bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A POLÍTICA DE COTAS NA AMÉRICA LATINA COMO IMPULSORA DA REPRESENTAÇÃO FEMININA NA CÂMARA BAIXA
Authors: Da Silva Ellen , Lopes Harvey Isadora
Published: July 2016

Nos anos 1990, a pressão externa da comunidade internacional, combinada com a pressão interna dos movimentos feministas, gerou ambiente propício para a reflexão de políticas públicas sobre igualdade de gênero em diversos países latino-americanos. Neste contexto, foi gestada a política de cotas legislativas para inclusão de mulheres na política institucional na região. A política de cotas, que teve início na Argentina de 1991, foi implementada nos anos que se seguiram em mais 14 países. É nesse sentido, e a partir de literatura atinente, que o presente trabalho expõe os processos em torno do surgimento de cotas legislativas; assim como seus principais resultados e desafios na mencionada região. A relevância desta empreitada reside na necessidade por um diagnóstico atualizado sobre cotas, em nível regional. Ainda que haja vasta literatura sobre o tema, em sua maioria, versam sobre experiências nacionais. Os resultados encontrados no decorrer deste trabalho apontam que, de modo geral, a representação feminina cresceu nos parlamentos da região. No entanto, aponta também a discrepância de intensidade entre cada país, assim como a predominância de sucesso em democracias que contam com mandatos de posição, magnitude em distrito eleitoral maior e listas fechadas e bloqueadas
Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) and Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) as Sugarcane Cover Crops
Authors: Webber III Charles L. , White Jr. Paul M. , Dalley Caleb , Petrie Eric C. , Viator Ryan P. , Shrefler James W.
Published: July 2016

A Louisiana sugarcane field is typically replanted every four years due to declining yields, and, although, it is a costly process, it is both necessary and an opportunity to maximize the financial return during the next four year cropping cycle. Fallow planting systems (FPS) during the fallow period prior to replanting sugarcane have the potential to influence not only the following sugarcane crop, but the economics of the production system as a whole. A 2 year experiment was conducted at the USDA, ARS, Sugarcane Research Unit at Houma, LA to determine the impact of unique FPS on sugarcane production. The experiment included seven treatments; two cover crops, kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) and cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.), three FPS harvest treatments for each FPS crop, and a control. The experiment had four replications. Kenaf was selected as a potential cover crop due to interest in its commercial by-products and cowpea was selected due to its potential to facilitate climate friendly soils. The kenaf and cowpeas were planted on 8 May 2013. The three FPS harvest treatments included the removal of the FPS crop at 50 days after planting (DAP), the removal of the harvested FPS crop at 100 DAP, and lastly, cutting the FPS crop at 100 DAP and incorporating the plant material into the soil prior to sugarcane planting. The control treatment did not have a cover crop. Unlike kenaf, the cowpea leaf, fresh and dry weight yields (50 DAP), 19.4 and 2.5 mt/ha, respectively, decreased to 17.0 and 2.4 mt/ha (100 DAP). Although the sugarcane total recoverable sucrose (TRS) (kg/mt) was greater with the kenaf cover-crop treatment 50 DAP (120 kg/mt) compared to the cowpea treatment 50 DAP (111 kg/mt) and the cowpea 100 DAP with the residue incorporated (112 kg/ha), none of the FPS crop treatments were significantly better or worse than the control (no cover crop). The average values for the sugarcane production factors across all treatments were 95,700 stalks/ha (millable stalks), 112 mt/ha (sugarcane yield), 114 kg/mt (sugar yield per metric ton of sugarcane), and 12,841 kg/ha (sugar yield per hectare). The results demonstrate the potential use of these alternative cover crops during the fallow period prior to planting sugarcane without adversely affecting the plant cane yields.
From conflict to partnership: growing collaboration between police and NGOs in countries with concentrated epidemics among key populations
Authors: Thomson Nicholas , Riley Diane , Bergenstrom Anne , Carpenter Jenae , Zelitchenko Alex
Published: July 2016

Introduction

Between September 2012 and December 2015, a series of national and regional consultations, aimed at resolving a persistent dynamic of conflict between law enforcement agencies (LEAs) and civil society organizations (CSOs) working on issues of access to HIV services in high‐priority countries for people who use drugs have been organized by the HIV/AIDS Section of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, the Law Enforcement and HIV Network (LEAHN) and other international organizations. The aim of these consultations has been to understand, at a national and regional level, the key points of tension between police and CSOs and how to overcome these tensions to enhance access to and uptake of services by key populations, including people who inject drugs, sex workers, men who have sex with men and transgenders. This commentary briefly describes the methods, process, content and key outcomes of these consultations held across diverse number of countries and regions, including Africa, South East Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, Eastern Europe and Latin America.

Discussion

While the context varies, this paper highlights that there are commonalities that drive a persistent dynamic of conflict and therefore also common methods for resolution of conflict and forging partnerships. Both policing and CSOs have key sectoral responsibilities and reform agendas to implement to ensure that as an individual agency they are able to meet their obligations as partners in the HIV response. Using the key outcomes of discussions and recommendations from these consultations and drawing on existing literature, the objective of this paper is to present a preliminary model that roadmaps the critical path from resolution of conflict to partnership between LEAs and CSOs.

Conclusions

This paper seeks to highlight that critical resources are required to support ongoing development and harnessing of partnerships between LEAs and CSOs and argues that these resources should not just come from global HIV funding mechanisms but should be part of a more mainstreamed security sector reform agenda that understands the mutual benefits that programming for human rights–based policing reform would have on HIV, development and security.
Case Report of Situs Inversus Totalis and Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
Authors: Duncan Thomas K. , Waxman Kenneth
Published: July 2016

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) in patients with situs inversus totalis (SIT) characterized by transposition of organs to the opposite side of the body can be technically challenging. A 43-year-old Hispanic woman presented with epigastric pain radiating to the chest and back, intermittently over 3 months, but worse on day of admission. During the cardiac workup, she was noted to have dextrocardia. The patient had a left-sided Murphy's sign, propagating a workup that confirmed SIT, including an ultrasound showing cholelithiasis and normal ducts. The patient underwent an LC and was found to have choledocholithiasis. An endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography cleared the common bile duct of a choledocholith. LC is the gold standard for cholecystitis. It is the second most common laparoscopic procedure conducted worldwide. When SIT is encountered, feasibility and technical difficulty in diagnosis and treatment of such cases pose challenges due to contralateral transposition of the visceral organs. Difficulty is encountered when exposing the triangle of Calot/critical view of safety and especially when conducting a cholangiogram. As such, added time is usually required to conduct the procedure. Conducting an LC in a patient with SIT is feasible when performed by an experienced laparoscopic surgeon. The diagnosis and initial presenting signs and symptoms are different from the patient with a normal anatomy. The surgical skills of the surgeon are challenged, especially in the right hand–dominant individual. The mindset of the surgeon requires changing the critical thinking when conducting a mirror image dissection.
Impact of climate variability on the tidal oceanic magnetic signal—A model‐based sensitivity study
Authors: Saynisch J. , Petereit J. , Irrgang C. , Kuvshinov A. , Thomas M.
Published: July 2016

ESA's satellite magnetometer mission Swarm is supposed to lower the limit of observability for oceanic processes. While periodic magnetic signals from ocean tides are already detectable in satellite magnetometer observations, changes in the general ocean circulation are yet too small or irregular for a successful separation. An approach is presented that utilizes the good detectability of tidal magnetic signals to detect changes in the oceanic electric conductivity distribution. Ocean circulation, tides, and the resultant magnetic fields are calculated with a global general ocean circulation model coupled to a 3‐D electromagnetic induction model. For the decay of the meridional overturning circulation, as an example, the impact of climate variability on tidal oceanic magnetic signals is demonstrated. Total overturning decay results in anomalies of up to 0.7 nT in the radial magnetic M2 signal at sea level. The anomalies are spatially heterogeneous and reach in extended areas 30% or more of the unperturbed tidal magnetic signal. The anomalies should be detectable in long time series from magnetometers on land or at the ocean bottom. The anomalies at satellite height (430 km) reach 0.1 nT and pose a challenge for the precision of the Swarm mission. Climate variability induced deviations in the tide system (e.g., tidal velocities and phases) are negligible. Changes in tidal magnetic fields are dominated by changes in seawater salinity and temperature. Therefore, it is concluded that observations of tidal magnetic signals could be used as a tool to detect respective state changes in the ocean.
Convective vortices and dust devils at the MSL landing site: Annual variability
Authors: Kahanpää H. , Newman C. , Moores J. , Zorzano M.‐P. , Martín‐Torres J. , Navarro S. , Lepinette A. , Cantor B. , Lemmon M. T. , Valentín‐Serrano P. , Ullán A. , Schmidt W.
Published: July 2016

Two hundred fifty‐two transient drops in atmospheric pressure, likely caused by passing convective vortices, were detected by the Rover Environmental Monitoring Station instrument during the first Martian year of the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) landed mission. These events resembled the vortex signatures detected by the previous Mars landers Pathfinder and Phoenix; however, the MSL observations contained fewer pressure drops greater than 1.5 Pa and none greater than 3.0 Pa. Apparently, these vortices were generally not lifting dust as only one probable dust devil has been observed visually by MSL. The obvious explanation for this is the smaller number of strong vortices with large central pressure drops since according to Arvidson et al. [] ample dust seems to be present on the surface. The annual variation in the number of detected convective vortices followed approximately the variation in Dust Devil Activity (DDA) predicted by the MarsWRF numerical climate model. This result does not prove, however, that the amount of dust lifted by dust devils would depend linearly on DDA, as is assumed in several numerical models of the Martian atmosphere, since dust devils are only the most intense fraction of all convective vortices on Mars, and the amount of dust that can be lifted by a dust devil depends on its central pressure drop. Sol‐to‐sol variations in the number of vortices were usually small. However, on 1 Martian solar day a sudden increase in vortex activity, related to a dust storm front, was detected.
Simple and effective monitoring of the electromagnetic field in the smart cities arena
Authors: Ares‐Pena Francisco J. , Franceschetti Giorgio , Iodice Antonio , Salas‐Sánchez Aarón A.
Published: July 2016

A simple and economical method for monitoring the electromagnetic field intensity in built‐up areas is presented. The method is based on the measurement of the field level over a limited number of points at street level in the city and their transmission to an operative control center, where the field values all over the city are correctly interpolated in real time. Citizens might obtain these values at their sites, via Internet, or by connecting with a dedicated call center. Numerical evaluations of the electromagnetic field intensity via the new developed model and confirming experimental results are finally presented.
An adaptive Gaussian process‐based method for efficient Bayesian experimental design in groundwater contaminant source identification problems
Authors: Zhang Jiangjiang , Li Weixuan , Zeng Lingzao , Wu Laosheng
Published: July 2016

Surrogate models are commonly used in Bayesian approaches such as Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) to avoid repetitive CPU‐demanding model evaluations. However, the approximation error of a surrogate may lead to biased estimation of the posterior distribution. This bias can be corrected by constructing a very accurate surrogate or implementing MCMC in a two‐stage manner. Since the two‐stage MCMC requires extra original model evaluations after surrogate evaluations, the computational cost is still high. If the information of measurement is incorporated, a locally accurate surrogate can be adaptively constructed with low computational cost. Based on this idea, we integrate Gaussian process (GP) and MCMC to adaptively construct locally accurate surrogates for Bayesian experimental design in groundwater contaminant source identification problems. Moreover, the uncertainty estimate of GP approximation error is incorporated in the Bayesian formula to avoid over‐confident estimation of the posterior distribution. The proposed approach is tested with a numerical case study. Without sacrificing the estimation accuracy, the new approach achieves about 200 times of speed‐up compared to our previous work which implemented MCMC in a two‐stage manner.
Function Allocation between Human and Automation and Between Air and Ground
Authors: Feigh Karen , Pritchett Amy
Published: July 2016

This chapter identifies the requirements for effective function allocation in UAS operations. Such function allocation must consider which functions should be executed by humans and which by automated agents – especially given that, unlike manned aircraft, the humans are removed to remote ground control stations. Effective function allocation must consider all the activities required to complete the UAS operations, that is, the taskwork functions. Furthermore, allocating functions between different agents then creates the need for additional teamwork functions specific to that function allocation to coordinate between agents. Key requirements include that each agent must be capable of each individual function it is allocated, and must be capable of its collective set of functions, including teamwork. Furthermore, the function allocation should consider the detailed dynamics of the UAS operations, particularly when a function allocation requires tightly coupled interactions and teamwork that will be dependent upon communication links between operator and vehicle. Finally, we note that function allocation is a key design decision that should be made deliberately: By addressing function allocation early in design, before the ground operator interface is created, key trade‐offs can be considered and fundamental concerns with human–machine integration addressed.
UASin the Terminal Area: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Gardi Alessandro , Ramasamy Subramanian , Kistan Trevor , Sabatini Roberto
Published: July 2016

This chapter discusses the challenges and opportunities associated with the introduction of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) in terminal areas and other airspace regions characterized by high air traffic densities and high levels of air traffic services (ATS). The specificities in terms of jurisdiction and prevalent traffic characteristics are analyzed and discussed to support the identification of operational and equipage requirements for a safe integration of UAS. In particular, as the separation monitoring and deconfliction responsibilities are primarily on the air traffic management (ATM) side, it is clear that communication, navigation, surveillance, ATM, and avionics (CNS+A) equipment play an essential role in this scenario. This is furthermore supported in relation to the very frequent occurrence of potential conflicts, as the deconfliction by ATM relies on accurate and reliable CNS systems. Nevertheless, the higher jurisdiction of ATM operators may also offer an opportunity to UAS developers, as it is shown that less expert processing functions will be required to integrate ATM‐assisted sense‐and‐avoid (SAA) capabilities onboard the UAS.
Organic Dye Graphene Hybrid Structures with Spectral Color Selectivity
Authors: Gim Yu Seong , Lee Youngbin , Kim Soo , Hao Shiqiang , Kang Moon Sung , Yoo Won Jong , Kim Hyunmin , Wolverton Chris , Cho Jeong Ho
Published: July 2016

This study characterizes a hybrid structure formed between graphene and organic dye molecules for use in photodetectors with spectral color selectivity. Rhodamine‐based organic dye molecules with red, green, or blue light absorption profiles are deposited onto a graphene surface by dip‐coating. UV–vis absorption spectroscopy, charge transport measurements, and density functional theory based calculations reveal that the photoresponses of the dye graphene hybrid films are governed by the light absorption of the dye molecules and also by the photo‐excited‐charge‐transfer‐induced photocurrent gain. The hybrid films respond only to photons with an energy exceeding the band gap of the immobilized dye. Dye‐Graphene charge transfer is affected by the distance and direction of the dipole moment between the two layers. The resulting hybrid films exhibit spectral color selectivities with responsivities of ≈103 A W−1 and specific detectivities of ≈1010 Jones. This study demonstrates the successful operation of photodetectors with a full‐color optical bandwidth using hybrid graphene structures coated with a mixture of dyes. The strategy of building a simple hybrid photodetector can further offer many opportunities to be also tuned for other optical functionalities using a variety of commercially available dye molecules.
Xylene‐Bridged Phosphaviologen Oligomers and Polymers as High‐Performance Electrode‐Modifiers for Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Stolar Monika , Reus Christian , Baumgartner Thomas
Published: July 2016

Lithium‐ion batteries are one of the most common forms of energy storage devices used in society today. Due to the inherent limitations of conventional Li‐ion batteries, organic materials have surfaced as potentially suitable electrode alternatives with improved performance and sustainability. Viologens and phosphaviologens in particular, are strong electron‐accepting materials with excellent kinetic properties, making them suitable candidates for battery applications. In this paper, new polymeric species of the latter moieties are reported that lead to improved electrode stability and device performance. The performance of the phosphaviologen is further enhanced through the utilization of both redox steps, allowing for good performance proof‐of‐concept hybrid organic/Li‐ion batteries. This opens the potential for more sustainable and improved battery performance for use in current energy applications.
Anthropometrically‐predicted visceral adipose tissue and mortality among men and women in the third national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES III)
Authors: Brown Justin C. , Harhay Michael O. , Harhay Meera N.
Published: July 2016

Objective

This study seeks to quantify the relationship between anthropometrically‐predicted visceral adipose tissue (apVAT) and all‐cause and cause‐specific mortality among individuals of European descent in a population‐based prospective cohort study of 10,624 participants.

Methods

The apVAT with a validated regression equation that included age, body mass index, and waist and thigh circumferences were predicted.

Results

During a median of 18.8 years, 3531 participants died with 1153 and 741 deaths attributable to cardiovascular disease and cancer, respectively. In multivariable‐adjusted analyses that accounted for demographic, clinical, and behavioral characteristics, higher apVAT was associated with an increased risk of all‐cause (Ptrend < .001), cardiovascular‐specific (Ptrend < .001), and cancer‐specific mortality (Ptrend = .007). Excluding participants with a history of cancer, myocardial infarction, heart failure, or diabetes at baseline did not substantively alter effect estimates. apVAT more accurately predicted all‐cause, cardiovascular‐specific, and cancer‐specific mortality than body mass index (P < .001), waist circumference (P < .001), or the combination of body mass index and waist circumference (P < .001).

Conclusions

These data provide evidence that apVAT is associated with all‐cause and cause‐specific mortality in a large population‐based sample of men and women of European descent. These results support the use of apVAT to risk‐stratify individuals for premature mortality when imaging data are not available such as in routine clinical practice or in large clinical trials.
Myeloperoxidase–Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody (ANCA)–Positive and ANCA‐Negative Patients With Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis (Wegener's): Distinct Patient Subsets
Authors: Miloslavsky Eli M. , Lu Na , Unizony Sebastian , Choi Hyon K. , Merkel Peter A. , Seo Philip , Spiera Robert , Langford Carol A. , Hoffman Gary S. , Kallenberg Cees G. M. , St.Clair E. William , Tchao Nadia K. , Fervenza Fernando , Monach Paul A. , Specks Ulrich , Stone John H.
Published: July 2016

Objective

To examine the relationship of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) type and ANCA‐associated vasculitis (AAV) diagnosis with demographic features, disease manifestations, and clinical outcomes. We focused on patients who account for the differences between ANCA type and disease type classifications: anti‐myeloperoxidase (MPO)–ANCA–positive and ANCA‐negative patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's) (GPA).

Methods

We performed a pooled analysis of the Wegener's Granulomatosis Etanercept Trial and the Rituximab in ANCA‐Associated Vasculitis trial comparing patients with MPO‐ANCA–positive GPA and patients with ANCA‐negative GPA to patients with proteinase 3 (PR3)–ANCA–positive GPA and patients with MPO‐ANCA–positive microscopic polyangiitis (MPA).

Results

Of the 365 patients analyzed, 273 (75%) had PR3‐ANCA–positive GPA, 33 (9%) had MPO‐ANCA–positive GPA, 15 (4%) had ANCA‐negative GPA, and 44 (12%) had MPO‐ANCA–positive MPA. MPO‐ANCA–positive GPA patients were younger at diagnosis compared to MPO‐ANCA–positive MPA patients (53 versus 61 years; P = 0.02). Their disease manifestations and rates of relapse were similar to those of PR3‐ANCA–positive GPA patients. Relapse was more frequent in MPO‐ANCA–positive GPA patients than in patients with MPO‐ANCA–positive MPA at trial entry as well as at 12 and 18 months. ANCA‐negative patients with GPA had lower Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score for Wegener's Granulomatosis scores at trial entry than PR3‐ANCA–positive patients with GPA (4.5 versus 7.7; P < 0.01), primarily because of a lower prevalence of renal involvement.

Conclusion

We were unable to demonstrate important clinical differences between MPO‐ANCA–positive and PR3‐ANCA–positive patients with GPA. The risk of relapse was associated more closely with disease type than with ANCA type in this patient cohort. These findings deserve consideration in the assessment of relapse risk in patients with AAV.
mTORC2 activity in brain cancer: Extracellular nutrients are required to maintain oncogenic signaling
Authors: Masui Kenta , Shibata Noriyuki , Cavenee Webster K. , Mischel Paul S.
Published: July 2016

Mutations in growth factor receptor signaling pathways are common in cancer cells, including the highly lethal brain tumor glioblastoma (GBM) where they drive tumor growth through mechanisms including altering the uptake and utilization of nutrients. However, the impact of changes in micro‐environmental nutrient levels on oncogenic signaling, tumor growth, and drug resistance is not well understood. We recently tested the hypothesis that external nutrients promote GBM growth and treatment resistance by maintaining the activity of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2), a critical intermediate of growth factor receptor signaling, suggesting that altered cellular metabolism is not only a consequence of oncogenic signaling, but also potentially an important determinant of its activity. Here, we describe the studies that corroborate the hypothesis and propose others that derive from them. Notably, this line of reasoning raises the possibility that systemic metabolism may contribute to responsiveness to targeted cancer therapies.
Comparative thermal inactivation analysis of Aspergillus oryzae and Thiellavia terrestris cutinase: Role of glycosylation
Authors: Shirke Abhijit N. , Su An , Jones J. Andrew , Butterfoss Glenn L. , Koffas Mattheos A.G. , Kim Jin Ryoun , Gross Richard A.
Published: July 2016

Cutinase thermostability is important so that the enzymes can function above the glass transition of what are often rigid polymer substrates. A detailed thermal inactivation analysis was performed for two well‐characterized cutinases, Aspergillus oryzae Cutinase (AoC) and Thiellavia terrestris Cutinase (TtC). Both AoC and TtC are prone to thermal aggregation upon unfolding at high temperature, which was found to be a major reason for irreversible loss of enzyme activity. Our study demonstrates that glycosylation stabilizes TtC expressed in Pichia pastoris by inhibiting its thermal aggregation. Based on the comparative thermal inactivation analyses of non‐glycosylated AoC, glycosylated (TtC‐G), and non‐glycosylated TtC (TtC‐NG), a unified model for thermal inactivation is proposed that accounts for thermal aggregation and may be applicable to other cutinase homologues. Inspired by glycosylated TtC, we successfully employed glycosylation site engineering to inhibit AoC thermal aggregation. Indeed, the inhibition of thermal aggregation by AoC glycosylation was greater than that achieved by conventional use of trehalose under a typical condition. Collectively, this study demonstrates the excellent potential of implementing glycosylation site engineering for thermal aggregation inhibition, which is one of the most common reasons for the irreversible thermal inactivation of cutinases and many proteins. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 63–73. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tailored Synthesis of 162‐Residue S‐Monoglycosylated GM2‐Activator Protein (GM2AP) Analogues that Allows Facile Access to a Protein Library
Authors: Nakamura Takahiro , Sato Kohei , Naruse Naoto , Kitakaze Keisuke , Inokuma Tsubasa , Hirokawa Takatsugu , Shigenaga Akira , Itoh Kohji , Otaka Akira
Published: July 2016

A synthetic protocol for the preparation of 162‐residue S‐monoglycosylated GM2‐activator protein (GM2AP) analogues bearing various amino acid substitutions for Thr69 has been developed. The facile incorporation of the replacements into the protein was achieved by means of a one‐pot/N‐to‐C‐directed sequential ligation strategy using readily accessible middle N‐sulfanylethylanilide (SEAlide) peptides each consisting of seven amino acid residues. A kinetically controlled ligation protocol was successfully applied to the assembly of three peptide segments covering the GM2AP. The native chemical ligation (NCL) reactivities of the SEAlide peptides can be tuned by the presence or absence of phosphate salts. Furthermore, NCL of the alkyl thioester fragment [GM2AP (1–31)] with the N‐terminal cysteinyl prolyl thioester [GM2AP (32–67)] proceeded smoothly to yield the 67‐residue prolyl thioester, with the prolyl thioester moiety remaining intact. This newly developed strategy enabled the facile synthesis of GM2AP analogues. Thus, we refer to this synthetic protocol as “tailored synthesis” for the construction of a GM2AP library.
Selenoprotein O deficiencies suppress chondrogenic differentiation of ATDC5 cells
Authors: Yan Jidong , Fei Yao , Han Yan , Lu Shemin
Published: July 2016

Selenoprotein O (Sel O) is a selenium‐containing protein, but its function is still unclear. In the present study, we observed that the mRNA and protein expression levels of Sel O increased during chondrogenic induction of ATDC5 cells. The effects of Sel O on chondrocyte differentiation were then examined through shRNA‐mediated gene silencing technique. The expression of Sel O was significantly suppressed at both mRNA and protein levels in a stable cell line transfected with a Sel O‐specific target shRNA construct. Thereafter, we demonstrated that Sel O deficiencies suppress chondrogenic differentiation of ATDC5 cells. Sel O deficiencies inhibited expression of chondrogenic gene Sox9, Col II, and aggrecan. Sel O‐deficient cells also accumulated a few cartilage glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and decreased the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP). In addition, Sel O deficiencies inhibited chondrocyte proliferation through delayed cell cycle progression by suppression of cyclin D1 expression. Moreover, Sel O deficiencies induced chondrocyte death through cell apoptosis. In summary, we describe the expression patterns and the essential roles of Sel O in chondrocyte viability, proliferation, and chondrogenic differentiation. Additionally, Sel O deficiency‐mediated impaired chondrogenesis may illustrate the mechanisms of Se deficiency in the pathophysiological process of the endemic osteoarthropathy.
First Principles Simulations of Cyclic Voltammograms on Stepped Pt(553) and Pt(533) Electrode Surfaces
Authors: McCrum Ian T. , Janik Michael J.
Published: July 2016

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are used to examine hydrogen and hydroxide adsorption on stepped Pt(553) and Pt(533) surfaces and to simulate the associated cyclic voltammograms in both basic and acidic electrolytes. Hydrogen and hydroxide surface species are active intermediates or spectator species in many important electrocatalytic reactions, such as hydrogen oxidation, oxygen reduction, and methanol oxidation. We examine the adsorption of hydrogen, hydroxide, water, and a sodium cation onto the stepped platinum surfaces, Pt(553) and Pt(533). Owing to the strong adsorption of both hydrogen and hydroxide (with co‐adsorbed water) at the steps of Pt(553) and Pt(533), they will competitively adsorb on the step at low potentials. The presence of co‐adsorbed sodium near the step weakens the adsorption of solvated hydroxide, which we identify as a possible cause of the non‐Nernstian shift of the sharp step‐associated peaks in changing from acidic to basic electrolytes. We also examine hydrogen adsorption at the terrace of Pt(553) and Pt(533), and simulate a low‐potential cyclic voltammogram on Pt(553) and Pt(533). The experimental voltammogram is well‐represented as a sum of step and terrace features, and the (553) and (533) cyclic voltammetry features closely resemble those from the low‐index (111), (100), and (110) surface facets that match the local atom arrangements.
Revised Absolute Configuration of Sibiricumin A: Substituent Effects in Simplified Model Structures Used for Quantum Mechanical Predictions of Chiroptical Properties
Authors: Zhao Dan , Li Zheng‐Qiu , Cao Fei , Liang Miao‐Miao , Pittman Charles U. , Zhu Hua‐Jie , Li Li , Yu Shi‐Shan
Published: July 2016

This study discusses the choice of different simplified models used in computations of electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra and other chiroptical characteristics used to determine the absolute configuration (AC) of the complex natural product sibiricumin A. Sections of molecules containing one chiral center with one near an aromatic group have large effects on the ECD spectra. Conversely, when the phenyl group is present on a substituent without a nonstereogenic center, removal of this section will have little effect on ECD spectra. However, these nonstereogenic‐center‐containing sections have large effects on calculated optical rotations (OR) values since the OR value is more sensitive to the geometries of sections in a molecule. In this study, the wrong AC of sibiricumin A was reassigned as (7R,8S,1'R,7'R,8'S)‐11. Chirality 28:612–617, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Polarity Control at Interfaces: Quantifying Pseudo‐solvent Effects in Nano‐confined Systems
Authors: Singappuli‐Arachchige Dilini , Manzano J. Sebastian , Sherman Lindy M. , Slowing Igor I.
Published: July 2016

Surface functionalization controls local environments and induces solvent‐like effects at liquid–solid interfaces. We explored structure–property relationships between organic groups bound to pore surfaces of mesoporous silica nanoparticles and Stokes shifts of the adsorbed solvatochromic dye Prodan. Correlating shifts of the dye on the surfaces with its shifts in solvents resulted in a local polarity scale for functionalized pores. The scale was validated by studying the effects of pore polarity on quenching of Nile Red fluorescence and on the vibronic band structure of pyrene. Measurements were done in aqueous suspensions of porous particles, proving that the dielectric properties in the pores are different from the bulk solvent. The precise control of pore polarity was used to enhance the catalytic activity of TEMPO in the aerobic oxidation of furfuryl alcohol in water. An inverse relationship was found between pore polarity and activity of TEMPO in the pores, demonstrating that controlling the local polarity around an active site allows modulating the activity of nanoconfined catalysts.
Kinetic Modelling of the Plasma Recombination
Authors: Tskhakaya D.
Published: July 2016

Implementation of self‐consistent model of plasma recombination into the BIT1 PIC code and the simulation of detached SOL plasma are described. Our simulations indicate that in a strongly recombining plasma edge the sheath properties do not change qualitatively. The most affected parameter is the sheath heat transmission coefficient, which can increase by order of magnitude.
The CHA2DS2‐VASc score as a predictor of high mortality in hospitalized heart failure patients
Authors: Yoshihisa Akiomi , Watanabe Shunsuke , Kanno Yuki , Takiguchi Mai , Sato Akihiko , Yokokawa Tetsuro , Miura Shunsuke , Shimizu Takeshi , Abe Satoshi , Sato Takamasa , Suzuki Satoshi , Oikawa Masayoshi , Sakamoto Nobuo , Yamaki Takayoshi , Sugimoto Koichi , Kunii Hiroyuki , Nakazato Kazuhiko , Suzuki Hitoshi , Saitoh Shu‐ichi , Takeishi Yasuchika
Published: July 2016

Aims

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is common in patients with heart failure (HF). CHA2DS2‐VASc score was originally employed as a risk assessment tool for stroke in patients with AF; however, it has recently been used to predict not only stroke but also various cardiovascular diseases beyond the original AF field. We aimed to verify the CHA2DS2‐VASc score as a risk assessment tool to predict mortality in patients with HF.

Methods and Results

Consecutive 1011 patients admitted for treatment of HF were divided into three groups based on their CHA2DS2‐VASc scores: score 1–3 group (n = 317), score 4–6 group (n = 549) and score 7–9 group (n = 145). Of the 1011 HF patients, 387 (38.3%) had AF. We compared patient characteristics among the three groups and prospectively followed for all‐cause mortality. Although left ventricular ejection fraction was similar among all three groups, all‐cause mortality was higher in the score 4–6 group and score 7–9 group than in the score 1–3 group (37.9 and 29.3% vs. 15.1%, log‐rank P < 0.001). In the multivariable Cox proportional hazard analysis, the CHA2DS2‐VASc score 7–9 was an independent predictor of all‐cause mortality (all HF patients: hazard ratio (HR) 1.822, P = 0.011; HF patients with AF: HR 1.951, P = 0.031; HF patients without AF: HR 2.215, P = 0.033).

Conclusions

The CHA2DS2‐VASc score was an independent predictor of all‐cause mortality in HF patients with or without AF. This comprehensive risk assessment score may help identify HF patients who are at high risk for mortality in HF patient.
Formation of C@Fe3O4@C Hollow Sandwiched Structures with Enhanced Lithium‐Storage Properties
Authors: Ma Xiaojian , Huang Lefei , Wu Fangfang , Xiong Shenglin , Xi Baojuan
Published: July 2016

Transition‐metal oxides are considered promising anode materials for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). However, their application is limited because of huge volume changes and poor conductivity during the discharge/charge process. To this end, integration of different active components into an assemblage poses a potential solution. To gain better structural and synthetic control, the integration should be executed in a stepwise manner. In this paper, a versatile strategy to obtain C@Fe3O4@C hollow sandwiched composite structures was explored. Starting from Fe2O3 nanotubes, a RF (resorcinol–formaldehyde resins) layer was sequentially applied outside to form RF@Fe2O3@RF structures, which were calcined to realize carbonization and finalize the C@Fe3O4@C sandwiched structures. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on the preparation of a novel Fe3O4/carbon‐based nanocomposite. Upon using as an anode material for LIBs, the C@Fe3O4@C hollow sandwiched structures displayed high reversible capacity and good rate performance. The discharge capacity was maintained at 593 mA h g–1 after 350 cycles at a current density of 1000 mA g–1, which is better than that of Fe2O3 nanotubes (discharge capacity of 140 mA h g–1 after 80 cycles at 500 mA g–1). The improved electrochemical performance was attributed to the unique hollow sandwiched composite structure and good electrical conductivity.
A novel geometric handover model for aerial 4G networks with WiFi‐based X2 interface
Authors: Fedrizzi Riccardo , Goratti Leonardo , Gomez Karina , Rasheed Tinku
Published: July 2016

Given the temporary nature of radio communications for mission critical scenarios, the existing dedicated public safety network lacks the flexibility of cutting edge technologies to leverage on packet data services. In this context, new challenges arise such as high‐capacity demand and low‐latency flexible backhaul connection for public safety users. In this paper, we consider a scenario in which 4G LTE radio coverage is provisioned by aerial eNodeBs installed on low‐altitude platforms raised in the sky and interconnected through WiFi links. We focus our attention on the critical aspect of theThird Generation Partnership Project handover mechanism studying the handover performance using a X2 interfaces over WiFi links. We develop a novel geometric model of the handover in the context of public safety communications but extensible also to other contexts. Relying on such a model, the handover failure probability is computed taking into account the different handover phases. The coverage area of an aerial eNodeB is studied using a suitable air‐to‐ground propagation model, while the average handover duration is computed taking into account the delay introduced by the WiFi communication dynamics. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A variational ensemble Kalman filtering method for data assimilation using 2D and 3D version of COHERENS model
Authors: Amour Idrissa , Kauranne Tuomo
Published: July 2016

Decoupled implementation of data assimilation methods has been rarely studied. The variational ensemble Kalman filter has been implemented such that it needs not to communicate directly with the model, but only through input and output devices. In this work, an open multi‐functional three‐dimensional (3D) model, the coupled hydrodynamical‐ecological model for regional and shelf seas (COHERENS), has been used. Assimilation of the total suspended matter (TSM) is carried out in 154 km2 lake Säkylän Pyhäjärvi. Observations of TSM were derived from high‐resolution satellite images of turbidity and chrolophyll‐a. For demonstrating the method, we have used a low‐resolution model grid of 1 km. The model was run for a period from May 16 to September 14. We have run the COHERENS model with two‐dimensional (2D) mode time steps and 3D mode time steps. This allows COHERENS to switch between 2D and 3D modes in a single run for computational efficiency. We have noticed that there is not much difference between these runs. This is because satellite images depict the derived TSM for the surface layer only. The use of additional 3D data might change this conclusion and improve the results. We have found that in this study, the use of a large ensemble size does not guarantee higher performance. The successful implementation of decoupled variational ensemble Kalman filter method opens the way for other methods and evolution models to enjoy the benefits without having to spend substantial effort in merging the model and assimilation codes together, which can be a difficult task. © 2016 The Authors. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Electron Transfer Reactions in Biological Nitrogen Fixation
Authors: Katz Faith E. H. , Owens Cedric P. , Tezcan F. A.
Published: July 2016

In this review, we summarize our recent efforts toward understanding electron transfer (ET) processes in nitrogenase, the only enzyme capable of reducing dinitrogen to ammonia. We discuss new structural and biochemical perspectives on the role of ATP‐dependent interactions between the two components of nitrogenase, Fe‐protein (FeP) and MoFe‐protein (MoFeP), and how these interactions may regulate interprotein ET and catalysis. We also discuss the implications of our work on FeP‐ and ATP‐independent, photoredox‐activated substrate reduction by MoFeP. Elucidating why and how ATP‐hydrolysis is needed to control electron and proton flow in nitrogenase is not only a fundamentally important question in biological redox chemistry and energy transduction, but it also holds the key to understanding the intimate mechanism of dinitrogen reduction.
MiR‐375 and miR‐200c as predictive biomarkers of islet isolation and transplantation in total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation
Authors: Yoshimatsu Gumpei , Takita Morihito , Kanak Mazhar A. , Haque Waqas Z. , Chang Charles , Saravanan Prathab Balaji , Lawrence Michael C. , Levy Marlon F. , Naziruddin Bashoo
Published: July 2016

Background

Total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation (TPIAT) is a promising treatment for refractory chronic pancreatitis. Predictable biomarkers for the endocrine function after transplantation would be helpful in selecting patients for TPIAT. This study aims to identify novel biomarkers for predicting the outcome of islet isolation and transplantation in TPIAT patients.

Methods

This paper studied microRNA of 31 TPIAT patients and 11 deceased donors from plasma samples before TPIAT. MiR‐7, miR‐200a, miR‐200c, miR‐320, and miR‐375 were analyzed along with patient characteristics and the outcomes of islet isolation and transplantation via univariate and multivariate regression analysis.

Results

MiR‐375 before TPIAT showed a significant correlation with ∆C‐peptide (r = −0.396, P = 0.03) and post‐digestion islet count (r = −0.372, P = 0.04). And also miR‐200c was significantly correlated with insulin requirement, C‐peptide, and SUITO index at 1 year after transplantation. Moreover it was confirmed that miR‐200c was a predictable factor of endocrine outcome in multi regression analysis (coefficient = −7.081, P = 0.001).

Conclusions

We concluded that miR‐375 and miR‐200c could potentially serve as novel biomarkers in predicting the islet yield in islet isolation and the metabolic function after transplantation for chronic pancreatitis patients.
The use of neonatal inpatient medication charts in a principal referral and specialist hospital for women and newborns
Authors: Teoh Stephanie W. K. , Kristensen Judith , Sharov Anastasia , Weiss Jessica
Published: July 2016

A neonatal inpatient medication chart audit was conducted at King Edward Memorial Hospital in 2012 and again in 2014 to investigate and compare the effective use of the newly implemented chart. Two main aspects of the medication charts were investigated: patient characteristics and medication prescriptions. Following the audit in 2012, improvement strategies and educational activities were implemented to improve the completion of the unsatisfactory fields in the medication charts. Posters highlighting audit results were displayed in the ward areas. The pharmacists also participated in the half‐yearly hospital orientation sessions for junior doctors, emphasising safe prescribing and common prescribing errors in the hospital. Computer screen savers on medication safety were set as default screen savers on all computers in the hospital. The percentage of medications with complete dose increased from 98.21% in 2013 to 99.61% in 2014. Other improvements included complete medication name, route, frequency, clear prescriber name, patient's gestational age and correct patient identification stickers. The multi‐faceted interventions were associated with a modest improvement in the use of the neonatal inpatient medication chart.
Oxygen isotopic evidence for high‐magnitude, abrupt climatic events during the Lateglacial Interstadial in north‐west Europe: analysis of a lacustrine sequence from the site of Tirinie, Scottish Highlands
Authors: Candy I. , Abrook A. , Elliot F. , Lincoln P. , Matthews I. P. , Palmer A.
Published: July 2016

The Last Glacial to Interglacial Transition (LGIT) is a period of climatic instability. δ18O records are ideal for investigating the LGIT as this proxy responds rapidly to even minor climatic oscillations. Lacustrine carbonates offer the opportunity to investigate spatial diversity in patterns of climatic change during the LGIT but this requires the generation of δ18O records from a range of latitudinal and longitudinal settings. This study presents a coupled pollen and stable isotopic study of lacustrine carbonates spanning the Windermere Interstadial (the British equivalent of Greenland Interstadial 1, the Lateglacial Interstadial) from the site of Tirinie in the Scottish Highlands, a region where δ18O records are absent. The Interstadial is characterized by three δ18O peaks, warm intervals, and two δ18O declines, cold episodes, the timing of which is constrained by the presence of crypto‐tephra. The landscape at Tirinie was highly responsive to these climatic oscillations as the sedimentary and pollen record respond to each isotopic shift. The paper concludes by highlighting that, across the British Isles, lacustrine δ18O records of the Interstadial have a consistent stratigraphy/structure, although the magnitude of the isotopic shifts is regionally variable. Potential causes of this variability are discussed.