bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Atom‐Economic Synthesis of Functionalized Octahydroacridines from Citronellal or 3‐(Phenylthio)‐citronellal.
Authors: Jacob Raquel G. , Silva Marcio S. , Mendes Samuel R. , Borges Elton L. , Lenardao Eder J. , Perin Gelson
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Piperidinones Through a Radical Cascade.
Authors: Godineau Edouard , Landais Yannick
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Aryl Ring Migration Reaction in the Synthesis of 2,4‐Diaryl‐4H‐3,1‐benzothiazines.
Authors: Butin Alexander V. , Tsiunchik Fatima A. , Abaev Vladimir T. , Gutnov Andrey V. , Cheshkov Dmitry A.
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Ferulic Acid Ester and Other Constituents from Tamarix nilotica Leaves.
Authors: Abouzid Sameh Fekry , Ali Sajjad Ahmed , Choudhary Muhammad Iqbal
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Isolation, Enyzme‐Bound Structure and Antibacterial Activity of Platencin A1 from Streptomyces platensis.
Authors: Singh Sheo B. , Ondeyka John G. , Herath Kithsiri B. , Zhang Chaowei , Jayasuriya Hiranthi , Zink Deborah L. , Parthasarathy Gopalakrishnan , Becker Joseph W. , Wang Jun , Soisson Stephen M.
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: First Synthesis of Racemic Concentricolide, an anti‐HIV‐1 Agent Isolated from the Fungus Daldinia concentrica.
Authors: Fang Li‐Zhen , Liu Ji‐Kai
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Ulmosides A and B: Flavonoid 6‐C‐Glycosides from Ulmus wallichiana, Stimulating Osteoblast Differentiation Assessed by Alkaline Phosphatase.
Authors: Rawat Preeti , Kumar Manmeet Kumar Manmeet , Sharan Kunal , Chattopadhyay Naibedya , Maurya Rakesh
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Actinide Geochemistry: From the Molecular Level to the Real System
Authors: Geckeis Horst , Rabung Thomas
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Thermodynamic Modeling of the Cr—Hf—Si System
Authors: Yang Y. , Schoonover J. , Bewlay B. P. , Lewis D. , Chang Y. A.
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic C—H Amination: Recent Progress and Future Directions
Authors: Collet Florence , Dodd Robert H. , Dauban Philippe
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Samarium Diiodide Mediated Reactions in Total Synthesis
Authors: Nicolaou K. C. , Ellery Shelby P. , Chen Jason S.
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative Coupling Reactions with Gold
Authors: Wegner Hermann A.
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Developments in Aminopyrazole Chemistry
Authors: Anwar Hany Fakhry , Elnagdi Mohamed Hilmy
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Isoxazolines from Nitro Compounds: Synthesis and Applications
Authors: Namboothiri Irishi N. N. , Rastogi Namrata
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of Polyyne Natural Products
Authors: Gung Benjamin W.
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Verticillane Derivatives from Natural Sources
Authors: Wang Yu‐Fang , Su Xiao‐Hui , Li Li‐Geng , Wang Wei , Zhang Man‐Li , Huo Chang‐Hong , Shi Qing‐Wen
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Develping Continuous‐Flow Microreactors as Tools for Synthetic Chemists
Authors: Geyer Karolin , Gustafsson Tomas , Seeberger Peter H.
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Critical Factors in Chemical Characterization for the Evaluation of Decontamination in Solids Using Advanced Oxidation
Authors: Kubatova Alena
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Photoreactions and Dynamics of the Green Fluorescent Protein
Authors: van Thor Jasper J.
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Subvalenz bei elektropositiven s‐Block‐Metallen. Unmögliches möglich gemacht
Authors: Krieck Sven , Westerhausen Matthias
Published: December 2009

Die Darstellung von niederwertigen elektropositiven Metallverbindungen kann mit Hilfe der drei folgenden Konzepte gelingen: i) Durch die Aufnahme delokalisierter Elektronen können metallische Matrices stabilisierend wirken. Aus der Summenformel leitet sich eine formale Subvalenz ab; unter Berücksichtigung der Bindungsverhältnisse ergibt sich jedoch eine Normalvalenz. ii) Durch die Ausbildung homonuclearer Element‐Element‐Bindungen oder von Metallclustern sind diese Verbindungen nach den Regeln zur Bestimmung der Oxidationsstufe formal niederwertig. Gegebenenfalls liegt aber Normvalenz bei Verbindungen mit M22+‐Einheiten vor (was aus der Chemie des Quecksilbers als Hg22+ wie beispielsweise im Kalomel Hg2Cl2 schon lange bekannt ist). iii) Ausgedehnte π*‐Systeme von Arenen mit einer geeigneten Energie zwischen den beiden ersten Ionisierungspotenzialen des Erdalkalimetalls nehmen nur eines der beiden Valenzelektronen auf.
Sekt, Champagner & Co. So prickelnd kann Chemie sein
Authors: Roth Klaus
Published: December 2009

Ein Glas Sekt oder Champagner ist das bevorzugte Getränk für die außergewöhnlichen Momente in unserem Leben. Der Kenner zelebriert das Öffnen der Flasche und erfreut sich beim sorgfältigen Eingießen in das richtige Glas, an der Farbe, dem Aroma, dem Geschmack und vor allem an den aufsteigenden Gasbläschen. Betrachtet man den Sekt im Glas versonnen und nachdenklich, erfasst man, dass auf dem Wege von Weinberg bis ins Glas eine Menge Chemie nötig war, wodurch unsere Freude am Genuss noch erhöht wird. Was für ein wunderbarer Start ins Neue Jahr! A votre santé!
Phoenix auf dem Eis – oder wie man in 200 Millionen Kilometer Entfernung ein nasschemisches Labor betreibt
Authors: Harrer Roswitha
Published: December 2009

Im Mai 2008 landete die amerikanische Raumsonde Phoenix in der Nordpolarregion des Mars, um Bodenproben chemisch und physikochemisch zu untersuchen. Neben Wasser tauchte unerwartet ein besonderes Molekül in den Analysen auf.
Maturation of canal‐related brainstem neurons in the detection of horizontal angular acceleration in rats
Authors: Lai Chun‐Hong , Yiu Christina N.S. , Lai Suk‐King , Ng Ka‐Pak , Yung Ken K.L. , Shum Daisy K.Y. , Chan Ying‐Shing
Published: December 2009

We examined the functional maturation of canal‐related brainstem neurons in Sprague‐Dawley rats at postnatal day (P)1 to adult. Conscious animals were subjected to cycles of angular acceleration and deceleration so as to selectively activate hair cells of the horizontal semicircular canals. Brainstem neurons were monitored for c‐fos expression by immuno‐hybridization histochemistry as an indicator of neuronal activation. Fos‐immunoreactive canal‐related neurons were identifiable from P4 onwards in the vestibular nucleus and downstream vestibular relay stations, prepositus hypoglossal nucleus, and inferior olive. In the vestibular nucleus and prepositus hypoglossal nucleus, the number of canal‐related neurons increased progressively with age, reaching the adult level by P21. Those in the inferior olive increased in number from P4 to P14 but decreased significantly afterwards until adulthood. The topography was not clear in the vestibular nucleus and prepositus hypoglossal nucleus. Canal‐related neurons in P4–7 rats were spread throughout the rostrocaudal length of each subnucleus but clusters of canal‐related neurons tended to form within specific subnuclei by P21. These were concentrated in the caudal halves of medial and spinal vestibular nuclei and the rostral parts of superior vestibular nucleus and prepositus hypoglossal nucleus. In the inferior olive, the topography was evident early in the course of development. Canal‐related neurons were exclusively located in four subnuclei: dorsal medial cell column, dorsal cap, subnucleus A, and subnucleus C, but not in other subnuclei. Taken together, our data revealed the developmental profile of neuronal subpopulations within the horizontal canal system, thus providing an internal neural representation for postnatal coding of horizontal head rotations in spatial perception. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:1742–1763, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of emergent fault element behavior in Virtual California
Authors: Glasscoe Margaret T. , Granat Robert A. , Rundle John B. , Rundle Paul B. , Donnellan Andrea , Kellogg Louise H.
Published: December 2009

The Virtual California simulation tool can be used to study fault and stress interaction scenarios for realistic California earthquakes and produces a large data set, which is ideally suited for statistical analysis. As with any complex system, it can produce emergent phenomena unexpected by its designers; these can be studied in order to gain insight into real world geophysical phenomena. We have developed a statistical method to analyze Virtual California data that enables us to determine the correlation relationships between the simulated fault elements. We present the results of this analysis of 40 000 years of data for 59 faults (639 elements). We focus on five specific cases that display noteworthy behavior that includes long‐range fault interactions, activation–quiescence, and complex small‐scale interactions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanism of Charging of Au Atoms and Nanoclusters on Li Doped SiO2/Mo(112) Films
Authors: Martinez Umberto , Giordano Livia , Pacchioni Gianfranco
Published: December 2009

We present the results of supercell DFT calculations on the adsorption properties of Au atoms and small clusters (Aun, n≤5) on a SiO2/Mo(112) thin film and on the same system modified by doping with Li atoms. The adsorbed Li atoms penetrate into the pores of the silica film and become stabilized at the interface where they donate one electron to the Mo metal. As a consequence, the work function of the Li‐doped SiO2/Mo(112) film is reduced and results in modified adsorption properties. In fact, while on the undoped SiO2/Mo(112) film Au interacts only very weakly, on the Li‐doped surface Au atoms and clusters bind with significant bond strengths. The calculations show that this is due to the occurrence of an electron transfer from the SiO2/Mo(112) interface to the adsorbed gold. The occurrence of the charge transfer is related to the work function of the support but also to the possibility for the silica film to undergo a strong polaronic distortion.
C Factors Pinpoint Resource Utilization in Chemical Industrial Processes
Authors: Voss Bodil , Andersen Simon Ivar , Taarning Esben , Christensen Claus Hviid
Published: December 2009

This Full Paper illustrates the use of the C factor (CO2/product mass ratio) as a parameter to evaluate the CO2‐burden of a product. The C factor contains information of the total amount of CO2 emitted in order to produce a product, and thus enables a direct comparison of different processes from a CO2 aspect. We illustrate how this simple concept can be used to evaluate different resource types and processes. The C factors for different chemicals such as methanol, synfuels, and acetic acid are calculated for oil, coal, natural gas, and biomass. Based on these calculations, the combination of biomass and natural gas is an attractive alternative to coal, leading to products that have significantly lower C factors.
Synthesis of (+)‐Varitriol Analogues via Novel and Versatile Building Blocks Based on Julia Olefination
Authors: Senthilmurugan Annamalai , Aidhen Indrapal Singh
Published: December 2009

The synthesis of (+)‐varitriol (1) analogues was achieved through the use of Julia olefination. The potential anticancer properties of 1 coupled with our interest in developing building blocks that enable olefin formation under the Julia protocol constitute the basis of our research project. Efforts are aimed at the synthesis of building blocks 2 and 3 and to explore their use towards the synthesis of (+)‐varitriol analogues. Herein, we would like to present the synthesis of building block 3 and its ability to react with variety of substituted aromatic‐, heterocyclic‐ and carbohydrate‐derived aldehydes to yield alkene 6 in moderate to good yields with E as the major isomer. The successful coupling of 2 with(furanoside moieties) aldehydes 5k, 5m and 5n in particular and the obtainment of compound 23 reflect the promise associated with the new strategy.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Cascade Reactions of Diynes with Norbornadiene – Synthesis of Norbornene Derivatives
Authors: Cheng Chu‐Chun , Chang Chia‐Sen , Hsu Yu‐Lin , Lee Ting‐Yu , Chang Ling‐Chueh , Liu Shih‐Hsien , Wu Yao‐Ting
Published: December 2009

Norbornene derivatives 7–11 were prepared from norbornadiene and the corresponding diynes by Ru‐catalyzed [(2+2)+2] cycloaddition and subsequent transfer hydrogenation. The structure and stereochemistry of the cycloadducts were confirmed by X‐ray crystal analysis. This procedure provides high diastereoselectivity to generate norbornenes 7–11 in up to 82 % yield. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. Compounds that contained the skeleton of 1,7‐diaryl‐1,6‐heptadiynes were suitable starting materials. Additionly, 9h was empolyed in the synthesis of polynorbornene 31 by ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). The number‐average molecular weight (Mn) and polymer‐distribution index (PDI) of this new polymer were determined to be 28.6 kDa and 1.35, respectively.
2‐Pyrrolidinecarboxylic Acid Ionic Liquid as a Highly Efficient Organocatalyst for the Asymmetric One‐Pot Mannich Reaction
Authors: Zheng Xin , Qian Yun‐Bo , Wang Yongmei
Published: December 2009

A novel one‐pot three‐component asymmetric Mannich reaction using [EMIm][Pro] (1) as a catalyst has been developed. By employing this new reaction system, a variety of optically active β‐amino carbonyl compounds were synthesized in up to 99 % yield with up to >99 dr and >99 % ee. The reaction conditions have been optimized and the mechanism for the asymmetric induction is discussed.
Intramolecular Hydrogen Abstraction in Radicals Derived from Inositol 1,3‐Acetals: Efficient Access to Cyclitols
Authors: Murali Chebrolu , Gurale Bharat P. , Shashidhar Mysore S.
Published: December 2009

The benzylidene acetals obtained by cleavage of the orthobenzoate moiety in myo‐inositol 1,3,5‐orthobenzoate were used to prepare mono‐ as well as di‐deoxy inositol derivatives via their xanthates. The dideoxygenation is a result of intramolecular abstraction of the benzylidene acetal hydrogen and subsequent cleavage of the acetal ring. Such a cleavage does not take place in analogous acetals derived from other orthoesters. The 1,3‐acetals derived from myo‐inositol 1,3,5‐orthoesters were also used to prepare neo‐inositol and isomeric deoxy‐amino inositols. Most of the reactions in these synthetic sequences starting from myo‐inositol give one product in each step. The results presented here show that myo‐inositol 1,3,5‐orthobenzoate offers many advantages over other orthoesters for the synthesis of cyclitol derivatives from myo‐inositol.
Two‐dimensional compact finite difference immersed boundary method
Authors: Ferreira de Sousa Paulo J. S. A. , Pereira José C. F. , Allen James J.
Published: December 2009

We present a compact finite differences method for the calculation of two‐dimensional viscous flows in biological fluid dynamics applications. This is achieved by using body‐forces that allow for the imposition of boundary conditions in an immersed moving boundary that does not coincide with the computational grid. The unsteady, incompressible Navier–Stokes equations are solved in a Cartesian staggered grid with fourth‐order Runge–Kutta temporal discretization and fourth‐order compact schemes for spatial discretization, used to achieve highly accurate calculations. Special attention is given to the interpolation schemes on the boundary of the immersed body. The accuracy of the immersed boundary solver is verified through grid convergence studies. Validation of the method is done by comparison with reference experimental results. In order to demonstrate the application of the method, 2D small insect hovering flight is calculated and compared with available experimental and computational results. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cytogenetics of long‐term survivors of ETV6‐RUNX1 fusion positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Konn Zoë J. , Martineau Mary , Bown Nicholas , Richards Sue , Swansbury John , Talley Polly , Wright Sarah L. , Harrison Christine J.
Published: December 2009

This study describes the cytogenetics of 33 children with ETV6‐RUNX1 positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) who had been in continuous complete remission for a minimum of 8.8 years [median event‐free survival (EFS) 10.9 years]. The results were compared with a published series of 16 fusion positive patients treated on the same childhood ALL trial, who had relapsed (median EFS, 2.3 years). Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) at diagnosis showed deletion of the second ETV6 signal from all fusion positive cells in 45% of the long‐term survivors but in none of the relapsed patients, whereas patients with mixed populations with retained or lost second signals were more frequent among those who had relapsed (69%) than the long‐term survivors (21%). Interphase populations with two fusion signals in 18% of the long‐term survivors and 31% of relapsed patients were smaller in the long‐term survivors (median, 4% of total cells) than in the relapsed patients (median, 84%). The additional copy of chromosome 21 in 30% of long‐term survivors and in 69% of relapsed patients was a derived chromosome 21 in 20% and 55% of patients, respectively. Metaphase FISH for 26 long‐term survivors and 15 relapsed patients revealed complex karyotypes in both groups. Variant translocations involved different chromosome arms between the long‐term survivors and relapsed patients. It appears that the two groups have some distinguishing cytogenetic features at the time of diagnosis, which may provide pointers to relapse that are worthy of more detailed study. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Telomere shortening and chromosomal instability in myelodysplastic syndromes
Authors: Lange Kathrin , Holm Lisa , Vang Nielsen Kirsten , Hahn Andreas , Hofmann Winfried , Kreipe Hans , Schlegelberger Brigitte , Göhring Gudrun
Published: December 2009

Telomere shortening and chromosomal instability are believed to play an important role in the development of myeloid neoplasia. So far, published data are only available on the average telomere length in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML), but not on the telomere length of individual chromosomes. We used a new technique, telomere/centromere‐fluorescence in situ hybridization (T/C‐FISH), which combines fluorescence R‐banding and FISH using a probe against the telomere repeats to measure the telomere length of each chromosome arm in 78 patients with MDS. In line with the previous results, patients with MDS showed significantly shorter telomeres than those of healthy controls. Telomere lengths did not differ significantly between distinct morphological subtypes of MDS. However, there was a significant difference in telomere length between patients with an isolated monosomy 7 and patients with a normal karyotype (P < 0.05). Notably, patients with an isolated monosomy 7 showed significantly longer telomeres than patients with a normal karyotype in many chromosome arms, among them 7p and 7q. Neo‐telomeres were found in two patients with a complex karyotype, in one case at the fusion site of a dic(14;20). Normal and aberrant metaphases of the same patient did not differ in telomere length, thus indicating to telomere shortening as a basic mechanism affecting all hematopoietic cells in patients with MDS. In some MDS subtypes, like MDS with isolated monosomy 7, telomeres may be stabilized and even increase in length because of the activation of telomerase or alternative mechanisms. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modified passive capillary samplers for collecting samples of snowmelt infiltration for stable isotope analysis in remote, seasonally inaccessible watersheds 2: field evaluation
Authors: Frisbee Marty D. , Phillips Fred M. , Campbell Andrew R. , Hendrickx Jan M. H. , Engle Emily M.
Published: December 2009

Twelve modified passive capillary samplers (M‐PCAPS) were installed in remote locations within a large, alpine watershed located in the southern Rocky Mountains of Colorado to collect samples of infiltration during the snowmelt and summer rainfall seasons. These samples were collected in order to provide better constraints on the isotopic composition of soil‐water endmembers in the watershed. The seasonally integrated stable isotope composition (δ18O and δ2H) of soil‐meltwater collected with M‐PCAPS installed at shallow soil depths < 10 cm was similar to the seasonally integrated isotopic composition of bulk snow taken at the soil surface. However, meltwater which infiltrated to depths > 20 cm evolved along an isotopic enrichment line similar to the trendline described by the evolution of fresh snow to surface runoff from snowmelt in the watershed. Coincident changes in geochemistry were also observed at depth suggesting that the isotopic and geochemical composition of deep infiltration may be very different from that obtained by surface and/or shallow‐subsurface measurements. The M‐PCAPS design was also used to estimate downward fluxes of meltwater during the snowmelt season. Shallow and deep infiltration averaged 8·4 and 4·7 cm of event water or 54 and 33% of the measured snow water equivalent (SWE), respectively. Finally, dominant shallow‐subsurface runoff processes occurring during snowmelt could be identified using geochemical data obtained with the M‐PCAPS design. One soil regime was dominated by a combination of slow matrix flow in the shallow soil profile and fast preferential flow at depth through a layer of platy, volcanic rocks. The other soil regime lacked the rock layer and was dominated by slow matrix flow. Based on these results, the M‐PCAPS design appears to be a useful, robust methodology to quantify soil‐water fluxes during the snowmelt season and to sample the stable isotopic and geochemical composition of soil‐meltwater endmembers in remote watersheds. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydro‐climatic variability and trends in Washington State for the last 50 years
Authors: Fu Guobin , Barber Michael E. , Chen Shulin
Published: December 2009

Historical records of monthly streamflow and precipitation coupled with mean, minimum, and maximum air temperatures for Washington State were used to study the variation and the trend characteristics that occurred over the last 50 years (1952–2002). Results indicate that the 1967 statewide water resource assessment needs to be updated because all of the stations used in that study exhibited a decreasing trend in annual streamflow ranging from −0·9% to −49·3%, with an arithmetic mean of −11·7% and a median value of −9·8%. Furthermore, a slightly decreasing trend in annual streamflow, although not statistically significant, was detected. The decreasing streamflow magnitude was about −1·178 mm year−2, or 4·88 m3 s−1 year−1, which caused a decrease in annual streamflow in the state of about 58·9 mm, or 244 m3 s−1. This magnitude was about 9·6% of the average annual streamflow for the entire state from 1952 to 2002. Contrastingly, the overall annual precipitation in the entire state increased 1·375 mm year−2. Overall the annual means of daily mean, maximum, and minimum temperature increased by 0·122, 0·048, and 0·185 °C/10 years, respectively, during the study period. Thus the corresponding annual means of daily mean, maximum, and minimum temperatures increased by 0·61, 0·24, and 0·93 °C, respectively. All of these trends and magnitudes were found to vary considerably from station to station and month to month. The possible reasons resulting in these detected trends include, but are not limited to, human activities, climate variability and changes, and land use and land cover changes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular analysis of the polymorphisms of thymidylate synthase on cell‐free circulating DNA in blood of patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma
Authors: Schwarzenbach Heidi , Goekkurt Eray , Pantel Klaus , Aust Daniela E. , Stoehlmacher Jan
Published: December 2009

As a key enzyme in folate metabolism, the thymidylate synthase (TS) is important for the synthesis of nucleotides. Its polymorphisms may affect the TS gene expression and the susceptibility for Fluoropyrimidine (FU)‐based chemotherapies. In this study, we assessed the relationship between the TS genotypes and clinical outcome to 5‐FU‐based chemotherapy, and examined whether cell‐free circulating DNA is applicable for these molecular analyses. We combined the variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) and single nucleotide (SNP) polymorphisms of the TS promoter and the deletion variants (1494del6) in the 3′UTR with the occurrence of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at the microsatellite markers D18S59, D18S1140, and D18S976 mapped up‐ and downstream to the TS locus. Cell‐free blood DNA, tumor tissues, and leukocytes of 51 patients with advanced colorectal cancer were used. Genotyping revealed linkage disequilibrium between TS promoter and 3′UTR (p = 0.03) in blood and leukocytes. Inverse associations of the response to therapy with the number of polymorphisms (p = 0.05) and the 494del6 polymorphism (p < 0.02) were detected on serum DNA. The quantification of serum DNA showed significant correlations with the 1494del6 variant (p = 0.006) in tumor tissues and the combined polymorphisms in leukocytes (p < 0.04). In contrast to the low LOH frequency in blood, LOH spanned more than one marker in the primary tumor of the majority of the patients suggesting the loss of the entire TS locus. Our data provide insight into the molecular diversity of the regulation of the TS gene expression. This is the first study that compares multi‐variant TS genotypes in different clinical specimens.
Ecotechnologies applied to agricultural irrigation and drainage channels: case study of the Taichung Irrigation Association in Taiwan
Authors: Shih Shang‐Shu , Hu Tung‐Jer , Lee Hong‐Yuan , Tan Yih‐Chi
Published: December 2009

The ecological conditions of the Hu‐Lu‐Doun and Meiou‐Chen channels of the Taichung Irrigation Association were investigated. The Hilsenhoff Family‐level Biotic Index (FBI) shows that although the water quality of the Hu‐Lu‐Doun Channel is fair, and is better than the Meiou‐Chen Channel, to restore fish ecology ecotechnology was therefore suggested to be applied to the Hu‐Lu‐Doun Channel for priority. Results of numerical modelling, including water velocity and water depth, were substituted into the equation of weighted usable area (WUA) to estimate the fish habitat. The assessment results reveal that the ecological pond is the best choice to enhance the habitat of fish. Five ecotechnologies were therefore suggested to improve the aquatic organism habitat area of the agricultural irrigation channel. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of small‐scale irrigation on household poverty: empirical evidence from the Ambo district in Ethiopia
Authors: Bacha Dereje , Namara Regassa , Bogale Ayalneh , Tesfaye Abonesh
Published: December 2009

A study was conducted in the Ambo district of western Ethiopia in 2006 to understand the poverty reduction impacts of small‐scale irrigation development, using the Indris irrigation system as a case study. The study was based on a survey of representative farm households with and without access to irrigation. The total sample size for the study was 222 (107 households with access to irrigation and 115 without). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, the Foster, Greer and Thobeck poverty indices, and Heckman's selectivity model. Results indicate that the incidence, depth, and severity of poverty are significantly lower among those farm households with access to irrigation. In addition to irrigation, other variables such as farm size, livestock holding size, land productivity, and family size significantly influence the level of household consumption expenditure. However, the proportion of poor people in the overall sample, notwithstanding access to irrigation, is alarmingly high, indicating the deep‐rooted and critical situation of poverty in rural Ethiopia. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of Environment on the Spatio‐Temporal Distribution of Rotifers in the Tidal Guangzhou Segment of the Pearl River Estuary, China
Authors: Wang Qing , Yang Yufeng , Chen Jufang
Published: December 2009

Rotifers were studied at two sites (Zhongda and Huangpu) in the tidal Guangzhou segment of the Pearl River in China, from April 2004 to March 2007. Fifty‐six species were recorded. Rotifers were most abundant during late fall. Overall, densities ranged from 4 to 5975 ind. L–1, with mean densities of 1627 ± 233 ind. L–1 at Zhongda and 1051 ± 147 ind. L–1 at Huangpu. There was a positive correlation between rotifer density and chlorophyll a concentration at both sites. At Huangpu, rotifer abundance was significantly negatively correlated with salinity. Analysis of partial correlations suggested that the fluvial hydrodynamics and the physico‐chemical characteristics of the river affected chlorophyll and the development of rotifer populations was determined by chlorophyll in the lower reaches of Pearl River. The results also show that rotifer density estimates are significantly affected by sampling method. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Multivariate residual‐based finite‐sample tests for serial dependence and ARCH effects with applications to asset pricing models
Authors: Dufour Jean‐Marie , Khalaf Lynda , Beaulieu Marie‐Claude
Published: December 2009

In this paper, we propose several finite‐sample specification tests for multivariate linear regressions (MLR). We focus on tests for serial dependence and ARCH effects with possibly non‐Gaussian errors. The tests are based on properly standardized multivariate residuals to ensure invariance to error covariances. The procedures proposed provide: (i) exact variants of standard multivariate portmanteau tests for serial correlation as well as ARCH effects, and (ii) exact versions of the diagnostics presented by Shanken (1990) which are based on combining univariate specification tests. Specifically, we combine tests across equations using a Monte Carlo (MC) test method so that Bonferroni‐type bounds can be avoided. The procedures considered are evaluated in a simulation experiment: the latter shows that standard asymptotic procedures suffer from serious size problems, while the MC tests suggested display excellent size and power properties, even when the sample size is small relative to the number of equations, with normal or Student‐t errors. The tests proposed are applied to the Fama–French three‐factor model. Our findings suggest that the i.i.d. error assumption provides an acceptable working framework once we allow for non‐Gaussian errors within 5‐year sub‐periods, whereas temporal instabilities clearly plague the full‐sample dataset. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An optimization and modeling approach for H2O2/UV‐C oxidation of a commercial non‐ionic textile surfactant using central composite design
Authors: Arslan‐Alaton Idil , Akin Asli , Olmez‐Hanci Tugba
Published: December 2009

BACKGROUND: Industrial surfactants are biologically complex organics that are difficult to degrade and may cause ecotoxicological risks in the environment. Until now, many scientific reports have been devoted to the effective treatment of surfactants employing advanced oxidation processes, but there is no available experimental study dealing with the optimization and statistical design of surfactant oxidation with the well‐established H2O2/UV‐C process.

RESULTS: Considering the major factors influencing H2O2/UV‐C performance as well as their interactions, the reaction conditions required for the complete oxidation of a commercial non‐ionic textile surfactant, an alkyl ethoxylate, were modeled and optimized using central composite design‐response surface methodology (CCD‐RSM). Experimental results revealed that for an aqueous non‐ionic surfactant solution at an initial chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 450 mg L−1, the most appropriate H2O2/UV‐C treatment conditions to achieve full mineralization at an initial pH of 10.5 were 47 mmol L−1 H2O2 and a reaction time of 86 min (corresponding to a UV dose of 30 kWh m−3).

CONCLUSION: CCD allowed the development of empirical polynomial equations (quadratic models) that successfully predicted COD and TOC removal efficiencies under all experimental conditions employed in the present work. The process variable treatment time, followed by the initial COD content of the aqueous surfactant solution were found to be the main parameters affecting treatment performance, whereas the initial H2O2 concentration had the least influence on advanced oxidation efficiencies. The H2O2 concentration and surfactant COD were found to be more important for TOC abatement compared with COD abatement. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Continuous k‐to‐1 functions between complete graphs whose orders are of a different parity
Authors: Gauci John Baptist , Hilton Anthony J. W.
Published: December 2009

A function between graphs is k‐to‐1 if each point in the codomain has precisely k pre‐images in the domain. Given two graphs, G and H, and an integer k≥1, and considering G and H as subsets of ℝ3, there may or may not be a k‐to‐1 continuous function (i.e. a k‐to‐1 map in the usual topological sense) from G onto H. In this paper we consider graphs G and H whose order is of a different parity and determine the even and odd values of k for which there exists a k‐to‐1 map from G onto H. We first consider k‐to‐1 maps from K2r onto K2s+1 and prove that for 1≤r≤s, (r, s)≠(1, 1), there is a continuous k‐to‐1 map for k even if and only if k≥2s and for k odd if and only if k≥⌈s⌉o (where ⌈s⌉o indicates the next odd integer greater than or equal to s). We then consider k‐to‐1 maps from K2s+1 onto K2s. We show that for 1≤r<s, such a map exists for even values of k if and only if k≥2s. We also prove that whatever the values of r and s are, no such k‐to‐1 map exists for odd values of k. To conclude, we give all triples (n, k, m) for which there is a k‐to‐1 map from Kn onto Km in the case when n≤m. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 65: 35–60, 2010.
Vizing's coloring algorithm and the fan number
Authors: Scheide Diego , Stiebitz Michael
Published: December 2009

Most upper bounds for the chromatic index of a graph come from algorithms that produce edge colorings. One such algorithm was invented by Vizing [Diskret Analiz 3 (1964), 25–30] in 1964. Vizing's algorithm colors the edges of a graph one at a time and never uses more than Δ+µ colors, where Δ is the maximum degree and µ is the maximum multiplicity, respectively. In general, though, this upper bound of Δ+µ is rather generous. In this paper, we define a new parameter fan(G) in terms of the degrees and the multiplicities of G. We call fan(G) the fan number of G. First we show that the fan number can be computed by a polynomial‐time algorithm. Then we prove that the parameter Fan(G)=max{Δ(G), fan(G)} is an upper bound for the chromatic index that can be realized by Vizing's coloring algorithm. Many of the known upper bounds for the chromatic index are also upper bounds for the fan number. Furthermore, we discuss the following question. What is the best (efficiently realizable) upper bound for the chromatic index in terms of Δ and µ ? Goldberg's Conjecture supports the conjecture that χ′+1 is the best efficiently realizable upper bound for χ′ at all provided that P≠NP. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 65: 115–138, 2010
Decadal variability of the Elbe River streamflow
Authors: Ionita M. , Rimbu N. , Lohmann G.
Published: December 2009

The decadal variability (>7 years) of annual Elbe River flow in connection with large‐scale atmospheric circulation is analysed for the period 1902–2002. The relationship with temperature over land (TT) and global sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation over the Northern Hemisphere is investigated.

High anomalies of the river flow are associated with a tripole‐like pattern in the North Atlantic and with negative SST anomalies in the central North Pacific and positive anomalies in the eastern and central tropical Pacific. The pattern identified in the sea level pressure (SLP) resembles the negative phase of the Arctic Oscillation pattern.

Two distinct decadal time components of approximately 12–13 years and 20 years in the time series were identified by using the Singular Spectral Analysis. To isolate the main frequencies identified by the Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA) and to analyse the connection between the decadal components and Elbe River streamflow, we have applied a band pass filter to the SST field, to be able to suppress all the variance outside the prescribed windows. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Role of Silica Properties in the Polymerisation of Ethylene Using Supported Metallocene Catalysts
Authors: Tisse Virginie F. , Prades Floran , Briquel Remi , Boisson Christophe , McKenna Timothy F. L.
Published: December 2009

The role of certain morphological properties of different silica used as supports for metallocene catalysts was investigated in order to quantify their eventual influence on the kinetics of ethylene polymerisation in heptane slurry, as well as on the polymer properties. It was shown that there is no clear link between porosity and observed activity with some highly porous silica producing relatively inactive supported catalysts. It was further shown that within a batch of silica, the particle size had a significant impact on observed kinetics. While it appears that there is possibly some diffusion resistance encountered in the larger particles, it was also shown that prolonged contact between the support and the alkylating agent could increase reaction rates in the larger particles.

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Incentive schemes for executive officers when forecasts matter
Authors: Vergés Joaquim
Published: December 2009

This paper develops a new perspective on results‐based incentive schemes for non‐CEO managers. It shows that it is possible to establish incentive schemes that take into account both the actual output obtained and the forecast figure previously established as a target, without the negative consequences derived from the perverse loop of hiding‐ratchet effects. A general linear two‐staged scheme is proposed. In addition, relevant properties of this incentive system are stated that show how principals (corporate management) may determine the expected forecasting behavior of agents (executive officers) by suitably choosing the scheme parameters according to a simple set of rules. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coupled monopole antenna design for multiband handset devices
Authors: Risco S. , Anguera J. , Andújar A. , Pérez A. , Puente C.
Published: December 2009

A low profile planar antenna, comprising a driven element coupled with one or more parasitic elements is proposed. The design is suitable to be used into a handheld device due to the antenna reduced dimensions (33 × 15 × 1 mm3). To facilitate the integration of other components, such as cameras or speakers, a ground plane area at the right side of the antenna is provided. The study carried out reveals the relevance of the arms location over the performance of the antenna. The theoretic analysis is reinforced using a network model and a parametric study. The coupling between elements controls the behavior of the antenna. In this sense, a weak coupling between the driven element and at least one parasitic element enhances the bandwidth, whereas a multiband behavior is achieved by a tight coupling. Finally, the PCB (Printed Circuit Board) influence has also been analyzed. ©2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 359–364, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24893
Miniaturized broadband microstrip fractal rat‐race coupler with shunt stubs
Authors: Rao Patnam Hanumantha , Subramanian Jagadish , Kamki Moli
Published: December 2009

Miniaturized broadband microstrip rat‐race coupler is implemented by incorporating space filling fractal structure with microstrip shunt open stubs. The proposed design occupies just 18.5% of the conventional rat‐race coupler. Fractal structure is utilized to reduce the area occupied by the conventional rat‐race coupler and shunt stubs are incorporated to shrink the linear dimensions of fractal rat‐race coupler. Performance of the proposed rat‐race coupler is comparable with that of a conventional rat‐race coupler. Measurement results are compared with simulations to validate the design. This new type of rat‐race coupler operates over 33% bandwidth (1.1–1.5 GHz) with matchingand isolation values of better than 20 dB over most of the band. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 289–292, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24897
A proposal of a high‐resolution tunable visible laser source generation
Authors: Fujii Y. , Yupapin P. P. , Pornsuwancharoen N.
Published: December 2009

A new system of a highly tunable visible laser source using a Gaussian pulse propagating within a nonlinear microring resonator system is proposed. Several Gaussian pulses with different center wavelengths are investigated using the designed system. The obtained results have shown that the very fine tuning wavelengths covering the visible laser wavelengths can be generated. With the very sharp peak and broad spectrum, for instance, when the Gaussian input pulse with the center wavelength at 700 nm, the spectral width of 20 pm is obtained. The interesting aspect is that the increasing in microscopic recording pen (i.e. peak) can be used to increase the imaging resolution, where the multicolor imaging, especially for multicolor bio‐cell microscopy is the target. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 406–408, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24903