bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Syringeal muscles fit the trill in ring doves (Streptopelia risoriaL.)
Authors: Elemans C. P. H. , Spierts I. L. Y. , Hendriks M. , Schipper H. , Müller U. K. , van Leeuwen J. L.
Published: February 2006

In contrast to human phonation, the virtuoso vocalizations of most birds are modulated at the level of the sound generator, the syrinx. We address the hypothesis that syringeal muscles are physiologically capable of controlling the sound-generating syringeal membranes in the ring dove (Streptopelia risoria) syrinx. We establish the role of the tracheolateralis muscle and propose a new function for the sternotrachealis muscle. The tracheolateralis and sternotrachealis muscles have an antagonistic mechanical effect on the syringeal aperture. Here, we show that both syringeal muscles can dynamically control the full syringeal aperture. The tracheolateralis muscle is thought to directly alter position and tension of the vibrating syringeal membranes that determine the gating and the frequency of sound elements. Our measurements of the muscle's contractile properties, combined with existing electromyographic and endoscopic evidence, establish its modulating role during the dove's trill. The muscle delivers the highest power output at cycle frequencies that closely match the repetition rates of the fastest sound elements in the coo. We show that the two syringeal muscles share nearly identical contraction characteristics, and that sternotrachealis activity does not clearly modulate during the rapid trill. We propose that the sternotrachealis muscle acts as a damper that stabilizes longitudinal movements of the sound-generating system induced by tracheolateralis muscle contraction. The extreme performance of both syringeal muscles implies that they play an important role in fine-tuning membrane position and tension, which determines the quality of the sound for a conspecific mate.
Temperature resistance studies on the deep-sea vent shrimpMirocaris fortunata
Authors: Shillito Bruce , Le Bris Nadine , Hourdez Stéphane , Ravaux Juliette , Cottin Delphine , Caprais Jean-Claude , Jollivet Didier , Gaill Françoise
Published: February 2006

The shrimp Mirocaris fortunata is a hydrothermal vent species that is found at most vent-sites along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. This endemic species is found across a hydrothermal gradient, with thermal conditions ranging from 2–9°C in ambient seawater to fairly warm values of about 25°C. We performed in vivo experiments on M. fortunata specimens originating from different sites and depths (850 m to 2300 m), both at atmospheric pressure and in pressurized aquaria, to characterise the upper thermal limits of this species. Atmospheric pressure results show that thermal physiology should be studied at each population's native pressure. At in situ pressure, shrimps from Menez Gwen (850 m depth) and Lucky Strike(1700 m depth) do not survive temperatures of 39°C, and the `loss of equilibrium' response suggests that their critical thermal maximum(Ctmax), is about 36±1°C for both sites. This value is similar to those found for another vent shrimp, Rimicaris exoculata, which is thought to be a more temperature-resistant organism,so temperature resistance does not appear to be a crucial factor for explaining differences in distribution of shrimp species in a given vent site. Finally, the data for both vent shrimps are also comparable to those of other non-vent tropical caridean species.
Pharmacoeconomics: Historical Perspective
Authors: Bootman J Lyle , McGhan William F , Townsend Raymond J
Published: February 2006

2006 marks the 40th year of publication for The Annals. Over that time, The Annals has been an important contributor to the development of clinical pharmacy. Throughout 2006, we are publishing articles reflecting on the history of clinical pharmacy through the eyes of practitioners, including those pioneering clinical pharmacy, as well as those who have more recently entered the profession and a well-established specialty. In addition, we are also presenting articles and editorials from the early history of The Annals that have given direction and shape to the practice of clinical pharmacy (see page 524).
Telling the story of theory of mind: Deaf and hearing children's narratives and mental state understanding
Authors: Peterson Candida C. , Slaughter Virginia P.
Published: February 2006

Theory of mind (ToM) was examined in late‐signing deaf children in two studies by using standard tests and measures of spontaneous talk about inner states of perception, affect and cognition during storytelling. In Study 1, there were 21 deaf children aged 6 to 11 years and 13 typical‐hearing children matched with the deaf by chronological age. In Study 2, there were 17 deaf children aged 6 to 12 years and 17 typical‐hearing preschoolers aged 4 to 5 years who were matched with the deaf by ToM test performance. In addition to replicating the consistently reported finding of poor performance on standard false belief tests by late‐signing deaf children, significant correlations emerged in both studies between deaf children's ToM test scores and their spontaneous narrative talk about imaginative cognition (e.g. ‘pretend’). In Study 2, with a new set of purpose‐built pictures that evoked richer and more complex mentalistic narration than the published picture book of Study 1, results of multiple regression analyses showed that children's narrative talk about imaginative cognition was uniquely important, over and above hearing status and talking of other kinds of mental states, in predicting ToM scores. The same was true of children's elaborated narrative talk using utterances that either spelt out thoughts, explained inner states or introduced contrastives. In addition, results of a Guttman scalogram analysis in Study 2 suggested a consistent sequence in narrative and standard test performance by deaf and hearing children that went from (1) narrative mention of visible (affective or perceptual) mental states only, along with FB failure, to (2) narrative mention of cognitive states along with (1), to (3) elaborated narrative talk about inner states along with (2), and finally to (4) simple and elaborated narrative talk about affective/perceptual and cognitive states along with FB test success. Possible explanations for this performance ordering, as well as for the observed correlations in both studies between ToM test scores and narrative variables, were considered.
Family emotional climate, attachment security and young children's emotion knowledge in a high risk sample
Authors: Raikes H. Abigail , Thompson Ross A.
Published: February 2006

Despite its prevalence in low‐income populations, there has been little attention paid to how maternal depression influences mother–child conversations about emotions and low‐income preschool children's developing emotion understanding. The importance of a secure attachment as a positive influence on emotion understanding has also been infrequently studied in lower‐income families. This longitudinal study examined attachment security and maternal depression when children were age 2 as predictors of mother–child references to emotion in conversations, and children's emotion understanding when children were three. Maternal depression at age 2, but not at age 3, showed a direct, negative relation to children's emotion understanding at age 3, independent of mother–child references to emotion and attachment security. More securely attached dyads made more references to emotion in conversation, which, in turn, promoted children's emotion understanding. It was concluded that secure attachment relationships support children's emotion understanding by promoting mother–child discussion of emotions, while emotion understanding in preschoolers is directly impaired by maternal depression.
Relationship between Cortisol Increment and Basal Cortisol: Implications for the Low-Dose Short Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Stimulation Test
Authors: Doi Suhail AR , Lasheen Ibrahim , Al-Humood Khaldoon , Al-Shoumer Kamal AS
Published: February 2006

Background: We analyzed the low-dose (1 μg) rapid adrenocorticotropic hormone test (LDST) in 17 patients with a normal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to determine reference intervals for the LDST on the basis of poststimulation cortisol increments.

Methods: We analyzed test results for 17 patients (14 females and 3 males; age range, 18–46 years) who had received a 2-mL aliquot of low-dose (1 μg) adrenocorticotropic hormone prepared from one 250-μg vial of Synacthen diluted in 500 mL of sterile normal saline solution. Sampling took place at 0, 20, 30, and 60 min post stimulation. The cortisol increment was plotted against basal cortisol.

Results: We observed a marked interdependence of the basal cortisol concentration with the increase in cortisol concentration. The relationship was inverse and linear with the best fit observed at 30 min post stimulation. The lower 95% prediction limit for basal cortisol at the zero increment was 400 nmol/L with a mean concentration of 600 nmol/L.

Conclusions: We propose that a peak cortisol concentration <400 nmol/L is a sufficient single criterion for abnormal adrenal function as assessed by the LDST. Concentrations of 400–600 nmol/L are in the gray area, and those >600 nmol/L confirm normal adrenal function. Repeat analyses with larger sample sizes are warranted to confirm these observations.
Platelets promote coagulation factor XII-mediated proteolytic cascade systems in plasma
Authors: Johne Julia , Blume Constanze , Benz Peter M. , Pozgajová Miroslava , Ullrich Melanie , Schuh Kai , Nieswandt Bernhard , Walter Ulrich , Renné Thomas
Published: February 2006

Blood coagulation factor XII (FXII, Hageman factor) is a plasma serine protease which is autoactivated following contact with negatively charged surfaces in a reaction involving plasma kallikrein and high-molecular-weight kininogen (contact phase activation). Active FXII has the ability to initiate blood clotting via the intrinsic pathway of coagulation and inflammatory reactions via the kallikrein-kinin system. Here we have determined FXII-mediated bradykinin formation and clotting in plasma. Western blotting analysis with specific antibodies against various parts of the contact factors revealed that limited activation of FXII is sufficient to promote plasma kallikrein activation, resulting in the conversion of high-molecular-weight kininogen and bradykinin generation. The presence of platelets significantly promoted FXII-initiated bradykinin formation. Similarly,in vitroclotting assays revealed that platelets critically promoted FXII-driven thrombin and fibrin formation. In summary, our data suggest that FXII-initiated protease cascades may proceed on platelet surfaces, with implications for inflammation and clotting.
Serotonergic Enhancement of a 4-AP-Sensitive Current Mediates the Synaptic Depression Phase of Spike Timing-Dependent Neuromodulation
Authors: Sakurai Akira , Darghouth Naïm R. , Butera Robert J. , Katz Paul S.
Published: February 2006

The mechanism underlying spike timing-dependent neuromodulation (STDN) was investigated in the opisthobranch molluscTritonia diomedea. The serotonergic dorsal swim interneurons (DSIs) dynamically modulated the synaptic output of ventral swim interneuron B (VSI); immediately after DSI stimulation, there was a potentiation of VSI synaptic strength followed by a longer-lasting synaptic depression. The potentiation phase of STDN was unaffected by spike broadening produced by the potassium channel blocker 4-aminopyridine (4-AP). In contrast, the depression phase was eliminated by 4-AP. Bath-applied serotonin (5-HT) decreased VSI spike duration and increased the magnitude of the A-current (IA), a voltage-dependent, transient, outward current. 4-AP preferentially blockedIAand prevented the spike narrowing caused by 5-HT, uncovering the full extent of 5-HT-induced synaptic potentiation. A consistent correlation was observed betweenIAand spike duration, but the correlation between synaptic strength and spike duration differed between preparations. Conductance-based simulations showed that the magnitude of A-current conductance could affect spike duration and gave an estimation of the change needed to produce spike narrowing. An artificialIAintroduced into the VSI in the presence of 4-AP by means of the dynamic-clamp technique restored spike duration and gave a further approximation of the magnitude of modulation needed for spike narrowing. Together, these results suggest a mechanism for STDN: the DSIs release 5-HT, which causes a spike duration-independent enhancement of synaptic strength and a longer-lasting enhancement ofIAthat narrows the VSI spike and hence decreases VSI synaptic strength. Thus, STDN arises from the dynamics of independent intracellular signaling events.
Netrin-1 Is Required for the Normal Development of Spinal Cord Oligodendrocytes
Authors: Tsai Hui-Hsin , Macklin Wendy B. , Miller Robert H.
Published: February 2006

Successful CNS myelination is dependent on the correct localization of oligodendrocytes and their interactions with adjacent axons. In the spinal cord, oligodendrocyte precursors originate at the ventral midline and subsequently migrate to the white matter where they mature.In vitrostudies suggest this dispersal is mediated by the guidance molecule netrin-1. Here, we show that in the spinal cord of netrin-1 mutant mice, oligodendrocyte precursors failed to disperse from the ventral midline as a consequence of a lack of polarization and directional migration. The lack of netrin-1 also resulted in an overall reduction of oligodendrocyte lineage cells that was independent of the failure of initial dispersal. Oligodendrocyte precursors injected into presumptive white matter underwent extensive radial migration and expansion in wild-type but not netrin-1 mutant hosts. These data indicate that netrin-1 is crucial for both the initial dispersal of spinal cord oligodendrocyte precursors and their subsequent development in the presumptive white matter.
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation-Induced Changes in Sensorimotor Coupling Parallel Improvements of Somatosensation in Humans
Authors: Pleger Burkhard , Blankenburg Felix , Bestmann Sven , Ruff Christian C. , Wiech Katja , Stephan Klaas E. , Friston Karl J. , Dolan Raymond J.
Published: February 2006

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is an established technique for non-invasive stimulation of human cortex. Although studies have shown an influence of rTMS on single cortical regions and on simple behavioral response patterns, its influences on the dynamics of task-related activity in cortical networks have not been characterized. We provide such a characterization by showing that 5 Hz rTMS over primary somatosensory cortex (SI) induces a reconfiguration of activity patterns in a sensorimotor network, comprising the stimulated region and ipsilateral primary motor cortex (MI). These plastic changes endure for up to 120 min and are correlated with behavioral improvement in discrimination. Dynamic causal modeling showed that this reconfiguration could be explained by an rTMS-induced increase in SI excitability (self-connection) and an increase in the effective connectivity from SI to MI. Thus, our data demonstrate that rTMS can temporarily induce behaviorally relevant reorganization within a complex cortical network underlying human somatosensory experience.
Concentration of 99mTc-pertechnetate and 188Re-perrhenate
Authors: Mansur M. S. , Mushtaq A. , Jehangir M.
Published: February 2006

The radioactive concentrations of 99mTc/188Re from their generators are dependent upon the specific activity of 99Mo/188W, which dictates the bed size of the alumina/gel column and the volume of physiological saline needed as eluent. Because of the high content of inactive molybdenum/tungsten in neutron irradiated MoO3/WO3, large columns containing alumina/gel are needed to produce chromatographic 99Mo → 99mTc/188W → 188Re generators. This results in large elution volumes containing relatively high 99Mo/188W contents and low concentrations of 99mTc/188Re. The decrease in radioactive concentration, or specific volume, places a limitation on some of the clinical procedures. We report post elution concentration of 99mTc/188Re using in house prepared silver cation exchange and alumina column. The high bolus volumes (10 − 60 ml saline) can conveniently be concentrated in 1 ml of saline. This approach also works very effectively to yield high specific volume solutions of 99mTc-pertechnetate from a fission 99Mo loaded alumina generator towards the end of its normal working life.
Syntheses of two potential dopamine D4 receptor radioligands: 18F labelled chromeno[3,4-c]pyridin-5-ones
Authors: Li Gu-Cai , Yin Duan-Zhi , Wang Ming-Wei , Cheng Deng-Feng , Wang Yong-Xian
Published: February 2006

The dopamine D4 receptor is hypothesized to relate with the pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia while its level in brain regions is much lower and to date no suitable tracer is available for the study of D4 receptor in vivo . Therefore, selective imaging agents for the D4 subtype are badly needed. Based on the structure-activity analysis of chromeno[3,4-c]pyridin-5-ones as dopamine D4 receptor ligands, two fluorine-18 labelled chromeno[3,4-c] pyridin-5-one derivatives, 3-(4-[18F]fluorobenzyl)-8-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-c]pyridin-5-one and 3-(4-[18F]fluorobenzyl)-8,9-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-c]pyridin-5-one were synthesized through a two-step one-pot method. Their radiochemical yields were around 19.7% (decay-corrected) and radiochemical purities were higher than 95% with specific activities of about 120 GBq/μmol.
Soil-to-fungi transfer of 90Sr, 239+240Pu, and 241Am
Authors: Baeza A. , Guillén J. , Mietelski Jerzy W. , Gaca Pawel
Published: February 2006

Fungi have up to now generally been used as bioindicators of radiocaesium in terrestrial ecosystems. However there is little knowledge about the behaviour of other man-made radionuclides. In the present work, we analyzed the soil-to-fungi transfer of 90Sr, 239+240Pu, and 241Am by collecting several species of fungi and the corresponding surface soil (0−5 cm) of a selected semi-natural ecosystem. The transfer of these radionuclides was then quantified by means of the traditional transfer factor, TF, defined as the ratio between the content in the fruiting bodies and in the total fraction of soil. As a general rule, the 90Sr TF values were higher than those of 239+240Pu and 241Am. This definition of the transfer factor can underestimate the transfer of radionuclides of which a large percentage are bound to soil particles. We therefore also used a definition based on the amount of radionuclide available to be transferred instead of the total content of the soil — the available transfer factor, ATF — which would be closer to the actual process of transfer. Hebeloma cylindrosporum and Lycoperdon perlatum presented 239+240Pu and 241Am ATF values that were greater than or similar to those of 90Sr. These species may thus be used as bioindicators for 239+240Pu and 241Am in a forest ecosystem.
Thermodynamic study of metal silicate complexation in perchlorate media
Authors: Pathak P.N. , Choppin Gregory R.
Published: February 2006

The thermodynamic parameters of formation of theo-silicate complexes of UO22+, Cm3+and Eu3+have been measured in the temperature range 5−45 °C in an aqueous medium of 0.20 M NaClO4) ionic strength. Solvent extraction with bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (HDEHP) was used to measure the stability constant (log β1) values of the silicate complexes as a function of temperature to obtain the enthalpies and entropies of complexation. The complexation reactions are entropy driven and opposed by the enthalpy. These thermodynamic values are consistent with the formation of an inner sphere complex.
Effect of pH and fulvic acid on sorption and complexation of cobalt onto bare and FA bound MX-80 bentonite
Authors: Xu Di , Shao Dadong , Chen Changlun , Ren Anping , Wang Xiangke
Published: February 2006

Bentonite has attracted great interest in nuclear waste management because of its outstanding properties. Herein, the sorption and complexation of cobalt on bare bentonite and fulvic acid (FA) coated bentonite are studied, respectively, under ambient conditions. The experiments are carried out atT= 25 ± 2 °C in 0.01 M KNO3solutions. Effect of pH, bentonite concentration, fulvic acid and cobalt solution concentration on cobalt sorption to bentonite is also investigated. The results show that cobalt sorption is strongly pH dependent and weakly bentonite content dependent. The presence of fulvic acid enhances Co2+sorption at low pH values and reduces the sorption of Co2+at high pH values. Effect of addition sequences of Co2+and FA to bentonite suspension on cobalt sorption to FA-bentonite colloids is also studied and the results indicate that the sorption of cobalt on FA coated bentonite is dependent on the addition sequences. The mechanism is discussed by the relative strength between both complexes of Co(II) with sorbed and soluble FA and with bentonite.
Polyunsaturated but not Conjugated Linoleic Acid Supplementation of Leukemic U937 Cells Can Act as an Amplification Factor for Photofrin‐mediated Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Voigt Astrid , Agatha Gerhard , Zintl Felix
Published: February 2006

Polyunsaturated fatty acids located in leukemia cell membranes are excellent targets for peroxidation. They can significantly enhance the effectiveness of Photofrin‐mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT)‐induced cell killing. In this study, the peroxidizability of conjugated fatty acid isomers (9c,11t‐linoleic acid and 9c,11c‐linoleic acid) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs; linoleic acid, γ‐linolenic acid and arachidonic acid) with 2,2′‐azo‐bis(2‐amidinpropane)dihydrochloride, soybean lipoxygenase and photomediated peroxidation are compared with each other. Peroxidation was determined using different methods: by means of gas chromatography to estimate the fatty acid (FA) consumption, by photometry for the level of FA peroxides or phospholipid peroxides and by definition of the content of malondialdehyde for thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). The results suggest that the generation of oxidation products from individual FAs indicate a different formation rate of oxidation products. Radical FA peroxides were produced most by polyunsaturated arachidonic acid, followed by linoleic acid and γ‐linolenic acid, whereas conjugated FA isomers did not generate peroxides. Accordingly, the levels of lipid peroxides and TBARS were substantially increased after incorporation and oxidation of polyunsaturated FAs into U937 cells and could significantly enhance the effectiveness of Photofrin‐PDT‐induced cytotoxicity. The results showed that PUFA, but not conjugated FA supplementation of U937 cells, can act as a PDT amplification factor.
Francis Kirkman's Counterfeit Authority: Autobiography, Subjectivity, Print
Authors: Greene Jody
Published: February 2006

This essay explores the relation between print culture and literary authority in seventeenth-century England, through the career of the rogue author, translator, and autobiographer Francis Kirkman. Barred from traditional forms of authority by his middle-class birth and rudimentary education, Kirkman claimed new forms of self-authorization promised by the press. In his autobiography,The Unlucky Citizen, as well as in his biography of the impersonator Mary Carleton, the self-styled “German Princess,” Kirkman developed strategies of counterfeiting authority to compensate for the traditional entitlements he, like Carleton, lacked. These strategies involved harnessing the press to circulate authoritative versions of his authorial persona that were intended to substitute for his unauthorized status. Kirkman's ultimate failure to “gain some Reputation by being in Print” is instructive for scholars interested in the history of autobiography and in the changing conditions of authorship in the first era of print culture. (JG)
Defoe and the Contagion of the Oral: Modeling Media Shift in A Journal of the Plague Year
Authors: McDowell Paula
Published: February 2006

This essay contributes to a history of evolutionary models of media shift through a reading of Daniel Defoe. Published in 1722 but depicting events of 1664–65, A Journal of the Plague Year represents temporal distance in terms of shifts in modes of communication. Modes that in reality are coexistent and interdependent are here represented as parts of a linear, progressive development. Defoe helped shape an emergent hierarchy of media forms with print at its apex. A key structuring binary of this text opposes a backward past associated with orality to a new, print-oriented modernity linked to the collection and reproduction of accurate statistics and true report. The essay first examines Defoe's handling of the “Women-Searchers”–agents employed to search bodies to determine cause of death, whose oral reports formed the basis for the printed bills of mortality–then considers the depiction of rumors and an oral street culture that is associated with old women, error, and contagious superstition. (PMcD)
Ezra Pound's Poetic Anthologies and the Architecture of Reading
Authors: Nichols John G.
Published: February 2006

Between 1914 and 1933, Ezra Pound edited four anthologies of poetry:Des Imagistes, Catholic Anthology, Profile, andActive Anthology. These compilations arose out of crucial stages of Pound's career in the teens, when he reacted against Victorian poetry, and in the 1930s, when he acted as a spokesperson for the modernist movement. Using the anthology as a vehicle for the presentation of innovative poetry as well as a guidebook on how to read it, Pound experimented with anthology formats to propel readers into the project of modernism through devices such as elliptical prefaces and fragmentary notes. He sought to train readers for the demands of interpreting modernist poetry and to reclaim control over an audience educated by burgeoning university literature departments and the mainstream poetic anthologies they employed. (JGN)
Constructing the Postwar Art Novel: Paul Bowles, James Laughlin, and the Making ofThe Sheltering Sky
Authors: Brier Evan
Published: February 2006

This paper considers the story of the making of Paul Bowles's novelThe Sheltering Skyas a case study for the emergence of the art novel as a commercial niche after World War II. Bowles's novel expresses disdain for American culture and depicts its characters' flight to the Sahara, but its subject matter contrasts with the story of the novel's creation: an unlikely collection of American mass-culture and high-culture institutions, including Doubleday, the William Morris Agency, and the avant-garde publisher New Directions, collaborated in the production and promotion ofThe Sheltering Sky. The story of the novel's making and of its immediate commercial success, the product of a New Directions marketing campaign that effectively advertised Bowles's distance from American culture, exemplifies a neglected aspect of postwar cultural history, when institutions from across the cultural spectrum recognized the existence of a growing market for avant-garde detachment. (EB)
Ideas of the Book and Histories of Literature: After Theory?
Authors: McDonald Peter D.
Published: February 2006

The continuing fallout from the theory wars, evident not least in the nostalgic after-theory narrative that is still in vogue, has dissipated critical energy in contemporary literary studies. Rejecting that narrative, this essay calls for a review of the legacy of theory and the polemical oppositions that set it against other scholarly enterprises, like book history. In particular, it suggests that the theoretical interrogation of the category of literature in the past forty years fruitfully intersects with book history's investigation of the material conditions of literary production, opening up new possibilities for literary historiography, while also imposing new demands on it. The essay identifies two traditions of antiessentialist thought (the skeptical and the enchanted), considers the ontology of the printed literary text, and examines the legacies of, among others, Jacques Derrida and Pierre Bourdieu. (PDMcD)
Epilogue: Falling Asleep over the History of the Book
Authors: Lerer Seth
Published: February 2006

Ten years ago, in the introduction to his edited collection The Future of the Book, Geoffrey Nunberg predicted, “If we take the book in its broad sense to refer simply to bound, printed volumes, then most books will likely disappear soon.” Imagining the prospect of electronic books, of devices that would present text not just on a screen but on something “almost the equivalent of paper in [its] weight and flexibility,” Nunberg looked forward to a time when printed pages would no longer be the primary bearer of textual information (12). That time has not come. The e-book never seemed to make it, either as a viable technology or as an attractive commercial product. More bound and printed volumes are being made and sold than ever. And the history of the book as an academic discipline continues to grow—not out of a sense that books are history (in the colloquial sense of that phrase) but out of a conviction that they are here to stay and that to know their future we should know their past.
Benzazole derivatives, IV: Reaction of 1,2,3-trimethylbenzimidazolium salts with aromatic aldehydes
Authors: Corina Cernatescu , Eugenia Comanita
Published: February 2006

1,2,3-Trimethylbenzimidazolium iodide and its analogue salts with one or two substituents on benzene ring (X=NO2,Br,Cl,CH3) are, due to the reactivity of the 2-methyl group, able to react with para-substituted aromatic aldehydes (X=OH,OCH3,CH3,NMe2,NO2) using piperidine as a catalyst. 1-Methyl-2-styrylbenzimidazole iodomethylates were obtained and their structure elucidated by means of NMR and IR spectroscopy. The compounds are interesting as hemicyanine dyes. They lend themselves to studies based on electronic absorption spectroscopy and they have potential practical applications linked to their photosensitive properties.
The effects of yttrium on the hydrogenation performance and surface properties of a ruthenium-supported catalyst
Authors: Luo Laitao , Songjun Li , Zhu Yu
Published: February 2006

The effects of yttrium on the hydrogenation performance and surface properties of a Ru/sepiolite catalyst were studied. With CO2 methanation and CS2 poisoning as the testing reactons, TPR, TPD, XRD and CO chemisorption as the characterizations, the results showed that the presence of yttrium can increase the hydrogenation activity and anti-poisoning capacity of the Ru/sepiolite catalyst, which is due to a change of surface properties of the Ru/sepiolite. In the process of the catalytic reaction, the adjusting behavior of yttrium for the Ru/sepiolite catalyst aids in increasing the catalytic activity and anti-poisoning capacity of the catalyst.
1,3-Propanediammonium [μ4-1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylato(4-)]copper(II)dihydrate with a microporous structure
Authors: Poleti Dejan , Karanovic Ljiljana
Published: February 2006

Crystal structure analysis of the title complex, (H3NC3H6NH3)[Cu{C6H2(COO)4}] ?2H2O, showed that the structure is built up from Cu(II) and tetradentate 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylate( 4-)(btc) ions forming a 3D open-framework with two different channels extending parallel to the [110]/[1,-1,0] and [001] directions. The first, wider channels accommodate 1,3-propanediammonium cations, whereas the second ones are filled with H2O molecules. The Cu(II) ions are in a tetrahedrally distorted square-planar environment consisting of four carboxylate O atoms from four different btc ligands. The four uncoordinated O atoms from the same carboxylate groups are placed around Cu(II) at longer distances (?2.8?), forming a distorted sphenoid. The complex crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Cc2m with a=8.887(1) b=11.493(2), c=16.457(3)?, V=1680.9(5)?3 and Z=4. Final agreement indices are: R1=0.0303 for 1012 reflections with I>2?(I), wR2=0.0493 for 1317 independent reflections and 123 refined parameters. The compound was also characterized by IR spectroscopy and TG/DSC analysis.
Speciation of selected trace and major elements in lignite used in "Nikola Tesla A" power plant (Obrenovac, Serbia)
Authors: Popovic Aleksandar , Djordjevic Dragana
Published: February 2006

Four samples of milled lignite used in the "Nikola Tesla A" power plant located in Obrenovac near Belgrade, were subjected to a five-step sequential extraction, comprising of the following phases: distilled water, 1M ammonium acetate, 0.2M ammonium oxalate/0.2M oxalic acid, acidic solution of H2O2and a 6M solution of HCl. The concentrations of the different elements obtained in the extractions were statistically analyzed. The majority of the examined elements were found to be most probably associated with inorganic fractions of lignite, only aluminum, silicon, chromium and arsenic have a larger extractable organic/sulfide fraction than an extractable inorganic fraction. Alumosilicates of magnesium (carriers of arsenic, zinc, lead, copper and chromium), silicates of potassium (scavengers of lead and nickel), mixed aluminates of iron and magnesium (carriers of arsenic, zinc, copper and chromium) and compounds of iron that do not contain aluminum and magnesium (scavengers of manganese) were dissolved in the fifth phase of the sequential extraction. Copper is a substrate of alumosilicates of potassium and magnesium, while zinc and chromium are substrates of compounds of iron leached in the third phase of the sequential extraction. Interphase correlation revealed that the adsorbed and ion-exchangeable fractions of most of the examined elements do not exhibit preferential binding to the components of the inorganic matrix of lignite ash.
The influence of the association patterns of phosphorus-substrates and xylene-substrates on the degradation of xylenes in an alluvial aquifer
Authors: Mrkic Sanja , Pfendt Petar , Jovancicevic Branimir , Matic Ivan , Vujasinovic Slobodan , Babic Danilo , Vrvic Miroslav , Djordjevic Dragana , Gojgic-Cvijovic Gordana , Nikolic Predrag , Devic Gordana , Matic Valerija , Relic Dubravka
Published: February 2006

The association patterns of xylene and of total phosphorus with sediment constituents in an alluvial aquifer consisting of clays and sands which had been contaminated by a spill of technical grade xylene were investigated with the aim of assessing the dependence of in situ xylene degradation on the P-availability. The investigated alluvial sediments of the Makis Plain (Sava river alluvion, Quaternary age, Serbia and Montenegro) are relatively poor in P. The most reliable associations were proposed by analyzing the quality of the correlations of xylene- and of P-contents with 32 sediment characteristics. The association patterns depend on the mineralogical and granulometrical composition of sediments, the structural characteristics of the organicmatter (N/C-ratio) and the redox-conditions. Differing association patterns in the clays and the sand had been developed, and these characteristics influence the intrinsic xylene degradation. The main proof for the occurrence of xylene degradation is the percentul share of bacteria which oxidize xylene as a single carbon-source.
The gas holdup in a multiphase reciprocating plate column filled with carboxymethylcellulose solutions
Authors: Stamenkovic Ivica , Stamenkovic Olivera , Bankovic-Ilic Ivana , Lazic Miodrag , Veljkovic Vlada , Skala Dejan
Published: February 2006

Gas holdup was investigated in a gas-liquid and gas-liquid-solid reciprocating plate column (RPC) under various operation conditions. Aqueous carboxymethyl cellulose (sodium salt, CMC) solutions were used as the liquid phase, the solid phase was spheres placed into interplate spaces, and the gas phase was air. The gas holdup in the RPC was influenced by: the vibration intensity, i.e., the power consumption, the superficial gas velocity, the solids content and the rheological properties of the liquid phase. The gas holdup increased with increasing vibration intensity and superficial gas velocity in both the two- and three-phase system. With increasing concentration of the CMC PP 50 solution (Newtonian fluid), the gas holdup decreased, because the coalescence of the bubbles was favored by the higher liquid viscosity. In the case of the CMC PP 200 solutions (non-Newtonian liquids), the gas holdup depends on the combined influence of the rheological properties of the liquid phase, the vibration intensity and the superficial gas velocity. The gas holdup in the three-phase systems was greater than that in the two-phase ones under the same operating conditions. Increasing the solids content has little influence on the gas holdup. The gas holdup was correlated with the power consumption (either the time-averaged or total power consumption) and the superficial gas velocity.
Role of metacognitive processes in developing learning strategies
Authors: Mirkov Snezana
Published: February 2006

Within the context of effects that findings in the domain of cognitive psychology produce on the improvement of learning process in teaching, the results for examinations on student learning strategies and some of their implications were analyzed. Diverse methods for the operationalization of strategies, both cognitive and metacognitive, applied by students are featured. It is demonstrated that engagement of metacognitive processes is of crucial importance, firstly for developing efficient learning strategies and then for achieving better quality outcomes of educational process. Metacognition is treated in some studies as a process parallel to cognition and accordingly, distinction is made between cognitive and metacognitive learning strategies. But metacognitive processes are also often treated as intrinsic factors acting in the process of developing and using cognitive strategies in learning and they determine features and quality of those strategies and their effects. Some prospects for further intervening trends in the process of teaching are presented using the findings. It is emphasized that influence exerted by social environment i.e. school setting where the process of learning is going on can not be disregarded.
Student self-esteem and academic achievement
Authors: Milosevic Nikoleta , Sevkusic Slavica
Published: February 2006

There is a growing belief that academic achievement is the product of a complex network of teacher-student relations, where the identity of successful and unsuccessful student is developing with high, moderate or low self-esteem level. Self-esteem is most often defined as a conscious cognitive-affective expression of self-evaluation which is one of the most immediate indicators of self-concept integration degree. A number of authors view high self-esteem level as an important prerequisite for high academic achievement. In contrast, academic achievement and other experiences related to teaching and learning are considered to exert significant influence on self-esteem and a student should be successful at school first so as to develop a positive self-image and his academic abilities. The debate on what comes first - self-esteem or academic achievement - is in its character more academic than practical. This claim is supported by an increasing number of studies indicating the dynamism and reciprocity of correlation between academic achievement and self-esteem. The paper gives recommendations for educational practice to promote self-esteem and development of personal and social responsibility, which contributes to better student academic achievement. It is pointed out that teacher education in the field is necessary and that self-esteem and responsibility must become essential segments of curricula. Teacher is expected to become sensitive to the needs of students who are at risk to be unsuccessful and to largely apply cooperative learning methods. Findings demonstrate that cooperative learning either sustain or increase student self-esteem, whereas traditional teaching methods, in general, lead to its decline. Cooperative relations improve student self-image in respect of academic abilities and social interactions. Positive feedback, peer support, more frequent experience of learning achievement leads mainly to general increase in self-esteem and feeling of competence.
Values and education: Russian perspective
Authors: Borytko Nikolai
Published: February 2006

This article is about some lessons of the multi-cultural analysis of a joint Russian-British educational project. The analysis, based on the achievements of Russian pedagogical science, about the achievement of the most effective cross-cultural communication, can be listed among the outcomes of the project, along with the applied results, which consists in developing an educational management training program. The growth of innovation process and international contacts in education testifies to the fact that education culture is evolving toward a new quality. In the evolution/process, the basic needs of schools, teachers and education managers are identified and conceptualized. Sharing achievements and discoveries in professional growth should be kept in mind and that fulfilling the needs can only take place within the context of the cultural-pedagogic position inherent to an individual teacher, a group of teachers, or a school. From the point of view of cross-cultural analysis, the specifics lie in the inherent values and the level at which the activity is typically performed. This analysis equips the researcher with the criteria necessary for identifying the culture type dealt with. This latter can be used then as a tool for analyzing and designing innovations.
Attachment theory: A review of research
Authors: Polovina Nada
Published: February 2006

Research of attachment is numerous and versatile. They differ according to problems addressed, methodology applied (longitudinal studies, studies with horizontal designs, different instruments used, different methods of data analysis), and characteristics of samples involved (concerning age socio/economic status, family ecology). The research is commonly relied on the core assumptions of the theory itself, and the shared characteristic is orientation to explore complex phenomena of human experience and functioning. From the vast variety of research only those who most directly test the basic assumptions of the attachment theory are focused and addressed in the paper: representation of patterns of attachment in the childhood and adulthood, stability and change of attachment security from infancy to early adulthood, transgenerational transmission of attachment characteristics, the place and the role of attachment behavioral system in the personality development. The aim of the paper is to highlight the basic research and theory issues and directions, and illustrate them with concrete research date.
Child’s creativity in transition from pre-school to school
Authors: Kopas-Vukasinovic Emina
Published: February 2006

This longitudinal research started from the conclusion reached by different authors. According to them the time when a child leaves a pre-school institution to start primary school is marked by stagnation of and decrease in child?s creativity, seen as a personality potential. The aim of the research was to establish creativity levels shown by children in both pre-school institution and primary school, and then to conclude if difference between pre-school and school teachers` attitudes influence the development of a child?s creativity. Data was collected from a judgment scale given to pre-school and school teachers and arts creativity task given to children. It was concluded that the level of children?s creativity started to drop after they started primary school. Different understanding of the idea of creativity between pre-school and primary school teachers could be a possible reason leading to the phenomenon of decreasing creative expression in children starting primary school. On the basis of previous theoretical assumptions and the research results it is possible to define measures to be taken in view of teacher training, both at pre-school and primary school level. It is also important to check the validity of suggested measures in future research.
Shape evolution of 3‐dimensional faceted crystals
Authors: Zhang Yongchun , Sizemore Jacob P. , Doherty Michael F.
Published: February 2006

A novel method for modeling the shape evolution of 3‐dimensional (3‐D) faceted crystals has been developed in which the normal distances to each face from an origin inside the crystal are represented by a system of ordinary differential equations. The model is initialized from an arbitrary initial seed shape and size but known crystallographic data (such as unit cell and symmetry). At each time step, the entire family of possible discrete shape evolution events (such as vertices bifurcating into edges or faces, etc.) are exhaustively enumerated and investigated using a new set of simple testable conditions. The evolving crystal shape is then determined from the evolving set of normal distances and the corresponding crystallographic planes. The model has been successfully applied to two organic crystal systems: adipic acid grown from water and α‐glycine grown from water. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Design and scale‐up of chemical reactors for nanoparticle precipitation
Authors: Marchisio Daniele L. , Rivautella Liliana , Barresi Antonello A.
Published: February 2006

In recent years there has been a growing interest in production on an industrial scale of particles with size in the sub‐micron range (40‐200 nm). This can be done by controlling particle formation in order to nucleate very small particles and by tailoring the particle surface in order to avoid particle aggregation and produce stable suspensions. In this work we focus on the role of turbulent mixing on particle formation in confined impinging jet reactors. In particular, we show how computational fluid dynamics and simple precipitation models could be used to derive scale‐up criteria for the production of nanoparticles. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Angelman syndrome 2005: Updated consensus for diagnostic criteria
Authors: Williams Charles A. , Beaudet Arthur L. , Clayton‐Smith Jill , Knoll Joan H. , Kyllerman Martin , Laan Laura A. , Magenis R. Ellen , Moncla Ann , Schinzel Albert A. , Summers Jane A. , Wagstaff Joseph
Published: February 2006

In 1995, a consensus statement was published for the purpose of summarizing the salient clinical features of Angelman syndrome (AS) to assist the clinician in making a timely and accurate diagnosis. Considering the scientific advances made in the last 10 years, it is necessary now to review the validity of the original consensus criteria. As in the original consensus project, the methodology used for this review was to convene a group of scientists and clinicians, with experience in AS, to develop a concise consensus statement, supported by scientific publications where appropriate. It is hoped that this revised consensus document will facilitate further clinical study of individuals with proven AS, and assist in the evaluation of those who appear to have clinical features of AS but have normal laboratory diagnostic testing. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.