bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Review of Mid-Infrared Supercontinuum Generation in Chalcogenide Glass Fibers
Authors: Dai Shixun , Wang Yingying , Peng Xuefeng , Zhang Peiqing , Wang Xunsi , Xu Yinsheng
Published: May 2018

Chalcogenide glasses have the advantages of a wide transparency window (over 20 μm) and high optical nonlinearity (up to a thousand times greater than that of silica glasses), making them good candidates for mid-infrared supercontinuum generation. In this review, we describe both the history and recent developments in mid-infrared supercontinuum generation from chalcogenide fibers according to three kinds of fiber structures: step-index, microstructured and tapered fibers. We also review the coherence properties of mid-infrared supercontinuum generation and all-fiber supercontinuum sources based on chalcogenide fibers.
Nutraceutic Characteristics of the Extracts and Juice of Chayote (Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw.) Fruits
Authors: Riviello-Flores María de la Luz , Arévalo-Galarza Ma. de Lourdes , Cadena-Iñiguez Jorge , Soto-Hernández Ramón Marcos , Ruiz-Posadas Lucero del Mar , Gómez-Merino Fernando C.
Published: May 2018

Fruits of chayote [Sechium edule (Jacq.) Swartz] are a non-traditional vegetable widely consumed in Latin America, with the state of Veracruz, México being the world’s main producer, but little is known about the nutraceutical potential. This study aimed to determine the chemical compositions and antioxidant activities from the juice fruits from two commercial varieties of chayote cultivated in Mexico, as well as a proposal for the elaboration of chayote juices with stevia leaves and pineapple juice. The physicochemical properties of juice from virens levis (VL) and nigrum spinosum (NS) varieties were determined using standard methods. The juice of the two varieties differ significantly regarding the concentrations of total soluble solids and total sugars, but not vitamin C. The total concentration of phenolics in NS extracts was slightly higher than in VL (1005 and 856 mg 100 g−1 dry-weight, respectively), but the total flavonoid contents were similar (27 and 26 mg 100 g−1 dry-weight, respectively). Cucurbitacin D was predominant in both varieties. The radical scavenging capacities of VL and NS extracts varied slightly (IC50 = 0.45 to 0.65 mg mL−1), while the antioxidant activities were similar (~80%). The NS variety is particularly promising regarding nutraceutical application. The chayote juice combined with stevia and pineapple maintained the original nutraceutical characteristics of the fruit, but enhanced the organoleptic characteristics like density and sugar/acidity balance.
Optimizing Single-Ply Low-Slope Roofing Assemblies for Insulation Value
Authors: Taylor Thomas J. , Willits James , Hartwig Christian A. , Kirby James R.
Published: April 2018

Low-slope roofing assemblies can be designed with a range of insulation and membrane-attachment methods. Various building and energy codes appear to assume fastening methods to have an insignificant effect on insulation value, meaning that design and effective values are essentially the same. Recent studies showing that mechanically fastened systems could have very significant loss of insulation value are reviewed. This study uses thermal losses shown in those recent studies and examines the practical effect on various roof assemblies. Fully mechanically attached systems are compared with those that use adhesive attachment for the membrane and part of the insulation assembly. The thermal losses are shown to be significant and are presented in terms of the economic loss of the insulation. The cost of lost R-value is contrasted with the cost of attachment. A system based on a first layer of mechanically attached insulation with a second layer of insulation and membrane being adhered is shown to be very similar in cost, once the lost R-value is included. Finally, the loss in energy efficiency is calculated over a 15-year time frame. When total system costs include fastening as well as energy efficiency, then mechanically attached systems are essentially equivalent to some fully adhered approaches. Overall, the work challenges the code assumption that fastening methods do not significantly impact insulation efficiency. Furthermore, the results have implications for any analysis that considers such factors as carbon footprint, since building-energy efficiencies might be lower than currently assumed.
Family Socioeconomic Status at Birth and Youth Impulsivity at Age 15; Blacks’ Diminished Return
Authors: Assari Shervin , Caldwell Cleopatra Howard , Mincy Ron
Published: May 2018

Minorities’ Diminished Return theory suggests that health effects of socioeconomic status (SES) are systemically smaller for racial and ethnic minorities compared to Whites. To test the relevance of Minorities’ Diminished Return theory for youth impulsivity, we investigated Black–White differences in the effects of family SES at birth on subsequent youth impulsivity at age 15. Data came from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS), 1998–2016, a 15-year longitudinal study of urban families from the birth of their children to age 15. This analysis included 1931 families who were either White (n = 495) or Black (n = 1436). The independent variables of this study were family income, maternal education, and family structure at birth. Youth impulsivity at age 15 was the dependent variable. Gender was the covariate and race was the focal moderator. We ran linear regressions in the overall sample and specific to each race. In the overall sample, higher household income (b = −0.01, 95% CI = −0.01 to 0.00) and maternal education (b = −0.24, 95% CI = −0.44 to −0.04) at birth were associated with lower youth impulsivity at age 15, independent of race, gender, and family structure. A significant interaction was found between race and household income at birth (b = 0.01, 95% CI = 0.00 to 0.02) on subsequent youth impulsivity, which was indicative of a stronger protective effect for Whites compared to Blacks. Blacks’ diminished return exists for the long-term protective effects of family income at birth against subsequent youth impulsivity. The relative disadvantage of Blacks in comparison to Whites is in line with a growing literature showing that Black families gain less from high SES, which is possibly due to the existing structural racism in the US.
On-Farm Evaluation of the Potential Use of Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Techniques for Rice Cultivation: A Case Study in Thailand
Authors: Arunrat Noppol , Sereenonchai Sukanya , Pumijumnong Nathsuda
Published: May 2018

Environmental and socio-economic evaluations that imply techniques for mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from rice cultivation are a challenging and controversial issue. This study was designed to investigate the potential use of mitigation techniques for rice cultivation. Mid-season drainage (MD), using ammonium sulfate instead of urea (AS), and site-specific nutrient management (SSNM) were chosen as mitigation techniques. Data were collected using field surveys and structured questionnaires at the same 156 farms, covering four crop years. The GHG emissions were evaluated based on the concept of the life cycle assessment of the GHG emissions of products. The farmers’ assessments of mitigation techniques, with multiple criteria evaluation, were obtained by face-to-face interviews. Opinions on all mitigation techniques were requested two times covering four years with the same 156 farm owners. The multinomial logistic regression model was used to examine the factors influencing the farmers’ decisions. The results show that SSNM was evaluated as the highest abatement potential (363.52 kgCO2eq ha−1), the negative value of abatement cost (−2565 THB ha−1), and the negative value of the average abatement cost (−14 THB kgCO2eq−1). Among the different techniques, SSNM was perceived as the most suitable one, followed by MD and AS. Highly significant factors influencing decision making consisted of planted area, land size, farmer liability, farmer perception of yield, and GHG emissions. Subsidies or cost-sharing measures to convince farmers to adopt new techniques can enhance their practices, and more support for the development of water systems can increase their availability.
A New Method for Evaluating the Indentation Toughness of Hardmetals
Authors: Jindal Prem C.
Published: May 2018

This paper proposes a new method of evaluating the indentation toughness of hardmetals using the length of Palmqvist cracks (C) and Vickers indentation diagonal size (di). Indentation load “P” is divided into two parts: Pi for plastic indentation size and Pc for Palmqvist cracks. Pi depends upon the square of the indentation size (di2) and Pc depends upon (C3/2). The new method produces a very good linear relationship between the calculated indentation toughness values and the standard conventional linear elastic fracture mechanics toughness values with the same cemented carbide materials for a large number of standard Kennametal grades for both straight WC-Co carbide grades and grades containing cubic carbides. The new method also works on WC-Co hardmetal data selected from recently published literature. The technique compares the indentation toughness values of WC-Co materials before and after vacuum annealing at high temperature. The indentation toughness values of annealed carbide samples were lower than for un-annealed WC-Co hardmetals.
Levitated Nanoparticles for Microscopic Thermodynamics—A Review
Authors: Gieseler Jan , Millen James
Published: April 2018

Levitated Nanoparticles have received much attention for their potential to perform quantum mechanical experiments even at room temperature. However, even in the regime where the particle dynamics are purely classical, there is a lot of interesting physics that can be explored. Here we review the application of levitated nanoparticles as a new experimental platform to explore stochastic thermodynamics in small systems.
Minimum Penalized ϕ-Divergence Estimation under Model Misspecification
Authors: Alba-Fernández M. Virtudes , Jiménez-Gamero M. Dolores , Ariza-López F. Javier
Published: April 2018

This paper focuses on the consequences of assuming a wrong model for multinomial data when using minimum penalized ϕ -divergence, also known as minimum penalized disparity estimators, to estimate the model parameters. These estimators are shown to converge to a well-defined limit. An application of the results obtained shows that a parametric bootstrap consistently estimates the null distribution of a certain class of test statistics for model misspecification detection. An illustrative application to the accuracy assessment of the thematic quality in a global land cover map is included.
Modelling of Biomass Concentration, Multi-Wavelength Absorption and Discrimination Method for Seven Important Marine Microalgae Species
Authors: Chirivella-Martorell Jerónimo , Briz-Redón Álvaro , Serrano-Aroca Ángel
Published: April 2018

Due to the possible depletion of fossil fuels in the near future and the necessity of finding new food sources for a growing world population, marine microalgae constitutes a very promising alternative resource, which can also contribute to carbon dioxide fixation. Thus, seven species (Chaetoceros calcitrans, Chaetoceros gracilis, Isochrysis galbana, Nannochloropsis gaditana, Dunaliella salina, Tetraselmis suecica, and Tetraselmis chuii) were grown in five serial batch cultures at a bench scale under continuous illumination. The batch cultures were inoculated with an aliquot that was extracted from a larger-scale culture in order to obtain growth data valid for the entire growth cycle with guaranteed reproducibility. Thus, measurements of optical density at several wavelengths and cell counting with a haemocytometer (Neubauer chamber) were performed every one or two days for 22 days in the five batch cultures of each specie. Modeling of cell growth, the relationship between optical density (OD) and cell concentration and the effect of wavelength on OD was performed. The results of this study showed the highest and lowest growth rate for N. gaditana and T. suecica, respectively. Furthermore, a simple and accurate discrimination method by performing direct single OD measurements of microalgae culture aliquots was developed and is already available for free on internet.
Analysis of Capacitance to Ground Formulas for Different High-Voltage Electrodes
Authors: Riba Jordi-Roger , Capelli Francesca
Published: April 2018

Stray capacitance can seriously affect the behavior of high-voltage devices, including voltage dividers, insulator strings, modular power supplies, or measuring instruments, among others. Therefore its effects must be considered when designing high-voltage projects and tests. Due to the difficulty in measuring the effects of stray capacitance, there is a lack of available experimental data. Therefore, for engineers and researchers there is a need to revise and update the available information, as well as to have useful and reliable data to estimate the stray capacitance in the initial designs. Although there are some analytical formulas to calculate the capacitance of some simple geometries, they have a limited scope. However, since such formulas can deal with different geometries and operating conditions, it is necessary to assess their consistency and applicability. This work calculates the stray capacitance to ground for geometries commonly found in high-voltage laboratories and facilities, including wires or rods of different lengths, spheres and circular rings, the latter ones being commonly applied as corona protections. This is carried out by comparing the results provided by the available analytical formulas with those obtained from finite element method (FEM) simulation, since field simulation methods allow solving such problem. The results of this work prove the suitability and flexibility of the FEM approach, because FEM models can deal with wider range of electrodes, configurations and operating conditions.
Performance Evaluation of Residential Demand Response Based on a Modified Fuzzy VIKOR and Scalable Computing Method
Authors: Dong Jun , Li Rong , Huang Hui
Published: April 2018

For better utilizing renewable energy resources and improving the sustainability of power systems, demand response is widely applied in China, especially in recent decades. Considering the massive potential flexible resources in the residential sector, demand response programs are able to achieve significant benefits. This paper proposes an effective performance evaluation framework for such programs aimed at residential customers. In general, the evaluation process will face multiple criteria and some uncertain factors. Therefore, we combine the multi-criteria decision making concept and fuzzy set theory to accomplish the model establishment. By introducing trapezoidal fuzzy numbers into the Vlsekriterijumska Optimizacijia I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) method, the evaluation model can effectively deal with the subjection and fuzziness of experts’ opinions. Furthermore, we ameliorate the criteria weight determination procedure of traditional models via combining the fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process and Shannon entropy method, which can incorporate objective information and subjective judgments. Finally, the proposed evaluation framework is verified by the empirical analysis of five demand response projects in Chinese residential areas. The results give a valid performance ranking of the five alternatives and indicate that more attention should be paid to the criteria affiliated with technology level and economy benefits. In addition, a series of sensitivity analyses are conducted to examine the validity and effectiveness of the established evaluation framework and results. The study improves traditional multi-criteria decision making method VIKOR by introducing trapezoidal fuzzy numbers and combination weighing technique, which can provide an effective mean for performance evaluation of residential demand response programs in a fuzzy environment.
Effects of Supply Power and Environmental Conditions on Urea Coolant Melting Phenomena in Urea Supply Lines in Vehicles
Authors: Cha Junepyo , Chon Mun Soo , Choo Seong-Hwa , Park Jun Su
Published: April 2018

Freezing of urea is one of the major barriers to using the urea-SCR technique in vehicles. Therefore, urea melting-time predictions under various environmental conditions are very important. Transient numerical analysis was performed to predict the melting time. The urea supply line was composed of a double tube structure. Two copper wires were installed around the inner tube for the heater role. The urea melting time was calculated using ANSYS transient thermal v.15. The supply voltage, ambient temperature, and heat transfer coefficient on the external surface of supply line were changed to evaluate the effects of supply power and environmental conditions. The urea melted in less than 600 s in all cases. The urea melting time was influenced by the ambient temperature rather than the speed of the vehicle.
Influence of Operating Conditions and Crushing Chamber on Energy Consumption of Cone Crusher
Authors: Liu Ruiyue , Shi Boqiang , Li Guoguang , Yu Hongjun
Published: May 2018

This paper provides an energy consumption model and explains how the operating conditions and structural parameters of a crushing chamber affect energy consumption. Energy consumption is closely related to compressive pressure and displacement. The relationship between pressure, displacement and structural parameters is discussed. The influence of operating parameters on pressure and displacement based on the law of motion of material is examined. Energy consumption can be obtained by the product of pressure and displacement. In consideration of the pressure on the liner surface, which varies according to both height and circumference, an infinitesimal method was used to solve the issue of energy consumption. We validated the predicted energy consumption during breakage with experimental data from a PYGB1821 cone crusher which was consistent with the measured results. Finally, we provide an explanation of the influence of operating parameters and structural parameters on compressive pressure and displacement as well as energy consumption.
Soil Nitrogen Responses to Soil Core Transplanting Along an Altitudinal Gradient in an Eastern Tibetan Forest
Authors: Zhang Li , Wang Ao , Wu Fuzhong , Xu Zhenfeng , Tan Bo , Liu Yang , Yang Yulian , Chen Lianghua , Yang Wanqin
Published: May 2018

To understand the differential effects of altitudinal gradient on soil inorganic nitrogen concentration and associated ammonia-oxidizingbacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA), intact soil cores from a primary coniferous forest were in situ incubated in an alpine forest at a 3582-m altitude (A1) and transplanted to subalpine forests at a 3298-m altitude (A2) and 3023-m altitude (A3) on the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Transplant cooled the soil temperature of A2 but warmed the A3 soil temperature. Both AOA and AOB were found at the three altitudes. Compared to A1, A2 had greater AOA and AOB abundance, but A3 showed lower AOA abundance in organic soil. The AOA abundance was negatively correlated with ammonium concentration at all three altitudes, but AOB showed the reverse trend. Our results suggested that the soil nitrogen process responded differentially to soil core transplanting at different altitudes.
A Targeted and Tailored eHealth Weight Loss Program for Young Women: The Be Positive Be Healthe Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Hutchesson Melinda J. , Callister Robin , Morgan Philip J. , Pranata Ilung , Clarke Erin D. , Skinner Geoff , Ashton Lee M. , Whatnall Megan C. , Jones Mark , Oldmeadow Christopher , Collins Clare E.
Published: May 2018

Young women are gaining weight rapidly. Evidence for effective weight loss interventions targeting young women is lacking. This randomized controlled trial assessed the efficacy and acceptability of a six-month targeted and tailored eHealth weight loss program for young women (Be Positive Be Healthe (BPBH)). Women aged 18–35 years were randomized to BPBH (n = 29) or control (n = 28). BPBH supported participants to modify diet and physical activity behaviours using evidenced-based strategies (e.g., self-monitoring) tailored for young women and delivered using e-health (website, social media, smartphone application, email, text messages). The primary outcome was a change in weight (kg) at six months. Acceptability was assessed via a process evaluation survey and usage of intervention components. No significant between-group differences were observed for weight, with significant mean differences favouring the intervention group observed for body fat (kg) (−3.10 (−5.69, 0.52), p = 0.019) and intakes of alcohol (g) (−0.69 (−1.33, 0.04), p = 0.037), vegetables (% energy/day) (4.71 (−2.20, 7.22), p < 0.001) and energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods (% energy/day) (−9.23 (−16.94, 1.52), p = 0.018). Retention, intervention usage and satisfaction were moderate. BPBH facilitated positive improvements in body fat and dietary intake, but not weight. Intervention acceptability findings support the use of some intervention components (e.g., Facebook, Smartphone app) with young women.
Detection of Red-Meat Adulteration by Deep Spectral–Spatial Features in Hyperspectral Images
Authors: Al-Sarayreh Mahmoud , M. Reis Marlon , Qi Yan Wei , Klette Reinhard
Published: May 2018

This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the performance of hyperspectral imaging for detecting adulteration in red-meat products. A dataset of line-scanning images of lamb, beef, or pork muscles was collected taking into account the state of the meat (fresh, frozen, thawed, and packing and unpacking the sample with a transparent bag). For simulating the adulteration problem, meat muscles were defined as either a class of lamb or a class of beef or pork. We investigated handcrafted spectral and spatial features by using the support vector machines (SVM) model and self-extraction spectral and spatial features by using a deep convolution neural networks (CNN) model. Results showed that the CNN model achieves the best performance with a 94.4% overall classification accuracy independent of the state of the products. The CNN model provides a high and balanced F-score for all classes at all stages. The resulting CNN model is considered as being simple and fairly invariant to the condition of the meat. This paper shows that hyperspectral imaging systems can be used as powerful tools for rapid, reliable, and non-destructive detection of adulteration in red-meat products. Also, this study confirms that deep-learning approaches such as CNN networks provide robust features for classifying the hyperspectral data of meat products; this opens the door for more research in the area of practical applications (i.e., in meat processing).
Antidiabetic Effect of Cyclocarya paliurus Leaves Depends on the Contents of Antihyperglycemic Flavonoids and Antihyperlipidemic Triterpenoids
Authors: Liu Yang , Cao Yanni , Fang Shengzuo , Wang Tongli , Yin Zhiqi , Shang Xulan , Yang Wanxia , Fu Xiangxiang
Published: April 2018

Cyclocarya paliurus has been used commonly to treat diabetes in China. However, the effective components and the effect of plant origin remain unclear. In this study, C. paliurus leaves with different chemical compositions were selected from five geographical locations, and their effects on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice were evaluated with both ethanol and aqueous extracts. Glucose levels, lipid levels, and biomarkers of liver and kidney function were measured. The principal components of both C. paliurus ethanol and aqueous extracts from different geographical locations differed quantitatively and qualitatively. Results showed that C. paliurus extracts with better antihyperglycemic effects were characterized by higher contents of total flavonoids, especially quercetin-3-O-glucuronide and kaempferol-3-O-glucuronide. Furthermore, significantly negative correlations were found between triterpenoids contents and lipid levels. These results revealed the potential antihyperglycemic capacity of C. paliurus flavonoids and the antihyperlipidemic effect of C. paliurus triterpenoids. Thus, we suggest that the composition of C. paliurus compounds might help to design therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. However, geographic origins and the extraction solvents can also affect the effectiveness of the treatment as these factors influence the chemical compositions and thereby the biological activities.
Synthesis, Spectroscopic Identification and Molecular Docking of Certain N-(2-{[2-(1H-Indol-2-ylcarbonyl)hydrazinyl](oxo)acetyl}phenyl)acetamides and N-[2-(2-{[2-(Acetylamino)phenyl](oxo)acetyl}hydrazinyl)-2-oxoethyl]-1H-indole-2-carboxamides: New Antimicrobial Agents
Authors: Almutairi Maha , Zakaria Azza , Al-Wabli Reem , Joe I. , Abdelhameed Ali , Attia Mohamed
Published: April 2018

N-(2-{[2-(1H-Indol-2-ylcarbonyl)hydrazinyl](oxo)acetyl}phenyl)acetamides (5a–h) and N-[2-(2-{[2-(acetylamino)phenyl](oxo)acetyl}hydrazinyl)-2-oxoethyl]-1H-indole-2-carboxamides (5i–l) were synthesized and characterized with different analytical tools. N-Acetylisatines 4a–d were subjected to ring opening at their C2 carbons with the aid of different indole-bearing hydrazides 3a,b and 7 to afford the respective glyoxylamides 5a–l. The antimicrobial activity of the target compounds 5a–l was assessed with the aid of Diameter of the Inhibition Zone (DIZ) and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) assays against a panel of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and certain fungal strains. The antimicrobial screening revealed that Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans are the most sensitive microorganisms towards the synthesized compounds 5a–l. In addition, compounds 5c and 5h emerged as the most active congeners towards Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, respectively. Molecular docking studies revealed the possible binding mode of compounds 5c and 5h to their target proteins.
Screening and Identification for Immunological Active Components from Andrographis Herba Using Macrophage Biospecific Extraction Coupled with UPLC/Q-TOF-MS
Authors: Wang Yaqi , Jiao Jiaojiao , Yang Yuanzhen , Yang Ming , Zheng Qin
Published: April 2018

The method of cell biospecific extraction coupled with UPLC/Q-TOF-MS has been developed as a tool for the screening and identification of potential immunological active components from Andrographis Herba (AH). In our study, a macrophage cell line (RAW264.7) was used to extract cell-combining compounds from the ethanol extract of AH. The cell binding system was then analyzed and identified by UPLC/Q-TOF-MS analysis. Finally, nine compounds, which could combine with macrophages, in an ethanol extract of AH were detected by comparing basic peak intensity (BPI) profiles of macrophages before and after treatment with AH. Then they were identified as Andrographidine E (1), Andrographidine D (2), Neoandrographolide (3), Dehydroandrographolide (4), 5, 7, 2′, 3′-tetramethoxyflavone (5), β-sitosterol (7), 5-hydroxy-7, 2′, 3′-trimethoxyflavone (8) and 5-hydroxy-7, 8, 2′, 3′-tetramethoxyflavone (9), which could classified into five flavonoids, three diterpene lactones, and one sterol. Their structures were recognized by their characteristic fragment ions and fragmentations pattern of diterpene lactones and flavonoids. Additionally, the activity of compounds 3, 4, and 7 was tested in vitro. Results showed that these three compounds could decrease the release of NO (p < 0.01) in macrophages remarkably. Moreover, 3, 4, and 7 showed satisfactory dose-effect relationships and their IC50 values were 9.03, 18.18, and 13.76 μg/mL, respectively. This study is the first reported work on the screening of immunological active components from AH. The potential immunological activity of flavonoids from AH has not been reported previously.
Determination of Critical Micellar Concentration of Homologous 2-Alkoxyphenylcarbamoyloxyethyl-Morpholinium Chlorides
Authors: Stopková Lenka , Gališinová Jana , Šuchtová Zuzana , Čižmárik Jozef , Andriamainty Fils
Published: May 2018

The critical micellar concentrations of selected alkyloxy homologues of local anesthetic 4-(2-{[(2-alkoxyphenyl)carbamoyl]oxy}ethyl)morpholin-4-ium chloride with nc = 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 carbons in alkyloxy tail were determined by absorption spectroscopy in the UV–vis spectral region with the use of a pyrene probe. Within the homologous series of the studied amphiphilic compounds, the ln(cmc) was observed to be dependent linearly on the number of carbon atoms nc in the hydrophobic tail: ln(cmc) = 0.705–0.966 nc. The Gibbs free energy, necessary for the transfer of the methylene group of the alkoxy chain from the water phase into the inner part of the micelle at the temperature of 25 °C and pH ≈ 4.5–5.0, was found to be −2.39 kJ/mol. The experimentally determined cmc values showed good correlations with the predicted values of the bulkiness of the alkoxy tail expressed as the molar volume of substituent R, as well as with the surface tension of the compounds.
Bare Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Magnetic Harvesting of Microalgae: From Interaction Behavior to Process Realization
Authors: Fraga-García Paula , Kubbutat Peter , Brammen Markus , Schwaminger Sebastian , Berensmeier Sonja
Published: May 2018

Microalgae continue to gain in importance as a bioresource, while their harvesting remains a major challenge at the moment. This study presents findings on microalgae separation using low-cost, easy-to-process bare iron oxide nanoparticles with the additional contribution of the upscaling demonstration of this simple, adhesion-based process. The high affinity of the cell wall for the inorganic surface enables harvesting efficiencies greater than 95% for Scenedesmus ovalternus and Chlorella vulgaris. Successful separation is possible in a broad range of environmental conditions and primarily depends on the nanoparticle-to-microalgae mass ratio, whereas the effect of pH and ionic strength are less significant when the mass ratio is chosen properly. The weakening of ionic concentration profiles at the interphase due to the successive addition of deionized water leads the microalgae to detach from the nanoparticles. The process works efficiently at the liter scale, enabling complete separation of the microalgae from their medium and the separate recovery of all materials (algae, salts, and nanoparticles). The current lack of profitable harvesting processes for microalgae demands innovative approaches to encourage further development. This application of magnetic nanoparticles is an example of the prospects that nanobiotechnology offers for biomass exploitation.
The Effect of Joint Dip Angle on the Mechanical Behavior of Infilled Jointed Rock Masses under Uniaxial and Biaxial Compressions
Authors: Han Guansheng , Jing Hongwen , Jiang Yujing , Liu Richeng , Su Haijian , Wu Jiangyu
Published: May 2018

Due to the complex formation process of a rock mass, a large number of fissures, joints, faults, other defects exist and the defects commonly contain infilled materials. The jointed rock masses are in a complex geological environment, in which the geometric distribution and the boundary condition can greatly affect the mechanical behavior of the infilled jointed rock mass. In this study, the infilled jointed rock mass specimens with different dip angles are prepared using similar materials, and the uniaxial and biaxial compression tests on the specimens are conducted. The effect of the joint dip angle on the mechanical behavior of the infilled jointed rock mass under uniaxial and biaxial compressions is investigated. The results show that the uniaxial compressive strength shows a W-shaped variation, and the biaxial compressive strength shows a V-shaped variation with an increase in the dip angle. Most of the cracks appear in pairs around the joint and occur symmetrically in a bilateral distribution, and the existence of the infilled joints induces a nonlinear mechanical behavior in the specimen. In addition, the specimens exhibit three failure modes under uniaxial compression: splitting failure, step-path failure and planar failure. The specimens present two failure modes under biaxial compression: splitting failure and planar failure.
Using Sleep Time Data from Wearable Sensors for Early Detection of Migraine Attacks
Authors: Siirtola Pekka , Koskimäki Heli , Mönttinen Henna , Röning Juha
Published: April 2018

The migraine is a chronic, incapacitating neurovascular disorder, characterized by attacks of severe headache and autonomic nervous system dysfunction. Among the working age population, the costs of migraine are 111 billion euros in Europe alone. The early detection of migraine attacks would reduce these costs, as it would shorten the migraine attack by enabling correct timing when taking preventive medication. In this article, whether it is possible to detect migraine attacks beforehand using wearable sensors is studied, and t preliminary results about how accurate the recognition can be are provided. The data for the study were collected from seven study subjects using a wrist-worn Empatica E4 sensor, which measures acceleration, galvanic skin response, blood volume pulse, heart rate and heart rate variability, and temperature. Only sleep time data were used in this study. A novel method to increase the number of training samples is introduced, and the results show that, using personal recognition models and quadratic discriminant analysis as a classifier, balanced accuracy for detecting attacks one night prior is over 84%. While this detection rate is high, the results also show that balance accuracy varies greatly between study subjects, which shows how complicated the problem actually is. However, at this point, the results are preliminary as the data set contains only seven study subjects, so these do not cover all migraine types. If the findings of this article can be confirmed in a larger population, it may potentially contribute to early diagnosis of migraine attacks.
Unsupervised Indoor Localization Based on Smartphone Sensors, iBeacon and Wi-Fi
Authors: Chen Jing , Zhang Yi , Xue Wei
Published: April 2018

In this paper, we propose UILoc, an unsupervised indoor localization scheme that uses a combination of smartphone sensors, iBeacons and Wi-Fi fingerprints for reliable and accurate indoor localization with zero labor cost. Firstly, compared with the fingerprint-based method, the UILoc system can build a fingerprint database automatically without any site survey and the database will be applied in the fingerprint localization algorithm. Secondly, since the initial position is vital to the system, UILoc will provide the basic location estimation through the pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) method. To provide accurate initial localization, this paper proposes an initial localization module, a weighted fusion algorithm combined with a k-nearest neighbors (KNN) algorithm and a least squares algorithm. In UILoc, we have also designed a reliable model to reduce the landmark correction error. Experimental results show that the UILoc can provide accurate positioning, the average localization error is about 1.1 m in the steady state, and the maximum error is 2.77 m.
La généricité "aspectuelle" : les states
Authors: Beck-Busse Gabriele
Published: April 2018

Whatever is generally subsumed under the heading aspect really needs to be spelt out : we may distinguish a "lexical" level (temporal nature), a grammatico-lexical level (modes of action) and a purely grammatical level (aspect in the strict sense of the term). The temporal nature is subjected to a detailed analysis making it possible to define the Vendler calss of states in terms of notion — not of distribution. To conclude this paper, a parallel is drawn between states and generic utterances.
La généricité et la non-ambiguïté des articles
Authors: Boguslawski Andrzej
Published: April 2018

The author formulates semantic hypotheses for the definite and indefinite article as autonomous units of language endowed with independent meanings (with the exception of purely formal components of larger units such as the formatives in definite descriptions le... qui..., le ... que ..., etc.) ; the meanings are, respectivily, 'what I have in mind' and 'I am not saying which N I am talking about'.

It is maintained that these meanings form part of the generic meanings of the corresponding sentences ; in this sense, the articles are claimed to be unambiguous. However, a generic interpretation and an ascriptive interpretation (i.e. one referring to an individual) cannot be reduced to a common denominator and, at the same time, are both equally literal. Therefore, the generic meanings (of sentences containing le, les , un) are the result of certain semantic operations on whole sentences with particular references ; the resulting (enriched) meanings are formulated (as a kind of quantificational structure), partially justified and opposed to the semantic solutions of Lawler and Heyer as well as to Declerck's pragmatic solution.
Que faut-il exiger d’un logiciel de lexicologie ?
Authors: Dussart André
Published: April 2018

Si les logiciels de lexicologie semblent infiniment plus simples à réaliser que les systèmes de traduction automatique, bien peu sont vraiment satisfaisants pour les gros dictionnaires. Le présent article tente une analyse et présente des suggestions quant aux exigences minimales en matière de gestion d’écran et de fonctions réellement utiles à la saisie, à la modification et à l’effacement d’entrées.
Coping with the time-to-market factor in software localisation projects
Authors: Gaspari Federico
Published: April 2018

This paper discusses the importance of using computer-assisted translation (CAT) tools in software localisation projects, and sheds light on their key importance for the success of translators who are involved in the localisation industry. The main focus is on the vital role played by tools such as translation memory (TM) systems and terminology management packages to help translators cope with the pressure exerted by the time-to-market factor in real-life scenarios. The paper provides some background information about localisation in general, and presents in more detail a number of practical issues that illustrate the crucial impact of CAT tools on software localisation projects. Finally, the importance of project management in localisationoriented processes is emphasised, and some new emerging working practices for translators are outlined.
Le corpus Babeliris : d’une méthodologie de constitution aux principales caractéristiques linguistiques
Authors: Van de Velde Ward
Published: April 2018

Cet article décrit le processus d’encodage du corpus Babeliris, réunissant des textes médico-administratifs du réseau hospitalier IRIS. Concrètement et sans revenir sur les modalités de collecte des textes, il présente les balises TEI-P5 qui ont servi à encadrer les données textuelles variables, à partir desquelles peuvent naître des sous-corpus. Dans ce cadre, il explique le fonctionnement de l’interface créée à cet effet. Par ailleurs, il soulève la problématique du choix d’un aligneur multilingue ad hoc et, partant, d’un gestionnaire de mémoire de traduction, en exposant les avantages et les inconvénients de trois logiciels testés. Enfin, il décrit les principales caractéristiques linguistiques du pan français du corpus, dans le but de pouvoir juger de la représentativité de celui-ci dans le vaste monde des corpus de langue spécialisée et de langue générale.
L’enseignement/apprentissage du français juridique : une proposition de démarche terminologique et didactique
Authors: Dechamps Christina
Published: April 2018

De nos jours, l’enseignement/ apprentissage des langues de spécialité et, en particulier, de la langue juridique, représente un domaine d’activité important où, de façon contradictoire, manquent des ressources fiables susceptibles d’aider, à la fois, l’enseignant et l’apprenant. Et ce manque est d’autant plus évident lorsque l’on confronte langue française et langue portugaise. De cette façon et dans le but d’apporter notre contribution au manque signalé ci-dessus, nous avons consacré nos recherches 1) à l’élaboration d’un corpus comparable bilingue français-portugais de textes juridiques qui nous a permis, ultérieurement, de relever les principales collocations verbales dans les deux langues et 2) au développement, après la sélection et l’analyse des collocations relevées dans le corpus, d’une plateforme numérique rassemblant divers exercices capables d’aider les apprenants lusophones à acquérir les collocations verbales de la langue juridique française. L’objectif de cet article est donc de présenter la plateforme numérique réalisée ainsi que les diverses méthodologies adoptées pour son élaboration.
Architecte de réseaux : une formation à distance pour ingénieurs
Authors: Merlin Jacques
Published: May 2018

Les éléments présentés dans cet article décrivent l'origine, les choix et la mise en place d'une formation à distance pour concepteurs/développeurs et architectes de réseaux de données informatiques. Cette formation, conçue et développée dans le cadre du programme européen COMETT et de l'appel à projets multimédias de la Délégation à la formation professionnelle est commercialisée conjointement avec Télécom Paris. Les enseignements tirés de cette expérience et leur impact sur le futur montrent l'importance de ce type de dispositif pédagogique pour répondre aux attentes des entreprises pour l'évolution permanente de leurs personnels.
Les vidéotransmissions interactives du CNED - Centre National d'Enseignement à Distance
Authors: Duchaine Pierre-Jean , Bellet Jean-Claude
Published: May 2018

On présente pour commencer la Télévision Directe par Satellite en comparant son principe à celui des faisceaux hertziens et en décrivant sommairement le paysage satellitaire : caractéristiques des satellites géostationnaires et classification en fonction de leurs missions ou de leurs puissances. Puis, après avoir résumé la constitution d'une station à antenne parabolique, on donne quelques conseils sur le choix des équipements suivant l'utilisation prévue. Avec plus de 120 heures d'émissions diffusées en direct sur l'année scolaire 93/94, le CNED s'est lancé dans une politique volontariste d'intégration des vidéotransmissions interactives (VTI) parmi ses supports deformation à distance. Concerné dès 1991, le public scolaire est depuis cette année rejoint par les inscrits du CNED et des étudiants en droit, en France et à l'étranger. Séries différentes pour publics différents mais un même concept : celui du direct transmis par satellite associant exposé et dialogue entre le public et les intervenants. L'évaluation des usages montre l'importance d'une préparation de qualité et démontre que la VTI ne prend toute sa valeur que relayée sur place par un médiateur et intégrée dans une démarche cohérente de formation : l'ouverture sociale et culturelle, la motivation sont alors au rendez-vous. Mieux connaître ses publics et leurs besoins, accroître la rigueur et le professionnalisme de ses équipes tant pédagogiques que techniques, tels sont les objectifs fixés par le CNED pour réussir un élargissement efficace de ses supports de formation.
EIAO et Psychologie Cognitive.
Authors: Mendelsohn Patrick
Published: May 2018

Cet article est une réflexion sur les principales questions qui fondent l'approche pluridisciplinaire en EIAO. Je voudrais tenter de répondre ici aux questions que nous nous posons souvent : la conception et la réalisation d'environnements d'apprentissage représentent-elles une contribution majeure aux disciplines qui s'en réclament ? Avons-nous réellement progressé dans notre compréhension des processus d'acquisition des connaissances ? Y a-t-il des objets de recherche propres à l'EIAO ou bien nous contentons-nous de projeter nos concepts disciplinaires dans les modèles de nos partenaires ? Pour répondre à ces questions, je proposerai un certain nombre de réflexions sur les différences qui existent entre les démarches scientifiques propres à chacune des disciplines impliquées dans le champ de l'EIAO (Intelligence Artificielle, Didactique, Psychologie Cognitive et Sciences de l'Education). A cette occasion, je mentionnerai les problèmes que ces différences engendrent à chaque étape du développement d'un système. Je profiterai aussi de cette présentation pour aborder les principaux thèmes de recherche en psychologie qui sont concernés de près ou de loin par les recherches sur les environnements d'apprentissage et j'essaierai de montrer l'originalité des apports de la psychologie à la problématique de l'EIAO.
Recherche d'informations dans les systèmes hypertextes : des représentations de la tâche à un modèle de l'activité cognitive.
Authors: Rouet Jean-François , Tricot André
Published: May 2018

Dans cet article nous examinons les aspects psychologiques et ergonomiques de la recherche d'informations dans les systèmes hypertextes. Notre hypothèse générale est que la conception de systèmes hypertextes pour l'éducation ne peut faire l'économie d'un modèle cognitif général des tâches et des activités faisant appel à des structures d'informations complexes. Dans une première partie, nous évoquons brièvement diverses approches de la notion de tâche de recherche d'informations, et nous proposons une catégorisation en trois niveaux : le modèle rationnel, sa représentation cognitive, et l'activité qui en résulte. Dans la seconde partie, nous examinons quelques études empiriques montrant l'influence de facteurs individuels et situationnels sur l'utilisation des hypertextes. Dans la troisième partie, nous proposons le cycle évaluation-sélection-traitement comme ébauche d'un modèle d'activité de recherche d'informations. Nous discutons brièvement les implications possibles de notre approche pour la conception des systèmes hypertextes.
Base de données hypermédia pour la révision de l'électricité de seconde : caractéristiques et analyse d'utilisation
Authors: Venturini Patrice , Viel Louis
Published: May 2018

Dans cet article, nous présentons un travail de recherche en didactique des disciplines scientifiques, dont l'objet était de concevoir une base de données hypermédia pour réviser le programme d'électricité de seconde, puis d'analyser, à titre exploratoire, l'usage de ce produit par les élèves. Après avoir décrit le contexte, l'objet et la méthodologie de notre recherche, nous présentons quelques-unes des caractéristiques de la base de données que nous avons conçue, relatives au traitement de l 'information et au traitement des problèmes disciplinaires. Nous fournissons ensuite une partie des résultats obtenus après expérimentation, concernant l'évolution cognitive liée à l'usage de la base, la nature de l'information consultée et le mode d'accès à cette information. Une possible évolution du produit et de nouvelles pistes de recherche concluent cet article.
Du livre traditionnel au support de cours informatisé : une perspective historique.
Authors: Collaud Gérald , Monnard Jacques , Pasquier Jacques
Published: May 2018

The new information and communication technologies have had a major impact on the traditional process of education. Alongside paper-based course notes handed out by the professors, hypertext and multimedia systems have appeared, later connected to electronic tools supporting synchronous and asynchronous communication between teachers and students. Using the experiments of our research group and the prototypes we have implemented as an example, this paper gives an historical overview on the evolution of these technologies. It suggests that the advent of the World Wide Web, which integrates many heterogeneous tools under a single interface, could bring a wider audience to these new educational instruments. Additionally, some pedagogical observations derived from the experiments carried out with our prototypes are also presented.