bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Die psychiatrische Intensivstation an einer Klinik der
Supramaximalversorgung – Analyse der Behandlungsvariablen aus der
Therapie Psychiatrischer und Komorbider Somatischer Erkrankungen
Authors: Schwerthöffer Dirk , Scholz Benjamin , Longhi Sarah , Bäuml Josef , Rentrop Michael
Published: September 2020

Ziel der Studie und Methodik Alle 873 Behandlungsakten einer
psychiatrischen Intensivstation aus einem Zeitraum von 5 Jahren gingen in eine
Analyse des Patientenkollektivs, des Behandlungsoutcomes und von
Prädiktoren für die stationäre Behandlungsdauer ein.

Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerung Auf der beschriebenen Station wurden
sowohl Patienten mit psychiatrischen Notfallsyndromen als auch Patienten mit
komorbiden psychischen und somatischen Erkrankungen behandelt. Somatische
Zusatzerkrankungen beeinflussen den stationären Behandlungsverlauf
psychisch Erkrankter erheblich, z. B. durch eine um durchschnittlich 2,4
Wochen kürzere intensivpsychiatrische stationäre
Behandlungsdauer bei häufiger Notwendigkeit (41,3%) einer
stationären, z. B. rehabilitativen Anschlussbehandlung. Die
Stationsauslastung von 110 % und die durchschnittliche Behandlungsdauer
von 63 Tagen deuten auf einen hohen Bedarf an interdisziplinären
psychiatrisch-somatischen Behandlungsmöglichkeiten hin. In Zukunft ist
ein Zusammenwachsen von Psychiatrie und somatischer Medizin anzustreben.
Untersuchungen zu Versorgungssituation und Wirtschaftlichkeit
interdisziplinärer Behandlungsangebote stehen aus.
Betriebsnahe Versorgungsnetzwerke und -angebote zur
Unterstützung des Return to Work nach psychischer Krise: Zwischen
gesundheitsförderlicher Organisationsentwicklung und Selbstmanagement
der Zurückkehrenden
Authors: Schwarz Betje , Stegmann Ralf , Wegewitz Uta
Published: September 2020

Ziel der Studie Noch immer bilden Kooperationen zwischen
medizinisch-therapeutischen Einrichtungen und Betrieben sowie
arbeitsplatzbezogene Interventionen für Beschäftigte mit
psychischen Krisen und Erkrankungen Ausnahmen in der nationalen Versorgung. Die
vorliegende Studie untersucht einige dieser Ausnahmen mit dem Ziel, ihre
Vernetzungsformen und (Be-)Handlungsansätze zu beschreiben, ihre
Stärken und Grenzen zu identifizieren und so wichtige Hinweise zu ihrer
Weiterentwicklung und Dissemination zu geben.

Methodik Auf Basis einer Onlinerecherche wurden 5 Angebote
ausgewählt. Anschließend wurden 11 Gruppendiskussionen und 17
Interviews mit den in diese Angebote involvierten betrieblichen und
überbetrieblichen Akteuren (n=44) sowie mit Betroffenen
(n=27) durchgeführt und mittels dokumentarischer Methode der
Interpretation bzw. qualitativ-inhaltsanalytisch ausgewertet.

Ergebnisse Es ließen sich 2 (Be-)Handlungsansätze und
Vernetzungsformen identifizieren. Ein individuumsbezogener
Selbstmanagementansatz und ein systemischer Fallmanagementansatz. Im Fokus des
ersten Ansatzes steht die Frage, was der Betroffene tun muss, um an seinen
Arbeitsplatz zurückkehren zu können, der zweite Ansatz fragt
zusätzlich danach, was hierfür am Arbeitsplatz getan werden
kann. Geprägt werden die Ansätze u. a. durch die
(be-)handlungsleitenden Orientierungsrahmen der beteiligten Akteure, wie
z. B. deren Annahmen zur Veränderbarkeit arbeitsbezogener
Risikofaktoren. Die größte Stärke des
individuumsbezogenen Ansatzes liegt in der Stärkung der Selbstsorge,
seine größte Begrenzung im einseitigen Fokus auf die
individuelle (An-)Passung und der damit einhergehenden Gefahr der
Individualisierung von Erkrankung, Ursachen und Bewältigung. Der
systemische Ansatz verspricht Nachhaltigkeit durch die Kombination
individuumsbezogener und betrieblicher Maßnahmen. Die Herausforderung
hier besteht darin, die richtige Balance zwischen individueller Selbst- und
betrieblicher Fürsorge zu finden.

Schlussfolgerung Die Ergebnisse zeigen, wie psychisch erkrankte
Beschäftigte mittels vernetzter und arbeitsplatzbezogener Angebote bei
ihrer Wiedereingliederung unterstützt werden können. Sie zeigen
jedoch auch, an welche Grenzen bisherige Ansätze stoßen und
geben damit wichtige Hinweise für deren Weiterentwicklung und
Dissemination.
Vierfach negative SARS-CoV-2-PCR – dennoch COVID-19-Pneumonie!
Authors: Dubbke-Laule Alexandra , Gnauck Manuela , Straub Ralf , Berthold Frank , Jenssen Christian
Published: September 2020

Anamnese und klinischer Befund Ein 78-jähriger Mann erkrankte Anfang April 2020 19 Tage nach einer Kreuzfahrt mit Schwäche, Husten und Fieber und wurde 4 Tage später mit zunehmender Luftnot vorstellig.

Untersuchung und Diagnose Bei Aufnahme bestanden subfebrile Temperaturen, Belastungsdyspnoe und rechtsbasale Rasselgeräusche. Das CRP war mäßig erhöht und die Sauerstoffsättigung gering reduziert. Im Thorax-CT fanden sich bilaterale Milchglasinfiltrate. Unmittelbar nach der Kreuzfahrt war ein nasopharyngealer Abstrich auf SARS-CoV-2 negativ.

Therapie und Verlauf In Kenntnis der Tatsache, dass die symptomfreie Ehefrau des Patienten unmittelbar nach Rückkehr von der Kreuzfahrt positiv auf SARS-CoV-2 getestet worden war, gingen wir von einer COVID-19-Erkrankung aus und hospitalisierten den Patienten. Zwei nasopharyngeale Abstriche und die Bronchiallavage ergaben negative Befunde für SARS-CoV-2, die Diagnose COVID-19 wurde letztlich serologisch verifiziert.

Folgerung Bei hochgradigem klinisch-anamnestischem Verdacht in Verbindung mit typischen Befunden der Thorax-Bildgebung sollte die Verdachtsdiagnose COVID-19 auch im Falle mehrfach negativer SARS-CoV-2-PCR aufrechterhalten bleiben. Die Serokonversion tritt einige Tage bis 2 Wochen nach Symptombeginn auf und kann im Verlauf zur endgültigen Diagnosesicherung genutzt werden.
‘Precision psychiatry’ needs to become part of ‘personalized psychiatry’
Authors: Giordano Giulia Maria , Pezzella Pasquale , Perrottelli Andrea , Galderisi Silvana
Published: September 2020

‘Precision medicine’ is defined as ‘an emerging approach for treatment and prevention that takes into account each person’s variability in genes, environment, and lifestyle’. Sometimes the term ‘personalized medicine’ is also used, either as a synonym or in a broader sense. In psychiatry, the term ‘personalized’ applies to different levels of health-care provision, such as the service organization and the choice of treatment plans based on the characterization of the individual patient. This approach is already feasible but, currently, it is often hampered by the shortage of human and financial resources. Recently, the terminology of ‘precision medicine’ has been extended to psychiatry: the term ‘precision psychiatry’ refers to the full exploitation of recent scientific and technological advances to achieve a close match between individual biosignature and prevention / treatment strategies. This article provides an overview of recent advances in neuroimaging, multi-omics and computational neuroscience, which have contributed to foster our understanding of the neurobiology of major mental disorders, and led to the implementation of a precision medicine-oriented approach in psychiatry.

We argue that, while ‘precision psychiatry’ represents an important step to further advance the effectiveness of the ‘personalized psychiatry’, the distinction between the two terms is important to avoid dangerous neglect of the current potential of personalized care in psychiatry and to underscore the need for disseminating good existing practices aimed at organizing mental health services and providing care according to person’s psychopathological characteristics, illness trajectory, needs, environment and preferences.

In conclusion, ‘precision psychiatry’ will contribute to advance ‘personalized psychiatry’, but for the time being keeping the distinction between the two terms will contribute to fully exploit the current potential of personalized care.
Wahnhafte Missidentifikation und gewalttätiges Verhalten – Risikoabschätzung und Management
Authors: Rentrop Michael , Sassenberg Stephan , Massold Ljudmyla , Hofmann Jeannette , Wolf Erik , Seidl Otmar , Huhn Maximilian , Schwerthöffer Dirk
Published: September 2020

Einleitung und Methode Anhand von 3 Kasuistiken werden der Zusammenhang zwischen Wahnhafter Missidentifikation (WM) und fremdaggressivem Verhalten dargestellt und sowohl präventive Maßnahmen als auch die Handhabung dadurch bedingter gewalttätiger Übergriffe diskutiert.

Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerung WM kann eine Ursache für fremdaggressives Verhalten von Patienten mit psychischen Erkrankungen sein und sowohl zu Gewalttätigkeit gegenüber nahen Bezugspersonen als auch gegenüber nicht vertrauten Menschen, wie z. B. Mitarbeitern psychiatrischer Einrichtungen, führen. Als eigenständiger Risikofaktor für fremdaggressives Verhalten sollte WM sowohl bei der stationär-psychiatrischen Aufnahme eines Patienten als auch im weiteren Verlauf exploriert werden. Außerdem könnte bei Patienten mit WM erwogen werden, mittels strukturierter Fragebögen weitere Risikofaktoren für aggressives Verhalten zu erfassen und ggf. präventive Sicherheitsmaßnahmen (z. B. Behandlung im Wachbereich, Medikation) durchzuführen.
Ultrasound Image Optimization (“Knobology”):
B-Mode
Authors: Zander David , Hüske Sebastian , Hoffmann Beatrice , Cui Xin-Wu , Dong Yi , Lim Adrian , Jenssen Christian , Löwe Axel , Koch Jonas B.H. , Dietrich Christoph F.
Published: September 2020

Ultrasound is a ubiquitous and indispensable diagnostic and therapeutic tool in
medicine. Due to modern equipment and automatic image optimization, the
introduction of ultrasound imaging currently requires only little technical and
physical knowledge. However, in-depth knowledge of the device functions and
underlying mechanisms is essential for optimal image adjustment and
documentation. From a medical as well as an aesthetic point of view, the goal
should always be to achieve the best possible image quality. The first part of
this article provides an overview of the handling of ultrasound systems,
fundamental adjustments, and their optimization in B-mode ultrasound.
Die Entwicklung der geschätzten Anzahl an Demenz erkrankter Menschen auf Kreisebene in Deutschland für 2030
Authors: Thyrian Jochen René , Stentzel Ulrike
Published: September 2020

Ziel der Studie Bis 2030 wächst die Anzahl an Demenz erkrankter Menschen (MmD) in Deutschland auf mehr als 2 Millionen. Ziel der Arbeit ist eine Prognose (a) der Anzahl an MmD in 10 Jahren, (b) der prozentualen Veränderung bis 2030, und (c) des Anteils an der Gesamtbevölkerung auf Kreisebene.

Methodik Für n = 401 Kreise wird die geschätzte Anzahl MmD im Jahr 2030, der Bevölkerungsanteil und die absolute und prozentuale Veränderung zwischen 2018 und 2030 berechnet und grafisch dargestellt.

Ergebnisse Im Jahre 2030 leben in Deutschland ca. 2 170 000 MmD über 65 Jahre. Die Entwicklung variiert stark zwischen Kreisen bis hin zu einer Zunahme um weit mehr als 50 %. Der Bevölkerungsanteil liegt bei 2,61 % bundesweit und je nach Kreis zwischen 1,75 % und 4,18 %.

Schlussfolgerungen Regionale Prognosen sind hilfreich, um frühzeitig und datenbasiert das Versorgungs- und Unterstützungssystem für das nächste Jahrzehnt zu planen. Die Bevölkerungsgruppe der MmD in allen Kreisen Deutschlands nimmt an Bedeutung zu.
Diagnostic Value of Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio and Mean Platelet Volume on Early Onset Neonatal Sepsis on Term Neonate
Authors: Karabulut Birol , Alatas Silem Ozdem
Published: September 2020

By setting out from increased neutrophil count, decreased lymphocyte count, and increased mean platelet volume (MPV), which is a result of the effect of inflammation on blood cells, we aimed to investigate whether neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLP) and MPV can be used as an auxiliary parameter for the diagnosis of early-onset neonatal sepsis (EOS). This study was conducted by analyzing term neonates with EOS and physiological jaundice who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of Izmir Katip Celebi University Ataturk Training and Research Hospital. A total of 63 neonate files were examined to include 30 term neonates with EOS, and 77 neonate files were examined to include 30 term neonates with physiological jaundice as a control group. NLR had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.891 for prediction of EOS. At a cut-off level of 1.42, NLR had a likelihood ratio (LR) of 5.5, sensitivity of 88%, a specificity of 84%, a positive predictive value (PPV) of 84.6%, and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 87.5%. MPV had an AUC of 0.666 for the prediction of EOS and at a cut-off level of 9.3 fL, MPV had an LR of 1.23, sensitivity of 84%, a specificity of 32%, a PPV of 55.2%, and an NPV of 66.6%. In conclusion, this study provides evidence that NLR and MPV can be used in addition to conventional parameters in the diagnosis of EOS.
Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations in Pediatric Patients with Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia: Re-evaluating Appearance, Bleeding Risk, and Treatment Necessity in a Selective Meta-analysis
Authors: Mueller Oliver , Kasper Ekkehard , Droege Freya , Goericke Sophia , Stein Klaus-Peter , Sure Ulrich
Published: September 2020

Pediatric patients suffering from cerebral nidal arteriovenous malformations are a unique population due to the rare occurrence of the disease. Diagnosis of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) in children is a rare event and mainly restricted to coincidental detection from screening of possibly afflicted family members. In patients with HHT, it is well known that the incidence of cerebral vascular malformations (CVMs) is higher than expected when compared with the nonafflicted population. Even though CVMs comprise a variety of different distinct anatomical and radiographic entities (e.g., capillary telangiectasia, nidal arteriovenous malformation [AVM], cavernous malformation, dural or pial as well as mixed fistula, and vein of Galen malformation), they are mostly summarized and analyzed all in one category due to the low number of individual cases identified in single centers. Nevertheless, the best treatment algorithm will likely vary significantly between different CVMs as does the clinical presentation and the natural course of the CVM. It is therefore the objective of this article to focus on nidal AVMs in pediatric patients suffering from HHT. To this end, we performed a systematic selective literature research to estimate incidence, clinical and radiological appearance, as well as classification according to established grading system, and to evaluate the necessity of treatment of these lesions in light of their respective outcomes. Our line of arguments explains why we recommend to follow these lesions expectantly and suggest to keep pediatric patients under surveillance with sequential scans until they reach adulthood.
Extensive Pelvic Plexiform Neurofibroma Presenting As Clitoromegaly in a 3-Year-Old Female: Presentation and Management with MEK Inhibitor
Authors: Waldner Richelle C. , Rojas-Vasquez Marta , Metcalfe Peter D. , Haqq Andrea M.
Published: September 2020

Plexiform neurofibroma (PN) involvement of the external genitalia in patients with neurofibromatosis type I (NF1) is a rare cause of nonhormonal clitoromegaly. We present a 3-year-old female with known NF1 who presented with clitoromegaly. She was identified with an extensive pelvic mass involving the bladder wall, perineum, labia, clitoris, rectum, and sacral foramina. A partial cystectomy was performed, and histopathology was consistent with PN. She has been initiated on a mitogen activated protein kinase enzyme kinase inhibitor, trametinib, which has been effective in achieving partial radiographic response of the bladder mass over 5 months. Additionally, she has experienced clinical response to trematinib with resolution of urinary urgency and frequency since initiating treatment.
A Novel SETBP1 Gene Disruption by a De Novo Balanced Translocation in a Patient with Speech Impairment, Intellectual, and Behavioral Disorder
Authors: Vrkić Boban Ivona , Sekiguchi Futoshi , Lozić Mirela , Miyake Noriko , Matsumoto Naomichi , Lozić Bernarda
Published: September 2020

Balanced chromosomal abnormalities (BCAs) can disrupt gene function resulting in disease. To date, BCA disrupting the SET binding protein 1 (SETBP1) gene has not been reported. On the other hand, de novo heterozygous variants in the highly conserved 11-bp region in SETBP1 can result in the Schinzel–Giedion syndrome. This condition is characterized by severe intellectual disability, a characteristic face, and multiple-system anomalies. Further other types of mutations involving SETBP1 are associated with a different phenotype, mental retardation, autosomal dominant 29 (MRD29), which has mild dysmorphic features, developmental delay, and behavioral disorders. Here we report a male patient who has moderate intellectual disability, mild behavioral difficulties, and severe expressive speech impairment resulting from a de novo balanced chromosome translocation, t(12;18)(q22;q12.3). By whole genome sequencing, we determined the breakpoints at the nucleotide level. The 18q12.3 breakpoint was located between exons 2 and 3 of SETBP1. Phenotypic features of our patient are compatible with those with MRD29. This is the first reported BCA disrupting SETBP1.
Treatment Effects of the Herbst Appliance in Class II Malocclusion Patients after the Growth Peak
Authors: Cançado Rodrigo Hermont , Janson Guilherme , Tompson Bryan , Alvares José Carlos de Castro , Valarelli Fabrício Pinelli , Freitas Karina Maria  Salvatore
Published: September 2020

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate dentoskeletal changes in the treatment of Class II malocclusion with the Herbst Cantilever Bite Jumper (CBJ) appliance, associated with multibracket appliances after the growth peak, at pretreatment.

Materials and Methods  A sample of 37 individuals was divided into two groups: the experimental group comprised 16 patients treated consecutively for a mean period of 2.52 years with the Herbst CBJ appliance associated with multibracket appliances. A total of 21 subjects (10 males and 11 females) with Class II malocclusion and mean age at T1 of 16.08 years were followed for a mean period of 2.12 years composed the control group. Comparisons between the two groups were performed using initial and final lateral cephalograms. Comparisons between experimental and control groups at pretreatment and of the treatment changes were performed by Mann–Whitney or independent t-tests.

Results Experimental group exhibited a significantly greater labial inclination of the mandibular incisors in comparison to the control group. Additionally, significantly greater corrections in overbite, overjet, and molar relationship were observed in the experimental than in the control groups.

Conclusion The effects of the Herbst CBJ appliance, associated with fixed appliances after the growth peak in Class II malocclusion treatment are correction in molar relationship toward a Class I relationship, decrease of the overjet, decrease of the overbite, and mandibular incisors labial inclination.
The Ideal Microsurgery Fellowship: A Survey of Fellows and Fellowship Directors
Authors: Reghunathan Meera , Zaldana-Flynn Michelle , Rose John , Crisera Christopher A. , Reid Chris M.
Published: September 2020

Background Although microsurgery fellowships have existed since the 1980s, there is no established curriculum. Microsurgery fellowships vary greatly in clinical caseload, case diversity, and training resources, and there is no consensus on the appropriate composition of a microsurgery fellowship. This study surveys fellowship directors (FD) and recent microsurgery fellows (MFs), graduates, to describe the ideal microsurgery fellowship program.

Methods A 15-item questionnaire was sent to 38 FDs and 90 recent microsurgery fellowship graduates. This questionnaire addressed program attributes, case volumes and compositions, ideal experiences, and time allocation to different fellowship experiences. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-tests, and Chi-squared tests.

Results The FD and MF surveys had a response rate of 47 and 49%, respectively. Both MF and FD agreed that exposure to microsurgical breast reconstruction is the most important characteristic of a microsurgery fellowship (p = 0.94). MF ranked replantation and supermicro/lymphatic surgery as the next most important microsurgical cases, while FD ranked the anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap and free fibula flap (p < 0.001). Both agreed that revisional surgery after microsurgical reconstruction is a very valuable fellowship experience (p = 0.679). Both agreed that 1 day of clinic a week is sufficient.

Conclusion Microsurgical training programs vary in quality and resources. The ideal microsurgery fellowship prioritized breast reconstruction, head and neck reconstruction, and lower extremity reconstruction. Although microsurgical technical expertise is important, a fellowship should also train in revisional surgeries and clinical decision making.
Blue Cone Monochromatism: A Case Report with Opsoclonus and Light Exposure
Authors: Llorente-La-Orden Carlos , Burgos-Blasco Bárbara , Domingo-Gordo Blanca , Hernández-García Elena , Gómez-de-Liaño Rosario
Published: September 2020

Blue cone monochromatism (BCM) is a rare X-linked congenital vision disorder that is characterized by a cone dysfunction. We present a case of a 3-year-old boy referred to our department with abnormal eye movements since birth, impaired vision, and difficulties in distinguishing colors. A tendency to stare at the sun was noted. Examination revealed severe loss of visual acuity, high myopia, and opsoclonus. A mutation screening of OPN1LW/OPN1MW gene cluster was performed showing a nucleotide substitution encoding a Cys203Arg (C203R) missense mutation. The diagnosis of BCM in this case was clear and the patient harbored the most frequent genetic alteration. Opsoclonus and continued voluntary light exposure are novel features that have not been previously reported in BCM.
Complete and robust light transfer in three-waveguide coupler by shortcut to adiabaticity
Authors: Huang Wei , Chen Yun , Qu Xiaowei , Yin Shan , Shi Xintong , Xiong Xianming , Zhang Wentao , Qin Zujun , Zhang Yuting
Published: September 2020

A novel design for complete transfer and robust three-waveguide coupler is presented in this paper, which employs shortcut to adiabaticity (STA) based on stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP). Most recently, some remarkable papers on STA of STIRAP [Phys. Rev. A 94(6), 063411 (2016) and Nat. Comm. 7, 12479 (2016)] have been proposed in both theoretical and experimental configurations. In this paper, we propose to design a novel three-waveguide coupler by employing STA based on STIRAP, which can achieve much shorter device length and also maintain the robust performance against perturbations on device geometry parameters compared to previous devices. This finding significantly improves the performance and fabrication of integrated optical devices to build up more compactable devices.
Adsorption mechanism of methyl blue onto magnetic Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 nanoparticles synthesized via the nitrate-alcohol solution combustion process
Authors: Deng Peng , Liu Min , Lv Zhixiang
Published: September 2020

Magnetic Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 nanoparticles were synthesized via the facile nitrate-alcohol solution combustion process, and they were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and x-ray diffraction and using a vibrating sample magnetometer. Magnetic Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 nanoparticles with an average particle size of around 90 nm and a saturation magnetization (MS) of 9.8 A m2/kg were employed to adsorb methyl blue (MB) from an aqueous medium. The study of magnetic Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 nanoparticles for MB adsorption at room temperature was performed, and the experimental data related to the adsorption of MB showed that the adsorption performance followed the pseudo-second kinetics model. When the initial concentration of MB was 400 mg l−1, the adsorption capacity of MB onto Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 nanoparticles reached 98.5 mg l−1. The Temkin isotherm matched well with the adsorption process owing to the values of the square deviations (R2 = 0.99), which suggested that the mechanism of Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 nanoparticles for MB adsorption followed the adsorption behavior of monolayer and multilayer. The adsorbance value was high when the pH value exceeded 5, and the adsorbance amounted to 65% of the initial one via eight recycles.
Nonlinear flexural response of a suspended Au nanobeam structure undergoing an electromigration-lead breakdown
Authors: Kang Seokwon , Park Seondo , Park Yun Daniel
Published: September 2020

The nonlinear resonance response of electromechanical structures, such as Duffing resonators, can discern both geometrical and internal anomalies, such as the “softening” response attributed to deviations from an ideal parallel plane for the former and the “hardening” response attributed to internal strains for the latter. Herein, we study the evolution of the nonlinear resonance response of a suspended Au nanobeam structure undergoing a mechanical breakdown due to an electromigration-lead process. Nanogaps are formed by utilizing a feedback-controlled electromigration technique while simultaneously electrostatically driving the free-standing beam. The morphological evolution of the metallic nanobeam structures is further ascertained between feedback iterations by a scanning electron microscopy. We detect a rich nonlinear response when changing from softening to hardening, and vice versa, before the ultimate mechanical breakdown.
Role of deflection magnetic field in hydrogen ionic plasma formation
Authors: Oohara W. , Kaji T. , Hirose K. , Fujii M. , Watano R. , Watai M. , Hiraoka Y. , Yoshida M.
Published: September 2020

In this study, hydrogen electron plasma is irradiated on an aluminum plate, and negative hydrogen ions are produced on the plate surface. Hydrogen ionic plasma is maintained near the surface, where a deflection magnetic field is applied using a pair of magnets in the vicinity of the surface. When no magnetic field is applied, ionic plasma is not formed. The interface position between the ionic and the electron plasma depends on the quantity of negative ions produced and the deflection magnetic flux density. The deflection magnetic field that controls the electron flux toward the surface, while maintaining quasi-neutrality, is indispensable for the formation of ionic plasma.
Enhancement of the switchable diode effect by the surface hydroxylation of ferroelectric oxide thin films
Authors: Li Tong , Yang Ying , Zhang Yuelin , Pei Minghui , Yang Yuben , Tian Yu , Wu Junsheng , Zhou Yanwen , Zhu Hui
Published: September 2020

The diode behavior of ferroelectric materials was shown to be enhanced using aqueous solution treatment of their surface. The electric current increased for both BaTiO3 and BiFeO3 nano-films after being treated with aqueous solution as compared with their as-grown films. The hydroxyl groups were confirmed to be successfully bonded on the surface, which increased the concentration of oxygen vacancies near the film surface. The rectifying diode effect can be associated with the polarization direction and the movement and redistribution of oxygen vacancies within the ferroelectric thin films. Further the enhanced diode effect for the hydroxylated film was attributed to the increased oxygen vacancies near the top electrode/film interface. The reported finding helps us understand the role of water as the most common polar molecule in the atmosphere on the ferroelectric materials that exist in many industrial devices. This will provide a low-cost strategy for improving the performance of resistive memory.
Cold-atom lattice bends topological rules
Authors: Miller Johanna L.
Published: September 2020

In a periodically driven system, exotic phases can form that have no static counterparts.
An Alaskan volcano, climate change, and the history of ancient Rome
Authors: Wilson R. Mark
Published: September 2020

In the first century BCE, political instability set the Roman Republic on edge. Researchers have found evidence of an eruption that may have catalyzed the republic’s end.
Juno at Jupiter
Authors: Stevenson David
Published: September 2020

A NASA spacecraft in orbit around Jupiter is yielding new and surprising information about our solar system’s dominant planet.
Satellite and telecommunication alert system for foot-hold trapping
Authors: Meek Paul D. , Ballard Guy , Milne Heath , Croft Simon , Lawson Geoff , Fleming Peter J. S.
Published: September 2020

Abstract ContextImproving the welfare outcomes for captured animals is critically important and should underpin ‘best-practice’ trapping. Most Australian States and Territories have regulations and guidelines that form a legal framework for the maximum number of hours an animal can be restrained in a trap. Because servicing all traps within preferred time frames (less than 24h) can be logistically difficult or is considered undesirable for efficacy reasons, some jurisdictions have adopted relatively long trap-checking intervals (up to 72 h). AimsWe developed and tested the signal transmission and alert efficacy of a foot hold-trap alert system, based on Celium technology, so as to advise trappers of the activation of individual foot-hold traps, even in remote locations. MethodsWe refined the Celium trap-alert system and designed a below-ground wireless node that transmits a message via satellite or by using the cellular system when a foot-hold trap is sprung. We tested signal transmission and alert efficacy in three locations, with a focus in Australia. Key resultsTransmission of signals from nodes to hubs and to a smart-phone application were used to resolve interference problems and to identify signal limitations and strengths. During the capture of 34 dingoes, 91% of captures resulted in an alert being received. False negatives were attributed to technical issues with nearby transmitters swamping signals, and software problems that have since been resolved. In 40 captures of dogs and foxes, only one trap-alert transmitter (mole) was uncovered by a target animal and no devices were damaged by animals post-capture. ConclusionsThis cable-less trap-alert system successfully uses both cellular and satellite networks to transmit messages from desert and coastal locations to trappers, in Australia. We confirmed that this trap-alert system is not detected by target predators in the areas tested and can be effectively used to alert trappers when traps have been sprung. ImplicationsThis trap-alert system provides a tool to improve welfare outcomes for trapped target and non-target animals through Australia and New Zealand and wherever trapping occurs. It, furthermore, provides a solution to checking traps daily when the distance to and between traps cannot be covered within an appropriate time frame. Although trap alerts can never replace the value of daily trap checking by the trapper, they provide a solution to a management problem, namely, one of accessibility to sites.
The cultural Cold War in the Middle East
Authors: Haddadian-Moghaddam Esmaeil
Published: September 2020

William Faulkner is an interesting case for the history of American cultural diplomacy. Although the State Department hailed him as a Cold War warrior, it had difficulty sponsoring his “modernist” novels in a book program that promoted American ideals during the Cold War. In this article I examine how the Franklin Book Programs arranged for some of Faulkner’s novels to be translated into Arabic and Persian by using sources from the Program’s archive and an interview with a former Franklin editor. The analysis is framed by Faulkner’s rise in status from a marginal to a major world writer. I also assess the cultural forces that led to his inclusion in Franklin’s list of publications. The analysis reveals a tension between American idealism and Cold War imperatives, further challenging the propagandist reading of the program and calling for a more nuanced understanding of the dynamics of the cultural Cold War in the region.
The Relationship between Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Community Pharmacists Regarding Persons with Substance use Disorders
Authors: Rao Deepika , Giannetti Vincent , Kamal Khalid M. , Covvey Jordan R. , Tomko John R.
Published: September 2020

Background

Community pharmacists can play a meaningful role in identification and treatment of substance use disorders (SUD). However, inadequate disease knowledge and negative attitudes are known barriers. The relationship between knowledge, attitudes, and practice of pharmacists regarding persons with SUD has not been evaluated comprehensively in the United States. The objective of the study was to assess knowledge of community pharmacists regarding medications for SUD and evaluate their attitudes, levels of stigma, and clinical practices in SUD.

Methods

A questionnaire was developed to assess practices, knowledge, screening services, and attitudes toward harm reduction strategies and treatment. A standardized measure of stigma was included along with demographics. A cross-sectional electronic survey was conducted in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia among a non-probability sample of community pharmacists working for a retail pharmacy chain (n = 910) and a local alumni network ( n = 50). Scores were calculated for each factor and descriptive analyses, mean differences ( t-tests and ANOVA), correlations with demographics and practice characteristics were performed. Linear and ordinal regressions were utilized to predict knowledge, practice, screening, and stigma scores.

Results

A total of 134 responses (response rate 13.9%) were collected. On average, the pharmacists were 38 years old, had worked for 15 years, primarily full-time with practice locations in suburban settings. Only 53% reported they received SUD education in pharmacy school. Pharmacists received a mean score of 5.5 and 3.5 out of eight and seven on knowledge and practice scales, respectively. Pharmacists overall had slightly stigmatizing and negative attitudes, with higher stigma significantly related to performing lesser services and considering screenings as important. Number of years worked significantly predicted knowledge and screening.

Conclusion

Relationships between knowledge, attitudes, and practices indicate a need for experiential education that includes psychosocial aspects of care with increased opportunities for practice.
Truth in Fiction, Underdetermination, and the Experience of Actuality
Authors: Bowker Mark
Published: September 2020

It seems true to say that Sherlock Holmes is a detective, despite there being no Sherlock Holmes. When asked to explain this fact, philosophers of language often opt for some version of Lewis’s view that sentences like ‘Sherlock Holmes is a detective’ may be taken as abbreviations for sentences prefixed with ‘In the Sherlock Holmes stories …’. I present two problems for this view. First, I provide reason to deny that these sentences are abbreviations. In short, these sentences have aesthetic properties that we should not expect of abbreviations. Second, I argue that the apparent truth of these sentences would not be explained even if they were abbreviations. An alternative is presented that avoids these problems. Following Walton, talk about fiction is viewed as a game of make-believe; following Lewis, interpretations of fiction are modelled using possible worlds.
Field Evaluation of the Ultrasonic Personal Aerosol Sampler (UPAS) for Respirable Dust Exposure in a Taconite Mine
Authors: Afshar-Mohajer Nima , Foos Rebecca , Ramachandran Gurumurthy , Volckens John
Published: September 2020

Exposure to respirable dust (RD; the mass fraction of inhaled particles that penetrate to the unciliated airways) is a major health concern in a variety of workplaces. While the estimation of personal exposure is an essential step in protecting worker health from aerosol hazards, the traditional method for assessing personal exposure to RD, suggested by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH method 0600), requires equipment that is heavy, bulky, noisy, and has the need of frequent calibration. The ultrasonic personal aerosol sampler (UPAS) is a new personal sampling technology designed to address some of these drawbacks associated with traditional sampling methods. In this study, we field tested and evaluated the performance of the UPAS for assessing worker exposure to RD in a taconite mine. Mineworkers (n = 39) from various job categories were recruited to wear both UPAS and NIOSH 0600 samplers on a work vest to estimate time-weighted exposure to RD. A strong linear relationship was observed (NIOSH method 0600 = 1.06 (UPAS) −9.22 µg m–3, r2 of 0.72, and Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.854). None of the workers were exposed to a RD concentration above the Occupational Safety and Health Administration permissible exposure limit (5 mg m–3). A Bland–Altman analysis revealed that 72% of the valid UPAS samples agreed within ±25% of the traditional method mean. The impact of job category on the correlation of the methods was not statistically significant. This work suggests that the UPAS may present a viable alternative for assessing personal exposure to RD in the workplace.
Why Do Friends Have Similar Educational Expectations? Separating Influence and Selection Effects
Authors: Kretschmer David , Roth Tobias
Published: September 2020

The influence of friends in shaping students’ educational expectations has received considerable theoretical and empirical attention in past research. However, few studies have directly tackled the methodological problems associated with estimating such influence effects. In particular, the separation of selection effects—with students selecting friends with similar educational expectations—from influence effects has remained elusive. In this study, we therefore investigate whether friend influence persists once we account for selection effects and other confounding network-related processes. In addition, we quantify the contribution of selection and influence to the similarity of educational expectations among friends. We rely on two-wave longitudinal data on 1,821 German secondary school students in 77 classrooms and multilevel random-coefficients stochastic actor-oriented models for the coevolution of networks and behaviour. Our results demonstrate that both selection and influence contribute to expectation-based similarity and that selection effects are substantial. This shows that without explicitly accounting for selection, estimates of friend influence effects are likely to be biased.
The Evolution of the Mammalian ABCA6-like Genes: Analysis of Phylogenetic, Expression, and Population Genetic Data Reveals Complex Evolutionary Histories
Authors: Breuss Martin W , Mamerto Allen , Renner Tanya , Waters Elizabeth R
Published: September 2020

ABC membrane transporters are a large and complex superfamily of ATP-binding cassette transporters that are present in all domains of life. Both their essential function and complexity are reflected by their retention across large expanses of organismal diversity and by the extensive expansion of individual members and subfamilies during evolutionary history. This expansion has resulted in the diverse ABCA transporter family that has in turn evolved into multiple subfamilies. Here, we focus on the ABCA6-like subfamily of ABCA transporters with the goal of understanding their evolutionary history including potential functional changes in, or loss of, individual members. Our analysis finds that ABCA6-like genes, consisting of ABCA6, 8, 9, and 10, are absent from representatives of both monotremes and marsupials and thus the duplications that generated these families most likely occurred at the base of the Eutherian or placental mammals. We have found evidence of both positive and relaxed selection among the ABCA6-like genes, suggesting dynamic changes in function and the potential of gene redundancy. Analysis of the ABCA10 genes further suggests that this gene has undergone relaxed selection only within the human lineage. These findings are complemented by human population data, where we observe an excess of deactivating homozygous mutations. We describe the complex evolutionary history of this ABCA transporter subfamily and demonstrate through the combination of evolutionary and population genetic analysis that ABCA10 is undergoing pseudogenization within humans.
Marleasing SA v La Comercial Internacional de Alimentación SA (Case C-106/89), EU:C:1990:395, [1990] ECR I-4135, 13 November 1990
Authors: O'Meara Noreen
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: EU Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Marleasing SA v La Comercial Internacional de Alimentación SA (Case C-106/89), EU:C:1990:395, [1990] ECR I-4135, 13 November 1990. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Noreen O'Meara.
Germany v Parliament and Council (‘Tobacco Advertising I’) (Case C-376/98), EU:C:2000:544, [2000] ECR I-8419, 5 October 2000
Authors: O'Meara Noreen
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: EU Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Germany v Parliament and Council (‘Tobacco Advertising I’) (Case C-376/98), EU:C:2000:544, [2000] ECR I-8419, 5 October 2000. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Noreen O'Meara.
Plaumann v Commission (Case 25/62), EU:C:1963:17, [1963] ECR 95, 15 July 1963
Authors: O'Meara Noreen
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: EU Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Plaumann v Commission (Case 25/62), EU:C:1963:17, [1963] ECR 95, 15 July 1963. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Noreen O'Meara.
Andrea Francovich and Danila Bonifaci and others v Italian Republic (Joined cases C-6/90 and C-9/90), EU:C:1991:428, [1991] ECR I-5357, 19 November 1991
Authors: O'Meara Noreen
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: EU Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Andrea Francovich and Danila Bonifaci and others v Italian Republic (Joined cases C-6/90 and C-9/90), EU:C:1991:428, [1991] ECR I-5357, 19 November 1991. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Noreen O'Meara.
Gerhard Köbler v Republik Österreich (Case C-224/01), EU:C:2003:513, [2003] ECR I-10239, 30 September 2003
Authors: O'Meara Noreen
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: EU Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Gerhard Köbler v Republik Österreich (Case C-224/01), EU:C:2003:513, [2003] ECR I-10239, 30 September 2003. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Noreen O'Meara.
Van Duyn v Home Office (Case 41/74), EU:C:1974:133, [1974] ECR 1337, 4 December 1974
Authors: O'Meara Noreen
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: EU Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Van Duyn v Home Office (Case 41/74), EU:C:1974:133, [1974] ECR 1337, 4 December 1974. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Noreen O'Meara.
Yvonne Watts v Bedford Primary Care Trust (Case C-372/04), EU:C:2006:325, [2006] ECR I-4325, 16 May 2006
Authors: O'Meara Noreen
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: EU Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Yvonne Watts v Bedford Primary Care Trust (Case C-372/04), EU:C:2006:325, [2006] ECR I-4325, 16 May 2006. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Noreen O'Meara.
Blaise Baheten Metock and others v Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform (Case C-127/08), EU:C:2008:449, [2008] ECR I-6241, 25 July 2008
Authors: O'Meara Noreen
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: EU Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Blaise Baheten Metock and others v Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform (Case C-127/08), EU:C:2008:449, [2008] ECR I-6241, 25 July 2008. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Noreen O'Meara.
Kunqian Catherine Zhu and Man Lavette Chen v Secretary of State for the Home Department (Case C-200/02), EU:C:2004:639, [2004] ECR I-9925, 19 October 2004
Authors: O'Meara Noreen
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: EU Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Kunqian Catherine Zhu and Man Lavette Chen v Secretary of State for the Home Department (Case C-200/02), EU:C:2004:639, [2004] ECR I-9925, 19 October 2004. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Noreen O'Meara.
Janko Rottmann v Freistaadt Bayern (Case C-135/08), EU:C:2010:104, [2010] ECR I-1449, 2 March 2010
Authors: O'Meara Noreen
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: EU Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Janko Rottmann v Freistaadt Bayern (Case C-135/08), EU:C:2010:104, [2010] ECR I-1449, 2 March 2010. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Noreen O'Meara.
Pitt v Holt, Futter v Futter [2013] UKSC 26, Supreme Court
Authors: Whayman Derek
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Equity & Trusts provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Pitt v Holt, Futter v Futter [2013] UKSC 26, Supreme Court. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Derek Whayman.
EU Law in the UK
Authors: de Mars Sylvia
Published: September 2020

EU Law in the UK tackles this subject with a post-Brexit perspective. It has a contextual approach, aiming to present the topic in a fresh and relatable way. Topics covered include the history of the EU from 1972 to the present day, the EU institutions, decision making and democracy, EU legislative powers, and the limits to those powers. The text also looks at the relations between EU and national law, domestic law, and enforcing EU law. It also considers the internal (or common, or single) market, the free movement of goods and workers, EU citizenship, and the free movement of services. Competition law is also touched upon. Finally, the text looks towards the future and considers how the UK can negotiate a future relationship with the EU.
8. Transborder data flows
Authors: Lloyd Ian J.
Published: September 2020

The Internet has created a global network whereby data may be processed and transferred on a global basis. The practice of transborder data flows creates significant challenges for national laws and their enforcement and the desire to exert a degree of control over these has formed a significant component within data protection laws. The European Union has applied the basic rule that transfers will automatically be permitted only to countries that provide an “adequate” level of protection. Determination what is adequate is a complex task and a variety of other rules may also apply, especially those concerning data flows to or from the United States which applies a different model of protection to that pertaining in Europe.