bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Self-powered PEDOT:PSS/Sn:α-Ga2O3 heterojunction UV photodetector via organic/inorganic hybrid ink engineering
Authors: Yao Yifan , Yao Suhao , Yuan Jiaqing , Liu Zeng , Zhang Maolin , Yang Lili , Tang Weihua
Published: January 2025

In this work, a PEDOT:PSS/Sn:α-Ga2O3 hybrid heterojunction diode (HJD) photodetector was fabricated by spin-coating highly conductive PEDOT:PSS aqueous solution on the mist chemical vapor deposition (Mist-CVD) grown Sn:α-Ga2O3 film. This approach provides a facile and low-cost p-PEDOT:PSS/n-Sn:α-Ga2O3 spin-coating method that facilitates self-powering performance through p−n junction formation. A typical type-Ⅰ heterojunction is formed at the interface of Sn:α-Ga2O3 film and PEDOT:PSS, and contributes to a significant photovoltaic effect with an open-circuit voltage (V
oc) of 0.4 V under the 254 nm ultraviolet (UV) light. When operating in self-powered mode, the HJD exhibits excellent photo-response performance including an outstanding photo-current of 10.9 nA, a rapid rise/decay time of 0.38/0.28 s, and a large on/off ratio of 91.2. Additionally, the HJD also possesses excellent photo-detection performance with a high responsivity of 5.61 mA/W and a good detectivity of 1.15 × 1011 Jones at 0 V bias under 254 nm UV light illumination. Overall, this work may explore the potential range of self-powered and high-performance UV photodetectors.
Experimental study on phase noise of terahertz quantum cascade laser frequency comb and dual-comb sources
Authors: Zheng Lulu , Bi Xianglong , Ma Xuhong , Liu Guibin , Liu Binbin , Zhou Kang , Li Hua
Published: January 2025

Frequency combs with equally spaced frequency lines show great potentials for applications in spectroscopy, imaging, communications, and so on. In the terahertz frequency region, the quantum cascade laser (QCL) is an ideal radiation source for frequency comb and dual-comb operation. The systematic evaluation of phase noise characteristics of terahertz QCL frequency comb and dual-comb sources is of great importance for high precision measurements. In this work, we present detailed measurements and analysis of the phase noise characteristics of terahertz QCL frequency comb and dual-comb sources emitting around 4.2 THz with repetition frequencies of ~6.2 GHz. The measurement results for the current noise of the direct current (DC) sources (that are used to electrically pump the terahertz QCLs) indicate that at 100 Hz, the current noise for DC-1 and DC-2 is 0.3895 and 0.0982 nA/Hz1/2, respectively. Such levels of current noise can be safely disregarded. The phase noise of radio frequency (RF) generators (that are employed for injection locking and phase locking), intermode beatnotes, and dual-comb signals with and without phase-locked loop (PLL) are all measured and compared. The experimental results show that in the free-running mode, the phase noise of the intermode beatnote signals is always lower than that of the dual-comb signals across all frequencies. Additionally, the phase noise induced by the RF generators is negligible. By employing the phase locking technique, the phase noise of the intermode beatnote and dual-comb signals in the low offset frequency band can be significantly suppressed. At an offset frequency of 100 Hz, the measured phase noise values of the dual-comb line without and with phase locking are 15.026 and −64.801 dBc/Hz, respectively.
Laser processing induced nonvolatile memory in chaotic graphene oxide films for flexible reservoir computing applications
Authors: Chen Bo , Zhu Baojie , Wu Yifan , Sang Pengpeng , Wu Jixuan , Zhan Xuepeng , Chen Jiezhi
Published: January 2025

Graphene oxide, as a 2D material with nanometer thickness, offers ultra-high mobility, chaotic properties, and low cost. These make graphene oxide memristors beneficial for reservoir computing (RC) networks. In this study, continuous-wave (CW) laser processing is used to reduce chaotic graphene oxide (CGO) films, resulting in the non-volatile storage capability based on the reduced chaotic graphene oxide (rCGO) films. Laser power significantly impacts the characteristics of the rCGO memristor. Material characterization indicates that laser radiation can effectively reduce the oxygen content in CGO films. With optimized laser power, the rCGO memristor achieves a large ratio at 18 mW laser power. Benefiting from the short-term memory characteristics, distinct conductive states are achieved, which are further utilized to construct RC networks. With a third control probe, the rCGO memristor can express rich reservoir states, demonstrating accuracy in predicting the Hénon map with an NRMSE below 0.3. These findings provide the potential for developing flexible RC networks based on graphene oxide memristors via laser processing.
Displacement damage effects in MoS2-based electronics
Authors: He Kaiyue , Li Zhanqi , Li Taotao , Sun Yifu , Zhu Shitong , Wu Chao , Zhu Huiping , Lu Peng , Wang Xinran , Zhu Maguang
Published: January 2025

Owing to the unique characteristics of ultra-thin body and nanoscale sensitivity volume, MoS2-based field-effect transistors (FETs) are regarded as optimal components for radiation-hardened integrated circuits (ICs), which is exponentially growing demanded especially in the fields of space exploration and the nuclear industry. Many researches on MoS2-based radiation tolerance electronics focused on the total ionizing dose (TID) effect, while few works concerned the displacement damage (DD) effects, which is more challenging to measure and more crucial for practical applications. We first conducted measurements to assess the DD effects of MoS2 FETs, and then presented the stopping and ranges of ions in matter (SRIM) simulation to analysis the DD degradation mechanism in MoS2 electronics. The monolayer MoS2-based FETs exhibit DD radiation tolerance up to 1.56 × 1013 MeV/g, which is at least two order of magnitude than that in conventional radiation hardened ICs. The exceptional DD radiation tolerance will significantly enhance the deployment of MoS2 integrated circuits in environments characterized by high-energy solar and cosmic radiation exposure.
Random sequential covering of a one-dimensional lattice by k-mers
Authors: Viot Pascal , Krapivsky P L
Published: January 2025

In random sequential covering (RSC), identical objects are deposited randomly, irreversibly, and sequentially; only attempts that increase coverage are accepted. The process continues indefinitely on an infinite substrate, and we analyze the dynamics of RSC of

Z

using k-mers. We introduce a method that provides a comprehensive solution to the dynamics of this process. We derive explicit solutions for trimers, tetramers, and pentamers; we study numerically RSC by longer polymers (k > 5).
Numerical study of Darcy’s law of yield stress fluids on a deep tree-like network
Authors: Munier Stéphane , Rosso Alberto
Published: January 2025

Understanding the flow dynamics of yield stress fluids in porous media presents a substantial challenge. Both experiments and extensive numerical simulations frequently show a non-linear relationship between the flow rate and the pressure gradient, deviating from the traditional Darcy law. In this article, we consider a tree-like porous structure and utilize an exact mapping with the directed polymer with disordered bond energies on the Cayley tree. Specifically, we adapt an algorithm recently introduced by Brunet et al (2020 Europhys. Lett.
131 40002) to simulate exactly the tip region of branching random walks with the help of a spinal decomposition, to accurately compute the flow on extensive trees with several thousand generations. Our results confirm the asymptotic predictions proposed by Schimmenti et al (2023 Phys. Rev. E
108 L023102), tested therein only for moderate trees of about 20 generations.
Biofabrication of anisotropic articular cartilage based on decellularized extracellular matrix
Authors: Puiggalí-Jou Anna , Hui Isabel , Baldi Lucrezia , Frischknecht Rea , Asadikorayem Maryam , Janiak Jakub , Chansoria Parth , McCabe Maxwell C , Stoddart Martin J , Hansen Kirk C , Christman Karen L , Zenobi-Wong Marcy
Published: January 2025

Tissue-engineered grafts that mimic articular cartilage show promise for treating cartilage injuries. However, engineering cartilage cell-based therapies to match zonal architecture and biochemical composition remains challenging. Decellularized articular cartilage extracellular matrix (dECM) has gained attention for its chondro-inductive properties, yet dECM-based bioinks have limitations in mechanical stability and printability. This study proposes a rapid light-based bioprinting method using a tyrosine-based crosslinking mechanism, which does not require chemical modifications of dECM and thereby preserves its structure and bioactivity. Combining this resin with Filamented Light (FLight) biofabrication enables the creation of cellular, porous, and anisotropic dECM scaffolds composed of aligned microfilaments. Specifically, we focus on the effects of various biopolymer compositions (i.e. hyaluronic acid, collagen I, and dECM) and inner architecture (i.e. bulk light vs FLight) on immune response and cell morphology, and we investigate their influence on nascent ECM production and long-term tissue maturation. Our findings highlight the importance of FLight scaffolds in directing collagen deposition resembling articular cartilage structure and promoting construct maturation, and they emphasize the superiority of biological-rich dECM over single-component materials for engineering articular cartilage, thereby offering new avenues for the development of effective cartilage tissue engineering strategies.
Effects of pivot point and spacing on the aerodynamic characteristics of tilting biplane airfoils
Authors: Guo Ruixue , Pei Xinbiao , Bai Yue
Published: January 2025

The effects of pivot location (

x

p

/

c

) and spacing ratio (

λ
=

d

s

/

c

) on enhancing the lift generated by rigid biplane NACA 0012 airfoils at

R
e
=
1.35
×

10
5

are studied through the numerical method. SST

k
−
ω

turbulence model is adopted to solve URANS equations with overset grids. Results reveal that

C

L

hysteresis exist phase lag under five fixed pivot locations

x

p

/

c
=
0

, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 when biplane airfoils tilt just like pitching stroke.

C

M

curves drop regularly as the pivot point moves towards the spacing direction. However, λ decreasing plays a important role in aerodynamics:

C

L

,

lower

curve family significantly collapse and

C

L

,

upper

hysteresis rise overall owing to intensified low-pressure distribution in the gap. Additionally, these performances can be explained from the view of vorticity evolution, particularly, high angles of attack around the stall induce violent turbulence structures. With rearward movement of the pivot point, resemble vortex details appear in the further upstream, indicating aerodynamic characteristics have high similarity under different

x

p

/

c

regardless of λ. And thus a concept of effective angle of attack for biplane airfoils is proposed where a new factor λ must be introduced. Data assimilation results and vorticity contours are exhibited to prove the feasibility of

α

eff

.
Electrochemical performance of NiCo2O4 and NiCo2O4/Ti3AlC2 composite for supercapacitor applications
Authors: Ramay Shahid M , Aldosary Mohammed H
Published: January 2025

Supercapacitors are pivotal for the advancement of energy storage technologies, offering unparalleled power density and rapid charge–discharge cycles essential for modern electronic and automotive applications. Combining different materials is a powerful approach to enhancing the electrochemical properties of each constituent. In the current report, we examine the structural, morphological, and electrochemical characteristics of pure NiCo2O4 and NiCo2O4%-5% Ti3AlC2 composite. The pristine NiCo2O4 is fabricated utilizing the Sol–Gel auto-combustion route, while its composite NiCo2O4%-5% Ti3AlC2 is prepared in ethanol using the ultrasonic process. Structural analysis confirms the existence of the cubic spinel phase of NiCo2O4 with the Fd

3

̅

m space group. Surface morphological analysis reveals a distribution of well-defined particles with a decrease in particle size from 50–40 nm. Elemental analysis confirms the purity of the sample by the presence of stoichiometric amounts of the elements. Electrochemical analysis of the studied composite exhibits superior electrochemical properties. Specifically, the highest specific capacitance of 129. 62 F g−1 for pure NiCo2O4 and 126.82 F g−1 for NiCo2O4-5% Ti3AlC2 composite is achieved at 2 mA g−1 current density. However, the addition of 5% Ti3AlC2 in NiCo2O4 improved its energy density by 27%. Additionally, NiCo2O4–5% Ti3AlC2 material demonstrated excellent capacitance retention, maintaining 87% after 8000 charge–discharge cycles. These findings show the potential of the studied composite for supercapacitor electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage.
‘Buddy star’ could explain Betelgeuse’s varying brightness
Authors: Dumé Isabelle
Published: January 2025

An unseen low-mass companion star may be responsible for the recently observed “Great Dimming” of the red supergiant star Betelgeuse.
Mysterious brown dwarf is two objects, not one
Authors: Jarman Sam
Published: January 2025

Two independent studies suggest that the brown dwarf Gliese 229 B is not a single object, but rather a pair of brown dwarfs.
Optical technique measures intramolecular distances with angstrom precision
Authors: Dumé Isabelle
Published: January 2025

Physicists in Germany have used visible light to measure intramolecular distances smaller than 10 nm thanks to an advanced version of an optical fluorescence microscopy technique called MINFLUX.
Mark Thomson to be next CERN boss
Authors: Starckx Senne , Banks Michael
Published: January 2025

The British physicist will become the 17th director-general of the CERN particle-physics laboratory when he takes up the position in 2026, as Senne Starckx reports.
Arecibo collapse due to ‘powerful radiation environment’
Authors: Gwynne Peter
Published: January 2025

The Arecibo Observatory’s “uniquely powerful electromagnetic radiation environment” is the most likely initial cause of its destruction and collapse in December 2020.
Prodigal twin
Authors: Crease Robert P
Published: January 2025

Albert Einstein’s “twin paradox” is a famous counterintuitive implication of the special theory of relativity, but it also reveals deep links between physics and philosophy, as Robert P Crease explains.
Proving Chadwick wrong
Authors: de Laune Rosie
Published: January 2025

2024 marks 40 years since ISIS, the UK’s neutron user facility, first became operational. Since its origins in the 1940s, neutron scattering has emerged as a powerful means for understanding everything from human cells to quantum spins. Rosie de Laune and colleagues from ISIS examine the complex science and history behind the technique, and highlight some of the key research that has been performed at the facility over the last 40 years.
Trust me? I’m an AI!
Authors: Malone Claire
Published: January 2025

From hunting for evidence of subatomic particles to speeding up the diagnosis of disease, generative artificial intelligence is transforming science and led to the 2024 Nobel Prize for Physics. Claire Malone explains why this rapidly developing technology could also – despite some misgivings – be good news for communicating science.
Fighting quantum apathy
Authors: Baggott Jim
Published: January 2025

Jim Baggott reviews Escape from Shadow Physics: the Quest to End the Dark Ages of Quantum Theory by Adam Forrest Kay
Reanimating the Gaia hypothesis
Authors: Dacey James
Published: January 2025

James Dacey reviews Becoming Earth: How Our Planet Came to Life by Ferris Jabr.
Condensed natter
Authors: Gardner Kate , Durrani Matin , Skipper Katherine , Commissariat Tushna
Published: January 2025

Bite-size reviews of the best recent books.
Polar coordinates in Carnot groups II
Authors: Tyson Jeremy
Published: January 2025

A Carnot group is polarizable if it carries a homogeneous norm whose powers are fundamental solutions for the

p
p

-sub-Lapacian operators for all

1
>
p
≤
∞

1>p\le \infty

. Such groups also support a system of horizontal polar coordinates. We prove that the converse statement is true: if a Carnot group supports a horizontal polar coordinate system with suitable properties, then it is polarizable.
Consciousness Is Motor
Authors: Klein Alexander Mugar
Published: January 2025

We remember William James for his colorful descriptions of subjective experience, perhaps above all. But in Consciousness Is Motor, Alexander Klein shows that James sculpted his phenomenal descriptions around an armature of empirical details. Klein reconstructs James’s models of consciousness and volition, uncovering results from animal experimentation and clinical observation on which those models were built. James’s early work on consciousness engaged the 1870s automatism controversy. The controversy was triggered, Klein argues, by experiments demonstrating that living, decapitated frogs are capable of goal-directed action. One side regarded goal-directedness as evidence of spinal consciousness; the other espoused epiphenomenalism, reasoning that consciousness must play no role in producing even purposive action since the latter is possible for brainless creatures. James intervened, Klein shows, by arguing that consciousness has a likely evolutionary function—behavior regulation—and so cannot be a mere epiphenomenon. It accomplishes this function by affording a capacity for evaluation, on Klein’s reading. As evidence, James appealed not just to introspection, but also to experimental facts, such as that hemisphere-less vertebrates have a diminished capacity for evaluating different available means to pursue goals. James’s “ideo-motor” model of action demonstrated precisely how an evaluating consciousness could help regulate behavior. Klein excavates key clinical observations James designed the ideo-motor model to accommodate. James’s models of consciousness and action would later feed into his distinctive philosophical outlook, Klein concludes, soon to be known as pragmatism.
Action
Authors: Klein Alexander Mugar
Published: January 2025

This chapter provides a reading of James’s account of will (volition) and of his related, causal theory of action. It begins by identifying a deep connection between his accounts of consciousness and will. Consciousness typically involves what James calls “absent sensation,” one variety of which is the “anticipatory image,” the key causal trigger in volitional action. The chapter shows that James recognized a hierarchy of actions. All “ideo-motor actions” stem from anticipatory images, but some are more volitional in the sense of involving intentions and, in some cases, deliberation about intentions. The chapter argues that what most fundamentally distinguished James from T. H. Huxley’s sensorimotor approach was that the latter conceived of volitional action in terms of a complex cerebral reflex connecting stimulus with response. On James’s model, not all actions can be traced back to prior stimuli without remainder, because two causal factors in such actions include endogenously generated anticipatory images and subjective interests; neither of these are simply “picked up” from prior stimuli. The chapter concludes by reflecting on implications of the role these subjective factors play in action (on James’s view) for the evolution of consciousness itself.
Postscript
Authors: Klein Alexander Mugar
Published: January 2025

This postscript connects James’s pragmatic maxim—which accounts for an idea’s meaning in terms of the “conduct it is fitted to produce”—with his physiological and psychological work on volition, action, and consciousness. The pragmatic maxim provides a future-directed, causal account according to which the meaning of an idea is the intended target of an action sequence. The postscript briefly considers how James’s view can account for misrepresentation, a problem with which more traditional causal theories have struggled. If the reading in this postscript is correct, then James’s pragmatist philosophy is naturalistic in the sense of being built on a model of mind and action that is itself fundamentally structured by empirical evidence from physiological experiment and clinical observation.
The Forgetting of Gender and the New Histories of Philosophy
Authors: O'Neill Eileen
Published: January 2025

This chapter responds to a cluster of interlocking questions regarding feminist history of early modern philosophy: (1) Which early modern women deserve places in our histories of philosophy? (2) Can gender be “epistemically significant”? (3) Are Descartes’s conceptions of mind and reason gender neutral? The answer to (1) is contained in what the author elsewhere refers to as “feminist Geistesgeschichte”: a narrative that, counterfactually, would have been the dominant narrative had there not been systematic misogyny at work. In response to (2), the chapter urges caution: choice of subject matter might be determined by one’s “standpoint,” but it is dangerous to maintain that philosophical strategies and doctrines are similarly a function of gender. Finally, in response to (3)—whether, as Genevieve Lloyd maintains, Cartesian reason is “masculine”—the chapter argues that the answer varies according to which Cartesian is in question. Poullain, for example, is explicit that reason is gender neutral.
Justifying the Inclusion of Women in Our Histories of Philosophy
Authors: O'Neill Eileen
Published: January 2025

The standard approaches to the historiography of philosophy fail to do justice to the work of Marie de Gournay. Those who place figures in their historical context will locate her outside of philosophy, as a participant in the querelle des femmes, whereas those who view her through a contemporary lens will read her as a forbearer of contemporary feminism. Both readings misrepresent her contribution: Gournay was part of a skeptical tradition that ran from the Pyrrhoneans to her mentor, Montaigne. In brief, Gournay counters the traditional misogynist arguments for male superiority with an “equipollent” argument—an equally powerful argument that supports the opposite conclusion: that men and women are equal. Thus, she does not dogmatically assert the equality thesis, only that it is as well supported as the thesis of male superiority. This novel deployment of an ancient technique merits a place for Gournay in our histories of philosophy.
Margaret Cavendish, Stoic Antecedent Causes, and Early Modern Occasional Causes
Authors: O'Neill Eileen
Published: January 2025

The chapter provides an analysis of occasional causation in the natural philosophy of Margaret Cavendish. Cavendish rejects “the transmission model,” which underlies the mechanist’s explanation of change, and opts for an account of occasional cause, which involves coordinated changes in quantity of motion. Does Cavendish, in rejecting the mechanist’s account, thereby reject the view that the parts of nature are causally efficacious with respect to one another? While Malebranchean occasional causes are not thus efficacious, it is argued that Cavendish’s occasional causes are, as her Stoic-inspired example of the hand’s tossing a ball shows. The hand’s motion, while not a “perfect cause” of the motion of the ball, nonetheless “activates” or “triggers” the ball’s disposition to move by means of the motion it causes on the ball’s surface.
Mary Astell on the Causation of Sensation
Authors: O'Neill Eileen
Published: January 2025

In Letters Concerning the Love of God, Mary Astell suggests that there is a “sensible congruity” between features of external bodies and the powers of the soul employed in sensation. On this view, specific bodies are fitly disposed to “draw forth” specific sensations in fitly disposed souls. Some scholars have argued that this appeal to “sensible congruity” constitutes a departure from orthodox Cartesianism. This chapter argues in detail that Astell’s remarks are in broad agreement with Descartes’s account of sensation. The final section considers whether she abandoned her Cartesianism in later works.
Cartesianism and the Gendered Mind
Authors: O'Neill Eileen
Published: January 2025

Cartesianism egalitarianism is the view that cognition is uniform across the sexes—that “the mind has no sex” (P-oullain). But certain Cartesians, notoriously Malebranche, nonetheless maintained that cognition is gendered. While Malebranche agreed that the mind has no sex, he held that mind–body union varies across the sexes. How the mind is embodied, that is, influences how we think: women excel at matters of taste and discrimination while men are superior at abstract thinking. How, then, can Cartesians maintain their egalitarianism? As the chapter shows, Madame de Lambert, drawing on Pascal, provides an answer. Pascal recognized two distinct cognitive faculties: the mathematical mind and the heart (le coeur). The truths accessed by the heart are intuited, not grasped by reason or deduction. Nonetheless, these truths (which women surpass men in grasping) are as relevant to the search after truth as those arrived at through the mathematical mind.
Unexceptional Moral Knowledge
Authors: Williamson Timothy
Published: January 2025

The chapter argues that, if there are moral truths, there is no special reason why we should not know about them. More specifically, we can have recognitional capacities for the properties and relations expressed by moral predicates, by the same standard of safety as we have recognitional capacities for the properties and relations expressed by non-moral predicates, such as those for social kinds. It is explained why the capacity to gain knowledge by applying those recognitional capacities in particular cases is prior to knowledge of general moral principles. The account is extended to moral knowledge by perception and by testimony, including from moral experts.
Gibbard on Meaning and Normativity
Authors: Williamson Timothy
Published: January 2025

The chapter is a critique of Allan Gibbard’s expressivism in his book Meaning and Normativity. It shows how his approach is in effect a probabilistic version of the Vienna Circle’s verificationist theory of meaning, and why as a result it cannot make proper sense of synonymy between distinct words (such as ‘dog’ and ‘chien’). It also shows how Gibbard’s expressivist attempt to build into the language analytic connections between thought and action imposes unwarranted constraints on linguistic competence, in order to explain matters that can easily be explained without such implausible assumptions. An Afterword explains how Gibbard’s reply to the original critique fails to meet the points raised.
Acting on Knowledge-How
Authors: Williamson Timothy
Published: January 2025

The chapter integrates Chapter 5’s account of the relation between knowledge and action with the intellectualism about knowledge-how the author has defended in joint work with Jason Stanley. The result is a unified model of the genesis of action in practical reasoning. This model is derived as the non-defective case of the traditional model of means-end practical reasoning based on beliefs and desires (or credences and utilities), when belief attains to knowledge and intention to action. To complete the picture, desire is understood as a kind of belief, which when non-defective constitutes knowledge of the good. The standard decision-theoretic account of action as made rational by subjective probabilities and utilities is criticized as corresponding to an irrationally self-regarding narrative supposed to rationalize the action, and replaced by an account on which non-defective action is made rational by the subject’s knowledge of more objective probabilities and utilities.
Transmission Failures
Authors: White Stephen J
Published: January 2025

According to a natural view of instrumental normativity, if you ought to do φ, and doing ψ is a necessary means for you to do φ, then you ought to do ψ. In “Instrumental Normativity: In Defense of the Transmission Principle,” Benjamin Kiesewetter defends this principle against certain actualist-inspired counterexamples. In this chapter White argues that Kiesewetter’s defense of the transmission principle fails. Kiesewetter’s arguments rely on two further principles: (1) Joint Satisfiability, according to which if A ought to φ and A ought to ψ, then it is possible for A to [φ and ψ], and (2) Reason Transmission, according to which if A has a reason to φ and ψ-ing is an incompatible alternative to φ-ing, then A has an equally strong reason not to ψ. White argues that we should not accept them in the unqualified forms needed to establish his conclusion.
Europe
Authors: Proctor Tammy M
Published: January 2025

For those involved in American relief, and reconstruction work, 1924 witnessed an end to their efforts. By the time American relief groups closed up shop, several things had complicated operations in Europe, however. First, increasingly tense relationships with their European partner organizations engendered bitter feuds over questions of credit for the work. Interagency squabbling also led to bruised egos, making cooperative projects difficult. Second, the French and Belgian occupation of the Ruhr in 1923–1924 and the renegotiation of war debt soured Americans on their interactions with their former allies. Third, American fundraising had begun to dry up by 1923, and increasingly emergency relief organizations had to decide whether to come home. Finally, in the United States itself, a surge in nativist sentiment, the passage of restrictive immigration laws, and an intensification of racial violence made American claims for moral supremacy appear hollow to many European observers.
Childhood and War in Eighteenth-Century Britain
Authors: Hurl-Eamon Jennine
Published: January 2025

Childhood and War in Eighteenth-Century Britain considers how British and foreign youngsters affected the waging of war, not only as stalwart camp followers, boy soldiers, patriotic civilians and bereaved victims, but also as evocative images of innocence, inability, and dependence. Though victimhood might jump most readily to mind when thinking about how war affected young people, it is only a small part of the picture. The Seven Years War and the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars influenced how children played, learned, worked, and perceived the world around them, regardless of whether they were in the heart of the battle or far from the action. Young people resisted adult conceptions of war that marginalized them and considered them useless. Viewed from a juvenile perspective, war was sometimes safer than peace, and better refuge might be found with enemy soldiers than British civilians. Though many histories of eighteenth-century childhood consider the impact of the Enlightenment, they pay little attention to war. Despite recent interest in the degree to which war penetrated civilian life and vice versa, children remain largely invisible. In using wartime accounts of children as a prism, this book addresses neglected aspects of the history of childhood and military history from the 1750s to the 1830s. The same sentiments that set childhood apart as a distinct stage of innocence were used to marginalize youngsters’ war contributions or leveraged by the state to further military goals. The overall thrust of this monograph is that, in an era that purported to have a new appreciation of childhood, more young people were drawn into war.
Conclusion
Authors: Hurl-Eamon Jennine
Published: January 2025

A scene from Henry Fielding’s Amelia encapsulates the book’s main themes. Fielding depicts a private soldier manhandling a small civilian boy, rousing the ire of his sergeant and the boy’s parents and reinforcing the notion that children need to be protected from war. The very young commanding officer’s support for the soldier reflects contemporary perceptions that juveniles made poor military leaders. On the other hand, the sergeant’s compassion for the boy illustrates the argument of several chapters that children were valuable tools in highlighting warrior sensibility. Children were not only passive objects, however; Childhood and War in Eighteenth-Century Britain has highlighted how their actions and choices affected campaign dynamics. It is also important to recognize their roles in encouraging veterans to tell their stories and sharing their own memories of their wartime childhoods later in life. Historians have not recognized the significance of the child’s gaze in this way, but many contemporary soldiers shared James Anton’s delight in recounting his adventures to starry-eyed youngsters who would “think him a great man.” Children’s admiration for warriors and their desire to preserve their memory has been largely hidden from history. Bringing it to light not only broadens our understanding of childhood, it also deepens our knowledge of the eighteenth-century wars.
Chronology, Dialect, and Style in Early Greek Hexameter Poetry
Authors: McConnell Tom
Published: January 2025

This book analyses linguistic features typical of early Greek hexameter poetry and assesses how chronology, dialect, and/or style influences their distribution across the different authors and texts (Homer, Hesiod, and the Homeric Hymns). An introduction establishes the methodologies employed throughout the book. In Part 1, the book focusses primarily on thematic genitives, digamma (alongside resonant lengthening), thematic datives, and tmesis. Subsequently, each chapter discusses factors specific to each linguistic feature which could be determining how they are used across the texts, and it also investigates how likely chronology, dialect, or style are to be involved. In Part 2, the discussion turns to why different kinds of poetry might have different prehistories in the tradition, and how these different prehistories might have affected the language used to compose the texts. This is achieved through a study of the differences firstly between Homeric speech and narrative, and then in turn different sub-genres of hexameter poetry. The book concludes by arguing that all of chronology, dialect, and style are relevant factors in understanding why different texts/authors use the shared language differently, so much so that meaningful glottochronology is impossible to establish. It also argues that style is a much more important factor than has been recognized previously.
Introduction
Authors: McConnell Tom
Published: January 2025

The introduction surveys the history of scholarship on the relationship between the artificial language of earl Greek hexameter poetry and the chronology of the texts, with special reference to that of Richard Janko. Statistical tests are carried out on his data in order to establish which linguistic features warrant further investigation. Having established the necessity to focus on the digamma, thematic genitives and thematic datives, the various methodologies (including statistical) are summarized and discussed. The introduction ends with a discussion of important complications in quantitative study, primarily revolving around the texts and their history.
The Working Body’s Decline
Authors: Metcalf James
Published: January 2025

Chapter 2 examines Mary Leapor’s ‘Colinetta’ (1748), which braids together pastoral, georgic, and elegy to represent the disturbing slide of the beleaguered body of working georgic, labouring against nature’s decline, into the dying body of elegiac pastoral—a haunting inversion of the idyllic lives of shepherds traditionally understood as pastoral’s principal subject. Leapor’s ‘Colinetta’ dwells in a sombre relation to this genre and uses the churchyard to depict the end of a body whose labours—of both georgic work and pastoral song—can no longer be performed. Chapter 2 also reads into the tradition of topographical poetry, which is pushed to engage with new territories of feeling in Ann Yearsley’s ‘Clifton Hill’ (1785). Topographical poetry is typically organized by confident possession of a landscape experienced through an oscillation of fixed prospects seen from an eminence and more dynamic involvements from within the scene—an experience unpicked by Yearsley, whose physical movement is halting and whose imaginative and poetic ventures are always under threat. The difficulty Yearsley feels in occupying Clifton Hill as a working woman is cathected in the poem’s churchyard scene, where lofty heights collapse in trembling depths and the prospect view is agonized by its vertiginous drop into the grave.
Invited Commentary: Why use methods that require proportional hazards?
Authors: Stensrud Mats J , Hernàn Miguel A
Published: January 2025

We recently questioned the utility of testing for proportional hazards in survival analysis. Here we expand on why the proportional hazards assumption is both implausible and unnecessary in most medical studies, particularly in randomized trials. We conclude that using survival analysis methods that do not rely on proportional hazards is typically the preferred course of action.
Plasma pTau181 and amyloid markers predict conversion to dementia in idiopathic REM sleep behaviour disorder
Authors: Delva Aline , Pelletier Amélie , Somerville Emma , Montplaisir Jacques , Gagnon Jean-François , Kollmorgen Gwendlyn , Kam-Thong Tony , Kustermann Thomas , Machado Venissa , Gan-Or Ziv , Postuma Ronald B
Published: January 2025

Blood-based biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology have been intensively investigated as markers for AD-related neurodegeneration. Comorbid AD pathology is common in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Accordingly, we hypothesized that plasma biomarkers associated with AD pathology might be useful to predict DLB in a cohort of idiopathic/isolated REM sleep behavior disorder (iRBD), an incipient synucleinopathy. The aim of this study was to determine whether plasma amyloid-β and pTau181 biomarkers can predict DLB.

This longitudinal single-center (Canada) cohort study included 158 polysomnography-confirmed iRBD individuals between September 2004 and October 2022, each providing blood plasma samples, who were then offered prospective follow-up. Plasma Aβ40, Aβ42 and pTau181 levels were measured using NeuroToolKit, a prototype assays panel of neurodegeneration (Roche Diagnostics International Ltd). The primary outcome was the association between plasma biomarkers at baseline and eventual development of DLB. Correlations between plasma markers and baseline cognitive tests were assessed.

A total of 142 iRBD participants (109 men [77%], mean ± SD age, 67.6 ± 8.0 years) were included in the final analysis. On prospective follow-up (2.9 ± 2.1 years after sampling), 32 individuals phenoconverted to a defined neurodegenerative syndrome (18 DLB, 13 PD, 1 MSA). The combined phenoconvertor group had lower baseline plasma Aβ42/40 ratio compared to non-phenoconvertors (mean ± SD, 0.103 ± 0.010 vs. 0.114 ± 0.012, p < 0.001), and higher pTau181 levels (0.993 ± 0.354 vs. 0.784 ± 0.266pg/ml, p = 0.008). When divided by phenoconversion subtype, significant differences were seen selectively in DLB-convertors (Aβ42/40 = 0.101 ± 0.010, difference -0.011, 95% CI [-0.016; -0.005], p < 0.001; pTau181 = 1.144 ± 0.326 pg/ml, difference 0.282 pg/ml, 95% CI [0.146; 0.418], p < 0.001). Cross-sectional analysis showed that plasma pTau181 (but not Aβ42/40) correlated with cognitive tests across various domains.

Our results indicate that plasma Aβ42/40 ratio and pTau181 can predict conversion to DLB in iRBD.
Increased prevalence of dysphagia in patients with severe atopic dermatitis candidates to biological therapy: implications for diagnosis and management of T2-related disorders
Authors: Napolitano Maddalena , Pesce Marcella , Potestio Luca , Patruno Cataldo , Cecere Daniele , Ricchiuti Mario , Cefaliello Antonio , Sarnelli Giovanni
Published: January 2025

Several atopic comorbidities may be associated with atopic dermatitis (AD), such as food allergies, asthma, allergic, rhinitis, and eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE)

EoE is being increasingly recognized as one of the main causes of dysphagia in adolescents and adults. The aim of our study was to prospectively evaluate the prevalence of upper esophageal symptoms in a population of patients with moderate-to-severe AD, candidates to systemic therapy, to consider the possibility of an intervention of screening among these patients.
Derivation and characterization of environmental hazard concentrations for chemical prioritization: a case study in the Great Lakes tributaries
Authors: Maloney Erin M , Corsi Steven R , Pronschinske Matthew A , DeCicco Laura A , Nott Michelle A , Frisch John R , Fuller Neil , Baldwin Austin K , Kimbrough Kimani , Edwards Michael , Hummel Stephanie L , Vinas Natalia , Villeneuve Daniel L
Published: January 2025

Ongoing anthropogenic activities and analytical advancements yield continuously expanding lists of environmental contaminants. This represents a challenge to environmental managers, who must prioritize chemicals for management actions (e.g., restriction, regulation, remediation) but are often hindered by resource limitations. To help facilitate prioritization efforts, this study presents several strategies for deriving environmental hazard concentrations using publicly accessible data and open-source computational tools. Using a Great Lakes tributaries aquatic monitoring dataset as a case study, environmental hazard concentrations were obtained or derived for 334 organic chemicals. These concentrations were based on (1) current water quality guidelines; (2) apical screening values; (3) apical and (4) nonapical effect concentrations from the ECOTOXicology Knowledgebase; (5) in vitro effect concentrations from the ToxCast database; (6) cytotoxic burst concentrations collated from the Comptox Dashboard; (7) “estimated screening values” derived from modeled or estimated data and available from various regulatory and nonregulatory agencies; (8) pharmaceutical potency estimates from the MaPPFAST database; and (9) quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR)–derived acute toxicity estimates. Environmental fate data included aquatic half-lives and bioconcentration factors collated from the Comptox Dashboard or estimated using QSARs. To identify patterns that could be used for characterization, availability of ecotoxicological concentrations and environmental fate data were evaluated. Furthermore, exceedances of hazard concentrations were evaluated and compared across diverse ecotoxicological data types. Altogether, by providing detailed methodology and practical examples generated with real monitoring data, this study demonstrated that these hazard concentration derivation strategies can be efficiently and effectively used with large, complex datasets and identified critical considerations for future prioritization efforts.
Evaluation of the sensitivity of a federally endangered freshwater mussel (Venustaconcha trabalis) to selected chemicals
Authors: Wang Ning , Ivey Christopher D , Cleveland Danielle , Kunz James L , Schapansky Rebecca , Lane Timothy , Barnhart M Chris
Published: January 2025

Protection of critically endangered species requires identification of factors limiting their survival and growth. Previous studies have demonstrated that unionid mussels are sensitive to some chemicals and the sensitivity was similar among different taxonomic families and tribes of mussels. However, common species of mussels were generally used in these previous studies; little is known about the sensitivity of endangered and threatened mussels relative to common species. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity of a critically endangered mussel (Tennessee bean, Venustaconcha trabalis) to seven chemicals with different modes of toxic action (ammonia, chloride, nitrite, potassium, cobalt, manganese, nickel) in acute 96-h exposures and to three chemicals (nitrite, cobalt, iron) in chronic 28-d exposures conducted following standard methods. A commonly tested mussel (fatmucket, Lampsilis siliquoidea) was also tested side-by-side with Tennessee bean in chronic exposures. Test chemicals were selected based on (1) chemicals of potential concern found in a review of existing data for the river where a population of Tennessee bean occurs or was historically present, (2) chemicals to which other mussels are sensitive, or (3) chemicals that had not been previously tested with mussels. Acute 50% effect concentrations (EC50s) for the seven chemicals from the Tennessee bean tests were within or close to the range of EC50s for other mussel species tested in previous studies, and chronic 20% effect concentrations for the three chemicals were similar between Tennessee bean and fatmucket, indicating the endangered species has sensitivity similar to other tested mussel species. Inclusion of the new mussel data in existing toxicity databases for freshwater organisms would rank one or more mussel species among the four most sensitive species to ammonia, chloride, potassium, and nickel in acute exposures and to nitrite, cobalt, and iron in chronic exposures.
Gender and cultural violence: feminist perspectives on Islamic State's heritage destruction
Authors: Childs Eleanor , Isakhan Benjamin
Published: January 2025

The mass destruction of heritage sites by Islamic State (IS) led to significant advances in the legal and normative frameworks governing global responses to heritage destruction in conflict. However, despite the scale and intensity of these efforts, the overwhelming majority of mandates and resolutions on heritage destruction are gender-blind. By applying a feminist International Relations perspective, we seek to answer the following research questions: how, and to what extent, do gender and heritage destruction intersect in conflict, and what explains the omission of gender in multilateral responses to heritage destruction? To answer these questions, we analyse the responses of key global agencies to the destruction carried out by IS and juxtapose them against results from in-depth semi-structured interviews conducted with a diverse group of Syrian and Iraqi women, all of whom were directly affected by attacks on their heritage. In doing so, we demonstrate the complex ways that women experience heritage destruction in conflict, thereby highlighting the systemic failures of the international community to grasp the gendered implications of such destruction. We also demonstrate how the absence of gender in institutionalized responses to heritage destruction is indicative of the relegation of feminized identities and experiences in contemporary accounts of war.
Analysing feminist foreign policy: towards the next agenda
Authors: Aran Amnon , Brummer Klaus , Smith Karen E
Published: January 2025

Over the past two decades an exciting and enriching theoretical and empirical debate has emerged on feminist foreign policy (FFP). However, we contend that the first wave of the debate falls short in terms of explaining the causal mechanisms that might explain why FFP rises, endures and in some cases is abandoned. In an attempt to redress this and move the debate forwards in terms of agenda, we propose bringing FFP into conversation with foreign policy analysis in relation to three key issues. Firstly, we argue that FFP scholarship should adopt an explicit conception of the state, which we contend it currently does not do. Secondly, there is value added in opening up the ‘black box’ of the state and systematically exploring the effects that both domestic political and leader-focused factors could exert on the pursuit or rejection of FFPs. Thirdly, scholarship could shift in its emphasis from the articulation to the implementation of FFPs. The next agenda of scholarship on FFP could thus contribute to a greater understanding of the drivers of decision-making, conflict and cooperation in international relations, in an era in which gender has become a flashpoint for contestation between international actors.