bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Harnessing Computational Complexity Theory to Model Human Decision‐making and Cognition
Authors: Franco Juan Pablo , Murawski Carsten
Published: June 2023

A central aim of cognitive science is to understand the fundamental mechanisms that enable humans to navigate and make sense of complex environments. In this letter, we argue that computational complexity theory, a foundational framework for evaluating computational resource requirements, holds significant potential in addressing this challenge. As humans possess limited cognitive resources for processing vast amounts of information, understanding how humans perform complex cognitive tasks requires comprehending the underlying factors that drive information processing demands. Computational complexity theory provides a comprehensive theoretical framework to achieve this goal. By adopting this framework, we can gain new insights into how cognitive systems work and develop a more nuanced understanding of the relation between task complexity and human behavior. We provide empirical evidence supporting our argument and identify several open research questions and challenges in applying computational complexity theory to human decision‐making and cognitive science at large.
Combined use of right ventricular coupling and pulmonary arterial elastance as a comprehensive stratification approach for right ventricular function
Authors: Wu Yihang , Tian Pengchao , Liang Lin , Chen Yuyi , Feng Jiayu , Huang Boping , Huang Liyan , Zhao Xuemei , Wang Jing , Guan Jingyuan , Li Xinqing , Zhang Yuhui , Zhang Jian
Published: June 2023

Right ventricular (RV)‐pulmonary arterial uncoupling is the consequence of increased afterload and/or decreased RV contractility. However, the combination of arterial elastance (Ea) and end‐systolic elastance (Ees)/Ea ratio to assess RV function is unclear. We hypothesized that the combination of both could comprehensively assess RV function and refine risk stratification. The median Ees/Ea ratio (0.80) and Ea (0.59 mmHg/mL) were used to classify 124 patients with advanced heart failure into four groups. RV systolic pressure differential was defined as end‐systolic pressure (ESP) minus beginning‐systolic pressure (BSP). Patients among different subsets showed dissimilar New York Heart Association functional class (V = 0.303, p = 0.010), distinct tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion/ pulmonary artery systolic pressure (mm/mmHg; 0.65 vs. 0.44 vs. 0.32 vs. 0.26, p < 0.001), and diverse prevalence of pulmonary hypertension (33.3% vs. 35% vs. 90% vs. 97.6%, p < 0.001). By multivariate analysis, Ees/Ea ratio (hazard ratio [HR] 0.225, p = 0.004) and Ea (HR 2.194, p = 0.003) were independently associated with event‐free survival. Patients with Ees/Ea ratio greater than or equal to 0.80 and Ea less than 0.59 mmHg/mL had better outcomes (p < 0.05). In patients with Ees/Ea ratio greater than or equal to 0.80, those with Ea greater than or equal to 0.59 mmHg/mL had a higher adverse outcome risk (p < 0.05). Ees/Ea ratio less than or equal to 0.80 was associated with adverse outcomes, even when Ea was less than 0.59 mmHg/mL (p < 0.05). Approximately 86% of patients with ESP‐BSP greater than 5 mmHg had an Ees/Ea ratio less than or equal to 0.80 and/or an Ea greater than or equal to 0.59 mmHg/mL (V = 0.336, p = 0.001). Combined use of Ees/Ea ratio and Ea could be a comprehensive approach to assessing RV function and predicting outcomes. An exploratory analysis demonstrated that Ees/Ea ratio and Ea might be roughly estimated based on RV systolic pressure differential.
Lack of early sensitivity and gradual emergence of native phoneme categories: A pattern from underrepresented language learners
Authors: Choi Youngon , Nam Minji , Yamane Naoto , Mazuka Reiko
Published: June 2023

Perceptual narrowing of speech perception supposes that young infants can discriminate most speech sounds early in life. During the second half of the first year, infants’ phonetic sensitivity is attuned to their native phonology. However, supporting evidence for this pattern comes primarily from learners from a limited number of regions and languages. Very little evidence has accumulated on infants learning languages spoken in Asia, which accounts for most of the world's population. The present study examined the developmental trajectory of Korean‐learning infants’ sensitivity to a native stop contrast during the first year of life. The Korean language utilizes unusual voiceless three‐way stop categories, requiring target categories to be derived from tight phonetic space. Further, two of these categories—lenis and aspirated—have undergone a diachronic change in recent decades as the primary acoustic cue for distinction has shifted among modern speakers. Consequently, the input distributions of these categories are mixed across speakers and speech styles, requiring learners to build flexible representations of target categories along these variations. The results showed that among the three age groups—4–6 months, 7–9 months, and 10–12 months—we tested, only 10–12‐month‐olds showed weak sensitivity to the two categories, suggesting that robust discrimination is not in place by the end of the first year. The study adds scarcely represented data, lending additional support for the lack of early sensitivity and prolonged emergence of native phonology that are inconsistent with learners of predominant studies and calls for more diverse samples to verify the generality of the typical perceptual narrowing pattern.

Research Highlights

We investigated Korean‐learning infants’ developmental trajectory of native phoneme categories and whether they show the typical perceptual narrowing pattern.

Robust discrimination did not appear until 12 months, suggesting that Korean infants’ native phonology is not stabilized by the end of the first year.

The prolonged emergence of sensitivity could be due to restricted phonetic space and input variations but suggests the possibility of a different developmental trajectory.

The current study contributes scarcely represented Korean‐learning infants’ phonetic discrimination data to the speech development field.
The ecological causes of functional distinctiveness in communities
Authors: Munoz François , Klausmeier Christopher A. , Gaüzère Pierre , Kandlikar Gaurav , Litchman Elena , Mouquet Nicolas , Ostling Annette , Thuiller Wilfried , Algar Adam C. , Auber Arnaud , Cadotte Marc W. , Delalandre Léo , Denelle Pierre , Enquist Brian J. , Fortunel Claire , Grenié Matthias , Loiseau Nicolas , Mahaut Lucie , Maire Anthony , Mouillot David , Pimiento Catalina , Violle Cyrille , Kraft Nathan J. B.
Published: June 2023

Recent work has shown that evaluating functional trait distinctiveness, the average trait distance of a species to other species in a community offers promising insights into biodiversity dynamics and ecosystem functioning. However, the ecological mechanisms underlying the emergence and persistence of functionally distinct species are poorly understood. Here, we address the issue by considering a heterogeneous fitness landscape whereby functional dimensions encompass peaks representing trait combinations yielding positive population growth rates in a community. We identify four ecological cases contributing to the emergence and persistence of functionally distinct species. First, environmental heterogeneity or alternative phenotypic designs can drive positive population growth of functionally distinct species. Second, sink populations with negative population growth can deviate from local fitness peaks and be functionally distinct. Third, species found at the margin of the fitness landscape can persist but be functionally distinct. Fourth, biotic interactions (positive or negative) can dynamically alter the fitness landscape. We offer examples of these four cases and guidelines to distinguish between them. In addition to these deterministic processes, we explore how stochastic dispersal limitation can yield functional distinctiveness. Our framework offers a novel perspective on the relationship between fitness landscape heterogeneity and the functional composition of ecological assemblages.
Rainforest conversion to plantations fundamentally alters energy fluxes and functions in canopy arthropod food webs
Authors: Pollierer Melanie M. , Drescher Jochen , Potapov Anton , Kasmiatun  , Mawan Amanda , Mutiari Mega , Nazarreta Rizky , Hidayat Purnama , Buchori Damayanti , Scheu Stefan
Published: June 2023

Tropical rainforests around the world are rapidly being converted into cash crop agricultural systems. The associated massive losses of plant and animal species lead to changes in arthropod food webs and the energy fluxes therein. These changes are poorly understood, in particular in the extremely biodiverse canopies of tropical ecosystems. Using canopy fogging followed by stable isotope and energy flux analyses, we show that land‐use conversion from rainforest to rubber and oil palm plantations not only causes a drastic reduction in energy fluxes of up to 75%, but also shifts fluxes among trophic groups. While rainforest featured high levels of both herbivory and algae‐microbivory, and a balanced ratio of herbivory to predation, relative fluxes were shifted towards predation in rubber and towards herbivory in oil palm plantations, indicating profound shifts in ecosystem functioning. Our results highlight that the ongoing loss of animal biodiversity and biomass in tropical canopies degrades animal‐driven functions and restructures canopy food webs.
The third shift: Addressing emotion work in couple therapy
Authors: Smoliak Olga , Al‐Ali Khaldeiah , LeCouteur Amanda , Tseliou Eleftheria , Rice Carla , LaMarre Andrea , Davies Adam , Uguccioni Bianca , Stirling Lainey , Dechamplain Brody , Henshaw Sarah
Published: June 2023

Research on the gendered division of household work in western political economies often neglects its emotional dimensions. This conceptual paper draws on concepts of emotion work and feminist care ethics to explore gendered and intersecting divisions of emotions and emotional work in couple relationships and their implications for couple therapy. Although emotion work has been studied in workplace settings, less attention has been paid to inequalities in the privatized realm of interpersonal relationships, including romantic and filial ones. Women and feminine partners' culturally presumed expertise in emotions typically positions them as carrying primary responsibility for managing emotions in intimate relationships. Couple therapy is an important site of interaction that can both support and, potentially, disrupt the invisibility and gendering of emotion work in intimate relationships, thus shedding light on recurring patterns of women's subordination and exploitation. We conclude by advancing suggestions for addressing gendered and intersectional dimensions of emotion work in therapy practice.
Familial hemiplegic migraine in pediatric patients: A genetic, clinical, and follow‐up study
Authors: Mangano Giuseppe Donato , Capizzi Maria Rita , Mantuano Elide , Veneziano Liana , Santangelo Giuseppe , Quatrosi Giuseppe , Nardello Rosaria , Raieli Vincenzo
Published: June 2023

Objective

The aim of this study was to describe a cohort of pediatric patients with genetically confirmed familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM). The knowledge of genotype–phenotype correlations may suggest prognostic factors associated with severe phenotypes.

Background

Hemiplegic migraine is a rare disease and data concerning the pediatric population are even more rare as they are often extrapolated from mixed cohorts.

Methods

We selected patients who met International Classification of Headache Disorders, third edition criteria for FHM, who had a molecular diagnosis, and whose first attack occurred under the age of 18 years.

Results

We enrolled nine patients (seven males and two females) first referred to our three centers. Three of the nine (33%) patients had calcium voltage‐gated channel subunit alpha1 A (CACNA1A) mutations, five (55%) had ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit alpha 2 (ATP1A2) mutations, and one had both genetic mutations. The patients experienced at least one aura feature other than hemiplegia during the first attack. The mean (SD) duration of HM attacks in the sample was 11.3 (17.1) h; 3.8 (6.1) h in the ATP1A2 group, and 24.3 (23.5) h in the CACNA1A group. The mean (SD, range) duration of follow‐up was 7.4 (2.2, 3–10) years. During the first year from the disorder's onset, only four patients had additional attacks. Over the course of follow‐up, the attack frequency overall was 0.4 attacks/year without a difference between the two groups (CACNA1A and ATP1A2).

Conclusion

The study data show that most of our patients with early‐onset FHM experienced infrequent and non‐severe attacks, which improved over time. Furthermore, the clinical course revealed neither the appearance of novel neurological disorders or a deterioration of basic neurological or cognitive functioning.
‘Just because we're younger doesn't mean our opinions should be any less valued’: A qualitative study of youth perspectives on a Youth Advisory Council in a mental healthcare context
Authors: Young Adrienne , Levitt Anthony , Kodeeswaran Sugy , Markoulakis Roula
Published: June 2023

Introduction

Recognition of the importance of youth engagement in youth mental health and/or addiction (MHA) service design and delivery is increasing. Youth Advisory Councils embedded in MHA organizations represent one strategy that allows youth to be involved in MHA at the individual, organization and systemic levels. This level of involvement can facilitate positive outcomes for both the youth and the organization. As these councils become more common, it is important that organizations are prepared to partner with the participating youth. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach to understand the motivations and expectations of youth with lived experience with MHA concerns who were beginning to work on a Youth Advisory Council in an MHA setting in the Greater Toronto Area.

Methods

Semistructured interviews were conducted with each youth, ages 16–26, on the advisory council (N = 8) to understand their motivations, expectations and goals coming into the work. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using a reflexive thematic analysis.

Results

Analysis resulted in five overarching themes: providing opportunities for youth learning and growth, platforming youth, empowering youth, embracing youth leadership and promoting youth‐driven change. The findings illustrate that these youth came into the Youth Advisory Council motivated to create positive change in the mental health system, take on leadership roles and had high expectations for organizational support. Our analyses provide insight for organizations planning and implementing Youth Advisory Councils in the MHA sector with the goal of best supporting youth in driving positive change across the system.

Conclusion

Youth want to be provided authentic opportunities for their engagement to make a difference. MHA organizations must embrace youth leadership and move towards listening to youth experience and acting on youth recommendations to enhance service design and implementation to improve access and to better meet the needs of youth utilizing these services.

Patient or Public Contributions

This study incorporated service users, including youth ages 16–26 with lived experience of MHA concerns who served on the Youth Advisory Council at the Family Navigation Project, Sunnybrook. Youth Advisory Council members contributed to two relevant research activities: (1) youth reviewed the draft interview guide before data collection, and their feedback was prioritized in the final version and (2) youth contributed to knowledge translation through contributing to academic conference presentations.
Content of polyphenolic compounds, flavonoids, antioxidant activity and antibacterial activity of Jatropha dioica hydroalcoholic extracts against Streptococcus mutans
Authors: González‐Machado Adriana Carolina , Torres‐León Cristian , Castillo‐Maldonado Irais , Delgadillo‐Guzmán Dealmy , Hernández‐Morales Cecilia , Flores‐Loyola Erika , Marszalek Jolanta E. , Balagurusamy Nagamani , del Carmen Vega‐Menchaca María , Ascacio‐Valdés Juan A. , Pedroza‐Escobar David , Ramírez‐Moreno Agustina
Published: June 2023

Streptococcus mutans has been associated with the development of dental caries. Semidesert bush Jatropha dioica Sessé, found in northern Mexico and widely used as traditional medicine, is known to inhibit pathogenic bacteria. The Folin–Ciocalteu method and free radical capture by DPPH technique were used to determine total polyphenols (TP) and antioxidant activity (AA) respectively. The toxicity and antimicrobial activity of the extract with the highest TP and AA were determined. The highest value of TP (46.06 mg GAE g−1) was determined in the dried root extract. A significant and positive correlation was observed between TP and AA. In the flavonoid quantification, the extract showed the highest value of 4.57 mg QE g−1. The hydroalcoholic extracts did not show toxicity. Hydroxycinnamic acid compounds and methoxyflavones and hydroxybenzoic acid were found in the extracts. These compounds are responsible for antibacterial activity. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against the Streptococcus mutans was found to be 3.75 mg mL−1.
Single‐cell RNA‐seq reveals abnormal differentiation of keratinocytes and increased inflammatory differentiated keratinocytes in atopic dermatitis
Authors: Zhou Jie , Liang Gaopeng , Liu Lu , Feng Shujing , Zheng Zhengni , Wu Yaguang , Chen Xiaoling , Li Xiangqian , Wang Lina , Wang Li , Song Zhiqiang
Published: June 2023

Background

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic and recurrent inflammatory skin disease characterized by severe pruritus and eczematous lesions. Heterogeneity of AD has been reported among different racial groups according to clinical, molecular and genetic differences.

Objective

This study aimed to conduct an in‐depth transcriptome analysis of AD in Chinese population.

Methods

We performed single‐cell RNA sequencing (scRNA‐seq) analysis of skin biopsies from five Chinese adult patients with chronic AD and from four healthy controls, combined with multiplexed immunohistochemical analysis in whole‐tissue skin biopsies. We explored the functions of IL19 in vitro.

Results

ScRNA‐seq analysis was able to profile a total of 87,853 cells, with keratinocytes (KCs) in AD manifesting highly expressed keratinocyte activation and pro‐inflammatory genes. KCs demonstrated a novel IL19+IGFL1+ subpopulation that increased in AD lesions. Inflammatory cytokines IFNG, IL13, IL26 and IL22 were highly expressed in AD lesions. In vitro, IL19 directly downregulated KRT10 and LOR in HaCaT cells and activated HaCaT cells to produce TSLP.

Conclusion

Abnormal proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes contribute immensely to the pathogenesis of AD, whereas AD chronic lesions have witnessed significant presence of IL19+IGFL1+KCs, which may be involved in the disruption of the skin barrier, the connection and magnification of Th2 and Th17 inflammatory responses, and mediation of skin pruritus. Furthermore, progressive activation of multiple immune axes dominated by Type 2 inflammatory reaction occur in AD chronic lesions.
On acknowledging silence within medical education
Authors: Brown Megan E. L. , Collini Anna
Published: June 2023

Introduction

Silence is a part of all interactions, yet its potential significance within medical education remains underexplored. Existing literature primarily focuses on its use as a skill, leaving a gap in understanding its broader implications. Emerging evidence from higher education suggests that conceptualising silence as a way of being and becoming could enrich personal and professional growth. Unfolding dialogue on equality, diversity and inclusion suggests that silence on inequity can be oppressive. However, medical education has yet to consider the possible implications of conceptualising silence in this way.

Methods

We explore silence through the philosophical lens of acknowledgement. Acknowledgement—communicative behaviour that grants attention to others—is a philosophy with roots in phenomenology. It is concerned with being and becoming, and silence can be part of the communicative behaviour that constitutes acknowledgement. Our aim in exploring the ontological nature of silence (silence associated with being) using acknowledgement is to offer a springboard for practitioners, educators, and researchers to consider how silence is connected with our existence as people.

Results

Positive acknowledgement involves a commitment to turning towards the other and valuing this connection. Silence can be a way of demonstrating this—for example, giving patients the space they need to express their thoughts and emotions. Negative acknowledgement is the opposite and involves dismissing, ignoring or invalidating another's experiences. In the context of silence, negative acknowledgement may involve ignoring a person or group's ideas, or bystander silence when witness to discrimination.

Conclusions

Within this work, we consider the ramifications of conceptualising silence as ontological, rather than purely a skill to be taught. This is a novel way of conceptualising silence, and there is a pressing need to explore this further to expand our understanding of the impact of silence for diverse groups of learners, educators, practitioners and patients.
Value of the modified semiquantitative classification in predicting outcomes in children with Henoch–Schönlein purpura nephritis
Authors: Wang Yuhao , Jiao Jia , Wan Junli , Wu Daoqi , Zhang Gaofu , Chan Han , Wang Mo , Chan Xuelan , Yang Haiping , Li Qiu
Published: June 2023

Background

The modified semiquantitative classification (SQC) is a new pathological classification for Henoch–Schönlein purpura nephritis (HSPN), and its prognostic value with regard to the outcomes of HSPN is unclear.

Methods

We performed a retrospective review of 249 patients with biopsy‐proven HSPN admitted to the Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University. In addition to the International Study of Kidney Disease in Children (ISKDC) classification, renal biopsy specimens were also reevaluated according to the SQC.

Results

During the follow‐up period of 2.9 (1.0–6.9) years, 14 (5.6%) patients reached the poor outcome at the end of follow‐up. The SQC activity and chronicity indexes were positively correlated with the clinical manifestations, conventional pathology grades, and 24‐h urinary protein (24hUP). The difference in the areas under the curve between the total biopsy SQC scores and ISKDC classification was 0.12 (p = .001, 95% CI: 0.0485–0.192). In the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis of 1‐year, 3‐year, and 5‐year poor outcomes and total biopsy SQC scores, a total biopsy score ≥10 was associated with a higher risk of an adverse outcome.

Conclusion

Our study suggests that the SQC indexes are clearly correlated with the clinical and pathological findings of HSPN. The SQC is more sensitive than ISKDC classification for the prediction of the long‐term outcomes of HSPN in children.
SlMPK1‐ and SlMPK2‐mediated SlBBX17 phosphorylation positively regulates CBF‐dependent cold tolerance in tomato
Authors: Song Jianing , Lin Rui , Tang Mingjia , Wang Lingyu , Fan Pengxiang , Xia Xiaojian , Yu Jingquan , Zhou Yanhong
Published: June 2023

B‐box (BBX) proteins are an important class of zinc finger transcription factors that play a critical role in plant growth and stress response. However, the mechanisms of how BBX proteins participate in the cold response in tomato remain unclear.

Here, using approaches of reverse genetics, biochemical and molecular biology we characterized a BBX transcription factor, SlBBX17, which positively regulates cold tolerance in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum).

Overexpressing SlBBX17 enhanced C‐repeat binding factor (CBF)‐dependent cold tolerance in tomato plants, whereas silencing SlBBX17 increased plant susceptibility to cold stress. Crucially, the positive role of SlBBX17 in CBF‐dependent cold tolerance was dependent on ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5). SlBBX17 physically interacted with SlHY5 to directly promote the protein stability of SlHY5 and subsequently increased the transcriptional activity of SlHY5 on SlCBF genes under cold stress. Further experiments showed that cold‐activated mitogen‐activated protein kinases, SlMPK1 and SlMPK2, also physically interact with and phosphorylate SlBBX17 to enhance the interaction between SlBBX17 and SlHY5, leading to enhanced CBF‐dependent cold tolerance.

Collectively, the study unveiled a mechanistic framework by which SlMPK1/2‐SlBBX17‐SlHY5 regulated transcription of SlCBFs to enhance cold tolerance, thereby shedding light on the molecular mechanisms of how plants respond to cold stress via multiple transcription factors.
Acute coronary syndrome versus cardiac memory: Unexpected cause of Pseudo‐Wellens syndrome
Authors: Yamanturk Yakup Yunus , Teker Muhammed Emin , Saritas Ecem , Cetin Tarik , Baskovski Emir , Altin Ali Timucin
Published: June 2023

Pseudo‐Wellens Syndrome (PWS) refers to absence of severe obstructive lesion in the proximal segment of the left anterior descending (LAD) despite having clinical and electrocardiography (ECG) features similar to Wellens Syndrome (WS). In previous reports, PWS most commonly caused by illicit drug use, stress cardiomyopathy, or unknown etiologies In this report, we aimed to present our case in which we detected the development of “memory T wave” secondary to Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia (PSVT) episodes as an interesting cause of PWS that has not been reported before.
Early Cenozoic increases in mammal diversity cannot be explained solely by expansion into larger body sizes
Authors: Benevento Gemma Louise , Benson Roger B. J. , Close Roger A. , Butler Richard J.
Published: June 2023

A prominent hypothesis in the diversification of placental mammals after the Cretaceous–Palaeogene (K/Pg) boundary suggests that the extinction of non‐avian dinosaurs resulted in the ecological release of mammals, which were previously constrained to small body sizes and limited species richness. This ‘dinosaur incumbency hypothesis’ may therefore explain increases in mammalian diversity via expansion into larger body size niches, that were previously occupied by dinosaurs, but does not directly predict increases in other body size classes. To evaluate this, we estimate sampling‐standardized diversity patterns of terrestrial North American fossil mammals within body size classes, during the Cretaceous and Palaeogene. We find strong evidence for post‐extinction diversity increases in all size classes. Increases in the diversity of small‐bodied species (less than 100 g, the common body size class of Cretaceous mammals, and much smaller than the smallest non‐avialan dinosaurs (c. 400 g)) were similar to those of larger species. We propose that small‐bodied mammals had access to greater energetic resources or were able to partition resources more finely after the K/Pg mass extinction. This is likely to be the result of a combination of widespread niche clearing due to the K/Pg mass extinctions, alongside a suite of biotic and abiotic changes that occurred during the Late Cretaceous and across the K/Pg boundary, such as shifting floral composition, and novel key innovations among eutherian mammals.
Changes in childhood caregiving impressions among middle‐aged and older adults
Authors: Chopik William J. , Oh Jeewon , Challa Sneha R. , Hua Hannah L. , Maahs Julia M. , Smith Jacqui
Published: June 2023

Childhood experiences and impressions are important for individuals' health and well‐being—they often set the stage for how people approach relationships across the lifespan and how they make sense of their relational worlds. However, impressions of these experiences are likely not static and can change over time, even years after these experiences happened. The current study examined how impressions of parental relationships in childhood changed over time, and predictors of these changes, among middle‐aged and older adults followed over a 4‐year period (N = 2692; Mage = 66.67, SD = 9.15; 64.1% women). Childhood impressions of parental care were mostly stable over time, with 53.5%–65.0% of participants reporting consistent impressions. Becoming divorced/separated as an adult was associated with more negative impressions about relationships with fathers in the past. Having a mother pass away was associated with more positive impressions of mothers' caregiving when participants were children. Higher depressive symptoms at follow‐up were associated with darker perceptions of the past—more negative impressions of mothers and fathers as caregivers. The current study is one of the most comprehensive studies of late‐life changes in childhood impressions to date, suggesting future directions for studying the organization of relational experiences and recollection over time.
Melatonin enhances biomass, phenolic accumulation, and bioactivities of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) in vitro shoots under UV‐B stress
Authors: Zhao Zhuowen , Yun Cholil , Gu Lin , Liu Jianing , Yao Liuyang , Wang Wenjie , Wang Huimei
Published: June 2023

Melatonin is a stress‐related hormone that plays a critical role in triggering the plant defence system and regulating secondary metabolism when plants are exposed to stress. To explore the potential roles of melatonin in response to Ultraviolet‐B (UV‐B) radiation, we examined the effects of exogenous melatonin on rosemary in vitro shoots under UV‐B stress. The application of melatonin (50 μM) alleviated the adverse effects of UV‐B stress on the biomass, photosynthetic pigment contents, and membrane lipids of the rosemary in vitro shoots. Melatonin significantly increased superoxide dismutase (1.15.1.1, SOD), peroxidase (1.11.1.7, POD), and catalase (1.11.1.6, CAT) activities by 62%, 99%, and 53%, respectively. The contents of total phenols, rosmarinic acid, and carnosic acid increased under UV‐B stress, and they further increased by the melatonin treatment by 41%, 68%, and 67%, respectively, compared with the control group. Under UV‐B stress, the increased total phenol content in melatonin‐pretreated plants could be attributed to the activation of phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (4.3.1.5, PAL) and tyrosine aminotransferase (2.6.1.5, TAT). In addition, melatonin enhanced the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the rosemary in vitro shoots under UV‐B stress. These results suggest that melatonin can alleviate the damage caused by UV‐B stress and also enhance the secondary metabolism and bioactivity of rosemary in vitro shoots.
Comparison of hemodynamic changes with general or local anesthesia during dental treatment in pediatric patients: A prospective clinical study
Authors: Pérez‐García Silvia , Acosta‐Ibarra Johanna , Ruiz‐Roca Juan‐Antonio , Añez Cristóbal , Gargallo‐Albiol Jordi
Published: June 2023

Background and aim

Severe hemodynamic fluctuations during dental treatment can trigger highly undesirable physical reactions. A study was made to determine whether the administration of propofol and sevoflurane contributes to the stabilization of hemodynamic parameters during dental treatment in pediatric patients versus the use of local anesthesia alone.

Materials and methods

Forty pediatric patients needing dental treatment were assigned to either general anesthesia with local anesthesia (study group [SG]) or local anesthesia alone (control group [CG]). Two percent sevoflurane in oxygen (100% oxygen, 5 L/min) and continuous propofol infusion (target‐controlled infusion [TCI], 2 μg/mL) were used as general anesthesia agents in SG; and 2% lidocaine with 1:80,000 adrenaline was used as local anesthesia in both groups. Heart rate, blood pressure and oxygen saturation were measured before starting dental treatment (baseline) and every 10 min during dental treatment.

Results

Blood pressure (p < .001), heart rate (p = .021) and oxygen saturation (p = .007) decreased substantially after the administration of general anesthesia. The levels of these parameters subsequently remained low and then recovered at the end of the procedure. On the other hand, the oxygen saturation values remained closer to baseline in SG versus CG. In contrast, the hemodynamic parameters experienced lesser fluctuations in CG than in SG.

Conclusions

General anesthesia affords more favorable cardiovascular parameters during the entire dental treatment in comparison to local anesthesia alone (blood pressure and heart rate decrease significantly and oxygen saturation proves more stable and with values closer to baseline), and allows dental treatment to be performed on healthy, lacking cooperative ability children who otherwise could not be treated with local anesthesia alone. No side effects were observed in either group.
Sharing economy as a field: Revisiting debates and introducing new research avenues
Authors: Shmidt Mayya
Published: June 2023

This article offers a state‐of‐art review of previous research in the field of sharing economy. It explores the definitional dilemma and presents the research field of sharing economy as a contested one. In an attempt to contribute to the numerous efforts of ordering, summarizing and characterizing sharing economy, the article further unpacks the debates driving the emergent sharing economy field. First, it is a debate on the role and place of ICT and platform technologies in sharing economy. Second, the article explores the role and place of economic interest in sharing economy, placing the empirical reality of sharing economy along a broad spectrum from for‐profit enterprises to non‐profit community sharing projects. Third, the paper analyses the question of ownership and its transfer in sharing economy, exploring its positioning vis‐à‐vis gift economy, and short‐term renting and lending. It further analyses relationships between stakeholders (private individuals and business actors) participating in sharing economy, presents the overview of literature on the three transactional models in sharing economy, Business to Consumer (B2C), Business to Business (B2B), and Peer to Peer (P2P). Finally, the paper suggests future research avenues. This study highlights the lack of research looking at sharing outside of the purview of market exchange. It is suggested that the definition of sharing economy and research in the field should focus on P2P activities. Furthermore, it is suggested that the configuration of the sharing economy should be understood from a field perspective. Field‐level studies of issues that bring together various actors in debates on sharing economy should allow for understanding further development of sharing economy.
Ideology, moral reframing, and persuasion in the context of COVID‐19 vaccines
Authors: Altgilbers Roweton Marie , Eidelman Scott
Published: June 2023

A possible strategy for circumventing vaccine hesitancy and increasing support for vaccines is moral reframing. Moral Foundations Theory suggests messages framed using individuating foundations should be more persuasive to liberals, while messages framed using binding foundations should be more persuasive to conservatives. In an experiment, we investigated the role of political ideology and moral reframing in persuading college students to support mandating COVID‐19 vaccination on university campuses. We tested harm‐framed and loyalty‐framed interventions to persuade liberals and conservatives, respectively. Results indicated that overall conservatives were less persuaded than liberals. Liberals were more persuaded by a harm‐framed than loyalty‐framed message when measuring ideology categorically (but not continuously). There were no differences in persuasion among conservatives. With further research, moral reframing could be effective in increasing support for vaccines and mandatory vaccinations.
Incidence and factors associated with chronic chikungunya arthritis following chikungunya virus infection
Authors: Yodtaweepornanan Pasathorn , Pongsittisak Wanjak , Satpanich Panchalee
Published: June 2023

Objectives

Chikungunya virus infection is a mosquito‐borne illness. First‐phase symptoms include fever, malaise, rash, and arthritis (self‐limiting). Some patients can have chronic‐phase symptoms, including chronic tenosynovitis, bursitis, and arthritis. This study aimed to determine the incidence and risk factors of chronic arthritis in patients with chikungunya infection.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study analysed all adults diagnosed with chikungunya infection between 2015 and 2020 at our centre. Baseline and follow‐up symptoms were evaluated in serologically confirmed cases. Chronic chikungunya arthritis was persistent arthritis >3 months after the onset. Patients who had preexisting chronic inflammatory arthritis and were lost to follow‐up before 3 months from diagnosis were excluded.

Results

This study enrolled 120 patients. The median age was 51 (IQR 14) years, and 78% were female. The median number of joints with arthritis was 4 (IQR 8). The initial visual analog scale (VAS) score was 50 mm (IQR 40). Small joints of the hands, wrist, and knee (44.2%, 43.3%, and 42.3%, respectively) were the most affected. The incidence of chronic chikungunya arthritis was 40.4%. From the multivariable logistic regression, the initial number of joints with arthritis, initial VAS scores, and female sex were independently associated with chronic chikungunya arthritis with odds ratios of 1.09 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01–1.18), 1.03 (95% CI 1.01–1.06), and 4.17 (95% CI, 1.05–16.67), respectively.

Conclusions

Chronic chikungunya arthritis is common in patients with chikungunya virus infection. Its predictive factors include the initial number of joints with arthritis, initial VAS scores, and female sex.
Men who have sex with men and risk for transfusion‐transmissible infections in blood donors in Western countries: A systematic review update
Authors: Schroyens Natalie , Borra Vere , Compernolle Veerle , Vandekerckhove Philippe , De Buck Emmy
Published: June 2023

Background and Objectives

This systematic review update summarizes evidence concerning transfusion‐transmissible infections (TTIs) in male blood donors reporting sex with another man (MSM) or after easing the MSM deferral period.

Materials and Methods

We searched five databases, including studies comparing MSM versus non‐MSM donors (Type I), MSM deferral periods (Type II) or infected versus non‐infected donors (Type III) in Western countries, and used GRADE to determine evidence certainty.

Results

Twenty‐five observational studies were included. Four Type I studies suggest that there may be an increased risk for overall TTIs, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and syphilis in MSM donors, but the evidence is very uncertain. There was insufficient evidence of MSM with low‐risk sexual behaviour. A Type II study indicates that easing the MSM deferral period to 1 year may have little to no effect on TTI risk. TTI prevalence in blood donors under 5‐year, 1‐year, 3‐month or risk‐based deferral in eight other Type II studies was too low to provide clear conclusions on the effect of easing the deferral. Three Type III studies reported that MSM may be a risk factor for HIV. Increased risk of HBV, hepatitis C virus and HTLV‐I/II could not be shown. The evidence from Type III studies is very uncertain.

Conclusion

There may be an increased risk of HIV in MSM blood donors. Shortening the deferral from permanent to 1 year may have little to no effect on TTI risk. However, there is limited, unclear evidence from observational studies concerning the impact of introducing 3‐month or risk‐based deferrals.
Formal Qualitative Physics-Based Reasoning for Functional Decomposition of Engineered Systems
Authors: Mao Xiaoyang , Sen Chiradeep
Published: June 2023

Functional decomposition is an important task in early systems engineering and design, where the overall function of the system is resolved into the functions of its components or subassemblies. Conventionally, this task is performed manually, because of the possibility of multiple solution paths and the need for understanding the physics phenomena that could realize the desired effects. To this end, this paper presents a formal method for functional decomposition using physics-based qualitative reasoning. The formal representation includes three parts: (1) a natural language lexicon that can be used to detect the changes of physical states of material and energy flows, (2) a set of causation tables that abstracts the knowledge of qualitative physics by capturing the causal relations between the various quantities involved in a physical phenomenon or process, and (3) a process-to-subgraph mapping that translates the physical processes to function structure constructs. The algorithms use the above three representations and some additional topological reasoning to synthesize and assemble function structure graphs that are decompositions of a given black box model. The paper presents the formal representations and reasoning algorithms and illustrates this method using an example function model of an air-heating device. It also presents the software implementation of the representations and the algorithms and uses it to validate the method’s ability to generate multiple decompositions from a black-box function model.
An Overview of Uncertain Control Co-Design Formulations
Authors: Azad Saeed , Herber Daniel R.
Published: June 2023

This article explores various uncertain control co-design (UCCD) problem formulations. While previous work offers formulations that are method-dependent and limited to only a handful of uncertainties (often from one discipline), effective application of UCCD to real-world dynamic systems requires a thorough understanding of uncertainties and how their impact can be captured. Since the first step is defining the UCCD problem of interest, this article aims at addressing some of the limitations of the current literature by identifying possible sources of uncertainties in a general UCCD context and then formalizing ways in which their impact is captured through problem formulation alone (without having to immediately resort to specific solution strategies). We first develop and then discuss a generalized UCCD formulation that can capture uncertainty representations presented in this article. Issues such as the treatment of the objective function, the challenge of the analysis-type equality constraints, and various formulations for inequality constraints are discussed. Then, more specialized problem formulations such as stochastic in expectation, stochastic chance-constrained, probabilistic robust, worst-case robust, fuzzy expected value, and possibilistic chance-constrained UCCD formulations are presented. Key concepts from these formulations, along with insights from closely-related fields, such as robust and stochastic control theory, are discussed, and future research directions are identified.
Aero-Thermal Analysis of Rarefied Flow Over Inverse Cone Shaped Objects Using Direct Simulation Monte Carlo Analysis
Authors: Sharma Vatsalya , Assam Ashwani
Published: June 2023

When an object undergoes atmospheric entry, it experiences drag and heat load over its surface which determines its trajectory and ability to survive the hostile flow conditions. This work performs numerical analysis using direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) simulations to study key flow features and properties on a cone-shaped body. The cone is created by varying the angle of extrusion (α) of the flat-nosed face of a cylinder in positive and negative directions. Detailed analysis of the key flow features is conducted, and the results of the distribution of surface heat transfer and drag coefficient on each of the negative α are contrasted against the results obtained for zero and positive α for which compressible flow physics are well defined. For α≤45 deg, heat flux increases with an increase in α, while the total drag experienced by the body decreases. Meanwhile, when α is increased in the negative direction, an inverse cone is formed, which creates a cavity inside the body, and the body decelerates more with an increasing magnitude of α. In contrast, the wall heat flux inside the cone remains quite low. These conditions allow the body to maintain a significantly low temperature during high-speed flow, like in the case of planetary entry, in comparison with the high temperature resulting in α≤0 deg cases. The present study also helps to improve the understanding of optimum cone-shaped space objects from the perspective of drag and heat flux.
Transient Temperature Distribution in a Half-Space Due to Local Surface Heating Via Non-Fourier Fractional Dual-Phase-Lag Model
Authors: Zhang Xue-Yang , Hu Ying , Li Xian-Fang
Published: June 2023

The non-Fourier heat transfer in a half-space is analyzed under sudden heating or cooling on a local surface. The non-Fourier heat transfer effect is described by the time-fractional dual-phase-lag (DPL) model, where the fractional derivative without singular kernel is used. An axisymmetric mixed initial-boundary value problem is solved by the use of the Hankel and Laplace transforms. Two typical cases of sudden temperature rising on a circular zone of the surface or an instantaneous surface heat source are analyzed. For sudden temperature rises, the heat flux and temperature gradient exhibit an inverse square-root singularity near the boundary of the heating zone and their dynamic intensity factors are computed numerically in the time domain. For the instantaneous surface point heat source, an exact solution of the transient temperature at any position in the Laplace domain is obtained. The effects of the fractional order and relaxation time on the temperature distribution and heat flux response are elucidated. The singular behavior of the transient thermal response and the non-Fourier effect of heat transfer are shown.
The temporal balance between self-renewal and differentiation of human neural stem cells requires the amyloid precursor protein
Authors: Shabani Khadijeh , Pigeon Julien , Benaissa Touil Zariouh Marwan , Liu Tengyuan , Saffarian Azadeh , Komatsu Jun , Liu Elise , Danda Natasha , Becmeur-Lefebvre Mathilde , Limame Ridha , Bohl Delphine , Parras Carlos , Hassan Bassem A.
Published: June 2023

Neurogenesis in the developing human cerebral cortex occurs at a particularly slow rate owing in part to cortical neural progenitors preserving their progenitor state for a relatively long time, while generating neurons. How this balance between the progenitor and neurogenic state is regulated, and whether it contributes to species-specific brain temporal patterning, is poorly understood. Here, we show that the characteristic potential of human neural progenitor cells (NPCs) to remain in a progenitor state as they generate neurons for a prolonged amount of time requires the amyloid precursor protein (APP). In contrast, APP is dispensable in mouse NPCs, which undergo neurogenesis at a much faster rate. Mechanistically, APP cell-autonomously contributes to protracted neurogenesis through suppression of the proneurogenic activator protein–1 transcription factor and facilitation of canonical WNT signaling. We propose that the fine balance between self-renewal and differentiation is homeostatically regulated by APP, which may contribute to human-specific temporal patterns of neurogenesis.