bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Le marais salant de Guérande : un écosystème transformé en moyen de production
Authors: Lemonnier Pierre
Published: January 2014

The Guérande Marshes : An Ecosystem as a Means of Production.

Salt production used to be the primary economical activity of communities living on the border of Guérande's marshes. Land tenure formation of salt producing units and social organization of work in the marsh were factors which contributed to the establishment of the social structure of those communities. Actually the marsh is an ecosystem which, although changed to a means of production, has to be maintained if salt ponds are to be kept in good order. There is a close relationship between its reproduction and the marsh communities' production. Because of the salt production crisis on the Atlantic coast, 50 % of the salt ponds are now out of exploitation. Reduction of available work power implies the non-performance of some of the tasks that would be necessary to maintain the ecosystem in a way compatible with salt production. To get around the problem, marsh people have come to resort to a series of precarious technologies whose succession led to an increasing degradation of production set up, along with a disintegration of the traditional social structure. The process is now continuing and enlarging on its own. ment of the social structure of those communities. Actually the marsh is an ecosystem which, although changed to a means of production, has to be maintained if salt ponds are to be kept in good order. There is a close relationship between its reproduction and the marsh communities' production. Because of the salt production crisis on the Atlantic coast, 50 % of the salt ponds are now out of exploitation. Reduction of available work power implies the non-performance of some of the tasks that would be necessary to maintain the ecosystem in a way compatible with salt production. To get around the problem, marsh people have come to resort to a series of precarious technologies whose succession led to an increasing degradation of production set up, along with a disintegration of the traditional social structure. The process is now continuing and enlarging on its own.
La population non agricole au village : différenciation et prolétarisation de la société rurale
Authors: Cohou Michel
Published: January 2014

The Non-Agricultural Population in the Village: Differentiation and Proletarianization of Rural Society.

The non-agricultural population is becoming the majority of working population in rural districts of Midi-Pyrénées area. But this population cannot be considered as an homogeneous body beside the farmers who are themselves very differentiated. The inquiry work held in six districts "representative of various regional situations enables to characterize the social groups in the village. Among the non-farmers, the most numerous are the workers and the employees, working on the spot or daily migrants. If a lot of them have a country descent, a strong minority among the non-agricultural working people has been living in the village for only a short period. The passage from agriculture to non-agricultural activities does not occur preferably on the spot. Workers above all can be double-active. It is true, especially in agricultural districts. But the double-activity is often only transitory. Then it has a familial reality, and develops itself only rarely at the individual level.

The conflict between social groups is due to their behaviour in social and municipal life. If the tradesmen, the craftsmen, the local bourgeoisie, the middle-class farmers and sometimes the officials in public and private sectors ' occupy ' the Town Council and supervize the socio-cultural life, the workers, the employees and the small farmers stay on the fringe of the village society. are the workers and the employees, working on the spot or daily migrants. If a lot of them have a country descent, a strong minority among the non-agricultural working people has been living in the village for only a short period. The passage from agriculture to non-agricultural activities does not occur preferably on the spot. Workers above all can be double-active. It is true, especially in agricultural districts. But the double-activity is often only transitory. Then it has a familial reality, and develops itself only rarely at the individual level.

The conflict between social groups is due to their behaviour in social and municipal life. If the tradesmen, the craftsmen, the local bourgeoisie, the middle-class farmers and sometimes the officials in public and private sectors ' occupy ' the Town Council and supervize the socio-cultural life, the workers, the employees and the small farmers stay on the fringe of the village society.
Mariage et distance dans le canton du Bleymard Lozère) : 1811-1820 et 1891-1900
Authors: Perry P. J.
Published: January 2014

Marriage and Distance in the Canton of Le Bleymard (Lozère), 1811-1820 and 1891-1900.

Examination of marriage registers for the canton of Le Bleymard indicates that the spatial pattern of social relationships changed little between the first and last decades of the 19th century, particularly as far as marriages in which the partners lived within 20 kilometres of each other were concerned. Correlation cœfficients for distance and standardized number of marriages (to 12 kilometres) exceed -0.90 for each decade, a much higher value than a New Zealand example provides for the late 19th century. Moreover the canton appears to have been a matrimonial as well as an hydrological watershed in both decades, even though the railways reduced isolation and made the towns of Bas-Languedoc increasingly attractive and accessible.
Évolution économique, cycle familial et transmission patrimoniale à Nussey
Authors: Salitot-Dion Michèle
Published: January 2014

Economic Evolution, Life Cycle and Patrimonial Transmission at Nussey.

The classical analysis of household structures combined with that of life cycles shows the plasticity of both these structures and their kinship ties. In a Jura community on which our study is based, the household community life has become nowadays a transitory stage of the family life cycle.

This evolution is linked to that of the patrimonial relationships between generations: donation to heirs when parents are still alive combined with equalitarian sharing of goods — a system which follows the very ancient customary law of Jura. The analysis of inheritance — whose evaluation is reckoned on current salaries and prices — shows how the household economic system is integrated into the system of capitalistic production.
L'endettement du paysan et le crédit rural aux Philippines
Authors: Lelart Michel
Published: January 2014

Peasant Indebtedness and Rural Credit in the Philippines.

In all the developing countries where most of the population is rural, the peasants are much indebted and their indebtedness is growing. It is often difficult to know and explain this situation. The author has studied in this review the peasant indebtedness in Thailand. Now he applies his observations to the Philippines, an other important country in Southeast Asia. The peasant situation is not better there. Because their needs exceed their resources, the rural families are obliged to borrow continuously, most often in order to survive. Thus, their indebtedness is more and more extensive. It is calculated by the number of the families in debt and the average debt of each one. The peasants do not have the possibility to borrow enough, though there are many financial institutions and the Government has undertaken many reforms. The institutional credit is growing more quickly than in Thailand, but usury is still probably the main impediment that prevents a true improvement of the peasant life.
Pastoralisme et migration. Les Peul de Barani et de Dokui (Haute-Volta)
Authors: Benoît Michel
Published: January 2014

Pastoralism and Migration, the Peul of Barani and Dokui (Haute- Volta).

In the 19th century, the Peul shepherds of the Western Haute-Volta became warriors. New sociopolitical conditions ensuing from the colonisation sent them back to their status of shepherds, with the result that they changed their diagnostic upon Nature. A new behaviour, based on mobility, then appeared as the search for an ever-challenged balance between population and resources.
Ressources du milieu, gestion du troupeau et évolution sociale : le cas de la Corse
Authors: Lenclud Gérard , Pernet François
Published: January 2014

Natural Resources, Pastoralism and Social Evolution : the Case of Corsica.

In this article dealing with Corsican pastoralism and its recent evolutions, the authors try to demonstrate the fact that each social system develops its own means of managing natural resources.

They study, first, the grazing techniques made out by traditional communities. These techniques are, then, correlated with environmental factors (the seasonal yield of pastures) on the one hand and social organization on the other. The next part is devoted to the analysis of contemporary patterns of stockbreeding. The authors show that the outcome of these new patterns is the necessary adaptation to altered environmental conditions (mainly the spreading of scrub vegetation) and to economical and social change (the pressures emanating from the larger society).
Agriculture et tourisme dans un milieu haut-alpin : un exemple briançonnais
Authors: Mallet Madelène
Published: January 2014

Cet article vise à comprendre l'évolution des écosystèmes montagnards à la lumière de l'évolution des sociétés qui les peuplent. Depuis un siècle, les diverses agressions du système capitaliste ont entraîné, à Monêtier-les-Bains (Hautes-Alpes), une forte différenciation sociale qui a transformé les paysans en commerçants ou en ouvriers de la mine ; leurs enfants en commerçants du tourisme et en agriculteurs. La dernière génération n'est plus ni ouvrière, ni commerçante, ni agricultrice.

Parallèlement, les sols qui avaient autrefois une destination précise, décidée collectivement, sont aujourd'hui plantés d'arbres, fauchés, cultivés ou pâturés selon l'année, selon l'individu qui se les approprie.

Seul emprunte la voie royale, le tourisme, qui profite de tous ces désordres pour coloniser le village.
Utilisations sociales et conflictuelles des landes bretonnes : l'exemple de Lanvaux
Authors: Geffroy Bernard , Lamarche Hugues
Published: January 2014

Tout au long de l'histoire de cette région, au plus loin que l'on remonte, les landes ont tenu une place essentielle dans les rapports sociaux de production et leurs transformations. La lande fut d'abord pendant plusieurs siècles la terre nourricière de la paysannerie locale ; puis elle a été abondamment « mutilée » et délaissée pendant que se mettait en place l'intensification de l'agriculture ; aujourd'hui, la lande est à nouveau « enviée », mais elle l'est de toute autre façon, non plus dans une optique agricole comme ce fut toujours le cas dans le passé, mais dans une optique plus urbaine. Pour les auteurs, cette nouvelle forme de mise en valeur des landes s'inscrit dans la phase actuelle de redéploiement du capital sur l'espace rural que l'on constate un peu partout dans les campagnes françaises.
Système familial et continuité culturelle : les Mocheni des Alpes italiennes
Authors: Sellan Giuliana
Published: January 2014

Familial System and Cultural Continuity: the Mocheni of the Italian Alps.

Isolated in the Trentin, by reason of its geographical location as well as its Germanic dialect, the Mocheni community kept for centuries a cultural originality, which has not yet been disturbed by the market economy that prevails in the region.

The limited ressources are rationaly exploited in a way that does not jeopardize their reproduction. The adaptation of the population to the ecosystem involves a social organization able to ensure the balance between available land and the number of mouths to feed. Patrilineary transmission of patromony, high percentage of celibacy (40 %) and temporary or permanent emigration all concur to this end.

Each household (Hof) , the basic social unit, is economically self-sufficient and represents a political entity. The men are in charge of its administration as well as that of the five villages. The division of labour between women is carried very far.

Today, the Mocheni are about a thousand strong. How long will they resist the changes that are sweeping over the whole Trentin?
Des feux introuvables. L'organisation familiale dans un village de la Corse traditionnelle
Authors: Lenclud Gérard
Published: January 2014

Dans cet article consacré à une communauté villageoise de la Corse traditionnelle, l'auteur montre que ménage, groupe domestique et famille y constituent des niveaux d'organisation empiriquement distincts et qu'il est impossible de construire des modèles d'organisation familiale à partir des seuls faits de co-résidence ou d'accomplissement de fonctions économiques.
Ébauche d'une analyse sociologique des élites paysannes. Cinq biographies de dirigeants paysans
Authors: Maresca Sylvain
Published: January 2014

La présentation de cinq biographies de leaders agricoles lorrains permet d'exposer les conditions d'apparition d'un appareil d'encadrement professionnel et syndical de la paysannerie et de montrer le rôle déterminant joué dans ce processus par une bourgeoisie agricole riche et reconnue. On peut supposer que cette bourgeoisie a réussi à se maintenir aux postes dirigeants des organisations agricoles parce que la sélection des dirigeants préfigure, dans ses mécanismes et ses résultats, celle qui opère ensuite dans le reste de la paysannerie.
L'organisation du marché du vin en Languedoc et en Roussillon aux XIXe et XXe siècles
Authors: Pech Rémy
Published: January 2014

The Organisation of the Wine Market in Languedoc and Roussillon in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries.

After considering the legal conditions of sale and the different customs governing market transactions, the article discusses the control and material organisation of the wine markets, and the relationships between the different groups involved: merchants, brokers, landowners, the processes of fixing prices and, lastly, the different distribution process and the role of legislation.

At its peak, the heart of the wine producing world, the actual wine market has, with the growth of telex and multinationals, lost its importance. It has, however, for more than a century had a marked influence on the economic and social life of an entire region.
Le marché aux veaux de Château-Gontier (Mayenne). Le point sur l'évolution récente
Authors: Guellec Agnès
Published: January 2014

The Veal Market at Château- Gontier (Mayenne). A Statement on its Recent Evolution.

The veal market at Château-Gontier has developed since 1976; the volume of transactions has increased, but their characteristics remain the same : 70% of the calves offered are for fattening; selling by lots is essential practise there, and with it the archaic aspect of this market survives, as compared to the 'marchés au cadran' in Brittany. However, this traditional aspect guarantees its strength. Its future seems unthreatened.
Le marché du « plus gros bourg de France » : Nogent-le-Rotrou en Perche
Authors: Eizner Nicole , Hervieu Bertrand
Published: January 2014

The Market of the Biggest 'Bourg' in France: Nogent-le-Rotrou in Perche.

This article on the weekly market held on Saturday mornings at Nogent-le-Rotrou aims to show the historical evolution of an agricultural market which, from being the scene of economic exchanges between producers (cereal market, cattle market, direct sale of agricultural products), has turned into a place where mass production and the excess of the local production (agriculture and crafts) converge. It is now a market of simple consumption whose role is to meet both the 'functional' needs of the local population and the entertainment needs of the numerous second-home owners established in the surrounding area. The market has thus survived but its function has been transformed.
Le café en Colombie. Une production, une paysannerie.
Authors: Gilhodes Pierre
Published: January 2014

El café en Colombia. Una produccion, un campesinado.

Colombia produce café desde hace un siglo y se ha convertido en el segundo exportador mundial. A lo largo del decenio último, el mercado mundial del café tuvo un comportamiento favorable para los productores, situación que vino a facilitar una revolución en las prácticas del cultivo cuyos efectos modifican profundamente, en la actualidad, las condiciones de producción del grano en las plantaciones colombianas. Una capa de grandes productores, y, sobre todo, una capa de campesinos medios, relativamente prósperos, emergen como soportes del régimen político y social colombiano, sin duda al precio de la evicción de numerosos pequeños productores. La consolidación de estas estructuras relativamente nuevas y muy localizadas geograficamente dependerá ante todo de las perspectivas futuras del mercado mundial y de la capacidad de los caficultores de negociar con el Estado colombiano. El instrumento actual, la Federación de caficultores, sera capaz de representar a estos cultivadores y de jugar eficazmente el rol de negociador ?
Naissance et développement d'un loisir urbain : la forêt de Fontainebleau
Authors: Kalaora Bernard
Published: January 2014

Emergence and Development of a Leisure for City Dwellers : the Forest of Fontainebleau

The analysis of the social uses of forest spaces in the urban periphery constitutes a new field of study for sociologists. In the Paris region, the forest is supposed to serve as a leisure space for city dwellers «hungry» for pure air and silence ; but since when, how and for whom does the forest serve this purpose ? The case of Fontainebleau shows that in order to understand the means of penetration of the forest, it is necessary to decipher the social codes which are expressed in representations shared by certain groups, in art, or in the language and practices of forest managers. The forest then appears no longer as the antithesis of the city, but just as the other side of the urban system, its mirror : for the intellectual elite, the forest provides one opportunity among others to put into practice their cultivated attitudes, and to distinguish themselves from the masses ; for the middle class, it is experienced as a mean of access to a lifestyle oriented toward comfort and modernity ; as for the working classes, they paradoxically find not a single element familiar or compatible with their lifestyle.
L'introduction de la traction bovine chez les Wolof du Saloum (Sénégal)
Authors: Venema Bernhard
Published: January 2014

The Introduction 'of the Oxen-Draught among the Wolof of Saloum (Sénégal).

On the basis of a fieldstudy in 1971-73 is described how in Saloum (Senegal) population increase and expansion of groundnut cultivation have decreased the fallow period and soil fertility. Agricultural research and extension help the (Wolof) farmers to make the transition to a permanent agriculture by advising them to adopt oxen-draught instead of the use of manual labour, horse and donkey traction. The advantages are said to be that oxen are able to plough, are good furnishers of manure and are cheap in purchase and in upkeep. The study indicates that the farmers indeed adopted oxen-draught but did not make full advantage of it due to the lack of feed at the end of the dry season, the fragmentation of the family farmholding in individual holdings and the sale of oxen to the (urban) butcheries. At last is set out at the adoption of animal traction and farm implements since the end of the sixties did not affect the local labour economy, the decentralized way of farm management and the economic position of the women.
Conditions et moyens du développement culturel en milieu rural. L'exemple du Poitou-Charentes
Authors: Pacher André
Published: January 2014

The Conditions and Means of Cultural Development in Rural Areas : the Case of Poitou-Charentes.

An initiative undertaken in the Poitou-Charentes region sheds light upon general problems of cultural development in rural areas.
The Structure and Evolution of Rural Populations at the SubParochial Level : Post-War Evidence from Normandy, France
Authors: White Paul E.
Published: January 2014

L'auteur aborde les différents mouvements de la démographie en Normandie du sud en se plaçant à trois niveaux différents : celui du village, celui du hameau et celui de l'écart. Il montre que les structures et l'évolution de la population varient considérablement d'un type d'habitat à un autre en raison des différences en termes de morphologie sociale. Il met en évidence le fait que des mesures globales de l'exode rural peuvent cacher des disparités importantes au niveau sub-communal.
La tenderie aux grives en Sardaigne
Authors: Murru Corriga Giannetta
Published: January 2014

L'auteur étudie les modalités de la tenderie dans la Sardaigne méridionale du point de vue des savoirs naturalistes engagés dans les diverses opérations, des techniques de prise, de l'organisation sociale et des règles coutumières.
La diffusion de la chasse et la transformation des usages sociaux de l'espace rural
Authors: Chamboredon Jean-Claude
Published: January 2014

The Spread of Hunting and Changes in the Social Uses of Rural Space

On the basis of a study of the statistics of officially registered hunters (which allows him to establish the evolution of the number of hunters from 1945 to 1980 and their distribution by département in 1954 and again in 1975) supplemented by other investigative data, the author suggests that the spread of hunting is not a direct function of the size of the rural population. Property structures, the structure of farming and resource development, access to hunting territory, the nature of the relationship between town and country, and, finally, the cultural orientation of societies marked by honor values : all these appear as determining factors explaining the practice of hunting.

Recent changes (the various modes of de-ruralization and de-peasantification), the dissociation between farmers and hunters and the increasing autonomy of an economic circuit of game production : these tend to increase the contradictions between the different social uses of the territory, including hunting.
La cueillette, pratique économique et pratique symbolique
Authors: Coujard Jean-Louis
Published: January 2014

Economic practice, symbolic practice : The Case of Gathering

As agriculture becomes an increasingly converter of energetic and chemical inputs into food outputs, gathering remains one of the last ways of direct picking on nature. Gathering is not only a gesture, but mostly a practice of which place and significance are defined by an historical form of social relationships. Contributing to content life needs of societies or social groups, it consists in an economic practice that may be characterized as a form of available ressources appropriation. Such a form is related to production of relationships. Besides, gathering of wild plants becomes more and more an entertaining activity for citizens : so it appears as a symbolic practice. However, these two aspects,economic and symbolic, may not be separated : they penetrate each other and are both present in every actual behabiour of gathering as shown by local studies.
Quand la chasse populaire devient un sport. La redéfinition sociale d'un loisir traditionnel
Authors: Fabiani Jean-Louis
Published: January 2014

Dans cet article, l'auteur examine comment la constitution d'une nouvelle image du chasseur — un homme de sport respectueux des équilibres naturels — exprime simultanément les nécessités d'une adaptation à la transformation des conditions de la pratique et les stratégies sociales de certains chasseurs.
La part des hommes. Une société de chasse au bois
Authors: Jolas Tina
Published: January 2014

L'auteur montre comment la chasse, dans un village forestier de la Bourgogne, a marqué, pendant une période historique bien délimitée, l'accession des hommes à une véritable vie collective : mise en commun et redistribution des postes et des produits de la chasse, repas en commun...
Aspects écologiques d'un espace social restreint en Asie du Sud-Est
Authors: Condominas Georges
Published: January 2014

L'auteur présente ici le système des relations à l'environnement au sein d'une société de riziculteurs essarteurs du Vietnam. Il aborde d'abord les caractéristiques du milieu abiotique et biotique, les moyens d'action sur ce milieu et l'organisation matérielle et rituelle de la production. Puis il introduit quelques considérations plus générales sur la place de l'essart dans l'exploitation du milieu en Asie du Sud-Est. H termine par une réflexion sur la fonction économique et symbolique du riz, plante vivrière de base et aliment par excellence de l'Asie du Sud-Est.
Les transformations de quelques politiques agricoles socialistes en Asie entre 1978 et 1982 (Chine, Vietnam, Cambodge et Laos)
Authors: Taillard Christian
Published: January 2014

En Chine et au Vietnam, comme au Cambodge et au Laos, depuis 1975, les politiques agricoles ont été inspirées par le «modèle maoïste». Or ce modèle a été successivement remis en cause, quasiment de la même manière, en 1979, au moment où le conflit sino-vietnamien aurait pu, au contraire, faire diverger leurs évolutions. Par l'établissement d'une agriculture contractuelle est réapparue l'exploitation familiale dans le cadre de la production socialiste. L'auteur s'interroge sur le sens de ces transformations. S 'agit- il d'une décollectivisation, d'un repli tactique ou d'un changement stratégique ? Quelles que soient les réponses apportées dans chacun des cas, on assiste à une transformation à la fois de l'échelle et de la nature de la socialisation qui engage non seulement la gestion de l'économie mais aussi, de plus en plus, la gestion de la société.
Analysis of Hepatitis C Viral Kinetics during Administration of Two Nucleotide Analogues: Sofosbuvir (Gs-7977) and Gs-0938
Authors: Guedj Jeremie , Pang Phillip S , Denning Jill , Rodriguez-Torres Maribel , Lawitz Eric , Symonds William , Perelson Alan S
Published: January 2014

Background

Sofosbuvir (GS-7977) and GS-0938 are nucleotide analogue HCV polymerase inhibitors, with sofosbuvir being a pyrimidine and GS-0938 being a purine. Mathematical modelling has provided important insights for characterizing HCV RNA decline and for estimating the in vivo effectiveness of single direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs); however it has not been used to characterize viral kinetics with combination DAA therapy.

Methods

We evaluated the antiviral activity of sofosbuvir and GS-0938 given alone and in combination for 14 days in 32 HCV genotype 1 treatment-naive patients (P2938-0212; NUCLEAR study).

Results

Viral load declined rapidly in a biphasic manner in all subjects and could be well fitted by assuming that both drugs had a similar and additive level of effectiveness in reducing viral production equal to 99.96%, on average. The model predicted that this level of effectiveness was not reached until 0.6 and 2 days for GS-0938 and sofosbuvir, respectively, and likely represents the time needed to accumulate intracellular triphosphates. Subsequently, both drugs led to a rapid second phase of viral decline with a mean rate of 0.35 d-1. No effect of IL28B-polymorphism was found on viral kinetic parameters.

Conclusions

Both sofosbuvir and GS-0938 are highly effective at blocking viral production from HCV-infected cells. Both drugs led to a rapid and consistent second phase viral decline and exhibited no breakthroughs or other signs of resistance. From a kinetics perspective, because both drugs were of the same class there was little benefit in combining them, suggesting that future DAA combinations should consider utilizing drugs with different modes of action.
Tree diversity of the Dja Faunal Reserve, southeastern Cameroon
Authors: Sonké Bonaventure , Couvreur Thomas
Published: January 2014

The Dja Faunal Reserve located in southeastern Cameroon represents the largest and best protected rainforest patch in Cameroon. Here we make available a dataset on the inventory of tree species collected across the Dja. For this study nine 5 km long and 5 m wide transects were installed. All species with a diameter at breast height greater than 10 cm were recorded, identified and measured. A total of 11546 individuals were recorded, corresponding to a total of 312 species identified with 60 genera containing unidentified taxa. Of the 54 identified families Fabaceae, Rubiaceae and Malvaceae were the most species rich, whereas Fabaceae, Phyllantaceae and Olacaceae were the most abundant. Finally, Tabernaemontana crassa was the most abundant species across the Reserve. This dataset provides a unique insight into the tree diversity of the Dja Faunal Reserve and is now publically available and usable.
Nuevos datos paleontológicos del Pleistoceno en el Valle del Manzanares (Madrid, España): Los micromamíferos del yacimiento del Arenero de Arriaga
Authors: Sesé Carmen , López Martínez Nieves
Published: January 2014

Se describe la asociación de micromamíferos del yacimiento achelense del Arenero de Arriaga del valle del Manzanares constituida por los soricomorfos: Crocidura sp. y Talpa sp., los roedores: Eliomys quercinus quercinus, Apodemus sp., Microtus brecciensis, Microtus arvalis, Microtus duodecimcostatus y Arvicola aff. sapidus, y el lagomorfo: Oryctolagus cuniculus. La asociación faunística y el estadio evolutivo de Microtus brecciensis y Arvicola aff. sapidus, indican una edad del final del Pleistoceno Medio. La asociación de micromamíferos sugiere la existencia de varios biotopos representados: ripícola, praderas húmedas y secas, y bosque, y un clima templado similar al actual de la Meseta.
Causality between Public Expenditure and Economic Growth in Sri Lanka: A Time Series Analysis
Authors: Kesavarajah M
Published: January 2014

This paper examines the causality between public expenditure and economic growth in Sri Lanka using time series annual data over the period of 1977-2009. In particular, this study keeps a special focused on various selected components of public expenditure by applying a multivariate cointegration and Vector Error Correction Modeling (VECM) techniques. The empirical evidence suggests, in long run, public expenditure on education, agriculture, health and transport and communication have positive and statistically significant effects on economic growth while defense expenditure shows a negative but a statistically significant effect on economic growth. Granger causality analysis confirms that there is a unidirectional causality running from education expenditure to economic growth, defense expenditure to economic growth, and agriculture expenditure to economic growth, which supports the existence of Keynesian hypothesis in Sri Lanka. Analysis also indicates that existence of bidirectional causality between health expenditure and economic growth, transport and communication expenditure and economic growth. Therefore, the findings of this study provide an important implication to policy makers to improve the efficiency of public expenditure by reallocating among sectors in a growth context.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/kjm.v1i1.6445 Kelaniya Journal of Management Vol.1(1) 2012:26-49
Visitor Characteristics and Perceptions: Case of Horton Plains National Park In Sri Lanka
Authors: Rathnayake RMW , Gunawardena UADP
Published: January 2014

The aim of this study was to find out visitor characteristics and satisfaction and perceptions of visitors, because park management requires a knowledge of what tourists demand in order that these resources can be optimized. A visitor survey was carried out in Horton Plains National Park (HPNP) to get knowledge on visitor characteristics, satisfaction and their perceptions. The results allowed differentiation of two major types of visitors: generalists and eco-tourists. The visitor survey results imply that HPNP may be the popular tourism destinations for both local and foreign visitors. Majority of foreign visitors (above 50%) are Europeans and majority of local visitors (above 40%) are from the western province. Both local and foreign visitors visit HPNP to see World's End. Generally the satisfaction level among local and foreign visitors at the national park is satisfactory. The majority of visitors are interested in participate in more recreational activities which are not available to have a diverse visitor experience at the park. Some of these visitor services/facilities could be implemented as ecotourism concessions through public-private partnerships. Local visitors mentioned that the tour is worth than that they paid for permits although foreign visitors felt it was not worth what they paid. Marketing of HPNP is not at a satisfactory level and visitors are mainly aware of HPNP from their friends and relatives. This study recommends to Sri Lanka government how to utilize the existing potential in developing ecotourism and maximize the quality of visitor experience at HPNP. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/kjm.v1i1.6448 Kelaniya Journal of Management Vol.1(1) 2012:81-100
Effect of Two Jumping Programs on Hip Bone Mineral Density in Premenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Tucker Larry A. , Strong J. Eric , LeCheminant James D. , Bailey Bruce W.
Published: January 2014

Purpose.

To determine the effect of two jumping programs on hip bone mineral density (BMD) in women.

Design.

Randomized controlled trial.

Setting.

Approximately 20 cities in the Mountain West.

Subjects.

Sixty premenopausal women, aged 25 to 50 years, completed the intervention.

Intervention.

Subjects were randomly assigned to a control group or one of two jumping groups. The Jump 10 group performed 10 jumps with 30 seconds rest between jumps, twice daily for 16 weeks, while the Jump 20 group performed the same protocol but with 20 jumps.

Measures.

Hip BMD was measured by using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry.

Analysis.

Analysis of variance and covariance.

Results.

At 8 weeks, unadjusted percentage change in hip BMD was significantly different among groups (F = 5.4, p = .0236). Specifically, compared with controls, the Jump 20 women had significantly greater gains in hip BMD and the Jump 10 women had marginally greater improvements. Following 16 weeks of jumping, differences between the Jump 10 and the Jump 20 groups compared with controls were significant (F = 4.2, p = .0444), especially after adjusting for the covariates (F = 7.3, p = .0092).

Conclusion.

After 16 weeks of high-impact jump training, hip BMD can be improved in premenopausal women by jumping 10 or 20 times, twice daily, with 30 seconds of rest between each jump, compared with controls.
Deconstructie met een missie - Postmodernistische aspecten in de sprookjes van Sybren Polet
Authors: Stralen, van Hans
Published: January 2014

Sybren Polet’s place within Dutch literature is hard to determine. This essay seeks to connect Polet’s fairy tales to postmodernism, which can be described as an antirealist movement that deconstructs conventional (linguistic) frames. Postmodern fairy tales are also frequently defined by unsettling traditional role patterns, which Polet’s stories also exhibit. In his fairy tales, however, the reader is often morally instructed, which contrasts with the postmodern aversion to posit an explicit ideology in stories. This observation can be clarified by considering Polet’s affinities with Marxist poetics: the reader needs to come to terms with an alternative perception of the world. Polet’s fairy tales can justifiably be considered anti-fairy tales since they confront the reader to accept a morality that negates bourgeois conventions.
Forumlezingen in imperatieven: lexicale constructies of productieve syntaxis?
Authors: Postma Gertjan
Published: January 2014

In this paper we study three frozen imperative constructions in Dutch (geef op!, opgehoepeld!, and opgepast!) and inquire their highly specific reference properties: all arguments disallow for displaced reference, similar to what we see in animal communication (‘forum-readings’). We show that these seemingly idiosyncratic, frozen, and isolated properties can be derived from principles drawn from productive language competence. We show that the block on displaced reference realizes an endpoint on a scale of forum-readings. The extreme properties are compositionally imported into the construction by a resultative particle (e.g. op) that projects a specifier that is non-thematic. Dutch imperative adverbs (toch, maar, eens) are classified according to their quantificational properties. They import distinct possibleworld semantics of which the forum reading is a special case. The null spellout of arguments in the op-construction is tied to the one-phase nature of these utterances.
Stratospheric ozone trends and variability as seen by SCIAMACHY from 2002 to 2012
Authors: Gebhardt C. , Rozanov A. , Hommel R. , Weber M. , Bovensmann H. , Burrows J. P. , Degenstein D. , Froidevaux L. , Thompson A. M.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Vertical profiles of the rate of linear change (trend) in the altitude range 15–50 km are determined from decadal O3 time series obtained from SCIAMACHY1/ENVISAT2 measurements in limb-viewing geometry. The trends are calculated by using a multivariate linear regression. Seasonal variations, the quasi-biennial oscillation, signatures of the solar cycle and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation are accounted for in the regression. The time range of trend calculation is August 2002–April 2012. A focus for analysis are the zonal bands of 20° N–20° S (tropics), 60–50° N, and 50–60° S (midlatitudes). In the tropics, positive trends of up to 5% per decade between 20 and 30 km and negative trends of up to 10% per decade between 30 and 38 km are identified. Positive O3 trends of around 5% per decade are found in the upper stratosphere in the tropics and at midlatitudes. Comparisons between SCIAMACHY and EOS MLS3 show reasonable agreement both in the tropics and at midlatitudes for most altitudes. In the tropics, measurements from OSIRIS4/Odin and SHADOZ5 are also analysed. These yield rates of linear change of O3 similar to those from SCIAMACHY. However, the trends from SCIAMACHY near 34 km in the tropics are larger than MLS and OSIRIS by a factor of around two. 1 SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY 2 European environmental research satellite 3 Earth Observing System (EOS) Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) 4 Optical Spectrograph and InfraRed Imager System 5 Southern Hemisphere ADditional OZonesondes
Source apportionment and the role of meteorological conditions in the assessment of air pollution exposure due to urban emissions
Authors: Schäfer K. , Elsasser M. , Arteaga-Salas J. M. , Gu J. , Pitz M. , Schnelle-Kreis J. , Cyrys J. , Emeis S. , Prevot A. S. H. , Zimmermann R.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. As particulate matter (PM) impacts human health, knowledge about its composition, exposure and source apportionment is required. A study of the urban atmosphere in the case of Augsburg, Germany, during winter (31 January–12 March 2010) is thus presented here. Investigations were performed on the basis of aerosol mass spectrometry and further air pollutants and meteorological measurements, including mixing layer height. Organic matter was separated by source apportionment of PM1 with positive matrix factorization (PMF) in three factors: OOA – oxygenated organic aerosol (secondary organic factor), HOA – hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol (traffic factor or primary organic factor) and WCOA – wood combustion organic aerosol (wood combustion factor), which extend the information from black carbon (BC) measurements. PMF was also applied to the particle size distribution (PSD) data of PM2.5 to determine different source profiles and we assigned them to the particle sources: nucleation aerosol, fresh traffic aerosol, aged traffic aerosol, stationary combustion aerosol and secondary aerosol. Ten different temporal phases were identified on the basis of weather characteristics and aerosol composition and used for correlations of all air pollutants and meteorological parameters. While source apportionment from both organic PM composition and PSD agree and show that the main emission sources of PM exposure are road traffic as well as stationary and wood combustion, secondary aerosol factor concentrations are very often the highest ones. The hierarchical clustering analysis with the Ward method of cross-correlations of each air pollutant and PM component and of the correlations of each pollutant with all meteorological parameters provided two clusters: "secondary pollutants of PM1 and fine particles" and "primary pollutants (including CO and benzene) and accumulation mode particles". The dominant meteorological influences on pollutant concentrations are wind speed and mixing layer height which are coupled with a certain wind direction. The compounds of the cluster "secondary pollutants and fine particles" show a negative correlation with absolute humidity, i.e., low concentrations during high absolute humidity and vice versa. The PM10 limit value exceedances originated not only from the emissions but also in combination with specific meteorological conditions. NC3-10 (number concentration of nucleation mode particles) and NC10-30 (Aitken mode particles), i.e., ultrafine particles and the fresh traffic aerosol, are only weakly dependent on meteorological parameters and thus are driven by emissions. The results of this case study provide information about chemical composition and causes of PM exposure during winter time in urban air pollution.
WaterMet2: a tool for integrated analysis of sustainability-based performance of urban water systems
Authors: Behzadian K. , Kapelan Z. , Venkatesh G. , Brattebø H. , Sægrov S.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. This paper presents the new "WaterMet2" model for long-term assessment of urban water system (UWS) performance which will be used for strategic planning of the integrated UWS. WaterMet2 quantifies the principal water-related flows and other metabolism-based fluxes in the UWS such as materials, chemicals, energy, greenhouse gas emissions. The suggested model is demonstrated through sustainability-based assessment of an integrated UWS of Oslo city for daily time step over a 30 yr planning horizon. The integrated UWS modelled by WaterMet2 includes both water supply and wastewater systems. Given a fast population growth, WaterMet2 calculates six quantitative sustainability-based indicators of the UWS. The result of the water supply reliability (94%) shows the need for appropriate intervention options over the planning horizon. Five intervention strategies are analysed in WaterMet2 and their quantified performance are compared with respect to the criteria. Multi-criteria decision analysis is then used to rank the intervention strategies based on different weights from the involved stakeholders' perspectives. The results demonstrate the best and robust strategies are those which improve the performance of both water supply and wastewater systems.
Threshold effects of hazard mitigation in coastal human–environmental systems
Authors: Lazarus E. D.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Despite improved scientific insight into physical and social dynamics related to natural disasters, the financial cost of extreme events continues to rise. This paradox is particularly evident along developed coastlines, where future hazards are projected to intensify with consequences of climate change, and where the presence of valuable infrastructure exacerbates risk. By design, coastal hazard mitigation buffers human activities against the variability of natural phenomena such as storms. But hazard mitigation also sets up feedbacks between human and natural dynamics. This paper explores developed coastlines as exemplary coupled human–environmental systems in which hazard mitigation is the key coupling mechanism. Results from a simplified numerical model of an agent-managed seawall illustrate the nonlinear effects that economic and physical thresholds can impart into coastal human–environmental system dynamics. The scale of mitigation action affects the time frame over which human activities and natural hazards interact. By accelerating environmental changes observable in some settings over human timescales of years to decades, climate change may temporarily strengthen the coupling between human and environmental dynamics. However, climate change could ultimately result in weaker coupling at those human timescales as mitigation actions increasingly engage global-scale systems.
Empirical atmospheric thresholds for debris flows and flash floods in the Southern French Alps
Authors: Turkington T. , Ettema J. , van Westen C. J. , Breinl K.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Debris flows and flash floods are often preceded by intense, convective rainfall. The establishment of reliable rainfall thresholds is an important component for quantitative hazard and risk assessment, and for the development of an early warning system. Traditional empirical thresholds based on peak intensity, duration and antecedent rainfall can be difficult to verify due to the localized character of the rainfall and the absence of weather radar or sufficiently dense rain gauge networks in mountainous regions. However, convective rainfall can be strongly linked to regional atmospheric patterns and profiles. There is potential to employ this in empirical threshold analysis. This work develops a methodology to determine robust thresholds for flash floods and debris flows utilizing regional atmospheric conditions derived from ECMWF ERA-Interim reanalysis data, comparing the results with rain gauge derived thresholds. The method includes selecting the appropriate atmospheric indicators, categorizing the potential thresholds, determining and testing the thresholds. The method is tested in the Ubaye Valley in the southern French Alps, which is known to have localized convection triggered debris flows and flash floods. This paper shows that instability of the atmosphere and specific humidity at 850 hPa are the most important atmospheric indicators for debris flows and flash floods in the study area. Furthermore, this paper demonstrates that atmospheric reanalysis data is an important asset, and could replace rainfall measurements in empirical exceedence thresholds for debris flows and flash floods.