bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The distribution of the eggs of Mammalian Lice on their hosts. 3. The distriubtion of the eggs of Damalinia ovis (L) on the sheep.
Authors: Murray MD
Published: June 2005

The eggs of Damalinia ovis (L.) are attached to the wool and hair fibres of
the sheep and have a vertical and lateral distribution, i.e. they may be laid at
different distances from the skin and their distribution over the body of the sheep
may vary.
The vertical distribution of the newly laid eggs of D. ovis is determined by the
distance to which the temperature zone suitable for oviposition extends from the
skin. This is regulated mainly by skin temperature, skin topography, the depth
of the air blanket trapped within the fleece, and atmospheric temperature. Usually
the eggs are laid within 1/4 in. of the skin.
The factors which influence the lateral distribution are the presence of suitable
fibres and temperatures for oviposition. Eggs are not laid on the bare areas of the
body because fibres are absent. There are, however, few bare areas on the sheep.
The bases of certain hairs on the face, legs, and axilla and inguinal regions are too
large in diameter for oviposition but mingled with them are many fibres which are
suitable. As there are no areas on the sheep which are entirely covered with hairs of
unsuitable diameter for oviposition, fibre diameter has little influence on the lateral
distribution of the eggs of D. ovis. When sheep are exposed to low atmospheric
temperatures, the skin temperature of the extremities falls below that at which
D. ovis can oviposit. Skin temperature is the main factor which determines the
lateral distribution of the eggs of D. ovis on the sheep.
Cytogenetics of the grasshopper Moraba scurra. 1. Meiosis of interracial and Interpopulation hybrids.
Authors: White MJD
Published: June 2005

Numerous F1 hybrids between the races of Moraba scurra Rehn with 2nB = 15
and 2nB = 17 were reared in the laboratory and in artificial colonies established in
nature. Most F1 males have almost completely regular meiosis, their chiasma frequency
being essentially normal. These individuals show a trivalent, composed of
an "A" and a "B" chromosome of the 17-chromosome race paired with the corresponding
limbs of an "AB" chromosome derived from the 15-chromosome race.
Disjunction of the trivalent is usually extremely regular. Occasionally either the A
or the B chromosome fails to pair with the AB.
In hybrid individuals which happen to have their CD chromosome pair
heterozygous for the Blundell rearrangement (i.e. Standard/Blundell) the proximal
end of the A chromosome is occasionally paired with the Blundell-carrying CD
chromosome. This suggests that the evolutionary "dissociation" of the AB into
separate A and B chromosomes, which is present in the 17-chromosome race, was
not a simple fragmentation but a translocation involving a Blundell chromosome,
and that the A chromosome received its centromere from the Blundell element.
Various types of abnormal synapsis occur in hybrids between individuals
from populations situated several hundred miles apart, even when both belong to
the 15-chromosome race.
Chiasma-formation in CD bivalents homozygous and heterozygous for the
three known sequences of the CD chromosome (Standard, Blundell, Molonglo)
suggests that Blundell and Molonglo are both related to Standard as pericentric
inversions.
The bearing of these data on the history of the species is discussed.
Biology of Aganippine trapdoor spiders (Mygalomorphae: Ctenizidae)
Authors: Main BY
Published: June 2005

A taxonomic revision of the tribe Aganippini (Ctenizidae) is made. The
genus Blakistonia Hogg is excluded from the tribe, Gaius Rainbow is synonymized
with Anidiops Pocock, and Eucyrtops Pocock is re-instated. The group now consists
of the four genera Aganippe Cambridge, Idiosoma Ausserer, Anidiops, and
Eucyrtops. The former 23 species of the tribe are reduced to nine, and three new
species are described, making a total of 12 valid species. Allotypes of five species,
previously known only from one sex, are designated and described.
Many characters customarily used in mygalomorph taxonomy are criticized
and shown to be inadequate.
Observations on the life histories and natural history of the species are
recorded. The adaptive function of different burrow and door structures is discussed.
Distribution of species in relation to particular habitat types in the general
environment is mentioned. Parallel adaptation of a specialized foraging behaviour
("twig-lining", whereby spiders attach twigs to the rim of the burrow in such a
way that they are utilized as "feeling lines" when foraging) is recorded for seven
species in three genera. Twig-lining appears to be an adaptation to relatively dry
habitats where the food supply is less abundant. By this method of foraging,
animals increase their area of search for food.
A relationship between morphology and behaviour is noted. Certain morphological
features, in particular the eyes, are shown to be correlated with burrow
structure, including door type, and foraging behaviour.
The evolutionary radiation of the tribe is shown to be the result of ecological
expansion. Postulated phylogeny of the tribe is outlined.
Derivation of the genus Idiosoma from Aganippe is postulated. It is suggested
that this has been due to "block" inheritance of several characters (which together
have adaptive superiority), and which are assorting independently in other species.
These characters, when inherited together, mark the irreversible culmination of
the adaptive trend of twig-lining, the initial stages of which are exhibited by the
adaptively plastic species of Aganippe and Anidiops.
A review of Australian Acroceridae (Diptera)
Authors: Paramonov SJ
Published: June 2005

Four genera and 26 species of Australian Acroceridae are recognized. The genus Nothra Westw. is synonymized with Pterodontia Gray. One new species of Pterodontia and 10 new species of Oncodes Latr. are described. It is indicated from structural studies that Hardy (1940) erroneously regarded all Australian species of Oncodes as only colour varieties of 0. basalis (Walk.).
Specialtion in the genus Amytornis Stejneger (Passeres: Muscicapidae, Malurinae) in Australia.
Authors: Keast A
Published: June 2005

The present paper discusses and determines the status of a range of forms and
species in the genus Amytornis Stejneger (Australian grass-wrens), reviews infraspecific
variation and re-defines races, and makes a study of speciation in the genus.
In demonstrating the various stages in the speciation process Amytornis
provides a parallel with Climacteris Temminck (Keast 1957). The genus is particularly
rich in distinctive isolated forms that, though they have never had their true status
tested by contacting the parental stocks, are nevertheless so different that, if normal
taxonomic procedure be applied, they must be regarded as species. There is one
demonstration of the ultimate stage in the speciation process, that of two former
isolates secondarily coming together and demonstrating their distinctness by failing
to interbreed. Amytornis contrasts with Climacteris in that it is fundamentally a
desert genus, with spinifex the basic habitat. Hence isolation of populations would
appear to have resulted, in the main, not from increasing aridity, but as a result of the
invasion of former spinifex or porcupine grass areas by savannah grassland (an unsuitable
habitat as it provides cover for only part of the year).
Changes in the colour and colour pattern of the birds and in size and bill form
(inferring a change in the food) of Amytornis provide, to a degree, a continental
example of the kind of speciation seen in some island archipelagos, e.g. Galapagos
Is. (Lack 1947).
The application of Gloger's and Bergmann's ecogeographical rules to members
of the genus Amytornis is discussed.
Nutrition and reproduction in the Australian Sheep Blowfly Lucilia cuprina.
Authors: Webber LG
Published: June 2005

Carbohydrate, protein, and salts are essential for the development of eggs by Lucilia cuprina (Wied.). In the presence of sucrose, each of the following is adequate for egg development: casein, milk, yeast, egg albumen, and gelatin plus L-tryptophan. However, egg development on these foods is slower than on liver. Contrary to previous findings, it is shown that sheep droppings may provide adequate food for the development of eggs in L. cuprina, especially droppings from sheep on improved pastures during spring and autumn, when both pasture and faeces have a relatively high protein content.
Variation and speciation in the Australian Campephagidae (Passeres).
Authors: Keast A
Published: June 2005

The present paper reviews the taxononly of and discusses speciation in the
Australian members of the family Campephagidae (cuckoo-shrikes and trillers),
embracing the genera Pteropodocys Gould, Coracina Vieillot, Edolisoma Pucheran,
and Lalage Boie.
Isolates are few in number on the continent. This presumably results from
most species having rather generalized habitat requirements, continuous ranges,
being large and mobile, and undertaking seasonal wanderings.
Four of the species extend widely through the tropical islands to the north.
An archipelago area of about the same size as Australia provides an interesting
contrast with the continent, there being some 35 morphologically differentiated
isolates as against 7-10 on the latter. Tropical islands (with a constant supply of
food all the year round ?) apparently favour the development of the sedentary way
of life and isolation, just as the drier conditions of Australia favour nomadism and
the maintenance of breeding continuity. The bulk of the insular forms, however,
are small populations with restricted ranges, and must lack the adaptive gene pool
of their continental congeners. Because of this their evolutionary future is presumably
limited.
Attention is drawn to an interesting comparison between two species that
undertake equally extensive seasonal movements. One, Lalage sueurii, does not
vary at all geographically, but the second, Coracina novaehollandiae, has marked
clinal variation and two, possibly three, isolates. The reasons for this are discussed.
The point is made that seasonal movements per se may not prohibit the development
of geographic variation but that this depends on the nature of the movements.
A revision of the pink bollworms of cotton (Pectinophora busck (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)) and related genera in Austalia.
Authors: Common IFB
Published: June 2005

The Australian representatives of four genera of Gelechiidae, the larvae of which apparently all feed within the seed capsules of cotton and other Malvaceae, are reviewed.
Pectinophora Busck (pink bollworms). - Three species are recognized, P. gossypiella (Saunders), P. scutigera (Holdaway), and P. endema, sp. nov., from eastern Australia. Holdaway's conclusions about the distribution of the first two are largely confirmed. As there have been no authentic records of P. gossypiella from Queensland, the existing quarantine restrictions on the importation of untreated cotton to that State are fully justified.
Pexicopia, gen. nov. - The genus is erected for a group of 16 Australian species, together with Tinea malvella Hubner from Europe, Mometa chlidanopa Meyrick from Africa, and Gelechia melitolichna Meyrick from China. Nine of the Australian species are described as new, while the remaining seven have been transferred from Gelechia.
Metacaena, gen. nov. - The genus is based on a new species, M. adela, from Queensland, superficially similar to Pectinophora and Pericopia.
Decatopseustis Meyrick. - A new species, D. cataphanes, from the Australian Capital Territory, is described.
Genitalic and other characters for the separation of these genera from one another and from the allied genera Platyedra Meyrick, Mometa Durrant, Anisoplaca Meyrick, Phrixocrita Meyrick, and Trachyedra Meyrick are discussed. The genitalia of both sexes and the wings of Australian species are figured, and keys to the species are provided.
Some effects fo temperature on the Diurnal Periodicity of adult emergence in Trichopoda pennipes (Diptera: Tachinidae)
Authors: Wilson F , Snowball GJ
Published: June 2005

There is a marked diurnal periodicity of adult emergence in Trichopoda
pennipes. This periodicity is greatly modified by temperature change, and adults
can be induced to emerge at any time by providing a temperature-increase stimulus.
Adults sometimes emerge in response to very small increases of temperature.
Strongyloides and parastrongyloides (Nematoda: Rhabdiasoidea) in Australian Marsupials.
Authors: Mackerras MJ
Published: June 2005

Strongyloides thylacis, sp. nov, is described from the bandicoot Thylacis obesulus (Shaw). It exhibited a regular alternation of generations, similar to that which occurs in many species of the genus. Parastrongyloides trichosuri, sp. nov, is described from the brush-tailed possum Trichosurus vulpecula (Kerr). It also exhibited a regular alternation of generations.
Parastrongyloides peramelis, sp, nov. is described from the bandicoots Thylacis obesulus and Perameles nasuta Geoffroy. It exhibited an alternation of generations, but homogonic development sometimes occurred as well.
Life history of Acanthoparyphium spinulosum Johnston, 1917 (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae).
Authors: Bearup AJ
Published: June 2005

A list is given of the trematode cercariae which are commonly found in the estuarine gastropod, Pyrazus australis Quoy & Gaimard. These include: cercariae of a schistosome, Austrobilharzia terrigalensis Johnston, 1917, and of a heterophyid, Stictodora sp.; a monostomate xiphidiocercaria, probably belonging to the Microphallidae; two megalurous cercariae, probably belonging to the Philophthalmidae; and one echinostome cercaria. The life history of the latter, Acanthoparyphium spinulosum Johnston, 1917, is described.
No sporocysts were found. Two generations of rediae precede the cercariae, which have a collar with 23 spines in a single row, as in the adult.
Cercariae encyst readily in Salinator fragilis (Lamarck), another gastropod living in the same habitat. Cysts were also found occasionally in P. australis and in small polychaetes of the Phanaerocephala group. Adults were obtained by feeding S. fragilis, which contained encysted cercariae, to the silver gull, Larus novae-hollandiae.
The blood of the Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus)
Authors: Bolliger A , Backhouse TC
Published: June 2005

Blood counts were performed on 47 specimens of Phascolarctos cinereus, a
marsupial commonly known as the koala or native bear which lives exclusively on
a diet of eucalyptus leaves, and the results were subdivided into "normal",
"abnormal", and "doubtful".
Compared with man, the average normal haemoglobin was low (12.9 g/100
ml). Nucleated erythrocytes were practically always present as well as reticulocytes.
Lymphocytes were more numerous than neutrophils.
In injured or infected animals, neutrophils were more numerous than
lymphocytes and reticulocytes and nucleated erythrocytes were frequently absent.
In blood dyscrasias, however, the latter were usually numerous. These two groups
provided the abnormal results.
In the absence of definite clinical signs a considerable group of koalas exhibited
deviations from the assumed normal blood picture. These deviations were
usually slight and the results were referred to as doubtful.
Breeding the short-nosed Bandicoot, Isodon macrourus (Gould), in captivity.
Authors: Mackerras MJ , Smith RH
Published: June 2005

The short-nosed bandicoot is polyoestrous, breeding all the year round in the vicinity of Brisbane. Females may breed when only half grown. In captivity, one female has produced eight litters in 17 months, totalling at least 32 young, most of which she destroyed early in their life. The gestation period is less than 15 days. Up to seven young may be born at one time. There are eight teats in the pouch. The length of the oestrous cycle was not determined.
The young are born in the embryonic stage usual in marsupials. They are naked and blind, with the lips fused at the sides. They have relatively well-developed nostrils and fore limbs, and are able to make, unaided, the journey from the median vaginal canal to the exterior, and thence to the pouch.
They weigh about 0.18 g, and measure about 14 mm from crown to rump. Deciduous claws, shed during the first week of life, are present on the second, third, and fourth digits of the manus. The young remain attached to the teats for about 7 weeks, when they are fully haired, the lips have separated, teeth erupted, and the eyes opened. They continue to suckle for about 10 days longer.
The maximum weights recorded for adult animals are 2045 g for a female and 2870 g for a male.
Additional information on the Australian genera of the family Psyllidae (Hemiptera: Homoptera)
Authors: Taylor KL
Published: June 2005

The three species described by Signoret in the genus Spondyliaspis Sign. belong to two genera. As a result Scenitopsylla Tuthill & Taylor becomes a junior synonym of Spondyliaspis, two of Signoret's species are referred to Cardiaspina Crawf., and a new genus (Glycaspis) is erected for species assigned to Spondyliaspis by Schwarz, Froggatt, and other authors.
Another new genus (Hyalinaspis) is erected for Cardiaspis rubra Frogg., and Uhleria Crawf, is considered a junior synonym of Lasiopsylla Frogg. Because Thea Scott was preoccupied, a new name, Phellopsylla, is proposed for the genus containing species heretofore known under the name Thea.
Psylla lidgetti Mask. is considered to be correctly placed in the genus Psylla Geoff.; Psylla subfasciata Er. in the new genus Hyalinaspis; Aphalara leptospermi Frogg. in Eucalyptolyma Frogg. Ascelis(?) multitudinea Tepper, which was referred to Trioza Forst. by Maskell, is now placed in the family Cecidomyidae (Diptera).
Th e chironomidae (Diptera) of Australia.
Authors: Freeman P
Published: June 2005

This is a systematic account of the species of Chironomidae from Australia
based mainly on collections in Australian museums, the British Museum, and the
United States National Museum. One hundred and twenty-nine species are
described, 69 of them new, and keys are given to subfamilies, genera, and species.
The classification proposed by Brundin (1956) has been adopted; in this, the
subfamilies Diamesinae, Clunioninae, and Corynoneurinae are treated as, at the
most, tribes of the subfamily Orthocladiinae.
Type specimens of species described by Macquart, Walker, and Skuse
have been examined and the species redescribed and figured; an attempt has been
made to identify Kieffer's species, the types of which are probably lost.
Some account is given of the composition of the fauna, and the presence
of an element in the more primitive genera similar to the fauna of the southern
part of South America has been noted.
Adult reproductive behaviour in Asolcus basalis (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae)
Authors: Wilson F
Published: June 2005

Adult reproductive behaviour in Asolcus basalis, a solitary parasite of the egg masses of Nezara viridula smaragdula, presents various remarkable features. These include: male aggressive behaviour, in which one male takes possession of an egg mass and drives away all other males; high male mating capacity, which permits the possessing male to fertilize virtually all females emerging from the egg mass it possesses; marking of the host by the female after parasitizing it, this being the basis for a considerable ability on the part of females to discriminate between parasitized and unparasitized hosts; and female aggressive behaviour in which one female drives all other females from an egg mass as soon as it is more or less completely parasitized. It is thought that the value to the species of these and other features of adult behaviour is that they increase the total female searching capacity for hosts. It is suggested that similar forms of reproductive behaviour may be widespread in some groups of the Scelionidae.
The use of sampling methods in studies of the distribution of larvae of Boophilus microplus on pastures.
Authors: Wilkinson.P.R .
Published: June 2005

Three methods of sampling pasture for larvae of Boophilus microplus (Can.) were tested by traversing plots which had been artificially infested with known numbers of larvae. A wheeled device gave the highest yield, picking up about 5% of larvae encountered, as against 2.5-3% for white cloth leggings and 0.5% for a cotton blanket 18 in. wide.
In a later test in naturally infested pasture there was no significant difference between numbers of larvae picked up by a modified form of a sampling device described by Blagoveschenskii (1957) and the wheeled sampler. However, Blagoveschenskii's sampler was easier to use than the wheeled sampler. The leggings can be used in rough or heavily timbered country which is unsuitable for the other sampling devices.
Further tests indicated that a suitable length for sampling transects is 50 yd, and that it was advantageous to carry out both "forward" and "return" traverses on each transect. There was no evidence of difference in yield between early morning and noon traverses.
Legging samplers, supplemented by blanket dragging, were used to obtain information on the relation of larval infestation to cattle habits in an 80-acre paddock, and to compare infestations on a "creek-bank" and a "hillside" plot, in a 400-acre paddock. It was concluded that:
(1) Larvae were widespread in the pasture and at times abundant even in dry grass on dry soil.
(2) Cattle "camps" may be only lightly infested despite the high number of diurnal "cattle-hours" spent there, and possible reasons for this are discussed.
(3) Cattle do not rest in a fixed locality at night but appear to prefer well-drained areas of pasture, which may become heavily infested.
(4) The grazing habits of cattle, as indicated by dung pat counts, varied with the season in the 400-acre paddock. In the drought of late 1951 heavy grazing of the creek frontage coincided with heavy larval infestation of the creek bank plot.
(5) The wide distribution of larvae reduces the economic feasibility of controlling tick infestations by treatment of pastures with acaricides, particularly where the number of cattle per square mile is low.
The tabanidae (Diptera) of Australia. 4. Subfamily chrysopinae
Authors: Mackerras IM
Published: June 2005

The subfamily Chrysopinae is represented in Australia by 1 species of
Chrysops (Chrysopini) and 36 species of Bouvieromyiini, distributed in the
monotypic genera Phibalomyia and Pseudopangonia, and 4 subgenera of
Mesomyia, namely: Lilaea (6 species), Perisilvius (1, a Papuan intrusion),
Pseudotabanus (distincta group 8, lunulata group 5, silvester group 6), Mesomyia
(8). Elements of both southern and northern origin are represented.
Most species of Mesomyia suck blood; the egg mass of M. (Pseudotabanus)
silvester (Bergr.) and the larva and pupa of M. (Lilaea) fuliginosa (Tayl.)
are known.
Distribution of the subfamily in Australia is wide in the Bassian, Torresian,
and Eyrean divisions, with a preponderance of species in the north. The semi-arid
phases of the Pleistocene climatic cycles are believed to have had a major
influence on speciation.
The following new species of Mesomyia are described in the respective
subgenera :
Lilaea: norrisi, @ , W.A., ?Vic.
Pseudotabanus: burnsi, @ , N. Qld.; eyreana, @ , W.A.; fulvissima, @ ,
N.W.A.; obscura, @ , N.T., N. Qld.; pulla, B @ , N.S.W.
Mesomyia: latifrons, @ , ? B, S. Aust.; nigerrima, @ , W.A.
Vepriella Mackerras is reduced to the rank of a species group in the
subgenus Pseudotabanus, and Mesomyia (Pseudotabanus) taylori, nom. nov., is
proposed for distinctus Taylor nec Ricardo.
The emergence as a pest of Aphodius tasmaniae Hope (Scarabaeidae) in pastrues in the lower south-east of South Australia.
Authors: Maelzer DA
Published: June 2005

Aphodius tasmaniae Hope is an indigenous univoltine pest of improved
pastures in South Australia. The species was rare, however, before European
settlement and is still rare in areas which have not yet been developed
agriculturally. Evidence is presented which suggests that A. tasmaniae is now a
common species because man has supplied it with food and shelter on a vast scale.
On the ability of crested terns, Sterna bergii, to recongnize their own chicks.
Authors: Davies SJJF , Carrick R
Published: June 2005

Exchange experiments carried out between nestlings of the crested tern, Sterna bergii, on Montagu I., N.S.W., indicate that while parents do not recognize their own eggs or newly hatched chicks individually, they have learnt to recognize their own chicks by the time they are 2 days old.
Comparison of these results with those obtained in other Laridae suggests that the ability of the parents to distinguish their own chick appears shortly before the latter begins to wander from the nest.
A sound spectrograph study of the calls of the chicks showed some inter-individual variation, but also much intra-individual variation. The value of the chick's voice as a recognition character therefore remains uncertain.
Sex determination and gynandromoph production in aberrant and normal strains of Ooencyrtus submetallicus (Hymenopter: Encyridae).
Authors: Wilson F
Published: June 2005

An aberrant strain of Ooencyrtus submetallicus, which produced male, female, and gynandromorphic progeny at constant temperatures, at which the normal strain produced almost entirely female progeny, was obtained, apparently by genetic change, from a culture of the normal strain. The normal strain possesses a temperature-sensitive mechanism that controls the cytological processes underlying sex determination, so that temperature determines whether progeny are male, female, or gynandromorphic. This mechanism has been disrupted in the aberrant strain. Sex determination and gynandromorph production in 0. submetallicus and the Hymenoptera generally are discussed.
On the status of Morphologically divergent tick populations of Amblyomma triguttatum Koch (Acarina: Ixodidae).
Authors: Roberts FHS
Published: June 2005

In a study of ticks determined as Amblyomma triguttatum Koch, 1844 on the descriptions of Koch (1844, 1847), Neumann (1899), and Robinson (1926), four distinct morphological forms could be recognized among the females. The males associated with the females of one form could be distinguished by the ornamentation pattern, but no character was found to separate the males of the other forms. The available evidence is considered to favour a subspecific rather than a specific status for each form. However, as no substantial evidence was obtained of the presence of intermediates in the zones of contact between forms, a change of rank may be required when further material becomes available or cross-breeding is undertaken.
The subspecies have been named A. t. triguttatum Koch, A. t. ornatissimum, subsp. nov., A. t. queenslandensis, subsp. nov., and A. t. rosei, subsp. nov. The morphological differences between these subspecies are discussed and their geographical and host ranges are recorded.
An investigation of criteria for estimating age in the Marsupials Trichosurus vulpecula Kerr and Perameles nasuta Geoffroy.
Authors: Kingsmill E
Published: June 2005

Specimens of known age, 24 of Trichosurus vulpecula and 7 of Perameles nasuta, were examined so that criteria for estimating age could be established.
For T. vulpecula estimates of age based on measurements of the skull and mandible were accurate to within � 30-40 days up to the age of 1 year when the range of adult size is reached. Adults up to 2.5 years old could be distinguished by the low sagittal crest, which was then 1 mm high or less. Sections of the incisors did not show regular annual rings but the age-classes 0-1 years, 1-3 years, 3-5.5 years, and 5.5 years and older could be recognized from the sections. Lens size was closely correlated with the logarithm of age so that estimates of age became progressively less accurate in older animals. The epiphyses of the limb bones may be used as the basis for three age-classes (0-1 years, 1-c.4 years, and 4 years and older), but it could not be determined whether overlap between the classes was significant.
For P. nasuta none of the methods examined gave satisfactory results. Growth of the skull was variable and growth of the lenses became negligible by 1.5 years. Only two age-classes (0-4 months and 4 months and older) could be distinguished from the degree of fusion of the epiphyses of the limb bones.
The effect of other organisms on the survival rate of Aphodius tasmaniae Hope (Scarabaeidae) in the lower south east of South Australia.
Authors: Maelzer DA
Published: June 2005

The survival rate of the univoltine species Aphodius tasmaniae in improved
pastures in the lower south-east of South Australia is influenced by individuals
of the same species (i.e. by density) and by individuals of many other species.
The species is distributed patchily with areas of high density interspersed
with more extensive areas of low density. In the areas of high density,
competition for food occurs and larvae may "fight". Such fights result in deaths,
but there is little evidence of high mortality resulting from competition and little
evidence that "density-induced combat" governs the number of the species.
Of the other species which influence A. tasmaniae it is considered that the
entomophagous fungus Cordyceps aphodii Mathieson is the only one which, in
conjunction with water in winter, causes a sufficiently variable mortality from
year to year to contribute significantly towards changes in numbers of A.
tasmaniae from generation to generation.
Studies of foraging galleries and the invasion of living tres bu Coptotermes acinaciformis and C. brunneus (Isoptera)
Authors: Greaves T
Published: June 2005

The establishment of colonies of Coptotermes acinaciformis (Froggatt) in living trees results in a central "pipe" being eaten out, this being filled with "mudgut" material. Adjacent trees sometimes contain a clear pipe in the trunk and the connection between these trees and the central colony tree was investigated.
The gallery systems radiating from colonies in trees in coastal forests of eastern Australia were studied. In the first study subterranean galleries from one colony were traced to nine other living trees; in the second study, in a different tree association, 15 living trees were attacked from the central colony. Galleries from a colony persisting in a high stump were traced to three living trees in a further study.
In each colony studied, dead trees, logs, and stumps were also attacked. The galleries from each colony extended over an area of 0.4 acre, the maximum length of any gallery being 156 ft.
In some areas of Australia C. acinaciformis can persist in mound colonies after the host trees have been eaten out, and foraging galleries from a mound colony in Western Australia were traced to several gimlet gums (Eucalyptus salubris F. Muell.).
In the Murchison River basin of Western Australia, mound colonies of Coptotermes brunneus Gay occur in an area of sclerophyll woodland and mallee. The foraging galleries were traced to two species of Eucalyptus, one of which was much more susceptible than the other. The sand adjacent to the galleries of C. brunneus is impregnated with some cementing substance. Evidence on the maximum foraging distance of 150 ft for C. brunneus is given. In both species the invasion of trees was often through the living bark tissue covering a root or at the base of the tree trunk. This is in contrast to the initial entry of colony-founding pairs, which can only enter through a tree injury.
The anatomy of the sawfly Perga affinis affinis Kirby (Hymenoptera: Symphyta)
Authors: Tait NN
Published: June 2005

This paper is an account of the anatomy of the larval and adult stages of the sawfly Perga affinis affinis Kirby. Particular attention has been paid to those structures that seem relevant to the ecology of the animal. In this respect, this work is supplementary to that of Carne (1962) on the ecology of this insect.
The external features of the larva and adult are described. Measurements of head capsules of the larvae showed that these could be employed as a method of identifying the various instars.
From observations made by Carne (op. cit.) it is probable that the species breeds parthenogenetically. However, the male reproductive system appears quite functional. The structure and musculature of the ovipositor is described, as well as the internal reproductive organs.
The muscles of the thorax are compared with those described by Snodgrass (1927) in the generalized insect and by Tiegs (1955) in the various orders. In P. affinis affinis the prothoracic muscles are modified for the movement of the head and prepectus. The development of flight muscles is greatest in the mesothorax where the indirect flight muscles almost completely fill the cavity. The indirect flight muscles of the metathorax are poorly developed. The muscles are composed of numerous fibres. There has been no reduction and enlargement of the fibres as in the Diptera. The coxal muscles have become separated from the flight muscles and are confined to the sterna and furcae.
A systematic study of the Australian species of the genus Haemaphysalis Koch (Acarina: Ixodidae)
Authors: Roberts FHS
Published: June 2005

A systematic study has been made of the species of Haemaphysalis occurring in
Australia. Six species were recognized in the material examined, namely H. humerosa,
H. ratti, H. bremneri, H. lagostrophi, H. bispinosa, and H. bancrofti. Two of these,
H. lagostrophi and H. bremneri, are new species, and H. ratti is recorded from Australia
for the first time. H. novaeguineae recorded by Nuttall and Warburton (1915) from
Queensland and the Northern Territory was not seen.
A detailed description with appropriate figures is given for the known stages in
the life cycle of each species, together with data on host range and geographical
distribution. Keys are presented for the males, females, and nymphs and a classified
host list has been included.
The ecology of Lice on sheep. 3. Differences between the biology of Linognathus pedalis (Osborne) and L. ovillus (Neumann).
Authors: Murray MD
Published: June 2005

Linognathus pedalis, which is found on the legs of sheep where the temperature
near the skin can fluctuate greatly, was able to survive prolonged exposure to cool temperatures,
whereas L. ovillus, which is found particularly on the face, and to a lesser extent
on the body, could not. L. pedalis is more sedentary, congregates into clusters, and is
most numerous on the parts of the leg covered with hair, whereas L. ovillus disperses,
never forms clusters, and its populations are usually densest in the region of mergence
between hair and wool on the face.
Influence of temperature on the reproduction of Damalinia equi (Denny)
Authors: Murray MD
Published: June 2005

No development of the egg within the female Damalinia equi (Denny) occurred at 16�C. Most eggs were laid at 36�C at R.H.'s of 75% or less, but after an exposure to 44.5�C for only 1 hr females did not lay eggs. Morphogenesis proceeded to an advanced state from 27-39�C, but its completion and the subsequent hatching of the embryo only took place from 31-39�C provided the R.H. was less than 90%. A R.H. of 90% prevented hatching of the eggs. Exposure of eggs to 49�C for 2 hr was lethal.
The skin temperature of the horse is influenced considerably by atmospheric temperature. The abundance of D. equi on the bodies of horses in early spring is probably due to the temperatures near the skin of the body being continuously favourable for reproduction of D. equi during the winter. Exposure to the sun can cause the temperatures within the hair coat on the upper aspects of the body to become higher than 44.5�C for more than an hour and thus can retard reproduction. The accumulative effect of repeated high temperatures could prevent an increase in the numbers of D. equi during the summer.
Distribution and comparative anatomy of cutaneous glands in certain Marsupials.
Authors: Green LMA
Published: June 2005

An account is given of the histological structure of the cutaneous glands of the four species of marsupials, Trichosurus vulpecula, Dromicia concinna, Isoodon obesulus, and Sminthopsis crassicaudata.
The types of glands described comprise the eccrine sweat glands of non-hairy skin and the apocrine sweat and sebaceous glands usually associated with hairs. Also included in the survey are the more specialized glands of the sternal and interscapular regions as well as the apocrine and sebaceous glands present in the skin lining the marsupium. The histology of the nipples is also given but, as the mammary glands of marsupials are regarded as being similar to those of other mammals, no account of them has been presented.
The glands of Harder and, in marsupials, the less frequently occuring lacrimal gland are described with other glands of the ocular region.
The cerumen-producing glands of the external auditory meatus include apocrine tubules and large compound sebaceous glands; the histology of both types is given.
The less well-known glands of the cloacal region are described in some detail. These glands comprise two main varieties: a holocrine sebaceous type (which produces an oily secretion) and another structure, somewhat similar histologically, which liberates cells into the glandular lumen.
Body composition of the Kangaroo (Macropus Sp)
Authors: Tribe DE , Peel L
Published: June 2005

Results are reported of the dissections of nine red kangaroos (M. rufus) and
four grey kangaroos (M. major). Weights of dissected carcass muscle, bone, and fat,
of the viscera, and of the parotid and submaxillary glands were all significantly correlated
with empty liveweight. The mean percentage of carcass muscle in the liveweight was
51.7%. The kangaroos had more muscle, and less total fat than have domestic livestock
of similar liveweights. The parotid and submaxillary glands were similar histologically
to those of the calf and the sheep, but the parotid glands of the kangaroo were about
twice the weight of those of the calf or sheep. The weight of the submaxillary gland was
half the weight of the parotid gland in the kangaroo, and of similar size to that of the
sheep or the calf.
In view of its body composition it is suggested that the value of the kangaroo
as a producer of edible protein in areas marginal for the production of domestic livestock
is worthy of investigation.
The life history of Codling Moth, Cydia pomonella (L) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in the Australian Capital Territory.
Authors: Geier PW
Published: June 2005

The life habits of codling moth in the Australian Capital Territory are described, and the ecological characteristics of the species and its environment are defined.
In the Capital Territory, codling moth produces a complete first generation, a partial second generation, and some third generation individuals each summer. On an average, females lay between 40 and 50 eggs in all generations, but fecundity varies much between individuals.
The observed distribution pattern of eggs and larval injuries to fruit suggest that oviposition occurs predominantly on trees at, or near, sources of females. In uniformly infested, homogeneous orchards, egg and damage distribution are almost random between trees. No significant departure from randomness was detected either between fruits, or between locations within trees.
Fruits are often penetrated by more than one larva, either simultaneously or in succession, and competition occurs. Its forms and effects were examined. Fruits penetrated by several larvae tended to produce more mature larvae than fruits penetrated once, but the chances of survival fell as the numbers of entries per fruit increased.
Fully fed larvae move from the fruit to an appropriate place on, or very close to, the host tree, where they spin a cocoon and eventually pupate. Under natural conditions in the Capital Territory, most mature larvae perish before establishing a cocoon. The rate of establishment was shown to be directly dependent upon the abundance and accessibility of suitable cocooning sites.
The injuriousness of codling moth is always extremely high in the Capital Territory because of the generally favourable weather conditions. Particular effects of climate and weather on codling moth activity are discussed.
Optimum environmental conditions for codling moth are defined. Conditions in the Capital Territory were found to be nearly optimum in most respects.
Codling moth abundance cannot be explained by single ecological factors. Comprehensive studies of local populations are required to understand the numerical determination of the pest.
The intensity of parasite attack in relation to the abundance of Cardiaspina albitextura (Psyllidae)
Authors: Clark LR
Published: June 2005

In areas where outbreaks of the psyllid, Cardiaspina albitextura, were taking place the percentage destruction caused by the three primary parasites (Psyllaephagus gemitus, P. xenus, and P. discretus) was usually low, and varied inversely with psyllid abundance. The numbers of primary parasites were limited greatly by hyperparasitism and sometimes also by breakdowns in host-parasite synchronism.
In areas in which outbreaks did not occur and in areas where psyllid numbers remained low after outbreaks, effective parasitism varied independently of psyllid abundance according to a uniform seasonal pattern. The mean mortality in nymphs that escaped destruction by other agencies was 30-40% in the spring and summer and about 75% in the autumn. It appears that there was a limit (75-85%) to the fraction of psyllid nymphs that could be parasitized and that this limit was approached frequently in the autumn.
Although the parasites did not operate as "density-governing agents" it is probable that in some areas they contributed materially to the prevention of psyllid outbreaks.
Studies on the ecology of Lymnaea tomentosa, the intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica. 1. History, geographical distribution, and environment.
Authors: Boray JC
Published: June 2005

The role of Lymnaea tomentosa as the intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica is reviewed, and an account is given of its habitats and distribution in Australia. L. tomentosa lives and reproduces within the pH range 5-8, but appears to be more adapted to slightly acid conditions. The relationship of the snail to its biological environment is discussed and observations on its parasites and predators are recorded. The pathological effect of trematode infection of L. tomentosa is described.
Rainfall and changes in abundance of Aphodius tasmaniae Hope (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in the lower south-east of South Australia.
Authors: Maelzer DA
Published: June 2005

This paper discusses the causes of three "outbreaks" of the univoltine species,
A. tasmaniae, that occurred in the lower south-east of South Australia between 1927
and 1958.
Since experimental data had suggested that moisture was the major factor
influencing fluctuations in numbers, a comparison was made of the abundance of
A. tasmaniae and the "wetness" in each year during three postulated critical periods,
namely (1) January-March (summer) when a deficiency of rain could result in a low
birth rate; (2) March-May (autumn) when drought could result in a high mortality
of first instar larvae; and (3) July-September (winter), when excess rainfall could
drown the larvae or promote infection with the pathogenic fungus Cordyceps aphodii
Mathieson.
The comparison suggested that a marked reduction in numbers followed a
long autumn drought on one occasion, and followed a summer with little effective
rain on three other occasions; but a reduction in numbers could not be associated
clearly with even one wet winter.
On the other hand, the greatest increases in numbers followed winters that
were drier than average, provided that the weather was not too unfavourable at
other times of the year; and the periods of 4 years before each outbreak were
noticeable for the unusual prevalence of dry winters and wet summers.
It is concluded that the fluctuations in numbers of A. tasmaniae between 1927
and 1958 have been determined largely by weather and by Cordyceps infection.
Oestrus in the lactating red kangaroo.
Authors: Newsome AE
Published: June 2005

The reproductive condition of 18 female red kangaroos, Megaleia rufa (Desmarest), collected in central Australia and found to be suckling sizeable pouch young (average age about 54 days), is described. They were either approaching, undergoing, or had just undergone oestrus. None had a mature corpus luteum of lactation in either ovary. No similar case was found in many hundreds of females suckling sizeable pouch young which had a mature corpus luteum of lactation in one of their ovaries.
It is concluded that the presence of a functional corpus luteum of lactation or of pregnancy in the ovary may be the only inhibitor of ovulation in the mature Megaleia, provided that environmental conditions are suitable.
Some kangaroos during severe drought miss the customary oestrus following birth of a young because the pregnant females do not undergo the reproductive changes necessary for it. Despite this disruption of the reproductive cycle the young are born and suckled normally, but the females cannot, therefore, have a corpus luteum of lactation. The 18 females described in this paper must have belonged to this class of animals during the drought, their condition having been brought on presumably by poor nutrition.
The unusual features of reproduction in Megaleia are hard to reconcile with the assumptions that pregnancy in marsupials depends on the hormones of the normal oestrous cycle, and that reproduction in marsupials is controlled by the same kinds of hormones found in eutherian mammals; doubt is, therefore, thrown on the validity of these assumptions.
Megaleia has a remarkable ability to care for its young during severe drought, and a method of overcoming the effects of the drought on its reproductive cycle when the drought breaks, with the result that the production of young is not impaired. Both these features must aid the chance of the species to survive in the arid parts of Australia.
The population dynamics of Cardiaspina albitextura (Psyllidae).
Authors: Clark LR
Published: June 2005

During the last 16 years, the numbers of Cavdiaspina albitextura rose from
low to high in many places, and either remained high or eventually resumed their
original levels. In other places, the numbers of the psyllid remained low although they
fluctuated considerably.
The results of a population study which began in 1952 suggest that, in parts of
the woodland colonized by C. albitextura, the stabilization of psyllid numbers occurred
temporarily - in some areas at low mean levels of population density and in others
at high mean levels. In other parts of the woodland, psyllid numbers changed
progressively with time.
The occurrence of numerical stabilization appeared to depend upon the
extent of the mortality caused directly or indirectly by certain environmental
agencies whose "deciding" or "conditioning" influence determined when and where
stabilization was possible. At low psyllid densities, the principal conditioning agencies
were probably the whole complex of species predacious on psyllid nymphs and eggs,
and weather. At high psyllid densities, the conditioning agencies were the density of
host trees, and wind.
Providing that sufficient mortality was caused by the conditioning agencies,
negative feed-back mechanisms were able to implement stabilization. At low psyllid
densities, birds predacious on adult psyllids appeared to be the operative or "density-governing"
agency. The intensity of their attacks, which tended to increase with
increase in psyllid density, operated in a probabilistic manner to limit increase in
population numbers. At high psyllid densities, food and space favourable for
oviposition were the operative agencies. The limited availability of food and space
brought into action a stabilizing mechanism which functioned automatically
through forms of intraspecific competition.