bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multi-camera imaging to characterize jet and liner uniformity on the Plasma Liner Experiment (PLX)
Authors: LaJoie A. L. , Chu F. , Langendorf S. , Cassibry J. , Vyas A. , Gilmore M.
Published: June 2023

At Plasma Liner Experiment, a set of 36 coaxial plasma guns are deployed quasi-uniformly over a 9 ft diameter spherical chamber and are used to form a high-Z spherically compressive plasma liner. Simulations indicate that for the concept to ultimately achieve optimal target density and temperature, a high degree of timing uniformity is required between all guns. To aid in quantifying and correcting gun-to-gun nonuniformities, a key diagnostic will consist of up to six fisheye-view CCD cameras positioned inside the main chamber such that each has all plasma guns within its view. The individual cameras can be triggered at different times to determine each plasma jet’s muzzle velocity and structure for different operating conditions. This camera array is currently under development, and the implementation needs and challenges for this camera array are discussed here. Additionally, we detail the analysis methodology for determining jet-to-jet uniformity deviations and how we can correct them, thereby improving overall liner uniformity.
Advanced data analysis in inertial confinement fusion and high energy density physics
Authors: Knapp P. F. , Lewis W. E.
Published: June 2023

Bayesian analysis enables flexible and rigorous definition of statistical model assumptions with well-characterized propagation of uncertainties and resulting inferences for single-shot, repeated, or even cross-platform data. This approach has a strong history of application to a variety of problems in physical sciences ranging from inference of particle mass from multi-source high-energy particle data to analysis of black-hole characteristics from gravitational wave observations. The recent adoption of Bayesian statistics for analysis and design of high-energy density physics (HEDP) and inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments has provided invaluable gains in expert understanding and experiment performance. In this Review, we discuss the basic theory and practical application of the Bayesian statistics framework. We highlight a variety of studies from the HEDP and ICF literature, demonstrating the power of this technique. Due to the computational complexity of multi-physics models needed to analyze HEDP and ICF experiments, Bayesian inference is often not computationally tractable. Two sections are devoted to a review of statistical approximations, efficient inference algorithms, and data-driven methods, such as deep-learning and dimensionality reduction, which play a significant role in enabling use of the Bayesian framework. We provide additional discussion of various applications of Bayesian and machine learning methods that appear to be sparse in the HEDP and ICF literature constituting possible next steps for the community. We conclude by highlighting community needs, the resolution of which will improve trust in data-driven methods that have proven critical for accelerating the design and discovery cycle in many application areas.
Metamaterial of sodium-graphene for bifunctional perfect absorber
Authors: Xiong Zhichao , Wang Bo
Published: June 2023

In this paper, a bifunctional metamaterial perfect absorber (MPA) by combining sodium and graphene with the two-dimension grating structure is proposed, which can serve as both a tunable absorber and a refractive index sensor. The proposed MPA can achieve perfect absorption for near-infrared light by combining the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method and the impedance matching principle for optimization. The calculation results of the FDTD and the finite element method are in good agreement. The perfect absorption of the MPA is well explained by the electric and magnetic field distribution attributed to the metal assisted guided-mode resonance. Furthermore, the simulation results indicate that the peak modulation depth of MPA achieves 61.99% by tuning the chemical potential of graphene. In terms of sensing performance, the MPA has a figure of merit value of 284 RIU−1, which is a substantial advancement compared with the sensors reported previously. By virtue of the structural simplicity, polarization-insensitivity, tunable absorption efficiency, high sensitivity, and long penetration depth, the MPA offers a wide range of applications in the fields of photoelectric detection, photoelectric modulation, biology, and chemistry.
Blue cadmium-free and air-fabricated quantum dot light-emitting diodes
Authors: Hänsch Paul , Solak Selen , Choi Hyung Seok , Kim Yohan , Ligorio Giovanni , Gensler Manuel , Kim Jiyong , Boeffel Christine , List-Kratochvil Emil J. W. , Hermerschmidt Felix
Published: June 2023

Quantum dot (QD) materials have found increasing use in display applications because of their high color purity and fluorescence quantum yield, enabling devices with higher brightness and efficiency. However, to access large-area printing and coating methods that are carried out in ambient conditions, it is necessary to, first, move away from toxic cadmium, and second, to target materials that can be air-processed. Herein, we synthesize zinc selenide-based blue QD material and air-fabricate light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and single-carrier devices. The encapsulated devices were also measured under ambient conditions. Multi-shell-structured ZnSeTe/ZnSe/ZnS (core/shell/shell) QDs show pure deep blue/purple fluorescence emission with a high photoluminescence quantum yield of 78%. The blue QD-LED devices are fabricated in a conventional structure with bottom light emission with two electron transport materials (ZnO and ZnMgO). The QD-LED devices with ZnO electron transport layer show a maximum luminance of ∼6200 cd m−2 at 9 V with a turn-on voltage of 3.5 V and current efficacy of 0.38 cd A−1, while with ZnMgO electron transport layer, the devices show a maximum luminance of 3000 cd m−2 at 7 V with a turn-on voltage of 3 V and current efficacy of 0.6 cd A−1. Electron-only and hole-only devices were fabricated to show and confirm the underlying charge transport mechanisms. To our knowledge, these results show for the first-time air-fabricated ZnSe-based QD-LEDs, paving the way for scaling up display applications and moving toward high-performance printed electronics.
1D profile measurement of ion velocity distribution with glass-tube-pair type Doppler probe array
Authors: Someya Ryo , Nakau Itsuki , Cai Yunhan , Tanabe Hiroshi , Ono Yasushi
Published: June 2023

We developed a glass-tube-pair type Doppler probe array for ion velocity distribution function measurement with high spatial and time resolution. By four mirrors and four optical fibers fixed in two parallel glass tubes, the light from ions in each measurement area (3.2 × 2.5 × 1.0 cm3) between tubes is collected in three different directions, and the fibers are led to a Czerny–Turner spectrometer and finally to an ICCD camera (the exposure time of 2 μs) for Doppler spectra measurements with high time resolution. Since the Doppler spectrum profile in each viewing line represents the distribution of the ion velocity component in the line, we can reconstruct 2D velocity distribution by the measured spectra in three viewing lines with tomography techniques. We tested the accuracy of some reconstruction methods from spectra to velocity distribution in numerical simulation and chose the iterative method as the best one. By use of this new diagnostic, we successfully measured the radial profile of ion velocity distribution during magnetic reconnection of merging spherical tokamak plasmas and revealed that their ions have anisotropic velocity distributions.
Lattice thermal conductivity of silicon monolayer in biphenylene network
Authors: Guo Aiqing , Cao Fengli , Ju Weiwei , Wang Zhaowu , Wang Hui , Li Guo-Ling , Liu Gang
Published: June 2023

Recently, the two-dimensional carbon sheet in a biphenylene network has been successfully fabricated by experiment [Fan et al., Science 372, 852 (2021)], promoting the study of silicon allotropes with similar structures. In this work, we investigate the lattice thermal conductivity of a silicon monolayer in a biphenylene network through first-principles calculations. It is found that the thermal conductivity is anisotropic and much lower than that of carbon sheets with a similar structure. At 300 K, the thermal conductivity is 2.46 and 3.25 W m−1 K−1 along the two crystallography directions, respectively. The phonon group velocity, relaxation time, and the contribution of each mode to total thermal conductivity are analyzed, to understand the underlying physical mechanisms of the low thermal conductivity. Our work provides fundamental insights into thermal transport in the silicon monolayer in the biphenylene network and should stimulate further experimental exploration of these materials for possible thermoelectric and thermal management applications.
The Sustainability Index: a new tool to breed for reduced greenhouse-gas emissions intensity in Australian dairy cattle
Authors: Nguyen T. T. T. , Richardson C. M. , Post M. , Amer P. R. , Nieuwhof G. J. , Thurn P. , Shaffer M.
Published: June 2023

Context The Australian dairy industry has a target to reduce greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions intensity by 30% between 2015 and 2030. At the animal level, apart from nutritional modifications and other management practices, selecting animals that emit less GHG can be a cost-effective and long-term strategy. Given the world’s demand for protein is increasing, selecting for animals with lower GHG emissions per unit of production, i.e. emissions intensity, is a realistic approach that addresses the key issue of emissions reduction while maintaining farm productivity. Aim To develop a selection index for Australian dairy cattle to breed for reduced emissions intensity. Methods The Sustainability Index was built based on the existing Balanced Performance Index (BPI) but placed greater emphasis on production, survival, health and feed efficiency. Key results In August 2022, DataGene released the Sustainability Index that can be used by dairy farmers to select animals with lower environmental footprints. Compared with BPI, the weights for protein, fat, survival, mastitis resistance and feed efficiency increased by 2.6-, 1.4-, 2.8-, 1.3- and 3.8-fold respectively. It is expected that with the use of the Sustainability Index, emissions intensity will be reduced by 7.64%, 8.96% and 5.52% respectively in Holstein, Jersey and Red breeds by 2050, compared with the 2015 level. The corresponding values when selecting for BPI were 6.34%, 7.91% and 5.23% respectively. However, the trade-off in BPI when using the Sustainability Index will be AUD0.79, AUD0.83, AUD0.22 per cow per year for Holstein, Jersey and Red breeds respectively. Conclusions The current profit index BPI has contributed to reduction in emissions intensity. To enhance the rate of improvement in emissions intensity, the Sustainability Index can be used with minimal impacts on profit. Implications To breed for lower emissions intensity, farmers can select animals with high Sustainability Index values that are published on DataVat (datavat.com.au) and the Good Bulls App. To lower gross emissions, combinations of additional measures such as management of diet, adjustment to animal numbers, management of stored manure, and appropriate use of carbon neutral fertiliser, renewable fuels and energy, will need to be adopted on farms.
Affordable methods for surface tension and contact angle measurements
Authors: Battaglia Onofrio Rosario , Agliolo Gallitto Aurelio , Termini Giulia , Fazio Claudio
Published: June 2023

In this paper, we present two different experiments aimed at supporting the understanding of surface phenomena at undergraduate level. In the first experiment, we measure the surface tension of several common liquids like water, oil, alcohol, etc by using a simplified custom-built Du Nouy ring apparatus. In the second experiment, the contact angle at the water-glass-air interface is estimated by means of two glass slides that form a sort of variable-size capillary. Materials and experimental apparatuses require a low budget, but the results agree very well with those reported in the literature, obtained with much more sophisticated and expensive equipment. This makes the experiments presented here suitable for educational paths aimed at understanding surface phenomena at undergraduate and even at high school level.
Measurement and control of stiction force in in-plane electrostatically actuated Si nanoelectromechanical cantilever relays with Pt contacts
Authors: Mamun Md Ataul , Smith Bennett , Horstmann Benjamin , Ding Kai , Atkinson Gary , Özgür Ümit , Avrutin Vitaliy
Published: June 2023

We measure the stiction force using in-plane electrostatically actuated Si nanoelectromechanical cantilever relays with Pt contacts. The average current-dependent values of the stiction force, ranging from 60 nN to 265 nN, were extracted using the I
DS vs V
GS hysteresis curves, the cantilever displacement information from finite element method (Comsol Multiphysics) simulations, and the force distribution determined using an analytical model. It is shown that the stiction force is inversely and directly proportional to the contact resistance (R
c) and drain-source current (I
DS), respectively. Using the dependence of the stiction force on the contact current, we demonstrate the tuning of the voltage hysteresis for the same relay from 8 V to 36 V (equivalent to a stiction force of 70 nN to 260 nN, respectively). We attribute the stiction force primarily to the metallic bonding force, which shows a strong dependence on the contact current.
Ultra-small high‐temperature pressure sensor chips fabricated in single‐layer (111) SOI wafers
Authors: Li Peng , Li Wei , Chen Changnan , Sun Ke , Liu Min , Ni Zao , Wang Jiachou , Li Xinxin
Published: June 2023

This paper presents a 0.5 mm × 0.5 mm tiny-sized high-temperature piezoresistive pressure sensor fabricated with a thin-film under bulk single-sided micromachining process from the front-side of single-layer (111) silicon on insulator (SOI) wafer. The (111)-device layer of the SOI wafer is specifically selected to optimize the piezoresistor performance where the SiO2 buried layer isolates the piezoresistors from the handle substrate. And the (111)-handle layer is employed to subtly construct a single-crystalline-silicon beam-island combining with a very thin but uniform poly-silicon diaphragm for realization of both low nonlinearity and high sensitivity. Without double-sided micromachining process and wafer bonding used, a tiny sensor-chip size of 0.5 mm × 0.5 mm is achieved, which is required in wind-tunnel systems for measuring pressure distribution at high temperature. The testing results of the fabricated sensor show high sensitivity of 0.15 mV V−1 kPa−1 for 150 kPa measure range and satisfactory linearity of ±0.11% FS (full scale) at ambient temperature. At 350 °C, the overall accuracy is 0.17% FS and the thermal hysteresis is 0.22% FS. The temperature coefficient of zero-point offset of the sensor is tested as low as 0.01% °C−1 FS and the temperature coefficient of sensitivity is −0.07% °C−1 FS within the whole temperature range from −55 °C to 350 °C. Featuring the advantages of high accuracy and high-yield low-cost fabrication, the tiny-sized high-temperature pressure sensors exhibit promising perspectives in the field of aerospace industry including wind-tunnel applications.
Monte Carlo method for investigating population kinetics in non-local thermodynamic equilibrium plasmas
Authors: Tao Zhihao , Zhou Hao , Zhou Xu , Wang Chuan , Hu Ronghao , Lv Meng
Published: June 2023

We propose a new method to solve the collisional-radiative (CR) model with the Monte Carlo method for investigating population kinetics of non-local thermodynamic equilibrium plasmas. The CR model is solved using massive sample particles accounting detailed energy levels. Whether an atom/ion undergoes an ionization/excitation/decay process is determined by probabilities calculated from ionization cross-sections, excitation and decay rates. By continuously iterating this process for massive atoms/ions, the ionization population distribution is obtained. The numerical convergence can be achieved for a mid-Z element using 103 particles in the Monte Carlo simulation. The results of the Monte Carlo simulations are compared with other methods and experimental results. The self emission spectra of silicon plasma is obtained and the ionization population distribution of silicon and iron plasmas are calculated. The proposed method can be used to interpret high energy density experiments and astrophysical phenomena where non-local thermodynamic equilibrium effects play vital roles.
Characterization of charge-carrier dynamics at the Bi2Se3/MgF2 interface by multiphoton pumped UV–Vis transient absorption spectroscopy
Authors: Glinka Yuri D , He Tingchao , Sun Xiao Wei
Published: June 2023

Separate relaxation dynamics of electrons and holes in experiments on optical pumping-probing of semiconductors is rarely observed due to their overlap. Here we report the separate relaxation dynamics of long-lived (∼200 μs) holes observed at room temperature in a 10 nm thick film of the 3D topological insulator (TI) Bi2Se3 coated with a 10 nm thick MgF2 layer using transient absorption spectroscopy in the UV–Vis region. The ultraslow hole dynamics was observed by applying resonant pumping of massless Dirac fermions and bound valence electrons in Bi2Se3 at a certain wavelength sufficient for their multiphoton photoemission and subsequent trapping at the Bi2Se3/MgF2 interface. The emerging deficit of electrons in the film makes it impossible for the remaining holes to recombine, thus causing their ultraslow dynamics measured at a specific probing wavelength. We also found an extremely long rise time (∼600 ps) for this ultraslow optical response, which is due to the large spin–orbit coupling splitting at the valence band maximum and the resulting intervalley scattering between the splitting components. The observed dynamics of long-lived holes is gradually suppressed with decreasing Bi2Se3 film thickness for the 2D TI Bi2Se3 (film thickness below 6 nm) due to the loss of resonance conditions for multiphoton photoemission caused by the gap opening at the Dirac surface state nodes. This behavior indicates that the dynamics of massive Dirac fermions predominantly determines the relaxation of photoexcited carriers for both the 2D topologically nontrivial and 2D topologically trivial insulator phases.
Simulation-driven bandpass filter in association with an optimal bandwidth to detect faults in axial piston pumps
Authors: Li Jiahao , Liu Yi , Chen Qian , Xiang Jiawei
Published: June 2023

Due to the special working environments of axial piston pumps in engineering, fault features are disrupted by the natural periodic impulses. A finite element method (FEM) simulation-driven bandpass filter (BPF) is provided for detecting bearings. However, the bandwidth of the BPF is designed empirically through human experience with uncertainty. To overcome the associated limitations, a bandwidth optimization strategy of FEM simulation-driven BPF is proposed by using an integrated kurtosis, which is a combination of two kinds of kurtosis indices. The new index is used as a discrimination value for a success–failure algorithm to iteratively determine the optimal bandwidth of the BPF. Finally, compared to the original BPF and its improved version, experimental results of faulty bearings in an axial piston pump verify the fault feature extraction ability for the reciprocating motion machine under heavy impact-induced natural periodic impulses.
A fast volume measurement method for obtaining point cloud data from bulk stockpiles
Authors: Ding Weili , Zhang Kai , Shao Changyu
Published: June 2023

To improve the efficiency of port bulk handling, a fast volume measurement algorithm for irregular bulk cargo is proposed in this paper. The elevation laser scanner and solid-state Lidar are used to determine the geometric information of bulk piles. The 3D point cloud data of the irregular bulk cargo was extracted, and the volume of the pile was calculated using the point cloud. To realize fast measurements, the algorithm first obtains a series of sliced point clouds and generates the slice matrix via dimensionality reduction and rasterization. Next, the area of the slice matrix is filled by the X-scan line algorithm. Finally, the volume of the whole point clouds is obtained by integrating the area of each slice matrix. Extensive experiments on datasets of realistic scenarios demonstrate that the proposed measurement method can complete point cloud reconstruction and volume calculation for different types of stockpiles with a good balance of accuracy, robustness, and execution efficiency.
Measuring thermal conductivity of nanostructures with the 3ω method: the need for finite element modeling
Authors: Peri Lorenzo , Prete Domenic , Demontis Valeria , Degoli Elena , Ruini Alice , Magri Rita , Rossella Francesco
Published: June 2023

Conventional techniques of measuring thermal transport properties may be unreliable or unwieldy when applied to nanostructures. However, a simple, all-electrical technique is available for all samples featuring high-aspect-ratio: the 3ω method. Nonetheless, its usual formulation relies on simple analytical results which may break down in real experimental conditions. In this work we clarify these limits and quantify them via adimensional numbers and present a more accurate, numerical solution to the 3ω problem based on the Finite Element Method (FEM). Finally, we present a comparison of the two methods on experimental datasets from InAsSb nanostructures with different thermal transport properties, to stress the crucial need of a FEM counterpart to 3ω measurements in nanostructures with low thermal conductivity.
MRI tractography-guided PET image reconstruction regularisation using connectome-based nonlocal means filtering
Authors: Sun Zhuopin , Angelis Georgios , Meikle Steven , Calamante Fernando
Published: June 2023

Positron emission tomography (PET) molecular biomarkers and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) derived information show associations and highly complementary information in a number of neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer’s disease. Diffusion MRI provides valuable information about the microstructure and structural connectivity (SC) of the brain which could guide and improve the PET image reconstruction when such associations exist. However, this potental has not been previously explored. In the present study, we propose a CONNectome-based non-local means one-atep late maximum a posteriori (CONN-NLM-OSLMAP) method, which allows diffusion MRI-derived connectivity information to be incorporated into the PET iterative image reconstruction process, thus regularising the estimated PET images. The proposed method was evaluated using a realistic tau-PET/MRI simulated phantom, demonstrating more effective noise reduction and lesion contrast improvement, as well as the lowest overall bias compared with both a median filter applied as an alternative regulariser and CONNectome-based non-local means as a post-reconstruction filter. By adding complementary SC information from diffusion MRI, the proposed regularisation method offers more useful and targeted denoising and regularisation, demonstrating the feasibility and effectiveness of integrating connectivity information into PET image reconstruction.
Performance of low-loss demountable joints between CORC® cable-in-conduit-conductors at magnetic fields up to 8 T developed for fusion magnets
Authors: Weiss Jeremy D , van der Laan Danko C , Radcliff Kyle , Bagrets Nadezda , Lange Christian , Allen Steven , Holt Julian , Alsworth Ian , Daniels Peter , Dieudonne Yannik , Schoofs Frank
Published: June 2023

High-temperature superconductors (HTS) are promising candidates for use in the high-field magnets needed in particle accelerators and fusion reactors. HTS conductor on round core (CORC®) cables and wires wound from ReBa2Cu3O7-x
(REBCO) coated tapes are being developed for use in high-field magnet applications including fusion magnets operating at currents beyond 80 kA, requiring them to be bundled into cable-in-conduit conductor (CICC) configurations. The use of HTS cables enable demountable superconducting fusion magnets that would allow easier access to the fusion machine for maintenance and parts replacement. Such demountable magnets require practical, low-resistance joints, capable of injecting current uniformly into the many REBCO tapes that make up different cable designs. Optimization steps on CORC® cables have resulted in high-current terminations and joints with a joint resistance measured between a pair of 30-tape CORC® cables of 51 nΩ at 76 K and 1.9 nΩ at 4 K. Demountable joints between CICCs consisting of six CORC® cables arranged in flat and round configurations were also tested and compared to joints between low-temperature superconducting (LTS) CICCs consisting of NbTi Rutherford cables. Samples were paired into two configurations (LTS-to-LTS and HTS-to-HTS) with a demountable joint between them that were each tested in series with currents up to 10 000 A in an applied background magnetic field of up to 8 T. The total loop resistance of the HTS-to-HTS sample, including their terminations and joint, was about 4 nΩ at 4 K in self-field with the resistance of the copper pressed joint being less than 1 nΩ. At 8 T, the total loop resistance increased to 6.9 nΩ with the pressed joint contributing 1.4 nΩ. These initial tests prove the feasibility of producing remountable (dry) joints with low resistance between superconducting magnet windings in future compact fusion machines.
Collective dipole reorganization in magnetostructures
Authors: Wafflard Adrien , Vandewalle Nicolas , Opsomer Eric
Published: June 2023

Neodymium spherical magnets are inexpensive objects that demonstrate how dipolar particles self-assemble into various structures ranging from 1D chains to 3D crystals. Assemblies of these magnets are nicknamed magnetostructures and this paper focuses on a variety called magnetotubes, which are some curved square lattices forming cylinders. We experimentally and numerically observe that such magnetotubes can self-buckle, above a critical aspect ratio. In fact, the underlying dipolar ordering of such structures is found to exhibit a collective reorganization, altering the mechanical stability of the entire system. We identify the conditions in which these phenomena occur, and we emphasize that metastable states coexist. This suggests that a wide variety of magnetostructures, including chains and magnetocrystals, may collapse due to the coexistence of multiple ground states and global reorientation of dipoles.
Tetromino tilings on the Tetris board*
Authors: Oh Seungsang , Yi Jaehwan
Published: June 2023

Tetrominos, comprised of four identical squares joined together along edges, have achieved substantial popular recognition as the elemental components of the widely known game, Tetris. In this paper, we present a recursive formula aimed at exact enumeration of tetromino tilings on a rectangular board with dimensions m × n. Furthermore, we modify the tiling criterion to mirror the Tetris gameplay, resulting in what we term Tetris tiling of height n. By employing this adjusted condition, we accurately calculate the total number of Tetris tilings. Additionally, the asymptotic behavior of the growth rate associated with the tetromino tiling is discussed.
A hyperchaotic image encryption algorithm based on LSTM neural network and lifting wavelet transform
Authors: Mao Ning , Tong Xiaojun , Zhang Miao , Wang Zhu
Published: June 2023

In order to solve the problems of simple permutation-diffusion structure, low encryption efficiency and small chaos range of existing chaotic systems, this paper proposes a hyperchaotic image encryption algorithm based on LSTM neural network and lifting wavelet transform. By building upon the Lorenz chaotic system, we construct a new hyperchaotic system in this paper, which has more complex dynamic characteristics and higher Lyapunov exponent. Then, the image is encrypted by lifting wavelet transform and zigzag conversion algorithm. Finally, the trained LSTM neural network is used to process the Henon chaotic sequence to obtain the second key for encryption, which can effectively resist chosen-plaintext attack. The experimental findings indicate that the proposed encryption algorithm has good performance in key security, differential attack, statistical analysis and operation efficiency, which indicates that the algorithm has high security.
Reversible room temperature ammonia sensor based on the synthesized MoS2/PANI nanocomposites
Authors: Ghaleghafi Elahe , Rahmani Mohammad Bagher
Published: June 2023

Successful fabrication and optimization of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)/polyaniline (PANI) nanocomposite-based room temperature ammonia sensors have been reported in this work. The hydrothermal technique was used to synthesize nanocomposites of MoS2 and PANI at different amounts of PANI. For this, the precursor values were changed by choosing three different values of 0.65 (MP1), 1.1 (MP2), and 2.2 (MP3) for the ammonium heptamolybdate/PANI weight ratio. Successful fabrication of nanocomposites was confirmed by Raman analysis and x-ray diffraction. According to FESEM images, MoS2/PANI nanocomposites have been composed of 1D-PANI nanofibers covered by 2D-MoS2 nanosheets and created a porous morphology that influenced their sensing characteristics significantly. The samples’ ability to detect ammonia at room temperature was examined by fabricating sensor devices using the synthesized MoS2, PANI, and nanocomposites. The fabricated sensor using MP2 showed much better gas-sensing properties than other samples. This sensor showed about 4.6 and 1.6 times higher response than pristine PANI and MoS2 sensors for 10 ppm of ammonia, respectively, with better selectivity toward ammonia than other gas species. This research shows that compositing PANI with MoS2 significantly improves the gas detection performance of MoS2.
3D MHD analysis of prototypical manifold for liquid metal blankets
Authors: Siriano Simone , Urgorri Fernando Roca , Tassone Alessandro , Caruso Gianfranco
Published: June 2023

The water-cooled lead lithium (WCLL) and the dual-cooled lead lithium (DCLL) are two of the breeding blanket (BB) concepts that the EUROfusion consortium is pursuing in the framework of the development of the fusion reactor industrial demonstrator DEMO. Both involve the use of a liquid metal (LM) as working fluid, the lead-lithium eutectic alloy (PbLi), due to its excellent thermal properties and the possibility to serve as both the blanket coolant and tritium breeder and carrier. Unfortunately, due to the high electrical conductivity of LMs, their motion is influenced by the magnetic field used in the reactor to confine the plasma, generating a complex phenomenology which is studied by magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). In this work, a representative prototypical manifold of a BB bottom feeder is investigated for different configurations with the custom phiFoam solver, capable of simulating unsteady, incompressible and isothermal MHD flow. The aim of this study is to investigate which configuration minimizes the flow imbalance in the manifold for the WCLL or in the poloidal breeding zone channels for the DCLL. The distribution of the flow rate among the channels is strongly influenced by the position of the feeding pipe (FP) and by the development of the MHD internal layer near the expansion, which generates important jets close to the lower plate and the upper one, where the channels are attached. The channel aligned with the FP is the one carrying most of the flow, from 55% to 82%, while in the more distant one the flow is almost stagnant, carrying from 17% to 6% of the total flow rate. The total pressure loss is also estimated and its functional dependence on the manifold configuration is discussed.
Runaway electron mitigation with pulsed localized vertical magnetic field perturbation in ADITYA tokamak
Authors: Tanna R.L. , Patel S. , Ghosh J. , Chauhan Chetna , Amardas A. , Chattopadhyay P.K. , Jadeja K.A. , Joisa Y.S. , Nagora U.C. , Atrey P.K. , Chowdhuri M.B. , Manchanda R. , Saxena Y.C.
Published: June 2023

To reduce the risk of severe damage to the vessel and inner peripherals of any tokamak and its safe operation, a robust technique for the mitigation of runaway electrons (REs) is required. The REs in ADITYA tokamak are effectively mitigated by an application of local vertical magnetic field (LVF) perturbation. The LVF perturbation is applied using a pair of electromagnetic coils placed at the top and bottom of the ADITYA vacuum vessel in a Helmholtz configuration at one toroidal location. Powered by a capacitor bank power supply, these coils can produce a localized vertical magnetic field at the plasma center in the range of ∼150 G–260 G for a variable duration of 5–20 ms. The LVF pulse is first applied at the breakdown/current-ramp phase, where the REs are generated in the discharges initiated by the conventional ohmic breakdown in ADITYA. With the application of LVF pulse the REs are significantly reduced as indicated by the reduction in the REs generated hard x-ray flux. It has been observed that to extract the REs efficiently, an LVF pulse of magnitude at least ∼1% of the toroidal magnetic field with a minimum duration of ∼5 ms should be applied. The LVF perturbation is applied at different times into the discharge, i.e. during the breakdown/current ramp-up phase and current flat-top phase. The REs are significantly reduced in all the phases and improved discharge consistency. The LVF acts as an error field and a short-pulse of the LVF influences the REs more in comparison to the thermal electrons due to the faster velocities of the REs.
Update on fish community in the mangrove ecosystems of Banyuasin Regency, South Sumatra, Indonesia, with the addition of the first record of the genus Bostrychus
Authors: Hernawati R T , Wahyudewantoro G , Wibowo K , Rusdianto R
Published: June 2023

Mangrove ecosystem is one of the unique ecological niches and the ideal habitat for several groups of fishes. The total area of mangroves in Indonesia is estimated at 3,489,140.68 ha. Although many studies have been conducted, there are still many fish species of this ecosystem that have not been revealed. This study aims to determine the fish community in several mangrove hotspots in Banyuasin Regency, South Sumatra. Specimen collection was carried out in May–June 2021 by using various fishing gears including hand net, seine net, and gill net. Water parameters, e.g., pH, salinity, and temperature, were also measured. This research has succeeded in collecting 31 fish species consisting of 20 families and 26 genera with a total of 145 individuals. Gobiidae and Butidae are the two most abundant families in term of number of species with 7 and 4 species, respectively. The remaining families each were represented by 1 species. Oryzias javanicus, Planiliza subviridis, and Ambassis macracanthus had the highest relative abundance values compared to other species. This study also found the first record for Bostrychus cf. scalaris from Indonesian water which B. scalaris was previously known only from Peninsular Malaysia.
Quality of riparian habitat and its influence on water quality in some ecosystems of waterfalls and springs in Bawean Island
Authors: Retnaningdyah C , Arisoesilaningsih E , Vidayanti V , Purnomo  , Burhanuddin A D , Febriansyah S C , Sa’adah U
Published: June 2023

This study aims to evaluate the quality of riparian habitats based on the index of riparian quality (QBR), quality of riparian tree vegetation (community structure and Naturalness index), and anthropogenic activity (Hemeroby Index) and their relationship to water quality in some waterfall and spring ecosystems on Bawean Island. This Ex Post Facto study was conducted on six waterfall ecosystems (Candi, Putri, Suwari, Talomon, Laccar and Kuduk Kuduk) and two spring water ecosystems (Kuduk Kuduk and Laccar). Analysis of riparian tree vegetation at each location was observed from three plots with size 50 x 50 m2. The physics chemical quality of water observed at each location included pH, dissolved oxygen/DO, total suspended solid/TSS, total Kjeldahl nitrogen/TKN, and biochemical oxygen demand/BOD. The results showed that the quality of the riparian habitat affected the water quality.
Distribution of Kloosterman paths to high prime power moduli
Authors: Milićević Djordje , Zhang Sichen
Published: June 2023

We consider the distribution of polygonal paths joining the partial sums of normalized Kloosterman sums modulo an increasingly high power

p
n

p^n

of a fixed odd prime

p
p

, a pure depth-aspect analogue of theorems of Kowalski–Sawin and Ricotta–Royer–Shparlinski. We find that this collection of Kloosterman paths naturally splits into finitely many disjoint ensembles, each of which converges in law as

n
→
∞

n\to \infty

to a distinct complex valued random continuous function. We further find that the random series resulting from gluing together these limits for every

p
p

converges in law as

p
→
∞

p\to \infty

, and that paths joining partial Kloosterman sums acquire a different and universal limiting shape after a modest rearrangement of terms. As the key arithmetic input we prove, using the

p
p

-adic method of stationary phase including highly singular cases, that complete sums of products of arbitrarily many Kloosterman sums to high prime power moduli exhibit either power savings or power alignment in shifts of arguments.
Computing the spectral gap of a family of matrices
Authors: Guglielmi Nicola , Protasov Vladimir
Published: June 2023

For a single matrix (operator) it is well-known that the spectral gap is an important quantity, as well as its estimate and computation. Here we consider, for the first time in the literature, the computation of its extension to a finite family of matrices, in other words the difference between the joint spectral radius (in short JSR, which we call here the first Lyapunov exponent) and the second Lyapunov exponent (denoted as SLE). The knowledge of joint spectral characteristics and of the spectral gap of a family of matrices is important in several applications, as in the analysis of the regularity of wavelets, multiplicative matrix semigroups and the convergence speed in consensus algorithms. As far as we know the methods we propose are the first able to compute this quantity to any given accuracy.

For computation of the spectral gap one needs first to compute the JSR. A popular tool that is used to this purpose is the invariant polytope algorithm, which relies on the finiteness property of the family of matrices, when this holds true.

In this paper we show that the SLE may not possess the finiteness property, although it can be efficiently approximated with an arbitrary precision. The corresponding algorithm and two effective estimates are presented. Moreover, we prove that the SLE possesses a weak finiteness property, whenever the leading eigenvalue of the dominant product is real. This allows us to find in certain situations the precise value of the SLE. Numerical results are demonstrated along with applications in the theory of multiplicative matrix semigroups and in the wavelets theory.
On circle patterns and spherical conical metrics
Authors: Nie Xin
Published: June 2023

The Koebe-Andreev-Thurston circle packing theorem, as well as its generalization to circle patterns due to Bobenko and Springborn, holds for Euclidean and hyperbolic metrics possibly with conical singularities, but fails for spherical metrics because of the nonuniqueness coming from Möbius transformations. In this paper, we show that a unique existence result for circle pattern with spherical conical metric holds if one prescribes the total geodesic curvature of each circle instead of the cone angles.
Iterated integrals with values in Azumaya algebras
Authors: Glass Cheyne , Tradler Thomas , Zeinalian Mahmoud
Published: June 2023

We define Chen’s iterated integrals of forms with values in an Azumaya algebra and show that in the flat case, these iterated integrals provide chain maps, and more generally, the curved structure is preserved. The appropriate trace maps are then defined and their corresponding geometric meanings are studied. We also define and study the wedge product of forms and the concatenation product of paths for these iterated integrals.
Heat kernels and Hardy spaces on non-tangentially accessible domains with applications to global regularity of inhomogeneous Dirichlet problems
Authors: Yang Sibei , Yang Dachun
Published: June 2023

Let

n
≥
2

n\ge 2

and

Ω
\Omega

be a bounded non-tangentially accessible domain (for short, NTA domain) of

R

n

\mathbb {R}^n

. Assume that

L
D

L_D

is a second-order divergence form elliptic operator having real-valued, bounded, measurable coefficients on

L
2

(
Ω
)

L^2(\Omega )

with the Dirichlet boundary condition. The main aim of this article is threefold. First, the authors prove that the heat kernels

{

K
t

L
D

}

t
>
0

\{K_t^{L_D}\}_{t>0}

generated by

L
D

L_D

are Hölder continuous. Second, for any

p
∈
(
0
,
1
]

p\in (0,1]

, the authors introduce the ‘geometrical’ Hardy space

H
r
p

(
Ω
)

H^p_r(\Omega )

by restricting any element of the Hardy space

H
p

(

R

n

)

H^p(\mathbb {R}^n)

to

Ω
\Omega

and the authors show that, when

p
∈
(

n

n
+

δ
0

,
1
]

p\in (\frac {n}{n+\delta _0},1]

,
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper H Subscript r Superscript p Baseline left-parenthesis normal upper Omega right-parenthesis equals upper H Superscript p Baseline left-parenthesis normal upper Omega right-parenthesis equals upper H Subscript upper L Sub Subscript upper D Superscript p Baseline left-parenthesis normal upper Omega right-parenthesis">

H
r
p

(
Ω
)
=

H
p

(
Ω
)
=

H

L
D

p

(
Ω
)

H^p_r(\Omega )=H^p(\Omega )=H^p_{L_D}(\Omega )

with equivalent quasi-norms, where

H
p

(
Ω
)

H^p(\Omega )

and

H

L
D

p

(
Ω
)

H^p_{L_D}(\Omega )

respectively denote the Hardy space on

Ω
\Omega

and the Hardy space associated with

L
D

L_D

and where

δ
0

∈
(
0
,
1
]

\delta _0\in (0,1]

is the critical index of the Hölder continuity for the kernels

{

K
t

L
D

}

t
>
0

\{K_t^{L_D}\}_{t>0}

. Third, as applications, the authors obtain the global gradient estimates in both

L
p

(
Ω
)

L^p(\Omega )

, with

p
∈
(
1
,

p
0

)

p\in (1,p_0)

, and

H
z
p

(
Ω
)

H^p_z(\Omega )

, with

p
∈
(

n

n
+
1

,
1
]

p\in (\frac {n}{n+1},1]

, for the inhomogeneous Dirichlet problem of second-order divergence form elliptic equations on bounded NTA domains, where

p
0

∈
(
2
,
∞
)

p_0\in (2,\infty )

is a constant depending only on

n
n

,

Ω
\Omega

, and the coefficient matrix of

L
D

L_D

. Here, the ‘geometrical’ Hardy space

H
z
p

(
Ω
)

H^p_z(\Omega )

is defined by restricting any element of the Hardy space

H
p

(

R

n

)

H^p(\mathbb {R}^n)

supported in

Ω
¯

\overline {\Omega }

to

Ω
\Omega

, where

Ω
¯

\overline {\Omega }

denotes the closure of

Ω
\Omega

in

R

n

\mathbb {R}^n

. It is worth pointing out that the range

p
∈
(
1
,

p
0

)

p\in (1,p_0)

for the global gradient estimate in the scale of Lebesgue spaces

L
p

(
Ω
)

L^p(\Omega )

is sharp and the above results are established without any additional assumptions on both the coefficient matrix of

L
D

L_D

and the domain

Ω
\Omega

.
Role of 2-hydroxy acyl-CoA lyase HACL2 in odd-chain fatty acid production via α-oxidation in vivo
Authors: Mori Keisuke , Naganuma Tatsuro , Kihara Akio
Published: June 2023

The major production pathway of odd-chain fatty acids in mammals has until now been largely unclear. This study reveals that α-oxidation of 2-hydroxy fatty acids involving 2-hydroxy acyl-CoA lyase HACL2 is the major pathway for odd-chain fatty acid production, at least in the brain and stomach.
Auxin transport at the endoplasmic reticulum: roles and structural similarity of PIN-FORMED and PIN-LIKES
Authors: Ung Kien Lam , Schulz Lukas , Kleine-Vehn Jürgen , Pedersen Bjørn Panyella , Hammes Ulrich Z
Published: June 2023

Auxin is a crucial plant hormone that controls a multitude of developmental processes. The directional movement of auxin between cells is largely facilitated by canonical PIN-FORMED proteins in the plasma membrane. In contrast, non-canonical PIN-FORMED proteins and PIN-LIKES proteins appear to reside mainly in the endoplasmic reticulum. Despite recent progress in identifying the roles of the endoplasmic reticulum in cellular auxin responses, the transport dynamics of auxin at the endoplasmic reticulum are not well understood. PIN-LIKES are structurally related to PIN-FORMED proteins, and recently published structures of these transporters have provided new insights into PIN-FORMED proteins and PIN-LIKES function. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on PIN-FORMED proteins and PIN-LIKES in intracellular auxin transport. We discuss the physiological properties of the endoplasmic reticulum and the consequences for transport processes across the ER membrane. Finally, we highlight the emerging role of the endoplasmic reticulum in the dynamics of cellular auxin signalling and its impact on plant development.
Molecular, hormonal, and metabolic mechanisms of fruit set, the ovary-to-fruit transition, in horticultural crops
Authors: Ezura Kentaro , Nomura Yukako , Ariizumi Tohru
Published: June 2023

Fruit set is the process by which the ovary develops into a fruit and is an important factor in determining fruit yield. Fruit set is induced by two hormones, auxin and gibberellin, and the activation of their signaling pathways, partly by suppressing various negative regulators. Many studies have investigated the structural changes and gene networks in the ovary during fruit set, revealing the cytological and molecular mechanisms. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), SlIAA9 and SlDELLA/PROCERA act as auxin and gibberellin signaling repressors, respectively, and are important regulators of the activity of transcription factors and downstream gene expression involved in fruit set. Upon pollination, SlIAA9 and SlDELLA are degraded, which subsequently activates downstream cascades and mainly contributes to active cell division and cell elongation, respectively, in ovaries during fruit setting. According to current knowledge, the gibberellin pathway functions as the most downstream signal in fruit set induction, and therefore its role in fruit set has been extensively explored. Furthermore, multi-omics analysis has revealed the detailed dynamics of gene expression and metabolites downstream of gibberellins, highlighting the rapid activation of central carbon metabolism. This review will outline the relevant mechanisms at the molecular and metabolic levels during fruit set, particularly focusing on tomato.