bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
¡A Nosotros, nos Tienen que Respetar! (They Have to Respect us!): Gangs, Inter-Generational Conflict, and Graduated Governance in Urban Nicaragua
Authors: Rodgers Dennis
Published: February 2022

Gangs are often associated with violence and chaos, but they can also be institutional vectors for the imposition of particular forms of social order, based on their members’ status as locally hegemonic “violence experts”. This “gang governance” is often exclusive and volatile, however, and its underlying logic can easily change. Instances of the latter are frequently connected to generational turnovers within gangs. An obvious question in this regard is how old and new gang members interact with each other, especially in circumstances where the rules and norms upheld by the latter become detrimental to the former. Drawing on longitudinal ethnographic research in barrio Luis Fanor Hernández, a poor neighbourhood in Managua, Nicaragua, this article explores the conflicts that emerged between different generations of gang members following the gang’s transformation from a vigilante self-defence group to a predatory drug-dealing organisation, and what these might mean for the notion of gang governance.
Tie-breaks and Two Types of Relevance
Authors: Hart James
Published: February 2022

Sometimes we must choose between competing claims to aid or assistance, and sometimes those competing claims differ in strength and quantity. In such cases, we must decide whether the claims on each opposing side can be aggregated. Relevance views argue that a set of claims can be aggregated only if they are sufficiently strong (compared to the claims with which they compete) to be morally relevant to the decision. Relevance views come in two flavours: Local Relevance and Global Relevance. This paper presents a trilemma for both. Namely, that neither view can capture our intuition in tie-break cases, without forfeiting our intuitions in other important cases.

The paper then presents a way to salvage relevance views and capture all our intuitions using a Hybrid view. By distinguishing between two types of relevance we can combine the strengths of Local and Global Relevance views such that we can hold all our intuitions, consistently and in a non-ad-hoc manner. Building on this, the paper demonstrates how we might amend the strongest formulation of a Relevance view, into a Hybrid account.

The main focus of this paper is to develop a relevance view that can capture all the intuitions we have; however deeper justifications will still be needed for a full account of any relevance view. Thus, the end of the paper briefly considers what deeper justification might support the Hybrid view, indicating the direction such literature might go. Lastly, the paper considers the advantages of this view over a rival Hybrid view.
Viscosity Measurements on Gaseous Methane: Re-evaluation
Authors: Herrmann Sebastian , Vogel Eckhard
Published: February 2022

Previous experimental viscosity data for gaseous methane, published by Schley et al. (Int J Thermophys 25:1623, 2004) and originally obtained using a vibrating-wire viscometer in the temperature range between 260 K and 360 K, were re-evaluated after an improved re-calibration. For this purpose, a new reference value for argon at 298.15 K and at zero density, proposed by Vogel et al. (Mol Phys 108:3335, 2010) and further updated by Hellmann (Private Communication, 2020), was applied.
Halfway proportionality
Authors: Vaassen Bram
Published: February 2022

According to the so-called ‘proportionality principle’, causes should be proportional to their effects: they should be both enough and not too much for the occurrence of their effects. This principle is the subject of an ongoing debate. On the one hand, many maintain that it is required to address the problem of causal exclusion and take it to capture a crucial aspect of causation. On the other hand, many object that it renders accounts of causation implausibly restrictive and often reject the principle wholesale. I argue that there is exaggeration on both sides. While one half of the principle is overly demanding, the other half is unobjectionable. And while the unobjectionable half does not block exclusion arguments on its own, it provides a nuanced picture of higher-level causation, fits with recent developments in philosophy of causation, and motivates adjustments to standard difference-making accounts of causation. I conclude that at least half of the proportionality principle is worth taking seriously.
Assessing the influence of institutions on students’ entrepreneurial dynamics: evidence from European post-socialist and market-oriented economies
Authors: Guerrero Maribel , Marozau Radzivon
Published: February 2022

This paper theorizes how institutional conditions influence students’ entrepreneurship dynamics (e.g., nascent and active), especially these institutional conditions related to environments where students are mostly exposed (e.g., university and country), as well as the moderation effect of the type of economy (e.g., post-socialist and marked-oriented). We tested our proposed theoretical model in a sample of 91,105 students from 557 European universities located in nine post-socialist economies and nine market-oriented economies. The results show the important role of informal institutions in the country (societal perceptions) and university (students’ perception) on students’ entrepreneurial dynamics, especially the moderation of post-socialist and market-oriented economies on the informal institutions that influence nascent entrepreneurs. Several implications for policymakers and university managers emerge from this study.
When is an ensemble like a sample? “Model-based” inferences in climate modeling
Authors: Dethier Corey
Published: February 2022

Climate scientists often apply statistical tools to a set of different estimates generated by an “ensemble” of models. In this paper, I argue that the resulting inferences are justified in the same way as any other statistical inference: what must be demonstrated is that the statistical model that licenses the inferences accurately represents the probabilistic relationship between data and target. This view of statistical practice is appropriately termed “model-based,” and I examine the use of statistics in climate fingerprinting to show how the difficulties that climate scientists encounter in applying statistics to ensemble-generated data are the practical difficulties of normal statistical practice. The upshot is that whether the application of statistics to ensemble-generated data yields trustworthy results should be expected to vary from case to case.
Characterization of Hydrogen Diffusion in Offshore Steel S420G2+M Multi-layer Submerged Arc Welded Joint
Authors: Rhode Michael , Nietzke Jonathan , Mente Tobias , Richter Tim , Kannengiesser Thomas
Published: February 2022

As onshore installation capacity is limited, the increase in the number of offshore wind turbines (OWT) is a major goal. In that connection, the OWTs continuously increase in size and weight and demand adequate foundations concepts like monopiles or tripods. These components are typically manufactured from welded mild steel plates with thickness up to 200 mm. The predominant welding technique is submerged arc welding (SAW). In accordance with the standards, the occurrence of hydrogen-assisted cracking is anticipated by either a minimum waiting time (MWT, before non-destructive testing of the welded joint is allowed) at ambient or a hydrogen removal heat treatment (HRHT) at elevated temperatures. The effectiveness of both can be estimated by calculation of the diffusion time, i.e., diffusion coefficients. In this study, these coefficients are obtained for the first time for a thick-walled S420G2+M offshore steel grade and its multi-layer SAW joint. The electrochemical permeation technique at ambient temperature is used for the determination of diffusion coefficients for both the base material and the weld metal. The coefficients are within a range of 10−5 to 10−4 mm2/s (whereas the weld metal had the lowest) and are used for an analytical and numerical calculation of the hydrogen diffusion and the related MWT. The results showed that long MWT can occur, which would be necessary to significantly decrease the hydrogen concentration. Weld metal diffusion coefficients at elevated temperatures were calculated from hydrogen desorption experiments by carrier gas hot extraction. They are within a range of 10−3 mm2/s and used for the characterization of a HRHT dwell-time. The analytical calculation shows the same tendency of long necessary times also at elevated temperatures. That means the necessary time is strongly influenced by the considered plate thickness and the estimation of any MWT/HRHT via diffusion coefficients should be critically discussed.
Mapping perceptions of energy transition pathways: Ascribed motives and effectiveness
Authors: Doran Rouven , Böhm Gisela , Pfister Hans-Rüdiger , Hanss Daniel
Published: February 2022

This study examines how people perceive possible pathways of a societal transition towards less carbon intensive means of energy production and use. Data were collected with questionnaires among samples of university students in Norway (N = 106) and Germany (N = 142). Participants selected from a set of 15 motives those which they considered to be strongly associated with each of 25 pathways, including examples such as public transportation and nuclear power. Participants also rated the effectiveness of each single pathway, that is, their perceived impact on climate change. Results indicate that the various pathways were associated with specific motives; for example, individual actions such as taking public transportation were closely associated with a self-restraint motive, pathways such as nuclear power and market strategies such as carbon offsets were closely associated with motives supporting free market and progress, and technological solutions such as solar panels and hydro power were associated with the motive for sufficient energy supply. The German and the Norwegian sample did not differ markedly in which pathways were associated with which motives; nor did effectiveness ratings for pathways differ between samples. Solar panels, wind farms, and hydropower were on average regarded as having a mitigating impact on climate change, whereas nuclear power was on average considered to have no mitigating impact. The findings are discussed in the context of public engagement with several of the suggested pathways, noting differences in perceptual patterns across samples.
Research Effort and Economic Growth
Authors: Razzak Weshah
Published: February 2022

Endogenous growth models based on micro-foundations predict that total factor productivity (TFP) growth is positively associated with effective research effort. We use macroeconomic-pooled time-series–cross-sectional data for the G7 countries from 2000 to 2017 to provide a robust estimate of this positive effect of research effort on TFP growth.
Solidarity as a Practical Reason: Grounding the Authority of International Law
Authors: Gorobets Kostiantyn
Published: February 2022

This article discusses the concept and the principle of solidarity in international law. It is often argued that solidarity is a(n) (emerging) principle of international law, yet its normative function in international law is not clear or well defined. I trace the development of the idea of solidarity and show how its image gradually shifted from reflecting the factual societal bonds to being mainly normative and thus functioning as a reason for action. In international legal scholarship, solidarity is often portrayed as a principle of international law, but there is a great deal of variety in which normative ideas we label as ‘principles’. There are several groups of ‘principles of international law’ that are very different in the type of the normative function they perform in or for international law. I investigate to which of these groups solidarity belongs and what can it tell us about its role in international law. I suggest that solidarity is a kind of normative principle, which, though essential for the legitimation of international law, is not legally normative by the function it performs. I draw a line between having a normative function within and outside the law, and use the concept of pre-emptive reasons to show why solidarity is not and should not be considered as a principle of international law in order to perform the normative function that it has. I argue that the authority of international law requires that normative ideals such as solidarity are pre-empted, and therefore replaced in practical reasoning, by legal rules.
Co-designing MOOCs with CoDe-Graph
Authors: Kolling Allison L. G. , Weinberger Armin , Niegemann Helmut
Published: February 2022

As MOOCs have become a standard format of online learning, it is increasingly important to design courses that fit the needs and contexts of the targeted learners. One way to do so is by actively designing with the subject experts, instructors, and other stakeholders. Within the context of designing MOOCs for disadvantaged groups in Southeast Asia, we explore the three-phase process of co-design. We present a graphical modeling language, CoDe-Graph, which can be used to facilitate the co-design process. We examine how diverse groups of experts provide feedback on design elements and create a common understanding using shared artifacts. Four case studies illustrate how the tool can be used by co-design teams to create and visualize custom MOOC designs.
Fifth-grade Students’ Quantitative Modeling in a STEM Investigation
Authors: English Lyn D.
Published: February 2022

Fifth-grade students applied quantitative reasoning in exploring the flow times of three simulated lavas of different viscosities down the slope of a hand-made volcano. After modeling the lava flow times for 6 km down the volcano slope, students used their quantitative models to predict the evacuation times for villagers living 10 km down. Reported are how students structured and represented their data in model creation, how they applied their knowledge of viscosity in identifying variation and covariation displayed in their models, and how they applied quantitative reasoning in making predictions from their models. Students’ quantitative models included graph forms not formally taught at their grade level, including ordered case value, stacked bar, and line graphs. Models comprising ordered case value and line graphs appeared to facilitate students’ detection and interpretation of covariation between lava viscosity and flow time. Although there was some difficulty in explicating a global view of covariation, students could identify the variation in the viscosity and time separately. Linking their knowledge of viscosity with lava flow times suggested at least an implicit understanding of covariation, and illustrated a reciprocal relationship between mathematics and science. In making predictions about evacuation times, students applied both quantitative interpretation and quantitative literacy (Mayes, 2019), together with their understanding of viscosity and their contextual knowledge of volcanoes. Students’ diverse applications of quantitative reasoning were not anticipated, especially since they were not given any particular directions. In expressing the certainty of their predictions, students referred to viscosity and lava flow rates, the dimensions of the volcano, and environmental factors.
Art and the Formation of Early Medieval England
Authors: Karkov Catherine E.
Published: February 2022

This Element covers the art produced in early medieval England from the departure of the Romans to the early twelfth century, an art that shows the input of multi-ethnic artists, patrons, and influences as it develops over the centuries. Art in early medieval England is an art of migrants and colonisers and the Element considers the way in which it was defined and developed by the different groups that travelled to or settled on the island. It also explores some of the key forms and images that define the art of the period and the role of both material and artist/patron in their creation. Art is an expression of identity, whether individual, regional, national, religious, or institutional, and this volume sheds light on the way art in early medieval England was and continues to be used to define particular identities, including that of the island on which it was produced.
Should hospital-onset Adult Sepsis Event surveillance be routine… or even mandatory?
Authors: Rhee Chanu , Klompas Michael
Published: February 2022

Hospital-onset sepsis accounts for 10%–15% of all sepsis cases and is associated with very high mortality rates, yet to date most hospitals have paid little attention to tracking its incidence and outcomes. This contrasts sharply with the substantial effort that hospitals and regulatory agencies spend tracking and reporting a limited subset of healthcare-associated infections. The recent development of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s hospital-onset Adult Sepsis Event (ASE) definition, however, provides a validated and standardized mechanism for facilities to identify patients with nosocomial sepsis using routinely available electronic health record data. Recent data have demonstrated that hospital-onset ASE surveillance identifies many infections that are largely missed by current reportable healthcare-associated infections and that are associated with much higher mortality rates. Expanding the breadth of surveillance to include these highly consequential infections could help identify new targets for prevention and quality improvement and ultimately catalyze better outcomes for hospitalized patients. More work is needed, however, to characterize the preventability of hospital-onset ASE, develop and validate robust case-mix adjustment tools, and facilitate widespread uptake in hospitals with limited resources.
Continuous Abstract Data Types for Verified Computation
Authors: Park Sewon
Published: February 2022

We devise imperative programming languages for verified real number computation where real numbers are provided as abstract data types such that the users of the languages can express real number computation by considering real numbers as abstract mathematical entities. Unlike other common approaches toward real number computation, based on an algebraic model that lacks implementability or transcendental computation, or finite-precision approximation such as using double precision computation that lacks a formal foundation, our languages are devised based on computable analysis, a foundation of rigorous computation over continuous data. Consequently, the users of the language can easily program real number computation and reason about the behaviours of their programs, relying on their mathematical knowledge of real numbers without worrying about artificial roundoff errors. As the languages are imperative, we adopt precondition–postcondition-style program specification and Hoare-style program verification methodologies. Consequently, the users of the language can easily program a computation over real numbers, specify the expected behaviour of the program, including termination, and prove the correctness of the specification. Furthermore, we suggest extending the languages with other interesting continuous data, such as matrices, continuous real functions, et cetera.

Abstract taken directly from the thesis.

E-mail: sewonpark17@gmail.com

URL: https://sewonpark.com/thesis
Sex Differences in Functional Outcomes Following Endovascular Treatment for Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Momen Amirah I. , Francis Troy , Schaafsma Joanna D. , Rac Valeria , Baig Ammar , Pereira Vitor M. , Pikula Aleksandra
Published: February 2022

Background:

Sex disparities have been reported across many aspects of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) care; however, there is a relative paucity of research examining sex differences in outcomes following endovascular treatment (EVT). Some studies report worse functional independence for females following EVT. Few, if any of these studies account for differences in age, baseline function, and comorbidity burden. This retrospective cohort study aimed to assess for sex differences in functional outcomes following EVT by comparing 90-day modified Rankin Scale (mRS) of males and females while controlling for baseline function and comorbidity burden.

Methods:

Baseline demographic and clinical data, and stroke severity were compared for 230 consecutive patients undergoing EVT for AIS between October 2014 and July 2019 at a tertiary stroke centre in Toronto, Canada. Effect of sex on likelihood of functional independence post-EVT was assessed using regression analysis with and without correction for age, baseline mRS, and Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI).

Results:

Females undergoing EVT for AIS were older (75 ± 13 vs. 66 ± 15, p < 0.0001), with worse clinical and functional baselines. Unadjusted, males were more functionally independent (90-day mRS < 3) [OR = 1.831, 95%CI 1.082–3.098]. After controlling for age, baseline mRS and CCI, there was no difference between groups [OR 1.21, 95%CI 0.61–2.37].

Conclusions:

This study provides evidence that prior findings of sex disparities in function after EVT may be accounted for by differences in age, baseline clinical status and functional independence between males and females when a comprehensive measure of comorbidity burden is utilized.
Rayleigh–Taylor instability in impact cratering experiments
Authors: Lherm V. , Deguen R. , Alboussière T. , Landeau M.
Published: February 2022

When a liquid drop strikes a deep pool of a target liquid, an impact crater opens while the liquid of the drop decelerates and spreads on the surface of the crater. When the density of the drop is larger than the target liquid, we observe mushroom-shaped instabilities growing at the interface between the two liquids. We interpret this instability as a spherical Rayleigh–Taylor instability due to the deceleration of the interface, which exceeds the ambient gravity. We investigate experimentally the effect of the density contrast and the impact Froude number, which measures the importance of the impactor kinetic energy to gravitational energy, on the instability and the resulting mixing layer. Using backlighting and planar laser-induced fluorescence methods, we obtain the position of the air–liquid interface, an estimate of the instability wavelength, and the thickness of the mixing layer. We derive a model for the evolution of the crater radius from an energy conservation. We then show that the observed dynamics of the mixing layer results from a competition between the geometrical expansion of the crater, which tends to thin the layer, and entrainment related to the instability, which increases the layer thickness. The mixing caused by this instability has geophysical implications for the impacts that formed terrestrial planets. Extrapolating our scalings to planets, we estimate the mass of silicates that equilibrates with the metallic core of the impacting bodies.
On the stability of tracer simulations with opposite-signed diffusivities
Authors: Haigh Michael , Berloff Pavel
Published: February 2022

Many recent studies have diagnosed opposite-signed diffusion eigenvalues to be a prevalent feature of the transfer tensor for diffusive tracer transport by oceanic mesoscale eddies. This diagnosed tensor, which we refer to as the diffusion tensor, therefore accounts for tracer filamentation effects. The preferential orientation of this filamentation is quantified by the principal axis of the diffusion tensor, namely the diffusion axis. Parameterisations of eddy diffusion commonly invoke a diffusion tensor, typically one with non-negative eigenvalues to avoid numerical issues. Motivated by the need to parameterise tracer filamentation, in this study we examine diffusion of a Gaussian tracer patch with imposed opposite-signed diffusion eigenvalues, and in particular we focus on the time scale for the onset of instability. For a fixed diffusion axis, numerical instability is an inevitable consequence of persistent up-gradient fluxes associated with the negative eigenvalue. For typical oceanic scales and diffusion magnitudes, this time scale is of the order of

$100$

days, but is shorter for larger negative eigenvalues or for finer grid resolutions. We show that imposing a time-dependent diffusion axis can lead to simulations with no onset of instability after 100 000 days of tracer evolution. Although motivated by oceanographic fluid dynamics, our results have much broader applications since diffusive processes are present in a wide range of fluid flows.
Flow-induced vibration and impact of a cylinder between two close sidewalls
Authors: Kim Junyoung , Kim Daegyoum
Published: February 2022

The dynamics of a cylinder arranged between two sidewalls in a uniform flow is experimentally investigated. To investigate the effect of sidewalls on flow-induced vibration, both circular and square cylinders are considered. The gap between cylinder and sidewalls is sufficiently small to induce the oscillating cylinder to periodically impact the walls under certain conditions. The dynamic responses of a circular cylinder change dramatically depending on whether the cylinder impacts the walls. An impacting circular cylinder can oscillate with a large amplitude beyond a critical reduced velocity, the magnitude of which is restricted by the gap distance, whereas a non-impacting circular cylinder only oscillates in a lock-in region of the reduced velocity. The periodic impact with the sidewalls, rather than lock-in with vortex shedding, allows the large-amplitude oscillations of the impacting cylinder to persist. The impacting circular cylinder exhibits strong hysteresis, which is not observed for the non-impacting cylinder. Furthermore, the oscillation frequency of the impacting cylinder is proportional to the reduced velocity. The periodic impact acts to improve the power extracted by a damping mechanism in a broader range of reduced velocity. Meanwhile, for a square cylinder between sidewalls, oscillation by galloping is suppressed, and no impacts occur over the entire range of the reduced velocity. The suppression is caused by shear-layer reattachment on the side surface of the square cylinder, which is generally observed at a large angle of incidence for an isolated square cylinder.
Viscous flow fields in hyperelastic chambers
Authors: Ben-Haim Eran , Ilssar Dotan , Or Yizhar , Gat Amir D.
Published: February 2022

Viscous flows in hyperelastic chambers are relevant to many biological phenomena such as inhalation into the lung's acinar region, and medical applications such as the inflation of a small chamber in minimally invasive procedures. In this work, we analytically study the viscous flow and elastic deformation created due to inflation of such spherical chambers from one or two inlets. Our investigation considers the shell's constitutive hyperelastic law coupled with the flow dynamics inside the chamber. For the case of a narrow tube filling a larger chamber, the pressure within the chamber involves a large spatially uniform part, and a small-order correction. We derive a closed-form expression for the inflation dynamics, accounting for the effect of elastic bistability. Interestingly, the obtained pressure distribution shows that the maximal pressure on the chamber's surface is greater than the pressure at the entrance to the chamber. The calculated series solution of the velocity and pressure fields during inflation is verified by using a fully coupled finite element scheme, resulting in excellent agreement. Our results allow the estimation of the chamber's viscous resistance at different pressures, thus enabling us to model the process of inflation and deflation.
TAMARKIN–TSYGAN CALCULUS AND CHIRAL POISSON COHOMOLOGY
Authors: BOUAZIZ EMILE
Published: February 2022

We construct and study some vertex theoretic invariants associated with Poisson varieties, specializing in the conformal weight
$0$
case to the familiar package of Poisson homology and cohomology. In order to do this conceptually, we sketch a version of the calculus, in the sense of [12], adapted to the context of vertex algebras. We obtain the standard theorems of Poisson (co)homology in this chiral context. This is part of a larger project related to promoting noncommutative geometric structures to chiral versions of such.
Weighted estimates for Bochner–Riesz operators on Lorentz spaces
Authors: Baena-Miret Sergi , Carro María J.
Published: February 2022

We present new estimates in the setting of weighted Lorentz spaces of operators satisfying a limited Rubio de Francia condition; namely $T$ is bounded on $L^{p}(v)$ for every $v$ in an strictly smaller class of weights than the Muckenhoupt class $A_p$. Important examples will be the Bochner–Riesz operators $BR_\lambda$ with $0<\lambda <{(n-1)}/2$, sparse operators, Hörmander multipliers with a limited regularity condition and rough operators with $\Omega \in L^{r}(\Sigma )$, $1 < r < \infty$.
‘The object of sense and experiment’: the ontology of sensation in William Hunter's investigation of the human gravid uterus
Authors: Bellis Richard T.
Published: February 2022

William Hunter's anatomical inquiry employed all of his senses, but how did his personal experiences with the cadaver become generalized scientific knowledge teachable to students and understandable by fellow practitioners? Moving beyond a historiographical focus on Hunter's images and extending Lorraine Daston's (2008) concept of an ‘ontology of scientific observation’ to include non-visual senses, I argue that Hunter's work aimed to create a stabilized object of the cadaver that he and his students could perceive in common. Crucial to this stabilization was the sense of touch and its interaction with other senses, creating intersensory knowledge of the cadaver. Through a close reading of his neglected posthumous publication An Anatomical Description of the Human Gravid Uterus (1794), I demonstrate that Hunter wrote extensively about touch and other sensory experiences, using comparative metaphors and other linguistic strategies to engender clear ideas of the cadaver in the mind of the reader. That these ideas could be consistent between practitioners was guaranteed by God, but required practitioners to appropriately reflect on their sensory experiences with cadavers. Hunter's experimental practice encompassed both simple and complex methods, all aimed at increasing the range of sensorial experiences he had with the gravid uterus. His preservations of these experiences in text, image and preparation could then be used to support further anatomical investigations.
Transcriptome analysis uncovers different avenues for manipulating cold performance in Chrysomya megacephala (Diptera, Calliphoridae)
Authors: Qi Xuewei , Wang Yaohui , Zhang Guijian , Cao Shuai , Xu Penghui , Ren Xueming , Mansour Abdelaziz , Niu Changying
Published: February 2022

Temperature strongly impacts the rates of physiological and biochemical processes, which in turn can determine the survival and population size of insects. At low temperatures performance is limited, however, cold tolerance and performance at low temperature can be improved after short- or long-term acclimation in many insect species. To understand mechanisms underlying acclimation, we sequenced and compared the transcriptome of the blowfly Chrysomya megacephala under rapid cold hardening (RCH) and long-term cold acclimation (LCA) conditions. The RCH response was dominated by genes related to immune response, spliceosome, and protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum with up-regulation during recovery from RCH. In contrast, LCA was associated with genes related to carbohydrate metabolism and cytoskeleton branching and stabilizing. Meanwhile, mRNA levels of genes related to glycerophospholipid metabolism, and some heat shock proteins (Hsps) were collectively up-regulated by both RCH and LCA. There were more genes and pathway adjustments associated with LCA than RCH. Overall, the transcriptome data provide basic information of molecular mechanisms underpinning the RCH and LCA response. The partly independent molecular responses to RCH and LCA suggest that several avenues for manipulating cold performance exist and RCH might be more effective as it only triggers fewer genes and affects the general metabolisms less. These observations provide some appropriate methods to improve cold tolerance of C. megacephala, and hold promise for developing an extended use of mass-reared C. megacephala with better cold performance as a pollinator of crops at low temperatures.
The Talat-Tehlirian Complex: Contentious Narratives of Martyrdom and Revenge in Post-Conflict Societies
Authors: Yenen Alp
Published: February 2022

The assassination of Talat Pasha by Soghomon Tehlirian on 15 March 1921 in Berlin, as well as Tehlirian’s trial and acquittal on 2–3 June 1921, have contributed to the formation of conflicting legacies of the Armenian Genocide. Though minuscule in terms of violence and legal ramifications, these events and their reimagination in contentious narratives have shaped a dominant prism of sensemaking in Turkish-Armenian relations. In the imagination of rival groups, Talat and Tehlirian compete for the very same normative categories of hero and victim at once and each are demonized as a villain and perpetrator. Moreover, it is each figure’s embodiment of martyrdom and revenge that explains why their heroizations have proved so enduring and effective across time and space. This mutual framework of sensemaking, which I call the Talat-Tehlirian complex, ultimately denies the chances of historical reconciliation. In terms of its theoretical implications, this case study explains how a martyr-avenger complex can continuously demand solidarity, sustain grievances, and sacralize violence in post-conflict societies. Based on a thick description of what happened in Berlin in 1921 and its contentious narratives across different generations, this paper calls for a transition to a post-heroic age in Turkish-Armenian relations.
Rheological and microstructural characterisation of heat-induced whey protein isolate gels affected by the addition of caseinomacropeptide
Authors: Guedes Paula V. , de Freitas Rilton A. , Franco Célia R. C. , Cândido Lys Mary B.
Published: February 2022

Caseinomacropeptide (CMP) is derived from the chymosin cleavage of κ-casein during cheese production. This study developed gels from CMPs, which were isolated by different ultrafiltration systems, and whey protein isolate (WPI), and studied their rheological and ultrastructural characteristics. The 30% WPI gel showed high elastic modulus (G′) values and stronger structure than the other samples with CMP. Another gel, with 50% protein, 30% WPI and 20% CMP sample isolated from the 30 kDa retentate, had a weaker structure and lower G′ value. The third gel, with 30% WPI and 20% CMP sample from the 5 kDa retentate derived from the 30 kDa retentate, presented intermediate structural strength. Despite the increase in protein concentration from the addition of CMP, there was a decrease in the strength of the gel network. Different CMP isolation processes also contributed to differences in the microscopic analysis of gel structures with the same protein content.
Dissociation of basolateral and central amygdala effective connectivity predicts the stability of emotion-related impulsivity in adolescents and emerging adults with borderline personality symptoms: a resting-state fMRI study
Authors: Hall Nathan T. , Hallquist Michael N.
Published: February 2022

Background

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is associated with altered activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and amygdala, yet no studies have examined fronto-limbic circuitry in borderline adolescents and emerging adults. Here, we examined the contribution of fronto-limbic effective connectivity (EC) to the longitudinal stability of emotion-related impulsivity, a key feature of BPD, in symptomatic adolescents and young adults.

Methods

We compared resting-state EC in 82 adolescents and emerging adults with and without clinically significant borderline symptoms (n BPD = 40, ages 13–30). Group-specific directed networks were estimated amongst fronto-limbic nodes including PFC, ventral striatum (VS), central amygdala (CeN), and basolateral amygdala (BLA). We examined the association of directed centrality metrics with initial levels and rates of change in emotion-related impulsivity symptoms over a one-year follow-up using latent growth curve models (LGCMs).

Results

In controls, ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and dorsal ACC had a directed influence on CeN and VS, respectively. In the BPD group, bilateral BLA had a directed influence on CeN, whereas in the healthy group CeN influenced BLA. LGCMs indicated that emotion-related impulsivity was stable across a one-year follow-up in the BPD group. Further, higher EC of R CeN to other regions in controls was associated with stronger within-person decreases in emotion-related impulsivity.

Conclusions

Functional inputs from BLA and vmPFC appear to play competing roles in influencing CeN activity. In borderline adolescents and young adults, BLA may predominate over CeN activity, while in controls the ability of CeN to influence BLA activity predicted more rapid reductions in emotion-related impulsivity.
Absolute identity and the Trinity
Authors: Tweedt Chris
Published: February 2022

Trinitarians are charged with at least two contradictions. First, the Father is God and the Son is God, so it seems to follow that the Father is the Son. Trinitarians affirm the premises but deny the conclusion, which seems contradictory. Second, the Father is a God, the Son is a God, and the Holy Spirit is a God, but the Father is not the Son, the Father is not the Holy Spirit, and the Son is not the Holy Spirit. This argument seems to entail that there are three Gods. Again, Trinitarians affirm the premises but deny the conclusion. In this article, I present a novel Trinitarian solution to these alleged contradictions. The solution allows one to maintain that the premises in the above arguments are absolute identity statements, forestalls the need to develop a new way of counting (e.g. by sortals or numerical sameness), and is compatible with divine simplicity.
English in Taiwan
Authors: Rüdiger Sofia , Leimgruber Jakob R. E. , Tseng Ming–I Lydia
Published: February 2022

While World Englishes scholarship has always been concerned with different types of English varieties, Expanding Circle (i.e., non-postcolonial) Englishes have had a ‘late start’ in being added to its research remit. As a result, much important work in this area remains to be done. Expanding Circle Englishes in general and Asian Expanding Circle Englishes in particular are still neglected in many handbooks of World Englishes (e.g., inThe Cambridge Handbook of World Englishes; Schreier, Hundt & Schneider, 2020). Notable exceptions here are, for example,The Routledge Handbook of World Englishes(Kirkpatrick, 2020; including, among others, chapters on Japanese, Chinese, and Slavic Englishes) andThe Handbook of Asian Englishes(Bolton, Botha & Kirkpatrick, 2020; including, among others, chapters on Taiwanese, Cambodian, and Indonesian Englishes). While traditionally much focus has been laid on matters of language policies, education, and attitudes, corpus linguistic approaches to Expanding Circle Englishes have become more and more relevant (see, e.g., Edwards, 2016 for the Netherlands; Rüdiger, 2019 for South Korea). In this article, we present the first results from a corpus-based study of Taiwanese English, drawing on the pilot version of a spoken Taiwanese English corpus.
Images of fractional Brownian motion with deterministic drift: Positive Lebesgue measure and non-empty interior
Authors: ERRAOUI MOHAMED , HAKIKI YOUSSEF
Published: February 2022

Let
$B^{H}$
be a fractional Brownian motion in
$\mathbb{R}^{d}$
of Hurst index
$H\in\left(0,1\right)$
,
$f\;:\;\left[0,1\right]\longrightarrow\mathbb{R}^{d}$
a Borel function and
$A\subset\left[0,1\right]$
a Borel set. We provide sufficient conditions for the image
$(B^{H}+f)(A)$
to have a positive Lebesgue measure or to have a non-empty interior. This is done through the study of the properties of the density of the occupation measure of
$(B^{H}+f)$
. Precisely, we prove that if the parabolic Hausdorff dimension of the graph of f is greater than Hd, then the density is a square integrable function. If, on the other hand, the Hausdorff dimension of A is greater than Hd, then it even admits a continuous version. This allows us to establish the result already cited.
A lesson in urban renewal: the role of residents in designing clearance and construction policy in an Israeli neighbourhood
Authors: Kabalo Paula , Etkin Elia
Published: February 2022

In January 1969, the Israeli minister of housing announced his intention of declaring a set of neighbourhoods in Jerusalem, known as Zikhronot-Nahlaot, an urban-renewal area. For the next seven years, the topic of renewal would be central in a public struggle led by two organizations of residents against a brace of establishment players. The resulting trail of documentation tells the story of a community struggle. By focusing on the role of the residents in shaping this transformation, we aim to uncover the residents’ perceptions of the renewal plans, their actions to make sure their point of view would be taken into account, and the extent of their influence on policy-makers, planners and implementers. We claim that residents’ ideas became part of the policy-makers’ and planners’ discourse. The internal discussions reveal a transformation from the ‘bulldozer era’ to the urban-renewal approach and then to first flickerings of equity planning.
Advancements in mammalian X and Y sperm differences and sex control technology
Authors: He Qifu , Huang Min , Cao Xuyang , Zhang Kang , Liu Jun , Quan Fusheng
Published: February 2022

Mammal sex determination depends on whether the X sperm or Y sperm binds to the oocyte during fertilization. If the X sperm joins in oocyte, the offspring will be female, if the Y sperm fertilizes, the offspring will be male. Livestock sex control technology has tremendous value for livestock breeding as it can increase the proportion of female offspring and improve the efficiency of livestock production. This review discusses the detailed differences between mammalian X and Y sperm with respect to their morphology, size, and motility in the reproductive tract and inin vitroconditions, as well as ’omics analysis results. Moreover, research progress in mammalian sex control technology has been summarized.
Absent pulmonary valve with double-outlet left ventricle: a case report
Authors: Sakai Wataru , Asai Hidetsugu , Ebuoka Noriyoshi
Published: February 2022

Absent pulmonary valve syndrome and double-outlet left ventricle are rare congenital anomalies, with, to the best of our knowledge, no cases reported to date. We present the treatment course in a patient with an absent pulmonary valve, double-outlet left ventricle, dextrocardia, hypoplastic right ventricle, valvular aortic stenosis, and bronchomalacia.
Heat Health Management in a Quarantine and Isolation Facility in the Tropics
Authors: Stephens Dianne , Brearley Matt , Vermeulen Lisa
Published: February 2022

Introduction:

The Howard Springs Quarantine Facility (HSQF) is located in tropical Northern Australia and has 875 blocks of four rooms (3,500 rooms in total) spread over 67 hectares. The HSQF requires a large outdoor workforce walking outdoor pathways to provide individual care in the ambient climate. The personal protective equipment (PPE) required for the safety of quarantine workers varies between workgroups and limits body heat dissipation that anecdotally contributes to excessive sweating, which combined with heat stress symptoms of fatigue, headache, and irritability, likely increases the risk of workplace injuries including infection control breaches.

Study Objective:

The purpose of this study was the description of qualitative and quantitative assessment for HSQF workers exposed to tropical environmental conditions and provision of evidenced-based strategies to mitigate the risk of heat stress in an outdoor quarantine and isolation workforce.

Methods:

The study comprised two components - a cross-sectional physiological monitoring study of 18 workers (eight males/ten females; means: 41.4 years; 1.69m; 80.6kg) during a single shift in November 2020 and a subjective heat health survey completed by participants on a minimum of four occasions across the wet season/summer period from November 2020 through February 2021. The physiological monitoring included continuous core temperature monitoring and assessment of fluid balance.

Results:

The mean apparent temperature across first-half and second-half of the shift was 34.7°C (SD = 0.8) and 35.6°C (SD = 1.9), respectively. Across the work shift (mean duration 10.1 hours), the mean core temperature of participants was 37.3°C (SD = 0.2) with a range of 37.0°C - 37.7°C. The mean maximal core temperature of participants was 37.7°C (SD = 0.3). In the survey, for the workforce in full PPE, 57% reported feeling moderately, severely, or unbearably hot compared to 49% of those in non-contact PPE, and the level of fatigue was reported as moderate to severe in just over 25% of the workforce in both groups.

Conclusion:

Heat stress is a significant risk in outdoor workers in the tropics and is amplified in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) frontline workforce required to wear PPE in outdoor settings. A heat health program aimed at mitigating risk, including workplace education, limiting exposure times, encouraging hydration, buddy system, active cooling, and monitoring, is recommended to limit PPE breaches and other workplace injuries in this workforce.
Bicameral Distinctiveness in American State Legislatures
Authors: Makse Todd
Published: February 2022

Many important traits of state legislatures vary across chambers within a state. Yet according to existing typologies in the comparative study of bicameralism, the 49 bicameral American state legislatures would be deemed quite homogeneous. To resolve this disjuncture, I identify a novel dimension of bicameralism that distinguishes among state legislatures by capturing the extent to which the two chambers serve as meaningfully different venues for influence. Based on this framework, I develop an index of bicameral “distinctiveness” rooted in three traits that speak to policy influence across chambers: the ratio of seats, bipartisan representation, and constituency dissimilarity. This measure reveals sizable variation across states and a conspicuous geographic pattern, with considerably greater bicameral distinctiveness in the Eastern United States. In turn, I assess the construct validity of this measure, showing how patterns of second chamber bill amendment vary systematically with the level of bicameral distinctiveness.