bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Men are always scared to test with their partners … it is like taking them to the Police”: Motivations for and barriers to couples’ HIV counselling and testing in Rakai, Uganda: a qualitative study
Authors: Matovu Joseph KB , Wanyenze Rhoda K , Wabwire‐Mangen Fred , Nakubulwa Rosette , Sekamwa Richard , Masika Annet , Todd Jim , Serwadda David
Published: September 2014

Introduction

Uptake of couples’ HIV counselling and testing (couples’ HCT) can positively influence sexual risk behaviours and improve linkage to HIV care among HIV‐positive couples. However, less than 30% of married couples have ever tested for HIV together with their partners. We explored the motivations for and barriers to couples’ HCT among married couples in Rakai, Uganda.

Methods

This was a qualitative study conducted among married individuals and selected key informants between August and October 2013. Married individuals were categorized by prior HCT status as: 1) both partners never tested; 2) only one or both partners ever tested separately; and 3) both partners ever tested together. Data were collected on the motivations for and barriers to couples’ HCT, decision‐making processes from tested couples and suggestions for improving couples’ HCT uptake. Eighteen focus group discussions with married individuals, nine key informant interviews with selected key informants and six in‐depth interviews with married individuals that had ever tested together were conducted. All interviews were audio‐recorded, translated and transcribed verbatim and analyzed using Nvivo (version 9), following a thematic framework approach.

Results

Motivations for couples’ HCT included the need to know each other's HIV status, to get a treatment companion or seek HIV treatment together – if one or both partners were HIV‐positive – and to reduce mistrust between partners. Barriers to couples’ HCT included fears of the negative consequences associated with couples’ HCT (e.g. fear of marital dissolution), mistrust between partners and conflicting work schedules. Couples’ HCT was negotiated through a process that started off with one of the partners testing alone initially and then convincing the other partner to test together. Suggestions for improving couples’ HCT uptake included the need for couple‐ and male‐partner‐specific sensitization, and the use of testimonies from tested couples.

Conclusions

Couples’ HCT is largely driven by individual and relationship‐based factors while fear of the negative consequences associated with couples’ HCT appears to be the main barrier to couples’ HCT uptake in this setting. Interventions to increase the uptake of couples’ HCT should build on the motivations for couples’ HCT while dealing with the negative consequences associated with couples’ HCT.
Subjunctive Conditionals
Authors: Ippolito Michela
Published: September 2014

A proposal for a compositional semantics for subjunctive (or would) conditionals in English.

In this book, Michela Ippolito proposes a compositional semantics for subjunctive (or would) conditionals in English that accounts for their felicity conditions and the constraints on the satisfaction of their presuppositions by capitalizing on the occurrence of past tense morphology in both antecedent and consequent clauses. Very little of the extensive literature on subjunctive conditionals tries to account for the meaning of these sentences compositionally or to relate this meaning to their linguistic form; this book fills that gap, connecting the different lines of research on conditionals. Ippolito's proposal will be of interest both to linguists and to philosophers concerned with conditionals and modality more generally.

Ippolito reviews previous analyses of counterfactuals and subjunctive conditionals in the work of David Lewis, Robert Stalnaker, Angelika Kratzer, and others; considers the contrast between future simple past subjunctive conditionals and future past perfect subjunctive conditionals; presents a proposal for subjunctive conditionals that addresses puzzles left unsolved by previous proposals; reviews a number of presupposition triggers showing that they fit the pattern predicted by her proposal; and discusses an asymmetry between the past and the future among subjunctive conditionals, arguing that the best account of our linguistic intuitions must include an indeterministic view of the world.
Neighborhood as Refuge
Authors: Anguelovski Isabelle
Published: September 2014

An examination of environmental revitalization efforts in low-income communities in Boston, Barcelona, and Havana that help heal traumatized urban neighborhoods.

Environmental justice as studied in a variety of disciplines is most often associated with redressing disproportionate exposure to pollution, contamination, and toxic sites. In Neighborhood as Refuge, Isabelle Anguelovski takes a broader view of environmental justice, examining wide-ranging comprehensive efforts at neighborhood environmental revitalization that include parks, urban agriculture, fresh food markets, playgrounds, housing, and waste management. She investigates and compares three minority, low-income neighborhoods that organized to improve environmental quality and livability: Casc Antic, in Barcelona; Dudley, in the Roxbury section of Boston; and Cayo Hueso, in Havana.

Despite the differing histories and political contexts of these three communities, Anguelovski finds similar patterns of activism. She shows that behind successful revitalization efforts is what she calls “bottom to bottom” networking, powered by broad coalitions of residents, community organizations, architects, artists, funders, political leaders, and at times environmental advocacy groups. Anguelovski also describes how, over time, environmental projects provide psychological benefits, serving as a way to heal a marginalized and environmentally traumatized urban neighborhood. They encourage a sense of rootedness and of attachment to place, creating safe havens that offer residents a space for recovery. They also help to bolster residents' ability to deal with the negative dynamics of discrimination and provide spaces for broader political struggles including gentrification. Drawing on the cases of Barcelona, Boston, and Havana, Anguelovski presents a new holistic framework for understanding environmental justice action in cities, with the right to a healthy community environment at its core.
Double Dividend
Authors: Jorgenson Dale W. , Goettle Richard J. , Ho Mun S. , Wilcoxen Peter J.
Published: September 2014

A rigorous and innovative approach for integrating environmental policies and fiscal reform for the U.S. economy.

Energy utilization, especially from fossil fuels, creates hidden costs in the form of pollution and environmental damages. The costs are well documented but are hidden in the sense that they occur outside the market, are not reflected in market prices, and are not taken into account by energy users. Double Dividend presents a novel method for designing environmental taxes that correct market prices so that they reflect the true cost of energy. The resulting revenue can be used in reducing the burden of the overall tax system and improving the performance of the economy, creating the double dividend of the title.

The authors simulate the impact of environmental taxes on the U.S. economy using their Intertemporal General Equilibrium Model (IGEM). This highly innovative model incorporates expectations about future prices and policies. The model is estimated econometrically from an extensive 50-year dataset to incorporate the heterogeneity of producers and consumers. This approach generates confidence intervals for the outcomes of changes in economic policies, a new feature for models used in analyzing energy and environmental policies. These outcomes include the welfare impacts on individual households, distinguished by demographic characteristics, and for society as a whole, decomposed between efficiency and equity.
The Commons in History
Authors: Wall Derek
Published: September 2014

An argument that the commons is neither tragedy nor paradise but can be a way to understand environmental sustainability.

The history of the commons—jointly owned land or other resources such as fisheries or forests set aside for public use—provides a useful context for current debates over sustainability and how we can act as “good ancestors.” In this book, Derek Wall considers the commons from antiquity to the present day, as an idea, an ecological space, an economic abstraction, and a management practice. He argues that the commons should be viewed neither as a “tragedy” of mismanagement (as the biologist Garrett Hardin wrote in 1968) nor as a panacea for solving environmental problems. Instead, Walls sees the commons as a particular form of property ownership, arguing that property rights are essential to understanding sustainability. How we use the land and its resources offers insights into how we value the environment.

After defining the commons and describing the arguments of Hardin's influential article and Elinor Ostrom's more recent work on the commons, Wall offers historical case studies from the United States, England, India, and Mongolia. He examines the power of cultural norms to maintain the commons; political conflicts over the commons; and how commons have protected, or failed to protect ecosystems. Combining intellectual and material histories with an eye on contemporary debates, Wall offers an applied history that will interest academics, activists, and policy makers.
Investigating the Psychological World
Authors: Haig Brian D.
Published: September 2014

A broad theory of research methodology for psychology and the behavioral sciences that offers a coherent treatment of a range of behavioral research methods.

This book considers scientific method in the behavioral sciences, with particular reference to psychology. Psychologists learn about research methods and use them to conduct their research, but their training teaches them little about the nature of scientific method itself. In Investigating the Psychological World, Brian Haig fills this gap. Drawing on behavioral science methodology, the philosophy of science, and statistical theory, Haig constructs a broad theory of scientific method that has particular relevance for the behavioral sciences. He terms this account of method the abductive theory of method (ATOM) in recognition of the importance it assigns to explanatory reasoning. ATOM offers the framework for a coherent treatment of a range of quantitative and qualitative behavioral research methods, giving equal treatment to data-analytic methods and methods of theory construction.

Haig draws on the new experimentalism in the philosophy of science to reconstruct the process of phenomena detection as it applies to psychology; he considers the logic and purpose of exploratory factor analysis; he discusses analogical modeling as a means of theory development; and he recommends the use of inference to the best explanation for evaluating theories in psychology. Finally, he outlines the nature of research problems, discusses the nature of the abductive method, and describes applications of the method to grounded theory method and clinical reasoning. The book will be of interest not only to philosophers of science but also to psychological researchers who want to deepen their conceptual understanding of research methods and methodological concerns.

Bradford Books imprint
Discovery of a small molecule that inhibits bacterial ribosome biogenesis
Authors: Stokes Jonathan M , Davis Joseph H , Mangat Chand S , Williamson James R , Brown Eric D
Published: September 2014

While small molecule inhibitors of the bacterial ribosome have been instrumental in understanding protein translation, no such probes exist to study ribosome biogenesis. We screened a diverse chemical collection that included previously approved drugs for compounds that induced cold sensitive growth inhibition in the model bacterium Escherichia coli. Among the most cold sensitive was lamotrigine, an anticonvulsant drug. Lamotrigine treatment resulted in the rapid accumulation of immature 30S and 50S ribosomal subunits at 15°C. Importantly, this was not the result of translation inhibition, as lamotrigine was incapable of perturbing protein synthesis in vivo or in vitro. Spontaneous suppressor mutations blocking lamotrigine activity mapped solely to the poorly characterized domain II of translation initiation factor IF2 and prevented the binding of lamotrigine to IF2 in vitro. This work establishes lamotrigine as a widely available chemical probe of bacterial ribosome biogenesis and suggests a role for E. coli IF2 in ribosome assembly.
Mapping Ebola in wild animals for better disease control
Authors: Funk Sebastian , Piot Peter
Published: September 2014

Identifying the regions where wild animal populations could transmit the Ebola virus should help with efforts to prepare at-risk areas for future outbreaks.
Examining Design and Craft Education in Iceland. Curriculum development and present situation
Authors: Olafsson Brynjar , Thorsteinsson Gisli
Published: September 2014

This article reports a research project that examined the background, status, understanding of and attitude to Design and Craft education (Hönnun og smíði) in Icelandic elementary schools. The main conclusions showed that certain aspects of Design and Craft need to be further defined in order to strengthen its position in the school system. Concepts were not clearly defined and research on Design and Craft education was lacking. The participants’ attitudes to Design and Craft were positive and the subject was popular amongst students. However, results showed a lack of understanding of the differences between basic terms such as Art, Design and Craft. All of the interviewees thought Design and Craft were important subjects for individualized learning and wanted to give them a more prominent role in general education. Design and Craft education in the Icelandic National Curriculum has not been fully realised. The research identified that schools have not allocated extra hours for the subjects, even though local authorities were supportive and flexibility existed in the time schedule. Lack of finances was, furthermore, not a hindrance to increased Design and Craft education.
Designing tangible interaction using short-range RFID
Authors: Nordby Kjetil , Morrison Andrew
Published: September 2014

Short-range Radio Frequency IDentification (SR-RFID) technology embedded in mobile phones offers interaction design practitioners the potential to design new forms of mobile experiences. The article presents a design oriented research study that seeks to develop affordances specifically in support of such practice. To do so the authors draw on Activity Theory. They present three levels of SR-RFID related design affordances: need related design affordances, instrumental design affordances and operational design affordances. Included also is what they label ‘RFID based Tap and Hold’; a term used so as to frame tangible interaction on SR-RFID. A generative and descriptive model of Tap and Hold is proposed, as is a set of input techniques derived from the Tap and Hold model. Overall, the study suggests opening out from functional views of SR-RFID to ones that view it as a technology applicable for designers exploring potential new interactions. This is important since such work may be used to support the generation of new designs, an area often overlooked in research on RFID.
Kunst- og designfagenes plassering i videregående opplæring 1976-2006
Authors: Nielsen Liv Merete
Published: September 2014

Da yrkesskoler, husflidsskoler og gymnas i Norge ble samlet i én felles videregående skole i 1976, var en av intensjonene at elevene skulle kunne kombinere praktisk og teoretisk utdanning. På ”husflidslinja” fikk kunst- og designfagene gode rammer for utvikling, men elevene fikk ingen sluttkompetanse. I perioden 1994-2006 fikk kunst- og designfagene stor oppslutning med utdannings­­tilbudet Tegning, form og farge med studiekompetanse. Denne hybriden ble opprettet under den yrkesfaglige studieretningen Formgivingfag, og den fungerte som et studie­­forberedende tilbud som både ga studie­kompetanse og realkompetanse som grunnlag for opptak på høyere utdanning innen kunst, design og arkitektur. Ambisjonen fra 1976 om å kombinere teoretiske og praktiske fag har blitt fulgt opp med å øke antall obligatoriske teoretiske allmennfag på de yrkesfaglige studieretningene, spesielt etter 1994. Departementet har ikke på tilsvarende måte pålagt skolene å integrere flere praktiske fag på allmennfaglig studie­retning. Det valgbare linje-/studieretningsfaget Form og farge har derfor bare i beskjedent omfang blitt gitt som tilbud til elevene i denne perioden.
Depth of Field: Discursive design research through film
Authors: Arnall Timo , Martinussen Einar Sneve
Published: September 2014

This article is about the role of film in interaction and product design research with technology, and the use of film in exploring and explaining emerging technologies in multiple contexts. We have engaged in a reflective design research process that uses graphical, audiovisual, and time-based media as a tool, a material and a communicative artefact that enables us to approach complex, obscure and often invisible emerging technologies. We give a discursive account of how film has played an intricate role in our design research practice, from revealing the materiality of invisible wireless technology, to explaining complex technical prototypes, to communicating to a public audience through online films that may fold broader social and cultural discourses back into our design research process. We conclude by elaborating on discursive design approaches to research that use film as a reflective and communicative medium that allows for design research to operate within a social and cultural frame.
The Strategic Use of Service Design for Leaders in Service Organizations
Authors: Gloppen Judith
Published: September 2014

There is a growing interest among scholars, practitioners and organizations as to how design may benefit management, particularly when this happens in a service context. In this exploratory qualitative study, I investigate such a multi-disciplinary intersection with the aim of better understanding how service design may be of value for leaders in service organizations on a strategic level. The research draws on a service design approach called AT-ONE. Addressed are ways that the strategic use of service design may influence attitudes and transformation in service organizations. The study presents views from the designers, implementers and users of this approach, supported by participant observation and interviews. This was done through in-depth qualitative interviews with the AT-ONE project members and designer, with the service design professional company involved, and leaders from the businesses participating in the project and workshop sessions. These were observed by the researcher. Drawing on the findings of this exploratory study, some implications for the field of service design management at the corporate level are offered.
Design as Language – a Misconception?
Authors: Vihma Susann
Published: September 2014

Because design is often conceived of as a language, it is worthwhile to take a closer look at this relationship. It is especially interesting to look at the transition from the verbal to the visual in interpretations and analyses of design. This article discusses some salient topics appearing in this context. In particular, claims made in the books by Kress and van Leeuwen (1996) and Krippendorff (2006) are discussed, because their approaches are widely used in design discourses, in journals, schools, exhibition catalogues, etc. These texts probably influence design research, but, in the present author’s view, do not help interpretation of visual qualities in design. The underlying critical assumption in this article is that the language metaphor and concepts derived from linguistics do not do justice to the interpretations of design objects, especially concerning their visual qualities. When these qualities are underrated, it seems difficult to assess the cultural significance of design.
Innsikt, utsikt og oversikt. Transparens og glassvegger i nye skoleanlegg
Authors: Lefdal Else Margrethe
Published: September 2014

Denne artikkelen omhandler transparens i skoleanlegg. Jeg har valgt å sette søkelys på nye videregående skoleanlegg som er oppført med høy grad av transparens, fleksible romløsninger og utstrakt bruk av interne glassvegger. Med glassvegger innendørs blir de ulike aktivitetene i skolen synliggjort, men lærere og elever blir også mer synlige for hverandre, på godt og vondt. Åpenhet i skoleanlegg betyr ikke nødvendigvis helt åpne løsninger, og transparens omfatter mer enn gjennomsiktige glassvegger. En avklaring av begrepet transparens står sentralt i den første delen av artikkelen. Her analyserer og drøfter jeg transparens som begrep og som fenomen i arkitekturen, og relaterer dette til skoleanlegg. Med utgangspunkt i et kritisk realistisk perspektiv stiller jeg spørsmål om hvorfor transparente løsninger med glassvegger blir valgt i nye videregående skoler. Jeg drøfter mulige forklaringer, løfter frem grunnlag for en del synspunkt og belyser ulike argumenter. Arkitekters og læreres forhold til transparens i skoleanleggene står sentralt, men det stilles også spørsmål ved politikere og skoleeieres ønsker om transparente skoleanlegg. Artikkelen antyder at det kan handle om trender og tendenser, og at transparens i skoleanlegg indikerer en åpen kultur.
Editorial. FORMakademisk as a publishing channel for article-based PhD dissertations
Authors: Reitan Janne Beate
Published: September 2014

PhD dissertations consisting of separate articles published in various journals and anthologies are becoming increasingly prevalent. Since its inception, FORMakademisk has been a publishing channel for these types o farticles from different countries. We see this purpose as an important contribution to the broadly defined research fields of design and design education. The published articles that comprise doctoral dissertations will provide publishing points and additional revenue for the institutions with which doctoral candidates are affiliated.
Making sense. What can we learn from experts of tactile knowledge?
Authors: Groth Camilla , Mäkelä Maarit , Seitamaa-Hakkarainen Pirita
Published: September 2014

This article describes an embodied way of making sense through making with the hands. We examine the potential o ftactile experience in the making process and analyse what tactile experiences mean. The study takes place in the context of an era marked by audio-visual dominance.The article presents a case study that observed and interviewed deafblind makers while they worked with clay. The findings reveal that modelling in clay resembles the visualisation process of sketching. As such, it may contribute to thinking through the hands. Language is not a self-evident communication tool for transferring tactile skills. Based on our case study, we propose the use of tactile communication in the process of transferring tactile knowledge through making with another person’s hands.
Making design representations as catalysts for reflective making in a collaborative design research process.
Authors: Schoffelen Jessica , Schepers Selina , Huybrechts Liesbeth , Braspenning Laura
Published: September 2014

The role of making may seem self-evident in a design context. However, in developing an educational design research course at the [institute name], we experienced that when design and research are intertwined, students tend to lose their focus on making. Therefore, this paper reflects on a research trajectory that explores how to support students in intertwining making and reflecting throughout the design research process. During this trajectory, we redeveloped design research methods making use of design representations – representations of design, i.e. field studies, insights, experiments, prototypes, and so on – as a means to connect making and reflecting throughout the design process. Design representations have informing and inspiring qualities and are made by designers to open up their design process and to enable communication, collaboration and reflection with others, throughout the making process. We will argue that combining design representations with structuring rules of play in a design research method and using them throughout the whole design process can improve collaborative reflection-in-action (Schön, 1983), or reflection-in-making, since it allows students to work in a more iterative manner. We describe how we – in eight case studies - recreated and evaluated a design research method, making use of design representations and structuring rules of play.
Drawing with Metaphors. Mediating ideational content in drawing through metaphors
Authors: Ingebrethsen Berit
Published: September 2014

It is not easy to express abstract concepts, such as time and society, in a drawing. The subject of this article is rooted in the educational issue of visually expressing themes represented by abstract concepts. However, it is possible to find means and devices to express such ideas. This article shows how metaphors can be used to express such ideas visually. Cognitive linguistic research argues that metaphors are crucial in the verbal communication of abstract concepts. This article also attempts to show that metaphors are important in visual communication. The cognitive linguistic metaphor theory of George Lakoff and Mark Johnson is used here to investigate how metaphors are used to construct meaning in the drawings of cartoonist and illustrator Finn Graff and artist Saul Steinberg. The article presents a few examples of how visual devices structure the abstract concept of time. It then proceeds to explain how symbols function as metonymies and provides an overview of the different types of metaphors and how they are used to express meaning in drawings. The article concludes by attempting to provide new insights regarding the use of visual metaphors.
Who - or What - "Wins" an Architectural Competition? A Model and a Case Study
Authors: Menon Carlo , Vanderburgh David
Published: September 2014

Architectural competitions are usually seen as a game with only one winner: the architect or team whose proposal is the most convincing. That is certainly a part of the reality, but we argue here for a broader and more nuanced model. In our vision, architectural competitions are a stage upon which a myriad of actors and elements play out a scenario that involves both competition and collaboration on several levels. Depending on the results, the "winners" may be multiple and of very different natures. We call this model "total competition", and are convinced that it has some application not only to competitions, but to architecture in general. After a brief explanation of this conception of things, we will look more closely at a recent Belgian competition (for a Juvenile Detention Center at Fraipont, Belgium, 2011), in order to elucidate its functioning in light of our model. Two findings from this examination are worth underlining. We notice, first of all, a particular and somewhat surprising role played by the nature of the program or brief, where its relative openness seems to have had paradoxical results. Second, we find in the winning entry a strong interaction between different "modes of representation" that seems to have been critical to its success. We conclude with some questions about the generalisability of the model.
"Kjekt å ha": Læraroppfatningar av praktiske og estetiske fag på barnesteget i grunnskulen
Authors: Helga Aadland , Espeland Magne , Grønsdal Ingrid , Arnesen Trond Egil , Sømoe Kjetil
Published: September 2014

I denne artikkelen presenterer me funn i Skolefagsundersøkelsen 2011, ei nasjonal spørjeundersøking som prøver å kartleggja læraroppfatningar av ulike sider ved undervisning og vilkår for dei praktiske og estetiske skulefaga (PE-fag) på 1.– 7.årssteget i grunnskulen. Spørsmåla me fokuserer på i artikkelen er knytte til kva haldningar lærarar har til PE-fag og til bruken av metodar frå PE-fag i andre skulefag. Våre funn viser at vår informantgruppe av lærarar på barnesteget gjennomgåande har positive haldningar til praktiske og estetiske fag og at dei har stor tru på bruk av metodar knytt til PE-fag i andre fag, men at metodane vert lite brukte i skulekvardagen.
Practice as research in drama and theatre: Introducing narrative supervision methodology
Authors: Aaltonen Heli , Bruun Ellen Foyn
Published: September 2014

For four decades, the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU Trondheim, has pioneered the field of drama and theatre in higher education in Norway. This article addresses educational, academic and artistic challenges that emerge when practice as research in the arts enters the academic field of humanities. In particular, the article examines narrative supervision methodology at the master’s level. The first part of the paper identifies the foundations of the contextual and methodological challenges. The main body of the article explores three discussion topics, each illustrated by case examples of practical-theoretical master’s projects. The first example investigates experiential and theoretical borderland tensions; the second addresses onto-epistemic questions; and the third explores the communication of complex narrative construction. Storytelling metaphors are used to advance our emphasis on narrative inquiry as practitioner-researchers and supervisors. The dilemmas outlined are relevant to the Nordic and international community currently navigating this relatively new research area.
Influence of the basic state zonal flow on convectively coupled equatorial waves
Authors: Dias Juliana , Kiladis George N.
Published: September 2014

Observational data are used to test the hypothesis that the basic state modulates the dispersion properties of convectively coupled equatorial waves (CCEWs). This hypothesis is based on shallow water theory, which predicts that the zonal speed of propagation of such tropospheric equatorial modes is altered by the equivalent depth and the basic zonal flow. Localized space‐time spectra are calculated to investigate how CCEW spectral peaks vary across the tropics and how they are affected by the variations in zonal wind observed geographically and by season. Doppler shifting by the basic state barotropic zonal flow is readily identified. Once this Doppler shifting is taken into account, the equivalent depths of CCEWs inferred from global power spectra are surprisingly uniform, both geographically and temporally. However, there are also detectable modulations that appear consistent with changes in vertical shear of the zonal flow, along with other shifts that are not as easily explained.
Current sheet scattering and ion isotropic boundary under 3‐D empirical force‐balanced magnetic field
Authors: Yue Chao , Wang Chih‐Ping , Lyons Larry , Liang Jun , Donovan Eric F. , Zaharia Sorin G. , Henderson Michael
Published: September 2014

To determine statistically the extent to which current sheet scattering is sufficient to account for the observed ion isotropic boundaries (IBs) for <30 keV ions, we have computed IBs from our 3‐D empirical force‐balanced magnetic field, identified IBs in FAST observations, and investigated the model‐observation consistency. We have found in both model and FAST results the same dependences of IB latitudes on magnetic local time, ion energy, Kp, and solar wind dynamic pressure (PSW) levels: IB moves to higher latitudes from midnight toward dawn/dusk and to lower latitudes as energy increases and as Kp or PSW increases. The model predicts well the observed energy dependence, and the modeled IB latitudes match fairly well with those from FAST for Kp = 0. As Kp increases, the latitude agreement at midnight remains good but a larger discrepancy is found near dusk. The modeled IBs at the equator are located around the earthward boundary of highly isotropic ions observed by Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms at midnight and postmidnight, but with some discrepancy near dusk under high Kp. Thus, our results indicate that current sheet scattering generally plays the dominant role. The discrepancies suggest the importance of pitch angle scattering by electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves, which occur more often from dusk to noon and are more active during higher Kp. The comparison with the observed IBs is better with our model than under the nonforce‐balanced T89, indicating that using a forced‐balanced model improves the description of the magnetic field configuration and reinforces our conclusions regarding the role of current sheet scattering.
On the generation/decay of the storm‐enhanced density plumes: Role of the convection flow and field‐aligned ion flow
Authors: Zou Shasha , Moldwin Mark B. , Ridley Aaron J. , Nicolls Michael J. , Coster Anthea J. , Thomas Evan G. , Ruohoniemi J. Michael
Published: September 2014

Storm‐enhanced density (SED) plumes are prominent ionospheric electron density increases at the dayside middle and high latitudes. The generation and decay mechanisms of the plumes are still not clear. We present observations of SED plumes during six storms between 2010 and 2013 and comprehensively analyze the associated ionospheric parameters within the plumes, including vertical ion flow, field‐aligned ion flow and flux, plasma temperature, and field‐aligned currents, obtained from multiple instruments, including GPS total electron content (TEC), Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar (PFISR), Super Dual Auroral Radar Network, and Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment. The TEC increase within the SED plumes at the PFISR site can be 1.4–5.5 times their quiet time value. The plumes are usually associated with northwestward E × B flows ranging from a couple of hundred m s−1 to > 1 km s−1. Upward vertical flows due to the projection of these E × B drifts are mainly responsible for lifting the plasma in sunlit regions to higher altitude and thus leading to plume density enhancement. The upward vertical flows near the poleward part of the plumes are more persistent, while those near the equatorward part are more patchy. In addition, the plumes can be collocated with either upward or downward field‐aligned currents (FACs) but are usually observed equatorward of the peak of the Region 1 upward FAC, suggesting that the northwestward flows collocated with plumes can be either subauroral or auroral flows. Furthermore, during the decay phase of the plume, large downward ion flows, as large as ~200 m s−1, and downward fluxes, as large as 1014 m−2 s−1, are often observed within the plumes. In our study of six storms, enhanced ambipolar diffusion due to an elevated pressure gradient is able to explain two of the four large downward flow/flux cases, but this mechanism is not sufficient for the other two cases where the flows are of larger magnitude. For the latter two cases, enhanced poleward thermospheric wind is suggested to be another mechanism for pushing the plasma downward along the field line. These downward flows should be an important mechanism for the decay of the SED plumes.
A numerical investigation of wave‐breaking‐induced turbulent coherent structure under a solitary wave
Authors: Zhou Zheyu , Sangermano Jacob , Hsu Tian‐Jian , Ting Francis C. K.
Published: September 2014

To better understand the effect of wave‐breaking‐induced turbulence on the bed, we report a 3‐D large‐eddy simulation (LES) study of a breaking solitary wave in spilling condition. Using a turbulence‐resolving approach, we study the generation and the fate of wave‐breaking‐induced turbulent coherent structures, commonly known as obliquely descending eddies (ODEs). Specifically, we focus on how these eddies may impinge onto bed. The numerical model is implemented using an open‐source CFD library of solvers, called OpenFOAM, where the incompressible 3‐D filtered Navier‐Stokes equations for the water and the air phases are solved with a finite volume scheme. The evolution of the water‐air interfaces is approximated with a volume of fluid method. Using the dynamic Smagorinsky closure, the numerical model has been validated with wave flume experiments of solitary wave breaking over a 1/50 sloping beach. Simulation results show that during the initial overturning of the breaking wave, 2‐D horizontal rollers are generated, accelerated, and further evolve into a couple of 3‐D hairpin vortices. Some of these vortices are sufficiently intense to impinge onto the bed. These hairpin vortices possess counter‐rotating and downburst features, which are key characteristics of ODEs observed by earlier laboratory studies using Particle Image Velocimetry. Model results also suggest that those ODEs that impinge onto bed can induce strong near‐bed turbulence and bottom stress. The intensity and locations of these near‐bed turbulent events could not be parameterized by near‐surface (or depth integrated) turbulence unless in very shallow depth.
Sea surface salinity variability in the East China Sea observed by the Aquarius instrument
Authors: Kim Seung‐bum , Lee Jae Hak , de Matthaeis Paolo , Yueh Simon , Hong Chang‐Su , Lee Joon‐Ho , Lagerloef Gary
Published: September 2014

This study demonstrates that the spaceborne Aquarius instrument is able to monitor the sea surface salinity (SSS) variations in the East China Sea (ECS) with the spatial resolution of about 150 km at 7 day interval, where routine observations are difficult. The two geophysical contaminants enter the sidelobes of the Aquarius antenna and bias the coastal SSS low: the emission from the land surface and the radiofrequency interference (RFI). Away from about one Aquarius pixel (150 km) from the coastline, the Aquarius SSS is fairly insensitive (less than about 0.2 psu) to the radiometric details of the method to correct for the land emission. The ascending orbits appear to be affected by unfiltered RFI much less than the descending tracks. The Aquarius SSS along the ascending tracks is low over the ECS by 0.40–0.93 psu (with respect to the in situ data during the two separate 7 day periods) and is biased low by 0.41–1.07 psu (accuracy, or the time‐mean of difference from the regional model along three Aquarius tracks over a 18 month period). The presence of the ascending and descending differences in the Aquarius SSS, and the spatially widespread bias suggest that the bias is attributed to the unfiltered RFI originating from strong point sources (rather than to the land contamination from weak distributed sources, or to other seasonally varying geophysical contaminants). Despite the bias, the Aquarius data describe well the temporal and spatial variability of the ECS SSS. The temporal trend and magnitude of salinity changes agree remarkably between Aquarius and a regional numerical model, during both the freshwater discharge season from the Yangtze river and the rest of the year. The precision of the Aquarius observation in the ECS is comparable with the Aquarius mission requirement (0.2 psu one‐sigma for a monthly average over the open ocean). The river discharge rate correlates with the Aquarius SSS with the coefficient of 0.71 on a seasonal scale with the discharge leading the SSS changes. The Aquarius SSS increases away from the coast, in response to the river outflow. The interannual changes in the Aquarius SSS capture the effect of the regional drought in summer 2013.
Laboratory study on coprecipitation of phosphate with ikaite in sea ice
Authors: Hu Yu‐Bin , Dieckmann Gerhard S. , Wolf‐Gladrow Dieter A. , Nehrke Gernot
Published: September 2014

Ikaite (CaCO3·6H2O) has recently been discovered in sea ice, providing first direct evidence of CaCO3 precipitation in sea ice. However, the impact of ikaite precipitation on phosphate (PO4) concentration has not been considered so far. Experiments were set up at pH from 8.5 to 10.0, salinities from 0 to 105, temperatures from −4°C to 0°C, and PO4 concentrations from 5 to 50 µmol kg−1 in artificial sea ice brine so as to understand how ikaite precipitation affects the PO4 concentration in sea ice under different conditions. Our results show that PO4 is coprecipitated with ikaite under all experimental conditions. The amount of PO4 removed by ikaite precipitation increases with increasing pH. Changes in salinity (S ≥ 35) as well as temperature have little impact on PO4 removal by ikaite precipitation. The initial PO4 concentration affects the PO4 coprecipitation. These findings may shed some light on the observed variability of PO4 concentration in sea ice.
Enhanced sea‐air CO2 exchange influenced by a tropical depression in the South China Sea
Authors: Sun Qingyang , Tang DanLing , Legendre Louis , Shi Ping
Published: September 2014

Ship measurements made 2 days after the passage of a tropical depression (TD) in the South China Sea (SCS, April 2011) showed two contrasted responses of the partial pressure of CO2 at sea surface (pCO2,sw). In low sea‐surface salinity (SSS) water, pCO2,sw was low (349 ± 7 μatm), and the area was a carbon sink (−4.7 ± 1.8 mmol CO2 m−2 d−1), whereas in water with high SSS and chlorophyll a and low dissolved oxygen and sea surface temperature, pCO2,sw was higher than for normal SCS water (376 ± 8 versus 362 ± 4 μatm) and the area was a carbon source (1.2 ± 3.1 mmol CO2 m−2 d−1). Satellite data showed two large areas of low SSS before the TD, which were likely influenced by rainfall, and these areas were considered to have low pCO2,sw because of their low SSS. The high pCO2,sw after the TD is explained by the uplifting to the surface of deeper and CO2‐rich water, due to winds accompanied by the TD. The difference in sea‐air CO2 flux between the TD‐affected area and the lower‐SSS water was 1.99 + 4.70 = 6.7 mmol CO2 m−2 d−1, indicating a 100% change caused by the TD compared to the average seasonal value in spring in southern SCS (3.3 ± 0.3 mmol CO2 m−2 d−1). Undersaturation of CO2 prior to the TD due to dilution by freshwater and the preexisting cold eddy, and slow translation speed of the TD, are considered to account for the CO2 flux change.
Spatial and temporal variations in ecosystem response to monsoon precipitation variability in southwestern North America
Authors: Forzieri Giovanni , Feyen Luc , Cescatti Alessandro , Vivoni Enrique R.
Published: September 2014

Due to its marked vegetation phenology and precipitation gradients, the North American Monsoon Region (NAMR) is a useful domain for studying ecosystem responses to climate variability and change. To this end, we analyze long‐term dynamics (1982–2004) in monsoon precipitation (Pr), time‐integrated Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (TINDVI) used as proxy of net primary productivity, and rain‐use efficiency (RUE). The analysis focuses on six ecoregions, spanning from desert environments to tropical dry forests, to investigate (1) how net primary productivity and rain‐use efficiency vary along a precipitation gradient, (2) if interannual variability in net primary productivity is linked to the interannual variability in precipitation, and (3) if there is evidence of a long‐term signal imposed on the interannual variability in rain‐use efficiency. Variations in TINDVI and RUE with Pr along the NAMR precipitation gradient differ among ecoregions exhibiting intensive or extensive water use strategies. We explain the nonlinear behaviors along the precipitation gradient as resulting from different physiological responses to climatological means and the impact of topographic effects. Statistical analysis indicates that the interannual variability in vegetation response is significantly related to the interannual variability in Pr, but their correlation declines with time. A long‐term positive signal in RUE imposed on its interannual variability is identified and results from a constant TINDVI under negative long‐term trends of Pr. This important finding suggests the combined long‐term effects of ecosystem acclimation to reduced water availability and increasing CO2 concentration across the varied ecosystems of the North American Monsoon Region.
The Chemistry of Gold Fluoride Complexes
Authors: Wolf William J. , Dean Toste F.
Published: September 2014

The gold‐fluorine bond represents a rare class of chemical bond, with only a handful of notable examples having been prepared and characterized. The extreme reactivity of the homoleptic gold fluorides AuF, AuF
3
, and AuF
5
makes these compounds difficult to prepare and has limited their applications beyond fundamental study. However, the inherent reactivity of the gold fluoride bond can be harnessed by using ancillary ligands to support the metal center. Heteroleptic gold fluorides containing both Au(I) or Au(III) centers have been prepared and have found applications in catalysis, where the gold‐fluoride bond is implicated as a key reactive moiety. The present review summarizes the preparation of both homo‐ and heteroleptic gold fluoride complexes and the development of catalytic transformations involving gold‐fluoride bonds.
The chemistry of nitroso oxides
Authors: Chainikova Ekaterina M. , Khursan Sergey L. , Safiullin Rustam L.
Published: September 2014

Nitroso oxides (RNOO) are the isoelectronic analogs of carbonyl oxides (R2COO) and ozone (O3) and, as well as these species, possess a three‐centered 4π‐electron system, which determines their chemical properties and reactivity unusual for a family of peroxides. The review is focused on the chemistry of the parent nitroso oxide (HNOO) and its aromatic analogs (ArNOO). The structure, spectral properties, methods for generation, reactivity and mechanisms of various transformations of these species both in the gas and condensed media are discussed in detail. An aromatic substituent significantly stabilizes the π‐system of nitroso oxide. The typical reactions of nitroso oxides are O‐transfer to an appropriate substrate or [3+2]‐cycloaddition to unsaturated bonds. Special attention was paid to the redox isomerization of arylnitroso oxides with ring cleavage that leads to the formation of diene nitrile oxides.
Highly Efficient and Robust Blue Phosphorescent Pt(II) Compounds with a Phenyl‐1,2,3‐triazolyl and a Pyridyl‐1,2,4‐triazolyl Chelate Core
Authors: Wang Xiang , Gong Shao‐Long , Song Datong , Lu Zheng‐Hong , Wang Suning
Published: September 2014

A new class of brightly phosphorescent Pt(II) compounds that contain an N∧C‐chelate phenyl‐1,2,3‐triazolyl ligand (ptrz) and an N∧C‐chelate pyridyl‐1,2,4‐triazolyl ligand (pytrz) in the central core is achieved. The impact of various substituent groups on phosphorescence of this class of molecules is examined. Crystal structural analyses revealed that this class of compounds has a great tendency to form stacked dimers—one of which is persistent even in the gas phase—leading to excimer emission. The introduction of bulky substituents, such as diphenyl amino (NPh2) or trityl (CPh3), is found to greatly diminish the excimer emission. Using this approach, several highly efficient blue and green phosphorescent Pt(II) compounds with λem at ≈450–460 nm and Φp ≈ 0.70 to 1.00 are obtained. These molecules are highly robust with exceptionally high thermal stability. Bright bluish‐green electrophosphorescent devices with external quantum efficiencies as high as 16.7% are fabricated.