bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Two Different Routes of Administration of Oxytocin on Peripheral Plasma Prostaglandin F2α Metabolite Levels in Early Post‐partum Dairy Cows
Authors: Bajcsy ÁCs , Kindahl H , Szenci O , van der Weijden GC , Bartyik J , Taverne MAM
Published: July 2011

Contents

Various parenteral treatment forms of oxytocin, as often used under praxis circumstances, may act differently on contractility of the uterus during the first days of the puerperium. Various patterns of such induced uterotonic responses may lead to alterations in the emptying characteristics of the uterine lumen, thus influencing, as a late consequence, the process of involution. Therefore, this study was designed to test whether two different parenteral administration forms of oxytocin induce changes in peripheral plasma concentrations of 15‐ketodihydro‐prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α metabolite) in early post‐partum cows. Between 13 and 15 h after uncomplicated calving, healthy dairy cows without retained foetal membranes were treated with 50 IU oxytocin, either intramuscularly (OT‐IM group; n = 15) or intravenously (OT‐IV group; n = 16). Saline solution was administered intramuscularly as controls (CON group; n = 15). Jugular blood samples were taken at 10‐min intervals from 1 h before to 2 h after treatment. Plasma PGF2α metabolite levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. No significant differences in peripheral plasma PGF2α metabolite concentrations occurred in the OT‐IM and CON groups, but mean values significantly increased in the OT‐IV group, peaking at 20 min after treatment and reaching pre‐treatment baseline values again at 120 min. Although the source of prostaglandins was not investigated in this study, our results suggest that exogenous oxytocin may enhance secretion of prostaglandins by the uterus during the first day after normal calving. These prostaglandins might contribute, by an endocrine or paracrine route, to the stimulation of myometrial contractility when exogenous oxytocin is given during this early post‐partum stage.
Acute Changes in the Concentrations of Prostaglandin F2α (PGF) and Cortisol in Uterine and Ovarian Venous Blood During PGF‐induced Luteolysis in Cows
Authors: Duong HT , Vu HV , Bah MM , Woclawek‐Potocka I , Dam TV , Skarzynski DJ , Okuda K , Acosta TJ
Published: July 2011

Contents

Prostaglandin F2α (PGF) is considered to be the main luteolysin in cattle. We have previously demonstrated that cortisol (Cr) suppresses PGF production in non‐pregnant bovine endometrium. This study was carried out to test whether exogenous PGF increases ovarian and/or uterine PGF production and to determine the temporal relationship between PGF and Cr in ovarian and uterine circulations during PGF‐induced luteolysis in cows. Catheters were inserted into the ovarian vein (OV), uterine vein (UV) and jugular vein (JV) of 10 cows on Day 9 of the oestrous cycle (Ovulation = Day 0) for frequent blood collection. On Day 10, the cows were divided randomly into two groups and treated with a luteolytic dose of a PGF analogue (cloprostenol) or saline solution. Blood samples were collected at −0.25, 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 h and then at 2‐h intervals until 12 h after treatment (0 h). The basal concentrations of PGF and Cr in OV and UV plasma were not significantly different. Injection of a PGF analogue induced more than twofold increases in the levels of PGF between 0.25 and 1 h in UV plasma, but not in OV plasma. PGF increased (p < 0.05) the concentrations of Cr in OV, UV and JV plasma between 0.5 and 1 h. The Cr levels in OV, UV and JV plasma were similar. The PGF levels in UV plasma decreased after Cr reached its highest levels. The overall results suggest that the uterus rather than the ovary increases PGF production in response to PGF injection. Based on the temporal changes of PGF and Cr in the ovarian and uterine circulations, Cr may act to reduce uterine PGF production in non‐pregnant cows in vivo.
A spatial analysis of the moderating effects of land use on the association between alcohol outlet density and violence in urban areas
Authors: PRIDEMORE WILLIAM ALEX , GRUBESIC TONY H.
Published: July 2011

Aims. While there is substantial evidence of an association between alcohol outlet density and assault, it is unlikely this association is constant across the urban environment. This study tested the moderating influence of land use on the outlet–violence association.

Design. Cross‐sectional ecological study that controlled for spatial autocorrelation.

Setting, Participants and Measurements. Police‐recorded data on simple and aggravated assaults were obtained for all 302 block groups (mean population = 1038) in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. Addresses of alcohol outlets for Cincinnati were obtained from the Ohio Division of Liquor Control, geocoded to the street level, and aggregated to census block groups. Data on eight categories of land use were obtained from the Cincinnati Area Geographic Information System, with location quotients computed for each block group.

Findings. We found substantial evidence that the impact of total alcohol outlet density, bar density and carryout density on assault density was moderated by land use.

Conclusions. By taking into account local characteristics, policy‐makers can make more informed decisions when regulating the placement and density of alcohol licenses in urban areas. Similarly, more systematic knowledge of how the association between alcohol outlet density and assault varies across the urban landscape should reduce harm and promote responsible retailing. Nevertheless, ours is one of the first studies to address the moderating effect of land use and we encourage further research to test the stability and generalisability of our results.[Pridemore WA, Grubesic TH. A spatial analysis of the moderating effects of land use on the association between alcohol outlet density and violence in urban areas. Drug Alcohol Rev 2012;31:385–393]
Brief alcohol screening in a clinical psychiatric population: Special attention needed
Authors: NEHLIN CHRISTINA , FREDRIKSSON ANDERS , JANSSON LENNART
Published: July 2011

Introduction and Aims. Abbreviated versions of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and single‐item screeners show promising results but have not previously been investigated in a clinical psychiatric setting. The aim of the present study was to investigate the capacity of three brief screening methods to detect hazardous drinking in a psychiatric treatment‐seeking population.

Design and Methods. Data were collected from consecutive patients (n = 1811) visiting a general psychiatric clinic. The screening capacity of the heavy episodic drinking (HED) screener, AUDIT item # 3 (AUDIT‐3) and the three consumption items of AUDIT (AUDIT‐C) was compared to the result of the full 10‐item AUDIT with cut‐off points 6 for women and 8 for men.

Results. The HED screener and AUDIT‐3 with recommended cut‐offs captured low rates of hazardous drinkers when compared to the full AUDIT. Lowering the cut‐offs created rates far above those of the full AUDIT. AUDIT‐C with recommended cut‐off limits categorised nearly the same rates of men as the full AUDIT but much higher rates of women. Raising the cut‐off for women approached the detection rate of AUDIT‐C closely to that of the full AUDIT.

Discussion and Conclusions. The findings of this study suggest that the HED screener is not sensitive enough in the clinical psychiatric setting. When designing alcohol screening measures to be used all over health‐care organisations, special attention should be paid to psychiatric patients. If a somewhat more extensive screening tool is used, the full AUDIT is recommended.[Nehlin C, Fredriksson A, Jansson L. Brief alcohol screening in a clinical psychiatric population: Special attention needed. Drug Alcohol Rev 2012;31:538–543]
IS PAYMENT A BENEFIT?
Authors: WERTHEIMER ALAN
Published: July 2011

What I call ‘the standard view’ claims that IRBs should not regard financial payment as a benefit to subjects for the purpose of risk/benefit assessment. Although the standard view is universally accepted, there is little defense of that view in the canonical documents of research ethics or the scholarly literature. This paper claims that insofar as IRBs should be concerned with the interests and autonomy of research subjects, they should reject the standard view and adopt ‘the incorporation view.’ The incorporation view is more consistent with the underlying soft‐paternalist justification for risk‐benefit assessment and demonstrates respect for the autonomy of prospective subjects. Adoption of the standard view precludes protocols that advance the interests of subjects, investigators, and society. After considering several objections to the argument, I consider several arguments for the standard view that do not appeal to the interests and autonomy of research subjects.
NARRATIVES OF ‘TERMINAL SEDATION’, AND THE IMPORTANCE OF THE INTENTION‐FORESIGHT DISTINCTION IN PALLIATIVE CARE PRACTICE
Authors: DOUGLAS CHARLES D. , KERRIDGE IAN H. , ANKENY RACHEL A.
Published: July 2011

The moral importance of the ‘intention–foresight’ distinction has long been a matter of philosophical controversy, particularly in the context of end‐of‐life care. Previous empirical research in Australia has suggested that general physicians and surgeons may use analgesic or sedative infusions with ambiguous intentions, their actions sometimes approximating ‘slow euthanasia’. In this paper, we report findings from a qualitative study of 18 Australian palliative care medical specialists, using in‐depth interviews to address the use of sedation at the end of life. The majority of subjects were agnostic or atheistic. In contrast to their colleagues in acute medical practice, these Australian palliative care specialists were almost unanimously committed to distinguishing their actions from euthanasia. This commitment appeared to arise principally from the need to maintain a clear professional role, and not obviously from an ideological opposition to euthanasia. While some respondents acknowledged that there are difficult cases that require considered reflection upon one's intention, and where there may be some ‘mental gymnastics,’ the nearly unanimous view was that it is important, even in these difficult cases, to cultivate an intention that focuses exclusively on the relief of symptoms. We present four narratives of ‘terminal’ sedation – cases where sedation was administered in significant doses just before death, and may well have hastened death. Considerable ambiguities of intention were evident in some instances, but the discussion around these clearly exceptional cases illustrates the importance of intention to palliative care specialists in maintaining their professional roles.
UNCERTAIN TRANSLATION, UNCERTAIN BENEFIT AND UNCERTAIN RISK: ETHICAL CHALLENGES FACING FIRST‐IN‐HUMAN TRIALS OF INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM (IPS) CELLS
Authors: FUNG RONALD K.F. , KERRIDGE IAN H.
Published: July 2011

The discovery of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells in 2006 was heralded as a major breakthrough in stem cell research. Since then, progress in iPS cell technology has paved the way towards clinical application, particularly cell replacement therapy, which has refueled debate on the ethics of stem cell research. However, much of the discourse has focused on questions of moral status and potentiality, overlooking the ethical issues which are introduced by the clinical testing of iPS cell replacement therapy. First‐in‐human trials, in particular, raise a number of ethical concerns including informed consent, subject recruitment and harm minimisation as well as the inherent uncertainty and risks which are involved in testing medical procedures on humans for the first time. These issues, while a feature of any human research, become more complex in the case of iPS cell therapy, given the seriousness of the potential risks, the unreliability of available animal models, the vulnerability of the target patient group, and the high stakes of such an intensely public area of science. Our paper will present a detailed case study of iPS cell replacement therapy for Parkinson's disease to highlight these broader ethical and epistemological concerns. If we accept that iPS cell technology is fraught with challenges which go far beyond merely refuting the potentiality of the stem cell line, we conclude that iPS cell research should not replace, but proceed alongside embryonic and adult somatic stem cell research to promote cross‐fertilisation of knowledge and better clinical outcomes.
A Face for Radio? How Viewers and Listeners Reacted Differently to the Third Leaders' Debate in 2010
Authors: Shephard Mark , Johns Robert
Published: July 2011

Neil Kinnock expressed scepticism about Gordon Brown's likely showing in the 2010 election debates, suggesting that the Labour leader had a ‘radio face’. We report an experiment in which students were split randomly between audio and video conditions for the third debate. As Kinnock predicted, Gordon Brown was more often proclaimed the winner by listeners. Nick Clegg, not David Cameron, benefited most from television. These differences were statistically significant despite a small sample (n = 63). We test three explanations for Clegg's advantage: (i) that television boosts the salience of certain traits (notably attractiveness); (ii) that television boosts the importance of ‘style’ over ‘substance’; (iii) that listeners form judgements based on performance throughout the debate, while viewers are disproportionately influenced by memorable incidents or remarks. There is evidence supporting all three explanations.
Empirical Likelihood Intervals for Conditional Value‐at‐Risk in Heteroscedastic Regression Models
Authors: LI ZHOUPING , GONG YUN , PENG LIANG
Published: July 2011

Abstract.  Non‐parametric regression models have been studied well including estimating the conditional mean function, the conditional variance function and the distribution function of errors. In addition, empirical likelihood methods have been proposed to construct confidence intervals for the conditional mean and variance. Motivated by applications in risk management, we propose an empirical likelihood method for constructing a confidence interval for the pth conditional value‐at‐risk based on the non‐parametric regression model. A simulation study shows the advantages of the proposed method.
The Application of Cognitive‐Developmental or Mediated Cognitive Learning Strategies in Online College Coursework
Authors: Pruitt Richard A.
Published: July 2011

This research article explores the active use of cognitive‐developmental or mediated cognitive learning strategies in undergraduate online courses. Examples and applications are drawn from two online sessions integrating online interaction, essay and discussion assignments, as well as a variety of multimedia components conducted during the spring of 2008. While focus on the interaction among students remains an important aspect of the online discussion environment, particular attention is given to the interaction between the student and the instructor. This paper argues that while online learning environments are ultimately student‐controlled, they should be teacher‐centered. The findings of this research suggest that students are more directly influenced by an instructor's intentional effort to mediate the learning process than by the course objectives, material, or subject matter. Successful use of online technologies requires deliberate action on the part of the instructor to integrate various mediated cognitive learning strategies: (a) student participation and response is significantly increased, and (b) student motivation and morale is dramatically influenced.
Simulation Estimation of the Convergence of the Black–White Earnings Gap and Income Dynamics*
Authors: Chang Sheng‐Kai
Published: July 2011

In this article, the effect of Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act on the convergence of the black–white earnings gap and income dynamics is studied through the dynamic panel Tobit models implemented using the simulation estimators. It is found that the black–white earnings gap declined moderately after the implementation of Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act in 1965. Based on the simulation studies of wage trajectories, it is also found that the positive impact of the Civil Rights Act on the convergence of the black–white earnings gap is especially significant for the group of middle‐aged and highly educated workers. Moreover, the rich dynamic structure of the earnings process is identified from the Current Population Survey‐Social Security Administration data set. It is shown that the various sources of dynamics in the earnings process are dominated by spurious state dependence for both blacks and whites.
Spatial Price Adjustment with and without Trade*
Authors: Stephens Emma C. , Mabaya Edward , Cramon‐Taubadel Stephan von , Barrett Christopher B.
Published: July 2011

We investigate the possibility that price transmission between spatially distinct markets might vary during periods with and without physical trade flows. We test for differences between trade and non‐trade regimes by using generalized reduced rank regression (GRRR) techniques suggested by Hansen (2003). We apply these techniques to semi‐weekly price and trade flow data for tomato markets in Zimbabwe and find that intermarket price adjustment occurs in both trade and non‐trade periods. Indeed, the adjustments are generally larger and more rapid in periods without physical trade flows. This finding underscores the importance of information flow for market performance.
Age and intergenerational exchange among older parents in rural China
Authors: Zuo Dongmei , Wu Zheng , Li Shuzhuo
Published: July 2011

Zuo D, Wu Z, Li S. Age and intergenerational exchange among older parents in rural China

Int J Soc Welfare 2011: 20: S30–S46 © 2011 The Author(s), International Journal of Social Welfare © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the International Journal of Social Welfare.

This study examined life‐course differences in the flow of intergenerational exchange in rural China. The analysis used longitudinal data and growth curve models to decompose the distinct effects of age and cohort on the receipt and provision of economic and instrumental support among elder parents and their adult children. The study highlighted the importance of examining the age trajectories of intergenerational support according to cohort‐specific experiences and family life stage. There was a net age effect on intergenerational exchange, with elder parents tending to receive more support from children over time. However, there were indeed significant cohort effects that represented socio‐historical variation in the relationship between aging and intergenerational exchange. The study also observed gender differences in the flow and growth of intergenerational exchange.
Social network and health: a comparison of Chinese older adults in Shanghai and elderly immigrants in Boston
Authors: Wu Bei , Guo Man , Chi Iris , Plassman Brenda L.
Published: July 2011

Wu B, Guo M, Chi I, Plassman BL. Social network and health: a comparison of Chinese older adults in Shanghai and Chinese elderly immigrants in Boston

Int J Soc Welfare 2011: 20: S59–S71 © 2011 The Author(s), International Journal of Social Welfare © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the International Journal of Social Welfare.

The association between social network and health in older Chinese immigrants in the USA and their counterparts in China was examined using data from 177 Chinese immigrants in Boston, USA and 428 respondents in Shanghai, China. The results showed that Chinese immigrants had a significantly better self‐rated health status but also that they reported a greater number of functional limitations. Although the level of the social network differed among respondents in Shanghai and in Boston, the impact of the social network on health status was similar for the two samples. The impact of the social network diminished when covariates such as health behaviors and health problems were added to the models. The conclusion, therefore, is that much of the association between a strong social network and better self‐reported health in later life may be explained by other factors such as socio‐economic status, health behaviors, health status, and access to health care.
Parents' depressive symptoms and support from sons and daughters in rural China
Authors: Cong Zhen , Silverstein Merril
Published: July 2011

Cong Z, Silverstein M. Parents' depressive symptoms and support from sons and daughters in rural China

Int J Soc Welfare 2011: 20: S4–S17 © 2011 The Author(s), International Journal of Social Welfare © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the International Journal of Social Welfare.

This investigation examined how initial levels of elder parents' depressive symptoms influenced financial, instrumental, and emotional support from sons and from daughters in rural China. Data were derived from a two‐wave (2001, 2003) longitudinal survey of 1,324 parents aged 60 and over living in rural areas of Anhui Province, China. Structural equation modeling with latent difference score was used to estimate the reciprocal relationships between children's support and elder parents' depressive symptoms. Results showed that older parents who had higher levels of depressive symptoms at baseline experienced reduced financial, instrumental, and emotional support from sons, but not from daughters. In rural China where the patrilineal family system has distinguished sons and daughters with respect to their functions in elder parents' support networks, the roles of sons and daughters warrant further examination, particularly when elder parents have some depressive symptoms, that elevate the needs of the parents and puts a strain on intergenerational relationships.
Pre‐ejection period reactivity and psychiatric comorbidity prospectively predict substance use initiation among middle‐schoolers: A pilot study
Authors: Brenner Sharon L. , Beauchaine Theodore P.
Published: July 2011

Youth with conduct problems (CPs) or depression are at high risk for early initiation of substance use, and for future substance use disorders (SUDs). Comorbid CPs and depression increase risk even further, yet understanding how these conditions interact remains elusive. One hypothesis is that altered mesolimbic dopamine function contributes to symptoms of CPs, depression, and SUDs. Cardiac pre‐ejection period (PEP) reactivity to incentives is linked theoretically and functionally to central dopamine responding. We evaluated PEP reactivity to reward as a prospective biomarker of substance use in a study of 206 youth with depression, CPs, CPs and depression, or no psychiatric condition. Children were 8–12 years old at the first of three annual assessments. Reduced PEP reactivity was associated with increased likelihood of future alcohol use, and CPs interacted with anxiety and depression to double risk for marijuana and other substance use.
Arousal modulation of memory and amygdala‐parahippocampal connectivity: A PET‐psychophysiology study in specific phobia
Authors: ÅHS FREDRIK , PALMQUIST ÅSA MICHELGÅRD , Pissiota Anna , Appel Lieuwe , FRANS ÖRJAN , Liberzon Israel , Furmark Tomas , Fredrikson Mats
Published: July 2011

Phobic fear is accompanied by intense bodily responses modulated by the amygdala. An amygdala moderated psychophysiological measure related to arousal is electrodermal activity. We evaluated the contributions of electrodermal activity to amygdala‐parahippocampal regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) during phobic memory encoding in subjects with spider or snake phobia. Recognition memory was increased for phobia‐related slides and covaried with rCBF in the amygdala and the parahippocampal gyrus. The covariation between parahippocampal rCBF and recognition was related to electrodermal activity suggesting that parahippocampal memory processes were associated with sympathetic activity. Electrodermal activity further mediated the amygdala effect on parahippocampal activity. Memory encoding during phobic fear therefore seems contingent on amygdala's influence on arousal and parahippocampal activity.
Mitochondrial quality control during inheritance is associated with lifespan and mother–daughter age asymmetry in budding yeast
Authors: McFaline‐Figueroa José Ricardo , Vevea Jason , Swayne Theresa C. , Zhou Chun , Liu Christopher , Leung Galen , Boldogh Istvan R. , Pon Liza A.
Published: July 2011

Fluorescence loss in photobleaching experiments and analysis of mitochondrial function using superoxide and redox potential biosensors revealed that mitochondria within individual yeast cells are physically and functionally distinct. Mitochondria that are retained in mother cells during yeast cell division have a significantly more oxidizing redox potential and higher superoxide levels compared to mitochondria in buds. Retention of mitochondria with more oxidizing redox potential in mother cells occurs to the same extent in young and older cells and can account for the age‐associated decline in total cellular mitochondrial redox potential in yeast as they age from 0 to 5 generations. Deletion of Mmr1p, a member of the DSL1 family of tethering proteins that localizes to mitochondria at the bud tip and is required for normal mitochondrial inheritance, produces defects in mitochondrial quality control and heterogeneity in replicative lifespan (RLS). Long‐lived mmr1Δ cells exhibit prolonged RLS, reduced mean generation times, more reducing mitochondrial redox potential and lower mitochondrial superoxide levels compared to wild‐type cells. Short‐lived mmr1Δ cells exhibit the opposite phenotypes. Moreover, short‐lived cells give rise exclusively to short‐lived cells, while the majority of daughters of long‐lived cells are long lived. These findings support the model that the mitochondrial inheritance machinery promotes retention of lower‐functioning mitochondria in mother cells and that this process contributes to both mother–daughter age asymmetry and age‐associated declines in cellular fitness.
Vaccination‐induced changes in human B‐cell repertoire and pneumococcal IgM and IgA antibody at different ages
Authors: Ademokun Alexander , Wu Yu‐Chang , Martin Victoria , Mitra Rajive , Sack Ulrich , Baxendale Helen , Kipling David , Dunn‐Walters Deborah K.
Published: July 2011

It is well known that older people are more susceptible to morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases, particularly from pulmonary diseases such as pneumococcal pneumonia where vaccines do not provide efficient protection as in younger populations. We have previously shown that the B‐cell repertoire in the old is reduced and hypothesise that this may contribute to the impaired humoral responses of the elderly. Here, we investigated the repertoire and antibody responses to winter vaccination in two age groups, aged 18–49 and 65–89. We found that the serum IgM and IgA pneumococcal responses were significantly impaired in the older group, with no difference in IgG levels. IGHM spectratype analysis seems to be the most promising in terms of its predictive ability for vaccine responses. Spectratypes showed a clear change in the repertoire at day 7 after vaccination, with a return to the baseline levels at day 28. The changes at day 7 reflected expansion of IGH sequences that have smaller, more hydrophilic, CDR3 regions, and these changes were attenuated in the older group. The older group was more likely to have spectratypes indicative of a reduced diversity at day 0 and day 28. On average, the baseline repertoire in the older group was comprised of larger CDR3 regions than in the younger group. In conclusion, IgA and IgM responses are significantly impaired in the elderly pneumococcal response and are likely key mediators of protection. Hydrophilicity and/or small size of the IGH CDR3 appear to be important in these responses.
Description of a new species of the genus Resseliella (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a pollinator of Kadsura longipedunculata (Schisandraceae) in China, with comments on its flower‐visiting habit
Authors: YUKAWA Junichi , SATO Shinsuke , XU Huan‐li , TOKUDA Makoto
Published: July 2011

A gall midge pollinating flowers of Kadsura longipedunculata is described as Resseliella kadsurae sp. nov. based on adult specimens collected in 2006 from Langshan, Xinning County, Hunan Province, China. The new species is distinguishable from other known congeners in the combination of the following characteristics: gynecoid male flagellomeres, mottled wings, simple claws on all legs; male hypoproct with a transverse bridge‐like structure ventrally connecting both sides of hypoproct. In particular, the gynecoid male flagellomeres and transverse bridge‐like structure are unique to the new species. Partial sequencing of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I mitochondrial gene indicates that R. kadsurae is grouped with the R. theobardi + R. yagoi clade, but this clade and the monophyly of the genus Resseliella are not statistically supported. The new species is nocturnal, and mating occurs at dusk. At the time of mating, males and females hang on opposite sides of non‐sticky old spider webs in a venter‐to‐venter position. Immature stages and the life history of R. kadsurae are unknown. The flower‐visiting habit of R. kadsurae is contrasted with that of other flower‐visiting gall midges and the probability that this behavior exists in other congeners is discussed.
Bees of the genera Xenorhiza Michener and Palaeorhiza Perkins (Hymenoptera: Colletidae) of Papua New Guinea collected by Dr W. J. Pulawski of the California Academy of Sciences
Authors: HIRASHIMA Yoshihiro , ABE Masaki
Published: July 2011

Bees of genera Xenorhiza and Palaeorhiza of Papua New Guinea collected by Dr Pulawski are reported on. One species of Xenorhiza and 19 species of Palaeorhiza are recognized, including five new species of Palaeorhiza. New taxa are Palaeorhiza (Palaeorhiza) labergei, P. (Anchirhiza) pulawskii, P. (Callorhiza) demeter, P. (Cercorhiza) concordiana and P. (Zarhiopalea) nike.
Xylographus globipennis Reitter, 1911 (Coleoptera: Ciidae): A barely studied species with broad distribution in the Afrotropical region
Authors: SANDOVAL‐GÓMEZ Vivian Eliana , LOPES‐ANDRADE Cristiano , ZACARO Adilson Ariza
Published: July 2011

Xylographus globipennis Reitter, 1911, a ciid beetle known only from its type locality in Eritrea, has in fact a broad distribution in the Afrotropical region. A redescription of the species is provided, including the description of its male terminalia, based on the lectotype and three paralectotypes, here designated, and specimens from several localities in Democratic Republic of the Congo and in Kenya. The geographic distribution and similarities of external morphological characters of X. globipennis to other African Xylographus species are also discussed.
Taxonomy and phylogeny of Leptopilina species (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae) attacking frugivorous drosophilid flies in Japan, with description of three new species
Authors: NOVKOVIĆ Biljana , MITSUI Hideyuki , SUWITO Awit , KIMURA Masahito T.
Published: July 2011

Despite the intensive use of the Leptopilina genus and its drosophilid hosts as model systems in the study of host–parasitoid interactions, the diversity and distribution of the species occurring in the Asian region remain elusive. Here we report the phylogeny of Japanese Leptopilina species attacking frugivorous drosophilid flies, based on COI, ITS1 and ITS2 sequences. Consistent with molecular data, hybridization experiments and morphological examination, five species were recorded in Japan: Leptopilina heterotoma, L. victoriae and three new species, two occurring in the Ryukyu archipelago, L. ryukyuensis and L. pacifica, and another species, L. japonica, distributed in Honshu and Hokkaido. Leptopilina japonica is further divided into two subspecies, L. j. japonica occurring in Japan, and L. j. formosana occurring in Taiwan. According to these results, we discuss the evolution, speciation and colonization history of Japanese Leptopilina species.
Hybrid Model Analysis of Intra‐Aortic Balloon Pump Performance as a Function of Ventricular and Circulatory Parameters
Authors: Ferrari Gianfranco , Khir Ashraf W. , Fresiello Libera , Di Molfetta Arianna , Kozarski Maciej
Published: July 2011

We investigated the effects of the intra‐aortic balloon pump (IABP) on endocardial viability ratio (EVR), cardiac output (CO), end‐systolic (Ves) and end‐diastolic (Ved) ventricular volumes, total coronary blood flow (TCBF), and ventricular energetics (external work [EW], pressure–volume area [PVA]) under different ventricular (Emax and diastolic stiffness) and circulatory (arterial compliance) parameters. We derived a hybrid model from a computational model, which is based on merging computational and hydraulic submodels. The lumped parameter computational submodel consists of left and right hearts and systemic, pulmonary, and coronary circulations. The hydraulic submodel includes part of the systemic arterial circulation, essentially a silicone rubber tube representing the aorta, which contains a 40‐mL IAB. EVR, CO, Ves, and Ved, TCBF and ventricular energetics (EW, PVA) were analyzed against the ranges of left ventricular Emax (0.3–0.5–1 mm Hg/cm3) and diastolic stiffness Vstiffness (≈0.08 and ≈0.3 mm Hg/cm3, obtained by changing diastolic stiffness constant) and systemic arterial compliance (1.8–2.5 cm3/mm Hg). All experiments were performed comparing the selected variables before and during IABP assistance. Increasing Emaxl from 0.5 to 2 mm Hg/cm3 resulted in IABP assistance producing lower percentage changes in the selected variables. The changes in ventricular diastolic stiffness strongly influence both absolute value of EVR and its variations during IABP (71 and 65% for lower and higher arterial compliance, respectively). Ved and Ves changes are rather small but higher for lower Emax and higher Vstiffness. Lower Emax and higher Vstiffness resulted in higher TCBF and CO during IABP assistance (∼35 and 10%, respectively). The use of this hybrid model allows for testing real devices in realistic, stable, and repeatable circulatory conditions. Specifically, the presented results show that IABP performance is dependent, at least in part, on left ventricular filling, ejection characteristics, and arterial compliance. It is possible in this way to simulate patient‐specific conditions and predict the IABP performance at different values of the circulatory or ventricular parameters. Further work is required to study the conditions for heart recovery modeling, baroreceptor controls, and physiological feedbacks.
Assessment of Right Pump Outflow Banding and Speed Changes on Pulmonary Hemodynamics During Biventricular Support With Two Rotary Left Ventricular Assist Devices
Authors: Timms Daniel , Gude Einar , Gaddum Nicholas , Lim Einly , Greatrex Nicholas , Wong Kai , Steinseifer Ulrich , Lovell Nigel , Fraser John , Fiane Arnt
Published: July 2011

The absence of an effective, easily implantable right ventricular assist device (RVAD) significantly diminishes long‐term treatment options for patients with biventricular heart failure. The implantation of a second rotary left ventricular assist device (LVAD) for right heart support is therefore being considered; however, this approach exhibits technical challenges when adapting current devices to produce the lower pressures required of the pulmonary circulation. Hemodynamic adaptation may be achieved by either reducing the rotational speed of the right pump impeller or reducing the diameter of the right outflow cannula by the placement of a restricting band; however, the optimal value and influence of changes to each parameter are not well understood. Hemodynamics were therefore investigated using different banding diameters of the right outflow cannula (3–6.5 mm) and pump speeds (500–4500 rpm), using two identical rotary blood pumps coupled to a pulsatile mock circulation loop. Reducing the speed of the right pump from 4900 rpm (for left ventricle support) to 3500 rpm, or banding the Ø10 mm (area 78.5 mm2) right outflow graft to Ø5.4 mm (22.9 mm2) produced suitable hemodynamics. Pulmonary pressures were most sensitive to banding diameters, especially when RVAD flow exceeded LVAD flow. This occurred between Ø5.3 and Ø6.5 mm (22.05–38.5 mm2) and speeds between 3200 and 4400 rpm, with the flow imbalance potentially leading to pulmonary congestion. Total flow was not affected by banding diameters and speeds below this range, and only increased slightly at higher values. Both right outflow banding or right pump speed reduction were found to be effective techniques to allow a rotary LVAD to be used directly for right heart support. However, the observed sensitivity to diameter and speed indicate that challenges may be presented when setting appropriate values for each patient, and control over these parameters is desirable.
Perpetual Illegality: Results of Border Enforcement and Policies for Mexican Undocumented Migrants in the United States
Authors: Sarabia Heidy
Published: July 2011

In this paper, I will first discuss the historical development of the Mexican migrant as “illegal.” Second, I will discuss current border control and legalization policies and their effects on the undocumented population in the United States. Finally, reflecting on the effects of previous policies, I will discuss Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano's proposed “three‐legged stool” and its likely effects on the undocumented population in the United States. I will argue that the current immigration system, and any future proposals that include border enforcement as the primary mechanism to stop undocumented migrants from entering the United States will likely result in the continual perpetuation of an undocumented population of Mexican migrants in the United States. This paper is informed by the ethnographic data collected from July 2009 to August 2010 in the border city of Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico. During this time at the border, I talked to migrants deported from the United States.
The Organization of Wariness of Heights in Experienced Crawlers
Authors: Ueno Mika , Uchiyama Ichiro , Campos Joseph J. , Dahl Audun , Anderson David I.
Published: July 2011

Most infants with more than 6 weeks of crawling experience completely avoid the deep side of a visual cliff (Campos, Bertenthal, & Kermoian, 1992; Gibson & Walk, 1960). However, some experienced crawlers do move onto the transparent surface suspended several feet above the ground. An important question is whether these nonavoiders lack wariness of heights or whether they have a qualitatively different way of showing their wariness than do avoiders of the deep side. The current study addressed this question by measuring heart rate (HR) acceleration upon being lowered on the deep and shallow sides of the visual cliff, latency to crawl toward the mother, and tactile exploration of the cliff surface. Nonavoiders and avoiders had indistinguishable patterns of HR acceleration, showing greater HR acceleration when lowered onto the deep than when lowered onto the shallow side of the cliff. Nonavoiders also showed more tactile exploration and longer latencies than did a comparable group of infants tested on the shallow side. This study illustrates how the same emotion, wariness of heights, can be shown by qualitatively different behaviors, all serving the same function of protecting the individual from falling over a drop‐off.
The Lengthened Shadow of Another Institution? Ideal Point Estimates for the Executive Branch and Congress
Authors: Bertelli Anthony M. , Grose Christian R.
Published: July 2011

While the president's relationship to Congress has been carefully studied, the broader executive branch has received far less attention in that context. Scholars rely on assumptions about the relationship between the president and cabinet departments that remain untested. We construct the first statistical portrait of executive branch ideology by estimating ideal points for members of Congress, presidents, and the heads of cabinet‐level departments between 1991 and 2004 in a Bayesian framework. We empirically assess claims about the composition of the president's administrative team and the influence of institutions on the ideology of principal executive decision makers. We also test an important claim regarding the trade‐off between ideological congruence and budgetary authority to demonstrate the utility of our estimates for other scholars. Our analysis reveals a new picture of the executive branch as ideologically diverse, casting into doubt some essential assumptions in a substantial body of work on the separation of powers.
Upset over Air Pollution: Analyzing Upset Event Emissions at Petroleum Refineries
Authors: Ozymy Joshua , Jarrell Melissa L.
Published: July 2011

The Clean Air Act (CAA) controls routine emissions at petroleum refineries, by creating limits and penalties for excess emissions. The CAA offers provisions for upset events, air emissions released because of unforeseen or unavoidable circumstances, if companies report the emissions and take corrective action. States enforce upset event rules and many states provide exemptions for a variety of circumstances, which may allow upset emissions to become a substantial, yet mostly unregulated source of emissions. We catalog the quantity and type of emissions generated during upset events at 18 Texas petroleum refineries from 2003 to 2008. We find that upset events occur frequently at these facilities and are collectively large in magnitude, emitting a combined total of 75 million lbs of emissions. In a select number of cases, single upset events exceeded annual emissions reported to the Toxics Release Inventory. Future research should assess the accuracy of upset event reporting and impact of upset events on environmental health.
Indigenizing the city and the future of Maori culture: The construction of community in Auckland as representation, experience, and self‐making
Authors: ROSENBLATT DANIEL
Published: July 2011

Traditional Maori meeting houses adapted to urban areas help to create communities that are able to represent themselves as analogous to rural ones centered on descent. Such representations have impact beyond the claims they embody in a “politics of culture”: By providing frames for the interpretation of experience, they contribute to the ways in which the embrace of identity becomes a process of self‐making, leading to “revived” cultures that shape actors’ ways of being and thinking in the world and, thus, their political struggles and goals. This outcome has implications for the future of cultural diversity.
Sketching knowledge: Quandaries in the mimetic reproduction of Pueblo ritual
Authors: COLWELL‐CHANTHAPHONH CHIP
Published: July 2011

In this article, I examine the quandaries of knowledge reproduction and preservation raised by the Henry C. Toll Collection of sketches, curated at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science, depicting the religious ceremonies of 18 Pueblo tribes. The collection provides unique insight into the interrelationships between power and image making, intellectual property and secrecy, and museum practices in an age of ethical engagement with descendant communities. I explore these themes in the context of the Pueblos’ historical struggle to control images, the Toll Collection's formation, and ethnographic interviews with Acoma, Hopi, Laguna, and Zuni cultural leaders.
The remaking of Lake Sakakawea: Locating cultural viability in negative heritage on the Missouri River
Authors: MURRAY WENDI FIELD , ZEDEÑO MARÍA NIEVES , HOLLENBACK KACY L. , GRINNELL CALVIN , BREAST ELGIN CROWS
Published: July 2011

The creation of Lake Sakakawea in North Dakota during the 1950s resulted in significant grief and loss for the Fort Berthold Indian community and continues to figure prominently in the collective memory of the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara people. Drawing from ethnographic information pre‐ and postdating dam construction, we examine the lake's paradoxical identities in the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nation worldview, as a repository of negative memory and as a locale of cultural knowledge, continuity, and meaning. The tribe's response to the construction of the lake illustrates how physical and psychological adjustments to irreparable loss can resituate negative heritage as culturally viable property.
Nontargeted Rapid Human Immunodeficiency Virus Screening Provided by Dedicated Personnel Does Not Adversely Affect Emergency Department Length of Stay
Authors: Coeller Nathalie , Kuo Irene , Brown Jeremy
Published: July 2011

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2011; 18:708–713 © 2011 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Objectives:  In September 2006, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended routine (nontargeted) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) screening for all patients in the emergency department (ED). Although the American College of Emergency Physicians has endorsed these recommendations, the College expressed concern that that their adoption may lead to an increase in the length of stay (LOS) for ED patients. This study therefore analyzed the effect of nontargeted HIV screening on LOS in a cohort of ED patients.

Methods:  The analysis was performed in an urban, Level I trauma center that offers nontargeted opt‐out HIV screening using dedicated HIV screeners. The LOS of all discharged patients who accepted HIV screening between May 2008 and December 2009 were compared with those of a cohort of patients over the same time period who were offered an ED HIV screening test but declined or were found to be not eligible. Median LOS was compared using the Wilcoxon rank sum test, and a multivariable linear model was used to assess the relationship between the acceptance of HIV testing and ED LOS.

Results:  Over the 20‐month study period, there were 18,577 records of discharged patients who were offered an HIV screening test and for whom there were data about LOS. Of these, 10,286 patients accepted HIV screening, and 8,291 patients declined or were found not to be eligible. Individuals who accepted the HIV test had an LOS that was 2% longer compared to those who did not accept the test (regression beta coefficient = 1.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.00 to 1.03, p = 0.04).

Conclusions:  Human immunodeficiency virus screening using an additional staff model has no clinically significant effect on the overall LOS for discharged patients.

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2011; 18:1–6 © 2011 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine