bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF HIGH DOSES OF FLUORIDE ON DISUSE ATROPHY OF BONE IN YOUNG RATS
Authors: Bang Gisle , Kristoffersen Tore , Meyer Knut
Published: August 2010

Male weanling rats were supplied a standard mixed diet (SIFF Norsk Standard) and were given tap water containing 0.02 ppm of F (control group) or water containing 45 ppm of F (fluoridated group) for 4 weeks. At this time the right hind leg of all animals was paralysed by severing the sciatic and femoral nerve. The rats were then continued on the same food and water regimen for 3 weeks. The specific gravity, ash weight and calcium content of the dry, defatted femora were measured. The differences in ash and calcium content in the paralysed and the normal legs were found to be similar in both groups. In the fluoridated animals, however, the normal limbs showed significantly higher mean values of ash content and specific gravity than the corresponding legs of the control animals. The mean ash content of the paralysed limbs of the fluoridated animals was slightly higher, and the mean calcium content and specific gravity were similar to the values observed in the normal limbs of the control animals. Apparently, the high fluoride intake was associated with an increased rate of bone formation, eliminating the effects of disuse atrophy of bone in the paralysed femora.
THE INCIDENCE AND FREQUENCY OF MALLORY BODIES IN 1,100 CONSECUTIVE LIVER BIOPSIES
Authors: Christoffersen Per
Published: August 2010

In a material consisting of 1,100 consecutive needle biopsies Mallory bodies have been found in 62. Of these 17 show fatty infiltration (corresponding to 7 per cent of the total number of specimens showing fatty infiltration in the material) and 45 (corresponding to 37 per cent) show cirrhosis and fatty infiltration, while Mallory bodies have not been demonstrated in biopsies without fatty infiltration. The incidence of Mallory bodies in non selected materials of cirrhosis with fatty infiltration appears to be between 25 and 40 per cent.
THE SECONDARY AND TERTIARY INFLAMMATORY CELLULAR REACTION IN ARTERIOLES DAMAGED BY ACUTE ANGIOTENSIN‐HYPERTENSION IN RATS
Authors: Olsen Finn
Published: August 2010

When rats were treated repeatedly with series of intravenous injections of angiotensin, intervals between the series covering at least one week, the cellular reaction in the arterioles damaged by the hypertension differed from that to be found after only one series of injections (primary reaction). While the primary reaction showed equal numbers of mononuclear cells and polymorphous leucocytes at onset of the luminal cellular reaction and a duration of about 72 hours, the secondary and tertiary reactions differed (in identical way) with dominance of mononuclear cells from onset and to termination of the cellular reaction, with appearance of polymorphous leucocytes in the adventitia, and with a markedly prolonged duration of the reaction, up to more than 96 hours. Finally, the total number of mononuclear cells which infiltrated the damaged arterioles after the termination of the second and third hypertensive period was 3–10 times higher than that found after the first hypertensive period. It was found that the changed reaction was not caused by a development of impaired areas of the arterioles damaged during the first hypertensive period. As the secondary reaction has much in common with a delayed type of hypersensitivity the possible antigen was discussed, and angiotensin was found not to be responsible.
FATTY CHANGE IN PAPILLARY HEART MUSCLE AND IN ITS ARTERIOLES
Authors: Alavaikko M. , Hirvonen J. , Räsänen O.
Published: August 2010

The fatty change in the anterior papillary muscle of the left ventricular heart was examined in histological sections stained with Oil‐Red‐O. The material comprised 228 hospitalized patients aged over 20 years, who had died of various diseases, and 34 subjects, also aged over 20 years, who had suffered a sudden, violent death. They were all subjected to a complete autopsy. The following findings were recorded: 1. The parenchymal fatty change was most pronounced at the tip of the papillary muscle and over the subendocardial region. 2. The arteriolar fatty change was most pronounced in the media. Adventitial fatty change was slight, intimal fatty change being minimal. 3. The more pronounced the parenchymal fatty change, the more pronounced and frequent the arteriolar fatty change. 4. Cases of parenchymal and arteriolar fatty change tended to accumulate in identical disease groups. 5. An analysis by age groups revealed that coronary atherosclerosis and the fatty change of the parenchyma and arteriolar media of the papillary muscle in men were correlated. In women, the fatty change of the parenchyma and arteriolar media increased sharply in the age group 45–53. It is possible that this may be a result of the change in lipid metabolism which takes place in the climacteric phase, since in moderate and severe coronary atherosclerosis the corresponding sharp rise did not take place until in the age group 54–62, including women in the post‐climacteric phase. 6. In diseases correlated with coronary atherosclerosis (arterial hypertension, diabetes, cholelithiasis) the incidence of fatty change of parenchyma and arteriolar media in the different age groups and the degrees of severity of coronary atherosclerosis, were higher than in the hospital series in general. 7. In mild coronary atherosclerosis the fatty change of the arteriolar media was almost as frequent as in moderate and severe coronary atherosclerosis. 8. In subjects who had died a sudden, violent death, the incidence of fatty change of the parenchyma and arteriolar media was unexpectedly high. This was especially true in the group of patients at ages over 50, which suggests that the fatty change, at least in a mild form, may be relatively common among the general population.
LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE ISOENZYME PATTERNS IN ORAL LEUKOPLAKIAS AND IN CLINICALLY UNINVOLVED ORAL MUCOSA OF THE SAME PERSONS
Authors: Langvad E. , Roed‐Petersen B.
Published: August 2010

A cathodic shift of the LDH isoenzyme pattern in oral leukoplakic mucosa, similar to that found in carcinoma of the oral mucosa, has previously been reported. Similar isoenzymatic modifications affecting apparently uninvolved fields of tissue are commonly found in tumour‐bearing organs indicating the presence of macromolecular abnormalities or “field” changes preceding the development of neoplasia. The present study, comparing the isoenzymatic composition of leukoplakic and morphologically unaffected oral mucosa of the same persons, indicates that most leukoplakias may be localized conditions where morphological and molecular changes are confined within the limits of the macroscopic lesion. It is suggested that leukoplakias located within an area exhibiting isoenzymatic “field” changes may be those carrying a true preneoplastic potential.
AN AUTORADIOGRAPHIC STUDY OF THE NORMAL DECAY OF LYMPHOID CELLS IN THE MOUSE THYMUS
Authors: Claësson Mogens Helweg
Published: August 2010

The cellular decay of thymus single cell suspensions was studied by combined nigrosin dye exclusion and 3H‐thymidine autoradiography. Nigrosin stained, Feulgen dyed thymic cell smears were examined at intervals after injection of 3H‐thymidine into NMRI mice aged 30–45 days. Lymphoid cells of DNA‐synthesizing as well as non‐DNA‐synthesizing populations were found to decay. The decaying cells descendig from DNA‐synthesizing cell populations took up nigrosin mainly in the premitotic phase of their generation cycle. Percentage of non‐viable DNA‐synthesizing cells (8 per cent) and the average nigrosin staining time of the DNA‐synthesizing cell population (2 hours) indicated a decay rate in this cell fraction of 4 per cent per hour. The proliferation rate of the DNA‐synthesizing cell population was found to be 10 per cent per hour. Calculations including these values gave an average DNA‐synthesizing cell cycle time of 7 hours. Throughout the experimental period of 14 days, the non‐DNA‐synthesizing cell population showed random cellular decay. However, a specific cellular decay took place 3–5 days after injection of 3H‐thymidine, indicating a life span of approximately 4 days for many small thymocytes. The total thymic grain counts were used as a measure of organ radioactivity. The first days after injection showed massive reutilization of 3H‐thymidine released by cell decay during this period. In conclusion, a combination of autoradiography and dye exclusion of unfixed thymic cell suspensions leads to useful kinetic parameters of thymic lymphoid cell decay in situ.
COMPLEMENT AS A FACTOR IN ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
Authors: Geertinger Preben , Sørensen Henning
Published: August 2010

Massive doses of vitamin‐D in a few days provoke heavy clinical symptoms and histologically significant vascular changes, particularly in the aorta, coronary arteries and renal vessels of rats. Intravenous administration of zymosan completely cuts out these effects. Our conclusion is, therefore, that inactivation of circulating complement inhibits the vitamin‐D produced arterial lesions. We suggest that complement not only is an important factor in arteriosclerosis produced by vitamin‐D poisoning, but find it conceivable that it may play a similar key role in human aortic and coronary sclerosis.
INTERACTION BETWEEN OESTROGENIC AND CARCINOGENIC SUBSTANCES IN THE RAT MAMMARY GLAND
Authors: Sander Sten , Torgersen Olav
Published: August 2010

The cyclic variations in the rat mammary gland seem to be of no significance for the induction of breast cancer by dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) nor for the development of hormone sensitivity in these tumours. The uptake studies give no indication of any competition between oestradiol and DMBA with regard to intracellular binding. The occasional occurrence of one hormone‐sensitive and one hormone‐resistant cancer in the same animal points to the significance of local factors for the development of hormone‐sensitivity in breast cancers.
FREQUENCY OF SEX CHROMATIN AND NUMBER OF NUCLEOLI IN CELLS GROWN IN TISSUE CULTURES FROM NORMAL HUMAN SUBJECTS AND HUMAN SUBJECTS WITH SUPERNUMERARY X‐CHROMOSOMES
Authors: Therkelsen A. J.
Published: August 2010

The frequency of sex‐chromatin‐positive cells and the number of nucleoli/cell were studied in relation to growth phase in cultures of skin fibroblasts from normal human males and females, one 46‐XX male, four 47‐XXY males and three 48‐XXXY males. The main conclusions are: 1) The frequency of sex‐chromatin‐positive cells is low in the logarithmic growth phase, but rises very close to 100 per cent in the postlogarithmic phase in normal females as well as in sex‐chromatin‐positive males. 2) In three 48‐XXXY males investigated the frequency of cells with two Barr bodies showed minima of 22, 20 and 22 per cent in the logarithmic phase and maxima of 90.5, 75.5 and 71.5 per cent in the postlogarithmic phase. 3) The location of the Barr body changes during growth with a significant rise in the relative frequency of Barr bodies non‐adjacent to the nuclear membrane (i.e. juxtanucleolar and intermediary Barr bodies) from logarithmic to postlogarithmic phase. 4) The average number of nucleoli per cell is significantly higher in normal females than in normal males and significantly higher in the three 48‐XXXY males than in the normal female controls. 5) The average number of nucleoli per cell increases significantly during the logarithmic growth phase reaching a maximum at day 5, 6 or 7. 6) There is no difference between the average number of nucleoli in Barr‐positive and Barr‐negative cells. It is suggested that the explanation of fact No. 4 is that the heterochromatic X‐chromosome is nucleolus‐organizing and has a stronger nucleolus‐organizing action than the Y‐chromosome, and that facts Nos. 3 and 5 may be a consequence of an alteration in the distribution of the cells in the different intermitotic phases during the growth period.
CUTANEOUS AMYLOIDOSIS
Authors: Danielsen Lis , Christensen Hans Ewald , Wanstrup John
Published: August 2010

Three cases with extensive cutaneous amyloidosis of the lower extremities in elderly women are reported. An analysis illustrates the difficulty in classifying the disease into known groups and support the notion of a connexion with collagen disease. In all three patients the amyloidosis was probably localized solely to the skin. In the first and second cases, the amyloid deposits were “tumours” and were probably secondary to local inflammation. In the third case they appeared as lichen amyloidosus and were suggested to be secondary to systemic lupus erythematosus. Indirect signs of systemic involvement were present in the first case as immature and atypical bone marrow plasmocytosis, and in the second one as a serum paraprotein, but various biopsies did not support the theory of such a systemic amyloidosis. Furthermore, collagen disease was present in case 2 as rheumatoid arthritis. During prednisone treatment of the systemic lupus erythematosus in case 3, the specific stainability was lost. Electron microscopy of the cutaneous amyloid deposits exhibited a structure similar to that of systemic human amyloidosis and of experimental animal amyloidosis. Furthermore, evidence of local secretion mechanism of the amyloid substance was found. Mast cells were abundant, but their possible role in the pathogenesis of the amyloid deposition has not yet been fully explained.
THE EFFECT OF REPEATED INJECTIONS OF RABBIT ANTI‐GUINEA‐PIG THYROGLOBULIN SERUM INTO GUINEA‐PIGS
Authors: Kåresen Rolf
Published: August 2010

By repeated intraperitoneal injections of rabbit anti‐guinea‐pig thyroglobulin serum into guinea‐pigs, a high level of precipitating antibody to thyroglobulin was obtained in their serum for periods as long as 40 days. Although rabbit γ‐globulin, most probably anti‐thyroglobulin antibodies, was found as large deposits intercellularly and between the basal plasma membrane and the basement membrane of the follicle cells, no intracellular changes could be observed. No accumulation of mononuclear cells was detected in the interstitium, and in contrast to the heavy infiltration of granulocytes observed 24 hours after a single injection, only scattered eosinophils were found after repeated injections.
LUNG PATHOLOGY IN RESPIRATORY DISTRESS FOLLOWING SHOCK IN THE ADULT
Authors: Orell S. R.
Published: August 2010

Twenty cases of progressive respiratory distress (PRD) in adult patients following shock in connection with trauma, post‐operative complications or serious acute diseases are reviewed. The development of pulmonary consolidation with the formation of hyaline membranes (HM) in these cases is described in detail. Organization of the HMs may result in fibrous obliteration of respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts, if survival is sufficiently long. This is a highly characteristic picture. Thin HMs without organization, interpreted as early lesions, were found among twelve additional cases treated by artificial ventilation; these patients did not develop PRD but died of other causes. The relation of the pathological findings to certain clinical factors, such as length of survival with PRD, duration of mechanical ventilation and oxygen concentration, has been investigated. The results seem to concur with the theory that the pulmonary lesions are precipitated by inadequate tissue perfusion and possibly also intravascular coagulation during shock, leading to endothelial damage and reduced alveolar surfactant. Probably there are many important contributary factors, such as the mechanical effects of artificial ventilation, high oxygen concentration, infection, etc. “The respiratory distress lung” seems to be an appropriate morphological term for this type of lung lesion, which may also be precipitated by uraemia and viral pneumonia, for example, and greatly resembles the hyaline membrane disease in the newborn.
ACTINOMYCES IN TONSILLAR TISSUE
Authors: Grüner O. P. N.
Published: August 2010

At autopsy, Actinomyces colonies were found in the tonsils in 9 out of 22 bodies under the age of 35 years. This seems to indicate that tonsillar crypts is a normal habitat of such colonies.
CYTOMEGALY OF THE FOETAL ADRENAL CORTEX
Authors: Bech Karine
Published: August 2010

An analysis of the findings of adrenal cytomegaly in foetuses and infants in a five‐year autopsy material showed that the frequency increased with gestational age and lifetime. Therefore no basis was found for regarding cytomegaly as a normally occurring feature of foetal life. In cases of erythroblastosis, maternal toxaemia, and multiple pregnancies the frequency was found to be slightly increased, but the most striking feature was the high frequency of severe malformations. It is discussed whether the high occurrence of malformations speaks in favour of viral induction or chromosome anomaly. The cellular infiltration and the marked necrosis of the foetal cortex, which cannot be explained by the physiological involution, speak in favour of a viral aetiology. Finally, the resemblance between cytomegaly and the cellular changes in idiopatic Addison's disease and congenital adrenal hypoplasia of cytomegalic type is mentioned.
AN AUTORADIOGRAPHIC STUDY OF THE NORMAL LYMPHOID CELL DECAY IN THE MESENTERIC LYMPH NODE OF THE MOUSE
Authors: Claesson Mogens Helweg
Published: August 2010

The cellular decay in mensteric lymph node cell suspensions was studied by combining nigrosin dye exclusion and 3H‐thymidine autoradiography. The labelling pattern of non‐viable cells was followed during a period of 14 days after injection of a single dose of 3H‐thymidine into NMRI‐mice 30 to 45 days of age. The decaying cells were divided into DNA‐synthesizing and non‐DNA‐synthesizing cells. The decay of DNA‐syntresizing cells partly reflects' a decay of blast cells proliferating in situ, i. e. germinal centre cells with a decay rate of 20 per cent. The majority of cells decaying in the lymph node seems to be carried to the organ by the blood or lymph stream. The results are discussed on the basis of knowledge of lymphoid cell migration streams between the various lymphoid organs and the existence of short‐lived lymphocyte populations.
GROWTH OF HUMAN BRAIN TUMOUR EXPLANTS IN MATRIX CULTURES IN DIFFERENT HUMAN SERA
Authors: Holmström Teddy , Saksela Eero
Published: August 2010

The effect of various types of fresh human sera (Penttinen and Saxén 1957) on the growth and maintenance of 22 clinically benign and 13 clinically malignant human brain tumours was studied in a three‐dimensional matrix culture system using fibrin foam as supporting matrix. The viability and the penetration of the primary explants into the matrix was studied histologically in serial sections. The variation in serum effects on the growth of benign tumours was negligible, whereas the fresh autologous sera and non‐clumping sera supported the growth of malignant tumours significantly better than the aged serum pool and clumping sera. Closer analysis revealed this difference to be due to the significant inhibition of the growth of malignant gliomas under the conditions mentioned. The investigated sera had no effect on histological structure and differentiation of tumour explants in vitro.
REACTION OF THE MONGOLIAN GERBIL TO A CHOLESTEROL‐CHOLIC ACID‐CONTAINING GALLSTONE INDUCING DIET
Authors: Bergman Frank , Linden Willem van der
Published: August 2010

Mongolian gerbils fed chow supplemented with 1 per cent cholesterol and 0.5 per cent cholic acid, developed steatosis of the liver, accumulation of lipids in the reticuloendo‐thelial system, high serum cholesterol levels and accentuated hypoplastic changes of the thyroid gland. In the bile, a marked rise of the cholesterol concentration, a slight rise of the cholic‐ and deoxycholic‐ and a decrease of the chenodeoxycholic acid concentration was observed. After 4 months on the diet, cholesterol gallstones were found in the distended gallbladders. Discontinuance of the diet showed the gerbil to be rather unable to free itself from excess cholesterol with a very slow and incomplete return to normal of liver histology. In this respect the gerbil differs from the mouse but also a number of similarities in the reaction of these two species to the diet were noted.
PRESENCE OF DMBA‐3H IN THE MOUSE OVARY AND ITS RELATION TO OVARIAN TUMOUR INDUCTION
Authors: Krarup Torben , Loft Hans
Published: August 2010

Ovarian tumours in mice can be induced by 9:10‐dimethyl‐l: 2‐benzanthracene (DMBA). DMBA's primary action in the mouse ovary is the destruction of small oocytes. Whether the parent DMBA or some break‐down product is the effective carcinogen and whether prolonged retention of the carcinogenic principle in the target organ is a prerequisite for a neoplasma to develop are unknown. These questions were studied in experiments with tritiated DMBA, comparing the primary cytological effect of DMBA with the presence of radioactivity in tissue extracts. Radioactive compounds extracted from tissues after treatment with DMBA‐3H were analysed by two‐dimensional chromatography. The results suggest that DMBA itself is the effective initiator in ovary carcinogenesis in mice rather than some in vivo conversion of the chemical. The different rates at which small oocytes are destroyed after oral and intraperitoneal administration of the carcinogen can be directly correlated with different levels of carcinogen obtained in the tissues after the two routes of administration and to their different excretion rates. It is concluded, that the carcinogenic effect of DMBA on mouse ovaries is related to the immediate destruction of small oocytes, whereas the prolonged retention of DMBA after intraperitoneal injection is of no significance for the neoplastic development.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF THE RENAL CORPUSCLES I: INTRAGLOMERULAR, INTERGLOMERULAR AND INTERFOCAL VARIATION IN THE NORMAL KIDNEY
Authors: Sørensen F. Hanberg
Published: August 2010

A quantitative method based on camera lucida drawing and planimetry was used to evaluate intraglomerular, interglomerular and interfocal variation with regard to the following parameters: 1) differential number of glomerular nuclei, 2) mesangial area in percentage of total area, 3) total number of nuclei per 1.000 μ2 of total area and 4) number of mesangial nuclei per 1.000 μ2 of mesangial area. Study of intraglomerular variation revealed that, as far as the above‐mentioned parameters are concerned, a central part is found to comprise approximately half of the glomerulus where values are relatively constant. Histograms based on results obtained in 141 normal glomeruli from the same kidney showed a reasonably good approximation to a normal distribution for all parameters concerned. Interfocally, a statistically significant difference in nuclear density could be demonstrated, but this was not the case as regards differential counts and percentage of mesangial area. Comparison of a tissue specimen with subcapsular glomeruli with a tissue specimen with juxtamedullar glomeruli demonstrated no difference with regard to the parameters studied, but the largest glomeruli were found at juxtamedullary sites. It does not appear to matter whether tissue specimens for use in a normal material are removed as small wedges of tissue or as aspiration biopsies. Compressed glomeruli near the edge of the specimens should be excluded.
MARGINAL VACUOLES IN FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION BIOPSY SMEARS OF TOXIC GOITERS
Authors: Nilsson Göran
Published: August 2010

A special type of vacuoles, called marginal vacuoles, and occurring in the cytoplasm of the follicular epithelium cells in smears from fine needle aspiration biopsy specimens is described. Marginal vacuoles were found to be much more frequent in toxic than in atoxic goiters. The difference was so clear that it was considered to be of some value in the examination of biopsy smears from the thyroid. It is suggested that markedly dilated cisterns of the endo‐plasmatic reticulum are the most likely ultrastructural counterparts of the vacuoles.
THE FINER INTRAMYOCARDIAL VASCULATURE IN VARIOUS FORMS OF EXPERIMENTAL CARDIAC HYPERTROPHY
Authors: Ljungqvist Arne , Unge Gunnar
Published: August 2010

The finer intramyocardial vascular architecture in various forms of cardiac hypertrophy was studied by a combined stereomicro‐angiographic and histological procedure. Significant cardiac hypertrophy was induced by renal hypertension, aortic stenosis and swimming exercise. The training‐induced hypertrophy was reversible. The myocardial vascular architecture was altered in cardiac hypertrophy. There were essential differences in the vascular patterns of training‐induced hypertrophy, on one hand, and hypertrophy secondary to hypertension and aortic stenosis, on the other. The nature of these differences suggested that training‐induced hypertrophy was associated with neoformation of vessels in an otherwise structurally unaltered myocardial vasculature, while the other forms of hypertrophy were dominated by a transformation of the preformed vascular pattern. In the regression of hypertrophy, which took place during the resting period after training, only minor changes appeared in the myocardial vascular pattern.
ABNORMAL MORPHOLOGY OF GERM CELLS IN TWO INFERTILE MEN
Authors: Skakkebæk Niels E.
Published: August 2010

An abnormal morphology of germ cells has been found in two men with severely reduced fertility. Generally, in addition to Sertoli cells, only one cell type was present in the seminiferous tubules. Cells of this type differed considerably from normal spermatogonia. The diameter of the nuclei was considerably increased and they stained intensely with Feulgen stain. Spermatocytes and spermatids were absent in the abnormal tubules. Few, apparently normal, tubules were also present, which accounts for the finding of a small number of spermatozoa in the semen specimens. Both urinary excretion of gonadotrophins and 17‐ketosteroids as well as secondary sex characteristics and chromosome complements were normal.
AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPICAL STUDY OF NUTRITIONAL MUSCULAR DEGENERATION (NMD) OF MYOCARDIUM AND SKELETAL MUSCLE IN CALVES
Authors: Oksanen Aili , Poukka Ritva
Published: August 2010

NMD provoked by diets containing profuse quantities of unsaturated fatty acids occurred in three calves, while four other calves were protected with vitamin E. The diseased calves presented macroscopic and light‐microscopic waxy degenerative changes typical of NMD. Electron microscopy of degenerated areas in the myocardium and in skeletal muscle, revealed that the presence of strongly electron‐dense formations between intact myofibrils represented the first stage in the disease. The localization, size and shape of these formations were consistent with features in the mitochondria of intact cells. In the same areas, intact mitochondria were mostly absent. In some areas, mitochondria with only some electron‐dense crystals could be seen. In further advanced stages of the disease, similar electron‐dense formations might be seen, but they were surrounded by a structureless, necrotic mass without myogenic striation. Abundant, immature cells, most of which were difficult to identify were seen between the destroyed muscle cells. The cells which had the nature of satellite cells and were located below the intact external lamina of the degenerated cell were intrepreted as myoblasts.
A CASE OF THYMONA IN ASSOCIATION WITH MEGAKARYOCYTOPENIA
Authors: Sundström C. , Lundberg D. , Werner I.
Published: August 2010

A case of thrombocytopenic purpura, megacaryocytopenia and signs of auto‐immune processes (positive direct Coomb's test) is presented. It was later complicated by an intracranial haemorrhage. At autopsy a thymoma (microscopically a lymphoepithelioma with spindle cell predominance) was found. The possible causal relationship between the two disorders is discussed.
HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES IN HUMAN LIVER BIOPSIES FROM CHRONIC ALCOHOLICS
Authors: Christoffersen Per , Nielsen Knud
Published: August 2010

In a material consisting of liver biopsies from 330 consecutive patients with chronic alcoholism (alcohol consumption of more than 50 g/day for a period of greater duration than a year) 60 (18 per cent) show cirrhosis or have given a suspicion of cirrhosis. 56 of these in addition exhibit varying degrees of fatty change. 212 biopsies (64 per cent) show fatty change without cirrhosis. 23 (seven per cent) biopsies as the most important pathological finding exhibit varying degrees of iron storage in the liver cells, and 27 biopsies (eight per cent) show normal liver tissue without iron content and without a single cell with fatty change. The last eight biopsies show hepatitis or non specific reactive changes.
ARGENTAFFIN CELLS IN HUMAN THYROID AND PARATHYROID AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO C‐CELLS AND MEDULLARY CARCINOMA
Authors: Ljungberg Otto
Published: August 2010

Patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma may show two histochemically different populations of non‐follicular cells in those parts of the thyroid parenchyma as are not involved by the neoplasm. Besides cells with characteristics consistent with C‐cells (basic dye metachromasia and argyrophilia), there is a second, topographically and morphologically distinct population of extra‐follicular cells which show argentaffin and orthochromatic cytoplasmic granules. These cells were found in 13 out of 25 cases of medullary carcinoma and they were also present in parathyroid glands in 5 out of 8 of these patients. Their malignant counterparts in the tumours were found in 20 out of 34 cases. Argentaffin and orthochromatic cells were only sporadically seen in a series consisting of various benign thyroid diseases and they were totally absent in cases of malignant neoplasms other than medullary carcinoma. The nature of the argentaffin (orthochromatic) cell is enigmatic. It may be related to the C‐cell, but its characteristic morphology and topography suggest that it is a distinct type of cell with different functions.
POST MORTEM CHANGES OF HUMAN SERUM ESTERASES
Authors: ÁRnason A. , Bjarnason Ó.
Published: August 2010

An attempt was made to follow post mortem changes of human serum esterases. Disappearance of fractions and formation of new ones was demonstrated, using starch gel electrophoresis. It is concluded that proteolytic enzymes may be the cause of these changes.
THREE‐DIMENSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION OF INTRAHEPATIC BILE DUCTS IN A CASE OF POLYCYSTIC DISEASE OF THE LIVER IN AN INFANT
Authors: Jørgensen M.
Published: August 2010

The anatomy of the intrahepatic biliary system was evaluated by means of three‐dimensional reconstruction of a portal tract in the liver from a stillborn infant with polycystic disease of the liver. This confirmed that the bile duct system in part had the form of a plate. Based on liver embryology a hypothesis is presented concerning the pathogenesis of polycystic disease of the liver and its relation to congenital hepatic fibrosis.
ENDOCRINE CELLS IN THE BRONCHIAL MUCOSA OF HUMAN FOETUSES
Authors: Hage Esther
Published: August 2010

Cells which are believed to be members of the APUD‐series of endocrine cells have been demonstrated in the bronchial epithelium of foetal lung. Among the common cytochemical characteristics of APUD‐cells were demonstrated: amine content, amine precursor uptake (and decarboxylation), and reactivity to staining with HC1‐toluidine blue and Pb‐H.
A CASE OF THYMOMA IN ASSOCIATION WITH ERYTHROCYTOSIS
Authors: Sundström C.
Published: August 2010

A case of erythrocytosis and coexistent thymoma is presented. The erythrocytesis was diagnosed about two years before the patient's death. The thymoma was found at autopsy. The relationship between the two disorders is discussed.
TRANSFER OF RABBIT UTERINE RENIN TO AUTOLOGOUS TISSUES PLACED IN CONTACT WITH THE UTERUS
Authors: Eskildsen Peter Claes
Published: August 2010

Loops of ureter, surgically embedded into the ipsilateral uterine horn of pregnant and non‐pregnant rabbits for 1–20 days, receive increasing amounts of renin, dependent on the renin level of the uterus. Similar transfer of uterine renin occurs if the omentum majus or the abdominal wall are brought into contact with the uterus. Interruption of the uterine contact for 4 days results in a decrease, but not in a disappearance, of renin from the ureter. Application of Millipore filter tube around the ureter inhibits the passage of renin from the uterus in most cases; in a few cases, however, passage may still occur, even if the pore size is 0.5 μ Millipore diffusion chambers (pore size: 0.1 μ‐1.0 μ‐14 μ) placed into pregnant uteri contain renin, independent of simultaneous penetration of cells. These results show that uterine renin is diffusible as extra‐cellular renin, indicating an occurrence of considerable amounts of renin in the interstitial space of uterine tissue. The possibility of a cellular renin formation in the ureter, induced by a special uterine factor or occurring on account of invasion of uterine capillaries containing renin producing cells, is discussed.
ALCIAN BLUE‐SILVER IMPREGNATION A METHOD DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN ACID CARBOHYDRATES, RETICULIN FIBRES AND COLLAGEN FIBRES
Authors: Lyon Hans , Prentø Poul
Published: August 2010

A standardized silver impregnation method coupled with Alcian blue staining is described. The method purports to differentiate between acid carbohydrates, reticulin fibres and collagen fibres. It is suggested that the method could be used in the study of transition zones between reticulum fibres and collagen fibres.
ALLOXAN DIABETES IN DUCT‐LIGATED RATS:
Authors: Edström Curt , Boquist Lennart
Published: August 2010

The course of alloxan diabetes was studied ultrastructurally during 19 months in duct‐ligated and control rats. During the first days after alloxan administration, selective degeneration was observed in most β‐cells of both atrophic and intact pancreatic parenchyma. New formation of islet cells was found from about one week. Two different kinds of cells without characteristic granulation were seen: those which seemed to be precursor cells to granulated islet cells, and those which appeared to represent hypertrophic, de‐granulated β‐cells. The number of α2‐cells was increased during the first months after the injection of alloxan. At 19 months a normal fine structure was found in the islets.
EXPERIMENTAL MURINE LEPROSY:
Authors: Closs Otto , Haugen Olav A.
Published: August 2010

To propagate bacilli, a suspension of Mycobacterium lepraemurium (MLM) was injected intravenously into 40 outbred albino mice. Pronounced differences were observed in the rate of progression of the infection, and 8 mice representing the clinically observed extremes were histologically examined. Poor clinical condition was found to correlate with the presence of many granulomas and few or no surrounding lymphocytes, indicating weak or absent cell mediated immunity (CMI). Good clinical condition correlated with smaller and fewer granulomas with less bacilli and a pronounced infiltration of small lymphocytes. These observations strongly suggest that outbred mice differ in their susceptibility to MLM‐infection. The basis for this heterogeneity, which bears some resemblance to the spectrum in human leprosy, is assumed to be the varying capacity of individual mice to mount a cell mediated immune response against the mycobacterium.
LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS ON GLOMERULAR CHANGES IN CANINE INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS
Authors: Krohn Kai , Jokelainen Pentti T. , Sandholm Markus
Published: August 2010

Light and electron microscopic studies on dogs suffering from chronic interstitial nephritis revealed glomerular lesions characterized by thickening of the glomerular capillary walls and an increase in the mesangium. The thickened capillary walls stained strongly with PAS stain and less with silver methenamine stain. Electron microscopy revealed the presence of subendothelial and occasional subepithelial electron dense deposits in the thickened and split glomerular basement membrane. Degenerative changes were seen in the epithelial as well as in the endothelial cells. Similar but milder lesions were seen in clinically healthy old control dogs but not in young healthy dogs. The findings emphasize the importance of glomerular lesion in canine interstitial nephritis and supports the hypothesis that an altered immunological mechanism, probably related to ageing, might be pathogenetic in this disease.
THE ADRENAL GLANDS OF MICE WITH HEREDITARY PITUITARY DWARFISM
Authors: Shire John G. M. , Hambly Elizabeth A.
Published: August 2010

Histological studies were made of the adrenal glands of mice with hereditary pituitary dwarfism. No evidence was found for a deficiency of ACTH in these mice. Quantitative comparisons with their normal sibs showed that the permanent cortex was not disproportionately small in the dwarf mice. It was confirmed that the adrenal glands of dwarf mice lack an X zone. The medulla was found to be large, relative to the permanent cortex, in both male and female dwarfs.
EFFECTS OF SUPPLY AND WITHDRAWAL OF FLUORIDEExperimental Studies on Growing and Adult Rabbits 1, Concentration of Fluoride in Cortical Bone
Authors: Rosenquist Jan
Published: August 2010

The fluoride content in cortical bone ash of growing rabbits given 0.5 and 10 mg of fluoride per kg weight per day was studied after 2, 4, 7 and 14 weeks. The retention was linear. The amount of fluoride in the diet, 2 p p m, was not sufficient to maintain the fluoride level in the control group in which there thus was a small decrease. After withdrawal of fluoride at practically completed growth (21 weeks) the fluoride content was determined after another 4, 12 and 24 weeks. There was no decrease in the fluoride content, suggesting that the fluoride was firmly bound to the bone minerals.
EFFECTS OF SUPPLY AND WITHDRAWAL OF FLUORIDE
Authors: ROSENQUIST JAN
Published: August 2010

Serum alkaline phosphatase isozymes were studied in growing (series I and III) and adult (series II) rabbits given known amounts of fluoride. Any quantitative or isozyme differences between normal and fluoride treated animals were not observed. Electrophoretic studies indicate that the liver is the major contributor to the serum alkaline phosphatase isozymes in the rabbit.
EFFECTS OF SUPPLY AND WITHDRAWAL OF FLUORIDE
Authors: Rosenquist Jan
Published: August 2010

Growing rabbits were given a fluoride supplement of 0.5 and 10 mg of fluoride per kg body weight per day during 14 weeks, that is, until they were 21 weeks of age. At that time the fluoride supplement was withdrawn and the animals were followed for another 24 weeks. Cortical diaphyseal bone from femur and tibia was studied by microradiography and fluorescence microscopy after fluorochrome labelling. There were no differences in bone morphology between the group given 0.5 mg of fluoride and the control animals. In animals given 10 mg of fluoride, excessive periosteal bone formation was seen at the lateral part of the tibial cortex. This fluorotic bone was characterized by thin radiating and heavily labelled bone trabeculae and there was a considerable degree of porosity in this bone. After withdrawal of the fluoride, no further signs of trabecular bone formation were seen. With increasing time of observation the porosity gradually decreased. The findings support the view that change from a high fluoride intake to a normal diet will result in progressive normalization of bone morphology. This normalization will occur in spite of maintained fluoride contents in the bone ash.
NECROTIZING ANGIITIS PRODUCED BY THE SHWARTZMAN MECHANISM
Authors: Nordstoga Knut , FJØLSTAD Morten
Published: August 2010

Renal haemorrhagic and necrotic lesions, ranging from widespread haemorrhages to fulminant cortical necroses, were produced in experimental animals from 5 out of 9 mammalian species which received systemic injections of disintegrated cells of haemolytic Escherichia coli. In animals exhibiting obvious macroscopic kidney lesions, necrotic mural alterations were consistently found in interlobular arteries and often also in afferent glomerular arte‐rioles. The acute vascular damage was frequently characterized by fibrinoid necrosis of the vessel walls, and was inconstantly accompained by thrombosis and intramural and perivascular accumulations of inflammatory cells, predominantly eosinophils and mononuclear cells. The vascular injury was interpreted as a type of hypersensitivity angiitis, and indicates that hypersensitive mechanisms are operative in the generalized Shwartzman reaction and in the development of bilateral renal cortical necrosis.
DETERMINANTS FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PERMANENT TISSUE CULTURE LINES FROM HUMAN GLIOMAS
Authors: Westermark B. , Pontén J. , Hugosson R.
Published: August 2010

Malignant gliomas, in contrast to other human neoplasms, rather frequently establish themselves as permanent tissue culture lines. Still, the major part of malignant gliomas fail to do so. The object of the present investigation was to search for determinants of the primary explant for the future successful establishment. The material consisted of one medulloblastoma, one ependymoma, 4 oligodendrogliomas, 14 astrocytomas grade I and II and 68 astrocytomas grade III and IV. Established lines were obtained only from grade III and IV gliomas but with no difference between these two groups. A surprising finding was that male tumours more frequently became permanent lines (13/45) than female ones (1/23) and that a higher success rate was found among temporo‐parietal tumours (12/28 of the male tumours) than among those located in the frontal lobe (1/17 of the male tumours). No connection between the histologically predominant cell type of the grade III and IV gliomas and the rate of establishment was found. Studies of the primary cultures of the gliomas implied that failure to form an established line only in a minor fraction could be ascribed to failure of the tumour cells of the explant to adhere to the solid support. This was valid for all astrocytomas grade I and II, the ependymoma and some of the grade III and IV gliomas. In the majority of malignant gliomas a rapidly occurring failure to multiply was found, leading to continuous death of the tumour cells while normal glia‐like cells proliferated luxuriously and outnumbered the neoplastic component. This might depend on a deficient interaction between the tumour cell and the solid support even if lack of essential metabolites cannot be excluded.
EXTRACORPOREAL IRRADIATION OF THE BLOOD
Authors: Weeke Eva , Henriksen Birgit
Published: August 2010

By means of extracorporeal irradiation of the blood (ECIB) lymphopenia is produced in man. This method has been used in the clinical work as immunosuppressive therapy before and after renal transplantation. In the present study, the histological changes of acute and chronic rejection in non‐surviving kidney grafts were compared in 29 patients who received ECIB before and after grafting (group I) and 42 non‐ECIB treated patients (group II). The median survival time of the graft was 45 days (range 2–790). In addition, the histological changes in biopsies from the grafts taken during early acute rejection episodes were studied. The histological changes were divided in acute rejection and chronic changes and graded according to the severity of the observed changes. Furthermore, the degree of mononuclear cell infiltration were evaluated. No statistical difference between group I and II, neither regarding histological changes in the grafted kidneys nor in the biopsies, could be demonstrated.
HISTOLOGICAL AND FOLLOW‐UP STUDIES IN CASES OF MICRO‐INVASIVE CARCINOMA OF THE UTERINE CERVIX
Authors: Rubio C. A. , Söderberg G. , Einhorn N.
Published: August 2010

Two hundred and ten cases of suspected micro‐invasion or definite micro‐invasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix (i.e. penetration not beyond 5.0 mm) were histologically subdivided according to the classification proposed by Frick et al. (1963). This classification was found to be of no value as a means by which to predict the final outcome of the disease in patients in the present series. The cells in micro‐invasive foci often showed signs of cytoplasmic maturation. Stromal lymphocytic infiltration was increased as compared with that in cases of carcinoma in situ. Oedema‐like halo formation was seen more often in cases in which micro‐invasion was deeper. In the majority of the cases, suspected or micro‐invasive carcinoma was associated with carcinoma in situ with buds. In similarity with carcinoma in situ, micro‐invasive carcinoma was found to occur predominantly in premenopausal patients. The follow‐up periods ranged from 6 to 18 years in all but one case. Twelve per cent of the patients were treated only with conization; no sign of recurrence has yet been detected in these patients. Despite the limitations of the technique, measurements of the extent of the vertical invasion in tissue sections appear to be a method by which a good prognosis may be predicted after treatment of patients with clinical Stage I carcinoma of the uterine cervix.
LOSS OF EPITHELIAL BLOOD GROUP ANTIGEN‐A DURING WOUND HEALING IN ORAL MUCOUS MEMBRANE
Authors: Dabelsteen E. , Fejerskov O.
Published: August 2010

The expression of blood group antigen A was studied on oral epithelial cells during wound healing. Twelve cases were studied, and the antigen reactivity was semiquantitated by titration in a double layer immunofluorescence staining reaction. In eight cases there was a total loss of antigen A in the migrating epithelial cells and in the sliding cells along the wound margins. In four cases there were a distinct decrease in positive reacting epithelial cells along the wound margins. The positive reacting cells all demonstrated less antigen than the cells in the non‐wounded adjacent mucosa demonstrated by a lower end point titre. The study has shown that changes in blood group antigen expression on epithelial cells during repair processes correspond to what is seen in malignant cells in oral carcinomas.
EFFECTS OF SUPPLY AND WITHDRAWAL OF FLUORIDE
Authors: Lemperg Rudolf K. , Rosenquist Jan B.
Published: August 2010

In one series of experiments the effect of fluoride ingestion on the concentration of hydroxyproline and acid glycosaminoglycans in the cortical bone of growing rabbits was studied. During this period, excessive bone formation and resorption occurred. The glycosaminoglycans were quantitatively determined using the cetylpyridiniumchloride precipitation technique in microscale and qualitatively studied by micro‐zone electrophoresis. Concentrations of hexosamines were found to be higher in the femur than in the tibia while the contrary was true for the hydroxyproline contents. Small age‐related changes were observed in the solubility profiles of the chondroitin sulphate. No alterations were found during 14 weeks of fluoride ingestion. In another series, rabbits were given fluoride during 14 weeks until completed growth after which the fluoride supplement was withdrawn and the animals followed for another 24 weeks. During this period, normalization of the bone morphology was established. Neither quantitative nor qualitative changes occurred with respect to bone glycosaminoglycans and hydroxyproline. Chemical analyses and electrophoresis indicated the presence of minor amounts of keratan sulphate in the cortical bone of rabbits.