bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Degradation of Mechanical and Dielectric Properties of Flame‐Retardant Ethylene Propylene Rubber by Thermal Aging
Authors: Yamaguchi Hikaru , Ishii Hiroyuki , Hirai Naoshi , Ohki Yoshimichi
Published: January 2020

Thermal degradation was performed at 175, 200, and 250 °C from 100 to 2000 h on flame‐retardant ethylene propylene rubber (FR‐EPR) with the same compositions as those used in the insulation of a safety‐related cable in nuclear power plants. For these samples, indenter modulus (IM), elongation at break, tensile strength, and complex permittivity were measured to clarify mechanical and dielectric properties. Fourier transform infrared absorption and differential scanning calorimetric spectra were also measured to determine structural changes. As a result, it was found that FR‐EPR becomes hard by oxidation and crosslinking, and that it becomes brittle as the degradation becomes more severe. In addition, such changes in mechanical properties by the aging occur much earlier than the changes in dielectric properties. Regarding this, IM is a good indicator to examine the degradation degree of FR‐EPR. © 2020 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Breakdown characteristics of gas‐filled transformers and reactors under lightning and switching impulse voltages
Authors: Yamamoto Takashi , Ueta Genyo , Okabe Shigemitsu , Yoshida Ikki
Published: January 2020

This article discusses the breakdown voltage characteristics of gas‐filled transformers and reactors. To determine their insulation characteristics, this study has used models simulating their insulating elements: interturn and section‐to‐section insulation. The study measured 50% breakdown voltages in the section‐to‐section and interturn models under standard lightning impulse voltages that were 1.13 and 1.06 times higher than those under the standard switching impulse voltages, respectively. The mechanism of the above‐mentioned facts is discussed, in terms of the formative time lag of the discharge. © 2020 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
New conformal higher spin gravities in 3d
Authors: Grigoriev Maxim , Lovrekovic Iva , Skvortsov Evgeny
Published: January 2020

Abstract

We propose a new class of conformal higher spin gravities in three dimensions, which extends the one by Pope and Townsend. The main new feature is that there are infinitely many examples of the new theories with a finite number of higher spin fields, much as in the massless case. The action has the Chern-Simons form for a higher spin extension of the conformal algebra. In general, the new theories contain Fradkin-Tseytlin fields with higher derivatives in the gauge transformations, which is reminiscent of partially-massless fields. A relation of the old and new theories to the parity anomaly is pointed out.
A comment on 4d and 5d BPS states
Authors: Kachru Shamit , Zimet Max
Published: January 2020

Abstract

We discuss a phenomenon in supersymmetric field theory and string theory whereby compactifying one of the dimensions of spacetime on an arbitrarily large circle can cause BPS states to become unstable. We exemplify this by considering 5d $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 1 theories on a circle and their embeddings into M-theory via geometric engineering. This implicates a subtle relationship between the BPS states of M-theory on a Calabi-Yau threefold, X , and those of type IIA on X with an arbitrary value of the coupling constant. Intuition for this phenomenon is provided by considering F-theory on a complex K3 surface in a limit where it degenerates to a real K3 surface.
Effective theory approach to new physics with flavour: general framework and a leptoquark example
Authors: Bordone Marzia , Catà Oscar , Feldmann Thorsten
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Extending the Standard Model with higher-dimensional operators in an effective field theory (EFT) approach provides a systematic framework to study new physics (NP) effects from a bottom-up perspective, as long as the NP scale is sufficiently large compared to the energies probed in the experimental observables. However, when taking into account the different quark and lepton flavours, the number of free parameters in- creases dramatically, which makes generic studies of the NP flavour structure infeasible. In this paper, we address this issue in view of the recently observed “flavour anomalies” in B-meson decays, which we take as a motivation to develop a general framework that allows us to systematically reduce the number of flavour parameters in the EFT. This framework can be easily used in global fits to flavour observables at Belle II and LHCb as well as in analyses of flavour-dependent collider signatures at the LHC. Our formalism represents an extension of the well-known minimal-flavour-violation approach, and uses Froggatt-Nielsen charges to define the flavour power-counting. As a relevant illustration of the formalism, we apply it to the flavour structures which could be induced by a U
1 vector leptoquark, which represents one of the possible explanations for the recent hints of flavour non-universality in semileptonic B-decays. We study the phenomenological viability of this specific framework performing a fit to low-energy flavour observables.
Emitted radiation and geometry
Authors: Bianchi L. , Billò M. , Galvagno F. , Lerda A.
Published: January 2020

Abstract

In conformal $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 Super Yang-Mills theory, the energy emitted by an accelerated heavy particle is computed by the one-point function of the stress tensor operator in the presence of a Wilson line. In this paper, we consider the theory on the ellipsoid and we prove a conjectured relation between the stress tensor one-point function and the first order expansion of the Wilson loop expectation value in the squashing parameter. To do this, we analyze the behavior of the Wilson loop for a small deformation of the background geometry and, at first order in the deformation, we fix the kinematics using defect CFT constraints. In the final part of the paper, we analyze the consequences of our results for the weak coupling perturbative expansion. In particular, comparing the weakly coupled matrix model with the ordinary Feynman diagram expansion, we find a natural transcendentality driven organization for the latter.
Bosonic sectorized strings and the (DF)2 theory
Authors: Azevedo Thales , Jusinskas Renann Lipinski , Lize Matheus
Published: January 2020

Abstract

In this work, we investigate the bosonic chiral string in the sectorized inter- pretation, computing its spectrum, kinetic action and 3-point amplitudes. As expected, the bosonic ambitwistor string is recovered in the tensionless limit. We also consider an extension of the bosonic model with current algebras. In that case, we compute the effective action and show that it is essentially the same as the action of the mass-deformed (DF )2 theory found by Johansson and Nohle. Aspects which might seem somewhat contrived in the original construction — such as the inclusion of a scalar transforming in some real representation of the gauge group — are shown to follow very naturally from the worldsheet formulation of the theory.
An exact symmetry in λ-deformed CFTs
Authors: Georgiou George , Sagkrioti Eftychia , Sfetsos Konstantinos , Siampos Konstantinos
Published: January 2020

Abstract

We consider λ-deformed current algebra CFTs at level k, interpolating between an exact CFT in the UV and a PCM in the IR. By employing gravitational techniques, we derive the two-loop, in the large k expansion, β-function. We find that this is covariant under a remarkable exact symmetry involving the coupling λ, the level k and the adjoint quadratic Casimir of the group. Using this symmetry and CFT techniques, we are able to compute the Zamolodchikov metric, the anomalous dimension of the bilinear operator and the Zamolodchikov C -function at two-loops in the large k expansion, as exact func- tions of the deformation parameter. Finally, we extend the above results to λ-deformed parafermionic algebra coset CFTs which interpolate between exact coset CFTs in the UV and a symmetric coset space in the IR.
Early Stages of Deleterious Phases in Super and Hyper Duplex Stainless Steel and Their Effect on Toughness
Authors: Keplinger Andreas , Martinez Carlos , Hausbauer Manfred , Kapp Marianne
Published: January 2020

Duplex stainless steels combine excellent mechanical properties with good corrosion resistance. Consequently, they are in frequent use in various highly demanding applications, like Oil & Gas, chemical processing, pulp and paper, and desalination plants. Due to their high alloying contents, super and hyper duplex are susceptible to the formation of detrimental secondary phases such as chromium nitrides, chi, and sigma phase.

The presented investigation deals with the precipitation of those phases in super and hyper duplex by employing rapid isothermal heat treatments on a Gleeble 3800 thermo-mechanical simulator. The Charpy-V impact toughness was measured as a function of the sensitization time and temperature in order to characterise their effect on low temperature toughness. Both alloys suffer from severe embrittlement at the early stages of sensitization. In super duplex at 850 °C for 20 s, chromium nitrides are precipitated, a chi-phase is formed after 200 s, and small amounts of sigma after 500 s. In hyper duplex, the precipitation sequence is the same but significantly faster. In this alloy, the sigma-phase is encountered after merely 50 s and ferrite is completely consumed after 500 s.
Grünpatenschaften im Spannungsfeld von neoliberaler Stadtpolitik und urbanen Bürgerbewegungen
Authors: Gruber Miriam
Published: January 2020

Am Umgang mit städtischem Grün entzünden sich immer wieder Proteste von Bürgerinnen und Bürgern, die sich gegen Entscheidungen von Politik und Verwaltung richten. Umgekehrt hat die öffentliche Hand das Potenzial erkannt, das engagierte Bürgerinnen und Bürger für den Erhalt von Stadtgrün darstellen, insbesondere in Zeiten knapper kommunaler Ressourcen. Eine Form der Zusammenarbeit zwischen Stadtgesellschaft und -verwaltung stellen sogenannte Grünpatenschaften dar, bei denen Bürgerinnen und Bürger ehrenamtlich Flächen des Straßenbegleitgrüns pflegen. Der folgende Beitrag untersucht am Beispiel von Baumscheiben in Bonn, welche Möglichkeiten und Grenzen zivilgesellschaftliches Engagement im Handlungsfeld des Stadtgrüns hat. Mittels quantitativen und qualitativen Methoden wurden unter anderem die Verteilung der Grünpatenschaften im Stadtgebiet und die Bewertung des Patenschaftsmodells aus unterschiedlichen Perspektiven untersucht. Den theoretischen Hintergrund des Beitrags bilden 2 verschiedene Diskurse: Einerseits können Grünpatenschaften als Ergebnis neoliberaler Stadtentwicklung und neuer Governanceformen betrachtet werden, andererseits können sie aus zivilgesellschaftlichen Initiativen wie dem Do-it-Yourself Urbanism oder dem Urban Gardening hervorgehen.
The value of monitoring wildlife roadkill
Authors: Schwartz Amy L. W. , Shilling Fraser M. , Perkins Sarah E.
Published: January 2020

The number of wildlife-vehicle collisions has an obvious value in estimating the direct effects of roads on wildlife, i.e. mortality due to vehicle collisions. Given the nature of the data—species identification and location—there is, however, much wider ecological knowledge that can be gained by monitoring wildlife roadkill. Here, we review the added value and opportunities provided by these data, through a series of case studies where such data have been instrumental in contributing to the advancement of knowledge in species distributions, population dynamics, and animal behaviour, as well as informing us about health of the species and of the environment. We propose that consistently, systematically, and extensively monitoring roadkill facilitates five critical areas of ecological study: (1) monitoring of roadkill numbers, (2) monitoring of population trends, (3) mapping of native and invasive species distributions, (4) animal behaviour, and (5) monitoring of contaminants and disease. The collection of such data also offers a valuable opportunity for members of the public to be directly involved in scientific data collection and research (citizen science). Through continuing to monitor wildlife roadkill, we can expand our knowledge across a wide range of ecological research areas, as well as facilitating investigations that aim to reduce both the direct and indirect effects of roads on wildlife populations.
Effect of Ultra-sonicated Y2BaCuO5 on Top-Seeded Melt Growth YBa2Cu3Oy Bulk Superconductor
Authors: Pinmangkorn S. , Miryala M. , Arvapalli S. S. , Murakami M.
Published: January 2020

In this work, we tried to improve the superconducting performance of bulk YBa2Cu3Oy (Y123) superconductors via Y2Ba1Cu1O5 (Y211) secondary phase refinement. A novel method of ultra-sonication was used to refine the Y211 secondary phase particles. The Y211 powder was treated by ultra-sonication for 0 to 80 min with steps of 20 min, keeping the power (300 W) and frequency (20 kHz) constant. For synthesis of the YBCO bulk, we employed top-seeded melt growth (TSMG) with Pt addition. Magnetization measurements showed a superconducting transition temperature at around 91 K, irrespective of ultra-sonication parameters. Interestingly, critical current density and trapped field were found to be proportional to the ultra-sonication duration. YBCO bulk sample (20 mm diameter, 7 mm in thickness) fabricated for 80 min ultra-sonicated Y211 showed a maximum trapped field of 0.42 T at 77 K, 0.3 mm above the top surface. The improved trapped field values are explained on the basis of improvements in the microstructure.
Modeling the nexus between coal consumption, FDI inflow and economic expansion: does industrialization matter in South Africa?
Authors: Udi Joshua , Bekun Festus Victor , Adedoyin Festus Fatai
Published: January 2020

This study examines the role of industrialization in the energy-growth-FDI nexus for the case of South Africa using data over the period 1970 to 2018. The empirical exercise was conducted using Pesaran Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach. To accomplish our study objective, we analyze stationarity properties of the series using the unit root test after which we applied Bayer-Hanck (B-H) combined technique to cointegration to assess whether a long-run relationship exists among the series. Empirical results show that a 1% change in FDI account for 0.002% and 0.013% increase in economic expansion in the short- and long- run respectively. Also, a 1% increase in coal consumption influence GDP negatively by 0.083% and 0.207% in the short and long run respectively. Furthermore, a 1% increase in total natural resource rent positively affects GDP by 0.02% and 0.05% respectively in the short and long run. Industrialization, on the other hand, demonstrates a positive and significant impact on the economic growth process both in the short and long run. Industrialization contributes 0.506% and 1.274% to economic expansion both in the short and long run respectively. The causality tests suggest that a one-way causal link running from FDI to industrialization and from industrialization to coal consumption exists. Finally, FDI inflow drives total natural resource rents in South Africa. This study also gives reliable growth and energy policy proposals to policymakers applicable to countries around the globe.
Novel Evidence that Purinergic Signaling - Nlrp3 Inflammasome Axis Regulates Circadian Rhythm of Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells Circulation in Peripheral Blood
Authors: Adamiak Mateusz , Ciechanowicz Andrzej , Skoda Marta , Cymer Monika , Tracz Michal , Xu Bing , Ratajczak Mariusz Z.
Published: January 2020

We found that circadian changes in ATP level in peripheral blood (PB) activate the Nlrp3 inflammasome, which triggers diurnal release of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) from murine bone marrow (BM) into PB. Consistent with this finding, we observed circadian changes in expression of mRNA for Nlrp3 inflammasome-related genes, including Nlrp3, caspase 1, IL-1β, IL-18, gasdermin (GSDMD), HMGB1, and S100A9. Circadian release of HSPCs from BM into PB as well as expression of Nlrp3-associated genes was decreased in mice in which pannexin 1-mediated secretion of ATP was inhibited by the blocking peptide 10Panx and in animals exposed to the specific small-molecule inhibitor of the Nlrp3 inflammasome MCC950. In addition to HSPCs, a similar decrease in diurnal cell counts was observed for mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), and very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs). These results shed more light on the complexity of circadian regulation of HSPC release into PB, which is coordinated in a purinergic signaling-, innate immunity-dependent manner. Moreover, in addition to circadian changes in expression of the Nlrp3 inflammasome we also observed diurnal changes in expression of other inflammasomes, including Aim2, Nrp1a, and Nlrp1b.
Does Starting Universal Childcare Earlier Influence Children’s Skill Development?
Authors: Kuehnle Daniel , Oberfichtner Michael
Published: January 2020

As many developed countries enact policies that allow children to begin universal childcare earlier, understanding how starting universal childcare earlier affects children’s cognitive and noncognitive skills is an important policy question. We provide comprehensive evidence on the multidimensional short- and longer-run effects of starting universal childcare earlier using a fuzzy discontinuity in the age at starting childcare in Germany. Combining rich survey and administrative data, we follow one cohort from age 6 to 15 and examine standardized cognitive test scores, noncognitive skill measures, and school track choice in a unified framework. Children who start universal childcare four months earlier around age 3 do not perform differently in terms of standardized cognitive test scores, measures of noncognitive skills, school track choice, or school entrance examinations. We also find no evidence of skill improvements for children with low socioeconomic status, although we provide suggestive evidence that they may benefit from high-quality care. Our estimates refer to children who start childcare before they become legally entitled, for whom the literature would predict low gains to starting childcare earlier. We provide further evidence on this relationship between parental resistance to and children’s potential gains from childcare. Simply allowing children to start universal childcare earlier is hence not sufficient to improve children’s skill development, particularly for children with low socioeconomic status.
The Treatment of Bipolar Depression: Current Status and Future Perspectives
Authors: Jelen Luke A. , Young Allan H.
Published: January 2020

Purpose of Review

This paper aims to review current available treatment options and to consider future directions in the treatment of bipolar depression.

Recent Findings

There are a limited number of established treatments that have demonstrated varied efficacy in acute bipolar depression including modern antipsychotics (quetiapine, lurasidone, olanzapine ± fluoxetine and recently cariprazine) and mood stabilisers (lamotrigine and valproate). Lithium has a role in protecting against depressive relapses and suicide. Alternative and experimental treatments including pramipexole, modafinil/armodafinil, omega-3 fatty acids and thyroxine may be used to augment the treatment of bipolar depression. Ketamine represents a major breakthrough, producing rapid reductions in depressive symptoms even in cases of treatment-resistance, but challenges remain in how best to maintain response and reduce unwanted side effects.

There remains uncertainty with regard to the relative efficacy and safety of established and experimental treatments for bipolar depression. Further work using consistent, optimal trial designs as well as further investigation into novel compounds and treatment interventions is warranted.
Ancient natural philosophy: A resource for environmental education
Authors: Van Ryn Ann , Burns Edgar
Published: January 2020

Studying humankind’s relationship to the earth involves broad and deep questions for students as today’s educators explore changing teaching methods. This article highlights benefits of a multidisciplinary approach to environmental education, drawing upon ancient natural philosophy as a coherent conceptual resource. The Greek philosopher Plotinus is introduced to show the application of ancient natural philosophy across all fields and on all levels of knowledge under a common banner. The significance of ancient natural philosophy is its conception of overall unity. This is the key. Unity is implicit in interrelationships between parts to whole on all levels of existence. From such a perspective, all life forms and other entities in the natural world can be understood as interrelated — just as James Lovelock demonstrated in describing the homeostatic state of natural processes on earth. On a similar reasoning, the diversity in people, societies and places can be appreciated physically and sociologically as belonging to one world. Several studies are cited to explore this overlap between ancient natural philosophy and honouring the connection and dependence of humanity on the fragility of the earth’s ecosystem.
Regulatory Oversight and Benefit-Cost Analysis: A Historical Perspective
Authors: Dudley Susan E.
Published: January 2020

The Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) in the Executive Office of the President coordinates the federal government’s regulatory agenda, reviews executive branch agencies’ draft regulations, and oversees government-wide information quality, peer review, privacy, and statistical policies. Remarkably, its regulatory oversight functions, and the benefit-cost framework underlying them, have not changed significantly through six very different presidential administrations. This article examines the evolution of executive regulatory oversight and analysis from the 1970s to today, exploring the reasons for its durability and whether the current imposition of a regulatory budget challenges the bipartisan nature of regulatory practice.
A contribution to the theory of economic development and the demographic transition: fertility reversal under the HIV epidemic
Authors: Gori Luca , Lupi Enrico , Manfredi Piero , Sodini Mauro
Published: January 2020

According to the conventional theory of the demographic transition, mortality decline has represented the major trigger of fertility decline and sustained economic development. In Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), the HIV/AIDS epidemic has had a devastating impact on mortality, dramatically reversing the long-term positive trend in life expectancies in high HIV-prevalence countries. Moreover, SSA is experiencing a delayed and slower fertility transition compared to other world regions and there is growing empirical evidence highlighting the potential for a paralysis, or even a reversal, of the fertility transition in countries with severe HIV epidemics. This work builds on a unified growth theory-like general equilibrium model combined with HIV spread, where mortality endogenously feeds back into fertility and education decisions. The model supports the evidence of an HIV-triggered fertility reversal in SSA via the fall in education and human capital investments due to increased adult mortality, which eventually breaks the switch from quantity to quality of children. Fertility reversal is predicted to be more likely to occur in countries experiencing severe HIV epidemics, and its effects may persist even under successful scenarios of HIV control. These results suggest that the alarming possibility of a paralysis in the fertility transition, which so far has aroused little concern among international organizations, e.g., in the last round of UN population projections, should be seriously considered with a view to prioritizing policy interventions.
GLOBAL ACTIONS AND VECTOR -THEORY
Authors: BAK ANTHONY , GARGE ANURADHA S.
Published: January 2020

Purely algebraic objects like abstract groups, coset spaces, and G-modules do not have a notion of hole as do analytical and topological objects. However, equipping an algebraic object with a global action reveals holes in it and thanks to the homotopy theory of global actions, the holes can be described and quantified much as they are in the homotopy theory of topological spaces. Part I of this article, due to the first author, starts by recalling the notion of a global action and describes in detail the global actions attached to the general linear, elementary, and Steinberg groups. With these examples in mind, we describe the elementary homotopy theory of arbitrary global actions, construct their homotopy groups, and revisit their covering theory. We then equip the set

$Um_{n}(R)$

of all unimodular row vectors of length

$n$

over a ring

$R$

with a global action. Its homotopy groups

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{i}(Um_{n}(R)),i\geqslant 0$

are christened the vector

$K$

-theory groups

$K_{i+1}(Um_{n}(R)),i\geqslant 0$

of

$Um_{n}(R)$

. It is known that the homotopy groups

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{i}(\text{GL}_{n}(R))$

of the general linear group

$\text{GL}_{n}(R)$

viewed as a global action are the Volodin

$K$

-theory groups

$K_{i+1,n}(R)$

. The main result of Part I is an algebraic construction of the simply connected covering map

$\mathit{StUm}_{n}(R)\rightarrow \mathit{EUm}_{n}(R)$

where

$\mathit{EUm}_{n}(R)$

is the path connected component of the vector

$(1,0,\ldots ,0)\in Um_{n}(R)$

. The result constructs the map as a specific quotient of the simply connected covering map

$St_{n}(R)\rightarrow E_{n}(R)$

of the elementary global action

$E_{n}(R)$

by the Steinberg global action

$St_{n}(R)$

. As expected,

$K_{2}(Um_{n}(R))$

is identified with

$\text{Ker}(\mathit{StUm}_{n}(R)\rightarrow \mathit{EUm}_{n}(R))$

. Part II of the paper provides an exact sequence relating stability for the Volodin

$K$

-theory groups

$K_{1,n}(R)$

and

$K_{2,n}(R)$

to vector

$K$

-theory groups.
An alternative interpretation of the Paleogene turtle Cardichelyon rogerwoodi as a hinged kinosternoid
Authors: Joyce Walter G. , Claude Julien
Published: January 2020

Cardichelyon rogerwoodi is an enigmatic fossil turtle from the late Paleocene to early Eocene of North America. Previous analyses suggested affiliation with Testudinoidea, in particular the big-headed turtle Platysternon megacephalum, based on the presence of multiple musk-duct foramina and a large head. We here highlight previously undocumented characteristics for this turtle, notably the presence of short costiform processes, a rib-like axillary process, and a posterior plastral hinge. Phylogenetic analysis places Cardichelyon rogerwoodi within Testudinoidea, but the exclusion of testudinoids suggest an affiliation with Dermatemydidae. Using consilience with external data we favor placement within Kinosternoidea. Cardichelyon rogerwoodi is therefore an aberrant, hinged kinosternoid that developed in situ in North America during the Paleocene long before the arrival of testudinoids on this continent in the early Eocene.
El Formativo en Tarapacá (3000-1000 aP): Arqueología, naturaleza y cultura en la Pampa del Tamarugal, Desierto de Atacama, norte de Chile
Authors: Uribe Mauricio , Angelo Dante , Capriles José , Castro Victoria , de Porras María Eugenia , García Magdalena , Gayo Eugenia , González Josefina , Herrera María José , Izaurieta Roberto , Maldonado Antonio , Mandakovic Valentina , McRostie Virginia , Razeto Jorge , Santana Francisca , Santoro Calogero , Valenzuela Jimena , Vidal Alejandra
Published: January 2020

En este trabajo se describen las relaciones que las sociedades humanas establecieron con su entorno durante el período Formativo (3000-1000 aP) en la Pampa del Tamarugal, Desierto de Atacama, desde una perspectiva teórico-metodológica que pone el acento en el potencial del registro ecofactual. Éste, al mediar entre lo cultural y lo ambiental, proporciona información vital para una mejor comprensión de la relación entre naturaleza y cultura construida por estas sociedades. Queremos demostrar que este proceso forma parte de una larga historia de racionalización del desierto y de sus recursos silvestres, locales e introducidos, así como de la vivencia particular que tuvieron estas comunidades andinas. Por consiguiente, proponemos que la intervención humana en la Pampa del Tamarugal puede ser entendida como un cambio no sólo ecológico y económico, sino también cosmológico.
Understanding the Gender Gap Further: The Case of Turn-of-the-Century Swedish Compositors
Authors: Burnette Joyce , Stanfors Maria
Published: January 2020

To better understand the historical gender wage gap, we investigate the wages of Swedish compositors circa 1900 using a rich data set of matched employer-employee information with national coverage. In line with previous findings, women earned about 70 percent of men’s wages on average. Individual and job characteristics explain much of this shortfall. Firm characteristics or firm fixed effects, on average, explain 17 percent of the gap, though the firm mattered more for the gender gap in big cities than elsewhere. Sorting across firms is thus an important part of understanding historical gender wage gaps. While most studies conclude that a significant portion of the gender gap is unexplained, suggesting labor market discrimination, this may result from a lack of information on the distribution of men and women across firms.
KOLMOGOROV STORIES
Authors: Belyaev Yu. K. , Hajiyev Asaf H.
Published: January 2020

Authors of this paper were educated and have spent many years in Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), in the Interfaculty Laboratory of Statistical Methods (ILSM). Prof. Yu. K. Belyaev was student of Kolmogorov, and for several years his deputy in the ILSM, created and led by the great A. N. Kolmogorov. Now Prof. Yuri Belyaev is Emeritus Professor at Umea University (Sweden). Asaf Hajiyev was a PhD student in Kolmogorov's ILSM. In this paper some unusual incidents about the legendary Kolmogorov, and people around him are presented. Some stories were taken from the books and the internet (see references) dedicated to the memory of Kolmogorov; some were told by his students, and some happened with authors of this paper.

Men are cruel but Man is kind.

– A. N. Kolmogorov
Effects of parental input quality in child heritage language acquisition
Authors: DASKALAKI Evangelia , BLOM Elma , CHONDROGIANNI Vasiliki , PARADIS Johanne
Published: January 2020

This study investigates the role of parental input quality on the acquisition of Greek as a heritage language in Western Canada. Focusing on subject use, we tested four groups of Greek speakers: monolingual children, heritage children, and the parents of each one of those groups. Participants completed an elicited production task designed to elicit subject placement in wide focus and embedded interrogative contexts, where postverbal subjects are preferred/required in the monolingual variety. Results gave rise to two main conclusions: first, the parental input received by heritage children may be qualitatively different from the parental input received by monolingual children, in that it contains a higher rate of deviant preverbal subjects. Second, parental input quality in addition to quantity may affect the outcome of heritage language acquisition, in that children producing a higher rate of preverbal subjects had parents whose Greek input was not only quantitatively reduced, but also richer in preverbal subjects.
Crystal structures of two polymorphs of alclometasone dipropionate, C28H37ClO7
Authors: Kaduk James A. , Gindhart Amy M. , Blanton Thomas N.
Published: January 2020

The crystal structures of two forms of alclometasone dipropionate have been solved and refined using a single synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction pattern and optimized using density functional techniques. Both forms crystallize in the space group P212121 (#19) with Z = 4. The lattice parameters of Form 1 are a = 10.44805(7), b = 14.68762(8), c = 17.31713(9) Å, and V = 2657.44(2) Å3, and those of Form 2 are a = 10.69019(13), b = 14.66136(23), c = 17.17602(23) Å, and V = 2692.05(5) Å3. Both density functional theory and molecular mechanics optimizations indicate that Form 2 is lower in energy, but the differences are within the expected uncertainties of such calculations. In both forms, the only traditional hydrogen bond is between the hydroxyl group and the ketone in the steroid A ring. The chlorine atom acts as an acceptor in two intramolecular C–H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds involving ring hydrogens, as well as in an intermolecular hydrogen bond involving a methyl group. There are several C–H⋯O hydrogen bonds, mainly to ketone oxygens, but also to the hydroxyl group and an ether oxygen. The powder patterns have been submitted to ICDD for inclusion in the Powder Diffraction File™.
‘It Can’t Really be Answered in an Information Pack…’: A Realist Evaluation of a Telephone Housing Options Service for Older People
Authors: Harding Andrew J. E. , Hean Sarah , Parker Jonathan , Hemingway Ann
Published: January 2020

Despite calls for better support to empower people when reassessing their housing in later life, two recent literature reviews highlight a paucity of research on the efficacy of such services. This article reports a qualitative realist evaluation on the efficacy of a UK telephone service providing information on specialist housing to older people. The findings of thirty-one realist interviews with sixteen older people are presented. Information-seekers’ existing tenure (social tenant or private owner-occupier/renter) shaped their experience and utilisation of support. Broadly, however, information was considered too ‘light touch’ to empower older people. However, the widely recognised lack of accessible housing options and reports of non-transparent and unresponsive market practices were also key factors. This study underlines the widely acknowledged need to increase the supply of specialist housing, and recommends that housing options support be reflective of market conditions and be more substantive – including discussion, deliberation, education and advocacy.
Grant Park Music Festival and Music in Chicago's “Front Yard”
Authors: BRUCHER KATHERINE
Published: January 2020

Chicago's Grant Park Music Festival, a free classical music series, provides a case study for exploring how music festivals contribute to the musical life of cities. Each summer, the Grant Park Music Festival Orchestra and Choir perform dozens of free performances at the Jay Pritzker Pavilion in Millennium Park and in residential neighborhoods. In 1935, James C. Petrillo, head of the Chicago local of the American Federation of Musicians, initiated the festival, then called Grant Park Concerts, to employ musicians during the Great Depression with funds from the federal Works Progress Administration. Changes in the city's cultural policies, its demographics, financial support, and expectations for how the festival serves the community have impacted how it programs its season and seeks audiences. Based on archival research, this article focuses on how the festival as a civic institution creates a listening public invested in particular narratives of Chicago as a dynamic city through programming music in public spaces. Looking at Grant Park Music Festival from contemporary and historical angles provides insight into how changes in aesthetic and social values, funding for the arts, and urban planning shape the way a festival engages with the city.
Music Festivals, Ephemeral Places, and Scenes: Interdependence at Cornerstone Festival
Authors: MALL ANDREW
Published: January 2020

Cornerstone was an annual four-day-long Christian rock festival in Illinois that ran from 1984 until 2012, first in Chicago's northern suburbs and then on a former farm in the rural western part of the state. Most attendees camped on-site, and many arrived one or two days early when the campgrounds opened before official programming started. Like many contemporary multi-day festivals in relatively rural or remote locations, Cornerstone's festival grounds and campsites functioned as a temporary village. For many attendees, music festivals have supplanted local scenes as loci of face-to-face musical life. Outside Cornerstone, participants’ musical lives might be curbed by family, professional obligations, geographic separateness, or cultural stratification. Inside the festival's physical, social, and cultural spaces, however, a cohesive music scene manifested for a brief time every year. This article examines the production of space and place at Cornerstone. In doing so, it contributes a vital link between scene theory and the growing ethnomusicological literature on festivals.
A paternal hypercaloric diet affects the metabolism and fertility of F1 and F2 Wistar rat generations
Authors: Oshio Leonardo Toshio , Andreazzi Ana Eliza , Lopes Jéssica Ferraz , Sá Jackson Pereira de , Bolotari Mariana , Costa Vinícius Moreira Gonçalves , Guerra Martha de Oliveira , Peters Vera Maria
Published: January 2020

Increased fat and carbohydrate intakes based on the Western diet are important lifestyle modifications that lead to hypercaloric inputs, obesity, and male fertility negative effects. Epigenetic transmission may also predispose descended generations to chronic diseases, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, behavioral, and reproductive disorders. The present study sought to evaluate the influence of a high-fat-high-sugar (HFHS) diet supplied to Wistar rats from 25 to 90 days of life on reproductive and metabolic parameters in male generations F0, F1, and F2. The standard group received the normocaloric – Nuvilab Quimtia® –3.86 kcal/kg. The hypercaloric diet (HD) group received the HFHS diet – PragSoluções® –4.77 kcal/kg. Body weight, adiposity, F1 and F2 prepubertal age evaluations, oral glucose tolerance test, insulin tolerance test, organ weights, sperm count and morphology assessments, and histometric testicular analyses were performed. The HFHS diet promoted dyslipidemia, higher adiposity, lower relative organ weights, and higher mean kidney weight, decreased mean testicle and parenchyma weights and lower height of seminiferous epithelium (HE) for the F0 generation. F1 and F2 offspring of HD group displayed early preprepubertal development, although did not alter the metabolic parameters. Decreased HE and tubular testicular compartment volumetric density and increased intertubular testicular compartment volumetric density and volume in the F1 generation of HD group were observed. Alterations in histometry of intertubular testicular compartment were also noted. It is concluded that the HFHS experimental model altered only paternal metabolic parameters. However, reproductive parameters of the three generations were affected.
Effects of preterm birth induced with or without exogenous glucocorticoids on the ovine glucose–insulin axis
Authors: Bansal Amita , Alsweiler Jane M. , Oliver Mark H. , Jaquiery Anne , Phua Hui Hui , Dragunow Mike , de Matteo Rob , Harding Jane E. , Bloomfield Frank H.
Published: January 2020

Antenatal exogenous glucocorticoids (ANG) are standard management for women at risk of preterm birth but are reputed to impair glucose tolerance in preterm offspring. We compared lambs born preterm (137 days gestation) following labour induced with exogenous glucocorticoids (G-Prem, glucocorticoid-induced preterm group), or with a progesterone synthesis inhibitor (NG-Prem, non-glucocorticoid-induced preterm group), with term-born lambs (Term; 149 days). We assessed glucose tolerance, insulin secretion and sensitivity at 4 and 10 months n = 11–14/group) and pancreatic and hepatic gene and protein expression at 4 weeks post-term (4 weeks; n = 6/group) and 12 months (12 months; n = 12–13/group). NG-Prem had higher plasma glucose concentrations than G-Prem, but not Term, at 4 months (Mean[SEM] mM: NG-Prem = 4.1[0.1]; G-Prem = 3.4[0.1]; Term = 3.7[0.1]; p = 0.003) and 10 months (NG-Prem = 3.9[0.1]; G-Prem = 3.5[0.1]; Term = 3.7[0.1]; p = 0.01). Insulin sensitivity decreased from 4 to 10 months, in NG-Prem but not in Term (Mean[SEM] µmol·ml−1·kg−1·min−1·ng−1, 4 vs. 10 months: NG-Prem = 18.7[2.5] vs. 9.5[1.5], p < 0.01; Term: 12.1[2.8] vs. 10.4[1.5], p = 0.44). At 12 months, β-cell mass in NG-Prem was reduced by 30% vs. G-Prem (p < 0.01) and 75% vs. Term (p < 0.01) and was accompanied by an increased β-cell apoptosis: proliferation ratio at 12 months. At 12 months, pancreatic glucokinase, igf2 and insulin mRNA levels were reduced 21%–71% in NG-Prem vs. G-Prem and 42%–80% vs. Term. Hepatic glut2 mRNA levels in NG-Prem were 250% of those in G-Prem and Term. Thus, induction of preterm birth without exogenous glucocorticoids more adversely affected pancreas and liver than induction with exogenous glucocorticoids. These findings do not support that ANG lead to long-term adverse metabolic effects, but support an effect of preterm birth itself.
Should Judges Make Climate Change Law?
Authors: Burgers Laura
Published: January 2020

What scholars referred to as a climate change litigation ‘explosion’ in 2015 has today become an established movement which is unlikely to stop in the near future: worldwide, over a thousand lawsuits have been launched regarding responsibility for the dangers of climate change. Since the beginning of this trend in transnational climate litigation scholars have warned that the separation of powers is threatened where judges interfere with the politically hot issue of climate change. This article uses Jürgen Habermas's political theory on deliberative democracy to reconstruct the tension between law and politics generated by these lawsuits. This reconstruction affords a better understanding of the implications of climate change litigation: while the role of the judiciary as such remains unchanged, the trend is likely to influence the democratic legitimacy of judicial lawmaking on climate change, as it indicates an increasing realization that a sound environment is a constitutional value and is therefore a prerequisite for democracy.
Trace Element and Isotopic Characteristics of Plagioclase Megacrysts in Plagioclase Ultraphyric Basalts (PUB)
Authors: Nielsen Roger L. , Ustunisik Gokce , Lange Amy E. , Tepley Frank J. , Kent Adam J. R.
Published: January 2020

Major, trace, and isotopic compositions of plagioclase megacrysts from plagioclase ultraphyric basalts (PUB) from multiple mid‐ocean ridges were determined to characterize the liquid compositions from which they were derived. Large (up to 2 cm) plagioclase megacrysts exhibit homogeneous major element compositions, with variable degrees of trace element and isotopic heterogeneity. The pattern and degree of heterogeneity is itself variable between megacrysts, with some being homogenous and others exhibiting a wide range of trace element and isotopic zoning. Liquids calculated to be in equilibrium with the plagioclase megacrysts exhibit a range equivalent to lavas erupted from entire ridge segments. Many of the megacrysts may be considered to be cognate xenocrysts in that they are related to the same mantle material as the host lavas in which they were carried to the surface. The observed trace element patterns together with the isotopic diversity suggest a complex set of processes are active, that include mixing of distinct primitive melts, fractional crystallization, and diffusive reequilibration. The degree to which each process influences the megacrysts varies between individual crystals in each sample. Equally important is the range of composition we see within individual crystals. For example, Ba concentrations vary by as much as a factor of 5 but not systematically from core to rim.
Biofilm formation displays intrinsic offensive and defensive features of Bacillus cereus
Authors: Caro-Astorga Joaquín , Frenzel Elrike , Perkins James R. , Álvarez-Mena Ana , de Vicente Antonio , Ranea Juan A. G. , Kuipers Oscar P. , Romero Diego
Published: January 2020

Biofilm formation is a strategy of many bacterial species to adapt to a variety of stresses and has become a part of infections, contaminations, or beneficial interactions. In this study, we demonstrate that profound physiological changes permit Bacillus cereus to switch from a floating to a sessile lifestyle, to undergo further maturation of the biofilm and to differentiate into the offensive or defensive features. We report that floating and biofilm cells are populations that differentiate metabolically, with members of each subpopulation developing different branches of certain metabolic pathways. Secondly, biofilm populations rearrange nucleotides, sugars, amino acids, and energy metabolism. Thirdly, this metabolic rearrangement coexists with: the synthesis of the extracellular matrix, sporulation, reinforcement of the cell wall, activation of the ROS detoxification machinery and production of secondary metabolites. This strategy contributes to defend biofilm cells from competitors. However, floating cells maintain a fermentative metabolic status that ensures a higher aggressiveness against hosts, evidenced by the production of toxins. The maintenance of the two distinct subpopulations is an effective strategy to face different environmental conditions found in the life styles of B. cereus.
Reference data on in vitro anatomy and indentation response of tissue layers of musculoskeletal extremities
Authors: Schimmoeller Tyler , Neumann Erica E. , Owings Tammy M. , Nagle Tara F. , Colbrunn Robb W. , Landis Benjamin , Jelovsek J. Eric , Hing Tod , Ku Joy P. , Erdemir Ahmet
Published: January 2020

The skin, fat, and muscle of the musculoskeletal system provide essential support and protection to the human body. The interaction between individual layers and their composite structure dictate the body’s response during mechanical loading of extremity surfaces. Quantifying such interactions may improve surgical outcomes by enhancing surgical simulations with lifelike tissue characteristics. Recently, a comprehensive tissue thickness and anthropometric database of in vivo extremities was acquired using a load sensing instrumented ultrasound to enhance the fidelity of advancing surgical simulations. However detailed anatomy of tissue layers of musculoskeletal extremities was not captured. This study aims to supplement that database with an enhanced dataset of in vitro specimens that includes ultrasound imaging supported by motion tracking of the ultrasound probe and two additional full field imaging modalities (magnetic resonance and computed tomography). The additional imaging datasets can be used in conjunction with the ultrasound/force data for more comprehensive modeling of soft tissue mechanics. Researchers can also use the image modalities in isolation if anatomy of legs and arms is needed.
Individual exploratory responses are not repeatable across time or context for four species of food-storing corvid
Authors: Vernouillet Alizée , Kelly Debbie M.
Published: January 2020

Exploration is among one of the most studied of animal personality traits (i.e., individual-level behavioural responses repeatable across time and contexts). However, not all species show clear evidence of this personality trait, and this is particularly so for members of the Corvidae family. We assessed the exploratory behaviour of four food-caching corvid species: pinyon jays (Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus), Clark’s nutcrackers (Nucifraga columbiana), California scrub jays (Aphelocoma californica), and black-billed magpies (Pica hudsonia). Contextual repeatability was assessed through examining behavioural measures during the Novel Environment task and the Novel Object task, whereas temporal repeatability was assessed by examining changes in these measures over repeated trials. Our results suggest that, for corvids, an individual’s exploratory behaviour was not repeatable across contexts or over time. Hence, we found no evidence that exploration constitutes a personality trait for these species of corvid. We did find differences in exploratory behaviour, at a species level, that may be explained by relative reliance on cached food.