bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unsettled
Authors: Bailkin Jordanna
Published: June 2018

Today, no one thinks of Britain as a land of camps. Instead, camps seem to happen “elsewhere,” from Greece to Palestine to the global South. Yet over the course of the twentieth century, dozens of British refugee camps housed hundreds of thousands of Belgians, Jews, Basques, Poles, Hungarians, Anglo-Egyptians, Ugandan Asians, and Vietnamese. “Refugee camps” in Britain were never only for refugees. Refugees shared space with Britons who had been displaced by war and poverty, as well as thousands of civil servants and a fractious mix of volunteers. Unsettled explores how these camps have shaped today’s multicultural Britain. They generated unique intimacies and frictions, illuminating the closeness of individuals that have traditionally been kept separate—“citizens” and “migrants,” but also refugee populations from diverse countries and conflicts. As the world’s refugee crisis once again brings to Europe the challenges of mass encampment, Unsettled offers warnings from a liberal democracy’s recent past. Through anecdotes from interviews with former camp residents and workers and archival research, Unsettled conveys the vivid, everyday history of refugee camps, which witnessed births and deaths, love affairs and violent conflicts, strikes and protests, comedy and tragedy. Their story—like that of today’s refugee crisis—is one of complicated intentions that played out in unpredictable ways. This book speaks to all who are interested in the plight of the encamped, and the global uses of encampment in our present world.
Philosophy and Philosophical Sages in the Graeco-Roman World
Authors: Thorsteinsson Runar M.
Published: June 2018

This chapter addresses the question of the ways in which the ancients discussed and viewed philosophy as a discipline. Basing its main argument on the work of Pierre Hadot, the study argues that ancient philosophers understood philosophy primarily as the ‘art of living’, a way of life, which, in turn, points to the importance of classical virtue theory in this respect. The chapter also examines the question of how Graeco-Roman philosophers described the character of the philosophical sage, focusing on such descriptions in the first and second century, using the writings of Seneca as an example. Descriptions of the philosophical sage are most prominent in Stoic sources.
Jesus as Philosopher in the Gospel of Matthew
Authors: Thorsteinsson Runar M.
Published: June 2018

The chapter discusses the following aspects of the question of Jesus as philosopher in the Gospel of Matthew: ascetic appearance, abandoning one’s family, attitude towards material possessions and outward appearance, Jesus as a teacher of ethics, the congruence between words and deeds, the wisdom of Jesus, the philosopher’s emotions, and the philosopher’s suffering and death. It is concluded that Matthew may have been drawing on philosophical traditions when he set out to portray the Jewish sage as persuasively as possible. As in Mark, there are some minor differences between Matthew and the Graeco-Roman texts in this respect, especially as regards the question of Jesus’ emotions compared with those of the philosophical sage, although this difference is not as unmistakable in Matthew as in Mark.
Null subjects, expletives, and the status of Medieval French
Authors: Zimmermann Michael
Published: June 2018

In view of considerable differences from prototypical null-subject (NS) languages and recent proposals of different types of NS language, this chapter reconsiders the status of Medieval French, generally analysed as a NS language, regarding the NS parameter. It is essentially shown that Medieval French displays traits incompatible with an analysis as a consistent or partial NS language, particularly the existence of overt TP subject expletives, the highly frequent occurrence of overt referential subject pronouns in embedded clauses, and the consistent occurrence of an overt generic subject pronoun. From this and the fundamental insight that, in prototypical non-NS languages such as Modern Standard French, null subjects (NSs) are licit in a restricted number of contexts, the chapter concludes that Medieval French constitutes a non-NS language in which, as in the modern stage, NSs are principally possible in contexts of left-peripheral focalization.
Null subjects and Distinct Agreement in Modern Germanic
Authors: Rosenkvist Henrik
Published: June 2018

A number of modern Germanic vernaculars (non-standard languages and dialects) allow first and second person null subjects (NSs), but not third person. In this chapter, the person asymmetry, and the relation between these NSs and agreement on finite verbs (and subordinators) are discussed. It is argued that it is not necessary to assume a specific Speech Act-feature in order to explain why third person NSs are disallowed. The crucial factor is instead assumed to be Distinct Agreement, i.e. the agreeing element must (uniquely) express the same φ‎-features and values for these features as the corresponding overt pronoun in order to allow an NS, including not only number and person, but also—crucially—gender.
The Scholarship of Teaching and Learning
Authors: Dewar Jacqueline , Bennett Curtis , Fisher Matthew A.
Published: June 2018

This book is a guide to the scholarship of teaching and learning (SoTL) for scientists, engineers, and mathematicians teaching at the collegiate level in countries around the world. It shows instructors how to draw on their disciplinary knowledge and teaching experience to investigate questions about student learning. It takes them all the way through the inquiry process beginning with framing a research question and selecting a research design, moving on to gathering and analyzing evidence, and finally to making the results public. Numerous examples are provided at each stage, many from published studies of teaching and learning in science, engineering, or mathematics. At strategic points, short sets of questions prompt readers to pause and reflect, plan, or act. These questions are derived from the authors’ experience leading many SoTL workshops in the United States and Canada. The taxonomy of SoTL questions—What works? What is? What could be?—that emerged from the SoTL studies undertaken by the Carnegie scholars provides a useful framework at many stages of the inquiry process. The book addresses the issue of evaluating and valuing this work, including implications for junior faculty who wish to engage in SoTL. The authors explain why SoTL should be of interest to science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) faculty at all types of institutions, including faculty members active in traditional STEM research. They also give their perspective on the benefits of SoTL to faculty, to their institutions, to the academy, and to students.
The Lyric Past
Authors: Spelman Henry
Published: June 2018

Whereas the last two chapters focused on epinician, Chapter VIII expands the scope of inquiry and studies the lyric past in Pindar most generally. Section 1 discusses the mainly fragmentary evidence for his knowledge and use of the history of lyric. Section 2 interprets three epinicians which prominently engage with the work of other lyric poets (Pythian 2, Pythian 1, and Isthmian 2). Pindar defines his authorial project through comparisons with some of the most distinguished lyric voices of the past including Archilochus, Simonides, and Anacreon. Drawing on the arguments of the last three chapters and offering a conclusion, Section 3 describes Pindar’s vision of the poetic world, both past and present, and clarifies how a sense of literary history shapes the meaning of his authorial project.
Epilogue
Authors: Spelman Henry
Published: June 2018

This epilogue briefly highlights the unity of this work as a whole and then takes a broader view over ancient literature in order to trace some potential connections between Pindar and other sorts of poetry, both earlier and later. The Pindar who emerges from this monograph is a poet who looks with supreme self-consciousness to the past, the present, and the future simultaneously. To grasp Pindar’s vision of his place in the traditions of archaic poetry may in the end help us to see better how and why he eventually came to hold such a central place in the Graeco-Roman literary tradition as a whole.
Respecting Tradition
Authors: Goodin Robert E. , Spiekermann Kai
Published: June 2018

One way to use the ‘wisdom of crowds’ is to look at past judgements and aggregate them. We take as our model courts, which often follow a norm of respecting precedents (‘stare decisis’). The problem, however, with complete deference to past judgements is the emergence of informational cascades. If all judges respect tradition, a situation arises in which everyone sets their own private information to the side and blindly follows the majority judgement of past decisions. Possible solutions are to hide precedents, or to have some judges who are ‘stubborn’ in refusing to follow precedent, or to have some judges who only aggregate informative precedents. But these solutions involve judges not following tradition. Looking beyond courts, we caution against epistemic arguments from traditionalism more generally.
Pluralism
Authors: Goodin Robert E. , Spiekermann Kai
Published: June 2018

The classical jury theorem assumes that there is one universally correct answer to be tracked. There are however, ways to allow for a subject-dependent standard of correctness. External correctness is then replaced with what is correct from the perspective of the largest group of voters, the ‘democratically-epistemically correct’ outcome. The chapter considers six different schematic setups to demonstrate how the outcome depends on respective group sizes, the competence of voters to vote for their most preferred option, and systematic errors. We also consider a similar effect when voters have different priorities. The democratic-epistemic upshot is largely reassuring, though it is possible that smaller groups can beat larger groups in unfavourable circumstances.
New Prospects for Organizational Democracy?
Authors: Battilana Julie , Fuerstein Michael , Lee Mike
Published: June 2018

The joint pursuit of commercial and societal objectives will likely require non-traditional (non-hierarchical) ways of organizing. This chapter discusses the prospects for one promising alternative: “organizational democracy.” This is a flatter form characterized by distributed decision rights, a deliberative culture, and employee ownership. Other alternatives to hierarchy have emphasized individualistic values of autonomy and empowerment. In contrast, organizational democracy emphasizes the collective. Relevant work in political philosophy underlines analogous dimensions including representation, deliberation, and a collective point of view. The last point makes it different from work on solidarity and class or group interest. In multi-objective organizational democracy there are trade-offs and these are negotiated. Representation and deliberation come to the foreground. Unlike in traditional organizations, however, negotiations are not regarded as transaction costs to be minimized; rather they are brought to the foreground and cultivated. The chapter illustrates these ideas and discusses challenges and avenues for future research.
Dialectical Method in Alexander of Aphrodisias’ Treatises on Fate and Providence
Authors: Adamson Peter
Published: June 2018

This article offers an analysis of the argumentative method of two treatises by Alexander of Aphrodisias, On Fate and On Providence, the latter of which is preserved only in Arabic translation. It is argued that both texts use techniques from Aristotelian dialectic, albeit in different ways, with On Fate adhering to methods outlined in Aristotle's Topics whereas On Providence uses the ‘aporetic’ method familiar from texts such as MetaphysicsΒ‎. This represents a revision of a previous study of Alexander's method in On Fate by Jaap Mansfeld, which emphasized parallels between that method and the techniques of ancient scepticism. It is, however, suggested that Alexander does reflect developments in epistemology during the Hellenistic period, especially in so far as he ‘upgrades’ the status of endoxa to play something like the role of common conceptions in the dogmatic Hellenistic schools.
A Kantian System of Constitutional Justice
Authors: Sweet Alec Stone , Ryan Clare , Palmer Eric
Published: June 2018

This chapter develops an account of a Kantian system of constitutional justice based on a series of interlocking claims: (i) that the People have placed their freedom in trust, in the form of a charter of rights; (ii) that rights provisions instantiate the foundations on which the external freedom of all persons may be constructed; (iii) that public officials are under a duty to make and enforce law in ways that fulfill the rights of persons that come under their authority; (iv) that an omnilateral trustee, a constitutional court, supervises the lawmaking activities of officials, through the enforcement of the Universal Principle of Right (UPR); and (v) that the UPR, as operationalized through the proportionality principle, lays down the basic criterion for the legitimacy of all positive law. Insofar as these structural features combine to render rights protection more effective, they will also maximize a polity’s capacity to achieve a Rightful condition.
The Donatist Church in an Apocalyptic Age
Authors: Hoover Jesse A.
Published: June 2018

This book explores how a schismatic ecclesiastical movement in Roman North Africa known as Donatism incorporated apocalyptic motifs into its literature. In contrast to previous assessments, it will argue that such eschatological expectations are not out of sync with the wider world of Latin Christianity in late antiquity, and that they functioned as an effective polemical strategy designed to counter their opponents’ claim to be the true church in North Africa. After examining how eschatological passages were interpreted by earlier North African Christians prior to the schism, the book will explore appeals to the apocalyptic chronologically during the first two centuries of its existence (roughly 300–500 CE). Two competing trajectories in particular will be noted: a “mainstream” hermeneutic which defined the dissident communion as a prophesied “remnant” which had remained faithful in the face of widespread apostasy, and the radical alternative proposed by the Donatist theologian Tyconius, who interpreted the schism as a symbolic foreshadowing of a still-future “separation” between the true church and the false brothers who currently reside within it. By exploring these and other instances of apocalyptic imagery within the dissident movement’s surviving literary corpus, it is possible to reveal a significant aspect of Donatist self-perception which has so far gone unexamined.
“God Will Come from the Afric”
Authors: Hoover Jesse A.
Published: June 2018

Chapter 4 examines the first of two competing Donatist apocalyptic trajectories which evolved between the cessation of the Macarian repression and the 411 Conference at Carthage: a tendency within mainstream Donatism to identify itself as a prophesied eschatological “remnant.” After first establishing the viability of such an interpretation within the dissident communion, the chapter uses the Epistula ad Catholicos and related texts to uncover three interlocking presuppositions shared by its proponents. First, they argued that the Gospel had already been preached to all nations. Second, that the world had entered into an age of apostasy: the prophesied “falling away.” Finally, that the scriptures had foretold the location of those who would remain faithful until the end: in the South of the world, i.e., North Africa.
From Taverns to Gastropubs
Authors: Lane Christel
Published: June 2018

This book charts the social historical development of the English public house from the period of the Restoration to the twenty-first century, culminating in the contemporary gastropub. Continuities and differences between taverns, inns, and (gastro)pubs are highlighted, with a focus on issues around food, drink, and sociality. The analysis of food and eating out encompasses their material, as well as their symbolic properties, both historically and at the present time. One recurring theme is the constant contest between English and French cuisine for diners’ allegiance. The book studies the gastropub in the context of large-scale pub closing since the 1990s and views it both as reaction to the end of the traditional drinking pub and as a promising alternative to it. The subordinate relation of the pub to both breweries/pub companies and to the regulatory and taxing state is presented as contributory to pubs’ decline. The book uses the theoretical lenses of class, gender, and national identification to explore issues of social and organizational identity. The gastropub’s organizational identity is viewed as unsettled. The author relies on historical diaries, memoirs, industry reports, and scholarly secondary sources, as well as utilizing original data, gained in forty in-depth interviews of publicans in different parts of England.
Reincarnation, Rationality, and Temperance
Authors: Edwards G. Fay
Published: June 2018

Late antique philosophers contributed remarkable defenses of benevolence toward animals. The two most notable examples of this are Plutarch and Porphyry, who argued that animals should not be killed and eaten. This chapter argues that these philosophers were motivated not so much by a feeling of moral sympathy toward animals as by the conviction that eating meat is bad for humans. Since the consumption of meat ties the soul to the body by providing pleasure, it is to be avoided by the philosopher. Thus the vegetarianism of these late ancient Platonists echoes concerns about embodiment already found in Plato himself. The chapter also touches on the issue of human-animal reincarnation.
Reflection
Authors: Muratori Cecilia
Published: June 2018

Why is it at all pleasurable to be in the company of animals such as dogs, monkeys, and cats? According to Schopenhauer, it is because of their “complete naïveté” that we find these creatures so amusing.1 But the company of apes, in particular, must have been especially fascinating to Schopenhauer. He longed to see a living specimen of the great ape, and finally succeeded when a young orangutan was put on display at the 1856 autumn fair in Frankfurt am Main. Upon hearing that the same animal had then been sold and transferred to Leipzig, Schopenhauer was indignant to find out that an acquaintance of his had not seized on this chance to go and see the creature himself. “You must believe me, the orangutan recognizes in man his nobler brotherly relative,” Schopenhauer is supposed to have exclaimed....
Political Obligation, Punishment, and the Polity
Authors: Dagger Richard
Published: June 2018

This chapter completes the argument for the fair-play theory of political obligation and punishment by taking up two final tasks. The first is to explain how the two aspects of this theory—that is, the one concerned with political obligation and the one that justifies legal punishment—stand in relation to each other. The claim is that this relationship is interlocking and mutually reinforcing. The second task is to fill out and sharpen the conception of the polity as a cooperative meta-practice that is central to the fair-play theory of political obligation and punishment. In doing so, I hope to show how the fair-play account provides practical guidance even in conditions that fall short of the ideal of a polity so conceived.
Production
Authors: Raven James , O’Brien Karen
Published: June 2018

This introductory chapter discusses the production history of the novel. The revolution in book production across all genres is dramatic. Before 1700 up to about 1,800 different printed titles were issued annually; by 1820 up to 5,500—and this is simply a crude title count that does not consider the huge increases in the edition sizes of certain types of publication, increases that escalated sharply after 1820. It was only in the 1810s that the production of literature, and notably the novel, temporarily faltered. The great majority of the new novels of 1819–20 carried either ‘novel’ or ‘tale’ in their title. Early nineteenth-century British reviewers and advertising booksellers accepted and promoted the ‘novel’ as a distinct literary category, even though it encompassed a great many narrative forms. By 1820, readers were able to enjoy an accumulation of critical studies of the novels and even accounts of their production history and domestic and foreign influences.
Walter Scott and the Historical Novel
Authors: Duncan Ian
Published: June 2018

This chapter explores Walter Scott and the historical novel. Scott made the novel a modern epic form by making it national, and he made it national by making it historical. In doing so, he endowed the novel with the aura of philosophical dignity attached to history, the most prestigious of the Enlightenment human sciences, especially in Scotland. The historical novel became the ‘classical’ form of the novel as such throughout the nineteenth century, retaining popularity and prestige well after the major Victorian novelists had absorbed Scott's techniques for a historicism trained on modern conditions. The combination of history and Bildungsroman inaugurated in Waverley; or, ‘Tis Sixty Years Since (1814) would provide a model for aspiring national literatures across Continental Europe, its imperial frontiers, and its colonial satellites, well into the next century.
Imperial Commerce, Gender, and Slavery
Authors: Coleman Deirdre
Published: June 2018

This chapter explores the twinned emergence in the British novel of a critique of plantation slavery and commercial imperialism with a proto-feminist questioning of the ‘commerce of the sexes’. The discourses of racial and sexual oppression resonate with one another, helping to establish connections between inequalities at home and the sufferings of distant others. It has been argued that novelistic representations of violence and suffering are central to an ‘imagined empathy’ which in turn assisted the development in the eighteenth century of humanitarian sentiment. While it might be charged that the mid-eighteenth-century novel failed to grant full humanity to the enslaved and that it was somewhat instrumentalist in its handling of slavery reform, it can be demonstrated that the versatility of the figure of slavery enabled fuller characterization of the colonized and enslaved, as well as the more explicit imagining of colonial violence.
The Novel and the Stage
Authors: Russell Gillian
Published: June 2018

This chapter studies the relationship between the novel and the stage. Novels and plays were the products of the same cultural, political, and social contexts: they were performed, circulated as texts, and interpreted in relation to and often in dialogue and competition with each other. However, the extent to which the development of the novel in this period interacts with that of the stage has received comparatively little attention in literary history. This partly reflects the differentiation of literary genres that took place in the nineteenth century and its subsequent academic institutionalization which has resulted in the novel and the drama constituting distinct fields within literary studies. This development was reinforced by the ‘rise’ of the novel to the status of a legitimate literary genre, one indeed regarded as central to modern global culture, and, conversely, the ‘decline’ of the prestige of theatre and drama, particularly that of the period 1750–1950.
Why a Kinetic Theory of Fluids?
Authors: Succi Sauro
Published: June 2018

Fluid flows are a pervasive presence across most branches of human activity, including daily life. Although the basic equations governing the motion of fluid flows are known for two centuries (1822), since the work of Claude–Louis Navier (1785–1836) and Gabriel Stokes (1819–1903), these equations still set a formidable challenge to the quantitative, and sometimes even qualitative, understanding of the way fluid matter flows in space and time. Meteorological phenomena are among the most popular examples in point, but the challenge extends to many otherinstances of collective fluid motion, both in classical and quantum physics. This Chapter presents the Navier–Stokes equations of fluid mechanics and discuss the main motivations behind the kinetic approach to computational fluid dynamics.
Model Boltzmann Equations
Authors: Succi Sauro
Published: June 2018

This chapter deals with simplified models of the Boltzmann equation, aimed at reducing its mathematical complexity, while still retaining the most salient physical features. As observed many times in this book, the Boltzmann equation is all but an easy equation to solve. The situation surely improves by moving to its linearized version, but even then, a lot of painstaking labor is usually involved in deriving special solutions for the problem at hand. In order to ease this state of affairs, in the mid-fifties, stylized models of the Boltzmann equations were formulated, with the main intent of providing facilitated access to the main qualitative aspects of the actual solutions of the Boltzmann equation, without facing head-on with its mathematical complexity. As it is always the case with models, the art is not to throw away the baby with the tub water.
Numerical Methods for the Kinetic Theory of Fluids
Authors: Succi Sauro
Published: June 2018

This chapter provides a bird’s eye view of the main numerical particle methods used in the kinetic theory of fluids, the main purpose being of locating Lattice Boltzmann in the broader context of computational kinetic theory. The leading numerical methods for dense and rarified fluids are Molecular Dynamics (MD) and Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC), respectively. These methods date of the mid 50s and 60s, respectively, and, ever since, they have undergone a series of impressive developments and refinements which have turned them in major tools of investigation, discovery and design. However, they are both very demanding on computational grounds, which motivates a ceaseless demand for new and improved variants aimed at enhancing their computational efficiency without losing physical fidelity and vice versa, enhance their physical fidelity without compromising computational viability.
Lattice Boltzmann Models without Underlying Boolean Microdynamics
Authors: Succi Sauro
Published: June 2018

Chapter 12 showed how to circumvent two major stumbling blocks of the LGCA approach: statistical noise and exponential complexity of the collision rule. Yet, the ensuing LB still remains connected to low Reynolds flows, due to the low collisionality of the underlying LGCA rules. The high-viscosity barrier was broken just a few months later, when it was realized how to devise LB models top-down, i.e., based on the macroscopic hydrodynamic target, rather than bottom-up, from underlying microdynamics. Most importantly, besides breaking the low-Reynolds barrier, the top-down approach has proven very influential for many subsequent developments of the LB method to this day.
Lattice Relaxation Schemes
Authors: Succi Sauro
Published: June 2018

In Chapter 13, it was shown that the complexity of the LBE collision operator can be cut down dramatically by formulating discrete versions with prescribed local equilibria. In this chapter, the process is taken one step further by presenting a minimal formulation whereby the collision matrix is reduced to the identity, upfronted by a single relaxation parameter, fixing the viscosity of the lattice fluid. The idea is patterned after the celebrated Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook (BGK) model Boltzmann introduced in continuum kinetic theory as early as 1954. The second part of the chapter describes the comeback of the early LBE in optimized multi-relaxation form, as well as few recent variants hereof.
The Hermite–Gauss Route to LBE
Authors: Succi Sauro
Published: June 2018

This chapter describes the side-up approach to Lattice Boltzmann, namely the formal derivation from the continuum Boltzmann-(BGK) equation via Hermite projection and subsequent evaluation of the kinetic moments via Gauss–Hermite quadrature. From a slightly different angle, one may also interpret the Gauss–Hermite quadrature as an optimal sampling of velocity space, or, better still, an exact sampling of the bulk of the distribution function, the one contributing most to the lowest order kinetic moments (frequent events). Capturing higher–order moments, beyond hydrodynamics (rare events), requires an increasing number of nodes and weights.
Boundary Conditions
Authors: Succi Sauro
Published: June 2018

The actual dynamics of fluid flows is highly dependent on the surrounding environment, whose influence is mathematically described through the prescription of suitable boundary conditions. Boundary conditions play a crucial role, as they select solutions which are compatible with external constraints. Accounting for these constraints may be comparatively simple for idealized geometries but for general ones it represents a delicate (and sometimes nerve-probing!) task. In fact, the treatment of the boundary conditions often makes the difference in the quality of fluid dynamic simulations. This chapter illustrates the most common ways to impose boundary conditions to LB flows. The subject is very technical and has grown considerably for the past decade, which means that this chapter can only serve as a guiding introduction to the vast and still growing original literature.
Flows at Moderate Reynolds Numbers
Authors: Succi Sauro
Published: June 2018

This chapter presents the application of LBE to flows at moderate Reynolds numbers, typically hundreds to thousands. This is an important area of theoretical and applied fluid mechanics, one that relates, for instance, to the onset of nonlinear instabilities and their effects on the transport properties of the unsteady flow configuration. The regime of Reynolds numbers at which these instabilities take place is usually not very high, of the order of thousands, hence basically within reach of present day computer capabilities. Nonetheless, following the full evolution of these transitional flows requires very long-time integrations with short time-steps, which command substantial computational power. Therefore, efficient numerical methods are in great demand. Also of major interest are steady-state or pulsatile flows at moderate Reynolds numbers in complex geometries, such as they occur, for instance, in hemodynamic applications. The application of LBE to such flows will also briefly be mentioned
Thermohydrodynamic LBE Schemes
Authors: Succi Sauro
Published: June 2018

This chapter describes extensions of the LB scheme to thermal flows, where temperature is no longer a control parameter constant throughout the fluid, but a dynamic field evolving in space and time under the drive of energy fluxes within the flow and with the external environment. The extension from a thermal to thermal lattice fluids involves a significant leap of complexity, due to the need of correctly recovering higher order kinetic moments associated with the energy.
Out of Legoland: Geoflexible Lattice Boltzmann Equations
Authors: Succi Sauro
Published: June 2018

The LBEs discussed to this point lag behind “best in class” Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods for the simulation of fluid flows in realistically complicated geometries, such as those presented by most industrial devices. This traces back to the constraint of working along the light-cones of a uniform spacetime. Various methods have been proposed to remedy this unsatisfactory state of affairs. Among others, a natural strategy is to acquire geometrical flexibility from well-established techniques which can afford it, namely Finite Volumes (FV), Finite Differences (FD) and Finite Elements (FE). Alternatively, one can stick to the cartesian geometry of standard LB, and work at progressive levels of local grid refinement. This Chapter presents the general ideas being both strategies.
Quantum Lattice Boltzmann (QLB)
Authors: Succi Sauro
Published: June 2018

The Lattice Boltzmann concepts and applications described so far refer to classical, i.e., non-quantum physics. However, the LB formalism is not restricted to classical Newtonian mechanics and indeed an LB formulation of quantum mechanics, going by the name of quantum LB (QLB) has been in existence for more than two decades. Even though it would far-fetched to say that QLB represents a mainstream, in the recent years it has captured some revived interest, mostly on account of recent developments in quantum-computing research. This chapter provides an account of the QLB formulation: stay tuned, LBE goes quantum!
Coda
Authors: Succi Sauro
Published: June 2018

This section of the book revisits a question from the book The Lattice Boltzmann Equation (for fluid dynamics and beyond). This question is: What did we learn through lattice Boltzmann? Did LB make a real difference to our understanding of the physics of fluids and flowing matter in general? Here, the text aims to offer a subjective view, without the presumption of being right. Besides being routinely used for a broad spectrum of complex flow problems, there are, in the opinion expressed in this part of the book, a few precious instances in which LB has made a palpable difference.
Notation
Authors: Succi Sauro
Published: June 2018

This section of the book provides notation for reference purposes for the rest of the text. Compact notation is vital. This section provides a few notational examples which aim to guide the reader through the math-dense sections of the book. It covers vectors and tensors; scalar products and tensor contractions; and finally gradients, divergence, and curl.
Colonial Modernists
Authors: Smith Angela
Published: June 2018

This chapter looks at a range of colonial fiction up to 1950 by writers native to Australia, New Zealand, India, the Caribbean, and Canada, which in some way develops and inflects modernist aspiration and practice. The old paradigm, that European models of literary modernism were disseminated to outposts of the British Empire, possibly via such cultural missionaries as E. M. Forster or D. H. Lawrence, and then belatedly imitated, or that artists from the colonies travelled to the metropolitan centre to discover and be transformed by the avant-garde, is evidently undermined by a cursory glance at colonial writing at the end of the nineteenth century. The colonial modernist fiction to 1950 discussed in this chapter is inflected by intimate experience of imperial power, as in the case of Mulk Raj Anand and Claude McKay, and by awareness of an alternative aesthetic and morality in the work of Emily Carr and Katherine Susannah Prichard.
Extralegal Groups in Post-Conflict Liberia
Authors: Cheng Christine
Published: June 2018

In the aftermath of the Liberian civil war, groups of ex-combatants took control of natural resource enclaves. With some of them threatening a return to war, these groups were widely viewed as the most significant threats to Liberia’s hard-won peace. Building on fieldwork and socio-historical analysis, this study shows how extralegal groups emerge as a product of livelihood strategies and the political economy of war. It analyzes the trajectory of extralegal groups in three sectors of the Liberian economy: rubber, diamonds, and timber. The findings offer a counterpoint to the prevailing narrative, arguing that extralegal groups have a dual nature and should be viewed as accidental statebuilders driven to provide basic governance goods in order to create a stable commercial environment. These groups do not seek to rule; they provide governance because they need to trade—not as an end in itself. This leads to the book’s broader argument: it is trade, rather than war, that drives contemporary statebuilding. In areas where the state is weak and political authority is contested, where the rule of law is corrupt and government distrust runs deep, extralegal groups can provide order and dispute resolution, forming the basic kernel of the state. Extralegal groups also perform a series of hidden governance functions that establish public norms of compliance and cooperation with local populations. This sheds new light on how we understand violent nonstate actors, allowing us to view them as part of an evolutionary process of state-making, rather than simply as national security threats.
Living Machines
Authors: Prescott Tony J. , Verschure Paul F. M. J.
Published: June 2018

Biomimetics is the development of novel technologies through the distillation of principles from the study of biological systems. Biohybrid systems are formed by at least one biological component—an already existing living system—and at least one artificial, newly engineered component. The development of either biomimetic or biohybrid systems requires a deep understanding of the operation of living systems, and the two fields are united under the theme of “living machines”—the idea that we can construct artifacts that not only mimic life but share some of the same fundamental principles. This chapter sets out the philosophy and history underlying this Living Machines approach and sets the scene for the remainder of this book.
Towards a general theory of evolution
Authors: Deacon Terrence W.
Published: June 2018

Towards a general theory of evolution argues that defining natural selection in terms of “blind variation and selective retention”— as in A-life and replicator selection—ignores the fact that what varies is necessarily part of a far-from-equilibrium physical system that requires physical work to be produced. But natural selection theory is agnostic about the physical-chemical mechanisms underlying the maintenance, repair, and reproduction of organism structures and functions. A more general theory of evolution is proposed that includes an account of a type of process able to reconstitute the organization of the physical system capable of producing that process if damaged.
Muscles
Authors: Anderson Iain A. , O’Brien Benjamin M.
Published: June 2018

Mechanical devices that include home appliances, automobiles, and airplanes are typically driven by electric motors or combustion engines through gearboxes and other linkages. Airplane wings, for example, have hinged control surfaces such as ailerons. Now imagine a wing that has no hinged control surfaces or linkages but that instead bends or warps to assume an appropriate shape, like the wing of a bird. Such a device could be enabled using an electro-active polymer technology based on electronic artificial muscles. Artificial muscles act directly on a structure, like our leg muscles that are attached by tendon to our bones and that through phased contraction enable us to walk. Sensory feedback from our muscles enables proprioceptive control. So, for artificial muscles to be used appropriately we need to pay attention not only to mechanisms for muscle actuation but also to how we can incorporate self-sensing feedback for the control of position.
Attention and orienting
Authors: Mitchinson Ben
Published: June 2018

This chapter describes the close relationship between the mental faculty of attention and the physical faculty of orienting, and the importance of this relationship to the construction of artificial biomimetic systems. It reviews the importance of physical orienting to natural motor behavior, which places attention management at the core of all behaviors (“orienting is acting”), and the concomitant social role of physical orienting both in expressing and revealing the focus of a mind. The article highlights the efficiency of top-down and bottom-up processing for behavioral control, using map-based saliency processing as a model, and the suitability of map-based algorithms for parallel or bespoke computation. Given this, and the similar nature of the challenges faced by artificial and natural sensorimotor systems, it is argued that attention management may be a, if not the, key component of future artificial motor control systems.
Spatial and episodic memory
Authors: Erdem Uğur Murat , Roy Nicholas , Leonard John J. , Hasselmo Michael E.
Published: June 2018

The neuroscience of spatial memory is one of the most promising areas for developing biomimetic solutions to complex engineering challenges. Grid cells are neurons recorded in the medial entorhinal cortex that fire when rats are in an array of locations in the environment falling on the vertices of tightly packed equilateral triangles. Grid cells suggest an exciting new approach for enhancing robot simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) in changing environments and could provide a common map for situational awareness between human and robotic teammates. Current models of grid cells are well suited to robotics, as they utilize input from self-motion and sensory flow similar to inertial sensors and visual odometry in robots. Computational models, supported by in vivo neural activity data, demonstrate how grid cell representations could provide a substrate for goal-directed behavior using hierarchical forward planning that finds novel shortcut trajectories in changing environments.
From aquatic animals to robot swimmers
Authors: Kruusmaa Maarja
Published: June 2018

Fish and other aquatic animals have developed a diverse repertoire of locomotion and sensing strategies in an environment that is 800 times denser than air. This chapter explains the underlying principles of aquatic locomotion and describes some landmark biomimetic robots based on those principles. Biological underwater swimmers face the trade-off between speed and manoeuvrability and it is argued that the same trade-off exists also with biomimetic vehicles. Biomimetic underwater vehicles mostly mimic carangiform and subcarangiform swimmers which are fast swimmers. The highly manoeuvrable fish species (lampreys, rays, etc.) are a less popular choice of bioinspiration arguably because of their higher complexity and limitations posed by current technology of electromechanical devices. A unique sensing organ, the lateral line, is utilized by all fish species. Artifical lateral lines for sensing flow are briefly discussed as well as the potential of robot control with the help of flow sensing.
Mapmaking and Mapthinking: Cancer as a Problem of Place in Nineteenth-century England
Authors: Arnold-Forster Agnes
Published: June 2018

In the nineteenth century, Dr Alfred Haviland plotted the distribution of cancer on maps of England. Matured within the intellectual milieu of nascent professional public health, his work can be married to that of his fellow sanitary reformers; however, his approach to medical cartography differed from what historians expect of Victorian mapmakers. While most of his mapmaking colleagues attended to urban places, Haviland turned his attention to the English countryside. This article will thus make three interventions into the limited literature on cancer in nineteenth-century England. First, it will demonstrate how cancer came to be constituted as a problem of place. Second, it will show that Haviland understood the disease to be produced by rural environs, and thus paradoxically correlated to healthful locales rather than areas of urban squalor. Third, this article suggests an alternative to the well-travelled interpretation of nineteenth-century mapping as an exercise in power and social control.
Prospective Study of Closed Reduction of Trochanteric Fractures via a Novel Intraoperative Femoral Fracture Reduction Device: Early Clinical Results
Authors: Wang Zhigang , Hao Wei , Liu Dong , Zhang Kai , Jia Long , Yang Shuye , Wang Zhaolin , Zhang Degang , Zhang Dechun
Published: June 2018

Objective:

Traction achieved using an intraoperative femoral fracture reduction device (IFFRD) was compared with that observed using a traction table (TT) for closed reduction of trochanteric fractures and cephalomedullary nail fixation.

Design:

Prospective cohort study.

Setting:

Level 1 trauma center.

Patients:

One hundred forty-one eligible patients with 141 fractures (Orthopaedic Trauma Association type 31-A1, n = 28; A2, n = 75; and A3, n = 38 cases) were randomized to the IFFRD (n = 73) or TT (n = 68) group.

Intervention:

The IFFRD was used while the patient was placed on a normal radiolucent operation table with 25–30 degrees elevation of the injured side to allow for antero-posterior and lateral fluoroscopic examination and facilitate entry-point guide wire insertion.

Main Outcome Measures:

Patient demographics, operative and fluoroscopy duration, quality of fracture reduction, and radiological bone union time were recorded.

Results:

Patient demographics were similar between groups. Duration of patient positioning was longer in the TT group (P< 0.05); duration of fluoroscopy, fracture reduction, and time to union were comparable.

Conclusions:

An IFFRD used with a normal radiolucent operation table decreased patient positioning time, with efficacy comparable to the TT approach for closed reduction of trochanteric fractures.

Level of Evidence:

Therapeutic Level I. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Older Adults’ Live Demonstration of Electronic Personal Health Record Use
Authors: Evans Beth A. , Beverly Claudia J. , Tsai Pao-Feng , Rettiganti Mallikarjuna , Lefler Leanne L. , Parks Rachida F.
Published: June 2018

Adoption of electronic personal health records by older adults offers multiple advantages to healthcare and is being encouraged by federal agencies and health associations. However, obstacles have limited older adults’ rates of adoption to approximately 10%. This study examined the initial proficiency of older adults at entering 21 standard health elements into an electronic personal health record. Entry completeness, accuracy, elapsed time, and help requests were measured. A combination of standard technology adoption model and older adult characteristics accounted for 52% of variability in proficiency at entering electronic personal health record data. Automatic linear modeling identified three variables as primarily related to proficiency with electronic personal health record use: age, computer competency, and mental status. Interventions to increase electronic personal health record adoption and proficiency of use will require the consideration of variables specific to older adults, and may best focus on younger seniors with good mental status and computer competency. Efforts for older seniors with decreased mental status might better center on delegation to a primary caregiver.
Role of Nursing Informatics in the Automation of Pneumonia Quality Measure Data Elements
Authors: Kalsy Megha , Lin Jau-Huei , Bray Bruce E. , Sward Katherine A.
Published: June 2018

Core measures are standard metrics to reflect the processes of care provided by hospitals. Hospitals in the United States are expected to extract data from electronic health records, automated computation of core measures, and electronic submission of the quality measures data. Traditional manual calculation processes are time intensive and susceptible to error. Automated calculation has the potential to provide timely, accurate information, which could guide quality-of-care decisions, but this vision has yet to be achieved. In this study, nursing informaticists and data analysts implemented a method to automatically extract data elements from electronic health records to calculate a core measure. We analyzed the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of core measure data elements extracted via SQL query and compared the results to manually extracted data elements. This method achieved excellent performance for the structured data elements but was less efficient for semistructured and unstructured elements. We analyzed challenges in automating the calculation of quality measures and proposed a rule-based (hybrid) approach for semistructured and unstructured data elements.
Asymptomatic Hypopigmented Patches
Authors: Zikry Joseph , Jacob Sharon E.
Published: June 2018

Teledermatology is a term to describe the provision of dermatologic medical services through telecommunication technology. This is a case of asymptomatic hypopigmented patches on a man.