bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pemberdayaan masyarakat di Desa Balai Makam dalam pemanfaatan bonggol pisang sebagai rintisan Usaha Mikro Kecil Menengah (UMKM)
Authors: Linda Tetty Marta , Firiola Sezhianindi , Agnissah Rahmah , Robinson M Binar , Rinaldi Muhammad , Ramadhani Sri
Published: February 2021

Banana hump is one part of the banana plant that is still very rarely used. The Banana hump can be an item with a selling value because it contains high carbohydrates, fiber, and calcium to be an alternative food ingredient. The banana hump can be turned into nutrient-rich flour. Community empowerment to process banana hump into something useful and can be a pilot business for residents is one of the keys to this success of this activity. This service will provide benefits to various parties, including for community service participants, for the counseling implementation team, for universities, and for the government. The purpose of this activity is to introduce and train the skills of making flour made from banana humps, which we named "Tebosang" for the community of Balai Makam Village, Bathin Solapan District, Bengkalis Regency. The methods used include site surveys, interactive training preparation, mentoring, monitoring, and evaluation. Making flour from banana hump started with a waste of old banana hump, cleaned the surface, then sliced thin approximately 0.5 cm. The hump then washed and then soaked with whiting for about one hour, then rinsed and dried. The dried hump slices are then blended and then sifted so that they become flour. The community's enthusiasm was relatively high at the time of the training, shown by the community's involvement at the demonstration. The monitoring and evaluation results show that the community already understands how to make flour from the banana hump. The result also showed that the village community is already producing "tebosang" flour, which has commercial potential, a start-up for micro, small and medium enterprises in each community.
Kampung literasi dalam potret masyarakat Desa Maredan Barat Kecamatan Tualang Kabupaten Siak
Authors: Hadriana Hadriana , Mahdum Mahdum , Putra M. Jaya Adi , Natuna Daeng Ayub
Published: February 2021

Literacy Village is a village area that is used to create people who have broad knowledge and understanding. At the same time, it is also a program to realize the Sustainable Development Goals in 2030. An important effort made as the first step to build a Literacy Village in Maredan Barat physically is to build a Community Reading Park, as well as building positive perceptions of the community towards Literacy Village. This paper will explain the efforts made in building this Literacy Village. To get feedback and people’s perceptions about the activities done, 56 respondents were asked to give their responce to the given questionnaire. Respondents were selected by stratified random sampling. The results of the questionnaire analysis show that the community has a positive perception of the development of Literacy Village. In general, activities of Literacy Village development can be said to be successful, although there are still obstacles due to the Covid-19 pandemic.
Pemberdayaan ekonomi masyarakat rentan pasca kondisi new normal pada daerah rawan kebakaran hutan dan lahan gambut di Kabupaten Siak
Authors: Jalil Ashaluddin , Yesi Yesi , Sugiyanto Seger
Published: February 2021

The economy of people in areas prone to forest and land fires after the new normal is very shaken because of the Covid-19 crisis and the dry season. This service was carried out in Kampung Rawa Mekar Jaya, Siak Regency with the aim of creating economic resilience for people living in areas prone to forest and land fires by managing peat using environmentally friendly methods or not using fire. The service method begins with preparation and implementation by involving elements of students and the local community. The community service activities include catfish farming and planting of family medicinal plants or TOGA. The achievement of community service can be seen from the enthusiasm of the community in participating in the entire process, from discussions to field actions. Meanwhile, service constraints were caused by covid-19, which limited time and movement and required rearranging program plans.
Pelatihan terstruktur: usaha peningkatan kompetensi guru dalam penulisan artikel jurnal ilmiah
Authors: Daud Afrianto , Aulia Ando Fahda , Rimayanti Nita , Hardian Mirza
Published: February 2021

The ability to publish articles in scientific journals is among the parts of a teacher's professional competence. The problem is that many teachers have not mastered the skills to write scientific papers. As a result, many teachers find it difficult to advance in rank, especially for promotion after IV / a. This paper describes a community service activity sponsored by Universitas Riau lecturers which aims to help teachers improve their scientific writing skills. Community service activities were carried out at a school in Pekanbaru, Riau. This paper further explains the concept of the workshop, the content of workshop materials, and the workshop's effectiveness. This workshop lasted for two months with three face-to-face training. The rest was done online via the Google Classroom platform. The material content covers the basic principles of scientific writing, the steps for writing scientific journals, how to cite and make references, including how to automatically cite using reference manager applications such as Mendeley, and how to submit articles through the online journal OJS system. Data from the survey conducted at the end of the community service activity showed that, in general, this activity was running well and effectively. The majority of participants (72.7%) stated that their motivation to write increased after attending the training. Their knowledge of writing scientific articles have improved after training. Their ability in writing scientific journals is also relatively better than before following this structured workshop.
Pemberdayaan dan usaha peningkatan ekonomi suku Talang Mamak di kawasan Taman Nasional Bukit Tiga Puluh melalui budidaya Kelulut (Heterotrigona itama)
Authors: Pribadi Avry , Yunianto Andhika Silva , Hajjah Nur , Sarah Fonda Amelia
Published: February 2021

Bukit Tiga Puluh National Park is not only a place for wildlife but also a home for Talang Mamak tribe (a local and native tribe lives inside the National Park). Furthermore, to support Talang Mamak, an empowerment is critically needed. Meliponiculture is one form of empowerment activity provided by Thirty Hills National Park. There are many steps to do this empowerment activities, namely, conducting preliminary survey, forming groups for each sub villages, training, giving grant beekeeping equipments, assistance, detailing in marketing, and evaluating. Results showed that in the first year after training, honey production increased 85.5% in the third quarter compare to honey produced in the second quarter. Other groups, such as KTH Batu Berdiri and KTH JelemuBengayuan, also gave similar tendency. These results also revealed that the empowerment activity by doing meliponiculture had given positive contribution for Talang Mamak even though it`s production is still not much. Nevertheless, there are some obstacles when doing this meliponiculture. For instances, sometimes, Talang Mamak people is less focus when facing problems. Other problems are that they cannot determine their market target and there is no maintenance toward the stingless bees’ colonies.
प्राचीन नेपाली समाज: संरचना एवं विशेषताहरू Prachin Nepali Samaj: Samrachana Ebam Bishesataharu
Authors: गौतम Gautam बद्रीनारायण Badrinarayan
Published: February 2021

विश्व मानचित्रमा सिन्धुको विन्दुका रूपमा अवस्थित नेपाल प्राचीन मानवीय सभ्यता स्थल हो ।प्रागैतिहासिक अवशेषहरूको प्राप्तिले गर्दा यो भूभागको प्राचीनता स्पष्ट भएको छ । पृथ्वीको आन्तरिक हलचललेगर्दा टेथिस सागरको गर्भबाट उठेको यो भूभागको संरचनात्मक अवस्था र स्थितिले विविधताको मुलुक बन्नपुगेको हो । उत्तरका हिम–श्रृङ्खलादेखि दक्षिण मैदानमा विकसित घना जङ्गलले गर्दा सुरक्षित किल्ला झैँबनेको नेपाली भू–भागमा आएका शरणार्थी, व्यापारी, घुमन्ते समेतले स्थायी बासस्थलका रूपमा रोजेपछि समाजनिर्माण, विकास, रूपान्तरण, प्रक्रिया बढेको थियो । सुरुदेखि नै सहयोगी मानसिकताभित्र हुर्किएको हुँदासदासयता, सद्भाव, सहयोग, समन्वय, सदाचारयुक्त समाजमा परिणत हुँदै आएको नेपाली समाज प्राचीनकालदेखि नै जातीय विभिन्नता र साँस्कृतिक अनकेता भित्र सामाजिक एकताको अतुलनीय उदाहरण बन्दैआएको छ । जाति भेददेखि वर्ग भेदसम्मको छायाँ पनि नपरेको नेपाली समाजमा सबै मत र आस्थाकामानिसहरू मिलेर समन्वयवादको उदाहरण नै प्रस्तुत गरि सवैजात र वर्गको पूmलबारी अर्थात् बहुजातीयरंगमञ्च निर्माण गरेका हुन् । विश्रृङ्खलित धरातलीय संरचनाले उत्तर–दक्षिणका शरणार्थीहरूको स्वर्गभूमि बनेकोनेपालमा बसाइँ सरेर आउने जात–जातिहरूबाटै सामाजिक संरचना थालनी–रूपान्तरण भएको हो ।
Growth and Development of Small Business Through Microfinance Activities in Nepal
Authors: Dhakal Chandra Prasad
Published: February 2021

Small businesses play important role for economic development and stability. It develops access in financial services through enhancing economic activities. The study analyzes the growth and development of small businesses that enhance through the support of micro finance in Nepal. Descriptive and inferential were used to collected data and collected data were analyzed through using multiple linear regression analysis. Only 124 small business owners were selected for this study. The study helps to find out the growth of microfinance institutions (MFIs) and small businesses in emerging economy in Nepal. It also assists MFIs to assess the effectiveness of their services and help to efficient utilization of available resources in the economy of Nepal.
African American Women, Racism and Triple Oppression
Authors: Chapagain Rajendra Prasad
Published: February 2021

African American women have been made multiple victims: racial discrimination by the white community and sexual repression by black males of their own community. They have been subjected to both kind of discrimination - racism and sexism. It is common experience of black American women. Black American women do have their own peculiar world and experiences unlike any white or black men and white women. They have to fight not only against white patriarchy and white women's racism but also against sexism of black men within their own race. To be black and female is to suffer from the triple oppression- sexism, racism and classicism.
Bradycardia during laparoscopic surgeries: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Gautam Binod , Maharjan Ashmita , Ghimire Suson
Published: January 2021

Background: Bradycardia occurring during laparoscopic surgery potentially leads to cardiac arrest and adverse outcomes. Apart from the vagal reflex for its genesis, the knowledge on frequency and risk factors is limited. 

Objectives: To identify the bradycardia frequency and time points for its occurrence during laparoscopic surgeries.

Methodology: In this hospital-based cross-sectional study, anaesthesia-related incident reports on bradycardia were collected from January to December 2019. Bradycardias (heart rate less than 60/minute) that occurred during laparoscopic surgeries were analyzed to characterize patient factors, the time point for occurrence, circumstantial events, management strategies, and outcomes.

Results: Among 801 laparoscopic surgeries, 28 (3.4%) bradycardic incidents were identified, with one progressing to cardiac arrest. All bradycardias occurred in 26 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anaesthesia, with two patients each experiencing two bradycardic episodes. The mean patient age was 45 (±16.3) years and 17 (65.3%) were women. Fifteen (57.6%) patients had no co-morbidity. Controlled hypertension and hypothyroidism co-existed in seven (26.9%) and three (11.5%) cases respectively. Bradycardia occurred once each (3.5%) during laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation. Six (21.4%) and twenty (71.4%) bradycardias respectively occurred before and during pneumoperitoneum. The mean of minimum heart rates was 43 (±8.8) per minute. Anticholinergics were administered in 25 (89.2%) incidents. Stopping surgery and pneumoperitoneum deflation included other major management strategies. The cardiac arrest case received chest compressions and adrenaline. Surgery resumed in all cases without adversity.

Conclusion: Bradycardia occurs during laparoscopic surgery, more frequently during pneumoperitoneum and in healthy and younger females. Immediate cessation of surgical stimuli and atropine administration possibly prevent bradycardia from progressing to cardiac arrest.
Macular profile of eyes developing macular holes in cases of central retinal vein occlusion treated with Bevacizumab
Authors: Khatri Anadi , Karki Pratap , Joshi Sagun Narayan , Khatri Bal Kumar , Kharel Muna , Banstola Amrit , Shrestha Saurav Man
Published: January 2021

Background: Anti-vascular endothelial growth factors are commonly used for treatment for central retinal vein occlusion. There have been numerous reports regarding both the benefits and disadvantages of its use. Recently, a rather surprising complication- development of macular holes have started emerging.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate if the patient's profile, baseline optical coherence tomography parameters, status of the vitreous and subsequent response pose a risk for macular hole formation in cases of central retinal vein occlusion central retinal vein occlusion following treatment with bevacizumab. 

Methodology: This prospective exploratory analytical study was conducted at a tertiary eye care center of Nepal and evaluated 97 eyes with central retinal vein occlusion undergoing treatment with bevacizumab.

Results: Full Thickness Macular Hole  developed in eight (8.24%) of the central retinal vein occlusion eyes treated with bevacizumab. Elderly age and eyes with cystoid edema at baseline were found to have greater risk of developing macular hole following treatment (OR: 8.97 , p<0.05). Twelve eyes (12.3%) of the eyes treated developed vitreoretinal interface anomalies and were the result of dramatic decrease in central macular thickness . All of them had cystoid macular edema at baseline. Five of them (42%) developed full thickness macular hole.

Conclusion: Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents have been widely accepted as the first line of choice for treatment of macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion. Cystoid macular edema, eyes of the elderly and those showing dramatic decrease in central macular thickness with the development of anomalous vitreoretinal interface are potential risk factors for full thickness macular hole.
Astigmatic change after pterygium excision with autologous limbal conjunctival graft
Authors: Sharma Dikchhya , Prasai Gunjan , Malla Om Krishna
Published: January 2021

Background: Pterygium induces a significant amount of astigmatism. Pterygium excision with conjunctival limbal autograft results in significant reduction in astigmatism by inducing a reversal of pterygium induced corneal flattening thereby improving the vision.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the amount of corneal astigmatism in patients with pterygium before and one month (4 weeks) after surgery. 

Methodology: The prospective observational study was conducted in 31 patients who underwent pterygium excision with limbal autograft in Kathmandu Medical College Teaching Hospital during the study period of 12 months duration. Patients with recurrent pterygium, pseudopterygium, history of ocular trauma, history of ocular surgery, corneal scarring were excluded from the study. After surgery, patients were followed for four weeks. Findings were recorded in the proforma and statistical analysis was done in SPSS version 19.  

Results: Pterygium was seen in all age groups with majority being in the active age range of 41-50 yrs. Females were most commonly affected. Significant difference in corneal astigmatism was noted postoperatively with a p value being 0.01.

Conclusion: The technique of pterygium excision with limbal conjunctival autograft not only reduces the chances of recurrence but also helps in reducing the induced corneal astigmatism which is responsible for decreased vision in patients with pterygium.
Knowledge, attitude and practice of dental students, interns and practitioners to the use of amalgam in a dental institution of Kathmandu, Nepal
Authors: Dixit Punam Basnet , Dixit Siddharth , Dahal Sirjana , Poudel Prakash , Ghimire Siddharth , Koirala Tribhuwan
Published: January 2021

Background: Dental practitioners of Nepal have been using amalgam for years for restoration, but the concern for mercury related health issues and inventions in metallurgy science have recently led to its decreased use. 

Objectives: To assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of students, interns and dentists to the use of dental amalgam in a dental institution of Kathmandu, Nepal.

Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a dental institution of Kathmandu among 192 Dental students, interns, dental officers and dental specialists selected by census sampling method. Self-administered questionnaire consisting of 16 questions related to amalgam war, its use and safety was used. Data collected were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20. Frequency and percentage were calculated for each response according to different professional levels. 

Results: Most of the respondents including all the dental officers did not use amalgam frequently for restoration (141, 73.44%). Mercury toxicity was their major concern that restricted amalgam use (60, 31.25%). Most of them, (135, 70.31%) agreed on stopping the use of amalgam. They were comfortable to use composite resin as an alternative to amalgam (185, 96.35%). Majority (123, 64.06%) considered amalgam to be an unsafe material and were bothered about the environmental issues of mercury in the dental office (152, 79.16%).

Conclusion: This study concludes that amalgam was less frequently used for restoration due to the increasing concerns of mercury toxicity. Further studies on safety of other materials that can replace amalgam with long term follow up are necessary before they are considered as a definitive alternative for amalgam.
Intestinal stomas: A clinical study in a Teaching Hospital, our experience
Authors: Karki Om Bahadur
Published: January 2021

Background: An intestinal stoma is an opening of the intestine on anterior abdominal wall made with an intention of either decompression of an obstructed colon or diversion of stool. Intestinal stomas may be temporary or permanent, depending on their role.  

Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the common indications and types of intestinal stomas, and outcomes of patients operated at Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal.

Methodology:  A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in 105 patients of intestinal stomas from February 2017 to March   2020 in a teaching hospital after approval from institutional review committee. Data were derived from medical records of patients and operation logbooks with the consecutive sampling method. Data were analyzed with the help of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version20 and p value < 0.05 was considered significant. 

Results: Total of 105 patients with intestinal stomas was included for the study of which 82.9% (n=63) were emergency operations and 17.1% (n=13) were elective. There were 46 (43.80%) cases of ileostomy, 9(8.5%) jejunostomy and 50(47.6%) colostomy patients. Major indications of stoma formation were trauma 33.3% (n=35) and intestinal obstruction 22.8% (n=24). Complications were observed in 39 (37.14%) of the patients, with wound infection 11.8% (n=9) and peristomal dermatitis 11.8% (n=9) for ostomates being the commonest. Higher complications were seen with ileostomy as compared to colostomy (p=0.02) and loop ileostomy still higher than end ileostomy (p=0.00). 

Conclusion: Common indications for intestinal stomas were abdominal trauma, enteric perforation, intestinal obstruction and colorectal carcinoma. Main complications included local skin problems, wound infection and retraction.
Outcome of combined surgical and intralesional steroids injection therapy for management of ear keloid
Authors: Bajracharya Amir
Published: January 2021

Background: Ear keloid is one of the challenging problems that affect people of different races with substantial aesthetic outcomes. Various types of treatment modalities, including intralesional corticosteroid injection are advocated to lower recurrence following excision.

Objectives: To investigate the efficacy of a combined excision and postoperative intralesional triamcinolone acetonide (TA) injection for treating ear keloid patients.

Methodology: This was a descriptive study done to observe the outcome of combined approach of surgical and intra-lesional steroids injection therapy for ear keloids. Age, sex, site, size, duration, recurrence, and aesthetic outcome were evaluated.

Results: A total of 18 patients representing 19 ear keloids, with one case having bilateral and 3 pediatric cases were included from February 2018 to January 2019.The mean age was 22 years with female to male ratio of 5:1, site were left sided 9 (50%), right 8 (44%) and 1(6%) bilateral. About 10 (53%) cases were at helix, and 9(47%) at ear lobule. Mean length of ear keloid was 1.53 cm with range of 0.5-3cm and mean breath 1.39cm with the range of 0.5-2.5 cm. The mean duration of ear keloid was 9.47 months. 2 (11%) cases showed a history of recurrence. Injection triamcinolone acetonide hypersensitivity was noted by 1 (5.3%) patient. Evaluation for all patients with aesthetic outcome was mean ± standard deviation (4.38±1.025).

Conclusion: Management of ear keloid using the combination of surgical excision and intra-lesional steroids injection therapy can be a good alternative option with low recurrence rate.
A morphometric analysis of pedicles of lumbar vertebrae by using computed tomography scan
Authors: Mansur Dil Islam , Karki Subindra , Mehta Dilip Kumar , Shrestha Pragya , Maskey Sunima
Published: January 2021

Background: The vertebral column is the central pillar of the body which has cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal parts. Out of these, the lumbar part is made up of five lumbar vertebrae which lies between the thoracic part above and the sacral part below. 

Objective: The study aimed to measure pedicle dimensions of lumbar vertebrae by using computed tomography scan.

Methodology: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study which was conducted on 115 images of computed tomography scan collected from the Department of Radio-Diagnosis, Dhulikhel Hospital between May and October 2019 after receiving ethical approval from the Institutional Review Committee. All the scans available in the department were taken for the study. Point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary data. Data analysis was done in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 16 (SPSS 16.0).

Results: The pedicle chord length and breadth progressively decrease from L1 to L5 vertebral levels and pedicle thickness gradually increases from L1 to L5 vertebrae on both sides in both genders. The pedicle chord lengths were found significantly different whereas breadth and thickness were insignificantly different between males and females at all lumbar vertebral levels except at L1 for breadth.

Conclusions: The pedicle chord length and breadth gradually decreases whereas thickness increases from L1 to L5 vertebral levels amongst Nepalese population.
Study of Oil Content in Fruits of Wild Olive (Olea caspidata Wall.Ex.G.Don) and Its Potential Commercialization in Nepal
Authors: Bhandari Netra Lal , Chhetri Krishna Bahadur Kunwar , Pandey Durga Prasad , Nayak Kanchan Kumar
Published: January 2021

available with fulltext.
Screening of the Physic-Chemical Parameters of Essential Oil Aegle marmelous from Dang District of Nepal
Authors: Dhital Khuma Sharma
Published: January 2021

Available with full text
Electrochemical Behavior of the Composite of Pani/MWCNT Doped with Different Anions
Authors: Koirala Keshab , Yadav Prasad
Published: January 2021

Available with full text
Synthesis and Characterization of Palladium (II) Complex with Azobenzene-4,4’-Dicarbonyl Chloride
Authors: Yadav Pramod Kumar
Published: January 2021

Available with full text
GC-MS Analysis, Antibacterial Activity, and Brine Shrimp Lethality of Anacardium occidentale Linn
Authors: Shrestha Ram Lal , Gautam Shree Dhar , Maharjan Binita
Published: January 2021

Available with full text.
Screening of Bio-Ethanol in Water Hyacinth
Authors: Yadav Ram Jeewan
Published: January 2021

Available with full text.
The Pathway of COVID-19 Pandemic Fear: An Experience from General Practice, Germany
Authors: Freitag Ulrich
Published: January 2021

No abstract available.
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Nasal Carriers among Laboratory Technical Staff of Tertiary Hospital in Eastern Nepal
Authors: Neupane R. , Bhatt N. , Poudyal A , Sharma A.
Published: January 2021

Background Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been the leading cause of nosocomial and community infections worldwide. In particular, healthcare workers are at constant risk to develop MRSA carriage. There is a paucity of data regarding the epidemiology of MRSA in laboratory workers who are constantly in contact with these pathogens in almost every hospital.

Objective This study was undertaken to identify the burden of MRSA nasal carriers and the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates among laboratory technical staff.

Method Sterile nasal swabs were taken from 50 laboratory technical staff working in the Central and Emergency laboratory of BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (BPKIHS). Standard procedures were followed for isolation, identification and antibiotic sensitivity testing. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed using disc diffusion and growth on Oxacillin screen agar based on Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines.

Result Out of 50 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, 44 (88%) were Methicillin-sensitive (MSSA) while six (12%) were Methicillin-resistant (MRSA). All 50 isolates of S. aureus were found resistant to Penicillin while all were found sensitive to Teicoplanin, Linezolid, and Levofloxacin. Only five (10%) were sensitive to Erythromycin while 49 (98%) were sensitive to both Amikacin and Gentamicin. However, none of the MRSA isolates were found sensitive to all tested antimicrobial agents.

Conclusion This repertoire portrays the emergence of MRSA in laboratory workers which clearly indicates the necessity of complying with the sanitary and antibacterial guidelines and adhering to the rational use of antibiotics to prevent nosocomial infections.
Effects of Cold Stimulation Induced Pain on Cardiopulmonary Parameters: A Gender Based Study
Authors: Jha R.K. , Amatya S.
Published: January 2021

Background Cold pressor induced pain elicits sympathetic responses which can be monitored by measuring blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate after exposure to the cold stress.

Objective This study was done to evaluate gender difference in acute pain induced by cold pressor test on blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate of healthy individuals.

Method Our study was cross sectional study with the sample size of 40 including 20 male and 20 female undergraduates. Acute pain was induced by immersion of hand in cold water at 4°C. Changes in blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate were recorded by the digital sphygmomanometer and AD Instruments (Model: ML856, Serial: T26-4025) and analysis was done by Lab Chart 7 Pro v 7.3.3 respectively. Acute pain parameter like pain threshold was also recorded. Statistical analysis was done by using Paired “t” test and non-parametric test.

Result The present study enrolled 40 participants, aged between 18 – 24 years, and body mass index from 15.78 – 36.06 kg/m2. The respiratory rate was increased in both males (17.30±3.19 to 19.0±3.21, P=0.01) and females (18.60±1.98 to 19.90±2.82, P= 0.01) however significant increase in heart rate was only found in females (77.80±8.07 to 80.70±7.80, P=0.03) after cold pressor test. The systolic as well as diastolic blood pressure did not increase significantly after cold pressor test. The pain thresholds ranged from 25.2 to 105.8 seconds (61.60±23.26, male Vs. 52.69±18.49, female, p = 0.188).

Conclusion Our findings point towards autonomic adjustments suggesting more of sympathetic over activity immediately after cold pressor test.
Comparative Efficacy of Fexofenadine Versus Levocetrizine Versus Desloratadine via 1% Histamine Wheal Suppression Test
Authors: KC S. , Aryal A. , Adhikary M. , Karn D.
Published: January 2021

Background Urticaria and allergic dermatoses remains a great challenge to treating dermatologist. Histamine is the major mediator in such disorders. Antihistamines as levocetrizine, fexofenadine and desloratadine are often used to treat such conditions. Ability of antihistamines to suppress the allergic response helps to evaluate the efficacy of the medicine.

Objective To compare the efficacy of levocetrizine versus fexofenadine versus desloratadine in suppressing histamine induced wheals in adults.

Method One hundred and two healthy adult volunteers completed the study. Subjects were randomized into 3 groups using an envelope method. First group received fexofenadine (N=36), second group received levocetrizine (N =37), and third group received desloratadine (N=29). Pretesting was performed by skin prick test with histamine 1% (positive control) and normal saline (negative control). Wheal size was recorded before and after the treatment (at 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 24 hours).

Result At 30 minutes and 1 hour fexofenadine showed statistically significant wheal suppression than levocetrizine and desloratadine (p=0.0016). However by 2 and 4 hours all three antihistamines; fexofenadine, levocetirizine and desloratadine showed significant suppression of wheal. Whereas at 24 hours desloratadine showed greater wheal suppression than levocetrizine and fexofenadine (p= 0.014).

Conclusion The results of the present study showed that fexofenadine presented early onset of action but longer suppression of wheal size was seen with desloratadine as compared to other antihistamines. These potentials could be employed in clinical aspects; depending upon the response needed.
Risk of Diabetic Foot in Diabetic Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease
Authors: Joshi A.
Published: January 2021

Background The prevalence of peripheral arterial disease is higher in diabetic patients. And 11.6% of the patients with diabetic foot ulcer have associated peripheral arterial disease.

Objective The main objective of the study is to assess the risk of diabetic foot in diabetic patients with peripheral arterial disease.

Method This was a case control study conducted in Bir Hospital, National Academy of Medical Sciences (NAMS). The sample size was 173 out of which cases (diabetic foot) and unmatched controls (diabetics without diabetic foot) were divided in the ratio of 1:2. The Odds Ratio (OR) of peripheral arterial disease in diabetic foot was calculated. The study was conducted after taking ethical clearance from Institutional Review Board of National Academy of Medical Sciences.

Result There were 173 participants enrolled in the study. Four were excluded, 55 participants were cases of diabetic foot (cases) and 114 participants were diabetics without diabetic foot (controls). The odds of diabetic foot in patients with peripheral arterial disease was 4.12, p < 0.001.

Conclusion The risk of diabetic foot in diabetic patients with peripheral arterial disease was higher as compared to diabetic patients without peripheral arterial disease.
Outcome of Uretero Renoscopic Lithotripsy (URSL) with Holmium LASER Vs Pneumatic Lithotripter for Lower Ureteric Stones, Experience from University Hospital of Nepal
Authors: Joshi H.N. , Singh A.K. , Koirala N. , Karmacharya R.M.
Published: January 2021

Background There are various methods of endoluminal ureteral stone fragmentation. Among various modalities Laser lithotripsy and Pneumatic lithotripsy are commonly used and have shown comparable outcomes.

Objective To compare the efficacy and outcome of laser and pneumatic lithotripsy in a patient with lower ureteric calculi. The comparison will be done in stone free rate, migration of stone and complication of the procedure.

Method This is a prospective comparative study in a cohort of patients at University Hospital with Lower Ureteric stone. Ninety patients were randomized in to two groups (Laser Lithotripsy Vs Pneumatic Lithotripsy) during the study period. The purpose of this study was to measure the immediate stone free rate, intra-operative complications, mean operative time, post-operative complication and if any stone retention after six weeks follow up.

Result Both the groups were similar in Age and Gender. Immediate stone free rate was slightly higher in Laser lithotripsy group (97.77%) in comparison to Pneumatic lithotripter group (84.44%) with p=0.507 which is not statistically significant. There was statistical difference in terms of stone migration rate, mean operation time in favor of Laser Lithotripsy group (p<0.01, in both parameters). There were no immediate complications in both the group however there were three cases of short segment ureteric strictures (6.66%) in case of Pneumatic lithotripsy on six weeks follow up which was managed conservatively.

Conclusion Both LASER lithotripter and Pneumatic lithotripter are equally efficacious modality of endoluminal URSL in lower ureteric stone with similar Stone Free Rate. Laser lithotripsy showed lower frequency of stone migration and had shorter procedure time.
Study of Dexmedetomidine in Caudal Block for Children Undergoing Inguino-scrotal Surgery
Authors: Gautam B. , Piya B. , Karki D.
Published: January 2021

Background Caudal block is the most common anaesthetic technique employed in children for managing perioperative pain of inguino-scrotal surgery. However, despite using long-acting local anaesthetics, caudal analgesia lasts relatively shorter. Dexmedetomidine, an alpha-2 agonist, augments local anaesthetic action.

Objective To assess the analgesic effect of caudal Dexmedetomidine.

Method This is a randomized, double-blinded study conducted on otherwise healthy children (one to five years) undergoing elective inguino-scrotal surgery. General anaesthesia was administered and a laryngeal mask airway was inserted for assisting ventilation. The caudal block was applied using 0.8 milliliters/kilogram drug volume comprising either two milligrams/kilogram Bupivacaine in group A (n=42) or two milligrams/ kilogram Bupivacaine mixed with 0.75 micrograms/kilogram Dexmedetomidine in group B (n=42). Intraoperatively, inhaled Halothane, intravenous Fentanyl, fluids, and ventilation were titrated to maintain monitored hemodynamic variables within 15% from baseline values. The primary endpoint comprised the duration of analgesia, defined by a time when postoperative pain score (face, legs, activity, cry, consolability; FLACC scale) reached four out of ten. Perioperative events were studied for 24 hours. Student’s t-test and Chi-square test were used for analysis, with p-value less than 0.05 considered as significant.

Result Demographic, surgical, and anaesthetic characteristics were similar between the groups. Duration of analgesia was significantly prolonged in group B (group B, 413±101 minutes; group A, 204±40 minutes). The intraoperative requirement for supplement Fentanyl was significantly reduced in group B. Adverse events were comparable between the groups.

Conclusion Dexmedetomidine prolongs the duration of analgesia when mixed with caudal Bupivacaine, without increasing adverse events.
Investigating the Efficacy of Triple Drug Therapy and Sequential Drug Therapy in the Eradication of Helicobacter Pylori with Respect to Antigen Stool test: A Pilot Study
Authors: Shrestha R. , Poudel R. , Shakya S. , Gurung R.B. , Makaju R. , Koju P.
Published: January 2021

Background Helicobacter pylori is one of the most prevalent infectious disease worldwide. The treatment regimens involve mainly two therapies: Standard Triple drug therapy and Sequential drug therapy. Several studies have shown that the sequential therapy has higher eradication rates of H. pylori than the standard triple drug therapy and since proper study on sequential drug therapy and standard triple drug therapy is still lacking in Nepal, this study is attempted to compare efficacy of Sequential Drug Therapy in the eradication of H. pylori in gastritis with respect to the Standard triple drug therapy.

Objective To investigate the efficacy of Triple Drug Therapy and Sequential Drug Therapy in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori with respect to Antigen Stool test.

Method This study was the prospective study conducted in 62 patients attending the Department of Gastroenterology, Dhulikhel Hospital, meeting the inclusion criteria who were confirmed as H. pylori positive by histopathology and stool antigen test. Patients were randomized into two groups. One group prescribed with Standard triple drug regimen and another group with Sequential drug regimen. Eradication of H. pylori infection was confirmed by repeating the stool antigen test at least five weeks after the completion of the regimen.

Result Among the 62 participants included in this study, 54.5% of them were males. Among the study population, the eradication achieved by standard triple drug therapy was 87.8% and 89.6% with Sequential drug therapy. Higher numbers (82.3%) of patients were compliant to the prescribed medication. Forgetfulness was the main reason for missing the dose (91%) of the non-compliant patients.

Conclusion The study revealed an equal efficacy of both Standard Triple drug regimen and Sequential drug regimen in the eradication of H. pylori infection. Further, Stool antigen test can be preferred as a non-invasive test, for diagnosis of H. pylori infection, monitoring the response to treatment and in epidemiological studies.
Open Surgical Management of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm at a Community Based University Hospital in Nepal
Authors: Bhandari N , Karmacharya RM , Devbhandari M , Shrestha B , Singh AK , Ranjit S , Shrestha KR
Published: January 2021

Aortic aneurysms are abnormal dilatation of aorta. The risk factors include male sex, age > 65, smoking, coronary artery disease and hypertension. Here we report a case of infra-renal abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) of diameter 6 cm. The patient sucessfully underwent aorto-biiliac bypass surgery using Dacron Y graft. During abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery anesthetic challenge is also of paramount importance and should be considered.
Solid Variant of Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma of Nasal Cavity
Authors: Bhattarai A , Shrestha BL , Dhakal A
Published: January 2021

Rhabdomyosarcoma comprises about half of the soft tissue tumors. Approximately 40% of the alveolar subtype occur in the head and neck region. Patients present with unilateral nasal mass with/without lymphadenopathy and with/without orbital manifestations. Diagnosis is aided radiologically by CT scan, MRI along with biopsy and is confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Treatment involves surgical resection, chemotherapy, radiotherapy or a combination of these. In spite of treatments, however, the outcome is poor. This is a case report of 14-year-old male who presented with unilateral nasal mass with proptosis of right eye who was eventually diagnosed as a case of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma of solid variant.
Pattern of Medicine Prescribing in PHC Facilities before and after earthquake in Nepal
Authors: Bhuju Gajendra Bahadur , Kafle Kumud Kumar , Prasad Radha Raman , Rajbhandari Vabha , DC Gorkha Bahadur , Karkee Shiba Bahadur , Shrestha Bimal Man , Pradhananga Praful
Published: February 2021

Introduction: On April and May 2015, Nepal experienced two earthquakes. Many studies have focused on acute care delivery, disease outbreaks, mental health issues, and disaster relief post-earthquakes. Few others have looked at psychiatric medication prescription and health aid distribution pattern, only one study has addressed the effects of an earthquake on medication prescribing patterns and compared them to the post earthquake setting. This paper aims to examine common health problems and prescribing practices before and after the earthquake.

Methods: This descriptive retrospective study was conducted within seven randomly selected health posts (HPs) located in the three most earthquake-affected districts of Bhaktapur, Kathmandu and Dhading. The patient records per month from each HP were selected from the out patient department (OPD) register by systematic random sampling for three months prior and three months after the earthquake. There were 584 and 654 encounters in the pre and post earthquake period respectively. Each patient record was analysed using WHO drug use indicators and national treatment guidelines.

Results: A significant decrease in encounters receiving antibiotics and cases receiving albendazole alone in worm infestation was found in the post-earthquake period. A significant increase in prescribing antibiotics in cases of common cold was found. 

Conclusions: The common health problems were similar in both periods. However, prescribing practices were changed. As prescriptions related to mental health problems were lacking, there is a need for improving mental health education to the health workers.
Code-Mixing and Code Switching: A Special Issue in ELT
Authors: Tumbahang Mohan Kumar
Published: January 2021

The aim of this article is to offer a brief discussion on the issue of code-mixing and code-switching which has played crucial but controversial role in the foreign language teaching-learning activities more specifically in the English Language Teaching (ELT). The methodology used in this article is essentially the descriptive one which deals with the non-numerical data to explain and analyze the proposed issue. The basic theory has been drawn from the sociolinguistics that generally discusses on the bilingualism as well as multilingualism where the notion of code-mixing and code-switching have become universal phenomenon. This paper can be helpful for the students, teachers, textbook writers and the beginners of the ELT practitioners.
Position of Nepali Congress in the Electoral Politics of Nepal
Authors: Shrestha Amrit Kumar
Published: January 2021

Nepali Congress (NC) is one of the oldest political party of Nepal. It played a vital role to abolish the century long autocratic Rana rule in 1951. It fought against the party-less Panchayat system and the regressive step of the king. It opposes active kingship and communism. It believes in a representative democracy. It has participated in every election of Nepal that was conducted democratically. It won more than two-thirds majority seats in the first general election held in 1959. In every election, it stayed in the first or second position. This article tries to analyze the status of NC in the elections of Nepal. Data of seven general elections were examined in this article. Data were extracted basically from the reports of the Election Commission.
Organizational Justices and Employees' Demography: Empirical Evidence form Nepalese Employees
Authors: Bhattarai Ganesh
Published: January 2021

In the context of controversial empirical evidences regarding the effect of demographic variables on organizational justices, this study was carried out to measure the (a) employees' perceived organizational justice within the different demographic groups, and (b) the impact of demographic aspects (i.e., sex, tenure, and education) on organizational justices.  Five hundred forty-six employees working in Nepalese commercial banks were taken as the sample.  Perceptual cross-sectional data were analyzed quantitatively using both descriptive and inferential statistics. This study revealed that the average level of perceived justices was more than fifty percentages on five-point Likert-type scales, indicating they did not feel injustice.  Females than males, temporary than permanent, and master's degree holders than bachelor's degree holders perceive less distributive justice.  Likewise, female than male, permanent than temporary, master's degree holders than higher or lesser degree holders perceive less procedural justice.  Similarly, regarding interactive justice, male than female, temporary than permanent, and master's degree holders than bachelor's degree holders feel comparatively less honesty, courtesy, respect, and politeness in their working relationship.  Some empirical and theoretical implications are suggested.
THEATER AND THEATRICALITY IN THEIR RELATION TO HISTORY AND THE ARTS IN THE NOVELS OF VLADIMIR SHAROV
Authors: Gabrielova Amina
Published: February 2021

Vladimir Sharov (1952–2018), a distinguished contemporary Russian writer, published nine quasi historical novels. Each of his novels suggests a different semi-fantastical version of Russian history that is locked into continuing cycles or - to use Sharov’s preferred word - “rehearsals” of violence. Theater and performance are a recurring theme in Sharov’s prose.

In Before and During [До и во время], one of the main characters is Alexander Scriabin. In The Rehearsals [Репетиции] Patriarch Nikon orders a play – a mystery-play about Easter — in which the amateur peasant actors are assigned roles from the Bible and replay these roles for generations. In Should Not I Spare [Мне ли не пожалеть], the opening section shows characters participating in Chekhov’s plays, and the main part of the narration tells the story of staging an oratorio. In the last two novels, several of the protagonists are theater directors. This article argues that for Sharov, theater is an apt metaphor for history and a basic ontological principle, because theater is an experience that can be documented but is never reproduced in exactly the same form. The article examines how Sharov brings out the power of the playwright, director, and actor to implement multiple and different scripts and life stories. Life and art in his works imitate each other through a constant multiplication of versions or rehearsals - “rehearsals” in its expanded sense as reinterpretations, revisions, rewritings, and continuations.
INTEGRASI MEDIA MNC GROUP DALAM MENINGKATKAN EFISIENSI DAN KOMPETISI DI PASAR BISNIS INDUSTRI MEDIA PENYIARAN
Authors: Razali Geofakta
Published: February 2021

Jurnal ini memberikan pemahaman tentang integrase yang terjadi pada media khususnya MNC Group. Integrasi tersebut berhasil memberikan improvisasi pada  efisiensi. Persaingan pasar industry media menjadi sebuat ketentuan yang menjadi landasan berpacunya media untuk menjadi sebuah holding dan saling menunjang dari sisi satu dan sisi lainnya. Penulis menggunakan teori SCP untuk melihat bagaimana struktur media, perilaku media, dan performancenya untuk mencapai sebuah konsep bisnis industry media yang sempurnaThis thesis analyzes MNC Media at the viewside of media group in Indonesia with through the time and had raced into the largest integration media group in Southeast Asia. To analyze the efficiency and the competition that created by MNC Media Group, actually, researchers try to analyze based on the theory. That theory is Industrial Organization owned media Kranenburg. This theory explains how Structure, Conduct and Performance of a media become into a value chain to survive in the competition group media today we called is integration. There is also a research concept by adding strategy concepts of business broadcast media industry. The indicator used to measure and analyze the success rate occurred partly based on data media with the large revenue increase profit margins, many advertisers, competition audience share, and the company's efficiency.Keywords: Integration, MNC Media Group, Efficiency, Competition,  Industry Media Broadcasting Business