bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanics, degradability, bioactivity, in vitro, and in vivo biocompatibility evaluation of poly(amino acid)/hydroxyapatite/calcium sulfate composite for potential load-bearing bone repair
Authors: Fan Xiaoxia , Ren Haohao , Luo Xiaoman , Wang Peng , Lv Guoyu , Yuan Huipin , Li Hong , Yan Yonggang
Published: December 2015

A ternary composite of poly(amino acid), hydroxyapatite, and calcium sulfate (PAA/HA/CS) was prepared using in situ melting polycondensation method and evaluated in terms of mechanical strengths, in vitro degradability, bioactivity, as well as in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility. The results showed that the ternary composite exhibited a compressive strength of 147 MPa, a bending strength of 121 MPa, a tensile strength of 122 MPa, and a tensile modulus of 4.6 GPa. After immersion in simulated body fluid, the compressive strength of the composite decreased from 147 to 98 MPa for six weeks and the bending strength decreased from 121 to 75 MPa for eight weeks, and both of them kept stable in the following soaking period. The composite could be slowly degraded with 7.27 wt% loss of initial weight after soaking in phosphate buffered solution for three weeks when started to keep stable weight in the following days. The composite was soaked in simulated body fluid solution and the hydroxyapatite layer, as flower-like granules, formed on the surface of the composite samples, showing good bioactivity. Moreover, it was found that the composite could promote proliferation of MG-63 cells, and the cells with normal phenotype extended and spread well on the composite surface. The implantation of the composite into the ulna of sheep confirmed that the composite was biocompatible and osteoconductive in vivo, and offered the PAA/HA/CS composite promising material for load-bearing bone substitutes for clinical application.
“My Partner Will Change”: Cognitive Distortion in Battered Women in Bolivia
Authors: Heim Eva Maria , Trujillo Tapia Laura , Quintanilla Gonzáles Ruth
Published: December 2015

This study examines the role of cognitive distortion in women’s decision to stay with or leave their violent partner in a sample of Bolivian women. Our study is based on a consistency model: Cognitive distortion is assumed to play an important role in maintaining cognitive consistency under threatening conditions. Eighty victims of partner violence aged 18 to 62 years who sought help in a legal institution were longitudinally assessed three times over a time period of 6 months. Measures were taken from previous studies and culturally adapted through qualitative interviews. Nearly half of the participants decreased their intention to leave the violent partner in the time span of 1 month between the first and second interview. Women who had decreased their leaving intention had concurrently increased their cognitive distortion: They blamed their partner less, were more convinced that they could stop the violence themselves, and were more likely to believe that their partner would change. Cognitive distortion was not observed among women who remained stable in their intention to leave. Women whose intention of leaving decreased and who displayed more cognitive distortion after 1 month were more likely to live with the violent partner 6 months later than women whose leaving intention remained stable or increased. Socio-demographic variables were not related to cognitive distortion or stay–leave decisions in this study. We conclude that cognitive distortion plays a role for women’s decision to stay, enhancing their risk of re-victimization.
Smart City Research
Authors: Meijer Albert J. , Gil-Garcia J. Ramon , Bolívar Manuel Pedro Rodríguez
Published: December 2015

There are three issues that are crucial to advancing our academic understanding of smart cities: (1) contextual conditions, (2) governance models, and (3) the assessment of public value. A brief review of recent literature and the analysis of the included papers provide support for the assumption that cities cannot simply copy good practices but must develop approaches that fit their own situation ( contingency) and concord with their own organization in terms of broader strategies, human resource policies, information policies, and so on ( configuration). A variety of insights into the mechanisms and building blocks of smart city practices are presented, and issues for further research are identified.
Optimization of the loading path for the tube-hydroforming process
Authors: Jang Hwan-Hak , Lee Youngmyung , Park Gyung-Jin
Published: December 2015

In general, hydroforming optimization aims to make a desired shape of a plastically deformed structure under dynamic forces. The automotive industry has shown great interest in tube hydroforming, which is a metal-forming process. The forces from the hydraulic fluid are utilized to deform a tube. The internal pressures and the axial feedings (of the axial forces) determine the quality of the deformed product. In this research, an optimization process is employed to evaluate the appropriate external forces but defects are prevented. The equivalent static loads method for non-linear static response structural optimization is used for the optimization process because the tube-hydroforming process is analysed by non-linear dynamic response analysis. The equivalent static loads are the static loads that generate the same response field as that of non-linear dynamic analysis and are utilized as the loading conditions in linear static response optimization. A novel process is added to the original equivalent static loads method for non-linear static response structural optimization to address the objective function and the design variables for tube-hydroforming optimization. A new technique is proposed to use the external forces as the design variables in linear static response optimization. A few hydroforming examples are solved by using the newly proposed techniques.
Successful ageing for psychiatrists
Authors: Peisah Carmelle
Published: December 2015

Objective:

This paper aims to explore the concept and determinants of successful ageing as they apply to psychiatrists as a group, and as they can be applied specifically to individuals.

Conclusions:

Successful ageing is a heterogeneous, inclusive concept that is subjectively defined. No longer constrained by the notion of “super-ageing”, successful ageing can still be achieved in the face of physical and/or mental illness. Accordingly, it remains within the reach of most of us. It can, and should be, person-specific and individually defined, specific to one’s bio-psycho-social and occupational circumstances, and importantly, reserves. Successful professional ageing is predicated upon insight into signature strengths, with selection of realistic goal setting and substitution of new goals, given the dynamic nature of these constructs as we age. Other essential elements are generativity and self-care. Given that insight is key, taking a regular stock or inventory of our reserves across bio-psycho-social domains might be helpful. Importantly, for successful ageing, this needs to be suitably matched to the professional task and load. This lends itself to a renewable personal ageing plan, which should be systemically adopted with routine expectations of self-care and professional responsibility.
Screening for the metabolic syndrome in Australia: a national survey of psychiatrists’ attitudes and reported practice in patients prescribed antipsychotic drugs
Authors: Laugharne Jonathan , Waterreus Anna J , Castle David J , Dragovic Milan
Published: December 2015

Objective:

To investigate current reported psychiatric practice in relation to screening for the metabolic syndrome in patients prescribed antipsychotic drugs within Australia.

Method:

A postal survey of all Fellows of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists. A 28-item questionnaire inquired into different aspects of screening and monitoring for metabolic syndrome in patients on antipsychotic medication.

Results:

Of 3123 questionnaires sent, 955 were returned. Of respondents, 55% had no established metabolic monitoring protocol or guidelines in their work place, with 13% saying they did not know what to monitor to detect metabolic syndrome. Altogether, 76% reported there was no reliable system in place to remind them when to monitor. Fewer than 50% of respondents routinely check weight, fasting glucose or lipids in their patients on antipsychotics and under than 30% checked blood pressure. Waist circumference was routinely checked in fewer than 7% of patients. Basic monitoring equipment was reported unavailable in more than 50% of clinical settings. However, more than 80% of respondents considered monitoring for metabolic syndrome to be their responsibility and 83% felt they had a medicolegal obligation in this respect.

Conclusions:

Routine screening for metabolic syndrome in patients on antipsychotic agents, by Australian psychiatrists, is inadequate. Interventions to improve screening rates need to be developed, implemented and evaluated.
Neuroimaging in psychiatry: an update on neuroimaging in the clinical setting
Authors: Power Brian D , Nguyen T , Hayhow B , Looi JCL
Published: December 2015

Objective:

We offered guidance on the role of structural and functional neuroimaging modalities for the general psychiatrist and for trainees in the clinical setting.

Methods:

We outlined the utility of neuroimaging modalities in the clinical setting, specifically with a view to understanding the pathophysiology of manifestations of disease.

Results:

Both structural and functional neuroimaging modalities have a clear role in diagnostic evaluation in the spectrum of neurodegenerative disorders.

Conclusions:

Whilst the role of neuroimaging in patients with mood, anxiety and psychotic disorders is less clear, structural and functional imaging modalities have utility in the clinical setting in the form of diagnostic refinement and in understanding the pathophysiology of disorders, towards explaining manifestations and planning treatment.
Quetiapine-induced cervical dystonia
Authors: Tso Grace , Kolur Uday
Published: December 2015

Objective:

Our objective was to report and describe a case of quetiapine-induced dystonia in an older lady with psychosis. Quetiapine is a second-generation antipsychotic and known to be rare in causing extrapyramidal side effects with rates similar to placebo.

Conclusions:

There have been few documented cases of quetiapine-induced dystonia. It is important to be vigilant and consider the development of dystonia in patients who may not fit the typical risk profile.
The ageing practitioner: ANZCA’s recommendations
Authors: Baker AB
Published: December 2015

Objectives:

The aim is to present recommendations of the Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists (ANZCA) with respect to practice implications for ageing specialists, together with brief discussion of effects of ageing on professional medical capabilities and recommendations on preparing to retire from medical practice.

Conclusions:

Practitioners should recognise that planning for retirement is part of good management of a medical career, and that the ageing process will inevitably compromise their ability to treat patients safely unless they retire at the appropriate time. Planning should include adequate financial preparation, and cultivation of interests and friends outside medicine. Practitioners should also realise that insight is likely to be compromised, so that they should seek colleagues who are trusted to advise them if/when they begin to lose competency. Lastly all practitioners should ensure that they consult a General Practitioner frequently, and that they have arranged all the proper legal instructions such as a Will, a Power of Attorney and an Advanced Health Directive. The ANZCA recommendations concerning ageing specialists have wide application to all medical specialties, not just for anaesthetists, and therefore all Medical Colleges should generate their own specific recommendations for ageing practitioners and the general effects of fatigue particularly for aged practitioners.
Biomechanical Evaluation of Strength and Stiffness of Subtalar Joint Arthrodesis Screw Constructs
Authors: Jastifer James R. , Alrafeek Saif , Howard Peter , Gustafson Peter A. , Coughlin Michael J.
Published: December 2015

Background:

Subtalar arthrodesis is a common treatment for end-stage subtalar joint arthritis as well as many other clinical problems. The best method of subtalar arthrodesis fixation is unknown. The purpose of this study was to compare the strength of subtalar arthrodesis fixation methods including a single posterior screw (SP), 2 posterior minimally divergent screws (MD) and a 2 screw highly divergent screw (HD) construct for subtalar arthrodesis.

Methods:

A biomechanical study was performed including the three different screw configurations (SP, MD, HD). These surrogate bone specimens were subjected to applied inversion and eversion torques about the subtalar joint axis on a servo-hydraulic load frame. Torsional stiffness of the construct and the maximum torque for each configuration were measured. Additionally, a cadaver study was performed using 5 fresh-frozen cadaver specimens. The perpendicular distance from the divergent screw guide-wire placement was measured from anatomic structures.

Results:

The HD screw configuration was found to have the highest torsional stiffness in both inversion and eversion, followed by the MD construct and then the SP construct. Similarly, the HD construct had the highest maximum torque versus the MD and SP constructs. All between-group differences were statistically significant ( P < .05). The mean distance from key structures to the divergent screw included the sural nerve (13 mm), peroneus brevis tendon (18 mm), tibialis anterior tendon (8 mm), and tibialis posterior tendon (21 mm).

Conclusion:

This biomechanical and cadaver study supports the use of 2 screws for fixation of subtalar arthrodesis over a single posterior screw. Additionally, we describe a biomechanically superior and potentially safe, alternative 2-screw divergent construct.

Clinical Relevance:

This study gives biomechanical support for 2 screw, divergent fixation of subtalar arthrodesis or a single over a single screw or two screw minimally divergent construct.
A Prediction Model of Arm Push Strength in the Transverse Plane
Authors: Lower Robert S. , Schutz Rodney K. , Sadosky Thomas L.
Published: December 2015

A study was conducted to determine if a mathematically compact model could be derived to predict arm strength for seated subjects. The purpose of the study was to determine the appropriate algebraic form of the model, and the precise numerical value of the parameters in the model was of secondary interest. An extensive data base of arm strength measurements was compiled for one subject. A detailed analysis of push strength at 65 positions in the shoulder height, transverse plane was performed and a strength prediction model was derived. The forearm was always rotated to the mid-position in this first set of data. A second, more general, set of data was collected at 972 test positions by evaluating 54 (x, y, z) hand locations, three forearm rotations (promotion, mid-position and supination) and six directions of force (left, right, up, down, push and pull). This second set of data was continually referred to in deriving the push strength model. Based on this comparative analysis, it is hypothesized that the algebraic form of the push strength model is appropriate in evaluating more general types of test conditions.
Inspector Error Models: An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Dorris A.L. , Hoag L.L. , Kasiviswanathan G.
Published: December 2015

A considerable amount of recent effort in the field of statistical quality control has been devoted to the analysis of the effects of inspector error on various quality control techniques. These analyses have employed models of inspector performance which are presumed to describe the errors which are made by inspectors. This paper examines two such models on an experimental basis to determine whether or not they actually describe inspector performance. The results indicate no significant lack of fit and, hence, indicate that the models provide generally good descriptions of performance.
Power Boat Operators' Visual Behavior Patterns
Authors: Gatchell Susanne M.
Published: December 2015

Power boat operators' visual characteristics were recorded with a corneal reflection eye movement system in order to determine their foveal fixations. Data were collected while three (3) subjects performed three (3) different types of navigation tasks at three (3) velocities in two (2) boating environments.

Results indicate that boaters scanned a significantly larger area to the right of the vessel during a limited access water condition than during an open water condition. More fixations to the right of the boat during a limited access water condition may be related to the fact that their cockpit station is on this side of the vessel. A significant velocity-navigation task interaction was observed for the duration parameters. It has been speculated that this effect was due to a speed/accuracy trade-off. During a channel task with increased velocities, the durations increased. McDowell (1975) related similar increases in automobile drivers' durations to processing information more accurately. The decrease in durations, which the boaters exhibited during compass and visual reference tasks, may be related to an increased information processing rate.
Visual Acuity of the Aging Hyperopic Eye in the Intermediate Range
Authors: Rasmussen Paul G. , Welsh Kenneth W. , Vaughan John A.
Published: December 2015

Corrective lenses are normally prescribed to correct the refractive errors of the eyes to give good visual acuity at distance (6 m). When presbyopia is present, a convex lens addition (bifocal power) may be included as part of the near correction to move the near focussing point back into the normal reading range (36 to 46 cm). The advantages gained by these corrections may be minimal, or even detrimental, to visual acuity at the intermediate range. A study was undertaken to determine the functional visual acuity of presbyopic individuals at the intermediate visual range with and without the best near and best distant vision corrections.
Biorhythm—An Accident Prevention Aid?
Authors: Brownley Michael W. , Sandler Curtis E.
Published: December 2015

Review of the literature concerning the relationship of biorhythm theory to human error accidents indicates there is much inconsistency. This study attempted to resolve some of the existing variability through careful selection and statistical analysis of a driver-error subject population. Fatalities involving 506 U.S. Naval off-duty personnel were examined. Birth dates were compared with accident dates to determine if the differences between observed and expected accident frequencies were significant. No chi-square values were found to be statistically significant at the .05 level. It was concluded that biorhythm is not a useful accident prevention aid. Inconsistency in human error research will continue to be reported until experimenters more precisely define birth and accident times and combine this information with more rigidly designed research methodology.
Target Acquisition in Realistic Terrain
Authors: Scanlan Lawrence A.
Published: December 2015

A number of mathematical models of target acquisition have been developed to predict the performance of electro-optical sensor systems. None of these models, however, adequately treat the influence of the background scene on operator tactical target detection and recognition. Most assume a uniform background of some average luminance: a situation that is unlikely to occur in any realistic mission. The failure to include the influence of backgrounds of varying complexity may result in erroneous predictions of performance that are highly optimistic. The reported research was directed toward the issues of background scene complexity. The data are interpreted as evidence for a two-component model of target search and detection.
Visual Workload of the Copilot/Navigator during Terrain Flight
Authors: Sanders Michael G. , Simmons Ronald R. , Hofmann Mark A. , DeBonis J. Nicholas
Published: December 2015

The emphasis on aviator workload has been of primary concern to the US Army aviation community since the incorporation of low altitude terrain flight techniques into the helicopter tactics repertory. Since navigation has been a particularly acute problem at low altitudes, this project examined the visual workload of the navigator/copilot during terrain flight (nap-of-the-earth, contour and low level) in a UH-1H helicopter. Visual performance was measured via a modified NAC Eye Mark Recorder used in conjunction with a LO-CAM high speed camera. This technique provided the means to objectively record and analyze the navigator's visual performance through the examination of: (1) visual time inside the cockpit on flight and engine instruments, (2) time inside the cockpit on the map or other navigation aids, and (3) time outside the cockpit in various windscreen sectors.

A visual free time task (Strother, 1973) was utilized to determine the amount of visual time the navigator had available, during flight over the prescribed course, for a nonflight related task. The data indicate that the navigator's normal workload was demanding; the visual free time task was utilized only 3% of the total time. The data also indicate that the duty of navigating required 92.2% of the copilot's total visual time while the engine and flight instruments were utilized only 4% of the time. These data are discussed in relation to the copilot's specified duties.
Consumer Product Portability as Related to Warranty Rulemaking
Authors: Kramer Joel J. , Meguire Patrick G.
Published: December 2015

The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has the responsibility for determining what may be reasonably expected of consumers in their fulfillment of the terms of a consumer product warranty. The problem of defining consumer product portability within the context of a consumer product return activity is discussed and the results of a controlled experiment which directly relates to the task of establishing maximum reasonable product weight for a consumer product return activity are presented. Distributions of maximum reasonable weight for product return are presented and recommendations are given for warranty rulemaking. Continuing research aimed at developing a consumer product portability index is summarized.
Four Years of Color Research for Visual Displays
Authors: Christ Richard E.
Published: December 2015

This paper summarizes an investigation of the effects on human task performance of color coding in visual displays relative to coding by achromatic letters, digits, and familiar geometric shapes. The results of the investigation provide a comprehensive assessment of the potential advantages and disadvantages of color coding. It is concluded that color coding offers no special property for coding visual displays.
Task Functional Demands as Factors in Dual-Task Performance
Authors: North Robert A.
Published: December 2015

Four tasks were tested in single and pairwise combined performances to investigate their mutual interference. The results demonstrate that functionally dissimilar tasks, in terms of the activities required in processing and responding, can be performed together with much less decrement than functionally identical tasks. The short-term memory function, furthermore, is extremely disruptive when required in one or both of two simultaneously performed discrete, reaction-time tasks.
Observer Performance Using a Video Display
Authors: Beamon William S.
Published: December 2015

An experiment was conducted to assess observer performance in a simulated air-to-ground target acquisition task. Terrain films depicting targets imbedded in rural scenery were presented by a closed-circuit video system which employed two methods of varying the image quality of the display. The effects produced by these methods, spot wobble and random or ‘white’ noise added to the video signal, were independently manipulated, photometrically measured, and included in the Modulation Transfer Function Area metric of image quality. Correlation with observer target acquisition data suggest that the predictive validity of the Modulation Transfer Function Area (MTFA) concept may be improved by the addition of a third function incorporating some portion of the power spectrum of the imaged scene. The facilitory effects produced by spot wobble and the deleterious effects of white noise on observer performance were also demonstrated.
Coordinated Crew Performance in Commercial Aircraft Operations
Authors: Murphy M. R.
Published: December 2015

A critical need for an improved system for coding and analyzing crew member interaction is identified and a specific methodology suggested. The complexity and lack of precision of many crew and task variables suggest the utility of fuzzy linguistic techniques for modeling and computer simulation of the crew performance process. Other research methodologies and concepts that have promise for increasing the efficacy of research on crew performance are identified.
An Air Combat Effectiveness Study (ACES) Program
Authors: Youngling Edward W. , Levine Sheldon H. , Mocharnuk John B. , Weston Louise M.
Published: December 2015

History has demonstrated that there is a pressing need for improved selection, training, and management procedures for fighter pilots. In World War II, only one in twenty pilots became an ace. The U.S. Air Force kill ratio in Southeast Asia was approximately 2.5 to 1. In contrast, the Israelis claim to have a kill ratio of 60 to 1.

This feasibility study focuses upon enhancing our record of air-to-air combat kills through more stringent and comprehensive selection procedures. Specifically, empirical evidence is presented which demonstrates that a program can be developed to select pilots who will be effective in air-to-air combat.

From reviews of U.S. and foreign selection research dating from World War II to the present and an assessment of pilot opinion from hundreds of aces, 45 factors were identified as potential predictors of combat effectiveness. Of these 45 factors, only 10 are adequately evaluated within current military selection programs upon entrance into pilot training. Assessment of the remaining 35 untapped factors is within our technological reach. In fact, many of these factors can be assessed by tests which are presently available.

An Air Combat Effectiveness Study (ACES) program is recommended which would provide selection test measures for virtually all of the factors identified as underlying combat effectiveness. As part of the ACES program, selection test measures would be correlated with performance in air combat maneuvering ranges, thereby providing a method for selecting fighter pilots during peacetime.

Armed with these selection test scores and an effectively executed validation program, researchers will, for the first time in history, be able to specify a definitive profile of the ace fighter pilot.
Two Short-Term Techniques for Gathering Training Device Requirement Information
Authors: Eggemeier F. Thomas
Published: December 2015

Two short-term questionnaire/interview techniques were used to specify device requirements for an aerial gunnery part-task trainer. The techniques differed in the degree of emphasis placed on eliciting expert pilot opinion regarding instructional capability and level of fidelity required in the trainer. Recommendations of pilots led to higher fidelity and more extensive simulator capability than did similar estimates derived by training and engineering personnel from pilots' descriptions of the task in the operational environment. It is concluded that both methods are acceptable short-term techniques for initial identification of training requirements. However, long-term techniques appear to be optimal for making difficult fidelity decisions.
Communications Management by the Remote System—An Adaptive Approach
Authors: Steeb Randall , Purcell Denis
Published: December 2015

Management of communications between a remote or automated system and a supervisory human operator can be a formidable task. The selection of information for transmission is a recurrent, subjective decision involving many factors – machine state, operator capabilities, communications costs, and channel limitations, among others. An adaptive computer program has been developed which incorporates these various factors into a decision model resident in the remote element. The program is designed to capture the supervisory operator's decision policy by using a training algorithm based on pattern recognition techniques. Some exploratory studies of the technique are described.
Self-Limited and Unlimited Word Usage during Problem Solving in Two Telecommunication Modes
Authors: Ford W. Randolph
Published: December 2015

Subjects using oral modes of communication generate far more verbiage than do subjects using written (handwritten or typewritten) modes to solve the same problems. This study was designed to provide support for one of two alternative hypotheses that have been proposed to account for this disparity: (1) written modes produce a hard copy of interchanges that can be referred to at any time, thereby compensating for the limitations of short-term memory and reducing the need to repeat information, and (2) talking is so much easier than handwriting or typewriting that there is no incentive to be concise in oral modes. Two-person teams of subjects solved problems cooperatively using either a voice or a teletypewriter mode of communication. Half the teams were given a monetary incentive to use as few words as possible. No such request was made of the control teams. The main finding was that subjects in the brevity condition, regardless of the communication mode, greatly reduced verbiage with no increase in time or decrease in accuracy. Moreover, subjects in the brevity-voice condition used even fewer words than did subjects in the control-teletypewriter condition. These results, then, lend weight to the second hypothesis.
Psychological Evaluation of Telephone Switching and Transmission Performance
Authors: Cohen Harvey S. , Kort Barry W.
Published: December 2015

In order to set standards for the performance of the telephone network, it is necessary to understand the subjective effects of the telephone service impairments we wish to control. In a laboratory environment, we asked subjects to play a computer-controlled game which required the frequent use of the telephone as a natural part of the game. Impairments to telephone switching service, such as dial-tone delay, post-dialing delay, and blocked call attempts, and impairments to telephone transmission quality, such as loss and noise were introduced into the telephone service which the subjects experienced. After each use of the telephone, the subjects rendered their opinion, on a five-point rating scale, as to the quality of telephone service just provided.

The data produced by the experiment were used to construct a mathematical model of customer opinion as a function of the objective measures of telephone network performance. This model will enable us to analyze the present performance of the telephone system. More importantly, the model will enable us to estimate customer opinion for future telephone systems, were we to implement new or revised standards for the control of switching and transmission impairments.
Impact Scaling: Theory, Mathematical Model, and Estimation Procedures
Authors: Carroll J. Douglas , Carroll J. Douglas
Published: December 2015

Impact scaling is a new methodology applying multidimensional scaling and related multivariate analysis techniques to analysis of data on “cross impacts” of a set of key events and of data on impacts of these events on important business (or other) parameters.
Designing for a Child's World
Authors: Jacobs Harold H. , Miller-Jacobs Sandra M.
Published: December 2015

This paper discusses several aspects of applying human factors concepts to designing an environment for children. Present design deficiencies are illustrated and issues, goals and several design concepts are discussed.
In Situ Driving Performance and the Alcohol Impaired Driver
Authors: Damkot David K.
Published: December 2015

Blood alcohol concentrations (BACs), interview data, and unobtrusive measures of driving performance were obtained on public highways at 42 rural sites. Special data acquisition and recording systems were developed to obtain analog records of speed and lateral position electronically.

Interview results confirmed that young male motorists are an important population-at-risk, but older male and female liquor drinkers are also prevalent. A double standard exists regarding attitudes toward beer and liquor, especially among younger males. Driving performance measures indicated that drivers with .08–.149 BAC react with caution to unexpected situations, but are less able to smoothly come to a stop when directed to do so.
Entangling a Post-Reflexivity Through Post-Intentional Phenomenology
Authors: Vagle Mark D. , Hofsess Brooke A.
Published: December 2015

In this article, we amplify the post in post-intentional phenomenology to demonstrate some of the unique possibilities this methodology might afford qualitative researchers interested in experimenting with entangled connections among seemingly disparate philosophies, theories, and methodologies. Specifically, we extend our amplification to the concept of reflexivity by conceptualizing an entangled post-reflexivity as a generative methodological move in post-intentional phenomenology specifically and in qualitative research more generally. Through three provocations, we experiment with how the concept of reflexivity might become, leading us to theorize an entangled post-reflexivity that aims to incite methodological movements and possibilities for qualitative inquiry.
Use of Autometallography in Studies of Nanosilver Distribution and Toxicity
Authors: Miller David L. , Yu Il Je , Genter Mary Beth
Published: December 2015

With the increasing use of and interest in nanoparticles in medicine and technology, the tissue and cell-specific localization of the particles are important considerations when the nanomaterials find their way into biological systems. This brief communication shows the utility of autometallography in determining the location of metal deposition at the light microscopic level. Although primarily focusing on studies of the toxicity and deposition of silver nanoparticles, use of autometallography to localize zinc and other metals at the tissue and subcellular localization is also recognized.
Dynamic behavior predictions of fiber-metal laminate/aluminum foam sandwiches under various explosive weights
Authors: Baştürk SB , Tanoğlu M , Çankaya MA , Eğilmez OÖ
Published: December 2015

Application of blast tests causes some problems to characterize the performance of panels due to the drastic conditions of explosive medium. Real test has high safety concerns and is not easily accessible because of its extra budget. Some approaches are needed for the preliminary predictions of dynamic characteristics of panels under blast loading conditions. In this study, the response of sandwiches under blast effect was evaluated by combining quasi-static experiments and computational blast test data. The primary aim is to relate the quasi-static panel analysis to dynamic blast load. Based on this idea, lightweight sandwich composites were subjected to quasi-static compression loading with a special test apparatus and the samples were assumed as single degree-of-freedom mass-spring systems to include dynamic effect. This approach provides a simpler way to simulate the blast loading over the surface of the panels and reveals the possible failure mechanisms without applying any explosives. Therefore the design of the panels can be revised by considering quasi-static test results. In this work, the peak deflections and survivabilities of sandwiches for various explosive weights were predicted based on the formulations reported in the literature. Major failure types were also identified and evaluated with respect to their thicknesses.
Deformation and failure of hybrid beams consisting of woven carbon fiber composite and shape memory polymer layers under flexural loading
Authors: Takeda Tomo , Narita Fumio , Shindo Yasuhide
Published: December 2015

This paper investigates the deformation and failure behaviors of hybrid layered beams consisting of woven carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composite and shape memory polymer layers subjected to flexural loading. The temperature of the shape memory polymer layer was controlled by using electrical resistive heating of the woven carbon fiber-reinforced polymer layers. Three-point bending tests were then conducted on the layered beams, and the variation in the beam flexural stiffness with temperature was examined. The failure characteristics of the layered beams were also studied by microscopic observations of the tested specimens. In addition, a three-dimensional finite element analysis was performed to determine the beam flexural stiffness and the stress states in the layered beams. The predicted flexural stiffnesses were found to be in reasonable agreement with the experimental data, and the stress results were used to better understand and explain the experimental findings on the beam failure. The present results can be useful in the design and developments of high performance material systems with variable stiffness properties for aerospace morphing applications.
Textile-reinforced concrete facade panels with rigid foam core prisms
Authors: Chira Alexandru , Kumar Anuj , Vlach Tomáš , Laiblová Lenka , Hajek Petr
Published: December 2015

Textile-reinforced concrete (TRC) is a material that is gaining new ground in the field of construction where it not only allows for the manufacture of reduced lightweight structures but also eliminates the problem of corrosion by using alkali-resistant textile reinforcement. The aim of this paper is to investigate the bending behaviour of a newly developed TRC facade panel that incorporates polystyrene foam prisms. Numerical simulations were employed in order to choose the geometry and repartition of prisms inside the facade panel. Experimental results revealed a reduced amount of concrete by 20% via the use of rigid foam prisms with a higher failure load by 16% but a lower elasticity limit by 49% in comparison with the regular facade panels.
An integrated numerical–experimental study on the optimum utilization of carbon nanotubes in laminated composites
Authors: Heshmati Mahmood , Astinchap Bandar , Heshmati Masoud , Yas Mohammad Hosein , Amini Yasser
Published: December 2015

In this paper, a set of numerical and experimental studies are performed to improve mechanical and vibrational properties of carbon nanotubes-reinforced composites. First, at a design concept level, linear distribution patterns of multi-walled carbon nanotubes through the thickness of a typical beam is adopted to investigate its fundamental natural frequency for a given weight percent of multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Both Timoshenko and Euler-Bernoulli beam theories are used in the derivation of the governing equations. The finite element method is employed to obtain a numerical approximation of the motion equation. Next, based on the introduced distribution patterns, laminated multi-walled carbon nanotubes-reinforced polystyrene-amine composite beams are fabricated. Static and experimental modal tests are performed to measure the effective stiffness and fundamental natural frequencies of the fabricated composite beams. Also, in order to generate realistic model to investigate the material properties of fabricated composite beams, the actual tensile specimens of multi-walled carbon nanotubes/polystyrene-amine composites are successfully fabricated and the tensile behaviors of both pure matrix and composites are investigated. To better interfacial bonding between carbon nanotubes and polymer, a chemical treatment is performed on carbon nanotubes. It is seen that the addition of a few wt. % of multi-walled carbon nanotubes make considerable increase in the Young's modulus and the tensile strength of the composite. It is observed from the free vibration tests that the uniform distribution of multi-walled carbon nanotubes results in an increase of 9.5% in the fundamental natural frequency of the polymer cantilever beam, whereas using the symmetric multi-walled carbon nanotube distribution increased its fundamental natural frequency by 17.32%.
Gender and parenting: Effects of parenting failures on evaluations of mothers and fathers
Authors: Villicana Adrian J. , Garcia Donna M. , Biernat Monica
Published: December 2015

Stereotypes may function as standards, such that individuals are judged relative to within-category expectations. Subjective judgments may mask stereotyping effects, whereas objective judgments may reveal stereotype-consistent patterns. We examined whether gender stereotypes about parenting lead judges to rate women and men as equally “good” parents while objective judgments favor women and whether parenting performance moderates this pattern. Participants evaluated a mother or father who successfully or unsuccessfully performed a parenting task. Subjective judgments of parent quality (“s/he is a good parent”) revealed no parent gender effects, but objective estimates of parenting performance favored mothers. In a hypothetical divorce scenario, participants also favored mothers in custody decisions. However, this pro-mother bias decreased when the mother failed at the parenting task (through her own fault). Performance did not affect custody decisions for fathers. We suggest parenting quality matters more for evaluations of mothers than for fathers because negative performance violates stereotyped expectations.
Mobile devices in the operating room: Intended and unintended consequences for nurses’ work
Authors: Sergeeva Anastasia , Aij Kjeld , van den Hooff Bart , Huysman Marleen
Published: December 2015

This article reports the results of a case study of the consequences of mobile device use for the work practices of operating room nurses. The study identifies different patterns of mobile technology use by operating room nurses, including both work-related and non-work-related use. These patterns have multiple consequences for nurses, such as improvements in information access, e-learning and work-related communication, as well as a perceived increase in distractions from the collaborative work. We conceptualize these consequences in terms of three level effects and explain how we find both positive and negative consequences on the third level. On the positive side, improvements were found in how nurses spent their unoccupied time during the stable parts of operations, contributing to their well-being and job satisfaction. A negative consequence was the perceived increase in distraction from the collaborative operating room work practices.
Syntactic and semantic errors in radiology reports associated with speech recognition software
Authors: Ringler Michael D , Goss Brian C , Bartholmai Brian J
Published: December 2015

Speech recognition software can increase the frequency of errors in radiology reports, which may affect patient care. We retrieved 213,977 speech recognition software–generated reports from 147 different radiologists and proofread them for errors. Errors were classified as “material” if they were believed to alter interpretation of the report. “Immaterial” errors were subclassified as intrusion/omission or spelling errors. The proportion of errors and error type were compared among individual radiologists, imaging subspecialty, and time periods. In all, 20,759 reports (9.7%) contained errors, of which 3992 (1.9%) were material errors. Among immaterial errors, spelling errors were more common than intrusion/omission errors ( p < .001). Proportion of errors and fraction of material errors varied significantly among radiologists and between imaging subspecialties ( p < .001). Errors were more common in cross-sectional reports, reports reinterpreting results of outside examinations, and procedural studies (all p < .001). Error rate decreased over time ( p < .001), which suggests that a quality control program with regular feedback may reduce errors.
mHealth applications for diabetes: User preference and implications for app development
Authors: Conway Nicholas , Campbell Iona , Forbes Paula , Cunningham Scott , Wake Deborah
Published: December 2015

Increasing diabetes prevalence has led to the need for more sustainable and person-centred services. The diabetes self-care mHealth marketplace is growing, but most effective/valued features are unknown. This study gauges diabetes app user opinion to inform development work. An analysis of diabetes mHealth apps informed design of a questionnaire sent to a random sample of 400 patients stratified by diabetes type and age. Responses were analysed by sub-group, and preferences were compared with current diabetes apps. App features included data storage/graphics, exercise tracking, health/diet, reminders/alarms, education. Questionnaire response rate was 59 per cent (234/400); 144/233 (62%) owned smartphones. Smartphone users expressed preference towards mHealth (101/142 (71%)), although diabetes use was low (12/163 (7%)). Respondents favoured many potential features, with similar preferences between diabetes types. This study demonstrates that while mHealth acceptance is high, current engagement is low. Engagement and functionality could be improved by including stakeholders in future development, driven by clinical/user need.
‘Rolling dolo’: Desistance from delinquency and negative peer relationships over the early adolescent life-course
Authors: Richardson Joseph B. , Vil Christopher St.
Published: December 2015

Although much of the literature on desistance has focused on late adolescence and early adulthood, little is known about how delinquent early adolescent African-American males develop strategies to desist from youth crime and violence during mid-early adolescence. Furthermore, there are few qualitative studies which examine the strategies delinquent black male youth use to negotiate neighborhood violence and the code of the street. This paper explores why some delinquent black male youth choose to maintain distal relationships or acquaintanceships with neighborhood peers as a safety strategy rather than forge relationships characterized by mutual obligation, trust and reciprocity. Youth define this strategy as ‘rolling dolo’. Drawing on three years of longitudinal ethnographic participant observations and interviews with 15 early adolescent African-American males (ages 12–16) living in a high-risk, low-income inner-city neighborhood in central Harlem, this paper qualitatively explores the meaning, practices and implications of the safety strategy of ‘rolling dolo’.