bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Impact of a Creativity‐supporting Work Environment on a Firm's Product Innovation Performance
Authors: Dul Jan , Ceylan Canan
Published: January 2014

Many scholars and practitioners have suggested that a creativity‐supporting work environment contributes to a firm's product innovation performance. Although there is evidence that such an environment enhances innovative behavior at individual level, very few studies address the effect of a creativity‐supporting work environment on product innovation performance at firm level, and the results are inconsistent.

This paper examines the relationship between a firm's creativity‐supporting work environment and a firm's product innovation performance in a sample of 103 firms. For measuring a firm's creativity‐supporting work environment, a comprehensive and creativity‐focused framework is used. The framework consists of 9 social‐organizational and 12 physical work environment characteristics that are likely to enhance employee creativity. These characteristics contribute to the firm's overall work environment that supports creativity. The firm's product innovation performance is defined by two distinct concepts: new product productivity (NP productivity), which is the extent to which the firm introduces new products to the market, and new product success (NP success), which is the percentage of the firm's sales from new products. In most firms, different knowledgeable informants provided the data for the variables.

The results show that firms with creativity‐supporting work environments introduce more new products to the market (NP productivity), and have more NP success in terms of new product sales (NP success). NP productivity partly mediates the relationship between creativity‐supporting work environment and NP success. The mediation model shows that the two paths from a creativity‐supporting work environment to NP success are about equally important: the direct path between creativity‐supporting work environment and NP success has a coefficient of .22, and the coefficient of the indirect path via NP productivity is .23.

The creativity‐supporting work environment framework can be used in managerial practice to enhance employee creativity for product innovation. It allows applying a flexible and broad approach by influencing both social‐organizational and physical characteristics of the work environment.
PORTMANTEAU AUTOCORRELATION TESTS UNDERQ‐DEPENDENCE AND HETEROSKEDASTICITY
Authors: Harris David , Kew Hsein
Published: January 2014

We propose extensions of the Box–Pierce () portmanteau autocorrelation test to allow for two generalizations: (i) time series that exhibit unconditional heteroskedasticity and (ii) to test for the presence of autocorrelation only after a fixed lagq. These extensions involve a generalized quadratic form of the Box–Pierce test that uses the heteroskedasticity autocorrelation consistent‐type estimator. While we show that this modified test is robust to unconditional heteroskedasticity, the resulting power loss may be substantial. We therefore develop feasible weighted tests that make use of nonparametric estimates of the unobserved variance process. Simulation experiments show that the weighted tests have good size and superior power properties over the unweighted tests.
Reproductive interference between honeybee species in artificial sympatry
Authors: Remnant Emily J. , Koetz Anna , Tan Ken , Hinson Eloise , Beekman Madeleine , Oldroyd Benjamin P.
Published: January 2014

Reproductive isolation between closely related species is often incomplete. The Western honeybee, Apis mellifera, and the Eastern hive bee, Apis cerana, have been allopatric for millions of years, but are nonetheless similar in morphology and behaviour. During the last century, the two species were brought into contact anthropogenically, providing potential opportunities for interspecific matings. Hybrids between A. mellifera and A. cerana are inviable, so natural interspecific matings are of concern because they may reduce the viability of A. cerana and A. mellifera populations – two of the world's most important pollinators. We examined the mating behaviour of A. mellifera and A. cerana queens and drones from Caoba Basin, China and Cairns, Australia. Drone mating flight times overlap in both areas. Analysis of the spermathecal contents of queens with species‐specific genetic markers indicated that in Caoba Basin, 14% of A. mellifera queens mated with at least one A. cerana male, but we detected no A. cerana queens that had mated with A. mellifera males. Similarly, in Cairns, no A. cerana queens carried A. mellifera sperm, but one‐third of A. mellifera queens had mated with at least one A. cerana male. No hybrid embryos were detected in eggs laid by interspecifically mated A. mellifera queens in either location. However, A. mellifera queens artificially inseminated with A. cerana sperm produced inviable hybrid eggs or unfertilized drones. This suggests that reproductive interference will impact the viability of honeybee populations wherever A. cerana and A. mellifera are in contact.
Molecular epidemiology and antifungal susceptibility of Serbian Cryptococcus neoformans isolates
Authors: Arsic Arsenijevic Valentina , Pekmezovic Marina G. , Meis Jacques F. , Hagen Ferry
Published: January 2014

Molecular typing and antifungal susceptibility testing of 34 clinical Serbian Cryptococcus neoformans isolates from 25 patients was retrospectively performed. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprinting was used for genotyping, whereas a novel real‐time PCR was used to determine the mating‐ and serotype. The antifungals amphotericin B, 5‐fluorocytosine, fluconazole, voriconazole, itraconazole and posaconazole were used to determine the antifungal susceptibility profiles. The majority of isolates belonged to genotype AFLP1/VNI (n = 20; 58.8%), followed by AFLP2/VNIV (n = 10; 29.4%), AFLP3/VNIII (n = 3; 8.8%) and AFLP1B/VNII (n = 1; 2.9%). All AFLP1/VNI isolates were mating–serotype αA, the sole AFLP1B/VNII isolate was found to be aA, whereas AFLP2/VNIV harboured serotype D isolates with either the a (n = 2; 5.9%) or α (n = 8; 23.5%) mating‐type allele. The isolates (n = 3; 8.8%) that were found to be genotype AFLP3/VNIII had the hybrid mating‐ and serotype combination aA‐αD. In vitro antifungal susceptibility testing showed that all isolates were susceptible to amphotericin B, voriconazole and posaconazole. Low resistance level was observed for fluconazole (n = 1; 2.9%) and 5‐fluorocytosine. (n = 2; 5.8%). A large percentage of isolates was found to be susceptible dose dependent to itraconazole (n = 16; 47.1%). AFLP1/VNI was the most common genotype among clinical C. neoformans isolates from immunocompromised patients in Serbia. C. neoformans from HIV‐negative patients were significantly less susceptible to 5‐fluorocytosine (P < 0.01). Correlation between genotypes and antifungal susceptibility was not observed.
The Influence of Emotional Intelligence on Negotiation Outcomes and the Mediating Effect of Rapport: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach
Authors: Kim Kihwan , Cundiff Nicole L. A. , Choi Suk Bong
Published: January 2014

Although early research on negotiation focused on cognition and decision‐making processes, recently, negotiation scholars have started to pay attention to the importance of emotion in negotiation and have suggested that emotional intelligence is likely to improve negotiation performance. Few studies, however, have tested the relationship between emotional intelligence and negotiation outcomes. This study contributes by empirically testing the influence of emotional intelligence on specific negotiation outcomes (joint gain, trust between parties, and the desire of parties to work together again) and also examines the mediating effects of rapport.

We used a laboratory experimental design with 202 participants to test the hypotheses. We found that a negotiator's emotional intelligence was correlated with his or her counterpart's trust level and desire to work again but had no effect on joint gain. In addition, rapport fully mediated the relationship between emotional intelligence and desire to work again, and between emotional intelligence and trust.
Civil Society and Peace Negotiations: Beyond the Inclusion–Exclusion Dichotomy
Authors: Paffenholz Thania
Published: January 2014

Civil society is generally seen as an important actor in peace processes. But when it comes to reaching an agreement during peace negotiations, much of the current debate is centered on the question of including or excluding civil society. Although most researchers argue that civil society participation makes the process more sustainable and democratic, most practitioners emphasize that enhanced civil society participation makes it more difficult to reach a peace agreement.

I argue that practitioners and theorists must both move beyond this dichotomy and, instead, focus on the variety of ways in which civil society actors can be included in a given negotiation process. To this end, I present in this article a comprehensive overview of nine models of inclusion, from most to least direct involvement of civil society, supported by illustrative case studies. Analysis of these models suggests that it will be possible to broaden the participation of civil society in peace negotiations without decreasing the negotiations' effectiveness.
The Beginning of a New History
Authors: FUKUYAMA FRANCIS , ATTALI JACQUES
Published: January 2014

If the 20th Century was the century of physics, the 21st Century is the century of cybernetics, biology and ecology. Technological advance has both crossed new frontiers and discovered old limits.

Nobel laureate Ilya Prigogine broke new ground with his understanding that nature, including its human component, seeks to establish order out of chaos by “self‐organizing,” not only according to pre‐determined laws, but through random creative choices as well that are responsible for the endless novelty and potentiality of being.

The technologically‐armed purposive role of humans in the Anthropocentric Age thus takes on a new significance: “What we do today depends on our image of the future rather than the future depending on what we do today” as Prigogine puts it. “The equations of the future are written in our actions as well as in nature. Time becomes construction.”

Nowhere is this truer than in the new science of genomics, which touches the soul, and in the effort to preserve the ecological balance that has enabled humanity to flourish within the narrow band of earth's livable climate.

In this section we bring together leading thinkers, scientists and technologists of our age to address these issues of mankind's fate.
The Limits of Cloning
Authors: WILMUT IAN
Published: January 2014

If the 20th Century was the century of physics, the 21st Century is the century of cybernetics, biology and ecology. Technological advance has both crossed new frontiers and discovered old limits.

Nobel laureate Ilya Prigogine broke new ground with his understanding that nature, including its human component, seeks to establish order out of chaos by “self‐organizing,” not only according to pre‐determined laws, but through random creative choices as well that are responsible for the endless novelty and potentiality of being.

The technologically‐armed purposive role of humans in the Anthropocentric Age thus takes on a new significance: “What we do today depends on our image of the future rather than the future depending on what we do today” as Prigogine puts it. “The equations of the future are written in our actions as well as in nature. Time becomes construction.”

Nowhere is this truer than in the new science of genomics, which touches the soul, and in the effort to preserve the ecological balance that has enabled humanity to flourish within the narrow band of earth's livable climate.

In this section we bring together leading thinkers, scientists and technologists of our age to address these issues of mankind's fate.
The China Model
Authors: FUKUYAMA FRANCIS , WEIWEI ZHANG
Published: January 2014

The return of the Middle Kingdom to the center stage of history is the most significant geo‐civilizaitonal development of the 21st Century. China's rise raises anew the great question, thought settled after the Cold War, of what system of governance will stand on the right or wrong side of history. In this section the leading ideologists of the China model and its “peaceful rise” appear alongside the fiercest critics of China's way.
Chinese Prosperity Doesn't Bring Democracy
Authors: LI‐ZHI FANG
Published: January 2014

The return of the Middle Kingdom to the center stage of history is the most significant geo‐civilizaitonal development of the 21st Century. China's rise raises anew the great question, thought settled after the Cold War, of what system of governance will stand on the right or wrong side of history. In this section the leading ideologists of the China model and its “peaceful rise” appear alongside the fiercest critics of China's way.
The Good Faith of an Infidel
Authors: HIRSI ALI AYAAN
Published: January 2014

For most of human history, the other half of the species, women, were on the sidelines. Now they are central actors in all our societies as we negotiate the fraught transition from male‐dominated tradition to modernity and beyond. In this section we hear the voices of powerful women who in their own lives are making this historic shift.
Longitudinal study of spherical refractive error in infantile nystagmus syndrome
Authors: Healey Natasha , McClelland Julie F. , Saunders Kathryn J. , Jackson A. Jonathan
Published: January 2014

Purpose

To explore the onset and progression of spherical refractive error in a population with infantile nystagmus syndrome.

Methods

Retrospective refractive error data were obtained from 147 medical records of children with infantile nystagmus syndrome (albinism n = 98; idiopathic infantile nystagmus n = 49), attending a low vision clinic in Northern Ireland, over a 24 year period (1986–2010). Data were categorised by age to allow for comparisons with published studies. A prospective group of participants with Infantile nystagmus syndrome (INS) [n = 22 (albinism n = 18, idiopathic infantile nystagmus n = 4)] (aged 0–4) were also recruited. Cycloplegic streak retinoscopy was performed biannually, over a 3 year period. Spherical equivalent refractive error and most ametropic meridian were analysed.

Results

The mean spherical equivalent refractive errors for albinism and idiopathic infantile nystagmus groups (across all age categories) were hypermetropic, with highest levels demonstrated by the participants with albinism aged 1 ≤ 4 years (Mann‐Whitney U test, p = 0.013). Mean most ametropic meridian was highest in the albinism group aged 1 ≤ 12 years (Mann‐Whitney U test, p < 0.05). Individual data demonstrated relatively static spherical equivalent refractive errors over time. Prospective participants were hypermetropic at all visits and those with albinism had, on average, higher refractive errors than those with idiopathic infantile nystagmus (IIN). No significant correlations were noted between visual acuity and spherical equivalent refractive errors or most ametropic meridian.

Conclusions

Hypermetropia is the most prevalent spherical refractive error in the INS population, irrespective of level of visual acuity. Individuals with infantile nystagmus syndrome fail to demonstrate typical patterns of emmetropisation, particularly in the presence of albinism.
Performance on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale‐III in Japanese patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Fujino Haruo , Sumiyoshi Chika , Sumiyoshi Tomiki , Yasuda Yuka , Yamamori Hidenaga , Ohi Kazutaka , Fujimoto Michiko , Umeda‐Yano Satomi , Higuchi Arisa , Hibi Yumiko , Matsuura Yukako , Hashimoto Ryota , Takeda Masatoshi , Imura Osamu
Published: January 2014

Aim

Patients with schizophrenia have been reported to perform worse than non‐schizophrenic populations on neuropsychological tests, which may be affected by cultural factors. The aim of this study was to examine the performance of a sizable number of patients with schizophrenia on the Japanese version of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale‐III (WAIS‐III) compared with healthy controls.

Methods

Performance on the WAIS‐III was evaluated in 157 Japanese patients with schizophrenia and in 264 healthy control subjects.

Results

All IQ scores and four indices from the WAIS‐III were impaired for patients with schizophrenia compared with healthy controls. Processing Speed was markedly disturbed, approximately 2 SD below that of the healthy control group. Among the 13 subtests, Comprehension (z = −1.70, d = 1.55), Digit Symbol Coding (z = −1.84, d = 1.88), and Symbol Search (z = −1.85, d = 1.77) were profoundly impaired relative to the healthy controls.

Conclusion

These results indicate that the pattern and degree of impairment, as evaluated by the WAIS‐III, in Japanese patients are similar to those previously reported in English‐speaking patients and that the deficits of some neuropsychological domains relevant to functional outcomes are universally characteristic of schizophrenia.
The Psychology of Radicalization and Deradicalization: How Significance Quest Impacts Violent Extremism
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W. , Gelfand Michele J. , Bélanger Jocelyn J. , Sheveland Anna , Hetiarachchi Malkanthi , Gunaratna Rohan
Published: January 2014

We present a model of radicalization and deradicalization based on the notion that the quest for personal significance constitutes a major motivational force that may push individuals toward violent extremism. Radicalization is defined as the process of supporting or engaging in activities deemed (by others) as in violation of important social norms (e.g., the killing of civilians). In these terms, radicalization (1) is a matter of degree (in which mere attitudinal support for violence reflects a lower degree of radicalization than actual engagement in violence); (2) represents a subjective judgment proffered by those for whom the violated norms seem important but not by those who have devalued or suppressed the norms in question.

Our radicalization/deradicalization model contains three crucial components: (1) the motivational component (the quest for personal significance) that defines a goal to which one may be committed, (2) the ideological component that in addition identifies the means of violence as appropriate for this goal's pursuit, and (3) the social process of networking and group dynamics through which the individual comes to share in the violence‐justifying ideology and proceeds to implement it as a means of significance gain. We present empirical evidence consistent with our model's assumptions and discuss its implications for policies of preventing radicalization and effecting deradicalization.
The Social and Political Implications of Moral Conviction
Authors: Skitka Linda J. , Morgan G. Scott
Published: January 2014

Scholars often assume that some issues globally evoke moral reactions, whether these issues are presented as moral dilemmas (e.g., trolley problems) or as controversial issues of the day (e.g., the legal status of abortion). There is considerable individual variation, however, in the degree that people report that their position on specific issues reflects a core moral conviction. This chapter reviews theory and research that explores the role moral conviction plays in predicting people's political thoughts, feelings, and behavior. Variance in moral conviction associated with specific issues has important social and political consequences, such as predicting increased political engagement (voting, willingness to engage in activism), inoculation against the usual pressures to obey authorities and the law, and greater acceptance of violent solutions to conflict. The normative implications of these and other findings are both reassuring (moral conviction can protect against obedience to potentially malevolent authorities) and terrifying (moral conviction is associated with rejection of the rule of law and can provide a motivational foundation for violent protest and acts of terrorism).
Industrial Upgrading in a Multiple‐cone Heckscher–Ohlin Model: The Flying Geese Patterns of Industrial Development
Authors: Kiyota Kozo
Published: January 2014

This paper examines empirically how the multiple‐cone version of the Heckscher–Ohlin (HO) model fits the “flying geese” patterns of industrial development: a series of industries appear, prosper, then decline and finally disappear one after another. Using Japanese manufacturing data from 1975 to 2006, the analysis shows that the multiple‐cone model fits well with the flying geese patterns of Japanese industrial development. The result suggests that part of the industrial upgrading can be explained by the multiple‐cone HO model. This also implies that an underlying mechanism of macroeconomic growth is industrial upgrading, part of which can be attributed to capital accumulation.
Extraosseous Calcification in End‐stage Renal Disease: From Visceral Organs to Vasculature
Authors: Molenaar Femke M. , van Reekum Franka E. , Rookmaaker Maarten B. , Abrahams Alferso C. , van Jaarsveld Brigit C.
Published: January 2014

In earlier days, periarticular accumulations of calcium phosphate causing tumor‐like depositions were considered the result of passive precipitation and referred to as metastatic calcifications. From sophisticated computer tomographic studies and growing insight, we have learned that calcifications in the cardiovascular system are far more threatening and in fact one of the most important sequela of end‐stage renal disease. The histologic characteristic of uremia‐related calcification is arteriosclerosis of the media. In addition, there is atherosclerosis of the intima, due to the high prevalence of classic cardiovascular risk factors in renal disease. The two vascular features can frequently exist at different sites in the vasculature. Novel diagnostic techniques are helping to elucidate the pathogenetic mechanisms of active conversion of vascular smooth muscle cells to osteochondritic cells. Through this process, extensive calcification of the central and peripheral vasculature ensues, influenced by different promotors and inhibitors. Calciphylaxis is a special form of extraosseous calcification leading to skin necrosis. The factors that trigger the development of calciphylaxis are not completely understood, but this syndrome shares part of the pathophysiologic basis of extraosseous calcification in general. However, the therapeutic approach must be prompt and aggressive, because of the poor prognosis. Frequently, a fatal outcome cannot be avoided in calciphylaxis.
Self‐Centering, Split‐Tip Catheter has Better Patency than Symmetric‐Tip Tunneled Hemodialysis Catheter: Single‐Center Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Balamuthusamy Saravanan
Published: January 2014

The performance and safety of a new self‐centering, split‐tip hemodialysis tunneled catheter was compared with a symmetric‐tip catheter. The new catheter has a greater separation between the arterial and venous tips, with dual apertures designed to permanently face the center of the blood vessel. The design is intended to improve dialysis efficiency by increasing flow rates while decreasing recirculation, fibrin sheath formation, thrombosis, and vessel wall occlusions. The study results indicated that the self‐centering, split‐tip catheter had statistically greater patency after 3 months with similar clearance, blood flow, and safety.
The History of Affirmative Action in the USA: A Teaching and Learning Guide
Authors: Pierce Jennifer L.
Published: January 2014

This Teaching and Learning Guide is designed to accompany my Sociology Compass article on affirmative action. The sample syllabus is organized historically beginning with FDR's New Deal and the first use of the term affirmative action and ending with the most recent Supreme Court's deliberations on this policy. In doing so, it attends not only to the varied meanings and forms of affirmative action across time but also the different interest groups arguing for and against this remedial policy. Along the way, it explores the changing history of race relations in the USA, considers the value of personal narratives as sources in exploring meaning and personhood, examines the ways the news media has framed the debate in contemporary America, and finally, speculates about the future of this controversial policy.
The Influences Affecting and the Influential Effects of Multiracials: Multiracialism and Stratification
Authors: Strmic‐Pawl Hephzibah V.
Published: January 2014

Early research on multiracials documents the existence of a newly emergent population, those who identify with more than one race or what is commonly now known as multiracials. Contemporary research on multiracialism has a new focus on the stratification that multiracials experience and how multiracials may be influencing a new racial hierarchy. This paper discusses some of the primary issues of multiracialism and stratification including colorism, the racial hierarchy, social class, gender and sexual orientation, and multiracial as a celebrity‐like status. As the multiracial population grows, so must the field of multiracialism grows to include critical issues and questions regarding stratification.
Diffusion of Protest
Authors: Walsh‐Russo Cecelia
Published: January 2014

Studies of diffusion have a long‐standing history within the social sciences. Recent concurrent political uprisings within the mid‐East and the global spread of the Occupy! Movement have renewed focus on the spread of tactics within and between social movements organizations. The article discusses the historical context of diffusion research, with an emphasis on diffusion research within the study of social movements. The author calls for continued research on the spread of tactics within international social movements given that such movements are currently dynamic and contested sites of struggle.
Organising Generations – What Can Sociology Offer to the Understanding of Generations at Work?
Authors: Kelan Elisabeth K.
Published: January 2014

Generations at work is a topic of much concern for research and practice, yet sociological scholarship on generations in a work context is scarce. This article brings together sociological research on generations with popular and psychological research on generations at work and explores the potential of a sociology of generations at work through a discussion of the latest generation entering the workplace. The article proceeds to explore which contribution a sociology of generations at work might make and suggests some potential avenues for further research.
Debating US Contemporary Feminism
Authors: Reger Jo
Published: January 2014

The US women's movement has challenged societal norms, policies, laws, and culture since its inception. However, at the same time, it has inspired debates about its goals, ideology, tactics, and outcomes. These debates emerge from two main sources: the mainstream media as it reflects dominant culture and among feminist activists and/or scholars. I elaborate on three of the most contentious aspects of contemporary feminism through a series of questions: Is the movement still in existence? What is the relationship between generations of feminists? And finally, how have feminists addressed diversity, privilege, and inclusion in the movement, particularly around issues of race‐ethnicity? I conclude that while the movement still exists, feminists continue to struggle with generational relations, and contemporary activists have not created an inclusive and diverse movement. However, I argue that these debates and struggles are evidence of a vibrant movement that continues into the 21st century.
Prospective Elementary Teachers' Knowledge of Teaching Science as Argument: A Case Study
Authors: Barreto‐Espino Reizelie , Zembal‐Saul Carla , Avraamidou Lucy
Published: January 2014

The National Research Council emphasizes the centrality of discourse and practices associated with constructing, evaluating, and using scientific explanations. These expectations increase already daunting challenges for those who teach science at the elementary school level. This study followed a multiparticipant case study approach examining prospective elementary teachers' self‐reports of teaching science as argument. Findings yield that the presence of opportunities for physical experimentation with firsthand data during science instruction helped participants increase their emphasis on evidence‐based explanations. Participants also viewed science talks as essential and fundamental for engaging students in evidence‐based explanations. Finally, participants demonstrated attention to scientific subject matter. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for teacher education.
Slab–mantle flow interaction: influence on subduction dynamics and duration
Authors: Rodríguez‐González Juan , Negredo Ana M. , Carminati Eugenio
Published: January 2014

We investigate the influence of mantle flow relative to the lithosphere on subduction dynamics. We use 2D thermo‐mechanical models assuming incompressible non‐Newtonian fluid rheology. Different mantle flow velocities consistent with absolute plate motion models are tested, as well as both directions of flow, either sustaining or opposing slab dip. The effects of different inflow/outflow velocity profiles, slab strengths and upper–lower mantle viscosity contrasts are also evaluated. Slab dip deviations between models with opposite mantle flow directions range from 37° for relatively strong slabs (ηmax = 1025 Pa s) to 50° for weaker slabs (ηmax = 1024 Pa s), accounting for a significant amount of natural slab dip variability. For imposed mantle flow supporting the slab, the initial stage of slab steepening is followed by a stage of continuous slab dip decrease. This slab shallowing eventually leads to mantle wedge closure, subduction cessation and slab break‐off, possibly driving subduction flips.
The Role of GATT/WTO as a Commitment Device in the Presence of a Time Lag: Free Trade, Time‐consistent Tariff Policy and Market Size
Authors: Toshimitsu Tsuyoshi
Published: January 2014

We consider whether a free trade policy is superior to tariff policies in the presence of a time lag between production and trade decisions. We show that the preferable choice between a free trade policy and a time‐consistent tariff policy depends on the market size of the importing country. However, because a free trade policy itself is not necessarily credible in the presence of a time lag, the importing country requires an international organisation such as GATT/WTO as a commitment device. Accordingly, employing a non‐cooperative game approach, we analyse under what conditions becoming a member of such an international organisation is a subgame perfect Nash equilibrium and show that free trade under the GATT/WTO regime is Pareto improving for the importing and exporting countries.
Automation of blood component preparation from whole blood collections
Authors: Cid J. , Magnano L. , Lozano M.
Published: January 2014

Background and objectives

Automation of blood component preparation (BCP) from whole blood (WB) collections is increasingly being widespread implemented. This review summarizes the quality of blood components obtained with new automated devices.

Materials and methods

We reviewed available literature on the quality of blood components obtained with new automated devices developed in the 2000s.

Results

Blood components obtained with the new devices met European standards. Of note, compared with platelet concentrates obtained with manual methods, automation of BCP improved the consistency of the final products.

Conclusion

The complete automation of BCP from WB collections is still in development and it represents a huge change in paradigm.
Multi-choice stochastic transportation problem involving weibull distribution
Authors: Mahapatra Deshabrata Roy
Published: January 2014

A solution procedure for multi-choice stochastic transportation problem is presented herewith some stochastic constraints containing parameters as supply and demand of Weibull distributionand cost coecients of objective function have multi-choice in nature of real life situation. At rst, allstochastic constraints are transformed into deterministic constraints by using the stochastic approach.A transformation technique is introduced for manipulation of multi-choice cost coecients of objectivefunction into equivalent deterministic form in terms of binary variables with additional restrictions.The auxiliary and additional constraints involving binary variables depend upon the set of consecutiveterms of cost coecients of the objective function whose sum is equal or nearer to the aspiration levels.Finally, a numerical example is presented to illustrate the solution procedure of the specied proposedmodel.
Direct Liquid Cooling of High Flux LED Systems: Hot Spot Abatement
Authors: Tamdogan Enes , Arik Mehmet , Dogruoz M. Baris
Published: January 2014

With the recent advances in wide band gap device technology, solid-state lighting (SSL) has become favorable for many lighting applications due to energy savings, long life, green nature for environment, and exceptional color performance. Light emitting diodes (LED) as SSL devices have recently offered unique advantages for a wide range of commercial and residential applications. However, LED operation is strictly limited by temperature as its preferred chip junction temperature is below 100 °C. This is very similar to advanced electronics components with continuously increasing heat fluxes due to the expanding microprocessor power dissipation coupled with reduction in feature sizes. While in some of the applications standard cooling techniques cannot achieve an effective cooling performance due to physical limitations or poor heat transfer capabilities, development of novel cooling techniques is necessary. The emergence of LED hot spots has also turned attention to the cooling with dielectric liquids intimately in contact with the heat and photon dissipating surfaces, where elevated LED temperatures will adversely affect light extraction and reliability.

In the interest of highly effective heat removal from LEDs with direct liquid cooling, the current paper starts with explaining the increasing thermal problems in electronics and also in lighting technologies followed by a brief overview of the state of the art for liquid cooling technologies. Then, attention will be turned into thermal consideration of approximately a 60W replacement LED light engine. A conjugate CFD model is deployed to determine local hot spots and to optimize the thermal resistance by varying multiple design parameters, boundary conditions, and the type of fluid. Detailed system level simulations also point out possible abatement techniques for local hot spots while keeping light extraction at maximum.
New Method for Evaluating Heat Transfer Material
Authors: Saito Yasuhiro , Emoto Hiroyuki , Tuji Yuuki , Komuro Takanori
Published: January 2014

In the present paper, a new method is presented for evaluating heat-transfer materials. When electronic devices are mounted on a metallic heat sink, a heat-transfer material is required in order to handle the thermal flow from the devices while maintaining electrical insulation. However, the thermal characteristics of heat-transfer materials are strongly affected by their contact with the heat sink. The concept proposed in the present paper is to measure the thermal characteristics of a heat-transfer material placed on an aluminum plate that is machine milled to form precise grooves, which represent the surface roughness of the heat sink. When pressure is applied to the heat-transfer material, the material is pressed into these grooves, reducing the gaps between the two materials and consequently increasing the thermal conductance. By varying the shape of the grooves and the amount of pressure applied, the contact conditions can be precisely controlled. Thus, complex thermal parameters can be measured with good repeatability. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, an evaluation system was constructed, in which the temperature was controlled using flowing water. Tests were then carried out on two types of heat-transfer materials, with hardnesses of C10 and C75, as determined using an Asker C type hardness meter. Four aluminum plates with different groove shapes were used. For each combination of heat-transfer material and aluminum plate, an increase in the thermal conductance was clearly observed as the pressure increased, until saturation finally occurred at a particular pressure. This result was expected because, as the pressure increases, the gaps between the heat-transfer material and the aluminum plate are expected to decrease and finally disappear. A trade-off relationship between the thermal conductance of the heat-transfer material and its softness, the latter of which affects the pressure at which the gaps become filled, was also found to exist. The results obtained in the present study confirm the reliability and effectiveness of the proposed method. Based on an analysis of the coupled electrical and thermal phenomena in contact, we also propose the electrical method including the contact condition factor.
Parametric Study on Thermal and Hydraulic Performance of a Hybrid Double-Side Micro-Jet Cooling System
Authors: Kim Sun-min , Kim Kwang-Yong
Published: January 2014

Numerical analyses have been performed to investigate the thermal and hydraulic performances of a double-side micro-jet cooling system for thermal management of a high power Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) array. Three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations for the steady incompressible laminar flow and conjugate heat transfer were analyzed through a finite volume solver. A parametric study on the double-side micro-jet configuration has been performed to find the effects of seven geometric variables, i.e., diameter of the jet hole, length of the upper jet hole, length of the lower jet holes, distance from the upper jet exit to substrate, distance from the lower jet exit to substrate, height of the upper plenum, and height of the lower plenum, on the lowest temperature level at the chips and the pressure drop. Consequently, it is concluded that among the design variables, diameter of the micro-jet hole, height of the upper plenum, and height of the lower plenum show relatively large impact on the maximum temperature. The diameter of the micro-jet hole shows the largest impact on the maximum temperature, and height of the upper plenum shows the second highest. The height of the upper plenum shows the largest impact on the pressure drop, and other design variables are all of a sort.
Design of High Packing Fraction Thermoelectric Modules for High Heat Flux Cooling
Authors: Ranjan Ram , Turney Joseph E. , Lents Chuck E.
Published: January 2014

Thermoelectric (TE) coolers work on the Seebeck effect, where an electrical current is used to drive a heat flux against a temperature gradient. They have applications for active cooling of electronic devices but have low coefficients of performance (COP<1) at high heat fluxes (>10 W/cm2). While the active elements (thermoelectric material) in a TE cooling module lead to cooling, the non-active elements, such as the electrical leads and headers, cause joule heating and decrease the coefficient of performance. A conventional module design uses purely horizontal leads and vertical active elements. In this work, we numerically investigate trapezoidal leads with angled active elements as a method to improve cooler performance for both supperlattice thin film and bulk thermoelectric materials. We show that, for a constant packing fraction, defined as the ratio of active element area to the couple base area, trapezoidal leads decrease electrical losses but also increase thermal resistance. We also demonstrate that trapezoidal leads can be used to increase the packing fraction to values greater than one, leading to a two times increase in heat pumping capacity. Thus the present work provides a pathway to improve the efficiency of the state-of-the-art thermoelectric coolers by > 30% at a two times higher heat flux.
Basic Study on Transient Temperature Response of Papers in a Thermal Transfer Printer
Authors: Hirose Koichi , Fukue Takashi , Nakagawa Fumiya , Ito Risa , Wauke Tomoko , Hoshino Hisashi , Terao Hirotoshi
Published: January 2014

This study describes temperature response of papers in a thermal transfer printer. Thermal transfer printer produces an image by heating heat sensitive papers using a thermal head. The print quality of the thermal printing is highly dependent on a temperature response of the paper.

Our research targets to develop a control technique of temperature of the printing paper to improve the print quality of the thermal transfer printer. In this report, our special attention is paid to investigate the temperature response of a paper when the heat is applied by the thermal head. The temperature transient in the paper is measured while changing the type of the paper. Moreover, in order to investigate a relationship between thermophysical properties of papers and the temperature response, the thermophysical properties are measured. A thermal network analysis is additionally performed and the effects of a contact resistance between the paper and the thermal head are also investigated. It is found that transient temperature response of the printing paper is strongly dependent on a type of the printing paper and the level of an input heat. A change of the temperature response is caused by the difference of thermophysical properties of the paper and a variation of a contact resistance between the paper and the thermal head.
Design and Control of the IBM Power 775 Supercomputer Water Conditioning Unit
Authors: Ellsworth Michael J. , Zoodsma Randy J. , Cascio Frank , Behrendt Eileen
Published: January 2014

In 2011 IBM announced the Power 775 Supercomputing node/system which, for the time, was a significant increase in computing performance and energy efficiency. The system was designed from the start with water cooling in mind. The result: a system with greater than 95% of its heat load conducted directly to water and a system that, together with a rear door heat exchanger, removes 100% of its heat load to water with no requirement for room air conditioning. In addition to direct water cooling the processor, the memory, power conversion, and I/O electronics also conduct their heat directly to water. Also included within the framework of the system is a disk storage unit (i.e. disc enclosure) containing an interboard air-to-water heat exchanger.

The heart of the water cooling system is the Water Conditioning Unit (WCU). The WCU circulates system water at a controlled temperature and flow rate while also transferring the electronics heat load to the data center facility (building chilled water) system. The brain for this system is the motor drive and control assembly (MDA-WCU). In addition to the pump motor drive function, the MDA-WCU contains the control circuitry and associated firmware that maintains system water at a prescribed temperature above the room dew point irrespective of system and or facilities thermal/flow transients. It is also capable of error detection and fault isolation that, together with higher level system firmware, facilitates serviceability and availability. The paper will present the WCU and MDA-WCU design with an emphasis on the control methodologies and algorithms.
Enhanced Electrical and Thermal Interconnects by the Self-Assembly of Nanoparticle Necks Utilizing Capillary Bridging
Authors: Brunschwiler Thomas , Schlottig Gerd , Ni Songbo , Liu Yu , Goicochea Javier V. , Zürcher Jonas , Wolf Heiko
Published: January 2014

This work presents enhanced composite joints that support both electrical or thermal transport in electronic packages. The joints are sequentially formed by applying a nanoparticle suspension, evaporating a solvent, self-assembling of nanoparticles by capillary bridging, and the formation of so called “necks” between micron-sized features. This sequence is used to either form low temperature electrical joints under copper pillars or enhanced percolating thermal underfills with areal contacts between filler particles of the composite. The report discusses processing aspects of the capillary bridges evolution and of uniform neck formation, it discusses strategies to achieve mechanically stable necks, and it compares the performance of the achieved joints against state-of-the-art solutions.

The capillary bridge evolution during liquid evaporation was investigated in copper pillar arrays and random particle beds. The vapor-liquid interface first penetrates locations of low pillar or particle density resulting in a dendritic fluid network. Once the network breaks up individual necks form. For aqueous nano-suspensions highly uniform necks with high yield were obtained by evaporation at 60°C. Isothermal conditions were preferred to yield equal neck counts at the cavity’s top and bottom surfaces. Mechanically stable silver necks required an annealing at only 150°C, dielectric necks an annealing at 140°C with a bi-modal approach. Therein polystyrene nanoparticles occupy interstitial positions in densly packed alumina necks, then melt and adhere to the alumina. The electrical necks showed a shear strength of 16 MPa, equivalent to silver joints used in power electronic packages. The thermal necks yielded a thermal conductivity of up to 3.8 W/mK, 5-fold higher than commercially available capillary thermal underfills.
A Comparison of Methods to Measure the Thermal Diffusivity of Anisotropic Graphite Heat Spreaders
Authors: Beyerle Rick , Smalc Martin , Wayne Ryan , Reynolds R. A.
Published: January 2014

In thin handheld electronic devices, such as smartphone and tablet computers, high conductivity flexible graphite heat spreaders have become the passive thermal management solution of choice. Graphite is used in these applications because of its unique anisotropic properties of high in-plane thermal conductivity and low thru-thickness thermal conductivity. With the ratio of in-plane to thru-thickness thermal diffusivity and conductivity as high as 500:1, the anisotropic nature of graphite sheets defies isotropic thermal measurement techniques and complicates numerical analysis. Reliable measurement of in-plane thermal diffusivity is advantageous to the design and manufacture of these high performance graphite heat spreaders.

Angstrom’s method for determining thermal diffusivity is the fundamental technique for measuring this property in thin sheets. This technique involves applying a periodic heat load to one end of a sample and detecting the resulting temperature variations in the sample at different distances from the heat source. This paper compares two instruments based on Angstrom’s method. The first is a custom built laboratory device and the second is a commercially available instrument. The implementation of Angstrom’s method in each device is different. One unit uses a Peltier device to induce a sinusoidal heat load at one end of a long specimen and two thermocouples to determine the temperature profile. The other device steps a pulsed laser along a short specimen at incremental distances and uses a single fixed thermocouple to capture the temperature profile.

This paper compares thermal diffusivity measurements made with each device on several grades of graphite sheets, with nominal in-plane conductivity in the range of 300–1500 W/m·K. A Measurement System Analysis that uses statistical techniques to examine the reproducibility and repeatability of each instrument is performed and results are compared as a function of instrument, material and operator.