bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Time-difference blow-spinning to a flexible dual-scale multilayer fabric for highly efficient electromagnetic interference shielding
Authors: Song Wei , Hu Shuang , Lu Jiaxiang , Su Liang , Li Zhemin , Liu Junchen , Wu Yufeng , Song Jianan , Liu Zhenglian , Xu Shuaikai , Lin Sen
Published: August 2022

A multilayer fabric consisting of PAN fibers with MXene coating prepared by time-difference blow-spinning exhibits remarkable EMI shielding due to synergistic effects of surface reflection, internal multiple scattering and multiple reflections.
Revisiting PARP2 and PARP1 trapping through quantitative live-cell imaging
Authors: Zhang Hanwen , Lin Xiaohui , Zha Shan
Published: August 2022

Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1) and 2 (PARP2) are two DNA damage-induced poly (ADP-ribose) (PAR) polymerases in cells and are the targets of PARP inhibitors used for cancer therapy. Strand breaks recruit and activate PARP1 and 2, which rapidly generate PAR from NAD+. PAR promotes the recruitment of other repair factors, relaxes chromatin, and has a role in DNA repair, transcription regulation, and RNA biology. Four PARP1/2 dual inhibitors are currently used to treat BRCA-deficient breast, ovarian, prostate, and pancreatic cancers. In addition to blocking the enzymatic activity of PARP1 and 2, clinical PARP inhibitors extend the appearance of PARP1 and PARP2 on chromatin after damage, termed trapping. Loss of PARP1 confers resistance to PARP inhibitors, suggesting an essential role of trapping in cancer therapy. Yet, whether the persistent PARP1 and 2 foci at the DNA damage sites are caused by the retention of the same molecules or by the continual exchange of different molecules remains unknown. Here, we discuss recent results from quantitative live-cell imaging studies focusing on PARP1 and PARP2's distinct DNA substrate specificities and modes of recruitment and trapping with implications for cancer therapy and on-target toxicities of PARP inhibitors.
Adiabatic logic based shift registers for low energy IoT architecture—Design and contemplation
Authors: Sanadhya Minakshi , Kumar Sharma Devendra
Published: August 2022

Shift register is one of the important components in any digital circuit. By improving the performance of shift register, one can improvise the whole system performance. Shift registers are the basic memory units and data transfer devices in IoT applications. The efficacy of computing devices depends on the performance of arithmetic circuits, including shift registers. Adiabatic logic has been proposed as anew computing platform to develop power‐efficient IoT devices. This paper presents low power adiabatic shift registers. The design of shift registers uses D flipflop, based on DC‐DB PFAL (direct‐current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic). Performance parameters of the presented circuits are analyzed for transistor count, power dissipation, latency, and PDP (power delay product). Simulations are run for all the presented circuits at 180nm and 45nm technology nodes. It is found that the proposed parallel in parallel out shift register (PIPO) design outperforms with the improvement in PDP as 53%, 53%, and 57% compared to theserial in serial out (SISO), serial in parallel out (SIPO), and parallel inserial out (PISO) shift registers respectively at 100MHz and 45 nm technology node. Further, the proposed PIPO shift register shows improved performance than the other designs in the literature.
Optical gas sensing of sub‐ppm SO2F2 and SOF2 from SF6 decomposition based on photoacoustic spectroscopy
Authors: Zhang Ying , Wang Mingwei , Yu Pengcheng , Liu Zhe
Published: August 2022

SF6 has been recognized worldwide as the main insulating gas for Gas‐Insulated Switchgear (GIS). It is often required to accurately and effectively detect typical SF6 decomposition. In this paper, a sub‐ppm‐level SO2F2 and SOF2 gas sensor based on photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) is proposed and demonstrated. The steel resonant photoacoustic cell with a resonant frequency of 1750 Hz was designed and fabricated. The harmonic detection technique in wavelength modulation spectroscopy was applied to improve the signal‐to‐noise ratio. A mercury‐cadmium‐telluride photodetector was added in the PAS system to monitor the input optical power, in order to compensate for the errors caused by power fluctuations. SO2F2 and SOF2 were measured by using distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers at 6648 and 7463 nm, respectively. The results show that the proposed sensor performed with favourable linearity within the dynamic range, and reached the minimum detection limit of 0.22 ppm for SO2F2 and 0.28 ppm for SOF2, which indicated its great potential for monitoring the decomposition process of SF6 in GIS.
High metal content of highly accreting quasars: Analysis of an extended sample
Authors: Garnica K. , Negrete C. A. , Marziani P. , Dultzin D. , Śniegowska M. , Panda S.
Published: August 2022

Context.We present an analysis of UV spectra of quasars at intermediate redshifts believed to belong to the extreme Population A (xA), aimed to estimate the chemical abundances of the broad line emitting gas. We follow the approach described in a previous work, extending the sample to 42 sources.

Aim.Our aim is to test the robustness of the analysis carried out previously, as well as to confirm the two most intriguing results of this investigation: evidence of very high solar metallicities and a deviation of the relative abundance of elements with respect to solar values.

Methods.The basis of our analysis are multicomponent fits in three regions of the spectra centered at 1900, 1550, and 1400 Å in order to deblend the broad components of AlIIIλ1860, C III]λ1909, CIVλ1549, He IIλ1640, and SiIVλ1397+OIV]λ1402 and their blue excess.

Results.By comparing the observed flux ratios of these components with the same ratios predicted by the photoionization codeCLOUDY, we found that the virialized gas (broad components) presents a metallicity (Z) higher than 10Z⊙. For nonvirialized clouds, we derived a lower limit to the metallicity around ∼5Z⊙under the assumption of chemical composition proportional to the solar one, confirming the previous results. We especially relied on the ratios between metal lines and He IIλ1640. This allowed us to confirm systematic differences in the solar-scaled metallicity derived from the lines of Aluminum and Silicon, and of Carbon, with the first being a factor ≈2 higher.

Conclusions.For luminous quasars accreting at high rates, highZvalues are likely, butZ-scaled values are affected by the possible pollution due to highly-enriched gas associated with the circumnuclear star formation. The high-Zvalues suggest a complex process involving nuclear and circumnuclear star formation and an interaction between nuclear compact objects and an accretion disk, possibly with the formation of accretion-modified stars.
The impact of light intensity and wavelength on the performance of algal-bacterial culture treating domestic wastewater
Authors: Katam Keerthi , Ananthula Rishika , Anumala Sushmitha , Sriariyanun Malinee , Bhattacharyya Debraj
Published: August 2022

Light is the main energy source for microalgae, and the intensity and wavelength of light influence cell metabolism and biomass composition, which, in turn, affects wastewater treatment. The objective of this study is to examine how different light intensities and light wavelengths affect the growth of mixed algal-bacterial culture while treating sewage. Three different light intensities (100, 200, and 300 μmol/m2-s) of four different light wavelengths (blue, red, white, and yellow) were selected for this study. The dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved nitrogen (DN), and dissolved phosphorus (DP) in influent and effluent samples were measured, along with chlorophyll content in the biomass. The highest chlorophyll concentration of 3.5 mg/L was observed at 100 μmol/m2-s intensity of red light. The concentration of chlorophyll decreased as light intensity increased, with exception of white light. The highest DOC removal of 84% was observed at 300 μmol/m2-s intensity of blue light whereas the highest DN (51%) and DP (80%) removal was observed with a red light intensity of 100 μmol/m2-s. Overall, blue light with an intensity of 300 μmol/m2-s and red light with an intensity of 100 μmol/m2-s were found to be the most efficient at removing carbon and nutrients. The results suggested that the color and intensity of light influence algal-bacterial growth and wastewater treatment efficiency.
A comparative study of pH and temperature on rheological behaviour between Polyacrylamide (PAM) and its modified PAM
Authors: Koh Jin Kwei , Lai Chin Wei , Johan Mohd Rafie , Rangappa Sanjay Mavinkere , Siengchin Suchart
Published: August 2022

Drilling waste is a problem that affects the environment, society, and health. However, the rheological additive in drilling fluid is the source of the generation of drilling waste. Hence, a suitable rheological additive became a concern in bored pile construction. Conventional bentonite has been replaced by the usage of polymer in drilling operations, this is due to the operational, environmental, and economic aspects. Unlike bentonite, polyacrylamide (PAM) has a high molecular weight, good gelling behaviour, and is eco-friendly. However, there are limitations of PAM in terms of thermal stability and pH sensitivity. Therefore, the conventional polymer-based drilling fluid requires the hybridisation of functionalised material. In this paper, PAM with its enhancement is needed for water-based drilling through modification using silica (SiO2) and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). The paper presented a comparative analysis of rheological behaviour between polyacrylamide (PAM) and modified PAM. This research involved the influence of temperature (ambient to 80 °C) and pH (9 and 10). Results revealed that modified PAM performed better at 40 °C and pH 10. Furthermore, PAM and modified PAM had a better rheological performance at pH 10. Future studies can demonstrate the modified PAM as the drilling fluid in the bored pile construction to investigate the frictional resistance of the drilling fluid.
Effective solvents for proteins recovery from microalgae
Authors: Show Pau Loke , Chew Kit Wayne , Khoo Kuan Shiong , Tawai Atthasit
Published: August 2022

From an industrial perspective, the exploitation of microalgae as protein source is of great economical and commercial interest due to several attractive characteristics. However, the protein extraction efficiency is limited by the multiple layers of rigid and thick cell walls that are enriched with recalcitrant structure of cellulose. Therefore, an efficient method of cell disruption is necessary to disintegrate the cell wall and promote the release of protein contents. The conventional methods for downstream processing, e.g. disruption, isolation, extraction, concentration and purification, are energy-intensive and costly because they typically compose of several operational units. To reduce the overall process cost and establish an economical feasible process for the large-scale production of microalgae derived products, a more cost-effective and ecofriendly technique in downstream processing is in critical demand. One of the main challenges for protein extraction from microalgae cells is the recalcitrant structure of microalgae cell wall. This work aims to provide a guideline on the selection of the solvent to facilitate the proteins release during the cell disruption process. The influences of various solvent types (methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol and water) were evaluated and compared based on the protein yields. It was found that water solvent released the highest protein concentration from microalgae compared to the other tested solvents.
A comparative study of conventional and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction methods for the recovery of bioactive compound from Lion’s Mane mushroom (Hericium erinaceus)
Authors: Joradon Pinida , Rungsardthong Vilai , Ruktanonchai Uracha , Suttisintong Khomson , Iempridee Tawin , Thumthanaruk Benjawan , Vatanyoopaisarn Savitri , Uttapap Dutsadee
Published: August 2022

Lion’s Mane mushroom (Hericium erinaceus), LM, is a medicinal mushroom which has various bioactive compounds within its fruiting bodies. However, during the cultivation, a large amount of the irregular-shape LM (Ir-LM) was generated. This mushroom type was considered a mushroom by-product. In this study, conventional solvent extraction (Maceration) and supercritical fluid extraction using carbon dioxide (SCFE-CO2) were performed to compare the recovery of ergosterol, hericenone C, and hericene A content from Reg-LM and Ir-LM fruiting bodies. Furthermore, two extraction conditions (40°C at 200 bar and 70°C at 350 bar) were conducted for the SCFE-CO2technique. The results showed that SCFE-CO2methods produced a higher recovery of ergosterol and hericenone C as compared to the Maceration techniques. SCFE-CO2extracts were determined for their antioxidant activities. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the extract from 70°C at 350 bar was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the extract obtained from 40°C at 200 bar. The results revealed the use of green technology supercritical fluid extraction using carbon dioxide to recover bioactive compounds from mushroom by-products and apply for high-value added products.
3D upstream passability of novel river training structures by migratory fish in the river Waal
Authors: Flores Natasha Y. , Collas Frank P.L. , Leuven Rob S.E.W.
Published: August 2022

Longitudinal training dams (LTDs) are novel river training structures that divide a river into a main navigation channel and protected shore channels. High velocities at the inflows of shore channels constructed in the river Waal (The Netherlands) pose a potential bottleneck for migratory fish species swimming upstream. This study assessed the passability of the inflows using flow velocity datasets from governmental monitoring campaigns collected with an ADCP during high river discharges (Q = 3489–5066 m3/s at Lobith monitoring station). The swimming performance of several migratory fish species were estimated from their total lengths (TLs). A new 3D approach to visualize the flow velocity data using Voxler® software is presented.Gasterosteus aculeatus aculeatuswas the only fish species with an adult life stage unable to pass the 9 cases tested due to its small size. The juvenile European eel and thicklip grey mullet passed 1 and 0 of the cases, respectively. The most upstream inflow, located in the inner bend of the river, was the most passable. We recommend maximizing the cross-sectional area of the inflow sills in order to reduce the flow velocities experienced by migrating fish during high river discharges. This approach may be useful to assess passability at other locations and training structures.
Conserved Quantity for Fractional Constrained Hamiltonian System
Authors: SONG Chuanjing , WANG Jiahang
Published: August 2022

Singular system has great relationship with gauge field theory, condensed matter theory and some other research areas. Based on the mixed integer and Riemann-Liouville fractional derivatives, the fractional singular system is studied. Firstly, the fractional constrained Hamilton equation and the fractional inherent constraint are presented. Secondly, Lie symmetry and conserved quantity are analyzed, including determined equation, limited equation, additional limited equation and structural equation. And finally, an example is given to illustrate the methods and results.
Lie Symmetry Theorem for Nonshifted Birkhoffian Systems on Time Scales
Authors: CHEN Jinyue , ZHANG Yi
Published: August 2022

The Lie theorem for Birkhoffian systems with time-scale nonshifted variational problems are studied, including free Birkhoffian system, generalized Birkhoffian system and constrained Birkhoffian system. First, the time-scale nonshifted generalized Pfaff-Birkhoff principle is established, and the dynamical equations for three Birkhoffian systems under nonshifted variational problems are deduced. Afterwards, in the time-scale nonshifted variational problems, by introducing the infinitesimal transformations, Lie symmetry for free Birkhoffian system, generalized Birkhoffian system and constrained Birkhoffian system are defined respectively. Then Lie symmetry theorems for three kinds of Birkhoffian systems are deduced and proved. In the end, three examples are given to explain the applications for the results.
Zur Geschichte einer speziellen Verbindung von Universitäts-
und Anstaltspsychiatrie (1903–1974)
Authors: Braun Birgit
Published: August 2022

Einleitung Erst 1974 erfolgte die endgültige Trennung der Erlanger
Universitätspsychiatrie von der Bezirkspsychiatrie. Im vorliegenden
Aufsatz wird die über 70-jährige Geschichte einer speziellen
Verbindung von Universitäts- und Anstaltspsychiatrie näher
analysiert.

Methode Relevantes archivarisches Material sowie Primär- und
Sekundärliteratur wurden ausgewertet.

Ergebnisse Obwohl die Universität Erlangen mit Johann Michael
Leupoldts (1794–1874) psychiatrischen Vorlesungen ab 1818 eine
frühe Pflegstätte der Psychiatrie ist, wurde erst 1903 eine
Psychiatrische Klinik gegründet und zwar innerhalb des Verbandes der
Heil- und Pflegeanstalt (HuPflA). Die Klinikpatienten wurden
verwaltungstechnisch als „Anstaltsinsassen“ geführt, die
Klinik hatte keine eigenen Einnahmen. Insbesondere bemerkenswert ist, dass der
Direktor der psychiatrischen Universitätsklinik formal als
„Abteilungsarzt der Anstalt“ betrachtet wurde. Die
Autonomiebestrebungen der universitären Psychiatrie in Erlangen konnten
aufgrund der sozialpolitischen Situation bis zur Mitte der 1970er-Jahre nicht
verwirklicht werden.

Diskussion Neben persönlichen Unstimmigkeiten mag die
vertragsbedingt komplizierte dienstliche Abhängigkeit des
Klinikdirektors vom Anstaltsdirektor die jahrzehntelange
„mésalliance-Tradition“ zwischen Klinikvorstand und
Anstaltsleiter entscheidend mitbedingt haben. Zum regelrechten
öffentlichen Skandal gereichte 1978 eine Dienstaufsichtsbeschwerde bei
der Regierung von Mittelfranken wegen mangelnder Sicherung von
Patientenunterlagen und Medikamenten im Rahmen des Umzuges der ehemaligen
Anstaltsabteilungen in den Bezirkskrankenhaus-Neubau am Europakanal. Diesen
Vorgängen mag das Fehlen der Trennungsunterlagen zwischen
Universität und Bezirk geschuldet sein.

Ausblick In gewandelter Form besteht gegenwärtig eine
Zusammenarbeit der beiden Erlanger psychiatrischen Institutionen. So kann die
Psychiatrische Klinik stationäre Patienten des Bezirkskrankenhauses am
Europakanal in wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen einbeziehen.
Darüberhinausgehend kann der vorliegende Aufsatz die aktuelle Diskussion
um eine Form der bedarfsangepassten integrierten Patientenversorgung in
Zusammenschluss von Universitäts- und Anstaltspsychiatrie bereichern und
aufzeigen, wie eine interinstitutionelle psychiatrische Therapie gelingen
kann.
Magnetoresistance enhancement in a perpendicular (Co/Pt)4/Co/IrMn/(Co/Pt)2/Co structure
Authors: Feng Jiafeng , Wei H. X. , Ren Yong , Li Xinxi , Han X. F.
Published: August 2022

We investigate the magnetoresistance (MR) effect and magnetic properties in (Co/Pt)4/Co/IrMn (SFM) and (Co/Pt)4/Co/IrMn/(Co/Pt)2/Co (DFM) structures with (Co/Pt)4/Co and (Co/Pt)2/Co multilayers having a perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. Despite the exchange bias field, the antiferromagnetic IrMn layer itself influences the coercivity (Hc) and MR differently for both types of structures when the IrMn layer is thin. A suppressed Hc and an enhanced MR in the DFM samples are obtained compared with those in the SFM samples. The maximum MR reaches up to (0.6 ± 0.1)% when the IrMn thickness (tIrMn) of the DFM samples varies from 1.5 to ∼5 nm, but the MR value of the SFM samples remains (0.1 ± 0.05)% with the same tIrMn range. The suppressed Hc and the enhanced MR in the DFM samples may be due to the formation of an antiferromagnetic-type contact when large antiferromagnetic domains in the IrMn layer are sandwiched by (Co/Pt)4/Co and (Co/Pt)2/Co multilayers.
Defect engineered blue photoluminescence in ZnO:Al/TiO2 heterostructures
Authors: Saini C. P. , Bhowmick S. , Barman A. , Kumar N. , Das A. , Khan S. A. , Claverie A. , Kanjilal D. , Mahato R. N. , Singh K. , Kanjilal A.
Published: August 2022

Tailoring the blue photoluminescence (PL) in Al-doped ZnO (AZO)/TiO2 heterostructures is demonstrated by a controlled induction of shallow defect centers by 50 keV Ar+-ions. This is established by a combination of temperature dependent PL and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The dominant blue-violet PL in an as-grown sample comprises a near band-edge emission, along with a peak associated with a radiative recombination of the electrons in shallow donor levels (Zn interstitials) and the holes from the valence band. However, the evolution of an additional yellow-green PL band at a fluence of 1 × 1015 ions/cm2 is governed by deep donor levels, particularly ionized oxygen vacancies. Irradiation at 1 × 1016 ions/cm2 further leads to the formation of Zn vacancies (shallow acceptors) owing to the development of an O-rich surface. The structural modifications of these samples have been investigated by field-emission scanning electron microscopy , transmission electron microscopy, and Rutherford backscattering. While small micro-cracks are found at a fluence of 2 × 1016 ions/cm2, the formation of graded layers is obtained at the highest fluence of 5 × 1016 ions/cm2 owing to ballistic intermixing and diffusion of the constituents. Detailed investigation suggests that a significant amount of Ti atoms is diffused in AZO by a complete deterioration of the AZO/TiO2 matrix at the highest fluence.
Cross-linker design determines microtubule network organization by opposing motors
Authors: Henkin Gil , Chew Wei-Xiang , Nédélec François , Surrey Thomas
Published: August 2022

During cell division, cross-linking motors determine the architecture of the spindle, a dynamic microtubule network that segregates the chromosomes in eukaryotes. It is unclear how motors with opposite directionality coordinate to drive both contractile and extensile behaviors in the spindle. Particularly, the impact of different cross-linker designs on network self-organization is not understood, limiting our understanding of self-organizing structures in cells but also our ability to engineer new active materials. Here, we use experiment and theory to examine active microtubule networks driven by mixtures of motors with opposite directionality and different cross-linker design. We find that although the kinesin-14 HSET causes network contraction when dominant, it can also assist the opposing kinesin-5 KIF11 to generate extensile networks. This bifunctionality results from HSET’s asymmetric design, distinct from symmetric KIF11. These findings expand the set of rules underlying patterning of active microtubule assemblies and allow a better understanding of motor cooperation in the spindle.
Strain rate sensitivity and toughness behaviour of ductile iron under specific loading
Authors: Franzen Daniel , Habibi Niloufar , Könemann Markus , Münstermann Sebastian , Bührig-Polaczek Andreas
Published: August 2022

An efficient assessment of the mechanical properties of ductile iron (DI) under dynamic loading is usually missing. To address this gap, a plasticity model for DI grade EN-GJS-500-14 was suggested. Fracture mechanics (FM) and Charpy impact (CI) tests, high-speed and impact tensile tests as well as tensile tests at variable temperature and stress states were carried out on DIs with silicon contents from 2.10 to 3.64 wt-%. Toughness-related results indicate a difference in the transition temperatures of 100–140 K between CI and FM tests. The reason for this is assumed to be a pronounced strain rate sensitivity, which could be confirmed in the study. The plasticity model was able to predict toughness properties in CI tests.
Effect of individual characteristics and aerobic training on the %HRR‐%V̇O2R relationship
Authors: Ferri Marini Carlo , Sisti Davide , Skinner James S. , Sarzynski Mark A. , Bouchard Claude , Amatori Stefano , Rocchi Marco B. L. , Piccoli Giovanni , Stocchi Vilberto , Federici Ario , Lucertini Francesco
Published: August 2022

This study aimed to assess if, during incremental exercise, considering individual characteristics can make the relationship between the percentages of heart rate (HRR) and oxygen uptake (V̇O2R) reserve either 1:1 or more accurate. Cycle ergometer data of the maximal incremental exercise tests performed by 450 healthy and sedentary participants (17–66 years) of the HERITAGE Family Study, grouped for sex, ethnicity, age, body fat, resting HR, and V̇O2max, were used to calculate the individual linear regressions between %HRR and %V̇O2R. The mean slope and intercept of the individual linear regressions of each subgroup were compared with 1 and 0 (identity line), respectively, using Hotelling tests followed by post‐hoc one‐sample t‐tests. Two multiple linear regressions were also performed, using either the slopes or intercepts of the individual linear regressions as dependent variables and sex, age, resting HR, and V̇O2max as independent variables. The mean %HRR‐%V̇O2R relationships of all subgroups differed from the identity line. Moreover, individual linear regression intercepts (8.9 ± 16.0) and slopes (0.971 ± 0.190) changed (p < 0.001) after 20 weeks of aerobic training (13.1 ± 11.1 and 0.891 ± 0.122). The multiple linear regressions could explain only 3.8% and 1.3% of the variance in the intercepts and slopes, whose variability remained high (standard error of estimate of 15.8 and 0.189). In conclusion, the %HRR‐%V̇O2R relationship differs from the identity line regardless of individual characteristics and their difference increased after aerobic training. Moreover, due to the high interindividual variability, using a single equation for the whole population seems not suitable for representing the %HRR‐%V̇O2R relationship of a given subject, even when several individual characteristics are considered.
Dependence of the conductivity of two-dimensional site percolation network on the length-ratio of conducting paths to all bonds: the viewpoint of effective path theory
Authors: Zeng Jianwen , Wang Yu , Zheng Xiaojuan , Zhou Conghua
Published: August 2022

Previous studies have found that the network conductivity of 2-dimensional disordered nanowire networks (DNNs) scaled linearly with the length-ratio of conducting-paths to all nanowires. To show the universality of this rule, the conducting behavior of a 2-dimensional site percolation problem is studied in this article with the assistance of a Monte Carlo based numerical simulation. It is observed that, as the existence probability of site increases in the 2-dimensional site percolated network, more conducting-paths are formed, and the network becomes more conductive. After correlating the site-percolated lattice to DNNs, the normalized network conductivity is observed to scale linearly with the length-ratio of conducting-paths to all bonds, which could be well described by the linear formula using a slope of 2 and an incept of 0.5. As a result, the length-ratio of conducting-paths could again serve as a basic topological parameter in describing the conducting behavior of 2-dimensional site percolation networks. Such universality enables the definition of an ‘effective path theory’, in which the normalized network conductivity scales linearly with the length-ratio of conducting-paths to all bonds.
Determination of the direct bandgap value in In4Se3 thin films
Authors: de Brucker L , Moret M , Gil B , Desrat W
Published: August 2022

The value and the nature of the bandgap of In4Se3 are still not well defined, with a large spread of the experimental data between 0.42 and 1.68 eV and an uncertain nature, predicted to be indirect by ab initio band structure calculations. Here we report on the optical transmission and photoluminescence (PL) performed in In4Se3 thin films grown by coevaporation on (0001)-oriented sapphire wafers. The quality of the polycrystalline layers allows the first detection of the excitonic-like transition in the optical absorption of this compound at low temperature. The PL detected under weak laser excitation shows a bound exciton emission at 0.75 eV. Strong laser irradiation reveals a quadratic dependence of the PL intensity on the optical excitation, which demonstrates a stimulated emission at 0.79 eV in relation with an exciton–exciton scattering process. On the basis of a reasonable estimate of the exciton energy, equal to

10
−
15

meV, we evaluate the direct bandgap of In4Se3 to

0.82
±
0.01

eV at low temperature.
Intravital optical imaging for immune cell tracking after photoimmunotherapy with plasmonic gold nanostars
Authors: Chorniak Ericka , Liu Yang , Odion Ren , Etienne Wiguins , Canning Aidan , Nair Smita K , Maccarini Paolo , Palmer Gregory M , Inman Brant A , Vo-Dinh Tuan
Published: August 2022

Bladder cancer has been ranked as one of the most commonly occurring cancers in men and women with approximately half of the diagnoses being the late stage and/or metastatic diseases. We have developed a novel cancer treatment by combining gold nanostar-mediated photothermal therapy with checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy to treat bladder cancer. Experiment results with a murine animal model demonstrated that our developed photoimmunotherapy therapy is more efficacious than any individual studied treatment. In addition, we used intravital optical imaging with a dorsal skinfold window chamber animal model to study immune responses and immune cell accumulation in a distant tumor following our photoimmunotherapy. The mice used have the CX3CR1-GFP receptor on monocytes, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells allowing us to dynamically track their presence by fluorescence imaging. Our proof-of-principle study results showed that the photoimmunotherapy triggered anti-cancer immune responses to generate anti-cancer immune cells which accumulate in metastatic tumors. Our study results illustrate that intravital optical imaging is an efficient and versatile tool to investigate immune responses and mechanisms of photoimmunotherapy in future studies.
Attenuation coefficient in the energy range 14–36 keV of 3D printing materials for physical breast phantoms
Authors: Mettivier Giovanni , Sarno Antonio , Varallo Antonio , Russo Paolo
Published: August 2022

Objective. To measure the monoenergetic x-ray linear attenuation coefficient, μ, of fused deposition modeling (FDM) colored 3D printing materials (ABS, PLAwhite, PLAorange, PET and NYLON), used as adipose, glandular or skin tissue substitutes for manufacturing physical breast phantoms. Approach. Attenuation data (at 14, 18, 20, 24, 28, 30 and 36 keV) were acquired at Elettra synchrotron radiation facility, with step-wedge objects, using the Lambert–Beer law and a CCD imaging detector. Test objects were 3D printed using the Ultimaker 3 FDM printer. PMMA, Nylon-6 and high-density polyethylene step objects were also investigated for the validation of the proposed methodology. Printing uniformity was assessed via monoenergetic and polyenergetic imaging (32 kV, W/Rh). Main results. Maximum absolute deviation of μ for PMMA, Nylon-6 and HD-PE was 5.0%, with reference to literature data. For ABS and NYLON, μ differed by less than 6.1% and 7.1% from that of adipose tissue, respectively; for PET and PLAorange the difference was less than 11.3% and 6.3% from glandular tissue, respectively. PLAorange is a good substitute of skin (differences from −9.4% to +1.2%). Hence, ABS and NYLON filaments are suitable adipose tissue substitutes, while PET and PLAorange mimick the glandular tissue. PLAwhite could be printed at less than 100% infill density for matching the attenuation of glandular tissue, using the measured density calibration curve. The printing mesh was observed for sample thicknesses less than 60 mm, imaged in the direction normal to the printing layers. Printing dimensional repeatability and reproducibility was less 1%. Significance. For the first time an experimental determination was provided of the linear attenuation coefficient of common 3D printing filament materials with estimates of μ at all energies in the range 14–36 keV, for their use in mammography, breast tomosynthesis and breast computed tomography investigations.
Accuracy enhancement in reflective pulse oximetry by considering wavelength-dependent pathlengths
Authors: Badiola Idoia , Blazek Vladimir , Jagadeesh Kumar V , George Boby , Leonhardt Steffen , Hoog Antink Christoph
Published: August 2022

Objective. Noninvasive measurement of oxygen saturation (SpO
2) using transmissive photoplethysmography (tPPG) is clinically accepted and widely employed. However, reflective photoplethysmography (rPPG)—currently present in smartwatches—has not become equally accepted, partially because the pathlengths of the red and infrared PPGs are patient-dependent. Thus, even the most popular ‘Ratio of Modulation’ (R) method requires patient-dependent calibration to reduce the errors in the measurement of SpO
2 using rPPGs. Approach. In this paper, a correction factor or ‘pathlength ratio’ β is introduced in an existing calibration-free algorithm that compensates the patient-dependent pathlength variations, and improved accuracy is obtained in the measurement of SpO
2 using rPPGs. The proposed pathlength ratio β is derived through the analytical model of a rPPG signal. Using the new expression and data obtained from a human hypoxia study wherein arterial oxygen saturation values acquired through Blood Gas Analysis were employed as a reference, β is determined. Main results. The results of the analysis show that a specific combination of the β and the measurements on the pulsating part of the natural logarithm of the red and infrared PPG signals yields a reduced root-mean-square error (RMSE). It is shown that the average RMSE in measuring SpO
2 values reduces to 1 %. Significance. The human hypoxia study data used for this work, obtained in a previous study, covers SpO
2 values in the range from 70 % to 100 %, and thus shows that the pathlength ratio β proposed here works well in the range of clinical interest. This work demonstrates that the calibration-free method applicable for transmission type PPGs can be extended to determine SpO
2 using reflective PPGs with the incorporation of the correction factor β. Our algorithm significantly reduces the number of parameters needed for the estimation, while keeping the RMSE below the clinically accepted 2 %.
Mutual coherence function based topological charge detection in a Gaussian vortex beam optical communication system
Authors: Eyyuboğlu Halil Tanyer
Published: August 2022

We investigate a topological charge (TC) detection schema for an optical communication system employing Gaussian vortex beam (GVB). In this scenario, the transmitter maps the electrical message symbols to the TCs of GVBs. Thus obtained optical signal propagates in turbulent atmosphere arriving at the receiver, where a detection process is implemented to determine the TC of GVB by correlating the imaginary part of the mutual coherence function (MCF) of the incoming beam against the stored profiles. The feasibility of such a schema is firstly established by examining and comparing the analytical formulation of MCF and that of random phase screen setup. The latter is then used to explore the success rate and boundaries of this particular detection schema. Our results show that the proposed detection schema can operate with a error rate of 5% at a link length of 5.5 km and atmospheric turbulence structure constant of 10−14.
Study on the magnetic origin in p-type ferromagnetic semiconductor (Ga,Fe)Sb: ab initio calculations
Authors: Akroud Karima , Tahar Kadri Mohamed , Belkhir Hafid , Zanat Kamel
Published: August 2022

The electronic and magnetic properties of Ga
1−x

Fe

x

Sb (x=0.125, 0.25, 0.5) have been investigated using the first-principles calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) and DFT plus on-site repulsion scheme (DFT+U). We found that the Coulomb U parameter plays an important role in predicting the correct stable magnetic order. Using the DFT+U method, the ferromagnetic (FM) ordering is found to be the magnetic ground state for both concentrations 12.5% and 25%, where the DFT failed without on-site repulsion U-term correction. This failure of semi-local DFT functionals is the fingerprint of the correlated nature of Fe-3d electrons. This result is in good agreement with experiment. Increasing Fe concentration up to 50% changing the magnetic ground state from FM to antiferromagnetic (AF) phase. We have used the Heyd-Scuseria-Ernzerhof (HSE) method to calculate the unfolded band structure of supercell for Ga
1−x

Fe

x

Sb for x=0.125, in both FM and AF phases. The location of Fe-3d states in the calculation of the unfolded band structure showed a good accordance with recent resonance photoemission spectroscopy (RPES) experimental results. We have found that hole carriers have an important role at Fermi level E

F
. The rules of thumb to predict the stability of the ferromagnetism in Fe doped GaSb FMS have been discussed.
In-plane current-induced magnetization reversal of Pd/CoZr/MgO magnetic multilayers
Authors: Liu Jing , You Caiyin , Ma Li , Li Yun , Ma Ling , Tian Na
Published: August 2022

High critical current density (> 106 A/cm2) is one of major obstacles to realize practical applications of the current-driven magnetization reversal devices. In this work, we successfully prepared Pd/CoZr(3.5 nm)/MgO thin films with large perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and demonstrated a way of reducing the critical current density with a low out-of-plane magnetic field in the Pd/CoZr/MgO stack. Under the assistance of an out-of-plane magnetic field, the magnetization can be fully reversed with a current density of about 104 A/cm2. The magnetization reversal is attributed to the combined effect of the out-of-plane magnetic field and the current-induced spin-orbital torque. It is found that the current-driven magnetization reversal is highly relevant to the temperature owing to the varied spin-orbital torque, and the current-driven magnetization reversal will be more efficient in low-temperature range, while the magnetic field is helpful for the magnetization reversal in high-temperature range.
Comparison of formation and evolution of radiation-induced defects in pure Ni and Ni–Co–Fe medium-entropy alloy
Authors: Lang Lin , Deng Huiqiu , Tao Jiayou , Yang Tengfei , Lin Yeping , Hu Wangyu
Published: August 2022

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) and medium-entropy alloys (MEAs) have attracted a great deal of attention for developing nuclear materials because of their excellent irradiation tolerance. Herein, formation and evolution of radiation-induced defects in NiCoFe MEA and pure Ni are investigated and compared using molecular dynamics simulation. It is observed that the defect recombination rate of ternary NiCoFe MEA is higher than that of pure Ni, which is mainly because, in the process of cascade collision, the energy dissipated through atom displacement decreases with increasing the chemical disorder. Consequently, the heat peak phase lasts longer, and the recombination time of the radiation defects (interstitial atoms and vacancies) is likewise longer, with fewer deleterious defects. Moreover, by studying the formation and evolution of dislocation loops in Ni–Co–Fe alloys and Ni, it is found that the stacking fault energy in Ni–Co–Fe decreases as the elemental composition increases, facilitating the formation of ideal stacking fault tetrahedron structures. Hence, these findings shed new light on studying the formation and evolution of radiation-induced defects in MEAs.
Two-color laser PEEM imaging of horizontal and vertical components of femtosecond surface plasmon polaritons
Authors: Zhao Zhen-Long , Ji Bo-Yu , Wang Lun , Lang Peng , Song Xiao-Wei , Lin Jing-Quan
Published: August 2022

Explicit visualization of different components of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) propagating at dielectric/metal interfaces is crucial in offering chances for the detailed design and control of the functionalities of plasmonic nanodevices in the future. Here, we reported independent imaging of the vertical and horizontal components of SPPs launched from a rectangular trench in the gold film by a 400-nm laser-assisted near-infrared (NIR) femtosecond laser time-resolved photoemission electron microscopy (TR-PEEM). The experiments demonstrate that distinct imaging of different components of SPPs field can be easily achieved by introducing the 400-nm laser. It can circumvent the risk of sample damage and information loss of excited SPPs field that is generally confronted in the usual NIR laser TR-PEEM scheme. The underlying mechanism for realizing distinct imaging of different components of the SPPs field with two-color PEEM is revealed via measuring the double logarithmic dependence of photoemission yield with the 800-nm and 400-nm pulse powers of different polarizations. Moreover, it is found that the PEEM image quality of the vertical and horizontal components of the SPPs field is nearly independent of the 400-nm pulse polarization. These results pave a way for SPPs-based applications and offer a possible solution for drawing a space–time field of SPPs in three dimensions.
Magnetohydrodynamic Kelvin–Helmholtz instability for finite-thickness fluid layers
Authors: Dai Hong-Hao , Xu Miao-Hua , Guo Hong-Yu , Li Ying-Jun , Zhang Jie
Published: August 2022

We have derived the analytical formulas for the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability (KHI) of two superposed finite-thickness fluid layers with the magnetic field effect into consideration. The linear growth rate of KHI will be reduced when the thickness of the fluid with large density is decreased or the thickness of fluid with small density is increased. When the thickness and the magnetic field act together on the KHI, the effect of thickness is more obvious when the magnetic field intensity is weak. The magnetic field transition layer destabilizes (enforces) the KHI, especially in the case of small thickness of the magnetic field transition layer. When considering the effect of magnetic field, the linear growth rate of KHI always decreases after reaching the maximum with the increase of total thickness. The stronger the magnetic field intensity is, the more obvious the growth rate decreases with the total thickness. Thus, it should be included in applications where the effect of fluid thickness on the KHI cannot be ignored, such as in double-cone ignition scheme for inertial confinement fusion.
Influence of pedestal radiation on the H–L transition using krypton seeded discharges at ASDEX Upgrade
Authors: David P. , Bernert M. , Cavedon M. , Harrer G. , Eich T. , ASDEX Upgrade Team the
Published: August 2022

Krypton can be a tool to refine and analyse the H–L power threshold in detail, as a proxy for L–H threshold, taking into account radiative losses in the region where the H–L transition takes place and, thus, decouple the power flux over the pedestal top to the one over the separatrix. The commonly used ITPA 2008 L–H threshold scaling does not account for radiation but it is often assumed that it should be compared to the net power crossing the separatrix. Yet, dedicated analyses are still lacking. At ASDEX Upgrade, krypton radiates dominantly at the very edge of the confined plasma (ρ
pol between 0.97 and 1.01). Recent results show that L–H and H–L transitions are initiated close to ρ
pol = 0.98. As such, the bulk of krypton radiation is between the separatrix and a potential source location for the transition. Scans in krypton seeding level and heating power have been performed to study and compare the influence of the powers radiated from inside the separatrix and the pedestal top on the plasma confinement state. The heating power is compared to the usual L–H power scaling but corrected by either of these two radiations for seeded H–L transitions. The power scaling is shown to remain valid for higher input and radiated powers, up to 3–5 times the non-seeded L–H power threshold of AUG, when the radiation inside the separatrix is subtracted from the input power. Additionally, kinetic and radiation profiles are used to run TRANSP analyses to compare the edge ion heat to past studies from unseeded discharges. Using this physical parameter gives a reference point from a very different parameter range of input and radiated powers, densities and back, instead of forward, transition.
Machine learning on FPGA for event selection
Authors: Furletov S. , Barbosa F. , Belfore L. , Dickover C. , Fanelli C. , Furletova Y. , Jokhovets L. , Lawrence D. , Romanov D.
Published: August 2022

Real-time data processing is a frontier field in experimental particle physics. The application of FPGAs at the trigger level is used by many current and planned experiments (CMS, LHCb, Belle2, PANDA). Usually they use conventional processing algorithms. LHCb has implemented Machine Learning (ML) elements for real-time data processing with a triggered readout system that runs most of the ML algorithms on a computer farm. The work described in this article aims to test the ML-FPGA algorithms for streaming data acquisition. There are many experiments working in this area and they have a lot in common, but there are many specific solutions for detector and accelerator parameters that are worth exploring further. This report describes the purpose of the work and progress in evaluating the ML-FPGA application.
Optimal design and HOM damping of a 500 MHz 5-cell copper cavity for SAPS
Authors: Zhu J. , Li X. , Yu J. , Lu Z. , Liu Y. , Chen S. , Long W. , Wu B. , Zhang C. , Liu S.
Published: August 2022

In order to meet the requirements of the Southern Advanced Photon Source (SAPS), a slot-coupled π-mode 5-cell copper cavity with higher order mode (HOM) damping was proposed and developed. In this study, we present the optimal design of a 5-cell copper cavity and an investigation of HOM impedances. A prototype of 5-cell copper cavity based on this design was manufactured. The RF characteristics of 5-cell copper cavity have been tested. The results show that a flat accelerating electric field is obtained, with a coupling coefficient of 1.7% and a shunt impedance more than 19.5 MΩ/m. To damp these HOMs with high impedance, two inductive HOM couplers and two capacitive HOM couplers were designed. Finally, the impedances of all the HOMs are below the threshold of coupled-bunch instabilities (CBI) for SAPS.
Research on a back-illuminated CMOS sensor for LUV imaging
Authors: Liu W. , Ji L. , Qiu H.Y. , Lou Z. , Cai M.S. , Zhou H.J. , Huo T.L.
Published: August 2022

The Lyman UV (LUV) band possesses several unique characteristics that make it useful to study the properties of the interstellar medium and the circum-galactic medium (CGM) surrounding nearby galaxies. MCP detectors are sensitive in the LUV band and can be used as imagers and photon counters in space missions. Instead of MCP, this paper describes a new CMOS imaging system that can be applied to astronomical observations in the LUV band. We adopted a special back-side illuminated CMOS as the image sensor. Using it, we developed a LUV imaging system based on FPGA technology. With the assistance of a synchrotron radiation platform, the properties of the CMOS imaging system were measured and calibrated within the wavelength range from 105 nm to 130 nm. By calibrating gain, photon current, electron number and photon number parameters, we derived the quantum efficiency curve for this wavelength range. Such a development provides a new method to detect and image Lyman UV radiations.