bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alfabetização na pandemia: políticas públicas do estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil, direcionadas à educação nos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental no período de isolamento social
Authors: Lorran Paranhos Leão Marcos , Tereza Damasceno de Oliveira Maria , De Oliveira Paranhos Leão Sinara
Published: September 2020

A pandemia do novo coronavírus atingiu proporções que ninguém poderia prever e impactou negativamente a maioria dos países do mundo. Além dos mais de 18,1 milhões de casos, já foram contabilizadas mais de 690 mil mortes pela nova doença até 02 de agosto de 2020. No Brasil, essa enfermidade causou uma enorme crise nos órgãos públicos, principalmente nos que oferecem serviços como a saúde e a educação, e fez com que o país necessitasse de medidas emergenciais para a contenção dos problemas. Ainda, em território brasileiro, as unidades federativas gozam de relativa autonomia para gerir os impactos causados pela COVID-19, doença causada pelo novo vírus. A propagação é muito rápida e ocasionada pela infecção por gotículas secretadas pelas pessoas doentes. Desta maneira, quase todos os locais do Brasil adotaram o isolamento social como forma de prevenção da disseminação do novo vírus e contorno de um possível colapso dos sistemas estatais. Assim, o distanciamento das pessoas impactou diretamente a prática da educação. No estado de Minas Gerais, o governo lançou o Plano de Estudos Tutorados (PET), o qual apresenta orientações e atividades para os alunos desenvolverem com auxílio dos pais ou responsáveis. Assim, este estudo visa analisar os PETs direcionados aos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental, além de levantar os benefícios e defasagens para a alfabetização constantes no projeto. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, analítica e exploratória, feita a partir da análise de dados disponíveis no site da Secretaria de Educação de Minas Gerais. Assim, os documentos foram analisados e constatou-se que esse projeto se apresenta interessante no que diz respeito a manutenção das práticas educativas no contexto do isolamento social. Contudo, apresenta problemas no que tange ao acesso dos alunos à internet, à diversidade dos ambientes familiares e à inaptidão, muitas vezes, da maioria das famílias em estabelecer as práticas pedagógicas e eficácia no processo de alfabetização. Por isso, se considera que não se pode exigir que famílias que nunca foram capacitadas para isso saibam como gerir, mesmo que provisoriamente, a educação desses alunos. Ensino que se faz, geralmente, mais complexo por se tratar da questão da alfabetização e que exige manejo adequado para que seja eficiente e duradouro.
Educação para jovens e adultos integrada à educação do campo
Authors: Gama da Silva Yane , Martins Freitas Almires , Da Silva Cabral Ilma
Published: September 2020

A educação para jovens e adultos (EJA) e a educação do campo são partes integrantes e no processo histórico educacional do Brasil, mediante a importância dessas modalidades de ensino esse trabalho tem como objetivo principal discutir a relevância social da EJA no processo de inserção de políticas pública voltada para a educação do campo. A metodologia utilizada foi uma pesquisa bibliográfica, abordando vários conceitos e ideias sobre os temas. Conclui-se que essa integração da EJA com educação do campo possibilita maiores intervenções nas comunidades por meio das políticas públicas e consequentemente contribui para a melhoria da qualidade de vida dos sujeitos e diminuição do êxodo rural.
Cuentas parodia en Twitter: ¿sátira social o ‘fake news’?
Authors: Roig Antoni
Published: September 2020

En el contexto actual de pandemia, pero también de crispación política, han circulado numerosos bulos cuyo origen se encuentra en contenido generado desde cuentas que parodian a algún conocido personaje de la esfera pública, habitualmente desde Twitter. En algunos casos se ha llegado a suspender algunas cuentas acusadas de jugar a la confusión con una persona real. Esta desconfianza informativa suele pasar por alto la diversidad de tipologías, contextos y roles que juegan los personajes paródicos en redes sociales. En este artículo propongo hacer una aproximación inicial a este fenómeno, más complejo de lo que parece a primera vista.
Enduring Competition
Authors: Kelz Robert
Published: September 2020

This chapter tracks the trajectory of Argentina's German theaters against a changing political landscape and new waves of European emigration. In the postwar period, director Paul Walter Jacob endeavored to attract all German speakers to the Free German Stage; however, his failed efforts at reconciliation underscored the polarized environment in the Argentine capital. Without ever renouncing fascism, Ludwig Ney adopted a strategy of interculturalism to succeed professionally in Peronist Argentina. German-speaking artists from across the political spectrum embarked on cross-cultural projects, and their transformative impact on theater in Argentina is still evident today. Meanwhile, in its crusade against communism, the West German embassy intervened at both stages. Carefully staged depictions of German heritage and reconciliation reflected a specious contrivance, contingent on edited memories of the recent past. The intractable animosity ultimately led to a move away from German dramatists in favor of canonical European playwrights, such as William Shakespeare.
Organizational Care Work
Authors: Trotter LaTonya J.
Published: September 2020

This chapter investigates how the nurse practitioners' (NPs) performance of clinic work was at once a professional responsibility and an organizational one. Although the Forest Grove Elder Services' model pressed all its providers toward more diffuse definitions of work, the responsibility to resolve distinctly organizational problems was unique to the NPs. Despite an organizational logic of interchangeability, clinic work was not medical work, and the physicians were not NPs. The enacted distinctions between NP and physician work were not the result of an agreed-upon division of labor. Rather, they were a function of who had the power to say no to organizational concerns. At the same time, the NPs' obligations to dispatch organizational care work did not absolve them from attending to medical concerns. Instead, they were asked to carry out the mission of the organization as an integral part of what it meant to medically care for members. The NPs were not just doing different work from the physicians; they were doing so as very different kinds of organizational actors. The NPs' performance of organizational care work was crucial to how the Grove fulfilled its mission of comprehensive care; however, like other forms of care work, it was neither always visible nor recognized as requiring expertise.
Introduction
Authors: Zeidel Robert F.
Published: September 2020

This introductory chapter provides an overview of how industrialization and the class structure it engendered defined the United States into which millions of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century immigrants entered. During the sixty years between the end of the Civil War and the mid-1920s, big businesses replaced small, often family-owned concerns as the nation's primary producers of goods and providers of services. The antebellum milieu, with its putative promise of upward social mobility—at least for white males—gave way to one defined by readily visible and largely insurmountable socioeconomic stratification. People at the top, those who owned and operated big businesses, exercised the era's defining power and influence. For the working class, which included most of the era's immigrants, the consolidation of capital and the rise of large corporations effectively decreed a lifetime of wage-earning and determined the nature of labor. This book explores how the convergence of class and ethnicity influenced the course of American history during the decades of industrialization, showing how it engendered negative perceptions of immigrant workers, ultimately leading to their exclusion. It examines how and why the tumultuous events that fundamentally and dramatically changed the United States led to class conflict, and how and why Americans came to blame the associated unrest on an alien presence manifested in immigrants.
No Danger among Them
Authors: Zeidel Robert F.
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines how numerous companies sought the services of Asian immigrants. Efficiency, availability, and manageability, along with the fact that they would work for lower wages than white workers, made the Chinese an appealing source of labor to railroads and other businesses. Yet they remained desirable only so long as they met expectations of compliance and placidity. Employers would no more accept challenges to authority and prerogative from the Asians than they would from members of any other ethnic group. Although the Chinese escaped association with specific radical ideologies, such as anarchism or socialism, managers did not consider their assertions of agency to be any less subversive. Labor radicalism emanating from any source drew censure for being un-American. To some critics, Chinese immigrants lacked the wherewithal ever to become proper Americans. Their place of origin, sociocultural characteristics, and physical appearance engendered intense bigotry. Racially biased perceptions also came to justify animus on the part of other workers, who saw the Chinese as competitors whose low standards of living, greatly inferior to those of American laborers, enabled them to work for significantly lower wages. Enmity ultimately led to statutory discriminations.
Into the New Century
Authors: Zeidel Robert F.
Published: September 2020

This chapter details how the assassination of President William McKinley in 1901 reinforced the presumed connection between immigrants and class-based radicalism that had been building for the previous thirty-five years. Concurrent developments, above and beyond the president's murder, would insure continuation of the linkage. With the end of the 1890s depression, the new century's first decade saw the arrival of record numbers of immigrants, increasingly coming from southern and eastern Europe. Return of commercial prosperity cemented employers' need of their labor, but the continued reliance on foreign-born workers by businesses came amid intensified concerns about the foreigners' problematic behaviors. Over the next ten years, against a backdrop of economic growth coupled with virtually continuous labor conflict, these presumptions would bring heightened calls for immigration restriction, and would push business interests to intensify their efforts to control labor, notably in industries with predominately alien workforces.
Addressing the Reds
Authors: Zeidel Robert F.
Published: September 2020

This chapter describes how fear of radicalism defined the post-Great War Red Scare. Announcement on November 11, 1919, of an armistice ending the fighting in Europe had given Americans hope of a return to what future president Warren G. Harding would call normalcy, a renewed opportunity for the nation to enjoy its myriad benefits. Yet at least immediately this was not to be the case. Multiple manifestations of class-based dissent, in the form of strikes, protests, and horrific acts of violence, put the nation on edge. Much of the fervor focused on immigrants, as it had since the onset of industrialization, and Americans again turned their attention to the eradication of immigrant-engendered subversion. Ultimately, reaction to this Red Scare would set the stage for the implementation of new and more severe immigration policies.
Colonialism and Communal Strength
Authors: Scott-Smith Tom
Published: September 2020

This chapter takes a look at the way that nutritional science moved out of Europe and into the colonial world in the first three decades of the twentieth century. Soon it was not just the strength of individual Western workers that became a governmental concern, but the strength of whole communities instead. The colonial world in this period was often treated as a vast nutritional laboratory, with scholars in the British Empire looking at the diverse people they governed and testing their different theories. This chapter examines how David McCay along with Robert McCarrison, John Gilks, and John Boyd Orr examined diet and human difference in Africa as well as India, reflecting wider debates around racism and eugenics. Nutritional science was heading in an expansive new direction, and food was no longer just an input to the working body or a way to manage closed institutions; it was increasingly seen as responsible for the fate of whole communities, even the fate of the whole world.
The Road to Homelessness
Authors: Small Cathy A. , Kordosky Jason , Moore Ross
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines what “causes” homelessness. It is not easy to parse out the specific interaction of personal, social, and structural factors that brings anyone's life to homelessness. In the stories of homeless people, one sees contributing individual circumstances and personal decisions, but there is also poverty, rent inflation, educational inequity, a low minimum wage, racism, homophobia, predatory lending, domestic abuse, an unaddressed national drug problem, and an uneven legal system. Beyond the multiple factors seen openly in the narratives are underpinnings, more deeply embedded in American life. These include structural changes in the U.S. economy that shipped factory jobs overseas; transformations in the national housing market; the lack of relative expansion in the government “safety net”; and, significantly, the pervasiveness of sociopolitical norms and attitudes that stigmatize the homeless in the policy sphere. The chapter then looks at the connection between mental illness and homelessness.
On the Street
Authors: Small Cathy A. , Kordosky Jason , Moore Ross
Published: September 2020

This chapter describes homeless life on the street. Statistically, most homeless veterans like Ross Moore “choose” an “unsheltered” life. Often averse to the restrictive rules that shelters impose, they find that living outside is the lesser evil. The unsheltered life includes a wide swath of living situations, from sidewalks and tunnels to parks and forests to bus and train stations to cars and vans and more. The most important “location” variables involve legality and visibility. Generally, homeless are looking to find a spot that will not cause them to run afoul of the law and will keep them out of clear sight of the public. Most people think that the homeless do not have possessions, at least no possessions of value. Homeless people definitely do not see it that way, and one of the challenges they have is to protect their belongings from human and natural elements. Self-care is also a challenge for those without a sheltered routine and resources. The chapter then looks at the daily routine of homeless people.
Navigating the Bureaucracy
Authors: Small Cathy A. , Kordosky Jason , Moore Ross
Published: September 2020

This chapter addresses how homeless people navigate bureaucracy. It shows how social institutions, in addition to providing needed functions and services, help to construct what it feels like to be homeless. There are six characteristics of a bureaucracy. First, it is courteous but impersonal. The impersonality of the modern bureaucracy was designed in service of fairness and impartiality; it was intended to counter favoritism. Bureaucracy is also run according to written records and it is hierarchical. Another feature of bureaucratic institutions is rules and regulations. Even for those skilled in navigating the bureaucracy, there is something crazy-making about the structures that most homeless must inhabit. So much of one's life circumstances as a homeless person seeking help is a Catch-22, the term coined to describe what bureaucracies do to people. Its formal definition is this: a dilemma or difficult circumstance from which there is no escape because of mutually conflicting or dependent conditions.
What Kind of Environmental Education? Some Suggestions in the Context of Contemporary Approaches
Authors: Ekber GÜLERSOY Ali , DÜLGER İlknur , DURSUN Elif , AY Damla , DUYAL Duygu
Published: September 2020

Dünyadaki en önemli ortak sorunlardan birisi insanların doğadan sınırsız olarak yararlanmaları ve bu sırada ciddi çevresel hasarlara neden olmalarıdır. Son yıllarda çevresel sorunların ciddi boyutlara ulaşması insanları bu konuda çözüm
arayışına yönlendirmiştir. Çevrenin korunması için çevresel bilinci ve çevresel duyarlılığı yüksek bireylerin yetiştirilmesi gerekmektedir. İnsanların bir konu ya da olay hakkında bilinç sahibi olmaları için eğitim gereklidir.
Toplumdaki çevre bilincinin geliştirilmesi, bireylere gerekli çevre duyarlılığı ve sorumluluğunun kazandırılması ise ancak etkili bir çevre eğitimi ile mümkün olabilir. İçinde bulunduğumuz dönemde, çevre problemlerinin karmaşıklaşması
ve etki alanlarının artması, mevcut çevre eğitiminin yeterliliğinin sorgulanmasına neden olmuştur. Bu nedenle özellikle son yıllarda mevcut çevresel sorunlara çözüm üreterek, toplumun ihtiyaçlarına cevap verebilecek nitelikte yeni
ve çağdaş çevre eğitimi yaklaşımları arayışı söz konusudur ve bilim insanları sürekli olarak çevre eğitimine yönelik yeni yaklaşımlar önermektedirler. Bu çalışmada; ilk olarak dünyada ve Türkiye’de geçmişten bu yana çevre eğitiminin
gelişim süreci ele alınmıştır. Ardından ülkemizde İlkokul, Ortaokul ve Ortaöğretim Öğretim Programları’ndaki ve yaygın eğitimdeki çevre eğitiminin içeriği, özellikleri ve eksiklikleri değerlendirilmiştir. Daha sonra çevre eğitiminde
yararlanılan yaklaşımlar incelenerek, nitelikli bir çevre eğitiminin sahip olması gereken özellikler hakkında önerilere yer verilmiştir. Araştırmanın çağdaş yaklaşımlar ışığında kapsayıcı ve bütüncül bir çevre eğitimi yaklaşımının
niteliklerini belirlemeye ve çevre eğitiminin değeri hakkında farkındalık yaratmaya katkı sağlaması temennimizdir.
The case of a 37‐year‐old male with trouble ambulating and incontinence
Authors: Bega Danny
Published: September 2020

A 37 year‐old previously healthy man from Jamaica presented with 2‐3 months of progressive trouble ambulating and incontinence. By 1 month prior to arrival he was wheelchair bound and unable to ambulate even with assistance. He started to wear a diaper for bladder and bowel incontinence. He also complained of painless numbness in his legs over the same period of time. His exam is notable for marked weakness and spasticity in his legs, with hyper‐reflexia and clonus. He has a sensory level at the level of the umbilicus. An MRI shows a longitudinally extensive T2 signal change throughout the thoracic cord. His cerebrospinal fluid is mildly inflammatory. His HTLV‐1 antibody test is reactive.
Trapped mass estimation in automotive diesel engines based on in‐cylinder pressure signal projection
Authors: Youssef Bilal
Published: September 2020

Cylinder pressure signal provides key feedback information that allows for several engine monitoring and control capabilities. During the last few years, the use of cylinder pressure traces for advanced combustion strategies has become the focus of several research works. This is primarily due to the availability of reliable and inexpensive cylinder pressure sensors with expected durability that meets the vehicle lifetime. In this context, several approaches have been proposed to determine the engine trapped mass from the cylinder pressure measurements. A recent innovative approach for trapped charge determination based on a two‐dimensional graphical signature is proposed in a previous work. The resulting estimator uses cylinder pressure signal as a unique input and allows to deduce the trapped mass on a cycle by cycle basis in steady and transient operating conditions. It has been validated in a wide range of engine operating conditions using instrumentation and industrial cylinder pressure sensors. This paper provides a theoretical framework and in‐depth analysis for the signature based trapped mass estimator. A state‐space model for in‐cylinder conditions during the compression phase that complies with the signature modeling structure is developed. Extensive numerical investigations using an experimentally validated simulation platform are then performed. The objective is to select the optimal signature generation interval that reduces the impact of cycle to cycle fluctuations in terms of intake valve closing temperature and polytropic index. The obtained results are promising and clearly show the performance and robustness of the signature based trapped mass estimator that can provide relevant feedback information for adaptive engine control systems. It can be easily implemented for real‐time monitoring and control in industrial automotive applications.
Antiphase Boundaries Constitute Fast Cation Diffusion Paths in SrTiO3 Memristive Devices
Authors: Heisig Thomas , Kler Joe , Du Hongchu , Baeumer Christoph , Hensling Felix , Glöß Maria , Moors Marco , Locatelli Andrea , Menteş Tevfik Onur , Genuzio Francesca , Mayer Joachim , De Souza Roger A. , Dittmann Regina
Published: September 2020

Resistive switching in transition metal oxide‐based metal‐insulator‐metal structures relies on the reversible drift of ions under an applied electric field on the nanoscale. In such structures, the formation of conductive filaments is believed to be induced by the electric‐field driven migration of oxygen anions, while the cation sublattice is often considered to be inactive. This simple mechanistic picture of the switching process is incomplete as both oxygen anions and metal cations have been previously identified as mobile species under device operation. Here, spectromicroscopic techniques combined with atomistic simulations to elucidate the diffusion and drift processes that take place in the resistive switching model material SrTiO3 are used. It is demonstrated that the conductive filament in epitaxial SrTiO3 devices is not homogenous but exhibits a complex microstructure. Specifically, the filament consists of a conductive Ti3+‐rich region and insulating Sr‐rich islands. Transmission electron microscopy shows that the Sr‐rich islands emerge above Ruddlesden–Popper type antiphase boundaries. The role of these extended defects is clarified by molecular static and molecular dynamic simulations, which reveal that the Ruddlesden–Popper antiphase boundaries constitute diffusion fast‐paths for Sr cations in the perovskites structure.
Wool Can Be Cool: Water‐Actuating Woolen Knitwear for Both Hot and Cold
Authors: Hu Jinlian , Irfan Iqbal Mohammad , Sun Fengxin
Published: September 2020

As a second skin of the human body, clothing offers protection and aesthetic qualities. Because of the inability of materials to adapt to different weather conditions, different clothing is required for different seasons, namely, thin and open garments for summer, thick and closed ones for winter. Moreover, the body maintains its internal core temperature (37 °C) through sweating and shivering. Herein it is reported that woolen knitwear can provide not only warmth, but also a cooling sensation when a body sweats. The fascinating water‐responsive switching (opening/closing) of the knit pores keeps the skin dry, thus helping to maintain a constant body temperature, providing comfort and safety.
Artificial Trees Inspired by Monstera for Highly Efficient Solar Steam Generation in Both Normal and Weak Light Environments
Authors: Wang Hongqiang , Zhang Chen , Zhang Zhihua , Zhou Bin , Shen Jun , Du Ai
Published: September 2020

Solar steam generation has been extensively studied for its potential application in power generation and water treatment. Although some efficient evaporators have been developed, the challenge of the abrupt drop in the evaporator performance under outdoor environments remains to be overcome. The heteroblasty of Monstera and other climbers allows them to grow rapidly under the extreme shade of a tropical rainforest, inspiring the design of a high‐efficiency evaporator that can function even in weak light environments. Herein, artificial trees that imitate the leaf fenestration of Monstera combined with the Chinese paper cutting technique exhibit the highest evaporation rate of 2.30 kg m−2 h−1. Moreover, under oblique incidence (from 0° to 75°) and dappled sunlight, the evaporation rates of artificial trees with leaf fenestration are 1.08–1.26 and 1.34–2.78 times those of artificial trees without leaf fenestration and a 2D evaporator, respectively. The excellent performance is attributed to high‐efficiency light absorption, photothermal conversion, high evaporation area, and excellent light and thermal management abilities, which are achieved through leaf fenestration and efficient thermal recovery through multiple reflections of light and thermal radiation between the leaves. The design of the 3D hierarchical structure and leaf fenestration are also applicable for various light absorbents.
Hierarchically Structured DNA‐Based Hydrogels Exhibiting Enhanced Enzyme‐Responsive and Mechanical Properties
Authors: Du Xiaoxue , Bi Yanhui , He Pingping , Wang Chunyan , Guo Weiwei
Published: September 2020

Programmable stimuli‐responsive materials have great potential in biosensing and biomedical applications. However, the slow response of DNA hydrogels to biological targets, especially bio‐macromolecules, i.e., proteins, due to the slow mass transfer within hydrogel matrices, as well as poor mechanical strength, severely hinders their extensive applications. Herein, the construction of hierarchically structured DNA hydrogels exhibiting significantly enhanced responsive and mechanical properties via a facile cryostructuration process is demonstrated. During the cryostructuration, interconnected macropores that can function as the channels for the migration of bio‐macromolecular substances, i.e., enzymes, are formed with the generated ice crystals as templates; meanwhile, densely crosslinked networks between the macropores are formed by the concentrated monomers localized in the unfrozen zones of the gelation system, leading to higher strength of the gel matrices. By programming the sequences of the DNA crosslinkers, two model hydrogels composed of enzyme‐responsive DNA structures and catalytic DNA crosslinking structures that can collaborate with enzymes to form biocatalytic cascades are constructed, and, in both systems, the hierarchically structured DNA hydrogels exhibit significantly enhanced responsive properties and mechanical strengths compared with typical DNA hydrogels. Moreover, the introduction of thermosensitive polymers can further endow the system with thermally switchable responsive properties.
Homogeneous and Fast Ion Conduction of PEO‐Based Solid‐State Electrolyte at Low Temperature
Authors: Xu Shengjun , Sun Zhenhua , Sun Chengguo , Li Fan , Chen Ke , Zhang Zhihao , Hou Guangjin , Cheng Hui‐Ming , Li Feng
Published: September 2020

Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)‐based electrolytes are promising for all‐solid‐state batteries but can only be used above room temperature due to the high‐degree crystallization of PEO and the intimate affinity between ethylene oxide (EO) chains and lithium ions. Here, a homogeneous‐inspired design of PEO‐based solid‐state electrolytes with fast ion conduction is proposed. The homogeneous PEO‐based solid‐state electrolyte with an adjusted succinonitrile (SN) and PEO molar ratio simultaneously suppresses the PEO crystallization and mitigates the affinity between EO and Li+. By adjusting the molar ratio of SN to PEO (SN:EO ≈ 1:4), channels providing fast Li+ transport are formed within the homogeneous solid‐state polymer electrolyte, which increases the ionic conductivity by 100 times and enables their application at a low temperature (0–25 °C), together with the uniform lithium deposition. This modified PEO‐based electrolyte also enables a LiFePO4 cathode to achieve a superior Coulombic efficiency (>99%) and have a long life (>750 cycles) at room temperature. Moreover, even at a low temperature of 0 °C, 82% of its room‐temperature capacity remains, demonstrating the great potential of this electrolyte for practical solid‐state lithium battery applications.
Silk‐Based Biomaterials for Cardiac Tissue Engineering
Authors: Song Yu , Wang Huifang , Yue Feifei , Lv Qiying , Cai Bo , Dong Nianguo , Wang Zheng , Wang Lin
Published: September 2020

Cardiovascular diseases are one of the leading causes of death globally. Among various cardiovascular diseases, myocardial infarction is an important one. Compared with conventional treatments, cardiac tissue engineering provides an alternative to repair and regenerate the injured tissue. Among various types of materials used for tissue engineering applications, silk biomaterials have been increasingly utilized due to their biocompatibility, biological functions, and many favorable physical/chemical properties. Silk biomaterials are often used alone or in combination with other materials in the forms of patches or hydrogels, and serve as promising delivery systems for bioactive compounds in tissue engineering repair scenarios. This review focuses primarily on the promising characteristics of silk biomaterials and their recent advances in cardiac tissue engineering.
Review of Integrin‐Targeting Biomaterials in Tissue Engineering
Authors: Dhavalikar Prachi , Robinson Andrew , Lan Ziyang , Jenkins Dana , Chwatko Malgorzata , Salhadar Karim , Jose Anupriya , Kar Ronit , Shoga Erik , Kannapiran Aparajith , Cosgriff‐Hernandez Elizabeth
Published: September 2020

The ability to direct cell behavior has been central to the success of numerous therapeutics to regenerate tissue or facilitate device integration. Biomaterial scientists are challenged to understand and modulate the interactions of biomaterials with biological systems in order to achieve effective tissue repair. One key area of research investigates the use of extracellular matrix‐derived ligands to target specific integrin interactions and induce cellular responses, such as increased cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. These integrin‐targeting proteins and peptides have been implemented in a variety of different polymeric scaffolds and devices to enhance tissue regeneration and integration. This review first presents an overview of integrin‐mediated cellular processes that have been identified in angiogenesis, wound healing, and bone regeneration. Then, research utilizing biomaterials are highlighted with integrin‐targeting motifs as a means to direct these cellular processes to enhance tissue regeneration. In addition to providing improved materials for tissue repair and device integration, these innovative biomaterials provide new tools to probe the complex processes of tissue remodeling in order to enhance the rational design of biomaterial scaffolds and guide tissue regeneration strategies.
High‐Strength Hydrogel Attachment through Nanofibrous Reinforcement
Authors: Zhao Jiacheng , Kirillova Alina , Kelly Cambre N. , Xu Heng , Koshut William J. , Yang Feichen , Gall Ken , Wiley Benjamin J.
Published: September 2020

The repair of a cartilage lesion with a hydrogel requires a method for long‐term fixation of the hydrogel in the defect site. Attachment of a hydrogel to a base that allows for integration with bone can enable long‐term fixation of the hydrogel, but current methods of forming bonds to hydrogels have less than a tenth of the shear strength of the osteochondral junction. This communication describes a new method, nanofiber‐enhanced sticking (NEST), for bonding a hydrogel to a base with an adhesive shear strength three times larger than the state‐of‐the‐art. An example of NEST is described in which a nanofibrous bacterial cellulose sheet is bonded to a porous base with a hydroxyapatite‐forming cement followed by infiltration of the nanofibrous sheet with hydrogel‐forming polymeric materials. This approach creates a mineralized nanofiber bond that mimics the structure of the osteochondral junction, in which collagen nanofibers extend from cartilage into a mineralized region that anchors cartilage to bone.
Intercalation Pseudocapacitive Zn2+ Storage with Hydrated Vanadium Dioxide toward Ultrahigh Rate Performance
Authors: Liu Nannan , Wu Xian , Fan Lishuang , Gong Shan , Guo Zhikun , Chen Aosai , Zhao Chenyang , Mao Yachun , Zhang Naiqing , Sun Kening
Published: September 2020

The weak van der Waals interactions enable ion‐intercalation‐type hosts to be ideal pseudocapacitive materials for energy storage. Here, a methodology for the preparation of hydrated vanadium dioxide nanoribbon (HVO) with moderate transport pathways is proposed. Out of the ordinary, the intercalation pseudocapacitive reaction mechanism is discovered for HVO, which powers high‐rate capacitive charge storage compared with the battery‐type intercalation reaction. The main factor is that the defective crystalline structure provides suitable ambient spacing for rapidly accommodating and transporting cations. As a result, the HVO delivers a fast Zn2+ ion diffusion coefficient and a low Zn2+ diffusion barrier. The electrochemical results with intercalation pseudocapacitance demonstrate a high reversible capacity of 396 mAh g−1 at 0.05 A g−1, and even maintain 88 mAh g−1 at a high current density of 50 A g−1.
Coexisting Single‐Atomic Fe and Ni Sites on Hierarchically Ordered Porous Carbon as a Highly Efficient ORR Electrocatalyst
Authors: Zhu Zhengju , Yin Huajie , Wang Yun , Chuang Cheng‐Hao , Xing Lei , Dong Mengyang , Lu Ying‐Rui , Casillas‐Garcia Gilberto , Zheng Yonglong , Chen Shan , Dou Yuhai , Liu Porun , Cheng Qilin , Zhao Huijun
Published: September 2020

The development of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysts based on earth‐abundant nonprecious materials is critically important for sustainable large‐scale applications of fuel cells and metal–air batteries. Herein, a hetero‐single‐atom (h‐SA) ORR electrocatalyst is presented, which has atomically dispersed Fe and Ni coanchored to a microsized nitrogen‐doped graphitic carbon support with unique trimodal‐porous structure configured by highly ordered macropores interconnected through mesopores. Extended X‐ray absorption fine structure spectra confirm that Fe‐ and Ni‐SAs are affixed to the carbon support via FeN4 and NiN4 coordination bonds. The resultant Fe/Ni h‐SA electrocatalyst exhibits an outstanding ORR activity, outperforming SA electrocatalysts with only Fe‐ or Ni‐SAs, and the benchmark Pt/C. The obtained experimental results indicate that the achieved outstanding ORR performance results from the synergetic enhancement induced by the coexisting FeN4 and NiN4 sites, and the superior mass‐transfer capability promoted by the trimodal‐porous‐structured carbon support.
Direct Growth of Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotubes onto Transparent Conductive Oxide Glass for Enhanced Charge Extraction in Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Ferguson Victoria , Li Bowei , Tas Mehmet O. , Webb Thomas , Sajjad Muhammad T. , Thomson Stuart A. J. , Wu Zhiheng , Shen Yonglong , Shao Guosheng , Anguita José V. , Silva S. Ravi P. , Zhang Wei
Published: September 2020

Vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNTs) present an exciting avenue for nanoelectronics due to their predetermined orientation and exceptional transport capabilities along the tube length, with the potential to be employed in a variety of optoelectronic applications. However, growth of VACNTs using conventional chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods requires elevated temperatures (>720 °C) and therefore, the suitability of commonly used transparent conductive oxide (TCO) glasses, such as fluorine‐doped tin oxide (FTO) and indium‐tin oxide (ITO), as the substrates for nanotube growth are limited by their temperature‐sensitive nature. Here, the successful growth of multi‐walled VACNTs directly onto commonly used TCO glasses, FTO and ITO, using the photo‐thermal chemical vapor deposition (PTCVD) growth method is reported. The benefit of reflection, within the infrared region, of the TCO substrate and the effect of surface roughness on the growth of VACNTs is investigated. The application of VACNTs on ITO in inverted planar perovskite solar cells is investigated, which shows superior charge transfer, larger grain sizes in the perovskite film, and a champion device efficiency approaching 16%.
Halide Perovskite Solar Cells with Biocompatibility
Authors: Debnath Trishna , Kim Eun‐Kyung , Lee Kwang‐Geun , Nath Narayan Chandra Deb
Published: September 2020

Recently, the perovskite solar cell (PSC) has gained increasing attention because of its remarkable surge in power conversion efficiency (PCE), up to 25.2%, over the past several years. Unfortunately, most of the efficient PSCs contain lead (Pb), a toxic metal which is an occupational and environmental hazard. Exposure to Pb is extremely common and can lead to significant detrimental neuropsychological and physical effects in humans. Tin (Sn) is also listed as a hazardous metal and causes issues, similar to those raised by Pb, regarding environment and human health. Moreover, the perovskite itself degrades into hazardous compounds under external stimuli. Solar technology is growing at an exponential speed, and the research into its environmental impacts are, therefore, becoming gradually important. Herein, a comprehensive account of recent literature on the environmental and human health effects of Pb and Sn exposure, and the sources and routes of their toxicities during processing, fabrication, application, degradation, and withdrawal or recycling of halide perovskites and their solar devices is provided. In addition, the future perspectives on nontoxic and stable perovskites for sustainable solar devices are discussed.
Soil carbon dioxide efflux from amended saline and thermally desorbed oil‐contaminated subsoil
Authors: Kruger M. , Sigdel S. , Gasch C. , DeSutter T. , Harmon J. , Chatterjee A.
Published: September 2020

Soil carbon (C) dynamics are often challenged by soil properties like high salt concentration and low organic matter content. To examine options for improving the quality of degraded soils, two pairs of soils, (a) non‐saline and (b) saline surface soils from an agricultural field, and (a) non‐contaminated subsoil and (b) thermal desorption‐treated subsoil from an oil‐contaminated site were collected. For the laboratory incubation, these four soils were treated with three amendments, (a) composted beef manure, (b) spent lime from sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) processing, and (c) commercial mulch (Proganics), and soil CO2 efflux was measured for three consecutive drying–rewetting (DW) cycles. Base efflux and the rate of change in base efflux were calculated from the slope and intercept of a linear fit model of CO2 efflux over time (h), respectively for each DW cycle. Soil, amendment, and DW had significant effect on base efflux and the rate of change in base efflux during DW. Proganics had the highest base efflux of 29.0 and 24.0 μg CO2–C m−2 d−1 for saline and thermal desorption‐treated soils, respectively, and significantly (P < .05) higher than other amendments. Spent lime and compost also significantly (P < .05) increased base efflux over the control. Base efflux had a strong association with permanganate oxidizable carbon (POXC) for all soils, and a strong association with inorganic N for only saline and non‐saline soils. Amendments increased microbial metabolism and have the potential to improve soil health and crop production for soils with severe limitations.
Efficacy of intraoperative recurrent laryngeal neuromonitoring during surgery for esophageal cancer
Authors: Takeda Shigeru , Iida Michihisa , Kanekiyo Shinsuke , Nishiyama Mitsuo , Tokumitsu Yukio , Shindo Yoshitaro , Yoshida Shin , Suzuki Nobuaki , Yoshino Shigefumi , Nagano Hiroaki
Published: September 2020

Aim

To evaluate the efficacy of intraoperative neuromonitoring in identifying recurrent laryngeal nerves and decreasing the incidence of nerve injury in minimally invasive esophagectomies for esophageal cancers.

Methods

A total of 167 minimally invasive esophagectomy patients were retrospectively reviewed. They were divided into intraoperative neuromonitoring (n = 84) and no intraoperative neuromonitoring (n = 83) groups, based on whether or not intraoperative neuromonitoring was used during surgery. We compared short‐term surgical outcomes and incidence of recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy between the two groups before and after propensity score matching. The association between the loss of signal and recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy was also evaluated.

Results

The incidence of recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy (grade 2 and higher) was lower in the intraoperative neuromonitoring group than in the no intraoperative neuromonitoring group (6.0% vs 21.2%, P = 0.02). The rate of recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy recovery within 6 months was also significantly higher in the intraoperative neuromonitoring group (87.5% vs 20.0%, P < 0.01). The positive and negative predictive values of intraoperative neuromonitoring for recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy were 60% (9/15) and 86.9% (60/69), respectively. The duration from paralysis to recovery was shorter in recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy cases with negative loss of signal results than in cases with positive loss of signal results (median: 43 days vs 95 days).

Conclusion

Intraoperative neuromonitoring is useful in identifying recurrent laryngeal nerves and may aid in reducing the incidence of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury during esophageal surgery.
Separation of C2–C4 hydrocarbons from methane by zeolite MFI hollow fiber membranes fabricated from 2D nanosheets
Authors: Min Byunghyun , Korde Akshay , Yang Shaowei , Kim Youngjo , Jones Christopher W. , Nair Sankar
Published: September 2020

Separation of higher hydrocarbons from methane is an important and energy‐intensive operation in natural gas processing. We present a detailed investigation of thin and oriented MFI zeolite membranes fabricated from 2D MFI nanosheets on inexpensive α‐alumina hollow fiber supports, particularly for separation of n‐butane, propane, and ethane (“natural gas liquids”) from methane. These membranes display high permeances and selectivities for C2–C4 hydrocarbons over methane, driven primarily by stronger adsorption of C2–C4 hydrocarbons. We study the separation characteristics under unary, binary, ternary, and quaternary mixture conditions at 298 K and 100–900 kPa feed pressures. The membranes are highly effective in quaternary mixture separation at elevated feed pressures, for example allowing n‐butane/methane separation factors of 170–280 and n‐butane permeances of 710–2,700 GPU over the feed pressure range. We parametrize and apply multicomponent Maxwell–Stefan transport equations to predict the main trends in separation behavior over a range of operating conditions.
Higher temperature order–disorder transition, electrical and optical properties of [N(C2H5)4]2Pd2Cl6compound
Authors: Dakhlaoui I. , Karoui K. , Hajaloui F. , Jomni F.
Published: September 2020

[N(C2H5)4]2Pd2Cl6hybrid compound with semiconducting character was synthetized and characterized by X‐ray diffraction, the thermal, optical and electrical properties. X‐ray diffraction indicates that the compound crystallize at room temperature in the orthorhombic system and (Immm) space group. Two endothermic peaks at, 343 K and 440 K were observed in the DSC measurements corresponding to the evaporation of water molecules and order‐disorder transition, respectively. The optical band gap (Eg= 4.34 eV) was deduced by the Tauc relation. The electrical properties was studied using the impedance spectroscopy in the frequency range of 0.1 Hz to 1 MHz and over the temperature range of 270 K to 480 K. The analysis of Nyquist plots revealed the presence of grains, grain boundaries and the electrode effects. The equivalent circuit was determined. The Ac conductivity was analyzed by the Jonsher low and the conduction mechanism was deduced based in the Elliot theory and indicate that the correlated barrier hopping model (CBH) was described the two regions II and IV and the overlapping polaron model (OLPT) the right model described the conduction in the regions I and III.
Rheological/thermal properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate) modified by chain extenders of pyromellitic dianhydride and pentaerythritol
Authors: Dolatshah Saeed , Ahmadi Shervin , Ershad‐Langroudi Amir , Jashni Hedieh
Published: September 2020

Due to low molecular weight and wide molecular weight distribution, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) shows weak melt strength properties. In this study, the synergistic effect of using different types of chain extenders and catalyst on rheological behavior of PET has been investigated. Long‐chain branching is known as a suitable method for developing the structure of PET during reactive melt processing. Thus,
pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) and pentaerythritol (PENTA) were added to the fiber grade PET. The best formulation was determined based on rheological results, which revealed an improvement in both storage modulus and complex viscosity of PMDA‐modified samples. Samples containing 1.5% PMDA and 0.5% PENTA exhibited the best rheological properties. Also, dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL) acted as an accelerator for chain extension reaction during reactive melt blending. Subsequently, the rheological properties were improved by increasing the chain extending rate. Moreover, thermal properties such as crystallization and melting temperatures and the degree of crystallinity for modified PET were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry.
Waste management and bioenergy recovery from açaí processing in the Brazilian Amazonian region: a perspective for a circular economy
Authors: Ferreira Samuel F. , Buller Luz S. , Maciel‐Silva Francisco W. , Sganzerla William G. , Berni Mauro D. , Forster‐Carneiro Tânia
Published: September 2020

This study aims to evaluate the Brazilian production of açaí, focusing on its waste generation and addressing mass and energy balances arising from its cultivation, extraction, processing, and waste disposal. A new technological route for açaíʼs waste management was introduced for bioenergy recovery based on the circular economy concept. In 2018, Brazil produced 1.7 million tons of açaí fruit for an income of 1.07 billion USD, and the associated waste generation (seeds) was estimated at 85%. Due to the high production of waste, an innovative approach was developed for a system boundary (conceptual line that divides the system), including the management of solid and liquid wastes through anaerobic digestion (AD). The results showed that, from 1 ton of açaí fruit fed into the facility for processing, 1.2 ton of solid waste and wastewater was generated. This waste was submitted to AD and produced 2.77 m3 of biogas, with a methane composition of 50%. The complete industrial process demands 25 kWh per ton of frozen pulp. The local energy produced by the biogas burning could be recycled and used by the process, establishing a circular energy economy for this sector. With the adoption of AD waste management, about 61% of the external electricity requirement for the açaí fruit processing can be replaced from the biogas produced. The adoption of this technology can be contribute to decarbonization. Furthermore, the implementation of AD could support the transition to a circular economy, with environmental, social, and economic benefits for local and regional sustainable development. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd