bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sex differences in psychological distress, behavioural and emotional problems, and substance use in young people in out‐of‐home care
Authors: Cotton Sue M. , Rice Simon , Moeller‐Saxone Kristen , Magnus Anne , Harvey Carol , Mihalopoulos Cathy , Humphreys Cathy , Murray Lenice , Halperin Steve , McGorry Patrick D. , Herrman Helen
Published: August 2019

The aim of the study was to examine sex differences in self‐reported psychological distress, behavioural and emotional problems, and substance use in young people living in out‐of‐home care (OoHC). One hundred seventy‐six young people aged 12–17 years (females 53.4%) in OoHC in metropolitan Melbourne, Australia, were interviewed. Participants completed self‐report measures: Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, and the World Health Organization Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test—Youth Version. Girls had more OoHC placement instability over the past year compared with boys (p = .019). Compared with boys, the girls had significantly higher levels of distress (p < .001) (p = .007), were more likely to have self‐reported emotional symptoms (p < .001) and peer relationship problems (p = .043) and were more likely to use sedatives (p = .004). Girls had more psychological distress, behavioural disturbance, and sedative abuse; placement instability might contribute to these problems. Greater integration across OoHC, mental health, and substance use sectors is required. Girls in OoHC may benefit from interventions targeting problems with peer relationship and substance use and supporting prosocial behaviour; such targets may reduce distress and emotional symptoms and possibly prevent longer term problems.
p21 protein‐activated kinase 1 is associated with severe regressive autism, and epilepsy
Authors: Kernohan Kristin D. , McBride Arran , Hartley Taila , Rojas Samantha K. ,   Care4Rare Canada Consortium, Dyment David A. , Boycott Kym M. , Dyack Sarah
Published: August 2019

The p21‐activated kinase (PAK) family of proteins function as key effectors of RHO family GTPases in mammalian cells to regulate many pathways including Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and Wnt/β‐catenin, amongst others. Here we report an individual with a novel autosomal dominant disorder characterized by severe regressive autism, intellectual disability, and epilepsy. Exome sequencing of the proband and her parents revealed a de novo variant in the PAK1 gene ([NM_001128620] c.362C>T/p.Pro121Leu). Studies in patient cells showed a clear effect on PAK1 protein function, including altered phosphorylation of targets (JNK and ERK), decreased abundance of β‐catenin, and concomitant altered expression downstream of these key regulators. Our findings add PAK1 to the list of PAK proteins and kinases which when mutated cause rare genetic diseases.
Inhibition of activator protein 1 attenuates neuroinflammation and brain injury after experimental intracerebral hemorrhage
Authors: Wei Chang‐Juan , Li Yu‐Lin , Zhu Zi‐Long , Jia Dong‐Mei , Fan Mo‐Li , Li Ting , Wang Xue‐Jiao , Li Zhi‐Guo , Ma Hong‐Shan
Published: August 2019

Aims

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating type of stroke without specific treatment. Activator protein 1 (AP‐1), as a gene regulator, initiates cytokine expression in response to environmental stimuli. In this study, we investigated the relationship between AP‐1 and neuroinflammation‐associated brain injury triggered by ICH.

Methods

Intracerebral hemorrhage mice were developed by autologous blood or collagenase infusion. We measured the dynamics of AP‐1 in mouse brain tissues during neuroinflammation formation after ICH. The effects of the AP‐1 inhibitor SR11302 on brain injury and neuroinflammation as well as the underlying mechanisms were investigated in vivo and in vitro.

Results

AP‐1 was significantly upregulated in mouse brain tissue as early as 6 hours after ICH, accompanied by elevations in proinflammatory factors, including interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α. Inhibition of AP‐1 using SR11302 reduced neurodeficits and brain edema at day 3 after ICH. SR11302 ablated microglial IL‐6 and TNF‐α production and brain‐infiltrating leukocytes in ICH mice. In addition, SR11302 treatment diminished thrombin‐induced production of IL‐6 and TNF‐α in cultured microglia.

Conclusions

Inhibition of AP‐1 curbs neuroinflammation and reduces brain injury following ICH.
The Cognitive Architecture of Perceived Animacy: Intention, Attention, and Memory
Authors: Gao Tao , Baker Chris L. , Tang Ning , Xu Haokui , Tenenbaum Joshua B.
Published: August 2019

Human vision supports social perception by efficiently detecting agents and extracting rich information about their actions, goals, and intentions. Here, we explore the cognitive architecture of perceived animacy by constructing Bayesian models that integrate domain‐specific hypotheses of social agency with domain‐general cognitive constraints on sensory, memory, and attentional processing. Our model posits that perceived animacy combines a bottom–up, feature‐based, parallel search for goal‐directed movements with a top–down selection process for intent inference. The interaction of these architecturally distinct processes makes perceived animacy fast, flexible, and yet cognitively efficient. In the context of chasing, in which a predator (the “wolf”) pursues a prey (the “sheep”), our model addresses the computational challenge of identifying target agents among varying numbers of distractor objects, despite a quadratic increase in the number of possible interactions as more objects appear in a scene. By comparing modeling results with human psychophysics in several studies, we show that the effectiveness and efficiency of human perceived animacy can be explained by a Bayesian ideal observer model with realistic cognitive constraints. These results provide an understanding of perceived animacy at the algorithmic level—how it is achieved by cognitive mechanisms such as attention and working memory, and how it can be integrated with higher‐level reasoning about social agency.
Translation, adaptation, and reliability of the Stanford Integrated Psychosocial Assessment for Transplantation in the Spanish population
Authors: López‐Lazcano Ana Isabel , López‐Pelayo Hugo , Lligoña Anna , Sánchez Nuria , Vilas‐Riotorto Vanessa , Priego Angel , Sánchez‐González Roberto , Rodríguez‐Urrutia Amanda , Quesada‐Franco Marta , Maldonado Jose R. , Pintor Luis
Published: August 2019

Background

Psychosocial risk factors influence the course of transplantation. Psychosocial evaluation is an important part of pre‐transplantation evaluation processes, yet there are no standardized instruments in Spanish.

Objective

To translate, adapt, and test the reliability of the Stanford Integrated Psychosocial Assessment for Transplantation (SIPAT) in organ and cell transplantation patients in the Spanish context.

Method

A Spanish version was developed and adapted using WHO's guidelines. The first 30 candidates' SIPAT interviews were recorded and scored by four independent examiners to test the inter‐rater reliability. The internal consistency of the SIPAT items was calculated with a sample of 150 heart, liver, and allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant candidates. Evaluations were conducted by SIPAT‐trained and transplantation‐experienced clinical psychologists and psychiatrists.

Results

Stanford Integrated Psychosocial Assessment for Transplantation achieved excellent intra‐class correlation reliability coefficients between investigators (ICC = 0.93 for the general score and from 0.77 to 0.94 for domain scores). Good internal consistency was found with Cronbach's alpha of 0.84 (from 0.69‐0.71 for domains).

Discussion

This study presents the translated and adapted version of SIPAT. It has been found to have strong inter‐rater reliability and good internal consistency. Further research is needed to confirm reliability (eg, test‐retest) and establish its validity (eg, concurrent, predictive).
Acantholytic dyskeratosis of the vulva presenting with clinical features of vulval lichen sclerosus—A possible rare collision entity
Authors: Haddadeen Ciara , Theaker Jeffrey , Rowen David , Lotery Helen
Published: August 2019

We present a challenging case of chronic, erosive, scarring dermatosis of the vulva with clinical features of long standing lichen sclerosus (LS), namely pallor and loss of vulval architecture, but with histopathology consistently showing features of an acantholytic process. The history and clinical features of this case do not resemble other acantholytic conditions such as pemphigus vulgaris, Hailey‐Hailey disease, Darier disease, or the entities described as acantholytic dermatoses affecting the vulva. As far as we are aware, the combination of the clinical features and histopathologic findings in our case do not fit with any previously described condition and we propose that this is a rare entity of a collision of LS and an erosive acantholytic process occurring together.
Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty is an effective and safe minimally invasive approach for treatment of obesity: First Indian experience
Authors: Bhandari Mohit , Jain Saransh , Mathur Winni , Kosta Susmit , Neto Manoel Galvao , Brunaldi Vitor Ottoboni , Fobi Mathias
Published: August 2019

Background and Aim

Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty (ESG) is gaining acceptance as a non‐surgical option for the treatment of obesity. However, its role is still not consolidated for all populations and the ideal indications are yet to be determined. We aimed to study the efficacy and safety of ESG in Indian patients.

Methods

We conducted a single‐center retrospective study of obese patients who underwent consecutive ESG at our tertiary care center. Data on weight loss and adverse events at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months were collected and analyzed.

Results

Fifty‐three patients underwent ESG from March 2017 to October 2018. Eighty one percent of patients were female (43/53). Mean baseline age and body mass index were 40.54 ± 13.79 years and 34.78 ± 5.20 kg/m2, respectively. Mean duration of procedure was 68.96 ± 11.19 min. Immediate postoperative complications included mainly epigastric pain (45.2%) and nausea (22.6%) but there was no serious adverse event. Average percentage of total weight loss (%TWL) was 8.26%, 11.96%, 14.25%, and 19.94% at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively. Eighty‐eight percent of patients achieved >15% TWL at 12 months. Younger patients (<30 years old) and female patients had greater %TWL at 12 months (P = 0.01 and P = 0.021, respectively). Last 18 procedures were significantly faster than the first 35 cases (P = 0.01).

Conclusions

Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty is effective and safe at promoting weight loss in the Indian population. Young age and female gender are related to better outcomes.
Use of capillary glucose combined with other non‐laboratory examinations to screen for diabetes and prediabetes
Authors: Liu Yuxiang , Guo Haijian , Wang Qing , Lian Dashuai , Yang Man , Huang Kaiping , Chen Jianshuang , Xuan Yan , Zhang Jiarong , Wei Qiankun , Fang Shenghao , Xu Jinshui , Liu Yu , Sun Kaicheng , Sun Zilin , Wang Bei
Published: August 2019

Aim

To evaluate the value and feasibility of capillary glucose assessment, combined with other non‐laboratory measures, in screening for diabetes and prediabetes in the community.

Methods

In this cross‐sectional study, we assessed fasting capillary glucose, fasting plasma glucose, and both capillary glucose and plasma glucose values after 2‐h oral glucose tolerance tests in a total of 3736 samples. We determined the optimal threshold of capillary glucose using receiver‐operating characteristic curve analysis. The effect of screening methods using capillary glucose combined with other variables, such as age, BMI and waist circumference, was assessed according to area under the receiver‐operating characteristic curve.

Results

There was a strong positive correlation between capillary glucose and venous plasma glucose. The area under the curve for the model using fasting capillary glucose to screen for impaired fasting glucose was 0.722, while that for the model using capillary glucose after a 2‐h oral glucose tolerance test to screen for impaired glucose tolerance was 0.916. The area under the curve for the model using fasting capillary glucose to screen for diabetes was 0.835, while that for the model using 2‐h oral glucose tolerance test capillary glucose was 0.912. The area under the curve for the model using fasting capillary glucose + 2‐h oral glucose tolerance test capillary glucose to screen for diabetes was 0.945. The discriminatory capability of models using capillary glucose was somewhat improved by adding non‐laboratory variables.

Conclusions

Capillary glucose could be an alternative for screening for diabetes and prediabetes, especially in low‐resource areas.
Point‐of‐care ultrasound with pocket‐size devices in emergency department
Authors: Mancusi Costantino , Carlino Maria Viviana , Sforza Alfonso
Published: August 2019

Point‐of‐care ultrasound is a useful tool for clinicians in the management of patients. Particularly in emergency department, the role of point‐of‐care ultrasound is strongly increasing due to the need for a rapid assessment of critically ill patients and to speed up the diagnostic process. Hand‐carried ultrasound devices are particularly useful in emergency setting and allow rapid assessment of patient even in prehospital setting. This article will review the role of point‐of‐care ultrasonography, performed with pocket‐size devices, in the management of patients presenting with acute onset of undifferentiating dyspnea, chest pain, and shock in emergency department.
The philosopher and the reader: Kierkegaard and Wittgenstein on love and philosophical method
Authors: Christensen Anne‐Marie Søndergaard
Published: August 2019

In his diaries from the beginning of the 1930s, Ludwig Wittgenstein comments extensively both on Søren Kierkegaard's view of philosophical method and on his view of love. The aim of this article is to show how Wittgenstein's reflections on Kierkegaard's view of love reveal a fundamental difference between the two thinkers' views of philosophical method, a difference in their view of the role of the reader of and partner in doing philosophy, between Kierkegaard's indirect communication to the reader and Wittgenstein's dialogical engagement with the reader. The article opens with a presentation of substantial similarities between Wittgenstein's and Kierkegaard's conceptions of philosophy. After this, I present an account of Kierkegaard's view of love and marriage, an understanding of which is necessary in order to understand Wittgenstein's reservations towards Kierkegaard. This in turn leads me to the main investigation that shows how a difference in Kierkegaard and Wittgenstein's views on love connects to a fundamental difference in their views of philosophy. This difference between the two thinkers will finally be elucidated through the understanding of love developed by Stanley Cavell in his work on the so‐called Hollywood remarriage comedies.
Formation of tungsten carbide nanoparticles by wire explosion process
Authors: Ranjan Prem , Kurosaki Taisei , Suematsu Hisayuki , Jayaganthan Rengaswamy , Sarathi Ramanujam
Published: August 2019

Tungsten carbide nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by wire explosion process (WEP) in gas ambient as carbon source. Formation of tungsten carbide (WC1−X) in a single step by WEP using methane and argon‐acetylene mixture as carburizing medium, is detailed. X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to observe the phase and morphology of the produced NPs. In WEP, morphology and phase of NPs are controlled using different levels of energy ratio, K (ratio of energy supplied to wire and sublimation energy of wire), type and pressure, P of ambience. High purity WC1−X NPs was synthesized in methane ambience with a high K (=19) and a high P (270 kPa). A thorough study has been made to understand the impact of type of carburizing medium. Methane‐acetylene mixture gave two phases of carbides. Argon‐acetylene ambience provided complete carburization in specific cases. In general, the formed NPs are spherical in shape. Formation mechanism of tungsten carbide NPs is detailed in the work.
Credit ratings and liquidity crises
Authors: Lee Kyounghun , Oh Frederick Dongchuhl
Published: August 2019

This paper examines the effects of information dissemination by a credit rating agency (CRA) on a liquidity crisis. In our proposed model, the CRA and creditors share public information on a firm's repayment ability. In addition, the CRA and creditors obtain noisy private information about the firm. After receiving its private information, the CRA announces it to creditors along with its opinion. We find that the probability of the firm having a liquidity crisis does not always decrease with the accuracy of the CRA's information. Moreover, if the CRA has reputation concerns, CRA opinions that contain inaccurate information rely more on the market prior.
Protein quality and antioxidant properties of soymilk derived from black soybean after in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion
Authors: Guo Ying , Ma Mengting , Jiang Fan , Jiang Wenqian , Wang Hanxin , Du Shuang‐kui
Published: August 2019

Protein quality and antioxidant properties of soymilk derived from black soybean (eight varieties) in China were analysed following in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion (including dialysis). Soymilk from black soybean possessed high okara weight but low yield, protein content and sensory scores. The in vitro digestibility of protein in all black soymilk samples was higher than 60%, and the Shenmu black soybean exhibited the highest digestibility. Non‐digested milk from the black soybean exhibited significantly high total phenolic content (TPC) (127.15–173.04 mg/100 mL), ferric‐reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) (272.18–366.27 μmol L−1) and DPPH free radical‐scavenging activity (61.20–83.81%). These parameters were significantly lower in the non‐digested soymilk than those in soymilk after gastric digestion but higher than those of soymilk in the dialysed fraction. Gastric digestion significantly increased bioactive compound levels released from black soymilk, and the bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds was 24.37–36.05%. Hence, black soymilk was sufficiently available for human absorption.
Comparative study on chemical composition, polyphenols, flavonoids, carotenoids and antioxidant activities of various cultivars of sweet potato
Authors: Kourouma Vamougne , Mu Tai‐Hua , Zhang Miao , Sun Hong‐Nan
Published: August 2019

Chemical composition, polyphenols, flavonoids, carotenoids and antioxidant activities of twenty‐five cultivars of sweet potato were investigated. Starch, crude protein, crude fat, total dietary fibre, reducing sugar and ash contents ranged between 51.88–69.21, 2.36–7.79, 0.24–1.11, 5.02–14.35, 1.07–9.78 and 1.95–4.29 g per 100 g dry weight (DW), respectively. Cultivars of Longshu, Pushu 32 and Qinshu No.7 (Shanxi province) displayed the highest values in total polyphenol contents (9.38, 9.11 and 8.76 mg GAE per g DW, respectively), Huangmeigui showed higher flavonoids content (2.54 mg RE per g DW), Xiangshu presented higher anthocyanin content (1.02 mg per g DW), whereas Pushu 32 had the highest β‐carotene content (208.11 μg per g DW). Strong significant positive correlations were presented between antioxidant activities and total polyphenol and flavonoid contents, indicating that polyphenols and flavonoids are essential antioxidants in sweet potatoes. Among all cultivars, Pushu 32 presented the highest grey relational grade (GRG) value (0.7811), suggesting its importance as a healthy diet.
Effect of jet‐cooking and hydrolyses with amylases on the physicochemical and in vitro digestion performance of whole chickpea flours
Authors: de la Rosa‐Millán Julián , Orona‐Padilla José Luis , Flores‐Moreno Víctor Manuel , Serna‐Saldívar Sergio O.
Published: August 2019

Whole chickpea flours were subjected to a pilot plant process aimed to understand the effects of jet‐cooking followed by α‐amylase or isoamylase hydrolyses in terms of physicochemical and the in vitro digestion performance of starch and proteins. Jet‐cooked flours generated lower viscosities and had lower gelatinisation temperatures when compared with their raw counterparts; furthermore, the amylolytic enzymes improved both starch and protein in vitro digestion rates (HI of 85.33 and relative digestion of 88.92%, respectively) that were strongly correlated with the amylose content (P < 0.05). By means of principal component analyses (PCA) is concluded that the changes in granular architecture, reflected by lower ΔH values and new linear structures after isoamylase hydrolysis (treated = 44.36% vs. raw = 26.43%) as well as protein denaturation promoted similar glycemic responses in raw flours compared with jet‐cooked counterparts (83.12 and 84.77, respectively). The combination of a thermal‐enzymatic method could be a useful alternative to produce novel pulse flours.
Substrate‐specificity of cytochrome P450‐mediated detoxification as an evolutionary strategy for specialization on furanocoumarin‐containing hostplants: CYP6AE89 in parsnip webworms
Authors: Calla B. , Wu W.‐Y. , Dean C. A. E. , Schuler M. A. , Berenbaum M. R.
Published: August 2019

The parsnip webworm, Depressaria pastinacella, is restricted to two hostplant genera containing six structurally diverse furanocoumarins. Of these, imperatorin is detoxified by a specialized cytochrome P450, CYP6AB3. A previous whole‐larva transcriptome analysis confirmed the presence of nine transcripts that belong to the CYP6AE subfamily. Here, by examining midgut‐specific gene expression patterns we determined that CYP6AE89 transcripts were highly expressed and furanocoumarin‐inducible. Computer docking and energy‐minimization of a CYP6AE89 model with all six furanocoumarins showed that 5‐methoxylated bergapten and 8‐methoxylated xanthotoxin had the smallest distances from the heme to the proton‐donor residue in the catalytic I‐helix, and that the 5,8‐dimethoxylated isopimpinellin and bergapten had the smallest energy‐minimized distance from the heme oxygen to the furan ring double bond. To evaluate this prediction, we expressed the CYP6AE89 protein in an Escherichia coli system, and used it to detect high catalytic activity against the two mono‐methoxylated linear furanocoumarins – bergapten and xanthotoxin – and weak activity against isopimpinellin. Thus, CYP6AE89, like CYP6AB3, is probably specialized for detoxifying only a subset of hostplant furanocoumarins. A maximum‐likelihood tree built with six representative lepidopterans with manually annotated cytochrome P450s shows that CYP6AE89 may have evolved much faster than the other CYP6AE proteins, possibly indicative of host selection pressure.
Ocular tissue changes associated with anterior segment opacity in lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L) eye
Authors: Paradis Helene , Ahmad Raahyma , McDonald James , Boyce Danny , Gendron Robert L.
Published: August 2019

Lumpfish use their vision to hunt prey or, in the case of aquaculture, to see and eat pelleted diets. A common anterior ocular opacity abnormality designated in the literature as “cataract” described in both farmed and wild lumpfish has not yet been characterized in detail at the pathobiological level. We describe here lens tissue changes associated with cataract in cultured and domesticated lumpfish. Methodology included gross observations, ophthalmoscopy and histology. Young adult cultured animals approaching 400 days post‐hatch presented a range of anterior segment opacities associated with lenticular abnormalities observable at a histological level. Wild aged domesticated animals also displayed cataracts characterized mainly by abnormalities of the lens observed by both ophthalmoscopy and histology. Dysplastic lesions of the lens in one aged domesticated lumpfish were accompanied with both retinal and optic nerve degeneration. These novel naturally occurring anatomical changes in lumpfish present both commonalities and unique features associated with cataract in young adult cultured animals versus aged domesticated broodstock animals.
Engaging a state medical society in oral health: a community action report
Authors: Bannon Annika L. , Silk Hugh J.
Published: August 2019

Increasingly, the medical community is recognizing how oral health relates to overall health and engaging in oral health promotion. In 2012, the Massachusetts Medical Society set out to explore how to prioritize oral health as a part of its public health agenda. It began with an Oral Health Forum, which evolved into a Committee on Oral Health. This committee is the first of its kind in a state medical society and is comprised of a diverse group of medical and dental professionals. In this article, we review the process by which the committee was established, report on projects, and reflect on lessons learned.
Pharmacokinetics of injectable marbofloxacin after intravenous and intramuscular administration in red‐eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans)
Authors: Lai Olimpia R. , Marín Pedro , Laricchiuta Pietro , Gelli Donatella , Escudero Elisa , Crescenzo Giuseppe
Published: August 2019

Fluoroquinolone antibacterial drugs are currently used in reptilian medicine because of their broad spectrum of activity including the most frequent pathogens of these species. The disposition kinetics of marbofloxacin (MBX) at a single dose of 2 mg/kg were determined in healthy red‐eared sliders after intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) administration. The influence of renal portal system on the bioavailability of the drug was investigated by using forelimb and hindlimb as IM injection sites. Apparent volume of distribution at steady‐state (Vss) and systemic clearance (Cl) of marbofloxacin after IV administration were estimated to be 48.21 ± 5.42 ml/kg and 23.38 ± 2.90 ml/hr·kg, respectively. The absolute bioavailabilities after IM route were 45.96% (forelimb) and 52.09% (hindlimb). The lack of statistically significant differences in most of the pharmacokinetic parameters after the two IM injection sites suggests a negligible influence of renal portal system in clinical use of MBX, although the Cmax after IMfore administration is advantageous, having into account the concentration‐dependent action of this antibiotic. The absence of visible adverse reactions in the animals and the advantageous pharmacokinetic properties suggest the possibility of its safe and effective clinical use in red‐eared sliders.
Conservation genetics: Linking science with practice
Authors: Holderegger Rolf , Balkenhol Niko , Bolliger Janine , Engler Jan O. , Gugerli Felix , Hochkirch Axel , Nowak Carsten , Segelbacher Gernot , Widmer Alex , Zachos Frank E.
Published: August 2019

Conservation genetics is a well‐established scientific field. However, limited information transfer between science and practice continues to hamper successful implementation of scientific knowledge in conservation practice and management. To mitigate this challenge, we have established a conservation genetics community, which entails an international exchange‐and‐skills platform related to genetic methods and approaches in conservation management. First, it allows for scientific exchange between researchers during annual conferences. Second, personal contact between conservation professionals and scientists is fostered by organising workshops and by popularising knowledge on conservation genetics methods and approaches in professional journals in national languages. Third, basic information on conservation genetics has been made accessible by publishing an easy‐to‐read handbook on conservation genetics for practitioners. Fourth, joint projects enabled practitioners and scientists to work closely together from the start of a project in order to establish a tight link between applied questions and scientific background. Fifth, standardised workflows simplifying the implementation of genetic tools in conservation management have been developed. By establishing common language and trust between scientists and practitioners, all these measures help conservation genetics to play a more prominent role in future conservation planning and management.
Bcl‐2/Bax ratio increase does not prevent apoptosis of glia and granular neurons in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Toscano Eliana C. de Brito , Vieira Érica L.M. , Portela Ana C.D.C. , Reis Joice L.J. , Caliari Marcelo V. , Giannetti Alexandre V. , Gonçalves Ana P. , Siqueira José M. , Suemoto Claudia K. , Leite Renata E.P. , Nitrini Ricardo , Teixeira Antônio L. , Rachid Milene A.
Published: August 2019

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is usually associated with hippocampal sclerosis (HS), characterized by gliosis and neuronal loss, mainly in the cornus ammonis (CA). Regardless the type of HS, gliosis is associated with neuronal loss. Indeed, glial reactivation seems to induce both neuronal and glial apoptosis. Anti‐apoptotic mechanisms are also activated in order to contain the cell death in chronic epilepsy. However, the role of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway in human TLE is unclear, mainly in relation to glial death. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reactive gliosis areas in parallel with Bcl‐2/Bax ratio and active caspase 3 immunoreactivity in hippocampi of TLE patients in comparison with control hippocampi. We also sought to investigate whether the levels of these markers were correlated with TLE clinical parameters. Paraffin‐embedded sclerotic and control hippocampi were collected for immunohistochemical analyses of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), human leucocyte antigen DR (HLA‐DR), neuronal nuclei protein (NeuN), Bax, Bcl‐2 and active caspase 3. Sclerotic hippocampi presented higher immunoreactivity areas of GFAP and HLA‐DR than controls, with similar values in HS types 1 and 2. Bcl‐2 protein expression was increased in epileptic hippocampi, while Bax expression was similar to controls. Despite Bcl2/Bax ratio increase, granular neurons and glia exhibited active caspase 3 expression in TLE hippocampi, while controls did not show staining for the same marker. In conclusion, glial and neuronal death is increased in sclerotic hippocampi, independently of HS type, and co‐localized with gliosis. Furthermore, Bcl‐2/Bax ratio increase does not prevent expression of active caspase 3 by glia and granular neurons in TLE.
Nanocnide zhejiangensis sp. nov. (Urticaceae: Urticeae) from Zhejiang Province, East China
Authors: Jin Xiao‐Feng , Zhang Jian , Lu Yi‐Fei , Yang Wang‐Wei , Chen Wei‐Jie
Published: August 2019

Nanocnide zhejiangensis X.F. Jin & Y.F. Lu, a new species of Urticaceae from Zhejiang, east China, is described with illustrations. The new species is morphologically similar to Nanocnide japonica in having staminate inflorescence longer than leaves, but differs by having glabrous stems, petioles, peduncles and abaxial leaf surfaces, glabrous perianth lobes of staminate flowers, dorsally glabrous perianth lobes of pistillate flowers, and acuminate or solitary spinose–setaceous at the apex. Analysis based on ITS, atpF–H, atpB–rbcL and trnL–F sequences also demonstrate that Nanocnide japonica is the closest extant relative to the new species.
Justifications and excuses in epistemology
Authors: Greco Daniel
Published: August 2019

While epistemologists have long debated what it takes for beliefs to be justified, they've devoted much less collective attention to the question of what it takes for beliefs to be excused, and how excuses differ from justifications. This stands in contrast to the state of affairs in legal scholarship, where the contrast between justifications and excuses is a standard topic in introductory criminal law textbooks. My goal in this paper is to extract some lessons from legal theory for epistemologists seeking to distinguish epistemic justifications from epistemic excuses. First, I'll provide a brief overview of appeals to the justification/excuse distinction in epistemology, focusing on the internalism/externalism debate. Then, I'll identify some choice points in legal theory for how to think about the function of the justification/excuse distinction, and will in turn correspond to analogous choice points in epistemology. Ultimately, I'll argue that depending on which way we go at some crucial junctures, we can motivate either a traditional, non‐factive, internalist conception of justification, or a purely factive one where truth is all that's required for a belief to be justified. But there's no clear path, via legal theory, to view that only beliefs that amount to knowledge are justified.
Putting self‐organization to the test: labyrinthine patterns as optimal solution for persistence
Authors: Bertolini Camilla , Cornelissen Brenda , Capelle Jacob , van de Koppel Johan , Bouma Tjeerd J.
Published: August 2019

Spatial patterns formed through the process of self‐organization are found in nature across a variety of ecosystems. Pattern formation may reduce the costs of competition while maximizing the benefits of group living, and thus promote ecosystem persistence. This leads to the prediction that self‐organizing to obtain locally intermediate densities will be the optimal solution to balance costs and benefits. However, despite much evidence documenting pattern formation in natural ecosystems, there is limited empirical evidence of how these patterns both influence and are influenced by tradeoffs between costs and benefits. Using mussels as a model system, we coupled field observations in mussel‐culture plots with manipulative laboratory experiments to address the following hypotheses: 1) labyrinthine spatial patterns, characteristically found at intermediate to high patch densities, are the most persistent over time; this is because labyrinthine patterns 2) result in adequately heavy patches that can maximize resistance to dislodgement while 3) increasing water turbulence with spacing, which will maximize food delivery processes. In the field, we observed that labyrinthine ‘stripes’ patterns are indeed the most persistent over time, confirming our first hypothesis. Furthermore, with laboratory experiments, we found the ‘stripes’ pattern to be highly resistant to dislodgement, confirming the second hypothesis. Finally, with regards to the third hypothesis, we found positive effects of this pattern on local turbulence. These results suggest that the mechanisms of intraspecific facilitation not only depend on initial organism densities, but may also be influenced by spatial patterning. We hence recommend taking into account spatial patterns to maximize productivity and persistence in shellfish‐cultivation practices and to increase the restoration success of ecosystems with self‐organizing properties.
A meta‐analysis of meta‐analyses of the effectiveness of FIFA injury prevention programs in soccer
Authors: Al Attar Wesam Saleh A. , Alshehri Mansour Abdullah
Published: August 2019

FIFA has a Medical and Research Centre (F‐MARC) which has designed a comprehensive program targeting muscle strength, kinesthetic awareness, and neuromuscular control during static and dynamic movements to decrease injury risk for soccer players. A number of meta‐analyses now exist on how effective FIFA's programs to prevent and reduce injury actually are, with various degrees of injury reduction reported. This research aimed to carry out a systematic review and to meta‐analyse the existing meta‐analyses so that a conclusion can be drawn on how effective the injury programs are. Relevant studies were identified by searching five databases for the period January 1990 till 1 July 2018. Results of each meta‐analysis were combined together using risk ratios (RR) in a summary meta‐analysis. QUOROM checklist and AMSTAR 2 assessment were used to assess the quality of reporting and methodology in the meta‐analyses. Four meta‐analyses met the inclusion criteria covering fifteen primary studies. All four meta‐analyses scored quite highly on QUOROM, but two were rated by AMSTAR 2 as moderate quality, and two were found to be of critically low quality. An overall risk reduction in 34% (RR = 0.66 [0.60‐0.73]) for all injuries and a reduction in 29% (RR = 0.71 [0.63‐0.81]) for injuries to the lower limbs were revealed by this meta‐analysis of meta‐analyses. Combining every previous meta‐analysis into a single source in this paper produced decisive evidence that the risk of injuries while playing soccer is reduced as a result of FIFA's injury prevention programs.
Reactive and proactive aggression in children with and without ADHD and negative emotional lability
Authors: Slaughter Kelly E. , Leaberry Kirsten D. , Fogleman Nicholas D. , Rosen Paul J.
Published: August 2019

Children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) exhibit marked difficulty with frequent and intense shifts in negative or positive emotions, referred to as emotional lability. This study examines the relationships between negative emotional lability (NEL), ADHD, and reactive and proactive aggression. A community sample of 96 children (53 with ADHD, 43 control) ages 8–12 and their parents completed a baseline session include a diagnostic structured interview and the Reactive–Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (RPAQ). Parents then rated their child's NEL using the Positive and Negative Affect Scale as part of an Ecological Momentary Assessment protocol 3 times a day for 28 days. Seventy‐three participants (37 with ADHD, 36 control) completed the RPAQ at follow‐up. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that NEL significantly and independently estimates reactive aggression at baseline and follow‐up, regardless of ADHD status. NEL and ADHD status significantly estimates concurrent proactive aggression, but not at follow‐up. Results of this study suggest that NEL accounts for a significant amount of the variability in reactive aggression, a common difficulty in children with ADHD. Further, individuals that are reportedly emotionally labile become more reactively aggressive over time. Both ADHD diagnostic and NEL are predictors of proactive aggression at baseline, although no interaction occurred.
Co‐Movement of Political Risk and Sovereign Credit Risk: A Wavelet Coherence Analysis for Argentina, Brazil, and Venezuela
Authors: Kirikkaleli Dervis , Ozun Alper
Published: August 2019

Objective

This article aim to investigate the causal relationship between sovereign credit risk and political risk in Argentina, Brazil, and Venezuela.

Methods

Granger causality, Toda Yamamoto causality, and wavelet coherence tests are used to answer the following questions: (i) Is there are causal linkage between sovereign credit risk and political risk? (ii) If yes, in which direction(s)? It also provides a recent literature on the methods of quantification of political risk and historic economic instabilities in the selected countries.

Results

The findings from wavelet coherence reveal that (i) between 1997 and 2005, sovereign credit risk significantly causes political risk in Argentina at medium frequency but between 2008 and 2015, at high frequency, the direction of causality is opposite relative to the previous period; (ii) the correlation between political risk and sovereign credit risk is not high throughout the period of 1993‐2015, although there is a positive correlation between sovereign credit risk and political risk 1998 and 2000 at only high frequency in Brazil; (iii) between 1997 and 2011, political risk significantly causes sovereign credit risk in Venezuela. At high frequency, between 2006 and 2007, there is also positive correlation between sovereign credit risk and political risk.

Conclusion

There is evidence that there is a feedback causal relationship between political risk and sovereign credit risk at different frequencies.
Serologic assessments in acute transfusion reactions: practices and yields
Authors: Cohen Robert , Lima Ana , Escorcia Alioska , Tasmin Farzana , Lin Yulia , Lieberman Lani , Pendergrast Jacob , Callum Jeannie , Cserti‐Gazdewich Christine
Published: August 2019

Background & Objectives

Serologic testing after transfusion reactions (TRs) aims to find accountable immune haemolytic incompatibility. Our hospital policies recommend serologic testing in all TR, except for low‐risk fevers (subclinical temperature <39°C) or uncomplicated allergic reactions. Assessing compliance with these guidelines and serologic testing yields may provide insights on quality of practice and value.

Materials & Methods

Interrogation of two haemovigilance databases identified all possible‐to‐definite TR over a 4‐year period (2013–2016) at four academic hospitals. We reviewed the performance and outcome of serologic testing by site, year, reaction type, implicated product and service.

Results

Serologic testing occurred in 769 (55%) of 1408 referrals, with 1153 (82%) compliant with guidelines. Similar proportions deviated to overtesting (85/550 [15%]) and undertesting (174/858 [20%]), with undertesting seen most often in atypical TR. Overall, 30 (4.4%) of 769 cases had a new finding, but only 2 (0.3%) reflected host‐derived antibodies. Overall, the number needed to test to discover an unexpected allospecificity was 385, or 253 if limited to high‐risk fevers. Reaction‐ and product‐specific yields ranged from 0% to 48%. The yield in complicated allergic reactions was low at 2%, constituting only predictable passive isohaemagglutinin(s) in retrospect. Investigated IVIG TR accounted for most of this cohort’s signal by passive isohaemagglutinins in 48%.

Conclusion

The performance of post‐TR serologic testing revealed practice gaps and expected context‐specific yields. Tailored serologic testing (i.e. indirect antiglobulin tests for alloantibodies in post‐RBC/high‐risk febrile reactions, ± isoagglutinin‐focused tests after IVIG or ABO‐minor‐mismatched platelets) may improve value and liberate resources for other unmet needs in TR investigation.
Examining Some Motoric Features of Under-15 Badminton Players of National Teams
Authors: Sevindi Tarık
Published: August 2019

The aim of this research is to compare the motoric features of badminton players of the national teams participated in International tournament under-15, and to determine whether there is a correlation between the development level of motoric features and the results. Totally 48 players participated in the study, from 6 countries (Turkey, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Serbia, Georgia) participating in the 5th International Rumi Child Sport Games, 24 of whom were females and 24 males. Stature, bodyweight, body mass index (BMI), flexibility, dominant and non-dominant hand grasping power, standing long jump, sit-up for 30 seconds, vertical jumping test, and anaerobic strength values of the participants were detected. It was determined that there were statistically significant differences (p<0.05) between the countries in terms of dominant hand grasping power, vertical jumping, and standing long jump values of the male players; and in terms of bodyweight, BMI, dominant and non-dominant hand grasping power values of the female players. As conclusion, it was found that the motoric features of the players ranked in the International Tournament under-15 were in better level, and it can be concluded for badminton sport that development of motoric features played an important role for success alongside with technique and tactic features.
Dynamic re-weighting of acoustic and contextual cues in spoken word recognition
Authors: Bushong Wednesday , Jaeger T. Florian
Published: August 2019

Listeners integrate acoustic and contextual cues during word recognition. However, experiments investigating this integration disrupt natural cue correlations. It was investigated whether changes in correlational structure affect listeners' relative cue weightings. Two groups of participants engaged in a word recognition task. In one group, acoustic (voice onset time) and contextual (lexical bias) cues followed natural correlations; in the other, cues were uncorrelated. When cues were correlated, cue weights were stable throughout the experiment; when cues were uncorrelated, contextual cues were down-weighted. Listeners thus can re-weight cues based on their statistical structure. Studies failing to account for re-weighting risk over/under-estimating cue importance.
Acoustic diffusion constant of cortical bone: Numerical simulation study of the effect of pore size and pore density on multiple scattering
Authors: Karbalaeisadegh Yasamin , Yousefian Omid , Iori Gianluca , Raum Kay , Muller Marie
Published: August 2019

While osteoporosis assessment has long focused on the characterization of trabecular bone, the cortical bone micro-structure also provides relevant information on bone strength. This numerical study takes advantage of ultrasound multiple scattering in cortical bone to investigate the effect of pore size and pore density on the acoustic diffusion constant. Finite-difference time-domain simulations were conducted in cortical microstructures that were derived from acoustic microscopy images of human proximal femur cross sections and modified by controlling the density (Ct.Po.Dn) ∈[5−25] pore/mm2 and size (Ct.Po.Dm) ∈[30−100] μm of the pores. Gaussian pulses were transmitted through the medium and the backscattered signals were recorded to obtain the backscattered intensity. The incoherent contribution of the backscattered intensity was extracted to give access to the diffusion constant D. At 8 MHz, significant differences in the diffusion constant were observed in media with different porous micro-architectures. The diffusion constant was monotonously influenced by either pore diameter or pore density. An increase in pore size and pore density resulted in a decrease in the diffusion constant (D =285.9Ct.Po.Dm−1.49, R2=0.989 , p=4.96×10−5,RMSE=0.06; D=6.91Ct.Po.Dn−1.01, R2=0.94, p=2.8×10−3 , RMSE=0.09), suggesting the potential of the proposed technique for the characterization of the cortical microarchitecture.
Bioenergy not a climate cure-all, panel warns
Authors: Stokstad Erik
Published: August 2019

IPCC report on using land to fight global warming cites risks to food and water.
Thermodynamically stabilized β-CsPbI
3
–based perovskite solar cells with efficiencies >18%
Authors: Wang Yong , Dar M. Ibrahim , Ono Luis K. , Zhang Taiyang , Kan Miao , Li Yawen , Zhang Lijun , Wang Xingtao , Yang Yingguo , Gao Xingyu , Qi Yabing , Grätzel Michael , Zhao Yixin
Published: August 2019

Tetragonal phases for perovskite solar cells

The power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of all-inorganic perovskites are lower than those of materials with organic cations. This is in part because these materials have larger bandgaps. The cubic crystal phases of these materials also exhibit poor stability. Wang
et al.
synthesized the tetragonal β-phase of CsPbI
3
from HPbI
3
and CsI. The material exhibited higher stability and a more favorable bandgap, which allowed for PCEs of 15%. Passivation of the surface trap state with choline iodide boosted PCEs to 18%.

Science
, this issue p.
591
A robotic platform for flow synthesis of organic compounds informed by AI planning
Authors: Coley Connor W. , Thomas Dale A. , Lummiss Justin A. M. , Jaworski Jonathan N. , Breen Christopher P. , Schultz Victor , Hart Travis , Fishman Joshua S. , Rogers Luke , Gao Hanyu , Hicklin Robert W. , Plehiers Pieter P. , Byington Joshua , Piotti John S. , Green William H. , Hart A. John , Jamison Timothy F. , Jensen Klavs F.
Published: August 2019

Pairing prediction and robotic synthesis

Progress in automated synthesis of organic compounds has been proceeding along parallel tracks. One goal is algorithmic prediction of viable routes to a desired compound; the other is implementation of a known reaction sequence on a platform that needs little to no human intervention. Coley
et al.
now report preliminary integration of these two protocols. They paired a retrosynthesis prediction algorithm with a robotically reconfigurable flow apparatus. Human intervention was still required to supplement the predictor with practical considerations such as solvent choice and precise stoichiometry, although predictions should improve as accessible data accumulate for training.

Science
, this issue p.
eaax1566
How to lose tumor suppression
Authors: Lane David Philip
Published: August 2019

Dominant-negative effects alone explain the spectrum of p53 mutations in myeloid cancer