bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Durham et Tocqueville sur la colonisation libérale
Authors: Dion Stéphane
Published: December 2016

L’article compare de façon systématique les écrits de Tocqueville sur l’Algérie et le rapport Durham sur le Canada. Cette comparaison fait ressortir la parenté de pensée entre les deux grands colonialistes libéraux, lesquels, pourtant, réfléchissaient sur deux contextes extrêmement différents, l’Algérie arabe, musulmane et nomade et le Canada français, catholique et rural. En tentant de justifier d’un point de vue politique et moral l’assimilation du peuple colonisé, Tocqueville et Durham ont cherché à concilier l’entreprise coloniale avec les valeurs du libéralisme universel.
Who Owns Canada? Concentration of Ownership and the Distribution of Economic Assets, 1975-1985
Authors: Grabb Edward G.
Published: December 2016

This analysis examines three questions concerning economic control in Canada: has economic power recently become more concentrated; does the state now rival private business as the dominant force in the ownership structure; and what role do other organizations play in Canada’s economy? Data from 1975 to 1985 reveal significant increases in economic concentration, as judged by assets and profits of the largest non-financial enterprises. State control of assets also increased during this decade but private corporations still dominate. Finally, the economic assets of other organizations, notably religious and educational institutions, appear substantial but far less extensive than those of government or private business.
British Columbia by Design: The Sullivan Royal Commission in Historical Perspective
Authors: Hawthorne Dan
Published: December 2016

The recommendations of the recent Sullivan Royal Commission on Education promise a new era for schooling in British Columbia, more consensual than conflictual, more responsive to diverse social demands, and more focussed on the child as learner. In fact, however, the report is in perfect continuity with historic and contemporary economic, political, pedagogical, and social structures.
The West Beyond the West: The Demography of Settlement in British Columbia
Authors: Barman Jean
Published: December 2016

British Columbia’s exceptionalism within Canada is closely linked to patterns of immigration and settlement. The west coast province has traditionally contained a higher proportion of immigrants than any other region of Canada, and these immigrants, together with people arriving from elsewhere in Canada, helped fashion distinctive economic, political and social structures which encouraged more immigrants to come.
Fourteen Propositions About Theatre in British Columbia
Authors: Page Malcolm
Published: December 2016

While nineteenth-century theatre in British Columbia has been extensively studied, the more varied and rich theatrical history of the twentieth century is less well explored and not fully appreciated. Today, theatre is province-wide and multicultural, many actors are professionally trained, and children’s theatre flourishes. Yet few plays are set in the province, and regional theatre does not necessarily have a regional identity.
Canadian Sanctions Against South Africa: Explaining the Mulroney Initiatives, 1985–86
Authors: Nossal Kim Richard
Published: December 2016

The case of Canadian policy towards South Africa in 1985-86 provides an example of the impact of political leaders on policy. The government of Brian Mulroney abandoned a policy that mixed rhetorical denunciation of apartheid with a “business as usual” approach, and adopted an activist and hard-line policy. This article reviews the extent to which policy changed between 1984 and 1986. It analyses the views of Mulroney and his advisers towards sanctions and assesses the degree to which these views were reflected in policy outcomes. The paper concludes that the evidence strongly suggests that the Prime Minister himself exercised a powerful influence on the change in sanctions against South Africa.
Financing the Union: The Upper Canadian Debt and Financial Administration in the Canadas, 1837-1845
Authors: Piva Michael J.
Published: December 2016

The failure of Thomas Wilson and Company in 1837 contributed to a financial crisis in Upper Canada and underlined the inadequate administrative system which had allowed unsupervised civil servants to determine critical aspects of financial policy. The crisis left the province with little choice but to create administrative structures which redefined the jurisdictions of the Receiver General and Inspector General and lodged control of policy in the Executive Council. Although complete financial autonomy had not yet been achieved, the Union government began to define its own financial objectives as well as appropriate policies to achieve these objectives. In terms of its financial policies the Province of Canada behaved like an autonomous government practicing the art of the possible.
The Federal Welfare State and the Politics of Retrenchment in Canada
Authors: Smardon Bruce
Published: December 2016

A common theme in analysis of the federal welfare state is that it shares with its Anglo-American counterparts a “liberal-residualist” orientation. Federal social programs, however, are also based on processes of inter-regional redistribution that are centrally important for the legitimacy of the federal state apparatus and strongly resistant to the market-based logic of both liberal-residualism and neo-conservatism. As a result these processes have been crucial in contributing to the relatively lower and more inconsistent attack on the federal welfare state in Canada.
Civic Humanism vs. Liberalism - Fitting the Loyalists In
Authors: Smith Peter J.
Published: December 2016

This paper reexamines the roots of Loyalist political thought and, implicitly, English-Canadian political culture, arguing against both a Lockean dominance of Loyalist political thought and the existence of a pre-capitalist Tory "touch” espoused by Gad Horowitz. The paper situates Loyalist political thought within the debate over which political discourse was dominant in the eighteenth century — liberalism or civic humanism — and outlines some of the possible implications of the debate for our understanding of the formation of English-Canadian political culture.
William Lash Miller: Canadas Unique Chemist
Authors: McBryde W.A.E.
Published: December 2016

Miller (1866-1940) was the fourth, and first Canadian-born, Head of the Department of Chemistry in the University of Toronto. He brought back from post-graduate work in Germany the comparatively new sub-discipline of physical chemistry and became one of North America’s lead ing experts in electrochemistry and chemical thermodynamics prior to the First World War. His vigorous espousal of the German practice of including experimental research in the undergraduate program led to the early development of a strong research school of chemistry at Toronto, to the first Ph.D. degrees in this subject awarded in Canada, and to a long succession of chemists to fill important academic, governmental, and industrial positions in Canada and the United States.
Wacousta as Trickster: "The Enemy of Boundaries"
Authors: Hurley Michael
Published: December 2016

John Richardson’s Wacousta resembles the figure of Trickster in North American Indian mythology. Radin’s classic study, The Trickster, with commentaries by Kerényi and Jung, in addition to other works, helps us to identify typical trickster motifs throughout Richardson’s novel. Various interpretations of Trickster as the spirit of disorder and the enemy of boundaries, as a shape-shifter in whom opposites meet, as a figure associated with the doppelgänger, the shadow and the unconscious as well as with wolves and the struggle-of-brothers motif, afford an interesting context within which to view Wacousta.
Community Migration Patterns of Northern Canada
Authors: Parson Helen E.
Published: December 2016

This paper analyses migration rates of residents of communities in the Northwest Territories and the Yukon for 1976-1981. Migration exchange between northern communities and locations in another territory or province are distinguished from migration exchange with other places in the same territory. In general, very high mobility rates characterize the administrative centres and resource towns, both of which have large proportions of non-native residents, while low rates are typical of the numerous small native communities. These differences demonstrate the continuing dichotomy between the “homeland” and “hinterland” functions of Canada’s North.
Australian Studies and Canadian Studies: Reports, Responses, Problems, Prospects
Authors: Bennett Bruce
Published: December 2016

Two major reports on educationsl and cultural policy are compared: Canada’s To Know Ourselves (1975, 1984) and Australia’s Windows onto Worlds: Studying Australia at Tertiary Level (1987). Differing in origin and historical moment, the reports reached a similar conclusion: that studies of the home country were unduly neglected in universities and colleges, Each urged the need to develop resources to redress this imbalance. However, particular problems — emphasis upon single-discipline or interdisciplinary programs, staffing policies, provision for Australian and Canadian studies courses abroad — were addressed in different ways. While different recommendations and outcomes emerge from, and address, distinctive political, social and educational contexts, the study also reveals significant areas of common concern.
Privatizing the Mind: The Sundering of Canadian History, the Sundering of Canada
Authors: Bliss Michael
Published: December 2016

The writing of Canadian history during the past twenty-five years has been characterized by an intense degree of specialization which has replaced older Canadian historians’ concern for explaining the nature of the country. A declining sense of Canada as a national entity underlies much of our current political and constitutional malaise. The Liberal nationalism of the 1960s and 1970s was an inadequate replacement for the more deeply-rooted vision of the country that a well-developed sense of history might offer. Without becoming nationalist mythologizers, and remembering the need to understand the country in its pluralism and diversity, Canadian historians might usefully remind themselves that their subject, after all, is Canada.
The Social Structure of Accumulation in Canada, 1945-1988
Authors: Strain Frank , Grant Hugh
Published: December 2016

This paper examines the “social structure of accumulation” in Canada in the post-World War II period. It is argued that the rapid rates of economic growth achieved between 1945 and the early 1970s were based upon an institutional setting which stabilized conflict and provided the basis for high rates of productivity and profitability. Subsequently, Canada’s worsening economic performance is traced to the breakdown in this institutional setting. Particular emphasis is placed upon the erosion of the capital-labour “settlement” and increasing labour militancy. The paper concludes by examining whether the economic recovery since 1983 represents the emergence of a new social structure of accumulation based upon greater capital mobility, reduced social spending, and a coercive system of industrial relations.
Marginalité professionnelle et modelès déportés: le cas des ingénieurs francophones du Canada, 1867-1920
Authors: Guédon Jean-Claude
Published: December 2016

L’étude de la professionnalisation des ingénieurs au Canada omet de prendre en ligne de compte les obstacles originaux affrontées par les ingénieurs francophones. En examinant quelques épisodes de l’histoire de l’École polytechnique de Montréal, en particulier sa fondation, sa réaction aux tentatives d’établir une loi professionnelle au Québec en 1898, et sa tactique de diversification, non par diseiplinarisation mais en créant des écoles professionnelles (en particulier architecture), on tente de montrer comment ces épisodes reflètent une vision déportée de la pratique de l’ingénieu r, vision venant de l’extérieur, vision correspondant à un statut marginal et périphérique.
“A Proper Ideal During Action”: Fraternity, Leadership and Lifestyle in Winnipeg Lawyers’ Professional Culture, 1878-1900
Authors: Willie Richard A.
Published: December 2016

Important historical dimensions of the values, attitudes, and experience of a developing professional culture among lawyers can easily be overlooked if scholars confine their search for its expressions in Canadian society to the formal institutional structures of law courts, law offices, and law societies alone. In Winnipeg, before 1900. evidence of a significant professional culture “fringe," including strong male fraternal associations, an unofficial yet persuasive collegial leadership, and the presence of commanding life style examples and standards indicates that a dynamic and informal professional culture was taking shape there. Examining such historical developments may broaden current understanding of the emergence of professionalism. and the social bridges that have joined occupation and middle class aspiration.
Canadian Voices of Authority: Non-Fiction and Early Women Writers
Authors: Dagg Anne Innis
Published: December 2016

Although reference books cite few women in Canada's history who wrote non-fiction, there were, in fact, 666 women who published 965 non-fiction books in English between 1835 and 1946. These women cither lived in Canada or wrote about it. By having their books published, women became authorities on their subject matter. Their efforts inspired other women and provided information and perspectives that would have been missing without their work.
Les idéologies territoriales au Canada Français: entre le continentalisme et l’idée du Québec
Authors: Sénécal Gilles
Published: December 2016

Le Canada français est partagé entre deux idéologies territoriales: le continentalisme et l'idée du Québec. A première vue contradictoires, elles coexistent dans le temps et évoluent suivant le contexte politique: complémentaires. ellcs semblent à servir les stratégies de défense du fait national. La représentation continentale nourrit le mouvement de colonisation et se prolonge dans les différcnts projets politiques (fédéralisme, annexionnisme, libre-échange). L'idée d'un foyer national à l'intérieur du territoire québécois s'affirrne parallèlement. La solution fédérale s'impose mais les Canadiens français développent uneconception autonomiste du système canadien. L'étude conclut en montrant l'cnracincment de la territorialité québécoise, sans que s'épuisent les représentations continentales et canadiennes.
Canada and the Direct Broadcast Satellite: Issues in the Global Communications Flow
Authors: Stokes Mark
Published: December 2016

Direct Broadcast Satellites, in their most sophisticated form, have yet to see widespread application. However, since the 1960s this arrangement of communications technology has been the focus of an international debate over the distribution of power vis-à-vis the transmission of information. The Canadian approach to DBS suggests a dichotomy. “Developed” but culturally vulnerable, Canada seems intent on maximizing the technological edge abroad while attempting to control the domestic information flow. Examining various international communications contexts provides a perspective for considering a Canadian pol icy which attempts to straddle cultural protectionism and capital accumulation — implicitly questioning the legitimacy of a monolithic view of post-industrial “media imperialism.”
Religion, nationalisme et cultes populaires au Québec
Authors: Laperrière Guy
Published: December 2016

L’article essaie d’évaluer les transformations qu’a vécues le catholicisme au Québec depuis 1960, en se plaçant du point de vue du plus grand nombre. Il décrit la religion traditionnelle et l’évolution des dévotions du milieu du 19e au milieu du 20e siècle, analyse ta sécularisation et la laïcisation des années 1960 et présente les nouvelles valeurs apparues depuis lors. L’article se termine par une réflexion sur les continuités et les transformations qu’entraîne le nationalisme actuel.
A Tale of Two Cities: John Clark Murray’s Search for the Industrial Kingdom of God
Authors: Terpstra Nicholas
Published: December 2016

This study examines a series of published and unpublished works by McGill philosopher John Clark Murray (1836-1917) in order to outline changes in his social philosophy and to determine why he never published his most original and powerful work, “The Industrial Kingdom of God” (1887). Murray’s views developed from classical political economy to co-operative moral economy, in part through his observation of industrialism in Scotland and Canada, and his experience of denominational, national, and university politics. The changing content of his social philosophy was also reflected in and stimulated by his experimentation with different literary forms, and by his rejection of abstract philosophical analysis in favour of the demonstrated praxis of a novel.
Présence des discours féministes en sciences religieuses au Canada
Authors: Dumais Monique
Published: December 2016

Cette étude sur les discours féministes en sciences religieuses au Canada tient d’abord compte de leurs conditions sociales d’émergence: augmentation très forte des étudiantes, rareté des professeures dans le domaine, influence des chercheuses américaines, inscription dans un mouvement social. Elle montre ensuite tes ressources méthodologiques qui sont à l’oeuvre: les spécialistes québécoises et canadiennes s’appuient principalement sur les expériences des femmes pour porter un regard critique et dénonciateur sur une tradition patriarcale et développer leur créativité dans d’autres discours. Les thèmes retenus se situent soit dans un contexte universel, en abordant la question de Dieu, soit sur un plan canadien ou québécois en traitant du culte de Marie, des communautés religieuses féminines, des aspects éthiques au sujet de la famille, du pouvoir dans l’Eglise. Les principaux discours étudiés sont ceux de Anita Caron, Pamela Dickey Young, Micheline Dumont, Olivette Genest, Naomi R. Goidenberg, Elisabeth J. Lacelle, Ellen Leonard, Marie-Andrée Roy.
Rhapsody in Two Languages and One Depression
Authors: Allan Blaine
Published: December 2016

A short documentary film released by Associated Screen News in 1934, Rhapsody in Two Languages depicts and regulates a view of Montréal in the period of the Great Depression. Although cast as a creative and experimental film, in the fashion of the city films of the 1920s and 1930s, it obliquely raises contemporary issues of concern to Canada’s and Quebec’s growing urban population during a period of economic and industrial crisis, resolving them only through cinematic structure and style.
The Canada Israel Committee and Canada’s Middle East Policy
Authors: Lyon Peyton
Published: December 2016

Many observers consider that a pro-Israel bias has diminished the effectiveness of Canada’s policy in the Arab-Israeli conflict. The reason for the bias, according to a majority of the relevant Canadian diplomats, is the strength and skill of the Canada Israel Committee, the lobby authorized to speak for organized Jewry in Canada. This article compares the CIC with its American counterpart, the AIPAC, and examines the issues that have been contested by the CIC and other political actors. It concludes that the CIC has exerted less influence over Middle East policy than Canada’s diplomats, but far more than might be expected from a lobby acting for little more than one percent of the population.
Family Relationships and Support in Later Life
Authors: Rosenthal Carolyn J.
Published: December 2016

Popular notions that older people are abandoned and neglected by their families, or that older people do not have families, are, in fact, myths. Most older Canadians are engaged in a variety of family relationships that include spouses, children, grandchildren and siblings. The importance of particular relationships varies according to marital status and whether the person has children. Some have followed family paths that are somewhat unusual, such as never marrying or having children. Men typically have spouses to provide support and care when necessary, while women are more likely to experience widowhood and turn to adult children for support. The article points out that older people give support as well as receive it. The article briefly considers elder abuse and neglect, a phenomenon affecting a small but vulnerable percentage of older people.
Rameau de Saint-Père, Moïse de l’Acadie?
Authors: Clarke P.D.
Published: December 2016

La Renaissance acadienne émergea de la conjonction de phénomènes de fond: les transformations profondes que connurent les Maritimes dans la deuxième moitié du dix-neuvième siècle; et, en Acadie, l’imposition des idéologies clérico-conservatrices canadiennes-françaises. Mais ces impulsions dépendaient pour leur réification d’un élément qui, d’ordre mental, leur donnerait une signification sociale: une prise de conscience collective et historique. Or, ce fut un historien français, Edme Rameau de Saint-Père, qui, en proposant aux Acadiens un récit de leur passé, ébaucha une vision globale d’avenir. Ses histoires, ses actions aussi, ont contribué à l’édification d’une identité collective renouvelée et à l’apparition de sa suite logique, un projet national.
The Impact of Copyright Legislation Upon the Publication of Sheet Music in Canada, Prior to 1924
Authors: O’Neill Patrick B.
Published: December 2016

As efforts to achieve an international copyright agreement among Canada, England, and the United States accelerated or diminished prior to 1924, Canadian composers and music publishers were forced continually to reassess their decision about what, and where, to publish. For the period 1900-25, two patterns of sheet music copyright registration can be discerned: first, more foreign works than Canadian were copyrighted in Canada; and, second, as many Canadian works were copyrighted in the United States as in Canada. These patterns resulted from the state of the sheet music publishing industry in Canada that resulted itself, in part, from the various copyright acts of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
L.M.Montgomery’s Anne of Green Gables: The Japanese Connection
Authors: Baldwin Douglas
Published: December 2016

This paper explores the reasons for the immense popularity of L.M. Montgomery’s Anne of Green Gables in Japan. It concludes that Japanese women are attracted to Anne of Green Gables because the novel has a universal appeal for young women; the situation in Japan at the end of the Second World War, when Anne was translated into Japanese, was particularly propitious for such a cheerful, optimistic book; there are many similarities between Japanese beliefs and the values expressed in Montgomery’s novel; and despite the obvious differences in culture and time, there are parallels between Prince Edward Island in 1900 and present-day Japan that help account for Montgomery’s continued popularity.
Incrementalism and Human Rights Reform
Authors: Howe R. Brian
Published: December 2016

Human rights programs across Canada invariably suffered during the 1980s and early 1990s under government policies of restraint. Human rights commissions were underfunded and the enforcement of anti-discrimination law was parsimonious. But some programs were allowed to suffer much more than others. While Ontario’s continued to provide a modicum of anti-discrimination protection despite the restraint, the system in British Columbia was dismantled and replaced by the weakest program of human rights protection in Canada (from 1983 to 1990). These different developments may be explained by the use of an incrementalist approach to human rights reform in Ontario as opposed to a non-incrementalist one in British Columbia, each in turn reflecting the different political cultures in the two provinces.
The Immigrant as Writer: Cultural Resistance and Conformity in Josef Skvorecky’s The Engineer of Human Souls and Raymond Federman’s Take It or Leave It
Authors: Karpinski Eva C.
Published: December 2016

The article focuses on the problem of constructing the immigrant subject as individual and writer in the context of Canadian and American culture. Skvorecky and Federman present the experience of immigration in terms of spatial and psychological displacement and discontinuity, forcing them to resort to such strategies of survival as irony, memory, and the act of writing itself. Their attitudes to the adopted culture reveal a mixture of resistance and conformity. However, Skvorecky’s greater insistence on preserving his “otherness” and Federman’s readiness to re-invent himself as a new man can be interpreted as conditioned by the different social and cultural texts in which they are embedded
In Sickness and in Health: State Formation, Moral Regulation, and Early VD Initiatives in Ontario
Authors: Adams Mary Louise
Published: December 2016

In 1918, in response to fears about the degeneration of the race, Ontario established a royal commission on venereal disease and feeble-mindedness. The commission resulted in restrictive legislation and bureaucratic procedures that targeted a bourgeois-defined immorality as much as they did micro-organisms and infection. In this paper, documents from the commission are used to highlight moral regulation as critical to state formation and the growth of a repressive bureaucracy. The state is identified as a crucial element in the linking of morality and illness, a process being repeated in present-day initiatives on AIDS.
Race, Gender and Canadian Immigration Policy: Blacks from the Caribbean, 1900-1932
Authors: Calliste Agnes
Published: December 2016

This study examines two movements of Caribbean blacks to Canada between 1900 and 1932 from a political economy perspective. The first group of workers migrated to Nova Scotia to work in the coal mines and the coke ovens of the Sydney steel plant. Second, domestic workers were recruited from Guadeloupe and the British Caribbean to help fill the demand for cheap labour in Quebec, Ontario, and Nova Scotia. The essay demonstrates that the process of immigration control was structured by a dialectic of economic, political, and ideological relations: the demand of employers for cheap unskilled labour and the state’s desire to exclude blacks as permanent settlers. Perceiving blacks as likely to create permanent economic and race-relations problems, immigration officials sought to avoid the problem by restricting the entry of black settlers to those whose services were in urgent demand.
An English, Protestant, Upper-Class Feminist on the Grand Tour: Elizabeth Smith Shortt in Great Britain and Europe, 1911
Authors: Dembski Peter E. Paul
Published: December 2016

A prominent feminist within Canada, Elizabeth Smith Shortt travelled with her husband to Great Britain and Europe in 1911. The ensuing trip revealed her maternal feminist perspective, but it also disclosed racial, religious and upper-class sentiments which often overshadowed her feminist values. Maternal feminism inclined Smith Shortt towards a conservative reform of society while racial, religious and class exclusiveness predisposed her towards a more intolerant and selfish ethic. Smith Shortt failed to resolve this conflict in the old world and it remained problematic upon her return to Canada.
Mistaking Liberalism for Feminism: Spousal Support in Canada
Authors: Hough Janet
Published: December 2016

A review of the recent history of feminist approaches to spousal support illustrates the philosophical and political development of mainstream feminism. This history has involved attempts to apply, modify, and finally to move beyond the liberal ideal of equality. What these positions have meant for awarding support will be discussed. This examination of liberalism and its consequences suggests that, despite its anti-feminist rhetoric, backlash has missed its target and is, in fact, profoundly opposed to liberalism.
Nation, Identity, Rights: Reflections on WL. Morton’s Canadian Identity
Authors: Cook Ramsay
Published: December 2016

In his book The Canadian Identity W. L. Morton set out his conception of a Canadian political nationality through an exploration of the main themes of Canadian historical development. In doing so he stressed the idea that Canada is a nation based on "allegiance" rather than on a "covenant" which he argued is the basis of the American nation. In my analysis of Morton’s position I have pointed out some of the limitations in his understanding of nationalism in Québec and suggested that issues related to multi-culturalism and native rights have become more complex since his book was first published. I have also examined some more recent attempts to conceptualize Canadian nationalism, particularly that of Charles Taylor, and noted the threat which the re-emergence of ethnic nationalism represents to countries like Canada. l conclude that, with some modification in emphasis, Morton’s conception of "political nationality" remains essentially valid.
“The Pleasure is Exquisite but Violent” : The Imaginary Geography of Niagara Falls in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Dubinsky Karen
Published: December 2016

Niagara Falls has recently been the subject of a host of new historical interpretations, which attempt to interpret the commercial, scientific, patriotic and broader cultural meaning of this popular North American icon. This paper investigates the sexual meaning of the waterfall, an important dimension of its history given the long-time association of Niagara Falls with the honeymoon. Using travel writing, guidebooks, and tourist promotion literature, this paper explores the "imaginary geography" of Niagara visitors, and suggests how a sex and gender-conscious analysis might be usefully employed in the history of leisure and tourism.
Harold Innis and the Chicago School
Authors: Stark F.M.
Published: December 2016

Harold Innis has been considered by some Canadian sociologists and communication theorists as part of the “Chicago School,” particularly those members of the school such as George Herbert Mead, who were concerned with Ihe theory and practice of communication. The Chicago School at the University of Chicago during the time when Innis was doing his graduate work was a heterogeneous group of scholars in different disciplines. The paper argues that while Innis is influenced to some degree by the economists in the “school,” he was not part of the Chicago School of “sociologists.” Indeed, Mead's theory of communication could have complemented Innis's important insights into the relationship between the transportation of ideas and institutional development
One For All or All For One: Government Controls, Black Marketing and the Limits of Patriotism, 1939-47
Authors: Keshen Jeff
Published: December 2016

To control inflation and the distribution of scarce resources, Ottawa created a Wartime Prices and Trade Board on 3 Sept. 1939. While most Canadians responded as the government requested, there was also a substantial number who exploited wartime conditions in order to make hefty tax-free returns, such as by gouging migratory war workers with rental rates, citizens desiring their fair share of rationed food, or even veterans fresh from the fray requiring the accoutrements of civilian life.
Raising the Dionne Quintuplets: Lessons for Modern Mothers
Authors: Arnup Katherine
Published: December 2016

During the interwar years, men and women in the fields of health, child psychology and social work intervened in an increasingly aggressive manner in the business of raising children. Through the production of an enormous volume of advice literature, experts sought to educate women in the ways of scientific motherhood. The birth of the Dionne Quintuplets in 1934 provided child-care experts with ideal experimental conditions, In contrast to a traditional doctor-patient relationship, doctors were able to dictate the exact terms of the Quintuplets’ routines without being encumbered by the presence of their biological mother. The Quintuplets became a powerful role model for mothers, who were exhorted to follow the scientific regimen established by a team of doctors. Canadian women identified closely with the Quintuplets, and many women tried to replicate the Quints’ regimen in their own child-rearing practices. This paper examines advice literature produced by the Quintuplet experts, looking at both the content and the implications of the advice given to mothers. As well, the author explores the experts’ attitudes towards mothers, both in their published writings on the Dionne Quintuplets and in their treatment of Elzire Dionne.
Fictions of the Scientific Imagination: Researching the Dionne Quintuplets
Authors: Dehli Kari
Published: December 2016

This paper explores stories told by a group of scientists about the Dionne Quintuplets. A team of researchers, nurses and teachers under the leadership of Toronto child psychologist William E. Blatz took charge of the education and child-rearing of the famous children in March 1935. They constructed an environment where, they hoped, the five girls would develop into autonomous, healthy and happy individuals. Paradoxically, constant surveillance and complete regulation of interaction with "outsiders” — including the Quintuplets’ biological parents and siblings — structured daily life in the Dionne nursery. The paper shows how researchers constructed the conditions which made it possible to read the Quintuplets as at once unique and ordinary, as coherent, rational and self-regulating individuals. I argue that these fictions of scientific imagination occluded both the labour of women and the social relations of power through which they were produced.
W.D. Lighthall and David Ross McCord: Antimodernism and English-Canadian Imperialism, 1880s-1918
Authors: Wright Donald A.
Published: December 2016

Focussing on W.D. Lighthall (1857-1954) and David Ross McCord (1844-1930), two self-defined English-Canadian imperialists, this paper argues that English-Canadian imperialism was both a school of nationalism and an attempt to make sense of modernity, not by rejecting it, but by creating an antimodem space, an intellectual and at times physical retreat from modernity’s relentless commitment to innovation and transience and rootlessness. Lighthall, as a writer, poet and historian, and McCord, as a determined collector and museum builder, sought refuge in an idealized French Canada and Aboriginal culture at the same time as they worshipped before the cult of militarism with its promise of national and masculine rejuvenation. In the long run, as much as both men resisted modernity they ironically accommodated it. For example, Lighthall’s antimodern novel, The Master of Life, was dramatized into a modem spectacle for visitors to Late Champlain in the summer of 1909. McCord’s National Museum, as a museum, was part of the modem project of selection, order, meaning and knowledge.
Paul Kane Goes South: The Sale of the Family’s Collection of Field Sketches
Authors: MacLaren I.S.
Published: December 2016

Between 1845 and 1848, Torontonian Paul Kane, the best-known nineteenth-century Canadian artist, travelled west painting and writing about the upper Great Lakes, the North-West, the new Oregon Territory in the United States, and Vancouver Island. After his return to Toronto, he and his work enjoyed an unprecedented reputation, but a century later more than 200 of Kane’s field sketches and his field notes were sold by his grandson to an American collector. Surviving correspondence clarifies how the collection, on sale for more than 30 years, eventually left the family’s possession. The sale sparked debate about Canadian cultural policy and helped bring about the Cultural Property Export and Import Act (1977), the effectiveness of which is evaluated in terms of this prodigious nineteenth-century collection.
La Présence de Thomas Moore, auteur de A Canadian Boat Song, dans la poésie canadienne-française, au XIXe siècle
Authors: Grisé Yolande
Published: December 2016

Jusqu’ici, l’Irlande dans la littérature québécoise a été étudiée dans des textes narratifs: romans et récits de voyage. L’édition intégrale du corpus des textes poétiques du Canada français (1606-1867) permet désormais de retracer la présence de l’Irlande dans la poésie du Bas-Canada, au XIXe siècle. Elle se manifeste, à l’origine, par la voix romantique de son barde national, Thomas Moore. Les ballades du chantre irlandais contribuèrent à répandre le goût et les valeurs du romantisme au Bas-Canada; sa chanson A Canadian Boat Song assura à Moore une renommée exceptionnelle parmi le peuple et dans les lettres canadiennes-françaises. Le présent article décrit l’introduction et l’appréciation de la poésie de Moore au Bas-Canada; il examine, de plus près, les différentes traductions ou adaptations de son Chain du batelier canadien; il met en lumière l’aspect littéraire de la contribution irlandaise à l’émancipation du Bas-Canada, au siècle dentier,
Nobler Savages: Representations of Native Women in the Writings of Susanna Moodie and Catharine Parr Traill
Authors: Gerson Carole
Published: December 2016

As immigrant newcomers, Susanna Moodie (Roughing It in the Bush, 1852) and Catharine Parr Traill (The Backwoods of Canada, 1836; “A Visit to the Camp of the Chippewa Indians,” 1848; Canadian Crusoes, 1852) represent First Nations Canadians in relation to the stereotype of the Noble Savage. In their accounts of Native women they develop an experiential mode of discourse that communicates both their genuine engagement with the Other and their projection of their own otherwise unarticulable concerns as women and mothers.
Charles G.D. Roberts and William Wilfred Campbell as Canadian Tour Guides
Authors: Bentley D.M.R.
Published: December 2016

During the pre-Confederation period, Canada’s popularity as a destination for tourists seeking picturesque and sublime scenery grew as a result of various literary and transportation factors. The most ambitious, important and controversial guide to Canada in this period was Picturesque Canada: the Country as It Was and Is, a lavishly illustrated collection of essays on different parts of the country that was published in 36 installments and as a two-volume set in 1882-1884. Charles G.D. Roberts and other Confederation poets, especially William Wilfred Campbell, shared an awareness of the potential advantages of using their poetry in tourist guides aimed partly or primarily at readers outside Canada. Their vision of Canada was of an uncontaminated realm whose romantic history and affective scenery were both a therapeutic cure for the diseases of American modernity and a natural repository for the Canadian identity. Such works as the Lands of Evangeline and the Gateways Thither (Roberts) and The Canadian Lake Region (Campbell) reflect modes of thinking and writing about this country that evidently had validity and force for their readers and, in variant forms and various quarters, have remained powerful and persuasive to some Canadians in the present century.
“That Nice Red Coat Goes To My Head Like Champagne”: Gender, Antimodernism and the Mountie Image, 1880-1960
Authors: Dawson Michael
Published: December 2016

This article examines the image of the Mounted Policeman in literature and film between 1880 and 1960. Born of antimodern sentiment, the romantic icon of the Mountie was employed in hundreds of stories as a manly protagonist who conquered or subdued threats to “traditional” WASP hierarchies. Well into the twentieth century, having made the transition from the library to the cinema, the mythic Mountie retained this role of an example of Victorian manliness for young men to follow.
Canada and the Haitian Crisis
Authors: McKenna Peter
Published: December 2016

On 30 September 1991 Haitian President Jean-Bertrand Aristide was overthrown in a military coup, once again crushing the fragile flower of democracy in Haiti. From the very beginning of this crisis, The Canadian government played a significant and high-profile role in seeking the restoration of President Aristide. Through its leadership and diplomatic manoeuvring within such multilateral forums as the OAS and the UN, Ottawa was successful in helping to return Aristide to power in mid-October 1994. It was a classic demonstration of the liberal-internationalist “middle power” strain of Canadian foreign policy. It was also symptomatic of Canada’s growing involvement in the Americas and the importance which it attaches to the promotion and protection of democracy in the hemisphere. This article seeks to examine the nature and extent of Canada’s involvement in the crisis in Haiti. More specifically, it attempts to explain or account for why the Canadian government was actively trying to safeguard democracy in Haiti by returning President Aristide to power.
“Better Than Diamonds”: Sentimental Strategies and Middle-Class Culture in Canada West
Authors: Morgan Cecilia
Published: December 2016

The press in Canada West (mid-nineteenth-century Ontario) drew upon sentimental narratives and images to discuss themes and processes that were part of middle-class cultural and social formation in this period, particularly the development of the categories “private” and “public” and corresponding attempts to identify white, bourgeois womanhood with the former (the world of home and family) and middle-class masculinity with the latter (the world of the marketplace and political arena). Sentimental ideology also provided a means of writing about those deemed to be “others” in bourgeois and imperial discourses: working-class and plebeian men and women, Native men and women, Black Canadians, men and women from non-British and Catholic countries, and sexual “deviants” involved in prostitution. The paper concludes with an exploration of how Black Canadians, in the pages of Mary Ann Shadd’s Provincial Freeman, attempted to both mobilize and counter the bourgeois languages found in the mainstream press.
For Canada’s Sake: The Centennial Celebrations of 1967, State Legitimation and the Restructuring of Canadian Public Life
Authors: Miedema Gary
Published: December 2016

Recent scholarship has pointed to a restructuring of Canada's public symbols and norms by the Canadian state in the late 1960s and 1970s, a restructuring designed to stabilize and unify the nation through increased citizen participation in public life and through increased state intervention in the voluntary sector of Canadian society. Study of that restructuring, it is argued, can also help towards an understanding of the centennial celebrations of 1967 and of the changing place of churches and faith groups in Canadian public life in the same period. The Canadian Interfaith Conference, an organization of Canadian religions sponsored by the government to participate in the centennial celebrations, is the lens through which these two subjects are viewed.
The Principles of Liberal Internationalism According to Lester Pearson
Authors: Simpson Erika
Published: December 2016

Liberal internationalism remains the dominant perspective of those who study Canadian foreign policy, many of whom evoke the "Golden Age" of Canadian diplomacy under Lester B. Pearson. This article analyses Pearson's own ideas about the approach that Canada should take on the world stage and reveals recurring themes in his thinking. Analysis of these ideas imparts some general guidelines for conducting Canadian foreign policy. Primary documentary material in the Public Archives of Canada, interviews with Pearson's son and colleagues as well as Pearson's own writing are used to interpret the central elements of his belief system and assess his contribution to liberal internationalism. This article increases understanding of the effect of belief systems on foreign policy-making and of the impact of the liberal ideology that permeated North American culture during Pearson's era.
Double Vision: Ernest Lapointe, Mackenzie King and the Quebec Voice in Canadian Foreign Policy, 1935-1939
Authors: MacFarlane John
Published: December 2016

Many historians have argued that during the period from October 1935 to September 1939, when important international questions risked dividing anglophones and francophones in Canada, Ottawa maintained an impressive degree of unity. They credit Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King with the accomplishment, implying that he alone determined Canadian policy. The anglophone prime minister, however, needed help in understanding what francophones wanted and what they would accept. This help he received from his Quebec lieutenant Ernest Lapointe whose influence on Canadian foreign policy has been greatly underestimated. By threatening resignation, Lapointe guided the more imperialist King through three particularly explosive situations: the Ethiopian crisis, the Munich crisis and the formulation of Ottawa's "no-neutrality-no-conscription" pact.
Michael Andrews Farrar: Pioneer Artist and Clergyman
Authors: Grover Rachel
Published: December 2016

The Reverend M.A. Farrar emigrated to Canada West from Wales in May 1862. Settling with his family in Westwood, Peterborough County, within a week he was plunged into the arduous life of a backwoods clergyman, in charge of the two-point parish of Norwood and Hastings, to which Westwood was soon added. Although traveling over primitive roads in horse-drawn vehicles was a trial to such a townsman, the duties of superintendent of education were quickly added to his load; and he also became a forceful member of two school boards.

Under his leadership, the Anglican Church in Hastings was completed, and work on the Church in Westwood (later named St Michael's in his honour) was begun.

His love of drawing and painting, long a pastime, became a means of adding slightly to his meagre income. Some of his drawings were made into lithographs by Brown and Bautz of Hamilton and offered for sale; and four others were reproduced in The Canadian Illustrated News in 1871 and 1872. It is for his loving depiction of the houses, ragged streetscapes and the waterways of his adopted country that he is remembered today.
“We Have ‘Sold’ Forestry to the Management of the Company”: Abitibi Power & Paper Company’s Forestry Initiatives in Ontario, 1919-1929
Authors: Kuhlberg Mark
Published: December 2016

Historians have argued only nominal progress was made towards improving forestry practices in Ontario during the 1920s. These previous accounts have ignored, however, several remarkably progressive silvicultural programmes carried out by the province's pulp and paper companies - including that undertaken by the Abitibi Power and Paper Company, Limited — in the decade after the First World War. During this period, without any prodding from the government, Abitibi began managing its timber limits on a sustained yield basis. Although the Crown showed no interest in assisting this company in its groundbreaking project, Abitibi's work in this regard stands as a testament to the industrial forestry initiatives of the 1920s.
The Limits of Laissez-innover: Canada’s Automation Controversy, 1955-1969
Authors: Roper Pam
Published: December 2016

The introduction of numerical-control processing and increased computerization in the mid-1950s — "automation" — was met with widespread fear that "thinking machines" were about to cause massive unemployment. While hardly the first time in history that people viewed machines as threats, this particular technological controversy was characterized by a ubiquitous belief in the reality and necessity of unbridled progress. The underlying laissez-innover mentality meant that even those most likely to be critical of the effects of technological change such as organized labour accepted its "inevitability." The crux of the controversy was that while the word automation fell into disuse by the late 1960s, the central question is generated — namely how to maintain economic security in the face of rapid technological change — has remained central to recent public policy debates on "economic restructuring" and "globalization." As such, the automation controversy has never really ended, although the word itself no longer leads to media commentary.