bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VII.—The Mammoth and the Glacial Drift. A Reply to Mr. A. J. Jukes-Browne
Authors: Howorth Henry H.
Published: May 2009

In a letter in the last Number of the GEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE, Mr. Jukes-Browne takes me to task, with some asperity of language, for my views on the true horizon of the Mammoth, You will, I am sure, allow me to reply to him. He speaks of my “looking down from some literary height upon practical geologists in the plain,” and goes on to say that I have “no practical experience as a geologist, and bids me study the facts in the field.”
VI.—Woodwardian Museum Notes
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

A Mongst the Carboniferous Crinoidea in this Museum an abnormal form of Platycrinus pileatus, Goldf., from the Carboniferous Limestone of Bolland was recently discovered by me whilst cataloguing the collection. This specimen has only four arms and the calyx has suffered a corresponding diminution in the number of its plates. The cup is conical, and when viewed from the base roughly quadrangular: it expands somewhat rapidly so that its greatest diameter is only slightly less than its height.
VIII.—Granite
Authors: Struthers Thomas R.
Published: May 2009

The commonly accepted theory of the origin of granite is that, in view of indications that it had been subjected to great pressure, it was formed deep in the earth's crust in a molten state, and, after consolidating, thrust up through it, or exposed at the surface by denudation. This theory is not altogether satisfactory, being equivalent to an assertion that a stately building was first constructed and its foundation laid afterwards. Like some other unsatisfactory theories, it has been so often reiterated that it is tacitly assented to as authoritative, on the principle, we suppose, that what everybody says must be true. There are existing conditions analogous to those under which the trappean rocks were formed, as illustrated by modern submarine and subaërial erupted rocks; but the conditions under which primitive granite originated are not now represented in any part of the world.
III.—The Work of Ice-Sheets
Authors: Marr J. E.
Published: May 2009

The occupation of Britain by Ice-sheets in Pleistocene times has been established by the researches of Sir A. Eatnsay, Dr. J. Geikie, Messrs. Peach and Home, Tiddeman, Goodchild, and others. At the time that these inquirers made their observations, the very complex nature of the phenomena of the Greenland ice-sheet was hardly recognized, and many difficulties arose, upon which considerable light is thrown by a knowledge of the work of a modern icesheet.
II.—The Water-Supply of East Kent, in Connection With Natural Springs and Deep Wells
Authors: Dowker George
Published: May 2009

The numerous demands made upon our underground water-supply, both for sewage and sanitary as well as brewing purposes, render the subject of my paper a matter of deep and serious importance.

I shall set forth in the first place the rise and course of the livers, and in the next place the wells, especially the deep ones in the Chalk area; and I propose to show the connection between the height of the springs and the rainfall of the district.
I.—Notes on Russian Geology
Authors: Hume W. F.
Published: May 2009

In the summer of 1891 a journey was undertaken by the writer to the S.W. Governments of Russia, the immediate object in view being the study of the geology of that region. This portion of the notes then taken will deal more especially with the extent, thickness, and general contour of the Cretaceous beds of the district, together with a review of the Eussian literature bearing on the zonal distribution in the various Governments.

In 1845 Murchison had gathered together most of the facts then known regarding the Cretaceous formation of S. Russia, but his own direct observations were few, and the work was considered of only secondary importance. Under these circumstances it would not have been very surprising to find that he had fallen into error on many points.
II.—The Zones of the Beaufort Beds of the Karroo System in South Africa
Authors: Watson D. M. S.
Published: May 2009

Professor H. G. Seeley, in his well-known paper on Pariasaurus Baini, incidentally mentioned that the Beaufort Beds, in which it was found, could be divided up into zones on the evidence of the reptiles they contained.
V.—The Foraminifera of the Speeton Clay of Yorkshire
Authors: Sherlock R. L.
Published: May 2009

The Speeton Clay of Yorkshire is of considerable interest, as it is the chief marine representative of the Lower Cretaceous formations in England. It has been the subject of important papers by Professor J. W. Judd, F.R.S., and Mr. G. W. Lamplugh, F.R.S., while the palæontology of the Cephalopoda and Lamellibranchiata has been respectively worked out by Professor A. P. Pavlow and Mr. H. Woods. Mr. C. G. Danford has also contributed to our knowledge of the beds. The Microzoa, however, have never been examined, and the present paper gives the results of an investigation of the Foraminifera of the deposit.
II.—The Foraminifera of the Speeton Clay of Yorkshire
Authors: Sherlock R. L.
Published: May 2009

Verminculum globosum, Montagu, 1803: Test. Brit., p. 523.

Entosolenia globosa, Reuss, 1862: Sitzungsb. d. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. xlvi, p. 318, pl. i, figs. 1–3.

Lagena globosa, Burrows, Sherborn, & Bailey, 1890: Journ. Roy. Mier. Soc., p. 555, pl. ix, figs. 1, 2, 4.

Remarks.—This species has been recorded in rocks as old as the Wenlock Limestone and shale (Brady), and is stll living in almost every depth of water and in all latitudes.

Horizon.—Present in C1, C2, C10. One specimen from each bed.
III.—On the Denudations of Norfolk
Authors: Fisher O.
Published: May 2009

After referring to the scope of the subject which had been named by the Local Committee, the Author said—I will first ask your attention to the denudations, by land and sea, now taking place in the country.
IV.—On Certain Tracks in the Manx Slates
Authors: Grindley Thomas
Published: May 2009

In 1862 Mr. John E. Taylor (of Norwich), while surveying a newly-opened slate quarry at Dalby, on the western side of the Isle of Man, discovered three impressions of an oval form about nine inches long, and described them as resembling the tracks of Protichnites, figured in Owen's Plaæontology; the quarrymen told him that they were of frequent occurrence.
I. On the Laurentian Rocks of Britain, Bavaria, and Bohemia
Authors: Murchison Roderick I.
Published: May 2009

A large portion of the last number of the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society (February Ist) is justly devoted to the important subject of the Laurentian or oldest known stratified rocks, the elaboration and naming of which in North America were, it is well known, accomplished by Sir William Logan and his associates. On this occasion a memoir by that eminent geologist naturally leads the way, whilst, in the subsequent articles, the nature and structure of the Eozoon Canadense, which has been found in these rocks, are ably developed by Drs. Dawson, Carpenter, and Sterry Hunt.
IV.—On an Ancient Beach and a Submerged Forest, near Wissant
Authors: Day E. C. H.
Published: May 2009

Mr. Prestwich has, in two valuable papers, published by the Geological Society, given a very detailed description of a raised beach and associated recent accumulations, upon the coast in the vicinity of Sangatte, a village about five miles from Calais. In the second of these papers, the author mentions that he proceeded round the headland called Cap Blanc-nez, for the purpose of ascertaining whether any traces of a similarly recent formation were to be observed in the bay of Wissant, and that his search, as far as he went, was fruitless; “but,” he adds, “owing to the extent of the dunes around Wissant, such a beach might be entirely hidden by the sands.”.
II.—Description of Part of the Lower Jaw and Teeth of a small Oolitic Mammal (Stylodonpusillus, Ow.)
Authors: Owen
Published: May 2009

I Have been favoured by the Rev. Peter B. Brodie, M.A., F.G.S., with part of the lower jaw, including eight back teeth (Pl. X., Fig. 1, natural size), of a small mammal, nearly allied to Spalacotherium tricuspidens, Ow., and from the same formation and locality, viz., the Marly bed Upper Oolite, Purbeck, Dorsetshire.
I.—On the Metamorphic Origin of Certain Granitold Rocks and Granites in the Southern Uplands of Scotland
Authors: Geikie James
Published: May 2009

The special proofs of metamorphism which it is the object of this paper to point out, are rather of a geological than chemical nature. They consist, in short, of such evidence as may be readily gathered in the field, and although, to render them complete, they ought perhaps, to be followed up by analyses of the rocks, yet it is believed that the phenomena to be described tell a plain enough story.
III.—The Pre-Historic Settlements of the Reindeer age in Southern Germany
Authors: Fraas Oscar
Published: May 2009

Two years ago the French savans, Messrs. Lartet and Christy, laid before the Academy of Paris an account of their discoveries in the Dordogne, which proved the existence in that district of very ancient settlements of wild races of men, who kept herds of rein-deer. Since then, up to the present time, no further proofs have come to light, either in France or Germany, of the extraordinary fact that this animal—the existence of which is now limited within the 70th degree of north latitude—ever lived so far south as our own districts. The account we have now to give will probably therefore be read with great interest.
I.—Eminent Living Geologists
Authors: Harker Alfred
Published: May 2009

Dr. Alfred Harker was born at Hull, in Yorkshire, on February 19, 1859; his name may thus be appropriately added, as an “eminent geologist”, to the county which claims amongst its sons the name of Sedgwick, the Woodwardian Professor of Geology in the University of Cambridge (1818–73), the first who taught modern geology; and famous as having had such historians as William Smith (the “Father of English Geology”) and his nephew, Professor John Phillips; also as the birthplace of Sorby, Williamson, Strickland, Hudleston, and many others.
II.—Morphological Studies on the Echinoidea Holectypoida and their Allies
Authors: Hawkins Herbert L.
Published: May 2009

The conclusions of Lovén as to the composition of the perignathic girdle of D. cylindricus are confirmed in essential particulars, while those of Duncan & Sladen are shown to be based upon imperfectly preserved material. The processes, which may project freely for a varying distance above the rest of the girdle, are slender. The actual ridges are represented, as in Plesiechinus, by the slightly thickened and projecting inner surfaces of the unpaired primordial interambulacral plates. The rest of the interradial portion of the girdle is interpreted as being made of the bevelled edges of the buttresses which radiate over the interambulacra of the adoral surface. These sloping surfaces, here called “false ridges”, are believed to be specialized and somewhat extended as “rests” or “slides” for the inclined pyramids; thus forecasting the articulation between lantern and girdle found in the Clypeastroida. The retractor muscles were attached to the upper parts of the processes, and it is argued that the protractors must have sprung from the small true ridges, the false ridges having no function as muscle supports. In the absence of positive evidence, radial compass muscles are presumed to have been absent.
V.—The Fossils of the East Anglian Sub-Crag Boxstones
Authors: Bell Alfred
Published: May 2009

In the opening article of the Geological Magazine (Vol. I, p. 5, 1864) Mr. J. W. Salter remarks: “An obscure but novel group of organic remains comes to light in some well-worked district for which we have as yet no fixed geological place,” and this description may well apply to the fauna dealt with in the following pages.
II.—Notes on the “Pleistocene Beds” of Gozo
Authors: Cooke J. H.
Published: May 2009

In the year 1874 a letter signed by Messrs. Feilden and Maxwell appeared in the Maltese Journal “Il Barth,” in which attention was drawn to a Post-pliocene deposit, said to have been found in the vicinity of Cala Dueira and II Kala, in Gozo.
VI.—The Age of the Himalayas
Authors: Blanford W. T.
Published: May 2009

I Regret that I cannot accept as unquestionable the evidence brought forward by my friend Mr. Howorth in favour of the recent elevation of other mountain ranges in Asia besides the Himalayas. I dealt with the latter alone, because I have a slight I acquaintance with parts of them, and some knowledge of the observers whose opinions are quoted. But I argue from the known to the unknown, and if I find reason to reject the evidence on which Mr. Howorth relies to prove the absence of extensive glacial markings in the Himalayas, I am disposed to be sceptical as to that on which he founds his argument in the case of other ranges. I decline to be drawn into a discussion about the latter.
I.—Restoration of Stegosaurus
Authors: Marsh O. C.
Published: May 2009

In the American Journal of Science in 1877, the writer described a remarkable extinct reptile from Colorado, under the name Stegosaurus armatus, and later a much more perfect specimen of another species, Stegosaurus ungulatus, from essentially the same horizon, in the Jurassic of Wyoming. The latter specimen was in fine preservation, and the more important parts of the skull and skeleton, and especially of the remarkable dermal armour, were secured. Subsequently, more than twenty other specimens of these and other species were obtained, so that nearly every part of the osseous structure thus became known, and only portions of the dermal armour were in doubt. A fortunate discovery cleared away most of the doubt in regard to one species, Stegosaurus stenops, as the type specimen had the skull, skeleton, and dermal armour together when entombed, and almost in the position they were when the animal died.
II.—The Scandinavian Glacier, and some Inferences derived from it
Authors: Jamieson T. F.
Published: May 2009

It is now fifty years since Charpentier told us that the heaps of Northern boulders which stretch across the plains of Prussia and Saxony mark the ancient limits of the great glacier of Scandinavia, and that the smaller debris met with farther south represents the stuff carried on by the torrents that escaped from the margin of the ice. All this he explained to his incredulous contemporaries, and now after half a century of debate, in which every other conceivable mode of accounting for the phenomena has been tried, it seems to he agreed on all hands that he was right—right in every particular—but, strange to say, it appears to be now generally forgotten that he was the man to whom we owe the first sketch of this explanation.
VII.—On a Glacial Mound in Glen Fruin, Dumbartonshire
Authors: Bell Dugald
Published: May 2009

Glen Fruin is a quiet secluded glen, about six miles in length, extending in a north-westerly direction between Lochlomond and the Gareloch, and opening off the neck of land which divides those lochs at between 200 and 300 feet above the sea. To the south-east, it slopes towards Lochlomond, of which the Fruin water is one of the principal affluents. On the west it is divided from the Gareloch by a range of hills 1000 or 1200 feet in height, which at its upper extremity subside into a col or pass of 600 or 700 feet. This upper part of the glen is composed of the mica and clay slates common to the Western Highlands. The lower part is formed of beds of the Calciferous Sandstone series, which have here been faulted down against the older formations.
III.—Preliminary Note on some Traverses of the Crystalline District of the Central Alps
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

During the past four years I have made several traverses of the Central Alps from north to south, and venture to lay before you the general results as bearing in some respect on the geology of the Highlands.
V.—On the Fynnon Beuno and Cae Gwyn Bone Caves, North Wales
Authors: Hicks H.
Published: May 2009

In the Proceedings of the Geol. Assoc. vol. ix. No. 1, I have given an account of the discovery of two Bone-caves in the Carboniferous rocks on the east side of the Vale of Clwyd, N. Wales, and of the researches carried on in those caverns by Mr. E. Bouverie Luxmoore, of St. Asaph, and myself in the summers of 1883 and 1884. This summer, by the aid of a grant from the Royal Society (the Government Grant), we were enabled to employ a staff of workmen, under our personal supervision, to explore these caverns more thoroughly and with very satisfactory results. Our main object was to gain a clear idea of the physical conditions of the area when the caverns were filled with the deposits, and of the manner in which the remains had been conveyed into them. These points we think we have been able to prove to satisfaction, but it may be advisable to continue the researches for the purpose of obtaining as much confirmatory evidence as possible.
III.—The Crystalline Rock Areas of the Piémontese Alps
Authors: Preller C. S. Du Riche
Published: May 2009

In continuation of the preceding paper (Geol. Mag., April, p. 156) which, as a preliminary to the present one, outlined the new classification of the crystalline rock formations and the nomenclature of the pietre verdi of the Piémontese Alps, I now propose to briefly describe the principal pietre verdi areas with which I became familiar during a long stay on repeated occasions in Turin. This city, apart from its rich collections of the rocks and minerals of the Piémontese Alps, is a most central and convenient starting-point for examining the different valleys debouching into the plain of the Po from the magnificent crescent formed by the Maritime, Cottian, Grajan, and Penniue Alps, which, as seen from Turin, afford by far the most extensive and fascinating Alpine panorama in Italy.
IV.—On Tridymite and Quartz after Tridymite in Icelandic Rocks
Authors: Hawkes Leonard
Published: May 2009

A Lacroix in his researches on volcanic rocks and their inclusions has shown that tridymite occurs in two distinct forms, each produced under special conditions. “Il est important de constater dans un même échantillon l'existence de tridymite produite par deux modes de genèse distincts; qui lui ont imprimé deux formes différentes. L'une d'elles est caracterisée par des cristaux épais, A macles binaires, elle a été formée par fusion; l'autre se présentant en lamelles extrêmement minces, empilées a été produite par action pneumatolytique. Cette variété de tridymite constitue le dernier des minéraux drusiques formés, et elle résulte très probablement de l'attaque A haute température d'un résidue de matière vitreuse très siliceuse dont des restes peuvent être parfois encore constatés directement” (1, p. 337). Both forms occur in Icelandic rocks.
IV.—The Stratigraphical Position of the Coralline Crag
Authors: Harmer F. W.
Published: May 2009

In an interesting paper lately published my friend Mr. R. B. Newton has expressed the opinion that the Coralline Crag should be grouped with the Diestien and Anversien of Belgium as Upper Miocene, the fauna of the Suffolk boxstones being regarded by him as Middle Miocene. The recent researches of Mr. Alfred Bell have led me to agree with Mr. Newton that the latter is pre-Pliocene, but I regret I cannot accept his view as to the age of the Coralline Crag, which I consider to be more nearly related to the Waltonian horizon of the Red Crag than to the Belgian Miocene.
III.—Note on Specimens of the Rauenthal Serpentine
Authors: Bonnet T. G.
Published: May 2009

In the very valuable work on “British Petrography” by my friend Mr. J. J. II. Teall, nowinprocess of publication, there is a rather full notice of an interesting serpentine which occurs in the Rauenthal (Vosges), and has been investigated by Herr Weigand. According to the latter author, as summarized by Mr. Teall,2 this serpentine “has been formed by the alteration of a hornblende rook, and the change has been accompanied by the removal of lime and the development of a chlorite, inwhich the original alumina of the hornblende is retained.”
III.—Note on some Fossil Mammals from Salonica and Imbros
Authors: Andrews C.W.
Published: May 2009

On several occasions during the War, officers on active service in the Near East have found time to collect a few fossils, some of which have been sent to the British Museum. In three cases these were remains of mammals, and these discoveries are of importance as indicating the existence of bone-bearing deposits in localities where they were previously unknown, and where, not improbably, they may prove to be as rich as the well-known bone-beds of Samos and Pikermi.
IV.—The Imperial Institute Map of the Chief Sources of Metals in the British Empire
Authors: R. H. R.
Published: May 2009

The Imperial Institute, in continuation of its publications with reference to the mineral resources of the Empire, has now issued a map with diagrams indicating the sources within the Empire of the chief metals of commercial importance. The outline map shows the occurrence in each British country of the important metallic ores and also the existence of deposits at present unworked. The locality for each occurrence is not given in detail, but only a general statement, carried out by printing the names of the metals therein found in large type across the face of the country. Asterisks indicate existence of unworked deposits in producing countries, while brackets show the existence of unworked deposits in nonproducing countries. Diagrams are also given, showing in a graphic form the production of metal or ore in each producing country; these statistics are given for the year 1915: since that date many and important changes have occurred, although no doubt it would be difficult, if not impossible, to obtain complete and reliable figures for the later years. The diagrams also show in an instructive manner the relation of the output of the British Empire to those of other countries of the world. The facts here set forth, when carefully studied, afford much food for reflection.
III.—The Crystalline Rock Areas of the Piémontese Alps
Authors: Preller C. S. Du Riche
Published: May 2009

In this group, shown in the sketch-plan Fig. 4, may be included the interesting pietre verdi areas (1) of the Rocciavré ridge on the right, (2) of Monte Rocciamelone on the left side of the Dora Riparia Valley, and (3) of the Rocciacorba ridge and the Avigliana belt of spurs where the Dora and the Sangone Rivers emerge from the Alps and enter the Po Valley about 20 kilometres west of Turin.
VI.—Radio-activity and the Earth's Thermal History
Authors: Holmes Arthur
Published: May 2009

The distribution of land and sea implies that the earth's outer shell is in a condition of approximate hydrostatic equilibrium. Otherwise the equatorial regions should be girdled by a continental protrusion, or else each of the polar regions should be occupied by a continental bulge. The observed fact that the inequalities of the earth's surface exhibit neither of these conditions proves that the general ellipticity of the lithosphere does not differ greatly from that which would be assumed by a liquid spheroid having a similar distribution of density in depth. The incapacity—thus demonstrated—of the lithosphere to endure permanent stresses leads naturally to an inquiry into the conditions that maintain continents and mountain ranges above sea-level. Investigations based on the deviations of the plumb-line from the vertical and on the varying intensity of gravity indicate beyond doubt that the elevated tracts of the globe owe their support to a deficiency of density in their deep-seated foundations, while the great sunken areas owe their depression to a corresponding excess of density in the underlying rocks. Thus has arisen the conception of isostasy, a word which was coined by Dutton in 1889 to express the state of hydrostatic balance that maintains in position elevated and depressed columns of the lithosphere.
II.—The Igneous Rocks of the Ashprington Area
Authors: Lowe I. H.
Published: May 2009

In South Devon the outcrops of Middle Devonian igneous rocks form a series of roughly parallel bands, which broaden out and occupy a continuous area about twelve square miles in extent in the neighbourhood of Ashprington village. No detailed account of the petrological characters of these rocks has been given, although similar types have been described fully in the Plymouth Survey Memoir. For this reason, and also in the hope that further study might explain more completely the cause of the broadened outcrop, I investigated many exposures in the Ashprington area.
V.—Iceland—a Stepping-Stone
Authors: Bailey E. B.
Published: May 2009

When in 1897 Sir Archibald Geikie published his important monograph on the Ancient Volcanoes of Great Britain he devoted chapter xl to a description of Iceland—so largely does our North Atlantic neighbour bulk in the eves of British vulcanologists. Geikie drew the greater part of his informatiom from Thoroddsen's writings, supplemented by those of Helland, Tempest Anderson, and Johnston-Lavis. His theme throughout was the conspicuous and abundant evidence afforded of fissure eruptions.
II.—Geology of Kinkell Ness, Fifeshire
Authors: Balsillie David
Published: May 2009

The largest, best exposed, and most interesting volcanic vent along the northern shores of Fife is that which has been laid bare at the headland of Kinkell Ness, and a portion of whose enclosed material has been sculptured into the picturesque shore stack known as the Rock and Spindle. (“These two words,” as Sir A. Geikie points out, “are generally misunderstood. ‘Rock’ is the Scots word for a distaff; and ‘Spindle’, as here used, has reference to the stellate mass of basalt resembling a spinning wheel.”) Reason for this appropriate designation will be readily gathered from the accompanying photograph (Plate XIII).
IV.—The Correlation of the Devonian Rocks of North Devon with those of other localities
Authors: Evans John W.
Published: May 2009

The Dartmouth Slates of South Devon and Cornwall, which correspond, it would seem, to the Schistes d'Oignies of the Ardennes, are not seen in North Devon, but may be concealed by later rocks and be represented in South Wales and the Welsh Border by the Red Marls of the Lower Old Red Sandstone. It is possible that the Foreland Grits are a local facies of the upper portion of the Dartmouth Slates, just as the arenaceous Cosheston Group is a local development of the upper part of the Red Marls. Both the Foreland Grits and the Cosheston Group appear to have yielded the typical Old Red Sandstone plant Psilophyton.
VI.—Note on the High-level Deposits on the Chalk at Little Heath, near Berkhamsted
Authors: Smith Reginald A.
Published: May 2009

At a meeting of the Geological Society on January 22 a section at Little Heath, near Berkhamsted, was described and discussed; but both in the papers and in the discussion attention was focussed on the lower part of the section, and the gravel, which is separated by about 6 inches of bull-head from the Chalk, was assigned to the Pliocene and correlated with the Westleton Beds of Prestwich. But the upper beds have an interest of their own, especially for the archæologist who is acquainted with the work of the late Mr. Worthington Smith; and it seems worth while to point out some striking resemblances to deposits in a line running north-east of the site in question. The Little Heath strata referred to are:—
III.—On Borings at Cotefield Close and Sheraton, Co. Durham (Permian and Coal-measures)
Authors: Woolacott David
Published: May 2009

During the last year I have examined, through the kindness of Mr. E. O. Forster Brown, Min. Eng., borings that have been put down by Messrs. Bell Bros., at Cotefield Close and Sheraton, near the southern limits of the Northumberland and Durham Coalfield. They are situated about 5 miles west of Hartlepool, and about 8½ miles east of the Permian escarpment at Ferryhill. The boring at Cotefield Close lies about 1½ miles east of Hurworth Burn station, and about the same distance south of that at Sheraton. The details of the former are from my own notes which were taken when the hole was finished, but those of the Sheraton cores are by Dr. C. T. Trechmann, who examined them as they were brought up from time to time, it thus being possible to obtain a very full record. I also desire to thank this geologist for some notes on the Sheraton boring which are incorporated in this paper. Both of the boreholes passed through the superficial deposits and Permian strata into the Coal-measures, but as that at Sheraton has just entered the lastnamed series and is not yet completed, the remarks on the Carboniferous rocks refer only to the strata pierced at Cotefield Close. The examination of these cores adds to our knowledge of the Permian, confirming some of the points that Dr. Trechmann and I have enunciated in previous papers dealing with the Magnesian Limestone.
I.—Foliation and Metamorphism in Rocks
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

The application of the microscope to petrology made it possible to I investigate effectively the history of the foliated rocks and of metamorphism. This was done, as it happens, only a very few years before I began any special study of such rocks, so that the account, of my own work almost corresponds with that of the general progress in a knowledge of them. I was led, after some preliminary efforts, into investigating two distinct problems, each of which, as I soon discovered, presented rather exceptional difficulties. These were the pre-Carboniferous rocks of Charnwood Forest and the serpentines of the Lizard. The problem involved in the one was how far some of them were or had been igneous in origin, lavas, tuffs, and agglomerates, or were stratified rocks, which by pressure and mineral changes had been so altered as to be indistinguishable from some of the former. The other introduced the question of the origin of serpentine, about which in 1873 the utmost uncertainty existed. This, from its associations, led on to investigating the nature and origin of gneisses and schists, so that the history of my own studies during the last forty-five years happens to illustrate. some important aspects of the progress made during that period.
I.—Foliation and Metamorphism in Rocks
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

In pressure-modified gneisses and schists certain minerals are often distinctly secondary in formation; actinolitic hornblende replaces ordinary hornblende in a gneiss, as on the southern side of the St. Gotthard Pass (31), or in a dark mica-schist, as in the Binnenthal (32), or a tremolite appears in marble near the Campolungo Pass (33). A mixture of crushed hornblende and felspar gives rise to a biotite, small flakes of which may be built, like bricks, into a newly-formed large crystal of hornblende, especially towards its exterior (34). Glaucophane in hornblendic rocks, such as diorites and eclogites, is often a secondary mineral (35), some constituents derived from a crushed soda-felspar having combined with those of the original hornblende. Rather large biotites have formed in a dark mica-schist in the Binnenthal, and here also some of them have been developed at right angles to the main pressure, but others in the direction of it (36). Scales of chloritoid, sometimes a third of an inch in diameter, are secondary formations in some gneisses and chloritic schists, and kyanites in some micaceous schists suggest a possible reconstruction of an original mineral. Chlorite itself is a mineral of secondary origin, and such rocks as smaragdite-euphotide (37), saussuritic gabbro, and possibly even ordinary gabbro are all more or less altered from their original condition, and in some at least of these cases pressure may have been a factor in the change.
VI.—On a Scandinavian Erratic from the Orkneys
Authors: Saxton W. I. , Hopwood A. T.
Published: May 2009

The general behaviour of the Scandinavian ice-sheet which spread over the North Sea at the climax of the Glacial period is fairly well known. Numerous erratics show that it reached the coast of Yorkshire and the eastern counties of England. Farther north no erratics have been found, but Dr. Jamieson and others have shown that it approached the coast of Aberdeen. Dr. Croll and Drs. Peach and Horne have shown that it forced the Scotch ice flowing eastward from the Moray Firth to turn in a northerly and north-westerly direction across the northern part of Caithness and over the Orkneys. They concluded that ice from the Christiania district must have passed a few miles to the north of the Orkneys. This is well shown in the chart attached to their paper and also in Professor James Geikie's map. The occurrence of a few Scandinavian erratics in the Orkneys would confirm these deductions. The only erratic recorded from Orkney which may be of Scandinavian origin is the Saville boulder described by Professor Heddle, Drs. Peach and Horne, and Dr. J. S. Flett.
II.—The Principle of Saturation in Petrography: A Reply
Authors: Shand S. J.
Published: May 2009

In exercising a debater's right to reply to criticism, I shall be extremely brief. My contentions, in two essays on the above subject,1 were as follows:—

1. That the classification of rocks by silica percentage is unsatis-factory, and that a more natural basis for classification is available in the degree of saturation of the constituent minerals.

My critic, Mr. Scott, has not expressed any opinion on this pointof comparison.

2. That the field evidence is overwhelmingly favourable to the separation of the rock minerals into two groups, those of one group being stable in the presence of free silica under magmatic conditions, those of the other group unstable; and that such experimental work as has been done supports that separation.
V.—On the Formation of the River Tyne Drainage Area
Authors: Merrick Edward
Published: May 2009

An important factor in the formation of this drainage area as above outlined is the movement of the rocks after they had been reduced to a surface comparable with a peneplain. These movements are now reviewed to see if any assumptions have been made which are probably incorrect from stratigraphical evidence.
IV.—Moine Pebbles in Torridonian Conglomerates
Authors: Gregory J. W.
Published: May 2009

The relation of the Torridon Sandstone to the Moine Gneiss or ‘Eastern Schists’ is one of the primary questions in thegeology of the Scottish Highlands. These two widespread series ofrocks occur on opposite sides of the great overthrusts in North-Western Scotland; and another remarkable feature of their distributionis that though the Torridon Sandstone often rests directly upon theLewisian Gneiss, it never occurs on the Moine Gneiss. The view hastherefore been suggested that the Moine rocks are the easternmetamorphosed continuation of the Torridonian. Some altered Torridon Sandstones certainly resemble the rocks of the Moine Series.Dr. Home, in his address to the British Association in 1901, quotedthe authority of Dr. Teall and Dr. Peach for the resemblance ofaltered Torridon Sandstone to the Moine; and he again remarked thisresemblance in the memoir on the North-West Highlands. The lateW. Gunn went further, and in the same work claimed (p. 612) that “east of Dundonnell good evidence can be adduced that alteredTorridon Sandstone has entered largely into the composition of the Eastern schists”. The recent memoir on the Fannich Mountains represents some of the flaggy granulites of that district as due “to the crushing of Torridonn grit”.
VII.—On a New Genus and Species of the Thecidinæ (Brachiopoda)
Authors: Thomson J. Allan
Published: May 2009

The subfamilies Thecidiinæ, Dall, and Leptodinæ, Schuchert, constitute the family Thecidiidæ, Gray, which is regarded by Schuchert as a near relation of the Strophomenidæ. The chief external characters of the Thecidiinæ are the smallness of the shells, the absence of the foramen, attachment by the ventral valve, the presence of a nearly straight hinge-line and of a prominent area with a solid deltidium. The shell substance, with the exception of the deltidium, is punctate. Internally the ventral valve bears in its hollow beak a small edian septum on which is sometimes superposed a small muscular plate. The dorsal valve bears a so-called cardinal process, formed by the median union of the socket ridges, and this plate is strong, subrectangular, and hollow at its base, and projects beyond the hinge. In most of the genera two lateral spurs unite mesially to form a bridge just in front of the cardinal process, over the visceral cavity. There are no free brachial arms, but the brachial supports are represented by an anterior septum, frequently branched, and lamellae rising from the floor of the valve in the spaces between the septum and its branches, the margins, and the bridge. The septum runs back from the anterior margin towards the bridge, and like the margins and the bridge, is more or less covered with granulations.
IV.—The Ice Age in England
Authors: Holst Nils Olof
Published: May 2009

In the preceding paragraphs it has been shown that, after the inland ice had attained its southernmost limit and had spent its force, there commenced in Southern England the last of many stages of land depression. This carried with it a complete reversal: the temperature was raised, the periphery of the inland ice melted, its pressure was lessened, and a rapid rise of the land—the Mousterian elevation—introduced a great rise, to which the origin of the submerged forests bears witness. Nevertheless, the greatest part of the land depression persisted even after Mousterian time, and this explains the continuance of the melting and its increased rapidity, as well as the rapid northward withdrawal of the inland ice, which we shall soon consider.
I.—The Danbury Gravels
Authors: Gregory J. W.
Published: May 2009

Danbury stands on a gravel-capped plateau in Mid-Essex, five miles east of Chelmsford. The gravel is part of a once largersheet and contains a variety of rocks foreign to the district. It was therefore naturally at first regarded as a glacial gravel. This view was adopted by S. V. Wood, jun. (e.g. 1867, p. 12; 1870, p. 61), by the Rev. O. Fisher (1868, p. 98), on the Geological Survey Map (Sheet 1, N.E., 1871), and by Mr. Whitaker (1889, p. 279). Sir Joseph Prestwich regarded the Danbury gravels (1890, p. 135) as Bagshot pebble-beds invaded by some glacial agent, and the late H. B. Woodward (1903, p. 15) described them as the wreck in Glacial times of an older gravel.
II.—Suggestions for a Revised Classification of Trilobites
Authors: Swinnerton H. H.
Published: May 2009

Nevadia is the earliest and the most primitive member of theMesonacidæ, and as shown by Walcott may be regarded as representing the ancestral type of this family. The same authorityshows that the Paradoxidæ have descended from the Mesonacidæ. Redlichia also exhibits features which link it with the Paradoxidæ and the Mesonacidæ.
IV.—The Carrara, Massa, and Versilia Marble District
Authors: Preller C. S. Du Riche
Published: May 2009

The range of the Apuan Alps, commonly called the Carrara Mountains, is an offshoot of the Apennines, trending N.N.W. to S.S.E., parallel to the Mediterranean littoral, from which it rises within a distance of barely four miles to a maximum height of 6,000 feet above sea-level. Exclusive of the outer belt of the more recent strata, the Triassic formation, within which the saccharoidal marble beds are situated, covers about 25 by 13 kilometres or about 130 square miles, of which the marble zone proper represents 64 square miles or about half. The range is bounded on the north by the Aullela valley in the Lunigiana district; on the east by the Serchio valley in the Garfagnana district; and on the south by the Serchio valley in the Province of Lucca. The marble district, whose western part faces the Mediterranean, comprises the three divisions of Carrara, Massa, and the Versilia in the corresponding parallel valleys of the Carrione, Frigido, and Serravezza Rivers. The Versilia division, which forms part of the Province of Lucca, is composed of the Seravezza, Stazzema, and Arni subdivisions, of which the last-named lies on the eastern watershed of the Apuan range. The Versilia division also includes Pietrasanta, Camajore, Massarosa, and the wellknown watering-place of Viareggio, near the last-named of which are situated extensive subaqueous deposits of a peculiarly coarse-grained, sharp macigno sand. These deposits, formed as a delta in a lacustrine expanse by the River Serchio, constitute an important and indispensable adjunct of the marble industry as grinding material for the numerous marble saw-mills in the three parallel valleys already referred to.
I.—On The Distribution of the British Carboniferous Goniatites, with a Description of one New Genus and some New Species
Authors: Hind Wheelton
Published: May 2009

Part III of the Catalogue of the Fossil Cephalopoda in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.), by A. H. Foord and G. C. Crick, was published in 1897. Since then much fresh material has come into my hands and it is now possible to give much more accurate and fuller details of the horizons and localities at which the various species occur. This is of special importance, in view of the fact that the Goniatites can be used as zone indices of the Carboniferous Series from the upper part of the Dibunophyllum beds (D2 of Dr. Vaughan) up to the Middle Coal-measures. This I showed to be the case in my Presidential address to the Yorkshire Naturalists' Union, and published in the Naturalist, April to July, 1909, and elsewhere. Many details have, however, been added since then, and an elaborated and emended table will be published in a forthcoming paper by myself and Dr. Wilmore, F.G.S., on the Carboniferous succession of some Midland areas.
I.—Eminent Living Geologists
Authors: Marr John Edward
Published: May 2009

The subject of the present memoir occupies a distinguished position as lecturer and teacher of our science in the University of Cambridge, one which he has held for more than thirty years, and he is well known among geologists generally as a high authority on the Palæozoic rocks, his writings being recorded in the “Quarterly Journal” of the Geological Society (of which Society he has filled the offices both of Secretary and President). His name has also frequently appeared as the author of important papers in the GeologicalMagazink and other works.
VIII.—Isostasy
Authors: Deeley R. M.
Published: May 2009

During recent years the question of the conditions of stress and strain in the earth's crust has received a very considerable amount of attention. Perhaps one of the most fruitful lines of inquiry has been that which has aimed at determining the connexion between the varying densities of the crustal rocks and the different degrees of relief of the surface of the earth. It soon became apparent that in mountainous or elevated regions the deep-seated rocks were of less density than those beneath lowlands and seas, and it became clear that the elevated regions were sustained by the buoyancy of the lighter rocks beneath them. The theory that the earth's crust was in isostatic equilibrium thus arose.
II.—On the Remains of Insects from the Coal-Measures of Durham
Authors: Kirkby James W.
Published: May 2009

As the remains of insects are rarely found in Carboniferous strata, a short account of three imperfect specimens, which have been discovered in the Durham coal-field, may not be deemed valueless. Indeed, with the exceptions of the specimens described from Coal-brook Dale by Prestwich, twenty-five years ago, and the examples of Xylobius sigillariœ of Dawson,—discovered by Mr. Tindall, in the Lower Coal Measures, near Huddersfield, and by Mr. Thomas Brown, of Stewarton, in the Upper Coal Measures of Kilmaurs,—I am not aware of any other fossils of this class having been noticed as occuring in Carboniferous rocks in England.
I.—The Chalk of Antrim
Authors: Jukes J. Beete
Published: May 2009

Most geologists are aware that the Chalk of Antrim, although full of flints and fossils like those in the English Chalk, is a hard splintery limestone, known here as the “White Limestone.” Its induration is often attributed to the action of the basaltic covering which spreads over it, and the coincidence of the two things is certainly remarkable; but I think I can now show that they are not connected in the way of cause and effect.
III.—The Drift-Beds of Llandrillo Bay, Denbighshire
Authors: Eyton
Published: May 2009

In a former number of Geological Magazine I attempted to describe the old sea-beach which extends along the coast of Llandrillo Bay, and continues round the Great Orme's Head mountain. It is my purpose now to draw attention to the series of Drift-beds, belonging to both the Post Pliocene and recent periods, which are here so well defined within a short space, and it is the more desirable to do so, because the encroachments of the sea are annually producing great changes in this district.
IV.—Contributions to British Fossil Crustacea
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

The genus Pseudoglyphea was established in 1860 by the late Dr. Albert Oppel, of Munich, for certain remains of Crustacea occurring in the Oolite and Lias formations of Bavaria, &c., previously referred to the genus Glyphea, from which, however, he has separated them on account of the difference in the direction of the furrows which mark the regions of the cephalothorax. Whether these characters will be found to be supported by others, or, to be in themselves of sufficient importance to justify the retention of the genus, must be determined by more ample materials and a better acquaintance with the entire animals belonging to both genera than we are at present able to command.
V.—Note by Professor Morris, F.G.S., on Organic Remains in the Somersetshire Coal-field
Authors: J. M.
Published: May 2009

The occurrence of invertebrate animal-remains in the Somersetshire Coal-field has not, I believe, been very frequently noticed. With the view of drawing attention to the subject, I send a brief notice of a few remains which I had the pleasure of collecting during a visit with Mr. J. Prestwich to this district, hoping that the local geologists, or members of the Natural History Societies, may be induced to record the observations they have made, or further prosecute enquiries into the occurrence of the animal-remains, either vertebrate or invertebrate, which may be associated with the rich and interesting flora of this Coal-field. Casts of bivalve mollusca (Anthracoptera?) were detected in the coal-shale at Twerton, near Bath, but I was not fortunate in finding any similar shales at the other coal-pits visited. Remains of Entomostraca were, however, tolerably abundant at one or two localities, and I have little doubt would yield a rich harvest to any local investigator.
II.—On Some Cycadean Fruits from the Secondary Rocks of Britain
Authors: Carruthers William
Published: May 2009

Two of the Gymnospermatous Orders are represented by fruits found in Secondary strata, viz., Cycadeœ and Coniferœ; no remains have been observed, as far as I know of any plant belonging to the Gnetaceœ.. There is satisfactory evidence of the existence of Coniferœ from the period of the Old Red Sandstone; but it is very doubtful whether the Palæozoic fruits and leaves which have been referred to Cycadeœ have anything whatever to do with that order.
III. Note on the Late Colliery Explosions
Authors: Rofe John
Published: May 2009

The recent deplorable explosions in the Barnsley and North Staffordshire Coal Fields have again called attention to the coincidence of such terrible accidents with a sudden fall of the barometer, by which they are so frequently preceded, suggesting the idea that they may be to some extent connected as cause and effect, and perhaps the following facts may induce a belief that there is truth in the supposition.

Some years since (in 1848) my attention was called to a well at Whittingham, on a farm then and now occupied by Mr. John France, about four miles N. W. of Preston, in Lancashire, celebrated in the district as “the blowing well.” This well was sunk for the purpose of supplying the farm buildings with water, but after going down about eighty feet in vain, the work was abandoned, and the well was covered with a large flagstone, with a hole through it for the chain used in placing it on the well.