bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Y
Authors: Ellis Peter Berresford
Published: November 2023

Yspaddaden Pencawr. [W] “Chief Giant,” whose daughter is Olwen. In the story of “Culhwch and Olwen,” the stepmother of Culhwch ap Cilydd ordains that he will never win a wife until he wins the love of Olwen. Culhwch sets out to the court of his cousin, Arthur, and requests that Arthur help him in his quest to find and win Olwen. For a year Arthur’s messengers scour the country until news of her whereabouts is obtained. Then Cei, Bedwyr, Cynddelig, Cyfarwydd, Gwrhyr Gwalstawd Ieithoedd, Gwalchmei, and Menw set out with Culhwch to the great fortress of the giant. On the way they meet a shepherd, Custennin, and stay with him. With his wife’s connivance, Olwen comes to meet them. But she cannot leave without her father’s permission.
Or Market As Cause?
Authors: Blau Joel
Published: November 2023

Of all the recent market-based initiatives ostensibly intended to halt further downward mobility, none is more remarkable than the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996. Signed into law by President Clinton, the act terminated the old program of Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) and replaced it with a bill that relies on the market to fortify the work ethic and moral backbone of the poor-mostly, of poor women. The law ended the federal entitlement to assistance that dated to the Social Security Act of 1935. It requires that by 2002, 50 percent of one-parent families, and 90 percent of two-parent families, participate in work activities. It also limits the maximum allowable time for receipt of public assistance to a total of five years. Had these provisions been put forth during the Reagan administration, most Republican conservatives would have admired their forthrightness but viewed them as wistfully impractical. Just one decade transformed the politics of welfare reform. By then, even though his own Department of Health and Human Services declared that it would propel another 1.1 million children into poverty, it was William Jefferson Clinton, a Democratic president, who signed the bill into law.
The Urge to Outrage: The Rhetoric of Scandal
Authors: Snodgrass Chris
Published: November 2023

HEARDSLEY “was never really bad,” Aymer Vallance once tried to explain, “He had a sort of impishly mischievous pleasure in shocking people-that was all” (Hind, UWxxii). The Victorian public may well have disagreed with Vallance’s assessment of Beardsley’s character, but it certainly did find Beardsley’s designs shocking. Leslie’s Weeklythought his art a “revolution” that stood for “the apotheosis of the ugly, the exaltation of the grotesque”; he had “undoubtedly struck out boldly for himself, with the determination to abjure all the new gods as well as the old” (90). The Westminster Reviewfound “everywhere” in Beardsley’s work “the cynic leer of fin-de-siecle decadence” (596). While Beardsley may not have been quite as avid a disciple of the revolutionary Friedrich Nietzsche as many of his compatriots (such as Havelock Ellis, whose articles on the nineties’ favorite philosopher had been given a prominent place in The Savoy),his defamiliarizing pictures championed the perspective of Nietzsche’s “new aristocracy,” whose duty it was to effect a general “transvaluation of values.”1 Indeed, Yeats attributed the sad fate of most nineties avant-garde artists to having been lashed in the public mind to Beardsley’s scandalizingly disconcerting images (Autobiography216).
“Publick Fathers” and Cursing Sons
Authors: Kamensky Jane
Published: November 2023

In a sense, preaching caused the death of John Cotton. Late in 1652, as he journeyed across the Charles River “to preach a sermon at Cambridge,” Cotton “took wet in his passage over the ferry.” When it came time to deliver the homily, he noticed “a failing of his voice . . . which ever until now had been a clear, neat, audible voice, and easily heard in the most capacious auditory.” He would never recover; from his throat to his lungs, the affliction proceeded apace. Soon, those who longed to hear the “gracious words that proceeded out of” the “mouth” of this “publick father” would have to content themselves with whispers from his deathbed. At the end, he met his ultimate voicelessness peacefully, “lying speechless a few hours” before breathing “his blessed soul into the hands of his heavenly Lord.”
Saying and Unsaying
Authors: Kamensky Jane
Published: November 2023

Nathan Webster’s neighbors had little respect for his authority and still less regard for his word. Webster was a liar, and worse: a man who spoke in an imperious, domineering manner, using the verbal prerogatives of his office as constable of Bradford, Massachusetts, as a pretext for berating the town’s inhabitants. As he himself put it, he often “fell to wording of it.” By 1681 (and doubtless long before), many in Bradford had grown weary of the constable’s verbal pyrotechnics. Coming together in groups of two, three, or more, standing in the fields or sitting by their hearth fires, they considered how best to salve the wounds Webster’s words had inflicted upon “so many honist men.” During one such discussion, Webster’s sister-in-law assured a neighbor, John Tenney, that her kinsman was “sory” for his conduct-implying, Tenney supposed, that regret alone could undo the damage Webster had done to the common peace.
Resonance Enhancen1ent
Authors: Sarid Dror
Published: November 2023

This chapter presents the theory of interaction of a tip mounted on a vibrating lever and an inhomogeneous external force where the mechanical resonance of the lever plays a major role in the response of the system. We start by describing the basic equations governing the operation of a bimorph used to position and vibrate the lever. Next, we introduce the concept of an effective spring constant, which accounts for force derivatives acting on a sharp tip attached to the lever. We then solve the equation of forced motion of the damped lever for three cases. In the first case, the lever, which is mounted on a vibrating bimorph, interacts with a force derivative, and its amplitude of vibration is monitored by a probe. In the second case, the lever is made to vibrate by means of the force derivative belonging to a vibrating sample and its amplitude is monitored by a probe. In the third case, the force derivative, belonging to a vibrating tip of a scanning tunneling microscope, induces a vibration in the lever whose amplitude is monitored by the tunneling current. We plot the response of each system as a function of the exciting frequency and as a function of the force derivative and discuss the results. For clarity, we use in the examples the parameters a = 1, k ““ I N/m, and Q= IO where a, k, and Qare the amplitude of vibration of the bimorph, the spring constant of the lever, and its quality factor, respectively, and the operating frequency w is scaled to that of the resonance frequency of the free lever. Also, the frequency plots have a force derivative equal to 0.5 N/m, while the force derivative plots have a frequency equal to the resonance frequency of the free lever, and the curves showing the derivatives of the amplitude are arbitrarily scaled.
Polarization Detection System
Authors: Sarid Dror
Published: November 2023

The polarization detection system (Schonenberger and Alvarado 1990a and Anselmetti et al. 1992), shown schematically in Fig. 9.1, which is similar to that of den Boef (1989, 1990, 1991), differs from the other optical detection systems in that the amplitude of vibration of the lever is first converted into a polarization modulation that is subsequently converted into amplitude modulation. The conversion from polarization to amplitude modulation is carried out by two polarizing prisms rotated 45° relative to each other that produce an interference between s- and p-polarized fields. The output from the differential system, which has a common-mode rejection that cancels most of the laser noise, is used to image the forces across the sample. (Hane et al. 1990 show a system using two gratings to direct the light on both ends of the lever.)
Magnetic Force Microscopy
Authors: Sarid Dror
Published: November 2023

Chapter 12 describes the principles of operation of magnetic force microscopy, which maps magnetostatic forces across the surface of a sample. Note that the interaction between a tip and a magnetic sample can also be probed using the STM (Allenspach et al. 1987, Allenspach and Bischof 1989, Wiesendanger et al. 1990, 1992, Moreland and Rice 1990b, 1991, Yi et al. 1992, DiCarlo et al. 1992, and Watanuki et al. 1992). These forces, which can be either attractive or repulsive, act between the magnetic tip supported by the flexible lever and the magnetic sample. We start with the basic theory of magnetostatics and give several examples that represent relevant cases. These include the interaction of two dipoles, the field of a uniformly magnetized sphere, and the interaction of the tip with magnetic lines written on storage media. Next we develop the theory of operation of scanning force microscopy and derive general expressions for bimorph-driven, sample-driven, and voltage-driven lever systems. The amplitude of vibration of the lever is obtained in terms of the parameters of the system and the resultant signal-to-noise ratio is discussed. We then present experimental results where polar and longitudinal magnetic domains across a sample, and magnetic fields across a recording head have been mapped. We conclude with a summary that gives working equations for each system. For recent developments, see for example Gri.itter et al. (1992), Sidles et al. (1992), Rugar et al. (1992), Volodin and Marchevsky (1992), and Goddenhenrich et al. (I 992).
Franklin Roosevelt and the Fifth Column
Authors: Macdonnell Francis
Published: November 2023

During a two-year period (from 1940 through 1942), President Franklin Roosevelt repeatedly spoke out on the gravity of the Trojan Horse menace; he warned that enemy agents had already slipped into the U.S. and were threatening to destroy the nation from within. Roosevelt also took pains to assure the public that his administration was working hard to block such nefarious activity. Through his policymaking and rhetoric, FDR played a more influential role in shaping popular attitudes toward the Fifth Column than did any other single individual.
Wealth
Authors: Konstan David
Published: November 2023

On the level of action, Aristophanes’ Plutus (Wealth), produced in 388 B.c., is not rich in conflict. From the beginning, it is clear that the good citizen Chremylus will gain the god of wealth as his ally, and such obstacles as he encounters in Wealth’s own cowardice or the opposition of ill-wishers, including the goddess Poverty, are easily disposed of. The narrative line of Chremylus’ progress, and that of his demesmen, is direct: he restores sight to the blind Plutus, holds a greedy sycophant at bay, dispenses good fortune liberally and with a benign wink at petty squabbling, and finally establishes the god in the city treasury-the temple of Athena on the acropolis-for the benefit of all Athens. How¬ ever, this straightforward trajectory, broadly conforming to the formula of Aristophanes’ other utopian comedies, conceals a fundamental thematic tension between two quite different conceptions of the nature of want and sufficiency that are phased in and out throughout the argument. The first, in the order of narrative presentation in the text, represents wealth and poverty as a function of unequal social distribution. The rich achieve their wealth at the expense of the honest poor, who are poor because they remain honest. The second conception is predicated on a notion of universal scarcity, as a result of which all alike are more or less indigent. The solutions to these two ways of representing poverty are correspondingly different: the first, or social, conception invites a program of redistribution;
Self-Tormentor
Authors: Konstan David
Published: November 2023

In New Comedy, a bride is presumed to be a virgin at the time of marriage (or, more accurately, at the time of her first marriage); if she has been violated, it is by the man who is destined to become her husband. A courtesan, on the contrary, has relations with several men, and this renders her ineligible as a conjugal partner. For the courtesan, more¬ over, love is a business, and whatever the romantic feelings that may occasionally be attributed to her, her relationships with men are in the first instance commercial. This is the basis for the common characterization of the hetaera as greedy. Marriage stands outside such mercantile transactions. Far from being acquisitive, the marriageable woman seems almost to be devoid of motives altogether. She is the object of another’s desire, and it is she who is transferred from one party to another in the conjugal transaction. The courtesan engages as an agent in the sphere of economic circulation, selling the use of herself to a purchaser, while the bride is passively given, along with a dowry, by her father or nearest male relative to the authority of her husband.
Pennsylvania State Correctional Institution at Camp Hill
Authors: Useem Bert , Camp Camille Graham , Camp George M
Published: November 2023

On October 26, 1989, the Governor of Pennsylvania telephoned the authorities at Camp Hill to congratulate them for a job well done. The previous night, they had successfully terminated a brief but serious riot by negotiating the release of hostages. The institution had been peacefully secured, and the situation was calm.

A few hours after this call, inmates seized more hostages and took control of most of the facility. By early the following morning, much of the prison was in ruin. The disappointment and shock produced by this second riot proved to be the catalyst for important changes in the Pennsylvania correctional system.
Arizona State Prison Complex, Cimarron Unit
Authors: Useem Bert , Camp Camille Graham , Camp George M
Published: November 2023

This one-hour disturbance by inmates at Cimarron Unit of the Arizona State Prison Complex at Tucson initially pitted inmates against inmates. It began as a fight over a cigarette lighter and escalated into a giant brawl. When prison officials intervened, inmates turned on them, and force had to be used to end the disturbance.

The Arizona State Prison at Tucson is a complex that houses 2,400 inmates in four semiautonomous units. A warden administers the complex as a whole, with each unit under the direction of a deputy warden. A number of support services are shared. For example, the Tactical Support Unit, a unit specially trained to handle riots, is staffed by members from the entire complex.

The riot was confined to the Cimarron Unit, the last of the four units to come on line (in 1986). Department officials considered the cell blocks at Cimarron to be more secure than those in the state’s other mediumsecurity facilities. Thus, Cimarron received the more difficult to manage medium-custody inmates, including gang members.
Australia, 1987: The First World Solar Challenge
Authors: Sherman Joe
Published: November 2023

Good air, or the lack of it, might have been the main driver behind the technologies James Worden and his teammates worked on at MIT in 1986 and 1987, but getting vehicles built in a less-than-ideal environment was what made them run. Or race, as it was. For what Worden and his team really loved to do was race solar cars. “It’s in my blood,” Worden saiq. In the summer of 1987, the team raced Solectria IV in the Swiss Tour de Sol.
1989-1992: Solectria’s First Years in# Business
Authors: Sherman Joe
Published: November 2023

The synergistic forces-California’s ZEV mandate, the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, the Northeast states’ seeking a clean air model and finding it in California, and GM implying it had a great clean car in the works for the future-all helped tiny Solectria Corporation keep afloat in a business atmosphere of subdued optimism. The opportunities for success, both James Worden and Anita Rajan realized, now went well beyond supplying inquisitive university teams with parts and advice. Extrapolating from the ZEV mandate and from the momentum that seemed to be building behind EV technologies, it seemed reasonable to speculate that tens of thou sands of EVs might be on America’s roads at the end of the century.
A Regulatory Minefield: The Ozone Transport Tale
Authors: Sherman Joe
Published: November 2023

Throughout 1992 and 1993, Solectria and the emerging industry in which the company was a youth-driven player with a technological edge and a lot to learn about business came into being not only because of air pollution and its impact on technology development but also because of the Pentagon’s need for quieter machines and America’s need for new jobs. The Pentagon’s need sprang from the Persian Gulf War. After the brief war, a light came on in the heads of some Pentagon planners.
“No Zero-Emission Vehicle Mandate Is a Stake In the Heart”
Authors: Sherman Joe
Published: November 2023

During the summer of 1994, as the Ozone Transport Commission hearings dragged on, Solectria lost confidence that the final out come of the bureaucratic charade would be favorable to its own success. One hot afternoon in mid-August, a dispirited Arvind Rajan said, “No ZEV mandate is a stake in the heart.” James Worden was n’t quite as pessimistic. “I think the EPA will waffle for a long time over a ruling,” he said. “If half the money that’s being spent was spent on actually developing vehicles, we’d have twenty good vehicles for sale right now-whether there were man dates or not.”
Anaheim, 1994: Twelfth International Electric Vehicle Symposium
Authors: Sherman Joe
Published: November 2023

As one entered Los Angeles from the air, the city looked like a colossal salute to auto mobility. Scattered subdivisions clung to hills, commercial and industrial areas were neatly circumscribed by ribbons of asphalt. In the air there was only a mild haze: Santa Ana winds had blown most of the smog out to sea. The World Electric Vehicle Association’s twelfth biennial meeting officially opened at the original Disneyland on Walt Disney’s birth day, December 5. Over a thousand of the world’s EV elite, including engineers, policy makers, executives, and a few scattered loonies, the largest gathering of them ever, had come to the “Happiest Place in the World,” as Disneyland billed itself.
May 1995: The Seventh NESEA American Tour de Sol
Authors: Sherman Joe
Published: November 2023

Worden raced Sunrise for the first time in late May, in the Seventh American Tour de Sol. The tour began in down-and-out Waterbury, Connecticut, onetime brass capital of the United States, and ended in the trendy seaside town of Portland, Maine. Entered in the com muter category, against twenty other competitors, Sunrise ran on Ovonics nickel-metal hydride batteries, similar to those used in the Solectria Force RS the year before. The car was favored to win its category, but on the second day of the tour, between Northampton, Massachusetts, and Keene, New Hampshire, Worden got ticketed for speeding. Not by a cop, but by a race official. Penalized, Sunrise dropped into second place.
The Construction of Problems and Panics
Authors: Jenkins Philip
Published: November 2023

In 1985, Gilbert Gauthe, a Roman Catholic priest from rural Louisiana, was tried on multiple counts of child molestation. Over the next two years, the story was widely reported as a glaring instance of the serious and predatory nature of child sexual abuse and an illustration that the behavior could affect virtually any individual in any community. At first, there was little suggestion in the media that Gauthe was typical of a large section of the clergy in general, or of Catholic clergy in particular. Matters changed radically over the next decade, so that by 1992 and 1993 it was difficult to find a mainstream periodical or news program that had not covered the phenomenon of “clergy sexual abuse,” often repeatedly and in detail. This is a model example of a social problem that undergoes mushroom growth, receiving virtually no attention from media or policy makers before about 1984-1985, yet becoming a major focus of public concern within a few years.
The Ascetic Impulse
Authors: Diefendorf Barbara B
Published: November 2023

The penitential asceticism that surged with the League did not quickly abate. During the decade that followed the League’s fall, an increasing number of women responded to the continued call from the pulpit to abandon life’s vanities in favor of more spiritually rewarding pastimes. None did so more dramatically than Antoinette d’Orle´ans de Longueville, a sister of the Longueville princesses held captive in Amiens, who shocked all of elite society by running away in October 1599 to join the famously ascetic Feuillantine convent of Sainte-Scholastique in Toulouse. Kissing her young sons good-bye, she told family and friends that she was going on pilgrimage to fulfill a sacred vow, knowing that if they learned her true plans they would spare no effort in foiling them. Wanting only “to embrace God’s cross,” she traded her silken gowns for a coarse woolen habit, soft beds for bare wooden planks, and rich meals for a meager diet of black bread and bitter greens. If Antoinette d’Orle´ans’s seventeenth-century biographer can be believed, she not only endured but relished the mortifications she experienced as a Feuillantine. She “never had her fill of hair-shirts, scourges, and other corporal penitences” and took special pleasure in serving the other sisters in the refectory because this allowed her to mortify her-self more freely without its being noticed.
Torah, Written and Oral
Authors: Kraemer David
Published: November 2023

The talmudic sugya communicates by means of detailed argumentation, in which details provide the bricks and give-and-take the mortar of the final talmudic structure. The meaning of the communication depends upon both the nature of the bricks and how they are assembled, and it is essential to attend to both before any claims about the Talmud’s meaning may be made. What sorts of “bricks” are chosen? Do they repeat? Do they have the same function in different contexts? And so forth. These are all questions which the reader/student must ask. Moreover, as I suggested in the preceding chapter, the Talmud demands that the reader provide some of the “mortar” himself. He must therefore also ask where gaps are left in the Talmud’s “masonry” and what the significance of these gaps may be. Always—we, as readers, insist-there will be a meaning in this construction.
The Difference a Lens Makes
Authors: Kraemer David
Published: November 2023

What difference does a lens make? To answer this question, I now turn to other readings of texts I have read above, seeking to illustrate how different choices—different guesses concerning the genre of the text at hand—yield radically different conclusions.

I begin with Jacob Neusner’s reading of the sugya examined in chapter 3 (B.Q. 83b–84a). In his ongoing work on the Bavli, Neusner’s operative assumption (his “genre guess”) has been that the Bavli is a Mishnah commentary. Not surprisingly, his reading of the present sugya supports this assumption/conclusion is all of its details. Neusner’s immediate comments on the text at hand are these:
Faith and Ideology
Authors: Nasr Seyyed Vali Reza
Published: November 2023

The development of the Jama’at-i Islami and the success of Islamic revivalism depended in part on Mawdudi’s ability to articulate his political program effectively. His writings disseminated his ideas far and wide, cultivating a following for his views, particularly among the educated, and placing his arguments at the center of Muslim intellectual and political debate. For his followers, these texts became the principal means of learning about Islam, distinguishing them from other Muslims, and defining the party.
A New Islam?
Authors: Nasr Seyyed Vali Reza
Published: November 2023

The scope and extent of Mawdudi’s rationalization and modernization of lslamic thought and the manner in which he incorporated Western ideas and concepts into his ideology set him apart from the traditional perspective based on timehonored Islamic norms and institutions.1 As a result, Mawdudi’s ideology has often been regarded by traditional scholars and divines as unorthodox. The Jama’at and the traditional institutions in South Asia certainly have competing and mutually exclusive definitions of religious truth, as each vies to shape social institutions in its own image-posturing as “sect” before a “church,” to use terms from the sociology of religion.
An Old Mandate in a New Age: Mawdudi’s Authority
Authors: Nasr Seyyed Vali Reza
Published: November 2023

The Jama’at-i Islami and Mawdudi’s prolific writings have given his ideology the reach it needed to become known in Muslim society. Their importance suggests that, ultimately, Mawdudi’s authority was legal-rational in nature.1 Many were drawn to Mawdudi by his intelligence, erudition, creativity, and selfreliance. He was not from the beginning the hardened leader that his followers later found him to be. In his earlier years, he had a different disposition, reflected, for example, in his love of poetry, especially that of Ghalib.
Muddling Through
Authors: Dallek Robert
Published: November 2023

IN THE THREE MONTHS after the Senate rejected membership in the World Court, events abroad fanned American fears of war. In February 1935, Mussolini responded to a two-month-old border dispute with Ethiopia by sending additional forces to Italian East Africa. In March, Berlin openly repudiated the disarmament clauses of the Versailles Treaty by revealing the existence of a German air force and plans to build a 550,000-man army. In response, France doubled the existing period of service for conscripts, and the League voted to consider economic and financial measures against any state endangering the peace. “These are without doubt the most hair-trigger times the world has gone through in your lifetime or mine,” FDR wrote• Ambassador Breckinridge Long in Rome. “I do not even exclude June and July 1914.”These developments, coupled with a $1.1 billion defense request by FDR, the largest peacetime budget in American history, stirred American pacifists to fresh actions. “We are rapidly sinking to the level of Hitler and Mussolini in our bowing down before the God of war,” Oswald Garrison Villard, the editor of the Nation,complained. “That a Chris tian nation such as we pretend to be ... is actually planning to spend $1,125,000,000 ... upon military and naval expenditures ... when . . . more than 20,000,000 Americans are on the bread line and in receipt of doles, is one of the most humiliating and discouraging happenings of recent years.” Arguing that the United States was in no danger of invasion, students, clergymen, and women’s groups warned that so large a defense budget signified an intent to make war.
Limited Influence
Authors: Dallek Robert
Published: November 2023

IN THE DAYS AND weeks after Munich, Roosevelt joined the “mass of mankind” in a “universal sense of relie’f” that peace had been pre served. Overjoyed that they had been spared the “abomination” of an other total war, people everywhere showered Chamberlain with expressions of approval: letters, flowers, poems, umbrellas, and fishing rods “rained in on Downing Street”; the Dutch sent tulips; the Belgians struck a medal to the “apostle of peace”; someone requested “a piece of his umbrella to make a relic in a Greek icon”; and city councils across Britain named streets in his honor. “We in the United States,” Roosevelt wrote Mackenzie King in Canada, “rejoice with you, and the world at large, that the outbreak of war was averted.”Though Roosevelt also had hopes that Munich might bring “a new order based on justice and law,” he invested little faith in the idea. He principally saw Munich as an interlude between threats in which the democracies must rearm. Others shared his belief. Hitler was bent on world domination and would not be satisfied with his Czech gains, Assistant Secretary of State George Messersmith told FDR. Premier Edouard Daladier, Bullitt reported from Paris, anticipated new German demands within six months and intended now, above all, to build French military strength, especially in the air. “Daladier ... realizes fully that the meeting in Munich was an immense diplomatic defeat for France and England and recognizes that unless France can recover a united national spirit ...a fatal situation will arise within the next year.” “Do not suppose that this is the end,” Winston Churchill warned in England. “This is only the beginning of the reckoning. This is only the first sip, the first foretaste of a bitter cup which will be proffered to us year by year unless, by a supreme recovery of moral health and martial vigor, we arise again and take our stand for freedom as in the olden time.”
Pearl’s Kitchen
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: November 2023

Jason McKendrick crawled wearily into the back of the van. He wanted just a moment to be alone with his thoughts. It had been such a long evening, though not so different from the others. The sounds and the smells and the faces still crowded in front of his eyes. That old man with the purple pillow case. Mary, poor Mary, hmmm, always a smile. The new guy (or had he been there before?), shy at first. But yeah, he brightened up. So many tonight, probably more than a hundred. Well, but it’s cold. Freezing out here. That always brings them in. Liquor. Keeps you warm. The stench. Never will get used to it. Megan. Glad she came along. She’s cute, smart, could be a model.
Thinking About the Future
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: November 2023

Are America’s young people being encouraged to “dream bigger” as they do volunteer work and are drawn into community service projects? Or are they simply being kept off the street, away from the mall, and being used to per­ form tasks that nobody else wants to do?These are hard questions. But we must confront them and, one hopes, in a way that will encourage young people to benefit from their volunteer experiences and that will help teachers, clergy, and leaders of community agencies to enrich these experiences.
The Reduction of the Prohibition of m. AZ 1:1 in the Diaspora
Authors: Hayes Christine Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

In the following example the Talmuds explicitly articulate divergent halakhah for Jews in Palestine and for Jews in the diaspora while disagreeing on the details of this divergence. Two specific halakhic differences will occupy us. The first is the difference in the number of days prior to a non-Jewish festival during which it is prohibited to carry out certain transactions with non-Jews. According to the Yerushalmi, three prior days are prohibited in Palestine and one prior day in Babylonia. According to the Bavli, three prior days are prohibited in Palestine but only the festival day itself is prohibited in the diaspora. The second difference is the manner in which the stricter minority view of R. Yishmael, recorded in m. AZ 1:2, is treated in the two Talmuds. In the Yerushalmi it is neutrally explored but in the Bavli it appears to be discredited.
Temple Women as Temple Patrons
Authors: Orr Leslie C
Published: November 2023

This IO kaḻaṉcu of gold was received by the Lord of the holy temple. Thus we, the worshipers (upāsakar) at this holy temple, will be responsible for this grant as long as the moon and stars shall shine. May the paṉmāheśvarar protect this endowment.
Temple Women as Temple Servants
Authors: Orr Leslie C
Published: November 2023

Under the new arrangement, (a certain amount of) land is assigned for [maintaining] perpetual lamps and another plot of land, bordering it, is set aside as a garden for areca nuts, coconuts, and flowers.
The Question of Worldview
Authors: Bacon Jean
Published: November 2023

All people carry with them a worldview, a sense of how the social world is organized. All people carry with them a sense of what a person is and how persons are related to one another and to the entire complex of social relations that constitute society. This worldview is the product of a person’s experience in his or her culture of origin. To the extent that people share a cultural milieu that surrounds and delimits their particular experiences of language, religion, caste, gender, family, education, work, and politics, they share the worldview constitutive of their common cultural background. Certainly, there is great variety in the ways individuals within a common culture think about their social world. I believe, however, that people who share a cultural background understand the way their culture thinks about social relationships. Even one who holds views different from most people, or different from his or her parents, still understands what “most people” or “parents” are thinking. There is a shared understanding, if not acceptance, of the dominant worldview.
Problems Talk: The Rhetoric of Adjustment in the Immigrant Press
Authors: Bacon Jean
Published: November 2023

In public forums and panel discussions, in the youth columns of the immigrant press, there is a standard way of discussing the adjustment problems faced by “the youth” in the Indian community. Unlike the organizational problems of the first generation or the adjustment problems of immigrants, which only make occasional appearances in public forums or print media, the problems of the second generation are very public and are discussed incessantly.
The Iyengars: Historical Indians
Authors: Bacon Jean
Published: November 2023

Lakshmi: If we had given more Indian culture, Bob wouldn’t be walking around in a leather jacket.

Shivan: You are always going to have doubts even if you did not have a second culture involved. Maybe if we had taught him more Indian culture, he would have turned out slightly different. But maybe this way he’s going to get assimilated a hell of a lot easier into the society in which he is going to live. A lot better than we have been. He’s more comfortable, at ease, with it. That’s the life that our staying here has made for him. And if this is the norm for kids his age in the society, why should I ...
The Kumars: Compromise
Authors: Bacon Jean
Published: November 2023

The Kumars are practicing Christians who emigrated from Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, in the late 1970s, with three children in tow. They did not come “for a few years” with the idea of returning to India.1 Unlike most Indian immigrant families of the late ‘60s and early ‘70s, Ravi and Ratna Kumar were not a young couple whose emigration was contingent upon a decision to break away from their parents in India. Instead, Ravi’s mother, widowed for six or seven years, had been the first in the family to move to the United States. It was she who encouraged her four sons in India and their families to join her there. Within a few years of Ravi’s mother’s immigration, the entire family had been reunited in Chicago and lived together in the apartments of a three-flat.
Writing and Scripts in India
Authors: Salomon Richard
Published: November 2023

The history of writing in India, insofar as it applies to the material treated in this book, is essentially coextensive with the history of the Brāhmī script and its many derivatives, and of the Kharothī script. While the latter, though important in its day, was a regional script which died out without any descendants, the former is the parent of one of the major script families of the world, comprising not only all of the indigenous scripts of South Asia (as opposed to those of Perso-Arabic or European origin) but also several other major scripts of central and especially Southeast Asia. While the processes of development of these scripts will not be presented in detail in this book (this being, as explained in the preface, primarily a work on epigraphy rather than paleography), the general outlines of these developments, particularly as they relate to epigraphy proper, are presented in the context of a general discussion of the history of epigraphic writing in India.
The Languages of Indic Inscriptions
Authors: Salomon Richard
Published: November 2023

In early Indian inscriptions the Prakrit, or, more precisely, the Middle Indo-Aryan (MIA) languages predominated. Indeed, from about the third to the first century B.c. these were the only languages in epigraphic use, and they continued to predominate for at least two centuries more, and longer in some regions. It was only in the early centuries of the Christian era that the “mixed dialect,” or “Epigraphical Hybrid Sanskrit” (EHS), and Sanskrit began to appear, and for several centuries all three-MIA, EHS, and Sanskrit-were in use simultaneously. But the latter two gradually gained the upper hand over the Prakrits, and then Sanskrit gradually superseded both Prakrit and EHS (see 3.3.1-3.3.7). Thus the Prakrits practically ceased to be epigraphic languages by the early fourth century A.D. in northern India, and about a century later in the south.
Methods of Epigraphic Study
Authors: Salomon Richard
Published: November 2023

Ideally, an epigraphist should study and edit an inscription from the original stone, copper plate, or other surface on which it is written. In practice, however, this is often not practically feasible, so that the editor must rely on some means of reproduction of the original. Of course, even if one does have access to the original, a reproduction should be made for future use and for publication, since a published edition of an inscription should include a good illustration of the original along with the edited transcript, to enable the readers to check the editor’s readings.
Introduction: The Unity of Social Laws
Authors: Sann Tamara
Published: November 2023

We know that the first to set out the principles of historiography and the methods of historical criticism were Western historians such as Niebuhr, von Ranke, and Schlosser, among others. But those historians—ignorant, for the most part, of the history of the East—based their opinions on the history of the West alone.
Coming Home
Authors: Balmer Randall
Published: November 2023

The voice on the other end of the phone sounded timid and not a little anxious. S. Carole Jackson, a recent graduate of Southern Baptist Theological Seminary and the associate pastor at Olive Chapel Baptist Church, had that very day stepped in as interim pastor. The senior minister, she explained, had resigned to attend graduate school. “I’m not quite sure what I’m doing here,” she conceded, “but I’m sure things will work out all right.”
Road to Recovery
Authors: Balmer Randall
Published: November 2023

According to W. James Richards, senior pastor at the time, it was a difficult period in his life that led to a lot of misunderstandings. Others in the congregation had a different take on the situation, and once you cut through the evasions and the subterfuge, the sequence of events appears to have unfolded something like this. In the winter of 1991, amid what one source described as “apparent difficulties with the pastoral relationship,” the church held a two-hour congregational meeting to act on Richards’s offer to resign. “The people who spoke were over whelmingly supportive,” Richards said, adding that the easy way out of that situation would have been to acknowledge what the crescendo of rumors had already concluded-namely, that he was gay.
Epilogue
Authors: Balmer Randall
Published: November 2023

In 1960 Robert T. Handy, professor of church history at Union Theological Seminary in New York, published an article entitled “The American Religious Depression, 1925-1935.By almost any index, Handy demonstrated—diminished financial support, decline in church and Sunday school attendance, an attenuation of missionary activity, hardships faced by rural congregations—Protestant churches had fallen on hard times, a development that predated the economic collapse of 1929 and the Great Depression. According to the United Stewardship Council, for instance, gifts for benevolence fell from $5.57 per capita in 1921 to $3.43 by 1929. Sectarian movements flourished, drawing many of their followers from the older and larger Protestant denominations.
Mesoscopic Effects in Equilibrium and Static Properties
Authors: Imry Yoseph
Published: November 2023

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS, THERMODYNAMIC FLUCTUATION EFFECTS

This chapter will be devoted to mesoscopic effects which are not neccesarily related to nonequilibrium or transport phenomena. Most of our discussion in the rest of this chapter will be concerned with electronic effects, often with fluctuations from sample to sample. We shall start here, however, by briefly reviewing more general finite-size effects due to ordinary thermodynamic fluctuations.

Such fluctuations are usually negligible in the “thermodynamic limit,” as far as their contributions to, for example, intensive properties, or to the O(N) part of extensive ones are concerned. However, thermodynamic fluctuations may play an important role in special situations where large length scales exist in the system. We mention here two of these: the elimination of certain types of long-range order (and, therefore, phase transitions) in low-dimensional systems and the effects of finite sample sizes on regular phase transitions. There are several varieties of the former effects.

In systems with “discrete order parameters,” for example a liquid-gas equilibrium, the energy of a “wall” between two phases, Uw, is finite in the quasi-ID (finite cross-section) case for short-range interactions. Since the entropy (Landau and Lifshitz 1959) of such a wall is of the order of kB ln(L/ L0), where Lis the length of the system and L0 is some atomic length, walls will always be spontaneously generated in equilibrium, for a large enough
Noise in Mesoscopic Systems
Authors: Imry Yoseph
Published: November 2023

1. INTRODUCTION

We shall be concerned here with three main types of noise phenomena:

Equilibrium or Nyquist-Johnson noise across a resistor (see eqs. A.9 and A.13-17).

Various nonequilibrium or shot noise phenomena around a steady state with a current flow.

Low-frequency, typically “1/f,” noise due to slow changes of the resistance with time.

In the first two cases, the noise power is typically “white” (frequency-independent) over a sizable frequency range from zero to 1/r*, the cutoff frequency, which is the smaller of ksT /n = 1/ f]n (in this chapter we shall mostly reserve the notation T for the transmission coefficient) and 1/r. r is a characteristic time for the transport, for example, the transport mean free time for a classical resistor in equilibrium. In this case, and for f]n » r, the noise power is linear in w for a constant conductance for O < (f]n)-1 « w « 1/r. Concentrating on the current noise (which is measured in equilibrium by connecting a zero impedance “a.c.” amperometer across the resistor), one considers (see Wax 1954 and Reif 1965 for general references) the Fourier transform of the current current correlation function (which depends only on t, not on t’), the nature of the averaging denoted by the angular brackets will de discussed later
Concluding Remarks
Authors: Imry Yoseph
Published: November 2023

Many of the interesting and novel phenomena that occur in mesoscopic systems have been reviewed and discussed in this book. After a brief discussion in chapter 1 of the available experimental systems and “micro-” and “nano-” fabrication possibilities, the modification of the electronic properties, especially the transport, due to Anderson localization were considered in chapter 2. This is the first example where quantum interference has important consequences even macroscopically. Chapter 3 dealt with the general question of how inelastic scattering produces an uncertainty in the relative phase of partial waves, thereby eliminating their interference. An expression was produced which helps to evaluate the inelastic rate in terms of the dissipative response function of the system, which is usually known. As an application, the very nontrivial dephasing due to electron-electron interaction in the diffusive case was considered.

In chapter 4, equilibrium properties, mainly the response of a mesoscopic system to a magnetic field, were discussed, an instructive situation being the persistent current in a ring due to the Aharonov-Bohm (A-B) flux. The physics of these currents was explained, emphasizing their absolute stability, and estimates were made of their magnitudes for noninteracting electrons. This is a clear example of the omnipresent, important difference between a mesoscopic effect-the current in a given, specific ring-and the often much smaller result obtained when averaging over the impurity-ensemble is performed.
The Religious Interlocutor
Authors: Wainwright Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

Two passages in Newbigin’s writings from thirty years apart will raise the themes of the Gospel’s relation to adherents of other religions than the Christian and of his own understanding and practice in the matter over half a century and more. The first passage occurs in the address given by Newbigin under the title “Mission Agenda” at Trinity College, Dublin, in 1992 on the occasion of the centenary celebrations of the Dublin University Mission to Chota Nagpur: “The globalization of human society has, very naturally and properly, led missionary societies to move away from the one-directional model of mission to a model which emphasises sharing, listening and dialogue. My own life-time as a missionary has been in the context of this shift and I have shared in it to the full.” Newbigin immediately went on to declare, “There is a wide gap between the way inter-faith conversation happens when it is conducted in Tamil among people who have never been through an English educational process, and the way it is conducted among those, Indian and European, who share the same kind of academic formation.” The second passage dates from 1963 and Newbigin’s programmatic reflections on “Trinitarian Faith and Today’s Mission”:
The Christian Apologist
Authors: Wainwright Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

For the last quarter century of his life, from his return to Britain in 19 74 until his death in 1998, Lesslie Newbigin devoted himself principally to the diagnosis and treatment of the crisis of the Christian faith in the modern world, particularly the Western world. He sought by the Gospel to remedy both the Church and the culture. It is as an apologist to the doubting and to the unbelieving that he now became chiefly known.

The great issue, then. was that of “modernity.” On the one hand, Newbigin was happy to acknowledge the dazzling successes of the modern West in the natural sciences and in technology, and to approve in many respects the political gains made in the realms of personal freedom, human dignity, social justice, and material welfare. Indeed, he claimed a historically Christian basis for some of the achievements of modernity: the notion of a created universe that was both regular and yet not itself divine provided both the possibility and the permission for scientific investigation and technical use of the material world; the notion of humankind as persons created by a loving God for freedom and for mutual care provided a grounding for individual liberties and communal responsibilities.
Exodus and Conquest
Authors: Dozeman Thomas B
Published: November 2023

The aim in this chapter is to demonstrate how deuteronomistic tradents refashioned the liturgy of the Day of Yahweh into an account of salvation history during the exilic period. Such a hypothesis is not without debate. Although there is a broad consensus that the Tetrateuch contains material that resembles Deuteronomy, there is debate concerning the extent of such literature in the Tetrateuch, and concerning its relationship to Deuteronomy and the deuteronomistic history CToshua-2 Kings).
The Hymns of the Exodus
Authors: Dozeman Thomas B
Published: November 2023

The liturgy of the exodus is not limited to narrative. Two voices emerge in Exodus 15 in celebration of the event. Moses and the Israelites sing a hymn in Exod 15: 1-18, and it is followed by Miriam and all the women singing a hymn in Exod 15:21. The two hymns celebrate the same event, yet they provide very different interpretations of salvation. Moses interprets the exodus as an event of salvation history that will lead to Israel’s future con quest of the land.