bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On Understanding the Elements of a Threat of Homicide
Authors: Tydykova Nadezhda
Published: January 2024

The author analyzes the circumstances by which law enforcement practice establishes an element of reality as part of a threat of homicide. It is noted that the courts often interpret the essential element of reality unreasonably narrowly, linking it with reinforcing actions committed by the offender, which leaves a certain number of cases without a proper criminal legal assessment. It is proved that in order to be recognized as real, the threat does not have to be accompanied by reinforcing actions. Examples of other circumstances are given that may be associated with the fear of the victim about the implementation of the threat. A similar approach is proposed to be used in the qualification of those crimes in which the threat of murder is a qualifying circumstance. Various forms of expressing a threat of homicide are being explored. The author comes to the conclusion that if the threat of homicide was expressed not in an affirmative form, but in a probabilistic one, then its qualification under Art. 119 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation is possible only if the intent of the person is established in this way to influence the consciousness of the victim and form in them a state of anxiety for his life. The issue of the qualification of a threat of indefinite volume prospected to the future, a threat expressed to third parties against two or more persons have been resolved. The absence of grounds for accepting the idea of decriminalization of the threat of murder, which is expressed in the literature, is proved. The relevant rules for qualifying the threat of homicide  are formulated, which, in the author's opinion, do not contradict the provisions established in the theory of criminal law and correspond to the positions of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation expressed on this issue.
The Concept of "Atypical Employers" and Their Types
Authors: Kiseleva Elena , Tsybenko Dana
Published: January 2024

The article investigates the concept of "atypical employers". The relevance of stating a new term is emphasized. It is noted that the diversity of types of employers as subjects of labor law makes it necessary to single out not only types, but also to carry out a certain typology. The types of employers considered in the article allow the authors to divide them into two large groups: typical and atypical employers. As an example of atypical employers, the specifics of employers - small businesses classified as micro-enterprises are revealed. The general essential features and peculiarities are singled out, which acquire uncharacteristic, that is, atypical manifestations for individual employers. It is concluded that an atypical employer is a subject of labor law with a special legal status.
On the Concepts of Insolvency and Bankruptcy in Russian Law
Authors: Sasykin Konstantin
Published: January 2024

The article is concerned with defining the boundaries of the terms "insolvency" and "bankruptcy". The author analyzed the correlation of terms, also including the history of Russian legislation, on the basis of which the features of the change in this institution to date are noted. The modern approach of the legislator to the definition of "insolvency" and "bankruptcy" seems to the author not fully justified, which includes the application of the category "bankruptcy" in Russian criminal law. Taking into account examples of foreign practice, it is proposed to legally distinguish between the categories.
On the Scope of the Concept of "Relationships to Provide Environmental Safety"
Authors: Kalashnik Natalya , Trubnikova Olga
Published: January 2024

The article discusses the problem of determining the scope of the concept of "relationships to provide environmental safety" and the effectiveness of the legal regulation of this group of environmental relations. Based on the analysis of strategic planning documents and regulatory legal acts (both current and invalid), the state of legal regulation of the considered group of social relations is determined, and problematic aspects of the effectiveness of the regulation of this sphere of relations are identified. In order to establish the causes of the current situation, the paper examines the doctrinal approaches that have developed in the science of environmental law to determine the place of relations to ensure environmental safety in the subject of environmental law. The study of the stated problem is carried out from the standpoint of a broad approach to the subject of environmental law, which includes three groups of relations: relations for environmental protection, relations for nature management, relations for proeiding environmental safety. When deciding on the scope of relations to provide environmental safety, the authors reveal the link of these relations with the prevention and minimization of environmental risks. The paper notes that this feature makes it possible to distinguish between relations on providing environmental safety from relations on environmental protection and nature management. Exploring the current legislation, the authors come to the conclusion that there are shortcomings in the regulations that impede effective legal influence on the social relations in question, and suggest ways to eliminate these shortcomings. In addition, the article notes that a serious obstacle to the formation of effective regulatory requirements in this case is the insufficient theoretical (scientific) development of issues of providing environmental safety, as well as the absence of a special regulatory legal act that defines the basis for regulating the relations in question.
Challenges at Сlassifying Acts of Religious Feelings Defamation
Authors: Bozhenova Anna , Erahmilevich Vladislav
Published: January 2024

The article concentrates on the study of the special features of the disposition of paragraph 1 of article 148 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation from the legal and linguistic point of view. The article describes the problem of the legislator using subjective and evaluative categories when determining the objective and mental elements of the analyzed crime. The authors draw attention to the issue of linguistic ambiguity of some terms which leads to the problems with the classification of a crime. It happens because law enforcers don’t have enough legal methods for the correct interpretation of the actions of the person who is accused of committing an act of crime. Evaluative character of such categories as “publicity”, “feelings”, “believers” and “defamation” doesn’t let correctly differentiate offences and crimes specified in paragraph 1 of article 148 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation from some other crimes and offences specified in both the Criminal Code and the Code of the Administrative Offences. The article is a case study of paragraph 1 of Art. 148 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The specific features of the acts that are classified as defamation are studied. The authors focus on differentiating defamation from blasphemy, religious hatred and hostility. The authors make assumptions about improving the legislation pertaining to religious feelings defamation. In particular, they put forward the idea to enshrine the interpretation of some terms in the Russian Federation Supreme Court Decisions or in the special note to Article 148. clarifying some categories, which can make classifying acts as crimes easier for the law enforcers.
The Definition of "Сorrectional Rehabilitation of a Criminal" in the Political and Legal Doctrine of N. M. Yadrintsev
Authors: Golovinov Alexander , Golovinova Julia
Published: January 2024

The purpose of the publication is to reveal and show the essence and content of the category "correctional rehabilitation of a criminal" in the philosophical and legal commitments of N. M. Yadrintsev. Guided by the hermeneutic methodology and textual analysis of the ideological political and legal heritage of the Siberian intellectual, we have emphasized that he associated the content of the definition of "correctional rehabilitation of a criminal" with moral.

It is shown that in N. M. Yadrintsev's ideology appeal to the spiritual world of the man, to the moral principles of the life of an individual had a serious impact on the terminological apparatus used by the educator.

It has been established that, supposedly, the leader of the regionalist movement can be considered one of the founders of penitentiary sociology, which arose at the overlap of sociological science and penitentiary law.

The authors come to the conclusion that the definition of "correctional rehabilitation of a criminal" in the lexical and terminological apparatus of N. M. Yadrintsev, an ideologist of Siberian democratic regionalism, was used mainly in its content sense. The Siberian educator was primarily concerned with the nature of this category. In general, he understood the correctional rehabilitation of prisoners as a complex diverse process that has an immanent and permanent content.
Joint Tenderer in Procurement: Dilemmas of Semantics and Its Causal Relationship with Negative Procurement Effects
Authors: Riabova Anna
Published: January 2024

The article analyzes the legislative concept of "joint tenderer" for procurement, which is carried out by certain legal entities. The literal interpretation of the term means one of the following forms of participation: legal entity, several legal entities on the side of one participant, natural entity (including individual entrepreneur), and several natural entities (including individual entrepreneurs) on the side of side of one participant. The problem to consider is whether association of legal or natural entities on one side of procurement can be regarded as a joint tenderer. The problem is seen at different angles by the academic community, procurement participants and customers, and state bodies like Ministry of economic development and trade of the Russian Federation, competition authorities ( Federal Antimonopoly Service of the Russian Federation), judicial opinion. It is shown that the use of conjunction “or” by the legislator has created and continues to create some problems. These problems have adverse consequences for the customer; consumers of purchased goods, works, services, and others. At the same time the norm of the law analyzed in the work has been several times amended by legislator. However, the problem discussed remains unaddressed by the legislator, which creates inconvenience for customers and procurement participants. The article offers a solution to the problem.
On Terms Used in Defining the Corpus Delicti under Art. 133 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation
Authors: Tydykova Nadezhda
Published: January 2024

The article analyzes the terms used by the legislator when defining the disposition of the corpus delicti under Art. 133 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. An analysis of the term «blackmail» is presented, which does not have a legal definition and requires clarification of the content. Since it is used not only in the construction of Article Art. 133 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, but also a number of others, it is advisable to formalize the content of this term in a note to the article in which it is used for the first time - Art. 127.2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation as follows: «In the articles of this Code, blackmail is understood as the threat of dissemination of information defaming the victim or their relatives, or other information that can cause significant harm to the rights or legitimate interests of the victim or their relatives». The criticism of the construction «use of material or other dependence of the victim» as a sign of the objective side of the considered corpus delicti is presented, and with examples from practice, the problems of qualification for it are considered. It is proposed to replace this construction with «under the threat of committing actions that violate the rights and legitimate interests of the victim, who is financially or otherwise dependent on the perpetrator». It is substantiated that outside the corpus delicti under Art. 133 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, there remains a number of actions that have public danger, but also do not fall under the signs of other elements of sexual crimes. This made it possible to propose that a list of methods for committing the crime in question be left open, pointing out the threat of committing another criminal act. The necessity of the existence of different structures of the composition in different parts of the article, depending on the effectiveness of coercive actions, is substantiated. In conclusion, a new version of Art. 133 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation is proposed, taking into account the need to correct the terms that describe actions of a sexual nature.
The Term "Regulatory Guillotine" in the Legal Discourse
Authors: Fedorchenko Evgeniya
Published: January 2024

The article studies the peculiarities of coining a new term "regulatory guillotine" in the modern Russian language. It describes the semantic, syntagmatic and pragmatic features of this term. It has been established that at the initial stage of its entry into the legal discourse, the term "regulatory guillotine" is characterized by high variation. Here are revealed its semantic, grammatical and graphic variants. Based on comparative analysis of various definitions of the term "regulatory guillotine", as well as on its syntagmatics in legal discourse, the author concludes it necessary to amend the definition of this term. A new term can be prospectively developed in close connection with the field knowledge and traditional use of the Russian language in texts of official communication. When describing the syntagmatics of the term in the academic legal discourse, the author points out a violation of the norms of lexical compatibility of the modern Russian literary language. The syntagmatics of the term "regulatory guillotine" in the Russian legal discourse reflects at the linguistic level the peculiarities of the correlation of the general and special consciousness of lawyers. It is also established that in the processes of functioning of the term "regulatory guillotine", quotation marks convey a complex mix of different kinds of information. The use of the term "regulatory guillotine" in the legal text with quotation marks and without quotation marks expresses a certain pragmatic meaning of the attitude of the subject of speech to the linguistic sign. Quotation marks implement both figurative and metalinguistic functions, and are also a means of adapting a metaphor-term to legal discourse.
History and Current State of the Plain English Concept in Legal Linguistics in English-Speaking Countries
Authors: Osokina Svetlana , Afanaseva Olga
Published: January 2024

The article deals with the history and current state of the Plain English concept. The material presented in the article has theoretical and practical value for the development of relevant areas of research related to the Russian language. The subject under discussion is the history and theoretical provisions of the concept of Plain English, as well as an analysis of the potential for the development of the Plain Language concept in future.
The objectives of the study include investigation into the premises and origin of the Plain English concept from both perspectives – legal linguistics and other related fields – as well as the study of the linguistic content of this concept in the paradigm of contemporary research.
The article considers the interrelation between the concepts of Forensic Linguistics, Legal Linguistics, and Judicial Linguistics in American, European, and Russian linguistics, respectively. The authors reveal linguistic and extra-linguistic prerequisites for the formation of the Plain language concept in the USA and European countries in the 20th century. They describe language means of adapting legal texts into plain language texts listed in the analyzed Plain English handbooks and consider some prospects for the development of the concept in the future.
Legal Linguistics as a University Academic Course (Case Study of University Textbooks and Master’s Programs in the Russian Federation): Aspect Approach
Authors: Golev Nikolai , Lonshakova Kristina
Published: January 2024

The article discusses the prerequisites and the current state of legal linguistics as a university academic course. The topic "Legal linguistics at university" covers three substantial areas in the article: legal, linguistic and pedagogical. The history and modernity of legal linguistics are noted and traced in several social statuses: legal linguistics as practice, as a research area, and finally, legal linguistics as a separate course included in the system of higher education and forming a major  in educating lawyers and philologists at university. We intend to show in the article the origins and evolution of this phenomenon. The central issue of the work concerns the entry of legal linguistics into the system of higher education. Among the particular objectives of the article is the presentation of the specifics of the development of educational literature for the course of "legal linguistics ". The specific research goal of the article is to conduct a multi-aspect analysis of the structure and modalities of university textbooks in legal linguistics published and used in educational process.  This work is a case study of a range of educational literature in legal linguistics, as issued from 2000 to the present. The article provides its aspect review. The main subject under consideration is the modality and structure of the educational edition; the main aspect of the study results from the thesis: the structure and modality of an educational edition is largely determined not only by its type (genre), but also by the target audience to which it is addressed (philologists, lawyers, experts, general readers).
Rhetorical Techniques to Increase Audience Confidence in the Speaker (Based on the Speeches of the Pleadings in Jury Trial)
Authors: Olenev Stanislav , Lyungrin Veronika
Published: January 2024

The research has examined trust as a communicative category describing the relationship between the speaker and the audience, and explored techniques to enhance audience confidence in the speaker used by court speakers when speaking to jurors. The authors proceed from the idea that the presence/absence of trust (both unidirectional and mutual) between the speaker and the audience is one of the factors in the effectiveness of the speech impact exerted on the audience. The discussion of the role of trust in communication relies on classical rhetoric and on the ideas of modern humanities: law, political science, social psychology, sociology, psychology of interpersonal communication, economics, media linguistics. As a result of the analysis of classical and modern speeches in the jury court, a system of six rhetorical techniques was proposed to strengthen the audience's confidence in the speaker: 1) demonstration of self-confidence and position, verbalization of lack of doubt, presence of a clear position, determination and firmness of action; 2) demonstration of competence, high level of knowledge and professionalism; 3) demonstration of respect for the jury, emphasis on the significance of their role in the trial, including through praise and compliments; 4) demonstration of interest for the outcome of the case, for  the fate of the participants in the court session, including demonstration of sympathy and compassion for the plaintiff; 5) verbalization of a sense of responsibility for the development of society, reflection on how the deed will affect the future of society; 6) appeal to ethical and/or religious values, ideas and imperatives.
Using Expertise in Performing Linguistic Examination
Authors: Mankova Alexandra
Published: January 2024

The article describes the usage of expertise in performing linguistic examination in regards to the procedural aspect of forensic practice, as well as the level of expert’s professional competence. The possibility for non-state experts to apply their specialized knowledge during a trial is noted to depend on who initiates the examination – the court, the prosecution or the defence. The notions of “an expert” in the sense of “standing in the proceedings”, “qualifications as per graduation certificate” and “official capacity at an expert institution” are analysed. The author provides cases from personal practice which expose errors related to competent establishment of an object of examination and to remaining within the boundaries of expert speciality.
Programming Language as Eligible One: Legal Aspects
Authors: Usoltseva Natalia , Usoltsev Yuri
Published: January 2024

The article examines the situation with the introduction of programming languages as an eligible element and the possibilities of recognizing programming languages as acceptable and recognized by the state. It is the case now that the issues of the existence and application of programming languages for social regulations cause significant debate, although in fact we are talking only about smart contracts and the use of programming languages for their writing and launching. In other situations of professional use of programming languages, significant legal issues have not yet been raised so acutely. But the development of digital technologies and their implementation, including in the legal social regulations, is happening very rapidly. The likelihood of the need to use programming languages to regulate social relations, and with a significant overrun beyond the strictly professional range of issues, is a very near future. The existing gaps between natural and artificial languages, between regulatory norms and the technologies used for their implementation, are being annihilated very quickly. All this forces us to evaluate programming languages in the legal domain and determine the conditions and boundaries of their existence along with natural languages. The main part of the article examines the relationship between natural and artificial languages, defines the system of artificial languages proper and their classification. The status and position of programming languages existing at the moment are revealed. As a result of the research, a conclusion is made about the prospects for the existence of a programming language as an eligible one, about the possibilities and conditions of its use beyond the boundaries of professional use. The methodological basis of the research is made up of general scientific and special scientific methods: analysis, comparison, description, systematic and structural, comparative and legal, formal and logical, etc.
Legal Communication through the Prism of Linguistics (Review of the Textbook by Doctor of Philological Sciences T. V. Dubrovskaya “Language as a Tool for Legal Communication: Theoretical Foundations and Text Analysis”)
Authors: Shirinkina Maria
Published: January 2024

The review examines the textbook prepared within the framework of legal linguistics, the interdisciplinary scientific field, that has developed at the intersection of law and speech studies. The range of scientific and methodological problems in the manual covers important issues such as follows: principles of and requirements for legal techniques; inconsistency of terms usage in legal texts; duplication and polysemy of terms; plainness and general comprehensibility of language in legislative acts; causes of ambiguous interpretation of legal texts and their semantic structure; intratextual strategies and extralinguistic bases for courtroom linguistic textx; functioning of legal texts in social practice; the need to search for a new rhetorical ideal that meets the needs of modern court proceedings; terminological and factual errors in the linguistic description of court procedures; substitutions in linguistic studies of real legal communication by its mediatized representations, etc. The compositional and structural parts of the book are briefly described: preface; sections 1-6, covering theoretical problems and containing questions and assignments to them; section 7, aimed at teaching discourse analysis of genres of courtroom discourse; section 8, including a test to check acquired knowledge. The review emphasizes the ‘user-friendly interface’ of the book. It points out the methodological value of the model of analysis of coutroom speech genres proposed in the textbook. The significance of the analytical review of modern literature on legal linguistics presented by the author, which reflects the main domestic and English-language studies, is especially emphasized. The conclusion is that the linguistic scientific community has received a very interesting, content-rich and methodologically sound manual on legal linguistics.
Maximizing Business Profit: A Perspective from Islamic Economic Law
Authors: Firdaus Muhammad Irkham , Nasution Saipul , Sup Devid Frastiawan Amir
Published: January 2024

Profit is the main goal taken by businessmen. The amount of profit earned is used as a measuring tool to evaluate the success of a business, so the profit earned must be higher than the cost of production. Nevertheless, there are business actors who take profits that are too large to be detrimental to consumers, so it is necessary to have a good profit standard, where the profits taken still benefit the businessman and not harm the consumer. So the profit taken must be fair and balanced with the cost of production taken. One of the characteristics of a capitalist economy is to minimize capital and obtain maximum profit. Whereas in Islamic economics the profit taken must be fair according to the capital issued. Islam is not specified, but a good profit does not exceed one -third of the capital. The concept of the goal of falah in Islamic business is problematic, and the ultimate goal is the good of the world and the hereafter. In this paper, we will discuss the law of maximizing business profits in Islamic Economic Law, as well as explain the concept of profit taking in Islam.
Aligning Social and Environmental Responsibility Policies Based on Creating Shared Value Concept: A Case Study at PT Petrokimia Gresik
Authors: Premananto Gancar Candra , Prayodhia Sanwasi Dimas
Published: January 2024

This study investigates how companies can achieve a balance between economic profit and social/environmental responsibility through the Creating Shared Value (CSV) approach. PT Petrokimia Gresik serves as the subject of the research, analyzing its Social and Environmental Responsibility programs within the context of CSV. The research method employed an exploratory case study with a qualitative approach. Data were obtained through in-depth interviews, Focus Group Discussions (FGD), and a review of documents related to the implementation of Social and Environmental Responsibility programs in the company. Respondents, including internal company stakeholders, participated in interviews and FGDs. The findings revealed deficiencies in the formulation of Social and Environmental Responsibility programs, hindering alignment with the CSV concept. However, six existing programs have moved toward the CSV concept by providing economic and social/environmental benefits, aligning with the company's short- and long-term strategies. These findings underscore the importance of adjusting company policies to be more integrated with CSV principles to achieve more optimal success in fulfilling social and environmental responsibilities while obtaining economic gains.
Keywords: Creating Shared Value, Social and Environmental Responsibility, PT Petrokimia Gresik
Studi ini menyelidiki bagaimana perusahaan dapat mencapai keseimbangan antara keuntungan ekonomi dan tanggung jawab sosial/lingkungan melalui pendekatan Creating Shared Value (CSV). PT Petrokimia Gresik menjadi subjek penelitian yang menganalisis program-program Tanggung Jawab Sosial dan Lingkungan dalam konteks CSV. Metode penelitian menggunakan studi kasus eksploratif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Data diperoleh melalui wawancara mendalam, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), dan tinjauan dokumen terkait pelaksanaan program-program Tanggung Jawab Sosial dan Lingkungan di perusahaan. Responden, termasuk pihak internal perusahaan, terlibat dalam wawancara dan FGD. Temuan menunjukkan kekurangan dalam penyusunan program Tanggung Jawab Sosial dan Lingkungan, yang menghambat keselarasan dengan konsep CSV. Namun, enam program yang ada telah menuju konsep CSV dengan memberikan manfaat ekonomi dan sosial/lingkungan, sejalan dengan strategi jangka pendek dan panjang perusahaan. Temuan ini menegaskan pentingnya penyesuaian kebijakan perusahaan agar lebih terintegrasi dengan prinsip-prinsip CSV guna mencapai kesuksesan yang lebih optimal dalam memenuhi tanggung jawab sosial dan lingkungan sambil memperoleh keuntungan ekonomi.
Kata kunci: Creating Shared Value, Tanggung Jawab Sosial dan Lingkungan, PT Petrokimia Gresik
Effect of Media Campaigns on Educating (Gen Z) in Saudi Arabia About Sustainable, Eco-Friendly Clothing
Authors: Aldabagh Maha Abdullah , Al-Ahmari Ihsan Ayed , Qsti Aroub , Mohammed Sally , Toffaha Noura Mohammed
Published: January 2024

This study sought to assess the level of familiarity among Generation Z in Saudi Arabia with the concept of eco-friendly clothing, and identify the type of media campaigns that have the most significant impact on the purchasing decisions of Generation Z. The study employed the descriptive research design and utilized quantitative analysis to analyze the collected data. The study focused on the Generation Z age group, which was sampled using non-probability purposive sampling techniques. The study found that Gen Z of Jeddah has a moderate to high level of familiarity with eco-friendly clothing. Social media is frequently the primary source of knowledge for eco-fashion for Gen Z. However, despite their heavy use of social media, Gen Z needs more information on sustainable fashion. As a result, more social media campaigns are needed to further educate and update Gen Z on sustainable fashion consumption.
The Effect of Using the Reciprocal Teaching and Training Methods on Some Elements of Physical Fitness Among Female Physical Education Students at Palestine Technical University
Authors: Alhayja Fatema Abu , Maddeh Talel , Souid Ines , Budaier Awad Qasim , Abderrahman Abderraouf Ben
Published: January 2024

The current study aimed to identify the effect of using the reciprocal and training methods of teaching on some elements of physical fitness among female physical education students at Palestine Technical University. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, three physical tests were applied. The study used the experimental approach to measure the level of some Elements of physical fitness (speed, muscular strength, and flexibility) according to the teaching method used. The study sample consisted of all (40) fourth-year female students in the Department of Physical Education at Kadoorie University in the first semester of the academic year 2021/2022. The results of the study showed that the students who studied by the reciprocal method obtained the lowest arithmetic mean (5.77 seconds) in the dimensional measurements of speed. This indicates that it is the most effective method in improving the runner's speed, followed by the students who studied the training method with an arithmetic mean of (6.14). As well as the same arrangement in the post-measurement of flexibility, where the average flexibility of the students who studied by the reciprocal method was (38.20). In light of theses results, a set of recommendations were put forward, the most prominent of which is that teaching methods in physical education have the highest probability of positively affecting a large number of female students. It is necessary to diversify the use of teaching methods in Physical education classes due to the specificity of each teaching method in the development of physical activity.
Essentials of Functional Whole-of-Government Monitoring and Evaluation Systems: The Zambian Case
Authors: Kanyamuna Vincent , Simui Francis , Mubita Aurick , Musanda Paul
Published: January 2024

Since the turn of the 21st century in the year 2000, it has become increasingly impossible to design and implement a development intervention, be it a project, programme or policy without articulating a sound monitoring and evaluation framework. More demanded are functional monitoring and evaluation (M&E) systems. It is for that reason that governments, civil society organisations, non-governmental organizations, bilateral and multilateral agencies have all adopted the agenda of strengthening their systems for M&E. Among others, known benefits from implementing sound M&E include enhancing accountability, feedback and learning. This paper articulates essentials development agencies, and their respective stakeholders need to put in place for their M&E systems to function well. More so, focus is on building stronger whole-of-government M&E systems. Essentially, a typical M&E system would have two sides, both of which would be crucial for a successful and functional whole-of-government M&E system. These are the supply-side and the demand-side. In addition, there are known essentials deemed crucial to a successful whole-of-government M&E system. These include the political and technical issues associated with implementing country systems for M&E. Another essential is the ownership of M&E systems. Further, the paper also presents a comprehensive section showing the fundamental ten steps for building a functional whole-of-government M&E system. When these aspects are understood by governments and carefully institutionalised across structures, M&E would prove to be a useful tool to promote accountability, feedback and learning. It also goes without saying, that, in the absence of a stronger system for M&E, governments will most likely not tell success from failure, not see success and would fail to reward it. As such, governments would probably never recognize its failures, thus failing to correct it and ultimately fall short of demonstrating development results. Once these happen, such governments would not win public support.
Pytania prejudycjalne Naczelnego Sądu Administracyjnego: aspekt proceduralny i gwarancyjny
Authors: Kalisz Anna , Chmielarz-Grochal Anna
Published: January 2024

Artykuł dotyczy zagadnienia ochrony prejudycjalnej, oznaczającej działanie sądu w trybie prewencyjnym, co może uchronić jednostkę przed naruszeniem jej praw. Pytania prejudycjalne można uznać za mechanizm skutecznej ochrony prawnej jednostki. Inicjowany przez pytania prejudycjalne dialog sądowy ma, oprócz wpływu na wynik konkretnej sprawy, dwojaki skutek: buduje acquis de l’Union oraz wpływa na prawo krajowe i jego stosowanie. Celem artykułu jest spojrzenie na pytania prejudycjalne: (1) z perspektywy krajowej, (2) sądowoadministracyjnej oraz (3) z pozycji Naczelnego Sądu Administracyjnego jako sądu, którego orzeczenia „nie podlegają zaskarżeniu według prawa wewnętrznego”. Analizie poddano podstawy normatywne pytań prejudycjalnych (w kontekście zasad prawa UE oraz modelu współstosowania prawa unijnego z krajowym), a następnie wybrane przypadki wykorzystania tego mechanizmu przez NSA. Przeprowadzona analiza przepisów oraz relewantnego orzecznictwa prowadzi do konkluzji, że doświadczenia NSA potwierdzają, że we współpracy z Trybunałem Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej skutecznie realizuje zadania służące zapewnieniu poszanowania prawa w wykładni i stosowaniu traktatów. Sąd ten korzysta z procedury prejudycjalnej w sposób uzasadniony, co potwierdza rolę sądu krajowego jako sądu unijnego. Pytania prawne i orzecznictwo wydawane w następstwie orzeczeń prejudycjalnych stanowią wkład w rozwój unijnego acquis w różnorodnych dziedzinach podlegających kognicji sądów administracyjnych. Dlatego analizowane zagadnienie – wraz z praktycznym schematem procedury prejudycjalnej – jest istotne, a zaktualizowany „przegląd” orzecznictwa NSA stanowi element nowatorski.
The discretion of the EU Member States in shaping the non-conviction based confiscation regime in the light of CJEU and ECHR case law
Authors: Wycichowski-Kuchta Gniewomir
Published: January 2024

The research presented in the article aims to assess the scope of the normative freedom of EU Member States when implementing non-conviction based confiscation. This study was based on the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). The study shows that despite the broad discretion of the Member States resulting from the position of the CJEU, domestic regulation of this type of confiscation falls outside the scope of EU law; the extensive jurisprudence of the ECHR sets quite precise boundaries concerning the concept of confiscation without prior conviction. Thus, it limits the discretion of Member States in this regard, providing both safeguards for individuals and guidelines for national legislators that intend to develop non-conviction based confiscation regimes in their domestic legal system.
Protecting juvenile defendants in the trial and from the trial: special safeguards in EU and Italian regulations
Authors: Zampini Andrea
Published: January 2024

Both the Directive 2016/800/EU and the Italian national law on juvenile criminal trial (presidential decree no. 448/1988) aim to provide specific safeguards for young suspects and defendants to protect their fragile and still-developing personality, and to ensure that any crime allegedly committed by the minor is an isolated incident in their past. These safeguards are required throughout criminal proceedings, especially during the trial stage, which can be confusing and overwhelming for a juvenile and may seriously impact their development. The trial phase – along with the precautionary limitation of personal freedom – seems to be the most dangerous procedural segment for children’s personalities. The trial is where the justice ‘play’ comes to life on its main stage, with its whole ritual, language, and characters. When attempting to identify safeguards intended to operate during the trial phase, two main fields seem to emerge: one focuses on the issue of assistance, which has to be more profound due to the unique nature of juvenile personality and experience of life; while the other one aims to protect children’s privacy so that their public image will be shielded as much as possible from the negative consequences of the trial. The article first focuses on these aspects by analysing legal regulations and the jurisprudence. In some cases, Italian legal regulation exceeds European directive standards, serving as a model for other legal systems. However, even though the internal regulation formally matches the EU requirement in some instances, it needs further improvement. Also, in terms of the law in action, the Italian jurisprudential approach sometimes weakens the safeguards provided by law, demonstrating the need for different interpretative solutions that are adequate to respect children’s rights fully. In the light of such issues, the author suggests some exegetical solutions.
Osoba prawna jako członek organu zarządzającego spółki w wybranych systemach prawnych
Authors: Golędzinowski Filip
Published: January 2024

Artykuł porusza problem regulacji pełnienia funkcji członków w organach zarządzających spółek. Przesłanką przeprowadzenia badań była okoliczność w postaci braku przyjęcia przez państwa europejskie jednolitego modelu w przedmiocie dopuszczenia osób prawnych do pełnienia funkcji członków w organach zarządzających spółek. Nieudaną próbą takiej regulacji była V Dyrektywa Spółek. Celem badań jest porównanie wybranych systemów prawnych oraz ukazanie potencjalnych skutków dopuszczenia osób prawnych do pełnienia funkcji członka zarządu, a także odpowiedź na pytanie, czy konieczne jest ujednolicenie regulacji w tym aspekcie na poziomie europejskim. Powyższą analizę przeprowadzono przede wszystkim przy wykorzystaniu metody dogmatycznoprawnej oraz prawnoporównawczej. Badania wykazały, że w niektórych systemach prawnych obecność osoby prawnej w organie zarządzającym spółki jest powszechnie dozwolona – przykładowo, taką sytuację dopuszczają prawodawcy francuski, belgijski oraz brytyjski, jednakże prawodawstwo tych państw nie jest w tym aspekcie jednolite. Z kolei w Niemczech czy Polsce pełnienie funkcji członka zarządu przez osobę prawną jest zabronione z mocy samego prawa. Autor formułuje tezę, że brak jednak konkretnych podstaw do ujednolicania opisywanego mechanizmu na poziomie europejskim. Poczynione ustalenia można uznać za istotne w kontekście ewentualnej nowelizacji polskiego Kodeksu spółek handlowych i dyskusji o możliwości wprowadzenia do polskiego prawa regulacji dotyczącej zdolności osób prawnych do pełnienia funkcji członka organów spółki.
Status normatywny przewinienia dyscyplinarnego mniejszej wagi w reżimie odpowiedzialności dyscyplinarnej nauczyciela akademickiego
Authors: Łakomy Kamil
Published: January 2024

Przedmiotem analizy w artykule jest problematyka przewinienia dyscyplinarnego mniejszej wagi nauczyciela akademickiego, a zasadniczy problem badawczy dotyczy statusu normatywnego tej konstrukcji prawnej. Autor w szczególności zmierza do ustalenia, czy instytucja przewinienia mniejszej wagi stanowi element struktury normy sankcjonowanej w akademickim prawie dyscyplinarnym, czy też jest związana z zasadami wymiaru kary. Rozważania opierają się na, zaczerpniętej z prawa karnego, teorii norm sprzężonych oraz pięcioelementowej strukturze przewinienia dyscyplinarnego. W tym zakresie zaproponowane zostało ujęcie nierozważane dotąd szczegółowo w doktrynie, albowiem wykorzystujące dorobek metodologii prawa karnego do struktury przewinienia dyscyplinarnego. Przeprowadzona analiza zweryfikowała prawdziwość twierdzenia o tym, że wypadek mniejszej wagi stanowi typ uprzywilejowany przewinienia dyscyplinarnego nauczyciela akademickiego, pomimo braku ustawowej typizacji tego konstruktu prawnego.
Household saving motives and socio-demographic factors
Authors: Korzeniowska Anna M. , Ulman Paweł
Published: January 2024

This research was inspired by broad discussions on the motives for saving. We examine the relationship between the motives for saving and the socio-economic characteristics of households in the eurozone, Croatia, Hungary and Poland, such as: the social type of the household, gender of the reference person (RP), their age, level of education, marital status, taking into account the differences in the value of these households’ financial assets. For this purpose, we used data from the Household Finance and Consumption Survey. The logit model was used to analyse with maximum likelihood estimation the different saving motives and country groups. We also used a Poisson model for a count variable. The results demonstrate that the social type of households is crucial in determining their motives for saving, particularly for child education and leaving an inheritance. Additionally, we identify differences in the number and sets of saving motives between households from countries with both high and low levels of financial assets. In countries where households are less well-off, the motive for saving to purchase residential estate is of greater importance. Moreover, households with more financial assets – mainly from the countries of Western Europe – show more concern about saving for old age and investment.
Is the silver generation still on the labour market or already inactive? The situation of the elderly on the Polish labour market
Authors: Knapińska Magdalena
Published: January 2024

The aim of the article is to determine the economic situation of people aged over 50 and the conditions of their professional activity. The subject of the analysis is the labour market of Poland – an EU Member State and of the OECD, a country that has undergone a political transformation from a centrally planned economy to a market economy. The research methods applied in the study included: literature analysis, methods of statistical analysis based on descriptive statistics tools, analysis of variability and logical analysis of cause and effect relationships. To achieve the aim of the article, several research questions were formulated. First of all, these addressed several issues: Is the population aged 50+ in Poland is still professionally active? What are the reasons for the decision to be professionally active or inactive? What factors influence changes in the number of pensioners? Is the situation of people aged 50+ on the Polish labour market different from their situation in other EU countries? The research methods used in this study are: literature analysis, statistical analysis method based on descriptive statistic tools, analysis of variability, and logical analysis of cause and effect relationship. By the way of conclusion, an attempt was also made to compare the situation in Poland with the models of life of the elderly in other European economies of such countries as Czechia, Germany, Sweden and Italy. The main findings were the following: the economic situation of the elderly in Poland deteriorated, their willingness to look for work and activity increased, but unfortunately this search was hindered by significant barriers to accessing the labour market. Recommendations for economic policy include demands to take specific actions to extend professional activity, facilitate access to digital job search methods, and social campaigns to counteract ageism.
Implikacje ekonomiczne tak zwanych zabójczych przejęć z perspektywy antymonopolowej
Authors: Molski Rajmund
Published: January 2024

Od kilku lat toczą się szerokie i ożywione debaty na temat stosunkowo nowego fenomenu tzw. zabójczych przejęć, tj. przejmowania przez duże, zasiedziałe na rynku przedsiębiorstwa (zwykle dominantów rynkowych) potencjalnych konkurentów (zwykle typu start-up) dysponujących innowacyjną technologią, w celu udaremnienia przyszłej konkurencji. Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu ustalenie, jakie są ekonomiczne reperkusje tego zjawiska i w jaki sposób wpływają one na podejście do niego władz odpowiedzialnych za ochronę konkurencji. Ustalenia te poprzedzono wstępnym objaśnieniem pojęcia i specyfiki zabójczych przejęć. Następnie zbadano dogłębniej ich skutki dla konkurencji oraz innowacji, z uwzględnieniem rzeczywistej skali tego zjawiska oraz jego empirycznych przykładów. Przedstawiono także zwięźle trudności w identyfikacji oraz ocenie zabójczych przejęć, implikowane ich ekonomiczną specyfiką. Metodologia artykułu opiera się głównie na analizie literatury ekonomicznej i prawniczej dotyczącej tytułowego zagadnienia, a po części także na analizie dogmatycznoprawnej regulacji antymonopolowych oraz praktyki ich stosowania. W świetle poczynionych uwag, niezależnie od koncepcyjnej niejednoznaczności zabójczych przejęć oraz ich złożonych implikacji ekonomicznych, rośnie – jak się wydaje – przekonanie, że jest to realny i poważny problem, któremu nie można zaradzić za pomocą jedynie konwencjonalnych narzędzi antymonopolowych, nie mówiąc już o samoregulacji rynkowej. Nie wydaje się, aby poszukiwanie optymalnej odpowiedzi na wyzwania stwarzane przez zabójcze przejęcia doprowadziło do znalezienia jednego, idealnego rozwiązania dla wszystkich jurysdykcji, choćby zważywszy na ich zróżnicowane uwarunkowania ekonomiczne i prawne.
A sub-Riemannian maximum modulus theorem
Authors: Buseghin Federico , Forcillo Nicolò , Garofalo Nicola
Published: January 2024

In this note we prove a sub-Riemannian maximum modulus theorem in a Carnot group. Using a nontrivial counterexample, we also show that such result is best possible, in the sense that in its statement one cannot replace the right-invariant horizontal gradient with the left-invariant one.