bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantum Optical Effective-Medium Theory for Layered Metamaterials at Any Angle of Incidence
Authors: Amooghorban Ehsan , Wubs Martijn
Published: January 2023

The quantum optics of metamaterials starts with the question of whether the same effective-medium theories apply as in classical optics. In general, the answer is negative. For active plasmonics but also for some passive metamaterials, we show that an additional effective-medium parameter is indispensable besides the effective index, namely, the effective noise-photon distribution. Only with the extra parameter can one predict how well the quantumness of states of light is preserved in the metamaterial. The fact that the effective index alone is not always sufficient and that one additional effective parameter suffices in the quantum optics of metamaterials is both of fundamental and practical interest. Here, from a Lagrangian description of the quantum electrodynamics of media with both linear gain and loss, we compute the effective noise-photon distribution for quantum light propagation in arbitrary directions in layered metamaterials, thereby detailing and generalizing our previous work. The effective index with its direction and polarization dependence is the same as in classical effective-medium theories. As our main result, we derive both for passive and for active media how the value of the effective noise-photon distribution too depends on the polarization and propagation directions of the light. Interestingly, for s-polarized light incident on passive metamaterials, the noise-photon distribution reduces to a thermal distribution, but for p-polarized light it does not. We illustrate the robustness of our quantum optical effective-medium theory by accurate predictions both for power spectra and for balanced homodyne detection of output quantum states of the metamaterial.
Ag(I) Biosorption and Green Synthesis of Silver/Silver Chloride Nanoparticles by Rhodotorula mucilaginosa 1S1
Authors: Muñoz Antonio J. , Espínola Francisco , Ruiz Encarnación , Moya Manuel , Castro Eulogio
Published: January 2023

The efficiency of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa 1S1 as an Ag(I) biosorbent and at the same time its ability to biosynthesize recoverable silver nanoparticles is evaluated. Kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic tests are carried out for 19 °C, 27 °C and 37 °C, from which the process is adjusted to a pseudo second-order kinetics and to the Freundlich model, while optimal operational conditions are determined at 27 °C. The thermodynamic study shows positive values for enthalpy (ΔH: 133.23 kJ/mol) and entropy (ΔS: 0.4976 kJ/(mol K)), while the Gibbs free energy (ΔG) value is 12.136 kJ/mol. For a metal concentration of 459 mg/L, a maximum biosorption capacity (qm) of 137.2 mg/g at 19 °C is obtained, while for 100 mg/L concentration a qm value of 60.44 mg/g is obtained at the same temperature. The mechanisms involved in the biosorption process are studied by infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and scanning and transmission electron microscopy, while the nanoparticle synthesis is evaluated by ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry (UV-vis) and transmission electron microscopy. The results indicate that the biomass is a good biosorbent and also has the ability to synthesize silver nanoparticles (Ag/AgCl) with sizes between 12 nm and 20 nm.
Temperature-Dependent Amplified Spontaneous Emission in CsPbBr3 Thin Films Deposited by Single-Step RF-Magnetron Sputtering
Authors: Morello Giovanni , Milanese Stefania , De Giorgi Maria Luisa , Calisi Nicola , Caporali Stefano , Biccari Francesco , Falsini Naomi , Vinattieri Anna , Anni Marco
Published: January 2023

Due to their high optical efficiency, low-cost fabrication and wide variety in composition and bandgap, halide perovskites are recognized nowadays as real contenders for the development of the next generation of optoelectronic devices, which, among others, often require high quality over large areas which is readily attainable by vacuum deposition. Here, we report the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) properties of two CsPbBr3 films obtained by single-step RF-magnetron sputtering from a target containing precursors with variable compositions. Both the samples show ASE over a broad range of temperatures from 10 K up to 270 K. The ASE threshold results strongly temperature dependent, with the best performance occurring at about 50 K (down to 100 µJ/cm2), whereas at higher temperatures, there is evidence of thermally induced optical quenching. The observed temperature dependence is consistent with exciton detrapping up to about 50 K. At higher temperatures, progressive free exciton dissociation favors higher carrier mobility and increases trapping at defect states with consequent emission reduction and increased thresholds. The reported results open the way for effective large-area, high quality, organic solution-free deposited perovskite thin films for optoelectronic applications, with a remarkable capability to finely tune their physical properties.
Association of Serum Zinc and Inflammatory Markers with the Severity of COVID-19 Infection in Adult Patients
Authors: Almasaud Abdulaziz Saad , Chalabi Jamal , Arfaj Abdulmajid Al , Qarni Ali Al , Alkroud Ammar , Nagoor Zuheb , Akhtar Sana , Iqbal Jahangir
Published: January 2023

COVID-19 infection can spread in the host body without any adequate immune response. Zinc is an essential trace element with strong immunoregulatory and antiviral properties and its deficiency might lead to inflammation and oxidative stress. The aim of the current study was to determine the association of serum zinc and inflammatory markers with the severity of COVID-19 infection. This was a prospective observational study in which 123 COVID-19-positive adult patients and 48 controls were recruited. The initial comparative analysis was conducted between COVID-19 patients and controls. COVID-19-positive patients were further divided into three different groups (mild, moderate, and severe) based on the severity of COVID-19 infection. COVID-19 patients showed significantly lower serum zinc levels (8.8 ± 2.3 µmol/L) compared to healthy controls (11.9 ± 1.8 µmol/L). There was a negative correlation between serum zinc levels and the severity of COVID-19 infection (r = −0.584, p < 0.0001) and this effect was independent of age (r = −0.361, p < 0.0001). Furthermore, inflammatory markers showed a positive correlation with the severity of COVID-19 infection and a negative correlation with the levels of serum zinc. The study demonstrated an association between COVID-19 infection with low serum zinc levels and elevated inflammatory markers. Further studies to assess the significance of this observation are needed, which may justify zinc supplementation to mitigate the severity of COVID-19 infection.
Favism: Clinical Features at Different Ages
Authors: Beretta Alice , Manuelli Matteo , Cena Hellas
Published: January 2023

Favism is a hemolytic disease due to the ingestion of fava beans in individuals with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. There is wide inter- and intra-individual variability in the development of hemolytic crisis, and several factors influence it: quantity, quality, ripeness of fava beans, and age of onset. In this narrative review of case reports and case series, we reported the predisposing factors and clinical features for four different age groups classified as follows: pregnant women and infants (i.e., exclusively breastfed children); children, from weaned to 11 years; preadolescents and adolescents, from 11 to 18 years; and adults (18 years and older). Some symptoms developed only in specific age groups: death in infants; visual impairment in children; systolic murmur in infants, children, and adolescents; and renal failure in adults. In youngest children or pregnant women the severity is the highest. Some other symptoms were present in all: jaundice, increased bilirubin, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, discolored urine, tachycardia, pallor, abdominal pain, malaise, vomit, nausea, and dizziness. Laboratory findings are characterized by anemia, reticulocytosis, elevated bilirubin level, and sometimes urinary urobilinogen and methemoglobinemia. In most cases the symptomatology is self-limited and does not release sequelae, but hospitalization and transfusion are often required.
Human Milk Processing and Its Effect on Protein and Leptin Concentrations
Authors: Binder Christoph , Baumgartner-Parzer Sabina , Gard Liliana-Imi , Berger Angelika , Thajer Alexandra
Published: January 2023

(1) Background: For the storage of human milk (HM), freezing, thawing, and/or pasteurization are routinely used in neonatal intensive care units. We aimed to analyze the effects of different HM processing types on the nutritional contents in HM, adipose tissue, and the neuroprotection markers leptin and adiponectin. (2) Methods: HM samples from 136 mothers of preterm and term infants (gestational age 23 + 0 to 41 + 6) were collected and divided into four groups: (i) fresh HM, (ii) fresh pasteurized HM, (iii) thawed HM, and (iv) thawed pasteurized HM. The macronutrients were analyzed by mid-infrared transmission spectroscopy and the adiponectin and leptin were analyzed by high-sensitivity adiponectin and leptin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). (3) Results: No significant differences were observed in the protein, carbohydrate, or fat concentrations between the HM processing types. The leptin levels were significantly lower after pasteurization in comparison to HM without pasteurization (p < 0.001). The protein levels in extremely preterm HM were significantly lower compared to those in moderate/late preterm HM and term HM (p < 0.05). (4) Conclusions: HM processing had an impact on leptin concentrations but no effect on the protein level. These data support the use of unpasteurized human milk for preterm infants’ nutrition and normal brain development. The protein levels of the milk of mothers from preterm compared to full-term infants differed, underlining the importance of individualized target fortification.
Peonidin-3-O-Glucoside from Purple Corncob Ameliorates Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Regulating Mitochondrial and Lysosome Functions to Reduce Oxidative Stress and Inflammation
Authors: Hao Ruilin , Shan Shuhua , Yang Dandan , Zhang Huimin , Sun Yi , Li Zhuoyu
Published: January 2023

A frequent chronic liver condition across the world is nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Oxidative stress caused by lipid accumulation is generally considered to be the main cause of NAFLD. Anthocyanins can effectively inhibit the production of reactive oxygen species and improve oxidative stress. In this work, six major anthocyanins were separated from purple corncob by semi-preparative liquid chromatography. The effects of the 6 kinds of anthocyanins against NAFLD were investigated using a free fatty acid (FFA)-induced cell model. The results showed that peonidin 3-O-glucoside (P3G) can significantly reduce lipid accumulation in the NAFLD cell model. The treatment with P3G also inhibited oxidative stress via inhibiting the excessive production of reactive oxygen species and superoxide anion, increasing glutathione levels, and enhancing the activities of SOD, GPX, and CAT. Further studies unveiled that treatment with P3G not only alleviated inflammation but also improved the depletion of mitochondrial content and damage of the mitochondrial electron transfer chain developed concomitantly in the cell model. P3G upregulated transcription factor EB (TFEB)-mediated lysosomal function and activated the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα)-mediated peroxisomal lipid oxidation by interacting with PPARα possibly. Overall, this study added to our understanding of the protective effects of purple corn anthocyanins against NAFLD and offered suggestions for developing functional foods containing these anthocyanins.
In Vivo Role of Two-Component Regulatory Systems in Models of Urinary Tract Infections
Authors: De Gaetano Giuseppe Valerio , Lentini Germana , Famà Agata , Coppolino Francesco , Beninati Concetta
Published: January 2023

Two-component signaling systems (TCSs) are finely regulated mechanisms by which bacteria adapt to environmental conditions by modifying the expression of target genes. In bacterial pathogenesis, TCSs play important roles in modulating adhesion to mucosal surfaces, resistance to antibiotics, and metabolic adaptation. In the context of urinary tract infections (UTI), one of the most common types infections causing significant health problems worldwide, uropathogens use TCSs for adaptation, survival, and establishment of pathogenicity. For example, uropathogens can exploit TCSs to survive inside bladder epithelial cells, sense osmolar variations in urine, promote their ascension along the urinary tract or even produce lytic enzymes resulting in exfoliation of the urothelium. Despite the usefulness of studying the function of TCSs in in vitro experimental models, it is of primary necessity to study bacterial gene regulation also in the context of host niches, each displaying its own biological, chemical, and physical features. In light of this, the aim of this review is to provide a concise description of several bacterial TCSs, whose activity has been described in mouse models of UTI.
Isolation of the Lanostane Triterpenes Pholiols L–S from Pholiota populnea and Evaluation of Their Antiproliferative and Cytotoxic Activities
Authors: Yazdani Morteza , Barta Anita , Hetényi Anasztázia , Berkecz Róbert , Spengler Gabriella , Ványolós Attila , Hohmann Judit
Published: January 2023

Pholiols L-S (1–8), eight undescribed triterpenes were isolated from the sporocarps of the mushroom Pholiota populnea. Various chromatographic techniques, such as open column chromatography, flash chromatography, gel filtration, preparative thin layer chromatography, and HPLC, were applied to purify the compounds. The structure elucidation was carried out by spectroscopic analysis, including 1D (1H NMR and 13C JMOD) and 2D NMR (1H-1H COSY, HSQC, HMBC and NOESY) and HRESIMS experiments. The isolated compounds had lanostane (1–7) or trinorlanostane (8) skeletons; all of them were substituted with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaroyl group or its 6-methyl ester. Five compounds (1, 2, 4, 6, and 8) were investigated for their antiproliferative and cytotoxic activity in vitro by MTT assay on breast cancer (MCF-7), human colon adenocarcinoma (sensitive Colo 205, and resistant Colo 320), non-small cell lung cancer (A549), and human embryonic lung fibroblast (MRC-5) cell lines. Pholiols M (2) and O (4) showed antiproliferative activity against the MCF-7 cell line with IC50 of 2.48 and 9.95 µM, respectively. These compounds displayed tumor cell selectivity on MCF-7 cells with SI values of >40 (2) and 4.3 (4), but they did not show a cytotoxic effect, proving their action exclusively on tumor cell proliferation. Pholiols L (1) and Q (8) were found to have selective cytotoxicity on drug resistant cells in comparison to their effects on Colo320 and Colo205 cells [relative resistance values 0.84 (1) and 0.62 (8)].
Combining the In Silico and In Vitro Assays to Identify Strobilanthes cusia Kuntze Bioactives against Penicillin-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae
Authors: Han Xiaoyu , Jin Lu , Zhao Zhimin , Xu Xinjun , Liu Shiyi , Huang Yuquan , Liu Xiaoli , Xu Yuehong , Yang Depo , Huang Wei , Wang Li
Published: January 2023

Leaves of Strobilanthes cusia Kuntze (S. cusia) are a widely used alexipharmic Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) in southern China for the prevention of cold and respiratory tract infectious diseases. One of the most common bacterial pathogens in the respiratory tract is the gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae. The antibiotic resistance of colonized S. pneumoniae makes it a more serious threat to public health. In this study, the leaves of S. cusia were found to perform antibacterial effects on the penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae (PRSP). Confocal assay and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) monitored the diminished cell wall integrity and capsule thickness of the PRSP with treatment. The following comparative proteomics analysis revealed that the glycometabolism-related pathways were enriched for the differentially expressed proteins between the samples with treatment and the control. To further delve into the specific single effective compound, the bio-active contents of leaves of S. cusia were analyzed by UPLC-UV-ESI-Q-TOF/MS, and 23 compounds were isolated for anti-PRSP screening. Among them, Tryptanthrin demonstrated the most promising effect, and it possibly inhibited the N-glycan degradation proteins, as suggested by reverse docking analysis in silico and further experimental verification by the surface plasmon resonance assay (SPR). Our study provided a research foundation for applications of the leaves of S. cusia as a TCM, and supplied a bio-active compound Tryptanthrin as a candidate drug skeleton for infectious diseases caused by the PRSP.
Oxy210, a Semi-Synthetic Oxysterol, Inhibits Profibrotic Signaling in Cellular Models of Lung and Kidney Fibrosis
Authors: Wang Feng , Stappenbeck Frank , Parhami Farhad
Published: January 2023

Oxy210, a semi-synthetic oxysterol derivative, displays cell-selective inhibition of Hedgehog (Hh) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling in epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and macrophages as well as antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory efficacy in models of liver fibrosis. In the present report, we examine the effects of Oxy210 in cellular models of lung and kidney fibrosis, such as human lung fibroblast cell lines IMR-90, derived from healthy lung tissue, and LL97A, derived from an idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patient. In addition, we examine the effects of Oxy210 in primary human renal fibroblasts, pericytes, mesangial cells, and renal tubular epithelial cells, known for their involvement in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and kidney fibrosis. We demonstrate in fibroblasts that the expression of several profibrotic TGF-β target genes, including fibronectin (FN), collagen 1A1 (COL1A1), and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) are inhibited by Oxy210, both at the basal level and following TGF-β stimulation in a statistically significant manner. The inhibition of COL1A1 gene expression translated directly to significantly reduced COL1A1 protein expression. In human primary small airway epithelial cells (HSAECs) and renal tubular epithelial cells, Oxy210 significantly inhibited TGF-β target gene expression associated with epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). Oxy210 also inhibited the proliferation of fibroblasts, pericytes, and mesangial cells in a dose-dependent and statistically significant manner.
Effect of Solubilizing Group on the Antibacterial Activity of Heptamethine Cyanine Photosensitizers
Authors: Semenova Olga , Kobzev Dmytro , Hovor Iryna , Atrash Melad , Nakonechny Faina , Kulyk Olesia , Bazylevich Andrii , Gellerman Gary , Patsenker Leonid
Published: January 2023

Antibiotic resistance of pathogenic bacteria dictates the development of novel treatment modalities such as antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) utilizing organic dyes termed photosensitizers that exhibit a high cytotoxicity upon light irradiation. Most of the clinically approved photosensitizers are porphyrins that are poorly excitable in the therapeutic near-IR spectral range. In contrast, cyanine dyes function well in the near-IR region, but their phototoxicity, in general, is very low. The introduction of iodine atoms in the cyanine molecules was recently demonstrated to greatly increase their phototoxicity. Herein, we synthesized a series of the new iodinated heptamethine cyanine dyes (ICy7) containing various solubilizing moieties, i.e., negatively charged carboxylic (ICy7COOH) and sulfonic (ICy7SO3H) groups, positively charged triphenylphosphonium (ICy7PPh3), triethylammonium (ICy7NEt3) and amino (ICy7NH2) groups, and neutral amide (ICy7CONHPr) group. The effect of these substituents on the photodynamic eradication of Gram-positive (S. aureus) and Gram-negative (E. coli and P. aeruginosa) pathogens was studied. Cyanine dyes containing the amide and triphenylphosphonium groups were found to be the most efficient for eradication of the investigated bacteria. These dyes are effective at low concentrations of 0.05 µM (33 J/cm2) for S. aureus, 50 µM (200 J/cm2) for E. coli, and 5 µM (100 J/cm2) for P. aeruginosa and considered, therefore, promising photosensitizers for APDT applications. The innovation of the new photosensitizers consisted of a combination of the heavy-atom effect that increases singlet oxygen generation with the solubilizing group’s effect improving cell uptake, and with effective near-IR excitation. Such a combination helped to noticeably increase the APDT efficacy and should pave the way for the development of more advanced photosensitizers for clinical use.
Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Anti-Inflammatory Properties of (R)-(-)-Carvone: Potential Roles of JNK1, Nrf2 and NF-κB
Authors: Sousa Cátia , Neves Bruno Miguel , Leitão Alcino Jorge , Mendes Alexandrina Ferreira
Published: January 2023

To explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory activity of (R)-(-)-carvone, we evaluated its ability to inhibit the signaling pathways involving the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and the transcription factor, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). (R)-(-)-carvone significantly decreased c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) 1phosphorylation, but not that of the other MAPKs, induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in the RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. Although (R)-(-)-carvone significantly inhibited resynthesis of the inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB)-α induced by LPS, it did not interfere with the canonical NF-κB activation pathway, suggesting that it may interfere with its transcriptional activity. (R)-(-)-carvone also showed a tendency to decrease the levels of acetylated NF-κB/p65 in the nucleus, without affecting the activity and protein levels of Sirtuin-1, the major NF-κB/p65 deacetylating enzyme. Interestingly, the nuclear protein levels of the transcription factor, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) and the expression of its target,, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), an antioxidant enzyme, also showed a tendency to increase in the presence of (R)-(-)-carvone. Taken together, these results suggest that the ability of (R)-(-)-carvone to inhibit JNK1 and to activate Nrf2 can underlie its capacity to inhibit the transcriptional activity of NF-κB and the expression of its target genes. This study highlights the diversity of molecular mechanisms that can be involved in the anti-inflammatory activity of monoterpenes.
Targeted Radiation and Immune Therapies—Advances and Opportunities for the Treatment of Prostate Cancer
Authors: Muralidhar Anusha , Potluri Hemanth K. , Jaiswal Tanya , McNeel Douglas G.
Published: January 2023

Prostate cancer is the most diagnosed malignancy in men in the United States and the second leading cause of cancer-related death. For localized disease, radiation therapy is a standard treatment that is often curative. For metastatic disease, radiation therapy has been primarily used for palliation, however, several newer systemic radiation therapies have been demonstrated to significantly improve patient outcomes and improve survival. In particular, several targeted radionuclide therapies have been approved for the treatment of advanced-stage cancer, including strontium-89, samarium-153, and radium-223 for bone-metastatic disease, and lutetium-177-labeled PSMA-617 for patients with prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-expressing metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Contrarily, immune-based treatments have generally demonstrated little activity in advanced prostate cancer, with the exception of the autologous cellular vaccine, sipuleucel-T. This has been attributed to the presence of an immune-suppressive prostate cancer microenvironment. The ability of radiation therapy to not only eradicate tumor cells but also potentially other immune-regulatory cells within the tumor immune microenvironment suggests that targeted radionuclide therapies may be well poised to combine with immune-targeted therapies to eliminate prostate cancer metastases more effectively. This review provides an overview of the recent advances of targeted radiation agents currently approved for prostate cancer, and those being investigated in combination with immunotherapy, and discusses the challenges as well as the opportunities in this field.
pH-Responsive Hydrogel as a Potential Oral Delivery System of Baicalin for Prolonging Gastroprotective Activity
Authors: Xu Lixing , Bai Enhe , Zhu Yangbo , Qin Jiayi , Du Xiao , Huang Haiqin
Published: January 2023

Gastric ulcer is one of the most common gastrointestinal diseases, and natural products have obvious advantages in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. Baicalin (Bai) extracted from scutellaria baicalensis exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic activities. Herein, a pH-responsive sodium alginate/polyaspartate/CaCO3 (SA/PASP@CaCO3) in situ hydrogel was established for the oral delivery of Bai. In this study, we detected the gelling properties, mechanical strength, in vitro erosion, and in vitro release behavior of the hydrogels. Meanwhile, the efficiency of Bai/SA/PASP@CaCO3 hydrogel on ethanol-induced acute gastric ulcers, acetic acid-induced chronic gastric ulcers, and H2O2-stimulated human gastric epithelial GES-1 cells was explored. The pathological examination revealed that Bai-loaded hydrogel alleviated acute and chronic gastric ulcers. In vivo and in vitro results further confirmed that Bai/SA/PASP@CaCO3 in situ hydrogels significantly relieved oxidative stress injury. Moreover, through Western blot assay, Bai/SA/PASP@CaCO3 hydrogel was also found to dramatically increase the proteins levels of NRF2, HO-1, and Bcl2, and reduce levels of p-JNK, cleaved-caspase-3 and Bax; through flow cytometry, it was observed to significantly inhibit the H2O2-induced apoptosis of GES-1 cells. Importantly, the Bai/SA/PASP@CaCO3 in situ hydrogel system showed better anti-gastric ulcer efficiency than free drug, and could serve as a potential drug delivery system for the clinical treatment of gastric ulcers.
ZnO@ZIF-8 Nanoparticles as Nanocarrier of Ciprofloxacin for Antimicrobial Activity
Authors: Costa Bruno Altran , Abuçafy Marina Paiva , Barbosa Thúlio Wliandon Lemos , da Silva Bruna Lallo , Fulindi Rafael Bianchini , Isquibola Guilherme , da Costa Paulo Inácio , Chiavacci Leila Aparecida
Published: January 2023

Numerous antimicrobial drugs have been prescribed to kill or inhibit the growth of microbes such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Despite the known therapeutic efficacy of these drugs, inefficient delivery could result in an inadequate therapeutic index and several side effects. In order to overcome this adversity, the present study investigated antibiotic drug loading in zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs), in association with ZnO nanoparticles with known antimicrobial properties. In an economic synthesis method, the ZnO surface was first converted to ZIF-8 with 2-methylimidazole as a ligand, resulting in a ZnO@ZIF-8 structure. This system enables the high drug-loading efficiency (46%) of an antimicrobial drug, ciprofloxacin, within the pores of the ZIF-8. This association provides a control of the release of the active moieties, in simulated body-fluid conditions, with a maximum of 67% released in 96 h. The antibacterial activities of ZnO@ZIF-8 and CIP-ZnO@ZIF-8 were tested against the Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus strain and the Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain, showing good growth inhibition. This result was obtained by combining ZnO@ZIF-8 with ciprofloxacin in a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) that was 10 times lower than ZnO@ZIF-8 for S. aureus and 200 times lower for P. aeruginosa, suggesting that CIP-ZnO@ZIF-8 may have potential application in prolonged antimicrobial treatment.
GelMA, Click-Chemistry Gelatin and Bioprinted Polyethylene Glycol-Based Hydrogels as 3D Ex Vivo Drug Testing Platforms for Patient-Derived Breast Cancer Organoids
Authors: Bock Nathalie , Forouz Farzaneh , Hipwood Luke , Clegg Julien , Jeffery Penny , Gough Madeline , van Wyngaard Tirsa , Pyke Christopher , Adams Mark N. , Bray Laura J. , Croft Laura , Thompson Erik W. , Kryza Thomas , Meinert Christoph
Published: January 2023

3D organoid model technologies have led to the development of innovative tools for cancer precision medicine. Yet, the gold standard culture system (Matrigel®) lacks the ability for extensive biophysical manipulation needed to model various cancer microenvironments and has inherent batch-to-batch variability. Tunable hydrogel matrices provide enhanced capability for drug testing in breast cancer (BCa), by better mimicking key physicochemical characteristics of this disease’s extracellular matrix. Here, we encapsulated patient-derived breast cancer cells in bioprinted polyethylene glycol-derived hydrogels (PEG), functionalized with adhesion peptides (RGD, GFOGER and DYIGSR) and gelatin-derived hydrogels (gelatin methacryloyl; GelMA and thiolated-gelatin crosslinked with PEG-4MAL; GelSH). Within ranges of BCa stiffnesses (1–6 kPa), GelMA, GelSH and PEG-based hydrogels successfully supported the growth and organoid formation of HR+,−/HER2+,− primary cancer cells for at least 2–3 weeks, with superior organoid formation within the GelSH biomaterial (up to 268% growth after 15 days). BCa organoids responded to doxorubicin, EP31670 and paclitaxel treatments with increased IC50 concentrations on organoids compared to 2D cultures, and highest IC50 for organoids in GelSH. Cell viability after doxorubicin treatment (1 µM) remained >2-fold higher in the 3D gels compared to 2D and doxorubicin/paclitaxel (both 5 µM) were ~2.75–3-fold less potent in GelSH compared to PEG hydrogels. The data demonstrate the potential of hydrogel matrices as easy-to-use and effective preclinical tools for therapy assessment in patient-derived breast cancer organoids.
“Surveyability” in Hilbert, Wittgenstein and Turing
Authors: Floyd Juliet
Published: January 2023

An investigation of the concept of “surveyability” as traced through the thought of Hilbert, Wittgenstein, and Turing. The communicability and reproducibility of proof, with certainty, are seen as earmarked by the “surveyability” of symbols, sequences, and structures of proof in all these thinkers. Hilbert initiated the idea within his metamathematics, Wittgenstein took up a kind of game formalism in the 1920s and early 1930s in response. Turing carried Hilbert’s conception of the “surveyability” of proof in metamathematics through into his analysis of what a formal system (what a step in a computation) is in “On computable numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem” (1936). Wittgenstein’s 1939 investigations of the significance of surveyability to the concept of “proof “in Principia Mathematica were influenced, both by Turing’s remarkable everyday analysis of the Hilbertian idea, and by conversations with Turing. Although Turing does not use the word “surveyability” explicitly, it is clear that the Hilbertian idea plays a recurrent role in his work, refracted through his engagement with Wittgenstein’s idea of a “language-game”. This is evinced in some of his later writings, where the “reform” of mathematical notation for the sake of human surveyability (1944/45) may be seen to draw out the Hilbertian idea. For Turing, as for Wittgenstein, the need for “surveyability” earmarks the evolving culture of humans located in an evolving social and scientific world, just as it had for Hilbert.
Beauveria bassiana Water Extracts’ Effect on the Growth of Wheat
Authors: Kramski Dawid J. , Nowinski Daria , Kowalczuk Kaja , Kruszyński Piotr , Radzimska Jagoda , Greb-Markiewicz Beata
Published: January 2023

For a long time, entomopathogenic fungi were considered alternative biological control factors. Recently, these organisms were shown to fulfill additional roles supporting plants’ development, improving their resistance to disease and survival under stress conditions. Considering the documented interactions of B. bassiana with a wide range of plants, we aimed to evaluate the impact of aqueous extracts of the fungus on the growth of an agriculturally significant plant—wheat. The usage of fungal extracts instead of fungi could be beneficial especially in unfavorable, environmentally speaking, regions. Selected dilutions of the crude extract obtained under different pH and temperature conditions were used to establish the optimal method of extraction. Plant growth parameters such as length, total fresh weight, and chlorophyll composition were evaluated. Additionally, the antibacterial activity of extracts was tested to exclude negative impacts on the beneficial soil microorganisms. The best results were obtained after applying extracts prepared at 25 °C and used at 10% concentration. Enhancement of the tested wheat’s growth seems to be related to the composition of the extracts, which we documented as a rich source of macro- and microelements. Our preliminary results are the first confirming the potential of fungal water extracts as factors promoting plant growth. Further detailed investigation needs to be carried out to confirm the effects in real environment conditions. Additionally, the consistency of the plant growth stimulation across different entomopathogenic fungi and agriculturally used plant species should be tested.
Cross-School Collaboration to Develop and Implement Self-Construction Greening Systems for Schools
Authors: Teichmann Florian , Kirchengast Ines , Korjenic Azra
Published: January 2023

The positive effects of green infrastructure in the urban environment are nowadays widely known and proven by research. Yet, greening, which serves to improve the indoor climate and people’s well-being, is integrated very limited in public facilities such as schools. Reasons for this are seen in a lack of knowledge and financing opportunities. A focus, among others, of the MehrGrüneSchulen research project is the interdisciplinary development of cost-effective greening solutions for schools. The designs were developed in close collaboration with students of a technical college (HTL) and a horticultural school. This study describes the development process and presents the results of the first implementations of greening systems at the HTL-building complex and at nine other schools in Austria.
Crop Wild Relatives: A Valuable Source of Tolerance to Various Abiotic Stresses
Authors: Kapazoglou Aliki , Gerakari Maria , Lazaridi Efstathia , Kleftogianni Konstantina , Sarri Efi , Tani Eleni , Bebeli Penelope J.
Published: January 2023

Global climate change is one of the major constraints limiting plant growth, production, and sustainability worldwide. Moreover, breeding efforts in the past years have focused on improving certain favorable crop traits, leading to genetic bottlenecks. The use of crop wild relatives (CWRs) to expand genetic diversity and improve crop adaptability seems to be a promising and sustainable approach for crop improvement in the context of the ongoing climate challenges. In this review, we present the progress that has been achieved towards CWRs exploitation for enhanced resilience against major abiotic stressors (e.g., water deficiency, increased salinity, and extreme temperatures) in crops of high nutritional and economic value, such as tomato, legumes, and several woody perennial crops. The advances in -omics technologies have facilitated the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms that may underlie abiotic stress tolerance. Comparative analyses of whole genome sequencing (WGS) and transcriptomic profiling (RNA-seq) data between crops and their wild relative counterparts have unraveled important information with respect to the molecular basis of tolerance to abiotic stressors. These studies have uncovered genomic regions, specific stress-responsive genes, gene networks, and biochemical pathways associated with resilience to adverse conditions, such as heat, cold, drought, and salinity, and provide useful tools for the development of molecular markers to be used in breeding programs. CWRs constitute a highly valuable resource of genetic diversity, and by exploiting the full potential of this extended allele pool, new traits conferring abiotic-stress tolerance may be introgressed into cultivated varieties leading to superior and resilient genotypes. Future breeding programs may greatly benefit from CWRs utilization for overcoming crop production challenges arising from extreme environmental conditions.
ATANN3 Is Involved in Extracellular ATP-Regulated Auxin Distribution in Arabidopsis thaliana Seedlings
Authors: Xu Jiawei , Han Lijuan , Xia Shuyan , Zhu Ruojia , Kang Erfang , Shang Zhonglin
Published: January 2023

Extracellular ATP (eATP) plays multiple roles in plant growth and development, and stress responses. It has been revealed that eATP suppresses growth and alters the growth orientation of the root and hypocotyl of Arabidopsis thaliana by affecting auxin transport and localization in these organs. However, the mechanism of the eATP-stimulated auxin distribution remains elusive. Annexins are involved in multiple aspects of plant cellular metabolism, while their role in response to apoplastic signals remains unclear. Here, by using the loss-of-function mutations, we investigated the role of AtANN3 in the eATP-regulated root and hypocotyl growth. Firstly, the inhibitory effects of eATP on root and hypocotyl elongation were weakened or impaired in the AtANN3 null mutants (atann3–1 and atann3–2). Meanwhile, the distribution of DR5-GUS and DR5-GFP indicated that the eATP-induced asymmetric distribution of auxin in the root tips or hypocotyl cells occurred in wild-type control plants, while in atann3–1 mutant seedlings, it was not observed. Further, the eATP-induced asymmetric distribution of PIN2-GFP in root-tip cells or that of PIN3-GFP in hypocotyl cells was reduced in atann3–1 seedlings. Finally, the eATP-induced asymmetric distribution of cytoplasmic vesicles in root-tip cells was impaired in atann3–1 seedlings. Based on these results, we suggest that AtANN3 may be involved in eATP-regulated seedling growth by regulating the distribution of auxin and auxin transporters in vegetative organs.
Molecular Links between Flowering and Abiotic Stress Response: A Focus on Poaceae
Authors: Chirivì Daniele , Betti Camilla
Published: January 2023

Extreme temperatures, drought, salinity and soil pollution are the most common types of abiotic stresses crops can encounter in fields; these variations represent a general warning to plant productivity and survival, being more harmful when in combination. Plant response to such conditions involves the activation of several molecular mechanisms, starting from perception to signaling, transcriptional reprogramming and protein modifications. This can influence the plant’s life cycle and development to different extents. Flowering developmental transition is very sensitive to environmental stresses, being critical to reproduction and to agricultural profitability for crops. The Poacee family contains some of the most widespread domesticated plants, such as wheat, barley and rice, which are commonly referred to as cereals and represent a primary food source. In cultivated Poaceae, stress-induced modifications of flowering time and development cause important yield losses by directly affecting seed production. At the molecular level, this reflects important changes in gene expression and protein activity. Here, we present a comprehensive overview on the latest research investigating the molecular pathways linking flowering control to osmotic and temperature extreme conditions in agronomically relevant monocotyledons. This aims to provide hints for biotechnological strategies that can ensure agricultural stability in ever-changing climatic conditions.
Identification of Key Modules and Candidate Genes for Powdery Mildew Resistance of Wheat-Agropyron cristatum Translocation Line WAT-2020-17-6 by WGCNA
Authors: Yao Mingming , Wang Xinhua , Long Jiaohui , Bai Shuangyu , Cui Yuanyuan , Wang Zhaoyi , Liu Caixia , Liu Fenglou , Wang Zhangjun , Li Qingfeng
Published: January 2023

As one of the serious diseases of wheat, powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici) is a long-term threat to wheat production. Therefore, it is of great significance to explore new powdery mildew-resistant genes for breeding. The wild relative species of wheat provide gene resources for resistance to powdery mildew breeding. Agropyron cristatum (2n = 4x = 28, genomes PPPP) is an important wild relative of wheat, carrying excellent genes for high yield, disease resistance, and stress resistance, which can be used for wheat improvement. To understand the molecular mechanism of powdery mildew resistance in the wheat-A. cristatum translocation line WAT2020-17-6, transcriptome sequencing was performed, and the resistance genes were analyzed by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). In the results, 42,845 differentially expressed genes were identified and divided into 18 modules, of which six modules were highly correlated with powdery mildew resistance. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis showed that the six interested modules related to powdery mildew resistance were significantly enriched in N-methyltransferase activity, autophagy, mRNA splicing via spliceosome, chloroplast envelope, and AMP binding. The candidate hub genes of the interested modules were further identified, and their regulatory relationships were analyzed based on co-expression data. The temporal expression pattern of the 12 hub genes was verified within 96 h after powdery mildew inoculation by RT-PCR assay. In this study, we preliminarily explained the resistance mechanism of the wheat-A. cristatum translocation lines and obtained the hub candidate genes, which laid a foundation in the exploration of resistance genes in A. cristatum for powdery mildew-resistant breeding in wheat.
Understanding the Technical-Scientific Gaps of Underutilized Tropical Species: The Case of Bactris gasipaes Kunth
Authors: Kramer Yasmin Verçosa , Clement Charles Roland , de Carvalho Josiane Celerino , Fernandes Andreia Varmes , da Silva Carlos Vinicius Azevedo , Koolen Hector Henrique Ferreira , Aguiar Jaime Paiva Lopes , Nunes-Nesi Adriano , Ramos Marcio Viana , Araújo Wagner L. , Gonçalves José Francisco de Carvalho
Published: January 2023

The extraction and commercialization of palm hearts is the most profitable activity involving the peach palm (Bactris gasipaes), while consumption of its fruits is limited to Amazonian communities. The excessive attention paid to the implementation of germplasm banks contributed to the lack of development of high-performance varieties, limiting the production and consumption of peach palm fruits and by-products. In addition, with the fragmentation of the Amazonian rainforest, wild populations are in danger of extinction. The species domestication, initiated by Native Amazonians, generated a large variety of peach palm populations, as evidenced by the diversity in fruit sizes and quality. Some advances in agronomic traits also took place. However, more research needs to be conducted to understand the implications of climatic changes on plant physiological performance. Indeed, the key point is that the exploitation of the full potential of B. gasipaes has not been completely exploited. Therefore, understanding the state-of-the-art research on the peach palm with a focus on its underutilized resources is essential for expanding plantations and, consequently, promoting the market expansion of the peach palm as a fruit crop.
Magnetically Treated Water in Phaseolus vulgaris L.: An Alternative to Develop Organic Farming in Cuba
Authors: Boix Yilan Fung , Dubois Albys Ferrer , Quintero Yanaisy Perez , Alemán Elizabeth Isaac , Victório Cristiane Pimentel , Aguilera Jorge González , Betancourt Malgreter Noguera , Morales-Aranibar Luis
Published: January 2023

Phaseolus vulgaris L. (common bean) significantly contributes to the human diet due to its protein, vitamin and mineral contents, making it one of the major edible plant species worldwide. Currently, the genetic resources conserved in germplasm banks in Cuba have experienced a loss of viability, which makes their propagation difficult. Magnetically treated water has been used to improve the response of seeds and plants of different species. However, there is little experimental evidence on the cultivation of the common bean irrigated with magnetically treated water or its positive effects on seed germination recovery and its effects on physiological, anatomical and morphological characteristics. This study aims to evaluate the growth and development of common bean with magnetically treated water as an alternative to rejuvenate the seeds for organic agriculture. A two-group experimental design was used: a group of plants irrigated with water without a magnetic field and a group of plants irrigated with water treated with a magnetic field at induction in the range of 100 to 150 mT. There was an increase of 25% in the percentage of germination; the stomatal anatomical structures behaved normally; and the stem length, vigor index, leaf area and seed weight increased by 35, 100, 109 and 16%, respectively. The concentrations of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b pigments and carbohydrates in the plants grown with magnetically treated water were also stimulated in relation to control plants with increments of 13, 21 and 26%, respectively. The technology employed in this study did not have negative effects on the plant nor did it affect the presence of structures or the net content of the assessed compounds. Its use in the cultivation of Phaseolus vulgaris L. might represent a viable alternative for the improvement of the plant in organic farming production.
Coffee Waste Macro-Particle Enhancement in Biopolymer Materials for Edible Packaging
Authors: Rizal Samsul , Abdul Khalil H.P.S. , Hamid Shazlina Abd , Ikramullah Ikramullah , Kurniawan Rudi , Hazwan Che Mohamad , Muksin Umar , Aprilia Sri , Alfatah Tata
Published: January 2023

Plastic pollution has raised interest in biodegradable and sustainable plastic alternatives. For edible food packaging, seaweed biopolymers have been studied for their film-forming properties. In this study, packaging films were developed using the solvent casting technique from natural red seaweed (Kappaphycus alvarezii) and coffee waste product. The physico-chemical and thermal properties of seaweed/coffee biopolymer films was obtained using dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transmission irradiation (FT-IR), water contact angle measurement (WCA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The characterization study was carried out to improve the film’s morphological, thermal, and mechanical properties. The average particle size of coffee waste was found to be between 1.106 and 1.281 µm, with a zeta potential value of −27.0 mV indicating the compound’s strong negative charge. The SEM analysis revealed that the coffee filler was evenly dispersed in the polymer matrix, improving the film’s structural properties. The FT-IR result shows that coffee waste was successfully incorporated over the film matrix with the presence of a N-H bond. The hydrophobic property of the film was enhanced with the incorporation of coffee filler, indicating increased water contact angle compared to the neat film. The tensile properties of the biopolymer film were significantly improved at 4 wt% coffee powder with optimum tensile strength (35.47 MPa) with the addition of coffee waste powder. The incorporation of coffee waste into the seaweed matrix increased the functional properties of the fabricated biopolymer film. Thus, seaweed/coffee biopolymer film has the potential to be used in food packaging and other applications.