bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Endoscopic papillectomy for tumors of the minor duodenal papilla: A case series of six patients and literature review
Authors: Yamamoto Kenjiro , Itoi Takao , Iwasaki Eisuke , Tsuchiya Takayoshi , Ishii Kentaro , Tonozuka Ryosuke , Mukai Shuntaro , Nagai Kazumasa , Kitagawa Yuko
Published: November 2021

Background/Purpose

Various tumors of the minor duodenal papilla have been reported, most of which are treated by laparotomy. Although early‐stage tumors of the major papilla are increasingly being treated by endoscopic resection with relative ease and low invasiveness, there are only a few reports on endoscopic resection of tumors in the minor papilla.

Methods

Six patients with tumors in the minor papilla were treated by endoscopic papillectomy (EP), and their clinical and histopathological data were analyzed retrospectively.

Results

The final pathological diagnoses were carcinoma in adenoma in two patients and adenoma, neuroendocrine neoplasm (G1), hyperplastic lesion, and no neoplastic lesion (disappearance of adenoma after biopsy) in one patient each. En bloc resection was performed in five patients and piecemeal resection in one patient. There were no procedure‐related adverse events, such as bleeding, pancreatitis, or perforation. There was one case with a residual lesion, which was treated by ablation therapy, and no recurrences during a mean follow‐up of 12 ± 10.33 months (maximum, 28 months) from the date of EP.

Conclusions

Endoscopic papillectomy appears to be an effective minimally invasive treatment for ampullary tumors of the minor duodenal papilla.
Short‐course daily isoniazid and rifapentine for latent tuberculosis infection in people living with HIV who received coformulated bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide
Authors: Liou Bo‐Huang , Cheng Chih‐Ning , Lin Ya‐Ting , Lin Yu‐Jou , Chuang Yu‐Chung , Lin Kuan‐Yin , Liu Wen‐Chun , Lin Shu‐Wen , Kuo Ching‐Hua , Sun Hsin‐Yun , Hung Chien‐Ching
Published: November 2021

Introduction

Short‐course preventive therapy with 1‐month course of daily administration of isoniazid (300‐mg) plus rifapentine (600‐mg) (1HP) and 3‐month course of weekly administration of isoniazid (900‐mg) plus rifapentine (900‐mg) (3HP) has higher completion rates than 9‐month course of daily isoniazid (9H) for individuals with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). We aimed to evaluate the effect, safety and tolerability of 1HP in people living with HIV (PLWH) and LTBI who received coformulated bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (BIC/FTC/TAF).

Methods

PLWH testing positive by interferon‐gamma release assay and having received BIC/FTC/TAF for >2 weeks with plasma HIV RNA load (PVL) <200 copies/ml were enrolled. BIC trough plasma concentrations and cytokine profiles were determined before the first dose (day 1/baseline), 24 h after the 14th (day 15) and 28th (day 29) doses of 1HP. PVL were determined on days 15 and 29 of 1HP and every 3 months subsequently after discontinuation of 1HP.

Results

From November 2019 to December 2020, 48 PLWH with LTBI were enrolled. One participant (2.1%) discontinued 1HP on day 15 due to fever and generalized rashes with PVL of 72 copies/ml, which was <50 copies/ml in three subsequent determinations while on BIC/FTC/TAF over the 12 months of follow‐up. The percentages of BIC trough plasma concentrations above the protein‐adjusted 95% effective concentration (paEC95 = 162 ng/ml) were 56.3% and 37.0% on days 15 and 29, respectively. The percentage of PVL <200 copies/ml was 91.7% on day 15, 97.8% on day 29 and 100% at both months 3 and 6. After a median observation of 52 weeks (interquartile range, 51–55), all participants continued BIC/FTC/TAF with a median PVL of 20 copies/ml (range 20–331). Except for the participant who discontinued 1HP because of allergic reactions, none of the participants had relevant symptoms or increases of the cytokine levels assessed between baseline and days 15 and 29 of 1HP.

Conclusions

BIC/FTC/TAF in combination with 1HP was well tolerated with a high completion rate. BIC trough plasma concentrations were significantly decreased with concurrent use of 1HP among PLWH with LTBI. While transient viral blips were observed during 1HP without causing subsequent treatment failure, such combination should be applied with caution.
Do agricultural support and cash transfer programmes improve nutritional status?
Authors: Gitter Seth R. , Manley James , Bernstein Jill , Winters Paul
Published: November 2021

Agricultural support and cash transfer programmes are both used to improve nutrition outcomes in developing countries. Our review of both programmes based on a literature search of over 22 000 articles in 8 databases has four key findings. First, these programmes often increase total food consumption, but half of agricultural programmes do not measure changes in total food consumption; (2) over 20% of cash transfer programmes fail to improve the quantity of food consumed, though (3) both programme types improved the quality of food consumption. Finally, (4) both programme types show weak evidence of improvements in micronutrients and anthropometric outcomes.
Intestinal viral infections of nSARS‐CoV2 in the Indian community: Risk of virus spread in India
Authors: Maan Harjeet S. , Chaurasia Deepti , Kapoor Garima , Dave Lokendra , Siddiqui Arshi , Pal Savita , Singh Hari O. , Biswas Debasis , Chowdhary Rashmi
Published: November 2021

In December 2019, novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (nSARS‐CoV‐2) virus outbreaks emerged from Wuhan, China, and spread all over the world, including India. Molecular diagnosis of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID) 19 for densely and highly populated countries like India is time‐consuming. A few reports have described the successful diagnosis of nSARS‐CoV‐2 virus from sewage and wastewater samples contaminated with fecal matter, suggesting the diagnosis of COVID 19 from the same to raise an alarm about the community transmission of virus for implementation of evacuation and lockdown strategies. So far, the association between the detection of virus and its concentration in stool samples with severity of the disease and the presence or absence of gastrointestinal symptoms have been rarely reported. We led the search utilizing multiple databases, specifically PubMed (Medline), EMBASE, and Google Scholar. We conducted a literature survey on gastrointestinal infection and the spread of this virus through fecal–oral transmission. Reports suggested that the existence and persistence of nSARS‐CoV‐2 in anal/rectal swabs and stool specimens for a longer period of time than in nasopharyngeal swabs provides a strong tenable outcome of gastrointestinal contamination and dissemination of this infection via potential fecal–oral transmission. This review may be helpful to conduct further studies to address the enteric involvement and excretion of nSARS‐CoV‐2 RNA in feces and control the community spread in both COVID‐19 patients ahead of the onset of symptoms and in asymptomatic individuals through wastewater and sewage surveillance as an early indication of infection. The existence of the viral genome and active viral particle actively participate in genomic variations. Hence, we comprehended the enteric spread of different viruses amongst communities with special reference to nSARS‐CoV‐2.
Cations and surfactin serving as signal molecules trigger quorum sensing in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
Authors: Liu Na , Chen Bing , Zhao Xiuyun , Wen Jiahong , Qi Gaofu
Published: November 2021

Microorganisms including Bacillus can produce signal molecules such as surfactin, resulting in the variation of membrane potential to trigger quorum sensing such as biofilm formation and sporulation in response to the environment stresses. However, biosynthesis of surfactin requires multiple resources such as huge enzyme complex, amino acids, fatty acids, and energy. Insufficient resources in the natural soil environment restrain biosynthesis of surfactin. When surfactin is inadequate, cations in soil might serve as substitutes to regulate quorum sensing. Our results showed that both surfactin and cations could lead to the variation of membrane potential, thus providing signals to trigger the quorum sensing such as growth, biofilm formation, and sporulation in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Neither KinC nor Abh was essential for surfactin or cations to trigger quorum sensing. The cation signaling pathway is only partially dependent on Spo0A, but the surfactin signaling pathway is fully dependent on this global regulator. Compared to surfactin, cations are less effective in promoting biofilm formation, but more effective to trigger sporulation in B. amyloliquefaciens. This study reveals a pathway through which cations regulate the quorum sensing in B. amyloliquefaciens in the case of insufficient surfactin in environment.
Complementary and antagonistic effects of combined glucagon‐like peptide‐2 and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist administration on parameters relevant to short bowel syndrome
Authors: Srikrishnaraj Arjuna , Jeong Hyerin , Brubaker Patricia L.
Published: November 2021

Background

Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is characterized by malabsorption requiring parenteral nutrition. The intestinotrophic glucagon‐like peptide (GLP)‐2 receptor agonist, h[Gly2]GLP2, is used to treat patients with SBS. Evidence suggests that GLP‐1 receptor agonists such as exendin‐4 (Ex4) may be beneficial in SBS given their ability to increase intestinal growth and delay gastric emptying (GE).

Methods

Intestinal growth, body weight (BW), food intake (FI), GE, gastrointestinal (GI) transit, intestinal permeability, and glucose tolerance were investigated in male and female C57/BL6 mice following vehicle, h[Gly2]GLP2, or Ex4 treatment, alone or in combination at “low,” “medium,” and “high” doses (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 0.01, 0.05, 0.1 μg/g, respectively).

Results

Only the h[Gly2]GLP2 low/Ex4 high‐dose combination additively increased small intestinal (SI) weight compared with vehicle and both monoagonists (P < 0.01–0.001), via increased villus height (P < 0.01) and SI length (P < 0.05). This combination had no effects on BW; FI; and fat, liver, spleen, heart, and kidney weights but reduced GI transit (P < 0.001) versus low‐dose h[Gly2]GLP2 monotreatment and abrogated the inhibitory effects of high‐dose Ex4 on GE (P < 0.01) and of low‐dose h[Gly2]GLP2 on intestinal permeability (P < 0.05). Ex4‐induced improvements in glucose homeostasis were maintained upon combination with h[Gly2]GLP2 (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

These findings suggest that combining specific doses of GLP‐2‐ and GLP‐1 receptor agonists additively improves SI growth and GI transit without detrimental effects on BW, FI, GE, and glucose homeostasis, and may be useful for the treatment of patients with SBS.
Study on semantic‐entity relevance of industrial icons and generation of metaphor design
Authors: Wu Xiaoli , Yan Han , Jiaran Niu , Gu Zhifeng
Published: November 2021

The intelligent transformation of the manufacturing industry is accompanied by the visualization of industrial information, and the semantic expression of industrial icons plays a crucial role in improving operators' cognitive performance. Taking the production process of a battery production line as the research object, we studied the semantics‐entity relevance of industrial icons based on the concepts of “signifier” and “signified” in metaphorical cognition as well as “topic” and “vehicle.” On this basis, we designed the icons of eight process stations (precleaning, diffusion, coating, screen printing, power testing, etc.) of the battery production line using the metaphor design method. The experimental results show that the icons complying with the law of semantic cognition have high search efficiency. It is concluded that the industrial icons should be designed according to the relevance between functional semantics and entity specific to each production process and that applying such carefully designed industrial icons to industrial information visualization will effectively improve the cognitive performance of operators.
Body size‐ and season‐dependent diel vertical migration of mesozooplankton resolved acoustically in the San Diego Trough
Authors: Gastauer Sven , Nickels Catherine F. , Ohman Mark D.
Published: November 2021

Diel vertical migration (DVM) is a common behavior among marine organisms to balance the trade‐off between surface feeding opportunities and predation‐related mortality risk. Body size is a master trait that impacts predation risk to both visual and nonvisual predators. Acoustic measurements from the autonomous Zooglider revealed size‐dependent DVM behaviors in the San Diego Trough. Dual frequency (200 and 1000 kHz) backscatter, in conjunction with physical properties of the ambient water and optical imaging of zooplankton, were recorded during 12 Zooglider missions over 2 yr. Acoustic size‐categories were identified based on the theoretical scattering properties of dominant taxonomic groups identified optically by the Zoocam. Acoustic modeling suggests that the measured acoustic backscatter in this region is largely dominated by copepods, with appreciable contributions from other taxa. We found that larger organisms migrated deeper (245–227 m) and faster (> 20 m h−1) compared to smaller organisms (156 m, > 15 m h−1). Larger organisms entered the upper layer of the water column later in the evening (0.2–1.5 h later) and descended into deeper water earlier in the morning (0.4–3.7 h earlier) than smaller‐bodied organisms, consistent with body size‐dependent visual predation risk. The variability in daytime depths occupied by small, intermediate, and large‐bodied backscatterers was related to the depth of the euphotic zone, again consistent with light‐dependent risk of predation.
Mitigating the negative effects of service failure through customer identification
Authors: Song Jiaqi (Flora) , Huang Jiexian (Chloe) , Jiang Yuwei
Published: November 2021

This study investigated the effect of numerical customer identification (i.e., assigning numbers to identify customers) in the service context on the numbered customers' reaction to service failures. We manipulated numerical identification in different ways (room number, customer number, table number, and order number) and measured customers' tolerance of services across various settings (in a restaurant, a spa, and a café) in four studies. The results demonstrated that after being identified by a number, customers tend to exhibit a higher tolerance of service failures (Studies 1 and 2), and this effect is mediated by a sense of self‐dehumanization among the numerically identified customers (Study 3). Moreover, the investigated effect diminished when customers had heightened individuation (e.g., by disclosing personal information) to buffer against dehumanization (Study 4). Our findings contribute to the underexplored research area on customer identification, broaden the numerical research and dehumanization literature in marketing, and bring practical implications for firms to mitigate the negative effects of service failures and decrease customer dissatisfaction.
NUAK family kinase 2 is a novel therapeutic target for prostate cancer
Authors: Fu Weiwei , Zhao Megan T. , Driver Lucy M. , Schirmer Amelia U. , Yin Qi , You Sungyong , Freedland Stephen J. , DiGiovanni John , Drewry David H. , Macias Everardo
Published: November 2021

Current advancements in prostate cancer (PC) therapies have been successful in slowing PC progression and increasing life expectancy; however, there is still no curative treatment for advanced metastatic castration resistant PC (mCRPC). Most treatment options target the androgen receptor, to which many PCs eventually develop resistance. Thus, there is a dire need to identify and validate new molecular targets for treating PC. We found NUAK family kinase 2 (NUAK2) expression is elevated in PC and mCRPC versus normal tissue, and expression correlates with an increased risk of metastasis. Given this observation and because NUAK2, as a kinase, is actionable, we evaluated the potential of NUAK2 as a molecular target for PC. NUAK2 is a stress response kinase that also plays a role in activation of the YAP cotranscriptional oncogene. Combining pharmacological and genetic methods for modulating NUAK2, we found that targeting NUAK2 in vitro leads to reduction in proliferation, three‐dimensional tumor spheroid growth, and matrigel invasion of PC cells. Differential gene expression analysis of PC cells treated NUAK2 small molecule inhibitor HTH‐02‐006 demonstrated that NUAK2 inhibition results in downregulation of E2F, EMT, and MYC hallmark gene sets after NUAK2 inhibition. In a syngeneic allograft model and in radical prostatectomy patient derived explants, NUAK2 inhibition slowed tumor growth and proliferation rates. Mechanistically, HTH‐02‐006 treatment led to inactivation of YAP and the downregulation of NUAK2 and MYC protein levels. Our results suggest that NUAK2 represents a novel actionable molecular target for PC that warrants further exploration.
A numerical method for finding solution of the distributed‐order time‐fractional forced Korteweg–de Vries equation including the Caputo fractional derivative
Authors: Derakhshan Mohammad Hossein , Aminataei Azim
Published: November 2021

In this paper, for the first time, the distributed‐order time‐fractional forced Korteweg–de Vries equation is studied. We use a numerical method based on the shifted Legendre operational matrix of distributed‐order fractional derivative with Tau method to find approximate solution of distributed‐order forced Korteweg–de Vries equation. This shifted Legendre operational matrix of distributed‐order fractional derivative with Tau method is used to reduce the solution of the distributed‐order time‐fractional forced Korteweg–de Vries equations to a system of algebraic equations. An error analysis and convergence are obtained. Finally, to display the applicability and validity of the numerical method, some examples are implemented.
Turán‐type inequalities for the supertrigonometric functions
Authors: Geng Lu‐Lu , Yang Xiao‐Jun , Liu Jian‐Gen
Published: November 2021

This paper is devoted to the study of Turán‐type inequalities for some well‐known special functions such as supersine and supercosine which are derived by using a new form of the Cauchy–Bunyakovsky–Schwarz inequality.
Organic Cation Transporter I and Na+/taurocholate Co‐Transporting Polypeptide are Involved in Retrorsine‐ and Senecionine‐Induced Hepatotoxicity in HepaRG cells
Authors: Enge Anne‐Margarethe , Kaltner Florian , Gottschalk Christoph , Kin Angelina , Kirstgen Michael , Geyer Joachim , These Anja , Hammer Helen , Pötz Oliver , Braeuning Albert , Hessel‐Pras Stefanie
Published: November 2021

Scope

1,2‐unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are secondary plant metabolites that are found in many plant species throughout the world. They are of concern for risk assessment as consumption of contaminated foodstuff can cause severe liver damage. Of late, transporter‐mediated uptake and transport has advanced as a vital determinant of PA toxicity. In this study, the authors investigate a transporter‐mediated uptake of PAs and its implications in PA toxicity.

Methods and Results

We show that transporter expression levels are significantly affected by treatment with the PAs senecionine (Sc) and retrorsine (Re) in the human hepatoma cell line HepaRG. Furthermore, the specific contribution to PA uptake of the two transporters Na+/taurocholate co‐transporting polypeptide (SLC10A1) and organic cation transporter I (SLC22A1), both belonging to the heterogeneous solute carrier super family, is investigated by means of a siRNA‐mediated knockdown approach. Knockdown of both uptake transporters result in reduced uptake of Re and Sc in a time‐dependent manner and attenuated PA‐mediated cytotoxic effects in HepaRG cells.

Conclusion

Our results confirm previous findings of active transport mechanisms of PAs into hepatocytes and highlight the importance of toxicokinetic studies for the risk assessment of PAs.
Circular cross‐coupling dielectric waveguide filter based on 90‐degree sectoral resonators
Authors: Huang Zhengwei , Cheng Yong , Zhang Yerong
Published: November 2021

In this study, a circular cross‐coupled dielectric waveguide (DW) filter was realized based on 90‐degree sectoral resonators. The filter is formed by splicing four 90‐degree sectoral DW resonators (SDWRs). A shallow blind hole (BH) was set at the center of each 90‐degree SDWR to adjust the resonant frequency. The magnetic coupling between the resonators was realized through the rectangular wall and shallow BH. Electrical coupling between the resonators was achieved through deep BHs. The overall structure was designed, simulated, and fabricated. The measured results demonstrate that the designed filter has a center frequency of 3.6 GHz, bandwidth of 200 MHz, insertion loss less than 1 dB, in‐band return loss greater than 15 dB, and two out‐of‐band transmission zeros at 3.38 and 3.82 GHz.
Correlates of mental health problems among students in Texas alternative high schools and school‐level efforts to address mental health
Authors: Johnson Karen E. , Hoskote Ashwini R. , Rolin Donna G. , Kesler Shelli R.
Published: November 2021

Students in alternative high schools (AHSs) are an understudied population who experience disproportionate levels of risk factors that contribute to mental health problems. Using logistic regression, we explored associations between mental health problems and risk and protective factors among students in Texas AHSs (n = 515; mean age 17.1 years; 51% female, 78% youth of color, 64% eligible for free/reduced lunch). Principals (n = 14) and lead health educators (n = 14) reported on school‐level efforts to address mental health. Students reported, on average, 1.55 of 4 mental health problems in the past year. Logistic regression indicated that greater number of adverse childhood experiences, lower self‐esteem, female gender, and sleep disruption (getting <8 h of sleep per night) were common contributors to symptoms of depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation, and PTSD with models showing medium‐to‐large effects (AUC: 0.73–0.81). We assessed school‐level efforts to address mental health using descriptive statistics. At the school level, most (>50%) principals reported having policies and services to support student mental health, with the exception of having mental health/social services staff represented on school health councils (36%) and having Gay‐Straight Alliances (21%). Most lead health educators (86%) reported educating AHS students about mental health, and many (57%) reported receiving professional development in mental health. Future research with a larger number of schools is needed to analyze whether school policies are statistically associated with student‐level mental health outcomes. Such multi‐level research can inform policies and practices for AHS student mental health.
Combining a β3 adrenergic receptor agonist with alpha‐lipoic acid reduces inflammation in male mice with diet‐induced obesity
Authors: Abdul Sater Zahraa , Cero Cheryl , Pierce Anne E. , Lea Hannah J. , Abdul Sater Houssein , Zhu Kenneth Y. , Liu Naili , Ma Yinyan , Gavrilova Oksana , Cypess Aaron M.
Published: November 2021

Objectives

Beta‐3 adrenergic receptors (β3‐AR) stimulate lipolysis and thermogenesis in white and brown adipose tissue (WAT and BAT). Obesity increases oxidative stress and inflammation that attenuate AT β3‐AR signaling. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that the combination of the β3‐AR agonist CL‐316,243 (CL) and the antioxidant alpha‐lipoic acid (ALA) would lower inflammation in diet‐induced obesity (DIO) and improve β3‐AR function.

Methods

A total of 40 DIO mice were separated into four groups: Control (per os and intraperitoneal [IP] vehicle); CL alone (0.01 mg/kg IP daily); ALA alone (250 mg/kg in drinking water); or ALA+CL combination, all for 5 weeks.

Results

Food intake was similar in all groups; however, mice receiving ALA+CL showed improved body composition and inflammation as well as lower body weight (+1.7 g Control vs. −2.5 g ALA+CL [−7%]; p < 0.01) and percentage of body fat (−9%, p < 0.001). Systemic and epididymal WAT inflammation was lower with ALA+CL than all other groups, with enhanced recruitment of epididymal WAT anti‐inflammatory CD206+ M2 macrophages. β3‐AR signaling in WAT was enhanced in the combination‐treatment group, with higher mRNA and protein levels of thermogenic uncoupling protein 1 and AT lipases.

Conclusions

Chronic treatment with ALA and a β3‐AR agonist reduces DIO‐induced inflammation. AT immune modulation could be a therapeutic target in patients with obesity.

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Computational Study of Mechanism and Enantioselectivity of Imine Reductase from Amycolatopsis orientalis
Authors: Prejanò Mario , Sheng Xiang , Himo Fahmi
Published: November 2021

Imine reductases (IREDs) are NADPH‐dependent enzymes (NADPH=nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) that catalyze the reduction of imines to amines. They exhibit high enantioselectivity for a broad range of substrates, making them of interest for biocatalytic applications. In this work, we have employed density functional theory (DFT) calculations to elucidate the reaction mechanism and the origins of enantioselectivity of IRED from Amycolatopsis orientalis. Two substrates are considered, namely 1‐methyl‐3,4‐dihydroisoquinoline and 2‐propyl‐piperideine. A model of the active site is built on the basis of the available crystal structure. For both substrates, different binding modes are first evaluated, followed by calculation of the hydride transfer transition states from each complex. We have also investigated the effect of mutations of certain important active site residues (Tyr179Ala and Asn241Ala) on the enantioselectivity. The calculated energies are consistent with the experimental observations and the analysis of transition states geometries provides insights into the origins of enantioselectivity of this enzyme.
Exfoliation of hexagonal boron nitride assisted with hierarchical ionic fragments by ball‐milling for achieving high thermally conductive polymer nanocomposite
Authors: Nie Xiangdao , Sang Xinxin , Fu Yongsheng , Shi Xianbin , Zheng Kun , Ma Yongmei
Published: November 2021

Hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs) are considered as ideal candidates for preparing thermally and insulating composite because of its excellent thermal and electrical properties. Herein, we propose a facile and efficient ball‐milling way to exfoliate hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) with the assistance of coordination polymers (CPs). During the exfoliation process, the CPs occurs crystal to liquid/glass transition, forming diverse molecular fragments. The hierarchical ionic fragments can interact with and intercalate into the layered h‐BN, leading to a high efficiency in exfoliation and good dispersion. The exfoliated BNNSs reach a yield of up to 34% approximately. Furthermore, the BNNSs were incorporated to poly(vinyl alcohol) to prepare composite with thermal conductivity reaching up to 11.5 W m−1 K−1 at 30 wt% of BNNSs loading. The composite exhibits good performance on LED thermal management. This work demonstrates an efficient way to exfoliate BN, which can shed some light on other two dimensional materials exfoliation and application.
Assessment of students with autism spectrum disorder for emergency response planning
Authors: Kwolek Heather A. , Bray Adeline , Bunyea Alyssa M. , DeMaio Erin , Bray Melissa , Ottone‐Cross Karen
Published: November 2021

Students with autism have varied support needs, which may impact their safety in an emergency. Schools may want to create individualized emergency support plans for their students with autism, especially given that schools that receive public funding are required to ensure that all people, including those with disabilities, receive the benefit of emergency response planning. This article reviews the difficulties students with autism may face in an emergency and provides guidelines for assessing the support needs of students with autism that may impact them in an emergency. Specifically, it reviews assessment practices for communication, adaptive skills, sensory needs, and medical concerns as well as how needs in those areas may impact the student in an emergency. Finally, it concludes by briefly discussing how to create an individualized emergency response plan for a student based on the assessment results.
One‐pot, one‐step, and selective terpolymerization of ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and COS to copoly(thioether)s with tunable thermal properties
Authors: Kiriratnikom Jiraya , Zhang Xun , Cao Xiaohan , Chu Bo , Zhang Chengjian , Zhang Xinghong
Published: November 2021

Facile construction of sulfur‐rich polymers using readily available raw chemicals is an area aggressively pursued but challenging. Herein we use common feedstocks of ethylene oxide (EO), propylene oxide (PO), and carbonyl sulfide (COS) to synthesize copoly(thioether)s which are traditionally produced from unpleasant and difficult to store episulfides. In this protocol, the EO/COS coupling selectively generates a pure poly(ethylene sulfide) (PES) with melting temperature (Tm) values up to 172°C and high yields up to 98%. The EO/PO/COS terpolymerization leads to the incorporation of soft poly(propylene sulfide) (PPS) and hard PES segments together, affording a random PES‐co‐PPS copoly(thioether) with the complete consumption of EO and PO. Additionally, by simply varying the EO/PO feeding ratio, the obtained copoly(thioether)s possess tunable thermal properties, Tm values in the range of 76–144°C, and excellent solubility. These copolymerizations are conducted in one‐pot/one‐step at industrially favored reaction temperatures of 100–120°C using catalysts of common organic bases, suggesting a facile and practical manner. Especially, the copoly(thioether) exhibits high refractive indices up to 1.68 owing to its high sulfur content, suggesting a broad application prospect in optical materials.
The abrupt pathological deterioration of cisplatin‐induced acute kidney injury: Emerging of a critical time point
Authors: Gong Qin , Wang Mulan , Jiang Ya , Zha Chengliang , Yu Dong , Lei Fan , Luo Yingying , Feng Yulin , Yang Shilin , Li Jun , Du Lijun
Published: November 2021

Cisplatin (CP), an anticancer drug, often causes kidney damage. However, the mechanism of CP‐induced acute kidney injury (AKI) is not completely understood. AKI was induced by intravenous injection (i.v.) of cisplatin at doses of 5, 8, and 10 mg/kg. Anemoside B4 (B4) (20 mg/kg, i.m.) and dexamethasone (DXM) (0.5 mg/kg, i.v.) were used for AKI treatment. Biochemical indicators were assessed using an automatic biochemical analyzer, protein expression was analyzed by western blotting, and morphological changes in the kidney were examined by PAS staining. The serum creatinine (Cre) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels did not change significantly in the first 2 days but abruptly increased on the third day after CP injection. The serum albumin (ALB) and total protein (TP) levels decreased in both a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner. The urine protein level increased, the clearing rate of Cre decreased distinctly, and morphologic changes appeared in a dose‐dependent manner. The protein expression of p53/caspase‐3, NLRP3, IL‐6, and TNF‐α was obviously upregulated on day 3; concurrently, nephrin and podocin were downregulated. The expression of LC3II and p62 was upregulated significantly as the CP dose increased. B4 and DXM obviously decreased the BUN and Cre levels after 3 or 5 days of treatment. AKI appeared distinctly in a time‐dependent manner at 2 to 5 days after the administration of 5 mg/kg CP and in a dose‐dependent manner upon the administration of 5, 8, and 10 mg/kg CP. The third day was a significant time point for renal deterioration, and treatment with B4 and DXM within the first 3 days provided significant protection against AKI.
Influence of seasonal migration on the development of the insecticide resistance of oriental armyworm (Mythimna separata) to λ‐cyhalothrin
Authors: Yang Xueqing , Li Xinru , Cang Xinzhu , Guo Jianglong , Shen Xiujing , Wu Kongming
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND

The seasonal long‐distance migration of pests amongst different seasonal habitats may encounter different degrees of insecticide selection pressure, but knowledge of the evolution of resistance and the underlying mechanisms remains sparse. Here, we show that the development of resistance of the oriental armyworm Mythimna separata (Walker), a notorious agricultural pest that migrates between northern and northeast China seasonally across the Bohai Gulf, is influenced by seasonal migration.

RESULTS

There are two conspicuous migrations of M. separata, the northeastwards population in the second half of May and the returning population in the second half of August, between northern and northeast China per year, and the abundance values of migrants from April to October are significantly different. The resistance levels of seasonal migratory populations to λ‐cyhalothrin vary in different months, and the resistance levels and estimated frequency of the resistance allele of the first northeastward population (second half of May, May.‐2) in spring are significantly higher than those of the returning populations in autumn. Moreover, resistance decline was observed in migrating population Jul.‐2, with the resistance levels in the F1 progeny higher than those in their F2 progeny. Synergism tests indicate that cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) play a major role in resistance. Enzymatic assays show that P450 activity is significantly correlated with resistance levels in migratory populations, indicating that increased P450 activity is the main mechanism of resistance. The expression levels and correlation analysis of the relative expression of P450s with resistance levels show that three (CYP9A144, CYP9G40, and CYP6B79) out of 23 genes from CYP6 and CYP9 subfamilies are potentially involved in resistance to λ‐cyhalothrin.

CONCLUSION

Our results show that the resistance of M. separata to λ‐cyhalothrin is unstable and likely to be metabolically driven by enhanced P450 activity mediated by the overexpression of multiple P450 genes. Notably, the development of resistance is probably affected by seasonal migration.
Oesophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis presenting as non‐resolving pneumonia: A sinister cause diagnosed by EUS‐B‐FNA
Authors: Joshi Sharad , Majumdar Subhasish , Bhatia Ankit , Tayal Nitesh
Published: November 2021

We report a case of an oesophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis leading to a mediastinal collection caused by Candida glabrata presenting as a non‐resolving pneumonia and mimicking an oesophageal mass. The patient was a 60‐year‐old diabetic male who was referred from another hospital and presented with a history of low‐grade fever and breathlessness. His computed tomography (CT) of the chest disclosed a mediastinal mass alongside the oesophagus with pleural collection. Endobronchial ultrasound scope was inserted through the oesophagus (EUS‐B) and fine‐needle aspirate was taken from the mass. The cultures of specimen from the mediastinum grew drug‐resistant C. glabrata. The patient was managed with oral voriconazole along with oesophageal stenting after which he showed remarkable recovery. Repeat CT revealed a near‐complete reduction of the mediastinal infection. The case highlights the need of a high degree of suspicion, right approach to diagnostic work‐up and appropriate histopathological and microbiological examination of clinical specimens.
Rylene‐Fullerene Hybrid an Emerging Electron Acceptor for High‐Performing and Photothermal‐Stable Ternary Solar Cells
Authors: Wei Yi , Liang Ningning , Jiang Wei , Zhai Tianrui , Wang Zhaohui
Published: November 2021

Molecular carbon imides, especially extended perylene diimides (PDIs) have been the best wide‐band‐gap nonfullerene acceptors. Despite their excellent photothermal/chemical stability, flexible reaction sites, and unique photoelectronic properties, there is still a lack of fundamental understanding of their molecular characteristics as a third component. Here, generations of PDIs with distinctive molecular architecture, are deliberately screened out as the third component to PM6:Y6. Only a rylene‐fullerene hybrid, S‐Fuller‐PMI, surprisingly boosts the fill factor (FF) of ternary organic solar cells (OSCs) to 0.77 from 0.72 for PM6:Y6 binary ones, and therefore the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of ternary cells is enhanced from 15.3% to 16.2%. Compared with highly‐flexible rylene dimer and rigid multimer, S‐Fuller‐PMI exhibits higher electron mobility, favorable surface tension, and, therefore tailored compatibility with Y6. These formed Y6:S‐Fuller‐PMI alloys play as a morphological controller to improve charge separation and transport process. Simultaneously, the suppressed photothermal‐induced traps, along with inherent enlarged entropy effect, endow the ternary OSCs still with ≈70% of initial PCE even after 500 h continuous illumination, whereas only 53% is left in their binary counterparts. These results provide new insight into the molecular design principle for distinctive molecular carbon imides as the third component for efficient and durable PM6:Y6‐based OSCs.
Programmable Knot Microfibers from Piezoelectric Microfluidics
Authors: Yang Chaoyu , Yu Yunru , Wang Xiaocheng , Shang Luoran , Zhao Yuanjin
Published: November 2021

Microfibers have demonstrated significant application values in a large number of areas. Current efforts focus on developing new technologies to prepare microfibers with controllable morphological and structural features to enhance their functions. Here, a piezoelectric microfluidic platform is presented for consecutive spinning of functional microfibers with programmable spindle‐knots. In this platform, a jet of a pregel‐solution flowing in the channel can be subjected to a programmable piezoelectric signal and vibrates synchronously. Following a rapid polymerization of the wavy jet, microfibers with corresponding morphologies can be generated, including uniform, gradient, and symmetrical knots. Such a unique knot structure contributes to a water‐collection mechanism. Thus, it has been observed that microfibers with programmed knots enable even more flexible droplet handling and active water transport. In addition, by constructing higher‐order knot fiber networks, practical applications including spray reaction, lab‐on‐a‐chip vapor detection, etc., can also be demonstrated. it is believed that this platform opens a new avenue for fiber spinning, and the programmable microfibers would be highly applicable in chemical, biomedical, and environmental areas.
Rational Design of Tungsten Selenide @ N‐Doped Carbon Nanotube for High‐Stable Potassium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Chen Xiaoxia , Muheiyati Haliya , Sun Xiuping , Zhou Pan , Wang Peican , Ding Xuyang , Qian Yitai , Xu Liqiang
Published: November 2021

Potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs) are deemed as one of the most promising energy storage systems due to their high energy density and low cost. However, their commercial application is far away from satisfactory because of limited suitable electrode materials. Herein, core‐shell structured WSe2@N‐doped C nanotubes are rationally designed and synthesized via selenizing WO3@ polypyrrole for the first time. The large interlayer spacing of WSe2 can facilitate the intercalation/deintercalation of K+. Meanwhile, the core‐shell structured nanotube provides favorable interior void space to accommodate the volume expansion of WSe2 during cycling. Thus, the obtained electrode exhibits superb electrochemical performance with a high capacity of 301.7 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1 over 120 cycles, and 122.1 mAh g−1 can remain at 500 mA g−1 even after 1300 cycles. Ex‐situ X‐ray diffraction analysis reveals the K‐ion storage mechanism of WSe2@N‐doped C includes intercalation and conversion reaction. Density function theory (DFT) calculation demonstrates the reasonable diffusion pathway of K+. In addition, the obtained WSe2@N‐doped C nanotubes have been used as anode material for lithium‐ion batteries, which also show good rate performance and high cycle stability. Therefore, this work offers a new methodology for the ration design of new structure electrode materials with long cycle stability.
Realizing Superior Redox Kinetics of Hollow Bimetallic Sulfide Nanoarchitectures by Defect‐Induced Manipulation toward Flexible Solid‐State Supercapacitors
Authors: Liu Shude , Kang Ling , Hu Jisong , Jung Euigeol , Henzie Joel , Alowasheeir Azhar , Zhang Jian , Miao Ling , Yamauchi Yusuke , Jun Seong Chan
Published: November 2021

As a typical battery‐type material, CuCo2S4 is a promising candidate for supercapacitors due to the high theoretical specific capacity. However, its practical application is plagued by inherently sluggish ion diffusion kinetics and inferior electrical transport properties. Herein, sulfur vacancies are incorporated in CuCo2S4 hollow nanoarchitectures (HNs) to accelerate redox reactivity. Experimental analyses and theoretical investigations uncover that the generated sulfur vacancies increase the active electron states, reduce the adsorption barriers of electrolyte ions, and enrich reactive redox species, thus achieving enhanced electrochemical performance. Consequently, the deficient CuCo2S4 with optimized vacancy concentration presents a high specific capacity of 231 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1, a ≈1.78 times increase compared to that of pristine CuCo2S4, and exhibits a superior rate capability (73.8% capacity retention at 20 A g−1). Furthermore, flexible solid‐state asymmetric supercapacitor devices assembled with the deficient CuCo2S4 HNs and VN nanosheets deliver a high energy density of 61.4 W h kg−1 at 750 W kg−1. Under different bending states, the devices display exceptional mechanical flexibility with no obvious change in CV curves at 50 mV s−1. These findings provide insights for regulating electrode reactivity of battery‐type materials through intentional nanoarchitectonics and vacancy engineering.
Nanovaccines Mediated Subcutis‐to‐Intestine Cascade for Improved Protection against Intestinal Infections
Authors: Zhong Xiaofang , Du Guangsheng , Wang Xuanyu , Ou Yangsen , Wang Hairui , Zhu Yining , Hao Xinyan , Xie Zhiqiang , Zhang Yuandong , Gong Tao , Zhang Zhirong , Sun Xun
Published: November 2021

Parenteral vaccines typically can prime systemic humoral immune response, but with limited effects on cellular and mucosal immunity. Here, a subcutis‐to‐intestine cascade for navigating nanovaccines to address this limitation is proposed. This five‐step cascade includes lymph nodes targeting, uptaken by dendritic cells (DCs), cross‐presentation of antigens, increasing CCR9 expression on DCs, and driving CD103+ DCs to mesenteric lymph nodes, in short, the LUCID cascade. Specifically, mesoporous silica nanoparticles are encapsulated with antigen and adjuvant toll‐like receptor 9 agonist cytosine‐phosphate‐guanine oligodeoxynucleotides, and further coated by a lipid bilayer containing all‐trans retinoic acid. The fabricated nanovaccines efficiently process the LUCID cascade to dramatically augment cellular and mucosal immune responses. Importantly, after being vaccinated with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium antigen‐loaded nanovaccine, the mice generate protective immunity against challenge of S. Typhimurium. These findings reveal the efficacy of nanovaccines mediated subcutis‐to‐intestine cascade in simultaneously activating cellular and mucosal immune responses against mucosal infections.
Moiré Fringe Method via Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Ke Xiaoxing , Zhang Manchen , Zhao Kangning , Su Dong
Published: November 2021

Moiré fringe, originated from the beating of two sets of lattices, is a commonly observed phenomenon in physics, optics, and materials science. Recently, a new method of creating moiré fringe via scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) has been developed to image materials’ structures at a large field of view. Moreover, this method shows great advantages in studying atomic structures of beam sensitive materials by significantly reduced electron dose. Here, the development of the STEM moiré fringe (STEM‐MF) method is reviewed. The authors first introduce the theory of STEM‐MF and then discuss the advances of this technique in combination with geometric phase analysis, annular bright field imaging, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and electron energy loss spectroscopy. Applications of STEM‐MF on strain, defects, 2D materials, and beam‐sensitive materials are further summarized. Finally, the authors′ perspectives on the future directions of STEM‐MF are presented.
Plastic Flow Behavior of an Advanced 9Cr Martensitic Heat‐Resistant Steel at High Temperatures
Authors: Gao Jingen , Dong Zhizhong
Published: November 2021

Advanced 9Cr–1.5Mo–1Co–VNbBN martensitic steel is used for thick castings under ultra‐supercritical conditions. The microstructure, including martensitic laths, dislocations, and precipitations, is observed before and after deformation by transmission electron microscope. Steady‐state flow behavior and deformation mechanisms are investigated by analyzing strain‐rate jump test data at 600–650 °C. Results show that the plastic flow behavior of 9Cr steel is well characterized by a stress power law whose apparent stress exponent n is between 20.5 and 27.0 for the three test temperatures. The apparent activation energy of 621 kJ mol is estimated for the plastic flow of this steel, and the stress exponent and apparent activation energy are particularly high. The analysis incorporates the effect of a threshold stress, which is associated with the pinning effect of particles on dislocations. The truly modified stress exponent n0 is 4.6 at all test temperatures after removing the threshold stress, which is close to that of dislocation‐climb deformation, indicating the deformation of this steel can be described as a lattice diffusion‐controlled dislocation‐climb mechanism. Transmission electron microscopy observation is conducted to characterize the interaction of dislocation–precipitate to provide structural evidence for specific deformation mechanisms.
Concrete edge breakout of anchor channels—On the influence of member thickness and installation in pockets
Authors: Bogdanić Anton , Casucci Daniele , Ožbolt Joško
Published: November 2021

Anchor channels are frequently used in curtain wall applications and are expected to meet several requirements, such as installation in floor slabs with limited member thickness, small edge distances, pockets, etc. An extensive numerical parametric study and an experimental investigation were conducted to evaluate all the relevant parameters affecting the concrete edge breakout failure. The influence of member thickness and the influence of pockets on the concrete edge breakout capacity of anchor channels in uncracked and unreinforced concrete members is investigated. The results show that the current characteristic member thickness becomes too conservative with increasing edge distance, whereas the verification based on the current model may result in slightly overestimated capacities for thin members. Moreover, in some countries it is common to install the curtain wall fastening point in a recess of the concrete member often called a “pocket.” The most important parameters affecting the capacity of anchor channels in pockets are the edge distance, pocket size and height, and reduced member thickness. Modifications of the current concrete design model are proposed, as well as an additional modification factor to account for the influence of pockets.