bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differentiating unipolar and bipolar depression by alterations in large‐scale brain networks
Authors: Goya‐Maldonado Roberto , Brodmann Katja , Keil Maria , Trost Sarah , Dechent Peter , Gruber Oliver
Published: November 2015

Background

Misdiagnosing bipolar depression can lead to very deleterious consequences of mistreatment. Although depressive symptoms may be similarly expressed in unipolar and bipolar disorder, changes in specific brain networks could be very distinct, being therefore informative markers for the differential diagnosis. We aimed to characterize specific alterations in candidate large‐scale networks (frontoparietal, cingulo‐opercular, and default mode) in symptomatic unipolar and bipolar patients using resting state fMRI, a cognitively low demanding paradigm ideal to investigate patients.

Methods

Networks were selected after independent component analysis, compared across 40 patients acutely depressed (20 unipolar, 20 bipolar), and 20 controls well‐matched for age, gender, and education levels, and alterations were correlated to clinical parameters.

Results

Despite comparable symptoms, patient groups were robustly differentiated by large‐scale network alterations. Differences were driven in bipolar patients by increased functional connectivity in the frontoparietal network, a central executive and externally‐oriented network. Conversely, unipolar patients presented increased functional connectivity in the default mode network, an introspective and self‐referential network, as much as reduced connectivity of the cingulo‐opercular network to default mode regions, a network involved in detecting the need to switch between internally and externally oriented demands. These findings were mostly unaffected by current medication, comorbidity, and structural changes. Moreover, network alterations in unipolar patients were significantly correlated to the number of depressive episodes. Conclusion: Unipolar and bipolar groups displaying similar symptomatology could be clearly distinguished by characteristic changes in large‐scale networks, encouraging further investigation of network fingerprints for clinical use. Hum Brain Mapp 37:808–818, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nonlinear Granger Causality: Guidelines for Multivariate Analysis
Authors: Diks Cees , Wolski Marcin
Published: November 2015

We propose an extension of the bivariate nonparametric Diks–Panchenko Granger non‐causality test to multivariate settings. We first show that the asymptotic theory for the bivariate test fails to apply to the multivariate case, because the kernel density estimator bias and variance cannot both tend to zero at a sufficiently fast rate. To overcome this difficulty we propose to reduce the order of the bias by applying data sharpening prior to calculating the test statistic. We derive the asymptotic properties of the ‘sharpened’ test statistic and investigate its performance numerically. We conclude with an empirical application to the US grain market, using the price of futures on heating degree days as an additional conditioning variable. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improved Clinical Functioning for Patients Receiving Fee Discounts That Reward Treatment Engagement
Authors: Stanley Ian H. , Chu Carol , Brown Tiffany A. , Sawyer Kathryn A. , Joiner Thomas E.
Published: November 2015

Objective

Financial incentives may have utility in promoting psychotherapy attendance and adherence, leading to improved clinical functioning. This study presents results from a novel application of financial incentives—a progressively lowered pay scale that rewards therapy attendance and adherence.

Method

Overall, 110 outpatients participated; 56 patients (51%) were enrolled in the financial incentives condition and received a 5% fee discount—applied iteratively across sessions—if they followed defined criteria (e.g., completed homework).

Results

There were no statistically significant differences between groups in terms of the number of sessions attended, therapy duration, and number of no‐shows and cancellations. However, adjusting for Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) at intake, patients receiving the financial incentives had significantly higher GAF rating at termination compared with those who did not receive the intervention.

Conclusions

Financial incentives that reward therapy attendance and adherence with discounted fees is associated with improved clinical functioning.
Convenient One‐Step Synthesis of Benzotriazolylsuccinimides in Melt
Authors: Farion Ivan A. , Mognonov Dmitrii M. , Burdukovskii Vitaliy F. , Kholkhoev Bato Ch. , Timashev Petr S.
Published: November 2015

The one‐step interaction of 1H‐benzotriazoles with maleimides in melt at elevated temperatures has resulted in benzotriazolylsuccinimides. According to spectroscopy data, benzotriazolylsuccinimides obtained contain both major (benzotriazol‐1‐yl)‐succinimide residue and minor (benzotriazol‐2‐yl)‐succinimide residue. An effect of substituents in the initial reagents on the fine splitting of carbon peaks in 13C NMR spectrums of benzotriazolylsuccinimides is discussed. The influence of structure of benzotriazolylsuccinimides on their crystallinity degree is also discussed.
Why Untie Aid? An Empirical Analysis of the Determinants of South Korea's Untied Aid from 2010 to 2013
Authors: Chung Soyoon , Eom Young Ho , Jung Heon Joo
Published: November 2015

As untying aid was widely considered key to enhancing aid effectiveness, the South Korean government decided to increase the share of untied aid. While the share increased substantially in recent years, considerable variation exists in the proportion of untied aid provided to different recipient countries. This article explores the reasons why. We identify three key variables: international factors, economic interests and recipient country governance. By analysing South Korea's aid data for the period 2010–2013, we find that Korea's aid‐untying practice is affected by international norms and the recipient country's governance, but not by peer pressure and economic interests. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Melatonin administration induced reactivation in the seminal gland of the soay rams during non‐breeding season: An ultrastructural and morphometrical study
Authors: Mokhtar Doaa M. , Abd‐Elhafeez Hanan H. , Abou‐Elmagd Ahmed , Hassan Ahmed H. S.
Published: November 2015

Fifteen adult Soay rams were used in this experiment. Eight animals were given subcutaneous implants containing melatonin, while the other seven animals were used as control. After 11 weeks, the rams were killed and the seminal vesicles were examined by light and electron microscope. In contrast to the control grouped animals, the melatonin treated rams showed morphological, morphometrical, and ultrastructural changes as a result of reactivation of the glandular tissues of the seminal glands. The ratio of interstitial connective tissues to glandular tissues was reduced in the treated group. Melatonin induced an evident significant increase in number and height of principal cells that showed signs of increased secretory activity; apical cytoplasmic protrusions became well developed and covering the inner surface of the glandular end‐pieces, also, the basal cells were significantly increased in number. The main cytological alteration in the principal cells of the seminal vesicles in treated animals was prominent increase in the concentrically arranged membranes of sER, secretory vacuoles and glycogen granules and appearance of numerous lysosomes and multivesicular bodies. Interstitial Cajal‐ like cells were significantly increased in number and formed a network around the epithelium and between smooth muscle cells in the treated group. The main components of these cells were mitochondria, rER, sER, and many caveolae. The cytological alterations were accompanied by subepithelial and intraepithelial nonmyelinated nerve terminals in the treated animals. The results support the view that melatonin activates and increases the secretory activity of seminal gland in sheep. J. Morphol. 277:231–243, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Morphological analysis of the hagfish heart. I. The ventricle, the arterial connection and the ventral aorta
Authors: Icardo José M. , Colvee Elvira , Schorno Sarah , Lauriano Eugenia R. , Fudge Douglas S. , Glover Chris N. , Zaccone Giacomo
Published: November 2015

We have studied the heart in three species of hagfish:Myxine glutinosa,Eptatretus stoutii, andEptatretus cirrhatusand report about the morphology of the ventricle, the arterial connection and the ventral aorta. On the whole, the hagfish heart lacks outflow tract components, the ventricle and atrium adopt a dorso‐caudal rather than a ventro‐dorsal relationship, and the sinus venosus opens into the left side of the atrium. This may indicate a “defective” cardiac looping during embryogenesis. The ventral aorta is elongated inM. glutinosaandE. stoutiibut sac‐like inE. cirrhatus. The ventricles are entirely trabeculated. The myocytes show a low myofibrillar content and junctional complexes formed by fascia adherens and desmosomes. Gap junctions could not be demonstrated. Myocardial cells inM. glutinosacontain numerous lipid droplets. These droplets are less numerous inE. stoutiiand practically absent inE. cirrhatus, suggesting different metabolic requirements. Other cell types present in the ventricle are chromaffin cells and granular leukocytes that contain rod‐shaped granules. The ventricle‐aorta connection is guarded by a bicuspid valve with left and right, pocket‐like leaflets. The leaflets extend from the cranial end of the ventricle into the aorta but the junction is asymmetrical. This junction contains a ganglion‐like structure inE. cirrhatus. The ventral aorta shows endothelial, media, and adventitial layers. The media contains smooth muscle cells surrounded by dense bands formed by tightly‐packed extracellular filaments. In addition, a short number of elastic fibers are observed inM. glutinosaandE. stoutii. Cellular and extracellular elements are more loosely organized in the aorta ofE. cirrhatus. The collagenous adventitia contains ganglion‐like cells in the three species. In the absence of nerves, chromaffin and ganglion‐like cells may control the activity of the myocardium and that of the aortic smooth muscle cells, respectively. J. Morphol. 277:326–340, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
‘Arm‐based’ parameterization for network meta‐analysis
Authors: Hawkins Neil , Scott David A. , Woods Beth
Published: November 2015

We present an alternative to the contrast‐based parameterization used in a number of publications for network meta‐analysis. This alternative “arm‐based” parameterization offers a number of advantages: it allows for a “long” normalized data structure that remains constant regardless of the number of comparators; it can be used to directly incorporate individual patient data into the analysis; the incorporation of multi‐arm trials is straightforward and avoids the need to generate a multivariate distribution describing treatment effects; there is a direct mapping between the parameterization and the analysis script in languages such as WinBUGS and finally, the arm‐based parameterization allows simple extension to treatment‐specific random treatment effect variances.

We validated the parameterization using a published smoking cessation dataset. Network meta‐analysis using arm‐ and contrast‐based parameterizations produced comparable results (with means and standard deviations being within +/− 0.01) for both fixed and random effects models. We recommend that analysts consider using arm‐based parameterization when carrying out network meta‐analyses. © 2015 The Authors Research Synthesis Methods Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
New models for describing outliers in meta‐analysis
Authors: Baker Rose , Jackson Dan
Published: November 2015

An unobserved random effect is often used to describe the between‐study variation that is apparent in meta‐analysis datasets. A normally distributed random effect is conventionally used for this purpose. When outliers or other unusual estimates are included in the analysis, the use of alternative random effect distributions has previously been proposed. Instead of adopting the usual hierarchical approach to modelling between‐study variation, and so directly modelling the study specific true underling effects, we propose two new marginal distributions for modelling heterogeneous datasets. These two distributions are suggested because numerical integration is not needed to evaluate the likelihood. This makes the computation required when fitting our models much more robust. The properties of the new distributions are described, and the methodology is exemplified by fitting models to four datasets. © 2015 The Authors.Research Synthesis Methodspublished by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monoclonal antibodies specific to heat‐treated porcine blood
Authors: Raja Nhari Raja Mohd Hafidz , Hamid Muhajir , Rasli Nurmunirah Mohamad , Omar Abdul Rahman , El Sheikha Aly Farag , Mustafa Shuhaimi
Published: November 2015

BACKGROUND

Porcine blood is potentially being utilized in food as a binder, gelling agent, emulsifier or colorant. However, for certain communities, the usage of animal blood in food is strictly prohibited owing to religious concerns and health reasons. This study reports the development of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against heat‐treated soluble proteins (HSPs) of autoclaved porcine blood; characterization of MAbs against blood, non‐blood and plasma from different animal species using qualitative indirect non‐competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); and immunoblotting of antigenic components in HSPs of porcine blood.

RESULTS

Fifteen MAbs are specific to heat‐treated and raw porcine blood and not cross‐reacted with other animal blood and non‐blood proteins (meat and non‐meat). Twelve MAbs are specific to porcine plasma, while three MAbs specific to porcine plasma are cross‐reacted with chicken plasma. Immunoblotting revealed antigenic protein bands (∼60, ∼85–100 and ∼250 kDa) in porcine blood and plasma recognized by the MAbs.

CONCLUSION

Selection of MAbs that recognized 60 kDa HSPs of porcine blood and plasma as novel monoclonal antibodies would be useful for detection of porcine plasma in processed food using the immunoassay method. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Isolation of a furan fatty acid from Hevea brasiliensis latex employing the combined use of pH‐zone‐refining and conventional countercurrent chromatography
Authors: Englert Michael , Ulms Kerstin , Wendlinger Christine , Vetter Walter
Published: November 2015

Furan fatty acids are valuable and bioactive minor fatty acids that usually contribute <0.1% to the fatty acid content of food samples. Their biological role still remains unclear as authentic furan fatty acid standards are not readily available and thorough experimental studies verifying the relevance of furan fatty acids are thus virtually impossible. An efficient protocol for the isolation of the furan fatty acid 9‐(3‐methyl‐5‐pentylfuran‐2‐yl)‐nonanoic acid from hydrolyzed and centrifuged latex of Hevea brasiliensis was developed using countercurrent chromatography. A first run using pH‐zone‐refining countercurrent chromatography provided 48.4 mg of 9‐(3‐methyl‐5‐pentylfuran‐2‐yl)‐nonanoic acid from 210 mg latex extract in a purity of 95%. The purity was increased to 99% by means of one second run in conventional countercurrent chromatography mode. The Structure and purity of 9‐(3‐methyl‐5‐pentylfuran‐2‐yl)‐nonanoic acid were determined by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy.
Synthesis of Novel Cellulose Carbamates Possessing Terminal Amino Groups and Their Bioactivity
Authors: Ganske Kristin , Wiegand Cornelia , Hipler Uta‐Christina , Heinze Thomas
Published: November 2015

Cellulose phenyl carbonates are an excellent platform to synthesize a broad variety of soluble and functional cellulose carbamates. In this study, the synthesis of cellulose carbamates with terminal amino groups, namely ω‐aminoethylcellulose‐ and ω‐aminoethyl‐p‐aminobenzyl‐cellulose carbamate, is discussed. The products are well soluble and their structures can be clearly described by NMR spectroscopy. The cellulose carbamates exhibit a bactericide and fungicide activity in vitro. The ω‐aminoethylcellulose carbamate possesses a strong activity against Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus (IC50 of 0.02 mg mL−1 and 0.05 mg mL−1). The antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity can be improved by p‐amino‐benzylamine (ABA) as an additional substituent. The mixed cellulose carbamate exhibits a high biocompatibility (LC50 of 3.18 mg mL−1) and forms films on cotton and PES, which exhibit a strong activity against S. aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae.

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A Prospective Evaluation of an Outpatient Assessment of Postural Instability to Predict Risk of Falls in Patients with Parkinson's Disease Presenting for Deep Brain Stimulation
Authors: Brandmeir Nicholas J. , Brandmeir Cheryl L. , Kuzma Kristine , McInerney James
Published: November 2015

Background

Postural instability (PI) and falls, major causes of morbidity in patients with PD, are often overlooked. DBS is a mainstay therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD) and has been purported to both worsen and improve PI. An effective PI evaluation that can predict fall risk in patients with PD presenting for DBS is needed.

Methods

Forty‐nine consecutive patients with PD were enrolled. Self‐reported falls were the gold standard. Tests evaluated were the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Timed‐Up‐and‐Go (TUG), Pull Test, and Biodex Balance System Sway Index on firm (SI‐FIRM) and soft (SI‐SOFT) surfaces.

Results

The best single tests for fall risk were the BBS and SI‐FIRM, each with sensitivities of 79% and specificities of 60% and 65%, respectively. When the evaluation was combined into a composite measure requiring four positive tests out of five, the sensitivity was 72% and specificity was 80%.

Conclusions

A simple, efficient outpatient physical therapy assessment is effective in diagnosing fall risk in patients with PD.
Nanoformulated copper/zinc superoxide dismutase reduces adipose inflammation in obesity
Authors: Perriotte‐Olson Curtis , Adi Nikhil , Manickam Devika S. , Westwood Rachel A. , Desouza Cyrus V. , Natarajan Gopalakrishnan , Crook Alexandra , Kabanov Alexander V. , Saraswathi Viswanathan
Published: November 2015

Objective

An intimate association exists between oxidative stress and inflammation. Because adipose tissue (AT) inflammation is intricately linked to metabolic disorders, it was hypothesized that reducing oxidative stress would be effective in ameliorating AT inflammation in obesity.

Methods

Wild‐type mice were fed a high‐fat diet (HF) for 8 weeks followed by a 2‐week treatment with nanoformulated copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (NanoSOD). The mice were divided into: 1) chow diet, 2) HF, and 3) HF + NanoSOD.

Results

The HF + NanoSOD‐treated mice showed a significant decrease in plasma and liver triglycerides when compared with HF‐fed mice. Interestingly, NanoSOD reduced the expression of macrophage and inflammatory markers in visceral AT (VAT) and stromal cells derived from VAT. Moreover, the activation of proinflammatory signaling pathways, in particular, the extracellular signal‐regulated kinases, was blunted in VAT on NanoSOD treatment. However, markers of oxidative stress were not altered significantly in the HF + NanoSOD group in the experimental conditions. Pretreatment of either macrophages or adipocytes significantly reduced the inflammatory response invoked in an in vitro coculture system, further supporting the role of NanoSOD in inhibiting obesity‐linked inflammation.

Conclusions

This data suggest that NanoSOD is effective not only in reducing AT macrophage accumulation and AT inflammation but also in promoting triglyceride metabolism in obesity.
Effect of Fe3O4‐doped sepiolite on the flammability and thermal degradation properties of epoxy composites
Authors: Liu Yun , Kong Qing‐Hong , Zhao Xiao‐Min , Zhu Ping , Zhao Jianqing , Esteban‐Cubillo Antonio , Santarén Julio , Wang De‐Yi
Published: November 2015

As‐received sepiolite/epoxy systems and Fe3O4‐doped sepiolite/epoxy systems were prepared, and the contents of sepiolite and Fe3O4‐doped sepiolite were kept as 2 and 4 wt%, respectively. Compared with sepiolite, the effect of Fe3O4‐doped sepiolite on the flame retardancy, combustion properties, thermal degradation, thermal degradation kinetics and thermomechanical properties of epoxy resin was investigated systematically by limiting oxygen index (LOI), cone calorimeter (Cone), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Some interesting results had been acquired. The addition of sepiolite decreased heat release rate, total smoke production and smoke production rate, and obviously improved LOI values of epoxy composites. Compared with sepiolite, the addition of Fe3O4‐doped sepiolite further reduced parameters mentioned above of epoxy composites, and further enhanced LOI values and char residues after cone test. There might be a synergistic effect between sepiolite and Fe3O4 on flame retardant epoxy composite. TGA results indicated that the addition of sepiolite had a slight effect on the thermal degradation of epoxy composites; however, the addition of Fe3O4‐doped sepiolite accelerated the thermal degradation of epoxy composites. DMA results showed that the addition of both sepiolite and Fe3O4‐doped sepiolite increased the glass transition temperature (Tg) of epoxy composite. The results obtained in this paper supplied an effective solution for developing excellent flame retardant properties of polymeric materials. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
INCREASING THE QUALITY OF TIER 1 READING INSTRUCTION: USING PERFORMANCE FEEDBACK TO INCREASE OPPORTUNITIES TO RESPOND DURING IMPLEMENTATION OF A CORE READING PROGRAM
Authors: Cuticelli Mari , Collier‐Meek Melissa , Coyne Michael
Published: November 2015

Recent data on reading achievement indicates that a majority of young students are reading below proficiency. However, current research has shown that providing students with quality, research‐based reading instruction can help prevent many reading difficulties. Through the use of core reading programs, teachers have tools available to be able to provide students with evidence‐based instruction in the Tier 1 setting. However, classroom teachers need support in instructing core reading programs with the highest quality to increase student reading outcomes. This study provides evidence that providing teachers with performance feedback can improve quality of instruction by increasing the numbers of OTRs delivered during Tier 1 reading instruction. Teachers were observed during core reading program instruction, number of opportunities to respond were counted at the end of each observed lesson. Baseline data trends were used to determine what type of feedback was given during the intervention phase (i.e., teachers were encouraged to increase individual, group, or both OTRs during instruction). During intervention phase, teachers were provided graphic and oral feedback on implementation of the core reading program; suggestions were provided for increasing opportunities to respond during instruction.
Four‐locus gene interaction between IL13, IL4, FCER1B, and ADRB2 for asthma in Chinese Han children
Authors: Hua Li , Zuo Xian‐Bo , Bao Yi‐Xiao , Liu Quan‐Hua , Li Jing‐Yang , Lv Jie , Fang Ding‐Zhu , Lin Qian , Bao Jun , Ji Ruo‐Xu
Published: November 2015

Rationale: IL13, IL4, IL4RA, FCER1B, and ADRB2 are important inflammatory genes associated with immunoglobulin E levels. This study attempts to determine whether there are gene–gene interactions in the five genes among asthmatic children of Chinese Han nationality. Methods: Nine single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the five genes were genotyped in 1,000 asthmatic children and 1,000 healthy controls using TaqMan real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Multifactor–dimensionality reduction method was applied for the analysis. Results: A four‐way gene–gene interaction model consisting of IL13 rs20541, IL4 rs2243250, ADRB2 rs1042713, and FCER1B rs569108 was chosen as the optimal one for determining asthma susceptibility (testing balanced accuracy = 0.6089, cross‐validation consistency = 10/10, P = 6.98E−05). Each of the four SNPs was identified to have an independent association with childhood asthma (G allele of rs20541, odds ratio (OR) = 1.24, P = 1.23E−03; T allele of rs2243250, OR = 1.25, P = 3.81E‐03; A allele of rs1042713, OR = 1.29, P = 6.75E‐05; G allele of rs569108, OR = 1.27, P = 3.86E−03). Individuals homozygous for the risk alleles at all the four loci (rs20541 GG, rs2243250 TT, rs1042713 AA, and rs569108 GG) had a significantly higher risk of asthma compared with those without any risk homozygotes (OR = 13.55, P = 4.28E−03), and also greater than those with less than four risk homozygotes (OR = 10.09, P = 6.51E−03). Conclusions: Our results suggest that IL13 rs20541, IL4 rs2243250, ADRB2 rs1042713, and FCER1B rs569108, four SNPs with significant sole effect on asthma, interact to confer a higher risk for the disease in Chinese Han children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:364–371. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influence of submonthly air–sea coupling on heavy precipitation events in the Western Mediterranean basin
Authors: Berthou Ségolène , Mailler Sylvain , Drobinski Philippe , Arsouze Thomas , Bastin Sophie , Béranger Karine , Flaounas Emmanouil , Lebeaupin Brossier Cindy , Somot Samuel , Stéfanon Marc
Published: November 2015

Heavy precipitation events (HPEs) can be a major cause of damage and casualties in the Mediterranean basin. With the use of atmosphere–ocean coupled regional climate models (AORCMs) and the advantage of 24 years of simulation (1989–2012), we identified regions with potential impact of submonthly air–sea coupling on HPEs from among the regions hit by heavy rain during the Hydrological Cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment (HyMeX) first special observation period (SOP1): Valencia in Spain, the Cévennes in Southern France, Liguria in Northwestern Italy, Calabria in Southern Italy and Northeastern Italy. A first evaluation of the two AORCMs (MORCE and CNRM–RCSM4) against gridded precipitation datasets showed that 70–90% of the 30 most intense HPEs simulated were observed HPEs for most regions. The Cévennes, Valencia and Calabria were the only three regions to show a statistical relationship between rain differences and sea‐surface temperature (SST) differences where the low‐level jets that feed the events most frequently blow. This sensitivity of precipitation to SST changes is due to low‐level wind changes related to changes in surface heat fluxes. Based on the calculation of submonthly variations in these regions during HyMeX, HPEs on 28 September 2012 and 12 October 2012 in Valencia and on 25–26 October 2012 in the Cévennes have most probably been affected by submonthly air–sea coupling.
Cognition‐Based Visualization of the Dynamics of Conceptual Models: The Vivid OPM Scene Player
Authors: Bolshchikov Sergey , Somekh Judith , Mazor Shay , Wengrowicz Niva , Choder Mordechai , Dori Dov
Published: November 2015

Modeling plays an increasingly important role in the lifecycle of systems. Complex dynamic systems are difficult to model, preventing users from deeply understanding their intricate behavior. Existing conceptual modeling languages contain behavioral diagrams aimed to describe how the modeled system changes over time. However, most of these diagram types are static and do not directly reflect the system's behavior in space and time in a manner that is close to conceived reality. Models that are inherently visual and dynamic can potentially provide system architects and designers, as well as prospective customers, with profound understanding of the behavior of the system under development without requiring knowledge of any specific modeling language. Based on this conjecture, which is supported by cognitive neuroscience, we present Vivid Object‐Process Methodology (OPM), a software module that generates and plays a “video clip” of the system under development from its OPM conceptual model. While requiring relatively little effort on the side of the modeler, this option explicates how the system behaves over time, providing a powerful tool for understanding and communicating complex systems dynamics. Testing Vivid OPM with human subjects, we found that it enhances the understandability of the system under study, especially in complex situations, where interaction is involved. The preliminary animation application we present can evolve into a powerful model‐based 3‐dimensional tool for visualizing systems of increasing complexity and sophistication, serving scientists,systems engineers, and students at all levels.
Pharmacokinetic‐pharmacodynamic integration of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in buffalo calves
Authors: Daundkar Prashant S. , Vemu Bhaskar , Dumka Vinod K. , Sharma Suresh K.
Published: November 2015

The present study was planned with an objective to test the pharmacokinetics of a new formulation of enrofloxacin (Flobac®SA) in buffalo calves. The drug was administered at the dose rate of 7.5 mg kg−1 body weight through the intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m.) route followed by plasma collection and analysis at different time intervals. After analysis, using High Performance Liquid Chromatography – Ultraviolet, various pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using visual fit for compartmental analysis, followed by integration with pharmacodynamic parameters against Escherichia coli and Pasteurella multocida. Although total area under plasma drug concentration time curve was higher through the i.v. route, mean residence time and metabolic conversion ratio was higher following administration by the i.m. route indicating longer persistence of the drug in body. Overall i.m. bioavailability of the parent compound with its metabolite was found to be 91%. Upon, Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic integration, all the parameters indicated significant antibacterial activity. It can be concluded that the dose of enrofloxacin used in the present study can be administered to contain infections caused by P. multocida and E. coli in buffalo calves.
Employment Patterns, Poverty and Income Inequality
Authors: Rani Uma , Furrer Marianne , Lavers Tom
Published: November 2015

The chapter looks at the impact of changing work patterns on poverty and income inequalities and discusses policy implications from the findings based on micro‐data from 40 countries. It finds that, on average, the standard form of employment is better remunerated than other types of work. Temporary and informal workers, part‐time workers and unpaid family workers, many of whom are women, are also disproportionately affected by poverty and social exclusion. Given the rise of non‐standard work forms and the increasing gap between the top and bottom, in many countries market income inequality has remained high or increased since the mid‐2000s. Despite this, some countries have been able to reduce poverty rates and disposable income inequality in the same time period, mainly by pursuing combinations of social protection and labour market policies.
Rrp6: Integrated roles in nuclear RNA metabolism and transcription termination
Authors: Fox Melanie J. , Mosley Amber L.
Published: November 2015

The yeast RNA exosome is a eukaryotic ribonuclease complex essential for RNA processing, surveillance, and turnover. It is comprised of a barrel‐shaped core and cap as well as a 3′–5′ ribonuclease known as Dis3 that contains both endo‐ and exonuclease domains. A second exonuclease, Rrp6, is added in the nucleus. Dis3 and Rrp6 have both shared and distinct roles in RNA metabolism, and this review will focus primarily on Rrp6 and the roles of the RNA exosome in the nucleus. The functions of the nuclear exosome are modulated by cofactors and interacting partners specific to each type of substrate. Generally, the cofactor TRAMP (Trf4/5–Air2/1–Mtr4 polyadenylation) complex helps unwind unstable RNAs, RNAs requiring processing such as rRNAs, tRNAs, or snRNAs or improperly processed RNAs and direct it toward the exosome. In yeast, Rrp6 interacts with Nrd1, the cap‐binding complex, and RNA polymerase II to aid in nascent RNA processing, termination, and polyA tail length regulation. Recent studies have shown that proper termination and processing of short, noncoding RNAs by Rrp6 is particularly important for transcription regulation across the genome and has important implications for regulation of diverse processes at the cellular level. Loss of proper Rrp6 and exosome activity may contribute to various pathologies such as autoimmune disease, neurological disorders, and cancer. WIREs RNA 2016, 7:91–104. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1317

This article is categorized under:

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Interactions: Functional Implications

RNA Processing > 3' End Processing

RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Turnover/Surveillance Mechanisms
To edit or not to edit: regulation of ADAR editing specificity and efficiency
Authors: Deffit Sarah N. , Hundley Heather A.
Published: November 2015

Hundreds to millions of adenosine (A)‐to‐inosine (I) modifications are present in eukaryotic transcriptomes and play an essential role in the creation of proteomic and phenotypic diversity. As adenosine and inosine have different base‐pairing properties, the functional consequences of these modifications or ‘edits’ include altering coding potential, splicing, and miRNA‐mediated gene silencing of transcripts. However, rather than serving as a static control of gene expression, A‐to‐I editing provides a means to dynamically rewire the genetic code during development and in a cell‐type specific manner. Interestingly, during normal development, in specific cells, and in both neuropathological diseases and cancers, the extent of RNA editing does not directly correlate with levels of the substrate mRNA or the adenosine deaminase that act on RNA (ADAR) editing enzymes, implying that cellular factors are required for spatiotemporal regulation of A‐to‐I editing. The factors that affect the specificity and extent of ADAR activity have been thoroughly dissected in vitro. Yet, we still lack a complete understanding of how specific ADAR family members can selectively deaminate certain adenosines while others cannot. Additionally, in the cellular environment, ADAR specificity and editing efficiency is likely to be influenced by cellular factors, which is currently an area of intense investigation. Data from many groups have suggested two main mechanisms for controlling A‐to‐I editing in the cell: (1) regulating ADAR accessibility to target RNAs and (2) protein–protein interactions that directly alter ADAR enzymatic activity. Recent studies suggest cis‐ and trans‐acting RNA elements, heterodimerization and RNA‐binding proteins play important roles in regulating RNA editing levels in vivo. WIREs RNA 2016, 7:113–127. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1319

This article is categorized under:

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Recognition

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Interactions: Functional Implications

RNA Processing > RNA Editing and Modification
Clinical Application of Fiber Visualization with LIC Maps Using Multidirectional Anisotropic Glyph Samples (A-Glyph LIC)
Authors: Höller M. , Ehricke H.-H. , Synofzik M. , Klose U. , Groeschel S.
Published: November 2015

Recently, a fiber visualization method for high-angular resolution diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data was proposed using a multiple-kernel line integral convolution (LIC) algorithm and an anisotropic spot pattern. This processing routine leads to high contrast color-coded LIC maps that are capable of visualizing local anisotropy information and regional fiber architecture. In this paper, we evaluate and validate this method by applying it to simulated datasets and to in vivo diffusion MRI data of children and adults with different disease conditions and healthy volunteers. Compared to routine clinical fiber visualization (color-coded fractional anisotropy, FA maps, and fiber tractography), it has the advantage of visualizing complex local fiber architecture in a fully automated way. The results indicate that this method is capable of reliably delineating normal fiber architecture and fibers infiltrated, displaced, or disrupted by lesions and is therefore a promising tool in the clinical context.
Random Mixing: An Approach to Inverse Modeling for Groundwater Flow and Transport Problems
Authors: Bárdossy András , Hörning Sebastian
Published: November 2015

This paper presents a novel methodology for inverse modeling of groundwater flow and transport problems in a Monte Carlo framework, i.e., multiple solutions to the inverse problem are generated. The methodology is based on the concept of random mixing of spatial random fields. The conditional target hydraulic transmissivity field is obtained as a linear combination of unconditional spatial random fields. The corresponding weights of the linear combination are selected such that the spatial variability of the hydraulic transmissivities as well as the actual observed transmissivity values are reproduced. The constraints related to the hydraulic head and contaminant concentration observations are nonlinear. In order to fulfill these constraints, a specific property of the presented approach is used. A connected domain of fields fulfilling all linear constraints is identified. This domain includes an infinite number of realizations, and in this domain, the head and concentration deviations are minimized using standard continuous optimization techniques. The methodology uses spatial copulas to describe the spatial dependence structure. A combination with multiple point statistics allows inversion under specific structural constraints.
Chemoradiatie bij het spierinvasieve blaascarcinoom
Authors: Meijer Richard P.
Published: November 2015

Samenvatting

Bij steeds meer tumortypen wordt een multimodulaire behandeling toegepast, bestaande uit systeemtherapie (neoadjuvante chemotherapie) gecombineerd met lokale therapie (chirurgie of radiotherapie), om de prognose te verbeteren. Voor patiënten met een spierinvasief blaascarcinoom, biedt een multimodulaire therapie middels transurethrale tumorresectie, gevolgd door chemoradiatie, een blaassparende behandelmogelijkheid. Door deze behandeling zal een aanzienlijke groep ook op langere termijn een goede ziektevrije overleving hebben, een goede blaasfunctie behouden en slechts beperkte gastro-intestinale klachten ervaren. Echter, een nauwgezette follow-up met beeldvorming en cystoscopie zal nodig zijn om eventuele recidiefziekte tijdig op te sporen en te kunnen behandelen.
De Bosniak-classificatie voor niercysten: tijd voor een volgende verandering?
Authors: Lamers Romy E.D. , Zaccai Kèren , Schoots Ivo G. , Verhagen Paul C.M.S.
Published: November 2015

Samenvatting

In 1986 introduceerde Morton Bosniak een classificatie voor niercysten gebaseerd op computed tomography (CT). In de loop der jaren is de classificatie enkele keren aangepast. Nu zijn er vijf categorieën (I, II, IIF, III en IV). Bij categorie I en II is er geen controle of behandeling nodig, bij IIF is het advies surveillance, bij III en IV wordt behandeling geadviseerd. Interobservervariabiliteit wordt slechts in enkele studies gerapporteerd en is hoog. Recentere publicaties incorporeren een MRI-scan en contrastechografie in de Bosniak-classificatie. Beide zijn voor het vaststellen van doorbloeding gevoeliger dan een CT-scan en kunnen daarom leiden tot upgrading. Bij een Bosniak III-cyste is er in ongeveer de helft van de gevallen sprake van een maligniteit. Het betreft dan meestal cysteuze niercelcarcinomen, die klinisch milder verlopen dan solide tumoren. In onze ogen zijn er goede argumenten om bij Bosniak III-cysten < 4 cm surveillance toe te passen, net zoals tot nu toe gebruikelijk is bij Bosniak IIF. Het risico op tumorprogressie is bij Bosniak III-tumoren zeer klein en overbehandeling wordt beperkt. Het wordt dan wel belangrijk om het onderscheid tussen categorie III en IV preciezer te definiëren.
Results of the 2015 AORN Salary and Compensation Survey
Authors: Bacon Donald R. , Stewart Kim A.
Published: November 2015

AORN conducted its 13th annual compensation survey for perioperative nurses in June and July 2015. A multiple regression model was used to examine how a number of variables, including job title, education level, certification, experience, and geographic region, affect nurse compensation. Comparisons between the 2015 data and data from previous years are presented. The effects of other forms of compensation (eg, on‐call compensation, overtime, bonuses, shift differentials, benefits) on base compensation rates also are examined. Additional analyses explore the effect of the economic downturn on the perioperative work environment.
Guideline Implementation: Radiation Safety
Authors: Fencl Jennifer L.
Published: November 2015

Because radiologic technology is used in a variety of perioperative procedures and settings, it is essential for perioperative RNs to be knowledgeable of the risks related to radiation and the ways to adequately protect patients and health care providers from unintended radiation exposure. The updated AORN “Guideline for radiation safety” provides guidance on preventing injury from ionizing radiation exposure during therapeutic, diagnostic, and interventional procedures. This article focuses on key points of the guideline to help perioperative personnel practice radiation safety. The key points address the requirements for an organization's radiation safety program, measures used to keep radiation exposure as low as reasonably achievable, proper handling and testing of radiation protection devices, and considerations for protecting employees and patients who are pregnant and who will be exposed to radiation. Perioperative RNs should review the complete guideline for additional information and for guidance when writing and updating policies and procedures.
Free Flap Procedures for Reconstruction After Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Kini Erin
Published: November 2015

Patients with head and neck cancer are seeking improved surgical procedures to avoid severe defects that result from head and neck cancer resection. Free flap reconstruction provides vascularized tissue that has been transferred from a distant donor site on a patient's body to a recipient site, markedly improving wound closure and protecting structures of the head and neck. This article discusses free flap procedures for reconstruction after head and neck cancer resection, including the following procedure phases: airway protection and neck dissections, tumor resection, flap harvest, microvascular anastomosis of the flap, and reconstruction and closure. The article also explains specific risk factors for patients undergoing free flap procedures that have been identified in the literature and include procedure length, hypothermia, and pressure injuries. Each of these factors is discussed regarding its specific effect on this patient population, and the nursing interventions to reduce these risks are identified.
Role of cytosolic and calcium independent phospholipases A2 in insulin secretion impairment of INS‐1E cells infected by S. aureus
Authors: Caporarello N. , Salmeri M. , Scalia M. , Motta C. , Parrino C. , Frittitta L. , Olivieri M. , Toscano M.A. , Anfuso C.D. , Lupo G.
Published: November 2015

Cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2) and Ca2+‐independent PLA2 (iPLA2) play a significant role in insulin β‐cells secretion. Bacterial infections may be responsible of the onset of diabetes. The mechanism by which Staphylococcus aureus infection of INS‐1 cells alters glucose‐induced insulin secretion has been examined. After acute infection, insulin secretion and PLA2 activities significantly increased. Moreover, increased expressions of phospho‐cPLA2, phospho‐PKCα and phospho‐ERK 1/2 were observed. Chronic infection causes a decrease in insulin release and a significant increase of iPLA2 and COX‐2 protein expression. Moreover, insulin secretion in infected cells could be restored using specific siRNAs against iPLA2 isoform and specific COX‐2 inhibitor.
Neonatal hyperoxia induces alterations in neurotrophin gene expression
Authors: Sengoku T. , Murray K.M. , Wilson M.E.
Published: November 2015

Each year in the United States, nearly 500,000 infants a year are born prematurely. Babies born before 35 weeks gestation are often placed on ventilators and/or given supplemental oxygen. This increase in oxygen, while critical for survival, can cause long‐term damage to lungs, retinas and brains. In particular, hyperoxia causes apoptosis in neurons and alters glial activity. Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) are members of the neurotrophin family of proteins that function to promote the growth, differentiation and development of the nervous system. We hypothesized that hyperoxia can alter the regulation of these genes and by doing so adversely affect the development of the brain. We predicted that mice exposed to hyperoxic conditions would have differences in BDNF and GDNF mRNA expression and relative level of methylated promoter regions coinciding with differences in the relative levels of DNMT1 and DNMT3a mRNA expression. To test this hypothesis, newborn C57Bl/6 mice and their littermates were placed in hyperoxic or normoxic conditions from postnatal day 7 to 12. There were significant decreases in BDNF mRNA expression in the prefrontal cortex following hyperoxia, but a significant increase in the isocortex. GDNF mRNA expression was significantly increased in both the isocortex and prefrontal cortex following hyperoxia. DNMT1 mRNA expression was significantly decreased in the isocortex but significantly increased in the prefrontal following hyperoxia. Together these data suggest that short‐term exposure to hyperoxic conditions can affect the regulation and expression of BDNF and GDNF potentially leading to alterations in neural development.
Direct topological factorization for topological flows
Authors: MEYEROVITCH TOM
Published: November 2015

This paper considers the general question of when a topological action of a countable group can be factored into a direct product of non-trivial actions. In the early 1980s, D. Lind considered such questions for $\mathbb{Z}$-shifts of finite type. In particular, we study direct factorizations of subshifts of finite type over $\mathbb{Z}^{d}$ and other groups, and $\mathbb{Z}$-subshifts which are not of finite type. The main results concern direct factors of the multidimensional full $n$-shift, the multidimensional $3$-colored chessboard and the Dyck shift over a prime alphabet. A direct factorization of an expansive $\mathbb{G}$-action must be finite, but an example is provided of a non-expansive $\mathbb{Z}$-action for which there is no finite direct-prime factorization. The question about existence of direct-prime factorization of expansive actions remains open, even for $\mathbb{G}=\mathbb{Z}$.