bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular Mechanisms of Curdlan‐Induced Suppression of NFATc1 Expression in Osteoclasts
Authors: Koga Ayaka , Nagai‐Yoshioka Yoshie , Yamasaki Ryota , Adachi Yoshiyuki , Fujii Wataru , Ariyoshi Wataru
Published: November 2024

Osteoclasts derived from hematopoietic stem cells express immunoreceptors on their cell surface. Previously, we showed that the β‐glucan curdlan suppressed osteoclastogenesis via binding to dectin‐1, a pattern recognition receptor. Curdlan negatively regulates osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption capacity by suppressing the expression of nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFATc1), a master factor for osteoclast differentiation, in a dectin‐1‐dependent manner; however, the mechanism involved in this process has not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanism involved in the suppression of RANKL‐induced osteoclast differentiation by curdlan. Real‐time RT‐qPCR results showed that curdlan suppressed the expression of NFATc1 in cells of the osteoclast progenitor cell line RAW264.7 overexpressing dectin‐1 (d‐RAW cells), without altering the expression of negative regulators. Therefore, we examined the effect of curdlan on the NF‐κB pathway, which is important for the induction of NFATc1 expression. Western blot analysis results showed that curdlan addition suppressed RANKL‐induced NF‐κB activation in the vector control line (c‐RAW) cells with low expression of dectin‐1, in d‐RAW cells, and the parental RAW264.7 (RAW) cells. The results of tartrate‐resistant alkaline phosphatase staining and real‐time RT‐qPCR showed that curdlan addition suppressed osteoclast differentiation in RAW cells, suggesting the presence of a dectin‐1‐independent modification system. Finally, we focused on the complement receptor 3 (CR3), which binds β‐glucan, and revealed that blocking the binding of β‐glucan to the CD11b molecule, a component of CR3, by neutralizing antibody, recovered the suppression of IκBα degradation by curdlan. These results suggest that the suppression of osteoclast differentiation by curdlan involves not only the dectin‐1‐dependent pathway but also the negative regulation of NFATc1 via modification of the NF‐κB pathway via CR3 recognition. The results of this study may aid to establish treatment methods for metabolic bone diseases and inflammatory bone destruction and to clarify their pathogenesis.
Tight Upper Bound on the Clique Size in the Square of 2‐Degenerate Graphs
Authors: Kim Seog‐Jin , Lian Xiaopan
Published: November 2024

The square of a graph , denoted , has the same vertex set as and has an edge between two vertices if the distance between them in is at most 2. In general, for every graph . Charpentier (2014) asked whether if . But Hocquard, Kim, and Pierron (2019) answered his question negatively. For every even value of g, they constructed a 2‐degenerate graph such that . Note that if is a 2‐degenerate graph, then . Thus, we have that

So, it was naturally asked whether there exists a constant such that if is a 2‐degenerate graph with . Recently, Cranston and Yu (2024) showed that if is a 2‐degenerate graph, and if is a 2‐degenerate graph with . We show that there exists a constant such that if is a 2‐degenerate graph with . This upper bound on is tight by the construction in Hocquard, Kim, and Pierron.
Deep learning in fluorescence imaging and analysis
Authors: Mao Jian , He Hua
Published: November 2024

Fluorescence imaging (FI) has been instrumental in advancing biological research and enhancing biomedical diagnostics. Despite its widespread applications, FI faces challenges such as efficiently acquiring high signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) images, improving spatiotemporal resolution, and conducting precise quantitative analysis. Deep learning (DL), which emulates the neural network structure of the human brain, excels at learning from complex data patterns, extracting subtle features, and enhancing the SNR and spatiotemporal resolution of fluorescence images. These advancements significantly elevate the quality and usability of imaging data. Additionally, DL technology is adept at handling large datasets efficiently, which is crucial for improving the accuracy and efficiency of image analysis. This article reviews the latest advances in the application of DL to FI methodologies and their subsequent impact on biology and biomedicine. It also explores the future possibilities for DL in FI research, and providing insights and prospects could shape the field's trajectory.
Cause‐specific mortality and survival of northern bobwhite chicks
Authors: Kubečka Bradley W. , Terhune Theron M.
Published: November 2024

Survival of northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) chicks is an important parameter influencing population dynamics. We determined cause‐specific mortality and apparent daily survival of bobwhite chicks (n = 170) during 2018 and 2019 at Tall Timbers Research Station, Tallahassee, Florida, USA. We assigned cause‐specific mortality to 58 chicks and unknown fates to 45 chicks. Of those with assigned fates, avian predation comprised the majority (n = 21, 36%) followed by snakes (n = 17, 29%), mammals (n = 16, 28%), and research‐induced mortality (n = 4, 7%). Corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus) were the primary snake species (13 of 17 snake predations) responsible for predation followed by northern cottonmouths (Agkistrodon piscivorus; n = 3) and 1 eastern diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanateus). We determined diel timing of mortalities during 2019. All corn snake predations during 2019 (n = 8) occurred during roosting (2100–0700 hrs), whereas the eastern diamondback mortality was a diurnal event; no cottonmouths depredated chicks during 2019. Nine of 11 mammalian events occurred during roosting. Two avian events occurred during 2019, both during daylight hours. Survival was best predicted by the model including the effects of chick age, hatch timing, year, and their interactions. Daily survival of chicks increased with age and reached an asymptote at approximately 70 days; late hatches (after 15 July) survived better than early hatches (βLateHatch×ChickAge = 0.059, 95% CI =−0.003–0.121) and survival for late hatches was marginally lower in 2019 (βLateHatch×ChickAge×Year19 = −0.058, 95% CI = −0.137–0.022). Management focused on increasing survival during the first 2 months of life and early nesting season may substantially benefit bobwhite population abundance. Additionally, roosting appeared to be a vulnerable period for bobwhite chicks.
β3‐Adrenoceptor Agonism to Mimic the Biological Effects of Intrauterine Hypoxia: Taking Great Strides Toward a Pharmacological Artificial Placenta
Authors: Filippi Luca , Innocenti Francesca , Pascarella Francesca , Scaramuzzo Rosa Teresa , Morganti Riccardo , Bagnoli Paola , Cammalleri Maurizio , Dal Monte Massimo , Calvani Maura , Pini Alessandro
Published: November 2024

At different stages of life, from embryonic to postnatal, varying oxygen concentrations modulate cellular gene expression by enhancing or repressing hypoxia‐inducible transcription factors. During embryonic/fetal life, these genes encode proteins involved in adapting to a low‐oxygen environment, including the induction of specific enzymes related to glycolytic metabolism, erythropoiesis, angiogenesis, and vasculogenesis. However, oxygen concentrations fluctuate during intrauterine life, enabling the induction of tissue‐specific differentiation processes. Fetal well‐being is thus closely linked to the physiological benefits of a dynamically hypoxic environment. Premature birth entails the precocious exposure of the immature fetus to a more oxygen‐rich environment compared to the womb. As a result, preterm newborns face a condition of relative hyperoxia, which alters the postnatal development of organs and contributes to prematurity‐related diseases. However, until recently, the molecular mechanism by which high oxygen tension alters normal fetal differentiation remained unclear. In this review, we discuss the research trajectory followed by our research group, which suggests that early exposure to a relatively hyperoxic environment may impair preterm neonates due to reduced expression of the β3‐adrenoceptor. Additionally, we explore how these impairments could be prevented through the pharmacological stimulation of the remaining β3‐adrenoceptors. Recent preclinical studies demonstrate that pharmacological stimulation of the β3‐adrenoceptor can decouple exposure to hyperoxia from its harmful effects, offering a glimpse of the possibility to recreating the conditions typical of intrauterine life, even after premature birth.
Multi‐collimator proton minibeam radiotherapy with joint dose and PVDR optimization
Authors: Zhang Weijie , Hong Xue , Wu Wei , Wang Chao , Johnson Daniel , Gan Gregory N. , Lin Yuting , Gao Hao
Published: November 2024

Background

The clinical translation of proton minibeam radiation therapy (pMBRT) presents significant challenges, particularly in developing an optimal treatment planning technique. A uniform target dose is crucial for maximizing anti‐tumor efficacy and facilitating the clinical acceptance of pMBRT. However, achieving a high peak‐to‐valley dose ratio (PVDR) in organs‐at‐risk (OAR) is essential for sparing normal tissue. This balance becomes particularly difficult when OARs are located distal to the beam entrance or require patient‐specific collimators.

Purpose

This work proposes a novel pMBRT treatment planning method that can achieve high PVDR at OAR and uniform dose at target simultaneously, via multi‐collimator pMBRT (MC‐pMBRT) treatment planning method with joint dose and PVDR optimization (JDPO).

Methods

MC‐pMBRT utilizes a set of generic and premade multi‐slit collimators with different center‐to‐center distances and does not need patient‐specific collimators. The collimator selection per field is OAR‐specific and tailored to maximize PVDR in OARs while preserving target dose uniformity. Then, the inverse optimization method JDPO is utilized to jointly optimize target dose uniformity, PVDR, and other dose‐volume‐histogram based dose objectives, which is solved by iterative convex relaxation optimization algorithm and alternating direction method of multipliers.

Results

The need and efficacy of MC‐pMBRT is demonstrated by comparing the single‐collimator (SC) approach with the multi‐collimator (MC) approach. While SC degraded either PVDR for OAR or dose uniformity for the target, MC provided a good balance of PVDR and target dose uniformity. The proposed JDPO method is validated in comparison with the dose‐only optimization (DO) method for MC‐pMBRT, in reference to the conventional (CONV) proton RT (no pMBRT). Compared to CONV, MC‐pMBRT (DO and JDPO) preserved target dose uniformity and plan quality, while providing unique PVDR in OAR. Compared to DO, JDPO further improved PVDR via PVDR optimization during treatment planning.

Conclusion

A novel pMBRT treatment planning method called MC‐pMBRT is proposed that utilizes a set of generic and premade collimators with joint dose and PVDR optimization algorithm to optimize OAR‐specific PVDR and target dose uniformity simultaneously.
Enhancing Forensic Laboratories Through University Collaboration: Obtaining Conclusive Reports and Reference Materials via NMR
Authors: Arantes Luciano Chaves , Silveira Dâmaris , Magno Sousa de Azerêdo Gabriel , Enrique Estrada Semprun Omar , Lima de Oliveira Aline , Benedito Luiz Eduardo Celino , Lião Luciano Morais , Oliveira Gerlon de Almeida Ribeiro
Published: November 2024

Forensic laboratories play a pivotal role in identifying and quantifying drugs in police seizures, often using spectroscopic techniques in combination with chromatographic methods that rely on chemical reference substances (CRS). The demand for a wide variety of CRS is critical, not only for common drugs like cocaine but also for the rapidly increasing number of new psychoactive substances (NPS), which emerge weekly. However, acquiring CRS is costly and bureaucratic because of the restricted circulation of these substances. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) offers a viable alternative to identifying and quantifying substances without the need for specific CRS for each analyte. Although NMR equipment is commonly available at universities, it is typically absent from police laboratories because of its high initial cost. This work highlights a successful partnership between a forensic laboratory and university‐based NMR facilities as a cost‐effective strategy for obtaining CRS. A case study involving four substances—cocaine, two recently scheduled NPS, metonitazene and dipentylone, and ADB‐5′Br‐BUTINACA—demonstrates the effectiveness of this collaboration. This partnership allowed the generation of conclusive reports for seized substances, providing early warnings about NPS and helping to prevent potential outbreaks and public health crises. Additionally, the strategy facilitated the acquisition of expensive CRS from samples that would otherwise be destroyed, at a reduced cost and within a shorter timeframe. Furthermore, this partnership enhances student training in advanced instrumental analysis and research, showcasing the benefits of collaboration between forensic and academic institutions.
Ungated, plug‐and‐play preclinical cardiac CEST‐MRI using radial FLASH with segmented saturation
Authors: Weigand‐Whittier Jonah , Wendland Michael , Lam Bonnie , Velasquez Mark , Vandsburger Moriel H.
Published: November 2024

Purpose

Electrocardiography (ECG) and respiratory‐gated preclinical cardiac CEST‐MRI acquisitions are difficult because of variable saturation recovery with T1, RF interference in the ECG signal, and offset‐to‐offset variation in Z‐magnetization and cardiac phase introduced by changes in cardiac frequency and trigger delays.

Methods

The proposed method consists of segmented saturation modules with radial FLASH readouts and golden angle progression. The segmented saturation blocks drive the system to steady‐state, and because center k‐space is sampled repeatedly, steady‐state saturation dominates contrast during gridding and reconstruction. Ten complete Z‐spectra were acquired in healthy mice using both ECG and respiratory‐gated and ungated methods. Z‐spectra were also acquired at multiple saturation B1 values to optimize for amide and Cr contrasts.

Results

There was no significant difference between CEST contrasts (amide, Cr, magnetization transfer) calculated from images acquired using ECG and respiratory‐gated and ungated methods (p = 0.27, 0.11, 0.47). A saturation power of 1.8μT provides optimal contrast amplitudes for both amide and total Cr contrast without significantly complicating CEST contrast quantification because of water direct saturation, magnetization transfer, and RF spillover between amide and Cr pools. Further, variability in CEST contrast measurements was significantly reduced using the ungated radial FLASH acquisition (p = 0.002, 0.006 for amide and Cr, respectively).

Conclusion

This method enables CEST mapping in the murine myocardium without the need for cardiac or respiratory gating. Quantitative CEST contrasts are consistent with those obtained using gated sequences, and per‐contrast variance is significantly reduced. This approach makes preclinical cardiac CEST‐MRI easily accessible, even for investigators without prior experience in cardiac imaging.
Patient Characteristics and Practice Variation Associated With New Community Prescription of Benzodiazepine and z‐Drug Hypnotics After Critical Illness: A Retrospective Cohort Study Using the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink
Authors: Mansi Elizabeth T. , Rentsch Christopher T. , Bourne Richard S. , Guthrie Bruce , Lone Nazir I.
Published: November 2024

Purpose

Survivors of critical illness are often affected by new or worsened mental health conditions and sleep disorders. We examined the incidence, practice variation and factors associated with new benzodiazepine and z‐drug community prescriptions among critical illness survivors.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study using the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink data included 52 846 adult critical care survivors hospitalised in 2010 and 2018 who were not prescribed benzodiazepines or z‐drugs before hospitalisation. We performed multilevel multivariable logistic regression to assess patient factors associated with new (any prescription within 90 days) and with new‐and‐persistent (2+ prescriptions within 180 days) benzodiazepine or z‐drug prescribing, and to evaluate variation by primary care practice.

Results

5.2% (2769/52846) of treatment‐naïve survivors (95% CI 5.1–5.4) were prescribed a benzodiazepine or z‐drug, and 2.5% (1311/52846) had new‐and‐persistent prescribing. A history of insomnia (adjusted OR 1.96; 95% CI 1.74–2.21), anxiety or depression (adjusted OR 1.40; 95% CI 1.28–1.53) and recent prescription opioid use (adjusted OR 1.47; 95% CI 1.34–1.61) were associated with new community prescription. Sex was not associated with new prescriptions and older patients were less likely to receive a prescription. 2.6% of the variation in new prescribing and 4.1% of the variation in new‐and‐persistent prescribing were attributable to the prescribing practice.

Conclusions

One in twenty critical illness survivors receive a new community benzodiazepine or z‐drug prescription. Further research is needed to understand where in the patient care pathway initiation occurs and the risk of adverse events in survivors of recent critical illness.
Nonsingular Fast Terminal Sliding Mode Control of a Parallel Robot With Workspace Optimization and Trajectory Planning
Authors: Saidi Ahlem , Mezghani Ben Romdhane Neila , Boukattaya Mohamed , Damak Tarak
Published: November 2024

This paper presents a nonsingular fast terminal sliding mode control for the PAR 4 parallel robot, focusing on workspace optimization and trajectory planning. First, an analytical inverse kinematic model is derived to calculate the workspace, which is then extended using parameter optimization techniques. Next, a trajectory planning method based on the S‐curve approach is proposed to generate the desired path, with special attention to reducing the cycle time of pick‐and‐place operations using sequential quadratic programming method. Finally, a nonsingular fast terminal sliding mode control strategy is suggested to enable the robot to accurately track the generated trajectory. The stability of the closed‐loop system is analyzed using Lyapunov theory, and the effectiveness of the controller is validated through simulation results.
Responsive 3D Printed Microstructures Based on Collagen Folding and Unfolding
Authors: Mainik Philipp , Aponte‐Santamaría Camilo , Fladung Magdalena , Curticean Ronald Ernest , Wacker Irene , Hofhaus Götz , Bastmeyer Martin , Schröder Rasmus R. , Gräter Frauke , Blasco Eva
Published: November 2024

Mimicking extracellular matrices holds great potential for tissue engineering in biological and biomedical applications. A key compound for the mechanical stability of these matrices is collagen, which also plays an important role in many intra‐ and intercellular processes. Two‐photon 3D laser printing offers structuring of these matrices with subcellular resolution. So far, efforts on 3D microprinting of collagen have been limited to simple geometries and customized set‐ups. Herein, an easily accessible approach is presented using a collagen type I methacrylamide (ColMA) ink system which can be stored at room temperature and be precisely printed using a commercial two‐photon 3D laser printer. The formulation and printing parameters are carefully optimized enabling the manufacturing of defined 3D microstructures. Furthermore, these printed microstructures show a fully reversible response upon heating and cooling in multiple cycles, indicating successful collagen folding and unfolding. This experimental observation has been supported by molecular dynamics simulations. Thus, the study opens new perspectives for designing new responsive biomaterials for 4D (micro)printing.
Unraveling the Augmented Field Emission Performance of Molybdenum Disulfide‐Praseodymium Sulfide (MoS2@PrS) Heterostructure: A Combined Experimental and First Principles‐Based Study
Authors: Mahajan Anima , Khan Mayur , Umapathy G. R. , Jha Menaka , Ghosh Santanu
Published: November 2024

The molybdenum disulfide‐praseodymium sulfide (MoS2‐PrS) heterojunctions are optimally synthesized through a sophisticated three‐step procedure. Initially, MoS2 rods are synthesized using the micellar route followed by a solid‐state reaction, forming well‐defined structures. Subsequently, PrS nanoparticles are synthesized using the same method. In the final stage, PrS nanoparticles are evenly self‐assembled onto the MoS2 rods to create MoS2‐PrS heterojunctions. This is accomplished using a combination of polyethylene glycol and ethanol as a cohesive substance, assisted by the spin coating process. The MoS2‐PrS heterostructure has exceptional field emission characteristics, with a much lower turn‐on field of 2.6 V µm−1. This is in sharp contrast to the turn‐on fields of 3.5 and 4.3 V µm−1 reported in pure MoS2 and PrS, respectively. The emission current demonstrates remarkable stability at a predetermined value of 6 V µm−1 across 8 h, with variations limited to within ±2% of the mean value. The improved field emission (FE) capability of the MoS2‐PrS heterostructure is attributed to its high enhancement factor (β) of 2.1 × 103. The results highlight the capability of the MoS2‐PrS heterostructure emitter as a promising electron source in vacuum nano/microelectronic systems. Density functional theory calculation on electronic structure is performed to support the experimental results.
Robust Multifunctional Films with Excellent EMI Shielding, Anti‐Peeling, and Joule Heating Performances Enabled by an Encapsulated Highly Conductive Fabric Strategy
Authors: Chen Teng , Cheng Xiang , Cai Jun , Gong De , Gong Weilu , Yang Pengyuan , Wang Jianchong , Zhu Yu
Published: November 2024

Recently, the issue of electromagnetic pollution has become increasingly prominent. Flexible polymer films with various conductive fillers are preferred to address this problem due to their highly efficient and durable electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding performance. However, their applications are restricted by the unbalanced and insufficient electromagnetic wave absorption and shielding capabilities, as well as the weak interlayer bonding force. In this work, robust flexible multifunctional AgNW/MXene/NiCo‐C (AMN) films are fabricated by hierarchical casting assembly and an encapsulated conductive fabric strategy. The synergistic effect of the conductive‐absorption integrated sandwich core fabric and the conductive encapsulation layer collaborate to provide excellent absorption‐dominated EMI shielding (EMI SEmax = 89.12 dB with an ultralow reflectivity value of 0.19) and Joule heating (a high temperature of 103.5 °C at 4.5 V) performances. Besides, AMN films with embedded fabrics as a reinforcement structure achieved enhanced peel (1.97 N mm−1) and tensile (7.85 MPa) strengths through an interface enhancement process (plasma and pre‐immersion treatments). In conclusion, this paper proposes a feasible paradigm to prepare flexible multifunctional conductive films, which demonstrate tremendous potential for applications in the wearable electronics and aerospace fields.
The role of the inferior glenohumeral capsule ratio in the diagnosis of frozen shoulder/ adhesive capsulitis—An ultrasound study
Authors: Shrestha‐Taylor Sumi , Clarke Jillian L. , Poulos Ann , Halaki Mark , Ginn Karen
Published: November 2024

Objectives

To investigate the role of the inferior glenohumeral capsule (IGHC) ratio in diagnosing frozen shoulder (FS) by analysing two patient groups with shoulder dysfunction, one with and the other without clinical signs of FS.

Methods

This study was performed in volunteers with unilateral shoulder problems. Passive ranges of motion were measured, and pre‐defined clinical criteria were used to allocate participants into FS and no‐FS groups. IGHC ratios were calculated at shoulder abduction angles of 60° and 90°. The Independent‐Samples‐Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare the distributions of the IGHC ratios of the two groups.

Results

Of 151 participants (53 years ± 7, 78 men), 13 fulfilled the FS criteria. All participants were measured at 60° abduction. Eight of the FS and 127 of the no‐FS groups were able to be measured at 90°. A significant group difference was found in the IGHC ratios at 90° abduction (p = .008, FS group = 1.8, no‐FS group = 1.1) but not at 60° (p = .31). At 90° abduction, an IGHC ratio ≥1.8 was 92% specific to the FS cohort. In those without clinical signs of FS, no difference was found in IGHC thicknesses between the symptomatic and asymptomatic sides.

Conclusion

The ultrasound IGHC thickness ratio obtained at 90° shoulder abduction has potential for confirming the clinical suspicion of FS in those who can abduct their shoulders to 90°. The contralateral shoulder used for comparison does not have to be symptom free as long as it does not exhibit clinical signs of FS.
Modulation and Mechanisms of Cellulose‐Based Hydrogels for Flexible Sensors
Authors: Zhang Meng , Xu Ting , Liu Kun , Zhu Liyu , Miao Chengyun , Chen Ting , Gao Mengge , Wang Junfeng , Si Chuanling
Published: November 2024

Flexible sensors exhibit the properties of excellent shape adaptability and deformation ability, which have been applied for environmental monitoring, medical diagnostics, food safety, smart systems, and human–computer interaction. Cellulose‐based hydrogels are ideal materials for the fabrication of flexible sensors due to their unique three‐dimensional structure, renewability, ease of processing, biodegradability, modifiability, and good mechanical properties. This paper comprehensively reviews recent advances of cellulose‐based hydrogels in the construction of flexible sensor applications. The characteristics, mechanisms, and advantages of cellulose‐based hydrogels prepared by physical cross‐linking, chemical cross‐linking are respectively analyzed and summarized in detail. The focus then turns to the research and development in cellulose‐based hydrogel sensors, including physical sensing (pressure/strain, humidity/temperature, and optical sensing), chemical sensing (chromium, copper, and mercury ion sensing, toxic gas sensing, nitrite sensing), and biosensing (glucose, antibody, and cellular sensing). Additionally, the limitations of cellulose‐based hydrogels in sensors, along with key challenges and future directions, are discussed. It is anticipated that this review will furnish invaluable insight for the advancement of novel green, flexible sensors and facilitate the integration of cellulose‐based hydrogels as a fundamental component in the development of multifunctional sensing technologies, thereby expediting the design of innovative materials in the near future.
Isoproterenol and phenylephrine infusions following external pacing failure in an anaesthetised dog with sick sinus syndrome undergoing unilateral mastectomy
Authors: Mattaliano Giorgio , Alonso Bruna , Mosing Martina , Rocchi Attilio
Published: November 2024

Managing anaesthesia in dogs with sick sinus syndrome poses significant challenges due to bradyarrhythmias and life‐threatening hypotension. An 8‐year‐old, mixed‐breed dog with sick sinus syndrome underwent general anaesthesia for unilateral mastectomy. Anaesthetic drugs with minimal cardiovascular impact and a multimodal analgesic approach, including loco‐regional techniques, were employed. Initially, transcutaneous pacing ensured stable cardiovascular parameters, but surgical repositioning led to pacing failure, causing a rapid drop in heart rate and mean arterial pressure. Immediate infusion of isoproterenol and phenylephrine successfully normalised the dog's haemodynamics, allowing the 100‐minute surgery to proceed with stable vital parameters. The infusions were discontinued at the end of anaesthesia, leading to an uneventful recovery. This case demonstrates the effectiveness of isoproterenol and phenylephrine infusions in managing an anaesthetised dog with sick sinus syndrome, highlighting the importance of preparedness and having alternative pharmacological interventions ready for device‐related challenges.
Hyper‐Parameter Optimization of Kernel Functions on Multi‐Class Text Categorization: A Comparative Evaluation
Authors: Loki Michael , Mindila Agnes , Cheruiyot Wilson
Published: November 2024

In recent years, machine learning (ML) has witnessed a paradigm shift in kernel function selection, which is pivotal in optimizing various ML models. Despite multiple studies about its significance, a comprehensive understanding of kernel function selection, particularly about model performance, still needs to be explored. Challenges remain in selecting and optimizing kernel functions to improve model performance and efficiency. The study investigates how gamma parameter and cost parameter influence performance metrics in multi‐class classification tasks using various kernel‐based algorithms. Through sensitivity analysis, the impact of these parameters on classification performance and computational efficiency is assessed. The experimental setup involves deploying ML models using four kernel‐based algorithms: Support Vector Machine, Radial Basis Function, Polynomial Kernel, and Sigmoid Kernel. Data preparation includes text processing, categorization, and feature extraction using TfidfVectorizer, followed by model training and validation. Results indicate that Support Vector Machine with default settings and Radial Basis Function kernel consistently outperforms polynomial and sigmoid kernels. Adjusting gamma improves model accuracy and precision, highlighting its role in capturing complex relationships. Regularization cost parameters, however, show minimal impact on performance. The study also reveals that configurations with moderate gamma values achieve better balance between performance and computational time compared to higher gamma values or no gamma adjustment. The findings underscore the delicate balance between model performance and computational efficiency by highlighting the trade‐offs between model complexity and efficiency.
Introduction
Authors: Sefton-Green Julian , Livingstone Sonia , Mannell Kate , Erstad Ola
Published: November 2024

This brief introductory chapter establishes the context for the argument of this book. In a context of increasing platformization and simultaneously reshaping of the contemporary family, how do platforms and families see, understand, and interact with each other as changing kinds of processes and social institutions? The chapter outlines the contents of the rest of the book.
Sozialwissenschaftliche Mobilitätsforschung als interdisziplinäres Forschungsfeld
Authors: Ruhrort Lisa
Published: November 2024

Der Artikel umreißt anhand ausgewählter Fragestellungen die Konturen der sozialwissenschaftlichen Mobilitätsforschung als interdisziplinäres Forschungsfeld und zeigt dabei auf, wie sich die sozialwissenschaftliche Perspektive von planerischen, technischen und ökonomischen Ansätzen unterscheidet. Zugleich werden interdisziplinäre Schnittstellen zwischen den verschiedenen sozialwissenschaftlichen Disziplinen und zu den Planungs- und Technikwissenschaften aufgezeigt. Abschließend gibt der Artikel einen Ausblick auf zukünftige zentrale Forschungsfragen.
Transformation des Verkehrssystems: Konflikte und Komplexität
Authors: Dangschat Jens S. , Sgibnev Wladimir
Published: November 2024

Die Transformation des Mobilitätssystems ist mehr als eine Antriebswende, die lediglich lokale Emissionsfreiheit anstrebt und damit verbundene Probleme des Extraktivismus ausblendet. Die Transformation ist notwendigerweise komplex, multiskalar und konfliktreich. Daher wird in diesem Kapitel die globale Verwobenheit und historische und kulturelle Einbettung von Mobilität thematisiert und Analogien zu anderen grundlegenden sozialen und ökonomisch-technischen Umwälzungen gezogen. Abschließend wird dafür plädiert, die dominante Automobilität als Voraussetzung für eine wirksame Transformation des Verkehrssystems zu überwinden.
Weyl-invariant Einstein-Cartan gravity: unifying the strong CP and hierarchy puzzles
Authors: Karananas Georgios K. , Shaposhnikov Mikhail , Zell Sebastian
Published: November 2024

Abstract

We show that the minimal Weyl-invariant Einstein-Cartan gravity in combination with the Standard Model of particle physics contains just one extra scalar degree of freedom (in addition to the graviton and the Standard Model fields) with the properties of an axion-like particle which can solve the strong CP-problem. The smallness of this particle’s mass as well as of the cosmological constant is ensured by tiny values of the gauge coupling constants of the local Lorentz group. The tree value of the Higgs boson mass and that of Majorana leptons (if added to the Standard Model to solve the neutrino mass, baryogenesis and dark matter problems) are very small or vanishing, opening the possibility of their computability in terms of the fundamental parameters of the theory due to nonperturbative effects.
Non-invertible surface defects in 2+1d QFTs from half spacetime gauging
Authors: Cui Wei , Haghighat Babak , Ruggeri Lorenzo
Published: November 2024

Abstract

We study duality defects in 2+1d theories with $$ {\mathbb{Z}}_N^{(0)}\times {\mathbb{Z}}_N^{(1)} $$

ℤ
N

0

×

ℤ
N

1

global symmetry and trivial mixed ’t Hooft anomaly. By gauging these symmetries simultaneously in half of the spacetime, we define duality defects for theories that are self-dual under gauging. We calculate the fusion rules involving duality defects and show that they obey a fusion 2-category. We also construct the corresponding symmetry topological field theory, obtained from a four-dimensional BF theory gauging a $$ {\mathbb{Z}}_N^{\textrm{EM}} $$

ℤ
N
EM

electric-magnetic symmetry. Furthermore, we provide explicit examples of such duality defects in U(1) × U(1) gauge theories and in more general product theories. Finally, we find duality defects in non-Lagrangian theories obtained by compactification of 6d $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= (2, 0) SCFTs of type AN−1 on various three-manifolds.
Stereoselective block of the hERG potassium channel by the Class Ia antiarrhythmic drug disopyramide
Authors: Zhang Yihong , El Harchi Aziza , James Andrew F. , Oiki Shigetoshi , Dempsey Christopher E. , Hancox Jules C.
Published: November 2024

Potassium channels encoded by human Ether-à-go-go-Related Gene (hERG) are inhibited by diverse cardiac and non-cardiac drugs. Disopyramide is a chiral Class Ia antiarrhythmic that inhibits hERG at clinical concentrations. This study evaluated effects of disopyramide enantiomers on hERG current (IhERG) from hERG expressing HEK 293 cells at 37 °C. S(+) and R(−) disopyramide inhibited wild-type (WT) IhERG with IC50 values of 3.9 µM and 12.9 µM respectively. The attenuated-inactivation mutant N588K had little effect on the action of S(+) disopyramide but the IC50 for the R(−) enantiomer was ~ 15-fold that for S(+) disopyramide. The enhanced inactivation mutant N588E only slightly increased the potency of R(−) disopyramide. S6 mutation Y652A reduced S(+) disopyramide potency more than that of R(−) disopyramide (respective IC50 values ~ 49-fold and 11-fold their WT controls). The F656A mutation also exerted a stronger effect on S(+) than R(−) disopyramide, albeit with less IC50 elevation. A WT-Y652A tandem dimer exhibited a sensitivity to the enantiomers that was intermediate between that of WT and Y652A, suggesting Y652 groups on adjacent subunits contribute to the binding. Moving the Y (normally at site 652) one residue in the N- terminal (up) direction in N588K hERG markedly increased the blocking potency of R(−) disopyramide. Molecular dynamics simulations using a hERG pore model produced different binding modes for S(+) and R(−) disopyramide consistent with the experimental observations. In conclusion, S(+) disopyramide interacts more strongly with S6 aromatic binding residues on hERG than does R(−) disopyramide, whilst optimal binding of the latter is more reliant on intact inactivation.
Selective determination of metal chlorocomplexes in saline waters by magnetic ionic liquid–based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction
Authors: Herce-Sesa Belén , López-López José A. , Moreno Carlos
Published: November 2024

In this work, we explore a new dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) method to selectively separate chemical species of Cd and Zn in saline waters. It is based on the use of the magnetic ionic liquid (MIL) methyltrioctylammonium tetrachloroferrate ([N1,8,8,8
+][FeCl4
−]), which allows an efficient and environmentally friendly extraction of the target species. In addition, the paramagnetic component in the MIL simplifies the separation step required in DLLME, allowing for fast separation and recovery of the extracted species with a magnet, without a centrifugation step. The optimum conditions for the separation by MIL-DLLME were 3.3 mg mL−1 MIL, sample pH = 8, and an extraction time of 30 min. Under these conditions, metal chlorocomplexes (99.7% and 81.0% of total metal concentration for Cd and Zn, respectively) were quantitatively separated, remaining the free cations in the aqueous samples. In a second step, the extracted metal species were back-extracted with 1 mol L−1 HNO3 and a re-extraction time of 15 min. For cadmium, this acidic solution separated the neutral complex CdCl2 (60.5%), while CdCl+ (21.5%) and CdCl3
− (18.1%) remained in the organic phase. For Zn, the anionic complex ZnCl3
− (17.3%) was retained by the organic reagent, while ZnCl2 (45.7%) and ZnCl+ (37.0%) were re-extracted by the nitric acid solution. The separation of the chemical species of metals along the three liquid phases used allowed their quantification in several samples of real seawater and a certified reference material.

Graphical Abstract
The chemical and Sm–Nd isotopic behaviour of accessory minerals in metasediments along the LP-HT Chugach Metamorphic Complex (Alaska)
Authors: Biget Théo , Bruand Emilie , Pereira Inês , Boyet Maud , Gasser Deta , Stüwe Kurt , Langone Antonio
Published: November 2024

The study of accessory phases, including trace element concentrations and radiogenic isotopes, provides powerful information for a better understanding of geological processes such as crustal anatexis. These accessory minerals are the primary carriers of many incompatible elements and Rare Earth Elements (REE) in crustal rocks. In this contribution, we provide a detailed study on the chemical and isotopic (Nd isotopes) behaviour of accessory minerals within the Chugach Metamorphic Complex in Alaska. This Eocene (55− 50 Ma) metamorphic complex developed in a Late Cretaceous to Paleogene accretionary prism consisting of metapelitic and metagreywacke rocks. The complex exposes a systematic N-S metamorphic gradient from greenschist to upper amphibolite facies (500 to ~ 700 °C) with anatexis under water-saturated conditions and minor muscovite breakdown. Trace element concentration data for apatite, monazite and titanite reveal a strong influence of bulk composition (greywacke vs. pelite) on their REE signatures in the migmatitic gneisses. In xenotime-bearing metapelitic samples, we show that monazite and apatite, which crystallised close to peak metamorphism, have their HREE-Y contents increasing with temperature within a narrow range of ~ 150 °C (550  to ~ 700 °C). While the influence of temperature on the Y content of monazite was already demonstrated before, we prove that apatite follow the same chemical behaviour. In these samples, partial melting process can be tracked via Eu/Eu* which decreases systematically from schist to migmatitic gneisses and is interpreted to be related to plagioclase crystallisation. Among all analysed samples (schists and migmatites), we observe no significant differences in εNd between monazite, allanite and whole-rock, regardless of rock type. This suggests (i) a general homogeneity of Nd isotopic composition above 550 °C up to crustal anatexis, and (ii) an isotopic equilibrium between mineral and whole-rock, indicating Nd isotopic disequilibria induced by partial melting are unlikely in this case study.
OtoVision: Bridging machine learning and edge computing for effective and affordable ear disease diagnosis
Authors: Yokananth Rishit , Gosula Varun
Published: November 2024

The primary aim of this research is to tackle the issue of inaccurate and inconsistent ear disease detection, particularly in remote and under-resourced areas. Traditional diagnostic methods employed by general practitioners and otolaryngologists have shown limitations, underscoring the need for more reliable approaches in these challenging healthcare environments. In response to this issue, a digital otoscope powered by the Rockchip RK3566 processor and enhanced with machine learning capabilities has been developed. This device, using a novel camera system, captures high-resolution images of the patient's ear and applies image classification algorithms to identify and categorize various ear conditions in real time. The design of OtoVision emphasizes ease of use, affordability, and adaptability to different healthcare settings, aiming to make advanced diagnostic tools more accessible to underserved populations. Our testing and analysis reveal that OtoVision significantly enhances the accuracy of ear disease diagnosis. In controlled settings, the device achieved an accuracy rate of approximately 87% when connected to a desktop computer and 82% when operating on a standalone Rockchip single-board computer. These results indicate a substantial improvement over traditional diagnostic methods and demonstrate the potential of integrating machine learning technologies into medical diagnostics. OtoVision represents a step forward in the field of medical diagnostics, particularly for the detection of ear diseases in areas where specialist care is scarce. By leveraging machine learning and digital imaging, OtoVision offers a more accurate, accessible, and cost-effective solution compared to conventional methods. Ongoing development will focus on conducting extensive field testing.
Transtibial pullout repair improved short-term clinical outcomes in patients with oblique medial meniscus posterior root tear comparable to radial root tear
Authors: Higashihara Naohiro , Furumatsu Takayuki , Okazaki Yuki , Yokoyama Yusuke , Tamura Masanori , Kawada Koki , Hasegawa Tsubasa , Kohara Toshiki , Ozaki Toshifumi
Published: November 2024

Purpose

Medial meniscus (MM) posterior root tears (PRT) can lead to excessive knee loading and unsatisfactory clinical outcomes after non-operative treatment or meniscectomy. Although favourable clinical outcomes after MM posterior root (PR) repair have been reported, no study has specifically investigated the outcomes of different types of MMPRT. This study aimed to compare the clinical outcomes of patients with complete radial and oblique MMPRT following MMPR repair.

Methods

Forty patients who had undergone MMPR repair were retrospectively investigated. Patients with type 2 (20 knees) and 4 MMPRT (20 knees) were included in this study. The MMPRT type was classified according to the LaPrade classification. Plain radiographs, magnetic resonance images, arthroscopic findings, and pre- and postoperative clinical outcomes were evaluated.

Results

At 1 year postoperatively, clinical outcomes notably improved in patients with type 2 and 4 MMPRT. No significant differences were observed in any of the evaluations between these patients, both before and after the surgery.

Conclusion

Patients with type 2 and type 4 MMPRT exhibited significantly improved clinical outcomes. MMPR repair is beneficial in treating type 2 and type 4 MMPRT.

Level of evidence

IV
Evaluation of the true lateral fluoroscopic projection for the relation of the S1 recess/foramen to safe corridors in transiliac-transsacral screw placement in human cadaveric pelves
Authors: Aregger Fabian Cedric , Gewiess Jan , Albers Christoph Emanuel , Deml Moritz Caspar , Schaible Samuel , Hoppe Sven , Tinner Christian
Published: November 2024

Introduction

Percutaneous screw fixation is a widely used treatment for posterior pelvic ring injuries. Transiliac-transsacral screw fixation has demonstrated superior biomechanical properties over bilateral sacroiliac screws, particularly in the minimally displaced bilateral sacral fractures. Screw placement under fluoroscopic control is still common, while CT navigation is gaining popularity. However, the accurate placement of screws within a safe zone is essential to avoid neurovascular complications.

Methods

An anatomical study using human cadaveric pelves was conducted to assess radiological landmarks and determine a safe zone in relation to the S1 recess/foramen for transiliac-transsacral screw placement.

Results

Fourteen pelves were evaluated. Ten pelves were classified as having a satisfactory corridor for screw placement, while four were deemed to have an impossible or high-risk corridor. A safe zone was defined based on the diagonal bisector of the S1 vertebral body, ICD and anterior cortex.

Discussion

The study findings suggest that lateral fluoroscopic projection can determine a safe entry point for screw placement. Understanding the anatomy and landmarks on lateral fluoroscopic images is crucial for successful screw placement and avoiding complications.

Conclusion

The S1 body diagonal is consistently located anterior to the S1 recess in lateral fluoroscopic projections, providing a potential safe corridor for transiliac-transsacral screw placement at the S1 level in nondysmorphic pelves. Further research is needed to confirm these findings with CT imaging and evaluate the technical feasibility of screw placement.
Boreal forest multifunctionality under varying harvesting intensity and forest management priorities
Authors: Hohti Jani , Eyvindson Kyle , Kotiaho Janne S. , Mönkkönen Mikko
Published: November 2024

Forestry is often directed towards conflicting targets. In Finland, forest policy has aimed to extract as much timber as possible while ensuring continued future harvesting opportunities. Concurrently, there is a social demand for biodiversity and non-timber ecosystem services. To explore the opportunities to combine these interests we simulated forest growth and optimized forestry, for a 100 year period, under two scenarios. The first scenario presents the impact economically oriented forestry (maximizing net present value (NPV)) will have on forest multifunctionality. Whereas the second scenario illustrates forest multifunctionality under environmentally oriented forestry (maximum multifunctionality (MF)). Both scenarios applied three harvest intensities (60%, 80% and 100% of the maximum maintainable yield). To evaluate multifunctionality, we used ecosystem service indicators (bilberry yield and carbon storage) and biodiversity indicators (volume of dead wood and habitat suitability for six vertebrate species). Additionally, we estimated the economic benefit from forestry (NPV). Our results showed enhanced forest multifunctionality due to the use of MF management, which appears to be a cost-efficient tool to promote biodiversity and multifunctionality. This trend could be further enhanced by decreasing harvest intensity. Solutions to this trade-off is very much value based and hence requires identification of priorities and preferences from the society.