bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE RATIONALE FOR ENDOCRINE THERAPY
Authors: Brosens I. A.
Published: November 2017

There are three major types of peritoneal endometriotic implant as distinguished by their laparoscopic and morphological characteristics; the microscopic or epithelial‐type plaque, the vesicular and papular type and the fibrotic, nodular type. Fluctuations in hormone levels during the menstrual cycle and throughout hormonal therapy have differential effects on the three types of implant. After only a short period of treatment with gestrinone the active types of peritoneal endometriotic implant exhibit inactivity and involutionary changes. Regressive changes in the implants may explain the abolition of the symptoms.
PATHOGENESIS, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF GENITAL ENDOMETRIOSIS
Authors: Mettler L.
Published: November 2017

The etiology of genital endometriosis remains unclear, but it is evident that persisting endometriotic foci are stimulated by ovarian steroid hormones. Many cases are treated by surgery either via laparotomy or pelviscopy. Endocrine treatments with testosterone, gestagens, danazol and gestrinone have also been used to some effect. Recently developed analogs of gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) have demonstrated the high binding capacities of receptors involved in the down‐regulation of the normal cycle which result in atrophy of the endometrium. These agents could therefore be used in the treatment of endometriosis. To date, 924 patients with pelvic endometriosis have been treated in our department with conventional endocrine therapies, 40 patients were treated with buserelin (D‐Ser (Bu)6 luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone monopeptide‐ethylamide), 900 μg/day intranasally, and 50 patients with goserelin depot, a GnRH analog of D‐Ser (Bu)6‐ Azegly10‐GnRH, with depot applications (3.6 mg per 4 weeks). The stage of development of endometriosis was determined using the endoscopic endometriosis classification prior to and after endocrine treatment. A complete check of the pelvis was carried out each time and a careful revision of the endometriotic foci undertaken. Endocrine treatment of endometriosis allowed 60% of previously sterile patients to become pregnant. Ovarian function in these patients was normal. The analogs proved to be clinically effective, safe and were well tolerated. Gestrinone proved to be the endocrine treatment of preference.
STEROIDAL DRUGS IN ENDOMETRIOSIS
Authors: Kauppila A.J.I. , Telimaa S. , Rönnberg L.
Published: November 2017

Progestins, including medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), danazol and gestrinone, are used in the medical management of endometriosis. Danazol and gestrinone, by inducing progestin‐like effects, closely resemble MPA in their actions on intrauterine endometrium. Ectopic endometrium, on the other hand, does not respond to these hormonal stimuli (as determined by estrogen and progestin receptor assays and 17β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity measurements), indicating that the therapeutic effects of steroidal drugs may not be entirely due to an action on the endometrium. At therapeutic doses, these drugs also prevent the midcycle elevation in gonadotropic hormone secretion and suppress ovarian activity (as evidenced by follicular arrest and low and stable estrogen and progesterone secretion). These indirect actions of progestins are probably more important than their direct actions on the endometrium in the treatment of endometriosis. These steroidal drugs also have androgenic effects, though the increase in the free androgen index caused by danazol is significantly larger than that induced by gestrinone or by MPA.

In a study involving treatment with danazol (200 mg three times a day), high‐dose MPA (100 mg/day) or placebo for 6 months, danazol and MPA were found to have equal clinical efficacy (as judged by relief of symptoms and disappearance of lesions). Danazol therapy, however, caused more androgenic and metabolic side‐effects. Those patients who were infertile were also examined at 30 months. The cumulative pregnancy rate in these patients over the duration of the trial was danazol 33%, MPA 42% and placebo 46%, with no significant difference between treatments. Hormonal therapy delayed conception by approximately 8 months. Steroidal drugs of this type, which are useful in the treatment of both the lesion and symptoms of endometriosis, are not in general the treatment of choice for infertility associated with endometriosis.
How Do Coworkers “Make the Place”? Examining Coworker Conflict and the Value of Harmony in China and the United States
Authors: Liu Cong , Nauta Margaret M. , Yang Liu‐Qin , Spector Paul E.
Published: November 2017

The goal of this study was to test cross‐cultural/cross‐national differences in the association between coworker interpersonal justice and coworker conflict and the implications of such differences for employee effectiveness. Harmony is a central value in China but is less important in the United States, and the individual value of harmony may influence Chinese and US employees differently in their response to low levels of coworker interpersonal justice. We collected data from employees and their coworkers in China (214 dyads) and the US (301 dyads). There were three major findings. First, coworker interpersonal justice was negatively related to coworker conflict. Second, coworker conflict significantly mediated coworker interpersonal justice in relation to the employee effectiveness variables of task performance, organisational citizenship behaviours, and counterproductive work behaviours. Finally, in the Chinese sample, harmony significantly buffered the indirect effect of coworker interpersonal justice on employee effectiveness via coworker conflict, whereas in the US sample, harmony significantly intensified the indirect effect of coworker interpersonal justice on employee effectiveness via coworker conflict.
Usefulness of knockout mice to clarify the role of the opioid system in chronic pain
Authors: Maldonado Rafael , Baños Josep Eladi , Cabañero David
Published: November 2017

Several lines of knockout mice deficient in the genes encoding each component of the endogenous opioid system have been used for decades to clarify the specific role of the different opioid receptors and peptide precursors in many physiopathological conditions. The use of these genetically modified mice has improved our knowledge of the specific involvement of each endogenous opioid component in nociceptive transmission during acute and chronic pain conditions. The present review summarizes the recent advances obtained using these genetic tools in understanding the role of the opioid system in the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying chronic pain. Behavioural data obtained in these chronic pain models are discussed considering the peculiarities of the behavioural phenotype of each line of knockout mice. These studies have identified the crucial role of specific components of the opioid system in different manifestations of chronic pain and have also opened new possible therapeutic approaches, such as the development of opioid compounds simultaneously targeting several opioid receptors. However, several questions still remain open and require further experimental effort to be clarified. The novel genetic tools now available to manipulate specific neuronal populations and precise genome editing in mice will facilitate in a near future the elucidation of the role of each component of the endogenous opioid system in chronic pain.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Emerging Areas of Opioid Pharmacology. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.14/issuetoc
Early Findings From the TransYouth Project: Gender Development in Transgender Children
Authors: Olson Kristina R. , Gülgöz Selin
Published: November 2017

Despite a dramatic increase in the number of socially transitioned transgender children (children who identify with the gender opposite their natal sex and who change their appearance and pronouns to align with that gender identity), few studies have examined transgender children's gender development. Findings from the TransYouth Project, the first large, longitudinal study of socially transitioned transgender children, suggest that the gender development of socially transitioned children looks similar to the gender development of their gender‐typical, gender‐matched peers and gender‐typical siblings. In this article, we review findings from the few studies that have addressed this topic, connect these studies to past research, and discuss ways to foster deeper understanding of gender development among transgender children.
Feature of Interest‐Based Direct Volume Rendering Using Contextual Saliency‐Driven Ray Profile Analysis
Authors: Jung Y. , Kim J. , Kumar A. , Feng D.D. , Fulham M.
Published: November 2017

Direct volume rendering (DVR) visualization helps interpretation because it allows users to focus attention on the subset of volumetric data that is of most interest to them. The ideal visualization of the features of interest (FOIs) in a volume, however, is still a major challenge. The clear depiction of FOIs depends on accurate identification of the FOIs and appropriate specification of the optical parameters via transfer function (TF) design and it is typically a repetitive trial‐and‐error process. We address this challenge by introducing a new method that uses contextual saliency information to group the voxels along a viewing ray into distinct FOIs where ‘contextual saliency’ is a biologically inspired attribute that aids the identification of features that the human visual system considers important. The saliency information is also used to automatically define the optical parameters that emphasize the visual depiction of the FOIs in DVR. We demonstrate the capabilities of our method by its application to a variety of volumetric data sets and highlight its advantages by comparison to current state‐of‐the‐art ray profile analysis methods.
Charting the Emergence of National Identity in Children in Wales
Authors: Murphy Alison
Published: November 2017

This multimodal study, set in Wales, demonstrates that children aged nine and ten can clearly define and rationalise their own national identity. It contributes to age related discussions on how children categorise themselves in terms of national identity and the rationale for their choices. The children in the study used single and multiple definitions of national identity and illustrate the increasing plural nature of 21st century Wales. Family, birthplace and residency were identified as factors in shaping their national identity, more so than language, despite the current bilingual policy drive in Wales.
Impaired long contact white matter fibers integrity is related to depression in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Wu Jia‐Yong , Zhang Yang , Wu Wen‐Bo , Hu Gang , Xu Yun
Published: November 2017

Aims

Depression is one of the most common nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD). But the pathogenesis is still unclear. Studies have shown that depression in PD is closely related to the white matter abnormalities, but the number of studies is still very small and lack of whole brain white matter lesions study.

Methods

In this study, we investigated whole brain white matter integrity in 31 depressed PD patients and 37 nondepressed PD patients by diffusion tensor imaging.

Results

There was no difference in age, gender, age of onset, disease duration, Hoehn‐Yahr scale, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale scores‐III, and Mini‐Mental State Examination scores between the two groups. The only difference was the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Depressed PD patients showed reduced fractional anisotropy values in the left anterior corona radiata, left posterior thalamic radiation, left cingulum, left superior longitudinal fasciculus, left sagittal stratum (including inferior longitudinal fasciculus and inferior fronto‐occipital fasciculus), and left uncinate fasciculus. In patients with depression, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) was negatively correlated with the FA value in the left cingulum (r = −0.712, P = .032) and left superior longitudinal fasciculus (r = −0.699, P = .025).

Conclusions

This study suggested depression in PD was related to impaired white matter integrity especially the long contact fibers in the left hemisphere. These findings may be helpful for further understanding the potential mechanisms underlying depression in PD.
Forest and landscape restoration severely constrained by a lack of attention to the quantity and quality of tree seed: Insights from a global survey
Authors: Jalonen Riina , Valette Michel , Boshier David , Duminil Jérôme , Thomas Evert
Published: November 2017

Meeting the multimillion hectare commitments for forest and landscape restoration (FLR) will require billions of tree seed and seedlings. However, the adequacy of seed supply in terms of quantity, genetic diversity and quality has received scant attention in FLR planning. We surveyed 139 FLR projects worldwide and identified widespread problems in the availability and diversity of tree seed, with potentially deleterious consequences for the vigor, productivity and long‐term persistence of restored tree populations. Large projects and those focused on climate change mitigation were particularly associated with multiple problems in seed sourcing. To avoid large‐scale failure in FLR, we recommend: (1) national assessments of seed supply and demand for FLR, (2) reviewing FLR targets and funding cycles, (3) fostering sharing of knowledge and experiences regarding seed supply and selection, (4) enhancing seed exchange across landscapes, and (5) introducing regulations for seed quality and strengthening capacities for compliance.
Organizing activity of Fgf8 on the anterior telencephalon
Authors: Sato Tatsuya , Kikkawa Takako , Saito Tetsuichiro , Itoi Keiichi , Osumi Noriko
Published: November 2017

The anterior part of the embryonic telencephalon gives rise to several brain regions that are important for animal behavior, including the frontal cortex (FC) and the olfactory bulb. The FC plays an important role in decision‐making behaviors, such as social and cognitive behavior, and the olfactory bulb is involved in olfaction. Here, we show the organizing activity of fibroblast growth factor 8 (Fgf8) in the regionalization of the anterior telencephalon, specifically the FC and the olfactory bulb. Misexpression of Fgf8 in the most anterior part of the mouse telencephalon at embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5) by ex utero electroporation resulted in a lateral shift of dorsal FC subdivision markers and a lateral expansion of the dorsomedial part of the FC, the future anterior cingulate and prelimbic cortex. Fgf8‐transfected brains had lacked ventral FC, including the future orbital cortex, which was replaced by the expanded olfactory bulb. The olfactory region occupied a larger area of the FC when transfection efficiency of Fgf8 was higher. These results suggest that Fgf8 regulates the proportions of the FC and olfactory bulb in the anterior telencephalon and has a medializing effect on the formation of FC subdivisions.
SIDER: an R package for predicting trophic discrimination factors of consumers based on their ecology and phylogenetic relatedness
Authors: Healy Kevin , Guillerme Thomas , Kelly Sean B. A. , Inger Richard , Bearhop Stuart , Jackson Andrew L.
Published: November 2017

Stable isotope mixing models (SIMMs) are an important tool used to study species' trophic ecology. These models are dependent on, and sensitive to, the choice of trophic discrimination factors (TDF) representing the offset in stable isotope delta values between a consumer and their food source when they are at equilibrium. Ideally, controlled feeding trials should be conducted to determine the appropriate TDF for each consumer, tissue type, food source, and isotope combination used in a study. In reality however, this is often not feasible nor practical. In the absence of species‐specific information, many researchers either default to an average TDF value for the major taxonomic group of their consumer, or they choose the nearest phylogenetic neighbour for which a TDF is available. Here, we present the SIDER package for R, which uses a phylogenetic regression model based on a compiled dataset to impute (estimate) a TDF of a consumer. We apply information on the tissue type and feeding ecology of the consumer, all of which are known to affect TDFs, using Bayesian inference. Presently, our approach can estimate TDFs for two commonly used isotopes (nitrogen and carbon), for species of mammals and birds with or without previous TDF information. The estimated posterior probability provides both a mean and variance, reflecting the uncertainty of the estimate, and can be subsequently used in the current suite of SIMM software. SIDER allows users to place a greater degree of confidence on their choice of TDF and its associated uncertainty, thereby leading to more robust predictions about trophic relationships in cases where study‐specific data from feeding trials is unavailable. The underlying database can be updated readily to incorporate more stable isotope tracers, replicates and taxonomic groups to further increase the confidence in dietary estimates from stable isotope mixing models, as this information becomes available.
Indications and methodology for video‐electroencephalographic studies in the epilepsy monitoring unit
Authors: Shih Jerry J. , Fountain Nathan B. , Herman Susan T. , Bagic Anto , Lado Fred , Arnold Susan , Zupanc Mary L. , Riker Ellen , Labiner David M.
Published: November 2017

Although the epilepsy and neurology communities have position papers on a number of topics pertaining to epilepsy diagnosis and management, no current paper exists for the rationale and appropriate indications for epilepsy monitoring unit (EMU) evaluation. General neurologists, hospital administrators, and insurers also have yet to fully understand the role this type of testing has in the diagnosis and management of individuals with paroxysmal neurologic symptoms. This review outlines the indications for long‐term video‐electroencephalography (VEEG) for typical elective admissions to a specialized inpatient setting. The common techniques used in EMUs to obtain diagnostic information are reviewed. The added benefit of safety measures and clinical testing above that available for routine or long‐term ambulatory electroencephalography is also discussed. The indications for admission to the EMU include differential diagnosis of paroxysmal spells, characterization of seizure types, presurgical epilepsy evaluations, seizure quantification, monitoring medication adjustment in a safe setting, and differentiation between seizures and side effects. We conclude that the appropriate use of this specialized testing can lead to an early and correct diagnosis in a variety of clinical circumstances. The EMU evaluation is considered the gold standard test for the definitive diagnosis of epilepsy and seizure‐like spells.
Staphyloccocus aureus‐associated infarctive purpura haemorrhagica, immune‐mediated haemolytic anaemia and myocarditis in a Quarter Horse mare
Authors: Trimble A. C. , Delph K. M. , Beard L. A. , Davis E. G.
Published: November 2017

A 7‐year‐old Quarter Horse mare was presented for severe left hindlimb oedema and nonweightbearing lameness that was progressive over approximately 48 h. The mare subsequently developed marked and worsening oedema, immune‐mediated haemolytic anaemia (IMHA), myositis and myocarditis. The marked oedema, degree of pain and severity of myositis were consistent with infarctive purpura haemorrhagica. Fine needle aspiration of affected tissue resulted in positive bacterial culture of Staphylococcus aureus. Purpura haemorrhagica and associated complications are typically associated with Streptococcal sp. infection or exposure, and have not been previously reported in association with Staphylococcus aureus in the horse. The mare responded favourably to long‐term, high‐dose corticosteroid therapy, antimicrobials and supportive care.
Transrectal ultrasonographic examination of the sacroiliac joints of the horse: Abnormal findings and lesions
Authors: Tallaj A. , Coudry V. , Denoix J.‐M.
Published: November 2017

Transrectal ultrasonography is a useful technique for the assessment of sacroiliac osteoarthrosis because of the ventral localisation of lesions. Comparison between the right and left side is essential. Due to the deep localisation of the sacroiliac joints, other imaging modalities have limitations for diagnosing osteoarthrosis. A grading system from 1 to 4 is suggested in order to classify the severity of lesions based on the shape of the articular margins and architecture of the ventral sacroiliac ligament. Abnormal ultrasonographic findings should be correlated with clinical manifestations.
Surgical enucleation of unilateral mandibular radicular cysts in an 11‐year‐old Thoroughbred mare
Authors: Poore L. A. , Scase T. J. , Kidd J. A.
Published: November 2017

An 11‐year‐old Thoroughbred broodmare was diagnosed with extensive radicular cysts that affected the left horizontal mandibular ramus. A left mandibular swelling was present clinically, and mandibular lesions appearing cystic in nature were identified with successive radiographic and ultrasonographic examinations. Surgical enucleation of the cysts was performed under a standing sedation protocol and the excised cystic structures submitted for histopathological analysis. Histological examination of the cystic structures confirmed a diagnosis of multiple radicular cysts.
Single and Multiscale Models of Process Spatial Heterogeneity
Authors: Wolf Levi John , Oshan Taylor M. , Fotheringham A. Stewart
Published: November 2017

Recent work in local spatial modeling has affirmed and broadened interest in multivariate local spatial analysis. Two broad approaches have emerged: Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) which follows a frequentist perspective and Bayesian Spatially Varying Coefficients models. Although several comparisons between the two approaches exist, recent developments, particularly in GWR, mean that these are incomplete and missing some important axes of comparison. Consequently, there is a need for a more thorough comparison of the two families of local estimators, including recent developments in multiscale variants and their relative performance under controlled conditions. We find that while both types of local models generally perform similarly on a series of criteria, some interesting and important differences exist.
Mangroves in the global climate and environmental mix
Authors: Cummings Anthony R. , Shah Muna
Published: November 2017

Mangroves provide numerous ecosystem services to humanity and yet remain some of the most undervalued and poorly treated ecosystems in the world. Mangroves are distributed in the land‐sea interphase of tropical and subtropical coasts in 123 countries. Up until two decades ago, scholars have focused on the provisioning, supporting, and cultural services associated with mangroves, but recent efforts have pivoted towards mangroves role in regulating the global carbon cycle. Today, it is established that mangroves sequester 50 times more carbon than tropical forests, with strong indications that mangroves are the missing carbon sink. Despite their importance, mangroves remain under threat from human activities, and action is required to protect them. This paper provides an overview of the importance of mangroves to humanity, their role in carbon sequestration and nutrient cycling, and highlights the threats they continue to face across their range.
Effects of locations and growth stages on nutritive value and silage fermentation quality of Leymus chinensis in Eurasian steppe of northern China
Authors: Xue Yanlin , Bai Chunsheng , Sun Juanjuan , Sun Lin , Chang Shujuan , Sun Qizhong , Yu Zhu , Yin Guomei , Zhao Heping , Ding Haijun
Published: November 2017

The objective of the study was to determine the correlation among location of sampling sites, characteristics of Leymus chinensis material and fermentation quality, to examine the effect of growth stage on nutrient composition and fermentation quality, and then to find the main factors for influencing fermentation quality and the optimum harvest stage for ensiling. L. chinensis was harvested from 27 sites in Eurasian steppe of northern China, chopped, ensiled in plastic film bags, and stored in dark for 60 days. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), fermentation characteristics and nutrient composition were analyzed. The results showed that crude protein (CP) of L. chinensis was >80 g kg–1, and average of neutral detergent fiber and buffering capacity (BC) were 661 g kg–1 and 227 mE kg–1 respectively. The LAB number of silage was <108, the pH >4.50, and the average of lactic acid (LA) and acetic acid (AA) were 5.14 and 9.72 g kg–1 respectively; and V‐Score >80. The water‐soluble carbohydrate (WSC) of L. chinensis correlated negatively with latitude (P < 0.001) and positively with elevation (P < 0.01) of sits based on dry matter (DM) and fresh weight (FW), and CP correlated negatively with latitude (P < 0.05) based on FW. The latitude and elevation of sites correlated significantly (P < 0.05) with LA, LA/AA and ammonia nitrogen/total nitrogen (AN/TN) in L. chinensis silage, and the DM and hemicellulose of material had significant correlation with propionic acid (P < 0.05) and AN/TN (P < 0.05) of L. chinensis silage based on DM and FW. L. chinensis had lower CP (P < 0.05) and BC (P < 0.05), and higher cellulose (P < 0.05) with advancing growth stage; the silages harvested at boot stage were well fermented compared with heading and flowering stages. Those results indicated that L. chinensis is a good forage for ruminants, L. chinensis silage is well preserved, there are negative effect of latitude and positive effect of elevation on the WSC in L. chinensis, and the latitude and elevation of sites, and the DM and hemicellulose of material are main factors of affecting the fermentation quality of L. chinensis silage. The optimum harvest stage for ensiling L. chinensis is boot stage.
Antimicrobial soy protein isolate‐based films: physical characterisation, active agent retention and antifungal properties against Penicillium italicum
Authors: González‐Estrada Ramsés R. , Calderón‐Santoyo Montserrat , Ragazzo‐Sánchez Juan A. , Peyron Stephane , Chalier Pascale
Published: November 2017

Soy protein isolates (SPI) films were evaluated as carriers of citral and limonene, and their physical and antifungal properties were evaluated. The presence of antimicrobials in SPI films resulted in changes on colour without affecting the transparency. Films with citral added were more extensible; however, a reduction in tensile strength and elastic modulus was observed in films with limonene added. Aroma compounds addition in films induced a slight increase in water vapour properties in relation to discontinuity of network proteins evidenced by SEM. Besides, FTIR spectra evidenced a partial alteration of SPI secondary structure. Citral was less retained than limonene. The increase in limonene release with high relative humidity was explained by increase in protein chain mobility. SPI films enriched with limonene exhibited strong antifungal activity against the postharvest decay pathogen Penicillium italicum under storage conditions.
2015/16 I‐MOVE/I‐MOVE+ multicentre case‐control study in Europe: Moderate vaccine effectiveness estimates against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and low estimates against lineage‐mismatched influenza B among children
Authors: Kissling Esther , Valenciano Marta , Pozo Francisco , Vilcu Ana‐Maria , Reuss Annicka , Rizzo Caterina , Larrauri Amparo , Horváth Judit Krisztina , Brytting Mia , Domegan Lisa , Korczyńska Monika , Meijer Adam , Machado Ausenda , Ivanciuc Alina , Višekruna Vučina Vesna , van der Werf Sylvie , Schweiger Brunhilde , Bella Antonino , Gherasim Alin , Ferenczi Annamária , Zakikhany Katherina , O′Donnell Joan , Paradowska‐Stankiewicz Iwona , Dijkstra Frederika , Guiomar Raquel , Lazar Mihaela , Kurečić Filipović Sanja , Johansen Kari , Moren Alain ,   I‐MOVE/I‐MOVE+ study team
Published: November 2017

Background

During the 2015/16 influenza season in Europe, the cocirculating influenza viruses were A(H1N1)pdm09 and B/Victoria, which was antigenically distinct from the B/Yamagata component in the trivalent influenza vaccine.

Methods

We used the test‐negative design in a multicentre case‐control study in twelve European countries to measure 2015/16 influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) against medically attended influenza‐like illness (ILI) laboratory‐confirmed as influenza. General practitioners swabbed a systematic sample of consulting ILI patients and a random sample of influenza‐positive swabs was sequenced. We calculated adjusted VE against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H1N1)pdm09 genetic group 6B.1 and influenza B overall and by age group.

Results

We included 11 430 ILI patients, of which 2272 were influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and 2901 were influenza B cases. Overall VE against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was 32.9% (95% CI: 15.5‐46.7). Among those aged 0‐14, 15‐64 and ≥65 years, VE against A(H1N1)pdm09 was 31.9% (95% CI: −32.3 to 65.0), 41.4% (95% CI: 20.5‐56.7) and 13.2% (95% CI: −38.0 to 45.3), respectively. Overall VE against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 genetic group 6B.1 was 32.8% (95% CI: −4.1 to 56.7). Among those aged 0‐14, 15‐64 and ≥65 years, VE against influenza B was −47.6% (95% CI: −124.9 to 3.1), 27.3% (95% CI: −4.6 to 49.4) and 9.3% (95% CI: −44.1 to 42.9), respectively.

Conclusions

Vaccine effectiveness (VE) against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and its genetic group 6B.1 was moderate in children and adults, and low among individuals ≥65 years. Vaccine effectiveness (VE) against influenza B was low and heterogeneous among age groups. More information on effects of previous vaccination and previous infection is needed to understand the VE results against influenza B in the context of a mismatched vaccine.
Resource utilization and cost of influenza requiring hospitalization in Canadian adults: A study from the serious outcomes surveillance network of the Canadian Immunization Research Network
Authors: Ng Carita , Ye Lingyun , Noorduyn Stephen G , Hux Margaret , Thommes Edward , Goeree Ron , Ambrose Ardith , Andrew Melissa K. , Hatchette Todd , Boivin Guy , Bowie William , ElSherif May , Green Karen , Johnstone Jennie , Katz Kevin , Leblanc Jason , Loeb Mark , MacKinnon‐Cameron Donna , McCarthy Anne , McElhaney Janet , McGeer Allison , Poirier Andre , Powis Jeff , Richardson David , Sharma Rohita , Semret Makeda , Smith Stephanie , Smyth Daniel , Stiver Grant , Trottier Sylvie , Valiquette Louis , Webster Duncan , McNeil Shelly A. ,   the Serious Outcomes Surveillance Network of the Canadian Immunization Research Network (CIRN) Investigators,   The Toronto Invasive Bacterial Diseases Network (TIBDN) Investigators
Published: November 2017

Background

Consideration of cost determinants is crucial to inform delivery of public vaccination programs.

Objectives

To estimate the average total cost of laboratory‐confirmed influenza requiring hospitalization in Canadians prior to, during, and 30 days following discharge. To analyze effects of patient/disease characteristics, treatment, and regional differences in costs.

Methods

Study utilized previously recorded clinical characteristics, resource use, and outcomes of laboratory‐confirmed influenza patients admitted to hospitals in the Serious Outcomes Surveillance (SOS), Canadian Immunization Research Network (CIRN), from 2010/11 to 2012/13. Unit costs including hospital overheads were linked to inpatient/outpatient resource utilization before and after admissions.

Results

Dataset included 2943 adult admissions to 17 SOS Network hospitals and 24 Toronto Invasive Bacterial Disease Network hospitals. Mean age was 69.5 years. Average hospital stay was 10.8 days (95% CI: 10.3, 11.3), general ward stays were 9.4 days (95% CI: 9.0, 9.8), and ICU stays were 9.8 days (95% CI: 8.6, 11.1) for the 14% of patients admitted to the ICU. Average cost per case was $14 612 CAD (95% CI: $13 852, $15 372) including $133 (95% CI: $116, $150) for medical care prior to admission, $14 031 (95% CI: $13 295, $14 768) during initial hospital stay, $447 (95% CI: $271, $624) post‐discharge, including readmission within 30 days.

Conclusion

The cost of laboratory‐confirmed influenza was higher than previous estimates, driven mostly by length of stay and analyzing only laboratory‐confirmed influenza cases. The true per‐patient cost of influenza‐related hospitalization has been underestimated, and prevention programs should be evaluated in this context.
Influence of nitrogen deficiency or excess on a root system structure of maize and triticale seedlings grown under low and high soil density
Authors: Grzesiak M. T. , Hura T. , Grzesiak S. , Kaczanowska K. , Szczyrek P.
Published: November 2017

Responses of maize and triticale seedlings, differing in the susceptibility to soil density stress, and grown under low (LD) or high (HD) soil density and poor (PN), high (HN) or control (CN) nitrogen content in soil were investigated in relation to changes in physiological parameters—dry matter of shoot (S), root (R), shoot to root ratio (S/R), relative growth ratio of shoot and root (RGR), chlorophyll content (SPAD), total roots number and length (TRN, TRL), root penetration ability (RPA) and ratio of deep rooting (RDR). The seedlings grown under high soil density (HD) and control N‐soil content (CN) in comparison with LD and CN treatments showed a decrease in all measured parameters. Under poor and high nitrogen content, changes in the traits were higher for triticale than for maize. Higher differences between resistant and sensitive genotypes in TRN, TRL, RPA and RDR were observed particularly in the seedlings grown under HD treatment. Differences in parameters values between seedlings grown under control and nitrogen‐rich soil may be considered as a positive interaction between stresses. Our results suggest that the type of root structure (scattered, dimorphic) would be helpful in enhancing modelling and agronomic management for improved of plant stress tolerance.
Valence state and ionic conduction in Mn‐doped MgO partially stabilized zirconia
Authors: Kim Buyoung , Lee Heesoo
Published: November 2017

The mechanism of the enhancement in the ionic conductivity resulting from cubic phase stabilization in MgO partially stabilized zirconia (MgPSZ) by Mn doping was studied by examining the local Zr‐O structure. Cubic phase (14 vol%) in MgPSZ was increased with the addition of MnO2, and 10 mol% Mn‐doped MgPSZ exhibited the highest cubic phase fraction (98.72%), which was analyzed by Rietveld refinement. In addition, only the cubic phase, not the monoclinic and tetragonal phases, was observed in the TEM‐SAED pattern of 10 mol% Mn‐doped MgPSZ. Doped Mn exhibited a high Mn2+/Mn4+ ratio, which was identified by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In addition, it indicates that oxygen vacancy formation by substitution of Mn2+ in the Zr4+ site in MgPSZ increased cubic phase fraction. Ionic conductivity of MgPSZ was improved by the cubic phase increase attributed to Mn doping, and 10 mol% Mn‐doped MgPSZ exhibited higher ionic conductivity than MgPSZ. To investigate the mechanism of the ionic conductivity improvement, Zr‐O local structure in Mn‐doped MgPSZ was analyzed by Zr K‐edge EXAFS of MgPSZ, and the number of bonding of the Zr‐O first shell decreased with increased Mn substitution. Therefore, it was considered that the oxygen vacancy generation led to an increase in the cubic phase and the number of ionic conduction sites.
Coupling copper and hydrogenated TiO2 to bare TiO2 structures for improved photocatalytic performance
Authors: Kim Yeong Gyeong , Jo Wan‐Kuen
Published: November 2017

Coupling of metals and hydrogenated TiO2 (HT) to bare TiO2 may improve synergistically the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 for pollutant decomposition. Herein, we address this issue by investigating the photocatalytic performances of Cu‐loaded HT (CuHT)/bare TiO2 (CuHTT) heterojunction nanocomposites for the degradation of harmful n‐butanol under simulated solar light illumination. CuHTT with a CuHT‐to‐TiO2 composition ratio of 0.1 showed a photocatalytic efficiency exceeding those of four reference photocatalysts, exhibiting the advantages of improved visible light absorption efficiency, charge carrier separation, and adsorption capacity. Increasing the CuHT‐to‐TiO2 ratio from 0.01 to 0.1 improved the photocatalytic efficiency of CuHTT, whereas a further increase to 0.9 resulted in a decreased photocatalytic efficiency. Moreover, the photocatalytic efficiency improved as relative humidity increased from 20% to 70%, decreasing upon its further increase to 95%. The efficiencies of n‐butanol to CO2 conversion over CuHTT were lower than the corresponding decomposition efficiencies. Incompletely oxidized CO and three organic vapors (butanal, propanal, and 1‐propanol) were determined as major intermediates. A possible mechanism for CuHTT‐catalyzed photodegradation under simulated solar illumination was proposed.
Milker's nodule: an occupational infection and threat to the immunocompromised
Authors: Handler N.S. , Handler M.Z. , Rubins A. , Rubins S. , Septe M. , Janniger C.K. , Schwartz R.A.
Published: November 2017

Milker's nodule virus, also called paravaccinia virus, is a DNA virus of the parapoxvirus genus transmitted from infected cows to humans. It results from contact with cattle, cattle by‐products or fomites. Classified as an occupational disorder, those at risk of exposure include farmers, butchers and agricultural tourists. The viral infection begins 5–15 days after inoculation as an erythematous‐purple, round nodule with a clear depressed centre and a surrounding erythematous ring. While familiar to those in farming communities, the presence of the nodule may be concerning to others, particularly the immunosuppressed. Milker's nodules are self‐limited in immunocompetent individuals and heal without scarring within 8 weeks. Another member of the Parapoxvirus genus, the orf virus, is also transmitted from animals to humans by direct contact. While complications are rare, haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients are at risk of graft‐versus‐host disease, as the parapoxvirus may trigger these complications in immunocompromised individuals. In addition, paravaccinia may serve as the antigen source for the development of erythema multiforme. The unique structure and replication process of viruses in the Poxvirus family, while includes the Parapoxvirus genus, have been a focus for treatment of infections and cancer. Manipulation of these viruses has demonstrated promising therapeutic possibilities as vectors for vaccines and oncologic therapy.
Dartintinnus alderae n. g., n. sp., a Brackish Water Tintinnid (Ciliophora, Spirotrichea) with Dual‐ended Lorica Collapsibility
Authors: Smith Susan A. , Song Wen , Gavrilova Nelly A. , Kurilov Alexander V. , Liu Weiwei , McManus George B. , Santoferrara Luciana F.
Published: November 2017

A tintinnid ciliate isolated from waters of the Thames River (Connecticut, USA) is described through combined in vivo observation, protargol impregnation, and phylogenetic analysis. The novel genus Dartintinnus and its type species, D. alderae are distinct from established tintinnid taxa by a lorica that collapses on both anterior and posterior ends. Dartintinnus is placed in the family Eutintinnidae based on a hyaline, elongated lorica opened at both ends, a ciliary pattern including a ventral kinety, at least one dorsal kinety, and right, left and lateral fields, and a sister relationship with Eutintinnus in gene trees. Main differences between D. alderae and Eutintinnus species include a 5.5–6.5% divergence in the small subunit rRNA gene, the geometry of the lorica (resembling an isosceles tetrahedron when collapsed vs. a cylinder, respectively), the number of macronuclear nodules (two vs. four), and the number of dorsal kineties (one vs. usually two). Considering the features of the new genus, we improve the diagnosis of the family Eutintinnidae, including the presence of a lateral ciliary field that had been overlooked in some Eutintinnus species. This work exemplifies the potential for novel diversity, even in these relatively well‐studied protists, and the importance of an integrated approach for the description of tintinnid taxa.
Flank spot number and its significance for systematics, taxonomy and conservation of the near‐threatened Mediterranean troutSalmo cettii: evidence from a genetically pure population
Authors: Duchi A.
Published: November 2017

The number of spots on the flank of the Mediterranean troutSalmo cettiipopulation from Tellesimo Stream in Sicily, Italy, varied between seven and 37, with a median and mode of 21, numbers much lower than those reported in the literature and different from those of other Italian trout populations. This finding could be ascribed to the phenotypic plasticity of the species or, alternatively, could provide evidence to support the different origin of Sicilian autochthonous trout. Given the ease of use of this character for the identification of native fish, it could be particularly important for conservation and management purposes.
Characterization of the gut microbiota in early life stages of pikeperch Sander lucioperca
Authors: Dulski T. , Zakęś Z. , Ciesielski S.
Published: November 2017

This study characterized the gastrointestinal microbiome of nine juvenile farmed pikeperch Sander lucioperca using a metagenomics approach based on bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Potential changes in the gut microbiota during 2 months of S. lucioperca juvenile life were investigated. Results revealed that gut microbiota was dominated by Proteobacteria (95–92%), while other phyla Firmicutes (1–1·5%) and Actinobacteria (0·9–1·5%) were less abundant. At the family level, fish‐gut microbiota were dominated by Enterobacteriaceae, which constituted c. 83% of all DNA sequence reads. Such a situation was present in all of the examined fish except one, which showed a different proportion of particular microbial taxa than the other fish. In this fish, a higher relative abundance (%) of Fusobacteria (21·0%), Bacteroidetes (9·5%) and Firmicutes (7·5%) was observed. There were no significant differences in the gut microbiome structure at different stages of development in the examined fish. This may indicate that Proteobacteria inhabiting the gut microbiota at an early stage of life are a necessary component of the pikeperch microbiome that may support proper nutrition of the fish. The information obtained on the gut microbiome could be useful in determining juvenile S. lucioperca health and improving rearing conditions by welfare monitoring in aquaculture.
Cardiovascular Risk Burden and Future Risk of Walking Speed Limitation in Older Adults
Authors: Heiland Emerald G. , Qiu Chengxuan , Wang Rui , Santoni Giola , Liang Yajun , Fratiglioni Laura , Welmer Anna‐Karin
Published: November 2017

Objectives

To explore the association between cardiovascular risk factor (CRF) burden and limitation in walking speed, balance, and chair stand and to verify whether these associations vary according to age and cognitive status.

Design

Longitudinal population‐based study.

Setting

Urban area of Stockholm, Sweden.

Participants

Individuals aged 60 and older who participated in the Swedish National Study on Aging and Care in Kungsholmen and were free of limitations in walking speed (n = 1,441), balance (n = 1,154), or chair stands (n = 1,496) at baseline (2001–04).

Measurements

At baseline, data on demographic characteristics, CRFs, other lifestyle factors, C‐reactive protein, and cognitive function were collected. CRF burden was measured using the Framingham general cardiovascular risk score (FRS). Limitations in walking speed (<0.8 m/s), balance (<5 seconds), and chair stand (inability to rise 5 times) were determined at 3‐, 6‐, and 9‐year follow‐up. Data were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards models stratified according to age (<78, ≥78).

Results

During follow‐up, 326 persons developed limitations in walking speed, 303 in balance, and 374 in chair stands. An association between the FRS and walking speed limitation was evident only in adults younger than 78 (for each 1‐point increase in FRS: hazard ratio (HR) = 1.09, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.02–1.17) after controlling for potential confounders including cognitive function (correspondingly, in adults aged ≥78: HR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.92–1.03). Also, higher FRS was significantly associated with faster decline in walking speed (P < .001).

Conclusion

A higher FRS is associated with greater risk of subsequent development of walking speed limitation in adults younger than 78, independent of cognitive function. Interventions targeting multiple CRFs in younger‐old people may help in maintaining mobility function.
Municipal Solid Waste Incineration in France: An Overview of Air Pollution Control Techniques, Emissions, and Energy Efficiency
Authors: Beylot Antoine , Hochar Antoine , Michel Pascale , Descat Marie , Ménard Yannick , Villeneuve Jacques
Published: November 2017

In France, municipal solid waste (MSW) is primarily incinerated. This study aims at providing a complete, up‐to‐date, description of French MSW incineration regarding its technological, environmental, and energy features, in a context where these features are decisive for robust life cycle assessments (LCAs) to be performed. Data relative to, respectively, air pollution control (APC) techniques, consumption of reagents, air emissions and energy consumption and recovery were collected with respect to 90 French MSW incineration plants, considering the period 2012–2015. The compiled data set is representative for approximately 73% of the total mass of MSW annually incinerated in France (10.65 million tonnes of MSW in 2012). The analysis of the collected data first enables to determine the most used APC techniques in the French MSW incineration sector, respectively distinguishing “dedusting + acid gas treatment” and “DeNOx + abatement of dioxins.” Moreover, the statistical parameters that characterize the consumption of reagents in the French MSW incineration sector are provided as a function of APC techniques. Furthermore, regarding eight pollutants usually considered (at least partly) “process specific” in the LCA of MSW incineration (NOx, dust, dioxins, NH3, CO, volatile organic compounds, HCl, and SOx), this study discusses the significance—in a statistical point of view—of differences in incineration air emission factors from one APC technique to the other. Finally, average energy consumption and energy recovery efficiency of the French MSW incineration sector are provided and discussed.