bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Editorial. Architectural Competitions II. The dynamics of competing and organising competitions in architecture and urban design
Authors: Andersson Jonas E , Rönn Magnus , Östman Leif
Published: September 2014

In this issue, we present four papers that discuss competitions in architecture and urban design. The papers were initially presented at the International conference Architecture as Human Interface in Helsinki, 26-27 October 2012. The conference was organised by the Finnish Association of Architects, together with the departments of architecture at the Aalto University, Oulu University and Tampere University of Technology in Finland, the Department of Construction at Novia University of Applied Sciences, Finland and KTH/Architecture, Sweden. Kimmo Lapintie, Professor at Aalto University, closed the conference, and summarised it by the formulation of a four-point statement, The Helsinki declaration on Architectural Research. The declaration forwards creativity and criticism as the fundaments for architectural research.
Choosing architects for competitions - experiences from the selection of design teams in Sweden
Authors: Rönn Magnus
Published: September 2014

This article presents results from a study of prequalification in architectural competitions. The aim is to develop knowledge of how the organizer appoints candidates to restricted competitions in Sweden. Prequalification is a selection procedure used early in the competition process to identify suitable candidates for the following design phase. The overall research question in the study is about how organizers identify architects / design teams. The methodology includes an inventory of competitions, case studies, document review and interviews of key-persons. Ten municipal and governmental competitions have been examined in the study. The invitation emerges during negotiation at the organizing body. General conditions, submission requirements and criteria for the evaluation of applications by architect firms are part of an established practice. All clients have an assessment procedure made up of two distinct stages. First they check whether applications meet the specific "must requirements" in the invitation. Thereafter follows an evaluative assessment of the candidate's professional profile, which is based on the criteria in the invitation. Reference projects and information from the referees are important sources of information in this stage. Decisive in the final assessment is the organizer's perception of the candidates' ability to produce projects of architectural quality, the ability to combine creative solutions with functional requirements and aptitude to work with developers and contractors.
Nasjonalgalleriets basisutstilling Kunst 1 - om museale tumulter
Authors: Skrede Joar
Published: September 2014

Basisutstillingen Kunst 1 ved Nasjonalgalleriet i 2005 var i stor grad en tematisk ordnet utstilling og ikke kronologisk ordnet, som tidligere. Dette utløste mye debatt i media. Artikkelen presenterer noen resonnement som kan bidra til å forstå bakgrunnen for konflikten. Debattantenes måte å argumentere på og hva argumentene impliserer av ulike historiesyn blir belyst. Det blir brukt et analytisk skille mellom sentrifugal og sentripetal lesning av kunst. Dette leder til at det avslutningsvis identifiseres en viss interdiskursivitet mellom den klassiske og moderne kunst – forstått som at den eldre kunsten behandles som samtidig.
Assessing dance: A phenomonological study of formative assessment in dance education
Authors: Andersson Ninnie
Published: September 2014

This article includes a study that examines how formative assessment in dance education is constituted in three Swedish upper secondary schools. The starting-point for the study is life-world phenomenology.  A phenomenological way of thinking entails that the human being is intersubjective, linked with and within the world and that learning requires the bodily subject´s active experience. To turn towards the things themselves and to be open and adherent to things in the world is a basic rule and the starting point for research within phenomenology. This study is based on empirical material from observations of the phenomenon formative assessment in dance. Spiegelberg´s philosophical method was used as a base for phenomenological analysis. The analysis results in three themes: modes of communication, dance-related knowledge and function of formative assessment. Formative assessment was observed in the study to commonly involve teachers´ verbal communication and visualisation. The assessment practice is a continuous activity and very rarely involves any kind of self-assessment or tests. The results were discussed and related to a life-world phenomenological view of learning and earlier research.
Academic research and artistic practice in Chain Reaction: Methodology on Two Levels
Authors: Perez Elena
Published: September 2014

This article describes the ways in which an academic method of research was combined with an artistic method in the production of Chain Reaction, a creative project developed by the author as part of her PhD program, using the methodology of practice-based research. The article describes the research design, and displays the negotiation between two different questions throughout the project—artistic and academic—by analysing two significant moments: devising artistic work with collaborators and working with theory. It is then argued that the cooperation between artistic practice and academic research enriches each field while simultaneously creating a strong form of cultural practice with both aesthetic and epistemological elements.
Det er ikke godt å si: Om tilblivelser i Anne Biringvads malerier
Authors: Gunnerød Sissel
Published: September 2014

Våren 2012 stilte Anne Biringvad ut ekspressive malerier med dristig bruk av tekstile fragmenter fra loppemarkeder inkorporert i verkene. Denne hendelsen fant sted på Galleri Semmingsen på Galleri Trafo i Asker. Hva er det som skjer i Biringsvads malerier? Tekstilene blir et slags begjær som poder seg på maleriene og knoppskyter. I denne artikkelen vil jeg nærme meg maleriene som en hendelse, noe som skjer, en sanselig tilblivelse, hvor jeg låner Gilles Deleuze’ og Félix Guattaris’ begrep om kunst som sansning gjennom affekter og persepter. Jeg spør også om Biringvads malerier kan betraktes som en mindre estetisk praksis som deterritorialiserer hovedspråket slik Deleuze og Guattari formulerer det i Kafka – for en mindre litteratur (1994). Deleuze og Guattari gjør «mindre» til en foretrukket egenskap ved kunsten. Med Michel Foucaults begrep om heterotopier vil jeg spørre om disse maleriene snur om på de plasseringene som finnes i kulturen.
Towards a ‘greater degree of integration’: the
Society for the Study of Speciation, 1939–41
Authors: CAIN JOE
Published: July 2002

Intellectual and professional reforms in evolutionary studies between 1935 and 1950
included substantial expansion, diversification, and realignment of community infrastructure.
Theodosius Dobzhansky, Julian Huxley and Alfred Emerson organized the Society for the Study
of Speciation at the 1939 AAAS Columbus meeting as one response (among many coming into
place) to concerns about ‘isolation’ and ‘lack of contact’ among speciation workers worried
about ‘dispersed’ and ‘scattered’ resources in this newly robust ‘borderline’ domain. Simply
constructed, the SSS sought neither the radical reorganization of specialities nor the creation of
some new discipline. Instead, it was designed to facilitate: to simplify exchange of information
and to provide a minimally invasive avenue for connecting disparate researchers. Emerson served
as SSS secretary and was its principal agent. After publishing one block of publications, however,
the SSS became ‘quiescent’. Anxious to promote his own agenda, Ernst Mayr tried to manoeuvre
around Emerson in an effort to revitalize the project. After meeting impediments, he moved his
efforts elsewhere. The SSS was too short-lived to merit a claim for major impact within the
community; however, it reveals important features of community activity during the synthesis
period and stands in contrast to later efforts by George Simpson, Dobzhansky, and Mayr.
Descartes the doctor: rationalism and its therapies
Authors: SHAPIN STEVEN
Published: July 2002

During the Scientific Revolution one important gauge of the quality of reformed natural philosophical knowledge was its ability to produce a more effective medical practice. Indeed, it was sometimes thought that philosophers who pretended to possess new and more potent philosophical knowledge might display that possession in personal health and longevity. René Descartes repeatedly wrote that a better medical practice was a major aim of his philosophical enterprise. He said that he had made important strides towards achieving that aim and, on that basis, he offered practical medical advice to others and advertised the expectation that, taking his own advice, he would live a very long time. This paper describes what Cartesian medicine looked like in practice and what that practice owed to the power of modernist Reason.
New Top Elites for Old in Russian Politics
Authors: RIGBY T. H.
Published: July 2002

Previous research on elite change in Russia, the main findings of which are summarized here, has shown that well over half of post-Soviet Russia's political elite were drawn from the late-Soviet era elite. After a caveat against loose use of the nomenklatura concept, this article focuses on a far narrower sub-group, defined as the ‘top’ political elite, comprising 135 individuals in late 1988 and ninety-eight in 1996. Many of the old top elite found lower elite roles in post-Soviet Russia and most of the new top elite came from fairly senior jobs, but hardly any passed directly from the old top elite to the new. Only a minority of the top elite in 1996 were ‘natural heirs’ to their positions while others owed them primarily to connections or to their success in the new open competitive politics. In this respect (as in others) there are substantial differences between the three components of the new top elite, namely members of the government, senior office holders in the State Duma, and leading officials of the presidential administration. The Russian top elite today remains overwhelmingly male. Far more grew up in large cities than did their Soviet-era equivalents. Non-Russians are now relatively less under-represented. All are tertiary graduates, and nearly a half have postgraduate qualifications. Members of the presidential elite are far more likely than government members to be city-born and educated in the social sciences or humanities, and they average almost a decade younger. The Duma elite lies in between in all these respects.
THE PRINCIPLE OF EQUALITY IN THE COMMUNITY CONTEXT: P, GRANT, KALANKE AND MARSCHALL: FOUR UNEASY BEDFELLOWS?
Authors: BARNARD CATHERINE
Published: July 2002

The importance of the principle of equality to the legal order of the European Union has been underlined by four important but contradictory cases: P v. S; Grant v. South West Trains; Kalanke and Marschall. These cases demonstrate various attempts by the Court to come to terms with what is meant by equality and to decide what protection should be provided by Community law. These, and earlier cases, offer various perspectives on the principle of equality. First, equality can be seen as a rallying cry, a political slogan but little else. Second, equality is a societal goal, a general aspirational principle of citizenship which may serve to inform specific legislative provisions, in particular non-discrimination, but otherwise has no legal force. Third, equality is a general principle of law which is designed to limit the activities of the Community legislature. Fourth, and perhaps most radically, equality is a free-standing, fundamental right enforceable against the Member States, like the equal protection of laws found in the Fourteenth Amendment of the US Constitution, and even against "private" employers. While it is possible to see elements of the first three perspectives in the Court's jurisprudence, the Court has not embraced the fourth. The article examines these developments and considers how the principles of equality and non-discrimination might be developed in the future.
ACIDIFICATION AND pH BUFFERING CAPACITY OF ALLUVIAL SOILS UNDER SUGARCANE
Authors: HARTEMINK A. E.
Published: July 2002

Changes in soil pH water (pHw) were investigated on a sugarcane plantation in the Ramu Valley of Papua New Guinea. The plantation was established in 1979 from natural grassland and the dominant soils were Fluvents and Vertisols. Statistical analysis of the topsoil pHw data (n = 541) showed a significant (α = 0.01) decrease from 6.5 to 5.7 between 1979 and 1996. Based on samples from 80 fields at different sampling times, the average decrease in topsoil pHw was calculated to be 0.4 units after 10 years of continuous sugarcane cultivation (r2 = 0.481). Between 1986 and 1996, subsoil pHw also decreased significantly (α < 0.05) by 0.4 and 0.3 units in the 0.30–0.45 and 0.45–0.60 m horizons respectively. The acidification trend accelerated in the 1990s when trash-harvesting replaced pre-harvesting burning and sulphate of ammonia became the dominant nitrogen fertilizer. Between 1991 and 1995, average nitrogen application rates were 90 ka ha−1 a−1 which resulted in an annual addition of 11.6 kmol H+ ha−1. The soil buffer capacity was estimated to be 125 kmol H+ ha−1 pH−1 which implied that the pHw could further decrease by 0.5 unit after five annual applications of 90 kg N ha−1 pH−1 as sulphate of ammonia. Although these soils were young in pedological terms and they had been cultivated for less than 20 years, they had acidified significantly and this could affect sugarcane production adversely if such trend were to continue.
Statistical design and the analysis of gene expression microarray data
Authors: KATHLEEN KERR M. , A. CHURCHILL GARY
Published: July 2002

Gene expression microarrays are an innovative technology with enormous promise to help geneticists explore and understand the genome. Although the potential of this technology has been clearly demonstrated, many important and interesting statistical questions persist. We relate certain features of microarrays to other kinds of experimental data and argue that classical statistical techniques are appropriate and useful. We advocate greater attention to experimental design issues and a more prominent role for the ideas of statistical inference in microarray studies.
CHURCH OR PROTESTANT SECT? THE CHURCH OF IRELAND,
HIGH CHURCHMANSHIP, AND THE OXFORD MOVEMENT, 1822–1869
Authors: NOCKLES PETER
Published: July 2002

The Church of Ireland has been regarded as almost devoid of a high
church element and
as unreservedly hostile to Tractarian claims. This article
questions these assumptions. It considers the
evidence for an influential, if minority, high church tradition
within the Church of Ireland and shows
how far its adherents during the 1830s and early 1840s looked
to English Tractarians for support.
The very raison d'être of the Irish church was
questioned under the reforming and erastian pressures
unleashed by a whig ministry in the early 1830s. Tractarian rhetoric
stressing apostolical descent and
continuity was echoed by Irish high churchmen in their concern to
demonstrate that they belonged to a
church that was not a creature of the state and was no mere Protestant
sect;
Irish high churchmen held
many theological and spiritual ideals in common with the early Tractarians,
but guarded their
independence. Irish high churchmen and English Tractarians nevertheless

became estranged: the
Protestant credentials of Irish high churchmen were suspect as a result
of the low church and
Evangelical backlash against ‘Puseyism’; Irish high
church attempts to put church principles into
practice, notably over the foundation of St Columba's as
an establishment to educate Roman Catholic
converts in high church teaching, were cold-shouldered by English
Tractarians. The Irish high church
tradition survived but was weakened by Roman Catholic undermining
of its assumption of apostolical
continuity as well as by ultra-Protestant critiques. Disestablishment
in 1869 paved the way not for a
high church ‘restoration’ on the Caroline model, as Irish
high churchmen wished and as early
Tractarian rhetoric assumed, but for the completion of an Evangelical
ascendancy rooted in the Irish Articles of 1615 and the church of James
Ussher.
ANTHONY H. CORDESMAN, Iraq and the War of Sanctions: Conventional Threats and Weapons of Mass Destruction (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1999). Pp. 717. ANTHONY H. CORDESMAN, Iran's Military Forces in Transition: Conventional Threats and Weapons of Mass Destruction (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1999). Pp. 432.
Authors: Yaphe Judith S.
Published: July 2002

Tony Cordesman has become a veritable institution among Washington policy analysts. Few are more prolific, especially in the area of comparative analysis of weapons systems. He can be depended on to produce data-rich, comprehensive, lavishly documented studies of military doctrine and usage, intentions to acquire or produce weapons systems, and willingness to abide by international arms-control regimes. These two books are no exception. They include indepth analyses of conventional and non-conventional weapons systems. It is the latter that makes these books so important to analysts of regional weapons development and arms control. Cordesman examines Iraqi and Iranian acquisitions, from purchase, absorption, production, and use of conventional weapons to efforts to acquire nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons—the so-called weapons of mass destruction—and the requisite ballistic-missile–delivery systems.
Charity, Status and Parliamentary Candidates in Manchester: A Consideration of Electoral and Charity Fields and the Social Basis of Power, 1832–1910
Authors: Shapely Peter
Published: July 2002

This article is concerned with the relationship which existed between Manchester's parliamentary candidates and their involvement with local charities. Both of these areas, “charity” and “parliamentary elections” formed distinct fields of activity, each with their own structures and each producing a particular set of dispositions. Success depended on the individual's habitus and having the right degree of personal or cultural capital. In the mid to late Victorian period parliamentary candidates were meant to possess the qualities of a local leader. The election field determined the need to prove fitness to represent the local community. Part of the criteria for this included involvement with local charities. This suggested moral worth and firm commitment to the area. The charity field provided a particular type of status for the individual. This article will explore the relationship between the two fields of activity and how entering the election field determined the need to also enter the charity field to provide the individual with its vital dispositions.
An approach to modelling the effect of environmental and physiological factors upon biomass accumulation in winter wheat
Authors: GILLETT A. G. , CROUT N. M. J. , STOKES D. T. , SYLVESTER-BRADLEY R. , SCOTT R. K.
Published: July 2002

Six sites of variable soil type and environments in England and Scotland were sown with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Mercia) in the autumns of 1992 and 1993 with optimum inputs for growth. Crop monitoring between February and grain maturity provided data to investigate environmental and physiological factors important in controlling biomass accumulation.

With increasing use of crop modelling as a tool for interpreting experiments and as crop management decision support systems, it is important that all influences on crop productivity are understood. The ‘radiation use efficiency’ or radiation conversion coefficient provides a convenient basis to study these influences.

Significant differences in seasonal radiation conversion coefficients were observed between sites (P < 0·001), ranging from 2·82 to 3·87 g total dry matter/MJ absorbed photosynthetically active radiation. A series of simple dry matter models were developed to help explain biomass accumulation in relation to a number of environmental variables (using the measured green area index as an input) with correlation coefficients [ges ] 0·98 obtained across all sites. Apart from sunlight, differences in the canopy's ability to accumulate nitrogen and maintenance respiration costs were the most significant factors (P < 0·001). The nitrogen effect suggests changes in the conversion of assimilates with nitrogen availability, despite relatively high nutrition levels ([ges ] 180 kg N/ha).

Over all sites the canopy extinction coefficient could be described as a linear function of the site spring time plant population (P < 0·01). A more detailed model considered canopy light attenuation to vary between sites according to sowing date and autumn/winter plant establishment and environment.
Timing of critical developmental stages and leaf

production in field-grown spring wheat for use in crop models
Authors: MULHOLLAND B. J. , CRAIGON J. , BLACK C. R. , STOKES D. T. , ZHANG P. , COLLS J. J. , ATHERTON J. G.
Published: July 2002

Detailed information on the timing of terminal spikelet formation,

anthesis, maturity and the rate of

leaf appearance is crucial to the predictive accuracy of the

AFRCWHEAT2 growth simulation model

for wheat. To obtain appropriate data under different growing

conditions for two spring wheat

(Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars (cvs Minaret and Canon),

a main field experiment was conducted

comprising eight sowing dates between mid-March and late June 1994;

data from single sowings of

Minaret in 1992 and 1995 were also included in the analysis. Minaret is

the focus of a major European

study of the impact of climate change factors on the growth and development

of wheat, and data of the type reported here were essential to support
the modelling

aspects of the project involving AFRCWHEAT2.

The accumulated thermal time from emergence to critical developmental

stages was similar for all

sowings of both cultivars, even though biomass was greatly reduced in

the later sowings. Although

final leaf numbers were comparable for all sowing dates, the rate of

leaf appearance was correlated

with the rate of change of day length at crop emergence in Minaret. The

unmodified AFRCWHEAT2

model did not predict the timing of critical growth stages and leaf numbers

well, but removal of the

vernalization and photoperiod factors from the developmental sub-model

greatly improved the

accuracy of such predictions. These results strongly suggest that fixed

quantities of thermal time may

be employed successfully to predict the timing of critical developmental

stages of these spring wheat

cultivars over a range of sowing dates, geographic locations and

climatic conditions, since

development appeared to be a linear function of temperature.

Despite removing the photoperiod and vernalization functions, the

model consistently over-predicted final leaf number because

leaf production by the model continued until 1·8 phyllochrons

before anthesis, as compared to the three phyllochrons actually

recorded for Minaret. AFRCWHEAT2

could therefore be further modified to reproduce more accurately

the smaller number of leaves typical of these spring cultivars.
Effect of integrated weed management and nitrogen

fertilization on the performance of rice under

flood-prone lowland conditions
Authors: SHARMA A. R.
Published: July 2002

Field experiments were conducted at Cuttack, India during

1991–94 to study the effect of tillage,

methods of crop establishment and weed control at varying levels of N

fertilizer on the performance

of rice under flood-prone lowland conditions (0·60 cm water depth).

The loss in grain yield of direct-sown rice caused by unchecked weed growth

ranged from 18·2 to 59·2% in the different years, and

was greater when N fertilizer was applied and when the conventional practice

of ploughing the fields

just before sowing was followed. Increasing the number of tillage operations

before sowing improved

the crop stand, reduced weed infestation and, thereby, increased the yield

significantly compared with

that achieved by conventional tillage. Summer ploughing rather than

conventional tillage decreased

weed dry weight at harvest by 15·8–53·2% and increased

grain yield by 47·4–56·3%. A pre-emergence

application of thiobencarb at 2·0 kg/ha, hand weeding once at

20 days of growth and post-establishment inter-crop cultivation at

37–42 days provided effective weed control and increased yield

by 32·7–34·7, 36·7 and 28·7–83·9%,

respectively. The efficiency of weed control and the resulting

increase in rice yield were comparatively greater under puddling than with

inter-crop cultivation and

herbicide application. The loss in yield due to weeds was negligible when

the crop was transplanted

due to the incorporation of weeds during puddling and a greater water

depth in the later growth

stages. Therefore, the grain yield of rice was highest with transplanting

followed closely by the direct-sown crop with post-establishment

inter-crop cultivation. The response of direct-sown rice to N

fertilization up to 60 kg N/ha decreased with fewer ploughings when
no

weed control measures were

adopted. However, the grain yield increased significantly with N application

up to 40 kg N/ha when

weeds were controlled by cultural or chemical methods. The results suggested

that an integrated weed

management strategy involving summer ploughing, thiobencarb application

and inter-crop cultivation is essential for effective weed control in

direct-sown, flood-prone, lowland rice, in order

to ensure higher N-use efficiency and crop productivity.
Body chemical composition and utilization of dietary
energy by male Saanen kids fed either milk to
satiation or solid complete feeds with two proportions of straw
Authors: PFEFFER E. , RODEHUTSCORD M.
Published: July 2002

Of 41 male kids, 14 were killed immediately after birth (3·3
kg BW); the remainder were either fed
on goat milk to satiation or weaned at 10 kg BW. After achieving 15·7
kg BW, weaned kids were fed
on complete diets including either 20 or 40% straw. Milk-fed kids were
slaughtered at 16·8 or
26·7 kg BW, weaned kids at 15·7 or 29–30 kg BW, respectively
(at least four kids per treatment).
Empty BW as a proportion of final live BW was 0·91±0·02
in milk-fed kids compared to
0·85±0·04 and 0·76±0·04 in kids
given complete feeds including 20 or 40% straw, respectively.
Empty BW of kids in the heaviest groups were c. 24 kg for milk-fed
or weaned kids. Energy and crude
protein contents per kg empty BW increased from 4·5 MJ and 158 g
in newborn kids to 12·2 MJ and
163 g in milk-fed kids or 10·4 MJ and 194 g in weaned kids, respectively.
No influence of the feeding
system was found on mineral contents of empty BW. Ca, P and K remained
constant at 12·6, 7·7 and
1·9 g/kg, Mg increased from 0·32 to 0·46 g/kg
and Na decreased from 2·0 to 1·3 g/kg. Differences in

composition of live BW gain are mainly caused by differences in gut-fill.
Efficiency of utilization of
ME for growth was c. 0·75 in milk-fed kids even at high
BW, but only 0·31 in weaned kids.
Proportions retained of dietary N, Ca, P, Mg, Na and K were highest in
milk-fed kids between birth
and 16·8 kg BW: 0·57, 0·88, 0·78, 0·40,
0·37 and 0·10, respectively. They were lowest in kids fed
on
complete feed including 40% straw from 15·7 to 30·3 kg BW:
0·25, 0·26, 0·32, 0·04, 0·11 and 0·04,

respectively. Weaning seems to be of greater influence on composition of
BW gain and efficiency of
utilization than the increase in empty BW.
Simple winter wheat green area index model
under UK conditions
Authors: GILLETT A. G. , CROUT N. M. J. , STOKES D. T. , SYLVESTER-BRADLEY R. , SCOTT R. K.
Published: July 2002

A simple model of canopy expansion and senescence with accumulated thermal time from sowing was
used to describe differences in canopy development and potential size across a range of sites in the
UK between 1992 and 1995. The principal model inputs were nitrogen, temperature and sowing date.
The model was calibrated across six sites within the major wheat growing areas using canopy data
collected during the 1992/93 and 1993/94 growing seasons and was validated using data collected in
the 1994/95 season. The model was able to predict the time course of green area index (GAI) over
a season with an r2[ges ]0·87 for the five English sites, and an
r2=0·68 for the single Scottish site. This
model may prove to be a useful approach to forecasting the potential canopy size, based upon an
estimate or measure of the total nitrogen available to the crop (both from applied fertilizer and the
soil).
Nitrogen fertilization of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)
in an intercropping system with cassava
(Manihot esculenta) and maize (Zea mays) in
south-western Nigeria
Authors: OLASANTAN F. O.
Published: July 2002

Nitrogen fertilization of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) when intercropped with cassava (Manihot
esculenta) and maize (Zea mays) was studied using three N rates (0, 60 and 120 kg/ha) in two field
experiments in Nigeria between 1995 and 1997. The okra was grown between the cassava and maize
rows. The effect of using two contrasting maize cvs. TZE Composite 3 Cl (less-tall, early-maturing
with narrow leaves) and DMRSR-Y (tall, late-maturing with broad leaves) on N response of okra in
the mixture was also investigated. Intercropping with maize or cassava and maize significantly
increased stem elongation, delayed pod harvest, and decreased branch or pod formation and
marketable pod yield in okra. In the cassava/maize/okra combination, maize had greater effect than
cassava in determining most growth and pod yield attributes of the okra crop, regardless of N rate.
However, the effect was relatively less severe in mixtures with early-maize cv. TZE Composite 3 Cl
than with late-maize cv. DMRSR-Y. Although applied N at rates above 60 kg/ha in intercropping
increased maize grain and cassava tuber yields, this did not result in a further significant gain in pod
yield of the associated okra crop. The present recommendation of 60 kg/ha for N fertilization of
cassava/maize intercrop was found to be applicable to okra grown between the cassava/maize rows
using the less-tall, early-maize cultivar with relatively narrow leaves, and possibly reduced leaf area.
Educational Exchange and Cultural Diplomacy in the Cold War
Authors: BU LIPING
Published: July 2002

The United States after World War II experienced symbiotically the
fear of the Soviet threat and the belief in its own system as the ultimate
choice for the world. In the confrontation with the Soviet Union, cultural
relations programs began to be organized and designed in accordance
with national security interest. George F. Kennan, the architect of US
containment policy, urged: “let us by all means have the maximum
cultural exchange.” The mission of cultural contact, according to
Kennan, was “combatting the negative impressions about this country
[USA] that mark so much of world opinion.” The US government made
new cultural policies in terms of Cold War political concerns and relied
extensively on private resources for the implementation of cultural
diplomacy via educational exchange. It mobilized the American society
for the achievement of “total diplomacy” with political rhetoric,
legislative measures, and financial support. Private institutions, which
pioneered and dominated US cultural interactions with other nations
before the war, now began to play a new but supportive role for the state.
Because of their expertise and their unique roles in a democratic society,
American philanthropies, professional organizations, and universities
became indispensable in delivering the multitude of exchange programs.
THE STRATIFYING FORCE OF FAMILY SIZE, URBANIZATION AND PARENTAL EDUCATION IN SOCIALIST-ERA POLAND
Authors: BIELICKI TADEUSZ , SZKLARSKA ALICJA
Published: July 2002

The strength of influence upon statural variation of: (1) the degree of urbanization of the locality of habitat, (2) family size, (3) paternal and (4) maternal educational status was analysed in three generations of 19-year-old Polish conscripts, examined in 1965, 1986 and 1995. Each of the above factors of an individual's social situation was described by a 4-level scale. Each factor was found to exert a highly significant residual effect on stature throughout the three decades considered, even after the effects of other correlated factors were partialled out by three-factor ANOVA. However, the stratifying force of each factor, as expressed by the dispersal of the level-specific main effects around the national mean, has been changing over time. For example, the growth-stunting effect of the condition of coming from a large sibship was dramatic in the 1965 cohort and considerably attenuated in 1986 but ceased to diminish thereafter. The growth-enhancing effect of the condition of being a large-city dweller, initially marked, has almost disappeared; but the growth-stunting effect of the condition of being a rural dweller has remained equally strong across all cohorts. These and other shifts in the relative importance of the social factors, as presumed determinants of family living standards, are described and some explanations attempted.
Effects of dietary calcium soaps of unsaturated fatty acids on
digestion, milk composition and physical properties of butter
Authors: ENJALBERT FRANCIS , NICOT MARIE CLAUDE , BAYOURTHE CORINE , VERNAY MICHELE , MONCOULON RAYMOND
Published: July 2002

Dairy cows fitted with ruminal, duodenal and ileal cannulas were
utilized
to investigate the effects of feeding with Ca soaps (CaS) of
palm fatty acids (FA) and
rapeseed FA. Diets compared were control diet based on maize silage and

concentrate, and two diets with 40 g CaS of palm oil FA or rapeseed
oil FA/kg diet,
replacing part of the concentrates of the control diet. Total
digestibilities of dry
matter, fibre and fat, and ruminal fermentation were not significantly
altered by
giving CaS; the extent of ruminal biohydrogenation of total unsaturated

C18 FA was
significantly reduced by both CaS diets. Apparent intestinal digestibility
of FA was
not different among diets, although the amount of FA absorbed with the
CaS diets
was twice that with the control diet. No difference among diets
was observed for milk
production, or fat and protein contents. Giving CaS diets decreased the
proportions
of 4[ratio ]0 to 14[ratio ]0 FA in milk fat, and increased
cis-18[ratio ]1n−9, compared with control diet.

The rapeseed diet lowered the content of 16[ratio ]0, and increased the

contents of 18[ratio ]0
and trans-18[ratio ]1n−7. CaS diets did not
result in a marked increase of polyunsaturated
FA content in milk fat. Butter from cows fed on the CaS diets contained
more liquid
fat at 6 and 14°C than butter from the cows fed on the control diet.
Incorporating
CaS, particularly those from rapeseed, in dairy cows'
diets increased C18 FA in milk and improved butter spreadability.
Influence of supplementary fish oil and rumen-protected methionine

on milk yield and composition in dairy cows
Authors: CHILLIARD YVES , DOREAU MICHEL
Published: July 2002

The effects of a daily supplement of 300 ml fish oil and 20 g
rumen-protected methionine, alone or in combination, were investigated

in mid-lactation
cows receiving a maize silage-based diet ad lib. Fish oil
significantly decreased feed
intake, increased milk yield, decreased protein and casein concentrations,
and
especially fat concentration (by 13·1 g/kg) and output. Fat

concentration decreased
more in primiparous than in multiparous cows. Methionine supplementation

increased protein and casein concentrations and outputs. No significant
interaction
between oil and methionine supplementation was found on milk composition.

Treatments did not modify live weight or body condition changes, or lactose
and
non-casein nitrogenous compounds in milk. Oil plus methionine supplementation

made it possible to decrease milk fat content without changing protein
content.
Quasi-one-dimensional steady-state cavitating nozzle flows
Authors: DELALE C. F. , SCHNERR G. H. , SAUER J.
Published: July 2002

Quasi-one-dimensional cavitating nozzle flows are considered by employing a homogeneous
bubbly liquid flow model. The nonlinear dynamics of cavitating bubbles
is described by a modified Rayleigh–Plesset equation that takes into account bubble/bubble
interactions by a local homogeneous mean-field theory and the various
damping mechanisms by a damping coefficient, lumping them together in the form of
viscous dissipation. The resulting system of quasi-one-dimensional cavitating nozzle
flow equations is then uncoupled leading to a nonlinear third-order ordinary differential
equation for the flow speed. This equation is then cast into a nonlinear
dynamical system of scaled variables which describe deviations of the flow field from
its corresponding incompressible single-phase value. The solution of the initial-value
problem of this dynamical system can be carried out very accurately, leading to an
exact description of the hydrodynamic field for the model considered.

A bubbly liquid composed of water vapour–air bubbles in water at 20 °C for
two different area variations is considered, and the initial cavitation number is
chosen in such a way that cavitation can occur in the nozzle. Results obtained,
when bubble/bubble interactions are neglected, show solutions with flow instabilities,
similar to the flashing flow solutions found recently by Wang and Brennen. Stable
steady-state cavitating nozzle flow solutions, either with continuous growth of bubbles
or with growth followed by collapse of bubbles, were obtained when bubble/bubble
interactions were considered together with various damping mechanisms.
Direct numerical simulations of supercritical fluid mixing layers applied to heptane–nitrogen
Authors: MILLER RICHARD S. , HARSTAD KENNETH G. , BELLAN JOSETTE
Published: July 2002

Direct numerical simulations (DNS) are conducted of a model hydrocarbon–nitrogen
mixing layer under supercritical conditions. The temporally developing mixing layer
configuration is studied using heptane and nitrogen supercritical fluid streams at a
pressure of 60 atm as a model system related to practical hydrocarbon-fuel/air systems.
An entirely self-consistent cubic Peng–Robinson equation of state is used to describe
all thermodynamic mixture variables, including the pressure, internal energy, enthalpy,
heat capacity, and speed of sound along with additional terms associated with the
generalized heat and mass transport vectors. The Peng–Robinson formulation is based
on pure-species reference states accurate to better than 1% relative error through
comparisons with highly accurate state equations over the range of variables used in
this study (600 [les ] T [les ] 1100 K, 40 [les ] p [les ] 80 atm) and is augmented by an accurate
curve fit to the internal energy so as not to require iterative solutions. The DNS results
of two-dimensional and three-dimensional layers elucidate the unique thermodynamic
and mixing features associated with supercritical conditions. Departures from the
perfect gas and ideal mixture conditions are quantified by the compression factor and
by the mass diffusion factor, both of which show reductions from the unity value. It
is found that the qualitative aspects of the mixing layer may be different according to
the specification of the thermal diffusion factors whose value is generally unknown,
and the reason for this difference is identified by examining the second-order statistics:
the constant Bearman–Kirkwood (BK) thermal diffusion factor excites fluctuations
that the constant Irwing–Kirkwood (IK) one does not, and thus enhances overall
mixing. Combined with the effect of the mass diffusion factor, constant positive large
BK thermal diffusion factors retard diffusional mixing, whereas constant moderate IK
factors tend to promote diffusional mixing. Constant positive BK thermal diffusion
factors also tend to maintain density gradients, with resulting greater shear and
vorticity. These conclusions about IK and BK thermal diffusion factors are species-pair dependent, and therefore are not necessarily universal. Increasing the temperature
of the lower stream to approach that of the higher stream results in increased layer
growth as measured by the momentum thickness. The three-dimensional mixing layer
exhibits slow formation of turbulent small scales, and transition to turbulence does not
occur even for a relatively long non-dimensional time when compared to a previous,
atmospheric conditions study. The primary reason for this delay is the initial density
stratification of the flow, while the formation of strong density gradient regions both
in the braid and between-the-braid planes may constitute a secondary reason for the
hindering of transition through damping of emerging turbulent eddies.
Reappraisal of the Kelvin–Helmholtz problem.

Part 2. Interaction of the Kelvin–Helmholtz,

superharmonic and Benjamin–Feir instabilities
Authors: BENJAMIN T. BROOKE , BRIDGES THOMAS J.
Published: July 2002

Several new results on the bifurcation and instability of

nonlinear periodic travelling waves, at the interface between two

fluids in relative motion, in a parametric neighbourhood of a

Kelvin–Helmholtz unstable equilibrium are presented. The

organizing centre for the analysis is a canonical Hamiltonian

formulation of the Kelvin–Helmholtz problem presented in

Part 1. When the density ratio of the upper and lower fluid

layers exceeds a critical value, and surface tension is present, a

pervasive superharmonic instability is found, and as

u → u0, where u is

the velocity difference between the two layers and

u0 is the Kelvin–Helmholtz

threshold, the amplitude at which the superharmonic instability

occurs scales like (u0−u)1/2

with u < u0. Other results

presented herein include (a) new results on the

structure of the superharmonic instability, (b)

the discovery of isolated branches and intersecting branches

of travelling waves near a critical density ratio, (c)

the appearance of Benjamin–Feir instability along

branches of waves near the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability

threshold and (d) the interaction between the

Kelvin–Helmholtz, superharmonic and Benjamin–Feir

instability at low amplitude.
The effects of slightly soluble surfactants on the
flow around a spherical bubble
Authors: CUENOT B. , MAGNAUDET J. , SPENNATO B.
Published: July 2002

This paper reports the results of a numerical investigation of the
transient evolution of
the flow around a spherical bubble rising in a liquid contaminated by a
weakly soluble
surfactant. For that purpose the full Navier–Stokes equations are solved
together with
the bulk and interfacial surfactant concentration equations, using values of the
physical-chemical constants of a typical surfactant characterized by a simple surface
kinetics. The whole system is strongly coupled by nonlinear boundary conditions
linking the diffusion flux and the interfacial shear stress to the interfacial
surfactant
concentration and its gradient. The influence of surfactant characteristics is
studied by
varying arbitrarily some physical-chemical parameters. In all cases, starting
from the
flow around a clean bubble, the results describe the temporal evolution of the
relevant scalar and dynamic interfacial quantities as well as the changes in the
flow structure
and the increase of the drag coefficient. Since surface diffusion is extremely weak
compared to advection, part of the bubble (and in certain cases all the interface)
tends
to become stagnant. This results in a dramatic increase of the drag which in several
cases reaches the value corresponding to a rigid sphere. The present results
confirm the
validity of the well-known stagnant-cap model for describing the flow around a bubble
contaminated by slightly soluble surfactants. They also show that a simple relation
between the cap angle and the bulk concentration cannot generally be obtained
because diffusion from the bulk plays a significant role.
A generalization of Yaglom's equation which
accounts for the large-scale forcing in
heated decaying turbulence
Authors: DANAILA L. , ANSELMET F. , ZHOU T. , ANTONIA R. A.
Published: July 2002

In most real or numerically simulated turbulent flows, the energy dissipated at small
scales is equal to that injected at very large scales, which are anisotropic. Despite this
injection-scale anisotropy, one generally expects the inertial-range scales to be locally
isotropic. For moderate Reynolds numbers, the isotropic relations between second-order and third-order moments for temperature (Yaglom's equation) or velocity
increments (Kolmogorov's equation) are not respected, reflecting a non-negligible
correlation between the scales responsible for the injection, the transfer and the
dissipation of energy. In order to shed some light on the influence of the large
scales on inertial-range properties, a generalization of Yaglom's equation is deduced
and tested, in heated grid turbulence (Rλ=66). In this case, the main phenomenon
responsible for the non-universal inertial-range behaviour is the non-stationarity of
the second-order moments, acting as a negative production term.
The effect of rotation on vertical Bridgman growth at large Rayleigh number
Authors: FOSTER M. R.
Published: July 2002

Convection effects in the melt of a vertical Bridgman furnace, used for solidifying a
dilute binary alloy, are known to cause significant, and undesirable, non-uniformity in
the alloy. We have found previously that non-axisymmetry significantly degrades the
performance of the furnace at large Rayleigh number, Ra, and small Biot number,
[Bscr ]. There have been a number of studies on improvement of the alloy quality by the
introduction of additional forces into the melt flow – magnetic forces or d'Alembert
forces due to various sorts of acceleration of the ampoule. In this paper, we explore the
effects on the radial segregation generated by rotating the ampoule about its vertical
axis. We determine that the magnitude of segregation is proportional to the product
of [Bscr ] and the thickness of the thermal layer on the crystal–melt interface. As the
rotation, as measured by a Taylor number, [Tscr ], increases beyond
O(Ra1/3), the thermal
layer thickens and so the segregation increases. Finally, at
[Tscr ] = O(Ra1/2), the thermal
adjustment occurs on outer scales, and hence the solutal concentration increases to
O([Bscr ]). Hence rotation about the vertical axis actually degrades performance!
Deriving object-verb order in late Middle English
Authors: VAN DER WURFF WIM
Published: July 2002

Late Middle English is a VO language in which surface OV order
can

nevertheless be

found. This has been taken to show that the language has both OV and VO
as

possible underlying orders. However, there are various types of data that
this

hypothesis cannot account for. It is therefore argued in this article that

late Middle

English only had VO order underlyingly, and that all surface OV orders
are derived

by means of leftward movement of the object across the verb, in a manner
fully

compatible with the Minimalist Program. In surface OV, the object moves
overtly to

the functional projection AgrOP for feature-checking; LF movement is also
possible

(yielding surface VO), since the two derivations are equally economical.
Pronominal

objects can move to a higher clitic position. This analysis is shown to

account for a wide range of data.