bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of habitat heterogeneity on epiedaphic Collembola (Arthropoda: Hexapoda) in a semiarid ecosystem in Northeast Brazil
Authors: Ferreira Aila Soares , Rocha Isabel Medeiros dos Santos , Bellini Bruno Cavalcante , Vasconcellos Alexandre
Published: May 2018

The spatial distribution of abiotic resources and environmental conditions can vary at small scales within terrestrial ecosystems, influencing the composition of soil fauna. Epiedaphic springtails (Collembola) of a semiarid Caatinga ecosystem were studied to determine if factors related to vegetation structure, such as species richness, aerial biomass, litterfall, and soil characteristics (pH, granulometry and soil organic matter), influence species richness and abundance of this group. A total of 5,513 individuals were collected of 15 species distributed in 13 genera and 9 families. The most abundant species wereTemeritassp., with 2,086 (38% of the total abundance) individuals, andNeotropiellameridionalis(Arlé, 1939), with 1,911 (35% of the total abundance) individuals. None of the variables in the regression model were significantly related to Collembola species richness, but abundance was significantly related to plant species richness, aerial biomass and soil pH. Thus, even at a small spatial scale, habitat heterogeneity influences the epiedaphic Collembola in the Caatinga ecosystem, especially their abundance.
Le dire du taire
Authors: Lani-Bayle Martine
Published: May 2018

Il est des domaines où le taire a mauvaise réputation, soupçonné de cacher un dire refusé ou signe d’un impossible à dire qui masquerait un problème psychique ou social. Et il serait bon, nécessaire, voire thérapeutique de forcer le dire là où il manque ou résiste. Il est d’autres domaines où le taire est imposé (« silence !!! »), par exemple à l’école où traditionnellement, un bon élève est un élève muet ou qui ne parle qu’après autorisation (doigt levé), juste pour dire en peu de mots la bonne réponse attendue ; à l’Armée (dite Grande Muette) où peut régner l’Omerta… Or, préconiser l’importance de la mise en mots dans la constitution des savoirs, tant personnels (premier cas) que savants ou avouables (second), ne nécessite pas de chasser le silence ou a contrario de rendre la parole obligatoire ; pas plus que prôner l’importance du dire ne nécessite de mettre qui que ce soit « sous écoute ». Si la parole est d’argent , constate avec sagesse le dicton, le silence est d’or .
Savoirs et ignorances du couple
Authors: Jaïtin Rosa
Published: May 2018

L’auteur travaille sur les difficultés qui se présentent dans la transmission des savoirs dans le cadre de la filiation culturelle, et qui sont dues à la dénégation des liens de filiation corporelle et familiale. La transmission de la filiation culturelle se réalise par le biais d’espaces de transition, de la même façon que la transmission corporelle et familiale advient par l’intermédiaire de contrats et de pactes narcissiques et dénégatifs qui ont des fonctions de liens intermédiaires. Quand la filiation familiale ou la filiation corporelle ne sont pas en condition d’assurer la continuité de la vie psychique, c’est la filiation culturelle qui l’assume. Une thérapie psychanalytique d’un couple mixte permet d’illustrer pourquoi la langue maternelle intervient comme un obstacle épistémologique pour les deux conjoints et dans le choix d’une analyste d’origine hispanique. Un choix qui permet le déploiement dans le champ transféro/contre-transférentiel des difficultés de transmission comme conséquences des traumatismes sociaux et familiaux et de comprendre ce qui a réuni le couple. C’est l’espoir de trouver en l’autre un gérant filiatif permettant de faire l’économie d’un regard sur les points aveugles d’une histoire personnelle marquée au fer dans le corps et dans le lien lui-même.
Le silence générationnel dans les familles et ses effets en périnatalité
Authors: Darchis Élisabeth
Published: May 2018

Dans certaines familles, la loi du silence organise des alliances aliénantes de génération en génération, pour éviter le retour de la honte ou de l’effroi traumatique. Mais le temps périnatal, période de nécessaires réaménagements psychiques, va tenter de réveiller cet héritage ancien maintenu sous silence. Des éléments en souffrance de symbolisation vont s’exprimer alors dans des effets fantôme, des bizarreries ou des délires, dont les contenus déguisés tentent de dire l’irreprésentable qui n’a pas été parlé autrefois. Cette période sera aussi une chance pour transformer le passé générationnel, notamment dans l’accompagnement psychanalytique de la famille.
Le déni de grossesse
Authors: Diet Anne-Lise
Published: May 2018

La notion de déni de grossesse recouvre des situations cliniques diverses, voire contradictoires. Cette notion dérive d’une conception strictement intrapsychique de la grossesse, une histoire intime qui ne concernerait que le corps de la femme, son auto-perception d’elle-même, et l’interprétation quelle peut en faire. Nous essaierons de montrer que la grossesse s’inscrit dans une groupalité qui y joue un rôle, comme aussi le poids de ce qui est transmis l’anthropologiquement et inconsciemment et qui pèse sur la représentation et la perception que la femme a de son corps.
Transmission par-delà les gènes : propos sur le don de gamètes dans différents cas de paternité
Authors: Mendes Nicolas , Pommier François , Condat Agnès
Published: May 2018

Les nouvelles techniques d’aide médicale à la procréation permettent d’offrir une réponse à la stérilité masculine depuis les années 1970. En parallèle à ces évolutions, des situations de stérilité nouvelles ont pu se faire connaître, telle celle des hommes transgenres, qui sont rencontrées en France par les centres de conservation des œufs et du sperme depuis les années 1990. Cette évolution invite à réfléchir aux enjeux de l’accès à une parentalité sans filiation biologique. À l’appui de trois vignettes cliniques qui interrogent précisément la question de la transmission au sein de la clinique du don de spermatozoïdes, les auteurs de cet article abordent le processus de parentalité articulé aux enjeux des questions de transmission. Il apparaît précieux de s’intéresser au motif amenant l’homme à demander un don de gamètes. Le don de spermatozoïdes peut imposer de reconsidérer les possibilités de la transmission selon la mythologie familiale. Les auteurs avancent l’importance de considérer la singularité de ces rencontres cliniques au regard de la créativité des ajustements inconscients observés.
Le processus d’accès à la parentalité par iad : fonction maternelle et fonction paternelle dans la parentalité lesbienne
Authors: Bapst Mylène , Razon Laure
Published: May 2018

Cet article propose une réflexion sur les spécificités de l’accès à la parentalité dans la famille lesbienne ayant recours à l’insémination avec donneur ( iad) . Dans une telle configuration dissociant les dimensions biologique, sociale, juridique et symbolique, comment se mettent en place la fonction maternelle et la métaphore paternelle dans une conception d’enfant incluant la nécessité d’un donneur-géniteur ? À partir d’une vignette clinique est mis au travail un questionnement autour du père œdipien, des identifications au couple parental et ce qui constitue le désir d’enfant et de grossesse de la mère de naissance. De même, cet article vise à mettre en lumière la place que peut occuper le donneur dans une iad . Donneur potentiellement mis en place de tiers imaginaire par la mère de naissance et contribuant ainsi à une ouverture possible à la métaphore paternelle.
Extension de l’ amp , questions éthiques et cliniques pour notre temps. Trois points de vue
Authors: Durif-Varembont Jean-Pierre , Rosenblum Ouriel
Published: May 2018

Les textes rassemblés ici présentent des points de vue complémentaires sur les enjeux sociétaux et éthiques soulevés par les progrès des techniques biomédicales et les évolutions juridiques concernant l’ amp . La vitrification d’ovocytes permet de préserver la fertilité des femmes dans trois situations : face au traitement stérilisant de certaines maladies, pour le don d’ovocytes d’une femme à une autre et pour « convenance personnelle ». Jean-Philippe Wolf en précise l’intérêt et les limites. Geneviève Delaisi de Parseval fournit des hypothèses pour mieux comprendre les résistances à donner leurs gamètes de la part de sujets qui sont pourtant au clair avec le fait qu’il ne s’agit pas de transmettre une filiation mais seulement de donner son hérédité de manière anonyme. En appui sur plusieurs situations précises, Charlotte Dudkiewicz-Sibony témoigne comment les « psys » des cecos fondent depuis quarante ans leur position en matière de gratuité et d’anonymat du don en s’appuyant sur l’écoute au quotidien des couples qui y sont accompagnés dans toute la complexité de leur demande et de leur désir. Les débats restent ouverts sur le maintien de l’anonymat du don, à propos des demandes de personnes transsexuelles et de l’accès à l’ amp des couples de même sexe.
Le Centre de Santé des femmes de Montréal d’hier à aujourd’hui. Des pratiques en mouvement
Authors: Mathieu Marie
Published: May 2018

Cet article revient sur l’action quotidienne d’un groupe de femmes qui a accompagné la bataille juridique pour le droit à l’avortement libre et gratuit pour toutes les femmes du Québec et qui en assure sa pratique depuis 1980 : le Centre de Santé des femmes de Montréal (CDSFM). S’appuyant sur le pan québécois d’une enquête doctorale sur la construction sociale des expériences contemporaines d’avortement, il donne à voir la manière dont se sont constitués le Centre et son service d’interruption de grossesse et présente les principes fondamentaux développés en son sein et leur traduction en actes. Enfin, il souligne les défis auxquels le CDSFM se trouve confronté depuis une vingtaine d’années. En effet, du fait de son institutionnalisation et d’évolutions récentes (la gratuité générale de l’avortement au Québec, tout comme l’individualisation et la médication croissante de la santé), le Centre se doit de repenser ses ancrages théoriques et ses pratiques pour pérenniser son activité.
The Bond between Positive and Normative Economics
Authors: Hausman Daniel M.
Published: May 2018

Cet article clarifie la nature des relations entre économie positive et économie normative standard. Dès lors que la rationalité peut être caractérisée par la satisfaction de conditions portant sur les choix et les préférences et qu’il est établit que les individus sont approximativement rationnels, il est possible pour les économistes d’utiliser la théorie de la rationalité pour expliquer les choix. S’il s’avère de plus que les individus sont, comme cela est souvent supposé en économie positive, essentiellement égoïstes et raisonnablement informés, alors leurs préférences peuvent être utilisées comme des indicateurs de leur niveau de bien-être. Par conséquent, la modélisation des choix et du bien-être en termes de préférences rationnelles permet d’unifier économie positive et économie normative. En expliquant les résultats du marché par le biais des choix individuels, en expliquant les choix par les préférences, et en supposant que les préférences sont des indicateurs du bien-être, les économistes s’intéressant aux problématiques relatives au bien-être peuvent ainsi développer une théorie normative reposant sur leur théorie positive. Cette approche standard de l’économie normative est confrontée à plusieurs difficultés, mais son unité et son lien avec l’économie positive la rendent également particulièrement attractive.
Boosts vs. Nudges from a Welfarist Perspective
Authors: Grüne-Yanoff Till
Published: May 2018

Cet article procède à une comparaison de deux formes de politiques comportementales, les boosts et les nudges , du point de vue des questions normatives auxquelles elles doivent répondre. Ces politiques s’inscrivent toutes les deux dans une perspective welfariste, i.e. elles veillent à respecter les attitudes subjectives et raisonnables des individus dans la détermination des jugements concernant le bien-être de chacun d’entre eux. Cependant, dans la mesure où ces deux formes de politiques comportementales affectent les comportements par des biais différents, leur adhésion au welfarisme n’induit pas les mêmes implications normatives. Les nudges affectent les comportements en agissant sur le contexte de choix en s’appuyant sur les résultats expérimentaux établissant une stabilité des relations entre les éléments du contexte et les comportements. Ce type d’intervention ne dépend pas du degré de compréhension ou de la participation active et volontaire des individus visés. Par conséquent, la justification des nudges repose sur la démonstration que l’intervention va permettre de corriger une erreur comportementale et effectivement mener à un meilleur résultat. Les boosts , quant à eux, affectent les comportements en améliorant les compétences des individus à la prise de décision via l’utilisation d’outils. Ce type d’intervention requiert la compréhension et la participation active et volontaire des sujets. Par conséquent, la justification des boosts ne dépend pas des questions normatives relatives à l’identification des erreurs ou à la détermination de l’amélioration effective du bien-être via l’intervention. Bien que les partisans des nudges puissent parfois répondre à ces difficultés normatives, il apparait que les boosts les évitent d’emblée. De ce point de vue, les boosts apparaissent préférables aux nudges .
Vehicular Cloud Computing
Authors: Kavitha T.
Published: May 2018

Cloud computing provides a way to avail hardware and software to provide services over the networks to users, whereas in mobile cloud computing, mobile devices are a part of cloud users and service providers. Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are developed with the help of mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) with the difference that the data are exchanged among mobile vehicles to enhance the road safety and traffic efficiency. VANETs safety applications includes traffic signal violation, curve speed warning, emergency brake lights, pre-crash sensing, collision warning, left turn assist, lane change warning, and stop sign assist. But due to the requirement of smaller size, one of the significant challenges of the vehicular network is the limited resource with respect to memory, computation power, and bandwidth. It leads to slow data processing capability. However, the demanding requirement of emerging application is complex computation with high storage capacity. This necessity can be fulfilled by sharing the available resource among all the vehicles which are in near proximity. It can be achieved by integrating the vehicular network with cloud computing which is called as vehicular cloud computing (VCC). VCC is a new technological shift that can take the advantages of cloud computing to afford the services to drivers of VANET. But VCC is still in early stage and due to its unique features and applications it has become a significant emerging research area which needs to be explored further.
V2V Communication Protocols in Cloud-Assisted Vehicular Networks
Authors: Eltahir Amal Ahmed , Saeed Rashid A.
Published: May 2018

Integration of vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) and cellular network is a promising architecture for future machine-to-machine applications. This integration helps the vehicles have steady internet connection through cellular network (i.e., LTE), and at same time communicate with other vehicles. However, dead spot areas and unsuccessful handoff processes due to the high speed of vehicles that can disrupt the implementation of this kind of architecture. In this chapter, simplified cluster-based gateway selection (SCGS) scheme for multi-hop relay in VANET network is proposed. The scheme is achieved by utilizing a new routing protocol called an enhanced hybrid wireless mesh protocol (E-HWMP). The simulations results show that SCGS scheme through E-HWMP protocol performed better than ad-hoc on demand distance vector (AODV) routing protocol. Furthermore, SCGS scheme through E-HWMP is compared with other cluster-based gateway selections used in the previous works; the result shows that SCGS scheme through E-HWMP protocol outperforms the other cluster-based gateway selections schemes.
Smart Vehicles for Traffic Management and Systems Using Cloud Computing
Authors: Thomas Ashish , Singal Gaurav , Kushwaha Riti
Published: May 2018

A vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is the network of mobile devices as well as stationary objects that can communicate with each other. This technology comprises of both vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) data transmission links. At present, vehicular mobility framework has a lot of limitations, which includes lack of real-time operations, frequent disconnects due to dynamic-restricted topology, tracking vehicle that break rules, lane-changes, exceed speed-limit, etc. These characteristics call for a new type of high class of protocol. This chapter presents a survey report on “smart traffic control” system that incorporates traffic-related parameters to further augment the control and management of vehicular movements on the roadways. This can support efficient management of traffic in the city, and cops can communicate with each other, get real-time, accurate, status update of the traffic, track the vehicular movements, etc. In addition, jam control mechanism can be placed on heavy traffic days to optimize the routes. This system introduces artificial intelligence (AI) that can optimize deployed of cops and find alternate routes for the driver to reach the destination address without much fuel consumption.
Role of Security Mechanisms in the Building Blocks of the Cloud Infrastructure
Authors: Mohan Kowsigan , Palanisamy P. Balasubramanie , Kanagachidambaresan G.R. , Rajesh Siddharth , Narendran Sneha
Published: May 2018

This chapter describes how security plays a vital role in cloud computing, as the name itself specifies the data can be stored from any place and can be owned by anyone. Even though the cloud offers many benefits such as flexibility, scalability and agility, security issues are still backlog the cloud infrastructure. Much research is being done on cloud security equal to the scheduling problems in the cloud environment. The customers under the cloud providers are very concerned about their data, which has been stored in the cloud environment. In this regard, it is essential for a cloud provider to implement some powerful tools for security, to provide a secure cloud infrastructure to the customers. Generally speaking, there are some foundational needs to be attained and some actions to be combined to ensure data security in both cloud, as well as, non-cloud infrastructure. This book chapter concentrates only on the security issues, security measures, security mechanisms, and security tools of the cloud environment.
Mobile Cloud Computing
Authors: Parkavi R  , Priyanka C  , Sujitha S.  , Sheik Abdullah A
Published: May 2018

Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) which combines mobile computing and cloud computing, has become one of the industry ring words and a major conversation thread in the IT world with an explosive development of the mobile applications and emerging of cloud computing idea, the MCC has become a possible technology for the mobile service users. The concepts of Cloud computing are naturally meshed with mobile devices to allow on-the-go functionalities and benefits. The mobile cloud computing is emerging as one of the most important branches of cloud computing and it is expected to expand the mobile ecosystems. As more mobile devices enter the market and evolve, certainly security issues will grow as well. Also, enormous growth in the variety of devices connected to the Internet will further drive security needs. MCC provides a platform where mobile users make use of cloud services on mobile devices. The use of MCC minimizes the performance, compatibility, and lack of resources issues in mobile computing environment.
Processing IoT Data
Authors: Pramanik Pijush Kanti Dutta , Pal Saurabh , Brahmachari Aditya , Choudhury Prasenjit
Published: May 2018

This chapter describes how traditionally, Cloud Computing has been used for processing Internet of Things (IoT) data. This works fine for the analytical and batch processing jobs. But most of the IoT applications demand real-time response which cannot be achieved through Cloud Computing mainly because of inherent latency. Fog Computing solves this problem by offering cloud-like services at the edge of the network. The computationally powerful edge devices have enabled realising this idea. Witnessing the exponential rise of IoT applications, Fog Computing deserves an in-depth exploration. This chapter establishes the need for Fog Computing for processing IoT data. Readers will be able to gain a fair comprehension of the various aspects of Fog Computing. The benefits, challenges and applications of Fog Computing with respect to IoT have been mentioned elaboratively. An architecture for IoT data processing is presented. A thorough comparison between Cloud and Fog has been portrayed. Also, a detailed discussion has been depicted on how the IoT, Fog, and Cloud interact among them.
Ontology Based Feature Extraction From Text Documents
Authors: Abirami A.M  , Askarunisa A.  , Shiva Shankari R A  , Revathy R.
Published: May 2018

This article describes how semantic annotation is the most important need for the categorization of labeled or unlabeled textual documents. Accuracy of document categorization can be greatly improved if documents are indexed or modeled using the semantics rather than the traditional term-frequency model. This annotation has its own challenges like synonymy and polysemy in the document categorization problem. The model proposes to build domain ontology for the textual content so that the problems like synonymy and polysemy in text analysis are resolved to greater extent. Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), the topic modeling technique has been used for feature extraction from the documents. Using the domain knowledge on the concept and the features grouped by LDA, the domain ontology is built in the hierarchical fashion. Empirical results show that LDA is the better feature extraction technique for text documents than TF or TF-IDF indexing technique. Also, the proposed model shows improvement in the accuracy of document categorization when domain ontology built using LDA has been used for document indexing.
Amelioration of Big Data Analytics by Employing Big Data Tools and Techniques
Authors: Dass Stephen , Prabhu J.
Published: May 2018

This chapter describes how in the digital data era, a large volume of data became accessible to data science engineers. With the reckless growth in networking, communication, storage, and data collection capability, the Big Data science is quickly growing in each engineering and science domain. This paper aims to study many numbers of the various analytics ways and tools which might be practiced to Big Data. The important deportment in this paper is step by step process to handle the large volume and variety of data expeditiously. The rapidly evolving big data tools and Platforms have given rise to numerous technologies to influence completely different Big Data portfolio.In this paper, we debate in an elaborate manner about analyzing tools, processing tools and querying tools for Big datahese tools used for data analysis Big Data tools utilize numerous tasks, like Data capture, storage, classification, sharing, analysis, transfer, search, image, and deciding which might also apply to Big data.
Identification and Categorization of Disruptive Innovations According to the Strategic Scope of the Firm
Authors: Sabourin Vincent
Published: May 2018

The concept of innovation has for a long time been considered as the drive behind the ever-changing positions and functioning of the global community. Since the beginning of twenty-first century, creative individuals and entrepreneurs have without influence declined to accept the existing products and services as being the ultimate solution to challenges the society faces. This scholarly analysis builds on the theory of disruptive innovation to categorize and analyze the impact of disruptive innovations on key sectors of an economy in terms of their impact on the strategies and commercialization from a sectorial perspective. This analysis offers insightful information in terms of disruptive innovations which can be categorized into market-driven, product-driven, and competency-driven disruptive innovations.
Inclusive Disruption
Authors: Smirnova Oksana , Korovkin Vladimir , Plaksenkov Evgeny
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses the important socioeconomic role of financial technologies in the emerging market which is Russia today. While the issues of financial inclusion are of recognized importance for the developing markets, until recently they were seen largely as areas of affirmative regulatory action, not of competitive play by private market actors. However, the advent of fintech companies changes the paradigm. Many fintech companies in Russia view the gaps in financial inclusion as attractive market niches and formulate relevant consumer offers. This chapter reviews their strategic approaches based on the study of five business cases, and introduces an analytical matrix mapping the approaches to existing inclusivity gaps. The model strengthens the existing policy aimed at developing financial inclusion as it allows a targeted cost-benefit analysis of market players' actions. As Russia demonstrates many of the financial inclusivity challenges seen in other countries, the findings of this chapter have certain applicability in the context of both emerging and advanced economies.
The Impacts of Peer-to-Peer Lodging Platform on the Traditional Lodging Industry
Authors: Zhuplev Anatoly , Dell Jonathan , Doby DaVion , Tillipman Joshua
Published: May 2018

The chapter presents a comparative analysis of trends in the peer-to-peer lodging and their impacts on the lodging industry of the metropolitan regions of the Greater Los Angeles, California, USA, and Southern Europe (Athens, Greece; Barcelona, Spain; and Vienna, Austria). The main research question is whether the emerging peer-to-peer lodging platforms, part of the exploding sharing economy, are competitive or complementary to the traditional lodging industry. Data was obtained from secondary research and collected in 24 field interviews. The study found variations in the complementarity/competitiveness equilibrium, depending on the market segment in hospitality industry and regulatory environment. The chapter draws recommendations for hotel competitiveness.
The Power of Monsanto's Stone
Authors: Afonso José Manuel
Published: May 2018

There is no point in rushing because, in fact, people are going nowhere in particular. No matter how arduous the observation, in a slow and difficult sequence, people are always in the same place: in the countryside. There, people were yesterday and will be tomorrow. The landscape is a singularity with no limits: each tree, each granite boulder, each course presents infinite perspectives indistinguishable from each other. Sustainable landscape will be a mandatory topic in the twenty-first century and will influence the interventions in open spaces. These new paradigms will allow a healthier environment, where the relation of architecture and environmental comfort is present. In this sense, the chapter addresses aspects of the environment in its relationship with living culture; studies construction techniques with a lower environmental impact; and develops adaptative strategies of “sustainable project” for ordering and appropriation of habitable space according to the principles of cultural, economic, and environmental preservation.
A Novel Approach to Studying Cultural Landscapes at the Watershed Level
Authors: Balsas Carlos José Lopes
Published: May 2018

Watersheds are natural-ecological regions characterized by a strong sense of unity. In contrast to the current administrative jurisdictions, watersheds form natural units guided by common hydrological, climatic, and, increasingly, cultural landscape planning mechanisms. The main purpose of this chapter is to shed light on a novel approach to using watersheds to inventory, preserve, and promote cultural landscape resources. The Hudson River region of New York (USA) is examined to assess the formation, evolution, and preservation of cultural landscape resources between New York City (south) and the state capital, Albany (north). It includes mixed methods, combining literature reviews on regional planning, professional practice, and multi-scalar governance with selected case study analysis and the assessment of policy priorities. The significance of this research is in the application of a novel cultural landscape resources planning approach to the study of the Hudson River region of New York.
The Impact of IoT on Information Warfare
Authors: van Niekerk Brett , Pretorius Barend H. , Ramluckan Trishana , Patrick Harold
Published: May 2018

The Fourth Industrial Revolution is seen as a digital one, extending the previous information revolution. This is exhibited by the pervasive connectivity of many smart devices, known as the internet of things (IoT). The data generated and access created by these devices provides opportunities in an information warfare context by providing new avenues of attack and abilities to enhance existing capabilities. Recent cyber-attacks have illustrated the relevance of IoT to cyber-operations. However, IoT can influence information warfare through the use of drones, the extent of network-centric operations, and other factors. The major impact of IoT is the increased attack surface and techniques available, and opportunities for data gathering.
The Different Aspects of Information Security Education
Authors: Fernando Suchinthi
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses the importance of information security education for everyone, ranging from organizations to professionals and students, all the way through to individual users of information and communication systems. It discusses the different subject areas in information security and shows how instead of being intimidated by it, different categories of users can obtain varying depths of information security education based on their cyber-activities and need for knowledge. Information security professionals would require an in-depth knowledge in all aspects of information security, and information technology professionals and students would require an overall education in these areas, while most users of information and communication systems would only require a basic education to help protect their information assets in cyberspace.
Beware!
Authors: Hai-Jew Shalin
Published: May 2018

Cautionary tales are structured stories that describe protagonists who are faced with critical decisions and often take wrong turns and suffer for it, sometimes irretrievably; these tales warn people of dangers. In cybersecurity communications, cautionary tales are an integral part of the strategic messaging. This chapter explores the uses of multimodal cautionary tales in strategic cybersecurity communications, in a convenience sampling of the following: mass-scale search terms, academic and mass media text sets, social imagery, related tags networks, and social video. This work identifies their strengths and weaknesses in suggesting methods for promoting personal cybersecurity safety. Some suggestions for higher efficacy in cybersecurity cautionary tales are suggested, in light of the advent of the Fourth Industrial Revolution.
Terrorism in the Age of Information
Authors: Korstanje Maximiliano Emanuel , Scribano Adrian , Timmermann Freddy Alex
Published: May 2018

While a lot of studies focus on the contours of cybercrime and cyber terrorism as well as their effects in daily lives, less attention has been given to the use of ICT by terrorists. In fact, through the ebbs and flows of technology, the society of information seems to develop a particular vulnerability to the fear instilled by terrorism. This particularly reveals a paradox because the original technology, which was oriented to make of our lives safer, is used by terrorist cells to inspire a terror-driven atmosphere, which only nourishes intolerance and ethnocentrism. The authors, in this review chapter, discuss critically the cutting-edge role of technology in the struggle against terrorism.
Cybersecurity Risks and Automated Maritime Container Terminals in the Age of 4IR
Authors: Beaumont Peter
Published: May 2018

This chapter presents a case study of automated maritime container terminals (CTs). It has the aim of demonstrating that the risks derived from the use of technology associated with the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) are both real and dangerous. The work explains the critical function of CTs in the global supply chain and outlines the economic and social consequences that could result if their operations were to be disrupted. The motivations of a range of threat-actors are presented, and it is established that there are feasible scenarios in which any one of the major threat-actor categories may wish to cause disruption at CTs. The vulnerabilities of yard cranes are investigated, and it is concluded that there are likely to be exploitable vulnerabilities in the industrial control system (ICS) networks used on these cranes. The chapter argues that many CT operations are likely to be exposed to significant cyber-based risks and that this exposure will increase with the roll-out of further 4IR technologies unless appropriate control measures are implemented.
Mobile Security in Low-Income Households' Businesses
Authors: Chummun Bibi Zaheenah
Published: May 2018

A wide range of technologies impinges on all disciplines including financial services in this era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The deployment and security of mobile phones have considerably increased financial services access such as mobile money to the low-income households in developing African markets recently. The financial services that were once randomly accessible to those financially excluded have now become a potential pathway to enhance financial inclusion in allowing the low-income households to transact through mobile financial services in a more speedy, reliable, and secure manner. However, many security challenges remain to be addressed to promote a more inclusive mobile financial system. This chapter focuses on mobile devices security landscape and unprecedented security breaches by cyber criminals and how those threats can be mitigated in a view to promote financial inclusion in the mobile financial services sector of emerging African markets in the midst of the Fourth Industrial Revolution.
A Comparative Study for Locating Critical Failure Surface in Slope Stability Analysis via Meta-Heuristic Approach
Authors: Singh Jayraj , Verma A. K. , Banka Haider
Published: May 2018

Locating critical failure surface in a rock or soil slope is performed in stability analysis to access the optimal safe design of the slope. Finding the critical failure surface associated with a minimum factor of safety value in slope stability analysis is very cumbersome and becomes a global optimization problem in the field of geotechnical and mining engineering. The presence of many local minimal points in the search space and discontinuous function made this factor of safety margin big and proves to be a chief constraint global optimization problem. In this chapter, some meta-heuristic techniques such as genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimization algorithm are adopted for analyzing the critical failure surface. A comparative study has been done to analyze safety factor for the slope stability analysis. The outcome result acquires acceptable performance over existing methods and confirms the higher slope stability analysis. The validation and simulation design of the proposed methodology will be investigated by using “slide-tool” from rock science engineering.
Flood Forecasting and Uncertainty Assessment Using Wavelet- and Bootstrap-Based Neural Networks
Authors: Tiwari Mukesh Kumar , Chatterjee Chandranath
Published: May 2018

Accurate and reliable forecasting of flood is inevitable for flood control planning and rehabilitation. There are several models available for flood forecasting, but as far as accuracy, reliability, and data scarcity are concerned, soft computing techniques (e.g., artificial neural networks) have been found to achieve the target. A wavelet-, bootstrap-, and neural-network-based framework (BWANN) is presented here for flood forecasting. Performance comparison of the proposed BWANN model is presented with wavelet-based ANN (WANN), wavelet-based MLR (WMLR), bootstrap- and wavelet-analysis-based multiple linear regression models (BWMLR), traditional ANN, and traditional multiple linear regression (MLR) models for flood forecasting. For development of WANN models, original time series data is decomposed using wavelet transformation, and wavelet sub-time series are considered to develop WANN model. A comparative analysis is carried out among different approaches of WANN model development using wavelet sub-time series.
Improvement of RSM Prediction and Optimization by Using Box-Cox Transformation
Authors: Çırak Mustafa
Published: May 2018

Electrocoagulation can be effectively used in the elimination of the colloids from the tailings of the mineral industries. Owing to the numerous operational parameters of this physicochemical process, the best engineering technique for the characterization of the process is RSM. In this chapter, a non-transformed quadratic model is firstly formed considering the supernatant turbidity of the electrocoagulation experiments as a function of temperature, pH, and electrical current. Then, the non-normality and the heteroscedasticity of this initial model was indicated. These drawbacks were improved by using the Box-Cox transformation with λ of -0.32 and a new model with a perfect normality and homoscedasticity was obtained. The R2 value increased from 81.60% to 99.48% and adjusted R2 increased from 48.48% to 99.22% upon the transformation. According to the confirmed optimization results of the Box-Cox transformed model, the maximum desirability was obtained at pH of 5, temperature of 85°C, and electrical current of 0.25A, and the supernatant turbidity decreased down to 2.25 NTU.
Multi-Objective Optimization of Slope Stability Using Wedge Analysis and Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Das Sarat Kumar
Published: May 2018

Slope stability of different waste containment systems is a matter of serious concern due to its impact on air, land, and water pollution, affecting human and aquatic lives. It has been observed that most of the waste containment slope failures are translational failure. In this chapter, the slope stability analysis of the waste containment is discussed with translational failure (wedge analysis) in single and multi-objective optimization framework using genetic algorithm (GA). Non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) is found to efficient in developing the Pareto front in terms of factor of safety (FOS), height of embankment, and volume of the failed slope. The FOS decreased with increase in height of the slope and the volume of the slope also increased. The optimized slope in terms of different slope angle and with seismic coefficients is also discussed. Such a study will help the professional in deciding the height of the slope as per the FOS in a specified seismic zone.
Optimization of Pile Groups Under Vertical Loads Using Metaheuristic Algorithms
Authors: Öser Cihan , Temür Rasim
Published: May 2018

Construction of foundations on soft/loose soil deposits causes some big problems in geotechnical engineering. The vertical loads can cause failure and/or extreme settlement in soft/loose soil deposit. Constructing piles under foundations to transfer the loads to stiff soil layer is one of the widely used solutions to prevent these problems. The interaction between the piles in a group of piles is described as “group efficiency” and this interaction causes the reduction in the load-bearing capacity of the piles. For a safe and economical design, optimization must be done to estimate the optimum number of piles in the group. This chapter aims to investigate the robustness of commonly used optimization algorithms and determine the most efficient algorithms for pile group optimization problems. Consequently, the proposed methods are going to help engineers to make fast, safe, and economical designs for pile groups under vertical foundation loads. In this chapter, bearing capacities and optimization of bored pile groups constructed in soft soils are discussed.
Robust Design of Helicopter Rotor Flaps Using Bat Algorithm
Authors: Mallick Rajnish , Ganguli Ranjan
Published: May 2018

The objective of this chapter is to determine an optimal trailing edge flap configuration and flap location to achieve minimum hub vibration levels and flap actuation power simultaneously. An aeroelastic analysis of a soft in-plane four-bladed rotor is performed in conjunction with optimal control. A second-order polynomial response surface based on an orthogonal array (OA) with 3-level design describes both the objectives adequately. Two new orthogonal arrays called MGB2P-OA and MGB4P-OA are proposed to generate nonlinear response surfaces with all interaction terms for two and four parameters, respectively. A multi-objective bat algorithm (MOBA) approach is used to obtain the optimal design point for the mutually conflicting objectives. MOBA is a recently developed nature-inspired metaheuristic optimization algorithm that is based on the echolocation behaviour of bats. It is found that MOBA inspired Pareto optimal trailing edge flap design reduces vibration levels by 73% and flap actuation power by 27% in comparison with the baseline design.
Selection of Representative Feature Training Sets With Self-Organized Maps for Optimized Time Series Modeling and Prediction
Authors: McCarthy Elizabeth , Deo Ravinesh C. , Li Yan , Maraseni Tek
Published: May 2018

While the simulation of stochastic time series is challenging due to their inherently complex nature, this is compounded by the arbitrary and widely accepted feature data usage methods frequently applied during the model development phase. A pertinent context where these practices are reflected is in the forecasting of drought events. This chapter considers optimization of feature data usage by sampling daily data sets via self-organizing maps to select representative training and testing subsets and accordingly, improve the performance of effective drought index (EDI) prediction models. The effect would be observed through a comparison of artificial neural network (ANN) and an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models incorporating the SOM approach through an inspection of commonly used performance indices for the city of Brisbane. This study shows that SOM-ANN ensemble models demonstrate competitive predictive performance for EDI values to those produced by ARIMA models.
Soil Cation Exchange Capacity Predicted by Learning From Multiple Modelling
Authors: Khatibi Rahman , Ghorbani Mohammad Ali , Jani Rasoul , Servati Moslem
Published: May 2018

Prediction models of cation exchange capacity (CEC) in soil management is investigated by using artificial intelligence for a balanced approach between advantageous CEC-rich and negative CEC-deficient soil conditions. The modelling strategy formed here comprises: (1) artificial neural networks based on feedforward multi-layer perceptron (MLP) and their backpropagation using Levenburg-Marquardt (LM) algorithm; (2) FireFly algorithm (FFA) to replace LM; (3) learn the dependency of CEC on soil characteristics (clay, silt, sand, gypsum, organic matter) by both models to produce outputs; and (4) feed these outputs as inputs to support vector machine using the least squares algorithms (SVM-LS) together with observed values as target values. This is referred to as multiple models (MM-SVM) strategy. The results of a study area with 380 soil samples collected from different horizons of 80 soil profiles show that the learning by MM-SVM is considerable and capable of reducing inherent uncertainty with benefits to CEC soil management by reducing uncertainty due to solution methods.
Usage of Differential Evolution Algorithm in the Calibration of Parametric Rainfall-Runoff Modeling
Authors: Okkan Umut , Gedik Nuray , Uysal Halil
Published: May 2018

In recent years, global optimization algorithms are used in many engineering applications. Calibration of certain parameters at conceptualization of hydrological models is one example of these. An important issue in interpreting the effects of climate change on the basin depends on selecting an appropriate hydrological model. Not only climate change impact assessment studies, but also many water resources planning studies refer to such modeling applications. In order to obtain reliable results from these hydrological models, calibration phase of the models needs to be done well. Hence, global optimization methods are utilized in the calibration process. In this chapter, the differential evolution algorithm (DEA), which has rare application in the hydrological modeling literature, was explained. As an application, the use of the DEA algorithm in the hydrological model calibration phase was mentioned. DYNWBM, a lumped model with five parameters, was selected as the hydrological model. The calibration and then validation period performances of the DEA based DYNWBM model were tested and also compared with other global optimization algorithms. According to the results derived from the study, hydrological model appropriately reflects the rainfall-runoff relation of basin for both periods.
Dynamics of Public Expenditure on Defense and Economic Growth Pattern in Developed and Developing Countries
Authors: Sinha Madhabendra , Chaudhury Anjan Ray , Sengupta Partha Pratim
Published: May 2018

Endogenous growth theories refer that public spending has a considerable bearing on economic growth. Rise in public spending retards rate of economic growth. As the economic structure across the developed and developing countries varies significantly, the effect of public spending on non-productive activities may differ across these countries. In this context, the authors develop a comparative study for looking at the dynamic relationship between public expenditure on defense activities and pattern of economic growth between developing and developed countries across the globe over the period 1960-2015. Using data from SIPRI and World Bank, the authors invoke the panel data regression with panel co-integration test followed by panel VAR. Findings indicate that developed countries have positive impact of defense spending on growth, and the relationship is bi-directional, whereas the impact is found to be negative in developing nations.
The Impact of Military Spending on Economic Development
Authors: Chakraborty Saptarshi
Published: May 2018

Some countries spend a relatively large percentage of GDP on their militaries in order to preserve or secure their status as global powers. Others do so because they are ruled by military governments or aggressive regimes that pose a military threat to their neighbors or their own populations. It is debatable whether there is a causal relationship between military spending and economic growth in the economy. It is again a policy debate how much to allocate funds for civilian and how much for military expenditure. Under these puzzling results of the impact of military expenditure on economic growth which is frequently found to be non-significant or negative, yet most countries spend a large fraction of their GDP on defense and the military. The chapter tries to investigate the relationship between military spending and economic growth in India. It also sees whether external threats, corruption, and other relevant controls have any causal effect. This chapter obtains that additional expenditure on Indian military in the presence of additional threat is significantly detrimental to growth implying that India cannot afford to fight or demonstrate power at the cost of its development.