bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
1. The Development of European Integration
Authors: Craig Paul , de Búrca Gráinne
Published: September 2020

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter begins with analysis of the background to European integration. The focus then shifts to analysis of the Treaties and the principal Treaty revisions from the inception of the European Economic Community (EEC) to the present day. The EEC Treaty is examined, followed by the Single European Act, and the Maastricht, Amsterdam, and Nice Treaties. The discussion continues with examination of the failed Constitutional Treaty and the successful ratification of the Lisbon Treaty. The penultimate section deals with the impact of the financial crisis, the refugee crisis, the rule of law crisis, the pandemic crisis, and the Brexit crisis. This is followed by an overview of theories European integration offered to explain its evolution. The UK version contains a further section outlining the basic structure of UK legal relations with EU law post-Brexit.
10. The Relationship Between EU Law and National Law: Supremacy
Authors: Craig Paul , de Búrca Gráinne
Published: September 2020

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter discusses the doctrine of supremacy of EU law, which was developed by the European Court of Justice (ECJ) based on its conception of the ‘new legal order’. The ECJ ruled that the aim of creating a uniform common market between different states would be undermined if EU law could be made subordinate to national law of the various states. The validity of EU law can therefore, according to the ECJ, never be assessed by reference to national law. National courts are required to give immediate effect to EU law, of whatever rank, in cases that arise before them, and to ignore or to set aside any national law, of whatever rank, which could impede the application of EU law. Thus, according to the ECJ, any norm of EU law takes precedence over any provision of national law, including the national constitutions. This broad assertion of the supremacy of EU law has not however been accepted without qualification by national courts, and the chapter examines the nature of the qualifications that have been imposed by some national courts. The UK version contains a further section analysing the relevance of the supremacy of EU law in relation to the UK post-Brexit.
13. Enforcement Actions Against Member States
Authors: Craig Paul , de Búrca Gráinne
Published: September 2020

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing students with a stand-alone resource. A crucial component of the Commission’s task is to monitor Member State compliance and to respond to non-compliance. The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) provides for various enforcement mechanisms involving judicial proceedings against the Member States, which are brought either by the Commission or - much less frequently - by a Member State. Article 258 TFEU establishes the general enforcement procedure, giving the Commission broad power to bring enforcement proceedings against Member States that it considers to be in breach of their obligations under EU law. This chapter discusses the function and operation of the infringement procedure; the relationship between ‘public’ and ‘private’ enforcement mechanisms; the Commission’s discretion; types of breach by Member States of EU law; state defences in enforcement proceedings; and the consequences of an Article 258 ruling. The UK version contains a further section analysing the extent to which Article 258 is relevant to the UK post-Brexit.
15. Review of Legality: Access
Authors: Craig Paul , de Búrca Gráinne
Published: September 2020

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing students with a stand-alone resource. The EU develops policy through regulations, directives, and decisions. Any developed legal system must have a mechanism for testing the legality of such measures. This chapter focuses on access to justice and review of legality by the EU Courts. There are a number of ways in which EU norms can be challenged, but the principal Treaty provision is Article 263 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (ex Article 230 EC). Five conditions must be satisfied before an act can successfully be challenged: (i) the relevant body must be amenable to judicial review; (ii) the act has to be of a kind that is open to challenge; (iii) the institution or person making the challenge must have standing to do so; (iv) there must be illegality of a type mentioned in Article 263(2); and (v) the challenge must be brought within the time limit indicated in Article 263(6). The UK version contains a further section analysing the relevance of legal challenge to EU norms in relation to the UK post-Brexit.
16. Review of Legality: Grounds of Review
Authors: Craig Paul , de Búrca Gráinne
Published: September 2020

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter discusses the grounds for judicial review of a Union act. Article 263 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) specifies four grounds for review: lack of competence; infringement of an essential procedural requirement; infringement of the Treaty or any rule of law relating to its application; and misuse of power. Judicial review, whether direct through Article 263 or indirect through Article 267, is designed to ensure that decision-making is legally accountable. The UK version contains a further section analysing the relevance of these grounds of review in the UK post-Brexit.
18. The Single Market
Authors: Craig Paul , de Búrca Gráinne
Published: September 2020

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing students with a stand-alone resource. The single market is central to the EU and is still its principal economic rationale. This chapter discusses the forms and techniques of economic integration, the limits of integration prior to 1986, and the subsequent steps taken to complete the single market. There is both a substantive and an institutional dimension to this story. In substantive terms, it is important to understand the economic dimension to the single market. In institutional terms, a subtle mix of legislative, administrative, and judicial initiatives has furthered evolution of the single market. The UK version contains a further section analysing the general structure of the discourse concerning future trade relations between the EU and the UK post-Brexit.
20. Free Movement of Goods: Quantitative Restrictions
Authors: Craig Paul , de Búrca Gráinne
Published: September 2020

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter considers Articles 34-37 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). Article 34 is the central provision and states that: ‘quantitative restrictions on imports and all measures having equivalent effect shall be prohibited between Member States’. Article 35 contains similar provisions relating to exports, while Article 36 provides an exception for certain cases in which a state is allowed to place restrictions on the movement of goods. The European Court of Justice’s interpretation of Articles 34-37 has been important in achieving single market integration. It has given a broad interpretation to the phrase ‘measures having equivalent effect’ to a quantitative restriction (MEQR), and has construed the idea of discrimination broadly to capture both direct and indirect discrimination. The UK version contains a further section analysing issues concerning free movement of goods between the EU and the UK post-Brexit.
23. Freedom of Establishment and to Provide Services
Authors: Craig Paul , de Búrca Gráinne
Published: September 2020

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing students with a stand-alone resource. The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) has two separate chapters on self-employed persons who move on a permanent or temporary basis between Member States: the chapters on freedom of establishment and freedom to provide services. The central principles governing freedom of establishment and the free movement of services are laid down in the TFEU and have been developed through case law. Important developments have also been brought about through secondary legislation in sectors such as insurance, broadcasting, financial services, electronic commerce, telecommunications, and other ‘services of general economic interest’. This chapter focuses on the broad constitutional principles applicable to every sector. The UK version contains a further section analysing issues concerning freedom of establishment and the provision of services between the EU and the UK post-Brexit.
24. Citizenship of the European Union
Authors: Craig Paul , de Búrca Gráinne
Published: September 2020

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter reviews EU citizenship law. It considers the rights of free movement and residence of EU citizens, political rights of citizenship, and Directive 2004/38 on the rights of free movement and residence for EU citizens and their families. The status of EU citizenship created by EU law has been criticized on various grounds, including the thinness of the rights created and their economic focus, the conditions to which they are subject, the reinforcement of the distinction between third-country nationals and EU nationals, the limited impact of the new electoral rights, and the reluctant pace of implementation. On the other hand, the legal rights of citizenship have been expanded by the European Court of Justice, even in the face of vocal Member State opposition. The case law in this area continues to develop and the chapter provides a considered evaluation of this difficult body of law. The UK version contains a further section analysing issues concerning EU conceptions of citizenship and the UK post-Brexit.
28. Competition Law: Article 102
Authors: Craig Paul , de Búrca Gráinne
Published: September 2020

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter focuses on another principal provision concerned with competition policy: Article 102 TFEU. The essence of Article 102 is the control of market power, whether by a single firm or, subject to certain conditions, a number of firms. Monopoly power can lead to higher prices and lower output than would prevail under more normal competitive conditions, and this is the core rationale for legal regulation in this area. Article 102 does not, however, prohibit market power per se. It proscribes the abuse of market power. Firms are encouraged to compete, with the most efficient players being successful. The UK version contains a further section analysing issues concerning EU competition law and the UK post-Brexit. EU law
2. Union Legislation
Authors: Schütze Robert
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines how the European Union institutions cooperate in the creation of European legislation. Unlike many national legal orders, the EU Treaties expressly distinguish two types of legislative procedures: an ordinary legislative procedure and special legislative procedures. According to the ordinary legislative procedure, the European Parliament and the Council act as co-legislators with symmetric procedural rights. European legislation is here seen as the product of a ‘joint adoption’ by both institutions. Meanwhile, the defining characteristic of the special legislative procedures is that they abandon the institutional equality between the Parliament and the Council. The chapter then looks at the principle of subsidiarity—an EU constitutional principle that was designed to prevent the EU legislator from exercising its competences where the Member States would be able to achieve the desirable social aim themselves. It also considers the procedure for the conclusion of international agreements.
10. Internal Market: Goods II
Authors: Schütze Robert
Published: September 2020

This chapter studies the constitutional principles and limits governing positive integration in the context of the free movement of goods. It analyses the scope and nature of the general internal market competence(s): Articles 114 and 115 TFEU. Articles 114 and 115 TFEU provide the European Union with an—almost—unlimited competence to harmonize national laws that affect the establishment or functioning of the internal market. The chapter then looks at the relationship between Article 114 and other legislative competences within the EU legal order. It also investigates the extent to which Member States can derogate from harmonized Union standards. Finally, the chapter focuses on a specific area of Union harmonization: tax harmonization.
Epilogue Brexit: Past, Present, Future
Authors: Schütze Robert
Published: September 2020

This epilogue discusses the past, present, and future of the British exit (‘Brexit’) from the European Union. It begins by offering a brief historical overview of the past tensions between the United Kingdom and the European Union in an attempt to better explain the ‘special’ unease with which the United Kingdom viewed European integration. A former imperial and global power, its political self-understanding indeed differed from the very beginning from that of other Member States. The chapter then explores the ‘present’ withdrawal process under Article 50 TEU and the ‘Withdrawal Agreement’. It also analyses four possible EU–UK trade relationship options. Will both parties decide to create a common customs union or will they conclude a ‘Canada Plus’ agreement? A future trade deal is currently being negotiated; yet the option of a ‘hard’ Brexit remains.
Introduction
Authors: Schütze Robert
Published: September 2020

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the European Union, which is based on two treaties: the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). The TEU contains the general provisions defining the EU, while the TFEU contains the specific provisions with regard to the EU institutions and policies. The EU Treaties are treaties whose substance is mainly made up from institutional provisions that are to provide the framework for subsequent secondary law. The policy areas in which the EU can act are thereby set out in Parts III and V of the TFEU. In order to legislate within one of these policy areas, the Union must have a legislative competence. These competences will constitute the principal legislative fountain for a particular part of European Union law. This book then analyses the creation, enforcement, and substance of European law.
4. Competence
Authors: Craig Paul , de Búrca Gráinne
Published: September 2020

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing students with a stand-alone resource. The existence and scope of EU competence are outlined in the Lisbon Treaty: the EU may have exclusive competence, shared competence, or competence only to take supporting, coordinating, or supplementary action. This chapter examines these three principal categories of EU competence, and their implications for the divide between EU and Member State power. It also considers certain areas of EU competence that do not fall within these categories, and the extent to which the new regime clarifies the scope of EU competence and contains EU power. The UK version contains a further section analysing issues of EU competence in relation to the UK post-Brexit.
11. EU International Relations Law
Authors: Craig Paul , de Búrca Gráinne
Published: September 2020

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter discusses EU law on international relations. The area of external relations has become increasingly important in recent years, as the EU strives to enhance its global presence on issues such as trade, climate change, development, human rights, and international terrorism. Some of the crucial issues for the conduct of EU international relations are effective coordination across policy fields, coordination between the EU and the Member States, and coordination at the level of international representation. Consistency across and between policies has become a constitutional requirement of EU external relations. The UK version contains a further section analysing how far EU law concerning international relations impacts on the UK post-Brexit.
12. Human Rights in the EU
Authors: Craig Paul , de Búrca Gráinne
Published: September 2020

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter discusses EU human rights law, and the way in which the ECJ developed fundamental rights as part of the Community legal order. The analysis includes the drafting of the EU Charter of Rights, and its application in the post-Lisbon world in which it is legally binding on the EU and on Member States when they act in the scope of EU law. The EU has gradually integrated human rights concerns into a range of its policies. The EU actively promotes its ‘human rights and democratization’ policy in many countries around the world, and uses human rights clauses in its international trade and development policies. It has imposed a human rights-based ‘political conditionality’ on candidate Member States, and claims to integrate human rights concerns throughout its common foreign and security policy. The UK version contains a further section analysing the relevance of EU conceptions of fundamental rights in relation to the UK post-Brexit.
14. Preliminary Rulings
Authors: Craig Paul , de Búrca Gráinne
Published: September 2020

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter focuses on Article 267 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, which contains the preliminary ruling procedure. Article 267 has been of seminal importance for the development of EU law. It is through preliminary rulings that the European Court of Justice (ECJ) has developed concepts such as direct effect and supremacy. Individuals assert in national courts that the Member State has broken a Union provision, which gives them rights that they can enforce in their national courts. The national court seeks a ruling from the ECJ whether the particular EU provision has direct effect, and the ECJ is thereby able to develop the concept. Article 267 has been the mechanism through which national courts and the ECJ have engaged in a discourse on the appropriate reach of EU law when it has come into conflict with national legal norms. The UK version contains a further section analysing the extent to which the preliminary reference system is relevant in relation to the UK post-Brexit.
26. AFSJ: EU Criminal Law
Authors: Craig Paul , de Búrca Gráinne
Published: September 2020

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing students with a stand-alone resource. The Area of Freedom, Security, and Justice (AFSJ) is now found in Title V of Part Three of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. The subject matter dealt with by these provisions is important and politically sensitive, as it includes police and judicial cooperation in criminal matters, visas, asylum, immigration, and judicial cooperation in civil matters. This chapter is organized as follows. Section 2 considers the development of the three-pillar structure introduced by the Maastricht Treaty. Section 3 focuses on the rationale for the inclusion of the subject matter that comprises the AFSJ. Section 4 considers the general principles in the Lisbon Treaty that apply to all areas which comprise the AFSJ, including: Treaty objectives, competence, role of the principal EU institutions, judicial role, and an outline of the opt-outs that apply to the UK. The remainder of the chapter looks in more detail at criminal law and procedure. The UK version contains a further section analysing issues concerning the AFSJ and the UK post-Brexit.
Cassese's International Law
Authors: Gaeta Paola , Viñuales Jorge E. , Zappalá Salvatore
Published: September 2020

This book provides an authoritative account of international law. It preserves and extends Antonio Cassese’s exceptional combination of a historically informed, conceptually strong, and practice-infused analysis of international law, comparing the treatment of most issues in classical international law with the main subsequent developments of this constantly evolving field. Part I of the book covers the origins and foundations of the international community. Part II is about the subjects of the international community, including States, international organizations, individuals, and other international legal subjects. Part III examines the main processes of international law-making and the normative interactions between different norms, of both domestic and international law. Part IV studies the mechanisms of implementation of international law, including State responsibility, diplomatic and judicial means of dispute settlement, and enforcement mechanisms. Part V covers a number of areas which have undergone particular development and reached a high level of specialization, namely, UN law, the law governing the use of force, international humanitarian law, international human rights law, international criminal law, international environmental law, and international economic law (trade and investment).
Molecular and functional characaterization of the novel odorant-binding protein geneAccOBP10fromApis cerana cerana
Authors: Guo Dezheng , Hao Cuihong , Cui Xuepei , Wang Ying , Liu Zhenguo , Xu Baohua , Guo Xingqi
Published: September 2020

Odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) play an important role in odour perception and transport in insects. However, little is known about whether OBPs perform other functions in insects, particularly in Apis cerana cerana. Within this study, an OBP gene (AccOBP10) was isolated and identified from A. c. cerana. Both homology and phylogenetic relationship analyses indicated that the amino acid sequence of AccOBP10 had a high degree of sequence identity with other members of the gene family. Analysis of quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) showed that AccOBP10 mRNA was expressed at higher levels in the venom gland than in other tissues. The mRNA transcript expression of AccOBP10 was upregulated by low temperature (4°C), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), pyridaben, methomyl and imidacloprid but downregulated by heat (42°C), ultraviolet light, vitamin C, mercuric chloride, cadmium chloride, paraquat and phoxim. Expression of AccOBP10 under abiotic stress was analysed by western blotting, and the results were consistent with those of qRT-PCR. And as a further study of AccOBP10 function, we demonstrated that knockdown of AccOBP10 by RNA interference could slightly increase the expression levels of some stress-related genes. Collectively, these results suggest that AccOBP10 is mainly involved in the response to stress conditions.
A Descriptive Study of High-Frequency Trade and Quote Option Data*
Authors: Andersen Torben , Archakov Ilya , Grund Leon , Hautsch Nikolaus , Li Yifan , Nasekin Sergey , Nolte Ingmar , Pham Manh Cuong , Taylor Stephen , Todorov Viktor
Published: September 2020

This paper provides a guide to high-frequency option trade and quote data disseminated by the Options Price Reporting Authority (OPRA). We present a comprehensive overview of the U.S. option market, including details on market regulation and the trading processes for all 16 constituent option exchanges. We review the existing literature that utilizes high-frequency options data, summarizes the general structure of the OPRA dataset, and presents a thorough empirical description of the observed option trades and quotes for a selected sample of underlying assets that contains more than 25 billion records. We outline several types of irregular observations and provide recommendations for data filtering and cleaning. Finally, we illustrate the usefulness of the high-frequency option data with two empirical applications: option-implied variance estimation and risk-neutral density estimation. Both applications highlight the rich information content of the high-frequency OPRA data.
Holography: application to high-resolution imaging
Authors: Kawasaki Takeshi , Takahashi Yoshio , Tanigaki Toshiaki
Published: September 2020

Electron holography was invented for correcting aberrations of the lenses of electron microscopes. It was used to observe the atomic arrangements in crystals after decades of research. Then it was combined with a hardware aberration corrector to enable high-resolution and high-precision analysis. Its applications were further extended to magnetic observations with sub-nanometer resolution. High-resolution electron holography has become a powerful technique for observing electromagnetic distributions in functional materials.
Pantomime as the original human-specific communicative system
Authors: Zlatev Jordan , Żywiczyński Przemysław , Wacewicz Sławomir
Published: September 2020

We propose reframing one of the key questions in the field of language evolution as what was the original human-specific communicative system? With the help of cognitive semiotics, first we clarify the difference between signals, which characterize animal communication, and signs, which do not replace but complement signals in human communication. We claim that the evolution of bodily mimesis allowed for the use of signs, and the social-cognitive skills needed to support them to emerge in hominin evolution. Neither signs nor signals operate single-handedly, but as part of semiotic systems. Communicative systems can be either monosemiotic or polysemiotic—the former consisting of a single semiotic system and the latter, of several. Our proposal is that pantomime, as the original human-specific communicative system, should be characterized as polysemiotic: dominated by gesture but also including vocalization, facial expression, and possibly the rudiments of depiction. Given that pantomimic gestures must have been maximally similar to bodily actions, we characterize them as typically (1) dominated by iconicity, (2) of the primary kind, (3) involving the whole body, (4) performed from a first-person perspective, (5) concerning peripersonal space, and (6) using the Enacting mode of representation.
When the tune shapes morphology: The origins of vocatives
Authors: Sóskuthy Márton , Roettger Timo B
Published: September 2020

Many languages use pitch to express pragmatic meaning (henceforth ‘tune’). This requires segmental carriers with rich harmonic structure and high periodic energy, making vowels the optimal carriers of the tune. Tunes can be phonetically impoverished when there is a shortage of vowels, endangering the recovery of their function. This biases sound systems towards the optimisation of tune transmission by processes such as the insertion of vowels. Vocative constructions—used to attract and maintain the addressee’s attention—are often characterised by specific tunes. Many languages additionally mark vocatives morphologically. In this article, we argue that one potential pathway for the emergence of vocative morphemes is the morphological re-analysis of tune-driven phonetic variation that helps to carry pitch patterns. Looking at a corpus of 101 languages, we compare vocatives to structural case markers in terms of their phonological make-up. We find that vocatives are often characterised by additional prosodic modulation (vowel lengthening, stress shift, tone change) and contain substantially fewer consonants, supporting our hypothesis that the acoustic properties of tunes interact with segmental features and can shape the emergence of morphological markers. This fits with the view that the efficient transmission of information is a driving force in the evolution of languages, but also highlights the importance of defining ‘information’ broadly to include pragmatic, social, and affectual components alongside propositional meaning.
A Possible Case of Vertical Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in a Newborn With Positive Placental In Situ Hybridization of SARS-CoV-2 RNA
Authors: Alamar Ihab , Abu-Arja Mohammad H , Heyman Taryn , Roberts Drucilla J , Desai Niyati , Narula Pramod , Dygulska Beata
Published: September 2020

Little is known about the effects of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on pregnant mothers and their infants. Moreover, there is no definitive evidence that SARS CoV- 2 can be vertically transmitted from an infected mother to the unborn fetus.
A case of esophageal rupture caused by long-term exposure to vinegar and resolved by damage control strategies
Authors: Okura Tomohiro , Inaba Mototaka , Yasuhara Isao , Kataoka Masafumi
Published: September 2020

A 75-year-old woman had the habit of drinking vinegar. She had emergent transport to our hospital because of vomiting and unconsciousness. The patient underwent emergency surgery for esophageal rupture and septic shock. Intraoperatively, a 25 mm perforated area was found, and the visible esophageal mucosa was black. Because the suture closure or anastomosis was difficult and the shock was prolonged, she was placed in the intensive care unit after undergoing resection of the thoracic esophagus and thoracic drainage. Fifteen hours after the first surgery, we performed external esophagostomy and enterostomy. The third surgery was a retrothoracic cervical esophagogastric anastomosis, and reconstructive surgery was performed 60 days after the first surgery. Prolonged exposure to vinegar may have resulted in esophageal mucosal necrosis. This is a valuable case in which the esophageal mucosa was necrotic, and we performed esophagectomy and reconstruction as a damage control strategy to save her life.
A case of infiltrative cecal endometriosis with appendiceal obliteration and lymph node involvement
Authors: Law Yi Ying , Patel Rhea , Yorke Rebecca , Bailey Harold R , Van Eps Jeffrey L
Published: September 2020

Endometriosis is a clinical condition with a wide spectrum of severity, and a subset that includes intestinal involvement that may even mimic malignancy, making non-surgical diagnosis difficult. Cecal endometriosis is a rare finding among intestinal endometriosis. We report on 33-year-old woman with ileocecal endometriosis presenting as endoscopic prolapse of the ileocecal valve associated with a mass on cross-sectional imaging. The diagnosis was suggested intraoperatively by peritoneal endometrioma and obliteration of the appendix during laparoscopic right hemicolectomy. Pathological review demonstrated extensive submucosal, infiltrative endometriosis with mass effect and lymph node involvement. This case highlights the difficulty in preoperative diagnosis of intestinal endometriosis and the wide-ranging potential tissue effects in cases of infiltrative disease.
To do or not to do: prolapsed, bleeding, rectal polyp, a dilemma in austere circumstances
Authors: Pandya Bharati , Golmei Jason , Henriques Merlyn S , Dawar Anil
Published: September 2020

Polyps are defined as abnormal growth of tissue from a mucosal surface. Rectal polyps are the most common (2%) cause of gastro-intestinal bleed in children below 10 years. In adults, a rectal polyp presenting as an emergency with irreducible prolapse and massive bleeding causing severe anemia is seldom seen. We present one such case in which surgery was performed under austere circumstances before any investigations, as a life saving measure.
Improving soybean seed oil without poor agronomics
Authors: Alfonso Miguel
Published: September 2020

This article comments on:

Lakhssassi N, Zhou Z, Liu S, Piya S, Cullen MA, El Baze A, Knizia D, Patil GB, Badad O, Embaby MG, Meksem J, Lakhssassi A, Ghazaleh A, Hewezi T, Meksem K. 2020. Soybean TILLING-by-sequencing+ reveals the role of novel GmSACPD members in unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis while maintaining healthy nodules. Journal of Experimental Botany 71, 6969–6987.
Discrimination against Roma: Evidence from two survey experiments in Norway
Authors: Falck Runa
Published: September 2020

Norway has a history of tough assimilation of the first migration of Roma people, known as the Tater/Romani people. The state introduced laws that discriminated against the Tater/Romani people. This article traces the international and national developments from discriminatory laws to laws against discrimination in Norway. With the recent appearance of immigrant Roma from Eastern Europe, Roma are once again on the political agenda of West European countries. Despite the many laws against discrimination that are now in place, this article demonstrates that the public still discriminates against Roma people. Two survey experiments reveal that the Roma are being directly discriminated against within the Norwegian society and indirectly discriminated against compared to other European Economic Area (EEA) immigrants. The article suggests that this could be related to a history of antiziganism in society. Furthermore, it appears that such attitudes are not easily changed by laws but demands broad social mobilisation.
Splinting in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: The Optimal Duration
Authors: Gatheridge Michele A , Sholty Elsa A , Inman Alexander , Pattillo Meghan , Mindrup Frank , Sanderson Dawn L
Published: September 2020

Introduction

The purpose of this study was to evaluate optimal neutral wrist splint duration in treatment-naive mild and mild to moderate carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Neutral wrist splinting is a conservative treatment for CTS; however, no clear guidelines exist for how long splinting should be prescribed for optimal outcomes.

Materials and Methods

In this prospective clinical trial subjects were assigned to wear a neutral wrist splint for 6 (group A) or 12 weeks (group B). Symptom and functional outcomes were assessed by questionnaire at baseline, 6 and 12 weeks. Median nerve sensory and motor latencies were recorded at baseline and 12 weeks. Pretreatment, midtreatment, and posttreatment measures were compared within and between treatment groups where applicable. This study was approved by the United States Air Force Academy institutional review board.

Results

A total of 30 subjects (37 hands) were randomized to 2 treatment groups. Mean symptom severity and median sensory peak latency significantly improved in both groups at 12 weeks, without a significant difference between groups. Mean functional severity significantly improved only in group A.

Conclusion

Neutral wrist splint for 6 weeks resulted in better clinical improvements in patients with untreated mild and mild to moderate CTS. There was no additional benefit in extending splinting 6 additional weeks. This is the first study to compare duration of wrist splint use beyond 8 weeks. A larger sample size is needed to identify the reason for lack of functional improvement in group B. Long-term follow-up of this cohort will be helpful to determine the natural history of initial wrist splint use.
False-positive galactomannan antigen testing in pulmonary nocardiosis
Authors: Haran Arnon , Temper Violeta , Assous Marc , Bergel Michael , Chahanian Noga , Elinav Hila , Korem Maya
Published: September 2020

Early diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis (IA) is facilitated by detection of galactomannan (GM) in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Although accurate, false positive results have been reported with these tests in numerous contexts. We report for the first time the occurrence of false positive GM ELISA due to nocardiosis, initially in a clinical sample of BALF from a patient with pulmonary nocardiosis, and subsequently corroborated by in vitro reactivity of 26% of tested isolates. Since patients at risk for IA are also at risk for nocardiosis, this finding has important clinical implications.

Lay Summary

Early diagnosis of aspergillosis has been facilitated by the routine use of antibody-based detection of galactomannan in various bodily fluids. We report for the first time the occurrence of false positive results of this assay in the context of nocardiosis.
Accretion of galaxy groups into galaxy clusters
Authors: Benavides José A , Sales Laura V , Abadi Mario G
Published: September 2020

We study the role of group infall in the assembly and dynamics of galaxy clusters in ΛCDM. We select 10 clusters with virial mass M200 ∼ 1014 $\rm M_\odot$ from the cosmological hydrodynamical simulation Illustris and follow their galaxies with stellar mass M⋆ ≥ 1.5 × 108 $\rm M_\odot$. A median of ${\sim}38{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of surviving galaxies at z = 0 is accreted as part of groups and did not infall directly from the field, albeit with significant cluster-to-cluster scatter. The evolution of these galaxy associations is quick, with observational signatures of their common origin eroding rapidly in 1–3 Gyr after infall. Substructure plays a dominant role in fostering the conditions for galaxy mergers to happen, even within the cluster environment. Integrated over time, we identify (per cluster) an average of 17 ± 9 mergers that occur in infalling galaxy associations, of which 7 ± 3 occur well within the virial radius of their cluster hosts. The number of mergers shows large dispersion from cluster to cluster, with our most massive system having 42 mergers above our mass cut-off. These mergers, which are typically gas rich for dwarfs and a combination of gas rich and gas poor for M⋆ ∼ 1011 $\rm M_\odot$, may contribute significantly within ΛCDM to the formation of specific morphologies, such as lenticulars (S0) and blue compact dwarfs in groups and clusters.
High-eccentricity migration of planetesimals around polluted white dwarfs
Authors: O’Connor Christopher E , Lai Dong
Published: September 2020

Several white dwarfs (WDs) with atmospheric metal pollution have been found to host small planetary bodies (planetesimals) orbiting near the tidal disruption radius. We study the physical properties and dynamical origin of these bodies under the hypothesis that they underwent high-eccentricity migration from initial distances of several astronomical units. We examine two plausible mechanisms for orbital migration and circularization: tidal friction and ram-pressure drag in a compact disc. For each mechanism, we derive general analytical expressions for the evolution of the orbit that can be rescaled for various situations. We identify the physical parameters that determine whether a planetesimal’s orbit can circularize within the appropriate time-scale and constrain these parameters based on the properties of the observed systems. For tidal migration to work, an internal viscosity similar to that of molten rock is required, and this may be naturally produced by tidal heating. For disc migration to operate, a minimal column density of the disc is implied; the inferred total disc mass is consistent with estimates of the total mass of metals accreted by polluted WDs.
Wray 15-906: a candidate luminous blue variable discovered with WISE, Herschel, and SALT
Authors: Maryeva O V , Gvaramadze V V , Kniazev A Y , Berdnikov L N
Published: September 2020

We present the results of study of the Galactic candidate luminous blue variable Wray 15-906, revealed via detection of its infrared circumstellar shell (of ≈2 pc in diameter) with the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer and the Herschel Space Observatory. Using the stellar atmosphere code cmfgen and the Gaia parallax, we found that Wray 15-906 is a relatively low-luminosity, $\log (L/\rm \, L_\odot)\approx 5.4$, star of temperature of 25 ± 2 kK, with a mass-loss rate of ${\approx}3\times 10^{-5} \, \rm \, M_\odot \, {\rm yr}^{-1}$, a wind velocity of $280\pm 50 \, {\rm \, km\, s^{-1}}$, and a surface helium abundance of 65 ± 2 per cent (by mass). In the framework of single-star evolution, the obtained results suggest that Wray 15-906 is a post-red supergiant star with initial mass of ${\approx}25 \, \rm \, M_\odot$ and that before exploding as a supernova it could transform for a short time into a WN11h star. Our spectroscopic monitoring with the Southern African Large Telescope does not reveal significant changes in the spectrum of Wray 15-906 during the last 8 yr, while the V-band light curve of this star over years 1999–2019 shows quasi-periodic variability with a period of ≈1700 d and an amplitude of ≈0.2 mag. We estimated the mass of the shell to be $2.9\pm 0.5 \, \rm \, M_\odot$ assuming the gas-to-dust mass ratio of 200. The presence of such a shell indicates that Wray 15-906 has suffered substantial mass-loss in the recent past. We found that the open star cluster C1128−631 could be the birth place of Wray 15-906 provided that this star is a rejuvenated product of binary evolution (a blue straggler).
Clinical PARP inhibitors do not abrogate PARP1 exchange at DNA damage sites in vivo
Authors: Shao Zhengping , Lee Brian J , Rouleau-Turcotte Élise , Langelier Marie-France , Lin Xiaohui , Estes Verna M , Pascal John M , Zha Shan
Published: September 2020

DNA breaks recruit and activate PARP1/2, which deposit poly-ADP-ribose (PAR) to recruit XRCC1-Ligase3 and other repair factors to promote DNA repair. Clinical PARP inhibitors (PARPi) extend the lifetime of damage-induced PARP1/2 foci, referred to as ‘trapping’. To understand the molecular nature of ‘trapping’ in cells, we employed quantitative live-cell imaging and fluorescence recovery after photo-bleaching. Unexpectedly, we found that PARP1 exchanges rapidly at DNA damage sites even in the presence of clinical PARPi, suggesting the persistent foci are not caused by physical stalling. Loss of Xrcc1, a major downstream effector of PAR, also caused persistent PARP1 foci without affecting PARP1 exchange. Thus, we propose that the persistent PARP1 foci are formed by different PARP1 molecules that are continuously recruited to and exchanging at DNA lesions due to attenuated XRCC1-LIG3 recruitment and delayed DNA repair. Moreover, mutation analyses of the NAD+ interacting residues of PARP1 showed that PARP1 can be physically trapped at DNA damage sites, and identified H862 as a potential regulator for PARP1 exchange. PARP1-H862D, but not PARylation-deficient PARP1-E988K, formed stable PARP1 foci upon activation. Together, these findings uncovered the nature of persistent PARP1 foci and identified NAD+ interacting residues involved in the PARP1 exchange.
Duplex formation in a G-quadruplex bulge
Authors: Ngoc Nguyen Thi Quynh , Lim Kah Wai , Phan Anh Tuân
Published: September 2020

Beyond the consensus definition of G-quadruplex-forming motifs with tracts of continuous guanines, G-quadruplexes harboring bulges in the G-tetrad core are prevalent in the human genome. Here, we study the incorporation of a duplex hairpin within a bulge of a G-quadruplex. The NMR solution structure of a G-quadruplex containing a duplex bulge was resolved, revealing the structural details of the junction between the duplex bulge and the G-quadruplex. Unexpectedly, instead of an orthogonal connection the duplex stem was observed to stack below the G-quadruplex forming a unique quadruplex–duplex junction. Breaking up of the immediate base pair step at the junction, coupled with a narrowing of the duplex groove within the context of the bulge, led to a progressive transition between the quadruplex and duplex segments. This study revealed that a duplex bulge can be formed at various positions of a G-quadruplex scaffold. In contrast to a non-structured bulge, the stability of a G-quadruplex slightly increases with an increase in the duplex bulge size. A G-quadruplex structure containing a duplex bulge of up to 33 nt in size was shown to form, which was much larger than the previously reported 7-nt bulge. With G-quadruplexes containing duplex bulges representing new structural motifs with potential biological significance, our findings would broaden the definition of potential G-quadruplex-forming sequences.
Magmatic Evolution following Damp Tholeiitic and Wet Calc-alkaline Liquid Lines of Descent: an Eastern Pontides (NE Turkey) Example
Authors: Liu Ze , Zhu Di-Cheng , Jagoutz Oliver , Rezeau Hervé , Wang Qing , Eyuboglu Yener
Published: September 2020

Associations between tholeiitic and calc-alkaline arc magmatism with close spatial and temporal relationships can provide critical constraints on magma genesis and allow the reconstruction of subduction polarity at convergent margins. This study identifies two compositionally distinct intrusive series from the Yusufeli region in the Eastern Pontides arc, NE Turkey. The intrusive rocks from the Yusufeli intrusive complex were emplaced at 179–170 Ma and are dominated by the low- to medium-K tholeiitic series, with depleted Hf isotopic compositions. In contrast, the intrusive rocks from the Camlikaya intrusive complex were emplaced at 151–147 Ma and are characterized by the medium- to high-K calc-alkaline series, with relatively enriched Hf isotopic compositions. The Al-in-hornblende geobarometer reveals that the magmas of both intrusive complexes crystallized at upper crustal levels (∼150–250 MPa, ∼5–8 km). The presence of patchy-textured plagioclase and the widespread occurrence of coeval dykes and magmatic mafic enclaves indicate that the two intrusive complexes are derived from multiple magma pulses in open magmatic systems. The mineral crystallization order of amphibole and plagioclase, the trace elemental signatures (e.g. Sr/Y and Y), and rare earth element modeling collectively suggest that the Yusufeli intrusive complex was dominated by plagioclase and clinopyroxene fractionation with earlier plagioclase crystallization than amphibole, whereas the Camlikaya intrusive complex was dominated by the fractionation of amphibole accompanied by co-crystallization of plagioclase. Such significant differences in the fractionating mineral assemblages at comparable intrusion pressures can be attributed to different initial H2O contents of the Yusufeli and Camlikaya parental magmas, which ultimately control their distinct liquid lines of descent. In accord with thermodynamic modeling results derived using the Rhyolite-MELTS software, we propose that the Yusufeli intrusive rocks are derived from damp (∼1–2 wt% H2O) parental magmas formed dominantly by decompression melting of mantle wedge in a back-arc setting. In contrast, the wet parental magmas (>∼2 wt% H2O) of Camlikaya intrusive rocks are more hydrous and formed through flux melting of suprasubduction-zone mantle wedge. This conclusion, combined with the back-arc basin related Jurassic sedimentary and structural records previously determined in the Southern Zone of the Eastern Pontides, indicates that the geochemical compositions and spatial relationship of the Yusufeli and Camlikaya intrusive complexes are preferably explained by the southward subduction of the Paleotethys oceanic lithosphere in the Early to Late Jurassic.