bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A History of Old Norse Poetry and Poetics
Authors: Clunies Ross Margaret
Published: May 2022

An accessible guide to and description of the medieval poetic tradition in Scandinavia.
Tokyo Commute
Authors: Lee A. Robert
Published: May 2022

A unique take on modern life in Japan's capital city. A Japan of trains, every day to and fro, carriage scenes and theatre, vistas from the window, advertising posters. Each to be savoured through a specific Tokyo line - the Odakyū. Pitched as creative text and line-graphics, Tokyo Commute: Japanese Customs and Way of Life Viewed from the Odakyū Line offers on-track and off-track observations. A gallery of mirrors, musings, memories. This is less documentary than iconography, a poetics of Japanese routine and etiquette. It offers a wry diary of month-and-weekday observations, a 'map' of Shinjuku as key station and gathering-place, a run of notable Tokyo locations - from the National bunraku theatre to a Kawasaki sludge recycling centre. Other Odakyū travel involves the Hakone open air art gallery, Narita as both airport and temple complex, Yokohama as history and Chinatown. An essential reading for first-time, and second-time visitors, and even regular commuters.
Contesting Chineseness
Authors: Ang Sylvia
Published: May 2022

Nearly eleven million Chinese migrants live outside of China. While many of these faces of China's globalization headed for the popular Western destinations of the United States, Australia and Canada, others have been lured by the booming Asian economies. Compared with pre-1949 Chinese migrants, most are wealthier, motivated by a variety of concerns beyond economic survival and loyal to the communist regime. The reception of new Chinese migrants, however, has been less than warm in some places. In Singapore, tensions between Singaporean-Chinese and new Chinese arrivals present a puzzle: why are there tensions between ethnic Chinese settlers and new Chinese arrivals despite similarities in phenotype, ancestry and customs? Drawing on rich empirical data from ethnography and digital ethnography, Contesting Chineseness investigates this puzzle and details how ethnic Chinese subjects negotiate their identities in an age of contemporary Chinese migration and China's ascent.
The community building opportunities of collective report writing in a pandemic
Authors: Sweeney Abi , Nishimura Margot McIlwain
Published: May 2022

The Art and Design School Libraries (ADSL) Division of ARLIS/NA was tasked with preparing a report on the state of ADSLs across North America. The report team offered preliminary results at the ADSL Division Annual Meeting in May 2021. At the ARLIS/UK & Ireland conference in July 2021, they described Diversity, Equity and Inclusion (DEI) activities in ADSLs and some of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the sector. Feedback from both events was incorporated into the report, which is now complete and available on the “Publications” page of the ARLIS/NA website. This article, in addition to summarizing some of the findings, discusses the collaborative process of writing and editing the report and the importance of this process as a model for advancing other essential work in this field.
Hope, Worry, and Suspension of Judgment
Authors: Fritz James
Published: May 2022

In this paper, I defend an epistemic requirement on fitting hopes and worries: it is fitting to hope or to worry that p only if one’s epistemic position makes it rational to suspend judgment as to whether p. This view, unlike prominent alternatives, is ecumenical; it retains its plausibility against a variety of different background views of epistemology. It also has other important theoretical virtues: it is illuminating, elegant, and extensionally adequate. Fallibilists about knowledge have special reason to be friendly to my view; it can help them explain why it can be unfitting to hold on to hope and worry in the face of overwhelming evidence, and it can also help them explain the sense in which knowledge that p and hope that –p are in tension with one another.
Second-Order Assessment of Scientific Expert Claims and Sharing Epistemic Burdens in Science Communication
Authors: Barimah George Kwasi
Published: May 2022

When laypersons are presented with scientific information which seeks to modify their way of life, they are expected to believe, suspend belief, or reject it. Second-order assessment of scientific experts helps laypersons to make an informed decision in such situations. This is an assessment of the trustworthiness of the person making the scientific claim. In this paper I challenge the optimistic view of Anderson (2011), regarding the ease with which laypersons can perform second-order assessment of experts, by pointing out some of the obstacles that may prevent laypersons from arriving at an informed decision through this means. By showing that laypersons cannot easily perform second-order assessment of experts, I make a case for sharing epistemic burdens in science communication by using Lackey's (2006) concept of dualism in the epistemology of testimony and Irzik and Kurtulmus’ (2019) work on public epistemic trust in science, as a guide. I invite experts to bear a greater share of the epistemic burden when communicating with laypersons because of their privileged epistemic condition vis-à-vis laypersons.
Differential Data Protection Regimes in Data-Driven Research: Why the GDPR is More Research-Friendly Than You Think
Authors: Comandè Giovanni , Schneider Giulia
Published: May 2022

Against the backdrop of an evolving landscape describing data driven research, this article discusses the role of data protection laws in shaping a free flow of research data. In particular, the analysis inquires whether European data protection law hampers or encourages data-driven research. The analysis critically challenges the shared belief that the more severe data protection regime laid down by the European legislator adversely affects data flows and with that data-driven research. This is contrary to what occurs in the United States, where the more fragmented and less developed data protection framework facilitates data flows and related innovation patterns. We show how research objectives through data re-usability have been very recently given primary importance in the GDPR, where they find a formidable ally enabling the re-usability of public data by businesses and of private data by public institutions, for either public interest-related research purposes or commercially oriented innovation purposes. We argue that the GDPR differently promotes research-valuable data flows in consistency with an emerging principle of free movement of personal data. In order to ground this statement, our analysis links to this principle three-directional research regimes emerging from the GDPR.
Beware the Lure of Narratives: “Hungry Judges” Should Not Motivate the Use of “Artificial Intelligence” in Law
Authors: Chatziathanasiou Konstantin
Published: May 2022

The “hungry judge” effect, as presented by a famous study, is a common point of reference to underline human bias in judicial decision-making. This is particularly pronounced in the literature on “artificial intelligence” (AI) in law. Here, the effect is invoked to counter concerns about bias in automated decision-aids and to motivate their use. However, the validity of the “hungry judge” effect is doubtful. In our context, this is problematic for, at least, two reasons. First, shaky evidence leads to a misconstruction of the problem that may warrant an AI intervention. Second, painting the justice system worse than it actually is becomes a dangerous argumentative strategy, as it undermines institutional trust. Against this background, this article revisits the original “hungry judge” study and argues that it cannot be relied on as an argument in the AI discourse or beyond. The case of “hungry judges” demonstrates the lure of narratives, the dangers of “problem gerrymandering,” and, ultimately, the need for a careful reception of social science.
Making Do With What We Have: On the Interpretation and Enforcement of the EU’s Founding Values
Authors: Boekestein Tom L.
Published: May 2022

Article 2 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU) solemnly proclaims that the EU is founded on the respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights. Yet, a growing body of case law concerning rule of law backsliding continuously reminds us of the lack of a dedicated functional mechanism to remedy this. We are left with a fragmented understanding of the founding values and a patchy framework for their enforcement: whilst there is increasing guidance on judicial independence and the rule of law, no founding value has been defined comprehensively. The legal classification of the founding values is equally unclear, as is their position in the EU’s constitutional framework. This paper makes do with what we have, to offer systematic, normative, and substantive clarifications on Article 2 TEU. Systematically, it places the founding values in the constitutional context of the EU’s and Member States’ legal orders and discusses their autonomy, interpretation, and function. Normatively, this paper objects to the direct enforcement of the founding values by reference to their constitutional significance and over-constitutionalization. Substantively, it favors the indirect enforcement of the founding values and explores the connections between Article 2 TEU and other Treaty provisions.
The Effects of SARS-CoV-2 on Criminal Procedure in Germany
Authors: Bühner Wilhem , Rank Anni
Published: May 2022

The German legal system and, in particular, German criminal procedure have been severely affected by the Corona Virus pandemic. The Konzentrationsmaxime, the maxim that the main hearing should be consolidated into as short a timeframe as possible in order to expedite proceedings, the Unmittelbarkeitsgrundsatz, the principle that witnesses must be present in person, and the Öffentlichkeitsgrundsatz, the principle that the oral proceedings in criminal litigation should be open to the public in order to guarantee transparency, have all been called into question. The requirement to consolidate the main hearing can no longer be guaranteed due to unavoidable interruptions in the trials in accordance with the newly established Section 10 of the Introductory Law to Germany’s Criminal Procedure Code (Einführungsgesetz zur Strafprozeßordnung; EGStPO) which aims to minimize the risk of infection. Wide-ranging curfews have been imposed so that the general public can no longer leave their homes to attend a court hearing as a spectator. The Beschleunigungsgrundsatz, the principle of expedited criminal proceedings, is being challenged by longer periods of pre-trial detention due to trials having to be suspended in the face of the pandemic. One further obstacle is the measures implemented in order to impede infections with the disease within the period of pre-trial detention whilst other hygiene measures, such as the requirement to wear a face mask in the courtroom, could well clash with the newly established ban on facial concealment (Verhüllungsverbot). In this article, the problems mentioned above are examined in more detail in order to provide an overview of the situation involving criminal proceedings in a Germany firmly in the grip of COVID-19. In addition, the situation reignites previous discussions on the further digitalization of criminal proceedings – this time as a solution for the ongoing threat of infection.
The Criminal Liability of Corrections Officers in German Prisons: The Landmark Decision of the Federal Court of Justice from November 28, 2019 (2 StR 557/18)
Authors: Hartmann Luisa , Munzert Johannes
Published: May 2022

Within the criminal justice system, there is always a balancing act between two conflicting tenets: incarcerating the prisoners as a preventive measure, on the one hand, and, on the other, aiming to rehabilitate them. Without a proper transition, it is possible that prisoners will reoffend upon release. German legislation allows corrections officers to grant relaxed terms of imprisonment to prisoners who have proved themselves suitable. However, on June 7, 2018, corrections officers were essentially deprived of this power when the Regional Court of Limburg convicted two corrections officers of negligent killing after a prisoner, to whom they had granted relaxed terms of imprisonment, killed someone during one of his periods of release. In the immediate wake of this controversial judgment, corrections officers throughout Germany were seemingly left with two options: either to remain conscientious and attempt to rehabilitate the prisoners with the underlying risk of being subject to prosecution themselves, or to ensure their own “safety”, thereby jeopardizing prisoners’ crime-free futures. This article provides an overview regarding negligently committed offenses under German law, analyzes what led the trial court to this radical decision, and assesses why the final appeal court overruled the Regional Court’s decision.
The Erdoğan Government's Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Performance and Actuality in an Authoritarian Context
Authors: Laebens Melis G. , Öztürk Aykut
Published: May 2022

This article analyses the Erdoğan government's policy response to the coronavirus pandemic. Despite the abundant use of moral antagonisms in his discourse, Erdoğan did not attempt to politicize the pandemic, instead framing it as a global health crisis and presenting the government's public health policies as expert-driven and competent. However, this expert-driven approach was largely a performance. Without a system of democratic oversight or a free media to scrutinize government policies, the Erdoğan government could systematically undercount COVID-19 cases and disregard its own public health restrictions, all the while spreading its narrative of competence and success. Competitive policymaking by opposition-controlled municipalities and criticism from a strong doctors' association had relatively limited ability to discredit the government. The public opinion data we present reveal broad-based support for the government's COVID policies. Our article highlights how authoritarian institutions allow governments to sustain a gap between performance and actuality, granting their leaders greater possibilities to claim policy success.
Risk factors for reduction in adherence to protective measures following coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination and vaccine perceptions among healthcare workers, in São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Mello López Andrés , Borges Igor Carmo , Luna-Muschi Alessandra , Mesquita Peres Carlos Henrique , Carreño Paolo Gripp , de Oliveira Arthur Magalhães , de Almeida Humberto Bertola Siqueira , de Castro Marques Vivian Helena , Corchs Felipe , Levin Anna Sara , Costa Silvia Figueiredo , Sartori Ana Marli Christovam
Published: May 2022

A survey evaluated 2,300 healthcare workers following the first dose of a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine in a tertiary-quaternary hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. Adherence to protective measures following vaccination was compared to previous non-work-related behaviors. Younger age, previous COVID-19, and burnout symptoms were associated with reduced adherence to mitigation measures.
Poetry, Intimacy, and Male Fidelity: The Marriage of Wang Caiwei and Sun Xingyan
Authors: Lu Weijing
Published: May 2022

One of the young couples that exemplified the “perfect match” marriage in Qing history, Sun Xingyan 孫星衍 and Wang Caiwei 王采薇 left behind personal records that give us a glimpse into the intimate world they created, from intellectually stimulating post-marriage courtship, to mourning and pledge of fidelity when Wang Caiwei died. Analyzing this record in the contexts of the Qing literati glorification of “perfect match” marriage and the couple's familial and social lives, this article pieces together a personal story about youthful passion and love and considers questions about the shapes of emotion and marital companionship and the ways the young couple navigated emotional and social complexities in their pursuit of an ideal companionship.
Infrared study of the star-forming region associated with the UC HII regions G45.07+0.13 and G45.12+0.13
Authors: Azatyan N. , Nikoghosyan E. , Harutyunian H. , Baghdasaryan D. , Andreasyan D.
Published: May 2022

Ultra-compact Hii(UC HII) regions are an important phase in the formation and early evolution of massive stars and a key component of the interstellar medium (ISM). The main objectives of this work are to study the young stellar population associated with the G45.07+0.13 and G45.12+0.13 UC HII regions, as well as the ISM in which they are embedded. We determined the distribution of the hydrogen column density (N($\mathrm{H}_2$)) and dust temperature ($T_d$) in the molecular cloud using Modified blackbody fitting onHerschelimages obtained in four bands: 160, 250, 350, and$500\,\unicode{x03BC}\mathrm{m}$. We used near-, mid-, and far-infrared photometric data to identify and classify the young stellar objects (YSOs). Their main parameters were determined by the radiation transfer models. We also constructed a colour-magnitude diagram and K luminosity functions (KLFs) to compare the parameters of stellar objects with the results of the radiative transfer models. We found that N($\mathrm{H}_2$) varies from${\sim}3.0 \times 10^{23}$to$5.5 \times 10^{23}\,\mathrm{cm}^{-2}$within the G45.07+0.13 and G45.12+0.13 regions, respectively. The maximum$T_d$value is 35 K in G45.12+0.13 and 42 K in G45.07+0.13.$T_d$then drops significantly from the centre to the periphery, reaching about 18–20 K at distances of${\sim}2.6$and${\sim}3.7\,\mathrm{pc}$from InfraRed Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) 19110+1045 (G45.07+0.13) and IRAS 19111+1048 (G45.12+0.13), respectively. The gas plus dust mass value included in G45.12+0.13 is${\sim}3.4 \times 10^5\,\mathrm{M}_\odot$and${\sim}1.7 \times 10^5\,\mathrm{M}_\odot$in G45.07+0.13. The UC HII regions are connected through a cold ($T_d = 19\,\mathrm{K}$) bridge. The radial surface density distribution of the identified 518 YSOs exhibits dense clusters in the vicinity of both IRAS sources. The parameters of YSOs in the IRAS clusters (124 objects) and 394 non-cluster objects surrounding them show some differences. About 75% of the YSOs belonging to the IRAS clusters have an evolutionary age greater than$10^6$yr. Their slope$\alpha$of the KLF agrees well with a Salpeter-type initial mass function (IMF) ($\gamma = 1.35$) for a high mass range (O–F stars,$\beta \sim 2$) at 1 Myr. The non-cluster objects are uniformly distributed in the molecular cloud, 80% of which are located to the right of the 0.1 Myr isochrone. The slope$\alpha$of the KLF of non-cluster objects is$0.55\,\pm\,0.09$, corresponding better to a Salpeter-type IMF for low-mass objects (G–M stars,$\beta \sim 1$). Our results show that two dense stellar clusters are embedded in these two physically connected UC HII regions. The clusters include several high- and intermediate-mass zero-age main sequence stellar objects. Based on the small age spread of the stellar objects, we suggest that the clusters originate from a single triggering shock. The extended emission observed in both UC HII regions is likely due to the stellar clusters.
A Product-Service System for Safety Footwear
Authors: Janson D. J. , Newman S. T. , Dhokia V.
Published: May 2022

This paper proposes that safety footwear manufacture shifts towards a sustainable Product-Service System (PSS). The PSS consists of seven stages from identification of requirements through to disposal or replacement. Through this, designers and manufacturers can realise safety footwear that is customised to end user sizing, function, industry and aesthetic requirements. For end users, this PSS leads to the creation of more comfortable and practicable footwear, addressing the underlying level of acceptance of uncomfortable safety footwear, reducing waste and providing sex specific offerings.
Designing Industrial Product-Service System (PSS) Pilot Projects in Manufacturing Companies: A Proposed Process for Product and Customer Selection
Authors: Sarancic D. , Pigosso D. C. A. , McAloone T. C.
Published: May 2022

This paper proposes an approach for capital goods manufacturers to design Product-Service System (PSS) pilot projects by selecting appropriate products and customers. The authors conducted a single-case empirical study as a part of an ongoing action research project to maximise the learnings from a pilot project while minimising expenditure in extensive trial and error PSS solution testing. Two sets of criteria were elicited for product and customer selection, respectively, followed by a description of the ideal product and customer attributes for each of the three most common PSS archetypes.
Detection of Cause-Effect Relationships in Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment Based on an Engineering Graph
Authors: Schweitzer G. M. , Mörsdorf S. , Bitzer M. , Vielhaber M.
Published: May 2022

Although Life Cycle Sustainability Assessments (LCSA) are important in evaluating the sustainability of complex products and services, there is no sufficient support for engineers performing LCSA. The concept of an Engineering Graph focuses on the relations of data within engineering. It provides a model that leverages existing data in engineering and extendibility to include specialized databases and open and public data from the semantic web. This paper proposes a concept of how Engineering Graphs can be used to address the issues of LCSA and support engineers.
A Novel User-Centred Framework for the Holistic Design of Therapeutic Medical Devices
Authors: Abela E. , Farrugia P. , Gauci M. V. , Vella P. , Cassar G. , Balzan E.
Published: May 2022

Numerous and complex sequence of activities in medical device development often result in time consuming and expensive engineering processes. In this study, patient and designer requirements were identified and integrated within a novel framework which supports medical device design through a consolidated understanding of user-experience whilst directly coalescing the applicable regulatory requirements in terms of product compliance and certification. This assists in the development of safe and reliable products which reflect the need for increased usability considerations during design.
A Designers' Perspective on Additive Manufactured Smart Wearables for Paediatric Habilitation
Authors: Bonello M. , Farrugia P.
Published: May 2022

The aim of the paper is to identify from the perspective of designers, what is required to optimally design smart habilitation devices for additive manufacturing, whilst ensuring a high quality multi-user experience. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with designers to identify the key requirements to develop such devices. The outcome of this study will provide a preliminary framework for designers to take advantage of the state-of-the-art of design for additive manufacturing in order to meet the expectations of multiple users of smart devices for pediatric occupational therapy.
Towards a Product Service System Framework for Lower Limb Prosthetic Devices
Authors: Patiniott N. , Borg J. C. , Francalanza E. , Gatt A. , Vella P. , Zammit J. , Paetzold K.
Published: May 2022

Amputees face challenges with prosthesis such as cost, long delivery periods, as well as social discomfort. Simultaneously, the prosthetists and manufacturers have a difficulty to handle such diverse issues. We thus contribute a Prosthetic Life-Cycle Service System (ProLiSS) Framework, prescribed to involve amputees in different life phases. From an evaluation of ProLiSS, we conclude that it influences how prosthetics need to be designed and that it is beneficial to perform further research to provide manufacturers with a systematic, amputee-centered development and servicing framework.
Cost Sensitivity Analysis for Laser Powder Bed Fusion
Authors: Mandolini M. , Sartini M. , Favi C. , Germani M.
Published: May 2022

Laser Powder Bed Fusion is the most widespread additive manufacturing process for metals. In literature, there are several analytical models for estimating the manufacturing cost. However, few papers present sensitivity analyses for evaluating the most relevant product and process parameters on the production cost. This paper presents a cost model elaborated from previous studies used in a sensitivity analysis. The most relevant process parameters observed in the sensitivity analysis are the 3D printer load factor, layer thickness, raw material price and laser speed.
Surface Roughness and Design for Additive Manufacturing: A Design Artefact Investigation
Authors: Obilanade D. , Törlind P. , Dordlofva C.
Published: May 2022

Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) brings the possibility to manufacture innovative near-net-shape part designs. But unfortunately, some designed surfaces suffer from rough surface finish due to characteristics of the LPBF process. This paper explores trends in managing surface roughness and through a space industry case study, a proposed process that uses Additive Manufacturing Design Artefacts (AMDAs) is used to investigate the relationship between design, surface roughness and fatigue. The process enables the identification of design uncertainties, however, iterations of AMDA's can be required.
Function Integration through Design for Hybrid Integrating Additive Manufacturing Technologies
Authors: Steffan K.-E. W. H. , Fett M. , Kirchner E.
Published: May 2022

Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies enable the design of new products due to their potentials. The potential of function integration can be extended through a combination of AM with a component integrating technology forming a hybrid integrating additive manufacturing technology (hiAM). With a created development method optimization areas within a product are identified on a functional level using characteristics, structural configurations and integrated functional areas. These are derived analysing examples in literature. The method is applied to a mechanical arm and hand prosthesis.
Impact of Autonomous Solutions on Electric Earthmoving Design Using Machine Learning: Case Study
Authors: Abdelmassih A. , Faddoul R. , Geara F.
Published: May 2022

The increased development in automated driving systems (ADS) has opened up significant opportunities to revolutionize mobility and to set the path for technologies, such as electrification. The proposed methodology is a simulation model backed by a multi-objective optimization algorithm. This research investigates the adoption of future technologies in earthmoving application and explores its implications on the design of future machine concepts in terms of equipment size. The shift from “elephant to ants” in the machine selection, resulted in improved feasibility.
Using Machine Learning for Product Portfolio Management: A Methodical Approach to Predict Values of Product Attributes for Multi-Variant Product Portfolios
Authors: Mehlstäubl J. , Braun F. , Denk M. , Kraul R. , Paetzold K.
Published: May 2022

To satisfy customer needs in the best way, companies offer them an almost infinite number of product variants. Although, an identical product was not built before, the values of its attributes must be determined during the product configuration process. This paper introduces a methodical approach to predict the values of product attributes based on customer feature configurations using machine learning. Machine learning reduces the effort compared to rule-based expert systems and is both, more accurate and faster. The approach was validated by predicting vehicle weights using industrial data.
Robust Design Optimization of Mechatronics Systems: Parallel Electric Drivetrain Application
Authors: Rosich A. , López C. , Dewangan P. , Abedrabbo G.
Published: May 2022

This paper addresses the problem of finding a robust optimal design when uncertain parameters in the form of crisp or interval sets are present in the optimization. Furthermore, in order to make the approach as general as possible, direct search methods with the help of sensitivity analysis techniques are employed to optimize the design. Consequently, the presented approach is suitable for black box models for which no, or very little, information of the equations governing the model is available. The design of an electric drivetrain is used to illustrate the benefits of the proposed method.
Generative Pre-Trained Transformer for Design Concept Generation: An Exploration
Authors: Zhu Q. , Luo J.
Published: May 2022

Novel concepts are essential for design innovation and can be generated with the aid of data stimuli and computers. However, current generative design algorithms focus on diagrammatic or spatial concepts that are either too abstract to understand or too detailed for early phase design exploration. This paper explores the uses of generative pre-trained transformers (GPT) for natural language design concept generation. Our experiments involve the use of GPT-2 and GPT-3 for different creative reasonings in design tasks. Both show reasonably good performance for verbal design concept generation.
Automated Requirement Dependency Analysis for Complex Technical Systems
Authors: Gräßler I. , Oleff C. , Hieb M. , Preuß D.
Published: May 2022

Requirements changes are a leading cause for project failures. Due to propagation effects, change management requires dependency analysis. Existing approaches have shortcomings regarding ability to process large requirement sets, availability of required data, differentiation of propagation behavior and consideration of higher order dependencies. This paper introduces a new method for advanced requirement dependency analysis based on machine learning. Evaluation proves applicability and high performance by means of a case example, 4 development projects and 3 workshops with industry experts.
Responsibility Assignment in Systems Engineering
Authors: Gräßler I. , Thiele H. , Grewe B. , Hieb M.
Published: May 2022

Increasing system complexity can be controlled by using systems engineering processes. INCOSE defines processes with inputs and outputs (artifacts) for this purpose. Specific SE roles are used to organize the tasks of the processes within the company. In this work, the responsibilities for artifacts are evaluated by means of the RACI scheme and examined by a cluster analysis and discussed for a SE transformation project with a German automotive OEM. As a result of the study, the optimal composition for systems engineering teams is identified and the systems engineering roles are prioritized.
Model-Based Effect-Chain Analysis for Complex Systems
Authors: Gräßler I. , Wiechel D. , Koch A.-S. , Preuß D. , Oleff C.
Published: May 2022

Effect chain modeling approaches are applied to model cause-effect relations and analyze affected elements and dependencies. In this paper a systematic literature research is conducted to derive main characteristics and limitations of existing approaches. Then, the Model-based Effect Chain Analysis (MECA) method is introduced. Evaluation proves applicability of the method by means of a case example. This is done in the context of a project with a German automotive company. In the project 66 workshops were conducted to model certification-compliant effect chains in accordance to the UN ECE 156.
Inquiry and Analysis of Challenges in the Development of Smart Product-Service Systems
Authors: Paliyenko Y. , Tüzün G.-J. , Roth D. , Kreimeyer M.
Published: May 2022

In a smart product-service system (smart PSS), non-tangible services are bundled with tangible products as well as options for information and communication technologies. Enterprises offer smart PSS in order to provide added value for customers and deal with increasing competitive pressure. However, the development of these complex systems also presents enterprises, especially SMEs, with challenges. In order to identify the challenges in the development of smart PSS and requests for corresponding support, a multi-method study was conducted with eighteen participants from German SMEs.
Survey of Model-Based Design Reviews: Practices & Challenges?
Authors: Pinquié R. , Romero V. , Noel F.
Published: May 2022

The design of large-scale engineered systems relies on the extensive use of models. Although there are few papers that study design review practices, we did not find any on model-based design reviews. Thus, we undertook a survey to collect current practices and challenges. We found that reviews are mainly synchronous co-located or remote meetings that involve various profiles who need to access and share models, but that they pragmatically give them up and prefer to comment on PowerPoint-like slides containing screenshots of models except when the meeting gathers only experts in model-based design.
Avoid Service Design Trap by Guiding Product/Service System Design with Product-Service Dependency Knowledge Base
Authors: Sakao T. , Neramballi A. , Matschewsky J.
Published: May 2022

This article aims to contribute to the knowledge on product/service system (PSS) design practice as follows. First, a new rationale for why PSS design in practice often does not exploit its full potential is given based on a theory on inseparability of services. Second, a representation of the dependencies between product design parameters (DPs) and service DPs in a form of potential-dependency knowledge base is proposed as a remedy. Third, reusability of the knowledge captured from product-service integration across sectorial borders is shown with PSS design at a complex product manufacturer.
Design and Evaluation of an Inclusive Autonomous Vehicle User Interface Developed for Persons with Visual Acuity Loss
Authors: Angeleska E. , Aleksovska A. , Avramov N. , Sidorenko S. , Rizov T. , Jankovic A.
Published: May 2022

This research focuses on evaluating a user interface (UI) for an autonomous vehicle (AV) with the goal to determine the most suitable layout for persons with visual acuity loss. The testing procedure includes a Wizard of Oz AV for simulating an automated ride. Several participants are included in the study and the visual impairments are simulated by specially designed glasses. The conclusions help to determine the optimal graphic design of the UI that can be independently used by persons with blurred vision. The results can be applied to improve the inclusiveness and ergonomics of vehicle UIs.
Human Geometries as Key Starting Point in Sports Performance - Designing Equipment for Individual Performance in Paralympic Sit-Ski
Authors: Nesheim O. S. , Bentengen D. H. , Eikevåg S. W. , Steinert M.
Published: May 2022

This article investigates human geometry in design, allowing exploration of unknown geometries in Paralympic sports equipment. By creating a configuration map exploring the solution-space, optimal sit-ski seating positions–in the sense of performance and ergonomics–can efficiently be found for individual athletes. A physical prototype was developed, and an experiment was designed to identify changes in performance due to different geometries. The design method and application make it possible to translate critical angles onto geometries, and test individuals for optimal work ergonomics.
An Exploration of Some Aspects to Consider When Opening Futures
Authors: Ortega Alvarado I. A.
Published: May 2022

This paper follows the form of an essay, it offers a narrative review inquiring conceptually about opening futures. The main research question is: What concepts could help elucidate the new position of designers when futures are open? Four branches of literature from design are addressed, considering their core approaches: participation, infrastructures, systems thinking, and narratives. Focus on these four approaches could lead to profound discussions about what it means to open futures and the current relevance of expert design.
Design Reviews in Immersive and Non-Immersive Collaborative Virtual Environments: Comparing Verbal Communication Structures
Authors: Horvat N. , Brnčić M. , Perišić M. M. , Martinec T. , Bojčetić N. , Škec S.
Published: May 2022

The paper explores the differences between immersive and non-immersive collaborative virtual environments (CVEs) during design reviews. Based on ten reviews with one designer and two reviewers, the study shows that CVEs affect verbal communication structure. More specifically, teams usually talked less, and reviewers exchanged significantly more turn sequences in immersive than in non-immersive CVEs. Regardless of the environment, most turn sequences were related to the designer, who usually talked the most. These findings contribute to the understanding of CVEs in virtual teams.
A Case Study Exploring the Role of Design in Maturing University-Developed Technology
Authors: Mesa D. , Tan L. , Ranscombe C.
Published: May 2022

Universities struggle to commercialise scientific research. However, designers can help scientists bridge the research-market gap in different ways. Although the value design can bring to science is understood, how design outputs deliver value to scientific research remains unexplored. Our paper reports findings from a designer-scientist collaboration developing a graphene-based water desalination technology. By reflecting on this case study, we found that design outputs serve different purposes in developing technology and assist in progressing technology maturation efficiently.
Framework for FAMD-Based Identification of RCPSP-Constraints for Improved Project Scheduling
Authors: Riesener M. , Kuhn M. , Keuper A. , Lender B. , Schuh G.
Published: May 2022

Product development in today's manufacturing companies is characterized by multiple development projects under intense time constraints. This means that the success of projects impacts the company's success significantly. However, industrial practices show that many projects fail to meet their time targets. This paper presents a methodology to systematically improve project schedule adherence of development projects by combining exploratory data analysis of historic project data with project scheduling optimizations to enhance the project schedules and enable more successful projects.
Virtually Hosted Hackathons for Design Research: Lessons Learned from the International Design Engineering Annual (IDEA) Challenge 2021
Authors: Goudswaard M. , Kent L. , Giunta L. , Gopsill J. , Snider C. , Valjak F. , Christensen K. A. , Felton H. , Ege D. N. , Real R. M. , Cox C. , Horvat N. , Kohtala S. , Eikevåg S. W. , Martinec T. , Perišić M. M. , Steinert M. , Hicks B.
Published: May 2022

This paper provides an overview and appraisal of the International Design Engineering Annual (IDEA) challenge - a virtually hosted design hackathon run with the aim of generating a design research dataset that can provide insights into design activities at virtually hosted hackathons. The resulting dataset consists of 200+ prototypes with over 1300 connections providing insights into the products, processes and people involved in the design process. The paper also provides recommendations for future deployments of virtual hackathons for design research.
Enabling Initial Design-Checks of Parametric Designs Using Digital Engineering Methods
Authors: Gerschütz B. , Bickel S. , Schleich B. , Wartzack S.
Published: May 2022

The world consequently gets faster, so does product development. Therefore, the stock of development and simulation data increases continuously. Unfortunately, inexperienced users cannot cope with the rising number of simulation requests in the time needed. Digital Engineering opens potentials to support the users with newly developed methods and tools. In this contribution, we present a method to assist designers, inexperienced in finite-element simulations to perform an initial check of changed parametric designs independently, quickly and with support in interpreting the results.
Investigating Triple Process Theory in Design Protocols
Authors: Vieira Sonia , Kannengiesser U. , Benedek M.
Published: May 2022

This study presents a coding scheme for design protocols that is derived from Triple Process Theory postulating the existence of three categories of cognitive processes: spontaneous, deliberate, and metacognitive. We applied the coding scheme to think-aloud protocols of designers engaged in an open design task. Results show that all three types occur during designing. The scheme we propose has the potential to ground accounts of Triple Process Theory for design in empirical studies. We explore the relation between design sessions outcomes and shifts between cognitive processes.
An Approach to Transfer Biological Solutions Based on the Interaction of Mechanisms to Technical Products
Authors: Bartz M. , Uttich E. , Wanieck K. , Bender B. , Wartzack S.
Published: May 2022

Biological solutions are often used for developing technically innovative products in a biomimetic process. However, biological solutions do not always make it into a successful technical product, e.g. due to a lack of knowledge on the mechanisms of action. A new approach is presented for transferring biological solutions based on complex mechanisms of action. It is based on mathematical optimization methods and applied to the lightweight design of the musculoskeletal system. Finally, first technical implementations in the field of robotics, among others, will be presented.
An Eye-Tracking Study to Identify the Most Observed Features in a Physical Prototype of a Tiny House
Authors: Berni A. , Altavilla S. , Ruiz-Pastor L. , Nezzi C. , Borgianni Y.
Published: May 2022

This exploratory work aims to understand which elements of a building mostly attract visitors’ attention. An experiment was conducted to allow participants to visit a prototype tiny house while wearing eye-tracking glasses. Identified gazed elements of the prototype were selected and the corresponding dwell times used as variables. The limited dwell times on structural elements show that they can be easily overshadowed by other features present in the building. This leads to a design problem when the novelty and the quality of a new product, markedly a building, reside in the materials used.
Do You See What I See? Exploring Vividness of Visual Mental Imagery in Product Design Ideation
Authors: Hart E. , Hay L.
Published: May 2022

This paper reports a preliminary study (N=16) exploring vividness of visual mental imagery in product design ideation. Vividness was observed to vary across designers in the study, from high (68.8% of participants) to moderate (18.8%) to low (12.5%). A significant, strong positive relationship was found between vividness and creativity. Most participants reported using imagery always or sometimes, except one who has difficulties forming mental images. The results have several implications, including the possibility of other ‘ways of imagining’ not captured by visual reasoning models of design.
The Relation between the Characteristics of Individual and Collaborative Concept Generation
Authors: Matsumae A. , Hirasawa H.
Published: May 2022

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the concept generation process on metacognition, and the relation between individual concept generation characteristics and the nature of collaboration. The results of the experiment revealed that the attitude affects individual concept generation characteristics, the meta-cognition developed and the quality of the concepts generated. In paired concept generation, the awareness and the attitude toward the partner and individual concept generation characteristics affect the nature of both the collaborative process and generated concepts.
Climatic controls on phosphorus concentrations in The Loch, Loch Vale Watershed, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA since the last glacial maximum
Authors: Price Jason R. , Szymanski David W. , Slemmons Krista E.H. , Eskey Mackenzie , Johnson Edward , Bricker Suzanne
Published: May 2022

The alpine–subalpine Loch Vale watershed (LVW) of Colorado, USA, has relatively high natural lithogenic P5+ fluxes to surface waters. For 1992–2018, the largest number of stream samples with P5+ concentrations ([P5+]) above detection limits occurred in 2008, corresponding with the highest frost-cracking intensity (FCI). Therefore, relatively cold winters and warm summers with a comparatively low mean annual temperature partly influence stream [P5+]. Sediment cores were collected from The Loch, an outlet lake of the LVW. Iron-, Al-, and Mn-oxide-bound phosphorus (adsorbed and authigenic phosphates; NP) serves as a proxy measurement for paleolake [P5+]. The highest NP in the core occurred during the cold and dry Allerød interstade. The lowest NP concentrations in the core occurred during climatically very wet periods in the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene. Therefore, [P5+] are highest with relatively cold winters followed by relatively warm summers, relatively low mean annual temperatures, and relatively little rainfall and/or cryospheric melting. Currently the LVW is experiencing warming and melting of the permanent cryosphere with a rapidly declining FCI since 2008. This has the potential to dramatically decrease [P5+] in surface water ecosystems of the LVW, reducing biological productivity, enhancing P-limitation, and increasing ecosystem reliance on aeolian P5+.
The social cost of high sodium diet in Singapore
Authors: Koh Jemima , Ang Gregory , Tan Kelvin-Bryan , Chen Cynthia
Published: May 2022

High sodium (Na) diet is one of the leading behavioural risks of disease identified in the Singapore Burden of Disease Study. We aim to estimate the cost attributable to a high Na diet in Singapore in 2019 from a societal perspective by employing a prevalence-based approach in cost-of-illness studies. We extracted national-level healthcare data and population attributable fractions by sex and age. Costs included direct and indirect costs from inpatient treatment and productivity losses. In 2019, the annual societal cost attributable to a high Na diet was conservatively estimated to be USA$262 million (95 % uncertainty interval (UI) 218, 359 million). At least USA$67·8 million (95 % UI 48·4, 120 million) and USA$194 million (95 % UI 153, 274 million) could be saved on healthcare and indirect costs, respectively, if the daily Na intake of Singaporeans was reduced to an average of 3 g. Overall, males had higher costs compared with females at USA$221 million (95 % UI 174, 312 million) and USA$41·1 million (95 % UI 33·5, 61·7 million), respectively. Productivity loss from foregone wages due to premature mortality had the largest cost at USA$191 million (95 % UI 150, 271 million). CVD had the largest healthcare expenditure at USA$61·4 million (95 % UI 41·6, 113 million), driven by ischaemic heart disease at USA$41·0 million (95 % UI 21·4, 88·9 million). Our study found that reducing Na intake could reduce future healthcare expenditures and productivity losses. This result is vital for policy evaluation in a rapidly ageing society like Singapore, where the burden of diseases associated with high Na diet is expected to increase.