bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fault and Event Tree Analyses for Process Systems Risk Analysis: Uncertainty Handling Formulations
Authors: Ferdous Refaul , Khan Faisal , Sadiq Rehan , Amyotte Paul , Veitch Brian
Published: August 2010

Quantitative risk analysis (QRA) is a systematic approach for evaluating likelihood, consequences, and risk of adverse events. QRA based on event (ETA) and fault tree analyses (FTA) employs two basic assumptions. The first assumption is related to likelihood values of input events, and the second assumption is regarding interdependence among the events (for ETA) or basic events (for FTA). Traditionally, FTA and ETA both use crisp probabilities; however, to deal with uncertainties, the probability distributions of input event likelihoods are assumed. These probability distributions are often hard to come by and even if available, they are subject to incompleteness (partial ignorance) and imprecision. Furthermore, both FTA and ETA assume that events (or basic events) are independent. In practice, these two assumptions are often unrealistic. This article focuses on handling uncertainty in a QRA framework of a process system. Fuzzy set theory and evidence theory are used to describe the uncertainties in the input event likelihoods. A method based on a dependency coefficient is used to express interdependencies of events (or basic events) in ETA and FTA. To demonstrate the approach, two case studies are discussed.
Editorial: Contrast‐Induced Acute Kidney Injury: Shifting from Elective to Urgent Coronary Intervention
Authors: McCULLOUGH PETER A.
Published: August 2010

(J Interven Cardiol 2010;23:467–469)
THE MODEL BASIN HIGH SPEED CAMERA FOR PROPELLER RESEARCH
Authors: Gayhart(CC) E. L.
Published: August 2010

In this article the author describes a new mechanical oddity developed by the U.S. Naval Model Basin personnel to meet the need for extreme rapidity in photography involved when pictures of a propeller travelling at full speed had to be taken. With the propeller turning in a tank, and only visible through a heavy glass viewing window, the unsatisfactory conditions may well be imagined. The urgent necessity for the elimination of all vibration in the focal unit, and the poor visibility made the problem an extremely difficult one to solve, and its solution reflects great credit on the ingenuity of the Laboratory personnel.
THE FUNDAMENTALS OF PARALLEL OPERATION OF DIRECT AND ALTERNATING CURRENT GENERATORS
Authors: Dreller Louis
Published: August 2010

With the increasing use of alternating current in shipboard installations, it behooves every marine engineer to have as clear a picture as possible of a few of the basic operations accompanying its use. Of these, the paralleling of alternating current generators has always been extremely puzzling to the average engineer, accustomed to the simple single switching of D.C. shunt machines, and the almost equally positive manipulation of D.C. compound machines. Alternating current generators go into a new dimension of complication; and fluttering lights, or swinging indicator needles do not adequately explain the difference between success and failure in the “pull in.” So, with a series of relatively simple vector analyses, and a painstaking effort to clarify each step as he progresses, the author in this article covers the possibilities and the difficulties of the paralleling operation in an effort to bring out the reasons for the simple rules which must be followed.
RESIDUAL STRESS
Authors: Stewart William C.
Published: August 2010

In the November, 1936, issue of the Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers, Mr. H. W. Hiemke in his article, “The Repair of Steel Castings,” referred briefly to the temperature‐time relationships which exist when stresses must be released in a welded structure, and mentioned that a study of the matter was being made at the Naval Engineering Experiment Station, Annapolis, Md. In this article, Mr. Stewart, who conducted the study, discusses the findings at some length. It appears that it is impracticable to relieve all stress incident to a welding operation without destroying the basic strength of a structure, and that any stress relief is by way of being a compromise. In determining the proper temperature for stress relief, consideration must be given not only to the time of exposure, but to the metal being relieved, and the purpose for which the structure is intended. There is no simple rule for determining a stress relieving temperature.
SILVER BRAZING ALLOYS IN THE MARINE FIELD
Authors: Leach Robert H. , Edelson Leo
Published: August 2010

The use of silver alloys for joining metals has shown a large increase in recent years, and this development has taken place in spite of the great improvements that have been made in welding and brazing processes in which base metals or their alloys are used. These alloys have been called silver solders and classed as hard solders to diflerentiate them from the common lead tin alloys which are used extensively. It is believed, however, that “silver brazing alloys” is a more descriptive term to use and indicates more definitely the temperatures at which they melt and the type of joint made with them.

The following definition is suggested:

Silver Alloy Brazing—A method of joining metals by means of heat, wherein the filler metal is a silver alloy with a melting point above 1000 degrees F., but lower than those of the metals or alloys to be joined.
The association between demographic and oral health‐related quality of life factors and dental care attendance among underprivileged older people
Authors: Zini Avi , Vered Yuval , Sgan‐Cohen Harold D
Published: August 2010

Aim:  In order to identify whether demographic and oral health‐related quality of life factors are associated with dental care attendance among an underprivileged older population, a comparison was performed between people who have and have not attended dental care.

Methods:  A cross‐sectional purposive sample of 344 older underprivileged people comprised the study population. The dependent variable was dental care attendance. The 14‐item version of the Oral Health Impact Profile index (OHIP‐14) was used as the independent variable, together with other social and general variables, using a structured interview.

Results:  The variables that were significantly associated with dental care attendance were family status (not married, the highest attendance), dwelling location (living at home, the highest attendance), caregiver (family member, the highest attendance), place of birth (Western countries, the highest attendance) and income (pension, the highest attendance). Sex, welfare support, functional ability, education, age and OHIP‐14 were not associated with dental care attendance.

Conclusions:  Attending dental care was not associated with oral health‐related quality of life measured by OHIP‐14. Several socioeconomic variables were strongly associated.
Paenimacrolidin, a novel macrolide antibiotic from Paenibacillus sp. F6‐B70 active against methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Wu Xue‐Chang , Qian Chao‐Dong , Fang Hai‐Huan , Wen Yan‐Ping , Zhou Jian‐Ying , Zhan Zha‐Jun , Ding Rui , Li Ou , Gao Haichun
Published: August 2010

Paenibacillus sp. F6‐B70 was selected from several dozens of isolates with activity against methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus using a 16S rDNA‐based screening method. F6‐B70 contained polyketide synthase (PKS) and non‐ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) clusters in its genome revealed by PCR amplification of conserved adenylation and ketosynthase (KS) domains. Phylogenetic data suggested that the strain hosts trans‐AT PKSs and their product may be a branched molecule. An antibiotic was subsequently isolated from the methanol extract of F6‐B70 cells. The molecular formula of the antibiotic was deduced to be C33H50NaO6 ([M + Na]+, m/z 565.3505) by analysis of electrospray ionization mass spectral data. Elucidation of the structure by nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy revealed that the active compound, paenimacrolidin (PAM), was a novel 22‐membered macrolide with side‐chains. The new antibiotic, mainly as a bacteriostatic agent, inhibits a couple of multidrug‐resistant Staphylococcus sp. strains. The antibiotic capacity of PAM was compromised by its instability, which can be overcome significantly with addition of an anti‐oxidant. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the isolation of an active macrolide from paenibacilli, which may be a promising source of novel antibiotics.
Multibody Dynamic Model of Web Guiding System With Moving Web
Authors: Yu Lei , Zhao Zhihua , Ren Gexue
Published: August 2010

In this paper, a multibody dynamic model is established to simulate the dynamics and control of moving web with its guiding system, where the term moving web is used to describe thin materials, which are manufactured and processed in a continuous, flexible strip form. In contrast with available researches based on Eulerian description and beam assumption, webs are described by Lagrangian formulation with the absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF) plate element, which is based on Kirchhoff’s assumptions that material normals to the original reference surface remain straight and normal to the deformed reference surface, and the nonlinear elasticity theory that accounts for large displacement, large rotation, and large deformation. The rollers and guiding mechanism are modeled as rigid bodies. The distributed frictional contact forces between rollers and web are considered by Hertz contact model and are evaluated by Gauss quadrature. The proportional integral (PI) control law for web guiding is also embedded in the multibody model. A series of simulations on a typical web-guide system is carried out using the multibody dynamics approach for web guiding system presented in this study. System dynamical information, for example, lateral displacement, stress distribution, and driving moment for web guiding, are obtained from simulations. Parameter sensitivity analysis illustrates the effect of influence variables and effectiveness of the PI control law for lateral movement control of web that are verified under different gains. The present Lagrangian formulation of web element, i.e., ANCF element, is not only capable of describing the large movement and deformation but also easily adapted to capture the distributed contact forces between web and rollers. The dynamical behavior of the moving web can be accurately described by a small number of ANCF thin plate elements. Simulations carried out in this paper show that the present approach is an effective method to assess the design of web guiding system with easily available desktop computers.
New Stabilization Schemes for Linear Hybrid Systems With Time-Varying Delays
Authors: Mahmoud Magdi S. , Elferik Sami A.
Published: August 2010

In this paper, we provide new stabilization schemes for a class of linear hybrid time-delay systems under arbitrary switching. These schemes are delay-independent and delay-dependent H∞ stabilization based on proportional-plus-derivative (PPD) feedback strategy. By adopting a selective Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional, new criteria are constructed in a systematic way in terms of feasibility testing of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). When the time delay is a continuous bounded function, we derive the solution for nominal and polytopic models and identify several existing results as special cases. In case the time delay is a differentiable time-varying function satisfying some bounding relations, we establish a new parametrized LMI characterization for PPD feedback stabilization. The theoretical developments are illustrated on examples of combustion in rocket motor chambers, river pollution control, and resilience analysis, and the ensuing results are compared with the conventional feedback stabilization.
A Direct and Functional Interaction Between Goand Rab5 During G Protein–Coupled Receptor Signaling
Authors: Purvanov Vladimir , Koval Alexey , Katanaev Vladimir L.
Published: August 2010

Regulation of a small GTPase by a heterotrimeric G protein determines the outcome of signaling from the receptor Frizzled.
Characteristics and Dissemination of Mosaic Penicillin-Binding Protein 2-Harboring Multidrug-Resistant
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Isolates with Reduced Cephalosporin Susceptibility in Northern Taiwan
Authors: Huang Chung-Ter , Yen Muh-Yong , Wong Wing-Wai , Li Lan-Hui , Lin Kun-Yen , Liao Mei-Hui , Li Shu-Ying
Published: August 2010

Among 254
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
isolates from a sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinic in northern Taiwan, 69 isolates were found to contain the mosaic
penA
(MA) gene and were associated with elevated cefixime and ceftriaxone MICs. Most of these MA gene-harboring isolates were also resistant to penicillin (71.4%) and ciprofloxacin (100%) and were from men who have sex with men (MSM) or from bisexual men (81.2%). Three major sequence types (ST835, ST2180, and ST2253) constituted 55.7% of these isolates. The major sequence types harboring the mosaic
penA
gene may represent major sexual networks responsible for the emergence/introduction and the spread of the multidrug-resistant clones in Taiwan.
Comparative Analysis of Acidobacterial Genomic Fragments from Terrestrial and Aquatic Metagenomic Libraries, with Emphasis onAcidobacteriaSubdivision 6
Authors: Kielak Anna M. , van Veen Johannes A. , Kowalchuk George A.
Published: August 2010

The bacterial phylumAcidobacteriahas a widespread distribution and is one of the most common and diverse phyla in soil habitats. However, members of this phylum have often been recalcitrant to cultivation methods, hampering the study of this presumably important bacterial group. In this study, we used a cultivation-independent metagenomic approach to recover genomic information from soilborne members of this phylum. A soil metagenomic fosmid library was screened by PCR targeting acidobacterial 16S rRNA genes, facilitating the recovery of 17 positive clones. Recovered inserts appeared to originate from a range ofAcidobacteriasubdivisions, with dominance of subdivision 6 (10 clones). Upon full-length insert sequencing, gene annotation identified a total of 350 open reading frames (ORFs), representing a broad range of functions. Remarkably, six inserts from subdivision 6 contained a region of gene synteny, containing genes involved in purinede novobiosynthesis and encoding tRNA synthetase and conserved hypothetical proteins. Similar genomic regions had previously been observed in several environmental clones recovered from soil and marine sediments, facilitating comparisons with respect to gene organization and evolution. Comparative analyses revealed a general dichotomy between marine and terrestrial genes in both phylogeny and G+C content. Although the significance of this homologous gene cluster across subdivision 6 members is not known, it appears to be a common feature within a large percentage of all acidobacterial genomic fragments recovered from both of these environments.
Anaerobic Oxidation of Arsenite Linked to Chlorate Reduction
Authors: Sun Wenjie , Sierra-Alvarez Reyes , Milner Lily , Field Jim A.
Published: August 2010

Microorganisms play a significant role in the speciation and mobility of arsenic in the environment. In this study, the oxidation of arsenite [As(III)] to arsenate [As(V)] linked to chlorate (ClO
3
−
) reduction was shown to be catalyzed by sludge samples, enrichment cultures (ECs), and pure cultures incubated under anaerobic conditions. No activity was observed in treatments lacking inoculum or with heat-killed sludge, or in controls lacking ClO
3
−
. The As(III) oxidation was linked to the complete reduction of ClO
3
−
to Cl
−
, and the molar ratio of As(V) formed to ClO
3
−
consumed approached the theoretical value of 3:1 assuming the
e
−
equivalents from As(III) were used to completely reduce ClO
3
−
. In keeping with O
2
as a putative intermediate of ClO
3
−
reduction, the ECs could also oxidize As(III) to As(V) with O
2
at low concentrations. Low levels of organic carbon were essential in heterotrophic ECs but not in autotrophic ECs. 16S rRNA gene clone libraries indicated that the ECs were dominated by clones of
Rhodocyclaceae
(including
Dechloromonas
,
Azospira
, and
Azonexus
phylotypes) and
Stenotrophomonas
under autotrophic conditions. Additional phylotypes (
Alicycliphilus
,
Agrobacterium
, and
Pseudoxanthomonas
) were identified in heterotrophic ECs. Two isolated autotrophic pure cultures,
Dechloromonas
sp. strain ECC1-pb1 and
Azospira
sp. strain ECC1-pb2, were able to grow by linking the oxidation of As(III) to As(V) with the reduction of ClO
3
−
. The presence of the arsenite oxidase subunit A (
aroA
) gene was demonstrated with PCR in the ECs and pure cultures. This study demonstrates that ClO
3
−
is an alternative electron acceptor to support the microbial oxidation of As(III).
Discovery and Characterization of a Distinctive Exo-1,3/1,4-β-Glucanase from the Marine Bacterium
Pseudoalteromonas
sp. Strain BB1
Authors: Nakatani Yoshio , Lamont Iain L. , Cutfield John F.
Published: August 2010

Marine bacteria residing on local red, green, and brown seaweeds were screened for exo-1,3-β-glucanase (ExoP) activity. Of the 90 bacterial species isolated from 32 seaweeds, only one, a
Pseudoalteromonas
sp., was found to display such activity. It was isolated from a
Durvillaea
sp., a brown kelp known to contain significant amounts of the storage polysaccharide laminarin (1,3-β-
d
-glucan with some 1,6-β branching). Four chromatographic steps were utilized to purify the enzyme (ExoP). Chymotryptic digestion provided peptide sequences for primer design and subsequent gene cloning. The
exoP
gene coded for 840 amino acids and was located just 50 bp downstream from a putative lichenase (endo-1,3-1,4-β-glucanase) gene, suggesting possible cotranscription of these genes. Sequence comparisons revealed ExoP to be clustered within a group of bacterial glycosidases with high similarity to a group of glycoside hydrolase (GH3) plant enzymes, of which the barley exo-1,3/1,4-β-glucanase (ExoI) is the best characterized. The major difference between the bacterial and plant proteins is an extra 200- to 220-amino-acid extension at the C terminus of the former. This additional sequence does not correlate with any known functional domain, but ExoP was not active against laminarin when this region was removed. Production of recombinant ExoP allowed substrate specificity studies to be performed. The enzyme was found to possess similar levels of exoglucanase activity against both 1,4-β linkages and 1,3-β linkages, and so ExoP is designated an exo-1,3/1,4-β-exoglucanase, the first such bacterial enzyme to be characterized. This broader specificity could allow the enzyme to assist in digesting both cell wall cellulose and cytoplasmic laminarin.
Coexistence of Pathogens in Host-Seeking and Feeding Ticks within a Single Natural Habitat in Central Germany
Authors: Franke Jan , Fritzsch Julia , Tomaso Herbert , Straube Eberhard , Dorn Wolfram , Hildebrandt Anke
Published: August 2010

The importance of established and emerging tick-borne pathogens in Central and Northern Europe is steadily increasing. In 2007, we collected
Ixodes ricinus
ticks feeding on birds (
n
= 211) and rodents (
n
= 273), as well as host-seeking stages (
n
= 196), in a habitat in central Germany. In order to find out more about their natural transmission cycles, the ticks were tested for the presence of Lyme disease borreliae,
Anaplasma phagocytophilum
, spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiae,
Francisella tularensis
, and babesiae. Altogether, 20.1% of the 680 ticks examined carried at least one pathogen. Bird-feeding ticks were more frequently infected with
Borrelia
spp. (15.2%) and
A. phagocytophilum
(3.2%) than rodent-feeding ticks (2.6%; 1.1%) or questing ticks (5.1%; 0%).
Babesia
spp. showed higher prevalence rates in ticks parasitizing birds (13.2%) and host-seeking ticks (10.7%), whereas ticks from small mammals were less frequently infected (6.6%). SFG rickettsiae and
F. tularensis
were also found in ticks collected off birds (2.1%; 1.2%), rodents (1.8%; 1.5%), and vegetation (4.1%; 1.6%). Various combinations of coinfections occurred in 10.9% of all positive ticks, indicating interaction of transmission cycles. Our results suggest that birds not only are important reservoirs for several pathogens but also act as vehicles for infected ticks and might therefore play a key role in the dispersal of tick-borne diseases.
Sigma Factor F Does Not Prevent Rifampin Inhibition of RNA Polymerase or Cause Rifampin Tolerance in
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Hartkoorn Ruben C. , Sala Claudia , Magnet Sophie J. , Chen Jeffrey M. , Pojer Florence , Cole Stewart T.
Published: August 2010

The tolerance of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
to antituberculosis drugs is a major reason for the lengthy therapy needed to treat a tuberculosis infection. Rifampin is a potent inhibitor of RNA polymerase (RNAP)
in vivo
but has been shown to be less effective against stationary-phase bacteria. Sigma factor F is associated with bacteria entering stationary phase and has been proposed to impact rifampin activity. Here we investigate whether RNAP containing SigF is more resistant to rifampin inhibition
in vitro
and whether overexpression of
sigF
renders
M. tuberculosis
more tolerant to rifampin. Real-time and radiometric
in vitro
transcription assays revealed that rifampin equally inhibits transcription by RNAP containing sigma factors SigA and SigF, therefore ruling out the hypothesis that SigF may be responsible for increased resistance of the enzyme to rifampin
in vitro
. In addition, overexpression or deletion of
sigF
did not alter rifampin susceptibility in axenic cultures of
M. tuberculosis
, indicating that SigF does not affect rifampin tolerance
in vivo
.
COMPLETENESS OF BOND MARKET DRIVEN BY LÉVY PROCESS
Authors: BARSKI MICHAŁ , ZABCZYK JERZY
Published: August 2010

The completeness problem of the bond market model with the random factors determined by a Wiener process and Poisson random measure is studied. Hedging portfolios use bonds with maturities in a countable, dense subset of a finite time interval. It is shown that under natural assumptions the market is not complete unless the support of the Lévy measure consists of a finite number of points. Explicit constructions of contingent claims which cannot be replicated are provided.
MEAN VARIANCE HEDGING IN A GENERAL JUMP MARKET
Authors: XIONG DEWEN , KOHLMANN MICHAEL
Published: August 2010

We consider a financial market in which the discounted price process S is an ℝd-valued semimartingale with bounded jumps, and the variance-optimal martingale measure (VOMM) Q opt is only known to be a signed measure. We give a backward semimartingale equation (BSE) and show that the density process Z opt of Q opt with respect to P is a possibly non-positive stochastic exponential if and only if this BSE has a solution. For a general contingent claim H, we consider the following generalized version of the classical mean-variance hedging problem [Formula: see text] where [Formula: see text]. We represent the optimal strategy and the optimal cost of the mean-variance hedging by means of another backward martingale equation (BME) and an appropriate predictable process δ both with a straightforward intuitive interpretation.
Protection and communication abstractions for web browsers in MashupOS
Authors: Wang Helen J. , Fan Xiaofeng , Howell Jon , Jackson Collin
Published: August 2010

Web browsers have evolved from a single-principal platform on which one site is browsed at a time into a multi-principal platform on which data and code from mutually distrusting sites interact programmatically in a single page at the browser. Today's "Web 2.0" applications (or
mashups
) offer rich services, rivaling those of desktop PCs. However, the protection andcommunication abstractions offered by today's browsers remain suitable onlyfor a single-principal system--either
no trust
through completeisolation between principals (sites) or
full trust
by incorporating third party code as libraries. In this paper, we address this deficiency by identifying and designing the missing abstractions needed for a browser-based multi-principal platform. We have designed our abstractions to be backward compatible and easily adoptable. We have built a prototype system that realizes almost all of our abstractions and their associated properties. Our evaluation shows that our abstractions make it easy to build more secure and robust client-side Web mashups and can be easily implemented with negligible performance overhead.
MUVI
Authors: Lu Shan , Park Soyeon , Hu Chongfeng , Ma Xiao , Jiang Weihang , Li Zhenmin , Popa Raluca A. , Zhou Yuanyuan
Published: August 2010

Software defects significantly reduce system dependability. Among various types of software bugs, semantic and concurrency bugs are two of the most difficult to detect. This paper proposes a novel method, called MUVI, that detects an important class of semantic and concurrency bugs. MUVI automatically infers commonly existing multi-variable access correlations through code analysis and then detects two types of related bugs: (1) inconsistent updates--correlated variables are not updated in a consistent way, and (2) multi-variable concurrency bugs--correlated accesses are not protected in the same atomic sections in concurrent programs.We evaluate MUVI on four large applications: Linux, Mozilla,MySQL, and PostgreSQL. MUVI automatically infers more than 6000 variable access correlations with high accuracy (83%).Based on the inferred correlations, MUVI detects 39
new
inconsistent update semantic bugs from the latest versions of these applications, with 17 of them recently confirmed by the developers based on our reports.We also implemented MUVI multi-variable extensions to tworepresentative data race bug detection methods (lock-set and happens-before). Our evaluation on five real-world multi-variable concurrency bugs from Mozilla and MySQL shows that the MUVI-extension correctly identifies the root causes of four out of the five multi-variable concurrency bugs with 14% additional overhead on average. Interestingly, MUVI also helps detect four
new
multi-variable concurrency bugs in Mozilla that have never been reported before. None of the nine bugs can be identified correctly by the original race detectors without our MUVI extensions.
Lifting abstract interpreters to quantified logical domains
Authors: Gulwani Sumit , McCloskey Bill , Tiwari Ashish
Published: August 2010

We describe a general technique for building abstract interpreters over powerful
universally quantified
abstract domains that leverage existing quantifier-free domains. Our quantified abstract domain can represent universally quantified facts like ∀
i
(0 ≤
i
<
n
⇒ α[
i
] = 0). The principal challenge in this effort is that, while most domains supply over-approximations of operations like join, meet, and variable elimination, working with the guards of quantified facts requires
under
-approximation. We present an automatic technique to convert the standard over-approximation operations provided with all domains into sound under-approximations. We establish the correctness of our abstract interpreters by identifying two lattices---one that establishes the soundness of the abstract interpreter and another that defines its precision, or completeness. Our experiments on a variety of programs using arrays and pointers (including several sorting algorithms) demonstrate the feasibility of the approach on challenging examples.
Foundations for structured programming with GADTs
Authors: Johann Patricia , Ghani Neil
Published: August 2010

GADTs are at the cutting edge of functional programming and becomemore widely used every day. Nevertheless, the semantic foundations underlying GADTs are not well understood. In this paper we solve this problem by showing that the standard theory of data types as carriers of initial algebras of functors can be extended from algebraic and nested data types to GADTs. We then use this observation to derivean initial algebra semantics for GADTs, thus ensuring that all of the accumulated knowledge about initial algebras can be brought to bear on them. Next, we use our initial algebra semantics for GADTs to derive expressive and principled tools --- analogous to the well-known and widely-used ones for algebraic and nested data types---for reasoning about, programming with, and improving the performance of programs involving, GADTs; we christen such a collection of tools for a GADT an initial algebra package. Along the way, we give a constructive demonstration that every GADT can be reduced to one which uses only the equality GADT and existential quantification. Although other such reductions exist in the literature, ours is entirely local, is independent of any particular syntactic presentation of GADTs, and can be implemented in the host language, rather than existing solely as a metatheoretical artifact. The main technical ideas underlying our approach are (i) to modify the notion of a higher-order functor so that GADTs can be seen as carriers of initial algebras of higher-order functors, and (ii) to use left Kan extensions to trade arbitrary GADTs for simpler-but-equivalent ones for which initial algebra semantics can bederived.
Autonomous hardware/software partitioning and voltage/frequency scaling for low-power embedded systems
Authors: Mu Jingqing , Lysecky Roman
Published: August 2010

Warp processing is a recent computing technology capable of autonomously partitioning the critical kernels within an executing software application to hardware circuits implemented within an on-chip FPGA. While previous performance-driven warp processing has been shown to provide significant performance improvements over software only execution, the dynamic performance improvement of warp processors may be lost for certain application domains, such as real-time systems. Alternatively, as power consumption continue to become a dominant design constraint, we present and thoroughly analyze a low-power warp processing methodology that leverages voltage and/or frequency scaling to substantially reduce power consumption without any performance degradation—all without requiring designer effort beyond the initial software development.
JavaCOP
Authors: Markstrum Shane , Marino Daniel , Esquivel Matthew , Millstein Todd , Andreae Chris , Noble James
Published: August 2010

Pluggable types enable users to enforce multiple type systems in one programming language. We have developed a suite of tools, called the JavaCOP framework, that allows developers to create pluggable type systems for Java. JavaCOP provides a simple declarative language in which program constraints are defined over a program's abstract syntax tree. The JavaCOP compiler automatically enforces these constraints on programs during compilation. The JavaCOP framework also includes a dataflow analysis API in order to support type systems which depend on flow-sensitive information. Finally, JavaCOP includes a novel test framework which helps users gain confidence in the correctness of their pluggable type systems. We demonstrate the framework by discussing a number of pluggable type systems which have been implemented in JavaCOP in order to detect errors and enforce strong invariants in programs. These type systems range from general-purpose checkers, such as a type system for nonnull references, to domain-specific ones, such as a checker for conformance to a library's usage rules.
Semantic integrity in large-scale online simulations
Authors: Jha Somesh , Katzenbeisser Stefan , Schallhart Christian , Veith Helmut , Chenney Stephen
Published: August 2010

As large-scale online simulations such as Second Life and World of Warcraft are gaining economic significance, there is a growing incentive for attacks against such simulation software. We focus on attacks against the semantic integrity of the simulation. This class of attacks exploits the client-server architecture and is specific to online simulations which, for performance reasons, have to delegate the detailed rendering of the simulated world to the clients. Attacks against semantic integrity often compromise the physical laws of the simulated world—enabling the user's simulation persona to fly, walk through walls, or to run faster than anybody else.

We introduce the Secure Semantic Integrity Protocol (SSIP), which enables the simulation provider to audit the client computations. Then we analyze the security and scalability of SSIP. First, we show that under standard cryptographic assumptions SSIP will detect semantic integrity attacks. Second, we analyze the network overhead, and determine the optimum tradeoff between cost of bandwidth and audit frequency for our protocol.
Industrial strength COMPASS
Authors: Xu Jie , Nelson Barry L. , Hong JEFF L.
Published: August 2010

Industrial Strength COMPASS (ISC) is a particular implementation of a general framework for optimizing the expected value of a performance measure of a stochastic simulation with respect to integer-ordered decision variables in a finite (but typically large) feasible region defined by linear-integer constraints. The framework consists of a global-search phase, followed by a local-search phase, and ending with a “clean-up” (selection of the best) phase. Each phase provides a probability 1 convergence guarantee as the simulation effort increases without bound: Convergence to a globally optimal solution in the global-search phase; convergence to a locally optimal solution in the local-search phase; and convergence to the best of a small number of good solutions in the clean-up phase. In practice, ISC stops short of such convergence by applying an improvement-based transition rule from the global phase to the local phase; a statistical test of convergence from the local phase to the clean-up phase; and a ranking-and-selection procedure to terminate the clean-up phase. Small-sample validity of the statistical test and ranking-and-selection procedure is proven for normally distributed data. ISC is compared to the commercial optimization via simulation package OptQuest on five test problems that range from 2 to 20 decision variables and on the order of 10
4
to 10
20
feasible solutions. These test cases represent response-surface models with known properties and realistic system simulation problems.
Reionization and Cosmology with 21-cm Fluctuations
Authors: Morales Miguel F. , Wyithe J. Stuart B.
Published: August 2010

Measurement of the spatial distribution of neutral hydrogen via the redshifted 21-cm line promises to revolutionize our knowledge of the epoch of reionization and the first galaxies, and may provide a powerful new tool for observational cosmology from redshifts 1<z<4. In this review we discuss recent advances in our theoretical understanding of the epoch of reionization (EoR), the application of 21-cm tomography to cosmology and measurements of the dark energy equation of state after reionization, and the instrumentation and observational techniques shared by 21-cm EoR and postreionization cosmology machines. We place particular emphasis on the expected signal and observational capabilities of first generation 21-cm fluctuation instruments.
Local Helioseismology: Three-Dimensional Imaging of the Solar Interior
Authors: Gizon Laurent , Birch Aaron C. , Spruit Henk C.
Published: August 2010

The Sun supports a rich spectrum of internal waves that are continuously excited by turbulent convection. The Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG) network and the SOHO/MDI (Solar and Heliospheric Observatory/Michelson Doppler Imager) space instrument provide an exceptional database of spatially resolved observations of solar oscillations, covering more than an entire sunspot cycle (11 years). Local helioseismology is a set of tools for probing the solar interior in three dimensions using measurements of wave travel times and local mode frequencies. Local helioseismology has discovered (a) near-surface vector flows associated with convection, (b) 250 m s−1subsurface horizontal outflows around sunspots, (c) ∼50 m s−1extended horizontal flows around active regions (converging near the surface and diverging below), (d) the effect of the Coriolis force on convective flows and active region flows, (e) the subsurface signature of the 15 m s−1poleward meridional flow, (f) a ±5 m s−1time-varying depth-dependent component of the meridional circulation around the mean latitude of activity, and (g) magnetic activity on the farside of the Sun.
The Hubble Constant
Authors: Freedman Wendy L. , Madore Barry F.
Published: August 2010

Considerable progress has been made in determining the Hubble constant over the past two decades. We discuss the cosmological context and importance of an accurate measurement of the Hubble constant, focusing on six high-precision distance-determination methods: Cepheids, tip of the red giant branch, maser galaxies, surface brightness fluctuations, the Tully-Fisher relation, and Type Ia supernovae. We discuss in detail known systematic errors in the measurement of galaxy distances and how to minimize them. Our best current estimate of the Hubble constant is 73±2 (random) ± 4 (systematic) km s−1Mpc−1. The importance of improved accuracy in the Hubble constant will increase over the next decade with new missions and experiments designed to increase the precision in other cosmological parameters. We outline the steps that will be required to deliver a value of the Hubble constant to 2% systematic uncertainty and discuss the constraints on other cosmological parameters that will then be possible with such accuracy.
Path Convergence and Approximation of Common Zeroes of a Finite Family of m‐Accretive Mappings in Banach Spaces
Authors: Shehu Yekini , Ezeora Jerry N.
Published: August 2010

Let E be a real Banach space which is uniformly smooth and uniformly convex. Let K be a
nonempty, closed, and convex sunny nonexpansive retract of E, where Q is the sunny nonexpansive retraction. If E admits weakly sequentially continuous duality mapping j, path convergence is proved for a nonexpansive
mapping T : K → K. As an application, we prove strong convergence theorem for common zeroes of a finite
family of m‐accretive mappings of K to E. As a consequence, an iterative scheme is constructed to converge to
a common fixed point (assuming existence) of a finite family of pseudocontractive mappings from K to E under certain mild conditions.
Vaginal Practices of HIV-Negative Zimbabwean Women
Authors: Turner Abigail Norris , Morrison Charles S. , Munjoma Marshall W. , Moyo Precious , Chipato Tsungai , van de Wijgert Janneke H.
Published: August 2010

Background. Vaginal practices (VPs) may increase HIV risk by injuring vaginal epithelium or by increasing risk of bacterial vaginosis, an established risk factor for HIV.Methods. HIV-negative Zimbabwean women (n=2,185) participating in a prospective study on hormonal contraception and HIV risk completed an ancillary questionnaire capturing detailed VP data at quarterly followup visits for two years.Results. Most participants (84%) reported ever cleansing inside the vagina, and at 40% of visits women reported drying the vagina using cloth or paper. Vaginal tightening using cloth/cotton wool, lemon juice, traditional herbs/powders, or other products was reported at 4% of visits. Women with≥15unprotected sex acts monthly had higher odds of cleansing (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 1.17, 95% CI: 1.04–1.32). Women with sexually transmitted infections had higher odds of tightening (aOR: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.08–1.86).Conclusion. Because certain vaginal practices were associated with other HIV risk factors, synergism between VPs and other risk factors should be explored.
Bone Metastasis as the Only Metastatic Site in a Patient with Pancreatic Cancer following Distal Pancreatectomy
Authors: Saif Muhammad Wasif , Galanina Natalie , Ravage-Mass L. , Kaley Kristin , Cornfeld Daniel , Lamb Lynne , Chhieng David
Published: August 2010

Pancreatic cancer remains a challenge both diagnostically and therapeutically. The typical sites of metastases in pancreatic cancer include the liver and peritoneum. Other less common sites are the lung, brain, kidney, and bone. Skeletal metastases are less prevalent in occurrence but contribute to significant morbidity associated with pancreatic cancer. The prevalence of osseous metastases remains unknown but has been estimated to be between 5% and 20%. The most common osseous lesions are osteolytic in nature, but the osteoblastic ones are extremely rare. Here, we report an interesting case of pancreatic adenocarcinoma with exclusive bone metastases and discuss briefly the possible pathogenesis.
Some Comments on Quasi‐Birth‐and‐Death Processes and Matrix Measures
Authors: Dette Holger , Reuther Bettina
Published: August 2010

We explore the relation between matrix measures and quasi‐birth‐and‐death processes. We derive an integral representation of the transition function in terms of a matrix‐valued spectral measure and corresponding orthogonal matrix polynomials. We characterize several stochastic properties of quasi‐birth‐and‐death processes by means of this matrixmeasure and illustrate the theoretical results by several examples.
Massive Sensor Array Fault Tolerance: Tolerance Mechanism and Fault Injection for Validation
Authors: Um Dugan
Published: August 2010

As today's machines become increasingly complex in order to handle intricate tasks, the number of sensors must increase for intelligent operations. Given the large number of sensors, detecting, isolating, and then tolerating faulty sensors is especially important. In this paper, we propose fault tolerance architecture suitable for a massive sensor array often found in highly advanced systems such as autonomous robots. One example is the sensitive skin, a type of massive sensor array. The objective of the sensitive skin is autonomous guidance of machines in unknown environments, requiring elongated operations in a remote site. The entirety of such a system needs to be able to work remotely without human attendance for an extended period of time. To that end, we propose a fault-tolerant architecture whereby component and analytical redundancies are integrated cohesively for effective failure tolerance of a massive array type sensor or sensor system. In addition, we discuss the evaluation results of the proposed tolerance scheme by means of fault injection and validation analysis as a measure of system reliability and performance.
A Pharmacological and Toxicological Profile of Silver as an Antimicrobial Agent in Medical Devices
Authors: Lansdown Alan B. G.
Published: August 2010

Silver is used widely in wound dressings and medical devices as a broad-spectrum antibiotic. Metallic silver and most inorganic silver compounds ionise in moisture, body fluids, and secretions to release biologically active . The ion is absorbed into the systemic circulation from the diet and drinking water, by inhalation and through intraparenteral administration. Percutaneous absorption of through intact or damaged skin is low. binds strongly to metallothionein, albumins, and macroglobulins and is metabolised to all tissues other than the brain and the central nervous system. Silver sulphide or silver selenide precipitates, bound lysosomally in soft tissues, are inert and not associated with an irreversible toxic change. Argyria and argyrosis are the principle effects associated with heavy deposition of insoluble silver precipitates in the dermis and cornea/conjunctiva. Whilst these changes may be profoundly disfiguring and persistent, they are not associated with pathological damage in any tissue. The present paper discusses the mechanisms of absorption and metabolism of silver in the human body, presumed mechanisms of argyria and argyrosis, and the elimination of silver-protein complexes in the bile and urine. Minimum blood silver levels consistent with early signs of argyria or argyrosis are not known. Silver allergy does occur but the extent of the problem is not known. Reference values for silver exposure are discussed.
First- and Third-Person Perspectives in Psychotic Disorders and Mood Disorders with Psychotic Features
Authors: Islam Lucrezia , Scarone Silvio , Gambini Orsola
Published: August 2010

Lack of insight, very frequent in schizophrenia, can be considered a deficit in Theory of Mind (ToM) performances, and is also found in other psychiatric disorders. In this study, we used the first- to third-person shift to examine subjects with psychotic and psychotic mood disorders. 92 patients were evaluated with SANS and SAPS scales and asked to talk about their delusions. They were asked to state whether they thought what they said was believable for them and for the interviewer. Two weeks later, 79 patients listened to a tape where their delusion was reenacted by two actors and were asked the same two questions. Some patients gained insight when using third-person perspective. These patients had lower SAPS scores, a lower score on SAPS item on delusions, and significant improvement in their SAPS delusion score at the second interview. Better insight was not related to a specific diagnostic group.
Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Hyperadrenergic Hypertension
Authors: Gayen Jiaur R. , Zhang Kuixing , RamachandraRao Satish P. , Mahata Manjula , Chen Yuqing , Kim Hyung-Suk , Naviaux Robert K. , Sharma Kumar , Mahata Sushil K. , O’Connor Daniel T.
Published: August 2010

Background—

Oxidative stress, an excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) outstripping antioxidant defense mechanisms, occurs in cardiovascular pathologies, including hypertension. In the present study, we used biochemical, physiological, and pharmacological approaches to explore the role of derangements of catecholamines, ROS, and the endothelium-derived relaxing factor nitric oxide (NO•) in the development of a hyperadrenergic model of hereditary hypertension: targeted ablation (knockout [KO]) of chromogranin A (Chga) in the mouse.

Methods and Results—

Homozygous (−/−)Chgagene knockout (KO) mice were compared with wild-type (WT, +/+) control mice. In the KO mouse, elevations of systolic and diastolic blood pressure were accompanied by not only elevated catecholamine (norepinephrine and epinephrine) concentrations but also increased ROS (H2O2) and isoprostane (an index of lipid peroxidation), as well as depletion of NO•. Renal transcript analyses implicated changes inNox1/2,Xo/Xdh, andSod1,2mRNAs in ROS elevation by the KO state. KO alterations in blood pressure, catecholamines, H2O2, isoprostane, and NO•could be abrogated or even normalized (rescued) by either sympathetic outflow inhibition (with clonidine) or NADPH oxidase inhibition (with apocynin). In cultured renal podocytes, H2O2production was substantially augmented by epinephrine (probably through β2-adrenergic receptors) and modestly diminished by norepinephrine (probably through α1-adrenergic receptors).

Conclusions—

ROS appear to play a necessary role in the development of hyperadrenergic hypertension in this model, in a process mechanistically linking elevated blood pressure with catecholamine excess, renal transcriptional responses, ROS elevation, lipid peroxidation, and NO•depletion. Some of the changes appear to be dependent on transcription, whereas others are immediate. The cycle could be disrupted by inhibition of either sympathetic outflow or NADPH oxidase. Because common genetic variation at the humanCHGAlocus alters BP, the results have implications for antihypertensive treatment as well as prevention of target-organ consequences of the disease. The results document novel pathophysiological links between the adrenergic system and oxidative stress and suggest new strategies to probe the role and actions of ROS within this setting.
The Third Woman
Authors: Rieser Martin , Tikka Pia , Dumitriu Anna , Yankowitz Nina
Published: August 2010

The Third Woman is an interactive mobile film—game, performance, and installation, which gradually reveals the layers of a contemporary film drama on mobile phones and screens.