bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Consequences in women of participating in a study of the natural history of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 3
Authors: MCCREDIE Margaret R.E. , PAUL Charlotte , SHARPLES Katrina J. , BARANYAI Judith , MEDLEY Gabriele , SKEGG David C.G. , JONES Ronald W.
Published: June 2010

Background:  A retrospective cohort study was performed in 1063 women diagnosed with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 (CIN3) (previously termed carcinoma in situ– CIS) in the National Women’s Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand. The study describes the clinical management and outcomes for women with CIN3 diagnosed in the decade of 1965–1974, when treatment with curative intent was withheld in an unethical clinical study of the natural history of CIS. A comparison is made with women who were diagnosed earlier (1955–1964) and later (1975–1976).

Aims:  The aim of the study is to record the medical encounters, frequency and management of cytological abnormalities and the occurrence of invasive cancers. The medical records, cytology and histopathology were reviewed and data linked with cancer and death registers.

Results:  Women diagnosed with CIN3 in 1965–1974 (n = 422), compared with those diagnosed earlier (n = 385) or later (n = 256): (i) were less likely to have initial treatment with curative intent (51% vs 95 and 85%, respectively); (ii) had more follow‐up biopsies (P < 0.0005); (iii) were more likely to have positive cytology during follow‐up (P < 0.005) and positive smears that were not followed within six months by a treatment with curative intent (P < 0.005); and (iv) experienced a higher risk of cancer of the cervix or vaginal vault (RR = 3.3 compared with the first period, 95% CI: 1.7–5.3). Among women diagnosed in 1965–1974, those initially managed by punch or wedge biopsy alone had a cancer risk ten times (95% CI: 3.9–25.7) higher than women initially treated with curative intent.

Conclusions:  During the ‘clinical study’ (1965–1974), women underwent numerous interventions that were aimed to observe rather than treat their condition, and their risk of cancer was substantially increased.
Perfluorocarbon‐Based Oxygen Carriers: Review of Products and Trials
Authors: Castro Camila Irene , Briceno Juan Carlos
Published: June 2010

A viable blood substitute is still of great necessity throughout the world. Perfluorocarbon‐based oxygen carriers (PFCOCs) are emulsions that take advantage of the high solubility of respiratory gases in perfluorocarbons (PFCs). Despite attractive characteristics, no PFCOC is currently approved for clinical uses. Some PFCOCs have failed due to secondary effects of the surfactants employed, like Fluosol DA, whereas others to adverse cerebrovascular effects on cardiopulmonary bypass, such as Oxygent. Further in‐depth, rigorous work is needed to overcome the annotated failures and to obtain a safe PFCOC approved for human use. The aim of this study is to review in detail the most‐used PFCOCs, their formulation, and preclinical and clinical trials, and to reflect upon causes of failure and strategies to overcome such failures.
Erythropoietin Receptor Is Expressed on Human Peripheral Blood T and B Lymphocytes and Monocytes and Is Modulated by Recombinant Human Erythropoietin Treatment
Authors: Lisowska Katarzyna A. , Dębska‐Ślizień Alicja , Bryl Ewa , Rutkowski Bolesław , Witkowski Jacek M.
Published: June 2010

Erythropoietin receptor (EPO‐R) appears on the cell surface in the early stages of erythropoiesis. It has also been found on endothelial cells and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, suggesting erythropoietin (EPO) role beyond erythropoiesis itself. Earlier reports have shown that treatment with recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) in chronic renal failure (CRF) patients improves interleukin‐2 production and restores the T lymphocyte function. We decided to investigate possible expression of EPO‐R on circulating peripheral blood lymphocytes and monocytes of CRF patients in order to assess the possibility of rhEPO direct action on these cells. Flow cytometry was used for detection and quantification of EPO‐R, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for detection of the EPO receptor mRNA. Our results show for the first time the existence of EPO‐R on cell surface of human T and B lymphocytes and monocytes as well as at the transcriptional activity of the EPO‐R gene in these cells, both in healthy and CRF individuals. We have also found significant differences between the numbers of EPO‐R molecules on T and B lymphocytes of CRF patients not treated and treated with rhEPO and healthy control. Discovery of EPO‐R expression on human lymphocytes suggests that EPO is probably able to directly modulate some signaling pathways important for these cells.
Anthropology at the Edge of Words: Where Poetry and Ethnography Meet
Authors: Maynard Kent , Cahnmann‐Taylor Melisa
Published: June 2010

Anthropology has seen major challenges regarding methods, epistemologies, and how one writes ethnographically. As practicing ethnographers and poets, we focus on one among many vibrant new styles of anthropological scholarship: ethnographic poetry. As poetry appears more regularly in scholarly venues, anthropologists may wonder how to create ethnographic poetry and toward what end. To address this, we begin with definitions of ethnographic poetry in relation to ethnography and ethnopoetics. We then consider how poetry may help anthropologists to write insightfully about how we and other people live. Drawing on our own poetry, and that of others, we explore how form affects meaning and ethnographic insight.
A prospective randomised open label study to evaluate the potential of a new silver alginate/carboxymethylcellulose antimicrobial wound dressing to promote wound healing
Authors: Beele Hilde , Meuleneire Frans , Nahuys Marc , Percival Steven L
Published: May 2010

The aim of this study was to observe both the clinical signs and symptoms of wounds at risk of infection, that is critically colonised (biofilm infected) and antimicrobial‐performance of an ionic silver alginate/carboxymethylcellulose (SACMC) dressing, in comparison with a non silver calcium alginate fibre (AF) dressing, on chronic venous leg and pressure ulcers. Thirty‐six patients with venous or pressure ulcers, considered clinically to be critically colonised (biofilm infected), were randomly chosen to receive either an SACMC dressing or a non silver calcium AF dressing. The efficacy of each wound dressing was evaluated over a 4‐week period. The primary study endpoints were prevention of infection and progression to wound healing. The SACMC group showed a statistically significant (P = 0·017) improvement to healing as indicated by a reduction in the surface area of the wound, over the 4‐week study period, compared with AF controls. In conclusion, the SACMC dressing showed a greater ability to prevent wounds progressing to infection when compared with the AF control dressing. In addition, the results of this study also showed an improvement in wound healing for SACMC when compared with a non silver dressing.
Distribution of human leukocyte antigen alleles and haplotypes in Oroqen and Ewenki nationality minority in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China
Authors: Zhang H. B. , Wei S. G. , Zheng H. B. , Yu B. , Lai J. H.
Published: June 2010

The frequencies of the human leukocyte antigen alleles HLA‐A,‐B, DRB1 and the A‐B, A‐DRB1, B‐DRB1, A‐B‐DRB1 haplotypes were investigated through means of PCR‐based reverse line‐strip sequence specific oligonucleotide hybridization on 108 Oroqen and 104 Ewenki nationality unrelated healthy individuals from the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China. A total of thirteen different HLA‐A alleles, 21 different HLA‐B alleles and 13 different HLA‐DRB1 alleles were detected in the Oroqen ethnic group and the most frequent HLA alleles found were A*24(35.65%), B*15(17.92%), and DRB1*09(17.59%), respectively. The common HLA‐A‐B‐DRB1 haplotypes were A*24‐B*40‐DRB1*09(5.09%), A*24‐B*48‐DRB1*12(2.78%) and A*24‐B*51‐DRB1*04(2.78%); and the HLA‐A*33‐B*58, A*30‐B*13, A*01‐B*37, A*33‐DRB1*03, A*01‐DRB1*10, A*30‐DRB1*07, B*37‐DRB1*10, B*58‐DRB1*03, B*38‐DRB1*08, B*13‐DRB1*07 were significant positive linkage disequilibrium in the Oroqen nationality group. In total, 14 different HLA‐A alleles, 27 B alleles and 12 DRB1 alleles were found in Ewenki nationality group, and the most frequent HLA alleles found were A*24(24.49%), B*40(17.35%), and DRB1*04(14.80%), respectively. The common HLA‐A‐B‐DRB1 haplotypes were A*33‐B*58‐DRB1*03(6.25%), A*01‐B*51‐DRB1*11(2.88%) and A*24‐B*40‐DRB1*09(2.88%); the HLA‐A*33‐B*58, A*29‐B*44, A*03‐B*52, A*33‐DRB1*03, A*29‐DRB1*07, A*24‐DRB1*09, B*58‐DRB1*03, B*08‐DRB1*03, B*46‐DRB1*09 were significant positive linkage disequilibrium in Ewenki nationality group. The distribution of HLA A,‐B, DRB1, alleles haplotypes frequencies and phylogenetic tree indicated that the Oroqen and Ewenki population groups belongs to northern group of China, together as a group cluster.
Association of SUMO4 M55V polymorphism with susceptibility to autoimmune and inflammatory diseases: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Zou Y.‐F. , Feng X.‐L. , Tao J.‐H. , Zhu J.‐M. , Pan F.‐M. , Su H. , Ye D.‐Q.
Published: June 2010

The purpose of this study was to generate large‐scale evidence on whether SUMO4 M55V polymorphism is associated with autoimmune and inflammatory diseases using a meta‐analysis. We surveyed studies on the association of SUMO4 M55V polymorphism with autoimmune and inflammatory diseases in PubMed. Meta‐analysis was performed for genotypes AG versus AA, GG versus AA, GG versus AA + AG, AG + GG versus AA and G allele versus A allele in a fixed/random effect model. We identified 16 studies (11 407 cases and 10 679 controls) using PubMed search. When all groups were pooled, we detected the association of SUMO4 M55V polymorphism with autoimmune and inflammatory diseases (G versus A: OR = 1.11, 95%CI = 1.03–1.19, P = 0.005; AG + GG versus AA: OR = 1.17, 95%CI = 1.06–1.28, P = 0.001; GG versus AA + AG: OR = 1.07, 95%CI = 0.94–1.21, P = 0.29; GG versus AA: OR = 1.15, 95%CI = 1.00–1.34, P = 0.06; AG versus AA: OR = 1.15, 95%CI = 1.08–1.23, P < 0.0001). In subgroup analyses, we detected the association of SUMO4 M55V polymorphism with autoimmune and inflammatory diseases in Asian population (G versus A: OR = 1.18, 95%CI = 1.08–1.28, P = 0.0001; AG + GG versus AA: OR = 1.30, 95%CI = 1.16–1.45, P < 0.00001; GG versus AA + AG: OR = 1.04, 95%CI = 0.78–1.37, P = 0.80; GG versus AA: OR = 1.20, 95%CI = 0.99–1.45, P = 0.07; AG versus AA: OR = 1.32, 95%CI = 1.18–1.49, P < 0.00001). But the association was not found in Caucasian population. Meanwhile, an association of SUMO4 M55V polymorphism with autoimmune diabetes was found (G versus A: OR = 1.18, 95%CI = 1.08–1.30, P = 0.0005; AG + GG versus AA: OR = 1.22, 95%CI = 1.13–1.32, P < 0.00001; GG versus AA + AG: OR = 1.15, 95%CI = 0.96–1.38, P = 0.13; GG versus AA: OR = 1.32, 95%CI = 1.08–1.60, P = 0.006; AG versus AA: OR = 1.23, 95%CI = 1.13–1.33, P < 0.00001). This meta‐analysis demonstrates the association of SUMO4 M55V polymorphism with autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, especially in Asian population.
Genetic risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease in a North‐eastern Mexican population
Authors: Garza‐González E. , Pérez‐Pérez G. I. , Mendoza‐Ibarra S. I. , Flores‐Gutiérrez J. P. , Bosques‐Padilla F. J.
Published: June 2010

The purpose of this study was to assess the role of Helicobacter pylori and several genetic polymorphisms in relation to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We studied 44 unrelated patients with IBD and 75 subjects with no history of IBD as controls. Using pyrosequencing technology, we identified gene polymorphisms in IL‐10, TNF‐A, ILB‐31, and TLR4. H. pylori status was determined by serology. Individuals homozygous for IL10‐592 A or IL10‐1082 A genotypes show significantly lower occurrence of IBD (P = 0.03 and P < 0.01, respectively). Individuals heterozygous at IL10‐1082 have significantly increased occurrence of IBD, both ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease (P < 0.01). There was no difference in the prevalence of H. pylori infection between cases and controls. This study provides evidence that variation in IL10 is correlated with IBD occurrence in this Mexican population.
Genomic polymorphisms within alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and severe sepsis in Chinese Han population
Authors: Jin Y. , Zhang Y. , Wang H. , Wu S. , Chen Q. , Cheng B. , Xie G. , Hu Y. , Fang X.
Published: June 2010

Alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, a kind of ligand‐gated ion channel mainly expressed in macrophages, plays a crucial role in improving survival in sepsis via suppressing proinflammatory cytokines. The predisposition of genomic polymorphisms within alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor gene (CHRNA7) to sepsis has not been investigated. The current association study was performed to analyse six common genetic variations within 5′‐upstream region of CHRNA7 gene in 229 patients with severe sepsis and 267 controls. Neither allelic frequencies nor genotype distributions were significantly different between patients and controls, as well as between surviving and nonsurviving patients. The frequencies of estimated haplotypes were also comparable between above defined groups. The present study suggests that genomic polymorphisms in the 5′‐upstream region of CHRNA7 gene may not be a major risk factor for severe sepsis in Chinese Han population.
Measuring Financial Literacy
Authors: HUSTON SANDRA J.
Published: June 2010

Financial literacy (or financial knowledge) is typically an input to model the need for financial education and explain variation in financial outcomes. Defining and appropriately measuring financial literacy is essential to understand educational impact as well as barriers to effective financial choice. This article summarizes the broad range of financial literacy measures used in research over the last decade. An overview of the meaning and measurement of financial literacy is presented to highlight current limitations and assist researchers in establishing standardized, commonly accepted financial literacy instruments.
Punishment: Nonconsequentialism
Authors: Wood David
Published: June 2010

A companion to ‘Punishment: Consequentialism’, and also ‘Punishment: The Future’, this paper examines various nonconsequentialist attempts to justify punishment, that is, attempts that appeal to claims concerning the innate worth or intrinsic character of punishment, quite apart from any consequential good or benefit punishment may be thought to produce. The paper starts with retributive theories, and turns then to the denunciation and expressive theories, before considering combined communicative–retributive theories.
Anaxagoras on Matter, Motion, and Multiple Worlds
Authors: Sisko John E
Published: June 2010

In this article, both Anaxagoras’ theory of multiple worlds and the principles of his theory of matter are examined. It is argued that the five principles, which are set out explicitly in the extant fragments, (No Becoming, Indefinite Types, Universal Mixture, Predominance, and Infinite Divisibility) form a consistent set. Further, it is argued that the principle of Homoeomereity, which Anaxagoras attributes to Anaxagoras, is consistent with Anaxagoras’ other principles and is likely to be a genuine principle of Anaxagoras’ physics.
L'impact de la crise financière mondiale sur la protection sociale dans les pays en développement
Authors: McCord Anna
Published: June 2010

Alors que la crise financière mondiale a eu un impact considérable sur les taux de pauvreté des pays en développement, les mesures de protection sociale prises, sous forme de mesures d'aide sociale, pour y faire face sont, jusqu'à présent, restées limitées. La raison est à rechercher dans l'insuffisance des systèmes et dans la faiblesse de la couverture avant la crise. Avec la diminution de leurs ressources, les pays en développement ont eu des difficultés à respecter les engagements pris avant la crise en matière de protection sociale. Dans ce contexte, il existe peu de possibilités d'extension de la couverture à ceux qui se sont appauvris davantage du fait de la crise et aux «nouveaux pauvres». Bien que beaucoup de pays aient mené une politique budgétaire expansionniste, les stratégies mises en œuvre face à la crise ont essentiellement porté sur la préservation et la stimulation de la croissance. La priorité n'a pas été accordée à la fourniture de protection sociale pour aider directement les pauvres. Lorsque des mesures de protection sociale ont été adoptées, elles ont, dans de nombreux cas, pris la forme de mesures ad hoc, souvent rétrogrades, comme l'octroi de subventions alimentaires ou énergétiques, plutôt que de démarches plus systémiques, destinées à lutter contre la pauvreté. Toutefois, peut‐être est‐il permis d'être optimiste, la crise ayant suscité plusieurs initiatives pour favoriser la coordination des donateurs et la cohérence de la programmation, ce quipourrait autoriser, à l'avenir, une amélioration de celle‐ci dans le secteur de la protection sociale.
Crise économique et protection sociale dans l'Union européenne: aller au‐delà des réponses immédiates
Authors: Euzéby Alain
Published: June 2010

La crise économique a au moins le mérite de rappeler que la protection sociale est à la fois un amortisseur social et un stabilisateur économique qui limite la gravité de la récession. Les prestations sociales sont d'ailleurs utilisées par les pays de l'Union européenne, ainsi que par l'Union elle‐même dans le cadre de son plan de relance, pour venir en aide aux personnes victimes de la crise, stimuler la consommation des ménages et, par ce biais, soutenir l'activité des entreprises et favoriser l'emploi. Mais la crise pourrait être aussi l'occasion pour l'Union européenne de renforcer ses systèmes de protection sociale en s'inspirant des grands principes du droit social international, en affirmant la légitimité de hauts niveaux de protection sociale, en favorisant la convergence vers le haut des systèmes de protection sociale des Etats membres, et en augmentant son budget.
Minimally invasive surgical technologies: Challenges in education and training
Authors: Sándor J , Lengyel B , Haidegger T , Saftics G , Papp G , Nagy Á , Wéber G
Published: June 2010

The laparoscopic revolution has fundamentally changed surgical technology. However, this new technology, with its unique psychomotor adaptations, has been a challenge for both experienced and novice surgeons. This review summarizes the history of practical education and training methods and those currently used to ensure surgeons safely practice these new surgical skills.

Traditional training boxes, augmented reality simulators and virtual reality simulators represent recently developed educational tools. There are objective programs that subsequently assess the results of training by these simulation methods. Additionally, the advent of robotics in laparoscopic surgery has been accompanied by the introduction of computer‐based robotic surgical simulators. Surgical curricula should also include non‐technical skills training, particularly as global certification of technical and non‐technical surgical skills is expected in the near future. Ultimately, these new systems of surgical simulation contribute to a decrease in surgical error as well as with reduced morbidity and mortality.
Association Between Potential Zoonotic Enteric Infections in Children and Environmental Risk Factors in Quebec, 1999–2006
Authors: Kaboré H. , Levallois P. , Michel P. , Payment P. , Déry P. , Gingras S.
Published: May 2010

This study was designed to evaluate the association of potential zoonotic gastroenteritis in children, and specifically giardiasis, salmonellosis and campylobacteriosis, with environmental risk factors in rural areas of Quebec. Notified cases of gastroenteritis in children of 0–4 years of age reported in the period of 1999 through 2006 from municipalities in southern Quebec with <100 000 inhabitants were investigated. Negative binomial regression models accounting for overdispersion and adjusted for clustering were used to estimate relative risks (RR) associated with livestock densities and drinking water quality. Analyses revealed that, during this period, 2500 cases of gastroenteritis were reported in children of 0–4 years, including 819 cases of giardiasis, 690 of salmonellosis and 852 of campylobacteriosis. The incidence rate associated with all potential zoonotic agents reported was 163 cases/100 000 children‐years and this was statistically associated with cattle density: RR Quartile 4/Quartile 1 (Q4/Q1) = 1.92, 95% CI = 1.43–2.58. When estimated specifically for each pathogen, incidence rates of giardiasis (RR Q4/Q1 = 1.79, 95% CI = 1.11–2.87), salmonellosis (RR Q4/Q1 = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.15–2.33) and campylobacteriosis (RR Q4/Q1 = 2.43, 95% CI = 1.60–3.68) were also associated with cattle density, with a monotonic increase of RR with increasing animal density. Giardiasis incidence was also positively associated with a poor drinking water quality, although no statistically significant association was found. Our results suggest that, in rural Quebec, bacterial and parasitic enteric infections in young children may be zoonoses related to environmental risk factors and especially cattle production.
Transient ATM Kinase Inhibition Disrupts DNA Damage–Induced Sister Chromatid Exchange
Authors: White Jason S. , Choi Serah , Bakkenist Christopher J.
Published: June 2010

Radiation triggers distinct responses in cells in which the kinase ATM is transiently inhibited versus those that have adapted to its loss.
LARGE-EDDY SIMULATION OF OPPOSING-JET-PERTURBED SUPERSONIC FLOWS PAST A HEMISPHERICAL NOSE
Authors: CHEN LI-WEI , XU CHANG-YUE , LU XI-YUN
Published: May 2010

A supersonic flow past a hemispherical nose with an opposing jet placed on its axis has been investigated using large eddy simulation. We find that the flow behaviors depend mainly on the jet total pressure ratio and can be classified into three typical flow regimes of unstable, stable and transition. The unstable flow regime is characterized by an oscillatory bow shock with a multi-jet-cell structure and the stable flow regime by a steady bow shock with a single jet cell. The transition regime lies between the unstable and stable ones with a complex flow evolution. Turbulence statistics are further analyzed to reveal the relevant turbulent behaviors in the three flow regimes. The results obtained in this study provide a physical insight into the understanding of the mechanisms underlying this complex flow.
MODELING THE FATE AND TRANSPORT OF TOXIC CONTAMINANTS IN RESERVOIR OVERFLOW AND INTERFLOW
Authors: GU ROY R. , SHU ANPING
Published: May 2010

A two-dimensional model for toxic contaminants was developed and incorporated into a laterally integrated hydrodynamics and transport model to investigate the effect of reservoir flow regime on contamination level in a reservoir after a toxic spill. The model describes the physical, chemical, and biological processes and predicts unsteady vertical and longitudinal distributions of a toxic chemical. Simulation results suggested that the persistence of a contaminant was significantly influenced by different flow regimes. It was found that the toxicant plume was more persistent in an interflow than in an overflow which moved more slowly and experienced greater volatilization and dissipation. This analysis can assist in spill control and reservoir management.
AN ISOPARAMETRIC TRANSFORMATION-BASED INTERPOLATION-SUPPLEMENTED LATTICE BOLTZMANN METHOD AND ITS APPLICATION
Authors: QU KUN , SHU CHANG , CHEW YONG TIAN
Published: May 2010

Isoparametric transformation was applied to the interpolation-supplemented lattice Boltzmann method (ISLBM). As a result, it can be applied to arbitrarily structural grids and reserve the simple procedure of ISLBM. The simulation of the lid-driven cavity flow and the flow around a cylinder were performed to validate the proposed method. The numerical results agree excellently with the data in the literature.
NUMERIAL INVESTIGATION OF THERMODIFFUSION EFFECTS ON PEM FUEL CELL PERFORMANCE
Authors: JARALLA RIHAB , CAO JUN , SAGHIR ZIAD
Published: May 2010

An increasing amount of attention has been paid on the study of thermodiffusion effects on mass transport. This paper presents a novel mathematical model for an entire proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) with focus placed on the modeling and assessment of the role of thermodiffusion that has been usually neglected in previous fuel cell research work. Built upon the equations of continuity, momentum, energy, species concentrations, and electric potentials in different regions of a PEMFC, a set of nonlinear partial differential equations are numerically solved using finite element methods. The simulation results demonstrate that the thermodiffusion has a noticeable impact on transport of species in an operational PEMFC.
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF FREE VORTEX WITH MODIFIED NAVIER–STOKES CHARACTERISTIC BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
Authors: CHEN LIN , TANG DENGBIN , GUO XIN
Published: May 2010

The convection and diffusion processes of free vortex in compressible flows are simulated by using high precision numerical method to solve for the Navier–Stokes equations. Accurate treatment of the boundary condition is extremely important for simulation of vortex flows. The developed numerical methods are well presented by combining six-order non-dissipation compact schemes with Navier–Stokes characteristic boundary condition having transverse and viscous terms, and can accurately simulate the movement of free vortex. The numerical reflecting waves at the boundaries are well controlled.
PERFORMANCE OF MICRO-INJECTOR WITH INNER BLOCK FOR DROP ON DEMAND APPLICATIONS
Authors: WANG MUH-RONG , LEU TZONG-SHYNG , SHEN YI-JUN , WENG WEI-LUNG
Published: May 2010

This paper investigates the characteristics of a piezoelectric micro-injector for drop-on-demand (DOD) applications. The micro-injector is designed with an inner block inside the chamber to enhance the instability energy for the production of mono-size droplet. The micro-nozzle was fabricated by MEMS processes. The upper chip is a silicon chip with two holes as the inlet and outlet of the liquid matter. A diaphragm is mounted on the center of the upper chip. The lower chip has an orifice of 50µm in diameter. The flow through the chamber is used to promote the refilling mechanism for droplet generation. A piezoelectric actuator operated in push mode (D33) was mounted on the upper chip to drive the liquid through the nozzle. An inner block is designed on the inner side of the upper chip. Results show that the micro-injector with inner block could generate mono-size droplet under the driving voltage ranging from 62.5 to 150 volt at frequency of 3.2 kHz. The droplets size was 60µm with velocity ranging from 3.3 to 4.7 m/s which is higher than the case without inner block. As a comparison, the injection of the micro-injector without inner block needs a much higher driving voltage of 112.5 volt at driving frequency of 9.7kHz. It is concluded that the micro-injector with the inner block performs better than the one without the inner block.
PLASMA FLOW CONTROL OVER FOREBODY AT HIGH ANGLES OF ATTACK
Authors: ZHAO ZIJIE , GAO CHAO , LIU FENG , LUO SHIJUN
Published: May 2010

Forward blowing from a pair of plasma actuators on the leeward surface and near the apex is used to switch the asymmetric vortex pair over a cone of semi-apex angle 10° at high angles of attack. Wind tunnel pressure measurements show that by appropriate design of the actuators and appropriate choice of the AC voltage and frequency, side forces and yawing moments of opposite signs can be obtained at a given angle of attack by activating one of the plasma actuators. Further work is suggested.
EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF HYPERSONIC JAWS INLET
Authors: DONG HAO , WANG CHENG-PENG , CHENG KE-MING
Published: May 2010

In order to obtain the flow field characteristics and the influence of boundary layer, numerical simulations and wind tunnel tests are conducted for two streamline traced Jaws inlets at Mach number 7. The inlets are designed based on a flow field with 8-7 planar shock wave (the ramp in pitch plane is inclined at 8° to the free stream and in yaw plane is inclined at 7° to the free stream, yielding planar shocks). In the study, the static pressure distributions were measured and analyzed along the plane-symmetric centerline of the inlet with and without the boundary layer correction, respectively. Results show that boundary layer correction can obviously weaken the viscous influence to the inlet, increasing the mass flow coefficient and improving total pressure recovery.
PARAMETRIC STUDIES OF CHARGING AND DISCHARGING IN ADSORBED NATURAL GAS VESSEL USING ACTIVATED CARBON
Authors: LOH WAI SOONG , RAHMAN KAZI AFZALUR , NG KIM CHOON , SAHA BIDYUT BARAN , CHAKRABORTY ANUTOSH
Published: May 2010

This paper presents the adsorption isotherm experiment of Methane and Maxsorb III activated carbon that was conducted and analyzed at temperatures from 5 to 55 °C and pressures up to 2.2 MPa in a volumetric apparatus. It is a complementary to the previous efforts by ways of analyzing the importance between charging and discharging rate, temperature increase and reduce of the bed, the heat transfer process, and the cylinder cooling and heating requirements during the charging and discharging of adsorbed natural gas.
CRITERIA OF TURBULENT TRANSITION IN PARALLEL FLOWS
Authors: DOU HUA-SHU , KHOO BOO CHEONG
Published: May 2010

Based on the energy gradient method, criteria for turbulent transition are proposed for pressure driven flow and shear driven flow, respectively. For pressure driven flow, the necessary and sufficient condition for turbulent transition is the presence of the velocity inflection point in the averaged flow. For shear driven flow, the necessary and sufficient condition for turbulent transition is the existence of zero velocity gradient in the averaged flow profile. It is shown that turbulent transition can be effected via a singularity of the energy gradient function which may be associated with the chaotic attractor in dynamic system. The role of disturbance in the transition is also clarified in causing the energy gradient function to approach the singularity. Finally, it is interesting that turbulence can be controlled by modulating the distribution of the energy gradient function.
A TRANSPORT EQUATION MODEL FOR SIMULATING CAVITATION FLOWS IN MINIATURE MACHINES
Authors: ZHANG YAO , LUO XIANWU , LIU SHUHONG , XU HONGYUAN
Published: May 2010

A new transport equation model is proposed for simulating cavitating flows in miniature machines. In the developed model, the surface tension, viscous force, and thermal effect of cavitation are considered to reflect their influence on the cavitation bubble growth. The cavitating flow in a miniature pump is calculated by applying the proposed cavitation model. The comparison between numerical results and experimental data indicates that the new cavitation model is applicable for simulating the cavitating flow in miniature machines.
THE INFLUENCE OF LORENTZ FORCE ON VACUUM ARC BEHAVIORS WITH AN AXIAL MAGNETIC FIELD
Authors: CHO S. H. , LEE H. G. , CHOI M. J. , KWON J. R. , KIM Y. J.
Published: May 2010

The necessity of the vacuum interrupters (VIs) has been widely recognized on switching and controlling the fault currents in medium voltage level. An axial magnetic field (AMF) electrode has more advantages of the switching capability than other contact designs such as securing higher current value for transferring from the constriction arc to the diffuse. The heat flux and the local temperature on the electrode are increased by arc constriction, which is influenced by Lorentz force. It has undesirable influence on the characteristics of vacuum arc. In this study, we simulated the influence of Lorentz force on vacuum arc behaviors with an AMF electrode by using a commercial FEM package, ANSYS. The vacuum arc has been modeled with the sequential coupling method of two different fields, which are on the electromagnetic and thermal-flow. Arc constriction with various applied currents could be predicted with the results of temperature distribution.
SCALED BOUNDARY FINITE-ELEMENT AND SUBSTRUCTURE ANALYSIS ON THE SEEPAGE PROBLEMS
Authors: LI FENGZHI
Published: May 2010

The scaled boundary finite element method is used to determine the seepage free surface of a dam with unbounded base. Two models for the bounded and the unbounded domains are established by using the mentioned method, and the numerical solutions are compared with the analytical results. Also, the free surface seepage of a dam with unbounded base is solved by combining the substructure and scaled boundary finite-element methods. The method has satisfactory accuracy and is quite efficient.
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF HYDROFOIL NACA0015'S CAVITATION CHARACTERISTICS BASED ON THE THERMODYNAMIC EFFECTS
Authors: LIU DEMIN , LIU SHUHONG , WU YULIN , XU HONGYUAN
Published: May 2010

The present paper studies the cavitation characteristics in thermodynamic condition. The present work modifies thermodynamic cavitation mass transfer expression based on the Rayleigh-Plesset equation. The pressure difference, surface tension and thermodynamic effects are considered in new mass transfer expression on the basics of the evaporation and condensation mechanics according to the micro-kinetic theory. The hydrofoil NACA0015's thermal cavitation characteristic is calculated at 25°C, 50°C, 70°C with the improved model. The shear stress transport model is adopted as turbulence kinetic energy transport equation. The pressure coefficient is compared with experiment data at different temperatures to validate the model. The temperature difference between local temperature and ambient temperature is obtained and the cavitation volume fraction is calculated.
FROM PERSISTENT RANDOM WALK TO THE TELEGRAPH NOISE
Authors: HERRMANN S. , VALLOIS P.
Published: June 2010

We study a family of memory-based persistent random walks and we prove weak convergences after space-time rescaling. The limit processes are not only Brownian motions with drift. We have obtained a continuous but non-Markov process (Zt) which can be easily expressed in terms of a counting process (Nt). In a particular case the counting process is a Poisson process, and (Zt) permits to represent the solution of the telegraph equation. We study in detail the Markov process ((Zt, Nt); t ≥ 0).
A COMPARISON THEOREM FOR STOCHASTIC EQUATIONS IN INFINITE DIMENSIONS AND APPLICATIONS
Authors: HALIDIAS NIKOLAOS , MICHTA MARIUSZ
Published: June 2010

In this paper we consider stochastic equations in Banach spaces. Our first result is a comparison theorem. As an application we prove an existence theorem in the case when the drift coefficient is nonsmooth. The present studies extend some results both for deterministic and stochastic equations in infinite dimensional case.
OPTIMAL MULTI-MODES SWITCHING PROBLEM IN INFINITE HORIZON
Authors: EL ASRI BRAHIM
Published: June 2010

This paper studies the problem of the deterministic version of the Verification Theorem for the optimal m-states switching in infinite horizon under Markovian framework with arbitrary switching cost functions. The problem is formulated as an extended impulse control problem and solved by means of probabilistic tools such as the Snell envelop of processes and reflected backward stochastic differential equations. A viscosity solution approach is employed to carry out a fine analysis on the associated system of m variational inequalities with inter-connected obstacles. We show that the vector of value functions of the optimal problem is the unique viscosity solution to the system. This problem is in relation with the valuation of firms in a financial market.
A THERMODYNAMIC MECHANISM BEHIND AN ACTION POTENTIAL AND BEHIND ANESTHESIA
Authors: KASSAHUN BINYAM T. , MURASHOV ALEXANDER K. , BIER MARTIN
Published: June 2010

It has been proposed that an action potential going through a nerve cell is not merely an electrochemical phenomenon, but also involves a traveling wave of compression and partial freezing of the lipid bilayer membrane. Below we present the results of experiments that are intended to discriminate between the electrochemical and the thermodynamic mechanism. We find that a nerve that is affected by an anesthetic can nevertheless reach the same compound action potential as an unaffected nerve when it receives a higher stimulus voltage. The result is hard to reconcile with the electrochemical Hodgkin–Huxley model and consistent with the thermodynamic mechanism.
OBSTRUCTIONS TO THE EXISTENCE AND SQUEEZING OF LAGRANGIAN COBORDISMS
Authors: SABLOFF JOSHUA M. , TRAYNOR LISA
Published: June 2010

Capacities that provide both qualitative and quantitative obstructions to the existence of a Lagrangian cobordism between two (n - 1)-dimensional submanifolds in parallel hyperplanes of ℝ2n are defined using the theory of generating families. Qualitatively, these capacities show that, for example, in ℝ4 there is no Lagrangian cobordism between two ∞-shaped curves with a negative crossing when the lower end is "smaller". Quantitatively, when the boundary of a Lagrangian ball lies in a hyperplane of ℝ2n, the capacity of the boundary gives a restriction on the size of a rectangular cylinder into which the Lagrangian ball can be squeezed.
DUALITY IN FILTERED FLOER–NOVIKOV COMPLEXES
Authors: USHER MICHAEL
Published: June 2010

We prove that a certain bilinear pairing (analogous to the Poincaré–Lefschetz intersection pairing) between filtered sub- and quotient complexes of a Floer-type chain complex and of its "opposite complex" is always nondegenerate on homology. This implies a duality relation for the Oh–Schwarz-type spectral invariants of these complexes which (in Hamiltonian Floer theory) was established in the special case that the period map has discrete image by Entov and Polterovich. The duality relation served as a key lemma in Entov and Polterovich's construction of a Calabi quasimorphism on certain rational symplectic manifolds, and the result that we prove here implies that their construction remains valid when the rationality hypothesis is dropped. Apart from this, we also use the nondegeneracy of the pairing to establish a new formula for what we have previously called the boundary depth of a Floer chain complex; this formula shows that the boundary depth is unchanged under passing to the opposite complex.
Seismic imaging of the lithospheric structure of the Zagros mountain belt (Iran)
Authors: Paul Anne , Hatzfeld Denis , Kaviani Ayoub , Tatar Mohammad , Péquegnat Catherine
Published: June 2010

We present a synthesis and a comparison of the results of two temporary passive seismic experiments installed for a few months across the Central and Northern Zagros. The receiver function analysis of teleseismic earthquake records gives a high-resolution image of the Moho beneath the seismic transects. On both cross-sections, the crust has an average thickness of 42±2 km beneath the Zagros fold-and-thrust belt and the Central domain. The crust is thicker beneath the hanging wall of the Main Zagros Reverse Fault (MZRF), with a greater maximum Moho depth in the Central (69±2 km) than in the Northern Zagros (56±2 km). The thickening affects a narrower region (170 km) beneath the Sanandaj–Sirjan zone of the Central Zagros and a wider region (320 km) in the Northern Zagros. We propose that this thickening is related to overthrusting of the crust of the Arabian margin by the crust of Central Iran along the MZRF, which is considered as a major thrust fault cross-cutting the whole crust. The fault is imaged as a low-velocity layer in the receiver function data of the Northern Zagros profile. Moreover, the crustal-scale thrust model reconciles the imaged seismic Moho with the Bouguer anomaly data measured on the Central Zagros transect. At upper mantle depth, P-wave tomography confirms the previously observed strong contrast between the faster velocities of the Arabian margin and the lower velocities of the Iranian micro-blocks. Our higher-resolution tomography combined with surface-wave analysis locates the suture in the shallow mantle of the Sanandaj–Sirjan zone beneath the Central Zagros. The Arabian upper mantle has shield-like shear-wave velocities, whereas the lower velocities of the Iranian upper mantle are probably due to higher temperature. However, these velocities are not low enough and the low-velocity layer not thick enough to conclude that delamination of the lithospheric mantle lid has occurred beneath Iran. The lack of a high-velocity anomaly in the mantle beneath Central Iran suggests that the Neotethyan oceanic lithosphere is probably detached from the Arabian margin.
The kinematics of the Zagros Mountains (Iran)
Authors: Hatzfeld D. , Authemayou C. , van der Beek P. , Bellier O. , Lavé J. , Oveisi B. , Tatar M. , Tavakoli F. , Walpersdorf A. , Yamini-Fard F.
Published: June 2010

We present a synthesis of recently conducted tectonic, global positioning system (GPS), geomorphological and seismic studies to describe the kinematics of the Zagros mountain belt, with a special focus on the transverse right-lateral strike-slip Kazerun Fault System (KFS). Both the seismicity and present-day deformation (as observed from tectonics, geomorphology and GPS) appear to concentrate near the 1000 m elevation contour, suggesting that basement and shallow deformation are related. This observation supports a thick-skinned model of southwestward propagation of deformation, starting from the Main Zagros Reverse Fault. The KFS distributes right-lateral strike-slip motion of the Main Recent Fault onto several segments located in an en echelon system to the east. We observe a marked difference in the kinematics of the Zagros across the Kazerun Fault System. To the NW, in the North Zagros, present-day deformation is partitioned between localized strike-slip motion on the Main Recent Fault and shortening located on the deformation front. To the SE, in the Central Zagros, strike-slip motion is distributed on several branches of the KFS. The decoupling of the Hormuz Salt layer, restricted to the east of the KFS and favouring the spreading of the sedimentary cover, cannot be the only cause of this distributed mechanism because seismicity (and therefore basement deformation) is associated with all active strike-slip faults, including those to the east of the Kazerun Fault System.
The transition between Makran subduction and the Zagros collision: recent advances in its structure and active deformation
Authors: Regard V. , Hatzfeld D. , Molinaro M. , Aubourg C. , Bayer R. , Bellier O. , Yamini-Fard F. , Peyret M. , Abbassi M.
Published: June 2010

SE Iran is the site of a rare case of young transition between subduction and collision. We have synthesized recent results in geodesy, tectonics, seismology and magnetism to help understand the structure and kinematics of the Zagros–Makran transition. Surface observations (tectonics, magnetism and geodesy) indicate a transpressive discontinuity consisting of several faults striking obliquely to the convergent plate motion, whereas deeper observations (seismology) support a smooth transition across the fault system. No lithospheric transform fault has been created, although the transition already behaves like a major boundary in terms of tectonic style, seismic structure, lithology and magnetism. The Zendan–Minab–Palami fault system consists of several faults that accommodate a transpressive tectonic regime. It is the surface expression of a southward propagation of the north–south-trending right-lateral strike-slip fault system of Jiroft–Sabzevaran. Within each system the numerous faults will coalesce into a single, lithospheric, wrench fault.
Myths and fallacies of "Personally Identifiable Information"
Authors: Narayanan Arvind , Shmatikov Vitaly
Published: June 2010

Developing effective privacy protection technologies is a critical challenge for security and privacy research as the amount and variety of data collected about individuals increase exponentially.
Plotting away
Authors: Neville-Neil George V.
Published: June 2010

Tips and tricks for visualizing large data sets.
Institutional review boards and your research
Authors: Garfinkel Simson L. , Cranor Lorrie Faith
Published: June 2010

A proposal for improving the review procedures for research projects that involve human subjects and their associated identifiable private information.
An interview with Ed Feigenbaum
Authors: Shustek Len
Published: June 2010

ACM Fellow and A.M. Turing Award recipient Edward A. Feigenbaum, a pioneer in the field of expert systems, reflects on his career.
A tour through the visualization zoo
Authors: Heer Jeffrey , Bostock Michael , Ogievetsky Vadim
Published: June 2010

A survey of powerful visualization techniques, from the obvious to the obscure.
Conference paper selectivity and impact
Authors: Chen Jilin , Konstan Joseph A.
Published: June 2010

Conference acceptance rate signals future impact of published conference papers.
Examining perceptions of agility in software development practice
Authors: de Cesare Sergio , Lycett Mark , Macredie Robert D. , Patel Chaitali , Paul Ray
Published: June 2010

Introduction

Organizations undertaking software development are often reminded that successful practice depends on a number of non-technical issues that are managerial, cultural and organizational in nature. These issues cover aspects from appropriate corporate structure, through software process development and standardization to effective collaborative practice. Since the articulation of the 'software crisis' in the late-1960s, significant effort has been put into addressing problems related to the cost, time and quality of software development via the application of systematic processes and management practices for software engineering. Early efforts resulted in prescriptive structured methods, which have evolved and expanded over time to embrace consortia/ company-led initiatives such as the Unified Modeling Language and the Unified Process alongside formal process improvement frameworks such as the International Standards Organization's 9000 series, the Capability Maturity Model and SPICE.

More recently, the philosophy behind traditional plan-based initiatives has been questioned by the agile movement, which seeks to emphasize the human and craft aspects of software development over and above the engineering aspects. Agile practice is strongly collaborative in its outlook, favoring individuals and interactions over processes and tools, working software over comprehensive documentation, customer collaboration over contract negotiation, and responding to change over following a plan (see Sidebar 1). Early experience reports on the use of agile practice suggest some success in dealing with the problems of the software crisis, and suggest that plan-based and agile practice are not mutually exclusive. Indeed, flexibility may arise from this unlikely marriage in an aim to strike a balance between the rigor of traditional plan-based approaches and the need for adaptation of those to suit particular development situations. With this in mind, this article surveys the current practice in software engineering alongside perceptions of senior development managers in relation to agile practice in order to understand the principles of agility that may be practiced implicitly and their effects on plan-based approach.