bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reliability-Based Low Fatigue Life Analysis of Turbine Blisk with Generalized Regression Extreme Neural Network Method
Authors: Zhang Chunyi , Wei Jingshan , Jing Huizhe , Fei Chengwei , Tang Wenzhong
Published: May 2019

Turbine blisk low cycle fatigue (LCF) is affected by various factors such as heat load, structural load, operation parameters and material parameters; it seriously influences the reliability and performance of the blisk and aeroengine. To study the influence of thermal-structural coupling on the reliability of blisk LCF life, the generalized regression extreme neural network (GRENN) method was proposed by integrating the basic thoughts of generalized regression neural network (GRNN) and the extreme response surface method (ERSM). The mathematical model of the developed GRENN method was first established in respect of the LCF life model and the ERSM model. The method and procedure for reliability and sensitivity analysis based on the GRENN model were discussed. Next, the reliability and sensitivity analyses of blisk LCF life were performed utilizing the GRENN method under a thermal-structural interaction by regarding the randomness of gas temperature, rotation speed, material parameters, LCF performance parameters and the minimum fatigue life point of the objective of study. The analytical results reveal that the reliability degree was 0.99848 and the fatigue life is 9419 cycles for blisk LCF life when the allowable value is 6000 cycles so that the blisk has some life margin relative to 4500 cycles in the deterministic analysis. In comparison with ERSM, the computing time and precision of the proposed GRENN under 10,000 simulations is 1.311 s and 99.95%. This is improved by 15.18% in computational efficiency and 1.39% in accuracy, respectively. Moreover, high efficiency and high precision of the developed GRENN become more obvious with the increasing number of simulations. In light of the sensitivity analysis, the fatigue ductility index and temperature are the key factors of determining blisk LCF life because their effect probabilities reach 41% and 26%, respectively. Material density, rotor speed, the fatigue ductility coefficient, the fatigue strength coefficient and the fatigue ductility index are also significant parameters for LCF life. Poisson’s ratio and elastic modulus of materials have little effect. The efforts of this paper validate the feasibility and validity of GRENN in the reliability analysis of blisk LCF life and give the influence degrees of various random parameters on blisk LCF life, which are promising to provide useful insights for the probabilistic optimization of turbine blisk LCF life.
The Effect of ECAP Temperature on the Microstructure and Properties of a Rolled Rare Earth Magnesium Alloy
Authors: Tan Yun , Li Wei , Hu Weiwei , Shi Xiaofang , Tian Liang
Published: May 2019

Deformation of an as-rolled rare earth Mg-2Y-0.6Nd-0.6Zr alloy, at different temperatures, was carried out along the BC (90° anticlockwise rotation of the samples after each ECAP pass) route by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP). The effects of the deformation temperature and the predeformation on the microstructure of the magnesium alloy were determined by the microstructure examination. The slip systems and texture change of the Mg-2Y-0.6Nd-0.6Zr alloy were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), after equal channel angular deformation. The results showed that after seven passes of rolling, the grain size in the Mg-2Y-0.6Nd-0.6Zr alloy was refined to approximately 22 µm and the slip occurred mainly by a cylindrical slip and a pyramidal slip. After one pass of ECAP at 340 °C, the internal average grain size was significantly reduced to 11 µm, the cylindrical diffraction intensity clearly weakened, and the pyramidal diffraction intensity increased. EBSD pole figure analysis revealed that the base texture of the rolled Mg-2Y-0.6Nd-0.6Zr alloy weakened from 24.31 to 11.34 after ECAP. The mechanical properties indicated that the tensile strength and elongation of the rolled Mg-2Y-0.6Nd-0.6Zr alloy reached maximum values, when the deformation temperature was 340 °C.
Design of a 2 × 4 Hybrid MMI-MZI Configuration with MMI Phase-Shifters
Authors: Niraula Boris B. , Rizal Conrad
Published: May 2019

This paper reports design of a 2 × 4 hybrid multimode interferometer-Mach-zehnder interferometer (MMI-MZI) configuration consiting of compact thermo-optical switches on the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform. The device consists of two identical MMI slab waveguides as power splitters and couplers that are connected with two identical MMI-based phase shifters, and linear tapers at both ends of the MMIs to minimize the power coupling loss. A thin Al pad is used as a heating element and a trench is created around this pad to prevent heat from spreading, and to minimize loss. The calculated average thermo-optical switching power consumption, excess loss, and power imbalance are 1.4 mW, 0.9 dB, and 0.1 dB, respectively. The overall footprint of the device is 6 × 304 μ m 2 . The new heating method has advantages of compact size, ease of fabrication on SOI platform with the current CMOS technology, and offers low excess loss and power consumption as demanded by devices based on SOI technology. The device can act as two independent optical switches in one device.
A Study on Tannery Sludge as a Raw Material for Cement Mortar
Authors: Malaiškienė Jurgita , Kizinievič Olga , Kizinievič Viktor
Published: May 2019

The paper analyses the properties (chemical and mineral composition, microstructure, density, etc.) of recycled tannery sludge (TS) and the possibilities for using it in cement mortar mixture. Mortar specimens containing 3–12% of tannery sludge by weight of cement and 3–9% of tannery sludge by weight of sand were tested. Flowability, density, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), flexural and compressive strength, water absorption and sorptivity of the mortar were analysed. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of tannery sludge and mortar are presented. The tests revealed that replacement of 6% of cement with tannery sludge in the mix increased flexural and compressive strength and UPV values, whereas water absorption decreased. SEM and XRD analysis revealed that specimens with tannery sludge contained lower amounts of ettringite and higher amounts of portlandite; the obtained structure was denser and contained more calcium hydrosilicates (C-S-H). Chromium leaching values in cement mortars were found not to exceed the limit values set forth in Directive 2003/33/EC.
Fractional Langevin Equations with Nonlocal Integral Boundary Conditions
Authors: Salem Ahmed , Alzahrani Faris , Almaghamsi Lamya
Published: May 2019

In this paper, we investigate a class of nonlinear Langevin equations involving two fractional orders with nonlocal integral and three-point boundary conditions. Using the Banach contraction principle, Krasnoselskii’s and the nonlinear alternative Leray Schauder theorems, the existence and uniqueness results of solutions are proven. The paper was appended examples which illustrate the applicability of the results.
Evaluation of Fractional Integrals and Derivatives of Elementary Functions: Overview and Tutorial
Authors: Garrappa Roberto , Kaslik Eva , Popolizio Marina
Published: May 2019

Several fractional-order operators are available and an in-depth knowledge of the selected operator is necessary for the evaluation of fractional integrals and derivatives of even simple functions. In this paper, we reviewed some of the most commonly used operators and illustrated two approaches to generalize integer-order derivatives to fractional order; the aim was to provide a tool for a full understanding of the specific features of each fractional derivative and to better highlight their differences. We hence provided a guide to the evaluation of fractional integrals and derivatives of some elementary functions and studied the action of different derivatives on the same function. In particular, we observed how Riemann–Liouville and Caputo’s derivatives converge, on long times, to the Grünwald–Letnikov derivative which appears as an ideal generalization of standard integer-order derivatives although not always useful for practical applications.
Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Model for Supplier Evaluation and Selection in a Wind Power Plant Project
Authors: Wang Chia-Nan , Yang Ching-Yu , Cheng Hung-Chun
Published: May 2019

In order to meet ambitious growth targets in the medium term, Vietnam must continue exploiting traditional energy sources. In the longer term, Vietnam has to develop a strategy and roadmap for the development of new energy sources. In these new energy sources, wind energy has emerged as a viable option. Given the geographic conditions of a locality with a long coastline and high winds that are fairly distributed all year, many wind-power plants are being built in Vietnam. One of the most important pieces of equipment in a wind-power plant is the wind turbine. The wind turbine suppliers’ selection is a complex and multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) process that can reduce the costs of procuring equipment and aid in receiving products on time. Many studies have applied the MCDM model to various fields of science and engineering. One of the fields that the MCDM approaches have been applied to is the supplier selection problem. Supplier selection is an important issue of the MCDM model. Especially in a renewable energy project, decision-makers have to evaluate both natural and society factors. Although some researchers have reviewed the applications of the MCDM model in wind turbine supplier selection, limited work has focused on this problem in a fuzzy environment. Therefore, in this work, the authors propose a fuzzy MCDM model for the wind turbine supplier selection process under fuzzy environment conditions. In the first step, all factors for wind turbine supplier selection are identified by supply chain operations reference (SCOR) metrics and the results from a review of the literature. A fuzzy analytic network process (FANP) model is applied for determining the weight of all the criteria in the second stage, and the technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS) model is used to rank all the potential suppliers in the final stage. As a result, Decision-Making Unit 010 (DMU010) becomes an optimal option for the wind turbine supplier selection processes. The contribution of this research is to develop new hybrid fuzzy MCDM approaches for wind turbine supplier selections. Furthermore, this work presents useful guidelines for wind turbines as well as provides a guideline for supplier selection in other industries.
Impact of the Allergic Asthma on Foot Health-Related Quality of Life and Depression: A Novel Case-Control Research
Authors: López-López Daniel , Painceira-Villar Roi , García-Paz Vanesa , Becerro-de-Bengoa-Vallejo Ricardo , Losa-Iglesias Marta Elena , Rodríguez-Sanz David , Calvo-Lobo César
Published: May 2019

Background: Asthma may be considered as a non-communicable condition associated with higher bronchial responsiveness that may impair quality of life (QoL). Purpose: The research aim was to compare scores of depression, as well as general and foot health-related QoL, in patients who suffered from asthma with respect to healthy subjects. Methods: A total sample of 152 subjects, median age of 37.00 ± 16.00 years, were recruited from a respiratory and allergy department of a hospital and divided into patients with asthma (n = 76) and healthy subjects (n = 76). The scores of the Spanish foot health status questionnaire (SFHSQ) domains as well as the Spanish Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI) scores and categories were collected. Results: The only statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) was shown for the difference of the FHSQ footwear domain establishing that patients who suffered from asthma presented a worse QoL related to foot health for footwear (lower FHSQ scores) compared to healthy matched-paired participants (higher FHSQ scores). Regarding the rest of the outcome measurements, there were no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) for the other FHSQ domains scores as well as the BDI scores and categories. Conclusions: Patients with allergic asthma presented impairment of the QoL related to foot health for footwear, which seemed to be linked to the presence of asthma.
Ironmaking and Steelmaking
Authors: Li Zushu , Davis Claire
Published: May 2019

Steel is a critical material in our society and will remain an important one for a long time into the future [...]
The Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties of TiBw/TA15 Composite with Network Structure Prepared by Rapid Current Assisted Sintering
Authors: Wang Dongjun , Li Hao , Wang Xiaosong , Zheng Wei , Lin Zhangqian , Liu Gang
Published: May 2019

TiBw/TA15 (TA15 alloy reinforced by TiB whiskers) composites with network microstructures were successfully prepared by current-assisted sintering at 1100 °C for 10 min. The influence of the sintering parameters on the microstructures of obtained composites was investigated. The sintering temperature was the main factor affecting the average aspect ratio of TiBw, and the average diameter of TiBw could be controlled for various sintering conditions. Yield strength, ultimate compressive strength, and plastic strain at ambient temperature are 1172.5 MPa, 1818.4 MPa, and 22.4% for the TiBw/TA15 composites, respectively. Moreover, yield strength of the composites at 600 °C is 616.3 MPa, which is 26.1% higher than that of the TA15 titanium alloy. The effect of the TiBw on the microstructure evolution for the alloy matrix was discussed in detail. The strengthening mechanism of the TiBw/TA15 composites with network microstructure was attributed to the microstructure modification induced by TiBw, load bearing effect, and dislocation strengthening effect of the TiBw.
Matrix Mapping on Crossbar Memory Arrays with Resistive Interconnects and Its Use in In-Memory Compression of Biosignals
Authors: Lee Yoon Kyeung , Jeon Jeong Woo , Park Eui-Sang , Yoo Chanyoung , Kim Woohyun , Ha Manick , Hwang Cheol Seong
Published: May 2019

Recent advances in nanoscale resistive memory devices offer promising opportunities for in-memory computing with their capability of simultaneous information storage and processing. The relationship between current and memory conductance can be utilized to perform matrix-vector multiplication for data-intensive tasks, such as training and inference in machine learning and analysis of continuous data stream. This work implements a mapping algorithm of memory conductance for matrix-vector multiplication using a realistic crossbar model with finite cell-to-cell resistance. An iterative simulation calculates the matrix-specific local junction voltages at each crosspoint, and systematically compensates the voltage drop by multiplying the memory conductance with the ratio between the applied and real junction potential. The calibration factors depend both on the location of the crosspoints and the matrix structure. This modification enabled the compression of Electrocardiographic signals, which was not possible with uncalibrated conductance. The results suggest potential utilities of the calibration scheme in the processing of data generated from mobile sensing or communication devices that requires energy/areal efficiencies.
Nonlinear Behavior of Electrostatically Actuated Microbeams with Coupled Longitudinal–Transversal Vibration
Authors: Ma Chicheng , Cao Limin , Li Lei , Shao Mingyu , Jing Dong , Guo Zonghe
Published: May 2019

Microelectromechanical switch has become an essential component in a wide variety of applications, ranging from biomechanics and aerospace engineering to consumer electronics. Electrostatically actuated microbeams and microplates are chief parts of many MEMS instruments. In this study, the nonlinear characteristics of coupled longitudinal–transversal vibration are analyzed, while an electrostatically actuated microbeam is designed considering that the frequency ratio is two to one between the first longitudinal vibration and transversal vibration. The nonlinear governing equations are truncated into a set of coupled ordinary differential equations by the Galerkin method. Then the equations are solved using the multiple-scales method and the nonlinear dynamics of the internal resonance is investigated. The influence of bias voltage, longitudinal excitation and frequency detuning parameters are mainly analyzed. Results show that using the pseudo-arclength continuation method, the nonlinear amplitude–response curves can be plotted continuously. The saturation and jump phenomena are greatly affected by the bias voltage and the detuning frequency. Beyond the critical excitation amplitude, the response energy will transfer from the longitudinal motion to the transversal motion, even the excitation is employed on the longitudinal direction. The large-amplitude jump of the low-order vibration mode can be used to detect the variation of the conditions or parameters, which shows great potential in improving precision of MEMS switches.
Development of an Accelerated Solvent Extraction-Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Fluorescence Detection Method for Quantitative Analysis of Thiamphenicol, Florfenicol and Florfenicol Amine in Poultry Eggs
Authors: Wang Bo , Xie Xing , Zhao Xia , Xie Kaizhou , Diao Zhixiang , Zhang Genxi , Zhang Tao , Dai Guojun
Published: May 2019

A simple, rapid and novel method for the detection of residues of thiamphenicol (TAP), florfenicol (FF) and its metabolite, florfenicol amine (FFA), in poultry eggs by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection (UPLC-FLD) was developed. The samples were extracted with acetonitrile-ammonia (98:2, v/v) using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and purified by manual degreasing with acetonitrile-saturated n-hexane. The target compounds were separated on an ACQUITY UPLC® BEH C18 (2.1 mm × 100 mm, 1.7 μm) chromatographic column using a mobile phase composed of 0.005 mol/L NaH2PO4, 0.003 mol/L sodium lauryl sulfate and 0.05% trimethylamine, adjusted to pH 5.3 ± 0.1 by phosphoric acid and acetonitrile (64:36, v/v). The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) of the three target compounds in poultry eggs were 1.8–4.9 µg/kg and 4.3–11.7 µg/kg, respectively. The recoveries of the three target compounds in poultry eggs were above 80.1% when the spiked concentrations of three phenicols were the LOQ, 0.5 maximum residue limit (MRL), 1.0 MRL and 2.0 MRL. The intraday relative standard deviations (RSDs) were less than 5.5%, and the interday RSDs were less than 6.6%. Finally, this new detection method was successfully applied to the quantitative analysis of TAP, FF and FFA in 150 commercial poultry eggs.
Asymmetric Inheritance of Cell Fate Determinants: Focus on RNA
Authors: Shlyakhtina Yelyzaveta , Moran Katherine L. , Portal Maximiliano M.
Published: May 2019

During the last decade, and mainly primed by major developments in high-throughput sequencing technologies, the catalogue of RNA molecules harbouring regulatory functions has increased at a steady pace. Current evidence indicates that hundreds of mammalian RNAs have regulatory roles at several levels, including transcription, translation/post-translation, chromatin structure, and nuclear architecture, thus suggesting that RNA molecules are indeed mighty controllers in the flow of biological information. Therefore, it is logical to suggest that there must exist a series of molecular systems that safeguard the faithful inheritance of RNA content throughout cell division and that those mechanisms must be tightly controlled to ensure the successful segregation of key molecules to the progeny. Interestingly, whilst a handful of integral components of mammalian cells seem to follow a general pattern of asymmetric inheritance throughout division, the fate of RNA molecules largely remains a mystery. Herein, we will discuss current concepts of asymmetric inheritance in a wide range of systems, including prions, proteins, and finally RNA molecules, to assess overall the biological impact of RNA inheritance in cellular plasticity and evolutionary fitness.
Correction: Howe et al. “Effects of Long Chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Brain Function in Mildly Hypertensive Older Adults” Nutrients 2018, 10, 1413
Authors: Howe Peter R. C. , Evans Hamish M. , Kuszewski Julia C. , Wong Rachel H. X.
Published: May 2019

The authors wish to make a correction to the published version of their paper [...]
Analysis of Heme and Non-Heme Iron Intake and Iron Dietary Sources in Adolescent Menstruating Females in a National Polish Sample
Authors: Skolmowska Dominika , Głąbska Dominika
Published: May 2019

Iron intake and heme/non-heme iron proportions are crucial for iron deficiency anemia prevention. Women of childbearing age are indicated by World Health Organization as the primary target group, but maintaining iron balance is particularly challenging for adolescents. The aim of the presented study was to analyze heme and non-heme iron intake and dietary sources in adolescent menstruating females in a national Polish sample. The study was conducted in a representative sample of adolescents (aged 15–20) who were recruited from all regions of Poland based on secondary school sampling (random quota sampling), with 1385 female adolescents being included in the sample. The iron intake was assessed using the previously validated IRONIC-FFQ (IRON Intake Calculation–Food Frequency Questionnaire). The intakes of iron, heme iron, non-heme iron, and iron from food product groups were assessed and compared with those of male adolescents (n = 1025) who were recruited from the same schools, as well as between sub-groups stratified by age, body mass index, anemia history, following vegetarian diet, applying iron supplementation and school type. Compared with male individuals, females were characterized by a lower intake of all forms of iron. It was stated that non-heme iron intake was highest in younger ones, overweight ones, vegetarian ones, and comprehensive school students. Female adolescents with anemia history were characterized by similar iron intake as others. For the target group, there is inadequate nutritional education and a necessity to broaden the knowledge about specific sources of iron.
Vitamin D and Anti-Müllerian Hormone Levels in Infertility Treatment: The Change-Point Problem
Authors: Bednarska-Czerwińska Anna , Olszak-Wąsik Katarzyna , Olejek Anita , Czerwiński Michał , Tukiendorf Andrzej
Published: May 2019

Background: Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is considered to be one of the most significant indicators of women’s fertility. Many studies have shown that vitamin D may modify human reproductive functions; however, the results are conflicting. The composition of follicular fluid (FF) creates the biochemical environment of the oocyte and affects its quality, which later determines the embryo quality. In this study, we aimed to revise with advanced statistical techniques the relationship between AMH and vitamin D in FF. Methods: The study was designed as a prospective single-center study in infertile patients with AMH ≥ 0.7 ng/mL who underwent controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for in vitro fertilization. AMH and vitamin D levels in FF were measured. Next, the standard and advanced statistical (including segmented regression) techniques were applied. Results: We observed a negative linear correlation between levels of AMH in serum and FF and total vitamin D concentrations up to approximately 30 ng/mL; with a statistically significant relationship in FF. Beyond that concentration, the trend was positive but statistically insignificant. Conclusions: As an existing “change-point problem” was noticed, we suggest segmentation in the relationship between vitamin D and AMH during infertility treatment.
Eating Disorders and Obesity: The Challenge for Our Times
Authors: Hay Phillipa , Mitchison Deborah
Published: May 2019

Public health concerns largely have disregarded the important overlap between eating disorders and obesity. This Special Issue addresses this neglect and points to how progress can be made in preventing and treating both. Thirteen primary research papers, three reviews, and two commentaries comprise this Special Issue. Two commentaries set the scene, noting the need for an integrated approach to prevention and treatment. The empirical papers and reviews fall into four broad areas of research: first, an understanding of the neuroscience of eating behaviours and body weight; second, relationships between disordered eating and obesity risk; third, new and integrated approaches in treatment; and fourth, assessment. Collectively, the papers highlight progress in science, translational research, and future research directions.
Associations between Physical Activity and Food Intake among Children and Adolescents: Results of KiGGS Wave 2
Authors: Manz Kristin , Mensink Gert B. M. , Finger Jonas D. , Haftenberger Marjolein , Brettschneider Anna-Kristin , Lage Barbosa Clarissa , Krug Susanne , Schienkiewitz Anja
Published: May 2019

A balanced diet and sufficient physical activity are essential for the healthy growth of children and adolescents and for obesity prevention. Data from the second wave of the population-based German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS Wave 2; 2014–2017) were used to analyse the association between food intake and physical activity among 6- to 17-year-old children and adolescents (n = 9842). Physical exercise (PE) and recommended daily physical activity (RDPA) were assessed with self-administered questionnaires and food intake by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyse the association between food group intake (dependent variable) and level of PE or RDPA. High levels of physical activity (PE or RDPA) were associated with higher consumption of juice, water, milk, dairy products, fruits, and vegetables among both boys and girls, and among boys with a higher intake of bread, potatoes/pasta/rice, meat, and cereals. Higher PE levels were also less likely to be associated with a high soft drink intake. High levels of RDPA were associated with high intake of energy-dense foods among boys, which was not observed for PE. This study indicates that school-aged children and adolescents with higher levels of physical activity consume more beneficial foods and beverages compared to those with lower physical activity levels.
Application of the Non-Equilibrium Statistical Operator Method to the Dynamical Conductivity of Metallic and Classical Plasmas
Authors: Veysman Mikhail , Röpke Gerd , Reinholz Heidi
Published: May 2019

The fruitfulness of the method of a non-equilibrium statistical operator (NSO) and generalized linear response theory is demonstrated calculating the permittivity, dynamical conductivity, absorption coefficient, and dynamical collision frequency of plasmas in the degenerate, metallic state as well as classical plasmas. A wide range of plasma parameters is considered, and a wide range of frequencies of laser radiation acting on such plasmas is treated. New analytical expressions for the plasma response are obtained by this method, and several limiting cases are discussed.
The Process–Property–Performance Relationship of Medicated Nanoparticles Prepared by Modified Coaxial Electrospraying
Authors: Huang Weidong , Hou Yuan , Lu Xinyi , Gong Ziyun , Yang Yaoyao , Lu Xiao-Ju , Liu Xian-Li , Yu Deng-Guang
Published: May 2019

In pharmaceutical nanotechnology, the intentional manipulation of working processes to fabricate nanoproducts with suitable properties for achieving the desired functional performances is highly sought after. The following paper aims to detail how a modified coaxial electrospraying has been developed to create ibuprofen-loaded hydroxypropyl methylcellulose nanoparticles for improving the drug dissolution rate. During the working processes, a key parameter, i.e., the spreading angle of atomization region (θ, °), could provide a linkage among the working process, the property of generated nanoparticles and their functional performance. Compared with the applied voltage (V, kV; D = 2713 − 82V with RθV2 = 0.9623), θ could provide a better correlation with the diameter of resultant nanoparticles (D, nm; D = 1096 − 5θ with RDθ2 = 0.9905), suggesting a usefulness of accurately predicting the nanoparticle diameter. The drug released from the electrosprayed nanoparticles involved both erosion and diffusion mechanisms. A univariate quadratic equation between the time of releasing 95% of the loaded drug (t, min) and D (t = 38.7 + 0.097D − 4.838 × 105D2 with a R2 value of 0.9976) suggests that the nanoparticle diameter has a profound influence on the drug release performance. The clear process-property-performance relationship should be useful for optimizing the electrospraying process, and in turn for achieving the desired medicated nanoparticles.
High-Throughput Dissolution/Permeation Screening—A 96-Well Two-Compartment Microplate Approach
Authors: Jacobsen Ann-Christin , Krupa Anna , Brandl Martin , Bauer-Brandl Annette
Published: May 2019

Early formulation screening can alleviate development of advanced oral drug formulations, such as amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs). Traditionally, dissolution is used to predict ASD performance. Here, a high-throughput approach is described that simultaneously screens drug dissolution and permeation employing a two-compartment 96-well plate. Freeze-drying from hydro-alcoholic solutions was used to prepare amorphous formulations. The screening approach was tested on amorphous and crystalline tadalafil formulations with and without Soluplus®. The workflow consisted of: (1) dispersion of the formulations; (2) incubation within the two-compartment plate, where a dialysis membrane separated donor (dispersed formulation) and acceptor; (3) sampling (donor and acceptor), where donor samples were centrifuged to remove non-dissolved material; and (4) quantification by UHPLC-UV. To identify optimal screening conditions, the following parameters were varied: dispersion medium (buffer/biomimetic media), acceptor medium (buffer/surfactant solutions), and incubation time (1, 3, and 6 h). Surfactants (acceptor) increased tadalafil permeation. Biomimetic medium (donor) enhanced dissolution, but not permeation, except for freeze-dried tadalafil, for which the permeated amount increased. The predictiveness was evaluated by comparing dissolution-/permeation-results with in vivo bioavailability. In general, both dissolution and permeation reflected bioavailability, whereof the latter was a better predictor. High-throughput dissolution/permeation is regarded promising for formulation screening.
Smart Freeze-Dried Bigels for the Prevention of the Sexual Transmission of HIV by Accelerating the Vaginal Release of Tenofovir during Intercourse
Authors: Martín-Illana Araceli , Notario-Pérez Fernando , Cazorla-Luna Raúl , Ruiz-Caro Roberto , Veiga María Dolores
Published: May 2019

Sub-Saharan African women are still at risk from the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and sex with men is the main route of transmission. Vaginal formulations containing antiretroviral drugs are promising tools to give women the power to protect themselves. The aim of this work was to obtain freeze-dried bigels containing pectin, chitosan, or hypromellose for the vaginal controlled release of Tenofovir, which is accelerated in the presence of semen. Nine batches of bigels were formulated using different proportions of these polymers in the hydrogel (1, 2, and 3% w/w). The bigels obtained were freeze-dried and then underwent hardness and deformability, mucoadhesion, swelling, and drug release tests, the last two in simulated vaginal fluid (SVF) and SVF/simulated seminal fluid (SSF) mixture. The formulation containing 3% pectin (fd3P) has the highest values for hardness, resistance to deformation, and good mucoadhesivity. Its swelling is conditioned by the pH of the medium, which is responsive to the controlled release of Tenofovir in SVF, with the fastest release in the SVF/SSF mixture. fd3P would be an interesting smart microbicidal system to allow faster release of Tenofovir in the presence of semen, and thus increase women’s ability to protect themselves from the sexual transmission of HIV.
Applying Philosophy to Refereeing and Umpiring Technology
Authors: Collins Harry
Published: May 2019

This paper draws an earlier book (with Evans and Higgins) entitled Bad Call: Technology’s Attack on Referees and Umpires and How to Fix It (hereafter Bad Call) and its various precursor papers. These show why it is that current match officiating aids are unable to provide the kind of accuracy that is often claimed for them and that sports aficianados have been led to expect from them. Accuracy is improving all the time but the notion of perfect accuracy is a myth because, for example, lines drawn on sports fields and the edges of balls are not perfectly defined. The devices meant to report the exact position of a ball—for instance ‘in’ or ‘out’ at tennis—work with the mathematically perfect world of virtual reality, not the actuality of an imperfect physical world. Even if ball-trackers could overcome the sort of inaccuracies related to fast ball speeds and slow camera frame-rates the goal of complete accuracy will always be beyond reach. Here it is suggested that the purpose of technological aids to umpires and referees be looked at in a new way that takes the viewers into account.
Investigation of the Effect of Intra-Cavity Propagation Delay in Secure Optical Communication Using Chaotic Semiconductor Lasers
Authors: Jayaprasath Elumalai , Wu Zheng-Mao , Sivaprakasam Sivaraman , Hou Yu-Shuang , Tang Xi , Lin Xiao-Dong , Deng Tao , Xia Guang-Qiong
Published: May 2019

The influence of intra-cavity propagation delay in message encoding and decoding using chaotic semiconductor lasers is numerically investigated. A message is encoded at the transmitter laser by a chaos shift keying scheme and is decoded at the receiver by comparing its output with the transmitter laser. The requisite intra-cavity propagation delay in achieving synchronization of optical chaos is estimated by cross-correlation analysis between the transmitter and receiver lasers’ output. The effect of intra-cavity propagation delay on the message recovery has been analyzed from the bit error rate performance. It is found that despite the intra-cavity propagation delay magnitude being less, it has an impact on the quality of message recovery. We also examine the dependency of injection rate, frequency detuning, modulation depth and bit rate on intra-cavity propagation delay and associated message recovery quality. We found that the communication performance has been adequately improved after incorporating intra-cavity propagation delay correction in the synchronization system.
Changes on the Structural and Physicochemical Properties of Conjugates Prepared by the Maillard Reaction of Black Bean Protein Isolates and Glucose with Ultrasound Pretreatment
Authors: Jin Hua , Zhao Qingshan , Feng Haiying , Wang Yuxin , Wang Jubing , Liu Yanlong , Han Dong , Xu Jing
Published: May 2019

The conjugates of black bean protein isolate (BBPI) and glucose (G) were prepared via the wet heating Maillard reaction with ultrasound pretreatment. The physicochemical properties of UBBPI-G conjugates prepared by ultrasound pretreatment Maillard reaction had been compared with classical Maillard reaction (BBPI-G). The reaction rate between BBPI and glucose was speeded up by ultrasound pretreatment. A degree of glycation (DG) of 20.49 was achieved by 2 h treatment for UBBPI-G, whereas 5 h was required using the classical heating. SDS-PAGE patterns revealed that the BBPI-G conjugates with higher molecular weight were formed after glycosylation. The results of secondary structure analysis suggested that the α-helix and β-sheet content of UBBPI-G were lower than that of BBPI-G. In addition, UBBPI-G conjugates had exhibited bathochromic shift compared with BBPI by fluorescence spectroscopy analysis. Finally, UBBPI-G achieved higher level of surface hydrophobicity, solubility, emulsification property and antioxidant activity than BBPI and BBPI-G (classical Maillard reaction).
Preparation, Physicochemical Properties, and Hemocompatibility of the Composites Based on Biodegradable Poly(Ether-Ester-Urethane) and Phosphorylcholine-Containing Copolymer
Authors: Zhang Jun , Yang Bing , Jia Qi , Xiao Minghui , Hou Zhaosheng
Published: May 2019

To improve the hemocompatibility of the biodegradable medical poly(ether-ester-urethane) (PEEU), containing uniform-size aliphatic hard segments that was prepared in our lab, a copolymer containing phosphorylcholine (PC) groups was blended with the PEEU. The PC-copolymer of poly(MPC-co-EHMA) (PMEH) was first obtained by copolymerization of 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) and 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate (EHMA), and then dissolved in mixed solvent of ethanol/chloroform to obtain a homogeneous solution. The composite films (PMPU) with varying PMEH content were prepared by solvent evaporation method. The physicochemical properties of the composite films with varying PMEH content were researched. The PMPU films exhibited higher thermal stability than that of the pure PEEU film. With the PMEH content increasing from 5 to 20 wt%, the PMPU films also possessed satisfied tensile properties with ultimate stress of 22.9–15.8 MPa and strain at break of 925–820%. The surface and bulk hydrophilicity of the films were improved after incorporation of PMEH. In vitro degradation studies indicated that the degradation rate increased with PMEH content, and it took 12–24 days for composite films to become fragments. The protein adsorption and platelet-rich plasma contact tests were adapted to evaluate the surface hemocompatibility of the composite films. It was found that the amount of adsorbed protein and adherent platelet on the surface decreased significantly, and almost no activated platelets were observed when PMEH content was above 5 wt%, which manifested good surface hemocompatibility. Due to the biodegradability, acceptable tensile properties and good surface hemocompatibility, the composites can be expected to be applied in blood-contacting implant materials.
Two Lanthanide Metal–Organic Frameworks Based on Semi-Rigid T-Shaped Tricarboxylate Ligand: Syntheses, Structures, and Properties
Authors: Xue Yun-Shan , Chen Zhuo-Lin , Dong Youzhen , Cheng Wei-Wei
Published: May 2019

By using a semi-rigid tripodal ligand 5-(4-carboxybenzyloxy)isophthalic acid (H3L) and lanthanide metal ions (Nd3+, Tb3+), two novel lanthanide metal–organic frameworks, namely, {[Nd2L2(DMF)4] DMF}n (1), and {TbL(DMF)(H2O)}n (2), were synthesized under mild solvothermal conditions and structurally characterized by X-ray single crystal diffraction. Compounds 1 and 2 are isostructural, in which L3– ligands linked dinuclear lanthanide metal–carboxylate units to form non-interpenetrated 3D network with (3,6)-connected topology. Luminescent investigations reveal that compound 1 displays the near-infrared emission at room temperature, and compound 2 can be employed as selective probe for Cr2O72− anion in aqueous solution based on luminescence quenching. Moreover, compound 2 exhibits catalytic activity for cyclo-addition of CO2 and epoxides under relatively mild conditions.
An Important Factor Affecting the UV Aging Resistance of PBO Fiber Foped with Nano-TiO2: The Number of Amorphous Regions
Authors: Liu Jiping , Liu Xiaobo , Wang Dong , Wang Hu
Published: May 2019

Modified nano-TiO2 was prepared by using triethanolamine and tetraisopropyl di (dioctylphosphate) titanate, respectively. Then the poly(p-phenylene benzobisoxazole) (PBO) fibers doped with different additions of modified nano-TiO2 particles were prepared by preparing PBO polymer solution and dry-jet wet spinning technique. Thermogravimetric and derivative thermogravimetry results showed that the addition of nano-TiO2 could improve the crystallinity and maximum thermal decomposition rate temperature of PBO fibers. Tensile strength results showed that nano-TiO2 addition did not affect the tensile properties of PBO fibers before ultraviolet (UV) aging began, and nano-TiO2 with addition values lower than 3% could improve the UV aging resistance performance of PBO fibers, while the aging resistance would be seriously reduced if values were over 5%. The size and quantity of the amorphous regions have a more important influence on the aging resistance of PBO fibers.
Tissue Engineering Strategies for Intervertebral Disc Treatment Using Functional Polymers
Authors: Choi Youngjoo , Park Min Hee , Lee Kangwon
Published: May 2019

Intervertebral disc (IVD) is the fibrocartilage between the vertebrae, allowing the spine to move steadily by bearing multidirectional complex loads. Aging or injury usually causes degeneration of IVD, which is one of the main reasons for low back pain prevalent worldwide and reduced quality of life. While various treatment strategies for degenerative IVD have been studied using in vitro studies, animal experiments, and clinical trials, there are unsolved limitations for endogenous regeneration of degenerative IVD. In this respect, several tissue engineering strategies that are based on the cell and scaffolds have been extensively researched with positive outcomes for regeneration of IVD tissues. Scaffolds made of functional polymers and their diverse forms mimicking the macro- and micro-structure of native IVD enhance the biological and mechanical properties of the scaffolds for IVD regeneration. In this review, we discuss diverse morphological and functional polymers and tissue engineering strategies for endogenous regeneration of degenerative IVD. Tissue engineering strategies using functional polymers are promising therapeutics for fundamental and endogenous regeneration of degenerative IVD.
A Conversation with Michael A. Woodley of Menie, Yr.
Authors: Canlorbe Grégoire
Published: May 2019

Michael Anthony Woodley of Menie, Yr (Younger), is a British ecologist and evolutionary psychologist, whose research on secular trends in dierent aspects of human intelligence has earned him considerable notability.[...]
Chromatographic Techniques in the Research Area of Lithium Ion Batteries: Current State-of-the-Art
Authors: Stenzel Yannick , Horsthemke Fabian , Winter Martin , Nowak Sascha
Published: May 2019

Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used in numerous application areas, including portable consumer electronics, medicine, grid storage, electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles. One major challenge during operation and storage is the degradation of the cell constituents, which is called aging. This phenomenon drastically reduces both storage lifetime and cycle lifetime. Due to numerous aging effects, originating from both the individual LIB cell constituents as well as their interactions, a wide variety of instruments and methods are necessary for aging investigations. In particular, chromatographic methods are frequently applied for the analysis of the typically used liquid non-aqueous battery electrolytes based on organic solvents or ionic liquids. Moreover, chromatographic methods have also been recently used to investigate the composition of electrode materials. In this review, we will give an overview of the current state of chromatographic methods in the context of LIB cell research.
Heritage Urbanism
Authors: Obad Šćitaroci Mladen , Bojanić Obad Šćitaroci Bojana
Published: May 2019

Heritage urbanism considers the revitalization and enhancement of cultural heritage in spatial, urban, and landscape contexts, and it explores models for its inclusion in contemporary life. The main research question is whether it is possible, based on a number of case studies, to recognize models of the future use of heritage and interpret them as general models that may be applied to numerous specific cases. In doing so, the experience of the past becomes relevant and applicable to contemporary heritage revitalization and enhancement projects. The goal of the paper is to present Heritage Urbanism approach as an integral view of heritage in line with the ideas of sustainable development. Heritage is not viewed as isolated objects but rather as part of the immediate and wider environment. The context/environment affects heritage and its revival, while finding new uses and repurposing heritage has a stimulating effect on the environment and its development. The effects of this interaction can make heritage recognisable and can stimulate its sustainability. The survival and future of heritage are linked to urban and spatial planning, which takes into account the integrity of space and the cultural heritage in it. Urban and spatial planning methods are used. When these methods are enriched by the heritage urbanism approach, the result is the creation of specific methods that supplement well-known methods. In this context, cultural heritage can be used for place branding, infrastructure development, as a crucial element of urban design, or in other ways that aim to achieve an integral view of cultural heritage. The integral view requires the concerted action of different fields, such as regional development, the economy, tourism, transportation, and infrastructure. A fragmented and selective approach does not yield results.
Does Industry Integration Improve the Competitiveness of China’s Electronic Information Industry?—Evidence from the Integration of the Electronic Information Industry and Financial Industry
Authors: Chen Weiliang , Huang Xinjian , Liu Yanhong , Song Yan
Published: May 2019

As the pillar industry of China’s national economy, the electronic information industry plays an important role in social development and has increasingly become an important indicator of international competitiveness in the informatization age. We constructed a fusion evaluation model of the electronic information industry and financial industry in China, and used coupling theory to measure the integration degree of the two industries. Next, we empirically measure the impact of the industrial integration level on the competitiveness of the electronic information industry. According to the empirical test, we found that (1) the coupling degree ranged from 0.9 to 1 with minimal changes and that a strong coupling relationship existed between the electronic information industry and financial industry; (2) the coupling coordination degree ranged between 0.59 and 0.80, with a coordination level ranging from primary to intermediate coordination; and (3) the degree of industrial integration had a lagging positive impact on industrial competitiveness. Based on these results, we proposed policy recommendations to strengthen industrial integration and promote the international competitiveness of China’s electronic information industry for various aspects such as government services, technology upgrades, industry integration, and effective capital entry.