bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Confounding Conventional Wisdom: Political not Principled Differences in the Transatlantic Regulatory Relationship
Authors: Young Alasdair R.
Published: October 2009

The transatlantic complaints over hormone-treated beef and genetically modified organisms before the World Trade Organisation (WTO) seem to confirm two separate but related conventional wisdoms about the transatlantic economic relationship: that it is highly conflictual and that many of the conflicts are rooted in profoundly different approaches to regulation. This article argues that neither of the two conventional wisdoms is accurate. Rather, it contends that they are products of two, compounding analytical shortcomings: one methodological, one empirical. The methodological shortcoming takes the form of an implicit selection bias. While WTO complaints are high profile they are rare and extreme examples; it is, therefore, unsound to generalise from them to the regulatory relationship as a whole. The empirical shortcoming has to do with neither the beef hormones nor the GMO dispute demonstrating what it is purported to. The article thus serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of relying on obvious cases and the need to question whether evidence really does support a prevailing popular narrative.
Tracing Foreign Policy Decisions: A Study of Citizens' Use of Heuristics
Authors: Johns Robert
Published: October 2009

Public opinion researchers agree that citizens use simplifying heuristics to reach real, stable preferences. In domestic policy, the focus has been on citizens delegating judgement to opinion leaders, notably political parties. By contrast, citizens have been held to deduce foreign policy opinions from their own values or principles. Yet there is ample scope for delegation in the foreign policy sphere. In this exploratory study I use a ‘process-tracing’ method to test directly for delegation heuristic processing in university students' judgements on the Iranian nuclear issue. A substantial minority sought guidance on foreign policy decisions, either from parties, international actors or newspapers. This was not always simple delegation; some used such heuristics within more complex decision-making processes. However, others relied on simple delegation, raising questions about the ‘effectiveness’ of their processing.
THE ELUSIVENESS OF POETIC MEANING
Authors: Lamarque Peter
Published: October 2009

Various aspects of poetic meaning are discussed, centred on the relation of form and content. A C Bradley's thesis of form‐content identity, suitably reformulated, is defended against criticisms by Peter Kivy. It is argued that the unity of form‐content is not discovered in poetry so much as demanded of it when poetry is read ‘as poetry’. A shift of emphasis from talking about ‘meaning’ in poetry to talking about ‘content’ is promoted, as is a more prominent role for ‘experience’ in characterising responses to poetry and its value. It is argued that the key to poetic meaning lies less in a theory of meaning, more in a theory of poetry, where what matters are modes of reading poetry. Content‐identity in poetry is said to be ‘interest‐relative’ such that no absolute answer, independent of the interests of the questioner, can determine when a poem and a paraphrase have the same content. Interpretation of poetry need not focus exclusively on meaning, but on ways in which the experience of a poem can be heightened.
FICTIONAL FORM AND SYMPHONIC STRUCTURE: AN ESSAY IN COMPARATIVE AESTHETICS
Authors: Kivy Peter
Published: October 2009

It is agreed on all hands that both fictional narratives and the familiar genres of classical music possess an inner structure that both can be perceived and be appreciated aesthetically. It is my argument here that this inner structure plays a crucially different role in fictional narrative than it does in classical music, confining myself here to ‘absolute music’ (which is to say, pure instrumental music without text, programme, dramatic setting, or other ‘extra‐musical’ content). The argument, basically, is that whereas the sophisticated listener to the absolute music repertory is keenly, consciously aware of the inner structure, the sophisticated reader of fictional narrative, the principal exemplar being the novel, is not so aware. Therefore, whereas musical structure directly contributes to aesthetic satisfaction, narrative structure contributes only indirectly (which is not to deny that, at times, the reader is consciously aware of narrative structure, and that, at such times, it does contribute directly to aesthetic satisfaction).
Carnivore biodiversity in Tanzania: revealing the distribution patterns of secretive mammals using camera traps
Authors: Pettorelli N. , Lobora A. L. , Msuha M. J. , Foley C. , Durant S. M.
Published: October 2009

Biodiversity monitoring is critical to assess the effectiveness of management activities and policy change, particularly in the light of accelerating impacts of environmental change, and for compiling national responses to international obligations and agreements. Monitoring methods able to identify species most likely to be affected by environmental change, and pinpoint those changes with the strongest impacts, will enable managers to target efforts towards vulnerable species and significant threats. Here we take a new approach to carnivore monitoring, combining camera‐trap surveys with ecological niche factor analysis to assess distribution and patterns of habitat use of mammalian carnivore assemblages across northern Tanzania. We conducted 11 surveys over 430 camera‐trap stations and 11 355 trap‐days. We recorded 23 out of 35 carnivore species known to occur in Tanzania and report major extensions to the known distribution of the bushy‐tailed mongoose Bdeogale crassicauda, previously thought to be rare. Carnivore biodiversity tended to be higher in national parks than in game reserves and forest reserves. We explored habitat use for seven species for which we had sufficient information. All species tended to be found near rivers and southern Acacia commiphora woodlands (except one mongoose species), and avoided deciduous shrubland, favouring deciduous woodland and/or open grassland. All species tended to avoid croplands suggesting that habitat conversion to agriculture could have serious implications for carnivore distribution. Our study provides a first example where camera‐trap data are combined with niche analyses to reveal patterns in habitat use and spatial distribution of otherwise elusive and poorly known species and to inform reserve design and land‐use planning. Our methodology represents a potentially powerful tool that can inform national and site‐based wildlife managers and policy makers as well as international agreements on conservation.
Dysregulated coherence of subjective and cardiac emotional activation in adolescents with internalizing and externalizing problems
Authors: Hastings Paul D. , Nuselovici Jacob N. , Klimes‐Dougan Bonnie , Kendziora Kimberly T. , Usher Barbara A. , Ho Moon‐ho R. , Zahn‐Waxler Carolyn
Published: October 2009

Background:  Effective emotion regulation should be reflected in greater coherence between physiological and subjective aspects of emotional responses.

Method:  Youths with normative to clinical levels of internalizing problems (IP) and externalizing problems (EP) watched emotionally evocative film‐clips while having heart rate (HR) recorded, and reported subjective feelings.

Results:  Hierarchical linear modeling revealed weaker coherence between HR and negative feelings in youths, especially boys, with more EP. Youths with IP showed coherence between HR and negative feelings that did not match the affect portrayed in the eliciting stimuli, but atypical positive emotions: they felt happier when they had slower HR. Youths without problems predominantly showed normative emotional coherence.

Conclusions:  Youths with EP and IP experience atypical patterns of activation across physiological and experiential emotion systems which could undermine emotion regulation in evocative situations.
The challenge of polypharmacy in cardiovascular medicine
Authors: Volpe Massimo , Chin Diana , Paneni Francesco
Published: October 2009

Albeit great efforts in reducing the burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), their prevalence continues to grow worldwide. Among the causes for this rising burden, the upcoming pandemic of obesity and diabetes further enhances the estimates of CV mortality and healthcare costs over the next decades. Nevertheless, advances in CVD treatment has increased life‐expectancy, and future perspectives announce a growing aging population, with increasing comorbid conditions predisposing to CVD. Despite the emphasis on primary prevention, CV risk factors are still poorly controlled and a further need for CV drugs is upcoming. In chronic CVD such as hypertension, ischemic heart disease (IHD) and heart failure, the progressive use of multiple drugs is common and is recommended by international guidelines. However, the chronic use of five or more medications, defined as polypharmacy, has shown to be neither always efficacious nor safe. Polypharmacy is associated with an increased morbidity and costs. The use of multiple medications often leads to inappropriate drug use, underprescription, low adherence and side effects. In order to overcome these issues, a fixed‐dose combination pill (‘polypill’) for the prevention of CVD has been recently proposed. A hypothetical meta‐analysis estimated for this strategy a reduction of IHD and stroke by 88 and 80% respectively in people aged 55 or over. Such polypill can be cost effective and increase patient adherence. However, large randomized trials are required to define its impact on clinical outcomes. This review will focus on challenges of polypharmacy in CV medicine, illustrating potential options to face this emerging crisis.
The evolving story of the RAAS in hypertension, diabetes and CV disease – moving from macrovascular to microvascular targets
Authors: Steckelings Ulrike Muscha , Rompe Franziska , Kaschina Elena , Unger Thomas
Published: October 2009

The phylogenetically old renin‐angiotensin‐system (RAS) was originally described as a circulating hormonal system and a main cardiovascular regulator. However, there also exist ‘local RASs’ which are situated in cardiovascular as well as non‐cardiovascular tissues where they are involved in physiological and patho‐physiological processes such as inflammation, fibrosis, proliferation or apoptosis. Local RASs are activated in diabetes, preferentially in organs affected by hyperglycaemic injury such as the kidney or the retina. Increased renal or retinal Ang II levels may contribute to diabetic tissue injury in two ways: (i) by stimulating the angiotensin AT1‐receptor and downstream pathological chains of events and (ii) by bidirectional interaction with the ‘classical’ hyperglycaemia‐induced pathobiochemical pathways (oxidative stress, generation of advanced glycation end products, increased polyol pathway flux, activation of protein kinase C, increased hexosamine pathway flux). The involvement of the RAS in the pathomechanisms underlying diabetic end organ damage suggests pharmacological RAS inhibition as a therapeutic approach in these disorders. This assumption has been supported by numerous animal studies. Clinically, RAS inhibition is currently the first line, guideline‐approved treatment in diabetic nephropathy. The recently published DIRECT, RASS and AdRem studies provided evidence that RAS inhibition may also be beneficial in diabetic retinopathy; however, evidence for RAS‐inhibition in retinopathy is still much weaker than for nephropathy. The present article reviews the emerging knowledge about cardiovascular and non‐cardiovascular effects of the RAS with an emphasis on the mechanisms of RAS involvement and pharmacological RAS inhibition in diabetic end organ damage.
Determination of corneal volume from anterior topography and topographic pachymetry: application to healthy and keratoconic eyes
Authors: Cerviño Alejandro , Gonzalez‐Meijome Jose M. , Ferrer‐Blasco Teresa , Garcia‐Resua Carlos , Montes‐Mico Robert , Parafita Manuel
Published: October 2009

Purpose:  To describe a method to measure corneal volume from topography and pachymetry, and test its clinical use on a sample of healthy human subjects and a case of circumscribed posterior keratoconus.

Methods:  Corneal curvature (PCT 200® corneal topography system; Optopol Technology SA, Zawiercie, Poland) and ultrasonic topographic pachometry on 25 points (Ophthasonic® A‐Scan/Pachometer III; Teknar Inc., St Louis, MO, USA) were measured on each of 12 young healthy corneas and one cornea suffering from circumscribed posterior keratoconus. Topography and pachymetry data were used to calculate the coordinates for the corresponding points on the posterior surface of the cornea. TableCurve 3D software (Systat Software Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used to fit a surface to those points measured. Integration of the surface fitted to the data points, corresponding to the anterior and posterior corneal surfaces, was used to calculate the volume underneath each of them. Subtraction of volumes underneath anterior and posterior surfaces, taking into account an axial offset equal to the central corneal thickness, rendered corneal volume for the central 6 mm of the cornea.

Results:  Central corneal thickness ranged from 520 to 630 μm for the healthy corneas. Corneal volumes for this sample analyzed averaged 18.66 ± 1.15 mm3 (range 17.25–20.53 mm3). For the posterior keratoconic cornea, the affected area was located at about 1.5–2 mm from the corneal center on the 135° hemimeridian of the right eye, observed through topographic pachymetry. Calculated corneal volume for the central 6 mm was 16.072 mm3, noticeably lower than those found in the sample without pathology, but within the range for corneas presenting with keratoconus.

Conclusions:  Corneal volume is a useful parameter for characterising dystrophic corneas and can aid in the detection of rare anomalies which are hardly detected with corneal topography and/or central corneal thickness evaluation. A potentially useful measure of corneal volume can be calculated from anterior corneal topography and topographic pachymetry data. Values obtained are in good agreement with previous studies using corneal tomography techniques. The methodology has been shown to have potential for retrospective analysis of data, or where no access is available to tomographical techniques.
Accommodation response and visual discomfort
Authors: Tosha Chinatsu , Borsting Eric , Ridder III William H. , Chase Chris
Published: October 2009

Although visual discomfort symptoms associated with near work have been correlated with clinical measures of accommodation, studies using objective recordings have not found corresponding deficits in accommodative function. One problem with previous studies is that accommodation measures have been too brief to assess accommodative fatigue. This study examined steady state accommodative responses among a college population with visual discomfort, over a 90‐s time period. Thirty‐one participants were grouped into high (n = 15) or low visual discomfort groups (n = 16) based on their scores on the Conlon Visual Discomfort Survey. Using the WAM‐5500 autorefractor, accommodation responses were recorded at 5 Hz for two consecutive minutes at five viewing distances. The results showed a significant interaction between the high and low discomfort groups over time in accommodation response. The high discomfort group showed an increase in accommodative lag, whereas the low discomfort group had a stable response. Our study suggests that the high visual discomfort group is characterized by accommodative fatigue, with a higher lag of accommodation developing at a near viewing distance over time.
Spatial‐temporal patterns of snow cover in western Canada
Authors: FARMER CARSON J.Q. , NELSON TRISALYN A. , WULDER MIKE A. , DERKSEN CHRIS
Published: October 2009

Snow cover is often measured as snow‐water equivalent (SWE), which refers to the amount of water stored in a snow pack that would be available upon melting. Snow cover and SWE represent a source of local snow‐melt release, and are sensitive to regional and global atmospheric circulation, and changes in climate. Monitoring SWE using satellite‐based passive microwave radiometry has provided nearly three decades of continuous data for North America.

The availability of spatially and temporally extensive SWE data enables a better understanding of the nature of space‐time trends in snow cover, changes in these trends and linking these trends to underlying landscape and terrain characteristics. To address these interests, we quantify the spatial pattern of SWE by applying a local measure of spatial autocorrelation to 25 years of mean February SWE derived from passive microwave retrievals. Using a method for characterizing the temporal trends in the spatial pattern of SWE, temporal trends and variability in spatial autocorrelation are quantified. Results indicate that within the Canadian Prairies, extreme values of SWE are becoming more spatially coherent, with potential impacts on water availability, and hazards such as flooding. These results also highlight the need for Canadian ecological management units that consider winter conditions.
Ecological speciation in phytophagous insects
Authors: Matsubayashi Kei W. , Ohshima Issei , Nosil Patrik
Published: October 2009

Divergent natural selection has been shown to promote speciation in a wide range of taxa. For example, adaptation to different ecological environments, via divergent selection, can result in the evolution of reproductive incompatibility between populations. Phytophagous insects have been at the forefront of these investigations of ‘ecological speciation’ and it is clear that adaptation to different host plants can promote insect speciation. However, much remains unknown. For example, there is abundant variability in the extent to which divergent selection promotes speciation, the sources of divergent selection, the types of reproductive barriers involved, and the genetic basis of divergent adaptation. We review these factors here. Several findings emerge, including the observation that although numerous different sources of divergent selection and reproductive isolation can be involved in insect speciation, their order of evolution and relative importance are poorly understood. Another finding is that the genetic basis of host preference and performance can involve loci of major effect and opposing dominance, factors which might facilitate speciation in the face of gene flow. In addition, we raise a number of other recent issues relating to phytophagous insect speciation, such as alternatives to ecological speciation, the geography of speciation, and the molecular signatures of speciation. Throughout, we aim to both synthesize what is known, as well as highlight areas where future work is especially needed.
Hand augmentation with stabilized hyaluronic acid (Macrolane™ VRF20 and Restylane® Vital, Restylane® Vital Light)
Authors: Hartmann Vanessa , Bachmann Frank , Plaschke Martina , Gottermeier Tobias , Nast Alexander , Rzany Berthold
Published: October 2009

Volume augmentation of the back of the hand is a new technique which is not yet often employed. We describe the treatment of two patients who received hyaluronic acid products produced by Q‐Med (Macrolane™ VRF20, Restylane® Vital and Vital Light). The injections of Macrolane™ VRF 20 were done by feathering technique using a long and blunt 18 gauge canula while Restylane® was injected by tunneling or tenting technique with a 30 gauge needle. Significant adverse events did not occur. After injection of the hyaluronic acid fillers, the appearance of the back of the hands was improved. Both patients were very satisfied with the result.
Informing the debate on oral health care for older people: a qualitative study of older people’s views on oral health and oral health care
Authors: Borreani E. , Jones K. , Scambler S. , Gallagher J. E.
Published: October 2009

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2009.00274.x
 
Informing the debate on oral health care for older people: a qualitative study of older people’s views on oral health and oral health care

Background:  Older people represent a growing and diverse section of the population. As age increases, people are more likely to experience health and mobility problems and be at higher risk of developing oral disease. Nevertheless, few older people utilise primary oral healthcare services. It is therefore important to understand the value older people place on oral health and dental services to inform providers and planners of oral health care. This research was conducted as part of a study to identify potential ways of minimising barriers to oral health care in older people.

Objectives:  To explore perceptions of oral health and oral healthcare services amongst older people living in a socially deprived inner city area and how these are related to service utilisation.

Methods:  A qualitative approach was utilised to explore the range of issues related to older people’s perceptions of oral health and their views on health care. This involved a combination of focus groups and semi‐structured individual interviews with older people and their carers. Data analysis was conducted using the Framework approach.

Results: 

Response: Thirty‐nine older people and/or their carers participated in focus groups.

Oral health perception: Oral health was associated with the presence of natural teeth, the absence of pain, practical/social functioning, preferably supported by positive assessment by a dentist.

Oral health life‐course: Older people have a long and complex dental history. Past negative experiences with oral health care, especially in childhood, strongly influenced present attitudes towards dentistry and dental personnel.

Citizenship and right to health care: There was a strong perception that, as ‘British citizens’, older people should have a right to free health care and that the National Health Service (NHS) should support them in this phase of their life.

Conclusions:  The oral health life‐course of older people is an important influence on their perceptions of oral health and dental attendance. They consider oral health of importance and place great emphasis on their citizenship and rights of access to state funded oral health care. This raises important issues for the funding and delivery of NHS oral health care for older people.
Critic Provocateur
Authors: Ingham Patricia Clare
Published: October 2009

Analyzing the importance of various kinds of critical provocation and polemics to Middle English Literary Study, this essay argues for a need to assess, rather than simply repudiate, the work of our critic provocateurs.
The Study of Affect and Romanticism
Authors: Favret Mary
Published: October 2009

What follows is a review essay in two parts: the first, a consideration of the general problem affect poses for literary criticism and for romantic studies in particular; the second a review of some recent, outstanding work on affect and its significance to Romanticism. The problem of affect derives primarily from the difficulty of defining or locating affect and from its equivocal relationship to modern science – as both an object of scientific scrutiny and as an emblem of the pseudo‐ or even unscientific. The articles and books discussed in the second half of this review handle this problem in sophisticated and surprising ways, unlocking the critical possibilities available when we read affect with less skepticism and more self‐reflection.
Effects of Primary Grades Health Curriculum Project on Student and Parent Smoking Attitudes and Behavior
Authors: Andrews Richard L. , Hearne Jill T.
Published: October 2009

Family values regarding appropriate attitudes and behaviors are communicated to children from birth. Society's values begin to affect the child at an early age and as these change, so do children's beliefs and attitudes. A change in society's values toward smoking has been evidenced in the last decade by increased social sanctions against smoking and increased militancy of nonsmokers. This longitudinal Primary Grades Health Curriculum Project investigates the relationship between an activity‐centered experiential health education program and: 1) positive health attitudes; 2) experimentation use and future expectancy to engage in cigarette smoking; and 3) changes in smoking behavior among the children's parents. Six hundred students in two New York school districts were pretested in their kindergarten year in 1977 on entry level of knowledge and attitudes about health. The results reported here from data collected at the end of third grade indicate that the experimental group possessed more positive attitudes about health, showed less exposure to experimentation with alcohol among their friends and less engagement in smoking cigarettes. A significant number of parents of experimental group students reported that they had changed their smoking habits since their child had entered school as a result of their children's health program.
Pulmonary Function Testing in Children with the Airflometer
Authors: Lowdon Brian J. , Pateman Neil A.
Published: October 2009

Use of the airflometer (AFM) as an inexpensive apparatus for routine screening of pulmonary function has been hindered by the lack of established norms of AFM readings for young children. Using both the airflometer and the vitalograph, lung function was measured in 828 children, aged five to 11 years, randomly selected from six schools. Results indicate that girls aged five, 8–11 years have lower Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV1, and AFM scores than boys. High correlations were observed between AFM units and FEV1 (0.93), between height and FEV1 (0.88), and between FVC (0.89) and AFM units (0.84). Regression equations are given to enable prediction of AFM from height and from age for boys and girls. Tables indicate scores that should be followed with further pulmonary function testing. A protocol is outlined to enable the airflometer to be used as a first level screening device.
Redefinition of School Nursing Practice: Integrating the Developmentally Disabled
Authors: Rustia Janice , Hartley Rosemarie , Hansen Geri , Schulte Debra , Spielman Lucille
Published: October 2009

Results of three needs assessment studies which had the purpose of providing direction for school nursing practices which would address some of the unmet health needs of today's children and adolescents are reported. Results provide specific examples of how school nurses have not been meeting school health needs through an analysis of one specific need — integrating the developmentally disabled into the regular school setting. Data were collected from parents, teachers and other supportive personnel in schools by interview and survey methods. Environmental assessments were conducted and the policies and procedures governing health‐related activities required by special need students were reviewed. The data indicated that for developmentally disabled students, nurses were not performing the commonly accepted functions of nursing and were not transposing their knowledge of the components of health care ordinarily provided in health care settings to care provided in nontraditional health care settings. Examples of nursing functions and the activities needed to fulfill those functions are provided.
Adolescent Sex Education: A Preventive Mental Health Measure
Authors: Obstfeld Lisa S. , Meyers Andrew W.
Published: October 2009

This paper addresses the issue of adolescent sex education as a means of preventing sexuality‐related disorders. Past efforts in adolescent sex education have generally failed to empirically determine appropriate subject matter or the most effective delivery agent for these programs. Sex education programs are examined in terms of delivery agents, cognitive, attitudinal and behavorial goals and research methodology. Suggestions to empirically determine appropriate goals and delivery agents and to consider individual differences among adolescents are offered. Recommendations are made for improving experimental design in sex education research.
Nutrition Knowledge of Teen‐agers
Authors: Skinner Jean D. , Woodburn Margy J.
Published: October 2009

Nutrition knowledge tests were administered to 1,193 teen‐agers in Oregon prior to units on nutrition in health and home economics classes. Mean scores on the test were low, 39.4 ± 11.6% correct. Teen‐agers generally knew the Four Food Groups, appropriate snacks, a single “best” source of nutrients and the basics of weight control. They overestimated the importance and necessary amounts of dietary protein and vitamin C. Most of these teen‐agers did not know food sources of nutrients other than the commonly known “best” source. They also had difficulty selecting a nutritious meal unless the meal followed traditional patterns. The nutrition units taught to these teen‐agers generally included the Four Food Groups, the relationship of diet to health and food sources of various nutrients. Less than one‐third of the units had major emphasis on nutritional needs during pregnancy, nutrition and athletics, retention of nutrients in food preparation or food fads and myths.
The Effects of Ethnicity, Sex and Father's Occupation on Heart Health Knowledge and Nutrition Behavior of School Children: The Texas Youth Health Awareness Survey
Authors: Burdine James N. , Chen Meei Shia , Gottlieb Nell H. , Peterson Fred L. , Vacalis T. Demetri
Published: October 2009

The relationships of ethnicity, sex and father's occupation with heart health knowledge and nutrition behavior were studied in Texas seventh and eighth grade students. A questionnaire was administered to 2,695 children in schools chosen to represent the urban/rural and ethnic mix of the state population. The findings indicated a strong need for heart health education and for culturally‐relevant nutrition education aimed at specific target groups defined by ethnicity, sex and leisure activity. Analysis of eating behavior at school and home confirmed the importance of school feeding programs on the health of minority and low income children.
Emerging Trends in Professional Preparation: Implications for the Future of Health Education
Authors: Pigg R. Morgan
Published: October 2009

During the 1982–1983 academic year, 115 academic institutions were surveyed concerning trends in professional preparation in Health Education. Findings indicate that 13,225 students are currently majoring in Health Education with 4,810 specializing in school health education and 8,415 specializing in public health education. A marked increase in the number of students specializing in public health education within the past five years was reported by 78 institutions and 13 of the 78 institutions reported a corresponding decrease in the number of students specializing in school health education. Recent enrollment trends at teacher preparation institutions suggest that significant changes in professional preparation in Health Education are under way.
What High School Students Don't Know About Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Weinberg Armin D. , Carbonari Joseph P. , Laufman Larry
Published: October 2009

The purpose of this study was to identify what high school students do not know about the cardiovascular system, its diseases and their prevention. A total of 135 questions were administered to 3,000 students around the country. Student responses were analyzed by general knowledge area, taxonomic levels of knowledge required to answer and response patterns within individual test items. The results are discussed in terms of guidelines for health education.
The California Statewide Family Health Education and Training Program 1981–1982
Authors: Cooke Gwen , Wallace Helen
Published: October 2009

Through support from the California State Department of Health Services, San Diego State University continued a statewide program in family life education, which consisted of: 1) establishment of a statewide advisory committee representative of many diverse points of view; 2) performance of a study of the teaching of family life education in the ninth and 10th grades of public schools in the state, as well as an examination of the present status of training of teachers; 3) provision of consultation and training programs for local school districts, including community support and implementation training, program development consultation teacher training and a limited number of small block grants to improve local family life education program efforts; and 4) preservice education classes to be conducted at teacher preparation campuses in the California State University system. The paper describes some of the findings of the study of the ninth and 10th grades, as well as the details of methodology of all four components of the statewide program.
The Influence of Communicator Characteristics on the Nutrition Attitudes and Behavior of High School Students
Authors: Feldman Robert H. L.
Published: October 2009

The development of school health programs requires that careful attention be paid to the communication of health information. One factor important to the communication process is the characteristics of the health communicator. Both the expertise of communicators and the similarity of communicators to their audiences have been found to influence acceptance of health messages. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of both similarity and expertise on the nutrition behavior and attitudes of high school students. Results of the study indicate that the greater the perceived similarity of the communicator, the greater the influence of the communicator. The communicator perceived to be both low in similarity and high in expertise was the least influential communicator. School health educators need to consider their students perceptions in developing health programs. Health educators can enhance their influence by forming linkages with their students, ie, emphasizing common interests and experiences. By emphasizing their similarities with their students rather than expertise, school health educators are likely to increase their effectiveness.
The Long‐term Effects of Human Sexuality Training Programs for Public School Teachers
Authors: Smith Peggy B. , Flaherty Carol , Webb Linda J. , Mumford David M.
Published: October 2009

The current study evaluated long‐term effects of a training model in human sexuality on public school teachers' knowledge and attitudes. The data indicated that, although significant changes were found from the pretest to posttest assessment of knowledge and attitudes on two standardized measures, attitudinal changes for teachers could not be maintained over time. In addition, knowledge decreased with most drastic changes occuring in the educator who, while trained, did not teach the material in a classroom setting. The results of this model staff development program suggest factors that may alter sex education training effects for professionals who work in public school settings.
A Partial Benefit:Cost Analysis of One School Health Room
Authors: Roos Philip D. , Paul H. Louise , Nelson Carl W. , Crooker Margaret
Published: October 2009

This study offers a model for apportioning costs and benefits in school health services. The activities of one school nurse practitioner in a vocational high school are examined.
Family Life Education in California Ninth and Tenth Grades
Authors: Koblinsky Sally A. , Weeks John R.
Published: October 2009

Superintendents, principals and family life education teachers in all California school districts having a ninth and/or 10th grade were surveyed about their family life education (FLE) efforts. Responses were obtained from 80% of the superintendents, 45% of the principals and 39% of the FLE teachers who were sent questionnaires. While most superintendents reported the existence of an FLE program in at least one district school, the surveys revealed that less than one‐fourth of ninth graders and less than one‐third of 10th graders received such instruction during the 1981–1982 academic year. District decisions to offer FLE were reported to be most strongly influenced by school faculty and administrators while the decision not to offer FLE was most strongly influenced by clergy and special interest groups. More than half of the FLE teachers who returned surveys taught FLE as a unit within another course. Teachers generally covered a variety of curriculum topics, with units/courses most likely to address human development, physiology and sexual disease and least likely to deal with value‐laden topics such as premarital intercourse, sexual behavior and sexual preference. However, the greater number of class hours devoted to FLE, the greater the chance that these issues were covered in the curriculum. Finally, the data reveal that evaluation of FLE courses was relatively limited in scope and was largely subjective in many schools.
Managing Maladaptive Behavior in III Children Through Family Interventions
Authors: Golden Larry B.
Published: October 2009

The stress associated with a child's illness may result in a variety of maladaptive reactions. The family is in a position to support or sabotage the best efforts of the health care professional. The school nurse as part of a team including counselors, teachers, and administrators can assist the family in following treatment directives and in gaining control over stress‐related behavioral problems. Criteria to enable discrimination between functional and dysfunctional families and brief interventions for use with functional families are described.
A Comparative Study of Three Model Comprehensive Elementary School Health Education Programs
Authors: DuShaw Martha L.
Published: October 2009

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the three most popular comprehensive health education programs in Michigan including each program's curricular content, student outcomes, and cost effectiveness. The three programs were cross‐referenced with the Michigan Essential Performance Objectives for Health (MEPO). Student outcome data were gathered and analyzed utilizing a health education instrument derived from the Michigan Educational Assessment Program. Instruments were administered to 377 third‐graders and 595 sixth‐graders participating in the three health programs. While each of the three programs met the Michigan Essential Performance Objectives for Health, the programs differed in areas of teacher training time, materials cost, and length of time for implementation. Third graders showed some very positive effects from health instruction based upon a comparison of their composite scores and scores for 10 health topic areas. Sixth graders showed some gains in several health topic areas, but few significant gains in composite scores.
An Exploration of Health Counseling and Goal Attainment Scaling in Health Education Programs
Authors: Bonaguro John A. , McLaughlin Maureen , Sussman Karen
Published: October 2009

This paper presents findings of an experimental study to test the effects of health counseling with seventh and eighth grade students (N = 32). Goal attainment scaling was used to monitor changes in health behavior during a 10‐week period with each student meeting with a health counselor five times during the study. A pretest/posttest, repeated measures design with experimental and control groups was used to evaluate the influence of health counseling. The results revealed a significant increase in goal attainment scaling scores (F = 4.96). Health behaviors influenced were exercise and nutrition. There also was a significant increase in self‐esteem (F = 8.42) and home‐esteem (F = 4.24). The utilization of health counseling appears to be an attractive educational strategy to enhance the effectiveness of classroom instruction.
The Brooklyn Center, Minnesota, Student Health Fair: An Impetus for Learning
Authors: Turner Susan B. , Connor Mary Jo Erickson
Published: October 2009

Earle Brown School, Brooklyn Center, Minnesota, was the site of a health fair. Students, teachers, parents, agencies, and health professionals worked cooperatively to provide health information activities and screening opportunities for fair participants. Brooklyn Center's Health Fair created an awareness of health promotion for the entire community. The purpose was to present the district's newly revised school health education curriculum to stimulate positive community focus on health. Student involvement was integral in every facet of the fair from planning events to presenting health information. A sense of pride and ownership developed as students assumed responsibility for carrying out activities. Enthusiasm for participation was evident as 50% of the 1,300 students within the district were active in the fair. An enhanced self‐concept on the part of the students was facilitated through active participation, and increased awareness of positive health behaviors and healthy lifestyles resulted. A spirit of cooperation between school, community, and agencies was strengthened leading to continued support for the goals of the new school health curriculum.
A Study of the Consumer Health Interests of Selected College Students
Authors: Gaines Josephine
Published: October 2009

This study was part of a more extensive project begun in 1981 to update the “Student Self‐Appraisal Inventory of Interests and Estimated Knowledge in Major Health Education Areas.” Items included in this study were obtained from the original health interest inventory, from a review of health education literature published between 1976–1981 in health education texts and in the Journal of School Health and Health Education, and from comments received from a panel of 16 health education specialists. This project reports on the components of study specifically related to consumer health education. The data were collected from 296 subjects enrolled in elective personal health classes at a southeastern university during spring, 1983, using the revised Health Interest Inventory.
Operationalizing the Concept of Sexuality Comfort: Applications for Sexuality Educators
Authors: Graham Cheryl A. , Smith Margaret M.
Published: October 2009

Thirty‐two high school and college sexuality educators participated in a study designed to operationalize the concept of sexuality comfort. Research questions asked were: “What is the nature of sexuality comfort?” and “Can the concept, of sexuality comfort be defined operationally?” An interview guide developed with input from an expert panel of health/sexuality educators and semanticists facilitated data collection. Data were categorized and tabulated through a systematic process. This coding process, performed by independent coders, yielded 97.2% reliability. Based on the results, an operational definition of sexuality comfort was delineated. Because an operational definition is one which tells what to do to experience the thing defined,1 the operational definition of sexuality comfort has immediate practical applications to preparation programs for prospective sexuality educators as well as those currently working in the field.
The Practice of Self‐Induced Vomiting Among High School Females
Authors: Carter Jo A. , Duncan Pamela A.
Published: October 2009

Thirty‐eight high school females who were practicing self‐induced vomiting to control their weight were studied. Of these subjects, 9% practiced self‐induced vomiting every time any food was ingested while 40% vomited only after a binge. On standardized measures, 58% of the females had disturbed attitudes toward eating, and 55% met the criteria for being psychologically unhealthy. Of the vomiters identified, 63% indicated that they would stop the practice if another effective method of weight control was available.
A Health Promotion Program for School Personnel
Authors: Falck Vilma T. , Kilcoyne Martha E.
Published: October 2009

Though public schools traditionally have been concerned about the mental and physical health of children, programs that provide support for the health and well‐being of school employees are rare. A health promotion program that focused on self‐help in the areas of self‐management, coping and adapting, exercise and fitness, and nutrition and well‐being was designed for school employees. Before the program began, surveys of teachers and school administrators were conducted to document general well‐being, health protective behaviors, and perceived occupational stress. A prevention‐oriented educational program was implemented that provided for trained facilitators to influence small groups of employees to work together to maintain or improve their health. Results indicate that school employees who meet specified criteria can be trained to facilitate a health promotion program within the public school environment. Also, as a result of the facilitator training program, knowledge levels, attitudes, and certain health behaviors of participants are significantly influenced.

However, feasibility will depend on a social process during which stakeholders are given opportunity to make decisions concerning implementation. An algorithm is useful to communicate the social process for decision making as it translates abstract principles of formative evaluation into concrete procedures that will assist planners in determining the feasibility of implementing the program in a school.
Intervening with the Adolescent Involved in Substance Abuse
Authors: Wagner Brenda J.
Published: October 2009

The problem of drug abuse in the school and the detrimental effects of drug use on the student's ability to concentrate, to remain involved in school work, and to relate to others has been well documented. However, the identification of the problem is only part of the solution. Intervening once a student has been identified as a “user” of an illegal substance is the rest of the problem. Members of the school health team are in a pivotal position to intervene and provide alternatives for the student and the family.
The Role of School Health Education in Preventing Heart, Lung, and Blood Diseases
Authors: Kolbe Lloyd J. , Newman Ian M.
Published: October 2009

The scope and dynamics of heart, lung, and blood diseases in the United States are reviewed and the need for research about the primary prevention of these conditions among large populations of children and youth is explained. Ways in which school health education could contribute to the primary prevention of these diseases are delineated; risk factors and social issues that might be addressed by the nation's schools are identified. A brief review of educational efforts to discourage adolescent cigarette smoking during the last 30 years illustrates some of the problems and opportunities presented by school health education research.
Theoretical Models for Application in School Health Education Research
Authors: Parcel Guy S.
Published: October 2009

Theoretical models that may be useful to research studies in school health education are reviewed. Selected, well‐defined theories include social learning theory, problem‐behavior theory, theory of reasoned action, communications theory, coping theory, social competence, and social and family theories. Also reviewed are multiple theory models including models of health related‐behavior, the PRECEDE Framework, social‐psychological approaches and the Activated Health Education Model. Two major reviews of teaching models are also discussed. The paper concludes with a brief outline of the general applications of theory to the field of school health education including applications to basic research, development and design of interventions, program evaluation, and program utilization.