bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Decisões Diversas e Perspectivas Idênticas: Roe X Wade, Adpf 54 e a Encriptação do Machismo nas Decisões Judiciais
Authors: Silva Diego De Oliveira , Silva Elaine Auxiliadora Martins Moreira
Published: January 2017

O presente trabalho visa a estudar a utilização das decisões judiciais como forma de encriptar o machismo na sociedade atual e explicitar o conteúdo sexista oculto nos julgados, especialmente naqueles referentes à interrupção da gravidez. O desenvolvimento do trabalho passa pela análise da paradigmática decisão da Corte Suprema estadunidense Roe X Wade, bem como, e como forma de contextualizar a reflexão ao cenário nacional, do conteúdo explícito, implícito e oculto no julgamento da ADPF 54. A evidenciação do conteúdo encriptado nas decisões será importante, como primeiro passo na busca de se evitar a utilização de mais esse instrumento de opressão.
Violência e Juventude Negra: Um Estudo sobre a Política de Proteção de Crianças e Adolescentes Ameaçados de Morte
Authors: Azevedo Anna Carolina De Oliveira , Fernandes Rômulo Magalhães
Published: January 2017

O artigo analisa a experiência do Programa de Proteção a Crianças e Adolescentes Ameaçados de Morte (PPCAAM) e os desafios para o enfrentamento da violência letal da juventude no Brasil. A partir de uma abordagem interdisciplinar, que privilegia o método dedutivo, examinam-se legislações e doutrinas nacionais e internacionais sobre o tema, bem como dados sobre o público atendido pelo PPCAAM no ano de 2014. Após o exame de tais pontos, pode-se concluir que o PPCAAM, ao atuar de forma coordenada entre as diferentes instâncias governamentais, pode contribuir no debate social e na prevenção dos efeitos da violência contra a juventude.
Trabalho e Desenvolvimento Social: Proposta de uma Nova Regulamentação para o Bolsa Família a Partir do Reconhecimento do Trabalho como Valor Social
Authors: Villarim Renata Teixeira , Oliveira Flavia De Paiva Medeiros
Published: January 2017

Este trabalho apresenta uma análise sobre a pobreza e a exclusão social, a fim de identificar suas implicações na configuração de políticas públicas no Brasil, fazendo uma estudo do Programa Bolsa Família. O seu objetivo é avaliar se tal Programa cumpriu a sua finalidade e sobre a possibilidade de inclusão de uma nova condicionalidade, que é a relativa ao trabalho e empreendedorismo, como forma de garantir uma real inserção social dos seus beneficiários.
SURVEI Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV) YANG MENGINFEKSI ANGGREK ALAM TROPIS DI INDONESIA (SURVEY ON THE OCCURRENCE OF Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV) INFECTING NATURE TROPICAL ORCHIDS IN INDONESIA)
Authors: Mahfut Mahfut , Daryono Budi Setiadi , Joko Tri , Somowiyarjo Susamto
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTNatural orchids are one of the important ornamental plants that were cultivated in tropical countries, including Indonesia. Virus infections has been important limiting factor in orchids cultivation because it decreases the orchids quality. Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV) is one of the most reported virus infecting orchids which spread widely in the world. During 2010–2014 surveys of viral infections were conducted in Indonesia. The orchids were found infected by virus, showed symptoms of mosaic, mottle, chlorotic, necrotic, streak, wilting leaf, and ringspot on leaf surface. Detection with serological test DAS-ELISA showed only 11 from 125 samples were infected by ORSV with total incidence of 8,8%. Nine leaf samples of Phalaenopsis sp. were infected, respectively. Thus, it was concluded that Phalaenopsis is orchids genus which is the most abundantly and susceptibly infected by ORSV. The results proved that ORSV have entered and spread widely by infected orchids in orchids landscape (nursery), semi-natural forests (botanical gardens), and natural forest (national park) throughout Indonesia. This is the first report of ORSV infecting natural tropical orchids in Indonesia.Keywords: DAS-ELISA, Indonesia, nature tropical orchids, ORSVINTISARIAnggrek alam merupakan salah satu kekayaan flora asli negara tropis, termasuk Indonesia. Keberadaan di habitat aslinya sudah sangat berkurang yang disebabkan kerusakan hutan dan adanya penyakit. Infeksi virus masih menjadi faktor pembatas terpenting dalam budidaya dan pengembangan potensi anggrek alam. Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV) adalah salah satu jenis virus yang dilaporkan paling banyak menginfeksi anggrek serta memiliki penyebaran yang luas di dunia. Selama 2010-2014 telah dilakukan survei lapangan terhadap infeksi virus di Indonesia. Beberapa anggrek yang ditemukan terinfeksi oleh virus menunjukkan gejala berupa mosaik, belang, klorosis, nekrosis, streak, daun layu, dan bercak cincin pada permukaan daun. Deteksi dengan uji serologis DAS-ELISA menunjukkan bahwa 11 dari 125 sampel terinfeksi oleh ORSV dengan total kejadian 8,8%. Masing-masing sembilan dari total sampel daun terinfeksi merupakan Phalaenopsis sp. Hal ini menjelaskan bahwa Phalaenopsis adalah genus anggrek yang paling cocok dan rentan terhadap infeksi ORSV. Hasil penelitian survei kejadian infeksi Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV) membuktikan bahwa virus ini telah masuk dan menyebar secara luas oleh anggrek-anggrek alam tropis yang terinfeksi di pertamanan anggrek (nurseri), hutan semi-alami (kebun raya), dan hutan alam (taman nasional) di seluruh wilayah Indonesia. Ini merupakan laporan pertama mengenai infeksi ORSV terhadap anggrek-anggrek alam tropis di Indonesia.Kata kunci: anggrek alam tropis, DAS-ELISA, Indonesia, ORSV
Parasitism of The Rice Brown Planthopper Eggs in Various Periods of Time of The Day
Authors: Haryati Siti , Trisyono Y. Andi , Witjaksono Witjaksono
Published: January 2017

The rice brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) is an important pest of rice. Since at the early stage, this pest is infested by parasitoids, but most cultural practices do not consider the existences of parasitoids in rice ecosystem. This study was aimed to determine the level of parasitism on N. lugens with regard to the time of the day. This information would be useful to minimize the effect of insecticide application to the parasitoids. Trapping  of  egg parasitoids in rice ecosystem was conducted every two hours from 05.00 a.m. until 04.00 p.m. Parasitism occured as early as at 05.00 a.m. (12.26% of the total parasitoid found), reached the peak abundance at 11.00 a.m. (36.13%), and decreased at 01.00 p.m. The parasitism level varied from 1.12 to 8.51% at 66 days after planting. The highest number of parasitoids and the highest parasitism level occured when trapping was conducted between 11.00 a.m.−01.00 p.m.. Before and after this period of time, the number of parasitoid emerged and parasitism were low. This suggest that if insecticide is necessary, it should be applied in the early morning or late afternoon. INTISARIWereng batang padi cokelat, Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), merupakan salah satu hama penting padi. Praktik budidaya pertanian padi belum memperhatikan aktivitas parasitoid dalam ekosistem. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui tingkat parasitasi telur N. lugens pada beberapa waktu dalam sehari. Informasi ini akan bermanfaat untuk mengurangi dampak aplikasi insektisida terhadap parasitoid. Pemerangkapan parasitoid telur N. lugens di lahan padi dilakukan setiap dua jam yang dimulai pada pukul 05.00 sampai pukul 16.00. Parasitoid telur N. lugens mulai aktif pada pukul 05.00 (12,26%), mencapai puncaknya pukul 11.00 (36,13%), dan mulai mengalami penurunan pada pukul 13.00. Tingkat parasitasi pada tanaman padi umur 66 hari setelah tanam berkisar mulai 1,12−8,51%. Hasil pemerangkapan menunjukkan bahwa jumlah parasitoid yang paling banyak muncul dan tingkat parasitisme tinggi terjadi pada waktu pemerangkapan yang dilakukan pada pukul 11.00−13.00. Sebelum dan sesudah waktu pemerangkapan tersebut jumlah parasitoid dan tingkat parasitisme rendah. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa apabila aplikasi insektisida diperlukan, maka harus dilakukan di pagi hari atau sore hari.
Memahami Konsep Perceraian dalam Hukum Keluarga
Authors: Imron Ali
Published: January 2017

AbstractMarriage is a reunification of human characters.  Husband and wife have the same vision and mission in the marriage, one another as the bonding and unifying factors in establishing a household; there is no subordination of one another.  The husband’s domination over the wife in term of divorce or ‘thalaq’ is very strong and the wife becomes the weak side.  An existence of balance authority between husband and wife in divorce pledge authority is proper to be considered. While the divorce dispute completion is through the court process. It is necessary to reconstruct the ‘thalaq’ conceptual.  First, the divorce must be based on the crisis condition and be the last solution to get out from the household problematic.  Second, the divorce process must be discussed deliberately (syura) which is full of kinship, fairness, and put the common sense forward.  Third, that the waiting period ‘iddah’ prescribed in Islam is more oriented to the divinity and humanity values.  Fourth, prohibition not to go out from the house for mu’taddah is basically not the syari’at objective, but more focused on social moral ethic.Keywords: divorce, marriage, legal consequences AbstrakPerkawinan merupakan reunifikasi sifat kemanusiaan. Suami isteri mempunyai satu visi misi yang sama dalam perkawinan, satu dengan yang lain sebagai unsur perekat dan penyatu dalam membangun rumah tangga, satu dengan lainnya tidak ada subordinasi.Dominasi suami terhadap isteri dalam hal thalak sangat kuat dan isteri menjadi pihak yang lemah. Patut dipertimbangkan adanya kewenangan yang berimbang antara suami isteri dalam hal kewenangan ikrar cerai. Adapun penyelesaian sengketa perceraian tetap melalui proses di pengadilan. Perlu dilakukan upaya untuk merekonstruksi konseptual thalak. Pertama,  perceraian harus dilatarbelakangi oleh kondisi darurat dan merupakan solusi terakhir untuk keluar dari problematika rumah tangga Kedua, proses perceraian harus melalui pembicaraan yang mengedepankan musyawarah (syura) dengan penuh kekeluargaan, adil, dan lebih mengedepankan akal sehat. Ketiga, bahwa `iddah disyariatkan dalam Islam lebih berorientasi pada nilai-nilai ketuhanan dan nilai-nilai kemanusiaan. Keempat, tidak bolehnya mu`taddah keluar rumah pada dasarnya bukanlah tujuan syari`at,  tetapi lebih menyentuh pada etika moral sosial.Kata kunci: perceraian, perkawinan, akibat hukum
Tuhan, Manusia, dan Alam: Analisis Kitab Primbon Atassadhur Adammakna
Authors: Samidi Samidi
Published: January 2017

AbstractThis article is the result of the library research on the divining manual book, usually known as Kitab Primbon Atassadhur Adammakna written by Pangeran Tjakraningrat. Kitab Primbon commonly consists of mystical lessons, magical practices, and oracles or fortune-telling.  However, Kitab Primbon Atassadhur Adammakna precisely explains the Javanese philosophy which adopts the Islamic lessons, especially tasawuf.  The lessons of God, human, and universe are appropriately described with the Javanese tradition and culture.  Keeping the harmony of the relationship between human and universe is an obligation, since it also means keeping the harmony with the God, as the Creator of the universe.      Keywords     : God, Human, Universe, and Kitab Primbon  AbstrakTulisan ini merupakan hasil kajian pustaka (library research) terhadap Kitab Primbon Atassadhur Adammakna karya Pangeran Tjakraningrat. Kitab primbon pada umumnya mengandung ajaran mistik, klenik, dan ramalan atau nujum. Namun kitab Primbon Atassadhur Adammakna ini justru menguraikan ajaran filsafat Jawa yang mengadopsi ajaran Islam, khususnya tasawuf. Konsep manusia, Tuhan, dan alam Ajaran tentang Tuhan, manusia, dan alam dijabarkan sesuai dengan adat dan budaya Jawa. Menjaga keselarasan hubungan antara manusia dengan alam adalah kewajiban, karena sama artinya menjaga keharmonisan dengan Tuhan, sebagai Sang Pencipta Semesta.Kata kunci: Tuhan, Manusia, Alam, Kitab Primbon
Standarisasi Mutu Pembelajaran: Studi di IAIN Surakarta dan Kasem Bundit University Thailand
Authors: Makruf Imam
Published: January 2017

AbstractObvious learning quality standardization is necessary in order to raise the quality of the Institute, starting from lesson plan, learning process, until its evaluation. This article is going to investigate the comparison of learning quality standard between IAIN Surakarta and Kasem Bundit University. In the implementation, whether IAIN Surakarta and Kasem Bundit University have formulas related to the learning quality standard starting from lesson plan, learning process, until its evaluation. However, there is a big difference in the available documents. In IAIN Surakarta the documents are more administrative in purpose since it is in the form of procedure guidelines and have not completed yet. While the documents in Kasem Bundit University are more quality manual in purpose which formulate various learning quality standard of many components, indicators, and  its indicator descriptions. Keywords: Learning quality standard, plan, implementation, evaluation  AbstrakUntuk mengangkat mutu lembaga dibutuhkan standarisasi mutu yang jelas mulai dari perencanaan, pelaksanaan, sampai dengan evaluasi pembelajarannya. Artikel ini mengkaji perbandingan standar mutu pembelajaran di IAIN Surakarta dan Kasem Bundit University. Dalam pelaksanaannya baik di IAIN Surakarta maupun di Kasem Bundit University memiliki rumusan-rumusan terkait standarisasi mutu pembelajaran mulai dari perencanaan, pelaksanaan, maupun evaluasinya. Namun demikian terdapat perbedaan yang cukup besar, yaitu di IAIN Surakarta dokumen yang sudah tersedia lebih bersifat administratif karena berupa pedoman prosedur dan itupun belum lengkap. Sementara itu di Kasem Bundit University dokumen yang ada lebih bersifat manual mutu yang merumuskan berbagai standar mutu pembelajaran dalam berbagai komponen, indikator, dan deskripsi indikatornya.  Kata Kunci: standar mutu pembelajaran, perencanaan, pelaksanaan, evaluasi
Islam Nusantara: Relasi Islam dan Budaya Lokal
Authors: Luthfi Khabibi Muhammad
Published: January 2017

The objective of this article is to explore the concept ofÂ Islam NusantaraÂ (IN)Â observed from the structural theory of Islam and local culture relation, along with the reason why INÂ is developed into the concept of the Islamic proselytizingÂ Rahmatan lilalaminÂ by the intellectualÂ Nahdhatul UlamaÂ (NU). It comes from the NU Intellectuals claim that IN is the mediator in the controversy of Islam and local culture relation, moreover in the global scale it is going to be proselytized in the International, whereas the IN is still regarded as an issue and has not fulfilled the knowledge standard yet. Through philosophical approach, socio-anthropolinguistics based on the data inÂ www.nu.or.idÂ and topic analysis as its data analysis, it is found that the intellectualÂ of NUÂ used eight approaches to concept the IN.Â TheÂ INÂ set that Islam influences Indonesian culture and the INs success and ability to dialogue with Indonesian culture trigger the intellectual NU to promote it to the International.
Islam Nusantara: A Middle Way?
Authors: Nurhisam Luqman
Published: January 2017

Islam Nusantara is not a new thing. The word “Islam” combined with “Nusantara” is not only confirmed the name, but also the characters to show the pattern of a heterogeneous entity. The concept of Islam Nusantara face (vis a vis) with Islam in the Middle East (Islam Arab). Diversity as a typology of Islam Nusantara is the result of the struggle that the length between religion and dimensions of life (social, economic, politic, culture and etc.), the text of the context that complement one another so that spawn Islam friendly, peaceful, anti-radical, harmony and rahmatan lil 'alamin. Departing from the historical and epistemological approach, this article tries to provide a long discourse that was raised again in the “Declaration of Nahdlatul Ulama” at the International Conference of Islamic Leaders Moderate (ISOMIL) which took place from 9 to 11 May in Jakarta. The purpose of writing this article is actually also want to answer the issues pointed out that Islam Nusantara models reflect the teachings of Islam are not singular. Islam Nusantara bukanlah hal yang baru. Kata “Islam” digabungkan dengan “Nusantara” tidak hanya soal nama, tetapi juga karakter yang menunjukkan pola keberagaman.  Konsep Islam Nusantara dihadapkan dengan Islam Arab.  Keberagaman sebagai tipologi Islam Nusantara adalah hasil dar perjuangan yang panjang antara agama dan dimensi kehidupan (sosial, ekonomi, politik, budaya dan lain-lain), teks konteks yang melengkapi satu dengan lainnya yang menjadikan Islam ramah, damai, anti-radikal, harmonis dan rahmatan lil’alamin.  Berangkat dari pendekatan sejarah dan epistemologis, artikel ini berusaha untuk memberikan wacana lama yang dimunculkan kembali pada “Deklarasi Nahdlatul Ulama” pada Konferensi Internasional Pemimpin Islam Moderat (ISOMIL) yang berlangsung pada 9 sampai 11 Mei di Jakarta.  Tujuan dari penulisan artikel ini sebenarnya juga untuk menjawab isu yang menyebutkan bahwa Model Islam Nusantara mencerminkan ajaran Islam yang tidak tunggal.
Penguatan Nilai-Nilai Kewirausahaan dan Pendidikan Karakter Bagi Mahasiswa PAI IAIN Surakarta
Authors: Rohmat Rohmat
Published: January 2017

The study aims to determine the strengthening of the entrepreneurial and character education values in preparing graduates in a synergy with competency standard of Junior High School (SMP) students for the Undergraduate Students of the Islamic Education Department (PAI), Faculty of Islamic Education and Teacher Training (FITK) of IAIN Surakarta 2016.  The study used quantitative approach.  It was conducted in the second-semester students of the PAI Department of FITK IAIN Surakarta 2016.  The data was collected using questionnaires given to 159 respondents.  The data was processed using the requirements and hypotheses test.  The result of the study indicates that all questionnaires items declared valid and reliable. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui penguatan nilai-nilai kewirausahaan dan pendidikan karakter terhadap penyiapan lulusan sinergi dengan standar kompetensi lulusan jenjang SMP bagi mahasiswa strata satu Jurusan Pendidikan Agama  Islam (PAI), Fakultas Ilmu Tarbiyah dan Keguruan (FITK), IAIN Surakarta, Tahun 2016. Pendekatan penelitian ini menggunakan kuantitatif. Penelitian dilakukan pada mahasiswa semester genap Jurusan PAI, FITK IAIN Surakarta tahun 2016. Pengumpulan data menggunakan angket yang diberikan kepada 159 responden. Data diolah dengan menggunakan uji persyaratan dan uji hipotesis. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa seluruh item-item angket dinyatakan valid dan reliabel.
Efektifitas Program Matrikulasi Bahasa untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Speaking Mahasiswa STAIBN Tegal
Authors: Kaptiningrum Pindha , Mubarok Zaki
Published: January 2017

Language Matriculation Program is a program of the Language Development Institution  of  STAIBN Tegal.  The purpose of the program is providing services to equip students to be able to speak English fluently. In this evaluative study, the researcher collected data relating to language matriculation program.  The data collection  is related to the learning process, the increasing of the students who participate  as well as the supporting and inhibiting factors in this program.  From the result of this evaluative study the author found that the language matriculation program that assist the students who have the desire and willingness to improve their English skills is good. However, the other goals should be added so that the program consist of the desire and the willingness of the students. Program Matrikulasi Bahasa adalah salah satu program dari Lembaga Pengembangan Bahasa STAIBN Tegal. Tujuan program ini adalah memberikan layanan bahasa inggris untuk membekali mahasiswa agar mampu berbahasa inggris secara lisan. Pada penelitian evaluatif ini, peneliti mengumpulkan data-data yang berkaitan dengan program matrikulasi bahasa. Pengumpulan data tersebut terkait dengan proses pembelajaran pada program ini, peningkatan mahasiswa yang mengikuti program ini serta faktor-faktor pendukung dan penghambat program ini. Dari hasil kajian evaluatif ini penulis menemukan bahwa program matrikulasi bahasa yaitu melayani mahasiswa yang memiliki keinginan dan kemauan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan bahasa inggris sudah bagus. Namun, perlu ditambahkan tujuan-tujuan lain agar program mencakup pada keinginan dan kemauan mahasiswa
Unconventional phase transitions in liquid crystals
Authors: Kats E I
Published: January 2017

According to classical textbooks on thermodynamics or statistical physics, there are only two types of phase transitions: continuous, or second-order, in which the latent heat L is zero, and first-order, in which L ≠ 0. Present-day textbooks and monographs also mention another, stand-alone type—the Berezinskii–Kosterlitz–Thouless transition, which exists only in two dimensions and shares some features with first- and second-order phase transitions. We discuss examples of non-conventional thermodynamic behavior (i.e., which is inconsistent with the theoretical phase transition paradigm now universally accepted). For phase transitions in smectic liquid crystals, mechanisms for nonconventional behavior are proposed and the predictions they imply are examined.
Vision-Based Perception and Classification of Mosquitoes Using Support Vector Machine
Authors: Fuchida Masataka , Pathmakumar Thejus , Mohan Rajesh , Tan Ning , Nakamura Akio
Published: January 2017

The need for a novel automated mosquito perception and classification method is becoming increasingly essential in recent years, with steeply increasing number of mosquito-borne diseases and associated casualties. There exist remote sensing and GIS-based methods for mapping potential mosquito inhabitants and locations that are prone to mosquito-borne diseases, but these methods generally do not account for species-wise identification of mosquitoes in closed-perimeter regions. Traditional methods for mosquito classification involve highly manual processes requiring tedious sample collection and supervised laboratory analysis. In this research work, we present the design and experimental validation of an automated vision-based mosquito classification module that can deploy in closed-perimeter mosquito inhabitants. The module is capable of identifying mosquitoes from other bugs such as bees and flies by extracting the morphological features, followed by support vector machine-based classification. In addition, this paper presents the results of three variants of support vector machine classifier in the context of mosquito classification problem. This vision-based approach to the mosquito classification problem presents an efficient alternative to the conventional methods for mosquito surveillance, mapping and sample image collection. Experimental results involving classification between mosquitoes and a predefined set of other bugs using multiple classification strategies demonstrate the efficacy and validity of the proposed approach with a maximum recall of 98%.
Thin-Walled CFST Columns for Enhancing Seismic Collapse Performance of High-Rise Steel Frames
Authors: Bai Yongtao , Wang Jiantao , Liu Yashuang , Lin Xuchuan
Published: January 2017

This paper numerically studied the collapse capacity of high-rise steel moment-resisting frames (SMRFs) using various width-to-thickness members subjected to successive earthquakes. It was found that the long-period component of earthquakes obviously correlates with the first-mode period of high-rises controlled by the total number of stories. A higher building tends to produce more significant component deterioration to enlarge the maximum story drift angle at lower stories. The width-to-thickness ratio of beam and column components overtly affects the collapse capacity when the plastic deformation extensively develops. The ratio of residual to maximum story drift angle is significantly sensitive to the collapse capacity of various building models. A thin-walled concrete filled steel tubular (CFST) column is proposed as one efficient alternative to enhance the overall stiffness and deformation capacity of the high-rise SMRFs with fragile collapse performance. With the equivalent flexural stiffness, CFST-MRF buildings with thin-walled members demonstrate higher capacity to avoid collapse, and the greater collapse margin indicates that CFST-MRFs are a reasonable system for high-rises in seismic prone regions.
Mechanisms to Avoid and Correct Erroneous Kinetochore-Microtubule Attachments
Authors: Lampson Michael , Grishchuk Ekaterina
Published: January 2017

In dividing vertebrate cells multiple microtubules must connect to mitotic kinetochores in a highly stereotypical manner, with each sister kinetochore forming microtubule attachments to only one spindle pole. The exact sequence of events by which this goal is achieved varies considerably from cell to cell because of the variable locations of kinetochores and spindle poles, and randomness of initial microtubule attachments. These chance encounters with the kinetochores nonetheless ultimately lead to the desired outcome with high fidelity and in a limited time frame, providing one of the most startling examples of biological self-organization. This chapter discusses mechanisms that contribute to accurate chromosome segregation by helping dividing cells to avoid and resolve improper microtubule attachments.
Environmental Factors Affecting Growth and Occurrence of Testicular Cancer in Childhood: An Overview of the Current Epidemiological Evidence
Authors: Giannandrea Fabrizio , Fargnoli Stefania
Published: January 2017

Testicular cancer (TC) is the most frequently occurring malignancy among adolescents and young men aged 15–34 years. Although incidence of TC has been growing over the past 40 years in several western countries, the explanations for this increase still remain uncertain. It has been postulated that early life exposure to numerous occupational and environmental estrogenic chemicals, such as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), may play a contributing role in the etiology of TC, but the subject is still open to additional investigation. Recently, it has also been suggested that prenatal and postnatal environmental exposures associated with child growth and development might also be involved in TC progression. This review of current epidemiological studies (2000–2015) aims to identify environmental factors associated with TC, with a particular focus on infancy and childhood factors that could constitute a risk for disease development. It may also contribute towards recognizing gaps in knowledge and recent research requirements for TC, and to point out possible interactions between child growth and development in relation to prenatal and postnatal environmental exposures.
Cryptography in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks: A Survey and Research Directions
Authors: Costa Daniel , Figuerêdo Solenir , Oliveira Gledson
Published: January 2017

Wireless multimedia sensor networks will play a central role in the Internet of Things world, providing content-rich information for an uncountable number of monitoring and control scenarios. As more applications rely on multimedia data, security concerns gain attention, and new approaches arise to provide security for such networks. However, the usual resource constraints of processing, memory and the energy of multimedia-based sensors have brought different challenges for data encryption, which have driven the development of different security approaches. In this context, this article presents the state-of-the-art of cryptography in wireless multimedia sensor networks, surveying innovative works in this area and discussing promising research directions.
Low-Carbon Energy Development in Indonesia in Alignment with Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) by 2030
Authors: Siagian Ucok , Yuwono Bintang , Fujimori Shinichiro , Masui Toshihiko
Published: January 2017

This study analyzed the role of low-carbon energy technologies in reducing the greenhouse gas emissions of Indonesia’s energy sector by 2030. The aim of this study was to provide insights into the Indonesian government’s approach to developing a strategy and plan for mitigating emissions and achieving Indonesia’s emission reduction targets by 2030, as pledged in the country’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution. The Asia-Pacific Integrated Model/Computable General Equilibrium (AIM/CGE) model was used to quantify three scenarios that had the same socioeconomic assumptions: baseline, countermeasure (CM)1, and CM2, which had a higher emission reduction target than that of CM1. Results of the study showed that an Indonesian low-carbon energy system could be achieved with two pillars, namely, energy efficiency measures and deployment of less carbon-intensive energy systems (i.e., the use of renewable energy in the power and transport sectors, and the use of natural gas in the power sector and in transport). Emission reductions would also be satisfied through the electrification of end-user consumption where the electricity supply becomes decarbonized by deploying renewables for power generation. Under CM1, Indonesia could achieve a 15.5% emission reduction target (compared to the baseline scenario). This reduction could be achieved using efficiency measures that reduce final energy demand by 4%; This would require the deployment of geothermal power plants at a rate six times greater than the baseline scenario and four times the use of hydropower than that used in the baseline scenario. Greater carbon reductions (CM2; i.e., a 27% reduction) could be achieved with similar measures to CM1 but with more intensive penetration. Final energy demand would need to be cut by 13%, deployment of geothermal power plants would need to be seven times greater than at baseline, and hydropower use would need to be five times greater than the baseline case. Carbon prices under CM1 and CM2 were US$16 and US$63 (2005)/tCO2, respectively. The mitigation scenarios for 2030 both had a small positive effect on gross domestic product (GDP) compared to the baseline scenario (0.6% and 0.3% for CM1 and CM2, respectively). This is mainly due to the combination of two assumptions. The first is that there would be a great increase in coal-fired power in the baseline scenario. The other assumption is that there is low productivity in coal-related industries. Eventually, when factors such as capital and labor shift from coal-related industries to other low-carbon-emitting sectors in the CM cases are put in place, the total productivity of the economy would offset low-carbon investment.
Time-Dependent Nerve Growth Factor Signaling Changes in the Rat Retina During Optic Nerve Crush-Induced Degeneration of Retinal Ganglion Cells
Authors: Mesentier-Louro Louise , De Nicolò Sara , Rosso Pamela , De Vitis Luigi , Castoldi Valerio , Leocani Letizia , Mendez-Otero Rosalia , Santiago Marcelo , Tirassa Paola , Rama Paolo , Lambiase Alessandro
Published: January 2017

Nerve growth factor (NGF) is suggested to be neuroprotective after nerve injury; however, retinal ganglion cells (RGC) degenerate following optic-nerve crush (ONC), even in the presence of increased levels of endogenous NGF. To further investigate this apparently paradoxical condition, a time-course study was performed to evaluate the effects of unilateral ONC on NGF expression and signaling in the adult retina. Visually evoked potential and immunofluorescence staining were used to assess axonal damage and RGC loss. The levels of NGF, proNGF, p75NTR, TrkA and GFAP and the activation of several intracellular pathways were analyzed at 1, 3, 7 and 14 days after crush (dac) by ELISA/Western Blot and PathScan intracellular signaling array. The progressive RGC loss and nerve impairment featured an early and sustained activation of apoptotic pathways; and GFAP and p75NTR enhancement. In contrast, ONC-induced reduction of TrkA, and increased proNGF were observed only at 7 and 14 dac. We propose that proNGF and p75NTR contribute to exacerbate retinal degeneration by further stimulating apoptosis during the second week after injury, and thus hamper the neuroprotective effect of the endogenous NGF. These findings might aid in identifying effective treatment windows for NGF-based strategies to counteract retinal and/or optic-nerve degeneration.
Dark and Photoinduced Cytotoxic Activity of the New Chlorophyll-a Derivatives with Oligoethylene Glycol Substituents on the Periphery of Their Macrocycles
Authors: Pylina Yana , Shadrin Dmitry , Shevchenko Oksana , Startseva Olga , Velegzhaninov Igor , Belykh Dmitry , Velegzhaninov Ilya
Published: January 2017

In the present work, we investigated the dark and photoinduced cytotoxic activity of the new chlorophyll-a derivatives which contain the substituents of oligoethylene glycol on the periphery of their macrocycles. These compounds were tested using human cell lines to estimate their potential as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy of cancer. It was shown that all the tested compounds have expressed photoinduced cytotoxic activity in vitro. Detailed study of the biological activity of one of the most perspective compound in this series—pyropheophorbide-a 17-diethylene glycol ester (Compound 21) was performed. This new compound is characterized by lower dark cytotoxicity and higher photoinduced cytotoxicity than previously described in a similar compound (DH-I-180-3) and clinically used PhotolonTM. Using fluorescent microscopy, it was shown that Compound 21 quickly penetrates the cells. Analysis of caspase-3 activity indicated an apoptosis induction 40 min after exposure to red light (λ = 660 nm). The induction of DNA damages and apoptosis was shown using Comet assay. The results of expression analysis of the stress-response genes indicate an activation of the genes which control the cell cycle and detoxification of the free radicals after an exposure of HeLa cells to Compound 21 and to red light. High photodynamic activity of this compound and the ability to oxidize biomolecules was demonstrated on nuclear-free mice erythrocytes. In addition, it was shown that Compound 21 is effectively activated with low energy 700 nm light, which can penetrate deep into the tissue. Thus, Compound 21 is a prospective substance for development of the new drugs for photodynamic therapy of cancer.
Combined Effects of Androgen and Growth Hormone on Osteoblast Marker Expression in Mouse C2C12 and MC3T3-E1 Cells Induced by Bone Morphogenetic Protein
Authors: Kimura Kosuke , Terasaka Tomohiro , Iwata Nahoko , Katsuyama Takayuki , Komatsubara Motoshi , Nagao Ryota , Inagaki Kenichi , Otsuka Fumio
Published: January 2017

Osteoblasts undergo differentiation in response to various factors, including growth factors and steroids. Bone mass is diminished in androgen- and/or growth hormone (GH)-deficient patients. However the functional relationship between androgen and GH, and their combined effects on bone metabolism, remains unclear. Here we investigated the mutual effects of androgen and GH on osteoblastic marker expression using mouse myoblastic C2C12 and osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells. Combined treatment with dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and GH enhanced BMP-2-induced expression of Runx2, ALP, and osteocalcin mRNA, compared with the individual treatments in C2C12 cells. Co-treatment with DHT and GH activated Smad1/5/8 phosphorylation, Id-1 transcription, and ALP activity induced by BMP-2 in C2C12 cells but not in MC3T3-E1 cells. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) mRNA level was amplified by GH and BMP-2 treatment and was restored by co-treatment with DHT in C2C12 cells. The mRNA level of the IGF-I receptor was not significantly altered by GH or DHT, while it was increased by IGF-I. In addition, IGF-I treatment increased collagen-1 mRNA expression, whereas blockage of endogenous IGF-I activity using an anti-IGF-I antibody failed to suppress the effect of GH and DHT on BMP-2-induced Runx2 expression in C2C12 cells, suggesting that endogenous IGF-I was not substantially involved in the underlying GH actions. On the other hand, androgen receptor and GH receptor mRNA expression was suppressed by BMP-2 in both cell lines, implying the existence of a feedback action. Collectively the results showed that the combined effects of androgen and GH facilitated BMP-2-induced osteoblast differentiation at an early stage by upregulating BMP receptor signaling.
Sometimes More is Too Much: A Rejoinder to the Commentaries on Greiff et al. (2015)
Authors: Greiff Samuel , Stadler Matthias , Sonnleitner Philipp , Wolff Christian , Martin Romain
Published: January 2017

In this rejoinder, we respond to two commentaries on the study by Greiff, S.; Stadler, M.; Sonnleitner, P.; Wolff, C.; Martin, R. Sometimes less is more: Comparing the validity of complex problem solving measures. Intelligence 2015, 50, 100–113. The study was the first to address the important comparison between a classical measure of complex problem solving (CPS) and the more recent multiple complex systems (MCS) approach regarding their validity. In the study, we investigated the relations between one classical microworld as the initially developed method (here, the Tailorshop) with three more recently developed multiple complex systems (MCS; here, MicroDYN, Genetics Lab, and MicroFIN) tests. We found that the MCS tests showed higher levels of convergent validity with each other than with the Tailorshop even after reasoning was controlled for, thus empirically distinguishing between the two approaches. The commentary by Kretzschmar and the commentary by Funke, Fischer, and Holt expressed several concerns with how our study was conducted, our data was analyzed, and our results were interpreted. Whereas we acknowledge and agree with some of the more general statements made in these commentaries, we respectfully disagree with others, or we consider them to be at least partially in contrast with the existing literature and the currently available empirical evidence.
ZnO/Cu2S/ZnO Multilayer Films: Structure Optimization and Its Detail Data for Applications on Photoelectric and Photocatalytic Properties
Authors: Wang Zhenxing , Xu Feng , Wang He , Cui Hai-Ning , Wang Haishui
Published: January 2017

Monolayer Cu2S and ZnO, and three kinds of complex films, Cu2S/ZnO, ZnO/Cu2S, and ZnO/Cu2S/ZnO, were deposited on glass substrates by means of radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering device. The impact of the thickness of ZnO and Cu2S on the whole transmittance, conductivity, and photocatalysis was investigated. The optical and electrical properties of the multilayer were studied by optical spectrometry and four point probes. Numerical simulation of the optical transmittance of the multilayer films has been carried out in order to guide the experimental work. The comprehensive performances of the multilayers as transparent conductive coatings were compared using the figure of merit. Compared with monolithic Cu2S and ZnO films, both the optical transmission property and photocatalytic performance of complex films such as Cu2S/ZnO and ZnO/Cu2S/ZnO change significantly.
A Facile Pathway to Modify Cellulose Composite Film by Reducing Wettability and Improving Barrier towards Moisture
Authors: Hu Xiaorong , Chen Lin , Tao Dandan , Ma Zhaocheng , Liu Shilin
Published: January 2017

The hydrophilic property of cellulose is a key limiting factor for its wide application. Here, a novel solution impregnation pathway was developed to increase the hydrophobic properties of cellulose. When compared with the regenerated cellulose (RC), the composite films showed a decrease in water uptake ability towards water vapor, and an increase of the water contact angle from 29° to 65° with increasing resin content in the composites, with only a slight change in the transmittance. Furthermore, the Young’s modulus value increased from 3.2 GPa (RC film) to 5.1 GPa (RCBEA50 film). The results indicated that the composites had combined the advantages of cellulose and biphenyl A epoxy acrylate prepolymer (BEA) resin. The presented method has great potential for the preparation of biocomposites with improved properties. The overall results suggest that composite films can be used as high-performance packaging materials.
Large Inverse Magnetocaloric Effects and Giant Magnetoresistance in Ni-Mn-Cr-Sn Heusler Alloys
Authors: Pandey Sudip , Quetz Abdiel , Aryal Anil , Dubenko Igor , Mazumdar Dipanjan , Stadler Shane , Ali Naushad
Published: January 2017

The magnetostructural transitions, magnetocaloric effects, and magnetoresistance properties of Ni45Mn43CrSn11 Heusler alloys were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-dependent magnetization, and electrical resistivity measurements. A large inverse and direct magnetocaloric effect has been observed in Ni45Mn43CrSn11 across the martensitic and Curie transition temperature, respectively. The values of the latent heat (L = 15.5 J/g) and corresponding magnetic (ΔSM) and total (∆ST) entropy changes (ΔSM = 35 J/kg·K for ΔH = 5T and ∆ST = 39.7 J/kg·K) have been evaluated using magnetic and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements, respectively. A substantial jump in resistivity was observed across the martensitic transformation. A large negative magnetoresistance (~67%) was obtained at the magnetostructural transition for a field change of 5 T. The roles of the magnetic and structural changes on the transition temperatures and the potential application of Ni45Mn43CrSn11 Heusler alloys for refrigerator technology are discussed.
Characterization of a Fine-Grained Interstratification of Turbostratic Talc and Saponite
Authors: Steudel Annett , Friedrich Frank , Schuhmann Rainer , Ruf Friedrich , Sohling Ulrich , Emmerich Katja
Published: January 2017

Interstratifications of talc and trioctahedral smectites from different provenances are used as indicators for geological environments and for geotechnical and technical applications. However, comprehensive layer characterization of these interstratifications is rare. Sample EX M 1694, a clay with red-beige appearance from the Madrid basin was studied by X-ray diffraction analysis, X-ray fluorescence analysis, Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy, simultaneous thermal analysis, gas adsorption measurements, cation exchange capacity, and environmental scanning electron microscopy. More than 95% of particles in EX M 1964 belong to the clay fraction <2 µm. It contains 75% interstratification of 30% turbostratic talc, and 70% saponite type III and 25% turbostratic talc. The turbostratic talc(0.3)/saponite interstratification is characterized by a low number of layers per stack (3), small lateral dimension of layers (60–80 nm) and, accordingly, a high specific surface area (283 m2/g) with nearly equal surface area of micro- and mesopores. Thus, the studied material can be used as mined for adsorption, in contrast to acid-treated clays that produce hazardous waste during production. Low particle size of the interstratification drastically reduced thermal stability and dehydroxylation was superimposed by recrystallization of high temperature phases already at 816 °C, which is low for trioctahedral 2:1 layer minerals.
Woody Vegetation Die off and Regeneration in Response to Rainfall Variability in the West African Sahel
Authors: Brandt Martin , Tappan Gray , Diouf Abdoul , Beye Gora , Mbow Cheikh , Fensholt Rasmus
Published: January 2017

The greening in the Senegalese Sahel has been linked to an increase in net primary productivity, with significant long-term trends being closely related to the woody strata. This study investigates woody plant growth and mortality within greening areas in the pastoral areas of Senegal, and how these dynamics are linked to species diversity, climate, soil and human management. We analyse woody cover dynamics by means of multi-temporal and multi-scale Earth Observation, satellite based rainfall and in situ data sets covering the period 1994 to 2015. We find that favourable conditions (forest reserves, low human population density, sufficient rainfall) led to a rapid growth of Combretaceae and Balanites aegyptiaca between 2000 and 2013 with an average increase of 4% woody cover. However, the increasing dominance and low drought resistance of drought prone species bears the risk of substantial woody cover losses following drought years. This was observed in 2014–2015, with a die off of Guiera senegalensis in most places of the study area. We show that woody cover and woody cover trends are closely related to mean annual rainfall, but no clear relationship with rainfall trends was found over the entire study period. The observed spatial and temporal variation contrasts with the simplified labels of “greening” or “degradation”. While in principal a low woody plant diversity negatively impacts regional resilience, the Sahelian system is showing signs of resilience at decadal time scales through widespread increases in woody cover and high regeneration rates after periodic droughts. We have reaffirmed that the woody cover in Sahel responds to its inherent climatic variability and does not follow a linear trend.
Wavelength-Scanning SPR Imaging Sensors Based on an Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter and a White Light Laser
Authors: Zeng Youjun , Wang Lei , Wu Shu-Yuen , He Jianan , Qu Junle , Li Xuejin , Ho Ho-Pui , Gu Dayong , Gao Bruce , Shao Yonghong
Published: January 2017

A fast surface plasmon resonance (SPR) imaging biosensor system based on wavelength interrogation using an acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) and a white light laser is presented. The system combines the merits of a wide-dynamic detection range and high sensitivity offered by the spectral approach with multiplexed high-throughput data collection and a two-dimensional (2D) biosensor array. The key feature is the use of AOTF to realize wavelength scan from a white laser source and thus to achieve fast tracking of the SPR dip movement caused by target molecules binding to the sensor surface. Experimental results show that the system is capable of completing a SPR dip measurement within 0.35 s. To the best of our knowledge, this is the fastest time ever reported in the literature for imaging spectral interrogation. Based on a spectral window with a width of approximately 100 nm, a dynamic detection range and resolution of 4.63 × 10−2 refractive index unit (RIU) and 1.27 × 10−6 RIU achieved in a 2D-array sensor is reported here. The spectral SPR imaging sensor scheme has the capability of performing fast high-throughput detection of biomolecular interactions from 2D sensor arrays. The design has no mechanical moving parts, thus making the scheme completely solid-state.