bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF KARNA ROGA NIDANA AND THEIR IMPACT ON PATHOGENESIS OF EAR DISORDERS
Authors: Sharma Mandvi
Published: October 2021

Ear disorders have a wide range of sharing in a load of global illnesses, and their incidences with a continuous hike and difficulty can be contributed to the obscure understanding of the causative agents, including their action mechanisms in the generation of ear pathology. Karna roga has been well theorized in all the authoritative textbooks. Nidana is the first component of ‘Trisutra’ and is not only the triggering factor but also the initial diagnostic tool, which help learn the course of disease progression. Relevant content of the selected topic was obtained from classics, journals and online search portals for a judicious review. The Acharya in Shalakya has provided an ample account of Karna roga nidana, including their count, causative factors and pathogenesis, which can be compared with their recent counterparts and interpreted in modern ways for a clearer perspective of ear disorders.
A REVIEW ON SUKHAPRASAVA
Authors: Malsariya Swati , Bharathi K , Pushpalatha B
Published: October 2021

The series of actions happen in the genitals to expel the live product of fertilization from the uterus at the end of full-term pregnancy through the route of the vagina referred to as normal labour. This definition of labor is quite like the classical definition of Prasava which defines as at an appropriate time Prasuti Maruta acts in the right direction to rotate the fetus as per the pathway of the birth canal with head downward and fetus delivered out of Apathyapathya and can survive independently. The whole process is called Prasava or Sukhaprasava or Prakrutaprasava. In classics, the description regarding different stages of labour is found based on signs and symptoms of the parturient along with care to be given to her. In the present paper, Sukhaprasava is described completely including all its stages mentioned in classics and try to clarify the signs and symptoms mentioned as per the present scenario.
Corporate Governance and Firm Performance of Listed Consumer Goods Companies in Nigeria
Authors: Ebenezer Ariyibi Mayowa , Enitan Olowofela Olusola , Isaig Olaiya Kehinde
Published: October 2021

We examine the impact of corporate governance on firm performance using the accounting measures based on the profitability status of the companies depending on cash flows and inflow from the income statement. In a sample of selected consumer goods companies, the study revealed that board size has positive significant effect on return on sales. Board size and board independence has positive significant effect on profit margin. It also revealed that board size and board independence negative significant effect on operating cash flow. Based on the findings, it is recommended that the organization should take cognizance of its board size since it influences the rate of turnover which is an intrinsic component of the overall performance of the organization. The organization should make sure the board size is regulated on a low-cost reduction basis so it does not induce a negative impact on the profitability status of the organization.
Robustness Test of Selected Estimators of Linear Regression with Autocorrelated Error Term: A Monte-Carlo Simulation Study
Authors: Ibrahim Rauf Rauf , Juliana Ifeyinwa Okoli , Umar Yahaya Haruna
Published: October 2021

Assumptions in the classical linear regression model include that of lack of autocorrelation of the error terms and the zero covariance between the explanatory variable and the error terms. This study is channeled towards the estimation of the parameters of the linear models for both time series and cross-sectional data when the above two assumptions are violated. The study used the Monte-Carlo simulation method to investigate the performance of six estimators: ordinary least square (OLS), Prais-Winsten (PW), Cochrane-Orcutt (CC), Maximum Likelihood (MLE), Restricted Maximum- Likelihood (RMLE) and the Weighted Least Square (WLS) in estimating the parameters of a single linear model in which the explanatory variable is also correlated with the autoregressive error terms. Using the models’ finite properties(mean square error) to measure the estimators’ performance, the results shows that OLS should be preferred when autocorrelation level is relatively mild (ρ = 0.3) and the PW, CC, RMLE, and MLE estimator will perform better with the presence of any level of AR (1) disturbance between 0.4 to 0.8 level, while WLS shows better performance at 0.9 level of autocorrelation and above. The study thus recommended the application of the various estimators considered to real-life data to affirm the results of this simulation study.
Effect of Haemoglobin Variants on Glycemic Indices
Authors: Tuanwii Victor , Nyebuchi Jonathan , Nwibani Albert Lesere , Ogidigba Friday , Eedee Konne Felix , Chikadibia Amadi Fyneface
Published: October 2021

Haemoglobin genotypes have been known to be linked with groups of diseases such as diabetes. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of haemoglobin variants on glycemic indices (fasting blood glucose and glycated haemoglobin) in subjects in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. A total of 150subjects were enrolled for the study with AA group = 99 subjects and AS group = 51 subjects. 4mls of blood was collected into EDTA bottle for each subject and was assayed for Hb electrophoresis and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C) using electrophoretic method and automated CLOVER A1c Analyser respectively. 2mls was collected into fluoride oxalate bottle for spectrophotometric analysis of fasting blood glucose (FBG). Results revealed that there were no significant differences in the FBG and HbA1C  mean  levels of the two studied groups (AA and AS). This study has shown that AA and AS blood genotypes may not have any impact on FBG and HbA1C glycemic parameters.
Can Wet Aggregate Stability and Texture Regulate Organic Carbon Stock in Alluvial Soils of East Champaran (Bihar)?
Authors: Kumari Vandana , Laik Ranjan , Nath Debabrata
Published: October 2021

Aims: Here in this experiment, the investigation was done for the relationship among the various soil health parameters i.e., soil organic carbon (SOC), soil texture, and wet aggregate stability (WAS).

Place and Duration of Study: Sample: Collection of soil samples were done from 0-15 cm depth from East Champaran is situated in Bihar and is located at 26038’N and 84054’E in the year 2019-2020.

Methodology: Soil texture: 14g (+/- 0.1g) of sieved soil was added to a 50 ml centrifuge tube holding 42 ml of a dispersant 3% sodium hexametaphosphate solution follwed by 2 hr shaking and 0.053 mm sieved. Water stable aggregates: Each 0.25-mm sieve contained 4g of air-dried, 2-mm aggregate soil. Each sample's precise weight was recorded. The soil samples were dispersed for 3 minutes with 100 mL distilled water and then for 10 minutes with a 2 g/L sodium hexametaphosphate solution. Pre-weighed filter sheets were used to filter both solutions. Each filter paper was weighed after being oven-dried at 105°C.

Soil organic carbon: The amount of soil organic carbon (SOC) was calculated using the Walkley and Black technique (1934).

Results: Wet aggregate stability and soil organic carbon storage were shown to have a strong positive connection. Soil carbon stock in soils of East Champaran varied between 5.27-19.60 Mg ha-1 with an average of 12.98 Mg ha-1. WAS ranged from 3.82 to 36.43% with a mean of 16.11%. The results revealed that WAS increased with increase in SOC stock. This experiment also revealed that clay (%) and silt (%) directly affect WAS and hence enhance SOC storage.

Conclusion: So, it can be concluded that WAS and soil texture directly and positively impact SOC storage in soils of East Champaran, Bihar.
Screening of Pearl Millet Genotypes for High Temperature and Drought Tolerance Based on Morpho-Physiological Characters
Authors: Meena R. C. , Ram Moola , Ambawat Supriya , Satyavathi C. Tara , Khandelwal Vikash , Bala Meena Raj , Kumar Manoj , Bishno J. P. , Mungra K. D.
Published: October 2021

Aims: Screening of pearl millet genotypes lines for high temperature and drought tolerance.

Study Design:  Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications.

Place and Duration of Study: ICAR-AICRP on Pearl Millet, Mandor during summer 2017-18.

Methodology: Fifteen genotypes (J-2290, J-2340, J-2479, J-2500, J-2503, J-2507, J-2517, J-2534, JMSB-9904, JMSB-101, JMSB-20064, JMSB-20102, JMSB-20071, JMSB-20082 and JMSB-20091) of pearl millet received from Main Pearl millet Research Station, Junagadh Agricultural University, Jamnagar were evaluated during  summer season of 2017-18 at research Farm of ACIRP on pearl millet, Mandor, Agricultural University, Jodhpur under terminal moisture stress  and irrigated  conditions in two sets of randomized block design with three replications. Grain yield, stover yield, Relative Water Content (RWC), harvest index, threshing percentage and chlorophyll content were recorded.

Results: The suitability of the genotypes was judged in terms of grain yield, stover yield, RWC, harvest index, threshing percentage and chlorophyll content. The results showed that due to the terminal stress, the mean performance of all yield attributing characters including grain yield and chlorophyll, RWC and seed setting was reduced. The inbreds J-2479, J-2503 and J-2507 were high yielders due to high seed setting percentage under terminal stress conditions.

Conclusion: The lines viz., J-2479, J-2503 and J-2507 can be used for further breeding programme to develop varieties suitable under high temperature and low moisture conditions.
Aframomum melegueta [Roscoe] K. Schum) Ethanolic Seed Extract against Asymptomatic Bacteriuria Isolates from Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic in Ondo State, Nigeria
Authors: Osuntokun O. T. , Balogun J. O. , Akele E. O. , Adedayo S. A. , Bello O. A.
Published: October 2021

The purpose of this research work is to compare the activity of medicinal plant(Aframomum melegueta) and conventional antibiotic against Asymptomatic Bacteriuria isolates from pregnant women attending ante-natal clinic in a major primary health center in Akoko, south ,Ondo state Nigeria. The target Asymptomatic Bacteriuria isolates which is inherent in pregnant women with no observable features.  The rate of growth/ death of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria Isolates were x-rayed. Bacteria were isolated from Urine of pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in Public health care Akungba Akoko, Ondo state, Nigeria and were identified using conventional method. The antibiotic susceptibility test and antimicrobial screening of ethanol seed extract of Aframomum melegueta were determined using disc diffusion and agar well diffusion methods respectively. The eleven(11) bacteria identified were Klebsiella pneumoniae (three,3), Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus subtilis(Two,2),Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae (Two,2), Escherichia coli (three,3), Bacillus cereus, Serratia mercesiens, Enterobacter aerogens. E. coli and klebsiella pneumoniae were the most common isolates. The second most common isotales was Enterobacter cloacae.. Klebsiella pneumonia and Proteus mirabilis were resistant to Ampicillin, Ceporex, Nalixadic acid and Septrin. E. coli, the most common isolate was sensitive to Gentamycin and most of the antibiotics used. The antimicrobial screening of ethanol seed extract of Aframomum melegueta shows zones of inhibition with diameter ranging from 1-25mm. Secondary metabolite screening indicates the presence of flavonoid, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides. Ultraviolet spectrophotometer was also used to determine the Growth dynamic /Death rate of the isolates, the addition of antibiotics to the organism at the 48th hour speed up the death rate of the isolates, the addition of ethanol seed extract at the 48th hour also speed up the death rate of the isolates from the urine samples. The results of this study validate the use of Aframomum melegueta seed in the traditional treatment of Asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women.
Cryptosporidium and Rotavirus Diarrhoea in Children under the Age of Five Years in FCT Abuja, Nigeria
Authors: Balarabe-Musa B. , Dabo N. T.
Published: October 2021

Introduction: Diarrhoea is the second leading cause of death among children, and Nigeria has the continent's highest mortality with little information on the specific cause, proportion affected by Cryptosporidium and Rotavirus, and the prevalent genotypes for Rotavirus.

Aim: To identify children with diarrhoea, in Abuja in the Federal Capital Territory; to estimate the proportion of children with Cryptosporidium and rotavirus diarrhoea.  

Study Design: One-year cross-sectional study of children under five years with acute diarrhea.

Duration:  The study was conducted in Abuja from June 2018 to May 2019.

Methodology: Cryptosporidium and Rotavirus ELISA were done with commercially available kits.

Results: Stool samples were collected from 1450 participants, of whom 1185 (81.7%) were ambulatory, 109 (7.5%) were hospitalized, and 156 (10.7%) were controls without diarrhoea. Cryptosporidium-ELISA was positive among 274 (21.1%) children with diarrhoea and 23 (1.7%) of children without diarrhoea, with August and September as peak months for infection. Rotavirus-ELISA was positive among 231 (17.8%) children with diarrhoea and 29 (2.2%) controls, with November, December, and January as peak months. Children of 12 to 17 months were most affected for both and Rotavirus (39.8%) and Cryptosporidium (37.2%).

Conclusion: Cryptosporidium and Rotavirus are essential pathogens in children, especially among Rotavirus unvaccinated children in Abuja. Local and national infrastructure is inadequate for essential surveillance of diarrhoeal disease, and this will have to be improved, together with access to virological and parasitic stool testing, to monitor the planned vaccine program, especially for Rotavirus.
Effect of Seed Priming Treatments with Panchagavya, Jeevamrutha, Beejamrutha and Leaf Extracts, Sodium Molybdate on Seed Quality Parameters of Field Pea (Pisum sativum)
Authors: Yashwanth Chandra K. , Chaurasia Arun Kumar
Published: October 2021

The present research study was conducted at the Seed testing laboratory of Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh in 2020-2021. The research study revealedthat effect of seed priming treatments with Panchagavya, Jeevamrutha, Beejamrutha and leaf extracts, Sodium molybdate on seed quality parameters of field pea was analyzed through Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Organic treatments are designated as Panchagavya 3% and 5%, Jeevamrutha 3% and 5%, Beejamrutha 5% are used as treatment 8Hrs respectively, botanical treatments are Tulasi leaf extract 6%, Lantana camara leaf extract for 6% are used as treatment for duration of 4 hours respectivelyin which the treatment T8- Sodium molybdate (3%) for 3 Hrs exhibited higher mean value for seed germination (76.75%), root length (6.49 cm), shoot length (7.84 cm), seedling length (14.33 cm), seed vigour index -I (1099.68) and Followed by value was exhibited by T6-Tulasi Leaf Extract (6%) with respect of Root length (6.79 cm)Seedling dry weight (1.725 g), Seed Vigour Index II (129.78), T0 (control) with respect of Germination percentage (71.75%) root length (6.30 cm), shoot length (6.60 cm) and seedling length (12.90 cm), seed vigour index I &II (925.60 & 98.13).
Anti-Leishmanial Effect of Oral Zinc Sulfate in Acute Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: A Mini-review
Authors: A. M. Salih Tagwa , A. Yousef Bashir
Published: October 2021

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is an endemic parasitic infection caused by various Leishmania species, with a specific predisposition of each species into a particular geographical area. Cutaneous lesions can either be a single, limited skin lesion or multiple, large, locally destructions skin lesions.  Several therapies are proposed for CL, but severe side effects, high costs, and incomplete efficacy make researchers find replaceable therapies. Since the usage of zinc sulfate as a therapeutic agent has a long history in treating of various dermatological diseases, Zinc plays an essential role in the development and function of innate immunity cells (neutrophils and natural killer cells), which play significant roles in killing parasites. It also has a significant inhibitory effect on key enzymes involved in the carbohydrate metabolism and virulence of L. major and L.tropica. Therefore, its use as an oral therapy for CL might represent a significant addition to the armamentarium of anti-leishmanial medications.  This review summarizes and discusses previous and recent findings regarding the therapeutic roles of oral zinc sulfate in cutaneous leishmaniasis therapy.
Quantitative Measurement of Enteric Bacteria Load From Public Surfaces in Restaurants in Nnewi-Town
Authors: Maureen Obi Chioma , Patrick Amakor Onyekachi , Onyema Oshim Ifeanyi , Ugochinyere Okeke Monique , Ogochukwu Ochiabuto Barbara
Published: October 2021

Background: Bio-contamination of surfaces of various items and equipment used by the public is the main cause of disease epidemic. Most outbreaks of infection associated with inanimate objects are caused by items that should be sterile but have been contaminated and are generally known as fomites.

Objective: This study is to evaluate the presence of enteric bacteria from different public surfaces in restaurants in Nnewi town.

Methodology: Selected public surfaces in eight (8) randomly selected restaurants were analyzed for the presence of enteric bacteria via culture and biochemical tests following a standard criterion. The sample sites included; tables, chairs, counters, sinks and walls. Also, Disc susceptibility test were carried out on the isolates using conventional antibiotics.

Results: Eighty-eight (88) bacteria isolates were isolated and identified, and S. aureus showed the highest prevlence 29(33%), followed by E. coli 15(17%), Proteus spp 13(15%), Klebsiella spp 12(14%), Pseudomonas spp 10(11%), and Coagulase-negative Staphylococci 9(10%). Tables and sinks were the most contaminated fomites each constituting of 19(22%) of the total bacteria isolated in this study. Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp, Proteus spp and Staphylococcus aureus, were the most resistant isolates to the antibiotics, Coagulase-negative Staphylococci was the most sensitive isolate. Out of the ten antibiotics tested ceporex was found to be the least effective with about 100% resistance by the isolates while ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, and levofloxacin were the most effective antibiotics with 0% resistance by the bacteria isolates.

Conclusion: the study has shown that public surfaces in restaurant can easily be contaminated with a variety of bacterial contaminants that may be multi-drug resistant bacteria strains posing as a possible public health issue.
Relationship between Age, Gender, Mobile Phone Usage and some Cognitive Functions among the Nigerian Students
Authors: K. David Lekpa , S. Hart Josiah
Published: October 2021

Introduction: Advanced mobile technology especially mobile phones provide useful and convenient means for individuals to communicate and access the internet anytime and anywhere. However, electromagnetic field (EMF) energy from the mobile phones has been mentioned to hamper neuronal activity and cognitive function in humans.

Aim: This research was therefore undertaken to determine the relationship between age, gender, mobile phone usage and some cognitive functions among the Nigerian students.

Methodology: This study used datafrom500 students randomly selected from populations in University of Port-Harcourt. Different ages specified by the respondents through structural.

Questionnaires were used. Data obtained from the retrieved questionnaire were analyzed using multiple STATGRAPHICS for the descriptive statistics. While SPSS (IBM Amos V21.0.0, USA) was used for the inferential statistics.

Results: The results revealed that, there was no significant association between age and smartphone ownership (P>0.05). However, for gender, there were significant distributional differences in males (38.5%) and females (29.4%) (P=0.022), as well as stress caused by phone usage (males=76.8%; females=89.7). Correlations of cognitive function variables revealed significant relationship between all the cognitive functional variables.

Conclusion: Distraction was found to have a significant relationship with stress (P=0.033). Therefore attachment to use of smart phone among youths should be advisably minimized.
Overview of Epidemiology and Management of Undescended Testis (Cryptorchidism)
Authors: Elmisbah Haider Osman , Alenezi Fay Melfi Sayer , Alruwaili Raghad Khalid R. , Almadani Sama Abdulfattah M.
Published: October 2021

Cryptorchidism (undescended testis, maldescendus testis) is a disorder in which one or together testes miscarry to slope into the bottommost of the scrotum. The study aimed to summarize the updated evidence regards, epidemiology, etiology, classification, diagnosis, and treatments of Cryptorchidism or undescended testis. Several causes can result in developing cryptorchidism. Disruption of any phase of testicular prolapse due to genetic hormonal, structural, ecological, or social issues can lead to cryptorchidism. The diagnosis of undescended testes is clinical. The test should be performed by an experienced person and should always be performed using a two-way technique. In some cases, imaging diagnostics for cryptorchidism may be helpful. The rationale for treating cryptorchidism is to reduce the risk of its long-term consequences. Current treatments for undescended testes include hormone therapy, orchopexy, and surgical correction.
Study on RCA and HFMEA in Patient Safety with Measurable Outcomes: A Case Scenario
Authors: Roopashree M. R.
Published: October 2021

Introduction: Safety concerns of outborn neonatal infant babies during transportation to the NICU had been a concern. Better team coordination and improvement in the technical competency of the care providers helped implement the ambulance policy.

Methods: With the background of the Donabedian model and Juran's Trilogy concepts, process improvisation was performed. The RCA (Root Cause Analysis) and HFMEA (Healthcare Failure Mode and Effects Analysis) as tools were used for better deliverables.

Results: The measurable outcomes in terms of time taken for departure before and after were compared, which showed considerable significance. By measuring the baby temperatures, a significant difference was seen in clinical aspects.

Discussion: Lack of infrastructure, equipment for neonatal transportation was a challenge that required prioritization of budget allocation. The procurement policy of equipment had to be relooked for user-friendly strategies. Lack of trained staff and doctors, which were major issues, required an intense training and development module. The challenges of hypothermia, ventilation issues during transportation of neonates were of major concern, were tackled using quality tools.

Application: To minimize the mortality and morbidity of neonates, infants by Specialized Pediatric Critical Care Transport (SPCCT) ambulance policy was implemented. The value addition was to minimize the risks and prevention of hazards.

Conclusion: Improvement in the Technical competency of nurses and caregivers was observed. Nurses were well exposed to handling transporting sick babies. Logistics, equipment handling was performed properly.  With better team coordination, the babies were safe. The trust and confidence among the members of the community at large improved. The patient footfall increased in numbers.
Social Responsibilities in COVID-19: Pandemic
Authors: Wanjari Mayur B. , Mendhe Deeplata , Wankhede Pratibha , Alwadkar Sagar
Published: October 2021

Recent coronavirus discovered causes the coronavirus infection COVID-19 is also an infectious disease known to cause severe respiratory infections. This most recent virus and infection were unidentified until the epidemic in Wuhan in December 2019, China. Coronavirus has spread around the world and been declared a pandemic by the WHO. The disease has infected several nations, including Italy, Spain, and the United States, with brutality as the death rate rises day by day. The illness may transmit to cough or sneezes via small droplets. Therefore, social distancing is the only way to prevent the transmission as There is no vaccine available for prevention from thecoronavirus. One can reduce the chances of being infected by taking some social distancing measures which will reduce COVID-19 transmission. In the pandemic COVID-19, every individual’s responsibility is to follow all the social distancing measures, to follow the lockdown without being casual about the disease, to save our self, our family, community, and nation from novel coronavirus.
Aconitum heterophyllum-An Overview
Authors: Balaramnavar Vishal M. , Kaur Manjeet , Ahuja Anil
Published: October 2021

Aconitum heterophyllum also known as aruna, family Ranunculaceae is used in ayurvedic formulations for the treatment of diarrhoea, hepatic issues etc. The phytochemicals in this plant consists of alkaloids, proteins, carbohydrates, saponins, amino acids, quinones, flavonoids, glycosides, terpenoids, etc. In the present paper, not only are the various therapeutic properties of this plant has been discussed but the profiling of its toxicological studies done on rats have also been elaborated upon. Unlike other species of Aconitum, Aconitum heterophyllum has shown beneficial activity on a rat model of toxicity. Firstly, the ethanolic extract of the plant was evaluated for its oral toxicity but it came out be safe. The ethanolic extract of the plant reversed the activity of castor oil. Moreover, this plant has shown good anti-bacterial activity. After summing up of all the pharmaceutical features of this plant, it could turn out to be valuable source of knowledge for the academia, practioners of traditional medicines & for the pharma industry.
Mycoflora of Crude Oil Polluted Soils of Ukwa West of Abia State Nigeria
Authors: Madu J. M. , Ogbonna A. I. , Ogbonna C. I. C.
Published: October 2021

Aim: Bioremediation of soil play a critical role in removing pollutants from crude oil polluted soil. To investigate the mycoflora of crude oil polluted area of Ukwa West Local Government in the present Abia State.

Methodology: Portions of the soil samples collected from three (3) locations were plated out separately on Yeast Starch Agar, Starch Agar, and Cellulose Agar using soil plate methods. The culture plates were examined after 5-7 and 14 days for the presence of fungi. Pure cultures of the isolates were obtained by subculturing and the physico-chemical properties of the soil samples were determined using standard methods.

Results: Twenty species (20) of fungi were isolated from the crude oil polluted soil sample and represented by their respective genera. Eight (8) species of Aspergillus representing 40%, two (2) species of Thermomyces representing 10% each, and one (1) species of Penicillium, Cladosporium, Cunninghamella, Curvularia, Trichoderma, Scopulariopsis, Sporotrichum and Basipetospora representing 5% each. Aspergillus species were predominant which include among others A. fumigatus, A. niger, A. parasiticus, A. oryzae, A. terreus. The physico-chemical properties of the soil sample were found to be varied and have affected the distribution and population of fungi. The pH values ranged from 4.81- 5.58 as compared to the control ranging from 5.72- 6.50 for soil samples A, B and C. The moisture content values ranged between 26.46-29.59% as compared to the control ranging from 29.41-32.51%. The soil was found to be high in organic matter content with values of 70.3-82.7% as compared to the control which was 94% for each of the locations.

Conclusion: Crude oil polluted soils of Ukwa West of Abia State, Nigeria is rich in fungal biodiversity with the soil’s samples having different physico-chemical properties.
High Occurrence of Chelonid Alphaherpesvirus 5 (ChHV5) in Green Sea Turtles Chelonia mydas with and without Fibropapillomatosis in Feeding Areas of the São Paulo Coast, Brazil
Authors: Zamana Roberta Ramblas , Gattamorta Marco Aurélio , Cruz Ochoa Pablo Felipe , Navas-Suárez Pedro Enrique , Sacristán Carlos , Rossi Silmara , Grisi-Filho José Henrique Hildebrand , Silva Isabela Santos , Matushima Eliana Reiko
Published: October 2021

Chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5 (ChHV5) has been consistently associated with fibropapillomatosis (FP), a neoplastic disease that affects sea turtles globally. The DNA of ChHV5 has been detected in cutaneous and noncutaneous tissues (e.g., lung) of green sea turtles Chelonia mydas with (FP+) and without (FP−) clinical signs of FP, indicating a persistent ChHV5 infection. Previously published and custom primer pairs were used to amplify the fragments of ChHV5 unique long (UL) partial genes (UL30 and UL18) through end-point PCR from cutaneous tumors (n = 31), nontumored skin (n = 49), and lungs (n = 26) from FP+ (n = 31) and FP− (n = 18) green sea turtles. The DNA of ChHV5 was detected in cutaneous tumors (80.6%, 25/31), nontumored skin (74.2%, 23/31 FP+; 27.8%, 5/18 FP−), and lung samples (91.7%, 11/12 FP+; 100%, 14/14 FP−). The high occurrence of ChHV5 observed in lung samples from FP− individuals was unexpected (14/14), providing the first evidence of ChHV5 DNA presence in lungs of individuals without FP. Our results also revealed high ChHV5 occurrence among the tested cohort (93.9%, 46/49) and suggested that a large proportion (83.4%, 15/18) of FP− green sea turtles had subclinical ChHV5 infections. Hence, our findings support the hypothesis that ChHV5 requires one or more possibly environmental or immune-related co-factors to induce FP.
Multidimensional‐Encryption in Emissive Liquid Crystal Elastomers through Synergistic Usage of Photorewritable Fluorescent Patterning and Reconfigurable 3D Shaping
Authors: Gao Jingjing , Tian Meng , He Yanrong , Yi Huijie , Guo Jinbao
Published: October 2021

Advanced encryption/decryption strategies are of great significance for information protection and data security. It is highly desirable yet quite challenging to develop functional materials for encrypting/decrypting information more effectively. Herein, a novel emissive liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) for multidimensional and multistage encryption is proposed for the first time, through synergistic utilization of phototunable fluorescence and the photoprogrammable shape. The fluorescent LCE is fabricated by incorporating an aggregation‐induced‐emission α‐cyanodiarylethene‐based hydrogen‐bonded complex and azobenzene derivative into the LCE networks through covalent bonding. Because of the photoisomerization of both these two photosensitive derivatives under the same exciting light, the consequent LCE films exhibit photoinduced reversible fluorescence changes and shape deformations that are suitable for data storage and encryption. On this basis, the collaborative usage of photolithography‐based 2D fluorescent images and photoprogramming 3D shape configurations can lead to multidimensional and multistage encryption. Moreover, this encryption strategy is reprogrammable, allowing for repeatable encoding and decrypting. The results demonstrated here reveal that the reversible phototunable fluorescent LCE materials exhibit promising applications in data storage and encryption.
A Spheroid Model of Early and Late‐Stage Osteosarcoma Mimicking the Divergent Relationship between Tumor Elimination and Bone Regeneration
Authors: Freeman Fiona E. , Burdis Ross , Mahon Olwyn R. , Kelly Daniel J. , Artzi Natalie
Published: October 2021

Osteosarcoma is the most diagnosed bone tumor in children. The use of tissue engineering strategies after malignant tumor resection remains a subject of scientific controversy. As a result, there is limited research that focuses on bone regeneration postresection, which is further compromised following chemotherapy. This study aims to develop the first co‐culture spheroid model for osteosarcoma, to understand the divergent relationship between tumor elimination and bone regeneration. By manipulating the ratio of stromal to osteosarcoma cells the modelled cancer state (early/late) is modified, as is evident by the increased tumor growth rates and an upregulation of a panel of well‐established osteosarcoma prognostic genes. Validation of the authors' model is conducted by analyzing its ability to mimic the cytotoxic effects of the FDA‐approved chemotherapeutic Doxorubicin. Next, the model is used to investigate what effect osteogenic supplements have, if any, on tumor growth. When their model is treated with osteogenic supplements, there is a stimulatory effect on the surrounding stromal cells. However, when treated with chemotherapeutics this stimulatory effect is significantly diminished. Together, the results of this study present a novel multicellular model of osteosarcoma and provide a unique platform for screening potential therapeutic options for osteosarcoma before conducting in vivo experiments.
Thermoplastic Elastomer Tunes Phase Structure and Promotes Stretchability of High‐Efficiency Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Peng Zhongxiang , Xian Kaihu , Cui Yong , Qi Qingchun , Liu Junwei , Xu Ye , Chai Yubo , Yang Chunming , Hou Jianhui , Geng Yanhou , Ye Long
Published: October 2021

Top‐performance organic solar cells (OSCs) consisting of conjugated polymer donors and nonfullerene small molecule acceptors (NF‐SMAs) deliver rapid increases in efficiencies. Nevertheless, many of the polymer donors exhibit high stiffness and small molecule acceptors are very brittle, which limit their applications in wearable devices. Here, a simple and effective strategy is reported to improve the stretchability and reduce the stiffness of high‐efficiency polymer:NF‐SMA blends and simultaneously maintain the high efficiency by incorporating a low‐cost commercial thermoplastic elastomer, polystyrene‐block‐poly(ethylene‐ran‐butylene)‐block‐polystyrene (SEBS). The microstructure, mechanical properties, and photovoltaic performance of PM6:N3 with varied SEBS contents and the molecular weight dependence of SEBS on microstructure and mechanical properties are thoroughly characterized. This strategy for mechanical performance improvement exhibits excellent applicability in some other OSC blend systems, e.g., PBQx‐TF:eC9‐2Cl and PBDB‐T:ITIC. More crucially, the elastic modulus of such complex ternary blends can be nicely predicted by a mechanical model. Therefore, incorporating thermoplastic elastomers is a widely applicable and cost‐effective strategy to improve mechanical properties of nonfullerene OSCs and beyond.
MXene‐Coupled Sandwich‐Like Polyaniline as Dual Conductive Electrode for Flexible All‐Solid‐State and Ionic‐liquid‐Based Supercapacitors with Superior Energy Density
Authors: Seenath Jensheer Shamsudeen , Biswal Bishnu P.
Published: October 2021

2D conducting materials (2DCMs), such as graphene, coordination polymers including 2D‐metal‐organic frameworks, conducting organic polymer nanosheets, metal sheets, and their composites are promising candidates for energy storage and conversion applications. Rational design and preparation of 2DCMs usually involve specific templates (soft or hard) that often sacrifice conductivity and negatively impact the electrochemical charge storage performance. In this work, 2D MXene is used as the conductive substrate yielding sandwich‐like MXene‐polyaniline hybrids (MX@PANIs) for high‐performance supercapacitors (SCs) operating in aqueous, solid‐state, and ionic‐liquid‐based safe electrolytes. The MX@PANI‐based flexible all‐solid‐state SC using PVA‐H2SO4 delivers an excellent energy density of 28.6 W h kg–1 at 0.2 kW kg–1. Importantly, the synergistic effect of constituents in MX@PANI in ionic liquid (EMITFSI) electrolyte exhibits an impressive energy density performance of 139 W h kg–1 at a power density of 1.66 kW kg–1, exceeding most of the reported PANI and MXene‐based SCs. This piece of work offers a feasible solution to create the next generation energy‐storage devices using novel 2D hybrid nanocomposites working in safer electrolytes for high‐performance SCs.
Airborne ascospore discharge with co‐dispersal of attached epihymenial algae in some foliicolous lichens
Authors: Sanders William B. , Brisky Benjamin J.
Published: October 2021

Premise

Lichen‐forming fungi that colonize leaf surfaces must find a compatible algal symbiont, establish lichen symbiosis, and reproduce within the limited life span of their substratum. Many produce specialized asexual propagules that appear to be dispersed by rain and runoff currents, but less is known about dispersal of their meiotic ascospores. In some taxa, a layer of algal symbionts covers the hymenial surface of the apothecia, where asci discharge their ascospores. We examined the untested hypothesis that their ascospores are ejected into air currents and carry with them algal symbionts from the epihymenial layer for subsequent lichenization.

Methods

Leaves bearing the lichens Calopadia puiggarii, Sporopodium marginatum (Pilocarpaceae), and Gyalectidium viride (Gomphillaceae) were collected in southern Florida. The latter two species have epihymenial algal layers. Leaf fragments with apotheciate thalli were affixed in petri dishes, with glass cover slips attached inside the lid over the thalli. Subsequent discharge of ascospores and any co‐dispersed algae was evaluated with light microscopy.

Results

All three species discharged ascospores aerially. Discharged ascospores were frequently surrounded by a halo‐like sheath of transparent material. In the two species with an epihymenial algal layer, most dispersing ascospores (>90%) co‐transported algal cells attached to the spore sheath or wall.

Conclusions

While water may be the usual vector for their asexual propagules, foliicolous lichen‐forming fungi make use of air currents to disperse their ascospores. The epihymenial algal layer represents an adaptation for efficient co‐dispersal of the algal symbiont with the next genetic generation of the fungus.
Rare neurological manifestations in a Saudi Arabian patient with Ehlers–Danlos syndrome and a novel homozygous variant in the TNXB gene
Authors: Al‐Harbi Talal M. , Al‐Rammah Haya , Al‐Zahrani Naif , Liu Yichuan , Sleiman Patrick M. A. , Dridi Walid , Hakonarson Hakon
Published: October 2021

We report a 38‐year‐old Saudi male with Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome (EDS). The patient presented with rare and unusual neurological manifestations, including but not limited to ophthalmoplegia and myopathic pattern on his electromyography. In addition to hand weakness, there was skin hyperextensibility, joint hyperflexibility, and frontal baldness. Next‐generation sequencing was performed on target exon sequences, using whole exome sequencing and Burrows–Wheeler Aligner for alignment/base calling. Genome Analysis Toolkit and reference genome Homo sapiens (UCSC hg19) were used for sequence processing and analysis. Variant classification was done according to standard international recommendations. A novel homozygous variant, NM_019105.6: c.8488C>T p.(Gln2830*), was detected in the TNXB gene. This variant is not reported in the literature nor dbSNP or gnomAD databases. Additionally, this variant is predicted to create a premature stop codon and produce a truncated protein or nonsense‐mediated mRNA decay. Hence, it is classified as a likely pathogenic variant. The same point variant was found in a heterozygous state in the patient's father and sister. Both presented with milder symptoms associated with Ehlers–Danlos syndromes and heritable connective tissue disorders. Therefore, the patient was diagnosed as a tenascin‐X (TNX) deficient type of EDS known as classical‐like Ehlers–Danlos syndrome. TNX deficient patients may present with clinical and electrophysiological manifestations that are unusual in EDS like frontal baldness, ophthalmoplegia, and myotonia, which mimic myotonic dystrophy type I. Clinicians should be aware of the potential overlap of symptoms among these two diseases to ensure correct diagnosis is made.
An information behavior theory of transitions
Authors: Ruthven Ian
Published: October 2021

This paper proposes a theory of life transitions focused on information behavior. Through a process of meta‐ethnography, the paper transforms a series of influential theories and models into a theory of transitions for use in Information Science. This paper characterizes the psychological processes involved in transitions as consisting of three main stages, Understanding, Negotiating, and Resolving, each of which have qualitatively different information behaviors and which require different types of information support. The paper discusses the theoretical implications of this theory and proposes ways in which the theory can be used to provide practical support for those undergoing transitions.
Detection of quasi‐periodic oscillations in γ‐ray and optical light curves of the BL Lac 4FGL J0650.7 + 2503
Authors: Gong Yunlu , Yi Tingfeng , Yang Xing , Chang Xin
Published: October 2021

In this work, we have assembled the long‐term variability data of the blazar 4FGL J0650.7 + 2503 in the γ‐ray and the optical bands, spanning about 11.9 and 8.6 years, respectively. The light curves are then analyzed by using Lomb‐Scargle Periodogram, Weighted Wavelet Z‐transform, Jurkevich and discrete correlation function techniques, and the results reveal two possible timescales of quasi‐periodic oscillation: 500 ± 37 days for γ‐ray and 330 ± 20 days for optical. To explore the origin of the γ‐ray, we investigated between the optical and γ‐ray band correlations, and found that the correlation between the two bands is very significant. This correlation can be reasonably explained by the lepton self‐synchro‐Compton model. Based on the supermassive binary black hole system model, we estimate the primary black hole mass .
Imputing cognitive impairment in SPARK, a large autism cohort
Authors: Shu Chang , Green Snyder LeeAnne , Shen Yufeng , Chung Wendy K. ,   The SPARK Consortium
Published: October 2021

Diverse large cohorts are necessary for dissecting subtypes of autism, and intellectual disability is one of the most robust endophenotypes for analysis. However, current cognitive assessment methods are not feasible at scale. We developed five commonly used machine learning models to predict cognitive impairment (FSIQ<80 and FSIQ<70) and FSIQ scores among 521 children with autism using parent‐reported online surveys in SPARK, and evaluated them in an independent set (n = 1346) with a missing data rate up to 70%. We assessed accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity by comparing predicted cognitive levels against clinical IQ data. The elastic‐net model has good performance (AUC = 0.876, sensitivity = 0.772, specificity = 0.803) using 129 predictive features to impute cognitive impairment (FSIQ<80). Top‐ranked predictive features included parent‐reported language and cognitive levels, age at autism diagnosis, and history of services. Prediction of FSIQ<70 and FSIQ scores also showed good performance. We show cognitive levels can be imputed with high accuracy for children with autism, using commonly collected parent‐reported data and standardized surveys. The current model offers a method for large‐scale autism studies seeking estimates of cognitive ability when standardized psychometric testing is not feasible.

Lay Summary

Children with autism who have more severe learning challenges or cognitive impairment have different needs that are important to consider in research studies. When children in our study were missing standardized cognitive testing scores, we were able to use machine learning with other information to correctly “guess” when they have cognitive impairment about 80% of the time. We can use this information in research in the future to develop more appropriate treatments for children with autism and cognitive impairment.
Long‐term outcomes of outpatient laser ablation for recurrent non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Grover Sarika , Raj Siddarth , Russell Beth , Mensah Elsie , Nair Rajesh , Thurairaja Ramesh , Khan Muhammad Shamim , Thomas Kay , Malde Sachin
Published: October 2021

Objectives

The objective of this study is to determine the long‐term efficacy and safety of office‐based Holmium:YAG laser ablation for the treatment of recurrent non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC).

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all consecutive patients who underwent office‐based laser ablation for recurrent bladder cancer between 2008 and 2016. The following data were collected: original histology, date of original histology, date of laser ablation, number of repeat laser ablation procedures required, date of tumor recurrence or progression, number of general anesthesia procedures (transurethral resection or cystodiathermy) required after first laser ablation, and number and severity of complications. Kaplan–Meier survival curves were produced for recurrence‐free survival, progression‐free survival, and overall survival.

Results

A total of 97 patients, with an average age of 84 (62–98) years and an average Charlson Comorbidity Index of 6.9 (4–13), were included. The median follow‐up was 61 (2–150) months. Fifty‐five (56.7%) patients presented with tumor recurrence, and the median recurrence‐free survival time was 1.69 years (95% CI 1.20–2.25). Only 9 (9.3%) patients had evidence of tumor progression to a higher grade or stage, 8 (89%) of which initially had low‐grade tumors; however, no patient progressed to muscle‐invasive disease. The median progression‐free survival time was 5.70 years (95% CI 4.10–7.60), and the median overall survival time was 7.60 years (95% CI 4.90–8.70). No patient required emergency inpatient admission after laser ablation.

Conclusion

Office‐based Holmium:YAG laser ablation offers a safe and effective alternative method for treating low‐volume, low‐grade recurrent NMIBC, especially in elderly patients with significant co‐morbidity, while avoiding general anesthesia and inpatient admission.
Xanthopsin‐Like Systems via Site‐Specific Click‐Functionalization of a Retinoic Acid Binding Protein
Authors: Tassone Giusy , Paolino Marco , Pozzi Cecilia , Reale Annalisa , Salvini Laura , Giorgi Gianluca , Orlandini Maurizio , Galvagni Federico , Mangani Stefano , Yang Xuchun , Carlotti Benedetta , Ortica Fausto , Latterini Loredana , Olivucci Massimo , Cappelli Andrea
Published: October 2021

The use of light‐responsive proteins to control both living or synthetic cells, is at the core of the expanding fields of optogenetics and synthetic biology. It is thus apparent that a richer reaction toolbox for the preparation of such systems is of fundamental importance. Here, we provide a proof‐of‐principle demonstration that Morita‐Baylis‐Hillman adducts can be employed to perform a facile site‐specific, irreversible and diastereoselective click‐functionalization of a lysine residue buried into a lipophilic binding pocket and yielding an unnatural chromophore with an extended π‐system. In doing so we effectively open the path to the in vitro preparation of a library of synthetic proteins structurally reminiscent of xanthopsin eubacterial photoreceptors. We argue that such a library, made of variable unnatural chromophores inserted in an easy‐to‐mutate and crystallize retinoic acid transporter, significantly expand the scope of the recently introduced rhodopsin mimics as both optogenetic and “lab‐on‐a‐molecule” tools.