bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surrendering an Infant for Adoption: The Birthmother Experience
Authors: Brodzinsky Anne B
Published: November 2023

In modem Western societies, adoption is currently regarded as an acceptable and sensible solution to a critical problem in the lives of three groups of people-infertile couples, unmarried women facing unexpected pregnancy, and children without families. Since the early 1900s, a variety of human service agencies have been the facilitators and guardians of most adoption proceedings. Implied in the designation of this solemn responsibility is the assumption that these agencies will work to meet the needs of all three groups assigned to their care. However, in an agency-supervised adoption, where three clients are seeking relief from a single service and only one of them is paying a fee, the potential for a conflict of interest has been noted (Benet, 1976; Deykin, Campbell, & Patti, 1984; Vincent, 1961). Specifically, until the recent past, it has been fairly common knowledge that, despite some efforts to the contrary (Child Welfare League of America, 1988; Moore & Burt, 1982; O’Leary, Shore, & Wilder, 1984), a greater commitment of both professional energy and financial resources has been made in the service of a relationship between a child and prospective adoptive parents than in support of a relationship between the same child and his or her biological mother (Bernstein, 1963; Child Welfare League of America, 1960; Kadushin, 1974; Riben, 1988; Sorich & Siebert, 1982).1
The University at War: Veblen, Yerkes, Beard, and Cattell
Authors: Schaffer Ronald
Published: November 2023

The outbreak of war in 1914 created a painful conflict for American academics. Many of them had once looked to Germany as a center of advanced learning and culture. Several who had taken doctorates there fondly recalled their days in German university towns. But like most American university students and administrators, they generally sided with Great Britain and France, regarded the Central Powers as chiefly responsible for the war, and were appalled by the way Germany conducted it. Brander Matthews, a professor of dramatic literature, expressed the feelings of many American professors when he accused Germany of under mining its reputation for cultural eminence and noted that the Germans had destroyed art works in the university town of Louvain, bombed civilian centers, and retained a “barbaric medieval alphabet.”
Observations On Interview Surveys Of The Oldest Old
Authors: Wallace Robert B , Kohout Frank J , Colsher Patricia L
Published: November 2023

As the number of older persons increases and they become more frequent subjects of survey and other quantitative research, investigators will face special methodological problems in obtaining credible and useful interview data. Although the problems and issues discussed here are not unique to the oldest old, they become particularly important with this group. We have not attempted to review exhaustively the issues that emerge in interviewing the oldest old. Instead, we focus on selected issues and problems that we have found particularly troublesome in our own research and that should be addressed in future studies.
Disability and Mortality Among the Oldest Old: Implications for Current and Future Health and Long-term-Care Service Needs
Authors: Manton Kenneth G , Soldo Beth j.
Published: November 2023

The aging of the U.S. population has wide-ranging implications for both social and health policy, some aspects of which are well understood and documented. For ex ample, the elderly population is projected to grow to 36.3 million by the year 2000 and to 67.3 million by 2040. We can anticipate many of the changes produced by this growth (Myers, Manton, and Bacellar 1986), such as increases in the proportion of the gross national product devoted to health care. This share grew from 5.3 per cent in 1960 to 9.5 percent in 1980 and is projected to reach 12.0 percent by 1990 (Freeland and Schendler 1983a; Rice 1980; Rice and Feldman 1983).
The Oldest Old and the Use of Institutional Long-term Care from an International Perspective
Authors: Doty Pamela J
Published: November 2023

Health policy makers in the world’s advanced industrial nations are only just beginning to realize the implications of population growth among the oldest old in terms of increased demand for certain types of health services and associated increases in national health expenditures (Ray et al. 1987). This chapter addresses the relation between advancing age and use of health services-particularly long-term care services-from an international perspective. The principal value of cross-national comparisons of health services use in relation to aging is to bring into clearer focus the relative role of “malleable” versus “nonmalleable” variables in shaping health pol icy. By examining the experience of other countries, policy makers can more readily understand the interplay between the factors that they can control and the elements that are so deeply rooted in biology, history, and social structure as to constitute predetermined imperatives that leave little room for maneuvering.
The Social Environment of the Very Old
Authors: Kovar Mary grace , Stone Robyn i.
Published: November 2023

The preoccupation with institutionalization, disability, and death conceals the fact that the majority of very old people continue to live in households in the community. They are survivors; they have not only outlived their expected number of years of life, they have also outlived their expected number of active years. Besides residing in the community, most of them care for themselves, see and talk with family and friends, and go about their daily business with relative independence.
Sharing Increasing Costs On Declining Income: The Visible Dilemma Of The Invisible Aged
Authors: Torrey Barbara Boyle
Published: November 2023

Today the federal government provides an estimated $50 billion in benefits and services to the 6 million people who are very old (80 years of age and over). These are more benefits than are given for all of the nonaged poor; it is also twice what is spent today for total veterans benefits or unemployment benefits in the United States. As the size of this age group grows disproportionately to the rest of the aged, their total benefits will increase faster than for any other beneficiary group.
How To Understand Diseases
Authors: Cassell Eric J
Published: November 2023

history in the gathering of knowledge about disease. The essence of modem disease theory that developed in the early nineteenth century is contained in the beliefs that persons become sick because they have a disease; diseases are entities, each with a unique cause and a unique underlying structural or (nowa days) biochemical abnormality; and diseases can be discovered in the sick person by finding the characteristic structural or biochemical abnormality (Chapter 1). Not surprisingly, such ideas do not fit all the known afflictions of humankind-there are states of illness that seemed to be characterized by rather constant pathologic changes, but more than one cause can be found. These are usually called syndromes.
Who Is This Person?
Authors: Cassell Eric J
Published: November 2023

IT IS GENERALLY believed, with good cause, that individuals are unknow¬ able in their entirety. This must be true for at least two reasons. First, people change constantly. The person we confront at this instant was different a moment ago and will be different a moment hence. The second, related reason is that we can only see one aspect of an individual at any moment. When I look at the front of you I cannot simultaneously see the back of you. If I shift my perspective, I lose my original line of sight.
Introduction
Authors: Bowman Shearer Davis
Published: November 2023

If We Define an elite as the “most influential and prestigious” group or class in a society, then two of the most formidable landed elites in modern history were the slaveholding planters of the antebellum U.S. South and the Junker estate owners of Prussian East Elbia during roughly the same era. Indeed, midnineteenth-century planters and Junkers constituted perhaps the most powerful regional landed elites in the history of the Western world, though the South and East Elbia had very different geographic environments, ethnic mixes, and political systems. Far from being superfluous rentiers or sycophantic courtiers, the great majority of planters and Junkers combined a considerable aptitude for profitable estate management with a resolute determination to maintain their influence and prestige as landed upper classes. Even so, they often disagreed among themselves about the most appropriate agricultural method, political strategy, or ideological stance. It is not surprising that two such powerful and assertive groups have had no dearth of sentimental apologists who remember little but genteel and noble behavior, or of unremitting critics who see only evidence of oppression and ruthlessness.
Genetic Approaches to Familial Aggregation II. Segregation Analysis
Authors: Khoury Muin J , Beaty Terri H , Cohen Bernice H
Published: November 2023

Mendel first proposed for each phenotype that individuals receive two distinct “factors” from their parents and that these may be different forms (or alleles) of a given gene. He further proposed that these two factors would separate or segregate from one another in the process of forming gametes that determine the genetic makeup of the next generation. The segregation of these alleles in any particular mating type gives rise to fixed ratios of genotypes (and of phenotypes) among offspring. Thus, segregation analysis was originally designed to test whether or not an observed mixture of phenotypes among offspring is compatible with Mendelian inheritance. In medical genetics, classic segregation analysis has focused almost exclusively on estimating the proportion of affected and nonaffected offspring in sibships, and the hypotheses of interest were whether or not this proportion was compatible with the expectations of simple Mendelian models. Over the years, segregation analysis has broadened to encompass fitting more general models of inheritance to pedigrees of arbitrary structure, but the ultimate goal is the same: to test for compatibility with Mendelian expectations by estimating parameters of a given model of inheritance.
Genetic Approaches to Familial Aggregation III. Linkage Analysis
Authors: Khoury Muin J , Beaty Terri H , Cohen Bernice H
Published: November 2023

Linkage analysis has an important role in genetic epidemiology because it identifies a biologic mechanism for transmission of a trait or disease. Classically, the term “linkage” has been used to denote the situation where alleles from two loci segregate together in a family, that is, where they are passed as a single unit from parent to child, thus departing from Mendel’s law of independent assortment. The most obvious biologic explanation for such an observation is that the two loci are physically located near one another on the same chromosome. Elston (1981) argues that demonstrating linkage is the highest level of statistical “proof” that a disease is due to a genetic mechanism. While final proof of genetic control must await identification of the gene product and a biologic explanation for pathogenesis, confirmation of reported linkage in multiple studies can quickly establish genetic transmission of a complex disease. Appropriate knowledge of the position of markers linked to a disease on the genetic or physical map of the human genome automatically uncovers further areas for research at the molecular level. The concept of “reverse genetics” or “positional cloning” requires linked markers to localize and identify genes controlling a disease. On the practical side, clear demonstration of genetic linkage also provides a basis for preventive steps through genetic counseling.
Compromised Campus
Authors: Diamond Sigmund
Published: November 2023

This is well-argued study of romantic love between men and women in nineteenth-century America. Lystra discusses middle-class ideas of love in terms of their contribution to American individualism, to the secularization of American life, and to women’s empowerment in the home through sharing knowledge and intimacy with men.
The Washingtonians: First New York Review (1923)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

This colored band is plenty torrid and includes a trumpet player who never need doff his chapeau to any cornetist in the business. He exacts the eeriest sort of modulations and “singing” notes heard.
Reviews from the Kentucky Club (1925)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

In an adjacent eatery Thomas “Fats” Waller understudies. Both lads are deserving of all the available superlatives in the English language, while it is necessary to borrow a few from the Latin to adequately extol the performance of the latter. Sunny [sic] Greer is the third best drum showman in the country, with Vic Berton, of the Roger Wolfe Kahn Orchestra, and Willie Creeger [Creager], now a phonograph arranger, entitled, respectively, to first and sec ond honors. Henry [Bass] Edwards’ tuba is all bent from the heat its owner gives it and “Bub” Miley “kills” ‘em with his trumpet. Fred Guy plays banjo, Charley Irvis trombones, and Otto Hardwick supervises the sax. section. The couvert at the Kentucky is $1.50, which is right for this place. Easily the best of the “kennel clubs” in town.
First Cotton Club Review (1927)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

The Cotton Club is the Club Richman of Harlem. It is the foremost black and tan cafe featuring a whale of a colored revue that matches any of the preceding editions, all of which have been noteworthy for their artistry and talent.
R. D. Darrell: Criticism in the Phonograph Monthly Review (1927-1931)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

Born in Newton, Massachusetts, Robert Donaldson Darrell (1903-1988) began review ing records while attending the New England Conservatory. Over the years he wrote on music for many publications, among them the Music Lovers’ Guide, Saturday Review, and High Fidelity. In 1936 he compiled a pioneering discography, The Gramophone Shop Ency clopedia of Recorded Music (see 30).
Two Early Interviews (1930) 4 Janet Mabie in the Christian Science Monitor Florence Zunser in the New York Evening Graphic
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

His name is Edward Kennedy Ellington. Too heavy and somber a name for a dance-band conductor to tote about with him. But that has been taken care of. Somewhere along the road people began to call him “Duke” and the name has stuck. I shouldn’t wonder if it is connected somehow with what is quite apparently Ellington’s great gift for understanding and his capacity for a very simple kind of friendliness. You would know he had those gifts if you watched him come into the Harlem restaurant [Cotton Club] whence he broadcasts late at night. People take quite appreciable pleasure when he comes in. They smile, and pat their hands together, and say among themselves, “And now we shall hear something.”
The Ellington Orchestra in Cleveland (1931)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

A July engagement at the R-K-O Palace in Cleveland, Ohio, prompted three articles by critic Archie Bell in the Cleveland News: a short preview (“Duke Ellington Opens Here Tomorrow,” Saturday, 4 July), a review (“Ellington Orchestra and Singer Make Hit,” Monday, 6 July), and a lengthy feature piece with excerpts from an interview with Ellington (“Duke Ellington’s Orchestra Draws Big Crowds,” Wednesday, 8 July 1931). While the first of these pieces is routine, the latter two show Bell’s unusual receptiveness to Ellington’s art and appear below.
Ellington Crowned “King otJazz” by the Pittsburgh Courier (1931)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

During the past year or more the name of Duke Ellington has lirtger d upon the lips of radio fans, dance lovers, theatregoers and the amusement public of the Nation in general. The colorful career and sudden rise to fame of this young man reads like fiction, and is beyond doubt a source of inspiration to every striving musician of the race.
A Landmark in Ellington Criticism: R. D. Darrell’s “Black Beauty” (1932)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

Gilman’s words were applied by him to Loeffler, but they are no less applicable to others who write directly from the heart and sensibilities, and whose works-a small but golden core of the musical repertory-strike home to us with an intensity of feeling, an evocative magic, that is more intimately moving than the great dramatic, passionate, fantastic utterances of music’s Ueber menschen [supermen].
Ellington Defends His Music (1933)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

“Some people say that my music is uncouth and without form-a weird con glomeration of blatant discords which never has, and never will mean anything at all.” at me with twinkling eyes - “What, may I ask you as a Scotsman, do the same people think about bagpipe music? It is quite as weird, quite as ‘tuneless.’ But it is recognised as the music of a nation, as folk music.”
Helen Oakley (Dance): The Ellington Orchestra at the Apollo (1936)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

Duke Ellington opened the Apollo Theatre, Friday, September 11, to a crowded and enthusiastic house. The first big hand from the house went to Duke himself as the composer and arranger of the hits grouped together in the opening number. Opening with Harlem Speaks or East St. Louis Toodle-Oo, the theme, the band mod ulated into Sophisticated Lady, bringing the house down with Lawrence Brown’s brilliant trombone solo. A change of tempo, and Rockin’ in Rhythm introduced the Four Step Brothers, four weaving and interchanging figures, shadowy behind a darkened scrim. A few haunting strains, and the house enthusiastically showed its appreciation of Duke’s number one hit tune, Sol itude. Scarcely had the murmur subsided before the band swung into that early and prophetic Ellington brainchild, It Don’t Mean a Thing If It Ain’t Got That Swing.
“Ellington Refutes Cry That Swing Started Sex Crimes!” (1937)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

In refutation to the hue and cry against swing music by Arthur Cremin, of the New York Schools for Music, in which the instructor attributed the recent wave of sex crimes to the current “hot” jazz vogue, Duke Ellington, prominent composer-pianist-bandsman, denounced Cremin’s psychological experiments as being totally unfair and completely lacking in authoritative material.
Program for the First Carnegie Hall Concert (23 January 1943)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

The program annotator was Irving Kolodin (1908-1988), who a few years earlier had assisted Benny Goodman with his autobiography, The Kingdom of Swing (1939). At the time on the staff of the New York Sun, Kolodin later served as music critic for the Saturday Review from 1947 to 1982. While generally sympathetic toward Ellington, Kolodin expressed reservations about a composer “who is a band-leader, who appears in vaudeville theatres and makes black label records.” The Ellington-Delius comparison was by now common place (see 28, note 3), but Kolodin stretched it further by claiming that Ellington “greatly respects” the English composer.
Ellington’s Silver Jubilee in Down Beat (1952)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

I have been asked to list the ten events that seem most memorable to me out of everything that has happened since we originally opened at the Cotton Club.This is a task of considerable magnitude, since we have been fortunate enough to be on the receiving end of a large variety of honors. If I recall certain events and pay tribute to certain beautiful people I may be uncon sciously offending certain other beautiful people. However, I shall search my mind for the ten occasions that stand out as personal memories.
A.J. Bishop: “Duke’s Creole Rhapsody” (1963)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

The score for Creole Rhapsody, which was Duke’s first extended composition, was probably completed late in 1930. In January 1931 the band recorded the piece for Brunswick, and in this version it covered two 10-inch 78 rpm sides. The structure of the composition in broad outline is ABABCBA, an outline which is close to the “Sonata Rondo” form of classical music. More specifi cally it was an extension of the form already used by Duke in Misty Morning [1928] (ABABA), with the addition of an extra episode, C.
Albert Murray: from the Hero and the Blues (1973)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

Such is the nature as well as the scope, authority and implication of art, and it should be just as obvious that Ellington, who is not only a genius but who after all is no less dedicated to music (and no less accomplished at it) than a Herman Melville or Mark Twain or even a Henry James was to fiction, is likewise no less involved with what T. S. Eliot referred to as the objective correlative or the objective equivalent, to feeling.
Lawrence Gushee: “Duke Ellington 1940“
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

These properties, coupled with Ellington’s conscious intent to release, yet focus the individuality, even the eccentricity, of his players, creates a music which is heard as expressive because (ideally) every member of the band is expressive, even when there is no particularly obvious “mes sage,” or when formal games are being played.
Helen Oakley (Dance): “Impressions of Johnny Hodges” (1936)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

It is amazing that there are many people in the music business to whom the name Johnny Hodges means less than nothing and yet he is one of the out standing instrumentalists to be heard today. Johnny plays second alto in Duke Ellington’s saxophone section, and he is the soloist heard with him so often on recordings and over the air.
Stanley Crouch on Ben Webster (1986)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

Compared with other major Ellington reed players-Johnny Hodges, Harry Car ney, Russell Procope, Barney Bigard, Jimmy Hamilton-tenor saxophonist Ben Webster (1909-1973) spent a relatively brief period with the Ellington orchestra: a few stints in 1935-36, and full-time from 1940 to 1943 and again from 1948 to 1949. Yet with his robust sound and formidable improvising skills he made a great impact on Elling ton’s music, launching a tradition of hard-blowing tenors later carried on by such Ellingtoni ans as Al Sears and Paul Gonsalves.
How Lincoln Won the War with Metaphors
Authors: Mcpherson James M
Published: November 2023

In an essay on the reasons for Confederate defeat in the Civil War, southern historian David M. Potter made a striking assertion: “If the Union and Confederacy had exchanged presidents with one another, the Confederacy might have won its independence.” Is this rather dramatic conclusion justified? Most historians would probably agree with Potter’s general point that Davis’s shortcomings as a leader played a role in Confederate defeat.
Introduction
Authors: Coiner Constance
Published: November 2023

In late April 1975, as Lillian Robinson reports in a review essay titled “The Vietnam Syndrome,” Tillie Olsen read Tell Me a Riddle at the State University of New York at Buffalo. As she and Robinson headed over to the reception after the reading, someone ran up to tell Robinson that the United States had begun the final evacuation of Saigon, and she passed the news on to Olsen. “A few minutes later, when we were gathered around her with our hors d’oeuvres and drinks,” Robinson continues, “she [Olsen] made the announcement. ‘You did this,’ she added portentously to the group of students and young faculty, the kind of people who embodied the antiwar movement. ‘You must never forget that you did this. You must not let them take your history from you, the way they did with my generation, the generation of the thirties”’ (60). Meridel Le Sueur’s life and work has embodied the same declaration— “You must not let them take your history from you” to the working class and unemployed, especially women. In the afterword to The Girl, for example, Le Sueur describes the novel as a “memorial” to working class women of the Depression whose voices she wanted to preserve and says the novel “was really written by them.” This study, a response to Olsen and Le Sueur’s cautionary declaration, contributes to a retrieving and revisioning of the ‘30s American Left1 as well as to efforts to promote working-class writing as a legitimate category of literary analysis.2
Olsen’s Yonnondio: From the Thirties
Authors: Coiner Constance
Published: November 2023

Yonnondio: From the Thirties, which provides a bridge between Olsen’s writing published in 1934 and her more recent writing, constituted her most important literary effort during the ‘30s. Her promising short story, “The Iron Throat,” became 60 percent of the first chapter, and she completed the first four chapters, or almost half, of the novel before abandoning it in 1937. As in Olsen’s “second period” work, the central theme of Yonnondio is the tension between the human drive to learn, assert, and create and the social forces that obstruct that drive. But varying tendencies coexist uneasily within Yonnondio-some elements adhere to the tenets of proletarian realism while other elements subvert them. These conflicting tendencies hint not only at Olsen’s increasing ambivalence about what I have loosely termed “the Party aesthetic” but also at fundamental problems within the ‘30s CP and orthodox Marxism itself. Before examining the novel, I will describe how the 40-year-old manuscript was retrieved. An explanatory note appended to the novel when it was finally published in 1974 describes the reclamation process. In 1972, while looking through other old papers, Jack Olsen discovered some tattered pages of Yonnondio, long believed lost or destroyed. A thorough search turned up more pages, scraps, and scrawls in yellowed notebooks. Other parts, evidently once in existence, seemed irrevocably lost.
Staffing the Dominion: The School of Social Service Administration, 1903-19 30
Authors: Muncy Robyn
Published: November 2023

In 1926, a woman long associated with Hull House wrote: “As I look back over the years I have been connected with Hull-House ... I feel that ... I received there from Miss Addams the training and education in social work which is now given at the Schools of Civics and Philanthropy. My instruction, however, did not come from text books or lectures, but from Miss Addams’ teaching and from my personal experience with the many people with whom I came in contact:’
Patriotic Pacifism
Authors: Cooper Sandi E
Published: November 2023

Peace movements became a part of the national landscapes of British, American, and European politics in the nineteenth century, reaching their peak during the European arms race of 1889–1914. This study examines the history of European peace movements from the end of the Napoleonic wars to the beginning of the First World War, analysing their methods and influence, and examining their ideological underpinnings and internal conflicts.
Pacifism and Internationalism: The Creation of a Transnational Lobby 1889–1914
Authors: Cooper Sandi E
Published: November 2023

From 1889 to 1914, this “great party” grew to include approximately three thou sand European and North American activists coordinated in over one hundred national and regional peace societies. Most came from the nations between the Ural Mountains and the Rockies; in Japan, Australia, and Argentina a few activ ists organized societies.

During the same years, the generation of peace activists finally created a trans national network. The multiplication of peace societies occurred in nearly every European state (even tsarist Russia in 1910).2 In France, Great Britain, Italy, Germany, Belgium, Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, national councils were created, some with paid directors. In 1892, peace societies established the International Peace Bureau in Berne to coordinate as unified a position as was possible among groups with widely differing philosophies. Membership surged in 1899–1900, partly in response to the First Hague Peace Conference of 1899 and to the enthusiasm that a new century inspired. Arnaud’s characterization of the movement as a “great party” was not an exaggeration.
The Collapse
Authors: Cooper Sandi E
Published: November 2023

I have spoken of Pacifists and Bellicists but, of course, we are all Pacifists now. Lord Roberts, Lord Charles Beresford, Lord Fisher, Mr. Winston Churchill, the Navy League, the Universal Military Service Leagues, the German Emperor, the editor of the Spectator, all the Chancelleries of Europe alike declare that their one object is the maintenance of peace. Never were such Pacifists.

The German Emperor speaking to his army invariably points out that they stand for the peace of Europe. Does a first Lord want more ships? It is because a strong British Navy is the best guarantee of peace. Lord Roberts wants conscription because that is the only way to preserve peace, and the editor of the Spectator tells us that Turkey’s great crime is that she has not paid enough attention to soldiering and armament, that if only she had been strong, all would have been well. All alike are quite persuaded that indeed the one way to peace is to get more armament.’
The Foundations of Bioethics
Authors: Engelhardt H Tristram
Published: November 2023

This new, thoroughly recast Second Edition has been acclaimed as “the most important book written since the beginning of that strange project called bioethics” (Stanley Hauerwas, Duke University). Its philosophical exploration of the foundations of secular bioethics has been substantially expanded. The book challenges the values of much of contemporary bioethics and health care policy by confronting their failure to secure the moral norms they seek to apply. The nature of health and disease, the definition of death, the morality of abortion, infanticide, euthanasia, physician-assisted suicide, germline genetic engineering, triage decisions and distributive justice in health care are all addressed within an integrated reconsideration of bioethics as a whole. New material has been added regarding social justice, health care reform and environmental ethics. The very possibility and meaning of a secular bioethics are re-explored.
The Languages of Medicalization
Authors: Engelhardt H Tristram
Published: November 2023

Medicine medicalizes reality. It creates a world. It translates sets of problems into its own terms. Medicine molds the ways in which the world of experience takes shape; it conditions reality for us. The difficulties people have are then appreciated as illnesses, diseases, deformities, and medical abnormalities, rather than as innocent vexations, normal pains, or possession by the devil. Medical problems are clusters of phenomena seen as amenable to medical assessment, explanation, and up to a point, alleviation or cure. Here one finds clusters of difficulties often termed diseases, sicknesses, illnesses, deformities, disabilities, and disfigurements, which are beyond the immediate control of the individuals afflicted, and which are presumed to have a basis in physiological, anatomical, or psychological causal matrices. Their sense, significance, and reality are cast in terms of the social and intellectual institutions of medicine. In being seen as medical problems, they are usually characterized as circumstances that deviate from physiological or psychological ideals regarding proper levels of function, freedom from pain, and achievement of expected human form and grace. An ache or pain thus becomes a medical disorder. In addition, since medicine is a social institution, the pains, deformities, and dysfunctions are given a social valence.
The Many Faces of Freedom
Authors: Engelhardt H Tristram
Published: November 2023

Persons have a fundamental right to be left alone. This right stands at the very center of secular morality, not because it is a good thing to have, but because it is unavoidable and the source of moral authority when moral strangers meet. Be cause secular morality cannot provide a canonical vision of the good or a canonical content-full account of proper action, the principle of permission is the cardinal source of moral authority. For better or worse, persons are in secular moral authority over themselves and during their consensual activities with others. For those who recognize the concrete values that should guide the good life, secular morality is a wasteland without moral content, without the possibility of moral guidance, and with the possibility of such serious moral failures as suicide and euthanasia. The choices that individuals will be free to make within secular morality will conflict with what people will see within particular content-full moralities. For example, those with strong ideological commitments to egalitarianisms of various sorts will recognize that their aspiration to achieve equality coercively will be without general secular moral authority and go aground on free choice. The centrality of the principle of permission discloses the radical implications involved in recognizing secular morality as the morality of moral strangers. The centrality of the principle of permission discloses the wide-ranging implications of the Enlightenment’s failure to establish a canonical, content-full morality. In the failure of reason and in the absence of faith, secular morality is the morality of moral strangers who find themselves bound together and separated by their choices.
Rights to Health Care, Social Justice, and Fairness in Health Care Allocations: Frustrations in the Face of Finitude
Authors: Engelhardt H Tristram
Published: November 2023

The imposition of a single-tier, all-encompassing health care system is morally unjustifiable. It is a coercive act of totalitarian ideological zeal, which fails to recognize the diversity of moral visions that frame interests in health care, the secular moral limits of state authority, and the authority of individuals over themselves and their own property. It is an act of secular immorality.
The Romantic Savage American Indians in the Parlor
Authors: Pinson Jon W
Published: November 2023

Near the beginning of The Last of the Mohicans Alice Munro and Duncan Heyward regard “ … the upright, flexible figure of [Uncas], graceful and unrestrained in the attitudes and movements of nature.” And after noting the “bold outlines of his high, haughty features, pure in their native red” and the “dignified elevation of his receding forehead, together with all the finest proportions of a noble head,” they conclude, “it might be a being partially benighted in the vale of ignorance, but it could not be one who would willingly devote his rich natural gifts to the purposes of wanton treachery.”2 This is James Fenimore Cooper’s classic nineteenth-century rendering of the noble savage, which revolves at its very heart around a notion Roy Harvey Pearce calls the “historical anteriority” of the American Indian.3 As the title of the novel suggests, Uncas’s death in a mythical and somewhat distant time (1757) ends his noble line, providing both the outcome and the point of the story. For in this romance the idealized past contains an eternal truth for the edification of the present beholder: the Mohicans’ nobility, being of the “savage” variety, must yield inevitably to the coming of white civilization. Cooper means to elicit our regret and pity, but also our resignation to inexorable progress.
The Crisis of Victorian Female Moral Authority, 1890—1939
Authors: Pascoe Peggy
Published: November 2023

In 1901, the Women’s National Indian Association decided to drop the word “Women’s ” from its title. The decision, proposed by national officers at the group ‘s annual convention, was a difficult one to make. Officers and delegates knew that “great attachment was felt for the old name of the Association, and [members felt] pride in the fact that it was a women’s society.” In the end, however, the assembled delegates pushed aside their misgivings and voted to become the National Indian Association. According to the convention minutes, two arguments proved persuasive.
Introduction: Evolutionary Psychology and Conceptual Integration
Authors: Cosmides Leda , Tooby John , Barkow Jerome H
Published: November 2023

The Adapted Mind is an edited volume of original, commissioned papers centered on the complex, evolved psychological mechanisms that generate human behavior and culture. It has two goals: The first is to introduce the newly crystallizing field of evolutionary psychology to a wider scientific audience. Evolutionary psychology is simply psychology that is informed by the additional knowledge that evolutionary biology has to offer, in the expectation that understanding the process that designed the human mind will advance the discovery of its architecture. It unites modern evolutionary biology with the cognitive revolution in a way that has the potential to draw together all of the disparate branches of psychology into a single organized system of knowledge. The chapters that follow, for example, span topics from perception, language, and reasoning to sex, pregnancy sickness, and play. The second goal of this volume is to clarify how this new field, by focusing on the evolved information-processing mechanisms that comprise the human mind, supplies the necessary connection between evolutionary biology and the complex, irreducible social and cultural phenomena studied by anthropologists, sociologists, economists, and historians.
Cognitive Adaptations for Social Exchange
Authors: Cosmides Leda , Tooby John
Published: November 2023

The human mind is the most complex natural phenomenon humans have yet encountered, and Darwin ’s gift to those who wish to understand it is a knowledge of the process that created it and gave it its distinctive organization: evolution. Because we know that the human mind is the product of the evolutionary process, we know something vitally illuminating: that, aside from those properties acquired by chance, the mind consists of a set of adaptations, designed to solve the long-standing adaptive problems humans encountered as hunter-gatherers. Such a view is uncontroversial to most behavioral scientists when applied to topics such as vision or balance. Yet adaptationist approaches to human psychology are considered radical-or even transparently false-when applied to most other areas of human thought and action, especially social behavior. Nevertheless, the logic of the adaptationist postion is completely general, and a dispassionate evaluation of its implications leads to the expectation that humans should have evolved a constellation of cognitive adaptations to social life. Our ancestors have been members of social groups and engaging in social interactions for millions and probably tens of millions of years. To behave adaptively, they not only needed to construct a spatial map of the objects disclosed to them by their retinas, but a social map of the persons, relationships, motives, interactions, emotions, and intentions that made up their social world.
Two Nonhuman Primate Models for the Evolution of Human Food Sharing: Chimpanzees and Callitrichids
Authors: Mcgrew W C , Feistner Anna T C
Published: November 2023

The middle stage of hominization involves food sharing as the integrator of hunting and gathering, which are organized in terms of home bases and division of labor. Supporting all of this is an infrastructure of tool making and tool using. This stage was present in the Plio-Pleistocene era of about 2 million years ago. The third stage is what now exists in modem human societies, each with their varied versions and socioeconomic elaborations. The infrastructure includes all of technology, from milking pails to vending machines. An all-embracing superstructure of culture overlies all such food sharing, from potlatches to fast-food outlets.
The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Chattel
Authors: Wilson Margo , Daly Martin
Published: November 2023

Men take a proprietary view of women ’s sexuality and reproductive capacity. In this chapter, we (a) argue that sexually proprietary male psychologies are evolved solutions to the adaptive problems of male reproductive competition and potential misdirection of paternal investments in species with mistakable paternity; (b) describe the complex interrelated design of mating and paternal decision rules in some well-studied avian examples; (c) consider the peculiarities of the human species in this context; (d) characterize some features of human male sexual proprietariness, contrasting men ’s versus women ’s perspectives and actions; and (e) review some of the diverse consequences and manifestations of this ubiquitous male mindset.
Pregnancy Sickness as Adaptation: A Deterrent to Maternal Ingestion of Teratogens
Authors: Profet Margie
Published: November 2023

The adaptationist approach to the phenomena of life, which entails recognizing certain features of organisms as specialized problem-solving mechanisms (Williams, 1985), is the basis for physiological research (Mayr, 1983). Even physiological phenomena that are commonly assumed to be anomalies or pathologies, such as human pregnancy sickness, can sometimes be illuminated by asking the adaptationist questions: Has the phenomenon been designed by natural selection to serve some function? If so, what is that function? Whether a physiological process like pregnancy sickness is an adaptation or merely a by-product of other physiological processes can be assessed by determining whether it achieves an adaptive end with sufficient precision, economy, efficiency, and complexity to indicate functional design (Williams, 1966).
Human Maternal Vocalizations to Infants as Biologically Relevant Signals: An Evolutionary Perspective
Authors: Fernald Anne
Published: November 2023

When talking to infants, human mothers use vocal patterns that are unusual by the standards of normal conversation. Mothers, as well as fathers and adults who are not parents, speak consistently more slowly and with higher pitch when interacting with infants, in smooth, exaggerated intonation contours quite unlike the choppy and rapid-fire speech patterns used when addressing adults. To praise an infant, mothers typically use wide range pitch contours with a rise-fall pattern. To elicit an infant ’s attention, they also use wide-range contours, but often ending with rising pitch. When soothing an infant, mothers tend to use long, smooth, falling pitch contours, in marked contrast to the short, sharp intonation patterns used in warning or disapproval. This use of exaggerated and stereotyped vocal patterns in mothers ‘ speech to infants has been observed in numerous European, Asian, and African cultures and appears to be a universal human parental behavior.
Natural Language and Natural Selection
Authors: Pinker Steven , Bloom Paul
Published: November 2023

All human societies have language. As far as we know they always did; language was not invented by some groups and spread to others like agriculture or the alphabet. All languages are complex computational systems employing the same basic kinds of rules and representations, with no notable correlation with technological progress: The grammars of industrial societies are no more complex than the grammars of hunter gatherers; Modern English is not an advance over Old English. Within societies, individual humans are proficient language users regardless of intelligence, social status, or level of education. Children are fluent speakers of complex grammatical sentences by the age of three, without benefit of formal instruction. They are capable of inventing languages that are more systematic than those they hear, showing resemblances to languages that they have never heard, and they obey subtle grammatical principles for which there is no evidence in their environments. Disease or injury can make people linguistic savants while severely retarded or linguistically impaired with normal intelligence. Some language disorders are genetically transmitted. Aspects of languge skill can be linked to characteristic regions of the human brain. The human vocal tract is tailored to the demands of speech, compromising other functions such as breathing and swallowing. Human auditory perception shows complementary specializations toward the demands of decoding speech sounds into linguistic segments.
The Perceptual Organization of Colors: An Adaptation to Regularities of the Terrestrial World?
Authors: Shepard Roger N
Published: November 2023

Those taking an evolutionary approach to the behavioral, cognitive, and social sci ences have been emphasizing the natural selection of mechanisms and strategies that are specific to particular species, genders, and problem domains. This emphasis on the particular is understandable as a reaction against the tendency, long dominant in these sciences, to proceed as if human and animal behavior could be explained in terms of just two things: (a) general laws of learning and cognitive constraints that hold across species, genders, and domains, and (b) the particular set of environmental (including cultural) circumstances to which each animal can adapt only by learning through its own individual experience. Evolutionary theorists’ emphasis on specific adaptations may also reflect the tendency of such adaptations to catch our attention through the very diversity of their specificity. Adaptations to universal features of our world are apt to escape our notice simply because we do not observe anything with which such adaptations stand in contrast.
Beneath New Culture Is Old Psychology: Gossip and Social Stratification
Authors: Barkow Jerome H
Published: November 2023

How do we apply an evolutionary perspective to human culture? After all, much of post-Pleistocenesociety is evolutionarily unanticipated, that is, many of its most prominent features could not have existed during the Pleistocene. Even contemporary agrarian communities differ drastically from the foraging economies of our ancestors, and modern industrial societies are utterly exotic in Pleistocene perspective, with their vast scale, literacy and libraries, mass communication and media, ease of travel, general-purpose money, control of indoor climate, ubiquity of strangers, reliance on external institutions to accomplish heretofore familial responsibilities, availability of contraception, juxtaposition of great wealth with great poverty, and relatively low infant and child mortality rates. But does all this novelty mean that evolution is irrelevant to an understanding of our current way of life? Key aspects of most contemporary societies could have emerged, after all, only long after human psychology had largely reached its present form and then either ceased to evolve entirely or to evolve at a very slow rate.
Vectors, Vertical Transmission, and the Evolution of Virulence
Authors: Ewald Paul W
Published: November 2023

Why has falciparum malaria been so lethal and the common cold so mild? The first step toward an answer is to identify the trade offs associated with different levels of virulence. Consider first a parasite that depends on the mobility of the host for transmission. Rhinoviruses, for example, cause the common cold by reproducing inside the cells that line our nasal passages. The viruses are shed from these cells into nasal secretions, which trickle out through a runny nose or blast out in droplets during a sneeze. The trickle may be blocked with a finger, which then may contact fingers of others during a hand shake or by way of a borrowed pencil. When these contacted fingers then contact the noses to which they belong, or when these noses inhale the droplets from a sneeze, some lucky rhinoviruses may be planted onto fertile ground. Whichever of the two routes occurs, host mobility is critical.
When Water Moves like a Mosquito
Authors: Ewald Paul W
Published: November 2023

If I were to ask a person on the street to name the world’s most dreaded afflictions, few in economically prosperous countries would say diarrhea. Yet diarrheal diseases have levied one of the greatest death tolls since the middle of this century, being primary causes of from 4 to 20 million deaths annually, mostly among young children (Hardy 1956, Puffer & Serrano 1973, Rohde & Northrup 1976, Rowland et al. 1977, Walsh & Warren 1979, Snyder & Merson 1982, Gibbons 1992). And they probably have been no less culpable for at least the past few centuries.