bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plasma levels of innate immune mediators are associated with liver fibrosis in low parasite burden Schistosoma mansoni‐infected individuals
Authors: Rodrigues Oliveira J. L. , Teixeira M. M. , Lambertucci J. R. , Antunes C. M. F. , Carneiro M. , Negrão‐Corrêa D.
Published: January 2018

In the murine model, it was demonstrated that pro‐inflammatory cytokines and chemokines are essential to the formation and modulation of Schistosoma‐induced granulomatous inflammation. However, the relationship of these immune mediators and disease severity is hard to be established in naturally infected individuals. The current study evaluates the association between plasma concentrations of MIF, sTNF‐R1, CCL3, CCL7 and CCL24 and schistosomiasis morbidity in Schistosoma mansoni‐infected patients with a low parasite burden. For this propose, 97 S. mansoni‐infected individuals were subjected to abdominal ultrasound analysis and clinical examination. Among them, 88 had plasma concentration of immune mediators estimated by ELISA assay. Multivariate linear regression models were used to evaluate the relationship between the plasma concentration of immune mediators and the variables investigated. Although most individuals presented low parasite burden, over 30% of them showed signs of fibrosis defined by ultrasound measurements and 2 patients had a severe form of schistosomiasis. No association between parasite burden and the plasma levels of chemokine/cytokines or disease severity was observed. There was a positive association between plasma concentration of CCL4, sTNF‐R1, CCL3 and MIF with gall bladder thickness and/or with portal vein thickness that are liver fibrosis markers. In contrast, no association was found between CCL7 plasma concentrations with any of the schistosomiasis morbidity parameters evaluated. The data showed that CCL24, sTNFR1, MIF and CCL3 can be detected in plasma of S. mansoni‐infected individuals and their concentration would be used as prognostic makers of Schistosoma‐induced liver fibrosis, even in individuals with low parasite burden.
The genetic architecture of nodal root number in maize
Authors: Zhang Zhihai , Zhang Xuan , Lin Zhelong , Wang Jian , Xu Mingliang , Lai Jinsheng , Yu Jianming , Lin Zhongwei
Published: January 2018

The maize nodal root system plays a crucial role in the development of the aboveground plant and determines the yield via the uptake of water and nutrients in the field. However, the genetic architecture of the maize nodal root system is not well understood, and it has become the ‘dark matter’ of maize genetics. Here, a large teosinte‐maize population was analyzed, and high‐resolution mapping revealed that 62 out of 133 quantitative trait loci (QTLs), accounting for approximately half of the total genetic variation in nodal root number, were derived from QTLs for flowering time, which was further validated through a transgenic analysis and a genome‐wide association study. However, only 16% of the total genetic variation in nodal root number was derived from QTLs for plant height. These results gave a hint that flowering time played a key role in shaping nodal root number via indirect selection during maize domestication. Our results also supported that more aerial nodal roots and fewer crown roots might be favored in temperate maize, and this root architecture might efficiently improve root‐lodging resistance and the ability to take up deep water and nitrogen under dense planting.
Low prevalence of mupirocin resistance in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolates from canine pyoderma in Korea
Authors: Park Ji‐Hyung , Kang Jung‐Hun , Hyun Jae‐Eun , Hwang Cheol‐Yong
Published: January 2018

Background

Mupirocin is a topical antibacterial drug used for the treatment of staphylococcal infections, including meticillin‐resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP). The recent emergence of resistance to mupirocin is a major concern in many countries.

Objectives

This study investigated the prevalence and genotype of mupirocin‐resistant S. pseudintermedius isolated from pet dogs with pyoderma.

Samples

A total of 110 clinical isolates of S. pseudintermedius were collected from dogs with pyoderma (n = 110) between July 2010 and September 2016. All animals were client‐owned dogs.

Methods

Low‐ and high‐level mupirocin resistance were evaluated with both the broth microdilution and disk diffusion tests. Mupirocin resistance in S. pseudintermedius isolates was confirmed by genetic analysis of the ileS‐2 and naïve ileS genes.

Results

MRSP and meticillin‐susceptible S. pseudintermedius were detected in 69 and 41 dogs, respectively. One MRSP strain was highly resistant to mupirocin and contained the high‐level mupirocin resistance gene ileS‐2. There were no low‐level mupirocin‐resistant isolates.

Conclusion and clinical importance

Mupirocin is a useful topical antibacterial for MRSP, but a clinical MRSP isolate that had not previously been exposed to mupirocin exhibited the high‐level mupirocin resistance in phenotype and genotype. Therefore, continuous monitoring for mupirocin resistance is important in small animal practice.
In situ data supporting remote sensing estimation of spruce forest parameters at the ecosystem station Bílý Kříž
Authors: Homolová Lucie , Janoutová Růžena , Lukeš Petr , Hanuš Jan , Novotný Jan , Brovkina Olga , Loayza Fernandez Rolling Richard
Published: January 2018

Remote sensing offers an effective way of mapping vegetation parameters in a spatially continuous manner, at larger spatial scales and repeatedly in time compared to traditional in situ mapping approaches that are typically accurate, but limited to a few distributed location and few repetitions. In case of forest ecosystems, remote sensing allow to assess quantitative parameters or indicators related to forest health status such as leaf area index, leaf pigment content, chlorophyll fluorescence, etc. Development, calibration and validation of remote sensing-based methods, however, still rely on supportive in situ data. The aim of this contribution is to introduce the individual in situ components in the framework for the retrieval of forest quantitative parameters from airborne imaging spectroscopy data. All measurements were acquired during an extensive in situ/flight campaign that took place at the Norway spruce dominated study site Bílý Kříž (Moravian-Silesian Beskydy Mts., Czech Republic) during August 2016. In addition to airborne remote sensing data acquisition, the in situ activities included terrestrial laser scanning for tree 3D modelling, measurements of needle biochemical and optical properties, leaf area index measurements and spectral measurements of various natural and artificial surfaces. Leaf pigments varied between 25.2 and 49.1 µg cm-2 for chlorophyll a+b content, 4.9 – 10.6 µg cm-2 for carotenoid content depending on needle age and its adaptation to sun illumination, whereas ratio between the two pigments was stable around 4.6 – 5. 3. Specific leaf area of spruce needles varied between 49.3 and 105.8 cm2 g-1, being the highest for the shade adapted needles of the current year. Leaf area index of spruce stands of various age and densities varied between 5.3 and 9. 3.
Reliability of testicular stiffness quantification using shear wave elastography in predicting male fertility: a preliminary prospective study
Authors: Yavuz Alpaslan , Yokus Adem , Taken Kerem , Batur Abdussamet , Ozgokce Mesut , Arslan Harun
Published: January 2018

Aims: To evaluate the reliability of testicular stiffness quantification using shear wave elastography in predicting the fertility potential of males and for the pre-diagnosis of disorders based upon sperm quantification. Material and methods: One hundred males between the ages of 19-49 years (mean age of 28.77±6.11), ninety of whom with complaints of infertility, were enrolled in this prospective study. Scrotal grey-scale, Doppler ultrasound (US), and mean testicular shear wave velocity quantifications (SWVQs) were performed. The volumes of testes, as well as the grade of varicocele if present, were recorded. The mean shear wave velocity values (SWVVs) of each testis and a mean testicular SWVV for each patient were calculated. The semen-analyses of patients were consecutively performed. Results: There were significant negative correlations between the mean testicular SWVVs of patients and their sperm counts or the testis volumes (r=-0.399, r=-0.565; p<0.01, respectively). A positive correlation was found between testicular volumes and sperm counts (r=0.491, p<0.01). The cut-off values regarding mean testicular SWVV to distinguish normal sperm count from azoospermia and oligozoospermia were 1.465 m/s (75.0% sensitivity and 75.0% specificity) and 1.328 m/s (64.3% sensitivity and 68.2% specificity), respectively, and the value to distinguish oligozoospermia from azoospermia was 1.528 m/s (66.7% sensitivity, 60.7% specificity). Conclusion: The mean testicular SWVQ using the ARFI shear wave technique was a reliable, non-invasive and acceptably stable method for predicting male infertility, especially related to sperm count issues.
A Comparison of Bilateral and Unilateral Drop Jumping Tasks in the Assessment of Vertical Stiffness
Authors: Maloney Sean J. , Richards Joanna , Fletcher Iain M.
Published: January 2018

This study sought to compare vertical stiffness during bilateral and unilateral drop jumping. Specifically, the intersession reliabilities and force-deformation profiles associated with each task were to be examined. On 3 occasions, following familiarization, 14 healthy males (age: 22 [2] y; height: 1.77 [0.08] m; and body mass: 73.5 [8.0] kg) performed 3 bilateral, left leg and right leg drop jumps. All jumps were performed from a drop height of 0.18 m on to a dual force plate system. Vertical stiffness was calculated as the ratio of peak ground reaction force (GRF) to the peak center of mass (COM) displacement. Unilateral drop jumping was associated with higher GRF and greater COM displacement (bothPs < .001), but vertical stiffness was not different between tasks when considering individual limbs (P = .98). A coefficient of variation of 14.6% was observed for bilateral vertical stiffness during bilateral drop jumping; values of 6.7% and 7.6% were observed for left and right limb vertical stiffness during unilateral drop jumping. These findings suggest that unilateral drop jumps may exhibit greater reliability than bilateral drop jumps while eliciting similar vertical stiffness. It is also apparent that higher GRFs during unilateral drop jumping are mitigated by increased COM displacement.
An App to Assess Young Children’s Perceptions of Movement Competence
Authors: Barnett Lisa M. , Makin Owen
Published: January 2018

Assessing young children’s perceptions is commonly done one on one with an interviewer. An app enables several children to complete the scale at once. The objective was to describe an app to assess children’s perceptions of movement competence and then present consistency of child responses. The Pictorial Scale of Perceived Movement Skill Competence (PMSC) has fundamental movement skill (FMS; e.g., catch) and play items (e.g., cycling). The PMSC android app has the same items and images but children complete it independently with audio. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) assessed i) test-retest reliability using the PMSC app on 18 items in 42 children (M = 6.8 yrs) and ii) consistency between measures for 13 FMS items in 44 children (M = 8.5 yrs). Over time (M = 6.9 days, SD = 0.35) the full PMSC had good consistency (ICC = 0.79, 95% CI 0.64–0.88) and the FMS items had moderate consistency (ICC = 0.68, 95% CI 0.47–0.81). There was good agreement between the app and interview for FMS items (ICC = 0.86, 95% CI 0.76–0.92). Locomotor items were less consistent. The PMSC app can generally be recommended. Future research could investigate how different forms of digital assessment affect children’s perception.
Six Sessions of Anterior-to-Posterior Ankle Joint Mobilizations Improve Patient-Reported Outcomes in Patients With Chronic Ankle Instability: A Critically Appraised Topic
Authors: Wikstrom Erik A. , Bagherian Sajad , Cordero Nicole B. , Song Kyeongtak
Published: January 2018

Clinical Scenario: Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is a complex musculoskeletal condition that results in sensorimotor and mechanical alterations. Manual therapies, such as ankle joint mobilizations, are known to improve clinician-oriented outcomes like dorsiflexion range of motion, but their impact on patient-reported outcomes remains less clear. Focused Clinical Question: Do anterior-to-posterior ankle joint mobilizations improve patient-reported outcomes in patients with chronic ankle instability? Summary of Key Findings: Three studies (2 randomized controlled trials and 1 prospective cohort) quantified the effect of at least 2 weeks of anterior-to-posterior ankle joint mobilizations on improving patient-reported outcomes immediately after the intervention and at a follow-up assessment. All 3 studies demonstrated significant improvements in at least 1 patient-reported outcome immediately after the intervention and at the follow-up assessment. Clinical Bottom Line: At least 2 weeks of ankle joint mobilization improves patient-reported outcomes in patients with chronic ankle instability, and these benefits are retained for at least a week following the termination of the intervention. Strength of Recommendation: Strength of recommendation is grade A due to consistent good-quality patient-oriented evidence.
The Effects of Cupping on Hamstring Flexibility in College Soccer Players
Authors: Williams Jeffrey G. , Gard Hannah I. , Gregory Jeana M. , Gibson Amy , Austin Jennifer
Published: January 2018

Context: College soccer players suffer from hamstring injuries due to inflexibility and repetitive motions involving intense hamstring lengthening and contraction during sport. Although it is a popular intervention for muscular injury, there exists limited evidence of the effects of therapeutic cupping on hamstring flexibility. Objective: To determine the effect of cupping therapy on hamstring flexibility in college soccer players. Design: Cohort design. Setting: Athletic training clinic. Patients: A total of 25, asymptomatic, National Collegiate Athletic Association Division III soccer players (10 males and 15 females; age = 19.4 [1.30] y, height = 175.1 [8.2] cm, and mass = 69.5 [6.6] kg). Intervention(s): A 7-minute therapeutic cupping treatment was delivered to the treatment group. Four 2-in cups were fixed atop trigger point locations within the hamstring muscle bellies of participants’ dominant legs. Control group participants received no intervention between pretest and posttest measurements. Main Outcome Measures: Pretest and posttest measurements of hamstring flexibility, using a passive straight leg raise, were performed on both groups. Passive straight leg raise measurements were conducted by blinded examiners using a digital inclinometer. An independent samples t test was used to analyze changes in hamstring flexibility from pretreatment to posttreatment with P values set a priori at .05. Results: An independent samples t test demonstrated no significant difference in change in hamstring flexibility between participants in the treatment group and those in the control group (t23 = −.961, P = .35). Conclusions: The findings of this study demonstrated no statistically significant changes in hamstring flexibility following a cupping treatment.
Psychological Resilience’s Moderation of the Relationship Between the Frequency of Organizational Stressors and Burnout in Athletes and Coaches
Authors: Wagstaff Chris , Hings Rebecca , Larner Rebecca , Fletcher David
Published: January 2018

This paper presents 2 studies examining the extent to which the frequency of encountered organizational stressors relates to burnout and whether qualities of psychological resilience moderate any such relationship. The studies were conducted with independent samples of athletes and coaches using a questionnaire design. In Study 1, 372 athletes completed measures of organizational stressors (Organizational Stressor Indicator for Sports Performers [OSI-SP]), resilience (Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale-10 [CD-RISC-10]), and burnout (Athlete Burnout Questionnaire). In Study 2, 91 coaches completed measures of organizational stressors (OSI-SP), resilience (CD-RISC-10), and burnout (Coach Burnout Questionnaire). Data were analyzed in a moderated regression model using Hayes’s PROCESS macro for SPSS and supported the hypotheses that the frequency of organizational stressors was directly related to burnout in both athletes and coaches and that psychological resilience moderated this relationship. These results highlight the influential role of organizational dynamics for athlete and coach well-being and indicate that psychological resilience is a salient individual difference variable that buffers against potential negative outcomes.
Genetically modified lentiviruses that preserve microvascular function protect against late radiation damage in normal tissues
Authors: Khan Aadil A. , Paget James T. , McLaughlin Martin , Kyula Joan N. , Wilkinson Michelle J. , Pencavel Timothy , Mansfield David , Roulstone Victoria , Seth Rohit , Halle Martin , Somaiah Navita , Boult Jessica K. R. , Robinson Simon P. , Pandha Hardev S. , Vile Richard G. , Melcher Alan A. , Harris Paul A. , Harrington Kevin J.
Published: January 2018

Vascular protection using gene therapy can reduce the late toxicities of radiotherapy.
Joining the resistance
Authors: Christenson Stephanie A.
Published: January 2018

The effect of antibiotic resistance genes on the gut microbiome is examined in preterm infants before and after antibiotic administration.
Maestro macrophages conduct a widely disseminated symphony
Authors: Levi Benjamin
Published: January 2018

Macrophages break down tissue junctions and allow for breast cancer dissemination and metastasis.
Oh, the places you’ll go!
Authors: Philips Jennifer A.
Published: January 2018

An in vivo selection strategy identifies an antibody that induces stem cells to differentiate into microglia-like cells, migrate to the brain, and reduce β−amyloid plaques in mice.
Impact of Vancomycin MIC on Clinical Outcomes of Patients with Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia Treated with Vancomycin at an Institution with Suppressed MIC Reporting
Authors: Adani Shaili , Bhowmick Tanaya , Weinstein Melvin P. , Narayanan Navaneeth
Published: January 2018

Methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) is a leading cause of bacteremia and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Prior studies evaluating the association of vancomycin MICs with clinical outcomes in patients with MRSA bacteremia have been inconsistent. This study evaluated the association between vancomycin MICs and 30-day in-hospital mortality rates for patients with MRSA bacteremia. This was a retrospective cohort study of patients with MRSA bacteremia treated with vancomycin for ≥72 h from January 2013 to August 2016. Vancomycin MICs were determined by broth microdilution via automated susceptibility testing methods. Study groups consisted of patients with MRSA isolates that had vancomycin MICs of <2 μg/ml and those with vancomycin MICs of 2 μg/ml. Covariates included demographics, severity of illness, comorbidities, intensive-care unit (ICU) admission, infectious disease consultation, infectious sources, and hospital onset of bacteremia. The primary outcome was 30-day in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes included the duration of bacteremia, persistent bacteremia for ≥7 days, recurrence within 30 days, change to alternative antibiotic therapy, and length of hospital stay. Multivariate logistic regression models were analyzed to control for potential confounding variables. A total of 166 patients were included for analysis: 91 patients with vancomycin MICs of <2 μg/ml and 75 patients with vancomycin MICs of 2 μg/ml. In the multivariate logistic regression model, a vancomycin MIC of 2 μg/ml, compared to a MIC of <2 μg/ml, was not significantly associated with 30-day in-hospital mortality after adjustment for confounders. Additionally, all secondary outcomes were not statistically significantly different between study groups. In patients with MRSA bacteremia treated with vancomycin, the vancomycin MIC was not associated with differences in clinical outcomes.
Draft Genome Sequence of a
Leptospira interrogans
Strain Isolated from the Urine of an Asymptomatic Dog in Thailand
Authors: Kurilung Alongkorn , Keeratipusana Chantisa , Suriyaphol Prapat , Prapasarakul Nuvee
Published: January 2018

In 2014,
Leptospira interrogans
strain CUDO8 was isolated from the urine of an asymptomatic dog in Thailand. Here we report the draft genome sequence of this pathogenic bacterium.
Nuclear, Chloroplast, and Mitochondrial Genome Sequences of the Prospective Microalgal Biofuel Strain
Picochlorum soloecismus
Authors: Gonzalez-Esquer C. Raul , Twary Scott N. , Hovde Blake T. , Starkenburg Shawn R.
Published: January 2018

Picochlorum soloecismus
is a halotolerant, fast-growing, and moderate-lipid-producing microalga that is being evaluated as a renewable feedstock for biofuel production. Herein, we report on an improved high-quality draft assembly and annotation for the nuclear, chloroplast, and mitochondrial genomes of
P. soloecismus
DOE 101.
Seesawing end-tidal carbon dioxide: portent of critical carbon dioxide embolism in retroperitoneoscopy
Authors: Abraham Melvin Alex , Jose Riya , Paul Mazhuvanchary Jacob
Published: January 2018

An abrupt increase in end-tidal CO2(EtCO2; from 35 to 58 mm Hg) followed by a sudden fall (to 18 mm Hg) was noted during retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy under general anaesthesia in a 23-year-old patient with adrenal hyperplasia. This was accompanied by hypotension (systolic blood pressure of 60 mm Hg), desaturation (88% SpO2) and ST depression (3.5 mm). The patient was resuscitated with fluids and vasopressor drugs and about 4 mL of air was aspirated through the central venous catheter, confirming the diagnosis of an intraoperative gas embolism. Later, a rent in the adrenal vein extending into the inferior vena cava was discovered and sutured. The blood pressure, EtCO2, ST segment and pulse oximetry returned to normal after 15 min. This case demonstrates that gas embolism may transpire during retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy and an acute rise followed by a sharp fall in EtCO2should alert the anaesthesiologist to this rare but potentially fatal complication.
Novel mutation in the choroideremia gene and multi-Mendelian phenotypes in Spanish families
Authors: de Castro-Miró Marta , Tonda Raul , Marfany Gemma , Casaroli-Marano Ricardo P , Gonzàlez-Duarte Roser
Published: January 2018

Aims

We aimed to accurately diagnose several retinitis pigmentosa (RP) patients with complex ocular phenotypes by combining massive sequencing genetic diagnosis and powerful clinical imaging techniques.

Methods

Whole-exome sequencing (WES) of selected patients from two RP families was undertaken. The variants identified were validated by Sanger sequencing and cosegregation analysis. Accurate clinical re-evaluation was performed using electrophysiological and visual field records as well as non-invasive imaging techniques, such as swept-source optical coherence tomography and fundus autofluorescence.

Results

The WES results highlighted one novel and one reported causative mutations in the X-linked choroideremia gene (CHM), which challenged the initial RP diagnosis. Subsequent clinical re-evaluation confirmed the choroideremia diagnosis. Carrier females showed different degrees of affectation, even between twin sisters, probably due to lyonization. A severe multi-Mendelian phenotype was associated with coincidental dominant pathogenic mutations in two additional genes:PAX6andPDE6B.

Conclusions

Genetic diagnosis via massive sequencing is instrumental in identifying causative mutations in retinal dystrophies and additional genetic variants with an impact on the phenotype. Multi-Mendelian phenotypes previously ascribed to rare syndromes can thus be dissected and molecularly diagnosed. Overall, the combination of powerful genetic diagnosis and clinical non-invasive imaging techniques enables efficient management of patients and their prioritisation for gene-specific therapies.
Protocol for a prospective longitudinal study investigating the participation and educational trajectories of Australian students with autism
Authors: Roberts Jacqueline Margaret Anne , Adams Dawn , Heussler Helen , Keen Deborah , Paynter Jessica , Trembath David , Westerveld Marleen , Williams Katrina
Published: January 2018

Introduction

Autism is associated with high cost to individuals, families, communities and government. Understanding educational and participation trajectories during the school years, and factors influencing these, is fundamental to reducing financial and personal costs. The primary aim of this study is to document the trajectories of Australian students with autism during their education. The secondary aim is to examine personal (eg, student skills) and environmental (eg, school setting) factors associated with differing trajectories and outcomes.

Methods and analysis

The cross-sequential longitudinal study will recruit two cohorts of 120 parents/caregivers of children with autism. Cohort 1 aged between 4 and 5 years and cohort 2 between 9 and 10 years to start the study. Information will be gathered from parents, teachers and school principals at six annual time points (T1 to T6). Parents will be emailed a link to an online initial questionnaire (T1) and then contacted annually and asked to complete either an extended questionnaire (T3, T5 and T6) or an abbreviated questionnaire (T2, T4). Where consent is given, the child’s current school will be contacted annually (T1 to T6) and teacher and school principal asked to complete questionnaires about the child and school. Parent and school questionnaires are comprised of questions about demographic and school factors that could influence trajectories and a battery of developmental and behavioural assessment tools designed to assess educational and participation trajectories and outcomes. Surveys will provide longitudinal data on educational and participation trajectories for children and adolescents with autism. In addition cross-sectional comparisons (within or between age groups) at each time point and cohort effects will be explored.

Ethics and dissemination

Ethics approvals have been granted for this study by all recruiting sites and universities in the project. Study findings will inform policy and practice to promote successful inclusion and participation of children with autism in education. Results will be disseminated through journal publication, conference and seminar presentation.
Do active modes of transport cause lower body mass index? Findings from the HABITAT longitudinal study
Authors: Turrell Gavin , Hewitt Belinda A , Rachele Jerome N , Giles-Corti Billie , Busija Lucy , Brown Wendy J
Published: January 2018

Background

Few studies have examined the causal relationship between transport mode and body mass index (BMI).

Methods

We examined between-person differences and within-person changes in BMI by transport mode over four time points between 2007 and 2013. Data were from the How Areas in Brisbane Influence HealTh and AcTivity project, a population-representative study of persons aged 40–65 in 2007 (baseline) residing in 200 neighbourhoods in Brisbane, Australia. The analytic sample comprised 9931 respondents who reported on their main transport for all travel purposes (work-related and non-work-related). Transport mode was measured as private motor vehicle (PMV), public transport, walking and cycling. Self-reported height and weight were used to derive BMI. Sex-specific analyses were conducted using multilevel hybrid regression before and after adjustment for time-varying and time-invariant confounders.

Results

Independent of transport mode and after adjustment for confounders, average BMI increased significantly and linearly across the four time points for both men and women. Men and women who walked or cycled had a significantly lower BMI than their counterparts who used a PMV. BMI was nearly always lower during the time men and women walked or cycled than when they used a PMV; however, few statistically significant differences were observed. For women, BMI was significantly higher during the time they used public transport than when using a PMV.

Conclusion

The findings suggest a causal association between transport mode and BMI and support calls from health authorities to promote walking and cycling for transport as a way of incorporating physical activity into everyday life to reduce the risk of chronic disease.
Price elasticity of demand of non-cigarette tobacco products: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Jawad Mohammed , Lee John Tayu , Glantz Stanton , Millett Christopher
Published: January 2018

Objective

To systematically review the price elasticity of demand of non-cigarette tobacco products.

Data sources

Medline, Embase, EconLit and the Web of Science without language or time restrictions.

Study selection

Two reviewers screened title and abstracts, then full texts, independently and in duplicate. We based eligibility criteria on study design (interventional or observational), population (individuals or communities without geographic restrictions), intervention (price change) and outcome (change in demand).

Data extraction

We abstracted data on study features, outcome measures, statistical approach, and single best own- and cross-price elasticity estimates with respect to cigarettes. We conducted a random effects meta-analysis for estimates of similar product, outcome and country income level. For other studies we reported median elasticities by product and country income level.

Data synthesis

We analysed 36 studies from 15 countries yielding 125 elasticity estimates. A 10% price increase would reduce demand by: 8.3% for cigars (95% CI 2.9 to 13.8), 6.4% for roll your owns (95% CI 4.3 to 8.4), 5.7% for bidis (95% CI 4.3 to 7.1) and 2.1% for smokeless tobacco (95% CI −0.6 to 4.8). Median price elasticities for all ten products were also negative. Results from few studies that examined cross-price elasticity suggested a positive substitution effect between cigarette and non-cigarette tobacco products.

Conclusions

There is sufficient evidence in support of the effectiveness of price increases to reduce consumption of non-cigarette tobacco products as it is for cigarettes. Positive substitutability between cigarette and non-cigarette tobacco products suggest that tax and price increases need to be simultaneous and comparable across all tobacco products.
A comparative study on the effects of high-fat diet and endurance training on the PGC-1α-FNDC5/irisin pathway in obese and nonobese male C57BL/6 mice
Authors: Kazeminasab Fatemeh , Marandi Sayed Mohammad , Ghaedi Kamran , Safaeinejad Zahra , Esfarjani Fahimeh , Nasr-Esfahani Mohammad Hossein
Published: January 2018

The present study was performed to clarify how a combined exercise/diet treatment could affect the expression level of the muscle fibronectin type III domain containing 5 (Fndc5) with respect to body fat mass. Male C57BL/6 mice were divided into 2 groups including low-fat (LF) and high-fat (HF) diets for 12 weeks. Then, LF fed (nonobese) and HF fed mice (obese) were divided into the following 4 groups: HF-Exercise, HF-Sedentary, LF-Exercise, and LF-Sedentary. The exercise group exercised on a motor-driven treadmill for 45 min/day, 5 days/week for 8 weeks. Mice were sacrificed 24 h after the final exercise session. Gastrocnemius muscle and the visceral adipose tissue were excised and frozen for the assessment of proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (Pgc-1α) and Fndc5 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels. Data indicated that protein level of muscle PGC-1α was decreased in HF versus LF groups and in obese versus nonobese mice. Moreover, Fndc5 mRNA levels were increased in the muscle tissue of HF versus LF groups and in obese versus nonobese mice. Also, in the gastrocnemius skeletal muscle, protein levels of FNDC5 were significantly higher in the HF fed mice, as compared with their low-fat fed counterparts, similar to what was observed for exercised versus sedentary mice. Overall, we found that the HF diet increased Fndc5 transcript levels in the skeletal muscle, but exercise had a minimal effect on the transcript level of Fndc5, whereas endurance training increased the protein content of FNDC5 in the skeletal muscle.
Linear dicoordinate beryllium: a 9Be solid-state NMR study of a discrete zero-valent s-block beryllium complex
Authors: Leroy C. , Schuster J.K. , Schaefer T. , Müller-Buschbaum K. , Braunschweig H. , Bryce D.L.
Published: January 2018

Beryllium-9 (9Be) quadrupolar coupling and chemical shift tensor data are reported for bis(1-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-3,3,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine-2-ylidene)beryllium (Be(CAAC)2). These are the first such data for beryllium in a linear dicoordinate environment. The 9Be quadrupolar coupling constant, 2.36(0.02) MHz, is the largest recorded in the solid state to date for this isotope. The span of the beryllium chemical shift tensor, 22(2) ppm, covers about half of the known 9Be chemical shift range, and the isotropic 9Be chemical shift, 32.0(0.3) ppm, is the largest reported in the solid state to our knowledge. DFT calculations reproduce the experimental data well. A natural localized molecular orbital approach has been used to explain the origins and orientation of the beryllium electric field gradient tensor. The single-crystal X-ray structure of a second polymorph of Be(CAAC)2 is also reported. Inspection of the powder X-ray diffraction data shows that the new crystal structure is part of the bulk product next to another crystalline phase. Therefore, experimental X-ray powder data for the microcrystalline powder sample and the SSNMR data do not fully match either the originally reported crystal structure (Arrowsmith et al. Nat. Chem. 2016, 8, 890–894) or the new polymorph. The ability of solid-state NMR and powder X-ray diffraction to characterize powdered samples was thus particularly useful in this work.
Generalized hypergeometric series for Racah matrices in rectangular representations
Authors: Morozov A.
Published: January 2018

One of the spectacular results in mathematical physics is the expression of Racah matrices for symmetric representations of the quantum group [Formula: see text] through the Askey–Wilson polynomials, associated with the [Formula: see text]-hypergeometric functions [Formula: see text]. Recently it was shown that this is in fact the general property of symmetric representations, valid for arbitrary [Formula: see text] — at least for exclusive Racah matrices [Formula: see text]. The natural question then is what substitutes the conventional [Formula: see text]-hypergeometric polynomials when representations are more general? New advances in the theory of matrices [Formula: see text], provided by the study of differential expansions of knot polynomials, suggest that these are multiple sums over Young sub-diagrams of the one which describes the original representation of [Formula: see text]. A less trivial fact is that the entries of the sum are not just the factorized combinations of quantum dimensions, as in the ordinary hypergeometric series, but involve non-factorized quantities, like the skew characters and their further generalizations — as well as associated additional summations with the Littlewood–Richardson weights.
Multi-channel unidirectional transmission of phononic crystal heterojunctions
Authors: Xu Zhenlong , Tong Jie , Wu Fugen
Published: January 2018

Two square steel columns are arranged in air to form two-dimensional square lattice phononic crystals (PNCs). Two PNCs can be combined into a non-orthogonal 45[Formula: see text] heterojunction when the difference in the directional band gaps of the two PNC types is utilized. The finite element method is used to calculate the acoustic band structure, the heterogeneous junction transmission characteristics, acoustic field distribution, and many others. Results show that a non-orthogonal PNC heterojunction can produce a multi-channel unidirectional transmission of acoustic waves. With the square scatterer rotated, the heterojunction can select a frequency band for unidirectional transmission performance. This capability is particularly useful for constructing acoustic diodes with wide-bands and high-efficiency unidirectional transmission characteristics.
Regular finite decomposition complexity
Authors: Kasprowski Daniel , Nicas Andrew , Rosenthal David
Published: January 2018

We introduce the notion of regular finite decomposition complexity of a metric family. This generalizes Gromov’s finite asymptotic dimension and is motivated by the concept of finite decomposition complexity (FDC) due to Guentner, Tessera and Yu. Regular finite decomposition complexity implies FDC and has all the permanence properties that are known for FDC, as well as a new one called Finite Quotient Permanence. We show that for a collection containing all metric families with finite asymptotic dimension, all other permanence properties follow from Fibering Permanence.
The Maximum Height and Attenuation of Impulse Waves Generated by Subaerial Landslides
Authors: Wang Baoliang , Yao Lingkan , Zhao Haixin , Zhang Cong
Published: January 2018

High‐speed landslides that flow into reservoirs can cause impulsive water waves. To study the characteristics of the maximum impulse wave’s height and its attenuation, 25 sets of flume experiments were conducted using orthogonal theory and 6 main influencing factors were considered. Taking the impulse wave heights as the evaluation criteria and analyzing the 6 influencing factors at 5 different levels, the characteristics of the maximum impulse wave’s height and its attenuations were obtained. Then, statistical relationships between the maximum wave height and the controlling factors were proposed. Then, by combining the continuity equation and the hydrodynamic open channel transient flow movement equation, the process of landslide wave height attenuation was studied, and it was found that the attenuation of the wave is consistent with exponential attenuation. Then, combined with the data obtained from the orthogonal experiments, an attenuation equation for the surge was derived. Finally, the proposed equation was validated by applying it to the landslides that took place along the shore of the Zipingpu reservoir, which were triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake, and the results indicate that the calculated results are very close to the observed results.
Formyl Met-Leu-Phe-Stimulated FPR1 Phosphorylation in Plate-Adherent Human Neutrophils: Enhanced Proteolysis but Lack of Inhibition by Platelet-Activating Factor
Authors: Jesaitis Algirdas J. , Gripentrog Jeannie , Voyich Jovanka M.
Published: January 2018

N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLF) is a model PAMP/DAMP driving human PMN to sites of injury/infection utilizing the GPCR, FPR1. We examined a microtiter plate format for measurement of FPR1 phosphorylation in adherent PMN at high densities and found that a new phosphosensitive FPR1 fragment, 25K-FPR1, accumulates in SDS-PAGE extracts. 25K-FPR1 is fully inhibited by diisopropylfluorophosphate PMN pretreatment but is not physiologic, as its formation failed to be significantly perturbed by ATP depletion, time and temperature of adherence, or adherence mechanism. 25K-FPR1 was minimized by extracting fMLF-exposed PMN in lithium dodecylsulfate at 4°C prior to reduction/alkylation. After exposure of adherent PMN to a 5 log range of PAF before or after fMLF, unlike in suspension PMN, no inhibition of fMLF-induced FPR1 phosphorylation was observed. However, PAF induced the release of 40% of PMN lactate dehydrogenase, implying significant cell lysis. We infer that PAF-induced inhibition of fMLF-dependent FPR1 phosphorylation observed in suspension PMN does not occur in the unlysed adherent PMN. We speculate that although the conditions of the assay may induce PAF-stimulated necrosis, the cell densities on the plates may approach levels observed in inflamed tissues and provide for an explanation of PAF’s divergent effects on FPR1 phosphorylation as well as PMN function.
Effect of Axial Vibration on Sliding Frictional Force between Shale and 45 Steel
Authors: Hao Wu , Ping Chen , Yang Liu , Tianshou Ma
Published: January 2018

Activating drill string vibration is an effective means to mitigate the excessive drag encountered during drilling complex‐structure wells. However, the Coulomb model cannot describe the sliding friction behavior between drill string and borehole rock with imposed axial vibrations. To solve this problem, a specially designed experimental setup was utilized to investigate the characteristics of axial vibrating‐sliding coupling friction. The results indicate that when vibration velocity is greater than sliding velocity, axial vibration can significantly reduce friction force between contact surfaces. Its friction reduction mechanism embodies not only the changes of instantaneous friction force, but also friction coefficient. Meanwhile, a friction coupling model was established based on the Hertz contact theory and Dahl model. The corresponding computational program was developed in Matlab/Simulink environment. The calculation results are in good agreement with the experimental results, verifying the validity of the present method. Furthermore, to overcome the shortcoming of Dahl model, a dynamic friction coefficient model was proposed to evaluate the friction‐reducing effect of axial vibration using dimensional analysis method. The model parameters under different lubrication conditions were retrieved through inverse calculation with experimental data. This method provides a new solution for evaluating the friction‐reducing effect of hydraulic oscillator and optimizing its placement.
The Role of Minimally Invasive Techniques in Scoliosis Correction Surgery
Authors: Cloney Michael B. , Goergen Jack A. , Bohnen Angela M. , Smith Zachary A. , Koski Tyler , Dahdaleh Nader
Published: January 2018

Objective. Recently, minimally invasive surgery (MIS) has been included among the treatment modalities for scoliosis. However, literature comparing MIS to open surgery for scoliosis correction is limited. The objective of this study was to compare outcomes for scoliosis correction patients undergoing MIS versus open approach. Methods. We retrospectively collected data on demographics, procedure characteristics, and outcomes for 207 consecutive scoliosis correction surgeries at our institution between 2009 and 2015. Results. MIS patients had lower number of levels fused (p<0.0001), shorter surgeries (p=0.0023), and shorter overall lengths of stay (p<0.0001), were less likely to be admitted to the ICU (p<0.0001), and had shorter ICU stays (p=0.0015). On multivariable regression, number of levels fused predicted selection for MIS procedure (p=0.004), and multiple other variables showed trends toward significance. Age predicted ICU admission and VTE. BMI predicted any VTE, and DVT specifically. Comorbid disease burden predicted readmission, need for transfusion, and ICU admission. Number of levels fused predicted prolonged surgery, need for transfusion, and ICU admission. Conclusions. Patients undergoing MIS correction had shorter surgeries, shorter lengths of stay, and shorter and fewer ICU stays, but there was a significant selection effect. Accounting for other variables, MIS did not independently predict any of the outcomes.
The Use of Ultrasound Imaging in the External Beam Radiotherapy Workflow of Prostate Cancer Patients
Authors: Camps Saskia M. , Fontanarosa Davide , de With Peter H. N. , Verhaegen Frank , Vanneste Ben G. L.
Published: January 2018

External beam radiotherapy (EBRT) is one of the curative treatment options for prostate cancer patients. The aim of this treatment option is to irradiate tumor tissue, while sparing normal tissue as much as possible. Frequent imaging during the course of the treatment (image guided radiotherapy) allows for determination of the location and shape of the prostate (target) and of the organs at risk. This information is used to increase accuracy in radiation dose delivery resulting in better tumor control and lower toxicity. Ultrasound imaging is harmless for the patient, it is cost-effective, and it allows for real-time volumetric organ tracking. For these reasons, it is an ideal technique for image guidance during EBRT workflows. Review papers have been published in which the use of ultrasound imaging in EBRT workflows for different cancer sites (prostate, breast, etc.) was extensively covered. This new review paper aims at providing the readers with an update on the current status for prostate cancer ultrasound guided EBRT treatments.
TRAIL-Dependent Resolution of Pulmonary Fibrosis
Authors: Habiel David M. , Moreira Ana Paula , Ismailoglu Ugur B. , Dunleavy Michael P. , Cavassani Karen A. , van Rooijen Nico , Coelho Ana Lucia , Hogaboam Cory M.
Published: January 2018

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the most common form of interstitial lung disease characterized by the persistence of activated myofibroblasts resulting in excessive deposition of extracellular matrix proteins and profound tissue remodeling. In the present study, the expression of tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) was key to the resolution of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Bothin vivoandin vitrostudies demonstrated that Gr-1+TRAIL+bone marrow-derived myeloid cells blocked the activation of lung myofibroblasts. Although soluble TRAIL was increased in plasma from IPF patients, the presence of TRAIL+myeloid cells was markedly reduced in IPF lung biopsies, and primary lung fibroblasts from this patient group expressed little of the TRAIL receptor-2 (DR5) when compared with appropriate normal samples. IL-13 was a potent inhibitor of DR5 expression in normal fibroblasts. Together, these results identified TRAIL+myeloid cells as a critical mechanism in the resolution of pulmonary fibrosis, and strategies directed at promoting its function might have therapeutic potential in IPF.
Mediums and Science in Early 20th Century Europe
Authors: Leporiere Lorenzo
Published: January 2018

This paper investigates and contextualizes the contribution made by the Italian physiologist Filippo Bottazzi (1867–1941) to research on mediumistic phenomena in Europe at the beginning of the 1900s, focusing on his investigation of the claims of Eusapia Palladino’s powers, a well-known Italian physical medium who inspired the “conversion” of Cesare Lombroso. Bottazzi’s work, conducted between 1906 and 1909, is compared to that of colleagues in Italy and elsewhere and analysed in the light of the scientific methodology that he used in his research as a physiologist. This paper will review the events that led Bottazzi to take an interest in mediumship, and analyse how he designed and conducted his experiments and the conclusions that he drew from them. Particular attention will be focused on the methods and the scientific instruments that he used in his psychical research, which were in keeping with his Positivist epistemological views, as is shown by an essay on the scientific method that he wrote in the same period.