bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Social Ecological Conceptual Framework for Understanding Adolescent Health Literacy in the Health Education Classroom
Authors: Wharf Higgins Joan , Begoray Deborah , MacDonald Marjorie
Published: October 2009

With the rising concern over chronic health conditions and their prevention and management, health literacy is emerging as an important public health issue. As with the development of other forms of literacy, the ability for students to be able to access, understand, evaluate and communicate health information is a skill best developed during their years of public schooling. Health education curricula offer one approach to develop health literacy, yet little is known about its influence on neither students nor their experiences within an educational context. In this article, we describe our experience applying a social ecological model to investigating the implementation of a health education curriculum in four high schools in British Columbia, Canada. We used the model to guide a conceptual understanding of health literacy, develop research questions, select data collection strategies, and interpret the findings. Reflections and recommendations for using the model are offered.
Increases in Tolerance Within Naturalistic, Intentional Communities: A Randomized, Longitudinal Examination
Authors: Olson Brad , Jason Leonard A. , Davidson Michelle , Ferrari Joseph R.
Published: October 2009

The authors examine differential changes in values of tolerance among 150 participants discharged from inpatient treatment centers, and randomly assigned to either a self‐help‐based, communal living setting (i.e., Oxford House), or usual aftercare. Participants were interviewed every 6 months for a 24‐month period. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) was used to examine the effect of condition (therapeutic communal living versus usual aftercare) on wave trajectories of tolerance (i.e., universality/diversity scores). Over time, residents of the communal living model demonstrated significantly greater values of tolerance than usual aftercare participants. Communal living participants who resided in the house for over 6 months showed the most substantial increases in tolerance. Results support the notion that communal living residents may develop more tolerant attitudes by striving toward superordinate community goals (objectives held by (a) the whole group and (b) which individual members could not achieve alone).
Snap-Through Instability of Graphene on Substrates
Authors: Li Teng , Zhang Zhao
Published: October 2009

We determine the graphene morphology regulated by substrates with herringbone and checkerboard surface corrugations. As the graphene–substrate interfacial bonding energy and the substrate surface roughness vary, the graphene morphology snaps between two distinct states: (1) closely conforming to the substrate and (2) remaining nearly flat on the substrate. Since the graphene morphology is strongly tied to the electronic properties of graphene, such a snap-through instability of graphene morphology can lead to desirable graphene electronic properties that could potentially enable graphene-based functional electronic components (e.g. nano-switches).
Dietary patterns of school-age children in Scotland: association with socio-economic indicators, physical activity and obesity
Authors: Craig Leone C. A. , McNeill Geraldine , Macdiarmid Jennie I. , Masson Lindsey F. , Holmes Bridget A.
Published: October 2009

The Survey of Sugar Intake among Children in Scotland was carried out in May to September 2006. The present study aimed to identify dietary patterns in school-aged children from the survey and investigate associations with socio-economic factors, obesity and physical activity. Habitual diet was assessed using the Scottish Collaborative Group FFQ. Height and weight were measured by trained fieldworkers. A total of 1233 FFQ were available for analysis. Dietary patterns were identified by age (5–11 and 12–17 years) and sex using principal components analysis. Associations between factor scores and socio-economic status, education level of the main food provider, physical activity levels and BMI category (based on UK 1990 charts) were examined. Three dietary patterns were identified in each age and sex group. ‘Healthier’ patterns loading highly for fruit and vegetables were significantly associated with higher socio-economic status and higher education levels of the main food provider whereas more ‘unhealthy’ patterns (‘snacks’ and ‘puddings’) were associated with lower socio-economic status and lower education levels of the main food provider. There was no consistent association between dietary patterns and BMI group or time spent in physical activity. However, inactivity (screen time) was inversely associated with ‘healthier’ patterns in all age and sex groups and positively associated with ‘puddings’ and ‘snacks’ in girls aged 5–11 years. Clear dietary patterns can be identified in school-age children in Scotland, which are consistently related to socio-economic factors and inactivity. This has implications for targeting health promotion at subgroups in terms of lifestyle changes required.
Working the Political Field in Stormy Weather: A Mayor's Role in the Quebec Municipal Mergers
Authors: Mévellec Anne
Published: October 2009

Abstract.Canadian political science often neglects the municipal level as a legitimate research subject, even when large-scale transformations are implemented, such as the 2001 territorial reorganization in Quebec. This paper shows how mayors were involved in municipal mergers, mainly led by the provincial government, and especially how they played different roles in order to ensure their legitimacy as leaders of their communities. Specifically, the creation of the City of Saguenay has been studied through an examination of the activities, strategies and discourses of the mayors of this agglomeration in order to highlight normal and extraordinary levels of action. In doing so, this article contributes new knowledge of the mayors' own conceptions of their duties and roles and also of the rescaling process.

Résumé.Le palier municipal attire peu d'attention en science politique canadienne, même lorsque surviennent des réformes substantielles comme la réorganisation territoriale municipale entreprise au Québec en 2001. L'article montre comment les maires ont tenté de s'approprier la mise en œuvre de ces fusions municipales organisées surtout par le gouvernement provincial, en insistant sur les rôles divers qu'ils ont joués pour assurer leur légitimité en tant que chefs de leur communauté. L'étude de la création de la Ville de Saguenay a permis d'examiner de plus près les activités, les stratégies et les discours des maires de cette agglomération et de mettre en lumière leurs registres d'action ordinaires et extraordinaires. L'article jette ainsi un éclairage nouveau sur les perceptions qu'ont les maires de leur rôle et de leurs responsabilités et sur les effets politiques de la réorganisation municipale.
Gestions du nouveau pluralisme religieux dans les villes canadiennes. Établissement de mosquées et mécanismes de personnalisation des canaux de médiation à Montréal et à Laval
Authors: Fourot Aude-Claire
Published: October 2009

Résumé.Comment expliquer les différences entre les processus d'institutionnalisation des lieux de culte dans plusieurs villes? Notre article analyse l'établissement de lieux de culte musulmans à Montréal et à Laval. En suivant une approche néo-institutionnelle, nous montrons que des configurations institutionnelles – caractérisées par les relations intergouvernementales, les discours encadrant l'accommodement des demandes ethnoculturelles, les relations avec les élus et les fonctionnaires ainsi que les différentes formes de relations avec les groupes ethnoreligieux au niveau municipal – façonnent les processus d'institutionnalisation des lieux de culte et ce, par l'intermédiaire d'un mécanisme, soit la personnalisation, réussie ou non, des canaux de médiation. La personnalisation des canaux de médiation entre les autorités religieuses et municipales correspond à un processus d'institutionnalisation de type politique alors que l'échec de cette personnalisation correspond à un processus d'institutionnalisation de type administratif.

Abstract.How does one account for the different processes of institutionalization of places of worship in different cities? To answer this question, the article analyses the establishment of Muslim places of worship in Montréal and Laval. Using a neo-institutional approach, I demonstrate how institutional configurations – characterised by the following: the state of inter-governmental relations; the discourses surrounding the accommodation of ethno-cultural and ethno-religious demands; the relations among local actors, especially elected officials and municipal public servants; and forms of mediation between municipalities and ethno-religious groups – impact on the processes of institutionalization, and this, through a mechanism, the degree of personalisation of mediation channels. My principal hypothesis is that personalisation of mediation channels leads to a political process of institutionalization whereas non-personalisation of these channels leads to an administrative one.
The Political Socialization of Adolescents in Canada: Differential Effects of Civic Education on Visible Minorities
Authors: Claes Ellen , Hooghe Marc , Stolle Dietlind
Published: October 2009

Abstract.It is assumed that civic education has persistent effects on political attitudes and behaviours of young citizens. There is no consensus, however, on what kind of efforts have the strongest effects on specific outcomes, like political knowledge and intended political participation. In some of the older literature, it has been shown that effects of civic education are stronger for children from a visible minority background. This article takes up these questions using a dataset with a sample of 15–17-year olds from Canada (n = 3,334). The results show that active efforts for civic education can make a difference. Especially community service, a rather new form of civic education, fosters political knowledge and conventional future participation. However, in Canada, adolescents from a visible minority background do not benefit disproportionately from civic education efforts.

Résumé.On soutient que l'éducation à la citoyenneté amène des effets positifs durables sur les attitudes et les comportements politiques des jeunes. Toutefois, il n'existe pas de consensus concernant les efforts spécifiques les plus fructueux pour stimuler les connaissances et la participation politiques. Dans cet article nous examinons premièrement l'ampleur des effets de l'éducation à la citoyenneté. Deuxièmement, nous examinons la thèse selon laquelle ce sont les minorités visibles qui bénéficient le plus de ces efforts – position défendue dans une partie de la littérature plus ancienne sur le sujet. Ces deux questions sont étudiées quantitativement en utilisant un groupe témoin de jeunes Canadiens de 15 à 17 ans (n = 3334). Les résultats révèlent que les efforts actifs dans le domaine de l'éducation à la citoyenneté ont un effet sur les attitudes et les comportements politiques. Le service communautaire, entre autres, une nouvelle forme d'éducation à la citoyenneté, sensibilise les jeunes à la politique et favorise leur participation conventionnelle future. Nous ne trouvons pas, en revanche, d'effet différentiel notable chez les adolescents des minorités visibles.
Worth the Wait: Determinants of Ministerial Appointment in Canada, 1935–2008
Authors: Kerby Matthew
Published: October 2009

Abstract.The subject of ministerial career paths is neglected in the Canadian political science canon. The existing literature, data and methods are for the most part descriptive and require updating. This article addresses this deficit by focusing on the topic of ministerial appointments in the Canadian federal parliament. An event history model is developed to estimate the “hazard” of ministerial appointment for all government party members of Parliament for the period 1935–2008. Existing theories and explanations for ministerial appointments and their relationship to constitutional conventions and political principles are systematically tested using a series of variables identified in the Canadian and comparative literature. The paper concludes with recommendations for further research and integration with complementary country-specific and comparative research programs in the field of ministerial career paths.

Résumé.Le parcours de carrière ministérielle est un sujet négligé dans la convention de la science politique canadienne. La littérature, les données et les méthodes existantes sont majoritairement descriptives et requièrent une mise à jour. Cet article tente de combler cette lacune en étudiant les nominations ministérielles au gouvernement fédéral canadien. Un modèle de survie couvrant la période de 1935 à 2008 est mis au point afin d'évaluer le risque des nominations ministérielles pour tous les députés du parti politique au gouvernement. Les théories et interprétations actuellement utilisées pour déterminer les nominations ministérielles ainsi que leur affinité avec les conventions constitutionnelles et les préceptes politiques sont méthodiquement analysées à l'aide d'une suite de données reconnues dans la littérature canadienne et comparative. Finalement le document préconise la poursuite des recherches et un rapprochement avec les programmes de recherche comparatifs et propres au pays en matière de parcours de carrière ministérielle.
The types of tubercle bacilli in lupus and scrofulodermia
Authors: Griffith A. Stanley
Published: October 2009

1. Cultures of tubercle bacilli were obtained from 204 cases of lupus.

2. According to their cultural characters the strains could be divided into two main groups, one containing 102 strains with the characters of human tubercle bacilli and the other containing 102 strains with the characters of bovine tubercle bacilli.

3. Virulence tests were carried out on a large number of animals, and in one instance over 100 animals were used for testing strains from a particular case.

4. Of the 102 culturally human strains 41 were highly virulent for the guineapig, and for the monkey when this was tested, producing progressive and rapidly fatal tuberculosis. The remaining 61 strains (59.8%) showed varying degrees of attenuation.

5. Of the 102 culturally bovine strains 34 were highly virulent for all the animals tested, producing in them severe and rapidly fatal general tuberculosis identical with that set up by standard bovine bacilli. The remaining 68 (66.7%) were of lower virulence for the rabbit, and for the calf and goat when these animals were tested, than standard bovine strains, but they all produced in one, two, or three of these species more extensive tuberculosis than human bacilli. For the guineapig, and for the monkey when tested, these strains fell below the virulence of standard bovine strains, except for a few whose virulence was only slightly lowered for the rabbit.
Epidemiological aspects of an outbreak of encephalomyelitis at the Royal Free Hospital, London, in the summer of 1955
Authors: Crowley Nuala , Nelson Merran , Stovin Sybille
Published: October 2009

An outbreak of encephalomyclitis of unknown actiology occurred in the Royal Free Hospital Teaching Group in 1955. The disease which affected about 9% of the population was probably a viral infection spread by personal contact. People of all ages were attacked but those under 30 were most susceptible. Institutional life was an important factor in determining the case incidence which was highest among nurses, orderlies and resident domestic staff. The clinical picture was one of encephalomyelopathy, with lympho-reticular reaction and relapsing myalgia.
The titration of vaccinia virus on the chorio-allantoic membrane of the developing chick embryo
Authors: Westwood J. C. N. , Phipps P. H. , Boulter E. A.
Published: October 2009

A detailed investigation has been made of the pock-counting method for titrating vaccinia virus on embryonated eggs with a view to eliminating the wide scatter of results hitherto inseparable from the technique, and of assessing the precision of which it is capable. A detailed description is given of the technique evolved.

Reasons are given for supposing that the distribution of counts should follow the Poisson series, and considerable progress is claimed towards the achievement of such a distribution.
Observations on the incidence and distribution of the common cold in a rural community during 1948 and 1949
Authors: Lidwell O. M. , Sommerville T.
Published: October 2009

A study of the occurrence of the common cold in a Wiltshire village during the years 1948 and 1949 showed that, in this community, school children experienced about three times as many colds as adults living in households without schoolchildren, and that the presence of schoolchildren in. the household approximately doubled the numbers of colds experienced by both adults and infants under 5 years of age.
The swamp rice rat (Oryzomys palustris natator) as a possible laboratory animal for special purposes
Authors: Steward J. S.
Published: October 2009

The Florida cotton rat, Sigmodon hispidus, has become established as a laboratory animal largely because it is the best known host of the filariid worm, Litomosoides carinii, which is used in routine screening tests for filariacides.

Cotton rats are unsuitable for infecting when very small, and as the filariae take several months to develop enough for the purpose of the test, most of the cotton rats are fully grown at the time of testing. Their weight range is 125–225 g., average about 170 g.
Symbiotic Bacteriophage as a ‘marker’ in the identification of strains of Salmonella typhi-murium
Authors: Boyd J. S. K. , Parker M. T. , Mair N. S.
Published: October 2009

(1) A collection of S. typhi-murium strains, isolated during 11 months, in or near Manchester, was examined for the presence of symbiotic bacteriophage. In all, 177 strains derived from eighty-three incidents were investigated.

2. The different phages, or combinations of phage, allowed these strains to be divided into eleven varieties. Three hitherto undescribed types of phage were discovered.

3. With two minor exceptions, all groups of strains isolated from associated cases of infection carried the same type of phage, so that the ‘typing’ was in agreement with epidemiological expectations. In the two exceptions, the relationship of the cases was not intimate, and infection from different sources was an obvious possibility.

4. It is concluded that this is a reliable method of typing. It is probably applicable to other groups of bacteria. Its value would be enhanced by the discovery of a simpler method than filtration for sterilizing the lysato without damaging the phage.
On assessing the efficiency of single-room provision in hospital wards
Authors: Bailey Norman T. J.
Published: October 2009

In many hospital wards it is usual to have a certain proportion of the beds separately accommodated in single-bed rooms. Current practice shows a great variety not only in the availability of separate accommodation but also in the use made of such a facility. A clear understanding of both the demand and the way in which it can be met is of great importance in the theory and practice of ward design. This problem has been discussed in a recent paper by J. W. D. Goodall (1951), who, using purely medical criteria for the need for separate accommodation, considered that present practice was on the whole largely inadequate. He found it convenient to divide patients into two groups. First, those who have to be kept under close observation, such as dying cases, infants under 2 years, cases of posttraumatic psychosis, patients requiring special treatment, and so on. These are called type A patients, and their beds must be situated for easy observation and attention. Secondly, there are those who need to be separated but who do not require constant nursing supervision, such as patients who are liable to infect others or who are peculiarly susceptible to infection, burns cases and physically unpleasant patients, etc. These are of type B and need not be placed in such immediately accessible parts of the ward. Goodall obtained data from many different hospital wards showing the day-to-day demand for single rooms over, in most cases, at least a month.
Studies on the agent of canine virus hepatitis (Rubarth's disease) II. The pathology and pathogenesis of the experimental disease produced by four strains of virus
Authors: Parry H. B. , Larin N. M. , Platt H.
Published: October 2009

The main clinical and pathological features of the naturally occurring canine virus hepatitis were reproduced in dogs, using four strains of virus from different parts of the world and by various routes of inoculation. Young puppies seemed to be most susceptible. A kitten was also infected. An unusual type of kerato-conjunctivitis occurred after both intraocular and intraperitoneal injection.

Specific antigen was detected in the blood for short periods at irregular intervals during the acute stages of the illness and up to 6 months after complete clinical recovery.

Specific antibodies were detected in the blood of recovered animals 3 to 10 weeks after the inoculation and 2–6 weeks after the onset of clinical illness.

The four strains of virus were similar in their serological and immunological characters.

Evidence is presented that virus can persist for some months in recovered animals.

Virus was demonstrated in lice collected from affected dogs.

The importance of clinically inapparent infections is stressed.
The Director's Report.–No. 3
Authors: Bourne G. C.
Published: October 2009

The present number of the Journal contains several memoirs of considerable practical importance. Mr. Bateson's paper on The Sense-organs of Fishes is the outcome of six months' work at Plymouth. It will be seen that he has dealt with the subject in the broadest possible manner; and whilst he is able to offer many practical suggestions as to the course to be pursued in further experiments with preserved and artificial baits, he has prepared the way for such experiments by his careful and interesting observations on the manner in which various fishes hunt for their prey. These observations give a far more accurate and well-founded account of the habits of food-fishes than anything that has been published before.
Notes on Oyster Culture
Authors: Fowler G. Herbert
Published: October 2009

While on a visit to Holland last December, I took advantage of the opportunity to learn something of the extent and methods of oyster culture there practised. To Mr. C. J. Bottemanne, of Bergen-op-Zoom, the Inspector of Fisheries, and to Prof. A. A. W. Hubrecht, of Utrecht and his published papers, I desire to acknowledge my indebtedness.
The Generative Organs of the Oyster
Authors: Bourne Gilbert C.
Published: October 2009

The following description of the reproductive organs of the oyster cannot well be understood without some acquaintance with the general anatomy of the animal. With the help of Pl. XXII, fig. 1, the most important features of its anatomy may readily be understood. It must be remembered that the valves of the oyster's shell lie right and left of the animal; that the concave valve which lies undermost in the natural position of the animal is the left valve, and the flat upper valve is the right valve. The hinge marks the dorsal border of the animal, and the opposite border is the ventral border. That side which is on the observer's right in fig. 1 is the anterior surface, and that on the left hand is the posterior surface. As the animal is compressed from side to side the anterior and posterior surfaces are very narrow. The great adductor muscle, by which the valves of the shell are closed, is seen lying in the centre of the animal in fig. 1.
Anchovies in the English Channel
Authors: Cunningham J. T.
Published: October 2009

The anchovy belongs to the same family of fishes as the herring, pilchard, and sprat, the family Clupeidæ. But whereas the herring, pilchard, and sprat have so many structural features in common that they are placed in a single genus, namely Clupea, the anchovy is in many respects so peculiar that it is placed in the distinct genus Engraulis. There are many species of Engraulis in various parts of the world, but only one on the coasts of Europe, and that one, commonly known as the ancovy, is called by zoologists Engraulis encrasicholus. The origin of these names dates back to a very early period. Both are used by ancient classical Greek authors.
Director's Report
Authors: Calderwood W. L.
Published: October 2009

The past summer has been a busy one at Plymouth, and the steady continuance of magnificent weather has made shore-collecting, as well as dredging and tow-netting from the boats, possible at all points in the neighbourhood. The fine weather, as compared to the weather of last summer, seems, moreover, to have had a distinct influence on the pelagic fauna of the Channel. There has been towards the end of the summer a continuance of unusually interesting surface forms, and at the same time almost a total absence of some of the creatures usually found in abundance. For instance, Aurelia has for some unaccountable reason not been found in the Sound this summer, although I have heard of its occurrence in usual numbers in the Solent. Last summer brought innumerable millions of Noctiluca, so that the sea for miles showed orangered tracks through the dense crowding of these infusorians. This summer has produced practically none.
A Contribution to our Knowledge of the Ovary and Intra-ovarian Egg in Teleosteans
Authors: Calderwood W. L.
Published: October 2009

The reproductive organs of Teleosteans have been studied by many writers. All observations, however, appear to be either on the organ as seen at only one season of the year, or on the early maturation of the ovum and development of the embryo. I do not in this paper concern myself with the primitive development of the ovary, or the subsequent growth of the permanent ova from the primitive ova or sexual cells of the embryo (1). My attention is rather centred on the adult and mature organ in its various conditions of sexual activity or repose.
Notes on Centrina Salviani
Authors: Calderwood W. L.
Published: October 2009

Two specimens of this Elasmobranch have recently been landed at Plymouth, the one on the 21st of June, and the other on the 8th of July. They were both captured by steam trawlers working off Vigo Bay on the north-west coast of Spain. The specimens cannot, therefore, be claimed as English; but since only one example appears to have been previously landed in this country, having been taken off the coast of Cornwall in 1877; and since the fish is, therefore, not at all well known, a few notes on the two specimens brought to the Laboratory may be of interest.
Ichthyological Contributions
Authors: Cunningham J. T.
Published: October 2009

In my paper in the preceding number of this Journal I erroneously described several specimens of this species as Zeugopterus punctatus, not having carefully examined or compared them. Since then, having seen specimens of Zeugopterus norvegicus, and re-examined my own, I find that my specimens belong to this species. The record of their capture in the neighbourhood of Plymouth is —
Notes on the Marine Invertebrate Fauna of Plymouth for 1892
Authors: Garstang Walter
Published: October 2009

The following faunistic notes are offered as an indication of the chief results which have characterised our collecting operations during the present year. It is hoped that, short as they are, they may prove serviceable to British naturalists desiring to pursue special researches in marine zoology, but undecided as to the locality most likely to meet their needs. The notes are incomplete, owing to my absence from Plymouth during the earlier part of the year; but they are sufficient for the formation of an inference, since the results here described were obtained for the most part during only a fragment of the year—from June to September.
Notes on the Plankton observed at Plymouth during June, July, August and September, 1892
Authors: Bles Edward J.
Published: October 2009

The absence of systematic records showing the variations of the floating fauna and flora, or plankton, of the Plymouth waters is much to be regretted. My observations on the amount of animal and plant life suspended in the sea from the surface to the bottom would show that in comparison with similar observations made elsewhere, the quantity of plankton in this locality was during the past summer surprisingly small. The absence of data upon which comparisons could be based between the state of the water in this season and that obtaining in former years is all the more to be deplored because the present season has in many respects been a remarkable one. In the first place, the Plymouth mackerel fishery has so far been a complete failure; it has further been found that dog-fishes (both Scyllium and Acanthias) were not obtainable during June and July; and lastly, Aurelia aurita, which in summer is usually common, was extremely scarce in the Sound and tidal waters of Plymouth. If my Burmise that the amount of plankton was for the locality exceptionally small proves correct, then these three salient instances of scarcity of animals which are directly or indirectly dependent on the plankton for their food will suffice to show the importance of a series of more or less continuous observations on the physical and biological condition of the inshore and Channel waters. Were accurate information on these points available, it would in all probability enable us to explain, and we might even in time be able to foresee, the occurrence of so important an event as the exceptionally sporadic appearance of the mackerel in 1892.
Report on the Probable Ages of Young Fish collected by Mr. Holt in the North Sea
Authors: Cunningham J. T.
Published: October 2009

During the past summer Mr. Holt has sent me from time to time young specimens of fish which he has collected, in order that I might report upon the evidence which they afforded as to the rate of growth of the various species in the North Sea. He has also supplied me with a complete list containing the names and the measurements of all the specimens he has collected, including many others besides those sent to me. I have simply studied the specimens and the list, and endeavoured to estimate the probable ages of the specimens. The necessary information as to the limits and duration of the spawning period in the case of each species has also been supplied to me by Mr. Holt. I have registered below the obseryed specimens of each species separately in the chronological order, of their capture. All have been collected in the course of the current year.
Notes on a Fishing Voyage to the Barents Sea in August, 1907
Authors: Atkinson George T.
Published: October 2009

Chiefly with the object of obtaining material from which comparisons of an intact plaice population with that at present existing in the North Sea might be made, I undertook, in August, 1907, a voyage in a commercial steam trawler to the new fishing grounds in the “White Sea.”
The Schizopoda and Isopoda collected by the “Huxley” from the north side of the Bay of Biscay, in August, 1906
Authors: Tattersall W. M.
Published: October 2009

I am indebted to the courtesy of Dr. Allen for the opportunity of examining the collections of these two orders of Crustacea in the Huxley's material.

None of the species are new to science, and but few of them present any features worthy of remark. The chief interest of the collection lies in its bearing on the known geographical distribution of the species captured for, out of a total of twenty-eight, no fewer than sixteen are recorded for the first time from localities south of the British Islands, while only eight of the species have previously been recorded from the Bay of Biscay. The bathymetrical range of five of the species recorded has been considerably increased by this material.
Notes on the Physical Conditions existing within the Line from Start Point to Portland
Authors: Kyle H. M.
Published: October 2009

During the trawling work of the past year within and around the bays on the south coast of Devon, my attention was drawn to the peculiar phenomena displayed by the tides and currents in Start Bay, and a subsequent endeavour to trace their connections and consequences led to a wider survey of the region within the line from Start to Portland. The bottom samples brought up by the trawl and lead afforded excellent opportunities of ascertaining the nature and distribution of the different soils, and thus of tracing out their changes during the seasons. My own observations, moreover, were supplemented by those of the friendly Brixham fishermen, who had many years’ experiences behind them. Their theories, it is true, were somewhat numerous and divergent, as becomes such an energetic and independent race, but the phenomena were described with a wonderful definiteness and unanimity. Knowledge of the bottom-soil—its changes through the month and year—and of the tidal phenomena is absolutely essential to the fisherman because his living depends upon it, so that one need not be surprised at, though appreciating, the great accuracy with which they can tell where they are and what they should catch in their trawls from a brief examination of the soil brought up by the lead.
Notes on the Invertebrate Fauna and Fish-food of the Bays between the Start and Exmouth
Authors: Todd R. A.
Published: October 2009

The following records are based on notes taken on board the Oithona when engaged in fishing in the bays. Whilst the primary object of the work was the distribution of fish, it was thought that something would be gained if the distribution of the invertebrates in the same area were known. The time at our disposal, however, did not allow of hauls with the dredge and shrimp trawl, so that the records are based, in all but one case, on the invertebrates caught in an otter trawl, the exception being on the Limpet Rocks off Torcross, where one haul with the dredge was taken. This is accountable for the fact that many of the smaller invertebrates were not caught at all, whilst some are only recorded because they were found in fish stomachs. The almost total absence in the records of Tunicata, Polyzoa, and small species of the other groups is due to the fact that only those were recorded which could be identified on board. The records themselves, however, incomplete as they are, are fairly representative of the distribution of the species recorded.
Fishing Nets, with Special Reference to the Otter-trawl
Authors: Kyle H. M.
Published: October 2009

The increased attention which has been paid within recent years to fishery statistics has revealed, amongst other troublesome things, that the instruments employed play an important part both as to quantity and quality in the result. It is not necessary to discuss whether any of the instruments as now used give a fair sample of the contents of the water or ground, but it certainly is the case that different apparatus will give different samples. Let a beam-trawl and an otter-trawl work for a year over the same ground alongside drift-nets and fixed trammel-nets or gill-nets, and we can guarantee that the results will differ from one another. In the case of the drift-nets we should have a few forms probably in large quantity, in the others a great variety of forms, but in different proportions in each. And again, those obtained by the drift-nets would be practically absent from the trawls. It thus behoves the naturalist to make every kind of fishing apparatus subservient to his use, if he desires to obtain even an approximate measure of fish-life in the sea.
What is Over-fishing?
Authors: Fetersen C. G. Joh.
Published: October 2009

For the sake of argument I will suppose:

I. That in a biologically self-contained area, e.g. in the North Sea, statistics show that the value of the total yearly catch of a certain species of fish is decreasing year by year;

II. That the catching power and the prices are not reduced;

III. That the physical conditions have not changed in an unfavourable manner.
The Larvæ of Certain British Crangonidæ
Authors: Gurney Robert
Published: October 2009

In the present paper I propose to give a brief account of the larvse of two species of Crangonidæ—Cheraphilus trispinosus and Ægeon fasciatus. I shall not do moro than describe the most characteristic features of the larva, as I hope soon to publish a more complete account of the development, with illustrations.
Report on the Eggs and Larvæ of Teleostean Fishes observed at Plymouth in the Spring of 1902
Authors: Browne Frank Balfour
Published: October 2009

In the following pages I have attempted, at Mr. Garstang's suggestion, to record the results of the examination of tow-net stages of Teleostean fishes, as it seemed important to determine to what extent the record for 1897, published by Holt and Scott (Journal M.B.A., v., N.S., p. 156), was representative of the conditions usually prevailing in the Plymouth district.
Notes and Memoranda
Authors: Garstang W. , Browne P. Balfour , Gurney R.
Published: October 2009

Motella fusca. A new British Record. On April 9th Mr. Lowe, Curator of the Municipal Museum, found on the shore under a stone a ripe female Motella, which he brought up to the Laboratory. The fish measured 19 cms. It had three barbels, and on investigation failed to agree with the descriptions of any of the five recognised British species: M. mustela, tricirrata, macrophthalma, maculata, or cimbria.
Director's Report
Authors: Allen E. J.
Published: October 2009

The Report of the Council, which has already been in the hands of the members of the Association for some months, and is reprinted in the present number of the Journal, gives a summary of the history of the Association and of the work which has been in progress Binco the issue of the last Journal.
The Periodic Growth of Scales in Gadidæ as an Index of Age
Authors: Thomson J. Stuart
Published: October 2009

This work is a continuation of my preliminary paper on the same subject, which was published in a former number of the Journal of the Association (vol. vi., p. 373, January, 1902).
Experiments in the Sea on the Growth-Inhibitive and Preservative Value of Poisonous Paints and other Substances
Authors: Orton J. H.
Published: October 2009

Observations on breeding (1, 1914; 2, 3, 1920) and experiments on the rate of growth of marine invertebrates (4, 1914; 5 to 9) have been carried out since 1911 (excepting the war period).
A Remark on the Constitution of Larval Syllids
Authors: Okada Yô K.
Published: October 2009

The facts of Polychæte embryology inform us that the change of the trochonphore into the perfect worm consists, first of all, in a growing out of the posterior section of its body and a gradual reduction of the anterior part, segmentation appearing at the same time. Thïs phenomenon depends upon a marked change of the mesodermal bands, situated on each side of the intestine. Each of them is separated into two cell-layers, which spread out toward the mid-ventral and mid-dorsal lines. Then a segmentation makes its appearance in them, proceeding from in front backwards, and almost simultaneously the two layers of the bands separate from each other, by the formation of a cavity in each section or segment. That new segments are gradually formed one after the other, and from before backwards, in the hinder part of the growing body, holds true universally, but, at the extreme end a segment has been individualised from the first, or at a very early phase of the segmentation, and this segment does not divide again even to the end of development. In this way the pygidium is formed, and it represents the posterior individual portion of the trochophore. The growth of Polychæte-larvæ is therefore anteanal and entirely in the penultimate segment.
Seasonal Changes in the Nitrite Content of Sea-Water
Authors: Atkins W. R. G.
Published: October 2009

Brandt (1927) has summarised and reviewed our knowledge of the nitrogen compounds existing in sea-water, including nitrites. In general, estimations of nitrite in sea-water have been made colorimetrically, using the Griess-Ilosvay reagent, which has also been used in the present work. Usually the amount of nitrite found, recorded as milligrams of nitrogen per cubic metre, was small. Raben's results have been grouped by Brandt as follows, 0 mg., 48 cases; under 1 mg., 53 cases; 1–4 mg., 21 cases; 5–9 mg., 6 cases. Orr (1926) in the Clyde Area, found from under 1 mg. to about 10 mg. in June 1925, the deeper water having more than the upper layers. Harvey (1926) states that, “in a number of. water samples from the English Channel, examined either on board ship or immediately after landing, no definitely detectable traces of nitrites could be found either by the Griess-Ilosvay reagent or with the strychnine reagent without sulphuric acid, except in the case of inshore water subject to pollution. After storage-an appreciable quantity of nitrite has been detected in several instances. In water from 830 metres in the Bay of Biscay, preserved with mercuric chloride when collected, and in water at various depths up to 3000 metres, similarly preserved, collected by the R.R.S. Discovery some 200 miles west of Portugal, no nitrite could be definitely detected.”
Apparatus for Rapid Electrometric Titration
Authors: Neill R. G.
Published: October 2009

This apparatus was assembled at Millport for the electrometric titration of solutions which, being highly coloured, cannot well be titrated with an indicator. It may be used also for highly dilute solutions, unless they are so slightly buffered that their pH value is appreciably changed by the addition of a small quantity of quinhydrone. Measurement of hydrogen-ion concentrations at the quinhydrone electrode has also been attempted with the apparatus. The apparatus is suitable for use at sea.
A Contribution Towards the Life-History of the Spur-Dog
Authors: Hickling C. F.
Published: October 2009

The object in publishing these notes on the Spur-Dog, Acanthias vulgaris Risso, is to show the close resemblance, in the distribution of the sizes and sexes, between this fish and the Hake. The Hake will be dealt with in a future paper.

The work has been done during voyages in which the Hake has been the principal object of research. The data on Dogfish have therefore been collected at odd times during a very busy programme on the Hake, and this must be my apology for inadequacy or discontinuity in the figures presented. I would especially thank my colleague, Mr. W. Johnston, and my friend, Mr. C. E. D. Enoch, for their willing help in this entirely unofficial work; and Mr. J. Armitage Robertson for his help in the arrangement of the text.
An Instrument for Sampling Marine Muds
Authors: Moore H. B. , Neill R. G.
Published: October 2009

This instrument was designed for taking marine muds for analysis. The requirements were that it should raise a column of mud, from eight to sixteen inches long, and without appreciable disturbance, or contamination with metal. An instrument working on the same principle was used here by Mr. R. Macdonald, and was made in Oslo. The advantages of the present model are that, while small enough to be worked by hand, it is capable of taking larger samples, and from bottoms of very varying consistencies.
The Muds of the Clyde Sea Area. 1. Phosphate and Nitrogen Contents
Authors: Moore H. B.
Published: October 2009

The Clyde Sea Area is in many ways an ideal ground for the investigation of the nutrient salts in the bottom deposits. The different lochs present a range of depth of water of from 0 to 200 metres: some parts have strong tidal currents up to five knots, while others are practically unaffected by the tide: some lochs have also been affected by the dumping of sewage and harbour sludge, and the effect of these can be examined. Conditions may also be compared in muds ranging from the loch heads to the almost open sea conditions at Ailsa Craig.
Salinity Interchange between Sea-Water in Sand and Overflowing Fresh-Water at Low Tide
Authors: Reid D. M.
Published: October 2009

The following investigations were carried out in order to test the validity of the oft-recurring statement to the effect that “burrowing organisms live under fresh-water conditions during low tide in estuaries.” This type of statement is usually made in respect to organisms which live in the sand or mud of estuaries in which, at low tide, a stream of fresh, water passes over the ground in which the organisms are buried.

I have not been able to find any references to show that work has ever been done on this subject with the idea of determining the actual salinity of the water held by such sand. Therefore I carried out the following experiments to try to find if data could be procured which would be sufficiently consistent to lead to any conclusions.
Bottom Fauna and the Food of Fishes
Authors: Steven G. A.
Published: October 2009

IN the waters off Plymouth there exists a definite inshore fishing-ground, approximately 13 square miles in area, locally known as the “corner.” In order to obtain some idea of the Bionomic conditions prevailing on this ground an intensive study of the bottom fauna was undertaken. Quantitative seasonal observations extending over a period of one year (August, 1928–July, 1929 inclusive) have been made, using the 0.1 square metre Bottom Sampler and the “Agassiz” Trawl, a method having been devised for obtaining quantitative hauls with the latter instrument. Investigations into the food actually eaten by the fishes within the area have been carried on simultaneously, and the stomach contents of over 2000 fishes comprising 29 different species have been examined. On account of the length of time required for stomach examination, it was found impossible to make seasonal observations on them also, but comparable winter and summer examinations were made.
Herring Investigations at Plymouth. VIII. The Transition from Larva to Adolescent
Authors: Ford E.
Published: October 2009

Investigations concerning the main events in the transformation of the transparent eel-shaped larval herring into the silvery and scaled adolescent fish may proceed along two lines. In the first place, information may be sought as to the biological processes which bring about each event. For example, attention may be directed to the study of the differential growth of the body by which the form of the adult is attained; or, to the manner in which the scales are developed. But, secondly, it is of vital importance to learn how much the events of metamorphosis are affected by circumstances of time and place. Thus, at Plymouth, as elsewhere, we need to know the extent of possible differences in form and size between young fishes which have metamorphosed from larvæ born at different times.
Preliminary Notes on the Bionomics of the Amphipod,Corophium volutatorPallas
Authors: Hart T. J.
Published: October 2009

The Amphipodcorophium volutatorPallas has been descrobed, mainly from a purely systematic standpoint, under the synonymsC. grossipesLinnæus,C. longicorneLatreille, andG. bicaudatumLinneo (Delia Valle). Stebbing in his standard work (19) on the Gammaridea, acceptsvolutatoras the earliest, and modern French and Danish authors follow him.
Bacteria of the Clyde Sea Area: A Quantitative Investigation
Authors: Lloyd Blodwen
Published: October 2009

The importance of bacterial action in the seas has long been recognised, but investigation in marine bacteriology lags behind that of corresponding terrestrial problems. Such general information about marine bacteria as is now available is derived mainly from bacteriological work of some decades ago. At that time the technique of the science was not fully developed, but at the present day it has become so specialised that it lies outside the province of the marine biologist, although he alone is able to appreciate the significance of bacteria in the general economy of the sea.