bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Monthly solar radiation in the tropical Atlantic Ocean: Can its spatial variations be captured by the current configuration of the PIRATA moorings?
Authors: Trolliet Mélodie , Wald Lucien
Published: July 2018

Abstract. The present work aims at contributing to the proper design of networks of measuring moorings with regard to the downwelling solar irradiance at surface (DSIS). Considering the yearly profiles of the monthly DSIS, this article studies whether the 17 moorings within the existing PIRATA network are well geographically distributed so that they capture the spatial variations of the yearly profiles in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. A clustering technique is performed onto the HelioClim-3v5 satellite-derived gridded dataset of DSIS spanning 12 years, thus yielding 17 zones of similar yearly profiles. It was found that the mean yearly profiles of several zones are similar to the measured ones at the three moorings having enough measurements to perform the comparison. Zones have clear connections with the climatology of the region and circulation regimes. The geographical distribution of the moorings has been analysed with regard to the zoning. In the northern region of the tropical basin, each zone contains at least one PIRATA mooring. Hence, the configuration of the PIRATA network is appropriate to reflect the spatial variations of the yearly profiles in this northern part. In the southern basin, the coverage is less complete; several zones do not contain any PIRATA mooring. Thus, the network does not capture the spatial variations of the yearly profiles and this may induce misinterpretation of the PIRATA measurements at synoptic scales. It was also found that the computation of latitudinal or longitudinal averages of irradiance may be wrong if based solely on measurements from moorings without taking into account the spatial representativeness of a mooring.
PROJECTS BASED ON THE WEB PROCESSING SERVICE FRAMEWORK BIRDHOUSE
Authors: Ehbrecht C. , Landry T. , Hempelmann N. , Huard D. , Kindermann S.
Published: July 2018

Abstract. Birdhouse is a collaborative project open for the community to participate. It is a software framework containing a collection of Web Processing Services (WPS). The deployed algorithms are focusing on Earth Systems and environmental data processing with the philosophy of streamlining the software development and deployment. By supporting climate, earth observation and biodiversity data and processes, Birdhouse can be used in a wide array of Earth sciences projects and workflows. The core benefit of this project is to allow the seamless use of climate services developed by a diverse network of national meteorological offices, regional climate service providers, academics, not-for-profit research centers and private industry. As governments move toward open-data policies, there will be a need for analytical services that extract value out of the deluge of information. Using an interoperable software architecture, institutions can provide both data and services allowing users to process the data remotely from a laptop, instead of having to acquire and maintain large storage infrastructures.
Reliability, Validity, and Measurement Invariance of Attitudinal and Social Norm Factors in Math
Authors: Walker Soung Hwa
Published: July 2018

The purpose of the present study was to provide a deeper understanding of multidimensional aspects of attitudes and social norms in educational contexts. Specifically, the current investigation aimed to (1) examine reliability and validity of factorial structure of math attitudes (Affective, Behavioral, and Cognitive factors) and perceived math social norms (Parent, Peer, and Teacher factors) and (2) test whether measurement of all factors would be invariant across national groups. Three nationally representative sample data (USA, Hong Kong, and Singapore; N = 15,019) were obtained from the 2012 Programme of International Student Assessment (PISA) database. High values in Cronbach’s Alpha, Composite Reliability scores, and factor loadings indicated strong internal consistency and convergent validity of all factors. Estimated correlations among latent factors were ranged from small to moderate in value (rs = .21 - .51, ps < .001) and each square root of average variance extracted turned out to be greater than all bivariate correlations (.71 - .85), which supported clear discriminant validity. Furthermore, the results of Multigroup Confirmatory Factor Analysis (MGCFA) yielded that measurement of the six factors was equivalent across national groups at the level of strong (scalar) factorial invariance. Implications for math education and future research are discussed.
Logit Analysis of the Relationship between Interest Rate Ceiling and Micro Lending Market in Kenya
Authors: Ochien Onyango Barnabas , Odondo Alphonce Juma
Published: July 2018

Interest rate ceilings have been declining over the past decades as most developing countries continue liberalizing their financial policies. Prior to 2015, Kenya’s banking sector was vibrant and highly profitable. The sector loan book grew at an impressive compound annual rate of 16% in 2011 to 35% in 2015. However, after interest rate cap in 2016, there has been a general slowdown in micro lending and rise in non-performing loans. Some studies argue that the ceiling protects consumers from exploitation and guarantees access to credit while others observe the contrary. This study sought to establish the relationship between interest rate ceiling and micro lending in Kenya. It was anchored on financial accelerator effect theory and the theory of financial repression. The study relied on secondary data from Banks and Micro Entrepreneurs. Logit models were estimated to establish the relevant relationships. It was established that interest rate ceiling had significant negative association with credit supply and default rate. However, it had a significant positive association with cost of Credit. Both Nagelkerke’s R2 and Cox and Snell’s showed that the estimated model fitted well. The Wald criterion demonstrated that credit supply, costs of credit and default rate were significantly different from zero. Thus, the independent variables were significantly affected by interest rate ceiling. It is recommended that banks pursuing policy of increasing credit supply and reducing cost of credit should advocate for the repeal of interest rate ceiling while those interested in reducing default rate should advocate for its retention.
Transcriptomic Analysis on the Regulation of Tomato Ripening by the Ethylene Inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene
Authors: Bobokalonov Jamshed , Liu Yanhong , Shahrin Tasnuva , Liu LinShu
Published: July 2018

Tomato is a climacteric fruit whose ripening is regulated by the plant hormone ethylene. 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) is a competitive ethylene inhibitor that can delay the fruit ripening process. To understand the molecular mechanism of how 1-MCP inhibits tomato fruit ripening, transcriptomics (RNA-Seq) was used to identify genes that were differentially expressed in 1-MCP-treated (Day 1) tomato fruits. Of the 35340 genes in the tomato genome, about 50% were expressed with 1-MCP treatment. There were 5683 genes identified as significantly differentially expressed. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) assays were used to validate the RNA-Seq data. Our results showed that 1-MCP treatment resulted in the down-regulation of fruit ripening-related genes, including genes involved in ethylene synthesis, signal transduction and carotenoid biosynthesis. Our results provide insight at the whole genome level regarding gene regulation by 1-MCP during fruit ripening. Understanding the molecular basis of 1-MCP inhibition on tomato ripening may help farmers and food processors to better use 1-MCP in agriculture and food industry.
Alexandria, Kom el-Dikka. Season 2016. Appendix: Glass from Area CV on Kom el-Dikka (Alexandria). Season 2016
Authors: Majcherek Grzegorz , Kucharczyk Renata
Published: July 2018

The PCMA expedition to Kom el-Dikka conducted fieldwork between March and July 2016, filling out the usual multiple-task agenda encompassing both conservation projects and archaeological excavation. The program of work was conditioned to a large extent by the pending completion of the first stage of the Kom el-Dikka Site Presentation Project (southern zone of the site). Top priority was given to preservation work, supplemented with limited excavation in the early Islamic necropolis. A vast collection of finds including coins, plasterwork, glass artifacts of different age (from Ptolemaic to early Islamic) originating from previous seasons of fieldwork continued to be documented and studied by a group of specialists. The appendix brings a brief report on the glass finds from area CV, stratigraphically from the level of the Lower Necropolis, but chronologically from the late Roman/early Byzantine period (5th–6th century AD).
Egyptian imitations of Chinese celadon from the 13th–15th centuries from Kom el-Dikka in Alexandria
Authors: Redlak Małgorzata
Published: July 2018

In Islamic Egyptian glazed ceramics there are three ceramic types inspired by Chinese pottery, stoneware and porcelain: sancai pottery, celadon stoneware and Blue and White porcelain. Egyptian imitations of Chinese celadon ware, produced in the 14th and 15th centuries mainly by Cairene potters working at the Fustat workshops, are particularly noteworthy and the Kom el-Dikka site in Alexandria, excavated by the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology University of Warsaw, has yielded a collection of over 300 pieces. The typological analysis was based on 235 distinct fragments of utilitarian wares selected on account of their form, decorative elements, technical quality, possible technological defects and, first and foremost, characteristics that qualify them as imitations of Chinese celadon. Two typological ware groups were distinguished: those inspired by Chinese prototypes and those representing indigenous Egyptian ceramics infused with certain motifs copied from the Chinese celadons.
Effect of Methylphenidate for Apathy on Visual Attention Scanning Behavior: a Pilot Study
Authors: Chau Sarah A. , Herrmann Nathan , Chung Jonathan , Eizenman Moshe , Lanctôt Krista L.
Published: July 2018

BackgroundThe purpose of this pilot study was to explore the potential of eye-tracking technology in monitoring symptoms and predicting outcomes in apathetic Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients treated with methylphenidate (MTP).MethodsNeuropsychological tests and eye-tracking measurements were completed at baseline and following at least four weeks of treatment with MTP (5–10 mg BID). Eye-movements were measured while patients viewed novel and social stimuli. Cognition, behavior, and apathy were assessed using the Standardized Mini-Mental State Exam (sMMSE), Neuropsychiatric Inventory, and Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES), respectively.ResultsNine patients were included in the analysis (age: median=75, interquartile range=8; sMMSE: median=22, interquartile range=14). Spearman correlations showed that improvement on the AES was associated with increased visual attention towards novel stimuli (ρ7=-0.809, p=.008). Additionally, lower baseline attention towards social images was associated with improvement on the AES (ρ7=0.905, p=.001).ConclusionsEye-tracking techniques can be developed as an objective and nonverbal method of monitoring symptoms and treatment outcomes in AD patients.
Faults diagnostics of high-voltage equipment based on the analysis of the dynamics of changing of the content of gases
Authors: Shutenko Oleg
Published: July 2018

In the article, the gas content of oils in high-voltage equipment with defects of different types is analysed. Typical gas contents and gas ratios for 38 most frequently encountered defects are presented and analysed. The dynamics of the gas content change in equipment during the development of defects was investigated. It is concluded that the development of defects in high-voltage equipment is accompanied by the growth of gas concentrations, which is known and widely used, and it helps stabilize the percentage of gases at strictly defined levels and detect defects at an early stage.
Migración ficticia e identidades en las proto-performances de Conchita Jurado (México, 1926-1931)
Authors: Mindek Dubravka , Molina-Alarcón Miguel
Published: July 2018

En este artículo se considera el significado socio cultural de las balmoreadas, una especie de bromas pesadas, que surgen como respuesta creativa a la migración privilegiada de españoles a México posrevolucionario y cuyas víctimas fueron personas de más diversos perfiles. Asimismo, en el texto se reflexiona críticamente sobre la construcción mutua de identidades de Concepción Jurado, una mujer común de la época y el personaje ficticio que caracterizó en la realización de las balmoreadas, un rico inmigrante español, Don Carlos Balmori, quien terminó eclipsándola. Por último, el artículo subraya la importancia de las balmoreadas como precursoras del arte de acción o performance art.
MOLECULAR RELAXATION IN BINARY SYSTEMS NaNO3 – NaNO2, KNO3 – KNO2
Authors: Aliev Amil R. , Akhmedov Isa R. , Kakagasanov Murad G. , Aliev Zakir A. , Amirov Akhmed M.
Published: July 2018

In the present study, the molecular relaxation processes in crystalline sodium nitrate NaNO3, crystalline sodium nitrite NaNO2, crystalline potassium nitrate KNO3, crystalline potassium nitrite KNO2, and in solid binary salt systems sodium nitrate – sodium nitrite NaNO3 – NaNO2 and potassium nitrate - potassium nitrite KNO3 – KNO2 were studied with the Raman spectroscopic methods. We have found that the relaxation time of the fully symmetric vibration of n1 (A) of the molecular nitrate anion NO3– in the solid binary salt systems “nitrate – nitrite” NaNO3 – NaNO2 or KNO3 – KNO2 is lower than in the individual crystalline nitrate NaNO3 or KNO3, respectively. It is shown that the increase in the rate of intramolecular relaxation is explained by the presence in the binary system of an additional relaxation mechanism of the vibrationally excited states of the nitrate ion NO3–. This relaxation mechanism of the nitrate ion NO3– in a binary system is associated with the excitation of a lower-frequency vibration of another anion (nitrite ion NO2–) and the "birth" of a lattice vibration (phonon). The frequency of this phonon is equal to the difference in the vibration frequencies of the nitrate ion NO3– and nitrite ion NO2–. It is established that the condition for the realization of such a relaxation mechanism is that the difference in the frequency of these oscillations of the nitrate ion NO3– and nitrite ion NO2– must correspond to the region of a sufficiently high density of states of the phonon spectrum of the solid binary salt system under study. The maximum frequency of the phonon spectrum of the system is determined by its Debye temperature. For ionic salt systems, the Debye temperature is always higher than 200 K, and often more than 300 K. Therefore, in the solid binary salt systems, the proposed relaxation mechanism is almost always relevant.Forcitation:Aliev A.R., Akhmedov I.R., Kakagasanov M.G., Aliev Z.A., Amirov A.M. Molecular relaxation in the binary systems NaNO3 – NaNO2, KNO3 – KNO2. Izv. Vyssh.Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2018. V. 61. N 7. P. 23-30
HYDROLYTIC HYDROGENATION OF INULIN WITH USE MAGNETIC-SEPARATE Ru-CONTAINING CATALYST
Authors: Ratkevich Ekaterina A. , Manaenkov Oleg V. , Matveeva Valentina G. , Kislitsa Olga V. , Sulman Esther M.
Published: July 2018

The combined hydrolysis and hydrogenation of inulin was studied on Ru-containing magnetically recoverable catalyst, using subcritical water as solvent. The Ru−Fe3O4−SiO2 catalysts are synthesized by incorporation of magnetite nanoparticles (NPs) in mesoporous silica pores followed by formation of 2 nm Ru NPs. The latter was obtained by thermal decomposition of ruthenium acetylacetonate in the pores. Magnetic properties of Fe3O4−SiO2 are typical for superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs of comparable size and allow to make a fast magnetic separation of the catalyst. The results of liquid nitrogen adsorption measurements are typical for mesoporous materials. The BET surface area of catalyst is 280 m2/g, what is allowed for mesoporous catalytic materials. The XPS spectra of Ru-Fe3O4-SiO2 demonstrate a good homogeneity of the sample. The catalyst was tested in hydrolytic hydrogenation of inulin. Inulin is hydrolyzed with formation of fructose and a small amount of glucose. There is a hydrogenation of fructose and glucose in hydrogen with receiving a mannitol and sorbitol, respectively. Mannitol is widely used in production of medicines and pharmaceutics, liquid fuel, the chemical and food industry, biotechnology and production of cosmetics. Mannitol presents in many plants and seaweeds. However, the extraction of mannitol from these raw materials is not a profitable process. Instead, fermentation and catalytic hydrogenation processes are used industrially. Nowadays, mannitol can be obtained by catalytic hydrogenation of monosaccharides like fructose or from glucose-fructose mixtures, using heterogeneous catalyst. During the researches key parameters of process, such as temperature and time of reaction, partial pressure of hydrogen are varied. At optimum reaction conditions: temperature of 150 °C, partial pressure of hydrogen of 60 bars in 45 min, – conversion of inulin was achieved of 100 %, a mannitol yield was 44.3 %. The used catalyst has shown high activity and stability in hydrothermal conditions. Stable magnetic properties of the catalyst cause his easy separation from reactionary mixture by means of external magnetic field.Forcitation:Ratkevich E.A., Manaenkov O.V., Matveeva V.G., Kislitza O.V., Sulman E.M. The hydrolytic hydrogenation of inulin catalyzed by Ru-containing magnetically recoverable catalyst. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2018. V. 61. N 4-5. P. 76-81
STUDY OF CARBON DIOXIDE ADSORPTION ON CHROMOXIDE CATALYST ON NON-STATIONARY CONCENTRATIONS
Authors: Kol'tsov Nikolay I. , Fedotov Vladislav Kh.
Published: July 2018

Investigation of the regularities of chemical processes, not only near but also far from the stationary state, gives additional information on their mechanisms. In this paper, we present a new method for estimating rate constants of adsorption-desorption processes from the experimentally measured values of the nonstationary concentrations of an adsorbed substance, based on calculating the instantaneous rates of the adsorption (or desorption) process. This method allows to connect unknown kinetic parameters of adsorption (desorption) of a substance on the catalyst surface for various most probable assumed mechanisms with the calculated values of the instantaneous rates of adsorption-desorption processes. As a consequence, the method makes it possible to solve two types of inverse problems of chemical kinetics: calculate point and interval values of rates constants of adsorption and desorption; determine the most likely mechanism from several proposed mechanisms of implementation of these processes. Using this method, point and interval values of the rates constants of adsorption and desorption of carbon dioxide were determined on the base of nonstationary experimental data on adsorption on the assumption of carbon dioxide adsorption on a chromoxide catalyst to three proposed mechanisms: linear, bimolecular and dissociative. Based on the results of calculations, the corresponding non-stationary dependences of carbon dioxide adsorption were restored, which were compared with the experimental data. The obtained results confirm that the previously established dissociative mechanism of adsorption of carbon dioxide on the chromoside catalyst is the most probable. The developed simple method does not require the use of complex optimization calculations and can be used to solve the inverse problem of chemical kinetics associated with the determination of mechanisms and the estimation of the rates constants of adsorption and desorption of substances on various catalysts.Forcitation:Kol’tsov N.I., Fedotov V.Kh. Study of carbon dioxide adsorption on chromoxide catalyst on non-stationary concentrations. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2018. V. 61. N 7. P. 37-42
Microplastics in the environment: Much ado about nothing? A debate
Authors: Backhaus Thomas , Wagner Martin
Published: July 2018

This manuscript documents a debate between the two authors on the issue of microplastics in the environment. It was sparked by a recent viewpoint article published by G. A. Burton in Environmental Science and Technology (http://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b05463) and started as a Twitter debate. To expand, we decided to continue our conversation publishing 1000-word texts on PeerJ and responding to each other in roughly two-week intervals.

Currently, the text contains the following:

1) An introduction, which sets the scene for the article

2) Martin's kick-off statement “Soul-searching on microplastics: Lost in translation, prioritization and communication?”, dated Feb. 27, 2018

3) Thomas' opening statement “A genuine research topic, but let’s avoid hyperboles”, dated March 18, 2018

4) Martin’s rebuttal “Moving forward: What are the risks of microplastics?”, dated April 18, 2018

5) Thomas’ rebuttal “We need to do a classical risk assessment, but we can’t stop there”, dated May 18, 2018

6) Final statement of both authors, dated July 12, 2018
Effects of environmental hypoxia and hypercarbia on ventilation and gas exchange in Testudines
Authors: Trevizan-Baú Pedro , Abe Augusto S. , Klein Wilfried
Published: July 2018

Background

Ventilatory parameters have been investigated in several species of Testudines, but few species have had their ventilatory pattern fully characterized by presenting all variables necessary to understand changes in breathing pattern seen under varying environmental conditions.

Methods

We measured ventilation and gas exchange at 25 °C in the semi-aquatic turtleTrachemys scriptaand the terrestrial tortoiseChelonoidis carbonariusunder normoxia, hypoxia, and hypercarbia and furthermore compiled respiratory data of testudine species from the literature to analyze the relative changes in each variable.

Results

During normoxia both species studied showed an episodic breathing pattern with two to three breaths per episode, but the non-ventilatory periods (TNVP) were three to four times longer inT. scriptathan inC. carbonarius. Hypoxia and hypercarbia significantly increased ventilation in both species and decreased TNVPand oxygen consumption inT. scriptabut not inC. carbonarius.

Discussion

Contrary to expectations, the breathing pattern inC. carbonariusdid show considerable non-ventilatory periods with more than one breath per breathing episode, and the breathing pattern inT. scriptawas found to diverge significantly from predictions based on mechanical analyses of the respiratory system. A quantitative analysis of the literature showed that relative changes in the ventilatory patterns of chelonians in response to hypoxia and hyperbarbia were qualitatively similar among species, although there were variations in the magnitude of change.
Placebo‐controlled Phase 2 Trial of Drisapersen for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: McDonald Craig M. , Wong Brenda , Flanigan Kevin M. , Wilson Rosamund , de Kimpe Sjef , Lourbakos Afrodite , Lin Zhengning , Campion Giles ,   the DEMAND V study group
Published: July 2018

Objective

This double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled Phase 2 study (NCT01462292) assessed the 24‐week efficacy, safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of two different subcutaneous drisapersen doses, and the 24‐week off‐dose persistent effect, in ambulant Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients.

Methods

Male DMD patients (≥5 years; time to rise from floor ≤15 s) were randomized to drisapersen 3 mg/kg/week, 6 mg/kg/week or placebo. The primary efficacy endpoint was change from baseline in 6‐minute walking distance (6MWD) at week 24. Secondary endpoints included changes in timed function tests, muscle strength, and pulmonary function tests.

Results

Fifty‐one patients were randomized to placebo (N = 16), drisapersen 3 mg/kg/week (N = 17) or 6 mg/kg/week (N = 18). All but 2 patients had baseline rise from floor time <7 s. This study was exploratory and not prospectively powered; however, a difference in mean 6MWD versus placebo in favor of drisapersen 6 mg/kg/week was observed at week 24 (27.1 m; P = 0.069) and maintained 24 weeks off‐treatment (27.9 m; P = 0.177). The 3 mg/kg/week group showed no statistically significant difference in mean 6MWD versus placebo. For some secondary endpoints, a more positive response in favor of drisapersen 6 mg/kg/week compared to placebo was shown. Drisapersen had a long half‐life with steady state reached after approximately 36 weeks. Most common adverse events in both drisapersen groups were related to injection site reactions and subclinical proteinuria.

Interpretation

Drisapersen 6 mg/kg/week for 24 weeks resulted in a treatment benefit in 6MWD, largely maintained 24 weeks off‐treatment. This study provided insights for further studies to optimize dosage regimen.
An Amphiphobic Hydraulic Triboelectric Nanogenerator for a Self‐Cleaning and Self‐Charging Power System
Authors: Zhang Qian , Liang Qijie , Liao Qingliang , Ma Mingyuan , Gao Fangfang , Zhao Xuan , Song Yiding , Song Lijuan , Xun Xiaochen , Zhang Yue
Published: July 2018

Raindrop falling, which is one kind of water motions, contains large amount of mechanical energy. However, harvesting energy from the falling raindrop to drive electronics continuously is not commonly investigated. Therefore, a self‐cleaning/charging power system (SPS) is reported, which can be exploited to convert and store energy from falling raindrop directly for providing a stable and durable output. The SPS consists of a hydraulic triboelectric nanogenerator (H‐TENG) and several embedded fiber supercapacitors. The surface of H‐TENG is amphiphobic, enabling the SPS self‐cleaning. The fiber supercapacitor which uses α‐Fe2O3/reduced graphene oxide composite possesses remarkable specific capacitance, excellent electrical stability, and high flexibility. These properties of the fiber supercapacitor make it suitable for a wearable power system. A power raincoat based on the SPS is demonstrated as application. After showering by water flow, which simulates falling raindrops, for 100 s, the power raincoat achieves an open‐circuit voltage of 4 V and lights a light‐emitting diode for more than 300 s. With features of low cost, easy installation, and good flexibility, the SPS harvesting energy from the falling raindrop renders as a promising sustainable power source for wearable and portable electronics.
Tunable Low Loss 1D Surface Plasmons in InAs Nanowires
Authors: Zhou Yixi , Chen Runkun , Wang Jingyun , Huang Yisheng , Li Ming , Xing Yingjie , Duan Jiahua , Chen Jianjun , Farrell James D. , Xu H. Q. , Chen Jianing
Published: July 2018

Due to the ability to manipulate photons at nanoscale, plasmonics has become one of the most important branches in nanophotonics. The prerequisites for the technological application of plasmons include high confining ability (λ0/λp), low damping, and easy tunability. However, plasmons in typical plasmonic materials, i.e., noble metals, cannot satisfy these three requirements simultaneously and cause a disconnection to modern electronics. Here, the indium arsenide (InAs) nanowire is identified as a material that satisfies all the three prerequisites, providing a natural analogy with modern electronics. The dispersion relation of InAs plasmons is determined using the nanoinfrared imaging technique, and show that their associated wavelengths and damping ratio can be tuned by altering the nanowire diameter and dielectric environment. The InAs plasmons possess advantages such as high confining ability, low loss, and ease of fabrication. The observation of InAs plasmons could enable novel plasmonic circuits for future subwavelength applications.
Regioselective Radical Ring Closure of Tertiary Enamides to the Synthesis of Trifluoroethyl‐containing N‐Acyl Isoindoline and N‐Acyl Tetrahydroisoquinoline Derivatives
Authors: Yu Hui , Jiao Mingdong , Fang Xiaowei , Xuan Pengfei
Published: July 2018

The regioselectivity of radical addition and cyclization reaction of tertiary enamides between 5‐membered benzoyl group and 5/6/7‐membered benzyl group ring closure was investigated, and trifluoroethyl ‐containing N‐Acyl isoindolines, N‐acyl tetrahydro‐isoquinolines, and N‐benzoyl tetrahydro‐1H‐benzo[c]azepine were obtained in moderate to good yields with high atom economy. Possible reaction pathway for the formation of the products was also discussed in this paper.

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Phylogeny and diversification history of the large Neotropical genus Philodendron (Araceae): Accelerated speciation in a lineage dominated by epiphytes
Authors: Canal Dubán , Köster Nils , Jones Katy E. , Korotkova Nadja , Croat Thomas B. , Borsch Thomas
Published: July 2018

Premise of the Study

Philodendron is a large genus of ~560 species and among the most conspicuous epiphytic components of Neotropical forests, yet its phylogenetic relationships, timing of divergence, and diversification history have remained unclear. We present a comprehensive phylogenetic study for Philodendron and investigate its diversification, including divergence‐time estimates and diversification rate shift analyses.

Methods

We performed the largest phylogenetic reconstruction for Philodendron to date, including 125 taxa with a combined dataset of three plastid regions (petD, rpl16, and trnK/matK). We estimated divergence times using Bayesian evolutionary analysis sampling trees and inferred shifts in diversification rates using Bayesian analysis of macroevolutionary mixtures.

Key Results

We found that Philodendron, its three subgenera, and the closely related genus Adelonema are monophyletic. Within Philodendron subgenus Philodendron, 12 statistically well‐supported clades are recognized. The genus Philodendron originated ~25 mya and a diversification rate upshift was detected at the origin of subgenus Philodendron ~12 mya.

Conclusions

Philodendron is a species‐rich Neotropical lineage that diverged from Adelonema during the late Oligocene. Within Philodendron, the three subgenera currently accepted are recovered in two lineages: one contains the subgenera Meconostigma and Pteromischum and the other contains subgenus Philodendron. The lineage containing subgenera Meconostigma and Pteromischum underwent a consistent diversification rate. By contrast, a diversification rate upshift occurred within subgenus Philodendron ~12 mya. This diversification rate upshift is associated with the species radiation of the most speciose subgenus within Philodendron. The sections accepted within subgenus Philodendron are not congruent with the clades recovered. Instead, the clades are geographically defined.
Submicron Inverse Pickering Emulsions for Highly Efficient and Recyclable Enzymatic Catalysis
Authors: Jiang Hang , Li Yunxing , Hong Liangzhi , Ngai To
Published: July 2018

Herein, we report the utilization of a submicron Pickering emulsion (SPE) for the encapsulation of enzymes (e.g., lipase from Candida sp.) in water droplets that were solely stabilized by hydrophobic solid or mesoporous silica nanoparticles in toluene for use in biphasic reactions. The catalytic performance of encapsulated lipase was evaluated in the esterification of 1‐hexanol and hexanoic acid under stirring‐free conditions, which was favorable for maintaining enzymatic activity. Remarkably, the SPE significantly increased the specific activity of encapsulated lipase, owing to the exceptionally high water/oil interfacial area and short diffusion distance of the reagents in the SPE. With mesoporous silica nanoparticles, the activity of lipase was approximately 25.5‐ and 2.8‐times higher than that of free lipase and encapsulated lipase in the micron Pickering emulsion, respectively. The higher water/toluene interfacial area was attributed to the smaller submicron‐scale water droplets and the increase in the mass transfer of enzymes or substrates was further improved by using mesoporous Pickering stabilizers. In addition, the encapsulated lipase in SPE also demonstrated excellent stability and could be recycled up to 15 times without significant loss of activity.
Optimizing medical management in peripheral artery disease
Authors: Coughlin P A , Rudd J H F
Published: July 2018

Changing times
Extent of lymph node dissection in patients with gallbladder cancer
Authors: Kishi Y , Nara S , Esaki M , Hiraoka N , Shimada K
Published: July 2018

Background

Definitions of regional lymph nodes for gallbladder cancer differ according to staging system. Hence, the appropriate extent of lymph node dissection has not yet been standardized.

Methods

Pathological stages and disease-specific survival (DSS) of patients who had undergone surgical resection of gallbladder cancer between 1990 and 2016 were reviewed. Patients with nodal metastases limited to the hepatoduodenal ligament or common hepatic artery, extending to the posterosuperior pancreatic head lymph nodes (PSPLNs), or in nodes along the coeliac axis or superior mesenteric vessels were grouped as having Na, Nb and Nc disease respectively. Metastases beyond these regions were defined as distant metastases (M1). Absence of distant metastasis was expressed as M0.

Results

A total of 259 patients were evaluated. There were 74, 31 and nine patients respectively in the Na, Nb and Nc groups. Twenty-five, nine and four patients in the respective groups had M1 disease (P = 0·682). The 5-year DSS rate was comparable between patients with Na M0 and those with Nb M0 disease (36 versus 34 per cent respectively; P = 0·950), whereas the rate in patients with Nc M0 status (0 per cent) was worse than that of patients with Nb M0 (P = 0·017) and comparable to that of patients with M1 disease (14 per cent; P = 0·590). Among 22 patients with Nb M0 disease, the 5-year DSS rate did not differ between those who had undergone pancreatoduodenectomy and those who had had dissection of PSPLNs without pancreatoduodenectomy (50 versus 30 per cent respectively; P = 0·499).

Conclusion

PSPLNs and nodes along the hepatoduodenal ligament and hepatic artery should be considered regional nodes for gallbladder cancer, and should be resected.
Monolayer and Bilayer Structures of Mixtures of Ceramide IIIb and c16‐Alkyl Glucosides
Authors: Kim Haein , Kang Yunwon , Jang Eunseon , Lee Jun Bae , Park Chun Ho , Park Myeong Sam , Kim Jun Soo
Published: July 2018

Ceramides, one of the major lipid components in the stratum corneum, have been increasingly used in several topical applications of cosmetic and medical products, and the balanced use of ceramides has been shown to be critical to their stability. In this work, we performed molecular dynamics simulations of monolayer and bilayer structures composed of varying compositions of ceramide IIIb and a surfactant (c16‐alkyl glucosides). The monolayer was simulated in the interface between water and an oily phase composed of capric triglycerides and the bilayer was in explicit water. We investigated the effect of ceramide IIIb composition on the structural stability of monolayers and bilayers by calculating the area per lipid and the equilibrium structures by observing simulation snapshots and analyzing density profiles along the direction perpendicular to the layers. The results showed that the monolayers in the interface and the bilayers in water reached equilibrium within simulation duration of 100 ns and the layer structures were more ordered at higher ceramide contents. The composition‐dependent difference in the order of lipid molecules was interpreted in terms of the difference in the numbers of lipid tails in ceramides and surfactants and, hence, the difference in the spatial volume occupied by head and tail groups of both lipids. The differential volume occupation also resulted in different vertical arrangements of both lipid molecules.
The effect of presymptomatic hypertension in posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome
Authors: Lee Moon Kyu , Cho Yang‐Je , Lee Seung‐Koo , Jung Sang Ku , Heo Kyoung
Published: July 2018

Objective

The effect of blood pressure (BP) on the lesion distribution of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is controversial. The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between brain lesion distribution patterns and BP.

Methods

Sixty‐five patients with PRES were selected from the database. Data regarding brain MRI findings, clinical symptoms, medical conditions, and BP at the presymptomatic period (24 hr before the symptom onset) and at the symptom onset were collected. The brain lesion distribution degree was numerically calculated (lesion scoring point [LSP]) and compared with BP and medical conditions.

Results

Mean onset‐MAP was higher than mean pre‐MAP. Pre‐MAP correlated with onset‐MAP. The LSP was significantly correlated with pre‐MAP (p = 0.009, correlation coefficient [cc] = 0.323), whereas no significant correlation was found between LSP and onset‐MAP (p = 0.159, cc = 0.177). Similarly, when patients were grouped by mean MAP values, LSP was significantly higher in the patients with high MAP at the presymptomatic period (p = 0.004), whereas no difference was found in the LSP value between patients with low MAP and high MAP at the symptom onset (p = 0.272).

Conclusion

The patient with PRES who has relatively higher BP in the presymptomatic period would be more likely to have wider lesion distribution than the patient with lower BP. BP elevation during presymptomatic period may be a heralding sign of impending PRES and a factor affecting the severity of PRES although BP was not investigated at earlier time points.
Dynamic changes in chromatin and microtubules at the first cell cycle in SCNT or IVF goat embryos
Authors: Liu Hai‐jun , Liu Ru‐ming
Published: July 2018

We investigated the dynamic changes in chromatin and microtubules at the first cell cycle in goat somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)‐derived and in vitro fertilization (IVF)‐derived embryos. Stage‐dependent and characteristic changes to chromatin and microtubules occurred in SCNT‐derived embryos at different times after activation. About half donor nuclei underwent premature chromosome condensation (PCC) at 1 h post activation, and furtherly reached telophase at 2 h after activation. However, we discovered that the separated chromosomes reaggregated, not keeping two independent nuclei; and formed one pronucleus at 2.5 h after activation. One pronucleus was found in all reconstructed oocytes except other no nucleus oocytes from 3 to 22 h after activation. Reconstructed oocytes reached the first mitotic metaphase at 23 h post activation, which was later than that of IVF‐derived embryos at 16 h after insemination. SCNT‐derived embryos showed significantly higher abnormalities in the first mitotic metaphase spindle, compared with IVF‐derived embryos. Abnormal spindles included multi polar and half spindles. SCNT‐derived embryos began to cleave at 24 h after activation, which was later than that of IVF‐derived embryos at 21 h after insemination. SCNT‐derived embryos showed delayed conversion from telophase to interphase than IVF‐derived embryos during cleavage. These might lead to poor development in SCNT‐derived embryos.
Nanoscale Chemical Imaging of a Single Catalyst Particle with Tip‐Enhanced Fluorescence Microscopy
Authors: Kumar Naresh , Kalirai Sam , Wain Andrew J. , Weckhuysen Bert M.
Published: July 2018

Determining the active site in real‐life solid catalysts remains an intellectual challenge and is crucial for exploring the road towards their rational design. In recent years various micro‐spectroscopic methods have revealed valuable structure‐activity data at the level of a single catalyst particle, even under reaction conditions. Herein, we introduce Tip‐Enhanced FLuorescence (TEFL) microscopy as a novel and versatile characterization tool for catalysis research. This has been achieved using a Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) catalyst as showcase material. Thin sectioning of industrially used FCC particles together with selective staining of Brønsted acidity has enabled high‐resolution TEFL mapping of different catalyst regions. Hyperspectral information gained via TEFL microscopy reveals a spatial distribution of Brønsted acidity within individual zeolite domains in different regions of the FCC catalyst particle. Comparison of TEFL measurements from different FCC particles showed significant intra‐ and inter‐particle heterogeneities both in zeolite domain size and chemical reactivity.
Catalytic Asymmetric [8+3] Annulation Reactions of Tropones or Azaheptafulvenes with meso‐Aziridines
Authors: Zhang Jianlin , Xiao Wanlong , Hu Haipeng , Lin Lili , Liu Xiaohua , Feng Xiaoming
Published: July 2018

Highly enantioselective [8+3] high‐order cycloaddition reactions of tropones or azaheptafulvenes with meso‐aziridines were achieved by a desymmetrization/annulation process in the presence of chiral N,N′‐dioxide/Mg(OTf)2 complex. The corresponding tetrahydrocyclohepta[b][1,4]oxazines and tetrahydro‐1H‐cyclohepta‐ [b]‐pyrazines were obtained in good yields (66–98 %) with excellent diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities (>19:1 d.r., 90–96 % ee). A possible transition state model was proposed to elucidate the origin of chiral induction based on the control experiments and X‐ray crystal structure of the catalyst.
Geschichten des Silbers
Authors: Roesky Herbert W.
Published: July 2018

Der geschichtliche Abbau des Silbers erfolgte bereits vor etwa 6000 Jahren. Silber wurde meistens zu Schmuck und Münzen verarbeitet. Es ist ein weiches Metall und lässt sich daher leicht bearbeiten. In diesem Beitrag wird hauptsächlich über die Silbergewinnung in Ägypten, Spanien, Deutschland, Südamerika und USA berichtet. Einer der bekanntesten Silberforscher war Justus von Liebig, der erstmalig Knallsilber beschrieb.
Wie wirkt sterische Hinderung? ‐‐ Experimenteller Vergleich der Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten primärer und sekundärer Halogenalkane in konkurrierenden SN2‐Reaktionen
Authors: Schmitt Catharina , Bender Michael , Trabert Andreas , Schween Michael
Published: July 2018

Sterische Hinderung stellt ein komplexes chemisches Konzept dar, das bei vielen organisch‐chemischen Reaktionen eine zentrale Rolle spielt und immer mitberücksichtigt werden muss. Experimentell ist diese zwar nicht unmittelbar beobachtbar, bei einigen Reaktionstypen aufgrund des Einflusses auf die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit aber immerhin mittelbar anhand gezielter Fallvergleiche, sogenannter Contrasting Cases. Um den Einfluss, den sterische Hinderung auf einen Reaktionsverlauf hat, genauer untersuchen zu können, haben wir SN2‐Reaktionen an Halogenalkanen als Modellreaktionen ausgewählt. Es wurden vier Konkurrenzexperimente mit Triphenylphosphan als gutem Nucleophil und den variierenden Substraten a) 1‐Brombutan, b) 2‐Brombutan, c) 1‐Iodbutan und d) 2‐Iodbutan konzipiert, bei denen das Eintreten einer SN2‐Reaktion durch Leitwertänderungen der Reaktionslösungen beobachtbar ist.
WT‐CLS1 is a rhabdoid tumor cell line and can be inhibited by miR‐16
Authors: Stroup Emily Kunce , Yeu Yunku , Budhipramono Albert , Hwang Tae Hyun , Rakheja Dinesh , Erdreich‐Epstein Anat , Laetsch Theodore W. , Amatruda James F. , Chen Kenneth S.
Published: July 2018

Background

Wilms tumor and rhabdoid tumor can have similar clinical presentations, but they have distinct histological and biological features. For instance, Wilms tumors commonly bear mutations in kidney differentiation or microRNA processing genes, whereas rhabdoid tumor is characterized by loss of SMARCB1.

Aims

We initially set out to characterize and identify tumor suppressor microRNAs in WT‐CLS1, which had been described as a Wilms tumor cell line.

Methods and Results

We characterized the cell line WT‐CLS1 by whole exome sequencing, RNA‐seq, and xenograft histology. We measured the effect of microRNA overexpression on WiT49, WT‐CLS1, BT‐12, and CHLA‐06‐ATRT.

We found that miR‐16 significantly impairs cell proliferation in WT‐CLS1 by repressing numerous cell cycle genes, including the D‐type cyclins. In addition, we found that the WT‐CLS1 cell line demonstrates the classic histological, mutational, and transcriptional hallmarks of rhabdoid tumor, including SMARCB1 loss. Lastly, miR‐16 also represses cell cycle genes and impairs proliferation in the BT‐12 and CHLA‐06‐ATRT rhabdoid tumor cell lines.

Conclusions

The loss of SMARCB1 warrants reclassification of WT‐CLS1 as rhabdoid tumor. Overexpression of miR‐16 significantly abrogates proliferation of WT‐CLS1 and other rhabdoid tumor cell lines. Further studies are necessary to gain insight into the potential for miR‐16 to be a tumor suppressor or a novel therapeutic in rhabdoid tumor.
Invasive species risk assessments need more consistent spatial abundance data
Authors: Bradley Bethany A. , Allen Jenica M. , O'Neill Mitchell W. , Wallace Rebekah D. , Bargeron Charles T. , Richburg Julie A. , Stinson Kristina
Published: July 2018

Spatial abundance information is a critical component of invasive plant risk assessment. While spatial occurrence data provide important information about potential establishment, abundance data are necessary to understand invasive species’ populations, which ultimately drive environmental and economic impacts. In recent years, the collective efforts of numerous management agencies and public participants have created unprecedented spatial archives of invasive plant occurrence, but consistent information about abundance remains rare. Here, we develop guidelines for the collection and reporting of abundance information that can add value to existing data collection efforts and inform spatial ecology research. In order to identify the most common methods used to report abundance, we analyzed over 1.6 million invasive plant records in the Early Detection and Distribution Mapping System (EDDMapS). Abundance data in some form are widely reported, with 58.9% of records containing qualitative or quantitative information about invasive plant cover, density, or infested area, but records vary markedly in terms of standards for reporting. Percent cover was the most commonly reported metric of abundance, typically collected in bins of trace (<1%), low (1–5%), moderate (5–25%), and high (>25%). However, percent cover data were rarely reported along with an estimate of area, which is critical for ensuring accurate interpretation of reported abundance data. Infested area is typically reported as a number with associated units of square feet or acres. Together, an estimate of both cover and infested area provides the most robust and interpretable information for spatial research and risk assessment applications. By developing consistent metrics of reporting for abundance, collectors can provide much needed information to support spatial models of invasion risk.
α‐Amino Acid Sulfonamides as Versatile Sulfonylation Reagents: Silver‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Coumarins and Oxindoles by Radical Cyclization
Authors: Kanyiva Kyalo Stephen , Hamada Daisuke , Makino Sohei , Takano Hideaki , Shibata Takanori
Published: July 2018

We developed a silver‐catalyzed strategy for the generation of sulfonyl radicals from sulfonamides derived from α‐amino acids. The reaction proceeded via a decarboxylation, N–S bond cleavage and radical cyclization sequence and allows the difunctionalization of alkynes and the synthesis of 3‐sulfonylated coumarins. The reaction tolerated a broad scope of substrates and functional groups and could be extended to the synthesis of oxindoles and an isoquinolinedione by the capturing of the sulfonyl radical with an alkene moiety. Moreover, the proposed mechanism was supported experimentally and by DFT calculations.