bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cornichon-2 Modulates AMPA Receptor–Transmembrane AMPA Receptor Regulatory Protein Assembly to Dictate Gating and Pharmacology
Authors: Gill Martin B. , Kato Akihiko S. , Roberts Matthew F. , Yu Hong , Wang He , Tomita Susumu , Bredt David S.
Published: May 2011

Neuronal AMPA receptor complexes comprise a tetramer of GluA pore-forming subunits as well as accessory components, including transmembrane AMPA receptor regulatory proteins (TARPs) and cornichon-2/3 (CNIH-2/3). The mechanisms that control AMPA receptor complex assembly remain unclear. AMPA receptor responses in neurons differ from those in cell lines transfected with GluA plus TARPs γ-8 or γ-7, which show unusual resensitization kinetics and non-native AMPA receptor pharmacologies. Using tandem GluA/TARP constructs to constrain stoichiometry, we show here that these peculiar kinetic and pharmacological signatures occur in channels with four TARP subunits per complex. Reducing the number of TARPs per complex produces AMPA receptors with neuron-like kinetics and pharmacologies, suggesting a neuronal mechanism controls GluA/TARP assembly. Importantly, we find that coexpression of CNIH-2 with GluA/TARP complexes reduces TARP stoichiometry within AMPA receptors. In both rat and mouse hippocampal neurons, CNIH-2 also associates with AMPA receptors on the neuronal surface in a γ-8-dependent manner to dictate receptor pharmacology. In the cerebellum, however, CNIH-2 expressed in Purkinje neurons does not reach the neuronal surface. In concordance, stargazer Purkinje neurons, which express CNIH-2 and γ-7, display AMPA receptor kinetics/pharmacologies that can only be recapitulated recombinantly by a low γ-7/GluA stoichiometry. Together, these data suggest that CNIH-2 modulates neuronal AMPA receptor auxiliary subunit assembly by regulating the number of TARPs within an AMPA receptor complex to modulate receptor gating and pharmacology.
Time Is of the Essence: An Analytic Autoethnography of Family, Work, and Serious Leisure
Authors: Anderson Leon
Published: May 2011

While leisure is often represented in public discourse as a realm of freedom and self‐actualization, for most adults the pursuit of serious leisure activities involves negotiating familial and professional constraints. Based on the author's autoethnographic experiences with sport skydiving, this article examines the familial and professional constraints that he has experienced, as well as the challenges to recreational skydivers posed by current trends in the sport. The author describes various only partly successful strategies he has used to manage the tensions between his skydiving pursuits, work, and family. Proposing his analysis as an example of “analytic autoethnography” the author concludes by considering the implications of his research for better understanding serious leisure pursuits more generally, as well as for answering the personal question, should I continue to jump out of planes?
Jumping On and Off the Runaway Train of Success: Stress and Committed Intensity in an Academic Life
Authors: Ellis Carolyn
Published: May 2011

This story describes a seasoned professor's attempts to take stock of her academic life. The main voice is that of the professor as she lives, works, and considers what she cares about. The cacophony of other sounds comes from the questioning voices inside her head, blended with the imagined voices of her dogs Zen and Buddha, and the real voices of colleagues and her partner, Art. The author examines the ups and downs of her academic life and how stress, interruption, caring, and committed intensity play out. She provides her story as a mindful revision of how she wants to live and to stimulate readers to reflect on their own lives.
Interactions That Trigger Self‐Labeling: The Case of Older Undergraduates
Authors: Norris Dawn R.
Published: May 2011

Deviant or stigmatizing labels are associated with various negative outcomes. Although self‐labeling theory proposes that one can self‐label as deviant without first being labeled by others, most labeling research focuses on people whom others have already labeled. Using the case of undergraduates aged twenty‐five and older, I identify three subtle forms of interaction—contextual dissonance, reminder cues, and third‐party communication—that trigger self‐labeling and are associated with negative reactions, even absent others' direct negative feedback or prior labeling. I also show that each form of interaction may systematically relate to specific kinds of negative reactions. I discuss possible reasons for these patterns, as well as how these findings may affect self‐labeling theory and policymaking decisions in higher education.
From Refrigerator Mothers to Warrior‐Heroes: The Cultural Identity Transformation of Mothers Raising Children with Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Sousa Amy C.
Published: May 2011

This article examines public performances of mothering children with intellectual disabilities through thematic discourse analysis of thirty‐three published memoirs. These data reveal presentations of self that, once consumed and interpreted by public interaction, emerge collectively as a “warrior‐hero” identity, a reformulated archetype in the social construction of a good mother. This archetype places a cultural expectation on mothers to do battle to attain resources and possible cures for their children, ultimately shifting the historical burden on mothers from causing the intellectual disabilities of their children to curing them. The article concludes with a discussion of how this hyperfocus on expert parenting has the potential to leave mothers of children with intellectual disabilities strained and subject to the pitfalls of systems of inequality.
Novel indicator for the assessment of hospital bed occupancy
Authors: Gresz Miklós
Published: May 2011

In the past decades the bed occupancy of hospitals in Hungary has been calculated from the average of in-patient days and the number of beds during a given period of time. This is the only measure being currently looked at when evaluating the performance of hospitals and changing their bed capacity. The author outlines how limited is the use of this indicator and what other statistical indicators may characterize the occupancy of hospital beds. Since adjustment of capacity to patient needs becomes increasingly important, it is essential to find indicator(s) that can be easily applied in practice and can assist medical personal and funders who do not work with statistics. Author recommends the use of daily bed occupancy as a base for all these statistical indicators. Orv. Hetil., 2011, 152, 797–801.
Novel laparoscopic techniques in gynecologic surgery
Authors: Sziller Péter , Langmár Zoltán
Published: May 2011

The practice of gynecologic surgery has been revolutionized by laparoscopic techniques in the past decades. Nowadays minimal invasive procedures are feasible and safe standard options in the management of most benign and malignant gynecologic diseases. Natural orifices transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) and laparoendoscopic single-site surgery (LESS) have been developed in an attempt to further reduce the morbidity and scarring with minimal invasive procedures. These techniques share a common conception that a reduction in the number of transcutaneous points of access may benefit patients in terms of port-related complications, risk of hernia formation, recovery time, pain and cosmetics by potentially performing scarless surgery. The development of LESS has been facilitated by the concept of scarless surgical procedures. Increasing experience revealed by recent publications have allowed for the expansion of NOTES and LESS techniques in the gynecologic surgery. Almost all laparoscopic procedures can be performed by acquiring these concepts. Although these surgical methods are feasible and safe, certain technical problems (e.g. loss of triangulation, problems of visualization, ergonomic considerations) has yet to be solved and several questions must be answered before LESS and NOTES could gain widespread acceptance as single procedures. Despite successful technical developments these methods remain investigational approaches and refinement of indications as well as further development of instrumentation are expected to define its area of future application. Orv. Hetil., 2011, 152, 785–792.
Myocardial Infarction Registry conducted forty years ago in Hungary
Authors: Gyárfás Iván , Jánosi András , Ofner Péter
Published: May 2011

Aims: Authors summarize the most important findings of the Myocardial Infarction Community Registry conducted in Hungary 40 years ago. The report is important because data are not available on the internet through literature search and since 40 years such study has not been performed. The incidence of acute myocardial infarction in subjects older than 20 years of age in the population of South Pest with 400 000 inhabitants in 1971 was 50.9/10 000 in men and 23.7/10 000 in women. The mortality rate of myocardial infarction during the first year was 56.2% in men and 60.7% in women. Two-third of the first-year death occurred in the first 24 hours and 85% of it in the prehospital period. Only 6% of the patients with acute myocardial infarction were admitted and treated in Coronary Care Units. Based on the data of the Myocardial Infarction Community Registry, measures were introduced which decreased the 28-days mortality rate at the population level. Conclusions: Authors emphasize that in the last decades the diagnosis and treatment of myocardial infarction has substantially changed which makes it necessary to re-evaluate by epidemiologic methods the natural history, incidence and mortality of acute myocardial infarction in Hungary. Orv. Hetil., 2011, 152, 793–796.
The immuno-endocrine system. A new endocrine theory: the problem of the packed transport
Authors: Csaba György
Published: May 2011

Since the eighties of the last century hormone content was justified in immune cells (lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages and mast cells), which produce, store and secrete these hormones. Although the amount of these materials in immune cells is relatively small, the mass of the producers (immune cells) is so large, that the phenomenon must be considered from endocrinological point of view, underlying the important differences between the „classical” and immuno-endocrine systems. Cells of the classic (built-in) endocrine system are mono-producers, while immune cells can synthesize many types of hormones (polyproducers). In addition, these cells can transport the whole hormone-producing machinery to the site of need, producing a local effect. This can be observed, for example, in the case of endorphin producing immune cells during inflammation and during early pregnancy around the chorionic villi. Hormone producing immune cells also have receptors for many hormones, so that they are poly-receivers. Via hormone producing and receiving capacity there is a bidirectional connection between the neuro-endocrine and immuno-endocrine systems. In addition, there is a network inside the immuno-endocrine system. The packed transport theory attempts to explain the mechanism and importance of the immuno-endocrine system. Orv. Hetil., 2011, 152, 777–784.
Craniofacial Phenotype in the Branchio-Oculo-Facial Syndrome: Four Case Reports
Authors: Galliani Eva , Burglen Lydie , Kadlub Natacha , Just Walter , Sznajer Yves , De Villemeur Thierry Billette , Soupre Véronique , Picard Arnaud , Vazquez Marie-Paule
Published: May 2011

Branchio-oculo-facial syndrome represents a craniofacial disorder in which affected patients may develop a wide range of distinctive features that include cleft lip and/or palate, cervical aplastic skin defect, malformed pinna, and ocular anomalies. This study reports four new cases confirmed by the identification of mutations in the TFAP2A gene and describes in detail the findings in the craniofacial region. The four cases included two familial and two sporadic, and three have been followed since the birth. Two out of the four cases showed atypical features. One patient presented brainstem immaturity with dysregulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, which have so far not been described in the literature and were associated with anxiety, panic attacks, and tiredness. Another patient had as an additional feature a hypoplastic thumb with distal implantation.
Factors Associated With the Interdental Papilla Height Between Two Maxillary Central Incisors: A Radiographic Study
Authors: Chang Li‐Ching
Published: May 2011

Background: Various factors affect the central maxillary incisor papilla height (PH) and central clinically observable PH (COPH) such that a study of these factors and their interactions is needed. This study reports on an investigation of the factors associated with PH and COPH in patients with and without papilla recession.

Methods: The central papilla was visually assessed in 450 adults using standardized periapical radiographs of maxillary central incisors. Various vertical and horizontal distances were measured including the lengths from the proximal cemento‐enamel junction (pCEJ) to apical contact point (CP), bone crest (BC) to CP (BC–CP), BC to pCEJ (BC–pCEJ), and papilla tip (PT) to CP (PT–CP) and the interdental width at the pCEJ level (IW), width at the BC level (crest width [CW]), and width at the PT level (PTW). PH was defined as the length from the PT to BC, and COPH was defined as the length from the PT to pCEJ. Simple analyses for PH and COPH were performed, and significant variables were entered into multiple linear regression models.

Results: Among all study patients, papilla recession status and PT–CP were significant independent predictors of PH (both P <0.001). Age, papilla recession status, PT–CP, and BC–pCEJ were significant independent predictors of COPH (all P <0.001). Among patients with papilla recession, CW and PT–CP independently predicted PH (both P <0.001). All variables tested (except sex and CW) were significantly associated with COPH in patients with papilla recession, especially IW, PTW, PT–CP, and BC–pCEJ (P <0.001 for these variables).

Conclusions: The effects of age and BC–pCEJ on COPH change differed in patients without and with recession, suggesting that the initial change in COPH was large but later slowed after recession occurred while there was no severe interdental bone loss progression. However, additional clinical study is needed to find out other variables that may decrease or ameliorate the severity of central papilla recession by restorative/prosthetic or orthodontic intervention and to confirm this possibility.
Biomimetic Surface Modification Using Synthetic Oligopeptides for Enhanced Guided Bone Regeneration in Beagles
Authors: Lee Chang‐Kyun , Koo Ki‐Tae , Park Yoon‐Jeong , Lee Jue‐Yeon , Rhee Sang‐Hoon , Ku Young , Rhyu In‐Chul , Chung Chong‐Pyoung
Published: May 2011

Background: In previous studies, oligopeptide corresponding to the cell‐binding domains of bone morphogenetic proteins that bind to bone morphogenetic protein receptor enhanced the bone regenerative capacity of bovine bone minerals (BBM). The aim of this study is to evaluate the ability of BBM coated with oligopeptide to promote periodontal regeneration in a 1‐wall intrabony defect model in dogs.

Methods: The second and third mandibular premolars and first molars of six adult beagles were extracted bilaterally, and the extraction sites were allowed to heal for 10 weeks. The 1‐wall intrabony defects were prepared bilaterally on the mesial and distal side of the fourth mandibular premolars. Twenty‐four intrabony defects were assigned to four treatment groups: 1) open flap debridement; 2) guided tissue regeneration (GTR); 3) GTR with a collagen membrane and BBM; and 4) GTR with a collagen membrane and BBM coated with the oligopeptide (Pep‐BBM). The animals were sacrificed 10 weeks after surgery. For the histometric analysis, defect height, junctional epithelium migration, new cementum, new bone height, and new bone area were measured. New bone volume was measured using microcomputed tomography.

Results: Wound healing was generally uneventful. For junctional epithelium migration, the BBM and Pep‐BBM groups exhibited mean (± SE) values of 0.53 ± 0.41 and 0.48 ± 0.30 mm, and for new cementum height, 1.71 ± 0.46 and 2.50 ± 2.00 mm, respectively. For junctional epithelium migration and cementum regeneration, there were no significant differences between the two groups. The mean (± SE) values of new bone height and new bone volume in the Pep‐BBM group (3.88 ± 0.31 mm and 32.35% ± 9.60%) were significantly greater than the mean values for the BBM group (2.60 ± 0.41 mm and 20.56% ± 1.89%). For bone regeneration, the Pep‐BBM group showed superior results compared to the BBM group with statistically significant differences.

Conclusions: Through various parameters to evaluate periodontal regeneration, this oligopeptide coating influenced only the ability of BBM to promote bone regeneration in 1‐wall intrabony defects in beagles. Junctional epithelium migration and cementum regeneration were not affected by this oligopeptide coating, and further investigations with special focus on regeneration of the periodontal ligament are necessary.
Radiographic Considerations for the Regional Anatomy in the Posterior Mandible
Authors: Yashar Natasha , Engeland Christopher G. , Rosenfeld Alan L. , Walsh Timothy P. , Califano Joseph V.
Published: May 2011

Background: Previous studies of the inferior alveolar nerve have used cadaveric specimens in small patient groups. The purpose of this study was to describe the anatomy in the posterior mandible with respect to the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) using computed tomography (CT) images in a large patient population. We hypothesize that CT scans are an important component of a thorough treatment plan for minimizing risk to the IAN and optimizing surgical outcomes.

Methods: CT scans of 195 patients (62 males and 133 females; age range: 22 to 88 years) were evaluated retrospectively. With the aid of computer software, cross‐sectional images were examined at 5‐mm increments distal to the mental foramen to the ascending ramus. Four measurements were made at each cross‐sectional image. The distances from the IAN to the: 1) alveolar crest (CN); 2) buccal cortical plate (BN); 3) lingual cortical plate (LN); and 4) inferior border (IN) were measured.

Results: Most measurements for males and females were significantly different. Mean values were as follows (males/females): CN, 13.85 ± 0.43/11.98 ± 0.40 mm (P <0.01); BN, 4.98 ± 0.15/4.47 ± 0.11 mm (P <0.01); LN, 2.93 ± 0.12/3.19 ± 0.10 mm (P <0.10); and IN, 7.76 ± 0.16/7.00 ± 0.15 mm (P <0.01). The 95% confidence intervals indicated that many patients had limited bone volume in the buccal shelf or ascending ramus.

Conclusion: Given the high degree of variability in mandibular bone volume surrounding the IAN and the position of the IAN, the use of CT scans should be considered for surgical procedures in the posterior mandible when there is risk of injury to the IAN.
Clinical Efficacy of 1% Alendronate Gel as a Local Drug Delivery System in the Treatment of Chronic Periodontitis: A Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Sharma Anuj , Pradeep A.R.
Published: May 2011

Background: Alendronate (ALN), an aminobisphosphonate, is known to inhibit osteoclastic bone resorption and was proposed to have osteostimulative properties in vivo and in vitro as shown by an increase in matrix formation. The present study aims to explore the efficacy of a 1% ALN gel compared to a placebo gel as a local drug delivery system in adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) for the treatment of intrabony defects in patients with chronic periodontitis.

Methods: A total of 66 intrabony defects were treated with a 1% ALN or placebo gel. The ALN gel was prepared by adding ALN to a polyacrylic acid–distilled water mixture. Clinical parameters (modified sulcus bleeding index, plaque index, probing depth [PD], and clinical attachment level [CAL]) were recorded at baseline and 2 and 6 months, and radiographic parameters at baseline and 6 months. The defect fill at baseline and 6 months was calculated on standardized radiographs by using image‐analysis software.

Results: The mean PD reduction and CAL gain were greater in the ALN group than in the placebo group at 2 and 6 months. Furthermore, a significantly greater mean percentage of bone fill was found in the ALN group (40.4% ± 11.71%) than in the placebo group (2.5% ± 1.02%).

Conclusions: Results of the present study shows that the local delivery of 1% ALN into the periodontal pocket stimulated a significant increase in PD reduction, CAL gain, and improved bone fill compared to a placebo gel as an adjunct to SRP. These results can provide a new direction in the field of periodontal healing.
Forage Rice Yield and Quality Response to Harvest Timing and Nitrogen Management
Authors: Nakano H. , Hattori I. , Sato K. , Morita S.
Published: May 2011

Because forage rice (Oryza sativa L.) must be cost competitive with other forages, high dry matter (DM) and total digestible nutrient (TDN) yield are essential. To optimize forage rice production, it is important to maximize nutritional value in the leaf and stem rather than in the panicle because the hull restricts cattle's (Bos taurus) ability to digest rice grain. In particular, it is important to maximize TDN concentration and yield in the leaf sheath plus stem (stem) due to the high proportion of this component in the crop rather than in the leaf blade (leaf). The objective in this study was to evaluate the effects of timing of first harvest [95 or 116 days after transplanting (DAT) (booting or full heading stage, respectively)], N application rate (150 or 300 kg N ha−1), and N application method (100–0N method, applying N at 100 and 0% in the first and second crops, respectively; 67–33N method, applying N at 67 and 33%, respectively; 33–67N method, applying N at 33 and 67%, respectively) on TDN concentration and yield in double‐harvest of forage rice systems in southwestern Japan. With the 100–0N method, stem TDN yield in the second crop was 39 g m−2 lower when the first crop was harvested at 116 DAT than at 95 DAT. However, with the 100–0N and 67–33N methods, stem TDN yield in the first crop was 152 and 163 g m−2 higher when the first crop was harvested at 116 DAT than at 95 DAT, respectively. When the first crop was harvested at 116 DAT, stem TDN yield in the first crop was 152 and 161 g m−2 higher with the 100–0N and 67–33N methods than with the 33–67N method, respectively. In contrast, stem TDN yield in the second crop was 115 and 142 g m−2 higher with the 67–33N and 33–67N methods than with the 100–0N method, respectively. To obtain high stem TDN yield in total of the first and second crops, harvesting the first crop at full heading and applying 300 kg N ha−1 at 67 and 33% in the first crop and second crops, respectively, is effective. Management practices that increase forage quality will help southwestern Japan to be more sufficient in forage production.
A Corn Nitrogen Status Indicator Less Affected by Soil Water Content
Authors: Zhu Juanjuan , Tremblay Nicolas , Liang Yinli
Published: May 2011

The SPAD‐502 chlorophyll (Chl) meter and the Dualex device can estimate crop N status based on the measurement of leaf Chl concentration and polyphenolics (Phen) concentration, respectively. However, soil water status may confound such assessment of N status. This study compared the sensitivity of SPAD, Dualex, and SPAD/Dualex ratio as indicators for assessing corn (Zea mays L.) N status and the influence of soil water content (SWC) on the indicators in their absolute and nitrogen sufficiency index (NSI) expression. A greenhouse trial was conducted with five N fertilizer application rates (0, 50, 50+75, 50+150, and 200 kg N ha−1) and three SWC levels (high, medium, and low). A field trial also was performed with six N rates (0, 20+40, 20+80, 20+120, 20+160, and 250 kg N ha−1) and spatially variable SWC as a covariate. The responses of SPAD, Dualex, SPAD/Dualex ratio (and their corresponding NSI) to N rates and SWC levels were compared. The results showed that SPAD, Dualex, and SPAD/Dualex ratio were all influenced significantly by N rates and by SWC levels. When expressed as NSI, however, the parameters' relationships with N were essentially decoupled from SWC. The NSISPAD was more affected significantly by interactions among N, SWC, and DAS (days after sowing) than were 1/NSIDualex and NSISPAD/Dualex. The latter showed a greater sensitivity to N fertility levels than the other indicators, resulting in a better discrimination of N treatments and under variable SWC conditions in the two trials.
Macronutrients in Hawaii's Coastal Wetland Pastures and Potential Phosphorus Release to Water
Authors: Mathews B. W. , Carpenter J. R. , Sollenberger L. E. , Steiner W. M.
Published: May 2011

Coastal wetland pastures in Hawaii are based on naturalized hilograss (Paspalum conjugatum Bergius) and paragrass [Brachiaria mutica (Forssk.) Stapf] growing primarily on moderately acid (pH 5.4) to mildly alkaline (pH 7.8) and mildly calcareous (<50 g kg−1 CaCO3 equivalent [CCE]) Aquepts and Aquolls. Nutrient concentration, distribution, and P retention dynamics have not been quantified for these ecologically important grazing lands. Soil and forage samples were collected from three pastures at each of six sites, with three sites representing each grass. In addition, pastures at one of the hilograss sites were subjected to zonal sampling with zones determined by distance from shade and drainage ditch borders (animal lounging areas). Soil total N, and exchangeable K and Na accumulated in shaded areas, and forage N, δ15N (‰), and K tended to follow a similar distribution. Across sites hilograss had very high and probably toxic S concentrations (5.6 to 11.0 g kg−1) for cattle (Bos spp.) compared with paragrass, which had S concentrations (1.9 to 4.0 g kg−1) within the expected range for tropical forage grasses. Across sites and the 0‐ to 15‐ and 15‐ to 30‐cm soil depths, satisfactory predictive relationships (n = 54) were obtained between dissolved (<0.45‐μm pore diameter) molybdate‐reactive P (DRP) desorbed from soil in a water extract (DRPWE) and Olsen extractable P (POLSEN) and the oxalate extractable molybdate‐reactive P (RPOX) saturation index (PSIOXRP). Oxalate extractable Al (AlOX) was a more important component of PSIOXRP than oxalate extractable Fe (FeOX), which could be omitted.
A Phosphorus Budget for Bahiagrass Pastures Growing on a Typical Florida Spodosol
Authors: Obour A. K. , Silveira M. L. , Vendramini J. M. B. , Jawitz J. , O'Connor G. A. , Sollenberger L. E.
Published: May 2011

Despite evidence that forage crops can access P from the Bh horizon, routine soil testing focus only on P concentrations in the top 15 cm. We evaluated the role of the Bh horizon on the overall P budget for 2 yr in a bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge) pasture grown on a Spodosol. Treatments consisted of three P rates (0, 5, and 10 kg ha−1) arranged in a completely randomized design with each plot receiving a basal application of 56 kg N ha−1 and 47 kg K ha−1 Phosphorus application had no effect on bahiagrass P uptake (P = 0.2). Average P mass leached below the 45‐cm soil depth was 0.08, 0.08, and 0.09 kg P ha−1 for the 0, 5, and 10 kg P ha−1 treatments, respectively. In 2007, the net balance of P in the Ap horizon was −10.8 kg P ha−1 for the control and −0.8 kg P ha−1 for the 10 kg P ha−1 treatment. The same treatments had net P balances of −6.6 and 7.2 kg ha−1 in 2008. When soil P held in the Bh horizon was included in the P budget computation, the net P balance was positive for all treatments including the control. Results indicate that soil P concentrations were sufficient to maintain bahiagrass production with no additional P fertilization required. Phosphorus held in the Bh horizon is a significant supply of P to low‐input pastures growing on Spodosols in Florida and should be considered in nutrient management programs for perennial grasses.
Corn Responses to In‐Furrow Phosphorus and Potassium Starter Fertilizer Applications
Authors: Mallarino Antonio P. , Bergmann Nicolas , Kaiser Daniel E.
Published: May 2011

Starter N–P or N–P–K fertilizers often are applied to corn (Zea mays L.), but questions arise concerning the usefulness of starter K. This study assessed responses of corn grain yield, early growth, and early P and K concentration and uptake to in‐furrow fluid P–K and K starter fertilizers. Six replicated small‐plot trials evaluated a control receiving no P or K, 3–8–15 (N–P–K) starter at 5 to 7 kg P ha−1 and 10 to 14 kg K ha−1, 0–0–25 (N–P–K) starter at 10 to 14 kg K ha−1; broadcast fertilizer at 49 to 66 kg P ha−1 and 112 to 140 kg K ha−1; and broadcast‐starter combinations. More N (191–224 kg ha−1) was applied uniformly. Eight replicated field‐length strip‐trials evaluated 0–0–25 starter at 10 to 14 kg K ha−1, broadcast fertilizer at 112 kg K ha−1, and broadcast plus starter. More N (168–224 kg ha−1) and P (49–66 kg ha−1) were applied uniformly. The fields encompassed various tillage systems, hybrids, soils, and soil‐test levels. Starter P‐K applied in addition to broadcast P‐K increased growth and P and K uptake compared with broadcast P–K at two trials, but did not increase yield. Starter K applied in addition to broadcast P–K at the small‐plot trials or broadcast K at the strip‐trials did not increase growth compared with broadcast fertilization, decreased K uptake at 2 of the 14 trials, and did not affect yield. Potassium seldom had a starter effect on corn. Starter K may not increase corn early growth or yield unless the soil is deficient in K and broadcast K is not applied.
Response of Root‐Knot Nematodes and Palmer Amaranth to Tillage and Rye Green Manure
Authors: Timper P. , Davis R. F. , Webster T. M. , Brenneman T. B. , Meyer S. L. F. , Zasada I. A. , Cai G. , Rice C. P.
Published: May 2011

Rye (Secale cereale L.) is a frequently used winter cover crop in many agronomic production systems in the United States. Our objective was to determine whether incorporating rye into soil while still green results in greater suppression of root‐knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) and Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.) compared to conventional cover crop management. Two similar experiments were conducted: one with peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and the other with cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Both experiments were a split‐plot design with tillage as the main plot (conventional, green manure, and strip) and cover crop as the subplot. The cover crop treatments were a weedy fallow and the rye cultivars Wrens Abruzzi, Wheeler, Oklon, and Elbon. Wrens Abruzzi produced the greatest amount of biomass, Oklon and Elbon intermediate, and Wheeler the least. Where there was substantial soil disturbance (e.g., conventional tillage and green manure), Palmer amaranth densities were low and not influenced by cover crop. In the strip tillage plots, however, all of the rye cultivars, except Wheeler, reduced establishment of the weed compared to winter fallow. Root galling from nematodes on cotton and peanut was influenced by tillage, but not by rye cover crop. Gall indices on cotton were greater in conventional tillage than in either strip tillage or green manure plots; whereas on peanut, they were greater in the strip tillage than in the conventional tillage or green manure plots. Neither tillage nor cover crop influenced yield except in 2008 in peanut, where yield was lower in strip tillage than in conventional or green manure plots.
A Time‐Efficient Scooping Method to Prepare Cover Crop Seed for Cone Planters
Authors: Brennan Eric B.
Published: May 2011

Cone planters (CP) uniformly distribute seed over research plots; however, preparing seed for CP by weighing is time‐consuming. This study evaluated (i) the effect of seed preparation method (scooping with a calibrated cup vs. weighing) on population density of monoculture cover crops planted with a CP, (ii) time required for scooping vs. weighing, and (iii) the effect of scooping on segregation of pre‐made cover crop mixtures. Monocultures included mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.], rye (Secale cereale L.), common vetch (Vicia sativa L.), and faba bean (Vicia faba L.) planted at 1×, 2×, and 4× seeding rates; 1× rates in pure live seed m−2 were 24 (faba bean), 43 (common vetch), 291 (rye), and 310 (mustard). Mixtures contained rye, oat (Avena sativa L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), faba bean, common vetch, or pea (Pisum sativum L.), and by weight included: Mix 1 (10% rye, 90% faba bean), Mix 2 (10% oat, 90% faba bean), Mix 3 (10% barley, 90% faba bean), Mix 4 (10% common vetch, 90% rye), and Mix 5 (10% rye, 25% pea, 30% common vetch, 35% faba bean). Seed preparation method did not affect the population densities of the monocultures. Preparing seed packets was at least two times more time‐consuming with the weighing than scooping method. Calibrating cups to scoop within 1% of the desired seed packet weight was not difficult. However, segregation occurred while scooping some mixtures from a bucket whereby smaller‐seeded components increased with scooping depth. Simple methods to detect seed segregation in mixtures are discussed.
Response of Green Peach Aphids and Other Arthropods to Garlic Intercropped with Tobacco
Authors: Lai Rongquan , You Minsheng , Lotz L. A. P. (Bert) , Vasseur Liette
Published: May 2011

The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), is an insect pest that causes extensive damage to tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) in China. Field trials were conducted in 2008 and 2009 at Longyan in the Fujian Province (China) to evaluate the effects of garlic (Allium sativum L.) as a deterrent to green peach aphids and other arthropods when intercropped in flue‐cured tobacco fields. This study demonstrated that green peach aphids were affected by intercropping garlic in tobacco fields during the 2 yr studied. The appearance of green peach aphids in intercropped tobacco fields was delayed for approximately 7 d by the presence of garlic. Aphid abundance was reduced by 100% in intercropped fields compared with monocultures, especially when populations peaked (34.7–39.0% in 2008 and 42.0–47.2% in 2009). Other arthropod populations were not negatively affected by intercropping garlic. Species richness, diversity, and stability of the arthropod communities increased and the dominance concentration index decreased in the intercropped garlic fields. The tobacco mosaic viruses (cucumber mosaic virus, potato virus Y, tobacco etch virus, and tobacco ring‐spot virus) transmitted by green peach aphids were decreased by 9.6 to 42.4% in 2008 and by 22.1 to 27.9% in 2009 by intercropping garlic in flue‐cured tobacco fields. The net benefits of cropping flue‐cured tobacco were also increased by 52.1 to 80.2% by intercropping garlic in the tobacco fields. Therefore, intercropping tobacco with garlic may be useful in deterring green peach aphids and in stabilizing arthropod communities in tobacco.
Dairy Manure Nitrogen Availability in Eroded and Noneroded Soil for Sugarbeet Followed by Small Grains
Authors: Lentz Rodrick D. , Lehrsch Gary A. , Brown Bradford , Johnson‐Maynard Jodi , Leytem April B.
Published: May 2011

Efficient recycling of abundant manure resources from regional dairy industries in the semiarid West requires a better understanding of N availability in manure‐amended soils. We measured net N mineralization using buried bags, and crop biomass, N uptake, and yields for sprinkler‐irrigated, whole (noneroded) and eroded Portneuf soils (coarse‐silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Durinodic Xeric Haplocalcid) subject to a one‐time manure application. Treatments included a control, fertilizer, two rates of composted dairy manure (28.4, 64.3 Mg ha−1, dry wt.), and two rates of stockpiled dairy manure (23.3, 45.7 Mg ha−1, dry wt.) applied in the fall before the Year 1 cropping season. Plots were planted to sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.), winter wheat (
Triticum aestivum L.), and spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) during the 3‐yr study. Overall, net N mineralization rates were low to moderate during winter through spring, decreased in early summer due to N immobilization, then increased to a maximum in late summer, followed by a decrease in fall. The mean mineralization rate (as a percentage of the added organic N) for Years 1, 2, and 3 was −4.2 (N immobilization), 4.3, and 4.8% for compost and 17.4, 17.0, and 11.4% for manure, respectively. Relative to controls, compost and manure treatments as a group increased total 3‐yr net N mineralization more for eroded (1.77×) than for whole soils (1.55×). At higher rates, manure also increased immobilization and mineralization in 30‐ to 60‐cm soil depths (below the zone of incorporation). To optimize the use of N mineralized in southern Idaho's manure‐amended soils, one should consider the type manure employed and the erosion status of the soil receiving the amendment.
Categorical Analysis of Spatial Variability in Economic Yield Response of Corn to Nitrogen Fertilization
Authors: Kyveryga P. M. , Blackmer T. M. , Caragea P. C.
Published: May 2011

Despite growing interests in variable‐rate nitrogen (VRN) fertilizer applications, we still lack basic knowledge and practical methodology for identifying major factors that can be used to guide VRN application to corn (Zea mays L.). The objective was to develop a methodology for identifying a predictable relationship between economic yield response (YR) to N and commonly measured soil and terrain attributes in the presence of spatial dependence. Six 30‐ha no‐till fields in central Iowa were studied during 6 yr. Urea‐ammonium nitrate solution was sidedressed at 112 and 140 kg N ha−1 in alternating strips replicated from 10 to 22 times. Yield responses to the high rate were calculated in a 20 by 25 m grid pattern and classified into profitable and nonprofitable categories within each field. Autologistic models were used to identify which (if any) of the following factors economically affected YR: elevation, apparent soil electrical conductivity (ECa), slope, topographic wetness index (TWI), or digital soil map units. Significant effects of some of the factors were found within 8 of 15 site‐years. Within five of these site‐years, well‐drained areas with lower ECa and TWI, and higher elevation and slope had the higher probability of profitable YR, but these effects were not stable over time. Within the proposed methodology, a high spatial resolution of YR is used that increases the ability to identify areas profitable to N, and farmers can explore VRN possibilities by applying a small fertilizer increment below or above a uniform optimal rate in many alternating strips across fields.
Statistical Modeling of Yield and Variance Instability in Conventional and Organic Cropping Systems
Authors: Jaradat Abdullah A. , Weyers Sharon L.
Published: May 2011

Temporal variation in crop yields has considerable impact at farm, regional, and national levels. To gain a better understanding of the factors contributing to this variation, we quantified the cumulative effects of management practices and soil covariates on total yield (TY), temporal yield variance (TYV) and coefficient of variation (CV) of 2‐yr (2 Yr) {corn [Zea mays L.]–soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]} and 4‐yr (4 Yr) [corn–soybean–spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)] crop rotations in conventional (CNV) and organic (ORG) cropping systems. Soil covariates differed individually or as a group in their impact on TY, TYV, and CV. Spatial variation, quantified by soil covariates, did not fully explain variation in TY or TYV; whereas, TYV explained up to 86% of variation in TY, both of which were less variable in ORG than in CNV. Multivariate relationships among TYV, CV, management factors, and covariates indicated that TYs of 4‐Yr crop rotations were likely to be more stable than TYs of 2‐Yr rotations. The largest and most stable yields obtained under both cropping systems are characterized by a combination of optimum TYV and minimum CV values. We developed a classification scheme of cropping systems, crop rotation phases, and management practices based on the three‐way relationship between TY, TYV, and CV, and deviations from their respective means. In addition to its utility in selecting the largest and most stable yield, the scheme can be used to measure stability in crop production and strategically deploy appropriate management practices for a given cropping system or crop rotation.
CSM‐IXIM: A New Maize Simulation Model for DSSAT Version 4.5
Authors: Lizaso J. I. , Boote K. J. , Jones J. W. , Porter C. H. , Echarte L. , Westgate M. E. , Sonohat G.
Published: May 2011

The CERES‐Maize model is the most widely used maize (Zea mays L.) model and is a recognized reference for comparing new developments in maize growth, development, and yield simulation. The objective of this study was to present and evaluate CSM‐IXIM, a new maize simulation model for DSSAT version 4.5. Code from CSM‐CERES‐Maize, the modular version of the model, was modified to include a number of model improvements. Model enhancements included the simulation of leaf area, C assimilation and partitioning, ear growth, kernel number, grain yield, and plant N acquisition and distribution. The addition of two genetic coefficients to simulate per‐leaf foliar surface produced 32% smaller root mean square error (RMSE) values estimating leaf area index than did CSM‐CERES. Grain yield and total shoot biomass were correctly simulated by both models. Carbon partitioning, however, showed differences. The CSM‐IXIM model simulated leaf mass more accurately, reducing the CSM‐CERES error by 44%, but overestimated stem mass, especially after stress, resulting in similar average RMSE values as CSM‐CERES. Excessive N uptake after fertilization events as simulated by CSM‐CERES was also corrected, reducing the error by 16%. The accuracy of N distribution to stems was improved by 68%. These improvements in CSM‐IXIM provided a stable basis for more precise simulation of maize canopy growth and yield and a framework for continuing future model developments.
Yield, Protein, and Remobilization of Water Soluble Carbohydrate and Nitrogen of Three Spring Wheat Cultivars as Influenced by Nitrogen Input
Authors: Chen Chengci , Han Guoqiang , He Huaqing , Westcott Malvern
Published: May 2011

Plant breeders have attempted to use extended green leaf duration (EGLD) traits for spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield improvement in Montana. The objective of this study was to investigate the yield, protein, harvest index (HI), remobilization of water‐soluble carbohydrate (WSCRM) and nitrogen (NRM), N uptake, nitrogen harvest index (NHI) and nitrogen recovery in grains (NRG) of two spring wheat cultivars with EGLD (Vida and Reeder) and one without the traits (Outlook) as influenced by N input rates at dryland and irrigated environments. Vida, selected from a cross between Reeder and Scholar, exhibited a greater grain yield but lower protein content compared with Reeder and Outlook; this yield advantage likely resulted from higher HI, as well as greater postanthesis biomass (PABM) accumulation of Vida under irrigation. The yield advantage was greater at the irrigated site (23%) than at dryland (7–12%). The average contribution of WSCRM to grain yield (WSCCGY) was 8 and 12%, and NRM to grain N (NRCGN) was 67 and 60% at the dryland and irrigated site, respectively. No evidence showed Reeder and Vida had a greater WSCCGY or NRCGN than Outlook. The WSCRM and NRM were influenced by N input rates. Lower grain protein contents in Vida than in Reeder and Outlook was attributed to higher N contents in the straw and greater biomass yields of Vida even though Vida took up more N from soil. High N application rates reduced the NHI and NRG for all cultivars at both dryland and irrigated environments.
Autotoxic Compounds from Rhizosphere Soil of Humulus lupulus L. Extracts: Identification and Biological Activity
Authors: Zhang Xin‐Hui , Zhang En‐He , Lang Duo‐Yong
Published: May 2011

Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) is a perennial herb that has been widely used in brewing around the world. Autotoxicity has been reported as one of the major problems hindering continuous hop cultivation. In this study, the autotoxic compounds from rhizosphere soil of hop fields at different time periods of hop cultivation were separated and identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). From those compounds, one of the suspected bioactive compounds, 2,4‐bis(1,1‐dimethylethyl)‐phenol was selected, and its biological activity on hop seedling growth and effect on soil microbial populations were determined. The results of GC–MS analysis showed that the types of compounds found and their amount increased with the number of years hops had been cultivated. The results of a pot experiment showed that 2,4‐bis(1,1‐dimethylethyl)‐phenol significantly affected photosynthesis and hop seedling growth in a concentration‐dependent manner; generally, low concentrations enhanced photosynthesis and growth while high concentrations limited plant growth. The results of the pot experiment also indicated that 2,4‐bis(1,1‐dimethylethyl)‐phenol significantly decreased the numbers of culturable bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, and the soil microbial community diversity index in the rhizosphere soil by the 7th d; however, the numbers of culturable bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes of the rhizosphere soil significantly increased by 35 d after treatment. Furthermore, we verified the concentration of 2,4‐bis(1,1‐dimethylethyl)‐phenol by high performance liquid chromatography, which was in line with the concentration determined to be bioactive. These results suggest that 2,4‐bis(1,1‐dimethylethyl)‐phenol is involved in hops autotoxicity and that autotoxicity is the main deterrent to the success of hops replanting.
Blade Roller–Green Manure Interactions on Nitrogen Dynamics, Weeds, and Organic Wheat
Authors: Vaisman Iris , Entz Martin H. , Flaten Don N. , Gulden Robert H.
Published: May 2011

The blade roller offers new opportunities to reduce tillage, especially in organic farming. The objective of the study was to reduce tillage in the green manure phase of a green manure–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotation by substituting tillage with blade rolling. A pea (Pisum sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) green manure was used for two site‐years at Carman, MB, while a pea monocrop was used for one site‐year at Oxbow, SK. At pea flowering, the green manure was terminated by rolling, tilling, or a combination of the two. Ammonia emissions were greater in the no‐till compared with the tilled green manure system, though total ammonia losses were low (<13 kg ha−1). Replacing tillage with rolling reduced soil nitrate N in autumn after green manure by 56 to 88 kg ha−1 in the 0‐ to 60‐cm soil depth. Reduced green manure tillage did not affect wheat establishment but delayed plant development in some instances. Fewer weeds were often observed in wheat in the no‐till compared with tilled plots. Total N supply in the green manure–wheat system was reduced in the no‐till system compared to the tilled only system at two out of three site‐years by an average of 44%. While reduced N supply in the reduced tillage system coincided with reduced wheat yield and protein, it was concluded that factors other than N also were involved. Using the blade roller instead of tillage in the green manure year provides soil conservation benefits and facilitates wheat production the following year.