bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mutualistic root endophytism is not associated with the reduction of saprotrophic traits and requires a noncompromised plant innate immunity
Authors: Lahrmann Urs , Strehmel Nadine , Langen Gregor , Frerigmann Henning , Leson Lisa , Ding Yi , Scheel Dierk , Herklotz Siska , Hilbert Magdalena , Zuccaro Alga
Published: April 2015

During a compatible interaction, the sebacinoid root‐associated fungiPiriformospora indicaandSebacina vermiferainduce modification of root morphology and enhance shoot growth inArabidopsis thaliana.

The genomic traits common in these two fungi were investigated and compared with those of other root‐associated fungi and saprotrophs. The transcriptional responses of the two sebacinoid fungi and of Arabidopsis roots to colonization at three different symbiotic stages were analyzed by custom‐designed microarrays.

We identified key genomic features characteristic of sebacinoid fungi, such as expansions for gene families involved in hydrolytic activities, carbohydrate‐binding and protein–protein interaction. Additionally, we show that colonization of Arabidopsis correlates with the induction of salicylic acid catabolism and accumulation of jasmonate and glucosinolates (GSLs). Genes involved in root developmental processes were specifically induced byS. vermiferaat later stages during interaction.

Using different Arabidopsis indole‐GSLs mutants and measurement of secondary metabolites, we demonstrate the importance of the indolic glucosinolate pathway in the growth restriction ofP. indicaandS. vermiferaand we identify indole‐phytoalexins and specifically indole‐carboxylic acids derivatives as potential key players in the maintenance of a mutualistic interaction with root endophytes.
Combined genetic and transcriptomic analysis reveals three major signalling pathways activated by Myc‐LCOs in Medicago truncatula
Authors: Camps Céline , Jardinaud Marie‐Françoise , Rengel David , Carrère Sébastien , Hervé Christine , Debellé Frédéric , Gamas Pascal , Bensmihen Sandra , Gough Clare
Published: April 2015

Myc‐LCOs are newly identified symbiotic signals produced by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Like rhizobial Nod factors, they are lipo‐chitooligosaccharides that activate the common symbiotic signalling pathway (CSSP) in plants. To increase our limited understanding of the roles of Myc‐LCOs we aimed to analyse Myc‐LCO‐induced transcriptional changes and their genetic control.

Whole genome RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq) was performed on roots of Medicago truncatula wild‐type plants, and dmi3 and nsp1 symbiotic mutants affected in nodulation and mycorrhizal signalling. Plants were treated separately with the two major types of Myc‐LCOs, sulphated and nonsulphated.

Generalized linear model analysis identified 2201 differentially expressed genes and classified them according to genotype and/or treatment effects. Three genetic pathways for Myc‐LCO‐regulation of transcriptomic reprogramming were highlighted: DMI3‐ and NSP1‐dependent; DMI3‐dependent and NSP1‐independent; and DMI3‐ and NSP1‐independent. Comprehensive analysis revealed overlaps with previous AM studies, and highlighted certain functions, especially signalling components and transcription factors.

These data provide new insights into mycorrhizal signalling mechanisms, supporting a role for NSP1, and specialisation for NSP1‐dependent and ‐independent pathways downstream of DMI3. Our data also indicate significant Myc‐LCO‐activated signalling upstream of DMI3 and/or parallel to the CSSP and some constitutive activity of the CSSP.
Long noncoding RNAs and their proposed functions in fibre development of cotton (Gossypium spp.)
Authors: Wang Maojun , Yuan Daojun , Tu Lili , Gao Wenhui , He Yonghui , Hu Haiyan , Wang Pengcheng , Liu Nian , Lindsey Keith , Zhang Xianlong
Published: April 2015

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are transcripts of at least 200 bp in length, possess no apparent coding capacity and are involved in various biological regulatory processes. Until now, no systematic identification of lncRNAs has been reported in cotton (Gossypium spp.).

Here, we describe the identification of 30 550 long intergenic noncoding RNA (lincRNA) loci (50 566 transcripts) and 4718 long noncoding natural antisense transcript (lncNAT) loci (5826 transcripts). LncRNAs are rich in repetitive sequences and preferentially expressed in a tissue‐specific manner. The detection of abundant genome‐specific and/or lineage‐specific lncRNAs indicated their weak evolutionary conservation. Approximately 76% of homoeologous lncRNAs exhibit biased expression patterns towards the At or Dt subgenomes. Compared with protein‐coding genes, lncRNAs showed overall higher methylation levels and their expression was less affected by gene body methylation.

Expression validation in different cotton accessions and coexpression network construction helped to identify several functional lncRNA candidates involved in cotton fibre initiation and elongation. Analysis of integrated expression from the subgenomes of lncRNAs generating miR397 and its targets as a result of genome polyploidization indicated their pivotal functions in regulating lignin metabolism in domesticated tetraploid cotton fibres.

This study provides the first comprehensive identification of lncRNAs in Gossypium.
Trait‐based and phylogenetic associations between parasites and their hosts: a case study with small mammals and fleas in the Palearctic
Authors: Krasnov Boris R. , Shenbrot Georgy I. , Khokhlova Irina S. , Degen A. Allan
Published: April 2015

We investigated the associations between ecological (density, shelter structure), morphological (body mass, hair morphology) and physiological traits (basal metabolic rate) of small mammals and ecological (seasonality of reproduction, microhabitat preferences, abundance, host specificity) and morphological (presence and number of combs) traits of their flea parasites that shape host selection processes by fleas. We adapted the extended version of the three‐table ordination and linked species composition of flea assemblages of host species with traits and phylogenies of both hosts and fleas. Fleas with similar trait values, independent of phylogenetic affinities, were clustered on the same host species. Fleas possessing certain traits selected hosts possessing certain traits. Fleas belonging to the same phylogenetic lineage were found on the same host more often than expected by chance. Certain phylogenetic lineages of hosts harbored certain phylogenetic lineages of fleas. The process of host selection by fleas appeared to be determined by reciprocal relationships between host and flea traits, as well as between host and flea phylogenies. We concluded that the connection between host and flea phylogenies, coupled with the connection between host and flea traits, suggests that the species compositions of the host spectra of fleas were driven by the interaction between historical processes and traits.
Non‐consumptive effects of a top‐predator decrease the strength of the trophic cascade in a four‐level terrestrial food web
Authors: Bestion Elvire , Cucherousset Julien , Teyssier Aimeric , Cote Julien
Published: April 2015

The fear of predators can strongly impact food web dynamics and ecosystem functioning through effects on herbivores morphology, physiology or behaviour. While non‐consumptive predator effects have been mostly studied in three‐level food chains, we lack evidence for the propagation of non‐consumptive indirect effects of apex predators in four level food‐webs, notably in terrestrial ecosystems. In experimental mesocosms, we manipulated a four‐level food chain including top‐predator cues (snakes), mesopredators (lizards), herbivores (crickets), and primary producers (plants). The strength of the trophic cascade induced by mesopredators through the consumption of herbivores decreased in the presence of top‐predator cues. Specifically, primary production was higher in mesocosms where mesopredators were present relative to mesocosms with herbivores only, and this difference was reduced in presence of top‐predator cues, probably through a trait‐mediated effect on lizard foraging. Our study demonstrates that non‐consumptive effects of predation risk can cascade down to affect both herbivores and plants in a four‐level terrestrial food chain and emphasises the need to quantify the importance of such indirect effects in natural communities.
Conserved V‐ATPase c subunit plays a role in plant growth by influencing V‐ATPase‐dependent endosomal trafficking
Authors: Zhou Aimin , Bu Yuanyuan , Takano Tetsuo , Zhang Xinxin , Liu Shenkui
Published: April 2015

In plant cells, the vacuolar‐type H+‐ATPases (V‐ATPase) are localized in the tonoplast, Golgi, trans‐Golgi network and endosome. However, little is known about how V‐ATPase influences plant growth, particularly with regard to the V‐ATPase c subunit (VHA‐c). Here, we characterized the function of a VHA‐c gene from Puccinellia tenuiflora (PutVHA‐c) in plant growth. Compared to the wild‐type, transgenic plants overexpressing PutVHA‐c in Arabidopsis thaliana exhibit better growth phenotypes in root length, fresh weight, plant height and silique number under the normal and salt stress conditions due to noticeably higher V‐ATPase activity. Consistently, the Arabidopsis atvha‐c5 mutant shows reduced V‐ATPase activity and retarded plant growth. Furthermore, confocal and immunogold electron microscopy assays demonstrate that PutVHA‐c is mainly localized to endosomal compartments. The treatment of concanamycin A (ConcA), a specific inhibitor of V‐ATPases, leads to obvious aggregation of the endosomal compartments labelled with PutVHA‐c‐GFP. Moreover, ConcA treatment results in the abnormal localization of two plasma membrane (PM) marker proteins Pinformed 1 (AtPIN1) and regulator of G protein signalling‐1 (AtRGS1). These findings suggest that the decrease in V‐ATPase activity blocks endosomal trafficking. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that the PutVHA‐c plays an important role in plant growth by influencing V‐ATPase‐dependent endosomal trafficking.
Verifying the Indonesian version of the Child Behavior Checklist
Authors: Hartini Sri , Hapsara Sunartini , Herini Siti E. , Takada Satoshi
Published: April 2015

Background

The Child Behavior Checklist for Ages 6–18 (CBCL/6‐18) is widely used to assess emotional and behavioral problems in children in the USA and Europe. Given that Indonesia has a more traditional culture that is different from the USA and Europe, it is possible that the CBCL is not effective in assessing the emotional and behavioral problems of Indonesian children, due to a difference in culture. Moreover, the validity and reliability of the Indonesian version of the CBCL/6‐18 have not been tested. The purpose of this study was therefore to test the validity and reliability of the Indonesian version of the CBCL/6‐18.

Methods

Three hundred and eight mothers of children attending public primary schools participated in this study by completing the self‐administered questionnaire.

Results

All items of the CBCL were positively correlated with total score (0.15–0.59), and total problems score had high internal consistency (r = 0.94). The correlations between questionnaire items and the eight subscales of the CBCL ranged from 0.10 to 0.74 and from 0.12 to 0.64 for the internalizing and externalizing scales, respectively (P < 0.01). The eight subscales of the CBCL had good internal consistency (0.61–0.87).

Conclusions

The CBCL/6‐18 is a valid and reliable instrument to measure emotional and behavioral problems in Indonesian children aged 6–12 years.
Prediction of medication non‐adherence and associated outcomes in pediatric kidney transplant recipients
Authors: Connelly James , Pilch N. , Oliver M. , Jordan C. , Fleming J. , Meadows H. , Baliga P. , Nadig S. , Twombley K. , Shatat I. , Taber D.
Published: April 2015

Studies have continued to evaluate risk factors associated with post‐transplant non‐adherence in pediatric patients. However, many of these studies fail to evaluate how risk factors can be utilized to predict MNA. The aims of this study were to (i) determine salient risk factors associated with MNA to develop an adequate predictive risk model and (ii) assess transplant outcomes based on the presence of MNA in a large, diverse cohort of pediatric KTX recipients. One hundred and seventy‐five solitary pediatric KTX recipients transplanted from 1999 to 2013 were included. AA, males, older patients, those who lived in urban environments, had legal issues, and lived shorter distances from the transplant center were more likely to have MNA. Using logistic regression, a parsimonious model applying nine risk factors together was developed for predicting MNA, demonstrating a PPV of 69% and a NPV of 81%. Patients with MNA had more than twice the risk of biopsy proven acute rejection, 1.6 times the risk of hospitalization, and 1.8 times the risk of graft loss. Utilization of a predictive model to determine risk of MNA after pediatric KTX may offer clinicians the ability to efficiently and effectively monitor MNA following transplant.
Ultraviolet B Inhibits Skin Wound Healing by Affecting Focal Adhesion Dynamics
Authors: Liu Han , Yue Jiping , Lei Qiang , Gou Xuewen , Chen Shao‐Yu , He Yu‐Ying , Wu Xiaoyang
Published: April 2015

As the most important interface between human body and external environment, skin acts as an essential barrier preventing various environmental damages, among which DNA‐damaging UV radiation from the sun remains the major environmental risk factor causing various skin diseases. It has been well documented that wavelengths in the ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation range (290–320 nm) of the solar spectrum can be absorbed by skin and lead to cutaneous injury and various other deleterious effects. During process such as wound healing, the orchestrated movement of cells in a particular direction is essential and highly regulated, integrating signals controlling adhesion, polarity and the cytoskeleton. Cell adhesion and migration are modulated through both of actin and microtubule cytoskeletons. However, little was known about how UVB affects skin wound healing and migration of epidermal keratinocytes. Here, we demonstrate that UVB can delay the wound healing progress in vivo with a murine model of full‐thickness skin wound. In addition, UVB significantly inhibited keratinocyte motility by altering focal adhesion turnover and cytoskeletal dynamics. Our results provide new insights into the etiology of UVB exposure‐induced skin damages.
Characterization of the first two viruses described from wild populations of hammer orchids (Drakaea spp.) in Australia
Authors: Ong J. W. L. , Phillips R. D. , Dixon K. W. , Jones M. G. K. , Wylie S. J.
Published: April 2015

Sequences representing the genomes of two distinct virus isolates infecting wild plants of two members of the genus Drakaea (hammer orchids) in Western Australia are described. The virus isolated from Drakaea livida has a bipartite genome of 4490 nt (RNA1) and 2905 nt (RNA2) that shares closest sequence and structural similarity to members of the genus Pecluvirus, family Virgaviridae, described from legumes in the Indian subcontinent and West Africa. However, it differs from pecluviruses by lacking a P39 protein on RNA2 and having a cysteine‐rich protein gene located 3′ of the triple gene block protein genes. It is the first peclu‐like virus to be described from Australia. The name Drakaea virus A is proposed (DVA; proposed member of the family Virgaviridae, genus unassigned). The second virus isolate was identified from Drakaea elastica, a species classed as endangered under conservation legislation. The genome sequence of this virus shares closest identity with isolates of Donkey orchid symptomless virus (DOSV; proposed member of the order Tymovirales, family and genus unassigned), a species described previously from wild Caladenia and Diuris orchids in the same region. These viruses are the first to be isolated from wild Drakaea populations and are proposed to have an ancient association with their orchid hosts.
Release method evaluation for swift fox reintroduction at Bad River Ranches in South Dakota
Authors: Sasmal Indrani , Honness Kevin , Bly Kristy , McCaffery Magnus , Kunkel Kyran , Jenks Jonathan A. , Phillips Mike
Published: April 2015

Reintroductions have increasingly become effective at restoring populations of imperiled native wildlife. How animals are reintroduced into unfamiliar environments may have pronounced impacts on behavior, survival, and reproduction. We evaluated the influence of four release methods on survival rates of translocated swift foxes at Bad River Ranches (BRR) in western South Dakota: (1) hard‐release, (2) short‐soft‐release, (3) long‐soft‐release, and (4) captive born. A total of 179 foxes captured in Wyoming during 2002–2007 and in Colorado during 2006–2007 were released into BRR and the surrounding area. In addition, 43 pups born to foxes in the long‐soft‐release category were also released. All release methods incorporated a 14‐ to 21‐day quarantine period. Hard‐release foxes were released directly from a transport kennel, whereas short‐soft‐release foxes were released from soft‐release pens by opening the door and allowing the foxes to leave voluntarily. Long‐soft‐release foxes were held for more than 250 days on‐site in soft‐release pens through the winter and released in the following year in early summer. During 2002–2007, survival of reintroduced foxes differed significantly (p< 0.05) by age (adult vs. juvenile), release year, and release method. The short‐soft‐release method had the highest 60‐day post‐release survival probability compared with the other release methods. We did not detect any differences in mortality hazards between wild‐born and short‐soft‐release foxes. Reintroduction programs based on short‐soft‐releases are useful for restoring or augmenting populations to advance the conservation of the swift fox.
Direct seeding of Brazilian savanna trees: effects of plant cover and fertilization on seedling establishment and growth
Authors: Silva Raíssa R. P. , Oliveira Daniel R. , da Rocha Gustavo P. E. , Vieira Daniel L. M.
Published: April 2015

Direct seeding is a promising technique for ecological restoration, but it has been poorly studied in neotropical savannas. Different types of plant cover (no cover, crops, or green manure) and fertilization (unfertilized, synthetic fertilizer, or poultry litter) were used to verify if survival and growth of different tree species after direct seeding could be enhanced by the use of any combination of these techniques. Seedling emergence, establishment, and growth were followed for 2 years for six savanna tree species sown in an agricultural field in Central Brazil. Germination was high (52%, on average) for Anacardium occidentale, Aspidosperma macrocarpon, Hymenaea stigonocarpa, Dipteryx alata, Eugenia dysenterica, and Magonia pubescens. Six additional species were planted, but less than 5% of these seeds germinated. Crops (60% shade) did not affect seedling survival and biomass compared with the control treatment, supporting the use of this strategy during the initial phase of restoration to involve farmers in the process. In contrast, the excessive shading (95%) from the green manure treatment decreased the survival of two species and the growth in biomass and diameter of five species, especially when combined with fertilization. Seedling growth was very slow throughout the experiment, requiring extended weed management. This study supports the use of direct seeding of the studied species for savanna restoration, but methods could be improved to include a larger number of species.
Family caregivers' views on coordination of care in Huntington's disease: a qualitative study
Authors: Røthing Merete , Malterud Kirsti , Frich Jan C.
Published: April 2015

Background

Collaboration between family caregivers and health professionals in specialised hospitals or community‐based primary healthcare systems can be challenging. During the course of severe chronic disease, several health professionals might be involved at a given time, and the patient's illness may be unpredictable or not well understood by some of those involved in the treatment and care.

Aim

The aim of this study was to explore the experiences and expectations of family caregivers for persons with Huntington's disease concerning collaboration with healthcare professionals.

Methods

To shed light on collaboration from the perspectives of family caregivers, we conducted an explorative, qualitative interview study with 15 adult participants experienced from caring for family members in all stages of Huntington's disease. Data were analysed with systematic text condensation, a cross‐case method for thematic analysis of qualitative data.

Results

We found that family caregivers approached health services hoping to understand the illness course and to share their concerns and stories with skilled and trustworthy professionals. Family caregivers felt their involvement in consultations and access to ongoing exchanges of knowledge were important factors in improved health services. They also felt that the clarity of roles and responsibilities was crucial to collaboration.

Conclusions

Family caregivers should be acknowledged for their competences and should be involved as contributors in partnerships with healthcare professionals. Our study suggests that building respectful partnerships with family caregivers and facilitating the mutual sharing of knowledge may improve the coordination of care. It is important to establish clarity of roles adjusted to caregivers' individual resources for managing responsibilities in the care process.
Conversations between persons with dementia disease living in nursing homes and nurses – qualitative evaluation of an intervention with the validation method
Authors: Söderlund Mona , Cronqvist Agneta , Norberg Astrid , Ternestedt Britt‐Marie , Hansebo Görel
Published: April 2015

Living with dementia disease (DD) can include difficulties describing experiences of everyday lives, which can lead to withdrawal, social isolation or existential homelessness. Persons with DD living in nursing homes are mainly dependent on the nurses for establishing and maintaining relationships with those around them. It can be challenging for nurses to understand what a person with DD is trying to express and to make themselves understood in turn. The validation method is intended to facilitate communication with persons with DD, but to our knowledge, there have been no qualitative studies of how this influences persons' communication. This study aimed to illuminate the actions and reactions of persons with DD living in nursing homes in one‐to‐one conversations with nurses during 1 year of validation method training, as observed in videotapes. Four persons with DD were involved in videotaped conversations with four nurses who were participating in a validation method training programme. Videotapes with at least 5 months between the first and last recording were analysed and compared qualitatively. The findings are presented in four categories that were identified to various degrees in conversations at the beginning and at the end of the programme: being uninterested in or unable to answer questions, talking about more than one topic of conversation at the same time, trying to talk about what is on one's mind and speaking more freely about what is on one's mind. In the videotaped conversations at the end of the programme, the persons had the opportunity to use their remaining communication abilities. This may have been related to the development of the nurses' communication skills during the training programme, and so it is possible that persons with DD could benefit from communicating with nurses trained in the validation method.
The meaning of quality of care in home care settings: older lesbian and bisexual women's perspectives
Authors: Grigorovich Alisa
Published: April 2015

Research suggests that the experience of being a lesbian or bisexual woman influences women's interactions with health care providers, and their perception of the quality of care. Limited research to date, however, has examined how ageing and sexuality mediates women's experiences of quality, when accessing health care in the community. To fill a gap in the literature, this study investigated older lesbian and bisexual women's perspectives on the meaning of quality of care in the context of receiving home care services. This was a qualitative single case study. Sixteen participants, aged 55–72 from Ontario, Canada, participated in semi‐structured interviews between 2011 and 2012. The interviews were recorded and transcribed. The interview data were analysed using iterative thematic analysis and guided by a feminist ethic of care perspective. Participants described quality of care in ways that were in line with a feminist ethic of care; that is, they wanted care providers to be responsive and attentive to their needs, to involve them in the caring process and to demonstrate respect and caring. Participants also indicated that providers’ comfort with, and knowledge of, sexual diversity was important for enabling quality of care. These findings deepen our understanding of how to support quality of care for this population through changes to provider education and training, and health policy.
Views concerning patient dignity among relatives to patients experiencing psychosis
Authors: Skorpen Frode , Thorsen Arlene Arstad , Forsberg Christina , Rehnsfeldt Arne
Published: April 2015

Background

Mental illness influences not only the suffering patient but often changes family life forever and results in experience of reduced dignity for both patients and relatives.

Aim

The aim of this study was to reveal relatives’ opinions regarding what is important for taking care of patients’ dignity.

Participants

Thirteen relatives of patients experiencing psychosis were recruited through a relatives’ user organisation.

Research design

The methodological approach is Q methodology. A Q sample of 51 statements was sorted in a quasinormal distribution curve. Postinterviews were conducted with all participants.

Results

Four viewpoints emerged described as ‘value based’, ‘expectations’, ‘asymmetric’ and ‘nuanced’.

Conclusion

Focus on overarching values such as honesty and respect, to involve patients and relatives in care, by reducing asymmetry between patients and staff, with staff taking total responsibility for a patient's situation when needed, all represent aspects of taking care of patient dignity.
Similar magnitude of post‐exercise hyperglycemia despite manipulating resistance exercise intensity in type 1 diabetes individuals
Authors: Turner D. , Gray B. J. , Luzio S. , Dunseath G. , Bain S. C. , Hanley S. , Richards A. , Rhydderch D. C. , Ayles M. , Kilduff L. P. , Campbell M. D. , West D. J. , Bracken R. M.
Published: April 2015

The aim of this study was to compare the glycemic and glucoregulatory hormone responses to low‐ and moderate‐intensity morning resistance exercise (RE) sessions in type 1 diabetes (T1DM). Following maximal strength assessments (1RM), eight T1DM (HbA1C:72 ± 12 mmol/mol, age:34 ± 7 years, body mass index:25.7 ± 1.6 kg/m2) participants attended the research facility on two separate occasions, having fasted and taken their usual basal insulin but omitting rapid‐acting insulin. Participants performed six exercises for two sets of 20 repetitions at 30%1RM during one session [low‐intensity RE session (LOW)] and two sets of 10 repetitions at 60%1RM during another session [moderate‐intensity RE session (MOD)], followed by 65‐min recovery. Sessions were matched for total mass lifted (kg). Venous blood samples were taken before and after exercise. Data (mean ± SEM) were analyzed using analysis of variance (P ≤ 0.05). There were no hypoglycemic occurrences throughout the study. Blood glucose rose similarly between sessions during exercise (P = 0.382), remaining comparable between sessions throughout recovery (P > 0.05). There was no effect of RE intensity on metabolic acidosis (P > 0.05) or peak growth hormone responses (P = 0.644), but a tendency for greater catecholamine responses under LOW (individualized peak concentrations: adrenaline MOD 0.55 ± 0.13 vs LOW 1.04 ± 0.37 nmol/L, P = 0.155; noradrenaline MOD 4.59 ± 0.86 vs LOW 7.11 ± 1.82 nmol/L, P = 0.082). The magnitude of post‐exercise hyperglycemia does not differ between equal volume low and moderate intensity RE sessions performed in the morning.
Cardiovascular health in former elite male athletes
Authors: Johansson J. K. , Kujala U. M. , Sarna S. , Karanko H. , Puukka P. J. , Jula A. M.
Published: April 2015

To increase our knowledge on the effects of previous and current physical activity on cardiovascular health, we studied a group of Finnish male former elite athletes (endurance, n = 49; power, n = 50) and their 49 age and area‐matched controls, aged 64–89 years. Body mass index (BMI), fasting serum glucose, lipids, blood pressure, and ultrasonography of cardiac and carotid artery structure and function were measured. Former endurance athletes smoked less, had lower prevalence of hypertension, and had higher intensity and volume of leisure time physical activity (LTPA) than the controls. No difference was detected in cardiac or carotid artery structure and function between these groups. Former athletes performing high‐intensity LTPA were slightly younger (possible selection bias), had lower BMI and waist circumference, lower use of antihypertensives, lower prevalence of diabetes, lower pulse wave velocity, and higher carotid artery elasticity than former athletes not performing high‐intensity LTPA. In conclusion, former athletes had a higher intensity and volume of LTPA than the controls. Athletes performing vigorous LTPA had more elastic arteries than athletes performing moderately or no LTPA. Vigorous LTPA through the whole lifetime associates with good cardiovascular health, although the previous medical history may play an important role.
“Voluntary PR Voting” in the Election of Swiss Regional Governments
Authors: Lachat Romain , Kriesi Hanspeter
Published: April 2015

This paper analyses citizens' voting behaviour in the April 2011 elections of the regional governments in the cantons of Zurich and Lucerne. These elections were conducted with a majoritarian electoral system in a multi‐member district. In both cantons, the number of candidates in competition is relatively limited due to “voluntary PR”, that is, a coordination effort among parties that aims to achieve a proportional distribution of government seats. If citizens cast all of their votes, they must support candidates from various ideological camps. Alternatively, they can limit the number of votes used to cast a more concentrated vote. This paper examines what factors lead citizens to cast an ideologically concentrated or dispersed vote. The results show that the degree of ideological concentration of citizens' votes is related to partisan preferences, strategic considerations, political knowledge, and the level of satisfaction with the government performance.
Phosphorus availability and environmental risks in potato fields in North Florida
Authors: Liao X. , Liu G. , Hogue B. , Li Y.
Published: April 2015

Soil phosphorus (P) availability was compared with Mehlich‐1 soil testing and P fractionation at a research farm (RF) and 32 private farms (PFs) in north Florida. The environmental risks caused by P release were evaluated using the P saturation ratio (PSR). Soil Mehlich‐1 P at the RF and the PFs was 41.9 ± 4.1 and 278 ± 13 mg/kg, respectively. The dominant inorganic P fraction for all farms was NaOH‐Pi (Al/Fe‐bound P) followed by HCl‐Pi (Ca/Mg‐bound P) at most of the PFs but by NaOH‐Po for the RF. Furthermore, the high PSR at the PFs indicated high risks of P loss from soil. To improve P use efficiency and enhance ecological sustainability, better P nutrient management should be implemented for Florida crop production.
Assessment of Risk Factors in Milk Contamination with Staphylococcus aureus in Urban and Peri‐Urban Small‐Holder Dairy Farming in Central Ethiopia
Authors: Tigabu E. , Asrat D. , Kassa T. , Sinmegn T. , Molla B. , Gebreyes W.
Published: April 2015

Assessment of risk factors associated with milk production systems is central to ensuring quality and safety of milk and milk products. This study was aimed at identifying possible risk factors in milk contamination in urban and peri‐urban areas of the central high lands of Ethiopia. A total of 477 on‐farm pooled milk (n = 433) and combined bulk milk samples (n = 44) were collected and processed using standard microbiological techniques to isolate and characterize Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, 433 individual farm owners and 22 collection centre owners were interviewed using a structured and pre‐tested questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine risk factors. Of the total individual on‐farm pooled milk samples analysed (n = 433), it was found that 103 of the individual milk samples (24%) and 17 of the combined bulk milk (39%) were positive for S. aureus. This difference in prevalence was statistically significant. Even though there were a number of potential variables associated with the recovery of S. aureus in bovine milk, four variables including cleaning milk container with hot water and detergent [Adjusted OR: 0.342, 95% CI, (0.166, 0.701)], mastitis check [Adjusted OR: 3.019, 95% CI (1.542, 5.913)], travel time to collection centres [Adjusted OR: 4.932, 95% CI, (2.265, 10.739)] and amount of milk delivered by farmers to collection centres per day [Adjusted OR: 1.059 (1.032, 1.087 β = 0.057)] were found to be statistically significantly associated with isolation of S. aureus. We recommend a targeted educational intervention on defined risk factors to reduce the post‐harvest S. aureus contamination of raw milk in urban and peri‐urban milk shed areas of central Ethiopia.
Ammonia and Gasoline Fuel Blends for Spark Ignited Internal Combustion Engines
Authors: Haputhanthri Shehan Omantha , Maxwell Timothy Taylor , Fleming John , Austin Chad
Published: April 2015

Ammonia, when blended with hydrocarbon fuels, can be used as a composite fuel to power existing internal combustion (IC) engines. Feasibility of developing ammonia gasoline liquid fuel blends and the use of ethanol as an emulsifier to enhance the solubility of ammonia in gasoline were studied using a small thermostated vapor liquid equilibrium (VLE) high-pressure cell. Engine dynamometer tests were conducted for developed fuel blends to measure the performance. Gasoline with 30% ethanol can retain 17.35% of ammonia in the liquid phase by volume basis. Engine dynamometer results show ammonia-rich fuels result in an increased torque and power output especially at higher engine speeds.
Design of Scour Protection Systems in Offshore Wind Farms
Authors: Matutano Clara , Negro Vicente , López-Gutiérrez José-Santos , Dolores Esteban M.
Published: April 2015

Scour compromises the operation of offshore facilities. This article describes the results of an investigation aimed at the analysis of different methods used in the scour protection systems design at offshore wind farms. The study is focused on transitional waters, where monopile foundations present medium or large diameters. Using the experience of offshore wind farms currently installed, a new design formula is proposed. All of this with the aim of improving a preliminary design of scour protection systems considering maritime parameters.
Optimum Performance Improvements of the Combined Cycle Based on an Intercooler–Reheated Gas Turbine
Authors: Ibrahim Thamir K. , Rahman M. M.
Published: April 2015

The performance enhancements and modeling of the gas turbine (GT), together with the combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) power plant, are described in this study. The thermal analysis has proposed intercooler–reheated-GT (IHGT) configuration of the CCGT system, as well as the development of a simulation code and integrated model for exploiting the CCGT power plants performance, using the matlab code. The validation of a heavy-duty CCGT power plants performance is done through real power plants, namely, MARAFIQ CCGT plants in Saudi Arabia with satisfactory results. The results from this simulation show that the higher thermal efficiency of 56% MW, while high power output of 1640 MW, occurred in IHGT combined cycle plants (IHGTCC), having an optimal turbine inlet temperature about 1900 K. Furthermore, the CCGT system proposed in the study has improved power output by 94%. The results of optimization show that the IHGTCC has optimum power of 1860 MW and thermal efficiency of 59%. Therefore, the ambient temperatures and operation conditions of the CCGT strongly affect their performance. The optimum level of power and efficiency is seen at high turbine inlet temperatures and isentropic turbine efficiency. Thus, it can be understood that the models developed in this study are useful tools for estimating the CCGT power plant's performance.
Evaporation of Condensate Droplets on Structured Surfaces with Gradient Roughness
Authors: Yao Shuhuai , Wang Zuankai
Published: April 2015

The study of evaporation dynamics of droplets is of scientific interest and has numerous practical applications. Here, we studied the evaporation of small condensate droplets on structured surfaces with one-tier microscale roughness and two-tier micro/nanoscale roughness (the top and valley of micropillars are covered by nanograss), respectively. On both surfaces, the micropillar arrays are arranged in a radical lattice with the decreasing pillar-to-pillar spacing towards the center of the surface (The first figures in Figs. 1 and 2). The condensate droplets on structured surfaces were formed by conducting condensation inside environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM, Philips XL-30, ~4.9 Torr, stage temperature ~ 3°C). The condensate droplet on the one-tier surface stays in a Cassie-state (0 s in Fig. 1). However, owing to the preferential droplet nucleation on the smooth sidewall of micropillars, the condensate droplet on the two-tier surface maintains in the composite state (0 s in Fig. 2). To visualize the evaporation dynamics of condensate droplet, we gradually decreased the vapor pressure in the chamber from ~4.9 Torr to ~4.2 Torr. On the one-tier surface (Fig. 1), the droplet first evaporates in a constant contact radius mode (CCR, 0-124 s), followed by a constant contact angle mode (CCA, 136-166 s), and a mixed mode of both CCR and CCA (188-224 s). By contrast, on the two-tier surface (Fig. 2), the condensate droplet first evaporates in the CCR mode, with the solid-liquid contact line remain pinned until the formation of a flat liquid-air interface at the top of micropillars at ~86 s. After that, the liquid-air interface at the top of surface remains flat and the liquid evaporation is dominant in the lateral direction (96-170 s), with the liquid cylinder symmetrically shrinking towards the center of the surface. The presence of a stable and flat liquid/air interface at the top of surface is due to the stabilization effect rendered by the nanograss on the micropillars.
New Thermal Energy Storage Materials From Industrial Wastes: Compatibility of Steel Slag With the Most Common Heat Transfer Fluids
Authors: Ortega-Fernández Iñigo , Rodríguez-Aseguinolaza Javier , Gil Antoni , Faik Abdessamad , D’Aguanno Bruno
Published: April 2015

Slag is one of the main waste materials of the iron and steel manufacturing. Every year about 20 × 106 tons of slag are generated in the U.S. and 43.5 × 106 tons in Europe. The valorization of this by-product as heat storage material in thermal energy storage (TES) systems has numerous advantages which include the possibility to extend the working temperature range up to 1000 °C, the reduction of the system cost, and at the same time, the decrease of the quantity of waste in the iron and steel industry. In this paper, two different electric arc furnace (EAF) slags from two companies located in the Basque Country (Spain) are studied. Their thermal stability and compatibility in direct contact with the most common heat transfer fluids (HTFs) used in the concentrated solar power (CSP) plants are analyzed. The experiments have been designed in order to cover a wide range of temperature up to the maximum operation temperature of 1000 °C corresponding to the future generation of CSP plants. In particular, three different fluids have been studied: synthetic oil (Syltherm 800®) at 400 °C, molten salt (Solar Salt) at 500 °C, and air at 1000 °C. In addition, a complete characterization of the studied slags and fluids used in the experiments is presented showing the behavior of these materials after 500 hr laboratory-tests.
On the Evaluation of Stress Triaxiality Fields in a Notched Titanium Alloy Sample Via Integrated Digital Image Correlation
Authors: Lindner Dominik , Mathieu Florent , Hild François , Allix Olivier , Ha Minh Cuong , Paulien-Camy Olivier
Published: April 2015

This paper presents a coupled experimental/numerical procedure to evaluate triaxiality fields. Such a type of analysis is applied to a tensile test on a thin notched sample made of Ti 6-4 alloy. The experimental data consist of digital images and corresponding load levels, and a commercial code (abaqus) is used in an integrated approach to digital image correlation (DIC). With the proposed procedure, samples with complex shapes can be analyzed independently without having to resort to other tests to calibrate the material parameters of a given constitutive law to evaluate triaxilities. The regularization involved in the integrated DIC (I-DIC) procedure allows the user to deal with experimental imperfections such as cracking of the paint and/or poor quality of the speckle pattern. For the studied material, different hardening postulates are tested up to a level of equivalent plastic strain about three times higher than those achievable in a tensile test on smooth samples. Different finite element (FE) discretizations and model hypotheses (i.e., 2D plane stress and 3D simulations) are compared.
Energetically Consistent Calculations for Oblique Impact in Unbalanced Systems With Friction
Authors: Stronge W. J.
Published: April 2015

Analytical mechanics is used to derive original 3D equations of motion that represent impact at a point in a system of rigid bodies. For oblique impact between rough bodies in an eccentric (unbalanced) configuration, these equations are used to compare the calculations of energy dissipation obtained using either the kinematic, the kinetic, or the energetic coefficient of restitution (COR); eN,eP, or e*. Examples demonstrate that for equal energy dissipation by nonfrictional sources, either eN≤e*≤eP or eP≤e*≤eN depending on whether the unbalance of the impact configuration is positive or negative relative to the initial direction of slip. Consequently, when friction brings initial slip to rest during the contact period, calculations that show energy gains from impact can result from either the kinematic or the kinetic COR. On the other hand, the energetic COR always correctly accounts for energy dissipation due to both hysteresis of the normal contact force and friction, i.e., it is energetically consistent.
Sonic Control of Dynamic Compressor Instability
Authors: Bodine A. G.
Published: April 2015

The object of the experiment discussed in this paper was to determine (to a preliminary degree) the extent to which the operating range could be extended and the surging characteristics varied by the combination of acoustic suppressors with an air compressor, such as by connection to the discharge duct system of the air compressor.
Development Experience With Prototype Gas Turbines
Authors: Cook J. E.
Published: April 2015

In 1956 Standard-Vacuum Oil Company built fluid catalytic-cracking plants in two Asian refineries, using four identical 3000-hp gas-fired turbines to drive main air blowers and gas compressors. A newly designed, unproven gas turbine was purchased for this application. This paper describes the major field problems encountered and modifications necessary to put the unit into commercial operation. Severe blade damage due to sulfur in fuel gas, the fouling of combustor air baffles, thrust bearing failure, axial-compressor fouling, and the effects of high ambient temperatures were experienced and corrected by the co-operative effort of manufacturer’s and owner’s overseas field personnel.
Operation and Maintenance of Remotely Controlled Gas-Turbine Units
Authors: Hill R. C. , Hubbell R. H. , Krapp M. L.
Published: April 2015

Trans-Arabian Pipe Line Company and the Arabian American Oil Company have installed a group of portable auxiliary pumping units at intermediate locations on the crude-oil pipeline across Arabia to the Mediterranean. The units are powered by 5000-hp General Electric gas turbines burning crude oil for fuel and are controlled by radio from upstream pump stations. Operating experience between 1957 and September 1959 indicates that the design promise of 80 per cent operating factor was conservative. Intensive effort has been applied to overcome mechanical faults, crude-oil combustion problems, and control instability. Major problems are discussed in detail with a description of the methods and facilities used to reduce the effect on operating reliability and maintenance expense. The paper briefly discusses development work now in progress which is expected to smooth out seasonal capacity fluctuations and possibly result in a substantial increase over design rating. Since much of the development work is still in progress, it is the intent of this paper to review the operation of the subject pumping units to date. It is intended that a paper to follow this one at a future date will report in more detail the operating experience as a result of the work now being done.
Description of a 9000 HP Single Shaft Gas Turbine
Authors: Schoeppner O. C.
Published: April 2015

Low first cost and little need for maintenance assure the industrial gas turbine an important place for many applications where the lower thermal efficiency as compared with other prime movers is not a decisive factor. The simplicity of the gas turbine finds its best expression in the compact integrated single shaft design featuring a single compressor-turbine rotor supported in two bearings, the whole including the combustion system being contained in a common casing structure. The recognized need for simplicity together with reliability has been the main consideration in the design of the unit presented in the following description. At present, an intensive test program is under way and it is expected that the new Clark gas turbine will soon be ready for installation.
Practical Stage Performance Correlations for Centrifugal Compressors
Authors: Wiesner Frank J.
Published: April 2015

This paper contains some peak-performance criteria, based predominantly upon test data, which account for the effects of almost all of the significant design variables on the practical over-all performance of carefully designed centrifugal-compressor stages (having vaneless diffusers, well-matched return channels or volutes, and no inlet prerotation). This information is expected to allow a designer to take advantage of the best possible performance history of the past in creating successful “low-cost” centrifugal-stage designs for any application. Utilization of the basic material described in this paper is qualified by the presentation of performance correlations for the stages of two different centrifugal refrigeration compressors, each of which was operated with air and with its design refrigerant vapor. In this portion of the study, it is demonstrated that successful correlations of centrifugal compressor-stage performance can be accomplished, even though the test and design vapors produce considerably diverse conditions of rotational Mach number and specific-heat ratio. These correlations include not only the peak-performance parameters, but the basic shapes of the characteristic curves as well.