bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Reactions Catalyzed by Chiral Metal Complexes. Part 82. Enantioselective Synthesis of (S)‐Calycotomine Employing Catalytic Asymmetric Hydrogenation with an Iridium(I)‐(R)‐BINAP‐phthalimide Complex.
Authors: MORIMOTO T. , SUZUKI N. , ACHIWA K.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: 2′‐Deoxy‐2′(S)‐ethynyl Oligonucleotides: A Modification Which Selectively Stabilizes Oligoadenylate Pairing to DNA Complements.
Authors: BUFF R. , HUNZIKER J.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The First Total Synthesis of Bacterial Cell Wall Precursor UDP—N‐Acetylmuramyl‐Pentapeptide (Park Nucleotide).
Authors: HITCHCOCK S. A. , EID C. N. , AIKINS J. A. , ZIA‐EBRAHIMI M. , BLASZCZAK L. C.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Coniferin and Derivatives: A Fast and Easy Synthesis via the Aldehyde Series Using Phase‐Transfer Catalysis.
Authors: DAUBRESSE N. , FRANCESCH C. , MHAMDI F. , ROLANDO C.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Phytochemical Investigation of Anamirta cocculus Linn
Authors: ROY R. , PATHAK N. K. R. , BISWAS M. , PANDEY V. B.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Photogeneration of an o‐Quinone Methide from Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) in Aqueous Solution.
Authors: BROUSMICHE D. , WAN P.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Coupling Reactions of Bromobenzaldehydes with 3,4‐Di(tert‐butyldimethylsilyloxy)‐1‐alkene to (3,4‐Dihydroxyalkenyl)benzaldehydes in the Synthesis of Lipoxin Analogues.
Authors: NOKAMI J. , FURUKAWA A. , OKUDA Y. , HAZATO A. , KUROZUMI S.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Two Marine Agrobacterium Producers of Sesbanimide Antibiotics.
Authors: ACEBAL C. , ALCAZAR R. , CANEDO L. M. , DE LA CALLE F. , RODRIGUEZ P. , ROMERO F. , FERNANDEZ PUENTES J. L.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselective Synthesis of the Tetrahydropyranoid Core of the Polyketide Herbicide Herboxidiene and Model Studies Pertaining to Attachment of the Side‐Chain.
Authors: BANWELL M. G. , BUI C. T. , SIMPSON G. W.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphodiesterase Inhibitory Properties of Losartan. Design and Synthesis of New Lead Compounds.
Authors: SEGARRA V. , CRESPO M. I. , PUJOL F. , BELETA J. , DOMENECH T. , MIRALPEIX M. , PALACIOS J. M. , CASTRO A. , MARTINEZ A.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Improvement of the Cation‐Distribution in the Polycrystalline High‐Temperature Superconductor LaSrCuO.
Authors: BERG H. , MUELLER R. , BOROWSKI R. , FREITAG B. , MUELLER I. , RODEN B.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of CuTi—SiC Composites
Authors: BRASZCZYNSKA K. N. , BOCHENEK A.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Measurement of Gas Compositions Using Solid Electrolytes
Authors: KUMAR R. V. , FRAY D. J.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Luminescent Tetranuclear Copper(I) and Silver(I) Chalcogenides
Authors: YAM V. W.‐W. , LO K. K.‐W.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Large Clusters of Metal Ions: The Transition from Molecular to Bulk Magnets
Authors: GATTESCHI D. , CANESCHI A. , PARDI L. , SESSOLI R.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Red Mercury. What Is It?
Authors: HASENPUSCH W.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrotris(pyrazolyl)borate Thallium(I): [Tp‐Ti(I)]. Syntheses and Applications
Authors: JANIAK C.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Disposable Tethers in Synthetic Organic Chemistry
Authors: GAUTHIER D. R. JUN. , ZANDI K. S. , SHEA K. J.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Selectivity in Electroreductive Carbon—Carbon Bond Forming Reactions: Redox Chemistry of Activated Alkenes, Quinonemethides and Quinodimethanes
Authors: UTLEY J. H. P.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Sol—Gel Processing of Inorganic—Organic Hybrid Materials
Authors: MACKENZIE J. D.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Fascinating Organosilicon Compounds: An Introduction
Authors: AUNER N. , FEARON G. , WEIS J.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of an Enzymic Carbon—Carbon coupling: The Prenylation of Aromatic Compounds
Authors: WESSJOHANN L. , SONTAG B.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Tetrabenzoporphyrins: Metal Incorporation and Exchange Kinetics, Ligational Equilibria and Pulse Radiolysis Studies
Authors: CROMER S. , HAMBRIGHT P. , GRODKOWSKI J. , NETA P.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Photochemistry and Photophysics of Carbocations
Authors: BOYD M. K.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Photochemistry of Conjugated Polyalkynes
Authors: SHIM S. C.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Photochemistry of (S‐Hetero)cyclic Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: MARGARETHA P.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Photochemistry of Sulfoxides and Related Compounds
Authors: JENKS W. S. , GREGORY D. D. , GUO Y. , LEE W. , TETZLAFF T.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Use of N‐(Trimethylsilyl)imines
Authors: PANUNZIO M. , ZARANTONELLO P.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Kinetic and Mechanistic Aspects of Acid‐Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Hydroxamic Acids
Authors: GHOSH K. K.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Simplification of Mathematical Models of Chemical Reaction Systems
Authors: OKINO M. S. , MAVROVOUNIOTIS M. L.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Lectins: Carbohydrate‐Specific Proteins that Mediate Cellular Recognition
Authors: LIS H. , SHARON N.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Protein Radicals in Enzyme Catalysis
Authors: STUBBE J. , VAN DER DONK W. A.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: NMR Spectroscopy as a Tool to Investigate the Structural Basis of Anticancer Drugs
Authors: GMEINER W. H.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Naphthalene “Proton Sponges”
Authors: POZHARSKII A. F.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Non‐Conventional Hydrogen Bonds
Authors: ALKORTA I. , ROZAS I. , ELGUERO J.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Soft Lithography
Authors: XIA Y. , WHITESIDES G. M.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Data and trends in cancer screening in the United States
Authors: Swan Judith , Breen Nancy , Graubard Barry I. , McNeel Timothy S. , Blackman Donald , Tangka Florence K. , Ballard‐Barbash Rachel
Published: July 2010

BACKGROUND:

This paper examines the prevalence of cancer screening use as reported in 2005 among US adults, focusing on differences among historically underserved subgroups. We also examine trends from 1992 through 2005 to determine whether differences in screening use are increasing, staying the same, or decreasing.

METHODS:

Data from the National Health Interview Surveys between 1992 and 2005 were analyzed to describe patterns and trends in cancer screening practices, including Papanicolaou test, mammography, prostate‐specific antigen, and colorectal screening. Logistic regression was used to report 2005 data for population subgroups defined by several demographic and socioeconomic characteristics.

RESULTS:

Rates of use for cancer tests are rising only for colorectal cancer, due largely to the increase in colorectal endoscopy screening. Use of all the modalities was strongly influenced by contact with a physician and by having health insurance coverage.

CONCLUSIONS:

There remain large gaps in use for all screening modalities by education, income, usual source of care, health insurance, and recent physician contact. These specific populations would benefit from interventions to overcome these barriers to screening. Cancer 2010. Published 2010 by the American Cancer Society.
Palladium‐Catalyzed C–C Coupling/C–H Activation: Formation of Isoindolinone‐Fused Heterocyclic Compounds
Authors: Hu Yimin , Ren Dong , Zhang Lidong , Lin Xiangang , Wan Jing
Published: July 2010

Inactivated dienes containing a cycloalkenyl moiety with aryl halides were used in a palladium‐catalyzed reaction to give different kinds of rare, fused isoindolinone heterocyclic compounds through highly regioselective C–C coupling/C–H functionalization in a one‐step domino reaction. Different dienes and aryl halides were shown to be very active in this reaction. Substituents on the aryl halides were ethoxycarbonyl, methoxycarbonyl, sulfonyl, formacyl, keto, cyano,acetyl, and naphthalene. The C–H functionalization and allyl isomerization occurred simultaneously when 1‐iodobenzene or aryl halides were treated with substrates having allylmoieties on the protecting group. The generality of this process makes the reaction highly valuable due to the synthetic and medicinal importance of these kinds of fused heterocycles.
Adaptations in microbiological populations exposed to dinitrophenol and other chemical stressors
Authors: Ray Sujata , Peters Catherine A.
Published: July 2010

Microbiological populations in natural and engineered systems may experience multiple exposures to chemical stressors, which may affect system functions. The impact of such exposures on the metabolism of a population of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied using respirometry. Two serial exposures to low concentrations of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), pentachlorophenol (PCP), or N-ethyl maleimide (NEM) did not affect metabolism beyond that expected for a single exposure. However, at higher concentrations, three exposures to DNP led to a combination of metabolic stress and resilience in the population. At a low DNP concentration of 400 mg/L, multiple exposures led to increased stress but indicated no development of resilience. At a high DNP concentration of 1,200 mg/L, no biological activity was observed, indicating that the population did not survive the exposure. At intermediate concentrations of 800 and 900 mg/L DNP, stress was observed, but it was found to decrease after multiple exposures. This, combined with the observation that the size of the population decreased, indicated that resilience in the population had developed because of elimination of the weaker organisms in the population. In contrast, the lack of resilience at the lower DNP concentration was attributed to the survival of the strong as well as weak members, lowering the resilience of the population as a whole. The development of resilience within a window of stressor concentrations is an important finding with implications for predicting the performance of biotreatment processes and biosensor technologies and for interpreting ecotoxicity risk assessments. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:2161–2168. © 2010 SETAC
Virologic Response Rates of Weight-Based Taribavirin Versus Ribavirin in Treatment-Naive Patients with Genotype 1 Chronic Hepatitis C
Authors: Poordad Fred , Lawitz Eric , Shiffman Mitchell L. , Hassanein Tarek , Muir Andrew J. , Bacon Bruce R. , Heise Jamie , Halliman Deanine , Chun Eric , Hammond Janet
Published: July 2010

Ribavirin-induced hemolytic anemia can prompt dose reductions and lower sustained virologic response (SVR) rates in the treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis C. The study aimed to determine if weight-based dosing of taribavirin (TBV), an oral prodrug of ribavirin (RBV), demonstrated efficacy comparable to RBV while maintaining its previously demonstrated anemia advantage with fixed dose administration. A U.S. phase 2b randomized, open-label, active-controlled, parallel-group study was conducted in 278 treatment-naive patients infected with genotype 1 who were stratified by body weight and baseline viral load. Patients were randomized 1:1:1:1 to receive TBV (20, 25, or 30 mg/kg/day) or RBV (800-1400 mg/day) with pegylated interferon alfa-2b for 48 weeks. The SVR rates in this difficult-to-cure patient demographics (mean age, 49 years; 61% male; 30% African American or Latino; high viral load; advanced fibrosis; and mean weight, 82 kg) were 28.4%, 24.3%, 20.6%, and 21.4% in the 20, 25, and 30 mg/kg TBV groups and the RBV group, respectively. There were no statistical differences in the efficacy analyses. Anemia rates were significantly lower (

P

< 0.05) in the 20 and 25 mg/kg/day TBV treatment groups (13.4% and 15.7%, respectively) compared to RBV (32.9%). The most common adverse events in all groups were fatigue, diarrhea, and insomnia. Diarrhea, reported in 38% of TBV patients versus 21% of RBV patients, was generally mild and not dose-limiting.

Conclusion:

All TBV doses demonstrated efficacy and tolerability comparable to that of RBV; however, the 25 mg/kg dose demonstrated the optimal balance of safety and efficacy. Anemia rates were significantly lower for TBV given at 20-25 mg/kg than RBV. These data suggest weight-based dosing with TBV provides a safe and effective treatment alternative to RBV for chronic hepatitis C. American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. (Hepatology 2010)
Diagnostic evaluation of conceptual rainfall–runoff models using temporal clustering
Authors: de Vos N. J. , Rientjes T. H. M. , Gupta H. V.
Published: July 2010

Given the structural shortcomings of conceptual rainfall–runoff models and the common use of time‐invariant model parameters, these parameters can be expected to represent broader aspects of the rainfall–runoff relationship than merely the static catchment characteristics that they are commonly supposed to quantify. In this article, we relax the common assumption of time‐invariance of parameters, and instead seek signature information about the dynamics of model behaviour and performance. We do this by using a temporal clustering approach to identify periods of hydrological similarity, allowing the model parameters to vary over the clusters found in this manner, and calibrating these parameters simultaneously. The diagnostic information inferred from these calibration results, based on the patterns in the parameter sets of the various clusters, is used to enhance the model structure. This approach shows how diagnostic model evaluation can be used to combine information from the data and the functioning of the hydrological model in a useful manner. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alu and Satα hypomethylation in Helicobacter pylori‐infected gastric mucosae
Authors: Yoshida Takeichi , Yamashita Satoshi , Takamura‐Enya Takeji , Niwa Tohru , Ando Takayuki , Enomoto Shotaro , Maekita Takao , Nakazawa Kazuyuki , Tatematsu Masae , Ichinose Masao , Ushijima Toshikazu
Published: July 2010

Global hypomethylation and regional hypermethylation are supposed to be hallmarks of cancer cells. During gastric carcinogenesis, in which Helicobacter pylori infection is causally involved, aberrant hypermethylation is already present in H. pylori‐infected gastric mucosae. In contrast, little is known about global hypomethylation, which can be caused by hypomethylation of individual repetitive elements and other sequences. We, therefore, investigated hypomethylation of individual repetitive elements and the global 5‐methylcytosine content in four groups of gastric mucosal samples that represented the time course of H. pylori infection and gastric carcinogenesis [gastric mucosae of H. pylori‐negative healthy volunteers (G1, n = 34), H. pylori‐positive healthy volunteers (G2, n = 42), H. pylori‐positive gastric cancer patients (G3, n = 34) and H. pylori‐negative gastric cancer patients (G4, n = 20)] and 52 primary gastric cancers. Major variants of Alu, LINE1 and Satα were identified, and their methylation levels were quantified by bisulfite pyrosequencing. Compared with G1, the Alu methylation level was decreased in G2, G3, G4 and cancers (89.2–97.1% of that in G1, p < 0.05). The Satα methylation level was decreased in G2 (91.6%, p < 0.05) and G3 (94.3%, p = 0.08) but not in G4 and cancers. The LINE1 methylation level was decreased only in cancers. The 5‐methylcytosine content was at similar levels in G2, G3 and G4 and highly variable in cancers. These results showed that Alu and Satα hypomethylation is induced in gastric mucosae by H. pylori infection during gastric carcinogenesis, possibly in different target cells, and that global hypomethylation is not always present in human gastric cancers.
Hydrogen‐bond networks in finite ice nanotubes
Authors: Tokmachev A. M. , Dronskowski R.
Published: July 2010

An exhaustive analysis of all H‐bond networks for finite elements of ice nanotubes formed by up to 32 water molecules (3,660,732 configurations in total) is performed. The results constitute a unique database and demonstrate the H‐bond network formation and changes with the growth of the ice nanotube. The statistical analysis shows that H‐bonds can be classified according to their structural positions, and there are remarkable dependencies of the cooperativity energy and bond lengths on the system's morphology. The study of low‐energy configurations supports the conclusion about the ferroelectric order in ice nanotubes with odd numbers of water molecules in the ring. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2010
The semi‐micro Kjeldahl method for the determination of nitrogen in coal
Authors: Edwards A. H.
Published: July 2010

The effect of the type and amount of catalyst and the regime of heating on the determination of nitrogen in coal by a semi‐micro method, based essentially on that of Kjeldahl, has been investigated. Results obtained by the use of mercuric sulphate/selenium and vanadium pentoxide/selenium catalysts have been compared with those obtained by the standard macro‐method. A modified Markham distillation apparatus is described, and it is shown that by its use ‘blank’ corrections are considerably reduced. Estimates have also been made of the limits within which duplicate results should agree for both semi‐micro and macro‐methods and of the limits of error of the determination.
Salts for static control of humidity at relatively low levels
Authors: Richardson G. M. , Malthus R. S.
Published: July 2010

An isopiestic technique has been used for observing the static control of humidity by saturated salt solutions and by paired salt hydrates. Many new values within the range 7% to 60% relative humidity at 25°C have been obtained, using saturated solutions of highly soluble salts. Difficulties encountered in using paired salt hydrates to control humidity at low levels have been described.
Characteristics of the polyamide‐epoxy resin system
Authors: Floyd D. E. , Peerman D. E. , Wittcoff H.
Published: July 2010

Polyamide resins, from a dimeric acid mixture, have been interacted with low‐molecular‐weight resins with terminal epoxy groups. The reaction mechanisms of the primary and secondary amino groups of the polyamide resins with the epoxy groups are discussed. Comparison is made with the reaction conditions and the properties of the resultant blends when epoxy resins are interacted with amine hardening agents.

The polyamide‐epoxy thermoset blends are highly adhesive, partly due to the high concentration of polar groups, and have unusual flexibility because of the high degree of internal plasticization due to the fatty character of the polyamide resin. The physical properties of various blends are tabulated, and their current and prospective uses discussed.
Some characteristic infra‐red absorption frequencies of furan compounds. I
Authors: Cross A. H. J. , Stevens S. G. E. , Watts T. H. E.
Published: July 2010

The infra‐red absorption spectra of a number of 2‐monosubstituted and 2: 5‐disubstituted furan derivatives have been measured over the frequency range 2000–700 cm.−1. Two bands at approximately 1225 cm.−1 and 1020 cm.−1 are characteristic of the furan ring and other tentative assignments are made in the 1000cm.−1 to 700 cm.−1 region for the identification of the type of substitution. A nitro‐group in the α‐position of a furan ring absorbs strongly at 1535–1505 cm.−1 and 1360–1340 cm.−1.
Electrodialysis using ion‐exchange membranes II. Demineralization of solutions containing amino‐acids
Authors: Peers A. M.
Published: July 2010

When the ratio of electrical transport numbers (ratio of fluxes) of two ionic species in a membrane has a value different from the ratio of concentrations in free solution, the membrane may be utilized to effect a partial separation of the two species. The degree of separation may be characterized by a ‘separation factor’, a, which has been evaluated theoretically for a simple case. The effect of current density on a is also considered. The theory is utilized to determine the optimum conditions for the separation of amino‐acids from sodium chloride in a three‐compartment cell employing ion‐exchange membranes. Results are in general agreement with theory.
New Nessler reagent and its use in the direct nesslerisation of Kjeldahl digests
Authors: Middleton K. R.
Published: July 2010

The instability of conventional Nessler reagents is shown to be the cause of inaccuracy when they are used to estimate ammonia in solution. A critical investigation of the Nessler reaction has resulted in the formulation of a satisfactory, aqueous reagent. Use of this reagent along with gum arabic, which protects the ammonia‐colour‐complex from flocculation, has permitted the problem of interference to be clarified and by incorporating a method for controlling interference a procedure has been worked out for directly nesslerising Kjeldahl digests. When applied to the determination of the nitrogen content of plant material, the procedure is comparable in accuracy and precision to that of a distillation‐titration method. The reagent is sensitive to 5 μg. of ammoniacal nitrogen in solution and the precision of the method is about 1·4%.
Preparation of triallylphosphine oxide
Authors: Chance L. H. , Guthrie J. D.
Published: July 2010

Additional properties and details of preparation of triallylphosphine oxide are reported.
Thermodynamic properties of the normal alcohols, C1 C12
Authors: Green J. H. S.
Published: July 2010

The following thermodynamic functions are tabulated for the normal alcohols (CnH2n+1.OH) for C1—C12 inclusive, for the ideal gas state at 1 atm. pressure from 298.16°K to 1000°K : free energy function, (G°—H)/T heat content function, (H°—H)/T heat content, (H°—H) entropy, S° heat capacity, C; and standard heat, Δ H, free energy, Δ G and logarithm of the equilibrium constant, log10K, of formation. For the three lower members the functions were obtained by methods of statistical mechanics and for the higher members by a method of increments. Agreement with the experimental values is satisfactory.
The dihydrate‐hemihydrate transformation in gypsum
Authors: Fowler A. , Howell H. G. , Schiller K. K.
Published: July 2010

A microscope study has been made of the development of crystals of calcium sulphate hemihydrate produced on, or in, sheets of the dihydrate in the form of selenite by calcining under controlled conditions. The crystal forms were shown to be strongly dependent upon both temperature and ambient water vapour pressure. A mechanism for the nucleation and growth of these crystals is propounded in terms of the diffusion of molecular vacancies. The relevant properties of the so‐called α‐and β‐hemihydrates are discussed, and it is argued that these forms are due to incoherent and coherent growth, respectively, from the parent selenite; it is explained how it is possible to obtain incoherent growth in this solid transformation. The overall shape of the crystals is examined.
Use of p‐nitrophenol for specific surface measurement of granular solids and fibres
Authors: Giles C. H. , D'Silva A. P. , Trivedi A. S.
Published: July 2010

Earlier work describing the use of p‐nitrophenol (PNP) in measuring specific surface of finely divided solids is supplemented here by a description of recent investigations which enable the usefulness of the method to be more clearly defined. Normally PNP is used in aqueous solution, but for some materials liable to dissolve in, swell in, or react chemically with, water, e.g. sugar, certain inorganic oxides and textile fibres, an organic solvent is used. The method is suitable for a wide variety of solids, both non‐porous and porous, provided they either form a hydrogen bond with PNP or have aromatic nuclei. Thus, with appropriate solvents, oxides, textile fibres with polar molecules and carbons can be used, but not, for example barium sulphate. With porous solids the results may or may not reveal a lower accessible surface than the area measured by nitrogen, depending on the pore size distribution. With porous solids the method enables a rapid estimate of the relative proportion of small and large pores to be made. Also, it can be used to measure the external specific surface only, as distinct from the total surface of some porous granular solids and fibres. Normally PNP appears to be adsorbed flatwise from water or organic solvents with an effective molecular area of 52.5 Å2. (An earlier value for this area given for special cases of adsorption from non‐aqueous solutions is now shown to be invalid). In some cases on polar inorganic solids it is adsorbed end‐on with an effective area of 25 Å2. The mode of adsorption is indicated by the type of isotherm.
Alkylation of phenols with isobutylene
Authors: Gehlawat J. K. , Sharma M. M.
Published: July 2010

The kinetics of absorption of isobutylene in molten phenol, p‐cresol and pyrocatechol were studied in a stirred cell using concentrated sulphuric acid as a catalyst. The absorption of isobutylene in molten phenols was found to conform to pseudo‐first‐order mechanism. The products of various reactions were analysed by gas‐liquid chromatography.

The absorption of isobutylene in mono‐t‐butyl derivatives of phenols was studied in an agitated glass reactor. It was possible to eliminate the effect of diffusion. The values for the rate constant of the second‐order reactions between isobutylene and p‐t‐butylphenol at 104°, isobutylene and 2‐t‐butyl‐p‐cresol at 70° and isobutylene and 4‐t‐butylpyrocatechol at 104° were 49, 40 and 56 ml/g mole/sec, respectively.

Mass transfer influenced the rate of alkylation of phenol and p‐cresol with isobutylene in a bubble column. However, no significant improvement was observed in the yield of the mono‐derivative, which in some cases is the desired product.
Studies on bleaching of lac I. Action of sodium hypochlorite on the resin
Authors: Khanna B. B.
Published: July 2010

A study was made of physical and chemical changes that take place during bleaching of Rangeeni and Kusmi, the two main varieties of lac, by the improved hypochlorite bleaching process. The physical changes studied include life, flow and keeping quality. The chemical changes observed were oxidation, addition, substitution and partial hydrolysis. Fractionation and intrinsic viscosity, however, showed little overall molecular change.
Chemical changes in slabs of cast gypsum during standard tests of resistance to fire
Authors: King G. A. , Beretka J. , Ridge M. J.
Published: July 2010

A study was made of changes in composition occurring in slabs of cast gypsum when subjected to standard tests of resistance to fire.

The temperature of the unfired surfaces of the specimens rose rapidly for ∼55°c and then continued to rise but very much more slowly. Eventually, the temperature again began to rise rapidly and thermal failure occurred. In the cases of the thicker specimens tested, the increase in temperature during the period of slow rise was in the form of two steps separated by a period of faster heating.

Observations were made on the composition of specimens heated to various extents. Dehydration was virtually complete at the beginning of the final rapid increase in temperature.
Flavour retention in drying preconcentrated food liquids
Authors: Thijssen H. A. C.
Published: July 2010

The loss of volatile flavours from food liquids during evaporative drying and freeze‐drying is independent of the relative volatility of the flavours and fully controlled by the rate at which the flavours can migrate to the evaporating surface. This rate of transfer is in solids and liquids without internal circulation directly proportional to the molecular diffusion coefficient of the flavour component. The diffusion coefficients of the flavour components are strongly dependent on water concentration and decrease much more steeply with decrease in water concentration than the diffusion coefficient of water. Below a critical water concentration the system becomes selectively permeable to water and completely impermeable to flavour molecules. The critical moisture content is dependent on the nature of the dissolved solids, and increases with increasing size of the flavour molecule and decreasing temperature.

Drying conditions leading to a steep water concentration gradient and a rapid decrease in the water concentration at the liquid‐or solid‐gas interface down to the domain of selective permeability result in high flavour retention. The effect of these process conditions on retention have been studied experimentally for spray drying and freeze drying.
Diffusivities of H2S, C2H2 and N2O in aqueous electrolyte solutions
Authors: Sada Eizo , Ando Norio , Kito Shigeharu
Published: July 2010

Diffusivities of hydrogen sulphide, nitrous oxide and acetylene were observed for aqueous solutions of KI, NH4NO3, MgCl2, KNO3, CaCl2, Na2SO4, NaCl, NH4Cl and KBr by using the laminar jet. Solubilities used in the calculations of diffusivities were also measured for nitrous oxide and hydrogen sulphide.

It is found that diffusivities of these gases show similar behaviour to those of carbon dioxide obtained by Ratcliff and Holdcroft, and Onda et al., and it is possible to estimate accurately diffusivities of these gases in aqueous electrolyte solutions by using the correlation for carbon dioxide proposed by Onda et al. Moreover, the results proposed by Gubbins et al., are also confirmed for more extended systems.
The extraction of uranium (VI) and thorium (IV) from nitric acid solutions by tri‐n‐octyl phosphine oxide
Authors: Sato Taichi , Nishida Tomobumi , Yamatake Masahiro
Published: July 2010

The distribution of uranium(vi) and thorium(iv) between nitric acid solutions and solutions of tri‐n‐octyl phosphine oxide (TOPO) in kerosene has been investigated. The organic phases have been studied by infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Further the absorption spectra of both the aqueous and organic phases have been examined in the extraction of uranium(vi).
Arylmercury compounds I. A general procedure for the preparation of diarylmercury compounds by symmetrisation reactions
Authors: Garti Nissim , Halpern Yuval
Published: July 2010

A process for the preparation of disubstituted organomercurials was studied. The reaction is summarised by the following equation:

where Ar = aryl and × = different anions. Instead of ammonia and EDTA other amines and chelating agents were also used. Only those chelating agents that have virtually the same structural features as EDTA were found to have the same effect. Various amines could be used instead of ammonia. The reaction can be carried out in water or in mixtures of organic solvents and water.
Analysis of diffusional effects in immobilised two‐enzyme systems
Authors: Krishna R. , Ramachandran P. A.
Published: July 2010

The effect of diffusional resistances (both inter‐ and intramembrane) on the kinetic behaviour of an immobilised two‐enzyme system carrying out a consecutive sequence of reactions S → P1 → P2 is analysed for the case in which the intrinsic kinetics can be considered to be first order. The method of solution consists in first representing the diffusion–reaction equations in matrix notation and applying the similarity transformation to reduce the equations to a set of uncoupled equations in pseudoconcentrations. The set of uncoupled equations are solved analytically for the appropriate boundary conditions. The solution to the original problem is then recovered by applying the reverse transformation. Two geometries have been treated, the spherical capsule and the flat plate membrane. The diffusional resistances may be described adequately by two dimensionless numbers, the Thiele modulus and modified Sherwood number. The influence of these parameters on the concentration profiles and “effectiveness factors” have been presented graphically. The analysis is also extended to the prediction of the performance of a packed bed enzyme reactor.
Studies on cyanine dyes. I. Synthesis of new oxacyanine dyes
Authors: Osman Abdel‐Megied , Khalil Zarif H.
Published: July 2010

Synthesis of new types of bisoxacyanine dyes covering styryl‐, mero‐, and methine cyanines was achieved by interaction of 2,6‐dimethylbenzdioxazole 3,7‐bis‐ethyl iodide with active carbonyl components. These dyes showed high absorption spectral properties and were found to induce remarkable sensitisation effects when applied to silver halide emulsions.
Studies of the crystallisation of gallium hydroxide precipitated from hydrochloric acid solutions by various alkalis
Authors: Sato Taichi , Nakamura Takato
Published: July 2010

Gallium hydroxide precipitated from aqueous gallium chloride solution on addition of alkalis at varying pH have been aged in the mother liquors for different periods of time. The resulting precipitates have been examined by X‐ray diffraction and i.r. spectrophotometry. It is found that the precipitate, separated immediately from the mother liquor after preparation, exists in an amorphous type and transforms to α‐gallium oxyhydroxide during aging independent of pH.
The preparation of thiophenes. I. From C4‐molecules and carbon disulphide
Authors: Azizian Farid , Pizey James S.
Published: July 2010

Thiophene has been prepared by passing C4‐molecules and carbon disulphide in the vapour phase, over a promoted chromium‐aluminium oxide catalyst. A 42 and 78% yield of thiophene were obtained from the reaction of n‐butanol or crotonaldehyde with carbon disulphide, respectively. A possible scheme for these reactions has been proposed. In addition a number of catalysts for the reaction between n‐butanol and carbon disulphide has been used and their efficiency determined. A number of substituted thiophenes was also obtained from the reaction between n‐butanol and carbon disulphide; their yields and structures were determined.
Photodecomposition of azobenzenes
Authors: Ali Ahlam M. J. , Al‐Saigh Zeki Y.
Published: July 2010

Upon ultraviolet irradiation azobenzene and decafluoroazobenzene in cyclohexane and diethyl ether solutions decompose into phenylazo, phenylazomethylene and aniline radicals. The major products formed in cyclohexane solution are N‐cyclohexylaniline, N‐cyclohexylpentafluoroaniline, phenylazocyclohexane, pentafluorophenyl‐azocyclohexane, 1‐phenyl‐2‐cyclohexylhydrazine and 1‐pentafluoro‐2‐cyclohexyl hydrazine. In diethyl ether solution the products are N‐polymethylene phenylhydrazine, N‐polymethylene pentafluorophenyl hydrazine, phenylhydrazine cyclohexane, pentafluorophenyl hydrazine cyclohexane and phenylazo‐N‐polymethylene. Minor products are also formed from the photosensitisation of solvent molecules. The primary and secondary reactions of the azobenzenes which lead to these products are discussed.
Porosity of alumina gels prepared by hydrolysis of aluminium s‐butylate with limited amounts of water
Authors: Astier Marcel , Sing Kenneth S. W.
Published: July 2010

Mercury porosimetry measurements have been made on alumina gels prepared by the addition of small amounts of water to solutions of aluminium s‐butylate in propan‐2‐ol. The gels obtained by the addition of six times the stoichiometric water required for complete hydrolysis were found to be uniform in their pore size distribution and to undergo only slow ageing when left in contact with the solvent medium. Heat treatment of this type of gel in air at temperatures up to 740°C gave relatively stable pore structures. On the other hand, the gels prepared by the hydrolysis of aluminium s‐butylate with the stoichiometric quantity of water were non‐uniform and gave lower pore volumes and surface areas on heat treatment.
Factors affecting the solubility of gypsum. The effect of lime and temperature in different media
Authors: Ghorab Hanaa Y. , Wassef Marguerite , Abou Fetouh Safaa H. El
Published: July 2010

The effect of lime on the solubility of gypsum in water and in sodium hydroxide solution at 30, 60 and 100°C has been studied turbidimetrically and by means of X‐ray diffraction analysis. Lime depressed the solubility of gypsum in water only slightly at 30°C and a rise of temperature minimised its effect until its complete elimination. In the absence of alkali the minimum sulphate ion concentration in a supersaturated lime solution and at temperatures in the range 30–100°C is about 1.2gdm−3. In sodium hydroxide solution neither lime nor temperature played a significant role and the solubility of gypsum was clearly promoted. At temperatures in the range 30–100°C, 0.5g of gypsum dissolved in 100cm3 of 0.2MNaOH solution.
Death awareness and organizational behavior
Authors: Stein Jordan Helena , Cropanzano Russell
Published: July 2010

This Incubator introduces scholars to death awareness research. We explicate how mortality salience can be studied in conjunction with workplace behavior. Using the Terror Management Theory (TMT) framework, we explore morality salience in combination with several workplace phenomena, including aggression, discrimination, and punishment; and, several ideas for future research are suggested. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.