bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Upogebia deltaura (Crustacea: Thalassinidea) in Clyde Sea maerl beds, Scotland
Authors: Hall-Spencer J.M. , Atkinson R.J.A.
Published: July 2002

Burrows inhabited by Upogebia deltaura (Crustacea: Thalassinidea) were studied over a two-year period on two maerl beds at 10 m below Chart Datum (CD) in the Clyde Sea area, Scotland. Labelled burrows proved to be stable features on each ground, with animals able to withstand the impacts of scallop dredging and storm disturbance by re-building the damaged upper sections of their burrows. Resin casts excavated using an air-lift showed that these burrows were inhabited by single individuals. Burrows were deeper, larger and more complicated than was previously thought typical for U. deltaura and other members of the genus. Mapping of burrow systems revealed average densities of 2.9 ind m−2 with up to ten openings m−2. These elusive animals were the deepest burrowing megafauna (to 68 cm) and the most abundant large crustaceans within the maerl bed habitat.
Planktonic Foraminifera from southwestern Atlantic epipelagic waters: abundance, distribution and year-to-year variations
Authors: Boltovskoy Esteban , Boltovskoy Demetrio , Brandini Frederico
Published: July 2002

The abundance and latitudinal and vertical (0-100 m) distribution of planktonic Foraminifera was investigated on the basis of 38 samples collected in November 1994 in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean (34-60°S, along 51-56°W). Mean foraminiferal densities were 1.5 ind. l−1 (range: 0.15.9 ind. l−1), with highest concentrations in subsurface waters (20-50 m). Couplings between the distribution of chlorophyll a and foraminiferal abundances were very loose. Distribution patterns of the 15 species recorded allowed 6 distinct areas to be defined along the transect surveyed. From north to south these are: Subtropical (dominated by Globigerinoides ruber and G. trilobus), Cold intrusion (Globigerinita uvula), Transitional-Subtropical and Transitional (Globigerina bulloides, Globigerina quinqueloba), Subantarctic (G. quinqueloba), and Antarctic (Neogloboquadrina pachyderma, left coiling). Close comparisons with the yields of a similar data set collected in November 1993 show very good agreement. Foraminiferal thermic régimes were also similar in 1993 and in 1994, but for some species significant differences with previous data were detected. While the southwards extensions of the ranges of warm water species are fairly well circumscribed by the Brazil current-influenced waters, several foraminifers widely used as indicators and palaeoindicators of cool waters (in particular Globigerina bulloides, Globigerina quinqueloba and Globigerinita uvula) were recorded in very significant numbers at temperatures as high as 20-24°C. The implication of these findings for hydrological, ecological, and palaeoecological interpretations is discussed.
THE FIRST TESTING OF JESUS: A REREADING OF MARK 1.12–13
Authors: VAN HENTEN JAN WILLEM
Published: July 2002

Readings of Mark 1.12–13 which focus on Jesus as the second Adam or Israel's antitype are problematic. Mark 1.13's semantic field links up with passages in the Jewish Bible referring to episodes of Israel's period in the wilderness after the exodus. In Mark 1.13 the testing motif seems not to be applied to the people, but to Jesus, who may be understood as the leader of the people. Similar adaptations of the testing motif focusing upon the people's leader can be observed already in passages of the Hebrew Bible and post-biblical Jewish literature.
A novel role for the peritrophic matrix in protecting
Leishmania from the hydrolytic activities of the sand fly midgut
Authors: PIMENTA P. F. P. , MODI G. B. , PEREIRA S. T. , SHAHABUDDIN M. , SACKS D. L.
Published: July 2002

The role of the peritrophic matrix (PM) in the development of
Leishmania major infections in a natural vector, Phlebotomus
papatasi, was investigated by addition of exogenous chitinase to
the bloodmeal, which completely blocked PM formation.
Surprisingly, the absence of the PM was associated with the loss
of midgut infections. The chitinase was not directly toxic
to the parasite, nor were midgut infections lost due to premature expulsion
of the bloodmeal. Most parasites were killed
in chitinase-treated flies within the first 4 h after feeding.
Substantial early killing was also observed in control flies,
suggesting that the lack of PM exacerbates lethal conditions which
normally exist in the blood-fed midgut. Early parasite
mortality was reversed by soybean trypsin inhibitor. Allosamadin, a specific
inhibitor of chitinase, led to a thickening of
the PM, and also prevented the early parasite mortality seen in infected
flies. Susceptibility to gut proteases was extremely
high in transitional-stage parasites, while amastigotes and fully
transformed promastigotes were relatively resistant. A
novel role for the PM in promoting parasite survival is suggested, in
which the PM creates a barrier to the rapid diffusion
of digestive enzymes, and limits the exposure of parasites to these
enzymes during the time when they are especially
vulnerable to proteolytic damage.
Molecular characterization of a partial sequence encoding a
novel Schistosoma mansoni serine protease
Authors: COCUDE C. , PIERROT C. , CETRE C. , GODIN C. , CAPRON A. , KHALIFE J.
Published: July 2002

A PCR strategy using degenerate oligonucleotide primers based upon
consensus sequences of the active site of serine
proteases yielded a 467 bp fragment from genomic DNA from
Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. The sequence presented a
continuous open reading frame and the deduced amino acid sequence (156
aa)
presented homologies with various serine
proteases, in particular the highest percentage identity was observed with
a mammalian plasma kallikrein. The expression
of this serine protease was studied first at the mRNA level and it was
only
detected by RT-PCR in cercariae and in adult
worms. At the protein level we were able to detect it by Western blotting
and by using antigen extracts from metabolically
radio-isotope labelled worms. The absence of any positive signal in
Northern blot and the detection of the protein suggest
that the mRNA has a very short half-life, however the protein may be
accumulated in the parasite. The significance of
identity with mammalian kallikrein was confirmed by cross-immunoreactivity
with a native porcine pancreatic kallikrein.
However, no cross-reactivity was observed with S. mansoni
elastase, another serine protease. Thus, we suggest that the
serine protease described in this paper is a kallikrein-like protease.
Horizontal transfer of parasitic sex ratio distorters between
crustacean hosts
Authors: DUNN A. M. , RIGAUD T.
Published: July 2002

Parasitic sex ratio distorters were artificially transferred within

and between crustacean host species in order to study the
effects of parasitism on host fitness and sex determination and to
investigate parasite–host specificity. Implantation of
Nosema sp. to uninfected strains of its Gammarus duebeni

host resulted in an active parasite infection in the gonad of
recipient females and subsequent transovarial parasite transmission. The

young of artificially infected females were
feminized by the parasite, demonstrating that Nosema sp. is a

cause of sex ratio distortion in its host. In contrast, we were
unable to cross-infect Armadillidium vulgare with the
feminizing microsporidian from G. duebeni or to cross-infect
G. duebeni with the feminizing bacterium Wolbachia sp.

from A. vulgare.
Purification and partial characterization of kininogenase
activity from Schistosoma mansoni adult worms
Authors: CARVALHO W. S. , LOPES C. T. , JULIANO L. , COELHO P. M. Z. , CUNHA-MELO J. R. , BERALDO W. T. , PESQUERO J. L.
Published: July 2002

An enzyme presenting kallikrein-like activity (designated sK1)
was
purified from the supernatant of Schistosoma mansoni
adult worm homogenate. The enzyme cleaves bradykinin from purified rat

plasma kininogen. Activity was optimal at
pH 9·0 and the enzyme showed amidolytic activity, since it
hydrolysed the kallikrein synthetic substrate d-Pro-Phe-Arg-p-nitroanilide.

The activity of sK1 upon rat plasma kininogen was strongly inhibited
by the serine proteinase inhibitors
phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, aprotinin or soybean trypsin inhibitor,

but not by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid or
sodium tetrathionate. The molecular mass of sK1, as determined by
polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence
of sodium dodecyl sulfate, was 66 kDa and the pI value, estimated
by analytical chromatofocusing, was 4·2. Physical and
chemical properties suggest that sK1 is a serine proteinase of the
kallikrein family. Evidence is presented which suggests
that sK1 is a component of the tegumental surface of the parasite
and the levels of its activity in the male adult worm are
approximately 21 times higher than those in the female adult worm.
The intravenous injection of 3 μg of sK1 into an
anaesthetized rat induced a drastic reduction in the arterial blood
pressure of the animal. This effect lasted for about 1 min,
and was followed by a progressive recovery of the arterial pressure.
Neither bradycardia nor cardiac arrhythmias were
noticed, suggesting a peripheral vasodilation effect. The presence
of sK1 on the surface of adult male worms could play
an important role in the wandering capacity of coupled worms into the
visceral vasculature of the host.
Overlapping antigenic repertoires of variant antigens
expressed on the surface of erythrocytes infected by
Plasmodium falciparum
Authors: GIHA H. A. , STAALSOE T. , DODOO D. , ELHASSAN I. M. , ROPER C. , SATTI G. M. H. , ARNOT D. E. , HVIID L. , THEANDER T. G.
Published: July 2002

Antibodies against variable antigens expressed on the surface of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes are believed
to be important for protection against malaria. A target for these antibodies is the P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane
protein 1, PfEMP1, which is encoded by around 50 var genes and undergoes clonal variation. Using agglutination and
mixed agglutination tests and flow cytometry to analyse the recognition of variant antigens on parasitized erythrocytes by
plasma antibodies from individuals living in Daraweesh in eastern Sudan, an area of seasonal and unstable malaria
transmission, we show that these antibodies recognize different variant antigens expressed by parasites of different
genotype. Comparing the levels and acquisition of antibody to variant antigens in pairs of parasite isolates expressing
different variant types, there is a correlation between the acquisition of antibodies to some combinations of variant antigens
but not to others. These results indicate that (1) a single infection will induce the production of antibodies recognizing
several variants of surface-expressed antigens, (2) the repertoire of variable antigens expressed by different parasites is
overlapping and the degree of overlap differs between isolates, and (3) the expression of at least some variant antigens is
genetically linked.
Host–parasite population genetics:
a cross-sectional comparison of Bulinus globosus and
Schistosoma haematobium
Authors: DAVIES C. M. , WEBSTER J. P. , KRÜGER O. , MUNATSI A. , NDAMBA J. , WOOLHOUSE M. E. J.
Published: July 2002

The genetic population structures of the freshwater snail Bulinus globosus and its trematode parasite Schistosoma
haematobium from 8 river sites in the Zimbabwean highveld were compared using randomly amplified DNA(RAPD) markers.
There was significant variability between snail populations collected at different sites, but schistosome populations only
showed differentiation at a wider geographical scale (between 2 non-connected river systems). For snails, genetic distance
was better correlated with proximity along rivers than absolute geographical separation. In contrast, schistosome genetic
distance was better correlated with absolute geographical separation than proximity along rivers. These results are
consistent with different dispersal mechanisms for snails and schistosomes and the implications
for host–parasite coevolution are discussed.
Nussbaum, Kant and Conflicts between Duties
Authors: Hart W.A.
Published: July 2002

Martha Nussbaum has claimed that it is possible for a moral agent to be confronted, through no fault of his own, with an irresolvable conflict between his moral duties; and cites Kant as someone who takes the opposing view. Kant did indeed take the view that conflict between duties was inconceivable, but Nussbaum has failed to grasp his main reason for doing so, namely the principle that ‘ought’ implies ‘can’. When that principle is properly understood it can be seen that a Kantian account, or one drawing upon Kantian resources, can make more sense of our being confronted, seemingly, by incompatible duties than the account Nussbaum herself offers.
The Royal Free Interview for Spiritual and Religious Beliefs: development and validation of a self-report version
Authors: KING M. , SPECK P. , THOMAS A.
Published: July 2002

Background. Spiritual beliefs are rarely considered in psychological or medical publications. We recently published the psychometric properties of an interview designed to measure religious and spiritual belief. In this study, we aimed to develop this instrument further as a self-report questionnaire and to make it more comprehensive by including measurement of spiritual experiences in addition to faith or intellectual assent.

Methods. Based on extensive discussion with colleagues, advice from users of the interview and comments from respondents, a self-report format was designed. We then evaluated the final format of the questionnaire in terms of (1) patterns of response and demographic predictors of beliefs; (2) test–retest reliability and internal consistency; (3) criterion and internal validity; and (4) the nature of spiritual experiences and their relationship to beliefs and strength of beliefs.

Results. Two hundred and ninety-seven people took part in the validity and reliability tests of the questionnaire. Criterion validity, predictive validity, internal consistency and test–retest reliability were acceptably high. The instrument consistently differentiated between people with high and low spiritual beliefs.

Conclusions. This instrument is brief and simple to complete. We would recommend that measures of religious and/or spiritual belief like this be more widely applied in health services research as they evaluate aspects of people's lives that go somewhat further than health status or quality of life.
The efficacy of problem-solving treatments after deliberate self-harm: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials with respect to depression, hopelessness and improvement in problems
Authors: TOWNSEND E. , HAWTON K. , ALTMAN D. G. , ARENSMAN E. , GUNNELL D. , HAZELL P. , HOUSE A. , VAN HEERINGEN K.
Published: July 2002

Background. Brief problem-solving therapy is regarded as a pragmatic treatment for deliberate self-harm (DSH) patients. A recent meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating this approach indicated a trend towards reduced repetition of DSH but the pooled odds ratio was not statistically significant. We have now examined other important outcomes using this procedure, namely depression, hopelessness and improvement in problems.

Method. Six trials in which problem-solving therapy was compared with control treatment were identified from an extensive literature review of RCTs of treatments for DSH patients. Data concerning depression, hopelessness and improvement in problems were extracted. Where relevant statistical data (e.g. standard deviations) were missing these were imputed using various statistical methods. Results were pooled using meta-analytical procedures.

Results. At follow-up, patients who were offered problem-solving therapy had significantly greater improvement in scores for depression (standardized mean difference =−0·36; 95% CI −0·61 to −0·11) and hopelessness (weighted mean difference =−3·2; 95% CI −4·0 to −2·41), and significantly more reported improvement in their problems (odds ratio = 2·31; 95% CI 1·29 to 4·13), than patients who were in the control treatment groups.

Conclusions. Problem-solving therapy for DSH patients appears to produce better results than control treatment with regard to improvement in depression, hopelessness and problems. It is desirable that this finding is confirmed in a large trial, which will also allow adequate testing of the impact of this treatment on repetition of DSH.
A population-based twin study in women of smoking
initiation and nicotine dependence
Authors: KENDLER K. S. , NEALE M. C. , SULLIVAN P. , COREY L. A. , GARDNER C. O. , PRESCOTT C. A.
Published: July 2002

Background. The development of drug dependence requires
prior initiation. What is the relationship
between the risk factors for initiation and dependence?

Methods. Using smoking as a model addiction, we assessed smoking
initiation (SI) and nicotine
dependence (ND) by personal interview in 1898 female twins from the population-based
Virginia
Twin Registry. We developed a twin structural equation model that estimates
the correlation
between the liability to SI and the liability to ND, given SI.

Results. The liabilities to SI and ND were substantially correlated
but not identical. Heritable
factors played an important aetiological role in SI and in ND. While the
majority of genetic risk
factors for ND were shared with SI, a distinct set of familial factors,
which were probably partly
genetic, solely influenced the risk for ND. SI was associated with low
levels of education and
religiosity, high levels of neuroticism and extroversion and a history
of a wide range of psychiatric
disorders. ND was associated with low levels of education, extroversion,
mastery, and self-esteem,
high levels of neuroticism and dependency and a history of mood and alcohol
use disorders.

Conclusions. The aetiological factors that influence SI and
ND, while overlapping, are not perfectly
correlated. One set of genetic factors plays a significant aetiological
role in both SI and ND, while
another set of familial factors, probably in part genetic, solely influences
ND. Some risk
factors for SI and ND impact similarly on both stages, some act at only
one stage and others impact
differently and even in opposite directions at the two stages. The pathway
to substance dependence
is complex and involves multiple genetic and environmental risk factors.
Impact of Transverse Relaxation Optimized Spectroscopy (TROSY) on NMR as a technique in structural biology
Authors: Pervushin Konstantin
Published: July 2002

1. Transverse relaxation and the molecular size limit in liquid state NMR 161

2. TROSY: how does it work? 163

2.1 Transverse relaxation in coupled spin systems 163

2.2 The TROSY effect, relaxation due to remote protons and 2H isotope labeling 165

3. Direct heteronuclear chemical shift correlations 168

3.1 Single-Quantum [15N,1H]-TROSY 168

3.2 Zero-Quantum [15N,1H]-TROSY 171

3.3 Single-Quantum TROSY with aromatic 13C–1H moieties 176

4. Resonance assignment and NOE spectroscopy of large biomolecules 180

4.1 TROSY-based triple resonance experiments for 13C, 15N and 1HN backbone resonance assignment in uniformly 2H, 13C, 15N labeled proteins 180

4.2 TROSY-type NOE spectroscopy 186

5. Scalar coupling across hydrogen bonds observed by TROSY 187

6. The use of TROSY for measurements of residual dipolar coupling constants 190

7. Conclusions 191

8. Acknowledgements 191

9. References 191

The application of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for structure
determination of proteins and nucleic acids (Wüthrich, 1986) with molecular mass exceeding
30 kDa is largely constrained by two factors, fast transverse relaxation of spins of interest and
complexity of NMR spectra, both of which increase with increasing molecular size (Wagner,
1993b; Clore & Gronenborn, 1997, 1998b; Kay & Gardner, 1997). The good news is that
neither of these factors represent a fundamental limit for the application of NMR techniques
to protein structure determination in solution (Clore & Gronenborn, 1998a; Wüthrich, 1998;
Wider & Wüthrich, 1999). In fact, in the past few years the size limitations imposed by these
factors have been pushed up to 50–70 kDa by the use of 13C, 15N and 2H isotope labeling
combined with selective reprotonation of individual chemical groups in conjunction with the
use of triple-resonance experiments (Bax, 1994; Gardner et al. 1997; Gardner & Kay, 1998)
and heteronuclear-resolved NMR (Fesik & Zuiderweg, 1988; Marion et al. 1989a; Otting &
Wüthrich, 1990). Among the largest biomolecules whose 3D structure was solved by NMR
are the 44 kDa trimeric ectodomain of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) gp41 (Caffrey et
al. 1998) and 40–60 kDa particles of the elongation initiation factor 4E solubilized in CHAPS
micelles (Matsuo et al. 1997; McGuire et al. 1998).
Anterior electrophysiological asymmetries, emotion, and depression: Conceptual and methodological conundrums
Authors: Davidson Richard J.
Published: July 2002

Two reports in the last issue of this journal attempted to replicate aspects of our previous studies on anterior electroencephalogram (EEG) asymmetry, affective style, and depression. In this commentary, an overview is provided of our model of anterior asymmetries, affective style, and psychopathology. Emphasis is placed on conceptualizing the prefrontal and anterior temporal activation patterns within a circuit that includes cortical and subcortical structures. The causal status of individual differences in asymmetric activation in the production of affective style and psychopathology is considered. Major emphasis is placed on EEG methods, particularly the need for multiple assessments to obtain estimates of asymmetric activation that better reflect an individual's true score. Issues specific to each of the two articles are also considered. Each of the articles has more consistency with our previously published data than the authors themselves suggest. Recommendations are made for future research to resolve some of the outstanding issues.
Prestimulus EEG alpha phase synchronicity influences N100 amplitude and reaction time
Authors: Haig Albert R. , Gordon Evian
Published: July 2002

The influence of the level of prestimulus alpha phase synchronicity on the N100 component and reaction time (RT) was examined, in target auditory oddball data from 25 normal subjects. Alpha phase synchronicity is a new measure consisting (for a given stimulus presentation) of the angular or circular variance of the alpha phase at stimulus onset across the parieto‐occipital sites. The lower the angular variance, the higher the phase synchronicity (the more closely in phase the alpha activity across these sites) and vice versa. Subaveraged event‐related potentials (ERPs) were formed for high and low prestimulus alpha phase synchronicity stimulus presentations. N100 amplitude was significantly greater in the high than the low phase synchronicity subaverages. In addition, RT was significantly reduced in the high prestimulus alpha phase synchronicity cases. Alpha phase synchronicity reflects an aspect of brain state that influences subsequent stimulus processing.
On The brain and emotion
Authors: Rolls Edmund T.
Published: July 2002

There are many advantages to defining emotions as states elicited by reinforcers, with the states having a set of different functions. This approach leads towards an understanding of the nature of emotion, of its evolutionary adaptive value, and of many principles of brain design. It also leads towards a foundation for many of the processes that underlie evolutionary psychology and behavioral ecology. It is shown that recent as well as previous evidence implicates the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex in positive as well as negative emotions. The issue of why emotional states feel like something is part of the much larger problem of phenomenal consciousness. It is argued that thinking about one's own thoughts would have adaptive value by enabling first order linguistic thoughts to be corrected. It is suggested that reflecting on and correcting one's own thoughts and plans would feel like something, and that phenomenal consciousness may occur when this type of monitoring process is taking place.
Neuronal basis of dreaming and mentation during slow-wave (non-REM) sleep
Authors: Steriade M.
Published: July 2002

Although the cerebral cortex is deprived of messages from the external world in REM sleep and because these messages are inhibited in the thalamus, cortical neurons display high rates of spontaneous firing and preserve their synaptic excitability to internally generated signals during this sleep stage. The rich activity of neocortical neurons during NREM sleep consists of prolonged spike-trains that impose rhythmic excitation onto connected cells in the network, eventually leading to a progressive increase in their synaptic responsiveness, as in plasticity processes. Thus, NREM sleep may be implicated in the consolidation of memory traces acquired during wakefulness.

[Hobson et al.; Nielsen; Vertes & Eastman]
Pragmatically pristine, the dialogical cause of self-deception
Authors: Schmidt Colin T.
Published: July 2002

Empirical evidence of self-deception's propositional
duality is not sought; philosophically relevant links between
propositions proper and mind are explored instead. Speech in unison
ably indicates the social grounding of such attitudinal structures. An
extra-theoretical eye – with regard to cognitivism –
is cast on a case of “illusory communication.” The
reinforcing of lexical analysis shows Mele's approach to be in
need of non-ego concepts, wherefore it lacks soundness with
respect to reference.
Why the dynamical hypothesis cannot qualify as a law of qualitative structure
Authors: Braisby Nick , Cooper Richard , Franks Bradley
Published: July 2002

Van Gelder presents the dynamical hypothesis as a novel law
of qualitative structure to compete with Newell and Simon's
(1976) physical symbol systems hypothesis. Unlike Newell and
Simon's hypothesis, the dynamical hypothesis fails to provide
necessary and sufficient conditions for cognition. Furthermore,
imprecision in the statement of the dynamical hypothesis renders
it unfalsifiable.
Dynamical embodiments of computation in cognitive processes
Authors: Crutchfield James P.
Published: July 2002

Dynamics is not enough for cognition, nor it is a substitute
for information-processing aspects of brain behavior. Moreover,
dynamics and computation are not at odds, but are quite compatible.
They can be synthesized so that any dynamical system can be analyzed
in terms of its intrinsic computational components.
The intrinsic temporality of human cognition
Authors: Shanon Benny
Published: July 2002

In conformity with the dynamical perspective advocated by
van Gelder, a more psychological approach can highlight the intrinsic
temporality of human cognition, revealing the inadequacies of
representationalism as a framework for the modeling of mind.
Endomorphisms of measured equivalence relations, cocycles with values in non-locally compact groups and applications
Authors: DANILENKO ALEXANDRE I.
Published: July 2002

Consider a class of Polish groups arising from the subclass of amenable locally compact ones via operations of countable projective limit and group extensions. We show that for each group from this class there exists a cocycle of an ergodic transformation with dense range in it. This is applied to extend and provide a short (orbital) proof for one of the main results from [ALV] on non-coalescence of some ergodic skew product extensions.
‘*1/2’ a critique of rock criticism in North America
Authors: McLEOD KEMBREW
Published: July 2002

As a particular type of gatekeeper, rock critics play a significant role in shaping the representations of artists for an
admittedly small, but influential, population, as well as establishing an artist's place in music history. In Sound Effects,
Simon Frith (1983) maintains that rock critics are ‘opinion leaders’ and are the ‘ideological gatekeepers’ of the
community for which they write. Additionally, I argue that rock critics function as Gramscian ‘organic intellectuals’
who articulate the ideas held by the population of which they are a part (Gramsci 1971, pp. 5-14). The community
that rock critics represent and speak for is made up of an overlapping network that comprises those connected with
college radio, record collectors, local music scene participants, musicians and various record company employees,
among others. Frith (1996, p. 18) argues in Performing Rites that if ‘social relations are constituted in cultural practice,
then our sense of identity and difference is established in the process of discrimination’. By understanding the ways
in which evaluations are made within the communities that rock critics are a part of, we can gain a better understanding
of the communities themselves. Because there are no sustained scholarly writings that examine rock criticism in North
America from a historical, sociological or communicative perspective, it is important to begin examining the profession
of the rock critic, as well as the discourse generated by rock criticism.
Optimal object grasp using tactile sensors and fuzzy logic
Authors: Dubey Venketesh N. , Crowder Richard M. , Chappell Paul H.
Published: July 2002

Optimal control of fingertip force during grasping operation by multifingered robotic end effectors is an important consideration. Determination of optimal fingertip force is, however, very complicated due to the involvement of a number of contact parameters at the finger-object interface including the mass of the object and the frictional properties of the contact surfaces. Modelling of various contact parameters is computationally overloading, which may not be tenable in practical situations where objects of different mass and material are available. Also for an unknown and unstructured environment, these properties may not be known in advance. This paper presents a controller based on fuzzy logic which is capable of performing optimal grasp of objects without knowing their mass and frictional properties. The controller also accounts for stability and dynamic aspects of the grasp. The experimental results of the implementation are presented.
THE FUNCTIONAL CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM AND WEAK CONVERGENCE TO STOCHASTIC
INTEGRALS II
Authors: Davidson James , de Jong Robert M.
Published: July 2002

This paper derives a functional central limit theorem
for the partial sums of fractionally integrated processes,
otherwise known as I(d) processes
for |d| < 1/2. Such processes
have long memory, and the limit distribution is the
so-called fractional Brownian motion, having correlated
increments even asymptotically. The underlying shock variables
may themselves exhibit quite general weak dependence by
being near-epoch-dependent functions of mixing processes.
Several weak convergence results for stochastic integrals
having fractional integrands and weakly dependent integrators
are also obtained. Taken together, these results permit
I(p + d) integrands for any integer
p ≥ 1.
VECTOR AUTOREGRESSIONS WITH UNKNOWN MIXTURES OF I(0),
I(1), AND I(2) COMPONENTS
Authors: Chang Yoosoon
Published: July 2002

This paper develops a new estimation method for
nonstationary vector autoregressions (VAR's) with
unknown mixtures of I(0), I(1), and
I(2) components. The method does not require
prior knowledge on the exact number and location of unit
roots in the system. It is, therefore, applicable for
VAR's with any mixture of I(0), I(1),
and I(2) variables, which may be cointegrated in
any form. The limit theory for the stationary component of
our estimator is still normal, thereby preserving the usual
VAR limit theory. Yet, the leading term of the nonstationary
component of the estimator has mixed normal limit distribution
and does not involve unit root distribution. Our method is an
extension of the FM-VAR procedure by Phillips (1995,
Econometrica 63, 1023–1078) and yields an estimator
that is optimal in the sense of Phillips (1991, Econometrica
59, 283–306). Moreover, we show for a certain class of
linear restrictions that the Wald tests based on the estimator
are asymptotically distributed as a weighted sum of independent
chi-square variates with weights between zero and one. For
such restrictions, the limit distribution of the standard Wald
test is nonstandard and nuisance parameter dependent. This has
a direct application for Granger-causality testing in nonstationary
VAR's.
Seed mass in Amazonian floodplain forests with contrasting nutrient supplies
Authors: Parolin Pia
Published: July 2002

In the Central Amazonian floodplains, several hundred tree species grow in areas that are periodically flooded by nutrient-rich white-water rivers (várzea) and by nutrient poor black-water rivers (igapó). Seed masses of 31 species from várzea and 27 species from igapó were compared taking into consideration their taxonomic relatedness. Overall average seed mass was higher (mean = 7.08 g) in nutrient-poor igapó than in nutrient-rich várzea (mean = 1.16 g). In igapó, the species growing at high elevations on the flooding gradient had significantly higher seed masses than the species growing at low elevations. In várzea, no difference was found between species growing at high and low elevations. Four large-seeded species from igapó occurring at high elevations on the flooding gradient were responsible for most of the difference in average seed mass between forest types. These data suggest that at low positions in the flooding gradient in igapó, selection pressure on seed size is probably the same as in várzea. At sites with short periods of flooding in igapó forests, on high levels in the flooding gradient, the need for rapid height growth may have selected for species with larger seeds which enable seedlings to be less dependent on soil nutrients.
Effect of plant density and light availability on leaf damage in Manilkara bidentata (Sapotaceae)
Authors: Angulo-sandoval Pilar , Aide T. Mitchell
Published: July 2002

Variation in herbivory is often associated with plant density and light environment. The effect of these variables was studied on leaf production and herbivory of Manilkara bidentata in Puerto Rico. The major herbivore of M. bidentata is the leaf miner Acrocercops sp. To determine the effect of plant density, twenty-four 20-m × 20-m plots were established and the densities of saplings, juveniles and adults were determined. Leaf production, herbivory and growth were measured on saplings. Plant density was determined in eight 20-m × 20-m plots surrounding the focal plots. The effect of light was determined by comparing leaf phenology, leaf quality and herbivory in vertical and horizontal profiles. Sapling density in 60-m × 60-m plots was associated with herbivory. In the vertical profile, leaf production was continuous only for the canopy: herbivory increased from the canopy (1.3%) towards the understorey (35.6%). In the horizontal profile leaf production was related to light. Saplings in low light environments had narrow peaks in leaf production compared with saplings in high light environments. Differences in leaf phenology did not result in differences in herbivory possibly because of variation in herbivory among leaves. Although many saplings lost more than 80% of new leaf area, there was no detectable effect on growth. High levels of intra-specific variation in herbivory suggest that to better understand plant/herbivore interactions it is necessary to consider all size classes in a population. It is also important to document these pattern across different spatial scales.
Forest recovery by root suckers and above-ground sprouts after slash-and-burn agriculture, fire and logging in Paraguay and Venezuela
Authors: Kammesheidt Ludwig
Published: July 2002

Vegetative regeneration is an important component of forest recovery after disturbance. This study focused on the role of resprouting, both as root suckers and above-ground sprouts in comparison to seed regeneration (plants 30–130 cm tall), under different disturbance regimes, pattern with successional age and importance in mature forest. Differently aged forest fallows, a fire-degraded stand (Paraguay), differently aged logged stands (Venezuela) and mature forest in both sites were selected. In Paraguay, the percentage of resprouts declined from 76% in the young forest fallows (2–5-y old) to 48 and 14%, respectively, in the older forest fallows (10 and 15-y old) and mature forest. In Venezuela, by contrast, the proportion of resprouts from the youngest logged stand (5-y old) to the oldest logged stand (19-y old) and mature forest slightly increased from 10 to 16% and 17%, respectively. Root suckers were more common than above-ground sprouts in any of the sampled stands. In forest fallows, 38% of all species possessed both modes of regeneration, while 20 and 18%, respectively, were either found with above-ground sprouts or root suckers. In the fire-degraded stand, most resprouting species were observed with root suckers (28%), whereas species represented with either above-ground sprouts or both modes of vegetative regeneration were less common (7 and 14%, respectively). In logged stands, species reproducing by both means of vegetative regeneration were more frequent (20%) than the other groups (14 and 8%, respectively). In the mature stands in Paraguay and Venezuela, 42 and 14% of the species, respectively, were found with either or both modes of vegetative regeneration. In both sites, significant differences in the ability to resprout between growth forms were found. Of 301 resprouting individuals in Paraguay, 114 were found to be uncut stems, of these 108 produced root suckers andsix above-ground sprouts.
Census versus medical daybooks: a
comparison of two sources on mortality in nineteenth-century Ontario
Authors: DUFFIN JACALYN
Published: July 2002

In nineteenth-century Canada, a Census was conducted every ten years, beginning in 1851. Historians have tried to use the information in the local, provincial, and national Censuses to determine the rate of mortality and causes of death. The mortality statistics are thought to be reliable after 1921, but practical as well as conceptual problems interfere with attempts to establish retrospective mortality patterns using the nineteenth-century Census. In this paper, I will review the problems with this source on mortality. I will then compare the Census data with that derived from a study of a physician's daybooks, focusing on four specific areas of discrepancy and the possible reasons for
the differences. Finally, I will suggest that the combined use of both types of sources may challenge some durable assumptions and could help to establish more reliable estimates of mortality patterns.
ON THE OPTIMALITY OF AN INDEX RULE IN MULTICHANNEL ALLOCATION
FOR SINGLE-HOP MOBILE NETWORKS WITH MULTIPLE SERVICE CLASSES
Authors: Lott Christopher , Teneketzis Demosthenis
Published: July 2002

We model a single-hop mobile network under centralized
control with N service classes as a system of
N weighted cost parallel queues with M (1 ≤
M < N) servers, arrivals, varying
binary connectivity, and Bernoulli service success at each
queue. We consider scheduling problems in this system and,
under various assumptions on arrivals and connectivity,
derive conditions sufficient, but not necessary, to guarantee
the optimality of an index policy.
The differential effect of storybook reading on

preschoolers' acquisition of expressive and receptive vocabulary
Authors: SÉNÉCHAL MONIQUE
Published: July 2002

The present study was conducted to assess the effect of didactic

techniques used during storybook reading on young children's

acquisition of new vocabulary introduced in storybooks. Thirty children

for each group of three- and four-year-old children were read one

storybook individually. The study included three storybook reading

conditions: single-reading, repeated-reading and questioning. In both

the repeated-reading and the questioning conditions, the storybook was

read three times. Children in the questioning condition were asked,

during each reading of the storybook, to label target items with the novel

words. Listening to multiple readings of a storybook facilitated children's

acquisition of expressive and receptive vocabulary, whereas answering

questions during the multiple readings was more helpful to the

acquisition of expressive than receptive vocabulary. These findings suggest

that, under certain conditions, didactic techniques used by adults

have differential effects on preschoolers' receptive and expressive

vocabulary.
Thicknesses of knots
Authors: DIAO Y. , ERNST C. , VAN RENSBURG E. J. JANSE
Published: July 2002

In this paper we define a set of radii called thickness for simple
closed curves
denoted by K, which are assumed to be differentiable. These radii
capture a balanced
view between the geometric and the topological properties of these curves.
One can
think of these radii as representing the thickness of a rope in space and
of K as the
core of the rope. Great care is taken to define our radii in order to gain
freedom from
small pieces with large curvature in the curve. Intuitively, this means
that we tend to
allow the surface of the ropes that represent the knots to deform into
a non smooth
surface. But as long as the radius of the rope is less than the thickness
so defined,
the surface of the rope will remain a two manifold and the rope (as a solid
torus) can
be deformed onto K via strong deformation retract. In this paper
we explore basic
properties of these thicknesses and discuss the relationship amongst them.
Is DGPS Still a Good Option for Mariners?
Authors: Moore Terry , Hill Chris , Monteiro Luís
Published: July 2002

The International Maritime Organisation (IMO), in its Sub-Committee for the Safety of Navigation, has recommended the acceptance of GPS as a component of the World-Wide Radionavigation System. However, the Sub-Committee highlighted that GPS accuracy is not sufficient for harbour entrances and approaches and that it does not provide instantaneous integrity to alert users of any malfunction. The Sub-Committee considered that DGPS could improve both the accuracy and the integrity of GPS. In practice, the use of differential corrections to GPS signals allows elimination of most of the errors of GPS and improves the integrity of the service significantly. While GPS does not provide instantaneous integrity, the use of DGPS reference stations, which continuously monitor the signals of the visible satellites, enables the timely warning (under 15 seconds) of any malfunction or failure. However, the recent discontinuation of Selective Availability (SA), which led to an improvement in stand-alone GPS accuracy, has changed some of the premises that justified differential services. This paper presents the needs of mariners in terms of radio positioning, with the aim of evaluating the ability of unaugmented GPS and DGPS to comply with marine navigation requirements. The impact of the removal of SA on DGPS and its benefits for mariners will also be discussed in order to show that DGPS is still adequate and useful for mariners.
Optimal Scheduling with Maximum Position Shift (MPS)
Constraints:
A
Runway Scheduling Application
Authors: Trivizas Dionyssios A.
Published: July 2002

This paper presents results from a doctoral dissertation (reference

12), on the problem of
scheduling with Maximum Position Shift (MPS) constraints.
The problem typically arises in a
queueing system, when the service rate depends on the sequence in which
customers are
handled by the server. Such a queueing system is the airport runway system,
where it has been
shown (references 3, 10, 12) that rearranging the sequence of landings
and takeoffs affects the
runway capacity – that is, the rate of runway operations. An optimal
Dynamic Programming
(DP) scheduling algorithm is developed that takes as
input the set of currently known flights,
their desired time of operation, basis of the First Come First
Served (FCFS) sequence, and a
matrix of Air Traffic Control (ATC) minimum time separations,

in order to produce an optimal
schedule defined as runway and threshold time assignments maximizing runway
capacity.
Co-management of New Zealand's conservation estate by Maori and Pakeha: a review
Authors: TAIEPA TODD , LYVER PHILIP , HORSLEY PETER , DAVIS JANE , BRAG MARGARET , MOLLER HENRIK
Published: July 2002

Despite direction by the Conservation Act (1987) to give effect to the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi, New Zealand's Department of Conservation has few formal collaborative management arrangements with Maori. Obstacles to establishing agreements that involve Maori in equitable conservation decision-making roles include divergent philosophies (preservation versus conservation for future use), institutional inertia, a lack of concrete models of co-management to evaluate success or otherwise to promote conservation, a lack of resources and opportunities for capacity building and scientific research amongst Maori, opposition and a lack of trust from conservation non-governmental organizations that are predominantly euro-centric in approach and membership, and a fundamental reluctance of some to share power with Maori. Recent examples of work towards co-management emphasize the need for innovative methods to build trust and explore common ground and differences. Meetings on marae (traditional Maori gathering places) have established guiding principles, lengthy dialogue, and a collective symbol as a metaphor for co-management. These were valuable steps towards building trust and understanding required for the restoration of coastal lakes and a river, and the potential joint management of two national parks on the west coast of the North Island. Establishment of a research project to assess the sustainability of a traditional harvest of a sea-bird (Puffinus griseus) by Rakiura Maori was facilitated by drawing up a 'cultural safety' contract. This contract underscored the role of Maori as directors of the research, protected their intellectual property rights to their traditional environmental knowledge, guaranteed continuity of the collaborative research project and regulated how results were to be communicated. The scientific ethics of a university ecological research team were safeguarded by the contract, which ensured that they could publish their inferences without erasure or interference. The New Zealand experience shows that even when legislation signals from the top down that the doorway is open for co-management with indigenous people, this by itself is unlikely to make it happen. Active facilitation by innovative middle-level agreements and the creation of new administrative structures are needed to govern co-management of a broad spectrum of resource issues. Bottom-up initiatives involving single, or very localized, resource uses may also trigger co-management. Models for successful co-management involving indigenous peoples must focus more strongly on issues of equity or power sharing, and therefore may be very different from models directed at a single conservation outcome.