bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Covid-19 and PPE
Authors: Madhavi Madhukar Narayane  , Vaishali D Tendolkar  , Ranjit Ambad  , Roshan Kumar Jha
Published: March 2021

The new entry in the coronavirus family of SARS-COV2 has caused rapid spreading disease of COVID-19. It is among the most rapidly spreading diseases on earth as named coronavirus disease 2019 by world health organization (WHO) was originated in Wuhan city of Hubei province of China. Then from then, it grappled the entire world and left no stone unturned in creating panic. The morphology of the virus as it is seen by researchers compelled them to name it as coronavirus as its shape resembles the crown. It is a rapidly evolving disease with almost 38 million people infected till mid-October and around 1 million dead due to virus complications. Initially, there was lesser known about the virus hence to contain the virus, various measures were employed, including non-pharmacological interventions like lockdowns, physical distancing and so on. Only the essential services were run by the professionals. In order to safeguard them against the virus, various measures were taken. PPE or personal protective equipment which were given to all those working to contain COVID-19. It is important to wear a PPE as it reduces the chance of contracting the virus drastically. It provided standard operating procedures has been followed. Utmost care should be given in order to maximize the benefit of PPE. Here in this article, we are going to give some overview of PPE.
A Corpus-based Comparative Study of “get-passive” Semantic Prosody
Authors: Liu Mingxing
Published: March 2021

Research on semantic prosody education is playing a vital role in the process of learning English.This research is based on the LOB corpus (Lancaster-Oslo/Bergen corpus) and the IWriteBaby corpus, the core library of the IWrite Chinese English Learner Corpus. Using AntConc 3.5.7, to compare the semantic preference of the collocation words of get in the two corpora that meet the get-passive structure. Aiming to compare the semantic prosody differences between Chinese English learners and native speakers when they use the structure “get-passive”. It mainly focuses on the analysis of neutral collocation terms that have a higher frequency of co-occurrence with get and a mutual information value (I value) which is greater than or equal to 3. The research results show that Chinese English learners tend to have neutral semantic prosody when using this structure, while native speakers tend to prefer negative semantic prosody.With the combination of semantic prosody and corpus method should be attached importance to improve the level of English education.
THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION IN MEN UNDER 60 YEARS OLD WITH MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PULMONARY DISEASE
Authors: A.N. Men’shikova , A.V. Gordienko , Trinh Van Nhan
Published: March 2021

Relevance. Formation of pulmonary hypertension (PH) in myocardial infarction (MI) and chronic inflammatory pulmonary diseases (CIPD) remains poorly understood.
Aim. To evaluate changes in pulmonary circulation indicators (PCI) in men under 60 years old (y.o) with CIPD that in acute and subacute MI periods to improve understanding of developmental options and prevention.
Material and methods. The study included men aged 19-60 years old with type I myocardial infarction. Patients are divided into two age-comparable groups: I - the study group, with CIPD - 142 patients; II - control, without it - 424 patients. A comparative assessment of PCI in the first 48 hours and the end of the subacute period of MI in these groups was performed.
Results. In the first hours of MI, higher values of total pulmonary resistance (TPR) (I: 572.4 ± 276.0; II: 505.3 ± 286.6 (dyn×sec×cm-5)) were noted in the study group. When considering their dynamics at the end of the third week of MI, the mean pressure in the pulmonary artery decreased in both groups (I: 18.3%; p˂0.0001; II: 11.2%; p˂0.0001). TPR decreased in both groups (I: 36.1%; II: 24.4%) and heart rate also decreased (I: 11.0%; II: 5.3%; p˂0,0001 for all indicators).
Conclusions. The study group is distinguished by more pronounced disorders of pulmonary circulation in the first hours of MI, which confirms the feasibility of their assessment and study of indicators of the severity of CIPD as additional markers of a negative prognosis of PH.
ASPECTS OF PREVENTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES AS THE MOST COMMON PATHOLOGY IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THE REPUBLIC OF CRIMEA
Authors: E.A. Babak , S.V Ivanov , Y.A. Karpenko , E.S. Soroka
Published: March 2021

The data analyzed in this article relate to each region and each city. Cardiovascular diseases have been identi-fied as the main non-communicable cause of death not only in Crimea, but also in all regions of the Russian Federation. According to who, about 17.5 million people die from cardiovascular diseases every year, which is 31% of all deaths in the world. Many diseases of the heart and blood vessels can be prevented through a vari-ety of non-specific prevention measures.
The purpose of this work is to study the most common as-pects of prevention of cardiovascular diseases in the Re-public of Crimea and the Russian Federation.
Tasks: Study the statistics of cardiovascular diseases and find out the most common ones. Identify the most common causes of cardiovascular dis-eases.
Learn about the risk factors that lead to CVD complica-tions.
Consider prophylactic measures to prevent diseases of the heart and blood vessels.
UHPC: a Durable Concrete Overlay Solution for Bridge Decks
Authors: Nault Gregory , Samson Eric
Published: March 2021

The key to designing and constructing longer-lasting bridges is through the use of more durable materials. Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) is an emerging technology used in bridge infrastructure projects across North America, Europe, and Asia. UHPC is an engineered cementitious fiber-reinforced composite with exceptional strength and durability due to its densely packed matrix, discontinuous pore structure, and micro- crack control. These characteristics significantly delay typical concrete deterioration mechanisms in UHPC. For this reason, bridge specifiers are more frequently including UHPC into their designs. One application of particular interest is the use of UHPC as a thin-bonded, structurally-composite overlay at the surface of the bridge deck. This topping layer provides a riding surface that is both abrasion resistant and virtually impermeable and will protect the conventional materials and elements underneath. Additionally, this layer can be used as a strengthening technique to increase the live load carrying capacity of the existing structure. This solution is being deployed on both new and existing bridges as a rehabilitation strategy and to provide long-term protection to the deck.
Pullout Behavior of Steel Beam-Concrete Wall Pinned Joints with T- shaped Connectors
Authors: Zhao He , Nie Xin , Zhu Dan , Tao Mu-Xuan
Published: March 2021

Nowadays, reinforced concrete core wall-steel frame hybrid structural systems are widely used in mid-rise and high-rise buildings. In this type of structural system, the pulling resistant behavior of the steel beam-concrete wall joints (SBCW joints for short) plays a very important role in the seismic behavior. In this study, the pullout behavior of a new type of SBCW pinned joints with T-shaped steel connectors is tested, and the load- displacement curves and failure modes of the specimens are analyzed. Two failure modes are observed in the experiments: one is punching shear failure mode characterized by the pullout of concrete pyramid with lower strength and stiffness, and the other is web yield failure mode characterized by the yield of the web plate of the connector with higher strength and stiffness. The key factor to determine the failure mode is the embedded depth of the connector. Additionally, finite element models for the SBCW joint are established and nonlinear elastic-plastic analysis is carried out, which can predict the failure modes and pulling resistant capacity of the specimens with good accuracy. Based on the numerical model, a parameter analysis is conducted to study the influence of more factors on the capacity of the SBCW joint.
Forensic Engineering: Professional Liability Risks of Engineering Sustainable Materials and Systems, Designing for Durability, and Pushing Materials to Their Limits
Authors: Kardon Joshua B.
Published: March 2021

Professional engineers in the US may be found negligent and therefore liable for damages arising from failure to exercise a level of care, diligence, and skill exercised by other reputable practitioners in similar circumstances in an effort to accomplish the purpose for which the professional engineer was hired. If the professional engineer has accepted the obligation to design for sustainability or durability, or where materials, elements, or assemblies are intended by design to be “pushed to their limits” in normal service, the professional engineer may be accepting an extreme or uninsurable risk.

The subject of this paper is the standard of care and the relationship between the standard of care and design for sustainability or durability, or design where the engineered features are expected to be “pushed to their limits” in normal service. The paper’s contents include 1) an explanation of the concept of the standard of care, and 2) the professional liability pitfalls inherent in a design effort intended to result in sustainability or durability, or intended to achieve limit-state behavior in normal service. The subject is relevant for practitioners wishing to understand professional responsibilities for such designs.
The effect of hydrophobic impregnation on chloride ingress into cracked concrete
Authors: Sohawon Haris , Beushausen Hans
Published: March 2021

Premature concrete degradation due to rebar corrosion has many financial and social implications on a large scale. Direct costs relate to the repair and rehabilitation of existing structures to maintain serviceability while indirect costs include loss in productivity and reduced economic growth. Hydrophobic (silane) impregnation represents a cost-effective way to increase the durability of concrete structures in cases where insufficient design cover quality and depth have been achieved. The water repellent product lines the internal capillary pore structure and provides a water-repellent concrete surface. Thus, the risk of reinforcement corrosion initiation and subsequent deterioration can be reduced as the ingress of water-dissolved aggressive species (chlorides) is minimised or prevented. The purpose of this study was to investigate and quantify the influence of silane impregnation as a remedial measure for poor quality or insufficient cover depth in newly constructed structures and ultimately predict the service life extension possible for specific cover depths. The effectiveness of silane impregnation in cracked concrete was also studied. The results indicate that silane impregnation reduces capillary absorption and conductivity of chloride ions for all the mixes. Chloride ingress in the treated concrete mixes was suppressed and lower chloride surface concentration (Csand apparent chloride diffusion coefficient (Da) were recorded. A slight decrease in carbonation depth was observed in the w/b 0.60 concrete mixes. The results also suggest that silane impregnation reduces chloride ingress in cracked concrete (up to a crack width of 0.6 mm). A lower rate of chloride ingress was predicted in the silane treated concrete and consequently to achieve the same service life, smaller cover depths are required. The overall results indicate that the service life of concrete with inadequate cover depth and quality, regardless of the binder type, can be effectively extended using hydrophobic (silane) impregnation, assuming proper surface preparation and application methods.
Section-Model Wind Tunnel Test for Flexible Suspended Pedestrian Bridges
Authors: Starossek Rudolf T. , Kim Sejin , Kim Ho-Kyung
Published: March 2021

For most bridge decks certain assumptions and simplifications can be made in order to observe the wind interactions in a “2-D” sectional manner. In case of flexible simple suspended pedestrian bridges, the three- dimensional behavior in a mode is dominant, due to structural and dynamic properties highly different to general cable-supported bridges, therefore special considerations have to be made in section-model tests.

Typically, the section-model wind tunnel test does focus on the dominant vertical and rotational natural modes of the bridge deck, while the lateral mode is suppressed as non-governing. Since the lateral and rotational modes of the suspended pedestrian bridge occur in a coupled manner in the primary mode shape, they have to be examined as well. Various different methods to include these different behaviors in analysis and tests are discussed and applied on a case study object.

The paper will propose a modified section-model wind tunnel testing setup for a flexible suspended pedestrian bridge on the case study object of the Sogeum Mountain Suspended Pedestrian Bridge in Korea, where a section-model was made for the conventional wind-stability study in the wind tunnel.
Effect of Aggregate Size on the Retention of Conventional and Rubberized Chip Seal
Authors: Pourhassan Alireza , Gheni Ahmed A. , ElGawady Mohamed A.
Published: March 2021

A common defect of chip seals is chip loss or raveling. The previous studies showed uniform grading of aggregate will enhance the retention ability of the chip seal. Also, it was shown that using crumb rubber as an aggregate will enhance the chip seal behavior including aggregate retention. However, no specific study has been done focusing on the effect of aggregate size for rubber nor natural aggregate. This paper is evaluating the effect of chip size on aggregate retention of both natural and rubber aggregate. Standard and modified Vialit tests, and standard and modified Pennsylvania tests which apply different forms of mechanical energy in different temperature was used to assess the aggregate-binder bond interaction and study the chip seal retention. Test results showed different trends for the effect of size on chip retention under impact load versus dynamic load because of different modes of failure. However, rubber particles showed a superior performance rather than natural aggregate in all cases.
Contributing human and organizational factors for the failure of balconies in Maastricht
Authors: Terwel Karel C.
Published: March 2021

In 2003 five balconies of an apartment building in Maastricht, the Netherlands, collapsed, resulting in two fatalities. The building was just completed.

Forensic investigations showed that detailing of the reinforcement in the precast concrete slabs of the balconies was questionable. Several design changes hampered clear force flow through the structural elements. Inappropriate design fixes were made after discovery of some cracks that could not avoid failure of a lower concrete ridge, resulting in a progressive collapse of the 5 balconies.

Profound investigation of this case showed various human and organizational factors, that might have contributed to the failure. A complex process, with several design changes and many involved parties increased the probability of failure. Furthermore, insufficient communication, inadequate checking and inadequate follow up to warnings were present.

This paper will give insight in technical causes of the failure and of contributing human and organizational factors. These underlying factors will be systematically studied, by using a theoretical framework.
A universal UHPC shell element for consideration of future building with precast elements
Authors: Olipitz Michael
Published: March 2021

This article describes a technology of UHPC-precast elements (Ultra High Performance Concrete) from the idea to the concrete implementation and shows different possible applications. The development steps of the precast elements relate on the one hand the manufacturing up to the series product and on the other hand the joining technique of the elements. UHPC-prefabricated parts are joined using steel components. The bolted and/or tightened connections of the elements implement a later disassembly and thus a very sustainable use of UHPC- components in the sense of urban mining. The applications concern some examples of architectural objects where the first experiences with the production of UHPC-precast elements were made and which are shown in this article as an example. In the future UHPC-precast elements will play an important role in the field of civil engineering. A concrete prototype will be described and further developments will be shown. In civil engineering, in addition to the aspect of durability, the aesthetics, that results from the construction, play an essential role. It is therefore essential for the planning process of civil engineering structures to consider nature, ethics and aesthetics as equal value properties. The applications of UHPC- precast elements for building constructions are currently limited due to lower durability requirements. However ways are shown that allow meaningful applications. An economic application is given only when considering the overall life cycle. The aesthetics resulting from material-appropriate planning plays an essential role. In the future the consideration of good design will lead to creative construction products such as a universal shell element, which meets all the requirements of sustainable constructions.
Anisotropic Concrete Compressive Strength in Existing Structures
Authors: Hansen Søren G. , Meinen Nadieh E. , Jørgensen Henrik B.
Published: March 2021

Assessment of the load‐carrying capacity of existing concrete structures is often based on the concrete compressive strength obtained from drilled cores. These cores are typically drilled perpendicular to the concrete surface, under the assumption that the mechanical properties of the concrete are isotropic. Recent studies however showed that concrete may in fact be subject to anisotropic behaviour. These studies are limited to newly‐cast concrete only, and little is known about the anisotropic behaviour of existing structures in‐service. This paper presents the first results of a large experimental programme where the anisotropy of the compressive strength in existing concrete structures is investigated. For this, 195 cores, drilled from a large concrete bridge located in Denmark, are tested. Three drilling directions are considered. The results are analysed using statistical techniques. The results showed that there is a statistically significant difference between the compressive strength in longitudinal and transverse/vertical direction, with an average value of

4.5 MPa in the disadvantage of the longitudinal direction.
Effects of Fatigue Damage on Bond Behavior between Corroded Rebar and Concrete
Authors: Zhang Yunpeng , Zhang Weiping , Hu You
Published: March 2021

Bond degradation due to rebar corrosion and fatigue loading may affect the serviceability and even safety of
reinforced concrete (RC) bridges. 15 specimens confined with stirrups were cast for eccentric pull-out tests,
and 12 of them were corroded with the target mass loss of 0.03 by the impressed current method. Monotonic
pull-out tests were conducted on three corroded and three uncorroded specimens. Wavy descending branch
was found in bond stress-slip test curves of uncorroded specimens attributed to stirrup confinement, however
it disappeared in those curves of the corroded specimens due to the corrosion loss of rebar transverse ribs.
Based on the tested monotonic bond strength, the other nine corroded specimens of different fatigue
damages were obtained through repeated loading with different levels and cycles before undergoing
monotonic pull-out tests. It is observed that the relative slip increases with a gradually decreasing rate as the
loading cycles increase. The monotonic tests of specimens with fatigue damage show that the bond strength
increases to a certain value and then decreases with the increase of fatigue loading cycles. Moreover, the
higher the loading level is, the fewer cycles are needed to reach the maximum bond strength. In addition, the
peak slip corresponding to bond strength decreases with the increase of fatigue loading cycles.
Experimental approaches to estimate concrete properties with ground penetrating radar
Authors: Morris Isabel M. , Kumar Vivek , White Claire E. , Glisic Branko
Published: March 2021

When faced with the problems of aging infrastructure and historic constructions, there are many unknowns such as physical properties and arrangements of materials. This information is necessary for estimating the capacity, safety, and overall condition and for ensuring successful maintenance or repair of the structure. Often, this information is only available through invasive means, which can be unsightly, legally prohibited, or too expensive. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a noninvasive assessment tool successful at infrastructure inspection, feature detection, and condition assessments. An experiment was designed to investigate the ability of GPR to predict the physical properties (compressive strength, young’s modulus, and porosity) of concrete samples. A set of samples with variable properties and mix designs was fabricated. The samples were tested both with traditional methods (physical destructive testing) and by noninvasive GPR scanning at 7, 14, 28, and 56 days. A variety of machine learning approaches were used to investigate correlations between the physical property data and the GPR data, resulting in a model that predicts the density, compressive strength, and porosity of concrete with some success (R2-values between 0.4 and 0.8). This predictive model is currently being further developed and tested on several case studies.
Pre-posterior analysis of inspections incorporating degradation of concrete structures
Authors: Vereecken Eline , Botte Wouter , Lombaert Geert , Caspeele Robby
Published: March 2021

The framework of pre-posterior decision analysis has a large potential as a decision support tool in structural engineering. It seems ideally suited to tackle problems related to determining the value of Structural Health Monitoring and is commonly applied in inspection and maintenance planning. However, the application of this methodology for integrated life-cycle cost decision making related to monitoring of time-dependent and spatial degradation phenomena in concrete structures, needs further investigation. In this work, the time- dependent and spatial degradation phenomena will be coupled to the pre-posterior decision making approach and applied on concrete beams under bending, subjected to corrosion of the reinforcement. A framework is set up to determine the value of information of inspections enabling adequate decision-making. The methodology incorporates Bayesian updating based on the uncertain inspection outcomes. The framework will be illustrated by application on a simply supported reinforced concrete beam.
Research in the application of UHPFRC for strengthening existing structures in Bulgaria
Authors: Traykova Marina D. , Georgiev Lazar D. , Ivanov Stoyan D. , Abdulahad Emad G.
Published: March 2021

This article reviews the possibilities of the application of Ultra-High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC) for strengthening existing steel and concrete structures in Bulgaria. Although the application of UHPFRC in structural engineering is increasing worldwide in the last decades, both for strengthening and for new designs, in Bulgaria it is still highly restricted. This is mainly due to the lack of experience and knowledge in design engineers, contractors and clients.

In order to investigate the possibilities of its local production in concrete plants and to gain experience in its application for strengthening existing structures a research project in the University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy in Sofia has started recently. Under this project strengthening of steel orthotropic bridge decks as well as reinforced concrete beams is envisaged. The strengthened specimens will be tested in laboratory under static loading and the results are going to be compared with the test from non- strengthened ones. All specimens are full scaled as for the orthotropic deck only a segment between two cross girders is considered.

The results and experience gained from the research project will be used in the future to promote the application of UHPFRC in Bulgaria for durable reinforced concrete repairs and strengthening of existing steel bridges with orthotropic decks.
Multi-hazard analysis of tropical cyclone return periods
Authors: Hatzikyriakou Adam , Lin Ning
Published: March 2021

Tropical cyclones are multi‐hazard events capable of simultaneously affecting structures with wind, storm surge and rainfall. In practice, these concurrent hazards are typically treated independently using separate return level curves. Understanding this joint exposure, however, is critical for accurately assessing the structural vulnerability of buildings. We present such an analysis in study by investigating the joint and conditional return periods of two major cyclone hazards—wind and storm surge. To do so, a database of 566 synthetic cyclone events passing within 250 km of The Battery in New York City is first generated. Next, the Holland gradient wind profile and the ADvanced CIRCulation (ADCIRC) hydrodynamic model are used to simulate the maximum wind speed and peak storm tide for each synthetic event respectively. Finally, a bivariate copula is used to statistically estimate the joint and conditional return periods of the two hazards.
Deep Learning Based Framework for Long-term Management of Bridges Considering Climate Change Effects
Authors: Khandel Omid , Soliman Mohamed
Published: March 2021

Hydraulic-related hazards (e.g., flood and scour) are recognized as the leading stressors that threat the safety of bridges during their service life. In addition, climate change has been recently recognized as a significant factor that can drive changes to the frequency and intensity of hydraulic-related hazards. Consequently, current design, management, and decision-making methodologies should adapt to these changes to ensure the satisfactory performance of bridges under these hazards. This paper presents a multi-hazard probabilistic framework that can help bridge officials and decision makers to establish flood fragility curves with respect to service life and variability of the future floods. In this paper, downscaled climate data, adopted from the global climate models, are employed to predict future flood hazards at a given location. Time-variant scour depth profiles based on the predicted streamflow data are then estimated and used to predict the future condition of the bridge. Deep learning networks and finite element modeling are then employed to quantify the structural performance of the investigated bridge under applicable hazards. The proposed framework is illustrated on an existing bridge in Oklahoma.
Super-long span bridge aerodynamics: on-going results of the TG3.1 benchmark test – Step 1.2
Authors: Diana Giorgio , Stoyanoff Stoyan , Allsop Andrew , Amerio Luca , Argentini Tommaso , Cid Montoya Miguel , Hernández Santiago , Jurado José Ángel , Kavrakov Igor , Larose Guy , Larsen Allan , Morgenthal Guido , Omarini Simone , Rocchi Daniele , Svendsen Martin
Published: March 2021

This paper is part of a series of publications aimed at the divulgation of the results of the 3-step benchmark proposed by the IABSE Task Group 3.1 to define reference results for the validation of the software that simulate the aeroelastic stability and the response to the turbulent wind of super-long span bridges. Step 1 is a numerical comparison of different numerical models both a sectional model (Step 1.1) and a full bridge (Step 1.2) are studied. Step 2 will be the comparison of predicted results and experimental tests in wind tunnel. Step 3 will be a comparison against full scale measurements.

The results of Step 1.1 related to the response of a sectional model were presented to the last IABSE Symposium in Nantes 2018. In this paper, the results of Step 1.2 related to the response long-span full bridge are presented in this paper both in terms of aeroelastic stability and buffeting response, comparing the results coming from several TG members.
Manhattan West: Converting Site Challenges into Design Opportunities
Authors: Biswas Preetam , Petrov Georgi I. , Shen Yunlu , Wilson Samuel , Besjak Charles
Published: March 2021

As cities worldwide are increasing in density, building departments and municipalities are allowing construction using the air‐rights above transportation infrastructure to maximize use of valuable real estate. One Manhattan West (1MW) and Two Manhattan West (2MW) are supertall office towers recently designed and engineered by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM) that rise above the underground train approach to New York City’s Penn Station. Although the towers are neighbors and have a similar program, they are undercut by the train tracks in different ways. The disparate below ground conditions result in two distinct structural solutions.

The structural system of 1MW is a concrete core and a perimeter steel moment frame. The site conditions prevent the perimeter of the 304‐meter‐tall tower from reaching the foundation. This challenge is addressed by transferring the perimeter to the core above the ground, thus making 1MW one of the slenderest structures in New York City. The structural system of 2MW consists of a central braced steel core with outrigger and belt trusses and a perimeter steel moment frame. Here the perimeter reaches the foundation with a few lateral transfers however only half of the core reaches terra firma. This paper presents a side‐by‐side comparison of the structural solutions for the two towers.
Shaded Dome: a hybrid air-supported – tensile membrane structure
Authors: Cox Simon B. , Middelkoop Erik H. , Torsing Rob
Published: March 2021

The Shaded Domepatentedis a semi-permanent facility, comprised of an air-supported dome covered by a tensile membrane shade. The two layers are separated by a grid of spacers, through which forces are transferred. In the space between the two layers a constant natural air flow is present, which enables a pleasant internal microclimate. This passive design element provides protection from extreme climatological conditions like solar radiation, wind, high air temperature, humidity and precipitation. The concept provides a design challenge concerning the force balance between the air-supported dome, as the primary stability structure, and the tensile membrane shade which must remain in shape. The Shaded dome provides a solution for example for temporary events, such as World Cups or the Olympics, to replace the large and expensive venues, which often are abandoned once the event is over.

Shaded Dome Technologies explored the basic principles of an air-supported dome covered by a shade through rigorous experimenting. Parallel to empirical testing in scaled handmade models, a design model was scripted and its behaviour simulated. These two “methods” were not sequential but informed each other. The concept is cast in a computational design model. This computational model is used to simulate the inflation of the air-supported dome, generate the tensile membrane shade on top, study and vary each aspect of the design and optimise and prepare the geometry for manufacturing. The results produced within this computational framework were further explored and validated using finite element method software. This all lead to the construction of a successful prototype.
Steel Sheet Shear Walls with Burring Holes for Low- to Mid-Rise Housings
Authors: Kawai Yoshimichi , Tohnai Shigeaki , Hashimoto Shinichiro , Sato Atsushi , Ono Tetsuro
Published: March 2021

Steel sheet shear walls with cold formed edge stiffened burring holes are applied to low- to mid-rise housings in seismically active and typhoon- or hurricane-prone regions. A configuration with burrs on the inside and smooth on the outside enables the construction of omitting the machining of holes for equipments and thinner walls with simplified attachments of finishings. In-plane shear experiments and finite element analyses revealed that the walls allowed shear stress to concentrate in intervals between the burring holes. The walls maintained stable shear load and large deformation behavior, and the deformation areas were limited in the intervals and a large out-of-plane waveform in a sheet was effectively prevented owing to edge stiffened burring ribs. The design methods are developed for evaluating the shear load of the walls at story angle from zero to 1/100, using the idea of decreasing the band width of the inclined tension fields on the intervals with the effects of the thickness.
Los desafíos de la educación en línea en México desde la perspectiva del estudiante
Authors: Bonilla Murillo Enrique , Solís Herebia Veronica Sagnité , González Mariño Julio
Published: March 2021

La educación en línea es una tendencia en la educación superior. Empero, la deserción de la educación en línea también es una constante.El objetivo de esta investigación fue estudiar las experiencias de los estudiantes en un programa de educación en línea e identificar la problemáticaque enfrentan al estudiar en esta modalidad que afecta su desempeño y pudiera causar la deserción del programa. Se utilizó un método cualitativo con enfoque fenomenológico para recabar información de estudiantes de un programa en Tamaulipas, al noreste de México. Los resultados muestran que los estudiantes valoran la educación en esta modalidad y le dan un significado importante por la flexibilidad que provee para aprender a lo largo de sus vidas y por la aplicación que le dan en sus contextos laborales. No obstante, la gestión del tiempo es un reto para los estudiantes, ya que manifestaron dificultades para combinar actividades personales y escolares. Se puede inferir que mejorar las habilidades de gestión de tiempo, capacidad de resiliencia, motivación intrínseca, ayudaría a evitar la deserción. Asimismo, fomentar el sentido de comunidad es imperativo para desarrollar interacciones significativas que incrementen la motivación extrínseca de los estudiantes para concluir con éxito el programa.
El pedagogo universitario en México
Authors: Vázquez Ramos Aurelio
Published: March 2021

El libro que se reseña corresponde a la autoría de Navarrete Cazales Zaira (2018). Se trata de una valiosa investigación que aborda la complejidadde la identidad profesional del pedagogo, desde una visión analítica, histórica y comparativa. El texto se encuentra integrado por cuatro capítulosque, desde la perspectiva de la autora, aun cuando cada uno de ellos trata aspectos particulares de la temática desarrollada, de manera conjunta refieren al análisis de la identidad profesional del pedagogo. En el capítulo I se muestra el entramado conceptual para el análisis de la identidad profesional, asumiendo el Análisis Político del Discurso como la perspectiva de investigación que posibilita el análisis de la identidad del pedagogo, utilizando para ello las categorías de: discurso, hegemonía, identidad (desde diversas miradas disciplinarias), el proceso de construcción de la identidad del sujeto a partir de los elementos que lo conforman así como la descripción del método comparativo aplicado en la investigación.
AJANTA'S DRAWINGS AND COLOR COMBINATIONS (IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF GUPTA ART)
Authors: Dubey Shraddha
Published: March 2021

The Gupta period is called the Golden Age of India's history. In this era of happiness, prosperity and splendor, all arts were equally upgraded. The biggest gift of this era is Ajanta's frescoes. The inaudible works created by painters sitting in deep cenotaphic caves are unmatched. In this, the content and themes were not only taken from the life and Jataka tales of Lord Tathagata, but kept them bound in any limit. In them, hundreds of years of folklore is mirrored like a mirror. In Ajanta, 29 caves have been made by cutting a semi-crescent mountain. It is divided into groups. Among them, the tenth and ninth caves are in the middle group.Most of the pictures of Ajanta caves have been erased, but the remaining ones are amazing. The earliest paintings have the influence of Shung Kala. Lord Tathagata is seated in a view of the ninth cave, King Rani Amatigan and the worshiping monks surround him. Amatyas have turbaned threads at the ends and are wearing heavy jewelery in the hands and neck. With the shapes, they appear to be people of a primitive caste from the south. We can call it the earlier tradition of Ajanta painting. There is more use of gray color in it, but due to the use of natural colors, every object can be seen clearly as above. Due to the lack of bright colors, they reveal the plot seriously and give impetus to its spiritual nature.

गुप्तकाल भारत के इतिहास का स्वर्ण-युग कहा जाता है। सुख समृद्धि और वैभव के इस काल में सभी कलाओं का समान रूप से उन्नयन हुआ। इस युग की सबसे बड़ी देन है अजंता के भित्तिचित्र। चित्रकारों ने गहन अधंकरामयी गुफाओं में बैठकर जिन अपार्थिव कृत्तियों का सृजन किया वे अप्रतिम है। इनमें कथावस्तु और विषय तो भगवान तथागत के जीवन और जातक कथाओं से ही लिए किन्तु उन्हें किसी सीमा में बांध कर नहीं रखा। उनमें सैकड़ों वर्षों का लोकजीव दर्पण की भाँति प्रतिबिम्बित है।अजंता में अर्ध-चन्द्राकार पर्वत को काटकर 29 गुफाएँ बनाई गई है। यह समूहों में बंटी हुई है। इनमें दसवीं और नवीं गुफाएँ बीच के समूह में है।अजंता की गुफाओं के अधिकांष चित्र मिट चुके हैं परन्तु जो शेष है वे अद्भुत हैं। सबसे पुराने चित्रों पर शुंग कला का प्रभाव है। नवीं गुफा के एक दृश्य में जो मिट सा गया है भगवान तथागत बैठे हैं, राजा रानी अमात्यगण और उपासक भिक्षु उन्हें घेरे हुए हैं। अमात्यों के सिरों पर लटूदार पगड़ियाँ है और वे हाथों और गले में भारी-भारी आभूषण पहने हैं। आकृतियों से वे दक्षिण की ही किसी आदिम जाति के लोग लगते हैं। इसे हम अजंता चित्रकला की पूर्व परम्परा कह सकते हैं। इसमें धूसरित रंग का प्रयोग अधिक है किन्तु प्राकृतिक रंगों के प्रयोग की वजह से प्रत्येक वस्तु ऊपर वर्णानुसार स्पष्ट नजर आती है। चटख रंग न होने की वजह से यह कथानक को गंभीरता से प्रकट करते हैं और उसके आध्यात्मिक स्वरूप को गति प्रदान करते हैं।
A semantic approach to ‘Friends’ TV series
Authors: POPESCU Teodora
Published: March 2021

The aim of this article is to revisit Leech’s meaning typology as applied to the widely popular TV series ‘Friends’. The seven types of meaning postulated by Geoffrey Leech (1981): conceptual, connotative, social, affective, reflected, collocative and thematic will be exemplified with dialogues from the sitcom. The analysis will be made mainly from a semantic perspective, and less focus will be attached to the pragmatic side of conversations under scrutiny, as Leech himself considers that meaning is impartial between ‘speaker’s meaning’ and ‘hearer’s meaning’. The analysed corpus consisted of approximately 880,000 words, resulting from the script of all 232 episodes, through 10 seasons. In particular, the social and affective meaning are the one most closely related to pragmatic speech acts. The dialogues, as was stated by other researchers (Qualio 2009), are less prone to deploying strategic vagueness, being more context-based than concentrating on the narration of imaginary or past events, with actually a minimal plot.
Pengaruh Penerapan Akuntansi Pertanggunjawaban Terhadap Prestasi Kerja Pada PT. Telkom Padang Wilayah Sumatera Barat
Authors: Amalia Afdha  , Fitra Oliyan
Published: March 2021

This study aims to examine the effect of accounting accountability on work performance. The research population is all employees working at PT. Telkom Padang West Sumatra Region. Data collection methods used were questionnaires and interviews. The sample used for the questionnaire was 50 respondents with a purposive sampling method. Interviews were conducted with Officer 1 part of the Cash Bank at PT. Telkom Padang West Sumatra Region. The data analysis technique uses simple regression analysis with the help of SPSS version 20. Based on hypothesis testing, accountability accounting has a significant effect on work performance. From additional information obtained by researchers through interviews, researchers found that the company has implemented a good accountability accounting that can be known from the fulfillment of all requirements for the implementation of accountability accounting, namely organizational structure, budget, cost classification, accounting system, and cost reporting system.
The Ambiguity of Resi Gudang (Warehouse Receipt) Guarantee Institution Legal Standing
Authors: Oktavia Putri Safira
Published: March 2021

Farmers usually use warehouse receipts to obtain debt with commodity objects stored in the warehouse as a debt security. Warehouse receipts as valuable objects, of course, have the potential to be tied up in a debt bond that serves as a security for these debts. However, for an item of guarantee, the legal aspects are quite diverse. For objects to be used as collateral in a credit agreement, they must meet certain conditions, namely, economic value and transferability. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a study of warehouse receipts to be used as collateral objects, given the characteristics of warehouse receipts as valuable objects and the property rights attached to the warehouse receipts. This research is normative research with a statutory approach. The result of this research is that warehouse receipts can be used as collateral objects but with some adjustments. And based on the existing regulations, it is understood that the warehouse receipt arrangement does not create a warehouse receipt guarantee institution.Keywords: Resi Gudang, Debt, Collateral
PERANCANGAN SISTEM INFORMASI PENGGAJIAN KARYAWAN PADA CV. TRI MULTI JAYA YOGYAKARTA
Authors: Tania Vita Resty
Published: March 2021

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengidentifikasi masalah pada perusahaan tentang sistem informasi penggajian karyawan yang sedang berjalan. Adapun saat ini sistem yang sedang berjalan, dalam proses pengolahan data karyawan, perhitungan gaji dan pembuatan laporan masih dilakukan secara manual. Dengan adanya aplikasi sistem informasi penggajian karyawan berbasis web akan sangat Membantu perusahaan dalam pengolahan data karyawan, perhitungan gaji dan pembuatan laporan.Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif analisis, dan dalam pengumpulan datanya menggunakan sumber data primer dan sumber data sekunder. Selain itu, menggunakan metode pendekatan sistem, penulis menggunakan pendekatan terstruktur dengan alat bantu analisis menggunakan Bagan Alir Dokumen (Flow Map), Diagram Konteks (Conteks Diagram), Diagram Arus Data (Data Flow Diagram), Kamus Data, Normalisasi dan Relasi Tabel. Dalam pembuatan perangkat lunaknya menggunakan bahasa pemerograman PHP dan pembuatan database menggunakan MySQL. Pada  pengujian  aplikasi ini penulis menggunakan pengujian black-box yaitu  merupakan metode  perancangan data  uji  yang didasarkan  ada spesifikasi  perangkat lunak. Sistem informasi penggajian karyawan ini diharapkan dapat menjadi salah satu solusi yang dapat digunakan untuk mempermudah proses pengolahan data karyawan, perhitungan gaji dan pembuatan laporan serta membantu dalam keamanan data, keakuratan serata efesiensi waktu.
New Directions for Economics
Authors: Dahl Gregory
Published: March 2021

Recent developments in both the Bahá’í community and the field of economics have opened up new vistas in the application of Bahá’í principles to economic questions, both in theory and in practice. The Bahá’í community has grown enough that the Universal House of Justice, in its 1 March 2017 message, has called on Bahá’ís to concern themselves increasingly with the inequalities in the world and to bring their personal lives and the actions of their Bahá’í communities more in line with the high moral standards and principles of compassion and service in the teachings of their Faith. At the same time, the economics profession is more open to new directions of thought and research following the financial crisis of 2007–08 and the subsequent global recession, which exposed the shortcomings of the macroeconomic models that the profession had spent the previous several decades constructing. Some of the fields that appear most fertile for the application of Bahá’í principles to current economic problems are reviewed in this article.
Prevalence and site of predilection of carotid webs focusing on symptomatic and asymptomatic Japanese patients
Authors: Yang Tao , Yoshida Kazumichi , Maki Takakuni , Fushimi Yasutaka , Yamada Kiyofumi , Okawa Masakazu , Yamamoto Yu , Takayama Naoki , Suzuki Keita , Miyamoto Susumu
Published: March 2021

OBJECTIVE

Carotid webs (CWs) have increasingly been recognized as a cause of recurrent ischemic stroke. However, the natural history and clinical course of CWs remain unclear. The authors aimed to clarify the prevalence, imaging features, and optimal treatment of CWs in a Japanese cohort study.

METHODS

A series of 444 consecutive Japanese patients who had undergone CTA of the head and neck between April 2011 and October 2016 was retrospectively reviewed. CW was diagnosed on CT angiograms as a membrane-like intraluminal filling defect along the posterior wall of the carotid bulb or the origin of the internal carotid artery (ICA) on oblique sagittal images and a corresponding thin septum on axial images.

RESULTS

Two patients with CWs were identified among 132 patients with suspected stroke. The prevalence of CWs among symptomatic patients with suspected stroke was 1.5%. The prevalence of asymptomatic CWs was 2.2% (7 of 312 cases). The CWs were located in the posterior wall of the carotid bulb in 7 patients and just distal to the ICA origin in 2 patients. There were no apparent differences in the location or lesion length between symptomatic and asymptomatic CWs. Four of the 7 asymptomatic CWs remained asymptomatic for at least 2 years of follow-up. Two patients with symptomatic CWs developed recurrent cerebral infarction and transient ischemic attack despite being on a regimen of oral antiplatelet agents, and carotid endarterectomy was performed as radical treatment. Patients with CWs were younger than controls (median age 55 vs 69 years, p = 0.003) and were less frequently male than controls (33% vs 72%, p = 0.025). CW cases showed significantly fewer common atherosclerosis risk factors than the control group (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Although limited to CTA patients, this study reported on the prevalence and common site of CWs, focusing on symptomatic and asymptomatic Japanese patients. Extensive cross-sectional and prospective observational studies are warranted to elucidate the overall prevalence and natural history of CWs.