bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gender, Religion, and Radicalization
Authors: Brown Katherine E.
Published: July 2020

This introductory chapter situates the arguments of the book in the wider debates on extremism, radicalization, and religious violence. By contextualizing key components of the book, the chapter introduces a core argument: the concept of radicalization is gendered in nature. I argue for gendered analysis of the programs and policies that are collectively presented as “antiradicalization” efforts. I put forward the case that a feminist understanding of agency and empowerment is essential for offering a full critique of these efforts. This sets up the book’s second argument: radicalization is treated in these efforts as a sign of irresponsible agency and failed self-governance. As the focus of this book is on violence associated with Islam, the chapter discuses the relationship between religion and violence. The empirical focus of the book, I argue, exposes how states are also radical—they foreclose diverse futures through their antiradicalization campaigns. The chapter closes with an overview of the book’s chapters and core arguments.
Fixating on Political Order
Authors: Pan Jennifer
Published: July 2020

This chapter provides background on the origins and evolution of Dibao, as well as basic information on the Dibao program and Dibao in the context of China’s other social welfare policies. The chapter traces the evolution of Dibao and illustrates its changing relationship with political order. Dibao originated as a solution to the problem of urban poverty, which the Chinese regime saw as motivating protest and unrest during economic liberalization. However, as the nature of social mobilization changed, so too did China’s conceptualization of political order and its strategy to pursue it. Instead of a means to achieve modernization, political order became an end in itself. The Dibao program evolved into a tool for controlling specific individuals deemed to pose a future threat to the Chinese regime.
Reacting at the Threat of Disorder
Authors: Pan Jennifer
Published: July 2020

This chapter describes an online field experiment conducted across 2,103 Chinese counties that establishes a causal linkage between the threat of disorder and government action in terms of responsiveness to Dibao applicants. Even extremely mild threats of collective action (social instability) prompted higher levels of government responsiveness to Dibao applicants than appeals based solely on economic hardship. The chapter shows how Dibao provision is not only shaped by economic considerations and suggests that individuals who are impoverished but capable of work may also be prioritized for Dibao.
Distributing Social Assistance to Preempt Disorder
Authors: Pan Jennifer
Published: July 2020

This chapter discusses how Dibao is funded and shows the dual logic of Dibao distribution using a combination of qualitative fieldwork and a survey of 100 neighborhoods. The chapter focuses on the urban neighborhood, which plays a crucial role in the Dibao application process, as well as the surveillance and management of targeted populations, who are prioritized for Dibao. It provides background on the targeted population program, the functioning of neighborhood surveillance networks, and how heuristics are used to identify targeted populations. This chapter shows how Dibao administrators turn away many poor households who can participate in the labor market while at the same time actively helping able-bodied individuals get access to Dibao who are similarly poor but belong to targeted populations.
Is Human DNA Special?
Authors: McHughen Alan
Published: July 2020

Chapter 3 explores “Human DNA” and the genetic features of human beings. Genetic inheritance in humans follows the same patterns and principles as those of other animals and plants, but far more scientists have studied humans than have studied any other species. Thus, scientists have accumulated a hugely disproportionate amount of information directly relevant to humans. This chapter examines some curious features of human evolution. Is there a genetic basis for human race and genetic “purity”? Are telomeres ticking time bombs inside cells limiting the human life span? How did most humans end up with Neanderthal DNA in their genomes? It’s just the way the DNA cookie crumbles. This chapter also introduces the use of technology based on DNA, from human DNA fingerprinting to probing human history.
Practical Applications Using DNA
Authors: McHughen Alan
Published: July 2020

Armed with knowledge of DNA structure and function, this book can now shift to applying knowledge of DNA and genetics to practical issues. Many of these are covered in social and mass media, often unsatisfactorily citing DNA as a key player but failing to reveal how DNA achieved the objectives. This chapter shows the mechanisms by which DNA and genetics answered the questions. It starts with what is likely the most dramatic, the forensic use of DNA in identifying criminals, followed by other situations in which DNA is used to identify people and wrapping up with examples of DNA clearing up some historical mysteries. Along the way some limitations to DNA technology in identifying specific people is considered, as well as some potential impacts on personal privacy.
Early Historic Phase
Authors: Varier M. R. Raghava
Published: July 2020

An enquiry into the Indian tradition of healing and healthcare has to be traced back to the proto-historic Harappan culture. The main source for understanding the socio-economic and cultural developments in the Vedic society is the corpus of Ègvedic hymns. More details about medicine, treatment, and physicians are available in the Aithareya Brāhmaņa and the Śatapatha Brāhmaņa. The Vedic art of healing can be understood as belonging to two distinctive ages. This art of healing consisted medicine supplemented by magical rites with incantations of hymns. The specialization of the bhiṣaks, physicians, in the Vedic medical lore presupposes some amount of systematic organization of the knowledge of the science of medicine accumulated over a long period. Medicinal knowledge of the bhiṣaks was supported and supplemented by auxiliary knowledge of human anatomy, probably from experience in sacrificial rituals. There was a trend of objective and rational explanation of diseases and their healing in the existing texts that was further supported by the heterodox philosophical thinking of the Jains and the Buddhists. This element of rational thinking was instrumental in bringing about a radical change, a paradigm shift, in the indigenous knowledge of the science of Āyureveda.
Regional Developments
Authors: Varier M. R. Raghava
Published: July 2020

The Major Rock Edict II of Asoka makes a categorical statement showing that he made arrangements for two kinds of treatments, that is, treatment for humans and for animals in the territories of the yavana king Antiokhia, in the areas of the Cōḻās, the Pāndyas, and the Keralaputras, and beyond these, upto the river, that is, Sri Lanka. A distinctive stage in the history of Āyurveda is discernible in Tamilakam during the medieval period. The source material for understanding this new development is in the form of inscriptions engraved in archaic characters, generally found in temples, mostly situated in rural villages. These were centres of learning meant for medical education. Epigraphic documents of medieval period refer to medical institutions in Thiruvaduthurai. Among the persons to be fed in the maṭha of that place were students of medicine and grammar and as well as those who studied medicine. Śaiva and Vaisnava maṭhas were engaged in imparting education in the medical sciences. Medicines were prepared, stored, and distributed in some villages. The Velan medicine-men as functionaries in the village community of Kerala were practicing physicians with a knowledge of indigenous medicine. Their womenfolk as rural midwives used some instruments and small blades in their profession.
Nature, Formation, and Resources
Authors: Rahman Md Mizanur , Ranjan Rakesh
Published: July 2020

The chapter provides an overview of local as well as transnational migrant organizations, exploring how they differ in terms of their nature, formation, and resource mobilization. The first section examines the socio-demographic characteristics of both types of migrant organizations, followed by the formation and resource mobilization of these organizations in India and abroad. The chapter is replete with examples from the study itself.
Local Organizations and Healthcare Sector
Authors: Rahman Md Mizanur , Ranjan Rakesh
Published: July 2020

This chapter discusses the overall healthcare facilities in India and depicts the existing gap in healthcare access across the country. It shows how local migrant organizations are reaching out to the underprivileged sections of society and providing medical education, building hospitals and clinics, and running special programmes that target deprived sections of the society with their limited resources.
Transnational Organizations and Healthcare Sector
Authors: Rahman Md Mizanur , Ranjan Rakesh
Published: July 2020

This chapter discusses how some transnational migrant organizations engage with the Indian healthcare sector and contribute to the expansion of healthcare facilities across the country. It principally describes how such organizations are building healthcare institutions, introducing modern medical equipment to the Indian healthcare industry, running exchange programs for medical professionals, and sponsoring many special programmes that provide greater access to healthcare facilities for different groups in urban and rural India.
Transnational Organizations and Education Sector
Authors: Rahman Md Mizanur , Ranjan Rakesh
Published: July 2020

This chapter discusses various educational projects that transnational migrant organizations run across the country. The chapter mainly describes projects and programmes such as NRI education provision, education for vulnerable groups, vocational education and training for skill development, community awareness programs, provision of modern learning tools, scholarships and grants, and various special programs for the advancement of education among the underprivileged sections of the Indian society.
Conclusion
Authors: Rahman Md Mizanur , Ranjan Rakesh
Published: July 2020

This chapter revisits the intersections between migrant organizations, engagement, and development by setting out the empirical findings concerning the healthcare and education sectors in India. The chapter summarizes the contributions that Indian migrant organizations make to the advancement of education and healthcare sectors and concludes by flagging the areas for further research.
Introduction
Authors: Busse Beatrix
Published: July 2020

In her introductory chapter, the author specifies the aims of the study and its theoretical background. Basing her approach on Leech and Short’s (1981) and Semino and Short’s (2004) categories of discourse presentation, she further develops their model to suit 19th-century fiction and to enable corpus annotation for quantitative next to qualitative investigation, in order to allow for systematically investigating the previously impressionistic observations about discourse presentation modes in historical English on a sound empirical basis. She further outlines how her corpus-stylistic approach will be enriched by contextualization to address the portrayal of subjectivity as well as diachronic pragmatic differences between 19th- and 20th-century narrative fiction. Defining the key issues in her approach of New Historical Stylistics, the study is to provide new insights into the nature of 19th-century narrative fiction that are useful for corpus stylistics, text-linguistics, historical linguistics and pragmatics, as well as narratology and literary criticism.
The Discourse Presentation Model So Far
Authors: Busse Beatrix
Published: July 2020

The second chapter discusses Semino and Short’s (2004) model of discourse presentation and adapts it for the study of 19th-century narrative fiction; the chapter presents a state-of-the-art overview of relevant research on discourse presentation in narrative fiction, including Sinclair’s concept of “trusting the text,” and Toolan’s (2009, 2016) concept of narrative progression. The chapter outlines first the main objectives of the study as comprising a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the types of speech, writing, and thought presentation in a corpus of 19th-century English narrative fiction, their distribution and functions; second, the development of a new methodology for investigating discourse presentation in historical data in order to enable diachronic comparison; third, the development of a tool for the automatic coding of discourse presentation on the basis of characteristic lexico-grammatical patterns; and finally, a qualitative investigation of the interplay between narration and modes of discourse presentation and their narratological function.
Methodology
Authors: Busse Beatrix
Published: July 2020

The third chapter focuses on the methodological steps followed in the building of the electronic corpus of 19th-century narrative fiction used for the analysis as well as in the annotation and tagging of this corpus for automatic search. It outlines the parameters for the selection of sample texts and the annotation scheme in a detailed fashion. The chapter further discusses and critically reflects methodological caveats related to the size of the corpus, the selection of texts, and the manual annotation procedure.
Types, Distribution, and Lexico-Grammatical Realization of Discourse Presentation Categories and Their Functional Implications
Authors: Busse Beatrix
Published: July 2020

The fourth chapter presents the quantitative findings for the categories of speech, writing, and thought presentation in the corpus of 19th-century narrative fiction and compares their statistical distribution with the findings by Semino and Short (2004) for 20th-century fiction. The author finds that the JLVeffects of particular categories of thought presentation are different from those of speech presentation in the 19th-century data. Further, the scales of speech and thought presentation in 19th-century narrative fiction are differently distributed compared to the 20th century, this giving quantitative evidence to Fludernik’s (1993) “direct discourse fallacy” according to which a character’s direct discourse should never simply be accepted as fully reliable because the narrator’s mediation is always a distortion.
Conclusion
Authors: Busse Beatrix
Published: July 2020

The final chapter summarizes the results from the study and presents directions for future research. The study has illustrated that speech, writing, and thought presentation in 19th-century narrative fiction works in a variety of modes and plays a crucial role in establishing, reflecting, and construing a social mind in action. This construal affects both intra- and intertextual dimensions, including readers and their processing as well as theoretical concerns of interpretation and methodological issues of analysis. The study has done pioneer work in the way it uses the analysis of keywords and repetitive patterns as basis for a tool that automatically annotates speech, writing, and thought presentation in digitized corpora. It has furthermore shown how repetitive patterns on all levels of discourse contribute to characterization and function as a means of narrative progression.
Central Bank Announcements and Inflation Expectations
Authors: Baerg Nicole
Published: July 2020

Chapter 5 tests the main mechanism that central bank communication changes households’ inflation expectations. The chapter reports evidence from a survey experiment conducted on a sample of German households. It shows that households that receive more precise central bank information react more to central bank news than those who receive more vague information. Estimating the average treatment effect across the two experimental groups, the result is that more precise information attenuates both short-term (one-year-ahead) and medium-term (five-years-ahead) inflation forecasts but not longer-term expectations (ten years ahead). Other findings are that while younger people, women, and those less educated and financially literate have higher prior inflation expectations than their older, male, and financially literate counterparts, the evidence suggests that information rather than socioeconomic or demographic features matters most of all.
Putting It All Together
Authors: Baerg Nicole
Published: July 2020

The concluding chapter summarizes the key findings in the manuscript and discusses three main contributions of the book. First, the book shows that variation in the preferences of committee members, whether members have aligned or opposed inflation preferences, affects the content of central bank communications. Second, it shows that changes in the content of central bank announcements impact households’ inflation expectations. Third, it shows that more precise economic news attenuates inflation expectations, helping to stabilize inflation. The chapter then relates these findings to broader discussion on central bank design, transparency, and accountability. The author argues that having greater preference diversity on central bank committees ensures more horizontal accountability as well as inflation stability. The chapter concludes with a number of ideas for future research, new applications, and extensions.
Christian Faith and Intellectual Culture
Authors: Williams D. H.
Published: July 2020

This chapter considers the work of Justin the Martyr, who broke new ground in his defense of Christianity. He identified with certain elements of his pagan opponents’ position and created bridges between Christianity and Greco-Roman philosophy. At the same time, his arguments erect a sharp division between pagan religion and pagan philosophy, likely a reflection of his Platonist disdain for the poets whose works were filled with stories of the gods behaving in very human fashion. An important part of Justin’s program is based on revealing the likenesses between the highest ideals within Greek philosophy and Christian teaching while eschewing religious polytheism. The chapter also examines the work of Melito of Sardis and Claudius Apolinaris.
Hellenized Antagonism toward Hellenism
Authors: Williams D. H.
Published: July 2020

This chapter examines the work of Tatian (Tatianus), whose apologetic document has many of the same goals as that of his mentor, Justin the Martyr, except that Tatian’s final product is shorter and blunter, and vehemently argues that the “men of Greece” possess no originality and their very claim to being philosophers is manifestly false. Tatian’s style is surely more acidic than his mentor’s, but it is inaccurate to depict Justin as a “negotiator,” while designating Tatian as the combative confrontationist with the aim of presenting a general condemnation of Greek culture.
Clash of the Giants
Authors: Williams D. H.
Published: July 2020

This chapter considers the work of Origen, whose one and only anti-pagan work elevated Christian standing in a culture that prized philosophical argumentation and intellectual attainment as among the higher goods. It was the first draft, as it were, “of a sustained Christian reflection of the evangelization of Hellenistic culture,” and the first one to survive. Origen had produced multivolume projects on a larger scale than Contra Celsum (Against Celsus), but it is this work that has come down to us, complete, in eight volumes. A great deal is known about both Origen and his literary efforts, including his work against the Christian critic Celsus. Although Celsus had been dead for seventy years or so, it is supposed that his arguments had been effectual enough to cause such severe Christian trepidation that Origen was asked by his patron, Ambrosius, to construct a refutation.
Apologetic as Exhortation
Authors: Williams D. H.
Published: July 2020

In the Middle Ages, spurious and anonymous works were spawned by the texts of more influential patristic writers like Justin (the Martyr). This chapter considers one text attributed to Justin, which was identified in his time as the Cohortatio ad Graecos (Exhortation to the Greeks) (Coh). While the reader will find some similarities between the Coh and Justin’s first apology, the former is manifestly not a product of Justin and displays characteristics of having been written probably in the later third century. The question now is whether the Coh should rightly be considered an apologia. It is shown that the work is responding more to a general anti-Christian milieu more than any one specific attack. The chapter also examines the work of Athanasius of Alexandria.
The Unexpected Pagan Emperor
Authors: Williams D. H.
Published: July 2020

This chapter examines the work of Emperor Flavius Claudius Julianus (Julian), who represents a particular phase in the struggle between paganism and Christianity; he ruled only for a brief period, between 361 and 363, before being killed during a Roman offensive against the Persians. It was the last time a professed pagan ruled over the entire Roman Empire, and while doing so attempted to secure a religious revival, and restore the glories of paganism. This development revealed that pagan culture was far from moribund; rather, it was a living organism responding as sensitively to its Christian environment as Christianity itself responded to the pagan world. Julian’s Against the Galileans is so successful from the pagan’s perspective because he was raised within Christian circles until his adulthood.
Cities in Conflict
Authors: Williams D. H.
Published: July 2020

This chapter focuses on the work of Ambrose of Milan: specifically, it considers his two letters to Valentinian to see what they can tell us about the structure and evolution of Christian apologetic literature in the later fourth century. Both of Ambrose’s petitions are intent on making the bishop’s Against Symmachus the basis of a broader appeal in establishing the legitimacy of Christianity to an audience of uncommitted Christians or pagans. If it is correct to regard the two documents as such, then we are acknowledging the elasticity of Christian apologetic literature—a recognition that has come to typify scholarly assessment of Christian apologetic texts. The chapter also examines the work of Augustine of Hippo Regius, particularly the City of God and his analysis of evil things happening during “Christian times.”
The Spanish Years
Authors: De Lucca Valeria
Published: July 2020

Between 1679 and 1681 Lorenzo Onofrio Colonna took the position of Viceroy of Aragon and moved to Spain for a few years. His time in Saragozza as a noble foreigner in a position of political power proved quite challenging and led him to spend most of his time in Madrid, so that he could also attend the celebrations for the wedding of King Charles II and try to negotiate some sort of deal with Maria, who lived in a convent in the city. The self-fashioning of a foreign diplomat in a new country also relied heavily on his ability to construct his identity through the objects, furniture, paraphernalia, and books that he took with him. This chapter considers Lorenzo Onofrio’s Spanish years, with a particular emphasis on his self-fashioning through the books, scores, and librettos he brought with him on this very meaningful journey.
Introduction
Authors: Kitcher Philip
Published: July 2020

The Introduction explores the philosophical significance of Ulysses. Despite the relative neglect of the novel by Anglophone philosophers who have discussed literary modernism, it argues that Joyce’s fiction takes up the oldest questions of philosophy, those revolving around the qualities of the good life. In particular, Ulysses focuses on the middle years, when the “straight way” has been lost. Through its explorations of the thoughts and feelings of the central characters – Bloom, Stephen, and Molly – Joyce brings about a revaluation of everyday values, and an elevation of the commonplace. His strategies for doing so require the development of new narrative techniques, so that philosophical explorations are often intertwined with attention to the features on which literary scholars have fastened. The introduction closes with brief summaries of the themes of the individual chapters.
Ulysses May Be a Legal Fiction
Authors: Slote Sam
Published: July 2020

This essay looks at what James Joyce’s Ulysses has to say about the nature of fiction. Precisely because Joyce worked very hard to represent Dublin as accurately and meticulously as possible, Ulysses blurs an easy division between fact and fiction. This essay considers how one can discuss fictional entities in ways that make sense. Rather than settle upon a “possible worlds” approach to considering fiction, this essay looks at the advantages and disadvantages of what can be called endorsement: judging the truth of a statement about a fiction is simply a matter of determining whether the fiction endorses that statement. Instead of multiple (even infinite) possible worlds, a work of fiction occasions multiple possible endorsements precisely because any work of fiction is inherently incomplete and thus requires the initiatives of its readers to fill in its manifold gaps.
Plato’s Teleology
Authors: McDonough Jeffrey K.
Published: July 2020

This chapter analyses the basic features of Plato’s teleology. His dialogue Phaedo presents certain requirements for a proper causal account which, it is claimed, only the good can satisfy. It is particularly the demand for holism that singles out the good as the only proper cause. It is then argued that the cosmology of the Timaeus is consistent with the Phaedo’s requirements. While the Timaeus introduces “Necessity” as an additional cause, this can also be understood as a cause that contributes to good ends and to that extent as part of an overall teleological account. Hereby a notion of necessity comparable to Aristotle’s hypothetical necessity emerges, which the Timaeus’s craft model of the creation helps articulate. The chapter ends with a partial comparison of Plato’s with Aristotle’s natural teleology.
Avicenna on Teleology: Final Causation and Goodness
Authors: McDonough Jeffrey K.
Published: July 2020

This chapter examines Avicenna’s theory of final causation in light of two competing interpretations of Aristotelian teleology. According to the good-centered view, Aristotle’s claim that the end is a cause primarily conveys that some things are caused to occur by goodness. On this view, the concept of an end or goal, for Aristotle, is the concept of something good (from some perspective), and the concept of final causation is that of causation by goodness. According to the agent-centered view, Aristotle’s basic theory of the final cause says that it is the goal of the efficient cause, or the object of a power, that is, what the power is for. On this view, Aristotle’s fundamental account of what it is for something to be an end need not and should not refer to the goodness of that end. Avicenna’s portrayal of the final cause as the “cause of causes,” as well as his distinction between the end of motion and the good of motion, indicate that he adopts an agent-centered view. Though he also holds that every essential agent acts for the sake of something that is good, or apparently good, for the recipient of action, his explanation for this claim is compatible with his fundamentally value-neutral account of what it is to be a final cause.
Hegel
Authors: McDonough Jeffrey K.
Published: July 2020

Hegel defends the reality and the priority of immanent teleology. He does so by accepting Kant’s analysis of immanent teleology, but arguing against Kant’s subjectivist position. Key to Hegel’s argument is the idea that a general kind—in Hegel’s terms, a “concept” of a form of life—can be the substance or nature of the individual organism, or determine what it is to be that organism. In some ways Hegel here follows his own interpretation of Aristotle, while also trying to turn modern arguments against immanent teleology to his own opposing purposes. And we can approach in these terms the way in which Hegel tries to build his broader metaphysics around teleology.
The Value of Ideal Theory
Authors: Adams Matthew
Published: July 2020

This chapter delineates two types of ideal theory that are found in Rawls’s corpus of work. The first is ideal-method theory, which is theory constructed using idealizing assumptions that do not directly correspond with the actual world. The second is ideal-content theory, namely criteria for assessing whether something is a perfectly justice institution. The chapter provides an independent justification for both types of theory, arguing that ideal-method theory is valuable within certain parameters; for instance, the idealizing assumption of strict compliance helps to clarify the distinction between distributive and retributive justice. The chapter illuminates the value of ideal-content theory by clarifying and defending Rawls’s claim that nonideal theory depends on ideal-content theory. In particular, it argues that in order to gain a systematic grasp of the more pressing problems of nonideal theory it is plausible to argue that ideal-content theory is necessary.
Rawls’s Underestimation of the Importance of Economic Agency and Economic Rights
Authors: Platz Jeppe von
Published: July 2020

In Rawls’s justice as fairness, the moral powers of democratic citizenship are the capacity for a conception of the good and the sense of justice, and basic rights are those necessary for the development and exercise of these two powers. Since economic agency is not a power of democratic citizenship, economic rights are not basic. To libertarians, this relative devaluation of economic agency and economic rights is a mistake, since economic agency and economic rights are the main concerns of justice. This libertarian critique is correct: justice as fairness underestimates the importance of economic agency and economic rights. Yet libertarian critics mistake how we should care about economic agency and which economic rights are basic. The economic agency that matters for justice as fairness is the capacity to work together with others, and the basic economic rights are those that enable and protect this capacity.
Rawls on Economic Liberty and the Choice of Systems of Social Cooperation
Authors: Thomas Alan
Published: July 2020

Classical liberals argue Rawls fails to give sufficient weight to economic liberty. This paper argues that these classical liberals are mistaken. We know that Rawls took seriously Marx’s critique that the merely formal equality guaranteed by the basic liberties principle was de facto undermined by the material inequality permitted by the difference principle. As a response to Marx, Rawls believed that his principles could be fully specified in only one of two forms: liberal market socialism or property-owning democracy. Each fully specified system disperses capital so as to bring it under democratic control. Furthermore, within each system, economic liberties are robustly protected in a stable way. The classical liberal critique misfires as it takes only a part of his view to be the whole and neglects the full specification of these principles in one or another of Rawls’s preferred social systems.
A Feminist Defense of Political Liberalism
Authors: Hartley Christie , Watson Lori
Published: July 2020

Some feminists claim that liberal theories lack the resources necessary for fully diagnosing and remedying the social subordination of persons as members of social groups. Part of the problem is that liberals focus too narrowly on the state as the locus of political power. However, equal citizenship is also affected by systems of power that operate in the background culture and that construct social hierarchies in which persons are subordinated as members of social groups. This chapter argues that political liberalism, properly understood, entails a commitment to substantive equality such that it has the internal resources to address the kinds of inequality produced by unjust forms of social power. Although some will claim that if the basic structure is the subject of justice, political liberalism will still fall short of securing gender justice, we explain why this worry is misplaced.
Rawls and Animals
Authors: Smith Patrick Taylor
Published: July 2020

This chapter claims that Rawlsians ought to deny that we have direct duties of justice toward animals. The argument proceeds in three steps. First, the chapter shows that animal rights critics of Rawls fail to offer convincing examples where Rawlsians would permit obviously unjust examples of animal cruelty; rather, they argue that even if Rawls would justify the correct policy, he does so for the wrong reasons. I call these “animal-centrality” arguments: the interests of animals must, as a theoretical matter, be central to why we protect them. Second, the chapter demonstrates that the theoretical costs of including animals in our theories of justice is much higher than often thought. Third, the chapter suggests that Rawlsians have significant yet often ignored resources to defend substantial protections for animals on indirect grounds. It thus concludes that the theoretical benefits of including direct duties for animals are significantly outweighed by the theoretical costs and that Rawlsians are justified in rejecting animal-centrality arguments.
Rawls on Global Economic Justice
Authors: Nath Rekha
Published: July 2020

This chapter canvasses the debate between John Rawls and his cosmopolitan critics over the demands of economic justice that arise beyond state borders. In particular, it examines the merits of three defenses of the position Rawls advances in The Law of Peoples that justice does not call for a cross-society egalitarian distributive principle: first, that such a principle would fail to hold states responsible for their economic position; second, that satisfying such a principle would not be feasible; and, third, that appeal to Rawls’s constructivist methodology can explain why the egalitarian principles he takes to be suited for the state context are not suited for the international context. The chapter concludes that upon careful examination, none of these defenses succeeds in plausibly motivating Rawls’s rejection of global egalitarianism.
Rawls’s Reasoning about International Economic Justice
Authors: Brock Gillian
Published: July 2020

This chapter discusses Rawls’s reasoning concerning how to navigate issues of international economic justice. Rawls offers a sophisticated account that offers many significant insights. This chapter aims to highlight some of these. After outlining Rawls’s argument for his model aimed at offering substantial guidance in international affairs, the chapter covers frequently voiced key criticisms of Rawls’s views in this domain. It shows some of the ways in which Rawls, or rather those who would defend him, might address these challenges. In the process we come to appreciate the important insights that Rawls is able to offer. So this chapter argues that Rawls’s position on duties to address global poverty and his views concerning how to assist burdened societies to make the improvements they seek contain considerable wisdom that is not adequately acknowledged.
Right-Wing Populism and Noncoercive Injustice
Authors: Blake Michael
Published: July 2020

John Rawls’s The Law of Peoples makes several assumptions that, in the years since that book’s writing, have been shown to be potentially flawed. The first is that democratic societies can be predicted to inculcate citizens with democratic values, such that democratic peoples have no realistic worry about backsliding into tyranny. The second is that there is a sharp conceptual distinction between coercive intervention, on the one hand, and mere conversation and speech on the other. The emergence of right-wing populism—and the related phenomenon of troll farms, intended to inflame disagreement and anger within democratic political communities abroad—have raised the issue of antidemocratic societies using speech to undermine support for democratic self-government abroad. Rawls’s Law of Peoples, I argue, is poorly suited for the task of responding to these circumstances. Rawls’s Law of Peoples might have been better situated for this task, the chapter concludes, had Rawls included robust respect for democratic governance within that law. This Democratic Law of Peoples might have been the basis of a global society in which democracies held each other to account for their deviations from democratic self-government—while still expressing tolerance and modesty about the extent to which we might coercively intervene in favor of democracy.
Tolerating Decent Societies
Authors: Mandle Jon
Published: July 2020

Rawls argues that the public reason of a liberal democratic society should aim to include—and therefore tolerate—all reasonable persons. But the public reason that he defends for the Society of Peoples (globally) is considerably more inclusive. Rawls argues for the toleration of “decent” societies that are not liberal democracies. Critics have charged that such toleration, while perhaps pragmatic, is unprincipled. But a careful examination of Rawls’s criteria for “decency” reveals a defense of Rawls’s position that is grounded in the institutional requirements for a society to be able to make its own legitimate political decisions.
The Relevance of Wrongs
Authors: Gold Andrew S.
Published: July 2020

This chapter discusses the senses in which private law is responsive to wrongs. It begins by explaining that while private law is responsive to civil wrongs, it is responsive to other kinds of wrongs, too, including moral wrongs. The chapter explains that private law proves particularly responsive to moral wrongs within the conscience-based jurisdiction of equity. It also notes that private law’s responses to wrongs are varied. Furthermore, in certain circumstances, courts’ concern for moral wrongs in the enforcement of legal rights will mean that it overlooks a civil wrong or deviates from its customary responses (remedial or otherwise) to these wrongs. Finally, the variety evident in private law’s responses to wrongs suggests that wrongs raise different concerns of justice within private law, some of which may be in tension.
Losing the Right to Assert You’ve Been Wronged: A Study in Conceptual Chaos?
Authors: Ferzan Kimberly Kessler
Published: July 2020

This chapter addresses consent and estoppel, raising questions about their meaning, implications, and justification. It disentangles various bases on which one could lose the right to redress for a civil wrong. One such basis is that an individual actually or apparently consented to conduct an act that would, but for consent, be wrongful. But this chapter cautions that it is important to recognize that apparent consent is not a form of consent. Another basis upon which a right to redress can be lost is where an underlying primary right is deemed forfeited though the right-holder’s insincere act, as where duty-holders are duped into committing a wrong because the “victim” seeks a valued remedy. Finally, this chapter explains that the overbroad rubric of estoppel conceals at least three other distinct bases on which the exercise of a right to redress may be varied or suspended.
The Significance of a Civil Wrong
Authors: Smith Stephen A.
Published: July 2020

This chapter claims that the commission of a civil wrong generally holds no significance for the substantive rights and duties of the parties to the wrong, and that it holds but minor significance in the law of remedies. This chapter’s claims are based on an analysis of the relationship between the nature of particular civil wrongs and the content of associated remedies. It is true that wrongs are causally significant to remedies, in that proof of a wrong is frequently a condition requisite to the award of a remedy. But this does not imply that remedies are responsive to wrongs in the more robust and important sense of being addressed to the wrong as such. This chapter explains that many remedies do little more than insist on respect for an underlying right, in which case the wrong is just an occasion for an order for performance of a substantive duty. Remedies are robustly responsive to wrongs only where the wrong itself supplies reasons for “creative” court-ordered remedies, these reasons being reflected in the content of the remedies ordered.
Secondary Duties
Authors: Tadros Victor
Published: July 2020

This chapter argues that civil wrongs are central to remedies. It shows that private law remedies are primarily responsive to wrongs. Furthermore, the stringency of secondary or remedial duties reflects the special moral significance of wrongs as such. This chapter attributes the tendency to discount the normative relationship between wrongs and remedies to lack of clarity on that between primary and secondary moral and legal duties. Here, the justification for secondary legal duties becomes an extension of that for secondary moral duties. This implies that the way forward lies in the clarification of the normative significance of the deontic structure of private law and, in turn, the associated moral aims of private law.
Joint-Carving in Deontic Tort
Authors: Azmat Ahson
Published: July 2020

This chapter argues that non-instrumental, deontic approaches to tort law—like Corrective Justice or Civil Recourse Theory—presuppose an unspecified and undefended non-naturalist account of the normativity of civil wrongs. Linking this puzzle to current debate within metaphysics, the chapter argues that a deontic theory of tort must be a theory of legal grounding—that is, an account of the relationship between torts and the facts that underwrite them. It specifies a model of the logical form of this grounding relationship and then examines whether it is a metaphysical or, instead, a sui generis legal relationship. The chapter then turns squarely to Corrective Justice and Civil Recourse Theory to determine whether they can make good on their metaphysical presuppositions.
Vosburg v. Baxendale
Authors: Goldberg John C.P. , Zipursky Benjamin C.
Published: July 2020

This chapter addresses a basic difference between the rules governing tort and contract damages. It also explains why this already puzzling divergence is all the more puzzling in virtue of a seemingly intuitive “foreseeable-at-breach” rule that tort law rejects in favor of one that is less restrictive, while contract law rejects in favor of one that is more so. The chapter sets out to explain this phenomenon, in the process defending and illuminating prevailing doctrine. Two cases provide the focal point for this discussion. Hadley v. Baxendale (1854) stands for the rejection, in contract law, of the foreseeable-at-breach rule in favor of foreseeability of loss at the time of contract formation. Vosburg v. Putney (1891), meanwhile, holds that damages may be recovered in a tort action even if not reasonably foreseeable at the time of breach.
Broken Records
Authors: Lageson Sarah Esther
Published: July 2020

Uneven modes of data production have led thousands of jurisdictions to organize and share data in myriad of complicated ways. Using two case studies in New York City and Pennsylvania, this chapter explains how technological innovation within criminal justice systems can lead to incorrect, incomplete, or misused data. Within the offices of local criminal justice agencies, it is the employees who are charged with modernizing record-keeping, streamlining systems, and controlling information for their respective branch of criminal justice. But these branches have divergent functions and somewhat conflicting goals, leading to a lack of data harmonization and little consensus on what should be shared.
The Digilantes
Authors: Lageson Sarah Esther
Published: July 2020

Interviews with people who operate criminal record websites, crime watch networks, and social media feeds illustrate how today’s users of criminal records extend well beyond criminal justice officials, data brokers, statisticians, and employers. Instead, civilians use criminal justice data to create online communities that promise to do better report on, respond to, and prevent crime compared to existing structures. These “digilantes” use criminal records, arrest logs, and booking photos in their quest to create better forms of citizen journalism, victim support networks, and neighborhood watch networks. There is a tension centered around whether digilantes’ access to criminal records benefits broader society or whether publishing already public information harms subjects even more. What seems like a privacy violation to a website subject is simultaneously viewed as a social benefit by those who circulate criminal records.
Geek Identities in the Digital Family
Authors: Rocca Della
Published: July 2020

This chapter addresses families that have most actively embraced the idea of a digital future—self-declared “geeky” children and parents. Although these families are in some ways exceptional, their lives reveal the considerable emotional, financial, and time investment required by the premise—avidly promoted by both the public and private sectors—that the future is digital. But the outcomes remain unknown and are, arguably, riskier than more traditional routes. Families accept these terms, it is suggested, insofar as they see the adoption of a “geeky” identity as offering them a plausible pathway to overcome some unique biographical challenges. However, the authors avoid celebrating them as “positive deviants” even though they may yet benefit from being in the vanguard.
(Dis)abilities
Authors: Rocca Della
Published: July 2020

Parents of children with special education needs and disabilities (SEN) often experience an intensified struggle to balance the risks of digital technologies while also embracing the opportunities. This chapter argues that, rather than being the exception, these families illustrate the dilemmas of the digital age felt in varying degrees by many families. For families with children with special education needs and disabilities, these dilemmas, we argue, are heightened given parents’ efforts to chart individualized pathways under conditions of significant uncertainty and reduced structural support. Digital technologies, in short, seem to suggest a potential path toward a socially sanctioned and innovative future, along with some creative workarounds to resolve a lack of domestic resources or capacity. However, the hopes raised by digital technologies for some of the families discussed in this chapter may be unrealized, and do not substitute for provision of better state services.
Parents and Digital Learning
Authors: Rocca Della
Published: July 2020

This chapter explores parents’ practical efforts to realize the promise that the believe digital technologies hold for learning –at home, at school and in extracurricular activities-- in the present and for the future. Our fieldwork contrasts the values and imaginaries of three extracurricular digital learning sites, bringing together the voices of educators and parents to understand how each conceives of the learning potential associated with digital technologies. Somewhat unexpectedly, although the chosen learning sites vary considerably in resources, each tends to underplay the importance of parents in scaffolding children’s digital interests and, through a series of minor but significant barriers, to disconnect parents from their children’s learning.