bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Cognitive Psychology of Mystical and Altered-State Experience
Authors: Hunt Harry T.
Published: September 2011

Traditional approaches to the psychology of religious-mystical and altered-state experience have divided between more psychoanalytic and psychiatric views that associate such experience with “schizophrenia,” “regression,” and “primitivity” and the more intuitive Jungian and transpersonal-humanistic assertions of a “higher” path of development (“self-actualization”). By considering the full range of empirical reports from mystical-meditational, psychedelic, and schizophrenic settings, a “positive” cognitive psychology of the abstract symbolic processes underlying such states is developed—potentially reconciling those divergent approaches, explaining the place of these states at the center of culture in “primitive” and classical societies, and casting a unique light on the normally masked core of semantic processes. Features of the abstract, recombinatory, cross-modal operations posited by Neisser, Arnheim, Mead, and Geschwind as criterial for human symbolic capacity are located within the varieties of altered-state report and Rudolf Otto's phenemonology of the numinous. However, such an analysis only becomes powerful when the ostensibly “primitive,” “negative,” or “withdrawn” aspects of such experience—its association with phylogenetically primitive and defensive “tonic immobility,” the subjective “death” or “annihilation” experience of catatonic schizophrenia, and the “white light of the void realization” in deep meditation—are also shown to be consequences of a specifically human creative capacity based on cross-modal translation between touch, vision, and audition. Religious-mystical experience is a full exteriorization and completion of our cross-modal synaesthetic capacity. Entailing an inherent “abstract” stress, it is defensively impacted in paranoid and chronic schizophrenia. Of the traditional “developmental” models suggesting that religious-mystical experience is a regression to fetal, phylogenetic, or normally masked, ultra-rapid microgenetic/iconic stages, only the latter, as demonstrated by a reinterpretation of classical introspectionist research, is consistent with the abstract cognitive features of such experience and the view that all higher mental processes involve a disassembling and reuse of microgenetically preliminary perceptual and affective patterns. The more “primitive” the sensory quality, the more abstract its potential reference when synaesthetically embodied. Accordingly, the “reality status” of mystical experience is addressed.
Australian Aboriginal Spatial Cognition and Dyslexia: A Criticism of Pontius (1982)
Authors: Davidson Graham
Published: September 2011

Pontius' neuropsychological explanation of some Aboriginal Australians' poor reading performance is not supported by an examination of the socio-cultural and educational considerations surrounding their performance or by research into the neurophysiological bases of reading retardation. Classification of children as “ecologically” dyslexic was based on hear-say general impressions of Aborigines' school performance and not on children's reading errors.
Racial Differences in Perceived Job Fulfillment of White Collar Workers
Authors: Brenner O. C. , Fernsten Jeffrey A.
Published: September 2011

Differences in perceived job fulfillment between black and white clerical employees ( ns = 188 blacks, 447 whites) were investigated using an adaptation of a job-facet instrument. Although blacks and whites were in similar jobs and with the same salaries and there were no apparent differences among jobs and the rewards they provide, blacks perceived significantly greater fulfillment on individual job characteristics (22 of 25). Determining causes of differential perceptions of job fulfillment by race is encouraged.
Information Processing as a Function of Perceptual Reactance
Authors: Hartnett Jack , Von Der Gruen Wolfgang
Published: September 2011

Undergraduate women were divided into 20 augmenters and 20 reducers at the median of 3.7 according to Petrie's method. Reducers recalled simple stimuli better than augmenters whether time was long or short. There were no differences for complex stimuli.
Relationships of Oral Stereognostic Ability to Age and Sex of Children
Authors: Kumin Libby B. , Saltysiak Elaine B. , Bell Kathy , Forget Karen , Goodman Minna S. , Goytisolo Mariana , Padden James V. , Schroeter Natalie C. , Thomas Sheryl
Published: September 2011

A battery of items testing oral stereognostic ability was individually presented to 168 children, 12 boys and 12 girls at each of seven age levels from 4–5 to 11–4. Age was significantly related to oral stereognostic scores; older subjects scored significantly higher than younger subjects. Sex was also significant; girls scored higher than boys. The interaction of age and sex was not significant.
An Examination of Spatial Ability in Relation to Factors from the BEM Sex-Role Inventory
Authors: Popiel Elizabeth Mowrer , De Lisi Richard
Published: September 2011

As the relationship between global sex-role classifications and spatial ability has yielded conflicting results, the present study examined factors embedded within a sex-role inventory for relationships to differences in spatial performance. The Bern Sex-role Inventory and two tests of spatial ability (Piagetian water level task and Paper-folding Test) were administered to 86 girls and 39 boys in the fall of 1981. While differences in spatial ability of boys and girls were significant, differentiation for masculine, feminine, and androgynous subjects was not obtained. Masculine and feminine items from Bern's inventory along with both scores on spatial tasks were subjected to factor analysis using the principal factor procedure followed by varimax rotation. The analysis yielded 11 factors which accounted for 68% of the total variance. Three masculine factors (dominance, independence, and competitiveness) and one feminine factor (concern for others) emerged. Contrary to what was anticipated, none of the factors was associated with spatial ability.
Hierarchy of Preferences toward Disabled Groups: A Reanalysis
Authors: Schmelkin Liora Pedhazur
Published: September 2011

A reanalysis of Tringo's (1970) hierarchy of preference toward disabled groups was conducted through multidimensional scaling. The structure underlying social-distance preferences is multidimensional in nature rather than unidimensional as presented by Tringo. The retained 3-dimensional solution was interpreted as focusing on the visibility of the disabilities, the organic versus functional nature of the disabilities, and an element of ostracism.
Misinterpretation of Instructions in an Aftereffect Task
Authors: Baker A. Harvey , Weisz Gaston
Published: September 2011

Some subjects in studies of kinesthetic aftereffect erroneously believe the task is to show the width of the aftereffect inducing rather than the standard stimulus. Although such subjects may be encountered rarely, the errors they make are very large. Precautionary steps are indicated.
A Classification of Object and Environmental Spatial Tests
Authors: Eliot John
Published: September 2011

A classification of object and environment spatial tests was derived from a comparison of 187 object tests and 11 environment tests, and a grouping of these tests was obtained from an examination of the perceived differences in their stimulus dimensionality and the inferred similarities of their task requirements.
Influence of Arm Positions on Emg-Reaction Time of the Biceps Brachii for Elbow Flexion and Forearm Supination
Authors: Taniguchi Reiji , Nakamura Ryuichi , Kasai Tatsuya
Published: September 2011

The influence of starting positions of the arm on EMG-RTs of the biceps brachii muscle for elbow flexion and forearm supination was examined using 16 normal subjects. Two angles of the elbow joint, 45° and 110° flexion, and two positions of the forearm, 45° supination and 90° pronation, were used as the factorial combinations of all four. The EMG-RT for elbow flexion decreased in the order of 110° Pronation > 45° Pronation = 110° Supination > 45° Supination, and that for forearm supination decreased in the order of 45° Supination > 45° Pronation = 110° Supination > 110° Pronation. These results were kinesiologically interpreted that variations of EMG-RTs were based on the change in the number of synergic muscles participating in an intended movement and the muscle length of the prime mover at the start of the movement.
Barrier and Penetration Scores in Relation to Some Objective and Subjective Somesthetic Measures
Authors: Sabatini Nicoletta , Ruggieri Vezio , Milizia Maria
Published: September 2011

Barrier and Penetration scores in relation to some variables, such as muscular tone at rest, sensitivity to tickle, and body perception were studied in a group of 35 female subjects. While no correlations appear within the whole group of subjects between Barrier scores and the other variables, an inverse relation emerges between Penetration scores and muscular tone on the left side of the body. Dividing subjects on the basis of Barrier scores, three groups with different characteristics appear: 12 subjects with high Barrier scores show an inverse relation of Barrier scores with sensitivity to tickle on the right side of the body; 12 subjects with middle Barrier scores show a direct relation of Barrier scores with muscular tone and an inverse one with both latency of tickle on the right half of the body and body perception; 11 subjects with low Barrier scores show an inverse relation of Barrier scores with durations of tickle on both sides of the body.
Memory for Intratrial Events in Concept Formation
Authors: Schroth Marvin L.
Published: September 2011

The major purpose of the present experiment was to examine expectations of hypothesis-testing theory, regarding memory for intratrial events, on a concept-identification task. The individual events under investigation were feedback, responses, hypotheses, and stimuli. According to hypothesis-testing theory, subjects should retain information regarding a winning hypothesis from one trial to the next. From introductory psychology 75 subjects participated in the experiment in which they were administered concept-formation problems. All variables were manipulated in a 4 × 4 × 3 within-subject design. Question type, number of intratrial events recalled, and percentage of trials with memory probe were the three factors. One major finding was the number of recall failures for the hypothesis stated on the previous trials. These errors occurred on problems with negative response trials, not with incorrect feedback, which contradicts predictions based on hypothesis-testing models. Over-all, the results support frequency theory over hypothesis-testing models with number of intratrial events and percentage of trials with probe shown to be important variables affecting the accuracy of memory.
Visual Recognition Memory of Severely Head-Injured Patients
Authors: Brooker Alan E. , George Joseph C.
Published: September 2011

14 severely head-injured adults were compared with 14 normals on a recognition procedure, Kimura's Recurring Figures Test, which requires identification of eight recurring shapes among a series of 160. The head-injured patients showed, by far, more incorrect responses than the control group.
Short-Term Memory for Colors and Color Names in the Absence of Vocalization
Authors: Allen Charles K.
Published: September 2011

In a previous experiment, Allen found no release from proactive inhibition using the Brown-Peterson procedure in a group who were shifted from recalling colors to recalling the names of colors. The lack of release suggests that colors and color names are encoded in similar ways. It was argued that the similarity of encoding might have been caused by the procedure of requiring the subjects to say out loud the names of the colors at the time of stimulus presentation and recall. In the present experiment, a procedure was devised that eliminated the need for verbalization of the colors. The same pattern of results was obtained, namely, release from proactive inhibition in the group shifted from recalling color names to colors but not in the group shifted in the opposite direction. It was concluded that if subjects encode colors as a verbal label, then this encoding strategy is not caused by the procedure of requiring the subjects to verbalize the colors.
Awakenings: Subjective and Objective Relationships
Authors: Webb Wilse B. , Schneider-Helmert Dietrich
Published: September 2011

Electroencephalographic measures of awakenings and subjective estimates of amount and frequency of awakenings were compared. The subjects were 65 men and 69 women between 50 and 70 yr. of age; their scores showed ranges on these measures. The relationships between the measures were low. Analyses of scores on the perceptual task indicate the reasons for the low relationship. The functional meaning of these findings is discussed.
Effects of Context in Simple Stimulus Identification: Reading-Related Differences
Authors: Nicholas Karen B. , Acosta Enrique
Published: September 2011

Highly skilled, skilled, and less-skilled third and fourth graders ( N = 30) predicted the random occurrence of left or right arrows. For all subjects, reaction times (RTs) to correctly predicted events were faster than RTs to incorrectly predicted events. However, the difference in RT between correctly and incorrectly predicted events was larger for the less-skilled readers than for the other subjects. No other group differences, e.g., error rates or prediction accuracy, were found. The results extend a basic finding in the adult literature to younger subjects and suggest that reading-related differences in context effects may be related to differences in basic processing rather than specific difficulties in processing linguistic information.
The Finger-Tip Numberwriting Test: Practice Effects versus Lateral Asymmetry
Authors: Maxwell James K. , Niemann Hendrik
Published: September 2011

By counterbalancing hand order, both practice effects and lateral asymmetry were measured on the Finger-tip Numberwriting test together with 5 other tactile tests of finger-tip writing and finger identification administered to 32 right-handed adults averaging 41 yr. of age. Under counterbalanced hand-order conditions, the Finger-tip Numberwriting test showed no lateral asymmetry, but a significant practice effect. In contrast, the same subjects showed a left-hand advantage on nonverbal detection of tactile line direction, indicating normal right-hemispheric superiority. Normal Finger-tip Numberwriting performance likely involves integration of specialized processing capacities in both cerebral hemispheres. The results do not invalidate the standardized Finger-tip Numberwriting test as a clinical tool but demonstrate the value of manipulating independent variables when standardized clinical neuropsychological tests are applied to questions in experimental research.
XXXVIII. Psychology and a Helpful Form of Medical Practice
Authors: Bartley S. Howard
Published: September 2011

The present article is provided to acquaint psychologists with the view of osteopathic medicine as proposed in the Educational Goals of Osteopathic Medicine published by Irvin M. Korr and his group at the Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine at Fort Worth, Texas. The present article is meant to suggest a connection between the over-all objectives of the advanced form of medicine and the practice of clinical psychology by listing them. Aims are in essence similar.
Factor Patterns of Teachers' and Students' Perceptions Relating to Middle-School Programs, Teaching, and Students' Behaviors
Authors: Burke Charles , White William F.
Published: September 2011

Perceptions of 330 middle-school students based on scaled responses to 50 silhouette pictures in the Me Scale clearly identified the high positive regard of the students for individual differences among students and the intense concern for personal social development in the school setting. 42 teachers of the middle-school students scaled 62 statements about instruction, students' characteristics, and program. Similar to students' perceptions, teachers rated the respect for individual differences of students and the personal social development of the students at this age level to be the primary emphasis in teacher-student interaction.
A Detailed Study of Sequential Saccadic Eye Movements for Normal- and Poor-Reading Children
Authors: Black J. L. , Collins D. W. K. , De Roach J. N. , Zubrick S.
Published: September 2011

This paper presents the results of an in-depth study of parameters characterizing sequenced saccadic eye movements for a group of dyslexic children and a comparative normal control group with ages in the range greater than 8.0 yr. and less than 13.0 yr. No parameters were statistically different for the two groups, which supports the findings of Brown, et al. and contradicts the findings of Pavlidis. Our results indicate that sequenced saccadic eye movements are not diagnostically useful for early detection of dyslexia.
Effect of Knowledge of Results on Anticipation Timing by Young Children
Authors: Ramella Reno J.
Published: September 2011

The experiment was conducted to determine the effect of knowledge of results on anticipatory timing and subsequently on motor planning by 18 first and 28 third grade children. The study was designed as a 2 (grades 1 and 3) × 2 (treatment groups—knowledge and no knowledge of results) × 3 (trial blocks—5 trials per block) factorial with repeated measures on the last factor. Absolute, constant, and variable errors were analyzed. Knowledge of results improved absolute errors associated with anticipatory timing in both age groups. First graders showed little improvement in timing without knowledge of results, while the third graders showed more improvement by reducing absolute errors. The third graders were more consistent in reducing timing errors than first graders. Conclusions support the prediction that knowledge of results influences anticipatory timing by both age groups.
The Pith of the Pendulum: A Note on the Study of Formal Operations
Authors: Winston Andrew S. , Peters Michael
Published: September 2011

Inhelder and Piaget's 1958 pendulum problem requires children to isolate the factors responsible for the frequency of oscillation of a pendulum. Examination of the original study and subsequent descriptions of the study indicates that terms which have precise meaning for the physics of the simple pendulum have been used in an inconsistent and inaccurate way. The confusion of terms makes it difficult to know what children are measuring when they attempt to solve the pendulum problem. The perpetuation of these misunderstandings in textbooks is discussed.
Discrimination of Computer-Synthesized Speech
Authors: Oshrin Stephen E. , Siders James A.
Published: September 2011

The effects of learning on the discrimination of computer-synthesized speech was assessed by presenting 100 computer-produced monosyllabic words to 2 groups of 15 adult subjects. One group's errors were corrected while the other group's errors were uncorrected. A comparison of errors on the first 50 vs the second 50 presentations showed significant improvement for corrected group only. It was concluded that the discrimination of computer-synthesized monosyllables can be improved with correction of errors but is still about 14% poorer than the discrimination of human speech.
Comparison of Slosson and McCarthy Scales for Exceptional Preschool Children
Authors: Bondy Andrew S. , Constantino Robert , Norcross John C. , Sheslow David
Published: September 2011

A comparison of scores from the Slosson and McCarthy Scales with exceptional preschool children (both retarded and gifted) showed Slosson scores were significantly higher. Caution is recommended when using the Slosson as a screening instrument.
Cognitive Styles of Young Ice Hockey Players
Authors: Talbot Serge , Godin Gaston , Drouin Denis , Goulet Claude
Published: September 2011

The Children's Embedded Figures Test was used to document field dependency among a group of 60 young French-Canadian hockey players enrolled in a structured ice hockey teaching program. The median age (8 yr., 4 mo.) was kept to form two age groups. Analysis of variance showed significant differences between age groups in total test scores and in both Tent and House series; the older children scored more field-independent.
Paper-and-Pencil Tests of Piaget's Water-Level Test: Sex Differences and Test Modality
Authors: Kenyon John
Published: September 2011

Paper-and-pencil tests of Piaget's water-level test were administered to 30 university students. The usual sex difference in favour of men ( n = 15) was not found. The results are discussed in terms of the effects of test modality and field dependence.
Performance under Time Constraint: The Role of Personality
Authors: Farmer Eric W. , Hunter Julie , Belyavin Andrew J.
Published: September 2011

Performance on a complex, four-choice, psychomotor task was measured both under self-paced conditions and under various levels of time constraint. Superior performance was produced by moderate reduction, relative to a self-paced baseline, of the time available for task completion, but this effect was exhibited only by subjects high in neuroticism. No contribution of introversion-extraversion could be demonstrated. Although cardiac acceleration was evident under some levels of constraint, the results cannot wholly be attributed to changes in arousal.
The Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test as a Measure of Field-Dependence/Independence
Authors: Saracho Olivia N.
Published: September 2011

This paper describes the use of the Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test as a valid and reliable measure to assess field-dependence/independence of 240 first- and 240 third-grade pupils. Scores on the Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test were correlated .95 and .87 with scores on the Articulation of the Body-Concept Scale for the first-grade girls and boys and .94 and .97 for third-grade girls and boys. Scores were also correlated with those on the Children's Embedded Figures Test. Correlations between the Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test and the Children's Embedded Figures Test were of similar magnitude to those between the Articulation of the Body-concept Scale and the Children's Embedded Figures Test.
Effect of Postcues on Detection of Uncertain Auditory Signals
Authors: Johnson David M.
Published: September 2011

According to signal-detection theory uncertainty about features of a signal causes performance to decline. Traditionally, cues have been used to reduce uncertainty about the signals to be detected. Cues can be introduced either before (precues) or after (postcues) the observation interval. While precues have repeatedly been shown to improve performance, the results when using postcues have been unclear. An experiment was performed in which auditory postcues were introduced into a two-frequency uncertainty detection paradigm. A yes-no psychophysical method was employed. The postcued condition produced significantly better detectability than that of the uncued control condition.
Making Functional Time Estimates: Comparison of School-Aged, Learning-Disabled and other Children
Authors: Burd Larry , Dodd John M. , Fisher Wayne W.
Published: September 2011

A time-estimation survey was administered to 266 control children and 72 learning disabled children in Grades 4, 5, and 6. Using a 2 × 3 × 3 analysis of covariance significant main effects for group membership and grade were found. These data indicate that learning disabled youngsters frequently do not estimate time as accurately as normal ones.
Developmental Influences on Speech-Motor Equivalence: Some Implications for Articulatory Disordered Children
Authors: Rastatter Michael , Blair Bruce
Published: September 2011

The peak amplitude of EMG activity was measured from the orbicularis oris superior (OOS), orbicularis oris inferior (OOI) and masseter muscles for 3 normal 4-yr.-old children and compared to past data gathered on a group of articulatory disordered children, normal children, and adults. The 4-yr.-olds evidenced greater average peak EMG activity than the other groups, suggesting that speech-sound production becomes more efficient with maturation. Also, levels of variability obtained for the younger children were considerably smaller than for the normal speakers across the three muscles, showing that motor equivalence changes with age whereby the flexibility in the control of articulators increases. The coefficient of variation for the OOI muscle for the disordered children, however, was similar to that for the 4-yr.-olds, while the corresponding data for the other two muscles paralleled those for normal ones. These findings were interpreted as reflecting a delay in the development of speech-motor equivalence that affects certain muscles while sparing others.
Recognition of Discrepant Nonverbal Messages and Detection of Deception
Authors: Littlepage Glenn E. , Maddox Julie , Pineault Martin A.
Published: September 2011

60 college students took the Nonverbal Discrepancy Test and judged the truthfulness of videotaped responses to questions. The test is a measure of ability to detect discrepancies in power or affective relations conveyed via visual and paralinguistic nonverbal channels. Correlations suggested that the score was not related to measures of accuracy of discrimination between truthful and deceptive messages.
Some Comments on Shettel-Neuber and O'Reilly's “Handedness and Career Choice: Another Look at Supposed Left/Right Differences” (1983)
Authors: Lansky Leonard M. , Peterson John M.
Published: September 2011

A property of attitudes, namely, the fact that attitudes select facts, is used to comment upon a paper on handedness and career choice.
Psychology of Spaceflight: II. Suggested Bases of Space Motion Sickness: Perceptual Disorientation and Elevated Stomach pH
Authors: Stewart Rod
Published: September 2011

Suggested causes of space-motion sickness are inferred from the experiences of a group of astronaut candidates and from the vomit pH values of nonastronauts. Both groups experienced simulated weightlessness in an airplane.
Serial Movement Timing and Musical Experience
Authors: Williams L. R. T.
Published: September 2011

Musicians and non-musicians were compared on a serial movement-timing task incorporating six continuous 11-cm segments. The serial pattern was structured for both spatial and temporal symmetry. There were seven subjects in each group and 50 test trials were analyzed for timing error. The non-musicians were less accurate and more variable for certain parts of the pattern. The findings supported the view that musical practice can assist the process of mapping internal representations of serial relations to novel spatio-temporal patterns of movement.
Handedness Incidence in a Population of Black University Students
Authors: Saunders David A. , Campbell Alfonso L.
Published: September 2011

A modified version of the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory was used to assess degrees of left-, mixed-, and right-handedness in USA and Caribbean black university students. The distributional pattern of handedness in men and women was significantly different, largely due to a higher incidence of left- and mixed-handed men. Sinistral incidence in men of this population was significantly higher than that reported in some other studies on Anglo-Saxon populations.
Verbal Asymmetries and Levels of Processing in an Interactive Dual-Task Paradigm
Authors: Adams Brian J. , Duda Peter D.
Published: September 2011

This study examined how the dual-task laterality paradigm produces patterns of cerebral asymmetry different from those obtained in studies of comparable single-laterality tasks. We systematically examined at what level of processing a concurrent verbal memory-load influences accuracy of recognition of laterally presented nouns relative to that in a control condition. Four groups of 20 subjects each were tested in an interactive dual-task paradigm requiring them to compare lateralized nouns directly with one of three nouns concurrently held in memory prior to accuracy of recognition. The groups differed according to the types of comparisons being made: physical identity, phonetic orthographic similarity, phonetic similarity using non-orthographic words, and category membership. Subjects in each group carried out three tasks. They were required to determine if a specified match had occurred between a memory-load word and the lateralized word, identify the lateralized word, and report the memory-load words. Another 20 subjects were assigned to a control laterality condition in which no concurrent memory-load was used. Control subjects were required to respond to a laterally presented word by pressing a reaction-time key to indicate recognition of the word and then to report the word. No significant visual-field differences occurred in accuracy of recognition for either the control or matching-task groups. However, reaction-time latencies and errors increased as a function of the level of processing. The accuracy of recognition did not support the predictions of Kinsbourne's attentional model but the reaction times provided some support for the concept of selective left-hemisphere interference proposed by Hellige. A limited-capacity approach was suggested as a possible alternative explanation of laterality effects.
The Reverse Affect Test: A New Interference Task
Authors: Gardner Rick M.
Published: September 2011

A new interference test requires subjects to read a list of 10 pairs of words with affective responses inappropriate to the terms listed. 80 adults were given the task with significant interference occurring which decreased speed and accuracy of performance. Significantly increased variability was also noted under the condition of interference. The source of interference is discussed and possible uses of this new task are described.
Geophysical Variables and Behavior: XXV. Alterations in Memory for a Narrative following Application of Theta Frequency Electromagnetic Fields
Authors: Michaud Louise Y. , Persinger Michael A.
Published: September 2011

Subjects were asked to listen to a 3-min. narrative. During Min. 1, 2, or 3 of the narrative, subjects were exposed for 60 sec. to either 5-Hz or 20-Hz electromagnetic fields or to a sham field condition. The fields were generated by commercial devices and applied externally to the side of the head at the level of the temporal lobe. The transcript of each subject's version of the narrative was evaluated by discourse analyses for the numbers of direct recalls or of inferences for each of the three segments. Subjects who had received the 5-Hz fields during Min. 1 and 2 of the narrative displayed twice as many inferences for the material that had been presented during Min. 1 only compared to the 20-Hz groups who did not differ from the sham-field subjects. We hypothesize that there are small alterations in the processing of complex series of verbal stimuli by these weak, theta frequency electromagnetic fields. They might not affect the amount of recall but they may influence the details of recall.
Controlling Pain Reports through Operant Conditioning: A Laboratory Demonstration
Authors: Linton Steven J. , Götestam K. Gunnar
Published: September 2011

Operant conditioning of pain reports was studied in two laboratory experiments. In the first one 5 subjects were given the same pain stimulus on 15 trials and their recorded pain ratings gave no systematic trends across subjects. 8 other subjects received the same pain tests but on some of the trials increases or decreases in pain ratings were verbally reinforced while the noxious stimulus was held constant across trials. Clear and significant differences between reinforced increases and decreases in pain reports were observed. In Exp. 2, 5 subjects were given neutral feedback and systematically decreasing levels of noxious stimulation, resulting in a good correlation between pain ratings and stimulation level. 5 subjects were provided reinforcement for increasing pain reports while the pain stimulus was systematically reduced. Increases in pain reports were observed simultaneously with large decreases in the level of the noxious stimulus. Results of these experiments support the operant conception of pain.
Eidetic Imagery in Elderly Persons
Authors: Zelhart Paul F. , Markley Robert P. , Bieker Linda
Published: September 2011

A survey of 59 healthy rural elderly persons did not indicate any showed eidetic ability.
Self-Consciousness and Paranormal Belief
Authors: Davies Martin F.
Published: September 2011

Links between components of self-consciousness and belief in the paranormal were analyzed from questionnaire self-reports of 104 college students. High private self-consciousness and low social anxiety were associated with greater belief in paranormal phenomena, particularly psi, witchcraft, spiritualism, and precognition.
Scoring the Bender-Gestalt Test Using the Koppitz Developmental System: Interrater Reliability, Item Difficulty, and Scoring Implications
Authors: Neale Marie D. , Mc Kay Michael F.
Published: September 2011

Three raters using the Koppitz developmental scoring system assessed the Bender protocols of 200 6-yr.-olds as part of a wider ranging longitudinal study. Results indicated that over-all interrater reliability was high ( Mr = .92) but considerable variation occurred when individual error items were analyzed, ranging from 71% agreement when Figure A, ‘distortion’ of shape was involved, to 94% agreement for ‘rotations’ of Figure 1. Full agreement was not achieved for any scoring item. A record form for scoring errors was developed and used by the authors as an aid in scoring and as a means of reducing inconsistency in marking. Analysis of item difficulty established that children at this age have more frequent problems with some types of error, and ‘angulation’ errors in particular could be regarded as fairly typical of the grapho-motor skills of this age group, while errors of integration, distortion, and substitution constituted the best discriminating types of error. Investigation of the relationship between the major categories of error and development of perceptual motor skills, expressed in early school performance, is needed.
Preliminary Findings of Year-Long Longitudinal Study of Normal Variation in Learning to Read
Authors: Berninger Virginia Wise
Published: September 2011

Individual differences in visual and linguistic skills at the end of kindergarten (26 girls, 22 boys) were correlated with achievement in word decoding/encoding prior to formal reading instruction. The best combination of predictor variables for naming printed words was phonemic analysis + selective attention to letter information (RT) + memory for whole words (accuracy).
Mere Repetition of a Verbal Cue in Problem Solving
Authors: Cook Harold
Published: September 2011

Latency to solution of a measurement of circumference problem requiring the use of a string was employed to determine the repetition effect of 1, 15, 30, and 60 repetitions of a cue relevant to problem solution, a cue irrelevant but phonetically related, and an irrelevant cue. Latency to solution was significantly slower for subjects in the 60-repetition condition and faster for those in the 0-repetition control and 1-repetition conditions.
Size of Human Figure Drawing and Goodenough-Harris Scores of Pediatric Oncology Patients: A Pilot Study
Authors: Paine Patricia , Alves Elaine , Tubino Paulo
Published: September 2011

Human figure drawings of 12 pediatric oncology patients were significantly smaller in height, width, and area than were drawings of 12 school children and 12 pediatric general surgery patients paired for sex and age. The Goodenough-Harris scores of the cancer patients' drawings were also significantly lower than those of both school and general surgery groups. It is hypothesized that anxiety, lowered self-esteem, and the effects of chemotherapy contributed to these findings.
Sex Differences in Semantic Clustering in Free Recall of Words and Pictures
Authors: Lewis Mark A. , Ormrod Jeanne Ellis
Published: September 2011

Two free-recall tasks, one utilizing words and the other utilizing pictures, were presented to 15 male and 18 female high school students. While no significant sex differences were observed for total recall on either task, boys exhibited significantly greater semantic clustering in their order of recall for both tasks. In the recall of words, girls showed a significantly greater tendency to retain presentation order than did boys; however, this difference did not exist for picture recall. Inconsistencies between these results and those of other studies may be explained by the age differences in the sample: the present study involved adolescents while previous studies involved younger children.
Are We Any Closer to Understanding Divided Attention?
Authors: Fuhrer Urs
Published: September 2011

The present paper reports a replication of work by Hirst, Neisser, and Spelke, which requires extensive practice on two coupled tasks (reading and writing) at once. The results highlight the importance of individual differences in any consideration of divided attention.
Health Locus of Control of Joggers and Nonexercisers
Authors: Slenker Suzanne E. , Price James H. , O'Connell Janelle K.
Published: September 2011

To gain a better understanding of why some people engage in regular leisure-time physical exercise while others remain sedentary, the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control scale was distributed to 123 younger joggers and 93 nonexercisers. Analysis of the responses indicated that the joggers scored significantly higher on the internal subscale than did the nonexercisers. No significant differences were found on the Chance and Powerful Others subscales. The disparity of these results from those of other studies of the relationship between locus of control and exercise suggest that an exercise specific locus of control scale needs to be developed. The confound of age with exercise and locus of control requires clarification.
Improving the “Who are You?” Test
Authors: Burke Elizabeth , Gottesfeld Harry
Published: September 2011

It is suggested that the “Who Are You” Test would be a more powerful instrument if subjects were asked to give the meaning of each test response and to rank order their answers according to their importance in carrying out the subjects' goals. These modifications in the test were carried out in an undergraduate class. 25% of all answers were substantially different from the meanings given the answers by students and an even greater percentage were substantially different for answers ranked 1, 2 or 3 in importance in carrying out their goals. The modifications improve the test in helping determine the psychological meaning of subjects' responses to this test of identity and self-concept and in assessing the relative importance of different responses to life goals.
State-Trait Anxiety and Motocross Performance
Authors: De Mojà Carmelo A. , De Mojà Gualtiero
Published: September 2011

The prediction from state-trait theory that subjects low in anxiety will perform better than highly anxious subjects on a more difficult task was tested on a motocross competition. We analyzed the relationships among the entire rank order of finish and state and trait anxiety measured by State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for 32 motocross riders (males whose age ranged from 16 to 27 yr.) participating in a national competition in Italy. A negative correlation between performance (measured by rank at the finish of the competition) and state anxiety was noted. The r for state and trait anxiety scores was also negative, but that between performance and trait anxiety was nonsignificant. Additional studies of high level sport competition will provide data relevant to planning interventions to control athletes' anxiety.
Relationship between Emotions and Some Aspects of Respiratory Activity: Morphology of the Chest, Cyclic Activity, and Acid-Base Balance
Authors: Ruggieri Vezio , Amoroso Maria Lucia , Balbi Annamaria , Borsò Maria Teresa
Published: September 2011

The relationship between the style of affective-emotional management measured on the Gottschalk test and respiratory activity of 19 undergraduate students in psychology was examined. The biological measurements were tonic-static attitudes of the chest (morphology), amplitude and duration of the phases of the respiratory activity, and acid-base balance. Statistically significant correlations were observed between affectivity (hostility and anxiety) and some biological scores. A psychophysiological model integrating biological and psychological levels was discussed.
Speech-Mediated Retention in Dyslexics
Authors: Morais José , Cluytens Mireille , Alegria Jesus , Content Alain
Published: September 2011

Dyslexies (6 to 9 yr. old) and a control group of 12 normal readers (second-graders) were tested on a memory task with rhyming and non-rhyming items. The most important finding is that both groups were penalized by rhyme, indicating speech coding. It was observed that the dyslexies were not less penalized by rhyme than were controls. The present results are compared with those of other recent studies.
A Dictionary of Affect in Language: III. Analysis of Two Biblical and Two Secular Passages
Authors: Whissell Cynthia M. , Dewson Michael R. J.
Published: September 2011

The Dictionary of Affect in Language which provides Evaluation (Pleasantness) and Activation (Arousal) scores for 4500 words was used to score two biblical and two secular passages of text. Significant differences of several kinds were evident in the results: Psalm 23 (one of the biblical passages), for example, had the highest Evaluation mean, while a sample of detective fiction produced the lowest Activation mean. Conclusions are phrased in terms of the usefulness of the dictionary in the scoring of affective tone for existing passages of literature.
Distance Perception in Photographic Displays of Natural Settings
Authors: Kraft Robert N. , Patterson John F. , Mitchell Nancy B.
Published: September 2011

Distance perception of depicted objects was examined as a function of photographic perspective. 24 subjects viewed slides of outdoor scenes and directly estimated the distances to specified objects. Perspective was manipulated by photographing each scene with lenses of four different focal lengths: 48 mm, 28 mm, 24 mm, and 17 mm. Distance perception along the pictorial depth plane (z-axis) was systematically transformed by changing the photographic perspective: the shorter the focal length of the camera lens, the greater the perceived distance. Perceived distance between objects along the lateral plane (x-axis) was unaffected by changes in lens focal length.
Effect of Directional Response Variables on Eye-Hand Reaction Times and Decision Time
Authors: Jacobson James M. , Repperger Daniel W. , Goodyear Chuck , Michel Norman
Published: September 2011

To determine if direction of response affects reaction time, we measured the time for hand response to a visual stimulus, using a sensitive, microprocessor-based testing device to determine simple reaction itme (RT), choice RT, and decision time. Mean simple RT was 207 ± 3.7 msec, (mean ± SEM); mean choice RT was 268 ± 4.2 msec.; and mean decision time was 61 msec. No differences were noted for leftward versus rightward movements, or midline versus lateral movements. Choice RT increased by 1.49 msec./yr. of age. Simple RT increased significantly with age for the nondominant hand, but not for the dominant hand. Right-handed subjects were more rapid with the dominant hand for choice RT. We conclude that dominance of hand tested and test initiation mechanism have major effects, but direction of movement in the lateral plane has little effect on reaction time.
Perceptual and Physiological Responses during Exercise in Cool and Cold Water
Authors: Toner Michael M. , Drolet Lawrence L. , Pandolf Kent B.
Published: September 2011

This investigation examined the interaction of exposure to cold water stress with both perceived exertion and thermal sensation during exercise. Eight male volunteers performed arm, leg, and combined arm and leg exercise for 45 min. in water at 20 and 26°C. Exercise was performed at a low ( n = 7) and a high ( n = 8) intensity relative to the ergometer specific peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak). In general, percent VOz peak did not differ between types of exercise in either 20 or 26°C water. During low intensity exercise when power output was matched across water temperatures (Tw), percent VO2 peak was greater in 20°C water (52%) compared to 26°C water (42%). Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) did not differ between Tw. During high intensity exercise when percent VO2 peak was matched across Tw, RPE was lower during exercise in 20°C compared to 26°C. Multiple correlation analyses comparing both final RPE and thermal sensation (TS) with physiological and thermal measures were performed across type of exercise and Tw. RPE was moderately correlated with heart rate ( r = 0.68) and ventilation ( r = 0.61), whereas very slight relationships were established with TS ( r = 0.16), skin and rectal temperatures ( r = 0.10 and r = 0.20). TS was moderately correlated with skin and rectal temperatures ( r = 0.64 and r = 0.73), whereas low correlations existed between TS and both heart rate ( r = 0.32) and ventilation ( r = —0.12). These data suggest that the change in oxygen uptake associated with exercise in cold water does not add to the over-all perception of exertion. This perception appears to be related to cardiopulmonary variables rather than thermal measures, whereas thermal sensation is related to thermal measures and not cardiopulmonary variables.
Reliability of the Short Form of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency with Five-Year-Old Children
Authors: Moore Jane B. , Reeve T. Gilmour , Boan Teresa
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the reliability of the short form of the Bruininks-Oseretsky test and its subtest items with 5-yr.-old children. 32 5-yr.-old children were tested on the short form of the Bruininks-Oseretsky - test. An experienced tester administered the test two times with a 1-wk. interval between tests. Also, 13 children were tested two more times making a total of four test sessions for these children. Although the total test scores produced a relatively strong reliability coefficient, many of the subtest items lacked reliability and most items had low correlations to the total test scores. Additional test development is recommended to produce an adequate test of motor proficiency for 5-yr.-old children.
Cognitive-Academic Correlates of Finger Localization in Right-Handed Kindergarten Girls
Authors: Zung Burton J.
Published: September 2011

The scores of 49 right-handed girls in early kindergarten on a battery of finger localization tests were compared with their end-of-year achievement scores on the Metropolitan Readiness Tests. Examination of the correlations between performance with each hand and test measures of achievement favored a substantive role for each cerebral hemisphere in early acquisition. Strength of prediction was comparable for tasks with and without a naming requirement (numerical coding of fingers) and was independent of children's verbal-receptive ability on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. Apparently, differential hemispheric efficiency presumed to underlie left-right differences in finger localization is not closely related to level of academic skills in girls of kindergarten age.