bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of habitat and sex on biological indicators and blood biochemistry ofAndinoacararivulatusin the province Los Ríos - Ecuador
Authors: Méndez-Martínez Yuniel , Cevallos-Chevez Mariuxi , Torres-Navarrete Yenny , Cortés-Jacinto Edilmar , Ramírez-de la Ribera Jorge
Published: February 2022

The effect of the habitat and sex on biological indicators and blood biochemistry of Andinoacara rivulatus in the province of Los Ríos - Ecuador was evaluated. Were captured 60 specimens for each zone (180 total), the eight of the animals, length, thickness of the head, tail and the factor were evaluated. Blood glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride indicators were determined. A completely randomized design was used with factorial arrangement (three x two), three habitats and two sexes. A double classification analysis of variance was applied considering the habitat and sex as sources of variation. The results showed the highest morphometric values for males and varied with the habitat, except in the body indices, what were the females. The functional relationship between length and weight was established using quadratic regression equations, with greater significance for males with r2 greater than 0.70. No interaction between zones and sex was shown for the blood indicators studied. The results showed interaction between the habitat locations and sex for the different morphometric indicators evaluated. The biochemical indicators of the blood were conditioned by the habitat.
Multimodal transport - risk and environment
Authors: Ștefаnov O , Аgаpe А. G , Nita C. M , Bocanete P , Jalan V
Published: February 2022

The risks of multimodal transport depend on both stochastic parameters - application of the probability calculation to the results obtained by statistics, and uncertain parameters - difficult to determine. The use of a mathematical model requires a careful analysis of all the risks assigned to the multimodal transport chain, possible overload options and the consideration of the whole spectrum of control activities. The mathematical model must be able to sustain changes over time at a certain stage in order to provide options for reducing the overall risk, to capitalize on it, in particular when choosing other routes and types of transport.
Mamíferos de la Reserva Rogitama Biodiversidad: un hogar en rehabilitación en la Cordillera Oriental de Colombia
Authors: Medina Wilderson , Chavarro-Tulcán Ginette-Isabel , Chavarro Roberto , Sánchez Francisco
Published: February 2022

En los Andes orientales de Colombia, amplias áreas de robledales han sido históricamente reemplazadas por cultivos o ganadería. Algunos propietarios privados, al ver las consecuencias de la pérdida de recursos naturales después de eventos de deforestación, han decidido convertir sus predios en reservas naturales privadas. Una de estas áreas es Rogitama Biodiversidad, la cual se encuentra en procesos de rehabilitación ecológica mientras brinda espacios para la investigación científica, la recreación y mantiene bajos niveles de explotación agropecuaria. Dado que los mamíferos son sensibles a cambios en las coberturas vegetales, estudiamos su composición como indicador de casi 40 años de procesos de rehabilitación en Rogitama. Encontramos 22 especies de mamíferos, en su mayoría murciélagos y roedores. Estos resultados reflejan valores de riqueza semejantes a los de otras localidades menos intervenidas de la Cordillera Oriental, lo que sugiere avances en la recuperación de la funcionalidad ecosistémica en Rogitama. Consideramos que Rogitama debe tomarse como un ejemplo o punto de referencia para otras reservas de la sociedad civil de los Andes de tal manera que se acelere la recuperación vegetal en otros lugares y así facilitar el regreso de mamíferos y otros grupos silvestres a áreas que han sufrido procesos de defaunación.
Observaciones sobre el cuidado parental de Rhipidomys fulviventer (Rodentia: Cricetidae) en Santa Bárbara, Santander, Colombia
Authors: Villamizar Angela , Sánchez Jefferson , Vargas-Ramírez Laura C.
Published: February 2022

El cuidado parental en pequeños roedores silvestres ha sido documentado principalmente bajo condiciones de laboratorio, existiendo un vacío de conocimiento sobre este aspecto en su medio natural para la mayoría de las especies. Al ser un rasgo comportamental importante para la supervivencia de las especies, se describe un caso de cuidado parental in situ en el roedor Rhipidomys fulviventer. Se observó un comportamiento natural de cuidado por parte de la madre hacia sus crías justo después del parto al interior de una trampa Sherman. Este es el primer reporte de cuidado parental postnatal inmediato de esta especie.
Таомланишга доир мулоҳазалар ва унинг аҳамияти
Authors: Файзуллаева Мавлюда
Published: February 2022

Бугунги кунда бутун дунёда антропология оламида фаол тадқиқот қилинаётган мавзулардан бири таомланиш маданиятидир. Мақолада таомларнинг анъанавий тарзда этнографик тавсифланишидан тортиб, бугунги кундаги гуманитар, ижтимоий, табиий соҳаларнинг қарашлари билан боғлиқ замонавий комплекс йўналишда ёритишга ҳаракат қилинган. Миллий ошхона ҳар доим классик этнографиянинг бетакрор тадқиқот объекти бўлиб келган ва шундай бўлиб қолади.
Тажрибавий остеомиелитда иммун тизим ҳужайралари ўзгаришларининг хусусиятлари
Authors: Эргашев Вали
Published: February 2022

Тажрибавий ўткир остеомиелитларнинг лаборатория ҳайвонларида олиб борилган иммунологик ва микробиологик тадқиқотлар натижасида ўткир остеомелит кечишининг иммун тизими марказий аъзолари - тимус ва суяк кўмиги, шунингдек, ичак лимфатик тугунлари ҳужайралари миқдори ва унинг ядро сақловчи ҳужайралар  антиген стимулидаги  ўзгаришлари ҳамда иммун тизим ҳужайралари миқдорий ўзгаришлари интенсивлиги касаллик кечиши динамикасида ўрганилди. Тажрибада ўрганиш натижалари келтирилган ушбу кўрсаткичдан тажрибавий ўткир остеомиелитларнинг лаборатория ҳайвонлари иммун тизими миқдорий ва сифатий кўрсаткичларига таъсир даражасини ўрганиш кулай эканлиги исботланган, олинган натижалар илмий-тадқиқот ишларини бажариш ва натижаларини таҳлил этишда фойдаланиш учун тавсия этилди.
Этнография ва антропологияда таом ва таомланиш масаласи
Authors: Файзуллаева Мавлюда
Published: February 2022

Мақолада таомланиш антропологияси  замонавий этнологлар, ижтимоий ва маданий антропологлар томонидан динамик тарзда тадқиқ этиб борилаётгани ҳақида замонавий қарашлар ёритилган.
Давлат бюджети устидан парламент назорати соҳасидаги айрим муаммоларнинг қонунчиликдаги таҳлили
Authors: Юсупов Сардорбек
Published: February 2022

Мақолада Ўзбекистон Республикасида бюджет жараёнининг ижро этилишида Ўзбекистон Республикаси Олий Мажлис Қонунчилик Палатаси ва Сенатга берилган ваколатларнинг қонунчилик таҳлили келтирилиб, бунда парламент томонидан бюджет ижросининг назорат қилиниши шакллари, депутатлар ва сенаторларнинг ушбу назорат жараёнларидаги иштироки масалалари келтирилган. Ундан ташқари, бюджет ижроси жараёнида вужудга келаётган муаммолар ўрганилиб, ушбу муаммоларни бартараф этиш юзасидан қонунчиликка депутатлар ва сенаторларнинг парламент назорати субъектлари сифатида давлат ва бошқарув органларига сўров юбориш тартиби юзасидан қонунчиликка таклифлар асослантирилган.
Перспективные методы преподавания в высших учебных заведениях
Authors: Пардабоев Уткир
Published: February 2022

Статья посвящена проблеме применения современных перспективных методов обучения в образовании. В статье проведен сопоставительный анализ применения различных методов при обучении студентов. По результатам исследования приведены результаты сопоставительного анализа результатов уровня знаний студентов при использовании инновационных методов обучения. Согласно, полученным результатам приведены предложения по использованию инновационных методов обучения при организации образовательного процесса.
The role of independent education in teaching physics
Authors: Turaev Shukhratjon
Published: February 2022

In this article, the student's independent work is considered, which is an integral part of the curriculum. Specific work plans and research, for the study of a certain subject. The organization of independent work of a student at the initial stage of training involves the performance of a number of tasks. Therefore, every professor - teacher should first of all instill confidence in the student. To feel your approach and methods in solving a particular scientific problem. Steadfastness and confidence in their abilities and mental abilities. Teach them to patiently, systematically organize the acquisition of independent knowledge. The article analyzes the essence, goals and objectives of independent education, as well as the role of independent education in improving the quality of education.
Influence of “thematic parks” to the development of tourism in Uzbekistan
Authors: Mannopova Nilufar , Abdusamatov Sardor , Boymurodov Shakhboz , Ismoilov Abdulla , Mamatquziyev Begijon
Published: February 2022

Fairs in medieval Europe (for example, St. Bartholomew's Fair, founded in 1543 in London), were one of the origins of modern amusement parks. Ever since the Elizabethan era, fairs have become centers of fun for people with entertainment, food, games. They have become the natural birthplace of various forms of fun entertainment. Since 1810, Oktoberfest in Germany has become not only a beer festival, but also a place of folk festivals. For example, the structure of water parks is becoming more and more relevant, which has so far received little attention. This article analyzes and examines the possible impact of "Theme Parks" in Uzbekistan. The development of not only local tourism in the country, but also in the cities of neighboring republics is studied on the example of water parks. The authors have placed questionnaires in student dormitories and hotels in the capital of Uzbekistan.
Jamoaviy munosabatlarda liderlik sifatlarini shakllantirish
Authors: Yarmanova Yulduz
Published: February 2022

Ushbu maqolada jamoaviy munosabatlarda liderlik sifatlarini shakllantirishning mazmuni haqida ma’lumotlar keltirib o‘tilgan. Shuningdek, shaxslararo munosabatlar tizimi haqida ham fikr yuritilgan.
Кўп тармоқли фермер хўжаликлари фаолиятини ташкил қилишнинг ҳуқуқий асослари таҳлили
Authors: Тўхташев Ҳикматилла
Published: February 2022

Ушбу мақолада фермер хўжаликлари фаолиятини кўп тармоқли фаолиятга айлантиришга оид норматив-ҳуқуқий ҳужжатлар билан бир қаторда  ҳуқуқшунос ва иқтисодчи олимлар фикрлари ўрганилган. Мақолада кўп тармоқли фермер хўжаликлари тушунчаси илмий-назарий жиҳатдан таҳлил қилиниб, ундаги мавжуд муаммо ва камчиликлар юзасидан танқидий таҳлил асосида ечим беришга ҳаракат қилинган. Шунингдек, кўп тармоқли фермер хўжаликларининг фаолият йўналишлари ва қонуний ривожланиш босқичлари ҳам ўрганилган бўлиб, шу асосда кўп тармоқли фермер хўжаликларини ташкил қилишда қонунчиликдаги ўзгаришлар ва уларга қўлланиладиган имтиёзлар тизими ёритилган. Бундан ташқари, кўп тармоқли фермер хўжаликларининг ердан фойдаланиш соҳасидаги муаммолар ва уларнинг ечими юзасидан фикр юритилган. Таҳлил қилинган қонун ҳужжатлари ва илмий-назарий қарашлар ҳамда қиёсий таҳлил натижалари асосида мамалакатимизда кўп тармоқли фермер хўжаликлари фаолиятини тартибга солишга қаратилган норматив ҳужжатларни такомиллаштириш юзасидан таклиф ва тавсиялар беришга ҳаракат қилинган.
Иқтисодий сиёсатнинг фалсафий детерменистик парадигмаларининг ўзига хослиги
Authors: Асрақулова Адиба
Published: February 2022

Мақолада ёшларнинг иқтисодий тафаккурини шакллантиришга доир назарий масалалар ижтимоий-фалсафий нуқтаи назардан тадқиқ этилган. Шунингдек, мақолада ёшларнинг иқтисодий тафаккурини шакллантиришга доир назарий хулосалар ва тавсиялар ишлаб чиқилган.
Хотин-қизларнинг зўравонликдан жабрланишининг сабаблари ва унинг олдини олиш
Authors: Закирова Адина , Абдурасулова Қумриниса
Published: February 2022

Мақолада хотин-қизларнинг зўравонликдан жабрланиш сабаблари ва уларга нисбатан зўравонлик содир этилишига имкон бераётган шарт-шароитлар ҳамда уларнинг илмий таснифи мазмуни очиб берилган. Зўравонликнинг сабаб ва шарт-шароитларини бартараф этиш бўйича таъсирчан профилактик чора-тадбирлар тизими ишлаб чиқилган.
Рақамлаштиришнинг конституциявий ҳуқуқ ривожига таъсирининг асосий йўналишлари
Authors: Мадиев Фахриддин
Published: February 2022

Ушбу мақолада жамиятни рақамлаштиришнинг конституциявий ҳуқуқ ривожига таъсирининг асосий йўналишлари таҳлил қилинган.
Рақамлаштириш шароитида шахсий ҳаёт дахлсизлиги ҳуқуқини ва унинг конституциявий-ҳуқуқий тартибга солишнинг ўзига хос хусусиятларини комплекс таҳлил қилиш, шунингдек, чет эл мамлакатларида рақамлаштиришни ҳуқуқий тартибга солишнинг қонуний асослари ва ўзига хос жиҳатларини таҳлил қилиш ва дахлсизликка оид Ўзбекистон қонунчилигини такомиллаштириш бўйича таклифларни тақдим этишдан иборат.
Дўрмон уруғи ўзбек халқининг қадимий қавмларидан бири сифатида
Authors: Абдушукуров Бахтиёр
Published: February 2022

Ушбу мақолада кўҳна тарихий манбалардаги материаллар ҳамда олиб борилган тадқиқотлар асносида дўрмон уруғи ва унинг келиб чиқиши, яшаш ҳудудлари, турмуш тарзи, урф-одатлари, этнографияси, ижтимоий-сиёсий, иқтисодий ва маданий жабҳалардаги ўрни, фаоллиги каби масалалар ёритиб берилган. Шунингдек, ўзбек халқи шажараси, этник таркиби, 92 та уруққа бўлиниши, мазкур қавмларнинг турли манбалар, адабиётларда берилиши, олимларнинг бу борадаги қарашлари  ҳақида сўз  юритилган.
“Uzatmalar” mavzusini o‘qitishda “iSpring Quiz Maker” dasturidan foydalanib, talabalarga nostandart testlar orqali bilish faolligini faollashtirish
Authors: Gulomova Nozima
Published: February 2022

Mazkur maqolada “Uzatmalar” mavzusini o’qitishda interfaol metodlardan foydalanishning nazariy asoslari yoritib berilgan. Shuningdek, “Uzatmalar” mavzusi bo‘yicha talabalarga o‘z-o‘zini nazorat qilish uchun “iSpring QuizMaker” dasturidan foydalanib, nostandart testlarning bir nechtasini pedagogik va
Ҳукуматни шакллантириш жараёни давлат бошқарув шаклининг асосий кўрсаткичларидан бири сифатида
Authors: Турдиев Хайитжон
Published: February 2022

Мазкур мақолада давлат бошқарувида ҳукуматни шакллантириш ҳамда унда қонун чиқарувчи ҳокимият – парламентнинг иштироки масаласи таҳлил этилган.
Давлат бошқарувида ҳукуматни шакллантириш давлат ва жамият ҳаётидаги муҳим сиёсий жараён бўлиб, мазкур жараёнда парламентнинг иштироки ҳам мутаносиб равишда уч хил усулда – нопарламентар, ярим парламентар ва парламентар шаклларда амалга оширилиши ёритилган.
Муаллиф ҳукуматни шакллантириш тартибининг энг самарали ва демократик усулини топиш мақсадида хорижий мамлакатлар тажрибасини қиёсий таҳлил қилади ҳамда Ўзбекистон Республикасида ҳукуматни шакллантириш модели аралаш бошқарув шаклидаги хусусиятларга эгалини, Ўзбекистонда ҳукумат давлат бошлиғи ва парламент ҳамкорликдаги иштироки орқали шакллантириши тўғрисида хулосага келган.
Хулоса қисмида Ўзбекистон Республикаси Вазирлар Маҳкамасини шакллантириш жараёнида парламент палаталарининг иштирокини кучайтириш, мазкур жараёнда ҳукуматнинг ҳаракатлар дастурини парламентга тақдим этиш ва уни кўриб чиқиш, қабул қилиш тартиб-таомилларини такомиллаштириш, шунингдек, сиёсий партияларнинг ҳукуматни шакллантиришдаги ролини кучайтириш юзасидан таклифлар ифодаланган.
Maktabgacha ta'lim yoshidagi bolalarning jismoniy rivojlanishida harakatli o'yinlarning ahamiyati
Authors: Xalmatova Nasiba
Published: February 2022

Maktabgacha yosh - har bir bola hayotidagi juda muhim davr. Maktabgacha yoshdagi jismoniy va aqliy rivojlanish mutlaqo butunlay ta'sir qiladi deb ishoniladi. Ko'pgina ota-onalar farzandlari yomon o'sib borayotganini boshdan kechirmoqdalar. Aslida, bu mutlaqo normal hodisa. 4 yoshdan 6 yilgacha bo'lgan bolalar statistik ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, o'sish 10-15 sm gacha o'sishi va vazni atigi 3-5 kg. Maktabgacha tarbiyachilar faol va kuch bilan to'lgan bo'lsa-da, ularning energiyalari kutilmaganda yo'q bo'lib ketishi mumkin. Ko'pgina ota-onalar kechqurun bolalar charchaganligini payqashadi. Bu bolaning haddan tashqari tendentsiyasi borligi haqida izohlanadi: kuchli charchoq va juda faol o'yinlar. Haddan tashqari faoliyat hayajonning ko'payishiga olib kelishi mumkin. Bolalar bog'chasida jismoniy mashqlar va siljish o'yinlari kuniga etarlicha vaqt beriladi: ertalabki, jismoniy tarbiya, jismoniy tarbiya, sayyohlik, jismoniy tarbiya, jismoniy tarbiya uchun sport mashqlari. Maktabgacha bolalarning ijobiy jismoniy rivojlanishi uchun kunning oqilona rejimi muhim: etarlicha vaqt tungi uyqu va kunduzgi dam olish, muntazam ovqat, ochiq havoda o'tkazilgan o'yinlar uchun kerakli vaqt.
Сўх ҳавзасининг Тош даври археологияси
Authors: Пардаев Мухриддин
Published: February 2022

Ушбу мақола Сўх ҳавзасининг Тош даври маконларининг ўрганилиши ва у билан боғлиқ муаммоларга бағишланган. Cўхнинг тош даври археологияси археологларни доимо қизиқтириб келган. Сўх воҳаси тош даври жамоалари моддий маданиятига оид дастлабки археологик изланишлар ўтган асрнинг 50 йиллар ўрталаридан амалга оширила бошланди ва ҳозирги кунгача ҳам давом этмоқда. 1950-1990 йилларда ҳудудда, унга ёндош воҳа  ва тоғолди минтақаларида тош даврининг турли босқичларига оид маконлар топиб ўрганилди. Натижада, Сўх ҳавзаси инсоният маданиятининг илк босқичлари шаклланган минтақалар рўйҳатидан жой олди. Бироқ, дунё олимлари ўртасида ҳудуднинг тош даврига оид ёдгорликлари ёши, уларда топилган антропологик топилмалар ва уларнинг маданий талқини борасида турли хил фикр-мулоҳазалар ҳали тингани йўқ.
Инсоннинг касбий фаолияти билан боғлиқ тил бирикмаларининг шаклланиши
Authors: Эрданова Зебинисо
Published: February 2022

Ушбу илмий мақолада замонавий тилшуносликда инсон фаолиятини ифодаловчи тил бирликларининг ўрни, уларнинг лингвистик хусусиятлари ва бу йўналишда тадқиқотлар олиб борган олимларнинг илмий қарашлари мухокама қилинади. Тилдаги касб-ҳунар номларини ифодаловчи тил бирликларининг лексик – семантик қатлами ҳалқнинг ижтимоий – иқтисодий, маънавий – маъданий ва бошқа ҳаёт жабҳаларида ривож топиб, асрлар давомида тил бирликлари янгиланиб, эскириб, шаклий ва луғавий жиҳатдан шаклланиб тараққий этиб боради.
 Тил луғатига кириб келган сўзларнинг муҳум хусусиятларидан бири, улар ўзидаги маънони алоҳида семантик майдонда ифодалайди. Инсон ва унинг фаолияти билан боғлиқ тушунчаларнинг луғавий маъносини шахс семантик микромайдонида тасвирлайди.
Ўқитишда копмпентенциявий ёндавшув самарадорлигини ташхислаш имкониятлари
Authors: Холикова Дилобар
Published: February 2022

Мақолада таълим тизимини демократлаштириш билим, кўникма ва малакаларни назорат ва баҳолашдан эмас, балки баҳо ёрдамида ўқишга ундашнинг мураккаб шаклларидан воз кечишни ва ўқув меҳнатини рағбатлантиришнинг янги усулларини излаш, таълим ва тарбия соҳасида куч тўплаб бораётган шахсий фойда тамойили янгича ёндашувларни белгилаб беради. Диагностикалаш тизимида баҳо рағбатлантириш воситаси сифатида бир қатор афзалликларга эгалиги акс эттирилади.
Ўзбекистонда исломий таълим муассасалари фаолияти тарихидан
Authors: Жаҳонгиров Юсуфбек
Published: February 2022

Мақолада Ўзбекистон Республикаси мустақиллигининг дастлабки йилларида юртимиздаги исломий таълимнинг аҳволи, исломиий таълим муассасаларининг фаолияти умумий контекстда таҳлил этилган. Республикада исломий таълим муассасалари ҳуқуқий базасининг яратилиши, мавжуд таълим муассасалари ўқув бинолари, талабалар сони ва таъминоти, мадрасаларнинг модий-техник таъминотига доир маълумотлар умумлаштирилган.
A Dual Control Regenerative Braking Strategy for Two-Wheeler Applications with Different Modes of Operation -A Review
Authors: Paras Revchand Kamble  , Hitesh Murkute  , Yogesh likhar
Published: February 2022

In this paper, Review on bi-directional DC/DC buck-boost converter with dual control strategy during regenerative braking is used for a two-wheeler application. To reduce the harmful emissions from automobiles and massive surges in fuel prices, automotive electric vehicles are an effective alternate solution. In this paper, a cascaded bi-directional DC/DC buck-boost converter with dual control strategy during regenerative braking is used for a two-wheeler application. The dual control strategy with the cascaded converter is used to increase the average power stored during the braking period and to reduce the vehicle’s stopping time. The converter with the proposed control strategy used in this work has made it possible to charge the battery even when the back emf of the machine is less than the battery voltage. A fuzzy logic control strategy is used to consider the non-linear factors like SOC, speed of the vehicle and the required brake force. This is done in order to make the system more reliable and realistic. implementing the dual control strategy, the average power stored by the battery is increased by 2.5 times and the vehicle comes to halt faster in comparison with the existing control strategy. The versatility of the strategy is shown by examining three different scenarios during the regenerative braking process.
Unilever legt Pläne für Großübernahme auf Eis
Authors: Sachsenröder Delphine
Published: February 2022

Nach dem gescheiterten Übernahmeversuch der Konsumgütersparte von Glaxosmithkline will sich Unilever erst einmal auf das eigene Geschäft konzentrieren. Die Preise sollen weiter anziehen.
Bauer-Gruppe dreht das Personalkarussell
Authors: Lenders Dirk
Published: February 2022

Die Molkerei-Gruppe Bauer verstärkt den Kurs der Zentralisierung ihrer Aktivitäten unter CEO Heiko Modell. Das führt zu einigen Personalwechseln.
Auf der Suche nach Durchblick
Authors: Düthmann Christiane
Published: February 2022

Transparenz in der Lieferkette wird für Händler und Hersteller immer wichtiger. Nicht nur die Kunden, sondern auch das neue Sorgfaltspflichtengesetz fordern sie. Noch sucht die Branche nach den richtigen Werkzeugen. Christiane Düthmann
Edeka Nord packt filialgerecht
Authors: Bökamp Lena
Published: February 2022

Edeka Nord setzt im neuen Zentrallager in Neumünster Maßstäbe: 26 Kommissioniermaschinen beladen ab Mitte 2025 die Paletten und Rollcontainer mit Trockensortiment – vollautomatisch und filialgerecht.
Amazon gibt bei Logistiknetz Gas
Authors: Bökamp Lena
Published: February 2022

Amazon baut sein Logistik-Netzwerk in Deutschland mit Hochdruck aus und eröffnet das Logistikzentrum in Kaiserslautern ein Jahr früher als erwartet. Durch Automatisierungstechnik spart der Onlinehändler Laufwege ein.
Haltungsform rückt bei Plukon in den Fokus
Authors: Heimig Dieter
Published: February 2022

Das Thema Tierwohl steht auch bei den Geflügelfleisch-Vermarktern oben auf der Agenda. Die Plukon Brenz GmbH hat in der Angelegenheit die Weichen bereits gestellt.
Wie die Schweiz grün wird
Authors: Geiger Michaela
Published: February 2022

Wo steht die Schweiz rund um die Kreislaufwirtschaft? Diese Frage stand im Mittelpunkt des Recyclingkongresses, den Swiss Recycling am 28. Januar 2022 digital veranstaltete.
Hohe Maisernte schließt manche Lücke
Authors: Behme Dagmar
Published: February 2022

Frankfurt a.M. Die deutsche Getreideernte 2021 ist unterdurchschnittlich ausgefallen. Besser stehen Kartoffeln und Zuckerrüben da, zeigt das endgültige Ernteergebnis.
Sojaschätzung löst Kursfeuerwerk aus
Authors: Bach Steffen
Published: February 2022

Frankfurt a.M. Mit einem harten Einschnitt schockt die brasilianische Agrarbehörde Conab den Sojamarkt. Auch in Argentinien verschlechtern sich die Aussichten.
Corporate Social Responsibility Moderates the Nexus between Financial Inclusion and Islamic Financial Stability
Authors: Kamal Asghar , Shah Khan Muhammad Mahmood , Hussain Talat
Published: February 2022

This research work checks the influence of the financial inclusion index (FI) and corporate social responsibility index (CSRI) on financial stability, profitability, and return on equity of the Islamic banks of Pakistan. Further, research works to check whether the corporate social responsibility index plays a moderating role in the association between the financial inclusion and financial stability of Islamic banks and windows of Islamic conventional banks of Pakistan. The corporate social responsibility index was measured through the contribution of social activity to society. Financial inclusion was measured through financial access to the entire society without any discrimination against society. In this paper, samples of the Islamic banks including the Islamic window of the conventional banks for 2005 to 2020 are investigated. Further, the data is selected of the variables from the financial statement and balance sheet of the banks. The fixed effects and generalized moments of the method are employed to check the affiliation between the FI and CSR on the stability and profitability of Islamic banks. The generalized moment of method (GMM) has been employed on the panel data set to control the endogeneity from the model. The empirical results of this research study have the following conclusion: Firstly, FI has a constructive and significant impact on the financial stability and profitability of the banks. Secondly, corporate social responsibility has a positive and significant impact on stability and profitability. Finally, the interaction term corporate social responsibility has a positive and significantly moderating effect on the relationship with the financial inclusion on the stability (FS) and profitability on the Islamic banks.
Regional PM2.5 pollution confined by atmospheric internal boundaries in the North China Plain: 2. boundary layer structures and numerical simulation
Authors: Jin Xipeng , Cai Xuhui , Yu Mingyuan , Song Yu , Wang Xuesong , Zhang Hongsheng , Zhu Tong
Published: February 2022

Abstract. This study reveals and summarizes mesoscale planetary boundary layer (PBL) structures for various pollution patterns in the North China Plain. Three pollution categories have been classified, in terms of the influence of the atmospheric internal boundary (AIB) that significantly determines the distribution and concentration of PM2.5. The Weather Research and Forecast model is used to simulate the PBL structure in this region, and its performance is firstly evaluated using surface observations and intensive soundings data. Observed AIBs and PBL evolution are reasonably reproduced. Simulation results for three pollution categories illustrate respective PBL structures, as well the relationship with the mesoscale AIBs. The first category corresponds to the severest pollution and occurs most frequently (~41 %). The PBL structure is laterally confined by a warm front as a sharp AIB and vertically suppressed by a dome-like elevated temperature inversion, which constitutes a stable and enclosed circumstance, most favorable to pollution formation. The second category is characterized by wind shear line/zone as AIB, with dynamic convergence in the PBL as the dominant cause for PM2.5 accumulation. Three shear modes consist of this category, two of which are related to pressure troughs with the convergence layer of the order of the PBL depth. Another shear mode presents a much thicker convergence layer with a depth of about 3000 m, under the saddle-shaped pressure field. This category corresponds to lighter air pollution, with a frequency of 29 %. The PBL of the third category is laterally delineated by a cold-air damming AIB at the foot of the mountains on the windward side. It manifests as a low-temperature and weak-wind air mass accompanied by an elevated inversion and a convergent flow with a thickness as high as mountains. This PBL structure maintains through day and night within the AIB confined zone, while the ordinary diurnal variation of the PBL occurs outside this zone. 14 % of pollution episodes belong to this category. There remain about 16 % pollution episodes undefined by the AIB influence. They may need to be analyzed separately in the future.
Importance of aerosols and shape of the cloud droplet size distribution for convective clouds and precipitation
Authors: Barthlott Christian , Zarboo Amirmahdi , Matsunobu Takumi , Keil Christian
Published: February 2022

Abstract. The predictability of deep moist convection is subject to large uncertainties resulting from inaccurate initial and boundary data, the incomplete description of physical processes, or microphysical uncertainties. In this study, we investigate the response of convective clouds and precipitation over central Europe to varying cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations and different shape parameters of the cloud droplet size distribution (CDSD), both of which are not well constrained by observations. We systematically evaluate the relative impact of these uncertainties in realistic convection-resolving simulations for multiple cases with different synoptic controls using the new icosahedral non-hydrostatic ICON model. The results show a large systematic increase in total cloud water content with increasing CCN concentrations and narrower CDSDs, together with a reduction in the total rain water content. This is related to a suppressed warm-rain formation due to a less efficient collision–coalescence process. It is shown that the evaporation at lower levels is responsible for diminishing these impacts on surface precipitation, which lies between +13 % and −16 % compared to a reference run with continental aerosol assumption. In general, the precipitation response was larger for weakly forced cases. We also find that the overall timing of convection is not sensitive to the microphysical uncertainties applied, indicating that different rain intensities are responsible for changing precipitation totals at the ground. Furthermore, weaker rain intensities in the developing phase of convective clouds can allow for a higher convective instability at later times, which can lead to a turning point with larger rain intensities later on. The existence of such a turning point and its location in time can have a major impact on precipitation totals. In general, we find that an increase in the shape parameter can produce almost as large a variation in precipitation as a CCN increase from maritime to polluted conditions. The narrowing of the CDSD not only decreases the absolute values of autoconversion and accretion but also decreases the relative role of the warm-rain formation in general, independent of the prevailing weather regime. We further find that increasing CCN concentrations reduce the effective radius of cloud droplets in a stronger manner than larger shape parameters. The cloud optical depth, however, reveals a similarly large increase with larger shape parameters when changing the aerosol load from maritime to polluted. By the frequency of updrafts as a function of height, we show a negative aerosol effect on updraft strength, leading to an enervation of deep convection. These findings demonstrate that both the CCN assumptions and the CDSD shape parameter are important for quantitative precipitation forecasting and should be carefully chosen if double-moment schemes are used for modeling aerosol–cloud interactions.
Comment on “Fundamental molecules of life are pigments which arose and co-evolved as a response to the thermodynamic imperative of dissipating the prevailing solar spectrum” by K. Michaelian and A. Simeonov (2015)
Authors: Björn Lars Olof
Published: February 2022

Abstract. This is a comment on Michaelian
and Simeonov (2015). Michaelian and
Simeonov formulate the leading thought in their article: “The driving force
behind the origin and evolution of life has been the thermodynamic
imperative of increasing the entropy production of the biosphere through
increasing the global solar photon dissipation rate”. I shall in the
following try to provide some information that might help to clarify whether
this is correct.
Acidification of the Nordic Seas
Authors: Fransner Filippa , Fröb Friederike , Tjiputra Jerry , Goris Nadine , Lauvset Siv K. , Skjelvan Ingunn , Jeansson Emil , Omar Abdirahman , Chierici Melissa , Jones Elizabeth , Fransson Agneta , Ólafsdóttir Sólveig R. , Johannessen Truls , Olsen Are
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Due to low calcium carbonate saturation states, and winter mixing that brings anthropogenic carbon to the deep ocean, the Nordic Seas and their cold-water corals are vulnerable to ocean acidification. Here, we present a detailed investigation of the changes in pH and aragonite saturation in the Nordic Seas from preindustrial times to 2100, by using in situ observations, gridded climatological data, and projections for three different future scenarios with the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM1-ME). During the period of regular ocean biogeochemistry observations from 1981–2019, the pH decreased with rates of 2–3 × 10−3 yr−1 in the upper 200 m of the Nordic Seas. In some regions, the pH decrease can be detected down to 2000 m depth. This resulted in a decrease in the aragonite saturation state, which is now close to undersaturation in the depth layer of 1000–2000 m. The model simulations suggest that the pH of the Nordic Seas will decrease at an overall faster rate than the global ocean from the preindustrial era to 2100, bringing the Nordic Seas' pH closer to the global average. In the esmRCP8.5 scenario, the whole water column is projected to be undersaturated with respect to aragonite at the end of the 21st century, thereby endangering all cold-water corals of the Nordic Seas. In the esmRCP4.5 scenario, the deepest cold-water coral reefs are projected to be exposed to undersaturation. Exposure of all cold-water corals to corrosive waters can only be avoided with marginal under the esmRCP2.6 scenario. Over all timescales, the main driver of the pH drop is the increase in dissolved inorganic carbon (CT) caused by the raising anthropogenic CO2, followed by the temperature increase. Thermodynamic salinity effects are of secondary importance. We find substantial changes in total alkalinity (AT) and CT as a result of the salinification, or decreased freshwater content, of the Atlantic water during all time periods, and as a result of an increased freshwater export in polar waters in past and future scenarios. However, the net impact of this decrease (increase) in freshwater content on pH is negligible, as the effects of a concentration (dilution) of CT and AT are canceling.
A Coupled Ground Heat Flux-Surface Energy Balance Model of Evaporation Using Thermal Remote Sensing Observations
Authors: Desai Devansh , Mallick Kaniska , Bhattacharya Bimal , Bhat Ganapati S. , Morrison Ross , Cleverly Jamie , Woodgate Will , Beringer Jason , Cawse-Nicholson Kerry , Ma Siyan , Verfaillie Joseph , Baldocchi Dennis
Published: February 2022

Abstract. The major undetermined problem in evaporation (ET) retrieval using thermal infrared (TIR) remote sensing is the lack of a physically based ground heat flux (G) model and its amalgamation with surface energy balance (SEB) model. Here, we present a novel approach based on coupling a thermal inertia (TI)-based mechanistic G model with an analytical SEB model (Surface Temperature Initiated Closure) (STIC, version STIC1.2). The coupled model is named as STIC-TI and it uses noon-night land surface temperature (TS), surface albedo and vegetation index from MODIS Aqua in conjunction with a clear-sky net radiation model and ancillary meteorological information. The SEB flux estimates from STIC-TI were evaluated with respect to the in-situ fluxes from Eddy Covariance (EC) measurements in diverse agriculture and natural ecosystems of contrasting aridity in the northern hemisphere (e.g., India, United States of America) and southern hemisphere (e.g., Australia). Sensitivity analysis revealed substantial sensitivity of the STIC-TI derived fluxes due to TS uncertainty and partial compensation of sensitivity of G to TS due to the nature of the equations used in the TI-based G model. An evaluation of STIC-TI G estimates with respect to in-situ measurements showed an error range of 12–21 % across six flux tower sites in both the hemispheres. A comparison of STIC-TI G estimates with other G models revealed substantially better performance of the former. While the instantaneous noontime net radiation (RNi) and latent heat flux (LEi) was overestimated (15 % and 25 %), sensible heat flux (Hi) was underestimated with error of 22 %. The errors in Gi were associated with the errors in daytime TS and mismatch of footprint between the model estimates and measurements. Overestimation (underestimation) of LEi (Hi) was associated with the overestimation of net available energy (RNi – Gi) and use of unclosed SEB measurements. Being independent of any leaf-scale conductance parameterization and having a coupled sub-model of G, STIC-TI can make valuable contribution to map and monitor water stress and evaporation in the terrestrial ecosystems using noon-night thermal infrared observations from existing and future EO missions such as INSAT 4th generation and TRISHNA.
Melt–rock interactions in a veined mantle: pyroxenite–peridotite reaction experiments at 2 GPa
Authors: Borghini Giulio , Fumagalli Patrizia , Rampone Elisabetta
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Interaction between peridotite and pyroxenite-derived melts can
significantly modify the mineralogy and chemistry of the upper mantle,
enhancing its heterogeneity, by creating re-fertilized peridotites and
secondary-type pyroxenites. We experimentally investigated the reaction
between a fertile lherzolite and MgO-rich basaltic andesite produced by
partial melting of an olivine-free pyroxenite at 2 GPa and
1300–1450 ∘C. The aim was to constrain the rate and style of
melt–peridotite reaction mostly as a function of temperature, i.e. assuming
variable physical status of the host peridotite. Experiments juxtaposed
pyroxenite on a synthesized fertile lherzolite to evaluate the modal and
mineral compositional changes in the fertile lherzolite resulting from the
reaction with pyroxenite-derived melt. At 1300 and 1350 ∘C, the
reaction produces a thin orthopyroxene-rich reaction zone confined between
partially molten pyroxenite and modally unmodified subsolidus lherzolite.
Chemical changes in minerals of the pyroxenite crystal mush suggest that
element diffusion across the pyroxenite–peridotite interface, coupled with
orthopyroxene precipitation, plays a role in the reactive crystallization of
mantle pyroxenite veins. At 1380 and 1400 ∘C, infiltration of
pyroxenite-derived melt significantly modifies the mineralogy and chemistry
of the host peridotite by creating orthopyroxene-rich websterites and
pyroxene-rich lherzolite. At 1450 ∘C, pyroxenitic melt fluxes into
molten peridotite, enhancing peridotite melting and creating a melt-bearing
dunite associated with a refractory harzburgite. At a given pressure, bulk
compositions of hybrid rocks originating through melt–peridotite interaction are
mostly controlled by the chemistry of the reacting melt. Interaction between
pyroxenitic melt and peridotite causes XMg[XMg=Mg/(Mg+Fetot)] and XCr[XCr=Cr/(Cr+Al)] decrease and TiO2
increase in pyroxenes and spinel across the pyroxenite–peridotite boundary.
Similar chemical gradients in minerals are observed in pyroxenite–peridotite
associations from natural mantle sequences. The comparison with mineral
chemistry variations derived by reaction experiments potentially represents
a petrologic tool to discriminate between low- versus high-temperature
melt–peridotite reactions.
Salinity dynamics of the Baltic Sea
Authors: Lehmann Andreas , Myrberg Kai , Post Piia , Chubarenko Irina , Dailidiene Inga , Hinrichsen Hans-Harald , Hüssy Karin , Liblik Taavi , Meier H. E. Markus , Lips Urmas , Bukanova Tatiana
Published: February 2022

Abstract. In the Baltic Sea, salinity and its large variability, both horizontal and vertical, are key physical factors in determining the overall stratification conditions. In addition to that, salinity and its changes also have large effects on various ecosystem processes. Several factors
determine the observed two-layer vertical structure of salinity. Due to the
excess of river runoff to the sea, there is a continuous outflow of water
masses in the surface layer with a compensating inflow to the Baltic in the
lower layer. Also, the net precipitation plays a role in the water balance
and consequently in the salinity dynamics. The salinity conditions in the
sea are also coupled with changes in the meteorological conditions. The
ecosystem is adapted to the current salinity level: a change in the salinity balance would lead to ecological stress for flora and fauna, as well as related negative effects on possibilities to carry on sustainable development of the ecosystem. The Baltic Sea salinity regime has been studied for more than 100 years. In spite of that, there are still gaps in our knowledge of the changes in salinity in space and time. An important part of our understanding of salinity is its long-term changes. However, the available scenarios for the future development of salinity are still uncertain. We still need more studies on various factors related to the salinity dynamics. Among others, more knowledge is needed, e.g., from meteorological patterns at various space scales and timescales as well as mesoscale variability in precipitation. Also, updated information on river runoff and inflows of saline water is needed to close the water budget. We still do not understand the water mass exchange accurately enough between North Sea and Baltic Sea and within its sub-basins. Scientific investigations of the complicated vertical mixing processes are additionally required. This paper is a continuation and update of the BACC (Baltic Assessment of Climate Change for the Baltic Sea Region) II book, which was published in 2015, including information from articles issued until 2012. After that, there have been many new publications on the salinity dynamics, not least because of the major Baltic inflow (MBI) which took place in December 2014. Several key topics have been investigated, including the coupling of long-term variations of climate with the observed salinity changes. Here the focus is on observing and indicating the role of climate change for salinity dynamics. New results on MBI dynamics and related water mass interchange between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea have been published. Those studies also included results from the MBI-related meteorological conditions, variability in salinity, and exchange of water masses between various scales. All these processes are in turn coupled with changes in the Baltic Sea circulation dynamics.
Towards agricultural soil carbon monitoring, reporting, and verification through the Field Observatory Network (FiON)
Authors: Nevalainen Olli , Niemitalo Olli , Fer Istem , Juntunen Antti , Mattila Tuomas , Koskela Olli , Kukkamäki Joni , Höckerstedt Layla , Mäkelä Laura , Jarva Pieta , Heimsch Laura , Vekuri Henriikka , Kulmala Liisa , Stam Åsa , Kuusela Otto , Gerin Stephanie , Viskari Toni , Vira Julius , Hyväluoma Jari , Tuovinen Juha-Pekka , Lohila Annalea , Laurila Tuomas , Heinonsalo Jussi , Aalto Tuula , Kunttu Iivari , Liski Jari
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Better monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) of the amount,
additionality, and persistence of the sequestered soil carbon is needed to
understand the best carbon farming practices for different soils and climate
conditions, as well as their actual climate benefits or cost efficiency in
mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. This paper presents our Field
Observatory Network (FiON) of researchers, farmers, companies, and other
stakeholders developing carbon farming practices. FiON has established a
unified methodology towards monitoring and forecasting agricultural carbon
sequestration by combining offline and near-real-time field measurements,
weather data, satellite imagery, modeling, and computing networks. FiON's
first phase consists of two intensive research sites and 20 voluntary pilot
farms testing carbon farming practices in Finland. To disseminate the data,
FiON built a web-based dashboard called the Field Observatory (v1.0,
https://www.fieldobservatory.org/, last access: 3 February 2022). The Field Observatory is designed as an online service
for near-real-time model–data synthesis, forecasting, and decision support
for the farmers who are able to monitor the effects of carbon farming
practices. The most advanced features of the Field Observatory are visible
on the Qvidja site, which acts as a prototype for the most recent
implementations. Overall, FiON aims to create new knowledge on agricultural
soil carbon sequestration and effects of carbon farming practices as well as
provide an MRV tool for decision support.
The Aerosol Module in the Community Radiative Transfer Model (v2.2 and v2.3): accounting for aerosol transmittance effects on the radiance observation operator
Authors: Lu Cheng-Hsuan , Liu Quanhua , Wei Shih-Wei , Johnson Benjamin T. , Dang Cheng , Stegmann Patrick G. , Grogan Dustin , Ge Guoqing , Hu Ming , Lueken Michael
Published: February 2022

Abstract. The Community Radiative Transfer Model (CRTM), a sensor-based radiative
transfer model, has been used within the Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation
(GSI) system for directly assimilating radiances from infrared and microwave
sensors. We conducted numerical experiments to illustrate how including
aerosol radiative effects in CRTM calculations changes the GSI analysis.
Compared to the default aerosol-blind calculations, the aerosol influences
reduced simulated brightness temperature (BT) in thermal window channels,
particularly over dust-dominant regions. A case study is presented, which
illustrates how failing to correct for aerosol transmittance effects leads
to errors in meteorological analyses that assimilate radiances from
satellite infrared sensors. In particular, the case study shows that assimilating
aerosol-affected BTs significantly affects analyzed temperatures in the
lower atmosphere across several regions of the globe. Consequently, a
fully cycled aerosol-aware experiment improves 1–5 d forecasts of wind,
temperature, and geopotential height in the tropical troposphere and
Northern Hemisphere stratosphere. Whilst both GSI and CRTM are well
documented with online user guides, tutorials, and code repositories, this
article is intended to provide a joined-up documentation for aerosol
absorption and scattering calculations in the CRTM and GSI. It also provides
guidance for prospective users of the CRTM aerosol option and GSI
aerosol-aware radiance assimilation. Scientific aspects of aerosol-affected
BT in atmospheric data assimilation are briefly discussed.
Quantitative effects of antecedent effective rainfall on ID threshold for debris flow
Authors: Zhang Shaojie , Yang Hongjuan , Liu Dunlong , Hu Kaiheng , Wei Fangqiang
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Studies have shown that the antecedent effect precipitation (AEP) is closely related to rainfall intensity-duration (ID) threshold of debris flow. However, the quantitative relationship between the AEP and ID threshold is still undetermined. In this study, a hydrological process based numerical model (Dens-ID) that can derive the ID threshold curve is adopted to address this issue. Jiangjia Gully (JJG) in Dongchuan District of Yunnan Province was chosen as the study area, Dens-ID was used to derive a series of ID threshold curves corresponding to different AEP. Based on calculated data sets including AEP, ID curves, parameters of ID curve equation (α and β), and debris flow density, the influence of AEP on the ID threshold curve is deeply explored. We found that although solid materials and runoff are the two necessary conditions for the formation of debris flow, the specific roles played in which are different: the volume of loose solid sources provides a basal condition for debris flow and determines the scale of debris flow, while the runoff volume will have a sudden change during the rainfall process, which is a key factor promoting the formation of debris flow. In the condition of AEP ranging from 20 mm to 90 mm, AEP and α can be described by the equation α = −0.0078AEP2 + 0.68AEP + 6.43, and β shows a linear change law with AEP. The error of the two equations were evaluated using 45 historical rainfall data that triggered debris flows, which is equal to 37.85 % and 11.1 %. Due to the two functions, the ID threshold curve can regularly move in the I-D coordinate system rather than a conventional threshold curve stay the same regardless of AEP variation, it is beneficial to improve the prediction capacity of the ID threshold.