bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling Predictors of Duties Not Including Flying Status
Authors: Tvaryanas Anthony P. , Griffith Converse
Published: December 2017

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to reuse available datasets to conduct an analysis of potential predictors of U.S. Air Force aircrew nonavailability in terms of being in “duties not to include flying” (DNIF) status.METHODS: This study was a
retrospective cohort analysis of U.S. Air Force aircrew on active duty during the period from 2003–2012. Predictor variables included age, Air Force Specialty Code (AFSC), clinic location, diagnosis, gender, pay grade, and service component. The response variable was DNIF duration. Nonparametric
methods were used for the exploratory analysis and parametric methods were used for model building and statistical inference.RESULTS: Out of a set of 783 potential predictor variables, 339 variables were identified from the nonparametric exploratory analysis for inclusion in the
parametric analysis. Of these, 54 variables had significant associations with DNIF duration in the final model fitted to the validation data set. The predicted results of this model for DNIF duration had a correlation of 0.45 with the actual number of DNIF days. Predictor variables included
age, 6 AFSCs, 7 clinic locations, and 40 primary diagnosis categories.DISCUSSION: Specific demographic (i.e., age), occupational (i.e., AFSC), and health (i.e., clinic location and primary diagnosis category) DNIF drivers were identified. Subsequent research should focus on the
application of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention measures to ameliorate the potential impact of these DNIF drivers where possible.Tvaryanas AP, Griffith C Jr. Modeling predictors of duties not including flying status. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2018; 89(1):52–57.
Intraocular Lens Use in an Astronaut During Long Duration Spaceflight
Authors: Mader Thomas H. , Gibson C. Robert , Schmid Josef F. , Lipsky William , Sargsyan Ashot E. , Garcia Kathleen , Williams Jeffrey N.
Published: December 2017

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this paper is to report the first use of an intraocular lens (IOL) in an astronaut during long duration spaceflight (LDSF). An astronaut developed a unilateral cataract and underwent phacoemulsification with insertion of an acrylic IOL. Approximately
15 mo later he flew on a Soyuz spacecraft to the International Space Station (ISS), where he successfully completed a 6-mo mission.CASE REPORT: Ocular examination, including ultrasound (US), was performed before, during, and after his mission and he was questioned regarding visual
changes during each portion of his flight.DISCUSSION: We documented no change in IOL position during his space mission. This astronaut reported excellent and stable vision during liftoff, entry into microgravity (MG), 6 mo on the ISS, descent, and landing. Our results suggest that
modern IOLs are stable, effective, and well tolerated during LDSF.Mader TH, Gibson CR, Schmid JF, Lipsky W, Sargsyan AE, Garcia K, Williams JN. Intraocular lens use in an astronaut during long duration spaceflight. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2018; 89(1):63–65.
L-Lysine-grafted graphene oxide as an effective adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue and metal ions
Authors: Yan Yan , Li Jie , Kong Fangbei , Jia Kuankuan , He Shiyu , Wang Baorong
Published: December 2017

In this paper, novel L-lysine-modified graphene oxide (Lys-GO) was synthesized through amidation. The morphological and structural properties of Lys-GO were characterized using infrared spectrometry, scanning electronic microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The as-prepared Lys-GO material was systematically investigated in a series of batch adsorption experiments for the removal of methylene blue (MB) and copper ions (Cu2+) from wastewater. These results showed that Lys-GO is a bifunctional adsorbent for the removal of dyes and metal ions, and excellent adsorption efficiency was obtained. The maximum adsorption capacities for MB dye and Cu2+ were 1679.1 mg/g and 186.9 mg/g at 35 °C, respectively. The kinetics of adsorption followed well the linear pseudo-second-kinetic model. The isotherm results indicated that MB adsorption can be described with the Langmuir isotherm model, while the adsorption of Cu2+ can be described with the Freundlich model. The excellent adsorption capacity indicated that the Lys-GO may be a promising adsorption material for the removal of environmental pollutants.
A Brønsted base-promoted diastereoselective dimerization of azlactones
Authors: Pinheiro Danielle L J , Batista Gabriel M F , de Castro Pedro P , Flores Leonã S , Andrade Gustavo F S , Amarante Giovanni W
Published: December 2017

A novel Brønsted base system for the diastereoselective dimerization of azlactones using trichloroacetate salts and acetonitrile has been developed. Desired products were obtained in good yields (60–93%) and with up to >19:1 dr after one hour of reaction. Additionally, the relative stereochemistry of the major dimer was assigned as being trans, by X-ray crystallographic analysis. The kinetic reaction profile was determined by using 1H NMR reaction monitoring and revealed a second order overall kinetic profile. Furthermore, by employing this methodology, a diastereoselective total synthesis of a functionalized analogue of streptopyrrolidine was accomplished in 65% overall yield.
Protective Effects of the Third Generation Vasodilatory Βeta - Blocker Nebivolol against D-Galactosamine - Induced Hepatorenal Syndrome in Rats
Authors: Atwa Ahmed , Hegazy Rehab , Mohsen Rania , Yassin Neamat , Kenawy Sanaa
Published: December 2017

BACKGROUND: Renal dysfunction is very common in patients with advanced liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension. The development of renal failure in the absence of clinical, anatomical or pathological causes renal of failure is termed hepatorenal syndrome (HRS).AIM: The present study was constructed to investigate the possible protective effects of nebivolol (Nebi) against D-galactosamine (Gal)-induced HRS in rats.MATERIAL AND METHODS: Rats were treated with Nebi for ten successive days. On the 8th day of the experiment, they received a single dose of Gal. Serum levels of Cr, BUN, Na+ and K+ as well as AST, ALT, total bilirubin (TB), NH3 and endothelin-1 (ET-1) were determined following Gal administration. Moreover, renal and liver contents of MDA, GSH, F2-isoprostanes (F2-IPs), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-кB), total nitric oxide (NO), in addition to activities of caspase-3 (Cas-3), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), inducible and endothelial NO synthase (iNOS and eNOS) enzymes were also assessed. Finally, histopathological examination was performed.RESULTS: Nebi attenuated Gal-induced renal and hepatic dysfunction. It also decreased the Gal-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory recruitment.CONCLUSION: Results demonstrated both nephroprotective and hepatoprotective effects of Nebi against HRS and suggested a role of its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and NO-releasing properties.
La guerre est-elle plus facile que la paix ?
Authors: Renault Vincent
Published: December 2017

À la conception de la guerre comme déchaînement de tendances primitives à la violence, et ainsi comme voie la plus spontanément choisie pour mettre fin aux désaccords, notre article oppose les constants efforts sur soi qu’exige la guerre, comme de se refuser à tout recours impulsif à la violence. Nous avançons alors l’idée d’une rationalité proprement guerrière, dont la base spécifique est une ontologie opposant des formes pures à des parasites que la guerre prétend éliminer. Nous explorons enfin les voies d’une pensée résolument contraire à ce type de rationalité, et qui exigent un plus grand effort d’intelligence du réel. Si la guerre appelle à un effort sur soi et n’est pas une voie plus spontanément choisie que la paix, elle repose en revanche sur un exercice facile, paresseux de l’intelligence.
Il était une fois les entreprises « libérées » : de la généalogie d’un modèle à l’identification de ses conditions de développement
Authors: Chabanet Didier , Colle Rodolphe , Corbett-Etchevers Isabelle , Defélix Christian , Perea Céline , Richard Damien
Published: December 2017

Depuis quelques années, le thème de l’entreprise libérée s’est progressivement imposé en France, grâce notamment aux travaux de Carney et Getz (2009 ; 2013). Cet article retrace la façon et les raisons pour lesquelles ce type d’entreprise a connu un succès grandissant, même s’il a suscité en retour de vives critiques. Après avoir fait le bilan des principaux éléments de la littérature disponibles sur le sujet, nous concentrons notre attention sur l’exemple de la société Sogilis, spécialisée dans la fabrication de logiciels. Cette recherche nous permet de mieux comprendre les caractéristiques des entreprises libérées et notamment les conditions qui semblent nécessaires à leur réussite. Elle interroge du même coup la capacité des managers à faire face à des pratiques très autonomes et donc hétérogènes.
Quantitative Multiplexed Imaging Analysis Reveals a Strong Association between Immunogen-Specific B Cell Responses and Tonsillar Germinal Center Immune Dynamics in Children after Influenza Vaccination
Authors: Amodio Donato , Cotugno Nicola , Macchiarulo Giulia , Rocca Salvatore , Dimopoulos Yiannis , Castrucci Maria Rita , De Vito Rita , Tucci Filippo M. , McDermott Adrian B. , Narpala Sandeep , Rossi Paolo , Koup Richard A. , Palma Paolo , Petrovas Constantinos
Published: December 2017

Generation of Ag-specific humoral responses requires the orchestrated development and function of highly specialized immune cells in secondary lymphoid organs. We used a multiparametric approach combining flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, and histocytometry to analyze, for the first time to our knowledge in children, tonsils from seasonal influenza–vaccinated children. We used these novel imaging assays to address the mucosal immune dynamics in tonsils investigating the spatial positioning, frequency, and phenotype of immune cells after vaccination. Vaccination was associated with a significantly higher frequency of follicular helper CD4 T cells compared with the unvaccinated control group. The imaging analysis revealed that potential suppressor (FOXP3hi) CD4 T cells are mainly located in extrafollicular areas. Furthermore, a significantly reduced frequency of both follicular and extrafollicular FOXP3hi CD4 T cells was found in the vaccine group compared with the control group. Levels of circulating CXCL13 were higher in those vaccinated compared with controls, mirroring an increased germinal center reactivity in the tonsils. Notably, a strong correlation was found between the frequency of tonsillar T follicular helper cells and tonsillar Ag-specific Ab-secreting cells. These data demonstrate that influenza vaccination promotes the prevalence of relevant immune cells in tonsillar follicles and support the use of tonsils as lymphoid sites for the study of germinal center reactions after vaccination in children.
Desertification, resilience, and re-greening in the African Sahel – a matter of the observation period?
Authors: Kusserow Hannelore
Published: December 2017

Abstract. Since the turn of the millennium various scientific publications have been discussing a re-greening of the Sahel after the 1980s drought mainly based on coarse-resolution satellite data. However, the author's own field studies suggest that the situation is far more complex and that both paradigms, the encroaching Sahara and the re-greening Sahel, need to be questioned.This paper discusses the concepts of desertification, resilience, and re-greening by addressing four main aspects: (i) the relevance of edaphic factors for a vegetation re-greening, (ii-iii) the importance of the selected observation period in the debate on Sahel greening or browning, and (iv) modifications in the vegetation pattern as possible indicators of ecosystem changes (shift from originally diffuse to contracted vegetation patterns).The data referred to in this paper cover a time period of more than 150 years and include the author's own research results from the early 1980s until today. A special emphasis, apart from fieldwork data and remote sensing data, is laid on the historical documents.The key findings summarised at the end show the following: (i) vegetation recovery predominantly depends on soil types; (ii) when discussing Sahel greening vs. Sahel browning, the majority of research papers only focus on post-drought conditions. Taking pre-drought conditions (before the 1980s) into account, however, is essential to fully understand the situation. Botanical investigations and remote-sensing-based time series clearly show a substantial decline in woody species diversity and cover density compared to pre-drought conditions; (iii) the self-organised patchiness of vegetation is considered to be an important indicator of ecosystem changes.
Meteorological and snow distribution data in the Izas Experimental Catchment (Spanish Pyrenees) from 2011 to 2017
Authors: Revuelto Jesús , Azorin-Molina Cesar , Alonso-González Esteban , Sanmiguel-Vallelado Alba , Navarro-Serrano Francisco , Rico Ibai , López-Moreno Juan Ignacio
Published: December 2017

Abstract. This work describes the snow and meteorological data set available for the Izas Experimental Catchment in the Central Spanish Pyrenees, from the 2011 to 2017 snow seasons. The experimental site is located on the southern side of the Pyrenees between 2000 and 2300 m above sea level, covering an area of 55 ha. The site is a good example of a subalpine environment in which the evolution of snow accumulation and melt are of major importance in many mountain processes. The climatic data set consists of (i) continuous meteorological variables acquired from an automatic weather station (AWS), (ii) detailed information on snow depth distribution collected with a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS, lidar technology) for certain dates across the snow season (between three and six TLS surveys per snow season) and (iii) time-lapse images showing the evolution of the snow-covered area (SCA). The meteorological variables acquired at the AWS are precipitation, air temperature, incoming and reflected solar radiation, infrared surface temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction, atmospheric air pressure, surface temperature (snow or soil surface), and soil temperature; all were taken at 10 min intervals. Snow depth distribution was measured during 23 field campaigns using a TLS, and daily information on the SCA was also retrieved from time-lapse photography. The data set (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.848277) is valuable since it provides high-spatial-resolution information on the snow depth and snow cover, which is particularly useful when combined with meteorological variables to simulate snow energy and mass balance. This information has already been analyzed in various scientific studies on snow pack dynamics and its interaction with the local climatology or topographical characteristics. However, the database generated has great potential for understanding other environmental processes from a hydrometeorological or ecological perspective in which snow dynamics play a determinant role.
Sea-level rise along the Emilia-Romagna coast (Northern Italy) in 2100: scenarios and impacts
Authors: Perini Luisa , Calabrese Lorenzo , Luciani Paolo , Olivieri Marco , Galassi Gaia , Spada Giorgio
Published: December 2017

Abstract. As a consequence of climate change and land subsidence, coastal zones are directly impacted by sea-level rise. In some particular areas, the effects on the ecosystem and urbanisation are particularly enhanced. We focus on the Emilia-Romagna (E-R) coastal plain in Northern Italy, bounded by the Po river mouth to the north and by the Apennines to the south. The plain is  ∼ 130 km long and is characterised by wide areas below mean sea level, in part made up of reclaimed wetlands. In this context, several morphodynamic factors make the shore and back shore unstable. During next decades, the combined effects of land subsidence and of the sea-level rise as a result of climate change are expected to enhance the shoreline instability, leading to further retreat. The consequent loss of beaches would impact the economy of the region, which is tightly connected with tourism infrastructures. Furthermore, the loss of wetlands and dunes would threaten the ecosystem, which is crucial for the preservation of life and the environment. These specific conditions show the importance of a precise definition of the possible local impacts of the ongoing and future climate variations. The aim of this work is the characterisation of vulnerability in different sectors of the coastal plain and the recognition of the areas in which human intervention is urgently required. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) sea-level scenarios are merged with new high-resolution terrain models, current data for local subsidence and predictions of the flooding model in_CoastFlood in order to develop different scenarios for the impact of sea-level rise projected to year 2100. First, the potential land loss due to the combined effect of subsidence and sea-level rise is extrapolated. Second, the increase in floodable areas as a result of storm surges is quantitatively determined. The results are expected to support the regional mitigation and adaptation strategies designed in response to climate change.
Intense precipitation events in the Central Range of the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: García Manuel Mora , Martín Jesús Riesco , Sánchez Llorente José Miguel , Soriano Luis Rivas , de Pablo Dávila Fernando
Published: December 2017

Abstract. Intense orographic precipitation associated with the Central Range was analysed using data of maximum accumulated precipitation in 24 h, occurring between 1958 and 2010. The 18 selected episodes were associated with a southwesterly tropospheric flow, a low-level jet, and high moisture flux at low levels. The observed moisture flux was higher than 100 (m g(s kg)−1) and the dry and wet Froude numbers were greater than 1. The selected area to study this synoptic situation was Gredos, broad and high range, which is located in the eastern part of the Central Range and generates a leeward orographic shadow. The effect of the Central Range on the spatial distribution of precipitation on the Iberian Peninsula plateau results in a sharp increase in precipitation in the south of the Central Range, followed by a decrease to the north of this range.
Error Analysis and Interlanguage in the Use of the Term ‘ICT’ in an Online Learner Corpus
Authors: Torrado-Cespón Milagros , Díaz-Lage José María
Published: December 2017

The main objective of this study is to highlight the need to advise students to revise their online written productions to avoid the incorrect use of forms which differ from their L1. In order to do so, this paper explores a specific error: misuse of the initialism ‘ICT’. Even though the analysis deals with this term, the conclusion can be applied to similar cases. The subjects are university students who use English as a vehicular language in the classroom but who have very different levels of proficiency. After analysing their written productions in an online forum it was observed that misuse of ‘ICT’ could be either an error, due to a gap in knowledge, or a mistake, due to interlingual transfer. Taking Selinker’s (1972) and Corder’s (1981) theories as a starting point, we then explore what to do in these cases considering the specific form of instruction that these students receive. Consequently, explicit teaching of the term in the classroom is proposed taking into account the learners’ age factor and the revised theories.
TESTIMONIOS, políticas de memoria y patrimonio intangible, usos y ejemplos
Authors: Guixé Jordi
Published: December 2017

La recolección de testimonios sobre nuestros conflictos recientes, sobre las catástrofes y conflictos del siglo XX, ha experimentado una multiplicación exponencial durante la década inicial del siglo XXI, lo que podemos llamar la década de la memoria o década del recuerdo. La iniciativa, pública, pero también universitaria y asociativa va acompañada de un oasis pasajero y excepcional de ayudas públicas a la “recuperación” de la memoria en España y Cataluña. Esa recuperación, no inédita, reubica las fuentes orales, el testimonio, el legado inmaterial, el recuerdo… en un espacio central en la confección de nuestra historia reciente. Ante este auge del rol del testimonio y los usos del mismo, merecen varias apreciaciones y análisis. Primero, este artículo analiza el papel de la memoria ante el fin de los testimonios –relativos a la República, Guerra civil, y primer franquismo-, también los diferentes grupos sociales que han tratado las fuentes orales –asociaciones, memoriales, museos, universidades, particulares, investigadores, etc.- que han sido motores de creación de entrevistas.El artículo se centra en el análisis metodológico ante los testimonios como patrimonio intangible ante diferentes usos. Y se centra en una reflexión sobre el trato memorial comparado iniciado en Cataluña hacia el año 2007. Ese modelo se intercala en el texto con reflexiones sobre el uso del testimonio en los proyectos museísticos y cómo estos son valorados en otros países, siempre permanentes en los relatos.
UM LEVANTAMENTO DA PRODUÇÃO INTELECTUAL SOBRE ENERGIA SOLAR FOTOVOLTAICA
Authors: Albuquerque Thiago Carrano , Maldonado Mauricio Uriona , Vaz Caroline Rodriges
Published: December 2017

A evolução da humanidade sempre esteve conectada às exigências por fontes de energia. Hoje, a matriz energética global é altamente dependente dos combustíveis derivados de petróleo, que por sua vez possuem alto coeficiente energético, porém causam grandes impactos ao meio-ambiente em sua exploração e utilização. As fontes renováveis têm como vantagem a geração de energia sem danos significativos a natureza. Dentre essas, a geração solar fotovoltaica ganha destaque nos últimos anos como uma alternativa sustentável de atendimento à demanda de eletricidade. No intuito de aprofundar mais as pesquisas realizadas sobre este tema foi realizada uma busca bibliométrica de artigos que tratavam de energia fotovoltaica, a fim de se identificar as principais áreas pesquisadas, palavras-chave, revistas (journals), países, anos de publicação e autores que são mais relevantes facilitando assim o processo de busca de outros pesquisadores por uma literatura especifica dentro do tema abordado. A pesquisa foi realizada na base de dados Web of Science, a partir de 1645 artigos resultantes das buscas. Como resultados finais da pesquisa são apresentados as principais áreas de pesquisa, as redes de citação, bem como os autores mais relevantes de cada área e além destas informações, foi realizada uma seleção dos 25 principais artigos do tema. Palavras-chave: Energia Solar, Fotovoltaica e Análise Bibliométrica.
Glomalin-Related Soil Protein Content in Areas of Degraded and Revegetated Caatinga in the Municipality of Irauçuba
Authors: Silva Cillas Pollicarto , Mende Filho Paulo Furtado , Gomes Vânia Felipe Freire , Martins Claudia Miranda , Cunha Cleyton Saialy Medeiros , Lobato Márcio Godofrêdo Rocha
Published: December 2017

Anthropic activities, combined with the natural ones, may trigger soil degradation, which has increased day by day and contributed to accentuating the desertification processes, resulting in losses of biodiversity and fertility of the soils. Because of that, the utilization of tools that indicate the stages of such degradation and recovery becomes necessary, in order to make viable and adequate management of these areas. Thus, the study on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), as a perspective to facilitate the recovery of degraded areas has increased, especially for the production of glomalin-related soil protein, which is of great importance for aggregate stability, besides showing a great potential of utilization as soil quality indicator. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the contents of glomalin-related soil protein, correlating with chemical, physical and biological attributes in areas of the municipality of Irauçuba-CE: area degraded by overgrazing, area under process of natural revegetation managed with the exclusion of domestic animals and area of native forest, characterized by tree-shrub Caatinga vegetation. Disturbed soil samples were collected in the layer of 0-10 cm in each area and evaluated for AMF attributes, soil chemical attributes and physical attributes. The results obtained with the tests of means prove that, among the three areas, only the native forest showed significant differences with respect to both fractions of the protein. However, in regard to spore density and aggregate stability, the areas of native forest and exclusion showed the best mean values. The content glomalin-related soil protein (GRPS), associated with other edaphic attributes, contributes to discriminating the quality and to the monitoring of areas with different levels of soil degradation. The highest correlation values were observed among the contents of calcium, nitrogen and organic carbon and both GRSP fractions (easily extractable: GRSPEE,which represents the recently deposited frsction that has not yet suffered biochemical alterations in the soil; total: GRSPT, which is strongly adhered to the clays), indicating that the protein directly influences the contents of these elements in the soil.
Application of bat-cell bio-ambient tests in exhaust gas emissions examinations for Euro 4 and Euro 6 combustion engines
Authors: KESKA Aleksandra , JANICKA Anna
Published: December 2017

The introduction of the subsequent European emission standards raises controversy among vehicle manufacturers and researchers. In order to meet the legal requirements, it is necessary to continually improve not only the cars but also the costly measurement facilities. In addition, current methods do not give a clear answer to the harmful effects of exhaust gases on living organisms. By using the appropriate In vitro method to directly assess the toxicity of gaseous mixtures, one can obtain simple, reliable results that can be used to validate
the introduction of ever more stringent Euro standards
SPORAZUM O STABILIZACIJI I PRIDRUZIVANJU KAO REGULATORNI INSTRUMENT POLITICKIH I EKONOMSKIH REFORMI IZMEDU EVROPSKE UNIJE I BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE
Authors: Kalinić Zoran
Published: December 2017

U radu se razmatra Sporazum o stabilizaciji ipridruzivanju, preferencijal- no trgovinski sporazum koji ima politicke elemente. Autor se bavi politikom Evropske unije prema zemljama zapadnog Balkana definisanom u okviru Procesa stabilizacije ipridruzivanja. Predmet rasprave je bilateralna saradnja koja kroz ugovorni odnos ima obavezujuci karakter, s ciljem ispunjavanja prava i obaveza kojaproizilaze iz trecegeneracije evropskih sporazuma .Cilj rada je da se istakne mehanizam pokretanja promjena koje koristi Evropska unija da se zainteresovanoj zemlji pomogne u izgradnji kapaciteta za usvajanje i primjenu zakona i standarda EU.Usredistu analize bice razmatran status Bosne i Hercegovine, u periodu izmedu potpisivanja SSP-a, i primjene Privre- menog sporazuma. Naglasavajuci da je integracija zapadnog Balkana u EU od sustinskog znacaja za evropski projekat mira, u kojem se ugovorni odnos preko Sporazuma o stabilizaciji i pridruzivanju koristi radi ispunjavanja po- litickih ciljeva koji ukljucuju sirok raspon reformi.
BODY OBJECTIFICATION AS ILLUSTRATION OF SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS IN THE NOVEL ‘LADY CHATTERLEY'S LOVER' BY DAVID HERBERT LAWRENCE
Authors: Đurović Vesna
Published: December 2017

Lady Chatterley’s Lover is one of Lawrence’s novel that caused the most controversy in the English society back then. This is one of the few books which was prosecuted for obscene and immoral scenes and the use of inappropriate words, as members of aristocratic English society formulated it. The fact is that Lawrence through this novel in a different way of description and presentation of the body describes all the shortcomings and contradictions of the English society then. What makes this novel contemporary even nowadays is that unfortunately these relations are still present, with the only difference is that ruling class present those who are the owners of capital and the working class remained the same, only the means of labour and the ways of working have changed.
PKI SYSTEMS, DIRECTIVES, STANDARDS AND NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Authors: Novaković Nikola , Latinović Milan
Published: December 2017

This paper describes Public Key Infrastructure (PKI). It is a platform for the realization of secure methods of information exchange based on public key cryptography. The introduction of these systems implies knowledge of the directives and standards prescribed by the organization for the introduction and improvement of standards. Similarly, the introduction of PKI system must meet the legal requirements prescribed by national legislation. This paper presents a list of organizations and standards related to PKI systems, and analysis of domestic legislation which is necessary to know prior to the realization of any specific methodology or implementation. The aim of this paper is an introduction to the problems of PKI systems and view at the basic regulations (directives, standards and legislation), whose knowledge is a prerequisite for the concrete implementation of these systems.
Interpretation of an Epoch in the Novel "the Big Green Tent" by L. Ulitskaya: Linguistic-Cultural Analysis of Verbal Lexicon
Authors: Safin Ildar Ch. , Kolosova Elena I. , Gimranova Tatyana A.
Published: December 2017

 This article is the verbal lexicon analysis based on the text of the novel "The Big Green Tent" by L. Ulitskaya. The creative manner of the contemporary writer attracts the attention of researchers, her writings describe the emotional experiences of the heroes and also give a generalized image of time full of historical details and features. The language of her stories and short stories is characterized by a special style in the description of time realities. A verb in the text allows the author to express the events and the circumstances that characterize an action in its dynamics due to the fact that verbal categories reflect the real reality in our consciousness. The method of linguistic cultural analysis of verbal lexicon in the novel "The Big Green Tent" made it possible to single out exactly those language units that the writer carefully selects for the creation and interpretation of the era. A special emphasis in the study is made on the creation of an expressive-emotional style of narration using the stylistic capabilities of the Russian verb. The individual author's methods of narration expressiveness creation are singled out: synonymous series, euphemisms, colloquial lexicon, etc. The conducted study and a careful analysis of the selected factual material testifies that, recreating an epoch, the master of the word invariably uses that language arsenal that brightly and fully conveys the color of time. L. Ulitskaya is able to be not only an indifferent witness of the epoch, but also her tenacious observer and interpreter. The analyzed factual material and the main points of this research can be used in the courses on stylistics and linguistic culturology, and also as an illustrative material during the classes on the linguistic analysis of a literary text.
The Development of "Immigration to Europe" Topic in the Time History of Speech Pattern Changes on the TV News
Authors: Arsentyeva Galina L.
Published: December 2017

The migration subject from the countries of North Africa and the Middle East to Europe was one of the main subjects of 2015-2016 on the Russian television, in particular, in information programs. In the real research we also explore the period from May 15 to May 22, 2017 with the purpose of tracking the appeal of journalists to this subject a year later after its active lighting in world media. At the same time the analysis of speech dynamics changes in texts of information programs on the basis of which conclusions on this research were drawn became a main objective. Let us note that several scientific approaches to a research of the television speech are known: lingual-and-stylistic, social-and-linguistic, psycho-linguistic, culturological, structural, system, functional approaches. In literature are in this regard described also effect of priming and cultivation. Besides, the new information era and a variety of information sources led to information overload which became a studying subject for representatives of cognitive sciences. Language and stylistic features of the television speech on an immigration subject in the real research are considered as a telespeech implementer in communication aspect. The research of its internal linguistic component, including phonetic implementers, became a basis of their studying. Results of the research conducted on the basis of the Kazan Federal University are given in the article. The author shows two-year speech dynamics changes in plots of information releases of the central TV channels with the universal programming strategy concerning a subject of mass migration to Europe. 
Increased Fluid Flow Activity in Shallow Sediments at the 3 km Long Hugin Fracture in the Central North Sea
Authors: Lichtschlag A. , Cevatoglu M. , Connelly D. P. , James R. H. , Bull J. M.
Published: December 2017

The North Sea hosts a wide variety of seafloor seeps that may be important for transfer of chemical species, such as methane, from the Earth's interior to its exterior. Here we provide geochemical and geophysical evidence for fluid flow within shallow sediments at the recently discovered, 3 km long Hugin Fracture in the Central North Sea. Although venting of gas bubbles was not observed, concentrations of dissolved methane were significantly elevated (up to six‐times background values) in the water column at various locations above the fracture, and microbial mats that form in the presence of methane were observed at the seafloor. Seismic amplitude anomalies revealed a bright spot at a fault bend that may be the source of the water column methane. Sediment porewaters recovered in close proximity to the Hugin Fracture indicate the presence of fluids from two different shallow (<550 m) sources: (i) a reduced fluid characterized by elevated methane concentrations and/or high levels of dissolved sulfide (up to 6 mmol L−1), and (ii) a low‐chlorinity fluid (Cl ∼305 mmol L−1) that has low levels of dissolved methane and/or sulfide. The area of the seafloor affected by the presence of methane‐enriched fluids is similar to the footprint of seepage from other morphological features in the North Sea.
Direct Evidence of Meltwater Flow Within a Firn Aquifer in Southeast Greenland
Authors: Miller Olivia , Solomon D. Kip , Miège Clément , Koenig Lora , Forster Richard , Schmerr Nicholas , Ligtenberg Stefan R. M. , Montgomery Lynn
Published: December 2017

Within the lower percolation zone of the southeastern Greenland ice sheet, meltwater has accumulated within the firn pore space, forming extensive firn aquifers. Previously, it was unclear if these aquifers stored or facilitated meltwater runoff. Following mixing of a saline solution into boreholes within the aquifer, we observe that specific conductance measurements decreased over time as flowing freshwater diluted the saline mixture in the borehole. These tests indicate that water flows through the aquifer with an average specific discharge of 4.3 × 10−6 m/s (σ = 2.5 × 10−6 m/s). The specific discharge decreases dramatically to 0 m/s, defining the bottom of the aquifer between 30 to 50 m depth. The observed flow indicates that the firn pore space is a short‐term (<30 years) storage mechanism in this region. Meltwater flows out of the aquifer, likely into nearby crevasses, and possibly down to the base of the ice sheet and into the ocean.
Enrichment of Extracellular Carbonic Anhydrase in the Sea Surface Microlayer and Its Effect on Air‐Sea CO2 Exchange
Authors: Mustaffa N. I. H. , Striebel M. , Wurl O.
Published: December 2017

This paper describes the quantification of extracellular carbonic anhydrase (eCA) concentrations in the sea surface microlayer (SML), the boundary layer between the ocean and the atmosphere of the Indo‐West Pacific. We demonstrated that the SML is enriched with eCA by 1.5 ± 0.7 compared to the mixed underlying water. Enrichment remains up to a wind speed of 7 m s−1 (i.e., under typical oceanic conditions). As eCA catalyzes the interconversion of HCO3− and CO2, it has been hypothesized that its enrichment in the SML enhances the air‐sea CO2 exchange. We detected concentrations in the range of 0.12 to 0.76 nM, which can enhance the exchange by up to 15% based on the model approach described in the literature.
First Spaceborne GNSS‐Reflectometry Observations of Hurricanes From the UK TechDemoSat‐1 Mission
Authors: Foti Giuseppe , Gommenginger Christine , Srokosz Meric
Published: December 2017

We present the first examples of Global Navigation Satellite Systems‐Reflectometry (GNSS‐R) observations of hurricanes using spaceborne data from the UK TechDemoSat‐1 (TDS‐1) mission. We confirm that GNSS‐R signals can detect ocean condition changes in very high near‐surface ocean wind associated with hurricanes. TDS‐1 GNSS‐R reflections were collocated with International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS) hurricane data, MetOp ASCAT A/B scatterometer winds, and two reanalysis products. Clear variations of GNSS‐R reflected power (σ0) are observed as reflections travel through hurricanes, in some cases up to and through the eye wall. The GNSS‐R reflected power is tentatively inverted to estimate wind speed using the TDS‐1 baseline wind retrieval algorithm developed for low to moderate winds. Despite this, TDS‐1 GNSS‐R winds through the hurricanes show closer agreement with IBTrACS estimates than winds provided by scatterometers and reanalyses. GNSS‐R wind profiles show realistic spatial patterns and sharp gradients that are consistent with expected structures around the eye of tropical cyclones.
Messenger
RNA
in Eukaryotes
Authors: Akusjärvi Göran , Punga Tanel
Published: December 2017

The concept that eukaryotic gene expression is primarily regulated at the level of RNA (ribonucleic acid) polymerase II recruitment to a promoter has changed dramatically during the past decades. Changes such as mRNA capping, splicing, polyadenylation, editing as well as various chemical modifications produce a huge variety of unique mRNA species. The mRNA factory model suggests that transcription and mRNA processing are intimately coupled. Thus, the elongating RNA polymerase II, via its carboxy‐terminal domain (CTD), recruits key factors required for the proper capping, splicing and polyadenylation to the nascent transcript. Furthermore, factors controlling the speed of elongation, such as nucleosome occupancy and modification, also partake in the generation of alternatively spliced mRNA, a process that represents an important regulatory level at which eukaryotes can expand the coding capacity of their genomes.

Key Concepts

mRNA processing events, such as capping, splicing and polyadenylation, are coordinated and occur predominantly co‐transcriptionally.

Different phosphorylation patterns of the carboxy‐terminal domain (CTD) control the temporal recruitment of capping, splicing and polyadenylation factors to the elongating RNA polymerase II.

Nucleosomes are preferentially found at exonic sequences and influence the speed of elongation and outcome of co‐transcriptional splicing.

Essentially, all eukaryotic genes produce alternatively spliced and polyadenylated mRNAs.

Alternative splicing greatly expands the coding capacity of a gene; that is one gene does not only code for one protein.

mRNA splicing, mRNA export and nonsense‐mediated mRNA decay are tightly coupled reactions that ensure that erroneous mRNAs are destroyed.

RNA editing is an important regulatory mechanism to produce protein diversity and control various aspects of the mRNA life cycle.

Dynamic ribonucleotide modifications, such as adenosine methylation, present a novel way to regulate mRNA stability, localisation and translation.
Population Stratification, Adjustment for
Authors: Gao Xiaoyi , Edwards Todd L
Published: December 2017

Population stratification (PS) is a major concern in genetic association studies. Failure to control it effectively can lead to excess false‐positive results and failure to detect true associations. Many methods have been designed to adjust for PS, which mainly fall under the following categories: (1) genomic control for the inflation of test statistics, (2) structured association, (3) principal component analysis and multidimensional scaling, (4) mixed‐model approaches, (5) adjustment in admixed populations and (6) other approaches. Nowadays, with the availability of a variety of datasets, such as meta‐analysis test statistics from consortia and extensive cohort data, and genomics data from admixed populations, these big and diverse genomic datasets raise challenges to traditional PS methods and provide opportunities for new approaches. No method is likely to be superior in all situations. Care needs to be taken to ensure that the assumptions of the method are met and that the method is used for its intended purpose.

Key Concepts

Population stratification is a major source of potential confounding in genetic association studies.

PS can be corrected using many different statistical methods.

The inflation of test statistics may be due to polygenicity rather than PS.

Linear‐mixed models are able to correct for both PS and cryptic relatedness.

PS‐correction methods may be sensitive to genetic marker selection.

Both global ancestry and local ancestry can be ascertained and accounted for in admixed populations.

Care needs to be taken to make sure that the assumptions of the different statistical methods used are met.
Mobile Elements in the Human Genome: Implications for Disease
Authors: Chénais Benoît
Published: December 2017

Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) sequences that represent a great portion of the human genome. TEs are divided into retrotransposons, the more abundant, and DNA transposons, which differ by their structure and transposition mechanisms. The major
LINE‐1
and
Alu
elements represent about one‐third of the human genome and are responsible for several chromosomal rearrangements, gene deletion, insertional mutagenesis as well as RNA (ribonucleic acid) splicing alteration and epigenetic regulation. DNA transposons and human endogenous retroviruses are also a source of genetic alterations. Consequently, TE insertion and mobility lead to human diseases, among which are cancer, hematologic disease, metabolic disease, neurodegenerescence and neurologic and psychiatric diseases. The examples of TE‐related diseases presented herein aim to highlight the interest of increasing our knowledge of TEs through extensive genomic approaches, which may lead to new potential diagnostic markers of diseases.

Key Concepts

Transposable elements are numerous in the human genome, and the most abundant
Alu
and
LINE‐1
retroelements represent about one‐third of the human genome.

Transposable elements are a source of genomic rearrangements that may lead to several human diseases.

Gene expression may be affected by transposable elements through the modification of regulatory elements and RNA splicing events.

Transposable elements impact and are impacted by epigenetic regulation.

Examples of human diseases related to transposable elements include (but are not limited to) cancer, hematologic, metabolic and neurologic diseases.
Actor Network Theory
Authors: Michael Mike
Published: December 2017

Actor network theory (ANT) originally emerged out of the sociology of scientific knowledge, and developed to address how society is ordered at a “local” level. It is especially distinguished by its focus on the role of nonhumans – including texts, animals, and technologies – in such processes of social ordering. In “classic” ANT, this involved tracing how particular actors went about building a network by using various materials – not least scientific texts – to enroll other actors, both human and nonhuman. ANT has been criticized for its managerial model of network‐building, its eschewal of macro‐social categories, and its seeming willingness to ascribe agency to nonhumans. In the present post‐ANT era, while many of the original principles are still in place, scholars have expanded the ANT sensibility to explore, for instance, the multiplicity and openness of social processes.
Adolescence
Authors: Nasir Kamaludeen Mohamed
Published: December 2017

The term “adolescence” has held a tenuous position in social theory. Much research has been done to dispute the biological determinism associated with the life phase. As a result, most of the theorizing of the young over the last few decades focuses on the more flexible category of youth.
Alienation and Reification
Authors: Lauren Langman , Devorah Kalekin
Published: December 2017

Alienation has been an important concept in religion, law, psychiatry, social analysis, and social critique. It was a central concept for Hegel that in turn influenced the Marxist critique of capitalism that not only exploited workers, like earlier systems, but led to their alienation, for example, their objectification and estrangement. When workers sold their labor, as they used the tools of the capitalist to transform raw materials and produce what the capitalist demanded, they became estranged from their labor, the products they created, bereft of their community, denied recognition, dignity, and freedom to fulfill their human potentials. Workers became objectified, powerless, meaningless, and dehumanized. Marx's analysis of “commodity fetishism” showed how social relations that were seen as “things” informed Lukács's theory of reification. Marx's critique of alienation had a considerable impact on other social theories. For Weber, “formal rationality” dehumanized people while for Durkheim, “anomie,” normlessness, were seen as inherent to modernity in general. Alienation has had an important role in sociological research; today it is seen as a much broader concept than industrial labor, which embraces social movements that could lead to overcoming alienation, and including various aspects of society and culture ranging from immigration to shopping to mass media.
A
nnales
S
chool
Authors: Romero Héctor , Brändle Gaspar
Published: December 2017

Formed around the journal
Annales d'histoire économique et sociale
, which was founded by Lucien Febvre and Marc Bloch in 1929, the Annales School attempted to develop a “total history” as a critique of existing historical methodology focused on events and politics. The influence of the Annales School on social theory was remarkable. The School has continued through four generations, each characterized by diverse intellectual turns and headed by different figures, from Marc Bloch and Fernand Braudel to Jacques Le Goff and Roger Chartier.
A
nzaldúa,
G
loria
Authors: Gutierrez Lizeth
Published: December 2017

Gloria Anzaldúa is a prolific Chicana lesbian feminist, theorist, poet, and activist. Her work has opened up national and international dialogues on the importance of borderlands in cultural theory, feminist theory, and queer theory. She has redefined US American philosophies, disciplines, and knowledges by centering the histories of marginalized communities beyond the boundaries of Western thinking. In other words, through her writing, Anzaldúa offers readers tools to conceptualize theory as an experience of the flesh, that which does not see identity as a fragmented subject–object duality, but rather a mestiza consciousness that embraces living in between worlds.
Atheism
Authors: Nixon Alan G.
Published: December 2017

Despite the fact that there are no particular ideologies or sets of behaviors to which all atheists adhere, atheism is generally accepted as the view that there is (are) no God(s). However, the term has many negative connotations and historical attachments. Therefore, many different labels have been used to describe those who adhere to a non‐religious worldview, often to avoid the term “atheism” itself. At the beginning of the twenty‐first century, there has been a revival in social scientific study of the non‐religious/atheists.