bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Categorizing Sound
Authors: Brackett David
Published: May 2017

Categorizing Sound addresses the relationship between categories of music and categories of people: in other words, how do particular ways of organizing sound become integral parts of whom we perceive ourselves to be and of how we feel connected to some people and disconnected from others? After an introduction that discusses the key theoretical concepts to be deployed, Categorizing Sound presents a series of case studies that range from foreign music, race music, and old-time music in the 1920s up through hillbilly and swing music in the 1940s, soul music in the 1960s, country and rhythm and blues in the 1980s. Each chapter focuses on the process of “gentrification” through which these categories are produced and how these are articulated to categories of identity (especially those of race and gender). This process is traced by an analysis of the discourses through which ideas about genres circulate, the institutions that either support and sustain genres or withhold their support, and the sounds that become identified with a particular genre and a particular demographic group. The conclusion discusses the pertinence of the approach to genre used in the book to the changes brought about by the internet and file sharing to the circulation of popular music genres.
The Newness of Old-Time Music
Authors: Brackett David
Published: May 2017

The early history of what would eventually be called “country music” drew on many of the same ideas about genre and audience that had been developed in the marketing of foreign music and race music. The idea that rural, white people from the South constituted a distinct audience led to a rapid formation of the category some three years after the initial interest in “race” music. The ambiguous social position of southern, rural white people led to difficulties in finding a convenient label for the category, although “Old-Time Music” came closest to achieving official status, and “Hillbilly Music” was used informally in the press. Old-Time Music increasingly pursued connections to mainstream popular music even while continuing to refer to an imagined rural past. One of the most successful recording artists of the 1920s, Vernon Dalhart, is used to exemplify the trajectory of Old-Time Music during the mid-1920s.
From Jazz to Pop
Authors: Brackett David
Published: May 2017

“Swing,” as the most commercially successful variety of jazz, became the mainstream of popular music during the late 1930s. The growth in popularity of jukeboxes broadened the popular music field, facilitating greater involvement of African Americans, and paving the way for the success of swing and the greater tracking of race records. The contrasting histories of two versions of “Tuxedo Junction,” one by Erskine Hawkins and one by Glenn Miller, are used to highlight the intertwining of aesthetics, race, and how popularity was discussed and represented at the time. After World War II, swing declined in popularity, resulting in a reshuffling of the hierarchy of popular music genres. The Count Basie novelty recording of “Open the Door, Richard” illustrates the reduced opportunities for African Americans in mainstream popular music, in which recordings associated with African Americans and other minority groups evoked minstrelsy and/or relied on racial stereotypes.
The Corny-ness of the Folk
Authors: Brackett David
Published: May 2017

Country music in the late 1930s was more disconnected from the mainstream than swing. Appearing initially only in cover versions of songs by crooners, or in the recordings of “singing cowboys,” turmoil in the music industry during the war years created an opening for a few extremely successful country recordings exemplified by Al Dexter’s “Pistol Packin’ Mama.” “Hillbilly Music” (as country was usually called during this time) was associated with the concept of “corn,” which allied the music to rural agricultural production and lowbrow, “corny” comedy routines. The popularity of recordings like “Pistol Packin’ Mama” affected a discursive shift, and the status of the music was worked out via the use of labels such as “Folk Music,” “Hillbilly,” “Country,” and “Western.” By the late 1940s, a major hillbilly hit like “Smoke! Smoke! Smoke! (That Cigarette)” drew on some of the same minstrelsy tropes as had “Open the Door, Richard.”
Notes Toward a Conclusion
Authors: Brackett David
Published: May 2017

What are the implications for the analyses of popular music genres in the previous chapters for what has taken place since the 1980s? With drastic transformations in modes of music circulation and distribution, including the internet and digital file sharing, some would argue that the whole concept of genre needs to be re-thought. Against such millenarian claims, this chapter argues that the processes of emergence, stabilization, and transformation that have been examined in this book will still be central to any study of genre, even if the conditions (including such factors as the types of sources, rates of circulation, etc.) of such studies might be very different. Discussion of the theory of assemblage illustrates how previous concerns of the book might apply to current discussions about genre.
Money for AIDS, Not War
Authors: Hobson Emily K.
Published: May 2017

Although AIDS direct action is generally described as beginning with ACT UP, it first developed as activists drew tactics and ideas from Central American solidarity and the anti-nuclear movement. Anti-militarism catalyzed AIDS direct action in the Bay Area; its influences appeared in 1984, took on force in 1986, and by 1987 shaped national networks of AIDS activism. The groups Citizens for Medical Justice and the AIDS Action Pledge paved the way for the formation of ACT UP/San Francisco and Stop AIDS Now Or Else. AIDS direct action stood as the culmination of the gay and lesbian left even as it marked the start of a new queer politics. However, these radical genealogies were obscured with the deaths of many activists.
Criminal Genius
Authors: Oleson James C.
Published: May 2017

For one hundred years, criminologists have studied crime and intelligence, concluding that offenders possess IQ scores eight to ten points below those of non-offenders. Although the criminal genius is one of the most cherished villains in history, literature, and film, little is actually known about the criminal behavior of those with above-average IQ scores. This study provides some of the first empirical information about the self-reported crimes of adults with genius-level IQ scores. The study combines quantitative data about seventy-two different offenses with qualitative data from forty-four follow-up interviews to describe nine different types of offending: violent crime, property crime, sex crime, drug crime, white-collar crime, professional misconduct, vehicular crime, justice-system crime, and miscellaneous crime. Contrary to expectations, 465 high-IQ respondents reported higher rates of prevalence and incidence than 756 controls. They were also more tough-minded, emotional, and less empathic than people matched for sex and age. Interview data were consistent with theories that explain crime via weakened social bonds. Some of the crimes in the study were described by prisoners who had been caught and punished, but most—up to and including homicide—were described by offenders who got away with them. In the study, high-IQ respondents avoided detection, arrest, and conviction better than controls.
The Study
Authors: Oleson James C.
Published: May 2017

Little is known about high-IQ criminals because they are statistically rare. Only 2 percent of the general population has an IQ score of over 130 and only one in two thousand possesses an IQ of over 150. Another reason little is known is that few are caught. The differential detection hypothesis suggests that people with high IQs are less likely to be detected, arrested, prosecuted, convicted, and incarcerated than others. Prison studies, therefore, are of limited utility, and to study elite crime, self-report is essential. There is, however, little advantage for high-IQ individuals to participate in self-report research—and potentially much to lose. High-IQ individuals often possess the means to block research inquiries. This chapter describes the methodology of the study, including ethical and legal challenges associated with adult self-report research. It describes the study’s sampling, the design of the self-report questionnaire, the rationale and logistics of the follow-up interviews, and the structure of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ-R).
Introduction
Authors: Irwin Katherine , Umemoto Karen
Published: May 2017

Angel’s fights were legendary.1 Six feet tall at sixteen, she was a formidable opponent who could smack down anyone who challenged her. Few attempted to directly confront Angel. Instead, her adversaries usually yelled derogatory remarks from across the hallways and yards at school, leading her to call back, “Oh, shut your ass up. You know I can beat your ass on the spot!” If Angel did catch up with a girl who insulted her, a fight was sure to ensue. Along with the resulting bloodied noses, torn clothing, and bruised bodies, Angel’s opponents would be ridiculed for attempting, but failing, to bring her down. Only a “stupid bitch” would try to fight with Angel....
Sea of Good Intentions
Authors: Irwin Katherine , Umemoto Karen
Published: May 2017

In chapter six we juxtapose the work of compassionate adults against the harsh “zero-tolerance” policy environment and highlight the positive impacts of caring adults on youth at critical times in adolescence. We begin with a brief review of the rise of “zero-tolerance” policies and how they took shape nationally and in Hawai‘i. We hear the stories of June and Auggie, who experienced the punitive sting of the juvenile justice system as teens under this policy environment. We contrast that with examples of school and court professionals who made a marked difference in the lives of youth and explore the meaning and importance of discretionary power using an “ethic of care.”
Conclusion and Policy Implications
Authors: Dinar Shlomi , Dinar Ariel
Published: May 2017

This chapter highlights several important empirical conclusions that emerge from the chapters of the book. First, the statistical analysis investigating the linkages among water availability (measured as water quantity per capita) and variability of water supply and treaty-cooperation as well as the analysis investigating the type of institutions that contribute to treaty effectiveness in basins facing increased scarcity and variability support an inverted U-shape cooperation-scarcity/variability relationship. The chapter also discusses the role of several control variables that allow us to add nuance to the results and overall lessons for cooperation. Several conclusions emerge: we find little support for the claim that power asymmetry facilitates international cooperation. On the contrary, power asymmetry does not have a positive impact on treaty cooperation. We also find that incentives (which have been incorporated into existing treaties) such as financial transfers (often at the disposal of richer states) provide a better means for fostering international environmental cooperation between asymmetric parties. Both the quantitative empirical analysis and case-study investigation provide sufficient evidence to suggest that existing and future levels of scarcity and variability can be accommodated not only by institutions in and of themselves but likewise the mechanisms negotiated as part of these institutions.
Alta Presión:
Authors: Horton Sarah Bronwen
Published: May 2017

The only survey of migrant farmworkers’ health in California that used clinical exams to collect data found this occupational group had “startlingly” high rates of hypertension and risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Drawing upon the narratives of two migrant farmworking women who were both hospitalized for hypertension, this chapter explores the role of “immigration stress” and “work stress” in producing their chronic disease. While public health researchers have recently pointed to racial minorities’ physiological response to chronic discrimination as an explanation for their higher rates of hypertension, this chapter makes an analogous argument for legal minorities. It suggests that the recent trend towards heightened interior immigration enforcement subjects all noncitizens to forms of “everyday violence,” only increasing their chronic worry and “perseverative stress.” This chapter explores how the stress of being a legal minority gets under migrants’ skin, helping account for migrant farmworkers’ higher rates of chronic morbidity and mortality.
Plans for the Past
Authors: Cole Alan
Published: May 2017

This chapter compares the oldest surviving accounts of Bodhidharma to slightly earlier narratives that sought to explain how the essence of Buddhism moved from India into the possession of certain Chinese men. The first part of the chapter looks at how two late-sixth-century masters—Zhiyi (532–597) and Xinxing (540–594)—were presented as perfect receptacles of truth; the second part then covers the earliest accounts of Bodhidharma and his teachings. The final section of the chapter looks closely at Huike, the supposed disciple of Bodhidharma, to try to make sense of the way his biography in Daoxuan's Continued Biographies of Eminent Monks was rewritten so that he appears to stand at the head of a lineage that passes on the essence of Buddhist truth in a man-to-man manner.
Truth, Conspiracy, and Careful Writing
Authors: Cole Alan
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at three texts that reworked the figure of Huineng for new purposes: the Biography of the Great Master of Caoqi, the Platform Sūtra of the Sixth Patriarch, and the Record of the Dharma-Jewel through the Generations. What is particularly impressive about these three texts is that they take the trope of conspiracy and shift it from a direct charge leveled against the competition—Shenhui's strategy—and turn the accusation into an objective-looking history in which an invisible and omniscient narrator gradually gets the reader to “see” that a conspiracy has been perpetrated. Thus, each of these three “histories” reveals not only a new version of the Bodhidharma family but also how and why someone else's history came to be accepted into the public record. Hence, these narratives count as a kind of metawriting in which one of the key elements of the story is to show how someone else tried to write the Bodhidharma story.
The Wrong Kind of Intervention in Syria
Authors: Bâli Aslı , Rana Aziz
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the United Nations's intervention in Syria since early 2011, with particular emphasis on its efforts to address the civil war's international security dimensions, to respond to the urgent humanitarian needs of the civilian population, and to create a political framework for conflict resolution. It first considers how local and external forces have generated cyclical dynamics within Syria that not only have compromised each prong of the organization's work but also have led to increasingly disastrous results. It then discusses the UN's approach to Syria through the Security Council, along with the work of the organization's humanitarian agencies. It also describes the repeated failure of peace and humanitarian efforts in Syria, emphasizing the multiple forms of foreign intervention currently at play in the country and the extent to which such intervention—working to prolong the military character of the conflict—is fundamentally divorced from and at odds with UN initiatives.
The UN Security Council and Ghosts of Iraq
Authors: Chitalkar Poorvi , Malone David M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the lingering effects of the United Nations Security Council's engagement with Iraq over four decades. When Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990, the Security Council responded by imposing mandatory sanctions against Iraq and later that year authorized a United States-led military intervention. The Council then mandated weapons inspections and eventually a complex humanitarian program to mitigate the deleterious effects of the sanctions imposed against Iraq. In the next round of events in 2002–2003 it proved an ultimately unsuccessful political broker. Finally, the Council resorted to a marginal peacebuilding role after 2003. This chapter first retraces the Security Council's engagement with Iraq from 1980 onwards before discussing the Bush administration's unilateralism in the Iraq War. It also considers the Council's decision making on Iraq from 2002 to 2014 and how this engagement has both reflected and defined wider patterns of international relations, and how learning from Iraq has changed the Council's approach to promoting international security.
Peacekeeping and the Arab World
Authors: Mampilly Zachariah
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the impact of India's rise on United Nations peacekeeping missions in Sudan. Participation in peacekeeping has always been shaped by broader geopolitical trends. South Asian countries continue to occupy the top three spots on lists of troop-contributing countries (TCCs), while the ability to define the mandate of UN missions has long been controlled by England, France, and the United States. As India seeks a greater role on the global stage, it has destabilized this traditional binary that has defined UN peacekeeping since its inception. This chapter considers Indian involvement in UN peacekeeping in the Arab world, with a focus on the country's involvement in missions in Sudan and South Sudan. The UN currently is involved with three distinct missions in Sudan: the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS), the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA), and the joint African Union/UN Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID). This chapter discusses India's contribution of troops to UNMISS.
The UN Human Rights Game and the Arab Region
Authors: Azzam Fateh
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the role played by the international human rights protection system and its mutual interactions with countries and societies of the Arab region. The United Nations human rights system has grown considerably over the past six decadess, and with it the demands for human rights protection and their respect around the world, including in the Arab region. The revolts that first hit the region in 2011 brought into sharp focus the interdependence of development, democracy, and human rights, first articulated in the outcome document of the World Conference on Human Rights in Vienna in 1993. This chapter first provides an overview of the UN normative framework of human rights before discussing how Arab states engaged with this framework and how the UN bodies and processes have dealt with rights issues in the region. It also reviews Arab civil society's interactions with and usage of the UN human rights system.
The United Nations, Palestine, Liberation, and Development
Authors: Khalidi Raja
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the United Nations's involvement in the economic development of the Palestinian Authority. It begins with an overview of the key stages of the UN involvement in Palestinian development, focusing on the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees and various UN development agencies. It then considers cracks in the UN's development mission, architecture, and resources amid the rising swell of globalization and liberalization. It also explains how and why the Palestine Liberation Organization bought into neoliberalism and concludes with an assessment of why the UN still matters to Palestine. The chapter offers suggestions for ensuring a better future for the Palestinian people as compared to the past twenty years, as well as for realizing Palestinian efforts at achieving statehood.
Introduction
Authors: Taruskin Richard
Published: May 2017

It is my deep conviction that the good and the beautiful are one for all peoples. They are one in two senses: truth and beauty are eternal companions, one and the same both in their mutual relationship and for all peoples.

—DMITRY SERGEYEVICH LIKHACHYOV (1906–99)...
Not Modern and Loving It
Authors: Taruskin Richard
Published: May 2017

Sergey Rachmaninoff’s resistance to modernist styles and trends has told heavily on his status as a historical figure. Various attempts at reassessing his position in the historical narrative are themselves assessed, particularly Charles Fisk’s attempt to reclaim him as a modernist.
Turania Revisited, with Lourié My Guide
Authors: Taruskin Richard
Published: May 2017

Musical Eurasianism as seen through the lens of Arthur Lourié’s critical writings. The definition of the movement and its vicissitudes are traced through his changing musical outlook. Lourié’s surprising approval of the music of Rachmaninoff and Shostakovich is interpreted through the same lens, as are Lourié’s major musical works of the interwar period, the Concerto Spirituale and the two symphonies, Dialectica and Kormtchaïa.
Resisting The Rite
Authors: Taruskin Richard
Published: May 2017

A comprehensive examination of various phases of resistance to Stravinsky’s great ballet of 1913. The first half of the essay focusses on the audience’s resistance at the famous first night. The usually overlooked role of press coverage in bringing about that legendary fiasco is given due emphasis. The second half focusses on resistance over the century of the work’s existence, particularly on the composer’s own decisive role in resisting the original meaning of the work, and the changing performance practice that has accompanied the increasingly abstract view of The Rite as a composition.
In Stravinsky’s Songs, the True Man, No Ghostwriters
Authors: Taruskin Richard
Published: May 2017

Stravinsky’s songs are viewed as a barometer of his changing stylistic orientation. The songs written to folk texts during Stravinsky’s residence in Switzerland during World War I are viewed as a particularly important watershed for his style as it evolved from this “Russian” period into his “neoclassical” one.
A ganar la calle
Authors: Trumper Camilo D.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 3 rounds out this analysis by investigating the month-long October 1972 Trucker’s or Boss’s strike. It looks at how this mobilization in opposition to Allende created new sites, forms, and identities of political conflict in factories, soup kitchens, and sidewalks; how it challenged traditional lines of political allegiance on the streets and in Congress; and, ultimately, how it set in motion a chain of events that shaped the September 1973 coup. The chapter concludes with a close reading of Allende supporters’ reaction to the strike, focusing on the new forms of political practice they created in the industrial area ringing the city center. Workers in these cordones industriales clashed with the state and opposition in their struggle to secure poder popular—laborer’s authority in the workplace. They fashioned new sites and forms of political practice and affiliation that spilled over the traditional lines of political association. Investigating these entwined contests over public space, Chapter 3 shows how the ongoing effort to “win the battle for the streets” allowed santiaguinos to rethink how and where they could politicize gender and masculinity, and change how participants understood the potential limits of political citizenship across political divides. Ultimately, it illustrates how the act of claiming public spaces became essential political practice, and how these efforts fundamentally reshaped the city’s political geography.
Political Palimpsests
Authors: Trumper Camilo D.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 4 turns to ephemeral forms of public art, including posters, murals, and graffiti. This chapter occupies is at the very heart of the book. Connecting urban and visual studies with political and oral history, it suggests that ephemeral forms of street art allowed santiaguinos to open new spaces for political debate in the city center, factories, and shantytowns alike. Ephemeral forms of public art helped urban residents fashion both an innovative language of political debate and an alternative, inclusive geography of political participation. They transformed city walls into arenas of dialogue and brought their viewers into a space of wider political analysis. In fact, the political significance that posters, murals, and graffiti held was rooted in their very ephemerality. Meant to last for an hour or a day, they were often ripped or painted over, and new attempts were layered over older pieces, transforming city walls into palimpsests of political debate. They generated a visual style that allowed a host of actors to enter into public political debate and articulate an intricate, ever-changing political discourse. They ultimately remade the city into a political arena and rewrote the terms and limits of political citizenship in the post-war period. Street art, in short, simultaneously constituted and commented on a public sphere of political debate that was rooted in urban practices of occupation and appropriation.
The Role of Agency in the Desistance Process
Authors: Soyer Michaela
Published: May 2017

Chapter 1 connects the narrative of the American dream to the teenagers' cycles of desistance and recidivism. The rhetoric of the American dream generates unrealistic expectations about desisting from crime. The concepts of “imagined desistance,” “automatic desistance,” and “creative desistance” capture the discrepancy between theory and practice of the reentry process.
The Uncertainty of Freedom
Authors: Soyer Michaela
Published: May 2017

After their release from juvenile justice facilities, many teenagers have to wear ankle bracelets and are supervised by probation officers or caseworkers. Being constantly supervised conflicts with the teenagers’ narrative of agency and self-reliance. On the other hand, it allows them to negotiate a volatile environment and to go through a manageable process of rehabilitation without confronting persisting and disempowering structural forces.
A Risky Life
Authors: Shukla Rashi K.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 7, “A Risky Life,” demonstrates how the meth-immersed life becomes increasingly risky, destructive, and dangerous over time. An insiders’ perspective on the negative experiences related to methamphetamine-fueled binges is presented. A detailed account of the accumulating perils that accompany dealing, manufacturing, and immersion is discussed.
Life after Meth
Authors: Shukla Rashi K.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 9, “Life after Meth,” examines of life after immersion in the methamphetamine lifestyle. The struggles of those overcoming addiction and the challenges inherent in rebuilding legitimate lives are described. The far-reaching consequences of labels that stick—those related to addictions and convictions—are discussed.
Introduction
Authors: Flaherty George F.
Published: May 2017

Where did they come from, the three hundred thousand students that came to the Zócalo the day for the Great Silent Demonstration? … What became of Lourdes? Who was behind the door of Preparatory 1 on the day of the bazookas? How does a generation manufacture myths? What was on the menu in the Political Sciences cafeteria? What was the ’68 Movement protesting? Where did the Juárez-Loreto bus start its run every morning? … Where did they throw our dead? Where, for fuck’s sake, did they throw our dead?...
Urban Logistics and Kinetic Environments
Authors: Flaherty George F.
Published: May 2017

Mexico’s successful bid to host 1968 Olympics necessitated the management of the country’s holistic and cohesive modern image for the worldwide audiences. Chapter 3 analyses the integration and mobilization of various design disciplines—especially built environment and visual communications—to produce and convey such an image. Focusing on the immersive participatory street environments designed for the Games, the chapter examines work of planner-architect Eduardo Terrazas, head of the urban design for the Mexican Olympic organizing committee—and compares them to the ideas promoted by the neo-avant-garde kinetic artists. It thus shows the seemingly neutral notions such as interdisciplinary collaboration, Gestalt psychology, and cybernetic responsiveness engender also frameworks of hierarchy, management, and the cult of expertise. The analysis demonstrates kinetic environments and technologies to be inherently open-ended and unstable, clearing space for the interventions of 68 Movement.
Introduction
Authors: Luhrmann T. M.
Published: May 2017

The introduction lays out what we know about the social context of schizophrenia from the epidemiological literature: that risk of schizophrenia is particularly high for immigrants from predominantly dark-skinned countries to Europe; that risk increases with lower socioeconomic status at birth and even at parent’s birth; that risk increases with urban dwelling and seems to increase the longer time is spent in cities; that risk increases as ethnic density in the neighborhood declines. The chapter presents a history of the way schizophrenia has been understood in the United States, and the diagnostic complexities of serious psychotic disorder. It then discusses what ethnographers have observed so far about the social conditions which may shape the experience of psychosis: the local cultural interpretation of mental illness; the role and presence of the family; the structure of work; and the basic social environment. This becomes the ground for our case studies.
Religious Environmentalism in the City
Authors: Baugh Amanda J.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 2 discusses Faith in Place’s daily activities in the context of the green cities movement. Through its work in Chicago and the surrounding areas, Faith in Place helped shape distinctively urban religious worlds. It reconceived the city as a salvific landscape with redeeming qualities for the environment and for the soul, but it could not entirely overcome the legacy of romantic urges toward wilderness. Over the years its leaders invoked a particular vision of the city and the need for green behaviors within it, and their work aimed to realize that vision, with all its tensions and inconsistencies.
Black Elephants in the Room
Authors: Fields Corey D.
Published: May 2017

What do people think of when they hear about an African American Republican? Are they heroes fighting against the expectation that all blacks must vote democratic? Are they Uncle Toms or sellouts, serving as traitors to their race? What is it really like to be a black person in the Republican Party? This book considers how race structures the political behavior of African American Republicans and discusses the dynamic relationship between race and political behavior in the purported “post-racial” context of US politics. Drawing on vivid first-person accounts, the book sheds light on the different ways black identity structures African Americans' membership in the Republican Party. Moving past rhetoric and politics, the everyday people working to reconcile their commitment to black identity with their belief in Republican principles can be seen. And at the end, the importance of understanding both the meanings African Americans attach to racial identity and the political contexts in which those meanings are developed and expressed is illuminated.
From Many to Few
Authors: Fields Corey D.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the historical relationship between African Americans and the Republican Party. In contrast to their current unexpected status, it used to be common for blacks to support the party. Abolition was at the center of the party's creation, and African Americans were a critical constituency. Only in the 1930s did the majority of African Americans start supporting Democratic candidates in presidential elections. While shifts in how each party handled economic issues precipitated black voters' exodus to the Democratic Party, it was the Republican Party's response to the civil rights movement and demands for racial equality that produced its antagonistic relationship with blacks. In tracing this history, it becomes clear that black political behavior develops in concert with shifts in the broader political context.
Black Power through Conservative Principles
Authors: Fields Corey D.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines an opposing strategy used by race-conscious African American Republicans. For this group, race is central to their personal and political motivations; black identity provides the motivation for joining the Republican Party. They also use black identity to inform how they discuss the merits of conservative social policy. Indeed, they construct black Americans in a way that highlights the impact of racial discrimination and disparate treatment on their life chances, creating a respectable picture in need of economic policy changes and framing conservative values as the ones best suited to create those solutions. Thus, in contrast to their race-blind counterparts, this group supports Republican policies because of their perceived benefits to blacks.
Whither the Republican Party
Authors: Fields Corey D.
Published: May 2017

This chapter addresses how the tensions between the different factions of African American Republicans structure relations with white Republicans. White Republicans provide the platform upon which black Republicans gain election, notoriety, and resources. The relationship is symmetrically beneficial since black Republicans provide tangible proof of racial diversity within the GOP. To maintain support among white Republicans, African Americans must talk about black identity in a way that is consistent with what white Republicans want to hear. When African-Americans call on white Republicans to speak to black interests specifically and treat conservative social policy as a basis for black advancement, relations with white Republicans are contentious and adversarial. As a consequence, a very specific kind of African American Republican rises to prominence within the GOP.
Conclusion
Authors: Holtzman Jon D.
Published: May 2017

This conclusion draws on diverse comparisons--Tim O’Brien’s notion of a “true war story,” the Rigoberta Menchu controversy, and tropes used to justify the Holocaust—to consider the place of “Truth” in conflicting narratives of violence. These narratives are important in fomenting and interpreting violence irrespective of objective truthfulness. Yet the agnostic approach to truth that this pushes us towards may become a morally unacceptable disservice to the victims of violence. I thus reflect on the varying stories of violence from northern Kenya that contain varying mixtures of truth and falsehood, suggesting that ultimately we are left in the conundrum of unattainable truth, at the same time accepting that clearly truth does matter to the victims of war.
The Problem of Women in Early Modern Japan
Authors: Yonemoto Marcia
Published: May 2017

Contrary to popular perceptions of premodern Japanese women as oppressed and subjugated by patriarchal norms, this book contends that when we read texts by and about women written between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries, we see a broad and complex picture of women’s lives, one in which women were far from passive or powerless. Instead, women were seen as active participants in society who could effect both positive and negative change. This book explores the tension inherent in women’s roles and lives through close readings of two types of primary sources: the first includes prescriptive literature and instructional manuals for women, as well as fiction, drama, woodblock prints and book illustrations, all of which were produced and circulated in considerable number throughout the Tokugawa period. The second body of sources the book examines consists of narratives of women’s lives, including diaries and memoirs written by women or their family members, primarily those of the samurai class, whose lives spanned the entirety of the Tokugawa period. These personal narratives reveal how individual women grappled throughout their lives with the challenges presented by social, political, and legal norms for gendered behavior, the very norms reinforced in the aforementioned prescriptive literature. The book combines elements of cultural and social history, balancing close readings of primary sources with investigation of trends, patterns, and data that reflect the growth and change in key social institutions such as marriage, reproduction, family structure, and life course. The result is a study that captures both the representation and the lived experience of women’s lives across the span of the Tokugawa period.
Holy Households
Authors: Doerfler Maria
Published: May 2017

From laws that linked a woman's economic independence to the number of children she had birthed to medical handbooks' treatment of fertility and women's portrayal in poetry and panegyric, the birthing and rearing of children appears as one of the defining tasks in late ancient women's lives.  While the expansion of Christianity in the fourth and fifth centuries and the appeal ascetic practice held for members of the imperial elites did not fundamentally change this valuation, they nevertheless precipitated a reconsideration of what constituted motherhood in the first place.  This chapter explores the rhetorical construction of motherhood in late ancient ascetic writings, and the interplay between physical and spiritual portrayals of family relations in the lives of late ancient women ascetics.
Friends and Heretics
Authors: Drake Susanna
Published: May 2017

In the fifth century, the critiques leveled by Pelagius and his supporters troubled Augustine so much that he spent much of his last years refuting the Pelagians and distinguishing his thoughts on sin, sinlessness, and baptism from theirs. Melania the Younger and her husband were caught in the middle of these theological debates, due to their friendly relations with both Pelagius and his supporters and Augustine and his. The Life of Melania the Younger preserves unresolved Pelagian tensions by celebrating Melania’s asceticism and insisting on her humility and sinful nature. In the Latin Vita, in a speech following a miraculous delivery of a stillborn child, Melania defends the purity of babies and bodies, all while reminding her audience of the filthiness of human sin. This chapter examines how the Life negotiates conflicts over theodicy, grace, sin, and the human potential for overcoming sin set in motion by the Pelagian controversy.
Sing, O Daughter(s) of Zion
Authors: Shoemaker Stephen J.
Published: May 2017

As the Christianization of civic life progressed rapidly throughout the Roman Empire, one of the most effective means by which Christianity came to inhabit the Empire’s cities was through the development of public liturgy.  Ritual practices that had once been held in private, often in the homes of individual Christians, now emerged into the public sphere, even in the streets of the city itself, with the establishment of stational and processional liturgies.  Memories of the apostles and saints were also inscribed onto the urban landscape, as shrines and pilgrimage presented another means of Christianizing this space.  Perhaps nowhere are all of these elements more on display than in Jerusalem during the lifetimes of Melania the Elder and Melania the Younger. This chapter explores the unprecedented knowledge of the songs that were sung in late ancient Christian worship, made known through the recently published Jerusalem Georgian Chantbook (iadgari/tropologion).
Monastic Revivals
Authors: Davis Stephen J.
Published: May 2017

Melania the Elder and Melania the Younger both traveled to Egypt and visited monks there before settling in Jerusalem and founding monasteries there. Despite their longstanding reputation as prominent saints in Western churches, the impact of these two ascetic women upon the Egyptian church and its literature has been relatively minimal over the centuries. Neither Melania is included in the official list of saints and saints' days of the Coptic church. And yet, during the past four decades, the Melanias have made notable appearances in Arabic-language homilies and books produced by church leaders as part of a successful effort to revive Coptic monasticism in Egypt. This chapter looks at how these two Roman ascetic women have been reintroduced to the Egyptian faithful as models of monastic piety in the teachings of Pope Shenouda III and in literature produced by Matthew the Poor and other contemporary Coptic monks.
The Future of Sainthood
Authors: Castelli Elizabeth A.
Published: May 2017

One way of thinking about the last decades of scholarship on late ancient Christianity is to notice the effort to disentangle the historiographical project from the theological one. This effort has travelled alongside a series of overlapping intellectual (and political) turns within the humanities and qualitative social sciences: the feminist turn, the literary turn, the cultural turn, and most recently (ironically enough) the turn to religion. How do these interpretive transformations change the practice of reading ancient sources? By taking up The Life of Melania the Younger, this chapter explores the critical differences implied and imposed by this series of interpretive turns. The reading of the Life interweaves questions of gender, power, and the body; genre, rhetoric, and audience; materiality and social relations; the production of subjectivity through the repetitions of ritual and piety; and reflections on the future of feminist critique in the history of religion.
Afterword
Authors: Styers Randall
Published: May 2017

This essay delineates the impact of gender studies, theories of religion, and hagiography on fields of patristics and the history of Christianity more broadly, with a particular focus on the influence of the work of Elizabeth A. Clark.
When a Maoist “Class” Intersected Gender
Authors: Zheng Wang
Published: May 2017

In 1964 the CCP’s journal Red Flag openly criticized Women of China for its alleged bourgeois and revisionist line in its advocacy of “women question.” Investigating this mysterious case, this chapter discovers the crucial moment when the masculinist male authority in the Party successfully deployed a Maoist concept of class struggle to suppress ACWF’s efforts to transform gender relations, especially in the domestic setting. Underlying this attack on ACWF was personal entanglement among the top echelon of the Party. Political rhetoric camouflaged personal animosities; and the political was indeed inseparably blended with the personal. State feminist endeavors became casualties of personal politics, a case revealing marginalization of the ACWF in the power structure as well as drastic deterioration of the political dynamics in the CCP.
Chen Bo’er and the Feminist Paradigm of Socialist Film
Authors: Zheng Wang
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents a life story of a feminist revolutionary founder of socialist film industry, Chen Bo’er, and debunks a fast held assumption that patriarchal authority dominated the cultural production that propagandized masculinized women. Tracing the life course in which Chen evolved from a left oriented feminist movie star of the 1930s to a leaderwho created a feminist paradigm of socialist films, this chapter identifies heritages as well as transformation of May Fourth feminism in the cultural realm of the PRC. Revolutionary heroines emerged as a dominant symbol that challenged male supremacy and promoted women’s empowerment as a result of feminists’ conscious efforts in cultural production. Chen’s life story also offers evidence for re-interpretation of Mao’s Yan’an Talks. The politics of erasure of feminist endeavors is also examined.
Epilogue
Authors: Jakelski Lisa
Published: May 2017

The epilogue begins with a concise overview of the aesthetic, political, and economic shifts that have affected the festival since 1968. It then considers how “new music” is being defined and disseminated at the Warsaw Autumn today. The epilogue demonstrates that, although the old East-West divisions no longer apply in post-socialist Poland, new music at the Warsaw Autumn continues to be defined relationally. Some of these connections are with the present: festival organizers are increasingly willing to admit links between new music, society, and politics. Other relationships are with the past: the Warsaw Autumn is actively engaged in a self-reflexive exploration of its own history. The festival also continues to define contemporary music by what it is not: its marketing strategies and programming maintain a clear division between elite conceptions of new music and commercialized forms of popular culture.
Politicking and Emergent Media
Authors: Musser Charles
Published: May 2017

Politicking and Emergent Media looks at four presidential campaigns in the United States during the long 1890s (1888-1900) and the ways in which Republicans and Democrats mobilized a wide variety of media forms in their efforts to achieve electoral victory. The 1890s was a pivotal era in which new means of audio and visual inscription were first deployed. Newspapers remained the dominant media, and Democrats had gained sufficient advantage in 1884 to put Grover Cleveland in the White House. In 1888 Republicans responded by strengthening their media arm with a variety of tactics, using the stereopticon, a modernized magic lantern, to deliver popular illustrated lectures on the protective tariff which helped Republican candidate Benjamin Harrison defeat Cleveland--though Harrison lost the rematch four years later. Efforts to regain a media advantage continued in 1896 as Republicans embraced motion pictures, the phonograph and telephone to further William McKinley’s campaign for president. When the traditionally Democratic press rejected “Free Silver” candidate William Jennings Bryan, McKinley’s victory was assured. As the United States became a world power in the aftermath of the Spanish-American War, audio-visual media promoted American Imperialism, the “paramount issue” of the 1900 election, as McKinley won a second term.
The Stereopticon, The Tariff Illustrated, and the 1892 Election
Authors: Musser Charles
Published: May 2017

Examines the 1888 and 1892 presidential campaigns that pitted Republican Benjamin Harrison, who favored a protective tariff, against Democrat Grover Cleveland, who wanted to lower taxes on imports. The New York press was predominantly Democratic, which enabled Cleveland to win the 1884 election. The pro-Republican Protective Tariff League sponsored Judge John L. Wheeler’s wildly popular stereopticon lecture The Tariff Illustrated in 1888x, which was hailed as contributing to Harrison’s victory (a brief recession and Tammany Hall’s hostility to Cleveland were additional factors). In 1892 Republicans nominated New York Tribune publisher Whitelaw Reid as vice-president and had six orators who toured the Northeast, delivering illustrated lectures and promoting the protective tariff. Nevertheless, Cleveland proved victorious in the rematch.