bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phase II Study of Temozolomide and Thalidomide in Patients with Unresectable or Metastatic Leiomyosarcoma
Authors: Boyar Michelle S. , Hesdorffer Mary , Keohan Mary Louise , Jin Zhezhen , Taub Robert N.
Published: November 2008

We assessed the efficacy of combined temozolomide and thalidomide in patients with unresectable or metastatic leiomyosarcoma in a phase II single-institution trial. Twenty-four patients were enrolled. Temozolomide (150 mg/m2/day for 7 days every other week) was administered with concomitant thalidomide (200 mg/day), and continued until unacceptable toxicity or disease progression. There were no complete responses and two (10%) partial responses. Five patients (24%) had stable disease for at least six months. Fourteen patients (67%) progressed after a median of two-month treatment. The median overall survival (twenty-two assessable patients) was 9.5 months [95% CI 7–28 months]. There were no treatment-related deaths or CTC grade 4 toxicities. Thirteen patients were dose-reduced or discontinued thalidomide due to toxicity. In conclusion, this combination of temozolomide and thalidomide provided disease stabilization in a subset of patients with advanced leiomyosarcoma. We hypothesize that temozolomide is the active agent in this regimen, and should be further studied.
An Algorithm to Generate Representations of System Identification Errors
Authors: Zhang Wancheng , Naylor Patrick A.
Published: November 2008

An algorithm to generate representations of system identification (SI) errors, which enables systematic testing of the performance of system equalization techniques, is proposed. With this algorithm, the normalized projection misalignment (NPM) of the generated error representation can be chosen to suit the particular
characteristics of the application under test. Additionally, the generated error representation can represent all the
error vectors corresponding to different scaling factors in the estimates of the system impulse response (SIR), without influencing the signal‐to‐distortion ratio (SDR) of the equalized impulse response.
Selective Detection of NADPH Oxidase in Polymorphonuclear Cells by Means of NAD(P)H-Based Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging
Authors: Niesner R. , Narang P. , Spiecker H. , Andresen V. , Gericke K.-H. , Gunzer M.
Published: November 2008

NADPH oxidase (NOX2) is a multisubunit membrane-bound enzyme complex that, upon assembly in activated cells, catalyses the reduction of free oxygen to its superoxide anion, which further leads to reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are toxic to invading pathogens, for example, the fungusAspergillus fumigatus. Polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) employ both nonoxidative and oxidative mechanisms to clear this fungus from the lung. The oxidative mechanisms mainly depend on the proper assembly and function of NOX2. We identified for the first time the NAD(P)H-dependent enzymes involved in such oxidative mechanisms by means of biexponential NAD(P)H-fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM). A specific fluorescence lifetime of3670±140picoseconds as compared to 1870 picoseconds for NAD(P)H bound to mitochondrial enzymes could be associated with NADPH bound to oxidative enzymes in activated PMNs. Due to its predominance in PMNs and due to the use of selective activators and inhibitors, we strongly believe that this specific lifetime mainly originates from NOX2. Our experiments also revealed the high site specificity of the NOX2 assembly and, thus, of the ROS production as well as the dynamic nature of these phenomena. On the example of NADPH oxidase, we demonstrate the potential of NAD(P)H-based FLIM in selectively investigating enzymes during their cellular function.
Matrix Transformations and Disk of Convergence in Interpolation Processes
Authors: Selvaraj Chikkanna R. , Selvaraj Suguna
Published: November 2008

Let Aρ denote the set of functions analytic in |z| < ρ but not on |z| = ρ  (1 < ρ < ∞). Walsh proved that the difference of the Lagrange polynomial
interpolant of f(z) ∈ Aρ and the partial sum of the Taylor polynomial
of f converges to zero on a larger set than the domain of definition of f. In
1980, Cavaretta et al. have studied the extension of Lagrange interpolation,
Hermite interpolation, and Hermite‐Birkhoff interpolation processes in a similar
manner. In this paper, we apply a certain matrix transformation on the
sequences of operators given in the above‐mentioned interpolation processes
to prove the convergence in larger disks.
Perforated Hepatic Hydatid Cyst into the Peritoneum with Mild Symptoms
Authors: Dirican A. , Unal B. , Ozgor D. , Piskin T. , Aydin C. , Sumer F. , Kayaalp C.
Published: November 2008

Rupture into the abdominal cavity is a rare but serious complication of hydatid disease that necessitates emergency surgical intervention. We present herein a case with mild abdominal symptoms due to hydatid cyst rupture into the peritoneum after trauma. A 24-year-old man was admitted to the emergency room with mild abdominal pain. His symptoms had started after a fall four days earlier. Ultrasonography and computed tomography showed cystic lesions in the liver and peritoneum with intraabdominal free fluid. He was treated surgically with partial cystectomy and falciformoplasty. Postoperative albendazole therapy was given for two months. There was not recurrence four months postoperatively at control computed tomography.
Therapist Competence, Comorbidity and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Depression
Authors: Kuyken Willem , Tsivrikos Dimitrios
Published: November 2008

Background: Therapist competence has consistently been associated with therapy outcomes, although the nature of this relationship varies considerably across studies. Method: In a naturalistic process-outcome study, 69 clients presenting with depression were treated by 1 of 18 cognitive-behavioral therapists in a ‘real world’ outpatient clinic. Using triangulated measures of therapists’ competence, we hypothesized that greater therapist competence would be associated with improved cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) outcomes for clients diagnosed with depression. We hypothesized that the variation in the research to date on therapist competence and CBT for depression outcomes may be due to the moderating effects of complexity of client presentation, in terms of comorbidity. Results: We replicated the previous finding that comorbidity compromises CBT for depression outcomes, but found that greater therapist competence was associated with improved outcomes, regardless of clients’ comorbidity. Conclusions: Therapist competence is associated with improved therapy outcomes, and therapists who are more competent have better patient outcomes regardless of the degree of patient comorbidity.
Plasma and Erythrocyte Zinc Levels in Protein-Calorie Malnutrition
Authors: Kumar Surender , Jaya Rao Kamala S.
Published: November 2008

Plasma and erythrocyte zinc levels were estimated in children suffering from protein-calorie deficiency. Plasma zinc levels were low on admission and returned to normal levels after nutrition rehabilitation. Values in kwashiorkor were lower than those in marasmus. Erythrocyte zinc concentration was unaltered. Significant amounts of zinc were also found in oedema fluid. It is suggested that the lowered plasma zinc levels in kwashiorkor and marasmus may be due to decreased levels of metal-binding protein and due to poor availability of dietary zinc from the habitual cereal-based diets. The further lowering of plasma zinc in kwashiorkor may be due to the added loss of zinc into the interstitial compartment.
Teen-Agers Dieting for Weight Control
Authors: Kaufmann N.A. , Poznanski R. , Guggenheim K.
Published: November 2008

A survey was conducted on 499 children, 13–14 years old, living in Jerusalem, Israel. Sixteen (7%) boys and 58 (21 %) girls reported to diet for weight control. While most of these children were obese, by either subjective or objective criteria, an appreciable number of non-obese children were also dieting. The childrens’ own perception of their body build seemed to be a strong motivation to diet for weight control. Most of the dieters did not receive any dietary advice from professional people. 23% of the dieters limited or avoided intake of animal protein sources, and 12% of the dieting girls their intake of fruits and vegetables. The dieters appreciated less the importance of physical exercise for weight regulation than the non-dieters.
The Effect of Different Dietary Levels of Essential Fatty Acids on Growth of the Rat
Authors: Alling Christer , Bruce Åke , Karlsson Ingvar , Svennerholm Lars
Published: November 2008

Sprague-Dawley rats received three dietary levels of essential fatty acids (EFA) during gestation and the suckling period and up to adult age by raising them on their respective diets for more than two generations. The relative difference in body weight was most pronounced between 13 and 23 days of age, after which it gradually diminished. Between 25 and 60 days of age, rats fed 0.07 cal% EFA had a significantly lower body weight than rats fed 0.75 cal% and the latter had a significantly lower body weight than those fed 3.0 cal%. The difference was slightly more Pronounced for females than for males.
Effect of Acetazolamide on the Insulin Response to Intravenous Administration of Secretin
Authors: Raptis S. , Dollinger H. , Rothenbuchner G. , Fussgänger R. , Klör U. , Pfeiffer E.F.
Published: November 2008

In 15 subjects, secretin administered intravenously increased the insulin secretion significantly as well as volume and bicarbonate content of the duodenal juice. The inhibition of the exocrine pancreas by acetazolamide did not influence the β-cytotropic effect of secretin. The loss of this effect in patients suffering from chronic pancreatic insufficiency seems, therefore, to be caused, not by the decreased volume and bicarbonate secretion, butby other unknown factors.
Effect of Protein Deficiency on Cross-Linking and Maturation of Collagen
Authors: Prasad Upendra , Bose S.M.
Published: November 2008

To study the effect of protein deficiency on collagen cross-Unking in albino-rat skins and granulomas, two groups of weanling albino rats were raised for 3 weeks with normal and low protein diets by paired-feeding technique. The analysis of skins showed α1and α2-chain subunits of neutral salt-soluble collagen appreciably increased, β11- and β12-chains and the aldehyde content significantly decreased whereas the solubility of insoluble collagen in KCNS, urea or pronase increased greatly in protein-deficient animals compared to controls. The gel reversibility of neutral salt-soluble collagen increased in both skins and granulomas of protein-deficient animals compared to controls. The results indicate that in protein deficiency the cross-linking and maturation of collagen are impaired.
Sucrose and Hyperlipidaemia
Authors: Naismith D.J. , Rana I.A.
Published: November 2008

Weanling rats were fed, for 50 days, diets containing starch, sucrose, maltose, fructose or glucose. When compared with the effects of the high-starch diet, diets containing the sugars promoted a substantial, and similar, rise in plasma lipids. Hepatic lipogenesis was increased by all the sugars, sucrose and maltose having an equal effect. Lipogenesis in adipose tissue was, however, depressed by feeding sucrose or fructose. The sugars were digested and absorbed much more rapidly than was starch. The hyperlipidaemic property of sucrose is discussed in relation to these findings.
Effect of Changes in the Proportions of the Dietary Carbohydrates and in Energy Intake on the Plasma Lipid Concentrations in Healthy Young Men
Authors: Naismith Donald J. , Stock Anne L. , Yudkin John
Published: November 2008

The substitution of sucrose for starch in the normal diets of young male volunteers induced a rise in the concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids in the plasma. The rise in cholesterol was confined to the esterified fraction. Small random changes in energy intake resulting from the modification of the diets did not influence the results. A large increase in energy intake, by between 60 and 70%, promoted a substantial increase in the plasma cholesterol and triglycerides when sucrose consumption was simultaneously raised, but not otherwise. The large increase in fat intake during the period of over-eating had no effect on plasma lipids.
Influence des huiles de colza et de canbra sur les lipides plasmatiques du rat1
Authors: Rocquelin G. , Astorg P.O. , Peleran J.C. , Juaneda P.
Published: November 2008

Rapeseed oil fed to male weanling rats as 15% by weight of the diet for 2 months does not influence the plasma content of triglycerides (TG), phospholipids (PL), nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) and cholesterol esters (CE), as compared to peanut oil and canbra oil (‘zero erucic acid’ rapeseed oil). However, the fatty acid spectra are changed: erucic acid and eicosénoïque acid from dietary rapeseed oil are mainly incorporated in TG and NEFA, less in PL and practically not at all in CE. Feeding time has little effect. Therefore, the immediate but temporary cardiac steatosis which is obtained in weanling rats fed rapeseed oil cannot be explained by modifications of the plasma TG or NEFA concentration and/or their fatty acid composition. Rapeseed and canbra oil increase the percentages of ω3-polyunsaturated fatty acids and of nervonic acid in plasma PL.
Thiamine Diphosphate Content of Liver Mitochondria of the Pregnant and Developing Rat
Authors: Hoekstra D. , Berger R. , Hommes F.A.
Published: November 2008

The thiamine diphosphate content of liver mitochondria of female adult, pregnant, lactating and fetal and newborn rats has been measured. The liver mitochondria of fetal rats contain more thiamine diphosphate (0.40 ± 0.07 nmoles/mg protein than those of pregnant rats (0.26 ± 0.05 nmoles/mg protein). After birth, the thiamine diphosphate content of liver mitochondria increases by a factor of 2, gradually decreasing to the adult level (0.44 ± 0.06 nmoles/mg protein). Intraperitoneal injection of rats with thiamine dihydrochloride increased the thiamine diphosphate content of the liver mitochondria of the fetuses more than that of the mother animals.
Dégradation bactérienne de I'acide β-muricholique chez le rat
Authors: van Heijenoort Y. , Sacquet E. , Riottot M.
Published: November 2008

Β-Muricholic acid is the main bile acid in germ-free (axenic) rat but is found in smaller amounts in conventional (‘holoxenic’) rat. In order to study how intestinal microflora induces such a change in bile salt metabolism, the bacterial degradation of Β-muricholic acid was studied in vivo and in vitro. Two conventional rats were fed a load of Β-muricholic-4 14 C-acid and the distribution of radioactivity in the feces was studied by thin-layer chromatography with the following results: (1) Β-muricholic-4 14 C-acid rapidly disappeared from the feces; (2) hyodeoxycholic acid was the main metabolite which was formed, together with 3Α-hydroxy-6 keto-5Β-cholanoic acid and several unidentified chemical species. However in vitro incubation of Β-muricholic-4 14 C-acid with cecum homogenates of conventional rats did not result in the formation of hyodeoxycholic acid. The possible pathway of hyodeoxycholic acid formation in the rat is discussed.
Use of a Formula Based on a Whey Protein Concentrate in the Feeding of an Infant with Hyperphenylalaninemia
Authors: Hambræus Leif , Hardell Lars Ivar , Forsum Elisabeth , Lorentsson Rosa
Published: November 2008

An infant formula based on a whey protein concentrate with a low phenylalanine content (3.5 %) has been tested as a protein source in the diet of an infant with hyperphenylalaninemia. Nitrogen balance studies performed at the age of 1.5, 7 and 12 months showed that feeding this formula instead of a conventionally humanized cow milk formula resulted in a positive nitrogen balance without a subsequent increase in the plasma phenylalanine level. Since the formula was well tolerated, has a high nutritive value and a better palatability than conventional phenylketonuria diets, as well as an amino acid composition similar to that of breast milk it seems to constitute an adequate diet for infants with hyperphenylalaninemia or transient tyrosinemia.
Ethylmorphine-N-Demethylase Activity and Thiopentone Half-Life in Rats Fed a Choline-Deficient Diet
Authors: Gallenkamp H. , Brachtel D. , Sundermann D. , Grün M. , Rietbrock I. , Richter E.
Published: November 2008

Plasma, brain and liver microsomal phospholipid content has been studied in rats fed a choline-deficient, choline-supplemented or ordinary laboratory diet for about half a year, using lipid extraction, thin-layer chromatography and phosphorus determination. Microsomal protein and cytochrome P450 content as well as NADPH cytochrome C reductase (EC 1.6.2.3) and ethylmorphine-N demethylase activity have been determined additionally. 35 S-thiopentone (5-ethyl-5-[1-methylbutyl]-2-thiobarbituric acid monosodium salt) half-life has been calculated following up either 35 S-thiopentone plasma level or fractional urinary excretion of 35 S-thiopentone metabolites. Choline deficiency leads to decreased plasma and brain phospholipid content. In the liver only a decreased phospholipid concentration was obtained. Total microsomal phospholipid content in the liver remained unchanged. Compared with the animals fed on a common laboratory chow both choline-deficient and choline-supplemented diets lead to an increase in total microsomal protein. Total cytochrome P450 content in the liver showed normal values in the choline-deficient group, an increased total amount of NADPH cytochrome C reductase, and TV-demethylation of ethylmorphine in a normal range. Feeding the choline-substituted diet was followed by a significant decrease in microsomal P450 content. Ethyl-morphine-N-demethylase was diminished to about 35 %. In vivo 35 S-thiopentone half-life was normal (approx. 15 h) in the choline-deficient group but distinctly prolonged in the choline-supplemented group (approx. 23 h).
Fat-Reduced Diet in the Symptomatic Treatment of Patients with Ileopathy
Authors: Andersson Henrik
Published: November 2008

The favourable results obtained from a fat-reduced diet during metabolic ward conditions in patients with ileal dysfunction persisted during continued dietary treatment outside the hospital. The observation period for 10 patients was 3–27 months (mean 14 months) ended by a short-time study at a metabolic ward. According to our findings, the daily fat intake should be limited to not more than 50 g. In spite of a reduction of energy with this diet, the patients (with one exception) did not loose weight and many of them increased their total body potassium. The general outline for the fat-reduced diet isgiven.
Zinc Balance in Pregnant Teenagers
Authors: Schraer Karen Kashkin , Calloway Doris Howes
Published: November 2008

Zinc balance was studied during the last trimester of pregnancy in four teenagers. Diets composed of natural foods and mineral salts contained 10.5, 15.0 and 19.5 g nitrogen, and 26, 29 and 32 mg zinc. Urinary zinc was 2 % of daily total excretion and was relatively constant for a given subject. Dermal losses were larger than anticipated, 2.8 mg/day, and constituted about 11 % of daily zinc loss. Fecal zinc was 87 % of total daily loss, and varied within subjects and treatment groups. The magnitude of fecal zinc loss was dependent on the volume of fecal dry solids passed and zinc content of dry fecal material was remarkably constant within subjects and treatment groups. Balance for all subject-treatments was about 4 mg/day.
Blood and Urinary Zinc Levels in Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Kumar Surender , Jaya Rao Kamala S.
Published: November 2008

Zinc was estimated in plasma, leukocytes, erythrocytes and urine of newly-diagnosed cases of diabetes. The patients were all underweight and belonged to socioeconomic groups known to subsist on predominantly cereal-based, calorie-deficient diets. The 24-hour excretion of zinc in urine was found to be significantly high. Evidence is presented to show that this may not be a mere consequence of polyuria. The levels of zinc in plasma, and blood cells were significantly low. It is postulated that hyperzincuria, in the face of a low availability of dietary zinc due to high phytate in cereals, may lead to these low circulating levels of zinc.
Electron Microscopic Evidence of Severe Muscular Capillary Damage in an Alcoholic Patient with Cardiac Myopathy
Authors: Herrlinger H. , Zöllner N. , Wetzstein R.
Published: November 2008

Capillaries of quadriceps muscle from a 42-year-old patient with myocardial disease, probably due to alcoholism and/or thiamine deficiency, were studied by electron microscopy. Severe degenerative changes in the capillary walls were demonstrated: the basal lamina was found to be nearly three times as thick as that of normal controls. Furthermore, the basal lamina was frequently found to be duplicated and laminated; the electron-lucent spaces between the lamellae were filled with destroyed pericytes, a variety of cellular debris, undefined granular material, and isolated collagen fibrils. Occasionally, redundant basal lamina curls as well as empty basal lamina cylinders, probably remnants of capillaries, were found situated in the muscular interstitium.
The Influence of Iso-Energetic Amounts of Sucrose and Starch on Serum Albumin Concentrations and Liver Composition of Weanling Rats Given a Low-Protein Diet
Authors: Grimble R.F. , Dickerson J.W.T.
Published: November 2008

Rats were fed a 21-percent protein diet, or isoenergetic amounts of 6-percent protein diets containing sucrose or starch, for 28 days. Although growth was retarded equally by both 6-percent protein diets, the pattern and degree of change in serum albumin concentration and liver composition was different, depending on the type of carbohydrate that was fed. Sucrose resulted in a greater fall in serum albumin compared with starch, and a larger liver, with a higher DNA, protein and fat content. Possible reasons are suggested for the lower serum albumin concentrations in the rats fed the 6-percent protein diet containing sucrose.
Sex Differences in Steroid Retention and Excretion in Rats Fed Cholesterol
Authors: Bartov Ido , Henderson Glen R. , Reiser Raymond
Published: November 2008

The mechanism by which female rats maintain a higher level of serum cholesterol than males on cholesterol containing diets was studied. Retention of neutral steroids and excretion of bile acids were significantly higher in females than in males. The composition of fecal bile acids was also sex-dependent. Lithocholic and α-muricholic acids were predominant in females and hyodeoxycholic in males. It was concluded that the sex differences in blood cholesterol levels are mainly due to the higher retention rate of neutral steroids by the females and not by their limited capacity to excrete bile acids.
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Hyperlipoproteinemia
Authors: Abrahamsson Hasse , Gustafson Anders , Ohlson Ragnar
Published: November 2008

In a small series (n = 4) of young, lean males, the daily addition for 2 weeks of 200 g sucrose to the diet, caused no marked changes in the mean values of serum triglycerides, basal plasma insulin, Intralipid® fractional turnover rate or adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity. In agreement with our earlier experience, the fatty acid composition of lipoprotein phosphoglycerides, particularly high-density lipoprotein (HDL) phosphoglycerides, appear to be a sensitive indicator of hormonal and dietary influences on the serum lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. Thus, after sucrose ingestion, there was a significant decrease in linoleic acid (18:2) content and a tendency for a reduction in palmitic acid (16:0) in HDL phosphoglycerides. It is suggested that these changes in fatty acid composition of the phosphoglyceride moiety might be an expression for a depression of the major lecithin synthesis pathway, the cytidin-diphosphate (CDP)-choline diglyceride pathway in the liver. Furthermore, changes in the fatty acid composition of HDL lecithin, the specific substrate in the lecithin:cholesterol acyl transferase reaction, might be of relevance in the metabolism (particularly in the removal) of serum triglyceride-carrying lipoproteins.
Influence of Ethanol, Caffeine and Intragastric Cooling on Gastrin and Insulin Secretion in Man
Authors: Raptis S. , von Berger L. , Dollinger H.C. , Gostomzyk J.G. , Pfeiffer E.F.
Published: November 2008

In man, oral administration of coffee (277 mg caffeine) caused a striking increase in gastrin secretion, as measured by radioimmunoassay. The radioimmunologically measurable insulin and blood glucose remained unaffected. In response to oral ingestion of ethanol, only a slight but biologically not impressive gastrin and insulin increase was found. Intragastric cooling did not have any distinct bearing on the release of gastrin and insulin. Results indicate that gastrin is an important mediator of the stimulatory effect of caffeine on gastric acid secretion, whereas ethanol acts directly on the parietal cells by local irrigation and not via gastrin release.
The Absence of Undesirable Changes during Consumption of the Low Carbohydrate Diet
Authors: Evans Elizabeth , Stock Anne L. , Yudkin John
Published: November 2008

The effects were studied in 8 women of the consumption of the low carbohydrate diet, in which the amount of carbohydrate was restricted to some 80 g a day, but protein and fat were allowed freely. As in previous studies, the energy intake was found to be about 30 % lower on this diet than on the subject’s habitual diet, but the nutrient content was not reduced. During the 6 weeks of the dietary period, there was no change in the plasma concentration of triglyceride, cholesterol or uric acid. There was an intermittent urinary excretion of small amounts of ketone bodies, consistent with the degree of ketosis accompanying moderate weight loss. The urinary excretion of nitrogen and creatinine were unchanged, indicating no significant loss of tissue protein.
Effect of Protein/Energy Nutrition on Rat Plasma Corticosteroids and Liver Microsomal Hydroxylase Activity
Authors: Basu T.K. , Dickerson J.W.T. , Parke D.V.
Published: November 2008

Three groups of 24-day-old male Wistar rats were fed (a) a control diet containing 210 g/kg protein ad libitum (control) (b) a low protein diet consisting of the stock diet diluted with starch to contain 70 g/kg protein ad libitum (protein deficient) or (c) an amount of stock diet containing the same amount of protein as eaten by (b) but without starch (energy deficient). The low protein diet did not affect the ability of the animals to metabolize biphenyl and excrete it as 4-hydroxybiphenyl, or reduce the total activity of 4-hydroxylase per liver, whereas this was reduced by restricted amounts of the high protein diet. The low protein diet resulted in raised levels of corticosteroids in the plasma. It is concluded that the raised specific activity, and unchanged total amount of biphenyl 4-hydroxylase per liver of the low protein animals is an adaptation to the diet mediated by corticosteroids as exogenous corticosteroids were also found to increase the activity of this enzyme in normal animals.
Verhalten der Darmflora des Menschen bei Formeldiäten mit wechselndem Kohlenhydratgehalt
Authors: Zöllner N. , Ruckdeschel G. , Wolfram G.
Published: November 2008

The effects of conventional food and of formula diet on gut microflora were tested in six healthy persons. In comparison with conventional food, the total gut microflora concentrations slightly increased during formula diet with oligosaccharides. During the periods of formula diet rich in sucrose or maltose, total flora concentrations declined. These changes of total gut microflora were especially caused by the increase and decrease of the enterococci and enterobacteria, the bacteroides showing rather small changes. The concentrations of lactobacteria, sporeforming bacilli and yeasts decreased rapidly with formula diet and did not increase again until normal food was supplied.
Effect of Non-Ionic Detergents on the Absorption of Fat and α-Tocopherol in the Rat
Authors: Sheltawy Marion J. , Losowsky M.S.
Published: November 2008

Malabsorption of fat and α-tocopherol was induced in rats by feeding cholestyramine and the effect of Tween 80 and Pluronic F 68 was assessed. Tween 80 did not influence the malabsorption of fat or α-tocopherol. Pluronic F68 did not change α-tocopherol absorption but did significantly improve fat absorption. The proportion of radioactivity remaining in the liver 5 days after a labelled dose of α-tocopherol was increased when Tween 80 or Pluronic F68 was present, perhaps indicating increased absorption via the portal vein. Serum cholesterol levels were not affected by the different diets. The greatly increased excretion of faecal bile salts on dietary cholestyramine was unchanged by the detergents.
Effect of Dietary Substitution of Sucrose and its Constituent Monosaccharides on the Activity of Aromatic Hydroxylase and the Level of Cytochrome P-450 in Hepatic Microsomes of Growing Rats
Authors: Basu T.K. , Dickerson J.W.T. , Parke D.V.
Published: November 2008

The effect of dietary substitution of starch by sucrose, glucose, fructose or an equimolar mixture of glucose and fructose on the activity of biphenyl hydroxylase and the level of the major terminal mixed function oxygenase, cytochrome P-450, has been studied in hepatic microsomal preparations from growing rats. The substitution of sucrose for starch depressed the concentration and total activity per liver of biphenyl 4-hydroxylase and the concentration, but not the total amount, of cytochrome P-450 in weanling rats. The absolute amount of these enzymes in whole liver was not, however, similarly depressed by the constituents of sucrose, namely glucose and fructose, either when given alone or in equimolar mixture. All these sugars, however, depressed the total activity of biphenyl 2-hydroxylase. The activity of biphenyl 4-hydroxylase in the liver of weanling rats, but not of adults, was reduced when the level of sucrose in the diet was reduced from 60 to 10 %.
Utilization of Intravenous Maltose
Authors: Sprandel U. , Heuckenkamp P.-U. , Zöllner N.
Published: November 2008

Ten healthy male subjects received an infusion of 10 % maltose solution at a rate of 0.5 g/kg body weight/h for 345 min. Blood maltose levels rose continuously for the first hours; after 285 min a constant level was maintained. Concomitantly increasing maltosuria occurred; the total renal maltose excretion averaged 30.4 % of the administered dose. In addition to maltose losses, considerable glucosuria (up to 16 % of total carbohydrate excretion) was found. The glucosuria occurred in spite of normal blood glucose levels. Serum insulin did not rise during maltose infusion. In the majority of cases, glucose is the carbohydrate of choice for parenteral nutrition (6, 10). Nevertheless, other sugars need to be studied. Maltose, a disaccharide consisting only of glucose, is currently attracting attention. There is evidence that intravenous maltose is metabolized in man (9, 12, 13); however, data on the degree of the utilization of maltose are lacking. We report blood level, urinary excretion and utilization of maltose in healthy subjects during maltose infusion. Blood glucose, serum insulin, and urinary glucose excretion were also studied.
Influence of a Long or Medium Chain Triglyceride Diet on Intermediary Hepatic Metabolism of the Rat
Authors: Bach A. , Phan T. , Metais P.
Published: November 2008

Two groups of rats were given, ad libitum, diets containing 20 % fat for 4–5 weeks. The fat consisted of either long chain (LCT) or medium chain triglycerides (MCT). A third group of rats was given a low fat control diet. No difference in weight increase could be found between LCT and MCT rats. Total lipids and cholesterol concentrations in the plasma were the same whatever the diet. The high fat diets caused an increase in hepatic acetyl-CoA, citrate, malate and ketone body concentrations. Concentration of ketone bodies in the blood, however, decreased. No ketonuria occurred in any case. Hepatic levels of adenosine 5’-triphosphate, adenosine 5’-monophosphate and inorganic phosphate seemed higher in MCT rats than in LCT rats. The levels of these substances were increased in both groups compared with the control group. LCT rats had hepatic (NS) and blood (HS) lactate and pyruvate concentrations below the corresponding figures for control rats. Hepatic and blood lactate concentrations in MCT rats were at least equal to or slightly higher (NS) than those of control rats. Hepatic glucose and glycogen and blood glucose concentrations were higher in rats given the high fat diet.
Lipid Response to Female Gonadal Hormones of Female Rats Fed a High Glucose or a High Fructose Diet
Authors: Groener J.E.M. , Macdonald I.
Published: November 2008

Sexually mature female rats were given, for 11 weeks, diets high in fructose or glucose and at the same time oestrogen and progestogen were administered both singly and together. Analysis of the lipids in the liver, serum and adipose tissue was carried out after ingestion of 14C-fructose or glucose. Oestrogen lowered the liver triglyceride level but raised the serum triglyceride concentration. Progestogen tended to raise both cholesterol and triglyceride levels in liver and serum and it also caused a greater increase in body weight than in control or in the oestrogen animals. An increased specific activity was seen at first in the adipose tissue of the glucose-fed rats receiving the hormones. Overall, there was a tendency for the female gonadal hormones to exaggerate the changes brought about by the high carbohydrate diets.
Adipocyte Number and Size in Hypothalamic Obesity Induced in Weanling Mice by Gold Thioglucose and Bipiperidyl Mustard
Authors: Wise A.
Published: November 2008

Weanling mice were injected with gold thioglucose or bipiperidyl mustard which have been previously shown to cause obesity associated with ventromedial hypothalamic damage. There was an increase in both adipocyte number and size compared to controls. Several models of obesity are compared and a possible role for the hypothalamus in the regulation of fat stores is discussed.
Studies on Liver Sulphurylase Activity in Rats: Vitamin-A-Deficient and Low-Protein Diets
Authors: Srinivas Leela , Rao Rama
Published: November 2008

Studies on the sulphurylation of phenols by livers from normal and vitamin-A-deficient rats showed a significant reduction in sulphurylating activity in the acute stage of deficiency. At the ‘plateau stage’ of deficiency, decrease in this activity was marginal and was not significant. Rats consuming a 6 % casein diet had a significantly lower liver sulphurylating activity when compared to those fed 12 and 18% casein diets. Comparative data on the sulphurylating activity of rats maintained on diets providing poor-quality protein, i.e. ragi (Eleusine coracana) and maize (Zea mays) revealed a higher sulphurylating activity in the maize-fed group showing thereby that the amino acid composition of the protein apparently influences the enzyme activity associated with sulphurylation of phenols. It is thus shown that liver sulphurylating activity is influenced by quantity and quality of protein consumed.
Selenium in Vitamin-E-Deficient Diets and the Occurrence of Myopathy as a Symptom of Vitamin E Deficiency
Authors: Hulstaert C.E. , Molenaar I. , de Goeij J.J.M. , Zegers C. , van Pijpen P.L.
Published: November 2008

The occurrence of myopathy in vitamin-E-deficient ducklings, which is used for the determination of the degree of vitamin E deficiency, is depending on the selenium content of the diet. The selenium content of a semi-synthetic diet and its constituents was determined by neutron activation analysis, which showed to be an adequately sensitive and precise method of analysis for selenium. The casein compound was the main source of the selenium in the diet. Myopathy occurred with diets containing about 50 ppb Se; diets containing about 100 ppb Se failed to induce any signs of myopathy.
Influence of Maternal Dietary γ-Linolenic Acid on the Milk and Liver Lipids of Suckling Rats
Authors: Hassam A.G. , Crawford M.A.
Published: November 2008

In lactating rats, the dietary essential fatty acids influence the composition of the milk. Feeding γ-linolenic acid increased not only the level of this acid but also that of the 20 and 22 carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids derived from it, both in the milk and the liver triglyceride lipids of the suckling pups. Maternal nutrition, therefore, would play an important role in providing these long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids during the active phase of growth in the rat.
Adaptation of Pancreatic Amylase Activity to Enhanced Parenteral Carbohydrate Intake in Rats, and Electron Microscopic Findings
Authors: Bučko A. , Kopec Z. , Kapeller J. , Mikulajová M.
Published: November 2008

The present study records a rise of amylase activity in rat pancreatic tissue after a long-term administration of high carbohydrate diets (14 % excess of glucose administered orally or subcutaneously as 30 % glucose solution) in comparison to a normal diet. It was concluded that the pancreas obtains information on intestinal food composition along the humoral pathway. Electron microscopic investigations revealed no impairment of the acinar cells of the pancreas, but only changes that may be considered as a structural expression of the various phases of activity of the acinar cells.
Influence of Age and Sex on Plasma Zinc Levels in Normal and Diabetic Individuals
Authors: Chooi Michael K. , Todd John K. , Boyd Nigel D.
Published: November 2008

Plasma zinc levels were measured in both healthy and diabetic individuals having an age range of 10–93 years. No significant differences in plasma zinc concentrations were found between males and females in either healthy or diabetic individuals. Up to the age of 50 years, the mean plasma zinc of normal individuals remained relatively constant at 70 ± 32µg/100 ml ( ± 2 SE) after which the levels decreased. This decreasing pattern was absent in diabetics, whose plasma zinc of 65 ± 32µg/100 ml remained constant over the entire age range. For women on oral contraceptive agents, the mean plasma zinc was 59 ± 18 µg/100 ml, which was significantly lower than that of controls.
Schedule of Protein Ingestion and Circadian Rhythm of Certain Hepatic Enzyme Activities Involved in Glucose Metabolism in the Rat
Authors: Peret Jean , Chanez Marc , Pascal Gérard
Published: November 2008

The circadian rhythms of liver glycogen, plasma glucose, corticosterone and insulin, and hepatic activity of PK, G6PDH, ME, Ac.CoA carbox. PEP-CK and GPT were studied in adult rats. Animals either received a mixed diet ad libitum (8 % protein) or a protein meal (1.1 g protein) given at 05:00 or 17:00 h, with free access to a protein-free diet (separately fed). When the protein meal was ingested during the lighted period (17:00) the 24-hour average level of liver PEP-CK was greater than in rats consuming protein during darkness (05:00). In the latter case, modification of the circadian rhythm of liver glycogen and of circadian rhythm of liver PK, G6PDH, ME and Ac.CoA carbox. activity (increase of 24 h average level, extension of period of high activity, sudden increase after ingestion of protein meal) were observed. Conversely, the circadian rhythm of plasma insulin and corticosterone and of liver PEP-CK and GPT activity were only slightly affected by the mode of feeding.
Short Term Effects of Feeding Male Subjects with Glucose Syrup Fractions and D-Glucose
Authors: Birch G.G. , Etheridge I.J.
Published: November 2008

Adult male volunteers were fed for 5-day periods on diets consisting of 7.5 g carbohydrate/kg body weight/day and 1.0 g calcium caseinate/kg body weight/day. The carbohydrates used were D-glucose, low molecular weight fraction of glucose syrup, and intermediate molecular weight fraction of glucose syrup. At least 99.9 % of all carbohydrates were absorbed and metabolised as judged by faecal and urinary analyses. All diets tended to result in a decrease in fasting serum glucose levels. Glucose tolerance tests showed peak rises above fasting level in capillary blood in the order D-glucose > low molecular weight fraction of glucose syrup > intermediate molecular weight fraction of glucose syrup. All fasting serum cholesterol and phospholipid concentrations dropped substantially after 5 days. Fasting serum triglyceride levels rose on the D-glucose and low molecular glucose syrup fraction diet but fell on the intermediate molecular weight glucose syrup fraction diet. The percentage triglycerides and cholesterol in the total skin surface lipids showed the opposite trend. Each dropped most on the D-glucose diet, showed less change on the low molecular weight fraction of glucose syrup and rose substantially on the intermediate molecular weight fraction of glucose syrup. Total skin surface lipids, on the other hand, rose on the D-glucose and low molecular weight glucose syrup fraction diets, and dropped on the intermediate molecular weight glucose syrup fraction diet.
Effect of Dietary Iron Level on Efficiency of Converting Food Iron into Hemoglobin by the Anemic Rat
Authors: Mahoney Arthur W. , Hendricks Deloy G.
Published: November 2008

The effects of varying the dietary levels of ferrous sulfate or ferric orthophosphate on the efficiency of the conversion of dietary iron into hemoglobin iron, was evaluated with the anemic rat. Weanling male rats were made anemic by feeding a semipurified diet containing 8.4 mg iron/kg, and by bleeding. They were divided into nine groups so that hemoglobin levels and body weights were similar. The rats were fed the basal diet or the basal diet plus 12, 24, 36 and 48 mg iron/kg diet provided as ferrous sulfate or ferric orthophosphate. The rats were fed 10 g daily of the respective diets for 10 consecutive days. The efficiency of the conversion of dietary iron into hemoglobin iron was not significantly affected by dietary level of either iron salt. It was determined that ferric orthophosphate was 51 % as efficient as ferrous sulfate for hemoglobin regeneration in the anemic rat.
The Importance of Motivation in the Adherence to Dietary Advice
Authors: Lenner Ragnhild Arvidsson
Published: November 2008

A 1-year follow-up study was undertaken in 53 women, 51-years old, selected from the population study of women in Gothenburg (1968–1969) on account of an impaired glucose tolerance or a subnormal early insulin response. A dietary interview was obtained initially as well as 1 year later. Initially, the women received dietary advice in order to improve their food habits in general, to exclude sucrose and decrease the consumption of fat in particular and, if overweight, to reduce. The women’s opinion of how well they had followed the dietary advice was tested against the prognosis of the interviewer and against changes in body weight, in the consumption of sucrose, and in the consumption of some selected foods. 8 women had had rather good food habits and a normal body weight from the beginning of the study. Of the remaining 45 women, the adherence to the dietary advice was regarded as successful in 42 %, while 33 % made some good efforts. Most of the successful women were overweight initially and half of them had made several re-visits (3–31) during the year. The 11 unsuccessful women were not convinced as to the necessity of changing their food habits, or they received no support from their families. The results indicate that the primary task in the efforts to make a subject follow dietary advice is to explain him why changes are needed, and what makes the food proposed superior. Besides, continuous re-visits may be needed. A medical reason for the reduction of overweight seemed to be the best motivation.
Thymic Weight in Pantothenic Acid Deficiency
Authors: Mahboob S.
Published: November 2008

The purpose of this note is to emphasize the significant effects of nutritional factors, in this case pantothenic acid, on growth and development of rat thymus. Low antibody titers against various infectious agents in pantothenic acid deficiency and skin graft tolerance in pyridoxine deficiency warrant an assessment of the effects of vitamins on the growth and development of the thymus and consequently on the immune response.
Influence of Litter Size on Lipid Composition in Infant Mice
Authors: Winand Jacques , Hebbelinck Marcel , Wodon Claude , Christophe Jean
Published: November 2008

The amount of milk available to each member of the litter was varied by adjusting the number of mice pups to 4, 8 or 12 per dam. The total fatty acid content of the carcass of the young increased for 2 weeks, and there was more in the well-fed groups. The fatty acid contents decreased thereafter transiently in all groups until weaning. The milk diet contributed major quantities of lauric and myristic acids to peripheral tissues but not to the liver. Undernourishment during neonatal life was associated with a relative reduction in palmitoleic, oleic and linoleic acids in l·ipids of the carcass. In contrast the carcass of the progeny subjected to overall dietary abundance showed relative increase in palmitoleic, oleic and linoleic acids at the expense of stearic acid.
Radioisotope Dilution Technique for Determination of Zinc Absorption in vivo
Authors: Weigand E. , Kirchgessner M.
Published: November 2008

A radioisotope dilution technique was adapted for determination of the absorbability of dietary zinc. In 16 growing rats given a casein diet with 12.8 mg Zn/kg dry matter, a mean apparent Zn digestibility of 72.4 % was observed in a 6-day balance period 9 days after an intramuscular injection of 65Zn-ZnCl2. There was no significant difference in the specific radioactivity of zinc in blood plasma on day 15 and in urine collected from day 9 to day 15 used to assess the fecal excretion of endogenous zinc. Consequently, there was good agreement between the corresponding mean zinc absorbability (94.8 vs. 95.3 %) calculated from these data.
65Zn-Labeled Tissue Zinc for Determination of Endogenous Fecal Zinc Excretion in Growing Rats
Authors: Weigand E. , Kirchgessner M.
Published: November 2008

Experiments were conducted to study whether selected body tissues other than blood plasma provide suitable endogenous zinc sources to determine endogenous fecal zinc excretion and zinc absorbability by the radioisotope dilution technique. In 16 rats with a mean weight of 172g on the day of 65Zn injection, the apparent digestibility of zinc (12.8 mg Zn/kg diet dry matter) averaged 72.4 ± 6.2% during a 6-day balance period starting 9 days postinjection. Based on the specific radioactivity of zinc in plasma after 10 days, two-thirds of the fecal zinc were of endogenous origin and the corresponding zinc absorbability averaged about 91 %. Zinc absorbabilities computed on the basis of the specific radioactivity of zinc in the small intestine, pancreas and/or kidneys after 15 days were closely comparable to the mean derived with plasma. Other tissues examined were found less suitable to reflect the specific radioactivity of endogenous fecal zinc.
Body Lipids of Guinea Pigs Exposed to Different Dietary Fats from Mid-Gestation to 3 Months of Age
Authors: Kirtland Janet , Gurr Michael I. , Widdowson Elsie M.
Published: November 2008

Pregnant guinea pigs were fed one of three diets: a control low-fat diet, or a high-fat diet containing maize oil or beef dripping. At birth some animals were killed and the remainder reared on the same diet as their mothers till 3 months old. Body weight, weight of various adipose tissue depots, size and number of fat cells were measured. Animals fed high-fat diets were fatter than control animals. On all diets females were fatter than males. In both instances the increase in adipose tissue mass was attributable to enlargement of fat cells. The composition of dietary fat had little influence on the cellularity of adipose tissue.