bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Free radicals
Authors: Symons M C R , Gutteridge J M C
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 2 we give an overview of free radicals, using the chemist’s definition. We start with a consideration of the transient nature of radicals, showing how most are extremely reactive and, hence, have short lifetimes, and can never be isolated. We than give an overview of the most common methods for generating radicals, which includes a discussion of chain reactions, which are key processes in lipids. This takes us to a consideration of methods for discovering if a given reaction proceeds via radical intermediates, and finally, to a brief consideration of one of the dangers in such diagnoses-a problem that involves iron.
Natural iron ligands
Authors: Symons M C R , Gutteridge J M C
Published: November 2023

Chapter 6 considers some of the naturally occurring iron ligands that are important in human biology and medicine. The body takes great care to sequester iron in non- or poorly reactive forms and, therefore, much of the discussion is focused on how safely sequestered iron can become biologically available to drive oxidative reactions. Here we define ‘natural’ iron chelators and complexing agents as those that occur in biological systems as well as those that are synthesized by microorganisms and subsequently isolated and purified for use in biological studies.
Superoxide, peroxides, and iron in biological systems
Authors: Symons M C R , Gutteridge J M C
Published: November 2023

Oxidative stress has been described as an imbalance between pro-oxidants, such as iron, superoxide, and peroxides, and antioxidants in favour of the former (Sies, 1991). If imbalance continues for long enough molecular damage will result. During normal metabolic balance, however, trace amounts of iron, superoxide, and peroxides can play essential signal, trigger, and messenger functions by interacting between the membrane and the nucleus, as well as between different cells. Some of these important relationships are explored in greater detail in this chapter. Also these reactive agents are harnessed by the immune system using cells such as macrophages and neutrophils to attack invading microorganisms.
Boiling, Condensation, and Gas-Liquid Flow
Authors: Whalley P B
Published: November 2023

Heat transfer phenomena involving boiling and condensation are an important aspect of engineering in the power and process industries. This book, aimed at final year undergraduates and graduate students in mechanical or chemical engineering, deals with these phenomena in detail. The first part of the book describes gas-liquid two-phase flow, as a necessary preliminary to the later discussion of heat transfer and changes of phase. A detailed section on calculation methods shows how theory can be put to practical use, and there are also descriptions of some of the equipment and plant used in the process and power industries.
Robots and Screw Theory
Authors: Davidson Joseph K , Hunt Kenneth H
Published: November 2023

Robots and Screw Theory describes the mathematical foundations, especially geometric, underlying the motions and force-transfers in robots. The principles developed in the book are used in the control of robots and in the design of their major moving parts. The illustrative examples and the exercises in the book are taken principally from robotic machinery used for manufacturing and construction, but the principles apply equally well to miniature robotic devices and to those used in other industries. The comprehensive coverage of the screw and its geometry lead to reciprocal screw systems for statics and instantaneous kinematics. These screw systems are brought together in a unique way to show many cross-relationships between the force-systems that support a body equivalently to a kinematic serial connection of joints and links. No prior knowledge of screw theory is assumed. The reader is introduced to the screw with a simple planar example yet most of the book applies to robots that move three-dimensionally. Consequently, the book is suitable both as a text at the graduate-course level and as a reference book for the professional. Worked examples on every major topic and over 300 exercises clarify and reinforce the principles covered in the text. A chapter-length list of references gives the reader source-material and opportunities to pursue more fully topics contained in the text.
Introduction To Pool And Convective Boiling
Authors: Collie John G , Eng F R S F , John R , Phil Thome D
Published: November 2023

The object of this chapter is to introduce the subject of boiling, particularly for the case where the fluid is evaporated in a stagnant pool or a heated channel or duct. The elementary thermodynamic aspects of the liquid vapour phase change are briefly reviewed to provide a background to a discussion of the basic aspects of bubble nucleation and growth. This, in turn, leads to a qualitative description of the heat transfer regimes present when a stagnant liquid is boiled in a container such as an electric kettle. Finally, the various modes of heat transfer encountered when a liquid is circulated through a heated channel are described and classified by means of a boiling map which enables the detailed features of convective boiling to be dealt with in sequence in the succeeding chapters.
Quasi-Natural Potential and Saturated-Position Feedback
Authors: Arimoto Suguru
Published: November 2023

A class of quasi-natural potentials is introduced, which brings in the concept of saturated-position feedback and renders the pair of an SP-D (saturated proportional and differential) output signal and the torque input passive. Then hyperstability theory suggests a negative feedback connection of such a non-linear passive block with a linear positive real block, which enables the overall system to be globally asymptotically stable for set point regulation. This consideration is extensively applied to non-linear robot dynamics under holonomic constraint or coordination control of multiple arms.
Non-Linear Position-Dependent Circuits: Another Language for Describing Robot Dynamics
Authors: Arimoto Suguru
Published: November 2023

Important mechatronic systems can be regarded as physical structures characterized by interaction of electromagnetic fields with inertial bodies. The motion of an electromechanical system can be described by Lagrange’s equation in terms of its configuration space (joint space) and the actuator dynamics can be represented as an electric circuit. This chapter first introduces a class of non-linear circuits consisting of a generalized inductor block (retaining kinetic energy), resistance block (consuming energy), virtual resistance block, and gravity capacitor block (retaining potential energy), which can express Lagrange’s equation of motion. All these blocks are treated as non-linear operators that operate on joint velocities (current) and induce torques (voltage drop). These concepts can be extended to describe motions under holonomic constraints and couplings of Lagrange’s equation (motion) with actuator dynamics (electric circuit). Thus the interaction of electromagnetic fields with inertial bodies is expressed by a constitutive circuit describing the coupling between mechanical motions and electric circuits. Subsequently, the universality of these concepts and their usage in the design of controllers are discussed by reinterpreting control methodologies presented in previous chapters in circuit-theoretic terminology and by exploring novel design concepts in a more visible way by construction of non-linear position-dependent circuits. Instead of the Fourier transform, the passivity approach becomes a basic tool for analysing such non-linear circuits and hence passivity can be regarded as a generalized concept of impedance.
The periodic table
Authors: Cook James L
Published: November 2023

The roots are real and distinct, real and equal, or complex according as b2 — 4ac is positive, zero, or negative respectively. The sum of the roots is — b/a; the product of the roots is c/a.
Finite Elements for Solids, Fluids, and Optimization
Authors: Mohr G A
Published: November 2023

The finite element method is a numerical procedure for solving ordinary and partial differential equations which arise in engineering and mathematical physics. This is a complete self-contained introduction to the theory and applications of finite element methods in solid mechanics, fluid mechanics, and optimization. The authors' extensive experience of the application of finite element methods gives the book a practical slant. Worked examples are scattered throughout the text. Care is taken to explain and demonstrate techniques for formatting finite element apparatus to problems. Programming techniques for solving the resulting FEM problems are also thoroughly covered. the book also contains 14 MegaBasic programs, ranging from very short introductory programs to more general programs for analysis and optimization of plane stress, plates, and shells, and fluid flows.
Steady Laminar Wake
Authors: Zdravkovich M M
Published: November 2023

The so-calledcreeping flow around a cylinder at lowRe is dominated by viscous forces to such an extent that all disturbed regions remain laminar. The creeping flow L1 past a cylinder persists without separation up toRe ≃ 5, see Fig. 1.4. The most notable feature of L2 regime in the range 5 <Re < 40 is a steady separated region in the form of a laminarclosed near-wake behind the cylinder.
Yawed Cylinders
Authors: Zdravkovich M M
Published: November 2023

In some engineering applications, circular cylinders have not been positioned perpendicular to the free stream, but rather at a certain yaw angle. For example, electrical transmission lines may be exposed to an oblique wind; offshore structural members submerged in slanted waves and currents; tubes in heat exchangers fitted with baffle plates; and missiles flying at high angle of incidence.
From Quantum Cohomology to Integrable Systems
Authors: Guest Martin A
Published: November 2023

Quantum cohomology has its origins in symplectic geometry and algebraic geometry, but is deeply related to differential equations and integrable systems. This text explains what is behind the extraordinary success of quantum cohomology, leading to its connections with many existing areas of mathematics as well as its appearance in new areas such as mirror symmetry. Certain kinds of differential equations (or D-modules) provide the key links between quantum cohomology and traditional mathematics; these links are the main focus of the book, and quantum cohomology and other integrable PDEs such as the KdV equation and the harmonic map equation are discussed within this unified framework. Aimed at graduate students in mathematics who want to learn about quantum cohomology in a broad context, and theoretical physicists who are interested in the mathematical setting, the text assumes basic familiarity with differential equations and cohomology.
Mixture Models in Phylogenetic Inference
Authors: Pagel Mark , Meade Andrew
Published: November 2023

Conventional models of gene sequence evolution for use in phylogenetic inference presume that sites evolve according to a common underlying model or allow the rates of evolution to vary across sites. In this chapter, we discuss how a general cla..”‘8 of approaches known as “mixture models” can be used to accommodate heterogeneity across sites in the patterns of gene sequence evolution. Mixture models fit more than one model of evolution to the data, but do not require prior knowledge of the patterns of evolution across sites. It can be shown that partitioning of gene-sequence data such that different models are applied to different sites is a special case of a more general mixture model, as is the popular gamma rate-heterogeneity model. We apply a mixture model based upon unconstrained general time reversible rate matrices to a 16.4 kb alignment of 22 different genes, to infer the phylogeny of the mammals. The trees we derive broadly agree with a previous study of these data that used a single rate matrix in conjunction with gamma rate heterogeneity. However, the mixture model substantially improves the likelihood, suggests a different placement for some mammalian orders, and repositions the hyrax as the nearest neighbour to elephant as suspected from morphological investigations. The tree is also significantly longer than the tree derived from simpler models. Taken together, these results suggest that mixture models can detect heterogeneity across sites in the patterns and rates of evolution and improve phylogenetic inference.
Reconstructing Phylogenies from Gene-Content and Gene-Order Data
Authors: Moret Bernard M E , Tang, Jijun , Warnow Tandy
Published: November 2023

Gene-order data have been used successfully to reconstruct organe11ar phylogenies; they offer low error rates, the potential to reach farther back in time than through DNA sequences (because genome-level events are rarer than DNA point mutations), and immunity from the so-called gene-tree versus species-tree problem (caused by the fact that the evolutionary history of specific genes is not isomorphic to that of the organism as a whole). They have also provided deep mathematical and algorithmic results dealing with permutations and shortest sequences of operations on these permutations. Recent developments include generalizations to handle insertions, duplications, and deletions, scaling to large numbers of organisms, and, to a lesser extent, to larger genomes; and the first Bayesian approach to the reconstruction problem. We survey the state-of-the-art in using such data for phylogenetic reconstruction, focusing on recent work by our group that has enabled us to handle arbitrary insertions, duplications, and deletions of genes, as well as inversions of gene subsequences. We conclude with a list of research questions (mathematical, algorithmic, and biological) that will need to be addressed in order to realize the full) potential of this type of data.
Musicality: Communicating the vitality and interests of life
Authors: Malloch Stephen , Trevarthen Colwyn
Published: November 2023

Four decades ago scientific interest began to focus on a new theory of how human will and emotion are immediately shareable with others through gestures of the body and voice. The handful of researchers who contributed to this new way of looking at human nature, paediatricians, child psychiatrists, ethologists, anthropologists and social linguists, independently making observations of mothers and infants in natural, mutually enjoyable communication, considered the vitality of the communicative gestures themselves to be sufficient for the creation of memorable stories. From these beginnings comes the account of communicative musicality explored in this book.
Therapeutic dialogues in music: Nurturing musicality of communication in children with autistic spectrum disorder and Rett syndrome
Authors: Wigram Tony , Elefant Cochavit
Published: November 2023

The development of clinical music therapy over the past 50 years has equipped the trained practitioner with methods and techniques for using both precomposed and improvised music in ways that have wide application (Bruscia 1987; Wigram 2004; Wigram et al. 2002). In Europe, a tradition of improvised music-making—stimulating dialogues of expression in musical form— promotes the development of a musical relationship between a therapist and a patient or group of patients (Alvin 1975; Nordoff and Robbins 1977; Priestley 1994). Listening to precomposed music, and singing or composing songs, is frequently used in palliative care and for the management of terminal illness (Aasgaard 2005; O’Brien 2005).
Protein Misfolding, Aggregation, And Fibril Formation: Common Features Of Cerebral And Non-Cerebral Amyloidosis
Authors: Rostagno Agueda , Lal Ratnesh , Ghiso Jorge
Published: November 2023

Cerebral amyloidosis is primarily associated with neurodegeneration and dementia; in cases in which vessels are largely compromised, the vascular pathology translates to ischaemia and/or cerebral haemorrhage. The molecular mechanisms involved in the fibrillization process are slowly starting to emerge. Unexpected misfolding of normal proteins, a process shared by a variety of unrelated amyloid subunits including those producing systemic forms of amyloidosis, generates a diversity of intermediate assemblies in the form of oligomers and protofibrils with the capability to induce cell toxicity. Amyloidogenesis and cell toxicity are complex highly intermingled processes regulated by a variety of structural and environmental factors.
Challenges in Geometry
Authors: Bradley Christopher J
Published: November 2023

The International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO) is the World Championship Mathematics Competition for High School students and is held annually in a different country. More than eighty countries are involved. Containing numerous exercises, illustrations, hints and solutions, presented in a lucid and thought-provoking style, this text provides a wide range of skills required in competitions such as the Mathematical Olympiad. More than fifty problems in Euclidean geometry involving integers and rational numbers are presented. Early chapters cover elementary problems while later sections break new ground in certain areas and are a greater challenge for the more adventurous reader. The text is ideal for Mathematical Olympiad training and also serves as a supplementary text for students in pure mathematics, particularly number theory and geometry. Dr. Christopher Bradley was formerly a Fellow and Tutor in Mathematics at Jesus College, Oxford, Deputy Leader of the British Mathematical Olympiad Team and for several years Secretary of the British Mathematical Olympiad Committee.
Modern mathematics as a cultural phenomenon
Authors: Gray Jeremy
Published: November 2023

Introduction

One of the most significant changes mathematics has experienced in its long history is the transformation into ‘modern mathematics’. As with all major changes, some historians look for, and find, much that did not change, while others accentuate significant differences from the immediately preceding period. The conflicting claims of continuity and disruption can both serve as guiding metaphors in the historical analysis of the period, and here they frame another question: where is history of modern mathematics to be placed? Is it, because of the nature of the mathematics, part of mathematics? Is it an island, just off the shore of the mainland of mathematics? Or is it part of the territory of history of science? Although the arrival of modern mathematics is a well-attested phenomenon, for obvious reasons most accounts of it are heavily internal. It is interesting, however, to discuss how the history of modern mathematics can be approached by proposing an analysis of modern mathematics as a particular case of Modernism, and this essay suggests some of the benefits that might come to the history of mathematics by adopting such an analysis.
Stochastic Processes and Models
Authors: Stirzaker David
Published: November 2023

Stochastic Processes and Models provides a concise and lucid introduction to simple stochastic processes and models. Including numerous exercises, problems and solutions, it covers the key concepts and tools, in particular: randon walks, renewals, Markov chains, martingales, the Wiener process model for Brownian motion, and diffusion processes, concluding with a brief account of the stochastic integral and stochastic differential equations as they arise in option-pricing. The text has been thoroughly class-tested and is ideal for an undergraduate second course in probability for students of statistics, mathematics, finance and operational research.
Data Analysis
Authors: Sivia D S
Published: November 2023

Statistics lectures have been a source of much bewilderment and frustration for generations of students. This book attempts to remedy the situation by expounding a logical and unified approach to the whole subject of data analysis. This text is intended as a tutorial guide for senior undergraduates and research students in science and engineering. After explaining the basic principles of Bayesian probability theory, their use is illustrated with a variety of examples ranging from elementary parameter estimation to image processing. Other topics covered include reliability analysis, multivariate optimization, least-squares and maximum likelihood, error-propagation, hypothesis testing, maximum entropy and experimental design. The Second Edition of this successful tutorial book contains a new chapter on extensions to the ubiquitous least-squares procedure, allowing for the straightforward handling of outliers and unknown correlated noise, and a cutting-edge contribution from John Skilling on a novel numerical technique for Bayesian computation called 'nested sampling'.
Assigning probabilities
Authors: Sivia D S
Published: November 2023

In the preceding three chapters, we have seen how pdfs can be manipulated, with the sum and product rule of probability, to address data analysis problems; little was said, however, about their assignment in the first place. We now turn to this basic question. In addition to justifying the earlier use of the binomial, Gaussian and Poisson distributions, we will have our first encounter with the principle of maximum entropy. In Section 1.2, we outlined how Cox showed that any method of plausible reasoning, which satisfies elementary requirements of logical consistency, must be equivalent to the use of probability theory. While the sum and product rule specify the relationship between pdfs, they do not tell us how to assign them. Are there any general principles to help us do this?

The oldest idea dates back to Bernoulli (1713), in what he called the ‘principle of insufficient reason ‘; Keynes (1921) later renamed it the ‘principle of indifference ‘. It states that if we can enumerate a set of basic, mutually exclusive, possibilities, and have no reason to believe that any one of these is more likely to be true than another, then we should assign the same probability to all. If we consider an ordinary die, for example, we can list the six potential outcomes of a roll,

where the background information I consists of nothing more than the enumeration of the possibilities. Although our everyday intuition tells us that this assignment is very reasonable, can we justify it in a more fundamental way? The reason for asking this question is that a better understanding of this easy problem might shed light on how to deal with more complicated situations later.
Contrasting domains in the control of action: The routine and the non-routine
Authors: Shallice Tim
Published: November 2023

The Supervisory System model, in which there are two cognitive levels in the control action, is assessed. It is argued that there is a modulatory relation between the levels. It is further argued that standard connectionist variables, such as age of acquisition, familiarity, and frequency, are particularly useful for characterizing behavior produced by contention scheduling, the lower-level system, when Supervisory System function is impaired. By contrast, an analogy with symbolic AI models is used to theoretically motivate a fractionation of Supervisory System processing as created by a set of functionally selective and anatomically partially separable subsystems.
The emergence of cognitive specialization in infancy: The case of face preference
Authors: Simion Francesca , Turati Chiara , Valenza Eloisa , Leo Irene
Published: November 2023

Recent studies suggest that newborns’ face preference might be explained as the result of the combined effect of non-specific perceptual constraints that stem from the general properties of visual processing shortly after birth (Simion et al. 2001, 2003) rather than by an innate mechanism triggered by the specific structure of the face (Johnson and Morton 1991). In particular, it has been demonstrated that a perceptual property, which is defined by the presence of more patterning in the upper than in the lower part of the configuration, determines newborns’ preference in the case of both geometric stimuli (Simion et al. 2002) and faces (Macchi Cassia et al. 2004; Turati et al. 2002).
Age-related changes in infant memory retrieval: Implications for knowledge acquisition
Authors: Hayne Harlene
Published: November 2023

One of the most consistent findings in the area of infant memory development is that memory retrieval occurs if, and only if, the cues present at the time of retrieval are virtually identical to stimuli encountered during original encoding. The specificity of the cues required to initiate memory retrieval means that infants’ ability to use their prior knowledge to solve new problems is very limited, particularly early in development. Over the course of both age and experience, however, infants begin to exploit a wider range of effective retrieval cues, applying potentially useful memories to situations different from those encountered when those memories were originally established.
Connectionist models in developmental cognitive neuroscience: Critical periods and the paradox of success
Authors: Seidenberg Mark S , Zevin Jason D
Published: November 2023

Connectionist models have made significant contributions to understanding developmental phenomena, mainly by providing novel computational accounts of behavioral emergence and change. What is the fate of such models given the increasing interest in, and information about, the biological bases of development? We consider this issue with respect to the classical idea of a critical period for acquiring language. The standard view is that neurobiological developments on a strict maturational timetable create limits on language learning capacity.
Spatial–temporal statistical modeling and prediction of environmental processes
Authors: Chen Li , Fuentes Montserrat , Davis Jerry M
Published: November 2023

Environmental data usually have both spatial and temporal components. Therefore, it is essential to have statistical models to describe how the data vary across space and time. The techniques from geostatistics and time series are powerful tools to study spatial–temporal processes where the spatial and temporal structure can be modeled separately (separable models), and the spatial–temporal structure does not change with location and time (stationarity).
Molecular evolution of Foraminifera
Authors: Bowser Samuel S , Habura Andrea , Pawlowski Jan
Published: November 2023

The Foraminifera are numerically abundant, widely distributed, and highly diverse protists, comprising approximately 10 000 modern and 40 000 fossil species (Haynes 1981; Sen Gupta 1999; Lee et al. 2000). In most species, the protoplasmic mass, or sarcode, is covered by a shell (test). Traditionally, test morphology has served as the main criterion for the classification of Foraminifera (Loeblich and Tappan 1964, 1987; Sen Gupta 1990). Four broad types of test construction are recognized in modern species (Fig. 5.1a–d). In ‘‘naked’’ reticulate species (athalamids), such as Reticulomyxa (Pawlowski et al. 1999), the cell body is housed in a thickened glycocalyx. Soft-walled, thecate foraminiferans (Order Allogromiida) secrete a proteinaceous cover (Schwab and Plapp 1983).
Genome evolution of anaerobic protists: metabolic adaptation via gene acquisition
Authors: Andersson Jan O
Published: November 2023

The textbook view of early eukaryote evolution is that the last common eukaryotic ancestor was a primitive anaerobic organism that lacked many key eukaryotic cellular functions (Prescott et al. 2005). The cell architecture has been thought to have become more complex in a step-wise fashion through the modification of existing genetic material and endosymbiotic events (introduction of mitochondria and plastids), finally resulting in multicellular eukaryotes such as animals and plants. Accordingly, some eukaryotes (i.e. anaerobic protists) are more ‘‘primitive’’ (i.e. more similar to prokaryotes) since they branched off the eukaryotic lineage early in evolution (Prescott et al. 2005).
Comparative genomics of the trypanosomatids
Authors: Stuart Kenneth D , Myler Peter J
Published: November 2023

The protozoan clade Trypanosomatidae contains a number of parasitic genera and species with various similarities and differences in morphology, life cycle, insect vector, and disease pathology in humans and animals. The draft genome sequences and annotation of three ‘‘Tritryp’’ species, Trypanosoma brucei, T. cruzi, and Leishmania major, have been recently completed (Berriman et al. 2005; El-Sayed et al. 2005a; Ivens et al. 2005), and the variation among the life cycles and disease pathologies of each species is generally reflected in the similarities and differences between their genomes.
Genome reduction in microsporidia
Authors: Keeling Patrick J
Published: November 2023

Microsporidia are a highly diverse group of obligate intracellular parasites, closely related to fungi, with a number of unique characteristics which have simultaneously sparked interest in the cell, molecular, and evolutionary biology of the group, and at the same time hindered our understanding because of the unusual nature of these parasites on many levels. With the exception of their complex infection apparatus, they are relatively simple cells that have lost or reduced a variety of structures.
Genomic insights into diatom evolution and metabolism
Authors: Armbrust E Virginia , Rynearson Tatiana A , Jenkins Bethany D
Published: November 2023

Diatoms are unicellular, photosynthetic eukaryotes found throughout marine and freshwater environments (Round et al. 1990) and are estimated to generate up to 40% of primary production in the global ocean. The whole genome sequence of the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana and the EST database from the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum have provided new insights into the evolution and metabolic capabilities of diatoms. In this Chapter we highlight unusual diatom features including the targeting of nuclear-encoded proteins to the plastid, formation of the silica-based frustule, and aspects of nitrogen and carbon assimilation.
Previews And Prospects For The Cognitive Neuroscience Of Hypnosis And Conscious States
Authors: Jamieson Graham A
Published: November 2023

This chapter aims to provide an overview of core issues in the development of the cognitive neuroscience of hypnosis and conscious states as they emerge in the following chapters. The integration of neurophysiological, behavioural and phenomenological data into broad theoretical frameworks spanning across traditionally discreet levels of analysis is highlighted. Functional connectivity is identified as a unifying theme for future electro- physiological and imaging studies of hypnosis and conscious states. Careful attention to the ecological context of functionally significant neurophysiological systems is argued to be an essential component to building such integrated models. It both previews individual contributions and locates them within this wider framework of issues and themes in the cognitive neuroscience of conscious states. The case is made for the ongoing development of a mutually informative dialogue between the emerging cognitive neuroscience of consciousness and hypnosis research.
States Of Absorption: In Search Of Neurobiological Foundations
Authors: Ott Ulrich
Published: November 2023

In 1974 Tellegen and Atkinson presented the Tellegen Absorption Scale (TAS) to assess interindividual differences in the tendency to experience states of absorption. They described absorption as ‘a disposition for having episodes of “total “ attention that fully engage one ‘s representational (i.e., perceptual, enactive, imaginative, and ideational) resources ‘ and explained that absorbed attending was believed to ‘result in a heightened sense of reality of the attentional object, imperviousness to distracting events, and an altered sense of reality in general, including an empathically altered sense of self ‘ (p. 268). The TAS consists of 34 items that are answered using a true/false response format. An English version utilizing a 5-point Likert scaled response format with improved psychometric properties is also available (Jamieson 2005).
Executive Control Without Conscious Awareness: The Cold Control Theory Of Hypnosis
Authors: Dienes Zoltán , Perner Josef
Published: November 2023

Control and awareness seem intimately related (e.g. Norman and Shallice 1986; Jacoby 1991). Of course, some forms of control occur quite unconsciously (plausibly, for example, the detailed configuring of motor movements; Milner and Goodale 1995). However, there are some forms of control, such as planning or overcoming strong response tendencies (the ‘executive tasks ‘ of Norman and Shallice) that are so commonly associated with conscious awareness that it would seem bizarre if they occurred without it. In fact, unconscious executive control is not possible in the theories of Norman and Shallice and Jacoby. In this chapter, we argue for the theoretical possibility of unconscious executive control, based on the higher order thought (HOT) theory of Rosenthal (1986, 2002, 2005), and then argue that hypnosis provides an example of executive control without conscious awareness (cf. Hilgard 1977; Spanos 1986; Oakley 1999).
Foliations and the Geometry of 3-Manifolds
Authors: Calegari Danny
Published: November 2023

This unique reference, aimed at research topologists, gives an exposition of the 'pseudo-Anosov' theory of foliations of 3-manifolds. This theory generalizes Thurston's theory of surface automorphisms and reveals an intimate connection between dynamics, geometry and topology in 3 dimensions. Significant themes returned to throughout the text include the importance of geometry, especially the hyperbolic geometry of surfaces, the importance of monotonicity, especially in 1-dimensional and co-dimensional dynamics, and combinatorial approximation, using finite combinatorical objects such as train-tracks, branched surfaces and hierarchies to carry more complicated continuous objects.
Law and the sources of morality
Authors: Hinde Robert A
Published: November 2023

The relations between law and morality have been clouded by differences of opinion concerning the extent to which both law and morality are to be seen as fixed and immutable, or as labile. With respect to law, the distinction between sacred and secular, second nature in the Western world, is simply inappropriate in many societies. Even early in the second millennium BCE all imperatives of life received their value from the fact that they represented the will of the gods as conveyed by the ruler, who claimed to be accomplishing divine wishes (Bottéro 1992). And in the modern world, ‘the law’ is often seen as given, as what is on the statute book (e.g. Hart 1994). That leads to the view that, in considering particular cases, there should be no relation between law and morality or that, if there is, it is better for lawyers to hold to precedent and disregard it.
A neuroscientific approach to normative judgment in law and justice
Authors: Goodenough Oliver R , Prehn Kristin
Published: November 2023

How do humans think about right and wrong? This critical question has recurred in law, philosophy, the arts and religion over the centuries. As David Hume (1739, p. 31) wrote, ‘morality is a subject that interests us above all others’. More recently, this question has engaged psychology and other scientific approaches to human thought and behaviour: including the emerging science of human brain function. Interest has not abated in the twenty-first century. A recent review of neuroscientific approaches to normative judgment declared, ‘the neurobiology of moral cognition is a justifiably hot topic’(Casebeer & Churchland 2003, p. 170).
The brain and the law
Authors: Chorvat* Terrence , McCabe Kevin
Published: November 2023

For centuries, the study of human behaviour has been distinct from the study of the natural world. Because of the complexity of the brain and our historic lack of understanding of its operations, social science has not focused on the brain, but instead attempted to study that which can be analysed: behaviour itself (Goodenough 2001). For example, Sigmund Freud first began his study of human behaviour with physiological mechanisms but ended this research because the basic science had not yet advanced sufficiently to directly aid him in the understanding of behaviour (Gazzaniga et al. 2002). Arguably, his approach to human behaviour ended up deriving more from philosophies of Hegel and Schopenauer than from neuroscientists such as Golgi and Cajal (Jones 1961; Ledoux 2002).
For the law, neuroscience changes nothing and everything
Authors: Greene Joshua , Cohen Jonathan
Published: November 2023

The law takes a long-standing interest in the mind. In most criminal cases, a successful conviction requires the prosecution to establish not only that the defendant engaged in proscribed behaviour, but also that the misdeed in question was the product of mens rea, a ‘guilty mind’. Narrowly interpreted, mens rea refers to the intention to commit a criminal act, but the term has a looser interpretation by which it refers to all mental states consistent with moral and/or legal blame. (A killing motivated by insane delusional beliefs may meet the requirements for mens rea in the first sense, but not the second.) (Goldstein et al. 2003) Thus, for centuries, many legal issues have turned on the question: ‘what was he thinking?’.
The frontal cortex and the criminal justice system
Authors: Sapolsky Robert M
Published: November 2023

It is the duty of every academic to argue for the importance of their field, and to tout the recent advances and expansion that it has undergone. Despite the clichéd ubiquity of this pattern, I believe that neuroscience and our understanding of the functioning of the brain has undergone a particularly dramatic example of this expansion. As one measure of it, the annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, arguably the premier general neuroscience conference, attracts some 25 000 attendees and features some 14 000 poster or lecture presentations. Many of these subjects concern deadening minutia (except, of course, to the three people on Earth feverishly taken with that topic), but some findings in neuroscience should seem nothing short of flabbergasting to any intelligent person.
Diffusion Models Of Scattering
Authors: Field Timothy R
Published: November 2023

Diffusion models have proved highly successful in their application to a large number of problems in applied physics, as described e.g. in Risken (1989). In this chapter we consider the diffusion dynamics underlying electromagnetic scattering processes from random media, such that the asymptotic distribution for the scattered intensity is the K-distribution (Jakeman 1980; Jakeman and Tough 1988; Tough 1987; Ward 1981).
Markov chains
Authors: Grimmett Geoffrey R , Stirzaker David R
Published: November 2023

A Markov chain is a random process with the property that, conditional on its present value, the future is independent of the past. The Chapman– Kolmogorov equations are derived, and used to explore the persistence and transience of states. Stationary distributions are studied at length, and the ergodic theorem for irreducible chains is proved using coupling. The reversibility of Markov chains is discussed. After a section devoted to branching processes, the theory of Poisson processes and birth–death processes is considered in depth, and the theory of continuous-time chains is sketched. The technique of imbedding a discrete-time chain inside a continuous-time chain is exploited in different settings. The basic properties of spatial Poisson processes are de- scribed, and the chapter ends with an account of the technique of Markov chain Monte Carlo.
Maximum likelihood and other methods of estimation
Authors: Garthwaite Paul , Jolliffe Ian , Jones Byron
Published: November 2023

The previous chapter was concerned with properties of estimators. It also included a strategy for constructing MVUEs, which constitutes one possible method for finding estimators. The present chapter examines several other, more general, techniques for finding estimators.
Bayesian inference
Authors: Garthwaite Paul , Jolliffe Ian , Jones Byron
Published: November 2023

The previous chapter introduced some elements of Bayesian inference. These will be discussed further now, together with additional topics. In some cases the Bayesian approach and the frequentist (or classical) approach have clear similarities. For example, in the next section we give the Bayesian definition of suﬃciency and show its equivalence to the frequentist definition. We also find that Bayesian interval estimates are often numerically equal to frequentist confidence intervals when an uninformative prior distribution is used. With other topics, such as hypothesis testing, we find marked differences between the two approaches.
Introduction
Authors: Eckberg Dwain L , Sleight Peter
Published: November 2023

Nerve endings in the walls of the carotid sinuses and the aortic arch transduce arterial pressure changes and provide the central nervous system with a steady stream of encoded information. On the basis of this information, efferent autonomic neural activity is modulated finely, and the neurohumoral milieu of the heart and blood vessels is adjusted on a second-to¬ second basis. The arterial baroreflex may be the most important of the cardiovascular control mechanisms, because the baroreflex, above all other reflex mechanisms is the one whose speed is most adequate to respond rapidly to the abrupt transients of arterial pressure that occur in daily life.
Afferent baroreceptor activity
Authors: Eckberg Dwain L , Sleight Peter
Published: November 2023

Hauss and Schmitt (1961, 1962a,b), Langrehr (1964), and Angell-James and Lumley (1974) have published the only direct recordings of human baroreceptor traffic in the literature. Their recordings, which probably include activity of chemoreceptor as well as baroreceptor nerve fibres, were made in patients undergoing surgery. The remarkable aortic nerve recording published by Langrehr (1964) is reproduced in Fig. 6.1. The left-hand tracing shows convincing pulse-synchronous firing in a multifibre preparation, and the right-hand tracing shows firing in a single fibre! (Presumably the occurrence of baroreceptor firing slightly before the beginning of the arterial pulse resulted from delays in registration of the pressure pulse.)
Major evolutionary radiations in the Bryozoa
Authors: Taylor P D , Larwood G P
Published: November 2023

Three principal phases of major radiation can be distinguished during the Ordovician to Recent history of marine bryozoans; an Ordovician stenolaemate radiation; a mid-Mesozoic cyclostome radiation; and a late Mesozoic cheilostome radiation. Each radiation entailed numerical diversification and morphological divergence within apparently monophyletic clades. Primitive taxa at the base of the three radiating clades had runner-like colony-forms characterizing a fugitive ecological strategy. The spectrum of more advanced colony-forms which appeared during each radiation provide striking examples of homeomorphy through parallel evolution. Comparisons between species-rich and species-poor sister-groups permit the identification of evolutionary innovations which might have played a role in the three radiations. Structural innovations include the acquisition of a calcified skeleton during the Ordovician stenolaemate and late Mesozoic cheilostome radiations, and of freewalled skeletal organization during the Ordovician stenolaemate and mid-Mesozoic cyclostome radiations.
Effects of stress on genetic variation
Authors: Hoffmann Ary A , Parsons Peter A
Published: November 2023

Environmental stresses act as selective agents that can alter gene frequencies in populations and so cause genetic divergence within and among populations, as shown by the examples in the previous chapter. Stress can also have more immediate effects on the genome and on the expression of genetic variation at the phenotypic level, and we consider these effects in this chapter. We examine the consequences of adverse conditions on the expression of genetic variation by reviewing data on stress and heterosis, and by examining data on the impact of environmental conditions on the genetic component of variance and the relative importance of the additive, dominance, and epistatic effects of this component. Explanations for changes in these genetic parameters with stress levels are discussed. Finally, we briefly consider the number of loci underlying genetic variation in stress response traits, as well as factors that may contribute to the persistence of genetic variation for these traits in populations.
A systematic analysis of pollen morphology of Acanthaceae genera with contorted corollas
Authors: Scotland Robert W
Published: November 2023

The variation in pollen morphology is described in genera of Acanthaceae with contorted aestivation (Burkill and Clarke 1899-1900). It is argued that the pollen types of Lindau (1895) are conceptually inadequate for describing the complete range of palynological variation in the family. A parsimony analysis of pollen data is presented. The results of the analysis are radically different from classifications proposed previously. The classifications of Lindau (1895), Clarke (1885), and Burkill and Clarke (1899-1900) are compared, in terms of the new pollen data, to the results of the analysis, and are found to have relatively low consistency indices.
Ecology of tropical rocky shores: plant-animal interactions in tropical and temperate latitudes
Authors: Brosnan Deborah M
Published: November 2023

It is only the relative importance of various ecological processes that varies between tropical and temperate shores, not the processes themselves. A comparison of physical and biological features of tropical shores is presented. Overall, herbivorous fish are more common in the tropics, while invertebrate grazers dominate temperate regions; this difference is responsible for much of the variation in algal composition and abundance between tropical and temperate shores. A model predicting how different herbivores influence plant composition is presented. Nontrophic interactions are important at all latitudes, but may be more important in temperate zones. Three-dimensional refuges are more important in the tropics. Models of the importance of species interactions in relation to environmental stress may allow us to predict when plantanimal interactions will be dominant factors on rocky shores, regardless of latitude.
A novel series of non-peptide CCK and gastrin antagonists: medicinal chemistry and electrophysiological demonstration of antagonism
Authors: Howbert J J , Lobb K L , Brown R F , Reel J K , Neel, D A , Mason N R , Mendelsohn L G , Hodgkiss, J P , Kelly J S
Published: November 2023

The neuropeptides are a rapidly growing class of mediators which have important roles in a great diversity of physiological processes, particularly in the CNS and the gastrointestinal tract. Historically, the tools available for studying these processes have been almost exclusively the peptides themselves and related peptide agonists and antagonists. This has proved a considerable hindrance to research because of the pharmacokinetic shortcomings of many peptides, which include poor oral absorption, protease lability, and poor blood-brain barrier penetration. As a result, attention has recently turned to the development of non-peptide ligands for neuropeptide receptors. One of the most generally successful approaches has been the identification of non-peptide lead structures through broad screening with radio-ligand binding assays. Initial leads are then optimized with respect to potency, selectivity, and other desired properties via systematic manipulation of the structure. This method was previously used to develop non-peptide CCK and gastrin antagonists, using initial screening at a peripheral (CCKA) type CCK receptor (Chang et al. 1985; Evans et al. 1986).