bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pod1 induces myofibroblast differentiation in mesenchymal progenitor cells from mouse kidney
Authors: Plotkin Matthew , Mudunuri Vijay
Published: June 2007

The class II basic helix‐loop‐helix (bHLH) transcription factor Pod1 is expressed in mesenchymal cells including smooth muscle progenitors during development and in interstitial cells in adult organs. To determine the role of Pod1 in mesenchymal cell smooth muscle and myofibroblast differentiation, we examined a kidney progenitor cell line (4E) that endogenously expresses Pod1 and its class I bHLH partner E2A. In vitro‐translated Pod1 co‐immunoprecipitated E2A and increased E2A binding to a calponin promoter E‐box sequence as determined by an electrophoresis mobility shift assay (EMSA). Overexpression of Pod1 and E2A resulted in increased smooth muscle and myofibroblast gene expression including calponin, SM22α, αSMA, fibronectin, and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) compared with overexpression of E2A alone. Suppression of Pod1 by siRNA resulted in increased cell proliferation and reduced expression of αSMA, fibronectin, and CTGF, and myofibroblast secreted proteins including pro‐fibrotic cytokines and inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases. Examination of the signaling pathways for myofibroblast differentiation including Rho/Rho kinase and p38 MAPK showed that inhibition of actin polymerization by Rho kinase inhibitors decreased nuclear Pod1 levels while inhibition of p38 MAPK decreased Pod1 expression. These results indicate that Pod1 increases myofibroblast differentiation in combination with E2A and promotes a myofibroblast phenotype in mesenchymal progenitor cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 103: 675–690, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tip60 modulates PLAGL2‐mediated transactivation by acetylation
Authors: Ning Jinying , Zheng Gang , Yang Yu‐Chung
Published: June 2007

Pleiomorphic adenoma gene (PLAG) family proteins are oncogenes involved in various malignancies including lipoblastomas, hepatoblastomas, and acute myeloid leukemia. Overexpression of PLAGL2 induces cell transformation and proliferation, but little is known about how its activities are regulated. We previously showed that transcriptional activity of PLAGL2 is negatively regulated by sumoylation. Here we report that Tip60 modulates PLAGL2 functions through acetylation. Tip60 associates with PLAGL2 through its zinc finger domain and acetylates PLAGL2. Wild‐type but not the histone acetyltransferase (HAT)‐minus mutant form of Tip60 enhances PLAGL2‐mediated transactivation. In addition, coexpression of Tip60 and PLAGL2 completely abolishes the sumoylation of PLAGL2. Both Tip60 and DN‐Ubc9 increase transactivation activity of wild‐type but not the sumoylation deficient form of PLAGL2 (K250, 269, 356R), indicating that Tip60 acetylates PLAGL2 and abolishes the sumoylation of PLAGL2 possibly through modification of the same lysine residues (K250, 269, 356) within PLAGL2. Tip60 effects vary between different PLAGL2 target gene promoters, suggesting that Tip60 is a novel promoter‐specific coactivator of PLAGL2. This is the first demonstration that Tip60 can function as a sumoylation inhibitor in part through its intrinsic acetyltransferase activity to regulate specific gene expression. J. Cell. Biochem. 103: 730–739, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Minimal molecular surfaces and their applications
Authors: Bates P. W. , Wei G. W. , Zhao Shan
Published: June 2007

This article presents a novel concept, the minimal molecular surface (MMS), for the theoretical modeling of biomolecules. The MMS can be viewed as a result of the surface free energy minimization when an apolar molecule, such as protein, DNA or RNA is immersed in a polar solvent. Based on the theory of differential geometry, the MMS is created via the mean curvature minimization of molecular hypersurface functions. A detailed numerical algorithm is presented for the practical generation of MMSs. Extensive numerical experiments, including those with internal and open cavities, are carried out to demonstrated the proposed concept and algorithms. The proposed MMS is typically free of geometric singularities. Application of the MMS to the electrostatic analysis is considered for a set of twenty six proteins. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2008
Evidence‐based practice in clinical psychology: What it is, why it matters; what you need to know
Authors: Spring Bonnie
Published: June 2007

The history and meaning of evidence‐based practice (EBP) in the health disciplines was described to the Council of University Directors of Clinical Psychology (CUDCP) training programs. Evidence‐based practice designates a process of clinical decision‐making that integrates research evidence, clinical expertise, and patient preferences and characteristics. Evidence‐based practice is a transdisciplinary, idiographic approach that promotes lifelong learning. Empirically supported treatments (ESTs) are an important component of EBP, but EBP cannot be reduced to ESTs. Psychologists need additional skills to act as creators, synthesizers, and consumers of research evidence, who act within their scope of clinical expertise and engage patients in shared decision‐making. Training needs are identified in the areas of clinical trial methodology and reporting, systematic reviews, search strategies, measuring patient preferences, and acquisition of clinical skills to perform ESTs. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 63: 611–631, 2007.
Evidence‐based practice in psychology: Implications for research and research training
Authors: Bauer Russell M.
Published: June 2007

In this article, the author discusses the implications of evidence‐based practice (EBP) for research and research training in clinical psychology. It is argued that EBP provides a useful framework for addressing some heretofore ignored problems in clinical research. Advancing evidence‐based psychological practice will require educators to inject significant new content into research, design, and methodology courses and to further integrate research and practicum training. The author believes this to be an exciting opportunity for the field, not only because it will further psychologists' integration into the interdisciplinary health care and research environment, but also because it will provide new tools to educate students for capable, not just competent professional activity. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 63: 685–694, 2007.
Implementing elements of evidence‐based practice into scientist–practitioner training at the University of Nebraska‐Lincoln
Authors: DiLillo David , McChargue Dennis
Published: June 2007

Evidence‐based practice (EBP) has become the predominant model of training and is emerging as a common model of practice for many nonpsychology health care professions. Recognizing the relevance of EBP to psychology, the American Psychological Association (APA) developed and endorsed an official policy statement on EBP for the practice of professional psychology. There is now a pressing need to consider ways that EBP can inform scientist–practitioner training. The present article proposes clinical competencies associated with the practice of EBP, and describes initial efforts to implement elements of EBP into training at the University of Nebraska‐Lincoln. These efforts have occurred in both the classroom and practicum training experiences, and are geared toward helping students become more effective users of the evidence base through their clinical work. Challenges to the implementation of EBP in clinical psychology training are discussed as well. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 63: 671–684, 2007.
Barriers and facilitators of evidence‐based practice perceived by behavioral science health professionals
Authors: Pagoto Sherry L. , Spring Bonnie , Coups Elliot J. , Mulvaney Shelagh , Coutu Marie‐France , Ozakinci Gozde
Published: June 2007

Progress in implementing evidence‐based behavioral practices has been slow. A qualitative study was performed to characterize the major facilitators and barriers to evidence‐based practice (EBP) perceived by behavioral professionals. Members of professional e‐mail listservs were queried and 84 barriers and 48 facilitators were nominated by 37 respondents. Thematic analysis revealed seven themes to describe both barriers and facilitators: (a) training, (b) attitudes, (c) consumer demand, (d) logistical considerations, (e) institutional support, (f) policy, and (g) evidence. Most frequently cited barriers included negative attitudes about EBP and lack of
training. Barriers also reflected confusion between EBP and the products of EBP (i.e., empirically supported treatments [ESTs]). Main facilitators included a growing evidence base. Results suggest that uptake of EBP may be facilitated by education and training. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 63: 695–705, 2007.
Novel tools and resources for evidence‐based practice in psychology
Authors: Walker Barbara B. , London Susan
Published: June 2007

Given the vast proliferation of scientific research in the behavioral and social sciences, there is a growing need for psychologists to be able to access the most current, clinically relevant research quickly and efficiently and integrate this information into patient care. In response to a similar need within the field of medicine, evidence‐based medicine took hold in the early 1990s to provide both a framework and set of skills for translating research into practice. Since then, this method has been adopted by every major health care profession including psychology, and is now widely known as evidence‐based practice (EBP). In this article, the authors present a general overview of the skills required for EBP along with an introduction to some of the tools and resources that have been developed in other health care professions to support EBP. Using a case example, we illustrate how these tools and resources can be applied in psychological settings. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 63: 633–642, 2007.
Development of a scale to measure adults' perceptions of health: Preliminary findings
Authors: Diamond James J. , Becker Julie A. , Arenson Christine A. , Chambers Christopher V. , Rosenthal Michael P.
Published: June 2007

Given the national agenda on chronic disease self‐management, the goal of the project described in this brief report was to develop a scale that measured adult perceptions about health but did not focus on a specific condition. The Perception of Health Scale (PHS) is based on earlier work that used the Health Belief Model as a focus. The 15‐item PHS was administered to 322 patients in several settings, and the responses were analyzed by the method of principal components. Four factors emerged that were named: Center of Control, Self‐Awareness, Certainty, and Importance of Health, each of which showed high internal consistency by Cronbach's α. Overall, the PHS is of sufficient internal consistency to make it a potentially useful tool in research designed to include a measure of personal beliefs about health. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 35: 557–561, 2007.
The synthesis of deuterium‐labeled spermine, N1‐acetyl‐spermine and N1‐acetylspermidine
Authors: Gawandi Vijay , Fitzpatrick Paul F.
Published: June 2007

The synthesis of deuterium‐labeled spermine, N1‐acetylspermine and N1‐acetylspermidine is reported. 1,1,3,3‐2H4‐N1‐Acetylspermine hydrochloride, 1,1,3,3‐2H4‐N1‐acetylspermidine hydrochloride and 1,1,3,3,10,10,12,12‐2H8‐spermine dihydrochloride were obtained in seven, four and three steps, respectively. All the syntheses were carried out by simple protection and deprotection steps from commonly used selective protecting reagents. These deuterium‐labeled compounds can be used as mechanistic probes of polyamine oxidizing enzymes. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synergistic effect of low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound on growth factor stimulation of nucleus pulposus cells
Authors: Hiyama Akihiko , Mochida Joji , Iwashina Toru , Omi Hiroko , Watanabe Takuya , Serigano Kenji , Iwabuchi Sadahiro , Sakai Daisuke
Published: June 2007

Low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) has been reported to stimulate the activity of various cells. We have reported that the capacity of human intervertebral nucleus pulposus cell line to synthesize proteoglycan (PG) was increased by exposure to LIPUS, and postulated that one of the mechanisms underlying this response was an increase in expression of the transforming growth factor‐β type I receptor gene (TGFβR1). Therefore, the present study was conducted to assess the synergistic effect of LIPUS and TGF‐β on nucleus pulposus cells harvested from canines. The cells were cultured under four different sets of conditions: control group (Group A), LIPUS group (Group B), TGF‐β1 group (Group C), and LIPUS + TGF‐β1 group (Group D). They were evaluated by measuring cell proliferation, PG synthesis, PG content, gene expression of TGFβR1, and TGF‐β1 concentration. There were no significant differences in proliferation during culture. However, PG synthesis and endogenous TGF‐β1 production increased and demonstrated a synergistic effect between LIPUS and TGF‐β. Because LIPUS is safe and noninvasive, the results of the present study suggest that it would be a promising new therapy for prevention of intervertebral disc degeneration, which is said to be one of the primary causes of low back pain. © 2007 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 25:1574–1581, 2007
Dietary supplementation with polysaccharides from Semen cassiae enhances immunoglobulin production and interleukin gene expression in early‐weaned piglets
Authors: Deng Ze‐Yuan , Zhang Jin‐Wu , Wu Guo‐Yao , Yin Yulong , Ruan Zheng , Li Tie‐Jun , Chu Wu‐Ying , Kong Xiang‐Feng , Zhang You‐Ming , Fan Ya‐Wei , Liu Rong , Huang Rui‐Lin
Published: June 2007

Forty piglets were used to determine the effect of 14‐day dietary supplementation with polysaccharides from Semen cassiae (PSSA) on the immunity and interleukin (IL) gene expression in early‐weaned piglets. Piglets were weaned at 21 days of age and four pigs were euthanized to provide the data at initial point. The remaining 36 pigs were fed the following corn‐ and soybean meal‐based diets: the control diet (non‐PSSA), the low‐level PSSA diet (the control diet supplemented with 0.04% of PSSA), and the high‐level PSSA diet (the control diet supplemented with 0.08% PSSA). Blood samples were collected on days 0 and 14, and lymph nodes on day 14 of the experimental period for the following measurements: IL‐1β gene expression in blood mononuclear cells and jejunal mucosa; IL‐2 gene expression in lymphatic nodes; serum levels of cytokines (IL‐1β, IL‐2, and IL‐6); serum concentrations of immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG and IgM). Weaning stress resulted in decreases in serum antibody levels and cytoimmunity. Compared with the control group, dietary supplementation with a high level of PSSA increased: (1) serum concentrations of IL‐1β, IL‐2 and IL‐6, as well as IgG, IgA and IgM; (2) expression of the IL‐1β and IL‐2 genes in blood mononuclear cells and lymphatic nodes; and (3) expression of the IL‐1β gene in the jejunal mucosa. These novel findings suggest that polysaccharides from Semen cassiae enhance both the cell‐mediated immune response and the humoral immunity in the early‐weaned piglets. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Preparation and properties of magnetic nano‐ and microsized particles for biological and environmental separations
Authors: Horák Daniel , Babič Michal , Macková Hana , Beneš Milan J.
Published: June 2007

The paper presents a critical overview on magnetic nanoparticles and microspheres used as separation media in different fields of chemistry, biochemistry, biology, and environment protection. The preparation of most widely used magnetic iron oxides in appropriate form, their coating or encapsulation in polymer microspheres, and functionalization is discussed in the first part. In the second part, new developments in the main application areas of magnetic composite particles for separation and catalytical purposes are briefly described. They cover separations and isolations of toxic inorganic and organic ions, proteins, and other biopolymers, cells, and microorganisms. Only selected number of relevant papers could be included due to the restricted extent of the review.
1H and 13C‐NMR data of hydroxyflavone derivatives
Authors: Park Younghee , Moon Byoung‐Ho , Lee Eunjung , Lee Youngshim , Yoon Youngdae , Ahn Joong‐Hoon , Lim Yoongho
Published: June 2007

Many hydroxyflavone derivatives have been found in nature and shown to have many biological functions. Because their function is changed by the position and number of hydroxyl group, their structural identification is a fundamental and necessary step for understanding their functions. In the present study, the complete 1H and 13C NMR spectral assignments were presented for 6 hydroxyflavones, and NMR data of additional 14 hydroxyflavone derivatives were compared with those of the 6 hydroxyflavones. In addition, the partially incorrect NMR data of two of the dihydroxyflavones whose NMR data were previously reported were corrected. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The use of stochastic stresses in the static approach of probabilistic limit analysis
Authors: Alibrandi U. , Ricciardi G.
Published: June 2007

In the framework of the structural reliability theory, the probabilistic limit analysis (PLA) represents a powerful tool for the evaluation of the safety of structures with stochastic strengths with respect to the ultimate limit state of plastic collapse. Aim of the PLA is to evaluate the conditional probability of collapse (CPC), that is, the probability of plastic collapse of the structural system for assigned value of the acting loads. In this paper the focus is on the static approach of the limit analysis theory, which is particularly attractive for engineers, because it gives upper bounds of the CPC, that is, safe bounds. The classical static approach, introduced more than 30 years ago, however, cannot in any case evaluate the exact CPC of the structural system, and moreover generally the bounds obtained are not very close, especially in the range of very small probabilities. In this paper an alternative static approach is proposed, which can obtain the exact CPC of the structural
system considering a finite number of suitable chosen stochastic stress vectors through the use of the partial admissible domains; moreover, it gives good safe bounds of the CPC considering only a few stochastic stress vectors. Some simple numerical examples show the accuracy and effectiveness of the method. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Left‐sided gastroschisis and bilateral multicystic dysplastic kidneys: a rare combination of anomalies
Authors: Prasun Pankaj , Pradhan Mandakini , Kumari Niraj , Das Vinita
Published: June 2007

Left‐sided gastroschisis is very rare. We report a case of left‐sided gastroschisis associated with bilateral multicystic dysplastic kidneys. This combination of anomalies is unknown. The pathogenesis of gastroschisis is not well understood. It is now viewed as a malformation rather than disruption. The findings in this case support this view. The combination of dysplastic kidneys with ventral body wall defect suggests an early developmental defect. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Properties of a carbon filled cyclic olefin copolymer
Authors: Motlagh G. H. , Hrymak A. N. , Thompson M. R.
Published: June 2007

This article investigates electrical conductivity and rheological aspects of cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) composites containing both carbon fiber (CF) and carbon black (CB) at various concentrations. The different formulations of carbon filled COC were compression molded in such a manner that the formed circular sheets exhibited preferred in‐plane filler orientation. Through‐plane and in‐plane conductivity were measured by 2‐probe and 4‐probe methods, respectively, while an ARES rheometer in dynamic mode was employed to measure the storage modulus and complex viscosity. It was found that formulations with CF:CB ratios around 3 and where the CB content was close or below its critical percolation concentration resulted in higher electrical conductivity while maintaining the viscosity of the composite at a level acceptable for polymer processing machinery. For those composites containing both fillers, collaborative associations between the CB and CF fillers were found in the established percolating network structure, producing measured conductivities which exceeded the estimated values by the additive rule by up to sixfold. An empirical expression to handle hybrid filler systems is proposed in this work based on the standard percolation model. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 1808–1820, 2007
Association between physical activity and quality of life among Western Australian breast cancer survivors
Authors: Milne Helen M. , Gordon Sandy , Guilfoyle Andrew , Wallman Karen E. , Courneya Kerry S.
Published: June 2007

Previous research has shown that physical activity (PA) may be beneficial to quality of life (QoL) in breast cancer survivors. Few studies however, have focused on the time period soon after the completion of adjuvant therapy or examined exercise issues separately for rural/urban or healthy weight/obese breast cancer survivors. Our study addressed these issues. Breast cancer survivors (N = 558) from the Western Australia Cancer Registry completed a survey that included the Godin Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire (GLTEQ) and the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy‐Breast (FACT‐B) scale. Results showed that only 31% of breast cancer survivors were meeting the recommended PA guidelines post‐treatment. Analysis of variance revealed that survivors meeting these guidelines reported higher scores on the FACT‐B (mean difference 8.6; 95% CI = 5.0–12.1; p<0.001), the FACT‐General (mean difference 6.3; 95% CI = 3.5–9.0; p<0.001), the trial outcome index (TOI; p<0.001), and several of the FACT‐B subscales. Furthermore, healthy weight participants also reported higher scores than obese participants on the FACT‐B (p = 0.058) and the breast cancer subscale (p = 0.033). There were no differences based on geographic location. We conclude that physically active and healthy weight breast cancer survivors report better QoL than their inactive and obese counterparts soon after completing adjuvant therapy. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
GLP SOPs for equipment calibration and maintenance. Part 4: logistics of SOP writing
Authors: Colligon Irina , Rosa Michelle
Published: June 2007

On the surface, writing Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) seems fairly simple. All you need to do is write it all down. Unfortunately as the clichés go, appearances can be deceiving, and if it looks too good to be true, it probably is. This is not to say that the act of getting the processes on paper has to be torturous, it just requires some forethought and planning.

In the previous installments of this series (Qual Assur J 2006; 10(2): 107–110 [1]; Qual Assur J 2006; 10(3): 203–207; Qual Assur J 2006; 10(4): 279–285), we have discussed the preparatory steps for writing SOPs, such as the process inventory (Qual Assur J 2006; 10(3): 203–207) and mapping (Qual Assur J 2006; 10(4): 279–285). In this portion, we are going to discuss the logistics of creating SOPs. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shaking table model test and numerical analysis of a complex high‐rise building
Authors: Lu Xilin , Zhou Ying , Lu Wensheng
Published: June 2007

Owing to commercial or aesthetic considerations, the shapes of high‐rise city buildings are becoming increasingly unique and complicated. This brings challenges to structural engineers in analyzing and predicting their dynamic responses, which are crucial to the safety of the buildings. For these buildings in China, a detailed study, sometimes including shaking table testing, is required to verify the safety and rationality of their design. This paper presents results of a study performed for a high‐rise building with a large space in the ground floor and large openings in elevation. The maximum responses of acceleration and deformation were measured and evaluated, as well as the dynamic characteristics, cracking pattern and failure mechanism of the building. In addition, a 3D finite element analysis was carried out and the analytical results were compared with experimental ones to gain a better understanding of the structural behavior. Suggestions regarding the design of this type of structure were also derived from the test results. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse analysis of building structures under excitation of near‐fault ground motion with consideration of large deformation and displacement
Authors: Shih Ming‐Hsiang , Chen Chang‐Liang , Sung Wen‐Pei
Published: June 2007

The dynamic analysis of structural stability with consideration of material and geometrical non‐linearity is necessary for near fault‐earthquake that is rich in long‐period components and often induces the non‐linear large displacement and deformation response of a building structure. A macro‐element bilinear geometric stiffness model and simplified analytical model are proposed and developed to analyze the P‐Δ effects of structural dynamic response using a numerical approach. A structural stable threshold diagram is then proposed to evaluate the geometric stability of a building structure with large deformation under the excitation of a near‐fault earthquake. The analysis results reveal: (1) the simplified geometric stiffness analytical model is useful for analyzing structural dynamic P‐Δ effects and acquire very good accurate results even though the structural geometric stiffness varies between elastic and plastic zone; (2) stable threshold diagrams, based on dynamic analysis and statistical analysis procedures, are conducted by application of this proposed model to easily evaluate structural geometric stability with larger deformation imposed by a near‐fault earthquake. This method can supplement the insufficient capability for the static pushover analysis procedure to estimate the seismic proof demands for building without dynamic P‐Δ effects analysis; (3) the analysis results of stable threshold diagrams indicate that when stability coefficient θ of a building is greater than 1 or base shear factor (V/W) of the building is less than 0·2, static P‐Δ effects become noticeable. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pd‐catalyzed asymmetric allylic substitution reactions using P‐chirogenic diaminophosphine oxides: DIAPHOXs
Authors: Nemoto Tetsuhiro , Hamada Yasumasa
Published: June 2007

This paper describes the development of a new class of chiral phosphorus ligand: aspartic acid‐derived P‐chirogenic diaminophosphine oxides, DIAPHOXs, and their application to several Pd‐catalyzed asymmetric allylic substitution reactions. Pd‐catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation was initially examined in detail using diaminophosphine oxides 1a, resulting in the highly enantioselective construction of quaternary stereocenters. Mechanistic investigations revealed that 1a is activated by N,O‐bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide‐induced tautomerization to afford a trivalent diamidophosphite species 12, which functions as the actual ligand. Furthermore, asymmetric allylic amination was examined using Pd‐DIAPHOX catalyst systems, providing a variety of chiral allylic amines. © 2007 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 7: 150–158; 2007: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.20108
Profit Evaluation in Some Repairable Redundant Systems
Authors: Kumar Ashok
Published: June 2007

Two models have been considered for repairable redundant systems with perfect and imperfect switchover. The system model consists of many active units with one spare unit as standby. The failure time distributions are assumed to be exponential whereas the repair time distributions are arbitrary. The reward structure of Howard has been superimposed on the semi‐Markov processes generated by the system models to obtain the expected profit that the systems will earn per unit time if they are operated in an infinitesimal time interval. Several particular cases have been included.
Zur intervallanalytischen Lösungseinschließung bei charakteristischen Anfangswertproblemen mit hyperbolischer Differentialgleichung zst = f(s, t, z)
Authors: Bauch H.
Published: June 2007

Zur Lösung von Anfangswertproblemen bei gewöhnlichen Differentialgleichungen lassen sich iterative Verfahren verwenden, die auf der Defektmethode basierend die Konstruktion numerisch sicherer Fehlerschranken hoher Genauigkeit bei relativ geringem Rechenaufwand ermöglichen. Derartige Verfahren können in analoger Weise auch zur Lösung des charakteristischen Anfangswertproblems bei hyperbolischen Differentialgleichungen der Gestalt zst(s, t) = f(s, t, z(s, t)) eingesetzt werden. Unter relative schwachen Voraussetzungen an das Ausgangsproblem entsteht eine linear konvergente Folge inklusionsmonotoner Intervallfunktionen, die sämtlich den gesuchten Fehler ‐ und damit die Lösung des Problems ‐ sicher einschließen.
Bounds for the Probability of Wait in M/G/s Queues
Authors: Stoyan H. , Stoyan D.
Published: June 2007

Ausgehend von der Kenntnis der Randverteilung des Wartezeitenvektors werden mittels linearer Optimierung Schranken für die Wahrscheinlichkeit dafür, daß eine Forderung in M/G/s warten muß, ermittelt.
Numerical Solution of the Flow between Two‐Counter‐Rotating Infinite Plane Disks by Multiple Shooting
Authors: Pesch H.‐J. , Rentrop P.
Published: June 2007

Using multiple shooting techniques the two‐point boundary value problem for the flow between two counter‐rotating disks is solved numerically for Reynolds number R in the range 0 < R ≦ 20000. Relations between the two disks problem and the boundary value problem of a single disk are investigated.
Ähnlichkeitsgesetz des Spektrums der Turbulenzenergie für den Trägheitsbereich k ≫ k0 in homogener isotroper Turbulenz
Authors: Szablewski W.
Published: June 2007

Auf der Grundlage der Formel von Kovasznay für den turbulenten Energiefluß, die äquivalent ist dem Kolmogorovschen −5/3‐Gesetz des Spektrums der Turbulenzenergie, wird für den Trägheitsbereich k ≫ k0 (k0 Wellenzahl der großen Wirbel) ein Ähnlichkeitsgesetz des Spektrums der Turbulenzenergie hergeleitet, das die Modellkonstante Reλ enthält und in der Asymptote in das Kolmogorovsche −5/3‐Gesetz übergeht. Das entsprechende eindimensionale Spektrum stimmt mit der neueren Messung von J. Schedvin et al. überein.
Die Greensche Matrix für zwei aneinander reibungsfrei gleitende elastische Halbräume mit verschiedenen Laméschen Moduln
Authors: Jentsch L.
Published: June 2007

Es wird der Greensche Tensor für zwei elastische Halbräume (mit verschiedenen Laméschen Moduln), die sich berühren und reibungsfrei gegeneinander gleiten können, berechnet. Für den regulären Teil des Tensors wird ein geeigneter Potentialansatz gemacht und die Dichten dieser Potentiale aus einem singulären Integralgleichungssystem durch Fourier‐Transformation ermittelt. Als Grenzfälle ergeben sich die elastostatischen Greenschen Tensoren 2. und 3. Art für den Halbraum. Mit Hilfe des Greenschen Tensors lassen sich gewisse Wärmespannungsprobleme explizit lösen; als Beispiel wird eine in einem der beiden Halbräume eingeschlossene wärmeisolierte Kugel betrachtet, die um eine konstante Temperatur erwärmt wird.
Wave Motion of Small Amplitude of a Fully Ionized Plasma under Gravitational Field
Authors: Pai S. I.
Published: June 2007

The two‐fluid theory is used to analyze the wave motion of a fully ionized plasma under the gravitational field. For wave propagated in the direction of the gravitational force, the transverse waves are not affected by the gravitational force but the longitudinal waves are greatly affected by the gravitational force. There is a cut‐off frequency ωc such that all the longitudinal waves with frequency greater than ωc will always be damped even for an ideal plasma of infinite electrical conductivity.
Kombinationsresonanz eines stochastisch erregten Schwingungssystems
Authors: Model R.
Published: June 2007

The combination resonance of a nonlinear vibrating system exited parametrically by narrow‐band random forces is investigated. The application of the integral equation method leads to approximative formulae for the probability densities of the two response amplitudes. The results are evaluated numerically in dependence of the linear and nonlinear damping.
On the Natural Convection of a Point Heat Source in a Rotating Environment
Authors: Ng Kevin Y. K.
Published: June 2007

An existence proof for the system of equations describing the radial and axial structure of geophysical vortices is demonstrated. The method of the proof is based on the modification of a shooting method which is commonly used in the studies of the two point boundary value problems.
Ein Beitrag zur Systematisierung von Variationsprinzipien der Elastizitätstheorie und zu ihrer Verwendbarkeit für Finite‐Element‐Verfahren
Authors: Knothe K.
Published: June 2007

The submitted paper presents a systematic synopsis on variational principles with relaxed continuity requirements for linear elastic continua. Two‐field functionals with deformations and stresses as unknown functions and one‐field functionals derived therefrom are considered. The general applicability of these variational principles for finite element procedures is evaluated.
Über die Existenz eines diskreten Spektrums der elastischen Platte kleiner Ausbiegung bei gemischten Randbedingungen einschließlich elastischer Randlagerung sowie Lagerung im Plattengebiet und Massenträgheiten
Authors: Schlüter H. ‐J.
Published: June 2007

Proceeding from an equivalent formulation of variation problem for the eigenvalue of plate theory by Kirchhoff and using a theorem by I. Hlaváček/J. Nečas, the existence of a discrete spectrum is proved in case of elimination of free movement of rigid‐body. The plate is investigated for mixed boundary conditions as well as elastic boundary bedding and stretching and bedding in plate region. Mass inertia forces also may exist.
Dynamic Snap‐through Buckling of a Timoshenko Two Bar Frame under a Suddenly Applied Load
Authors: Kounadis A. N.
Published: June 2007

A variational methodology for investigating the dynamic stability of frames subjected to a suddenly applied load of constant magnitude and infinite duration is developed and successfully demonstrated through a simple two‐bar frame. A criterion for dynamic stability is presented on the basis of which dynamic snap‐through loads are established. Using Timoshenko's beam theory the individual and coupling effects of various parameters (i.e. cross‐sectional shape, loading eccentricity, slenderness ratio and moment of inertia ratio of the two bars) on the dynamic and static snap‐through load are fully assessed.
A Method of Characteristics for Solving Two‐dimensional Unsteady Flow Problems
Authors: Ravindran Renuka
Published: June 2007

The aim of this investigation is to evolve a method of solving two‐dimensional unsteady flow problems by the method of characteristics. This involves the reduction of the given system of equations to an equivalent system where only ‘interior’ derivatives occur on a characteristic surface. From this system, four special bicharacteristic directional derivatives are chosen. A finite difference scheme is prescribed for solving the equations. General rectangular lattices are also considered. As an example, we investigate the propagation of an initial pressure distribution in a medium at rest.
Dynamic Deformation Processes of Elastic‐Plastic Systems
Authors: Gröger K. , Nečas J. , Trávníček L.
Published: June 2007

This paper deals with dynamic processes of elastic‐plastic systems the behaviour of which is described by models that make use of internal state variables and internal forces. It is proved an existence‐uniqueness result with respect to displacements, strains, stresses, internal state variables and internal forces, and it is shown that these values depend continuously on initial values and external forces.
Relation of the quality of solvent‐extracted soybean oil and residual oil content of meal
Authors: Arnold Lionel K. , Choudhury R. Basu Roy , Chang Huan‐Yang
Published: June 2007

Flaked soybeans were extracted by commercial hexane in a continuous countercurrent pilot‐plant and in glass extraction‐rate apparatus. The quality of the oil extracted at various stages was evaluated in terms of iodine value, saponification value, refractive index, color, refining loss, free fatty acids, phospholipids, and neutral oil. As the residual oil content of the meal decreased, the refining loss, phospholipid content, and color of the extracted oil increased. There was no significant change in other properties. The maximum amount of refined oil was obtained with a meal containing about 1% residual oil.
Ozonization of soybean oil. The preparation and some properties of aldehyde oils
Authors: Pryde E. H. , Anders D. E. , Teeter H. M. , Cowan J. C.
Published: June 2007

A polyaldehydie product called aldehyde oil was prepared by the ozonization of soybean oil, followed by reductive decomposition of the ozonolysis products. Reductive decomposition by chemical means gave 85舑90% yields of carbonyl in the aldehyde oil. Catalytic reduction gave 75舑80% yields. Partially‐hydrogenated soybean oil gave more efficient results than did unhydrogenated oil. The polyfunctional aldehyde oil was found to undergo condensation reactions with phenolic compounds, urea, amines, and polyols to give cross‐linked polymers.
Alternative hydrocarbon solvents for cottonseed extraction
Authors: Wan P. J. , Pakarinen D. R. , Hron R. J. , Richard O. L. , Conkerton E. J.
Published: June 2007

Hexane has been used for decades to extract edible oil from cottonseed. However, due to increased regulations affecting hexane because of the 1990 Clean Air Act and potential health risks, the oil‐extraction industry urgently needs alternative hydrocarbon solvents to replace hexane. Five solvents,n‐heptane, isohexane, neohexane, cyclohexane, and cylopentane, were compared with commercial hexane using a benchscale extractor. The extractions were done with a solvent to cottonseed flake ratio of 5.5 to 1 (w/w) and a miscella recycle flow rate of 36 mL/min/sq cm (9 gal/min/sq ft) at a temperature of 10 to 45°C below the boiling point of the solvent. After a 10‐min single‐stage extraction, commercial hexane removed 100% of the oil from the flakes at 55°C; heptane extracted 100% at 75°C and 95.9% at 55°C; isohexane extracted 93.1% at 45°C; while cyclopentane, cyclohexane, and neohexane removed 93.3, 89.4, and 89.6% at 35, 55, and 35°C, respectively. Each solvent removed gossypol from cottonseed flakes at a different rate, with cyclopentane being most and neohexane least effective. Based on the bench‐scale extraction results and the availability of these candidate solvents, heptane and isohexane are the alternative hydrocarbon solvents most likely to replace hexane.
Quantitative extraction of pecan oil from small samples with supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Maness Niels O. , Chrz Donna , Pierce Troy , Brusewitz Gerald H.
Published: June 2007

A procedure to determine total oil content of pecan was developed for samples weighing 500 and 10 mg by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with carbon dioxide as the extraction solvent, and chilled hexane as the trapping solvent. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were prepared from the total lipid fraction by using either an aliquot (500 mg starting weight) or the entire extract (10 mg starting weight). Total oil content obtained for either sample size with SFE was similar to that obtained with an organic solvent extraction technique. The fatty acid composition for the total lipid fraction of oils extracted with SFE was the same as for oils extracted with organic solvents, and oil composition did not change during SFE. Both oil yield and fatty acid composition were similar to those reported previously for pecan. Samples could be extracted and placed into FAME‐derivatizing reagents in one day, and fatty acid composition of the total lipid fraction could be determined by gas‐liquid chromatography the next day. The procedure, as demonstrated for pecan, should be suitable for other oilseeds, especially those containing low amounts of water.
Methods for increasing estolide yields in a batch reactor
Authors: Erhan Selim M. , Kleiman Robert , Isbell Terry A.
Published: June 2007

Estolides are formed when the carboxylic acid group of one fatty acid forms an ester link at the site of unsaturation of another fatty acid. These compounds have the potential to be used in a variety of applications, such as lubricants, greases, plastics, inks, cosmetics, and surfactants. By manipulating the reaction equilibrium, yields of 20% estolide in clay‐catalyzed estolide reactions have been increased to 30%. Reactions conducted at 180°C, where water was vented out of the reactor at specific times, not only gave dimer‐free estolides but also yields up to 30%. Steam has also been used instead of water with similar results. Estolides were quite stable at temperatures up to 250°C, even when they were exposed to air.
Storage stability of biodiesel
Authors: Bondioli Paolo , Gasparoli Ada , Lanzani Armando , Fedeli Enzo , Veronese Sergio , Sala Maura
Published: June 2007

Renewable vegetable fuels are spreading rapidly throughout Europe and North America. Because biodiesel fuel has now acquired an important market share, it is necessary to thoroughly examine aspects of its use not previously considered either at the research stage or when overhauling the production technology. One of these aspects is its medium‐term storage. The object of the present work is to study the behavior of biodiesel under controlled storage conditions that simulate those found in reality. Samples of biodiesel were kept in the dark, at two different temperatures (20°C and 40°C), in both glass and iron containers. They were controlled by the parameters that indicate their state of oxidation. Another group of samples was stored in glass and kept under the conditions described above in the presence of increasing quantities of water to determine its influence on the formation of acidity.
Elucidation of cyclic fatty acid monomer structures. Cyclic and bicyclic ring sizes and double bond position and configuration
Authors: Mossoba Magdi M. , Yurawecz Martin P. , Roach John A. G. , Lin Hubert S. , McDonald Richard E. , Flickinger Brent D. , Perkins Edward G.
Published: June 2007

Gas chromatography (GC)‐electron ionization mass spectrometry of 2‐alkenyl‐4,4‐dimethyl‐oxazoline derivatives was used to confirm the identities of a complex mixture of C18 diunsaturated cyclic fatty acid monomers (CFAMs) that were isolated from heated flaxseed (linseed) oil. The positions of double bonds and 1,2‐disubstituted unsaturated 5‐ and 6‐membered rings along the fatty acid hydrocarbon chains were established by this method. The oxazoline spectra exhibited a homologous ion series with a pattern of peaks that were 14 u (u=atomic mass unit) apart but interrupted when a double bond (12‐u mass interval) or a ring was present along the fatty acid chain. The identity and location of a ring were indicated by a large interval of 68, 82, 66, 80, 78, or 120 u for a saturated 5‐ or 6‐membered ring, monounsaturated 5‐ or 6‐membered ring, diunsaturated 6‐membered ring, or monounsaturated bicyclic ring system (fused 5‐ and 6‐membered rings), respectively. The double bond configuration for the methyl ester derivatives of these CFAMs was established by GC‐matrix isolation‐Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The elucidated alkenyl structures at C2 in diunsaturated 2‐[alkenyl]‐4,4‐dimethyloxazolines were 8‐(2‐but‐trans‐1‐enyl‐cyclopentenyl)octyl, 9‐(2‐propyl‐cyclopentenyl)non‐rans‐8‐enyl, 9‐(2‐propyl‐cyclopentenyl)non‐cis‐7‐enyl, 8‐(2‐but‐cis‐1‐enyl‐cyclopentenyl)ocytl, 9‐(2‐propylcyclopentenyl)non‐cis‐8‐enyl, 8‐(2‐propyl‐cyclohex‐cis‐4‐enyl)oct‐trans‐7‐enyl, 8‐(prop‐trans‐1‐enyl‐cyclohex‐cis‐4‐enyl)ocytl, and 8‐(2‐propylcyclohexa‐cis,cis‐3,5‐dienyl)octyl.
Quantitative analysis of phospholipids from whey protein concentrates by high‐performance liquid chromatography with a narrow‐bore column and an evaporative light‐scattering detector
Authors: Vaghela M. N. , Kilara A.
Published: June 2007

A procedure for separation and quantitative determination of phospholipid classes by high‐performance liquid chromatography with a narrow‐bore column and a light‐scattering detector was developed. Cerebrosides (CER), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylcholine (PC), sphingomeyelin (SPH), and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) were base‐line resolved, and column life was improved due to low back pressure and low alkalinity of the solvents. Solvent consumption was reduced by 80%, and the detection limit was improved more than tenfold, compared to an analytical column. A gradient elution with pH modifier was necessary for good resolution of acidic phospholipids. A binary solvent system, consisting of A: chloroform/methanol, 80:20 and B: chloroform/methanol/water/ammonium hydroxide (20%), 60:34:6:0.25, was used. Analysis was completed in 36 min, and repeated injections of the samples were possible. The method was applied to the analysis of phospholipids from whey protein concentrates (WPC). Phospholipids in WPC (75% protein) contained (%, w/w) 3.57±0.13 CER; 18.13±1.23 Pl; 4.45±0.21 PE; 7.45±0.58 PS; 30.54±1.84 PC; 35.82±1.16 SPH; and no detectable LPC.
Comparison of SFI, DSC and NMR methods for determining solid‐liquid ratios in fats
Authors: Walker R. C. , Bosin W. A.
Published: June 2007

Dilatometry (SFI) has gained wide acceptance for the characterization of solid‐liquid contents of fats over approximately the past 15 years. In more recent times, wide‐line nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has been used for this purpose. Still more recently the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) technique has been used to determine solid‐liquid contents. These three techniques were used to determine the properties of seven fats and oils which represent a cross section of commercially available materials. These products were blended into 14 different compositions and the solid‐liquid contents were determined by the three methods. A comparison is made on the results obtained on the various samples by SFI, NMR and DSC techniques. The results of each procedure are compared according to fat composition.
On‐stream NMR measurements and control
Authors: Rollwitz William L. , Persyn Gilbert A.
Published: June 2007

Four examples are described in which nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements provided quantitative analyses with an accuracy of 1% of the amount measured. In the first instance, the amplitude of the NMR absorption of hydrogen was combined with the weight and volume of the sample to give a moisture determination in starch. The second NMR instrument used no sample weight and the amount of moisture in a flowing stream of Milo maize was measured by means of only the amplitude of the NMR absorption of hydrogen. The third instrument used the second harmonic of the NMR absorption from hydrogen to measure the amount of moisture in a flowing process stream of starch or other hygroscopic material without weighing. The last example described how the amplitude and area of the aluminum and hydrogen NMR absorptions, respectively, can be combined to measure the per cent aluminum and per cent hydrogen in a flowing process stream, again without weighing.
Reduction of phosphate builder in tallow‐based detergent formulations
Authors: Bistline R. G. , Stirton A. J.
Published: June 2007

Laboratory washing tests using two different kinds of standard soiled cotton were made to compare built solutions of hydrogenated tallow alcohol sulfate (HTAS), sodium methylα‐sulfotallowate (NaMeαST) and linear alkylbenzenesulfonate (LAS) in hard water of 300 ppm at 60 C. Most of the experiments were at 0.25% total concentration (0.05% active ingredient plus 0.20% builder). Phosphate reduction, without loss in detergency, can be accomplished in some cases but not in others, depending both upon the detergent and the test cloth. Both cloths have shown with HTAS as the active ingredient, that reduction in phosphate builder is possible without loss in detergency. The effect of other changes in formulation has been determined.