bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Difficulties in interpretation associated with substitution failure
Authors: Zarahn Eric
Published: July 2002

In one of their arguments against the radical neuron doctrine,
Gold & Stoljar (G&S) use the idea that, in certain situations,
equivalent terms may not be substitutable into statements that regard
properties of the objects to which the terms refer. This device allows
G&S to refute the necessity of the conclusion that “the
science of the mind equals the science of the brain” even though
they take as a premise that the mind equals the brain. I argue, however,
that this practice leaves the meaning of the “science of the
mind” and the “science of the brain” indeterminate.
Relative clause sentence production using augmentative and alternative communication
systems
Authors: SUTTON ANN , GALLAGHER TANYA , MORFORD JILL , SHAHNAZ NAVID
Published: July 2002

Complex syntactic structures may be difficult to recognize when produced using augmentative
and alternative communication (AAC) systems that do not contain grammatical markers. The
present study investigated adult English speakers' production of Subject and Object relative
clause sentences using a picture/symbol-based AAC system with speech output. Most
participants avoided the potential ambiguity that resulted from the absence of grammatical
markers. They followed spoken English word order when encoding Object relative clause
sentences, but altered this order for Subject relative clause sentences. Most participants used
constituent proximity to maintain the distinction between Subject and Object relative clause
sentences. Results indicate the combined effects of underlying syntactic knowledge and pragmatic
variables on the AAC constituent order patterns observed.
Handbook of neurolinguistics. B. Stemmer and H. A. Whitaker (Eds.). San
Diego: Academic, 1998. Pp. 788.
Authors: Zurif Edgar B.
Published: July 2002

Of the cognitive neuroscience handbooks recently published, this, to my knowledge, is the
only one that is entirely devoted to the neurology of language. In the editors' words, it is
“intended as a state-of-the-art reference and resource book describing current research and
theory in the many subfields of neurolinguistics and their clinical applications.” It is
intended for “the newcomer to the field, as well as the expert.”
Lexical reading in Spanish: Two cases of phonological dyslexia
Authors: IRIBARREN I. CAROLINA , JAREMA GONIA , LECOURS ANDRE ROCH
Published: July 2002

The way spoken language is represented by orthographic structure is thought to influence the
cognitive reading mechanism for a language, and therefore language breakdown patterns should
reflect this. The present article focuses on two patients, both monolingual native Spanish
speakers, who were able to read words but showed great difficulty in reading nonwords. This
finding could be attributed to the fact that these patients were reading globally using a lexical
route. This pattern of reading behavior is known as phonological dyslexia. It has been argued that
lexical reading is not an option for Spanish readers since its orthography is highly regular. Our
findings contradict this hypothesis and support the view that cognitive reading mechanisms are
universal.
Chains that realize the Gromov invariant of hyperbolic
manifolds
Authors: JUNGREIS DOUGLAS
Published: July 2002

For any closed hyperbolic manifold of dimension $n \geq 3$, suppose a
sequence
of $n$-cycles representing the fundamental homology class have norms
converging
to the Gromov invariant. We show that this sequence must converge to
the uniform measure on the space of
maximal-volume ideal simplices. As a corollary, we show that for a hyperbolic
$n$-manifold $L$ ($n \geq 3$) with totally-geodesic boundary, the Gromov norm
of ($L,\partial L$) is strictly greater than the volume of $L$ divided by the
maximal volume of an ideal $n$-simplex.
Mixing properties of induced random transformations
Authors: GEORGII HANS-OTTO
Published: July 2002

Let $S(N)$ be a random walk on a countable abelian group
$G$ which acts on a probability space $E$ by measure-preserving
transformations
$(T_v)_{v\in G}$. For any $\Lambda \subset E$ we consider the random return time
$\tau$ at which $T_{S(\tau)}\in\Lambda$. We show that the corresponding induced
skew product transformation is K-mixing whenever a natural subgroup of
$G$ acts ergodically on $E$.
Meeting the mental health needs of older women: taking social inequality into account
Authors: MILNE ALISOUN , WILLIAMS JENNIE
Published: July 2002

Whilst there is increasing acceptance that social inequalities have implications
for mental health, there is minimal acknowledgement of their effects on the
development and treatment of mental ill health in older people. This paper
focuses on older women, as they are the majority sufferers of mental illness in
later life, and are particularly vulnerable to the cumulative effects of lifelong
and age-related inequalities. The authors, who draw upon literature from the
fields of gerontology and mental health, argue that for effective care to be
developed, older women's mental ill health needs to be seen within the context
of their past and present experience of social inequalities. Evidence particularly
relates to socio-economic disadvantages as well as to the consequences of
discrimination. It is argued that psychological vulnerability is further
compounded by the gendered effects of social policy, and by a care system
which constructs mental health needs as unrelated to oppression, and
dislocated from their economic, social and historical roots. Finally, the authors
outline the key components of a care and service system which takes account
of social inequalities, and which accords centrality to the experiences, views
and opinions of older women with mental health problems.
Care services for frail older people in South Korea
Authors: OH KYEUNG MI , WARNES ANTHONY M.
Published: July 2002

This paper examines the changed social circumstances of older people in South Korea and specifically the increased need for formal health and social services for those who are frail and have no informal carers. The article begins with a summary account of the country's exceptionally rapid demographic, economic and social transformations, which demonstrates a widening gap between the population's expectations and needs, and health and social service provision. It then examines the recently initiated and now burgeoning welfare programmes, with particular attention to health and social services for sick and frail older people. Most extant care services are accessed mainly by two minorities: the very poor and the rich. The dominant policy influence of physicians and a history of conflict between traditional and western medicine probably underlies the low current priority for ‘care’ as opposed to ‘cure’, as also for the management of chronic conditions and rehabilitation. Neither long-term care services nor personal social services are well developed. There is a marked disparity between the acute services, which are predominantly provided by private sector organisations in a highly competitive market and broadly achieve high standards, and public primary care and rudimentary residential services. The latter are weakly regulated and there are many instances of low standards of care.
Olivier Zunz, Why the American Century? Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. ix + 254 pp. $24.00 cloth.
Authors: Thue Fredrik W.
Published: July 2002

Ever since its birth as a nation, America has contrasted itself to the
image of Europe. Intellectuals from both sides of the Atlantic have contributed
to the myth of the New World and tried to express the essence of America's
“exceptionalism.”
Middle powers in the global economy: British influence during the opening phase of the Kennedy Trade Round negotiations, 1962–4
Authors: LEE DONNA
Published: July 2002

This article reassesses the preparatory negotiations which launched the Kennedy Trade Round (KTR) of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), in search of a role for Britain. My purpose is to make two challenges, one theoretical, the other empirical. Theoretically, this study questions the predominant focus on the structural power of major states that characterizes the study of international relations in general, and of the GATT in particular. This is a case-study of middle power influence that focuses on the negotiating skills and experience of state-level actors at the KTR. Empirically, I question the generally accepted view that the Anglo-American special relationship was merely a British myth and had no significance to US foreign policy interests in the 1960s.
String musicians in the recording studios of Memphis, Tennessee
Authors: Brewer Roy
Published: July 2002

ROY BREWER

Introduction

From the mid-1960s to mid-1970s, Memphis, Tennessee was home of one of the most successful recording industries in the USA and its popular recorded releases began to rival those of Nashville, Los Angeles, New York and Detroit. Solo artists, song writers, session musicians and arrangers became overnight successes and a rebellious and influential upstart recording industry emerged. But the growth was too fast and, fuelled by zealous egos and competition, an infrastructure was never formed resulting in a musical and financial cataclysm from which the Memphis music community has yet to recover. This article is about those classically trained string musicians who were hired to play in the studios of Memphis during that era.
A rapid method for planning paths in three dimensions for
a small aerial robot
Authors: Williams M. , Jones D.I.
Published: July 2002

This paper describes a path planning method for
a small autonomous aerial vehicle to be used for inspecting
overhead electricity power lines. A computational algorithm is described which
converts a standard three dimensional array representation of one or
more obstacles in the vehicle's environment into an octree and
a connectivity graph. This achieves a significant reduction in computer
memory usage and an increase in execution speed when the
graph is searched. Path planning is based on a three-dimensional
extension of the distance transform. Test results demonstrate rapid and
effective operation of the planner within different workspaces.
Parallel topology
robot calibration
Authors: Lintott A. B. , Dunlop G. R.
Published: July 2002

A calibration method for a Stewart platform has been developed as part
of a project aimed at developing a calibration method for a Delta robot. The
Delta has 3 degrees of freedom (DOF) but is more complex than the Stewart
platform for calibration purposes because an extra link is inserted in each
kinematic chain between the base and the Nacelle member.
Mixing input-output pseudolinearization and gain scheduling techniques
for stabilization of mobile robots with two independently driven wheels
Authors: Jeng Jin-Tsong , Shih Ching-Long , Lee Tsu-Tian
Published: July 2002

In this paper, we propose a two-loop structure to transform and
stabilize the kinematic model of a nonholonomic mobile robot with two
independently driven wheels. This two-loop structure consists of input-output
pseudolinearization and gain scheduling techniques. A comparison with previous
methods is included. The main contribution of this paper is to apply a
input-output pseudolinearization transformation method and to use an effective
pole-assignment strategy for stabilizing a mobile robot with two independently
driven wheels. The proposed method has demonstrated superiority over previous
methods.
A framework for active vision-based robot control using neural networks
Authors: Sharma Rajeev , Srinivasa Narayan
Published: July 2002

Assembly robots that use an active camera system for visual feedback can achieve greater flexibility, including the ability to operate in an uncertain and changing environment. Incorporating active vision into a robot control loop involves some inherent difficulties, including calibration, and the need for redefining the servoing goal as the camera configuration changes. In this paper, we propose a novel self-organizing neural network that learns a calibration-free spatial representation of 3D point targets in a manner that is invariant to changing camera configurations. This representation is used to develop a new framework for robot control with active vision. The salient feature of this framework is that it decouples active camera control from robot control. The feasibility of this approach is established with the help of computer simulations and experiments with the University of Illinois Active Vision System (UIAVS).
Design of a neural internal model control system for a robot
Authors: Pham D. T. , Yildirim Şahin
Published: July 2002

This paper describes the design of an Internal Model Control (IMC) system for a planar two-degree-of-freedom robot. IMC was investigated as an alternative to the basic inverse control scheme which is difficult to implement. The proposed IMC system consisted of a forward internal neural model of the robot, a neural controller and a conventional feedback controller, all of which were realised easily. Both the neural model and the neural controller were based on recurrent networks which were trained using the backpropagation (BP) algorithm. The paper presents the results obtained with two types of recurrent networks as well as a conventional PID system.
SEMIPARAMETRIC METHODS IN ECONOMETRICS
Authors: Li Qi
Published: July 2002

Semiparametric and nonparametric estimation have
attracted a great deal of attention from statisticians
and theoretical econometricians in the past decade. Various
new models have been proposed, and new methods for estimating
those models have been suggested. These new models and
methods are scattered in various academic journals and
are not easily accessible to other researchers. Moreover,
the new methods are technical, not easily understood by
nonexperts such as graduate students and applied econometricians.
Horowitz has two goals in his book Semiparametric Methods
in Econometrics. First, he wants to provide a central
place for those who want to check out the semiparametric
literature. Second, he wants to present technical materials
in a nontechnical way so that graduate students and applied
econometricians who often do not have expertise in this
area can comprehend the new methods. In my view, Horowitz
has achieved both goals.
Successional sequence of forest types in a disturbed dry forest reserve in southern Benin, West Africa
Authors: NANSEN CHRISTIAN , TCHABI ATTI , MEIKLE WILLIAM G.
Published: July 2002

Human pressure on forest resources in southern Benin has led to a dramatic reduction and disturbance
of natural forest patches. The largest remaining forest reserve in southern Benin is the Lama forest, which is known
to be a reserve for many endangered species and situated in the boundary between dry forest and savanna. From
cluster analysis and hierarchical classification of tree species composition, five forest types were identified in the Lama
forest, and ordination techniques were used to determine to what extent these forest types were associated with
physiognomic tree characteristics. The geographical position of vegetation plots was used to examine the spatial
distribution of the identified forest types. The forest types were interpreted as levels in a successional sequence ranging
from either disturbed forest or formerly cultivated farmland to dense forest. Based on the outlined succession sequence
it was suggested that reforestation should focus on establishment of Anogeissus leiocarpus, Albizia zygia, Lannea
nigritana, Ficus exasperata and Lonchocarpus sericeus as these tree species are associated with the initial forest types.
A knowledge-based architecture for intelligent design support
Authors: TANG MING XI
Published: July 2002

The development of a knowledge-based design support system is a lengthy and costly process because various computational techniques necessary for intelligent design support are not readily available in a knowledge-based environment. The systematisation of design knowledge needs combined efforts from designers and knowledge engineers. Existing knowledge-based system development tools offer limited support to intelligent design support which require sophisticated knowledge engineering techniques in terms of knowledge representation, inference, control, truth maintenance and learning. In this paper, a knowledge-based architecture for intelligent design support is described. The existing knowledge-based design system architectures are reviewed first. Five key issues in intelligent design support using knowledge engineering techniques, i.e. design knowledge representation, structure of design knowledge base, intelligent control of design process, consistency and context management of design knowledge, and modelling of design collaboration are then discussed. These discussions provide a basis for a description of a knowledge-based design support system architecture which has been implemented in a Lisp-based environment and tested in two different domains. Current application of this architecture in the development of a design support system in the domain of mechanical engineering design at the Cambridge Engineering Design Centre is presented and evaluated.
MAXIMIZING THE TIME SPENT BY A DIFFUSION PROCESS IN AN INTERVAL
Authors: Lefebvre Mario
Published: July 2002

A one-dimensional diffusion process is controlled
in the interval [−d, d].
The aim is to maximize the survival time in [−d,
d]. Two cost criteria, which do not depend on the control
variable, are considered. Particular problems are solved explicitly.
LANGUAGE AND POLITICS IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA:
MYTHS AND REALITIES.Thomas Ricento and Barbara Burnaby (Eds.).
Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1998. Pp xv + 357. $39.95 paper.
Authors: Reagan Timothy
Published: July 2002

This book is an outstanding contribution to the literature on language policy, language
planning, and language rights. It provides a fascinating comparative treatment of developments
related to issues of language and politics in the United States and Canada. Divided into five
sections, the book includes chapters that present broad overviews of the demographic and policy
situations in the two nations, chapters on indigenous languages in North America, chapters on
the legal implications of official language policies, chapters on educational issues related to
language policies, and finally, chapters addressing issues of language services and language
rights.
FOCUS ON PHONOLOGICAL ACQUISITION.S. J. Hannahs and
Martha Young-Scholten (Eds.). Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1997. Pp. 198. $82.00 cloth.
Authors: Larson-Hall Jenifer
Published: July 2002

This volume is a collection of articles that explore language acquisition through the lens of
current phonological theories, such as Optimality Theory, Lexical Phonology, and Feature
Geometry. It is divided into one section on first language acquisition (L1) and another on second
language acquisition (L2). There is an introduction by the editors.
CULTURAL AND LANGUAGE DIVERSITY AND THE DEAF
EXPERIENCE.Ila Parasnis (Ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press,
1996. Pp. xiv + 306. $49.95 cloth.
Authors: Barnitz John G.
Published: July 2002

An invaluable contribution of scholarly papers on the bilingual–bicultural nature of
deaf people is the volume edited by Ila Parasnis. This collection of 18 insightful papers is a
welcome contribution in the context of recent national debates about whether deaf people are
considered a minority group with their own unique linguistic and cultural identity, or considered
as audiologically disabled individuals. Collectively, the authors of the papers provide strong
arguments in favor of recognizing the bilingual and bicultural nature of deaf people's
experience. The contents of this well-edited book provides both theoretical and practical
knowledge leading to the empowerment of deaf people and to expanded views of bilingualism
and second language acquisition. Reflective presentations by deaf people and applied linguistic
discussions by researchers are combined to provide researchers and practitioners innovative
perspectives on the development of psycholinguistic and sociolinguistic competence of this
unique population. The authors also contribute to research on linguistic, cognitive, and social
aspects of language and literacy development.
LANGUAGE PROGRAM EVALUATION: THEORY AND PRACTICE.Brian K. Lynch. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Pp. vii + 194. $47.95
cloth, $19.95 paper.
Authors: Rea-Dickins Pauline
Published: July 2002

Lynch, drawing on his experience of evaluation, in particular the Reading English for
Science and Technology (REST) Project, aims to provide a “thorough theoretical
background for the evaluation of language education programs” and “the
necessary range of theory and practical techniques” (p. xi), and he highlights
contributions for “program evaluation . . . in the development of applied linguistics as
a field of research” (p. x).
DISCOVERING TRACES OF THE PAST: STUDIES OF BILINGUALISM
AMONG SCHOOL PUPILS IN FINLAND AND IN SWEDEN. ACTA UNIVERSITATIS
OULUENSIS, E 23.Olli Kuure. Oulu, Finland: Oulu University Press, 1997.
Pp. 82 + 70.
Authors: Kessler Carolyn
Published: July 2002

In this dissertation based on empirical studies conducted by the author and reprinted as a
series of articles in the text, Kuure studies the development of different types of bilingualism.
The primary purpose of the studies is to determine the significance of age in the acquisition of a
second language. Evidence is also provided for describing the acquisition and use of languages in
various multicultural and multilingual settings. Data for the studies were obtained from
Finnish-Swedish bilingual students between the ages of 13 and 15 for whom Swedish was the
second language.
Connectionism, theories of learning, and syntax
acquisition: where do we stand?
Authors: CHATER NICK , REDINGTON MARTIN
Published: July 2002

This commentary concerns two issues: the contribution of connectionism

and theories of learning to developmental psychology; and the status of

connectionist models of syntax acquisition.
Localic triquotient maps are effective descent maps
Authors: PLEWE TILL
Published: July 2002

Triquotient maps of topological spaces were introduced by E.
Michael as a natural
generalization of both open and proper surjections. We introduce the
notion of localic
triquotient map. Our main result is that localic triquotient maps are
effective descent
maps. This generalizes the corresponding results for proper surjections
(J.
Vermeulen) and open surjections (A. Joyal and M. Tierney). Further results
concern
stability of triquotiency under various operations, for instance, arbitrary
products
and filtered (inverse) limits. Among the applications are a new constructive
proof of
Tychonoff's theorem, and a new result on stability of open
surjections under filtered limits.
On the distribution in short intervals of products of a prime and

integers from a given set
Authors: KACZOROWSKI J. , PERELLI A.
Published: July 2002

A classical problem in analytic number theory is the distribution
in short intervals
of integers with a prescribed multiplicative structure, such as primes,
almost-primes,
k-free numbers and others. Recently, partly due to applications
to cryptology, much
attention has been received by the problem of the distribution in short
intervals of
integers without large prime factors, see Lenstra–Pila–Pomerance

[3] and section 5
of the excellent survey by Hildebrand–Tenenbaum [1].

In this paper we deal with the distribution in short intervals of numbers

representable as a product of a prime and integers from a given set [Sscr ],
defined in terms
of cardinality properties. Our results can be regarded as an extension
of the above
quoted results, and we will provide a comparison with such results by a
specialization
of the set [Sscr ].
GPS: The Holy Grail?
Authors: Spaans Jac. A.
Published: July 2002

This paper was first presented at a workshop arranged by the Netherlands Institute
of Navigation on 5 November 1999 at the Delft University of Technology, The
Netherlands.

The development and introduction of GPS in the early Eighties has led to an exponential
growth in military and civilian applications. Worldwide, GPS is becoming a cornerstone in
applications of transport, (offshore) survey, (precision) agriculture, network timing, military
operations and many other applications. And yet, for a number of applications, GPS as sole-means or augmented – has some deficiencies, and its performance does not satisfy the user's
requirements. Some of these deficiencies will be discussed in this paper. A number of
maritime operations will be mentioned where (D)GPS as sole-means is considered by the
author as unsafe navigational practice. Development and implementation of integrated
navigation receivers using multiple navigation-signal sensors ((D)Galileo, (D)GPS, Eurofix,
DR) using receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM) could solve the majority of the
deficiencies of these systems in their stand-alone state.
The Roles of Innate Information, Learning Rules and Plasticity in

Migratory Bird Orientation
Authors: Able Kenneth P. , Able Mary A.
Published: July 2002

This paper and the following three papers were presented
at the RIN97 Conference held in
Oxford under the auspices of the Animal Navigation Special Interest Group,
April 1997. The
full proceedings, under the title Orientation and Navigation –
Birds,
Humans and Other Animals,
can be obtained from the Director (£30 to Members, £50 to non-Members).

Studies of the compass mechanisms involved in the
migratory orientation of birds have revealed a complex web of interactions,
both
during the development of orientation behaviour in young birds and in mature

individuals exhibiting migratory activity. In young birds, the acquisition
of
compass orientation capabilities involves the interplay of apparently genetically

programmed information with a suite of innate learning rules. The latter
canalise
the ways in which experience with relevant orientation information from
the
environment impinges on development. There are many general similarities
with
the development of singing behaviour in songbirds, although that system
is more
thoroughly understood, especially at the neuronal level.

Here we shall attempt to synthesise what is known about the development
of
compass mechanisms in a framework of innate information and learning rules.

The way in which orientation behaviour develops leaves open the possibility
for
plasticity that enables birds to compensate for variability in the environmental

cues that form the basis of their compasses. For at least some components
of the
system, behavioural plasticity remains into adulthood, allowing the bird
on
migration to respond in apparently adaptive ways to spatial and temporal

variability in orientation information that it may encounter while enroute.
We
have studied these questions in the Savannah sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis),

a medium-distance North American emberizine nocturnal migrant. We will

focus on that species, relating the results of our work to relevant studies
on
others.
Multiple Encounter Avoidance Manoeuvres
Authors: Lamb W. G. P. , Hunt J. M.
Published: July 2002

Following on from an earlier paper, the authors have analysed some of the options available
to mariners who are faced with taking avoiding action in multiple encounters and have
considered the effect of these options on manoeuvre distance.
Increasing efficiency of compositional synthesis by improving
the database of its building blocks
Authors: CHAKRABARTI AMARESH
Published: July 2002

This article is an attempt to improve the efficiency
of procedures for compositional synthesis of design solutions
using building blocks. These procedures have found use
in a wide range of applications, and are one of the most
substantial outcomes of research into automated synthesis
of design solutions. Due to their combinatorial nature,
these procedures are highly inefficient in solving problems,
especially when the database of building blocks for synthesis
or the problem size is large. Previous literature often
focuses on improving only the algorithm part of a procedure,
while it is both its algorithm and database which together
determine the overall efficiency of the procedure. This
article uses a case study to investigate and develop a
set of rules for structuring and preprocessing a database
of building blocks so as to improve the efficiency of synthesis
of design solutions using this database.
Evolutionary and adaptive strategies for efficient search
across whole system engineering design hierarchies
Authors: PARMEE I.C.
Published: July 2002

Evolutionary and Adaptive strategies (ES &
AS) for diverse multilevel search across a preliminary,
whole-system design hierarchy defined by discrete and continuous
variable parameters are described. Such strategies provide
high-level decision support when integrated with preliminary
design software describing the major elements of an engineering
system. Initial work involving a Structured Genetic Algorithm
(stGA) with appropriate mutation regimes to encourage search
diversity is described and preliminary results are presented.
The shortcomings of the stGA approach are identified and
alternative strategies are introduced. A dual agent strategy
(GAANT) involving elements of an ant colony search and
an evolutionary search concurrently manipulating the discrete
and continuous variable parameter sets is presented. Appropriate
communication between the two search agents results in
a more efficient search across the hierarchy than that
achieved by the stGA, while also simplifying the chromosomal
representation. This simplification allows the further
development of the preliminary design hierarchy in terms
of complexity. The technique therefore represents a significant
contribution to configuration design where multilevel,
mixed discrete/continuous parameter design problems can
be prevalent.
Special Issue: Temporal Logic in Engineering
Authors: NISSAN EPHRAIM
Published: July 2002

Logic-based models are thriving within artificial
intelligence. A great number of new logics have been defined,
and their theory investigated. Epistemic logics introduce
modal operators for knowledge or belief; deontic logics
are about norms, and introduce operators of deontic necessity
and possibility (i.e., obligation or prohibition). And
then we have a much investigated class—temporal logics—to
whose application to engineering this special issue is
devoted. This kind of formalism deserves increased widespread
recognition and application in engineering, a domain where
other kinds of temporal models (e.g., Petri nets) are by
now a fairly standard part of the modelling toolbox.
Prevalence of hepatitis B infection markers in Lebanese children: the need for an expanded programme on immunization
Authors: NABULSI M. M. , ARAJ G. F. , NUWAYHID I. , RAMADAN M. , ARISS M.
Published: July 2002

This multi-centre, cross-sectional study was designed to reveal the present status of hepatitis B infection markers among Lebanese children, and provide recommendations regarding childhood immunization policies. A total of 841 children, aged between 6 months and 6·5 years, were enrolled from Lebanon's five districts. Their sera were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis B core IgG. The overall prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection markers was 0·8 % with increasing age-specific rates from 0 % at 6 months to 1·3 % at > 5 years. There was no statistically significant association between the presence of hepatitis B markers and family characteristics or risk factors for infection. The highest prevalence rates were among children from Beirut suburbs (2·9 %) and South Lebanon (1·6 %). The risk of horizontal transmission of hepatitis B to uninfected children increased substantially after the age of 2 years. An expanded programme on immunization that integrates hepatitis B vaccine during the first year of life is needed.
Molecular characterization of Vibrio cholerae O1 and
non-O1 from human and environmental sources in Malaysia
Authors: RADU S. , HO Y. K. , LIHAN S. , YUHERMAN  , RUSUL G. , YASIN R. M. , KHAIR J. , ELHADI N.
Published: July 2002

A total of 31 strains of Vibrio cholerae O1 (10 from outbreak cases and 7 from surface water)
and non-O1 (4 from clinical and 10 from surface water sources) isolated between 1993 and
1997 were examined with respect to presence of cholera enterotoxin (CT) gene by PCR-based
assays, resistance to antibiotics, plasmid profiles and random amplified polymorphic DNA
(RAPD) analysis. All were resistant to 9 or more of the 17 antibiotics tested. Identical
antibiotic resistance patterns of the isolates may indicate that they share a common mode of
developing antibiotic resistance. Furthermore, the multiple antibiotic resistance indexing
showed that all strains tested originated from high risk contamination. Plasmid profile analysis
by agarose gel electrophoresis showed the presence of small plasmids in 12 (7 non-O1 and 5
O1 serotypes) with sizes ranging 1·3–4·6 MDa. The CT gene was detected in all clinical isolates
but was present in only 14 (6 O1 serotype and 8 non-O1 serotype) isolates from environmental
waters. The genetic relatedness of the clinical and environmental Vibrio cholerae O1 and non-O1 strains was investigated by RAPD fingerprinting with four primers. The four primers
generated polymorphisms in all 31 strains of Vibrio cholerae tested, producing bands ranging
from <250 to 4500 bp. The RAPD profiles revealed a wide variability and no correlation with
the source of isolation. This study provides evidence that Vibrio cholerae O1 and non-O1 have
significant public health implications.
A comparative analysis of the avifaunas of different zoogeographical regions
Authors: Newton I. , Dale L.
Published: July 2002

This paper provides a comparison of the landbirds of all main zoogeographical regions, based on the most recent (Sibley–Monroe) listing and classification of the world's birds. This classification arranges 9416 landbird species (i.e. excluding seabirds) into 2002 genera, 140 families and 23 orders. On this basis, the Neotropical region holds 36% of all known landbird species and 45% of genera, the Afrotropical region holds 21% of species and 24% of genera, the Indomalayan region 18% of species and 22% of genera, the Australasian region 17% of species and 23% of genera, the Palaearctic region 10% of species and 14% of genera and the Nearctic region 8% of species and 15% of genera. These major continental regions thus show 4.6‐fold variation in species numbers or 9.1‐fold variation in species numbers per unit area. The region of Oceania, comprising many Pacific Islands, holds only 2% of the world's bird species and 4% of genera. About 92% of all bird species on the continental parts of the Neotropical, Afrotropical and Australasian regions are endemic to those regions, compared to 64% of the Indomalayan, 54% of the Nearctic and 46% of the Palaearctic species. The Oceania region has the smallest number of endemics, but these form 87% of all species occurring naturally in this region. About 91% of all landbird species breed in only one zoogeographic region, another 8% in two regions, with the remaining 1% in three to seven regions. Only four species breed in all seven regions. Similarities in the species composition of different regions were compared using Jaccard and Simpson indices. As expected, each region shares the greatest number of species with the closest other region and the fewest species with the most remote region. As in previous analyses, the Neotropical and Australasian regions emerged as having the most distinctive avifaunas. Regions that hold large numbers of landbird species also hold large numbers of genera and families, as well as high species‐per‐genus and species‐per‐family ratios. Comparable levels of diversity thus extend through all these taxonomic categories. This implies that, whatever factors have promoted particular levels of avian diversity in the different regions, they are of long standing. As found in previous studies, species‐per‐genus and species‐per‐family ratios are lower in island than in continental avifaunas. No relationship is apparent between the size of each zoogeographical region and the numbers of species, genera and families found there; rather those regions with tropical forest have many more bird taxa overall than those without.
Neurodevelopmental processes and psychological functioning in autism
Authors: GILLBERG CHRISTOPHER
Published: July 2002

Autism is a developmental disorder with variable severity, occurring at all levels of
cognitive ability and having a number of slightly different clinical presentations. It is associated
with neuropsychological deficits that occur in other conditions also, but its pattern
may be specific to autism. Genetic and environmental early insults to brain development are
etiological determinants of the disorder. Brain circuitries important for social, communicative,
and integrational purposes have been suggested to be dysfunctional in autism. There could be at
least two different pathways to autism, one connected with primary temporofrontal dysfunction
(and late prenatal–early postnatal origins) and another linked to primary brain-stem
dysfunction (and early prenatal origins). Further study of neurodevelopmental and
neuropsychological processes in autism will help elucidate not only the pathological mechanisms
involved in the specific syndromes but also the underpinnings of normal brain development.
Annihilation dynamics in the KPP-Fisher equation
Authors: RODRIGO M. , MIMURA M.
Published: July 2002

We study the annihilation dynamics arising in the KPP-Fisher equation, proposed by Fisher
in 1936 to model the propagation of a mutant gene and subsequently studied rigorously in
the seminal work of Kolmogorov, Petrovskii and Piskunov. The approach is via a comparison
theorem, where the comparison functions satisfy equations which are linearizable to the heat
equation. In some sense, we have obtained a ‘linearization’ of the KPP-Fisher equation.
Why the constant ‘undefined’? Logics of partial terms
for strict
and non-strict functional programming languages
Authors: STÄRK ROBERT F.
Published: July 2002

In this article we explain two different operational interpretations

of functional programs by
two different logics. The programs are simply typed λ-terms
with pairs, projections, if-then-else
and least fixed point recursion. A logic for call-by-value evaluation and
a
logic for call-by-name evaluation are obtained as as extensions
of a system which we call the basic logic of
partial terms (BPT). This logic is suitable to prove properties
of programs that are valid under
both strict and non-strict evaluation. We use methods from denotational
semantics to show
that the two extensions of BPT are adequate for call-by-value and call-by-name
evaluation.
Neither the programs nor the logics contain the constant ‘undefined’.
Circling the globe: fostering experiential language learning
Authors: SÖNTGENS KIRSTEN
Published: July 2002

This paper describes a Computer Supported Experiential
Learning project at the University of Central England (UCE), for which a bid has
been successful to the UK Higher Education Funding Councils’ learning and
teaching fund to develop innovative teaching and learning strategies. The
project is based upon a well-established curriculum model (Kolb, 1984) which has
been adapted by the Learning Methods Unit (LMU) at UCE to include technologies
each addressing a particular stage in Kolb’s learning cycle. The model
recognises that it is insufficient simply to learn new concepts, just as it is
insufficient to have an experience in isolation. The learner must make the link
between theory and practice through active experimentation and through
reflection on the learning process.
The Construction of Europe and the Concept of the Nation-State
Authors: Bruneteau Bernard
Published: July 2002

The construction of Europe is often teleologically addressed as a result of an unstoppable trend towards federalism. Another angle on this history gives access to another logic: that of a European kind of nation-state which considers European integration not as an element in its decline, but as a tool to reorganise its power. This new youth for the old nation-state was linked as much to the historical context of the 1950s–1970s as to the specific rules of policy-making and to the economic regulation focus of the European Community.
Purge and Patronage: Kádár's Counter-revolution and the Field of Economic Research in Hungary, 1957–1958
Authors: Péteri György
Published: July 2002

The article attempts a detailed analysis of the post-1956 purges in the field of economic research. It tries to identify and assess the role of patronage in protecting the field from lasting damage. Such damage was threatening in the form of both losing several young talents from the field as well as weakening the position of the empiricist research programme successfully launched in the immediate post-Stalin years of 1954–6. The analysis devotes great attention to the dialectical relationship between purge and patronage, that is, to the inevitability of certain senior communist patrons administering purges in order to be able to act as patrons.
Commentary: The (Partially) Educated Patient: A New Paradigm?
Authors: Iserson Kenneth V.
Published: July 2002

Physician-patient communication is not optimal.
It suffers from an imbalance of information and power,
misunderstandings and incomplete information transferred
between the parties, and time constraints. Time constraints
are due to patient volume, physician responsibilities,
and explicit or implicit time restrictions imposed by patient
insurers or physician employers. Communication is also
complicated by a hesitancy to ask questions or give specific
information, delays in accessing parties to transfer important
information (usually, it is difficult to contact or recontact
the physician), and poor communication skills. These difficulties
do not universally exist among patients and clinicians—but
are common enough to be discussed regularly in medical
journals and in the popular media. Some of these problems
are more frequently encountered in certain patient or physician
subsets (e.g., certain medical specialties, practice locations,
patient age groups, and cultural groups).
Response to “Ethics and Drug Infants” by Michelle
Oberman (CQ Vol. 6, No. 2)
Authors: Jain Renu , Thomasma David C. , Ragas Rasa
Published: July 2002

We appreciated the important commentary provided
by Michelle Oberman on our paper, “Discontinuing
Life Support in an Infant of a Drug-Addicted Mother: Whose
Decision Is It?” (CQ Vol. 6, No. 1). For
the most part we agree with Oberman's analysis of
the issues, but there are seven points of variance, either
of conception, emphasis, or accuracy. We wish to clarify
these and welcome the chance her commentary provided to
offer aspects of the social situation surrounding the case
we presented.
Disease Genes Are Not Patentable: A Rebuttal of McGee
Authors: MERZ JON F. , CHO MILDRED K.
Published: July 2002

Dr. McGee presents a cogent argument for the patentability
of the diagnosis of gene forms that are found to be associated
with disease or other phenotypic manifestations. We're
convinced he's wrong. An analogy will help explain
why.
A Jewish Perspective on Access to Healthcare
Authors: ZOHAR NOAM J.
Published: July 2002

Can anyone doubt that the Jewish tradition mandates
universal access to healthcare? In a comprehensive and
illuminating discussion, A.L. Mackler seems to have already
said all that needs to be said. After aptly analyzing
the principles of the traditional institutions
and norms relating to tzedakah (social justice,
or welfare), Mackler proceeded to apply these traditions
to the context of healthcare, concluding that

Society has the responsibility to ensure that needed
medical care is provided to those who would otherwise be
unable to receive it... Medical care for potentially
life-threatening conditions justifies extraordinary
expenditures, and represents an urgent obligation of
society. (p. 150)
Degradation of pig cyclin B1 molecules precedes MAP kinase dephosphorylation during fertilisation of the oocytes
Authors: Miyano Takashi , Dai Yanfeng , Lee Jibak , Kano Koichiro , Moor Robert M.
Published: July 2002

Pig oocytes at metaphase II were activated by penetration of spermatozoa in cycloheximide-free and cycloheximide-containing fertilisation media. The precise nuclear stage, and the kinetics of degradation of cyclin B1 and dephosphorylation of MAP kinase were assessed after insemination. After maturation culture, 96% of oocytes reached metaphase II. At 6 h after insemination in cycloheximide-free medium, 68% of the oocytes were activated and had progressed to anaphase II or beyond. After 8 h, 89% of the oocytes were activated: a female pronucleus had formed and the heads of penetrating spermatozoa had enlarged and changed to male pronuclei. In the cycloheximide-containing medium, activation of oocytes started earlier than in cycloheximide-free medium. After 4 h, 43% of the oocytes were activated, and the percentage increased to 97% after 6 h. Pig cyclin B1 disappeared in the oocytes at 6 h after insemination in both cycloheximide-containing and cycloheximide-free media. Pig oocytes at metaphase II contained two types of MAP kinase – ERK 1 and ERK 2 – in their active phosphorylated forms. At 8 h after insemination ERK 2 changed to the fast-migrating inactive form in the oocytes cultured in both cycloheximide-containing and cycloheximide-free media, although the shift-down was not complete. The change was delayed by 2 h after the degradation of cyclin B1 molecules. These results demonstrate that degradation of pig cyclin B1 molecules corresponds to the transition of the oocytes from metaphase II arrest to anaphase II/telophase II and was followed by MAP kinase dephosphorylation.
Novel Organization of Working Memory Theories
Authors: Fujii D.E.
Published: July 2002

Working memory is one of the hot topics in cognitive
neuroscience. It is purported to be involved in most cognitive
operations from attention to learning to executive functioning
to consciousness. Theoretical conceptualizations are equally
diverse, with models emphasizing cognitive processes, biological
structures, and neural computations.
Semantic memory in Alzheimer's disease: Loss of knowledge
or deficits in retrieval? Introduction from the symposium organizer
Authors: OBER BETH A.
Published: July 2002

This is the fifth symposium to appear in the Journal
of the International Neuropsychological Society (JINS).
This symposium was developed in tandem with a Memory Disorders
Research Society conference symposium on semantic memory
in probable Alzheimer's disease (AD); the conference
was held in Boston in October, 1998. Three of the conference
presenters agreed to submit papers based on their talks
to this JINS symposium. A concerted effort was made to
solicit additional papers from researchers who have consistently
weighed in on either the storage-loss or retrieval-difficulty
side of the debate regarding semantic memory in AD, and
from researchers who have obtained some evidence consistent
with one view as well as some evidence consistent with
the other view. In the end, not only was the theoretical
continuum fairly well represented, but the methodological
continuum, with regard to the types of tasks used and the
degree to which the tasks required implicit versus
explicit utilization of semantic knowledge, was also well
covered.
Computing auditory perception
Authors: PURWINS HENDRIK , BLANKERTZ BENJAMIN , OBERMAYER KLAUS
Published: July 2002

In this paper the ingredients of computing auditory perception are reviewed. On the basic level there is neurophysiology, which is abstracted to artificial neural nets (ANNs) and enhanced by statistics to machine learning. There are high-level cognitive models derived from psychoacoustics (especially Gestalt principles). The gap between neuroscience and psychoacoustics has to be filled by numerics, statistics and heuristics. Computerised auditory models have a broad and diverse range of applications: hearing aids and implants, compression in audio codices, automated music analysis, music composition, interactive music installations, and information retrieval from large databases of music samples.