bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antimycotics susceptibility testing of dermatophytes
Authors: Arsic-Arsenijevic Valentina , Brankovic Milena , Colovic Ivana , Dzamic Aleksandar , Mitrovic Sanja , Ratkov Eleonora
Published: October 2010

Dermatophytes are moulds that produce infections of the skin, hair and nails of humans and animals. The most common forms among these infections are onychomycosis and tinea pedis affecting 20% of world population. These infections are usually chronic. The treatment of dermatophytoses tends to be prolonged partly because available treatments are not very effective. Antifungal drug consumption and public health expenditure are high worldwide, as well as in Serbia. For adequate therapy, it is necessary to prove infection by isolation of dermatophytes and to test the antifungal susceptibility of isolates. Susceptibility testing is important for the resistance monitoring, epidemiological research and to compare in vitro activities of new antifungal agents. The diffusion and dilution methods of susceptibility tests are used, and technical issues of importance for the proper performance and interpretation of test results are published in the document E.DEF 9.1 (EUCAST) and M38-A2 (CLSI). The aim of our paper is to promptly inform the public about technical achievements in this area, as well as the new organization of laboratory for medical mycology in our country. The formation of laboratory networks coordinated by the National Reference Laboratory for the cause of mycosis need to enable interlaboratory studies and further standardization of methods for antifungal susceptibility testing of dermatophytes, reproducibility of tests and clinical correlation monitoring (MIK values and clinical outcome of dermatophytosis). The importance of the new organization is expected efficient improvement in the dermatophytosis therapy at home, better quality of patient's life and the reduction of the cost of treatment.
Rousseauist foundations of Schmitt's concept of (total) state
Authors: Molnar Aleksandar
Published: October 2010

In this paper the author discusses Carl Schmitt's concept of 'the political' (das Politische), and his constitutional teaching (Verfassungslehre). He is trying to explain that the logic of Schmitt's argument against liberal democracy and in favor of populist democracy follows all the important conclusions made by Jean-Jacques Rousseau in his Social Contract, with only one exception. Schmitt was, namely, reluctant to accept that the social contract ever occurred in any historical society and he believed that it could not be used even as a methodological tool, because it has no meaning in the very foundations of political community. Rousseau's statements on 'general will', 'people', and immediate democracy Schmitt found more attractive for his purposes of designing the model of total state.
Identity, sex and 'women's writing' in French poststructural feminism
Authors: Sekulic Nada
Published: October 2010

The paper discusses political implications of the feminist revision of psychoanalysis in the works of major representatives of 1970s French poststructuralism, and their current significance. The influence and modifications of Lacan's interpretation of imaginary structure of the Ego and linguistic structure of the unconscious on explanations of the relations between gender and identity developed by Julia Kristeva, Luce Irigaray and H?l?ne Cixous are examined. French poststructuralist feminism, developing in the 1970s, was the second major current in French feminism of the times, different from and in a way opposed to Simone de Beauvoir's approach. While de Beauvoir explores 'women's condition' determined by social and historical circumstances, French feminists of poststructuralist persuasion engage with problems of unconscious psychological structuring of feminine identity, women's psychosexuality, theoretical implications of gendered visions of reality, especially in philosophy, semiology and psychology, as well as opening up new discursive possibilities of women's and feminine self-expression through 'women's writing'. Political implications of their approach have remained controversial to this day. These authors have been criticized for dislocating women's activism into the sphere of language and theory, as well as for reasserting the concept of women's nature. Debates over whether we need the concept of women's nature - and if yes, what kind - and over the relation between theory and political activism, have resulted in the split between the so-called 'essentialist' and 'anti-essentialist' approaches in feminist theory, and the subsequent division into American (non-essentialist) and French (partly labeled as essentialist) strands. The division is an oversimplification and overlooks concrete historical circumstances that produced the divergence between 'materialist' and 'linguistic' currents in France.
Innovation and social interests
Authors: Vratusa-Zunjic Vera
Published: October 2010

The paper focuses on socially and historically structured circumstances surrounding and moral problems involved in the pragmatic definition of innovation as 'novelty proven useful by its users'. Contending conceptions and strategies of innovation of the organization of social relations in dialectical social systems are compared and socially and historically contextualized in the so-called 'transition countries' on the new Eastern border of the European Union. The conclusion is that the cited pragmatic definition of innovation may be misused for an apology of morally dubious new ends and means in the narrow interest of particular groups of users, often at the expense and against the interest of a majority of other individuals and social groups.
Childhood in the discourse of the politics of equal recognition
Authors: Nenadic Mile
Published: October 2010

The starting point of the analysis is the claim that the idea of childhood is not derived from immaturity as a biological fact of life but from the facts of culture. Childhood is a historical, social and cultural construct. It was 'discovered' retrospectively, after the moderns began ascribing more significance to everyday life, taking care of the little things in it - marriage, family, education. The idea of childhood, it is argued, is intimately connected with bestowing importance to everyday life and mundanity. Arguing in favor of a radical break with the 'misrecognition' of childhood - a representation based on an image that is constraining, humiliating, and often contemptuous towards children - the author provides a theoretical synthesis of the new paradigm in the sociology of childhood with Charles Taylor's politics of recognition. Coupling the idea of childhood with the politics of recognition results in the awareness that the world is no longer just the world of adults, that it has stopped being a reality inherent only to adult people.
Solution combustion synthesis and sintering behavior of porous MgAl2O4 powders
Authors: Bai J.H. , Liu J.C.
Published: October 2010

Porous MgAl2O4 powders were synthesized with a solution combustion route
using a mixture of glycine and urea with the glycine/urea molar ratio of 2/9
as fuel. For the comparison purpose, denser powders were also combustion
synthesized using urea as fuel. The porous/denser structure, characteristics
(e.g. crystallite size and specific surface areas) and sinterability of the
two powders were investigated in detail. Experimental results disclosed that
the as-prepared porous powders exhibited a much lower degree of
agglomeration, smaller average agglomerate particle size and larger surface
areas and thus far higher sintering behavior than the denser powders.
Effect of aging on the microstructures and mechanical properties of AZ80 and ZK60 wrought magnesium alloys
Authors: Wu Y.J. , Zhang Z.M. , Li B.C.
Published: October 2010

In this paper, the effects of solution and aging on the microstructures and
mechanical properties of AZ80 and ZK60 wrought magnesium alloys are
investigated by optical microscope, electronic scanning microscope and
mechanical testers. The result shows that both the tensile strength and
elongation of AZ80 alloy increase firstly and then decrease with the
increasing of the aging temperature, the peak values appear when the aging
temperature is 170?C. The hardness of ZK60 alloy increases firstly and then
decreases with the increasing of the aging temperature, and the hardness
reaches its peak value at 170?C. However, the toughness of the alloy is just
the opposite. Moreover, ZK60 alloy has good performances in both impact
toughness and other properties at the aging temperature from 140 to 200?C.
Effect of porosity and particle size on microwave heating of copper
Authors: Mondal A. , Shukla A. , Upadhyaya A. , Agrawal D.
Published: October 2010

The present study investigates the effect of varying particle size and
porosity on the heating behavior of a metallic particulate compact in a
2.45GHz multimode microwave furnace. Experiments on copper suggest that
unlike monolithic (bulk) materials, metallic materials do couple with
microwaves when they are in particulate form. The powder compacts having
higher porosity and smaller particle sizes interact more effectively with
microwaves and are heated more rapidly. A dynamic electromagnetic-thermal
model was developed to simulate the temporal temperature distribution using a
2-D finite difference time domain (FDTD) approach. The model predicts the
variation in temperature with time during heating of copper powder compacts.
The simulated heating profiles correlate well with those observed from
experiments.
Influence of hardening on the microstructure and the wear capacity of gears made of Fe1.5Cr0.2Mo sintered steel
Authors: Predki W. , Miltenovic A.
Published: October 2010

High demands are set on gears made from sintered steel regarding wear,
fretting, tooth fracture and pitting load capacity. The hardening obtained
after the sinter process will affect the microstructure of the sintered steel
so that the wear load capacity can increase to higher values. This report
shows the influence of different hardenings methods on crossed helical gears
fabricated from Fe1.5Cr0.2Mo sintered steel and the changes induced on the
microstructure, the surface and the core hardness and the wear load capacity.
The research presented in this paper is aimed at finding the most appropriate
additional treatment which leads to higher wear load capacity as compared to
the wear of sintered steel gears without any additional treatment.
Influence of the gypsum dehydration temperature and alkali additives on the properties of anhydrite cement
Authors: Leskeviciene V. , Sarlauskaite I. , Nizeviciene D. , Kybartiene N.
Published: October 2010

While dehydrating gypsum with additives at the temperatures of 800?C and
900?C the influence of alkali additives on both the crystalline structure of
anhydrite and properties of anhydrite binder was investigated. The industrial
and household wastes including other lowcost materials were used as
additives. Having heated them with gypsum the anhydrite with alkali
activation properties was obtained. The properties of such substances were
evaluated using the methods of chemical, diffractive X-ray scanning and
scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses. Some additives, e.g. 5 % ground
glass waste, were found to increase crystal agglomerate formation of
anhydrite binder, accelerate the hydration process of anhydrite and double
the compressive strength of hydrated samples compared to samples without
additives.
On some problems involving Hardy’s function
Authors: Ivić Aleksandar
Published: October 2010

Some problems involving the classical Hardy function $$
Z\left( t \right) = \zeta \left( {\frac{1}
{2} + it} \right)\left( {\chi \left( {\frac{1}
{2} + it} \right)} \right)^{ - {1 \mathord{\left/
{\vphantom {1 2}} \right.
\kern-\nulldelimiterspace} 2}} , \zeta \left( s \right) = \chi \left( s \right) \zeta \left( {1 - s} \right)
$$, are discussed. In particular we discuss the odd moments of Z(t) and the distribution of its positive and negative values.
On the asymptotic behavior of a class of third order nonlinear neutral differential equations
Authors: Baculíková Blanka , Džurina Jozef
Published: October 2010

The objective of this paper is to study asymptotic properties of the third-order neutral differential equation $$
\left[ {a\left( t \right)\left( {\left[ {x\left( t \right) + p\left( t \right)x\left( {\sigma \left( t \right)} \right)} \right]^{\prime \prime } } \right)^\gamma } \right]^\prime + q\left( t \right)f\left( {x\left[ {\tau \left( t \right)} \right]} \right) = 0, t \geqslant t_0 . \left( E \right)
$$. We will establish two kinds of sufficient conditions which ensure that either all nonoscillatory solutions of (E) converge to zero or all solutions of (E) are oscillatory. Some examples are considered to illustrate the main results.
Irreducible tensor form of three-particle operator for open-shell atoms
Authors: Juršėnas Rytis , Merkelis Gintaras
Published: October 2010

A three-particle operator in a second quantized form is studied systematically and comprehensively. The operator is transformed into irreducible tensor form. Possible coupling schemes, identified by the classes of symmetric group S6, are presented. Recoupling coefficients that make it possible to transform a given scheme into another are produced by using the angular momentum theory combined with quasispin formalism. The classification of the three-particle operator which acts on n = 1, 2,..., 6 open shells of equivalent electrons of atom is considered. The procedure to construct three-particle matrix elements are examined.
The family Paratylenchidae Thorne, 1949 in the rhizosphere of grass and woody species in Europe: a review of the literature
Authors: Čermák V. , Renčo M.
Published: October 2010

The family Paratylenchidae (Paratylenchus, Gracilacus) belonging to the suborder Criconematina Siddiqi, 1980 including several others families: Criconematidae Taylor, 1936, Hemicycliophoridae Skarbilovich, 1959, Shaeronematidae Raski & Sher, 1952 and Tylenchulidae Skarbilovich, 1947. Members of these families are parasites of higher plants with a higher abundance in perennial cultural plants. Generally we can consider members of the suborder Criconematina as numerous, adaptable, more or less specialized plant parasitic nematodes occurring worldwide. The main common features of specimens of this suborder are relatively long and robust stylet and small body size. This combination enabled them to inhabit also very poor sites in considerable numbers where other nematodes have no chance. A stylet of Paratylenchus nematodes is from 10 to 40 μm of length, the Gracilacus nematodes from 40 to 120 μm of length. The nematodes of the genus Paratylenchus with shorter stylet attack and damaged the cuticular cells of host roots, however, the nematodes of the genus Gracilacus with the longer stylet are able to damage a deeper level of plant roots. Presented review should serve as a list and an outline of what was by some members of the genera Paratylenchus and Gracilacus previously published in connection with trees and grassland.
Molecular discrimination of eggs of cervid trematodes using the Teflon (PTFE) technique for eggshell disruption
Authors: Oberhauserová K. , Bazsalovicsová E. , Králová-Hromadová I. , Major P. , Reblánová M.
Published: October 2010

Molecular comparative analysis of eggs of four liver and stomach flukes of cervids and domestic ruminants, Fasciola hepatica, Fascioloides magna, Dicrocoelium dendriticum and Paramphistomum cervi, was performed using a new methodological approach for eggshell disintegration. Eggs of all species were crushed mechanically by the Teflon method (PTFE) without use of chemical reagents and an efficient disruption of eggshell was checked microscopically. The egg suspension was then subjected to DNA isolation and PCR amplification using species-specific primers that annealed to the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region of ribosomal DNA. The size of PCR products of individual species corresponded well to the size of amplicons obtained from adult flukes. The results provided evidence that the Teflon method does not destroy the structure of egg DNA, thus making the procedure broadly applicable during coprological examinations. Molecular markers introduced here are particularly important for blanket screening and differentiation of morphologically hardly distinguishable F. hepatica, F. magna and P. cervi eggs.
Kinetics of specific humoral immune response of mice infected with low doses of Trichinella spiralis, T. britovi, and T. pseudospiralis larvae
Authors: Dvorožňáková E. , Hurníková Z. , Kołodziej-Sobocińska M.
Published: October 2010

The specific humoral immune response of the host (mouse) to the infection with low doses of larvae of encapsulating (Trichinella spiralis, T. britovi) and non-encapsulating (T. pseudospiralis) species was studied. Mice were experimentally infected with 10 muscle larvae of the parasite to simulate natural conditions of the infection in rodents, important reservoirs of trichinellosis. The low infective dose of T. spiralis and T. britovi did not evoke an increased specific IgM response, which is typical for the acute infection. Only T. pseudospiralis induced a higher specific IgM level in the intestinal phase of the infection, till day 30 p.i. The low infective dose of T. spiralis larvae stimulated a specific IgG1 production from day 20 p.i. with a strong increase on day 45 p.i., but T. britovi infection on day 60 p.i. Specific IgG1 antibodies were not detected in T. pseudospiralis infection. The production of IgG2a and IgG2b antibodies was again earlier and more expressive in T. spiralis infection from day 45 p.i., in contrast to T. britovi, where these antibodies were increased on day 60 p.i. Only IgG2b isotype was detected in T. pseudospiralis infection on days 45 and 60 p.i., however in very low values in comparison with encapsulating species.

Results conclude the low infective dose of T. spiralis, T. britovi, and T. pseudospiralis induced a late seroconversion in infected mice. T. spiralis caused earlier and more intensive specific antibody response, from day 45 p.i, when antigens from newborn and muscle larvae were accumulated, on the contrary to T. britovi and T. pseudospiralis, which induced specific antibody response from day 60 p.i.
Metazoan parasite community of Steindachnerina brevipinna (Curimatidae) from Southern Brazil
Authors: Ceschini T. , Takemoto R. , Yamada F. , Moreira L. , Pavanelli G.
Published: October 2010

In order to examine the ecological relationships of metazoan parasites and their hosts, 63 specimens of Steindachnerina brevipinna have been collected from April to September 2006, in the rivers Guairacá and Corvo, tributaries of the low Paranapanema River. Five different parasite species have been found (Paranaella sp., Sphicterodiplostomum musculosum, Cosmoxynema vianai, Travnema travnema and Spinoxyuris sp.), with parasite richness from 1 to 4. The dominance index (C > 0.25) was calculated for S. musculosum and aggregation of S. musculosum and Paranaella sp. were reported. There were no associations or covariations between the species of parasites. Values did not show interference of parasite abundance at different gonadal maturity stages. The relative condition factor (Kn) did not show significant values regarding quantitative and qualitative data on parasitism. Statistical tests were significant between the prevalence and the abundance of parasites and the standard length of the hosts, as well as for the parasite abundance in different months and tributaries.
Ultrastructure of the buccal capsule in the adult female Anguillicoloides crassus (Nematoda: Anguillicolidae)
Authors: Bruňanská M. , Fagerholm H. , Moravec F. , Vasilková Z.
Published: October 2010

The fine structure of the buccal capsule of the adult female nematode Anguillicoloides crassus (Spirurina) was studied for the first time. Results are based on serial section (longitudinal and transverse) light and transmission electron microscopy. The buccal capsule of A. crassus is a cuticular-lined structure. It can be divided into three main parts: cheilostom, gymnostom and stegostom. The cheilostom is the anterior region of the buccal capsule with the cuticular lining continuous with the body wall cuticle and underlain by epidermal syncytia. The gymnostom is a cuticular region with portions of it very electron dense and underlain by arcade syncytia. A dense circumoral cylinder together with the circumpharyngeal ring represent the prominent characters of the gymnostom. The stegostom is formed by anterior pharyngeal cuticle underlain by muscular radial cells and epithelial marginal cells. The cephalic cuticle of A. crassus makes a direct contact with the pharyngeal cuticle at the base of the circumoral cylinder, within a circumpharyngeal ring containing projections of pharyngeal muscular and marginal cells. The circumoral cylinder, circumpharyngeal ring and pharynx are connected to the body epidermis by junctional complexes. The buccal capsule includes occasionally 3 projections of the pharynx evidently observed in serial cross sections. These ultrastructural characters may provide useful data for comparative, functional as well as evolutionary studies within the Chromadorea.
Biological control of Taenia saginata eggs
Authors: Araújo J. , Braga F. , Araújo J. , Soares F. , Geniêr H.
Published: October 2010

Taenia saginata, is a cestode with zoonotic potentially. The objective of this work was to evaluate the ovicide activity (type 3 effect) of the fungus, Paecilomyces lilacinus (PL1), on the eggs of Taenia saginata, in vitro. The eggs were inverted in Petri dishes containing PL1, or in Petri dishes without the fungus (control). After 5, 10, or 15 days, we extracted approximately 100 eggs for evaluation and for classifying the ovicide activity. At the end of the 15 days of interaction, a significant difference (p < 0.05) due to the ovicide activity of PL1, was noted in relation to the control group, with a medium percentage (type 3 effect) at 24.6 %. These results show that the fungus, P.lilacinus (PL1), destroyed the eggs of T. saginata, suggesting its biological control potential of the eggs of this cestode.
Spontaneous primary intrathoracic, extrapulmonary hydatid cyst in a broiler rabbit
Authors: Sreekumar C. , Kirubakaran A. , Venkataramanan R. , Selvan P. , Anilkumar R. , Iyue M.
Published: October 2010

Echinococcus granulosus, a zoonotic tapeworm with a dog-herbivore life cycle, is known to use ruminants, horses, pigs, etc., as intermediate hosts. Natural infections of hydatid cysts have not been documented in small animals like rabbits in India. This paper records spontaneous intrathoracic, extrapulmonary hydatid cysts of E. granulosus in a cage reared rabbit. The presence of non-invasive unilocular cyst with typical protoscolices containing rostellar hooks favoured the diagnosis of E. granulosus over E. multilocularis, the only other Echinococcus species found in India. The presence of fertile hydatid cyst points to the fact that rabbits can also act as natural intermediate hosts for E. granulosus. The significance of the findings in relation to public health importance is discussed.
Stress Tensor of Free Maxwell Field in Friedmann-Robertson-Walker Universe
Authors: Sharma SK , Dhungel PR , Khanal U
Published: October 2010

The solutions of the Maxwellian field in FRW spacetime, found by using the Newman Penrose formalism, is used to determine the energy-momentum tensor. The tensor is obviously traceless, with the energy density equal to the sum of the radial and the two tangential pressures. But it turns out that the radial and tangential pressures are not equal, giving rise to anisotropy. Such anisotropy can be the origin of the rotation of galaxies. Another result is that the photon energy in a closed universe are quantized in units of one from the lowest value of two upwards. The lowest quantum of two can be interpreted as one unit of spin energy and one of translational energy. Key words: Galactic structure; Maxwellian field; Anisotropic pressure. DOI: 10.3126/sw.v7i7.3814 Scientific World Vol.7(7) 2009 pp.1-2
Characterization and Applications of Silver Sulphide Based Membrane Electrodes
Authors: Rajbhandari A , Yadav AP , Manandhar K , Pradhananga RR
Published: October 2010

The polycrystalline materials obtained by co-precipitation of silver sulphide and appropriate silver halide are used to prepare silver sulphide based membrane electrodes selective to the silver, chloride, bromide, iodide, and sulphide ions. The powder materials are characterized by x-ray diffraction, SEM equipped with EDAX. These membrane electrodes are found to give Nernstian response with the appropriate ions in the concentration range from 1x10-1 to 1x10-5 M. The performance of these home made electrodes is at par with the commercial electrodes. The electrodes have been successfully used for the quantitative determination of chloride, bromide iodide, silver, and sulphide ions and also for the determination of thiamine in pharmaceutical preparations. For developing countries like Nepal, who can not afford to procure high cost commercial ion selective electrodes, these home made ion selective electrodes are especially appealing since the electrode can be fabricated with ease in low cost and the electrode is well behaved and sufficiently accurate for the analysis with ion selective electrodes. Key words: Ion selective electrode; Home made ion selective electrode; Silver sulphide; Thiamine; Vitamin B1. DOI: 10.3126/sw.v7i7.3818 Scientific World Vol.7(7) 2009 pp.19-23
The Effects of Chromium and Nickel on the Passivation Behaviour of Sputter-Deposited W-Cr-Ni Alloys in 12 M HCl Solution
Authors: Bhattarai Jagadesh
Published: October 2010

The passivity of sputter-deposited ternary W-Cr-Ni alloys is investigated by immersion tests and electrochemical measurements in 12 M HCl solution at 30°C, open to air. Particular attention is paid to the effects of alloying elements to the corrosion behavior. All the examined amorphous or/and nanocrystalline W-Cr-Ni alloys are passivated spontaneously even in an aggressive environment of 12 M HCl, and hence these alloys showed higher corrosion resistance than those of alloyconstituting elements. The chromium addition suppresses the anodic dissolution current because of the formation of tetravalent chromium oxyhydroxide having a relatively high activity for both cathodic oxygen and hydrogen reduction with a consequent ennoblement of the open circuit potential. The ennoblement of the open circuit potential leads to the formation of the passive chromium oxyhydroxide film. It is, therefore, considered that the addition of chromium improves synergistically the corrosion resistance and passivating abilities of the sputter-deposited binary W-Ni alloys in 12 M HCl solution. Keywords: Sputter-deposition; Ternary W-Cr-Ni alloys; Corrosion-resistant; Electrochemical measurements. DOI: 10.3126/sw.v7i7.3819 Scientific World Vol.7(7) 2009 pp.24-28
Effect of Diffusates of Parthenium hysterophorous on Seed Germination of Raphanus sativus L.
Authors: Paudel VR , Gupta VNP , Agarwal VP
Published: October 2010

The present investigation focused on the effects of plant and seed diffusates of Parthenium hysterophorus L. on seed germination of Raphanus sativus L. Level of glucose in germinating seeds as an indirect measure of amylase activity was estimated. About 91.66% viable seed of Raphanus sativus were treated in different concentrations of rhizospheric soil diffusates (PD) and germinating seed diffusates (SD) of Parthenium hysterophorus. Both diffusates were found effective to retard and minimize the germination of Raphanus seeds. The maximum inhibition for both cases was found at 100 % concentrations of the diffusates. The correlation analysis revealed the correlation factor - 0.784 between PD concentrations and Raphanus seed germination and that of - 0.889 between SD concentrations and Raphanus seed germination with 5% level of significance. This indicated that the increase in concentrations played negative role in germination process of Raphanus seeds. The results were interpreted in terms of the possible roles of "Parthenin", a sesquiterpene-lactone which is known to be present in Parthenium hysterophorus. Key words: Sesquiterpenes; Allelopathy; Parthenin. DOI: 10.3126/sw.v7i7.3820 Scientific World Vol.7(7) 2009 pp.29-32
A Contribution to the Embryology of Rhynchelytrum repens (Willd) C.E. Hubbard
Authors: Inamuddin Mohammed , Were Beatrice , Saquib Mohammad
Published: October 2010

The present investigation deals with morphological and embryological studies of Rhynchelytrum repens (Willd) C.E. Hubbard. The development of anther walls are found to be Monocotyledonous type. The tapetal cells are substantially large, glandular and uninucleate. The middle layer is ephemeral and their cells are small in size. It is sandwiched between endothecial and tapetal layer. The endothecial cells are large and develop fibrous thickenings. The microspore mother cell undergoes two successive reduction divisions, giving rise to isobilateral microspore tetrad. The tetrad separates and give rise to four pollen grains. Occasionally, the anther show degenerating pollen grains before dehiscence. Formation of Ubisch's bodies has also been observed. The pollen grains shed at three celled stage. The exine is thick while intine is thin. The ovule is anatropous, bitegmic and crassinucellate. The female archesporial cell becomes large with dense cytoplasm. It directly functions as megaspore mother cell and undergoes two meiotic divisions to produce a linear megaspore tetrad. The micropylar three cells degenerate and chalazal one becomes functional. The chalazal functional megaspore undergoes three mitotic divisions without wall formation and produces 8-nucleate embryosac. Such 8-nucleate embryosac organizes into Polygonum type of embryosac. It is interesting to note that some somatic cells of the ovule undergo nuclear divisions and give rise to facultative apomictic embryosacs. Key Words: Eldoret; Microsporangium; Ubisch's bodies; Facultative apomixis; Female gametophyte. DOI: 10.3126/sw.v7i7.3822 Scientific World Vol.7(7) 2009 pp.37-40
Goodyera foliosa Var. Commelinoides (Orchidaceae): A New Record to Orchid Flora of Nepal
Authors: Raskoti Bhakta B , Ale Rita
Published: October 2010

Goodyera foliosa (Lindl.) Benth. ex C. B. Clarke var. commelinoides (Fukuy.) F. Maek. (Orchidaceae) is first time reported from central Nepal as a new record to flora of Nepal. Detailed description, illustration and relevant notes are provided. Key words: Goodyera foliosa var. commelinoides; New record; Nepal. DOI: 10.3126/sw.v7i7.3824 Scientific World Vol.7(7) 2009 pp.47-48
Forest Composition, Fuelwood Harvest and Regeneration Status in Four Community Forests of Central Nepal
Authors: Subedi Ghanashyam , Khatiwada Binod , Bhattarai Sandesh , Acharya Kamal Prasad
Published: October 2010

Present study aims to explore forest composition, fuelwood harvest and regeneration status in two community forests of central Nepal. We carried out our study in different periods of 2007 and 2008. Household surveys were conducted to find the condition of fuelwood harvest and people dependency on community forest. Community forests of Nawalparasi districts are dominated by Shorea robusta whereas community forests of Syanja district are dominated by Castanopsis indica and Schima wallichii with highest IVI value. Percapita fuelwood consumption and domestic animals are higher in Nawalparasi district than in Syanja district. Grasses are the main source of fodder in Nawalparasi district whereas trees in Syanja district. Farmland is the main source for fodder in both the districts but even higher in Syanja district. For fuelwood people depend on forest than the farmland. Dominant tree species in Patapati Lulpani Community Forest (PLCF) showed reverse J-shaped size class distribution indicating sustainable regeneration whereas dominant tree species in Gamtam Community Forest (GCF), Dhuseri Community Forest (DCF) and Bhedawari Community Forest (BCF) showed poor regeneration status. Key words: Community forest; Forest composition; Fuelwood harvest; Regeneration. DOI: 10.3126/sw.v7i7.3826 Scientific World Vol.7(7) 2009 pp.53-58
Antagonistic Study of Lantana camara (Linn) against with Pathogenic Bacteria
Authors: Vaidya Geeta Shrestha , Bhattarai Nabin
Published: October 2010

A research work of antagonistic effect of water solvent and organic solvent (Ethanol of different concentration 50 % and 100 %) of extracts of Lantana camara were studied against with pathogenic fifteen strains of bacteria.Among fifteen species, of bacteria most of them were inhibited by L.camara extracts and only two species such as Klebsella oxytoca and Klebsella pneumoniae did not showed antibacterial activity with same extract with same concentration. Extracts obtained from the organic solvent and water solvent showed the different antagonistic properties with the same bacterial strains. Those bacterial strains which were inhibited their growth by water solvent could not inhibited by organic solvent extracts. This depends on presence of polar and non-polar bioactive compounds in the extracts. It also depends on polar and non-polar solvents used for the plant extract. Organic solvent extracts showed antibacterial effect towards Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus sp., Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus thurengiensis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis and water solvent extracts showed antibacterial effect towards Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus sp., Citrobacter frundi, Proteus sp., Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Salmonella paratyphie, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella dysenteria. Both solvent extracts showed high antibacterial effect towards Staph aureus, Staphylococcus sp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Both plant extracts showed selective antibacterial effect with different strains of bacteria, which shows that these are confined to cure the same bacterial diseases. Key words: Lantana camara; Pathogenic bacteria; Antimicrobial; Organic and water solvent; Concentration. DOI: 10.3126/sw.v7i7.3828 Scientific World Vol.7(7) 2009 pp.64-67
Characterization of Muskdeer Hair & Identification of Muscone using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Rijal Jiwan PD , Shakya Birendra R , Jha Dinesh K , Shakya Hirdaya R , Thapa Nirajan
Published: October 2010

Muscone is a precious product of Musk deer. The identification of alleged muscone in illegal trade is a demanding job for expert. Muskdeer hair characteristics were observed and GC/MS based muscone identification effective protocol was established in this study. Keywords: Illegal trade; Muskpod; Musk deer hair; Muscone identification; GC/MS. DOI: 10.3126/sw.v7i7.3829 Scientific World Vol.7(7) 2009 pp.68-70
Species Diversity and Distribution Pattern of Grassland and Cultivated Land Species in Upper Manang, Nepal Trans-Himalayas
Authors: Bhatta Kuber Prasad , Chaudhary Ram Prasad
Published: October 2010

One of the easiest and the most common way to estimate the biological diversity at a place is to enumerate the organisms at species level, which helps to find the basic patterns of biodiversity at the place. A sound knowledge on floristic composition of particular area is essential to understand the resources, their sustainable use and conservation purposes. Altogether 600 specimens were collected from the Upper Manang area covering an elevation gradient of 2600m to 5200m from sea level, and of which 220 species belonging to 138 genera and 50 families were identified up to species level and used to estimate species richness. Of the total identified species, greatest diversity was found within the families Compositae and Labiatae, comprising 14 and 11 genera, respectively. Similarly, the greatest species diversity was found within the genera Potentilla (12 species) and Primula (6 species). Second order polynomial regression showed unimodal pattern of species richness along elevation gradient, showing greatest species richness between 3500m to 4000m altitude, whereas no any angiosperm species was encountered beyond 5100m. Key words: Species diversity; Grassland; Cultivated land; Manang. DOI: 10.3126/sw.v7i7.3831 Scientific World Vol.7(7) 2009 pp.76-79
Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants used by Tharu Community of Parroha VDC, Rupandehi District, Nepal
Authors: Acharya Rajendra , Acharya Kamal Prasad
Published: October 2010

The indigenous knowledge on medicinal plants is gaining recognition worldwide because of its support in discovery of new medicines and its importance for proper conservation of biodiversity. Present study aims to explore the ethnobotanical information on medicinal plants used by Tharu community of Pahhoha VDC of Rupandehi district. The study was conducted during different periods of the year 2007. Informations on plant and plant parts uses were collected interviewing key informants using semi-structured open-ended questionnaire. Altogether 45 different plant species of plants belonging to 31 families and 42 genera were documented and majority of them are trees. In terms of plant and plant parts use, seed or fruits and leaf are in top priorities. These plants are used to treat different ailments ranging from gastro-intestinal to headache and fever, respiratory tract related problems to dermatological problems, snake bite to ophthalmic and cuts and wounds. Easy access to modern medicines and less recognition of traditional healers are the main causes leading to decrease in interest of young generation in the use of traditional medicinal practices. Keywords: Ethnobotany; Medicinal plants; Parroha VDC; Tharu. DOI: 10.3126/sw.v7i7.3832 Scientific World Vol.7(7) 2009 pp.80-84
Non-timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in the Sagarmatha National Park, Nepal Himalaya
Authors: Bhattarai Krisha R , Shrestha Bharat B , Lekhak Hari D
Published: October 2010

Present study was conducted to explore and document the non-timber forest products (NTFPs) in the Sagarmatha National Park (SNP) Nepal Himalaya, and to assess their conservation status. The field data was collected from June 21 to July 15, 2004. Primary information of NTFPs was based on Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) which included field observation, interviews and focus group discussion. Altogether 103 species of NTFPs belonging to 40 families and 74 genera, used for food, firewood, fodder, buildings construction, incense, and medicines were recorded from the study area. Out of them, 21 species were found to be dominant, 29 species abundant, 35 species common, 14 not so common and 4 species rare. Furthermore, 17 species of lichens belonging to six families and eight genera were also recorded. Impact on the vegetation was mostly due to the disturbance by tourism, animal grazing, building of houses, fuel wood and timber collection. Ecological study of the representative NTFPs showed that number of medicinal plants was comparatively low in all the areas investigated. Arenaria sp., Rhododendron sp., Juniperus sp., Abies spectabilis., Pinus wallichiana., Betula utilis, Lyonia ovalifolia., Arundinaria sp., Zanthoxylum armatum., Dactylorhiza hatagirea, Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora, Ferns, Mushrooms, etc. have been found to be directly or indirectly affected by tourists and guides/porters. Key words: Sagarmatha; NTFPs; Conservation status; Impact; Tourism. DOI: 10.3126/sw.v7i7.3833 Scientific World Vol.7(7) 2009 pp.85-91
The Fleshy Fungi, Sparassis crispa (Basidiomycetes: Polyporales) from Nepal
Authors: Devkota Shiva
Published: October 2010

A cauliflower mushroom, collected at the bases of oak and conifers in different localities of Langtang National Park, Central Nepal is identified as Sparassis crispa (Wulf.) Fr. The taxonomic approach has been made here along with distribution notes. Key words: Sparassis; Taxonomy; Langtang; Distribution; Edible mushrooms. DOI: 10.3126/sw.v7i7.3835 Scientific World Vol.7(7) 2009 pp.94-95
Heat of Mixing of some Binary Liquid Alloys
Authors: Kanth BK , Chakrabarti SK
Published: October 2010

There are a large number of binary liquid alloys the thermodynamic properties of mixing of which are not symmetrical about the equi-atomic composition-deviating maximally from those of the ideal alloys. Here we have considered three such alloys-indium-sodium, cadmium-sodium and copper-tin-and tried to calculate their heat of mixing at different concentrations of the ingredients. The liquidus lines of these alloys reveal that the constituent species form complexes. So, we have considered a quasi-lattice chemical model for computation of the thermodynamic entities. It is a statistical model in which grand partition function is used assuming that the energy of a given nearest neighbour bond is different if it belongs to the complex than if it does not. For each alloy we have started with the expression for excess free energy of mixing according to this model and computed the free energy of mixing for different concentrations of the metals within it by deriving the value of interaction parameters through successive approximation method. Thereafter, the expression for excess entropy of mixing is taken into account and the entropy of mixing is computed for different concentrations after finding out the temperature derivative of interaction parameters by the method of successive approximation. Finally the heat of mixing is calculated from these free energy of mixing and entropy of mixing on using the standard thermodynamic relation. The results explain the observed asymmetry in the heat of mixing of the said binary liquid alloys around equi-atomic composition. Key words : Binary liquid alloy; Quasi-lattice chemical model; Heat of mixing DOI: 10.3126/sw.v7i7.3836 Scientific World Vol.7(7) 2009 pp.96-99
Clarissa's Silence
Authors: Steele Kathryn L.
Published: October 2010

This article reconsiders interpretive struggle as a paradigm for Samuel Richardson's Clarissa and, in particular, for understanding the novel's eighteenth-century readers. Taking Clarissa as an exemplary character implies a reading strategy that understands female silence as modesty, piety, and passive obedience—an obedience to the idea of authority that nonetheless questions its abuse. I compare modern and eighteenth-century responses, using approaches to the rape as a way to identify significant differences in strategies of interpretation. I also find traces of one of these alternate strategies of interpretation in the use and circulation of religious texts. I argue that religious reading, with concurrent forms of silent response, is an influential implied reading strategy even as this alternate framework of interpretation is difficult, if not impossible, to perceive. Suggesting that we might re-evaluate our readings of Clarissa to consider her as a religious example, this essay meditates on the problem of shifting interpretive protocols.
“An Outlandish, Foreign-Made Englishman”: Aristocratic Oppression and Ethnic Anomaly in Caleb Williams
Authors: Bondhus Charlie
Published: October 2010

In William Godwin's novel Caleb Williams, the English Squire Falkland's decision to construct his identity in conformity with Italian honour codes not only debases his Englishness but also drives him to persecute his secretary Caleb Williams, who possesses a damning secret that could ruin the Squire's distinguished reputation. The embattled Caleb, who prides himself on his autonomy and English identity, is forced to disguise himself first as an Irish beggar and later as a Jewish peddler, facades that render him, like Falkland, an ethnically anomalous Englishman. The middle-class Caleb's ethnic destabilization at Falkland's hands suggests that Godwin, like many of his more conservative peers, is claiming that the continentally inflected malfeasance of the aristocracy corrupts the bourgeoisie in such a way that the very terms and privileges of Englishness are contested. In this way, Godwin's ostensible purpose of promoting a liberal model of human rights ultimately comes at the cost of reifying xenophobic fears about Italians, Jews, and the Irish.
Editing Eve: Rewriting the Fall in Austen's Persuasion and Inchbald's A Simple Story
Authors: Morillo John
Published: October 2010

Within the last two decades of the eighteenth century, Elizabeth Inchbald and Jane Austen both responded to the need to critique and rewrite the biblical story of the Fall and the stature of Eve in Christian Britain as a way to turn the romance novel towards feminist social criticism. In A Simple Story (1791) and Persuasion (1817) the Catholic Inchbald and the Anglican Austen, respectively, turn the novel into a forum for feminism and towards a recognizably Romantic method of inquiry. Each edits Eve, in characters such as Miss Milner, Lady Matilda, Louisa Musgrove, and Anne Elliot, in order to anatomize the fate of women in the fallen world. For each, the novel must rewrite the fall of woman if it is to rise above certain eighteenth-century limits and thereby modernize itself. Although they engage with the same Christian tradition, Austen more profoundly explores its ethical consequences, while Inchbald vividly dramatizes its psycho-sexual dynamic.
Performing Criticism during Cultural War: The Case of Voltaire's L'Écossaise (1760)
Authors: Connors Logan J.
Published: October 2010

By examining various criticisms of Voltaire's comedy L'Écossaise (1760), I explain how pamphlets and publication strategies altered dramatic performance. Instead of separating non-theatrical writing from dramatic texts, I underline how pamphlets emerged as part of the author's construction of a “theatrical event.” During the cultural battles of the mid-eighteenth century, participants sought to “ready” their public by any discursive means possible. This persuasive activity began before the premiere of plays, which were also attempts to push the spectator into thinking congruently with the author of the work. Drawing on reviews from members of both the philosophe and anti-philosophe camps, I highlight the ambiguity between pamphlet and dramatic text, playwright and polemicist, performance and “set up,” and finally, fiction writer and theatre critic.
On Candide, Catholics, and Freemasonry: How Fiction Disavowed the Loyalty Oaths of 1789–90
Authors: Douthwaite Julia V.
Published: October 2010

In the history of the French Revolution, the 14 July 1790 Festival of the Federation has the distinction of being the only event upon which everyone seems to agree, when people across the country unanimously supported the new nation. This article analyzes three of the best-known fictional accounts embroidered upon the festivities in order to demonstrate that literary analysis does more than generate what Daniel Gordon calls the “glow” of history. Literature allows us to “get it”: to get the jokes, the innuendoes, and the sarcasm relayed by contemporaries on socio-political issues of their day. Historians have detailed the elaborate physical land works and the propaganda campaign that prepared the site and the spectators of the July 1790 ceremonies; but Julie philosophe (1791), La Boussole nationale (1790), and L'Isle des philosophes (1790) depict the gossip and political jockeying that likely went on behind the scenes, and announce bedfellows that are rarely conjoined today: Voltairean wit, Catholicism, and Freemasonry.
Interactions between dislocations and interfaces – consequences for metal and ceramic plasticity
Authors: Priester Louisette , Couzinié Jean-Philippe , Décamps Brigitte , Lartigue-Korinek Sylvie
Published: October 2010

Interactions between dislocations and grain boundaries contribute significantly to plastic behaviour in polycrystalline metals. But a full understanding of the processes and of their influence on plastic response has yet to be achieved. In the present paper, the elementary interaction mechanisms, from the entrance of dislocations in grain boundaries to the relaxation of the resulting intergranular stresses, are briefly reviewed. They are examined for two types of deformation tests and two types of materials: low temperature deformation and relaxation in copper and creep behaviour of alumina. Only the comparison between the response at different scales (nanoscopic, microscopic and mesoscopic) allows us to analyse the response of grain boundaries to an applied stress and to propose an interpretation of their role in macroscopic behaviour. This work may be considered as a preliminary step towards “Interface Engineering”.