bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Competency to Stand Trial and Court Outcome
Authors: Roesch Ronald
Published: March 2007

Comparisons of the disposition of charges against competent and initially incompetent (but returned to court as competent) defendants revealed few significant differences. The most consistent differences were found for defendants charged with violent crimes, including murder and assault. Incompetent defendants charged with these offenses were significantly more likely to befound innocent, usually the result of dismissal of charges. Once convicted, however, the fact that a defendant had previously been found incompetent, and had spent several years on the average in a state hospital, had little influence on the type and length of sentence. Comparison of type of offense suggested that the competency issue was more likely to be raised when the charges and consequences were more severe, especially when the probability of conviction was high. It was also found that mental health reports to the court contained recommendations not related to the question of competency, including recommendations for dismissal of charges. It was argued that the inclusion of these recommendations further reinforced the inappropriate use of the competency procedures by defense attorneys.
Police Handling of Mental Patients: Crisis Intervention Requirements and Police Behavior
Authors: Handberg Roger , Pilchick Steven
Published: March 2007

Police discretion is exercised in a variety of crisis contexts. This study examines what factors appear to trigger a police officer's decision to commit an individual to a medical facility for observation. In addition, a comparison is made between this study and an earlier paper by Egon Bittner. Data are drawn from a pencil and paper survey conducted in 17 small town Central Florida police departments for a totalpopulation of 189 patrol officers. The officers reported relatively few incidents that qualified for possible admission. Officers generally reported little effective formal training in this area. Rather the officers learn "on the job" a fact that created some frustrations. Officers and medicalpersonnel clashed over the relative weight to be given the officer's evaluation of the individual being committed.
Who's in the "Hole"?
Authors: Barak-Glantz Israel L.
Published: March 2007

This study focuses on a description and analysis of the uses and abuses of solitary confinement as a mechanism of social control in prison. The author examines the deterrent and labeling effects of experiences with the "prison's prison" and the personal and criminalistic attributes of 706 inmates of the Washington State Penitentiary at Walla Walla. The study encompasses a decade replete with 'turmoil in the prison (1966-1975). Contrary to what was expected, the investigation reveals that being, or doing time, in the "hole" has little deterrent effect on subsequent experiences with punitive solitary confinement.
Critical Legal Studies and the Critique of Criminal Justice
Authors: Friedrichs David O.
Published: March 2007

The field of criminal justice lacks an autonomous radical tradition, although radical criminology has had some influence. Recently, a perspective known as critical legal studies has emerged. The principal dimensions of this perspective are explicated, and some attention is directed towards the controversy over the role of adherents of this perspective in the law school. The argument advanced here is that these developments in the realm of critical legal studies have some relevance for the evolution of a radical perspective within criminal justice.
Perceived Seriousness of Child Abuse and Neglect
Authors: Doerner William G.
Published: March 2007

Despite pleas for refinement in the use of the term child maltreatment, researchers have overlooked public perceptions of seriousness as an information source. While borrowing heavily from the literature on seriousness of crime and building upon the pioneering efforts of several child abuse researchers, the present study asks 221 college students in a large southeastern public university to indicate how seriously they regard 83 child maltreat ment items. The results indicate that respondents differentiate various types of maltreatment and that consensus exists across demographic groups. Suggestions are offered in order to refine research concerning patterns of mal treatment and consequences of such victimization.
Initiating Change in Massachusetts' Juvenile Correctional System: A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Guarino-Ghezzi Susan
Published: March 2007

The Massachusetts Department of Youth Services (DYS), which is the state agency responsible for handling juvenile offenders committed by the courts, has undergone several stages of organizational change in the past two decades. What is unusual about this state is that none of the transformations were forced by legislative mandate, as has been the case in many other jurisdictions. Amidst widespread public controversy calling for reforms to the juvenile justice system, change in DYS was in fact steered at important junctures by key juvenile justice advocates to ensure the development of DYS's rehabilitative model, even for seriously violent offenders. This article analyzes three waves of change activity that led to the present community-based system. The article describes the techniques of political negotiation that successfully affirmed DYS's ideological priorities.
The Utility of Prison Violence: An A-Causal Approach to Prison Riots
Authors: Larsen Nick
Published: March 2007

This article examines the issue of prison violence in terms of the adequacy of the theories currently used to explain it. The traditional theories of prison riots are subjected to a critical review, using prison riots in the Jackson (Michigan), Kingston (Ontario, Canada), Attica (New York), and New Mexico institutions as a source of data. The prevailing theories are criticized on many grounds and a tentative new theory of prison violence is postulated. It is argued that the current theories of prison riots are inadequate and that the entire issue needs to be reexamined from a theoretical perspective which includes the relationship between prison violence and the entire spectrum of prison life. The article concludes with a discussion of some of the research questions which need to be answered before prison violence (and particularly riots) can be placed in a proper theoretical and substantive framework.
Privatization and the Penal System: Britain Misinterprets the American Experience
Authors: Ryan Mick , Ward Tony
Published: March 2007

The building and management of penal institutions by private corporations has been adopted by governments in both the United States and Britain as a possible solution to the problems of their overburdened prison systems. British advocates of privatization have looked to the United States to demonstrate the success of privatization, but they have seriously distorted the evidence and have paid scant attention to the constitutional, administrative, and political differences between the two countries. The authors examine these differences and conclude that many of the practical incentives to privatization which exist in the United States are absent in Britain, and so too are some of the legal protections which prisoners in American private jails enjoy.

While not advocating the privatization of penal institutions in either country, the authors are critical of those opponents of privatization, particularly in Britain, who assert that there is, or should be, a fixed relationship between the state and the penal system. They contrast this with the earlier attitude of progressives in both countries who saw the expansion of private, nonprofit involvement in noncustodial forms of punishment as an important means of promoting change.
Detailed investigations of filter ashes from municipal solid waste incineration
Authors: Richers U. , Birnbaum L.
Published: March 2007

Comprehensive measurements are presented of the chemical composition and the particle size distribution of filter dusts collected in various industrial scale plants, in one case over an extended period of time. Compared with data published in the literature, the measured variations of concentrations were relatively small. Examination of sieve fractions makes visible the enrichment of certain elements in individual fractions. The findings are of great importance to dust removal in municipal solid waste incineration plants.
Assessment of periodic turning as an aeration mechanism for pulp and paper mill sludge composting
Authors: Jackson Mark J. , Line Martin A.
Published: March 2007

The effectiveness of periodic turning as a method of aerating a pulp and paper mill sludge (PMS) produced by Australian Newsprint Mills during windrow composting was determined by monitoring spatial and temporal changes in O2 consump tion and CO2 accumulation in situ. Gas exchange during the static phase was found to be limited to the outer periphery of the windrow with interstitial O2 being reduced to 0 to 2% in the pile centre between 2 and 6 hours after turning, indicat ing that the piles were oxygen starved for most of the trial, however, at no time was methane detected. The effectiveness of periodic turning in replenishmg interstitial O2 and elimi nating CO2 decreased as composting progressed, due to an increase in bulk density which reduced the volume of voids participating in gas exchange. This was particularly evident when the bulk density of PMS increased to more than 550 kg m-3. The volumetric quotient of CO2 produced to O2 con sumed in a given interstitial gas sample was found to be a bet ter indicator of whether aerobic or anaerobic conditions were present, than simply considering the level of interstitial O2. An upward convective flow of gas existing in the PMS wind row during the static phase was not sufficient to maintain aer obic conditions withm the pile. Periodic turning of PMS in static windrows was found to be ineffective in maintaining aerobic conditions, suggesting that a reduction in pile height, addition of a bulking agent to improve porosity and/or the installation of open-ended perforated plastic pipes could improve aeration during the static phase. Such measures are relatively inexpensive and would significantly reduce the time required to produce a stable compost.
A comparative analysis of public concern over solid waste incinerators
Authors: Elliott Susan J.
Published: March 2007

Despite a recognized need for additional waste disposal capac ity in many commumties, public concern over siting new facilities is at an all time high. There exists a substantial liter ature relating Not In My Back Yard (NIMBY) reactions to sit ing proposals. However, much less is known about individual and commuriity level impacts around existing facilities. This paper presents the results of a comparative analysis of psycho social impacts (i.e. concern and distress) in two Canadian populations living in close proximity to municipal solid waste incinerators. Results show relatively low levels of impacts reported in both incinerator communities, contrary to what might be anticipated given the NIMBY literature. Determi nants of impacts in the two communities highlight the need to recognize the role of commune context in attempts to understand or mitigate impacts. Comparative analyses sub stantiate this finding, but also point to areas of similamty between the two commuriities studied. These and related findings have to date been incorporated into waste manage- merit decisions in local areas. However, additional compara tive, as well as longitudinal, research is needed to fully under stand how individuals and communities respond to waste facility sitings, and how these responses change over time.
Ammonia stripping from MSW landfill leachate in bubble reactors: process modeling and optimization
Authors: Collivignarelli Carlo , Bertanza Giorgio , Baldi Marco , Avezzù Franco
Published: March 2007

This work presents a study of the ammonia air stripping pro cess in a semi-flow batch bubble reactor as a pre-treatment for municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill leachate. In order to assess the optimum treatment conditions from a technical and an economic point of view, the research was carried out in the following steps: 1) experimentation in a pilot plant; 2) mathematical model development; and 3) economic analysis. The experimentation showed that it is possible to achieve high ammonia removal efficiencies even without basificant dosage, if temperature is maintained between approximately 60 and 70°C. The development and calibration of a mathe matical model permitted the study to determine the treat ment efficiency of the process under several operating condi tions. The economic analysis has shown that, with a removal efficiency of approximately 70%, it is convenient to work without basificant dosage and at a temperature of 70°C. These conditions can also be considered optimal from a tech mcal point of view.
Mobilizing resources to collect municipal solid waste: illustrative East Asian case studies
Authors: Taylor Donald C.
Published: March 2007

Experience in several East Asian countries of collecting and disposing of municipal solid waste (MSW) through the mobilization of locally available resources is discussed. These resources are represented by various stakeholders in MSW management, namely, the public sector, the formal private sector, the informal private sector and community and non- governmental organizations. Attention is given to the nature of MSW, the nature and role of each major MSW stakeholder, the constraints to the development of partnerships among MSW stakeholders, illustrative case studies of MSW resource mobilization in East Asia and lessons learned from these experiences. Among the lessons learned are the critical importance of: (1) a service-oriented collaboration between public MSW authorities and other MSW community resource stakeholders; (2) the involvement of all MSW stakeholders in MSW decision- making ; (3) the selection of affordable and sustainable MSW management technologies; and (4) the identification and recovery of MSW investment, collection and disposal costs.
Effect of humic substances on the mobility of toxic metals in a mature landfill
Authors: Mårtensson A.M. , Aulin C. , Wahlberg O. , Ågren S.
Published: March 2007

The effect of the aeration of a landfill in its humic phase on the leaching potential of deposited metals has been investigated. Aeration increased the cation- exchange capacity, but decreased the buffering capacity and the metal-binding capacity. Leachates from the aerated landfill contained less than half the amount of aluminium, iron and molybdenum and more than double the amount of calcium, magnesium, sulfur and zinc of leachates derived from an identical, but anaerobic, landfill. The leachate from the aerated landfill was capable of extracting metals from the original landfill when recirculated. Leachate from the original landfill treated with leachate from the aerated landfill contained more than twice as much aluminium, boron, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, nickel, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur and zinc than leachate from the identical anaerobic landfill. It was concluded that the mobility of deposited metals in landfills will change over time as the ageing of the landfills progresses and conditions become more oxidized.
Restoration of landfill sites for ecological diversity
Authors: Simmons Elizabeth
Published: March 2007

Agricultural grassland is still the most common after-use for landfill sites. This paper examines reasons for considering alternative after-uses. Opportunities for increasing biodiversity should be taken wherever possible and landfill restoration can assist this objective if the correct techniques are used. The paper outlines practical techniques for achieving ecological diversity through landfill restoration aimed at after-uses that include nature conservation and amenity. It emphasises the importance of predevelopment ecological surveys of both species and habitat characteristics. This will identify the essential characteristics of the habitat to be re-created. The suitability and application of a full range of techniques from non-intervention, through techniques that combine intervention and natural development, to habitat creation are described. Techniques for creation and aftercare of species-rich grassland, heathland and wetland habitats are included. The application of such techniques to landfill restoration is assessed using the practical experience of the author. The advisability of planting trees on landfill sites is explored with reference to research carried out by the UK Forestry Commission. The different constraints placed upon landfill restoration as compared with mineral site restoration and the effect of these constraints on restoration for ecological diversity are described.
The Effects of Deregulation on State Government Personnel Administration
Authors: Coggburn Jerrell D.
Published: March 2007

Using a cross-sectional design, this research examines the effects ofpersonnel deregulation on several measures of state government personnel administration In particular, the article examines personnel deregulation's relationship to the economy (measured by per capita wages) and efficiency (measured by the percentage of state spending devoted to state salaries and wages) of the states' personnel function, and to the states' use of discretion over the personnel function (measured as the percentage of part-time employees in a state's workforce) Findings suggest no direct relationship between personnel deregulation and the economy or efficiency of state personnel administration There does appear to be a significant relationship, however, between personnel deregulation and the utilization of discretion states with higher levels of personnel deregulation have significantly higher percentages of part-time employees Findings also suggest the utility of traditional theories (i e , political, economic, and contextual) in explaining measures of state personnel administration Overall, the article argues that it would be prudent to abandon the cost-savings rhetoric that typically accompanies personnel deregulation proposals
Competing for Talentand Diversity in Local Government Personnel
Authors: Hamman John A. , Desai Uday , Mitchell Thomas
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes recruitment practices in a variety of local governmental contexts in Illinois. The analysis is based, in part, upon a statewide survey of cities with populations over 5000. As is the case for the public service at higher government levels, the study finds that budget constraints hinder the ability of local governments to attract qualified applicants, particularly administrative personnel. Retention is not yet a serious problem for cities, but accommodating work place diversity is seen as a continuing challenge.
The Political Landscape of Aging Policy
Authors: Moody Bradley
Published: March 2007

Human resources managers must be prepared to respond to numerous issues that result from the anticipated increase in the elderly population in the United States. Their decisions must reflect an understanding of the key actors in the process, including the diverse interest groups, Congress, the executive branch, and state and local governments. In making these decisions, they must also recognize the stringent limitations on available financial resources, the crowded policy agenda facing policymakers, the existence of substantial differences among the elderly over the content of public policy, and the negative perceptions held by many younger citizens about the elderly. Taken together, these factors suggest that proposals that threaten existing senior citizen benefits probably will be resisted fiercely, and that proposals for new programs as well as those to expand existing programs will face severe obstacles before enactment.
Designing a “Neighborhood Deal” for Urban Sewers: A Case Study of Semarang, Indonesia
Authors: Whittington Dale , Davis Jennifer , Miarsono Harry , Pollard Richard
Published: March 2007

The exclusion of neighborhood organizations and households from active participation in the planning process lies at the heart of the current sanitation planning crisis in many cities in developing countries. This paper describes a demand-driven planning approach for urban sewerage, in which neighborhood organizations and households are involved in an active partnership with government planners and other technical staff. We argue that planners must reorient their thinking from city-level master planning toward the neighborhood. This change in focus requires that government officials and planners study household and neighborhood demand for improved water and sanitation services in order to design a deal that municipal and higher-level governments can afford, that is technically feasible, that is attractive to households, and that has public health and environmental benefits. A case study of the sanitation situation in Semarang, Indonesia, illustrates how an innovative set of participatory tools can be used to assess household and neighborhood demand.
Urban Simulation and the Luminous Planning Table
Authors: Ben-Joseph Eran , Ishii Hiroshi , Underkoffler John , Piper Ben , Yeung Luke
Published: March 2007

Multi-layered manipulative platforms that integrate digital and physical representations will have a significant impact on urban design and planning processes in the future. The usefulness of these platforms will be in their ability to combine and update digital and tangible data in seamless ways to enhance the design process of the professional and the communication process with the public. The Luminous Planning Table is one of the first prototypes that use a tangible computerized interface. The use of this system is unique in the design and presentation process in which, at the moment, the activity of viewing physical models and the viewing of animation and computerized simulations are separate. This ability to engage and provide an integrated medium for information delivery and understanding is promising in its pedagogical, professional, and public engagement outcomes.
Rethinking Planning Theory for a Master’s-Level Curriculum
Authors: Frank Nancy
Published: March 2007

This article is dedicated to all those faculty members of master’s planning programs who, despite the fact that they are not planning theorists, find themselves teaching planning theory to students who see no benefit in learning planning theory. The article explores objectives and content of planning theory courses through the published literature and a limited sample of planning theory syllabi. In general, the results replicate earlier findings by Klosterman that planning theory courses are widely diverse. In addition, the article calls for a new literature of planning theory aimed at students—rather than other academics—and consistent with the objective of developing students’ capacity for reflective practice.
Settlement Upgrading: Planning and Squatter Settlements in Bogota, Columbia
Authors: Peattie Lisa
Published: March 2007

Different approaches to the planning and development of squatter settlements in Bogota, Columbia are presented and con trasted. Barrio Las Colinas is a example of a "comprehensive" approach to settle ment upgrading, wherein development took the form of a rational planning pro cess. On the other hand, Barrio Policarpa developed through forthright political op position. Although both settlements are exceptional successes, they differ strik ingly in their internal organization and in the political message each conveys to the society outside.
Reflections on Planning Practice In An Age of Reaction
Authors: Dyckman John W.
Published: March 2007

At a time when community planning has set aside utopian ideas of the good society, critical theory provides a starting point for the analysis of the advanced industrial society In place of a unitary vision of the good society it offers a mechanism for finding it The article suggests a program for planning practice which is based on an examination of the relationship between planning theory and planning practice The tasks of planners in this time of adver sity should be to rediscover and enrich content, to locate this content in a true political context, to mount a new level of self-criticism, to develop instruments of tactical reason, and to emphasize the planner's role of educator.
Shaping the City Image
Authors: Southworth Michael
Published: March 2007

What impact has Kevin Lynch's imageability concept had on planning and urban design, and most important, on the form of cities? Urban designers, planners, and architects play a crucial role in managing and creating the city image. Techniques are available to the designer for manipulating place images — from changes in physical form or symbolic communications to work on the mental conception. Imageability research has proved to be a rewarding area for investigation and has made substantial contributions to techniques for environmental analysis and citizen involvement in the planning process Ways of connecting the theory and techniques to actual design are now needed. One problem is how to create meaningful environments in a pluralistic, highly mobile society. Another promising area of application is in predicting the image impact of proposed developments
What's in a Name Change? City Planning and Landscape Architecture at the University of Illinois
Authors: Guttenberg Albert , Wetmore Louis
Published: March 2007

This paper examines change in American planning education in the context of the history of urban plan ning at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. One crucial fac tor inducing past change was the great increase, following World War II, of planning jobs in public plan ning agencies, a development which enabled planners to end their depen dence on foster parent professions such as landscape architecture. A second major factor was the progres sive divergence of the scientific in terests and societal responsibilities of planners from those of their parent professions. A third factor was the increasing number of planning school alumni interested in establish ing their control over the profes sion's entry standards. While ac knowledging the limits of this single Illinois case, the authors hazard sev eral hypotheses concerning the sources of change in American plan ning education in general.
Bargaining with Uncertainty: The Brooklyn Navy Yard Incinerator Dispute
Authors: Klapp Merrie
Published: March 2007

This article finds that scientists use uncertainty about health risk to bar gain on behalf of citizens. Scientists are critical of the data and theories of regulatory agencies, and citizens are dissatisfied with the resulting de cisions. These actors unite to create a powerful technical and political part nership to challenge decision mak ers. This study cites a typical exam ple of opposition to the intended siting of a municipal waste incinera tor in Brooklyn, New York. To rem edy such predicaments for decision makers, scientific disagreements should be assessed as worst-case ranges of risk in the limited neigh borhood locations where they occur. Decision makers can then incorpo rate uncertainty intentionally into new bargains with citizens and sci entists.
Teaching Students to Become Effective Planners through Communication: A Planning Communications Studio
Authors: Lusk Paul , Kantrowitz Min
Published: March 2007

An introductory communication methods and professional practice studio is discussed in terms of struc ture, procedures, content, role of the primary faculty and guest instruc tors, and examples of recent meth ods exercises and team projects. An assessment of the effectiveness of studio exercises in written, oral, graphic, and integrated communica tion skills, and the application of these skills in brief reality-based team projects is presented. Progress in individual skill development, the ability to work with others, integrity, resourcefulness, creativity, and indi vidual improvement form the basis for grading as well as for the evolu tion from student to professional planner.
Planning History and the Black Urban Experience: Linkages and Contemporary Implications
Authors: Thomas june Manning
Published: March 2007

This article argues for a more racially conscious perspective of planning history, one that is more sensitive to the history of African- American urbanization. For many years racial segregation and conflict influenced patterns of city residence, public housing, and renewal policies. Racial unrest and the civil rights movements helped generate "social" and advocacy planning. In the last two decades, the status of black urban life has become an increasingly important issue for those who plan central cities and metropolitan areas. It is time to recognize these linkages and address them more forthrightly. This is a particularly important area of concern for planning educators.
Banners for the Street: Reclaiming Space and Designing Change with Urban Youth
Authors: Breitbart Myrna Margulies
Published: March 2007

This article underscores the importance to childrens' development of utilizing urban neighborhoods-even problematic ones—as arenas for critical learning and intervention. It describes one participatory public art project undertaken with young people in a low income neighborhood in Holyoke, Massachusetts. The project provided teens with an opportunity to critically assess and positively revision their neighborhood through exploratory walks, surveys, discussions, and design activities that culminated in the production of colorful banners. In a larger context, the article goes on to explore methods to help young people claim a more central place in the life of their cities and begin to effect environmental change. It examines obstacles to such endeavors and considers how those in the planning and design professions might help support such efforts.
Local Planning and Economic Restructuring: A Synthetic Interpretation of Urban Redevelopment
Authors: Hackworth Jason
Published: March 2007

This paper presents an analysis of commercial land redevelopment in the Phoenix Metropolitan area during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Using four specific cases, I show how local landscape change is connected to the broader forces of urban restructuring. In addition, I discuss important differences between the city-building process in a central core and a suburban process within this structural context. The local deviations from the structural context are explained vis-à-vis the Phoenix regional economy, conservative political culture, and relative youth on the American urban frontier.
The TAAS Case: A Recapitulation and Beyond
Authors: Bernal Ernesto M. , Valencia Richard R.
Published: March 2007

The authors organize this article around five areas of discussion: First is a recapitulation of the major issues germane to the Texas Assessment of Academic Skills case. Next, the authors discuss the second wave of standards-based school reform in Texas, embodied in Senate Bill 4, pending legislation that would eliminate social promotion and institutionalize retention at several promotional gates for students who fail the state-mandated achievement test. The third section discusses a development at the federal level that could have profound effect on limiting the use of high-stakes tests in standards-based school reform movement in the United States. The fourth part, addressed to psychometricians and policy makers, reviews some of the lessons learned about state-mandated testing from the TAAS case. The final section speculates on what the real agenda for the TAAS may be in terms of maintaining the general social and economic value of the high school diploma at the expense of nondominant racial/ethnic students.
Locus of Control, Self-Esteem, and Field Independence as Predictors of School Achievement Among Anglo American and Mexican American Children
Authors: Nelson William , Knight George P. , Kagan Spencer , Gumbiner Jann
Published: March 2007

The relation of measures of locus of control, self-esteem, and field independence to the reading and math achievement of 170 Mexican American and Anglo American children is explored. The Anglo American-Mexican American school achievement gap was confirmed, but no significant cultural difference on any personality variable was observed. The intercorrelations among the personality variables and between the personality variables and school achievement were greater among Mexican American children compared to Anglo American children, and the per sonality variables were also more highly related to school achievement for Mexican American children. This pattern of results is discussed as possibly due to (a) a greater impact of school achievement on personality for Mexican Americans; (b) personality differences as more important precursors of school achievement among Mexican Americans; (c) lack of cultural equivalence of meaning of the personality variables; and (d) grade as a mediating variable. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Achieved Reading Level, Self-Esteem, and Grades as Related to Length of Exposure to Bilingual Education
Authors: Curiel Herman , Stenniung Walter F. , Cooper-Stenning Peggy
Published: March 2007

A quasi-experimental design was used to compare two groups of Mexican American seventh-grade students enrolled in a tra ditional junior high school where all subjects of the curriculum were presented in English. The experimental group (N = 86) had previously been taught for 1 or more years in an elementary bilingual program. The control group (N = 90) consisted of students who had attended a traditional elementary program in which all subjects were presented in English. The dependent variables examined for comparison purposes included sixth- and seventh-grade English reading levels, grade point average achieved during grades one through six and for the seventh grade, and a self-esteem measure at the completion of the sev enth grade. Results showed that shorter versus longer periods of time spent in the elementary bilingual program had no effect on the experimental students' seventh-grade school perfor mance (i.e., English reading scores, grade point average, and self-esteem). The experimental students obtained a significantly higher grade point average for grades one through six, but no significant differences were found between the two groups in the seventh grade. The control students achieved higher scores on all three measures of reading (i.e., comprehension, language skills, and vocabulary) at the sixth-grade level, but scored sig nificantly higher only in English language skills at the comple tion of the seventh grade. No significant differences were found between the two groups on self-concept.
Sex-Role Traditionalism, Assertiveness, and Symptoms of Puerto Rican Women Living in the United States
Authors: Soto Elaine , Shaver Phillip
Published: March 2007

Clinical experience with Puerto Rican women living in the United States and a review of relevant literature suggested a casual model relating acculturation, sex-role traditionalism, assertiveness, and symptoms of mental and physical illness. A questionnaire (in either Spanish or English) containing objectively scored measures of migration history, educational attainment, sex-role traditionalism, assertiveness, and symptoms was completed by 278 Puerto Rican women living in the New York metropolitan area. The questionnaire also asked about religious beliefs and practices as well as family background. Correlational and path-analytic results indicated that second-generation Puerto Rican women (those born in the United States), when compared with first-generation counterparts, were better educated and less sex-role traditional. As hypothesized, sex-role traditionalism correlated negatively with assertiveness, and assertiveness in turn correlated negatively with symptoms. Implications of the results for clinicians and educators are discussed.
Mexican Americans: Labeling and Mislabeling
Authors: Lampe Philip E.
Published: March 2007

There is an ethnic group in the United States which is increasinlg in impor-tance. Study of this group is hindered, however, because of a lack of coordination among social scientists. A variety of etlhniic labels are applied by social scientists to those who have ancestral ties to Mexico. This is found in official census data as well, where changes in terminology and classification appear frequently. Such a situation is unfortunate for it makes the study of this ethnic group more problematic. In order to facilitate comparisons between studies and to aid in the accumulation of a I)odv of knowledge, it is imperative that some agreemenit be reached amnong social scientists and a common terminology be adopted.
Language Orientation and Mental Health Status among Persons of Mexican Descent
Authors: Ortiz Vilma , Arce Carlos H.
Published: March 2007

This paper demonstrates that the relationship between language orientation and mental health varies by level of socioeconomic statuis. Amuong lower status Mexican Americans, whose language orienitation ranged primarily from exclusive Spanish use to the use of both languages equally, greater use of Spanish led to worse miienital health. Amuong higher status Chicanos, whose language orientation ranged primarily from exclusive English use to the use of both languages equally, greater use of English led to worse mental health. The major implication of this study is that Chicanos who incorporate behavioral aspects of American culture to the total exclusion of Mexican culture are less healthy while those who incorporate both cultures simultaneously are psychologically healthier.
The Extent and Relevance of Pre-High School Attrition and Delayed Education for Hispanics
Authors: Hirano-Nakanishi Marsha
Published: March 2007

Hispanics have a high dropout rate from school. Using the 1976 Survey of Income and Education, analyses were conducted to assess when in the schooling process Hispanics drop out from school. Focusing on Hispanics aged 14 to 25 years, findings suggest that 40% of all Hispanic dropouts leave school before reaching the 10th grade, with most of the pre-high school attrition occurring at the junior high school level. Dropping out among Hispanics peaks in the 11th grade (30% of all Hispanic dropouts), followed by a sharp decline in the 12th grade (7%). Pre-high school attrition clearly is a serious problem for Hispanics, suggesting the need for investigation focusing on the critical junior high school period in which significant numbers of Hispanic youth not only drop out of school, but also experience substantial delays in their educational progress. It is also suggested that pre-high school attrition statistics be placed in the category of social indicators which are analyzed on a regular basis for Hispanics, as well as other relevant subgroups, in order to review trends regarding this most serious issue.
Alcohol Services for Mexican Americans: A Review of Utilization Patterns, Treatment Considerations and Prevention Activities
Authors: Gilbert M. Jean , Cervantes Richard C.
Published: March 2007

There currently exists an information gap between researchers and providers of services aimed at the Mexican American alcoholic population. While epidemiologic-based information has surfaced, providing more detailed information on high-risk segments of the Mexican American population, currently little is known with respect to the forms of alcohol treatment most relevant and effective in alleviating abuse and dependency in this ethnic group. The intent of this review was to provide a bridge in information by synthesizing the available literature which addresses: (a) utilization patterns of alcohol-related services by Mexican Americans; (b) existing therapeutic approaches which take into account cultural factors, and; (c) existing approaches to alcohol abuse education and prevention for this population. Finally, recomnmendations for future alcohol service research aimed at the Mexican American population are suggested.
Acculturative Stress and Specific Coping Strategies among Immigrant and Later Generation College Students
Authors: Mena Francisco J. , Padilla Amado M. , Maldonado Margarita
Published: March 2007

Acculturative stress and specific coping strategies were assessed in a group of 214 multicultural college undergraduates of both sexes who were divided into four generational status groups: early immigrants (immigrated before 12 years of age) and late immigrants (immigrated after age 12), second-generation and third-generation. Also explored was the relationship of acculturative stress to self-esteem, locus of control and loyalty to American culture. The self-administered questionnaire contained the short version of the Padilla SAFE Acculturative Stress Measure, a loyalty toward American culture scale, Rotter's Internal/External Locus of Control scale, and the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory. Findings revealed that late immigrant students experienced greater acculturative stress than the other groups. Also, late immigrants coped with stress more frequently by taking a direct, planned action (individualistic) approach, while secondand third-generation groups more often coped by talking to others about the problem (social network). Early immigrants employed both coping strategies.
Alcohol Consumption Patterns in Immigrant and Later Generation Mexican American Women
Authors: Gilbert M. Jean
Published: March 2007

Using data from a re-analysis of a 1976 survey of alcohol patterns among Latinos in California as a basis of comparison this article summarizes what is known about the drinking practices of immigrant Mexican women. Immigrant Mexican women's alcohol-related practices are compared with those of women in several pertinent groups: Mexicans in Mexico, other U.S. Latinas and, most particularly, later generation Mexican American women. Immigrant women s drinking is also contrasted with that of their male counterparts. Evidence that increased drinking among U.S.-born women of Mexican heritage takes place in a context of culture change and acculturation is reviewed. Finally, changes in the direction of greater permissiveness and rationalization of alcohol use among later generationi Mexican American women are demonstrated.
Hispanic Familism and Acculturation: What Changes and What Doesn't?
Authors: Sabogal Fabio , Marín Gerardo , Otero-Sabogal Regina , Marín Barbara Vanoss , Perez-Stable Eliseo J.
Published: March 2007

This investigation studied the effects of acculturation on attitudinal familism in 452 Hispanics compared to 227 white nonHispanics. Despite differences in the national origin of Hispanics, Mexican-, Central -and Cuban-Americans reported similar attitudes toward the family indicating that familism is a core characteristic in the Hispanic culture. Three basic dimensions of familism were found: Familial obligations, perceived support from the family and family as referents. The high level of perceived family support, invariable despite changes in acculturation, is the most essential dimension of Hispanic familism. Familial obligations and the perception of the family as referents appear to diminish with the level of acculturation, but the perception of family support doesn't change. Although these two dimensions of familism decrease concurrently with the level of acculturation, the attitudes of persons with high levels of acculturation are more familistic than those of white nonHispanics.
Ethnicity, Emotional Distress, Stress-Related Disruption, and Coping among HIV Seropositive Gay Males
Authors: Ceballos-Capitaine Alicia , Szapocznik Jose , Blaney Nancy T. , Morgan Robert O. , Millon Carrie , Eisdorfer Carl
Published: March 2007

Differences in psychosocial factors that impact immune function and which, therefore, are relevant to HIV infection have been reported between Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites in the cross-cultural literature. To determine whether there were differences between Hispanic and non-Hispanic white HIV-seropositive homosexual males on life stressors, coping style, social support, and emotional distress, a sample (Hispanics = 27, non-Hispanic whites = 49) of participants in a five-year longitudinal study of HIV disease progression was assessed on relevant measures. Hispanics in this sample were not found to evidence psychosocial deficits as compared to non-Hispanic whites. Although not more stressed overall, Hispanics reportedhigher severity of stress on daily interactions related to their homosexual lifestyle than did their non-Hispanic white counterparts. Level ofacculturation isproposedas apossible explanation forthe striking similarities along most other psychosocial parameters.
English in the Barrio: The Quality of Contact among Immigrant Children
Authors: Shannon Sheila M.
Published: March 2007

Findings from a two-year, sociolinguistic study of the use of English among five school-age immigrant children are reported. Data collection included participant observation of natural language use in the everyday lives of the children. The five children in the study are recent Mexican and Central American immigrants living in a Northern California barrio, a community populated primarily by other Spanish-speaking immigrants. Thefindings regarding the children's use of English discussed in this article allow a contrast between examples of what is called substantial or minimal contact with English. These selected findings illustrate how each of the five children's use of their second language could be facilitated or hindered, and how contact with English depended principally upon the children's English abilities. Implications for educational practice that concern Spanish-speaking immigrants who live in a relatively segregated community of a barrio are drawn from these findings.
Meta-Analysis of Latino Students' Adjustment in Higher Education
Authors: Quintana Stephen M. , Vogel Martha C. , Ybarra Veronica C.
Published: March 2007

Meta-analytic review of 44 studies exploring Latino students'psychological adjustment to postsecondary education over the past 2 decades revealed that, compared toAnglos, Latino students scored higher on academic andfinancial stress measures and valuing of education. These and other findings were statistically significant, but the practical significance (ie., effect sizes) of much of this literature was small. In order to increase the magnitude of effect sizes, it was recommended that ethnic classification be based not on demographic variables, but on psychological indices of ethnicity. Furthermore, more culturally relevant dependent variables should inprove the quality of research conducted on Latino university students.
CES-D Factor Structure among Mexican American and Puerto Rican Women from Single-and Couple-Headed Households
Authors: Stroup-Benham Christine A. , Lawrence Renee H. , Trevifio Fernando M.
Published: March 2007

Use of data from the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey demonstrated inconsistencies in the factor structure of the Centerfor Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) across female Hispanic household types (ie., with children living at home). There are differences in the number offactors generatedfor single females and women of couple-headed households and incongruities reganing which items load on factors across groups. Ratherthan thefourfactors that have emergedforAnglo married women, the authors'findings indicate nonidentical three-factor solutions (Psychosomatic, Interpersonal, and Positive Affect) for married Puerto Rican and Mexican American women. The findings highlight the importance of considering theoretical and cultural influences when evaluating the structural components of the CES-D.
A Comparison of Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children Reliability for Mexican-Americans and Non-Hispanic Whites
Authors: Hernandez Arthur E. , Willson Victor
Published: March 2007

Reliability estimates were calculated for the Mexican-American and non-Hispanic White standardization samples at eleven age levels on the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children using computed variance components. These estimates were compared as ratios of error variances and evaluated using F distributions. Ratios for the two groups at all age levels proved to be nonsignificant, indicative of statistically equivalent reliabilities for the two groups. Coefficients were, with two exceptions, similar in magnitude. Although nota proof of nonbias, this demonstration supports the notion that error in this instance is a function that is constant across groups.