bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INTRACAVITY LARGE-SCALE HETEROGENEITY AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON RADIATION PARAMETERS OF POWERFUL LASERS
Authors: Strakhov S. Yu. , Sotnikova N. V. , Kiselev I. A. , Balashov V. M.
Published: May 2019

Large‑scale inhomogeneities occur in the optical resonator of a high‑power laser due to uneven redistribution of heat and errors in the alignment of the circuit. Such inhomogeneities can significantly affect the characteristics of laser radiation. The paper analyzes the effect of large‑scale phase inhomogeneities associated with the separation and thermal deformation of unstable resonator mirrors on the parameters of the laser radiation –  the power and angular divergence. The numerical simulation of the unstable resonator in the di‑fractional approximation is carried out, on the basis of which the quantitative effect of phase aberrations such as optical wedge (separation) and spherical lens (thermodeformation) on the power and divergence of laser radiation depending on the main characteristics of the unstable resonator‑the Fresnel number and the magnification coefficient is determined. The results of experimental studies of the effect of separation on the radiation parameters of a 100‑kilowatt CO2 gas‑dynamic laser are presented. The results of the work should be taken into account in the structural‑parametric optimization of the resonator.
STUDY OF PULSE MODE OF PIEZOELECTRIC TRANSDUCER FOR ECHOSCOPE
Authors: Konovalova V. S. , Konovalov R. S. , Konovalov S. I.
Published: May 2019

The piezoelectric transducer of the echoscope intended for research of soft tissues of the person is considered. The active element of the transducer is a damped piezoceramic plate. As an exciting electric signal, an electric voltage pulse with a different number of half‑cycles at the natural frequency of the plate is selected. The pulse mode of the radiator operation is investigated. The amplitudes and durations of the probing acoustic signal are estimated depending on the duration of the exciting pulse. The dynamics of changes in the durations and amplitudes of the radiated acoustic pulses is studied. For various degrees of damping of the plate, the number of half‑cycles contained in the exciting signal, from which the emitter operates in a stationary mode, is determined. The obtained results can be used in the field of design and development of technology for manufacturing of broadband pulse piezoelectric transducers of ultrasonic medical echoscopes.
SPACEBORNE SAR SIGNAL DETECTION AND PARAMETER ESTIMATION IN SPACE TRACKING AND SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM MODELING
Authors: Ksendzuk A. V. , Kanatchikov A. A.
Published: May 2019

The development of information support of the space tracking and surveillance system is a highly topical task, the solution of which will help to increase the effectiveness of monitoring space objects. Development and practical application of the software for Spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) signal detection and parameter estimation described and analyzed. Architecture of the software is described, processing results in the simulation mode (comparison of different processing methods) and real SAR satellite signals processing mode analyzed. In simulation mode detection and parameter estimation methods compared statistically as averaged estimation error as a function of the signal‑to‑noise ratio. Estimator statistical characteristics – bias, variation, error histogram – derived and analyzed.
PROBABILITY OF BPSK SIGNAL RECEPTION ERROR IN PRESENCE OF SIMILAR HINDRANCE
Authors: Zvonarev V. V. , Karabelnikov I. A. , Popov A. S.
Published: May 2019

The paper considers the problem of calculation of average probability of error of optimum symbol‑by‑symbol coherent reception of binary opposite phase‑shift keyed signals (BPSK) in the presence of similar synchronous noise. The noise similar to signal of PSK‑2 (BPSK), synchronous on clock periods, matching on frequency, differing in sequence of information characters and, perhaps, on initial phase of the bearing fluctuation is considered, up to mutual coherence of signal and noise. Formulas for calculation of probability of error are derived and results of partial computer type of diagrams of tension are given in some points of the correlation receiver. Optimum reception of discrete signals is carried out by means of the correlation receiver or the coordinated filter configured on signal in lack of noise in the presence of only receiver noises. It is shown that availability of synchronous similar or harmonious coherent noise, aim on structure, leads to decrease in noise stability of radio channel of information transfer. Than the level of noise is higher, that the probability of error is more.
EXECUTION AFTER REDIRECTION VULNERABILITIES IN WEB-APPLICATIONS
Authors: Prazyan К. А.
Published: May 2019

The article presents the main provisions of the construction of web applications. The mechanism of the application protocol HTTP in the development of web applications. The description of the operation of HTTP status codes and their processing in the user’s browser is given. Describes how to use status codes in the development of web applications. An example of working with a redirection code and header is given. A definition and characterization of execution vulnerabilities after redirection is proposed. Examples of applications vulnerable to run after redirection to server programming languages  PHP and Ruby on Rails are given. Describes the problem of typical solutions to neutralize the vulnerability of execution after redirection. A way of writing the source code of the application, taking into account the possibility of execution vulnerabilities after redirection, is proposed. Provides recommendations for writing code.
INTERACTION OF NANOSTRUCTURED LIPID CARRIERS WITH HUMAN MEIBUM
Authors: Niamprem Pattravee , Milla Thomas J. , Schuett Burkhardt S. , Srinivas S. P. , Tiyaboonchai Waree
Published: May 2019

Objective: This study aimed to determine the possibility of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) as a bionic tear film by determining the surface activities of the developed NLCs and their interaction with human meibomian lipid films.

Methods: NLCs with different types of solid lipids and surfactants were prepared by a high-pressure homogenizer. The particle size was determined by dynamic light scattering. The surface activities of the NLCs and NLCs mixed with meibomian lipids were measured using a Langmuir trough and the resulting surface pressure area (Π-A) profiles were compared. These lipid films were further analyzed using fluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Results: The particle size of prepared NLCs varied from 38–280 nm based on types of solid lipid and surfactant. All NLCs were highly surface active as indicated by their maximum surface pressure (Πmax). The Π-A profiles of meibum seeded with NLCs showed higher surface pressure than meibum alone and the shape of profiles were dominated by the meibomian lipids. These findings were in agreement with fluorescence and SEM micrographs, which revealed that the NLCs could adsorb and integrate to the meibomian lipid films as well as diffuse from the subphase to the lipid films.

Conclusion: NLCs are surface active and can integrate with meibomian lipid films formed stable films. The type of interaction can be tailored by altering the solid lipids used in the formulation of the NLCs which could provide the means to develop efficient formulations for targeting dry eye disease related to a non-functional tear film lipid layer.
DESIGN, OPTIMISATION AND EVALUATION OF PIROXICAM FAST DISSOLVING TABLETS EMPLOYING STARCH TARTRATE-A NEW SUPERDISINTEGRANT
Authors: Rada Santosh Kumar , GHOSH ANKITA
Published: May 2019

Objective: To enhance the solubility of poorly soluble drugs by evaluating starch tartrate as a superdisintegrant in the formulation of fast dissolving tablets by employing 23 factorial design.

Methods: Starch tartrate was synthesized by gelatinization process. The physical and micromeritic properties were performed to evaluate the synthesized starch tartrate. The fast dissolving tablets of piroxicam were prepared by using starch tartrate as a superdisintegrant in different proportions by direct compression technique using 23 factorial design. The drug content, hardness, friability, disintegration time and other dissolution characteristics like percent dissolved in 5 min (PD5), dissolution efficiency in 5 min (DE5%) and first-order rate constant (K1) were used in the evaluation of prepared fast dissolving tablets.

Results: The superdisintegrant starch tartrate prepared was found to be fine, free-flowing slightly crystalline powder. Starch tartrate exhibited good swelling in water. The study between piroxicam and starch tartrate was shown the absence of interaction by fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The drug content (99.83±0.56 %), hardness (3.7–3.9 kg/sq. Cm), and friability (0.12-0.15%) have been effective with regard to all the formulated fast dissolving tablets employing starch tartrate. The disintegration time of all the formulated fast dissolving tablets (FDTs) was found to be in the range of 12±0. 01 to 4500±0.02s. The optimized formulation F6 has the least disintegration time i.e., 12±0. 01s. The In vitro wetting time of the formulated tablets was found to be in the range of 35±0.09 to 1624±0.02s. The In–Vitro wetting time was less (i.e., 90s) in optimized formulation F6. The water absorption ratio of the formulated tablets was found to be in the range of 60±0.12 to 65±0.15%. The cumulative drug dissolved in the optimized formulation F6 was found to be 99.32±0.09% in 10 min.

Conclusion: The dissolution efficiency of piroxicam was enhanced when starch tartrate was found to be a superdisintegrant when combined with crospovidone and, hence it could be used in the formulation of fast dissolving tablets to provide immediate release of the contained drug within 10 min.
DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF MUCOADHESIVE NANOGEL OF NEVIRAPINE FOR VAGINAL APPLICATION
Authors: Rahman Sheikh Sofiur , AHMED ABDUL BAQUEE
Published: May 2019

Objectives: The main objective of this study was to develop and evaluate Nevirapine nanoparticle loaded mucoadhesive gel (NVP-Np mucoadhesive gel) for vaginal application for the treatment of HIV infection.

 Methods: NVP loaded nanoparticles were prepared by salting out method followed by incorporation in different gel bases to produce NVP-Np mucoadhesive gel The prepared gels were evaluated for their physicochemical parameters, rheological characteristics, mucoadhesion, in-vitro drug release and ex-vivo permeation of drug across porcine vaginal mucosa.

 Results: The result of FT-IR and DSC study confirmed the absence of incompatibility of NVP with excipients used in the formulations. The particle size of the prepared NVP-Np was found to be 243.8 ± 3.15 nm, a polydispersity index (PI) of 0.787± 0.002 and zeta potential value -17.12 mV, which revealed the stability of nanoparticles. All the formulations showed good homogeneity, spreadability, physical appearance and content uniformity. The pH of the mucoadhesive gel formulations was in the range of 3.70 ± 0.03 to 4.56 ± 0.02, which lies in the normal pH range of the vaginal fluid.  The cumulative amounts permeated at 6 h were 832.23 ± 63.45 μg/cm2 , 592.13 ± 82.55 μg/cm2 and 941.32 ± 81.10 μg/cm2 from F1(1% Chitosan), F2(1% Carbopol 974P) and F3 (1% HPMC K100M )  respectively. A linear relationship [r2 > 0.9 (0.97 n 0.99)] was observed between the percentage cumulative amount permeated and time, indicating zero order kinetics.

Conclusion: In conclusion, NVP-Np mucoadhesive gel was prepared successfully using salting out followed by a homogenization technique for vaginal application of NVP for the prophylaxis of HIV infection.
MECHANOCHEMICAL ACTIVATION OF PHARMACEUTICAL SUBSTANCES AS A FACTOR FOR MODIFICATION OF THEIR PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
Authors: SYROESHKIN A.V. , USPENSKAYA E.V. , PLETENEVA T.V. , MOROZOVA M.A. , MAKSIMOVA T.V. , KOLDINA A.M. , MAKAROVA M.P. , LEVITSKAYA O.V. , ZLATSKIY I.A.
Published: May 2019

Objective: Study the influence of the mechanical preparation methods (grinding, fluidization) of solid pharmaceutical substances (PS) and herbal raw material on their physicochemical properties and biological activities.
Methods: Test substances and solvents-Lactose monohydrate (DFE Pharma, Germany). Sodium chloride, bendazol hydrochloride (all Sigma-Aldrich, USA) and herbal raw material (Callisia fragrans). The dispersity and native structure of pharmaceutical substances were analyzed by several methods: optical microscopy–Altami BIO 2 microscope (Russia); low angle laser light scattering (LALLS) method (Malvern Instruments, UK); Spirotox method–Quasichemical kinetic of cell transition of cellular biosensor Spirostomum ambiguum; Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy–the analysis in the middle IR region was carried out using an IR Cary 630 Fourier spectrometer (Agilent Technologies, USA). The analysis of dried leaves of C. fragrans before and after mechanical activation was performed using Shimadzu EDX-7000 X-ray fluorescence spectrophotometer without mineralization (Shimadzu, Japan).
Results: It was established that the mechanical change, such as dispersion and drying, alters the biological activity of PS and herbal raw materials. The observed increase in the influence of the dispersed substance on the biosensor S. ambiguum is quantitatively estimated from the values of the activation energy (obsEa), which turns to be valued 1,5 (P≤0,05) times more than for the native form substance. In the study of the dependence of the availability of chemical elements K, Ca, Zn on the degree of dispersion of herbal raw materials was established a quantitative 4-fold (P≤0,05) increase in the concentration of elements in mechano-activated raw materials.
Conclusion: By the example of the biological model of Spirotox (single-celled biosensor S. ambiguum) and herbal raw materials obtained from C. fragrans, the increase of biological activity of PS at the dispersion of initial preparations was proved.
STABILITY INDICATING RP-HPLC METHOD FOR ESTIMATION OF REPAGLINIDE IN RABBIT PLASMA
Authors: NAVAMANISUBRAMANIAN RAJA , PANCHAGIRI SABITHA , NERELLA RAGHUNANDAN , DURAIPANDIAN CHAMUNDEESWARI , SEETHARAMAN SHANMUGANATHAN
Published: May 2019

Objective: A simple, selective and sensitive reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method to estimate repaglinide (REP) in rabbit plasma using rabeprazole (RAB) as an internal standard was developed and validated for various qualifications.

Methods: The chromatographic separation was performed on C18 (2) analytical column (5 μ, 250×4.6 mm) using acetonitrile: 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid in water (55:45, v/v) as mobile phase at the flow rate of 1 ml/min. Validation of the analytical method was performed as per ICH guidelines.

Results: The retention times of REP and RAB were found at ~4.3 and 5.1 min respectively, with adequate system suitability parameters (theoretical plates ≥3619, tailing factor ≤1.38, resolution factor 2.37). The method has linearity over a concentration range of 10 to 1000 ng/ml (r2=0.9987). The results of accuracy (≥98.17%), intra-, inter-day precision (≤2.9%), recovery (101.21±2.09%) and process efficiency (99.77±3.74%) found satisfactory with no matrix effect. The analyte in samples were found stable up to 6 h, 3 freeze-thaw cycles and not more than 2 mo corresponding to bench-top, short and long term stability studies respectively.

Conclusion: The developed RP-HPLC method for estimation of REP in rabbit plasma was developed. The method was found to be rapid, cost-effective and accurate to estimate the REP from the sample matrix. The method can be a most useful tool for in vivo study of REP in the rabbit.
De los micrómetros a los picómetros: evolución de las técnicas de microscopia para el estudio de nanomateriales
Authors: Rivera Hernandez Margarita , Arenas-Alatorre Jesús
Published: May 2019

Sin lugar a duda, las técnicas de microscopía electrónica (ME) y microscopia de sonda de barrido (SPM) han contribuido enormemente al estudio de nanomateriales, dando información de propiedades morfológicas, estructurales, de superficie, eléctricas y magnéticas, entre muchas otras. Las técnicas más empleadas para estudios a nanoescala han sido las microscopías electrónicas de transmisión y barrido, y por otro lado, las de efecto túnel y de fuerza atómica, respectivamente. Los avances tecnológicos en los últimos años de estas técnicas han permitido límites de resolución que hace 25 años era inimaginables, siendo los últimos valores alcanzados de decenas de picómetros (10-12 m). Cabe señalar, que más allá de esto, las técnicas de microscopia mencionadas han crecido en sus capacidades de análisis en el campo de las nanociencias y nanotecnología, dando lugar a otras técnicas como microscopía electrónica de barrido por transmisión (STEM, del inglés Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy), Imagen en campo obscuro a ángulo grande en alta resolución (HR-HAADF, del inglés High Resolution - High Angle Annular Dark Field), Crio-Microscopía Electrónica, Tomografía electrónica, Espectroscopía de tunelamiento, Tunelamiento inelástico, Curvas de fuerza, etc. Lo anterior, no solo ha complementado la información morfológica y estructural, sino que también, ha contribuido al entendimiento de fenómenos de interacción y propiedades fisicoquímicas a escalas atómicas y moleculares. En este artículo se hace un análisis de la trascendencia actual que tienen las técnicas de microscopía electrónica, así como las de microscopia de sonda de barrido (SPM), y se menciona brevemente el alcance de estas técnicas como métodos de modificación de superficies a ultra alta resolución, como el caso de la nanolitografía y nanomanipulación, que estan abriendo un panorama enorme en el desarrollo de las  tecnologías del futuro.
Obtención de nanoemulsiones utilizando saponinas de quillay como sustituto de un surfactante sintético
Authors: Riquelme Hinojosa Natalia Andrea , Arancibia Aguilar Carla Andrea
Published: May 2019

En los últimos años han aumentado los estudios sobre el uso de la nanotecnología en el desarrollo de alimentos saludables ya que pueden mejorar la biodisponibilidad de compuestos bioactivos debido a su pequeño tamaño de partícula (< 100 nm). Además, la creciente demanda por alimentos “más naturales” ha llevado a la industria alimentaria a sustituir los ingredientes sintéticos por otros de origen natural. Por ello, el objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar la sustitución de un surfactante sintético (Tween 80) por uno de origen natural (saponinas de quillay) y evaluar su efecto sobre la estabilidad física y oxidativa de nanoemulsiones saludables con aceite de palta. Para ello, se prepararon nanoemulsiones con aceite de palta como fase lipídica saludable (5% p/p) y una fase acuosa constituida por agua  (89% p/p)y distintos surfactantes (6% p/p): lecitina de soya, Tween 80 y saponinas del quillay, sustituyendo el Tween 80 por saponinas del quillay de 0% a 100%. Se determinaron las propiedades físicas (tamaño de partícula, índice de polidispersidad y potencial zeta), la estabilidad física y oxidativa de las nanoemulsiones. Los resultados mostraron que la sustitución con saponinas afectó significativamente (p<0,05) las características físicas de las nanoemulsiones, las saponinas presentaron una menor efectividad en la reducción del tamaño de partícula, sin embargo mostraron un leve efecto sobre el índice de polidispersión (0,17-0,22) y potencial zeta (-38.6 - -49.9 mV). Todas las nanoemulsiones se mantuvieron estables durante los 30 días de almacenamiento a 5 y 25 ºC ya que no se observó formación de crema. La variación del pH no afectó el tamaño de partícula ni la estabilidad física de las nanoemulsiones. En relación a la estabilidad oxidativa, se observó que la adición de saponinas del quillay retardó la formación de sustancias reactivas al TBA durante los primeros 15 días de almacenamiento, sin embargo al día 30 no se observaron diferencias significativas (p>0,05) entre las diferentes nanoemulsiones. En conclusión, las saponinas del quillay pueden ser utilizadas como sustituto de un surfactante sintético para el desarrollo de nanoemulsiones saludables con buena estabilidad física y oxidativa, sin embargo este surfactante natural fue menos eficiente en la obtención de tamaños de partícula en escala nanométrica (< 100 nm).
La nanotecnologia y su aplicación en alimentos
Authors: Ojeda Gonzalo Adrian , Arias Gorman Adriana Maria , Sgroppo Sonia Cecilia
Published: May 2019

La nanotecnología tendría un increíble potencial de aplicación en el sector alimentario a lo largo de la cadena alimentaria priorizando los requerimientos del consumidor. Tiene la capacidadde proveer nuevas formas de control y estructurado de alimentos con mayor funcionalidad y valor. En este trabajo se explican brevemente los principales conceptos de la nanotecnología y la implicancia que tiene la reducción de tamaño en sus propiedades. Se describen los principales nanoobjetos de uso potencial en alimentos y se ofrece una visión global de diferentes estudios llevados a cabo y sus aplicaciones en la industria alimentaria. 
Proteasas (queratinasas) extracelulares en cepas fúngicas queratinofilicas aisladas de suelos chilenos: estudio preliminar
Authors: Toro S. M. M. A. , Piontelli L. E. , Fernández B. E. , Siegel M. A. , Solari Q. A.
Published: May 2019

Se determina la presencia de proteasas extracelulares (queratinasas). "in vitro" en cepas de hongos queratinollticos y queratinofllicos aislados desuelos chilenos.Se cultivaron durante 15 a 30 días siete cepas de hongos queratinofílicos, tanto en agitación como en forma estática y seis cepas de hongos queratinolíticos sólo en forma estática, el medio liquido que contiene pelo humano tratado como sustrato queratinoso. Las proteasas extracelulares fueron aisladas y purificadas por croma!ografta ell columna sobre Sephada G- 75. Mediante la electroforesis en gel de poliacrilamido se detectan bandas de proteina de peso molecular entre 38000 y 40000 para Scopulariopsis brumptii, Ulocladium atrum, Botryotrichum piluliferum, Auxarthrou umbrinum y Gymnascus reessil, comparables con la obtenida para Trlchophyton mentagrophytes, hongo utilizado como control, lo cual lleva a postular que las enzimas corresponden a queratinasas.
A democratização do acesso à justiça através da escola: (re)pensando a formação da consciência jurídica por meio de quadrinhos
Authors: Machado Milena Naíra Vieira
Published: May 2019

O presente artigo pretende examinar em que medida a quadrinização de conteúdos jurídicos pode funcionar como instrumento de democratização do acesso à ordem jurídica justa, capaz de contribuir para a formação da consciência jurídica através da escola. Trata-se de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, de cunho exploratório, desenvolvida por meio da análise interdisciplinar e crítica de quadrinhos, projetos de lei, textos legislativos, constitucionais e obras relacionadas à linguagem, leitura, educação e Direito. Inicialmente, serão avaliados os parâmetros da democratização do acesso à justiça através da educação. Feito isso, analisar-se-á a história dos quadrinhos, avaliando sua potencial associação ao conteúdo jurídico. Por fim, será enfrentada a problemática central desse trabalho, investigando-se em que medida as histórias em quadrinhos podem ser relacionadas à democratização do acesso à ordem jurídica justa, enquanto instrumento pedagógico a ser implementado para potencializar o exercício da cidadania e conhecimento de direitos por meio da escola.
Kapitał obcy a potencjał wytwórczy i wyniki produkcyjno-ekonomiczne towarowych gospodarstw rolnych
Authors: Strzelecka Agnieszka , Kurdyś-Kujawska Agnieszka , Zawadzka Danuta
Published: May 2019

Celem badania jest odpowiedź na pytanie: czy wykorzystanie kapitału obcego przez towarowe gospodarstwa rolne przyczynia się do zwiększenia potencjału wytwórczego oraz poprawy warunków produkcyjno-ekonomicznych? Badania przeprowadzono w oparciu o dane zebrane w ramach Polskiego FADN dla 2015 roku. Próba badawcza liczyła 12 021 towarowych gospodarstw rolnych, w tym blisko połowa (48,61%), obok kapitału własnego korzystała także z zewnętrznych źródeł finansowania działalności rolniczej. Ze względu na silną asymetrię, do opisu cech charakteryzujących badane podmioty wykorzystano miary pozycyjne. Do oceny istotności różnic rozkładów zastosowano test sumy rang U Manna-Whitney'a. Uzyskane wyniki badań wskazują na występowanie istotnych różnic w potencjale produkcyjnym oraz efektywności produkcyjnej i ekonomicznej podmiotów finansujących działalność rolniczą kapitałem obcym i gospodarstw, które korzystają wyłącznie z kapitału własnego. Podmioty, które wykorzystują do finansowania działalności rolniczej, obok kapitału własnego, także kapitał obcy, charakteryzują się wyższym potencjałem wytwórczym oraz uzyskują wyższe wyniki produkcyjno-ekonomiczne, niż gospodarstwa korzystające tylko z kapitału własnego.
The Impact of Innovation on the Global Competitiveness of Polish Meat and Dairy Enterprises
Authors: Tul-Krzyszczuk Agnieszka , Jankowski Paweł
Published: May 2019

The aim of the study was to analyse innovations implemented in the milk and meat industries, and their impact on increasing competitiveness. The study showed that the 2010-12 period saw the most product and process innovations being introduced. On the other hand, innovations in marketing were found to be more popular in 2013. Three groups of similar innovations were distinguished. The milk industry stood out when it comes to the extent of innovations implemented. Fewer innovations were found in the poultry meat industry. Beef and pork meat processing was the least innovative. The innovativeness of enterprises is greater with larger numbers of employees and the increase in scope of their field of operation. The implementation of innovations resulted in: improvement of the quality of goods (services), increase in stock, productive capabilities and revenues from sales, emergence of new markets, increase in competitiveness and prestige of the firm. Those are confirmed by the very good performance of foreign trade and better competitiveness rates of Polish meat producers.
Federalizm fiskalny i środowiskowy a polityka rolna
Authors: Wieliczko Barbara
Published: May 2019

Stworzenie przez państwo skutecznej i efektywnej polityki rolnej jest niezmiernie trudnym zadaniem. Wydaje się, że zaprojektowanie właściwego zestawu instrumentów staje się tym trudniejsze im większego obszaru dotyczy. Celem artykułu jest próba odpowiedzi na pytanie, jak wielką rolę w tworzeniu i realizacji polityki rolnej w UE powinna odgrywać Komisja Europejska, a jak dużą rządy poszczególnych państw członkowskich. Odpowiedź na to pytanie bazuje na osiągnięciach teorii federalizmu fiskalnego i federalizmu środowiskowego. Artykuł opiera się na przeglądzie literatury oraz analizie optymalnego z punktu widzenia celów polityki rolnej zakresu kompetencji administracji publicznej w tworzeniu i wdrażaniu polityki rolnej przy uwzględnieniu aktualnych wyzwań stojących przed rolnictwem. Uzyskane wyniki pozwalają określić, jak zoptymalizować podział zadań związanych z polityką rolną między szczeblami administracji, co umożliwia wdrażanie skuteczniejszej i efektywniejszej polityki rolnej.
Environmental Assessment of the Life Cycle of Bovine Compound Feeds from a Feed Milling Plant in a Large Commercial Farm in Wielkopolska Region, Poland
Authors: Bieńkowski Jerzy , Holka Małgorzata
Published: May 2019

In recent years, the importance of environmental threats associated with intensive livestock production has been emphasized. Compound feeds make up a part of the animal production chain. A complete assessment of the animal production system with regard to environmental criteria is therefore impossible without considering the environmental consequences of feed production. The goal of this research is to fill the gap in an environmental assessment of production processes of compound feeds in Poland. The study presents an assessment of production impacts of bovine compound feeds according to Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) methodology. The data for analysis were based on the set of information obtained from the feed milling plant located in a commercial agricultural enterprise in the Wielkopolska region in the years 2015-2016. An inventory table of inputs was prepared in relation to the functional unit of 1 ton of compound feeds and two phases of production processes, i.e. upstream and core. For average compound feed, the impact category indicators for the global warming potential, acidification, eutrophication, photochemical ozone formation, consumption of mineral resources, fossil fuel resources and the emission of the respirable particles were respectively: 605.9 kg CO2 eq, 8.73 kg SO2 eq, 3.32 kg PO4 eq, 0.73 kg ethylene eq, 3.4x10-3 kg antimony eq, 5141.1 MJ and 2.25 kg PM2.5 eq. The upstream phase had the greatest effect on investigated impacts, while the core processes phase had a relatively low impact on environmental threats. It is recommended to broaden the scope of the research for a larger group of feed milling plants with more complex manufacturing processes, with a more branched supply structure and a wide range of compound feeds for different animal types. The obtained data can be a valuable source base in prospective analyses of the life cycle of various animal products in Poland.
Indústria Extrativa Mineral no Brasil: Uma Análise a Partir do Paradigma Estrutura-Conduta-Desempenho (ECD)
Authors: Alves de Moura Jr. Álvaro , Racy Joaquim Carlos , Vartanian Pedro Raffy , Batista Santos Silva Vitória
Published: May 2019

A Indústria extrativa mineral é hoje uma das principais atividades econômicas brasileiras, sobretudo pela sua importância para a balança comercial. Como será analisado, o setor tem uma diversificação de sua atividade com relação às substâncias extraídas, no entanto o minério de ferro é o produto que concentra mais de 60% da produção setor, bem como 91% das exportações de minério, o que torna o País o segundo maior de produtor mundial do minério. Neste sentido, o objetivo do presente artigo é analisar o setor à luz do paradigma ECD. O setor se mostra, em termos de estrutura, concentrado e com elevadas barreiras à entrada de novos concorrentes. Quanto às condutas, identificou-se uma forte influência das empresas na oferta global dos minérios, que afetam o preço no mercado internacional. Em termos de desempenho, o estudo aponta para uma elevada competitividade de boa parte das substâncias extraídas em território nacional. Ademais, cabe destacar uma forte atuação das políticas regulatórias sobre o setor, que influenciam todos os elementos do paradigma ECD.
Análise da Preocupação das Atuais Políticas Agrícolas e Ambiental Brasileiras com a Mitigação dos Gases Causadores do Efeito Estufa
Authors: Damasceno Rodrigo , Bacha Carlos José Caetano , Miranda Silvia Helena Galvão de
Published: May 2019

Esse trabalho analisa a preocupação das políticas agrícolas e ambientais brasileiras com a mitigação da emissão de gases causadores do efeito estufa. Ainda que a preocupação das políticas agrícolas seja, basicamente, com o estímulo à produção agropecuária e a das políticas ambientais seja, em parte, a regulamentação da produção agropecuária de modo a impactar minimamente o meio ambiente, há programas em ambas políticas que permitem a redução da emissão de gases causadores do efeito estufa. No entanto, esses programas, no que se refere à política agrícola, não adquirem a maior importância dentro dessa política.
Vapaaehtoistyöntekijöiden kokemuksia vastavuoroisuudesta ikääntyneiden ihmisten vapaaehtoistyössä
Authors: Äyräväinen Irma , Piirainen Arja , Lintunen Taru , Rantanen Taina
Published: May 2019

Sosiaalisen vaihdon teorian mukaan vastavuoroisuus on tärkeää ikääntyneiden ihmisten suhteissa. Vapaaehtoistyössä vastavuoroisuus on oleellista, mutta sitä ei ole juuri tutkittu eläkeikäisten vapaaehtoistyöntekijöiden kannalta. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on selvittää, kuinka eläkeikäiset vapaaehtoistyöntekijät kokevat vastavuoroisuuden vapaaehtoistyössä. Kolme kuukautta kestäneen toimintajakson aikana vapaaehtoistyöntekijät auttoivat liikkumiskyvyn ongelmista kärsiviä ikäihmisiä osallistumaan kodin ulkopuoliseen toimintaan osana Vapaaehtoistyö, ulkoliikunta ja vanhusten hyvinvointi (VAU) -tutkimushanketta. Tämän laadullisen osatutkimuksen 17 osallistujaa olivat 61 - 72-vuotiaita. Tutkimusaineisto kerättiin yksilöhaastatteluilla ja analysoitiin aineistolähtöisellä sisällönanalyysillä. Eläkeikäiset vapaaehtoistyöntekijät kokivat saavansa vapaaehtoistyöstä sisältöä siirtymävaiheen elämäänsä ja antavansa inhimillisyyttä ikäihmisten vanhuuteen. Analyysissä saamisen yläkategorioiksi muodostuivat merkityksellinen toiminta, kasvu vanhenemiseen ja hyväksyvä ystävyys. Antamisen yläkategorioiksi saatiin avun antaminen, ajan antaminen, kuunteleminen ja arjen avartuminen. Täydellisesti vastavuoroisuus tuli esiin hyväksyvässä ystävyydessä ja arjen avartumisessa, niissä yläkategorioissa molemmat osapuolet olivat samanaikaisesti sekä saavana että antavana osapuolena. Vapaaehtoistyön luonteeseen näyttää kuuluvan tällainen vastavuoroisuuden yhteen kietoutuneisuus, jossa saamista ja antamista on vaikea erottaa toisistaan. Sosiaalisen vaihdon teoria vaikuttaa toimivan vapaaehtoistyössä.
The Role of Internalized Stigma and Perceived Discrimination Regarding the Self-Esteem of People Living with HIV/AIDS in Jakarta
Authors: Pradipto Yosef Dedy , Setiadi Bernadette N.
Published: May 2019

The aim of this study was to examine the role or internalized stigma and the perception of discrimination in relation to the self esteem of People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Jakarta, Indonesia. It would appear that negative stigmatization and discrimination towards PLWA in Indonesia have risen rapidly, in line with the increase in the number of people diagnosed with HIV/AIDS. The instruments employed were the Rosenberg Internalized Stigma, Perception of Discrimination, and Self Esteem scales. The participants in this study were PLWHA (N = 96), living in Jakarta, with an age range of 15 to 59 years. The results of regression analysis indicated that internalized stigma (t = 1.31; p > .05) and the perception of discrimination (t = - 0.50; p > .05) played no role in predicting self esteem amongst PLWHA. A difference is found regarding internalized stigma and perceived discrimination, seen from the viewpoint of the work status of the participants.
Emotional Intelligence, Subjective Wellbeing, and Work-Family Conflict Among University Lecturers
Authors: Juniarly Amalia , Purnamasari Ayu , Anggraini Dewi , Andini Heni
Published: May 2019

The purpose of this study is to determine the role of emotional intelligence and subjective wellbeing in predicting work-family conflict. The participants for the study were 182 female lecturers at University of Sriwijaya, and the pilot study of the measuring scales was conducted with 52 lecturers. The scales used were the scales of emotional intelligence, subjective well-being and work-family conflict. Data analysis employed multiple linear regression. The results of the analysis were that there is a significant role for emotional wellbeing and subjective wellbeing concerning work-family conflict.
Numerus clausus en materia de derechos reales
Authors: Blanco Agustín Emmanuel
Published: May 2019

En Argentina rige el sistema de numerus clausus (o de número cerrado) en materia de derechos reales, el cual determina que la creación y estructura de aquellos sólo pueden ser establecidos por la ley, diferenciándonos de otros países, como España, donde impera el sistema de número abierto, en virtud del cual las partes pueden crear nuevos derechos reales o modificar los existentes. Sin embargo, el actual art. 1884 del código civil y comercial de la nación no precisa los efectos que cabe asignarle a un contrato o cláusula violatoria del numerus clausus, como si lo hacía el art. 2502 del código de Vélez Sarsfield. En razón de ello, en el presente artículo analizaremos los posibles efectos de esa violación, de acuerdo a los fundamentos del anteproyecto de código civil y comercial de la nación, así como las reglas de interpretación y la facultad de calificación de los contratos.
Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Matakuliah Metode Numerik dengan Implementasi Scilab Berbantuan Software Latex
Authors: Arfinanti Nurul
Published: May 2019

Abstract:The aim of this study is to develop media for learning using Scilab and Latex in Numerical Methods course. Numerical methods is a course which use a lot of numerical symbol. Scilab is used to solve a numerical problem, and Latex is used to write subject matter with a lot of numerical symbols. This study use Research and Development (R&D) models by Thiagarajan which compreised in three steps: defining, designing, and developing. The data were collect from two expert in content, two expert in media for learning, and 11 responses from students. Data were analyzed using qualitative method. The results of this study showed that the media for learning has fulfilled the criteria of the quality determined. This is based on the results of the assessment of content’s experts which get percentage of idealism score 94,53 (very good), the results of the assessment of media for learning’s experts which get percentage of idealism score 86,46 (very good), student response results with an average percentage of idealization score of 89.325 (very good), and students had fulfilled lesson learnead which designed.Abstrak:Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan media pembelajaran matakuliah Metode Numerik dengan implementasi Scilab berbantuan software Latex. Metode Numerik merupakan matakuliah yang banyak melibatkan simbol dan angka tetapi belum tersedia media pembelajarannya. Inovasi yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini berupa penggunaan freeware Scilab dan Latex dalam pembuatan media pembelajarannya. Penelitian ini menggunakan  metode penelitian dan pengembangan (R&D) yang dikembangkan oleh Thiagarajan, yang meliputi tahap define (pendefinisian), design (perancangan), dan develop (pengembangan). Data dikumpulkan dari dua orang ahli materi, dua orang ahli media, dan respon dari 11 mahasiswa. Analisis data menggunakan teknik deskriptif kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa media pembelajaran yang dikembangkan telah memenuhi kriteria kualitas yang ditetapkan. Hal ini didasarkan pada hasil penilaian dari ahli materi yang memperoleh persentase keidealan skor rata-rata 94,53 (sangat baik), hasil penilaian dari ahli media yang memperoleh persentase keidealan skor rata-rata 86,46 (sangat baik), hasil respon mahasiswa dengan persentase keidealan rata-rata skor sebesar 89,325 (sangat baik), serta penguasaan mahasiswa terhadap capaian pembelajaran telah dinyatakan lulus semuanya (nilai minimal 65 dan rata-rata 80,82).
Antemortem diagnosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in a blue-fronted Amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva) and a mealy Amazon parrot (Amazona farinosa)
Authors: Staudenmaier Anne M. , Simone-Freilicher Elisabeth A. , Noonan Brendan P. , Ewing Patty J.
Published: May 2019

CASE DESCRIPTION

A 28-year-old blue-fronted Amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva) with a 1 -week history of regurgitation-like movement of the neck and a 34-year-old mealy Amazon parrot (Amazona farinosa) with a 1- to 2-day history of regurgitation and crop distention were evaluated.

CLINICAL FINDINGS

Full-body radiography of the blue-fronted Amazon parrot revealed a soft tissue structure in the right side of the neck, cranial to the crop. Results of cytologic examination of a fine-needle aspirate specimen of the mass were diagnostic for an epithelial sarcoma involving the esophagus. For the mealy Amazon parrot, CT revealed diffuse esophageal thickening that was most consistent with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma on the basis of its location and appearance. Both parrots had secondary bacterial ingluvitis.

TREATMENT AND OUTCOME

Given the location and extent of the neoplasm in each bird, surgical excision was not undertaken. Options of chemotherapy and radiation therapy were explored but declined by the owners owing to concerns regarding the parrots' quality of life. Both parrots were euthanized, and necropsy findings confirmed the diagnosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in both cases.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Both parrots of the present report had a palpable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma detected during physical examination. Although rare, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma should be included as a differential diagnosis for psittacines with upper gastrointestinal tract signs. Treatment to extend duration or quality of life of affected parrots hinges on antemortem diagnosis, which appears feasible in clinical practice.
Breeding bulls as a potential source of bovine leukemia virus transmission in beef herds
Authors: Benitez Oscar J. , Roberts Jennifer N. , Norby Bo , Bartlett Paul C. , Takeshima Shin-Nosuke , Watanuki Sonoko , Aida Yoko , Grooms Daniel L.
Published: May 2019

OBJECTIVE

To determine the prevalence of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) in beef bulls; evaluate the presence of BLV provirus DNA in blood, smegma, and semen samples; and analyze whether blood BLV proviral load was associated with differential blood cell counts.

DESIGN

Observational cross-sectional study.

ANIMALS

121 beef bulls ≥ 2 years old from 39 Michigan herds.

PROCEDURES

Blood, smegma, and semen samples were collected from each bull during a routine breeding soundness examination. An ELISA was used to detect serum anti-BLV antibodies. A coordination of common motifs-quantitative PCR assay was used to detect BLV provirus DNA in blood, smegma, and semen samples. Bulls with positive results on both the BLV serum ELISA and coordination of common motifs-quantitative PCR assay were considered infected with BLV.

RESULTS

19 of 39 (48.7%) herds and 54 of 121 (44.6%) bulls were infected with BLV. Provirus DNA was detected in the blood of all 54 and in smegma of 4 BLV-infected bulls but was not detected in any semen sample. Lymphocyte count was significantly greater in BLV-infected bulls than in uninfected bulls. The proportion of BLV-infected bulls with lymphocytosis (16/54 [29.6%]) was greater than the proportion of uninfected bulls with lymphocytosis (6/67 [9%]). Lymphocyte count was positively associated with BLV proviral load in BLV-infected bulls.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Results indicated that almost half of beef bulls and herds were infected with BLV, and BLV provirus DNA was detected in the smegma of some BLV-infected bulls. Bulls may have an important role in BLV transmission in beef herds.
DAYA HAMBAT KUNYIT (Curcuma longa linn) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN Candida albicans
Authors: Mubarak Zaki , Gani Basri A , - Mutia
Published: May 2019

Kunyit (Curcuma longa linn) merupakan bahan herbal mengandung senyawa aktif Curcuminoid yangterdiri atas Curcumin, Bisdementhoxycurcumin dan Dementhoxycurcumin yang mempunyai sifat antijamur. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis daya hambat ekstrak kunyit terhadappertumbuhan Candida albicans, in vitro. Uji daya hambat pada penelitian ini menggunakan metodedifusi agar (Kirby-Bauer) dengan nistatin 100μg sebagai kontrol positif dan kertas cakram kosongsebagai kontrol negatif. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan ANOVA satu arah (One Way Analysisof Varians) dengan taraf kepercayaan 5%, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan uji Duncan. Hasil penelitianmenunjukkan bahwa ekstrak kunyit dengan pelarut etanol 96% pada konsentrasi 12,5%, 25%, 50%,75% dan 100% dapat menghambat pertumbuhan C.albicans. Diameter zona hambat terbesar terlihatpada konsentrasi ekstrak kunyit 100% yaitu 10,3 mm, dan diameter terkecil terlihat pada konsentrasi12,5% yaitu 6,6 mm. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak kunyit dapatmenghambat pertumbuhan C.albicans, dengan demikian berpotensi untuk digunakan sebgai bahanherbal anti-C.albicans. Namun potensi in vivo herbal ini perlu ditetapkan melalui studi lanjut padahewan coba.Kata kunci: Kunyit, Candida albicans, difusi agar
REHABILITASI RONGGA MULUT PADA ANAK DISABILITAS INTELEKTUAL
Authors: Yasmin Ulfa , Riyanti Eriska
Published: May 2019

Disabilitas intelektual atau yang sebelumnya disebut dengan retardasi mental merupakan suatugangguan cacat umum adaptif dan fungsi intelektual yang berhubungan dengan onset usiaperkembangan seharusnya. Prevalensi disabilitas intelektual pada anak-anak di bawah umur 18 tahundi negara maju diperkirakan mencapai 0,5-2,5% sedangkan di negara berkembang berkisar 4,6%.Laporan kasus ini memaparkan seorang anak perempuan usia 12 tahun yang menderita disabilitasintelektual dengan keadaan kebersihan mulut yang sangat buruk. Pemeriksaan intra oral menunjukkanbanyaknya gigi persistensi, nekrosis gigi molar pertama permanen kiri rahang bawah disertai kistaradikalis, serta gingivitis marginalis kronis rahang atas dan bawah. Pasien selalu mengeluarkan air liur(drooling) secara berlebihan sehingga selalu membuat baju serta barang disekitarnya menjadi basah.Pasien mendapatkan perawatan dibawah anestesi umum dikarenakan banyaknya tindakan pencabutanyang harus dilakukan dan pasien tidak dapat mengikuti instruksi dokter gigi. Edukasi diberikankepada pasien dan orangtua mengenai cara pemeliharaan rongga mulut dan latihan myofungsionaluntuk mengurangi drooling yang terjadi. Kerjasama dokter gigi, orangtua dan pasien sangat pentingdalam perawatan anak disabilitas intelektual dengan tujuan menjaga kebersihan rongga mulut anak.Kata Kunci : Rehabilitasi, disabilitas intelektual, anastesi umum, drooling.
GAMBARAN PERLEKATAN BAKTERI Staphylococcus aureus PADA BERBAGAI BENANG BEDAH (STUDI KASUS PADA TIKUS WISTAR)
Authors: Arbi Teuku Ahmad , Noviyandri Putri Rahmi , Valentina Novita Vindy
Published: May 2019

Benang bedah memiliki peran yang penting dalam intervensi bedah yaitu untuk menyatukan tepi–tepiluka, meningkatkan penyembuhan luka, dan memberikan kontrol perdarahan. Walaupun begitu,keberadaan benang bedah dapat meningkatkan kerentanan terhadap infeksi pada luka. Infeksi initerjadi akibat kontaminasi dari mikroorganisme yang berinteraksi dengan benda asing pada lukaseperti benang bedah. Infeksi pada luka atau area bedah ini dikenal sebagai surgical site infection(SSI). Benang bedah sudah lama dihubungkan dengan awal terjadinya SSI. Staphylococcus aureusmerupakan bakteri yang paling sering diisolasi dari kejadian SSI. Untuk itu tujuan dari penelitian iniadalah untuk melihat perlekatan S. aureus terhadap beberapa benang bedah yang umum digunakan,yaitu silk, vycril, catgut, dan nylon. Staphylococcus aureus yang melekat pada benang bedah ditelitidengan metode pengenceran bertingkat/lempeng sebar dan dihitung dengan menggunakan metodestandard plate count. Jumlah koloni S. aureus yang melekat pada benang bedah yang ditemukan padabenang bedah silk sebesar 2.4x104 Cfu/ml, vycril sebesar 6.0x104 Cfu/ml, catgut sebesar 18.6x104Cfu/ml, dan nylon sebesar 2.6x104 Cfu/ml. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa jumlah koloni S.aureus pada seluruh benang dikatakan aman, tidak meningkatkan risiko SSI karena jumlah S. aureusmasih dibawah 105 mikroorganisme per gram jaringan. Selain itu, jumlah kolonisasi S. aureus padabenang bedah ini dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor seperti bahan pelindung yang melapisi suatubenang, bahan benang, dan konfigurasi fisikalnya.Kata Kunci: Benang bedah, Staphylococcus aureus, SSI