bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oligomerization in the endoplasmic reticulum and intracellular trafficking of kainate receptors are subunit‐dependent but not editing‐dependent
Authors: Ma‐Högemeier Zhan‐Lu , Körber Christoph , Werner Markus , Racine David , Muth‐Köhne Elke , Tapken Daniel , Hollmann Michael
Published: December 2009

J. Neurochem. (2010) 113, 1403–1415.

Investigating subunit assembly of ionotropic glutamate receptor complexes and their trafficking to the plasma membrane under physiological conditions in live cells has been challenging. By confocal imaging of fluorescently labeled kainate receptor (KAR) subunits combined with digital co‐localization and fluorescence resonance energy (FRET) transfer analyses, we investigated the assembly of homomeric and heteromeric receptor complexes and identified the subcellular location of subunit interactions. Our data provide direct evidence for oligomerization of KAR subunits as early as following their biosynthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). These oligomeric assemblies pass through the Golgi apparatus en route to the plasma membrane. We show that the amino acid at the Q/R editing site of the KAR subunit GluR6 neither determines subunit oligomerization in the ER nor ER exit or plasma membrane expression, and that it does not alter GluR6 interaction with KA2. This finding sets KARs apart from alpha‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methylisoxazole‐4‐propionate (AMPA) receptors, where in the absence of auxiliary proteins Q isoforms exit the ER much more efficiently than R isoforms. Furthermore, although KA2 subunits do not form functional homotetrameric complexes, we visualized their oligomerization (at least dimerization) in the ER. Finally, we demonstrate that plasma membrane expression of GluR6/KA2 heteromeric complexes is modulated not only by GluR6 but also KA2.
MicroRNA‐92 modulates K(+) Cl(−) co‐transporter KCC2 expression in cerebellar granule neurons
Authors: Barbato Christian , Ruberti Francesca , Pieri Massimo , Vilardo Elisa , Costanzo Manuela , Ciotti Maria Teresa , Zona Cristina , Cogoni Carlo
Published: December 2009

J. Neurochem. (2010) 113, 591–600.

MicroRNAs have been associated to fine‐tuning spatial and temporal control of gene expression during neuronal development. The neuronal Cl(−) extruding, K(+)Cl(−) co‐transporter 2 (KCC2) is known to play an important role in neuronal Cl(−) homeostasis and in determining the physiological response to activation of anion selective GABA receptors. Here we show that microRNA‐92 is developmentally down‐regulated during maturation of rat cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) in vitro. Computational predictions suggest several high‐ranking targets for microRNA‐92 including the KCC2 gene. Consistently, the KCC2 protein levels were up‐regulated in mature CGN in vitro and a functional association between microRNA‐92 and KCC2 3′ untranslated region was established using luciferase assays. The generation of an inward directed Cl(−) electrochemical gradient, necessary for the hyperpolarizing effect of GABA, requires robust KCC2 expression in several neuronal types. Here we show that lentiviral‐mediated microRNA‐92 over‐expression reduced KCC2 protein levels and positively shifted reversal potential of GABA induced Cl(−) currents in CGNs. In addition KCC2 re‐expression reversed microRNA‐92 electrophysiological phenotype. Consistently microRNA‐92 inhibition induced both an increase of the level of KCC2 and a negative shift in GABA reversal potential. These findings introduce a new player in the developmental change of GABA from depolarization to hyperpolarization.
Neuroprotection by baicalein in ischemic brain injury involves PTEN/AKT pathway
Authors: Liu Chao , Wu Jiliang , Xu Kui , Cai Fei , Gu Jun , Ma Liqun , Chen Jianguo
Published: December 2009

J. Neurochem. (2010) 112, 1500–1512.

Recently more evidences support baicalein (Bai) is neuroprotective in models of ischemic stroke. This study was conducted to determine the molecular mechanisms involved in this effect. Either permanent or transient (2 h) middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was induced in rats in this study. Permanent MCAO led to larger infarct volumes in contrast to transient MCAO. Only in transient MCAO, Bai administration significantly reduced infarct size. Baicalein also markedly reduced apoptosis in the penumbra of transient MCAO rats. Additionally, oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) was used to mimic ischemic insult in primary cultured cortical neurons. A rapid increase in the intracellular reactive oxygen species level and nitrotyrosine formation induced by OGD was counteracted by Bai, which is parallel with attenuated cell injury. The reduction of phosphorylation Akt and glycogen synthase kinase‐3β (GSK3β) induced by OGD was restored by Bai, which was associated with preserved levels of phosphorylation of PTEN, the phophatase that negatively regulates Akt. As a consequence, Bcl‐2/Bcl‐xL‐associated death protein phosphorylation was increased and the protein level of Bcl‐2 in motochondria was maintained, which subsequently antagonize cytochrome c released in cytosol. LY294002 blocked the increase in phospho‐AKT evoked by Bai and abolished the associated protective effect. Together, these findings provide evidence that Bai protects neurons against ischemia injury and this neuroprotective effect involves PI3K/Akt and PTEN pathway.
Naturally occurring phytochemicals for the prevention of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Kim Jiyoung , Lee Hyong Joo , Lee Ki Won
Published: December 2009

J. Neurochem.(2010)112, 1415–1430.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an age‐related neurodegenerative disease increasingly recognized as one of the most important medical problems affecting the elderly. Although a number of drugs, including several cholinesterase inhibitors and an NMDA receptor antagonist, have been approved for use, they have been shown to produce diverse side effects and yield relatively modest benefits. To overcome these limitations of current therapeutics for AD, extensive research and development are underway to identify drugs that are effective and free of undesirable side effects. Certain naturally occurring dietary polyphenolic phytochemicals have received considerable recent attention as alternative candidates for AD therapy. In particular, curcumin, resveratrol, and green tea catechins have been suggested to have the potential to prevent AD because of their anti‐amyloidogenic, anti‐oxidative, and anti‐inflammatory properties. These polyphenolic phytochemicals also activate adaptive cellular stress responses, called ‘neurohormesis’, and suppress disease processes. In this commentary, we describe the amyloid‐β‐induced pathogenesis of AD, and summarize the intracellular and molecular targets of selected dietary phytochemicals that might slow the progression of AD.
Differential sensitivity of the inner ear sensory cell populations to forced cell cycle re‐entry and p53 induction
Authors: Sulg Marilin , Kirjavainen Anna , Pajusola Katri , Bueler Hansruedi , Ylikoski Jukka , Laiho Marikki , Pirvola Ulla
Published: December 2009

J. Neurochem. (2010) 112, 1513–1526.

Previous studies have shown that the maintenance of post‐mitotic state is critical for the life‐long survival of the inner ear mechanosensory cells, the hair cells. A general concept is that differentiated, post‐mitotic cells rapidly die following cell cycle re‐entry. Here we have compared the response of postnatal cochlear (auditory) and utricular (balance) hair cells to forced cell cycle reactivation and p53 up‐regulation. Forced S‐phase entry was triggered through the human papillomavirus‐16 E7 oncogene misexpression in explant cultures. It induced DNA damage and p53 induction in cochlear outer hair cells and these cells were rapidly lost, before entry into mitosis. The death was attenuated by p53 inactivation. In contrast, despite DNA damage and p53 induction, utricular hair cells showed longer term survival and a proportion of them progressed into mitosis. Consistently, pharmacological elevation of p53 levels by nutlin‐3a led to a death‐prone phenotype of cochlear outer hair cells, while other hair cell populations were death‐resistant. These data have important clinical implications as they show the importance of p53 in sensory cells that are essential in hearing function.
Cross‐talk between macro‐ and microcirculation
Authors: Safar M. E. , Struijker‐Boudier H. A.
Published: December 2009

Physiologically, macro‐ and microcirculation differ markedly as macrocirculation deals with pulsatile pressure and flow and microcirculation with steady pressure and flow. Various such haemodynamic aspects correspond to a large heterogeneity in the structure and function of the vascular tree. In the past, diseases such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus were classified on the basis of the structure and function of small and large arteries. The purpose of this paper is to review the cross‐talk between the micro‐ and macrocirculation. We shall discuss this cross‐talk from the perspective of the development, physiology and pathology of the entire arterial tree.
Expression of the costimulatory molecule B7-H3 is associated with prolonged survival in human pancreatic cancer
Authors: Loos Martin , Hedderich Dennis M , Ottenhausen Malte , Giese Nathalia A , Laschinger Melanie , Esposito Irene , Kleeff Jörg , Friess Helmut
Published: December 2009

Background

Costimulatory signaling has been implicated as a potential regulator of antitumor immunity in various human cancers. In contrast to the negative prognostic value of aberrant B7-H1 expression by pancreatic cancer cells, the role of B7-H3 is still unknown. Therefore, we investigated the expression pattern and clinical significance of B7-H3 expression in human pancreatic cancer.

Methods

B7-H3 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 68 patients with pancreatic cancer who underwent surgical tumor resection. Expression data was correlated with clinicopathologic features and with the number of tumor-infiltrating T cells.

Results

B7-H3 expression was significantly upregulated in pancreatic cancer compared to normal pancreas (p < 0.05). In 60 of 68 examined tumors B7-H3 protein was detectable in pancreatic cancer cells. Patients with high tumor B7-H3 levels had a significantly better postoperative prognosis than patients with low tumor B7-H3 levels (p = 0.0067). Furthermore, tumor B7-H3 expression significantly correlated with the number of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells (p = 0.018).

Conclusion

We demonstrate for the first time that B7-H3 is abundantly expressed in pancreatic cancer and that tumor-associated B7-H3 expression significantly correlates with prolonged postoperative survival. Our findings suggest that B7-H3 might play an important role as a potential stimulator of antitumor immune response in pancreatic cancer.
Composition of Trichiuridae and Gempylidae larvae (Teleostei) and their association with water masses in the Southwest Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Júnior Paulo , de Souza Christiane , Weiss Graciela
Published: December 2009

In this paper the relationship between temporal changes in the occurrence of water masses and Trichiuridae and Gempylidae larvae composition and distribution in the Southwest Atlantic ocean were analysed between 25° and 40° S. Ichthyoplankton was collected during the three expeditions of the Subtropical Convergence Project: Winter and Spring 1977, Autumn 1978 and Summer 1981, realized in the Southwest Atlantic waters. Oblique tows were conducted using a Hensen net with 250 μm mesh size. Steep salinity and temperature gradient were found, where the river outflows from La Plata river (Argentina) and Patos Lagoon (Brazil) met the Tropical Water over the continental shelf between 32 and 36° S. We examined 524 Hensen-net samples that contained about 283 larvae from five species of Trichiuridae and Gempylidae. The most abundant and frequent specie were Trichiurus lepturus Linnaeus 1758 and Diplospinus multistriatus Maul 1948. The mesopelagics species D. multistriatus, Nealotus tripes Johnson 1865 and Lepidopus altifrons Parin&Collette, 1993 were associated with Tropical Water. The benthopelagic T. lepturus and the epipelagic Thyrsitops lepidopoides (Cuvier 1832) were associated mainly with Coastal Water and Subtropical Shelf Water.
Micro-scale magnetic grains from shallow water sediments of the Gulf of Gdańsk
Authors: Uścinowicz Grzegorz
Published: December 2009

Three cores recovered from the Gulf of Gdańsk in 2006 contain magnetic spherules of different origins. According to their chemical compositions and morphological features the magnetic grains were divided into two groups: (1) anthropogenic spherules primarily composed of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3; (2) Fe-oxide spherules of extraterrestrial origin. These two groups are present in the surface sediments, indicating they are products of both man-made pollution and an influx of extraterrestrial matter. The presence of anthropogenic dust in the marine sediments is a record of pollution from nearby industrialized areas. On the basis of the presence of these spherules a tool could be developed for studying sedimentation rates in the marine sediments. However more precise studies are required to develop this method.
Environmental influence on maturation and dominance relationships in the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.): temperature competes with photoperiod for primacy
Authors: Sokołowska Ewa , Kulczykowska Ewa
Published: December 2009

In this study, the influence of a combination of different photoperiods and temperatures on the final maturation and social interactions in three-spined sticklebacks was investigated. Water temperature appears to be the principal signal affecting gonadal development and breeding activity of sticklebacks in pre-spawning and spawning periods. Males can mature independently of photoperiod and a stimulatory effect of high temperature is not diminished by light deprivation. On the other hand, low temperature can inhibit the development of secondary sexual characters in males exposed to long day or constant light. In females, lighting seems to be more decisive for complete maturation and the lack of light delays the maturation rate, even in high temperature. While kept under the same conditions, males mature quicker than females. The presence of light and visual information are crucial to establish the social position of individuals in the group. In light, a rigid social hierarchy with one dominant, sexually active male is observed. In constant darkness, however, several males in the group demonstrate every sign of sexual activity.
Phytoplankton species diversity of the Lower Vistula from Wyszogród to Toruń
Authors: Dembowska Ewa
Published: December 2009

In this paper, the results of research on phytoplankton species composition along the 145 km section of the Lower Vistula are presented. The research was carried out during the growing season in 1998. All sites were located in the mainstream, both in the river and in the dam reservoir, which is situated in the middle part of the studied river section. As regards the number of species, diatoms and green algae were the most numerous. Most of the species were identified at the site located above the dam reservoir. The fewest number of species were identified at the sites below the reservoir. Damming the river, and therefore changing the water flow velocity, had a clear effect on the species composition and diversity of plankton algae.
Effect of hydrological connectivity on the molluscan community structure in oxbow lakes of the Łyna River
Authors: Obolewski Krystian , Glińska-Lewczuk Katarzyna , Kobus Szymon
Published: December 2009

During 2004 and 2005 research on the malacocenoses existing in oxbow lakes differ in terms of hydrological connectivity was conducted in the valley of the Łyna River. The results showed that the connection of an oxbow lake with the river is the key factor influencing the abundance and biomass of molluscs in the lake. Three types of oxbow lakes representing lentic, semi-lotic and lotic environments were considered. In the lentic oxbow lake Mollusca was dominated by Potamapyrgus antipodarum Gray, the semi-lotic by Viviparus viviparus L., and the lotic by Pisidium sp. The most hospitable conditions for the molluscs' development were found in the semi-lotic reservoir where contact with the river was maintained by backwater in the downstream arm. The separation of the reservoir from the river caused a total reduction of the Bivalvia representatives. Diversity of the malacocenoses resulted mainly from different abilities to adapt to temporary oxygen deficits. Each type of oxbow lake is characterized by an individual pattern of oxygen distribution. To avoid anaerobic conditions and enable the development of biodiversity in floodplains, water bodies should be supplied by well-aerated river water.
The occurrence of lipolytic bacteria and the activity of extracellular lipases in a riverine ecosystem
Authors: Skórczewski Piotr , Mudryk Zbigniew
Published: December 2009

This study determined the numbers and distribution of heterotophic and lipolytic bacteria and the activity of lipases in the water of the Słupia River, in the section of the river that flows through the city of Słupsk. From spring to fall the mean number of heterotrophic bacteria remained at a relatively constant level (158.3 × 103 cells cm-3-169.4 × 103 cells cm-3), whereas in winter a sudden drop to only 18.3 × 103 cells cm-3 was found. The numbers of heterotrophic bacteria in the whole studied section of the river were similar. The mean number of lipolytic bacteria reached a maximum in spring (12.9 × 103 cells cm-3), was high in summer (10.5 × 103 cells cm-3), and reached a minimum (1.3 × 103 cells cm-3) in winter. Lipolytic bacteria accounted for only 5 to 8% of the total number of heterotrophic bacteria. No marked differences in the numbers of lipolytic bacteria were determined within the section of the river studied. The highest levels of lipase activity were determined in spring (18.9 nM MUF dm-3 h-1) and fall (19.9 nM MUF dm-3 h-1), while the lowest (11.0 nM MUF dm-3 h-1) were noted in winter. There were no differences in the level of activity of lipolytic enzymes among the sites studied.
Riverine water transformation during retention in small lowland reservoirs
Authors: Suchowolec Tomasz , Górniak Andrzej
Published: December 2009

Six small dam reservoirs in northeastern Poland, with different hydrologic and catchment characteristics were selected for research from March to October (2001-2003). There was a significant correlation between DOC and TP in the reservoirs and the water retention time (WRT). The highest values of electrical conductivity (EC) were recorded in reservoirs with an agricultural basin. In almost all reservoirs a statistically significant decrease of EC, compared to inflowing waters, was noted. Nitrates were substantially reduced in afforested catchment reservoirs. The highest TP concentration was recorded in a newly flooded reservoir. In reservoirs with long retention time, phosphorus sedimentation takes place more intensively. This caused phosphorus reduction in outflowing waters.
Changes of the concentrations of dissolved chemical compounds migrating into ground water through biogeochemical barriers in an agricultural landscape
Authors: Szajdak Lech , Życzyńska-Bałoniak Irena , Jaskulska Renata , Szczepański Marek
Published: December 2009

Forms of nitrogen (N-NO3
-, N-NH4
+, N-org) and phosphorus (P-PO4
-3, P-org) were investigated in ground and surface water as well as in precipitation and run-off. The highest concentration of all the investigated compounds was determined in the drain and in run-off. This investigation shows that afforestations and small ponds function as very efficient biogeochemical barriers with regard to N-NO3
- and P-PO4
-3. They do not, however, limit the spread of P-org.
The variability of macrophyte metrics used in river monitoring
Authors: Szoszkiewicz Krzysztof , Zbierska Janina , Staniszewski Ryszard , Jusik Szymon
Published: December 2009

The study aimed at estimating the reliability of river classification based on macrophytes under differentiated habitat conditions. The studies were carried out between 2002 and 2005, within the EU STAR project and two other local projects. Factors taken into consideration included: shading, habitat modification, and lengths of the survey sections. Polish lowland watercourses were surveyed. The analyzed streams represented a wide range of degradation. Several macrophyte-based metrics were evaluated, including major European systems (MTR, IBMR, TIM, MI, RI) and diversity metrics (number of species, Shannon diversity index, total cover). The reaction of the macrophyte-based metrics examined to habitat factors was compared. It was proved that some of the metrics appeared to be resistant to different sources of variability, thus confirming their usefulness for river monitoring.
Hydrochemical properties, bacterioplankton abundance and biomass in the meromictic Lake Starodworskie in 2004
Authors: Tandyrak Renata , Parszuto Katarzyna , Górniak Dorota , Kośnik Paweł
Published: December 2009

Physicochemical and microbiological examinations were conducted on the meromictic Lake Starodworskie located in Olsztyn. The temperature profile revealed a characteristic, small increase in temperature at a depth between 13 and 14 m, and permanent anaerobic conditions in the deeper water layers. Accumulation of dissolved mineral substances enhanced the thermal stability of the lake waters; electrolytic conductivity values in the water deeper than 15 m oscillated within the range of 533 - 568 μS cm-1.
Heavy metals in outflows from a sewage treatment plant and in waters and sediments of ponds supplied with them
Authors: Tucholski Stefan , Markiewicz Kazimierz , Markiewicz Emilia , Duda Marcin
Published: December 2009

The examination of total amounts of heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Cu, Pb, Cr, Ni, Zn) was conducted in the outflow from a sewage treatment plant and in the waters and sediments of ponds supplied with them. As the water passed through the pond system, a decrease of heavy metal concentrations in the post-treatment sewage water supplying the ponds was observed. The highest concentrations of heavy metals were found in the outflow from the sewage treatment plant and lower concentrations were observed in the water of pond 1 (except for Zn), which was the direct receiver of post-treatment sewage, while the lowest values were noted in the final pond. The concentration of heavy metals in the sediments decreased in consecutive ponds. The highest concentrations were determined in the sediment of pond 1 that received the post-treatment sewage directly from the sewage treatment outflow, whereas the lowest values were estimated in the sediments of pond number 4, which was the final pond in the system.
The effect of the ploidy level and genetic background of Sphagnum denticulatum on its morphology and ecological requirements
Authors: Melosik Iwona
Published: December 2009

This paper presents a current study on the morphology, genetic variability, and ecological requirements of the gametophytically diploid S. denticulatum (Bryophyta, Sphagnaceae). Its broad variations in morphology and physiology, coupled with its low genetic variability, may be explained by epigenetic remodeling in response to environmental heterogeneity.

Phenotypes initiated via a plastic response can be canalized in the stable and predictable conditions on the bottom of Lobelia lakes. The problem of the different development of these isolated populations is a matter for further taxonomic studies and discussion.

Taking into account the great physiological tolerance and massive development of S. denticulatum, predominantly in man-made and man-modified habitats, the question arises: how far should we go to protect this species? This is particularly important at sites where it threatens the survival of other protected plants.
Can popular systems of trophic classification be used for small water bodies?
Authors: Joniak Tomasz , Nagengast Barbara , Kuczyńska-Kippen Natalia
Published: December 2009

The aim of the study was to evaluate the trophic conditions of the waters of twelve small ponds based on the analysis of their physical and chemical parameters according to Carlson's Trophic State Index and OECD. Great differentiation in the trophic status of ponds located in different varieties of landscape was observed and ranged from mesotrophic to weak eutrophic conditions in mid-forest ponds and clay-pits, eutrophic conditions in pastoral ponds, and hypertrophic conditions in urban water bodies. Throughout the analysis, a number of limitations in the classification methods of trophic conditions in the examined water bodies were noted. The specific problems were the shallow depth of ponds, which often corresponded with the depth of the Secchi disc transparency, or the complete overgrowing of the pond water column by macrophytes.
Comparing the Probability of Unemployment in Southern Greece Vis-À-Vis the Entire Country
Authors: Rodokanakis Stavros
Published: December 2009

Comparing the Probability of Unemployment in Southern Greece Vis-À-Vis the Entire Country

The basic aim of this paper is to investigate the impact that educational level of individuals and participation in training programmes (apprenticeship, intra-firm training, continuing vocational training, popular training) have on their job prospects in Southern Greece (namely the regions of Southern Aegean and Crete) during the implementation of the first Community Support Framework (1989-1993). We also research the differences between the two regions under study and the entire country. We try to see whether the educational level itself and participation in training programmes increased the chances of finding a job. More specifically, we research what are the social and demographic characteristics that increase the chances of someone in the examined population finding a job, how those chances change (if they do) after the introduction of training courses and, also, whether University graduates, in contrast to most of the rest of the EU member states, face greater difficulties in finding a job than non-University graduates, as a series of studies for Greece conclude. To the author's knowledge, this is the first attempt to analyse individual anonymised records (micro-data) from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) for both employed and unemployed in those two regions at NUTS 2 level.
Lowest-Low Fertility in Japan: Consequences For A Once-Great Nation
Authors: Sutton Michael
Published: December 2009

Lowest-Low Fertility in Japan: Consequences For A Once-Great Nation

Japan, once a great economic superpower, is currently one of a number of countries experiencing lowest-low fertility, having a total fertility rate of less than 1.5. This demographic figure exists alongside two decades of low economic growth, undermining confidence in national integrity and longevity. The association of low growth and lowest-low fertility has provoked a contest between two visions for national rejuvenation - one an old and increasingly discredited liberalism, and the second, a new demographic conservatism. Japan's debate is not new or unique. Questioning the methods for national replacement and the relationship between fertility and national integrity remains a crucial aspect of nationalism in a globalized world. In the Japanese context, the contest is between two visions for the nation - on the one hand, a cautious nationalism with attendant liberal proclivities; on the other a more conservative vision for the role of women in the family and civic duties. The election of the Democratic Party of Japan (DJP) in 2009 saw fertility issues prominent in the election campaign. Nonetheless, recapturing the lost economic greatness and the role of fertility in definitions of Japanese nationalism remain unresolved and controversial issues.
Theories of Regional and Local Development - Abridged Review
Authors: Szajnowska-Wysocka Alicja
Published: December 2009

Theories of Regional and Local Development - Abridged Review
Rural Areas in Poland in The Context of Changes in Population Age Structure in 1996, 2001 and 2006
Authors: Szymańska Daniela , Biegańska Jadwiga , Gil Anna
Published: December 2009

Rural Areas in Poland in The Context of Changes in Population Age Structure in 1996, 2001 and 2006

The article presents changes in the rural age structures in Poland as observed in the years 1996, 2001 and 2006. The changes in population numbers are analysed with respect to age groups, the aging index and the old-age rate. Regarding its spatial scope, the article covers rural areas in Poland and the basic territorial units it uses are rural communes and the rural parts of mixed rural-urban communes that altogether amount to 2,171 units (as of 2006). The obtained results are discussed in a broader context of urban as well as countrywide age structures.
Is Houston Turning Green?
Authors: Zaninetti Jean-Marc
Published: December 2009

Is Houston Turning Green?

Houston metropolitan area is ranking now the 6th largest in the US, with a growth of 1 million people in 8 years. Despite its success story, Houston suffers from a long-standing environmental bad press. The city is well known for its lack of zoning. However, Houston officials display considerable efforts to "green" their city and improve its reputation. This new policy orientation raises interesting research questions about its effective adaptive capacity to the emerging pattern of sustainable development. This paper aims at assessing the strength and weaknesses of Houston metro area in the framework of the requirements of sustainable development.
Application of the Frier Distributed Model for Estimating the Impact of Land use Changes on the Water Balance in Selected Basins in Slovakia
Authors: Horvát Oliver , Hlavčová Kamila , Kohnová Silvia , Danko Michal
Published: December 2009

Application of the Frier Distributed Model for Estimating the Impact of Land use Changes on the Water Balance in Selected Basins in Slovakia

In this study, the FRIER rainfall-runoff model with distributed parameters was developed to assess changes in runoff and water balance due to changes in land use and climate. The water balance was calculated at 3 levels: on the surface and in unsaturated and saturated zones. Six basins from the central and eastern parts of Slovakia were selected on the basis of their similar size, but different topography, land use, soil texture and climate: the upper Hornád, the upper Hron, the Poprad, the Rimava, the Slaná and the Torysa River basins. Model parameters were estimated using data from the period from June 1998 to May 2000 in daily time steps. The differences and similarities of the hydrologic processes in individual basins were investigated during the calibration period. Several scenarios of changes in land use and two simple scenarios of changes in climate were developed to estimate the impact of these changes on water balance and runoff. The changes in the hydrological regime were compared and discussed.
Risks Due to Variability of K-Day Extreme Precipitation Totals and Other K-Day Extreme Events
Authors: Brunovský Pavol , Lapin Milan , Melicherčík Igor , Somorčík Ján , Ševčovič Daniel
Published: December 2009

Risks Due to Variability of K-Day Extreme Precipitation Totals and Other K-Day Extreme Events

Several alternative definitions of extreme events are proposed. As the first step a statistical analysis of daily precipitation measurement time series from the Hurbanovo SHMI Observatory and elaboration of potentially dangerous precipitation events is carried out. Then, combined characteristics based on daily temperature, daily air humidity and daily precipitation totals are computed. The drought index based on normalized deviations from long-term averages is defined. Alternatively, to define extreme events "Data envelopment analysis" (DEA) is employed withK-day periods of values of temperature, humidity and precipitation corresponding to decision making units. In this paper we have used the period ofK= 10 days for both methodologies for identification of extreme events. The results of all definitions of extreme events are compared.
Transforming Hydrographs in the Hillslope Subsurface
Authors: Šanda Martin , Císlerová Milena
Published: December 2009

Transforming Hydrographs in the Hillslope Subsurface

To reveal and evaluate the mechanism of transforming rainfall into runoff in the region, where the subsurface flow plays a dominant role in the runoff formation, a continuous hydrological and climatic data monitoring has been set-up in the experimental catchment Uhlířská (the Jizera Mountains, CR). The soil profile (Dystric Cambisol), formed on the weathered granite bedrock, is shallow and highly heterogeneous. Beside a standard catchment data observation a hillslope transect was instrumented to control the flow dynamics in the soil profile. From three soil horizons, the subsurface outflow is recorded in the subsurface trench. Adjacent to the trench the soil water suction is scanned by triplets of automatic tensiometers. Within the soil profile the unsaturated regime prevails, nevertheless the soil keeps almost saturated. Nearly simultaneous reaction of suction on a rainfall in all soil horizons implies a rapid vertical flow. Local preferential flow paths are conducting infiltrating water at significantly variable rates when saturation is reached. Groundwater table, soil moisture and subsurface runoff measured at the hillslope transect and the total outflow from the catchment, are correlated. The outflow from the catchment is dominantly controlled by soil moisture however the mechanism of its generation is not yet fully understood.
Health-related intensity profiles of Physical Education classes at different phases of the teaching/learning process
Authors: Bronikowski Michał , Bronikowska Małgorzata , Kantanista Adam , Ciekot Monika , Laudańska-Krzemińska Ida , Szwed Szymon
Published: December 2009

Health-related intensity profiles of Physical Education classes at different phases of the teaching/learning process

Study aim: To assess the intensities of three types of physical education (PE) classes corresponding to the phases of the teaching/learning process: Type 1 - acquiring and developing skills, Type 2 - selecting and applying skills, tactics and compositional principles and Type 3 - evaluating and improving performance skills.

Material and methods: A cohort of 350 schoolchildren, aged 13 years, from 3 selected urban schools in Poznań participated in the study. A total of 202 PE lessons was involved using heart rate (HR) monitors, one randomly selected subject per every class. Four intensity zones were assumed (<140, 140 - 159, 160 - 179, ≥180) and exercising time spent within each zone was measured.

Results: Type 2 classes induced the most pronounced cardio-respiratory responses irrespectively of the kind of sport activities thus enhancing the cardio-respiratory fitness.

Conclusions: Type 2 activities ought to be taken into consideration when designing PE curricula in order to avoid long runs of inadequate physiological stimuli.
Predictive diagenetic clay-mineral distribution in siliciclastic rocks as a tool for identifying sequence boundaries in non-marine successions: the Coalspur Formation, west-central Alberta
Authors: Khidir Ahmed , Catuneanu Octavian
Published: December 2009

Predictive diagenetic clay-mineral distribution in siliciclastic rocks as a tool for identifying sequence boundaries in non-marine successions: the Coalspur Formation, west-central Alberta

The study of upper Cretaceous-lower Tertiary fluvial deposits of the Coalspur Formation in the Foothills region of west-central Alberta reveals that the distribution of early authigenic kaolinite has a well-defined relation to the sequence stratigraphic framework. In this context, it has been observed that the kaolin mineral content increases in sandstones lying below subaerial unconformities, which mark the most significant stratigraphic hiatuses and hence the sequence boundaries in fully fluvial successions. The increased abundance of authigenic kaolinite immediately below sequence boundaries may have been caused by the infiltration of meteoric water during times of subaerial erosion, resulting in the dissolution of unstable minerals (e.g., micas and feldspar) and the formation of kaolinite and secondary porosity. It is therefore suggested that the change in clay mineral assemblages in the stratigraphic section depends in part on the position of the analyzed sandstone samples relative to the sequence boundaries. In a larger context, the method of using authigenic clays to delineate depositional sequences in non-marine successions needs to be evaluated on a case-by-case basis, as the diagnostic early diagenetic minerals underlying the sequence boundary may change as a function of palaeoclimate and also as a function of late diagenetic processes.
An Album of Sports Photography as a Treatise on "The Philosophy Of Sports"
Authors: Kossowska Anna
Published: December 2009

An Album of Sports Photography as a Treatise on "The Philosophy Of Sports"

The text discusses some attempts to present the most essential characteristics of sport with the use of selected photos showing human situations in different sports disciplines. Two albums are reviewed: the first one offering a more psychological aspect of sports processes, and the other focused more on the dramatic tension in sports and the challenges sport poses for the man. Composing such selected collections of photos is a significant method for presenting an image of sport as an organic cultural entity.
Truth in Sport
Authors: Michaluk Tomasz
Published: December 2009

Truth in Sport

The classical definition of truth, as the correspondence of something we can call facts and our image of them, applies to discussing those sports where a result is established by simple and unequivocal evaluation, based on sensory perceptions. In the most popular athletic contests, we do not perceive who wins, but we know the result of a measurement, which is later interpreted as the victory or taking a further place. The reading of a measuring device only represents the result, which does not mean that it really is the result. We do not know the real result; by reading the digits on the screen, we already read a sign. Subsequently, it can be interpreted as the sign of victory. We assume that by improving our measuring methods we approach the true representation of the results. It would be, however, naive, to claim that this process will lead to the measurement ceasing to represent and starting to be the represented object, unmediated through any signs. Therefore, apart from the classical conception of truth, we can define truth in sport semiotically as representation, and subsequently interpretation, of a sporting event, performed by the referees and spectators. In this definition truth is sanctioned by the referee's decision, not necessarily based on facts.

Some professional sports can be compared to science. A scientific experiment must observe strictly defined conditions and take into account factors valid for its course and results. The conditions of a "sporting experiment" are strictly defined and their correctness is guarded by men and machines. In science, the discovery of a falsehood disqualifies a given "scientific event"; in sport a mistake or breaking the rules can become a controversial decision or a refereeing mistake, and usually are not changed or reviewed, turning into the "truth of sport".
The World Health Organisation's Rationale for Physical Activity: a Philosophical Critique
Authors: Bloodworth Andrew , McNamee Mike
Published: December 2009

The World Health Organisation's Rationale for Physical Activity: a Philosophical Critique

The World Health Organisation's rationale for physical activity draws heavily on scientific evidence regarding disease and obesity. Greater philosophical reflection on such concepts, along with a recognition that supposed scientific facts are rarely value-free, allow for a more positive and considered argument for physical activity and its benefits. Olympism, Olympic culture, sports education, pedagogy of sport
Hook to the Chin
Authors: Kreft Lev
Published: December 2009

Hook to the Chin

Within historical avant-garde movements from the beginning of the 20th century, a curious taste and fascination for boxing burst out, and developed later into the claim that art must become more similar to boxing, or to sport in general. This fascination with pugilism in the early stage of its popularity on the continent included such charismatic figures of the Parisian avant-garde as Arthur Cravan, who was Oscar Wilde's nephew, a pretty good boxer and an unpredictable organizer of proto-dada outrages and scandals.

After WWI, the zenith of artists' and intellectuals' love for boxing was reached in Weimar Germany. One of the well known examples connecting boxing with art was Bertolt Brecht with his statement that we need more good sport in theatre. His and other German avant-garde artists' admiration for boxing included the German boxing star May Schmeling, who was, at least until he lost his defending championship match against Joe Louis, an icon of the Nazis as well. Quite contrary to some later approaches in philosophy of sport, which compared sport with an elite art institution, Brecht's fascination with boxing took its anti-elitist and anti-institutional capacities as an example for art's renewal.

To examine why and how Brecht included boxing in his theatre and his theory of theatre, we have to take into account two pairs of phenomena: sport vs. physical culture, and avant-garde theatre vs. bourgeois drama. At the same time, it is important to notice that sport, as something of Anglo-Saxon origin, and especially boxing, which became popular on the European continent in its American version, were admired by Brecht and by other avant-garde artists for their masculine power and energy. The energy in theatre, however, was needed to disrupt its cheap fictionality and introduce dialectical imagination of Verfremdungseffect (V-effect, or distancing effect). This was "a hook to the chin" of institutionalized art and of collective disciplinary morality of German tradition.
Body Culture
Authors: Eichberg Henning
Published: December 2009

Body Culture

In this article Author considers notion "body culture" — its role and place in the theory and practise of the specific kind of human movement activity related to variously conceived sport and physical culture. He researches this issue from the historical and contemporary point of view. He presents large theories on body and culture of Norbert Elias, Frankfurt School, phenomenology, Michael Foucault and Pierre Bourdieu context of justification. He analyses expression body culture also in the light of philosophy, sociology, anthropology, ethnology, psychology, education, linguistic, theology, politics and democracy assumptions.
Olympic Education as an Intergenerational Relation of the Third Degree
Authors: Pawłucki Andrzej
Published: December 2009

Olympic Education as an Intergenerational Relation of the Third Degree

Olympic education is a more complex social reality than is commonly thought to be the case. Olympic education, understood as a social relation, is expressive when it takes place between the three generations, and when its axiological leader: the Olympic pedagogue, engages all subjects of the Academy.

Olympic education must be constructed in such a way as to include both the act and the thought about the sense of the act. It must include the act of participation and the culture of actions through Olympic practice and the cultural awareness of the act. It must account for the cognitive capabilities of the pupil. Olympic students must participate in the adults' thoughts about cultural acts and in cultural acts themselves. Olympic education, like any other kinds of education, should encourage students to participate in the thoughts about cultural acts and cultural acts themselves. Education based exclusively on thoughts is not effective, and education based exclusively on acts is incomplete.

It is easier to imagine and provide students with education through sport than with education through the culture of sport. In everyday school practice, sport education is provided only through actions, through learning by doing. This duality of education: through culture and through action, is demonstrated to the Olympic pedagogue by the concept of universal good, which grants every member of the Olympic family access to the truth about himself or herself, access to the knowledge about the meaning of one's destiny. This concept concerns each subject to education in each relationship it experiences. The discursive deficit of the Olympic good in one such relationship destroys education as an intergenerational transfer of self-knowledge.
The Influence of Dualism and Pragmatism on Physical Education
Authors: Kudláček Martin
Published: December 2009

The Influence of Dualism and Pragmatism on Physical Education

Physical education is an area in which most professionals focus only on the body and its needs. Most PE teachers do not believe that having an understanding of philosophy is important in order to be a good teacher. One might ask why the physical educators think this. Looking at the history of philosophy we might find the answer within philosophy itself. Physical education is an unquestionable part of the school curriculum, but it does not have the same value as other subjects. The importance of PE is underestimated as school administrators stress the importance of academic subjects. The reason why physical education is so strongly separated from academic disciplines is because of its roots in ancient Greek times, when the soul was separated from the body. Medieval scholars stressed the importance of soul and cursed body as the nest of sins. From then on we have had dualism, a term which is widely adopted by western society. Dualism is so deep in us that we do not realize its impact any more. Other strong educational influence came from great thinkers such as: Comenius (1592-1670), Rousseau (1712-1778) and Dewey (1859-1952). Particularly Dewey's influence on American education, society, psychology, philosophy and way of life is significant. An importance of the experience is valued by Pragmatism. Pragmatists believe that the curriculum should be focused on the child and not on facts, they remind us about the role of education in society, and about the realization of the deep roots of division of our bodily and mental functions. The opportunities offered by the pragmatist's approach to education can help us to improve U.S. education, particularly physical education, and thus to use this to improve the state of American society.
Cypriot P.E. Teachers' Opinions on Occupational Prestige and Social Capital
Authors: Christodoulou Diana
Published: December 2009

Cypriot P.E. Teachers' Opinions on Occupational Prestige and Social Capital

Physical Education teachers have a special role in the community but sometimes their fellow citizens may not be conscious of it. This paper is based on research which was conducted in order to study P.E. teachers' opinions about the relationship between social capital and their employment in the different sectors. Another objective of this article is to find out how P.E. teachers perceive themselves in relation to other occupations and whether they are satisfied with their position in the Cypriot labour market. The methods applied for this research were documentary analysis and survey method, but it is essential to remark that this paper is based on a larger investigation. Two sub-samples were created in order to compare their opinions towards the three objectives of this study. Results indicate that according to P.E. teachers; medical doctors have the highest prestige in Cyprus. They also believe that social capital has a great influence on their employment at the Cypriot Sport Organization but it is important to note that the majority of them are satisfied with their position in the labour market. This paper provides some evidence about the opinions and feelings of Cypriot P.E. teachers.