bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From dance notation to human animation: The LabanDancer project
Authors: Wilke Lars , Calvert Tom , Ryman Rhonda , Fox Ilene
Published: September 2005

Symbolic systems such as Labanotation for notating dance and choreography provide a critical tool for the preservation of cultural heritage in what once was considered an ‘illiterate’ art form. While the goals of such notation systems are laudable, the unfortunate reality is that most dancers and choreographers cannot read or write the notation; that is, they are loath to take the considerable effort to learn a rich, but complex methodology. To make Labanotation scores more accessible the LabanDancer system has been developed to translate Labanotation scores recorded in the LabanWriter editor into 3‐d human figure animations. A major challenge in the development of this translator has been to find approaches that are general enough to create reasonable animations for a wide variety of different movements. Any translator must also take account of the context of a movement since this can affect the interpretation of the Labanotation scores. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Virtual humans with personalized perception and dynamic levels of knowledge
Authors: Strassner Johannes , Langer Marion
Published: September 2005

Not everything is perceived as it is provided by the environment. Depending on focus and attention perception can vary and therefore also the knowledge about the world. Virtual humans are sensing the virtual world, storing knowledge and using it to perform tasks. This paper describes our approach to model perceiving, storing and forgetting knowledge as the main regulation of tasks. We use different forms and levels of knowledge which can be independently adapted to different personalities and situations by combining computer graphics methods with psychological models. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automated motion synthesis for dancing characters
Authors: Alankus Gazihan , Bayazit A. Alphan , Bayazit O. Burchan
Published: September 2005

In this paper, we present a technique to automatically synthesize dancing motions for arbitrary songs with dance beats. Our technique is based on analysing a musical tune (can be a song or melody) and synthesizing a motion for the virtual character where the character's movement synchronizes to the musical beats. In order to analyse beats of the tune, we developed a fast algorithm. Our motion synthesis algorithm analyses library of stock motions and generates new sequences of movements that were not described in the library. We show that our motion synthesis algorithm is better than previous dance generation techniques. We also present two algorithms to synchronize dance moves and musical beats: a fast greedy algorithm, and a genetic algorithm. Our experimental results show that we can generate new sequences of dance figures in which the dancer reacts to music and dances in synchronization with the music. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrochemical Survey: The Effect of the Cage Size and Structure on the Electronic Structures of a Series of Ytterbium Metallofullerenes
Authors: Xu Jianxun , Li Meixian , Shi Zujin , Gu Zhennan
Published: September 2005

The electrochemical properties of a series of metallofullerenes with different cages, namely, Yb@C74(II), Yb@C76(I, II), Yb@C78, Yb@C80, Yb@C82(I, II, III), and Yb@C84(II, III, IV), have been systematically investigated by cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry experiments for the first time. This article discusses the electronic structures of these metallofullerenes based on the results from these experiments. From previous electrochemical work and the above discussion, it is concluded that the nondegenerate LUMO is a common characteristic of the electronic structures of the higher fullerenes and monometallofullerenes. In addition, the effect of the cage on the electronic structure and properties of the metallofullerene is estimated from the plot of the reduction potential versus the carbon number of the metallofullerene. This estimation shows that usually the electronic structure and properties of the metallofullerene vary with cage size and structure. The cage structure is of particular importance for determining the electronic structure and properties. Moreover, an explanation concerning the abundance and stability of C82‐based trivalent monometallofullerenes is given from an electronic structural standpoint.
Synthesis and Some First‐Row Transition‐Metal Complexes of the 1,2,4‐Triazole‐Based Bis(terdentate) Ligands TsPMAT and PMAT
Authors: Klingele Marco H. , Moubaraki Boujemaa , Murray Keith S. , Brooker Sally
Published: September 2005

The employment of a strategy based on nucleophilic substitution, rather than Schiff base condensation, for the preparation of 1,2,4‐triazole‐based ligands has been investigated and has led to the synthesis of two new ligands, 4‐amino‐3,5‐bis{[N‐(2‐pyridylmethyl)‐N‐(4‐toluenesulfonyl)amino]methyl}‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazole (TsPMAT, 14) and 4‐amino‐3,5‐bis{[(2‐pyridylmethyl)amino]methyl}‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazole (PMAT, 15). These are the first examples of bis(terdentate) ligands incorporating the 1,2,4‐triazole unit. TsPMAT (14) forms a dinuclear 2:2 complex with Co(BF4)2⋅6 H2O even when reacted in a metal‐to‐ligand molar ratio of 2:1. Similarly, the reaction of PMAT (15) with Mn(ClO4)2⋅6 H2O or M(BF4)2⋅6 H2O (M=Fe, Co, Ni, Zn) in a ligand‐to‐metal molar ratio of 1:1 has afforded a series of complexes with the general formula [MII2(PMAT)2]X4. The metal centres in these complexes of TsPMAT (14) and PMAT (15) are encapsulated by two ligand molecules and doubly bridged by the N2 units of the 1,2,4‐triazole moieties, which gives rise to N6 coordination spheres that are strongly distorted from octahedral, as evidenced by the X‐ray crystal structure analyses of [CoII2(TsPMAT)2](BF4)4⋅6 MeCN (24⋅6 MeCN) and [FeII2(PMAT)2](BF4)4⋅DMF (27⋅DMF). Studies of the magnetic properties of [CoII2(TsPMAT)2](BF4)4⋅4 H2O (24⋅4 H2O), [MnII2(PMAT)2](ClO4)4 (26), and [CoII2(PMAT)2](BF4)4 (28) have revealed weak antiferromagnetic coupling (J=−3.3, −0.16, and −2.4 cm−1, respectively) between the two metal centres in these complexes.
A Facile and Controllable Synthesis of γ‐Al2O3 Nanostructures without a Surfactant
Authors: Tang Bo , Ge Jiechao , Zhuo Linhai , Wang Guangli , Niu Jinye , Shi Zhiqiang , Dong Yubin
Published: September 2005

Boehmite [AlOOH] nanoneedles, nanorods, and nanotubes were successfully synthesized by a facile sol‐hydrothermal method without using any surfactant. Calcination of the corresponding boehmite nanostructures at 700 °C gave the corresponding γ‐Al2O3 nanoneedles, nanorods, and nanotubes. The resulting products were characterized by XRD, TEM, HRTEM, and FT‐IR spectroscopy. We found that the conditions used to produce the sol and the pH value of the hydrothermal process have important effects on the nucleation and growth of nanostructured materials. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Pyrazolylamidino‐ and Bis(pyrazole)manganese(I) Complexes
Authors: Arroyo Marta , López‐Sanvicente Álvaro , Miguel Daniel , Villafañe Fernando
Published: September 2005

The pyrazolylamidino complexes fac‐[MnBr(CO)3{NH=C(R)pz‐κ2N,N}] or fac‐[MnBr(CO)3{NH=C(R)dmpz‐κ2N,N}] (R = CH3, C6H5) are obtained by reaction of fac‐[MnBr(CO)3(NCR)2] and equimolar amounts of pzH or dmpzH (dmpz = 3,5‐Me2pz), although these reactions also afford the bis(pyrazole) complexes as by‐products. The bispyrazole complexes fac‐[MnBr(CO)3(pzH)2] or fac‐[MnBr(CO)3(dmpzH)2] are selectively obtained from [MnBr(CO)5] and two equivalents of pzH or dmpzH. Their solid‐state structures, determined by X‐ray diffraction methods, show the N‐bound hydrogens of the pyrazoles pointing towards the bromine atom. The pyrazolylamidino complexes can also be prepared by reactions of equimolar amounts of the bispyrazole and the bisnitrile complexes. The solid‐state structures of the pyrazolylamidino complexes containing the dmpz fragment were determined by X‐ray diffraction methods. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Influence of Na Content on the Chemical Stability of Nanometric Layered NaxRhO2 (0.7 ≤ x ≤ 1.0)
Authors: Varela Aúrea , Parras Marina , González‐Calbet José M.
Published: September 2005

A new NaxRhO2 solid solution composed of nanometric particles of the α‐NaFeO2 structural type has been stabilised in the 0.7 ≤ x ≤ 1 range. Its rhombohedral structure is built from close packed layers of edge‐sharing [RhO6] octahedra separated by intercalant layers consisting of octahedrally coordinated Na. Electron microscopy shows that compositional variations are indeed accommodated by means of stacking faults leading to a local change in the Na oxygen environment. Samples are air‐sensitive, and the aged materials partially decompose, segregating sodium carbonate. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Determination of Labile Iron at Low nmol L−1 Levels in Estuarine and Coastal Waters by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry
Authors: Mikkelsen Øyvind , van den Berg Constant M. G. , Schrøder Knut H.
Published: September 2005

A new method is presented for the determination of electrochemically labile iron in estuarine and coastal seawater. The method is based on differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) at a rotating silver‐alloy disk electrode. The voltammetric parameters include a plating potential of −1.5 V and an activation potential of −5 V for 10s; the seawater is at the original sample pH. The main finding is the presence of a peak for low nmol L−1 levels of iron at −0.55 V ascribed to elemental iron deposited on the bare silver alloy electrode. The peak increased linearly with the iron concentration between <1 and 14 nmol L−1 using a 900 s plating time. At higher concentrations an additional iron peak appeared at −0.7 V which was also found to increase linearly with the iron concentration but at a higher concentration range from ca. 15 to 90 nmol L−1 using a 300 s plating time. The second peak was ascribed to iron deposited on iron. Additions of chelating agents (EDTA and a siderophore) to seawater caused the iron peak to be masked indicating that this method is suitable for iron speciation as only the electrochemically labile fraction is determined. The detection limit was 0.3 nmol L−1 using a 900 s plating time. The method was used to determine iron in the range of 5 to 50 nmol L−1 in samples from the Mersey estuary near Liverpool and its potential use for in situ monitoring was demonstrated by using it to monitor labile iron (at 2–3 nmol L−1) over a period of 4 days at 1 h intervals in coastal waters in the Trondheim fjord, Norway.
Multidimensional positive definite advection transport algorithm: an overview
Authors: Smolarkiewicz Piotr K.
Published: September 2005

Multidimensional positive definite advection transport algorithm (MPDATA) was proposed in the early eighties as a simple positive‐definite advection scheme with small implicit diffusion, for evaluating the advection of water‐substance constituents in atmospheric cloud models. Over the two decades, MPDATA evolved from an advection scheme into a class of generalized transport algorithms that expand beyond advective transport to alternate PDEs and complete fluid models with a wide range of underlying governing equations. Recently, MPDATA has attracted attention in the context of several mutually‐beneficial developments such as (i) quantification of MPDATA implicit turbulence modelling capability in the spirit of monotonically integrated large eddy simulations (MILES), (ii) extensions to flow solvers cast in generalized time‐dependent curvilinear coordinates, and (iii) unstructured‐grid formulations. The aim of this paper is to assist the special issue on MPDATA methods for fluids by providing an up to date comprehensive review of the approach, including the underlying concepts, principles of implementation, and guidance to the accumulated literature. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced anti‐angiogenic effect of a deletion mutant of plasminogen kringle 5 on neovascularization
Authors: Cai Weibin , Ma Jianfang , Li Chaoyang , Yang Zhonghan , Yang Xia , Liu Wei , Liu Zuguo , Li Mintao , Gao Guoquan
Published: September 2005

Kringle 5 (K5), a proteolytic fragment of plasminogen, has been proved to be an angiogenic inhibitor. Previously, we have evaluated the effect of K5 on the vascular leakage and neovascularization in a rat model of oxygen‐induced retinopathy. In this study, we expressed K5 and a deletion mutant of K5 (K5 mutant) in a prokaryocyte expression system and purified them by affinity chromatography. K5 mutant was generated by deleting 11 amino acids from K5 while retaining the three disulfide bonds. The anti‐angiogenic activity of intact K5 and K5 mutant were compared in endothelial cells and retinal neovascularization rat model. K5 mutant inhibited the proliferation of primary human retinal capillary endothelial cells (HRCEC) in a concentration‐dependent manner, with an apparent EC50of approximate 35 nmol/L, which is twofold more potent than intact K5. In the even higher concentration range, K5 mutant did not inhibit pericytes from the same origin of HRCEC, which suggested an endothelial cell‐specific inhibition. K5 mutant had no effect on normal liver cells and Bel7402 hepatoma cells even at high concentration range either. Intravitreal injection of the K5 and mutant in the oxygen‐induced retinopathy rat model both resulted in significantly fewer neovascular tufts and nonperfusion area than controls with PBS injection, as shown by fluorescein angiography. Furthermore, K5 mutant exhibited more strong inhibition effect on neovascularization than intact K5 by quantification of vascular cells. These results suggest that this K5 deletion mutant is a more potent angiogenic inhibitor than intact K5 and may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of those disorders with neovascularization, such as solid tumor, diabetic retinopathy, age‐related macular degeneration, rheumatoid arthritis, and hyperplasia of prostate. J. Cell. Biochem. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nuclear matrix support of DNA replication
Authors: Anachkova Boyka , Djeliova V. , Russev G.
Published: September 2005

In higher eukaryotic cells, DNA is tandemly arranged into 104 replicons that are replicated once per cell cycle during the S phase. To achieve this, DNA is organized into loops attached to the nuclear matrix. Each loop represents one individual replicon with the origin of replication localized within the loop and the ends of the replicon attached to the nuclear matrix at the bases of the loop. During late G1 phase, the replication origins are associated with the nuclear matrix and dissociated after initiation of replication in S phase. Clusters of several replicons are operated together by replication factories, assembled at the nuclear matrix. During replication, DNA of each replicon is spooled through these factories, and after completion of DNA synthesis of any cluster of replicons, the respective replication factories are dismantled and assembled at the next cluster to be replicated. Upon completion of replication of any replicon cluster, the resulting entangled loops of the newly synthesized DNA are resolved by topoisomerases present in the nuclear matrix at the sites of attachment of the loops. Thus, the nuclear matrix plays a dual role in the process of DNA replication: on one hand, it represents structural support for the replication machinery and on the other, provides key protein factors for initiation, elongation, and termination of the replication of eukaryotic DNA. J. Cell. Biochem. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Systematic formulations for electronegativity and hardness and their atomic scales within density functional softness theory
Authors: Putz Mihai V.
Published: September 2005

A unified Mulliken valence with Parr ground‐state electronegativity picture is presented. It provides a useful analytical tool on which the absolute hardness as well ionization potential and electron affinity functionals are based. For all these chemical reactivity indices, systematic approximate density functionals are formulated within density functional softness theory and are applied to atomic systems. For the absolute hardness, a special relationship with the new electronegativity ansatz and a particular atomic trend paralleling the absolute electron affinity are established that should complement and augment the earlier finite‐difference energetic approach. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Stochastic models for chemically reacting systems using polynomial stochastic hybrid systems
Authors: Hespanha João Pedro , Singh Abhyudai
Published: September 2005

A stochastic model for chemical reactions is presented, which represents the population of various species involved in a chemical reaction as the continuous state of a polynomial stochastic hybrid system (pSHS). pSHSs correspond to stochastic hybrid systems with polynomial continuous vector fields, reset maps, and transition intensities. We show that for pSHSs, the dynamics of the statistical moments of its continuous states, evolves according to infinite‐dimensional linear ordinary differential equations (ODEs), which can be approximated by finite‐dimensional nonlinear ODEs with arbitrary precision. Based on this result, a procedure to build this types of approximation is provided.

This procedure is used to construct approximate stochastic models for a variety of chemical reactions that have appeared in literature. These reactions include a simple bimolecular reaction, for which one can solve the Master equation; a decaying–dimerizing reaction set which exhibits two distinct time scales; a reaction for which the chemical rate equations have a continuum of equilibrium points; and the bistable Schögl reaction. The accuracy of the approximate models is investigated by comparing with Monte Carlo simulations or the solution to the Master equation, when available. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Customizing the swarm storage system using agents
Authors: Hartman John H. , Baker Scott , Murdock Ian
Published: September 2005

Swarm is a scalable, modular storage system that uses agents to customize low‐level storage functions to meet the needs of high‐level services. Agents influence low‐level storage functions such as data layout, metadata management, and crash recovery. An agent is a program that is attached to data in the storage system and invoked when events occur during the data's lifetime. For example, before Swarm writes data to disk, agents attached to the data are invoked to determine a layout policy. Agents are typically persistent, remaining attached to the data they manage until the data are deleted; this allows agents to continue to affect how the data are handled long after the application or storage service that created the data has terminated. In this paper, we present Swarm's agent architecture, describe the types of agents that Swarm supports and the infrastructure used to support them, and discuss their performance overhead and security implications. We describe how several storage services and applications use agents, and the benefits they derive from doing so. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fast dynamic casting
Authors: Gibbs Michael , Stroustrup Bjarne
Published: September 2005

We describe a scheme for implementing dynamic casts suitable for systems where the performance and predictability of performance is essential. A dynamic cast from a base class to a derived class in an object‐oriented language can be performed quickly by having the linker assign an integer type ID to each class. A simple integer arithmetic operation verifies whether the cast is legal at run time. The type ID scheme presented uses the modulo function to check that one class derives from another. A 64‐bit type ID is sufficient to handle class hierarchies of large size at least nine levels of derivation deep. We also discuss the pointer adjustments required for a C++ dynamic_cast. All examples will be drawn from the C++ language. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative demographic analysis of threeNeobuxbaumiaspecies (Cactaceae) with differing degree of rarity
Authors: Esparza‐Olguín Ligia , Valverde Teresa , Mandujano María C.
Published: September 2005

In this study we use a demographic approach to analyse the differing abundance of three congeneric columnar cacti:Neobuxbaumia macrocephala(the rarest),Neobuxbaumia tetetzo(intermediate), andNeobuxbaumia mezcalaensis(the most common). Populations of these species were studied in the Tehuacan Valley (Central Mexico) over a 3‐year period. We employed traditional models and life table response experiments (LTRE) to explore the association between particular demographic traits and the degree of rarity of each species. Most matrices showed population growth rate (λ) values close to unity; the only exception wasN. mezcalaensisin 2001–2002 (λ=1.091±0.088). In the three species the highest elasticity values corresponded to entries referring to the stasis of pre‐reproductive plant and small adults. However, the LTRE indicated that most important differences in the λ values between years and species were associated with variation in fruit production and seedling recruitment.N. mezcalaensisyielded the highest mean λ due to its high fecundity in 2001–2002. This result suggests that the variation in demographic behaviour observed between species is sufficient to explain the higher abundance ofN. mezcalaensiscompared to the rareN. macrocephala. The high fecundity values and recruitment success observed in the former, even if they occur only seldom, may result in higher average λ values accounting for its high population densities.
Self‐image and parental attachment among late adolescents in Belize
Authors: Kenny Maureen E. , Griffiths Joann , Grossman Jennifer
Published: September 2005

This study investigated the relationship of ethnicity, parental education, gender, and parental attachment to multiple dimensions of self‐image among 285 (161 female and 124 male) late adolescent Belizean students. Student ratings of self‐image were unrelated to paternal education and student ethnicity. For maternal education, ethnic identity was higher for students whose mothers were high school graduates than for those whose mothers had completed college or a graduate degree. Female students reported more positive self‐images than males in vocational attitudes. Favourable self‐images were associated with secure ratings of parental attachment.
Applying operations management logic and tools to save lives: A case study of the World Health Organization's Global Drug Facility
Authors: de Treville Suzanne , Smith Ian , Rölli Adrian , Arnold Virginia
Published: September 2005

In the field of operations management, theory concerning lead‐time reduction is well developed. The application of lead‐time reduction theory to the not‐for‐profit operations context, however, has been limited. We present an illustrative case study of a not‐for‐profit operation in which long lead times cause a substantial increase in unnecessary deaths from tuberculosis and hinder the efforts of the World Health Organization to eradicate tuberculosis globally. The case study suggests that lead‐time reduction theory may be as effective in not‐for‐profit (service) operations as it has been in manufacturing operations. Our results also illustrate how use of sophisticated but “user‐friendly” queuing theory‐based modeling tools can facilitate the acceptance and transfer of operations logic to a not‐for‐profit intergovernmental organization setting.
UNIVERSAL LAURENT SERIES
Authors: Costakis G. , Nestoridis V. , Papadoperakis I.
Published: September 2005

Universal Taylor series are defined on simply connected domains, but they do not exist on an annulus. Instead we introduce universal Laurent or Laurent–Faber series on finitely connected domains in $\mathbb{C}$. These are generic universalities. Furthermore, we study some properties of universal Laurent series on an annulus.
Alternative life-history and transmission strategies in a parasite: first come, first served?
Authors: POULIN R. , LEFEBVRE F.
Published: September 2005

Alternative transmission strategies are common in many parasitic organisms, often representing discrete phenotypes adopted in response to external cues. The facultative truncation of the normal 3-host life-cycle to a 2-host cycle in many trematodes provides an example: some individuals mature precociously, via progenesis, in their intermediate host and produce eggs without the need to reach a definitive host. The factors that determine how many and which individuals adopt the truncated life-cycle within a parasite population remain unknown. We investigated the occurrence of progenesis in the trematode Stegodexamene anguillae within its fish intermediate host. Location within the host was a key determinant of progenesis. Although the size and egg output of progenetic metacercariae encysted in host gonads did not differ from those of the few progenetic metacercariae in other host tissues, the likelihood of metacercariae becoming progenetic was much higher for those in the gonads than those elsewhere in the host. Progenetic parasites can only evacuate their eggs along with host eggs or sperm, providing a link between the parasite's transmission strategy and its location in the host. Host size and sex, and the presence of other parasite species in the host, did not affect the occurrence of progenesis in S. anguillae. However, the proportion of metacercariae in host gonads and the proportion of progenetic metacercariae both decreased with increasing numbers of S. anguillae per host. These results suggest that progenesis is adopted mostly by the parasites that successfully establish in host gonads. These are generally the first to infect a fish; subsequent arrivals settle in other tissues as the gonads quickly become saturated with parasites. In this system, the site of encystment within the fish host both promotes and constrains the adoption of a facultative, truncated life-cycle by the parasite.
Is mahogany dysgenically selected?
Authors: CORNELIUS J.P. , NAVARRO C.M. , WIGHTMAN K.E. , WARD S.E.
Published: September 2005

One concern in the ongoing debate over the conservation status of mahogany has been the possibility that selective logging, as a form of negative phenotypic selection, might have led to deterioration in the genetic quality of populations. The incidence and degree of such ‘dysgenic’ effects is discussed, based on a consideration of mahogany logging practices, their expected genetic effects and empirical data on phenotypic selection in forest trees. Loggers have tended to avoid diseased, small, very large and poorly-formed individuals, and consequently logging has tended to increase the proportion of poor quality phenotypes relative to that before logging; in at least some conditions, selection differentials have been strongly negative. However, the upper limit for heritability of logger-selected traits in naturally-regenerated mahogany is probably no more than c. 0.1. Consequently, and assuming relatively extreme but realistic negative selection differentials of 50%, the maximum negative dysgenic response to a single logging-mediated phenotypic selection event is expected to be relatively small, i.e. ≤5%. This expectation is consistent with the empirical information from mahogany and other taxa. The implications of any dysgenic effects depend very much on the use and the future of dysgenically-selected populations. In managed populations, dysgenic effects could be reversed through positive selection. In the case of exploited but currently unmanaged natural populations, dysgenic selection is primarily of importance insofar as it affects fitness. As a threat to mahogany conservation and long-term sustainable production, it is probably insignificant in comparison with other genetic and non-genetic factors.
in your ear: hearing art in the twenty-first century
Authors: heon laura
Published: September 2005

over the past century, an art form has emerged between the realms of visual art and music. created by composers and sculptors, ‘sound art’ challenges fundamental divisions between these two sister arts and may be found in museums, festivals or public sites. works of sound art play on the fringes of our often-unconscious aural experience of a world dominated by the visual. this work addresses our ears in surprising ways: it is not strictly music, or noise, or speech, or any sound found in nature, but often includes, combines and transforms elements of all of these. sound art sculpts sound in space and time, reacts to environments and reshapes them, and frames ambient ‘found sound’, altering our concepts of space, time, music and noise.
our music machines
Authors: bosch peter , simons simone
Published: September 2005

this article gives an overview of the music machines created by bosch and simons from 1990 until the present. special attention is given to vibratory projects which have been their main focus since 1993. as a consequence of physical properties – all of them being complex sprung constructions – the movements and sounds created by these machines can change almost imperceptibly from order into chaos and vice versa. the concept behind the software which controls the oscillation motors, used in this series of projects, is for the most part defined and restricted by physical conditions. this software does not dictate movement and its sonic consequences, it simply intensifies the inherent properties of the constructions. the music machines have been shown under numerous conditions which can be divided in two groups: the public vs the private space. the authors have a clear preference for the latter. this does not have to be a traditional art environment like a gallery or a museum, but at least it should be a space that offers the public a free choice to go to the exhibition. this way their work can be met with the rest and concentration needed to discover the often slow and subtle processes that take place. in the volatile atmosphere of a public space this is rarely possible.
On the use of Saint Venant equations to simulate the spreading of a granular mass
Authors: Mangeney‐Castelnau A. , Bouchut F. , Vilotte J. P. , Lajeunesse E. , Aubertin A. , Pirulli M.
Published: September 2005

Cliff collapse is an active geomorphological process acting at the surface of the Earth and telluric planets. Recent laboratory studies have investigated the collapse of an initially cylindrical granular mass along a rough horizontal plane for different initial aspect ratios a = Hi/Ri, where Hi and Ri are the initial height and radius, respectively. A numerical simulation of these experiments is performed using a minimal depth‐integrated model based on a long‐wave approximation. A dimensional analysis of the equations shows that such a model exhibits the scaling laws observed experimentally. Generic solutions are independent of gravity and depend only on the initial aspect ratio a and an effective friction angle. In terms of dynamics, the numerical simulations are consistent with the experiments for a ≤ 1. The experimentally observed saturation of the final height of the deposit, when normalized with respect to the initial radius of the cylinder, is accurately reproduced numerically. Analysis of the results sheds light on the correlation between the area overrun by the granular mass and its initial potential energy. The extent of the deposit, the final height, and the arrest time of the front can be directly estimated from the “generic solution” of the model for terrestrial and extraterrestrial avalanches. The effective friction, a parameter classically used to describe the mobility of gravitational flows, is shown to depend on the initial aspect ratio a. This dependence should be taken into account when interpreting the high mobility of large volume events.
Holocene climate and carbon cycle dynamics: Experiments with the “green” McGill Paleoclimate Model
Authors: Wang Yi , Mysak Lawrence A. , Roulet Nigel T.
Published: September 2005

An inverse method is used to investigate the global carbon cycle from the early Holocene (8 kyr BP) to the end of the pre‐industrial period (0 kyr BP) in an improved version of the “green” McGill Paleoclimate Model (MPM). In this paper, we now take into account the vegetation‐precipitation feedback and evaluate the terrestrial carbon cycle for the pre‐industrial equilibrium. From our coupled transient simulation under orbital forcing, reconstructed (Taylor Dome) atmospheric CO2 forcing and a prescribed retreating Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS), we find a decrease of 70 PgC in total carbon storage in the Sahara region (15°N to 30°N and 15°W to 50°E), which is caused by the desertification simulated in the green MPM. The above decrease is partially compensated by an increase of 40 PgC in total carbon storage in the Southern Hemisphere from 8 to 2 kyr BP. From an analysis of the total carbon stored under the ice sheet, we can infer that this carbon has negligible impact on atmospheric CO2 after 8 kyr BP. From our model results, we further conclude that the retreating LIS, together with the vegetation‐albedo feedback, cause the global terrestrial carbon to increase from 8 to 6 kyr BP. The application of the inverse method suggests that the first 10 ppmv increase in atmospheric CO2 from 8 to 6 kyr BP comes from the ocean. Finally, in the model simulations, the total terrestrial carbon release from 6 to 0 kyr BP is about 68 to 95 PgC, which would produce about a 5 to 7 ppmv atmospheric CO2 increase, based on the calculation of Joos et al. (2004). Owing to our model limitation (there is no ocean carbon cycle), we cannot conclude whether the overall oceanic CO2 release from 8 to 0 kyr BP is due to outgassing related to SST changes or to calcite compensation as proposed by Broecker et al. (2001).
Hydrodynamic escape of nitrogen from Pluto
Authors: Tian Feng , Toon Owen B.
Published: September 2005

Hydrodynamic escape of nitrogen from Pluto is studied by solving time‐dependent hydrodynamic escape equations that treat the spatial distribution of EUV energy deposition realistically. Simulations show that the N2 hydrodynamic escape rate is ∼1 × 1028 molecules s−1 when Pluto is at 40 AU (its average orbital location) and solar activity level is at minimum. The N2 hydrodynamic escape rate is ∼2 × 1028 molecules s−1 when Pluto is at its perihelion (30 AU) and solar activity level is at maximum. Through hydrodynamic escape, Pluto may have lost ∼0.5% of its total mass over the age of the solar system. Comet‐like interactions may occur between Pluto's atmosphere and the solar wind flow, which may be observed by the New Horizon mission.
Spatial variability of mixing in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Sloyan B. M.
Published: September 2005

Strain variance from standard hydrographic profiles in the southern hemisphere oceans shows that turbulent mixing is vertically and spatially non‐uniform. In the South Atlantic, Indian and South Pacific Oceans, enhanced diffusivities are found over rough topography. Consistent with internal tide generated mixing, the water column diffusivity returns to background levels 500 m to 1000 m off the sea floor. In the Southern Ocean, enhanced diffusivities throughout the entire water column below 1500 m are found in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current over complex topography. Differences in the vertical extent of enhanced diffusivity profiles in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current between the parameterizations based on tidal models and topography and of the present estimate of strain variance imply that elevated vertical diffusivity profiles in the Southern Ocean are due to the interaction between the mean geostrophic current and bottom topography.
Possible roles of ice nucleation mode and ice nuclei depletion in the extended lifetime of Arctic mixed‐phase clouds
Authors: Morrison Hugh , Shupe Matthew D. , Pinto James O. , Curry Judith A.
Published: September 2005

The sensitivity of Arctic mixed phase clouds to the mode of ice particle nucleation is examined using a 1‐D cloud model. It is shown that the lifetime of a simulated low‐level Arctic mixed‐phase stratus is highly sensitive to the number concentration of deposition/condensation‐freezing nuclei, and much less sensitive to the number of contact nuclei. Simulations with prognostic ice nuclei concentration exhibit rapid depletion of deposition/condensation‐freezing nuclei due to nucleation scavenging which significantly extends the mixed‐phase cloud lifetime. In contrast, scavenging has little impact on the number of contact nuclei. Thus, contact mode nucleation generally dominates in the cloud layer when both modes are simultaneously considered. The dominance of contact nucleation in Arctic mixed‐phase clouds is consistent with a number of in situ observations, remote retrievals, and laboratory experiments. A conceptual model of long‐lived Arctic mixed‐phase clouds is developed that explains their persistence through the rapid depletion of deposition/condensation‐freezing ice nuclei and a self‐regulating drop‐contact freezing feedback.
Combined length scales in dissipative particle dynamics
Authors: Backer J. A. , Lowe C. P. , Hoefsloot H. C. J. , Iedema P. D.
Published: September 2005

When a particle model simulates fluid behavior, the calculation of all particle interactions causes long computation times. Especially in mesoscale simulations, the bulk areas can be computationally demanding. To reduce the time spent on such regions, we propose a model that combines different length scales in one system. This is a particle analog to mesh refinement in, for instance, finite-element methods. To this end, we define particles of a coarse-grained scale within the framework of dissipative particle dynamics. These particles have a lower number density, but the same mass density, pressure, temperature, and viscosity as the original description. Furthermore, the coarse-grained particles can directly interact with the “normal” particles. The two length scales are combined in one system, coupled by an overlap region. At the edges of this region, particles transform into the other scale, through local refining or coarse graining. The resulting combined system adequately reproduces the properties and flow behavior of a normal system. When half the system is coarse grained, the computation time reduces by a factor of two. Thus, computational efficiency can be greatly increased for a variety of mesoscale applications.
Photoluminescence from silicon nanoparticles prepared from bulk amorphous silicon monoxide by the disproportionation reaction
Authors: Kapaklis V. , Politis C. , Poulopoulos P. , Schweiss P.
Published: September 2005

We report on strong photoluminescence of Si-based materials produced in large quantities. This is achieved by the disproportionation action of commercial bulk silicon monoxide at temperatures above 850°C which results in the formation of Si nanocrystals surrounded by an amorphous silicon oxide matrix. High-resolution electron microscopy investigations reveal a broad size distribution of the silicon nanocrystals with a maximum at 4–4.5nm, for samples annealed at 900 and 950°C. X-ray diffraction and photoluminescence spectra indicate the coexistence of amorphous Si clusters in the samples, that have not fully undergone the amorphous/crystalline transition. This method could be suitable for the production in large quantities of Si-based bulk photoluminescent materials.
Integration of carbon nanotubes into diluted magnetic semiconductor
Authors: Lee Yun-Hi , Yoo J. M. , Lee J. Ah , Ahn S. Y. , Joo J. , Lee S. , Kim D. H. , Ju B. K. , Song K. J.
Published: September 2005

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were grown using catalytic pyrolysis of acetylene on a thin-film-diluted magnetic semiconductor (Co-8at.% doped TiO2) without consuming the host layer of semiconductor TiO2. Effects of the thickness of the diluted magnetic semiconductor layer and the stacking structure on the growth of the carbon nanotubes were examined. The external diameter and crystalline structure of the nanotubes showed correlation with the structure of the magnetic catalyst Co within the nanotubes or at the end of the tube. After the growth of CNTs, the TiO2 layer still maintained its semiconducting properties in view of the temperature dependent resistance behavior. Moreover, we studied the influence of the electrical resistivity, i.e, the thickness as a process parameter, of the diluted magnetic semiconductor underlayer, which determines the growth height and the crystalline quality of the carbon nanotubes, on the nanotubes’ growth behavior. Finally, we measured the magnetic behavior of the heterosystem and interpreted the results due to the action of the properties of the catalytic diluted magnetic semiconductor underlayer. Our result shows a promising recipe for the fabrication of one-dimensional CNT—two-dimensional magnetic-metal-doped magnetic semiconductor and/or wide-band-gap insulator.
Fast reciprocating probe system on the HL-2A tokamak
Authors: Yan Longwen , Hong Wenyu , Qian Jun , Luo Cuiwen , Pan Li
Published: September 2005

A reciprocating probe system has been installed at the midplane of the HL-2A tokamak. The probe is used to measure plasma edge density, temperature, floating potential, and corresponding fluctuation profiles with 8cm scan from the scrape-off layer to the plasma boundary. The reciprocating probe can move at a speed of 1m∕s. A digital grating displacement measurement system that can provide a high displacement resolution of 0.04mm is applied to the reciprocating probe system for the first time. A port located behind the vacuum isolation valve is designed for viewing and the exchange of the probe head. Different probe heads can be used to satisfy different experimental requirements. The first probe head had four graphite measurement tips. For high frequency response, no isolation amplifier is used in the electric circuit of the probe measurement. A personal computer via an analog-to-digital digitizer card acquires probe system data, which are sent to a data server by optical fiber after a discharge. All data are sent to the centralized data management system of the HL-2A. In this article we presented the edge temperature and density profiles for the limiter and divertor configurations of a selected plasma discharge.
Overcoming the blood-brain barrier with high-dose enzyme replacement therapy in murine mucopolysaccharidosis VII
Authors: Vogler Carole , Levy Beth , Grubb Jeffrey H. , Galvin Nancy , Tan Yun , Kakkis Emil , Pavloff Nadine , Sly William S.
Published: September 2005

Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) effectively reverses storage in several lysosomal storage diseases. However, improvement in brain is limited by the blood-brain barrier except in the newborn period. In this study, we asked whether this barrier could be overcome by higher doses of enzyme than are used in conventional trials. We measured the distribution of recombinant human β-glucuronidase (hGUS) and reduction in storage by weekly doses of 0.3-40 mg/kg administered i.v. over 1-13 weeks to mucopolysaccharidosis type VII mice immunotolerant to recombinant hGUS. Mice given up to 5 mg/kg enzyme weekly over 3 weeks had moderate reduction in meningeal storage but no change in neo-cortical neurons. Mice given 20-40 mg/kg three times over 1 week showed no reduction in storage in any area of the CNS except the meninges. In contrast, mice receiving 4 mg/kg per week for 13 weeks showed clearance not only in meninges but also in parietal neocortical and hippocampal neurons and glia. Mice given 20 mg/kg once weekly for 4 weeks also had decreased neuronal, glial, and meningeal storage and averaged 2.5% of wild-type hGUS activity in brain. These results indicate that therapeutic enzyme can be delivered across the blood-brain barrier in the adult mucopolysaccharidosis type VII mouse if administered at higher doses than are used in conventional ERT trials and if the larger dose of enzyme is administered over a sufficient period. These results may have important implications for ERT for lysosomal storage diseases with CNS involvement.
Measurement of dietary nutrient intake in free-ranging mammalian herbivores
Authors: Mayes Robert W. , Dove Hugh
Published: September 2005

The nutrient intakes of mammalian herbivores depend on the amount and the nutrient content of the plant species and plant parts which they eat. We review the merits of oesophageal-fistulated (OF) animals, microhistological procedures, stable C-isotope discrimination and plant cuticular-wax markers as methods for estimating diet composition and intake in both ruminant and non-ruminant herbivores. We also briefly discuss methods based on grazing behaviour measurements or on H2O or Na turnover, and methods for estimating supplement or soil intake. Estimates of intake in ruminants are often based on separate measurements of faecal output and herbage digestibility. We review this approach and emphasize that, under some circumstances, the applicability ofin vitrodigestibility estimates based on OF extrusa is questionable. We discuss how plant-wax marker patterns can be used to check whether OF and test animals are consuming similar diets, but also emphasize that a major advantage of the use of plant-wax markers is that this approach may obviate altogether the need for OF animals. Estimates of total herbage intake can be partitioned into the intakes coming from different plant species and/or parts, provided diet composition can be measured. Diet composition estimates based on C-isotope discrimination have the major disadvantage that they cannot be taken to species level. By contrast, microhistological methods can identify many plant species in extrusa, digesta or faeces, but often a large proportion of plant fragments remains unidentifiable. Plant-wax hydrocarbons show great promise as markers for estimating diet composition and intake. However, we suggest that to be applicable in complex plant communities there is a need with this method either to recruit a wider range of wax markers (e.g. alcohols, sterols, fatty acids) or to use it in combination with other methods. We suggest that, in turn, this generates an urgent need for research on statistical aspects of the combined use of markers or methods, in relation to the error structures of the data or methods being combined and the standard errors of the resultant estimates of diet composition and intake. We conclude by discussing the extension of intake and/or diet composition measurements to the measurement of nutrient transactions within the gut, particularly in relation to the supply of absorbable nutrients.
Antibiotic use in animal feed and its impact on human healt
Authors: Barton Mary D.
Published: September 2005

Antibiotic resistance in bacteria that cause disease in man is an issue of major concern. Although misuse of antibiotics in human medicine is the principal cause of the problem, antibiotic-resistant bacteria originating in animals are contributory factors, with some types of resistance in some species of bacteria. Antibiotics are added to animal feeds to treat and prevent infections and to improve growth and production. Until recently, the major concerns about incorporation of antibiotics in animal feeds related to antibiotic residues in products from treated animals. Although, in 1969, the Swann (1969) report drew attention to the potential for antibiotic-resistant bacteria to spread from treated animals via the food chain, there was little response until the detection of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in animals fed a related glycopeptide, avoparcin. Subsequently, attention started to focus on the issue and other examples of transfer of resistant bacteria through the food chain, such as enterococci resistant to quinupristin–dalfopristin or to everninomicin, fluoroquinolone-resistant campylobacters and multiresistantEscherichia coli, and salmonella such asSalmonella typhimuriumDT104. Reviews and committees in many countries have highlighted the need for better control of licensing of antibiotics, and codes for prudent use of antibiotics by veterinary practitioners and farmers. The continued use of antibiotic growth promoters has been questioned and there is a need to ensure that antibiotics important in human medicine are not used therapeutically or prophylactically in animals.