bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Images of the Bulgar-slayer: three art historical notes
Authors: Stephenson Paul
Published: January 2014

Following A. Cutler and G. Prinzing, this paper maintains that two works of art, Basil’s psalter portrait and the imperial silk in Bamberg Cathedral (Gunthertuch), cannot be associated with Basil II’s victory over the Bulgarians in 1018. A third work, a series of portraits known only from a late twelfth-century epigram, is adduced as evidence for the importance of Basil to the imperial image cultivated by the Komnenoi and Angeloi. The conclusions of an earlier investigation are, therefore, slightly modified and verified: the legend of Basil the Bulgar-slayer was the product, in general, of the military ethos cultivated at the Komnenian court, and, in particular, of Isaak Angelos’ reaction to the rebellion by Peter and Asen in 1185.
Wedding Dresses
Authors: Mackenzie Susan
Published: January 2014

The style of nineteenth century wedding dresses usually echoed the current fashionable toilette, and the bride tried to look as elegant and as attractive as she could, according to her means. Nevertheless, there were rules of etiquette that demanded that the bridal dress must be white, worn with a veil and orange flower wreath. A handbook published by Ward, Lock and Tyler on "How to Dress" in 1876 suggests "A Brussels lace ... over white satin, or a rich moiré-antique with point lace flounces, would each form a beautiful costume for a bride", and for the veil, "Brussels or point lace, or simple tulle with a plain hem".
Underwear with Particular Reference to the Development of the Bustle
Authors: Anthony Pegaret
Published: January 2014

Combinations were first invented composed of drawers and chemise all in one, with a front or back opening and made of linen, calico or washing silk often tinted cream or pink. Sometimes with long sleeves. By 1878 they were universally worn, the object being "to display the female form divine" and to eliminate all bulk round the waist under the corset. The smaller the waist the better, eighteen inches was not considered really small.
Conservation
Authors: Finch Karen
Published: January 2014

It is difficult to write about conservation in abstract terms. Every object needs individual treatment and even two identical objects may well present widely divergent problems in conservation unless they have stayed together in identical surroundings and received exactly the same treatment. However, before any efforts are made to restore a textile, one should know something about how fabric is made.
Shoes Concealed in Buildings
Authors: Swann June
Published: January 2014

First I shall give the facts about this practice, such as they are: its distribution, the types of buildings involved, dates of the shoes, location within the building, a little about the shoes, and associated finds. Readers may thus draw their own conclusions before finally I give the finders' and my own comments: not being superstitious myself, I found it difficult to accept the existence of these superstitions, which appear to have been ignored by previous writers.

Please note that ‘shoes’ is used as a general term for footwear of all sorts.
An Agreeable Change from Ordinary Medical Diagnosis
Authors: Jarvis Anthea
Published: January 2014

This paper was prepared for and given at the conference ‘Dress in History’ held at Manchester Metropolitan University in July 1997 to celebrate the 50th Anniversary of the opening of the Gallery of English Costume at Platt Hall. Its intention was to give the history of the Cunnington Collection and its acquisition by Manchester City Art Galleries, which was the catalyst for the establishment of the Gallery, rather than to be a re-evaluation, in the light of present-day scholarship, of the Cunningtons' collecting and writing.
Identity-Mapping in the Sardinian Bronze Age
Authors: Blake Emma
Published: January 2014

The aim of this paper is to locate in the emergence and elaboration of Sardinia's Nuragic society, a narrative of cultural identity formation. The Nuragic period is typically defined in terms of economic, social, and demographic characteristics, and a Nuragic identity is implicitly taken to be a passive byproduct of these material circumstances. Such an account overlooks the role of identity in enabling and characterizing human action. The disjointed and contradictory Nuragic period transition preceded the formation of a coherent cultural identity. This identity, it will be argued, underwent a retrospective rearticulation to establish a distinct boundary between the Nuragic society and its antecedents. The material record illustrates clearly that the history of the Nuragic identity is implicated in social development on Sardinia in the second millennium BC.
The seasonal cycle of grassland use in the Caspian Sea steppe during the Bronze Age: A new approach to an old problem
Authors: Shishlina Natalia I.
Published: January 2014

This article is devoted to the understanding of the importance of seasonal use of grasslands in the occupation of the Eurasian steppe during the Bronze Age. The pilot section of the research is Kalmykia – a steppe situated between the lower Volga and the Don rivers. We have to look at specific strategies of using local environments, river valleys, upland plateaux, and open steppe lands. During the third millennium BC, pastoralists of the Yamnaya and Catacomb cultures began to exploit the Eurasian steppe grasslands and they had to take advantage of the seasonal variation in steppe vegetation to create a sustainable economy. Seasonal use of grasslands became the main feature of the definition of pastoralism. This is the first time that early steppe materials have been analysed for seasonal data. On the basis of a combination of the seasonal data, settlement data and recent chronological information, a preliminary reconstruction is presented of two contrasting periods of land use for the third millennium BC.
Use of Fracture Mechanics in Design
Authors: Rolfe S. T.
Published: January 2014

Fracture mechanics is a very useful method of characterizing fracture toughness, fatigue crack growth, or stress-corrosion crack growth behaviour in terms of structural design parameters familiar to the engineer: namely, stress and flaw size. Fracture mechanics is based on a stress analysis and thus does not depend on the use of extensive service experience to translate laboratory results into practical design information as long as the engineer can properly analyse the stresses in a specific structural application, knows the size of the flaws present in the structure, ancfcan measure the toughness of his material. Therefore the development of fracture mechanics offers considerable promise in solving the problem of designing to prevent brittle, fatigue, or stress-corrosion failures in large complex welded structures.
Progress Report on Recent Advances in Physical Metallurgy
Authors: Nutting J.
Published: January 2014

The publication of the paper by Dr. D. H. Jack and Professor J. Nutting on ‘Phase Transformations’ in the present issue, together with the three earlier papers, published in Vol. 18, March, 1973, by Dr. J. A. Catterall on ‘Developments in Alloy Theory, (p. 19), by Professor J.W. Christian on ‘Dislocation Morphology’(p. 24), and by Dr. P. M. Kelly on 'The Quantitative Relationship between Microstructure and Properties in Two-Phase Alloys’ (p. 31), completes the quartet specially commissioned under the general title of ‘Progress Report on Recent Advances in Physical Metallurgy’. This is the second of the ‘Progress Report’ series, the first of which appeared under the co-ordinating editorship of Dr. J. Mackowiak. It was concerned with advances in extraction metallurgy and was published in Metallurgical Reviews (1971, Vol. 16, p. 47 et seq.).
Interpretation of the Thermodynamics of Metallic Solutions by Lattice Models
Authors: Kapoor M. L.
Published: January 2014

Basic assumptions of lattice models are discussed. A brief introduction to the partition function and its correlation with thermodynamic properties is given. Lattice models are classified into: regular solutions, quasi-chemical theory, Kirkwood's method, the matrix method, and the central-atom model (surrounded-atom model). The basic assumptions of all these approaches are outlined. Mathematical methods for the derivation of expressions for thermodynamic properties are given in brief for each of these approaches. The applicability and limitations of the derived expressions are discussed in the light of the existing data on binary and ternary systems. The scope and the lines on which further work can be done are indicated.
J. N. L. Myres (1902–1989)
Authors: Gerard David
Published: January 2014

The following conversation with Dr J. N. L. Myres was conducted in July 1974. Myres was Bodley's Librarian from 1947 to 1965, President of the Society of Antiquaries since 1970, Librarian of Christ Church, Oxford, 1937–1947, Chairman of SCONUL for three years, and President of the Library Association in 1963. He supervised excavations at Caerleon, Colchester, and Winchester, and his publications included Roman Britain and the English Settlements (1936), and a fundamental study, Anglo-Saxon pottery and the settlement of England (1969).
Great City Libraries of Britain: Their History from a European Perspective
Authors: Sturges Paul
Published: January 2014

In continental Europe, ‘public’ libraries developed along different lines than in Great Britain. In countries such as, in particular, Germany and France, there is a clear distinction between the academic public library, rich in research materials for scholars, and the general public library, which concentrates on lending and information functions. The former kind of public library has never been found in Britain, where the public library system is more centralized and where ideas of ‘popular culture’ have held sway. This article looks at reasons why academic public libraries did not come about. Leeds is taken as an example of a modern city library system, but rooted in its nineteenth-century beginnings.
Masses or Classes?: The Question of Community in the Foundation of Gladstone's Library
Authors: Clayton Ruth
Published: January 2014

William E. Gladstone founded and built St Deiniol's Library during the I880s and I890S near his own residence in Hawarden, not far from Chester. The Library was based on Gladstone's personal library, but it was unclear from the beginning whether it was intended as a 'community' library for the local population. He himself was unwilling to discuss his purpose with local residents, despite his vaunted sympathy for the 'masses' as opposed to the 'classes'. This article examines Gladstone's attitude towards his foundation which eventually emerged as, in effect, a library and meeting-place for informed clergymen.
In Burnley, 1900, and the Absence of a Public Library
Authors: Armstrong Gordon B.
Published: January 2014

This paper examines the town of Burnley and its population in 1900 and questions why Burnley did not have a public library fifty years after the Public Libraries Act of 1850 had been passed. It closely examines the relationship between the councillors and directors of the Mechanics!' Institute to see if there was a conflict of interest when the same person was a member of both organizations. The council's action and inaction in providing a public library is examined. Findings indicate a public library was needed and would have been well supported. Reasons the council gave for not establishing a public library were not valid since there was sufficient money in the coffers. Evidence indicates that the council was not interested in providing a public library. There is also evidence of a conflict of interest for those members who were councillors and directors of the Mechanics!' Institute.
Materials for direct-conversion thermoelectric generators
Authors: Wright D. A.
Published: January 2014

In large-scale power generation, for example at a central power station, the standard process involves the use of a heat engine to drive an electrical conductor through a magnetic field. The last stage is the alternator, which is very highly developed and has an efficiency of 98%. The heat engine itself has been considerably improved over the last 50 years or so, but still has an efficiency of < 50%, usually 30–40%. It is based on the use of coal or oil (fossil fuel) or nuclear power (uranium fission). Any of these fuels can be used to raise steam and drive a steam turbine, and this is the usual procedure in the central power station. Fossil fuel can be used in the gas turbine or the internal combustion engine, and both are used in relatively small installations to drive an alternator. Water and wind power are, of course, also utilised. There has been increasing interest in recent years in the possibility of developing more direct processes of converting heat to electricity.
The role of dislocations in damping
Authors: Burdett C. F. , Queen T. J.
Published: January 2014

In addition to the dislocation-relaxation mechanisms discussed in the previous section, there are other ways in which dislocations may contribute to the overall damping. It has been known for some considerable time that the ‘background’ damping observed at all temperatures could be attributed to dislocation motion, and it is possible to explain, at least in a qualitative manner, the way in which this damping is affected by a great many variables such as frequency, temperature, impurity and defect concentration, by considering it as being due to dislocations.
Names, Identity, and Self
Authors: Dion Kenneth L.
Published: January 2014

AbstractAlong with other scholars, some psychologists have proposed a relationship between a person's name and her or his sense of identity and self. The evidence concerning this proposition, drawn from several areas of psychology, is the subject of this paper. Studies of (a) personal identity, (b) names and self-acceptance, and (c) attention and memory for one's name, respectively, are presented and discussed. This diverse research leads to the conclusion that names, identity, and self are indeed closely related.
Cultural Aspects of Place Names: New Mexico
Authors: Herrick Robert L.
Published: January 2014

AbstractPlace names are assigned to phenomena which may outlast the culture which named them, and in that persistence through time the names become artifact remains of social patterns not otherwise visible. In northern New Mexico where Native American. Spanish and Anglo cultures have been in contact over the past 400 years, 13,879 place names were collected and an exploratory analysis was made of their cultural origins. In one sub-region it was possible to perceive how one culture named places already named by another: Spanish tended to impose new terms, whereas Anglo tended more to alter pre-existing names. When existing place names were corrupted by another culture, Anglo tended to combine an Anglo word with one from the other culture; Spanish tended more toward transliteration. Native American practices differed from Spanish and Anglo. The findings suggest differences in cultural modes of symbolization. Insights about modes of symbolization in naming places may be transferable to other symbolizing situations, — the perceptions of social dominance, for example Further study is needed.
The Onomastic Sam Shepard
Authors: Rubenstein Gilbert M.
Published: January 2014

AbstractFascination with names, especially personal names, has been a hallmark of Sam Shepard's life and career. Born Samuel Shepard Rogers VII, he dropped his last name as a result of friction with his father; this act foreshadowed the theme of father-son conflict in a number of his plays. Until recently Shepard has used suggestive nomenclature extensively, including not only famous living or historical figures and stereotypical macho cowboy names but also fanciful, symbolic names which display his poetic inventiveness and wit.
Toward a Theory of Nicknames: A Case for Socio-Onomastics
Authors: Leslie Paul L. , Skipper James K.
Published: January 2014

AbstractTo develop a form of analysis for nicknames and nicknaming, we propose a theoretical construct, using our empirical knowledge of nicknames, and posit a uniquely sociological perspective that describes and explains nicknames as aspects of the process of social action. Our approach is couched in terms of a theory of naming potentially useful to all scholars of names, whether they study human nicknames, the names of post offices in Kentucky, pet names of body parts, or the religious toponymsof Guatemala.
The Study of Names as Humor in the Thirty–Nine Years of the Journal Names
Authors: Gasque Thomas J.
Published: January 2014

AbstractPerhaps as a reaction against the popular emphasis on the humorous aspect of name study, the journal Names has devoted relatively little space to the study of names as humor. Those scholarly studies that have appeared in the journal over the nearly four decades of its existence include name puzzles, wordplay in names, humorous personal names (especially in the South), euphemisms for Hell, and humorous folkore about specific names.
The Most Common Spanish SurnalDes in the United States: Some New Data Sources
Authors: Rosenwaike Ira
Published: January 2014

AbstractData from two sources not available until recently, the National Death Index and the Medicare enrollment files, reveal patterns in the distribution of Spanish surnames in the U.S. not observed by previous investigators. The Medicare data Permit ranking of surnames for specific geographic areas, showing, in the case of Spanish surnames, that the frequency distribution in the U.S. reflects the distribution among Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, and Cubans.
Placenames in Paradise: Robert Marshall and the Naming of the Alaska Wilderness
Authors: Cole Terrence M.
Published: January 2014

AbstractPioneer conservationist Robert Marshall was the first explorer to compile a detailed, accurate map of some 15,000 square miles in the central Brooks Range of northern Alaska. Altogether, during four expeditions to the Upper Koyukuk between 1929 and 1939, Marshall added a total of 169 placenames to the map of Alaska, one of the largest number of names given or recorded by an individual in the twentieth century.
Describing Types of Placename Information
Authors: Smith Grant
Published: January 2014

AbstractAny attempt to standardize data fields for the computerized study of place names should strive to define more types of data fields rather than fewer. Also, standard data fields should be described and organized in a way that builds upon general ideas about language common among philosophers and linguistic theorists. This does not mean that any particular theory or philosophy of language should be adopted but that the context of common philosophic distinctions would likely make the data fields more intelligible and useful both to ourselves and those in other disciplines.
Parisian Street Names in George Du Maurier's Trilby
Authors: Hait Elizabeth A.
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn his second and most famous novel, Trilby, George Du Maurier, who was bilingual in French and English, created imaginary street names for the Parisian setting. These names, when translated into English, give insight into or reflect the personalities of the characters who inhabit or frequent the streets.
The Imposition of Hebrew Names on New Immigrants to Israel: Past and Present
Authors: Stahl Abraham
Published: January 2014

AbstractFor many years, it has been the accepted practice to give immigrants to Israel Hebrew names, often without considering the wishes of the immigrants themselves. The automatic imposition of Hebrew names was widespread in the 1950s, when the great wave of immigrants from Europe and the Arab countries came to the newly-created state. During the 1970s, when Oriental Jews gradually gained status in Israeli society, this practice became symbolic of the failure to absorb the Oriental immigrants, a failure which still reverberates in Israel today. As immigration rose again around 1990 Israeli authorities tried to avoid the mistakes of the past. One (informal) decision was to be more tolerant of foreign names. Recent observations among members of these immigrant groups show the effect — or lack of effect — of this new attitude.
From Trade Name to Generic: The Case of Coke
Authors: Murray Thomas E.
Published: January 2014

AbstractAs a shortened form of Coca-Cola, Coke has been used since at least 1909 to describe a particula'r carbonated beverage; it has been a registered trade name of The Coca-Cola Company since 1945∼At about the same time that Coke became the legal property of The Coca-Cola Company, it also began to be used by a few people as a generic term to describe other kinds, of carbonated soft drinks. The responses of nearly 9,000 U.S. informants chart the geographic spread of generic Coke from the 1940s to the 1990s. While it is still not as common as soda or pop, coke is used generically by thousands of people, especially in the southern half of the country.
Reading Names in an Elizabethan Allusion: Henry Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton, and Thomas Nashe
Authors: Carroll D. Allen
Published: January 2014

AbstractMy 1974 edition of Everard Guilpin's 1598 collection of satires and epigrams, Skialetheia, fails to recognize how heavily one passage relies for many of its effects on the names of the two individuals ridiculed and thus, in consequence, how readily the two are identifiable. I now see that the initials of Southampton and Nashe are given prominence in one line and that the text plays throughout, in a variety of ways, on the name Henry Wriothesley, Third Earl of Southampton, thought by most scholars to be the Fair Young Man of Shakespeare's Sonnets. This allusion to these two has gone unnoticed (other than in my edition) and its method of playing on names thus gone unappreciated. My identification of the two satirized by Guilpin, which was tentative in my edition, can now be confident. Specialists in the English Literary Renaissance need to be alert to the way names were embedded within texts.
The Terminology of Name Studies (In Margine of Adrian Room's Guide to the Language. of Name Studies)
Authors: Zgusta Ladislav
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe Guide to the Language of Name Studies is briefly reviewed and. the terminological system presented there is compared with that of the earlier Osnoven Sistem. Observations are made on the terminology found in recent onomastic work, particularly that appearing in Name Studies.
“Si Mohammed!”: Names as Address Forms in Moroccan Arabic
Authors: Potter Terrence M.
Published: January 2014

AbstractPerhaps the archetypal form of address, names are ubiquitous in human interaction and central to purposeful communication. Names as address forms and patterns of their use according to social, addressee and addresser variables among Moroccan Arabic speakers are described and set in the context of historical naming practices which are developing into modern ones. Combinations of given and family names, used with and without titles, provide evidence of a rich and complex system of address in a society undergoing rapid change.
Numbers in Placenames
Authors: Hamlin Frank R.
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe most obvious factor that accounts for numbers forming parts of placenames — most of them minor, odonyms being especially numerous — is expediency. Such names, of which New York's Fifth Avenue is no doubt the most renowned, serve the practical needs of urbanization and administration in a time of new development and, in many cases, become established in popular usage. Another large category of examples relates to distances, along a major highway, from an important supply center: while most examples of this type are modem, there are a few in Europe that survive from antiquity. These two types, however, far from account for all the circumstances that may lead to numbers becoming part of recognized placenames. The origin of “numerical” names is occasionally incidental or anecdotal; but there are many more that mark junctions or boundaries, or refer to groups of natural or man-made features. Where such groupings are involved, certain numbers are more frequently favored than others: clearly, not all numbers are equally acceptable in popular toponymic usage.
The Law and Newborns' Personal Names in the United States
Authors: Murray Thomas E.
Published: January 2014

AbstractA number of legal questions related to the naming of children whose parents are citizens of the United States are addressed: Must these children be given personal names? If so, do restrictions exist on what those names may be, or how soon after birth they must be given? Can a newborn's personal name, once recorded on a birth certificate, be legally changed without the intervention of a court? And, if such intervention is necessary, is it pro forma or could the court deny a proposed change, and if so on what grounds? The statutes and caselaw governing newborns’ personal names are reviewed, the general conclusions being that the government and legal system have so far chosen to intervene very little in such matters (at least compared to the level of intervention in many other countries), and that when such laws exist at all they tend to be quite lenient.
Naming on the Bright Side of Life
Authors: Kelly Michael H.
Published: January 2014

AbstractI examine the prevalence of positive and negative words like “happy” and “sad” in American place names. Four principal findings emerge. First, positive words appear in place names much more often than negative words. This emphasis on the positive is similar to that found in written English prose, but significantly greater in magnitude. Second, rates of positive naming are higher in artificial geographic sites such as towns, schools, and bridges than in natural sites such as lakes and mountains. Third, individual features vary systematically in their tendency to receive commendatory names; negative words are virtually absent in names for churches, cemeteries, hospitals, and schools. Finally, place names in western states are more likely to contain negative words than those in northern and southern states. These results are discussed in terms of the anthropological concepts of contagion and nominal realism as well as historical and cultural patterns within the United States.
Trends in Women's Marital Name Choices: 1966–1996
Authors: Seheuble Laurie K. , Klingemann Katherine , Johnson David R.
Published: January 2014

AbstractWhether or not women have been more likely to select non-conventional marital surnames in more recent years has received little attention in the marital naming literature. We examine marital name choices in more than 2,000 wedding announcements reported over a thirty year period in The New York Times. Women were more likely to have chosen non-conventional marital names in the late 1980s and 1990s than in the 1960s and 1970s. Furthermore, unlike women who changed their last names to those of their husbands, women selecting non-conventional last names were more likely to be employed, to have higher levels of education and to be married in non-church locations.
Sound and Emotion in Given Names
Authors: Whissell Cynthia
Published: January 2014

AbstractAn analysis of the distribution of phonemes in men's and women's names confirmed several past findings, e.g., women's names were more variable and longer, contained more vowels, and were more likely to end with a vowel, especially schwa. Assigning emotional character to individual phonemes revealed that emotional information was encoded in name sounds. Men's names included significantly more cheerful, active, nasty, and unpleasant phonemes while women's names contained more soft, pleasant, passive, and sad phonemes. Phonemic information successfully classified sex. Finally, common androgynous names were found to be emotionally feminine in their distribution of phonemes.
Distribution of Forenames, Surnames, and Forename–Surname Pairs in Canada
Authors: Tucker D. K.
Published: January 2014

AbstractUsing information from the 1996 INFO USA ProCD CanadaPhone, I present graphically frequency distributions of forenames, surnames, and forename-surname pairs in Canada and compare each distribution with the equivalents in the United States. Minor cultural differences between Canada and the U.S. in the use of forenames are noted. Lists of the most popular forenames, surnames, and forename-surname pairs in Canada are presented. Although the source provides more information than previously available, several deficiencies are noted, in particular the absence of diacritics does not allow all French names to be correctly rendered, and the method of listing results in a gross under-representation of female forenames.
Generation Names in China: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Zhonghua Li , Lawson Edwin D.
Published: January 2014

AbstractTraditional Chinese names are composed of three parts: the family name, a generation name, and a given name. The male generation name marks the position of the bearer in the sequence of generations within a clan. Until the middle of the 20th century, most Chinese men used their generation names regularly. Since then the use of generation names has been greatly reduced by social and cultural change in China, especially by urbanization, the breaking of traditional ties to the land, the perceived feudal aspect of generation names, and the influence of the policies of Mao Zedong. We. report on the incidence of generation names in fourtime periods from 1940-1983. The major finding is that generation names decreased significantly until the 1960s; since 1976 their use has increased, but not to pre-1950 levels.
Poetics of Japanese Naming Practice
Authors: Watanabe Noriko
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe present study examines naming of newborn babies in Japan. Based on an existing survey on given names, literature on naming, and concrete examples, I will give an overview of the naming patterns. Further, I will argue that naming of babies in contemporary Japan is more than choosing a name from a limited set of options. Rather, it is an act of sign creation that has rich implications for sociocultural meanings within the bounds of societal control. As linguistic signs, names have phonological as well as visual forms. Naming in Japan is inseparable from the decision on which Kanji characters are used to write the name. Balancing all aspects of names-linguistic, semantic, legal to aesthetic-name givers express their envisioned identity of the baby in the name.
A Comparison Of Irish Surnames In The United States With Those Of Eire
Authors: Tucker D Kenneth
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis paper compares contemporary frequency distributions of Irish Surnames in Eire (2001) and the United States (US) (1997), about one hundred years after bulk of Irish emigration to the US, in order to measure changes, if any, in form and frequency of these surnames.The Eire Data (ED) source is taken from the Eire 2002 Electoral Roll, where the graph of population against surnames is shown to be typical. The US Data (USD) source is Hanks’ Dictionary of American Family Names (DAFN). Results of a first comparison of these two sources prompted removal from the USD of all Irish surnames that also have UK roots, including 33 of the 100 most frequent surnames in the Eire data. A second comparison shows that many US surnames of Irish origin are not present in Eire: these are variants of common Irish surnames, and were then merged with the etymological Irish form. The remaining 67 of the most frequent 100 surnames from ED were then compared with USD. All except one are of roughly comparable frequency order albeit with some changes to their spelling form. It is concluded that the US Irish surnames clearly reflect their heritage although some are have never been found in Eire.
Unnameable Desires in Le Fanu's Carmilla
Authors: Leal Amy
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn his 1872 vampire novella Carmilla, Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu encodes forbidden passions through the use of names. Written at a time when samesex relations were punishable by imprisonment, Carmilla's naming and wordplay suggest the Sapphic seductions between a female vampire and her unwitting descendant without being dangerously explicit. In every incarnation over the centuries, Carmilla must adopt an anagrammatical variation of her original name, each of which carries its own host of interpretations hinting at the forbidden same-sex desires in the text. Ultimately, however, Le Fanu had to conform to the conventions of his time and has a posse of men solve the riddle of Carmilla's name and her demonic desires. By the novella's end, Carmilla's derivations are decipherable, her history traceable, and her fate reduced to a patriarchal paronomasia.
New York Placenames in Film Titles
Authors: Bernstein Jay H.
Published: January 2014

AbstractFrom 1914 to 2006, 396 feature films with titles containing New York placenames were released. This pattern emerged during the silent era, peaked from the late 1920s to the early 1940s, and then dropped off steadily before rebounding in the 1970s. This article discusses the cinematic representation of cities and urban life in the movies and the special place of New York as an “imagined city” and a cultural icon. New York's associations in the popular imagination help explain the frequent occurrence of themes of negativity, violence, nightlife, and grandiosity (royalty or divinity) in these titles. The use of New York placenames in titles creates guideposts in a socio-cognitive map of the city.
On the Development of German Surnames in French Canada
Authors: Picard Marc
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis study shows how the surnames of German immigrants to French Canada, most of whom were Hessian soldiers who stayed in Quebec after the American Revolutionary War, were altered over the course of time so as to become unique in the French-speaking world.
A strategy for oflline programming and adaptive control of a robotic welding cell
Authors: Carvalho G. C. , McMaster R. , Blackman S.
Published: January 2014

Offline programming for arc welding applications has not yet been widely adopted by the industry owing to a series of factors, which include absolute accuracy of the robots, calibration of the workcell, fixturing, parts tolerances, joint fit up errors, varying gap size, and online joint movement due to thermal distortion. The presence of some or all of these factors may lead to poor quality weld beads, which can cause undesirable product rejections. In order to deal with these problems, an offline programming interface, which includes the generation of the welding parameters, and a control strategy are presented. This paper discusses each source of error, classifying them into three categories, namely robot discrepancies, programming errors, and component errors. Based on this classification, corrective actions for the first two categories and an adaptive control strategy for controlling the component errors are proposed.
Austenite formation in 9Cr–1Mo type power plant steels
Authors: Cool Tracey , Bhadeshia H. K. D. H.
Published: January 2014

Modern power plant steels are post-weld heat treated at temperatures in excess of 700°C. Some of these steels are richly alloyed with elements such as nickel or tungsten and have been reported to exhibit unexpected changes in strength as a function of heat treatment and solute concentration. It is demonstrated here that the changes are a consequence of solute induced variations in the stability of austenite in the temperature range over which heat treatments are conducted. The evidence for this comes from direct experimental measurements using dilatometry and from phase diagram calculations. Excessive alloying with nickel is found to lead to the unintentional formation of austenite during post-weld heat treatment, whereas variations in the concentrations of ferrite stabilising elements render the alloys incapable of becoming fully austenitic. This in turn leads to quite large variations in the mechanical properties of the final component.
Weld metal microstructure prediction from fundamentals of transport phenomena and phase transformation theory
Authors: Yang Z. , DebRoy T.
Published: January 2014

Modelling the evolution of weld metal microstructure requires knowledge of cooling rates at various locations in the fusion zone. In the recent past, significant advances have been made in the calculation of transient three-dimensional temperature fields, considering convective heat transfer and fluid flow in the weld pool. However, very little effort has been made to use these accurate cooling rates to understand fusion zone microstructures. The present paper demonstrates the advantages of microstructure calculations using fundamentals of transport phenomena and phase transformation theory. The velocity and temperature fields, the shape and size of the fusion zone, and the cooling rates at different locations were calculated by solution of the equations for conservation of mass, momentum, and energy in three dimensions. The time-temperature transformation (TTT) diagrams were calculated for a series of steels with varying carbon and manganese contents using a phase transformation model. The TTT diagrams and the computed cooling rates were then used to obtain the continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagrams and the microstructures. The computed volume fractions of the various microstructural constituents were then compared with the experimental results. Good agreement between the computed and the experimental results indicates significant promise for predicting weld microstructure from the fundamental principles of transport phenomena and phase transformation theory.
Thermodynamic study of inclusion formation in low alloy steel weld metals
Authors: Koseki T. , Ohkita S. , Yurioka N.
Published: January 2014

The formation and stability of inclusions in low alloy steel welds were investigated using equilibrium calculations. Based on the results, the origin of inclusions effective in acicular ferrite production is discussed. Particular emphasis is placed on the effect of the Al/O ratio and titanium addition on inclusion formation since these two factors are experimentally critical to acicular ferrite production. Mullite (2SiO2.3Al2O3) is found to be formed in addition to Ti3O5 in the steel melt at 1800 K when the melt has a wt-%Al/wt-%O ratio of ∼0·6 optimum for acicular ferrite production. However, the mullite is unstable in the austenite and galaxite (MnO.Al2O3), having the spinel structure, becomes stable at the lower temperatures. Therefore, it is proposed that galaxite is responsible for the nucleation of acicular ferrite. The formation of the galaxite should be in the solid state after weld solidification, being associated with pre-existing mullite. Titanium additions are found to be beneficial to acicular ferrite production by decreasing the formation of ineffective glassy oxide.
Microstructural evolution of simulated heat affected zone in ASTM A533 type B steel plates
Authors: Yang J. R. , Lion S. H.
Published: January 2014

In order to investigate the weldability of ASTM A533 type B steel plates, simulated heat affected zone (HAZ) experiments with heat inputs of 20, 50, and 80 kJ cm−1 were carried out. The thermal cycles used corresponded to the actual thermal cycles that occur in the coarse grained region of the real HAZ. The microstructural development and the toughness of the simulated HAZ were studied. It was found that with a heat input of 20 kJ cm−1 the simulated HAZ microstructure gives larger amounts of lower bainite with significant amounts of auto tempered martensite. In the cases of heat inputs of 50 and 80 kJ cm−1 both the simulated HAZ microstructures were composed chiefly of upper bainite. The specimen obtained from the simulation of a heat input of 20 kJ cm−1 possesses higher toughness than those obtained from the simulations of heat inputs of 50 and 80 kJ cm−1 Furthermore, the results also indicate that the tempering response is more sensitive in autotempered martensite than in bainite.
Temperature gradient transient liquid phase diffusion bonding: A new method for joining advanced materials
Authors: Shirzadi A. A. , Wallach E. R.
Published: January 2014

A novel method for transient liquid phase (TLP) diffusion bonding of aluminium based materials has been developed which is capable of reliably providing excellent bonds with parent material shear strengths. This new method relies on imposing a temperature gradient across the bond line during TLP diffusion bonding and this leads to the formation of sinusoidal or cellular interfaces. Consequently, bond strengths are increased, possibly as a result of the higher metal–metal contact along the non-planar interfaces compared with the planar interfaces associated with either conventional TLP or solid state diffusion bonding processes. This paper describes the results achieved, implementing the new method and using copper interlayers, when joining Al–Mg–Si, Al–Li alloys, and an aluminium metal matrix composite with SiC particles. Patent protection has been filed in the UK under UK Patent No. 9709167.2.
Influence of shielding medium on deposition rate in arc welding
Authors: Tušek J.
Published: January 2014

The aim of this paper was to determine the influence of the shielding medium and the type of welding flux on the deposition rate in arc welding. Previous studies have stated that the shielding medium has no influence on deposition rate and a number of mathematical models derived by previous authors confirm this. In the present work it was found that a larger quantity of material was deposited when using helium, argon, or CO2 as shielding. With constant wire feedrate and constant power, arc current was lowest with helium shielding and highest with argon shielding; with just wire feedrate constant, arc power was lowest with helium and CO2 shielding and highest with basic flux. It was also found that arc welding efficiency was highest for helium shielding and lowest for submerged arc welding with basic flux.
Gouging of Cr–Ni–Mo austenitic stainless steel welds
Authors: McPherson N. A. , Song Y. , Watson L. M. , Baker T. N.
Published: January 2014

High integrity austenitic stainless steel welds within the structure of chemical carriers may require to be are air gouged to ensure that the weld achieves full penetration. The gouging process leaves a coating on the gouged surface which, traditionally, has been ground off. Such grinding is time consuming and expensive. Using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the composition of the gouged layer was determined and the thickness determined to be no greater than 60 nm. Leaving the layer in place was found to have no detrimental effects on the parent plate/weld interface. This was established using optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy.
Finite element analysis of electrode wear mechanisms: Face extrusion and pitting effects
Authors: Dong P. , Victor Li M. , Kimchi M.
Published: January 2014

Resistance spot welding is one of the major Joining methods widely used in automotive body fabrication and assembly. Electrode wear has been a major concern in resistance spot welding of galvanised steel and in this paper advanced finite element techniques were used to simulate the thermomechanical interactions between the electrode and the workpiece during welding. First, the coupled electric–thermal–mechanical process associated with nugget formation was studied. The cumulative effects on electrode face deformation were then simulated over a large number of welds. Electrode face pitting effects were also examined. It was found that welding process parameters, such as holding time and pressure trace, played a key role in electrode face extrusion. Any pitting on the electrode tended to accelerate the face extrusion process.
Properties of Cu–Si enriched type 304 stainless steel welds
Authors: Chen T. F. , Chen Y. R. , Wu W.
Published: January 2014

Two base metals, a Cu–Si enriched type 304 stainless steel (containing 2–2·5 wt-% copper and 1–1·5 wt-% silicon) and a conventional type 304 stainless steel were welded using gas metal arc welding. The filler material was type 308L stainless steel and the shielding gas was a mixture of 98% argon and 2% oxygen. Inspection of the welds revealed that more δ ferrite was present when welding the Cu–Si enriched type 304 steels. Post-weld tensile strength and ductility were both lower in the Cu–Si enriched steel because copper and silicon formed low melting point compounds and tended to segregate to the grain boundaries. Ductility decreased and ferrite levels increased in both weldments as the heat input increased.
Autogenous laser welding of austenitic stainless steel to copper alloy
Authors: Li Zhang , Fontana G. , Penasa M.
Published: January 2014

A technique for the autogenous laser welding of stainless steel to copper alloy in a butt joint has been developed, by which microfissuring in the heat affected zone of stainless steel can be eliminated. The impinge direction and the offset of the laser beam played the dominant roles in achieving this. The sound weld of AISI 316L–C18100 contained 3·0 wt-% copper in the fusion zone with dendrite structures. However, banding and spherical structures were present in the fusion zone with a high percentage of copper and microfissuring was strongly related to the distribution of copper in this region. A model is proposed for achieving a sound butt joint and the mechanism of microfissuring is also discussed.
Effect of filler metal composition on weldability of Al-Li alloy 1441
Authors: Reddy G. M. , Gokhale A. A. , Prasad Rao K.
Published: January 2014

Hardness, tensile properties, and hot cracking susceptibility of Al–Li alloy 1441 were evaluated with respect to different filler alloys AA 2319, AA 4043, and AA 5356, as well as the parent alloys. The hardness in the as welded condition was 70–90 HV and improved by 20, 30, 40, and 40 HV after heat treatment with AA 4043, AA 5356, and AA 2319, and 1441 fillers respectively. Tensile strength showed similar trends as hardness in the as welded and heat treated conditions. The hot cracking tendency was the maximum for welds deposited with 1441 filler and the minimum for welds deposited with AA 5356 filler, both values being less than the cracking tendency for autogenous welds. Hot cracking tendency was correlated with grain size, segregation distance, and distribution of the low melting phases.
Enhanced dissolution of nitrogen during gas tungsten arc welding of steels
Authors: Palmer T. A. , DebRoy T.
Published: January 2014

Although nitrogen concentrations at levels much higher than Sieverts’ Law predictions during the arc welding of iron and steel are well established, there is currently no commonly accepted methodology to determine this concentration quantitatively. The nature and concentrations of various species in the plasma phase above the weld pool surface are therefore investigated in the present work using both theoretical and experimental techniques. A comprehensive thermodynamic analysis of the nitrogen containing plasma phase of a gas tungsten welding arc shows that ionised species dominate close to the electrode, whereas neutral monatomic and diatomic nitrogen are the primary species near the metal surface at plasma temperatures as low as 5000 K. When oxygen is added to a nitrogen containing plasma, the resulting nitrogen concentration in the weld metal is further enhanced. Definitive proof is provided for a mechanism in which nitrogen and oxygen species interact in the plasma phase at temperatures below 6000 K, resulting in a significant increase in the concentration of monatomic nitrogen. Furthermore, at plasma temperatures as low as 5000 K, the equilibrium monatomic nitrogen partial pressure is sufficiently high to cause nitrogen saturation in the weld metal. Emission spectroscopy of glow discharge plasmas validates both the species density calculations and the presence of NO in the nitrogen and oxygen containing plasmas.