bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Power‐Control Theory of Vulnerability to Crime and Adolescent Role Exits—Revisited*
Authors: Blackwell Brenda Sims , Sellers Christine S. , Schlaupitz Sheila M.
Published: July 2010

Hagan (1990) a adapté la théorie du pouvoir‐contrôle pour expliquer le rôle joué par la distinction homme‐femme dans la vulnérabilité au crime, mélange de victimisation et d'offense, et la recherche d'une sortie par rôle déviant. Les auteures « revisitent » ces propos et, con‐sidérant la victimisation et l'offense séparément, essaient d'élargir le concept de recherche de sortie, y compris la réalisation d'une sortie par rôle déviant. Les analyses révèlent que ce modèle explique en partie les différences de sexe dans la dealinquance, mais cela n'est le cas ni pour la victimisation ni pour la recherche de sortie par rôle déviant. Les variables du pouvoir‐contrôle exercent leur influence de manière différente sur le rapport entre sexe et tentatives de sortie par rôle déviant. En guise de conclusion, il est proposé que ce modèle se révèle capable d'améliorer la compréhension du rôle des différences liées au sexe dans des comportements autres que criminels.

Hagan (1990) extended power‐control theory to explain gender differences in vulnerability to crime, a composite of victimization and offending, and the search for deviant role exits. We revisit this elaboration, considering victimization and offending separately, broadening the concept of search for role exits, and including enactment of role exits. Analyses reveal that the model partially explains gender differences in delinquency, but not victimization or the search for role exits. The power‐control variables differentially impact the relationship between gender and role exit behaviour. We conclude that the model promises to improve our understanding of gender differences in behaviours other than crime.
A Conversation on the Future of the Academy with James Turk, PhD, Executive Director, Canadian Association of University Teachers
Authors: Grant Karen R.
Published: July 2010

Le thème de ce numéro spécial nous a fourni l'occasion d'engager une conversation avec James Turk, sociologue et directeur général de l'Association canadienne des professeures et professeurs d'université (ACPPU). L'entretien eut lieu a Ottawa en décembre 2001 et quelques precisions ont été apportées en avril 2002.

The special theme of this issue afforded us an opportunity to engage with Dr. James Turk, a sociologist who is currently the executive director of the Canadian Association of University Teachers (CAUT). This conversation was held in Ottawa in December 2001, with additional follow‐up in April 2002.
But Is It Good for Non‐Urban Women's Health? Regionalizing Maternity Care Services in British Columbia*
Authors: Benoit Cecilia , Carroll Dena , Millar Alison
Published: July 2010

La Colombie‐Britannique, comme la plupart des autres provinces ou territoires canadiens, s'est orientée au cours de la dernière décennie vers une régionalisation de ses services de santé. Il en a résulté un glissement dans la planification et la prestation de services du centre vers la périphérie et un accent plus important mis sur la prise de décision locale. Cette étude explore les effets de la régionalisation sur la planification et la prestation de soins en maternitéà l'extérieur des grands centres urbains en Colombie‐Britannique. L'article fait la lumière sur la perception qu'ont les futures mères des répercussions de la régionalisation et établit des comparaisons avec les attentes des artisans de réformes à l'endroit du processus mené par le gouvernement.

British Columbia, like most other Canadian provinces and territories, has in the last decade moved towards regionalization of health care services. This process has resulted in a shift in service delivery and planning from the core to the periphery, and a greater emphasis on local control and decision making. This study explores the impact of regionalization on the planning and delivery of maternity care services outside of large metropolitan areas of B.C. The paper sheds light on how birthing women perceive the impact of regionalization and compares this information to reform makers' expectations about the government‐led process.
Social Networks, Identification and Participation in an Environmental Movement: Low‐medium Cost Activism within the British Columbia Wilderness Preservation Movement*
Authors: Tindall David B.
Published: July 2010

Cet article examine comment la structure des réseaux personnels (ou égocentriques) est liée à la participation continue des individus dans un mouvement social (le British Columbia Wilderness Preservation Movement). Les résultats présentés dans ce texte suggèrent que la communication, le recrutement continu et l'identification influent sur le rapport entre la structure des réseaux et le niveau de participation dans le mouvement. Différents aspects de la structure du réseau personnel ont différents effets sur ces processus de médiation. Finalement, dans le contexte d'un activisme comportant des risques/coûts faibles ou moyens, les liens faibles sont plus importants pour faciliter la participation que ne le sont les liens forts.

This article examines how the structure of egocentric (or personal) networks is related to the ongoing participation of individuals in a social movement (the British Columbia Wilderness Preservation Movement). The results presented in this paper suggest that: communication, ongoing recruitment, and identification mediate the relationship between ego‐network structure and level of movement participation. Different aspects of personal network structure have differential effects on these intervening processes. Finally, under conditions of low‐medium risk/cost activism, weak ties are more important to facilitating participation than are strong ties.
Coordination et coopération au sein d'ensembles organisés: une affaire de confiance
Authors: Giauque David
Published: July 2010

The concept of trust is currently enjoying a revival of popularity in the scientific, academic and management fields. The present article attempts to discern the reasons for this renewed interest, particularly within management studies and the social sciences. A critical review of the literature is conducted so as to better understand the concept itself, as well as its impact and utility for organizational analysis. This enables us to propose a multidimensional reading of the notion of trust. Finally, we come to the conclusion that researchers must examine areas of trust and mistrust within organizations in order to better comprehend sources of co‐operation and conflict.

La notion de confiance bénéficie actuellement d'un regain d'intérêt de la part des chercheurs, des professeurs et des gestionnaires. Cet article vise à comprendre le pourquoi du regain d'intérêt portéà ce concept, notamment dans les sciences humaines et les sciences de la gestion, à la suite de quoi une recension critique des écrits est menée afin de mieux comprendre cette notion, sa portée et son utilité dans l'analyse du fonctionnement organisationnel. Cette perspective nous permet de proposer un point de vue multidimensionnel concernant la question de la confiance pour enfin conclure par la nécessité, pour le chercheur, de se livrer à une analyse des zones de confiance/défiance au sein des organisations afin de comprendre les sources de coopération/conflit.
Community Policing and “John Schools”*
Authors: BRUNSCHOT ERIN GIBBS VAN
Published: July 2010

De nos jours, la police a déjà subi et continue de subir des changements dans sa philosophie et sa pratique fondamentales. Des zones de contrôle social auparavant laissées dans L'ombre par la police sont maintenant regroupées sous L'expression « police communautaire «. Le contrôle de la prostitution, bien qu'il soit traditionnellement axé sur les travailleuses du sexe, a récemment été ramené sous le parapluie de la police communautaire par le biais de méthodes parti‐culières. Cet article examine la police de quartier et son rôle élargi en prenant pour exemple les « John schools » ou programmes de traitement pour les clients de prostituées. Ces programmes, en tant que police communautaire en pratique, mettent en relief les difficultés de cette approche en général et, plus particulièrement, celles de la prostitution.

Policing today has gone through and continues to undergo changes in its basic philosophy and practice. Areas of social control previously ignored by police are now included under the rhetoric of “community policing.” Control of prostitution activity, although an historical mainstay of policing directed primarily at female sex workers, has recently been subsumed under the umbrella of community policing through particular methods aimed at its control. This paper examines community policing and the expanded police role through the example of “John schools” or prostitution offender programs. As community policing in practice, such prostitution offender programs highlight the difficulties of the community policing approach generally, and the policing perspective on prostitution more specifically.
Urban Natives and the Nation: Before and After the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples*
Authors: ANDERSEN CHRIS , DENIS CLAUDE
Published: July 2010

Cet article étudie la relation entre la formation de L'État canadien et la construction des identités amérindiennes, au moyen de la fonction légitimante des commissions d'enquête, pour la période allant de la Loi constitutionnelle, 1982 au rapport de la Commission royale sur les peuples autochtones en 1996. Nous examinons, en particulier, dans quelle mesure le rapport de la CRPA « normalise » des narratifs de politique amérindienne déjà présents, les stabilisant en une hiérarchie rigide de revendications qui s'appuie sur le modèle de la nation. L'analyse se concentre sur le positionnement problématique des Amérindiens urbains et des Indiens sans statut face à la « nation », ce qui mène à leur marginalisation dans les débats politiques actuels.

This paper examines the relationship between Canadian state formation and the construction of Aboriginal identities via the legitimating function of the public inquiry, for the period from the adoption of the Constitution Act, 1982 to the Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (1996). Specifically, we examine the extent to which the RCAP Report “normalizes” pre‐existing narratives regarding Aboriginal politics into a rigid hierarchy of claims privileging the nation model and those Aboriginals with a land base. We argue that the nation model is reinforced, legitimized and publicized through the RCAP Report's function as a legitimating tool of the state.
Feminist Representation(s) of Women Living on Welfare: The Case of Workfare and the Erosion of Volunteer Time*
Authors: MICHAUD JACINTHE
Published: July 2010

Cet article veut en premier démontrer comment l'interprétation féministe des besoins des femmes dans le contexte du travail obligatoire repose sur plusieurs interrelations au sein des groupes communautaires, puis que ces interrelations surviennent dans le contexte d'une politique publique qui a pour effet de transformer le travail volontaire et le temps volontaire à l'intérieur du secteur communautaire en exigeant que les femmes qui vivent de l'aide sociale transforment ce travail en travail obligatoire et en demandant que les groupes communautaires acceptent des placements de travail obligatoire, ce qui a pour effet de remplacer les travailleuses volontaires et de changer le sens donnéà leur travail lui‐même. L'article se termine sur une discussion à propos du statut intermédiaire des groupes de femmes et sur l'évolution de la représentation des besoins particuliers des femmes dans la sphère publique/politique.

This article intends to show, first, how feminist interpretations of women's needs in the context of workfare are formed through social interactions within community groups. Second, we demonstrate that these interactions are happening within a context of a public policy that is reshaping volunteer work and volunteer time within the community sector by requiring that women living on welfare transform their volunteer work into compulsory work and by asking community groups to accept workfare placements, which result in the displacement of volunteer workers and transform the meaning of volunteer work itself. The article ends with a discussion on the intermediary status of women's groups, as well as the evolution of women's needs representation within the public/political sphere.
From Divergence to Convergence: The Sex Differential in Life Expectancy in Canada, 1971–2000*
Authors: Trovato Frank , Lalu Nirannanilathu
Published: July 2010

Au cows du XXesiècle, la différence de l'espérance de vie entre les sexes dans les pays industrialisés a augmenté en faveur des femmes. On a remarqué récemment un renversement du modèle a long terme de cet écart dans certains pays. Au Canada, entre 1981 et 2000, cette différence a diminué d'environ deux ans. Une grande partie de ce phénomène sexplique par un taux de mortalité moins élevé chez les hommes que celui auquel on se serait attendu par rapport aux cardiopathies, aux cancers du poumon, aux accidents et à la violence (les suicides non compris). Le changement de la préevalence du tabagisme chez les hommes et chez les femmes est en forte corrélation avec la modification de la mortalité due aux maladies du cœur et au cancer en fonction des sexes. Les raisons qui expliquent la diminution de la mortalité chez les hommes par suite d'accidents et de violence sont cependant moins claires et exigent des recherches plus approfondies.

Over the 20th century sex differences in life expectancy in the industrialized countries have widened in favour of women. Recently, a reversal in the long‐term pattern of this differential has been noted in some countries. In Canada, between 1981 and 2000, this differential narrowed by almost two years. Greater than expected improvements in male death rates with respect to heart disease, lung cancer, accidents and violence (excluding suicide) explain a large part of this phenomenon. Change in male and female smoking prevalence correlates strongly with change in sex differences in mortality from heart disease and cancer. The reasons underlying men's greater mortality improvements in regard to accidents and violence are less clear and need further investigation.
From Canadian Corporate Elite to Transnational Capitalist Class: Transitions in the Organization of Corporate Power*
Authors: Carroll William K.
Published: July 2010

Cet article se penche sur un programme de recherche qui a consigné les transitions qui ont été effectuées dans l'élite de l'entreprise canadienne et qui a enquêté dernièrement sur la formation d'une classe capitaliste transnationale. Le programme s'est concentré sur l'organisation sociale du pouvoir des grandes sociétés sous ses aspects à la fois cumulatifs et hégémoniques, telle qu'elle a été retrouvée par le réeseau des conseils d'administration interdépendants dans les plus grandes entreprises. Des événements récents au Canada illustrent les transitions qui semblent indispensables a la forme financière de l'accumulation et aux « politiques axées sur le marché» caractérisant le capitalisme néolibéral Dans l'ensemble, l'analyse du réseau démontre que la classe capitaliste transnationale ne se trouve qu'à l'état naissant malgré l'organisation sociale fournie par les réseaux internationaux et les groupes de planification de politiques mondiaux.

This article reflects on a research program that has mapped transitions in the Canadian corporate elite and has more recently investigated the formation of a transnational capitalist class. The program has focussed on the social organization of corporate power in both its accumulative and hegemonic aspects, as traced by the network of interlwkmg directorates among the largest fms. Recent developments in Canada exempw transitions that seem integral to the fmancialized form of accumulation and the “market‐driven politics” that characterize neo‐liberal capitalism. Globally, network analysis shows the transnational capitalist class to be only nascent, despite the social organization provided by transnational interlocks and global policy‐planning groups.
Radix Dipsaci does not improve tendon healing in a rat model of patellar tendon donor site injury
Authors: Chan Kai‐ming , Fu Sai‐chuen , Hui Wun‐chun , Chan Lai‐shan , Rui Yun‐feng , Qin Ling , Hung Leung‐kim
Published: July 2010

Objective:  To explore whether Radix Dipsaci (RD) exhibits beneficial effects on tendon healing.

Methods:  An attempt was made to explore the in vitro effects of a hot water extract of RD on gene expression of procollagen Type I (COL1A1), procollagen Type III (COL3A1) and decorin in cultured tendon fibroblasts, and its in vivo effects in a well‐established rat model of patellar tendon donor site injury.

Results:  It was found that gene expression of COL3A1 and decorin in cultured tendon fibroblasts was significantly increased by RD, but that COL1A1 was not affected. In vivo studies showed that RD increased blood vessels in the wound but did not significantly affect the expression of COL1A1, COL3A1 and decorin at day 14 post‐injury. The ultimate tensile stress of the healing tendon was not significantly improved by either local injection or oral administration of hot water extract of RD (P > 0.05).

Conclusion:  The present findings imply that RD per se does not significantly improve tendon healing. Further investigation of RD in a herbal formula may be necessary to test its efficacy in tendon injuries.
Pre‐bent elastic stable intramedullary nail fixation for distal radial shaft fractures in children
Authors: Ge Yi‐hua , Wang Zhi‐gang , Cai Hai‐qing , Yang Jie , Xu Yun‐lan , Li Yu‐chan , Zhang Yu‐chen , Chen Bo‐chang
Published: July 2010

Objective:  To investigate the functional and radiographic outcomes of pre‐bent elastic stable intramedullary nail in treatment of distal radial shaft fractures in children.

Methods:  From January 2006 to December 2008, 18 children with distal radial shaft fracture were treated by close reduction and internal fixation with a pre‐bent elastic stable intramedullary nail. The age range was from 5 years to 15 years, with an average of 9 years and 8 months. The minimum follow‐up was 12 months.

Results:  All fractures maintained good alignment postoperatively, and 94.4% (17/18) of the patients regained a full range of rotation of the forearm. One patient has limitation of rotation to less than 10°, this had improved by final follow‐up. Complications included soft tissue irritation at the site of nail insertion in one patient and transient scar hypersensitivity in another.

Conclusion:  Fixation with a pre‐bent elastic stable intramedullary nail is an effective, safe and convenient method for treating distal radial shaft fractures in children.
Rotordynamic Moment on the Backshroud of a Francis Turbine Runner Under Whirling Motion
Authors: Song Bingwei , Horiguchi Hironori , Ma Zhenyue , Tsujimoto Yoshinobu
Published: July 2010

This paper addresses the rotordynamic instability of an overhung rotor caused by a hydrodynamic moment due to whirling motion through the structural coupling between whirl and precession modes. First, the possibility of instability is discussed based on a vibration model in which the hydrodynamic forces and moments are assumed to be smaller than structural forces with the structural coupling being represented by a structural influence factor. Then, the fundamental characteristics of rotordynamic moment on the backshroud of a Francis turbine runner under whirling motion were studied using model tests and numerical calculations. The runner is modeled by a disk positioned close to a casing with a small radial clearance at the outer periphery. The moment is caused by an inward leakage flow that is produced by an external pump in the model test. The experiments were designed to measure the rotordynamic fluid force moments under various leakage flow rates with various preswirl velocities and various axial clearances between the backshroud and casing. The computation was carried out based on a bulk flow model. It was found that the fluid force moment is generally destabilizing, except for a small region of positive whirling speed ratios.
Numerical and Experimental Analysis of Turbulent Flow in Corrugated Pipes
Authors: Stel Henrique , Morales Rigoberto E. M. , Franco Admilson T. , Junqueira Silvio L. M. , Erthal Raul H. , Gonçalves Marcelo A. L.
Published: July 2010

This article describes a numerical and experimental investigation of turbulent flow in pipes with periodic “d-type” corrugations. Four geometric configurations of d-type corrugated surfaces with different groove heights and lengths are evaluated, and calculations for Reynolds numbers ranging from 5000 to 100,000 are performed. The numerical analysis is carried out using computational fluid dynamics, and two turbulence models are considered: the two-equation, low-Reynolds-number Chen–Kim k-ε turbulence model, for which several flow properties such as friction factor, Reynolds stress, and turbulence kinetic energy are computed, and the algebraic LVEL model, used only to compute the friction factors and a velocity magnitude profile for comparison. An experimental loop is designed to perform pressure-drop measurements of turbulent water flow in corrugated pipes for the different geometric configurations. Pressure-drop values are correlated with the friction factor to validate the numerical results. These show that, in general, the magnitudes of all the flow quantities analyzed increase near the corrugated wall and that this increase tends to be more significant for higher Reynolds numbers as well as for larger grooves. According to previous studies, these results may be related to enhanced momentum transfer between the groove and core flow as the Reynolds number and groove length increase. Numerical friction factors for both the Chen–Kim k-ε and LVEL turbulence models show good agreement with the experimental measurements.
Machine Science
Authors: Evans James , Rzhetsky Andrey
Published: July 2010

Soon, computers could generate many useful hypotheses with little help from humans.
Filtering Wildlife
Authors: Brashares Justin S.
Published: July 2010

“Extinction filters” help visualize complex threats faced by wildlife in protected areas.
Dnmt3a-Dependent Nonpromoter DNA Methylation Facilitates Transcription of Neurogenic Genes
Authors: Wu Hao , Coskun Volkan , Tao Jifang , Xie Wei , Ge Weihong , Yoshikawa Kazuaki , Li En , Zhang Yi , Sun Yi Eve
Published: July 2010

Location, Location, Location

The genome receives epigenetic marks throughout development that regulate the activity of multiple genes. One such mark is methylation, which usually represses gene transcription. Methylation has generally been studied in the promoters of genes, where many regulatory signals coordinate to control the expression of the gene. Studying neural stem cells from mice,

Wu
et al.

(p.
444
) now show that DNA methylation can be a double-edged sword. Although methylation of DNA sequences in promoters tends to be repressive, methylation of DNA sequences beyond the promoters can actually promote gene expression. Analysis of the methyltransferase Dnmt3a in mouse neural stem cells revealed that methylations around neurogenic genes—but outside their promoters—maintained the activity of these genes.
A Plant Breeder's History of the World
Hybrid
The History and Science of Plant Breeding

by Noel Kingsbury

University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2009. 509 pp. $35, £24. ISBN 9780226437040.
Authors: Bennett Alan B.
Published: July 2010

Drawing on historical and scientific accounts, Kingsbury traces the use of selective breeding and hybridization in attempts to make plants more reliable, productive, and nutritious.
Planned Study of Avandia in Doubt After FDA Review
Authors: Kean Sam
Published: July 2010

Last week's sharply divided opinion on whether the Food and Drug Administration should pull the glucose-lowering drug Avandia from the U.S. market for potentially increasing the risk of heart attacks in diabetes patients has left a lingering scientific question: What should happen to a study, called TIDE, that compares Avandia and a competing drug, Actos?
Assessment of Route of Administration and Dose Escalation for an Adenovirus-Based Influenza A Virus (H5N1) Vaccine in Chickens
Authors: Steitz Julia , Wagner Robert A. , Bristol Tyler , Gao Wentao , Donis Ruben O. , Gambotto Andrea
Published: July 2010

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus causes one of the most economically devastating poultry diseases. An HPAI vaccine to prevent the disease in commercial and backyard birds must be effective, safe, and inexpensive. Recently, we demonstrated the efficacy of an adenovirus-based H5N1 HPAI vaccine (Ad5.HA) in chickens. To further evaluate the potential of the Ad5.HA vaccine and its cost-effectiveness, studies to determine the minimal effective dose and optimal route of administration in chickens were performed. A dose as low as 10
7
viral particles (vp) of adenovirus-based H5N1 vaccine per chicken was sufficient to generate a robust humoral immune response, which correlated with the previously reported level of protection. Several routes of administration, including intratracheal, conjunctival, subcutaneous, and
in ovo
routes, were evaluated for optimal vaccine administration. However, only the subcutaneous route of immunization induced a satisfactory level of influenza virus-specific antibodies. Importantly, these studies established that the vaccine-induced immunity was cross-reactive against an H5N1 strain from a different clade, emphasizing the potential of cross-protection. Our results suggest that the Ad5.HA HPAI vaccine is safe and effective, with the potential of cross-clade protection. The ease of manufacturing and cost-effectiveness make Ad5.HA an excellent avian influenza vaccine candidate with the ability to protect poultry from HPAI virus infection. Considering the limitations of the influenza vaccine technology currently used for poultry applications, any effort aimed at overcoming those limitations is highly significant.
Integration of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Drug Susceptibility Testing and Genotyping with Epidemiological Data Analysis To Gain Insight into the Epidemiology of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Malatya, Turkey
Authors: Agarwal Mansi , Gunal Selami , Durmaz Riza , Yang Zhenhua
Published: July 2010

Drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) presents a major challenge to global TB control. To gain a better understanding of drug-resistant TB epidemiology in Malatya, Turkey, we conducted the present study using 397
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
clinical isolates collected from Malatya, Turkey, in recent years (2000-2007). Resistance to any anti-TB drug was found in 29% (114 of 397) of the study isolates, while the multidrug resistance (MDR) rate was ∼4.5% (18 of 397). Resistances to isoniazid (15.5%) and streptomycin (13.4%) were about twice as high as resistance to rifampin (RMP) (6.3%) and ethambutol (EMB) (6.0%). Importantly, 28% (7 of 25) of the RMP-resistant isolates were non-MDR isolates, as when a significant proportion of RMP-resistant isolates in a population are non-MDR, the predictive value of molecular detection of RMP resistance for MDR can be significantly reduced. Both identical and varied drug resistance patterns were seen in the same genotyping-defined clusters, suggesting that both primary and acquired resistance have contributed to the drug-resistant TB epidemic in Malatya, Turkey. In addition, drug-resistant cases were found to be more likely to be males (odds ratio [95% confidence interval], 1.82 [1.13, 2.94]), suggesting a potential role of gender in the epidemiology of drug-resistant TB in the study population. This study demonstrates that the integration of drug susceptibility testing with genotyping and epidemiological data analysis represents a useful approach to studying the epidemiology of drug-resistant TB.
Vector Choice Determines Immunogenicity and Potency of Genetic Vaccines against Angola Marburg Virus in Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Geisbert Thomas W. , Bailey Michael , Geisbert Joan B. , Asiedu Clement , Roederer Mario , Grazia-Pau Maria , Custers Jerome , Jahrling Peter , Goudsmit Jaap , Koup Richard , Sullivan Nancy J.
Published: July 2010

The immunogenicity and durability of genetic vaccines are influenced by the composition of gene inserts and choice of delivery vector. DNA vectors are a promising vaccine approach showing efficacy when combined in prime-boost regimens with recombinant protein or viral vectors, but they have shown limited comparative efficacy as a stand-alone platform in primates, due possibly to suboptimal gene expression or cell targeting. Here, regimens using DNA plasmids modified for optimal antigen expression and recombinant adenovirus (rAd) vectors, all encoding the glycoprotein (GP) gene from Angola Marburg virus (MARV), were compared for their ability to provide immune protection against lethal MARV Angola infection. Heterologous DNA-GP/rAd5-GP prime-boost and single-modality rAd5-GP, as well as the DNA-GP-only vaccine, prevented death in all vaccinated subjects after challenge with a lethal dose of MARV Angola. The DNA/DNA vaccine induced humoral responses comparable to those induced by a single inoculation with rAd5-GP, as well as CD4+and CD8+cellular immune responses, with skewing toward CD4+T-cell activity against MARV GP. Vaccine regimens containing rAd-GP, alone or as a boost, exhibited cellular responses with CD8+T-cell dominance. Across vaccine groups, CD8+T-cell subset dominance comprising cells exhibiting a tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) double-positive functional phenotype was associated with an absence or low frequency of clinical symptoms, suggesting that both the magnitude and functional phenotype of CD8+T cells may determine vaccine efficacy against infection by MARV Angola.
The Glycoprotein B Disintegrin-Like Domain Binds Beta 1 Integrin To Mediate Cytomegalovirus Entry
Authors: Feire Adam L. , Roy René M. , Manley Kate , Compton Teresa
Published: July 2010

Cellular integrins were identified as human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) entry receptors and signaling mediators in both fibroblasts and endothelial cells. The goal of these studies was to determine the mechanism by which HCMV binds to cellular integrins to mediate virus entry. HCMV envelope glycoprotein B (gB) has sequence similarity to the integrin-binding disintegrin-like domain found in the ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloprotease) family of proteins. To test the ability of this region to bind to cellular integrins, we generated a recombinant soluble version of the gB disintegrin-like domain (gB-DLD). The gB-DLD protein bound to human fibroblasts in a specific, dose-dependent and saturable manner that required the expression of an intact β1 integrin ectodomain. Furthermore, a physical association between gB-DLD and β1 integrin was demonstrated through
in vitro
pull-down assays. The function of this interaction was shown by the ability of cell-bound gB-DLD to efficiently block HCMV entry and the infectivity of multiple
in vivo
target cells. Additionally, rabbit polyclonal antibodies raised against gB-DLD neutralized HCMV infection. Mimicry of the ADAM family disintegrin-like domain by HCMV gB represents a novel mechanism for integrin engagement by a virus and reveals a unique therapeutic target for HCMV neutralization. The strong conservation of the DLD across beta- and gammaherpesviruses suggests that integrin recognition and utilization may be a more broadly conserved feature throughout the
Herpesviridae
.
The 3′ Untranslated Region of the Andes Hantavirus Small mRNA Functionally Replaces the Poly(A) Tail and Stimulates Cap-Dependent Translation Initiation from the Viral mRNA
Authors: Vera-Otarola Jorge , Soto-Rifo Ricardo , Ricci Emiliano P. , Ohlmann Théophile , Darlix Jean-Luc , López-Lastra Marcelo
Published: July 2010

In the process of translation of eukaryotic mRNAs, the 5′ cap and the 3′ poly(A) tail interact synergistically to stimulate protein synthesis. Unlike its cellular counterparts, the small mRNA (SmRNA) of Andes hantavirus (ANDV), a member of the
Bunyaviridae
, lacks a 3′ poly(A) tail. Here we report that the 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) of the ANDV SmRNA functionally replaces a poly(A) tail and synergistically stimulates cap-dependent translation initiation from the viral mRNA. Stimulation of translation by the 3′UTR of the ANDV SmRNA was found to be independent of viral proteins and of host poly(A)-binding protein.
Phosphorus Regeneration by the Predatory Copepod Diacyclops thomasi
Authors: Bowers James A.
Published: July 2010

The effects of temperature, prey density, and hunger state on phosphorus regeneration rates of the predatory copepod Diacyclops thomasi were estimated while they fed on the limnetic rotifer Synchaeta pectinata. Regeneration rates increased linearly from 2.0 to 7.0 nmol P∙mg dry wt−1∙h−1 over a temperature range of 5–20 °C. When offered a prey density range of 100–500∙L−1, satiated Diacyclops increased their regeneration rates to a maximum of 5.0 nmol P∙mg dry wt−1∙h−1. Given the same prey density range, starved Diacyclops had regeneration rates that increased to a maximum rate of 8.0 nmol P∙mg dry wt−1∙h−1. Predation rates were in all cases directly proportional to regeneration rates. Although a predator, Diacyclops regenerates phosphorus at rates within the ranges of many herbivorous zooplankton species.
Application of reliability techniques for the estimation of uncertainties in fluvial hydraulics simulationsThis article is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue on Hydrotechnical Engineering.
Authors: Fahsi Adil , Soulaïmani Azzeddine , Tchamen Georges W.
Published: July 2010

This work forms part of a general research effort into developing a methodology for reliability estimates of results obtained in numerical hydrodynamic computations. We consider the possibility of overtopping at the crest of a dyke of height h0positioned on a river with several uncertain parameters, such as discharge, Manning coefficient, bathymetry, etc. The estimation model is based either on the first-order reliability method (FORM), on the multi-form method, or on the importance sampling methods and is coupled with algorithms for the resolution of an adjoint optimization problem. Numerical tests are carried out on flows over a channel with a bump and on a river. The results obtained with our algorithms are compared with those obtained with the commercial software Nessus®and with the Monte Carlo method. The proposed multi-form approach combined with a robust optimization algorithm provides reliable results within reasonable computation times.
Uncertainty analysis in flood hazard assessment: hydrological and hydraulic calibrationThis article is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue on Hydrotechnical Engineering.
Authors: Bernardara Pietro , de Rocquigny Etienne , Goutal Nicole , Arnaud Aurélie , Passoni Giuseppe
Published: July 2010

Interest in the actual estimation of the uncertainty affecting flood hazard assessments is increasing within the scientific community and among decision makers. Several works may be found in the hydrological and hydraulic literature listing the sources of uncertainty affecting the estimation of extreme flood levels. Here, a well-assessed uncertainty treatment procedure is applied to carry out a complete flood hazard assessment study to encompass both the hydrological and hydraulic components. In particular, the focus is on modeling the sources of uncertainty via a direct (for discharge) or inverse (for roughness hydraulic coefficient) approach. The results illustrate the relative importance of the hydraulic and hydrological uncertainty sources on the final uncertainty. The solution of the inverse problem for the calibration of the roughness coefficient proves useful for several reasons, including the quantification of model error.
Connaissance et incertitudes en gestion des infrastructures civiles : un point de vue décisionnelLe présent ouvrage fait partie d’une série d’articles publiés dans ce numéro spécial consacré au génie hydrotechnique.
Authors: Frenette R. , Bernard O. , Putallaz Y. , Gérard B.
Published: July 2010

Sur la base d’une caractérisation de la pertinence, du niveau et du type d’incertitude, un gestionnaire peut savoir quels sont les outils les mieux adaptés pour gérer les conséquences du vieillissement d’une infrastructure sur son niveau de service. En présence d’une incertitude élevée, le gestionnaire doit disposer d’un processus de décision formalisé qui lui permet de protéger ses ressources globales. Le coût du traitement et des conséquences potentielles des risques associés à ces ressources constitue un passif à considérer comme une « provision pour risques ». Pour communiquer auprès des financeurs, cette provision peut être combinée avec la valeur résiduelle du système pour déterminer un indicateur de patrimoine. Enfin, pour suivre l’évolution de son système d’infrastructure, le gestionnaire peut utiliser la notion de turbulence issue d’une combinaison entre l’indicateur de patrimoine et la valeur actuelle nette des plans d’actions de maintenance. Cet indicateur de turbulence permet de surveiller l’équilibre entre l’efficacité économique des plans d’actions et la durabilité du patrimoine. La maîtrise de cet équilibre et de son incertain sont deux éléments essentiels du développement durable de nos infrastructures.
Choline kinase and its functionThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in this special issue entitled “Second International Symposium on Recent Advances in Basic, Clinical, and Social Medicine” and has undergone the Journal's usual peer review process.
Authors: Wu Gengshu , Vance Dennis E.
Published: July 2010

Choline kinase (CK) was discovered in 1953. Progress in understanding the function of CK was slow until its purification in 1984. The subsequent cloning and expression of the cDNA led to the description of the gene structures. Two genes encode choline kinase, Chka and Chkb, and 3 isoforms of the enzyme have been identified — CKα-1, CKα-2, and CKβ — and the active form of CK is a hetero- or homo-dimer. More recently, gene-disrupted mice have been described. Mice that lack CKα die early in embryogenesis. In contrast, mice that lack CKβ survive to adulthood, but develop hindlimb muscular dystrophy and forelimb bone deformity. It has been shown that this hindlimb muscular dystrophy is due to decreased biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine and increased catabolism of phosphatidylcholine in the hindlimbs, but not the forelimbs, of mice. CK and its product phosphocholine have also been implicated in development of numerous cancers. Thus, a possible treatment for some kinds of cancer may involve drug inhibition of CK or targeting the expression of CK with RNA interference. In the mid 1950s it was clear that CK was important for the biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine, but no one predicted a role for CK in muscular dystrophy, bone deformities, or cancer.
Proteomic profile of primary isolated rat mesangial cells in high-glucose culture condition and decreased expression of PSMA6 in renal cortex of diabetic ratsThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in this special issue entitled “Second International Symposium on Recent Advances in Basic, Clinical, and Social Medicine” and has undergone the Journal's usual peer review process.
Authors: Li Zhiguo , Zhang Haojun , Dong Xi , Burczynski Frank J. , Choy Patrick , Yang Fang , Liu Hui , Li Ping , Gong Yuewen
Published: July 2010

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most important complications of diabetic patients and is characterized histologically by an accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) protein in the glomerular mesangium. Therefore, mesangial cells likely play an important role in the development of diabetic nephropathy. Here, we employed proteomic techniques to investigate the protein profile of rat mesangial cells under high-glucose culture conditions. Primary isolated rat glomerular mesangial cells were cultured under different concentrations of glucose (5.4 mmol·L–1for normal control and 30 mmol·L–1for high glucose) for 0, 8, 16, and 72 h, as well as for 25 days. Cellular total proteins were isolated from these cells and employed for two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). Differentially expressed proteins were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption – ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and some of these proteins were documented in rat models of diabetes by Western blot. Rat mesangial cells were successfully isolated in the laboratory and their proliferation rates were significantly inhibited by high glucose. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis analyses revealed 28 differentially expressed protein spots between the normal and high-glucose groups. After MALDI-TOF-MS analysis, all 28 protein spots were successfully identified with the peptide mass fingerprint (PMF) method. Representatively, SOD1, PCBP1 and PSMA6 were validated by Western blot analysis following protein extractions from the normal and high-glucose groups. Abundance of these proteins was consistent with that found in 2-DE. Moreover, expression of SOD1, PCBP1, and PSMA6 in renal cortex was further examined in two rat models of diabetes (streptozotocin-induced and spontaneous OLETF diabetic models). Abundance of SOD1 and PCBP1 proteins did not show any significant difference between normal control and diabetic rats. However, abundance of the PSMA6 protein was significantly reduced in the renal cortex of both STZ-induced and spontaneous OLETF diabetic rats. Proteomic analysis identified 28 differentially expressed proteins in primary isolated rat mesangial cells between normal and high glucose treatments. Expression of one identified protein was found to be consistent with expression in the renal cortex of two rat diabetic models. Therefore, identification of protein expression patterns in mesangial cells can be employed to develop a therapeutic target for treatment of diabetic nephropathy.
Neuregulin-1 regulates the expression of Akt, Bcl-2, and Bad signaling after focal cerebral ischemia in ratsThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in this special issue entitled “Second International Symposium on Recent Advances in Basic, Clinical, and Social Medicine” and has undergone the Journal's usual peer review process.
Authors: Guo Wen-Ping , Fu Xin-Ge , Jiang Su-Ming , Wu Jian-Zhong
Published: July 2010

Neuregulin-1 (NRG-1) is a member of the epidermal growth factor family. Our previous study showed that NRG-1 protected neurons from apoptosis following focal cerebral ischemia by the inhibition of caspase-3 and TNF-α expression. However, the molecular signaling mechanisms for this action of NRG-1 following cerebral ischemia are not fully understood. Presently, activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway has been implicated as a major contributor to neuronal survival after an ischemic insult. In the present study, we investigated whether NRG-1 modulates the activation of Akt and its downstream targets Bad and Bcl-2 expression after transient focal cerebral ischemia by intraluminal blockade of the middle cerebral artery. Western blot was employed to analyze the change of phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) expression; reverse transcription and polymerization chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to measure changes of Bcl-2 mRNA. The level of phosphorylation of Bad (p-Bad) was determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Our results showed that recombinant human NRG-1(3.0 ng·kg–1) significantly increased the expression of p-Akt protein, Bcl-2 mRNA, and the level of p-Bad, respectively, whereas administration of LY294002, a specific inhibitor of PI3K, significantly decreased the expression of p-Akt, p-Bad, and Bcl-2 induced by NRG-1 after a 60 min ischemic insult, followed by 24 h of reperfusion. These results indicate that NRG-1 may be involved in regulating the expression of Bcl-2 and p-Bad through the PI3K/Akt pathway after transient focal cerebral ischemia.
The effects of amiloride, a Na+–H+exchange inhibitor, on iliac artery stenosis after balloon injury in rabbitsThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in this special issue entitled “Second International Symposium on Recent Advances in Basic, Clinical, and Social Medicine” and has undergone the Journal's usual peer review process.
Authors: Fang Xiao Yi , Lin Ni Yang , Li Yu Guang
Published: July 2010

This study was designed to explore the effects of amiloride, a Na+–H+exchange (NHE) inhibitor, on vessel stenosis by observing the expression of NHE-1 protein in vascular smooth muscle (VSM) after balloon injury and the effects of amiloride on VSM cell proliferation, migration, and excretion of extracellular matrices (ECMs). A total of 32 adult male New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into a balloon injury group (BG), an amiloride-treated group (AG), and a sham-operated group (SG). The left iliac artery was injured by inflating a 2.5 mm × 20 mm Foley catheter in BG and AG rabbits; in SG rabbits, the Foley catheter was inserted but not inflated. Amiloride (5 mg·kg–1·d–1) was injected intraperitoneally in AG and the same volume of distilled water was used in BG 3 days before balloon injury and for 28 days after the injury. The left iliac artery was stained by hematoxylin–eosin, α-actin, and Masson's trichrome to observe the vessel cava, neointima, media layer, and ECMs. NHE-1 proteins of the VSM were detected by Western blotting. A narrowing of the arterial cava, neointima formation, and thickened VSM layer were observed 28 days after balloon injury in BG and AG. However, in AG, the vessel cava was not as narrowed as that of BG and the intimal areas were to a lesser extent than in BG. In AG, the α-actin-positive areas and the ECM areas in the neointima were increased compared with SG, but to a lesser extent than in BG. The expression of NHE-1 protein in VSM was increased in BG and AG after balloon injury; however, the levels in AG were significantly less than in BG. In conclusion, VSM cell proliferation, migration, and excretion of ECMs contributed to vessel stenosis in the BG and AG rabbits. The expression of NHE-1 protein in VSM increased after balloon injury. Amiloride, an inhibitor of NHE-1, can limit the development of vessel stenosis through inhibition of VSM cell proliferation, migration, and excretion of ECMs.