bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NUTRIENT REQUIREMENT SCREENING FOR CHINESE CABBAGE IN EAST TEXAS ACID, SANDY SOILS
Authors: Leonard A. T. , Earhart D. R. , Davis J. V. , Haby V. A.
Published: February 2019

The increase of the Asian population in Texas has created a demand for specialty vegetables including Chinese cabbage. Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. Pekinensis var. Monument) was grown in a greenhouse to study the main effects of P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Zn, B, and Mo on plant growth. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications was used. The elements were incorporated and tested at three rates in soil from the Ap horizon of the Darco series (loamy, siliceous, thermic Grossarenic Paleudult). Treatments consisted of a check, where no nutrients were incorporated, all nutrients incorporated at 1X rates, and all nutrients at 2X rates. Each nutrient was tested individually at the 0 and 2X rates, while the remaining nutrients were held constant at the 1X rate. Analysis of variance indicated plant growth was affected by applications of P, K, S, Zn, B, and Mo. Regression analysis indicated positive growth responses to P, K, S, and Zn, and negative growth responses due to B and Mo applications.
EVALUATION OF COWPEA RATOONING POTENTIAL
Authors: Scheuring Douglas C. , Miller J. Creighton , Walker David W.
Published: February 2019

Two cowpea cultivars, Pinkeye Purple Hull and Royal Blackeye, were evaluated for their ability to produce a ratoon crop. Dry weight and pod yield were measured following harvest from two different cutting heights (second and fourth node), and stages of pod maturity (green and dry). The cultivar Royal Blackeye produced more green manure or returned biomass following ratooning than did Pinkeye Purple Hull. Cutting height and sampling at different pod maturities influenced ratooning potential. These results suggest that cowpea ratooning appears to be economically feasible and that further screening of cowpea cultivars for ratooning ability is warranted.
PROTEINS AND OTHER AGENTS IN BLACKSPOT DISEASE RESISTANCE IN ROSES
Authors: Sherman J.M. , Reddy K.S. , Newman S.E. , Spencer J.A.
Published: February 2019

Most modern roses are highly susceptible to the disease blackspot caused by the fungus Diplocarpon rosae. This contrasts to species roses that are resistant to the disease. To gain information on the biochemical factors in this resistance mechanism, we are studying the involvement of proteins. Soluble proteins of modern roses and species roses were extracted and analyzed by SDS-PAGE. When healthy leaves were examined, there were no distinct differences in the protein patterns, indicating that there are no constitutive proteins involved in the disease resistance mechanism. There were no differences between healthy and infected leaves of resistant genotypes. When detached leaves of some susceptible types were infected with the fungus new proteins seemed to appear in the healthy region surrounding the blackspot lesion. These proteins may be involved in resisting the spread of the pathogen.
THE INFLUENCE OF SUPRAOPTIMAL ROOT-ZONE TEMPERATURES ON 14C PHOTOSYNTHATE PARTITIONING IN ILEX CRENATA THUNB. `ROTUNDIFOLIA'
Authors: Ruter John M. , Ingram Dewayne L.
Published: February 2019

Ilex crenata Thunb. `Rotundifolia' split-root plants were grown for 3 weeks at root-zone temperatures of 30/30, 30/34, 30/38, 30/42, 34/34, 38/38 and 42/42. The 38 C root-zone temperature treatment was the upper threshold for a number of growth and physiological parameters. A portion of the root system grown at near optimum temperatures could compensate in terms of shoot growth for part of the root system exposed to supraoptimal root-zone temperatures up to the 38 C critical threshold. Higher root-zone temperatures did not affect photosynthetic rates or root:shoot ratios, but altered photosynthate partitioning to different stem and root sinks. Although no differences were found for total 14C partitioned to the roots, partitioning of the 14C into soluble and insoluble fractions and the magnitude of root respiration and exudation were influenced by treatment. Heating half of a root system at 38 C increased the amount of 14C respired from the heated side and increased the total CO2 respired from the non-heated (30 C) half. Exposure of both root halves to 42 C resulted in membrane damage which increased the leakage of 14C photosynthates into the medium.
Vegetative and Berry Chemistry Response to Canopy Manipulation and Ethephon in `Norton' Grapes
Authors: Patterson W. Keith , Zoecklein Bruce W.
Published: February 2019

The relationship between canopy manipulation to improve solar penetration and ethephon application was studied on field-grown Vitis aestivalis L. `Norton' grapevines. Canopy manipulation involved removal of nonfruitful shoots, topping, and application of ethephon (750 mg·liter-1) at two intervals. Vines that were shoot-positioned and topped were not significantly different from control in soluble solids accumulation, but were superior to both ethephon treatments. Potassium levels in grape berries were lower in all treatments than in the control, but malate was significantly reduced only in the 2nd year of the 2-year study. Ethephon successfully controlled vine size and lateral development and thus increased solar penetration into the fruiting zone. Chemical name used: 2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid (ethephon).
Fruit, Set of `Success' Pecans Unaffected by Triphenyltin Hydroxide Fungicide Sprays during Pollination
Authors: Goff William D.
Published: February 2019

Triphenyltin hydroxide fungicide sprays were applied at 114, 455, or 910 g·ha-1 either 0, 1, 3, 5, or 10 times during pollination of `Success' pecans [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch]. Pretreatment flower counts were compared to post-treatment fruit counts 7 and 9 weeks after pollination to determine if chemical rate or application frequency affected fruit set. There were no significant differences among rates, application frequency, or combinations in fruit drop (P > 0.35 in all cases). indicating that spraying this chemical did triphenyltin hydroxide (fentin hydroxide).
Whole-plant Response of Chrysanthemum to Uniconazole Foliar Sprays or Medium Drenches
Authors: Starman Terri Woods
Published: February 2019

Single and multiple sprays of uniconazole at 0, 5, 10, or 20 mg·liter-1 were compared with daminozide sprays at 2500 mg·liter-1 applied twice for height control of Dendranthema × grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura (Chrysanthemum × morifolium Ramat.) `Puritan' and `Favor'. A single uniconazole spray at 20 mg·liter-1 applied 2 weeks after pinching or two uniconazole applications at 10 mg·liter-1 applied 2 and 4 weeks after pinching were as effective as daminozide for reducing height. Drenches of uniconazole at 0, 0.025, 0.05, or 0.10 mg a.i./pot were compared with ancymidol drenches at 0.45 mg a.i./pot for controlling height of `Bright Golden Anne'. Although ancymidol was more effective, a 0.10-mg uniconazole drench adequately reduced height.
Ethylene Production and Influence of Silver Thiosulfate on Ethylene Sensitivity of Cut Evergreens
Authors: Tingley Dwight R. , Prince Timothy A.
Published: February 2019

A survey of 16 cut evergreen species found six clustered groupings of species based on ethylene production at 2 and 21C. Ethylene production (in nanoliters per kilogram of fresh weight per hour) at 21C ranged from 26 for Juniperus virginiana to 2800 for Sequoia sempervirens. Exposure to 0.1 or 1.0 ppm ethylene for 72 hours at 2C resulted in minor effects on two species, while significantly delaying senescence of Sequoia sempervirens. Silver thiosulfate (STS) pretreatment decreased or increased longevity of six species, but all effects were minor. Longevity of cut evergreens when held in preservative solution ranged from 14 days for Pinus sylvestris to 56 days for Chamaecyparis lawsoniana. Senescence symptoms observed were needle abscission, desiccation, and/or chlorosis.
A Comparison of Color Loss of Red Chile Pepper Pods on or off the Plant and during Storage as Powder
Authors: Isidoro Edith , Cotter Donald J. , Southward G. Morris
Published: February 2019

Color loss of Chile pods (Capsicum annuum L.) weathered on and off the plant was compared to that of refrigerated powder of comparable pods. Pods were harvested at 4-week intervals, dried at 65C, and ground and analyzed for color. Powder from these fruit was stored at 2C and analyzed at 4-week intervals. Pods that were weathered on or off the plant lost redness at a rate about one-half of that for refrigerated powder during 84 days of storage or weathering.
A Versatile Heat Pump Seed Dryer
Authors: Fritz Vincent A. , Cloud Harold A. , Deef Robert F. , Borowski Alicia M.
Published: February 2019

An experimental research seed dryer based on the heat pump principle was built to dry sweet corn (Zea mays var. rugosa L.) seed on husked ears. The dryer is not susceptible to environmentally induced drying rate fluctuations that are common with a conventional open-system forced-air oven. The dryer operates as a closed system and, as a result, provides a more constant drying environment. The ability to control air flow, temperature, and humidity makes the dryer a valuable tool for seed production research.
BLIND NODES IN PEACH: ENVIRONMENTAL AND GENETIC PARAMETERS
Authors: Boonprakob Unaroj , Byrne D.H.
Published: February 2019

Blind nodes in peach, the condition in which a node has no obvious vegetative or reproductive buds, is a problem in peach production in low and medium chill regions. Observations were made at 3 locations in Texas on peach cultivars which range in chilling requirement from 150 to 850 chill units. Four types of growing shoots (terminal or lateral shoot and east or west side) from peripheral canopy about 150-200 cm were sampled twice a month to determine the phonological development. Blind bud development was most frequent during the period of highest daily temperature and did not correspond with the position of the sample on a tree. High chilling cultivars showed greater susceptibility to the symptoms than low chilling cultivars. The anatomical differences between normal and blind nodes are described.
ANALYSIS OF FRUIT BUD PROTEINS ASSOCIATED WITH PLANT DORMANCY
Authors: Lang Gregory A. , Tao Joshua
Published: February 2019

Plant dormancy research has long been stifled by the lack of appropriate biochemical markers to characterize the changing physiological status of dormant vegetative or reproductive buds. Two sets of experiments were conducted in an attempt to identify changes in soluble protein profiles during endodormancy of peach and blueberry reproductive apices. Bud samples from the peach cultivars `La Festival' (low chilling requirement) and `La White' (moderate chilling requirement) were taken every 15 days in the orchard during December and January, extracted for soluble proteins, and analyzed by one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Outshoots were forced at 25C in a growth chamber to determine the intensity of endodormancy. A further experiment utilized potted `Bluechip' and `Meader' (troth high chilling requirement) blueberry plants given varying periods of cold (4.5C) chamber treatment, followed by forcing at 25C in a growth chamber. Bud samples were taken following cold treatment for extraction and SDS-PAGE. The relationship of the resulting protein profiles to chilling unit accumulation and intensity of endodormancy will be discussed.
EFFECTS OF GENOTYPE AND ENVIRONMENT ON FRUIT BUD DENSITY IN PEACH AND NECTARINE
Authors: OKIE W. R. , WERNER D. J.
Published: February 2019

In the Southeast spring frosts often kill all or part of the flowers on peach trees. Increased flower bud density is one mechanism that increases the likelihood of enough flowers surviving to produce a crop. Mean buds per node in-North Carolina varied in 1986 from 1.6 for `Harko' to 0.4 for `Topaz'. The effect of environment on bud density was unknown. Therefore, for 3 years we compared the bud density of 25 peach and nectarine cultivars grown in completely randomized designs (4 reps per location, 10 twigs per tree) in Georgia and North Carolina. Genotypie variability was greater than that due to location or year effects. Cultivars selected for high bud density in one location can be expected to have high densities at other locations.
SEASONAL CHANGES IN ASPARAGUS ROOT GROWTH IN CONVENTIONAL AND NOTILL SYSTEMS
Authors: Drost Daniel , Wilcox-Lee Darlene , Zobel Richard
Published: February 2019

Published data on the spatial patterns and periodicity of root growth in asparagus are limited. During the 1989 growing season growth and distribution of both fleshy and fibrous roots were monitored in a 7 year old asparagus planting. Soil cores were removed at 15 cm intervals to a depth of 90 cm at 40 and 80 cm from the plants in asparagus beds which had been maintained under conventional (CT) and no-till (NT) production systems. Fleshy and fine roots were separated from the soil and root length densities calculated. Harvests began in late March and continued at three week intervals until early November. Fine root growth was greater in the NT than CT in all depths and at both locations in March. Greatest lengths of fine roots were at the 15-60 cm depths for both CT and NT. This pattern was consistent throughout the season. Fine root lengths decreased by one half by the middle of the year (July) and remained at those levels until the last harvest (Nov). Fleshy root lengths were more variable, however NT generally had greater lengths than CT. Greatest length of fleshy roots were located in the 15-60 cm depths for both CT and NT treatments. Few fleshy roots were found below the 60 cm depth.
CHARACTERIZATION OF SOMACLONAL VARIATION IN TISSUE CULTURE-DERIVED TANGERINE-VIRESCENT LINES OF TOMATO
Authors: Oh Dae-Geun , Tigchelaar Edward C.
Published: February 2019

The tangerine-virescent (tv) mutation was reported as a single gene somaclonal variant from tissue culture (Evans and Sharp 1963). A replicated field trial was conducted to characterize variation and stability in the phenotype of this tv somaclone and to compare it with the inbred parent from which it was reportedly derived.

Heritability and stability of the tv somaclonal variant was measured by comparing R3 end R4 lines of sexual progenies of the original tv variant and with its sexually derived inbred parent UC82B. Several additional variants were observed in these tv lines, including fruit shape, days to first flower, fruit weight, yield, plant type, and fertility. Eight sterile or semi-sterile plants were discovered in 6 of 39 R4 lines. Our results suggest that multiple genetic changes have occurred in the tv somaclonal variant and while the original tv mutant is stably inherited, additional genetic abnormalities occur following sexual reproduction.
VERIFYING STINK BUG AND COREID BUG INJURY TO PECAN KERNELS BY EXAMINING PECAN SHELLS
Authors: Yates I.E. , Tedders W.L. , Sparks D.
Published: February 2019

Severe economic losses in pecan crop productivity result from phytophagous stink bugs and coreid bugs (Hemiptera) feeding on the kernel. Discriminating hemipteran damage from other late seasonal kernel disorders is often inconclusive. Two additional markers of hermipteran damage have been distinguished and can be used as unequivocal evidence of the feeding activity of these insects regardless of the source of the nuts. Staining pecan nuts with red fluorescent dye differentiates the microscopic hemipteran punctures from the natural markings on the shell. Additional confirmatory evidence can be obtained by recognition of the stylet sheaths connecting the packing material on the shell interior to the seed coat of the kernel. These anatomical evidences of hemipteran feeding should facilitate research studies to evaluate the role of hemipteran attack with late seasonal pecan kernel disorders.
IRRIGATION. SCHEDULING PROGRAM FOR ZUCCHINI SQUASH
Authors: Ells James E. , Kruse E. Gordon , McSay Ann E.
Published: February 2019

An irrigation scheduling program has been developed for zucchini squash that produced high yields and high water use efficiency with, a minimum number of irrigations. The irrigation program is based upon a soil water balance model developed by the USDA. This irrigation program is available in diskette form and may be used with any IBM compatible personal computer provided wind run, temperature, solar radiation, humidity and precipitation data are available.
TITER OF TOMATO SPOTTED WILT VIRUS IN THREE TOMATO SPECIES VARIES WITH THE LEAVES INOCULATED BUT NOT LIGHT INTENSITY
Authors: Scott S.J. , Stevens M. , Gergerich R.C.
Published: February 2019

Three methods to inoculate Lycopersicon esculentum 'VF Pink' seedlings with tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) were compared. Treatments were 1) two inoculations by hand (rubbing leaves with a sterile cotton swab), 2) a single inoculation using a paint sprayer at 3.56 × 105 N· m-2, and 3) two spray inoculations. All three methods were effective (>95% infection) under moderate temperatures in the spring, but hand inoculation was not effective under hot conditions in the summer. In another experiment, spray inoculation was used to compare effects of light intensity and the leaf inoculated on susceptibility of L.. hirsutum PI 127826, L. pimpinellifoliom LA 1580 and `VF Pink' to TSWV isolate 85-9. All three genotypes were susceptible under full sun and 60% shade cloth in the greenhouse. Inoculation of youngest leaves produced the highest virus titer. Background optical density for noninoculated plants differed between lower and upper leaves in the ELISA assay.
EVALUATION OF LYCOPERSICON GERMPLASM COLLECTION FOR RESISTANCE TO TOMATO SPOTTED WILT VIRUS
Authors: Scott S.J. , Stevens M. , Gergerich R.C.
Published: February 2019

Seedlings of eight accessions of L. hirsutum and susceptible L. esculentum `VF Pink' controls were spray inoculated twice in the greenhouse with tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) Arkansas 85-9. Plants lacking symptoms were reinoculated, then evaluated for TSWV by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Controls were consistently infected; sixty noninfected L. hirsutum were propagated by cuttings and inoculated with TSWV isolates T2 (lettuce), G-87 (gloxinia), 87-34 (tomato) and a mixture of the four isolates. All selections became infected in at least one test, but systemic infection was often delayed. Additional wild Lycopersicon species and numbers of accessions evaluated for resistance to TSWV include L. cheesmanii (9), L. chmielewskii (17), L. hirsutum (24), L. hirsutum f. glabratum (17), L. parviflorum (4) and L. pennellii (44). No new sources of strong resistance have been identified yet. Evaluation of additional species and accessions is continuing.
EFFECT OF GYPSUM ON EARLY GROWTH AND YIELD OF SWEET POTATO.
Authors: Niyonsaba E. , Rhoden E. G. , Biswas P. K. , Carver G.W.
Published: February 2019

A study was conducted to assess the effects of gypsum on the early growth and storage root yield of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) cvs `Jewel', `Goergia Jet' and `TI-155'. Three rates of gypsum were applied (1.03, 2.06 and 3.09 tons/acre). These represented half, recommended and 1.5 recommended levels. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement of treatment. Leaf area, total dry matter, leaf dry matter and stat-age root weight were recorded at 30-day intervals. Plants receiving half the recommended levels of gypsum produced the highest total storage root dry matter (0.306 t/a) and the highest leaf dry matter (0.116 t/a). Although a positive relationship exists between leaf dry matter and storage root yield between 90 and 120 days, there was no such relationship between those parameters either at 30 and 60 days or 60 and 90 days after transplanting.
SWEET CHERRY QUALITY AFTER STORAGE IN MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE PACKAGING
Authors: Drake S.R. , Kupferman E.M.
Published: February 2019

Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) in combination with temperature control were investigated for qualify enhancement of sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.). `Bing', `Lambert' and `Rainier' cherries (1 kg/pkg/rep) were wrapped in 1 of 3 different MAP films (5,303; 8,900 and 11,286 cc/sq M/24 hrs of O2 and stored at 0 or 4 C for 3 weeks. Post-storage evaluations included both fruit and stem color, fruit firmness, weight loss, soluble solids, titratable acidity, bruising and pitting valuations, respiration rates and visual assessment. MAP films helped maintain fruit and stem color, and fruit firmness, Whereas weight loss and bruising were reduced. Visual assessment was best with fruit in MAP film packages, There was little change in soluble solids and titratable acidity among fruit in the different MAP films. Control (unwrapped) fruit had considerably higher soluble solids and titratable acidity than wrapped fruit. This difference in soluble solids and titratable acidity between control and MAP fruit was associated with a considerable weight loss in the control fruit. Respiration rates of the fruit varied among the different MAP films and was cuitivar dependent. Fruit stored at 0 C had better quality after 3 weeks of storage than fruit stored at 4 C.
CHARACTERISATION OF FRUIT DEVELOPMENT AND RIPENING IN SOURSOP AND BREADFRUIT
Authors: Worrell Desmond B. , Carrington C. M. Sean , Huber Donald J.
Published: February 2019

Growth and development were characterised in two compound tropical fruit, soursop, Annona muricata L., and breadfruit, Artocarpus altilis (Park.) Fosb. The growth curves of both fruit were typically sigmoidal as determined by length, diameter, fresh weight and dry weight measurements. Soursop showed biphasic development with the flower/fruit remaining in an apparent resting state for some 12 weeks post anthesis before entering the second or true phase of growth leading to maturity. For both fruit, size increase extended over a 3 month period. Maturity indices were derived for each fruit and simple post harvest changes in texture, respiration and ethylene evolution investigated. storing either fruit under refrigeration down to 14°C significantly extended storage life though at temperatures below this chilling injury was evident.
GROWTH CONTROL OF BOUGAINVILLEA SPECTABILIS `SCARLETT O`HARA'
Authors: Norcini J. G. , Yadav U. K. , McDowell J. M.
Published: February 2019

Bougainvillea spectabilis `Scarlett O`Hara' is an extremely fast-growing plant that can require frequent pruning during production. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of uniconazole and daminozide in controlling growth.

Plants growing in 3.8-liter containers were pruned 3 days before uniconazole (SUMAGIC .05%L) or daminozide (B-NINE SP) was applied. The treatments were 1) uniconazole folier spray at 0, 50, 100, 150, or 200 ppm, 2) uniconazole drench at 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, or 5.0 mg ai/plant, and 3) daminozide foliar spray at 0, 2500, 5000, 7500, or 10,000 ppm. Uniconazole and daminozide primarily inhibited increase in the width of bougainvillea; height was only repressed at the high rates of uniconazole or daminozide (only 10,000 ppm). The 200 ppm uniconazole spray and the low drench rates reduced the growth rate for 3 to 5 weeks. Drenches of 2.5 or 5.0 mg ai/plant resulted in excessive growth reduction.
STOCKPLANT ETIOLATION AND SHOOT AGE EFFECTS ON ANATOMY AND ADVENTITIOUS ROOT FORMATION IN STEM CUTTINGS OF CARPINUS BETULUS `FASTIGIATA
Authors: Maynard Brian K , Bassuk Nina L.
Published: February 2019

New shoot growth of Carpinus betulus `fastigiata' was treated with stockplant etiolation and stem banding treatments and sampled for anatomical study at intervals over a 16-week period of greening following etiolation. Shading effects on the anatomy of the stem were also investigated. Numerous anatomical changes were noted with stem age and stockplant treatment. Among these were etiolation effects on the lignification of the secondary xylem, thickness of the periderm, and an increase in the percentage of sclereid-free gaps in the perivascular sclerenchyma, Stem banding increased the widths of the cortex and pith. Concomitant propagation studies revealed significant etiolation, shading, and banding effects on rooting percentages and root numbers. Using multiple linear regression methods rooting capacity was modelled best by linear combinations of the widths of the pith, non-lignified secondary xylem, cortical parenchyma and periderm, as well as the percentage of gaps in the sclerenchymatic sheath remaining non-sclerified. It is proposed that the development of sclereids in potential rooting sites reduces rooting potential. The exclusion of light during initial shoot development retards sclereid development by up to 3 months following treatment, which correlates well with observed increases in the rooting potential of etiolated and/or banded stems.
A NEW MODEL TO SIMULATE DIURNAL TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATIONS FROM RECORDED MAXIMA AND MINIMA
Authors: Wiest Steven C. , Gaussoin Roth E.
Published: February 2019

The following model simulates hourly temperature fluctuations at 6 Kansas stations:

where h = time (hours after sunrise), DLM = 20.6 - 0.6 * daylength (DL), Th = temperature at time h, and TX and Tn = maximum and minimum temperature, respectively. Required inputs are daily TX and Tn and site latitude (for the calculation of DL). Whereas other models have been derived by fitting equations to chronological temperatures, this model was derived by daily fitting of hourly temperatures sorted by amplitude. Errors from this model are generally lower, and less seasonally biased, than those from other models tested.
MICROPROPAGATION OF ARONIA ARBUTIFOLIA AND A. MELANOCARPA
Authors: Brand Mark H. , Cullina William G.
Published: February 2019

Increasing interest in landscape use of Aronia arbutifolia and A. melanocarpa has led to the establishment of breeding programs and selection of improved phenotypes within the genus. A rnicropropagation system was developed to facilitate rapid and easy multiplication of improved forms of Aronia. Actively growing shoot tips of A. arbutifolia `Brilliantissima' and A. melanocarpa were used to initiate shoot proliferation from axillary buds. Optimum proliferation of shoots useful for micropropagation occurred on media supplemented with 0.5 to 1.0 mg 1-1 benzyladenine. Both Murashige and Skoog medium and Woody Plant medium supported vigorous shoot proliferation, but differences in culture morphology were evident. In vitro rooting and non-sterile rooting methods both resulted in high rooting percentages, the formation of numerous roots and subsequent rapid growth of plantlets.
EFFECT OF TIMING OF GA APPLICATION ON FLOWERING OF MACADAMIA
Authors: Nagao Mike A. , Ho-a Elodie B. , Yoshimoto Judy M.
Published: February 2019

Flowering of Macadamia integrifolia trees was monitored following application of 220 mg/liter gibberellic acid (GA3) at various times preceding the onset of the flowering season. In untreated trees, flowering extended over a 4-5 month period. When GA3 was applied at 2, 3 and 4 months before the onset of anthesis, raceme production during the entire flowering season was inhibited. A slight reduction in raceme production was observed when GA3 was applied at 1 month preceding anthesis. This application coincided with appearance of the earliest infloresceuces. GA3 application after the onset of anthesis did not alter the flowering pattern of trees during the remaining 4 months of the flowering season. Results suggest that GA3 inhibits flower initiation, but has no effect on raceme emergence after flower bud differentiation has occurred. The relationship between flower initiation and raceme emergence will be discussed.
USE OF FOAM IN STAND ESTABLISHMENT
Authors: Orzolek Michael D. , Scott Robert A.
Published: February 2019

The concept of using Foam in agriculture is not new. Researchcrs at LSU in 1972 recommended Foam be used for; a carrier for insecticides and pesticides, frost protection agent, short-life mulch, evaporation suppressant and soil cover for fumigation. In 1974, Johnson Manufacturing Co., Pendleton, ND tested a light weight, low solids Foam as a frost protectant material on strawberries at the University of Maryland Research Farm, Salisbury, MD. Unfortunately, the Foam dissipated within 8 hours and was difficult to apply when winds were greater than 5 mph. In addition, equipment had not been developed to utilize the Foam technology in a field situation. In 1986, anew generation of Foam technology had been developed by Aqualon, Inc. and was initially tested in the spring of 1987 on several vegetable crops at the Horticulture Research Farm, Rock Springs, PA. The Foam was applied with a modified high pressure sprayer and banded over the seeded rows at a width of 10 cm and height of either 5 or 10 cm. Compared to bare-ground checks, there was no soil capping when the Foam was applied to carrots, beets, snap bean, broccoli, cucumber, lettuce and spinach. Generally, seeds emerged earlier and more uniform with the Foam treatments than the bare-ground checks. In addition, higher soil temperatures and moisture levels were observed under the Foam treatment. In the last 2 years, a prototype Foam Applicator was developed by Smucker Manufacturing, Harrisburg, Oregon.
EFFECT OF TEMPERED WATER OF 50, 60, 70, AND 80 DEGREE F ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF PETUNIA, IMPATIENS, VINCA, PANSY
Authors: Koranski David S. , Ingels Chad G.
Published: February 2019

Tempered water of 50, 60, 70, and 80 degrees F was applied to petunia `Royal Cascade', Impatiens `S.E. Pink', Vinca `Little Bright Eye', and Pansy `Majestic Giant Mix' during seed germination in the plug and in the pack. There was no effect on germination for any of the crops. The height of plug seedlings of petunia and pansy was inhibited by 50 degree F by as much as 20 percent. There was significant effects on plant size in the cell packs. A water temperature of 70 degrees F resulted in the largest plants in all crops. Height of petunia, impatiens, vinca, and pansy was reduced 20, 30, 32, and 49 percent at 60, 50, and 80 degrees F, respectively. Tempered water at 70 degrees F was ineffective in controlling plant height while water temperatures of 50 and 60 degrees F provided the best control of plant compactness. Fresh root weight for all plants was greatest at 70 degree F water. Fresh root weight was reduced 29% in petunias, 34% in impatiens, and 48% in pansy, all at 60 degrees F. Vinca fresh root weight was reduced 33% at 50 degrees F.
ROOTING ACTIVITY OF NATURALLY DERIVED GROWTH REGULATORS: CYTOKIN AND ROOTS
Authors: Norcini J. G. , Aldrich J. H.
Published: February 2019

The possible loss of IBA for use in propagation of woody ornamental has prompted increased interest in the registration of phenyl indole-3-thiobutyrate (P-ITB), a potential alternative. Two products currently available, CYTOKIN and ROOTS, warrant investigation since ROOTS stimulates rooting of a few species (R. Poincelot, pers. comm.) and CYTOKIN is a similar product. Both contain naturally-derived cytokinin and algal extracts. The purpose of this study was to determine the rooting activity of these products utilizing the mung bean bioassay. Seeds of Vign a radiata `Texsprout' were sterilized in 0.5% sodium hypochlorite for 10 min, rinsed, aerated for 24 hr in tap water, and then sown in coarse vermiculite (1 cm deep) held in plastic trays. Growth of the seedlings and the bioassay were conducted in a growth chamber under a 16-hr photoperiod, an irradiance of 85 μE, 27.5°C during the day and 21.1 C at night. ROOTS enhanced rooting better than 0.1 mM NAA and was 68% that of 0.1 mM IBA. CYTOKIN at .2, 1, 2, 4, 5, or 10% did not stimulate rooting; additional concentrations are currently being tested.
USING UNICONAZOLE TO CONTROL THE GROWTH OF VEGETABLE TRANSPLANTS IN A COMMERCIAL NURSERY PRODUCTION SYSTEM
Authors: Dunlap James R. , Wang Yin Tung , Carson James L.
Published: February 2019

Seedling transplants produced for early fall and spring establishment of commercial vegetable crops in the Texas Lower Rio Grande Valley rapidly develop excessive shoot growth if field plantings are delayed. Therefore, several varieties of pepper, watermelon, muskmelon, and tomato transplants were treated at the 2-3 leaf stage by foliar spray with 0, 4, 8, or 12 ppm of the triazole growth retardant, uniconazole. The seedlings were field transplanted 3 weeks later. Total heights taken at the time of transplanting indicated significant varietal differences in responses to the treatments. After 60 days in the field, one of the 5 pepper varieties continued to express retarded growth. However, the uniconazole treatment stimulated early fruiting in 2 of the varieties. Tomato seedlings appeared to overcome the stunting within the first 60 days after transplanting while muskmelon and watermelon remained slightly dwarfed. Additional data on total growth and yield in response to the growth retarding treatments will be presented for each of the vegetable varieties.
SMALL-SCALE, LOW-COST FILTERS FOR DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
Authors: Roberts B. W. , O'Hern C. W.
Published: February 2019

Drip irrigation systems are used extensively by commercial vegetable producers. Such systems permit precise water placement and efficient water utilization. Emitters in drip irrigation lines can easily become clogged if water supplies contain solid particles. Most farm water is not suitable for drip irrigation unless filters are used to remove solid particles from the water. Small scale or part time vegetable producers often find the cost of conventional filter systems to be a substantial financial investment.

A filter which is small, lightweight, and portable was designed, built, and tested. The system is constructed from standard hardware and plumbing materials that can be purchased for less than $50. Construction time is four hours or less. The filter system works well for small scale operations that require low flow rates of water.

Specifications for construction, including a materials parts list and construction details will be presented.
A PRELIMINARY COMPARISON OF `GALA' APPLE TREES ON A RANGE OF SIZE-CONTROLLING ROOTSTOCKS
Authors: Walsh Christopher S. , Thompson Arthur H. , Zimmerman Richard H.
Published: February 2019

`Gala' apples are increasing in worldwide popularity. Despite this, little information on the cultivars vigor, precocity, or interaction with size-controlling rootstock is available. In 1985, a factorial planting was set to study these variables. `Gala' and `Golden Delicious' trees were found similar in precocity. Cumulative yields were about 20 kg per tree after the fifth leaf. `McIntosh' and `Delicious' trees were less precocious. `Gala' trees were also quite vigorous. Tree size and yield efficiency data will be presented, comparing `Gala' with other cultivars budded onto M 7a, MM 111, or propagated in tissue culture as scion-rooted plants. Tree management techniques have been identified that decrease fruit size. Trees budded onto precocious rootstock, and fruited heavily on one-year wood produce small-sized fruit. This tendency is pronounced on trees fruiting in the second leaf, or on older trees damaged by late-spring freezes that reduce the proportion of crop borne on spurs.
SEEDLESS WATERMELON CONSUMER PREFERENCE SURVEY
Authors: Gast Karen L.B. , Marr Charles W.
Published: February 2019

Several new seedlees watermelon cultivars have recently been released or tested by seed companies. Their greatest asset is their seed-lessness. Melon quality, as determined by consumer acceptance may be a greater challenge.

A consumer preference survey was conducted to determine the acceptability of ten seedless cultivars and breeding lines. All cultivars were rated as acceptable and significant differences were found among the cultivars. Comments expressed by consumers indicated that the seedless melons were not as flavorful as seeded cultivars. No correlations were found between soluble solids and preference nor firmness and preference. Further investigation will be made as to whether the convenience and flavor are worth the greater cost of the seedless watermelon.
COMPARISON OF THE DIFFUSIVE RESISTANCE OF POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL TREATED AND NON-TREATED TISSUE CULTURE TOBACCO PLANTLETS
Authors: Safadi Farida , Hughes Harrison
Published: February 2019

Detached and intact leaves (first fully expanded leaf from the top) of tobacco (Nicotiana tabaccum L.) plantlets hardened in vitro with 2.0% polyethylene glycol (PEG) showed increased diffusive resistance (r) over those of nonhardened plantlets as measured by a steady state porometer. The leaves of the PEG hardened plants maintained a higher resistance throughout the one hour dessication period in approximately 30% relative humidity although both treatments showed an increase in diffusive resistance after 30 minutes. This indicates that the stomates are functioning in the in vitro tobacco plantlets. The higher (r) in the PEG treated plants may be due to more complete closure of stomates, higher cuticle wax content or a combination of both.
CHILLING REQUIREMENTS OF HAZELNUT CULTIVARS
Authors: Mehlenbacher Shawn A.
Published: February 2019

Chilling requirements of 44 genotypes of Corylus avellana L. were estimated by cutting shoots in the field at weekly intervals and forcing them in a warm greenhouse for four weeks. The chilling requirements of catkins, female flowers, and leaf buds were assumed to have been met when development occurred on more than half of the respective plant parts. Chilling requirements were lowest for catkins and highest for leaf buds, and ranged from <100 to 860 hours for catkins, 290-1550 hours for female flowers, and 365-1395 hours for leaf buds. The lowest chilling requirements were observed for the leading cultivars of Turkey and southern Italy. The yellow-leafed ornamental C. avellana var. aure a had very high chilling requirements for all plant parts.
EFFICACY OF SOLID WASTE COMPOST AS A PROPAGATION MEDIUM
Authors: Verkade S. D. , Fitzpatrick G. E.
Published: February 2019

The availability of organic components of potting media is limited due to supply and shipping costs. Disposal of solid waste has also become a serious problem for many municipalities. The utilization of solid waste compost in agricultural production promises to be a solution for both concerns. The objective of this experiment was to determine the efficacy of sol id waste compost from Miami, Dade County, Florida as a propagation medium for vegetative reproduction of ornamental and landscape plants.

Cuttings of Podocarpus macrophylla, Chrysobalanus icaro, and Impatiens spp. 1-13 cm long, treated with .2% NAA ppm IBA were rooted in media composed of sphagnum peatmoss: perlite (1:1) or Agrisoil (TM) solid waste compost: perlite (1:). Cutting rooted well in both media. Data included number of roots and root weight.
CONSUMER NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT CALENDAR
Authors: Relf P. Diane , McKissack David
Published: February 2019

The Virginia Gardener Nutrient Management Education Program addressed non-point, urban-runoff pollution of Virginia's streams, estuaries, and groundwater, and included a calendar aimed at alerting the garden consumer to the connection between overfertilization and water pollution. Over 15,000 calendars were requested.

A survey of calendar recipients was conducted. 1500 persons were chosen at random, a subsequent address check confirmed adequate distribution among the regions of the state. The response rate was 28%. Responses indicated that 91.3% of those surveyed had changed their garden practices in some way because of the calendar. 90% of the respondents indicated that the calendar had shown them a connection between proper gardening techniques and water quality, with 82.2% indicating the calendar had been moderately to greatly successful in showing them this connection.

The 1989 Virginia Gardener Calendar was an effective method of educating garden consumers about the connection between water quality and nutrient runoff, and cultural practices which lessen the need for fertilizer in the home garden.
GERMINATION, SEEDLING DEVELOPMENT AND MODULATION OF COWPEA AND PIGEONPEA AT LOW TEMPERATURE
Authors: Baptiste Raymond , Marsh Lurline , Marsh Dyremple , Eivazi Farideh
Published: February 2019

There is an increasing number of tropical legumes presently grown under temperate conditions with varying amounts of success, This growth chamber study examines the germination, modulation and N2 fixation of two cowpea and one pigeonpea genotypes at two temperature regimes, 15/10° C and 20/10° C, day/night. Prior to planting, surface sterilized seeds were inoculated by soaking in yeast mannitol broth containing approximately 2 × 106 cells ml-1 Bradyrhizobium (USDA 3384). Uninoculated control seeds were soaked in sterile water before planting. Air temperature of 15/10°C, day/night delayed seed germination, nodule initiation, and seedling development. Inoculated cowpea seeds planted at the 20/10° C regime attained 50% germination within 9 days, while inoculated pigeonpea took 13 days under similar regime. Bradyrhizobium persistence was not significantly affected by low temperature. The results indicate that nodule development for both crops were inhibited chiefly by a lack of developing root hairs at low soil temperature,
YIELD POTENTIAL OF TWO COWPEA CULTIVARS GROWN FOR A CUT AND CARRY FORAGE SYSTEM IN MID-MISSOURI
Authors: Hanning Paige , Marsh Dyremple B. , Swartz Helen
Published: February 2019

The use of cowpea as a forage for Central Missouri has been limited. High mid summer temperatures and frequent drought suggest that an alternative forage for livestock may be advantageous during the hot summer months. The ability of cowpea to withstand drought, high temperature and maintain high foliage protein, justifies research of the forage potential of this crop. Forage yield potential of two cowpea cultivars was evaluated in field experiments in 1968 and 1989, For both years a split plot experimental design was utilized with cowpea cultivar the main plot and harvest date the subplot Dry matter yields for both cultivars were similar at the early harvest dates. However, both fresh and dry shoot yields of Vita 3 (V3) were significantly higher than that of California Blackeye #5 (CB #5) at the later harvest stages. CB #5 plants produced a significantly higher stem dry weight while V3 produced higher leaf dry matter. Foliage regrowth after clipping was substantial for both cowpea cultivars. However, V3 produced 30% higher growth than CB #5. In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDDM) varied with sample date (plant age) and plant parts sampled. IVDDM was 77% for leaves and 60% for stems of CB#5, and 80% for leaves and 65% for stems of V3.
HIGH ROOT-ZONE TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON DIURNAL WATER USE OF WOODY ORNAMENTAL
Authors: Lawrence B. Jez , Zajicek J.M.
Published: February 2019

Root-zone temperature fluctuations and sap flow rates were characterized for several woody ornamental plants in a controlled environment using a water bath to control temperatures. Flow rates of sap in the xylem were measured every 15 seconds and averaged over 15 minute intervals. Sap flow measurements were correlated to root-zone temperatures recorded during the same time intervals. Whole plant transpiration was measured gravimetrically. Root-zone temperatures were raised from 22°C to 45°C (slightly below lethality between 9:00 am and 12:00 noon, held at that temperature until 4:00 pm, and then allowed to cool. There was a pronounced diurnal change in flow rate with peak flow during mid-morning declining in mid-afternoon. The decline in the rate of sap flow occurred at a faster rate than the decline in root-zone temperature. This diurnal flow rate was most pronounced during the first 24-hour elevated temperature cycle. Plants maintained at a constant temperature of 22°C showed no such extreme fluctuations in sap flow rate. Stomatal conductance measured with a porometer showed similar trends to whole plant transpiration.
EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN CYANAMIDE ON STONE FRUIT THINNING
Authors: Fallahi Esmaeil , Colt Michael , Mohan S. Krishna , Fellman John
Published: February 2019

Influence of prebloom and full bloom applications of hydrogen cyanamide on `Simka' and `Friar' plums in Southwest Idaho and `Florda Prince' peach in Southwest Arizona was studied. Prebloom application of 0.5% hydrogen cyanamide caused severe toxicity to the fruit buds in `Friar' lure, while 2% hydrogen cyanamide did not cause toxicity in `Simka' plum. `Simka' fruit was effectively thinned with 1-2% prebloom application. At full bloom, 1.5% hydrogen cyanamide caused severe flower and leaf burning in both `Friar' and `Simka' plums, while concentrations between 0.1% and 1% thinned flowers (fruits) in both of the plum cultivars. Influence of hydrogen cyanamide on final fruit set, fruit size and maturity are also studied. Prebloom or full bloom applications of 2% or 3% hydrogen cyanamide eliminated 95 to 100% of the blooms, while application of this chemical at 1% sufficiently thinned the fruit. Number of commercially packed large peaches in trees receiving 1% hydrogen cyanamide was the same as that in trees thinned by hand, suggesting hydrogen cyanamide as a potential chemical for stone fruit thinning.
OSMOTIC ADJUSTMENT AND GROWTH RESPONSE OF THREE in vitro GROWN Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. CULTIVARS TO OSMOTIC STRESS.
Authors: Shibli Rida , Spomer L. Art , Smith Mary Ann Lila
Published: February 2019

Osmotic adjustment in response to decreasing media water availability was observed for in vitro Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. cultivars Bright Golden Anne, Deep Luv, and Lucido. Water stress was induced by increasing sorbitol (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 M), mannitol (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 M), and sucrose (30, 45, 60, 75, 90 g·l-1) concentrations in modified MS media (2 mg·l-1 BA and 0.1 mg·l-1 NAA). Osmotic adjustment was evidenced by a significant reduction in measured cell sap osmotic potential (R2 = 0.78, 0.96, 0.91 for sucrose, sorbitol, and mannitol respectively) in all cultivars. Shoot length, weighted density (apparent mass), and proliferation were significantly reduced by sorbitol and mannitol treatments. Sucrose reduced shoot proliferation, increased length, and had an inconsistent effect on weighted density. Cultures grown on media without hormones showed tremendous increase in root number up to 60 g·l-1 sucrose. Sorbitol had a negligible effect on rooting at 0.1 M but no roots developed at higher sorbitol concentrations or in any mannitol treatments. Plants transferred to a non-water-stress media after they had experienced in vitro water stress exhibited no change in osmotic properties from the stress treatments.
EVIDENCE AND POSSIBLE MECHANISMS FOR MEMBRANE DETERIORATION DURING LONG-TERM STORAGE OF POTATO
Authors: Mohan Kumar G.N. , Knowles N.R.
Published: February 2019

Studies on the mechanisms by which growth potential of potato seed-tubers declines during aging suggest that membrane deterioration may be involved. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content, ethane evolution, solute leakage, and activity of the membrane-bound ethylene forming enzyme (EFE) were measured in tissues from 2, 14 and 26-month-old potato tubers as potential indicators of peroxidative damage and loss in membrane integrity. Solute leakage increased with tissue age, reflecting loss in membrane integrity. MDA content, a measure of lipid peroxidation, also increased with tuber age. Ethane is a product of free-radical-mediated peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and is therefore a sensitive marker of membrane damage. In the absence of fatty acid substrate, old tissue evolved less ethane than young tissue. However, addition of linoleate to the incubation medium stimulated more ethane from the oldest tissue, indicating a higher potential for ethane production. In vivo conversion of ACC to ethylene by EFE declined with age, possibly due to membrane deterioration. These studies show that peroxidation of PUFA may be influencing membrane integrity during long-term storage of potato.