bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical Simulation and Measurements of Reaction Load for an Impulsively Loaded Pressure Vessel
Authors: Fister Matthew , Fehlmann Kevin , Spernjak Dusan
Published: October 2021

Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) designs and utilizes impulsively loaded pressure vessels for the confinement of experimental configurations involving explosives. For physics experiments with hazardous materials, a two-barrier containment system is needed, where an impulsively (or, explosively) loaded pressure vessel is assembled as an inner confinement vessel, inside an outer containment vessel (subject to quasi-static load in the event of confinement vessel breach). Design of the inner and outer vessels and support structure must account for any directional loads imparted by the blast loading on the inner vessel. Typically there is a shock-attenuating assembly between the inner confinement and outer containment pressure barriers, which serves to mitigate any dynamic load transfer from inner to outer vessel. Depending on the shock-attenuating approach, numerical predictions of these reaction loads can come with high levels of uncertainty due to model sensitivities.

Present work here focuses on the numerical predictions and measurements of the reaction loads due to detonating 30 g of TNT equivalent in the Inner Pressure Confinement Vessel (IPCV) for proton imaging of small-scale shock physics experiments at LANL. Direct reaction load measurements from IPCV testing is presented alongside numerical predictions. Using the experimental measurements from the firing site, we refine the tools and methodology utilized for reaction load predictions and explore the primary model sensitivities which contribute to uncertainties. The numerical tools, modeling methodology, and primary drivers of model uncertainty identified here will improve the capability to model detonation experiments and enable design load calculations of other impulsively loaded pressure vessels with higher accuracy.
Design by Analysis, Codes, Standards and Rules on EAF - Applicability to Stainless Steels in PWR Primary Piping
Authors: Solin Jussi , Seppänen Tommi , Vanninen Rami , Pulkkinen Erkki , Lemettinen Petri
Published: October 2021

This paper discusses general principles, assumptions and challenges in management of fatigue in operating NPP’s. The roots and state-of-the-art in different design codes, design curves and rules are briefly reviewed. It is noted that the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section III was originally prepared as a Design Code to ensure appropriate design and manufacture of nuclear vessels. ‘Design by Rule’ was replaced by ‘Design by Analysis’. Today, ASME III and the related international codes are also used for ‘Operation by Analysis’. Demonstration that the fatigue usage factor is less than unity is not sufficient for proactive component life management. Quantitative analyses of fatigue usage and factors affecting it are needed, including the environmental effects. Differences between the design curves and penalty factors for environmental effects are illustrated through selected examples.
Supports for Non-Metallic Large Diameter Pipes
Authors: Shitole Bhaskar , Heinrichs Cynthia
Published: October 2021

Large diameter non-metallic pipes, designed and engineered as conventional aboveground piping to various international standards, have extensive applications. The support points for such piping are designed with cautions such as smaller support spans and avoiding point loads as compared to metal piping. Avoiding point loads is accomplished by providing a cradle, or a fully encirclement clamp shoe support. These support designs such as one diameter length of the cradle support and encirclement clamp shoe are based on arbitrary practice rather than a quantifiable limit Non-metallic pipes are not isotropic in behavior. Non-metallic pipes have different behavior for hoop strength and longitudinal strength. Non-metal pipes have a modulus of elasticity one hundredth to one thousandth as large as steel pipes. The longitudinal strength of these non-metal pipes will be used to determine the pipe support spans, but this assumes that pipe retains its circular cross-section at the support point. Non-metallic pipes will ovalize at the support points. Ovalized pipe has a reduced section modulus compared to circular pipes and hence higher stresses. Beyond a certain increase in pipe load, either due to increased span, heavy intermediate components or high-density fluid carried, the pipe support location will ovalize or/and buckle. This ovalizing and shell buckling is prevented by providing a cradle support or holding the non-metallic pipe in a rigid/metal full encirclement saddle or clamped shoe. Such a support design reduces ovalizing of the non-metal pipe and maintains its load-carrying ability by ensuring that entire non-metallic pipe cross-section is taking up pipe load. Stresses can therefore be assessed according to the basic rules of beam design from strength of materials concepts. Induced bending stresses can then be calculated for comparison against longitudinal strength limits. But the means to determine the need for cradle or a clamped shoe is complicated. ASME design codes NM-1 for plastics and NM-2 do not provide such guidance and this is left to the designer. ASME Code case N-886 discusses PE pipe design and cautions against axial buckling from compressive stresses but does not provide guidance on the support design.

This paper is an analytical study on pipe support aspects of non-metallic pipes as compared to metal pipes. The guidance and set of formulae generated can be applied to the range of non-metallic pipes available and in industry use today. This paper provides a basis that can be adopted by engineers to decide a threshold point below which bending moments should be kept on a piping system. If the piping system at the supports is going to a see a bending stress higher than the buckling stress limit, then strengthen the support by providing a full encirclement clamp type of support.
The Glycoprotein 340’s Scavenger Receptor Cysteine-Rich Domain Promotes Adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to Contact Lens Polymers
Authors: Osei Kwaku A. , Mieher Joshua L. , Patel Manisha , Nichols Jason J. , Deivanayagam Champion
Published: October 2021

Contact lenses are biomaterials worn on the eye to correct refractive errors. Bacterial adhesion and colonization of these lenses results in adverse events, such as microbial keratitis.
Host-to-Host Group A Streptococcus Transmission Causes Infection of the Lamina Propria but Not Epithelium of the Upper Respiratory Tract in MyD88-Deficient Mice
Authors: Minor Dylan , Cavon Jacob , Johnson Thea , Ontiveros Savannah , Gao Daniel , Quinn Mark T. , Lei Benfang
Published: October 2021

To understand protective immune responses against the onset of group AStreptococcusrespiratory infection, we investigated whether MyD88 KO mice were susceptible to acute infection through transmission. After commingling with mice that had intranasal group AStreptococcus(GAS) inoculation, MyD88−/−recipient mice had increased GAS loads in the nasal cavity and throat that reached a mean throat colonization of 6.3 × 106CFU/swab and mean GAS load of 5.2 × 108CFU in the nasal cavity on day 7.
Supplemental Material: Sedimentary response of a structural estuary to Holocene coseismic subsidence
Authors: Reynolds Laura C. , al. et
Published: October 2021

Supplemental Materials 1 (supplemental figures S1, S2, S3, S4); Supplemental Materials 2 (Table S1. Core Information); Supplemental Materials 3 (Bacon and OxCal Scripts); and Supplemental Materials 4 (Invertebrate depth references).
Supplemental Material: The protoliths of central Himalayan eclogites
Authors: Zhang Guibin , al. et
Published: October 2021

Tables S1–S7, Figures S1 and S2.
Developing the military GP using immersive simulation in specialty training
Authors: King Kate , Smith M
Published: October 2021

Military general practice requires wider knowledge and more diverse skillset than that defined by the Royal College of General Practitioners curriculum. Following completion of specialty training, military general practitioners (GPs) were returning from mostly civilian training environments feeling deskilled and ill-prepared for their military role. The Academic Department of Military General Practice defined the training gap and used co-creative curriculum development to incorporate military topics throughout the GP specialty training programme. Simulation was identified as a key teaching method employed throughout undergraduate and postgraduate health professional education, which could be used to improve the trainee’s learning. The resulting operational preparedness training week used layered teaching methods and feedback to build trainees’ knowledge and skills before a final major immersive simulation exercise. This article describes the educational design process in terms of the ‘10 goal conditions’ described by Issenberg for high-fidelity medical simulations leading to effective learning.
Reliability and validity of a Spanish-language measure assessing clinical capacity to sustain Paediatric Early Warning Systems (PEWS) in resource-limited hospitals
Authors: Agulnik Asya , Malone Sara , Puerto-Torres Maria , Gonzalez-Ruiz Alejandra , Vedaraju Yuvanesh , Wang Huiqi , Graetz Dylan , Prewitt Kim , Villegas Cesar , Cardenas-Aguierre Adolfo , Acuna Carlos , Arana Ana Edith , Díaz Rosdali , Espinoza Silvana , Guerrero Karla , Martínez Angélica , Mendez Alejandra , Montalvo Erika , Soberanis Dora , Torelli Antonella , Quelal Janeth , Villanueva Erika , Devidas Meenakshi , Luke Douglas , McKay Virginia
Published: October 2021

Background

Paediatric Early Warning Systems (PEWSs) improve identification of deterioration, however, their sustainability has not been studied. Sustainability is critical to maximise impact of interventions like PEWS, particularly in low-resource settings. This study establishes the reliability and validity of a Spanish-language Clinical Sustainability Assessment Tool (CSAT) to assess clinical capacity to sustain interventions in resource-limited hospitals.

Methods

Participants included PEWS implementation leadership teams of 29 paediatric cancer centres in Latin America involved in a collaborative to implement PEWS. The CSAT, a sustainability assessment tool validated in high-resource settings, was translated into Spanish and distributed to participants as an anonymous electronic survey. Psychometric, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and multivariate analyses were preformed to assess reliability, structure and initial validity. Focus groups were conducted after participants reviewed CSAT reports to assess their interpretation and utility.

Results

The CSAT survey achieved an 80% response rate (n=169) with a mean score of 4.4 (of 5; 3.8–4.8 among centres). The CSAT had good reliability with an average internal consistency of 0.77 (95% CI 0.71 to 0.81); and CFAs supported the seven-domain structure. CSAT results were associated with respondents’ perceptions of the evidence for PEWS, its implementation and use in their centre, and their assessment of the hospital culture and implementation climate. The mean CSAT score was higher among respondents at centres with longer time using PEWS (p<0.001). Focus group participants noted the CSAT report helped assess their centre’s clinical capacity to sustain PEWS and provided constructive feedback for improvement.

Conclusions

We present information supporting the reliability and validity of the CSAT tool, the first Spanish-language instrument to assess clinical capacity to sustain evidence-based interventions in hospitals of variable resource levels. This assessment demonstrates a high capacity to sustain PEWS in these resource-limited centres with improvement over time from PEWS implementation.
Genes of the month: H3.3 histone genes: H3F3A and H3F3B
Authors: Kumar Vishnu Chandra , Pai Rekha
Published: October 2021

Histones constitute the chief protein component of DNA. They help to maintain chromatin structure and regulate gene expression. The long double-stranded DNA molecule winds around histone octamers to form nucleosomes which serve the purpose of compacting DNA within the confines of the nuclear membrane. There are five major types of histones, namely H1/H5, H2, H3 and H4. H3.3 is a subtype of H3 histone and can be encoded either by the H3F3A or H3F3B genes independently. Amino acids such as lysine and arginine found in the histone tails are sites of post-translational modifications (PTMs) such as methylation and acetylation. These PTMs in histones are involved in the regulation of gene expression by chromatin remodelling and by controlling DNA methylation patterns. Mutations in histone genes can affect sites of PTMs causing changes in local and global DNA methylation status. These effects are directly linked to neoplastic transformation by altered gene expression. Recurrent H3.3 histone mutations are increasingly identified in several malignancies and developmental disorders. The following review attempts to shed light on the diseases associated with H3.3 histone mutations.
Chasing the bucket: A nursing view of continuous arterio-venous haemofiltration/dialysis
Authors: Watkinson G. E.
Published: October 2021

Haemofiltration was developed to meet the needs of intensive care patients with acute renal failure. It is a major advance in the management of these critically ill patients, as it is carried out at the bedside by the intensive care nursing staff.
Royal Naval Medical Staff School—An update
Authors: Bussell S. N. , Marshall G. , Schofield H. R. M. , Brockie B.
Published: October 2021

Four significant changes in the training of RN Medical and Nursing personnel have taken place over the past four years, since training was last outlined in the article commemorating the Branch Centenary namely, the resurrection of MA training with a significantly increased throughput than previously; a relocation from Dophin II to purpose-built accommodation in the grounds of Haslar Hospital; the introduction of the QARNNS Medical Assistant, and also that of the Direct Entry QARNNS Registered General Nurse within the Rating Structure.

Current training regimes and constraints are highlighted at all levels to familiarise and update the Branch with the changes and to promote a better understanding of the abilities and capabilities of the Royal Naval Medical and Nursing Services.
Fine needle aspiration cytology as part of a three stage diagnostic approach to breast lumps in a District General Hospital
Authors: Spalding T. J. W. , Dewar E. P. , Buchanan J. D. , Mugridge A. R. , Conroy B.
Published: October 2021

Recent studies from specialist breast centres have suggested that fine needle aspiration cytology in conjunction with mammography and clinical examination can provide a prompt and accurate diagnosis of breast lumps. These three methods of diagnosis have been assessed in the context of a district general hospital by analysing 104 consecutive breast lesions with known histology, of which 75 were benign and 29 malignant. The results are presented in terms of the sensitivity and specificity for each method.

Fine needle aspiration cytology had a sensitivity for malignancy of 88% (n=26) and a specificity of 97% (n=58). Similarly, sensitivity for mammography was 95% (n=20) and clinical examination 90% (n=29). Respective specificiaties were 96% (n=45) and 83% (n=75). In none of the 29 patients with breast cancer were all three modalities negative.

It is concluded that without specialist breast clinicians and cytologists, a combination of fine needle aspiration cytology, clinical examination and mammography can still provide a degree of preoperative diagnostic accuracy comparable with specialist centres, allowing prompt counselling with all the subsequent benefits.
The Cambridge Audit System in a Service Hospital
Authors: Dale R. F.
Published: October 2021

The introduction of clinical audit into the environment of service hospitals poses particular problems. Experience at RNH Plymouth has shown that one approach, the adaptation of the ‘Cambridge Audit System’, has succeeded in overcoming certain administrative hurdles and has confirmed the advantages that can accrue from introducing a clinical audit based around a computer system.
The Boat People of Vietnam. Rescue on the South China Sea
Authors: Hayes T. J. , Thomas D. , Dewar E. P.
Published: October 2021

Poor economic conditions in Vietnam have encouraged large numbers of people seeking a better life in the West to join the flow of political refugees leaving the country as “boat people”. We report the events surrounding one such group of people who were rescued from the South China Sea by the Outback 88 Task Group.
Medical Support Assistants: Early experience in training
Authors: Luke W. M.
Published: October 2021

This paper provides a background to the formation of the Medical Support Assistant branch of the Royal Naval Reserve. The objectives of training and the war role are stated. Detailed particulars of each year of training, together with personal experience are given. Comments about the future status of the branch and exercising are made.
Penetrating missile injuries in the Gulf War 1991
Authors: Spalding T. J. W. , Stewart M. P. M. , Tulloch D. N. , Stephens K. M.
Published: October 2021

During the Gulf War in 1991 63 patients (including 29 Iraqi prisoners of war) with penetrating missile injuries underwent surgery in a British Army Field Hospital. Their injuries and initial operative management are reported.

Fifty-one casualties (81%) suffered an average of nine wounds (range 1–45) due to fragmentation weapons, and 12 casualties sustained bullet wounds. All wounds were explored following the established principles of war surgery. The extremities were involved in 48 patients (76%). Eight compound long bone fractures were managed with external skeletal fixators applied at the time of initial surgery. Laparotomy was performed on seven patients, one of whom died. The average duration of surgery was 77 minutes for fragment wounds and 85 minutes for bullet wounds.
Distant haemorrhagic effects in intra-arterial Tissue Plasminogen Activator — The effect of a bolus dose
Authors: Cripps N. P. J. , Ward A. S.
Published: October 2021

Details are reported of four patients who developed serious distant haemorrhagic complications while undergoing peripheral arterial thrombolysis with intra-arterial tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA). The thrombolytic regime comprised a 20 mg bolus of t-PA followed by a continuous infusion of 1 mg/hr.

Four additional cases of haemorrhage at the catheter entry site were also encountered in a group of 23 patients exposed to the bolus-infusion t-PA regimen. The high haemorrhage rate (31%) is a significant disadvantage of this thrombolytic protocol.
A year of laparoscopic general surgery at RNH Haslar
Authors: Midwinter M. J.
Published: October 2021

Laparoscopic general surgery at RNH Haslar started in October 1992. A review of the procedures undertaken in the first year (October 1992-October 1993) and comparison with some published series is presented.
Personality, Individual Differences and Command in War: 1982
Authors: Jolly R. T.
Published: October 2021

In 1982, a small percentage of Great Britain’s armed forces was involved in a short but bitter action to recover some territory in the South Atlantic region that had been invaded by another nation. As part of a UK Ministry of Defence-sponsored study, 30 Commanding Officers of British sea, land and air units involved in Operation CORPORATE participated between seven and nine years later in a research study investigating their individual variations in personality and the perceived effects of their experience of Command in War. Ten single-seat, fast jet pilots from a slightly younger age group were also investigated.
The Post Traumatic Stress Management Course at RN Hospital, Haslar
Authors: Charlotte B Nevison , Julia J M Flower , Peter L N Naish
Published: October 2021

A rehabilitation programme for PTSD sufferers has been in operation at the RN Hospital, Haslar, for eight years. During this time a large database has accumulated, comprising a wide range of materials, including case histories and assessments. For this initial evaluation of the course’s efficacy, the data from three standard mental health assessment instruments were examined. Scores on all measures revealed considerable reductions in symptoms over the duration of the course, with some statistically significant improvements maintained at follow-up.
The Mortality of Royal Naval Submariners 1960–1989
Authors: Inskip Hazel
Published: October 2021

The mortality pattern of 15,318 Royal Naval submariners has been examined to assess the long term effects on health of serving in submarines. The main outcome measures used were standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) which present the submariners’ mortality rates as a percentage of those for men in England and Wales. The SMR for all causes of death combined was low at 86, this being comparable to findings in other studies of Armed Forces personnel. Cancer mortality was particularly low with an SMR of 69 and there was no particular cancer site which showed an excess. Raised mortality from digestive diseases was seen; the excess was attributable to cirrhosis of the liver which gave rise to an SMR of 221 based on 12 deaths, alcohol being a contributory factor in eight. This excess mortality from cirrhosis was concentrated in the period 1970-79 and occurred in men who had left the Royal Navy. Deaths from accidents and violence were also higher than expected with an SMR of 115, but this was due to high levels of accidents occurring after discharge from the Navy.
Mild aortic valve disease and the diastolic pressure–volume relationship in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
Authors: Verbrugge Frederik H , Reddy Yogesh N V , Eleid Mackram F , Lin Grace , Burkhoff Daniel , Borlaug Barry A
Published: October 2021

Objective

Mild aortic valve stenosis (AS) and aortic valve (AV) sclerosis are associated with diastolic dysfunction and increased mortality in the general population. This study specifically investigated the impact of mild AV disease in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).

Methods

Consecutive patients hospitalised with HFpEF (n=370) underwent assessment of cardiac structure and function and long-term clinical follow-up.

Results

In the study cohort, 111 had mild AS (30%), 104 AV sclerosis (28%) and 155 a non-calcified AV (42%). Mild-to-moderate AV regurgitation (AR) was present in 64 (17%). Compared with patients with a normal AV, those with AV disease were older, with worse renal function and more atrial fibrillation. E/e′ increased from non-calcified AV to AV sclerosis to mild AS (13.8 (10.8–16.8) vs 15.0 (10.9–20.0) vs 18.0 (12.7–23.3), respectively; p<0.001)). Left ventricular diastolic pressure–volume relationships were shifted leftwards in patients with AS and AV sclerosis, but not influenced by AR. The left ventricular end-diastolic volume normalised at 20 mm Hg was 117±34 mL, 106±30 mL and 112±30 mL in non-calcified AV, AV sclerosis and mild AS, respectively (p=0.023), while 112±32 mL in mild-to-moderate AR. Over 30 months (IQR, 8–61 months), 247 patients died (67%). The presence of mild AV disease was associated with increased mortality, but this was no longer significant after adjusting for age and sex.

Conclusions

Low-grade AV disease is common among patients hospitalised for HFpEF and is associated with older age, atrial arrhythmia, renal dysfunction, higher left heart filling pressures and increased left ventricular chamber stiffness.
Escalating incidence of infective endocarditis in Europe in the 21st century
Authors: Talha Khawaja M , Baddour Larry M , Thornhill Martin H , Arshad Verda , Tariq Wajeeha , Tleyjeh Imad M , Scott Christopher G , Hyun Meredith C , Bailey Kent R , Anavekar Nandan S , Palraj Raj , Sohail M Rizwan , DeSimone Daniel C , Dayer Mark J
Published: October 2021

Aim

To provide a contemporary analysis of incidence trends of infective endocarditis (IE) with its changing epidemiology over the past two decades in Europe.

Methods

A systematic review was conducted at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester. Ovid EBM Reviews, Ovid Embase, Ovid Medline, Scopus and Web of Science were searched for studies published between 1 January 2000 and 30 November 2020. All studies were independently reviewed by four referees and those that included a population-based incidence of IE in patients, irrespective of age, in Europe were included. Least squares regression was used to estimate pooled temporal trends in IE incidence.

Results

Of 9138 articles screened, 18 studies were included in the review. Elderly men predominated in all studies. IE incidence increased 4.1% per year (95% CI 1.8% to 6.4%) in the pooled regression analysis of eight studies that included comprehensive and consistent trends data. When trends data were weighted according to population size of individual countries, an increase in yearly incidence of 0.27 cases per 100 000 people was observed. Staphylococci and streptococci were the most common pathogens identified. The rate of surgical intervention ranged from 10.2% to 60.0%, and the rate of inpatient mortality ranged from 14.3% to 17.5%. In six studies that examined the rate of injection drug use, five of them reported a rate of less than 10%.

Conclusion

Based on findings from our systematic review, IE incidence in Europe has doubled over the past two decades in Europe. Multiple factors are likely responsible for this striking increase.

Trial registeration number

CRD42020191196.
Gravity in $${\varvec{d=2+\epsilon }}$$ dimensions and realizations of the diffeomorphisms group
Authors: Martini Riccardo , Ugolotti Alessandro , Del Porro Francesco , Zanusso Omar
Published: October 2021

We discuss two separate realizations of the diffeomorphism group for metric gravity, which give rise to theories that are classically equivalent, but quantum mechanically distinct. We renormalize them in $$d=2+\epsilon $$

d
=
2
+
ϵ

dimensions, developing a new procedure for dimensional continuation of metric theories and highlighting connections with the constructions that previously appeared in the literature. Our hope is to frame candidates for ultraviolet completions of quantum gravity in $$d>2$$

d
>
2

and give some perturbative mean to assess their existence in $$d=4$$

d
=
4

, but also to speculate on some potential obstructions in the continuation of such candidates to finite values of $$\epsilon $$
ϵ
. Our results suggest the presence of a conformal window in d which seems to extend to values higher than four.
Characters and quantum reduction for orthosymplectic Lie superalgebras
Authors: Kwon Namhee
Published: October 2021

In this study, we study principal admissible representations for the affine Lie superalgebra [Formula: see text]. Using the character formula of irreducible admissible representations of [Formula: see text], we calculate a character formula of [Formula: see text]-modules which are obtained from the quantized Drinfeld–Sokolov reduction and principal admissible representations. As a by-product, we obtain the minimal series modules of the Neveu–Schwarz algebra through the [Formula: see text]-modules arising from the principal admissible modules over [Formula: see text].
Computable embeddability for algebraic structures
Authors: Bazhenov Nikolay , Mustafa Manat
Published: October 2021

In computability theory, the standard tool to classify preorders is provided by the computable reducibility. If [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are preorders with domain [Formula: see text], then [Formula: see text] is computably reducible to [Formula: see text] if and only if there is a computable function [Formula: see text] such that for all [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]. We study the complexity of preorders which arise in a natural way in computable structure theory. We prove that the relation of computable isomorphic embeddability among computable torsion abelian groups is a [Formula: see text] complete preorder. A similar result is obtained for computable distributive lattices. We show that the relation of primitive recursive embeddability among punctual structures (in the setting of Kalimullin et al.) is a [Formula: see text] complete preorder.
Habitat mapping for human well-being: a tool for reducing risk in disaster-prone coastal environments and human communities
Authors: Oki Yuri , Kitazato Hiroshi , Fujii Toyonobu , Yasukawa Soichiro
Published: October 2021

Coastal ecosystems consist of diverse habitats, such as reed beds, salt marshes, mangrove swamps, tidal flats, river deltas, seagrass fields, coral reefs, sandy/rocky-shore beaches and other habitats that harbour biodiversity. The Great East Japan Earthquake of March 2011 caused severe damage to one-third of the fishing communities along the Pacific Ocean of NE Japan. Coastal species, such as seagrasses, function as nursery areas for commercially important species. Coastal ecosystems provide natural infrastructure for the prevention and reduction of hazardous events, a process known as ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction (Eco-DRR). The preparation of topographic and thematic maps of coastal marine environments is essential to establish and visualize the concept of Eco-DRR. Experience gained following the Japanese earthquake, as well as examples from Indonesia and Thailand in the wake of 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, showed that Eco-DRR is an affordable and sustainable approach. Dissemination of habitat maps should be further promoted as a way to ‘Build Back Better’. To scale up and promote Eco-DRR, scientists must work in a transdisciplinary manner and engage with society by understanding the roles of ecosystems by monitoring and analysing, providing solutions and raising the awareness of community and policy makers, enabling them to better implement Eco-DRR.
Detecting Android Malware and Classifying Its Families in Large-scale Datasets
Authors: Sun Bo , Takahashi Takeshi , Ban Tao , Inoue Daisuke
Published: October 2021

To relieve the burden of security analysts, Android malware detection and its family classification need to be automated. There are many previous works focusing on using machine (or deep) learning technology to tackle these two important issues, but as the number of mobile applications has increased in recent years, developing a scalable and precise solution is a new challenge that needs to be addressed in the security field. Accordingly, in this article, we propose a novel approach that not only enhances the performance of both Android malware and its family classification, but also reduces the running time of the analysis process. Using large-scale datasets obtained from different sources, we demonstrate that our method is able to output a high F-measure of 99.71% with a low FPR of 0.37%. Meanwhile, the computation time for processing a 300K dataset is reduced to nearly 3.3 hours. In addition, in classification evaluation, we demonstrate that the F-measure, precision, and recall are 97.5%, 96.55%, 98.64%, respectively, when classifying 28 malware families. Finally, we compare our method with previous studies in both detection and classification evaluation. We observe that our method produces better performance in terms of its effectiveness and efficiency.
Readmission Prediction for Patients with Heterogeneous Medical History: A Trajectory-Based Deep Learning Approach
Authors: Xie Jiaheng , Zhang Bin , Ma Jian , Zeng Daniel , Lo-Ciganic Jenny
Published: October 2021

Hospital readmission refers to the situation where a patient is re-hospitalized with the same primary diagnosis within a specific time interval after discharge. Hospital readmission causes $26 billion preventable expenses to the U.S. health systems annually and often indicates suboptimal patient care. To alleviate those severe financial and health consequences, it is crucial to proactively predict patients’ readmission risk. Such prediction is challenging because the evolution of patients’ medical history is dynamic and complex. The state-of-the-art studies apply statistical models which use static predictors in a period, failing to consider patients’ heterogeneous medical history. Our approach –
Trajectory-BAsed DEep Learning (TADEL)
– is motivated to tackle the deficiencies of the existing approaches by capturing dynamic medical history. We evaluate TADEL on a five-year national Medicare claims dataset including 3.6 million patients per year over all hospitals in the United States, reaching an F1 score of 87.3% and an AUC of 88.4%. Our approach significantly outperforms all the state-of-the-art methods. Our findings suggest that health status factors and insurance coverage are important predictors for readmission. This study contributes to IS literature and analytical methodology by formulating the trajectory-based readmission prediction problem and developing a novel deep-learning-based readmission risk prediction framework. From a health IT perspective, this research delivers implementable methods to assess patients’ readmission risk and take early interventions to avoid potential negative consequences.
A Meta-analysis of the Uncanny Valley's Independent and Dependent Variables
Authors: Diel Alexander , Weigelt Sarah , Macdorman Karl F.
Published: October 2021

The
uncanny valley (UV)
effect is a negative affective reaction to human-looking artificial entities. It hinders comfortable, trust-based interactions with android robots and virtual characters. Despite extensive research, a consensus has not formed on its theoretical basis or methodologies. We conducted a meta-analysis to assess operationalizations of human likeness (independent variable) and the UV effect (dependent variable). Of 468 studies, 72 met the inclusion criteria. These studies employed 10 different stimulus creation techniques, 39 affect measures, and 14 indirect measures. Based on 247 effect sizes, a three-level meta-analysis model revealed the UV effect had a large effect size, Hedges’
g
= 1.01 [0.80, 1.22]. A mixed-effects meta-regression model with creation technique as the moderator variable revealed
face distortion
produced the largest effect size,
g
= 1.46 [0.69, 2.24], followed by
distinct entities, g
= 1.20 [1.02, 1.38],
realism render, g
= 0.99 [0.62, 1.36], and
morphing, g
= 0.94 [0.64, 1.24]. Affective indices producing the largest effects were
threatening, likable, aesthetics, familiarity
, and
eeriness
, and indirect measures were
dislike frequency, categorization reaction time, like frequency, avoidance
, and
viewing duration
. This meta-analysis—the first on the UV effect—provides a methodological foundation and design principles for future research.
Hardware Acceleration for Embedded Keyword Spotting: Tutorial and Survey
Authors: Giraldo J. S. P. , Verhelst Marian
Published: October 2021

In recent years, Keyword Spotting (KWS) has become a crucial human–machine interface for mobile devices, allowing users to interact more naturally with their gadgets by leveraging their own voice. Due to privacy, latency and energy requirements, the execution of KWS tasks on the embedded device itself instead of in the cloud, has attracted significant attention from the research community. However, the constraints associated with embedded systems, including limited energy, memory, and computational capacity, represent a real challenge for the embedded deployment of such interfaces. In this article, we explore and guide the reader through the design of KWS systems. To support this overview, we extensively survey the different approaches taken by the recent state-of-the-art (SotA) at the algorithmic, architectural, and circuit level to enable KWS tasks in edge, devices. A quantitative and qualitative comparison between relevant SotA hardware platforms is carried out, highlighting the current design trends, as well as pointing out future research directions in the development of this technology.
Educators, Solicitors, Flamers, Motivators, Sympathizers: Characterizing Roles in Online Extremist Movements
Authors: Phadke Shruti , Mitra Tanushree
Published: October 2021

Social media provides the means by which extremist social movements, such as white supremacy and anti-LGBTQ, thrive online. Yet, we know little about the roles played by the participants of such movements. In this paper, we investigate these participants to characterize their roles, their role dynamics, and their influence in spreading online extremism. Our participants-online extremist accounts-are 4,876 public Facebook pages or groups that have shared information from the websites of 289 Southern Poverty LawCenter (SPLC) designated extremist groups. Guided by theories of participatory activism, we map the information sharing features of these extremists accounts. By clustering the quantitative features followed by qualitative expert validation, we identify five roles surrounding extremist activism-educators, solicitors, flamers, motivators, sympathizers. For example, solicitors use links from extremist websites to attract donations and participation in extremist issues, whereas flamers share inflammatory extremist content inciting anger. We further investigate role dynamics such as, how stable these roles are over time and how likely will extremist accounts transition from one role into another. We find that roles core to the movement-educators and solicitors-are more stable, while flamers and motivators can transition to sympathizers with high probability.

Finally, using a Hawkes process model, we test which roles are more influential in spreading various types of information. We find that educators and solicitors exert the most influence in triggering extremist link posts, whereas flamers are influential in triggering the spread of information from fake news sources. Our results help in situating various roles on the trajectory of deeper engagement into the extremist movements and understanding the potential effect of various counter-extremism interventions. Our findings have implications for understanding how online extremist movements flourish through participatory activism and how they gain a spectrum of allies for mobilizing extremism online.
Exploring Email-Prompted Information Needs
Authors: Hsiao Joey Chiao-Yin , Bentley Frank
Published: October 2021

Over three billion people use personal email accounts for a wide variety of communications, largely from businesses. These messages often require additional information that users need to look for outside of the email itself, such as store hours, bill details, or related news articles. We studied these "email-prompted information needs" in a pilot interview-based study, a two-week diary study, and a large-scale survey with 790 total participants, finding that Notification, Deal, and Newsletter messages were the most likely to spark a need for external information. We conclude with several designs evaluated in a concept evaluation study with 276 participants and implications for the design of personal email services to better meet users' external information needs.
A Cloud-based Robot System for Long-term Interaction: Principles, Implementation, Lessons Learned
Authors: Kaptein Frank , Kiefer Bernd , Cully Antoine , Celiktutan Oya , Bierman Bert , Rijgersberg-peters Rifca , Broekens Joost , Van Vught Willeke , Van Bekkum Michael , Demiris Yiannis , Neerincx Mark A.
Published: October 2021

Making the transition to long-term interaction with social-robot systems has been identified as one of the main challenges in human-robot interaction. This article identifies four design principles to address this challenge and applies them in a real-world implementation: cloud-based robot control, a modular design, one common knowledge base for all applications, and hybrid artificial intelligence for decision making and reasoning. The control architecture for this robot includes a common Knowledge-base (ontologies), Data-base, “Hybrid Artificial Brain” (dialogue manager, action selection and explainable AI), Activities Centre (Timeline, Quiz, Break and Sort, Memory, Tip of the Day,

\( \ldots \)

), Embodied Conversational Agent (ECA, i.e., robot and avatar), and Dashboards (for authoring and monitoring the interaction). Further, the ECA is integrated with an expandable set of (mobile) health applications. The resulting system is a Personal Assistant for a healthy Lifestyle (PAL), which supports diabetic children with self-management and educates them on health-related issues (48 children, aged 6–14, recruited via hospitals in the Netherlands and in Italy). It is capable of autonomous interaction “in the wild” for prolonged periods of time without the need for a “Wizard-of-Oz” (up until 6 months online). PAL is an exemplary system that provides personalised, stable and diverse, long-term human-robot interaction.
Replicability, Robustness, and Reproducibility in Psychological Science
Authors: Nosek Brian A. , Hardwicke Tom E. , Moshontz Hannah , Allard Aurélien , Corker Katherine S. , Dreber Anna , Fidler Fiona , Hilgard Joe , Kline Struhl Melissa , Nuijten Michèle B. , Rohrer Julia M. , Romero Felipe , Scheel Anne M. , Scherer Laura D. , Schönbrodt Felix D. , Vazire Simine
Published: October 2021

Replication—an important, uncommon, and misunderstood practice—is gaining appreciation in psychology. Achieving replicability is important for making research progress. If findings are not replicable, then prediction and theory development are stifled. If findings are replicable, then interrogation of their meaning and validity can advance knowledge. Assessing replicability can be productive for generating and testing hypotheses by actively confronting current understandings to identify weaknesses and spur innovation. For psychology, the 2010s might be characterized as a decade of active confrontation. Systematic and multi-site replication projects assessed current understandings and observed surprising failures to replicate many published findings. Replication efforts highlighted sociocultural challenges such as disincentives to conduct replications and a tendency to frame replication as a personal attack rather than a healthy scientific practice, and they raised awareness that replication contributes to self-correction. Nevertheless, innovation in doing and understanding replication and its cousins, reproducibility and robustness, has positioned psychology to improve research practices and accelerate progress.
The Emerging Roles of Tripartite Motif Proteins (TRIMs) in Acute Lung Injury
Authors: Huang Yingjie , Xiao Yue , Zhang Xuekang , Huang Xuan , Li Yong
Published: October 2021

Acute lung injury (ALI) is an inflammatory disorder of the lung that causes high mortality and lacks any pharmacological intervention. Ubiquitination plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of ALI as it regulates the alveolocapillary barrier and the inflammatory response. Tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins are one of the subfamilies of the RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligases, which contains more than 80 distinct members in humans involved in a broad range of biological processes including antivirus innate immunity, development, and tumorigenesis. Recently, some studies have shown that several members of TRIM family proteins play important regulatory roles in inflammation and ALI. Herein, we integrate emerging evidence regarding the roles of TRIMs in ALI. Articles were selected from the searches of PubMed database that had the terms “acute lung injury,” “ubiquitin ligases,” “tripartite motif protein,” “inflammation,” and “ubiquitination” using both MeSH terms and keywords. Better understanding of these mechanisms may ultimately lead to novel therapeutic approaches by targeting TRIMs for ALI treatment.
RON Mediates Tumor‐Promoting Effects in Endometrial Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Yu Qin , Wang Jianzhang , Li Tiantian , Xu Xinxin , Guo Xinyue , Ding Shaojie , Zhu Libo , Zou Gen , Chen Yichen , Zhang Xinmei
Published: October 2021

Endometrial adenocarcinoma is one of the most prevalent female reproductive tract cancers in the world, and the development of effective treatment is still the main goal of its current research. Epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a significant part in the occurrence and development of epithelial carcinoma, including endometrial adenocarcinoma. Recepteur d’origine nantais (RON) induces EMT and promotes proliferation, migration, and invasion in various epithelial‐derived cancers, but its role in endometrial adenocarcinoma is still poorly studied. The purpose of this study is to verify the overexpression of RON in endometrial adenocarcinoma and to explore its specific roles. RON expression in tumor lesions was verified by immunohistochemical staining, HEC‐1B cells were used to construct stable cell lines with RON overexpression or knockdown to investigate the effects of RON on the function of endometrial adenocarcinoma cells, and xenotransplantation experiment was carried out in nude mice to explore the effect of RON on the growth of endometrial adenocarcinoma in vivo. This study revealed that RON could promote the proliferation, migration, and invasion of HEC‐1B cells and induce EMT, and these effects were regulated through the Smad pathway. RON overexpression could promote growth of endometrial adenocarcinoma cells in nude mice, while its inhibitor BMS777607 could restrict this role. RON played an important role in endometrial adenocarcinoma and had a potential to become a new therapeutic target for endometrial adenocarcinoma.
Antifungal Treatment Aggravates Sepsis through the Elimination of Intestinal Fungi
Authors: Sheng Baifa , Chen Yihui , Sun Lihua , Xu Peng , Han Ben , Li Xiaolong , Yin Jiuheng , Li Teming , Guan Haidi , Chen Shuaishuai , Wang Qi , Li Chuangen , Li Shiqiang , Jiang Xianhong , Wang Peng , He Qiuyue , Wang Yong , Xiao Weidong , Yang Hua
Published: October 2021

Prophylactic antifungal therapy is widely adopted clinically for critical patients and effective in reducing the morbidity of invasive fungal infection and improves outcomes of those diagnosed patients; however, it is not associated with higher overall survival. As intestinal commensal fungi play a fundamental role in the host immune response in health and disease, we propose that antifungal therapy may eliminate intestinal fungi and aggravate another critical syndrome, sepsis. Here, with murine sepsis model, we found that antifungal therapy with fluconazole dismissed intestinal fungal burden and aggravated endotoxin‐induced but no gram‐positive bacteria‐induced sepsis. Nevertheless, antifungal therapy did not exert its detrimental effect on germ‐free mice. Moreover, colonizing more commensal fungi in the mouse intestine or administration of fungal cell wall component mannan protected the mice from endotoxin‐induced sepsis. On the molecular level, we demonstrated that antifungal therapy aggravated endotoxin sepsis through promoting Gasdermin D cleavage in the distal small intestine. Intestinal colonization with commensal fungi inhibited Gasdermin D cleavage in response to lipopolysaccharide challenge. These findings show that intestinal fungi inhibit Gasdermin D‐mediated pyroptosis and protect the mice from endotoxin‐induced sepsis. This study demonstrates the protective role of intestinal fungi in the pathogenesis of endotoxin‐induced sepsis in the laboratory. It will undoubtedly prompt us to study the relationship between antifungal therapy and sepsis in critical patients who are susceptible to endotoxin‐induced sepsis in the future.