bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Somatosensory nucleus in the torus semicircularis of cyprinid teleosts
Authors: Yamamoto Naoyuki , Kato Takeshi , Okada Yuji , Somiya Hiroaki
Published: February 2010

Cytoarchitecture and fiber connections of the ventrolateral region of torus semicircularis were studied in goldfish and carp. Cytoarchitectural analyses indicate that two toral nuclei, ventrolateral (TSvl) and external (TSe) nuclei, are present in this toral region. The TSvl mainly receives lateral line inputs from the medial nucleus of the rhombencephalic octavolateral area, while the TSe mainly receives somatosensory fibers from the spinal cord, sensory trigeminal nuclei, and lateral funicular nucleus. The TSe also receives sparse fibers from the retina and the octavolateral area medial nucleus and sends descending fibers to the lateral funicular nucleus. Both toral nuclei receive projections from the ventromedial thalamic nucleus and the central part of dorsal telencephalic area, although the latter descending fibers terminate mainly in the TSvl. Both toral nuclei project to the rostrolateral region of lateral preglomerular nucleus, restricted to the somata layer of the dorsal zone of the region. Ventrolateral and external toral fibers, however, tended to reach lateral and medial zones of the somata layer, respectively. The present study suggests that there are three functional compartments within the cyprinid torus semicircularis (central nucleus: auditory, TSvl: lateral line, and TSe: somatosensory) and that sensory pathways arising from these toral compartments maintain largely separate ascending systems into the forebrain. The present study also extends knowledge of the organization and connections of the lateral valvular nucleus and nucleus praeeminentialis that project to the cerebellar granular layer and cerebellar crest, respectively. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:2475–2502, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Projections of the hand field of the macaque ventral premotor area F5 to the brainstem and spinal cord
Authors: Borra Elena , Belmalih Abdelouahed , Gerbella Marzio , Rozzi Stefano , Luppino Giuseppe
Published: February 2010

In the present study we first assessed that the hand motor field of the macaque ventral premotor area F5, involved in visuomotor control of hand actions, is connected to both the hand field of the primary motor cortex (M1) and the spinal cord. We then injected retroanterograde tracers in this field to completely illustrate its possible descending motor projections. In the brainstem the F5 hand motor field projects to the intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus (SC) and to sectors of the mesencephalic, pontine, and bulbar reticular formation, which are the sources of spinal projections. In the spinal cord, labeled terminals were virtually all confined to the C2–T1 segments, mostly contralaterally. At C6–T1 levels the labeling was weaker and mostly clustered laterally in the intermediate zone. At C2–C5 levels, labeled terminals were much denser and diffusely distributed over the mid‐dorsal part of the intermediate zone where a propriospinal system that directly controls hand muscle motoneurons and mediates commands for the control of dexterous finger movements is located (Isa et al. [2007] Physiology 22:145–152). Thus, the F5 hand motor field has a weaker direct access and a stronger indirect access to spinal segments where hand muscle motoneurons are located, suggesting a role of this field in the generation and control of hand movements not only at the M1 level, but also at the spinal cord level. These projections may represent the neural substrate for the F5 hand motor field's role in the recovery of manual dexterity after M1 lesions. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:2570–2591, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Securing cognitive radio networks
Authors: León O. , Hernández‐Serrano J. , Soriano M.
Published: February 2010

Cognitive radio is a promising technology aiming to improve the utilization of the radio electromagnetic spectrum. A cognitive radio device uses general purpose computer processors that run radio applications software to perform signal processing. The use of this software enables the device to sense and understand its environment and actively change its mode of operation based on its observations. Unfortunately, this solution entails new security challenges. Our objective in this paper is to analyze the security issues of the main recent developments and architectures of cognitive radio networks. We present vulnerabilities inherent to those systems, identify novel types of abuse, classify attacks, and analyze their impact on the operation of cognitive radio‐based systems. Moreover, we discuss and propose security solutions to mitigate such threats. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three inhibitors of FGF receptor, ERK, and GSK3 establishes germline‐competent embryonic stem cells of C57BL/6N mouse strain with high efficiency and stability
Authors: Kiyonari Hiroshi , Kaneko Mari , Abe Shin‐ichi , Aizawa Shinichi
Published: February 2010

C57BL/6 mouse is the most standard strain in mouse genetics. The strain does, however, have several disadvantages; one being the difficulty in establishing embryonic stem (ES) cells. No reliable C57BL/6 ES cell line is widely available for creating mutant mice through gene targeting. It also greatly favors mouse genetics if one can routinely make multiple mutations by stably culturing germline‐competent C57BL/6 ES cells or if one can routinely establish ES cells from C57BL/6‐derived mutant mice to make multiple mutations. Recently, an ES culture method with three inhibitors (3i: SU5402 for FGFR, PD184352 for ERK, and CHIR99021 for GSK3) has been reported. Here we show that this 3i method is extremely instrumental in establishing and culturing germline‐competent ES cells in the C57BL/6N strain. genesis 48:317–327, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fcγ receptor‐mediated antigen uptake by lung DC contributes to allergic airway hyper‐responsiveness and inflammation
Authors: Hartwig Christina , Mazzega Miriam , Constabel Hannelore , Krishnaswamy Jayendra K. , Engelbert Gessner J. , Braun Armin , Tschernig Thomas , Behrens Georg M. N.
Published: February 2010

During asthma, lung DC capture and process antigens to initiate and maintain allergic Th2 cell responses to inhaled allergens. The aim of the study was to investigate whether allergen‐specific IgG, generated during sensitization, can potentiate the acute airway inflammation through Fcγ receptor (FcγR)‐mediated antigen uptake and enhance antigen presentation resulting in augmented T‐cell proliferation. We examined the impact of antigen presentation and T‐cell stimulation on allergic airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation using transgenic and gene‐deficient mice. Both airway inflammation and eosinophilia in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were markedly reduced in sensitized and challenged FcγR‐deficient mice. Lung DC of WT, but not FcγR‐deficient mice, induced increased antigen‐specific CD4+ T‐cell proliferation when pulsed with anti‐OVA IgG immune complexes. Intranasal application of anti‐OVA IgG immune complexes resulted in enhanced airway inflammation, eosinophilia and Th2 cytokine release, mediated through enhanced antigen‐specific T‐cell proliferation in vivo. Finally, antigen‐specific IgG in the serum of sensitized mice led to a significant increase of antigen‐specific CD4+ T‐cell proliferation induced by WT, but not FcγR‐deficient, lung DC. We conclude that FcγR‐mediated enhanced antigen presentation and T‐cell stimulation by lung DC has a significant impact on inflammatory responses following allergen challenge in asthma.
Blockade of GITR–GITRL interaction maintains Treg function to prolong allograft survival
Authors: Kim James I. , Sonawane Samsher B. , Lee Major K. , Lee Seoung‐Hoon , Duff Patrick E. , Moore Daniel J. , O'Connor Matthew R. , Lian Moh‐Moh , Deng Shaoping , Choi Yongwon , Yeh Heidi , Caton Andrew J. , Markmann James F.
Published: February 2010

Involvement of Treg in transplant tolerance has been demonstrated in multiple models. During the active process of graft rejection, these regulatory cells are themselves regulated and inactivated, a process termed counter‐regulation. We hypothesize that ligation of the costimulatory molecule glucocorticoid‐induced TNF receptor‐related protein (GITR) on Treg inhibits their ability to promote graft survival, and by blocking GITR ligation graft survival can be prolonged. To this aim, we have designed a soluble GITR fusion protein (GITR‐Fc), which binds GITR ligand and inhibits activation of GITR. Here, we show that GITR‐Fc prolonged mouse skin graft survival, and this prolongation is dependent on Treg. In a full MHC‐mismatched skin graft setting, GITR‐Fc significantly improved graft survival when used in combination with MR1, anti‐CD40L, while GITR‐Fc alone did not demonstrate graft prolongation. These results demonstrate that disruption of binding of GITR with GITR ligand may be an important strategy in prolonging allograft survival.
Synthesis, Structures, and Properties of New Chalcogenide‐Capped Octahedral Hexatechnetium(III) Complexes [Tc6S8X6]4– (X = Br, I), [Tc6Se8I2], and [Tc6Te15]
Authors: Yoshimura Takashi , Ikai Takuya , Tooyama Yuji , Takayama Tsutomu , Sekine Tsutomu , Kino Yasushi , Kirishima Akira , Sato Nobuaki , Mitsugashira Toshiaki , Takahashi Naruto , Shinohara Atsushi
Published: February 2010

Chalcogenide‐capped octahedral hexatechnetium(III) complexes, Cs4[Tc6S8Br6]·CsBr (Cs4[1]·CsBr) and (PPh4)4[Tc6S8Br6] {(PPh4)4[1]}, (PPh4)4[Tc6S8I6] {(PPh4)4[2]}, [Tc6Se8I2] ([3]), and [Tc6Te15] ([4]) were synthesized. Single‐crystal X‐ray structural studies were carried out for Cs4[1]·CsBr, [3], and [4]. Sulfide‐capped octahedral hexatechnetium(III) clusters [1]4– and [2]4– are discrete complex anions, whereas the selenide‐ and telluride‐capped hexatechnetium(III) complexes adopt extended polymeric structures. A cyclic voltammogram of [1]4– in CH3CN showed two one‐electron redox waves: Tc6(24e/23e) and Tc6(23e/22e). The potential of the Tc6(24e/23e) process is more positive than that of the Re6(24e/23e) process for the hexarhenium analog [Re6S8X6]4– (X = Br, I), whereas that of the Tc6(23e/22e) process shifts to negative values compared to the potential of the Re6(23e/22e) process. Thus, the Tc6(23e) mixed‐valence state is thermodynamically less stable than Re6(23e).
First Asymmetric Synthesis of Boehmeriasin A
Authors: Dumoulin David , Lebrun Stéphane , Couture Axel , Deniau Eric , Grandclaudon Pierre
Published: February 2010

The first asymmetric synthesis of phenanthroquinolizidinealkaloid (R)‐boehmeriasin A is described. Two alternative synthetic pathways to the key intermediate (RS,R)‐4 were achieved through a combination of highly diastereoselective 1,2‐nucleophilic addition on (–)‐(S)‐1‐amino‐2‐(methoxymethyl)pyrrolidine hydrazones with a ring‐closing metathesis to ensure the construction of the piperidine template. A subsequent acylation/oxidation/aldol condensation/radical cyclization sequence completed the assembly of the title (R)‐configured natural product.
Reductive Amination/Cyclization of ω‐Trifluoromethyl Keto Esters to Trifluoromethylated δ‐Amino Alcohols and Lactams
Authors: Wan Wen , Hou Jie , Jiang Haizhen , Yuan Zongqian , Ma Goubin , Zhao Gang , Hao Jian
Published: February 2010

A reductive amination/cyclization approach towards biologically interesting trifluoromethylated four‐ to seven‐membered ring lactams from simply prepared ω‐trifluoromethyl keto esters in good to excellent yields has been developed. In addition, trifluoromethylated δ‐amino alcohols were also obtained directly from an unexpected reduction of the corresponding γ‐imino esters in the presence of an excess amount of NaBH4.
PANDAS and anorexia nervosa—a spotters' guide: Suggestions for medical assessment
Authors: Vincenzi Brenda , O'Toole Julie , Lask Bryan
Published: February 2010

Objective

Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal infection (PANDAS) should be considered in sudden onset, prepubertal Anorexia Nervosa (AN), arising shortly after an apparent streptococcal infection. However, the absence of a specific biological marker of PANDAS renders the diagnosis difficult. This paper critically reviews available tests for PANDAS and recommends a standardized approach to its investigation.

Method

Medline database review between 1990 and 2008.

Results

Existing tests may be categorized as: (i) Non‐specific markers of inflammation or immune response (Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ESR; C‐reactive protein, CRP; Neopterin), (ii) specific markers of streptococcal infection (throat swab and anti‐streptococcal antibodies, Anti‐streptolysin, ASO; Antideoxyribonuclease B, antiDNaseB), (iii) non‐specific markers of auto‐immune reaction (Antineuronal antibodies, AnAb; D8/17). No one test reliably identifies PANDAS. The lack of specificity and methodological problems may lead to errors of diagnosis.

Discussion

When PANDAS–Anorexia Nervosa (PANDAS–AN) is suspected clinically we recommend conducting all the above investigations. The more positive results there are the more likely is the diagnosis, but particular weighting should be given to AnAb and D8/17. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Feelings of insecurity: Review of attachment and eating disorders
Authors: Zachrisson Henrik Daae , Skårderud Finn
Published: February 2010

Objective

Attachment theory has received increasing attention from clinicians and researchers in the field of eating disorders. This paper is an updated review on theoretical approaches in the field, and of studies employing the Adult Attachment Interview.

Method

We searched the major databases such as PsycInfo and Science Direct for empirical and theoretical studies on attachment and eating disorders, and these are reviewed.

Results

Theoretical approaches on attachment and eating disorders highlight either retrospective, general risk or attachment theoretical statements. There is greater prevalence of insecure attachment in the eating disordered population than in non‐clinical samples. However, there is no sufficient evidence to conclude about specific mechanisms for this connection.

Discussion

The theoretical approaches vary in their theoretical grounding, specificity and empirical support. AAI‐based research on attachment and eating disorders is still at an early stage. More advanced studies are required for the field to move forward. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and Eating Disorders Association.
Bacterial cytotoxicity and induction of apoptosis in promyelocytic (Line HL-60) cells by novel organotellurium compounds
Authors: Sailer Brian L , Prow Tarl , Dickerson Sarah , Watson John , Liles Nathan , Patel Shiv J , Van Fleet-Stalder Verena , Chasteen Thomas G
Published: February 2010

The increasing importance of tellurium in organic synthesis, in industrial applications, and as a possible component in pesticides means that its introduction into the environment will probably increase in the future. A knowledge of the relative toxicity and the mode of toxic action of tellurium-containing chemicals is therefore important. The work presented here, using growth-rate inhibition effects on Pseudomonas fluorescens of two model compounds, telluranthrene and tetrachlorodiphenyl ditelluride, suggests that these compounds are at least as toxic as the relatively well-known selenium oxyanions, selenate and selenite. Experiments with human promyelocytic (line HL-60) cells indicate that both the above organotellurium compounds induce a form of cell death called apoptosis, or programmed cell death. The induction of apoptosis occurred in both a time- and dose-dependent manner, as assayed by three different analytical methods: fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, and gel electrophoresis. The results indicate that organotellurium compounds may find applicability in the fields of chemoprevention and cancer therapy, similar to organoselenium compounds.
Connective tissue growth factor associated with oncogenic activities and drug resistance in glioblastoma multiforme
Authors: Yin Dong , Chen Weikai , O'Kelly James , Lu Daning , Ham Michelle , Doan Ngan B. , Xie Dong , Wang Charles , Vadgama Jay , Said Jonathan W. , Black Keith L. , Koeffler H. Phillip
Published: February 2010

Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF or CCN2) is a secreted protein that belongs to the CCN [cysteine‐rich CYR61/CTGF/nephroblastoma‐overexpressed gene] family. These proteins have been implicated in various biological processes, including stimulation of cell proliferation, migration, angiogenesis and tumorigenesis. In a previous study, we found that CTGF mRNA was elevated in primary gliomas, and a significant correlation existed between CTGF mRNA levels versus tumor grade, histology and patient survival. In this study, the role of CTGF in glioma tumorigenesis was explored. Forced expression of CTGF in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells accelerated their growth in liquid culture and soft agar, stimulated cells migration in Boyden chamber assays and significantly increased their ability to form large, vascularized tumors in nude mice. CTGF induced the expression of the antiapoptotic proteins, Bcl‐xl, Survivin and Flip. Overexpression of CTGF caused the U343 GBM cells to survive for longer than 40 days in serum‐free medium and resist antitumor drugs including tumor necrosis factor (TNF), TNF‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand, VELCADE (bortezomib, proteasome inhibitor) and temozolomide. Our data suggest that CTGF plays an important role in glioma progression, by supporting tumor cells survival and drug resistance.
miR‐181b modulates multidrug resistance by targeting BCL2 in human cancer cell lines
Authors: Zhu Wei , Shan Xia , Wang Tongshan , Shu Yongqian , Liu Ping
Published: February 2010

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short noncoding RNA molecules, which posttranscriptionally regulate genes expression and play crucial roles in diverse biological processes, such as development, differentiation, apoptosis and proliferation. Here, we investigated the possible role of miRNAs in the development of multidrug resistance (MDR) in human gastric and lung cancer cell lines. We found that miR‐181b was downregulated in both multidrug‐resistant human gastric cancer cell line SGC7901/vincristine (VCR) and multidrug‐resistant human lung cancer cell line A549/cisplatin (CDDP), and the downregulation of miR‐181b in SGC7901/VCR and A549/CDDP cells was concurrent with the upregulation of BCL2 protein, compared with the parental SGC7901 and A549 cell lines, respectively. In vitro drug sensitivity assay demonstrated that overexpression of miR‐181b sensitized SGC7901/VCR and A549/CDDP cells to anticancer drugs, respectively. The luciferase activity of a BCL2 3′‐untranslated region‐based reporter construct in SGC7901/VCR and A549/CDDP cells suggests that a new target site in the 3′UTR of BCL2 of the mature miR‐181s (miR‐181a, miR‐181b, miR‐181c and miR‐181d) was found. Enforced miR‐181b expression reduced BCL2 protein level and sensitized SGC7901/VCR and A549/CDDP cells to VCR‐induced and CDDP‐induced apoptosis, respectively. Taken together, our findings suggest that miR‐181b could play a role in the development of MDR in both gastric and lung cancer cell lines, at least in part, by modulation of apoptosis via targeting BCL2.
PALM imaging and cluster analysis of protein heterogeneity at the cell surface
Authors: Owen Dylan M. , Rentero Carles , Rossy Jérémie , Magenau Astrid , Williamson David , Rodriguez Macarena , Gaus Katharina
Published: February 2010

The authors employed photoactivatable localization microscopy (PALM) and direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM) imaging and image analysis based on Ripley's K ‐function to quantify the distribution and heterogeneity of proteins at the cell plasma membrane. The membrane targeting sequence of the N‐terminal region of the T cell receptor‐pathway kinase Lck fused to the photo‐convertible fluorescent protein tdEos (LckN10‐tdEos), clusters into sub‐100 nm regions which cover ∼7% of the cell surface. 2‐channel PALM imaging of LckN10‐tdEos and the N‐terminus of the kinase Src (SrcN15‐PS‐CFP2) are demonstrated. Finally, T cell microclusters at the immune synapse are imaged at super‐resolution using dSTORM, showing that conventional TIRF images contain unresolved, small clusters. These methods are generally applicable to other cell and fluorophore systems to quantify 2‐D molecular clustering at nanometer scales. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Solid freeform fabrication and characterization of porous calcium polyphosphate structures for tissue engineering purposes
Authors: Shanjani Yaser , De Croos J. N. Amritha , Pilliar Robert M. , Kandel Rita A. , Toyserkani Ehsan
Published: February 2010

Solid freeform fabrication (SFF) enables the fabrication of anatomically shaped porous components required for formation of tissue engineered implants. This article reports on the characterization of a three‐dimensional‐printing method, as a powder‐based SFF technique, to create reproducible porous structures composed of calcium polyphosphate (CPP). CPP powder of 75–150 μm was mixed with 10 wt % polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymeric binder, and used in the SFF machine with appropriate settings for powder mesh size. The PVA binder was eliminated during the annealing procedure used to sinter the CPP particles. The porous SFF fabricated components were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, micro‐CT scanning, X‐ray diffraction, and mercury intrusion porosimetry. In addition, mechanical testing was conducted to determine the compressive strength of the CPP cylinders. The 35 vol % porous structures displayed compressive strength on average of 33.86 MPa, a value 57% higher than CPP of equivalent volume percent porosity made through conventional gravity sintering. Dimensional deviation and shrinkage analysis was conducted to identify anisotropic factors required for dimensional compensation during SFF sample formation and subsequent sintering. Cell culture studies showed that the substrate supported cartilage formation in vitro, which was integrated with the top surface of the porous CPP similar to that observed when chondrocytes were grown on CPP formed by conventional gravity sintering methods as determined histologically and biochemically. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2010
Cells of extraembryonic mesodermal origin confer human dystrophin in the Mdx model of duchenne muscular dystrophy
Authors: Kawamichi Yayoi , Cui Chang‐Hao , Toyoda Masashi , Makino Hatsune , Horie Akane , Takahashi Yoriko , Matsumoto Kenji , Saito Hirohisa , Ohta Hiroaki , Saito Kayoko , Umezawa Akihiro
Published: February 2010

Duchenne muscular dystrophy is an X‐linked recessive genetic disease characterized by severe skeletal muscular degeneration. The placenta is considered to be a promising candidate cell source for cellular therapeutics because it contains a large number of cells and heterogenous cell populations with myogenic potentials. We analyzed the myogenic potential of cells obtained from six parts of the placenta, that is, umbilical cord, amniotic epithelium, amniotic mesoderm, chorionic plate, villous chorion, and decidua basalis. In vitro cells derived from amniotic mesoderm, chorionic plate, and villous chorion efficiently transdifferentiate into myotubes. In addition, in vivo implantation of placenta‐derived cells into dystrophic muscles of immunodeficient mdx mice restored sarcolemmal expression of human dystrophin. Differential contribution to myogenesis in this study may be attributed to placental portion‐dependent default cell state. Molecular taxonomic characterization of placenta‐derived maternal and fetal cells in vitro will help determine the feasibility of cell‐based therapy. J. Cell. Physiol. 223:695–702, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Carboxy terminus of secreted phosphoprotein‐24 kDa (spp24) is essential for full inhibition of BMP‐2 activity
Authors: Brochmann Elsa J. , Simon Robert J. , Jawien Janusz , Behnam Keyvan , Sintuu Chananit , Wang Jeffrey C. , Murray Samuel S.
Published: February 2010

Secreted phosphoprotein‐24 kDa (spp24) is a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)‐binding protein isolated from bone. It exists in a number of size forms and is hypothesized to function as a BMP latency protein and/or a “slow release” mechanism for BMPs involved in bone turnover and repair. We have examined the hypothesis that proteolytic modification of the C‐terminus of spp24 affects its BMP‐2–binding properties and bioactivity in the BMP‐2–stimulated ectopic bone forming bioassay. Three different size forms of recombinant spp24 that correspond to predicted 18.1 kDa, 16.0 kDa, and 14.5 kDa proteolytic products were compared to full‐length (fl) spp24. One of these forms (spp18.1) we hypothesize to be the protein which Urist initially, but apparently inaccurately, called “BMP.” Only full‐length spp24 completely inhibited BMP‐2–induced bone formation. The 18.1 kDa truncated isoform of spp24 which we hypothesize to be Urist's protein did not. The inhibitory capacity of the proteins was correlated with their kinetic constants, assessed by surface plasmon resonance. At the highest, inhibitory, dose of spp24 and its derivatives, kd (“stability”) best predicted the extent of ectopic bone formation whereas at the lowest dose, which was not inhibitory, ka (“recognition”) best predicted the extent of ectopic bone formation. We conclude that proteolytic processing of spp24 affects the interaction of this protein with BMP‐2 and this affects the function of the protein. © 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:1200–1207, 2010
FT‐Raman, FT‐IR spectra and DFT calculations on monomeric and dimeric structures of 5‐fluoro‐ and 5‐chloro‐salicylic acid
Authors: Karabacak Mehmet , Kose Etem , Kurt Mustafa
Published: February 2010

The experimental and theoretical study on the structures and vibrations of 5‐fluoro‐salicylic acid and 5‐chloro‐salicylic acid (5‐FSA and 5‐ClSA, C7H5FO3 and C7H5ClO3) is presented. The Fourier transform infrared spectra (4000–400 cm−1) and the Fourier transform Raman spectra (4000–50 cm−1) of the title molecules in the solid phase were recorded. The molecular structures, vibrational wavenumbers, infrared intensities, Raman intensities and Raman scattering activities were calculated for a pair of molecules linked by the intermolecular OH···O hydrogen bond. The geometrical parameters and energies of 5‐FSA and 5ClSA were obtained for all eight conformers/isomers from density functional theory (DFT) (B3LYP) with 6‐311++G(d,p) basis set calculations. The computational results identified the most stable conformer of 5‐FSA and 5‐ClSA as the C1 form. The complete assignments were performed on the basis of the total energy distribution (TED) of the vibrational modes, calculated with scaled quantum mechanics (SQM) method. The spectroscopic and theoretical results were compared with the corresponding properties for 5‐FSA and 5‐ClSA monomers and dimer of C1 conformer. The optimized bond lengths, bond angles and calculated wavenumbers showed the best agreement with the experimental results. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of low‐fat mayonnaise containing polysaccharide gums as functional ingredients
Authors: Su Hou‐Pin , Lien Chuang‐Ping , Lee Tan‐Ang , Ho Jou‐Hsuan
Published: February 2010

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to develop a low‐fat (LF) mayonnaise containing polysaccharide gums as functional ingredients. Xanthan gum (XG, 15 g kg−1), citrus fiber (CF, 100 g kg−1) and variable concentration of guar gum (GG) were used to formulate the optimum ratios of polysaccharide gums as fat replacers. The fat content in LF mayonnaise was reduced to 50% if compared with full‐fat (FF) mayonnaise, and the products still maintained ideal rheological properties.

RESULTS: The rheological parameters showed that there were no (P > 0.05) differences in yield stress, viscosity and flow behavior index between XG + 10 g kg−1 GG, CF + 5 g kg−1 GG and FF control. LF mayonnaises had lower caloric values and higher dietary fiber content than the FF counterpart. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs illustrated that the network of aggregated droplets in LF treatments contained a large number of interspaced voids of varying dimensions. Furthermore, in a comparison of sensory evaluation of LF treatments with commercial and our FF mayonnaises, there were no (P > 0.05) differences in any sensory scores among XG + 10 g kg−1 GG control.

CONCLUSION: This study shows that XG + 10 g kg−1 GG and CF + 5 g kg−1 GG could be used in LF mayonnaise formulations based on its multiple functions on processing properties. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Oxidation of methyl and ethyl butanoates
Authors: Hakka M. H. , Bennadji H. , Biet J. , Yahyaoui M. , Sirjean B. , Warth V. , Coniglio L. , Herbinet O. , Glaude P. A. , Billaud F. , Battin‐Leclerc F.
Published: February 2010

This paper describes an experimental and modeling study of the oxidation of methyl and ethyl butanoates in a shock tube. The ignition delays of these two esters mixed with oxygen and argon for equivalence ratios from 0.25 to 2 and ester concentrations of 0.5% and 1% were measured behind a reflected shock wave for temperatures from 1250 to 2000 K and pressures around 8 atm. To extend the range of studied temperatures in the case of methyl butanoate, two sets of measurements were also made in a jet‐stirred reactor at 800 and 850 K, at atmospheric pressure, at residence times varying between 1.5 and 9 s and for equivalence ratios of 0.5 and 1. Detailed mechanisms for the combustion of methyl and ethyl butanoates have been automatically generated using a version of EXGAS software improved to take into account these oxygenated reactants. These mechanisms have been validated through comparison of simulated and experimental results in both types of reactor. The main reaction pathways have been derived from reaction flux and sensitivity analyses performed at different temperatures. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 42: 226–252, 2010
Kinetic study of the reaction of dimethyl carbonate with trialkylamines
Authors: Weisshaar Duane E. , Earl Gary W. , Villa Eric M. , Zierke Jessica L. (Paumen) , Fry Christopher J. , Becvar Kara L. , Li Shik Ki , Schafer Matthew C.
Published: February 2010

Quaternary ammonium compounds are produced worldwide in hundreds of millions of pound volume annually for a plethora of end‐uses from fabric‐care formulations to asphalt emulsifiers, typically from nongreen alkylating reagents. The kinetics of a reaction employing dimethyl carbonate (DMC) as a green alkylating agent was investigated using three trialkylamines (tributylamine, trihexylamine, and trioctylamine) at several temperatures. Arrhenius and Eyring analysis of the data showed that values of Ea (79 kJ/mol), ΔH‡ (75 kJ/mol), and ΔS‡ (220 J/(mol K)) were the same for all three amine reactants, consistent with a report that Ea is independent of alkyl chain length when the chain length is greater than three carbons. Although rates are significantly slower with DMC than with other alkylating reagents, the resulting methyl carbonate anion has advantages for clean anion metathesis, which is important for some applications, especially those involving ionic liquids. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 42: 221–225, 2010
Mentorship in otolaryngology residency: The resident perspective
Authors: Hsu Amy K , Tabaee Abtin , Persky Mark S.
Published: February 2010

Objectives/Hypothesis:

To assess the current state of mentorship in otolaryngology residency.

Study Design:

Internet‐based anonymous survey of chief residents in otolaryngology residency.

Methods:

Nonidentifying demographic information, career plans, and general questions about residency experience were queried. Participants were asked to rate their mentorship experience in general and specifically with regard to research, personal quality of life, and career preparation. Responses were scored using a five‐point ordinal Likert scale, with higher scores representing more favorable responses.

Results:

The survey was completed by 47 (17.2%) respondents. Eighteen respondents (38%) were assigned an official faculty mentor, and 23 respondents (49%) were assigned a research mentor during their residency. Thirty‐nine respondents (83%) reported receiving meaningful mentorship from faculty who were not officially assigned mentors. Overall, 18 respondents (38%) were neutral or not satisfied with the mentorship they received during residency. Statistically significant higher scores were noted for mentorship in career preparation (median, 4) versus mentorship in research (median, 4; P < .001) and resident quality of life (median, 3; P < .001). Lower scores were noted for availability of mentorship in preparation for a career in private practice versus academic medicine (median, 4 vs. 5; P < .001). Residents who were officially assigned mentors reported statistically significant higher scores with regard to satisfaction with the overall mentorship experience (median, 4 vs. 3; P = .05) and different aspects of mentorship in career preparation and research training.

Conclusions:

The current study reveals variability in the mentorship experience in otolaryngology residency. Potential deficiencies may exist, including absence of formal mentorship in some residency programs. Increased attention to mentorship, especially with regard to research, career preparation, and quality of life may improve the overall residency experience.
Ulvan as a New Type of Biomaterial from Renewable Resources: Functionalization and Hydrogel Preparation
Authors: Morelli Andrea , Chiellini Federica
Published: February 2010

Ulvan, a sulfated cell‐wall polysaccharide extracted from green seaweeds, is functionalized by grafting methacryloyl moieties as a radical polymerizable group and photopolymerized under UV irradiation in order to attain biodegradable hydrogels. The functionalization reaction is carried out by using methacrylic anhydride or glycidyl methacrylate according to two basic procedures applied to polysaccharides. The functionalization of Ulvan is determined by FT‐IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy and confirmed by DSC analysis. Hydrogels were characterized by FT‐IR and by 1H NMR spectroscopies and their swelling behaviour assessed in terms of degree of swelling using PBS 1 × pH 7.4 as a medium in order to check their stability under physiological conditions.

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Correction: Amino acid metabolism of bovine blastocysts: A biomarker of sex and viability
Authors: Sturmey R.G. , Bermejo‐Alvarez P. , Gutierrez‐Adan A. , Rizos D. , Leese H.J. , Lonergan P.
Published: February 2010

In the recently published article “Amino acid metabolism of bovine blastocysts: A biomarker of sex and viability” by R. Sturmey et al. (Mol Reprod Dev, volume 77 (3): 285–296, 2010 [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.21145]), the Acknowledgment of grant support was inadvertently omitted.

The omitted text is herein printed to address this error: RGS wishes to acknowledge financial support from a Wellcome Trust VIP Fellowship, administered by the Biology Department of the University of York. HJL wishes to acknowledge financial support from The Leverhulme Trust.
Abdominal undifferentiated small round cell tumor with unique translocation (X;19)(q13;q13.3)
Authors: Yustein Jason T. , Rednam Surya , Bertuch Alison A. , Goss John A. , Brandt Mary L. , Eldin Karen , Lu Xinyan , Hicks John
Published: February 2010

We describe a male with a large abdominal mass, most likely originating from the liver, with capsule rupture and tumor dissemination into the abdominal cavity. Adherence of the tumor to the diaphragm and lower right colon also were noted. A comprehensive evaluation of the mass revealed no tumor‐defining histopathologic, immunocytochemical, ultrastructural, cytogenetic, or translocation features. The malignant tumor was found to have a novel translocation (X;19)(q13;13.3), which has not been reported in small round cell tumors of childhood or adults. The final diagnosis rendered was an undifferentiated small round cell tumor of uncertain cell of origin. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010;54:1041–1044 © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of nano β‐TCP and the effects on the mechanical and biological properties of β‐TCP/HDPE/UHMWPE nanocomposites
Authors: Abadi M. Bagheri Hossein , Ghasemi I. , Khavandi A. , Shokrgozar M.A. , Farokhi M. , Homaeigohar S.Sh. , Eslamifar A.
Published: February 2010

High density polyethylene/tricalcium phosphate/ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (TCP/HDPE/UHMWPE) Nanocomposite as an orthopedic biomaterial (with better properties toward TCP/HDPE composite) was obtained. To evaluate the capability of this nanocomposite as a material for bone tissue replacement, mechanical and biological assessments were performed. In this study, nanosize β‐TCP powders with average grain size of 100 nm were synthesized by chemical precipitation method and characterized by means of X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). To evaluate the mechanical properties of this biomaterial, tensile properties were obtained for the material. Results showed that by increasing the weight percentage of β‐TCP, the elastic modulus increases, elongation at yield decreases and with no significant change in tensile strength. SEM micrographs of cryogenic fracture surface of samples indicated that distribution of nano powders in matrix is homogeneous. In vitro biological evaluations on the samples were done by performing cytotoxicity (MTT assay), alkaline phosphatase enzyme, and cell attachment tests. In all of the tests, osteoblast cells were used. Results of biological tests showed that the samples are biocompatible and they have no toxicity. Also, SEM observations demonstrated that the cells can attach to surface of nanocomposite samples, which reveals osteoconductivity of the surface. POLYM. COMPOS., 31:1745–1753, 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Identification of Neospora caninum proteins regulated during the differentiation process from tachyzoite to bradyzoite stage by DIGE
Authors: Marugán‐Hernández Virginia , Álvarez‐García Gema , Risco‐Castillo Verónica , Regidor‐Cerrillo Javier , Ortega‐Mora Luis Miguel
Published: February 2010

Identification of differentially expressed proteins during Neospora caninum tachyzoite–bradyzoite conversion processes may lead to a better knowledge of the pathogenic mechanisms developed by this important parasite of cattle. In the present work, a differential expression proteomic study of tachyzoite and bradyzoite stages was accomplished for the first time by applying DIGE technology coupled with MS analysis. Up to 72 differentially expressed spots were visualized (1.5‐fold in relative abundance, p<0.05, t‐test). A total of 53 spots were more abundant in bradyzoites and 19 spots in tachyzoites. MS analysis identified 26 proteins; 20 of them overexpressed in the bradyzoite stage and 6 in the tachyzoite stage. Among the novel proteins, enolase and glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (involved in glycolysis), HSP70 and HSP90 (related to stress response) as well as the dense granule protein GRA9, which showed higher abundance in the bradyzoite stage, might be highlighted. On the other hand, isocitrate dehydrogenase 2, involved in the Krebs cycle, was found to be more abundant in tachyzoites extract. Biological functions from most novel proteins were correlated with previously reported processes during the differentiation process in Toxoplasma gondii. Thus, DIGE technology arises as a suitable tool to study mechanisms involved in the N. caninum tachyzoite to bradyzoite conversion.
Noncollagenous region of the streptococcal collagen‐like protein is a trimerization domain that supports refolding of adjacent homologous and heterologous collagenous domains
Authors: Yu Zhuoxin , Mirochnitchenko Oleg , Xu Chunying , Yoshizumi Ayumi , Brodsky Barbara , Inouye Masayori
Published: February 2010

Proper folding of the (Gly‐Xaa‐Yaa)n sequence of animal collagens requires adjacent N‐ or C‐terminal noncollagenous trimerization domains which often contain coiled‐coil or beta sheet structure. Collagen‐like proteins have been found recently in a number of bacteria, but little is known about their folding mechanism. The Scl2 collagen‐like protein from Streptococcus pyogenes has an N‐terminal globular domain, designated Vsp, adjacent to its triple‐helix domain. The Vsp domain is required for proper refolding of the Scl2 protein in vitro. Here, recombinant Vsp domain alone is shown to form trimers with a significant α‐helix content and to have a thermal stability of Tm = 45°C. Examination of a new construct shows that the Vsp domain facilitates efficient in vitro refolding only when it is located N‐terminal to the triple‐helix domain but not when C‐terminal to the triple‐helix domain. Fusion of the Vsp domain N‐terminal to a heterologous (Gly‐Xaa‐Yaa)n sequence from Clostridium perfringens led to correct folding and refolding of this triple‐helix, which was unable to fold into a triple‐helical, soluble protein on its own. These results suggest that placement of a functional trimerization module adjacent to a heterologous Gly‐Xaa‐Yaa repeating sequence can lead to proper folding in some cases but also shows specificity in the relative location of the trimerization and triple‐helix domains. This information about their modular nature can be used in the production of novel types of bacterial collagen for biomaterial applications.
Structural insights into the molecular mechanism of H‐NOX activation
Authors: Olea Charles , Herzik Mark A. , Kuriyan John , Marletta Michael A.
Published: February 2010

Nitric oxide (NO) signaling in mammals controls important processes such as smooth muscle relaxation and neurotransmission by the activation of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC). NO binding to the heme domain of sGC leads to dissociation of the iron–histidine (Fe–His) bond, which is required for enzyme activity. The heme domain of sGC belongs to a larger class of proteins called H‐NOX (Heme‐Nitric oxide/OXygen) binding domains. Previous crystallographic studies on H‐NOX domains demonstrate a correlation between heme bending and protein conformation. It was unclear, however, whether these structural changes were important for signal transduction. Subsequent NMR solution structures of H‐NOX proteins show a conformational change upon disconnection of the heme and proximal helix, similar to those observed in the crystallographic studies. The atomic details of these conformational changes, however, are lacking in the NMR structures especially at the heme pocket. Here, a high‐resolution crystal structure of an H‐NOX mutant mimicking a broken Fe–His bond is reported. This mutant exhibits specific changes in heme conformation and major N‐terminal displacements relative to the wild‐type H‐NOX protein. Fe–His ligation is ubiquitous in all H‐NOX domains, and therefore, the heme and protein conformational changes observed in this study are likely to occur throughout the H‐NOX family when NO binding leads to rupture of the Fe–His bond.
Neutral Higgs boson pair production at Linear Colliders
Authors: Solà J. , López‐Val D.
Published: February 2010

We compute the one‐loop production cross section for neutral Higgs boson pairs at linear colliders from a generic two‐Higgs‐doublet model (2HDM). We identify important quantum effects associated to the triple‐Higgs boson self‐interactions – a genuine feature of the 2HDM, which is impossible to achieve in the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM).
An ancient anion‐binding structural module in RNA and DNA helicases
Authors: Milner‐White E. James , Pietras Zbigniew , Luisi Ben F.
Published: February 2010

RNA and DNA helicases manipulate or translocate along single strands of nucleic acids by grasping them using a conserved structural motif. We have examined the available crystal structures of helicases of the two principal superfamilies, SF1 and SF2, and observed that the most conserved interactions with the nucleic acid occur between the phosphosugar backbone of a trinucleotide and the three strand‐helix loops within a (β‐strand/α‐helix)3 structural module. At the first and third loops is a conserved hydrogen‐bonded feature called a thr‐motif, often seen at α‐helical N‐termini, with the threonine as the N‐cap residue. These loops can be aligned with few insertions or deletions, and their main chain atoms are structurally congruent amongst the family members and between the two modules found as tandem pairs in all SF1 and SF2 proteins. The other highly conserved interactions with nucleic acid involve mainchain NH groups, often at the helical N‐termini, interacting with phosphate groups. We comment on how the sequence motifs that are commonly used to identify helicases map to locations on the module and discuss the implications of the conserved orientation of nucleic acid on the surface of the module for directional stepping along DNA or RNA. Proteins 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Researching illegality and labour migration
Authors: Anderson Bridget , Ruhs Martin
Published: February 2010

This introduction to thePopulation, Space and PlaceSpecial Issue ‘Researching illegality and labour migration: the research/policy nexus’, considers what is meant by ‘illegal immigration’. This is of key importance to both policy and academic discussion, and contradictions and debates are evidenced in the terminology (‘illegal’, ‘irregular’, ‘undocumented’, etc.) deployed. The paper briefly reviews current academic literature and situates the issue's contributions within this. It concludes by drawing attention to migrant agency and its relation to labour markets and migratory networks. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Domains in helicoidal magnetic structure
Authors: Rosenfeld E. V.
Published: February 2010

Theoretical investigation of the magnetic spiral behavior in a layered magnet with strong hexagonal magnetic anisotropy has been performed. It is shown that if the exchange integrals between the first and second neighboring layers meet the requirement |J1| = −J2, the energy densities for spirals with three and four (at J1 < 0) or four and six (at J1 > 0) layers in the period coincide. Moreover, near the surface of contact of the above phases the energy density is equal to or even lower than inside each of them, which should result in the appearance of a domain magnetic structure.

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Ferromagnetic quantum phase transition in Sr1−xCaxRuO3 thin films
Authors: Schneider M. , Moshnyaga V. , Gegenwart P.
Published: February 2010

The ferromagnetic (FM) quantum phase transition in the perovskite ruthenate Sr1−xCaxRuO3 is studied by low‐temperature magnetization and electrical resistivity measurements on thin films. The films were grown epitaxially on SrTiO3 substrates using metalorganic aerosol deposition and characterized by X‐ray diffraction and room temperature scanning tunneling microscopy. High residual resistivity ratios of 29 and 16 for $x = 0$ and $1$, respectively, prove the high quality of the investigated samples. We observe a continuous suppression of the FM Curie temperature from $T_{\rm C} = 160\,{\rm K}$ at $x = 0$ towards $T_{\rm C} \to 0$ at $x_{\rm c} \approx 0.8$. The analysis of the electrical resistivity between 2 and 10 K reveals T2 and T3/2 behavior at $x \leq 0.6$ and $x \geq 0.7$, respectively. For undoped CaRuO3, the measurement has been extended down to 60 mK, revealing a crossover to T2 behavior around 2 K, which suggests a Fermi‐liquid ground state in this system.