bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Powdered Activated Carbon: An Alternative Approach to Genomic DNA Purification
Authors: Barbarić Lucija , Bačić Ivana , Grubić Zorana
Published: April 2015

Forensic evidence samples are routinely found as stains on various substrates, which may contain substances known to inhibit polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The goal of this study was to evaluate post‐Chelex®100 purification using powdered activated carbon (PAC). Mock crime scene DNA extracts were analyzed using quantitative PCR and short tandem repeat (STR) profiling to test the DNA recovery and inhibitor removal using PAC with those of the Amicon®Ultra 100K. For extracted bloodstains on soil and wood substrates, PAC and Amicon®Ultra 100K generated similar DNA yield and quality. Moreover, the two methods significantly decreased the concentration of humic substances and tannins compared to nonpurified extracts (p < 0.001). In instances where extracts contained indigo dye (bloodstains on denim), Amicon®Ultra 100K performed better than PAC due to improved amplifiability. Efficient adsorption of humic substances and tannins, which are common inhibitors, indicates PAC's potential application in the purification of high‐template DNA extracts.
Geochronology and Geochemistry of the Subduction‐related Rocks with High Sr/Y Ratios in the Zedong Area: Implications for the Magmatism in Southern Lhasa Terrane during Late Cretaceous
Authors: Yanhong CHEN , Jingsui YANG , Fahui XIONG , Lan ZHANG , Shengmin LAI , Mei CHEN
Published: April 2015

The southern Lhasa Terrane is famous for its huge magmatic belt which records the magmatism during Mesozoic and Cenozoic. Although the Mesozoic continental‐margin setting in the southern Lhasa Terrane has been identified, details of this tectonic setting and the evolution history during the Late Cretaceous remain unclear. To further constrain these issues, we present zircon LA‐ICP‐MS U‐Pb, Hf isotopic and geochemical data of the Gongbari dacites (of the Sangri Group) which intruded by Paleocene granodiorites from the eastern part of the southern Lhasa Terrane, Tibet. New age data indicate that the dacites were generated at ∼95.4 Ma, which suggests the Sangri Group volcanism may last to Late Cretaceous. The Gongbari dacites are characterized by high Sr (428–758 ppm) contents, low concentration of heavy rare earth elements and Y (e.g. Yb=0.78–1.14 ppm; Y=8.85–11.4 ppm) with high Sr/Y (41.91–67.59) and La/Yb (22.64–30.64) ratios, similar to those of adakite. The rocks are calc‐alkaline, metaluminous, enriched in LILEs, depleted in HFSEs, and have positive εHf(t) values (+7.7 to +11.6). The Gongbari dacites were probably produced by partial melting of young and hot subducted Neo‐Tethyan oceanic crust under amphibolite to garnet amphibolite‐facies conditions. Though the Gangdese Mountains may have formed before Indo‐Asian collision, the southern margin of Lhasa Terrane might not go through obviously crustal thickening during the northward subduction of Neo‐Tethyan oceanic lithosphere.
Cosmogenic 10Be and 26Al Chronology of the Last Glaciation of the Palaeo‐Daocheng Ice Cap, Southeastern Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Zhigang ZHANG , Jian WANG , Xiaobin XU , Shibiao BAI , ZhiYang CHANG
Published: April 2015

The glacial landforms of the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau (QTP) provide a unique opportunity to research hemispheric and global environmental changes. In this study, we focus on the glacial history of the palaeo‐Daocheng Ice Cap (p‐DIC) in the southeastern QTP during the last glacial cycle. Based on field investigations, morphostratigraphy, and surface exposure dating of roche moutonnée, polished surface and moraine debris through the terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides (TCN) 10Be and 26A1. We identify glacial deposits of the last deglaciation, with minimum ages of 14.9±1.3–18.7±1.7 ka, the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) of 24.7±2.2 ka, and the early part of the last glacial period (marine oxygen isotope stage (MIS) 3) of 37.1±3.4–45.2±3.9 ka. Our results show that in this region, the extent of the glacial advance during MIS 3 was larger than that during the traditional LGM (MIS 2). These ages are consistent with prior chronologies, and the 10Be age is consistent with the 26Al age for the same sample. Thus, these data provide reliable constraints on climate change in the QTP, during the last glaciation.
A Preliminary Review of Metallogenic Regularity of Gold Deposits in China
Authors: Chenghui WANG , Denghong WANG , Jue XU , Lijuan YING , Lijun LIU , Shanbao LIU
Published: April 2015

Gold is one of the most important mineral resources in China with its rich mineral resources. In recent years, significant progress has been made on the process of gold resource exploration. Some large and giant gold deposits were newly found and some important expansions in the main mining regions were also been completed. Studies on metallogenic regularity of gold deposits in China also have made achievements with a long‐term work. This review aims to conclude the achievements of research on gold metallogenic regularity in China. Based on the data of about 2000 gold deposits and other ore (mineralized) occurrences, gold deposits in China were classified into five prediction types: gold deposits genetically related to granite–greenstone formation, gold deposits related to sedimentary formation (including the Carlin type and the metamorphosed clastic rock related vein gold deposit), gold deposits genetically related to volcanic rocks (including the continental and marine types), gold deposits genetically related to intrusions (including the porphyry type and the inner intrusion and contact zone related gold deposit), gold deposits of supergenesis (including fracture zone–altered rock gold deposit, placer gold deposit, gossan type gold deposit and soil type gold deposit). Statistics on precise chronology data of gold deposits indicate that there occurred 5 main periods of gold–mineralization in geological history of China. They were Neoarchean to Paleoproterozoic, Meso–Neoproterozoic, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic. Gold deposits in China mainly formed in the Mesozoic and the Cenozoic. On the studies of the spatial‐temporal distribution characteristics of gold deposits, 53 gold‐forming belts were delineated in China. The metallogenic regularity of gold deposits was preliminarily summarized and 71 gold metallogenic series were proposed in China. This suggests that it is necceary to deepen the study on metallogenic regularity of gold deposits and to provide the theory guide for the ore–prospecting for gold resources in China.
Clinical and laboratory profiles of primary Sjogren's syndrome in a Chinese population: A retrospective analysis of 315 patients
Authors: Li Xiaomei , Xu Bei , Ma Yan , Li Xiangpei , Cheng Qi , Wang Ximei , Wang Guosheng , Qian Long , Wei Li
Published: April 2015

Aim

To assess the clinical and laboratory features of primary Sjogren's syndrome (pSS) in a large teaching hospital in China.

Methods

Three hundred and fifteen pSS patients diagnosed according to American‐European Classification Criteria and consecutively admitted to Anhui Provincial Hospital from 1 January 1999 to 30 September 2012 were retrospectively selected in this study.

Results

The median age was 46.8 ± 14.4 years (range 13–83 years) and the majority of patients were female (96.5%). The common clinical features at initial presentations were dry mouth (50.2%), dry eyes (31.4%) and joint pain (24.8%); 92.6% of patients had positive anti‐SSA antibody and 49.2% patients had positive anti‐SSB antibody. One hundred and eighteen patients underwent labial salivary gland biopsy. According to Chisholm grading criteria, grade 3 to 4 was present in 58.5% of the patients. The frequency of interstitial lung disease (ILD) occurred (20.9%) in the patients with systemic extraglandular manifestations. The patients with ILD were frequently associated with positive anti‐SSA (P = 0.005) and low levels of C3. The most common impairment of lung function was small airway function abnormalities. Sixty‐six pSS patients with ILD (pSS‐ILD) were diagnosed with high‐resolution computed tomography and treated with corticosteroids and/or immunosuppressants, in which 18 patients had improved pulmonary function.

Conclusion

Labial salivary gland biopsy and anti‐nuclear antibodies spectrum were important to the diagnosis of pSS. The pSS patients had high percentage of ILD, especially small airway function abnormalities. The combination of corticosteroids and immunosuppressants appears to be effective in treatment of pSS patients with ILD.
Clinical evaluation of postoperative chemotherapy based on genetic testing in patients with stage IIIA non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Miao Jinbai , Zhang Wenqian , Hu Xiaoxing , Chen Shuo , Hu Bin , Li Hui
Published: April 2015

Background

We performed a retrospective analysis to evaluate whether a postoperative chemotherapy selection method based on four tumoral gene expression tests would improve prognosis in patients with stage IIIA non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) after surgery.

Methods

Between January 2007 and July 2011, 148 patients with stage IIIA NSCLC underwent radical lobectomy with four cycles of adjuvant postoperative chemotherapy. Forty‐five patients had tailored treatment plans based on the results of tumoral gene expression tests. The tests consisted of quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction analyses to measure the messenger ribonucleic acid levels of the excision repair cross‐complementing gene 1, ribonucleotide reductase Ml, type III β‐tubulin, and thymidylate synthase genes in tumor tissues. One hundred and three patients received conventional chemotherapy. Disease responses were assessed after two cycles and every three months after the first four cycles of chemotherapy. The one and two‐year survival rates and diesease‐free survival (DFS) rates were recorded, and the adverse effects documented.

Results

The one and two‐year DFS rates in the genetically tested group were better than those in the non‐tested group, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The two‐year Kaplan–Meier DFS curve analysis results were significantly better in the genetically tested group (X2 = 8.228, P = 0.004). The adverse effects during the treatments were not significantly different (P > 0.05) between the two groups.

Conclusions

The chemotherapy selection method based on four tumoral gene expression tests demonstrated its feasibility to improve the efficacy of adjuvant postoperative chemotherapy and benefit stage IIIA NSCLC patients by yielding better DFS without increasing the adverse effects of chemotherapy.
Demographics and trends in the acute presentation of diverticular disease: a national study
Authors: Vather Ryash , Broad Joanna B. , Jaung Rebekah , Robertson Jason , Bissett Ian P.
Published: April 2015

Background

Diverticular disease (DD) is a major health problem in the Western world. The aim of this study was to describe demographics and trends in acute DD admissions in New Zealand.

Methods

Information pertaining to acute hospital admissions between January 2000 and June 2012 for a primary diagnosis of large bowel DD was retrieved from a national database.

Results

There were 25 167 admissions for acute DD. Mean age of presentation decreased from 65.9 years in 2000 to 64.1 years in 2012 (P < 0.001). Mean age was lower in men than women (61.4 versus 67.4 years, P < 0.001). Although men comprised 45.2% of the cohort they were over‐represented in the 18–44 years stratum (68.6 versus 31.4%; P < 0.001). Europeans accounted for 84.8% of admissions and presented at an older age (65.8 years) than Māori (56.2 years), Pacific Islanders (58.4 years) or Asians (58.9 years) (P < 0.001). Acute DD admissions were higher in more deprived populations (P < 0.001). Mean length of hospital stay (LOS) reduced from 5.8 days in 2000 to 4.1 days in 2012 (P < 0.001). LOS increased with age (P < 0.001) and deprivation (P = 0.013), but did not differ between ethnicities (P = 0.088). Computed tomography scanning of acute admissions doubled from 2000 to 2012 (29.7–59.2%; P < 0.001) with a halving in the use of acute in‐patient colonoscopy (26.1–13.2%; P < 0.001) and emergent surgery (14.8–7.2%; P < 0.001). Percutaneous drain use increased from 0.6% in 2000 to 1.1% in 2012 (P = 0.003).

Conclusion

Acute DD is a source of considerable morbidity in New Zealand and there have been significant changes in its admission demographics and trends over the last decade.
Systematic review with meta‐analysis: comparison between therapeutic regimens for paediatric chronic hepatitis C
Authors: El Sherbini A. , Mostafa S. , Ali E.
Published: April 2015

Background

To decide when and how to treat children with chronic hepatitis C is an ongoing debate.

Aim

To compare the outcomes of therapy for children with chronic hepatitis C.

Methods

An electronic database assessed clinical trials with sustained virological response rates specified by genotype. The data were extracted according to the therapeutic regimen; interferonα±ribavirin and pegylated interferonα±ribavirin.

Results

The search sourced 23 peer‐reviewed articles which enrolled 934 cases, aged 2–19 years. Sustained virological response rates were significantly higher with the addition of ribavirin to either interferonα or pegylated nterferonα vs. their monotherapies for genotypes 1,2&3 with crude and weighted estimates. The weighted estimate indicated higher sustained virological response rates for those treated with pegylated interferonα+ribavirin vs. interferonα+ribavirin for genotype 1 (50% vs. 40%) and genotypes 2&3 (90% vs. 84%), (odds ratio 1.5, 95% confidence interval 1.2–1.8, and 1.8, 1.2–2.9 respectively). Cases with genotype 4 treated with pegylated interferonα+ribavirin had a lower sustained virological response (41%) vs. genotype 1 (1.4, 1.2–1.8), and vs. genotypes 2&3 (13.5, 10.3–17.9). Some adverse events were significantly higher among cases treated with pegylated interferonα+ribavirin vs. interferonα+ribavirin.

Conclusions

Despite the superiority of pegylated interferonα+ribavirin to interferonα+ribavirin for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C among children, the significant higher adverse events along with the modest outcome for genotypes 1&4 render that regimen a suboptimal therapy. These data indicated the need for the future comparison with clinical trials of direct anti‐viral drugs for children with chronic hepatitis C.
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome have elevated serum concentrations of and altered GABAA receptor sensitivity to allopregnanolone
Authors: Hedström Helena , Bäckström Torbjörn , Bixo Marie , Nyberg Sigrid , Wang Mingde , Gideonsson Ida , Turkmen Sahruh
Published: April 2015

Objective

Several studies have reported that γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) ergic circuits are involved in the pathophysiology of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The progesterone metabolite allopregnanolone is a potent GABAA‐receptor‐modulating steroid, and patients may have increased concentrations of allopregnanolone or altered GABAA receptor sensitivity. We investigated both of these possibilities in this study.

Patients

We enrolled 9 women with PCOS and 24 age‐matched eumenorrhoeic controls, who were divided into two groups by body mass index (BMI) (16 normal weight and 8 overweight).

Measurements

We investigated the effects of allopregnanolone injection on GABAA receptor sensitivity in both groups of women. All women received a single intravenous dose of allopregnanolone (0·050 mg/kg). GABAA receptor sensitivity was assessed with the saccadic eye velocity (SEV) over 30° (SEV30°), the SEV30°/allopregnanolone concentration ([Allo]) ratio, and sedation, which were measured together with serum allopregnanolone at intervals for 180 min after injection. The controls were tested in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle.

Results

Baseline allopregnanolone concentrations were higher in the PCOS women than in the normal‐weight (P = 0·034) and overweight controls (P = 0·004). The allopregnanolone concentrations after injection were higher in the PCOS women (P = 0·006) and overweight controls (P = 0·037) than in the normal‐weight controls. All groups showed a decline in the SEV30°/[Allo] ratio after injection. Allopregnanolone had a smaller effect on the SEV30°/[Allo] ratio in the overweight women (PCOS, P = 0·032; controls, P = 0·007) than in the normal‐weight controls. The sedation score after allopregnanolone injection was lower in the PCOS patients than in the controls, but was not different between the two control groups.

Conclusions

PCOS women had elevated baseline allopregnanolone concentrations compared with follicular‐phase controls. All overweight women (PCOS and controls) were less sensitive to allopregnanolone than normal‐weight controls.
A homozygous mutation in SLC1A4 in siblings with severe intellectual disability and microcephaly
Authors: Srour M. , Hamdan F. F. , Gan‐Or Z. , Labuda D. , Nassif C. , Oskoui M. , Gana‐Weisz M. , Orr‐Urtreger A. , Rouleau G.A. , Michaud J.L.
Published: April 2015

We performed exome analysis in two affected siblings with severe intellectual disability (ID), microcephaly and spasticity from an Ashkenazi Jewish consanguineous family. We identified only one rare variant, a missense in SLC1A4 (c. 766G>A [p. E256K]), that is homozygous in both siblings but not in any of their 11 unaffected siblings or their parents (Logarithm of odds, LOD score: 2.6). This variant is predicted damaging. We genotyped 450 controls of Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry and identified only 5 individuals who are heterozygous for this variant (minor allele frequency: 0.0056). SLC1A4 (ASCT1) encodes a transporter for neutral aminoacids such as alanine, serine, cysteine and threonine. l‐Serine is essential for neuronal survival and differentiation. Indeed, l‐serine biosynthesis disorders affect brain development and cause severe ID. In the brain, l‐serine is synthesized in astrocytes but not in neurons. It has been proposed that ASCT1 mediates the uptake of l‐serine into neurons and the release of glia‐borne l‐serine to neighboring cells. SLC1A4 disruption may thus impair brain development and function by decreasing the levels of l‐serine in neurons. The identification of additional families with mutations in SLC1A4 would be necessary to confirm its involvement in ID.
Specificity of dermal mucin in the diagnosis of lupus erythematosus: comparison with other dermatitides and normal skin
Authors: Vincent Jeremy G. , Chan May P.
Published: April 2015

Increased dermal mucin is a feature of lupus erythematosus (LE); however, its amount and distribution have not been well characterized. The differentiation of LE from other forms of dermatitis can be challenging when other features of LE are subtle or equivocal. One hundred and thirty‐five skin specimens showing LE, graft vs. host disease, erythema multiforme/fixed drug eruption, lichen planus, polymorphous light eruption (PMLE), urticaria, eczematous dermatitis and psoriasis and normal skin with and without photodamage were collected. The amounts of mucin in the papillary, superficial reticular and deep reticular dermis were scored from 0 to 3 on hematoxylin–eosin (H&E) and alcian blue (AB) stains, and compared between groups. The mean scores in the reticular dermis were significantly higher in LE than in other categories except PMLE and eczematous dermatitis. A combined H&E + AB score of ≥5 in the superficial reticular dermis gave an overall specificity of 85.7% for LE. Mucin in the papillary dermis failed to distinguish among entities. Normal photodamaged skin showed significantly more mucin in the superficial reticular dermis compared to non‐photodamaged skin. While LE is associated with increased mucin deposition, scant to moderate amount of mucin alone has limited specificity and is common in other dermatitides or photodamaged skin.
Angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma – case series with emphasis on a late fibrotic variant
Authors: Wilk Michael , Zelger Bettina G. , Debiec‐Rychter Maria , Sciot Raf , Zelger Bernhard
Published: April 2015

Background

Angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma (AFH) is a rare, low‐grade malignant, subcutaneous neoplasm in children or young adults.

Methods

AFHs in different disease stages were studied histologically, in part, also immunohistologically, and by fluorescence in situ hybridization.

Results

Depending on the degree of fibrosclerosis, nine AFH were divided into the following categories: classic type (n = 3): well‐defined subcutaneous lesions composed of multinodular spindle to epithelioid (histiocytoid) cells surrounding a pseudoangiomatous space filled with blood. Peripherally, there is a fibrous pseudocapsule and an inflammatory infiltrate. Early sclerotic type (n = 4): the fibrous capsule extends more to the inner circle of the lesion, focally replacing the cellular neoplastic component and pseudoangiomatous spaces. Late sclerotic type (n = 2): the architecture of AFH with its zonal arrangement of an outer fibrous and inner cellular component is largely replaced by fibrosis occluding the pseudovascular space in the center of the lesion. Immunohistochemistry was available in 5/9 cases with positivity for EMA (5/5), desmin (3/5), caldesmon (1/2), and CD99 (2/5). One of two cases tested displayed EWSR1 rearrangement.

Conclusion

Late‐stage AFH may present with marked fibrosis obscuring the real nature of the lesion and may easily be misinterpreted by the unwary as a harmless fibrotic condition.
Chronic spontaneous urticaria – a management pathway for patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria
Authors: Termeer Christian , Staubach Petra , Kurzen Hjalmar , Strömer Klaus , Ostendorf Rolf , Maurer Marcus
Published: April 2015

Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is a common and challenging disease, especially with respect to healthcare provision in the context of the German statutory health insurance system. If treatment with second‐generation antihistamines is unsuccessful, current guidelines recommend further therapeutic options. However, most of these are off‐label. This discrepancy between treatment according to guidelines and the ability to prescribe drugs at the expense of the statutory health insurance (reimbursability) often leads to uncertainties in everyday clinical practice. In addition, physicians prescribing certain drugs are faced with the difficulty of measuring and documenting therapeutic success/outcome. Respective outcome measurement methods have not yet been established in daily practice. Using a consensus process, a working group composed of dermatologists in private practice and specialized urticaria centers has defined a practical pathway for the implementation of current treatment recommendations based on the 2013 S3 guidelines for urticaria. Here, we present a diagnostic and therapeutic management pathway for CSU. Further, we discuss prescription issues in daily practice, including updosing of antihistamines, with regard to cost‐effectiveness and drug approval on the basis of published studies and current legislation. Constituting the highest treatment level, the use of cyclosporine A, montelukast, and omalizumab, which has recently become available as therapeutic option, is reviewed. The urticaria control test (UCT) is presented as a valid outcome measure in routine practice. Our objective was to provide physicians in private practice with a practical guideline‐based therapeutic decision tool, taking into account the requirements imposed by the statutory health insurance system. It is not meant to replace individualized history taking or treatment of this heterogeneous disease. Rather, we would like to suggest reference points for clinical diagnosis and treatment of CSU.
Introduction to Innovation WITHIN and ACROSS Borders: A Review and Future Directions
Authors: Carrillo Janice E. , Druehl Cheryl , Hsuan Juliana
Published: April 2015

Innovation is an integral part of every firm's ongoing operations. While new product and service creation is an essential task to ensure a firm's immediate success in the marketplace, process and supply chain innovations can also create a unique source of competitive advantage for the future. Encouraging innovative thinking, developing new innovations, and managing the processes by which those innovations are developed are critical aspects of today's firm. Consequently, research which aids in the creation and maintenance of innovative firms is an important topic of inquiry for research communities on innovation management, including the operations management and information systems communities. We review the literature in this important area and offer suggestions for future research on the following topics: innovation within a firm and across the supply chain, technology management, and new product and service development.
Topography of primitive reflexes in dementia: an F‐18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography study
Authors: Matias‐Guiu J. A. , Cabrera‐Martín M. N. , Fernádez‐Matarrubia M. , Moreno‐Ramos T. , Valles‐Salgado M. , Porta‐Etessam J. , Carreras J. L. , Matias‐Guiu J.
Published: April 2015

Background and purpose

Although primitive reflexes (PRs) are inhibited during the first years of childhood, they may reappear with brain injury. PRs have been linked to frontal lobe dysfunction, but their precise topography has not yet been defined. The purpose of this study was to map which regions of the brain display a reduced glucose metabolism in patients with cognitive impairment and PRs.

Methods

A prospective study was conducted to evaluate PRs in a group of patients assessed due to suspected cognitive decline. Neurological and neuropsychological examinations and 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography fused with computerized tomography were performed. Voxel‐based brain mapping analysis by means of statistical parametric mapping was used to compare patients with and without PRs.

Results

The study included 99 patients (33 diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, 33 on the frontotemporal dementia spectrum and 33 with other diagnoses). Mean age was 71 ± 9.7 years; time since symptom onset was 3.6 ± 2.9 years. At least one PR was observed in 43 cases (43.4% of the whole sample; 48.5% in the Alzheimer disease group, 63.6% in frontotemporal dementia and 18.2% in the group with other diagnoses). The group of patients with PRs exhibited a decreased cerebral metabolism in the bilateral superior frontal gyri (Brodmann area 6), bilateral putamina and thalami.

Conclusions

The presence of PRs was associated with hypometabolism at the superior frontal gyrus and putamen. This suggests that dysfunction in the corticostriatal motor circuit (supplementary motor area–putamen–thalamus) may constitute the anatomical basis of the recurrence of PRs.
Differential growth response of Rytidosperma species (wallaby grass) to phosphorus application and its implications for grassland management
Authors: Waddell H. A. , Simpson R. J. , Henderson B. , Ryan M. H. , Lambers H. , Garden D. L. , Richardson A. E.
Published: April 2015

Rytidosperma species (formerly Austrodanthonia) are native grasses common in temperate grasslands of southern Australia. Nine Rytidosperma species, Lolium perenne and Bromus hordeaceus were grown as microswards in pots in a glasshouse, and their growth response to six levels of applied P was measured. Shoot yield differed up to twofold between the highest‐ and lowest‐yielding Rytidosperma species. Some Rytidosperma species were slow growing with minimal ability to respond to increased soil P availability. However, three species, Rytidosperma duttonianum, Rytidosperma racemosum and Rytidosperma richardsonii, had a similar shoot yield to L. perenne. Species that grew well at high P also grew well at low P, except B. hordeaceus, which was the lowest‐yielding species at low P, but had among the highest yields at high P. No species showed evidence of P toxicity. The species exhibited a range in critical external P requirement (i.e. amount of P applied for 90% maximum yield). Among the fast‐growing Rytidosperma species, R. richardsonii was notable because it had a low critical external P (16·3 mg P pot−1) and high agronomic P‐use efficiency (94·1 g DW g−1 P applied). In contrast, R. duttonianum had a higher critical external P requirement (22·4 mg P pot−1) and lower agronomic P‐use efficiency (85 g DW g−1 P applied). It was concluded that it is important to know which Rytidosperma species are present in a grassland to understand how it may respond to P fertilization. The results help to explain the diverse opinions expressed about the productivity of pastures containing Rytidosperma species.
Clinical features of 32 new Japanese cases with autoimmune haemorrha‐philia due to anti‐factor XIII antibodies
Authors: Ichinose A. , Osaki T. , Souri M. ,   the Japanese Collaborative Research Group (JCRG) on AH13 (supported by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare)
Published: April 2015

Introduction

Autoimmune haemophilia‐like disease (or haemorrha‐philia) due to anti‐factor XIII (FXIII; F13 to avoid confusion with FVIII or FXII) antibodies (termed AH13) is a severe bleeding disorder. Although AH13 is thought to be rare, ‘the number of its diagnosed patients’ has recently increased in Japan. However, its prevalence remains unknown.

Aim

To improve understanding of this disease, we examined and diagnosed 32 ‘new’ Japanese patients with AH13.

Methods

The presence of antibodies against F13‐A subunit and/or F13‐B subunit was confirmed by using a dot blot test and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays.

Results

Most of our patients had autoantibodies against the F13‐A subunit (88%). A predominance of men (59%) was observed. The mean age and residual F13 activity of our AH13 cohort were 71.7 years and 10.5% of normal, respectively, and 53% of cases were idiopathic. Autoimmune disorders and malignancies were the leading underlying disease (both 16%). Intramuscular and subcutaneous bleeding were the leading symptoms (both 72%). Most of our patients were treated with F13 concentrates (72%) to arrest bleeding and with prednisolone (81%) to eradicate anti‐F13 autoantibodies. Cyclophosphamide and rituximab (both 25%) were also administered. The mortality of AH13 was high (22%), and haemorrhage was the major cause of death (71%). Moreover, 13% of our AH13 patients were diagnosed after haemorrhagic death.

Conclusion

Physicians/haematologists must raise the awareness of AH13 as a life‐threatening disease. This report represents the only experience of a nationwide survey, and may contribute to a diagnosis on potentially overlooked non‐Japanese AH13 patients in other countries in the world.
JOB MATCHING WITHIN AND ACROSS FIRMS
Authors: Pastorino Elena
Published: April 2015

This article proposes a matching model of the labor market in the presence of uncertainty and learning about ability that provides a simple unified framework for analyzing the dynamics of jobs and wages within firms and in the labor market. The model allows for different degrees of generality of ability as well as speeds of learning across jobs and firms. Equilibrium assignments and wages are consistent with a broad range of empirical findings on careers, suggest a novel interpretation for well‐documented patterns, and help explain features of careers usually thought difficult to reconcile with the presence of uncertainty and learning.
PENSION DESIGN WITH A LARGE INFORMAL LABOR MARKET: EVIDENCE FROM CHILE
Authors: Joubert Clement
Published: April 2015

This article investigates the fiscal and welfare trade‐offs involved in designing a pension system when workers can avoid contributing by working informally. Using a life‐cycle model of labor supply and saving decisions, I structurally estimate preferences and earnings opportunities in the formal and informal sectors using data on Chilean households. I find limited support for formal jobs rationing. Instead, mandatory pension contributions significantly encourage informality. Policy experiments show that Chile could lower minimum pension spending by 23%—while guaranteeing the same income to retirees—if the minimum pension's implicit tax rate was increased to 60%.
Treatment with 8‐OH‐modified adenine (TLR7 ligand)‐allergen conjugates decreases T helper type 2‐oriented murine airway inflammation
Authors: Nencini Francesca , Pratesi Sara , Petroni Giulia , Filì Lucia , Cardilicchia Elisa , Casini Andrea , Occhiato Ernesto Giovanni , Calosi Laura , Bani Daniele , Romagnani Sergio , Maggi Enrico , Parronchi Paola , Vultaggio Alessandra
Published: April 2015

A strategy to improve allergen‐specific immunotherapy is to employ new adjuvants stably linked to allergens. The study is addressed to evaluate the in vivo and in vitro effects of allergens [natural Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus 2 (nDer p 2) and ovalbumin (OVA)] chemically bound to an 8‐OH‐modified adenine. Humoral and cellular responses were analysed in allergen‐sensitized and challenged mice by using conjugates (Conj) in a therapeutic setting. The in vitro activity of the conjugates on cytokine production induced by bone marrow dendritic cells and the co‐culture system was also investigated. The nDer p 2‐Conj treatment in nDer p 2‐primed and challenged BALB/c mice reduced the numbers of eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung, airway allergen‐driven interleukin‐13 (IL‐13) production in lung mononuclear cells and IgE, in comparison with nDer p 2‐treated mice. The increase of IgG2a paralleled that of interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) and IL‐10 in allergen‐stimulated spleen cells. Similar effects were elicited by treatment with OVA‐Conj in an OVA‐driven BALB/c model. The nDer p 2‐Conj or OVA‐Conj redirected memory T helper type 2 cells towards the production of IL‐10 and IFN‐γ also in C57BL/6 mice and when subcutaneously administered. Interleukin‐10, IL‐12 and IL‐27 were produced in vitro by Conj‐stimulated bone marrow dendritic cells, whereas IL‐10 and IFN‐γ were up‐regulated in co‐cultures of CD11c+ and CD4+ T cells from Conj‐treated mice stimulated with allergen. Cytofluorometric analysis indicated that the Conj expanded IFN‐γ‐ and IL‐10‐ producing memory T cells. The Conj effects on IL‐10−/− and IL‐12−/− mice confirmed the role of IL‐10 and IFN‐γ in inducing a protective and balanced redirection the T helper type 2‐mediated airway inflammation.
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF CEREBRAL VASCULAR DISEASE AND INTRACRANIAL NEOPLASM
Authors: VORIS HAROLD C.
Published: April 2015

Advances in the treatment of both cerebral vascular disease and intracranial neoplasm make early differentiation of these conditions increasingly important. In the past many have assumed that there was little reason to confuse the diagnosis of cerebral vascular disease with its traditionally sudden onset (strokes), and that of brain tumor with its equally traditional gradual progression of symptoms, findings and signs of increased intracranial pressure. However, experience, especially with patients over 50, soon teaches that often this differentiation is very difficult. It is my purpose to review the reasons for this difficulty, to point out the diagnostic pitfalls, and to emphasize the special procedures which may be of aid.

First it may be pointed out that cerebral vascular disease is not always sudden in its onset. Even hemorrhage may be slowly progressive in onset. In such cases a slowly developing subcortical hematoma gives the mechanical effects of a space‐occupying lesion and in air studies or angiograms is mistaken for a neoplasm.
HOSPITAL INFECTIONS AND THEIR CONTROL: PITFALLS IN THE INTERPRETATION OF STATISTICAL DATA*
Authors: FERTMAN MANUEL H. , FERTMAN MILDRED B.
Published: April 2015

The problem of intra‐hospital infection has been the subject of world‐wide concern, and even controversy, during the past decade. The shift in emphasis to the institution as a nidus of spreading pathogens is, in part, the natural outcome of an abating conflict with the once insurmountable infections originating in the community. These far‐reaching changes, promulgated by a revolution in therapeutic approach, gave hopes that the antibiotics would someday end the struggle with all death‐dealing bacteria. It was soon found that these drugs are not omnipotent.
The Management of Cardiovascular Disease in the Elderly
Authors: Moser Marvin
Published: April 2015

Elevated blood pressure (either isolated systolic levels above 150–160 mm Hg, or diastolic/systolic elevations), left ventricular hypertrophy, and possibly decreased high‐density lipoproteins (HDL) and increased low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) are significant risk factors for cardiovascular disease in the elderly. Treatment of other precursors, such as total cholesterol or triglycerides, is probably not warranted in this group. For the management of hypertension, administration of diuretics with the judicious use of adrenergic inhibitors and vasodilators is indicated. In treating patients who have congestive heart failure, dosages of agents such as digoxin must be carefully adjusted. Antiarrhythmics are generally not well tolerated by the elderly. Whenever possible, polypharmacy should be avoided to prevent adverse interactions.
Recognition and Complications of Diabetes in the Older Patient
Authors: Rifkin Harold
Published: April 2015

An international classification of diabetes and other disorders of glucose intolerance is presented. The disorder is subdivided into insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), and various forms of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Diagnostic criteria are discussed in detail, as are guidelines in management, including emotional support, nutritional requirements, and patient education. The elderly are particularly affected by the complications of diabetic retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, generalized large vessel disease, and foot problems. Drug‐related complications are also common in this group. Specific agents that may interact to potentiate hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia or induce adverse reactions are outlined.
Diagnosis and Management of Rheumatic Diseases in Older Patients
Authors: Ehrlich George E.
Published: April 2015

The young and the old move differently, yet there are standards of normality for each. Chronic diseases of the joints, with their concomitant stiffness and pain, cause more fear of an impending crippling disability and loss of life space and content than actual pain and stiffness. Thus, a prime goal of physicians who treat patients who have chronic musculoskeletal diseases is to allay this fear by correcting misconceptions about arthritic diseases. Drug therapy can relieve the pain and stiffness and control the inflammation that causes these symptoms. Important aspects of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and polymyalgia rheumatica, a closely related disorder, are emphasized to point out the difficulty of the differential diagnosis of these diseases in older patients and the need for realistic therapeutic goals. A combination‐drug regimen, with a nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug for alleviation of pain and control of inflammation and an analgesic drug for relief of residual pain, is the drug therapy of choice within the context of a total management program. By addressing both the physiologic and the psychologic aspects of musculoskeletal disease, physicians can help patients lead more active and useful lives.
Over‐the‐counter Medication: The Drug Interactions We Overlook
Authors: Lamy Peter P.
Published: April 2015

The effective use of medication involves awareness of both the interpersonal interaction between provider and patient and potential drug–drug interactions. Elderly patients are especially vulnerable to drug–drug interactions because many in this population are very likely to be undergoing treatment for two or more concurrent diseases, probably while self‐medicating with over‐the‐counter (OTC) preparations. Both patient and provider behaviors generate poor patient–provider interactions. The elderly patient is unwilling to ask for help or admit weaknesses that may become restrictive; providers often lack training in the psychosocial and economic aspects of geriatric care. The cost of OTC preparations for people over 65 is about half of what they spend on prescription drugs. The effects of salicylate use (as internal analgesics) and antacid use illustrate potential OTC–prescription drug interactions. Aspirin, used with other drugs, can contribute to accidental hypothermia; idiosyncratic reactions are particularly dangerous in the asthmatic patient. In addition, many OTC products contain aspirin but are not clearly labelled as such. Antacid overuse can be detrimental in itself, and antacids can also affect the absorption and excretion of prescribed drugs when they alter gastric or urinary pH. It is suggested that providers pay more attention to dosage form, as this can influence drug effectiveness, particularly in the elderly. The OTC drugs are therapeutically valuable, but providers must be aware of the potential difficulties when patients use them.
Working Group Recommendations: Targeting Criteria for Geriatric Evaluation and Management Research
Authors: Rubenstein Laurence Z. , Goodwin Marsha , Hadley Evan , Patten Sharon K. , Rempusheski Veronica F. , Reuben David , Winograd Carol Hutner
Published: April 2015

To maximize the cost effectiveness of geriatric evaluation and management (GEM) programs, criteria need to be established for selecting patients most likely to benefit. A working group was convened to define appropriate patient selection (targeting) criteria for each type of GEM program and to consider research questions for future targeting studies. The group outlined targeting criteria for the spectrum of GEM program types and locations. GEM program types included: inpatient GEM units; hospital geriatric consultation services; GEM programs in nursing homes; outpatient GEM programs for functionally impaired persons; and geriatric community outreach/screening programs for functionally independent elders. For each program type, the group outlined targeting criteria based on current literature and experience.

Because research has not yet established the effectiveness of many of these patient targeting strategies, the group drafted a set of research questions, pertinent to targeting, that require attention: (1) For each identifiable population of elderly people, who are most likely to benefit from GEM? (2) How should these people best be identified/targeted? (3) What criteria should be used for targeting? (4) How and how often should population screening be performed to identify persons in need of GEM?
Online system adoption and K‐12 academic outcomes
Authors: Kimmons R.
Published: April 2015

This study seeks to understand the relationship between K‐12 online system adoption (e.g., Blackboard, Edmodo, WordPress) and school‐level academic achievement ratings. Utilizing a novel approach to data collection via website data extraction and indexing of all school websites in a target state in the United States (n = 732) and merging these data with publicly available data on school academic achievement ratings, this study provides generalizable results of online system adoption on academic achievement ratings for the 2011–2012 and 2012–2013 school years. Univariate general linear modelling is used to determine significant relationships between categories of systems (e.g., any, education‐specific, generic, cost, no‐cost, proprietary, open‐source) or specific systems and school academic ratings for each year. The results indicate some general positive effects, but effect sizes remain small and account for 2% or less of variance in ratings. Implications of this study suggest that online system adoption does not impact student academic achievement at a sufficient level to justify adoption that is not meaningfully coupled with other essential factors of school development (e.g., professional development, curricular development), and we propose that decision‐makers should be wary of large‐scale, technocentric attempts to improve schools that are not grounded in generalizable research findings.
On Probation: An Experimental Analysis
Authors: Engel Christoph , Hennig‐Schmidt Heike , Irlenbusch Bernd , Kube Sebastian
Published: April 2015

Does probation pay a double dividend? Society saves the cost of incarceration, and convicts preserve their liberty. But does probation also reduce the risk of recidivism? In a meta‐study we show that the field evidence is inconclusive. Moreover, it struggles with an identification problem: those put on probation are less likely to recidivate in the first place. We therefore complement the existing field evidence with a novel lab experiment that isolates the definitional feature of probation: the first sanction is conditional on being sanctioned again during the probation period. We find that probationers are more likely to recidivate (i.e., to reduce their contributions to a joint project), that punishment cost is higher, efficiency lower, and inequity higher. While experimental subjects are on probation, they increase their contributions to a joint project. However, once the probation period expires, they reduce their contributions. While in the aggregate these two effects almost cancel out, critically, those not punished themselves trust the institution less if punishment does not become immediately effective.
Does Delegation Undermine Accountability? Experimental Evidence on the Relationship Between Blame Shifting and Control
Authors: Hill Adam
Published: April 2015

A small but growing literature in experimental economics finds that principals can shift responsibility for blameworthy behavior to agents, even when those agents are effectively powerless. Prior work in this field measures blameworthy behavior only indirectly, however. It uses modified dictator games to measure attributions of blame for inequitable allocations of wealth. Yet participants might find inequitable allocations of wealth not blameworthy. Thus, such indirect measures leave open the possibility that prior work is not measuring blame shifting at all. This article corrects for a crucial shortcoming by providing a direct measure of blame‐shifting behavior. It reports and discusses first‐of‐its‐kind experimental evidence that shows that principals can delegate to powerless intermediaries in order to evade blame.
Evaluation of a workplace engagement project for people with younger onset dementia
Authors: Robertson Jacinta , Evans David
Published: April 2015

Aims and Objectives

In 2011, a workplace project was established to provide a small group of people who had younger onset dementia with the opportunity to return to the workplace. The project sought to explore the feasibility and safety of engaging these younger people in workplace activities if an appropriate framework of support was provided.

Background

Opportunities to engage in meaningful activities are quite limited for younger people with dementia because services are targeted at an older client population.

Design

A qualitative exploratory approach was used for the project evaluation.

Method

Participants were people who were 65 years or younger and had a diagnosis of dementia. They attended a large metropolitan hardware store one day per week and worked beside a store employee for a four hour work shift. Evaluation of the project included observation of participant's engagement in the workplace, adverse events and a qualitative analysis that used participant‐nominated good project outcomes.

Results

Nine people with a mean age of 58·8 years participated in the project. Six of these participants have been engaged at the workplace for more than two years. All participants were able to gain the skills needed to complete their respective work duties. Participants initially assisted with simple work tasks, but over time, they were able to expand their range of duties to include more complex activities such as customer sales. Participants achieved their nominated good outcomes of improved well‐being, engaging in worthwhile activities, contributing to society and socialisation.

Conclusion

The evaluation has shown that this workplace programme is a viable model of engagement for younger people with dementia.

Relevance to clinical practice

This evaluation offers a practical demonstration that it is feasible and safe to provide opportunities for younger people with dementia to engage in meaningful activities in the community if appropriate support is provided.