bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Landscapes of refugee protection
Authors: Coddington Kate
Published: January 2018

In this paper, I argue that conditions for asylum seekers in countries that have signed the 1951 Convention and 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees (hereafter “Convention”) are increasingly paralleling those in non‐signatory countries. The similar deterioration of treatment of asylum seekers is symptomatic of the disintegration of the existing refugee protection system established by the Convention. This paper focuses on the case of Thailand, a non‐signatory country that has been widely criticised for its treatment of refugees, and compares three significant trends in refugee protection with those in the UK. In Thailand as well as the UK, protection takes shape as ad hoc, arbitrary and differentially applied across space, leading to extreme precariousness. Two concepts frame my comparison of the Thai and UK contexts: the landscapes of protection that encompass the range of practices engaged in refugee governance, from signed treaties to soft laws, subcontracted service providers and substandard media coverage; and the graduated levels of protection that rely on spatial logics to manage access to protection and shape both refugees’ imagined futures as well as their present status. This comparison challenges the implicit distinctions between developed and developing countries, as well as signatories and non‐signatories to the Convention, that have predominated in refugee scholarship, and extends recent scholarship that deconstructs the coherence and authority of the nation state. I conclude that these presumed divisions are not only inaccurate, but mask the precarious and dangerous realities that asylum seekers and refugees face in both locations. Increasingly, the protections offered by the Convention have become a façade for arbitrary and harmful treatment of refugees.
English as the lingua franca of international publishing
Authors: O'Neil David
Published: January 2018

As a contribution to debates about the predominance of English as a global lingua franca, this paper presents a study of worldwide publishing rates in the natural and social sciences. Bibliometric data from Scimago's index of Elsevier's Scopus database show: (1) a general increase in indexed documents from 1996–2015 that has outpaced increases in world population and gross world product (GWP); (2) stark disparities between nations of the center and periphery (whether defined in economic or linguistic terms); and (3) steady reductions in these disparities. It can be inferred from these data that indexed journals are becoming more nationally diverse in their contents, though the appearance of high rates of change for a small subset of countries should be attributed to indexing factors rather than real progress.
Impact of cultivar on survival of volunteer oilseed rape populations in fields is more important than field management
Authors: Gruber S , Weber E A , Thöle H , Möhring J , Dietz‐Pfeilstetter A , Claupein W
Published: January 2018

A joint assessment of two separate approaches investigated the occurrence of volunteer oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.; OSR) as affected by cultivar, field history and environment. Approach I comprised surveys for volunteers on >100 farmers’ fields in Germany in the years 2009 and 2010. Volunteers were assigned to the cultivars grown in previous years by inter‐simple sequence repeat‐PCR and cluster analysis. High‐dormancy cultivars resulted in 0–7 and low‐dormancy cultivars in 0–1.3 volunteers m−2. Highest numbers originated from the most recent harvests 2007 and 2006. Approach II was a meta‐analysis based on 116 data sets from field trials and farmers’ fields in Germany to evaluate and to rank the impact of management factors on the soil seedbank and volunteers in following crops. Varietal disposition to seed dormancy turned out to be the significantly most relevant factor. The contribution of varietal dormancy to variation in the soil seedbank and of volunteers in the 1st and 2nd following crop was 1.2–2.3 times as great as the contribution of post‐harvest tillage. Up to 45% of the variation in the observations originated from factors that can be controlled by human actions on a given location in a given year. The overall analysis confirmed the results from independent short‐term trials and showed that both agronomists and breeders need to contribute to reducing OSR volunteers.
A Fluidic Alternative to the EM Drive Propulsion Concept: The Orthogonal Fluid Flow Propulsion Concept
Authors: Walker Edward A.
Published: January 2018

A theoretical space propulsion concept in which a system does not lose its ionized propellant is introduced. Due to the fact that no propellant mass is lost by the system, the theoretical propulsion concept is synonymous to a form of propellant less propulsion similarly to the EM Drive. Therefore, a summarization of the EM drive including a brief description of other advances in ion propulsion is given along with a comparison to the new theoretical propulsion concept to be introduced. The orthogonal fluid flow propulsion concept or OFFPC describes orthogonal fluid flows of ionized propellant injected by orthogonal nozzles into an enclosed chamber where the ionized propellant is governed by electric forces generated by the chamber walls and will be mathematically shown to generate thrust. Inevitably, Newton’s third law and momentum conservation are addressed in relation to the OFFPC. Specifically, aerodynamic momentum conservation in a controlled volume system is used to show that the OFFPC obeys momentum conservation after elucidating the role of Newton’s third law within the theoretical system. The capability of a propulsion system incorporating the OFFPC to regenerate a portion of its electric energy (and voltage) similarly to an automobile alternator will be mathematically expressed. Thus, a description of how the system exhausts energy as with any conventional system is given to show that a propulsion system incorporating the OFFPC is not a perpetual motion device. Lastly, a mathematical demonstration of a hypothetical vehicle is given to show quantitative results and theoretical performance figures produced by the OFFPC.
Cortical contributions to anticipatory postural adjustments in the trunk
Authors: Chiou Shin‐Yi , Hurry Madeleine , Reed Thomas , Quek Jing Xiao , Strutton Paul H.
Published: January 2018

Key points

Increases in activity of trunk muscles that occur prior to, or concurrent with, a voluntary limb movement are termed anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs).

APAs are important for maintaining postural stability in response to perturbations but the neural mechanisms underlying APAs remain unclear.

Our results showed that corticospinal excitability of erector spinae (ES) muscle increased at 40 ms prior to rapid shoulder flexion, with a reduction in intracortical inhibition and no change in spinal excitability.

Changes in corticospinal excitability were observed in ES, with similar excitability profiles between standing and lying positions, but were not observed in rectus abdominis.

We suggest that the neural control of postural adjustments involves changes at a cortical level, which in part are due to reduced inhibition.

Voluntary limb movements are associated with increases in trunk muscle activity, some of which occur within a time window considered too fast to be induced by sensory feedback; these increases are termed anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs). Although it is known that the function of APAs is to maintain postural stability in response to perturbations, excitability of the corticospinal projections to the trunk muscles during the APAs remains unclear. Thirty‐four healthy subjects performed rapid shoulder flexion in response to a visual cue in standing and lying positions. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was delivered over the trunk motor cortex to examine motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in erector spinae (ES) and in rectus abdominis (RA) muscles at several time points prior to the rise in electromyographic activity (EMG) of anterior deltoid (AD) muscle. TMS was also used to assess short‐interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and cervicomedullary MEPs (CMEPs) in ES in the standing position. MEPs in ES were larger at time points closer to the rise in AD EMG in both standing and lying positions, whereas MEPs in RA did not differ over the time course examined. Notably, SICI was reduced at time points closer to the rise in AD EMG, with no change in CMEPs. Our results demonstrate that increasing excitability of corticospinal projections to the trunk muscles prior to a voluntary limb movement is likely to be cortical in origin and is muscle specific.
A Study of Wind Turbine Wakes in Complex Terrain Through RANS Simulation and SCADA Data
Authors: Astolfi Davide , Castellani Francesco , Terzi Ludovico
Published: January 2018

This work deals with wind turbine wakes in complex terrain. The test case is a cluster of four 2.3 MW wind turbines, sited in a very complex terrain. Their performances are studied through supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) data, suggesting a relevant role of the terrain in distorting the wake of the upstream turbines. The experimental evidences stimulate a deeper comprehension through numerical modeling: computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are run, using the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) formulation. A novel way of elaborating the output of the simulations is proposed, providing metrics for quantifying the three-dimensional (3D) evolution of the wake. The main outcome of the numerical analysis is that the terrain distorts the wind flow so that the wake profile is severely asymmetric with respect to the lateral displacement. Further, the role of orography singularities is highlighted in dividing the wake front, thus inducing faster wake recovery with respect to flat terrain. This interpretation is confirmed by SCADA data analysis.
On Tightly Bounding the Dubins Traveling Salesman's Optimum
Authors: Manyam Satyanarayana G. , Rathinam Sivakumar
Published: January 2018

The Dubins traveling salesman problem (DTSP) has generated significant interest over the last decade due to its occurrence in several civil and military surveillance applications. This problem requires finding a curvature constrained shortest path for a vehicle visiting a set of target locations. Currently, there is no algorithm that can find an optimal solution to the DTSP. In addition, relaxing the motion constraints and solving the resulting Euclidean traveling salesman problem (ETSP) provide the only lower bound available for the DTSP. However, in many problem instances, the lower bound computed by solving the ETSP is far below the cost of the feasible solutions obtained by some well-known algorithms for the DTSP. This paper addresses this fundamental issue and presents the first systematic procedure for developing tight lower bounds for the DTSP.
The Uncertainty of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Calculation—What is the Best Risk Model for the Individual?
Authors: LaFleur Ronald S. , Goshko Laura S.
Published: January 2018

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) continues to be a leading cause of death. Accordingly, risk models attempt to predict an individual's probability of developing the disease. Risk models are incorporated into calculators to determine the risk for a number of clinical conditions, including the ten-year risk of developing CVD. There is significant variability in the published models in terms of how the clinical measurements are converted to risk factors as well as the specific population used to determine b-weights of these risk factors. Adding to model variability is the fact that numbers are an imperfect representation of a person's health status. Acknowledgment of uncertainty must be addressed for reliable clinical decision-making. This paper analyzes 35 published risk calculators and then generalizes them into one “Super Risk formula” to form a common basis for uncertainty calculations to determine the best risk model to use for an individual. Special error arithmetic, the duals method, is used to faithfully propagate error from model parameters, population averages and patient-specific clinical measures to one risk number and its relative uncertainty. A set of sample patients show that the “best model” is specific to the individual and no one model is appropriate for every patient.
Numerical Investigation on Mixture Formation in a Turbocharged Port-Injection Natural Gas Engine Using Multiple Cycle Simulation
Authors: Wu Zhenkuo , Han Zhiyu
Published: January 2018

In the present study, multidimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were carried out to study mixture formation in a turbocharged port-injection natural gas engine. In order to achieve robust simulation results, multiple cycle simulation was employed to remove the inaccuracies of initial conditions setting. First, the minimal number of simulation cycles required to obtain convergent cycle-to-cycle results was determined. Based on this, the in-cylinder mixture preparation for three typical operating conditions was studied. The effects of fuel injection timing and intake valve open scheme on the mixture formation were evaluated. The results demonstrated that three simulation cycles are needed to achieve convergence of the results for the present study. The analysis of the mixture preparation revealed that only in the initial phase of the intake stroke, there is an obvious difference between the three operating conditions. At the spark timing, for 5500 rpm, full load condition mixture composition throughout the cylinder is flammable, and for 2000 rpm, 2 bar operating condition part of the mixture is lean and nonflammable. The fuel injection timing has an insignificant impact on the mixture flammability at the spark timing. It was observed that the designed nonsynchronous intake valve open scheme has stronger swirl and x-direction tumble motion than the baseline case, leading to better mixture homogeneity and spatial distribution. With an increase in volumetric efficiency, particularly at 2000 rpm, full load condition, by 4.85% compared to the baseline, which is in line with experimental observation.
Finite Strip Modeling of the Varying Dynamics of Shell-Like Structures During Machining Processes
Authors: Stefani J. , Ahmadi K. , Tuysuz O.
Published: January 2018

The efficiency of the finite strip method (FSM) in modeling the varying dynamics of shell-like structures during machining operations is investigated. The workpiece is modeled as a shallow, helicoidal, cantilevered shell, and the natural modes are computed using FSM. In the FSM solution, the workpiece is discretized only in the chordwise direction, and the membrane and bending displacement fields of the shell in the spanwise direction are approximated by a set of basis functions that satisfy clamped-free boundary conditions. The displacement fields in the chordwise direction are approximated using polynomial functions. The efficiency of the presented FSM is investigated by comparing the computed natural vibration modes against the ones obtained using the finite element method (FEM). The FSM model was found to yield results of greater or comparable accuracy, even with up to 40% fewer degrees-of-freedom (DOFs). Also, the accuracy of the presented model is verified by comparing the predicted frequency response functions (FRFs) against the FRFs that were measured by conducting impulse hammer tests in various stages of machining a generic curved blade.
Improving Productivity in an Ultrasonic-Assisted Drilling Vertical Machining Center
Authors: Moghaddas M. A. , Short M. A. , Wiley N. R. , Yi A. Y. , Graff K. F.
Published: January 2018

Ultrasonic-assisted machining, which is the application of ultrasonic vibrations to standard or “conventional” machine tools for processes such as drilling, milling, and turning, is a rapidly developing technology aimed at increasing the productivity of machining processes. While a solid foundation is being established through laboratory-based research studies, typically these processes have not yet progressed to fulfill the demanding requirements of the factory floor. The objective of the current work is to transition the ultrasonic-assisted drilling (UAD) process from the laboratory to a production system compatible with automated machining systems. This work details the design and development of an ultrasonic drilling module that has sufficient strength, stiffness, and accuracy for production demands, while maintaining powerful levels of ultrasonic vibrations that result in lowered drilling forces and faster feed rates. In addition, this work will review prior work in UAD, including the development of a module based on a vibration-isolating case using a standard tool holder. Performance of the system is shown to provide thrust force reductions, while maintaining or improving surface finish and drilling accuracy. The results from drilling several materials are presented.
Integrative Technology and Inspection Planning—A Case Study in Medical Industry
Authors: Klocke Fritz , Müller Johannes , Mattfeld Patrick , Kukulies Jan , Schmitt Robert H.
Published: January 2018

In most trendsetting industries like the aerospace, automotive and medical industry functionally critical parts are of highest importance. Due to strict legal requirements regarding the securing of the functionality of high-risk parts, both production costs and quality costs contribute significantly to the manufacturing costs. Thus, both types of costs have to be taken into consideration during the stage of technology planning. Due to the high variety of potential interactions between individual component properties as well as between component properties and manufacturing processes, the analysis of the influence of the manufacturing history on an efficient design of inspection processes and inspection strategies is extremely complex. Furthermore, the effects of inspection strategies and quality costs on the planning of manufacturing process sequences cannot be modeled to date. As a consequence, manufacturing and inspection processes are designed separately and thus a high cost reduction potential remains untapped. In this paper, a new approach for an integrative technology and inspection planning is presented and applied to a case study in medical industry. At first, existing approaches with regard to technology and inspection planning are reviewed. After a definition of relevant terms, the case study is introduced. Following, an approach for an integrative technology and inspection planning is presented and applied to the case study. In the presented approach, the complex causalities between technology planning, manufacturing history, and inspection planning are considered to enable a cost-effective production process and inspection sequence design.
An Analytical C3 Continuous Local Corner Smoothing Algorithm for Four-Axis Computer Numerical Control Machine Tools
Authors: Hu Qin , Chen Youping , Yang Jixiang , Zhang Dailin
Published: January 2018

Linear motion commands of multi-axis computer numerical control (CNC) machine tools need to be smoothed at the transition corners, because the velocity discontinuities at corners can result in fluctuations on machine tool motions and lead to poor surface quality. However, no research has been reported on local corner smoothing algorithm for four-axis CNC machine tools with two rotary axes by considering their special kinematic characteristics. To this end, this paper proposes an analytical C3 continuous local corner smoothing algorithm for four-axis CNC machines with two rotary axes. After coordinates transformation, the tool tip positions and tool orientations are smoothed by locally inserting specially designed three-dimensional (3D) quintic B-splines and one-dimensional (1D) quintic B-splines into the corners between linear motion segments, respectively. The smoothing algorithm guarantees C3 continuity of the tool tip position and C3 continuous synchronization of the tool orientation related to the tool tip position, through analytically evaluating control points of the inserted microsplines. The maximum error tolerances of the tool tip position and tool orientation are mathematically constrained. Experiments on an in-house developed four-axis machine verify the efficacy of the proposed algorithm, where maximal errors caused by the local corner smoothing algorithm are constrained, the synchronization of the tool orientation and the tool tip position are achieved, and the proposed C3 continuous corner smoothing algorithm has lower jerk and jounce but higher tracking and contour accuracy than C2 continuous algorithm.
Integrative Complexity: An Alternative Measure for System Modularity
Authors: Sinha Kaushik , Suh Eun Suk , de Weck Olivier
Published: January 2018

Complexity and modularity are important inherent properties of the system. Complexity is the property of the system that has to do with individual system elements and their connective relationship, while modularity is the degree to which a system is made up of relatively independent but interacting elements, with each module typically carrying an isolated set of functionality. Modularization is not necessarily a means of reducing intrinsic complexity of the system but is a mechanism for complexity redistribution that can be better managed by enabling design encapsulation. In this paper, the notion of integrative complexity (IC) is proposed, and the corresponding metric is proposed as an alternative metric for modularity from a complexity management viewpoint. It is also demonstrated using several engineered systems from different application domains that there is a strong negative correlation between the IC and system modularity. This leads to the conclusion that the IC can be used as an alternative metric for modularity assessment of system architectures.
Pose Changes From a Different Point of View
Authors: Chirikjian Gregory S. , Mahony Robert , Ruan Sipu , Trumpf Jochen
Published: January 2018

For more than a century, rigid-body displacements have been viewed as affine transformations described as homogeneous transformation matrices wherein the linear part is a rotation matrix. In group-theoretic terms, this classical description makes rigid-body motions a semidirect product. The distinction between a rigid-body displacement of Euclidean space and a change in pose from one reference frame to another is usually not articulated well in the literature. Here, we show that, remarkably, when changes in pose are viewed from a space-fixed reference frame, the space of pose changes can be endowed with a direct product group structure, which is different from the semidirect product structure of the space of motions. We then show how this new perspective can be applied more naturally to problems such as monitoring the state of aerial vehicles from the ground, or the cameras in a humanoid robot observing pose changes of its hands.
Principal Stress-Based Equation for Multi-Axial Fatigue Analysis of Preloaded Threaded Fasteners
Authors: Kazemi Amir , Nassar Sayed A.
Published: January 2018

A novel principal stress-based high cycle fatigue (HCF) model is proposed for preloaded threaded fasteners under cyclic tensile-shear loads. The model uses the fastener principal stress amplitude in order to construct a singular multi-axial S–N curve from the conventional uniaxial S–N curve with zero mean stress of bolt along with some experimental data. An material testing system (MTS) fatigue testing system is used first to generate the fastener preload by applying a direct tensile-shear load using a special fixture. Subsequently, the same system is used for applying combined cyclic tensile-shear loading of the fastener at various levels of mean stress. Results show that for the same level of axial stresses, the multi-axial loading would significantly reduce bolt fatigue life as compared to that of uniaxially loaded bolt. Moreover, only one S–N curve would be able to predict the multi-axial HCF of preloaded threaded fasteners, when the maximum principal stress amplitude is used. Detailed discussion of the proposed model results and test data are provided.
Development of Stress Intensity Factors for Subsurface Flaws in Plates Subjected to Polynomial Stress Distributions
Authors: Lu Kai , Akihiro Mano , Katsuyama Jinya , Li Yinsheng , Iwamatsu Fuminori
Published: January 2018

The stress intensity factor (SIF) solutions for subsurface flaws near the free surfaces of components, which are known to be important in engineering applications, have not been provided yet. Thus, in this paper, SIF solutions for subsurface flaws near the free surfaces in flat plates were numerically investigated based on the finite element analyses. The flaws with aspect ratios a/ℓ = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5, the normalized ratios a/d = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8, and d/t = 0.01 and 0.10 were taken into account, where a is the half flaw depth, ℓ is the flaw length, d is the distance from the center of the subsurface flaw to the nearest free surface, and t is the wall thickness. Fourth-order polynomial stress distribution in the thickness direction was considered. In addition, the developed SIF solutions were incorporated into a Japanese probabilistic fracture mechanics (PFM) code, and PFM analyses were performed for a Japanese reactor pressure vessel (RPV) containing a subsurface flaw near the inner surface. The PFM analysis results indicate that the obtained SIF solutions are effective in engineering applications.
An Advanced and Robust Ensemble Surrogate Model: Extended Adaptive Hybrid Functions
Authors: Song Xueguan , Lv Liye , Li Jieling , Sun Wei , Zhang Jie
Published: January 2018

Hybrid or ensemble surrogate models developed in recent years have shown a better accuracy compared to individual surrogate models. However, it is still challenging for hybrid surrogate models to always meet the accuracy, robustness, and efficiency requirements for many specific problems. In this paper, an advanced hybrid surrogate model, namely, extended adaptive hybrid functions (E-AHF), is developed, which consists of two major components. The first part automatically filters out the poorly performing individual models and remains the appropriate ones based on the leave-one-out (LOO) cross-validation (CV) error. The second part calculates the adaptive weight factors for each individual surrogate model based on the baseline model and the estimated mean square error in a Gaussian process prediction. A large set of numerical experiments consisting of up to 40 test problems from one dimension to 16 dimensions are used to verify the accuracy and robustness of the proposed model. The results show that both the accuracy and the robustness of E-AHF have been remarkably improved compared with the individual surrogate models and multiple benchmark hybrid surrogate models. The computational time of E-AHF has also been considerately reduced compared with other hybrid models.
A New Rotation-Free Shell Formulation Using Exact Corotational Frame for Dynamic Analysis and Applications
Authors: Shi Jiabei , Liu Zhuyong , Hong Jiazhen
Published: January 2018

Rotation-free shell formulations were proved to be an effective approach to speed up solving large-scaled problems. It reduces systems' degrees-of-freedom (DOF) and avoids shortages of using rotational DOF, such as singular problem and rotational interpolation. The rotation-free element can be extended for solving geometrically nonlinear problems using a corotational (CR) frame. However, its accuracy may be lost if the approach is used directly. Therefore, a new nonlinear rotation-free shell element is formulated to improve the accuracy of the local bending strain energy using a CR frame. The linear strain for bending is obtained by combining two re-derived elements, while the nonlinear part is deduced with the side rotation concept. Furthermore, a local frame is presented to correct the conventional local CR frame. An explicit tangential stiffness matrix is derived based on plane polar decomposition local frame. Simple elemental rotation tests show that the stiffness matrix and the proposed local frame are both correct. Several numerical examples and the application of drape simulations are given to verify the accuracy of nonlinear behavior of the presented element, and some of the results show that the presented method only requires few elements to obtain an accurate solution to the problem studied.
Finite Element Investigation on the Tensile Armor Wire Response of Flexible Pipe for Axisymmetric Loading Conditions Using an Implicit Solver
Authors: Ebrahimi Alireza , Kenny Shawn , Hussein Amgad
Published: January 2018

Composite flexible pipe is used in the offshore oil and gas industry for the transport of hydrocarbons, jumpers connecting subsea infrastructure, and risers with surface platforms and facilities. Although the material fabrication costs are high, there are technical advantages with respect to installation and performance envelope (e.g., fatigue). Flexible pipe has a complex, composite section with each layer addressing a specific function (e.g., pressure containment, and axial load). Continuum finite element modeling (FEM) procedures are developed to examine the mechanical response of an unbonded flexible pipe subject to axisymmetric loading conditions. A parameter study examined the effects of: (1) pure torsion, (2) interlayer friction factor, (3) axial tension, and (4) external and internal pressure on the pipe mechanical response. The results demonstrated a coupled global-local mechanism with a bifurcation path for positive angles of twist relative to the tensile armor wire pitch angle. These results indicated that idealized analytical- and structural-based numerical models may be incomplete or may provide an accurate prediction of the pipe mechanical response. The importance of using an implicit solver to predict the bifurcation response and simulate contact mechanics between layers was highlighted.
Assessment of Cavitation Erosion of Gas-Nitrided Cr-Ni-Mo Steels
Authors: Mitelea Ion , Ghera Cristian , Bordeaşu Ilare , Crăciunescu Corneliu
Published: January 2018

The effect of the gas-nitriding thermochemical treatment on the cavitation erosion resistance of a Cr-Ni-Mo alloy is analyzed using a piezoceramic vibrating equipment and following the ASTM G32-2010 standard. The evaluation of the cavitation erosion behavior was made based on the analysis of the mean depth of erosion (MDE) and mean depth of erosion rate (MDER), for samples subjected to the cavitation erosion for different times. The surface topography and the structural changes in the marginal layer were analyzed through optical and scanning electron microscopy. Following nitriding the cavitation erosion resistance was about 9.6 times higher compared to the annealed state and about 8.2 times higher compared to the hardened and tempered state.
Failure Analysis of Direct Liquid Cooling System in Data Centers
Authors: Alkharabsheh Sami , Puvvadi Udaya L. N. , Ramakrishnan Bharath , Ghose Kanad , Sammakia Bahgat
Published: January 2018

In this paper, the impact of direct liquid cooling (DLC) system failure on the information technology (IT) equipment is studied experimentally. The main factors that are anticipated to affect the IT equipment response during failure are the central processing unit (CPU) utilization, coolant set point temperature (SPT), and the server type. These factors are varied experimentally and the IT equipment response is studied in terms of chip temperature and power, CPU utilization, and total server power. It was found that failure of this cooling system is hazardous and can lead to data center shutdown in less than a minute. Additionally, the CPU frequency throttling mechanism was found to be vital to understand the change in chip temperature, power, and utilization. Other mechanisms associated with high temperatures were also observed such as the leakage power and the fans' speed change. Finally, possible remedies are proposed to reduce the probability and the consequences of the cooling system failure.
What Directions Next for the Citrus Industry
Authors: Fox John M.
Published: January 2018

When my very old friend and erstwhile executive assistant, Hugh Schwarz, came to me over a year ago and invited me to make this talk, I was at first flattered and, after I had committed, I was subsequently more than a little uneasy and subdued.

Paper published with permission.
Conservation Begins in the Boiler Room
Authors: Schrader George F.
Published: January 2018

Industry, regardless of its role in the American economy is suffering from the dramatic leap in energy costs. Unfortunately many of us do not realize how much of our profits are being devoured by these ever increasing costs. The misguided philosophy is that energy costs are absorbed in the maintenance budget. The maintenance budget generally is not broken down therefore the true operating costs of the energy used can not be determined. Some companies are still operating on the concept of cheap energy. If energy costs were broken down into a separate budget it will soon become apparent that the energy costs are becoming more and more a factor in evaluating the true cost of producing a product. The companies that have recognized this condition are finding it extremely difficult to absorb these costs and are adjusting their product pricing accordingly. Energy costs are spiraling upward and companies must analyze the equipment consuming this precious commodity. The boiler room is the greatest consumer of energy. If a company is going to pursue the path of energy conservation, the boiler room will be the focal point because “Energy Conservation Begins In The Boiler Room”.

Paper published with permission.
Coal-Oil Mixtures for Industrial Boilers
Authors: Wilda Jon , Cochran Joe
Published: January 2018

As petroleum resources become more costly and less plentiful, alternative forms of energy are being considered. Composite fuels, of which coal-oil mixtures is the most common, have received relatively minor attention until now even though it is the one alternative utilizing existing technology.

Industrial boiler demonstrations of COM fuel are being performed by the Department of Energy and a number of private firms. Ideally, COM can be handled by the same equipment currently used by No. 6 oil systems. Environmental and operating problems occur, due to the coal portion of the mixture, but these are being quickly resolved.

Paper published with permission.
Assessing Microcomputer Applications
Authors: Llewellyn J. Anthony
Published: January 2018

Computer installations have been widely heralded as the tools required for the belt tightening operations induced by expensive energy, expensive labor and expensive money. The intent of this discussion is to provide a beginning basis for evaluation of the potential of micro and mini computer system applications. These general areas of discussion emerge:

1. When are computers likely to be appropriate?

2. What is the technical feasibility of the application?

3. Is there a history for such applications?

4. What will be the cost of the application and what benefits are already identifiable?

Paper published with permission.
Diesel Cogeneration
Authors: Dunlay John
Published: January 2018

Power and process heat uses in the Citrus Processing Industry provide a good opportunity for achieving fuel savings by means of cogeneration. This paper considers cogeneration possibilities using a diesel engine. Following a review of available engine types, a representative diesel cogeneration system configuration is established based on a 4150-kW medium-speed diesel engine burning residual oil. Heat recovery is described from the engine exhaust gas, the charge air cooler, and the cylinder cooler. At full engine load, the fuel savings associated with this recovered heat are equivalent to about 22 × 106 Btu/hr. The resulting cogeneration heat rate is 3990 Btu/kWh, compared to a typical electric utility heat rate of 10,000 Btu/kWh. Economic analysis indicates that the first year pre-tax simple payback for the overall cogeneration system is approximately 5 years.

Paper published with permission.
Technological Interface Between Man and Complex Machines
Authors: Murphy D. Brian
Published: January 2018

It is my pleasure to have received your invitation to present a paper at the 1982 Citrus Engineering Conference and to be here today with you in Lakeland, Florida.

Paper published with permission.
To Pump or Not to Pump? Heat Pump Strategies and Payoffs
Authors: Gilbert Joel S.
Published: January 2018

After several evaluations of waste heat sources and designing heat pumps to recover energy, it has become very apparent that there is a great deal of confusion about just what makes a heat pump economic. The purpose of this article is to look into the design and economics of heat pump systems to determine what makes certain heat pump applications winners and others losers. Steam recompression and generation of steam from moist hot air are investigated specifically. Actual commercially available equipment is considered to determine the near-term and future economic viability of each approach as a function of the source and sink temperatures and magnitude of heat flow.

Paper published with permission.
Saving Energy on an Installed Ammonia System
Authors: Heath Harold R.
Published: January 2018

In an industry where most of its products are either chilled or frozen, an understanding of energy alternatives in design, construction and/or operation of refrigeration systems is essential to ensure competitive performance. As managers search for ways to improve or maintain profits, they invariably discover high energy costs associated with the refrigeration system.

Paper published with permission.
Environmental Law for Citrus Processors: Problems, Procedures, Pitfalls and Possibilities of Permitting Pollutants
Authors: Schwenke Roger D.
Published: January 2018

Before going any further, those hearing and reading these comments may well wonder — why have any attorney address a program on the engineering problems of the citrus industry? Certainly this is a reasonable question and yet there are at least four reasons why such consideration is not only proper but may well be profitable.

Paper published with permission.
Cogeneration Systems and the Utility Interface
Authors: Wetherington Thomas I.
Published: January 2018

Cogeneration is defined as the simultaneous production of electricity and useful thermal energy. This production of electricity and thermal energy from the common source is more efficient than separate production of thermal energy and electrical energy. Because of the need for both thermal and electrical energy, cogeneration systems have been a part of industrial energy systems since early in this century. In fact, until the early 1950s, over half of industrial electrical energy use was produced from cogeneration systems. A favorable balance between thermal energy needs and electrical needs exists in many industries, and this balance serves as the driving force for the use of cogeneration systems.

Several things led to the change of balance between the thermal and electrical requirements of industry which led to a general decline in the use of cogeneration over the next thirty years. The increase in the amount of electrical energy in the energy equation and the development of industry without associated thermal requirements were major factors in the development of a market for electricity from central generating plants. These large special-purpose generating plants could approach the efficiency and cost of cogeneration plants because of economies of scale and the variety of fuels acceptable in these plants. The availability of electricity from utilities at a reasonable price, combined with low fuel prices, allowed efficient plant operation independent of a balance between thermal and electrical energy. This reduction in the use of cogeneration systems in industrial plants continued into the early 1970s when the Arab oil embargo caused a precipitous rise in the cost of fuel and reduced growth of electrical use, new environmental restrictions and inflation began to eat into the economies of scale that had been realized with the construction of larger and more efficient electrical plants.

Paper published with permission.
Fruit Handling Trucks to Juice Room
Authors: Tuthill Palmer
Published: January 2018

Your initial reaction to the title of this paper is probably similar to the one I had. How in the world can I spread the bull out for 30 minutes?

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Automated Storage and Retrieval Systems and the Citrus Industry
Authors: Gulardo Robert E.
Published: January 2018

“Automate to survive” has become an industrial cliché. Like all clichés, it contains a kernel of truth. But, again, like all clichés, it needs to be periodically reexamined to see if it really fits the situation to which it’s being applied. Automation is not an end in itself. It is a means to an end. Simple as that proposition is, surprisingly it is not one that is always immediately recognized. Just as it was once an up-hill effort to convince management that operations ought to be automated, it can now be a difficult task to persuade them they ought not to automate. The “factory of the future” — the completely automated, labor-free plant — is an appealing concept. However, it can also be misleading.

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Citrus Canker: Impacts of Research on Eradication and Control
Authors: Kender Walter J.
Published: January 2018

Citrus Bacterial Canker Disease (CBCD), caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri, occurs in many citrus areas of the world. It has been reported in 40 different countries, on 5 continents (Asia, South Africa, Australia, South America and North America). Prior to the 1984 outbreak in Florida, the 4 known strains of the bacterium were A, B, C and Mexican bacterioses. Canker-A or Strain-A, endemic in Asia, was reported in China, India and Java in the early 1800’s, found in Japan in 1899 and in the Philippines in 1914. It affects most citrus species and hybrids. Grapefruit is especially susceptible. Strain-A was introduced into the United States from Japan on trifoliate orange seedlings in 1910. An eradication program was started in 1915 in Florida and the disease was eradicated in 1927. In South America, the Asiatic form was not found until 1957 in Brazil and 1972 in Argentina. In 1979, the A Strain broke out in the commercial citrus area of Sao Paulo State, Brazil.

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Citrus Pulp Recovery
Authors: Johnson Teiko M.
Published: January 2018

The growing interest in citrus pulp, or frozen, stabilized juice sacs, stems from the rapid influx of high quality citrus juices and juice added beverages into the market. Juice sacs have been recovered for many years and it has not been until the past few years that this practice evolved into a sophisticated technology.

Paper published with permission.
An Improved Alternating Current Motor
Authors: Roesel John F.
Published: January 2018

This paper describes a new approach to alternating current motor design which overcomes many of the disadvantages of conventional designs. In order to place this new design in perspective, the history and performance of conventional motors will be briefly reviewed first.

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Industrial Refrigeration Design Safety
Authors: Bonar Henry B.
Published: January 2018

Industrial refrigeration has been in use since the late 1800’s. It has many uses and applications in both chemical processing and food preservation. The mechanical compression cycle still remains as the most expedient way of changing temperatures through the “carnot” process of transferring heat from one place (heat sink) to another.

Paper published with permission.
Heat Exchanger Application and Theory
Authors: Meholick James G.
Published: January 2018

One of the most basic duties in the processing of fruit juices and drinks involves the economical, sanitary heating or cooling of products. These may be liquids or fluids of high viscosity or those containing particulate matter or pulp. The most commonly used forms of heat transfer equipment for these duties are the plate and tubular heat exchangers. Each is available in many different configurations and designs. Each is tailored to perform a variety of process duties while reducing fuel, water, and power consumption in keeping with the urgent need for better management of natural resources.

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The T.A.S.T.E. Evaporator, Continuing Progress in Evaporator Technology
Authors: Welch Stanford Brett
Published: January 2018

The term T.A.S.T.E. is an acronym for Thermally Accelerated Short Time Evaporator, which describes the primary advantages of this unique evaporator design. The combination of high temperatures, large heat transfer rates, and very short residence times are a direct result of the accelerated turbulent mist generated in the TASTE system.

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Citrus Packaging and the Environment
Authors: McDonald John
Published: January 2018

Say the word “environment” today, and most likely you will generate some sort of a response. It’s one of our society’s hot issues and we have seen Washington, from President Bush on down, and many of our states and cities jumping on the environmental issue because there are real problems that need to be solved and, in addition, it appears to be good politics. Solid waste is part of the environmental issue and packaging is part of solid waste. So, I would like to take you through how we, at Continental Can, are looking at this. We are one of the leading packaging producers with seven domestic divisions producing aluminum cans, steel and bi-metal cans, PET plastic bottles, extrusion blow molded plastic bottles from HDPE, PP, PVC, with multilayers and multimaterial barriers, and thermo formed microwave trays and tubs and aseptic cups mostly made from plastic multimaterial barrier sheet which we extrude. Continental also annually produces over 6 billion metal vacuum “twist off” closures, some plastic closures and our Bondware division produces paper and plastic coated paper containers mostly or fast food outlets.

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Status Update of the Worldwide Citrus Industry
Authors: Fox Kenneth
Published: January 2018

The evolution of the World Citrus Processing industry is reviewed and current citrus production statistics are discussed. The world production of citrus, the Florida citrus outlook, and the Brazilian citrus outlook are reviewed in some detail giving the latest statistics. The production of FCOJ in Brazil is outlined and various innovative technologies that have been introduced by the Brazilian citrus industry are reviewed. Brazil’s introduction of the use of sugarcane bagasse, alcohol production from citrus as well as methods of fruit conveying are discussed in some detail. Changes in citrus juice markets over the last decade have caused new products to be introduced and the trend toward more fresh tasting less processed forms of commercial citrus juice is examined. The current trend towards not-from-concentrate in the United States and Japan is emphasized and analyzed. Finally new technologies such as freeze concentration, membrane concentration, production automation, juice quality enhancement technology, and by-product recovery technology are reviewed and their impact on world consumption patterns is addressed.

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The Outlook for Electrical Power in Florida
Authors: Wiley J. Ken
Published: January 2018

On the surface it appears simple — supply electricity to meet consumer demand.

In practice, however, it is a complex juggling act of matching the decisions of millions of consumers of electricity to the energy potential of over 32,000 megawatts of generation — fifth largest in the U.S.

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