bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acid-Base Equilibria of Substituted Pyridine N-Oxides in N,N-Dimethylformamide and Dimethyl Sulfoxide
Authors: Chmurzynski L , Warnke Z
Published: September 2010

Acidity constants have been determined potentiometrically for a variety of conjugate acids of substituted pyridine N-oxides in N,N- dimethylformamide ( dmf ) and dimethyl sulfoxide ( dmso ). The pKa values in these solvents varied in the same direction and correlated with the pKa values of these species in water and in the protophobic aprotic solvent acetonitrile. Further, a linear relationship has been established between the pKa values in the two protophilic aprotic solvents under study. The most basic substituted pyridine N-oxides exhibited a weak tendency towards cationic homoconjugation in dmf , whereas in the more basic dmso the homoconjugation equilibrium was not established for any of the heterocyclic N-oxides. The phenomenon of cationic homoconjugation was also not observed with pyridine as a representative of heterocyclic amines, both in dmf and dmso. This finding complies with the results obtained in other polar aprotic solvents.
The Ethane-1,2-diol/Water Solvent System: Densities and Excess Molar Volumes at Various Temperatures
Authors: Corradini F , Franchini G , Marcheselli L , Tassi L , Tosi G
Published: September 2010

Densities (p) are presented for aqueous binary mixtures of ethane-1,2-diol at different mole fractions covering the whole miscibility field and at various temperatures (t) in the -10 ≤ t/°C ≤ +80 range. The values of the excess molar volume ( VE ) are discussed in terms of: ( i ) the influence of interactions between the components; (ii) order and degree of packing in the pure species and in the mixtures; (iii) free volume differences.
Sulfonyl Esters. IV. The Preparation of Aryl Dichloromethane- and Aryl Trichloromethane-sulfonate Esters
Authors: Langler RF , Leblanc LM , Smith LL
Published: September 2010

The chlorination of carbanions stabilized by a sulfonate linkage has been examined. The goal of effective one-pot conversions of phenols into aryl dichloromethanesulfonates and aryl trichloromethanesulfonates was realized by using p-methylsulfonylphenyl chloromethanesulfonate and N- chlorosuccinimide as the reagent system.
Bicyclo[2.1.1]hex-1-yl Cation: an Ab Initio Study of the C6H9+ Potential-Energy Surface
Authors: Schiesser CH
Published: September 2010

An extensive investigation of the C6H9+ potential-energy surface by ab initio molecular orbital theory is reported. Calculations at the RHF/6-31G* level of theory predict that the bicyclo[2.1.1]hex-1-yl cation (2b) rearranges to the 3-methylenecyclopentyl cation (7b) with an energy barrier of only 0.3 kJ mol-1. Inclusion of electron correlation in the calculation casts doubt on the gas-phase existence of (2b) which is predicted to rearrange without barrier at the MP2/6-31G* level of theory.
Cobalt(III) Complexes of the 10-Membered Macrocycle 1,4,7-Triazacyclodecane. The Structure of trans-Bis(1,4,7-triazacyclodecane)cobalt(III) Perchlorate
Authors: Hambley TW , Hambley TW , Searle GH , Searle GH
Published: September 2010

The crystal structure of trans-[Co( tacd )2](ClO4)3 has been determined by X-ray diffraction methods and refined to a residual of 0.054 for 2477 independent observed reflections. The crystals are monoclinic, P 21/c, a 18.627(2), b 9.3438(5), c 16.057(2)Ǻ, β 119.45(2)°. Two complex cations are located at centres of symmetry and the ligands adopt λ,δ,chair conformations. Bond lengths from cobalt to nitrogen atoms in the six- membered ring (average 1.995 Ǻ) are significantly longer than those only associated with five- membered rings (average 1.961 Ǻ).
Surface Concentrations and Compound Formation in Aqueous Sulfuric Acid
Authors: Phillips LF
Published: September 2010

The concentration of free water molecules at the surface of a strong sulfuric acid solution is found to be very low, mainly as a consequence of the formation of acid hydrates. Values of equilibrium constants and enthalpy changes for successive hydration reactions of H2SO4 have been calculated from the variation of water vapour pressure with acid strength and temperature. The results support the conclusion of Fried et al. that the rate of reaction of a molecule such as N2O5 with a sulfuric acid aerosol is controlled by the rate at which the molecule can penetrate into the bulk of the liquid.
Synthesis, Characterization and X-Ray Crystal Structure of {H2B(Me2C3N2H)2}MoIVO(S2PPrI2)
Authors: Laughlin LJ , Gulbis JM , Tiekink ERT , Young CG
Published: September 2010

Reaction of MoO (S2PPri2)2 and K{H2B(Me2C3N2H)2} in
refluxing toluene produces green, diamagnetic, air-stable {H2B(Me2C3N2H)2}MoIVO(S2Ppri2)(1), which has been characterized by analytical, mass spectrometric, infrared and n.m.r. spectroscopic, and X-ray crystallographic techniques. Crystals of (1) are triclinic and belong to space group Pī , with a 10.289(1), b 13.601(2), c 8.737(1) Ǻ, α 94.31(1), β 107.71(1), γ 79.56(1)°, V 1145.2 Ǻ3 and Z 2. The structure was solved by Patterson and Fourier methods and refined by using 3631 reflections to a final R value of 0.024 ( Rw 0.041). The five-coordinate square pyramidal complex is composed of apical terminal oxo [Mo-O(1) 1.658(2)Ǻ] and bidentate H2B(Me2C3N2H)2- and S2PPri2- ligands coordinated to molybdenum. Ferrocenium oxidation of (1) produces the mononuclear molybdenum(V) complex [{H2B(Me2C3N2H)2}MoVO(S2Ppri2)]+ ( e.p.r .: g 1.964, a(95,97Mo) 41.7×10-4cm-1, a(31P) 30.1×10-4 cm-1).
Cluster Chemistry. XCV. Some More Chemistry of Ru3(μ-dppm )(CO)10: Reactions With Allyl Bromide, Dimethyl Disulfide and AuCl(PPh3), and Preparation of Some Complexes Containing Tertiary Phosphines and Phosphites. X-Ray Structure of Ru3(μ-H)(μ-SMe)(μ-dppm)(CO)8
Authors: Bruce MI , Humphrey PA , Surynt RJ , Tiekink ERT
Published: September 2010

Reactions between Ru3(μ-dppm )(CO)10 and several reagents have been studied. With allyl bromide, cluster breakup occurs to give binuclear Ru2(μ-Br)(μ-C3H5)(μ- dppm )(CO)4. With Me2S2, binuclear Ru2(μ- SMe )2(μ- dppm )(CO)4 and trinuclear Ru3(μ-H)(μ- SMe )(μ- dppm )(CO)8 are obtained; the X-ray structure of the latter has been determined. With AuCl (PPh3), addition to one Ru-Ru bond gives AuRu3(μ- Cl )(μ- dppm )(CO)8(PPh3). Some data on tertiary phosphine substituted products formed in reactions with PMe3, PPh3, P(C6H4Me-3)3, P(C6H4Me-4)3, P( OMe )3, P(OCH2CF3)3, dppe and Fe(η-C5H4PPh2)2 are also given.
Evaluation of Ionic and Solvent Components of the Liquid-Junction Potential Between Aqueous and Several Aquo-Organic Solutions
Authors: Kahanda C , Popovych O
Published: September 2010

Values of Ej,ion, the ionic component of the liquid-junction potential Ej, were calculated for the HCl,H2O |HCl,S2 and KCl,H2O | KCl,S2 junctions, where S2 was EtOH-H2O, HCONMe2- H2O and Me2SO-H2O solvents, and for the AgNO3,H2O | AgNO3,MeCN-H2O junction, over the entire mixed-solvent ranges. Both the old approximate equation for Ej,ion and our improved equation, which accounts for the variation of the ionic transport numbers t and chemical potentials Go in the interphase region, were used. Significant differences between the two equations were observed for systems where the t and ΔtG° functions dnisplayed extrema against the mixed-solvent composition. The highest Ej,ion value was 395 mV, for the HCl,H2O | HCl,Me2SO junction. Values of Ej,s,the solvent component of Ej, were calculated by subtracting the corresponding Ej,ion values from the total Ej, which was evaluated in each case from the e.m.f , of a cell with the liquid junction of interest and the transfer activity coefficient of the electroactive ion, estimated by the tetraphenylborate assumption. The magnitude of Ej,s was significant for the junctions between H2O and most of the solvents, and was particularly large for those involving dipolar aprotic solvents and highly solvated ions. The maximum Ej,s value was -201 mV, observed for the junction HCl,H2O|HCl,100% Me2SO.
The Mechanism and Stereochemistry of Chlorination of Some 2,4-Dichloro-6-methylphenols; X-Ray Crystal Structures of Some Polyhalo Ketones
Authors: Gordon JLM , Hartshorn MP , Martyn RJ , Robinson WT , Wright GJ
Published: September 2010

The additions of chlorine to the 2,4,6-trichloro-5,6-dimethyl- (7a) and 2,4,6-trichloro-6-methyl- (7b) cyclohexa-2,4-dienones to give pentachlorocyclohexenones (8)-(11) are described. The stereochemistry of some of these additions has been determined from structural studies of the chlorination products of the 2,4-dibromophenols (12). X-Ray crystal structure determinations are reported for compounds (11b), (18), (20) and (23).
Binuclear Complexes From Tetraimidazole Ligands and Zinc(II) Ions
Authors: Harding MM , Sargeant B , Bilyk A , Augoloupis S
Published: September 2010

The design and synthesis of the new ligand bbn, which contains two bisimidazole coordination sites, separated by a 2,6-disubstituted naphthalene, is reported. In the presence of zinc(II), the ligand forms a 2:2 complex, whose structure has been studied by variable-temperature n.m.r. spectroscopy. In CD3OD and CD3CN, the spectra have been assigned to a mixture of labile [2+2] complexes which interchange through solvent coordination. In the presence of copper(II), a clean 2:2 complex does not form, while silver(I) or cadmium(II) did not interact with bbn.
Metal-Directed Synthesis of Macrocyclic Tetraamines With Pendant Nitro or Amine Groups, Based on trans-Cyclohexane-1,2-diamine
Authors: Bernhardt PV , Comba P , Elliott BL , Lawrance GA , Maeder M , Oleary MA , Wei G , Wilkes EN
Published: September 2010

Reaction of R,R:S,S-, R,R:R,R(or S,S:S,S)- bis (trans-cyclohexane-1,2-diamine)copper(II) with formaldehyde and nitroethane in aqueous base yields the macrocyclic molecular cation (4,15-dimethyl-4,15-dimethyl-4,15-dinitro-2,6,13,17-tetraazatricyclo[16.4.0.07,12] docosane )copper(II) with two -NH-CH2-C(Me)(NO2)-CH2-NH-links completing the macrocycle, as well as the molecular cation [N,N′- bis (2-aminocyclohexyl)-2-methyl-2-nitropropane-1,3-diamine]copper(II) with a single such link inserted. The rigid polycylic macrocycle , based on a 14-membered tetraazacycloalkane ( cyclam ) frame, may exist as a number of isomers. Spectroscopic and chiroptical properties of the isolated complexes are reported. Reduction of the nitro groups with zinc in aqueous acid produces the corresponding molecules with primary amine (or ammonium) pendants in good yield, as metal-free hydrochloride salts.
Heterocyclic Tautomerism. VII. X-Ray Structures of Two Crystalline Tautomers of 4-Cinnamoyl-1,3-dimethylpyrazol-5-one
Authors: Guard JAM , Steel PJ
Published: September 2010

The orange crystalline form of 4-cinnamoyl-1,3-dimethylpyrazol-5-one (3) is shown to be the OH tautomer (3e) in which the OH proton is involved in a three-centre hydrogen bond to the intramolecular carbonyl oxygen and to the OH oxygen of an adjacent molecule related by a centre of inversion. Crystals of (3e) are monoclinic, P21/n, a 7.530(3), b 7.960(3), c 20.705(8) Ǻ, β 100.16(3)°, Z = 4; the structure was refined to a conventional R(I > 2σ(I)) = 0.051. The yellow form of (3) exists as a hydrate in which the NH tautomer (3b) is hydrogen-bonded to the oxygen of a water molecule which in turn is hydrogen-bonded to the carbonyl oxygens of two adjacent molecules. Crystals of (3b) are monoclinic, P21/n, a 8.295(3), b 12.813(4), c 12.888(4) Ǻ, β 98.55(3)°, Z = 4; the structure was refined to a conventional R(I > 2σ(I)) = 0.054. The structure of (3) in solution is also discussed.
Evaluation of Phosphoramide Derivatives of Carboxylic Acid Esters for the Alkylation of Tricarbonyliron Complexes With Weak Regiodirecting Groups
Authors: Stephenson GR , Milne K
Published: September 2010

Enolates derived from phosphoramide derivatives of carboxylic acid esters were found to act as regiocontrolled nucleophiles for the alkylation of tricarbonyl (η5-cyclohexadienyl)iron(1+) salts, even in cases where weak (Me) regiodirecting groups were present as unsymmetrically placed substituents. The nucleophiles, however, lacked the correct degree of basicity needed for high-yielding reactions.
Sulfonyl Esters. V. A Preparation of Dichloromethyl Sulfones
Authors: Langler RF , Steeves JL
Published: September 2010

α-Sulfonyl methyl esters have been chlorinated in the presence of base. Chlorination proceeds with accompanying demethoxycarbonylation to furnish dichloromethyl sulfones in good yields.
Synthesis of Cyclic Nitramines From Products of the Cyclocondensation Reaction of Guanidine With 2,3,5,6-Tetrahydroxypiperazine-1,4-dicarbaldehyde
Authors: Dagley IJ , Flippenanderson JL
Published: September 2010

The reaction of 2,3,5,6-tetrahydroxypiperazine-1,4-dicarbaldehyde (1) with guanidine hydrochloride in hydrochloric acid can be controlled to give 2,6-diiminododecahydrodiimidazo[4,5-b:4′,5′-e] pyrazine (2a) or the cis isomer of 4,5-diamino-2-iminoimidazolidine (4). Compound (4) reacts with formaldehyde, or formic acid followed by reduction, to give 2-iminooctahydroimidazo[4,5-d] imidazole (7). Treatment of (2a) or (7) with nitric acid gives dinitro derivatives that were isolated as nitric acid salts of the cyclic guanidines. Reaction of the dinitro derivatives with nitric acid/acetic anhydride in the presence of chloride ion gives 4,8-dinitro-2,6-bis( nitroimino ) dodecahydrodiimidazo -[4,5-b:4′,5′-e] pyrazine (3a) and 1,3-dinitro-5-( nitroimino ) octahydroimidazo [4,5-d] imidazole (9). The reaction of (7) with nitric acid/ trifluoroacetic anhydride was controlled to give either the tetranitro or a dinitro bis ( trifluoroacetyl ) derivative of the corresponding bicyclic urea.
Structural Chemistry of the Platinum Group Metals: the Palladacyclopentane Complex (Butane-1,4-diyl)(N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine)palladium(II)
Authors: Canty AJ , Skelton BW , Traill PR , White AH
Published: September 2010

A single-crystal X-ray structure determination of the reagent (butane-1,4-diyl)(N,N,N′,N′- tetramethylethylenediamine)palladium(II) has shown that crystals are orthorhombic, Pbca, a 15.832(3), b 14.128(9), c 11.451(3) Ǻ, Z 8. The square planar complex has puckered PdCH2CH2CH2CH2 and PdNMe2CH2CH2NMe2 rings in which the outer carbon atoms deviate by c. �0.35 Ǻ from the 'PdC2N2' mean plane.
Transformation and crystallization energetics of synthetic and biogenic amorphous calcium carbonate
Authors: Radha A. V. , Forbes Tori Z. , Killian Christopher E. , Gilbert P. U. P. A. , Navrotsky Alexandra
Published: September 2010

Amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) is a metastable phase often observed during low temperature inorganic synthesis and biomineralization. ACC transforms with aging or heating into a less hydrated form, and with time crystallizes to calcite or aragonite. The energetics of transformation and crystallization of synthetic and biogenic (extracted from California purple sea urchin larval spicules,
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
) ACC were studied using isothermal acid solution calorimetry and differential scanning calorimetry. Transformation and crystallization of ACC can follow an energetically downhill sequence: more metastable hydrated ACC → less metastable hydrated ACC⇒anhydrous ACC ∼ biogenic anhydrous ACC⇒vaterite → aragonite → calcite. In a given reaction sequence, not all these phases need to occur. The transformations involve a series of ordering, dehydration, and crystallization processes, each lowering the enthalpy (and free energy) of the system, with crystallization of the dehydrated amorphous material lowering the enthalpy the most. ACC is much more metastable with respect to calcite than the crystalline polymorphs vaterite or aragonite. The anhydrous ACC is less metastable than the hydrated, implying that the structural reorganization during dehydration is exothermic and irreversible. Dehydrated synthetic and anhydrous biogenic ACC are similar in enthalpy. The transformation sequence observed in biomineralization could be mainly energetically driven; the first phase deposited is hydrated ACC, which then converts to anhydrous ACC, and finally crystallizes to calcite. The initial formation of ACC may be a first step in the precipitation of calcite under a wide variety of conditions, including geological CO
2
sequestration.
Visual rapid naming and phonological abilities: Different subtypes in dyslexic children
Authors: Araújo Susana , Pacheco Andreia , Faísca Luís , Petersson Karl Magnus , Reis Alexandra
Published: September 2010

One implication of the double‐deficit hypothesis for dyslexia is that there should be subtypes of dyslexic readers that exhibit rapid naming deficits with or without concomitant phonological processing problems. In the current study, we investigated the validity of this hypothesis for Portuguese orthography, which is more consistent than English orthography, by exploring different cognitive profiles in a sample of dyslexic children. In particular, we were interested in identifying readers characterized by a pure rapid automatized naming deficit. We also examined whether rapid naming and phonological awareness independently account for individual differences in reading performance. We characterized the performance of dyslexic readers and a control group of normal readers matched for age on reading, visual rapid naming and phonological processing tasks. Our results suggest that there is a subgroup of dyslexic readers with intact phonological processing capacity (in terms of both accuracy and speed measures) but poor rapid naming skills. We also provide evidence for an independent association between rapid naming and reading competence in the dyslexic sample, when the effect of phonological skills was controlled. Altogether, the results are more consistent with the view that rapid naming problems in dyslexia represent a second core deficit rather than an exclusive phonological explanation for the rapid naming deficits. Furthermore, additional non‐phonological processes, which subserve rapid naming performance, contribute independently to reading development.
Strike point control for the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX)
Authors: Kolemen E. , Gates D.A. , Rowley C.W. , Kasdin N.J. , Kallman J. , Gerhardt S. , Soukhanovskii V. , Mueller D.
Published: September 2010

This paper presents the first control algorithm for the inner- and outer-strike point position for a Spherical Torus (ST) fusion experiment and the performance analysis of the controller. A liquid lithium divertor (LLD) will be installed on NSTX which is believed to provide better pumping than lithium coatings on carbon PFCs. The shape of the plasma dictates the pumping rate of the lithium by channelling the plasma to LLD, where the strike point location is the most important shape parameter. Simulations show that the density reduction depends on the proximity of the strike point to LLD. Experiments were performed to study the dynamics of the strike point, design a new controller to change the location of the strike point to the desired location and stabilize it. The most effective poloidal field (PF) coils in changing inner- and outer-strike points were identified using equilibrium code. The PF coil inputs were changed in a step fashion between various set points and the step response of the strike point position was obtained. From the analysis of the step responses, proportional–integral–derivative controllers for the strike points were obtained and the controller was tuned experimentally for better performance. The strike controller was extended to include the outer-strike point on the inner plate to accommodate the desired low outer-strike points for the experiment with the aim of achieving ‘snowflake’ divertor configuration in NSTX.
3D modelling of negative ion extraction from a negative ion source
Authors: Mochalskyy S. , Lifschitz A.F. , Minea T.
Published: September 2010

The development of a suitable negative ion source constitutes a crucial step in the construction of the neutral beam injector of ITER. To fulfil the ITER requirements in terms of heating and current drive, the negative ion source should deliver 40 A of D−. The achievement of such a source constitutes a technical and scientific challenge, and it requires a deeper understanding of the underlying physics of the source. The present knowledge of the ion extraction mechanism from the negative ion source is limited. It constitutes a complex problem that involves understanding the behaviour of magnetized plasma sheaths when negative ions and electrons are pulled out from the plasma. Moreover, due to the asymmetry induced by the crossed magnetic configuration used to filter the electrons, any realistic study of this problem must consider the three spatial dimensions. To address this problem in a realistic way, a 3D particles-in-cell electrostatic code specifically designed for this system was developed. The code uses a Cartesian coordinate system and it can deal with complex boundary geometry as it is the case of the extraction apertures (Hemsworth et al
2009 Nucl. Fusion
49 045006). The complex magnetic field that is applied to deflect electrons is also taken into account. This code, called ONIX, was used to investigate the plasma properties and the transport of negative ions and electrons close to a source extraction aperture. Results in the collisionless approach on the formation of the plasma meniscus and the screening of the extraction field by the plasma are presented here, as well as negative ions trajectories. Negative ion extraction efficiency from volume and surfaces is discussed.
Click-words: learning to predict document keywords from a user perspective
Authors: Islamaj Doğan Rezarta , Lu Zhiyong
Published: September 2010

Motivation: Recognizing words that are key to a document is important for ranking relevant scientific documents. Traditionally, important words in a document are either nominated subjectively by authors and indexers or selected objectively by some statistical measures. As an alternative, we propose to use documents' words popularity in user queries to identify click-words, a set of prominent words from the users' perspective. Although they often overlap, click-words differ significantly from other document keywords.

Results: We developed a machine learning approach to learn the unique characteristics of click-words. Each word was represented by a set of features that included different types of information, such as semantic type, part of speech tag, term frequency–inverse document frequency (TF–IDF) weight and location in the abstract. We identified the most important features and evaluated our model using 6 months of PubMed click-through logs. Our results suggest that, in addition to carrying high TF–IDF weight, click-words tend to be biomedical entities, to exist in article titles, and to occur repeatedly in article abstracts. Given the abstract and title of a document, we are able to accurately predict the words likely to appear in user queries that lead to document clicks.

Contact:  luzh@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Relatedness influences signal reliability in evolving robots
Authors: Mitri Sara , Floreano Dario , Keller Laurent
Published: September 2010

Communication is an indispensable component of animal societies, yet many open questions remain regarding the factors affecting the evolution and reliability of signalling systems. A potentially important factor is the level of genetic relatedness between signallers and receivers. To quantitatively explore the role of relatedness in the evolution of reliable signals, we conducted artificial evolution over 500 generations in a system of foraging robots that can emit and perceive light signals. By devising a quantitative measure of signal reliability, and comparing independently evolving populations differing in within-group relatedness, we show a strong positive correlation between relatedness and reliability. Unrelated robots produced unreliable signals, whereas highly related robots produced signals that reliably indicated the location of the food source and thereby increased performance. Comparisons across populations also revealed that the frequency for signal production—which is often used as a proxy of signal reliability in empirical studies on animal communication—is a poor predictor of signal reliability and, accordingly, is not consistently correlated with group performance. This has important implications for our understanding of signal evolution and the empirical tools that are used to investigate communication.
Evaluation of anti‐wrinkle effects of a novel cosmetic containing niacinamide
Authors: KAWADA Akira , KONISHI Natsuko , OISO Naoki , KAWARA Shigeru , DATE Akira
Published: September 2010

Niacinamide is known to have effectiveness on sallowness, wrinkling, red blotchiness and hyperpigmented spots in aging skin. In this study, we have evaluated the anti‐wrinkle effects of a new cosmetic containing niacinamide. A randomized, placebo‐controlled, split face study was performed in 30 healthy Japanese females who had wrinkles in the eye areas. The tested cosmetic containing 4% niacinamide was applied on wrinkles of one side for 8 weeks, and a control cosmetic without niacinamide on another site. Anti‐wrinkle effects were evaluated with two methods: (i) doctors’ observation and photographs based on the guideline of the Japan Cosmetic Industry Association; and (ii) average roughness of skin surface (Ra value) using skin replica. This cosmetic showed marked and moderate improvement in 64% of the subjects with a significant difference as compared with the control site (P < 0.001). Wrinkle grades in the tested area significantly reduced more than pre‐application (P < 0.001) and the control (P < 0.001). Reduction in Ra value on the tested area was more than pre‐application (P < 0.01) and the control site (P < 0.05) with significant differences Only one subject stopped the study with minimal irritation. These results indicated that the tested lotion was well tolerated and may be an optional preparation for the treatment of wrinkles in the eye areas.
Zur Histogenese der Herzbasisgeschwülste des Hundes
Authors: Stünzi H. , Teuscher E.
Published: September 2010

Es werden drei Herzbasisgeschwülste verschiedener Histogenese bei 3 älteren Hunden beschrieben. Bei einem wegen Kreislaufinsuffizienz getöteten Boxerrüden wurde peritheliomatöse Lagerung der Geschwulstzellen festgestellt. Die zytologische Struktur und der architektonische Aufbau sprechen für histogenetische Beziehungen zu einem in der Adventitia der großen Arterien gelegenen Chemorezeptor. Beim zweiten Fall lassen Form und Lagerung der Geschwulstzellen an ein von einem intraperikardial verlagerten Epithel‐körperchen ausgehendes Blastom denken. Diese Geschwulst hatte zur Bildung von Metastasen an der Herzbasis und in den Lungen geführt. Beim dritten Fall wurde als Zufallsbefund ein von einem verlagerten Schilddrüsenkeim ausgehendes Adenom beobachtet. Im Gegensatz zu den beiden ersten Fällen fehlten hier jegliche histologische Zeichen von Malignität.

On the histogenesis of tumors at the dog's heart basis

Three tumors of different histogenesis at the basis of the dog's heart of 3 rather old dogs are described.

In a male boxer, killed on account of circulation insufficiency a peritheliomatous arrangement of the tumor cells was observed. Cytological structure and architecture demonstrate a histogenetical relation with a chemoreceptor in the adventitia of the large arteries. In the second case shape and situation of the tumor cells point to an intrapericardial parathyreoidal blastoma. This caused metastasis at the heart basis and in the lungs. In third case an occasional adenoma originated from a deplaced thyroid germe was found. In this—unlike the first two cases—any histological signs of malignity were missing.

Sur l'histogenèse des tumeurs à la base du coeur du chien

Les auteurs décrivent trois tumeurs à la base du coeur d'histogenèse différente de 3 chiens assez âgés. On a constaté une arrangement périthéliomateuse des cellules du tumeur chez un boxer masculin, dont la mort a été causé par une insufficience de la circulation du sang. La structure cytologique et architectonique fait conclure à des relations histogénétiques avec un chemorecepteur dans la tunique adventice des grandes artères. Dans le deuxième cas, la forme et la position des cellules du tumeur permettent de supposer un blastome provoqué par des tissus parathyroïde déplacées dans le péricarde. Ce tumeur était la cause des métastases à la base du coeur et dans les poumons. Dans le troisième cas, on a observé par hasard un adénome qui a comme origine un germe déplacé de la glande thyroïde. Contrairement aux deux premiers cas examinés, toute indication histologique de malignité était absente.
Untersuchungen über die atypische Hühnerpest beim Fasan
Authors: Weidenmüller H. , Osthoff F.
Published: September 2010

Eine Virusinfektion, die sich klinisch vorwiegend in nervösen Symptomen äußerte, wurde in einem größeren Fasanenbestand festgestellt. Die pathologisch‐anatomische Untersuchung von 37 verendeten und getöteten Fasanen, Übertragungsversuche auf Huhn und Taube, die z. T. wiederholte Untersuchung des Serums kranker Tiere im Hämagglutinationshemmungs‐versuch sowie die Ergebnisse der histo‐pathologischen Untersuchung des zentralen und peripheren Nervensystems von 12 Fasanen sicherten die Diagnose atypische Hühnerpest.

Studies on the atypical fowl‐plague in pheasants

The authors describe a virus infection clinicaly characterised by disturbances of the nervous system. Pathological and anatomical examination of 37 dead and killed birds, artificial infection of hens and pigeons and the hemagglutination blocking test, finally histo‐pathological examinations of the central and peripheric nervous system of 12 birds confirmed the diagnosis: atypical fowl plague.

Recherches sur la peste aviaire atypique chez le faisan

Les auteurs ont constaté dans une groupe de faisans une infection provoquée par un virus manifestée surtout par des symptômes nerveux. L'examen anatomo‐pathologique de 37 faisans morts ou tués, l'essai de transmission effectués sur pigeons et poules, l'analyse partiellement répétée du sérum des animaux à l'aide du test d'inhibition de l'hémagglutination ainsi que les resultats des examens histo‐pathologiques du système nerveux central et périphérique de 12 faisans ont confirmé qu'il s'agit de la peste aviaire atypique.
Zur Wirkung des Vitamin A auf endokrine Systeme*
Authors: Bronsch K.
Published: September 2010

An wachsenden Ratten wird der durch Unterangebot von Vitamin A ausgelöste Mechanismus der Stoffwechselreduktion diskutiert, der die intermediären Abbauvorgänge hemmt und dadurch das Wachstumhormon nicht mehr zur vollen Wirkung kommen läβt. Dieser Vorgang wird nach dem Verschwinden der restlichen Vitamin‐A‐Reserven entkoppelt, und zwar dadurch, daβ die Synthese des Wachstumhormons gestört wird.

The Effect of Vitamin A on the Endocrine System

The discussion deals with the mechanism of reduced metabolism as a result of insufficient administration of Vitamin A to growing rats: this inhibits the intermediary breakdown stages and prevents the growth hormone from being fully effective. This process is released after the last remains of reserve Vitamin A are used up, because the synthesis of the growth hormone is disturbed.

L'action de la vitamine A sur les glandes endocrines

A la suite d'expériences faites sur des rats en période de croissance, l'auteur discute le mécanisme de la réduction du métabolisme provoqué par une offre insuffisante en vitamine A. Ce mécanisme a une action inhibitrice sur les processus intermédiaires de désintégration moléculaire et empêche ainsi l'hormone de croissance d'agir pleinement. Ce processus est déclanché après la disparition des dernières réserves de vitamine A, par suite de perturbations dans la synthèse de l'hormone de croissance.

La acción de la vitamina A sobre el sistema endocrino

Se discute el mecanismo de la reducción del metabolismo producido en ratas en crecimiento mediante un suministro incompleto de vitamina A, el cual inhibe los procesos intermediarios de la degradación y no permite con ello que la hormona del crecimiento desarrolle su total actividad. Este proceso se desencadena después de la desaparición de las reservas restantes de vitamina A y ya que se altera la síntesis de la hormona del crecimiento.
Die Verlagerungen der Bauch‐ und Brustorgane des Hundes bei verschiedenen Körperstellungen*
Authors: Habermehl Karl Heinz
Published: September 2010

Inhaltsverzeichnis: Einleitung. Material und Methode. Einfluß der Körperstellung auf die Rumpf‐ und Bauchraumform. Verhalten des großen Netzes bei verschiedenen Körperstellungen. Normalform und Normallage des Magens. Lage des Magens bei verschiedenen Körperstellungen. Normallage der Milz. Lage der Milz bei verschiedenen Körperstellungen. Normallage der Leber. Lage der Leber bei verschiedenen Körperstellungen. Normallage des Pankreas. Lage des Pankreas bei verschiedenen Körperstellungen. Normallage des Darmes. Lage des Darmes bei verschiedenen Körperstellungen. Normalstellung des Zwerchfells. Verhalten des Zwerchfells bei verschiedenen Körperstellungen. Verhalten der Lungenlappen und des Herzens bei verschiedenen Körperstellungen. Normallage der Nieren. Lage der Nieren, Ovarien und der Uterushörner bei verschiedenen Körperstellungen. Schlußbetrachtung. Schlußzusammenfassung. Literaturverzeichnis.
Ein Beitrag zur funktionellen Anatomie des Centrum tendineum des Zwerchfells von Hund und Katze
Authors: Krauss Hartmut
Published: September 2010

Der Zwerchfellspiegel des Hundes und der Katze wird makroskopisch auf seine Bestandteile und auf deren funktionelle Bedeutung untersucht.

Das Centrum tendineum besteht aus einem Grundsystem und einem verspannenden System von Sehnenfasern. Das entsprechende Zusammenwirken dieser beiden Systeme ermöglicht die einheitliche Funktion der zentralen Aponeurose des Zwerchfells, nämlich die Aufnahme der Zugkräfte der aus verschiedenen Richtungen einstrahlenden Muskelbündel. Bezüglich der Konstruktion des Centrum tendineum und der Anordnung der Sehnenfasern ergab sich eine weitgehende Übereinstimmung mit den für den Menschen beschriebenen Verhältnissen.

Contribution to the Functional Anatomy of the Central Tendinous portion of the Diaphragm of the Dog and Cat

The author carried out a macroscopic study of the elements which form the centre of the diaphragm in the dog and cat, and their functional importance.

The fibres of the tendinous centre form a basic system and a tension system, the combined action of which allows the central aponeurosis to intercept the pull of the muscle fibres coming from many different directions. Construction of the tendinous centre and the arrangement of the fibres in the dog and cat are very similar to those in man.

Contribution à l'étude de l'anatomie fonctionnelle du centre tendineux du diaphragme diez le chien et le chat

L'auteur étudie macroscopiquement les éléments qui forment le centre du diaphragme chez le chien et le chat et leur importance fonctionnelle.

Les fibres du centre tendineux forment unsystème fondamental et un système de tension. L'action combinée des deux systémes permet à l'aponévrose centrale du diaphragme d'intercepter les forces de traction des fibres musculaires venant de plusieurs directions. La construction du centre tendineux et l'assemblage des fibres tendineuses observés chez le chien et le chat offrent une grande analogie avec les descriptions effectuées chez l'homme.

Una contribución a la anatomía funcional del centro tendinoso del diafragma en el perro y en el gato

El centro tendinoso del perro y del gato es analizado macroscópicamente en sus partes integrantes y en su importancia funcional.

El centro aponeurótico consta de un sistema fundamental y de un sistema de refuerzo de fibras tendinosas. La cooperación simultánea de estos dos sistemas hace factible la función uniforme de la aponeurosis central del diafragma, esto es, la recepción de las fuerzas de tracción de los haces musculares que penetran desde varias direcciones. En cuanto a la estructuración del centro nervioso y a la disposición de las fibras tendinosas se observó una arnplia coincidencia con las descritas en el hombre.
Die Auftrennung der Proteine des Pferdeserums mit der MGF‐Elektrophorese‐Apparatur
Authors: Schuster E. , Mastmeier R.
Published: September 2010

Mit der von der MGF entwickelten Elektrophorese‐Apparatur (Trennkammer mit Netzgerät und Auswertegerät) wurden 25 Seren klinisch gesunder Pferde untersucht. Die für diese Apparatur spezifischen Normalwerte wurden ermittelt, statistisch ausgewertet und mit den Ergebnissen anderer Untersucher verglichen. Es konnte dabei festgestellt werden, daß die ermittelten Durchschnittswerte, unter Berücksichtigung apparativer und methodischer Unterschiede, mit denen anderer Autoren gut vergleichbar sind. Sie können bei Verwendung der oben beschriebenen Apparate und Methodik als Grundlage für wcitere Untersuchungen sowie gegebenenfalls für klinische Routineuntersuchungen dienen.

Separation of the serum proteins of the horse by means of the MGF Electrophoresis Apparatus

The sera of 25 clinically normal horses were examined with this apparatus and the normal values were analysed statistically and compared with the findings of other workers. The mean values were very similar to those of other workers when the differences in apparatus and technique were considered, and they can serve as a basis for further studies on healthy and diseased animals.

La séparation des protéines sériques du cheval à l'aide de l'appareil d'électrophorèse MGF

Au moyen de l'appareil pour électrophorèse mis au point par la MGF (chambre de séparation avec quadrillage et dispositif de lecture) on examina le sérum de 25 chevaux cliniquement sains. On rechercha les valeurs normales propres à cet appareil, on les soumit à une étude statistique et on les compara aux résultats obtenus par d'autres auteurs.

On put constater ainsi que les valeurs moyennes trouvés sont facilement comparables à celles qu'indiquent d'autres chercheurs en tenant compte des différences d'appareil et de méthode. Elles peuvent scrvir de base pour des recherches ultérieures ou, le cas échéant, pour des examens cliniques courants.

La separación de las proteínas séricas del caballo con el aparato de électroforesis de la MGF

Con el aparato de electroforesis desarollado por la MGF (cámara separadora con retículo y dispositivo de valoración) se analizaron 25 sueros de caballos clínicamente sanos. Se determinaron los valores específicos normales para este aparato, se interpretaron estadísticamente y se compararon con los resultados obtenidos por otros autores. Pudo comprobarse que los valores medios hallados, considerándose las diferencias debidas al aparato y técnica, se pueden equiparar muy bien con los de los demás investigadores. Utilizando los aparatos y el método arriba descritos pueden servir como base para nuevas investigaciones así como incluso para los análisis clínicos rutinarios.
Acetate Tolerance Test in Normal and Ketonaemic Cows*
Authors: Bouckaert J. H. , Oyaert W. , Segers J.
Published: September 2010

Acetate tolerance tests were performed on normal and ketonaemic cows. The effect of different treatments was investigated.

During the period of observation there was no difference in the 2 groups concerning the amount of ketone bodies formed from acetate.

Acetate disappeared at a slower rate from the blood of ketonaemic cows than from normal cows.

After treatment of ketonaemic cows with glucose, glucose plus insulin, or sterane no difference could be found as compared with normal animals.

Acetat‐Toleranz‐Prüfung bei gesunden und ketonaemischen Kühen

An gesunden und ketonaemischen Kühen wurden Acetat‐Toleranz‐Versuche vorgenommen und die Wirkung der verschiedenen Behandlungen untersucht.

Während der Beobachtungszeit wurden, was die Menge der von den Acetaten gebildeten Ketonkörper anbetrifft, keine Unterschiede innerhalb der beiden Gruppen festgestellt.

Acetate verschwinden aus dem Blut ketonaemischer Kühe langsamer als bei gesunden Tieren.

Nach der Behandlung ketonaemischer Kühe mit Glukose, mit Glukose und Insulin oder mit Sterane konnten keine Unterschiede zu den gesunden Tieren festgestellt werden.

Le test de tolérance aux acétates chez les vaches normales et les vaches acétonémiques

Des tests de tolérance aux acétates ont été effectués sur des vaches normales et sur des vaches acétonémiques. On rechercha également l'effet des divers traitements.

Pendant la période d'observation on ne remarqua pas de différence entre les deux groupes en ce qui concerne la quantité des corps cétoniques formés à partir des acétates.

Les acétates disparaissent plus lentement du sang des vaches acétonémiques que du sang des vaches normales.

Après traitement des vaches acétonémiques par le glucose, le glucose combiné à l'insuline ou le stérane, aucune différence ne put être trouvée avec les animaux en état normal.

Estudio de la tolerancia al acetato en las vacas sanas y cetonémicas

En vacas sanas y cetonémicas se realizaron ensayos sobre la tolerancia al acetato, analizándose la acción de los diversos traitamientos.

Durante el período de observación no se apreciaron diferencias entre los grupos en lo concerniente a cantidad de cuerpos cetónicos formados a partir de los acetatos.

Los acetatos desaparecen de la sangre de vacas cetonémicas con mayor lentitud que en los animales sanos.

Tras el tratamiento de las vacas cetonémicas con glucosa, con glucosa e insulina o con esteranos no se pudieron evidenciar alteraciones con relación a los animales sanos.
Beitrag zur Frage der sogenannten Schollenleukozyten
Authors: ZIPPER J.
Published: September 2010

Von 183 in einem Wildforschungsgebiet erlegten Rehen und 33 geschlachteten Schafen wurden aus der Leber und der Lunge entnommene Proben histologisch untersucht. Bei 197 dieser Tiere fanden wir entweder in beiden Organen (134) oder nur in einem von ihnen (63) große eosinophile Zellen (bis zu 30 μ Durchmesser), die auf Grund ihrer Morphologie und fast ausschließlichen Lokalisation im Epithel von Gallengängen und Bronchien den “Schollenleukozyten” WEILL'S entsprechen dürften. Sie werden ausführlich beschrieben und als mögliches pathologisches Phänomen diskutiert, da die untersuchten Organe zum allergrößten Teil parasitär bedingte Veränderungen aufwiesen.

Contribution to the question of so‐called globule leucocytes

I. Occurrence and morphology

Histological material from the liver and lungs was examined from 183 deer from an area devoted to the study of wild fauna and from 33 slaughtered sheep. In 197 of these animals the author found large eosinophilic cells (up to 30 μ diameter), in both organs in 134 and in one or other organ in 63. On the basis of their morphology and their almost exclusive localisation within the epithelium of the bile ducts and bronchi, these cells fit the description of “Schollenleukozyten” described by Weill. The cells are described in detail and are discussed as a possible pathological phenomenon, since the organs examined show for the most part lesions caused by parasites.

Contribution à l'étude des

I. Localisation et morphologie

(Les Schollenleukozyten sont des cellules contenant des granulations éosinophiles volumineuses.)

Sur 183 chevreuil tués dans une région d'étude du gibier et 33 moutons abattus on procéda à l'examen histologique de spécimens de foie et de poumon. Chez 197 de ces animaux on trouva soit dans les deux organes (134) ou seulement dans l'un d'eux (63) des grandes cellules éosinophiles (d'un diamètre pouvant atteindre 30 μ) qui sur la base de leur morphologie et de leur localisation presque exclusive dans les epitheliums des canaux biliaires et des bronches, devraient correspondre aux >Schollenleukozyten< de WEILL. Ils sont décrits en détail et discutés comme un possible phénomène pathologique, car les organes examinés contenaient pour la plupart des lésions d'origine parasitaire.

Contribucion al problema de los llamados leucocitos glebosos

I. Presencia y morfología

De 183 ciervos cazados en un recinto para estudiar los venados y 33 ovejas sacrificadas se analizaron muestras tomadas del hígado y del pulmón. En 197 de estos animales hallamos bien en ambos örganos (134) o solo en uno de ellos (63) grandes células eosinófilas (hasta 30 μ de diámetro), que debido a su morfología y la casi exclusiva localización en el epitelio de los conductos biliares y bronquios podrían corresponder a los >leucocitos glebosos< de WEILL.

Se describen con detalle y se discuten como posible fenémeno patológico, puesto que los órganos examinados presentaban en su mayor parte alteraciones condicionadas por parásitos.
REVISITING CHILD‐BASED OBJECTIONS TO COMMERCIAL SURROGACY
Authors: HANNA JASON K.M.
Published: September 2010

Many critics of commercial surrogate motherhood argue that it violates the rights of children. In this paper, I respond to several versions of this objection. The most common version claims that surrogacy involves child‐selling. I argue that while proponents of surrogacy have generally failed to provide an adequate response to this objection, it can be overcome. After showing that the two most prominent arguments for the child‐selling objection fail, I explain how the commissioning couple can acquire parental rights by paying the surrogate only for her reproductive labor. My explanation appeals to the idea that parental rights are acquired by those who have claims over the reproductive labor that produces the child, not necessarily by those who actually perform the labor. This account clarifies how commercial surrogacy differs from commercial adoption. In the final section of the paper, I consider and reject three further child‐based objections to commercial surrogacy: that it establishes a market in children's attributes, that it requires courts to stray from the best interests standard in determining custodial rights, and that it requires the surrogate to neglect her parental responsibilities. Since each of these objections fails, children's rights probably do not pose an obstacle to the acceptability of commercial surrogacy arrangements.
Traumatic triceps tendon avulsion in a cat
Authors: Liehmann L. , Lorinson D.
Published: September 2010

Traumatic avulsion of the triceps tendon was diagnosed in a 15‐month‐old, male, neutered European shorthair cat. Diagnosis was established clinically by palpation of a transverse groove proximal to the olecranon and by radiography. The avulsed end of the tendon was surgically reapposed using a modified three‐loop pulley suture and horizontal mattress sutures. Postoperatively, elbow flexion was limited for three weeks with the aid of a spica splint and by exercise restriction for six weeks. The cat showed no lameness after bandage removal up to the time of writing (seven months). Although rare, triceps tendon injuries can occur after a blunt trauma and should be included in the differential diagnosis of foreleg lameness in the cat. The modified three‐loop pulley suture in combination with subsequent immobilisation of the limb with a splinted bandage resulted in a successful outcome in this cat with a triceps tendon avulsion.