bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Functional Carbons Remedy the Shuttling of Polysulfides in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries: Confining, Trapping, Blocking, and Breaking up
Authors: Shi Huifa , Lv Wei , Zhang Chen , Wang Da‐Wei , Ling Guowei , He Yanbing , Kang Feiyu , Yang Quan‐Hong
Published: March 2018

Carbon materials are usually used as the sulfur host in rechargeable lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries that are considered as promising electrochemical energy storage systems. However, the “shuttling” caused by the soluble lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) formed by the reaction of Li and sulfur causes rapid capacity fade and low sulfur utilization, greatly hindering their practical use. The carbon materials can also be tailored to prevent LiPS shuttling because of their abundant porosity and controllable surface chemical properties, which are divided into four specific functions: confining, trapping, blocking, and breaking up. Confinement means physically confining the LiPSs in pores in the carbon while trapping refers to chemical adsorption on the carbon surface to restrict their diffusion and promote their transformation to insoluble Li2S2/Li2S. Blocking means placing a barrier in the cells to inhibit LiPS diffusion to the anode, while breaking up means decreasing the size of the sulfur moiety to increase its affinity with carbons. The advantages and disadvantages of functional carbons in relation to these four functions are summarized and the specific ways to achieve them are highlighted. The design of advanced carbons with synergistic functions is discussed and some perspectives on the future development of carbons in Li–S batteries are given.
Excitonic Properties of Chemically Synthesized 2D Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite Nanosheets
Authors: Zhang Qi , Chu Leiqiang , Zhou Feng , Ji Wei , Eda Goki
Published: March 2018

2D organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites (OIHPs) represent a unique class of materials with a natural quantum‐well structure and quasi‐2D electronic properties. Here, a versatile direct solution‐based synthesis of mono‐ and few‐layer OIHP nanosheets and a systematic study of their electronic structure as a function of the number of monolayers by photoluminescence and absorption spectroscopy are reported. The monolayers of various OIHPs are found to exhibit high electronic quality as evidenced by high quantum yield and negligible Stokes shift. It is shown that the ground exciton peak blueshifts by ≈40 meV when the layer thickness reduces from bulk to monolayer. It is also shown that the exciton binding energy remains effectively unchanged for (C6H5(CH2)2NH3)2PbI4 with the number of layers. Similar trends are observed for (C4H9NH3)2PbI4 in contrast to the previous report. Further, the photoluminescence lifetime is found to decrease with the number of monolayers, indicating the dominant role of surface trap states in nonradiative recombination of the electron–hole pairs.
Synthesis of Monofluoromethylthioesters from Aldehydes
Authors: Guo Shi‐Huan , Wang Meng‐Yue , Pan Gao‐Fei , Zhu Xue‐Qing , Gao Ya‐Ru , Wang Yong‐Qiang
Published: March 2018

A direct and efficient approach to the synthesis of monofluoromethylthioesters from aldehydes has been developed. The synthetic method features mild reaction conditions, good tolerance of functional groups, a broad substrate scope, and especially no metal involved in the reaction. The approach has the potential to be an important tool for the late‐stage functionalization of advanced synthetic intermediates, and may find many applications in medicinal chemistry.

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Mechanochemical Cobalt‐Catalyzed C−H Bond Functionalizations by Ball Milling
Authors: Cheng Hanchao , Hernández José G. , Bolm Carsten
Published: March 2018

Ball milling techniques have been applied in the development of a mechanosynthesis of [Cp*Co(CO)I2], which proved highly efficient as catalyst in mechanochemical C−H bond amidations of indoles in a mixer ball mill. A wide range of amidated products is obtained in excellent yields. Compared to the solution‐based methods, the procedure opens a more feasible and environmentally‐friendly access to both the cobalt(III) catalyst and 2‐amidated indoles.

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Vertically Oriented MoS2 with Spatially Controlled Geometry on Nitrogenous Graphene Sheets for High‐Performance Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Li Ping , Jeong Jong Yeob , Jin Bingjun , Zhang Kan , Park Jong Hyeok
Published: March 2018

Inspired by the great success of graphite in lithium‐ion batteries, anode materials that undergo an intercalation mechanism are considered to provide stable and reversible electrochemical sodium‐ion storage for sodium‐ion battery (SIB) applications. Though MoS2 is a promising 2D material for SIBs, it suffers from deformation of its layered structure during repeated intercalation of Na+, resulting in undesirable electrochemical behaviors. In this study, vertically oriented MoS2 on nitrogenous reduced graphene oxide sheets (VO‐MoS2/N‐RGO) is presented with designed spatial geometries, including sheet density and height, which can deliver a remarkably high reversible capacity of 255 mA h g−1 at a current density of 0.2 A g−1 and 245 mA h g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1, with a total fluctuation of 5.35% over 1300 cycles. These results are superior to those obtained with well‐developed hard carbon structures. Furthermore, a SIB full cell composed of the optimized VO‐MoS2/N‐RGO anode and a Na2V3(PO4)3 cathode reaches a specific capacity of 262 mA h g−1 (based on the anode mass) during 50 cycles, with an operated voltage range of 2.4 V, demonstrating the potentially rewarding SIB performance, which is useful for further battery development.
Liquid Norbornadiene Photoswitches for Solar Energy Storage
Authors: Dreos Ambra , Wang Zhihang , Udmark Jonas , Ström Anna , Erhart Paul , Börjesson Karl , Nielsen Mogens Brøndsted , Moth‐Poulsen Kasper
Published: March 2018

Due to high global energy demands, there is a great need for development of technologies for exploiting and storing solar energy. Closed cycle systems for storage of solar energy have been suggested, based on absorption of photons in photoresponsive molecules, followed by on‐demand release of thermal energy. These materials are called solar thermal fuels (STFs) or molecular solar thermal (MOST) energy storage systems. To achieve high energy densities, ideal MOST systems are required either in solid or liquid forms. In the case of the latter, neat high performing liquid materials have not been demonstrated to date. Here is presented a set of neat liquid norbornadiene derivatives for MOST applications and their characterization in toluene solutions and neat samples. Their synthesis is in most cases based on solvent‐free Diels‐Alder reactions, which easily and efficiently afford a range of compounds. The shear viscosity of the obtained molecules is close to that of colza oil, and they can absorb up to 10% of the solar spectrum with a measured energy storage density of up to 577 kJ/kg corresponding to 152 kJ mol–1 (calculated 100 kJ mol–1). These findings pave the way towards implementation of liquid norbornadienes in closed cycle energy storage technologies.
Understanding the Doping Effect on NiO: Toward High‐Performance Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Chen Wei , Wu Yinghui , Fan Jing , Djurišić Aleksandra B. , Liu Fangzhou , Tam Ho Won , Ng Annie , Surya Charles , Chan Wai Kin , Wang Dong , He Zhu‐Bing
Published: March 2018

High‐quality hole transport layers are prepared by spin‐coating copper doped nickel oxide (Cu:NiO) nanoparticle inks at room temperature without further processing. In agreement with theoretical calculations predicting that Cu doping results in acceptor energy levels closer to the valence band maximum compared to gap states of nickel vacancies in undoped NiO, an increase in the conductivity in Cu:NiO films compared to NiO is observed. Cu in Cu:NiO can be found in both Cu+ and Cu2+ states, and the substitution of Ni2+ with Cu+ contributes to both increased carrier concentration and carrier mobility. In addition, the films exhibit increased work function, which together with the conductivity increase, enables improved charge transfer and extraction. Furthermore, recombination losses due to lower monomolecular Shockley‐Read‐Hall recombination are reduced. These factors result in an improvement of all photovoltaic performance parameters and consequently an increased efficiency of the inverted planar perovskite solar cells. A power conversion efficiency (PCE) exceeding 20% could be achieved for small‐area devices, while PCE values of 17.41 and 18.07% are obtained for flexible devices and large area (1 cm2) devices on rigid substrates, respectively.
The psychological distress and care needs of mesothelioma patients and asbestos‐exposed subjects: A systematic review of published studies
Authors: Bonafede Michela , Ghelli Monica , Corfiati Marisa , Rosa Valentina , Guglielmucci Fanny , Granieri Antonella , Branchi Claudia , Iavicoli Sergio , Marinaccio Alessandro
Published: March 2018

Background

The purpose of this study is to present the results of a systematic review of published research that focuses on psychological aspects of malignant mesothelioma patients and asbestos‐exposed people.

Methods

Our research includes primary studies published between 1980 and 2016, using information from the Cochrane Library, the Psychology Behavioral Sciences Collection, PsychINFO, PubMed, PubGet, PubPsych, and Scopus, in compliance with PRISMA guidelines.

Results

We identified 12 papers that investigated the psychological distress and care needs of mesothelioma patients, and nine papers for asbestos‐exposed subjects.

Conclusions

This paper highlights the paucity of studies on the psychological distress and care needs of mesothelioma patients and asbestos‐exposed subjects. It confirms that malignant mesothelioma is associated with the physical, emotional, and social functioning of patients, while also suggesting that the risk of developing asbestos‐related diseases among asbestos‐exposed subjects is associated with high levels of psychological distress, despair, and mental health difficulties.
Concerted Bimetallic Nanocluster Synthesis and Encapsulation via Induced Zeolite Framework Demetallation for Shape and Substrate Selective Heterogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Iida Takayuki , Zanchet Daniela , Ohara Koji , Wakihara Toru , Román‐Leshkov Yuriy
Published: March 2018

Bimetallic nanoparticle encapsulation in microporous zeolite crystals is a promising route for producing catalysts with unprecedented reaction selectivities. Herein, a novel synthetic approach was developed to produce PtZnx nanoclusters encapsulated inside zeolite micropores by introducing Pt2+ cations into a zincosilicate framework via ion exchange, and subsequent controlled demetallation and alloying with framework Zn. The resulting zeolites featured nanoclusters with sizes of approximately 1 nm, having an interatomic structure corresponding to a PtZnx alloy as confirmed by pair distribution function (PDF) analysis. These materials featured simultaneous shape and substrate specificity demonstrated by the selective production of p‐chloroaniline from the competitive hydrogenation of p‐chloronitrobenzene and 1,3‐dimethyl‐5‐nitrobenzene.
Hydrido‐Komplexe des Calciums: eine neue Familie molekularer Erdalkalimetall‐Verbindungen
Authors: Mukherjee Debabrata , Schuhknecht Danny , Okuda Jun
Published: March 2018

Die Anwendung von festem CaH2 beschränkt sich fast ausschließlich auf die Nutzung als Trockenmittel, obwohl eine katalytische Aktivität lange bekannt ist. Nach der Isolierung der ersten definierten molekularen Calciumhydrid‐Verbindung im Jahr 2006 ist die Zahl an Mitgliedern dieser neuen Verbindungsklasse im folgenden Jahrzehnt stetig gestiegen. Zwar erschwert das Schlenk‐Gleichgewicht die Isolierung dieser Verbindungen, jedoch hat die Neuartigkeit der Reaktivität, besonders bei der Aktivierung kleiner Moleküle, immer mehr Interesse geweckt. In diesem Kurzaufsatz wird umfassend über die Synthese, Struktur und Reaktivität der bis dato bekannten molekularen Calciumhydride berichtet.
Safe and Facile Access to Nonstabilized Diazoalkanes Using Continuous Flow Technology
Authors: Rullière Pauline , Benoit Guillaume , Allouche Emmanuelle M. D. , Charette André B.
Published: March 2018

Despite the high synthetic potential of nonstabilized diazo compounds, their utilization has always been hampered by stability, toxicity, and safety issues. The present method opens up access to the most reactive nonstabilized diazoalkanes. Among diazo compounds, nonstabilized alkyl diazo compounds are the least represented because of their propensity to degrade during preparation. The continuous flow oxidation process of hydrazones on a silver oxide column afforded an output stream of base‐ and metal‐free pure diazo solution in dichloromethane. Starting from innocuous ketones and aldehydes, this methodology allows the production of a broad range of unprecedented diazoalkanes compounds in excellent yields, while highlighting their synthetic potential and the possibility of safe large‐scale diazo production.
Synthesis of Reversed C‐Acyl Glycosides through Ni/Photoredox Dual Catalysis
Authors: Badir Shorouk O. , Dumoulin Audrey , Matsui Jennifer K. , Molander Gary A.
Published: March 2018

The incorporation of C‐glycosides in drug design has become a routine practice for medicinal chemists. These naturally occurring building blocks exhibit attractive pharmaceutical profiles, and have become an important target of synthetic efforts in recent decades. Described herein is a practical, scalable, and versatile route for the synthesis of non‐anomeric and unexploited C‐acyl glycosides through a Ni/photoredox dual catalytic system. By utilizing an organic photocatalyst, a range of glycosyl‐based radicals are generated and efficiently coupled with highly functionalized carboxylic acids at room temperature. Distinctive features of this transformation include its mild conditions, impressive compatibility with a wide array of functional groups, and most significantly, preservation of the anomeric carbon: a handle for further, late‐stage derivatization.
Au57Ag53(C≡CPh)40Br12: A Large Nanocluster with C1 Symmetry
Authors: Guan Zong‐Jie , Zeng Jiu‐Lian , Yuan Shang‐Fu , Hu Feng , Lin Yu‐Mei , Wang Quan‐Ming
Published: March 2018

The controlled synthesis and structure determination of a bimetallic nanocluster Au57Ag53(C≡CPh)40Br12 (Au57Ag53) is presented. The metal core has a four‐shell Au2M3@Au34@Ag51 @Au20 (M=1/3 Au+2/3 Ag) architecture. In contrast to the previously reported large nanoclusters that have highly symmetric kernel structures, the metal atoms in Au57Ag53 are arranged in an irregular manner with C1 symmetry. This cluster exhibits excellent thermal stability and is robust under oxidative or basic conditions. The silver precursors play a key role in dictating the structures of the nanoclusters, which suggests the importance of the counteranions used.
Nickel Fluorocarbene Metathesis with Fluoroalkenes
Authors: Harrison Daniel J. , Daniels Alex L. , Guan Jia , Gabidullin Bulat M. , Hall Michael B. , Baker R. Tom
Published: March 2018

Alkene metathesis with directly fluorinated alkenes is challenging, limiting its application in the burgeoning field of fluoro‐organic chemistry. A new nickel tris(phosphite) fluoro(trifluoromethyl)carbene complex ([P3Ni]=CFCF3) reacts with CF2=CF2 (TFE) or CF2=CH2 (VDF) to yield both metallacyclobutane and perfluorocarbene metathesis products, [P3Ni]=CF2 and CR2=CFCF3 (R=F, H). The reaction of [P3Ni]=CFCF3 with trifluoroethylene also yields metathesis products, [P3Ni]=CF2 and cis/trans‐CFCF3=CFH. However, unlike reactions with TFE and VDF, this reaction forms metallacyclopropanes and fluoronickel alkenyl species, resulting presumably from instability of the expected metallacyclobutanes. DFT calculations and experimental evidence established that the observed metallacyclobutanes are not intermediates in the formation of the observed metathesis products, thus highlighting a novel variant of the Chauvin mechanism enabled by the disparate four‐coordinate transition states.
Polycarboxylate‐Templated Coordination Polymers: Role of Templates for Superprotonic Conductivities of up to 10−1 S cm−1
Authors: Elahi Syed Meheboob , Chand Santanu , Deng Wei‐Hua , Pal Arun , Das Madhab C.
Published: March 2018

Three coordination polymers (CPs) have been synthesized based on a [Co(bpy)(H2O)4]2+ chain (bpy=4,4′‐bipyridine) by a template approach. The frameworks are neutralized by different templated polycarboxylate anions (furan di‐carboxylate (fdc) in Co‐fdc, benzene tri‐carboxylate (btc) in Co‐tri and benzene tetra‐carboxylate (btec) in Co‐tetra). These templates with different degrees of protonation and ionic carrier concentration played significant role on crystal packing as well as formation of well‐directed H‐bonded networks which made these CPs perform well in proton conduction (PC). The PC value reaches to 1.49×10−1 S cm−1 under 80 °C and 98 % relative humidity (R.H.) for Co‐tri, which is the highest among CPs/MOFs/COFs and is an example of conductivity in the order of 10−1 S cm−1. Co‐tri and Co‐tetra are excellent proton conductors at mild temperature (40 °C) and 98 % R.H. (conductivities up to 2.92×10−2 and 1.38×10−2 S cm−1, respectively).
BiOBr‐Ag8SnS6 heterostructured nanocomposite photocatalysts: Synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic application
Authors: Chowdhury Arpita Paul , Shambharkar Baban H.
Published: March 2018

BiOBr‐Ag8SnS6 heterostructured nanocomposite photocatalysts have been synthesized by chemical coprecipitation method in the presence of ethylene glycol solvent at a temperature of 100 °C for 4 hr. The synthesized BiOBr‐Ag8SnS6 heterostructured composites were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, ultraviolet–visible near‐infrared spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area measurement. X‐ray diffraction pattern of BiOBr‐Ag8SnS6 heterostructures showed the peaks corresponding to tetragonal structure of BiOBr and orthorhombic structure of Ag8SnS6 nanoparticles, which indicated that they exist in biphasic form in the composite. Photoluminescence studies showed that the BiOBr‐Ag8SnS6‐1 composite possesses the lowest recombination rate of e−–h+ pairs. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area of BiOBr, Ag8SnS6 nanoparticles, BiOBr‐Ag8SnS6‐1, and BiOBr‐Ag8SnS6‐2 was found to be 0.05, 2.35, 1.88, and 1.0 m2/g, respectively. BiOBr‐Ag8SnS6 heterostructured nanocomposite photocatalysts exhibited robust photodegradation towards degradation of indigo carmine dye than that of single‐phase BiOBr and Ag8SnS6 nanoparticles under sunlight irradiation. The enhanced photoactivity could be ascribed to heterostructure effect between BiOBr and Ag8SnS6 nanoparticles, an improved visible light absorption and the separation and easy transfer of photogenerated electrons and holes, across the interface of BiOBr‐Ag8SnS6. The radical scavenger experiments showed that photogenerated holes and superoxide radicals were the main active species involved in the photodegradation process of indigo carmine.
Gloss reduction and morphological properties of polycarbonate and poly(methyl methacrylate‐acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene) blends with SAN‐co‐GMA as a reactive compatibilizer
Authors: Kim In Chol , Kwon Kee Hae , Kim Woo Nyon
Published: March 2018

The gloss properties of the polycarbonate (PC)/poly(methyl methacrylate‐acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene) (MABS) blend with styrene‐acrylonitrile‐co‐glycidyl methacrylate (SAN‐co‐GMA) as a compatibilizing agent were investigated. For the PC/poly(MABS)/SAN‐co‐GMA (65/15/20, wt %) blend surface, the reduction of gloss level was observed most significantly when the GMA content was 0.1 wt %, compared with the blends with 0.05 wt % GMA or without GMA content. The gloss level of the PC/poly(MABS)/SAN‐co‐GMA (0.1 wt % GMA) blend surface was observed to be 35, which showed 65% lower than the PC/poly(MABS)/SAN‐co‐GMA blend without GMA content. The gloss reduction was most probably caused by the insoluble fractions of the PC/poly(MABS)/SAN‐co‐GMA blend that were formed by the reaction between the carboxylic acid group in poly(MABS) and epoxy group in SAN‐co‐GMA. The results of optical and transmission electron microscope analysis, spectroscopy study, and rheological properties supported the formation of insoluble structure of the PC/poly(MABS)/SAN‐co‐GMA blend when the GMA content was 0.1 wt %. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46450.
Green esterification: A new approach to improve thermal and mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid) composites reinforced by cellulose nanocrystals
Authors: Shojaeiarani Jamileh , Bajwa Dilpreet S. , Stark Nicole M.
Published: March 2018

Cellulose nanocrystal (CNCs)‐reinforced poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanocomposites were prepared using twin screw extrusion followed by injection molding. Masterbatch approach was used to achieve more efficient dispersion of CNCs in PLA matrix. Modified CNCs (b‐CNCs) were prepared using benzoic acid as a nontoxic material through a green esterification method in a solvent‐free technique. Transmission electron microscopy images did not exhibit significant differences in the structure of b‐CNCs as compared with unmodified CNCs. However, a reduction of 6.6–15.5% in the aspect ratio of b‐CNCs was observed. The fracture surface of PLA‐b‐CNCs nanocomposites exhibited rough and irregular pattern which confirmed the need of more energy for fracture. Pristine CNCs showed a decrease in the thermal stability of nanocomposites, however, b‐CNCs nanocomposites exhibited higher thermal stability than pure PLA. The average storage modulus was improved by 38 and 48% by addition of CNCs and b‐CNCs in PLA, respectively. The incorporation of b‐CNCs increased Young's modulus, ultimate tensile stress, elongation at break, and impact strength by 27.02, 10.90, 4.20, and 32.77%, respectively, however, CNCs nanocomposites exhibited a slight decrease in ultimate strength and elongation at break. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46468.
Morphological and Biochemical Features of Cerebellar Cortex After Exposure to Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Possible Protective Role of Curcumin
Authors: Amer Mona G. , Karam Rehab A.
Published: March 2018

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) are widely used in the last decades. Therefore, investigation of its neurotoxic effect is important. This work aimed to investigate the potential adverse effects of ZnONPs on rat's cerebellar cortex and the possible neuroprotective role of curcumin (Cur). Forty male albino rats were randomly divided into four equal groups. Two groups were injected with ZnONPs and one group was previously received Cur before ZnONPs. At the end of the experiment, cerebellar tissue samples were prepared for histological, morphometric, immunohistochemical study, and tissue levels of oxidative stress markers and cytokine analysis. cerebellar damage is clearly visible with ZnONPs. Degeneration, loss, disorganization of cerebellar neurons was observed. Histopathological degeneration of Purkinje and granular cells together with loss of Nissl substance, astrocyte gliosis, and affection of cerebellar blood brain barrier were detected. Moreover, an apoptotic marker (caspase‐3) was significantly expressed in Purkinje and granular layers together with elevated gene expression of P53 and COX‐2 in cerebellar tissue of ZnONPs intoxicated group. Astrocyte gliosis and inflammatory markers IL‐1, IL‐6, and TNF‐α were expressed significantly in ZnONPs intoxicated cerebellum. These changes were associated with evidence of cerebellar oxidative stress. Strikingly, treatment with Cur together with ZnONPs recorded morphological improvement, with increased number of Purkinje cells and decreased caspase +ve cells. These findings were confirmed by morphometric and statistical analysis. Cur ameliorates the deterious effect of ZnONPs on the cerebellar cortex through its antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and anti‐inflammatory efficacies. Anat Rec, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clarification of the Innervation of the Bladder, External Urethral Sphincter and Clitoris: A Neuronal Tracing Study in Female Mongrel Hound Dogs
Authors: Barbe Mary F. , Gomez‐Amaya Sandra M. , Salvadeo Danielle M. , Lamarre Neil S. , Tiwari Ekta , Cook Shalonda , Glair Connor P , Jang Daniel H. , Ragheb Rachel M. , Sheth Akaash , Braverman Alan S. , Ruggieri Michael R.
Published: March 2018

Many studies examining the innervation of genitourinary structures focus on either afferent or efferent inputs, or on only one structure of the system. We aimed to clarify innervation of the bladder, external urethral sphincter (EUS) and clitoris. Retrograde dyes were injected into each end organ in female dogs. Spinal cord, mid‐bladder, and spinal, caudal mesenteric, sympathetic trunk and pelvic plexus ganglia were examined for retrograde dye‐labeled neurons. Neurons retrogradely labeled from the bladder were found primarily in L7‐S2 spinal ganglia, spinal cord lateral zona intermedia at S1‐S3 levels, caudal mesenteric ganglia, T11‐L2 and L6‐S2 sympathetic trunk ganglia, and pelvic plexus ganglia. The mid‐bladder wall contained many intramural ganglia neurons labeled anterogradely from the pelvic nerve, and intramural ganglia retrogradely labeled from dye labeling sites surrounding ureteral orifices. Neurons retrogradely labeled from the clitoris were found only in L7 and S1 spinal ganglia, L7‐S3 spinal cord lateral zona intermedia, and S1 sympathetic trunk ganglia, and caudal mesenteric ganglia. Neurons retrogradely labeled from the EUS were found in primarily at S1 and S2 spinal ganglia, spinal cord lamina IX at S1‐S3, caudal mesenteric ganglia, and S1‐S2 sympathetic trunk ganglia. Thus, direct inputs from the spinal cord to each end organ were identified, as well as multisynaptic circuits involving several ganglia, including intramural ganglia in the bladder wall. Knowledge of this complex circuitry of afferent and efferent inputs to genitourinary structures is necessary to understand and treat genitourinary dysfunction. Anat Rec, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Impact of Ultrasound on the Use and Efficacy of Intraarticular Glucocorticoid Injections in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Nordberg Lena B. , Lillegraven Siri , Aga Anna‐Birgitte , Sexton Joe , Lie Elisabeth , Hammer Hilde B. , Olsen Inge C. , Uhlig Till , van der Heijde Désirée , Kvien Tore K. , Haavardsholm Espen A.
Published: March 2018

Objective

Intraarticular glucocorticoid injections are common in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment. This study was undertaken to investigate whether ultrasound in combination with clinical examination is better than clinical examination alone at identifying joints that will benefit from intraarticular injections, and to compare the efficacy of ultrasound‐guided versus palpation‐guided procedures.

Methods

In the treat‐to‐target Aiming for Remission in Rheumatoid Arthritis: a Randomised Trial Examining the Benefit of Ultrasonography in a Clinical Tight Control Regimen (ARCTIC), patients with early RA were randomized 1:1 to follow‐up with or without ultrasound. In addition to disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs, intraarticular glucocorticoids were used to treat inflamed joints. The distribution of injections was assessed in both study groups. The relationship of clinical and ultrasound findings at the time of injection with treatment efficacy was examined, with non‐swollen joint at the next visit as the outcome measure. Treatment success was compared across study groups to evaluate ultrasound‐guided versus palpation‐guided procedures.

Results

More injections were administered in the ultrasound group than in the conventional strategy group (n = 770 versus 548), especially in intercarpal joints (n = 58 versus 5) and metatarsophalangeal joints (n = 200 versus 104). Injecting clinically swollen joints without power Doppler (PD) activity on ultrasound was not efficacious compared to not injecting (odds ratio [OR] 1.3; P = 0.59). Efficacy was best in swollen joints (OR 9.0; P = 0.001) and non‐swollen joints (OR 8.4; P = 0.016) with moderate PD activity. Treatment success was similar for the ultrasound‐guided and palpation‐guided procedures.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that the efficacy of intraarticular glucocorticoid injections varies according to ultrasound findings at the time of injection, supporting the use of ultrasound as a tool to select joints that will benefit from intraarticular injections. However, ultrasound needle guidance was not superior to palpation guidance.
Directing‐Group‐mediated C−H‐Alkynylations
Authors: Caspers Lucien D. , Nachtsheim Boris J.
Published: March 2018

C−C triple bonds are amongst the most versatile functional groups in synthetic chemistry. Complementary to the Sonogashira coupling the direct metal‐catalyzed alkynylation of C−H bonds has emerged as a highly promising approach in recent years. To guarantee a high regioselectivity suitable directing groups (DGs) are necessary to guide the transition metal (TM) into the right place. In this Focus Review we present the current developments in DG‐mediated C(sp2)−H and C(sp3)−H modifications with terminal alkynes under oxidative conditions and with electrophilic alkynylation reagents. We will discuss further modifications of the alkyne, in particular subsequent cyclizations to carbo‐ and heterocycles and modifications of the DG in the presence of the alkyne.
Structure and Bonding in CE5− (E=Al–Tl) Clusters: Planar Tetracoordinate Carbon versus Pentacoordinate Carbon
Authors: Ravell Estefanía , Jalife Said , Barroso Jorge , Orozco‐Ic Mesías , Hernández‐Juárez Gerardo , Ortiz‐Chi Filiberto , Pan Sudip , Cabellos José Luis , Merino Gabriel
Published: March 2018

The structure, bonding, and stability of clusters with the empirical formula CE5− (E=Al–Tl) have been analyzed by means of high‐level computations. The results indicate that, whereas aluminum and gallium clusters have C2v structures with a planar tetracoordinate carbon (ptC), their heavier homologues prefer three‐dimensional C4v forms with a pentacoordinate carbon center over the ptC one. The reason for such a preference is a delicate balance between the interaction energy of the fifth E atom with CE4 and the distortion energy. Moreover, bonding analysis shows that the ptC systems can be better described as CE4−, with 17‐valence electrons interacting with E. The ptC core in these systems exhibits double aromatic (both σ and π) behavior, but the σ contribution is dominating.
Oxidative Asymmetric Aza‐Friedel–Crafts Alkylation of Indoles with 3‐Indolinone‐2‐carboxylates Catalyzed by a BINOL Phosphoric Acid and Promoted by DDQ
Authors: Yarlagadda Suresh , Sridhar B. , Subba Reddy Basireddy Venkata
Published: March 2018

An asymmetric aza‐Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction between indoles and indolenines that were derived in situ from 3‐indolinone‐2‐carboxylates has been developed by using 3,3′‐bis(triphenylsilyl)‐1,1′‐binaphthyl‐2,2′‐diyl hydrogen phosphate as a catalyst. The reaction proceeded under mild conditions and provided chiral indol‐3‐yl‐3‐indolinone‐2‐carboxylate derivatives in good yields with excellent ee values (up to 98.6 %). Similarly, the Mannich‐type addition of indoline‐3‐ones to indolenines provided heterodimers with vicinal chiral quaternary centers. This method was successfully applied to the construction of the core structure of trigonoliimine C.
Pinning Cluster Synchronization of Coupled Nonidentical Harmonic Oscillators Under Directed Topology
Authors: Zhao Liyun , Wu Quanjun , Wang Rui
Published: March 2018

This paper addresses cluster synchronization of coupled harmonic oscillators over directed fixed and switching topologies, where uncoupled harmonic oscillators in the same cluster have the identical node dynamics, while any pair of nodes in different clusters are essentially distinguishing according to their local dynamics. A pinning control protocol is proposed for such coupled harmonic oscillators system, and then some graphic topology conditions easy to verify are established for cluster synchronization. The main contributions of the present investigation include: (i) cluster synchronization problem of coupled nonidentical harmonic oscillators is addressed over directed topology; (ii) desynchronizing motion of harmonic oscillators from different clusters doesn't depend on negative coupling weights but leader of every cluster; (iii) this paper deals with what kind of harmonic oscillators ought to be pinned in order to reach cluster synchronization. Finally, numerical examples and simulations demonstrate the obtained theoretical results.
Spectral evolution of the two classical novae PW Vul and V1668 Cyg using International Ultraviolet Explorer low‐resolution spectra
Authors: Hamed G. M. , Sanad M. R. , Yousef S. , Essam A. , El Rafy M.
Published: March 2018

We studied the evolution of the normalized flux of selected ultraviolet (UV) emission lines of two classical novae (PW Vul and V1668 Cyg) using International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) short wavelength observations. Different phases of the outburst are studied. Emission lines covering a wide range of ionization states are investigated. We use the calculated fluxes to estimate the mass accretion rates during quiescence of both novae. We found average values of the UV luminosity for PW Vul to be of 1.0 ± 0.1 × 1035 erg s−1, and the corresponding value for V1668 Cyg is 4.0 ± 0.2 × 1035 erg s−1. In quiescence, we obtained average values for the mass accretion rates of 8.7 ± 0.4 × 10−10 M⊙ year−1 and 1.8 ± 0.1 × 10−10 M⊙ year−1, respectively. We attribute the spectral behavior of the two systems to the variation of the optical thickness and temperature of the envelope during the different phases of the outburst. Our results demonstrate the effect of the white dwarf mass on the evolution of the nova. The results of IUE observations are consistent with the theoretical CO models of classical nova of.
Educational influences on young people's support for fundamental British values
Authors: Janmaat Jan Germen
Published: March 2018

In 2014 the British government called on schools to actively promote fundamental British values (FBVs), seeing this as an effective way to prevent the radicalisation of young people. The government considers these values to include democracy, individual liberty, the rule of law and respect for people of different backgrounds and religions. Rather than criticising this policy on theoretical or ideological grounds, as many studies have done, the current article aims to ascertain support for the values labelled as fundamentally British among 23 year olds in England and to assess whether levels of support are associated with educational attainment and distinct educational practices experienced earlier in life. Data from the Citizenship Education Longitudinal Study (CELS) are analysed for these purposes. A multidimensional measure of FBVs is constructed based on policy understandings of the term rather than statistical considerations. The article finds that levels of support for FBVs among 23 year olds are already very high and do not differ between the White British majority and various minority ethnic groups, although the small sample sizes of the latter do not allow for strong conclusions about these differences. Among the educational conditions, educational attainment and particularly track attended appears to be the only influential condition, with those obtaining academic qualifications showing significantly higher support for FBVs than those achieving vocational ones. Adding this variable to the model neutralises the effects of specific programmes or pedagogies experienced during lower secondary, such as citizenship education, an open climate of classroom discussion or school‐based political activities.
Identifying Human Naïve Pluripotent Stem Cells − Evaluating State‐Specific Reporter Lines and Cell‐Surface Markers
Authors: Collier Amanda J. , Rugg‐Gunn Peter J.
Published: March 2018

Recent reports that human pluripotent stem cells can be captured in a spectrum of states with variable properties has prompted a re‐evaluation of how pluripotency is acquired and stabilised. The latest additions to the stem cell hierarchy open up opportunities for understanding human development, reprogramming, and cell state transitions more generally. Many of the new cell lines have been collectively termed ‘naïve’ human pluripotent stem cells to distinguish them from the conventional ‘primed’ cells. Here, several transcriptional and epigenetic hallmarks of human pluripotent states in the recently described cell lines are reviewed and evaluated. Methods to derive and identify human naïve pluripotent stem cells are also discussed, with a focus on the uses and future developments of state‐specific reporter cell lines and cell‐surface proteins. Finally, opportunities and uncertainties in naïve stem cell biology are highlighted, and the current limitations of human naïve pluripotent stem cells considered, particularly in the context of differentiation.
The Diversification of Early Emerging Metazoans: A Window into the Evolution of Animal Multicellularity
Authors: Revilla‐i‐Domingo Roger , Simakov Oleg
Published: March 2018

The biannual international workshop entitled “The diversification of early emerging metazoans: A window into animal evolution?” took place at the Evangelische Akademie Tutzing, Germany, 11–14. September 2017. It was organized by Thomas Bosch (Kiel), Thomas Holstein (Heidelberg), and Ulrich Technau (Vienna), and it was sponsored by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). The meeting gathered over 140 researchers to discuss the contribution of non‐bilaterian metazoan models (Porifera, Ctenophora, Placozoa, and Cnidaria) to our understanding of: a. The evolution of metazoan developmental processes; b. Fundamental molecular mechanisms underlying metazoan features; and c. The complex interactions that animals establish with their environment.
Detachment of ligands from nanoparticle surface under flow and endothelial cell contact: Assessment using microfluidic devices
Authors: Jarvis Maria , Arnold Michael , Ott Jenna , Krishnan Vinu , Pant Kapil , Prabhakarpandian Balabhaskar , Mitragotri Samir
Published: March 2018

Surface modification of nanoparticles is a well‐established methodology to alter their properties to enhance circulation half‐life. While literature studies using conventional, in vitro characterization are routinely used to evaluate the biocompatibility of such modifications, relatively little attention has been paid to assess the stability of such surface modifications in physiologically relevant conditions. Here, microfluidic devices were used to study the effect of factors that adversely impact surface modifications including vascular flow and endothelial cell interactions. Camptothecin nanoparticles coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and/or folic acid were analyzed using linear channels and microvascular networks. Detachment of PEG was observed in cell‐free conditions and was attributed to interplay between the flow and method of PEG attachment. The flow and cells also impacted the surface charge of nanoparticles. Presence of endothelial cells further increased PEG shedding. The results demonstrate that endothelial cell contact, and vascular flow parameters modify surface ligands on nanoparticle surfaces.
Hand fasciae innervation: The palmar aponeurosis
Authors: Stecco Carla , Macchi Veronica , Barbieri Alessandro , Tiengo Cesare , Porzionato Andrea , De Caro Raffaele
Published: March 2018

There are few data in the scientific literature about the innervation of fasciae of the hand. The present study first elucidates the density and location of nervous structures in the palmar aponeurosis and, for comparison, in the flexor retinaculum (both can be considered specializations of the deep fascia of the upper limbs). Second, it compares nonpathological with pathological palmar aponeurosis. Samples of nonpathological fascia were taken from the flexor retinaculum and palmar aponeurosis of 16 upper limbs of unembalmed cadavers. Samples of pathological palmar aponeurosis were taken from seven patients with Dupuytren's disease. All samples were stained immunohistochemically with anti‐S100 and anti‐tubulin antibodies, and analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively by microscopy. The palmar aponeurosis showed higher median density than the retinacula of free nerve endings (22 and 20 elements/cm2, respectively), Pacinian corpuscles (2 and 0 elements/cm2) and Golgi‐Mazzoni corpuscles (1.0 and 0.5 element/cm2). Some corpuscles were located at the intersections of the fibers in the three directions. Free nerve endings were denser in pathological palmar aponeurosis (38 elements/cm2). The results indicate that the palmar aponeurosis is central to proprioception of the hand and that surgery should therefore avoid injuring it. The higher density of free nerve endings in pathological samples indicates that the nervous structures are implicated in the amplified fibrosis of Dupuytren's disease. Clin. Anat. 31:677–683, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Online shopping experience in an emerging e‐retailing market: Towards a conceptual model
Authors: Izogo Ernest Emeka , Jayawardhena Chanaka
Published: March 2018

We develop a comprehensive and integrated framework of online shopping experience (hereafter OSE) from an emerging market perspective. Using a netnographic research method, we content analysed 284 experiential reviews of 2 leading Nigerian e‐retailers. Augmented by the theory of customer engagement, we identify 8 dimensions of OSE that activate shoppers' affective and cognitive states, which consequently lead to 4 behavioural outcomes, namely, internal responses to service experience, external responses to service experience, repurchase intentions, and word of mouth intentions. The proposed dynamic and comprehensive framework reflects all phases of the consumer decision‐making process and demonstrates that OSE has both perceptual and behavioural components. We make 3 important contributions. First, the paper provides a comprehensive and dynamic model of customer experience that encompasses all the stages in the customer decision‐making process by drawing on a new theoretical perspective to demonstrate how the unique attributes of OSE contribute to extant customer experience research. Second, we advance experiential consumption theory by incorporating attributes of OSE evolved through a unique qualitative research method into existing frameworks of customer experience. Third, we compare and contrast findings from an emerging market with research from more mature markets, when they were undergoing similar development patterns. From a managerial perspective, we illustrate how online retailers operating in emerging markets can draw from the experiences of mature markets and understand the key differences between markets so that they can develop customer experience management strategies by concentrating on the most important components of customer experience.
Pseudoaneurysm of the left main coronary artery: A complication of orbital atherectomy
Authors: Tapias Luis F. , Campbell Joseph , Rosenfield Kenneth , D'Alessandro David A.
Published: March 2018

Plaque modification devices are used to treat heavily calcified coronary artery lesions during percutaneous coronary artery interventions. As these devices have unique risk profiles, clinicians need to be aware of potential complications associated with their use. A case of a contained rupture (i.e., pseudoaneurysm) of the proximal left main coronary artery following orbital atherectomy is presented. This lesion was managed with coronary artery bypass grafting and oversewing of the left main coronary artery ostium. This case illustrates that lesion location and configuration may influence tracking of these devices, as well as the actual site of tissue ablation. This case underscores the importance of concurrent imaging during treatment and concern for potential unintended consequences of atherectomy.
Effect of different lipases on bread staling in comparison with Diacetyl tartaric ester of monoglycerides (DATEM)
Authors: Frauenlob Johannes , Scharl Marlies , D'Amico Stefano , Schoenlechner Regine
Published: March 2018

Background and objectives

Lipases are applied in breadmaking as an enzymatic replacement for typical bakery surfactants like Diacetyl tartaric ester of monoglycerides (DATEM) (diacetyl tartaric ester of monoglycerides). In this study, the influence of six commercially available lipases and DATEM on bread staling and bread height was investigated. Therefore, a microbaking experiment was conducted, where 15 g of dough was used for each bread. Microbaking breads were analyzed for height, baking loss, and crumb firmness. Evolution of crumb firmness was measured seven times during a storage period of up to 10 days, under a controlled atmosphere (20°C).

Findings

All additives increased bread height significantly in comparison with the control (without DATEM and lipase). Maximum height was achieved by addition of DATEM. All additives had a significant antistaling effect in comparison with the control. The lowest bread firmness throughout the whole storage period was achieved by addition of DATEM. Between the six lipases significant differences existed, suggesting a diverse influence of their lipid products on bread staling and bread height.

Conclusions

Taken together, none of the lipases was able to replace DATEM without the occurrence of reduced bread height and worsened staling behavior at the applied concentrations.

Significance and novelty

Although lipase addition in general had a positive effect on increasing bread height and retarding staling, it has to be considered in future work that none of the studied lipases was able to replace DATEM and great differences between the single lipases existed.
Nature of Sintering‐Resistant, Single‐Atom Ru Species Dispersed on Zirconia‐Based Catalysts: A DFT and FTIR Study of CO Adsorption
Authors: Thang Ho Viet , Tosoni Sergio , Fang Liu , Bruijnincx Pieter , Pacchioni Gianfranco
Published: March 2018

Recent studies on the upgrade of cellulosic biomass to renewable chemicals and fuels based on Ru/ZrO2 catalysts have shown that the catalyst contains atomically dispersed, highly stable Ru atoms. FTIR spectra after CO dosage reveal a complex manifold of bands resulting from Ru‐CO carbonyl species. The nature of the atomically dispersed Ru species on monoclinic zirconia, and the origin of their thermal stability are the object of this investigation. Combining density functional theory (DFT) calculations on model systems of both tetragonal and monoclinic ZrO2, with novel experimental data, we provide a basis for the identification of the monoatomic Ru species. Various candidates are explored based on DFT calculations of their intrinsic stability and of the vibrational properties of adsorbed CO probe molecules. The results allow us to discard a number of possible structures, and restrict the analysis to a few potential candidates. Most likely, the atomically dispersed sites result from the interaction of Ru atoms with one OH group of the surface with elimination of H2 by condensation, leaving RuO species strongly bound to the zirconia surface. CO binds strongly to the RuO units forming (RuO)(CO)2 geminal complexes with characteristic signatures in terms of CO vibrational frequency. Despite the formal positive oxidation state of the Ru species, large negative shifts are found in the CO stretching frequency compared with the free CO molecule.