bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microvascular Architecture of Mouse Urinary Bladder Described with Vascular Corrosion Casting, Light Microscopy, SEM, and TEM
Authors: Hossler Fred E. , Lametschwandtner Alois , Kao Race , Finsterbusch Friederike
Published: September 2013

The urinary bladder is a unique organ in that its normal function is storage and release of urine, and vasculature in its wall exhibits specialized features designed to accommodate changes in pressure with emptying and filling. Although we have previously described the fine details of the microvasculature of the urinary bladder of the rabbit and dog, information on the fine details of the microvasculature of the mouse bladder were deemed to be of value because of the increasing use of this species in developing genetic models for studying human disorders. The present study shows that many of the special features of the microvasculature of the mouse urinary bladder are similar to those described in the rabbit and dog, including vessel coiling, abundant collateral circulation, arterial sphincters, and a dense mucosal capillary plexus.
Konvergente und diskriminante Validität der WISC-IV und der Intelligence and Development Scales (IDS) bei Kindern mit Migrationshintergrund
Authors: Hagmann-von Arx Priska , Petermann Franz , Grob Alexander
Published: September 2013

Die Studie untersucht die konvergente und diskriminante Validität der Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - IV (WISC-IV, deutsche Version; Petermann & Petermann, 2011 ) und der Intelligence and Development Scales (IDS; Grob, Meyer & Hagmann-von Arx, 2009 ) bei 84 Kindern mit Migrationshintergrund und einer gematchten Kontrollgruppe. Kinder mit Migrationshintergrund erzielten in beiden Verfahren in sprach- und kulturabhängigen Skalen geringere Testwerte als die Kontrollgruppe. Ein Vergleich zwischen 6- bis 8-Jährigen und 9- bis 10-Jährigen zeigt, dass in der älteren Stichprobe grössere Leistungsdifferenzen zwischen Kindern mit und ohne Migrationshintergrund vorhanden sind. Kinder mit Migrationshintergrund erzielten in den IDS und Kinder ohne Migrationshintergrund in den WISC-IV einen höheren Intelligenzwert. In allen Gruppen bestehen zwischen WISC-IV-Indexwerten und kognitiven IDS-Funktionsbereichen mindestens moderate Korrelationen, während zu nicht-kognitiven IDS-Funktionsbereichen höchstens niedrige Korrelationen vorliegen. Die Befunde zeigen, dass WISC-IV- und IDS-Testergebnisse bei Kindern mit und ohne Migrationshintergrund in Beziehung gesetzt werden können.
Nucleosome dynamics regulate Neurospora circadian clock
Authors: Hatori Megumi , Panda Satchidananda
Published: September 2013

How are circadian rhythms epigenetically regulated? Liu and colleagues have discovered a critical circadian clock component, CATP, that regulates rhythmic nucleosome occupancy at the clock gene frequency in Neurospora.
A transient reversal of miRNA‐mediated repression controls macrophage activation
Authors: Mazumder Anup , Bose Mainak , Chakraborty Abhijit , Chakrabarti Saikat , Bhattacharyya Suvendra N
Published: September 2013

In mammalian macrophages, the expression of a number of cytokines is regulated by miRNAs. Upon macrophage activation, proinflammatory cytokine mRNAs are translated, although the expression of miRNAs targeting these mRNAs remains largely unaltered. We show that there is a transient reversal of miRNA‐mediated repression during the early phase of the inflammatory response in macrophages, which leads to the protection of cytokine mRNAs from miRNA‐mediated repression. This derepression occurs through Ago2 phosphorylation, which results in its impaired binding to miRNAs and to the corresponding target mRNAs. Macrophages expressing a mutant, non‐phosphorylatable AGO2—which remains bound to miRNAs during macrophage activation—have a weakened inflammatory response and fail to prevent parasite invasion. These findings highlight the relevance of the transient relief of miRNA repression for macrophage function.
Polyion complex libraries possessing naturally occurring differentiation for pattern-based protein discrimination
Authors: Tomita Shunsuke , Yoshimoto Keitaro
Published: September 2013

Polyion complexes with naturally occurring differentiation of enzymes serve to create receptor libraries with high differentiability and lower synthetic demands for pattern-based protein discrimination.
Synthesis, photophysical properties, and excited state dynamics of a platinum complex of tetracene imide disulfide
Authors: Nakagawa Takafumi , Suzuki Tsuyoshi , König Matthias , Guldi Dirk M. , Matsuo Yutaka
Published: September 2013

A platinum complex of tetracene imide disulfide (TIDS) was synthesized by the reaction of TIDS and Pt(PPh3)3. Its red-shifted absorption due to dπ–pπ conjugation and the triplet excited state were characterized by transient photophysical measurements.
microRNA in the development of diabetic complications
Authors: McClelland Aaron D. , Kantharidis Phillip
Published: September 2013

Today's world population is currently faced with a new type of non-transmissible pandemic: obesity. This lifestyle-related condition is driving the emergence of the diabetes pandemic through the development of low-level chronic inflammation. In recent years, a novel class of non-coding RNA, microRNA (miRNA), have emerged as being important regulators of numerous biological functions. Among these functions are basic maintenance of cell signalling and tissue architecture. Disruption of miRNA levels can contribute not only to the development of the chronic inflammation observed in obese diabetics, but also the development of both pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and loss, along with insulin resistance in metabolic tissues. These primary events set the scene for dysfunction of other tissues, including the retina, kidney, peripheral nerves, heart and the vasculature as a whole. Here, miRNAs again play a deterministic role in the development of a range of diseases collectively termed diabetic complications. Disturbances in miRNA levels appear to be reflected in the serum of patients and this may prove to be diagnostic in patients prior to clinical manifestation of disease, thus improving management of diabetes and its associated complications. Not only are miRNAs displaying promise as an early biomarker for disease, but a number of these miRNAs are displaying therapeutic potential with several in pre-clinical development. The present review aims to highlight our current understanding of miRNAs and their interaction with inflammatory signalling in the development and progression of diabetes and its complications. Utilization of miRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets will also be considered.
Genetic, epigenetic and stem cell alterations in endometriosis: new insights and potential therapeutic perspectives
Authors: Forte Amalia , Cipollaro Marilena , Galderisi Umberto
Published: September 2013

Human endometrium is a highly dynamic tissue, undergoing periodic growth and regression at each menstrual cycle. Endometriosis is a frequent chronic pathological status characterized by endometrial tissue with an ectopic localization, causing pelvic pain and infertility and a variable clinical presentation. In addition, there is well-established evidence that, although endometriosis is considered benign, it is associated with an increased risk of malignant transformation in approximately 1.0% of affected women, with the involvement of multiple pathways of development. Increasing evidence supports a key contribution of different stem/progenitor cell populations not only in the cyclic regeneration of eutopic endometrium, but also in the pathogenesis of at least some types of endometriosis. Evidence has arisen from experiments in animal models of disease through different kinds of assays (including clonogenicity, the label-retaining cell approach, the analysis of undifferentiation markers), as well as from descriptive studies on ectopic and eutopic tissue samples harvested from affected women. Changes in stem cell populations in endometriotic lesions are associated with genetic and epigenetic alterations, including imbalance of miRNA expression, histone and DNA modifications and chromosomal aberrations. The present short review mainly summarizes the latest observations contributing to the current knowledge regarding the presence and the potential contribution of stem/progenitor cells in eutopic endometrium and the aetiology of endometriosis, together with a report of the most recently identified genetic and epigenetic alterations in endometriosis. We also describe the potential advantages of single cell molecular profiling in endometrium and in endometriotic lesions. All these data can have clinical implications and provide a basis for new potential therapeutic applications.
Recurrent Hemoptysis and a Mass in the Thorax in an Infant: The Split Notochord Syndrome
Authors: Yazici Mutlu Uysal , Ekinci Saniye , Turkmen Ozlem Keskin , Yalcin Ebru Gunes , Ciftci Arbay O. , Gucer Safak , Orhan Diclehan , Tezcan Ilhan
Published: September 2013

Split notochord syndrome is a rare group of developmental abnormalities caused by abnormal splitting or deviation of the notochord clinically resulting in the duplicated bowel associated with vertebral anomalies. We report on a case of 11-month-old female infant with mediastinal hyperechogenic cyst and intestinal duplication cyst associated with T5-T6 hemivertebrae, scoliosis, and nonfusion of posterior part of T6 vertebrae, presenting with severe hemoptysis and hematemesis. The cysts were surgically removed, and histopathologic analysis revealed that the mediastinal cyst was lined by gastric mucosa and intestinal one was lined with gastric mucosa including ectopic pancreatic tissue. After removal of the lesion the patient made an uneventful recovery and shows no signs of long-term pulmonary sequelae.
The suborbital particle aggregation and collision experiment (SPACE): Studying the collision behavior of submillimeter-sized dust aggregates on the suborbital rocket flight REXUS 12
Authors: Brisset Julie , Heißelmann Daniel , Kothe Stefan , Weidling René , Blum Jürgen
Published: September 2013

The Suborbital Particle Aggregation and Collision Experiment (SPACE) is a novel approach to study the collision properties of submillimeter-sized, highly porous dust aggregates. The experiment was designed, built, and carried out to increase our knowledge about the processes dominating the first phase of planet formation. During this phase, the growth of planetary precursors occurs by agglomeration of micrometer-sized dust grains into aggregates of at least millimeters to centimeters in size. However, the formation of larger bodies from the so-formed building blocks is not yet fully understood. Recent numerical models on dust growth lack a particular support by experimental studies in the size range of submillimeters, because these particles are predicted to collide at very gentle relative velocities of below 1 cm/s that can only be achieved in a reduced-gravity environment. The SPACE experiment investigates the collision behavior of an ensemble of silicate-dust aggregates inside several evacuated glass containers which are being agitated by a shaker to induce the desired collisions at chosen velocities. The dust aggregates are being observed by a high-speed camera, allowing for the determination of the collision properties of the protoplanetary dust analog material. The data obtained from the suborbital flight with the REXUS (Rocket Experiments for University Students) 12 rocket will be directly implemented into a state-of-the-art dust growth and collision model.
Excitation of helium Rydberg states and doubly excited resonances in strong extreme ultraviolet fields: Full-dimensional quantum dynamics using exponentially tempered Gaussian basis sets
Authors: Kaprálová-Žďánská Petra Ruth , Šmydke Jan , Civiš Svatopluk
Published: September 2013

Recently optimized exponentially tempered Gaussian basis sets [P. R. Kapralova-Zdanska and J. Smydke, J. Chem. Phys. 138, 024105 (2013)]10.1063/1.4772468 are employed in quantitative simulations of helium absorption cross-sections and two-photon excitation yields of doubly excited resonances. Linearly polarized half-infinite and Gaussian laser pulses at wavelengths 38–58 nm and large intensities up to 100 TW/cm2 are considered. The emphasis is laid on convergence of the results with respect to the quality of the Gaussian basis sets (typically limited by a number of partial waves, density, and spatial extent of the basis functions) as well as to the quality of the basis set of field-free states (typically limited by the maximum rotational quantum number and maximum excitation of the lower electron). Particular attention is paid to stability of the results with respect to varying complex scaling parameter. Moreover, the study of the dynamics is preceded by a thorough check of helium energies and oscillator strengths as they are obtained with the exponentially tempered Gaussian basis sets, being also compared with yet unpublished emission wavelengths measured in electric discharge experiments.
Thermophysical properties of energetic ionic liquids/nitric acid mixtures: Insights from molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Hooper Justin B. , Smith Grant D. , Bedrov Dmitry
Published: September 2013

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of mixtures of the room temperature ionic liquids (ILs) 1-butyl-4-methyl imidazolium [BMIM]/dicyanoamide [DCA] and [BMIM][NO3−] with HNO3 have been performed utilizing the polarizable, quantum chemistry based APPLE&P® potential. Experimentally it has been observed that [BMIM][DCA] exhibits hypergolic behavior when mixed with HNO3 while [BMIM][NO3−] does not. The structural, thermodynamic, and transport properties of the IL/HNO3 mixtures have been determined from equilibrium MD simulations over the entire composition range (pure IL to pure HNO3) based on bulk simulations. Additional (non-equilibrium) simulations of the composition profile for IL/HNO3 interfaces as a function of time have been utilized to estimate the composition dependent mutual diffusion coefficients for the mixtures. The latter have been employed in continuum-level simulations in order to examine the nature (composition and width) of the IL/HNO3 interfaces on the millisecond time scale.
Impact of stress relaxation in GaAsSb cladding layers on quantum dot creation in InAs/GaAsSb structures grown on GaAs (001)
Authors: Bremner S. P. , Ban K.-Y. , Faleev N. N. , Honsberg C. B. , Smith D. J.
Published: September 2013

We describe InAs quantum dot creation in InAs/GaAsSb barrier structures grown on GaAs (001) wafers by molecular beam epitaxy. The structures consist of 20-nm-thick GaAsSb barrier layers with Sb content of 8%, 13%, 15%, 16%, and 37% enclosing 2 monolayers of self-assembled InAs quantum dots. Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction results indicate the onset of relaxation of the GaAsSb layers at around 15% Sb content with intersected 60° dislocation semi-loops, and edge segments created within the volume of the epitaxial structures. 38% relaxation of initial elastic stress is seen for 37% Sb content, accompanied by the creation of a dense net of dislocations. The degradation of In surface migration by these dislocation trenches is so severe that quantum dot formation is completely suppressed. The results highlight the importance of understanding defect formation during stress relaxation for quantum dot structures particularly those with larger numbers of InAs quantum-dot layers, such as those proposed for realizing an intermediate band material.
Affine extensions of non-crystallographic Coxeter groups induced by projection
Authors: Dechant Pierre-Philippe , Bœhm Céline , Twarock Reidun
Published: September 2013

In this paper, we show that affine extensions of non-crystallographic Coxeter groups can be derived via Coxeter-Dynkin diagram foldings and projections of affine extended versions of the root systems E8, D6, and A4. We show that the induced affine extensions of the non-crystallographic groups H4, H3, and H2 correspond to a distinguished subset of those considered in [P.-P. Dechant, C. Bœhm, and R. Twarock, J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 45, 285202 (2012)]. This class of extensions was motivated by physical applications in icosahedral systems in biology (viruses), physics (quasicrystals), and chemistry (fullerenes). By connecting these here to extensions of E8, D6, and A4, we place them into the broader context of crystallographic lattices such as E8, suggesting their potential for applications in high energy physics, integrable systems, and modular form theory. By inverting the projection, we make the case for admitting different number fields in the Cartan matrix, which could open up enticing possibilities in hyperbolic geometry and rational conformal field theory.
Development of analytical vibration solutions for microstructured beam model to calibrate length scale coefficient in nonlocal Timoshenko beams
Authors: Duan Wen Hui , Challamel Noël , Wang C. M. , Ding Zhiwei
Published: September 2013

The present study takes an analytical approach for solving the free vibration problem of a microstructured beam model, in which transverse displacement springs are added to allow for the transverse shear deformation effect in addition to the rotational springs. The exact vibration frequencies for the discrete microstructured beam model with simply supported ends are obtained via matrix decomposition. In addition, a general solution technique involving the use of Padé approximants for the continualization procedure is proposed in order to obtain the continuous equivalent system for the discrete microstructured beam model. The analytical vibration solutions of the equivalent continuous system are obtained and their accuracy is assessed by using the exact solutions. It is found that the solutions of the equivalent continuous system have a first order accuracy when compared with the exact solutions of their discrete counterpart. The length scale coefficient in the nonlocal Timoshenko beam model is calibrated by using the analytical solutions. Two nonlocal Timoshenko beam models, i.e., the Wang model (without the length scale effect in the shear stress strain relation) and the Reddy model, are evaluated based on their ability to capture the nonlocal effect.
Hyperfine interactions in a gadolinium-based MRI contrast agent: High-frequency modulations from ab initio simulations
Authors: Lasoroski Aurélie , Vuilleumier Rodolphe , Pollet Rodolphe
Published: September 2013

Hyperfine coupling tensors of the water molecule coordinated to the Prohance contrast agent in liquid water were calculated within and beyond the point dipole approximation along an ab initio molecular dynamics trajectory. We observe the non-equivalence at short time scales on structural as well as magnetodynamical properties of inner sphere water protons due to hydrogen bonds formation with the solvent. In addition, the influence of ultrafast internal motions on the anisotropic, dipolar, contribution to hyperfine couplings was probed thanks to a decomposition of its fluctuations in terms of a small set of meaningful collective variables.
Waveguide photon-number-resolving detectors for quantum photonic integrated circuits
Authors: Sahin D. , Gaggero A. , Zhou Z. , Jahanmirinejad S. , Mattioli F. , Leoni R. , Beetz J. , Lermer M. , Kamp M. , Höfling S. , Fiore A.
Published: September 2013

Quantum photonic integration circuits are a promising approach to scalable quantum processing with photons. Waveguide single-photon-detectors (WSPDs) based on superconducting nanowires have been recently shown to be compatible with single-photon sources for a monolithic integration. While standard WSPDs offer single-photon sensitivity, more complex superconducting nanowire structures can be configured to have photon-number-resolving capability. In this work, we present waveguide photon-number-resolving detectors (WPNRDs) on GaAs/Al0.75Ga0.25As ridge waveguides based on a series connection of nanowires. The detection of 0–4 photons has been demonstrated with a four-wire WPNRD, having a single electrical read-out. A device quantum efficiency of ∼24% is reported at 1310 nm for the transverse electric polarization.
Reactive scattering dynamics of rotational wavepackets: A case study using the model H+H2 and F+H2 reactions with aligned and anti-aligned H2
Authors: Eyles C. J. , Leibscher M.
Published: September 2013

We propose a method to steer the outcome of reactive atom-diatom scattering, using rotational wavepackets excited by strong non-resonant laser pulses. Full close-coupled quantum mechanical scattering calculations of the D+H2 and F+H2 reactions are presented, where the H2 molecule exists as a coherent superposition of rotational states. The nuclear spin selective control over the molecular bond axis alignment afforded by the creation of rotational wavepackets is applied to reactive scattering systems, enabling a nuclear spin selective influence to be exerted over the reactive dynamics. The extension of the conventional eigenstate-to-eigenstate scattering problem to the case in which the initial state is composed of a coherent superposition of rotational states is detailed, and a selection of example calculations are discussed, along with their mechanistic implications. The feasibility of the corresponding experiments is considered, and a suitable simple two pulse laser scheme is shown to strongly differentiate the reactivities of o-H2 and p-H2.
Twin sample chamber for simultaneous comparative transport measurements in a diamond anvil cell
Authors: Schaeffer Anne Marie J. , Deemyad Shanti
Published: September 2013

In static high pressure experiments, performed within a diamond anvil cell (DAC), several different methods of thermometry may be employed to determine the temperature of the sample. Due to different DAC designs or particular experimental designs or goals, uncertainties in the determination of the temperature of a given sample exist. To overcome the inaccuracy in comparing the temperature dependence of transport properties of different materials at high pressure, we have used a novel design of resistivity measurement in a twin sample chamber built on an insulated gasket in a DAC. In this design, the transport properties of two samples will be measured simultaneously and therefore the two samples will always be in the same relative temperatures. The uncertainties in the temperatures of the two samples will be exactly the same and therefore their relative phase diagram will be compared precisely. The pressures of the chambers can be slightly different and is easily determined by the ruby pieces placed in each chamber. To demonstrate the feasibility of this method we have compared the superconducting properties of two YBa2Cu3O7−x (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.65) samples with slightly different superconducting transition temperatures at ambient pressure as a function of pressures up to 11 GPa. The upper limit of the pressure achieved using this design would be lower than single chamber gaskets. The highest achievable pressure, as in a conventional single hole setup, depends upon the thickness of the gasket, the culet size, the size, and symmetry of the sample chamber. For the twin chamber, it also depends upon the separation of the holes from each other as well as from the edge of the culet.
Communication: Trapping upconverted energy in neat platinum porphyrin films via an unexpected fusion mechanism
Authors: Hinke Jonathan A. , Pundsack Tom J. , Luhman Wade A. , Holmes Russell J. , Blank David A.
Published: September 2013

Direct observation of an unexpected product from excited state fusion of two excited triplet states in platinum octaethylporphyrin is reported. Transient spectroscopy was used to identify the product as a metal centered (d, d) state that decays slowly compared with the rate of fusion. The reaction was demonstrated to be second order with a rate coefficient of kTTF = (5.4 ± 0.4) × 10−10 cm3 · s−1. The results contrast with the common assumption that fusion proceeds directly to annihilation via rapid non-radiative deactivation of the products. Following visible photo-excitation, the fusion process results in energetic upconversion of the incident photons stored in the higher energy (d, d) state at irradiances below the threshold for multi-photon absorption.
Communication: Determination of the molecular structure of the simplest Criegee intermediate CH2OO
Authors: Nakajima Masakazu , Endo Yasuki
Published: September 2013

The simplest Criegee intermediate CH2OO was detected in a discharged supersonic jet of a CH2Br2 and O2 gas mixture by Fourier-transform microwave spectroscopy. The experimentally determined rotational constants of CH2OO and its isotopologues enabled us to derive the geometrical structure. The determined OO and CO bond lengths, which are relevant to a discussion on its electronic structure, are 1.345(3) and 1.272(3) Å, respectively. The CO bond length is close to that of a typical double bond and is shorter than that of the OO bond by 0.07 Å, indicating that CH2OO has a more zwitterionic character H2C = O⊕–O⊖ than biradical ${\rm H}_{\rm 2} \dot {\rm C} \hbox{--} {\rm O} \hbox{--} \dot{\rm O}$H2Ċ–O–Ȯ.
Contrasting vortex-gyration dispersions for different lattice bases in one-dimensional magnetic vortex arrays
Authors: Han Dong-Soo , Jeong Han-Byeol , Kim Sang-Koog
Published: September 2013

We performed micromagnetic numerical and analytical calculations in studying the effects of change in the primitive unit cells of one-dimensional (1D) vortex arrays on collective vortex-gyration dispersion. As the primitive basis, we consider alternating constituent materials (NiMnSb vs. Permalloy) and alternating dimensions including constituent disk diameter and thickness. In the simplest case, that of one vortex-state disk of given dimensions and single material in the primitive cell, only a single branch of collective vortex-gyration dispersion appears. By contrast, two constituent disks' different alternating materials, thicknesses, and diameters yield characteristic two-branch dispersions, the band widths and gaps of which differ in each case. This work offers not only an efficient means of manipulating collective vortex-gyration band structures but also a foundation for the development of a rich variety of 1D or 2D magnonic crystals and their band structures based on dipolar-coupled-vortex arrays.
Jahn-Teller assisted polaron hopping and associated dielectric response of PrFe0.5Mn0.5O2.95
Authors: Ganeshraj C. , Kavita S. , Mahendiran R. , Sharma Neetika , Das A. , Santhosh P. N.
Published: September 2013

The canted G-type antiferromagnet PrFe0.5Mn0.5O2.95 shows an enhanced Jahn-Teller (JT) distortion below 150 K (T*). The resistivity of the grains can be described by variable range hopping between the localized states, and there is a dominant grain boundary contribution to dc resistivity, below T*. Above T*, the total dc resistivity follows small polaron hopping (SPH) conduction. A giant dielectric response is observed, and it can be ascribed to Maxwell-Wagner polarization and SPH mechanism. Despite the low concentration of JT active Mn3+ ions, our result indicates an important role of JT effect on physical properties of PrFe0.5Mn0.5O2.95.
Surface states of ZnO nanoparticles effect on the performance of inverted-organic solar cells
Authors: Qin Wenjing , Xu Xinrui , Liu Dongyue , Ma Chunyu , Yang Liying , Yin Shougen , Zhang Fengling , Wei Jun
Published: September 2013

ZnO is a promising material used as the electron transport layer in the inverted organic solar cells (IOSCs). However, the electrical or photoelectric properties of ZnO nanoparticles are governed by the surface states of the nanoparticles. Here, we demonstrate that the large number of hydroxyl (-OH) existed on the ZnO nanoparticles films have a vast impact on the performance of IOSCs with the structure of ITO/ZnO/poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT):[6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM)/MoO3/Ag. The surface hydroxyl groups depredate active layer via elevating photocatalytic activity of the ZnO, hence deteriorate the device performance. Experimental results show that hydroxyl groups can be effectively detached from ZnO film by annealing. Hydroxyl groups detach more with increasing annealing temperature, resulting in less degradation of the active layer. Therefore, the efficiency is significantly improved due to increased photo-current density and decreased series resistance of IOSCs. The best device exhibits a power conversion efficiency of 3.05% after annealing at 150 °C.
Three dimensional transient behavior of thin films surface under pulsed laser excitation
Authors: Dimitriou V. , Kaselouris E. , Orphanos Y. , Bakarezos M. , Vainos N. , Tatarakis M. , Papadogiannis N. A.
Published: September 2013

The three dimensional spatiotemporal response of thin metal films surfaces excited by nanosecond laser pulses is investigated in both the thermoelastic and the ablation regimes. An experimental laser whole-field interferometric technique allows for the direct monitoring of the dynamic deformation of a macroscopic area on the surface with ultrahigh lateral resolution. A specially developed three dimension finite element model simulates the laser-surface interaction, predicts the experimentally obtained results, and computes key parameters of matter's thermomechanical response. This method provides a powerful instrument for spatiotemporal behavior of thin-film surfaces under extreme conditions demanded for innovative applications.
Research on decrease of cell to module loss for crystalline silicon photovoltaic module
Authors: Yang Jung Yup , Ahn Young Kyoung , Huh Pil Ho , Nam Jung Gyu , Park Min , Kim Min Gu , Lee Jun Young , Ji Yang Geun , Kim Dong Seop
Published: September 2013

After producing crystalline Si (c-Si) solar module, the output power of the c-Si module was decreased compared to the total amount of c-Si cells’ power due to the increase of series resistance and the light absorption of the cover glass and encapsulant. We define this power loss as cell to module (CTM) loss and the decreasing power rate as CTM conversion ratio (CR). The typical CTM CR in other groups has a value of about 94%. The CTM CR is typically decreased with increasing the efficiency of solar cell due to the increase of I2R loss. In this experiment, we have focused on the increase of CTM CR through detail analysis to each module component. As a result, the CTM CR in c-Si photovoltaic modules can be significantly increased by appropriately optimizing a module component. The maximum CTM CR in this experimental obtained about 97% using 19% efficiency cells, and it is 264.1 W power in 6 × 10 string module.
Aspects of the ecology of the kalubu bandicoot (Echymipera kalubu) and observations on Raffray’s bandicoot (Peroryctes raffrayanus), Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea
Authors: Cuthbert Richard J. , Denny Matthew J. H.
Published: September 2013

Bandicoots in the family Peroryctidae in New Guinea are widespread and relatively abundant, but little is known of their ecology. We present the first detailed study on the ecology of the kalubu bandicoot (Echymipera kalubu) and observations on Raffray’s bandicoot (Peroryctes raffrayanus), from mid-montane forest in Papua New Guinea. Both species were primarily nocturnal and utilised a range of habitats including those modified by human activity, although Raffray’s bandicoot was more frequently encountered in less disturbed areas. Male kalubu bandicoots were larger than females, with larger animals having larger short-term home ranges and evidence for intrasexual territoriality. Mean short-term home-range size was 2.8 ha (MCP, n = 10), with an estimated population density of ~85 animals km–2 in the study area. Female kalubu bandicoots attained sexual maturity at ~400 g and 67% of mature females were reproductively active with an average of 1.5 young per litter. Both species were hunted, but their density, rate of reproduction and use of modified habitats suggest that they were able to withstand current hunting levels.
Camera traps provide insight into factors influencing trap success of the swamp wallaby, Wallabia bicolor
Authors: Bennett Ami , Coulson Graeme
Published: September 2013

Trapping programs for mammals often have low capture success, which is known to be influenced by a range of environmental factors, in addition to aspects of the traps themselves. However, the behavioural responses to traps by the target species are largely unknown. We simultaneously set camera traps and soft-walled double-layered traps for swamp wallabies, Wallabia bicolor, and used images from the camera traps to investigate responses by the target species. Wallabies mostly visited traps after sunset, with the number of visits declining steadily through the night. Visits to traps were more frequent during crescent and new moon phases and when the moon was set. In the majority (59%) of these visits, wallabies did not enter the traps. In some cases wallabies consumed only the bait outside the trap, or the trap door had been closed, usually by other swamp wallabies or bobucks, Trichosurus cunninghami, but in many cases (28% of visits) we could not discern why wallabies failed to enter. When wallabies did enter traps, just 14% of visits resulted in successful capture, with non-captures mainly occurring because wallabies reached in to obtain bait without triggering the trap.
Corrigendum to: Sap-flux density measurement methods: working principles and applicability
Authors: Vandegehuchte Maurits W. , Steppe Kathy
Published: September 2013

Sap-flow measurements have become increasingly important in plant science. Since the early experiments with dyes, many methods have been developed. Most of these are based on the application of heat in the sapwood which is transported by the moving sap. By measuring changes in the temperature field around the heater, sap flow can be derived. Although these methods all have the same basis, their working principles vary widely. A first distinction can be made between those measuring the sap-flow rate (g h–1) such as the stem heat balance and trunk sector heat balance method and those measuring sap-flux density (cm3 cm–2 h–1). Within the latter, the thermal dissipation and heat field deformation methods are based on continuous heating, whereas the compensation heat pulse velocity, Tmax, heat ratio, calibrated average gradient and Sapflow+ methods are based on the application of heat pulses. Each of these methods has its advantages and limitations. Although the sap-flow rate methods have been adequately described in previous reviews, recent developments in sap-flux density methods prompted a synthesis of the existing but scattered literature. This paper reviews sap-flux density methods to enable users to make a well founded choice, whether for practical applications or fundamental research questions, and to encourage further improvement in sap-flux density measurement techniques.
Red scrotum syndrome: idiopathic neurovascular phenomenon or steroid addiction?
Authors: Narang Tarun , Kumaran Muthu Sendhil , Dogra Sunil , Saikia Uma Nahar , Kumar Bhushan
Published: September 2013

Background Red scrotum syndrome (RSS) is not infrequent but is often misdiagnosed or underdiagnosed, and seldom reported. The exact etiopathogeneis is still unknown but it almost always follows the prolonged application of topical corticosteroids and is characterised by persistent erythema of the scrotum, associated with severe itching, hyperalgesia and a burning sensation. Objective: To evaluate the clinicoepidemiological profile and assess the efficacy of various treatment modalities in addition to corticosteroid abstinence in the treatment of RSS. Methods: Twelve patients with RSS, who presented to us during 2010 and 2011, were identified, and various aspects of their illness and treatment were studied. Patch testing was performed in all patients. A skin biopsy was done in seven patients. Results: The average age of the patients was 45.83 years (26–62 years). The average duration of illness or the duration of topical steroid use was 27.41 months (6–56 months). Psychiatric comorbidities were seen in 9 (75%) out of 12 patients. Histopathology revealed features resembling erythematotelengiectatic rosacea in four of the biopsied patients. Patch test results were negative. All patients reported improvement of their symptoms within 4 weeks of starting doxycycline with amitriptyline or pregabalin; the treatment had to be continued for 3–4 months. Conclusions: RSS appears to be a manifestation of corticosteroid misuse rather than a primary disease. We suggest that RSS is a rosacea-like dermatosis or steroid-induced rebound vasodilation based on clinical and histopathological features. Our patients responded to cessation of steroids and doxycycline in combination with amitryptaline or pregabalin.
Initiation factor 2 crystal structure reveals a different domain organization from eukaryotic initiation factor 5B and mechanism among translational GTPases
Authors: Eiler Daniel , Lin Jinzhong , Simonetti Angelita , Klaholz Bruno P. , Steitz Thomas A.
Published: September 2013

Significance

Initiation factor 2 (IF2) is a GTPase that functions within the 30S ribosomal initiation complex and promotes its joining with the 50S ribosomal subunit to form a 70S ribosome. The role of IF2 in translation initiation is not well understood. We present an atomic resolution crystal structure of the full-length IF2, and we are able to explain why prokaryotes and eukaryotes have similar proteins with different mechanisms to guide ribosome assembly. We provide a structural explanation for why the mechanism of IF2 is unique among translational GTPases and acts more as a novel conformational switch.
Opening pathways of the DNA clamps proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Rad9-Rad1-Hus1
Authors: Xu Xiaojun , Guardiani Carlo , Yan Chunli , Ivanov Ivaylo
Published: September 2013

Proliferating cell nuclear antigen and the checkpoint clamp Rad9-Rad1-Hus1 topologically encircle DNA and act as mobile platforms in the recruitment of proteins involved in DNA damage response and cell cycle regulation. To fulfill these vital cellular functions, both clamps need to be opened and loaded onto DNA by a clamp loader complex—a process, which involves disruption of the DNA clamp’s subunit interfaces. Herein, we compare the relative stabilities of the interfaces using the molecular mechanics Poisson−Boltzmann solvent accessible surface method. We identify the Rad9-Rad1 interface as the weakest and, therefore, most likely to open during clamp loading. We also delineate the dominant interface disruption pathways under external forces in multiple-trajectory steered molecular dynamics runs. We show that, similar to the case of protein folding, clamp opening may not proceed through a single interface breakdown mechanism. Instead, we identify an ensemble of opening pathways, some more prevalent than others, characterized by specific groups of contacts that differentially stabilize the regions of the interface and determine the spatial and temporal patterns of breakdown. In Rad9-Rad1-Hus1, the Rad9-Rad1 and Rad9-Hus1 interfaces share the same dominant unzipping pathway, whereas the Hus1-Rad1 interface is disrupted concertedly with no preferred directionality.
E2F2 and CREB cooperatively regulate transcriptional activity of cell cycle genes
Authors: Laresgoiti Usua , Apraiz Aintzane , Olea Miguel , Mitxelena Jone , Osinalde Nerea , Rodriguez José A. , Fullaondo Asier , Zubiaga Ana M.
Published: September 2013

E2F2 is essential for the maintenance of T lymphocyte quiescence. To identify the full set of E2F2 target genes, and to gain further understanding of the role of E2F2 in transcriptional regulation, we have performed ChIP-chip analyses across the genome of lymph node–derived T lymphocytes. Here we show that during quiescence, E2F2 binds the promoters of a large number of genes involved in DNA metabolism and cell cycle regulation, concomitant with their transcriptional silencing. A comparison of ChIP-chip data with expression profiling data on resting E2f2−/− T lymphocytes identified a subset of 51 E2F2-specific target genes, most of which are upregulated on E2F2 loss. Luciferase reporter assays showed a retinoblastoma-independent role for E2F2 in the negative regulation of these target genes. Importantly, we show that the DNA binding activity of the transcription factor CREB contributes to E2F2-mediated repression of Mcm5 and Chk1 promoters. siRNA-mediated CREB knockdown, expression of a dominant negative KCREB mutant or disruption of CREB binding by mutating a CRE motif on Mcm5 promoter, relieved E2F2-mediated transcriptional repression. Taken together, our data uncover a new regulatory mechanism for E2F-mediated transcriptional control, whereby E2F2 and CREB cooperate in the transcriptional repression of a subset of E2F2 target genes.
In vitro optimization of 2′-OMe-4′-thioribonucleoside–modified anti-microRNA oligonucleotides and its targeting delivery to mouse liver using a liposomal nanoparticle
Authors: Takahashi Mayumi , Yamada Naoki , Hatakeyama Hiroto , Murata Manami , Sato Yusuke , Minakawa Noriaki , Harashima Hideyoshi , Matsuda Akira
Published: September 2013

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. Previous studies, which characterized miRNA function, revealed their involvement in fundamental biological processes. Importantly, miRNA expression is deregulated in many human diseases. Specific inhibition of miRNAs using chemically modified anti-miRNA oligonucleotides (AMOs) can be a potential therapeutic strategy for diseases in which a specific miRNA is overexpressed. 2′-O-Methyl (2′-OMe)-4′-thioRNA is a hybrid type of chemically modified oligonucleotide, exhibiting high binding affinity to complementary RNAs and high resistance to nuclease degradation. Here, we evaluate 2′-OMe-4′-thioribonucleosides for chemical modification on AMOs. Optimization of the modification pattern using a variety of chemically modified AMOs that are perfectly complementary to mature miR-21 revealed that the uniformly 2′-OMe-4′-thioribonucleoside–modified AMO was most potent. Further investigation showed that phosphorothioate modification contributed to long-term miR-122 inhibition by the 2′-OMe-4′-thioribonucleoside–modified AMO. Moreover, systemically administrated AMOs to mouse using a liposomal delivery system, YSK05-MEND, showed delivery to the liver and efficient inhibition of miR-122 activity at a low dose in vivo.
Massilia umbonata sp. nov., able to accumulate poly-β-hydroxybutyrate, isolated from a sewage sludge compost–soil microcosm
Authors: Rodríguez-Díaz Marina , Cerrone Federico , Sánchez-Peinado Mar , SantaCruz-Calvo Lucía , Pozo Clementina , López Jesús González
Published: September 2013

A bacterial strain, designated strain LP01T, was isolated from a laboratory-scale microcosm packed with a mixture of soil and sewage sludge compost designed to study the evolution of microbial biodiversity over time. The bacterial strain was selected for its potential ability to store polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) as intracellular granules. The cells were aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, non-endospore-forming motile rods. Phylogenetically, the strain was classified within the genus

Massilia

, as its 16S rRNA gene sequence had similarity of 99.2 % with respect to those of

Massilia albidiflava

DSM 17472T and

M. lutea

DSM 17473T. DNA–DNA hybridization showed low relatedness of strain LP01T to the type strains of other, phylogenetically related species of the genus

Massilia

. It contained Q-8 as the predominant ubiquinone and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH) as the major fatty acid(s). It was found to contain small amounts of the fatty acids C18 : 0 and C14 : 0 2-OH, a feature that served to distinguish it from its closest phylogenetic relatives within the genus

Massilia

. The DNA G+C content was 66.0 mol%. Phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data obtained in this study suggest that strain LP01T represents a novel species of the genus

Massilia

, for which the name Massilia umbonata sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LP01T ( = CECT 7753T = DSM 26121T).
Regulation of pluripotency in male germline stem cells by Dmrt1
Authors: Takashima Seiji , Hirose Michiko , Ogonuki Narumi , Ebisuya Miki , Inoue Kimiko , Kanatsu-Shinohara Mito , Tanaka Takashi , Nishida Eisuke , Ogura Atsuo , Shinohara Takashi
Published: September 2013

Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) present the potential to acquire pluripotency under specific culture conditions. However, the frequency of pluripotent cell derivation is low, and the mechanism of SSC reprogramming remains unknown. In this study, we report that induction of global DNA hypomethylation in germline stem (GS) cells (cultured SSCs) induces pluripotent cell derivation. When DNA demethylation was triggered by Dnmt1 depletion, GS cells underwent apoptosis. However, GS cells were converted into embryonic stem (ES)-like cells by double knockdown of Dnmt1 and p53. This treatment down-regulated Dmrt1, a gene involved in sexual differentiation, meiosis, and pluripotency. Dmrt1 depletion caused apoptosis of GS cells, but a combination of Dmrt1 and p53 depletion also induced pluripotency. Functional screening of putative Dmrt1 target genes revealed that Dmrt1 depletion up-regulates Sox2. Sox2 transfection up-regulated Oct4 and produced pluripotent cells. This conversion was enhanced by Oct1 depletion, suggesting that the balance of Oct proteins maintains SSC identity. These results suggest that spontaneous SSC reprogramming is caused by unstable DNA methylation and that a Dmrt1–Sox2 cascade is critical for regulating pluripotency in SSCs.
Checkpoint kinases and the INO80 nucleosome remodeling complex enhance global chromatin mobility in response to DNA damage
Authors: Seeber Andrew , Dion Vincent , Gasser Susan M.
Published: September 2013

Double-strand break repair by recombination requires a homology search. In yeast, induced breaks move significantly more than undamaged loci. To examine whether DNA damage provokes an increase in chromatin mobility generally, we tracked undamaged loci under DNA-damaging conditions. We found that the yeast checkpoint factors Mec1, Rad9, and Rad53 are required for genome-wide increases in chromatin mobility, but not the repair protein Rad51. Mec1 activation by targeted Ddc1/Ddc2 enhances chromatin mobility even in the absence of damage. Finally, the INO80 chromatin remodeler is shown to act downstream from Mec1 to increase chromatin mobility, highlighting an additional damage-related role of this nucleosome remodeling complex.
Innovation in construction – before the curtain goes up
Authors: Davidson Colin
Published: September 2013

Purpose

– This paper aims to present an overview of innovation in the construction sector, its forms, its inherent pitfalls and difficulties, and some underlying reasons for them. The familiar distinction between technical and organisational innovation is inapplicable in the fragmented construction industry.

Design/methodology/approach

– This paper is based on systematic observation, accompanying many years' hands-on experience.

Findings

– The processes of innovation in construction require that the innovator (possibly starting from a narrow idea or opportunity) broaden his/her view to take into account the impacts of the intended innovation on the priorities of other stakeholders, in an iterative process. In other words, orchestrated organisational changes must accompany – if not precede – technical innovation.

Research limitations/implications

– This paper specifically describes the processes and constraints of innovation in the context of the construction sector.

Practical implications

– Failure to take into account the dual obligation to innovate simultaneously on the organisational and technical fronts will lead to yet one more failed attempt. Such a failure represents a waste of time and effort, and a missed opportunity to contribute to improved construction.

Originality/value

– This paper is based on a uniquely broad experience-based view of innovation, covering a period of more than five decades; this feedback from experience can help innovators directly and provide evidence for subsequent research.