankinds heritage is the low cost close photogrammetric acquisition. The advantages of virtual reconstructions based on Multi View Stereo (MVS) and Structure from Motion (SfM) algorithms is extended from the heritage documentation to its virtualization or modelling. The digital preservation of archaeological sites is committed in more agile and friendly procedures that give automatic extraction of information to perform in depth analysis over ancient artefacts. In the field of CH research, the characterization and classification of the conservation state of the materials composing the surface of the artefacts are essential to study their damage. The first step for conservation state of a goods is the study of the changes in different times. The possibility to automatically study this time modification due to different factor represents a key point for the archaeologists’ work. With this in mind, the aim of this work is to propose a completely automatic methods for change detection between three data set acquired in different époques. The work flow applied is based on the unsupervised clustering techniques applied on a combination of two type of differences images. The results, unlike the objective, demonstrate that the unsupervised methods are not effectiveness in the CH study, instead of the supervised methods that outperforms in terms of reliability of results.
INCLUSIVE CULTURAL HERITAGE SITES: ICT AS A TOOL TO SUPPORT THE DESIGN PROCESS AND SHARE KNOWLEDGE
Authors: Marconcini S. , Pracchi V.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Within the European strategies for a sustainable development, the role of cultural heritage as an economic, environmental and social driver has become increasingly significant. As an asset in people’s lives, it’s necessary to assure anyone the opportunity to access it. For this reason, urban transformation policies must guarantee the proper compromise between the requirements of conservation and physical/cognitive accessibility. This entails a clear design complexity, which however cannot justify the lack of intervention, but must propose new governance models for an inclusive design process.In a broader research framework, the implementation of ICT has turned out to be a solution that can address some issues in enhancing the level of inclusion in cultural heritage sites. Particularly, the conception of an interactive map has seemed the proper perspective of producing a feasible operative tool. The first aim is linked to the necessity of having an information system thank to which everyone, particularly users with special needs, could be able to organize their movements and be aware of the proposed services and fulfilled inclusive strategies. The second target is connected to the management of the projects related to the development of inclusion, therefore it is addressed to municipal administrators and other key actors involved in the governance of cultural heritage.Finally, the discussion about the main objectives and features of an interactive map wants to highlight the role that ICT can assume within an inclusive design approach, for which is needed a tool able to support the intervention on the physical environment and offer further essential services.
DIGITAL MODELLING AND ANALYSIS OF MASONRY VAULTS
Authors: Angjeliu G. , Cardani G. , Coronelli D.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. The focus of this paper is to discuss the peculiarities of the digital modelling of masonry cross vaults. The proposed methodological approach for a multidisciplinary study of masonry vaults will be focused on: geometrical survey, crack pattern, geometrical modelling, and safety assessment based on structural analysis.Automatic reconstruction procedures recently proposed in the literature for ribbed masonry vaults, are used to overcome time-consuming modelling tasks. The created digital models take into consideration the different aspects of the three-dimensional geometry, the internal divisions with variations of material properties in different parts, and a suitable discretization for finite element analysis. Moreover, the same model can be used in BIM (Building Information Modelling), judged as a suitable environment in which to combine different aspects of the restoration works such as: documentation, intervention design, and the data system in an unique model. The same model is then used to perform finite element analysis. Each of these aspects is clarified with examples of different vaults typology coming from case studies as that of the church of St. Bassiano in Pizzighettone (Cremona) or the notable Milan Cathedral.
TLS FOR DETECTING SMALL DAMAGES ON A BUILDING FAÇADE
Authors: Masiero A. , Costantino D.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Weathering, aging, infiltration, solar radiation and several other factors cause the deterioration of buildings and infrastructures and hence the need for periodical maintenance and restoration. The need for maintenance has been traditionally determined based on visual inspections of qualified operators. Since this process is obviously time consuming and quite expensive, especially when the considered building is quite large and high, then a number of recent studies have been recently published proposing remote sensing tools in order to ease the monitoring process. Among the possible spatial data acquisition sensors, terrestrial laser scanning has been considered in several of the existing studies, mostly because of its high reliability, to cope with cracks and defect detection up to the millimeter level of resolution, which is the typical accuracy of the current generation of professional laser scanners. This paper considers the problem of detecting small defects on the façade of a University building. Similar to other previous studies, in this work defect detection is accomplished by considering distances with respect to a planar surface locally fitted on the building façade. Then, statistical filtering and machine learning tools have been implemented in order to cope with damage detection of the brick surfaces at sub-millimeter level.
INITIAL EVALUATION OF THE POTENTIAL OF SMARTPHONE STEREO-VISION IN MUSEUM VISITS
Authors: Masiero A. , Tucci G. , Conti A. , Fiorini L. , Vettore A.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. The recent introduction of new technologies such as augmented reality, machine learning and the worldwide spread of mobile devices provided with imaging, navigation sensors and high computational power can be exploited in order to drammatically change the museum visit experience. Differently from the traditional use of museum docents or audio guides, the introduction of digital technologies already proved to be useful in order to improve the interest of the visitor thanks to the increased interaction and involvement, reached also by means of visual effects and animations. Actually, the availability of 3D representations, augmented reality and navigation abilities directly on the visitor’s device can lead to a personalized visit, enabling the visitor to have an experience tailored on his/her needs. In this framework, this paper aims at investigating the potentialities of smartphone stereo-vision to improve the geometric information about the artworks available on the visitor’s device. More specifically, in this work smartphone stereo-vision will used as a 3D model generation tool in a 3D artwork recognition system based on a neural network classifier.
IMPACT OF VIRTUAL REALITY EXPERIENCE ON ACCESSIBILITY OF CULTURAL HERITAGE
Authors: Paladini A. , Dhanda A. , Reina Ortiz M. , Weigert A. , Nofal E. , Min A. , Gyi M. , Su S. , Van Balen K. , Santana Quintero M.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Accessibility plays a main role among the aspects that contribute to the conservation of Cultural Heritage sites. Seismic stability, fragility of the artefacts, conflicts, deterioration, natural disasters, climate change and visitors’ impact are only some of the possible causes that might lead to the inaccessibility of a heritage site for both researchers and visitors.The increasing potential of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in the conservation field has resulted in the development of Augmented and Virtual reality (AR and VR) experiences. These ones can be very effective for what concerns the description of the visual experience, but also improve the understanding of a site and even became analytic research tools.This paper presents an inaccessible Buddhist temple in the Myanmar city of Bagan as a case study for the realization of a VR experience that aims at providing accessibility to knowledge and therefore a better understanding of the cultural value. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the VR for this purpose, a user study has been conducted and its results are reported.