bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation of Two Rice Varieties with Atmyb61 Gene for Lignin Content Manipulation Toward Biomass Refinery
Authors: Rahmawati S , Pantouw C F , Estiati A , Satrio B , Widyajayantie D , Astuti D , Windiastri V E , Rachmat A , Nurhasanah A N , Sulistyowati Y , Nugroho S
Published: April 2022

The Atmyb61 gene is essential for lignin biosynthesis. Lignin has the promise that would be used to make renewable chemicals and biomaterials. The goal of this work was to alter the lignin content of two rice varieties: Nipponbare (Oryza sativa subsp. japonica) and Rojolele (O. sativa subsp. javanica). The AtMyb61 gene regulated by a strong constitutive CaMV 35S promoter was transformed into these rice varieties mediated by the Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA 4404. Positive transgenic plants were identified using HPT leave assay and PCR analysis. A total of 192 putative transgenic plants were obtained, of which 85 and 18 putative transgenic plants for Nipponbare and Rojolele, respectively. Regeneration (57.73%) and transformation (10.20%) efficiency of Nipponbare was higher than that of regeneration (28.93%) and transformation (2.25%) efficiency of Rojolele. In planta HPT leave assay showed that 85 (68.55%) plants of Nipponbare cultivar and 18 (26.47%) plants of Rojolele cultivar expressed hygromycin phosphotransferase (hpt) indicated that the rice plants positive contained inserted genes. The results of PCR analysis using a specific primer for the hpt gene on 39 HPT-positive plants showed that all plants had transgenes. Rice genes expression involved in lignin biosynthesis, lignin content, and other physiological and agronomical characteristics will be examined in greater detail.
Optimization of Delignification Process of Reeds as Raw Materials for Making Art Paper
Authors: Ihwah A , Dewi I A , Sari A P , Utami A F R , Mumpuni A P
Published: April 2022

Art paper is a handicraft product made from fibers derived from plants. Plants that are used as the basic material for making art paper are plants that contain cellulose. One of plants that can be used as the basis for art paper are reeds. Reeds is one type of grass plant that can grow on land that has moist or dry characteristics. The aim of this research is making best-quality art paper from reed waste in order to tackle the environmental problem aftermath production process in reed drink industry. The laboratory activity of this research was carried out in August 2021 in laboratory of Universitas Brawijaya. For analysis, Design Expert 10 software with Response Surface method was used to get the optimum treatment in the process of delignification of reeds. There were two factors used in the Response Surface method, namely the raw material of reeds is the concentration of acetic acid with 85%, 90%, and 95% and cooking time of 30 minutes, 60 minutes, and 90 minutes. The optimum point of reeds delignification was the treatment with a 92.50% of acetic acid concentration and cooking time of 65.87 minutes which obtained cellulose and lignin of 77.501% and 7.352% respectively.
Abundance and biomass of earthworm as affected by long-term different types of soil tillage and fertilization on mungbean plantation at Ultisols
Authors: Niswati A , Liyana  , Prasetyo D , Lumbanraja J
Published: April 2022

Long-term tillage and fertilization system have a strong impact on earthworms biomass and abundance in agriculture soils, however, enumerating their influence on mungbean plantation remains little studied. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of continous tillage and fertilization and their interaction on earthworms biomass and abundance under mungbean plantations. Two factors of treatments consisted of tillage system (minimum tillage and intensive tillage) and fertilization (without fertilization and fertilization by NPK (15:15:15) + chicken manure) what has been done since the first (2017) to sixth planting season (2020). The handsorting method was conducted at vegetative maximum and harvest time of mungbeans. The results show that the abundance and biomass of earthworms are significantly higher in minimum tillage compared to intensive tillage as well as fertilization compare to without fertilization. The greatest earthworms biomass and abundance were found in the maximum vegetative of mungbean. The interaction effect occurred at the maximum vegetative observation, namely in intensive tillage, there was no effect of fertilization, on the contrary, at minimum tillage, fertilization increased the abundance and biomass of earthworms. As a consequence, our results indicate that minimum tillage and fertilization significantly improve soil biological quality.
Morphologically Diversity of Colletotrichum sp. Conidia Associated With Anthracnose on Chili
Authors: Wicaksono D , Kafiya M
Published: April 2022

The research conducted to observe the diversity of Colletotrichum sp. associated with anthracnose on chili. The diversity was observed from morphology of conidia. Colletotrichum sp. was isolated from Capsicum frustescens, C. annum (big chili variety and red curly chili) with anthracnose symptoms. In the isolation process, two isolates were obtained from C. annum big chili variety (BA and BB), 5 isolates were isolated from C. annum red curly chili (DPTK1, DPTK2, KA, KC, and KD), and 7 isolates from C. frustescens (DPTR1, DPTR2, RA, RB, RC, RD, and UPN4). Conidia length, shape, and color were observed. Isolate BA from C. annum big chili variety has the longest conidia than other isolate in average (16.10). Isolate RA from C. frustescens has the shortest conidia than other isolates (10.05). All isolates have hyaline color. Isolate BA, DPT K-1, RC, RD, and UPN4 have Fusiform shape. Isolate with cylindrical with rounded apices is BB, DPT K-2, KA, KD, DPT R-1, DPT R-2, RA, and RB. Conidia of Colletotrichum sp. isolated from Capsicum frustescens and C. annum have hyaline colour and diversity on the length and shape.
The Growth and Yield Responses of Shallot (Allium Ascalonicum L.) to Plant Spacing and Tuber Cutting by NFT Hydroponic
Authors: Siagian T E N , Sasmita E R , Irawati E B
Published: April 2022

Shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) is a kind of horticultural commodity, which has good development potential in Indonesia. In order to overcome the uncertainty of climatic conditions and demand that continues to increase as the population of Indonesia increases, it is necessary to develop shallot cultivation techniques using the NFT hydroponic system. This study aimed to determine the effect of the interaction between plant spacing and tuber cutting on the growth and yield of shallots. The study was conducted in February-April 2021 at Hidroponikpedia, Pandowoharjo, Kab. Sleman, Special Region of Yogyakarta 55512. The study used a two-factor split-plot design replicated 3 times. The main plot used plant spacing consisting of 3 levels (10x10 cm, 10x15 cm, and 10x20 cm) and the subplot used the tuber cutting consisting of 3 levels (without cutting, cutting 1/3 parts, and cutting 1/4 parts). Record data on growth and yield parameters, and perform analysis of variance (ANOVA) at the 5% level of significance. The results showed that there was no interaction between plant spacing and tuber cutting on the growth and yield of shallot. The tuber cutting treatment has obvious growth and yield, but the difference in plant spacing between the kinds of plant spacing is not significant.
Effectiveness of K-fertilizer residue and soil water availability on growth, soil properties and yield of soybeans (Glycine max L.) in Inceptisols
Authors: Nurlaeny N , Herdiyantoro D , Laili S T , Shafira M P , Cahya A P , Baihera H N , Mulyani S , Putra R M
Published: April 2022

This research aimed to study the effectiveness of K-fertilizer residue and percentages of soil water availability on growth, the yield of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr) cv. Anjasmoro and soil properties of Inceptisols. The experiment was carried out in a plastic house of the controlled culture laboratory, Agriculture Faculty of Universitas Padjadjaran. The randomized factorial block pattern was used which the first factor was the residue of soil K-fertilizer from the previous crop which consisted of four levels (k0 = control given N, P and K fertilizers; k1 = residue of 1x; k2 = residue of 1%x, and k3 = residue of 1/x of the recommended dose and given N, P fertilizers only). The second factor was the percentage of available water consisted of four levels (100%, 80%, 60% and 40% of available water). The results showed that interaction of 1-1/x K-fertilizer residues on 80-100% of available water significantly affected growth components, higher plant K-uptake was produced only by the interaction of 1/x K-fertilizer residue on 100% of available water. The residue of 1/x K-fertilizer on 100% of available water produced a higher weight of 100 seeds. Compared to control, residues of 1-1/x K-fertilizer were still effective in providing soybean yields (0.93 – 1.40%). Independently, higher soil exchangeable-K at 6 WAP was found on 100% of available water; whereas soil organic matter and CEC were not different.
Coffee plantation characteristics of migrant farmers: a case study in Tanggamus, Lampung, Indonesia
Authors: Evizal R , Prasmatiwi F E
Published: April 2022

Tanggamus District is the second-largest coffee producer in Lampung Province after West Lampung District. The main production region is located at the highland of the northern side of Tanggamus namely the Sub-district of Air Naningan, Pulau Panggung, and Ulu Belu which border with protected forest area. This research was conducted in the Sumberejo Sub-district of Tanggamus Regency using survey and Focused Group Discussion method, considering that Sumberejo was the population center and the main coffee producer among Talang Padang ex-subdistrict region. The study involved 3 villages that were chosen purposely with 71 respondents of coffee farmers that were determined using a simple random sampling method and 3 series of FGD from April 2019 until September 2020. Data were analyzed using both descriptive and quantitative methods. The results show that 49% of sample farmers grow coffee located at medium (5-19 km) or long distances (⩾20 km) from home. There are 25-76% of sample farmers who work as a seasonal migrant usually (76.5% farmers) come to the garden once a month or once in two months. About 38% of sample farmers have coffee plantations outside Sumberejo Sub-district mainly at the Sub-district of Air Naningan and Ulu Belu. Long-distance coffee plantations are characterized by larger landholdings (1.5 ha on average), higher coffee stands per hectare (2,456 trees on average), and are dominated by mature coffee trees (41% farmers) and younger coffee trees (29% farmers). The more distance from home the lower shade trees population is. However more divers of MPTS are found in the coffee plantation that is located close to home residency. The yield of coffee plantations that are in a close or medium distance from home ranges 0.75-0.77 tons per hectare per year. Meanwhile, coffee plantations that are located a far distance from home get a yield of 0.94 tons per hectare.
Analysis of Fat Content of Six Types of Rambutan Seeds (Nephelium lappaceum L.) As Biodiesel Raw Material
Authors: Fitriyanti R I , Yuniastuti E , Nandariyah
Published: April 2022

Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) is a fruit plant from Indonesia with potential from roots, leaves, bark, fruit skin, and flesh, but the seeds are not utilized and become waste. Rambutan seeds contain fatty acids that have the potential as biodiesel, so it can be used as an energy substitute for depleting oil as well as reduce the environmental impact. This study aims to determine the best oil content of the six types of rambutan seeds (antalagi, binjai, garuda, lebak bulus, rapiah and sibatuk ganal) that have the potential as biodiesel feedstock. The process of this research was carried out using the Soxhlet method from Woodman 1941. The results showed that the oil yield of the six types of rambutan seeds was between 22.8% and 36.65%. The Sibatuk ganal type obtained the lowest yield, while the best yield was for garuda rambutan seeds, at 36.65%. However, constrained by its availability as a raw material for biodiesel, Binjai type rambutan seeds are an alternative and more efficient if developed as biodiesel compared to the other five types of rambutan. The test of Binjai type rambutan seed oil obtained sulfur values, calorific values (HHV and LHV), and freezing point values according to SNI biodiesel, while the boiling point values are below SNI biodiesel.
Crop Protection and Environment: Sustainable Control Measures of Pests and Diseases
Authors: Brotodjojo RR R , Lakatos L
Published: April 2022

The second Sustainable Development Goals determines to achieve zero starvation, accomplish food security and attain better-quality nutrition and encourage eco-friendly agriculture. The sustainability can be achieved by maintaining environments, improving capability for adjustment to climate change, unpredictable weather, and other natural catastrophes and enhancing land and soil quality progressively. The challenge in keeping high yield crops is pests and diseases attack. Control measures to suppress pests and diseases should also keep the ecosystems in balance. Pesticides that heavily used for plant protection besides their effectiveness in controlling pests and diseases also possess risks to non-target organisms. To diminish the harmful effect of pesticides, innovative methods to cut the amount of active ingredients applied have established, including developing new formulation of existing compounds, enhancing the bioactivity of active ingredients. In addition, there are also new development in plant protection products derived from natural ingredients, new mode of action and biochemical targets. Various cultural methods are considered eco-friendly measures, including habitat and cropping management, sanitation and fallowing. Furthermore, application of biocontrol agents and cultivation of resistant/tolerant crop varieties should be incorporate into plant protection as part of sustainable control methods of pests and diseases.
Integrated Environment Concept: Technology for Processing Agriculture, Cattle Farming, and Household Waste in Banyuwangi, Indonesia
Authors: Chusna I A , Gunandito E B , Dermawan T F , Ernawati R
Published: April 2022

Banyuwangi District is one of the largest areas that have an agricultural land area in East Java. Kalibaru Wetan village located in Kalibaru Sub-district has 311 Ha for harvest area and 61.29% for society who work in the agriculture sector. The concept of an integrated environment in agricultural waste, cattle farming waste, and household waste has economic value for society and can support sustainable development. The research aimed to analyze the potential and treatment methods of agricultural waste, cattle farming waste, and household waste. Furthermore, planning implementation of technically integrated environment concept. The methodology research has begun with collecting primary-secondary data and processing data with the concepts and literature studies. The environmental analysis is used for determining the processing method for wastes so that the processing method can be more sustainable for society. The idea of an integrated environment in this study consisted of processing straw into cattle feed, agricultural waste into compost, cattle farming waste into biogas, bio-slurry into liquid fertilizer, waste sorting programs, and planting training. The biogas results can cover the 288 houses that spread in 3 RW. The integrated concept was sustained and related with the others so that the integrated concept has potential benefit to society if implemented in Kalibaru Village.
On the understanding of very severe cyclone storm Ockhi with the WRF-ARW model
Authors: Mukherjee Pubali , Ramakrishnan Balaji
Published: April 2022

Understanding the dynamics of tropical cyclones (TCs) in terms of intensity, and their trajectory is essential for an adequate early warning and mitigation. The present study attempts to understand the synoptic features of the recent TC Ockhi through a simulation-based approach with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF, version 3.8.1) model. Ockhi is considered as a unique TC that originated from depression in the Bay of Bengal on 29 November 2017, recurved towards the Arabian Sea, where it intensified into a very severe cyclone storm and weakened on 5 December 2017. WRF model forced with initial condition from (global forecasting system) GFS data and sea surface temperature (SST) from Group for High-Resolution SST (GHRSST) product for different lead times to test the potential sensitivity of the model. One with an extended period from 20 November to 20 December 2017 (WRF1) and another initiated from 27 November to 6 December 2017 (WRF2). Comparison of the simulated track with the best track estimates from the Indian Meteorological Department indicated an overall track deviation greater than 100 km for both the simulations. The analysis with the extended lead time simulation indicates that the WRF simulated sea level pressure and wind intensity are close to that observed by Arabian sea buoys; CB02, AD08, AD10, and AD07. Daily averaged wind estimate comparison of WRF1 with Scatsat-1 and ERA-5 indicates that the model is slightly overestimating, whereas comparison of peak wind intensity with the time instantaneous swath product of Scatsat-1 leads to underestimation. Analysis of various simulated synoptic features of the cyclone, as discussed in this paper, indicates that the model is skillful in capturing the various stages of cyclone Ockhi.
On real hypersurfaces of 𝕊²×𝕊²
Authors: Gao Dong , Hu Zejun , Ma Hui , Yao Zeke
Published: April 2022

In this paper, regarding the Riemannian product

S

2

×

S

2

\mathbb {S}^2\times \mathbb {S}^2

of two unit

2
2

-spheres as a Kähler surface, we study its real hypersurfaces with typical geometric properties. First, we classify the real hypersurfaces of

S

2

×

S

2

\mathbb {S}^2\times \mathbb {S}^2

with isometric Reeb flow and then, by using a Simons’ type inequality, a characterization of these compact real hypersurfaces is provided. Next, we classify Hopf hypersurfaces of

S

2

×

S

2

\mathbb {S}^2\times \mathbb {S}^2

with constant product angle function. Finally, we classify Hopf hypersurfaces of

S

2

×

S

2

\mathbb {S}^2\times \mathbb {S}^2

with parallel Ricci tensor.
SCAR/WAVE complex recruitment to a supracellular actomyosin cable by myosin activators and a junctional Arf-GEF during Drosophila dorsal closure
Authors: Hunt Erin L. , Rai Hrishika , Harris Tony J. C.
Published: April 2022

During Drosophila dorsal closure, the SCAR/WAVE complex localizes to adherens junctions of the leading edge actomyosin cable in response to myosin activators and the junctional Arf-GEF Steppke.
Cost-effectiveness of an educational intervention to reduce potentially inappropriate medication
Authors: Rantsi Mervi , Pitkälä Kaisu H , Kautiainen Hannu , Hyttinen Virva , Kankaanpää Eila
Published: April 2022

Background

Educational interventions can reduce potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) use in older people. Their effectiveness has been measured mainly as changes in PIM use. In this economic evaluation, we analyse the impact of an educational intervention in terms of costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs).

Methods

The educational intervention consisted of activating and interactive training sessions for nursing staff and consulting physicians, and was compared with treatment as usual (TAU). Participants (n = 227) in a cluster randomised trial (cRCT) were residents living permanently in assisted living facilities (n = 20 wards). For economic evaluation, participants’ healthcare service use costs and costs for the intervention were estimated for a 12 month period.

Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were estimated for QALYs per participant. Cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted from a healthcare perspective. A bootstrapped cost-effectiveness plane and one-way sensitivity analysis were undertaken to analyse the uncertainty surrounding the estimates.

Results

The educational intervention was estimated to be less costly and less effective in terms of QALYs than TAU at the 12 month follow-up [incremental costs –€1,629, confidence interval (CI) –€5,489 to €2,240; incremental effect −0.02, CI –0.06 to 0.02]. The base case ICER was >€80,000/QALY.

Conclusion

The educational intervention was estimated to be less costly and less effective in terms of QALYs compared with TAU, but the results are subject to some uncertainties. Reduction in PIM use or benefits in quality of life did not seem to translate into improvements in QALYs. Our findings emphasise the need for better understanding of the impact of decreasing PIM use on health outcomes.
Discovering trends and hotspots of biosafety and biosecurity research via machine learning
Authors: Guan Renchu , Pang Haoyu , Liang Yanchun , Shao Zhongjun , Gao Xin , Xu Dong , Feng Xiaoyue
Published: April 2022

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has infected hundreds of millions of people and killed millions of them. As an RNA virus, COVID-19 is more susceptible to variation than other viruses. Many problems involved in this epidemic have made biosafety and biosecurity (hereafter collectively referred to as ‘biosafety’) a popular and timely topic globally. Biosafety research covers a broad and diverse range of topics, and it is important to quickly identify hotspots and trends in biosafety research through big data analysis. However, the data-driven literature on biosafety research discovery is quite scant. We developed a novel topic model based on latent Dirichlet allocation, affinity propagation clustering and the PageRank algorithm (LDAPR) to extract knowledge from biosafety research publications from 2011 to 2020. Then, we conducted hotspot and trend analysis with LDAPR and carried out further studies, including annual hot topic extraction, a 10-year keyword evolution trend analysis, topic map construction, hot region discovery and fine-grained correlation analysis of interdisciplinary research topic trends. These analyses revealed valuable information that can guide epidemic prevention work: (1) the research enthusiasm over a certain infectious disease not only is related to its epidemic characteristics but also is affected by the progress of research on other diseases, and (2) infectious diseases are not only strongly related to their corresponding microorganisms but also potentially related to other specific microorganisms. The detailed experimental results and our code are available at https://github.com/KEAML-JLU/Biosafety-analysis.
Recovered grasping performance after stroke depends on interhemispheric frontoparietal connectivity
Authors: Hensel Lukas , Lange Fabian , Tscherpel Caroline , Viswanathan Shivakumar , Freytag Jana , Volz Lukas J , Eickhoff Simon B , Fink Gereon R , Grefkes Christian
Published: April 2022

Activity changes in the ipsi- and contralesional parietal cortex and abnormal interhemispheric connectivity between these regions are commonly observed after stroke, however, their significance for motor recovery remains poorly understood. We here assessed the contribution of ipsilesional and contralesional anterior intraparietal cortex (aIPS) for hand motor function in 18 recovered chronic stroke patients and 18 healthy control subjects using a multimodal assessment consisting of resting-state functional MRI, motor task functional MRI, online-repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) interference, and 3D movement kinematics. Effects were compared against two control stimulation sites, i.e. contralesional M1 and a sham stimulation condition.

We found that patients with good motor outcome compared to patients with more substantial residual deficits featured increased resting-state connectivity between ipsilesional aIPS and contralesional aIPS as well as between ipsilesional aIPS and dorsal premotor cortex. Moreover, interhemispheric connectivity between ipsilesional M1 and contralesional M1 as well as ipsilesional aIPS and contralesional M1 correlated with better motor performance across tasks. TMS interference at individual aIPS and M1 coordinates led to differential effects depending on the motor task that was tested, i.e. index finger-tapping, rapid pointing movements, or a reach-grasp-lift task. Interfering with contralesional aIPS deteriorated the accuracy of grasping, especially in patients featuring higher connectivity between ipsi- and contralesional aIPS. In contrast, interference with the contralesional M1 led to impaired grasping speed in patients featuring higher connectivity between bilateral M1.

These findings suggest differential roles of contralesional M1 and aIPS for distinct aspects of recovered hand motor function, depending on the reorganization of interhemispheric connectivity.
Supplementation effects of a kokumi substance, γ-Glu-Val-Gly, on the ingestion of basic taste solutions in rats
Authors: Yamamoto Takashi , Mizuta Haruno
Published: April 2022

In addition to the well-accepted taste receptors corresponding to the 6 basic taste qualities, sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami, and fatty, another type of taste receptor, calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), is located in taste bud cells. CaSR is called the kokumi receptor because its agonists induce koku (or kokumi), a Japanese word meaning the enhancement of flavor characteristics, such as thickness, mouthfulness, and continuity. Kokumi is an important factor in enhancing food palatability. γ-Glu-Val-Gly (EVG) is the most potent agonist of CaSR, which induces a strong kokumi flavor. However, no behavioral studies have been documented in animals using EVG. Here, we show that EVG at low concentrations that do not elicit a taste of its own enhances preferences for umami, fat, and sweet taste solutions in rats. An increased preference for inosine monophosphate (IMP) and Intralipos was the most dominant effect. NPS-2143, an antagonist of CaSR, abolished the additive effect of EVG on IMP and Intralipos solutions. These effects of EVG on taste stimuli are thought to occur in the oral cavity, because the effects of EVG were confirmed in a brief exposure test. The additive effects on IMP and Intralipos remained after the transection of the chorda tympani, indicating that these effects also occur in the palate and/or posterior part of the tongue. Moreover, the additive effects of EVG were verified in electrophysiological taste nerve responses. These results may partially provide the underlying mechanisms for EVG to induce kokumi flavor in humans.
Gender and the Monstrous-Feminine: Subversion in Naomi Alderman’s The Power
Authors: Mondragón Paredes Verónica
Published: April 2022

Naomi Alderman’s speculative fiction novel The Power (2016) centers on a newfound supernatural ability in women: shooting lightning with their hands. A critical reading of this biologically determined ability is needed to assess Alderman’s conception of the female body. While the corruption of women in the novel demonstrates that reversing power structures would not be an adequate solution to gender-based oppression, a unique perspective on the skein can be discerned by employing the psychoanalytic framework of the monstrous-feminine archetype. By tracking the development of the archetype in the novel, from the seemingly feminist witch through its (d)evolution into the phallic woman, this essay will argue that the abjectification of the female body in the novel works strategically to denounce the gender binary itself.
Physical properties of root cementum: Part 29. The effects of LED-mediated photobiomodulation on orthodontically induced root resorption and pain: a pilot split-mouth randomized controlled trial
Authors: Sambevski John , Papadopoulou Alexandra K , Foley Matthew , Dalci Kerem , Petocz Peter , Darendeliler Mehmet Ali , Dalci Oyku
Published: April 2022

Objectives

To examine the effects of light-emitting diode (LED)-mediated photobiomodulation (PBM) on orthodontic root resorption and pain.

Methods

Twenty patients (3 males, 17 females, mean age 15 years 6 months) needing bilateral maxillary first premolar extractions for orthodontic treatment were included in this single-centre, split-mouth randomized controlled trial. Both premolars received 150 g of buccal tipping force for 28 days. One side was randomly assigned to receive intraoral 850 nm wavelength, 60 mW/cm2 power, continuous LED illumination via OrthoPulse device (Biolux Research Ltd, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada) for 5 minutes/day. The other side served as control. After 28 days, both premolars were extracted and scanned with micro-computed tomography for primary outcome assessment of root resorption crater volume measurements. For secondary outcome assessment, visual analogue scale pain questionnaires were used for both sides at 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, and 7 days. Randomization was generated using www.randomization.com and allocation was concealed in sequentially numbered, opaque, sealed envelopes. Blinding was not possible during the experiment due to the use of tape to block light on control side of the devices. Assessors were blinded during outcome assessments.

Results

All 40 premolars from 20 patients were included. There was no significant difference in the mean total root resorption between the LED PBM and control sides (mean 0.216 versus 0.284 mm3, respectively, P = 0.306). The LED side was associated with less pain at 24 hours (P = 0.023) and marginally more pain at subsequent time points, which was not statistically significant. No harms were observed.

Limitations

Short study duration and the inability to blind patients and clinician during clinical part of study.

Conclusion

This 28-day randomized split-mouth controlled trial showed that daily, LED-mediated PBM application, when applied for 5 minute/day, does not influence orthodontic root resorption. It is associated with significantly less pain 24 hours after the application of orthodontic force, but no difference thereafter. These results should be tested on patients undergoing a full course of orthodontic treatment.

Trial registration

Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12616000652471.
Critical appraisal of artificial intelligence-based prediction models for cardiovascular disease
Authors: van Smeden Maarten , Heinze Georg , Van Calster Ben , Asselbergs Folkert W , Vardas Panos E , Bruining Nico , de Jaegere Peter , Moore Jason H , Denaxas Spiros , Boulesteix Anne Laure , Moons Karel G M
Published: April 2022

The medical field has seen a rapid increase in the development of artificial intelligence (AI)-based prediction models. With the introduction of such AI-based prediction model tools and software in cardiovascular patient care, the cardiovascular researcher and healthcare professional are challenged to understand the opportunities as well as the limitations of the AI-based predictions. In this article, we present 12 critical questions for cardiovascular health professionals to ask when confronted with an AI-based prediction model. We aim to support medical professionals to distinguish the AI-based prediction models that can add value to patient care from the AI that does not.
When Does Audience Matter? Challengers’ Stability and Audience Costs
Authors: Yu Chamseul , Whang Taehee , Lee Sangmin
Published: April 2022

In this article, we argue that the degree to which audience costs work depends on the challenger state's leader stability. Unlike in the previous literature, we attempt to depart from a simple categorical comparison among regime types. Instead, we argue that the magnitude of audience costs varies continuously throughout the spectrum of a leader's stability. We employ probit regression with a squared term of stability, utilizing a large-N dataset of international conflicts provided by Militarized Interstate Dispute. Empirical results suggest a U-shaped curvilinear relationship between a challenger's stability and a target's probability of reciprocation. As the challenger's stability decreases, a target of interstate military conflict is less likely to reciprocate, that is, audience costs are more likely to be generated when a challenger is less stable. However, a target is less likely to concede as stability goes below a certain level because outside actors cannot learn the challenger's political patterns and intentions. Such findings imply that audience costs would be the highest at a moderate level of instability.
Rapid Intraspecies Evolution of Fitness Effects of Yeast Genes
Authors: Wang Yayu , Jiang Bei , Wu Yue , He Xionglei , Liu Li
Published: April 2022

Organisms within species have numerous genetic and phenotypic variations. Growing evidences show intraspecies variation of mutant phenotypes may be more complicated than expected. Current studies on intraspecies variations of mutant phenotypes are limited to just a few strains. This study investigated the intraspecies variation of fitness effects of 5,630 gene mutants in ten Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains using CRISPR–Cas9 screening. We found that the variability of fitness effects induced by gene disruptions is very large across different strains. Over 75% of genes affected cell fitness in a strain-specific manner to varying degrees. The strain specificity of the fitness effect of a gene is related to its evolutionary and functional properties. Subsequent analysis revealed that younger genes, especially those newly acquired in S. cerevisiae species, are more likely to be strongly strain-specific. Intriguingly, there seems to exist a ceiling of fitness effect size for strong strain-specific genes, and among them, the newly acquired genes are still evolving and have yet to reach this ceiling. Additionally, for a large proportion of protein complexes, the strain specificity profile is inconsistent among genes encoding the same complex. Taken together, these results offer a genome-wide map of intraspecies variation for fitness effect as a mutant phenotype and provide an updated insight on intraspecies phenotypic evolution.
Trade-offs between external knowledge sources for firm innovation in a developing country
Authors: Bello-Pintado Alejandro , Bianchi Carlos , Blanchard Pablo
Published: April 2022

This paper studies the trade-off nature of the external knowledge-sourcing strategy of firms. Different combinations of external knowledge and information sources (KISs) on innovation performance are analyzed in the light of the existence of complementary and substitution effects between relational and codified sources. We assert that these effects are conditioned by the knowledge basis of the firm, which is associated with the firm’s relative cost of sourcing and internationalization. Our results shed new evidence on the specific features of sourcing knowledge for innovation in a less developed context, highlighting the critical role of codified sources and explaining the existence of the trade-offs that firms face in accessing and exploiting external KISs.
Sectoral patterns of collaborative tie formation: investigating geographic, cognitive, and technological dimensions
Authors: Simensen Erlend Osland , Abbasiharofteh Milad
Published: April 2022

The literature on sectoral systems of innovation evidences the crucial importance of sectoral specificities in innovation. Also, the proximity framework enables the exploration and analysis of how various actors establish collaborative ties. However, there has not yet been much cross-fertilization between the proximity literature and sectoral systems of innovation. First, we conceptually integrate the proximity literature into sectoral studies by underlining the differences and commonalities across sectors. Second, we use a dataset of research and development (R&D) projects subsidized by the Research Council of Norway (RCN) between 2005 and 2016 to analyze the impact of geographical and cognitive proximities on collaborative tie formation in four Norwegian sectors (biotech, oil and gas, marine, and maritime). The results indicate that cognitive proximity and colocation in large cities are positively related to the creation of collaborative ties across all sectors. Yet, the joint effects of cognitive proximity and colocation in large cities vary across sectors and seem to be correlated with the complexity of sector-specific technologies.
Recent declines in American lobster fecundity in southern New England: drivers and implications
Authors: Goldstein Jason S , Zarrella-Smith Katrina A , Pugh Tracy L
Published: April 2022

Lobsters in southern New England (SNE) have experienced decades of environmental stressors along with a suite of emerging diseases. We hypothesized that the sublethal effects of physiological stress resulting from increased temperatures have contributed to a decline in reproductive investment in SNE lobsters. Using the presence of epizootic shell disease (ESD) as a proxy for stress, we examined lobster potential fecundity through the number of recently extruded, early-stage eggs and their nutritional quality; realized fecundity based on counts of late-stage eggs nearing hatch; and compared realized fecundity to historical data (1980s) from the region. Generalized linear modeling revealed that female size was a significant predictor of both potential and realized fecundity as expected, but that ESD status did not result in differences in fecundity. Dry weight was the only difference in nutritional content egg–1 between non-diseased and diseased females. There was also no relationship detected between potential fecundity and any nutritional metric from non-diseased females. However, both dry weight and protein were negatively correlated with potential fecundity in diseased females. Most importantly, realized fecundity of recent-day females was significantly reduced compared to the fecundity of historical females, characterized as a 23% decrease predicted by our model. Stressful environmental conditions, particularly temperature, may have contributed to decreased fecundity over a 30-year period in SNE. Our data demonstrate that expectations around the potential for the SNE stock to rebuild need to be adjusted to this new regime of decreased reproductive output and can no longer rely on past estimates of egg production and recruitment.
Capitalism, international law, race, and China’s rise: Afterword to the Foreword by Karen Alter
Authors: Shaffer Gregory
Published: April 2022

Karen Alter’s rich Foreword develops an important research agenda regarding capitalism, and its impact on what she calls “global economic law.” This Afterword builds on Alter’s essay to make four points. First, it compares Alter’s framework of international regime complexes with the framework of transnational legal orders that has been applied to a wide spectrum of issues. It shows how the latter framework is necessary to supplement Alter’s regime framework. Second, it subjects Alter’s concluding argument in favor of multilateralism to a comparative institutional perspective, which foregrounds considerations that Alter’s essay elides. It notes the contexts in which multilateral international law is, or is not, a preferred approach. Third, it substantially qualifies Alter’s concluding prediction regarding continuity with China’s rise. It stresses the implications of China’s combination of state capitalism and political authoritarianism, coupled with other transnational trends, including within the United States. Fourth, it notes her lack of engagement with the issue of race and international law, which is present in its absence, on which the framework of transnational legal orders sheds greater light.
Arithmetic Orr Invariants of Absolute Galois Groups
Authors: Kodani Hisatoshi , Terashima Yuji
Published: April 2022

Based on the analogies between mapping class groups and absolute Galois groups, we introduce an arithmetic pro-$\ell $ analogue of Orr invariants for a Galois element associated with Galois action on étale fundamental groups of punctured projective lines. At the same time, we also introduce pro-$\ell $ Orr space as an arithmetic analogue of Orr space whose third homotopy group is a target group of Orr invariant. We then determine its rank as $\mathbb {Z}_{\ell }$-module following Igusa–Orr’s computation. Moreover, we investigate its relation with Ellenberg’s obstruction to $\pi _1$-sections associated with lower central series filtration in the context of Grothendieck’s section conjecture.
A Systematic Molecular Epidemiology Screen Reveals Numerous Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Type 1 Superinfections in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study
Authors: Chaudron Sandra E , Leemann Christine , Kusejko Katharina , Nguyen Huyen , Tschumi Nadine , Marzel Alex , Huber Michael , Böni Jürg , Perreau Matthieu , Klimkait Thomas , Yerly Sabine , Ramette Alban , Hirsch Hans H , Rauch Andri , Calmy Alexandra , Vernazza Pietro , Bernasconi Enos , Cavassini Matthias , Metzner Karin J , Kouyos Roger D , Günthard Huldrych F ,   for the Swiss HIV Cohort Study, Aebi-Popp K , Anagnostopoulos A , Battegay M , Bernasconi E , Böni J , Braun D L , Bucher H C , Calmy A , Cavassini M , Ciuffi A , Dollenmaier G , Egger M , Elzi L , Fehr J , Fellay J , Furrer H , Fux C A , Günthard H F , Haerry D , Hasse B , Hirsch H H , Hoffmann M , Hösli I , Huber M , Kahlert C R , Kaiser L , Keiser O , Klimkait T , Kouyos R D , Kovari H , Ledergerber B , Martinetti G , de Tejada B Martinez , Marzolini C , Metzner K J , Müller N , Nicca D , Paioni P , Pantaleo G , Perreau M , Rauch A , Rudin C , Kusejko K , Schmid P , Speck R , Stöckle M , Tarr P , Trkola A , Vernazza P , Wandeler G , Weber R , Yerly S
Published: April 2022

Background

Studying human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) superinfection is important to understand virus transmission, disease progression, and vaccine design. But detection remains challenging, with low sampling frequencies and insufficient longitudinal samples.

Methods

Using the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS), we developed a molecular epidemiology screening for superinfections. A phylogeny built from 22 243 HIV-1 partial polymerase sequences was used to identify potential superinfections among 4575 SHCS participants with longitudinal sequences. A subset of potential superinfections was tested by near-full-length viral genome sequencing (NFVGS) of biobanked plasma samples.

Results

Based on phylogenetic and distance criteria, 325 potential HIV-1 superinfections were identified and categorized by their likelihood of being detected as superinfections due to sample misidentification. NFVGS was performed for 128 potential superinfections; of these, 52 were confirmed by NFVGS, 15 were not confirmed, and for 61 sampling did not allow confirming or rejecting superinfection because the sequenced samples did not include the relevant time points causing the superinfection signal in the original screen. Thus, NFVGS could support 52 of 67 adequately sampled potential superinfections.

Conclusions

This cohort-based molecular approach identified, to our knowledge, the largest population of confirmed superinfections, showing that, while rare with a prevalence of 1%–7%, superinfections are not negligible events.
FEAR index in predicting treatment among patients with femoroacetabular impingement and hip dysplasia and the relationship of femoral version
Authors: Meyer Alex M , Schaver Andrew L , Cohen Brian H , Glass Natalie A , Willey Michael C , Westermann Robert W
Published: April 2022

The Femoro-Epiphyseal Acetabular Roof (FEAR) index is a newer measurement to identify the hip instability with borderline acetabular dysplasia. The purpose of this study is to (i) validate the FEAR index in determining the stability of the hip in patients who have previously been treated surgically for femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) and/or developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) and (ii) to examine the relationship between the FEAR index and femoral version, lateral center edge angle, Tönnis angle and alpha angle (AA). Patient demographics and radiographic measurements of 215 hips (178 patients), 116 hips treated with hip arthroscopy for FAI and 99 hips treated with periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) for DDH were compared between groups. The sensitivity and specificity of the FEAR index to detect the surgical procedure performed (PAO or hip arthroscopy) was calculated, and a threshold value was proposed. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were used to describe the relationships between the FEAR index, femoral version and other radiographic measurements. The FEAR index was higher in patients with DDH versus FAI (DDH: 2.81 ± 0.50° versus FAI: −1.00 ± 0.21°, P < 0.001). A FEAR index threshold value of 3° had a sensitivity and specificity of 80% and 81%, respectively, for correctly predicting the surgical procedure performed. Femoral version was positively associated with the FEAR index in the setting of DDH (r = 0.36, P = 0.001) but not FAI (r = 0.02, P = 0.807). A FEAR index of 3° predicted treatment with 80% sensitivity and 81% specificity. In addition, femoral version significantly correlates with the FEAR index in the setting of DDH but not FAI.
Desiccation–rehydration measurements in bryophytes: current status and future insights
Authors: Morales-Sánchez José Ángel , Mark Kristiina , Souza João Paulo S , Niinemets Ülo
Published: April 2022

Desiccation–rehydration experiments have been employed over the years to evaluate desiccation tolerance of bryophytes (Bryophyta, Marchantiophyta, and Anthocerotophyta). Researchers have applied a spectrum of protocols to induce desiccation and subsequent rehydration, and a wide variety of techniques have been used to study desiccation-dependent changes in bryophyte molecular, cellular, physiological, and structural traits, resulting in a multifaceted assortment of information that is challenging to synthesize. We analysed 337 desiccation–rehydration studies, providing information for 351 species, to identify the most frequent methods used, analyse the advances in desiccation studies over the years, and characterize the taxonomic representation of the species assessed. We observed certain similarities across methodologies, but the degree of convergence among the experimental protocols was surprisingly low. Out of 52 bryophyte orders, 40% have not been studied, and data are lacking for multiple remote or difficult to access locations. We conclude that for quantitative interspecific comparisons of desiccation tolerance, rigorous standardization of experimental protocols and measurement techniques, and simultaneous use of an array of experimental techniques are required for a mechanistic insight into the different traits modified in response to desiccation. New studies should also aim to fill gaps in taxonomic, ecological, and spatial coverage of bryophytes.
Local and systemic responses conferring acclimation of Brassica napus roots to low phosphorus conditions
Authors: Li Yalin , Yang Xinyu , Liu HaiJiang , Wang Wei , Wang Chuang , Ding Guangda , Xu Fangsen , Wang Sheliang , Cai Hongmei , Hammond John P , White Philip J , Shabala Sergey , Yu Min , Shi Lei
Published: April 2022

Due to the non-uniform distribution of inorganic phosphate (Pi) in the soil, plants modify their root architecture to improve acquisition of this nutrient. In this study, a split-root system was employed to assess the nature of local and systemic signals that modulate root architecture of Brassica napus grown with non-uniform Pi availability. Lateral root (LR) growth was regulated systemically by non-uniform Pi distribution, by increasing the second-order LR (2°LR) density in compartments with high Pi supply but decreasing it in compartments with low Pi availability. Transcriptomic profiling identified groups of genes regulated, both locally and systemically, by Pi starvation. The number of systemically induced genes was greater than the number of genes locally induced, and included genes related to abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA) signalling pathways, reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism, sucrose, and starch metabolism. Physiological studies confirmed the involvement of ABA, JA, sugars, and ROS in the systemic Pi starvation response. Our results reveal the mechanistic basis of local and systemic responses of B. napus to Pi starvation and provide new insights into the molecular and physiological basis of root plasticity.