bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of transfer sites for flexor digitorum longus in a cadaveric adult acquired flatfoot model
Authors: Vaudreuil Nicholas J. , Ledoux William R. , Roush Grant C. , Whittaker Eric C. , Sangeorzan Bruce J.
Published: October 2013

Posterior tibialis tendon (PTT) dysfunction (PTTD) is associated with adult acquired flatfoot deformity. PTTD is commonly treated with a flexor digitorum longus (FDL) tendon transfer (FDLTT) to the navicular (NAV), medial cuneiform (CUN), or distal residuum of the degraded PTT (rPTT). We assessed the kinetic and kinematic outcomes of these three attachment sites using cadaveric gait simulation. Three transfer locations (NAV, CUN, rPTT) were tested on seven prepared flatfoot models using a robotic gait simulator (RGS). The FDLTT procedures were simulated by pulling on the PTT with biomechanically realistic FDL forces (rPTT) or by pulling on the transected FDL tendon after fixation to the navicular or medial cuneiform (NAV and CUN, respectively). Plantar pressure and foot bone motion were quantified. Peak plantar pressure significantly decreased from the flatfoot condition at the first metatarsal (NAV) and hallux (CUN). No difference was found in the medial–lateral center of pressure. Kinematic findings showed minimal differences between flatfoot and FDLTT specimens. The three locations demonstrated only minimal differences from the flatfoot condition, with the NAV and CUN procedures resulting in decreased medial pressures. Functionally, all three surgical procedures performed similarly. Published 2013 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the Orthopaedic Research Society. J Orthop Res 32:102–109, 2014.
Lack of ADAM10 in endothelial cells affects osteoclasts at the chondro‐osseus junction
Authors: Zhao Ren , Wang Aimin , Hall Katherine C. , Otero Miguel , Weskamp Gisela , Zhao Baohong , Hill Daniel , Goldring Mary B. , Glomski Krzysztof , Blobel Carl P.
Published: October 2013

Mice lacking ADAM10 in endothelial cells (Adam10ΔEC mice) have shorter femurs, tibiae, and humeri than controls, raising questions about how endothelial cells could control long bone growth. We performed a histopathological evaluation of the femur and tibia growth plates at different postnatal stages, and assessed the distribution of TRAP‐positive osteoclasts and endothelial cells at the growth plate. The growth plates in Adam10ΔEC mice appeared normal at P7 and P14, but a thickened zone of hypertrophic chondrocytes and increased trabecular bone density were apparent by P21 and later. The number of TRAP+ cells at the COJ was normal at P7 and P14, but was strongly reduced at P21 and later. Moreover, the density of endomucin‐stained endothelial cells at the COJ was increased starting at P7. The defects in long bone growth in Adam10ΔEC mice could be caused by a lack of osteoclastogenesis at the COJ. Moreover, ADAM10 appears to regulate endothelial cell organization in the developing bone vasculature, perhaps in a similar manner as in the developing retinal vascular tree, where ADAM10 is thought to control Notch‐dependent endothelial cell fate decisions. This study provides evidence for the regulation of osteoclast function by endothelial cells in vivo. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:224–230, 2014.
North‐eastern Laurentide, western Greenland and southern Innuitian ice stream dynamics during the last glacial cycle
Authors: SIMON QUENTIN , HILLAIRE‐MARCEL CLAUDE , ST‐ONGE GUILLAUME , ANDREWS JOHN T.
Published: October 2013

Precise relationships between high‐frequency ice sheet dynamics and late Quaternary climate variability are still poorly understood, notably with regard to their relative timing and causal mechanisms. Baffin Bay is of particular interest in this regard due to the influence of ice streaming activities from the north‐eastern Laurentide, southern Innuitian and western Greenland ice margins on its sedimentary regimes during glacial times. Here we document such ice margin dynamics using a sedimentological analysis performed on a piston core from central Baffin Bay and spanning the last 115 ka. Lithofacies analysis and mineralogical assemblages are used to reconstruct sediment sources (using the SedUnMix program) and depositional mechanisms. Coarse detrital carbonate (DC, dolomite‐rich) layers are attributed either to north‐eastern Laurentide and Innuitian ice stream surges or to pervasive ice rafted debris delivery processes at distinct periods. Out‐of‐phase fine‐grained glaciomarine sediments with a mineralogical signature from western Greenland, linked to Uummannaq ice streaming activity, are interbedded with the coarse DC layers. The new results suggest that during the last glacial cycle, the north‐eastern Laurentide and southern Innuitian ice streams were sensitive to high‐frequency climate fluctuations, such as the Dansgaard–Oeschger events, while the western Greenland margins were more sensitive to large‐scale climatic/oceanic reorganizations, such as relative sea‐level changes and/or advection of warmer Atlantic waters into the bay.
Performance of zwitterionic hydrophilic interaction LC for the determination of iodinated X‐ray contrast agents
Authors: Echeverría Silvia , Herrero Pol , Borrull Francesc , Fontanals Núria , Pocurull Eva
Published: October 2013

This study compares the separation performance of a group of iodinated X‐ray contrast media on four different columns. The first three were two stationary phases (SPs) modified with C18 and a polar‐embedded SP (polar amide group bonded to an alkyl chain), all of which worked under RP‐LC mode. The fourth was a zwitterionic sulphoalkylbetaine SP, working under the hydrophilic interaction LC (HILIC) mode. After the optimisation of the different parameters, the zwitterionic column displayed the best separation, which also overcomes the problems encountered when these analytes were separated under RP‐LC. Moreover, when HILIC is coupled to MS/MS, sensitivity is enhanced. However, when sewage samples were analysed by SPE followed by the optimal HILIC–MS/MS, the sensitivity of the method was affected due to the high matrix effect, which had to be solved by dilution of the extract. Finally, the method was preliminarily validated with sewage and the figures of merit were comparable to those of the SPE–RP‐LC–MS/MS.
Use of olfactory training in post‐traumatic and postinfectious olfactory dysfunction
Authors: Konstantinidis Iordanis , Tsakiropoulou Evangelia , Bekiaridou Paschalia , Kazantzidou Chrysa , Constantinidis Jannis
Published: October 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

There is evidence that the olfactory system can be modulated by repeated exposure to odors, a procedure called olfactory training. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of olfactory training in patients with postinfectious and post‐traumatic olfactory dysfunction.

Study Design

Prospective study of 119 patients with postinfectious and post‐traumatic olfactory dysfunction.

Methods

Two groups of patients (postinfectious and post‐traumatic) performed the olfactory training (n = 49 and n = 23, respectively) over a period of 16 weeks and were compared with two control groups of the same etiology (n = 32 and n = 15). Patients with sinunasal, neurologic, or idiopathic disease were excluded. Training was performed twice daily with the use of four odors (phenyl ethyl alcohol [rose], eucalyptol [eucalyptus], citronellal [lemon], and eugenol [cloves]). Olfactory testing was performed by means of the Sniffin' Sticks test battery (threshold, discrimination, identification) at the time of diagnosis, and 8 and 16 weeks later. All patients evaluated their olfactory function by means of a visual analogue scale (0–100).

Results

Compared to controls, training patients in both groups presented significantly higher scores of olfactory function as measured by the Sniffin' Sticks test. This increase was measured in 67.8% of postinfectious and 33.2% of post‐traumatic patients. Subjective ratings were in accordance with the olfactory test results. Subset analysis showed that olfactory function mainly increased olfactory identification followed by discrimination in both training groups.

Conclusions

The present study suggests that a 16‐week short‐term exposure to specific odors may increase olfactory sensitivity in patients with postinfectious and post‐traumatic olfactory dysfunction.

Level of Evidence

3b. Laryngoscope, 123:E85–E90, 2013
Bilateral cochlear implantation in children and the impact of the inter‐implant interval
Authors: Lammers Marc J. W. , Venekamp Roderick P. , Grolman Wilko , van der Heijden Geert J. M. G.
Published: October 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

To determine the effectiveness of simultaneous versus sequential bilateral cochlear implantation on postoperative outcomes in children with bilateral deafness and to evaluate the impact of the inter‐implant interval and age at second implantation on postoperative outcomes in children who already received their first cochlear implant.

Data Sources

PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science.

Review Methods

All studies comparing the effects of simultaneous with sequential bilateral cochlear implantation on postoperative outcomes and those evaluating the impact of the inter‐implant interval and age at second implantation were retrieved.

Results

Four studies compared the effects of simultaneous with sequential bilateral cochlear implantation. All studies lacked randomization. Of these, three reported better speech perception and expressive language development at one year of bilateral experience for simultaneous cochlear implantation. Of the nineteen publications on the impact of the inter‐implant interval on postoperative outcomes, the risk of bias was low‐moderate for seven studies which were derived from five different study populations. In two of these populations no impact of the inter‐implant interval was found, while in three a longer inter‐implant interval was associated with poorer speech and language development.

Conclusion

Observational studies suggest that simultaneous implantation in children may be associated with improved speech and language development, and that a prolonged inter‐implant interval between both implantations may have a negative impact on these postoperative outcomes. Randomized trials are, however, needed to demonstrate whether simultaneous implantation indeed is superior to sequential bilateral implantation in children with bilateral deafness.

Level of Evidence

NA. Laryngoscope, 124:993–999, 2014
Decoration of Electrospun Nanofibers with Monomeric Catechols to Facilitate Cell Adhesion
Authors: Choi Ji Suk , Messersmith Phillip B. , Yoo Hyuk Sang
Published: October 2013

Monomeric catechols are displayed on the surface of polymeric nanofibers by robust catechol–thiol interactions to enhance cell adhesion and migration. Dihydroxyphenyl propionic acid is chemically conjugated to primary amine groups of poly(ϵ‐caprolactone)‐poly(ethylene glycol)‐amine (PCL‐PEG) nanofibers to display catechol moieties on the surface. At basic pH, catecholized nanofibers incorporate thiol groups at a five‐fold higher rate than at acidic pH, while catechol‐coated surfaces do not show any pH‐dependent binding. Live/dead cell staining indicates that the catecholized nanofibers do not exert any cytotoxic effects. Also, NIH 3T3 cells cultured on the catecholized nanofibers show increased attachment and migration that is proportional to the amount of the immobilized catechol moieties on the surface. These results clearly indicate that 6 nmol of monomeric catechols on the surface of nanofiber can promote cell adhesion and migration by thiol–catehol interactions.
Synthesis of Cellulose Tricarbonates in 1‐Butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium Chloride/Pyridine
Authors: Elschner Thomas , Kötteritzsch Manuela , Heinze Thomas
Published: October 2013

Cellulose phenyl tricarbonates could be synthesized by a novel and fast procedure applying 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride/pyridine as reaction medium. Even cellulose phenyl carbonates with high degree of substitution are accessible at low molar ratio very efficiently. The reagent phenyl chloroformate is inert in the mixture, which is different from the solvent N,N‐dimethylacetamide/LiCl that is usually applied. The products were characterized in detail by two‐dimensional NMR‐ and FTIR‐spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and size‐exclusion chromatography. This class of cellulose derivatives is a very important intermediate for the design of structures based on cellulose by nucleophilc attack on the carbonyl group.
Continuous Blending Approach in the Manufacture of Epoxidized Soybean‐Plasticized Poly(lactic acid) Sheets and Films
Authors: Vijayarajan Shalini , Selke Susan E. M. , Matuana Laurent M.
Published: October 2013

A single‐step processing system in which an extruder and a peristaltic injector pump attached in tandem was developed for continuous and accurate incorporation of epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) into a poly (lactic acid) (PLA) matrix in order to enhance the flexibility and toughness of PLA sheet and film. The impact strength and the ductility of plasticized sheets produced using this system significantly increased with the ESO content; and the brittle‐to‐ductile transition occurred in the range of 5–10 wt% ESO content. This toughening capacity of ESO as a plasticizer was attributed to its partial miscibility with the matrix. In contrast, both the tensile strength and the modulus of the sheets decreased with increasing ESO content due to the plasticization effect, which induced a decrease in the glass transition temperature. Additionally, the plasticization of PLA film with ESO did not affect its heat sealability during flexible pouch manufacturing as indicated by the burst pressure and the seal strength, which remained unaffected by the addition of plasticizer, irrespective of the sealing temperature studied.
Square‐Micrometer‐Sized, Free‐Standing Organometallic Sheets and Their Square‐Centimeter‐Sized Multilayers on Solid Substrates
Authors: Zheng Zhikun , Ruiz‐Vargas Carlos S. , Bauer Thomas , Rossi Antonella , Payamyar Payam , Schütz Andri , Stemmer Andreas , Sakamoto Junji , Schlüter A. Dieter
Published: October 2013

Oligofunctional terpyridine‐based monomers are spread at an air/water interface, where they are connected with transition metal salts such as Fe(II) into mechanically coherent monolayer sheets of macroscopic dimension. The conversions of these processes are determined by XPS for several monomer/metal ion combinations. The sheets are transferred onto TEM grids, the 20 × 20 square micrometer sized holes of which can be spanned. AFM indentation experiments provide in‐plane elastic moduli which are compared with naturally occurring sheets such as graphene. The new organometallic sheets are also used to create multilayer assemblies on square centimeter length scales on solid substrates. Finally some directions are provided where this research can lead to in future and where its application potential lies.

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The Effects of Intra‐industry and Extra‐industry Networks on Performance: A Case of Venture Capital Portfolio Firms
Authors: Bellavitis Cristiano , Filatotchev Igor , Kamuriwo Dzidziso Samuel
Published: October 2013

This study examines the influence of intra‐industry and extra‐industry networks on firm performance by using data on 1264 UK venture‐capital‐backed start‐up companies. The venture's network was operationalized by connecting together the various portfolio companies sharing the same investor. Regression results show that the venture's network has a strong impact on firm's success. Yet, whereas extra‐industry ties are directly and positively linked to the likelihood of the venture to reach a successful exit, intra‐industry ties exert a negative impact on companies' performances. However, interaction effects show that once a firm establishes a sufficient number of extra‐industry ties, it is able to profit from the network in its industry of operation. Overall, these findings show that an optimal balance of ties is achieved through a diverse set of connections incorporating both intra‐industry and extra‐industry ties. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Somatic copy number alterations by whole‐exome sequencing implicates YWHAZ and PTK2 in castration‐resistant prostate cancer
Authors: Menon Roopika , Deng Mario , Rüenauver Kerstin , Queisser Angela , Pfeifer Martin , Offermann Anne , Boehm Diana , Vogel Wenzel , Scheble Veit , Fend Falko , Kristiansen Glen , Wernert Nicolas , Oberbeckmann Nicole , Biskup Saskia , Rubin Mark A , Adler David , Perner Sven
Published: October 2013

Castration‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is the most aggressive form of prostate cancer (PCa) and remains a significant therapeutic challenge. The key to the development of novel therapeutic targets for CRPC is to decipher the molecular alterations underlying this lethal disease. The aim of our study was to identify therapeutic targets for CRPC by assessing somatic copy number alterations (SCNAs) by whole‐exome sequencing on five CRPC/normal paired formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) samples, using the SOLiD4 next‐generation sequencing (NGS) platform. Data were validated using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on a PCa progression cohort. PTK2 and YWHAZ amplification, mRNA and protein expression were determined in selected PCa cell lines. Effects of PTK2 inhibition using TAE226 inhibitor and YWHAZ knock‐down on cell proliferation and migration were tested in PC3 cells in vitro. In a larger validation cohort, the amplification frequency of YWHAZ was 3% in localized PCa and 48% in CRPC, whereas PTK2 was amplified in 1% of localized PCa and 35% in CRPC. YWHAZ knock‐down and PTK2 inhibition significantly affected cell proliferation and migration in the PC3 cells. Our findings suggest that inhibition of YWHAZ and PTK2 could delay the progression of the disease in CRPC patients harbouring amplification of the latter genes. Furthermore, our validated whole‐exome sequencing data show that FFPE tissue could be a promising alternative for SCNA screening using next‐generation sequencing technologies. Copyright © 2013 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new method for functionalizing α,γ‐dinitro compounds at the β‐position: application to the cyclization of β‐alkoxy‐α,γ‐dinitro compounds
Authors: Wade Peter A. , Castillo Christopher E. , Paparoidamis Nicholas
Published: October 2013

Treatment of 2,4‐dinitropentane with bromine and sodium methoxide in methanol, affords formation of an ether product, 2,4‐dibromo‐3‐methoxy‐2,4‐dinitropentane, in 59% yield as a mixture of three diastereomers. This observation has led to a general synthesis of 3‐alkoxy‐2,4‐dibromo‐2,4‐dinitropentanes, obtained in 75‐86% yield from 2,4‐dibromo‐2,4‐dinitropentane as the preferred reactant. 4‐Bromo‐2,4‐dinitro‐2‐pentene has been identified as an intermediate in these reactions. The nitroalkene has been isolated and undergoes conjugate addition with alkoxides to afford the same ether products after brominative work‐up. The nitroalkene undergoes conjugate addition with sodium azide to give 3‐azido‐2,4‐dibromo‐2,4‐dinitropentane in 38% yield as a mixture of two isomers in which the (R*,R*) isomer predominates. Sequential treatment of 2,4‐dibromo‐2,4‐dinitropentane with sodium methoxide followed by sodium iodide and acetic acid gives 3‐methoxy‐2,4‐dinitropentane in 63% yield, the overall product of simple methoxylation of 2,4‐dinitropentane. However, attempted complete debromination of 2,4‐dibromo‐3‐methoxy‐2,4‐dinitropentane with excess sodium iodide and acetic acid results only in monodebromination to give 2‐bromo‐3‐methoxy‐2,4‐dinitropentane in 86% yield. Likewise, 2‐bromo‐3‐ethoxy‐2,4‐dinitropentane is formed in 93% yield from the ethoxy analog. A mechanistic rationale is offered for condition‐specific removal of the second Br atom in these reactions. Treatment of 3‐methoxy‐2,4‐dinitropentane with potassium acetate/iodine in dimethyl sulfoxide affords formation of 4,5‐dihydro‐3,4‐dimethyl‐3‐methoxy‐4‐nitroisoxazole 2‐oxide in 30% yield as a single diastereomer. Conversion of 2‐bromo‐3‐methoxy‐2,4‐dinitropentane in 15% yield to 4,5‐dihydro‐3,4‐dimethyl‐3‐methoxy‐4‐nitroisoxazole 2‐oxide is also possible by using potassium acetate in dimethyl sulfoxide. The mechanistic pathways for formation of 4,5‐dihydro‐3,4‐dimethyl‐3‐methoxy‐4‐nitroisoxazole 2‐oxide apparently involve unstable 3‐methoxy‐1,2‐dimethyl‐1,2‐dinitrocyclopropane as the common intermediate. Similarly, 2‐bromo‐3‐ethoxy‐2,4‐dinitropentane affords 4,5‐dihydro‐3‐ethoxy‐3,4‐dimethyl‐4‐nitroisoxazole 2‐oxide in 13% yield. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hyperelastic characterization of the interlamellar domain and interphase layer in semicrystalline polyethylene
Authors: Ghazavizadeh Akbar , Rutledge Gregory C. , Atai Ali A. , Ahzi Saïd , Rémond Yves , Soltani Nasser
Published: October 2013

The interphase layer in semicrystalline polyethylene (PE) serves as the transition between the crystalline lamellae and the amorphous domains and is recognized as the third constituent of PE. When PE undergoes large deformations, this interphase layer together with the amorphous phase behaves hyperelastically. Because of the metastable nature and nanometric size of the interphase and its intimate mechanical coupling to the neighboring crystal and amorphous domains, detailed characterization of its hyperelastic properties have eluded detailed experimental evaluation. To extract these properties, a combined algorithm is proposed based on applying the constitutive relations of an isotropic, compressible, hyperelastic continuum to the molecular dynamics simulation results of a PE stack from Lee and Rutledge (Macromolecules 2011, 3096–3108). The simulation element is incrementally deformed to a large strain, during which the stress–strain information is recorded. Assuming a neo‐Hookean model, the tensorial constitutive equation is derived. The hyperelastic parameters for the central amorphous phase, the interphase layer, and the interlamellar domain are identified with the help of the optimization notion and a set of nonnegative objective functions. The identified hyperelastic parameters for the interlamellar domain are in good agreement with the ones estimated experimentally and frequently used in the literature for the noncrystalline phase. The specifically developed sensitivity analysis indicates that the shear modulus is identified with a higher degree of certainty, in contrast to the bulk modulus. It is also revealed that the presented continuum mechanics analysis is able to capture the melting/recrystallization and rotation of crystalline chains that take place during the deformation. The evolutions of the boundaries of the hyperelastic elements are also identified concurrently with the hyperelastic parameters as the by‐product of the presented methodology. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2013, 51, 1692–1704
Effect of Shot Peening on Fatigue Strength of High‐Toughness Spring Steel
Authors: Harada Yasunori , Kosaka Hiroki , Ishihara Makoto
Published: October 2013

The shot peening process is a widely used surface treatment method for improving fatigue strength and anti‐wear characteristics. The surface of the material receives a so‐called peening effect where strong local deformation forms a work‐hardened layer or causes compressive residual stress. In the present study, the effect of shot peening on fatigue strength of high‐toughness spring steel was investigated. The optimum conditions were evaluated in an experiment using the conventional shot peening machine with shots of an average size. The projective method of the shot media was of the centrifugal peening type. The shot media of 1.0 mm diameter was high‐carbon cast steel, and the workpiece used was the commercially spring steel JIS‐SUP10. The effects of peening time have primarily on surface characteristics and fatigue strength were studied. Fatigue tests were carried out in a plane‐bending test machine. S–N curves were established for unpeened and peened conditions. The main results were as follows: the surface layer of the workpieces was sufficiently deformed by shot peening. The residual stress was added in the surface vicinity on all peened workpieces. As the peening time increased, the region with residual stress extends in the depth direction. The value of maximum compressive residual stress was about 950 MPa. At a large number of cycles to fracture, shot peening could more effectively enhance the fatigue strength. When shot velocity was 60 m s−1, the maximum fatigue strength was about 525 MPa with a peening time of 90 s. This peening time was nearly equal to the full coverage time. It was found from the present experiment that the optimum peening time for the conventional shot peening was about 90 s.
Economic load dispatch with nonsmooth cost functions using evolutionary particle swarm optimization
Authors: Abdullah Mohd Noor , Abu Bakar Ab Halim , Rahim Nasrudin Abd , Moklis Hazlie
Published: October 2013

This paper presents an evolutionary particle swarm optimization (EPSO) method for solving the nonconvex economic load dispatch (ELD) problem. In practice, the nonconvex and the discontinuous cost function should be considered when optimizing ELD problem with constraints such as valve point effects, prohibited operating zones, ramp‐rate limits, and transmission loss of the system. In view of these constraints, the ELD problem is difficult to solve by any mathematical method. In EPSO, the evolutionary programming concept (combination, tournament competition, sorting, and selection) is employed in the classical PSO method in order to find the best individual and best group position based on the survival particle. The effectiveness of the EPSO is tested on 3‐, 6‐, 15‐, and 38‐unit systems. The results obtained by EPSO are also compared with classical PSO and other results reported in the literature. It is concluded that the EPSO method can produce lower generation cost compared to the existing methods. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Environmental correlates of acorn production by four species of Minnesota oaks
Authors: Koenig Walter D. , Knops Johannes M. H.
Published: October 2013

We measured acorn production by four species of oaks in central Minnesota over a 17‐year period with the goal of understanding the proximate drivers of masting behavior. All four species exhibited significant annual variation and within‐population synchrony of acorn production, although masting behavior was more pronounced in the two species that require 1 year to develop acorns (‘1‐year’ species) than the two species that require 2 years (‘2‐year’ species). There was also strong synchrony between species that require the same number of years to mature acorns, but not between species requiring different numbers of years. Acorn production by three of the four species correlated with spring or summer conditions, while no significant environmental correlate of acorn production was detected for the fourth species. Acorn production by none of the four species correlated significantly with variables calculated from the differences in weather conditions from 1 year to the next. These results, combined with prior studies of oaks, suggest that environmental conditions during key periods of acorn development frequently correlate with acorn production, as expected if such factors bear a direct mechanistic relationship to seed production. On the other hand, the environmental factors involve vary greatly both among species and even among populations of the same species, a result consistent with the hypothesis that environmental correlates are simply cues used by plants to synchronize reproductive investment. In either case, our results do not support the recent proposition that variables based on differences in environmental conditions from 1 year to the next serve as a general cue for masting behavior.
The β‐Subunit of Cholera Toxin has a High Affinity for Ganglioside GM1 Embedded into Solid Supported Lipid Membranes with a Lipid Raft‐Like Composition
Authors: Margheri G. , D'Agostino R. , Trigari S. , Sottini S. , Del Rosso M.
Published: October 2013

In this communication, we report on the fabrication of GM1‐rich solid‐supported bilayer lipid membranes (ssBLM) made of sphingomyelin and cholesterol, the main components of lipid rafts, which are the physiological hosting microenvironment of GM1 on the cell membrane. The functionality of the ganglioside has been checked by measuring the apparent dissociation constant KD of the complex formed by the β‐subunit of the cholera toxin and GM1. The value found deviates less than one order of magnitude from that measured for in vivo cells, indicating the potential of these ssBLM as optimized in vitro biomimetic platforms.
Freedom in the 1990s
Authors: Peterson Paul Silas
Published: October 2013

In the second half of the twentieth century there was a renaissance of liberalism and a new interest in freedom in modern Western industrialised nations. Theologians responded to the intellectual discourse in various ways while treating the concept of freedom in theology. Here three different engagements with the understanding of freedom and liberalism at the end of the century are introduced. The first is a critique of liberalism and rejection of modern accounts of freedom as autonomy. This account draws upon historical and theological resources in the presentation of modern liberalism as a negative development in theology and in understandings of society. In the article here, this first approach is presented in the context of its social and political orientation and contemporary context in the later twentieth century. While some of the contours of this first approach are viewed critically, one aspect of its intentions is praised. The second example is an adoption of the discourse of modern liberalism and a justification of it with an account of the Reformation as its progenitor. This account draws upon a narrative of progressive liberation in modern human history. The second approach is addressed here in its particular context after the Second World War and in the specific cultural and theological framework of the latter part of the twentieth century. While the revival of modern liberal theology in the latter part of the twentieth century is presented here as a necessary development in the wake of radical early twentieth century anti-liberalism, some of the sweeping claims of this approach are viewed critically. Finally, a third mediatory approach is presented. This general group sought to advance a form of the liberal theological tradition while also theologically challenging Enlightenment conceptions of autonomy. Three brief examples are drawn upon to illustrate this approach. One is concerned with providing orientation for the basic doctrinal question of human freedom and sin. The second example deals with the systematic theological specification of human freedom in the postmodern context and its relation to an understanding of divine freedom. The third example deals with the ethical implications of a theologically grounded understanding of freedom.
Reading and Revelation in Hans Frei and David Tracy
Authors: Shukla Marsaura
Published: October 2013

Most maps of theology in the twentieth century, particularly theology in North America, would include the delineation of revisionist theology and postliberal theology as mutually exclusive, opposed options in theological method. This article begins to challenge the contours of this received map through a comparison of David Tracy and Hans Frei, pre-eminent figures in revisionist and postliberal theology, respectively. I show that, for all their differences, both Tracy and Frei posit the reader–text relationship as the site and even in some sense the source of revelation. Their turn to reading is motivated by the perception of a certain loss or estrangement characterising contemporary religiosity. Though the scope and details of their description of the problem differ, there is a similarity in the vision of Christian life which stands in contrast to the contemporary situation. For both, their visions of Christian life can be articulated through the notion of orthodoxy, understood in its full sense as referring to a coherent, vibrant and all-encompassing immersion in Christian doctrine and practice. Engagement in proper reading practice becomes for each the entrance into and sign of full participation in religious life, analogous to the role of belief in traditional notions of orthodoxy. I suggest that Tracy and Frei represent two forms of ‘theology of ortholexis’ or ‘right reading’. The turn to reading is most obvious in Frei, who explicitly links the modern difficulty in attaining a sense of the coherence of Christian history, doctrine and lived life to a misconstrual of the nature of the biblical text which leads to a misguided reading practice. Yet Tracy also places the model of reading as conversation at the centre of his revisionist account of the possibility of a contemporary experience of the authority of the Bible and the power of the Christian tradition more generally. In these ‘theologies of ortholexis’, a constellation of modern anxieties concerning the limits and possibilities of our knowledge and experience of the divine are addressed through positing the reader–text relationship forged through proper reading practice as the place of and way to authentic revelation.
§ V.—Ancient Sites in the Strymon Valley
Authors: Welch F. B.
Published: October 2013

I Here describe a few sites on the south side of the valley of the Strymon, which I noticed while stationed there in 1916–1918. All except No. 5 belong to the third type described by Wace and Thompson and consist of large, low flat-topped mounds covered with Hellenistic sherds. This part of the country was anciently inhabited by the Bisaltai.

1. At kilometre 70 on the Salonika-Serres road, about three kilometres south-west of Sakavcha, and two-and-a-half kilometres west of Makesh. Round the edges the remains of ancient walls can be easily traced; in places they are still three feet high and the same thickness with small towers at irregular intervals. Remains of house walls can be found everywhere a few feet down.
Prehistoric Epirus and the Dorian Invasion.
Authors: Hammond N. G. L.
Published: October 2013

Since the excavations of Carapanos at Dodona in 1878, Epirus has remained terra incognita to the archaeologist. In regard to prehistoric archaeology the reason is to be found in the Epirote terrain; the plains are usually small, and the humid climate encourages grass, with the result that settlements, unlike those of Thessaly or Macedonia, are too small to raise a tumulus and any deposit is covered with turf. The following sites include the re-excavation of Dodona by Mr. Evangelides and some scattered settlements found by myself during my visits to Epirus.
Excavations at Haliartos, 1931
Authors: Austin R. P.
Published: October 2013

The excavations which I undertook at Haliartos in 1926 were intended mainly as a test of the possibilities of the site. The principal result was the discovery on the summit of the Acropolis of a previously unknown sanctuary. For various reasons it was not possible at that time thoroughly to explore the remains of the sanctuary, but in 1931 I received a grant from the Research Committee of the University of Birmingham to enable me to do this. The excavation was carried out in April 1931. The Greek Government was represented by Mr. Karouzos, Ephor of Antiquities for the district. In the work of supervision I was assisted by my wife. Mr. Richards of the Lake Copais Company's surveying staff kindly made the plan of the site. I have since paid another visit to Boeotia to complete my study of the results.
The Topographical History of Enkomi, Salamis, and Famagusta
Authors: Myres John L.
Published: October 2013

The great midland plain (Mesariá) of Cyprus opens eastward onto a wide bay, between the long rugged Karpass promontory which shelters it on the north, and the lower and less prominent headland of Cavo Greco terminating the rolling plateau of recent limestone which divides the Mesariá from the bay of Larnaca. But the plain does not open freely onto Famagusta bay. As the Pidias river approaches the coast, its flood plain is confined between spurs and outliers of the southern upland, on which Famagusta and its modern sequel Varósha stand, and a wider plateau, roughly triangular, between the sea front south of Trikomo, by the middle course of the Kháranka (so named in the Trigonometrical Survey of Cyprus, but the word is probably Pháranga (‘ravine’) which is followed by the road from Lefkóniko to Trikomo, and by the Gephyria tributary of the Pidias which rises in the North Range, and crosses that road about two miles east of Levkóniko (p. 54–5 above), to join the main stream west of Styllos village about five miles from its mouth.
The Dates and Origins of Cypriote Sculpture
Authors: Myres John L.
Published: October 2013

Since the publication of my Handbook to the Cesnola Collection of Antiquities from Cyprus (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 1914) there have been three revisions both of the chronology there suggested—which was essentially that outlined by Colonna-Ceccaldi Monuments antiques de Cypre, Paris, 1882—and of the estimate of the debt of Cypriote sculptors to Asiatic, Egyptian, and Hellenic models and influences. All three regard Hellenic influences as primary, and Oriental influences as relatively unimportant; and consequently all bring down the beginnings of sculpture in Cyprus within the archaic period of Greek sculpture, and the period of easy access to Cyprus from the Greek treaty port of Naucratis, during the Egyptian occupation of the island between 560 and 525 B.C.

The same distractions which postponed the publication of the sanctuary site excavated at Levkoniko in 1913, and described at last on pp. 61–8 above, prevented me from replying earlier to these criticisms.
Inscriptions from Beroea
Authors: Cormack J. M. R.
Published: October 2013

The fine marble dedicatory plaque, first published by Delacoulonche in his ‘Mémoire sur le berceau de la puissance macédonienne,’ was still serving in the autumn of 1936 as the ὰγὶα τρὰπεαзα of the church of Αγιος Γεὼργιος in Beroea. Though this important document has been often quoted in discussions on the cult of the Egyptian gods in Macedonia, no description or measurements have so far been given; no apology will, therefore, be required for giving fuller details here, along with a revised text. The accompanying photograph of a squeeze (fig. 1) will supplement Delacoulonche's line-blocks. The inscribed surface is surrounded by a well-cut moulding; there is a sistrum in relief below the inscription; the letters are very carefully engraved, with apices.
Excavations in Ithaca, 1930–35;
Authors: Heurtley W. A.
Published: October 2013

Apart from the rather summary excavation on the summit of Aetós by Gell at the beginning of the nineteenth century, and the opening of some tombs above Pisaetó by Guitara in 1811–14, excavations have been made in Ithaca on three occasions previously to Lord Rennell's expedition.

In the course of two visits, one in 1868 and the other in 1878, Schliemann dug trial trenches in the plain at Pólis, at the ‘School of Homer’, at Aetós (both on the saddle and on the summit), at the cave of Dexiá, and at Marathiá. The work was carried out at great speed, and it is not always easy to make out from his description the precise nature of the objects found; nor is it known what has become of them. It is clear, however, that nothing Mycenaean was found.
§ 1. Type-Specimens of Minoan Pottery from Palaikastro
Authors: Hutchinson R. W.
Published: October 2013

It should be remarked, with regard to many statements, that earlier reports must be corrected or amplified, in accordance with more recent researches on the Minoan and Archaic Greek cultures. Many vases, termed ‘Kamares’ or M.M.II in the earlier reports, would now be classified as M.M.Ib, and most of those formerly called L.M. II would now be L.M.Ib. In their later reports the excavators modified their terminology in accordance with the modifications introduced by Sir Arthur Evans into his classification.
§ 6. The Seals and Sealings
Authors: Eccles Edith
Published: October 2013

Professor Bosanquet's text was already in galley-proof more than fifteen years ago; but as it had to be re-set, I have made a few corrections and additions, and added the inventory numbers which the objects now bear in the Candia Museum (quoted under CM) and references to works published since 1926.

A full discussion of the seals from Palaikastro should take account of the numerous examples obtained in the province of Sitia by Sir Arthur Evans, who travelled there in the days of Turkish rule, and other collectors. Owing to the migratory character of the Christian population, many of whom passed the winter in the villages of the Palaikastro plain and the summer in villages in the hills, and to frequent intermarriages with more distant settlements, gems found here have been widely scattered. In the list which follows have been included some stones from Palaikastro and neighbouring sites which were bought for the Candia Museum during the excavation. It is probable that most of them come from interments disturbed in agricultural work.
Excavations in the Neolithic Settlement of Knossos, 1957–60. Part I
Authors: Evans J. D.
Published: October 2013

The excavations described here were undertaken for the purpose of obtaining a fuller knowledge of the nature of the Neolithic settlement site which lies below the Minoan palace of Knossos.

The presence of this settlement site was originally recognized by Sir Arthur Evans very soon after he began work at Knossos at the beginning of the century. His numerous soundings established that it was of considerable size, covering the whole of the hill of Kephala below the palace and the surrounding houses (an area of at least 11 acres), and that it must have endured for a long period, since the depth of deposit attained to nearly 10 metres in places. A pottery sequence was worked out by Mackenzie on the basis of the soundings carried out up to 1904, and this was subsequently adopted in essentials by Evans in the final publication. It has subsequently been refined and modified by Dr. A. Furness (Mrs. Ozanne), using Evans's material in the Stratigraphical Museum, in a paper which she published in this journal in 1953.
The Alphabetic Numeral System in Attica
Authors: Tod Marcus N.
Published: October 2013

When, in 1913, I published in this Annual (XVIII, 98 ff.) an account of the acrophonic numeral system in the Greek world, I hoped that within a short time I should be able to give a similar description of the other main system, the alphabetic. Owing to unforeseen difficulties, including two World Wars, that hope has not yet been realized, though I have contributed to the Annual two supplementary articles on the acrophonic numerals (XXVIII, 141 ff., XXXVII, 236 ff.), nor can I even now offer more than a first instalment of my study of the alphabetic system, in which I confine myself strictly to Attica, leaving to a separate article (which will, I hope, follow without undue delay) some account of those numerals as used elsewhere.
Notes on Some Published Inscriptions of Roman Cyprus
Authors: Mitford T. B.
Published: October 2013

In their preface to Vol. X of the Cambridge Ancient History the editors promise that in Vol. XI will be found a ‘survey of the several provinces during the two centuries that end with the Antonines.’ The student of Roman Cyprus cannot be advised to turn to this volume, because he will there find no mention of Cyprus whatsoever, even as a word in the index. This neglect—for such, indeed, it seems—is indicative not only of the quite literal insularity of this small and in general insignificant province, but also of a long-standing and unwarranted indifference to Cypriot epigraphy. Since the profitable visit of Waddington in 1862, few epigraphists have landed in Cyprus with any higher purpose than the enjoyment of a busman's holiday; and whereas prehistory, archaeology, sculpture, coinage and the literary sources have been the subject of specialised study, the historian of Cyprus under the Empire, when he takes up the only available collection of inscriptions for his period, that still indispensable work Inscriptiones Graecae ad res Romanas pertinentes, finds there sixty-nine inscriptions only, of which several have been poorly published and some again imperfectly edited.
Prehistoric Remains in South-Western Asia Minor.—III
Authors: Ormerod H. A.
Published: October 2013

The objects described in this section were found on a small prehistoric site at Tchukurkend on the eastern side of the Beishehir lake between Eflatoun Bounar and Kirili Kassaba. The village of Tchukurkend lies some two hours from the Hittite monument at Eflatoun Bounar and fifty minutes to the S.E. of the small town of Kirili Kassaba. On the previous day, coming from Eflatoun Bounar, I had ridden for the greater part of the way across the lower ground by the shores of the lake and had thus missed the village, but a jeweller in Kirili to whom I showed a small celt, with an enquiry if any were to be obtained in the neighbourhood, informed me that they were often found by the peasants at Tchukurkend. There in the hands of the villagers I found the two human figurines (Fig. 1A, B), the two animals (Fig. 2c, d), and the small fragment (Fig. 2b). They were all found with certain others which had been destroyed, on a low hill immediately above the village. Here was clearly a small prehistoric site in antiquity, now much denuded, on which I found a large quantity of obsidian, principally of the Melian variety, and a few fragments of the red-faced pottery common on other early sites in the district.
Dionysos at Smyrna
Authors: Hasluck Margaret
Published: October 2013

The σύνοδος of the μύσται and τεχνῖται of Dionysos Breiseus at Smyrna has long been known to students from several series of inscriptions. These, although defective in themselves, can be supplemented by the inscriptions of analogous associations, so that the details of the society's organisation are tolerably familiar, and for the present require no further discussion. But certain questions have not so far been decided. Such concern the origin of the god, the meaning of the epithet, and the situation of his temple at Smyrna. The present paper is an attempt to answer these questions, some new evidence having recently come to hand.

The earliest certain home of Dionysos Breiseus seems to have been Lesbos, where the name of Brisa has been known for many centuries. Homer's heroine will be recalled: Androtion knew a Lesbian promontory called Βρῆσα: the Lesbos of to-day has a hill and a village called respectively Βρίσιον and Βρίσια.
The Macedonian Era. II
Authors: Tod Marcus N.
Published: October 2013

In the last volume of this Annual (xxiii. 206 ff.) I attempted to restate the arguments for the view that the provincial era of Macedonia dates from 1st Dios, 148 B.C., and the Actian (or, to give it the name which it bore in Macedonia, the Augustan) era from 1st Dios, 32 B.C.

I mentioned (p. 210) Prof. M. Holleaux as having expressed in 1914 a doubt of the continued existence of separate Macedonian and Achaean eras running concurrently and a desire for further investigation of the question. This was, indeed, the starting-point of my own inquiry. I regret, however, that I overlooked a later statement of the same scholar (Rev. Et. Anc. xix. 81), who in 1917 accepted as fully established the Macedonian era of 148 B.C., and pointed out that the Oxyrhynchus Epitome of Livy proves that the defeat of Andriscus and the submission of Macedonia took place in that year (cf. Kornemann, Die neue Livius-Epitome aus Oxyrhynchus, 91 f., 113 f.). Further, in an article which became accessible to me only after my own discussion was already in print, Pomtow himself has declared in favour of the earlier starting-point of the Macedonian era, on the ground both of the Macedonian and also of the Delphian documents.