bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Indonesian(‘s) Development: On the State of a Language of State
Authors: Errington Joseph
Published: November 2023

Prior to the end of the Cold War, development theory and practice in the Third World had already come under considerable critical scrutiny, and since the demise of the Soviet Union it has become more difficult than ever to “[t]alk about development ... with the same confidence and encompassing scope with which intellectuals and activists spoke ... in our most recent past” (Escobar 1992:20). Emergent, bloody ethnonationalisms have thrown into sharp question Development’s presuppositions, goals, and overall fit with emerging political and cultural dynamics of new nation-states. As a subfield in or object of development, languages came to the fore at the peak of the development era in a theoretical and policy-oriented literature represented most influentially, perhaps, by the 1968 collection Language Problems of Developing Nations (Fishman et al.). “Language development” may then have seemed to non specialists a bit marginal in comparison with “core” problems of technological, political, and economic modernization. Now, that situation seems reversed. Language-linked identities have come to the fore in diverse struggles for ethnic autonomy, as images of “pure” forms of native languages figure in nativist narratives of primordial ethnic origins. Resurgent concerns for “national character’’ bespeak fears of what Herder called “state-machines ... wholly devoid of inner life” with “no sentiment, no sympathy of any kind linking [their] component parts” (quoted in Barnard 1965:59).
A Federal Life : Brown and the Nationalization of the Life Story
Authors: Greenhouse Carolj.
Published: November 2023

Lives do not make their own stories. How people’s lives are wrestled into particular narrative forms is always a complex question of genres, genders, and, especially in the present case, generations. In this essay, I suggest that one element of the cultural impact of Brown was the definition of an iconic life story for a particular generation of African Americans. My focus is on the ways federal powers lent their “signs” to public narratives of personal life. I should stress that this essay frames a question-not an ethnographic argument as such.
Metacomplaints: Conflict, Resistance, And Metacommunication
Authors: Wilce James M
Published: November 2023

Months after falling from the rafters above her single-room house, Yasmin came to Ali, the Ayurvedic kabir{ij. About five minutes into the consultation, Yasmin turned to a new facet of her trouble, asserting, “I hadn’t told you that; I haven’t told the half of it!” A bit later as Yasmin began lo express despair, Ali cut her off. Before she could finish saying, “My life is beginning to come undone,” he stepped in to ask, “Then your appetite and thirst are weak?” One finds in Bangladeshi medical encounters a pattern in which the right to tell one’s own troubles is contested and accommodation between patients and their interlocutors is tenuous. The transcripts analyzed in this chapter illustrate Briggs’s claim that “discourse is not simply talk about conflict and accommodation-it embodies them” ( 1992: 356). Illness interactions reflect and construct relations between patients, kin, and practitioners in their sociocultural context. This chapter makes three specific and interrelated points. First, illness interactions in the rural Matlab area of Bangladesh are often adversarial, as they can be in Western countries. Patients’ talk disturbs and moves others. It may point to conflict external to the medical situation as much as it points to symptoms. But medical encounters themselves always involve negotiation and often fail to resolve discord.
The Pragmatics Of Madness: Performance And Resistance
Authors: Wilce James M
Published: November 2023

What is my illness that I should take medicines? By calling me “mad” they prevent me from spcaking!“Latifa Sophocles said, “Whom the gods would destroy they first make mad.” 1 Could it be that kin and neighbors, at times, do something similar? The key task of this chapter is to show the link between a series of laments and the fact that the kin who heard them labeled the performer mad, thereby undermining her “footing.”2 There are few published transcripts of the speech of those understood to be mad in Third World countries, let alone accounts of local evaluations. To that end, along with the text of the lament as it was embedded in multiparty talk, I also describe here the response of a Bangladeshi academic seminar to my recordings and transcripts. While kin denied the artfulness of the lament, the seminar was happy to assign it a genre label and romanticize it as folklore. Although the performer’s kin exercised power brutally at times, it also works in subtler ways.
Leadership and Management
Authors: Ahlbrandt Roger S , Fruehan Richard J , Giarratani Frank
Published: November 2023

Whether one examines the progress of USS or Nucor’s enormous achievements, it is impossible to escape the fact that dynamic leadership is required to shape the critical decisions that focus a firm’s resources and help it to gain competitive advantage in a market. Of course, even for the best leader, success requires a good deal of luck. It is entirely possible to make good decisions, given the available information, only to find that things go horribly wrong for reasons beyond the company’s control. Once critical decisions about the firm’s focus have been made, however, and an investment strategy is mapped out in order to serve that market, success often comes down to the effectiveness of management. This, too, cuts across Big Steel and the minimills. In this chapter, we look at the management side of the steel industry’s turnaround, and once again the lessons generalize well beyond steel firms.
High-Performing Workplaces
Authors: Ahlbrandt Roger S , Fruehan Richard J , Giarratani Frank
Published: November 2023

The culture of success that we have described cannot be fully understood or appreciated without learning more about the ways in which the technology of steelmaking and the people who make steel interact with one another to shape competitive advantage. The relationships involved are highly complex. Hence any attempt to isolate one factor among many as the “key” to success in the marketplace and high rates of profit would certainly be misplaced. In fact, it is precisely in the interactions among elements of competitiveness that one must look for insight on American steel’s rebirth.
Introduction
Authors: Shlonsky Ur
Published: November 2023

The Principles and Parameters model of Generative Grammar (Chomsky 1981, 1982, 1986a, 1986b, 1991, 1993) provides both a highly articulate model of Universal Grammar (UG) and a relatively explicit theory of language variation. Research within this framework strives to discover and isolate nontrivial linguistic universals, such as the rules comprising the subtheory of Binding, the Empty Category Principle (ECP), the principles of quantification, and so forth.1 At the same time, it seeks to spell out the extent, and hence the limits, of possible cross-linguistic variation. Within this framework, a study of a particular grammatical system or of several systems can serve to enhance our understanding of the underlying principles of UG as well as of the range of parametric variation which, when taken together, constitute a particular grammar-for example, my Hebrew, your English, her French.2
The Active Participle and the Syntax of the Present Tense
Authors: Shlonsky Ur
Published: November 2023

One of the main purposes of this book is to explore the syntactic representation of sentences in the present tense. The verbal form used to express present tense, the Benoni, is a curious one: It serves the functions of both a present participle (active and passive, respectively (2-la,c)) and a tensed verb, as in (2-l b,d).
Participles and Auxiliaries
Authors: Shlonsky Ur
Published: November 2023

There is robust evidence that the Benoni in present tense sentences may raise higher than AgrPart0. In particular, it can raise to Comp, appearing to the left of the clausal subject.
Arabic Negation and Arabic Clause Structure
Authors: Shlonsky Ur
Published: November 2023

The study of Hebrew negation and the consequences that it entails for the structure of the Hebrew clause can serve as a set of coordinates to guide us through similar issues in typologically related languages. Therefore, I now proceed to discuss some related issues in the syntax of Standard Arabic. Through the lens of Hebrew negation, we have been able to gain insight into some of the characteristic features of Hebrew syntax. We employ the same strategy with respect to Arabic. I first consider negation with the particle laa, using the syntax of negative clauses to pose and answer some questions regarding word order and the hierarchy of functional projections. I then discuss negation by means of the particles laysa and maa. Drawing together our analysis of Hebrew and Arabic, I conclude this chapter by providing an analytic typology of negative particles.
Semitic Clitics
Authors: Shlonsky Ur
Published: November 2023

This chapter is concerned with the enclitic pronouns of Arabic and Hebrew, illustrated by the examples in (9-1) with the clitic underlined.
The Clinical Approach to Genetic Abnormalities of Gonadal and Sexual Development
Authors: Pinsky Leonard , Erickson Robert P , Schimke R Neil
Published: November 2023

The assessment of genital ambiguity in the newborn is a psychosocial emergency (Grumbach and Conte, 1992). Appropriate gender assignment is critical because all surgical, hormonal, and psychological therapy must be in concert and appropriate for the decision, and early and usually repeated reinforcement of the decision will be required. The ultimate goal is a sexually functional and, if possible, fertile individual.
Genetic Disorders of the Anti-Miillerian Hormone (AMH) and Its Receptor
Authors: Pinsky Leonard , Erickson Robert P , Schimke R Neil
Published: November 2023

AMH, also known as miillerian inhibitory substance (MIS) or factor (MIF) is secreted by Sertoli cells from the eighth fetal week Gosso et al., 1993; Lee and Donahoe, 1993). It causes regression of the miillerian ducts (MD) in males. Failure of the MD to regress permits their development into the uterus and fallopian tubes. Persistence of MD derivatives among subjects with a male sexual phenotype occurs in three main clinical settings: a “pure” form in which the synthesis or action of AMH is defective; a complicated form, often unilateral, in which the primary problem is one or another type or degree of testicular dysgenesis; and, inauthentically, before proper diagnosis of female pseudohermaphroditism. Persistent miillerian duct derivatives have also been reported in syndromal association with nonreproductive anomalies (Urioste Syndrome in chapter 15).
Genetic Disorders of Steroidogenesis
Authors: Pinsky Leonard , Erickson Robert P , Schimke R Neil
Published: November 2023

Steroid hormones are made or transformed in the gonads, the adrenal cortex, and in various “peripheral” organs (skin, fat, brain, placenta). Sex steroid hormones include androgens, estrogens, and progestins. The progestins can be considered intermediates in the biosynthetic pathways leading to the other steroid hormones. Specifically, in the gonads and the post-pubertal adrenal cortex, the 17,20-lyase activity of P450c17 preferentially transforms 17OH-pregnenolone to dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and DHEA is converted to androstendione by the enzyme known as 3P-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/t:,.5 !}.4-ene isomerase (Fig. 13-1). Likewise, androgens can be considered precursors to estrogens by virtue of aromatase activity.
Autosomal Genomic and Chromosomal Disorders with Meiotic Abnormalities Causing Impaired Gametogenesis
Authors: Pinsky Leonard , Erickson Robert P , Schimke R Neil
Published: November 2023

Changes in the number and configuration of the autosomes are well known to be associated more frequently with male infertility than with female infertility. This fact is well exemplified by the situation in Down syndrome: fertile, apparently nonmosaic males are so rare as to be reportable (Sheridan, et al., 1989); in contrast, women with Down syndrome have normal menstrual cycles (Goldstein, 1988), and a number of them have had pregnancies (Sheridan, et al., 1989). The same sex difference occurs in mice, where a number of chromosomal changes affecting male fertility but not female fertility are known (Searle, 1974). Basic differences in meiosis between the two sexes are reflected in their timing (prenatal in females and postpubertal in males) and in recombination frequencies (genome-wide average in females nearly twice that in males). A number of cytogenetic surveys on infertile males have documented a relatively high frequency of abnormalities of number or association of autosomes paired with male infertility (Table 20-1).
Mouse Models of Infertility
Authors: Pinsky Leonard , Erickson Robert P , Schimke R Neil
Published: November 2023

Many mutations are known to affect male fertility in inbred strains of mice and a number of these are presented in Table 21-1. They have been subdivided according to whether they affect germ cell migration, germ cell-Sertoli cell interaction, meiosis, or sperm differentiation. This is not a complete classification of the possibilities, for instance, hormonal influences on gonad function were discussed in Chapters 10-14. Nonetheless, several generalizations can be made. The first is that a number of mutations affect germ cell migration and, because of the deficiency of germ cells in the resultant gonad, cause decreased fertility or sterility. In the case of Steel and White-spotting, the molecular mechanism has been elucidated. White-spotting codes for the c-kit tyrosine kinase receptor on germ cells (Flanagan and Leder, 1990). Steel codes for the stem cell factor that is the ligand for this c-kit receptor (Zsebo et al., 1990). Thus, this pair of mutations forms a complementary pair defined by a receptor and its ligand.
An Overview of the Cariban Language Family
Authors: Gildea Spike
Published: November 2023

The Cariban language family is made up of some 40 to 60 languages spoken in lowland South America in the Amazon, Orinoco, and Xingu river drainages (see figure 1.1, Lizarralde 1987). Until recently, so little linguistic work had been done that genetic subgroupings in the Cariban language family (and even the inclusion of some languages within the family) still could not be reliably determined. While the situation has improved dramatically in the last few years, and a reasonable at tempt at classification is not out of the question, much remains to be done to document the remaining languages. A great many Cariban languages have become ex tinct, several more are on the verge of extinction (more may have died out in the 1980s and 1990s), and several are spoken by groups of fewer than 500 people. Any discussion of the entire Cariban language family must begin with an urgent call for further field research. If many of these languages are not described soon, they will never be described. In this chapter I review previous attempts to subclassify languages in the Cariban family and then discuss the current status of linguistic research on each Cariban language for which I present data.
Set I as the Proto-Carib Main Clause Verbal System
Authors: Gildea Spike
Published: November 2023

In a comparison of modern Cariban languages, cognates to most parts of the Set I system are found only within the Set I system in independent clauses. Since these cognate forms are part of a complete Set I system in each modern language where they are found and since there is no evidence of any external sources for these forms, I reconstruct the entire Set I system back to Proto-Carib independent clauses. This chapter presents the comparative evidence that leads to these conclusions. Each section begins with a characterization of the part of the Set I system in question, followed by illustration of that part of the system with examples from as many languages as possible. Because the paradigmatic oppositions are virtually identical in all the Cariban languages, the tables of comparative prefix sets include all synchronic forms that instantiate the oppositions (including some apparent noncognate forms). However, since the Set I TAM suffixes show very little paradigmatic similarity, I restrict the tables of comparative suffixes to apparent cognate forms.
The Progressive Verbal System (Nominative)
Authors: Gildea Spike
Published: November 2023

In many languages worldwide, locative constructions of the type “Peter is at home” have been used to express verbal aspects (“Peter is at/in/on working” > “Peter is working”). In such cases, a verb in some nominalized form, such as a participle, a gerundial, or an infinitive (‘working’), takes the place of the noun phrase (‘at home’) The use of the locative construction for a verbal aspect creates a form meaning asymmetry, at least for some time; since the form “Peter is at/in/on working” is ambigu us, it may mean something like ‘Peter is at his place of work’ or else ‘Peter is working.
The *t-V-ce Verbal System (Ergative)
Authors: Gildea Spike
Published: November 2023

The *t- V-ce ergative verbal system represents yet another case study of a now classic grammaticalization chain: the verbal adjective becomes the passive/perfect participle becomes the ergative part of a tense-aspect-based split-ergativesystem.1 The source stative participle has already been reconstructed in section 8.3, so in this chapter I focus on the reanalysis itself. The source construction is simply the stative participle as the attributive predicate in a copular clause (figure 13.1). The order participle copula is consistent in almost every language at every stage of the evolution, but beyond the agentless passive stage, the order of the two arguments vis-a-vis the participle and each other seems to be completely free (see Gildea to appear). I take this lack of constraints on the order to indicate a lack of hierarchical syntactic relationships between the arguments and the auxiliary-erstwhile participle unit (and hence no constituency trees or brackets occur below the source in figure 13.1).
Lian as a Form of Face
Authors: Earley P Christopher
Published: November 2023

Hu described lian as “the respect of the group for a man with a good moral character, the loss of which makes it impossible for him to function properly within the community. Lien is both a social sanction for enforcing moral standards and an internalized sanction” (1944:45) Further, he referred to mianzi as “the kind of prestige that is emphasized in this country; a reputation achieved through getting on in life, through success and ostentation. This is prestige that is accumulated by means of personal effort or clever maneuvering” (5).
Introduction: Crime and Punishment in America
Authors: Tonry Michael
Published: November 2023

Contemporary policies concerning crime and punishment are the harshest in American history and of any Western country. No other Western country still uses the death penalty except the United States: 3300 prisoners were on death row in 1997 and more people were executed-76-than in any year since 1955. No other Western country routinely sentences offenders to prison terms longer than two years except the United States: 39 percent of state prisoners in 1991 had been sentenced to ten years or longer. No other Western country on an average day holds more than 125 per 100,000 of its residents in jail or prison except the United States: in 1998 nearly 700 per 100,000 Americans were behind bars on a typical day. And, most importantly, in no other Western country except the United States are crime and punishment central issues in partisan politics.
Deterrence and Incapacitation
Authors: Nagin Daniel S
Published: November 2023

The criminal justice system dispenses justice by apprehending, prosecuting, and punishing lawbreakers. These activities also prevent crime by two mechanisms, deterrence and incapacitation. Would-be lawbreakers may be deterred from committing crimes by the knowledge that their crime may result in their arrest, prosecution, and sentencing. Thus, deterrence depends on some would-be lawbreakers concluding that the price of crime is prohibitive. The criminal justice system may also avert crime by a nonbehavioral mechanism: the incapacitation of convicted offenders who are incarcerated in jail or prison. During their period of incarceration they are physically restrained from committing crimes against the society at large.
American Policing
Authors: Sherman Lawrence W
Published: November 2023

American policing is a volatile institution. Late-twentiethcentury police have generally enjoyed great respect and public trust, yet their conduct has repeatedly ignited explosions of public outrage. Praised for reducing crime and arresting notorious criminals, police have been vilified for their lapses into brutality and corruption. Lavishly supported by more tax dollars than any other agents of criminal justice, they have also had their budgets cut-with thousands of police laid off. Few other institutions, including education and medicine, have received such intense scrutiny, praise, and criticism. No other institution of justice has changed so much in the past half century. None seems more likely to change in the next.
Prisons
Authors: King Royd.
Published: November 2023

The massive growth in the use of imprisonment during the last two decades has not been confined to the United States, although some of the most remarkable features of this phenomenon can be observed there, or happened there first. I try to convey the extent of the changes in the United States through periodic snapshots, for two reasons. First, as an intermittent visitor from the United Kingdom, this is very much how I have seen things develop. Second, as the steady drip of daily “news” in any country turns imperceptibly into its “history” without much sense of any particular moment as being “historic,” there may be some advantage in looking at the state of things at some of those moments-even ones that have been arbitrarily determined by the exigent rules of study leave by wandering scholars.
Landmarks as Contextual Props
Authors: O’Dowd Elizabeth M
Published: November 2023

The last chapter claimed that prepositions perform the orientation subfunction of linking discourse elements to contextual information. If this claim is true, then we would expect prepositional objects in general to display properties that identify them as “contexts” for discourse purposes. This chapter provides empirical evidence for the orientation function of prepositional phrases by showing that prepositional objects (or landmarks) differ semantically and informationally from NP referents in other syntactic positions.
Prepositions, Particles, and Pragmatic Focus
Authors: O’Dowd Elizabeth M
Published: November 2023

The last two chapters explained how particles situate and prepositions link to contextual props. Chapter 5 also explained that adpreps combine both situating and linking functions in the same element. But we have not yet established why alternation takes place-that is, what motivates speakers to situate without linking or to use P-forms as intransitive particles. In this chapter, I argue that the motivation is a conversationally strategic one and that the transitivity of P-forms is ultimately determined by considerations of pragmatic focus. Empirical evidence for this argument is provided once again by the findings from the conversational corpus. Theoretical support comes from current models of pragmatic assertion and focus.
Derivational Sisterhood
Authors: Kawashima Samuel David Epstein Erich M Groat Ruriko , Kitahara Hisatsugu
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapters we examined the naturalness of C-command in a derivational approach to structure building and explored the consequences of a derivational approach to reconstruction, scope, and binding. To the extent that semantic interpretation relies on the C-command relation, as in the case of an interpretive approach to binding theory, the LF representation is at best superfluous; the derivational approach to semantic interpretation also has distinct empirical advantages, resolving certain cases of apparently conflicting C-command requirements that cannot be met simultaneously in a single level of representation, such as the level of LF (which is the only “level” of syntactic representation under minimalist assumptions). With respect to the phonological component, we saw as well that countercyclic Merge creates a set of Ccommand relations that is different from the set determined under a representational definition of C-command; from this difference follows the general impossibility of countercyclic Merge/Move to the extent that the PF branch of the grammar relies on C-command relations in the determination of linear order.
Minimize Sisters and Constraints on Structure Building
Authors: Kawashima Samuel David Epstein Erich M Groat Ruriko , Kitahara Hisatsugu
Published: November 2023

This chapter develops a theory of local economy of the kind motivated in Chomsky and Lasnik (1993), Chomsky (1994, 1995), and others, to explain Relativized Minimality effects as analyzed by Rizzi (1990). We again take as central the derivational construal of C-command, and argue that Derivational Sisterhood is atthe core of syntactic relations that are quantified. Through this approach we hope to show that both Shortest Move metrics and binary merger are the result of this single, natural economy constraint on derivational operations. We conclude with a discussion of the status of intermediate-level categories, suggesting that they can be eliminated by allowing nary branching structures while preserving both binary Merge and the desired asymmetric C-command relation between specifier and complement.
Information and Its Discontents: An Introduction
Authors: Davenport Thomas H , Prusak Laurence
Published: November 2023

According to every pundit and computer company sales force, we are in the midst of a new “Information Age,” one that will revolutionize how workers work, how companies compete, perhaps even how thinkers think. Few managers will admit to technophobia; with all the money spent on new equipment, no one wants to lag behind. But why is it that most of us, deep down, feel frustrated by information technology? Why do most workers-even CEOsfind it so hard to adjust to new systems and the information skills they require? Why isn’t this revolution all it’s cracked up to be?

Our fascination with technology has made us forget the key purpose of information: to inform people. All the computers in the world won’t help if users aren’t interested in the information generated. All the telecommunications bandwidth won’t add a dime of value if employees don’t share the information they have with others. Expert systems won’t provide useful knowledge if the knowledge changes too fast to maintain-or if system designers can’t even find experts willing to surrender what they know. Information and knowledge are quintessentially human creations, and we will never be good at managing them unless we give people a primary role.
Wall Street Polices Itself
Authors: Mccaffrey David P , Hart David W
Published: November 2023

This book explains how the self regulatory system for U.S. securities firms works with three tiers of supervision. Overseeing the whole system is the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, which directly supervises the self-regulatory organizations such as the New York Stock Exchange and the National Association of Securities Dealers. In turn, these self-regulatory organizations oversee the broker-dealers who conduct the daily business of buying and selling securities. The system relies heavily on the firms’ internal supervisory systems to prevent violations of securities laws, since they are in the best position to track their own internal activities. Firms may be fined, or subject to even more stringent penalties, if their supervisory systems fail. This book is an in-depth examination of how this regulatory system works, the types of regulatory problems with which broker-dealer firms must deal, why some firms have more problems than others, and what the experience with the system suggests about ways of improving self regulatory systems generally.
The Social Benefits and Risks of Entrepreneurs and Free Agents
Authors: Mccaffrey David P , Hart David W
Published: November 2023

How effectively the securities industry operates affects economic well­ being in the United States. Corporations rely on the industry to raise much of the capital allowing them to survive and expand, although, since the early 1980s, securities markets have been more important as centers for trading and sources of short-term financing than as sources for new long-term capital (Advisory Committee on the Capital Formation and Regulatory Processes, 1996: Appendix A, Figure 1). Customers are willing to invest in manufacturing and other industries because they are not locked in to decisions; they can liquidate their investments using the secondary markets such as stock exchanges and the over-the-counter (OTC) market. Governments could not operate without a market for governmental debt, and elected officials are sensitive to what financial markets’ vitality implies for national welfare. Certain defining episodes in U.S. history involved the securities markets, such as the frantic market speculation and manipulations in the 1920s, the Depression in the 1930s, and most recently (and probably less lastingly) the “greedy” 1980s. Today, technological changes play out vividly in these markets. We exaggerate only moderately when speaking of a “borderless” world economy in which financial transactions reflect economic changes in multiple nations in ways governments find difficult to regulate.
Controls at Self-Regulatory Organizations and Broker-Dealer Firms
Authors: Mccaffrey David P , Hart David W
Published: November 2023

Self-regulatory organizations and member firms conduct most regulatory operations and the largest number of the disciplinary actions. However, the Securities and Exchange Commission has great leverage over them. The SEC’s cases cue the SROs and member firms about matters to which they should attend, whether or not they have been named as respondents. Indeed, SROs and member firms likely could overwhelm the SEC if they did not follow the cues and instead routinely fought the agency. But this would change securities regulation into serial battles in public rulemaking and SEC enforcement-something the industry wants to avoid as much as the agency. This chapter examines the SROs’ and member firms’ regulatory operations and how the tense but stable coexistence between the agency and the industry persists.
Private Litigation and Arbitration
Authors: Mccaffrey David P , Hart David W
Published: November 2023

Broker-dealer firms present themselves as trustworthy, skilled advisers unless they compete exclusively on the basis of price. As noted in Chapter 2, their advertising stresses uniformly that “XYZ Securities’ brokers are trustworthy and experienced; they put their relationships with clients ahead of all else; they are fully equipped to develop an individualized investment program that’s just right for you, and so on” (Pratt, 1993: 26). Investment bankers portray themselves as working hard to earn a special place with their clients through good advice and generous service.
Positioned Knowledge: Constructing Asymmetrical Epistemologies
Authors: Keating Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

In the Introduction, I described the salient domains for honorific speech forms as bodily location in space, possession, food, and the mental predicates “know” (with “see” as a metaphorical construct for “know”) and “say.” In previous chapters I discussed Pohnpeian locative verbs as well as possessive constructions. In this chapter I discuss how Pohnpeians status-mark knowledge in honorific speech as well as references to acts of speaking.
The Romantic Legend of the Hearsts
Authors: Procter Ben
Published: November 2023

On April 13, 1919, Phoebe Apperson Hearst died quietly at La Hacienda del Pozo de Verona, her luxurious estate on the east side of the mountains at Pleasanton, thirty miles south of San Francisco. Although well known for her philanthropies to education-kindergarten programs, libraries, girls’ training schools, and the University of California at Berkeley-she also contributed generously to orphanages, havens for unwed mothers, and hospitals, mainly in California but in other areas of the United States as well. In addition, she was the wife of the late George Hearst, an extremely wealthy miner and businessman who had been a U.S. senator from California. But more than anything else, she was the mother of newspaper mogul William Randolph Hearst.’
News War in New York
Authors: Procter Ben
Published: November 2023

For William Randolph Hearst, no place in the world held a greater attraction than New York City in the fall of 1895. Here was the center of American business activity, the hub of high society in the United States, the mecca for millions of immigrants who desired to pursue the ‘‘.American Dream;’ the siren’s song for rural Americans who sought the excitement and glamor of a city on the move. On every corner, change was readily apparent. Skyscrapers, pointing majestically upward, followed the innovative principle set forth by architect Louis Sullivan that “form follows function:’ They increasingly dotted the horizon. Elevated trains, in a rumbling cacophony of grinding starts and stops, roared continuously throughout many areas of the metropolis, bringing hordes of people into the center of the city to work, and returning them home again at the end of the day. Electric lights illuminated the streets, enhancing urban night life with glittering theaters and quality restaurants such as Delmonico’s. Electric wiring for telephones was also increasingly evident. All these factors made New Yorkers realize that technology was changing their lives from year to year, if not from day to day.
Yellow Journalism
Authors: Procter Ben
Published: November 2023

As the United States progressed toward the twentieth century, a new spirit seemed to arise throughout the land, one of new identity, of confident optimism, at times of bellicose chauvinism. In 1893, historian Frederick Jackson Turner announced that Americans were uniquely different from all other peoples of the world. Through their efforts in conquering each succeeding American frontier from the Atlantic to the Pacific over the past three centuries, they had formulated democratic institutions and fashioned a way of life far superior to that of their European counterparts. They should therefore be justly proud of their history and traditions and accomplishments-and they were. Through the discovery and exploitation of such fabulous natural resources as oil and gas, coal and iron ore, gold and silver, the United States had become the fore-most industrial power in the world, surpassing both England and Germany. Five transcontinental railroads, their iron tentacles inextricably linking together the agrarian and urban areas of the nation, had created new markets and numerous jobs for a population nearing seventy-five million. And American ingenuity, as evidenced by the genius of Thomas Alva Edison and Alexander Graham Bell, seemed to illustrate the manifold blessings of a free society as well as the obvious advantages of a democratic system of government.
“Patron Saint” of the Independents
Authors: Procter Ben
Published: November 2023

On the night of November 12, 1906, six days after the election of Charles Evans Hughes as governor of New York, the successful candidates of the Independence League and the Democratic state ticket honored William Randolph Hearst with an impressive banquet at Delmonico’s. They surely had ample reasons to do so. Because the just concluded contest for leadership in New York had far-reaching political ramifications-the winner being a likely contender for the presidential nomination in 1908-Hearst had attracted considerable attention from national periodicals, whose editors had, in turn, assigned prominent journalists to evaluate his life and ideas. Although James Creelman, who was no longer an employee of the American, wrote a favorable appraisal in Pearsons Magazine, Hearst suffered scathing criticisms in a four-part series by Frederick Palmer in Colliers and by Lincoln Steffens in The American Magazine, so much so that Hearst advised his mother that “those articles are outrageous Don’t read them.
The Development and Scope of Organization Studies
Authors: Pfeffer Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

We live in an organizational world. Virtually all of us are born in an organization -a hospital-with our very existence ratified by a state agency that issues a certificate documenting our birth. Under the current U.S. income tax regulations, if we are going to be claimed as a dependent on someone’s tax return, within the first year of our life we will be issued a social security number by an agency of the federal government. When we die, a death certificate will be issued by another public bureaucracy and our passing may be announced by a newspaper organization.
Organizational Performance
Authors: Pfeffer Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

One important goal of organization studies is not only to be able to explain and predict outcomes within organizations but also to be able to understand why some organizations fare better than others. There is, of course, substantial managerial interest in understanding performance, but there are theoretical reasons as well for attempting to explain why some organizations do better than others. Performance differences, once generally apprehended, will almost certainly lead to attempts to mimic the more effective organizations. In that sense, performance differences create pressures for imitation.
Knowledge-Driven Work
Authors: Cutcher-Gershenfeld Joel , Nitta Michio , Barrett Betty J , Belhedi Nejib , Chow Simon Soi-Chung , Inaba Takashi , lshino lwao , Lin Wen-Jeng , Moore Michael , Mothersell William M , Palthe Jennifer , Ramanand Shobha , Strolle Mark E , Wheaton Arthur C
Published: November 2023

The daily work experiences of people in almost any part of the world are shaped by workplace innovations. Despite the vast diffusion of work practices, little is known about what it means for a company in the region to identify what it sees as the best practice and then introduce these practices in another culture which are less visible than the global exchange of products and services, but more significant. This book provides us with a close up of eight Japanese affiliated manufacturing facilities operating in the United States and the beginnings of a reverse diffusion of innovation back to Japan. The key finding in this book is that massive global diffusion of work practices rests on something very fragile. This is the process by which individuals and groups of people come to new understandings that enable them to adopt new work practices. It is a process termed “virtual knowledge”, which can be found at that critical time when understandings are still in formation. Also , the book reveals how some organizations have anticipated and channeled virtual knowledge that is constantly emerging from different groups in the organization. This turns out to be the core building block for continuous improvement in operations and is central to the process of diffusion. The process is part of a much larger process of global diffusion from Japan, the United States and other nations to all parts of the world.
Cross-Cultural Diffusion
Authors: Cutcher-Gershenfeld Joel , Nitta Michio , Barrett Betty J , Belhedi Nejib , Chow Simon Soi-Chung , Inaba Takashi , lshino lwao , Lin Wen-Jeng , Moore Michael , Mothersell William M , Palthe Jennifer , Ramanand Shobha , Strolle Mark E , Wheaton Arthur C
Published: November 2023

Success in a global economy requires mastery of the diffusion of innovation. Diffusion of knowledge-driven work systems is increasingly a primary source of competitive advantage for business. Its importance equals such traditional sources of competitive advantage as capital, technology, and geography. New production techniques and work orga-nization systems are central to the dramatic gains that can be achieved in quality and productivity.
Implications
Authors: Cutcher-Gershenfeld Joel , Nitta Michio , Barrett Betty J , Belhedi Nejib , Chow Simon Soi-Chung , Inaba Takashi , lshino lwao , Lin Wen-Jeng , Moore Michael , Mothersell William M , Palthe Jennifer , Ramanand Shobha , Strolle Mark E , Wheaton Arthur C
Published: November 2023

During our visits to the organizations discussed in this book, we continually met people whose work and personal lives were changing in fundamental ways. Driving the changes were the many aspects of diffusion and knowledge creation. These words-”diffusion” and “knowledge creation”-are our words, not necessarily the words that would be used by the people we met. From them, we mostly heard about the process of change-working, interacting, and even thinking in new ways. Most striking was that many of these people reported with great conviction that they were creating a better way of working.
Introduction
Authors: Myers-Scotton Carol
Published: November 2023

As The Title of this volume indicates, the subject is the selection of one linguistic code (or variety) rather than one or more others and its consequences. Code and variety are cover terms for linguistic systems at any level, from separate languages to dialects of a single language to styles or substyles within a single dialect. As all linguists know, they are useful-even necessaryterms because the divisions between linguistic systems are not always discrete. In the intended meaning here, consequences are easier to label, although this does not mean they are necessarily separable, either. The consequences considered here have to do witheither effects on ease of cognitive processing or social/psychological effects.
Marked Grammatical Structures: Communicating Intentionality in The Great Gatsby and As I Lay Dying
Authors: Myers-Scotton Carol
Published: November 2023

However, this chapter provides a stylistic analysis of the less obvious aspects of the style of Fitzgerald and Faulkner than either the crafting of metaphors and similes or the perfection of the point-of-view technique. Here, we consider the interplay of syntax and what I call cognitive weight. Kintsch (197 4) reported that reading times increase as a function of the number of propositions in the text. Even controlling for other factors, such as the number of words in the text, does not alter the result.
DP-Related Functional Projections and Negative Phrases
Authors: Cinque Guglielmo
Published: November 2023

So far, nothing has been said about the distribution of DPs and of negation. The enlarged functional structure of the clause suggested here, however, has direct implications regarding their positions. Consider first DPs. If AdvPs occur in the specifier of distinct, rigidly ordered, functional projections, the fact that DPs (and floating quantifiers, as a special case) can be found interspersed among them implies the existence of several DP-related positions (many more than is usually assumed). This, in turn, raises the question of whether such positions are themselves specifier positions, adjunction positions (or a combination of the two).
Analyzing Pacific Rim Networks and Markets
Authors: Fruin W Mark
Published: November 2023

Although the world is large and human behavior diverse, there are just a few basic ways of getting things done organizationally. The three most common models and ideal types of organization are hierarchies (as bureaucracies and firms are often called), markets, and networks. Because the attention paid to hierarchies and markets has far outweighed that given to networks, in this book we underscore the importance of network organizations in and around the Pacific Rim.
Patterns of Asian Network Capitalism, The Cases of Taiwan and South Korea
Authors: Hamilton Gary G
Published: November 2023

A passage from Perry Anderson’s excellent essay on “The Asiatic Mode of Production” sets the tone for this chapter. After lengthy discussion of the literature on the Asiatic mode of production, Anderson (1974, p. 549) concluded with the following “procedural lesson”: Asian development cannot in any way be reduced to a uniform residual category, left over after the canons of European evolution have been established. Any serious theoretical exploration of the historical field outside ... Europe will have to supersede traditional and generic contrasts with it, and proceed to a concrete and accurate typology of social formations and State systems in their own right, which respects their very great differences of structure and development. It is merely in the night of our ignorance that all alien shapes take on the same hue.
To Sue or Keiretsu, A Comparison of Partnering in the United States and Japan
Authors: Dyer Jeffrey H
Published: November 2023

Since the 1980s, the advantages and disadvantages of the Japanese keiretsu have been hotly debated in the popular press and by academics. Proponents of keiretsu­ style alliances argue that interfirm alliances are key to Japanese business success and are something to be emulated. Opponents call for the dismantling of the keiretsu because they do not allow for open, free market competition. But both proponents and opponents of keiretsu relationships agree on one issue: Keiretsu relationships are substantially different from the traditional arms-length relationships that have tended to characterize interfirm relationships in the United States. Moreover, both sides agree that understanding the dynamics of keiretsu relationshipshow and why they work-is extremely important.
Business in its Public Policy Environment
Authors: Rosenthal Sandra B , Buchholz Rogene A
Published: November 2023

The conflation of government and business with public policy and the market has been a major factor in the tendency to view a theory of public policy as one more competing theory among stakeholder, social contract, and other theories of the firm, with public policy theory having lost ground as these others gain adherents. For example, in stakeholder diagrams, government is seen as just another stakeholder, analogous to the way in which some popular political models portray business as just another interest group competing for political favors.
Business in its Global Environment
Authors: Rosenthal Sandra B , Buchholz Rogene A
Published: November 2023

The pragmatic understanding of the global context for multinational corporations reflects, in enlarged fashion, its understanding of community as developed in earlier chapters. This chapter, then, will be not so much an introduction of new ideas as a recasting in a global perspective of some of the themes that have been thus far developed. The traditional conflict between the individual and the community emerges on the global scene and manifests itself through two interrelated but conflicting trends. On the one hand, much of the world’s cultural diversity is being destroyed through global assimilation. At the same time, and as a counter to this, ethnic, religious, and other cultural groups are militantly defining themselves in opposition to this threat of assimilation.1 As Mark Sagoff encapsulates the dilemma, neither assimilation nor the militant opposition to market forces offers a plausible path to cultural survival.
Otoko Shakai, A Man’s World Organizational Culture and Work
Authors: Renshaw Jean R
Published: November 2023

We live in the age of corporate organisms. Though no formal announcements have been issued, it’s becoming harder to ignore that they have wrested control of the earth from homo sapiens and supplanted us as the planet’s dominant species. It is the multinationals, government bureaucracies, religious hierarchies, military bodies, et al., not individual humans, that generate our era’s character, its patterns of wealth and poverty, its technological progress and ecological peril, its entertainment and political agenda. They have, in short, taken over and nowhere more so than in Japan.