bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on variability in Alternaria alternata (Kessler) causing leaf blight of Isabgol (Plantago ovata)
Authors: Meena RK , Sharma SS , Singh S
Published: February 2015

All the five isolates of Alternaria alternata isolated from different agro climate zone of Rajasthan were tested for their variability in terms of cultural, conidial, pathogenic characteristics and toxin production. All the five isolates differed in cultural characters i.e. dark black colored and very fast mycelial growth with smooth margins (90.00 mm), light black with white at centre and fast growing (80.00 mm), dark brown and medium mycelium growth with smooth margins (75.00 mm), black colored, medium flat mycelial growth with smooth margins (68.00 mm) and white with slightly black in colour with slow mycelial growth (65.00 mm) were observed in Aa-1, Aa-2, Aa-3, Aa-4 and Aa-5 respectively. The variability in conidial morphology of five different isolates was simple, septate, pale to dark brown in colour, often geniculate with one conidial scar. In respect of pathogenic variability, showed significant variations in terms of disease intensity and incubation periods. The isolates Aa-1 was highly pathogenic on Isabgol cv. RI-89 under artificial inoculation conditions showing 52.12% disease intensity followed by Aa- 3 ,Aa-2, Aa-4 and Aa-5 isolates. The variability in toxin production was reflected in terms of time taken in inducing wilting symptoms of Isabgol cuttings. Isolate Aa-1 was highly toxic followed by isolates Aa-2, Aa-3, Aa-4 and Aa-5. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v12i2.21918 SAARC J. Agri., 12(2): 63-70 (2014)
Dietary effect of Mulberry leaf (Morus alba) meal on growth performance and serum cholesterol level of broiler chickens
Authors: Islam MR , Siddiqui M Nurealam , Khatun A , Siddiky MNA , Rahman MZ , Bostami ABMR , Selim ASM
Published: February 2015

To investigate the effect of dietary mulberry leaf meal on body weight, feed conversion efficiency and blood cholesterol level, 240 day-old broiler chicks (Cobb 500) were divided into 6 treatments, each with 4 replications (10 birds/ per replicate) and offered manually prepared diets supplemented with 2.5, 3.5, 4.5% mulberry leaf meal (MLM), MLM Extract and 0.5% for a period of six weeks. Average body weight (g) gain increased (P> 0.05) at 2.5 or 4.5% supplementation of MLM and with MLM extract compared to control and antibiotic group. Feed conversion ratio was better at 4.5% supplementation (1.67) and on addition of MLM extract (1.63) compare to control (1.79). Total cholesterol, HDLcholesterol and triglyceride of broiler chicks in different dietary treatments of during experimental periods were non-significant at day 10 to 15 but total cholesterol and triglyceride decreased significantly (P>0.05) at d 15 to 22 compared to control and antibiotic group. Significant (P<0.05) reduction of total cholesterol and triglyceride with supplementation of mulberry leaf meal at 2.5, 3.5, 4.5% MLM, MLM extract were also observed at d 22 to 42 compared to control and antibiotic group. The result suggests that inclusion of mulberry leaf meal (both 3.5% powder and extract) may be used to formulate low-cost broiler grower diet in order to produce low-cholesterol broiler meat. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v12i2.21920 SAARC J. Agri., 12(2): 79-89 (2014)
Variations in agronomic traits of Soybean genotypes
Authors: Khan MSA , Karim MA , Haque MM , Karim AJMS , Mian MAK
Published: February 2015

The experiment was conducted at the experimental site of Agronomy Department of the Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Salna, Gazipur during January to June 2010 to evaluate some important agronomic traits of one hundred and fifteen genotypes of soybean to screen out high yielding soybean genotypes. Considerable genetic variability was observed in the 115 germplasm. Depending on the variability in quantitative traits, the genotypes were grouped in six clusters. The genotypes which have greater morphological similarity were grouped in clusters. The results indicated the presence of high degree of divergence in the genotypes. The clustering pattern of the 115 soybean genotypes in six groups and their inter-group distances revealed that genotypes in Cluster III comprised of BARI Soybean 5, G00083, BARI Soybean 6, G00342, BD 2338, BD 2355, BD 2329, BD 2340, AGS 95, G00056, AGS 129, BD 2336, BGH 02026, BGM 02093, Galarsum, BD 2350, G00084, BD 2331, G00103 indicated better performance which could be marked for the selection of yield potential genotypes through further evaluation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v12i2.21921 SAARC J. Agri., 12(2): 90-100 (2014)
Hybrid maize and sweet potato intercropping: a technology to increase productivity and profitability for poor hill farmers in Bangladesh
Authors: Islam MN , Akhteruzzaman M , Alom MS , Salim M
Published: February 2015

The experiment was conducted at the Hill Agricultural Research Station, Khagrachari during two winter seasons of 2010-11 and 2011-12 to find out suitable planting system of the component crops for increasing productivity and profitibility for hill farmers of Bangladesh. Three intercrop combinations viz., (i) maize paired row + 2 rows sweet potato, (ii) maize normal row +1 row sweet potato and (iii) sweet potato normal row + 1 row maize were evaluated against their respective sole crops. In all combinations, light availability was more at early growth stage and reduced gradually with the advancement of canopy development of maize. Light availability was minimum at 100 days after emergence and thereafter slightly increased in three intercrop combinations. Among intercrop combinations, light availability to sweet potato canopy was more in maize paired row + 2 rows sweet potato combination through out the crop period which enhance tuber formation, tuber bulging and tuber yield. Contrary, sweet potato vines provide a mulch cover for maize which preserve soil moisture and reduce weed infestation producing higher yield and yield components of maize. Maize yield (cob yield: 19.82 t ha-1, grain yield: 8.98 t ha-1), tuber yield of sweet potato (17.11 t ha-1) and maize equivalent yield (cob equivalent yield: 42.63 t ha-1, grain equivalent yield: 15.82 t ha-1) were the highest in maize paired row + 2 rows sweet potato combination. Similarly, the highest gross return (for cob: Tk. 1,27,890 ha-1, for grain: Tk. 1,58,200 ha-1), gross margin (for cob: Tk. 87,890 ha-1, for grain: Tk.1,08,200 ha-1) and benefit cost ratio (for cob: 3.20, for grain: 3.16) were also obtained from the same combination. The results revealed that maize paired row + 2 rows sweet DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v12i2.21922 SAARC J. Agri., 12(2): 101-111 (2014)
Population dynamics of notopterus notopterus (Pallas, 1769) from the Kaptai reservoir of Bangladesh
Authors: Mustafa M Golam , Singha S , Islam MR , Mallick Nayan
Published: February 2015

Population parameters of Notopterus notopterus (Pallas, 1769) from length-frequency data collected from Kaptai Reservoir of Rangamati, Bangladesh from January, 2013 to December, 2013 were calculated by using FiSAT software. The asymptotic total length (L?) and growth coefficient (K) were estimated to be 34.91cm and 0.38 y?1respectively. The instantaneous rate of natural mortality (M), fishing mortality (F) and total mortality (Z) were estimated to be as 0.91 y?1, 0.28 y?1and 1.19 y?1 respectively. The value of exploitation rate (E) was found to be 0.24 which clearly pointed toward moderate or less fishing pressure (E<0.50) of N. notopterus in the Kaptai reservoir of Bangladesh. The recruitment of the species was found throughout the year with two peaks - one from March-April; and another from May- June. Virtual population analysis (VPA) estimated that the maximum numbers of N. notopterus were caught between 10.50 cm to 32.50 cm with maximum F value (0.80 y?1) in the mid length of 18.30 cm. During the year 2013 the total catch of N. notopterus was found to be 664.5 MT, which contributed about 7.78% of the total catch of Kaptai Lake. Relative yield per recruit (Y/R) and biomass per recruit (B/R) suggested that the natural mortality should be reduced to 0.91 y?1 by proper management to obtain a maximum sustainable exploitation rate (Emax= 0.828) for the species in the reservoir. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v12i2.21923 SAARC J. Agri., 12(2): 112-122 (2014
Contribution of green manure incorporation in combination with Nitrogen fertilizer in Rice production
Authors: Islam MR , Hossain MB , Siddique AB , Rahman MT , Malika M
Published: February 2015

An experiment was conducted at the Soil Science Field Laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during April to November, 2012 to study the combined effects of Sesbania green manure incorporation with different levels of nitrogen fertilizer on the growth and yield of BINA dhan7. There were five treatments for using Sesbania as pre-rice green manure (GM): Fallow (No GM), GM for incorporation at 40, 50, 60, and 70 days after sowing (DAS). T. Aman was planted after chopping the GM. For T. aman there were 9 treatments: Fallow plot received full dose (180 kg urea ha-1) of N fertilizer while plots with GM received 50 and 75% of recommended N fertilizer. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The highest grain yield of 5752 kg ha-1 and straw yield of 6654 kg ha-1 were observed in the plot treated with 75%recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) and green manure incorporated at 50 DAS. The lowest grain yield (4783 kg ha-1) and straw yield (5154 kg ha-1) were recorded with GM incorporated at 40 DAS + 50% RDN. The N content and uptake by the grain and straw were differed significantly due to different treatments and maximum uptake was recorded with the application of 75% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) and green manure incorporated at 50 DAS. The overall results indicate that application of Sesbania green manure incorporated at 50 DAS in combination with 75% recommended dose of nitrogen could be considered more effective for BINA dhan7 production DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v12i2.21925 SAARC J. Agri., 12(2): 134-142 (2014)
La théorie du choix rationnel en politique comparée
Authors: Magni-Berton Raùl
Published: February 2015

Cet article présente le développement et la logique de la théorie du choix rationnel en politique comparée. Après une présentation de la littérature récente sur le sujet, il montre à travers des exemples concrets comment la théorie du choix rationnel s’est approprié progressivement le domaine de la politique comparée. En particulier, l’article est centré sur la logique de l’explication propre à cette approche, et à son application dans la comparaison des institutions et des sociétés. Il offre également des perspectives sur les recherches en cours, en soulignant comment l’approche du choix rationnel ne dépend pas de son trait le plus connu : le postulat de rationalité.
« Aires culturelles » : travers et potentiels
Authors: Kienle Eberhard
Published: February 2015

Tout en exposant les failles de la production de savoirs par « aires culturelles », cette contribution met en relief les apports et le potentiel de travaux menés sous cette enseigne aux connotations bien plus culturalistes que celle des « area studies ». Si elle cache souvent une interdisciplinarité superficielle, elle permet néanmoins la définition de problématiques indépendantes des contraintes posées par les disciplines telles qu’elles sont actuellement constituées. De même, elle est susceptible de renforcer la recherche en sciences sociales sur les terrains autres que ceux de leurs origines historiques. Par ricochet, l’étude des « aires culturelles » peut avancer l’interdisciplinarité là où elle privilégie les aires sur le culturel conçu comme variable nécessairement explicative et donc fondatrice d’un essentialisme qui est également incompatible avec le comparatisme.
L'analyse des politiques publiques à l'épreuve de la comparaison
Authors: Boussaguet Laurie , Dupuy Claire
Published: February 2015

Que fait la comparaison à l’analyse des politiques publiques ? Répondre à cette interrogation constitue l’objet de cet article. Nous montrons que l’approche comparative est centrale dans les travaux d’analyse des politiques publiques, depuis les premiers travaux de cette sous-discipline, et que si les pratiques comparatives n’ont été que peu discutées sous l’angle méthodologique, que ce soit à partir des contributions de la littérature de politique comparée ou de réflexions propres aux politiques publiques, elles ont fortement évolué depuis les années 1970. Les dispositifs comparatifs, attentifs à la production multiniveaux de l’action publique et à son caractère multiforme, ont donc sophistiqué l’analyse des politiques publiques.
Of Mice and Expert judgments : quelques réflexions méthodologiques sur les « jugements d'experts », le positionnement des partis politiques et l'axe droite-gauche
Authors: Seiler Daniel-Louis
Published: February 2015

Le but de l’article est de dénoncer l’emploi d’une pratique erronée qui s’est répandue dans l’étude des partis politiques : le recours à « des jugements d’experts » afin de les classer et de les comparer d’un pays à l’autre. Cette démarche doit être dénoncée pour trois groupes de raisons : déontologiques – elle encourage la paresse et l’inculture des politistes –, empiriques – le multipartisme résulte le plus souvent de l’entrecroisement entre deux ou plusieurs dimensions et enfin statistiques car les « échelles » employées sont prédéterminées et ne satisfont à aucun des critères méthodologiques qui déterminent la construction d’échelles en sciences sociales. Si les chercheurs renoncent aux échelles multidimensionnelles, l’alternative est simple : recourir aux échelles psychométriques ou aux échelles « piffométriques » et ces dernières doivent être rigoureusement prohibées.
Les cyniques : une économie de la frugalité
Authors: Helmer Étienne
Published: February 2015

Les cyniques grecs rejettent les institutions économiques de leur temps au motif que les valeurs sur lesquelles elles reposent entravent la liberté et l’autosuffisance individuelles. Seule une vie de frugalité et de mendicité peut, selon eux, nous les procurer. Mais dans quelle mesure ces pratiques constituent-elles une véritable économie, avec la dimension sociale et coopérative que ce concept implique ? Classification JEL : B11, Z13
Behavioral Paternalism
Authors: Salvat Christophe
Published: February 2015

Un nouveau type de paternalisme s’est développé ces dix dernières années sous l’impulsion de travaux innovateurs de certains économistes comportementaux. Ce nouveau type de paternalisme, que j’appelle ici paternalisme comportemental, s’est popularisé grâce à la théorie du « coup de pouce » de Richard Thaler et Cass Sunstein et remet en question l’idée selon laquelle le paternalisme serait inacceptable dans nos sociétés. L’objet de cet article est d’évaluer sa légitimité morale sans, néanmoins, se limiter à son supposé libertarianisme. Les résultats de mon investigation peuvent se résumer ainsi : bien que le paternalisme comportemental soit généralement reconnu pour son caractère libéral, il ne satisfait pas en fait les conditions de ce que Joel Feinberg nomme le « paternalisme mou ». Néanmoins, il possède des qualités morales sous-estimées par ses partisans. Il résiste d’abord très bien à la critique égalitariste d’Elizabeth Anderson. A la différence des formes traditionnelles de paternalisme, le paternalisme comportemental n’est pas dégradant et n’est pas ostracisant. Le paternalisme comportemental, enfin, peut se targuer d’être véritablement altruiste, à la condition, cependant, d’abandonner les hypothèses principales de Sunstein et Thaler. Classification JEL : A12, D64, I18, I31, K32
Neurosciences et politiques publiques : vers un nouvel interventionnisme économique ?
Authors: Vallois Nicolas
Published: February 2015

Les neurosciences sont utilisées en économie dans l’objectif d’améliorer la compréhension et la description des choix individuels. Elles permettent aussi d’évaluer la rationalité des décideurs et de réguler les comportements. Cet article analyse les implications normatives de la neuroéconomie, en dégageant les apports des neurosciences à l’économie du bien-être et à l’économie publique. L’interventionnisme économique défendu par les neuroéconomistes (par exemple, Bernheim et Rangel 2004) y est interprété comme une politique caractéristique du néo-libéralisme, au sens qu’en donne Michel Foucault (1978b). Si la neuroimagerie ne permet pas de « manipuler » directement le cerveau des décideurs, elle offre en revanche la possibilité de détecter le caractère pathologique ou irrationnel de certaines conduites. Ce diagnostic justifie une régulation comportementale du bien-être, qui doit être distinguée du paternalisme libertarien de Sunstein et Thaler (2003). Dans les deux cas, c’est l’environnement plutôt que le décideur lui-même qui est la cible de l’intervention, mais la justification théorique n’est pas la même. Pour les neuroéconomistes, l’irrationalité d’un comportement tel que l’addiction ne résulte pas d’un biais cognitif de l’individu, mais de son interaction avec un environnement pathologique. Les réflexions normatives des neuroéconomistes s’inscrivent dans le prolongement théorique des réflexions de Michel Foucault sur la biopolitique et le néolibéralisme (Foucault 2004b). Notre étude vaut ainsi comme une contribution à l’étude de la gouvernementalité. Elle nous conduit à défendre une interprétation non-réductionniste des rapports entre savoir et pouvoir chez Foucault. Classification JEL : D87, H10, B41.
Inégalité raciale au Brésil et aux États-Unis, 1990-2010
Authors: Andrews George Reid
Published: February 2015

Cette étude met en regard des données statistiques sur les inégalités entre ceux qui se considèrent Noirs et ceux qui se considèrent Blancs au Brésil et aux États-Unis de 1990 à 2010. Ces indicateurs abordent ces différences dans les domaines de la fertilité, l’espérance de vie, la mortalité infantile, la répartition géographique, la scolarisation et la réussite scolaire, la distribution de la population active, ses revenus et ses avancées, et la pauvreté. Entre 1994 et 2010, les Brésiliens ont porté au pouvoir présidentiel des personnes et des administrations soucieuses de réduire les très hauts niveaux d’inégalités sociales et régionales du pays. Les programmes mis en œuvre permirent de réduire la pauvreté et l’inégalité, et d’offrir à 30 millions de Brésiliens la possibilité de passer de la classe laborieuse pauvre à une classe moyenne fortement élargie. L’article révèle que les politiques engagées pour combattre les inégalités de classes contribuèrent également à réduire les inégalités « raciales ». Au regard de la plupart des indicateurs, le Brésil a accompli, dans la diminution de ces disparités, des progrès plus significatifs que les États-Unis. En 2010, ces derniers restaient, en termes statistiques, le pays le plus ethniquement égalitaire ; mais les initiatives brésiliennes de démocratie sociale et de discrimination positive sur des bases sociales et en relation avec les catégories « raciales » produisent des résultats qui méritent une grande attention de la part des citoyens et des politiciens soucieux de réduire les inégalités (sociales et « raciales ») aux États-Unis.
Métiers d’artisan dans les abbayes ardennaises de Saint-Hubert et Stavelot-Malmedy (viie-xiie siècle)
Authors: Mignot Philippe
Published: February 2015

Distantes d’une soixantaine de kilomètres, les deux abbayes bénédictines d’Ardenne méritent d’être confrontées sur la question des activités artisanales en leur sein. Si leur contexte historique de fondation est différent, les relations qu’elles entretinrent chacune avec leur environnement proche ou leurs domaines plus éloignés, sont sensiblement identiques. Les liaisons routières rencontrèrent les mêmes difficultés de « zone périphérique ». L’étude conjointe des deux abbayes offre l’avantage d’enrichir les données textuelles et archéologiques de l’une par rapport à l’autre. Les deux communautés ont dû pourvoir à leur approvisionnement régulier en vivres et en tout l’équipement nécessaire. L’examen des sources permet d’esquisser les contours des métiers que ces abbayes ont cherchés à abriter. L’exploitation des ressources naturelles comme le minerai de fer mais aussi les produits agricoles prélevés et acheminés vers l’abbaye nous éclairent sur les métiers exercés au cœur de l’abbaye.
Spaces for servants and provendarii in Early Medieval Monasteries. The example of the virtual monastery on the Plan of Saint Gall
Authors: Zettler Alfons
Published: February 2015

Der St. Galler Klosterplan stellt ein großes frühmittelalterliches Benediktinerkloster vorwiegend im Grundriss dar. Nach allem was wirwissen, wurde die Tuschzeichnung auf Pergament (ca. 1.12 x 0.77m) in  den Jahren zwischen 820 und 830 von einer Gruppe Reichenauer Mönche erstelltund an Abt Gozbert von St. Gallen übersandt. Sinn und Zweck des Plans sind nicht genau bekannt. Aber auch wenn niemals ein Kloster nach Maßgabe des Pergamentplans gebaut worden ist, kann die Plandarstellung doch auf der virtuellen und funktionalen Ebene gewissermaßen wie ein reales Kloster der karolingischen Periode betrachtet werden. Das geschieht in diesem Beitrag unter dem Aspekt des Raumes, oder der Räume, die für die unterschiedlichen Personengruppen in einer Abtei jener Zeit vorgesehen wurden. Hier geht es insbesondere darum, die verschiedenen Raumvorgaben im Plankloster im Hinblick auf ihre soziale Verortung bzw. ihren sozialen Stellenwert zu betrachten und die für die Laien, provendarii und Bedienstete der Mönche vorgesehenen Räume zu bestimmen und zu charakterisieren
Marmoutier (Tours) : de l’hôtellerie médiévale à la maison du Grand Prieur
Authors: Lorans Élisabeth , Marot Émeline , Simon Gaël
Published: February 2015

Le monastère de Marmoutier, vaste établissement bénédictin implanté entre le coteau et la Loire, face à Tours, fait l’objet d’un programme de recherche archéologique depuis 2005. L’emprise de l’ancienne hôtellerie, dont un tiers environ subsiste en élévation, a été fouillée de 2006 à 2013, mettant en évidence une évolution complexe des bâtiments entre les xe-xie siècles et le xixe siècle. À deux édifices, qui ont dû remplir des fonctions d’accueil, a succédé, à la fin du fin xiie siècle, une construction de 50 m de long, composée d’un rez-de-chaussée voûté et d’une grande salle sous charpente, identifiable à l’hôtellerie des hôtes de marque, dont la construction est attribuée à Hervé de Villepreux par la chronique des abbés de Marmoutier. Cet article présente cette succession d’édifices et les transformations médiévales et modernes de l’hôtellerie, en proposant quelques comparaisons.
Quantitative Reduction of the TCR Adapter Protein SLP-76 Unbalances Immunity and Immune Regulation
Authors: Siggs Owen M. , Miosge Lisa A. , Daley Stephen R. , Asquith Kelly , Foster Paul S. , Liston Adrian , Goodnow Christopher C.
Published: February 2015

Gene variants that disrupt TCR signaling can cause severe immune deficiency, yet less disruptive variants are sometimes associated with immune pathology. Null mutations of the gene encoding the scaffold protein Src homology 2 domain–containing leukocyte protein of 76 kDa (SLP-76), for example, cause an arrest of T cell positive selection, whereas a synthetic membrane-targeted allele allows limited positive selection but is associated with proinflammatory cytokine production and autoantibodies. Whether these and other enigmatic outcomes are due to a biochemical uncoupling of tolerogenic signaling, or simply a quantitative reduction of protein activity, remains to be determined. In this study we describe a splice variant of Lcp2 that reduced the amount of wild-type SLP-76 protein by ∼90%, disrupting immunogenic and tolerogenic pathways to different degrees. Mutant mice produced excessive amounts of proinflammatory cytokines, autoantibodies, and IgE, revealing that simple quantitative reductions of SLP-76 were sufficient to trigger immune dysregulation. This allele reveals a dose-sensitive threshold for SLP-76 in the balance of immunity and immune dysregulation, a common disturbance of atypical clinical immune deficiencies.
Organ-Specific Microenvironment Modifies Diverse Functional and Phenotypic Characteristics of Leukemia-Associated Macrophages in Mouse T Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Chen Sha-Yan , Yang Xiao , Feng Wen-Li , Liao Jin-Feng , Wang Li-Na , Feng Li , Lin Yong-Min , Ren Qian , Zheng Guo-Guang
Published: February 2015

Tumor-associated macrophages are widely studied in solid tumors. The distribution of macrophages in lymph node samples was found to be associated with the prognosis of lymphoma patients. However, the role of macrophages in leukemia and their functional and phenotypic characteristics in hematopoietic malignancies have not been defined. In this study, we examined the distribution and functional and phenotypic characteristics of macrophages in a Notch1-induced mouse model of T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). The distribution of macrophages in bone marrow (BM) and spleen, which are proposed as BM and spleen leukemia-associated macrophages (LAMs), were different during the development of leukemia. LAMs stimulated the proliferation of T-ALL cells and had higher migration activity. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that gene expression profiles of BM and spleen LAMs showed considerable differences. RT-PCR analysis showed that LAMs expressed both M1- and M2-associated phenotypic genes, but they expressed much lower levels of TGF-β1, VEGF-A, and CSF-1 than did tumor-associated macrophages from B16 melanoma. Furthermore, spleen LAMs more potently stimulated the proliferation of T-ALL cells compared with BM LAMs. Moreover, LAMs could be subdivided into M1-like (CD206−) and M2-like (CD206+) groups. Both CD206+ and CD206− LAMs stimulated the proliferation of T-ALL cells, although CD206+ LAMs expressed higher levels of most M1- and M2-associated genes. These results suggested the functional and phenotypic characteristics of LAMs, which were modified by organ specific microenvironments. Our results broaden our knowledge about macrophages in malignant microenvironments from solid tumors to leukemia.
CXCL13 Responsiveness but Not CXCR5 Expression by Late Transitional B Cells Initiates Splenic White Pulp Formation
Authors: Neely Harold R. , Flajnik Martin F.
Published: February 2015

Secondary lymphoid organs (SLO) provide the structural framework for coconcentration of Ag and Ag-specific lymphocytes required for an efficient adaptive immune system. The spleen is the primordial SLO, and evolved concurrently with Ig/TCR:pMHC-based adaptive immunity. The earliest cellular/histological event in the ontogeny of the spleen’s lymphoid architecture, the white pulp (WP), is the accumulation of B cells around splenic vasculature, an evolutionarily conserved feature since the spleen’s emergence in early jawed vertebrates such as sharks. In mammals, B cells are indispensable for both formation and maintenance of SLO microarchitecture; their expression of lymphotoxin α1β2 (LTα1β2) is required for the LTα1β2:CXCL13 positive feedback loop without which SLO cannot properly form. Despite the spleen’s central role in the evolution of adaptive immunity, neither the initiating event nor the B cell subset necessary for WP formation has been identified. We therefore sought to identify both in mouse. We detected CXCL13 protein in late embryonic splenic vasculature, and its expression was TNF-α and RAG-2 independent. A substantial influx of CXCR5+ transitional B cells into the spleen occurred 18 h before birth. However, these late embryonic B cells were unresponsive to CXCL13 (although responsive to CXCL12) and phenotypically indistinguishable from blood-derived B cells. Only after birth did B cells acquire CXCL13 responsiveness, accumulate around splenic vasculature, and establish the uniquely splenic B cell compartment, enriched for CXCL13-responsive late transitional cells. Thus, CXCL13 is the initiating component of the CXCL13:LTα1β2 positive feedback loop required for WP ontogeny, and CXCL13-responsive late transitional B cells are the initiating subset.
Functional Heterogeneity in the CD4+ T Cell Response to Murine γ-Herpesvirus 68
Authors: Hu Zhuting , Blackman Marcia A. , Kaye Kenneth M. , Usherwood Edward J.
Published: February 2015

CD4+ T cells are critical for the control of virus infections, T cell memory, and immune surveillance. We studied the differentiation and function of murine γ-herpesvirus 68 (MHV-68)–specific CD4+ T cells using gp150-specific TCR-transgenic mice. This allowed a more detailed study of the characteristics of the CD4+ T cell response than did previously available approaches for this virus. Most gp150-specific CD4+ T cells expressed T-bet and produced IFN-γ, indicating that MHV-68 infection triggered differentiation of CD4+ T cells largely into the Th1 subset, whereas some became follicular Th cells and Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. These CD4+ T cells were protective against MHV-68 infection in the absence of CD8+ T cells and B cells, and protection depended on IFN-γ secretion. Marked heterogeneity was observed in the CD4+ T cells, based on lymphocyte Ag 6C (Ly6C) expression. Ly6C expression positively correlated with IFN-γ, TNF-α, and granzyme B production; T-bet and KLRG1 expression; proliferation; and CD4+ T cell–mediated cytotoxicity. Ly6C expression inversely correlated with survival, CCR7 expression, and secondary expansion potential. Ly6C+ and Ly6C− gp150-specific CD4+ T cells were able to interconvert in a bidirectional manner upon secondary Ag exposure in vivo. These results indicate that Ly6C expression is closely associated with antiviral activity in effector CD4+ T cells but is inversely correlated with memory potential. Interconversion between Ly6C+ and Ly6C− cells may maintain a balance between the two Ag-specific CD4+ T cell populations during MHV-68 infection. These findings have significant implications for Ly6C as a surface marker to distinguish functionally distinct CD4+ T cells during persistent virus infection.
Investigación, comunicación y publicación en las universidades del siglo XXI: Actualidad y desafíos
Authors: Salomón Leticia
Published: February 2015

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rct.v0i7.1789 Revista Ciencia y Tecnología No. 7, diciembre 2010: 3-8
Investigación científica, piedra angular en la generación del conocimiento
Authors: Pineda María Cristina , Salgado Ramón , Medina Marco Tulio
Published: February 2015

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rct.v0i7.1790 Revista Ciencia y Tecnología No. 7, diciembre 2010: 11-19
Construcción de ciudadanía y democracia en Centroamérica
Authors: Suárez Roque Castro
Published: February 2015

La ciudadanía como la democracia encuentra barreras en la desigualdad, la violencia y la mayor complejidad social. Mientras el tiempo se agota y no ha sido posible aprender las lecciones de la historia, particularmente, por la persistencia de las causas que llevaron a la guerra en la región, situación no superada por los cambios que le siguieron, la ciudadanía aparece como la condición de posibilidad de la democracia, el desarrollo y la mejor convivencia. En Centroamérica, la crisis de la política y de la joven democracia para la mayoría de países del istmo, sobre todo las dificultades del control ciudadano de la gestión pública, sólo se podrá superar con más política a condición de que sea democrática. Es decir, desde la construcción de una ciudadanía sustantiva, activa y democrática. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rct.v0i7.1790 Revista Ciencia y Tecnología No. 7, diciembre 2010: 11-19
Aislamiento de Listeria monocytogenes en productos lácteos, artesanales y hortalizas
Authors: Tzoc Ramírez Edgardo , Pineda Silvia
Published: February 2015

Listeria monocytogenes, una bacteria común del suelo. Es conocida desde hace tiempo por su importancia veterinaria causando pérdidas económicas considerables. En la actualidad, es un reconocido patógeno para el ser humano que afecta principalmente neonatos, mujeres embarazadas y personas inmunodeprimidas. Su transmisión es generalmente por alimentos contaminados, entre los principales vehículos están los lácteos y los vegetales que se consumen crudos. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la calidad microbiológica de productos lácteos producidos artesanalmente y de hortalizas listas para consumo, a través del análisis de L. monocytogenes. La metodología empleada para este propósito es la indicada en el Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) de la Food and Drug Administration (FDA) de Estados Unidos. Ésta consiste en el uso de medios para enriquecimiento y altamente selectivos para el aislamiento de la bacteria. Resultados: se analizaron un total de 80 muestras de productos lácteos (mantequilla crema y rala, queso seco y fresco, quesillo y requesón) además se analizaron 20 muestras de hortalizas (lechuga, repollo, brócoli, espinaca y coliflor). Solamente se obtuvo un aislamiento a partir de una muestra de requesón, lo cual representa apenas un 1 por ciento de positividad. Conclusiones: Listeria es una bacteria que se encuentra contaminando los alimentos, especialmente los que no sufren ningún proceso de preparación previo a su consumo. A pesar del bajo porcentaje de aislamiento obtenido no se debe descartar el potencial riesgo de este tipo de alimentos para el consumidor final en particular los grupos de mayor riesgo. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rct.v0i7.1802 Revista Ciencia y Tecnología No. 7, diciembre 2010: 35-46
Travesías e imaginarios urbanos en exploraciones y aventuras en Honduras
Authors: Barahona Miguel
Published: February 2015

El texto propuesto en este trabajo retrata la percepción particular del viajero norteamericano William Vincent Wells, un gran observador y a la vez propulsor de una serie de reflexiones sobre la sociedad hondureña visitada; en este sentido el análisis del texto se hará en base al planteamiento en que el viaje abre la mente e induce al escritor a reflexionar en sus apuntes aspectos sobre la ciudad y la sociedad, asimismo permite una toma conciencia del momento histórico que arroja información sobre cómo se encontraba la nación hondureña en el siglo XIX. Al igual es posible atisbar también cuáles fueron los motivos primordiales del viaje sobresaliendo diferentes aspectos como: la historia autobiográfica, la curiosidad, la búsqueda del conocimiento, la codicia, el ansia de fama, la búsqueda de aventuras, la apertura de rutas comerciales y un interés político. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rct.v0i7.1803 Revista Ciencia y Tecnología No. 7, diciembre 2010: 47-62
Inmunorreactividad de la proteína p53 en lesiones premalignas y malignas del cérvix uterino
Authors: López Alirio , Cerrato Lesly , Castro Teynaldo , Hasbun de Cadillo Belinda , Carrasco Jorge
Published: February 2015

Objetivo: Determinar la expresión p53 en las lesiones premalignas y malignas del cérvix en las pacientes de la consulta externa del servicio de Ginecología del Hospital Materno Infantil durante el período de julio de 2008 a diciembre de 2009. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio de tipo descriptivo transversal. Estudiándose una muestra de 90 pacientes de un universo de 209 pacientes. Las pacientes se caracterizaron según sus factores de riesgo además se tomó biopsia por colposcopia y/o conización a las pacientes con sospecha clínica de lesión premaligna o maligna del cérvix uterino. Las biopsias fueron incluidas en bloques parafina para la tinción con Hematoxilina – Eosina, y luego a la recuperación del antígeno p53, utilizando un anticuerpo policlonal mediante la técnica de inmunoperoxidasa, para su posterior análisis estadístico. Resultados: La edad media fue de 40.9 años (rango 18-105 años). La escolaridad media fue de 6.8 años, con rango de 1 a 15 años. El 50% (45) de las pacientes refirió haber tenido solo una pareja sexual. El 92.2% (83) de las biopsias fueron en sacabocado y 7.8% (7) fueron conizaciones. De los resultados de biopsia el 10% (9 casos) fueron carcinoma de células escamosas invasor, lesión de intraepitelial escamosa de alto grado - NIC III 23.3% (21 casos), NIC II 23.3% (14 casos), NIC I 33.3% (30 casos) y el 16 casos (17.8%) correspondió a otras lesiones donde se incluyen endocervicitis crónica, pólipo endocervical, negativo por malignidad, cambios reparativos atípicos. Se realizó identificación de la proteína p53, en 73 casos clasificados previamente como lesión premaligna y/o maligna del cérvix, obteniendo los siguientes resultados; de los carcinomas de células escamosas 6 de 9 casos (66.67%) presentaron positividad nuclear, NIC III 12/21 casos positivos (57.14%), NIC II 3/14 casos positivos (21.42%), NIC I 12/30 casos positivos (40%). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rct.v0i7.1804 Revista Ciencia y Tecnología No. 7, diciembre 2010: 63-73
Las regiones especiales de desarrollo: ¿Un modelo de gestión pública en Honduras?
Authors: Humberto Aguilar René
Published: February 2015

¿Por qué una propuesta como la ciudades modelo o RED, sin ningún fundamento científico en ninguna área del conocimiento,logra causar una reforma constitucional? Porque en la sociedad hondureña prevalece la demagogia política, el dogmatismo ideológico, el pensamiento mágico-religioso y la debilidad institucional, especialmente del Estado de derecho. La finalidad del presente artículo es demostrar la importancia del conocimiento científicos en el campo del desarrollo regional, mediante teorías como: planificación por cuencas hidrográficas, nódulo/lugar central, polos de crecimiento, teoría de la localización, etc.; modelos de gestión pública, modelos de desarrollo económico, políticas públicas, etc. en el abordaje del desarrollo nacional, regional o local. Caso contrario ocurrirá lo que ha ocurrido: la ideologización y politización partidaria de desarrollo, ejemplo: ciudad modelo o regiones especiales de desarrollo (RED). Como profesional del área del desarrollo y mediante este artículo se intenta contribuir a enriquecer el abordaje de la problemática en cuestión. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rct.v0i7.1805 Revista Ciencia y Tecnología No. 7, diciembre 2010: 74-95
Una función con móbiles y tentetiesos de Marcos Carías o la tensión entre modernidad y posmodernidad en la escritura narrativa
Authors: Leyva Héctor M
Published: February 2015

La ponencia ofrece un análisis interpretativo de la novela Una función con móbiles y tentesiesos (1981) del hondureño Marcos Carías. El análisis procede mediante una descripción semiótica de los componentes textuales (discurso y estructura), los cuales discute con referencia a los estudios críticos de la obra (Arias, A.; Bermúdez, H.; Torres, C.; Umaña, H.), y especialmente con referencia al concepto de 'novelas de lenguaje' de Ángela Dellpiane y las características de la estética posmoderna que plantea Frederic Jameson. El argumento principal sostiene que si bien la novela abre las puertas a los discursos que atraviesan la sociedad para ofrecer una imagen fragmentada, multívoca y fluida de la misma (en la línea de la estética posmoderna), tal modo de representación no supone una renuncia a la intelección o a la construcción de sentido por parte del autor sino que viene a ser concreción de las pretensiones vanguardistas de una novela total que fuera capaz de construir imágenes que dieran cuenta de la complejidad de lo real (en la tradición de la estética y el proyecto de conocimiento de la modernidad). En este sentido, la ponencia enfoca la tensión en la escritura narrativa (como un dilema típico entre los intelectuales y artistas de la década de 1980) entre la herencia de la modernidad, que confiaba en la intelección para la conducción del mundo, y las tendencias de la posmodernidad hacia la disolución del sujeto y la razón en el acontecer social. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rct.v0i7.1807 Revista Ciencia y Tecnología No. 7, diciembre 2010: 105-121
Russian Policy towards Northeast Asia: The Mongolia Factor
Authors: Soni Sharad K
Published: February 2015

Mongolian Journal of International Affairs Vol.19 2014: 34-48
The Research on the Current Logistics Situation and the Dry Port Development of Mongolia
Authors: Myagmarsuren Ochir , Deng Minrong
Published: February 2015

Nowadays, Mongolia has continually expanded the range of its foreign trade cooperation to include an increasing number of trade partners, which constructed its characteristic mercantile cooperative system, including the two significant neighboring countries, China and Russia, as its strategic partners, the Northeast Asia, as its major imports-exports area, and the increasingly enhanced trade cooperation with the Western countries. Mineral substance is one of the most important exports of Mongolia, which has created considerable foreign exchange receipt. However, as a land-locked country, Mongolia still faces the problems like weak logistics system and backward infrastructure, which impede the further development of the international trade of Mongolia. Building dry ports could shorten the distance between the inland areas and the international markets.Mongolian Journal of International Affairs Vol.19 2014: 56-66
Mongolian Foreign Policy Implications for Russia and China
Authors: Krishna Vaishali
Published: February 2015

Mongolian Journal of International Affairs Vol.19 2014: 67-81
Polish Sinology – Reflection Paper
Authors: Góralczyk Bogdan
Published: February 2015

This highly individual study is the first-ever attempt to describe Polish Sinology, Polish Sinologists and their individual choices, both vocational and social or political. The author, as an insider, uses interviews with some of the most important representatives of Polish Sinology (mainly of the older generation). He proposes individual systematization, fragmenting the history of the “real socialism” era (1950-1989) and after the democratic breakthrough of 1989 in many chapters, consisting of both collective and individual. Among the major findings is that the initial small circle of highly specialized individuals has recently been quickly growing, and so has the diversification within it. While until 1989 the career choices in this field were limited, basically an official (diplomatic or state bureaucratic) career was the only option, but after this threshold many new windows of opportunities were opened, which included for example personal choices like studying in Mainland China or Taiwan,, opening a business there, creating a website or even opening up a study center.Mongolian Journal of International Affairs Vol.19 2014: 87-115
“Songs of Ancient China” – A Myth of “The Other” Appropriated by an Emerging Sinology
Authors: Lomová Olga , Zádrapová Anna
Published: February 2015

Legendary Czech Sinologist Průšek was attached to the ideal world created by Mathesius. And as can be seen from the words of contemporary senior Sinologists, the power of Průšek’s translations had a universal appeal among Czech readers at that time, inspiring interest in Sinology. The poet Mathesius, and later the Sinologist Průšek, with his authority of a scholar and teacher, used Chinese poetry to build up the idea of China as a world that would be an alternative to their own imperfect reality. This vision was transmitted to Průšeks pupils and through the power of popularization, which was according to Průšekan integral part of the academic duties of each scholar, was spread all over the cultural public. This alternative imaginary world enabled them to immerse in a beautiful fairy-tale, yet at the same time a fairy-tale in which familiar things could be recognized and desired, a world for which it is worth living among all the tragedies and desperation of the lived reality.Mongolian Journal of International Affairs Vol.19 2014: 134-152
Tangut (Xi Xia) Studies in the Soviet Union: Quinta Essentia of Russian Oriental Studies
Authors: Dmitriev Sergey
Published: February 2015

Grace to the famous discovery of Piotr Kozlov’s expedition, a very rich collection of various Tangut books in a mausoleum in the dead city of Khara-Khoto was found in 1908, and almost all the texts in the Tangut language were then assembled in Saint-Petersburg. Because of this situation Russian Tangutology became one of the most important in the world very fast, and Russian specialists, especially Alexej Ivanov, did the first steps to understanding the Tangut language and history, which had for a very long time been hidden from humanity.This tradition persisted in the Soviet Union. Nikolaj Nevskij in 1929 returned to Russia from Japan, where he had stayed after 1917, mainly to continue his Tangut researches. But in 1937, during Stalin’s Purge, he was arrested and executed, Ivanov too. The line of tradition was broken for almost twenty years, and only the 1960s saw the rebirth of Russian Tangutology. The post-War generation did a gigantic work, raising Tangut Studies to a new level. Unfortunately, they almost had no students or successors.The dramatic history of Tangut Studies in Russia could be viewed like a real quinta essentia of the fate of Oriental Studies in Russia – but all the changes and tendencies are much more demonstrative of this example.Mongolian Journal of International Affairs Vol.19 2014: 178-196
Modern Mongolia: A Concise History
Authors: Batbayar Ts , Soni Sharad K
Published: February 2015

Mongolian Journal of International Affairs Vol.19 2014: 197
Linguistic choices for the identity of “China” in the discourse of Czech Sinologists
Authors: Lin Melissa Shih-hui
Published: February 2015

This paper utilizes critical discourse analysis (CDA) to disclose the relationship between the lexical or textual device choices of the term “China” in the discourse of Czech Sinologists and how they tried to construct the identity of “China” in interviews collected by Professor Olga Lomová and her student Anna Zádrapová from 2010 to 2011.The analysis will focus on how the Czech Sinologists talk about their “China” and evaluate the term “China” in the discourse, within their experiences, and in the context of the social and cultural situation of the time. On the one hand, this paper will discuss the textual devices which convey the term “China” in the interviews of the Czech Sinologists, in the form of linguistic units, such as nouns, adjectives, noun phrases, verbal phrases and so on, and on the other hand, investigate how their identities of “China” are reflected through their choices of lexical or textual devices.Mongolian Journal of International Affairs Vol.19 2014: 153-165
Effects of photodemethylation on the methylmercury budget of boreal Norwegian lakes
Authors: Poste Amanda E. , Braaten Hans Fredrik Veiteberg , de Wit Heleen A. , Sørensen Kai , Larssen Thorjørn
Published: February 2015

Methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations in freshwater fish from southeastern Norway continue to increase, highlighting the need for a comprehensive understanding of MeHg sources, cycling, and degradation in the aquatic environment. The authors assessed the importance of photodemethylation in the MeHg budget of 4 Norwegian lakes. Photodemethylation rates were determined using incubation experiments with MeHg-spiked natural lake water. The authors determined full-spectrum exposure rates at all study sites and waveband-specific rates (photosynthetically active radiation, ultraviolet-A radiation, and ultraviolet-B radiation) at 1 clear-water (Sognsvann) and 1 humic (Langtjern) site. No significant differences in photodemethylation rates between the sites were found, and the authors' observed rates agreed with available literature for lake and wetland waters. The authors paired experimentally derived photodemethylation rates with lake-specific incident irradiation, light attenuation, and MeHg concentrations to estimate MeHg loss through photodemethylation for the study sites. For Langtjern, losses through photodemethylation equalled 27% of total annual inputs, highlighting the importance of photodemethylation in the MeHg budget. Furthermore, the authors assessed how changes in terrestrial dissolved organic carbon (DOC) exported to freshwaters and climate-driven reductions in ice cover duration may affect MeHg losses through photodemethylation. Results suggest that future increases in DOC may lead to higher aqueous MeHg concentrations in boreal lakes due to increased DOC-associated MeHg inputs paired with significant decreases in the loss of MeHg through photodemethylation due to increased light attenuation. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:1213–1223. © 2015 SETAC