bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Solid and liquid digestate generated from biogas production as a fertilizer source in processing tomato yield, quality and some health-related compounds
Authors: Alan Ozlem , Budak Bulent , Sen Fatih , Ongun Ali Riza , Tepecik Mahmut , Ata Samet
Published: January 2025

To manage anaerobic digestion residues (digestate) sustainably, it is important to determine their agricultural properties. In the present study, the effects of two digestate fractions (solid and liquid) on processing tomato yield parameters, quality traits, health-related compounds and some fruit physiological disorders were evaluated. The solid and liquid digestate fractions were compared with chemically fertilized and unfertilized control to evaluate the potential of the digestate as a fertilizer. A 2-year experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design, with three replications and using two tomato varieties: cv. ‘Arte F1’ and cv. ‘Zeplin F1’. The results indicated that (1) compared with chemical fertilizer, the solid digestate produced equal or even better results in terms of fruit size, yield parameters (solid digestate treatment increased the total fruit weight per plant by an average of 30.7, 8.2 and 22.4% in 2019 and 25.3, 14.2 and 17.9% in 2022 compared with control, chemical fertilizer and liquid treatments, respectively) and percentage of fruit affected by sunscald and blossom-end rot in both years; (2) use of liquid digestate led to similar or significantly higher fruit size, yield parameters and percentage of fruit affected by sunscald and blossom-end rot than control in both years and (3) use of both solid and liquid digestate fractions significantly maintained or improved fruit quality in terms of colour traits, pericarp thickness, dry matter content, total soluble solid content, titratable acidity, pH, vitamin C and antioxidant activity. However, the effects of solid and liquid digestate fractions varied with year and variety.
Permafrost Dynamics Observatory: 3. Remote Sensing Big Data for the Active Layer, Soil Moisture, and Greening and Browning
Authors: Wig Elizabeth , Schaefer Kevin , Michaelides Roger , Chen Richard , Clayton Leah K. , Fager Brittany , Huang Lingcao , Parsekian Andrew D. , Zebker Howard , Zhang Yingtong , Zhao Yuhuan
Published: January 2025

Because of the remote nature of permafrost, it is difficult to collect data over large geographic regions using ground surveys. Remote sensing enables us to study permafrost at high resolution and over large areas. The Arctic‐Boreal Vulnerability Experiment's Permafrost Dynamics Observatory (PDO) contains data about permafrost subsidence, active layer thickness (ALT), soil water content, and water table depth, derived from airborne radar measurements at 66 image swaths in 2017. With nearly 58,000,000 pixels available for analysis, this data set enables new discoveries and can corroborate findings from previous studies across the Arctic‐Boreal region. We analyze the distributions of these variables and use a space‐for‐time substitution to enable interpretation of the effects of climate trends. Higher soil volumetric water content (VWC) is associated with lower ALT and subsidence, suggesting that Arctic soil may become drier as the climate warms. Soil VWC is bimodal, with saturated soil occurring more commonly in burned areas, while unburned areas are more commonly unsaturated. All permafrost variables show statistically significant differences from one land cover type to another; in particular, cropland has thicker active layers and developed land has lower seasonal subsidence than most other land cover types, potentially related to disturbance and permafrost thaw. While vegetation browning is not strongly associated with any of the measured permafrost variables, more greening is associated with less subsidence and ALT and with higher bulk soil VWC.
Carbon Dioxide Migration Along Faults at the Illinois Basin—Decatur Project Revealed Using Time Shift Analysis of Seismic Monitoring Data
Authors: Bukar I. , Bell R. , Muggeridge A. H. , Krevor S.
Published: January 2025

Large scale geological storage of CO2 is being deployed worldwide to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere. Previous modeling studies have investigated the potential for CO2 migration along faults. We observe such migration at a commercial‐scale, demonstration CO2 storage project, including subsequent emergence of the CO2 into overlying permeable layers. Previous attempts at interpreting the time‐lapse seismic data using amplitude attributes were hindered by noise from the limited survey repeatability combined with a weak signal due to the stiffness of the rock. Here we apply an alternative interpretation of the seismic data using time shift attributes, resulting in clear plume anomalies. In addition to migrating up the fault, we observe the plume diverted by the start of injection at a neighboring project. This work provides field observations of theorized plume behaviors and demonstrates an alternative approach to overcome challenges in interpreting seismic monitoring data for geological CO2 storage.
Strong Shaking From Past Cascadia Subduction Zone Earthquakes Encoded in Coastal Landforms
Authors: LaHusen Sean R. , Grant Alex R. , Perkins Jonathan P. , McPhillips Devin
Published: January 2025

Strong earthquakes along subduction zones are often devastating events, but sparse records along some tectonic margins limit our understanding of seismic hazards. Constraining shaking intensities is critical, especially in subduction zones with infrequent but large‐magnitude earthquakes like the Cascadia Subduction Zone (CSZ), where the lack of recorded ground motions has led to uncertainty in the severity and potential impacts of future earthquakes. Here we fill this observational gap with a novel inventory of quantitative estimates of past shaking intensities from geotechnical modeling of coastal landforms. One hundred fifty‐four deep‐seated landslides and 65 fragile geologic features constrain minimum and maximum peak ground accelerations, respectively. These estimates are broadly consistent with model predictions of M9 ruptures, suggesting strong shaking of 0.4–0.8 g during past CSZ earthquakes. Local discrepancies between our geologic shaking constraints and earthquake simulations may inform past rupture behavior, leading to better predictions of shaking intensity for future earthquakes.
Evidence for an Upper Crustal Melt Lens Beneath Tianchi (Changbaishan) Volcano
Authors: Yu Weiqian , Wei Wei , Hammond James O. S. , Han Cunrui , Xu Jiandong , Tan He , Zhan Yan , Yang Yanming
Published: January 2025

Changbaishan volcanic field (CBVF) located on the border of China and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) is famous for intense volcanism in the Cenozoic. Many studies show evidence for partial melt beneath the volcano, but details on the structure of the magmatic system are lacking, due to a lack of data in the region. In this study, we obtained a high‐resolution crust and upper mantle shear wave velocity (Vs) model beneath the CBVF by ambient noise tomography and receiver functions using a new dense seismic array. The absence of velocity anomalies beneath Wangtian'e and Namphothe volcanoes suggests a lack of magma within the crust. However, our models reveal two low Vs anomalies beneath Tianchi associated with magma reservoirs. The shallow low velocity anomaly (<4 km) overlaps with petrological estimates of the assembly depth of erupted rhyolite magma reservoir and the depth inferred for a hydrothermal reservoir from a recent MT study. The deeper one is located between 7 and 14 km depth with a lateral extent of ∼30 km, with a melt fraction of ∼6%–12%. Underlying the deeper low velocity zone in the lower crust is a region of faster velocity compared to the surrounding region. We interpret this as a low melt fraction crystal mush. This structure is similar to that seen at other large caldera volcanoes worldwide, suggesting a possible common mechanism underlying magmatism at these volcanoes.
Constraining the Uncertainty Associated With Sea Salt Aerosol Parameterizations in Global Models Using Nudged UKESM1‐AMIP Simulations
Authors: Venugopal Abhijith U. , Bhatti Yusuf A. , Morgenstern Olaf , Williams Jonny , Edkins Nick , Hardacre Catherine , Jones Anthony , Revell Laura E.
Published: January 2025

Sea salt is the largest source of natural aerosol in the atmosphere by mass. Formed when ocean waves break and bubbles burst, sea salt aerosols (SSA) influence Earth's climate via direct and indirect processes. Models participating in the sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison project (CMIP6) demonstrate a negative effective radiative forcing (ERF) when SSA emissions are doubled. However, the magnitude of the ERF ranges widely from −0.35 0.04 W to −2.28 0.07 W , with the largest difference over the Southern Ocean. Differences in the response to doubled SSA emissions arise from model uncertainty (e.g., individual model physics, aerosol size distribution) and parameterization uncertainty (e.g., how SSA is produced in the model). Here, we perform single‐model experiments with UKESM1‐AMIP incorporating all of the SSA parameterizations used by the current generation of CMIP6 Earth system models (ESMs). Using a fixed SSA size distribution, our experiments show that the parameterization uncertainty causes large inter‐model diversity in SSA emissions in the models, particularly over the tropics and the Southern Ocean. The choice of parameterization influences the ambient aerosol size distribution, cloud condensation nuclei and cloud droplet number concentrations, and therefore direct and indirect radiative forcing. We recommend that modeling groups evaluate their SSA parameterizations and update them where necessary in preparation for future model intercomparison activities.
Depth Matters: Lake Bathymetry Selection in Numerical Weather Prediction Systems
Authors: Kessler James , Espey Eamon , VanDeWeghe Alexander , Gronewold Andrew D. , Sorensen Troy , Khazaei Bahram , James Eric , Smirnova Tatiana G. , Casali Matt , Yates David , Omani Nina , Kelley John G. W. , Barlage Michael , Benjamin Stanley G. , Anderson Eric J.
Published: January 2025

Lake surface conditions are critical for representing lake‐atmosphere interactions in numerical weather prediction. The Community Land Model's 1‐D lake component (CLM‐lake) is part of NOAA's High‐Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) 3‐km weather/earth‐system model, which assumes that virtually all the two thousand lakes represented in CONUS have distinct (for each lake) but spatially uniform depth. To test the sensitivity of CLM‐lake to bathymetry, we ran CLM‐lake as a stand‐alone model for all of 2019 with two bathymetry data sets for 23 selected lakes: the first had default (uniform within each lake) bathymetry while the second used a new, spatially varying bathymetry. We validated simulated lake surface temperature (LST) with both remote and in situ observations to evaluate the skill of both runs and also intercompared modeled ice cover and evaporation. Though model skill varied considerably from lake to lake, using the new bathymetry resulted in marginal improvement over the default. The more important finding is the influence bathymetry has on modeled LST (i.e., differences between model simulations) where lake‐wide LST deviated as much as 10°C between simulations and individual grid cells experienced even greater departures. This demonstrates the sensitivity of surface conditions in atmospheric models to lake bathymetry. The new bathymetry also improved lake depths over the (often too deep) previous value assumed for unknown‐depth lakes. These results have significant implications for numerical weather prediction, especially in regions near large lakes where lake surface conditions often influence the state of the atmosphere via thermal regulation and lake effect precipitation.
Changes in the Climate Effects of Major Anthropogenic Aerosols in East Asia Under Different Emission Reduction Scenarios in China
Authors: Gao Yiman , Gao Peng , Zhuang Bingliang , Hu Yaxin , Zhou Yinan , Wang Tijian , Li Shu , Li Mengmeng , Xie Min
Published: January 2025

Pollutant emissions in China have significantly decreased over the past decade and are expected to continue declining in the future. Aerosols, as important pollutants and short‐lived climate forcing agents, have significant but currently unclear climate impacts in East Asia as their concentrations decrease until mid‐century. Here, we employ a well‐developed regional climate model RegCM4 combined with future pollutant emission inventories, which are more representative of China to investigate changes in the concentrations and climate effects of major anthropogenic aerosols in East Asia under six different emission reduction scenarios (1.5°C goals, Neutral‐goals, 2°C ‐goals, NDC‐goals, Current‐goals, and Baseline). By the 2060s, aerosol surface concentrations under these scenarios are projected to decrease by 89%, 87%, 84%, 73%, 65%, and 21%, respectively, compared with those in 2010–2020. Aerosol climate effect changes are associated with its loadings but not in a linear manner. The average effective radiative forcing at the surface in East Asia induced by aerosol‐radiation‐cloud interactions will diminish by 24% ± 13% by the 2030s and 35% ± 13% by the 2060s. These alternations caused by aerosol reductions lead to increases in near‐surface temperatures and precipitations. Specifically, aerosol‐induced temperature and precipitation responses in East Asia are estimated to change by −78% to −20% and −69% to 77%, respectively, under goals with different emission scenarios in the 2060s compared to 2010–2020. Therefore, the significant climate effects resulting from substantial reductions in anthropogenic aerosols need to be fully considered in the pathway toward carbon neutrality.
Surface Pressure Semidiurnal Tides and the Stratospheric Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation: Synchronization and Disruption
Authors: Hirahara S. , Deushi M. , Yoshida K. , Ishii M. , Sakazaki T. , Naoe H.
Published: January 2025

Atmospheric surface pressure provides valuable information on the vertical dynamical structure of the atmosphere. Previous studies have reported that among the waves observed in surface pressure, semidiurnal tides (SDTs) are significantly affected by the stratospheric Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation (QBO). Using historical surface‐pressure observations and the Earth‐system model MRI‐ESM2.0, this study confirms that SDTs and the QBO are synchronized, such that SDT amplitude increases or decreases, respectively, at a rate of ∼1 Pa per 20 ms−1 during westerly or easterly phases of the QBO at 30 hPa. Our numerical simulations and a linear analytical model support the QBO‐SDT relationship being dynamically forced by background zonal winds rather than by anomalous ozone radiative heating. We also find that the QBO‐SDT relationship was notably disturbed by the volcanic eruptions of Mount Agung in 1963 and Mount Pinatubo in 1991, during which increased shortwave radiative absorption caused by stratospheric aerosol enhanced the SDT amplitude. Short‐lived El Nino events also occurred, moistening the upper troposphere to provide extra solar heating when volcanic aerosol was transported to higher latitudes. The influence of volcanic eruptions and El Nino events overlap with the QBO frequency band, jointly working as “noise” in QBO‐SDT synchronization.
Biogeochemistry of Riverine Organic Matter Inputs to the Patagonian Fjords and Implications for Fjord Organic Carbon Budgets
Authors: Bertrand Sebastien
Published: January 2025

Fjords are increasingly recognized as hotspots for organic carbon (OC) burial. The OC buried in fjords is of both marine and terrestrial origin, with a predominance of terrestrial OC in fjords worldwide. The proportions of marine and terrestrial OC in fjords are traditionally calculated using end‐member modeling based on δ13C and/or N/C. However, characterizing the terrestrial end‐member remains a challenge, with authors inconsistently using measurements obtained on land plants, soils, and/or river sediments. Here, we analyzed the TOC, δ13C, and N/C composition of soil samples, suspended river sediments, and bulk and grain‐size fractions of river sediments from the main rivers discharging into the Patagonian fjords (44–48°S), to identify the processes that affect the biogeochemistry of the terrestrial organic matter reaching fjords via rivers. Radiocarbon measurements indicate that Patagonian rivers contain 0.18% petrogenic OC and variable concentrations of biospheric OC. Despite soil δ13C significantly decreasing with precipitation, δ13C in river sediments remains relatively stable around −27‰. In contrast, N/C in river sediments is highly variable, mostly due to a high contribution of petrogenic nitrogen in glacier‐fed rivers. Furthermore, N/C varies significantly with sediment grain size, making it virtually impossible to define a fixed N/C value to represent the terrestrial end‐member. By comparison, grain size has a limited influence on δ13C. Overall, our results support the use of riverine δ13C to define terrestrial OC in mixing models, regardless of the presence of glaciers in the watershed, and they suggest that the fraction of terrestrial OC buried in fjord sediments may have been underestimated.
Energized dispersive guided extraction (EDGE): a promising tool for analytical chemistry applications
Authors: A. Santos Paulo N. , Andrade Yasmine B. , Granja Honnara S. , S. Freitas Lisiane , Polidoro Allan S. , Caramão Elina B.
Published: January 2025

Analytical chemistry demands precise sample preparation methods to ensure accurate qualitative and quantitative determinations, especially those capable of clean-up and preconcentration of target analytes.
Carbon-doped bimetallic oxide nanoflakes for simultaneous electrochemical analysis of ascorbic acid, uric acid, and acetaminophen in sweat
Authors: Zhou Fangfang , Zhao Hongli , Shi Zehui , Hou Jian , Lan Minbo
Published: January 2025

This work proposed a novel approach for non-invasive disease tracking by detecting multi-analytes in sweat, and demonstrated a simple and controllable method for preparing electrocatalysts and constructing electrochemical sensors to achieve it.
A cRGD-modified liposome for targeted delivery of artesunate to inhibit angiogenesis in endometriosis
Authors: Ma Jianyu , Liao Zhouzhou , Li Jinbo , Li Xiao , Guo Hongling , Zhong Qiyu , Huang Jianyun , Shuai Xintao , Chen Shuqin
Published: January 2025

A nanodrug for targeted delivery of artesunate was synthesized to inhibit angiogenesis, serving as a non-hormonal therapy option for endometriosis.
Carbazolylpyridine (cp)-based tetradentate platinum(ii) complexes containing fused 6/5/6 metallocycles
Authors: Zhang Chengyao , Dou Lijie , Wang Xia , Xu Kewei , Chen Jianqiang , Zhan Feng , Li Guijie , Yang Yun-Fang , She Yuanbin
Published: January 2025

In this work, a series of novel 6/5/6 tetradentate Pt(ii) complexes based on carbazolylpyridine (cp) ligands were designed and synthesized, achieving red emission at 611–624 nm with a quantum efficiency of up to 85% in dichloromethane.
Identification of the dual roles of Al2O3 coatings on NMC811-cathodes via theory and experiment
Authors: Chen Richard L. B. , Sayed Farheen N. , Banerjee Hrishit , Temprano Israel , Wan Jing , Morris Andrew J. , Grey Clare P.
Published: January 2025

Aluminium oxide coatings on Ni-rich layered oxide materials have the dual functions of scavenging protic and acidic species from the electrolyte, and in stabilising surface oxygen against chemical oxidation of electrolyte species at high potentials.
Anion doping promotes electrocatalyst reconfiguration for efficient C–C bond cleavage of 4-methylcyclohexanol
Authors: Wang Yuhang , Chen Ying , Liu Lihao , Ren Linhan , Wang Jieyu , Li Kai , He Jiahui , Li Suiqing , Cai Jinfu , Qi Chuang , Hu Pan , Cao Yongyong , Zhong Xing , Wang Jianguo
Published: January 2025

P doping promotes structural reconfiguration in nickel-based catalysts, forming an NiOOH/Ni2P interface that facilitates electrooxidation of 4-methylcyclohexanol.
A lab-based micro X-ray fluorescence spectrometer with high photon flux and spatial resolution for ancient ceramic research
Authors: Lin Xiaosheng , Wang Miaomiao , Shu Miao , Li Chaoyang , Li Haijing , Wang Xu , Yang Chunzhen , Si Rui
Published: January 2025

A new compact, extendable and lab-based micro XRF (μXRF) spectrometer with high photon flux and spatial resolution is developed and reported in this paper. With a liquid Ga-In alloy jet...
Improvement strategies for water-based zinc-ion battery zinc anode stability
Authors: Wang Liping , Jiang Hedong , Guo Pingchun , Li Jiake , Zhu Hua , Fan Xueyun , Huang Liqun , Sun Jian , Wang Yanxiang
Published: January 2025

Zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) offer safe, low-cost, high-capacity energy storage, but dendrite growth, hydrogen evolution, and corrosion limit their use. This paper reviews stability strategies and research directions.
Enzymatic ester bond formation strategies in fungal macrolide skeletons
Authors: Zhang Jin-Mei , Yuan Guan-Yin , Zou Yi
Published: January 2025

This review mainly focuses on the essential roles of thioesterase and condensation domains in fungal macrolide biosynthesis and their chemoenzymatic applications. It also discusses the differences in ester bond formation between fungi and bacteria.
Ag(i)-promoted fragment coupling of peptide thioamides
Authors: Thombare Varsha J. , Charron Carlie L. , Hutton Craig A.
Published: January 2025

A new method for peptide fragment coupling employing the Ag(i)-promoted transformation of peptide thioamides is described. This process proceeds via an isoimide-tethered intermediate, which undergoes an O–N acyl transfer to generate the polypeptide.
Single-atom catalyst with a hollow rod/plate-like structure for enhanced oxygen reduction reaction performance in zinc–air batteries
Authors: Khan Muhammad Arif , Cai Guopu , Javed Rida , Ye Daixin , Zhao Hongbin , Zhang Jiujun
Published: January 2025

Herein, we used a self-templating strategy and an in situ polymerization approach that enables the precise encapsulation of transition metal single-atoms within a nitrogen-doped carbon shell, resulting in a robust hollow architecture.
Cholesterol-terminated cationic lipidated oligomers (CLOs) as a new class of antifungals
Authors: Mahboob Muhammad Bilal Hassan , Subramaniam Santhni , Tait Jessica R. , Grace James L. , Elliott Alysha G. , Floyd Holly , Zuegg Johannes , Quinn John F. , Prestidge Clive A. , Landersdorfer Cornelia B. , Whittaker Michael R.
Published: January 2025

Efficient polymerization of CLOs with precise molecular weight control and low polydispersity was achieved, paving the way for advanced antifungal biofilm material applications.
Robust-adhesion and high-mechanical strength hydrogel for efficient wet tissue adhesion
Authors: Li Chenyang , Qian Yang , Zhang Xueping , Wang Rongwu
Published: January 2025

Schematic diagram of the preparation and characteristics of PAA-NHS/C-CS hydrogel.
Novel plasmonic–photonic Janus films with aluminum nanoisland-coated colloidal arrays for versatile applications
Authors: Zhao Kai , Yu Zhumin , Zhou Hao , Chen Lei , Chen Shuoran , Liu Bo , Ye Changqing
Published: January 2025

Novel plasmonic–photonic Janus films are developed by introducing aluminum nanoislands on the colloidal photonic crystal (CPC) arrays, which can be used as advanced rewritable papers and express waybills.
Towards quantum‐safe blockchain: Exploration of PQC and public‐key recovery on embedded systems
Authors: Marchsreiter Dominik
Published: January 2025

Blockchain technology ensures accountability, transparency, and redundancy, but its reliance on public‐key cryptography makes it vulnerable to quantum computing threats. This article addresses the urgent need for quantum‐safe blockchain solutions by integrating post‐quantum cryptography (PQC) into blockchain frameworks. Utilizing algorithms from the NIST PQC standardization process, it is aimed to fortify blockchain security and resilience, particularly for IoT and embedded systems. Despite the importance of PQC, its implementation in blockchain systems tailored for embedded environments remains underexplored. A quantum‐secure blockchain architecture is proposed, evaluating various PQC primitives and optimizing transaction sizes through techniques such as public‐key recovery for Falcon, achieving up to 17% reduction in transaction size. The analysis identifies Falcon‐512 as the most suitable algorithm for quantum‐secure blockchains in computer‐based environments and XMSS as a viable but unsatisfactory stateful alternative. However, for embedded‐based blockchains, Dilithium demonstrates a higher transactions‐per‐second (TPS) rate compared to Falcon, primarily due to Falcon's slower signing performance on ARM CPUs. This highlights the signing time as a critical limiting factor within embedded blockchains. Additionally, smart contract functionality is integrated, assessing the impact of PQC on smart contract authentication. The findings demonstrate the feasibility and practicality, paving the way for robust and future‐proof IoT applications.
Effective neural coding method based on maximum entropy
Authors: He Dongbin , Hu Aiqun , Sheng Kaiwen
Published: January 2025

There are a large number of perceptrons in the new bionic network. To improve the efficiency of data transmission in the bionic network, a maximum entropy neural coding method is proposed. By drawing on the characteristics of human nerve conduction, the authors designed a data transmission model and adopted an adaptive spike firing rate encoding strategy to maximize information entropy, thereby improving encoding efficiency. The simulation experiment results and the applications of the maximum entropy neural coding method to fault detection and seismic detection have validated the effectiveness of the maximum entropy neural coding method. Even if there is certain data distortion, the statistical characteristics of the decoded data and the fault detection performance will not be affected. This research not only proposes novel approaches for efficient data transmission in bionic network, but also identifies possible directions for enhancing data transmission efficiency through the integration of task‐oriented semantic communications in future applications.
Optimized design of a pseudo‐linearization‐based model predictive controller: Direct data‐driven approach
Authors: Sekine Mikiya , Tsuruhara Satoshi , Ito Kazuhisa
Published: January 2025

To reduce the typical time‐consuming routines of plant modelling for model‐based controller designs in Single‐Input Single‐Output (SISO) systems, the fictitious reference iterative tuning (FRIT) method has been proposed and proven to be effective in many applications. However, it is generally difficult to properly select a reference model without a prior information on the plant. This significantly affects the control performance and might considerably degrade the system performance. To address this problem, a pseudo‐linearization (PL) method using FRIT is proposed, and a new controller for SISO non‐linear systems by combining data‐driven and model‐based control methods is designed. The proposed design considers input constraints using model predictive control. The effectiveness of the proposed method was evaluated based on several practical references using numerical simulations for hysteresis and dead zone classes and experiments involving artificial muscles with hysteresis characteristics.
A low‐complexity block EP‐based detector for iterative detection and decoding in unsourced random access
Authors: Chen Jinyang , Xu Renhui , Cui Xiaonan , Peng Laixian , Zhao Wendong , Wang Jinwei
Published: January 2025

Here, a multi‐user signal iterative detection and decoding scheme named LBEP based on block expectation propagation (BEP) is proposed for LDPC‐coded two‐phase unsourced random access (URA) scheme. In the iterative process, the approximation of matrix inversion is used to facilitate expectation propagation (EP). In addition, this idea is also applied to the double EP (DEP) scheme. The simulation results show that, in the two‐phase URA scheme, the performance of the proposed LBEP scheme is similar to the BEP scheme for LDPC codes, but the complexity of the receiver is greatly reduced.
Coherent CW THz generation with a coupled‐cavity mini‐array VCSEL
Authors: Hu Yinghui , Brenner Carsten , Ledentsov Nikolay N. , Ledentsov Nikolay , Shchukin Vitaly A. , Hofmann Martin R. , Lindemann Markus
Published: January 2025

Coupled‐cavity mini‐array vertical‐cavity surface‐emitting lasers (VCSELs) are promising laser sources for high‐speed data transmission due to their extended intensity modulation frequencies. Here, it is demonstrated for the first time how to use such a 2 × 1 mini‐array VCSEL for the photonic generation of CW THz radiation. The emission frequencies of the cavities are tuned via current and provide the beat frequency for the photoconductive antennae. With coherent lock‐in detection we measured frequencies up to 300 GHz, making the mini‐array VCSEL an extremely simple and low‐cost alternative laser source for frequency‐modulated continuous‐wave radar or spectroscopy systems.
Shared pathway of WDFY4-dependent cross-presentation of immune complexes by cDC1 and cDC2
Authors: Jo Suin , Ohara Ray A. , Theisen Derek J. , Kim Sunkyung , Liu Tiantian , Bullock Christopher B. , He Michelle , Ou Feiya , Chen Jing , Piersma Sytse J. , Postoak J. Luke , Yokoyama Wayne M. , Diamond Michael S. , Murphy Theresa L. , Murphy Kenneth M.
Published: January 2025

Priming CD8+ T cells against tumors or viral pathogens results largely from cross-presentation of exogenous antigens by type 1 conventional dendritic cells (cDC1s). Although monocyte-derived DCs and cDC2s can cross-present in vitro, their physiological relevance remains unclear. Here, we used genetic models to evaluate the role of cDC subsets in presentation of cell-associated and immune complex antigens to CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in vivo. For cell-associated antigens, cDC1s were necessary and sufficient to prime both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. In contrast, for immune complex antigens, either cDC1 or cDC2, but not monocyte-derived DCs, could carry out cross-presentation to CD8+ T cells. Mice lacking cDC1 and vaccinated with immune complexes could cross-prime CD8+ T cells that were sufficient to mediate tumor rejection. Notably, this cross-presentation mediated by cDC2 was also WDFY4 dependent, similar to cross-presentation of cell-associated antigens by cDC1. These results demonstrate a previously unrecognized activity of WDFY4 in cDC2s and suggest a cross-presentation pathway shared by cDC subsets.
Examination of conformational dynamics of AdiC transporter with fluorescence-polarization microscopy
Authors: Lewis John H. , Zhou Yufeng , Lu Zhe
Published: January 2025

To understand the mechanism underlying the ability of individual AdiC molecules to transport arginine and agmatine, we used a recently developed high-resolution single-molecule fluorescence-polarization microscopy method to investigate conformation-specific changes in the emission polarization of a bifunctional fluorophore attached to an AdiC molecule. With this capability, we resolved AdiC’s four conformations characterized by distinct spatial orientations in the absence or presence of the two substrates, and furthermore, each conformation’s two energetic states, totaling 24 states. From the lifetimes of individual states and state-to-state transition probabilities, we determined 60 rate constants characterizing the transitions and 4 KD values characterizing the interactions of AdiC’s two sides with arginine and agmatine, quantitatively defining a 24-state model. This model satisfactorily predicts the observed Michaelis–Menten behaviors of AdiC. With the acquired temporal information and existing structural information, we illustrated how to build an experiment-based integrative 4D model to capture and exhibit the complex spatiotemporal mechanisms underlying facilitated transport of substrates. However, inconsistent with what is expected from the prevailing hypothesis that AdiC is a 1:1 exchanger, all observed conformations transitioned among themselves with or without the presence of substrates. To corroborate this unexpected finding, we performed radioactive flux assays and found that the results are also incompatible with the hypothesis. As a technical advance, we showed that a monofunctional and the standard bifunctional fluorophore labels report comparable spatial orientation information defined in a local frame of reference. Here, the successful determination of the complex conformation-kinetic mechanism of AdiC demonstrates the unprecedented resolving power of the present microscopy method.
On the origins of the continuum radiation of an underwater nanosecond pulsed discharge: an absolute-intensity optical emission spectroscopy study
Authors: Simeni Simeni Marien , Luo Yuchen , Bruggeman Peter J
Published: January 2025

The plasma properties of an underwater nanosecond pulsed discharge remain not fully understood despite being extensively studied for several decades. In this work, we focus on the continuum radiation generated in such discharges. The discharge is characterized by power measurements as well as by absolute emission spectroscopy. When observed, Stark broadenings of H
α
, H
β
and O (777 nm) are employed for electron number densities measurements. The discharge was generated by a 10 ns main voltage pulse followed by multiple secondary pulses, which last up to 4 μs after the primary pulse. It is shown that a peak power of 3.5 MW and energy of 35 mJ is coupled during the main voltage pulse. A quantitative estimation of the different possible continuum radiation sources is performed through analytical calculations. This includes emission (blackbody, free–bound and free–free bremsstrahlung radiations) and absorption (electron–ion and electron–neutral free–free inverse bremsstrahlung) mechanisms. Our results suggest that electron–neutral free–free bremsstrahlung is the principal mechanism responsible for the strong continuum radiation observed experimentally during the primary pulse. We also show that self-absorption through electron–neutral (and electron–ion) inverse bremsstrahlung plays an important role in the main discharge pulse. Further, our results indicate the non-negligible additional contribution of the H2 continuum during the first reflected pulse which is likely ignited in bubbles generated by the first discharge pulse.
Simulations of ELM characteristics in HL-3 high-confinement mode
Authors: Zhou Yujie , Zhu Yiren , Hao Guangzhou , Xue Miao , Zhang Yi , He Hongda , Xu Sen
Published: January 2025

A systematic study of the edge localized mode (ELM) characteristics in HL-3 is performed based on a set of scenarios constructed by Kinetic EFIT workflow. The edge localized instabilities in tokamaks equilibria (ELITE) code (an eigenvalue solver) is used to calculate the peeling-ballooning (P-B) instability diagram. It is shown that the reference equilibrium of HL-3 is marginally stable near the peeling boundary. Non-ideal and non-linear simulations are then carried out by 3-field model implemented in BOUT++ code. For ideal case, the linear results from BOUT++ modelling agree well with that calculated by ELITE code. Based on BOUT++ modelling, it is found that diamagnetic drift can significantly stabilize the ELMs. But the effect of the resistivity on ELMs is more complicated, which depends on the transition of the mode structure. Furthermore, non-linear simulations show that the resistivity might trigger the ELMs before the ideal P-B boundary is reached.
Effect of induction heating composite shot peening on fatigue crack growth behavior, wear performance of 20CrMnTi gear steel
Authors: Zhang Yin , Yan Hongzhi , Li Songbai , Zheng Zhibin
Published: January 2025

Shot peening is a commonly used surface-strengthening method, generates plastic deformation on a material surface, introduces residual compressive stress, and improves the fatigue performance of the materials. It is widely used in the surface strengthening of materials. However, to further promote the surface strengthening effect, this article proposes a new induction heating composite shot peening (IHCSP) method that achieves the surface composite strengthening of 20CrMnTi gear steel. Based on tensile, fatigue crack propagation and friction tests, combined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy (OM) characterization methods, the influence mechanism of IHCSP on mechanical properties, fatigue crack propagation resistance and wear resistance of 20CrMnTi gear steel was revealed.The results showed that the IHCSP improves the tensile strength and yield strength of the material, reduced the friction coefficient and wear volume by 3.96% and 34.8% respectively, decreases the crack growth rate and increased the fatigue life to 85369 cycles. This study proves that IHCSP can significantly improve the fatigue properties of 20CrMnTi gear steel, highlighting the effectiveness of the IHCSP surface-strengthening method.
The Effect of Phosphorus Addition on the Age-Hardening of Cu-Ni-Ti Alloy
Authors: Zhang Lina , Zhao Xiangqin , Lai Jiaqing , Tian Yi Hong , Zhang Jianbo
Published: January 2025

The effects of P addition on the microstructure and properties of a Cu-Ni-Ti alloy were investigated. The relationship between evolution of precipitates and hardness, electrical conductivity and softening temperature was established. The results showed that P addition increases the hardness and electrical conductivity, while also possessing good softening resistance. After 90 % hot rolling and 500 ℃ aging, the Cu-Ni-Ti-P alloy reaches its maximum hardness and electrical conductivity of 165 HV and 57.2 %IACS. Furthermore, the softening temperature of Cu-Ni-Ti-P alloy reaches 720 ℃. The addition of P promotes the precipitation of Ni atoms from the Cu matrix, reduces the concentration of solute atoms, and as a result, increases the electrical conductivity of the alloy. Furthermore, the formation of the Ni3P phase further enhances the hardness of the alloy. The P solute atoms dissolved in the matrix and the nano-scale Ni3P phase form, which may be one reason for the increase in hardness due to precipitation strengthening.
Quantification of albumin and γ-globulin concentrations by multivariate regression based on admittance relaxation time distribution (mrARTD)
Authors: Wicaksono Arbariyanto Mahmud , Kawashima Daisuke , Ogawa Ryoma , Akita Shinsuke , Takei Masahiro
Published: January 2025

Albumin and γ-globulin concentrations in subcutaneous adipose tissues (SAT) have been quantified by multivariate regression based on admittance relaxation time distribution (mrARTD) under the fluctuated background of sodium electrolyte concentration. The mrARTD formulates P = Ac + Ξ (P: peak matrix of distribution function magnitude

γ

ˆ

and relaxation times

τ

ˆ

, c: concentration matrix of albumin c
Alb, γ-globulin Glo
c, and sodium electrolyte Na
c, A: coefficient matrix of a multivariate regression model, and Ξ: error matrix). The mrARTD is implemented by two processes which are: (1) the training process of A through the maximum likelihood estimation of P and (2) the quantification process of c
Alb, Glo
c, and Na
c through the model prediction. In the training process, a positive correlation is present between c
Alb, Glo
c, and Na
c to

γ

ˆ

1 at

τ

ˆ

1 = 0.1 as well as

γ

ˆ

2 at

τ

ˆ

2 = 1.40 μs as under a fixed concentration of proteins solution into a porcine SAT (c
Alb = 0.800–2.400 g/dL, Glo
c = 0.400–1.200 g dl−1 and Na
c = 0.700–0.750 g dl−1). The mrARTD method quantifies c
Alb, Glo
c, and Na
c in SAT with an absolute error of 33.79%, 44.60%, and 2.18%, respectively.
Scalable high-dimensional multipartite entanglement with trapped ions
Authors: Upadhyay Harsh Vardhan , Tripathy Sanket , Tan Ting Rei , Suri Baladitya , Shankar Athreya
Published: January 2025

We propose a protocol for the preparation of generalized Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) states of N atoms each with d = 3 or 4 internal levels. We generalize the celebrated one-axis twisting (OAT) Hamiltonian for N qubits to qudits by including OAT interactions of equal strengths between every pair of qudit levels, a protocol we call as balanced OAT (BOAT). Analogous to OAT for qubits, we find that starting from a product state of an arbitrary number of atoms N, dynamics under BOAT leads to the formation of GHZ states for qutrits (d = 3) and ququarts (d = 4). While BOAT could potentially be realized on several platforms where all-to-all coupling is possible, here we propose specific implementations using trapped ion systems. We show that preparing these states with fidelity above a threshold value rules out lower dimensional entanglement than that of the generalized GHZ states. For qutrits, we also propose a protocol to bound the fidelity that requires only global addressing of the ion crystal and single-shot readout of one of the levels. Our results open a path for the scalable generation and certification of high-dimensional multipartite entanglement on current atom-based quantum hardware.
Exploring advancements in incremental sheet metal forming: a review
Authors: Prasad Ranjeet , Oraon Manish , Sharma Vinay
Published: January 2025

Incremental Sheet Metal Forming (ISMF), a gradually prominent technique in metal forming, facilitates the production of small batches and prototype products by utilizing CNC machine-controlled tool motion. Metal forming is significant in diverse industries, including automotive, aerospace, manufacturing, and construction. Conventional metal forming methods encounter limitations in flexibility, cost-effectiveness, and productivity. The recent ISMF technology presents promising solutions to overcome these challenges. Lightweight alloys such as magnesium, titanium, and aluminium face formability limitations at room temperature, driving the demand for advanced forming technology. This paper delves into various manufacturing aspects and applications of ISMF in fields such as biomedical implants, automotive bodies in white manufacturing, aerospace, nuclear reactors, and defence. The study considers the impact of variables such as forming path, forming tool, and forming geometry on surface quality, process formability, and geometry accuracy. Furthermore, the paper explores recent advancements in incremental forming technology, including water jet ISMF, laser jet ISMF, ultrasonic-assisted ISMF, and electrically assisted ISMF. By synthesizing information from the past few years of published research, this work provides an overview of the expanding applications of ISMF and its evolving role in shaping various industries. The insights derived from this research aim to empower engineers and manufacturers to make informed decisions regarding implementing ISMF in their respective fields. Ultimately, this paper inspires researchers by highlighting current implementations in forming techniques and the significant contributions made in Single Point Incremental Forming (SPIF).
Diversity patterns and knowledge gaps of Atlantic Forest epiphyllous bryophytes: a highly neglected group
Authors: Sousa da Silva Antonia Tainara , Freitag Kramer Jean M , Zwiener Victor Pereira
Published: January 2025

Background

Epiphyllous bryophytes are a group of plants with complex adaptations to colonize the leaves of vascular plants and are considered one of the most specialized and sensitive groups to environmental changes. Despite their specificity and ecological importance, these plants represent a largely neglected group in relationship to scientific research and ecological data. This lack of information directly affects our understanding of biodiversity patterns and compromises the conservation of this group in threatened ecosystems.

Scope

Based on the compilation of data from a systematic review and virtual herbarium databases, we provide the first biogeographical assessment of diversity patterns of epiphyllous bryophytes in the Atlantic Forest hotspot. We also identify their phorophytes and assess sampling bias, knowledge gaps and the current conservation state of epiphyllous bryophytes.

Conclusion

The state of knowledge about epiphyllous bryophytes in the Atlantic Forest is still incipient and taxonomically and geographically biased. Sampling effort and climate variation greatly influenced species richness patterns. Notably, Bromeliophila natans, a threatened and endemic species, has not been recorded in the past 20 years, possibly indicating extinction as a result of anthropogenic impacts, such as habitat loss. We found that the occurrence information, distributed across the domain, was positively influenced by the presence of protected areas, forest cover and density of cities, whereas it was negatively influenced by distance to access roads and research centres. More fieldwork and taxonomic and molecular studies are urgently needed to uncover biodiversity patterns and conservation priorities of this sensitive group. Without an increased collection effort, we might lose important species and their contributions to people.
Severe obesity, a susceptibility factor for developing inflammatory bowel disease: results of a population-based study
Authors: Cañete Fiorella , Vela Emili , Calafat Margalida , Piera Jordi , Mañosa Míriam , Domènech Eugeni
Published: January 2025

Background and Aims

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) develops in genetically susceptible individuals exposed to certain environmental factors, of which only a few have been established. We aimed to assess whether bariatric surgery (BS) and severe obesity are associated with an increased risk of developing IBD.

Methods

Adults diagnosed with obesity or severe obesity between 2005 and 2020 were identified from the Catalan Health Surveillance System; those diagnosed with IBD prior to the diagnosis of obesity or severe obesity were excluded. Individuals who had undergone BS and those with a new diagnosis of IBD were identified and their likelihood of developing IBD was analyzed.

Results

A total of 93 473 individuals with severe obesity, 1 009 256 with obesity and 14 698 who underwent BS were identified. The incidence rates of IBD among individuals who had undergone BS prior to IBD diagnosis was 0.84 cases per 1000 person-years, 0.90 cases per 1000 person-years among individuals with severe obesity without BS and 0.60 cases per 1000 person-years in individuals with obesity. In the multivariable regression analysis, severe obesity (hazard ratio [HR] 1.46; 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 1.31-1.62), BS (HR 1.57; 95%CI 1.25-1.97), and smoking habit (HR 1.57; 95%CI 1.46-1.69) were risk factors for developing IBD (as well as for Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis).

Conclusions

Severe obesity and BS were independent risk factors for the development of IBD. noninvasive screening for IBD seems to be warranted in this population.