bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The association between levator plate integrity and pelvic floor defaecatory dysfunction
Authors: Hainsworth Alison , Solanki Deepa , Ferrari Linda , Igbedioh Carlene , Johnston Liam , Morris Samantha J. , Igualada‐Martinez Paula , Schizas Alexis M. P. , Williams Andrew B.
Published: January 2023

Aims

Levator ani deficiency has been implicated in anterior pelvic floor pathology but its association with pelvic floor defaecatory dysfunction is less clear. The aim was to examine the relationship of levator ani deficiency with anatomical abnormalities (rectocoele, intussusception, enterocoele, perineal descent) and patient symptoms (bowel, vagina) in patients with pelvic floor defaecatory dysfunction.

Methods

The prospective observational case series of 223 women presenting to a tertiary colorectal pelvic floor unit with defaecatory dysfunction. Each underwent assessment with symptom severity and quality of life (QoL) scores, integrated total pelvic floor ultrasound (PFUS) (transvaginal, transperineal) and defaecation proctography (DP). Rectocoele, intussusception, enterocoele and perineal descent were assessed on both. Levator ani deficiency was scored using endovaginal ultrasound (score 0–18; mild [0–6], moderate [>6–12], severe [>12–18]).

Results

The proportion of patients with rectocoele, enterocoele, and intussusception increased with increasing levator ani damage (mild, moderate, severe). There was a weakly positive correlation between size of rectocoele and levator ani deficiency. On PFUS, there was a weakly positive correlation between severity of intussusception and enterocoele with levator ani deficiency. On DP, there was a weakly positive correlation between perineal descent and levator ani deficiency. There was no association between bowel symptom and QoL scores and levator ani deficiency. Vaginal symptoms were associated with levator ani deficiency.

Conclusions

Anatomical abnormalities which are implicated in pelvic floor defaecatory dysfunction (rectocoele, intussusception, enterocoele, perineal descent) were associated with worsening levator ani deficiency. There was no association between bowel symptoms and levator ani deficiency. Vaginal symptoms were associated with levator ani deficiency.
Concurrent intrinsic optical imaging and fMRI at ultra‐high field using magnetic field proof optical components
Authors: Bernard Rebekka , Valverde Salzmann Matthias , Scheffler Klaus , Pohmann Rolf
Published: January 2023

Intrinsic optical imaging (IOI) is a well established technique to quantify activation‐related hemodynamical changes at the surface of the brain, which can be used to investigate the underlying processes of BOLD signal formation. To directly and quantitatively relate IOI and fMRI, simultaneous measurements with the two modalities are necessary. Here, a novel technical solution for a completely in‐bore setup is presented, which uses only magnetic field proof components and thus allows concurrent recordings with a quality similar to that obtained in separate experiments. Measurements of the somatosensory cortex of rats with electrical forepaw stimulation were used to verify this approach. The high spatial and temporal resolution of the fMRI data, which is possible due to the high magnetic field of 14.1 T, the use of a point‐spread function‐based distortion correction and optimized additional anatomical images, allowed accurate colocalization of the images of the two modalities. Accordingly, detailed investigations of the temporal and spatial relationships between the hemodynamic parameters and the fMRI signal, which demonstrate the linear dependence of the BOLD effect on changes in the concentrations of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin, are possible. Comparisons between the signals emerging from arterial, venous and parenchymal areas are possible and show clearly distinct characteristics. The presented setup allows combining MRI measurements and optical recordings without serious losses in the data quality of either modality. While the proposed combination of fMRI and IOI can help to gain valuable insight into the generation of the BOLD effect, the setup can be easily modified to include different types of optical or MRI measurements.
Solution methods to the nearest rotation matrix problem in ℝ3: A comparative survey
Authors: Sarabandi Soheil , Thomas Federico
Published: January 2023

Nowadays, the singular value decomposition (SVD) is the standard method of choice for solving the nearest rotation matrix problem. Nevertheless, many other methods are available in the literature for the 3D case. This article reviews the most representative ones, proposes alternative ones, and presents a comparative analysis to elucidate their relative computational costs and error performances. This analysis leads to the conclusion that some algebraic closed‐form methods are as robust as the SVD, but significantly faster and more accurate.
Evidence from single case research on social skills interventions for preschoolers at‐risk for EBD: A scoping review and application of quality indicators
Authors: Dong Xin , Sanchez Lisa , Burke Mack D. , Bowman‐Perrott Lisa
Published: January 2023

Research suggests that 10%–20% of preschoolers have emotional and behavioral problems that would place them at‐risk for development of emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD). Preschool children who exhibit early onset of antisocial and externalizing problem behaviors require early social‐behavioral interventions focused on social skills. A scoping review was conducted that identified 33 single‐case research design studies on social skills interventions for preschoolers. Quality indicatiors were used to examine the design quality of the studies included. A total of 19 studies met quality standards with reservation or met standards without reservations. 43 participants in 11 studies conducted by 10 research teams showed evidence to support social skills interventions as effective interventions. The majority of the evaluated studies (97%) reported IOA. These findings contribute to the growing literature base underscoring social skills interventions in early childhood settings.
Phytotherapeutic alternatives for neurodegenerative dementias: Scientific review, discussion and therapeutic proposal
Authors: Acero Nuria , Ortega Teresa , Villagrasa Victoria , Leon Gemma , Muñoz‐Mingarro Dolores , Castillo Encarna , González‐Rosende M. Eugenia , Borrás Silvia , Rios Jose Luis , Bosch‐Morell Francisco , Martínez‐Solís Isabel
Published: January 2023

The incidence and prevalence of age‐related neurodegenerative dementias have been increasing. There is no curative therapy and conventional drug treatment can cause problems for patients. Medicinal plants traditionally used for problems associated with ageing are emerging as a therapeutic resource. The main aim is to give a proposal for use and future research based on scientific knowledge and tradition. A literature search was conducted in several searchable databases. The keywords used were related to neurodegenerative dementias, ageing and medicinal plants. Boolean operators and filters were used to focus the search. As a result, there is current clinical and preclinical scientific information on 49 species used in traditional medicine for ageing‐related problems, including neurodegenerative dementias. There are preclinical and clinical scientific evidences on their properties against protein aggregates in the central nervous system and their effects on neuroinflammation, apoptosis dysregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, gabaergic, glutamatergic and dopaminergic systems alterations, monoamine oxidase alterations, serotonin depletion and oestrogenic protection. In conclusion, the potential therapeutic effect of the different medicinal plants depends on the type of neurodegenerative dementia and its stage of development, but more clinical and preclinical research is needed to find better, safer and more effective treatments.
Watersheds and stream networks viewed longitudinally: Example insights from novel spatial portrayals of watershed characteristics
Authors: Raulerson Scott , Sytsma Caleb , Webster Jackson R. , Jackson C. Rhett
Published: January 2023

Longitudinal depictions of watershed structure and characteristics, including topography, stream networks, wetlands, ground water levels, and land use, can provide watershed knowledge and understanding unavailable from standard plan view maps. Three case studies provide examples of knowledge gained by applying longitudinal views of stream networks, watershed hydrologic behavior, and land use distributions. Longitudinal views of mountain stream networks show extreme variability in the slope‐area relationships of low Strahler order streams, large discontinuities in drainage area (large parts of drainage area space are absent in networks), and large variations in network curvature. Longitudinal views of a groundwater‐dominated headwater watershed increase the inference available from limited groundwater observations and clearly reveal how groundwater connections affect the permanence of surface water features and the distribution of vadose zone storage in the landscape. Plotting land uses longitudinally illuminates and allows a quantitative analysis of how land uses are distributed relative to topographic position. Viewing watersheds and stream networks longitudinally can provide new insights into watershed forms and processes and motivate new questions and research.
In Vitro Cytocompatibility and Anti‐biofilm Properties of Electrodeposited Ternary‐Ion‐Doped Hydroxyapatite Coatings on Ti for Orthopaedic Applications
Authors: Bian Anqi , Jia Fenghuan , Wu Zongze , Li Meiyu , Yang Hao , Huang Xiao , Xie Lei , Qiao Haixia , Lin He , Huang Yong
Published: January 2023

Currently, there is a growing market for implant coatings that efficiently ward off bacterial infections while aiding in clinical osseointegration. Due to its potential to have a number of functions (including osteogenic activity and antibacterial activity) for bone implantation, the hydroxyapatite (HA) coating doped with multiple ions has drawn a lot of attention. In this study, innovative nanohydroxyapatite coatings containing simultaneous Sr2+, Mn2+, and Ag+ substitutions (MnSrAgHA) were devised and effectively electrodedeposited on pure titanium. That is, the antibacterial ability of MnSrAgHA was enhanced by Ag+, Sr2+ and Mn2+ not only can balance the potential cytotoxicity of Ag+, but also can improve the bone repair rate of composite materials. Some experimental (FE‐SEM, XPS and EDS, etc.) results about the characterization show that Sr2+, Mn2+ and Ag+ can uniformly combine into the HA lattice to form the SrMnAgHA coating. The MnSrAgHA coating surface was rather dense, with numerous needle‐like or flower cluster crystals, and the coating thickness is approximately 10 μm. Moreover, compared with other coatings (HA, AgHA and SrAgHA), the MnSrAgHA coating had a smaller roughness and higher contact angle. However, the contact angle of MnSrAgHA was still within the hydrophilic range. Staphylococcus aureus growth was inhibited by the MnSrAgHA coating, and the antibacterial rate was almost 100 %. The MnSrAgHA coating dramatically enhanced cell proliferation, adhesion, and differentiation abilities, according to in‐vitro cell culture studies. As expected, osteoblasts are not significantly cytotoxic by the MnSrAgHA coating. Due to its adaptability, the multi‐element co‐doped HA coating (MnSrAgHA) offers enormous clinical application potential in anti‐infective repair.
Water‐SDS‐Ionic Liquid Catalytic System for the Synthesis of Pyrano‐chromenes and in‐silicio Approach to Predict Inhibitory Activity Against Mpro of SARS‐CoV‐2**
Authors: Rudra Paul Abhijit , Debnath Sudhan , Majumdar Swapan
Published: January 2023

A simple, efficient and rapid one pot green synthesis of pyrano‐chromene derivatives have been realized by using water‐SDS‐neutral ionic liquid ([BMIm]Br) miceller system via sequential addition of aromatic aldehyde, malonitrile (Knoevenagel condensation) followed by 4‐hydroxy coumarin. In all cases the obtained products were produced well to excellent yields. This protocol shifts a versatile solvent‐catalyst system, which has many advantages such as eco‐friendly condition, simple workup and reuse (recycle) of post reaction waste containing sodium dodecyl sulphate and ionic liquid without loss of catalytic activity. The efficacy of the synthesised compounds as inhibitors of the SARS‐CoV‐2 main protease (Mpro) was investigated through molecular docking studies. Our study showed that most of the synthetic compounds exhibited excellent capability to block the SARS‐CoV‐2 Mpro by binding with crucial amino acid residues in catalytic pockets, compared to naturally occurring known SARS‐CoV‐2 Mpro inhibitors, flavonoids like Baicalein, Quercetin, and Quercetagetin.
The relationship between childhood gender nonconformity, aversive childhood experiences, and mental health in heterosexual and non‐heterosexual cisgender men: The buffering effect of sense of coherence
Authors: Issler Tobias C. , Ferreira de Sá Diana , Michael Tanja , Schäfer Sarah K.
Published: January 2023

Childhood gender nonconformity (CGNC) seems to be associated with more mental health problems in adulthood. Previous research has suggested that this link might be mediated via the increased risk for aversive childhood experiences (ACEs) as a negative social reaction to CGNC. However, no study yet examined the role of resilience factors in this relationship. The present study aims to address this gap by examining the potential buffering effect of sense of coherence (SOC). In a German sample of 371 cisgender men, we used mediation models to investigate the relationship between CGNC, ACEs, and mental health problems in adulthood, that is, depressive symptoms, loneliness, and suicidal behavior. We then employed moderated mediation models to examine the buffering effect of SOC on the association ACEs and mental health problems. The results showed that higher levels of CGNC were associated with more severe adult mental health problems, with this link being partially mediated by higher levels of ACEs. For depressive symptoms and suicidal behavior in the last 12 months, we found evidence of a buffering effect of SOC. Higher levels of SOC were associated with a weaker association between ACEs and mental health problems. In contrast, this effect was absent for loneliness and lifetime suicidal behavior. Our study provides evidence that ACEs partly account for the relationship between CGNC and mental health in adulthood. Moreover, we found support for SOC having a buffering effect on this link. Future studies need to examine whether SOC might be an important target for resilience training in those experiencing CGNC. However, sustainable interventions may rather address the negative social reactions to CGNC.
A New Interpretation of Gas Viscosity for Flow through Micro‐Capillaries and Pores
Authors: Islam Md. Akhtarul , Ulbricht Mathias
Published: January 2023

The Hagen–Poiseuille equation for gas flow had never been derived theoretically; it is rather a simple analogy of the same for liquid flow, and “gas viscosity” is a measure for overall resistance to flow. In this work, experimental flow data for different gases through capillaries and porous media, reported in literature by different groups, including those measured and treated by Knudsen are treated with Hagen–Poiseuille equation, but taking “gas viscosity” as an adjustable parameter. It is found that, at constant temperature, there exists an unambiguous relation between the viscosity (µ) of a given gas, and the product of average pressure (Pav) and capillary diameter (D). In addition, for Pav*D < 0.01, a universal linear relation exists between µ/M0.5 (where M is molecular mass) for different gases and the parameter Pav*D. The new interpretation of gas viscosity avoids the differentiation of regimes into “Knudsen” and “viscous” flow as it is frequently done in literature. The concept can be applied to obtain a reliable data base for gas viscosities in different fields of applications, for example in microfluidic systems or the analysis of pore size distributions of filters and membranes by gas flow porometry.
Carrier Relaxation and Multiplication in Bi Doped Graphene
Authors: Liu Qi , Lu Xianyang , Liu Yuxiang , Li Zhihao , Yan Pengfei , Chen Wang , Meng Qinghao , Zhang Yongheng , Yam ChiYung , He Liang , Yan Yu , Zhang Yi , Wu Jing , Frauenheim Thomas , Zhang Rong , Xu Yongbing
Published: January 2023

By introducing different contents of Bi adatoms to the surface of monolayer graphene, the carrier concentration and their dynamics have been effectively modulated as probed directly by the time‐ and angle‐resolved photoemission spectroscopy technique. The Bi adatoms are found to assist acoustic phonon scattering events mediated by supercollisions as the disorder effectively relaxes the momentum conservation constraint. A reduced carrier multiplication has been observed, which is related to the shrinking Fermi sea for scattering, as confirmed by time‐dependent density functional theory simulation. This work gives insight into hot carrier dynamics in graphene, which is crucial for promoting the application of photoelectric devices.
Microscopic Cascading Devices for Boosting Mucus Penetration in Oral Drug Delivery—Micromotors Nesting Inside Microcontainers
Authors: Maric Tijana , Adamakis Vaios , Zhang Zhongyang , Milián‐Guimerá Carmen , Thamdrup Lasse Højlund Eklund , Stamate Eugen , Ghavami Mahdi , Boisen Anja
Published: January 2023

In the case of macromolecules and poorly permeable drugs, oral drug delivery features low bioavailability and low absorption across the intestinal wall. Intestinal absorption can be improved if the drug formulation could be transported close to the epithelium. To achieve this, a cascade delivery device comprising Magnesium‐based Janus micromotors (MMs) nesting inside a microscale containers (MCs) has been conceptualized. The device aims at facilitating targeted drug delivery mediated by MMs that can lodge inside the intestinal mucosa. Loading MMs into MCs can potentially enhance drug absorption through increased proximity and unidirectional release. The MMs will be provided with optimal conditions for ejection into any residual mucus layer that the MCs have not penetrated. MMS confined inside MCs propel faster in the mucus environment as compared to non‐confined MMs. Upon contact with a suitable fuel, the MM‐loaded MC itself can also move. An in vitro study shows fast release profiles and linear motion properties in porcine intestinal mucus compared to more complex motion in aqueous media. The concept of dual‐acting cascade devices holds great potential in applications where proximity to epithelium and deep mucus penetration are needed.
Achieving Ultra‐Stable All‐Solid‐State Sodium Metal Batteries with Anion‐Trapping 3D Fiber Network Enhanced Polymer Electrolyte
Authors: Guo Junhong , Feng Fan , Zhao Shiqiang , Wang Rui , Yang Meng , Shi Zhenhai , Ren Yufeng , Ma Zifeng , Chen Suli , Liu Tianxi
Published: January 2023

All‐solid‐state sodium metal batteries paired with solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) are considered a promising candidate for high energy‐density, low‐cost, and high‐safety energy storage systems. However, the low ionic conductivity and inferior interfacial stability with Na metal anode of SPEs severely hinder their practical applications. Herein, an anion‐trapping 3D fiber network enhanced polymer electrolyte (ATFPE) is developed by infusing poly(ethylene oxide) matrix into an electrostatic spun fiber framework loading with an orderly arranged metal‐organic framework (MOF). The 3D continuous channel provides a fast Na+ transport path leading to high ionic conductivity, and simultaneously the rich coordinated unsaturated cation sites exposed on MOF can effectively trap anions, thus regulating Na+ concentration distribution for constructing stable electrolyte/Na anode interface. Based on such advantages, the ATFPE exhibits high ionic conductivity and considerable Na+ transference number, as well as enhanced interfacial stability. Consequently, Na/Na symmetric cells using this ATFPE possess cyclability over 600 h at 0.1 mA cm−2 without discernable Na dendrites. Cooperated with Na3V2(PO4)3 cathode, the all‐solid‐state sodium metal batteries (ASSMBs) demonstrate significantly improved rate and cycle performances, delivering a high discharge capacity of 117.5 mAh g−1 under 0.1 C and rendering high capacity retention of 78.2% after 1000 cycles even at 1 C.
Mechanisms of Radical Formation on Chemically Modified Graphene Oxide under Near Infrared Irradiation
Authors: Jacquemin Lucas , Song Zhengmei , Le Breton Nolwenn , Nishina Yuta , Choua Sylvie , Reina Giacomo , Bianco Alberto
Published: January 2023

In this work, the mechanisms of radical generation on different functionalized graphene oxide (GO) conjugates under near‐infrared (NIR) light irradiation are investigated. The GO conjugates are designed to understand how chemical functionalization can influence the generation of radicals. Both pristine and functionalized GO are irradiated by a NIR laser, and the production of different reactive oxygen species (ROS) is investigated using fluorimetry and electron paramagnetic resonance to describe the type of radicals present on the surface of GO. The mechanism of ROS formation involves a charge transfer from the material to the oxygen present in the media, via the production of superoxide and singlet oxygen. Cytotoxicity and effects of ROS generation are then evaluated using breast cancer cells, evidencing a concentration dependent cell death associated to the heat and ROS. The study provides new hints to understand the photogeneration of radicals on the surface of GO upon near infrared irradiation, as well as, to assess the impact on these radicals in the context of a combined drug delivery system and phototherapeutic approach. These discoveries open the way for a better control of phototherapy‐based treatments employing graphene‐based materials.
Properties of Potato Flour Films as Affected by Ultrasonic Treatment
Authors: Fu Zong‐Qiang , Yao Xu , Wu Hong‐Jian , Guo Shao‐Xiang , Li Yi , Tian Bin , Huang Zhi‐Gang , Wu Min
Published: January 2023

The properties of potato flour film‐forming dispersions treated with ultrasound and their resultant films are studied. The microscopic images show that ultrasonic treatment destroys the particles and improves the uniformity of film‐forming dispersions. The resultant potato flour film with ultrasonic treatment has a smoother surface and better transparency. As the ultrasonic power and treatment time increase, elongation at break reduces from 18.85% to 12.87%, while tensile strength increases at first and then decreases. Ultrasound decreases the water vapor transmission rate from 13.68 × 10−11 to 4.92 × 10−11 g−1 s−1 Pa−1 and increases the hydrophobicity of the films. Films with 15 min treatment show a lower water solubility index, while ultrasonic treatment for 45 min increases the solubility of films. The moisture content of treated films is higher than that of the untreated sample. Results show that ultrasonic treatment improves the properties of potato flour films.
Creep behavior of graphene oxide reinforced cement composites: Experiments, numerical simulations, and prediction models
Authors: Wang Jialei , Wang Yao , Wang Rui , Li Wangxin , Xu Yidong
Published: January 2023

The effect of graphene oxide (GO) on the creep behavior of cement composites was investigated macroscopically using a four‐bar spring compression creepmeter. The mechanism of the impact of GO on the creep behavior of hardened cement paste was microscopically identified using a molecular dynamics method. By analyzing commonly used rheological models, a viscoelastic‐plastic model was proposed to reflect the creep behavior of GO‐enhanced cement composites. The experimental results show that incorporating GO can increase the elastic modulus of calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) gels. The increase of micromechanical properties leads to a substantial reduction of creep. Compared to the reference group (0% GO), the creep behavior of cement composites with the GO incorporation of 0.02% and 0.03% decreases by 49.5% and 60.9%, respectively. Furthermore, the parameter fitting results indicate that the improved Burgers rheological model can better reflect the effect of GO on regulating the creep behavior of cement composites. Finally, we concluded the impact of GO addition on microscopic elastic modulus, viscoelastic deformation, and viscous deformation parameters, by providing new ideas for regulating the creep behavior of cement composites.
Cardiorespiratory effects of isoflurane and medetomidine–tiletamine–zolazepam in 12 bonobos (Pan paniscus)
Authors: Bucknell Pip , Dobbs Phillipa , Martin Mike , Ashfield Samantha , White Kate
Published: January 2023

Background

Cardiovascular disease is a significant cause of mortality in captive great apes. However, data from bonobos are lacking due to a paucity of collections in Europe. Comprehensive preventive screening is required to understand the aetiopathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, but the provision of a stable and predictable anaesthetic protocol with minimal cardiovascular effects is challenging.

Methods

This prospective, observational case series reports anaesthesia of 12 bonobos using hand‐injected medetomidine and tiletamine–zolazepam followed by maintenance with isoflurane in oxygen. Comprehensive clinical examinations, including arterial blood gases and echocardiography were undertaken.

Results

Induction of anaesthesia with hand injection was successful in all but one individual. Respiratory acidosis with metabolic alkalosis and respiratory alkalosis with metabolic acidosis were documented. Hypochloraemia may have contributed to non‐respiratory alkalosis in one individual. Ten bonobos experienced hypotension and required haemodynamic support. Both N‐terminal pro b‐type natriuretic peptide and troponin I cardiac biomarkers correlated with left ventricular ejection fraction (percentage). Recovery was smooth, rapid and uneventful in all animals.

Limitations

The effects of the anaesthetic must be considered during echocardiographical interpretation.

Conclusions

The anaesthesia protocol provided a safe, predictable induction and recovery, facilitating diagnostics (including echocardiography) and minor surgical procedures. Comprehensive monitoring, including invasive blood pressure monitoring and haemodynamic support, is highly recommended.
Bootstrapping 4d $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 2 gauge theories: the case of SQCD
Authors: Chester Shai M.
Published: January 2023

Abstract

We derive exact relations between certain integrals of the conserved flavor current four point function in 4d $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 conformal field theories (CFTs) and derivatives of the mass deformed sphere free energy, which can be computed exactly for gauge theories using supersymmetric localization. For conformal gauge theories with flavor groups of rank greater than one, there are at least two such integrated constraints, which can then be combined with the numerical conformal bootstrap to bound CFT data as a function of the complexified gauge coupling τ. We apply this strategy to the case of SU(2) conformal SQCD with flavor group SO(8), where we compute bounds on unprotected scaling dimensions as a function of τ that match the free theory limit, and exhibit the expected mixing between the action of the SL(2, ℤ) duality group and SO(8) triality.
LEGO calibration targets for large-FOV particle image velocimetry
Authors: Parikh Agastya , Fuchs Thomas , Bross Matthew , Kähler Christian J.
Published: January 2023

Particle image or particle–tracking velocimetry nonintrusively provides velocity field information, and the proposition large field-of-view (FOV) measurements are highly attractive from an experimental standpoint. Stitching multiple smaller FOVs to achieve the large FOV of interest is an approach that faces challenges rooted in the calibration process. For stereoscopic PIV (SPIV), the use of a multi-level target simplifies calibration. However, this is problematic for large-FOV measurements, as standardised multi-level targets are relatively small and expensive. LEGO®bricks are well-suited to the construction of large, customised multi-level targets due to their high-dimensional tolerance and their stackability with high precision. To evaluate the feasibility of LEGO®-based targets, a two-sided multi-level target covering 380$$\times$$×1150 mm was created and used for SPIV measurements of the inflow conditions of the Atmospheric Wind Tunnel Munich. Calibrations were also performed using the Type 31 target for comparison. Analysis of the datasets with both calibration targets shows good agreement in the measurement of the streamwise, out-of-plane componentu. A parametric study of different LEGO®target configurations was used to verify the calibration performance of the targets as well as identify optimal configurations for experimental use. Due to the high level of agreement in calibration parameters and quantitative and qualitative flowfield parameters in PIV tests, as well as the consistency observed in the subsequent parametric study, LEGO-based calibration targets show potential for further development and usage in large-FOV measurements.

Graphic abstract
Comparison and multi-model inference of excess risks models for radiation-related solid cancer
Authors: Stabilini Alberto , Hafner Luana , Walsh Linda
Published: January 2023

In assessments of detrimental health risks from exposures to ionising radiation, many forms of risk to dose–response models are available in the literature. The usual practice is to base risk assessment on one specific model and ignore model uncertainty. The analysis illustrated here considers model uncertainty for the outcome all solid cancer incidence, when modelled as a function of colon organ dose, using the most recent publicly available data from the Life Span Study on atomic bomb survivors of Japan. Seven recent publications reporting all solid cancer risk models currently deemed plausible by the scientific community have been included in a model averaging procedure so that the main conclusions do not depend on just one type of model. The models have been estimated with different baselines and presented for males and females at various attained ages and ages at exposure, to obtain specially computed model-averaged Excess Relative Risks (ERR) and Excess Absolute Risks (EAR). Monte Carlo simulated estimation of uncertainty on excess risks was accounted for by applying realisations including correlations in the risk model parameters. Three models were found to weight the model-averaged risks most strongly depending on the baseline and information criteria used for the weighting. Fitting all excess risk models with the same baseline, one model dominates for both information criteria considered in this study. Based on the analysis presented here, it is generally recommended to take model uncertainty into account in future risk analyses.
Tracing the cryptic Sardic (Ordovician) metamorphism across Alpine Europe: the Krndija region in the Slavonian Mountains, Croatia
Authors: Mayer B. Starijaš , Zeh A. , Krenn E. , Gerdes A. , Finger F.
Published: January 2023

Results of a combined petrological, geochemical and geochronological study suggest that metasedimentary rock units in the Krndija region of the Slavonian Mountains, Croatia, were affected by at least three major tectonometamorphic imprints: during the Middle Ordovician (Sardic event), the early Carboniferous (Variscan event), and the Cretaceous (Alpine event). All three metamorphic phases are established by electron microprobe-based in-situ U–Th–Pb dating of monazite grains. The Sardic metamorphic event is additionally confirmed by a precise Lu–Hf garnet-whole-rock isochron age of 466.0 ± 2.3 Ma. Taken together, the data unveil a relatively large and well-preserved piece of the cryptic Sardic orogen in central Krndija, that we name the Kutjevo Zone. A Sardic subduction-related metamorphic event (ca. 540-580 ℃, 8–11 kbar) at ca. 466 Ma is manifested in the mineral paragenesis Ca-rich garnet plus rutile. A low degree of retrograde reequilibration suggests a subsequent fast exhumation. Low-Ca cores in some garnets and staurolite relics record a pre-HP metamorphic event that involves isobaric heating from 570 to 610 ℃ at ~ 7 kbar. We attribute this (so far undated) event to mid-crustal contact metamorphism caused by early Sardic magmatism. Southern parts of Krndija (the Gradište Zone) experienced an (additional?) clockwisePTevolution in Variscan times at ca. 350 Ma. Garnet formed with ilmenite during aPTincrease from 580 ℃/5 kbar to 600 ℃/6 kbar and underwent later strong retrograde resorption. Slow Variscan exhumation resulted in andalusite formation at < 550 ℃/ < 3.8 kbar. Penetrative Alpine metamorphism was observed in low-grade phyllites in the north. The lithology and metamorphic history of the Kutjevo Zone is similar to what has been reported from the Sardic Strona-Ceneri Zone in the western Alps. Both areas expose metapelitic (metagreywacke) rocks with a pre-middle Ordovician formation age. These metasedimentary rocks are inter-layered with numerous small amphibolitic units as well as metagranitoids and were likely deposited along the active Gondwana margin, perhaps in a fore-arc position, prior to their subduction during the middle Ordovician. According to recent palaeogeographic reconstructions, both the Kutjevo Zone and the Strona-Ceneri Zone have once resided in an eastern sector of the northern Gondwana margin (i.e., in E-Armorica). We conclude that in the Middle Ordovician, important subduction activities took place in this E-Armorican segment of north Gondwana, which is today exposed in the Alps. The W-Armorican segment of north Gondwana (now exposed in the French, German, and Czech Variscides) had probably already mutated from a (Cadomian) subduction setting to an extensional (transtensional–transpressional) setting by the late Cambrian.
Executive function in children with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder compared to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder, and in children with different irritability levels
Authors: Brænden Astrid , Coldevin Marit , Zeiner Pål , Stubberud Jan , Melinder Annika
Published: January 2023

Addressing current challenges in research on disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD), this study aims to compare executive function in children with DMDD, children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and children with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). We also explore associations between irritability, a key DMDD characteristic, and executive function in a clinical sample regardless of diagnosis. Our sample include children (6–12 years) referred to child psychiatric clinics. Measures of daily-life (parent-reported questionnaire) and performance-based (neuropsychological tasks) executive function were applied. Identifying diagnoses, clinicians administered a standardized semi-structured diagnostic interview with parents. Irritability was assessed by parent-report. First, we compared executive function in DMDD (without ADHD/ODD), ADHD (without DMDD/ODD), ODD (without DMDD/ADHD) and DMDD + ADHD (without ODD). Second, we analyzed associations between executive function and irritability using the total sample. In daily life, children with DMDD showed clinically elevated and significantly worse emotion control scores compared to children with ADHD, and clinically elevated scores on cognitive flexibility compared to norm scores. Children with DMDD had significantly less working memory problems than those with ADHD. No differences were found between DMDD and ODD. Increased irritability was positively associated with emotional dyscontrol and cognitive inflexibility. For performance-based executive function, no diagnostic differences or associations with irritability were observed. We discuss how, in daily life, children with high irritability-levels get overwhelmed by feelings without accompanying regulatory capacities.
Appeasement function of displacement behaviours? Dogs’ behavioural displays exhibited towards threatening and neutral humans
Authors: Pedretti Giulia , Canori Chiara , Biffi Eleonora , Marshall-Pescini Sarah , Valsecchi Paola
Published: January 2023

Appeasement signals are behavioural patterns displaying an animal’s non-aggressive attitude and are hypothesized to reduce the aggressive behaviours in the receiver. In domestic dogs, specific displacement behaviours (i.e., behavioural patterns exhibited without an apparent function related to the ongoing situation), have been suggested to function as appeasement signals. To test this possibility, we assessed whether the occurrence of these behaviours was dependent on a social conflict context, predicting that, if displacement behaviours also function as appeasement signals, they should be more prevalent in a conflict vs. non-conflict context. Fifty-three dogs were exposed to two unfamiliar humans approaching them in either a mildly threatening or neutral way. We categorized the attitude of the dogs towards the strangers as “reactive”, i.e., barking and lunging towards the stimulus, and “non-reactive”, i.e., remaining passive in front of the stimuli. We coded dogs’ displacement activities and modelled their duration or frequency as a function of the interaction between the test condition and the attitude of the dog. Displacement behaviours of “blinking”, “nose licking” and “lip wiping” were associated with a “non-reactive” attitude, independently from the test condition, confirming an association with a non-aggressive intention. “Head turning” was associated with a “non-reactive” attitude in the threatening condition. In conclusion, dogs with a non-aggressive attitude exhibited more putative appeasement signals; however, these were not strictly associated with a conflict-ridden situation, calling for further investigation of their function.
Response of the weeping lizard to distress calls: the effect of witnessing predation
Authors: Labra Antonieta , Zapata Andrea
Published: January 2023

Escaping from predation saves life, but costs energy and time. The “threat-sensitive predator-avoidance” hypothesis proposes that prey may modulate their antipredator responses, and thus the associated costs, in accordance with the magnitude of predation risk. This process requires that prey accurately assess this risk by decoding available information from various sources. For example, distress calls are uttered by prey when a predator traps them and can serve as public information on predation risk. Such is the case for the weeping lizard whose distress calls trigger immobility in conspecifics. Here, we tested whether this antipredator response of the weeping lizard is modulated by witnessing predation. We exposed lizards to distress calls alone or paired with models of a prey (conspecific), a predator (snake), or a predatory event (a snake subjugating the conspecific). Data show that the sole presence of the predator or prey paired with distress calls seems not to modulate the antipredator responses. Contrarily, witnessing a predatory event associated with calls intensified antipredator responses; lizards reduced their activity for longer and avoided proximity to the stimuli, which may decrease predation risk by reducing the likelihood of being detected by the predator. We conclude that the weeping lizard can use multisensorial public information to assess predation risk and modulate its antipredator responses.
Agreement between pulse oximetry and arterial oxygen saturation measurement in critical care patients during COVID-19: a cross-sectional study
Authors: James Arthur , Petit Matthieu , Biancale Flore , Bougle Adrien , Degos Vincent , Monsel Antoine , Vieillard-Baron Antoine , Constantin Jean-Michel
Published: January 2023

Some publications suggest that pulse oximetry measurement (SpO2) might overestimate arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) measurement in COVID-19 patients. This study aims to evaluate the agreement between SpO2 and SaO2 among COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients. We conducted a multicenter, prospective study including consecutive intensive care patients from October 15, 2020, to March 4, 2021, and compared for each measurement the difference between SpO2 and SaO2, also called the systematic bias. The primary endpoint was the agreement between SpO2 and SaO2 measured with the Lin concordance coefficient and illustrated using the Bland and Altman method. Factors associated with systematic bias were then identified using a generalised estimating equation. The study included 105 patients, 66 COVID-19 positive and 39 COVID-19 negative, allowing for 1539 measurements. The median age was 66 [57; 72] years with median SOFA and SAPSII scores of, respectively, 4 [3; 6] and 37 [31; 47]. The median SpO2 and SaO2 among all measurements was respectively 97 [96–99] and 94 [92–96] with a systematic bias of 0.80 [− 0.6; 2.4]. This difference was, respectively, 0.80 [− 0.7; 2.5] and 0.90 [− 0.3; 2.0] among COVID-19 positive and negative patients. Overall agreement measured with the Lin correlation coefficient was 0.65 [0.63; 0.68] with 0.61 [0.57; 0.64] and 0.53 [0.45; 0.60] among the COVID-19 positive and negative groups, respectively. Factors independently associated with the variation of the SpO2-SaO2 difference were the PaO2/FiO2 ratio and need for mechanical ventilation. In our population, agreement between SpO2 and SaO2 is acceptable. During the COVID-19 pandemic, SaO2 remains an efficient monitoring tool to characterise the level of hypoxemia and follow therapeutic interventions. As is already known about general intensive care unit patients, the greater hypoxemia, the weaker the correlation between SpO2 and SaO2.
How to do things with deepfakes
Authors: Roberts Tom
Published: January 2023

In this paper, I draw a distinction between two types of deepfake, and unpack the deceptive strategies that are made possible by the second. The first category, which has been the focus of existing literature on the topic, consists of those deepfakes that act as a fabricated record of events, talk, and action, where any utterances included in the footage are not addressed to the audience of the deepfake. For instance, a fake video of two politicians conversing with one another. The second category consists of those deepfakes that direct an illocutionary speech act—such as a request, injunction, invitation, or promise—to an addressee who is located outside of the recording. For instance, fake footage of a company director instructing their employee to make a payment, or of a military official urging the populace to flee for safety. Whereas the former category may deceive an audience by giving rise to false beliefs, the latter can more directly manipulate an agent’s actions: the speech act’s addressee may be moved to accept an invitation or a summons, follow a command, or heed a warning, and in doing so further a deceiver’s unethical ends.
Factors influencing access to basic water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services in schools of Bishoftu Town, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Girmay Aderajew Mekonnen , Weldegebriel Mesaye Getachew , Mengesha Sisay Derso , Serte Melaku Gizaw , Weldetinsae Abel , Alemu Zinabu Assefa , Dinssa Daniel Abera , Wagari Bedasa , Alemayehu Tsigereda Assefa , Kenea Moa Abate , Teklu Kirubel Tesfaye , Gobena Waktole , Fikresilassie Getinet , Adugna Ermias Alemayehu , Tessema Masresha , Tollera Getachew
Published: January 2023

Access to basic water, sanitation and hygiene services is the most effective mechanism to reduce many infectious diseases. WASH in schools related to better educational outcomes although adequate water, sanitation, and hygiene services were unavailable to millions of school-age children in Ethiopia. Therefore, it is crucial to assess the level of WASH coverage and identify factors affecting access to basic water, sanitation, and hygiene services. A cross-sectional study was carried out among 82 school facilities. A structured questionnaire and an observational checklist were used to gather the data. Water samples were taken from the schools' water storage. Descriptive and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to analyze the data. In this study, 74.7%, 61. 3% and 37.3% of the schools had access to basic drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene services, respectively. Additionally, 21.3%, 29.4%, and 30.7% of the schools had access to limited drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene services, respectively. However, 4%, 9.3%, and 32% of the schools lacked water, sanitation, and hygiene services, respectively. We discovered that schools with male heads were 7% less likely to have access to basic hygiene services (AOR = 0.07 with 95% CI 0.01–0.5) than those with female directors. In addition, schools with hygiene and environmental health clubs had an 11.8-fold higher access rate to basic hygiene services (AOR = 11.8 with 95% CI 1.35–104) than schools without such clubs. Besides, schools that conduct WASH lessons at least once a week were 8.63 times more likely to use basic hygiene services (AOR = 8.63; 95% CI 1.18–63.22) than schools that did not. This study offers scientific evidence that could be used for sound decisions to fill the school WASH gaps. This is a unique study in determining the level of WASH coverage and identifying factors affecting access to basic hygiene services. The investigation provides some insights into how access to WASH services can be improved at the grassroots level. Federal and regional governments should implement effective interventions that assist schools to attain Sustainable Development Goal 6 by 2030. School administrators and other partner organizations should take proactive measures to enhance and maintain the WASH services.
Cultural evolutionary behavioural science in public policy
Authors: Schimmelpfennig Robin , Muthukrishna Michael
Published: January 2023

Interventions are to the social sciences what inventions are to the physical sciences – an application of science as technology. Behavioural science has emerged as a powerful toolkit for developing public policy interventions for changing behaviour. However, the translation from principles to practice is often moderated by contextual factors – such as culture – that thwart attempts to generalize past successes. Here, we discuss cultural evolution as a framework for addressing this contextual gap. We describe the history of behavioural science and the role that cultural evolution plays as a natural next step. We review research that may be considered cultural evolutionary behavioural science in public policy, and the promise and challenges to designing cultural evolution informed interventions. Finally, we discuss the value of applied research as a crucial test of basic science: if theories, laboratory and field experiments do not work in the real world, they do not work at all.