bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Jean 1,51 et l’annonce de la glorification du Fils de l’homme
Authors: Roberge Michel
Published: March 2019

Notre exposé cherche à démontrer que la promesse faite à Nathanaël en Jn 1,51, à l’aide du texte de Gn 38,12-19, annonce la glorification du Fils de l’homme au terme de son parcours terrestre décrit comme une descente et une remontée. Mais le moyen de cette glorification sera la crucifixion. D’où le recours à deux textes de l’A.T. pour démontrer, d’abord en 3,14-15, que la crucifixion de Jésus serait une élévation salvifique préfigurée par le serpent élevé par Moïse sur un étendard (Nb 21,4-9). Cependant, la crucifixion est aussi le terme ultime de la descente du Fils de l’homme. La valeur salvifique de la crucifixion est alors démontrée à l’aide de l’épisode de la manne, pain descendu du ciel (Ex 16,4.15.35 ; Ps 78,24). Mais le vrai pain de vie, c’est Jésus : à ceux qui lui resteront fidèles jusqu’à la croix, il transmettra la vie qu’il reçoit continuellement de son Père (Jn 6,48-58).
An Alternative to Medical Assistance in Dying? The Legal Status of Voluntary Stopping Eating and Drinking (VSED)
Authors: Downie Jocelyn
Published: March 2019

Medical assistance in dying (MAiD) has received considerable attention from many in the field of bioethics. Philosophers, theologians, lawyers, and clinicians of all sorts have engaged with many challenging aspects of this issue. Public debate, public policy, and the law have been enhanced by the varied disciplinary analyses. With the legalization of MAiD in Canada, some attention is now being turned to issues that have historically been overshadowed by the debate about whether to permit MAiD. One such issue is voluntary stopping eating and drinking (VSED) as an alternative to MAiD. In this paper, I will apply a legal lens to the issue. An understanding of whether VSED is legal provides a foundation for ethical reflection on whether it ought to be permitted. Is it permitted for those who prefer VSED to MAiD? Is it permitted for those who do not qualify for MAiD under our current legislation – for those who do not have a grievous and irremediable medical condition, for mature minors, for individuals whose sole underlying medical condition is a mental disorder and who do not otherwise meet the eligibility criteria, and for individuals who have lost capacity but had completed an advance directive?
L'humour macabre : un mécanisme de défense acceptable en soins critiques?
Authors: Fortin Alexandra , Dupras Charles
Published: March 2019

Les professionnels de la santé affectés aux soins critiques (urgence, soins intensifs, réanimation et soins coronariens) sont confrontés au quotidien à des situations particulièrement éprouvantes sur le plan émotionnel. Leurs conditions de travail difficiles peuvent devenir anxiogènes, se répercuter sur leur condition physique et/ou psychologique, diminuer leur performance et augmenter leur taux d’absentéisme au travail. Pour faire face à ce contexte stressant et parfois même déprimant, certains professionnels ont recours à l’humour macabre (ou « gallows humour »), une forme d’humour noir à connotation morbide, dont le contenu est susceptible de choquer certaines personnes. Bien que très répandue, l’utilisation de l’humour macabre en soins critiques est extrêmement controversée et la plupart du temps réprimandée par les ordres professionnels. Prenant appui sur les codes déontologiques qui les régissent, les ordres professionnels supposent que l’humour macabre enfreint les devoirs et les responsabilités de leurs membres envers leurs patients, rejetant alors son utilisation d’emblée. Dans cet article, nous contestons le rejet catégorique de l’humour macabre en soins critiques. Nous adoptons une perspective conséquentialiste, axée sur l’étude de la littérature scientifique portant sur les bienfaits de l’utilisation de l’humour en milieu de travail, pour défendre son acceptabilité éthique. En permettant d’être mieux disposés à prodiguer des soins malgré les événements tragiques vécus par les professionnels, nous verrons comment l’utilisation de l’humour macabre peut ultimement avoir des retombées positives sur les patients. L’éthique conséquentialiste n’est pas intéressée seulement par la maximisation des bienfaits de l’humour macabre, mais également par la réduction des risques de préjudices à autrui associés à son utilisation. Ce critère important nous conduira donc à définir les termes et à proposer certaines conditions devant être respectées pour une utilisation éthique de ce mécanisme de défense important par les professionnels de la santé en soins critiques.
Democracy, Effective Referral, and the Instrumentalization of Patients
Authors: Platt Elyse
Published: March 2019

Philosophers such as Roger Trigg have taken issue with the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario policy on effective referral arguing that it is an example of a culture of consumerism in medicine. In this paper, I take issue with this position and instead argue that physicians who fail to effective refer are instead misusing their power as gatekeepers to healthcare.
Haiku, Spiritual Exercises, and Bioethics
Authors: Dwyer James
Published: March 2019

Pierre Hadot has discussed the deep connections between ancient Western philosophy and spiritual exercises. The author appreciates these connections, but he explains why he explored a different path. He began to write haiku as a form of spiritual practice. He wanted to use these short verses to become more mindful, present, and responsive – in his life and in his work in bioethics. After comparing traditional haiku and modern haiku, the author gives some examples from classical sources. Then he considers how reading and writing haiku might help bioethics to focus less on deliberation and choice, and more on attention and perception. Haiku might help bioethics to attend to the contexts, life conditions, and lifeworlds that shape and situate people’s lives. These short poems might even illuminate some of the backgrounds and existential grounds of ethical life. At the end, the author presents some haiku that he wrote about modern life, young children, older adults, illness, medicine, and death.
La gestion des conflits d'intérêt dans un jury de thèse de doctorat
Authors: Ridde Valéry
Published: March 2019

A researcher or university professor is often required to be a member of a thesis jury. This is part of their scientific activities. However, in an increasingly specialized academic world, it is sometimes difficult to create a thesis jury without being confronted with conflicts of interest between the members and the supervisory team. While in recent years some universities have organized processes to manage these conflicts, others have not yet decided. This case study adapts several real-life situations to show the challenges of such conflict of interest management in setting up a doctoral thesis jury.
Utilisation de données secondaires et signature scientifique lors de l'évaluation d'une intervention en santé mondiale
Authors: Ridde Valéry
Published: March 2019

Dans le domaine de la santé mondiale, les bailleurs de fonds internationaux financent de nombreuses interventions dont ils souhaitent l'efficacité. Ils financent ainsi parfois des évaluations externes, le plus souvent menées par des chercheurs du Nord, pour en faire la démonstration. En outre, il existe de multiples bases de données, souvent collectées par les chercheurs du Sud, utiles pour réaliser ce type d'études. Mais cette multiplicité d'acteurs, de collaboration, d'enjeux et de potentiels conflits d'intérêts pose des défis importants sur le plan de l'utilisation de données secondaires et de la signature scientifiques des publications qui peuvent en découler. Cette étude de cas propose une réflexion à cet égard.
Pouvoir entre enseignante et doctorante : utilisation de données de recherche et signature scientifique
Authors: Carillon Séverine , Ridde Valéry
Published: March 2019

Enchâssée dans un rapport de pouvoir, cette étude de cas fictive met en évidence différentes pratiques d’utilisation de données de recherche dans le cadre d’une collaboration entre enseignante-chercheure et doctorante. Elle vise à mettre au jour les difficultés et enjeux éthiques d’une telle collaboration et particulièrement les défis liés à la signature scientifique et à l’utilisation des données à l’issue de la recherche.
Diversity and Context in Health Ethics: The Case for Rural Health
Authors: Mashmoushi Yasmina , Mzouri Mitan
Published: March 2019

This review maintains that the book, Rethinking Rural Health Ethics, is essential reading for rural health providers, rural health policy makers, and rural health ethicists because it uncovers the fundamental inadequacies of the traditional, urban-centric health ethics framework with respect to the rural health setting and formulates the basis for a more viable and distinctive rural health ethics. This review further maintains that this book possesses far-reaching, robust implications on the importance of incorporating diversity and context into ethical deliberations within the broader field of health ethics and in all levels of ethical analysis (i.e., micro, meso, and macro), thus serving as a resonating and sage influence for health ethicists in all fields.
Nepal Health Research Council Paves Path to Ethical Research Processes
Authors: Neupane Sunisha , Sinha Chaitali
Published: March 2019

This case study outlines an ethics approval process experienced during a maternal health research project in Nepal. The Government of Nepal established the Nepal Health Research Council (NHRC) in 1991, along with the Scientific and Ethics Committee reviewing health related research. However, not all researchers apply for ethics approval. Although researchers may claim a lack of clarity on the kinds of research studies needing approval, the authors argue that the guidelines are sufficiently clear if explored and duly followed. The inconsistencies in seeking ethics approval from NHRC could simply mean that researchers are not aware of this ethical review process. Perhaps the guidelines are not strictly enforced. Nevertheless, as researchers it is our responsibility to seek ethical approval as a matter of principle, without considering it a barrier to research.
Ethiopia: Obtaining Ethics Approval and the Role of Social Capital
Authors: Cochrane Logan
Published: March 2019

Ethiopia has a research ethics review system, yet few international researchers obtain approval outside of health studies that involve biological samples or medical testing. This case study outlines three types of ethics approvals in Ethiopia, and which research projects are suitable to them. In outlining these processes, I also reflect upon my own experience of obtaining ethics approval. The questions raised in this case study include concerns about accountability for international researchers as well as areas where universities and ethics bodies could improve their facilitation and support to ensure that the research conducted is approved by national authorities. I critically reflect on the role of social capital and relationships, which in my own case enabled access to information about where ethics approval could be obtained and provided significant support throughout the process. For this case study, I dawn upon my experience of applying for ethics approval in 2014, having that approval granted in 2015 and conducting research until 2016.
UNLEARNING COLONIAL IDENTITIES WHILE ENGAGING IN RELATIONALITY: SETTLER TEACHERS’ EDUCATION-AS-RECONCILIATION
Authors: Korteweg Lisa , Fiddler Tesa
Published: March 2019

Before the TRC’s Calls to Action, we were a collaborative teacher-education partnership of Anishinaabekwe and White settler researching and teaching reconciliation as pedagogical practice with five cohorts of settler teacher-candidates. Engaging theories of settler-colonialism, decolonization and Indigenous studies, we outline the obstacles and struggles in settler teacher education, such as exposing the legacies of colonialism in education, cultural harms and systemic racism in curriculum, and ongoing ignorance as entitlement by teachers. In addition, we focus on the complexities of methods for improving respectful relationality with Indigenous students and community as well as our hopes in helping new teachers commit their professional practice to focus on supporting Indigenous children and youth.
UNDERSTANDING HOW THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SPECIALIST HIGH SKILLS MAJOR PROGRAM CONTRIBUTES TO STUDENT OUTCOMES
Authors: Segedin Lauren
Published: March 2019

The Specialist High Skills Majors (SHSM) program has been implemented in Ontario as a way to increase secondary graduation rates. This study’s aim was to understand how the implementation of the SHSM program impacts student outcomes. The conceptual framework consists of an amended version of Fullan’s (2007) critical factors that affect policy implementation. The study’s methods analyzed provincial student achievement data. Thirty-four interviews from four school districts in Ontario occurred. A true need, program clarity and simplicity, equality of resources, and strong leadership were found to affect program implementation, and in turn, student outcomes.
THE INFLUENCE OF CLASSROOM EXPERIENCE ON TEACHER BELIEF SYSTEMS: NEW FRENCH SECOND LANGUAGE TEACHERS’ BELIEFS ABOUT PROGRAM OPTIONS FOR ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNERS AND STUDENTS WITH LEARNING DIFFICULTIES
Authors: Arnett Katy , Mady Callie
Published: March 2019

This longitudinal case study examines four new FSL teachers’ beliefs regarding the best and worst FSL program for English language learners and students with learning difficulties; the data are drawn from qualitative semi-structured interviews that occurred at the end of the participants’ Bachelor of Education program and near the end of each school year of their first three years of teaching. The case study considers how the teachers did or did not change their views as they gained experience in the classroom.
Determination of Increased Mental Workload Condition From EEG by the Use of Classification Techniques
Authors: DURU Adil Deniz
Published: March 2019

Extraction
of the information hidden in the brain electrical signal enhance the
classification of the current mental status. 
In this study, 16 channel EEG data were collected from 15 volunteers under
three conditions. Participants were asked to rest with eyes open and eyes
closed states each with a duration of three minutes. Finally, a task has been
imposed to increase mental workload. EEG data were epoched with a duration of
one second and power spectrum was computed for each time window. The power
spectral features of all channels in traditional bands were calculated for all
subjects and the results were concatanated to form the input data to be used in
classification. Decision tree, K-nearest neighbor and Support Vector Machine
techniques were implemented in order to classify the one second epochs. The
accuracy value obtained from KNN was found to be 0.94 while it was 0.88 for decision
tree and SVM. KNN was found to outperform the two methods when all channel and
power spectral features were used. In can be concluded that, even with the use
of input features formed by concatanating all subject’s data, high
classification accuracies can be obtained in the determination of the increased
mental workload state.
Numerical Analysis and Experimental Validation of a Mono-block Natural Gas Burner
Authors: YILMAZ Barış , UZA Engin
Published: March 2019

Fossil fuels are still one the
major sources of the energy production. Fuels, utilized in the power
generation, especially in industrial scale applications, are almost
hydrocarbons in gaseous, liquid or solid phases. In combustion of gaseous fossil
fuels, besides the several other emissions carbon monoxide and nitric oxide
which are identified as the main suspects of the environmental pollution are
produced.

In this study, the flow field
and the emission statistics of an industrial scale gas burner was investigated
numerically. The burner and the assembled combustion chamber have been modelled
using ANSYS-Fluent software. The standards for flue gas emissions of gas
burners defined in TSE EN 676:2000 Class-3 have been taken into account. One of
the most important emission of NOx level given in that standard, limited to be
less than 80 mg/kWh,  has been initially
computed for the existing burner and then for the modified burner designs.  Both the velocity and temperature fields are
calculated and represented in terms of contour plots. The emission results are
collected at the exit of the combustion chamber and the chamber wall
temperatures have been also computed. The numerical model results were validated
with the available experimental measurements obtained from on-site test
facilities.
Diamonyum Hidrojen Fosfatın Akışkan Yataklı Kristalizörde Büyüme ve Çözünme Hızına L-Prolin ve L-Asparajin Amino Asitlerinin Etkisinin İncelenmesi
Authors: GENÇASLAN Aybala , KIRAN-YILDIRIM Berçem , TİTİZ-SARGUT Sibel
Published: March 2019

Diamonyum hidrojen
fosfat kristallerinin büyüme ve çözünme hızları akışkan yataklı kristalizörde
incelenmiştir. Deneyler, saf ortamda ve amino asitlerin farklı derişimlerde
kullanıldığı koşullarda yapılmıştır. Amino asit katkısı olarak L-prolin ve L-asparajin
kullanılmıştır. Büyüme hızı, aşırı doygunluk seviyelerine göre değerlendirilmiştir.
Elde edilen sonuçlar incelendiğinde, L-prolin ve L-asparajin varlığında diamonyum
hidrojen fosfat kristallerinin büyüme hızlarının saf ortama göre az da olsa
bastırıldığı, buna karşılık çözünme hızlarının belirgin bir şekilde azaldığı
tespit edilmiştir. Difüzyon ve entegrasyon olarak iki direncin kristal büyümesi
üzerindeki bağıl etkinliğini değerlendirmek üzere, büyüme hızı verileri
kullanılarak Damköhler sayıları ve etkinlik faktörleri hesaplanmıştır. Etkinlik
faktörü sonuçlarına göre, hem saf ortamda hem de amino asit katkılı ortamlarda
diamonyum hidrojen fosfat kristallerinin büyümesini kontrol eden mekanizmaya
difüzyon ve entegrasyon adımlarının birlikte katkı sağladığı görülmüştür. Ancak
saf ortamda entegrasyonun biraz daha yüksek etkiye sahip olduğu saptanmıştır. Bununla
birlikte amino asitlerin varlığında, difüzyon basamağının etkinliğinin saf
ortamdakine göre biraz daha arttığı görülmüştür. Bu artış, L-prolin amino
asitinin en yüksek konsantrasyonunda en belirgin şekilde olmuştur. Ayrıca, ışık
mikroskopunda çekilen görüntülerden, amino asitlerin varlığında büyüyen diamonyum
hidrojen fosfat kristallerinin morfolojisinin saf ortama göre belirgin şekilde
değiştiği görülmüştür.
Approximate string searching with fast fourier transforms and simplexes
Authors: Liu Daniel
Published: March 2019

Previous algorithms for solving the approximate string matching with Hamming distance problem with wildcard ("don't care") characters have been shown to take \(O(|\Sigma| N \log M)\) time, where \(N\) is the length of the text, \(M\) is the length of the pattern, and \(|\Sigma|\) is the size of the alphabet. They make use of the Fast Fourier Transform for efficiently calculating convolutions. We describe a novel approach of the problem, which makes use of special encoding schemes that depend on \((|\Sigma| - 1)\)-simplexes in \((|\Sigma| - 1)\)-dimensional space.
Environmental issues and anthropic pressures in coastal aquifers: a case study in Southern Latium Region
Authors: Sappa Giuseppe , De Filippi Francesco Maria , Ferranti Flavia , Iacurto Silvia
Published: March 2019

Saline intrusion is one of the main problems in the drinking water quality management, especially for those coastal areas in which urbanization is seriously increasing. In fact, in some countries with an extensive coastline, such as Italy, the high drinking water demand can lead to an uncontrolled groundwater exploitation of coastal aquifers. During summer 2017, a severe drought event affected the entire Italian territory, including the study area located in the southern part of Latium Region. In order to overcome future water crisis, the water-supply agency (Acqualatina S.p.a.) has planned the realization of a wellfield in the “25 Ponti Area”, belonging to the Municipality of Formia and about 500 m far away from the coastline. From September 2017 to December 2017, Tulliola Well has been completed and used at increasing flow rates to monitoring the effects of groundwater exploitation on this karst coastal aquifer. The aim of this paper is to present the first results of the monitoring activities, carried out by the Department of Civil, Building and Environmental Engineering (DICEA) of Sapienza University of Rome, in order to evaluate the rate of groundwater salinization due to a possible seawater intrusion phenomenon in the study area.
Relationship between rainfall and water table in a coastal aquifer: the case study of Castelporziano presidential estate
Authors: Banzato Francesca , Barberio Marino Domenico , Del Bon Andrea , Lacchini Alessandro , Marinelli Valentina , Mastrorillo Lucia , Passaretti Stefania , Sbarbati Chiara , Petitta Marco
Published: March 2019

This study is focused on the analysis of seasonal and annual variability in groundwater levels of the coastal aquifer of Castelporziano Presidential Estate, a protected area of 59 Km2 located in the periphery of Rome. A comparison with the local trends of rainfall at “Castello” gauging station at different time scales (monthly, seasonal and annual) has been carried out. The results highlight differences between the coastal area and eastern and northern sector of the Estate. Indeed, the seasonal effect due to local meteoric recharge is direct and regular during the year in the coastal area in respect to the eastern and northern sectors of the Estate. Moreover, annual steady regime and multi-year trend of groundwater levels suggest the contribution from the adjacent volcanic aquifer of Albani Hills. In the latter case, the regional circulation of groundwater is affected by the effects of intense withdrawals. The maintenance of the monitoring network will allow to define the flow paths of the groundwater that characterize the coastal aquifer of Castelporziano.
Assessment of groundwater resources: Nauru project 2010 – 2019
Authors: Alberti Luca , La Licata Ivana , Bouchet Louis
Published: March 2019

Nauru is a small limestone island in the Pacific region where, as in many small islands in the world, the population heavilyrely upon groundwater as primary freshwater resource, in conjunction with rainwater and desalinated water.The Nauru project started in 2010 and led by Politecnico di Milano (http://nauru.como.polimi.it/), consisted on the hydrogeological characterization of the northern part of the island and the implementation of 3 numerical models for: (1) understanding the mechanisms governing groundwater flow and accumulation, (2) assess the adequate sustainable fresh groundwater exploitation in order to prevent saltwater upconing occurrences in the area more suitable for groundwater extraction and (3) to simulate future scenarios based on climate changes and population growth.
Freshwater-salt water interface dynamics during pumping tests
Authors: Kim Yongcheol , Yoon Heesung , Lee Soo-Hyung
Published: March 2019

Freshwater-salt water interface (FSI) location is very important information for decision maker in managing coastal aquifer system, however, its temporal change have been hard to get using conventional method such as EC monitoring at one or several fixed depths, geophysical logging or remote sensing techniques. A FSI tracking device, which has density between freshwater and salt water and hence can moves up and down as the freshwater-salt water transition zone moves, is used to get a temporal change data for the interface during several different types of pumping tests, which were performed at coastal monitoring wells in Seocheon, middle west of Korean Peninsula. Four short period pumping tests, three long-period pumping tests, one step-drawdown test, one reverse step-drawdown test were performed at different pumping rate ranging 19.86 to 48.71 m3/d for different pumping period of 60 minutes to 2851 minutes. Time series data shows that the Interface-Egg rises up from -86.0 to -77.6 m amsl after 24-hours pumping and to -40.8 m amsl after 2-days pumping and freshwater lens thickness is getting thinner from 88.1 m to 78.4 m after 24-hours pumping and then 42.3 m after 2-days pumping. These salt water up-coning phenomena are supported by EC profiles which were logged before and after the whole pumping periods. Time series data tell us that salt water upconing in the pumping well happens quickly and recovers at a very slow rate which is about 1.5 cm/d at 3 months after stopping pumping. The time series data of groundwater head and the interface-Egg’s location also shows that there is a tidal influence between pumping periods. The FSI tracker is expected to be practically applied to coastal aquifer management preventing from salt water intrusion, especially at dynamically pumping area for agricultural and/or domestic water supply.
Discursive Design
Authors: Tharp Bruce M. , Tharp Stephanie M.
Published: March 2019

Exploring how design can be used for good—prompting self-reflection, igniting the imagination, and affecting positive social change.

Good design provides solutions to problems. It improves our buildings, medical equipment, clothing, and kitchen utensils, among other objects. But what if design could also improve societal problems by prompting positive ideological change? In this book, Bruce and Stephanie Tharp survey recent critical design practices and propose a new, more inclusive field of socially minded practice: discursive design. While many consider good design to be unobtrusive, intuitive, invisible, and undemanding intellectually, discursive design instead targets the intellect, prompting self-reflection and igniting the imagination. Discursive design (derived from “discourse”) expands the boundaries of how we can use design—how objects are, in effect, good(s) for thinking.

Discursive Design invites us to see objects in a new light, to understand more than their basic form and utility. Beyond the different foci of critical design, speculative design, design fiction, interrogative design, and adversarial design, Bruce and Stephanie Tharp establish a more comprehensive, unifying vision as well as innovative methods. They not only offer social criticism but also explore how objects can, for example, be used by counselors in therapy sessions, by town councils to facilitate a pre-vote discussions, by activists seeking engagement, and by institutions and industry to better understand the values, beliefs, and attitudes of those whom they serve. Discursive design sparks new ways of thinking, and it is only through new thinking that our sociocultural futures can change.
International Relations in the Cyber Age
Authors: Choucri Nazli , Clark David D.
Published: March 2019

A foundational analysis of the co-evolution of the internet and international relations, examining resultant challenges for individuals, organizations, firms, and states.

In our increasingly digital world, data flows define the international landscape as much as the flow of materials and people. How is cyberspace shaping international relations, and how are international relations shaping cyberspace? In this book, Nazli Choucri and David D. Clark offer a foundational analysis of the co-evolution of cyberspace (with the internet as its core) and international relations, examining resultant challenges for individuals, organizations, and states.

The authors examine the pervasiveness of power and politics in the digital realm, finding that the internet is evolving much faster than the tools for regulating it. This creates a “co-evolution dilemma”—a new reality in which digital interactions have enabled weaker actors to influence or threaten stronger actors, including the traditional state powers. Choucri and Clark develop a new method for addressing control in the internet age, “control point analysis,” and apply it to a variety of situations, including major actors in the international and digital realms: the United States, China, and Google. In doing so they lay the groundwork for a new international relations theory that reflects the reality in which we live—one in which the international and digital realms are inextricably linked and evolving together.
Extremism
Authors: Berger J. M.
Published: March 2019

What extremism is, how extremist ideologies are constructed, and why extremism can escalate into violence.

A rising tide of extremist movements threaten to destabilize civil societies around the globe. It has never been more important to understand extremism, yet the dictionary definition—a logical starting point in a search for understanding—tells us only that extremism is “the quality or state of being extreme.” In this volume in the MIT Press Essential Knowledge series, J. M. Berger offers a nuanced introduction to extremist movements, explaining what extremism is, how extremist ideologies are constructed, and why extremism can escalate into violence. Berger shows that although the ideological content of extremist movements varies widely, there are common structural elements.

Berger, an expert on extremist movements and terrorism, explains that extremism arises from a perception of “us versus them,” intensified by the conviction that the success of “us” is inseparable from hostile acts against “them.” Extremism differs from ordinary unpleasantness—run-of-the-mill hatred and racism—by its sweeping rationalization of an insistence on violence. Berger illustrates his argument with case studies and examples from around the world and throughout history, from the destruction of Carthage by the Romans—often called “the first genocide”—to the apocalyptic jihadism of Al Qaeda, America's new “alt-right,” and the anti-Semitic conspiracy tract The Protocols of the Elders of Zion. He describes the evolution of identity movements, individual and group radicalization, and more. If we understand the causes of extremism, and the common elements of extremist movements, Berger says, we will be more effective in countering it.
How Change Happens
Authors: Sunstein Cass R.
Published: March 2019

The different ways that social change happens, from unleashing to nudging to social cascades.

"Sunstein's book is illuminating because it puts norms at the center of how we think about change."—David Brooks, The New York Times

How does social change happen? When do social movements take off? Sexual harassment was once something that women had to endure; now a movement has risen up against it. White nationalist sentiments, on the other hand, were largely kept out of mainstream discourse; now there is no shortage of media outlets for them. In this book, with the help of behavioral economics, psychology, and other fields, Cass Sunstein casts a bright new light on how change happens.

Sunstein focuses on the crucial role of social norms—and on their frequent collapse. When norms lead people to silence themselves, even an unpopular status quo can persist. Then one day, someone challenges the norm—a child who exclaims that the emperor has no clothes; a woman who says “me too.” Sometimes suppressed outrage is unleashed, and long-standing practices fall.

Sometimes change is more gradual, as “nudges” help produce new and different decisions—apps that count calories; texted reminders of deadlines; automatic enrollment in green energy or pension plans. Sunstein explores what kinds of nudges are effective and shows why nudges sometimes give way to bans and mandates. Finally, he considers social divisions, social cascades, and “partyism,” when identification with a political party creates a strong bias against all members of an opposing party—which can both fuel and block social change.
Discrete Choice Theory of Product Differentiation
Authors: Anderson Simon P. , de Palma Andre , Thisse Jacques-Francois
Published: March 2019

This important study shows that an understanding of product differentiation is crucial to understanding how modern market economies function and that differentiated markets can be analyzed using discrete choice models of consumer behavior.

Product differentiation - in quality, packaging, design, color, and style - has an important impact on consumer choice. It also provides a rich source of data that has been largely unexplored because there has been no generally accepted way to model the information available. This important study shows that an understanding of product differentiation is crucial to understanding how modern market economies function and that differentiated markets can be analyzed using discrete choice models of consumer behavior. It provides a valuable synthesis of existing, often highly technical work in both differentiated markets and discrete choice models and extends this work to establish a coherent theoretical underpinning for research in imperfect competition.The discrete choice approach provides an ideal framework for describing the demands for differentiated products and can be used for studying most product differentiation models in the literature. By introducing extra dimensions of product heterogeneity, the framework also provides richer models of firm location. Discrete Choice Theory of Product Differentiation introduces students and researchers to the field, starting at the beginning and moving through to frontier research. The first four chapters detail the consumer-theoretic foundations underlying choice probability systems (including an overview of the main models used in the psychological theory of choice), while the next four chapters apply the probabilistic choice approach to oligopoly models of product differentiation, product selection, and location choice. The final chapter suggests various extensions of the models presented as well topics for further research.
Modeling and Analysis of Communicating Systems
Authors: Groote Jan Friso , Mousavi Mohammad Reza
Published: March 2019

Rigorous theory and real-world applications for modeling and analysis of the behavior of complex communicating computer systems

Complex communicating computer systems—computers connected by data networks and in constant communication with their environments—do not always behave as expected. This book introduces behavioral modeling, a rigorous approach to behavioral specification and verification of concurrent and distributed systems. It is among the very few techniques capable of modeling systems interaction at a level of abstraction sufficient for the interaction to be understood and analyzed. Offering both a mathematically grounded theory and real-world applications, the book is suitable for classroom use and as a reference for system architects.

The book covers the foundation of behavioral modeling using process algebra, transition systems, abstract data types, and modal logics. Exercises and examples augment the theoretical discussion. The book introduces a modeling language, mCRL2, that enables concise descriptions of even the most intricate distributed algorithms and protocols. Using behavioral axioms and such proof methods as confluence, cones, and foci, readers will learn how to prove such algorithms equal to their specifications. Specifications in mCRL2 can be simulated, visualized, or verified against their requirements. An extensive mCRL2 toolset for mechanically verifying the requirements is freely available online; this toolset has been successfully used to design and analyze industrial software that ranges from healthcare applications to particle accelerators at CERN. Appendixes offer material on equations and notation as well as exercise solutions.
Drawing and the dynamic nature of living systems
Authors: Anderson Gemma , Dupré John , Wakefield James G
Published: March 2019

Representing the dynamic nature of biological processes is a challenge. This article describes a collaborative project in which the authors – a philosopher of biology, an artist and a cell biologist – explore how best to represent the entire process of cell division in one connected image. This involved a series of group Drawing Labs, one-to-one sessions, and discussions between the authors. The drawings generated during the collaboration were then reviewed by four experts in cell division. We propose that such an approach has value, both in communicating the dynamic nature of biological processes and in generating new insights and hypotheses that can be tested by artists and scientists.
Clinicopathological characteristics, treatment and survival of pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma: a SEER population-based study
Authors: Cao Ling , Li Zhi-wen , Wang Min , Zhang Ting-ting , Bao Bo , Liu Yun-peng
Published: March 2019

Background

This study was designed to investigate the clinicopathological characteristics, treatment and survival of patients with pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC).

Methods

The Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database was utilized to identify patients diagnosed with pulmonary LCNEC between 2004 and 2013. Kaplan–Meier analysis was conducted to determine the overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) rate. Univariate survival analysis along with log-rank test, and Cox proportional hazards model were employed to detect independent prognostic factors.

Results

Pulmonary LCNEC accounted for 0.58% (2972/510607) of the total number of lung and bronchus carcinoma. And a total of 1,530 eligible cases were identified, with the median follow-up time of 11 months. To be specific, the 3-, 5-year OS and CSS rates were 22.8%, 16.8% and 26.5%, 20.8% respectively. Generally, pulmonary LCNEC was commonly detected in the elderly (72.2%), males (55.9%), the upper lobe (62.0%) and advanced AJCC stage (65.5%). Multivariate analysis revealed that elderly [(≥60 and <80 years) HR:1.203, 95% CI [1.053–1.375],P= 0.007; (≥80 years) HR:1.530, 95% CI [1.238–1.891],P< 0.001] and advanced AJCC stage [(stage III) HR:2.606, 95% CI [2.083–3.260],P< 0.001; (stage IV) HR:4.881, 95% CI [3.923–6.072],P< 0.001] were independent unfavorable prognostic factors, and that female (HR:0.845, 95% CI [0.754–0.947],P= 0.004)), surgery [(Segmentectomy/wedge resection) HR:0.526, 95% CI [0.413–0.669],P< 0.001; (Lobectomy/Bilobectomy) HR:0.357, 95% CI [0.290–0.440],P< 0.001;(Pneumonectomy) HR:0.491, 95% CI [0.355–0.679],P< 0.001] , chemotherapy (HR:0.442, 95% CI [0.389–0.503],P< 0.001) and radiation (HR:0.837, 95% CI [0.738–0.949],P= 0.005) were independent favorable prognostic factors.

Conclusion

To sum up, age at diagnosis, sex, AJCC 8th edition stage, surgery, chemotherapy and radiation were significantly associated with OS of patients with pulmonary LCNEC.
Development of a student grading rubric and testing for interrater agreement in a doctor of chiropractic competency program
Authors: Ward Krista , Kinney Kathy , Patania Rhina , Savage Linda , Motley Jamie , Smith Monica
Published: March 2019

Objective:

Clinical competency is integral to the doctor of chiropractic program and is dictated by the Council of Chiropractic Education accreditation standards. These meta-competencies, achieved through open-ended tasks, can be challenging for interrater agreement among multiple graders. We developed and tested interrater agreement of a newly created analytic rubric for a clinical case-based education program.

Methods:

Clinical educators and research staff collaborated on rubric development and testing over four phases. Phase 1 tailored existing institutional rubrics to the new clinical case-based program using a 4-level scale of proficiency. Phase 2 tested the performance of the pilot rubric using 16 senior intern assessments graded by four instructors using pre-established grading keys. Phases 3 and 4 refined and retested rubric versions 1 and 2 on 16 and 14 assessments, respectively.

Results:

Exact, adjacent, and pass/fail agreements between six pairs of graders were reported. The pilot rubric achieved 46% average exact, 80% average adjacent, and 63% pass/fail agreements. Rubric version 1 yielded 49% average exact, 86% average adjacent, and 70% pass/fail agreements. Rubric version 2 yielded 60% average exact, 93% average adjacent, and 81% pass/fail agreements.

Conclusion:

Our results are similar to those of other rubric interrater reliability studies. Interrater reliability improved with later versions of the rubric likely attributable to rater learning and rubric improvement. Future studies should focus on concurrent validity and comparison of student performance with grade point average and national board scores.
A Study of Heavy Metals Pollution in the Coastal Marine Sediment of Ondo State, Nigeria
Authors: Oluwagbemiga Ayeku, P. , Tunde Ogundele, L. , Funsho Adeniyi, I.
Published: March 2019

The present study was carried out to assess the pollution status of heavy metals in the marine sediment in Ondo coastal area. A total of 36 sediment samples were collected from the three locations (Awoye, Abereke and Ayetoro) once in a month in 2015 covering both dry and wet season. The sediment samples were subjected to digestion and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) was used to measure the concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Zn. The measured concentrations data were used for evaluating the contamination level and accumulation status of heavy metals in sediment by employing several pollution indices: contamination factor (CF), degree of contamination (Cdeg), pollution load index (PLI), enrichment factor (EF) and index of geoaccumulation (Igeo). The results showed that Fe had the highest average concentration values of 248.00§ 20.00 and 324.33§ 5.80 mg/kg at Awoye sampling site for wet and dry season, respectively while the highest mean concentration of Mn were 271.77±9.50 and 295±10.06 mg/kg at Abereke and Ayetoro, respectively. The contamination factor (CF) values for As, Cd and Mn were 1 < CF < 3, indicating a moderate contamination. The results of Cdeg were ranged from 8.6 to 12.5 for both dry and wet season except in Ayetoro site that had 7.8 in the wet season. The PLI values were 0.47, 0.50 and 0.54 (<1) for Abereke, Awoye and Ayetoro sites, respectively, denoting unpolluted conditions. The EF values for Pb and Ni obtained from all the sites ranged from 20.8 to 38.9, showing their significantly enriched in sediment. The Igeo values of As, Cr, Fe, V, Zn and Cu were less than one (Igeo <1) for the three sampling locations in both seasons, implying that the sediments in the study area are practically uncontaminated by these metals. Pb had the Igeo values of 2.80 and 2.85 during dry and wet season at Awoye sampling site while Ni had 2.57 at Abereke only in the dry season. The heavy metals in sediment might be derived from the upstream rivers from the top soil, mechanically weathered rock materials and anthropogenic activities.
Use of Copper-Based Pesticides to Control Fungal Diseases of Soybean in Northern Brazil
Authors: Xavier Warlles Domingos , Souza Silva João Vitor de , Guimarães Claudinei Martins , Ferreira Jorge Luís Sousa , Turozi Thiago Albuquerque , Colodel Solano
Published: March 2019

At level word fungal diseases that affect soybean crop are one of the main causes of low productivity and annual losses may reach 21% of total production. In this context, the objective of the study was to evaluate the efficiency of copper-based protectors associated with fungicides to control soybean diseases such as: asian soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi), target spot of soybean (Corynespora cassiicola) and cercospora leaf blight (Cercospora kikuchii) + frogeye leaf spot (Cercospora sojina) + brown spot (Septoria glycines), which together were considered as late-crop cycle diseases, with impact on grain yield, in the region of Aparecida do Rio Negro – TO, Brazil. Treatments were composed of different rates of copper-based pesticides associated with fungicides like Azimut® (first application), Orkestra® (second application), Ativum® (third application) and Horos® (fourth application) in soybean. Diseases were identified and crop damage evaluations on leaves were performed using LI-COR® portable meter 7 days after the fourth application. At physiological maturity, grain yield was evaluated. Combined rates of fungicides + Unizeb Gold® (1.5 kg ha-1), Difere® (0.5 L ha-1), and NHT® Copper Super at a rate higher than 0.109 L ha-1, were effective to control late crop-cycle diseases in soybean. Associated applications of fungicides + 0.219 L/ha of NHT® Copper Super reduced the severity of Asian soybean rust, target spot of soybean and late crop-cycle diseases with a greater increase in grain yield (4.5 Mg ha-1).
The Effects of the N-hexane Fractions of Heinsia crinita Leaf Extract on Electrolyte Balance and Some Haematological Parameters of Alloxan-induced Diabetic Albino Wistar Rats
Authors: Mgbeje Bob I. A. , Asenye Esuabanga M. , Iwara Iwara A. , Igile Godwin O.
Published: March 2019

Aim: Crude extracts of Heinsia crinita leaves have been found to have antidiabetic activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the n-hexane fraction of Heinsia crinita leaf extract on electrolyte balance and some haematological indices of alloxan-induced diabetic albino Wistar rats.

Methodology: Thirty (30) albino Wistar rats of both sexes weighing 120-180g were shared into five (5) groups of six animals each. Group 1 and 2 served as the normal control (NC) and diabetic control (DC) respectively and received placebo. Groups 3, 4 and 5 were diabetic treated group, and received 500mg/kg bw Metformin, 400mg/kg bw of crude extract (HC-C) and n-hexane fraction (HC-H) of Heinsia crinita respectively.

Results: The HC-H administered group, like the HC-C group, showed reversal of the observed increase in chloride ion (Cl-) and decrease in sodium ion (Na+) levels in DC group to close to those of the NC group and this effect compared well with the metformin–treated group. The HC-H group, unlike the HC-C group, did not show a reversal of the observed diabetic increase in in potassium ion (K+). The WBC count was increased in DC compared to NC. On treatment with HC–C, HC-H and metformin, the WBC count decreased significantly (P<0.05) in all the treated groups compared to DC group. The RBC count was significantly decreased (P<0.05) in DC compared to NC. Similarly, there was a decrease in haemoglobin concentration in the DC group compared to the NC group. These decreases were significantly (p<0.05) reversed towards normal on treatment with HC-C and HC-H. The reversal was comparable to that of the standard drug metformin. Similarly the diabetes induced increase in platelet counts was significantly (P<0.05) reduced towards NC values on treatment with HC-H and HC-C.

Conclusion: The result show that the n-hexane fraction (HC-H), like the crude extract (HC-C), can protect against diabetes induced electrolyte imbalance and haematological disorders.