bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The utility of Earth system Models of Intermediate Complexity (EMICs)
Authors: Weber Susanne L.
Published: January 2010

Intermediate‐complexity models are models which describe the dynamics of the atmosphere and/or ocean in less detail than conventional General Circulation Models (GCMs). At the same time, they go beyond the approach taken by atmospheric Energy Balance Models (EBMs) or ocean box models by using sophisticated parameterizations of the unresolved flow or by explicitly resolving the equations of geophysical fluid dynamics albeit at coarse spatial resolution. Being computationally fast, intermediate‐complexity models have the capability to treat slow climate variations. Hence, they often include components of the climate system that are associated with long‐term feedbacks like ice sheets, vegetation and biogeochemical cycles. Here again they differ from conventional GCM‐type models that feature only atmosphere and ocean/sea‐ice components. Many different approaches exist in building such a reduced model, resulting in a ‘spectrum of Earth system Models of Intermediate Complexity closing the gap between EBMs and GCMs’. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

This article is categorized under:

Climate Models and Modeling > Earth System Models
Three Distinctly Different Kinds of Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma should be Recognized: Our Treatment Strategies and Outcomes
Authors: Sugitani Iwao , Toda Kazuhisa , Yamada Keiko , Yamamoto Noriko , Ikenaga Motoko , Fujimoto Yoshihide
Published: January 2010

Background

Papillary microcarcinoma (PMC) of the thyroid generally follows a benign clinical course. However, treatment strategies remain controversial. According to our previous retrospective review of 178 patients with PMC who underwent surgery between 1976 and 1993, the most significant risk factors affecting cancer‐specific survival were clinical symptoms at presentation due to invasion or metastasis. Distant metastasis and cancer‐specific death were never seen postoperatively for 148 cases (83%) of asymptomatic PMC without clinically apparent (≥1 cm) lymph node metastasis or recurrent nerve palsy. Based on these results, we identified three biologically different types of PMC that should be treated differently. Type I comprises incidentally detected PMC without any symptoms, which is harmless and the lowest‐risk cancer. Conservative follow‐up with ultrasonography every 6 or 12 months is feasible. Type II involves the early stage of the usual low‐risk papillary carcinoma. This can be treated by lobectomy when increasing size is noted during conservative follow‐up. Type III comprises clinically symptomatic PMC, representing a high‐risk cancer. Immediate wider resection followed by radioiodine treatment and suppression of thyroid‐stimulating hormone is recommended.

Methods

Since 1995, we have been conducting a prospective clinical trial of nonsurgical observation for asymptomatic PMC. As of 2008, 230 of 244 candidates (94%) have decided to accept this policy, whereas 56 patients underwent surgery for symptomatic PMC between 1976 and 2006.

Results

Nonsurgical observation for a mean of 5 (range, 1–17) years for 300 lesions of asymptomatic PMC revealed that 22 (7%) had increased in size, 269 (90%) were unchanged, and 9 (3%) had decreased. No patients developed extrathyroidal invasion or distant metastasis. Three patients (1%) who developed apparent lymph node metastasis and nine patients (4%) in whom tumor increased in size eventually received surgery after 1–12 years of follow‐up. No recurrences have been identified postoperatively. Conversely, 10‐year cause‐specific survival for symptomatic PMC was 80%. Multivariate analysis identified extrathyroidal invasion, large lymph node metastasis (≥2 cm), and poorly differentiated component as significantly related to adverse outcomes.

Conclusions

Nonsurgical observation seems to represent an attractive alternative to surgery for asymptomatic PMC. Almost 95% of asymptomatic PMC patients are type I, and another 5% are type II and can be treated with conservative surgery. A small number of PMCs with bulky lymph node metastasis or extrathyroidal invasion are high‐risk type III and require aggressive treatment.
Stenting of the Superior Mesenteric Vein in Midgut Carcinoid Disease with Large Mesenteric Masses
Authors: Hellman Per , Hessman Ola , Åkerström Göran , Stålberg Peter , Hennings Joakim , Björck Martin , Eriksson L.‐G.
Published: January 2010

Background

Midgut carcinoid (MGC) tumors generally develop in the small intestine and in >50% of cases also present with lymph node metastases in the mesentery. The majority of these tumors are surgically resectable, but a fraction are inoperable and may cause obstruction of the superior mesenteric vein (SMV), often associated with stasis of the intestinal wall and severe symptoms. These symptoms include severe abdominal pain, attacks of diarrhea, and malnutrition.

Methods

Seven patients with severe MGC including a large fibrotic inoperable mesenteric mass and severe symptoms were studied. After an obstructed SMV and signs of venous stasis in the small intestine were demonstrated, an expandable stent was inserted after puncturing an intrahepatic portal venous branch. The associated venography, patient symptoms, and radiological signs on computed tomography (CT) scans were evaluated.

Results

Four patients demonstrated resolution of their symptoms. In one patient who had intra‐abdominal lymph leakage/chyloperitoneum, a complete normalization of the circulation followed and the intra‐abdominal lymph leakage stalled. The venographies demonstrated normalization of the venous blood flow through the SMV, and CT scans demonstrated reduction in the thickness of the intestinal wall. In two cases there were no changes in the symptoms, and in one case a slight worsening of the symptoms ensued. In general, reductions of symptoms were associated with the degree of normalization of venous blood flow.

Conclusions

We conclude that in selected patients with MGC stenting of the SMV may improve symptoms.
A Comparison of Three Scores to Screen for Delirium on the Surgical Ward
Authors: Radtke Finn M. , Franck Martin , Schust Sabine , Boehme Lina , Pascher Andreas , Bail Hermann J. , Seeling Matthes , Luetz Alawi , Wernecke Klaus‐D. , Heinz Andreas , Spies Claudia D.
Published: January 2010

Background

Postoperative delirium is associated with adverse outcome. The aim of this study was to find a valid and easy‐to‐use tool to screen for postoperative delirium on the surgical ward.

Methods

Data were collected from 88 patients who underwent elective surgery. Delirium screening was performed daily until the sixth postoperative day using the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM), the Nursing Delirium Screening Scale (Nu‐DESC), and the Delirium Detection Score (DDS), and the DSM‐IV criteria as the gold standard.

Results

Seventeen of 88 patients (19%) developed delirium on at least one of the postoperative days according to the gold standard. The DDS scored positive for 40 (45%) patients, the CAM for 15 (17%), and the Nu‐DESC for 28 (32%) patients. Sensitivity and specificity were 0.71 and 0.87 for the DDS, 0.75 and 1.00 for the CAM, and 0.98 and 0.92 for the Nu‐DESC. The interrater reliability was 0.83 for the Nu‐DESC, 0.77 for the DDS, and 1.00 for the CAM.

Conclusions

All scores showed high specificity but differed in their sensitivity. The Nu‐DESC proved to be the most sensitive test for screening for a postoperative delirium on the surgical ward followed by the CAM and DDS when compared to the gold standard.
Implication of Extracapsular Invasion of Sentinel Lymph Nodes in Breast Cancer: Prediction of Nonsentinel Lymph Node Metastasis
Authors: Fujii Takaaki , Yanagita Yasuhiro , Fujisawa Tomomi , Hirakata Tomoko , Iijima Misa , Kuwano Hiroyuki
Published: January 2010

Background

Accurate intraoperative diagnosis of sentinel lymph node (SLN) metastases enables the selection of patients who require axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). However, many patients with positive SLN do not show metastasis to other axillary lymph nodes. In this study, we investigated the factors that may determine the likelihood of additional positive nodes in the axilla when metastasis is found in the SLN.

Methods

SLN biopsy was performed on 276 patients with breast cancer with clinically negative nodes, of which 46 (16.6%) had positive SLNs and underwent ALND. Eleven (23.9%) of these 46 cases had additional metastasis in nonsentinel lymph nodes (NSLN). The clinical and pathological features of these cases were reviewed and statistical analysis was performed.

Results

All cases of positive nodes in NSLN in our series had extracapsular invasion (ECI) at the metastatic SLNs. Furthermore, the absence of ECI of SLN was significantly associated with the absence of metastasis in the NSLN (P < 0.001). As contributing factors, the absence of lymphatic invasion at the primary tumor, primary tumor size (<2 cm) and foci size in the metastatic SLN fell short of reaching statistical significance. Other factors, including histological type, pathological grade, estrogen receptor status, HER2 status, and age, were not significantly associated with metastatic involvement of NSLN.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that the presence of ECI at metastatic SLNs is a strong predictor for residual disease in the axilla. These findings imply the possibility that ALND might be foregone in the treatment of patients with breast cancer without ECI at metastatic SLNs.
Understanding the Effect of Social Capital on the Depression of Urban Chinese Adolescents: An Integrative Framework
Authors: Wu Qiaobing , Xie Bin , Chou Chih-Ping , Palmer Paula H. , Gallaher Peggy E. , Anderson Johnson C.
Published: January 2010

Using data from an ongoing longitudinal study of 5,164 adolescents and their parents from seven cities in mainland China, this study investigated how social capital embedded in the family and the community, together with family human capital and financial capital, influenced the depressive symptoms of urban Chinese adolescents within an integrative framework. The structural equation modeling results suggested that higher community social capital was associated with lower level of adolescent depressive symptoms and was the strongest predictor among all these contextual factors. Family social capital played a significant role in mediating the effects of all other contextual factors on adolescent depressive symptoms. Unexpectedly, higher family financial capital predicted increased depressive symptoms both directly and indirectly through its negative effect on family social capital. As for gender, female adolescents reported more depressive symptoms as a result of less available family social capital. Implications of these findings for theory, practice, policy, and future research are discussed.
Multiple Modality Treatment Regimen in an Aggressive Resistant Fungal Hand Infection: A Case Report
Authors: Pyle Jeremy W. , Holladay Joseph , Molnar Joseph A. , Martin Julie S. , DeFranzo Anthony J.
Published: January 2010

Cutaneous fungal infections are a rare but significant complication associated with immunocompromised states. Lesions allowed to progress to disseminated fungemia are associated with a near 80% mortality rate. Treatment guidelines aimed at local control are vague, centering on wide local excision with systemic antifungal medications. We present the case of a 3-year-old female who, while receiving induction chemotherapy, developed a progressive A spergillus flavus infection. Involvement included the distal palm and common and proper neurovascular bundles to two fingers. Initial treatments with serial debridement and topical Dakin's solution were unsuccessful in eliminating this fungal infection. A novel treatment using topical voriconazole mixed with Aquaphor® (Beiersdorf AG; Hamburg, Germany) was compounded in the hospital pharmacy to maintain a moist wound healing environment followed by the use of the Vacuum Assisted Closure (VAC®, Kinetic Concepts, San Antonio, TX). Significant improvement was noted within 4 days with this new dressing regimen. Topical voriconazole therapy followed by VAC allowed progressive healing and eventual closure with a split thickness skin graft. The wound was then durably closed, allowing critical chemotherapy to resume. No evidence of systemic fungemia developed, and her clinical recovery preceded laboratory evidence of immune system recovery. Fungal skin infections can be a threat to both life and limb in immunocompromised patients. The armamentarium available to combat this rare but difficult problem is imperfect. In certain infections not responsive to other therapies, the therapeutic regimen described herein should be considered if wide local excision carries significant functional morbidity.
Historical note: An analysis of a 17th century illustration of a child with split hand/split foot malformation
Authors: Ohry Avi , Frydman Moshe
Published: January 2010

In one of Philipp Jakob Sachs von Lewenhaimb's (1627–1672) books, one may find perhaps the first illustration of a child with the split hand/split foot malformation. A short historical note and some clinical genetic data are given.
Spontaneous rupture of the renal pelvis due to an obstructing ureteral calculus diagnosed by point-of-care ultrasound
Authors: Stone Michael Benjamin , Secko Michael A.
Published: January 2010

A 37-year-old man presented to the emergency department with left flank pain and vomiting. Bedside ultrasound performed by the treating emergency physician revealed left-sided hydronephrosis and perinephric fluid, suggesting a rupture of the renal pelvis. Urinary sonography revealed an absent left ureteral jet, suggesting left ureteral obstruction. Treatment was initiated and a non-contrast computed tomography scan confirmed the initial ultrasound findings.
José Barzelatto lecture: Vision on unsafe abortion
Authors: Faúndes Anibal
Published: January 2010

José Barzelatto first distinguished himself as a leader with a vision in his years as a medical student. Later, principally as Director of the Reproductive Health Program at the World Health Organization and of the Ford Foundation program for women's sexual and reproductive rights, he contributed immensely toward the recognition of women's sexual and reproductive rights as part of their basic human rights. José Barzelatto's vision on abortion reflects his drive to promote social justice and respect individual rights, respect diversity, and promote a social consensus for a peaceful society. He believed that the fetus has moral value and did not accept abortion as a method of fertility control, but understood that abortion is a social phenomenon that cannot be changed with legal or moral condemnation. He accepted that condemning women who abort does not prevent abortion, is unfair, and causes great human suffering at a high social cost. José proposed nine points to form the basis for an overlapping consensus on abortion, on which to base a practical consensus that would allow societies to reduce the number of abortions and minimize their consequences. If we can agree on all or most of those points we would achieve the common objectives of: fewer women confronting the dilemma of how to deal with an unwanted pregnancy; fewer induced abortions; and fewer women suffering the consequences of unsafe abortion.
An assessment of greenhouse gas emissions: implications for the Australian cotton industry
Authors: MARASENI T. N. , COCKFIELD G. , MAROULIS J.
Published: January 2010

The majority of cotton produced in Australia is exported. The Australian cotton industry must maintain product quality in order to remain globally competitive. In addition, carbon-conscious consumers need reassurance that the system used to grow the product is environmentally sustainable. The aim of the present study was to estimate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions due to various farm inputs in three common types of cotton farming systems on the Darling Downs region, southern Queensland. Analysis revealed that GHG emissions for dryland solid-plant and dryland double-skip cotton farming systems are similar, but emissions are much higher for irrigated solid-plant cotton farming (1367, 1274 and 4841 kg CO2e/ha, respectively). However, if comparisons of GHG emissions are based on yield (per tonne), the positions of dryland double-skip farming and dryland solid-plant farming are reversed, but the position of irrigated cotton farming still remains as the highest GHG emitter. If the cotton industry comes under the Australian Government Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (CPRS) without any subsidies and preconditions, and with a carbon price of A$25/t CO2e, the costs borne by each system would be A$66.8/t for the irrigated cotton industry, A$39.7/t for the dryland solid-plant cotton industry and A$43.6/t for the dryland double-skip cotton industry. This suggests that irrigated cotton would be more profitable in financial terms but with heavy environmental sustainability costs.
Clientele Change, Liquidity Shock, and the Return on Financially Distressed Stocks
Authors: Da Zhi , Gao Pengjie
Published: January 2010

We show that the abnormal returns on high default risk stocks documented by Vassalou and Xing (2004) are driven by short-term return reversals rather than systematic default risk. These abnormal returns occur only during the month after portfolio formation and are concentrated in a small subset of stocks that had recently experienced large negative returns. Empirical evidence supports the view that the short-term return reversal arises from a liquidity shock triggered by a clientele change.
Is There Shareholder Expropriation in the United States? An Analysis of Publicly Traded Subsidiaries
Authors: Atanasov Vladimir , Boone Audra , Haushalter David
Published: January 2010

This paper examines the relation between the performance and valuations of publicly traded subsidiaries in the United States and the ownership stake of their parent companies. Cross-sectional and time-series tests demonstrate that subsidiaries of parents that own a substantial minority stake exhibit negative peer-adjusted operating performance and are valued at a 23% median discount relative to peers. In contrast, majority-owned and fully divested subsidiaries show no abnormal performance or valuations. The results of our study indicate that the association between parent ownership and subsidiary performance is nonlinear and that some parents behave opportunistically toward their publicly traded subsidiaries.
Can laryngectomees smell? Considerations regarding olfactory rehabilitation following total laryngectomy
Authors: Moor J W , Rafferty A , Sood S
Published: January 2010

Total laryngectomy is performed for patients with advanced malignancy of the larynx and pharynx, and disconnects the nose and mouth from the lower respiratory tract. Rehabilitation of olfactory function in these patients is often neglected, despite recognition that anosmia and hyposmia are common and can readily be addressed. This paper reviews the literature concerning olfactory loss post-laryngectomy, methods of olfactory rehabilitation, assessment of olfactory function and quality of life issues.
Deconstructing major depression: a validation study of the DSM-IV symptomatic criteria
Authors: Lux V. , Kendler K. S.
Published: January 2010

Background

The DSM-IV symptomatic criteria for major depression (MD) derive primarily from clinical experience with modest empirical support.

Method

The sample studied included 1015 (518 males, 497 females) Caucasian twins from a population-based registry who met criteria for MD in the year prior to the interview. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to compare the associations of: (1) single symptomatic criterion, (2) two groups of criteria reflecting cognitive and neurovegetative symptoms, with a wide range of potential validators including demographic factors, risk for future episodes, risk of MD in the co-twin, characteristics of the depressive episode, the pattern of co-morbidity and personality traits.

Results

The individual symptomatic criteria showed widely varying associations with the pattern of co-morbidity, personality traits, features of the depressive episode and demographic characteristics. When examined separately, these two criteria groups showed robust differences in their patterns of association, with the validators with the cognitive criteria generally producing stronger associations than the neurovegetative.

Conclusions

Among depressed individuals, individual DSM-IV symptomatic criteria differ substantially in their predictive relationship with a range of clinical validators. These results challenge the equivalence assumption for the symptomatic criteria for MD and suggest a more than expected degree of ‘covert’ heterogeneity among these criteria. Part of this heterogeneity is captured by the distinction between cognitiveversusneurovegetative symptoms, with cognitive symptoms being more strongly associated with most clinically relevant characteristics. Detailed psychometric evaluation of DSM-IV criteria is overdue.
A prospective longitudinal study of the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder resulting from childbirth events
Authors: Alcorn K. L. , O'Donovan A. , Patrick J. C. , Creedy D. , Devilly G. J.
Published: January 2010

Background

Childbirth has been linked to postpartum impairment. However, controversy exists regarding the onset and prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after childbirth, with seminal studies being limited by methodological issues. This longitudinal prospective study examined the prevalence of PTSD following childbirth in a large sample while controlling for pre-existing PTSD and affective symptomatology.

Method

Pregnant women in their third trimester were recruited over a 12-month period and interviewed to identify PTSD and anxiety and depressive symptoms during the last trimester of pregnancy, 4–6 weeks postpartum, 12 weeks postpartum and 24 weeks postpartum.

Results

Of the 1067 women approached, 933 were recruited into the study. In total, 866 (93%) were retained to 4–6 weeks, 826 (89%) were retained to 12 weeks and 776 (83%) were retained to 24 weeks. Results indicated that, uncontrolled, 3.6% of women met PTSD criteria at 4–6 weeks postpartum, 6.3% at 12 weeks postpartum and 5.8% at 24 weeks postpartum. When controlling for PTSD and partial PTSD due to previous traumatic events as well as clinically significant anxiety and depression during pregnancy, PTSD rates were less at 1.2% at 4–6 weeks, 3.1% at 12 weeks and 3.1% at 24 weeks postpartum.

Conclusions

This is the first study to demonstrate the occurrence of full criteria PTSD resulting from childbirth after controlling for pre-existing PTSD and partial PTSD and clinically significant depression and anxiety in pregnancy. The findings indicate that PTSD can result from a traumatic birth experience, though this is not the normative response.
R&D SPILLOVERS IN AN ENDOGENOUS GROWTH MODEL WITH PHYSICAL CAPITAL, HUMAN CAPITAL, AND VARIETIES
Authors: Sequeira Tiago Neves
Published: January 2010

There is a family of models with physical and human capital and R&D for which convergence properties have been discussed [Lutz G. Arnold, European Economic Review 44, 1599–1605 (2000); Manuel Gómez, Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics and Econometrics 9(1), Article 5 (2005)]. However, spillovers in R&D have been ignored in this context. We introduce spillovers in this model and derive the steady-state and stability properties. This new feature implies that the model is characterized by a system of four differential equations. A unique balanced growth path, along with a two-dimensional stable manifold, is obtained under simple and reasonable conditions. Transition is oscillatory toward the steady state for plausible values of parameters. We discovered that these features are due to the presence of the R&D spillovers externality in the decentralized equilibrium.
A computerised tailored intervention for increasing intakes of fruit, vegetables, brown bread and wholegrain cereals in adolescent girls
Authors: Rees Gail , Bakhshi Savita , Surujlal-Harry Alecia , Stasinopoulos Mikis , Baker Anna
Published: January 2010

Objective

To evaluate the effectiveness of a computer-generated tailored intervention leaflet compared with a generic leaflet aimed at increasing brown bread, wholegrain cereal, fruit and vegetable intakes in adolescent girls.

Design

Clustered randomised controlled trial. Dietary intake was assessed via three 24 h dietary recalls.

Setting

Eight secondary schools in areas of low income and/or high ethnic diversity, five in London and three in the West Midlands, UK.

Subjects

Girls aged 12–16 years participated (n 823) and were randomised by school class to receive either the tailored intervention (n 406) or a generic leaflet (n 417).

Results

At follow-up 637 (77 %) participants completed both baseline and follow-up dietary recalls. The tailored intervention leaflet had a statistically significant effect on brown bread intake (increasing from 0·39 to 0·51 servings/d) with a smaller but significant increase in the control group also (increasing from 0·28 to 0·35 servings/d). The intervention group achieved 0·05 more servings of brown bread daily than the control group (P < 0·05), which is equivalent to 0·35 servings/week. For the other foods there were no significant effects of the tailored intervention.

Conclusions

The intervention group consumed approximately 0·35 more servings of brown bread weekly than the control group from baseline. Although this change between groups was statistically significant the magnitude was small. Evaluation of the intervention was disappointing but the tailored leaflet was received more positively in some respects than the control leaflet. More needs to be done to increase motivation to change dietary intake in adolescent girls.
Energy density, energy costs and income – how are they related?
Authors: Waterlander Wilma E , de Haas Wendy E , van Amstel Inge , Schuit Albertine J , Twisk Jos WR , Visser Marjolein , Seidell Jacob C , Steenhuis Ingrid HM
Published: January 2010

Objective

To examine the association between energy density and energy costs in single food items and composed diets, and to explore differences in energy density and energy cost between income levels.

Design

A cross-sectional study using data from two Dutch cohort studies and recent national food prices. Food prices were retrieved from two market leader supermarkets. Data on dietary intake were measured using a computerized face-to-face interview (cohort 1) and 24 h recalls (cohort 2).

Setting

The Netherlands.

Subjects

A sample of 373 young adults from the Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study (AGHLS, measured in 2000) and a sample of 200 community-dwelling elderly from the Longitudinal Ageing Study Amsterdam (LASA, measured in 2007).

Results

We found significant inverse associations between energy density and energy costs in single food items (r= −0·436,P< 0·01) and composed diets (AGHLS menr= −0·505, womenr= −0·413,P< 0·001; LASA menr= −0·559, womenr= −0·562,P< 0·001). Furthermore, we found that people stratified into higher energy density quartiles consumed significantly more energy per day, less fruits and vegetables, and had significantly lower diet costs. Explorative analyses on income did not reveal significant differences regarding energy density, costs, or fruit and vegetable intake.

Conclusions

In the Netherlands also, energy density was inversely related with energy costs, implying that healthier diets cost more. However, we could not find differences in energy density or costs between income levels. Future research, using precise food expenditures, is of main importance in studying the economics of obesity and in the aim of making the healthier choice easier.
Red/green Dual Fluorescence Detection of Both the Nucleus and Nucleolus in Living Cells
Authors: Coleman Jack , Cox Hilary , Li Zaiguo , Pande Praveen , Shen Dee , Gatica Divina , Patton Wayne F
Published: January 2010

The nucleolus represents a highly dynamic nuclear domain arising from an equilibrium between the level of ribosomal RNA synthesis and the efficiency of ribosomal RNA processing [1, 2]. Although the nucleolus is primarily associated with ribosome biogenesis, several lines of evidence now demonstrate that it has additional functions, such as regulation of mitosis, cell-cycle progression and proliferation, many forms of stress response, and biogenesis of multiple ribonucleoprotein particles. Ribosome biogenesis is regulated throughout interphase and ceases during mitosis (Figure 1). Thus, there is a direct relationship between cell growth and nucleolar activities. Nucleoli are well known to be dramatically modified in cancer cells. Additionally, a large number of key proteins from both DNA- and RNA-containing viruses are localized in the nucleolus, including the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 Rev and Tat proteins. Targeting of viral proteins to the nucleolus not only facilitates virus replication, but may also be required for pathogenic processes. The nucleolus can also be considered a sensor of stress due to the redistribution of the ribosomal proteins in the nucleoplasm through its disruption.
Applications of Multibeam SEM/FIB Instrumentation in the Integrated Sciences
Authors: McMahon G , Rybczynski J , Wang Y , Gao Y , Cai D , Dhakal P , Argenti N , Kempa K , Ren ZF , Erdman N , Naughton MJ
Published: January 2010

The Hague, Netherlands, 1690. Christiaan Huygens and Sir Isaac Newton, at odds with their competing wave/particle theories of light, today reached a compromise with their unveiling of a new multibeam SEM/FIB instrument featuring an SEM column designed by Huygens that uses electromagnetic lenses to focus the beam of electrons and a FIB column employing electrostatic lenses to focus the beam of ions devised by Newton. Onlookers were dazzled by its extensive capabilities and range of applications.
The Long Shot: Multiphoton Microscopy Offers Deeper, Sharper, Safer Imaging Than Ever Before
Authors: Tesfai Sam , Jordan John , Donely Dennis
Published: January 2010

When living cells are far below the surface, they pose particularly complex problems for researchers trying to view dynamic life activities in the laboratory. Many fluorescence imaging systems rely on short-wavelength ultraviolet (UV) or blue light, which is then absorbed by the specimen and emitted as visible light. But living tissue scatters so much short-wavelength light that some of the emitted fluorescence from the region of interest does not reach the detector. The deeper the area of interest, the more severe this problem becomes. Indeed, for every specimen, there is a point at which so much scatter occurs that traditional fluorescence imaging techniques are no longer effective. Raising the intensity of the excitation light in order to get more light out of the system can itself be lethal for living systems, as it causes increased photobleaching and phototoxicity. Adding to the problem is the fact that in deep imaging, regions of the specimen above and below the focal plane that are not of interest are exposed to light, causing unwanted fluorescence. Finally, excessive scattering of the excitation light when imaging deep below the specimen's surface results in an image with poor signal-to-noise ratio. These images tend to look soft and dull instead of crisp and full of contrast. Assuming that the scientist's research protocol will not allow the use of thinner-cut sections, deep imaging is still possible via multiphoton microscopy.
The Otto Scherzer Memorial Symposium on Aberration-Corrected Electron Microscopy
Authors: Smith David J , Dahmen Uli
Published: January 2010

The year 2009 marks the centenary of the birth of Otto Scherzer, one of the early pioneers of electron microscopy. Scherzer, shown in Figure 1, was the originator of the famous microscopy theorem that the spherical and chromatic aberrations of rotationally symmetric electron lenses were unavoidable [1]. In honor of this centennial occasion, we organized a special memorial symposium during the Microscopy & Microanalysis 2009 meeting, which was held in Richmond, Virginia, in late July. The introductory talks of the symposium presented a fascinating mix of firsthand accounts about working with Scherzer in Darmstadt and descriptions of the correction concepts and the early corrector prototypes that emerged from his group. Placed in this historical context, the latest advances in aberration correction for scanning and fixed-beam instruments that were presented in this symposium were all the more impressive and conveyed a vivid sense of history in the making. Representative applications of aberration correction to a broad range of materials were also highlighted in platform and poster presentations. Here we give a short account of the emergence of aberration-corrected electron microscopy (ACEM) and very briefly summarize some of the prospects and challenges for this burgeoning field. Further information about these developments, including details of applications, will be found in selected papers from the symposium, which will be published in a forthcoming issue of the journal Microscopy and Microanalysis due to appear in mid-2010.
New Ion Probe for Next Generation FIB, SIMS, and Nano-Ion Implantation
Authors: Smith N S , Tesch P P , Martin N P , Boswell R W
Published: January 2010

HyperionTM is a newly developed high-performance ion source that significantly advances the capabilities of many ion beam techniques used by material scientists and engineers. Hyperion has been developed to provide focused beams as small as 10 nm, beam currents up to several micro-Amps, and a broad range of ion species that include He+, O2  +, Xe+ and H3  +.
Benefits of Microwave-Assisted Processing Go Beyond Time Savings
Authors: Giberson Richard T , Sanders Mark A
Published: January 2010

Microwave-assisted processing of biological specimens, from its inception, has been a methodology that promised time savings over conventional processing methods [1]. It has taken almost 30 years to define and control the significant variables associated with microwave processing [2]. Recent research combined with improved technology have helped in the identification and control of the experimental variables associated with microwave-assisted processing [2–7]. Stated simply they are: (1) constant sample temperature control in conjunction with continuous microwave irradiation [3–4], (2) control of wattage in the microwave device (the ability to control microwave power in the same manner as a dimmer switch controls a light) [2–5], and (3) energy uniformity in the microwave cavity [3–4].
Embrittled Ancient Silver and Iron Objects and Their Conservation
Authors: Wanhill Russell
Published: January 2010

Embrittlement of ancient metals is often complex. The details of embrittlement should be investigated in order to select the best remedial measures for restoration and conservation. This article surveys the techniques used for investigating several ancient embrittled silver artifacts and an iron pile-shoe from a Roman bridge. The possibilities for preserving such objects are also discussed.
Challenges and Opportunities for Focused Ion Beam Processing at the Nano-Scale
Authors: Gierak J , Schiedt B , Lucot D , Madouri A , Bourhis E , Patriarche G , Ulysse C , Lafosse X , Auvray L , Bruchhaus L , Jede R
Published: January 2010

There is a solid consensus that new methods of structure fabrication, placement, and organization within the sub-10-nm resolution gap are urgently required to meet existing challenges in condensed matter, semiconductors, and biotechnologies. Standard top-down methods such as resist-based lithographies even used at the shortest available wavelengths have clearly identified limitations. On the other hand, bottom-up approaches, like scanning probe manipulation techniques, remain challenging when trying to generate reproducible, functional, and addressable nano-structures. Therefore, at the laboratory level new routes must be explored.
Design and Validation of a Low-Cost Microscope for Diagnostics in the Developing World
Authors: Cline B , Luo R , Kuhlmann K
Published: January 2010

Many infectious diseases prevalent in the developing world, including malaria and tuberculosis, are difficult to diagnose on the basis of symptoms alone but can be accurately detected using microscope examination. Currently the expense, size, and fragility of optical microscopes impede their widespread use in resource-limited settings. Addressing these obstacles facing microscopy in the developing world is a pressing need; over 800,000 people, primarily children in Africa, die annually of malaria, and more than 1,500,000 people die annually of tuberculosis [1][2]. The aim of this study is to design and validate a microscope for use in the developing world that combines high-resolution imaging, extreme affordability, and long-term durability.
Imaging Motile Pathogens with Light Microscopy and Cryogenic Electron Tomography
Authors: Frischknecht Freddy , Cyrklaff Marek
Published: January 2010

The most prominent vector-transmitted diseases in the first and third world are Lyme disease and malaria, respectively. In both cases the transmitted agents are introduced into the skin from where they eventually disseminate into the blood using active motility. We are interested in deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying the motility of these pathogens and how they relate to the ultrastructure of the pathogens. Here we provide an overview of the microscopy techniques that we use to achieve these goals.
Anthropogenic Climate Change in Asia: Key Challenges
Authors: Ramaswamy V.
Published: January 2010

The energy, agricultural, and water sectors in Asia, a vast continent that comprises more than half of the worlds population, are crucially vulnerable to shifts in climate. The acceleration of economic development in Asia over the past few decades, the dependence of its huge agricultural economy on rainfall, and its growing energy demands have thrust climate change and its impacts squarely into important sectors of the Asian society. Further, it is likely that there has been significant anthropogenic warming over the past 50 years averaged over the Asian continent (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) [2007]; see Figure 1a). Asian megacities are already witnessing stresses in food, water, transportation, health, and air quality.
World Ocean Database
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: January 2010

The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) World Ocean Database 2009, released in November as an update to the 2005 version, provides about 9.1 million temperature profiles and 3.5 million salinity reports, with some information dating as far back as 1800. The updated database includes scientific information about the oceans that can be sorted in various ways, including geographically or by year.

“There is now more data about the global oceans than ever before,” according to Sydney Levitus, director of the World Data Center for Oceanography, part of NOAA's National Oceanographic Data Center. “Previous databases have shown the world ocean has warmed during the last 53 years, and it's crucial we have reliable, accurate monitoring of our oceans into the future,” he said. The database is a part of the Integrated Ocean Observing System and the Global Earth Observation System of Systems.
David J. Hofmann (1937–2009)
Authors: Deshler Terry , Butler James H. , Solomon Susan , Barnes John E. , Schnell Russell C.
Published: January 2010

David J. Hofmann, a pioneer in stratospheric aerosol and ozone research, passed away in Boulder, Colo., on 11 August 2009. He was 72. Dave, a frequent contributor to AGU publications and meetings, was elected an AGU Fellow in 2006.

His long and prolific scientific career was, as he would say, simple in concept: Make a long‐term commitment to specific measurements, pay attention to the details, and focus on the important issues that the measurements raise. This is simple in concept yet challenging to maintain in a world of short‐term contracts and budgets. That Dave sustained and led key measurement programs through 25 years at the University of Wyoming (UW), in Laramie, and 17 years with the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (CMDL, which became the Global Monitoring Division (GMD) of NOAA's Earth System Research Laboratory) in Boulder, speaks volumes about the scientific and societal benefits that have resulted from his work.
Earth Science in the Anthropocene: New Epoch, New Paradigm, New Responsibilities
Authors: Ellis Erle C. , Haff Peter K.
Published: January 2010

We live in the Anthropocene: For better or for worse, the Earth system now functions in ways unpredictable without understanding how human systems function and how they interact with and control Earth system processes. Regardless of whether this transition from the Holocene (generally thought of as the past 12,000 years) to the new epoch of the Anthropocene will ultimately be for the better or for the worse, the Earth system will not be returning to a preanthropogenic state for the foreseeable future.

Human involvement in the Earth system has now gone far beyond mere interference with “natural” processes. Human systems have emerged as new primary Earth systems, not only by dramatically altering preexisting natural processes but also, more important, by introducing a host of new Earth system processes entirely novel to the Earth system. As a result, the classic paradigm of “Earth systems with humans disturbing them” is obsolete. Human systems have become as integral and defining a component of this planet's processes as are biological, atmospheric, hydrologic, and geologic systems. As with the rise of photosynthetic organisms and the emergence of the biosphere, human systems have driven the Earth along a new and unprecedented path.
Parsons Receives 2009 Charles S. Falkenberg Award
Authors: Parsons Mark A.
Published: January 2010

Mark A. Parsons received the AGU Charles S. Falkenberg Award, presented jointly by AGU and the Earth Science Information Partnership (ESIP), at the 2009 Summer Federation of Earth Science Information Partners Conference, held 7–10 July 2009 in Santa Barbara, Calif. The award honors “a scientist under 45 years of age who has contributed to the quality of life, economic opportunities, and stewardship of the planet through the use of Earth science information and to the public awareness of the importance of understanding our planet.”
Near‐tropical subsurface ice on Mars
Authors: Vincendon Mathieu , Mustard John , Forget François , Kreslavsky Mikhail , Spiga Aymeric , Murchie Scott , Bibring Jean‐Pierre
Published: January 2010

Near‐surface perennial water ice on Mars has been previously inferred down to latitudes of about 45° and could result from either water vapor diffusion through the regolith under current conditions or previous ice ages precipitations. In this paper we show that at latitudes as low as 25° in the southern hemisphere buried water ice in the shallow (<1 m) subsurface is required to explain the observed surface distribution of seasonal CO2 frost on pole facing slopes. This result shows that possible remnants of the last ice age, as well as water that will be needed for the future exploration of Mars, are accessible significantly closer to the equator than previously thought, where mild conditions for both robotic and human exploration lie.
p63, p73, & p53 are Negative Regulators of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT), Invasion & Metastasis
Authors: Boominathan Lakshmanane
Published: January 2010

It has recently been shown that microRNAs, such as miRs-145,192, and 215, are regulated by the tumor suppressor p53 through their p53REs. Considering miRs-145, 192, and 215 promoters contain p53REs suggests that they could be transcriptional targets of p63 and p73 as well. Remarkably, bioinformatics analysis of miRs-145, 192, and 215 targets suggests that they target ZEB2, suggesting that p53, p63, and p73 by increasing the expression of miRs-192, 215, & 145, they could inhibit the expression of ZEB2. ZEB2 has been shown to function as a repressor of the tumor suppressor E-cadherin, suggesting that p53, p73, and p63 by suppressing the expression of ZEB2 through their transcriptional target miRs, they could increase the expression of E-cadherin. E-cadherin inhibits epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), thereby functions as a suppressor of metastasis. Remarkably, ZEB2 appears to be a common target of p53/p63/p73-induced three different miRs 145, 192, and 215. Further, p53/TA-p63-miRs appear to target transcription factors--STAT3, CEBPβ, bHLHB2, Fosl2 & AML-1-- responsible for mesenchyme phenotype. p53/TA-p63-miRs also appear to target α5/β1 integrin, EGFR, and Rab coupling protein, thereby prevent invasion. This data suggests a well-conserved mechanism mediating p53/p63/p73-dependent inhibition of EMT, invasion, and metastasis. Considering p63 and p73 heterozygous mice are more prone to metastasis compared to p53 null mice suggests that both p63 and p73 could function as negative regulators of the EMT and metastasis. Together, this bioinformatics/computational study suggests that p63, p73, and p53 regulate the expression of E-cadherin/integrins/metastatic transcription factors through their target miRs, thereby they could inhibit EMT, invasion, and metastasis. Finally, this study provides molecular insight into p73 and p63’s ability to function as suppressors of EMT, invasion and metastasis.
Stamps, inks and substrates: polymers in microcontact printing
Authors: Kaufmann Tobias , Ravoo Bart Jan
Published: January 2010

It's all about polymers! Polymers play a key role in the patterning and functionalization of surfaces by microcontact printing. Polymers are versatile stamps, inks and substrates and microcontact printing can provide microstructured polymer surfaces in a single printing step.
Organosolubility and optical transparency of novel polyimides derived from 2′,7′-bis(4-aminophenoxy)-spiro(fluorene-9,9′-xanthene)
Authors: Zhang ShuJiang , Li YanFen , Ma Tao , Zhao JiuJiang , Xu XiangYang , Yang FenChun , Xiang Xiao-Yan
Published: January 2010

A series of polyimides were synthesized via a polycondensation of 2′,7′-bis(4-aminophenoxy)-spiro(fluorene-9,9′-xanthene) with aromatic tetracarboxylic dianhydrides. They exhibited a low dielectric constant, low moisture absorption, excellent solubility, high glass transition temperatures and high optical transparency.
Investigating the dependence of the hypoxia-inducible factor hydroxylases (factor inhibiting HIF and prolyl hydroxylase domain 2) on ascorbate and other reducing agents
Authors: Flashman Emily , Davies Sarah L. , Yeoh Kar Kheng , Schofield Christopher J.
Published: January 2010

The HIF (hypoxia-inducible factor) hydroxylases [PHDs or EGLNs (prolyl hydroxylases), which in humans are PHD isoforms 1–3, and FIH (factor inhibiting HIF)] regulate HIF levels and activity. These enzymes are Fe(II)/2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenases, many of which are stimulated by ascorbate. We have investigated the ascorbate dependence of PHD2-catalysed hydroxylation of two prolyl hydroxylation sites in human HIF-1α, and of FIH-catalysed hydroxylation of asparaginyl hydroxylation sites in HIF-1α and in a consensus ankyrin repeat domain peptide. The initial rate and extent of hydroxylation was increased in the presence of ascorbate for each of these reactions. When ascorbate was replaced with structural analogues, the results revealed that the ascorbate side chain was not important in its contribution to HIF hydroxylase catalysis, whereas modifications to the ene-diol portion of the molecule negated the ability to promote hydroxylation. We investigated whether alternative reducing agents (glutathione and dithiothreitol) could be used to promote HIF hydroxylase activity, and found partial stimulation of hydroxylation in an apparently enzyme- and substrate-specific manner. The results raise the possibility of developing reducing agents targeted to specific HIF hydroxylase-catalysed reactions.