bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of a New Composite Bone Cement as a Bone Substitute for Vertebroplasty
Authors: Goto Koji , Fujibayashi Shunsuke , Tamura Jiro , Kawanabe Keiichi , Hasegawa Shin , Kowalski R. , Nakamura Takashi
Published: March 2009

A new composite bone cement designated ‘G2B1’ was developed for percutaneous transpedicular vertebroplasty. G2B1 contains beta tricalcium phosphate particles and methylmethacrylate –methylacrylate copolymer as the powder components, and methylmethacrylate, urethane dimethacrylate, and tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate as the liquid components. Osteoconductivity
and histological changes with time were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy, contact microradiography, and Giemsa surface staining 4, 8, 12, 26, and 52 weeks after implantation into rat tibiae. To evaluate osteoconductivity, affinity indices (%) were calculated. Scanning electron microscopy and contact microradiography revealed that bone contact with G2B1 was attained
within 4 weeks (affinity index: 50.2 ± 11.8 at 4 weeks) and at most of the margin within 26 weeks (affinity index: 87.4 ± 7.2 at 26 weeks). Giemsa surface staining showed that there was almost no inflammatory reaction around the G2B1. These results indicate that G2B1 is a biocompatible and highly osteoconductive bone cement.
Mechanical Behavior of Complex 3D Calcium Phosphate Cement Scaffolds Fabricated by Indirect Solid Freeform Fabrication In Vivo
Authors: Jongpaiboonkit Leenaporn , Lin C.Y. , Krebsbach P.H. , Hollister S.J. , Halloran J.W.
Published: March 2009

Calcium phosphate cement is a bioceramic with potential applications for bone-tissue engineering. In this work, controlled porous calcium phosphate scaffolds with interconnected pores were computationally designed by an image-based approach and fabricated by indirect solid freeform fabrication (ISFF) or ‘lost mold’ technique. Voxel finite-element analysis (FEA) showed that
mechanical properties of design and fabricated scaffold can be predicted computationally. Scaffolds were then implanted subcutaneously to demonstrate tissue in-growth. Previously, we showed the ability of porous calcium phosphate cement scaffolds to have sufficiently strong mechanical properties for bone tissue engineering applications. This work shows the image-based FEAs from
micro-CT scans in vivo (four- and eight weeks). Extensive new bone apposition was noted with micro-CT technique after four- and eight weeks. FEA models of the original design and scaffolds with newly bone formed were compared.
Evaluation of 5% Na2O-Incorporated Calcium Metaphosphate as a Scaffold for Tissue-Engineered Bone Regeneration
Authors: Yoon J.H. , Kim J.T. , Park Eui Kyun , Kim Shin Yoon , You Chang Kuk , Kim Suk Young , Jeong Jae Ho , Shin Hong In
Published: March 2009

As a part of the effort to develop a suitable scaffold for tissue-engineered bone
regeneration, we modified calcium metaphosphate (CMP) ceramic with Na20 and evaluated its efficiency as a scaffold. We incorporate 5% Na20 into pure CMP and prepare for an average pore size of 250 or 450 µm average pore sizes. The incorporation of 5% Na2O caused reduced compressive strength and there was no change in biodegradability. The in vitro cellular attachment
and proliferation rate, however, were slightly improved. The 5% Na2O-incorporated macroporous CMP ceramic-cell constructs treated with Emdogain induced ectopic bone formation more effectively than those without Emdogain treatment. These results suggest that the incorporation of 5% Na2O into pure CMP is not effective for improving the physical characteristics of pure CMP but
it is positive for improving the cellular reaction and osteogenic effect with the addition of Emdogain.
Electrostatic Dissipative Glass Fibre Reinforced Composites
Authors: Gloria-Esparza C. , Zurek J. , Yuan Qiang , Bateman Stuart , Xia Kenong
Published: March 2009

Electrically conductive composites were made from short glass fibre (GF) and carbon black (CB) blended with high-density polyethylene (HDPE) using a single screw extruder. The Young’s modulus, tensile and impact strengths were improved with the addition of GF, and the surface conductivity in the static dissipative range of 10-6 to 10-9 S was achieved at CB content as low as 1 wt%, significantly lower than that in the unreinforced CB/HDPE. Addition of a coupling agent (MAPE) improved bonding between fibres and the polymer matrix and increased the stiffness and fracture resistance.
Simulation of Time-Dependant Deformation of Polymer Matrix Composites Based on Short-Term Data
Authors: Deng Shi Qiang
Published: March 2009

This paper presents an effort for simulating time-dependant deformation behaviour of
polymer matrix composites analytically and experimentally. The proposed models were developed on the basis of the classic lamination theory and the viscoelastic approach with consideration of the anisotropic deformation of fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composite materials. A series of shortterm creep and recovery tests were conducted to provide the basic material properties and to verify
the predictive models. It was found that a fairly good agreement has been achieved between the proposed models with the creep testing data of a cross-ply carbon fibre/urethane resin composite laminate under different loading orientations.
Carbon Fibre-Organoclay Hybrid Epoxy Composites: Fracture Behaviours and Mechanical Properties
Authors: Kim Jang Kyo , Siddiqui Naveed A. , Woo Ricky S.C. , Leung Christopher K.Y. , Munir Arshad
Published: March 2009

The fracture resistance and mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced composites (CFRPs) containing organoclay-filled epoxy resin are studied. The XRD analysis and TEM examination revealed well-dispersed organoclay in the epoxy matrix displaying a mixture of exfoliation and intercalation. There was a significant improvement in flexural modulus and a marginal reduction in flexural strength of epoxy matrix due to the incorporation of organoclay. The quasi-static fracture toughness of epoxy increased nearly 60% with the addition of 3wt% clay, but there was a 45% drop in impact fracture toughness with 1wt% clay. When CFRPs were fabricated with the clay-modified epoxy resin, both the flexural modulus and strength of the hybrid composites showed negligible changes due to a few wt% of organoclay in the matrix. The interlaminar crack growth stability and the corresponding mode I interlaminar fracture toughness of the hybrid composites with organoclay improved substantially compared to those with carbon fibres only. The hybrid composites typically presented rough matrix surface associated with pinning and crack tip bifurcation, whereas the composite made from neat epoxy showed a smooth river line structure which is characteristic of brittle epoxy. The correlation between the composite interlaminar fracture properties and the toughness of modified matrix is discussed.
Morphology and Mechanical Properties of Epoxy/Alumina Nanocomposites
Authors: Wang Ke , Ogier Pascal , Tjiu Chauhari Wuiwui , He Chaobin
Published: March 2009

Alumina nano-crystals were dispersed in epoxy resin via different approaches. The
effects of filler dispersion on the mechanical properties of the epoxy/alumina nanocomposites were studied. The fracture mechanisms are investigated using SEM. The results show that the Young’s modulus, tensile strength, elongation at break and fracture toughness of epoxy were improved dramatically with the incorporation of well-dispersed alumina nano-crystals. The poorly-dispersed
nano-crystals, however, showed little effects on the mechanical properties.
Factors towards Pencil Scratch Resistance of Protective Sol-Gel Coatings on Polycarbonate Substrate
Authors: Chwa Edmund , Wu Linda , Chen Z.
Published: March 2009

Sol-gel coatings with different amount of colloidal silica were prepared on polycarbonate substrate. The scratch resistance was measured by the pencil hardness test based on ASTM Standard D3363-00. The indentation hardness, elasticity modulus and fracture toughness of the coatings were also characterized and correlated to the observed pencil hardness. The scratch failure
was found to be due to film cracking at the trailing end. Based on such an observation, the current analysis points out that the main factors towards scratch resistance are elasticity modulus, thickness and fracture toughness of the film.
Finite-Element-Simulation of Interfacial Crack Propagation: Cross-Check of Simulation Results with the Essential Work of Interfacial Fracture Method
Authors: Schüller T. , Lauke B.
Published: March 2009

An advanced finite-element model for the complete failure process of a double notched specimen with crack tip blunting caused by yielding and subsequent crack propagation is used for the simulation of realistic specimens. Cracks in a homogeneous material and bimaterial cracks are studied. The calculated load-displacement curves show generally the shape known from experiments and theoretical considerations. The simulation allows determination of a working range of set up parameters like geometry, test speed or clamping conditions. The numerical model simulates crack propagation on the basis of a criterion which is similar to the energy release rate. The essential work of interfacial fracture method provides a method to determine the fracture toughness from load-displacement curves. This method is well suited to check the numerical simulation because both use an energy based failure criterion. If applied to simulated load-displacement curves the resulting essential work of interfacial fracture should directly match the fracture criterion used as input for the simulation. In fact, the data reduction of the simulated curves results in values for the fracture toughness that almost perfectly match the input values of the simulation. This agreement is a strong argument for the consistency of the simulation and the data reduction scheme.
Al/Al2O3 Core-Shell Particles Synthesized by Wet-Chemical Based Route
Authors: Kou Hua Min , Guo Jing Kun , Wang Jing , Pan Yu Bai
Published: March 2009

Coating process is attracting more and more attention in the preparation of
composite materials mainly due to its predominance in the improvement of the
uniformity for different phases. The formation of nanosize alumina shells on the
aluminum core particles by a wet-chemical based route was investigated and the
composite particles were characterized using TG/DSC, XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS. An
enhancement of cermet properties can be expected by using these coated particles as initial powders.
Synthesis of the Magnesium-Based Nano/Amorphous-Composite Alloy Powder by the Combination Method of Melt-Spinning and Mechanical Alloying
Authors: Chang L.J. , Young J.H. , Jang Jason S.C. , Huang J.C. , Tsao Chi Y.A.
Published: March 2009

A series of Mg-based alloys with composition of Mg65Y10Cu25-XAgX, x = 0, 5, 10, were selected for investigating the microstructure evolution of the Mg-based nano/amorphous-composite alloy powder synthesized by the combination method of melt-spinning and mechanical alloying (MA). The microstructure characterization of the alloy powders was conducted by means of DSC, XRD, FEG-SEM, and TEM techniques. The result of XRD reveals that the entire as-quenched alloy ribbons exhibit a broaden diffraction pattern of amorphous phase. After 50 hours milling the mixture of amorphous alloy ribbons with 5 vol.% of nano-sized ZrO2 by planetary mill, the ZrO2 dispersed magnesium composite alloy powder can reach to a homogeneous size distribution. In parallel, the MA composite Mg-based alloy powders still remain an amorphous state by the characterization of X-ray diffraction and the DSC analysis. A clear Tg (glass transition temperature) and most wide supercooled region (about 44 K) were revealed for both the Mg65Y10Cu20Ag5 alloy ribbon and the MA magnesium composite powder. In addition, the result of TEM observation also revealed that the ZrO2 with average particle size of 80 nm distributed homogeneously in the amorphous matrix of the Mg65Y10Cu20Ag5 /5 vol.% ZrO2 composite alloy powder. The interface between the ZrO2 dispersoid and the amorphous matrix of the composite alloy powder exhibits a very good bonding condition.
Preparation of SOFC Cells by Means of Electrophoretic Deposition
Authors: Argirusis Christos , Damjanović Tanja , Borchardt Günter
Published: March 2009

Solid oxide fuel cells with an electrode supported thin film electrolyte are a promising
alternative to electrolyte supported single cells because of decreased electrolyte resistance. The
electrophoretic deposition (EPD) of the electrolyte was performed on A-site deficient
La0.75Sr0.2MnO3-δ (ULSM) from three different suspensions: (Y2O3)0.08(ZrO2)0.92 (YSZ),
(Ce0.9Gd0.1)O1.955 (GDC) and La0.9Sr0.1Ga0.8Mg0.2O2.85 (LSGM) in acetylacetone and isopropanol.
The thickness of the deposits was controlled by varying the conditions of the electrophoretic
deposition. Because of porosity reduction in the cathode layer during sintering of the electrolytes
we deposited porous cathodes (La0.8Sr0.2MnO3-δ (LSM) and La0.6Sr0.4Fe0.8Co0.2O3-δ (LSCF) ) as
well as anodes (NiO/YSZ and NiO/GDC) on dense YSZ foils by applying a conductive layer on top
of the surface part to be coated.
The Evolution of the Electrical Field Drop over the Suspension during EPD
Authors: Anné Guy , Neirinck Bram , Vanmeensel Kim , Van der Biest Omer , Vleugels Jef
Published: March 2009

The electrical field drop over a deposit during electrophoretic deposition (EPD)
determines the deposition rate and the uniformity of the deposit when a non-uniform electrical field
is present. Due to the large practical consequences of a potential drop over the deposit, a procedure
was developed to calculate the electrical field strength at the deposition front from currentconductivity
measurements during EPD. The evolution of the electrical field strength during EPD
was calculated for MEK and ethanol based suspensions. It was found that the suspension
composition determines whether a potential drop over the deposit is present or not. EPD
experiments on a membrane revealed that the extra potential drop is over the deposit and not caused
by electrode polarization for the ethanol-acid based suspensions.
Electrophoretic Deposition of Mullite Based Oxygen Diffusion Systems on C/C-Si-SiC Composites
Authors: Damjanović Tanja , Argirusis Christos , Jokanović B. , Borchardt Günter , Moritz Kirsten , Müller Eberhard , Herbig R. , Weiss Roland
Published: March 2009

Combining sol-gel synthesis of 3/2 mullite through hydrolysis and condensation of tetraethoxysilane and aluminum-tri-sec-butylate with electrophoretic deposition (EPD) yields sufficiently thick and homogeneous layers which transform into mullite at T ≥ 1000 °C. The characterisation of the mullite precursor during synthesis was performed through electroacustic measurements. The protectiveness of the deposited mullite layers was tested in air in the temperature range 1200 °C ≤ T ≤ 1550 °C by means of isothermal thermogravimetric analysis for up to 200 hours. Comparing the oxidation rate of mullite coated C/C-Si-SiC samples to that of uncoated reference samples clearly demonstrated that mullite offers a significant improvement to the oxidation resistance of the uncoated material. At temperatures above 1600 °C the protectiveness of the deposited layer is reduced due to the existence of a liquid phase and the formation of CO bubbles above the cracks in the SiC layer. In order to prolong the protectiveness of our mullite layers at higher temperatures we deposited an additional layer from a suspension of mullite precursor with 5 wt. % of Al2O3 powder. The protectiveness of so obtained mullite and mullite/ Al2O3 layers was also tested under cyclic conditions at 1500 °C and 1550 °C. These experiments clearly demonstrated that all samples withstood at least for 4-10 cycles which were performed subsequently in different time intervals (from 2-3 days to 1 h).
Bioglass® Coatings on Superelastic NiTi Wires by Electrophoretic Deposition (EPD)
Authors: Boccaccini Aldo Roberto , Minay E.J. , Krause D.
Published: March 2009

45S5 Bioglass® coatings have been produced on superelastic nickel-titanium wires using electrophoretic deposition (EPD). Aqueous suspensions of Bioglass® particles (< 5 &m mean particle size) were used. EPD led to the formation of thick and uniform coatings covering the wires very homogeneously, without the development of any microcracks during the drying stage. Best results were achieved with suspensions containing 20 wt% Bioglass®, an applied voltage of 5 V, and a deposition time of 5 min. Samples sintered for 1 hour at temperatures > 800 °C exhibited diffusion of nickel and titanium into the Bioglass® coating. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyse the microstructure of the Bioglass® coatings in terms of level of uniformity, densification, and to discover the possible presence of microcracks, as well as to gain information about the thickness of the coating produced on the different substrates. The results demonstrate that the EPD technique is a very convenient method to produce uniform Bioglass® coatings on wires for biomedical applications.
Design of Alumina/Alumina Laminate Composites with Crystalline-Orientated Layers Produced by Electrophoretic Deposition under a High Magnetic Field
Authors: Uchikoshi Tetsuo , Suzuki Tohru , Okuyama Hideo , Sakka Yoshio
Published: March 2009

Highly crystalline-textured alumina ceramics were fabricated by electrophoretic deposition (EPD) in a strong magnetic field of 12 T. Preferred orientation of the bulk was controlled by changing the direction of the applied electric field E relative to the magnetic field B during the EPD. Average orientation angle of the prepared monoliths as a function of the angle between the vectors E and B, ϕ B-E was estimated from the X-ray diffraction analysis. Alumina/alumina laminar composites with crystalline- oriented layers were also fabricated by alternately changing the ϕ B-E layer by layer during EPD in a magnetic field of 12 T.
Electrophoretic Deposition of Ceramic Powders-Influence of Suspension and Processing Parameters
Authors: Moritz Kirsten , Müller Eberhard
Published: March 2009

The electrophoretic deposition (EPD) of AlN, Al2O3 and SiC, respectively, from ethanolic suspensions stabilised by suitable organic additives has been investigated. A main topic of this paper is the EPD in the direction of the gravitational force. Using an AlN suspension, the deposit weight depending on the experimental parameters was determined. The deposition was carried out under constant voltage or constant current conditions. Several factors influencing the effective electric field strength will be discussed. It could be shown that the conductivity of the suspension results mainly from the free ionic species. By EPD from the different suspensions, green bodies with monomodal pore size distributions were produced. The electrophoretic deposition of alumina from an ethanolic and from an aqueous suspension of the same composition led to similar results regarding the homogeneity of the particle packing in the deposits. The SiC suspension was also used for infiltrating woven carbon fibre mats by EPD in order to fabricate ceramic matrix composites.
A Study on Design of Ultra-Precision Micro-Feed Stage
Authors: Zhang Q. , Lu Ze Sheng
Published: March 2009

Ultra-precision positioning technique has become one of the important parts in the
development of precision machines. Flexure stage driven by piezoelectric actuator (PZT) has been
used widely as micro-feed installation because they have many advantages, such as: driving directly,
fine displacement resolution, no friction or spacing. This paper designed a micro-feed stage driven by
PZT using clinograph mechanism, analyzed the influence of flexure hinges on the static and dynamic
performance of micro-feed stage based on finite element analysis. The design procedure was
presented by which we can determine the geometrical dimensions of flexure hinge easily and achieve
desired performance parameters of the stage, and the effectiveness of the design method was validated
by experiment.
A Parametric Interpolator with Smooth Kinematic Profiles for High Speed Machining
Authors: You You Peng , He Jun
Published: March 2009

Smooth kinematic profiles are very important for high speed curve machining. During parametric interpolation, simple adaptive feedrate with confined contour error may cause acceleration and jerk to fluctuate acutely. To avoid the undesirable influence, an interpolation algorithm for parametric curves with smooth kinematic profiles is presented. The interpolator consists of three parts, look-ahead module, feedrate planning module and interpolation module. In look-ahead module, a pre-interpolator is designed to produce the required feedrate profile considering chord error. By feedrate planning, a smooth feedrate profile with confined acceleration and jerk is schemed based on bell-shape ACC/DEC profile by feedrate profile matching and feedrate profile synthesis. Then the parametric curve can be interpolated with the planned feedrate in interpolation module. Simulation results have been also provided to illustrate that the proposed interpolator can generate smooth kinematic profiles required for the high tracking accuracy at high speed with confined chord error, acceleration and jerk, and can be used for high speed and precision curve machining.
Virtual Reality in Optimizing the Groove of Blade
Authors: Chen Yu Quan , Li Zhen Jia , Huang Q.B. , Ma Y. , Yang D.Y.
Published: March 2009

The chip-breaking groove of a blade is one of the main factors influencing chip control. In
this paper, we report the use of a virtual reality technique to optimize the shape of the groove on a
blade according to the status of chip formation and breakage. First, by using the software, World Tool
Kid, the virtual cutting systems were developed to determine the linkages between the moving parts in
the machine tool and display the virtual course of chip formation and breakage. And then, the virtual
reality of optimizing the shape of the turning blade groove was carried out, that is, during calculation
of loci in dimensional movement and solving mathematical model of the chip breakage, by inputting
the groove’s parameters and cutting conditions of the blade, and simulating the track in dimensional
movement of a chip and the restricting relations between the chip and each barrier, the intersecting
coordinates in dimensional points of chips and the breaking manner could be solved. For improper
chip-breaking manner, by modifying the model parameters, the blade groove was recalculated until
the chips could be broken with ease. Based on the shapes of chips, the shape of the blades’ groove can
be optimized to get optimal shape.
The Design of Noncircular Gear of Constant Pressure Angle and the Realization of Its Wire-Electrode Cutting
Authors: Zhao Li Gang , Zuo Dun Wen , Fan L. , Chen Rong Fa , Li Duo Sheng , Wang Min
Published: March 2009

This paper brings forward a new type of the tooth profile of noncircular gear—constant
pressure angle involute tooth profile, and realizes its wire-electrode cutting. By the design of CAD
and CAM, this paper shortens the design time of the noncircular gear and improved the design
accuracy of the noncircular gear. By the research of the constant pressure angle involute tooth
profile of noncircular gear, this paper has improved the transmission accuracy of the noncircular
gear. By the research of the technology of wire-electrode cutting, this paper has improved the
manufacturing accuracy of the noncircular gear.
Study on the Testing Technology of Main Residual Stress of Metal Sheet Based on Soft X-Ray Diffraction Stress Analyzer
Authors: Feng Ai Xin , Zhang Yong Kang , Zuo Dun Wen , Kong De Jun , Yang Chao Jun , Yin Su Min , Xie H.K. , Zhou Jian Zhong , Lu Jin Zhon
Published: March 2009

For the characteristics of soft X-ray stress testing technology, a formula to resolve main
residual stress is deduced based on analyzing the relationship between main residual stress and
normal stress of different sections. The distribution of main stress of laser shock forming TA2 metal
sheet is studied combined with the experimental study on the determining residual stress with soft X
ray diffraction analyzer. The result shows that testing and calculating main residual stress is an
important approach to study the deformation law of sheet metal material.
Modal Analysis of Circular Diamond Saw-Blade for Deep Sawing of Granite
Authors: Li Yuan , Xu Xi Peng
Published: March 2009

In this paper, finite element method (FEM) was applied to analyze the natural
characteristics of a diamond saw-blade for deep sawing of natural granite. The vibration mode and
nature frequency of the saw-blade were theoretically studied by a commercial FEM software. The
factors influencing the natural characteristics of the saw-blade were also discussed. It was found that
the natural frequency of the saw-blade increases with its thickness, rotary speed and clamping ratio,
but decreases with its diameter.
Performance Evaluation of Electro-Rheological Fluid and Its Applications to Micro-Parts Fine-Machining
Authors: Yan Qiu Sheng , Bi F.F. , Wu N.Q.
Published: March 2009

This article first presents the performance of Electrorheological Fluid (ER fluid). Thus, a
new-style machining technique based on ER effect to form a tiny grinding wheel is developed for
superfine machining. By adding abrasive particles to ER, an array of stable chains of ER particles
can be shaped when an electric field is applied and abrasive particles are fixed to these chains
structure. When the tip of tool is rotated, the abrasive particles rotate with the flow and a superfine
grinding process come into being. This process is expected to be applicable to the aspheric surface
machining of micro miniature components made of optic glass or other hard-brittle materials.
Generation Process of Nanometric Machined Surfaces of Monocrystalline Cu
Authors: Tang Yu Lan , Liang Ying Chun , Liu X.D. , Dou J.H. , Wang D.X. , Zhao J.W.
Published: March 2009

A three-dimensional model of molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was employed to study the generation process of nanometric machined surfaces of monocrystalline copper. The model included the utilization of the Morse potential function to simulate the interatomic force between Cu-C and Cu-Cu. By analyses of the MD simulation snapshots of the various stages of the nanometric cutting process and local radial distribution function (RDF), the structure of the bulk and the machined surface with no change and that of the chip with minimal change were observed. Potential energy had significant fluctuations due to generation and propagation of dislocations around the tool. The elastic recovery along the machined surface of the work material was observed after the tool passed. Because the state of machined surface was an important influence on the performance and the physical and chemical properties of product, the effects of surface relaxation on the machined surface state were investigated under the vacuum condition.
Analysis of Reversible Fine Machining Sequence Effect on Surface Integrity
Authors: Wu Wen Ge , Pang Si Qin , Liu Zhan Qiang
Published: March 2009

Reversible cutting method is a new research thesis proposed to shorten processing route,
decrease tool number and handling time, increase machining efficiency. The aim of the presented
work was to analysis the effects of reversible fine machining sequence on surface integrity in
machined layer. Nonlinear hardening during reverse loading and the change of the Bauschinger
effect factor with plastic strain were properly taken into account. In experiments, the residual
stresses have been measured using the X-ray diffraction technique (at the surface of the workpiece
and in depth). Moreover, micro-hardness and surface roughness of machined surface are presented.
Experimental data for the range of cutting parameters tested showed that the reversible fine
machining produce the tensile residual stresses at the surface, which are critical in the performance
of the machined components. The experimental results of micro-hardness of reversible fine
machining technique are smaller than that of general fine machining show that decreased plastic
deformation of the surface layer and work-hardening. Surface roughness of machined surface with
reversible finishing is discussed. Research results indicted that it can be adopted such planning
which rough machining during advance stroke and fine machining or semi-finishing during return
stroke in machining process. In this way, it has such advantages that increase machining efficiency
and machining accuracy, decrease bending deformation.
Research in Method of Reliability Optimization Based-On Multi-Objective Fuzzy Matter-Element with Fuzzy Chance Constraint
Authors: Zhao Yan Wei , Huang F.L. , Li Z.F. , Zhang Guo Xian
Published: March 2009

This paper study on the problem of fuzzy multi-objective optimization, provides the method uses multi-objective fuzzy matter-element optimization to solve the problem of multi-objective programming which the parameter of the model is fuzzy, and provides the process of a fuzzy simulated based genetic algorithm to solve this problem. And a instance of multi-objective optimization of fuzzy reliability is given, verified the genetic algorithm based on fuzzy simulation of multi-objective matter-element is validity, and the virtue of the algorithm not only can solve the problem that the objective function is generalized function, but also can solve the problem that the objective function is normal function.
Development of an Integrated Instrument for Nucleic Acid Pyrosequencing Detection
Authors: Zhu Ji Jun , Shi H.N. , Cheng J. , Wei X.Y. , Lu Zu Hong
Published: March 2009

This paper introduces a kind of new homemade and low cost multi-channel nucleic acid
pyrosequence detector for at least ninety-six channels and presents the detail of related software and
hardware development. We construct a kind of automatic instrument to fulfill the pyrosequencing
processes. First we select the X-86 personal computer as host computer, the AT89C51
micro-controller as slave computer, the PMT (photoelectric multiply tube) as photoelectric
transformation equipment, and the HY-6022 as data sampling device; Second we use the Visual
C++ 6.0 as coding tools to design the measure and control system based on Windows 2000
operating system; Third we sample the fluorescent signal in all of the cuvettes during the reaction
between nucleic acid and reagent; Last we analyze these data to realize the function of the
multi-channel nucleic acid detection. In this paper the whole instrument design and key parts design
are both introduced such as the liquid injection process and related structure design, the
communication module between the host personal computer and the MCS51, the high sensitivity
multi-channel detector (at least 96 channels, the sensitivity is 2.45×10-9w) etc. The result of the
instrument for two channels data processing is also reported in this paper.
Numerical Analysis on Hybrid High Speed Sleeve Bearing
Authors: Wang L.L. , Ge Pei Qi , Lu Chang Hou
Published: March 2009

Hybrid sleeve bearing is widely used in high speed principal axis system. Numerical
analysis on a spiral oil wedges hybrid sleeve bearing of high speed principal axis is investigated in
this paper. The finite differential equations of Reynolds, film thickness and velocity in an oblique
coordinate system are obtained. By means of the finite differential method, loading capacity,
pressure distribution, and stream of lubricating oil of the hybrid sleeve bearing are computed and
analyzed. The results show that spiral oil wedges can produce the flow separation between hot oil
and cold oil, and avoid the oil heated repeatedly. With the increase of eccentricity and decrease of
spiral angle, the loading capacity of the bearing increases.
Ultraprecision Cutting of Glass BK7
Authors: Zhou Ming , Liu X.D. , Huang S.N.
Published: March 2009

The development of the capability to machine glass materials to optical quality is highly desirable. In this work, the deformation characteristics of brittle materials were analyzed by micro and nano indentations. Diamond cutting of optical glass BK7 was performed in order to investigate the tool wear mechanism in machining of brittle materials and the effect of tool vibration on material removal mechanism. The tool wear mechanism was discussed on the basis of the observation of wear zone. Ductile-mode cutting has easily been achieved with the application of ultrasonic vibration during cutting of glass. It was confirmed experimentally that the tool wear and surface finish were improved significantly by applying ultrasonic vibration to the cutting tool.
Carbon Nanotube as Probe for Atomic Force Microscope
Authors: Xu Zong Wei , Liang Ying Chun , Dong Shen , Gu Li Qiang , Sun T. , Zhao Qing Liang
Published: March 2009

An improved arc welding method was developed to fabricate carbon nanotube probe under
direct view of optical microscope. The new fabrication method here needs not coat silicon probe in
advance with metal film, which greatly reduces the fabrication’s difficulty. An easy method for
shortening the nanotube probe was also developed. The improved fabrication method here is simple
and reliable. The fabricated carbon nanotube probe showed good properties of higher
length-to-diameter aspect ratio, better wear characteristics than silicon probe.
Research on Periodic Structures Aroused by Femtosecond Laser Irradiation on Single-Crystalline Silicon Wafer
Authors: Wang Yan Shen , Dong Shen , Yang Yan Qiang , Liang Ying Chun , Wang Y.H.
Published: March 2009

Ripples in the area of femtosecond laser irradiated discrete points and continuous lines were studied. The characteristics of interference-induced ripples (LSFL) in the area irradiated by single shot were investigated by AFM. During single point irradiation, morphology of the irradiated area changed with energy deposition. Morphologies of the irradiated continuous lines with and without ablated groove inside were both investigated. The intensity of interfered light waves varied in different positions of each energy stripes. Thus the characteristics of ripples in the irradiated area varied with different positions. Ripples much larger than LSFL were found perpendicular to laser polarization.
Measurement of Roundness and Sphericity of the Micro Sphere Based on Atomic Force Microscope
Authors: Zhao Xue Sen , Sun T. , Yan Yong Da , Li Zheng Qiang , Dong Shen
Published: March 2009

The measuring system was developed based on a reconstructed atomic force microscope
(AFM) combined with the precision rotating air-bearing and assistant transform shaft. By this
system the experiment was carried out according to the principle of three orthogonal orientations
towards a micro sphere about 0.46 mm in diameter, and nine one-dimensional traces around the
sphere were obtained. Analyses on roundness and sphericity are carried out from the measured
data.The results show that the maximal roundness is 0.3895 μm, and the sphericity error is 0.3880
μm.These evaluations are significant references to evaluate its fabrication accuracy or to reform its
machining processes.
Design and Control of Planar Parallel Mechanisms with High Speed and High Precision
Authors: Sun L.N. , Liu Y.J. , Li J. , Cui J.
Published: March 2009

In order to satisfy the requirement of advanced manufacturing equipments with high speed and high precision, two planar parallel mechanisms have been developed. Based on these mechanisms, firstly, in consideration with the velocity and the precision of the end-effector together, the dimension optimization design is performed based on conditioning index and the precision characteristics. Then a disturbance observer is designed for the purpose of restraining load disturbance in the direct-drive system, and the experimental results show that load disturbance can be effectively restrained by the disturbance observer.
Preparation of Mullite Composite Using Liquid Infiltration Technique
Authors: Cho Bum Rae , Heo Dae Hong
Published: March 2009

Porous mullite with a porosity of about 78% was fabricated using Al(OH)3, SiO2 and AlF3
powders to develop non-asbestos friction materials for brake pads. A mullite composite was
fabricated by infiltrating liquid phenolic resins to the porous mullite. The effects of the processing
parameters (infiltration frequency, immersion duration and resin temperature) on the properties of the
mullite composite obtained by the liquid infiltration technique were studied. SEM analysis reveals
that the parameters affected the degree of infiltration and hardness of the mullite composite by
changing the infiltration frequency and immersion duration. With increasing immersion duration and
infiltration frequency, the resultant porosity had lower values. In the case of hardness, the measured
values showed an opposite tendency.
Nano Magnetite Particles Prepared under the Combined Addition of Urea and Ammonia
Authors: Jeong Young Keun , Shin Dae Kyu , Lee Hong Jae , Oh Kyung Sik , Lee Jong Heun , Riu Doh Hyung
Published: March 2009

Magnetite (Fe3O4) particles were prepared for biomedical application through three
different routes. Each route had the difference in the selection of pH controlling agents. Ammonia,
Urea and combined use of ammonia and urea were tested in the synthesis through co-precipitation.
With the combined use of urea and ammonia, the size of particles could be reduced as small as 10 nm
while effectively suppressing the agglomeration among particles. The surface charge measured at
physiological condition explained the good dispersion behavior of nano-magnetite particles. The
superparamagnetism observed in nano magnetite particles was expected to be useful for biomedical
application in the respect of magnetic localization and dispersion.
Nano-Structured High Purity Copper Processed by Accumulative Roll-Bonding
Authors: Lee Seong Hee , Han Seung Zeon , Lim Cha Yong
Published: March 2009

Accumulative roll-bonding (ARB) process was applied to an oxygen free copper for
improvement of the mechanical properties via ultra grain refinement to nanometer order level.
Two copper sheets 1mm thick, 30mm wide and 300mm long are degreased and wire-brushed for
sound bonding. The sheets are then stacked to each other, and cold-roll-bonded by 50%
reduction rolling. The sheet is then cut to the two pieces of same length and the same procedure
was repeated to the sheets. The ARB process up to eight cycles (an equivalent thickness strain of
6.4) is successfully performed at ambient temperature. TEM observation reveals that ultrafine
grains, hardly containing the dislocation interior, begin to develop at the third cycle, and after
the sixth cycle they cover most of regions of samples. The morphology of ultrafine grains
formed is different from that of aluminum alloys. Tensile strength of the ARB-processed copper
increases with the equivalent strain up to a strain of ~3.2, in which it reached 390 MPa, ~2.1
times higher than the initial value. However, the strength hardly changed at the strain above ~3.2.
Direct Hydrothermal Processing of Long Titanate Nanofibers from Natural Rutile
Authors: Suzuki Yoshikazu , Pavasupree Sorapong , Yoshikawa Susumu , Kawahata Ryoji
Published: March 2009

Via the direct hydrothermal processing using natural rutile as a starting material, long
titanate nanofibers (typically 10-500 μm in length and 20-50 nm in diameter) have been successfully
synthesized in high yield Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray
spectroscopy (EDS), electron diffraction, and UV-Vis spectroscopy demonstrated that the
as-synthesized nanofibers presumably consisted of sodium hydrogen trititanate ((Na,H)2Ti3O7, e.g.,
Na0.4H1.6Ti3O7) including some hexatitanate-type defects ((Na,H)2Ti6O13). The direct hydrothermal
treatment for natural rutile will be a promising low-cost processing for 1-D nanomaterials, which can
act not only as the reaction step but also as the purification.
Energy Changes and the Lattice Resistance
Authors: Clegg W.J. , Vandeperre L. , Pitchford J.E.
Published: March 2009

The aim of this paper is to study the effect of relaxing the assumption in the Peierls
analysis that the dislocation must be wide compared to the atom spacing. To do this the use of the
continuum description of the in-plane strains caused by the presence of an edge dislocation is
replaced by an atomistic interaction taken to be linear elastic. It is found that in this case the inplane
interactions give a contribution to the overall misfit energy changes that are not present in the
Peierls analysis because of the use of a continuum approach. This contribution modifies these
energy changes so that the total misfit energy is a minimum at the conventional low energy
positions (whereas in the Peierls analysis it is a maximum) and gives values of the Peierls stress in
reasonable agreement with those measured.
Gas Pressure Dependence of Photon Emission Accompanying Fracture of Polycrystalline MgO in Nitrogen
Authors: Shiota Tadashi , Toyoshima Yasuo , Yasuda Kouichi , Matsuo Yohtaro
Published: March 2009

The photon emission accompanying fracture of a polycrystalline MgO was investigated at
room temperature under N2 gas pressures from 10-4 to 105 Pa. At fracture, the ultraviolet, visible and
infrared photon emissions instantaneously increased, and then rapidly decreased in most of the
experimental conditions. However, in a N2 gas pressure of around 100 Pa, their peak counts lasted for
about 10 milliseconds, and the amount of the UV photon emission was fifteen times larger than those
obtained in the other N2 gas pressures. This abrupt increment in the emission was explained by the
luminescence due to N2 gas discharge according to the classical Townsend’s theory. In conclusion,
the photon emission accompanying fracture of a polycrystalline MgO mainly originated from the
excited defects as reported by the authors previously, but the N2 gas discharge had a supplementary
effect on the emission around a specific N2 gas pressure.
Development of Low Machining Cost Materials by Using Aluminum Borate
Authors: Takano H. , Kusunose Takafumi , Sekino Tohru , Ramaseshan Rajagopalan , Niihara Koichi
Published: March 2009

6061 aluminum alloy composite reinforced with α-alumina and aluminum borate is
fabricated by casting method. The above mentioned composite has been compared to a similar
composite without aluminum borate reinforcement for their machinability. The aluminum borate
filler was controlled up to (2.5, 5.0 and 30vol %) on the surface of α-alumina. The reaction zone
between alumina and the matrix in both the systems are analyzed with the help of TEM micrographs
as well as X-ray diffraction profiles. At the reaction zone between alumina and the aluminum alloys,
some spinel-like compounds (MgAl2O4) are identified. Finally, machinability was analyzed with the
single point tool machining.
Wear Behavior of Nano-Sized Metal Particle Dispersed Al2O3 Nanocomposites
Authors: Oh Sung Tag , Yoon Se Joong , Choa Yong Ho , Jeong Young Keun , Niihara Koichi
Published: March 2009

The microstructure and mechanical properties including wear resistance of Al2O3-based
nanocomposites with 5 vol% of Cu and Ni-Co dispersions were investigated. Al2O3/Cu and Al2O3/
Ni-Co nanocomposites were fabricated by hydrogen reduction and sintering process using metal
oxide and metal nitrates. The composites showed homogeneous microstructures with nano-sized
metal dispersions and enhanced fracture strength and toughness compared with monolithic Al2O3. In
particular, high toughness and hardness were measured for the Al2O3/Ni-Co nanocomposite
consolidated by PECS. A minimum wear coefficient of 2.33 x 10-5 mm3/Nm was obtained for the
Al2O3/Ni-Co nanocomposite, while the monolithic Al2O3 showed a value of 2.0 x 10-5 mm3/Nm.
Wear behavior is discussed in terms of microstructure and mechanical properties of the
nanocomposites.
The Effect of Particle Migration on the Creep-Rate of Nanocomposites
Authors: Pitchford J.E. , Lidén E. , Gustafsson Stefan , Falk L.K.L. , Carlström Elis , Clegg W.J.
Published: March 2009

The tensile creep behaviour of a mullite-SiC nanocomposite containing 5 vol% of SiC
particles deformed under stresses from 4 to 50 MPa at 1400 °C has been studied. After grain-size
effects had been accounted for, the creep-rate of the nanocomposite was found to be approximately
30× less than that of the monolithic mullite. It is suggested that this reduction is caused not by a
threshold stress but by the extra work required to drive diffusion in the low diffusivity SiC particles
so that they can move with the grain boundaries during creep. A model is presented which predicts
the rate of creep under these conditions and gives reasonable agreement with the experiments at low
stresses.
Evaluation and Control of Crack Propagation in Dense Porcelain/ Porous Alumina Layered Structures for Dental Material Applications
Authors: Kim Jae Won , Park Seong Hwan , Jung Yeon Gil , Lee Hee Soo
Published: March 2009

Layered structures of dense porcelain/porous alumina and dense porcelain/porcelainalumina/ porous alumina are designed and their crack propagation behaviors are investigated. As a substrate, the porous alumina, which is prepared by a gel-casting process using the binary slip of alumina powder and PMMA spherical micro-bead, is dried at room temperature for 24 h and then sintered at 1600 for 2 h. Porcelain is coated on the porous alumina substrate and then re-sintered at 987. Bi- and tri-layered structures are produced by the different dwell times (2 min, 10 min) at re-sintering temperature. There is no delaminating or cracks observed after re-sintering the layered samples. The crack propagation behaviors in the bi- and tri-layered structures are evaluated by micro-indentation. The indentation cracks do not propagate into the porous alumina through interface (porosity; 36~62%) except for another one (porosity; 70%) in the bi-layered samples. In the case of the high porosity bi-layered sample (porosity; 70%), cracks are scattered along the 3-D open-pore channels. However, cracks do not propagate through the interface in the tri-layered samples with a porcelain-alumina buffer layer, because the porcelain-alumina buffer layer plays an important part such as a barrier layer in crack propagation.
Laser Chemical Vapor Deposition of Thick Oxide Coatings
Authors: Goto Takashi , Kimura Teiichi
Published: March 2009

Thick oxide coatings have wide-ranged applications typically thermal barrier coatings.
Although high speed deposition processes, often plasma spray or electron-beam physical vapor
deposition, have been employed for these applications, another route has been pursued to improve the
performance of coatings. We have proposed laser chemical vapor deposition (LCVD) for high-speed
and thick oxide coatings. Conventional CVD can fabricate coatings at deposition rates of several to
several 10 μm/h, and conventional LCVD has been mainly focused on thin film coatings and low
temperature deposition. In the present LCVD, high-speed deposition rates ranging from 300 to 3000
μm/h have been achieved for several oxide coatings such as yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ), TiO2,
Al2O3 and Y2O3. This paper describes the effect of deposition conditions on the morphology and
deposition rates for the preparation of YSZ and TiO2 by LCVD.
Thermal Conductivity of Nano-Pore Dispersed Y-PSZ Fabricated by EB-PVD
Authors: Jang Byung Koog , Yamaguchi Norio , Matsubara Hideaki
Published: March 2009

ZrO2-4mol% Y2O3 coatings on zirconia substrate were deposited by EB-PVD. Influence of the coating thickness on thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of coated samples is examined. The fractured surface of the coated samples reveals a columnar microstructure consisting of feather-like structure. We have adopted a laser flash method for thermal diffusivity and specific heat capacity of coated samples. It was found that the thermal conductivity of the coating layers was strongly dependent on coating thickness. The thermal conductivity of coating layers shows increasing tendency with increasing the coating thickness.