bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Laundry Soap Production from the Respective Tallows of Goat, Sheep and Cow: Evaluation of Physicochemical Properties for the Best
Authors: Isah Abdullahi Nwaha , Asli Umi Aisah , Audu Nasiru , Bello Sadiku Itopa , Waziri Jibrin , Salihu Siyaka Omonowo
Published: April 2021

Tallow mainly consists of triglycerides, whose major constituents are derived from stearic, palmitic and oleic acids, and its usage reduces production cost of soap, adds lather stability and hardness to soap. Laundry soaps were produced with variation on amount of tallow (sourced from cow, sheep and goat) and labelled as A, B, C, D and E formulations. The respective tallows were characterized in terms of saponification value and acid value and determined to be 192.14 and 2.24mg KOH/g (cow tallow); 200.56 and 2.38mgKOH/g (sheep tallow) and 197.75 and 1.96 mgKOH/g (goat tallow). The physicochemical properties of soap which determine its area of usage and cleansing properties were determined. The properties considered in this work were hardness, moisture content, foam capacity, pH, free acidity content, and total fatty matter. The hardness, moisture content, foam capacity, pH, free acidity content and total fatty matter of the produced soaps were determined and ranged between mild-deep penetration level; 11-21%; 1-9cm; 8-10.5; 0.16-0.82% and 40-86% respectively. From the comparative analysis, soap made from sheep tallow has the lowest penetration level (with formulations B and E), lowest free acidity content of 0.16% (with formulation A), highest total fatty matter of 86% (using formulation E), highest foam height of 9cm (with formulation A), lowest moisture content of 11% (with formulation A) and mild alkalinity of 8 (with formulations A, B and E). These results showed that the soaps produced from sheep tallow are the best in terms of hardness, lather and skin friendliness, due to its high degree of longer carbon chain lengths of fatty acids. These values satisfy the standard limit set for good quality laundry soap by National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control and Encyclopaedia of Industrial Chemical Analysis, respectively.
The Solutions of Generalized Euler Function Equation φ_2(n-φ_2 (n))=2ω(n)
Authors: Yifan Xu , Zhongyan Shen
Published: May 2021

By using the properties of Euler function, an upper bound of solutions of Euler function equation  is given, where  is a positive integer. By using the classification discussion and the upper bound we obtained, all positive integer solutions of the generalized Euler function equation  are given, where is the number of distinct prime factors of n.
Techniques for Preservation of Post-extraction Alveolar Bone Loss: A Literature Review
Authors: Jana Shejali , Shah Rucha , Thomas Raison , Kumar A. B. Tarun , Mehta D. S.
Published: May 2021

Sequelae to too the extraction includes progressive loss in the vertical and horizontal dimension of alveolar ridge. These lead to changes in the alveolar process in a 3 dimensional fashion causing hard and soft tissue deficiency which may affect the ability to restore the site. Preservation of the alveolar crest after tooth extraction is essential to maintain the vertical and horizontal dimensions of the alveolar ridge. Several techniques and materials have been introduced to minimize crestal bone loss. There is a broad consensus that ridge preservation procedures are efficient in limiting the post extraction dimensional loss of the ridge. However, the key to successful outcome is proper treatment planning according to the case and prognosis.

Conclusion: The aim of this literature review is to discuss the several bone preservation techniques and materials to minimize post-extraction loss of hard and soft tissues.
Evaluation of Sarcopenia by Ultrasound of the Rectus Femoris Muscle as a Predictor of Outcomes of Surgical Intensive Care Unit Patients, A Prospective, Observational Study
Authors: Hegazy Aya Hassan , El-Ghafar Mohammad Samir Abd , El-shmaa Nagat Sayed , Soliman Sohair Moustafa
Published: May 2021

Background: Muscle wasting is a frequent finding in critically ill patients and is associated with worse short- and long term outcomes. Loss of mass and function of skeletal muscles starts early - in the first 24 hours after admission to Intensive Care Unit (ICU) - and may persist for years ‘Post-ICU syndrome’. Ultrasound of rectus femoris muscle is a valid and simple technique that could be used for longitudinal assessment of treatment success and facilitates the use of postoperative interventions that help in problems related to critical illness. The aim of this study is to evaluate sarcopenia by ultrasound of rectus femoris muscle as a predictor of outcomes of surgical intensive care unit.

Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study was performed on 40 patients admitted to the surgical ICU, Tanta University Hospitals, Egypt, after approval of the Institutional Ethical Committee, Tanta University. The study started from April 2019 till January 2020. An informed consent was taken from the nearest relatives of the patients. All data of the patients was confidential with secret codes and private files for each patient. All given data was used for the current medical research only. Any unexpected risks appeared during the course of the research were cleared to the participants and ethical committee at time.

Results: Cross-sectional area of rectus femoris muscle decreased significantly at all-time measurements as compared to the baseline at day 0 (within 24 hours from SICU admission), 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30. There were negative correlations between delta cross-sectional area of rectus femoris muscle and age, height, weight, Body Mass Index and baseline cross-sectional area of rectus femoris muscle. There was a positive correlation between delta cross-sectional area of rectus femoris muscle and duration of mechanical ventilation, ICU length of stay and mortality.

Conclusion: Rectus femoris cross-sectional area measured by B-mode ultrasonography showed significant role in nutritional assessment as it decreases in critically ill patients with positive correlation with duration of mechanical ventilation and ICU stay.
Biochemical Methane Potential Assessment by Anaerobic Digestion of Locally Available Grasses of Phuentsholing, Bhutan
Authors: Choden Yeshi , Zangmo Samten , Tamang Saahin , Gyeltshen Thinley , Phuntshok Karma , Limboo Sanjita , Gyeltshen Tenzin Choden
Published: May 2021

Renewable energy is not only environmental friendly but also promotes sustainable development. Biogas being one of the abundantly used renewable resource, the enhancement and optimization of the yield of biogas can help in reduction of dependence on imported fuel. Biochemical methane potential (BMP) assessment of grass will determine the production of methane (CH4) from this substrate through the process of anaerobic digestion. After determining the parameters such as pH, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Total solids (TS) of three types of local grasses known as Basil, Bermuda and Napier, that affects the production of biogas, Napier grass resulted with the highest potential to produce CH4 gas. Batch and continuous reactor method under mesophilic condition was adopted. The composition of biogas from continuous reactor was obtained using a biogas analyzer (Biogas 5000 Geotech), from which 30.8% of CH4,

 8% of CO2 and other inert gases were found. Also, methane to carbon dioxide (CH4: CO2) ratio of 3.81: 1 approximately (80% - 20%) was achieved. Moreover, the batch reactor method showed that 1L Napier grass silage would yield 0.81L of biogas. The concentration of CH4 gas from Napier grass in hydraulic retention time as short as 20 days was very significant. This study shows that Napier grass can be used as an alternative sustainable source of energy in the country which can improve resource constraints.
THE PHENOMENON OF POLUPHARMACY IN THE FRAIL ELDERLY
Authors: Silvano Carla Maria , Contim Divanice , Santos Álvaro da Silva , Gonçalves Jurema Ribeiro Luiz
Published: May 2021

Objetivo: compreender o uso de polifarmácia por idosos frágeis. Método: pesquisa qualitativa, realizada no período de novembro a dezembro de 2011, em Uberaba-MG. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de entrevistas domiciliares gravadas, utilizando-se roteiro semi-estruturado com questões norteadoras, analisadas através do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo (DSC). Resultados: Mediante as Expressões Chaves, surgiram quatro Ideias Centrais (IC): Acredita ter compreensão da terapêutica medicamentosa; Orientação médica incompleta e centrada no horário e com necessidade de apoio familiar para compreensão; Conseqüências da Polifarmácia: efeito colateral e Valorização do cumprimento do Regime Terapêutico Medicamentoso. Após o agrupamento das IC elaboraram-se quatro DSC. Conclusão: No idoso frágil, a presença de vários agravos pode levar ao uso da polifarmácia. Essa condição pede ações conjuntas do Estado, da equipe de saúde, em especial o enfermeiro, da família e do próprio idoso.
ACCESSION OF INDIVIDUALS TO HEMODIALYSIS THERAPY
Authors: Beuter Margrid , Muller Luana Rodrigues , Brondani Cecília Maria , Pauletto Macilene Regina , Timm Arlete Maria Brentano , Girardon-Perlini Nara Marilene Oliveira
Published: May 2021

Objetivo: analisar os indicadores de adesão relacionados com o perfil sociodemográfico de indivíduos submetidos ao tratamento hemodialítico. Método: pesquisa quantitativa realizada com 56 indivíduos em hemodiálise numa clínica renal no interior do Rio Grande do Sul. Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionário e consulta ao prontuário, nos meses de agosto e setembro de 2008. Resultados: os indivíduos casados com idade acima de 60 anos, analfabetos, ou ensino fundamental incompleto, com tempo de tratamento entre um a cinco anos adotaram maior quantidade de indicadores de adesão; indivíduos com renda superior a cinco salários mínimos aderiram a menos indicadores. Conclusão: Existem vários fatores envolvidos na adesão ao tratamento hemodialítico agindo de forma inter-relacionada. Cada indivíduo segue o tratamento de forma única e singular, influenciado por inúmeros fatores adquiridos ao longo da vida. Essas particularidades condicionam a resposta ao tratamento e devem ser entendidas pelos profissionais de saúde.
THE SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONS OF MEN ABOUT PROSTATE CANCER
Authors: Araujo Jeferson Santos , Conceição Vander Monteiro da , Silva Silvio Eder Dias da , Santana Mary Elizabeth de , Vasconcelos Esleane Vilela , Sousa Ralrizônia Fernandes
Published: May 2021

Objetivo: O estudo objetivou identificar as representações sociais de homens sobre o câncer de próstata e suas masculinidades frente à doença, e analisar suas implicações para a saúde. Método: Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória com abordagem qualitativa do tipo estudo de caso o qual utiliza como aporte conceitual a Teoria das Representações Sociais, realizada com 10 sujeitos diagnosticados com câncer de próstata. Resultados: Através da analise de conteúdo emergiram as seguintes unidades temáticas: (Re)conhecendo a próstata; Esse problema chamado próstata e a próstata como símbolo da masculinidade do homem. Conclusão: O estudo permitiu evidenciar que o câncer de próstata é uma doença que esta diretamente relacionada com a forma como se percebe as suas consequências no contexto social, sendo estas responsáveis por proporcionar momentos de dor, tristeza, de trocas de experiências e, sobretudo de riscos à saúde.
Characterization of drug poisonings registered in a toxicological information center of Piauí from 2007 to 2012
Authors: Magalhães Juliana Veloso , Monte Bruno Soares , Santos Marília Barros , Viana Rocha Lucas Pazolinni , Mendes Cíntia Maria de Melo
Published: May 2021

Objetivo:Caracterizar o perfil das intoxicações medicamentosas registradas no Centro de Informações Toxicológicas do Piauí no período de 2007 a 2012. Métodos:Os dados foram coletados por meio de formulários do Sistema Nacional de Informações Tóxico-Farmacológicas, através da análise das fichas de intoxicação medicamentosas notificadas no período de 2007 a 2012 pelo Centro de Informações Toxicológicas do Piauí e foram analisados ​​utilizando os programas Microsoft Excel 2007 e GraphPad Prism 5. Resultados: Foram identificadas 503 intoxicações medicamentosas, as quais foram mais frequentes no sexo feminino, em crianças e adultos jovens de zona urbana, tendo como causas principais os acidentes individuais e as tentativas de suicídio e o os benzodiazepínicos forma as drogas mais utilizadas. Conclusão: Os dados encontrados no estudo são consistentes com os resultados de outros estudos brasileiros existentes sobre o tema.
Validation of informative booklet about the elderly demented by nurses and nursing students: an observational-transversal study
Authors: Camacho Alessandra Conceição Leite Funchal , Abreu Louise Theresa de Araújo , Leite Bruna Silva , Mata Ana Carolina de Oliveira , Louredo Drielle dos Santos , Silva Rafael Pires
Published: May 2021

Objetivo: Validar a cartilha informativa como Tecnologia Educacional (TE) sobre os cuidados ao idoso com demências pelos enfermeiros e acadêmicos de enfermagem. Método: Pesquisa observacional do tipo transversal, na qual o cenário foi uma instituição de ensino superior do estado do Rio de Janeiro, cujos sujeitos foram docentes e acadêmicos de enfermagem com período de coleta de dados de 04/04/12 a 30/06/12. Resultados: A validação da cartilha foi satisfatória na análise dos avaliadores, pois a maioria das respostas recebeu conceitos adequados não apresentando variações importantes. Quanto ao parâmetro de valoração em seus itens de avaliação em grande parte a cartilha possui concordância nos conceitos atingindo a meta proposta. Conclusão: A cartilha validada pode contribuir para o cuidado a pessoas com demencias, prevenindo complicações, desenvolvimento de habilidades de seus usuários e favorece a autonomia e a motivação da enfermagem para inventar novas tecnologias educacionais.
Aspects related to the occurrence of workplace violence in hospital emergency rooms
Authors: Souza Amanda Alves Miranda de , Costa Weruska Alcoforado , Gurgel Allyne Karlla Cunha
Published: May 2021

Objetivo: Analisar os aspectos relacionados à violência ocupacional nos setores de urgência de um hospital situado em Natal, Rio Grande do Norte. Método: Estudo exploratório e descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa. Para a coleta de dados foi utilizado um questionário validado, cujos pesquisados eram as equipes de enfermagem dos setores selecionados. Resultados: Dentre os 86 questionados, 87,2% eram mulheres, 49,4% tinham ensino médio completo e 46,5% eram casados. A ocorrência da violência foi considerada normal por 82,9% e 91,8% dos sujeitos relataram nunca ter participado de algum treinamento sobre como agir no momento do ato de violência. Conclusão: É necessária a construção de políticas nacionais e institucionais que atuem sobre a violência, além da minimização da sua invisibilidade desde o ensino na graduação destes profissionais, até o ambiente laboral. Descritores: Condições de Trabalho, Equipe de Enfermagem, Qualidade de Vida, Saúde do Trabalhador, Violência.
Pressure ulcers in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury: subsidies in microbiological identification
Authors: Bomfim Emiliana de Omena , Cabral Danielle Bezerra , Lopes-Júnior Luis Carlos , Flória-Santos Milena , Cavalcante Giani Maria
Published: May 2021

Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência de espécies bacterianas em úlceras por pressão (UP) de pacientes com lesão raquimedular assistidos por uma associação de deficientes físicos. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, transversal, quantitativo, conduzido em uma cidade nordestina de 2009 a 2010. A amostra foi consecutiva não probabilística e compreendeu 20 indivíduos com lesão raquimedular e UP, em acompanhamento na associação e sem uso de antibioticoterapia. Coletaram-se amostras de exsudatos das UP, utilizando suabes estéreis, semeadas em ágar sangue e incubadas a 35°C por 24 horas. Para identificação dos microrganismos foram empregadas provas bioquímicas. Utilizou-se estatística descritiva para análise dos dados. Resultados: Os seis microrganismos encontrados foram: S. aureus, S. epidermides, S. saprophyticus, Proteus spp., Escherichia coli e Enterobacter spp. Conclusões: Investigações microbiológicas prospectivas adicionais são necessárias para avaliar a prevalência dos agentes patogênicos de UP em pacientes lesionados, para instituir programas educacionais, nutricionais e terapêuticos que reduzam a colonização e infecção bacteriana.
Risk factors for wound infection after cesarean section: an integrative review
Authors: Carvalho Isis Bezerra , Souza Nilba Lima , Medeiros Angélica Teresa Nascimento
Published: May 2021

Objetivo: estudar os fatores predisponentes que interferem no surgimento da infecção em ferida operatória pós-cesárea. Métodos: trata-se de uma revisão integrativa sobre os fatores predisponentes para infecção da ferida operatória pós-cesárea. Tendo como questão norteadora, qual a produção científica nos últimos cinco anos acerca dos fatores predisponentes para infecção da ferida operatória pós-cesárea? Resultados: encontramos cinco publicações que apontaram como os principais fatores predisponentes para a infecção foram, a obesidade, diabetes, baixo status socioeconômicos, duração do trabalho de parto e ruptura prematura de membranas. Conclusão: o assunto é pouco explorado no meio científico e que nos estudos analisados a preocupação com uso da antibioticoterapia foi superior às condições que concerne sobre o pré, trans e pós-operatório ótimo.
Knowledge and practice of nurses about care for patients with wounds
Authors: Ferreira Adriano Menis , Rigotti Marcelo Alessandro , Barcelos Larissa da Silva , Simão Carla Maria Fonseca , Ferreira Danielle Neris , Gonçalves Regina Queiroz
Published: May 2021

OBJETIVO: O estudo teve como objetivo identificar o conhecimento, prática e fontes de informações de enfermeiros, de um hospital universitário, sobre o cuidado com feridas. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, descritivo-exploratório, realizado em julho de 2010. Os dados foram coletados por meio de um questionário adaptado. Participaram deste estudo 35 enfermeiros distribuídos em diferentes setores de trabalho. Os dados sofreram tratamento estatístico descritivo e analítico. RESULTADOS: Considerando os resultados globais, os enfermeiros obtiveram, em média, 69,4% de acertos (dp=13,5%). Os enfermeiros que citaram utilizar às vezes algumas fontes de informações tiveram maior porcentagem de acertos. Conclui-se que os enfermeiros apresentaram conhecimento insuficiente em algumas áreas referentes ao tema. CONCLUSÃO: Destaca-se a necessidade da atualização dos profissionais quanto aos avanços das evidências atuais que embasam o cuidado de feridas, a fim de nortear, no contexto estudado, o planejamento de estratégias para implementação das melhores evidências disponíveis.
Analysis of the quality of life of professionals working in home care / Análise da qualidade de vida de profissionais que atuam na atenção domiciliar
Authors: Porciúncula Elaine Rayane Cavalcanti Gomes , Da Silva Cynthia Girundi
Published: April 2021

Objetivo: Este estudo buscou avaliar a qualidade de vida dos profissionais atuantes em um Programa de Internação Domiciliar Interdisciplinar Oncológico. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo exploratório de abordagem quantitativa, na qual a amostra foi composta por 19 profissionais que realizam visitas domiciliares. Foi utilizado um questionário autoaplicável contendo dados sociodemográficos e o The World Health Organization Quality of Life – WHOQOL – 100. Os dados sociodemográficos foram analisados através do IBM –SPSS Statistics 20 e o WHOQOL 100 através do Microsoft Excel. Resultados: O domínio que apresentou escore mais baixo foi o domínio físico (55%), seguido do psicológico (62%), ambiente (63%), nível de independência (74%) e aspectos espirituais/religião/crenças pessoais (74%). Com relação à qualidade de vida do ponto de vista do avaliado, obtive-se um escore de 66%. Conclusão: A partir dos resultados obtidos, torna-se fundamental a ampliação das ações voltadas à qualidade de vida, bem como novas pesquisas na área.
Bloodstream infections related to central catheters: understanding and practice of the nursing team / Infecções de corrente sanguínea relacionada a cateteres centrais: entendimento e prática da equipe de enfermagem
Authors: Silva Miriam Maria Mota , Tavares de Oliveira-Figueirêdo Danielle Samara , Cavalcanti Adilma da Cunha , Do Nascimento Lília Costa
Published: April 2021

Objetivo: Investigar a compreensão e prática da equipe de enfermagem acerca das medidas de prevenção de infecções da corrente sanguínea relacionada ao cateter venoso central em unidade de terapia intensiva. Metodologia: Estudo qualitativo, realizado de 14 de novembro de 2016 a 31 de janeiro de 2017, por uma entrevista semiestruturada com 24 profissionais da enfermagem atuantes na unidade de terapia intensiva adulto e pediátrica de um hospital escola. Utilizou-se a técnica de análise de conteúdo. Resultados: Observou-se que 16 (66,6%) não souberam definir clinicamente essa infecção, 11 (45,8%) entendem limitadamente suas vias fisiopatológicas; nenhum profissional mencionou a prática da aplicação do check list de inserção do cateter, junto à equipe médica; 12 (50%) desconhecem as diretrizes nacionais e internacionais de manutenção do dispositivo. Conclusão: Em geral, houve fragilidades na compreensão da maioria dos profissionais quanto conceito clínico, vias fisiopatológicas e medidas de inserção e manutenção do cateter.
Dual‐Band Filtering Dielectric Antenna Using High‐Quality‐Factor Y3Al5O12 Transparent Dielectric Ceramic
Authors: Liu Hai-Wen , Tian Hong-Liang , Du Chao , Huang Tao-Tao , Zhao Zhen-Yu , Zhou Di
Published: April 2021

The Y3Al5O12 transparent dielectric ceramic is of permittivity εr ≈10.53 and Q × f ≈ 95219 GHz (Q = quality factor = 1/tanδ and f = 7.37 GHz), which is excellent to be applied for the dielectric resonator antenna (DRA). A dual‐band filtering DRA (FDRA) is proposed to verify the special dielectric properties of Y3Al5O12 transparent dielectric ceramic. The FDRA is designed by seamlessly integrating a dual‐band DRA based on rectangular Y3Al5O12 transparent ceramic with a quadruple‐mode stub‐loaded loop resonator (SLLR). The DRA operates at the and modes excited by a common coupling slot. The SLLR serves as a feeding network, whereas the DRA works as a dual‐mode resonator as well as the radiating element. The reflection coefficient, realized gain, and the radiation pattern of the dual‐band FDRA are examined. It is observed that the proposed FDRA operates at 3.42 and 5.28 GHz with impedance bandwidths of 5.8% and 4.0%, respectively, which are used for the fifth‐generation (5G) network and applications. Good dual‐band filtering performance is achieved while realizing radiation efficiency above 84.1% and 85.4% at two bands.
Aldehyde‐Directed C(sp2)−H Functionalization under Transition‐Metal Catalysis
Authors: Luo Junfei , Fu Qiang
Published: April 2021

Directing group‐assisted C−H activation has been widely used to control regioselectivity in the field of transition‐metal‐catalyzed C−H functionalization. Common functionalities found in complex organic molecules and/or readily available reagents are the most appealing directing groups, as they circumvent the need to install/remove the directing group. The aldehyde group is an important functional group in many areas including pharmaceuticals and material science. In this review, we present the current state‐of‐the‐art in aldehyde‐assisted, transition‐metal‐catalyzed sp2 C−H functionalization of arenes.

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High‐Performance BioNylons from Itaconic and Amino Acids with Pepsin Degradability
Authors: Ali Mohammad Asif , Kaneko Tatsuo
Published: April 2021

The use of renewable feedstock for polymers has led to poor thermomechanical properties with high production costs. Herein, the production of novel chiral dicarboxylic acids derived from renewable itaconic and amino acids (d‐ or l‐leucine) is reported. In this study, rigid chiral heterocyclic dicarboxylic acid monomers are obtained with high purity from itaconic acid‐derived dimethyl itaconate as a starting material. Chirally interactive polyamides are prepared via melt polycondensation of hexamethylenediamine with heterocyclic diacid monomers. Further studies are conducted on d‐ or l‐leucine‐derived polyamides with homochirality that are fully amorphous. In contrast, the crystallization degree of the composite of d‐leucine‐derived polymer chains with l‐leucine‐derived chains increases to 36%, presumably due to enhanced interaction between polymer chains with different chiralities. The chirally‐interacting composite shows a glass transition temperature, Tg, of approximately 117 °C and a melting temperature, Tm, of approximately 213 °C, which are higher than those of conventional polyamides such as polyamide 11 (Tg of approximately 57 °C). The composite also shows high Young's moduli, E, and mechanical strengths σ, ranging from 2.2–3.8 GPa and 86–108 MPa, respectively. In addition, the polyamides show degradability with a digestive enzyme, pepsin.
Dynamically Controlled Electronic Behavior of Stimuli‐Responsive Materials: Exploring Dimensionality and Connectivity
Authors: Leith Gabrielle A. , Martin Corey R. , Mathur Abhijai , Kittikhunnatham Preecha , Park Kyoung Chul , Shustova Natalia B.
Published: April 2021

Materials with dynamically controlled electronic structures (i.e., upon external stimuli) are at the forefront of the renewable energy sector with applications as memory devices, smart supercapacitors, programmable solar cells, and field‐effect transistors. Moreover, their continued development as device components is critical for the field of optoelectronics since their performance is comparable, or could even surpass, the current benchmarks. Adaptive electronic properties are the main focus of this review that discusses recent developments in the modulation of electronic behavior that can be tuned using external stimuli in metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent–organic frameworks (COFs), primarily inorganic hybrids, polymers, and graphitic‐type materials. Triggers to achieve “dynamic” behavior discussed within this manuscript are primarily light‐based switches that include different classes of photochromic molecules such as naphthalene diimide, viologen, diarylethene, azobenzene, and spiropyran. The effect of material dimensionality and photoswitch connectivity achieved through integration of photochromic moieties inside 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D hybrid matrices is discussed. This review showcases the prospects of advancing the material and energy landscapes through employment of structural motifs with adaptive electronic structures occurring as a function of their dimensionality and connectivity.
Creating a compensation program for injuries from dicamba spray drift and volatilization
Authors: Centner Terence J.
Published: April 2021

Over‐the‐top dicamba herbicides used on soybean and cotton crops are causing offsite injuries to vegetation of thousands of nearby property owners who are not being compensated for their damages. An examination of the use of dicamba products shows disagreement between facilitating profitable agricultural production and the imposition of damages on nearby property owners. To safeguard private property rights, a compensation program is proposed. By placing a fee on the sale of dicamba products, funds could be made available to provide compensation to persons whose properties are injured by drift and volatilization.
Halogen‐Bonding‐Donor Catalyzed Cyanosilylation of Aldehydes
Authors: Ueyama Kyohei , Hayakawa Shunsuke , Nishio Kazuhiro , Sawaguchi Daiki , Niitsuma Kenta , Michii Shota , Tsuruoka Ryoto , Ozawa Miyuki , Torita Koki , Morita Yoshitsugu , Komatsu Teruyuki , Haraguchi Ryosuke , Fukuzawa Shin‐ichi
Published: April 2021

Although halogen‐bonding has been utilized as an emerging means for activation of substrates, the use of the interaction for activation of relatively low Lewis basic electrophiles such as carbonyl compounds is still limited. Herein, we developed the halogen‐bonding‐donor donor catalyzed cyanosilylation of aldehydes via a synergistic activation mechanism, which were supported by a combined computational and experimental approach. The substrate scope for the reaction and the chemoselectivity of cationic XB‐donors are described.
Inflammaging: Blame the sons. Relationships between the number of sons and the level of inflammatory mediators among post‐reproductive women
Authors: Galbarczyk Andrzej , Klimek Magdalena , Blukacz Mateusz , Nenko Ilona , Jabłońska Magdalena , Jasienska Grazyna
Published: April 2021

Objectives

Reproduction is costly, but sons and daughters differently influence maternal physiology, also in older age. In particular, having sons may negatively influence maternal health and may be associated with a shorter life span of mothers. Sons may also contribute to increased inflammaging, a chronic sub‐clinical systemic inflammatory state characterized by elevated levels of serum inflammatory mediators. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of the total number of children, and the number of daughters and sons separately on concentrations of C‐reactive protein (CRP), and proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL‐6) and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α).

Materials and Methods

The participants were 378 women aged 45–92 who had 3.9 (SD 2.12, median = 4, range = 0–13) children, including 2.1 (SD 1.46, median = 2, range = 0–8) sons and 1.8 (SD 1.44, median = 2, range = 0–7) daughters on average.

Results

We found a positive relationship between the overall number of children and IL‐6 levels. CRP and IL‐6 concentrations were positively associated with the number of sons but not with the number of daughters. Each son increased maternal CRP level by 11%, and IL‐6 level by 6%. Neither the total number of children nor the number of daughters or sons were related to the TNF‐α concentration.

Discussion

Aging‐associated inflammation in post‐reproductive mothers with a higher number of sons supports the hypothesis of trade‐offs between reproduction and health. Furthermore, these results provide new evidence contributing to the idea that having sons may have more detrimental effects on the maternal organism than having daughters.
Articles of ADR Faith: In Whom Do We Trust?
Authors: Creo Robert A.
Published: April 2021

As a lawyer, ADR neutral, and educator, my view has always been that law and the legal system operates best outside of the confines of organized religion and individual beliefs and practices.
Area from image analyses accurately estimates dry‐weight biomass of juvenile tissue from the moss Ceratodon purpureus
Authors: Burtscher Wesley P. , List Marna A. , Payton Adam C. , McDaniel Stuart F. , Carey Sarah B.
Published: April 2021

PREMISE

Mosses have long served as models for studying many areas of plant biology. Investigators have used two‐dimensional measurements of juvenile growth from photographs as a surrogate for dry‐weight biomass. The relationship between area and biomass, however, has not been critically evaluated.

METHODS

Here we grew axenic tissue cultures of 10 Ceratodon purpureus isolates to study the relationship between these parameters. We measured area and biomass on replicate cultures with two distinct starting inoculum sizes each week for three weeks. We then examined the correlation between area and biomass as well as the influence of variation in inoculum size on both parameters.

RESULTS

We found a strong correlation between area and biomass after two weeks of growth. Furthermore, we found inoculum size affected biomass during the first week of growth but not in subsequent weeks and inoculum size had no detectable effect on area.

DISCUSSION

These analyses provide experimental confirmation that area is a suitable proxy for biomass and provide clear guidelines for when inoculum size variation may affect downstream growth estimates.
Apoferritin nanocages for targeted delivery of idarubicin against breast cancer cells
Authors: Rafipour Ronak , Mousavi Asma , Mansouri Kamran
Published: April 2021

In recent years, nanotechnology has attracted attention for its capability to diagnose and remedy diverse tumors successfully.  Protein nanocarriers as a platform of targeted drug delivery can be used to reduce toxicity and improve the effect of anticancer drugs. Idarubicin (IDR) is a chemotherapy drug that is classified as an anthracycline antitumor. In this study, IDR was encapsulated within horse spleen apoferritin (HsAFr) nanocarriers. Encapsulation was obtained through disassembling apoferritin into subunits at pH 2 and subsequently reassembling it at pH 7.4 in the presence of IDR. Transmission electron microscopy, UV–vis, and fluorescence spectroscopy techniques showed that drug molecules are loaded within apoferritin. Intrinsic fluorescence information exhibited that the encapsulation does not have any effects on the tertiary structure of the protein. Drug loading and entrapment efficiency were found to be 7.15% and 84.75%, respectively. Comparison of anticancer activities in HsAFr‐IDR and free drug IDR was made via the MTT viability technique in a human breast cancer cell line (MCF‐7).
Measuring effectiveness of augmented reality‐based geometry learning assistant on memory retention abilities of the students in 3D geometry
Authors: Gargrish Shubham , Kaur Deepti P. , Mantri Archana , Singh Gurjinder , Sharma Bhanu
Published: April 2021

Mathematics is one of the fundamental subjects for engineering students. While learning mathematics, students often find it difficult or lose interest due to the complexity of the subject. Augmented reality (AR) could aid students to learn certain concepts or theories that were difficult to understand in the classroom and also has the capability to enhance the instructional/learning material. In this study, an AR‐based learning setting named geometry learning assistant (GLA) was developed to teach geometry to students in a mathematics course. GLA provides an interactive and immersive experience to the students that helped them to learn about 3D vectors and direction ratios. The application includes vector addition, cross product, position vector, direction ratios, and dot product with real‐time examples for better learning. Experimental research was organized to investigate the impact of AR intervention on learner's memory retention abilities and learning. Eighty 1st‐year polytechnic students participated in the study and they were divided randomly into two groups: experimental group (N = 40) and control group (N = 40). Students of the experimental group were made to learn using AR‐based GLA, whereas the students from the control group were treated using interactive simulation (IS). The experimental results showed that the learners from the experimental group have better memory retention abilities after 2 and 4 weeks of the learning activity. AR‐based GLA provided a 3D immersive learning experience to the students that enhanced their visualization of the core concepts, which additionally improved their memory retention abilities.
Environmentally Friendly, Photochemical Access to []AuIII Pincer Complexes By Oxidative Addition
Authors: Eppel Daniel , Penert Philipp , Stemmer Johanna , Bauer Christina , Rudolph Matthias , Brückner Margit , Rominger Frank , Hashmi A. Stephen K.
Published: April 2021

Starting from commercially available DMSAuCl and diazonium salts, cationic [
]AuIII complexes were synthesized in a selective, photosensitizer‐free, photochemical reaction by irradiation with blue LED light. This new protocol represents the first easy synthesis of these types of pincer complexes in moderate to excellent yield starting from a readily available gold(I) precursor with nitrogen as the only by‐product. Owing to the disadvantages of known protocols, especially the toxicity in the case of a transmetalation with mercury or the necessity for a mostly twofold excess of a gold precursor, this method offers an attractive alternative towards this kind of gold(III) complexes. In addition, the first arylated [
]Au(III) pincer complex was synthesized by using this technology.
Impact of aluminium acetate particles size on the gelation kinetics of polyacrylamide‐based gels: Rheological and molecular simulation study
Authors: Hamza Ahmed , Shamlooh Mohamed , Hussein Ibnelwaleed A. , Nasser Mustafa S. , Onawole Abdulmujeeb T. , Magzoub Musaab , Salehi Saeed
Published: April 2021

Inorganically crosslinked polymers have been intensively implemented for conformance control treatments in oil and gas wells at low temperatures (<90°C) because of their faster gelation time compared to organically crosslinked gels. Crosslinkers such as chromium acetate are known to be toxic, and aluminium‐based alternatives have been introduced. This study aims to investigate the impact of aluminium acetate (AlAc) particle size on the gelation kinetics of polyacrylamide (PAM)‐based gels at a pH of 5 and temperature of 75°C. Moreover, bentonite is used as an additive to delay the crosslinking of PAM/AlAc gels. Reducing the particle size increases the specific surface area of the particles and provides more crosslinking sites. Therefore, lower PAM concentrations (up to 5 wt.%) could be used without AlAc settling. Using 7 wt.% PAM/1 wt.% AlAc with sizes of 25 and 48 μm revealed a crosslinking time of 17 and 115 min, respectively. The addition of bentonite at low crosslinker concentrations (0.5–1 wt.%) did not decrease the gel strength of 7 wt.% PAM/1 wt.% AlAc significantly. The gelation time was extended after adding 1 wt.% bentonite to the formulation where the delay was attributed to the adsorption of AlAc on the bentonite surface that was illustrated by molecular simulation.
Computer‐Aided Search for 5‐Arylideneimidazolone Anticancer Agents Able To Overcome ABCB1‐Based Multidrug Resistance
Authors: Kaczor Aneta , Szemerédi Nikoletta , Kucwaj‐Brysz Katarzyna , Dąbrowska Monika , Starek Małgorzata , Latacz Gniewomir , Spengler Gabriella , Handzlik Jadwiga
Published: April 2021

ABCB1 modulation is an interesting strategy in the search for new anticancer agents that can overcome multidrug resistance (MDR). Hence, 17 new 5‐arylideneimidazolones containing an amine moiety, as potential ABCB1 inhibitors, were designed, synthesized, and investigated. The series was tested in both parental (PAR) and multidrug‐resistant (MDR) ABCB1‐overexpressing T‐lymphoma cancer cells using cytotoxicity assays. The ABCB1‐modulating activity was examined in rhodamine 123 accumulation tests, followed by Pgp‐Glo™ Assay to determine the influence of the most active compounds on ATPase activity. Lipophilic properties were assessed both, in silico and experimentally (RP‐TLC). Pharmacophore‐based molecular modelling toward ABCB1 modulation was performed. The studies allowed the identification of anticancer agents (p‐fluorobenzylidene derivatives) more potent than doxorubicin, with highly selective action on MDR T‐lymphoma cells (selectivity index >40). Most of the investigated compounds showed ABCB1‐modulating action; in particular, two 5‐benzyloxybenzylidene derivatives displayed activity nearly as strong as that of tariquidar.
Building the Embrapa rice breeding dataset for efficient data reuse
Authors: Breseghello Flavio , de Mello Raquel Neves , Pinheiro Patrícia Valle , Soares Dino Magalhães , Lopes Júnior Sergio , Nakano Rangel Paulo Hideo , Guimarães Elcio Perpétuo , de Castro Adriano Pereira , Colombari Filho José Manoel , de Magalhães Júnior Ariano Martins , Fagundes Paulo Ricardo Reis , de Carvalho Ferreira Neves Péricles , Furtini Isabela Volpi , Utumi Marley Marico , Pereira José Almeida , Cordeiro Antônio Carlos Centeno , Filho Austrelino Silveira , Abreu Guilherme Barbosa , de Moura Neto Francisco Pereira , Pietragalla Julian , Hernández Mateo Vargas , Crossa José
Published: April 2021

Embrapa has led breeding programs for irrigated and upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) since 1977, generating a large amount of pedigree and phenotypic data. However, there were no systematic standards for data recording nor long‐term data preservation and reuse strategies. With the new aim of making data reuse practical, we recovered all data available and structured it into the Embrapa Rice Breeding Dataset (ERBD). In its current version, the ERBD includes 20,504 crosses involving 9,974 parents, the pedigrees of most of the 4,532 inbred lines that took part in advanced field trials, and phenotypic data from 2,711 field trials (1,118 irrigated, 1,593 upland trials), representing 226,458 field plots. Those trials were conducted over 38 years (1982–2019), in 247 locations, in latitudes ranging from 3°N to 33°S. Phenotypic traits included grain yield, days to flowering, plant height, canopy lodging, and five important fungal diseases: leaf blast, panicle blast, brown spot, leaf scald, and grain discoloration. The total number of data points surpasses 1.27 million. Descriptive statistics were computed over the dataset, split by cropping systems (irrigated or upland). The mean heritability of grain yield was high for both systems, at around .7, whereas the mean coefficient of variation was 13.9% for irrigated trials and 18.7% for upland trials. The ERBD offers the possibility of conducting studies on different aspects of rice breeding and genetics, including genetic gain, G×E analysis, genome‐wide association studies and genomic prediction.
Dinuclear Organotin Building Blocks and their Conversion into a Tetranuclear Macrocycle Containing Sn−O−Sn Linkages
Authors: Gómez‐Jaimes Gelen , Rojas León Irán , Martínez Romero Rodolfo , Beltrán Hiram I. , Rodríguez‐Molina Braulio , Hiller Wolf , Jurkschat Klaus , Hernández Irán F. , Höpfl Herbert
Published: April 2021

Six dinuclear organotin building blocks of general composition RR′R′′SnCH2Si(CH3)2−biphenyl−Si(CH3)2CH2SnR′′R′R, in which the tin atoms are separated by ap,p′‐biphenylene bridge and carry different substituents [BD1with R, R′=CH2Si(CH3)3, R′′=Ph;BD2with R, R′=CH2Si(CH3)3, R′′=Cl;BD3, with R, R′=CH2Si(CH3)3, R′′=I;BD4with R=CH2Si(CH3)2(C5H4FeCp), R′, R′′=Ph;BD5with R=CH2Si(CH3)2(C5H4FeCp), R′=Ph, R”=Cl;BD6with R=CH2Si(CH3)2(C5H4FeCp), R′=Ph, R′′=I], were synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic and spectrometric methods. Furthermore, the crystal and molecular structures ofBD2were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (SCXRD) analysis, revealing the formation of molecular strands through intermolecular Cl→Sn contacts. The 1D coordination polymer [BD2]ncomprises macrocyclic rings of composition [BD2]2that motivated the generation of a related molecular macrocyclic structure by reaction ofBD2with silver (I) oxide in a 2 : 2 stoichiometry. The [2+2] macrocyclization yielded the 30‐membered tetra‐nuclear ring structureM1,viz., {[R2SnCH2Si(CH3)2−biphenyl−(CH3)2SiCH2SnR2](μ‐O)}2, in which twoBD2dinuclear building blocks are linked through two covalent Sn−O−Sn moieties. Examination by DFT calculations at the B3LYP/def2svp and B3LYP/6‐31G*(C,H,O,Si)/LanL2DZ(Sn) levels of theory gave energy minima for molecular conformers ofM1carrying the Sn−O−Sn andp,p′‐biphenylene bridges insyn‐ oranti‐orientation.
2,4‐DCP compromises the fertilization capacity of mouse oocytes
Authors: Dai Xiaoxin , Qiu Lijun , Rashida Churi , Xu Chunying , Mu Yi , Gao Yang , Chu Zhangjie , Zhao Bo
Published: April 2021

2,4‐DCP (2,4‐dichlorophenol) is an environmental estrogen that is ubiquitously distributed in the environment and widely used to produce herbicides and pharmaceutical intermediates. Although 2,4‐DCP is suspected to have endocrine disruption, the reproductive toxicity of 2,4‐DCP in mammals has not been adequately assessed. In the present study, we examined the effect of 2,4‐DCP on the fertility of mouse eggs. The data showed that oral administration of 2,4‐DCP (180 mg/kg/day for 7 days) compromises the fertilization rate of mouse oocytes. To further analyze the mechanism by which 2,4‐DCP decreases fertilization, the key regulators and events during fertilization of mouse eggs were investigated. We found that the dynamics of cortical granules (CGs) were disrupted by showing the redistribution of CG free domain in 2,4‐DCP‐administered oocytes. This abnormality perturbed the sperm binding site in the zona pellucida (ZP) and dramatically reduced the number of sperm binding to the ZP of 2,4‐DCP‐administered oocytes. In addition, the abundance of Juno, a sperm receptor on the egg membrane, was also decreased and its distribution was mislocated in 2,4‐DCP‐administered oocytes. Finally, we validated that the defects of fertilization participants and events caused by 2,4‐DCP might be mediated by the increased level of reactive oxygen species‐induced apoptosis of oocytes. Therefore, we demonstrate that 2,4‐DCP compromises the fertilization ability of mouse oocytes via inducing oxidative stress.
Effect of intraoperative treatment options on hip joint stability following total hip arthroplasty
Authors: Myers Casey A. , Huff Daniel N. , Mason J. Bohannon , Rullkoetter Paul J.
Published: April 2021

Dislocation remains the leading indication for revision of total hip arthroplasty (THA). The objective of this study was to use a computational model to compare the overall resistance to both anterior and posterior dislocation for the available THA constructs commonly considered by surgeons attempting to produce a stable joint. Patient‐specific musculoskeletal models of THA patients performing activities consistent with anterior and posterior dislocation were developed to calculate joint contact forces and joint positions used for simulations of dislocation in a finite element model of the implanted hip that included an experimentally calibrated hip capsule representation. Dislocations were then performed with consideration of offset using +5 and +9 offset, iteratively with three lipped liner variations in jump distance (10°, 15°, and 20° lips), a size 40 head, and a dual‐mobility construct. Dislocation resistance was quantified as the moment required to dislocate the hip and the integral of the moment‐flexion angle (dislocation energy). Increasing head diameter increased resistive moment on average for anterior and posterior dislocation by 22% relative to a neutral configuration. A lipped liner resulted in increases in the resistive moment to posterior dislocation of 9%, 19%, and 47% for 10°, 15°, and 20° lips, a sensitivity of approximately 2.8 Nm/mm of additional jump distance. A dual‐mobility acetabular design resulted in an average 38% increase in resistive moment and 92% increase in dislocation energy for anterior and posterior dislocation. A quantitative understanding of tradeoffs in the dislocation risk inherent to THA construct options is valuable in supporting surgical decision making.
The effect of superheat on the nucleation undercooling of metallic melts
Authors: Xu Junfeng , Fan Dandan , Zhang Tao
Published: April 2021

The influences of the superheating temperature (Ts) on the nucleation undercooling (ΔT) of metallic melts were investigated by using molecular dynamics simulations based on the embedded atom model (EAM) potential function. The results agree with the intuitive expectation that extremely high heating rates followed by short equilibration time lead to a superheating and partial melting of the solid phase. The fraction of the remained crystalline clusters in the superheated phase depends on the superheating temperature Ts and the equilibration time, as long as Ts is below the maximal superheating. A subsequent fast cooling facilitates a substantial undercooling of the molten phase. The achieved undercooling ∆T below the steady‐state melting temperature Tm depends on the size and the concentration of the crystalline clusters remained in the liquid phase, and thus on the initial superheating temperature Ts. Based on the simulated results, a model was proposed for describing the relationship of ΔT and Ts, with which simulated data are well fitted and the maximal undercooling for metals can be predicted.