bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PSIX-28 Examining the effects of estradiol, trenbolone acetate, or polyamines on bovine satellite cell differentiation
Authors: Okamoto Lillian L , Reichhardt Caleb C , Griffin Brian , Smith Laura A , Murdoch Gordon , Thornton Kara J
Published: November 2020

The mechanism through which anabolic implants improve skeletal muscle growth of beef animals is incompletely understood. Polyamines (PA) are bioactive amino acid derivatives that act as potent growth stimulants. The objective of this study was to determine effects of anabolic implants, PA and their precursors on bovine satellite cell (BSC) differentiation. Primary BSC were cultured to approximately 80% confluency, at which time they were induced to differentiate in the presence of 3% horse serum (Con) and treated with 10nM TBA, 10 nM E2, or 10nM TBA and 10 nM E2 (ETBA), 10 mM methionine (Met), 8 mM ornithine (Orn), 2 mM putrescine (Put), 1.5 mM spermidine (Spd) or 0.5 mM spermine (Spe). Total mRNA was isolated 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, or 48 h post-treatment and abundance of paired box transcription factor 7 (Pax7) and myogenic differentiation factor (MyoD) were analyzed. Treatment with the hormones (TBA, E2, or ETBA) and PA (Orn, Put, Spd, and Spe) increased (P < 0.05) abundance of MyoD 4 h post-treatment when compared to Con cultures. However, 24 h post-treatment, MyoD abundance was decreased in the presence of hormone treatments when compared to the Con, while the PA treatments increased (P < 0.05) abundance of MyoD when compared to the Con cultures. Treatment with either the hormones or PA had no effect (P > 0.05) on Pax7 abundance at 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, or 48 h post-treatment when compared to Con cultures (P > 0.05). These results indicate that treatment with PA or hormones increases abundance of MyoD, though temporally different indicating that these two classes of growth promoters impact differentiation via alternate physiological pathways. Additional research is underway in order to determine the effects of both PA and hormones on differentiation of primary BSC.
PSV-37 Reemergence of cyathostomins species demonstrates anthelmintic resistance following drug administration in horses
Authors: Johnson Alexa C , Biddle Amy S
Published: November 2020

Arbitrary administration of anthelmintics to control equine gastrointestinal worms has led to increased resistance to the three broad-spectrum drug classes; benzimidazoles, tetrahydropyrimidines, and macrocyclic lactones. With little promise of new drug classes to target cyathostomins being introduced to the market in the near future, anthelmintic drugs must be administered judiciously to prevent complete anthelmintic parasite resistance. The objective of this study is to determine the reemergence rate of cyathostomins following three commercial horse dewormers during summer. Nine horses housed at two locations were enrolled to the study and was repeated June–September through 2017–2019. Horses were removed from the study if sequencing failed due to low egg recovery for more than 50% of the timepoints. Ivermectin (macrocyclic lactones; n = 6), Moxidectin (macrocyclic lactones; n = 8) and Strongid (pyrantel pamoate; n = 8) were administered to horses and fecal samples were collected every 14d for 98d. Samples were tested using fecal egg counts with a modified McMaster technique and 18S rRNA profiling of the V5.8 and ITS1 regions. Sequences were clustered and taxonomy was assigned against a custom NCBI Blast+ database with the aligned sequences of 19 cyathostomins. Data were analyzed using presence/absence methods in R studio. Treatment and Day significantly impacted the average number of species present (P < 0.001). Moxidectin had the lowest number of species present followed by Strongid then Ivermectin (7.14, 10.17, 11.09, respectively). Equine shedder status had no effect on the average number of species present (P > 0.05). Six species, CO. labiatus, CS. catinatum, CY. auriculatus, CY. elongatus, CT. goldi and CT. longibursatus, showed resistance to the three treatments (P > 0.05). Moxidectin was the most effective at eradicating cyathostomins infestations (P < 0.05). Identifying resistance patterns at the species level will enable mechanistic molecular approaches to determine anthelmintic resistance in cyathostomins.
PSVII-35 Late-Breaking Abstract: Microwave heat treatment feed effect on ruminal degradability and intestinal protein digestibility - a brief review
Authors: Shishir Md Safiqur Rahaman , Khan Muhammad Jamal , Khanaki Hassan , Brodie Graham , Cullen Brendan , Cheng Long
Published: November 2020

Rumen degradability of crude protein (CP) of feed is a major factor that determines the utilization of CP in ruminant production. This study briefly reviewed the findings from six international studies of microwave (MW) heat treatment effect on feed CP rumen degradability and intestinal CP digestibility. Six in vitro studies of concentrate feed (canola seed, canola meal, soya bean meal, cottonseed meal, corn, and barley) showed a decrease in effective rumen degradability of dry matter and protein by 4–40% and 17–40%, respectively compared to control group (untreated concentrate feed). Among the six studies, four studies identified the MW heat treatment effect on intestinal protein digestibility. Due to MW heat treatment, canola seed, canola meal, soya bean meal, and cottonseed meal showed an increase in intestinal CP digestibility by 17%, 20%, 21%, and 19%, respectively. Overall the briefly reviewed studies showed that, MW heat treatment substantially reduced feed CP ruminal degradability and increased in vitro CP digestibility of ruminally undegraded CP.
PSX-40 Late-Breaking Abstract: Effect of Dietary Replacement of Fishmeal by Insect Meal on Growth Performance and Non-specific Immunity of Growing Pigs
Authors: Nekrasov Roman V , Ivanov Gennady A , Chabaev Magomed G , Tsis Elena Y , Bogolyubova Nadezhda V , Nikanova Daria A
Published: November 2020

Recent data show that dried larvae of darkling beetles (Zophobas morio L., DZML) and dried larvae of wax moths (Galleria mellonella L., DGML) contains a significant amount of protein, fat, chitin, melanin, antimicrobial peptides, trace elements etc. Larva’s fat is rich in lauric and other medium-chain fatty acids. The aim of our research was to study the influence of dietary replacement of fishmeal (FM) by insect meal on growth performance and nonspecific immunity of growing pigs. Experiments were performed using crossbred [(BWxL)xD] pigs (BW1=14.39±0.19 kg, N=27, n = 9) during the growing period. Animals were allocated to 3 groups: 1 – control (standard feed (SF), including FM), 2 – experimental (SF+2.5%DZML), 3 – experimental (SF+3.0%DGML). The materials obtained in the experiment was biometrically processed using the ANOVA method (at P >0.05 or P < 0.05). The use of DZML&DGML in feed didn’t reduce ADG of experimental animals during the growing period (413.23&413.76 vs. 413.76 g) compared to the control group. Dried larvae supplementation didn’t reduce feed intake and nutrient digestibility. The fat digestibility increased in the 2&3-experimental group (45.0&44.36 vs 29.75%, P < 0.05), due to the high level of lipids and the profile of fatty acids in the larvae. Biochemical blood test showed a higher ALB/GLB ratio (0.85&1.43 vs 0.59, P = 0.05), higher number of WBC (12.36&12.89 vs. 10.44, P = 0.19) in the blood of the experimental animals compared to the control group. Growing pigs of the experimental groups had a higher level of nonspecific immunity, which is expressed in an increase in bactericidal, lysozyme activity of blood serum and phagocytic activity of neutrophils. Consequently, it is possible to consider the prospects of using DGML&DGML as dietary supplements to diets of growing pigs. The work was supported by the GZ АААА-А18-118021590136-7 of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation.
PSX-39 Late-Breaking Abstract: Characterization of epigenetic and transcriptional landscape in heat stressed rats using ATAC-seq and RNA-seq
Authors: Dou Jinhuan , Schenkel Flavio , Yu Ying , Wang Yachun
Published: November 2020

Understanding animal physiology and identifying reliable biomarkers may help to establish effective management strategies for the prevention of heat stress (HS). However, little is known about the molecular mechanism of mammal tolerance to high temperatures. In a previous study with Sprague-Dawley rats, we performed RNA-seq assays on the liver of rats in control (CT; 22 ℃, n = 5) and heat stress (HS120; 42 ℃ for 120 min, n = 5) groups. A total of 3,909 differential expression genes (DEGs, Q < 0.05) were observed. This study was conducted to further examine the epigenetic landscape in the liver of rats under HS and identify transcription factors (TFs), as well as their regulated genes. Three liver tissues were selected from the RNA-seq samples and performed an Assay for Transpose Accessible Chromatin (ATAC-seq). Peaks meeting criteria of P< 0.05 and |Fold Change| >1.5 were considered as differential peaks. All ATAC-seq libraries generated an expected distribution of the insert fragment lengths, with the majority of fragments being small, which characterize inter-nucleosomal open chromatin, and progressively fewer fragments of larger size, which are spanning nucleosomes. The accessibility of transcriptional start sites (TSS) was significantly enriched. After merging data, 2,356 differential peaks showed CT having more accessible TSS than H120 and only 230 differential peaks showed H120 group having more accessible TSS than CT. Thirty-six and 22 TF motifs were predicted by up- and down-regulated differential peaks in H120 vs. CT. Together with the previous DEG results, we proposed candidate TFs annotated to Cebpa, Foxa4, and Sp3 DEGs, which are involved in the regulation of oxidative stress. In summary, we showed that nuclear chromatin in the liver of heat stressed rats was less open than that of control rats. We suggest that the TFs (Cebpa, Foxa4, and Sp3) may be involved in the physiological regulation of HS.
PSV-27 Program Chair Poster Pick: Expression QTL mapping for meat quality in beef cattle
Authors: Mateescu Raluca G , Leal-Gutiérrez Joel , Elzo Mauricio
Published: November 2020

Expression QTL mapping provides information about genetic variant with modulatory effects on gene expression which are useful for understanding the genetic architecture of complex phenotypes. This mapping allows for uncovering of genomic regions associated with transcription regulation of genes which can be related to phenotypic variation when they colocalize with QTLs (cis and trans effects), providing a molecular basis for the phenotype-genotype association. The objectives of the present research were to perform eQTL mapping for meat quality traits in longissimus dorsi muscle and to uncover genes whose expression is influenced by local or distant genetic variation. A total of 120 steers from the University of Florida Beef Unit multibreed Angus-Brahman herd born between 2013 and 2014 were used in this study. The first three principal components from a principal component analysis for all meat quality phenotypes were used to construct a meat quality index. Eighty animals were selected based on extreme meat quality index for mRNA sequencing and 100 bp paired-end reads were mapped against to the Btau_4.6.1 reference genome. eQTL mapping was performed using 112,042 SNPs and 8,588 genes. A cis QTL was defined as an SNP located no more than 1 Mb upstream of the transcription start site or downstream of the transcription end site of an annotated gene. Polymorphisms associated with expression of at least 20 genes in the case of eQTL were considered hot spots. The harboring or adjacent gene was defined as master regulators. Multiple cis eQTLs and sQTLs effects were identified and genes such as LSM2, SOAT1, TTN and TEK are a few examples of potential expression and splicing regulatory genes. A total of 27 expression and 13 splicing master regulator genes were uncovered, mainly cytoskeletal or membrane-associated proteins, transcription factors and DNA methylases.
PSV-26 Effect of feeding regime on meat quality of elk deer (venison) loin during aging
Authors: Lee Jinwook , Jang Aera , Kim Hye-Jin , Kim Hee-Jin , Kim Kwan-Woo , Roh Hee-Jong , Lee Sung-Soo , Lee Sang-Hoon
Published: November 2020

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of feeding regimes on chemical composition, meat quality, and fatty acids composition of elk deer loin (EDL) during aging at 4°C. Sixteen 3-year-old elk hinds were randomly assigned to one of two dietary treatments, grazing pasture (GR) and barn feeding (BF). Eight elks were grazed on pasture with supplementary feed of 1.0% of body weight and the other eight elks were fed 1.0% of concentrate with ad libitum hay for 5 months. After slaughtering, EDL was dissected and aged for 56 days at 4°C in vacuum packaging. Proximate composition, physicochemical characteristics, and fatty acid composition of EDL were determined. Proximate composition of EDL showed no significant difference between feeding regimen and aging period. The pH values of EDL increased with increase of storage days (P < 0.05). Drip loss increased by day 14 compared to initial day and shear force was decreased during aging (P < 0.05). Water holding capacity (WHC) and cooking loss were not significantly affected by feeding regimen or aging period. Lightness (L*) and redness (a*) were decreased on day 56 compared to initial day. Yellowness (b*) of EDL decreased with increase of aging time (P < 0.05). The α-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were higher in GR treatment and increased with aging duration (P < 0.05). The feeding regimens and aging affected on meat quality and fatty acids profiles.
PSV-31 Influence of Hempseed Meal Supplementation on Fresh and Cooked Characteristics of Boer Cross Goats
Authors: Smith Hunter R , Abrahamsen Frank W , Rehm John G , Wilborn Barney , Blythe Eugene , Sawyer Jason T , Gurung Nar
Published: November 2020

Hempseed meal is byproduct of hemp oil production and is relatively high in fiber, fat, and protein, making it a potential feedstuff for ruminants. However, the impact this new byproduct could have on meat characteristics is unknown. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the impact of HSM on fresh and cooked characteristics of Spanish meat goat retail cuts. Forty Boer crossbred castrated male goats were randomly allocated to one of four diets (n = 10; 0, 10, 20 or 30%) containing HSM which originated from the manufacturing industry of hemp oil. Goats were provided 2 kg of diet daily that contained varying levels of HSM in addition to ad-libitum access to water throughout the study. Following a 60-day feeding period goats were harvested at the Lambert-Powell Meats Laboratory located at Auburn University. After chilling for 12 h at 0°C, carcass measurements were collected prior to carcass fabrication. Goat carcasses were fabricated into wholesale cuts of the shoulder, rack, loin and leg. Paired loins and legs were sliced into 2.54-cm-thick chops, vacuum packaged, and assigned to cook yield, instrumental fresh color, and instrumental tenderness and frozen at -23°C until all laboratory analysis could be completed. The use of HSM did not alter cooking yield in either the goat loin or leg chop (P > 0.05) regardless of inclusion percentage within the diet. Furthermore, Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) did not differ (P > 0.05) with increasing inclusion rates of HSM for either the loin or leg chops. Instrumental color for lightness (L*) or yellowness (b*) did not differ (P > 0.05) across diet treatments for either the loin or leg chops. These findings suggest that the inclusion of HSM within the diet of Boer cross goats did not alter fresh or cooked meat characteristics in either the loin or leg chops.
PSXI-4 Beauveria bassiana to control the mealworm Alphitobius diaperinus in chicken barns
Authors: Nadeau Martin , Todorova Silvia , Julien Carl
Published: November 2020

One of the most common insects in poultry houses is the mealworm Alphitobius diaperinus, also known as the darkling beetle. Immature (larvae) and adults feed on seeds spilled on the ground or from poultry droppings. In addition to structural damage, this insect can also be a vector of diseases that can affect birds. In addition, the indigestible shell of the insect can cause digestion problems for birds, and thus affect the profitability of production. It is considered impossible to eliminate the populations of mealworms, and in organic poultry production, the control options are limited. The mycoinsecticide BioCeres WP, based on the fungus Beauveria bassiana, and which controls aphids, has been proposed to control the mealworm A. diaperinus in chicken barns. 450 adult mealworms from a commercial chicken barn were randomly distributed in 9 containers (1 m2) containing 10 cm of wood shavings litter and chicken feed. BioCeres WP was applied by spraying two applications of 40 ml of 10 g/L solution (representing 4 x 10^9 conidia per m2 per application). Mealworms were housed during a broiler batch at the chicken barn they were harvested from and received one of the following treatments: 1) control, water spraying; 2) BioCeres WP treatment. 3 repetitions for control and 6 for BioCeres WP were performed. BioCeres WP increased the mortality rate of mealworms (+101%, P < 0.02; 17.8% vs. 8.6%), compared to untreated mealworms, 28 days after treatment. Mortality rates were affected from day 14 until day 28 after treatment. A trial using 640 broilers in 32 pens revealed no adverse effect on growth performance or health. In summary, BioCeres WP could be involved in a biological strategy to control the mealworm Alphitobius diaperinus in chicken barns.
PSXI-5 Best production practices for improvement of Beef Cattle carcass quality
Authors: Amaral Thais B , Fernandes Arthur Francisco Araujo , Rosa Guilherme J M
Published: November 2020

Best production practices for Beef Cattle (BPP) is a protocol created by Embrapa Beef Cattle in Brazil, to guide farmers towards more sustainable production. The protocol includes checkpoints to the whole production system (management, nutrition, animal health and welfare, pasture, reproduction, environmental, etc.). Despite the benefits of the BPP, it is not mandatory for Brazilian farmers. As such, until the present moment only a few farmers have adopted it. The aim of this work was to evaluate the impact of the BPP on the carcass classification of animals from farms registered in the Brazilian government incentive program “Precoce MS.” The program was created in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul - Brazil in 2017 and provides tax benefits to beef producers who harvest animals at young ages with superior carcass quality. Nowadays, almost a quarter of the total beef harvested in MS State is originated from this program. The bonus ranges from 49% up to 67% of tax refunds, depending on the carcass classification. We have analyzed data from all animals slaughtered from the beginning of 2017 until the end of 2018, with a total of 1,107 million animals from 1,437 farms. At the slaughterhouse, animals were submitted to carcass classification. To comply with the program requirements, carcasses should meet three basic criteria: age (maximum 4 permanent teeth), fat deposition (between 1 mm and 10 mm) and carcass weight (> 225 kg for steers and bulls, and > 180 kg for heifers). Farmers that adopted BBP had only 12.4% of disqualified animals compared to 16,1% from farms that did not adopt the protocol (P < 0,001). We concluded that farms that follow the BPP protocol achieved significantly higher quality carcass, which should encourage more farmers to adopt the protocol in the future.
PSII-17 Program Chair Poster Pick: Effect of ruminal protozoa on methane emissions in ruminants – a meta-analysis
Authors: Dai Xiaoxia , Kalscheur Kenneth , Huhtanen Pekka , Faciola Antonio
Published: November 2020

The effects of ruminal protozoa (RP) concentration on methane emissions from ruminants were evaluated in a meta-analysis using 67 publications reporting data from 85 in vivo experiments. Experiments included in the database reported methane emissions (g/kg DMI) and RP (log10 cells/mL) from the same group of animals. Quantitative data including diet chemical composition, ruminal fermentation, total tract digestibility, and milk production; and qualitative information including methane mitigation strategies, animal type, and methane measurement methods were also collected. The studies were conducted in dairy cows (51%), beef steers (32%) and small ruminants (32%). 70% of the studies reported a reduction in methane emissions. Supplemental lipids reduced methane emissions 95% of the time. The relationship between methane emissions and RP concentration was evaluated as a random coefficient model with the experiment as a random effect and weighted by the inverse pooled SEM squared, including the possibility of covariance between the slope and the intercept. A quadratic effect of RP concentration on methane emissions was detected: CH4= -28.8 + 12.2 × RP-0.64 × RP2. To detect potential interfering factors in the relationship, the influence of several qualitative and quantitative factors were separately tested. Acetate, butyrate, and isobutyrate molar proportions had positive relationships with methane emissions and influenced the relationship between RP concentration and methane emissions, where the presence of ruminal fermentation variables reduced the effects of RP concentration in methane emissions. Total tract digestibility of DM, OM, and CP had negative relationships while NDF digestibility had a positive relationship with methane emissions; however, they only changed the magnitude of intercept and slope of RP and RP2 for the relationship. For dairy cows, milk fat and protein concentrations had positive relationships and milk yield had a negative relationship with methane emissions and changed the magnitude of intercept and slope of RP and RP2 for the relationship.
PSVI-4 Effects of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes on beef cattle fed growing diets: Ruminal microbiome
Authors: Silva Kaliu G Scaranto , Favero Igor Gomes , Nardi Kaue Tonelli , Kondratovich Lucas Barbosa , Hoffmann Carly A , Hinds Jordan K , Hall Nathaniel , Henry Darren D , Sarturi Jhones Onorino
Published: November 2020

The effect of pre-treatment with fibrolytic enzymes [cellulase/xylanase (Trichoderma ressie)] of growing diets (high quality and low-quality) on ruminal microbiome relative abundance (RA) were evaluated. Ruminally cannulated beef steers (n = 5; BW = 520 ± 30 kg) were used in a 5×4 unbalanced Latin square design using a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments: (a) growing diet quality [high (HQ) and low (LQ)] and (b) enzyme inclusion (0 or 0.75 mL/kg of diet DM). Steers were individually fed ad libitum throughout four 21-d periods consisting of 14-d of adaptation and 7-d of collections. Ruminal fluid samples (100 mL) were collected on d-5 of each collection-period, at 6 h post feeding for DNA extraction and determination of microbial RA. Microbiome data were sequenced by Illumnia® NovaSeq™ 6000 (16S rRNA). Regardless of enzyme×diet quality interaction (P ≥ 0.11) or pre-treatment with enzyme (P ≥ 0.12), Domain RA was affected (P ≤ 0.04), in which LQ diets increased RA of Bacteria (93.25 vs. 86.80%) and decreased Archaea (6.75 vs. 13.20%). In Phylum, LQ diets decreased RA (P ≤ 0.04) of Euryarchaeota (6.75 vs. 13.21%), and increased Bacteroidetes (11.22 vs. 2.26%). Within Class, LQ diets decreased RA (P ≤ 0.04) of Clostridia (38.66 vs. 51.40%), Methanobacteria (6.75 vs. 13.21%), and increased Bacteroidia (10.62 and 1.47%). Within Order LQ diets, decreased RA (P ≤ 0.04) of Clostridiales (38.47 vs. 51.29%), Methanobacteriales (6.75 vs. 13.21%), and increased Bacteroidales (10.62 vs. 1.47%). In Family, LQ diets showed decreased RA (P ≤ 0.04) of Methanobacteriaceae (6.75 vs. 13.21%), Ruminococcaceae (6.71 vs. 2.18%), and increased Prevotellaceae (9.83 vs. 1.17%). In Genus, LQ diets showed increased RA (P ≤ 0.03) of Prevotella (9.61 vs. 1.10%). The dietary pre-treatment with fibrolytic enzymes seems to not dramatically affect RA of ruminal microbiome, while growing diet quality greatly influenced ruminal microbiome RA.
PSVI-2 Effects of dietary supplementation of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae-based direct-fed microbial product on plasma carbonyl-metabolome and fecal bacterial community of beef steers
Authors: Ogunade Ibukun M , Compart Devan M , Pech-Cervantes Andres A
Published: November 2020

We examined the effects of dietary supplementation of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae-based direct-fed microbial on plasma carbonyl-metabolome and fecal bacterial community of beef steers during a 42-d receiving period. Forty newly-weaned beef steers were used in this study. The steers were stratified by BW and randomly assigned to receive a basal diet with no additive (CON; n = 20) or a basal diet supplemented with 19 g of CommenceTM (PROB; n = 20). CommenceTM (PMI, Arden Hills, MN) contains a blend of 6.2 × 1011 cfu/g of S. cerevisiae, 3.5 × 1010 cfu/g of a mixture of Enterococcus lactis, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecium, and L. casei. On d 0 and 40, rectal fecal samples were collected for bacterial community analysis via sequencing of the V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA gene. On d 42, blood was collected for analysis of carbonyl-containing metabolites in plasma using a chemical isotope labeling/liquid chromatography mass spectrometry-based untargeted metabolomics. The data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with treatment as a fixed effect) and (random effect). A total number of 812 unique plasma metabolites were detected. Up to 305 metabolites [fold change (FC) ≥ 1.5, FDR ≤ 0.01] including glucose, hippuric acid, glycoaldehyde, and 5-hydroxykynurenamine were increased by PROB supplementation, whereas 199 metabolites (FC ≤ 0.63, FDR ≤ 0.01) including acetoacetate were reduced. Correlation analysis showed that plasma concentrations of 5-oxopentanoate, 2-aceto-2-hydroxybutanoate, and 3-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid were positively correlated (P ≤ 0.10) with average daily gain. Supplemental PROB increased (P ≤ 0.05) the relative abundance of Prevotellaceae, Megasphaera, Dorea, Acetitomaculum, and Blautia. In contrast, the relative abundance of Elusimicrobium, Moheibacter, and Stenotrophomonas were reduced (P ≤ 0.05). This study demonstrated that PROB altered the plasma carbonyl-metabolome and fecal bacterial community of the beef steers.
PSXII-4 Serum citrulline concentration of unweaned calves transported by road as a potential biomarker of gut functionality
Authors: Robles Jose Angel , Marti Sonia , Pisoni Lucía , Bassols Anna Maria , Devant Maria
Published: November 2020

In human’s serum citrulline concentration (SCC) have been proposed as a biomarker of small intestinal absorption. We hypothesize that the stress and feed restriction that unweaned calves suffer during transport impairs gut functionality reducing SCC. The aim of this study was to evaluate if road transport hours and adaptation period after arrival would affect SCC in unweaned calves. A total of 1,601 calves (3–4 wk of age; 65 ± 9 kg of BW) were transported with 8 trucks (n = 4 each journey): short transport (ST; < 9 h), and long transport with a rest stop proving feed and water to the calves (LT; > 9 h). A subset of 20 calves for each truck were sampled for SCC at arrival (t0), and 14 d after arrival (t14); in case of LT, also at arrival at the resting facility (t-1). SCC was analyzed using a commercial kit (intra- and inter-assay CV were 12.62% and 6.32%). Data was analyzed using a mixed model with journey hours and day as main effects, and calf and truck as random effects. SCC tended (P = 0.08) at t0 to be greater in LT (47.7 ± 3.39 mM) compared to ST (42.6 ± 2.46 mM). At t14 SCC increased in ST and LT calves; however, no differences were observed in SCC (55.9 ± 3.42 mM vs. 58.8 ± 2.52 mM for LT and ST, respectively). In LT calves rest stop did not affect SCC (43.2 ± 1.74 mM vs. 39.8 ± 1.76 mM for t-1 and t0, respectively), while at t14 (50.6 ± 1.86 mM) SCC was greater (P < 0.001) than t0 and t-1. The effect of transport type and evolution after transport on serum plasma citrulline concentrations may suggest that it’s a potential indicator of gut functionality in unweaned calves.
PSXII-20 Whole flint corn grain or tropical grass hay free choice in the diet of milk-fed dairy calves
Authors: Toledo Ariany , Poczynek Milaine , Silva Ana Paula , Cezar Amanda , Dondé Sophia , Reis Maria Eduarda , Polizel Daniel M , Bittar Carla Maris M
Published: November 2020

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of whole flint corn grain or tropical grass hay free choice, as a fiber source in the diet, on the performance, ruminal and intestinal development of Holstein dairy calves. Forty-two Holstein calves were used in a randomized block design, considering sex, birth date and weight at 21 days of age (48.7 ± 0.82 kg), when the study started. Three solid diets were compared: 1) SC: starter concentrate only (24% CP, 14% NDF, 47% NFC); 2) SCH: starter concentrate, with free access to chopped Tifton-85 hay; and 3) SCW: starter concentrate with free access to whole flint corn grain. Animals were fed with 6 L/d until d 21, and then 4L/d of whole milk until gradual weaning at d 56. At weaning, 12 animals were randomly selected to be slaughtered to evaluate the weight of forestomach compartments and rumen and intestine morphometrics. Data were analyzed using the GLM or MIXED (repeated measures) procedure of SAS, and the means were compared using Tukey test (P ≤ 0.05). The SCH diet increased the total DMI (P = 0.01) and ADG (P = 0.01). Calves fed with SCH diet presented higher total proximal digestive tract weight (kg; P < 0.01). The empty reticulum-rumen weight was higher in calves fed the SCH diet (P = 0.03). The papillae area was higher in calves fed with SCH diet (P = 0.05). The depth of the crypts and the number of goblet cells from the duodenum and cecum were not affected by diets; however, the duodenum villus height was higher for animals that received SCH (P = 0.02). The tropical grass hay supplementation in the diet improved performance, ruminal and intestinal development. The whole flint corn grain do not play a fiber role for dairy calves.
PSXII-3 Rumen microbiome from beef steers undergoing grain adaptation with steam-flaked corn varying in bulk density
Authors: Nardi Kaue Tonelli , Silva Kaliu G Scaranto , Favero Igor Gomes , Hinds Jordan K , Hoffmann Carly A , Soto Samantha M , Hall Nathaniel , Henry Darren D , Sarturi Jhones Onorino
Published: November 2020

The effects of steam-flaked corn bulk density during grain adaptation phase on ruminal microbiome were evaluated. Crossbred-Angus ruminally cannulated steers (n = 6; BW = 405 ± 42 kg) were assigned to a randomized complete block design (block = body weight) to 1 of 2 grain adaptation strategies: 1) steam-flaked corn (SFC) bulk density of 335 g/L; and 2) 412 g/L. Steers were ad libitum fed, individually, during 6-7d phases, consisting of: HAY, followed by the STEP-UP1 through STEP-UP4, diets, respectively, in which roughage was gradually replaced with grain until FINISHER diet was fed. Respective SFC bulk densities were fed throughout STEP-UP diets, while the FINISHER diet consisted of 335 g/L strategy only for both groups. Ruminal fluid samples (100 mL) were collected on d-5 of each step, at 6h post-feeding for DNA extraction. Microbiome data were sequenced by Illumnia® NovaSeq™ 6000 (16S rRNA). The SFC bulk density did not affect (P > 0.50) the relative abundance (RA) for any taxonomy classification. Regardless of SFC bulk density, inclusion of grain throughout adaptation phases affected domain (P ≤ 0.03) when initial phases were compared to FINISHER. Phylum RA were affected (P ≤ 0.05) for Actinobacteria (27%), Bacteroidetes (11%), and Euryarchaeota (2%). Within Class RA were affected (P ≤ 0.04) for Clostridia (46%), Actinobacteria (27%), and Bacilli (5%). Order effects on RA were observed (P ≤ 0.04) for Clostridiales (45%), Coriobacteriales (25%), and Lactobacillales (4%). Within Family RA was affected (P ≤ 0.03) for Coriobacteriaceae (25%), Lachnospiraceae (27%), Ruminococcaceae (6%), and Lactobacillaceae (4%), while a tendency (P = 0.09) was observed for Veillonellaceae (1%). In Genus, RA was affected (P ≤ 0.01) for Olsenela (22%), Pediococcus (3%), and Butyrivibrio (3%). As steers advance through subsequent grain adaptation phases until the FINISHER, more meaningful ruminal microbiome changes are observed than SFC density change.
PSVII-28 Program Chair Poster Pick: Effects of SMAD6 and SUGCT genes on Litter traits in pigs
Authors: Getmantseva Lyubov , Bakoev Siroj , Shevtsova Varvara , Bakoev Nekruz , Bardukov Nikolay
Published: November 2020

One of the main goals in the swine industry is a finding of significant SNPs associated with Litter traits. Therefore, SNPs localized in SMAD6 (g.164674664G >A) and SUGCT (g.53672799A >G) genes are of great interest. The purpose of this work is optimizing the SNPs genotyping for real-time PCR technology and detection additive and dominant effects on Litter Traits. The research was conducted on Large White breed sows (n = 400). Total number born (TNB), Total number born alive (NBA), Litter weight, piglets born alive (BALWT) were estimated. Associative analysis was performed using the Linear mixed model (LMM) procedure in the R (coded additive effect 0, 1, 2 and dominant effect 0, 1, 0). For the Real-time PCR genotyping we used the TaqMan method, based on the 5`nuclease activity of Taq polymerase, which detaches nucleotides from oligonucleotide probes hybridized with DNA. Two TaqMan probes with different polymorphic sites are needed. These probes have different fluorescent dyes at the 5’ end and fluorescence dampers at the 3’ end. The primers for SNP_g.164674664G >A genotyping: R6G-TGGTCCCCGGGACAGGC-BHQ-1; FAM-TGGTTCCCGGGACAGGC-BHQ-1; F5’-CAAGGTCAGACAAAGGGACTGC-3’; R5’-ACTGTATGTAAAGCATGGTGTAAGC-3’ The primers for SNP_g.53672799A >G genotyping: FAM-CTTCAGCATCTGAACAGAACA-BHQ-1 R6G-CTTCAGCGTCTGAACAGAACA-BHQ-1 F5’-GGAACTGCTATCTGTTTCATTTCTT-3’ R5’-GGAGCTCAAATCCCAGTATTGC-3’. The additive and dominant effects of SNP_g.164674664G >A on Litter weight are determined. Litter weight were 1.8 (12.6%, P < 0.05) and 1.1 (7.7%, P < 0.05) higher in sows of SNP_g.164674664_AA and SNP_g.164674664_AG genotypes respectively. The negative dominant effect SNP_g.53672799_AG is found for TNB and BALWT (Table). Homozygous sows comparing to heterozygous, have higher TNB and BALWT by 0.7 (4.7%, P ≤ 0.05) and 1.0 (7.4%, P ≤ 0.05), respectively. The reported study was funded by RFBR according to the research project № 18-016-00050-A.
COVID-19 and Wildlife Farming in China: Legislating to Protect Wild Animal Health and Welfare in the Wake of a Global Pandemic
Authors: Whitfort Amanda
Published: November 2020

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has exposed serious deficiencies in the current legal framework to protect wild animal health, and consequently human health. As noted by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), animal health and welfare are inextricably linked. However, there is no international agreement to promote animal welfare and neither the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora nor the Convention on Biological Diversity, adequately address the welfare of the species they seek to conserve. While the OIE provides guidance on animal health and welfare standards for common agricultural species, it has provided limited guidance for the farming of wild species. China’s wildlife farming industry has been linked with the spread of COVID-19 but, to date, China has introduced few national welfare controls to protect the health of wild animals bred for human consumption. In the wake of COVID-19, these omissions must be remedied to provide appropriate safeguards to ensure animal health and welfare and protect public health.
Conceptualization of psychosis in psychiatric nosology
Authors: Keshavan Matcheri S. , Torous John , Tandon Rajiv
Published: November 2020

The definition of psychotic spectrum disorders such as schizophrenia has evolved with changing nosology and scientific advancements over the last 200 years. Understanding both the historical evolution of the concept and recent changes reflected in the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5) and the National Institute of Health’s (NIH) Research Domain Criteria (RDOC) framework is critical for informing current efforts to further update and refine the nosology of psychotic spectrum disorders. This chapter offers an overview of past classification schemes, current standards, and novel approaches to further improve the validity of these definitions through use of biomarkers, reverse nosologies, and digital phenotyping tools like smartphones and sensors.
Evidence-based treatment and implementation for early psychosis
Authors: Zilkha Sacha , Bello Iruma , Ngo Hong , Jankowski Samantha , Dixon Lisa
Published: November 2020

The last two decades have witnessed enthusiasm and promise for early intervention services in psychotic disorders. In particular, treatments and treatment packages, called coordinated specialty care (CSC) in the United States, improve short-term outcomes when compared to usual care. This chapter provides an overview of key studies addressing the promise of early intervention services, organized around the notion of “before,” “during,” and “after” CSC care. Also included is a description of the challenges and opportunities of large-scale implementation of a multi-element CSC program in New York State, OnTrackNY, focusing on its attempts to optimize impact before, during, and after CSC treatment.
Life span development of schizophrenia
Authors: Isohanni Matti , Miettunen Jouko , Penttilä Matti
Published: November 2020

Schizophrenia is a common, often life-long disorder, beginning mostly in early adulthood. It has remarkably negative effects on personal, familial, somatic, and social well-being. Outcomes range from recovery to chronic disability. Subtle premorbid deviances in motor, cognitive, emotional, and behavioral domains exist. Continuous symptomatology, brain matter loss, cognitive deterioration, excess somatic comorbidity, and premature mortality are seen throughout the life span. The proportion achieving full recovery is small (13.5%) and appears to be stable over recent decades. Many aged individuals with schizophrenia have a favorable clinical and social course. A gap exists in the areas of health and adult creative potential between people with and without schizophrenia. We have an incomplete understanding of the disease mechanisms, lifelong natural course and of how to optimize care during the life span. Current evidence-based treatments have moderate effects and are used insufficiently.
Glutamate in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia
Authors: Javitt Daniel C.
Published: November 2020

Glutamate theories of schizophrenia were first proposed over 30 years ago and since that time have become increasingly accepted. Theories are supported by the ability of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonists such as phencyclidine (PCP) or ketamine to induce symptoms that closely resemble those of schizophrenia. Moreover, NMDAR antagonists uniquely reproduce the level of negative symptoms and cognitive deficits observed in schizophrenia, suggesting that such models may be particularly appropriate to poor outcome forms of the disorder. As opposed to dopamine, which is most prominent within frontostriatal brain regions, glutamate neurons are present throughout cortex and subcortical structures. Thus, NMDAR theories predict widespread disturbances across cortical and thalamic pathways, including sensory brain regions. In auditory cortex, NMDAR play a critical role in the generation of mismatch negativity (MMN), which may therefore serve as a translational marker of NMDAR dysfunction across species. In the visual system, NMDAR play a critical role in function of the magnocellular visual system. Deficits in both auditory and visual processing contribute to social and communication deficits, which, in turn, lead to poor functional outcome. By contrast, NMDAR dysfunction within the frontohippocampal system may contribute to well described deficits in working memory, executive processing and long-term memory formation. Deficits in NMDAR function may be driven by disturbances in presynaptic glutamate release, impaired metabolism of NMDAR modulators such as glycine or D-serine, or intrinsic abnormalities in NMDAR themselves.
Perinatal factors in psychosis
Authors: Clarke Mary , Cannon Mary
Published: November 2020

Obstetric complications are one of the most intensively studied categories of environmental risk factor for psychosis. There is a strong evidence of an association between obstetric complications and the later development of psychotic disorder, but there exists a large amount of heterogeneity in findings for individual complications. There are several potential mechanisms of action that may mediate the relationship between obstetric complications and psychosis. There is also evidence that obstetric complications may represent one “hit” on the developmental trajectory to psychosis. Obstetric complications may play an important role in elucidating the etiology of psychosis by pointing the way to molecular studies.
Neural correlates of urban risk environments
Authors: Lemmers-Jansen Imke L. J. , Fett Anne-Kathrin J. , Krabbendam Lydia
Published: November 2020

Epidemiological studies suggest that the observed association between urbanicity and psychosis may be explained in part by social deprivation, reduced social capital affecting cohesion and trust, and minority group and ethnic density effects, which in turn may represent aspects of “social defeat.” In addition, urbanicity is also associated with pollution, noise, and lack of green space, which may negatively impact a range of health outcomes. This chapter reviews the neuroimaging literature on brain function, structure, and connectivity in relation to urbanicity. Research in patients with psychosis has mostly shown associations of urbanicity with brain functioning, rather than structure or connectivity. Neuroimaging research in healthy individuals may support altered social stress processing as a possible explanatory mechanism. Altered reward processing associated with urbanicity may provide an explanation for the possible influence of urban environments on dopamine dysregulation and the pathogenesis of psychosis. Mentalizing and sensory gating deficits may also mediate some of the negative effects of the city on mental health. A sustained effort toward exact replication is required to further develop this promising field.
Animal models of psychosis
Authors: Scott Daniel
Published: November 2020

The creation of a valid animal model is of crucial importance to the study of the biological mechanisms underlying disease pathophysiology. This becomes difficult when studying psychiatric illness, most especially psychosis, as humans’ mental state is a strictly internally experienced phenomenon, and thus the biological readout of these conditions is often a behavioral assessment. Therefore, when designing appropriate animal model systems and behavioral assessments for the study of psychiatric illness, it is necessary that appropriate measures be taken to ensure the systems and tasks used fulfill rigorous demands of validity. This chapter discusses different forms of validity, expanding on the classical validity measures of face, predictive, and construct validity. Specific examples of behavioral assessments and animal preparations that adhere to these specific definitions of validity are presented. These include specific experimental paradigms that can be similarly assessed in humans with psychosis and animal models, methods to create an animal preparation based on known psychosis triggers and risk factors, and pharmacological means to demonstrate relevance to the human condition. The chapter argues for a systematic approach to design, verify, and validate an animal model system for research into psychosis specifically, and other psychiatric disorders more generally, based on these different classes of validity.
Psychoanalytic treatment of psychosis
Authors: Saks Elyn R.
Published: November 2020

This chapter focuses on psychoanalysis and long-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy. Early in the history of psychoanalysis, strong claims were made that psychosis could be treated psychoanalytically. This chapter shows that the idea of psychodynamic treatment for psychosis is alive and well. And, even people with serious disorders such as schizophrenia can have work and relationship issues, just like everyone else; and these can be addressed in therapy, just like with everyone else. Psychodynamic treatment can help people identify what quality of life is for them; and how best to achieve it. Psychosis can go hand-in-hand with psychodynamic treatment in addition to medication. those who struggle with mental illness want what Freud noted that everyone wants—to work and to love.
Psychoeducation as an approach to treatment of severe mental illness
Authors: Kay Emma Sophia , Pollio David E. , North Carol S.
Published: November 2020

Psychoeducation is a well-established approach to patient care for individuals coping with severe mental illness. Psychoeducation is an umbrella term for a group of intervention models designed to provide information, guidance, and support to individuals with severe mental illness and their families. Originally developed to help families and patients with schizophrenia and other serious mental illness, psychoeducation has subsequently been adapted to other mental and chronic illness. Psychoeducation curricula have been tailored to distinct cultures, norms, and health payer systems. Because most psychoeducation models allow a certain amount of flexibility in curriculum, psychoeducation can readily translate into community settings. Given the increasing importance of patient education as part of the hospital discharge process and demonstrated cost savings associated with multifamily psychoeducation groups, it is likely that psychoeducation will grow in importance for application not only to psychiatric illness but also to other medical conditions.
Family interventions in psychosis
Authors: Onwumere Juliana , Kuipers Elizabeth
Published: November 2020

Families can play an important role in supporting individuals living with psychosis disorders and helping to facilitate their improved outcomes. This chapter, offered by Juliana Onwumere and Elizabeth Kuipers, provides an overview of the literature reporting on family involvement in the care of adults with lived experiences of psychosis, the impact of the caregiving role on carer well-being, and the predictive links between caregiving relationships and key patient outcomes including relapse. The chapter reports on the application of family interventions, the evidence base supporting its application and inclusion in treatment guidelines, and implementation issues.
In Search of Benzodiazepine Guidelines
Authors: LeQuang Jo Ann
Published: November 2020

Benzodiazepines are widely prescribed and used, but there is a paucity of guidance about their use. There are indications for benzodiazepine use, but they are often inappropriately prescribed (such as for posttraumatic stress disorder and bipolar disorder)/ Benzodiazepines are indicated for short-term use only and should not be continued beyond two to four weeks. Although benzodiazepines are indicated for treating insomnia, insomnia tends to be a chronic condition; benzodiazepines are not appropriate for long-term use. Discontinuing benzodiazepines can be challenging and should be accomplished using a shared decision-making model, a tapering plan, and good clinical support throughout.