bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coda
Authors: Vinokour Maya
Published: May 2024

This coda traces the legacy of the Stalinist fluid order during two contiguous periods: in the immediate wake of the Soviet collapse, when Western market fundamentalism began supplanting Soviet ideology in Russia; and following the systematic expropriation of oligarchs in the early Putin years. It links these developments in Russia with the unexpected proliferation of Stalin-style liquid rhetoric in Western neoliberal economics. The chapter begins by looking at Ivan Chukhin's Canal Armyists (1990). Prioritizing transparency over artfulness, Chukhin seeks to refute decades of lies about the costs of early Soviet industrialization. The chapter considers liquid-saturated literary examples from two very different eras: Vladimir Sharov's Before and During (1988–1991), produced just as the Soviet Union was nearing collapse; and Victor Pelevin's “Macedonian Critique of French Thought” (2003), written after the author, like many of his contemporaries, had begun metabolizing the disappointments of the post-Soviet 1990s. Much popular fiction by prominent post-Soviet writers features liquid themes or metaphors. Yet because of the centrality of Stalinism to their conceits, these works offer special insight into the peculiar post-Soviet conjunction of energetic flows, Stalinist labor, and memory culture.
Conclusion
Authors: Lake David A.
Published: May 2024

This chapter concludes the significance of indirect rule and its implications for the International Relations Theory. The United States has employed indirect rule in the Arab Middle East, Caribbean and Central America, and Western Europe. The chapter also looks into the consequences of indirect rule raising important normative considerations. It explains that the long-term consequences of the indirect rule are especially acute when opposition groups come to power after decades of suppression by a US supported regime. Thus, indirect rule is not going away and organized polities are likely to remain robust and endure into the future.
“A Disability That Does Not Let Us See Borders on the Map of the World”
Authors: Galmarini Maria Cristina
Published: May 2024

This chapter details the international projects undertaken by the European Regional Committee of the World Council for the Welfare of the Blind (ERC) between 1964 and 1984. Although Europe at that time was fractured by sharp political divisions, ERC provided a critical space in which different models of disability advocacy could coexist and in which socialist activists participated as equals. The chapter shows how the global legitimacy of the socialist disability model crumbled in the late 1980s with the collapse of the communist states and the increasing relevance of the European Union's politics to transnational disability advocacy. The chapter highlights the conflicts within the ERC that facilitated an expansion of the political horizons of pan-European disability imaginaries. The analysis of the common projects through which unity was built among European blind activists has revealed its fragility and precariousness in the face of larger political processes.
Introduction
Authors: Klimentov Vassily
Published: May 2024

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the Soviet–Afghan War. It discusses the interplay of Marxism–Leninism and Islam in Afghanistan in line with how the Kremlin saw Islamism during the Soviet–Afghan War. The Soviet–Afghan War was the defining conflict of the late Cold War wherein the conflict revolved around the Soviet Union and its People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan client against the mujahideen. The chapter presents the communist views and policies on Islam in Afghanistan that help understand the evolving Soviet perceptions of and goals in Afghanistan and the enduring tension between ideology and pragmatism in Soviet decision-making. It considers the competition between ideology and realpolitik in driving decision-making during the Cold War.
Khalq’s Islam and the Decision to Intervene
Authors: Klimentov Vassily
Published: May 2024

This chapter examines the Islam of Khalq, which is part of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA), and its decision to intervene. The PDPA was split between Khalq and Parcham while competing for influence among its constituency. The chapter cites that Khalq failed to appreciate that Islam in Afghanistan was an all-encompassing way of life. The PDPA's factionalism and unreliability appalled Moscow, especially since Afghan communists attempted to involve the Soviet embassy in their quarrels. Moreover, the Soviets intervened in Afghanistan because they feared for their security if the United States were to establish military bases and because ideology told them that the world was going their way.
Najibullah’s Islamization
Authors: Klimentov Vassily
Published: May 2024

This chapter discusses Mohammad Najibullah's drive to integrate Islam into his regime as part of his policy of national reconciliation in 1986. It elaborates on the interconnections between Soviet and Afghan decision-making, highlighting that Moscow changed its strategy in Afghanistan in the wake of Mikhail Gorbachev's rise to power. Regardless of the protest against Karmal's ousting, Najibullah and the Soviets fully maneuvered Karmal out of power by late 1986 and sent him into exile to Moscow. In the Kremlin's view, pacifying Afghanistan required an ideologically flexible leader dedicated to an inclusive policy and with a reputation for toughness. However, downplaying the Soviet influence and propping up Najibullah's importance became a staple of communist propaganda.
The USSR, Afghanistan, and the Muslim World
Authors: Klimentov Vassily
Published: May 2024

This chapter covers the interplay between the USSR, Afghanistan, and the Muslim world. It cites that the Soviet-Afghan War's negative fallout undermined years of Soviet backing for causes important to Muslims. Throughout the Soviet–Afghan War, the Soviets and the Afghan communists put considerable effort into strengthening the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan's (DRA) Islamic credentials on the international stage. To undermine international support for the mujahideen, the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) under Soviet leadership concentrated on organizing an information campaign in domestic and foreign media and establishing diplomatic relations with Muslim countries. The chapter considers the limits of the DRA's Islamic credentials since it relied entirely on the USSR. It mentions how the Muslim world saw how Islamic solidarity prevailed over Cold War realpolitik.
Moscow’s Islamist Threat
Authors: Klimentov Vassily
Published: May 2024

This chapter details Moscow's assessments of Islamism at the end of the Soviet–Afghan War and in its aftermath. It discusses the role of India and Mohammad Najibullah in raising Soviet concerns over the Islamist threat by Moscow. Mujahideen attacks in Central Asia and India's triangular diplomacy came in parallel to Soviet–American negotiations on the Geneva Accords, all of which shaped the Soviet perceptions of Islamism. Moreover, the growing prominence of Islamism in Soviet policy on Afghanistan resulted in the Kremlin reassessing its importance. The Kremlin had understood that radical Islamism had crystallized in Afghanistan by the end of the Soviet–Afghan War.
Consoling the Princess of Portugal, or the Price of Remarriage
Authors: Silleras-Fernandez Nuria
Published: May 2024

This chapter examines Isabel of Aragon's six years in Castile as a widow, focusing on the assistance she received to recover her equilibrium, on her wedding to Manuel I in 1497, and on the strict conditions she imposed on her new husband as the price for the marriage. Isabel's marriage was done on her own terms, demanding a price that would seem to seal her own reputation as a pious Catholic. The chapter looks at grieving through the lens of books, noting the literary and material gifts that the high-status bereaved were given with the aim of helping them find consolation and recover. Due to Isabel's affliction, she received two consolatory texts: The Treatise to Console the Princess of Portugal by Alonso Ortiz and The Treatise on Patience Andrés de Li. The chapter also focuses on Isabel's metamorphosis into a “Christian princess.”
Juana and Isabel
Authors: Silleras-Fernandez Nuria
Published: May 2024

This chapter analyzes various aspects of the construction of Juana of Castile as “mad,” taking as points of departure her mother's years of bereavement and Juana's own love for her husband, Philippe le Fair. It covers Juana's life as princess, from her childhood in the Castilian court up to her mother's death in 1504. Juana was age twenty-five when she became queen, an unexpected turn of events for a young woman who had been third in the line of succession. The chapter considers Juana's relationships with both her mother and her husband, including how these relationships were seen by contemporaries, and the monumentally daunting task she faced in succeeding the Catholic Queen. The period from 1497 to 1504 constituted Juana's years of sorrow, which was a period when she was afflicted with her own cumulative grief and melancholy for losing three heirs in rapid succession.
Bansaku exacts vengeance at Kinren Temple; Tatsuka detains a traveler at Nenge Hermitage
Authors: Bakin Kyokutei
Published: May 2024

This chapter begins with a warrior and a masterless samurai named Ōtsuka Bansaku Kazumori, who lived on the edge of the village of Ōtsuka at Sugamo in the Toshima district of the province of Musashi. Bansaku, though still young, had a heart as stout as any man's and stood taller than most. The chapter recounts the account of how Yūki Castle fell in battle and how Satomi Suemoto left behind a moral for his son and heir Yoshizane, whom he preserved by causing him to retreat from the battlefield. The chapter details how Bansaku escaped the battlefield and left to see how his father met his fate. It describes Nagao, a man who was steeped in experience but lost face after he failed to capture the villain that stole the heads of Shun'ō and Yasuō.
Fables in the Hebrew Bible and in Rabbinic Literature
Authors: Stern David
Published: May 2024

This chapter discusses the literary tradition of the fable in the Hebrew Bible that may be said to go back almost to the beginning of the created world, indeed to the Garden of Eden. It describes the surprising relative scarcity of biblical fables given the ubiquity and frequency with which animal and plant fables are found in the Ancient Near Eastern literary traditions out of which the Bible itself emerged. The scarcity of fables marking the biblical tradition continues into the early postbiblical tradition as there are no actual fables to be found in either the Apocrypha or the Pseudepigrapha. The chapter highlights fables in the rabbinic literature that are connected to biblical interpretation and preserved in exegetical contexts. It considers the fable recorded in Bereshit Rabbah 64:29 as one of the most famous fables preserved in narrative contexts.
Ancient Hebrew Fables
Authors: Daube David
Published: May 2024

This chapter focuses on Ancient Hebrew Fables, wherein animals, plants or objects, while retaining their essential characteristics, talk and act like people so as to convey a message about human affairs. The chapter emphasizes how a fable meets two needs of those living at the mercy of others: it serves as a code by means of which to propagate ideas the powers-that-be would disapprove of and it serves as coating where a somewhat daring request is to be submitted to those powers. The fable occupies a place within the wider category of parable, an account of one thing or event shedding light on another. The chapter looks at a high proportion of the fables of antiquity belonging to a specific variety of parable, such as allegory. Of the two attitudes favouring allegory, contempt for outsiders and fear of them, it is the latter which comes chiefly through in ancient fables.
Wearing surgical face mask has no significant impact on auscultation assessment
Authors: Folnožić Ivana , Gomerčić Palčić Marija , Sabljak Matilda , Vučak Ena , Vrbanić Luka , Mandić Perić Marija , Mrsić Fanika , Šikić Aljoša , Ivanovski Ivan
Published: May 2024

Objective

During the COVID-19 pandemic, universal mask-wearing became one of the main public health interventions. Because of this, most physical examinations, including lung auscultation, were done while patients were wearing surgical face masks. The aim of this study was to investigate whether mask wearing has an impact on pulmonologist assessment during auscultation of the lungs.

Methods

This was a repeated measures crossover design study. Three pulmonologists were instructed to auscultate patients with previously verified prolonged expiration, wheezing, or crackles while patients were wearing or not wearing masks (physician and patients were separated by an opaque barrier). As a measure of pulmonologists’ agreement in the assessment of lung sounds, we used Fleiss kappa (K).

Results

There was no significant difference in agreement on physician assessment of lung sounds in all three categories (normal lung sound, duration of expiration, and adventitious lung sound) whether the patient was wearing a mask or not, but there were significant differences among pulmonologists when it came to agreement of lung sound assessment.

Conclusion

Clinicians and health professionals are safer from respiratory infections when they are wearing masks, and patients should be encouraged to wear masks because our research proved no significant difference in agreement on pulmonologists’ assessment of auscultated lung sounds whether or not patients wore masks.
Physical activity and self-efficacy in college students: the mediating role of grit and the moderating role of gender
Authors: Yu Hongyan , Zhu Tingfei , Tian Jianing , Zhang Gang , Wang Peng , Chen Junxiong , Shen Liqun
Published: May 2024

Background

There is a paucity of knowledge concerning the psychological variables that serve to facilitate the connection between physical activity and self-efficacy, and the factors capable of moderating these pathways. This study aimed to examine the relationship between physical activity and self-efficacy among college students, with a focus on the mediating effect of grit and the moderating effect of gender.

Methods

This study recruited 3,228 undergraduate students from a university in Shanghai, China. They completed the General Self-Efficacy Scale, the Short Grit Scale, and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 26.0 and the Process v4.0 plugin.

Results

Physical activity had both a direct effect on self-efficacy (β = 0.07, 95% CI [0.04–0.11]) and an indirect effect through the two dimensions of grit: perseverance of effort (β = 0.06, 95% CI [0.04–0.07]) and consistency of interest (β = 0.03, 95% CI [0.02–0.04]). The mediating effect explained 53.27% of the total effect. Furthermore, gender moderated the relationship between perseverance of effort and self-efficacy, with a stronger effect observed in males (β = 0.08, t = 3.27, p < 0.01).

Conclusion

The results revealed that grit is an underlying psychological mechanism that links physical activity and self-efficacy. Moreover, gender moderates the effect of perseverance of effort on self-efficacy, with a stronger effect observed in males. These findings have practical implications for educators to design tailored physical activity interventions that foster grit and self-efficacy among college students.
Effect of PASLoc Meals on the Zootechnical and Nutritional Parameters of Young Wistar Rats Suffering from Induced Moderate Acute Malnutrition
Authors: Joseph Kouadio Natia , Carine Assoumou Ebah , Mariam Cisse , Jocelyne Kouadio Ange Laetitia , Agnei Offng Marie Josiane , Goueh Gnahoue , Severin Kra Kouassi Aboutou
Published: May 2024

Aims: The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of four food products manufactured from locally sourced ingredients in restoring Wistar rats afflicted with induced moderate acute malnutrition.
Study Design: The rats used in this research were kept in separate metabolic cages with wire mesh flooring.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the vivarium of the Ecole Normale Supérieure in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, over a period of 38 days.
Methodology: 42 male rats, with an average age of 80 ±5 days and an average weight of 103.46 ±5.10 g, were randomly divided into six batches of seven rats each. Two control batches (MID and PCD) and four experimental batches (PASLoc1A, PASLoc1B, PASLoc2A, and PASLoc2B) were formed. The experiment consisted of an adaptation phase (5 days), a malnutrition induction phase (19 days), and a nutritional rehabilitation phase (14 days). Zootechnical and nutritional parameters were assessed at the end of the induction and nutritional rehabilitation phases.
Results: Malnourished animals experienced a body weight loss rate of -22.36 ±6.47%, leading to a decline in all zootechnical parameters, including weight gain (1.39 ±0.28 g/day), body length (0.95 ±0.64 cm), and feed efficiency coefficient (-24.98 ±5.47). The nutritional rehabilitation phase resulted in the correction of the dysfunctions observed during induction, especially in terms of body weight gain, with rates comprised between 20.84 ±5.03% and 34.59 ±3.33%. The minimum weight gain for the rats fed PASLoc diet was 1.66 ±0.54 g/d for Pasloc1B, respectively. PASLoc diets have a significant impact on nutritional value, with a minimum biological value of 94.04 ±0.25%.
Conclusion: The result of this study suggest that PASLoc2A and PASLoc2B possess a robust nutritional potential, and their consumption can effectively address issues of moderate acute malnutrition after weaning.
Effect of Different Spacing and Nutrient Management on Growth and Yield of Maize: A Review
Authors: Ngairangbam Haripriya , Kaur Anmol Preet , Singh Gurpreet , Menon Sandeep
Published: May 2024

Optimal plant density influenced by crop geometric/planting techniques factors are crucial in achieving high yield to maize. In addition, nutrient management further enhances productivity.  Increasing plant density can lead to higher grain yield per unit area, but it also reduces the yield per individual plant as the competition between plant to plant will increase. From different research it indicates that plant density lower than the optimum number result in higher productivity rate per plant but lower yield per area unit. After reviewing various research articles, it was concluded that the maximum growth and yield attributes of maize obtained with spacing 60: 20-30 cm. Highest nitrogen application up to 160 kg N per ha-1 by split application at sowing, 25 DAS and tasselling is most reliable to increase the maize productivity. The combined application of 70 kg ha-1 phosphorus and 60 kg ha-1 potassium is the most suitable to obtain the maximum growth and yield attributes such as plant height, number of leaves per plant, cob length, cobs per plant, dry matter accumulation and crop growth rate. Effective nutrient management, aligned with proper planting density, played a pivotal role in maximizing maize productivity, meeting the demands of a growing population, and contributing to sustainable agriculture.
Original Research Article Genetic Diversity and Association Analysis for Agronomic and Yield Related Traits in Interspecific Progenies of Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan)
Authors: HK Mahadeva Swamy , Amaresh . , Nunavath Aswini , GC Bajpai , SK Verma , K Gopalareddy , RT Maruthi , V Sreenivas , Behera Chandana
Published: May 2024

The limited genetic diversity in existing cultivars emphasizes the need for incorporating potential exotics and wild relatives in breeding programs. This study focussed on assessing genetic variation and correlations among yield traits in F8 and F9 progenies resulting from nine interspecific crosses, involving three cultivated parental lines and three wild species. Results indicate significant genotypic variation for all traits studied. Phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation varied across agronomic parameters. Heritability estimates ranged from 22.61% (Primary branches plant-1) to 89.35% (Days to maturity) for different traits, emphasizing the potential for selection in breeding programs. Positive correlations were observed among various traits in both progeny generations, providing insights into the interplay of genetic factors influencing pigeon pea traits. The cluster analysis revealed that, 54 interspecific cross derived lines with three parents were grouped into four clusters, indicating the greater diversity among the lines for the selection of yield related traits for pigeonpea crop improvement.
Compluridades e multi-suis
Authors: Gutiérrez-Borrero Alfredo
Published: May 2024

O design não acontece no vazio. Ele é fruto do exercício de pessoas que, agrupadas, chamamos de "sociedades", embora pudessem ser designadas de outras maneiras. Se não fazemos isso é porque a partir de um lugar do Ocidente todos os demais lugares planetários foram classificados e foi assumida a generalidade do “diferente” com os conceitos do “mesmo”. Agora, na Abya-Yala/América Latina do século XXI, muitos de nós reconhecem antigas novidades, mundos dentro do mundo e alguns de nós advogam por desclassificar as chaves do expansionismo ocidental e das suas doutrinas avassaladoras ontem e coexistentes hoje (capitalismo, marxismo, ecumenismo, colonialismo, globalização), todas produto daqueles que professam conhecimentos ou ‘epistemologias’ do norte através das quais se fizeram passar as ideologias e práticas de uma parte normal da humanidade como se fossem A ‘norma’. Diante disso, reflito sobre o sul do design (aquilo que, quando os mapas foram desenhados, ou foi destinado a lugares inferiores, ou foi excluído ou negado) e sobre o design do sul (como construção de sul ou suis, lugares de rumos outros e realidades outras). Com o meu exercício, tento me aproximar de formas de conhecer e decidir de pessoas concretas com saberes combinados, aqui e agora, mais do que de sujeitos abstratos em instâncias ideais. Desconfio do conhecimento especializado procedente invariavelmente de quem se sente dispensado de todo questionamento, superior em saber e entender todos os demais humanos. Defendo como destino o que é múltiplo, confuso e misturado, mais para equilibrar a ilusória e imposta unicidade do “puro” do que para negar. Infiro que é possível identificar, porque realmente já existem, correlatos do que profissionalmente chamamos design, gestados de saberes outros (ou do sul), tais como: as noções andinas da vida em plenitude, as noções africanas de vínculo com o todo, as formas maoris de fazer as coisas, a insistência gandhiana na força da verdade, etc. Emocionado com isso, eu acudo, para sustentar o meu assunto, aos pensadores de fronteira. Proponho retomar um presente construído para o agora diverso e não para um porvir único acorde com concepções de progresso através das quais a multiplicidade é assumida como caos e invasão. Conforme eu concebo, o futuro está marcado pelo cuidado, mais do que pela acumulação. Em tal aproximação o design, ou designs, do sul, assim como quem desenha conforme eles, tem outros nomes e fazem suas práticas com outras intenções. (Como não havia resumo na publicação original, este foi elaborado pelos editores do periódico).
Geografia das ausências
Authors: Mansilla-Quiñones Pablo , Quintero-Weir José , Moreira-Muñoz Andrés
Published: May 2024

A dimensão espacial da colonialidade é investigada a partir de uma proposta conceitual que distingue os conceitos de “geografia das ausências” e “colonialidade do estar”. Posteriormente, investigam-se os aspectos constitutivos da “geografia das ausências” que se apresentam através de sete monoculturas espaciais que facilitam a negação de territórios e ontologias territoriais. Diante dessas questões, a produção do conhecimento geográfico na América Latina é submetida a um julgamento crítico e exige-se a necessidade de provocar giros territoriais nas ciências sociais e no campo dos estudos decoloniais, reconhecendo a emergência do território como um substantivo utilizado pelos movimentos sociais na luta pela descolonização. As reflexões deste artigo estão sustentadas nas experiências de pesquisa-ação participativa que os autores realizaram acompanhando as lutas territoriais dos povos originários na América Latina. As reflexões finais permitem abrir novas questões sobre como construir propostas para criar uma geografia das presenças que contestem a razão moderna-capitalista-colonial-patriarcal das ciências.
Gênero, redes e lugar
Authors: Escobar Arturo
Published: May 2024

Este texto corresponde ao Capítulo 13 do livro “El final del salvaje: natureza, cultura y política en la antropología contemporânea”, uma coletânea de textos em espanhol de Arturo Escobar, originalmente lançada em 1999. Na primeira parte, o autor aborda as redes e os fluxos da contemporaneidade, explorando riscos e tendências da cibercultura. A segunda parte introduz uma definição do conceito de “lugar”, a partir da exemplificação de lutas ambientais locais. O autor destaca que mulheres, ambientalistas e movimentos sociais do Terceiro Mundo, devido a seus vínculos históricos e diferenças culturais e ecológicas, são qualificados para promover novas formas de saber, ser e fazer no ciberespaço. A última parte explora a interseção entre atores políticos e novas tecnologias, fornecendo diretrizes para novas práticas sociais e biológicas, combinando natureza, cultura, tecnologia e lugar (Resumo elaborado pelos editores do periódico, uma vez que não há um no texto original).
AMBIPOLAR CHARGE TRANSPORT: Strategies to Design Bipolar Small Molecules for OLEDs: Donor‐Acceptor Structure and Non‐Donor‐Acceptor Structure (Adv. Mater. 9/2011)
Authors: Duan Lian , Qiao Juan , Sun Yongduo , Qiu Yong
Published: March 2011

Organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) have attracted great attention because of their potential applications in full‐color displays and solid‐state lights. In the continual effort to search for ideal materials for OLEDs, small molecules with bipolar transporting character are extremely attractive as they offer the possibility to achieve efficient and stable OLEDs even in a simple single‐layer device. In this Research News, we review the two design strategies of bipolar materials for OLEDs: molecules with or without donor‐acceptor structures. The correlation between the experimental results and theoretical calculations of some of the materials is also discussed.
Converting ab initio energies to enthalpies of formation of free radicals. I. New atom equivalents for alkyl radicals
Authors: Bhattacharya Arijit
Published: March 2011

A simple method is presented to convert ab initio computed total energies to the standard enthalpy of formation (ΔfHo) of a large number of saturated alkyl radicals (especially those that are relatively highly branched), for which experimental data are scarcely available. For this purpose a new set of radical atom‐equivalents (AEQ) and their unique combinations were defined and the energy values of the latter assigned. The theory level and the basis set requirement for the quantum chemistry calculation of the molecular energy were found to be moderate. The ΔfHo predictions appear to be quite accurate with reference to limited available experimental data and are better than values calculated by the group‐additivity and the difference methods. The strategy provides an inexpensive way of harnessing the power of computational chemistry and combining it with the organization and insight from the group‐additivity method sans any empirical corrections. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Analysis of model parameters affecting the pressure profile in a circulating fluidized bed
Authors: Benyahia Sofiane
Published: March 2011

This study focuses on continuum model validation of the flow of air and small catalyst particles in a circulating fluidized bed. Comparison with available experimental data of pressure drop and solids circulation rate in the riser clearly demonstrates the need to modify the homogeneous drag model to accurately predict the formation of clusters of particles, which are typically observed in the fluidization of small particles. The need to correct the drag law is also demonstrated in simulations of polydisperse powder flows wherein three solids species are used to represent a typical catalyst size distribution. Finally, particle‐wall friction is found to have the most significant effect on the vertical gas pressure gradient while particle–particle friction has only a minor effect. Published 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 58: 427–439, 2012
Entfernbare dirigierende Gruppen in der organischen Synthese und Katalyse
Authors: Rousseau Géraldine , Breit Bernhard
Published: March 2011

Dirigierende Gruppen haben in den vergangenen Jahren breite Anwendung gefunden, um Reaktionsselektivitäten in einem breiten Spektrum an übergangsmetallkatalysierten Reaktionen und Reaktionen metallorganischer Reagentien zu steuern. In Fällen, in denen die im Substrat vorhandenen funktionellen Gruppen nicht geeignet sind, um eine effiziente intramolekulare Reagens‐ oder Katalysator‐Steuerung zu ermöglichen, kann das gezielte Einbringen von maßgeschneiderten und wieder entfernbaren reagensdirigierenden Gruppen eine Lösung für dieses Problem bieten. In diesem Aufsatz geben wir eine Überblick zum Stand der Forschung auf diesem Gebiet und schließen dabei sowohl den stöchiometrischen wie den katalytischen Einsatz dirigierender Gruppen ein.
Segmentation and Surface Reconstruction of the Detailed Ear Structures, Identified in Sectioned Images
Authors: Jang Hae Gwon , Chung Min Suk , Shin Dong Sun , Park Seung Kyu , Cheon Keun Soo , Park Hyo Seok , Park Jin Seo
Published: March 2011

The structure of the ear, which intervenes between gross anatomy and histology in size, can be best understood by means of three‐dimensional (3D) surface models on a computer. Furthermore, surface models are the source of interactive simulation for clinical trials, such as tympanoplasty. The objective of this research was to elaborate the surface models of detailed ear structures, which contribute to learning anatomy or the practice of otology. We produced sectioned images of a cadaver head (pixel size, 0.1 mm; 48‐bit color). In the sectioned images, the external, middle, and internal ear structures and other related components were delineated on Photoshop to acquire segmented images at 0.5‐mm intervals. Segmented images of each structure were stacked, and the surface was reconstructed to generate a 3D‐surface model on commercial software. Thirty surface models showed fine ear topographic anatomy (e.g., semicircular ducts), as expected. Herein, we present the corresponding sectioned images, segmented images, and surface models of ear structures that will be released together. It is hoped that these image data will stimulate the development of medical simulations. The efficient technique of segmentation and surface reconstruction enables the manufacture of surface models from other serial images (e.g., CTs and MRIs). Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Metal–Organic Cyclohelicates as Optical Receptors for Glutathione: Syntheses, Structures, and Host–Guest Behaviors
Authors: Wang Jian , Wu Hongmei , He Cheng , Zhao Liang , Duan Chunying
Published: March 2011

Two trinuclear zinc‐based cyclohelicates, Zn–PDB (PDB=[5‐(dibenzylamino)‐N1′,N3′‐bis(pyridin‐2‐ylmethylene)isophthalohydrazide]) and Zn–PMB (PMB=[5‐(bodipy‐oxy)‐N1′,N3′‐bis(pyridin‐2‐ylmethylene)isophthalohydrazide]) containing dibenzylamino and BODIPY groups, respectively, were generated by incorporating two amide‐containing tridentate chelators into meta‐positions of a substituted phenyl ring. Single‐crystal structure analysis and related spectroscopic characterizations demonstrated the formation of macrocyclic helicals both in the solid state and in solution. The host–guest behavior of the cyclohelical hosts towards γ‐glutamyl‐cysteinyl‐glycine (GSH) and its component amino acids was investigated by spectroscopic titrations. UV/Vis absorption titration and NMR titrations of Zn–PDB and Zn–PMB upon addition of the above‐mentioned guests suggested that the Glu residue of GSH was positioned within the cavity. The COO− groups interacted with metal ions through static interactions. The Cys moiety of GSH interacted with the amide groups sited in host molecules through hydrogen‐bonding interactions to produce measurable spectral changes. Fluorescent titrations of Zn–PMB upon the addition of GSH and ESI‐MS investigations of the titration solutions confirmed the host–guest interaction modes and revealed the possible 1:1 complexation stoichiometry. These results showed that the recognition of a substrate within the cavity of functionalized metal–organic cage‐like receptors could be a useful method to produce supramolecular sensors for biomolecules.
Electronic Stabilization Effect of a Spin‐Delocalized Neutral Radical: Synthesis of an 8‐Cyano‐6‐oxophenalenoxyl Derivative and Quantitative Evaluation of the Electronic Spin Structure in terms of Resonance Structures
Authors: Nishida Shinsuke , Kariyazono Kazuki , Yamanaka Azusa , Fukui Kozo , Sato Kazunobu , Takui Takeji , Nakasuji Kazuhiro , Morita Yasushi
Published: March 2011

A new 2,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐6‐oxophenalenoxyl (6OPO) derivative with a cyano group at the 8‐position, where a large spin density resides, has been synthesized. This neutral radical exhibits high stability in the solid state in air despite the low steric protection on the 8‐position; the stability is comparable to that of a corresponding 8‐tert‐butylated 6OPO derivative. EPR/1H‐ENDOR/TRIPLE (electron paramagnetic resonance/1H‐electron‐nuclear double resonance/TRIPLE) spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry showed an extended spin delocalization on the cyano group and a significant increase in electron‐accepting ability relative to that of the 8‐tert‐butylated 6OPO derivative. DFT calculations indicated the extension of a singly occupied molecular orbital (SOMO) onto the cyano group and the lower‐lying SOMO and LUMO in comparison with those of the 8‐tert‐butylated 6OPO derivative, which was consistent with experimental results. Furthermore, the extended nature of π conjugation onto the cyano group was quantitatively evaluated by calculating the contributing weights of resonance structures in terms of a molecular orbital (MO)‐based valence‐bond (VB) method. Herein, the synthesis and physical properties of the 8‐cyano‐6OPO derivative are described, emphasizing that the high stability arises from the electronic effect of the cyano group. Also, the usefulness of the quantitative resonance structure analysis is shown.
Sugammadex is cleared rapidly and primarily unchanged via renal excretion
Authors: Peeters Pierre , Passier Paul , Smeets Jean , Zwiers Alex , de Zwart Marcel , van de Wetering‐Krebbers Saskia , van Iersel Marlou , van Marle Sjoerd , van den Dobbelsteen Diels
Published: March 2011

Sugammadex is a modified γ‐cyclodextrin which rapidly reverses rocuronium‐and vecuronium‐induced neuromuscular blockade. Previous studies suggest that sugammadex is mostly excreted unchanged via the kidneys. This single‐center, open‐label, non‐randomized study used 14C‐labeled sugammadex to further investigate the excretion, metabolic and pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles of sugammadex in six healthy male volunteers. 14C‐labeled sugammadex 4 mg/kg (0.025 MBq/kg of 14C‐radioactivity) was administered as a single intravenous bolus. Blood, urine, feces and exhaled air samples were collected at pre‐defined intervals for assessment of sugammadex by liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS) and for radioactivity measurements. Adverse events were also assessed.

Excretion of sugammadex was rapid with ∼70% of the dose excreted within 6 h and ∼90% within 24 h. Less than 0.02% of radioactivity was excreted in feces or exhaled air. Ninety‐five percent of the radioactivity detected in urine could be attributed to sugammadex, as determined by LC‐MS, suggesting very limited metabolism of sugammadex. LC‐MS analysis of plasma samples found that sugammadex accounted for 100% of total 14C‐radioactivity in the plasma. In general, PK parameters determined from radioactivity and sugammadex plasma concentrations were very similar. Any adverse events were of mild‐to‐moderate intensity, and judged unrelated to sugammadex. These findings demonstrate that sugammadex is cleared rapidly, almost exclusively via the kidney, with minimal or no metabolism. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ASIS&T 2010 plenary session: Restoring information's body
Authors: Hardin Steve
Published: March 2011

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As plenary speaker for the ASIS&T 2010 Annual Meeting, Lucy Suchman based her presentation on a reference by author N. Katherine Hayles asserting that information has lost its body. Efforts to restore information's body must recognize the references and context of the information to bring the information back to a point of meaning. In exploring the importance of context for meaningful information, Suchman drew comparisons to the human work behind information, the agent critical to initiate an action, the work meaningful through indirect interactions with an object at a distance. She made further parallels to conversations with a disembodied head, remote control warfare and robotic health care – all interactions with machines, but with humans as invisible agents. Communications research, Suchman indicated, must be mindful of the connection between information and its body in order to fully understand information content.
Adding Value: The business of independent information professionals III: Making it work as an IIP
Authors: Sharp Crystal
Published: March 2011

Independent information professionals not only provide critical information services to clients but, as entrepreneurs, must be attuned to promoting their business. Through a collection of articles, contributors explore how they have expanded their core skills to continually add value for their clients while working to strengthen their own businesses. Members of the Association of Independent Information Professionals (AIIP) describe adding valuable research support through collaboration and teaching, as well as reinforcing customer loyalty and creatively using communications channels to serve clients and expand business.
International collaboration – Needs, essentials and pitfalls
Authors: Phelps Marcy , Hohlfeld Udo
Published: March 2011

The experiences of two information professionals, both members of the Association of Independent Information Professionals, demonstrate the value and effectiveness of international collaboration. One used the organization's discussion list to seek help from a colleague in Germany for a project researching a business acquired by a German firm. They agreed upon the scope of work, timeframe, delivery format, cost and payment method, and used the difference in time zones to their advantage. Using the AIIP's framework for subcontracting and partnering, they were able to combine their skills across languages and cultures to generate a high quality product in timely fashion, gaining customer satisfaction while building their own professional networks. They also discovered important points for successful international collaboration and pitfalls to avoid.
How to generate income from teaching and training
Authors: Kassel Amelia
Published: March 2011

An effective way for independent information professionals to expand business is through teaching the skills they use. Training opportunities include programs, workshops, courses, podcasts and webinars, offered at venues ranging from local meetings to international conferences. Distance education courses through universities are another potential instructional vehicle. Business organizations may offer a useful starting point with eager audiences seeking targeted material. Networking is important to share information on personal expertise and availability. One needs to balance the time and work involved against reasonable compensation, prospects for business development and personal satisfaction.
Implementation and Operation of a Dividing‐Wall Distillation Column
Authors: Barroso‐Muñoz F. O. , Hernández S. , Segovia‐Hernández J. G. , Hernández‐Escoto H. , Rico‐Ramírez V. , Chávez R.‐H.
Published: March 2011

The design and construction of a prototype of a dividing‐wall distillation column was possible by integrating previous knowledge in process intensification, energy savings, theoretical control properties, and closed‐loop dynamics of thermally coupled distillation sequences. In order to achieve the predicted energy savings for this class of complex distillation column, a dividing wall and a side tank were implemented in order to manipulate the internal flows associated with energy consumption. The reaction between ethanol and acetic acid was conducted within the prototype, and the experimental results indicate that a heterogeneous mixture of ethyl acetate and water is obtained as the top product. The temperature profile measured during the experimental run can be used for controlling the batch distillation column in cyclic operation mode.
Emulsion Solidification: Influence of the Droplet Size of the Water‐in‐Oil Emulsion on the Generated Particle Size
Authors: Iqbal J. , Petersen S. , Ulrich J.
Published: March 2011

The solidification or crystallization characteristics of water‐in‐oil (w/o) emulsion drops generated from the capillary in stagnant coolant, here pure water, was investigated. The emulsions were prepared at different energy inputs by using a rotor stator and then pumped through a single orifice with the help of a syringe pump at a constant velocity. The uniform drops from this w/o emulsion were formed at the orifice exit which were then solidified in the coolant at a temperature below the freezing point of oil. The higher the energy input in the emulsification process, the lower was the size of water droplets distributed in the emulsion. The smaller water droplets in the emulsion affected the size of the drops from the orifice which then turned into solid particles. The water droplet distribution in the emulsion and the orientation or location within the solid particles were investigated and the ultimate effects on the particle formation from these emulsions observed.
Influence of Polyethyleneimine Addition on Crystal Size Distribution of Au Nanocrystals
Authors: Mikami T. , Takayasu Y. , Watanabe J. , Hirasawa I.
Published: March 2011

The influence of polyethyleneimine (PEI) addition on the crystal size distribution (CSD) of Au was investigated. PEI is a water‐soluble cationic polyelectrolyte acting as a reducer of AuCl4– and a stabilizer of precipitated Au nanocrystals. The CSD can be controlled by the PEI dosage, and an increase in PEI dosage decreased both the size and the size distribution width of the obtained Au nanocrystals. The idea of PEI‐assisted reductive crystallization of Au may be helpful in the production of nanometals by using a simple batch crystallizer.
Generation of Crystalline Hollow Needles: New Approach by Liquid‐Liquid Phase Transformation
Authors: Schuster A. , Stelzer T. , Ulrich J.
Published: March 2011

The formation of hollow crystalline needles by means of a solvent‐mediated phase transformation takes place during the dehydration of hydrate crystals in methanol into hollow needle‐shaped anhydrate crystals. Here, a special way of achieving needle growth is presented. When a saturated aqueous solution of sodium‐2‐ketogulonate is dropped into methanol, a simultaneous nucleation of monohydrate crystals and anhydrate needles takes place in the alcohol. It was proven by scanning electron microscope images that these needles are hollow. By means of the variation of the production method, it is for the first time possible to observe the needle growth in a more detailed manner, and to show that the nucleation can take place at impurities and surface roughnesses. The method helped to discuss and to deepen the understanding of the growth mechanism of the hollow crystalline needles.
Decreasing the Diameter of Crystalline Tubes and an Approach to Explain its Nucleation
Authors: Wachsmuth A. , Stelzer T. , Ulrich J.
Published: March 2011

Needle crystals characterized by hollowness and fast crystal growth can be readily produced via phase transformation of certain hydrates when immersing in an antisolvent. Former research indicated that the diameter of tubes produced by dehydration of the model substance sodium‐2‐keto‐L‐gulonate monohydrate in methanol can be controlled by the initial antisolvent composition. However, recent investigations using single crystals demonstrate that the outer diameter of the tubes can be decreased even further at unexpected low water contents. Furthermore, a new model based on the obtained results in this study is proposed for the currently unknown initial step (nucleation) of the growth of hollow needle crystals.
A Second‐Generation Photocage for Zn2+ Inspired by TPEN: Characterization and Insight into the Uncaging Quantum Yields of ZinCleav Chelators
Authors: Bandara H. M. Dhammika , Walsh Timothy P. , Burdette Shawn C.
Published: March 2011

Photocages have been used to elucidate the biological functions of various small molecules and Ca2+; however, there are very few photocages available for other metal ions. ZinCleav‐2 (1‐(4,5‐dimethoxy‐2‐nitrophenyl)‐N,N,N′,N′‐tetrakis‐pyridin‐2‐ylmethyl‐ethane‐1,2‐diamine) is a second‐generation photocage for Zn2+ that releases the metal ion after a light‐induced bifurcation of the chelating ligand. The structure of ZinCleav‐2 was inspired by TPEN (N,N,N′,N′‐tetrakis(2‐pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine), which is routinely used to sequester metal ions in cells owing to its high binding affinity. Inclusion of a 2‐nitrobenzyl chromophore leads to the formation of two more weakly binding di‐(2‐picolyl)amine (DPA) fragments upon photolysis of the TPEN backbone. The desired ligand was prepared using a modified procedure used to access ZinCleav‐1 (1‐(4,5‐dimethoxy‐2‐nitrophenyl)‐N,N′‐dimethyl‐N,N′‐bis‐pyridin‐2‐ylmethyl‐ethane‐1,2‐diamine). ZinCleav‐2 has a conditional dissociation constant (Kd) of ∼0.9 fM as measured by competitive titration with a quinoline‐based fluorescent sensor for Zn2+. The Kd of the Zn2+ complex of the DPA photoproducts is ∼158 nM; therefore, the ΔKd for ZinCleav‐2 photocage is ∼108. A large ΔKd is required to significantly perturb free metal ion concentrations in biological assays. The quantum yield of photolysis of apo ZinCleav‐2 and the [Zn(ZinCleav‐2)]2+ complex are 4.7 and 2.3 %, respectively, as determined by HPLC analysis. Proof of concept Zn2+ release upon photolysis of [Zn(ZinCleav‐2)]2+ was demonstrated using the fluorescent sensor Zinpyr‐1, and the speciation of Zn2+ complexes was simulated using computational methods. The influence of benzylic substituents on the quantum yield of uncaging is also analyzed with the aim of tuning the photochemical properties caged complexes for in vivo experiments.
Regioselective Double Capping of Cyclodextrin Scaffolds
Authors: Gramage‐Doria Rafael , Rodriguez‐Lucena David , Armspach Dominique , Egloff Coraline , Jouffroy Matthieu , Matt Dominique , Toupet Loïc
Published: March 2011

Four different regioselective double capping reactions were applied either to α‐ or β‐cyclodextrin (CD) scaffolds. The first, which relied on the use of a rigid, bulky dialkylating reagent containing two trityl‐like subunits, gave access to an A,B,D,E‐tetrafunctionalised β‐CD regioisomer in large scale reactions. Two further capping reactions, involving the dianions PhP2− and S2−, led to the synthesis of new C1‐symmetrical β‐cyclodextrins in which pairs of neighbouring glucose units are linked by very short spacers. The last double capping reaction described allowed the high‐yield preparation of unprecedented α‐ and β‐cyclodextrins containing two sulfate handles. Proximal capping turned out to be favoured for each of the above difunctional reagents. The structural characterisation of the capped species was achieved by thorough NMR investigations as well as by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies.