bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Reducing Dietary Nitrogen on Ammonia Emissions from Manure on the Floor of a Naturally Ventilated Free Stall Dairy Barn at Low (0–20°C) Temperatures
Authors: Li Lifeng , Cyriac Joby , Knowlton Katharine F. , Marr Linsey C. , Gay Susan W. , Hanigan Mark D. , Ogejo Jactone Arogo
Published: October 2009

This study was conducted to determine the potential for reducing ammonia (NH3) emissions from manure deposited on the floor of a naturally ventilated free stall barn by mid‐lactation dairy cows fed reduced or normal N diets. Two crude protein (CP) diets (178 g kg−1 [high] and 159 g kg−1 [low] dry matter), were used. The diets were fed to 48 Holstein cows in a replicated crossover design with two pens per diet. The NH3 emitted from the manure deposited on the floor was measured using a dynamic flux chamber. The NH3 emissions were 2.7 (± 2.0) and 2.9 (± 1.8) g N cow−1 d−1 for high and low CP diets, respectively. Ammonia emission rates were significantly affected by manure pH, TKN, and ambient air temperature (P < 0.05). Dietary CP affected the feed N intake (8.7 and 7.1 kg pen−1 d−1 for high and low CP, respectively), but did not affect milk yield (500 and 489 kg pen−1 d−1 for high and low CP, respectively) and milk CP content (30 g kg−1 for both the high and low CP diets). The N utilization efficiency was 29.0% and 32.7% for the high and low CP diets, respectively. Reducing dietary CP reduced total Kjeldahl N (TKN) in manure, but did not affect the total ammoniacal N (TAN) in manure and had no significant effect on the ammonia emission rates from the barn floor.
A Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies a Novel Major Locus for Glycemic Control in Type 1 Diabetes, as Measured by Both A1C and Glucose
Authors: Paterson Andrew D. , Waggott Daryl , Boright Andrew P. , Hosseini S. Mohsen , Shen Enqing , Sylvestre Marie-Pierre , Wong Isidro , Bharaj Bhupinder , Cleary Patricia A. , Lachin John M. ,   MAGIC (Meta-Analyses of Glucose and Insulin-related traits Consortium), Below Jennifer E. , Nicolae Dan , Cox Nancy J. , Canty Angelo J. , Sun Lei , Bull Shelley B. ,   the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Research Group
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE

Glycemia is a major risk factor for the development of long-term complications in type 1 diabetes; however, no specific genetic loci have been identified for glycemic control in individuals with type 1 diabetes. To identify such loci in type 1 diabetes, we analyzed longitudinal repeated measures of A1C from the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We performed a genome-wide association study using the mean of quarterly A1C values measured over 6.5 years, separately in the conventional (n = 667) and intensive (n = 637) treatment groups of the DCCT. At loci of interest, linear mixed models were used to take advantage of all the repeated measures. We then assessed the association of these loci with capillary glucose and repeated measures of multiple complications of diabetes.

RESULTS

We identified a major locus for A1C levels in the conventional treatment group near SORCS1 (10q25.1, P = 7 × 10−10), which was also associated with mean glucose (P = 2 × 10−5). This was confirmed using A1C in the intensive treatment group (P = 0.01). Other loci achieved evidence close to genome-wide significance: 14q32.13 (GSC) and 9p22 (BNC2) in the combined treatment groups and 15q21.3 (WDR72) in the intensive group. Further, these loci gave evidence for association with diabetic complications, specifically SORCS1 with hypoglycemia and BNC2 with renal and retinal complications. We replicated the SORCS1 association in Genetics of Diabetes in Kidneys (GoKinD) study control subjects (P = 0.01) and the BNC2 association with A1C in nondiabetic individuals.

CONCLUSIONS

A major locus for A1C and glucose in individuals with diabetes is near SORCS1. This may influence the design and analysis of genetic studies attempting to identify risk factors for long-term diabetic complications.
Review
Authors: Kul Małgorzata , Jaworski Sylwester
Published: October 2009

Review
Assessing diagnostic applicability of heat release characteristics determined based on ship engine indicator diagrams
Authors: Polanowski Stanisław
Published: October 2009

Assessing diagnostic applicability of heat release characteristics determined based on ship engine indicator diagrams

In order to determine indicator diagrams-based heat release characteristics, a single-zone model of net heat release was used for perfect gas. It was proved that when a constant value for isentropic exponent is assumed, the error in determining the characteristics can be limited to 1% at the nominal load. The effect of errors in determining the position of piston TDC, as well as that of gas passages and indicator valves on the calculated characteristics was evaluated. It was shown that for low-speed engines the effect of gas passages in negligible, while for medium-speed engines the characteristics reveal some deformations (waves), which are repeatable for an individual cylinder in the examined engine construction. The results of the performed investigations and analyses suggest possibility and advisability of the use of heat release characteristics in diagnosing ship engines, in particular low-speed machines.
Occurrence probability of maximum sea levels in Polish ports of Baltic Sea coast
Authors: Wisniewski Bernard , Wolski Tomasz
Published: October 2009

Occurrence probability of maximum sea levels in Polish ports of Baltic Sea coast

In this work long-term probability of occurrence of maximum sea levels in some points of Polish Baltic Sea coast, was determined. Use was made of multi-year series of measurement data on maximum yearly sea levels, and their probability distributions were determined. To the analysis Gumbel's distribution and Pearson distribution of 3rd type as well as quantile methods and the highest credibility method, were applied. Kolmogorov test was used to examine conformity of the theoretical distributions with real random variable distribution. As results from the analysis, the highest sea levels of 1000- year return period can be expected in Polish ports of the west part of the coast, i.e. Kolobrzeg (750, 2 cm, i.e. 2,5 m above the average sea level) and Swinoujscie (723,6 cm). Lower sea levels of the same return period can be expected in Ustka (720,2 cm), Wladyslawowo (709,7 cm) and Gdansk (716, 7 cm), respectively.
Flood threat to the territories below the water dam in conditions of occurrence of extreme hydrological phenomena
Authors: Madeyski Marek , Michalec Bogusław , Tarnawski Marek
Published: October 2009

Flood threat to the territories below the water dam in conditions of occurrence of extreme hydrological phenomena

The course of the flood in July 2001 and passage of the freshet wave through the water reservoir Chańcza on the Czarna Staszowska River was analyzed. Culmination of this wave equaling 418.62 m3·s-1 was two times higher than the estimated flow of 1% probability for what the reservoir was designed. Water management during the flood forced a higher than forecast water discharge during culmination. The paper aims at determination of water level situation on the territory at maximum water discharge from the reservoir during the flood equaling 122.75 m3·s-1 and showing possibilities of flood threat reduction. The range of the inundation zone at this discharge flow on the territory below the dam at the length of 3 km was determined taking into regard the influence of vegetation in the valley and in the zone adjacent the channel and bridge. The cause of inundation of the valley on the studied river sector is a rather low channel capacity equaling from 20-60 m3·s-1. It was found that the bridge does not influence the leveling of the analyzed flow and the reserve in the bridge light, determined as the difference of ordinate of the underlay of the span beam and ordinate of the water level under the bridge 0.92 m. Calculations of the channel capacity were also carried out in the case of renovation treatments consisting in removing stiff and soft vegetation and decrease in the inundation range of the valley was demonstrated.
Nucleation and growth during primary recrystallization of certain metals and alloys with a face-centered cubic structure: Formation of the cube texture
Authors: Penelle Richard
Published: October 2009

After reviewing the seminal results of the work of Charles Crussard in the field of metal recrystallization, the remainder of this overview will be devoted to the origin and development of cube texture in the Fe-36 %Ni alloy. For this purpose, the macrotexture was characterized via X-ray and neutron diffraction. The microtexture and microstructure were analyzed using electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. The deformation energy stored by the dislocations (the driving force for recrystallization) was calculated based on the measurement of the broadening of the neutron diffraction peaks. After cold-rolling, the cube grains store less deformation energy than the aggregate of grains having other orientations and also exhibit a cellular microstructure. These two parameters account to a large extent for the formation and rapid growth of cube nuclei.
Oxidation of palladium: from single crystal surfaces towards nanoparticles
Authors: Stierle Andreas
Published: October 2009

This overview highlights recent results on the oxidation of Pd obtained on low-index and vicinal single crystal surfaces as well as epitaxial Pd nanoparticles on MgO(100). The emphasis is put on X-ray diffraction experiments, which were conducted in-situ during oxidation at elevated temperatures and near atmospheric pressure. On Pd(100) the formation of an ultrathin surface oxide layer with a superstructure was observed. This layer represents a considerable kinetic barrier against PdO bulk oxide formation. A similar surface oxide forms on the Pd(553) vicinal surface after oxygen-induced faceting into (332) and (111) oriented areas. In contrast to this, Pd nanoparticles on MgO(100) below a diameter of 10 nm undergo continuous oxidation without passivation layer formation, pointing to a much higher reactivity and a lowering of kinetic barriers. These differences in the oxidation behavior give evidence for a breakdown of classical oxidation theory on the nanoscale.
Alleviation of off-period dystonia in Parkinson disease by a microlesion following subthalamic implantation
Authors: Derrey Stéphane , Lefaucheur Romain , Chastan Nathalie , Gérardin Emmanuel , Hannequin Didier , Desbordes Marie , Maltête David
Published: October 2009

Object

A collision/implantation or microlesion effect is commonly described after subthalamic nucleus (STN) implantation for high-frequency stimulation, and this is presumed to reflect disruption of cells and/or fibers. Off-period dystonia, a frequent cause of disability in patients with advanced Parkinson disease, can lead to the need for surgical treatment. The authors assessed the early effect of this microlesion on off-period dystonia.

Methods

The authors assessed 30 consecutive patients with the advanced levodopa-responsive form of Parkinson disease. The patients' symptoms were Hoehn and Yahr Scale score ≥ 3, the mean duration of their disease was 11.4 ± 3.5 years, and they had undergone bilateral implantation of electrodes within the STN for high-frequency stimulation between February 2004 and December 2006. The microlesion effect was defined by the clinical improvement (Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale [UPDRS] Part III score, UPDRS Part IV, item 35) assessed the morning of the 3rd day following STN implantation, after at least a 12-hour withdrawal of dopaminergic treatment and before the programmable pulse generator was switched on (off-drug/off-stimulation mode).

Results

Compared with baseline (off state), the microlesion effect improved the motor score (UPDRS Part III) by 27%. Subscores for tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia respectively improved by 42, 37, and 25%. Nineteen patients (63%) suffered from off-period dystonia before surgery. Twelve (41%) reported complete relief of their symptoms in the immediate postoperative period and remained free of painful off-period dystonia throughout the 6-month follow-up period.

Conclusions

The author postulated that off-period dystonia alleviation may reflect both a microsubthalamotomy and micropallidotomy effect. They hypothesize, moreover, that the microlesion could play a role in the 6-month postoperative outcome.
Management of osteoblastoma and osteoid osteoma of the spine in childhood
Authors: Burn Sasha C. , Ansorge Olaf , Zeller Reinhard , Drake James M.
Published: October 2009

Object

Osteoid osteomas and osteoblastoma of the spine are rare lesions in childhood, and management strategies have changed. The authors reviewed their recent experience with these 2 types of lesions to elucidate current treatment modalities and outcomes.

Methods

Case records and radiographic images from all cases of osteoid osteoma and osteoblastoma diagnosed between 1993 and 2008 were retrospectively reviewed, including those managed nonsurgically.

Results

Thirty cases were identified; 22 were treated surgically and 8 were managed nonsurgically. The patients' mean age at presentation was 13 years (range 3–17 years). Of 30 patients, 29 (97%) presented with pain; 7 (23%) had scoliosis at presentation; 12 (40%) experienced relief with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory medication. Osteoid osteoma was diagnosed in 7 (32%) of the 22 patients who underwent surgery, and osteoblastoma in 15 (68%). Nine (41%) of the 22 surgically treated patients underwent fusion procedures (bone onlay or instrumentation) at the time of surgery. Pain freedom without medication had been achieved in 16 (73%) of the 22 surgically treated patients at a mean follow-up of 28 months (range 2–75 months) and was confirmed in 3 (38%) of the 8 nonsurgically treated patients at a mean follow-up of 33 months (range 24–51 months).

Conclusions

Osteoid osteomas and osteoblastomas can present challenging management problems in pediatric patients. In the majority of cases in which conservative therapy fails or pathological diagnosis is required, surgery using modern intraoperative imaging and spinal instrumentation can provide symptom relief and tumor control.
Direct thrombolysis for cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
Authors: Rahman Maryam , Velat Gregory J. , Hoh Brian L. , Mocco J
Published: October 2009

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is an increasingly diagnosed disease with a wide range of symptoms, ranging from a mild headache to cerebral herniation. A potentially devastating syndrome, CVST has been associated with a mortality rate of 6–10%. In prospective studies, the overall rate of death and dependency from CVST ranges from 8.8 to 44.4%. Systemic anticoagulation remains the first-line treatment. However, a percentage of patients deteriorate despite medical therapy. These cases have resulted in the development of thrombolysis or endovascular treatment for CVST. Initial reports of the use of endovascular treatment of CVST have been promising. However, enthusiasm for the use of endovascular thrombolysis and thrombectomy should be tempered by an understanding of possible risks such as intracerebral hemorrhage and/or vessel dissection. The authors review the literature regarding endovascular treatment of CVST with a description of the chemical and mechanical thrombolytic techniques.
Microvascular decompression in patients with isolated maxillary division trigeminal neuralgia, with particular attention to venous pathology
Authors: Sekula Raymond F. , Frederickson Andrew M. , Jannetta Peter J. , Bhatia Sanjay , Quigley Matthew R. , Abdel Aziz Khaled M.
Published: October 2009

Object

The authors have the clinical impression that patients with isolated V2, or maxillary division, trigeminal neuralgia (TN) are most often women of a younger age with atypical pain features and a predominance of venous compression as the pathology. The aim of this study was to evaluate a specific subgroup of patients with V2 TN.

Methods

Among 120 patients who underwent microvascular decompression (MVD) for TN in 2007, data were available for 114; 6 patients were lost to follow-up. Patients were stratified according to typical (Burchiel Type 1), mixed (Burchiel Type 2a), or atypical (Burchiel Type 2b) TN. A pain-free status without medication was used to determine the efficacy of MVD. All patients were contacted in June 2008 and again in January 2009 at 12–24 months after surgery (median 18.4 months) and asked to rate their response to MVD as excellent (complete pain relief without medication), fair (complete pain relief with medication or some relief with or without medication), or poor (continued pain despite medication; that is, no change from their preoperative baseline pain status.

Results

Of 114 patients, 14 (12%) had isolated V2 TN. Among these 14 were 2 typical (14%), 1 mixed (7%), and 11 atypical cases (79%) of TN. Among the remaining 100 cases were 37 typical (37%), 14 mixed (14%), and 49 atypical cases (49%) of TN. In the isolated V2 TN group, all patients were women as compared with 72% of women in the larger group of 100 patients (p = 0.05, chi-square test). The average age in the isolated V2 TN group was 51.2 years (median 48.1 years) versus 54.2 years (median 54.0 years) in the remainder of the group (p = NS, unpaired Student t-test). In the isolated V2 TN group, there was a predominance of atypical pain cases (79%) versus 49% in the remainder of the group, and this finding trended toward statistical significance (p = 0.07, chi-square test). Venous contact or compression (partly or wholly) was noted in 93% of the patients with isolated V2 versus 69% of the remainder of the group (p = 0.13, chi-square test). The likelihood of excellent outcomes in the patients with V2 TN (71%) was compared with that in typical pain cases (79%) among patients in the rest of the group (that is, the bestoutcome group), and no difference was found between the 2 groups (p = 0.8, chi-square test).

Conclusions

The authors confirmed that patients with isolated V2 TN were more likely to be female, tended toward an atypical pain classification with venous pathology at surgery, and fared just as well as those presenting with typical pain.
Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis associated with oral contraceptives: the case for neurosurgery
Authors: Galarza Marcelo , Gazzeri Roberto
Published: October 2009

Object

The goal of this study was to provide data about neurosurgical management of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in young women after use of oral contraceptives.

Methods

Between 1990 and 2007, the authors treated 15 women (age range 23–45 years) in whom neurosurgical management was used for overt thrombosis of cerebral sinus. All were healthy, with a history of use of oral contraceptives. Severe headache was the most common symptom, followed by motor focal deficits and comatose state. Deep infarcts were located in the thalamic and basal ganglia region in 11 cases. Seven women had associated intracerebral hemorrhage, and 3 had ventricular dilation. Angiographic MR imaging was done in 10 patients, and conventional angiography was done in 7. Genetic analysis of chromosomal abnormalities associated with stroke was done in 5 cases.

Results

The intracranial pressure (ICP) was monitored in all cases. Three patients underwent external ventricular drainage, and 1 had a decompressive craniotomy. All had absence of signal in the cerebral sinus rectus, with associated thrombosis of the transverse sinus in 7 cases. Angiograms were negative for additional vascular malformation. Medical treatment included sodium heparin and mannitol in 9 cases, and enoxaparin in the other 6 patients. Genetic analysis was positive for prothrombin mutation G20210A (factor II variant) in 2 cases. The mean follow-up duration of 53 months demonstrated no neurological deficit in 10 patients, hemiparesis in 3, and severe hemiparesis with aphasia in 1 case. One woman died 5 days after a decompressive craniotomy.

Conclusions

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis secondary to oral contraception in young women, including lesions in critical and deep regions, can be treated medically with acceptable morbidity. In spite of this, a subgroup of patients needed basic neurosurgical management of the lesions, including surgical measures for controlling raised ICP.
Efficacy of endovascular stenting in dural venous sinus stenosis for the treatment of idiopathic intracranial hypertension
Authors: Arac Ahmet , Lee Marco , Steinberg Gary K. , Marcellus Mary , Marks Michael P.
Published: October 2009

Multiple pathophysiological mechanisms have been proposed for the increased intracranial pressure observed in idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). The condition is well characterized, with intractable headaches, visual obscurations, and papilledema as dominant features, mainly affecting obese women. With the advent of MR venography and increased use of cerebral angiography, there has been recent emphasis on the significant number of patients with IIH found to have associated nonthrombotic dural venous sinus stenosis. This has led to a renewed interest in endovascular stenting as a treatment for IIH. However, the assumption that venous stenosis leads to a high pressure gradient that decreases CSF resorption through arachnoid villi requires further evidence. In this paper, the authors analyze the published results to date of dural venous sinus stenting in patients with IIH. They also present a case from their institution for illustration. The pathophysiological mechanism in IIH requires further elucidation, but venous sinus stenosis with subsequent intracranial hypertension appears to be an important mechanism in at least a subgroup of patients with IIH. Among these patients, 78% had complete relief or improvement of their main presenting symptoms after endovascular stenting. Resolution or improvement in papilledema was seen in 85.1% of patients. Endovascular stenting should be considered whenever venous sinus stenosis is diagnosed in patients with IIH.
Wälder ohne Bewirtschaftung: eine Chance für die saproxylische Biodiversität | Forests without harvesting: an opportunity for the saproxylic biodiversity
Authors: Bütler Rita , Lachat Thibault
Published: October 2009

Veteran trees and deadwood are key elements to maintain forest biodiversity. Setting aside protected forest areas and old-growth patches is a recent concept intended to favor deadwood dependent species. We compared forest areas where no harvesting occurred for at least 30 years with regularly managed forests, in order to assess the efficiency of such conservation measures. We collected data from 24 sites in Switzerland, where we inventoried dead trees and habitat structures such as cavities, cracks, bark pockets, etc.

In unmanaged forests we found deadwood amounts of 98–143 m3 and 20 snags > 30 cm DBH per hectare, one and half time more large trees (> 60 cm DBH) und twice as many habitat structures as in managed forests. The latter had in average 15–19 m3 of deadwood and 3 snags > 30 cm DBH per hectare. Deadwood amounts in unmanaged forests were similar to the ones in natural forests of central Europe. However, we found 10–50 times less veteran trees (> 80 cm DBH) than in natural forests (1 vs. 0.2 trees per hectare in unmanaged vs. managed forests). For equal diameter classes, trees had more habitat structures in unmanaged than in managed forests. Forest managers plan to intensify wood harvesting in Swiss forests. Consequently, we recommend to urgently set aside protected forest areas and old-growth patches, to maintain and favor habitat trees in managed forests, and to introduce an efficient sustainable deadwood management in any forest.
Effect of the administration of an oral hyaluronan formulation on clinical and biochemical parameters in young horses with osteochondrosis
Authors: Argüelles D. , Deulofeu R. , Martínez-Puig D. , Prades M. , Carmona J. U.
Published: October 2009

The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and biochemical effects of the administration of oral hyaluronan (Hyal-Joint® [HJ]) on young horses with osteochondrosis (OC). Our hypotheses were that HJ administration is safe, would decrease the degree of synovial effusion and the concentration of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in synovial fluid, and would increase the concentration of hyaluronic acid (HA) in plasma and synovial fluid. Eleven young horses with tarsocrural OC were included in a randomised, doubleblinded, placebo-controlled pilot clinical trial. Six horses received 250 mg/day HJ for 60 days (T60) and five horses received a placebo. The initial values of the degree of synovial effusion, NO, PGE2 and HA concentrations in synovial fluid and HA concentration in plasma were obtained. The horses were evaluated in terms of the same parameters at the end of treatment (T60) and 30 days thereafter (T90). The differences between the groups for each of the parameters evaluated at T0, T60 and T90 were not significant. Nevertheless, the horses treated with HJ tended to show a lower score for synovial effusion as well as higher HA, NO and PGE2 concentrations in synovial fluid, but these differences were non-significant. At a dose of 250 mg/day, HJ did not produce any adverse clinical effects and was well tolerated by the horses.
Triple tibial osteotomy for treatment of the canine cranial cruciate ligament-deficient stifle joint
Authors: Hill T. P. , Glyde M. , Moles A. D.
Published: October 2009

Objective: To report the surgical findings and early post-operative complications of triple tibial osteotomy (TTO) for the treatment of cranial cruciate ligament disruption in dogs.

Methods: Clinical records of 84 dogs (97 stifles) that had TTO procedures were reviewed. Surgical findings and postoperative complications were assessed. A complication was defined as any undesirable outcome resulting from TTO that required further diagnostic investigation or surgical treatment.

Results: Mean tibial wedge angle was 13.6 degrees (range 10–20). Incomplete tibial crest osteotomy was achieved in 79% of TTO procedures. Implants were placed in the tibial crest in 67% of stifles. Early postoperative complications occurred in 23% of joints, and included avulsion of the tibial crest (9.1%), fracture at the distal cortical attachment of the tibial crest (6.2%), fibula fracture (4.1%), patellar tendonitis (3.1%), late meniscal injury (3.1%), implant complications (3.1%) and patellar fracture (2.1%). Increased patient age (p = 0.023), increased wedge angle (p = 0.009) and intra-operative fracturing of the cranial tibial cortex (p = 0.017) were significantly associated with postoperative tibial crest avulsion. Implants did not prevent tibial crest avulsion. Increased patient age (p = 0.012) was significantly associated with tibial crest fracture.

Clinical relevance: Tibial crest avulsion and fracture are the most common postoperative complications for TTO. Late meniscal injury is uncommon after TTO.
Modification of the ventral approach to the caudal cervical spine by resection of the manubrium in a dog
Authors: Owen M. R. , Bush M. A.
Published: October 2009

A five-year-old neutered female Bassett Hound weighing 29 kg was presented with a two-day history of paraparesis. Neurological examination and magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the presence of extruded disc material ventral to the spinal cord, from the C7-T1 intervertebral disc. A ventral slot was performed to decompress the cord. In making the approach to the caudal cervical spine, the cranial aspect of the manubrium of the sternum was resected. This improved the exposure of a region normally difficult to expose via a conventional ventral approach to the cervical spine. The successful performance of the ventral slot procedure was greatly facilitated by this adaptation, which was quick and simple to perform, without any apparent adverse affects to the animal.
Repair of Y-T humeral fractures in the dog using paired ‘String of Pearls’ locking plates
Authors: Ness M. G.
Published: October 2009

Objectives: To describe a technique for treating Y-T humeral fractures using paired string of pearls (SOP) plates and to review the outcome in 13 cases.

Methods: A series of 13 consecutive Y-T humeral fractures, otherwise known as distal humeral dicondylar fractures, were treated according to a surgical protocol which involved combined medial and lateral surgical approaches, accurate reduction and fixation of the condylar fracture with a single transcondylar lag screw, and then re-alignment and fixation of the diaphyseal fracture using two SOP plates and screws.

Results: Functional outcome was recorded as excellent in 10 dogs, good in two and poor in one. Six of the 13 patients were working dogs and of these, five returned to pre-injury levels of activity, including work. Complications requiring additional surgery were seen in four of the 13 cases, and three of these cases had a sub-optimal functional outcome.

Clinical significance: The results following repair of Y-T fractures using SOP locking plates, placed via combined medial and lateral incisions, compared favourably with those reported for other techniques.
Effects of autologous platelet rich plasma gel and calcium phosphate biomaterials on bone healing in an ulnar ostectomy model in dogs
Authors: Grand J.-G. , Dalibert E. , Fellah B. , Gauthier O. , Niebauer G.W. , Rabillard M.
Published: October 2009

The aim of the study was to evaluate the bone healing properties of an osteopromotive platelet rich plasma (PRP) gel in combination with osteoconductive calcium phosphate (CaP) ceramic granules in a long-bone critical size defect in dogs. A standardised 2 cm long ulnar ostectomy was performed bilaterally in four dogs to compare new-bone formation by CaP matrix with and without association with PRP. Radiographic and histological evaluations were performed blindly. Radiographic evaluation was performed at three, six, nine, 12 and 16 weeks postoperatively. Quantitative measurements of new-bone formation were compared using statistical analysis. At explantation 16 weeks after surgery, no significant ossification was present, neither with CaP granules alone nor in association with PRP gel, and there was no difference of radiodensity between the groups. Qualitative histological evaluation demonstrated for both types of implants the presence of non-mineralised fibrous connective tissue around the CaP granules. New-bone formation was only present to a very small extent within the macropores of the CaP granules at the distal boneimplant interface. In our model which exhibited very limited osteoconduction, neither the CaP granules alone nor in association with PRP were sufficient to stimulate bone healing. In this canine model employing a critical size ulnar gap, the combination of CaP granules and PRP did not effectively promote bone regeneration.
La biopiraterie : réalité ou manipulation médiatico-politique ?
Authors: Zahluth Bastos Rodolpho
Published: October 2009

Cet article se penche sur un cas particulier de « biopiraterie » ayant lieu en Amazonie brésilienne, chez les Indiens Krahó (État du Tocantins). On cherche notamment à démontrer à quel point le terme « biopiraterie » peut souvent masquer la réalité du terrain et des enjeux de la bioprospection. Le cas est intéressant à observer dans la mesure où il illustre bien les rivalités d’intérêts dans l’exploitation d’un territoire.
Les pirates du cyberespace
Authors: Douzet Frédérick , Samaan Jean-Loup , Desforges Alix
Published: October 2009

Dans un contexte de dépendance accrue aux outils informatiques et d’interconnexion des systèmes au niveau mondial, la cyberpiraterie est devenue un enjeu sécuritaire majeur pour les États. Comme sur d’autres fronts, la montée en puissance de la Chine dans ce domaine inquiète. Attaques en déni de service par botnets, phishing, spams, scams, arnaques... la piraterie dans le cyber-espace prend des formes différentes qui ne relèvent pas toutes de la géopolitique. Elle peut être à visée frauduleuse, de renseignement ou stratégique. La distinction n’est pas aisée car l’identification et la localisation des pirates est techniquement difficile et incertaine. La lutte est politiquement complexe car elle met en jeu les libertés individuelles et doit s’organiser dans un contexte de rivalités de pouvoir entre États cherchant à asseoir leur suprématie informationnelle.
La piraterie dans le golfe d'Aden : les puissances désarmées ?
Authors: Gascon Alain
Published: October 2009

À bord de rapides canots à moteur, les pirates somaliens du golfe d’Aden menacent la route maritime majeure qu’emprunte la moitié du trafic mondial des hydrocarbures. Ils opèrent surtout le long des rivages yéménites et se réfugient dans les ports de la côte somalienne de l’océan Indien. L’armada internationale, déployée depuis 1991 en appui à l’intervention de l’OTAN en Afghanistan et même relayée par les bases maritimes, paraît impuissante à les traquer. Sont-ils alliés à Al-Qaïda et font-ils diversion sur le flanc sud des forces engagées dans la « lutte contre le terrorisme»? Ou bien n’est-ce pas la poursuite, en mer, de la guerre civile qui déchire depuis 20 ans la Somalie ?
De l'utilité politique de l'accusation de « pillage » : le cas des multinationales de l'eau en Argentine, l'exemple de Córdoba
Authors: Akhmouch Aziza
Published: October 2009

Suite à la crise de 2001, les multinationales installées en Argentine ont été la cible d’attaques régulières de la part des pouvoirs publics. Dans un contexte de paupérisation massive – notamment de la classe moyenne – la radicalisation du discours de l’administration Kirchner (2003-2007) a trouvé un écho très marqué dans l’opinion publique. La multinationale était ainsi perçue comme un «pilleur» qui, après s’être enrichi pendant des années, ne respectait plus son cahier des charges. La dévaluation du peso a en effet bouleversé la donne et sonné le glas des agencements plébiscités sous le ménémisme (1989-1999). En particulier, l’eau et l’assainissement ont fait l’objet des attaques les plus virulentes. Mais, outre le retournement de la conjoncture économique, des facteurs politiques expliquent également ce haut degré de conflictualité ainsi que le départ des opérateurs privés à l’issue de renégociations infructueuses. Le cas de Córdoba démontre notamment comment l’affrontement avec le concessionnaire a servi des stratégies politiques locales.
Des enfants sérieux
Authors: Morel François
Published: October 2009

Résumé Au niveau de la clinique, tous les enfants donnent l’impression de jouer, et la façon privilégiée d’entrer en contact se fait par le jeu. Nous nous attacherons donc à la clinique de l’autisme où l’absence de jeu questionne particulièrement.
Le jeu de la diction et de l'addiction chez l'enfant
Authors: Braunstein Néstor A.
Published: October 2009

Résumé On ne parle, on n’écoute pas l’enfant ( A - diction ), on ne considère pas l’enfant en tant que sujet intégré au langage mais comme un jouet qui sert à des fins de récréation, objet de déchet ( @-diction ), on le réduit au silence en le bâillonnant et en lui proposant des chemins alternatifs au discours courant ( a-diction ). On aura reconnu les trois formes contemporaines de l’addiction, alors que les discours centrés sur le Nom-du-Père et sur le moi narcissique ont perdu de leur efficace et que le discours du Marché, centré sur la frustration-satisfaction de la demande, prend le dessus sur les discours du Maître et du Capitaliste.
Relations mère-fils, un jeu trouble
Authors: Baldet Isabelle
Published: October 2009

Résumé Nous montrerons à travers deux cas cliniques combien les relations mère-fils peuvent être complexes, ambivalentes, voire délétères.
L'enfant-tigre
Authors: Boudailliez Sylvie
Published: October 2009

Résumé Petrified within his identification with the ferocious beast, the game of this psychotic child skids and causes the death drive to intrude in the real. We shall show how, during his therapy, he manages to forge a delirious metaphor and succeeds in expressing his drives while introducing some semblance within his scripts where drives of destruction and of murder used to leave no room for any game.
Compte rendu clinique. La brebis égarée et le pousse-à-la-femme
Authors: Baldet Isabelle
Published: October 2009

Résumé Le cas d’un jeune homme rencontré lors d’une présentation clinique illustre le concept lacanien de pousse-à-la-femme, inhérent à la structure psychotique.
Use of Anecdotal Notes by Clinical Nursing Faculty: A Descriptive Study
Authors: Hall Mellisa A. , Daly Barbara J. , Madigan Elizabeth A.
Published: October 2009

Although the use of anecdotal notes by faculty to document clinical performance is thought to be a common practice, no empirical study of this evaluation tool has been conducted. To investigate the frequency and pattern of use, a faculty questionnaire was developed using the Context, Input, Process, Product (CIPP) evaluation model as a framework. The model was adapted to focus on clinical nursing education. Sixty-four nursing faculty from six schools participated in the regional study. A descriptive design was used to collect quantitative data from clinical faculty. Findings indicated that 97% of clinical faculty use anecdotal notes during the student evaluation process, and the majority of faculty do so on a weekly basis. Based on faculty feedback and the CIPP evaluation model, a clinical nursing faculty tool was developed after study completion to support clinical faculty in note use.
Transitioning from Clinical Practice to Nursing Faculty: Lessons Learned
Authors: McDonald Paula Jo
Published: October 2009

Entering into academia as a nurse educator requires a major transition from the practice arena to the educational world. The nurse, often an expert clinician, enters as a novice educator. Lessons learned from personal experience and a literature review were integrated. These lessons are organized into three categories: knowledge deficit, culture and support, and salary and workload. Findings are shared with new nursing faculty to ease the transition.
Integrating Information Literacy Across a BSN Curriculum
Authors: Flood Lisa Sue , Gasiewicz Nanci , Delpier Terry
Published: October 2009

Although research regarding effective informatics teaching strategies is sparse and informatics competencies have not yet been finalized, nurse educators have been challenged to include informatics throughout the curriculum. Nurse educators are confronted with how best to incorporate informatics into an already burgeoning curriculum. This article offers a systematic approach to incorporating information literacy, a vital component of informatics, across a baccalaureate of science in nursing curriculum. Motivated by the Institute of Medicine report, guided by the initial Technology Informatics Guiding Education Reform competency framework, and using the specific Quality and Safety Education for Nurses informatics competencies, the proposed integrated approach emphasizes clinical applications. The five assignments are designed to incrementally increase students' abilities to recognize the need for information (i.e., knowledge); advance students' abilities to locate, evaluate, and use information (i.e., skills); and foster a positive appreciation for information literacy (i.e., attitudes) when planning safe, effective patient care.
Validation of a Dysphagia Screening Tool in Acute Stroke Patients
Authors: Edmiaston Jeff , Connor Lisa Tabor , Loehr Lynda , Nassief Abdullah
Published: October 2009

Background Although many dysphagia screening tools exist, none has high sensitivity and reliability or can be administered quickly with minimal training.

Objective To design and validate a swallowing screening tool to be used by health care professionals who are not speech language pathologists to identify dysphagia and aspiration risk in acute stroke patients.

Methods In a prospective study of 300 patients admitted to the stroke service at an urban tertiary care hospital, interrater and test-retest reliabilities of a new tool (the Acute Stroke Dysphagia Screen) were established. The tool was administered by nursing staff when patients were admitted to the stroke unit. A speech language pathologist blinded to the results with the new tool administered the Mann Assessment of Swallowing Ability, a clinical bedside evaluation, with dysphagia operationally defined by a score less than 178.

Results The mean time from admission to screening with the new tool was 8 hours. The mean time between administration of the new tool and the clinical bedside evaluation was 32 hours. For the new tool, interrater reliability was 93.6% and test-retest reliability was 92.5%. The new tool had a sensitivity of 91% and a specificity of 74% for detecting dysphagia and a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 68% for detecting aspiration risk.

Conclusions The Acute Stroke Dysphagia Screen is an easily administered and reliable tool that has sufficient sensitivity to detect both dysphagia and aspiration risk in acute stroke patients.
Troos as unieke uitkoms in ‘n pastoraal-narratiewe benadering tot rousmart
Authors: Brunsdon Alfred R.
Published: October 2009

Consolation as a unique outcome within a pastoral-narrative approach to griefThe pastoral counselling of those who grieve poses new challenges to pastoral care. Because of the shift away from a modernist paradigm, the grief process is now seen as an open-ended process, rather than a closed process that focuses on the mastering of the so-called tasks of mourning, and the avoidance of grief pathology. Recent grief theory suggests that the grief process cannot reach a point of closure. Grief counselling should therefore rather embark on a process of generating new meaning to the problem-saturated discourses surrounding death and loss. Narrative therapy is suggested as a means of grief counselling, as it makes use of the story analogy, which supports the notion of an open end to the grief process. In this study, the narrative is explored within the framework of Practical Theology. Both the master story of God and the grief-saturated stories of people are combined in a pastoral approach that envisages consolation as the unique outcome of the therapeutic process. Consolation is regarded as one of the secondary narratives in the greater narrative of God, as well as in the reformed theological vocabulary. It is suggested that a pastoralnarrative approach to grief will generate the consolation needed by the grief-stricken on their lifelong journey of coming to terms with their loss.
Long‐term outcome of hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus co‐infection and single HBV infection acquired in youth
Authors: Zampino Rosa , Marrone Aldo , Merola Antonietta , Trani Barbara , Cirillo Grazia , Karayiannis Peter , Coppola Nicola , Zappalà Rosario , Utili Riccardo , Ruggiero Giuseppe , Adinolfi Luigi E.
Published: October 2009

Co‐infection with HBV and HCV seems to be associated with more severe liver disease in retrospective and cross‐sectional studies in adults, but no data are available when co‐infection is acquired in youth. The long‐term outcome of infection acquired in youth was assessed in patients co‐infected with HBV and HCV and in patients with HBV infection only. Twenty‐seven patients with HBV and HCV co‐infection and 27 patients infected with HBV only were enrolled. Seventy‐six per cent of the patients were treated with α‐interferon for 1 year. After a median follow‐up of 23 years, the annual progression rate of fibrosis was 0.07 in patients co‐infected with HBV and HCV, and in those infected with HBV it was 0.07 and 0.11 (P < 0.004) for HBe and anti‐HBe‐positive patients, respectively. In co‐infected patients, the development of cirrhosis was observed in 2 (7.4%) and of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in 1 (3.7%), while in those with HBV, cirrhosis appeared in one patient (3.7%). Alcohol intake (OR = 9.5 ± 1.2; 95% CI = 6.6–13.9; P < 0.0001) was independently associated with cirrhosis and HCC. α‐interferon showed no efficacy during treatment, but the treated group showed higher HCV RNA clearance during post‐treatment follow‐up. Co‐infection with HBV and HCV and single HBV infection acquired in youth showed a low rate of progression to liver fibrosis, no liver failure, and low development of HCC during a median follow‐up of 23 years (range 17–40). J. Med. Virol. 81:2012–2020, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Co‐receptor switch during HAART is independent of virological success
Authors: Saracino Annalisa , Monno Laura , Cibelli Donatella C. , Punzi Grazia , Brindicci Gaetano , Ladisa Nicoletta , Tartaglia Alessandra , Lagioia Antonella , Angarano Gioacchino
Published: October 2009

The influence of antiretroviral therapy on co‐receptor tropism remains controversial. To verify if co‐receptor tropism shift was affected by HAART, the evolution of proviral DNA V3 genotype after 12 months of a new antiretroviral regimen was compared between responder and non‐responder patients. Baseline blood samples were collected from 36 patients infected with HIV‐1 subtype‐B (18 naïve and 18 experienced) for virus isolation and env V3 genotyping from plasma HIV‐1 RNA and PBMC DNA. DNA V3 genotyping was repeated after 12 months from initiating HAART. WebPSSM was used for categorizing V3 sequences into X4 or R5; for analysis purposes, dual/mixed viruses were considered as X4. From the 10 (28%) patients changing their proviral DNA V3 genotype during therapy, six shifted from R5‐to‐X4 and four from X4‐to‐R5. The lack of reaching virological suppression was not associated with an X4‐to‐R5 (P = 0.25) or R5‐to‐X4 (P = 0.14) shift; time‐to‐viral suppression and CD4 increase were similar in both groups. No association was found between tropism shift and patient baseline characteristics including age, sex, CDC stage, CD4 count, viral load, exposure and length of previous HAART, enfuvirtide use in the new regimen, number of reverse transcriptase and protease resistance‐associated mutations. Conversely, CD4 nadir was correlated to emergence of X4 virus in proviral DNA (mean 27.2 ± 30.6 in R5‐to‐X4 shifting patients vs. 161.6 ± 150.6 in non‐shifting patients, P = 0.02). The occurrence of a tropism shift in both directions was independent of HAART use, irrespective of its efficacy. The CD4 count nadir was the only baseline characteristic able to predict an R5‐to‐X4 viral shift. J. Med. Virol. 81:2036–2044, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Respiratory syncytial virus infection facilitates acute colonization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mice
Authors: de Vrankrijker Angélica M.M. , Wolfs Tom F.W. , Ciofu Oana , Høiby Niels , van der Ent Cornelis K. , Poulsen Steen S. , Johansen Helle Krogh
Published: October 2009

Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes opportunistic infections in immunocompromised individuals and patients ventilated mechanically and is the major pathogen in patients with cystic fibrosis, in which it causes chronic infections. Epidemiological, in vitro and animal data suggest a role for respiratory virus infections in facilitating colonization and infection with P. aeruginosa. A study was undertaken to determine whether respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection could facilitate the initiation of an acute infection with P. aeruginosa in vivo. Balb/c mice were infected intranasally with P. aeruginosa, with and without simultaneous inoculation with RSV. Lung function measurements were undertaken using Whole Body Plethysmography and lungs were harvested 24 hr after inoculation. Mice exposed to RSV and P. aeruginosa showed 2,000 times higher colony‐forming units (CFU) counts of P. aeruginosa in the lung homogenates when compared to mice which were only infected with P. aeruginosa and lung function changes were more severe in co‐infected mice. Control mice receiving RSV alone showed no significant changes in lung function or cytokine production, and no inflammatory changes in the lung parenchyma. These results suggest that RSV can facilitate the initiation of acute P. aeruginosa infection without the RSV infection being clinically apparent. This could have implications for treatment strategies to prevent opportunistic P. aeruginosa lung infection. J. Med. Virol. 81:2096–2103, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.