bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A review of air–ice chemical and physical interactions (AICI): liquids, quasi-liquids, and solids in snow
Authors: Bartels-Rausch T. , Jacobi H.-W. , Kahan T. F. , Thomas J. L. , Thomson E. S. , Abbatt J. P. D. , Ammann M. , Blackford J. R. , Bluhm H. , Boxe C. , Domine F. , Frey M. M. , Gladich I. , Guzmán M. I. , Heger D. , Huthwelker Th. , Klán P. , Kuhs W. F. , Kuo M. H. , Maus S. , Moussa S. G. , McNeill V. F. , Newberg J. T. , Pettersson J. B. C. , Roeselová M. , Sodeau J. R.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. Snow in the environment acts as a host to rich chemistry and provides a matrix for physical exchange of contaminants within the ecosystem. The goal of this review is to summarise the current state of knowledge of physical processes and chemical reactivity in surface snow with relevance to polar regions. It focuses on a description of impurities in distinct compartments present in surface snow, such as snow crystals, grain boundaries, crystal surfaces, and liquid parts. It emphasises the microscopic description of the ice surface and its link with the environment. Distinct differences between the disordered air–ice interface, often termed quasi-liquid layer, and a liquid phase are highlighted. The reactivity in these different compartments of surface snow is discussed using many experimental studies, simulations, and selected snow models from the molecular to the macro-scale. Although new experimental techniques have extended our knowledge of the surface properties of ice and their impact on some single reactions and processes, others occurring on, at or within snow grains remain unquantified. The presence of liquid or liquid-like compartments either due to the formation of brine or disorder at surfaces of snow crystals below the freezing point may strongly modify reaction rates. Therefore, future experiments should include a detailed characterisation of the surface properties of the ice matrices. A further point that remains largely unresolved is the distribution of impurities between the different domains of the condensed phase inside the snowpack, i.e. in the bulk solid, in liquid at the surface or trapped in confined pockets within or between grains, or at the surface. While surface-sensitive laboratory techniques may in the future help to resolve this point for equilibrium conditions, additional uncertainty for the environmental snowpack may be caused by the highly dynamic nature of the snowpack due to the fast metamorphism occurring under certain environmental conditions. Due to these gaps in knowledge the first snow chemistry models have attempted to reproduce certain processes like the long-term incorporation of volatile compounds in snow and firn or the release of reactive species from the snowpack. Although so far none of the models offers a coupled approach of physical and chemical processes or a detailed representation of the different compartments, they have successfully been used to reproduce some field experiments. A fully coupled snow chemistry and physics model remains to be developed.
Ion drift simulation of sudden appearance of sub-keV structured ions in the inner magnetosphere
Authors: Yamauchi M. , Ebihara Y. , Nilsson H. , Dandouras I.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. Energy–latitude dispersed structured sub-keV ions in the inner magnetosphere often show significant development or intensification (by more than factor of 3) within 1–2 h near noon or afternoon where the azimuthal ion drift velocity at the sub-keV range is expected to be near zero. To examine whether such sudden appearances in the dayside can be explained by the drift motion of ions that are formed during substorm-related injections, we numerically simulated two such examples, one at noon and the other in the afternoon, based on the ion drift model. For both cases, the ion drift model with finite duration of proton source in the nightside can explain the observed large inbound–outbound differences in the sub-keV proton population without any new sources. Ion drift motion can thus cause rapid changes of complicated ion populations, at remote places from the source a long time after the substorm activities.
Tree-ring responses to extreme climate events as benchmarks for terrestrial dynamic vegetation models
Authors: Rammig A. , Wiedermann M. , Donges J. F. , Babst F. , von Bloh W. , Frank D. , Thonicke K. , Mahecha M. D.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. Climate extremes can trigger exceptional responses in terrestrial ecosystems, for instance by altering growth or mortality rates. Effects of this kind are often manifested in reductions of the local net primary production (NPP). Investigating a set of European long-term data on annual radial tree growth confirms this pattern: we find that 53% of tree ring width (TRW) indices are below one standard deviation, and up to 16% of the TRW values are below two standard deviations in years with extremely high temperatures and low precipitation. Based on these findings we investigate if climate driven patterns in long-term tree growth data may serve as benchmarks for state-of-the-art dynamic vegetation models such as LPJmL. The model simulates NPP but not explicitly the radial tree ring growth, hence requiring a generic method to ensure an objective comparison. Here we propose an analysis scheme that quantifies the coincidence rate of climate extremes with some biotic responses (here TRW or simulated NPP). We find that the reduction in tree-ring width during drought extremes is lower than the corresponding reduction of simulated NPP. We identify ten extreme years during the 20th century in which both, model and measurements indicate high coincidence rates across Europe. However, we detect substantial regional differences in simulated and observed responses to extreme events. One explanation for this discrepancy could be that the tree-ring data have preferentially been sampled at more climatically stressed sites. The model-data difference is amplified by the fact that dynamic vegetation models are designed to simulate mean ecosystem responses at landscape or regional scale. However, we find that both model-data and measurements display carry-over effects from the previous year. We conclude that using radial tree growth is a good basis for generic model-benchmarks if the data are analyzed by scale-free measures such as coincidence analysis. Our study shows strong reductions in carbon sequestration during extreme years. However, for a better understanding of the impact of extreme events on e.g. the long-term fate of the European carbon balance, more long-term measurement data and improved process-based models are needed.
Using the SWAT model to improve process descriptions and define hydrologic partitioning in South Korea
Authors: Shope C. L. , Maharjan G. R. , Tenhunen J. , Seo B. , Kim K. , Riley J. , Arnhold S. , Koellner T. , Ok Y. S. , Peiffer S. , Kim B. , Park J.-H. , Huwe B.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. Watershed-scale modeling can be a valuable tool to aid in quantification of water quality and yield; however, several challenges remain. In many watersheds, it is difficult to adequately quantify hydrologic partitioning. Data scarcity is prevalent, accuracy of spatially distributed meteorology is difficult to quantify, forest encroachment and land use issues are common, and surface water and groundwater abstractions substantially modify watershed-based processes. Our objective is to assess the capability of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model to capture event-based and long-term monsoonal rainfall–runoff processes in complex mountainous terrain. To accomplish this, we developed a unique quality-control, gap-filling algorithm for interpolation of high-frequency meteorological data. We used a novel multi-location, multi-optimization calibration technique to improve estimations of catchment-wide hydrologic partitioning. The interdisciplinary model was calibrated to a unique combination of statistical, hydrologic, and plant growth metrics. Our results indicate scale-dependent sensitivity of hydrologic partitioning and substantial influence of engineered features. The addition of hydrologic and plant growth objective functions identified the importance of culverts in catchment-wide flow distribution. While this study shows the challenges of applying the SWAT model to complex terrain and extreme environments; by incorporating anthropogenic features into modeling scenarios, we can enhance our understanding of the hydroecological impact.
HESS Opinions "Integration of groundwater and surface water research: an interdisciplinary problem?"
Authors: Barthel R.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. Today there is a great consensus that water resources research needs to become more holistic, integrating perspectives of a large variety of disciplines. Groundwater and surface water (hereafter: GW and SW) are typically identified as different compartments of the hydrological cycle and were traditionally often studied and managed separately. However, despite this separation, these respective fields of study are usually not considered to be different disciplines. They are often seen as different specialisations of hydrology with different focus, yet similar theory, concepts, methodology. The present article discusses how this notion may form a substantial obstacle in the further integration of GW and SW research and management. The article focusses on the regional scale (areas of approx. 103 to 106 km2), which is identified as the scale where integration is most greatly needed, but ironically the least amount of fully integrated research seems to be undertaken. The state of research on integrating GW and SW research is briefly reviewed and the most essential differences between GW hydrology (or hydrogeology, geohydrology) and SW hydrology are presented. Groundwater recharge and baseflow are used as examples to illustrate different perspectives on similar phenomena that can cause severe misunderstandings and errors in the conceptualisation of integration schemes. It is also discussed that integration of GW and SW research on the regional scale necessarily must move beyond the hydrological aspects, by collaborating with social sciences and increasing the interaction between science and the society in general. The typical elements of an ideal interdisciplinary workflow are presented and their relevance with respect to integration of GW and SW is discussed. The overall conclusions are that GW hydrology and SW hydrogeology study rather different objects of interest, using different types of observation, working on different problem settings. They have thus developed different theory, methodology and terminology. Yet, there seems to be a widespread lack of awareness of these differences which hinders the detection of the existing interdisciplinary aspects of GW and SW integration and consequently the development of truly unifying, interdisciplinary theory and methodology. Thus, despite having the ultimate goal of creating a more holistic approach, we should start integration by analysing potential disciplinary differences. Improved understanding among hydrologists of what interdisciplinary means and how it works is needed. Hydrologists, despite frequently being involved in multidisciplinary projects, are not sufficiently involved in developing interdisciplinary strategies and do usually not regard the process of integration as such as a research topic of its own. There seems to be a general reluctance to apply (truly) interdisciplinary methodology because this is tedious and few, immediate incentives are experienced.
Historical land-use induced evapotranspiration changes estimated from present-day observations and reconstructed land-cover maps
Authors: Boisier J. P. , de Noblet-Ducoudré N. , Ciais P.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. Recent model intercomparison studies, within the framework of the LUCID project, have revealed large discrepancies in the evapotranspiration (ET) changes simulated between the preindustrial period and the present in response to the historical change in land use. Distinct land-surface parameterizations are behind those discrepancies, but understanding those differences and attributing them to specific causes rely on evaluations using still very limited measurements. Model benchmarking studies with observed global-scale ET are required in order to reduce the current uncertainties in the impacts of land use in terrestrial water flows. Here we present a new estimate of historical land-use induced changes in ET based on three different state-of-the-art observation-based ET products. These products are used to derive regression models of ET as a function of land-cover partitioning, leaf area index and environmental variables. We then reconstruct past ET changes based on the set of land-cover maps of 1870 and 1992 used in LUCID. Our results show an average decrease in global terrestrial ET of 1260 ± 850 km3 yr−1 between the preindustrial period and the present-day. This estimate is of the same order but larger in magnitude than the model-mean change in ET simulated within LUCID, and substantially weaker in magnitude than other estimates based on observations. Although decreases in ET dominate in deforested regions, large summertime increases in ET are diagnosed over areas of large cropland expansion. The multiple ET reconstructions carried out here show a large spread that we attribute principally to the different land-cover maps adopted and to the crops' ET rates that are derived from the various products assessed. We therefore conclude that the current uncertainties of past ET changes could be reduced efficiently with improved historical land-cover reconstructions and better estimates of cropland ET.
Research Note: Quality of Government and Tourism Destination Competitiveness
Authors: Lee Seojin
Published: February 2014

This paper examines the impacts of the quality of government on international tourism competitiveness. Quality of government is conceptualized in terms of an absence of corruption, a well-established rule of law and bureaucratic efficiency. Based on the cross-country analysis of the Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index (World Economic Forum, 2013), the main finding of the study demonstrates that quality of government is positively associated with tourism competitiveness and that this positive effect remains robust across a number of control variables and estimation techniques. The results suggest that public policy for building a successful tourism industry should be nested in the broader project of enhancing the quality of government.
High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin therapy induces and maintains complete remission for polyarteritis nodosa
Authors: Ode Kazu , Taniguchi Yoshinori , Kumon Yoshitaka , Terada Yoshio
Published: February 2014

We report a case of successful high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) use in a patient with refractory polyarteritis nodosa (PAN). Treatments with prednisolone (PSL) and various types of immunosuppressants including methotrexate (MTX) and intravenous cyclophosphamide (IVCY) were unsuccessful, and then, high-dose IVIG therapy was added. High-dose IVIG therapy improved all symptoms including high fever, arthralgia, mononeuritis multiplex and indurated erythema due to PAN. Moreover, serum inflammatory markers were also normalized. High-dose IVIG is maintaining complete remission for PAN without flare-up for additional 4 years. Therefore, high-dose IVIG therapy might be considered as a first-line therapy in patients with PAN or alternative therapy in refractory PAN.
Risk of burnout among emergency physicians at a tertiary care centre in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alsaawi Abdulmohsen , Alrajhi Khaled , Albaiz Saad , Alsultan Mohammed , Alsalamah Majid , Qureshi Shoeb , Alanazi Abdullah
Published: February 2014

Background: Emergency Medicine physicians are shown to be at increased risk of burnout. In this study, we aimed to assess the risk of burnout among emergency physicians working at one of the largest Emergency Departments in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is an observational, cross-sectional study based on a structured questionnaire Maslach Burnout Inventory- Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS), which has been previously tested and validated extensively. The study targeted all physicians in the Emergency Department (ED) at a tertiary medical center in Riyadh. A total of 72 emergency physicians were included in the study. Results: Overall, 53 (74%) out of 72 subjects filled the questionnaire. Out of the 53 respondents, 45 (85%) were males and eight (15%) females. The years of practice experience ranged from six months to 24 years, with a median of seven years. Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey subscale results: Emotional Exhaustion (EE): The mean EE score was 2.72 (SD 1.28), with 21 participants (40%) in the high-risk zone. Depersonalization (DP): The mean DP score was 1.86 (SD 1.31), with 21 participants (40%) in the high-risk zone. Personal Accomplishment (PA): The mean PA score was 4.5 (SD 0.9), with 17 participants (32%) in the high-risk zone. Conclusion: Our results are consistent with previous literature in showing that emergency physicians are at a moderate to high risk of burnout. Decision makers should take serious steps to address the threat, in order to minimize the risk of burnout and its impact on physicians as well as the patient they care for.
Distribution and conservation status of the Antillean manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus) in Honduras
Authors: Gonzalez-Socoloske Daniel , Taylor Cynthia R. , Rendon Thompson Olivia R.
Published: February 2014

The Antillean manatee, Trichechus manatus manatus, is among the most threatened mammals in Honduras, yet the last published study is from 1980. Since then, the North Coast of Honduras has experienced rapid population growth and land cover change possibly causing habitat loss for manatees. We conducted aerial, boat, and interview surveys between 2005-2007 along the northern and remote eastern coasts of Honduras to assess the current status and distribution of manatees. In addition, we compiled all available data on manatee mortality from museum specimens, unpublished reports, and interviews to determine current threats. We averaged 1.2 manatee sightings per survey hour during six flights along the North Coast in March-April 2006 during 14.4 aerial survey hours. Sightings were mainly clustered in Cuero y Salado Wildlife Refuge (CSWR) and Rios Chapagua and Aguan, which we indentify as important conservation areas. Our total and average sightings per survey hour in CSWR were much lower than those reported in 1979-80, in spite of the area being protected since 1987. Our interviews indicate that manatees are still present on the eastern coast (La Mosquitia), however we observed none during 14.5 survey hours in June 2005 and April 2007. The major cause of known mortality from 1970-2007, based on 26 records, was due to entanglement in fishnets. Despite local and federal protection, manatees are still poached and opportunistically caught in fishnets. While some efforts have been made by local NGOs to raise public awareness for manatees, a national conservation program is highly recommended to centralize and coordinate efforts.
VISÃO DOS ALUNOS E GESTORES DO ENSINO MÉDIO DO PERÍODO NOTURNO SOBRE A DISCIPLINA DE EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA
Authors: Mendonça Carlos Cesar , Caetano Wagner Aparecido
Published: February 2014

This research investigated whether there are at schools of the night shift,high school,physical education classes, as referred to Law No. 10,793, of December, 1st2003. Data collection was conducted through questionnaires(open and closedasks) targeted at 98 students and 4 managers belonging to the Board of Education of interior city of São Paulo State. Our results are consistent with the initial hypothesis which states that night shift high school did not meet the determination of the law nº 10,793. Tabulated data, we identified certain neglect about teaching physical education at night contemplating the benefits and contributions of this discipline in the curriculum. We conclude the reader aware of significant relevance to the school, the student and society of regular physical activity at school
Linking Research and Practice: Another Call to Action?
Authors: Langrall Cynthia W.
Published: February 2014

As a prelude to the 2014 NCTM Research Conference, “Linking Research and Practice,” I take this opportunity to remind theJRMEcommunity about the responsibility that we, as researchers, bear in linking research and practice. I also make some suggestions about the role thatJRMEmight play in this work.
Les pairs-assistants de recherche : pour favoriser l’évolution d’un statut de patients vers celui de citoyens à part entière
Authors: Pelletier Jean-François , Bordeleau Julie , Dumais Alexandre , Renaud Patrice , Rowe Michael
Published: February 2014

Contexte:Plusieurs écrits scientifiques suggèrent que la participation de personnes en rétablissement en tant que partenaires de recherche représente une valeur scientifique et sociale ajoutée à la recherche en toxicomanie. Toutefois, peu de recherches ont évalué systématiquement les retombées d'une telle participation sur les personnes concernées et selon ces personnes.

Objectif:Cet article décrit diverses modalités et degrés de participation possibles en recherche. Les effets de leur participation sont discutés par des personnes qui furent activement parties prenantes au sein de deux projets. Elles furent rencontrées lors de groupes de discussion visant à dégager ce qu'elles pensent que la participation active en recherche peut leur apporter et ce qu'elles pensent qu'elles peuvent apporter à une dynamique de recherche, notamment à titre de pairs-assistants recherche.

Résultats:La participation active en recherche favorise une certaine émancipation de la pauvreté, favorise la reconnaissance des compétences, ainsi que l'accès à l'information. Elle représente également l'occasion pour les personnes en question d'assumer des responsabilités et certains thèmes de recherche semblent plus propices que d'autres à des degrés plus élevés de participation. Les deux principaux thèmes qui ont émergés au sujet des effets de la participation des pairsassistants de recherche furent ceux du langage non verbal et de lien d'affinité. C'est-à-dire que leur présence engendre un effet de rétention et d'intérêt plus marqué de la part des autres participants à une étude, étant donné qu'une telle dynamique met ces derniers plus à l'aise de s'exprimer, ce qui se transpose également par la suite dans leur milieu de vie naturel.

Conclusion:Les divers niveaux et degrés possibles de participation à la recherche peuvent se combiner et varier dans le temps ou selon les thématiques de recherche proposées. Plus de recherche est nécessaire pour mieux comprendre les enjeux de la participation en recherche et ses effets spécifiques en toxicomanie, ainsi que l'influence des pairs-assistants de recherche sur le rétablissement civique.
ENTREPRENEURIAL EDUCATION AND ECONOMIC COMPETITIVENESS
Authors: Knežević Vladimir , Ivković Dragan
Published: February 2014

This paper deals with the relation between entrepreneurship education and competitiveness of the national economy. It is based on the assumption that the overall goal of civilization of human society is promotion of a market economy, parliamentary democracy and the rule of law. It is believed that the improvement of competitiveness is of the greatest contribution to the realization of these aspirations as it also requires the development of an integrated market and the establishment of the rule of law, and also provides the material basis and provides an incentive for the development of democratic processes in society. We want to show that the promotion of entrepreneurship education is an important link in the process of improving competitiveness, especially in the middle and high-income countries. Here we analyze the data from the most current report of the World Economic Forum Global Competitiveness Report 2011-2012 of the world and from 2012 to 2013. Using the method of correlation analysis we confirm the remarkable cohesion and coherence of entrepreneurship education and competitiveness of the ten sample countries with different levels of economic development, but which do not belong to the circle of the poor. It confirms the hypothesis that entrepreneurship education is an important element of competitiveness in middle-income and advanced economies. Thus useful to point out their development and education for the Balkan transition economies. Way of improving competitiveness will undoubtedly lead the transformation of education in entrepreneurial terms.
TECHNICAL AND FINANCIAL FACTORS OF BUSINESS VALUE FROM THE POWER SECTOR
Authors: Gałązka Karolina
Published: February 2014

The value of the company is influenced by many factors, both financial and nonfinancial.Identification and diagnosis of these factors allows the formulation andeffective implementation of the strategy of improving the company's value. It alsoallows to manage the value of each in the decision relating to the businessenvironment, its resources and work organization. The value of business affect notonly financial cash flow, but also the structure of financial sources. This, in turn, to alarge extent is determined by the nature of the industry. Industries differ in capitalintensity and structure of the property. The production usually requires a highercommitment to substantive and financial capital than commercial activities orservices. In this article companies from the electric power sector were analyzed. Thissector is one of the most capital-intensive. The investment period usually lasts forseveral years, and the production and distribution of electricity requires a lot ofcapital. Aim of this paper is to evaluate the technical and financial factors affectingthe value of the companies form the electric power industry. On the basis of the studyit can be concluded that the analyzed companies have a good financial condition. Theproblem is, however, a high level of depreciation of non-current assets. At the timesof the promotion of renewable energy and stringent EU legislation to reduceemissions of greenhouse gases such entities will be obligated to high investment innew ecological machinery and equipment. This creates an additional risk factor, andforces them to seek new sources of funding. Without these processes, their futureexistence and development seems to be problematic.
ANALYSIS OF INFLATION PERSISTENCE IN SERBIA
Authors: Miletić Mirjana , Miletić Siniša
Published: February 2014

In this paper, we analyzed inflation persistence in Serbia, both at the aggregatelevel as well as for the different components of the consumer price index. Theanalysis was done for the series of prices given on the quarterly basis for the periodfrom 2002q1 to 2013q2. We applied univariate autoregression model (AR) of order p,whereby sum of autoregression coefficients was used as a measure of inflationpersistence. In addition, special attention was paid to the problem of structural breaksin the series of inflation as it may overestimate the level of inflation persistence andcould give misleading signals. The importance of appropriate assessment of theinflation persistence stems from the fact that the impossibility of faster return ofinflation to the long-run equilibrium level, after external or domestic shock, hasimplications on the conducting of monetary policy and represents a major challengefor its effectiveness, especially in emerging countries like Serbia. If the persistence ofinflation is higher, monetary policy reaction should be stronger and proactive. If theestimated level and persistence of inflation is lower in comparison with previousempirical analysis, this could suggest that inflation expectations are now betteranchored, which is particularly important for countries with inflation targetingregime. Results of the analysis indicate that the inflation persistence in the Serbia ismodest and that is higher at the aggregate level compared to the simple average of thecomponents of the consumer price index. This is probably consequence of so-calledaggregation effect, since the highest persistency have the prices of those products withthe largest share in the consumer basket. In the case of Serbia, food prices have thehighest degree of persistence and the largest share in the consumer basket.
ZNAČAJ PRIMENE ODGOVORNOG MARKETINGA U PREHRAMBENOJ INDUSTRIJI ZA OČUVANJE ZDRAVLJA LJUDI // THE IMPORTANCE OF APPLYING RESPONSIBLE MARKETING IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY AIMED AT HUMAN HEALTH PROTECTION
Authors: Antić Zorana , Ivanović Milka , Bogetić Srđan
Published: February 2014

Polazeći od teze da je pravilna i uravnotežena ishrana bazirana na proizvodimaoptimalnih vrednosti ključna pretpostavka zdravog i kvalitetnog života, kao i teze dasu kvalitet prehrambenih proizvoda, etičnost i pouzdanost u predstavljanju robnemarke potrošačima, atributi koji su direktno povezani sa primenom odgovornogmarketinga, u ovom radu će biti razmatrani primeri dobre prakse, kao i oni poslovnisubjekti prehrambene industrije koji ne uvažavaju principe odgovornog marketingkoncepta kada nastoje da svoje proizvode približe tržištu. Metode opservacije ikomparacije, analize i sinteze, koje će se, pre svega koristiti u radu, pomoći će da serasvetli stvarni doprinos odgovornog marketinga primenjenog u prehrambenojindustriji. Oslanjajući se na sekundarne izvore, cilj autora ovoga rada jeste da istaknuznačaj primene odgovornog marketinga u prehrambenoj industriji za očuvanje javnogzdravlja.
PRAVNI OKVIR ZAŠTITE OD MOBINGA U ZAKONODAVSTVU BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE // LEGAL FORM OF MOBBING PROTECTION IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA LEGISLATION
Authors: Vuković Aleksandra
Published: February 2014

U ovom radu autor obrađuje pravni okvir zaštite od mobinga, kao oblikadiskriminacije, sa posebnim osvrtom na antidiskriminacijsko radno zakonodavstvo uBosni i Hercegovini. Kao oblik diskriminacije na radu, mobing predstavlja jedan odoblika psihičkog nasilja, koje često obuhvata čitav niz aktivnosti koje se sistematskipripremaju i izvršavaju. Načini zaštite i sprečavanja mobinga na radu predstavljajuvažno pitanje za efikasnost sistema zaštite od mobinga, kao negativne društvene isložene pravne pojave. U Bosni i Hercegovini, mobing je definisan najprije odredbamaZakona o radu Republike Srpske, a potom i Zakona o zabrani diskriminacije iZakona o radu u institucijama Bosne i Hercegovine, kao zakona koji su usvojeni nanivou Bosne i Hercegovine. Usvajanjem Zakona o zabrani diskriminacije, kao opštegantidiskriminacijskog zakona, u pravni sistem Bosne i Hercegovine implementiranesu određene novine koje predstavljaju rezultat savremenih tendencija u suzbijanjudiskriminacije. Pored pomenutih novina u antidiskriminacijskom zakonodavstvu,nedvosmisleno se može potvrditi da postojeći normativni okvir zaštite oddiskriminacije na radu ima niz nedorečenosti, što posebno dolazi do izražaja upraktičnoj primjeni pojedinih odredaba zakona, a naročito u slučaju pokretanja ivođenja sudskog postupka. Stoga, postojeća pozitivnopravna rješenja pitanja mobingai drugih oblika diskriminacije na radu moralа bi biti dopunjena novim odredbama,svakako uz poštovanje postojećih međunarodnih standarda u oblasti rada izapošljavanja, kao i prava koja su u Bosni i Hercegovini garantovana ustavom izakonom ili bi trebalo donijeti poseban zakon o zaštiti od zlostavljanja na radu ilizakon o zabrani mobinga, kojim bi bila detaljno određena prevencija mobinga iostalih oblika diskriminacije.
КРИМИНАЛИТЕТ И КОРУПЦИЈА //CRIME AND CORUPTION
Authors: Павловић Бранка М.
Published: February 2014

У раду се посвећује пажња начину реаговања државе на криминалитет икорупцију, у оквиру савремених кривичноправних система и криминалнеполитике. Криминалитет подразумијева укупност свих злочина у одређеномвремену и простору, што значи да је криминалитет масовна појава. То супонашања која угрожавају или поврјеђују најзначајније друштвене вриједности.Са правног становишта кажемо да су то понашања која су предвиђенакривичним законима држава и за која су прописане санкције, а са социолошкогаспекта, криминалитет је понашање одређеног лица или групе, које осталичланови друштвене заједнице осуђују. Уколико је сиромаштво значајнијеизражено у некој средини, то ће недвосмислено утицати на чињење појединихкривичних дјела. С друге стране, поједина кривична дјела „резервисана“ суискључиво за припаднике имућних слојева. Оно што отежава одређивањебогатства и криминала, јесте постојање „тамног појаса криминалитета“. Оваквакривична дјела тешко се откривају, а још теже истражују и кажњавају. Заразлику од криминалитета, корупција спада у појмове којима је тешко одредитисадржај, с обзиром да се њено значење мијења у различитом временскомконтексту. Корупција је одраз кварења моралних вриједности једног друштва, ањена суштина није у количини новца коју прима корумпирани службеник, већ уморалној штети која државу чини несигурном, поводљивом, и на крају –нелегитимном. Она представља један недостатак у друштву, одсустводруштвених норми које су неопходне за нормално функционисанје једне државеи друштва.
Uticaj nekih socijalnih subjekata na medijsku kulturu
Authors: Rašević Dragana
Published: February 2014

ApstraktU radu se analizira problem medijske kulture danas na globalnom i regionalnom nivou u odnosu na njene dominantne socijalne subjekte. Medijska kultura u radu podrazumijeva medijski sadržaj i sredstva njegovog emitovanja, visoka tehnološka dostignuća (koja se koriste u procesu prikupljanja, obrade i distribucije informacija) i izvor kulture koju usvajamo. Cilj rada je da ukaže na uticaj dominantnih socijalnih subjekata – ekonomskih i naučnih centara moći – na medijsku kulturu.Razmatraju se problemi koji nastaju kao posljedica djelovanja najmoćnijih determinanti medijske kulture. Posebna pažnja se posvećuje rezultatima istraživanja o slobodi medija američkih nevladinih organizacija Fridom haus i IREKS (IREX - International Research and Exchange Board) ProMedia. Razmatra se položaj i sloboda medija danas u odnosu na proteklih deset godina. Sloboda medija mjeri se ocjenom slobode govora, stepena profesionalnog standarda kvaliteta, pouzdanog i objektivnnog informisanja, ekonomskog poslovanja i nezavisnosti uređivačke politike i djelovanja medijskih institucija u funkciji profesionalnih interesa medija.Konstatuje se da je sve više zemalja u kojima se bilježi pad slobode medija i da je većina zemalja Evrope i Evroazije u nezavidnom ekonomskom položaju, jer nisu slobodni u kreiranju medijskog sadržaja i medijska kultura veoma često zavisi od centara moći koji djeluju u njenom polju.
Photo induced minority carrier annihilation at crystalline silicon surface in metal oxide semiconductor structure
Authors: Sameshima Toshiyuki , Furukawa Jun , Nakamura Tomohiko , Shigeno Satoshi , Node Tomohito , Yoshidomi Shinya , Hasumi Masahiko
Published: February 2014

We report the properties of features of photo induced minority carrier annihilation at the silicon surface in a metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) structure using 9.35 GHz microwave transmittance measurement. 7 Ω cm n-type 500-µm-thick crystalline silicon substrates coated with 100-nm-thick thermally grown SiO2 layers were prepared. Part of the SiO2 at the rear surface was removed. Al electrode bars were formed at the top and rear surfaces to form the structures Al/SiO2/Si/SiO2/Al and Al/SiO2/Si/Al. 635 nm light illumination onto the top surface caused photo induced carriers to be in one side of the silicon region of the Al electrode bar of the structure Al/SiO2/Si/SiO2/Al. Microwave transmittance was measured on the other side of the silicon region of the Al electrode bars. The measurement and analysis of microwave absorption by photo induced carriers laterally diffusing across the silicon region coated with Al electrodes revealed a change in the carrier recombination velocity at the silicon surface with the bias voltage applied onto the top Al electrode. The applied bias voltages of +2.0 and −2.2 V gave peaks at surface recombination velocities of 83 and 86 cm/s, respectively, for the sample structure Al/SiO2/Si/SiO2/Al, while it was 44 cm/s under the bias-free condition. A peak surface recombination velocity of 81 cm/s was only observed at a bias voltage of −2.0 V for the sample structure Al/SiO2/Si/Al.
Effect of dynamic stress on off leakage of small-dimension pMOSFETs at high temperature
Authors: Kim Gang-Jun , Seo Ji-Hoon , Son Donghee , Lee Nam-Hyun , Kang YoungHa , Hwang YuChul , Kang Bongkoo
Published: February 2014

The degradation of the off leakage current I
off in small-dimension pMOSFETs is investigated experimentally while applying a dynamic stress to the pMOSFETs. During the OFF-state stress, the dynamic stress induced an increase of I
off due to generation of negative oxide charges N
ox in the gate dielectric, and in the shallow trench isolation (STI) near the gate edge. When channel width W decreased, negative N
ox in STI increase I
off significantly, and the degradation of I
off is more critical than degradation of V
th. These observations indicate that the effect of the dynamic stress in pMOSFETs on I
off should be seriously considered when evaluating small-dimension pMOSFETs.
A two-transistor bootstrap type selective device for spin-transfer-torque magnetic tunnel junctions
Authors: Ohsawa Takashi , Ikeda Shoji , Hanyu Takahiro , Ohno Hideo , Endoh Tetsuo
Published: February 2014

Two-transistor bootstrap type selective device for spin-transfer-torque magnetic tunnel junctions (STT-MTJs) is proposed that is smaller than the conventional ones with equivalent performance. The power supply voltage dependence of the area for the two-NFET bootstrap type selective device that can switch MTJs within 10 ns is compared with those of the conventional single-NFET, single-PFET, and CMOS type selective devices with the same performance in 90 nm technology node. It is found that the two-NFET bootstrap type selective device can be smaller than the conventional ones especially for the power supply voltage equal to or lower than 0.9 V. The two-NFET bootstrap type selective device is shown to maintain scalability to 32 nm node just like the CMOS one, while the conventional single-NFET and single-PFET selective devices fail to be scaled properly. This selective device can be applied to every high-performance MOS/MTJ hybrid circuit for increasing the integration density.
Four-wave mixing in a GaAs/AlAs triple-coupled multilayer cavity for novel ultrafast wavelength conversion devices
Authors: Kitada Takahiro , Yasunaga Yukinori , Nakagawa Yoshinori , Morita Ken , Isu Toshiro
Published: February 2014

Four-wave mixing (FWM) in a GaAs/AlAs triple-coupled multilayer cavity has been studied for novel planar wavelength conversion devices. Three half-wavelength cavity layers are connected in series using GaAs/AlAs distributed Bragg reflector multilayers to yield three cavity modes with equal frequency separation. Efficient and ultrafast wavelength conversion via nondegenerate FWM can be realized even in the normal incidence configuration because of the enhanced internal electric fields of the three cavity modes. The triple-coupled cavity sample was grown by molecular beam epitaxy and wavelength conversion was successfully demonstrated by measuring the spectrum of time-resolved FWM signals generated by spectrally shaped laser pulses. We found that precise control of the layer thickness is particularly important because the structural asymmetry due to the thickness inhomogeneity produces a nondegenerate FWM signal with low intensity. The temporal response was extremely fast and was almost limited by the photon lifetime (∼1 ps) of each cavity mode.
Detailed study of the effects of interface properties of ozone-based atomic layer deposited AlOx on the surface passivation of crystalline silicon
Authors: Lee Hyunju , Sawamoto Naomi , Ikeno Norihiro , Arafune Koji , Yoshida Haruhiko , Satoh Shin-ichi , Chikyow Toyohiro , Ogura Atsushi
Published: February 2014

The effects of interface properties such as a negative fixed charge density and an interface trap density on the surface passivation of crystalline Si by O3-based batch ALD AlO
x
were studied. High-quality surface passivation with S
max of ∼10 cm/s was obtained from the AlO
x
samples deposited at 200 °C after annealing. This feature is attributed to the excellent field effect passivation by the high negative fixed charge density of ∼−5 × 1012 cm−2 and chemical passivation, which reduces the interface trap density to ∼1 × 1011 eV−1 cm−2. The annealed AlO
x
samples deposited at 200 °C also show high thermal stability during firing at 850 °C. Additionally, we found that the formation of a thin SiO
x
interlayer is essential for the formation of a high negative fixed charge density that induces strong field effect passivation, and that defect passivation at the Si/SiO
x
interface by diffused hydrogen from AlO
x
layers is the origin of chemical passivation.
Experimental and Computational Tools for Analysis of Signaling Networks in Primary Cells
Authors: Schoof Erwin M. , Linding Rune
Published: February 2014

Cellular information processing in signaling networks forms the basis of responses to environmental stimuli. At any given time, cells receive multiple simultaneous input cues, which are processed and integrated to determine cellular responses such as migration, proliferation, apoptosis, or differentiation. Protein phosphorylation events play a major role in this process and are often involved in fundamental biological and cellular processes such as protein‐protein interactions, enzyme activity, and immune responses. Determining which kinases phosphorylate specific phospho sites poses a challenge; this information is critical when trying to elucidate key proteins involved in specific cellular responses. Here, methods to generate high‐quality quantitative phosphorylation data from cell lysates originating from primary cells, and how to analyze the generated data to construct quantitative signaling network models, are presented. These models can subsequently be used to guide follow‐up in vitro/in vivo validation studies. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 104:11.11.1‐11.11.23. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Three‐Phase Trickle‐Bed Reactors
Authors: Dudukovic Milorad P. , Kuzeljevic Željko V. , Combest Daniel P.
Published: February 2014

This chapter reviews the art and science involved in understanding the multiscale multiphase phenomena that affect the performance of trickle bed reactors. Their application areas, the traditional approach to their design and scaleup, and some commonly encountered problems in practice are discussed. The foundations for rational scaleup are introduced. The recent attempts to develop a multiscale science‐based approach to scale up and design of these reactors is summarized at the end.

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Design2.1.Flow Regimes2.2.Flow Distribution2.3.Pressure Drop2.4.Liquid Holdup2.5.Catalyst Wetting and Liquid–Solid Contacting2.6.Residence Time Distributions2.7.Heat Transfer and Thermal Stability3.Modeling and Analysis3.1.Reactor Models3.2.Hydrodynamic and Computational Fluid Dynamic Models3.3.CFD Models of Trickle Beds4.Trickle‐bed Reactor Scaleup5.Reactor Troubleshooting6.AcknowledgmentReferences
Maar‐diatreme geometry and deposits: Subsurface blast experiments with variable explosion depth
Authors: Graettinger A. H. , Valentine G. A. , Sonder I. , Ross P.‐S. , White J. D. L. , Taddeucci J.
Published: February 2014

Basaltic maar‐diatreme volcanoes, which have craters cut into preeruption landscapes (maars) underlain by downward‐tapering bodies of fragmental material commonly cut by hypabyssal intrusions (diatremes), are produced by multiple subsurface phreatomagmatic explosions. Although many maar‐diatremes have been studied, the link between explosion dynamics and the resulting deposit architecture is still poorly understood. Scaled experiments employed multiple buried explosions of known energies and depths within layered aggregates in order to assess the effects of explosion depth, and the morphology and compaction of the host on the distribution of host materials in resulting ejecta, the development of subcrater structures and deposits, and the relationships between them. Experimental craters were 1–2 m wide. Analysis of high‐speed video shows that explosion jets had heights and shapes that were strongly influenced by scaled depth (physical depth scaled against explosion energy) and by the presence or absence of a crater. Jet properties in turn controlled the distribution of ejecta deposits outside the craters, and we infer that this is also reflected in the diverse range of deposit types at natural maars. Ejecta were dominated by material that originated above the explosion site, and the shallowest material was dispersed the farthest. Subcrater deposits illustrate progressive vertical mixing of host materials through successive explosions. We conclude that the progressive appearance of deeper‐seated material stratigraphically upward in deposits of natural maars probably records the length and time scale for upward mixing through multiple explosions with ejection by shallow blasts, rather than progressive deepening of explosion sites in response to draw down of aquifers.
Northern Hemisphere winter midlatitude atmospheric variability in CMIP5 models
Authors: Di Biagio Valeria , Calmanti Sandro , Dell'Aquila Alessandro , Ruti Paolo M.
Published: February 2014

The Northern Hemisphere midlatitude winter atmospheric variability simulated by Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) models is analyzed at spatial and temporal scales corresponding to the growth of baroclinic eddies and planetary waves. We use a global scalar metric of the wave energy frequency‐wave number spectrum to identify potential improvements of the CMIP5 ensemble compared to previous coordinated model simulations (CMIP3). We also evaluate whether CMIP5 models predict future shifts in the global baroclinic eddies and planetary‐scale wave activities. With respect to CMIP3, no significant improvements are found, thereby suggesting that no significant breakthrough in the modeling of the climate system has been hit over the last few years. No significant changes are found in RCP4.5 scenarios for the selected metric of the baroclinic and planetary‐scale atmospheric flows, thus indicating that localized changes with potential societal impact might not be related to changes in key fundamental properties of the atmospheric circulation.
The impact of climate‐vegetation interactions on the onset of the Antarctic ice sheet
Authors: Liakka Johan , Colleoni Florence , Ahrens Bodo , Hickler Thomas
Published: February 2014

A global coupled atmosphere/vegetation model and a dynamic ice sheet model were employed to study the impact of climate‐vegetation interactions on the onset of the Antarctic ice sheet during the Eocene‐Oligocene transition. We found that the CO2 threshold for Antarctic glaciation is highly sensitive to the prevailing vegetation. In our experiments, the CO2 threshold is less than 280 ppm if the Antarctic vegetation is dominated by forests and between 560 and 1120 ppm for tundra and bare ground conditions. The large impact of vegetation on inception is attributed to the ability of canopies to shade the snow‐covered ground, which leads to a weaker snow albedo feedback and higher summer temperatures. However, the overall effect of canopy shading on the Antarctic climate also depends on features like local cloudiness and atmospheric meridional heat transport. Our results suggest that vegetation feedbacks on climate are crucial for the timing of the Antarctic glaciation.