bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Testimonies and Healing: Anti‐oppressive Research with Black Women and the Implications for Compassionate Ethical Care
Authors: Gunn Alana
Published: April 2022

Anti‐oppressive qualitative inquiry can be a powerful tool for members of marginalized communities to engage in storytelling that is both therapeutic and transformative. For individuals navigating marginalization due to multiple systems of stigmatization, the process of telling their story offers the opportunity to engage in awareness raising and health promotion that can benefit their communities. Formerly incarcerated Black women are one such community experiencing multilevel marginalization. This essay explores ways in which the qualitative interview can provide contexts for women to name their experiences of oppression, reconstruct the meanings they attach to them, and channel their stories of navigating harm to promote the health of others. Given the legacy of research atrocities that have disproportionately harmed already‐marginalized communities, this piece seeks to advance practices of ethical care and compassion in qualitative inquiry that promote greater health and the building of relational trust in both research and clinical settings.
Neural and computational processes of accelerated perceptual awareness and decisions: A 7T fMRI study
Authors: Kalhan Shivam , McFadyen Jessica , Tsuchiya Naotsugu , Garrido Marta I.
Published: April 2022

Rapidly detecting salient information in our environments is critical for survival. Visual processing in subcortical areas like the pulvinar and amygdala has been shown to facilitate unconscious processing of salient stimuli. It is unknown, however, if and how these areas might interact with cortical regions to facilitate faster conscious perception of salient stimuli. Here we investigated these neural processes using 7T functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in concert with computational modelling while participants (n = 33) engaged in a breaking continuous flash suppression paradigm (bCFS) in which fearful and neutral faces are initially suppressed from conscious perception but then eventually ‘breakthrough’ into awareness. Participants reported faster breakthrough times for fearful faces compared with neutral faces. Drift‐diffusion modelling suggested that perceptual evidence was accumulated at a faster rate for fearful faces compared with neutral faces. For both neutral and fearful faces, faster response times were associated with greater activity in the amygdala (specifically within its subregions, including superficial, basolateral and amygdalo‐striatal transition area) and the insula. Faster rates of evidence accumulation coincided with greater activity in frontoparietal regions and occipital lobe, as well as the amygdala. A lower decision‐boundary correlated with activity in the insula and the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), but not with the amygdala. Overall, our findings suggest that hastened perceptual awareness of salient stimuli recruits the amygdala and, more specifically, is driven by accelerated evidence accumulation in fronto‐parietal and visual areas. In sum, we have mapped distinct neural computations that accelerate perceptual awareness of visually suppressed faces.
“They loved gambling more than me.” Women's experiences of gambling‐related harm as an affected other
Authors: McCarthy Simone , Thomas Samantha L. , Pitt Hannah , Warner Elyse , Roderique‐Davies Gareth , Rintoul Angela , John Bev
Published: April 2022

Background

Gambling poses a global threat to public health due to its far‐reaching impacts. Research has demonstrated a ripple effect of harmful gambling on social network members and broader communities. While researchers have documented extreme harms associated with an affected other, limited research has qualitatively investigated how women describe their concerns about the gambling of a social network member, and any subsequent negative impacts on their own lives.

Methods

An online panel survey was conducted with women aged 18 years and older, who gambled at least once in the last 12 months, and resided in the Australian states of Victoria and New South Wales. This paper focused on the open text responses of a subsection of the sample (n = 136) who reported being negatively impacted by someone else's gambling. The study utilised reflexive thematic analysis to interpret the data.

Results

Results indicated that women were concerned about the gambling behaviours of a broad range of social network members. Open text responses regarding the nature of these concerns mostly related to individualised paradigms of gambling behaviour – including whether the participant perceived their network member could afford to gamble, was being responsible with their gambling, or were gambling too frequently. Participants experienced a range of negative impacts including significant financial issues, relationship difficulties, poorer emotional wellbeing as a result of worrying about the gambler, and loss of trust. Some described the negative experiences associated with growing up with a parent who gambled.

Conclusion

The research demonstrates the broad impacts of gambling on affected others. This study enhances our understanding of how women are harmed by gambling and considers the complexities of their experiences and relationships with the gambler. This extends knowledge beyond quantitative descriptors of harm among affected others and provides a critical reflection on the nuances of women's experiences with gambling and gambling harm.
Endo‐ and exohedral complexes of superphane with cations
Authors: Jabłoński Mirosław
Published: April 2022

Quite recently it has been shown in a previous study that superphane, that is, [2.2.2.2.2.2](1,2,3,4,5,6)cyclophane, is a very convenient molecule in the study of endohedral complexes and especially in the study of the influence of the caged entity (i.e., guest) on the structure of the host molecule. This advantage results from the presence of two parallel benzene rings joined together by six quite flexible ethylene bridges (spacers). This article examines the energetic and structural properties of endo‐ and exohedral complexes of superphane with the following cations: H+, Li+, Na+, K+, Be2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, B3+, Al3+, Ga3+. The stability of endohedral complexes has been shown to be strongly dependent on the charge and radius of the caged cation. The inclusion of the cation inside the superphane molecule causes its ‘swelling’, which is manifested by an increase in the distance between the benzene rings and elongations of the ring and spacer C–C bonds. In the case of exohedral complexes, three forms are investigated: with the cation above the benzene ring, with the cation interacting with the superphane window in the equatorial position, and with the cation interacting with the center of the C–C spacer bond. The first of these forms has been shown to be preferred. The cation⋯acceptor distance depends on the cation radius. Among the cations investigated, H+and Be2+are particularly reactive and predisposed to induce significant structural changes in the superphane molecule, forming C–H bond or C–Be–C bridges, respectively.
Genome‐wide association study of 7661 Chinese Han individuals and fine‐mapping major histocompatibility complex identifies HLA‐DRB1 as associated with IgA vasculitis
Authors: Xia Liang , Chen Mengyun , Zhang Hanshuo , Zheng Xiaodong , Bao Jing , Gao Jinping , Zhu Caihong , Sun Liangdan , Xia Hailong , Zhang Xuejun
Published: April 2022

Background

Immunoglobulin‐A vasculitis (IgAV) is an immune‐related systemic vasculitis with an unclear etiology. Genetic predisposition is now considered to be closely associated with the development of the disease, and it is essential to reveal the relationship between them. To explore the role of heredity in the disease, we performed a genome‐wide association study (GWAS) of 496 IgAV cases and 7165 controls using an Illumina Infinium Global Screening Array chip.

Methods

In the first stage of analysis, a significant correlation between the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and IgAV was observed. Subsequently, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) analysis was conducted using a new large‐scale Han‐MHC reference panel. Fine mapping of IgAV risk in the MHC region indicated that two amino acid positions, 120 and 11, of HLA‐DRB1 and three potential HLA alleles (HLA‐DRB1∗04, HLA‐DRB1∗16, and HLA‐DRB1∗16:02) were significantly associated.

Results

Further stepwise conditional analysis demonstrated that 3 amino acid positions (120, 26, 96) of HLA‐DRB1 and 6 HLA‐DRB1 alleles (HLA‐DRB1*04, HLA‐DRB1*16, HLA‐DRB1*01, HLA‐DRB1*12:02, HLA‐DRB1*10, and HLA‐DRB1*15:02) were independent signals. Among them, the most significant signal was HLA‐DRB1 amino acid Ser120 (OR = 1.59, p = 3.19 × 10−8); no independent signal in the MHC region except for HLA‐DRB1 was found.

Conclusions

Our study confirms that the pathogenesis of IgAV has a genetic component and that HLA‐DRB1 is strongly associated with susceptibility to IgAV.
Sarcopenia and catastrophic health expenditure by socio‐economic groups in China: an analysis of household‐based panel data
Authors: Ye Chen , Zheng Xu , Aihemaitijiang Sumiya , Wang Ruoyu , Halimulati Mairepaiti , Huang Xiaojie , Zhang Zhaofeng
Published: April 2022

Background

Sarcopenia was thought to be associated with adverse outcomes and will cause lots of health expenditure. But the relationship between sarcopenia and catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) had been little explored. Here, we examined the distribution of sarcopenia in relation to medical and payment burdens.

Methods

We used data from three waves of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study including 14 130 participants from 9077 households aged over 50 years old. Sarcopenia was operationalized according to the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019. Medical expenditure was obtained by self‐reported data, and CHE was identified by WHO definitions. We used the negative binomial regression model and logistic mixed‐effects models to examine the associations between sarcopenia and medical and CHE.

Results

A total of 14 130 participants [52.2% female, aged 60.8 (SD 9.3)] from 9077 households were included in this study. The prevalence of sarcopenia was 19.8%, 11.9% for moderate sarcopenia, and 7.9% for severe sarcopenia, respectively. We identified 1416 household CHE events in all three waves. Severe sarcopenia was associated with an increase in the number of inpatient visits [incidence rate ratio 1.31, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03–1.66, P = 0.03] and the risk of CHE (odds ratio: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01–1.07, P < 0.01). We saw similar effects in health service use of sarcopenia in different socio‐economic groups. Moderate sarcopenia increased the risk of CHE in the lowest socio‐economic group (odds ratio 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01–1.06, P = 0.03) and had no statistical significance in other groups. The association between severe sarcopenia and CHE did not attenuate after the adjustment of disease factors.

Conclusions

Severe sarcopenia may increase the risk of CHE. Timely and effective intervention on moderate sarcopenia from severe sarcopenia will contribute to reduce the health burden.
Impact on blood loss and transfusion rates following administration of tranexamic acid in major oncological abdominal and pelvic surgery: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Fowler Hayley , Law Jennifer , Tham Su Ming , Gunaravi Sisyena A. , Houghton Neil , Clifford Rachael E. , Fok Matthew , Barker Jonathan A. , Vimalachandran Dale
Published: April 2022

Background and Objectives

Major bleeding and receiving blood products in cancer surgery are associated with increased postoperative complications and worse outcomes. Tranexamic acid (TXA) reduces blood loss and improves outcomes in various surgical specialities. We performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis to investigate TXA use on blood loss in elective abdominal and pelvic cancer surgery.

Methods

A literature search was performed for studies comparing intravenous TXA versus placebo/no TXA in patients undergoing major elective abdominal or pelvic cancer surgery.

Results

Twelve articles met the inclusion criteria, consisting of 723 patients who received TXA and 659 controls. Patients receiving TXA were less likely to receive a red blood cell (RBC) transfusion (p < 0.001, OR 0.4 95% CI [0.25, 0.63]) and experienced less blood loss (p < 0.001, MD −197.8 ml, 95% CI [−275.69, −119.84]). The TXA group experienced a smaller reduction in haemoglobin (p = 0.001, MD –0.45 mmol/L, 95% CI [−0.73, −0.18]). There was no difference in venous thromboembolism (VTE) rates (p = 0.95, OR 0.98, 95% CI [0.46, 2.08]).

Conclusions

TXA use reduced blood loss and RBC transfusion requirements perioperatively, with no significant increased risk of VTE. However, further studies are required to assess its benefit for cancer surgery in some sub‐specialities.
Recent Development of Conductive Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering: Review and Perspective
Authors: Gao Chen , Song Shaoshuai , Lv Yinjuan , Huang Jie , Zhang Zhijun
Published: April 2022

In recent years, tissue engineering techniques have been rapidly developed and offer a new therapeutic approach to organ or tissue damage repair. However, most of tissue engineering scaffolds are nonconductive and cannot establish effective electrical coupling with tissue for the electroactive tissues. Electroconductive hydrogels (ECHs) have received increasing attention in tissue engineering owing to their electroconductivity, biocompatibility, and high water content. In vitro, ECHs can not only promote the communication of electrical signals between cells, but also mediate the adhesion, proliferation, migration, and differentiation of different kinds of cells. In vivo, ECHs can transmit the electric signal to electroactive tissues and activate bioelectrical signaling pathways to promote tissue repair. As a result, implanting ECHs into damaged tissues can effectively reconstruct physiological functions related to electrical conduction. In this review, an overview about the classifications and the fabrication methods of ECHs is first presented. And then, the applications of ECHs in tissue engineering, including cardiac, nerve, skin, and skeletal muscle tissue, are highlighted. At last, some rational guidelines for designing ECHs toward clinical applications are provided.
Heat transfer and entropy generation of hybrid nanofluid inside the convergent double‐layer tapered microchannel
Authors: Sarvar‐Ardeh Sajjad , Rafee Roohollah , Rashidi Saman
Published: April 2022

When designing microscale heat exchangers, the reduction of energy dissipation and improved system performance in terms of heat transfer and fluid flow should be considered. Some methods, such as the use of nanofluids and convergent walls in the microchannel heat sinks, can be helpful. In this study, the hydrothermal performance and entropy generation of alumina‐silica/water hybrid nanofluid in the double‐layer tapered microchannel are investigated using the three‐dimensional simulation. The flow Re number and the volumetric fraction of the nanoparticles vary in the ranges of 50 to 400 and 0% to 5%, respectively. Numerical results show that by using the convergent microchannel, in addition to decreasing the maximum base surface temperature, the temperature gradient also becomes more uniform. Boosting the volumetric fraction of nanoparticles and decreasing the tapered factor (TF) reduce the thermal resistance of the system but cause higher pumping powers. At Re = 400 and φ = 5%, when the convergence factor of the channel reduces from 1 to 0.4, pumping power will increase 149% but the thermal resistance reduction about 12%. At lower Re numbers, the effects of channel convergence on enhancing the mean Nu number are greater than the cases with higher Re numbers. In general, boosting the convergence of the channel increases the frictional entropy generation and diminishes the thermal entropy generation. At Re = 200 and φ = 5%, by decreasing the tapered ratio from TF = 1 to TF = 0.4, the frictional entropy generation will double and the thermal entropy generation will reduce by 7.9%.
Assessing Northeast Florida Offshore Blue Crab Fishing Effort within Florida’s State Waters
Authors: Ehnert-Russo Samantha L. , Crowley Claire E. , Becker Katharine L.
Published: April 2022

During the winter months, commercial fishery effort targeting blue crabs Callinectes sapidus increases in the offshore Atlantic waters of northeast Florida as crabbers follow the seasonal migration of female blue crabs. The present study sought to describe offshore commercial fisher behavior through a mail survey (2020) and to characterize fishing effort using landings data (from 2009–2010 to 2019–2020) and an aerial survey from January to March (2021). Offshore fisher effort (i.e., number of participants and landings) varied each winter, and the effort was greatest in the winters of 2011–2012 and 2018–2019. The number of participants that reported offshore landings ranged from 6 to 11. Offshore landings accounted for 2.6% of the total landings in northeast Florida and were correlated with a decrease in inshore landings. The mail and aerial surveys determined that crab traps were concentrated off two sections of the coast within 1.61 km (1 mi) of shore: (1) from Vilano Beach to south of Ponte Vedra Beach and (2) between Neptune Beach and Atlantic Beach. Participants in the mail survey reported fishing a median of 150 traps (range = 50–400 traps), while aerial counts estimated an average  ± SD of 59.5 ± 5.4 traps/crabber. Average trap counts from the aerial survey during the winter of 2020–2021 suggested that 9.33 km (5.8 mi) of vertical line were used within the survey area. This study successfully characterized the northeast Florida offshore blue crab fishery as a small but valuable fishery for a few crabbers, with effort driven by seasonal demand and crab availability.
Early time‐restricted eating compared with daily caloric restriction: A randomized trial in adults with obesity
Authors: Thomas Elizabeth A. , Zaman Adnin , Sloggett Kelsey J. , Steinke Sheila , Grau Laura , Catenacci Victoria A. , Cornier Marc‐Andre , Rynders Corey A.
Published: April 2022

Objective

This trial aimed to evaluate the acceptability and efficacy of early time‐restricted eating plus daily caloric restriction (E‐TRE+DCR) compared with DCR alone within a behavioral weight‐loss intervention.

Methods

Participants (n = 81, 69 women, mean [SD] age: 38.0 [7.8] years, BMI: 34.1 [5.7] kg/m2) were randomized to E‐TRE (10‐hour eating window starting within 3 hours of waking) plus DCR or DCR alone (~35% DCR) for 39 weeks. The primary outcome was body weight (measured with digital scale) at week 12. Secondary outcomes measured at week 12 included hemoglobin A1c, lipids, energy intake (photographic food records), physical activity (accelerometry), dietary adherence (questionnaires), and body composition (dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry). Weight and body composition were also assessed at week 39.

Results

Mean [SD] weight loss was not different between groups at week 12 (E‐TRE+DCR: −6.2 [4.1] kg vs. DCR: −5.1 [3.2] kg) or at week 39 (E‐TRE: −4.9 [5.3] kg vs. DCR: −4.3 [5.3] kg). There were no between‐group differences in changes in body composition, dietary adherence, energy intake, physical activity, hemoglobin A1c, or lipids at week 12.

Conclusions

E‐TRE+DCR was found to be an acceptable dietary strategy, resulting in similar levels of adherence and weight loss compared with DCR alone.
A novel multi‐functional model thermoset and PDA‐coated PU nanocomposite based on graphene and an amphiphilic block copolymer
Authors: Behrouz Toktam , Behrooz Shabnam , Sarkhosh Hadi , Nourany Mohammad
Published: April 2022

The need for multi‐functional biomaterials has driven researchers towards more complex multi‐component structures with tailor‐made surface modifications. In this research, thermoset polyurethanes (tPUs) of PCLy‐PEGx‐PCLy, with variable block lengths, and graphene were developed and further surface‐modified by Polydopamine (PDA) to improve cell adhesion. The viscoelastic and thermal properties of the tPUs were studied by DMA and DSC. The results proved the increased crystallization of the soft segments as the length of PCLy and PEGx blocks increased. The stress–strain results indicate the tPU nanocomposites possess high‐elastic modulus (38.46–96.17 MPa), and lower elongation (132.6%–375.9%) compared to thermoplastic PU nanocomposites. The tPU specimens proved to have very high shape recovery ratios (88.07%–94.93%). PDA surface deposition led to an increase in surface roughness and a change in surface topography. The PDA‐modified specimens showed significant improvement in protein adsorption and cell proliferation and also increased the hydrolytic degradation extent of the tPUs, proving the multi‐functional role of the biomaterials.
Wonders & Worries: A randomized clinical trial of a psychosocial intervention for children who have a parent with cancer
Authors: Phillips Farya , Prezio Elizabeth A. , Currin‐McCulloch Jennifer , Jones Barbara L.
Published: April 2022

Objective

The aim of this study was to test the effectiveness of Wonders & Worries, a psychosocial intervention for children who have a parent with cancer. Primary goals were to improve family quality of life, functioning and communication skills as reported by parent and child, enhance children's emotional/behavioral adjustment and parenting efficacy, while decreasing parenting concerns and ill parents' depression and anxiety.

Methods

Sixty families were recruited from a community based non‐profit agency. Parents diagnosed with Stage I‐III cancer and their children ages 5–14 years were enrolled and randomized into intervention (n = 32) or wait‐list control groups (n = 28). Families received 2 parent consults, six weekly 1‐h individual child sessions, and 1 treatment center tour. The intervention was comprised of an age‐appropriate understanding of cancer and expression of feelings, coping skills to ease feelings related to parent's cancer and enhanced ability to communicate about the disease. Controls received parent consult and access to W & W resources. Data were obtained from standardized measures at baseline; 6 and 10 weeks follow up.

Results

Intervention group significantly improved on parenting concerns, parenting self‐efficacy, and family quality of life. Children in the intervention group had significantly lower emotional and behavioral problems and worries related to cancer compared to controls. The intervention failed to significantly affect ill parent's anxiety, depressed mood, family functioning and child's anxiety.

Conclusions

The Wonders & Worries intervention promoted positive adaptation for ill parents and their children. This intervention is promising enough to warrant further refinement and testing with larger, more diverse samples.
Head‐To‐Head Comparison of Molecular and Continuum Simulations of Shock‐Induced Collapse of an Elongated Pore in an Energetic Molecular Crystal
Authors: Nguyen Yen T. , Perera Dilki , Zhao Puhan , Sewell Tommy , Udaykumar H. S.
Published: April 2022

Shock‐induced collapse of an elongated pore in the energetic crystal β‐HMX (β‐1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazoctane) is examined using all‐atom molecular dynamics (MD) and continuum mechanics. The continuum simulation employs a recently proposed MD‐guided material model for β‐HMX. Collapse‐induced shear band formation and hotspot‐zone properties are calculated using both MD and continuum mechanics, for nearly identical simulation domains and identical impact conditions. The continuum model predicts shear band patterns and pore collapse behavior in good agreement with MD results; shear localization, plastic heating, and hydrodynamic impact‐generated temperature rise lead to geometrically complicated hotspot zones in the vicinity of the collapse site. This work demonstrates that—for the ≈10 GPa shock pressure studied—isotropic rate‐dependent Johnson‐Cook‐type elastoplastic models for HMX can provide physically consistent pore‐collapse dynamics and hotspot features in comparison to MD, for nontrivial pore shapes. Such physically accurate models are required for reliable predictions of detonation sensitivity and performance for shocked energetic crystals. Opportunities for further model improvement are identified.
Site selective doping of Zn for the p‐type Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin film for solar cell application
Authors: Shirakata Sho
Published: April 2022

Selective doping of a Zn impurity at the group III site in a Cu(In, Ga)Se2 (CIGS) film was performed by the doping of Zn at the first stage of the three‐stage method. The p‐type CIGS:Zn film was obtained, which is in contrast to the n‐type CIGS:Zn film obtained by the Zn impurity doping at the second and third‐stages. Based on excitation intensity dependence of photoluminescence (PL) at low‐temperature, the change in the acceptor level was observed. The enhancement of carrier concentration as a result of Zn‐doping in the p‐type CIGS:Zn film was observed. The CIGS:Zn solar cells exhibited η of 14.5% and Voc of 0.658 V, which are higher than that of the corresponding solar cells using the undoped CIGS films
Secondary ion mass spectrometry as a tool to study selenium gradient in Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4
Authors: Grini Sigbjørn , Ross Nils , Sky Thomas Neset , Persson Clas , Platzer‐Björkman Charlotte , Vines Lasse
Published: April 2022

Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) has been utilized to study compositional gradients in compound‐sputtered and annealed Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4(CZTSSe). SIMS image depth profiling shows a non‐uniform spatial distribution of selenium and supports a mechanism where selenization is accompanied by grain growth rather than substitution of selenium for sulfur. Furthermore, SIMS depth profiles of S and Se using O2+primary ions and detecting molecular ions of the MCs+type using Cs+primary ions have been compared, where a linear relationship between the sulfur and selenium concentration suitable for compositional analysis is observed for concentrations with an Se/(S+Se) ratio in the range from 0.25 to 0.65.

3D image of the spatial Se distribution in a 20 × 20 μm2grid measured with SIMS image depth profiling.
A photo‐elastic microscopy study of the temperature dependency of stress induced by through silicon vias in silicon
Authors: Herms Martin , Wagner Matthias , De Messemaeker Joke , De Wolf Ingrid
Published: April 2022

SIREX (Scanning Infrared Stress Explorer) is a photo‐elastic microscope in this case applied to characterize the temperature dependence of stress induced by copper Through Silicon Via (TSV) structures in silicon. The temperature was varied between 285 and 320 K. SIREX provides images of the lateral distribution of Δσ being the difference of the in‐plane principal stress components. The single TSV as well as the TSV group are considered as point‐like stress sources. The related single radial profiles of Δσ are quantitatively analysed. It is confirmed that the profiles at large distance from the TSV can be described by Lamé's law (Δσ ∼ R‐m,m ≈ 2) modified by a term of temperature dependency. The stress decreases linearly with temperature. These experiments allow for estimating the zero stress temperature.
A space‐charge‐free CdS, and a new solar cell without pn‐junction enabled by high‐field domains
Authors: Böer Karl W.
Published: April 2022

A review of the electrical properties of a copper doped CdS as a model semiconductor describing three independent thermodynamic states depending on optical excitation and bias. These are the traditional ground state that, dependent of optical excitation renders it from an insulator to a highly conductive n‐type semiconductor. With higher applied voltage, a high‐field domain occurs that is locked‐in, attached to the cathode. It presents the second thermodynamic stable state that is n‐type with constant drift current limited by the carrier density at a blocking electrode nc. With further increased bias, the high‐field domain becomes anode‐adjacent. The CdS is in its third thermodynamic stable state. Here, the CdS has flipped into p‐type conductivity with the current limited by the hole density at the blocking anode pa. In both states, the CdS is free of space charges within the domain that permits defect level spectroscopy without broadening influence of fluctuating electric fields. The minimum entropy production principle connects the work functions of blocking cathode and anode by the constant domain current, and permits the measurement of their values that depend on the optical excitation. A new solar cell is described that works without a pn‐junction, with a thin, pure CdS layer replacing the junction. The CdS extracts the holes for tunneling into the base electrode. The CdS/CdTe to scale model is given as an example. It has substantial increased efficiency by preventing junction leakage and permits an increase of the open circuit voltage to approach the theoretical limit of the band gap of the emitter when extrapolated to 0 K. The solar cell is series resistance limited by the CdS and requires a thin planar deposition of CdS. Since CdS is photoelectrically passive, its Fermi‐level at the base electrode is fixed. A Gallium doping of a thin layer pins the Fermi level within 0.05 V to the conduction band and increases Voc further. All properties of CdS with high‐field domains are described quantitatively and the domains are made visible by the Franz–Keldysh effect.
Trapping and diffusion behaviour of hydrogen simulated with TCAD in projection range of carbon‐cluster implanted silicon epitaxial wafers for CMOS image sensors
Authors: Okuyama Ryosuke , Shigematsu Satoshi , Hirose Ryo , Masada Ayumi , Kadono Takeshi , Koga Yoshihiro , Okuda Hidehiko , Kurita Kazunari
Published: April 2022

The trapping and diffusion behaviour of hydrogen in projection range of carbon‐cluster was investigated by using a technology computer aided design (TCAD) simulation for high performance complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors. The hydrogen behaviour seemingly contributes to passivating the interface state density of the isolation region and process‐induced defects during the CMOS image sensor fabrication process. This hydrogen behaviour was simulated by a TCAD simulation assuming a reaction model in which the cluster of carbon and silicon self‐interstitial (carbon‐interstitial cluster) binds to hydrogen. We found that the hydrogen profiles of TCAD agreed with the secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) results after epitaxial growth and high‐temperature heat‐treatment, thus suggesting that the hydrogen in the projection range of the carbon cluster forms a binding state with the carbon‐interstitial cluster. In addition, hydrogen gradually diffused out from the projection range of the carbon‐cluster after high‐temperature heat‐treatment. Therefore, the hydrogen behaviour in projection range of the carbon‐cluster is considered to contribute to the CMOS image sensor fabrication process to achieve high electrical performance.
Analysis of low‐temperature data of Hall‐effect measurements on Ga‐doped p‐Ge on the basis of an impurity‐Hubbard‐band model
Authors: Kajikawa Yasutomo
Published: April 2022

The low‐temperature data of Hall‐effect measurements on Ga‐doped p‐Ge reported by Fritzsche (Phys. Rev. B 99, 406 [1955]) have been analyzed on the basis of an impurity‐Hubbard‐band model. It is shown that the complicated behavior of the temperature dependence of the Hall coefficient can be well fitted by assuming the hopping drift mobility expressed as μb = μ0b(T0b/T)1/3 exp[−(T0b/T)1/2] and the hopping Hall factor expressed as Ab = A0b(T0b/T)2/3 exp[(1 − )(T0b/T)1/2] with  = (3/2)1/2 − 1 for the bottom Hubbard band while assuming μt = μ0t(E2/kBT)3/2 exp(−E2/kBT) and At = (kBT/Jt)exp(KHtE2/kBT) for the top Hubbard band. The deduced values of Eb for the activation energy of carriers in the bottom Hubbard band is proved to obey the relation of Eb = Ib[1−(NA/Nb)1/2], where Ib is the ionization energy of isolated Ga impurities, NA is the acceptor concentration, and Nb = 1.0 × 1017 cm−3. The deduced values of T0b is proved to obey the relation of T0b = T00(1 − NA/Nc), where Nc = 1.86 × 1017 cm−3 and T00 = 2.8e2/(4πϵ0ϵsa0) with a0 =  and mlh being the effective mass of light holes. It is also shown that KHt increases with E2.
Study on defect annealing potential and bulk micro defect formation using high temperature RTA conditions for Cz‐grown silicon
Authors: Müller Timo , Gehmlich Michael , Kissinger Gudrun , Kot Dawid , Sattler Andreas , Miller Alfred , Daub Erich
Published: April 2022

In this paper, the key parameters of a rapid thermal annealing (RTA) nitriding step are discussed with respect to vacancy‐ and oxygen precipitate (BMD)‐profile formation. These RTA key performance parameters are the maximum NH3 dissociation temperature (i), the temperature stability of the stored vacancy peak (ii), and the defect dissolution capability of self Si agglomerates at elevated temperatures (iii). This parameter study could be helpful for a future model of the vacancy in‐diffusion process into the Si near surface region. Especially the gate oxide integrity (GOI) is an important parameter to establish long life cycles in current memory devices. After NH3 RTA processing, it was surprisingly found that the GOI defect level is still influenced by small‐sized grown in particles. It is demonstrated that a complete restoration toward a high GOI signal can be achieved via a 1300 °C RTA step. The gate oxide integrity is afterwards as good as observed on a defect free polished CZ wafer.
On new ground: Assessment strategies for critical thinking skills as the learning outcome in a social problems course
Authors: Arce‐Trigatti Andrea , Kelley Jacob , Haynes Ada
Published: April 2022

This chapter describes assessment strategies as applied through a course redesign in an undergraduate Social Problems course that features local, national, and international topics. The alignment between the assessment strategies used in this course and the pedagogical improvements implemented is intentionally directed at the development of students’ critical thinking skills. In particular, these assessment strategies infuse and scaffold opportunities for developing critical thinking skills throughout the entire course.
Haploidy and aneuploidy in switchgrass mediated by misexpression of CENH3
Authors: Yoon Sangwoong , Bragg Jennifer , Aucar‐Yamato Sheyla , Chanbusarakum Lisa , Dluge Kurtis , Cheng Prisca , Blumwald Eduardo , Gu Yong , Tobias Christian M.
Published: April 2022

Cross bred species such as switchgrass may benefit from advantageous breeding strategies requiring inbred lines. Doubled haploid production methods offer several ways that these lines can be produced that often involve uniparental genome elimination as the rate limiting step. We have used a centromere‐mediated genome elimination strategy in which modified CENH3 is expressed to induce the process. Transgenic tetraploid switchgrass lines coexpressed Cas9, a poly‐cistronic tRNA‐gRNA tandem array containing eight guide RNAs that target two CENH3 genes, and different chimeric versions of CENH3 with alterations to the N‐terminal tail region. Genotyping of CENH3 genes in transgenics identified edits including frameshift mutations and deletions in one or both copies of the two CENH3 genes. Flow cytometry of T1 seedlings identified two T0 lines that produced five haploid individuals representing an induction rate of 0.5% and 1.4%. Eight different T0 lines produced aneuploids at rates ranging from 2.1 to 14.6%. A sample of aneuploid lines were sequenced at low coverage and aligned to the reference genome, revealing missing chromosomes and chromosome arms.
Serious gaming in flood risk management
Authors: Forrest Steven Ashley , Kubíková Martina , Macháč Jan
Published: April 2022

Serious gaming is increasingly used to explore important real‐world problems and a growing number of serious games are addressing flood‐related issues. However, there has been limited synthesis of these attempts and their contributions to the ongoing shift toward a more holistic and governance‐based flood resilience perspective in flood risk management (FRM). This international review collates and analyses these attempts in order to develop a knowledge base of serious gaming in the field of FRM. It contains 37 games that were developed with different rationales that include engaging players in the topic of FRM, supporting practice by exploring future options through collaboration, improving communication of FRM, as educational tools, and to collect research data. The gameplay countries and player characteristics, game characteristics, relevance to FRM, game rationales, and collection of data are explored in this paper. Identified serious games provided an unconventional and entertaining approach to engage stakeholders on flood‐related issues. The review analyzed the serious games in light of the shift toward flood resilience and identified limitations in the documentation of serious games and their potential in understanding the longer‐term impacts of gameplay on players. Furthermore, the vast majority of reviewed games were played in a single country and missed out on understanding the cultural production and perspectives of FRM that could support cross‐cultural learning and inspiration for future FRM strategies. Overall, the review identified an important role for serious games in the shift toward governance and the adoption of more holistic flood resilience perspectives.

This article is categorized under:

Human Water > Water Governance

Human Water > Methods

Science of Water > Water Extremes
Framing water as a financial risk: Reviewing the processes shaping a narrative
Authors: Rudebeck Therese
Published: April 2022

Water is increasingly framed as a financial risk in equity markets. This article illustrates that this framing must be understood as a new aspect of the wider history of the financialization of the water sector. Unlike earlier instances, where water‐related services, or water risks are the primary subjects to be financialized, water itself is here being reformed to fit market logic. This article reviews, unpacks, and analyses the factors that have enabled, reframed, and defined water as a financial risk. As such, the article goes beyond simply reviewing what has happened, but also presents a critical analysis of why and how, and the potential effects this may have. Drawing on advanced theoretical perspectives from the social sciences, specifically building on the constitutive nature of language, the role of expertise in the knowledge‐policy interface, and the sociology of quantification, it proposes that the reframing of water into a financial risk is not a value‐free exercise. Critically, it shows that the value of water, at least as it relates to company activities, could be reduced to only embody those aspects which, in quantitative terms can be shown to affect Return on Investment. To alleviate this reductive process, an ambitious multi‐ and interdisciplinary research agenda must be developed moving forward to ensure that the multiple values of water are recognized and accounted for in equity markets and beyond.

This article is categorized under:

Human Water > Value of Water

Human Water > Water Governance
Synthesis, Crystal Structures and NMR Characterization of Molecular Silver Tin Chalcogenide Complexes
Authors: Fuhrmann Daniel , Krautscheid Harald
Published: April 2022

A series of heteronuclear silver tin chalcogenide complexes has been synthesized by reaction of phosphine coordinated silver acetate and diorganotin acetate with bis(trimethylsilyl)chalcogenide. In addition to the silver complexes with the general formula [(iPr3PAg)2(SnR2)E2]2 (1–6, R=Me, Ph, tBu and E=S, Se), [(iPr3PAg)3(SnPh2)(SnPh)S4] (7) and [(iPr3PAg)(SnPh2)(SnPh)Se2]2 (8) were obtained by exchange of phenyl groups in solution and redox processes, respectively. In addition to single crystal X‐ray structure analyses, NMR spectra involving the nuclei 1H, 31P, 77Se, 117/119Sn and 107/109Ag allowed a structural analysis of these complexes in solution. Each element present in complexes 5–8 consists of at least one isotope with nuclear spin I=1/2. In co‐thermolysis experiments of these complexes together with Zn(SC2H4S) or Zn(SeC2H4Se) as zinc sources binary and ternary chalcogenides as well as elemental silver are found.
Higher Education in Sweden: Unitary and Diversified Under State Authority
Authors: Benner Mats , Grant Jonathan , O’Kane Mary
Published: April 2022

This chapter outlines the evolution of universities in Sweden. The chapter shows how Swedish universities have been shaped in the interplay between academic, political and economic forces and taken a specific form as an extension of political ambition, and how that model of university governance has exposed Swedish universities to both opportunities and vulnerabilities that ensue in periods of rapid ruptures. The chapter pays particular attention to the responses that have unfolded to the COVID-19 pandemic but also more generally to how universities in Sweden have balanced the orientation to global templates with that of political expectations.
Instrumente behördlicher Kommunikation zu Anwendungsrisiken von Arzneimitteln
Authors: Bergner Simone , Grüger Thomas , Huber Martin , Lütkehermölle Walburga , Paeschke Norbert , Palissa Harriet , Stephan Kerstin , Cibura Sabine , Keller-Stanislawski Brigitte
Published: April 2022

Die aktive Kommunikation von Behörden, wie dem Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte (BfArM) und dem Paul-Ehrlich-Institut (PEI), einschließlich der Kontaktpflege zu Fachkreisen sowie Presse- und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit sind wesentliche Voraussetzung dafür, dass Informationen zu Anwendungsrisiken von Arzneimitteln sowohl betroffene Patientinnen und Patienten als auch Angehörige der Heilberufe schnell und gezielt erreichen. Die verschiedenen Instrumente der gezielten Kommunikation beschreiben mögliche Risiken und enthalten darüber hinaus auch Empfehlungen, die helfen, das Anwendungsrisiko eines Arzneimittels zu reduzieren. Die ergänzende Öffentlichkeitsarbeit zielt darauf ab, die Aufgaben und Ziele der Behörde in der Bevölkerung und in Fachkreisen bekannt zu machen, um Vertrauen in behördliches Handeln zu schaffen und auszubauen. Dafür müssen entsprechende Kommunikationsplattformen etabliert und akzeptiert sein, die sowohl von Fachkreisen als auch von der Bevölkerung genutzt werden können. Die aktuell verfügbaren Instrumente der gezielten Risikokommunikation, wie Rote-Hand-Briefe (RHB), Risikomanagementpläne und Schulungsmaterial, werden in dieser Publikation ebenso beschrieben wie die breiter angelegte Kommunikation auf den behördlichen Webseiten oder gegenüber den Medien. Schließlich wird die Risikokommunikation des PEI unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der COVID-19-Impfstoffe beleuchtet.
Comparative life cycle assessment of safety shoes toe caps manufacturing processes
Authors: Bianchi Iacopo , Forcellese Archimede , Simoncini Michela , Vita Alessio , Castorani Vincenzo , Cafagna Damiana , Buccoliero Giuseppe
Published: April 2022

Toe caps are fundamental components of safety footwear used to prevent injuries, which can be caused by falling objects. They can be realized by exploiting different materials (metal, composites, and polymers) and manufacturing processes (stamping, injection molding, compression molding, etc.). However, they have always to fulfill the stringent requirements of safety regulations. In addition, in order to guarantee ergonomic use, they must be as light as possible. It was estimated that at least 300 million pairs of safety footwear, with 600 million of toe caps, end up in landfill or are incinerated every year. This huge amount of wastes generates a high environmental impact, mainly attributable to toe caps manufacturing processes. In this context, it is important to develop new solutions aimed at minimizing the environmental impacts of toe caps manufacturing processes. Furthermore, the reuse of carbon fiber prepreg scraps has been recognized as a valid method to produce effective toe caps. In this paper, the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology was exploited to perform a detailed analysis of the environmental impacts associated with toe caps obtained by reclaiming prepreg scraps. The results, in terms of cumulative energy demand, global warming potential, and ReCiPe endpoints, were compared to those obtained by LCA of toe caps in steel, aluminum alloy, polycarbonate, and glass fiber reinforced composite. The analysis demonstrated that toe caps in steel present the lowest environmental footprint but they are the heaviest ones. The reclaim process for carbon fiber prepreg scraps can be a valid alternative to produce sustainable and lightweight toe caps for safety footwear.
Organisation und Durchführung der Schmerztherapie in deutschen Notaufnahmen – eine Onlineumfrage
Authors: Warnecke Tobias , Djuren Oliver , Hinkelbein Jochen , Mohrman Chris , Rosner Bastian
Published: April 2022

Einleitung

Obwohl Schmerzen der häufigste Grund für eine Vorstellung in der Notaufnahme sind, ist ihre Erfassung und Therapie sehr heterogen organisiert und wird vielfach von Patienten als unzureichend beschrieben. Eine spezielle Leitlinie existiert bislang nicht und so wird beispielsweise die Delegation an die Notfallpflege nach Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) sehr unterschiedlich gehandhabt.

Methode

Mithilfe einer Umfrage erfolgte eine Ist-Analyse zur Organisation und Durchführung der akuten Schmerztherapie in deutschen Notaufnahmen. 18 Fragen wurden onlinebasiert erstellt und über das Notaufnahmeverzeichnis der DGINA e. V. (Deutsche Gesellschaft für interdisziplinäre Notfall- und Akutmedizin) und DIVI e. V. (Deutsche Interdisziplinäre Vereinigung für Intensiv- und Notfallmedizin) an die Leiter von 951 deutschen Notaufnahmen verschickt.

Ergebnis

Es konnten 166 vollständige Fragebögen ausgewertet werden. Die Erfassung der Schmerzen erfolgt bei 77,7 % der Notaufnahmen innerhalb der ersten 10 min nach Erstkontakt, meist mit der numerischen Rating-Skala (46,4 %). Obwohl 17,7 % nicht dauerhaft ärztlich besetzt sind, dürfen in insgesamt 32,5 % der Notaufnahmen Pflegekräfte keine eigenständige Schmerztherapie durchführen. Eine spezielle SOP gab es nur in 44,8 % der befragten Notaufnahmen. Die am häufigsten verwendeten Analgetika sind Piritramid und Morphin sowie Metamizol und Ibuprofen.

Schlussfolgerung

Eine entsprechende nationale Leitlinie könnte Handlungssicherheit geben und als Grundlage für angepasste, örtliche SOP helfen, Verzögerungen bei der akuten Schmerztherapie zu vermeiden.
Properties of structural concrete with high-strength cement mixes containing waste paper sludge ash
Authors: Mavroulidou Maria , Feruku Blendi , Boulouki Georgia
Published: April 2022

This paper studies the use of wastepaper sludge ash (WPSA) for structural concrete in binary and ternary mixes with high-strength cement and two industrial by-products, ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) and pulverised fuel ash (PFA). The potential use of WPSA in this type of concrete and its combination with other supplementary cementitious materials has not been established; thus, further research is needed prior to industrial-scale applications. A series of tests investigated the soundness and setting times of the resulting cements, the fresh concrete workability, cube compressive strength at various curing times, tensile splitting strength, flexural strength, static modulus of elasticity, water absorption and carbonation of the resulting concrete. Good binary WPSA mixes were achieved with high early strength gains, but workability reduced; binary mixes with 15% WPSA, were overall the best in terms of strength and durability, whilst maintaining pumpability. An improvement in the carbonation resistance of ternary GGBS and PFA mixes was also indicated upon addition of WPSA although their strengths were lower than those of binary WPSA mixes. Further mix optimisation can lead to other robust and durable high-strength cement systems with WPSA, allowing for higher cement replacements in structural concrete, for improved environmental impact.