bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Architecture and Paper Structures – Could Paper-Folding Become a Methodology in Architecture?
Authors: Calretas Sílvia Edite Marcelo , Kong Mário Say Ming
Published: April 2014

When we think of paper-folding, we usually think first of the name that is usually associated with it: origami. But in the field of architecture, origami is more than just imagining an animal or flower which is what this word usually brings to mind. In architecture, we extend the meaning to take in the real essence of the word – that of great structural and constructional loads. The basic unit of origami – the fold – allows us to start manipulating space and even to create space itself. Paper-folding, with its spatial modelling potential, is to three-dimensionality what drawing is to two-dimensionality. It is after all an ancient Japanese art which encapsulates the advantages of intuitive thinking and fast modelling, once the basic elements of folding are known. Heino Engel (2001) in his book “Structural Systems”, describes intensive studies on types of structures which derive from this systematization. And the architect Ming Tang often uses structures in his projects which clearly originate in the concept of origami, and he correlates these structures with sustainable materials. The architect Michael Hansmeyer manages to incorporate all the beauty of the action of folding with the help of a computer, where the final result is a shape that approaches a real application at an architectural level. Over time, there have been numerous people who have found a relationship between the harmony and proportions of paper-folding and their own studies and projects. What is missing is a single point where clear concepts on the possibilities of folding and the results of those who have experimented with it can be brought together. This cataloguing, which is being carried out in this Master’s dissertation, is intended to be a contribution to the design method in architecture, through which the architect may achieve spatial dexterity over a piece of paper.
Review on the Study of Green Design Performance for Building Refurbishment Project: Finding the Gaps in Knowledge
Authors: Sekak Siti Nor Azniza Ahmad , Rahmat Ismail , Ahmad Norizan , Junus Yusmady Md
Published: April 2014

This paper aims to find the gaps in knowledge in the study of green design performance for refurbishment projectsduring design process in the Malaysian construction industry. This includes critical review and analysis of findings by other well known researchers on the need to establish the theoretical frameworks of green design performance in refurbishment project. Literature review found that project characteristics and design team attributes are the variables. The literature review forms the basis for findings the gap in knowledge that is useful for authors to further research in this area of study.The paper concludes with the discussions on how each variables correlate with another variables which eventually formed the theoretical framework and hyphotesis.
Effect of Admixtures on the Performance of Recycled Fine Aggregate Cement Mortar
Authors: Wang Fu Xing , Li Guo Zhong , Chen Juan
Published: April 2014

The effect of admixtures on the mechanical properties of recycled fine aggregate cement mortar was studied. The result indicated that compared with blank samples the 28d flexural strength, the compressive strength and osmotic pressure of cement mortar were increased by 15.6%, 35.5%, 41.1% respectively when adding silicone waterproofing agent 0.2wt%, naphdalin series water reducer 1.0wt%, polycarboxylate superplasticizer 0.8wt%. The micro-morphology and hydration products of mortar specimens was observed by SEM, XRD respectively.
Based on ANASYS Immersed Tube Tunnel Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Wu Yi Kai , Sun Tie Jun , Wang Ya Qiong , Xie Yong Li
Published: April 2014

Combining with the Pearl river underwater tunnel engineering project example from Huangsha to Fangcun in Guangzhou, this paper introduces the 3-dimensional finite element analysis ANASYS of immersed tube tunnel. According the data extracted from the actual project, immersed tube tunnel surrounding medium were studied and mechanical analysis of the interaction and its basic theory calculations. Then, calculate the results, through the establishment of model constraints division, loads and boundary conditions imposed on the grid and the immersed tube tunnel numerical simulation obtained the reasonably accurate analysis results. According to the figure of stress and strain, people can see the display of it easily .It is convenient for the design of the tube tunnels.
The Evaluation Method for Tunnel Structure Health Condition Based on Asymmetric Proximity
Authors: Zhou Shao Wen , Xiang Qing Ming , Wang Ya Qiong
Published: April 2014

In order to achieve the quantitative health diagnosis of operational tunnel, established the health diagnosis system and the evaluating criterion based on the mechanism of tunnel disease, used the weighted average operator to obtain comprehensive evaluation results, applied the asymmetric proximity to decide the grade of tunnel structure health, thus build a complete fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model. Finally, by taking the example of Lilong tunnel located at LiuHe Express way, and made analysis and evaluation to its structure health status. The results show that the improved grey relevancy method to determine the index weight can avoid the subjective arbitrariness and improve the reliability of the evaluation model, making a decision and analysis by asymmetric proximity insures the diagnosis results more correspond with the objective reality.
Wind-Induced Performance of Long-Span Bridge with Modified Cross-Section Profiles by Stochastic Traffic
Authors: Wu Jun
Published: April 2014

The presence of traffic on a slender long-span bridge (SLB) deck has two types of primary impacts: (1) modification of the bridge cross-section profiles, which may influence the flutter derivatives and in turn, wind-induced aeroelastic loads acting on the bridge; and (2) additional dynamic loads acting on the bridge including dynamic interactions from the vehicles. As compared to the investigations on the impact of traffic as external dynamic loads, those on the impact from the modification of bridge cross-section profiles are rather rare. A scaled bridge section model with vehicle models distributed on the bridge section has been tested in the wind tunnel laboratory. With the FDs obtained from the wind tunnel experiments of various modified bridge cross-section profiles by stochastic traffic, the present study is to numerically evaluate the impact on the wind-induced performance of the long-span bridge, such as the buffeting response and fatigue damage accumulation.
Review of Copper Atmospheric Corrosion in H2S
Authors: Wang Ping , Yin Zhao Hui , Ren Han Tao , Xu Song , Ma Dong Wei
Published: April 2014

The losses due to copper corrosion in H2S atmospheric corrosion have attracted much focus. It’s important to improve copper corrosion resistance that the corrosion law, corrosion mechanism and characteristics were studied in H2S environment. This paper reviewed the corrosion behavior of copper, analyzed the impact of environment factors and corrosion analysis tools. Through evaluating and improving corrosion by external factors, including improving corrosive environment, using coating protection and adding corrosion inhibitors, appropriate corrosion measures were taken to extend the life of the equipment.
Research on Detail-Structure Construction Technology of Outside Heat Preservation of Exterior Walls
Authors: Zhao Xia , Ding You Ping , Zhang Xiu Yan
Published: April 2014

In order to analyze the effect of heat preservation, the heat preservation technology of detail structure, such as decorative lines of external walls, edge beam and edge column, windows, balcony and laying position of air conditioner, have been well treated under the system of thin plastered external wall based on EPS. Moreover, the technical-economy benefits of detail structure treatments have been analyzed by comparing with those without detail structure treatment. The results show that better heat preservation and economy benefits would be created by detail structure treatment, which could provide good reference for similar construction process.
Research on the Calculating Method of Low-Carbon City Public Transit Bearing Rate
Authors: Lei Zi Qiang , Wu Rui Lin , Yin Jie , Wang Ping
Published: April 2014

Low carbon is the trend of the future city development. Based on low carbon city concept, first of all, the reasonable development of low carbon urban traffic modes has been studied, for the slow transport, public transport and private transport between the proportion of low carbon city traffic have been analyzed; secondly, according to the commitments of Chinese government on Copenhagen World Climate Assembly in 2009, it has studied the low carbon city public transport minimum rate calculation method, puts forward the calculation formula of minimum bearing rate; Finally, taking a super-large city in central of China for example and using the formula above, the lowest rate of implementing low carbon urban public transport of the city in 2020 is calculated. Results show that on the basis of the city in 2008, the target year of 2020 is also need to increase 11% of the public transportation bearing rate.
Research of a MapReduce Model to Process the Traffic Big Data
Authors: Yang Wen Chuan , Chen He , Qu Qing Yi
Published: April 2014

Normally, the job of the Traffic Data Processing Center (TDPC) is to monitor and retain data. There is a tendency to put more capability into the TDPC, such as ad-hoc query for speeding car identification and feedback abnormal traffic information. Thus we definitely need to think about what can be kept in working storage and how to analysis it. Obviously, the ordinary database cannot handle the massive dataset and complex ad-hoc query. MapReduce is a popular and widely used fine grain parallel runtime, which is developed for high performance processing of large scale dataset. In this paper, we propose MRTP, a MapReduce Traffic Processing system based on Hive/Hadoop frameworks. A distributed file system HDFS is used in MRTP for fast data sharing and query. MRTP supports fast locating speeding car and also optimizes the route to catch fugitive. Our results show that the model achieves a higher efficiency.
Calculation Method of Earth Stress in Zhenjing Oil Fileld in China
Authors: Ran Li Min , Pan He Ping , Zhao Yong Gang
Published: April 2014

The magnitude, distribution of earth stress are important parameters. In this paper, based on the hydraulic fracturing test data and logging data, the model of earth stress has been established. The vertical stress (Sv),the maximum horizontal stress (SH), the minimum horizontal stress (Sh) can be calculated by logging data with this model. The profiles of earth stress along the depth with continuous distribution can be determined, and stress spatial distribution has been described.
Kansei Quality Prediction Method of Product Form Design Based on Quantification Theory
Authors: Xiong Zhi Yong , Weng Ying Xin , Jiang Li Jun , Ruan Liu Qing
Published: April 2014

Customer needs towards consumer products become diverse and sensuous in a market where many products have similar performance and functionalities. It is important to investigate the mapping relationship between product form elements and corresponding kansei qualities in order to design product those meet different types of customers’ subjective impressions. In this paper, the authors established kansei quality evaluation criteria of product forms and presented a new kansei quality prediction method of product form design which introduced quantification theory type II to model the Form-kansei quality mapping relationship. Finally, the authors gave the implementation procedures of kansei quality prediction model in detail. The proposed method is adapted to kansei quality prediction for the majority of consumer products form design.
A Heuristic Approach to Capacity Assignment in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Production Line
Authors: Engudomnukul Suporn , Prombanpong Suksan , Somboonwiwat Tuanjai
Published: April 2014

The objective of this paper is to develop an algorithm to design an assignment of production in the solid dosage form manufacturing cell. Typically, production requirement of each quarter will be obtained through forecasting from sale department. Then, the required production will be assigned among the production lines using the developed heuristic algorithm. The proposed assignment criteria include line efficiency and work load balance. In addition, the bottleneck of each production line will also be identified and utilized as the capacity constraint.
Risk Analysis in Military Operation Network Effectiveness Evaluation
Authors: Li Chao , Zhang Xiao Fen , Zeng Yong Hu , Ye Li Bang
Published: April 2014

Conclusion of effectiveness evaluation plays an important part for the decision-making of the military operation network (MON). But the existed evaluation risk sources may have an irretrievable effect on the evaluation conclusion. This paper takes MONE evaluation as the background, analyzes the concept of evaluation risk, the necessity of research and the main risk sources in the operation effectiveness evaluation. Focusing on how to reduce the effectiveness evaluation risk, this paper analyzes the major problems in the current research, combining with the meta-evaluation theory, proposes risk reduction mechanism basing on robust management method.
Sensory Fuzzy Evaluation System Applied in the Cabs of Mine Vehicles
Authors: Chen Zhe , Chang Neng , Ma Xue Liang
Published: April 2014

The cabs of vehicles used in mines are complex man-machine interfaces since those vehicles normally operated in harsh environment. Multi-level fuzzy evaluation theory is a method used to study these interfaces. This paper describes the user sensory experience theory, based on which we establish fuzzy evaluation indexes and man-machine fuzzy evaluation prototype . Then, the method to determine the levels of factor weights and the selected approach of fuzzy synthetic operation has been developed. Finally, a case study has been presented to evaluate certain types of mine vehicle cabs.
Enterprise Logistics System and Simulation Control Technology
Authors: Sun Fang , Li Peng
Published: April 2014

By analyzing the domestic and foreign enterprise logistics system , a logistics simulation control system suitable for those general enterprises has been designed and developed. Simulation control system is in the form of adding plug-in units to the main program, speeding up processing tasks and improving flexibility of the system. Combining the characteristics and complex adaptability of the enterprises' logistics system, this article builds a simulation control model.
Thermal Treatment Effect on Catalytic Activity of Au/TiO2 for CO Oxidation
Authors: Mahmood Asif , Ramay Shahid M. , Al-Zeghayer Yousef , Haider Sajjad , Shar Muhammad Ali , Khalid Yasir
Published: April 2014

A novel and well-organized study for the synthesis and enhanced catalytic activity of Au/TiO2 catalysts has been developed. A momentous improvement in the catalytic activity of Au/TiO2 in CO oxidation and preferential oxidation reaction by thermal treatment has been studied. Au/TiO2 catalyst (Au (1 wt.%) supported on TiO2) was prepared by conventional deposition-precipitation method with NaOH followed by washing, drying and calcination in air at 400 °C for 4 h. Thermal treatment of Au/TiO2 was performed at 450 °C under 0.05 mTorr. The activity of the catalysts has been examined in the reaction of CO oxidation and preferential oxidation (PROX) at 25-250 °C. The catalytic performance was found to be strongly affected by thermal treatment of the prepared catalyst prior to the reaction. Heat treatment after Au deposition has a positive effect on the CO oxidation performance. This is attributed to the introduction of a stronger interaction between the oxide and Au which improves the catalytic activity.
Thermodynamic Solidification Path Assessment and Microstructural Comparison of Deep Eutectic Au-Cu-Si System
Authors: Thipayarat Kamolchanok , Lewan A. , Nisaratanaporn E. , Lohwongwatana B.
Published: April 2014

Particularly in karat gold alloys in jewelry applications, many alloy formulations include a small amount of silicon for filigree castings and brightening effect [1]. On the other hand, some alloy manufacturers stayed away from silicon or set a maximum amount of silicon to avoid embrittlement [1-3]. However recent development of gold-based bulk metallic glass involved a large addition of silicon (16.3 at% Si) in the alloy formulation [4-6]. No silicon segregation had been observed in large ingots that were cooled at 100 K/s and above. In the current study of Au55Cu25Si20 alloy, extra silicon has been added to investigate the segregation effect using three different techniques for cross references: equilibrium solidification path, Scheil-Gulliver solidification with ThermoCalc® and microstructural study with varying cooling rates. The amounts of solidified primary and eutectic silicon were measured in three differently cooled ingots. Image analysis using ImageJ® was used to obtain size distributions, area fractions, and volume fractions of silicon in both primary silicon and eutectic silicon.
Effect of Al and Ti Additions in Cast Nickel Base Alloy, Grade Hastelloy X by Arc Melting Process on Microstructures and Oxidation Behavior at 900°C and 1000°C
Authors: Srigiofun Pajaree , Wangyao Panyawat , Lothongkum Gobboon , Nisaratanaporn Ekasit
Published: April 2014

The nickel base alloy, grade Hastelloy X was modified by Aluminum and Titanium additions by means of vacuum arc melting process in order to improve microstructural characteristics and oxidation resistance. The arc melted Hastelloy X was added Aluminum and Titanium each for 2%, 4% and 6% by weight. Then all specimens were performed with heat treatment, which consists of solutioning treatment at 1125°C for 24 hours and precipitation aging at temperatures of 760°C, 800°C and 845°C for 24 hours. Both aluminum and titanium additions resulted in network intermetalic phase formation, namely, σ-phase, throughout the matrix. Furthermore, the addition of both elements provided the better oxidation resistance for the alloys.
Numerical Analysis for Process Parameter Effect in Electromagnetic Impact Welding of Aluminum Alloy Sheet
Authors: Kim Dae Yong , Park Hyeon Il , Kim Ji Hoon , Kim Sang Woo , Lee Young Seon
Published: April 2014

Studies on electromagnetic impact welding between similar or dissimilar flat sheet metals using the flat one turn coil have been recently achieved. In this study, three dimensional electromagnetic-mechanical coupled numerical simulations are performed for the electromagnetic impact welding of aluminum alloy sheets with flat rectangular one turn coil. The deformation behavior during impact welding was examined. The effect of process parameters such as charge voltage, standoff distance and gap distance were investigated.
The Technological Conception of Quality Assurance in the Surface Treatment of Aluminum and Copper Alloys
Authors: Kulikov Mikhail Yurievich , Inozemtsev Vitaliy Evgenevich , Nechaev Dmitry Aleksandrovich , Oo Myo Naing
Published: April 2014

The way is developed by the combined process of finishing machining. In this method, surface treatment is due to the combined effects of cutting tool and anodic dissolution of metal under the influence of an electric current in the electrolytic solution. Applying of this method allow the processing of aluminum and copper alloys to obtain higher quality parameters of the obtained surface, including special material.
Production of Self-Healing PI Polymeric Films with Encapsulated TMPTA in PU Microparticles
Authors: Tleubayeva Gulzira , Khudaibergenov Bakhtiyar , Iskakov Rinat , Tleubayeva Indira
Published: April 2014

The ability of polymeric coatings to self-heal from mechanical damage is explored in this paper. Polymeric coatings with self-healing property is one of the important aspects in science. It can be used in industries such as oil industry (protect against corrosion), mechanical engineering, aircraft, etc. The PU microparticles were synthesized on the basis of PPG and TDI with a method of interfacial polycondensation at the interface water-benzene. Further to study the surface morphology of the microcapsules with healing agent (TMPTA) obtained PU was applied the method of scanning electron and atomic force microscopy. The PU microparticles hollow inside have regular spherical shape with a diameter of 5-10 μm with a dense and smooth polymeric shell. The resulting polyimide – polyurethane (PI – PU) composites have high potential to regenerate damaged surfaces not only on the surface and also in the volume of composite.
Automatic Wiper System Based on the Adjacent Capacitive Edge Effect
Authors: Wang Peng , Yuan Wei Qi , Wang Yu Tao
Published: April 2014

An automatic wiper control system based on the adjacent capacitive used in automotive industry. Three types of capacitance sensor in different shapes (round-arrays, flower-shaped and single-ring) are designed, and their performances are simulated by using COMSOL and MATLAB under the same conditions. The results indicate the performance of the single-ring sensor is the best, and its sensitivity reaches 192.17fF/mm, which overcomes the problem of weak output. The data acquisition and conversion circuit based on digital chip AD7142 is designed to enhance the anti-interference and reduce the system cost. The experimental results prove the feasibility of the automatic wiper control system used on automatic car.
Investigation into the Differences Thermal Properties of SLS Polymer Powder Materials Using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
Authors: Way Yusoff , Puwanto Hadi , Aichouni M. , Farizahani Farizahani
Published: April 2014

In order to produce good functional Laser Sintering (LS) parts, it is important that the powder on the part bed surface receives a sufficient amount of power energy through the laser sintering process. The reason is that sufficient energy density is produced when the energy input increases and is applied to the part bed surface, which causes a higher temperature, and thus better melt flow. The objective of this research is to investigate the thermal properties of polymer materials used in Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) processes. In this experiment, there were five different thermoplastics powders known as polyamide 12 (PA2200), Glass Fill Polyamide (GF3200), Alumide, Duraflex and CastForm were tested using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). This outcome of this research would assist the SLS users to improve the sintering process and quality of the part surface finish.
Analysis of Factors influencing Galvanized Sheet Friction based on Orthogonal Experiments
Authors: Huang Yao , Liu Hui Fen , Zhou Ting , Wang Lei Gang
Published: April 2014

During forming process of sheet metal, friction phenomenon occurs everywhere. Galvanized sheet is the combination of substrate and zinc coating, which are two different materials of different properties. Compared with ordinary cold-rolled steel sheets, friction during forming process of galvanized sheet is more complicated. Factors like load, velocity, etc. have different effects. In this paper, effects of zinc coating, velocity and load on galvanized sheet friction coefficient were researched based on orthogonal tables with using friction wear tester. The results show the following conclusions. Zinc coating has great effect on galvanized sheet friction, friction coefficient of zinc-coated sheet is greater than that of bare board under low load (0.3~1 N), but smaller than that of bare board under high load (1~5 N). Galvanized sheet friction coefficient also changes when load or velocity changes, with load increases, it first increases and then decreases; with velocity increases, it first increases and then decreases. Mechanism of the influence rules above was simply analyzed. Significance of the three factors above could also be seen. Under low load, effect of zinc coating on galvanized sheet friction coefficient is the greatest, followed by that of load, and finally that of velocity, but none of them is significant; under high load, effect of zinc coating is significant, those of velocity and load are not significant.
The Experimental Study on the Effects of Supply Air Angle on Indoor Thermal Environment
Authors: Liu Ze Qin , Li Ge , Su Yun
Published: April 2014

Different indoor thermal environment was affected by the different supply air parameters. In this paper, the indoor temperature field and PMV value in the conditions of different supply air angles were studied to explore the influence of indoor thermal environment and human thermal comfort affected by the varied supply air angles. The experimental results showed that the average temperature of indoor air and the temperature gradient of personnel main activity area increased with increasing the supply air angel. In contrast, a relatively comfortable indoor thermal environment could be formed with the supply air angel between 0°to 15°.
The Tilt Angle of the Solar Panels has the Highest Power
Authors: Khodphan Marut
Published: April 2014

Photovoltaic is Boundless energy. The development of modern technology on solar cell and implementation for change solar energy are into electrical energy to serve as backup power. The installations of the solar cell was tilt angle about 10 degree,(EGCO, 2013). The researcher should be rechecked the proper tilt angle for Nakonratchasima. So, set up two test sets. Frist set can adjust the angle and the second set cannot adjust the angle. Set adjustable resistor for load 1 kΩ by adjusting resistor 10% -95% such as 10%,15%,20% etc. Measured voltage and current to be appropriate for the resistance and solar cell, which is equal to 75% or equal to 750 ohms for all tests. The energy from the solar cell be measured for a period of 12 days from 08.00 am - 16.00 pm. Record voltage and current both sets every 15 minutes from 5 degrees to 60 degree by adjust the angle 5 degrees per day. All the measured data to determine the data transfer in the horizontal plane. The research found that the proper tilt angle of the solar cell is 15 to 20 degrees for Nakonratchasima.
Theoretical Investigation on Electron Transport and the Effect on Thermal Transport in Graphene Ribbon
Authors: Wang Ji Fen , Xie Hua Qing
Published: April 2014

The density functional theory (DFT) and nonequilibrium Green’s function methods to study the micro-structure, transmission pathways and the current density of graphene ribbon (GR). The thermal transport properties were calculated by the properties of electron transport using the classical function. The results showed that structure has strong effect on the electron transmission pathway of GR. In one side defect GR, the electron transmits mainly through the defect-free side. It shows that the more defect in GR, the more heat transferred by the electrons.
A Current Harmonic Detection Method via Input Observer
Authors: Li Po , Huang Di Bin , Wang Peng
Published: April 2014

The current harmonic detection method is an important part in the control of active power filters used in power systems, since inaccuracy in harmonic detection yields to incorrect compensation. In this paper, an input observer for current harmonic detection is proposed. Firstly, a integral unit of the measured current signal is introduced to establish an augment function,then based on the augment system an observer is deduced. By constructing a Lyapunov function, the stabilization of the error system between the augment system and its observer is proved, which means the observed current harmonic approaches their real values. Finally, the proposed method is validated by Matlab simulation.
Experimental Study on Measuring the Steel Stress via FBG Sensors
Authors: Lin Hong Wei , Zhao Yu Xi
Published: April 2014

Studying the bond stress-slip relationship between concrete and corroded steel bar by cutting the steel bars into two separate parts and attaching electric strain gauges in the slots is no longer suitable. To overcome the disadvantages of electric strain gauges in the measuring the stress of corroded steel bars, this paper introduced a new kind of FBG sensor measuring steel stress. By calibration tests, the proportion coefficient between variation of wavelength and steel strain was confirmed as 0.0012. The bond behavior between concrete and steel bar was also investigated by performing pullout tests on beam end specimens.
Tool Fault Analysis with Decision Tree Induction and Sequence Mining
Authors: Kerdprasop Kittisak , Kerdprasop Nittaya
Published: April 2014

Tool fault analysis is a common task for process engineers in modern industries to maintain high yields of the final products. Statistical process control is a monitoring method normally adopted by most engineers. Recently, there has been enormous awareness among industrial and manufacturing engineers that intelligent techniques from the data mining and machine learning fields can be applied to discover subtle patterns from the manufacturing process data. In this paper, we present the two data mining techniques, i.e. decision tree induction and sequence mining, to discover frequently occurred patterns of the low performance wafer lots in the semiconductor manufacturing industries. The comparative analysis results of both techniques are presented through experimentation over the standard data set for the purpose of re-experimentation.
Influence of Inhomogeneous Anisotropic Ground Conductivity upon the Directivity of ELF Line-Current Antenna
Authors: Liu Chao , Wu Hua Ning , Li Yong Pin
Published: April 2014

The radiated field of a horizontal ELF Line-current antenna on the inhomogeneous anisotropic ground is analyzed. Influence of inhomogeneous anisotropic ground conductivity upon the directivity of the antenna is researched. The disposal criterion of the antenna path on the inhomogeneous anisotropic ground is given. The skewed angle of the maximal radiant direction of the antenna is calculated. The results have been validated.
Encapsulation of Multi-Enzymes on Waste Clay Material: Preparation, Characterization and Application for Tapioca Starch Hydrolysis
Authors: Edama Nurul Aini , Sulaiman Alawi , Hamid Ku Halim Ku , Rahim Siti Noraida Abd , Baharuddin Azhari Samsu , Mokhtar Mohd Noriznan
Published: April 2014

Alpha-amylase, glucoamylase and cellulase were immobilized onto calcium alginate-waste clay (alg-WC) beads by using encapsulation technique. The clay was obtained from palm oil mill clay bath processing waste that was collected from FELDA Serting Hilir Palm Oil Mill, Malaysia. The aim of this study is to characterize and investigate the performance of waste clay as a supporting material for the tapioca starch hydrolysis. The encapsulated enzymes were characterized by using analytical equipment such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). The FTIR results showed the interaction of functional groups between alginate and waste clay in the alg-WC beads. The alginate beads characterized at peaks 1615 cm-1, 1417 cm-1 and 1027 cm-1, and peaks 1396 cm-1, 873 cm-1 and 712 cm-1 characterized the waste clay. The FESEM analysis also revealed that the different surface morphology of alginate beads and alg-WC beads. It also showed that the enzymes were successfully encapsulated within the alg-WC beads. The activity of the immobilized enzymes was studied at different clay concentrations. The highest immobilization yield was obtained at 2% (w/v) of clay concentration and the highest enzyme loading was 98.29 %. The immobilized enzymes also retained 33% of its activity after seven usage cycle with 1 hour of each reaction time.
A Modeling and Simulation Method for SVPWM
Authors: Lin Jia Quan , Cheng Xu Yu , Mu Xin
Published: April 2014

The SVPWM technique plays an important role in the DC-AC transform. The modeling and simulation for SVPWM were proposed in this paper. The sector calculating model and basic vector working time model were set up. The effective vector function of time was set up. The triangle wave symmetry modulation was established too. The simulation results show that the model proposed in this paper is effective and has application value.
Effect of Contacting Air Surface of Cathode on Microbial Fuel Cells
Authors: Wang Chin Tsan
Published: April 2014

Sediment microbial fuel cells (SMFCs) produce electricity through the bacterial oxidation of organic matter contained in the sediment, but the power density is limited and needs to be improved. In this study, a new design of a fined-type cathode with carbon cloth embedded partly, as opposed to completely, in SMFCs were utilized. As a result, the design allowing the cathode to contact air will have a positive effect on the power performance and decrease the resistance of the inner system. The power density in the cases where the cathode was about half soaked was about two folds the case where it was soaked completely. Furthermore, SMFCs would also be seen as a driving force in hastening the COD removal because it was about 1.92-folds the COD removal of the cases where SMFCs where not present. These findings can be applied to sewage treatment and improving the power performance in SMFCs.
Design of an Intelligent Solar-LED Streetlight
Authors: Zhang Yuan Yuan , Lu Xiao Fei , Cai Rong , Gong Jie , Liu Shan , Bao Jian Yu
Published: April 2014

Solar-led streetlight is a hotspot in photovoltaic lighting at present, it combines solar energy with HB LEDs (High Brightness Light Emitting Diodes) called the fourth generation of light source to improve the conventional streetlight in several aspects. Due to the clean nature of solar energy, and the highly efficient energy conversion of the PV module and very long operating life of the HB LED, the solar-LED streetlight, compared to traditional streetlight, can save electricity remarkably, thus abating greenhouse gas emission. During the photovoltaic lighting system, MPPT technology is generally used with the aim of maximizing the solar panel output power from beginning to the end. Therefore, if the controller combines MPPT technology with the traditionally constant-voltage charging technology, the charge efficiency will be greatly increased. While, for the discharge issue, people hope to modulate the brightness of streetlight so as to decrease the electricity consume.
Modeling of Water Removal from PEM Fuel Cell during Gas Purging
Authors: Wang Jia Bin , Yin Yan , Du Qing
Published: April 2014

Water removal from polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) during gas purging after shutdown is investigated by using a three dimensional two-phase transient model. The effect of initial cell temperature on the drying process of PEMFC is studied. It is found that the initial cell temperature has significant effect on the drying process during gas purging and high initial cell temperature is benificial for water removal.
Preparation and Structure of BiVO4-Graphene Composites
Authors: Zhang Bin , Wang Ya Ling , Huang Lang Huan , Tan Shao Zao
Published: April 2014

BiVO4-graphene composites were prepared through a one-pot hydrothermal synthesis method, and the structure were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron emission spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results show that BiVO4-graphene composites are successfully prepared, and BiVO4 particles are almost uniformly deposited on the surface of graphene.
Surfacial Modification of Magnesium-Lithium Alloy
Authors: Luo Hong Jie , Liu Yi Han , Song Bin Na , Yao Guang Chun
Published: April 2014

A novel process of electroless Ni-P plating on magnesium-lithium alloy is discussed in this paper, by which nickel ions are provided by basic nickel carbonate and a new pretreatment method is introduced to obtain good quality coating. The corrosion behavior of magnesium-lithium alloy without or with coating was compared and the bonding strength of the electroless Ni-P coating to the matrix surface was also measured. The results showed that the process of electroless Ni-P plating can be easily achieved on the intermediate layer and a compact Ni-P coating without flaws is formed synchronously. The thickness of Ni-P coating is above 20 μm and its phosphorus content is about 10.501wt.%. The corrosion potential of magnesium-lithium alloy coated by Ni-P increases obviously (-0.315V) during the anodic polarization in 3.5 wt. % NaCl solution and this phenomenon indicates that an effective protection has been formed for the alloy. It was proved that the Ni-P coating adheres on magnesium-lithium alloy surface tightly through the file test and cross cut test.
The High Temperature Oxidation Behavior of Hot-Dipping Al Coating on 0Cr18Ni10Ti Stainless Steel
Authors: Lou Jin , Wang Jie Ke , Wang Yu Bin
Published: April 2014

0Cr18Ni10Ti stainless steel was coated by hot-dipping in a molten aluminum bath, and then diffusing annealing at 950°C for 2h. The high temperature isothermal oxidation behaviors of the hot-dipped aluminized steel and 0Cr18Ni10Ti steel were tested at 900 °C for 24h using Thermo gravimetric analyzer. The high temperature cyclic oxidation behaviors of the hot-dipped aluminized steel and 0Cr18Ni10Ti steel were tested at 900 °C for 24h using resistance furnace. The morphology was studied by SEM, the phase composition was characterized by EDS. The result of high temperature isothermal and cyclic oxidation test showed that the hot-dipped aluminum can dramatically improve the isothermal and cyclic oxidation of the 0Cr18Ni10Ti steel. The hot-dipping aluminum coating is consists of an outer layer of FeAl and an inner Iron solid solution with aluminum, after diffusion annealing at 950°C for 2 h. The Al2O3 oxide layer was formed on the hot-dipped aluminum coating during isothermal and cyclic oxidation process, which provides an additional protection for the steel from high temperature oxidation.
The Influence of Chemical Compounds on the Sulfur K-Edge X-Ray Absorption near Edge Spectrum of the Vulcanized Rubber
Authors: Boonkerd Kanoktip , Limphirat Wanwisa
Published: April 2014

The vulcanized styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) was studied using X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES). The effect of the sulfur containing molecules left over in the sample on the precision of the sulfur K-edge XANES spectrum was focused. The six rubber compounds used here were vulcanized with different curing systems including convention, semi-efficiency and efficiency. For each compound, the measurements were preformed on two different samples which were the untreated and treated chloroform samples. The results showed when compounds were cured with conventional or semi-efficient vulcanization system, the XANES spectra between the untreated and treated sample was changed with very high sulfur to accelerator ratio. On the other hand, the tremendous dissimilarity was observed when compounds were cured with the efficient vulcanization system. Thus the sample treatment was necessary when using XANES to identify sulfur crosslink.
A Hydrogen Embrittlement Mechanism for Sensitized Types 304, 316 and 310 Austenitic Stainless Steels
Authors: Alyousif Osama M. , Nishimura Rokuro
Published: April 2014

The hydrogen embrittlement behavior of sensitized types 304, 316 and 310 in boiling saturated magnesium chloride solutions was explained in more details in terms of an inhibiting effect of chloride ions, martensite transformation, Cr depletion, HELP, and the degree of corrosiveness through the comparison with those for the solution annealed steels. Furthermore, a transgranular HE (TG-HE) cracking mode that was not observed for the solution annealed steels was discussed as well as IG-HE. Then a TG-HE mechanism for sensitized austenitic stainless steels was proposed, while the IG-HE mechanism for solution annealed austenitic stainless steels was discussed in details and was applied to IG-HE of sensitized austenitic stainless steels. It was also pointed out that the occurrence of both TG-HE and IG-HE was explained with an identical concept.
A Comparative Study on the Viscoelastic Models for Rubbery Materials
Authors: Xie Zhi Min , Zhang Jing , Wang You Shan
Published: April 2014

The rubbery materials play an important role in the acoustic metamaterials composed of locally resonant structures. To determine the unusual behavior of the dynamic mass density and bulk modulus in acoustic metamaterials in detail, better understanding of the viscoelasticity of rubbery materials is necessary. In the present work, we demonstrated the difference between the fractional and integer constitutive models in describing the viscoelastic behaviors in terms of the natural rubber (NR) and silicone rubber (SR). Test results for the relaxation modulus show that the Maxwell model is not suitable for NR and SR. The fractional Scott-Blair model gave a better estimation for the relaxation modulus but had a more sophisticated relation than the classical Maxwell model did. Compared with the other constitutive models, the fractional Maxwell model gave a better description of the mechanical properties for NR and SR, but it involved four independent parameters to be determined experimentally. By fitting test results in the double logarithmic plot of the modulus and loading time, all the parameters of the fractional Maxwell model were obtained. The present work provided a base for the analysis of the membrane-type acoustic metamaterials.
Preparation of New Azo Benzene Polyurethane and its Thermo-Optical Properties
Authors: Wang Peng , Ye Fei Yan , Cao Guo Rong , Wang Zheng Ling , Qiu Feng Xian , Zhuang Lin
Published: April 2014

The new azo benzene polyurethane (CAPU) was synthesized by diazo coupling reaction with 1,4-Diaminobenzene, sodium nitrite, and R(-)-3-chloro-1,2-propanediol. The solubility was measured with several organic solvents. Some mechanical properties of CAPU, such as tensile strength and ratio of elongation at break, were investigated. The good thermal stability of the CAPU was shown by its absorption spectrum characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy and its melting point of 113.5°C. Moreover, the refractive index of CAPU was obtained by the attenuated total reflection (ATR) method at different temperature and wavelength, by which the materials thermo-optic coefficient was calculated. It is shown that the material has a large thermo-optic coefficient and an obvious birefringence phenomena. And the dispersion coefficient was also calculated by the Sellmeyer equation. Because of thermo-optical properties mentioned above, the CAPU could be used to design and generate the thermo-optic switch and even all-optical switch.
A Study on the Construction Waste Forecasting Method Considering Material Loss Rate in South Korea
Authors: Kim Rak Hyun , Tae Sung Ho
Published: April 2014

With the purpose of proposing a construction waste forecasting method specialized for construction phase, this study suggested a forecasting method based on material loss rate to forecase construction wastes with diverse properties. Loss rate of 124 construction materials found in South Korea and Japan was provided. Also to review applicability of construction waste forecasting method using material loss rate, the amount of construction waste found using existing construction waste forecasting method and forecasing method proposed in this study was comparatively analyzed on apartment houses.
Compressive Strength Development of High-Strength Concrete under Different Curing Temperatures
Authors: Yang Keun Hyeok , Mun Jae Sung , Jeong Jae Eun
Published: April 2014

The present study examined the in-place strength of high-strength concrete based on the relative strength-maturity relationship. The measured strength gain of high-strength concrete was compared with the predictions obtained from the modified maturity function to consider the offset maturity and the insignificance of subsequent curing temperature after an age of 3 days on later strength of concrete. This study demonstrates that the compressive strength gain of concrete cured at the reference temperature (20°C) for an early age of 3 days is little affected by the subsequent curing temperature histories.
Thermal Behaviour of Hardwood and Softwood Composites
Authors: Wong Kee Kong , Gamage Nirdosha , Setunge Sujeeva , Pannirselvam Muthu
Published: April 2014

In the present study, the thermongravimetric analysis (TGA) of laboratory hardwood and softwood particleboard was studied. The TGA showed that both hardwood and softwood have similar thermal behaviour at the same peak temperature. However, softwood is concluded to have higher fire retardancy as more char formation happened in softwood. A further study was carried out to compare the thermal behaviour of laboratory manufactured boards with the commercial grade boards. Superior thermal stability of commercial particleboard had confirmed its effective crosslinking and wood-resin adhesion.
Use of Materials in Green and Sustainable Buildings in Mauritius
Authors: Surnam B.Y.R.
Published: April 2014

With the launching of the Mauritius Sustainable Island project in Mauritius for sustainable development, Green and Sustainable Buildings are being constructed in Mauritius. The use of materials has an impact on the design of these buildings. A survey was consequently performed to find the materials presently used in the country, materials that are being used in GSBs and the prospects of GSBs in Mauritius. Apart from the use of concrete and steel, other novel materials are being used, especially those that can be used in sustainable buildings. As for GSBs, there are presently only two in Mauritius. However, all the stakeholders in the construction sector are very optimistic of an average to rapid movement towards GSBs in the next 10 years.
Embedded Electronics Influence on the Strength of Carbon Fiber Laminate
Authors: Herranen Hendrik , Kers Jaan , Preden Jürgo S. , Talalaev Robert , Eerme Martin , Majak Jüri , Lend Henri , Allikas Georg
Published: April 2014

A complex electronics circuit placeholder is embedded in the carbon fiber laminate. The reduction of the material mechanical strength is assessed. The strain interaction between electronics and carbon fiber laminate is measured with digital image correlation based deformation scanner GOM ARAMIS 2M. A finite element analysis model is developed and validated. Based on FEA results the response model for prediction of the mechanical properties of laminate is introduced.
Fatigue Performance of Semiconductor Strain Gauges in GFRP Laminate
Authors: Herranen Hendrik , Saar Tõnis , Gordon Rauno , Pohlak Meelis , Lend Henri
Published: April 2014

Semiconductor strain gauges have good potential for embedded structural health monitoring (SHM) applications. Silicon mechanical and thermal properties are similar to glass fiber. In this paper the high cycle loading of specimens with embedded and surface mounted semiconductor strain gauges is conducted. The base material is glass fiber laminate. Two different matrixes are used: polyester and epoxy resins. Hygrothermal loading is introduced to weaken the sensor-matrix interface and to imitate real application conditions.