bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Teaching theology at African public universities as decolonisation through education and contextualisation
Authors: Buitendag Johan , Simut Corneliu C.
Published: October 2017

This article is an attempt to provide a systematic and integrative picture of the main contributions presented at the colloquium which addressed the current state of theological education, proposals for the basic values to be laid as foundation for a new theological curriculum and concrete attempts to build such a curriculum in South Africa, the African continent and especially at the University of Pretoria with a particular stress on decolonisation as contextualisation. In dealing with these aspects, the article focuses on whether or not theology as an academic field has a future in university and society by implementing a concrete programme of decolonisation which is adapted – by means of education – to the specifics of various local contexts including those in Africa. If the answer to this question is positive – and the colloquium contributors, as well as the authors, of this article do believe to be so – then one must find out how theology should be done in the university, how theology should work in society and what (kind of) theology should be taught in the university so that its impact in society is continuously transformative and permanently relevant to human life and human existence in Africa and throughout the world.
Lithiases urétérales félines : étude rétrospective de 34 cas
Authors: Rolland Hugo
Published: October 2017

Ureteral calculi in cats : retrospective study of 34 cases.

Ureteral obstruction may be a life threatening emergency for cats. The emergence of ureterolithiasis concurs with an increase use and the improvment of medical imaging. This retrospective study includes thirty-four cats : eight with bilateral lithiasis, twelve with a left ureter lithiasis and fourteen with a right ureter lithiasis. This paper is focused on results from radiography and medical ultrasound providing help in identifying ureteral calculi in cats. Asymmetric kidney size is often described but standards are yet to be specified.
Une histoire de l’odontologie vétérinaire
Authors: Riaud Xavier
Published: October 2017

Aujourd’hui, l’histoire de la chirurgie dentaire chez l’homme est bien documentée. Qu’en est-il de la chirurgie dentaire chez les animaux ? Quid de ses acteurs et de ses techniques ? Si des soins dentaires ont été découverts dans la Préhistoire, qu’en est-il de ceux chez les animaux ? Autant de questions qui méritent indéniablement une réponse.
Environnement et santé publique vétérinaire: les missions des laboratoires départementaux
Authors: Nicollet Philippe
Published: October 2017

Environment and veterinary public health : the missions of the departmental laboratories.

The departmental laboratories of analyses were created to answer firstly the official controls ordered by the State. Transferred to the departmental councils (ex-general), they assure a wide mission of epidemiological surveillance on the French territory in animal health, food hygiene, health of vegetables and sanitary surveillance of the products of the sea. Their independence, their distribution on the whole territory, and their high level of analytical expertise are guarantees of reactivity and expertise regarding sanitary safety. As such, they contribute widely to the French sanitary network from which benefit the actors of the sectors of production, thanks to the financial support of the local authorities which so assure their missions of epidemiological surveillance. To perpetuate this remarkable network, it would be advisable to define the scope of activity of public service of the departmental laboratories in a Service (department) of General Economic interest (SIEG) established from a mixed State – Communities order.
Los estudiantes universitarios de hoy: una visión multinivel
Authors: Rodríguez Espinar Sebastián
Published: October 2017

Una nueva generación de estudiantes, la denominada generación Y ha emergido como consecuencia de los cambios estructurales en el contexto de globalización  de la Educación Superior y del desarrollo social y tecnológico. Una generación caracterizada por ser nativos digitales, muy diversos social y culturalmente, conectados y a la vez solitarios, inmersos en una situación de crisis económica, más inmaduros y dependientes, pragmáticos en sus estudios y con una gran capacidad para obtener información.

En este artículo se ofrece una visión comprensiva y  estructurada de los estudiantes universitarios  de esta generación. La visión, multidimensional y multinivel, se construye a partir de dos tipologías de evidencias: diferentes fuentes de evidencia secundaria (investigaciones o informes periódicos institucionales), con especial atención  a la fortaleza metodológica de tales fuentes; la segunda procede de la evidencia primaria aportada por un grupo de profesorado novel de la U. de Barcelona.  La multidimensionalidad de la visión toma en consideración los siguientes aspectos: background social y académico, transición a la educación superior, modos y conducta de estudio y estilos de aprendizaje. En el análisis multinivel  se considera el ámbito internacional (con especial atención a los estudiantes europeos), el ámbito nacional (estudiantes españoles) y el ámbito institucional (universidades específicas). Un objetivo singular de este trabajo es el de ofrecer la posibilidad de contrastar la similitud o no de la doble visión que emerge de las dos tipologías de evidencias aportadas. 
Desarrollo de competencias de aprendizaje en alumnos universitarios
Authors: Cámara Estrella África , Díaz Pareja Elena Mª , Ortega Tudela Juana Mª
Published: October 2017

La incorporación al Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior (EEES) está produciendo un cambio sustancial en los planteamientos tradicionales de la Educación Superior en España: el foco de atención está ahora en el aprendizaje, se deben desarrollar competencias y las metodologías docentes han de ser activas… No obstante, el profesorado universitario sigue empleando las metodologías tradicionales basadas en la mera transmisión de conocimientos y en las que, desafortunadamente, se presta poca atención al aprendizaje activo de los alumnos y a las innovaciones metodológicas. Pretendemos mostrar cómo el Aprendizaje Basado en Problemas (ABP) ofrece múltiples ventajas como estrategia didáctica para la formación integral de los futuros maestros. En el presente trabajo expondremos algunas de las conclusiones surgidas de la implementación de un Proyecto de Innovación Docente en el que se ha desarrollado una metodología de ABP en los grados de Educación Primaria y Educación Infantil. Encontramos que los alumnos universitarios están más motivados para aprender con esta metodología innovadora, potenciando las competencias de autoaprendizaje,  trabajo en equipo,  resolución de problemas y de aprendizaje de nuevos conocimientos. Igualmente, los alumnos tiene la oportunidad de desarrollar la dimensión social de la educación integral mediante la educación en valores y el compromiso ético que supone la experiencia de compartir conocimientos y aprendizajes.
Autoevaluación y desarrollo de habilidades comunicativas en profesores universitarios mediante e-rúbricas y grabaciones.
Authors: De la  Fuente Julián , Castañeda Eva Asensio , Smalec Illene , Blanco Ascensión
Published: October 2017

Este artículo recoge los resultados de un proyecto de Investigación-Acción centrado en el desarrollo de la competencia de habilidades de comunicación oral (verbal y no verbal) en docentes universitarios de diferentes áreas académicas, que pretenden mejorar estas habilidades en el idioma inglés, como complemento a su formación profesional y como herramienta de mejora en el aula. Nuestra propuesta ha consistido en utilizar una misma metodología de trabajo y herramientas de evaluación, a través de e-rúbricas y grabaciones audiovisuales.
Los resultados demuestran que los participantes toman conciencia de sus objetivos de aprendizaje y progresión académica a través del uso de e-rúbricas y grabaciones audiovisuales. Este método tiene un gran potencial para la auto-evaluación. De la misma manera, el uso de rúbricas para la evaluación cooperativa es frecuente, no así la auto-evaluación que fomenta el aprendizaje autónomo en profesores.

ABSTRACT

Self-assessment and development of communication skills in university teachers through the use of e-rubrics and recordings.

This article presents the results of an action research project focused on the development of competence in verbal and non-verbal communication skills in university teachers from different academic areas, which aim to improve these skills in the English language, as a complement to professional training and as a tool for improvement in the classroom. Our approach has been to use the same methodology and assessment tools, through the use of e-rubrics and audiovisual recordings.
The results demonstrate that participants become aware of their learning objectives and academic progression through the use of e-rubrics and audiovisual recordings. This method has great potential for self-evaluation. Similarly, the use of rubrics for cooperative evaluation is used frequently, but not self-assessment in teachers, which promotes self-directed learning.
Construcción colaborativa de una e-rúbrica para la autoevaluación formativa en estudios universitarios de pedagogía
Authors: Gámiz Sánchez Vanesa María , Torres Hernández Norma , Gallego Arrufat María Jesús
Published: October 2017

Este artículo presenta un estudio sobre la construcción de e-rúbricas para la autoevaluación. Las rúbricas, como instrumento de autoevaluación, permiten la reflexión, aportan al estudiante una mayor implicación en su aprendizaje y un mayor grado de conciencia de sus propios logros. En este caso, se logró la colaboración del estudiante desde el mismo momento del diseño y creación de la rúbrica a través de un proceso de construcción colaborativa donde participaron estudiantes y profesorado. La investigación1 se realizó con estudiantes del grado de Pedagogía de la Universidad de Granada que cursaron una materia optativa de tercer curso de la titulación. Se desarrolló en varias etapas sucesivas durante un cuatrimestre: la formación para el uso de rúbricas electrónicas, el diseño y construcción de las e-rúbricas, la utilización de las e-rúbricas elaboradas como instrumento de autoevaluación y la aplicación de un cuestionario a las estudiantes participantes para conocer sus opiniones y valoración sobre el uso de la e-rúbrica. Es importante considerar que cuando se evalúa con herramientas innovadoras es fundamental que los alumnos no sólo conozcan el instrumento, sino que se les forme e informe sobre el potencial e importancia que este tiene para la mejora de sus aprendizajes y, lo más importante, lo usen y lo incorporen a sus propias prácticas evaluadoras. Como resultado principal, las estudiantes destacaron la importancia de la rúbrica para guiar y reflexionar sobre su aprendizaje y su capacidad para predecir sus resultados en la asignatura.

ABSTRACT

Building a collaborative e-rubric for educational self-assessment in degree of pedagogy.

This paper is focused on the self-assessment trough e-rubrics. Rubrics as an instrument of self-assessment involve a process of reflection that can contribute to increase the involvement and awareness of their own achievements. Here we wanted to engage students from the design and creation of rubric through a collaborative process of building an e-rubric by the students and the teacher. In this study, undergraduate students of Pedagogy participated in an elective subject in their third year. It was developed in several stages in a semester: training for using e-rubrics, designing and construction of e-rubrics, using the e-rubric as a tool for self-assessment and filling a final questionnaire to collect their views. It’s important to consider that when we work with innovative strategies of assessment, students have to know not only the features of the instrument but also they have to know the influence to improve their learning processes and they have to achieve the ability to incorporate it to their own skills as education professionals. As main result, students highlighted the importance of rubrics to guide their learning processes and to reflect about it and the capacity of rubric to predict their performance in the subject.
Holocene tephrochronology around Cochrane (~47° S), southern Chile
Authors: Stern Charles , Moreno Patricio I. , Henríquez William I. , Villa-Martínez Rodrigo , Sagredo Esteban , Aravena Juan C. , De Pol-Holz Ricardo
Published: October 2017

Two Holocene tephras encountered in outcrops, cores and trenches in bogs, and lake cores in the area around Cochrane, southern Chile, are identified (based on their age, tephra glass color and morphology, mineralogy, and both bulk and glass chemistry) as H1 derived from Hudson volcano, and MEN1 derived from Mentolat volcano. New AMS radiocarbon ages indicate systematic differences between those determined in lake cores (MEN1=7,689 and H1=8,440 cal yrs BP) and surface deposits (MEN1=7,471 and H1=7,891 cal yrs BP), with the lake cores being somewhat older. H1 tephra layers range from 8 to 18 cm thick, suggesting that both the area of the 10 cm isopach and the volume of this eruption were larger than previously suggested, but not greatly, and that the direction of maximum dispersion was more to the south. MEN1 tephra layers range from 1-4 cm in thickness, indicating that this was probably a reasonably large (>5 km3) eruption. Some of the lake cores also contain thin layers (<2 cm) of late Holocene H2 tephra and the recent H3 (1991 AD) tephra, both derived from the Hudson volcano. No tephra evidence has been observed for any late Pleistocene tephra, nor for the existence of the supposed Arenales volcano, proposed to be located west of Cochrane.
Conodont biostratigraphy and global correlation of the middle Darriwilian-lower Sandbian (Ordovician) Las Aguaditas Formation, Precordillera of San Juan, Argentina
Authors: Feltes Nicolás A. , Albanesi Guillermo L. , Bergström Stig M.
Published: October 2017

Middle Darriwilian to lower Sandbian conodonts were recorded from the Las Aguaditas Formation at its type section in the Argentine Precordillera. A total of 9,974 conodont specimens were recovered from 46 carbonate samples, which represent 68 species of 38 genera. A biostratigraphic study verified a middle Darriwilian age for the interval spanning the contact between the San Juan and the Las Aguaditas formations. The following zones are determined in the study section: the Lenodus variabilis Zone, with the Periodon gladysae and Paroistodus horridus subzones following the Precordilleran scheme; the L. variabilis, Yangtzeplacognathus crassus, and the Eoplacognathus pseudoplanus zones with the Microzarkodina hagetiana and M. ozarkodella subzones, and the Pygodus anserinus Zone, according to the Scandinavian scheme; the Periodon macrodentatus Zone, with the Histiodella sinuosa, H. holodentata and H. cf. holodentata subzones, and the P. zgierzensis Zone with the H. kristinae Subzone that correlates the North American scheme. A stratigraphic gap was recognized between the lower and middle members of the Las Aguaditas Formation. It comprises the Eoplacognathus suecicus and Pygodus serra zones, and the lower subzone of the Pygodus anserinus Zone. The variation of conodont diversity through the study section conforms to shallowing and deepening patterns, which accompanies the changes of the provenance lithology. Three conodont assemblages were quantitatively recognized: a) Diverse conodont association, b) Low diversity conodont association and c) Recovery phase association. We propose to use the North American biozonal scheme of conodonts for the Central Precordillera because of the affinity of documented index taxa, which provides a more accurate intercontinental correlation for the global Middle Ordovician Series.
Early Cambrian U-Pb zircon age and Hf-isotope data from the Guasayán pluton, Sierras Pampeanas, Argentina: implications for the northwestern boundary of the Pampean arc
Authors: Dahlquist Juan A. , Verdecchia Sebastián O. , Baldo Edgardo G. , Basei Miguel A.S. , Alasino Pablo H. , Urán Gimena A. , Rapela Carlos W. , Da Costa Campos Neto Mario , Zandomeni Priscila S.
Published: October 2017

An Early Cambrian pluton, known as the Guasayán pluton, has been identified in the central area of Sierra de Guasayán, northwestern Argentina. A U-Pb zircon Concordia age of 533±4 Ma was obtained by LA-MC-ICP-MS and represents the first report of robustly dated Early Cambrian magmatism for the northwestern Sierras Pampeanas. The pluton was emplaced in low-grade metasedimentary rocks and its magmatic assemblage consists of K-feldspar (phenocrysts)+plagioclase+quartz+biotite, with zircon, apatite, ilmenite, magnetite and monazite as accessory minerals. Geochemically, the granitic rock is a metaluminous subalkaline felsic granodiorite with SiO2=69.24%, Na2O+K2O=7.08%, CaO=2.45%, Na2O/ K2O=0.71 and FeO/MgO=3.58%. Rare earth element patterns show moderate slope (LaN/YbN=8.05) with a slightly negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu*=0.76). We report the first in situ Hf isotopes data (εHft=-0.12 to -4.76) from crystallized zircons in the Early Cambrian granites of the Sierras Pampeanas, helping to constrain the magma source and enabling comparison with other Pampean granites. The Guasayán pluton might provide a link between Early Cambrian magmatism of the central Sierras Pampeanas and that of the Eastern Cordillera, contributing to define the western boundary of the Pampean paleo-arc.
The Choiyoi magmatism in south western Gondwana: implications for the end-permian mass extinction - a review
Authors: Spalletti Luis A. , Limarino Carlos O.
Published: October 2017

The end of the Permian period is marked by global warming and the biggest known mass extinction on Earth. The crisis is commonly attributed to the formation of large igneous provinces because continental volcanic emissions have the potential to control atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels and climate change. We propose that in southwestern Gondwana the long-term hothouse Permian environmental conditions were associated with the development of the Choiyoi magmatism. This large igneous province was developed between the Cisuralian and the early Triassic. It covers an area estimated at 1,680,000 km2 with an average thickness of 700 m, so that the volume of effusive and consanguineous rocks is estimated at 1,260,000 km3. Towards the western sector of the study region, a major overlap exists between the regional development of the Choiyoi magmatism and the Carboniferous sedimentary basins, which include paralic and continental deposits with intercalations of peat and coal beds. Commonly, these upper Palaeozoic deposits accumulated on a thick substrate composed of Cambro-Ordovician carbonates and Ordovician to Devonian terrigenous sedimentary rocks characterised by a large proportion of dark organic-rich shales and turbidite successions. While extensive volcanism released large masses of carbon dioxide into the Permian atmosphere, the heating of Palaeozoic organic-rich shales, peat and carbonates by ascending magma led to CO2 and CH4 gas generation in sufficient volumes to amplify the major climatic change. The analysis of the almost continuous record of Permian redbeds in the Paganzo basin, where the Choiyoi magmatism is not recorded, allowed us to recognize two main pulses of strong environmental desiccation, one at the Cisuralian and the second around the end-Permian. These two drastic climatic crisis are attributed to peaks of CO2 and CH4 outbursts to the atmosphere and related collateral effects, such as acid rain, impoverishment of soils and increase in forest-fire frequency. We propose that the combination of these multiple mechanisms triggered the decline of biodiversity in southwestern Gondwana and caused the end-Permian extinction of most of the Glossopteridales.
Multi-source SO2 emission retrievals and consistency of satellite and surface measurements with reported emissions
Authors: Fioletov Vitali , McLinden Chris A. , Kharol Shailesh K. , Krotkov Nickolay A. , Li Can , Joiner Joanna , Moran Michael D. , Vet Robert , Visschedijk Antoon J. H. , Denier van der Gon Hugo A. C.
Published: October 2017

Abstract. Reported sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions from US and Canadian sources have declined dramatically since the 1990s as a result of emission control measures. Observations from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on NASA's Aura satellite and ground-based in situ measurements are examined to verify whether the observed changes from SO2 abundance measurements are quantitatively consistent with the reported changes in emissions. To make this connection, a new method to link SO2 emissions and satellite SO2 measurements was developed. The method is based on fitting satellite SO2 vertical column densities (VCDs) to a set of functions of OMI pixel coordinates and wind speeds, where each function represents a statistical model of a plume from a single point source. The concept is first demonstrated using sources in North America and then applied to Europe. The correlation coefficient between OMI-measured VCDs (with a local bias removed) and SO2 VCDs derived here using reported emissions for 1° by 1° gridded data is 0.91 and the best-fit line has a slope near unity, confirming a very good agreement between observed SO2 VCDs and reported emissions. Having demonstrated their consistency, seasonal and annual mean SO2 VCD distributions are calculated, based on reported point-source emissions for the period 1980–2015, as would have been seen by OMI. This consistency is further substantiated as the emission-derived VCDs also show a high correlation with annual mean SO2 surface concentrations at 50 regional monitoring stations.
Spatio-temporal variability and light absorption property of carbonaceous aerosol in a typical glacierization region of the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Niu Hewen , Kang Shichang , Wang Hailong , Zhang Rudong , Lu Xixi , Qian Yun , Wang Shijin , Paudyal Rukumesh , Shi Xiaofei , Yan Xingguo
Published: October 2017

Abstract. The high altitude glacierized regions of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) are influenced by carbonaceous aerosols from local sources and long range transport from the adjoining areas. Deposition and accumulation of light-absorbing carbonaceous matters on glacier surfaces can alter the energy balance of glaciers. In this study, two years (December 2014 to December 2016) of continuous observations of carbonaceous aerosols performed in glacierized region of Mt. Yulong (4510 m a.s.l.) and Ganhaizi (GHZ) basin (3054 m a.s.l.) are analyzed. The mass absorption efficiency (MAE) of black carbon (BC) was determined for the first time in Mt. Yulong using a thermal-optical carbon analyzer. The average BC and organic carbon (OC) concentrations were 1.51 ± 0.93 and 2.57 ± 1.32 μg m−3, respectively. The average SOC (secondary OC) concentration, quantified using BC-tracer method, was 1.67 ± 1.15 μg m−3. Monthly mean BC concentrations from monsoon to post-monsoon season were higher than OC in the high altitudes (approximately 5000 m a.s.l.) of Mt. Yulong. The concentrations of carbonaceous matter have distinct spatial and inter-annual variations in this glacierization area. High carbonaceous matter associated with OC (including both SOC and POC) in GHZ basin was mainly contributed from tour bus emissions. The annual mean OC / BC ratio was 2.45 ± 1.96 in Mt. Yulong. Strong photochemical reactions and local tourism activities in monsoon season were the main factors inducing high OC / BC ratios in the Mt. Yulong region. The mean MAE of BC, measured at 632 nm with a thermal-optical protocol under the filter-based method, was 6.82 ± 0.73 m2 g−1, comparable with the results from other studies. Strong seasonal and spatial variations of BC MAE were largely related to the OC and SOC abundance. Source attribution analysis using a global aerosol-climate model, equipped with a BC source tagging technique, suggests that East Asia emissions, including local sources, have the dominant contribution (over 50 %) to annual mean near-surface BC at the two sites. There is also a strong seasonal variation in the regional source apportionment. South Asia has the largest contribution during the pre-monsoon season, while East Asia dominates the monsoon season and post-monsoon season. Results in this study have great implications for accurately evaluating the influences of carbonaceous matter on glacial melting and water resource supply in glacierization areas.
Using Spectral Methods to Obtain Particle Size Information from Optical Data: Applications to Measurements from CARES 2010
Authors: Atkinson Dean B. , Pekour Mikhail , Chand Duli , Radney James G. , Kolesar Katheryn R. , Zhang Qi , Setyan Ari , O'Neill Norman T. , Cappa Christopher D.
Published: October 2017

Abstract. Multi-wavelength aerosol extinction, absorption and scattering measurements made at two ground sites during the 2010 Carbonaceous Aerosols and Radiative Effects Study (CARES) are analyzed using a spectral deconvolution method that allows extraction of particle size-related information, including the fraction of extinction produced by the fine mode particles and the effective radius of the fine mode. The spectral deconvolution method is typically applied to analysis of remote sensing measurements. Application to in situ measurements allows for comparison with more direct measurement methods and validation of the retrieval approach. Here, the retrieved fine mode fraction and effective radius generally compare well with other in situ measurements, including size distribution measurements and scattering and absorption measurements made separately for PM1 and PM10, but some limitations are also identified. These results indicate that for campaigns where size, composition, and multi-wavelength optical property measurements are made, comparison of the results can result in closure or can identify unusual circumstances. The comparison here also demonstrates that in situ multi-wavelength optical property measurements can be used to determine information about particle size distributions in situations where direct size distribution measurements are not available
Aerosol and VOC emission factor measurements for African
anthropogenic sources
Authors: Keita Sekou , Liousse Cathy , Yoboué Véronique , Dominutti Pamela , Guinot Benjamin , Assamoi E.-Michel , Borbon Agnès , Haslett Sophie L. , Bouvier Laetitia , Colomb Aurélie , Coe Hugh , Akpo Aristide , Adon Jacks , Bahino Julien , Doumbia Madina , Djossou Julien , Galy-Lacaux Corinne , Gardrat Eric , Gnamien Sylvain , Léon Jean F. , Ossohou Money , N’Datchoh E. Touré , Roblou Laurent
Published: October 2017

Abstract. A number of campaigns have been carried out to establish the emission factors of pollutants from fuel combustion in West Africa, as part of work package 2 (‘Air Pollution and Health’) of the DACCIWA (Dynamics-Aerosol-Chemistry-Cloud Interactions in West Africa) FP7 program. Emission sources considered here include wood and charcoal burning, charcoal making, open waste burning, and vehicles including trucks, cars, buses and two-wheeled vehicles. Emission factors of total particulate matter, black carbon, primary organic carbon and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) have been established. In addition, emission factor measurements were performed in combustion chambers in order to reproduce field burning conditions for tropical hardwood, and obtain particulate emission factors by size (PM0.25, PM1, PM2.5 and PM10). Aerosol samples were collected on quartz filters and analysed using gravimetric and thermal methods. The emission factors of 50 NMVOC species were determined using systematic off-line sampling. Emission factors from wood burning for black carbon, organic carbon and total particulate matter were 0.8 ± 0.4 g/kg of dry matter (dm), 9.29 ± 3.82 g/kg dm and 34.54 ± 20.6 g/kg dm, respectively. From traffic sources, the highest emission factors for all particulate species were emitted from two wheeled vehicles with two-stroke engines (2.74 g/kg fuel for black carbon, 65.11 g/kg fuel for organic carbon and 496 g/kg fuel for total particulate matter). The emissions of NMVOCs were lower than those of particles for all sources aside from traffic. The largest NMVOC emissions were observed for two-stroke two-wheeled vehicles, which were up to three times higher than emissions from light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles. Isoprene and monoterpenes, which are usually associated with biogenic emissions, were present in almost all anthropogenic source categories and could be as significant as aromatic emissions in wood burning (1 g/kg dm). Black carbon was primarily emitted in the ultrafine fraction, with 77 % of the total mass being emitted as particles smaller than 0.25 µm. This study observed higher particle and NMVOC emission factors than those in the current literature. This study underlines the important role of in-situ measurements in deriving realistic and representative emission factors.
Chromatography related performance of the Monitor for AeRosols and GAses in ambient air (MARGA): laboratory and field-based evaluation
Authors: Chen Xi , Walker John T. , Geron Chris
Published: October 2017

Abstract. Evaluation of the semi-continuous Monitor for AeRosols and GAses in ambient air (MARGA, Metrohm Applikon B.V.) was conducted with an emphasis on examination of accuracy and precision associated with processing of chromatograms. Using laboratory standards and atmospheric measurements, analytical accuracy, precision and method detection limits derived using the commercial MARGA software were compared to an alternative chromatography procedure consisting of a custom Java script to reformat raw MARGA conductivity data and Chromeleon (Thermo Scientific Dionex) software for peak integration. Our analysis revealed issues with accuracy and precision resulting from misidentification and misintegration of chromatograph peaks by the MARGA automated software as well as a systematic bias at low concentrations for anions. Reprocessing and calibration of raw MARGA data using the alternative chromatography method lowered method detection limits and reduced variability (precision) between parallel sampler boxes. Instrument performance was further evaluated during a 1-month intensive field campaign in the fall of 2014, including analysis of diurnal patterns of gaseous and particulate water-soluble species (NH3, SO2, HNO3, NH4+, SO42− and NO3−), gas-to-particle partitioning and particle neutralization state. At ambient concentrations below  ∼  1 µg m−3, concentrations determined using the MARGA software are biased +30 and +10 % for NO3− and SO42−, respectively, compared to concentrations determined using the alternative chromatography procedure. Differences between the two methods increase at lower concentrations. We demonstrate that positively biased NO3− and SO42− measurements result in overestimation of aerosol acidity and introduce nontrivial errors to ion balances of inorganic aerosol. Though the source of the bias is uncertain, it is not corrected by the MARGA online single-point internal LiBr standard. Our results show that calibration and verification of instrument accuracy by multilevel external standards is required to adequately control analytical accuracy. During the field intensive, the MARGA was able to capture rapid compositional changes in PM2.5 due to changes in meteorology and air mass history relative to known source regions of PM precursors, including a fine NO3− aerosol event associated with intrusion of Arctic air into the southeastern US.
Estimation of the volatility distribution of organic aerosol combining thermodenuder and isothermal dilution measurements
Authors: Louvaris Evangelos E. , Karnezi Eleni , Kostenidou Evangelia , Kaltsonoudis Christos , Pandis Spyros N.
Published: October 2017

Abstract. A method is developed following the work of Grieshop et al. (2009) for the determination of the organic aerosol (OA) volatility distribution combining thermodenuder (TD) and isothermal dilution measurements. The approach was tested in experiments that were conducted in a smog chamber using organic aerosol (OA) produced during meat charbroiling. A TD was operated at temperatures ranging from 25 to 250 °C with a 14 s centerline residence time coupled to a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) and a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS). In parallel, a dilution chamber filled with clean air was used to dilute isothermally the aerosol of the larger chamber by approximately a factor of 10. The OA mass fraction remaining was measured as a function of temperature in the TD and as a function of time in the isothermal dilution chamber. These two sets of measurements were used together to estimate the volatility distribution of the OA and its effective vaporization enthalpy and accommodation coefficient. In the isothermal dilution experiments approximately 20 % of the OA evaporated within 15 min. Almost all the OA evaporated in the TD at approximately 200 °C. The resulting volatility distributions suggested that around 60–75 % of the cooking OA (COA) at concentrations around 500 µg m−3 consisted of low-volatility organic compounds (LVOCs), 20–30 % of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), and around 10 % of intermediate-volatility organic compounds (IVOCs). The estimated effective vaporization enthalpy of COA was 100 ± 20 kJ mol−1 and the effective accommodation coefficient was 0.06–0.07. Addition of the dilution measurements to the TD data results in a lower uncertainty of the estimated vaporization enthalpy as well as the SVOC content of the OA.
Orographic and convective gravity waves above the Alps and Andes mountains during GPS radio occultation events – a case study
Authors: Hierro Rodrigo , Steiner Andrea K. , de la Torre Alejandro , Alexander Peter , Llamedo Pablo , Cremades Pablo
Published: October 2017

Abstract. Gravity waves (GW) and convective systems play a fundamental role in atmospheric circulation, weather, and climate. The main sources of GW are orographic effects triggering mountain waves and convective activity. We test the utility of Global Positioning System (GPS) radio occultation (RO) observations for the investigation of convective systems and GW over orographic regions in Europe and South America. We build a collocation database between RO events and convective systems over sub-tropical to mid-latitude mountain regions close to the Alps and Andes. Subsets of RO profiles are sampled and a case study is selected for each region. From mesoscale numerical simulations, we analyze relevant gravity waves features (main parameters, generation and propagation), mainly from orographic and convective activity origin for the case studies considered. Similar GW regimes and dominant vertical and horizontal wavelengths, from convective and orographic sources, are found in both regions. Mountain waves above the Alps are found to reach higher altitudes than close to the Andes, as the background subtropical jet above this region constrains the propagation of GW packets up to stratospheric heights. From recent results, the distortion introduced in the measured atmospheric vertical gravity wavelength by one of the RO events is illustratively discussed. In our analysis we take into account both the elevation angle of the sounding path (line of tangent points) and the gravity wave aspect ratio estimated from the simulations and the line of sight. In both case studies, a considerable distortion and underestimation of the vertical wavelengths measured by RO may be expected.
Investigation of NO2 vertical distribution using two DOAS retrievals for GOME-2A measurements in the UV and vis spectral range
Authors: Behrens Lisa K. , Hilboll Andreas , Richter Andreas , Peters Enno , Eskes Henk , Burrows John P.
Published: October 2017

Abstract. In this study, we present a novel NO2 DOAS retrieval in the ultraviolet (UV) spectral range for satellite observations from the Global Ozone Monitoring Instrument 2 on board EUMETSAT’s MetOp-A (GOME-2A) satellite. We compare the results to those from an established NO2 retrieval in the visible (vis) spectral range from the same instrument and infer information about the NO2 vertical profile shape in the troposphere. As expected, radiative transfer calculations for satellite geometries show that the sensitivity close to the ground is higher in the vis than in the UV spectral range. Consequently, NO2 slant column densities (SCDs) in the vis are usually higher than in the UV, if the NO2 is close to the surface. Therefore, these differences in NO2 SCDs between the two spectral ranges contain information on the vertical distribution of NO2 in the troposphere. We combine these results with radiative transfer calculations and simulated NO2 fields from the TM5 chemistry transport model to evaluate the simulated NO2 vertical distribution. We investigate regions representative for both anthropogenic and biomass burning NO2 pollution. Anthropogenic air pollution is mostly located in the boundary layer close to the surface, which is reflected by the large differences between UV and vis SCDs of ~ 60 %. Biomass burning NO2 in contrast is often uplifted into elevated layers above the boundary layer. This is best seen in tropical Africa south of the equator, where the biomass burning NO2 is well observed in the UV, and the difference between the two spectral ranges is only ~ 36 %. In tropical Africa north of the equator, however, the biomass burning NO2 is located closer to the ground, reducing its visibility. While not enabling a full retrieval of the vertical NO2 profile shape in the troposphere, our results can help to constrain the vertical profile of NO2 in the lower troposphere and, when analyzed together with simulated NO2 fields, can help interpret the model output.
Importance of interpolation and coincidence errors in data fusion
Authors: Ceccherini Simone , Carli Bruno , Tirelli Cecilia , Zoppetti Nicola , Del Bianco Samuele , Cortesi Ugo , Kujanpää Jukka , Dragani Rossana
Published: October 2017

Abstract. The Complete Data Fusion method is applied to ozone profiles obtained from simulated measurements in the ultraviolet and in the thermal infrared in the framework of the Sentinel 4 mission of the Copernicus programme. We observe that the quality of the fused products is degraded when the fusing profiles are either retrieved on different vertical grids or referred to different true profiles. To address this shortcoming, a generalization of the complete data fusion method, which takes into account interpolation and coincidence errors, is presented. This upgrade overcomes the encountered problems and provides products of good quality when the fusing profiles are both retrieved on different vertical grids and referred to different true profiles. The impact of the interpolation and coincidence errors on number of degrees of freedom and errors of the fused profile is also analyzed. The approach developed here to account for the interpolation and coincidence errors can also be followed to include other error components, such as forward model errors.
Skilful seasonal forecasts of streamflow over Europe?
Authors: Arnal Louise , Cloke Hannah L. , Stephens Elisabeth , Wetterhall Fredrik , Prudhomme Christel , Neumann Jessica , Krzeminski Blazej , Pappenberger Florian
Published: October 2017

Abstract. This paper presents a Europe-wide analysis of the skill of the newly operational EFAS (European Flood Awareness System) seasonal streamflow forecasts, benchmarked against the Ensemble Streamflow Prediction (ESP) forecasting approach. The results suggest that, on average, the System 4 seasonal climate forecasts improve the streamflow predictability over historical meteorological observations for the first month of lead time only. However, the predictability varies in space and time and is greater in winter and autumn. Parts of Europe additionally exhibit a longer predictability, up to seven months of lead time, for certain months within a season. The results also highlight the potential usefulness of the EFAS seasonal streamflow forecasts for decision-making. Although the ESP is the most potentially useful forecasting approach in Europe, the EFAS seasonal streamflow forecasts appear more potentially useful than the ESP in some regions and for certain seasons, especially in winter for most of Europe. Patterns in the EFAS seasonal streamflow hindcasts skill are however not mirrored in the System 4 seasonal climate hindcasts, hinting the need for a better understanding of the link between hydrological and meteorological variables on seasonal timescales, with the aim to improve climate-model based seasonal streamflow forecasting.
Assessment of evolution and risks of glacier lake outbursts in the Djungarskiy Alatau, Central Asia, using Landsat imagery and glacier bed topography modelling
Authors: Kapitsa Vassiliy , Shahgedanova Maria , Machguth Horst , Severskiy Igor , Medeu Akhmetkal
Published: October 2017

Abstract. Changes in the abundance and area of mountain lakes in the Djungarskiy (Jetysu) Alatau between 2002 and 2014 were investigated using Landsat imagery. The number of lakes increased by 6.2 % from 599 to 636 with a growth rate of 0.51 % a−1. The combined areas were 16.26 ± 0.85 to 17.35 ± 0.92 km2 respectively and the overall change was within the uncertainty of measurements. Fifty lakes, whose potential outburst can damage existing infrastructure, were identified. The glacier bed topography version 2 (GlabTop2) model was applied to simulate ice thickness and subglacial topography using glacier outlines for 2000 and SRTM DEM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission digital elevation model) as input data achieving realistic patterns of ice thickness. A total of 513 overdeepenings in the modelled glacier beds, presenting potential sites for the development of lakes, were identified with a combined area of 14.7 km2. Morphometric parameters of the modelled overdeepenings were close to those of the existing lakes. A comparison of locations of the overdeepenings and newly formed lakes in the areas de-glacierized in 2000–2014 showed that 67 % of the lakes developed at the sites of the overdeepenings. The rates of increase in areas of new lakes correlated with areas of modelled overdeepenings. Locations where hazardous lakes may develop in the future were identified. The GlabTop2 approach is shown to be a useful tool in hazard management providing data on the potential evolution of future lakes.
Trajectory encounter volume as a diagnostic of mixing potential in fluid flows: connection to diffusivity
Authors: Rypina Irina I. , Llewellyn Smith Stefan G. , Pratt Larry J.
Published: October 2017

Abstract. Trajectory encounter volume – the volume of fluid that passes close to a reference fluid parcel over some time interval – has been recently introduced as a measure of mixing potential of a flow. Diffusivity is the most commonly used characteristic of turbulent diffusion. We derive the analytical relationship between the encounter volume and diffusivity under the assumption of an isotropic random walk, i.e. diffusive motion, in one and two dimensions. We apply the derived formulas to produce maps of encounter volume and the corresponding diffusivity in the Gulf Stream region of the North Atlantic based on satellite altimetry, and discuss the mixing properties of Gulf Stream rings. Advantages offered by the derived formula for estimating diffusivity from oceanographic data are discussed, as well as applications to other disciplines.
Guilty Until Proven Innocent: The Abuse of Pretrial Detention in America
Authors: Dryer Mary
Published: October 2017

Although few principles of law are as widely lauded and universally accepted as the presumption of innocence, this principle is violated daily by a practice that has become standard in our justice system, exceptional only in how unexceptional it seems. Pretrial detention—the practice of holding a defendant in custody before trial while he or she is still entitled to the presumption of innocence—is, in its current status, a clear contradiction of this principle and a staple of the American legal system.
Nanotechnology: Future of Environmental Air Pollution Control
Authors: Mohamed Elham F.
Published: October 2017

Environmental contamination is one of the important issues that the world is confronting today, and it is expanding with each passing year and leading to grave and harmful effect to the earth. At present, the air contains various pollutants like CO, chlorofluorocarbons, volatile organic compounds, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides. Water and soil are also contaminated with organic and inorganic compounds, the major sources for water and soil contamination are sewage water, industrial effluents, random use of pesticides, fertilizers, and oil spills. In parallel, the rapid growth of nanotechnology has gained a great deal of interest in the applications of nanomaterials potential in improved systems for monitoring and cleanup including all the three phases of environment . It can develop the pollutants sensing and detection and help in the improvement of novel remediation technologies. Nanomaterials are excellent adsorbents, catalysts and sensors due to their large specific surface areas and high reactivates. This review firstly sheds the light on the definition of nanoparticles, and the nanotechnology concept, the fundamental properties, classification, and fields of nanotechnology applications. Then it focuses broadly on the application of nanotechnology in environmental fields, in particular, its application in air pollution monitoring and remediation and its future trend in this field.
Citizen Participation in Vietnam’s Local Government: Impact on Transparency and Accountability
Authors: Hoa Thai Thi Thanh , Garcia-Zamor Jean-Claude
Published: October 2017

Around the world, a growing crisis of legitimacy and complex problem solving characterize a sense of change in the state-citizen relationship. In Vietnam, the Doi Moi (renovation) process was carried out by the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) and the Government of Vietnam (GoV). Public institutions engaged at grassroots level by implementing a decree on “Regulation on Democracy Exercise” with the vision of a participatory society to improve the living standard of the Vietnamese people in general in order to enhance public service specifically. This article conceptualizes the concepts of Citizen Participation, Transparency, and Accountability in Vietnam. In the contested debates of the link between citizen participation and the two governance aspects, transparency and accountability, the article realizes the importance of achieving the balance from both sides of practice, as well as strengthen institutions that can reduce inefficiency and have real effectiveness. The fact that Vietnam just embarked on experimenting with policy initiatives encourages stronger citizen participation. Importantly, citizens participate in a number of elections for their delegates to local and national legislatures. One specific characteristic of public participation in Vietnam is that citizens somewhat are limited in participation by the nomination procedures and restriction in institutions. The article as a brief literature review on citizen participation and establishes the linkages between these three concepts. It reviews policy mechanisms for citizen participation and central-local power relationship. It stresses two main findings after performing sufficient empirical evidences. First, it argues that citizen participation can be an engine of good governance in local public institutions in Vietnam. Once policy window provides the population some space for their participation, it assures a widening scale of an efficient governing system. It founds that transparency and accountability of local governments are two outcomes of citizen participation.