bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Understanding the Deactivating/Activating Mechanisms in Three Optical Chemosensors Based on Crown Ether with Na+/K+ Selectivity Using Quantum Chemical Tools
Authors: Treto‐Suárez Manuel A. , Schott Eduardo , Ulecia Karel Mena , Koivisto Bryan D. , Hidalgo‐Rosa Yoan , Páez‐Hernández Dayán , Zarate Ximena
Published: June 2022

The optical properties and transduction mechanisms in three reported optical chemosensors based on crown ether with selectivity turn‐on luminescence toward Na+ over K+, were investigated using Density Functional Theory/Time‐Dependent Density Functional Theory (DFT/TD‐DFT). The analysis of the structural stability of the conformers enables us to understand the optical properties of the sensors and their selectivity toward Na+. The UV‐Vis absorption and the radiative channels of the adiabatic S1 excited state were assessed. In these reported sensors, the Photoinduced Electron Transfer (PET) from the nitrogen and the oxygen (O‐atoms of the substituted N‐phenylaza group) lone pairs to fluorophore groups lead to a nonradiative deactivation process in the fluorophore to p‐conjugated anilino‐1,2,3‐triazol ionophore. This Intramolecular Charge Transfer (ICT) deactivation produced the luminescence quenching in the free sensors and K+/C1 complexes. The Na+/sensor interaction produced a Chelation Enhanced Fluorescence (CHEF) due to the inhibition of the PET and ICT, which was confirmed via the calculated oscillator strength of the emission process. The K+/sensor interaction displayed the possibility of PET in C3; however, this fact was inconclusive to affirm the quenching of luminescence, the CHEF in C2 and C3 and the selectivity toward Na+ over K+ in these systems. For this reason, simulation of the absorption and emissions spectra (calculated oscillator strength), calculation of the kinetic parameters (in charge transfers and radiative deactivations process), analysis of the metal‐ligand interaction character, and the analysis of the structural stability of the conformers were determinant factors to understand the selectivity and the optical properties of these chemosensors. The results suggest that these theoretical tools can also be used to predict the optical properties and Na+/K+ selectivity of optical chemosensors.
An exceptionally rare case of metastatic high‐grade urothelial carcinoma of the renal pelvis to the pancreas diagnosed on endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration: A diagnostic challenge
Authors: Koyuncuer Ali , Sayar Süleyman , Zemheri Itır Ebru , Özdil Kamil , Özçelik Melike
Published: June 2022

Metastases to the pancreas are rare and can be confused with the primary adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Metastasis of renal pelvis urothelial carcinomas to the pancreas are extremely rare. Endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration (EUS‐FNA) biopsy is a very safe and effective diagnostic method. In this study, we present a 65‐year‐old male patient with a solitary mass in the pancreas. A moderate cellular tumoral lesion was observed in the aspiration cytology performed from the 55‐millimeter solid mass invading the head of the pancreas via EUS‐FNA. Tumor cells consisted of cells with irregular borders, different shapes and sizes, hyperchromatic, narrow cytoplasm with dark nuclei, and cells with anisonucleosis in focal areas. Cellblock obtained from aspirated was found diffusely positive with high molecular weight cytokeratin, Thrombomodulin, p63, GATA‐3, and CK7, and negative with CK20, PAX8, and PSA. Having a primary malignancy in the medical history of the patients is very important in the differential diagnosis of primary and secondary pancreatic cancers. The potential for metastasectomy in pancreatic metastases can be applied in cases with isolated metastatic disease. Primary tumor histopathology may have an impact on the long‐term survival of the case. This study aimed to describe the cytomorphological features of solid and solitary pancreatic malignancies and to evaluate the role of immunohistochemistry performed from aspirate cell block in detecting the primary tumor origin.
Low aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase ratio is a predictor of diabetes incidence in Japanese people: Population‐based Panasonic cohort study 5
Authors: Nakajima Hanako , Okada Hiroshi , Hamaguchi Masahide , Kurogi Kazushiro , Murata Hiroaki , Ito Masato , Fukui Michiaki
Published: June 2022

Aims

The aim of this study was to calculate the cut‐off values of liver enzymes to identify the risk of incident type 2 diabetes (DM) and to investigate the association between liver enzymes and incident DM in participants with or without obesity.

Materials and Methods

The long‐term cohort study included 70,688 subjects who underwent medical health checkups in 2008. The cut‐off values of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and the aminotransferase (AST)/ALT ratio for incident DM were evaluated using the time‐dependent receiver operating characteristic curves. The risk of incident type 2 DM was examined according to cut‐off values of liver enzymes and the group with body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2 using Cox regression analyses.

Results

In total, 4181 of 70,688 subjects developed DM within 10 years. The area under the curve and cut‐off values for the ALT and the AST/ALT ratio for incident type 2 DM at 10 years were 0.707 and 23 IU/L and 0.694 and 0.875, respectively. The risk of incident DM was higher in subjects with ALT ≥23 or AST/ALT ≤0.875 and BMI <25 kg/m2 than in those with ALT <23 IU/L or AST/ALT >0.875 and BMI ≥25 kg/m2, respectively.

Conclusions

The cut‐off values of ALT and the AST/ALT ratio associated with the risk of incident type 2 DM were determined. Non‐obese individuals with AST/ALT ≤0.875 had a higher risk of incident type 2 DM than obese individuals with AST/ALT >0.875.
A clinically‐relevant residue of POLR1D is required for Drosophila development
Authors: Palumbo Ryan J. , Belkevich Alana E. , Pascual Haleigh G. , Knutson Bruce A.
Published: June 2022

Background

POLR1D is a subunit of RNA Polymerases I and III, which synthesize ribosomal RNAs. Dysregulation of these polymerases cause several types of diseases, including ribosomopathies. The craniofacial disorder Treacher Collins Syndrome (TCS) is a ribosomopathy caused by mutations in several subunits of RNA Polymerase I, including POLR1D. Here, we characterized the effect of a missense mutation in POLR1D and RNAi knockdown of POLR1D on Drosophila development.

Results

We found that a missense mutation in Drosophila POLR1D (G30R) reduced larval rRNA levels, slowed larval growth, and arrested larval development. Remarkably, the G30R substitution is at an orthologous glycine in POLR1D that is mutated in a TCS patient (G52E). We showed that the G52E mutation in human POLR1D, and the comparable substitution (G30E) in Drosophila POLR1D, reduced their ability to heterodimerize with POLR1C in vitro. We also found that POLR1D is required early in the development of Drosophila neural cells. Furthermore, an RNAi screen revealed that POLR1D is also required for development of non‐neural Drosophila cells, suggesting the possibility of defects in other cell types.

Conclusions

These results establish a role for POLR1D in Drosophila development, and present Drosophila as an attractive model to evaluate the molecular defects of TCS mutations in POLR1D.
Differential effects of ecosystem engineering by the superb lyrebird Menura novaehollandiae and herbivory by large mammals on floristic regeneration and structure in wet eucalypt forests
Authors: Maisey Alex C. , Haslem Angie , Leonard Steven W. J. , Bennett Andrew F.
Published: June 2022

Ecosystem engineers that modify the soil and ground‐layer properties exert a strong influence on vegetation communities in ecosystems worldwide. Understanding the interactions between animal engineers and vegetation is challenging when in the presence of large herbivores, as many vegetation communities are simultaneously affected by both engineering and herbivory. The superb lyrebird Menura novaehollandiae, an ecosystem engineer in wet forests of south‐eastern Australia, extensively modifies litter and soil on the forest floor. The aim of this study was to disentangle the impacts of engineering by lyrebirds and herbivory by large mammals on the composition and structure of ground‐layer vegetation. We carried out a 2‐year, manipulative exclusion experiment in the Central Highlands of Victoria, Australia. We compared three treatments: fenced plots with simulated lyrebird foraging; fenced plots excluding herbivores and lyrebirds; and open controls. This design allowed assessment of the relative impacts of engineering and herbivory on germination rates, seedling density, vegetation cover and structure, and community composition. Engineering by lyrebirds enhanced the germination of seeds in the litter layer. After 2 years, more than double the number of germinants were present in “engineered” than “non‐engineered” plots. Engineering did not affect the density of seedlings, but herbivory had strong detrimental effects. Herbivory also reduced the floristic richness and structural complexity (<0.5 m) of forest vegetation, including the cover of herbs. Neither process altered the floristic composition of the vegetation within the 2‐year study period. Ecosystem engineering by lyrebirds and herbivory by large mammals both influence the structure of forest‐floor vegetation. The twofold increase in seeds stimulated to germinate by engineering may contribute to the evolutionary adaptation of plants by allowing greater phenotypic expression and selection than would otherwise occur. Over long timescales, engineering and herbivory likely combine to maintain a more‐open forest floor conducive to ongoing ecosystem engineering by lyrebirds.
Patterns of ferns community assemblages in some Malaysian and Nigerian tropical forests
Authors: Akomolafe Gbenga F. , Rosazlina Rusly , Rahmad Zakaria , Oloyede Fatai A.
Published: June 2022

Research on fern ecology has gained attention in the last decade, yet there is a paucity of information on the comparison of ferns communities across continents. This study focused on comparing the ferns community assemblages in some tropical forests of Malaysia and Nigeria, thereby assessing the patterns of species richness (SR) and phylogenetic diversity (PD) in relation to the bioclimatic drivers across the continents. The diversity and taxonomic compositions of ferns were assessed using 180 plots of 10 m × 10 m in each country. The species richness and other diversity indices were determined using the combined forests data for each country and for the individual forests. Also, the phylogenetic diversity of the ferns was assessed using the genus‐based molecular sequences downloaded from the GeneBank. The patterns of the ferns SR and PD in the two countries as driven by some bioclimatic factors were evaluated using the regression analysis. The observed and rarefied–extrapolated fern species richness is significantly higher in Malaysian forests than in Nigerian forests. Also, the other diversity indices are significantly higher in Malaysian forests except for the Shannon index which showed no significant difference between the two biogeographic regions. There is a very low similarity (7.41%) in the taxonomic composition of ferns between the two biogeographic areas, although the similarity in composition increased with increasing taxonomic levels (species: 7.41%, genus: 12.77%, family: 70.96%). Terrestrial and epiphytic ferns are more dominant than the other life forms in the two countries. The precipitation variables drive the phylogenetic structure of ferns in Nigeria, whereas both precipitation and temperature variables drive the phylogenetic structure of ferns in Malaysia. This indicates that ferns assemblages in Nigeria and Malaysia are driven by both climatic variables. Besides, we also hypothesize that these observed differences could be due to other historical and evolutionary processes.
Links between leaf anatomy and leaf mass per area of herbaceous species across slope aspects in an eastern Tibetan subalpine meadow
Authors: Li Xin’e , Zhao Xin , Tsujii Yuki , Ma Yueqi , Zhang Renyi , Qian Cheng , Wang Zixi , Geng Feilong , Jin Shixuan
Published: June 2022

Leaf anatomy varies with abiotic factors and is an important trait for understanding plant adaptive responses to environmental conditions. Leaf mass per area (LMA) is a key morphological trait and is related to leaf performance, such as light‐saturated photosynthetic rate per leaf mass, leaf mechanical strength, and leaf lifespan. LMA is the multiplicative product of leaf thickness (LT) and leaf density (LD), both of which vary with leaf anatomy. Nevertheless, how LMA, LT, and LD covary with leaf anatomy is largely unexplored along natural environmental gradients. Slope aspect is a topographic factor that underlies variations in solar irradiation, air temperature, humidity, and soil fertility. In the present study, we examined (1) how leaf anatomy varies with different slope aspects and (2) how leaf anatomy is related to LMA, LD, and LT. Leaf anatomy was measured for 30 herbaceous species across three slope aspects (south‐, west‐, and north‐facing slopes; hereafter, SFS, WFS, and NFS, respectively) in an eastern Tibetan subalpine meadow. For 18 of the 30 species, LMA data were available from previous studies. LD was calculated as LMA divided by LT. Among the slope aspects, the dominant species on the SFS exhibited the highest LTs with the thickest spongy mesophyll layers. The thicker spongy mesophyll layer was related to a lower LD via larger intercellular airspaces. In contrast, LD was the highest on NFS among the slope aspects. LMA was not significantly different among the slope aspects because higher LTs on SFS were effectively offset by lower LDs. These results suggest that the relationships between leaf anatomy and LMA were different among the slope aspects. Mechanisms underlying the variations in leaf anatomy may include different solar radiation, air temperatures, soil water, and nutrient availabilities among the slope aspects.
A review of applications of environmental DNA for reptile conservation and management
Authors: Nordstrom Bethany , Mitchell Nicola , Byrne Margaret , Jarman Simon
Published: June 2022

Reptile populations are in decline globally, with total reptile abundance halving in the past half century, and approximately a fifth of species currently threatened with extinction. Research on reptile distributions, population trends, and trophic interactions can greatly improve the accuracy of conservation listings and planning for species recovery, but data deficiency is an impediment for many species. Environmental DNA (eDNA) can detect species and measure community diversity at diverse spatio‐temporal scales, and is especially useful for detection of elusive, cryptic, or rare species, making it potentially very valuable in herpetology. We aim to summarize the utility of eDNA as a tool for informing reptile conservation and management and discuss the benefits and limitations of this approach. A literature review was conducted to collect all studies that used eDNA and focus on reptile ecology, conservation, or management. Results of the literature search are summarized into key discussion points, and the review also draws on eDNA studies from other taxa to highlight methodological challenges and to identify future research directions. eDNA has had limited application to reptiles, relative to other vertebrate groups, and little use in regions with high species richness. eDNA techniques have been more successfully applied to aquatic reptiles than to terrestrial reptiles, and most (64%) of studies focused on aquatic habitats. Two of the four reptilian orders dominate the existing eDNA studies (56% Testudines, 49% Squamata, 5% Crocodilia, 0% Rhynchocephalia). Our review provides direction for the application of eDNA as an emerging tool in reptile ecology and conservation, especially when it can be paired with traditional monitoring approaches. Technologies associated with eDNA are rapidly advancing, and as techniques become more sensitive and accessible, we expect eDNA will be increasingly valuable for addressing key knowledge gaps for reptiles.
Influence of different Ag/ZnO heterostructures on the removal efficiency of multidrug‐resistant Enterococcus faecium harboring multiple resistance genes from tap water
Authors: Anthony Eric T. , Ojemaye Mike O. , Okoh Omobola O. , Okoh Anthony I.
Published: June 2022

The adsorption efficiency of different Ag/ZnO heterostructures was investigated for the removal of multidrug‐resistant Enterococcus faecium (MDR_EF) harboring multiple resistance genes from tap‐water. The concentration of the precursors influences the microstructures of the adsorbents; however, it did not significantly affect the adsorption efficiency. The maximum adsorption capacity, qe, (34.11 CFU/g), was obtained for Ag1Zn3.5. The kinetic studies revealed that Ag1Zn1 and Ag1Zn2 adsorbents agreed to the pseudo‐first‐order kinetic equation and adsorbents Ag2Zn1, Ag3.5Zn1 and Ag1Zn3.5 agreed to the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic equation. Initial tap‐water pH range was beneficial for the adsorption and the pH of the treated tap‐water was within the WHO tap water recommendation (6.5–8.5), whereas the effect of ionic strength, anionic and cationic interference was insignificant in the adsorption of MDR_EF onto the different heterostructure. Interestingly, the MDR_EF could retain its cell membrane integrity and resistance genes, suggesting that surface adsorption was the primary mechanism for the removal.
RApid Data Integration and Visualization (RADIV) in Subsurface Operations
Authors: Hofer Peter , Eder Julian , Hager Lukas , Strauß Bakk Clemens , Jacobs Sebastian
Published: June 2022

Complex subsurface operations are characterized by a life‐threatening environment, a skilled and initiative opponent, and the absence of predictability of the events due to a high level of interdependencies. The reduction of complexity by provision of essential information is crucial for decision‐making and rapid integration and visualization of heterogeneous data is essential for successful mission accomplishment. Currently, only standalone applications are available for the underground operational environment, and collaborative planning and working spaces in command and control are missing. The RApid Data Integration and Visualization (RADIV) process addresses exactly this challenge and ensures the lateral continuity of visualization systems across the entire reality‐virtuality continuum (2D ⇔ 3D ⇔ mixed reality). It provides a comprehensive command and control system for subterranean operations by processing and visualizing data in different views for different purposes. Integration of these data within the Subsurface Operations Mission Tool (SOMT) will increase the decision quality by improved perception and collaboration. Close cooperation and information exchange between operators and action forces is a prerequisite for success by displaying the relevant information within the truly comprehensive common operational picture, thereby enabling more accurate and precise action reducing own losses and collateral damage.
Impact of an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander brief intervention training program on health staff participants' own health behaviours: Smoking, nutrition and physical activity
Authors: Cunningham Frances C. , Murphy Majella G. , Ward Grace , Fagan Royden , Arley Brian , Hornby‐Turner Yvonne C. , d'Abbs Peter H.
Published: June 2022

Issues addressed

Little research has been conducted on the impact of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander brief intervention training programs on health staff participants' own health behaviours. Through the Queensland B.strong program (2017‐2020), brief intervention training in smoking cessation, nutrition and physical activity was provided to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health workforce and other health and community professionals. This study examined the program's impact on participants' own health behaviours.

Methods

Data were collected through four surveys (pre‐ and post‐training workshop, and 3‐month and 6‐month follow‐up) of the 1131 participants in B.strong training workshops from June 2017 to August 2019. Surveys included items on participants' own health behaviours. Pre‐ and post‐workshop surveys were paper‐based, and follow‐up surveys were completed online. For the analysis of data reported in this paper, paired‐samples t tests were used to assess changes between pre‐workshop and 3‐month follow‐up.

Results

Statistically significant improvements were found between pre‐workshop and 3‐month follow‐up in the number of serves of vegetables or legumes/beans eaten per day, the number of serves of fruit eaten per day, and in time spent in physical activity. However, there was: no statistically significant change in smoking status, with baseline rates being relatively low; a statistically significant increase in consumption of sugary drinks, and of takeaway foods; a nonsignificant increase in consumption of snack foods; and no significant change in sedentary behaviour of participants.

Conclusion

While some positive changes in participants' own health behaviours in nutrition and physical activity were associated with the B.strong program, there was no change in their smoking behaviour.

So what?

This study found that some improvements in participants' own health behaviours were associated with the B.strong program. This research may inform future Indigenous brief intervention training programs and health services on how to promote healthy behaviours for health staff themselves.
Assessing the role of eosinophil‐mediated immune response markers in detecting hookworm infection: A case‐control study in Kintampo, Ghana
Authors: Sakyi Samuel A. , Amoani Benjamin , Opoku Stephen , Dzata Lawrence , Aniagyei Wilfred , Senu Ebenezer , Dankwa Kwabena , Wilson Michael D.
Published: June 2022

Background and Aim

Human hookworm disease caused by Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus is a serious public health problem. Hookworm infection activates eosinophil‐mediated tissue inflammatory responses, involving the production of the eosinophil‐specific chemokine (eotaxin), recruitment of eosinophils, secretion of the cationic protein, and production of antiparasite immunoglobulin E (IgE). We investigated eosinophil‐mediated immune response as markers (CCL11, eosinophil cationic protein [ECP], and IgE) for detecting hookworm infection.

Methods

This case‐control study was carried out in hookworm endemic areas within the Kintampo North Municipality.Forty hookworm‐positive subjects and 36 apparently healthy individuals were recruited as cases and controls, respectively. Stool samples were collected for hookworm detection by the Kato–Katz technique and speciation by polymerase chain reaction. Approximately, 5 ml of intravenous blood was used to obtain plasma for the immunological assays.

Results

Of eosinophil‐mediated immune response markers studied, ECP and CCL11 were significantly higher among hookworm patients compared to controls. Increasing CCL11 (β = −0.81, p = 0.015) was associated with a significant decrease hookworm intensity. However, increasing eosinophil count (β = 0.62, p = 0.027) was associated with significant increase in hookworm intensity. In receiver operator characteristics analysis, ECP could significantly detect hookworm infection with a very high area under the curve (AUC) (AUC = 0.97, p < 0.0001). At a cutoff of 39.05, ECP was the best eosinophil‐mediated immune response marker for detecting hookworm infection with a sensitivity of 97.2%, specificity of 87.8%, a positive predictive value of 89.7%, and a negative predictive value of 96.6%.

Conclusion

ECP best predicts eosinophil‐mediated immune response for detecting hookworm infection, while CCL11 and eosinophil count better predict the intensity of hookworm. Moreover, the ECP level is a good indicator of hookworm infection and intensity and may require additional investigations to augment current hookworm diagnostic techniques.
Factors affecting the duration of gestation among women taking prenatal care at Gondar referral hospital, Ethiopia
Authors: Mekonen Mequanent Wale , Bayew Addisu Teka , Lakew Tigist Jegnaw
Published: June 2022

Background

Pregnant women taking prenatal care is vital for the health of the mother and the fetus. The duration of pregnancies provides a useful measure of a woman's natural length of pregnancy and may help in predicting an individual woman's due date. The objective of this study was to understand the factors affecting the duration of gestation among women taking prenatal care in Gondar referral hospital, Ethiopia.

Methods

A quantitative research design using secondary data available in the form of antenatal care (ANC) cards in the Gondar teaching referral hospital data set. Kaplan–Meier estimate was used to explain the median survival time of duration of gestation. A multivariate AFT model was performed to identify the factors related to the duration of gestation among women.

Results

The mean time of the length of pregnancy was 39.5 weeks. The factors such as, the age of women, number of children, number of doctor consultations, and the stage of gestation were found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05) for the survival time of time to birth of pregnant women in Ethiopia. Weibull AFT model was found to be the best model for predicting the time to birth of pregnant women in Ethiopia.

Conclusion

We did not see associations between length of gestation and blood pressure and bleeding during early pregnancy. We also did not find an association with the presence of disease, which has been associated with the length of pregnancy. The frequency of visiting a doctor during the gestation period enhances the length of the gestation period. The shorter gestation period from the due date is dangerous to the health of both mother and her fetus.
Serosurveillance after a COVID‐19 vaccine campaign in a Swiss police cohort
Authors: Sendi Parham , Thierstein Marc , Widmer Nadja , Babongo Bosombo Flora , Büchi Annina Elisabeth , Güntensperger Dominik , Blum Manuel Raphael , Baldan Rossella , Tinguely Caroline , Gahl Brigitta , Heg Dik , Theel Elitza S. , Berbari Elie , Endimiani Andrea , Gowland Peter , Niederhauser Christoph ,   for the PoliCOV‐19 study
Published: June 2022

Introduction

To assess the risk for COVID‐19 of police officers, we are studying the seroprevalence in a cohort. The baseline cross‐sectional investigation was performed before a vaccination campaign in January/February 2021, and demonstrated a seroprevalence of 12.9%. Here, we demonstrate serosurveillance results after a vaccination campaign.

Methods

The cohort consists of 1022 study participants. The 3‐ and 6‐month follow‐up visits were performed in April/May and September 2021. Data on infection and vaccination rates were obtained via measuring antibodies to the nucleocapsid protein and spike protein and online questionnaires.

Results

The mean age of the population was 41 (SD 8.8) years, 72% were male and 76% had no comorbidity. Seroconversion was identified in 1.05% of the study population at the 3‐month visit and in 0.73% at the 6‐month visit, resulting in an infection rate of 1.8% over a time period of 6 months. In comparison, the infection rate in the general population over the same time period was higher (3.18%, p = .018). At the 6‐month visit, 77.8% of participants reported being vaccinated once and 70.5% twice; 81% had an anti‐S antibody titer of >250 U/ml and 87.1% of ≥2 U/ml. No significant association between infection and job role within the department, working region, or years of experience in the job was found. Anti‐spike antibody titers of vaccinated study participants showed a calculated decreasing trend 150–200 days after the second vaccine dose.

Conclusion

These data confirm the value of the vaccination campaign in an exposed group other than healthcare professionals.
CHD4 orchestrates the symphony of T and B lymphocytes development and a good mediator in preventing from autoimmune disease
Authors: Jia Miaomiao , Zou Xueqin , Yin Shuying , Tian Weihong , Zhao Yangjing , Wang Hui , Xu Guoying , Cai Weili , Shao Qixiang
Published: June 2022

Chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 4 (CHD4) is an ATPase subunit of the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylation complex. It has been implicated in gene transcription, DNA damage repair, maintenance of genome stability, and chromatin assembly. Meanwhile, it is highly related to cell cycle progression and the proceeding of malignancy. Most of the previous studies were focused on the function of CHD4 with tumor cells, cancer stem cells, and cancer cells multidrug resistance. Recently, some researchers have explored the CHD4 functions on the development and differentiation of adaptive immune cells, such as T and B lymphocytes. In this review, we will discuss details of CHD4 in lymphocyte differentiation and development, as well as the critical role of CHD4 in the pathogenesis of the autoimmune disease.
The relationship of 3′UTR HLA‐G14‐bp insertion/deletion and +3142 C/G polymorphisms and soluble HLA‐G expression with gynecological cancers: An updated meta‐analysis
Authors: Tizaoui Kalthoum , Jalouli Maroua , Boujelbene Nadia , Harrath Abdel Halim , Ouzari Hadda‐Imene , Rizzo Roberta , Zidi Inès
Published: June 2022

Objectives

Human leukocyte antigen‐G (HLA‐G) is implicated in several cancers and is considered to be an immune checkpoint regulator. We determined the association between polymorphisms in the 3′ untranslated region of HLA‐G and soluble HLA‐G (sHLA‐G) expression with gynecological cancers (GCs).

Methods

A meta‐analysis was conducted to examine the association between HLA‐G14‐bp insertion (I)/deletion (D) and +3142C/G polymorphism in GC and to evaluate sHLA‐G expression

Results

We revealed a significant association between the +3142C/G polymorphism and invasive cervical cancer (ICC) based on the allelic model G versus C (odds ratio [OR] = 0.738, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.563–0.966, p = 0.027), dominant GG+GC versus CC (OR = 0.584, 95% CI = 0.395–0.862, p = 0.007), and codominant GG versus CC (OR = 0.527, 95% CI = 0.312–0.891, p = 0.017) models, suggesting that the G allele and GG genotype are protective against ICC. In gynecological precancerous patients with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, we found that the 14‐bp I/D under the codominant DD versus DI model (OR = 0.492, 95% CI = 0.241–1.004, p = 0.051) was of borderline significance. Soluble HLA‐G levels were significantly higher in patients compared with healthy controls (standardized mean differences [SMD] = 1.434, 95% CI = 0.442–2.526, p = 0.005). Stratification by cancer type revealed that the sHLA‐G levels were significantly increased in cervical cancer (SMD = 4.889, 95% CI = 0.468–9.310, p = 0.030) and in subjects of Asian ethnicity (SMD = 4.889, 95% CI = 0.467–9.309, p = 0.030).

Conclusions

HLA‐G14‐bp I/D and +3142 C/G polymorphisms are associated with GC and HPV‐associated cervical cancer. In addition, we found significantly increased sHLA‐G levels in cancer patients. These results provide a basis for further studies in diagnostics and immunotherapy of GC.
Translation of IDEA trial results into clinical practice: Analysis of the implementation of a new guideline for colon cancer
Authors: van Rooijen Karlijn L. , Derksen Jeroen W. G. , Verkooijen Helena M. , Vink Geraldine R. , Koopman Miriam
Published: June 2022

The IDEA trial showed no clinical relevant differences in efficacy between 3 and 6 months of oxaliplatin‐based adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) in colon cancer (CC), while toxicity was substantially lower in the 3 months regimen. Therefore, in 2017 the Dutch colorectal cancer guideline was revised and currently recommends 3 months of oxaliplatin‐based ACT. Furthermore, the definition of high‐risk stage II CC was restricted to pT4 tumors. We analyzed changes in ACT between 2015 and 2019. From the Netherlands Cancer Registry all 16 721 patients ≥18 years with resected high‐risk stage II and stage III CC during 2015 to 2019 were selected. Differences in patient and treatment characteristics were analyzed per calendar year according to stage and age. Mean duration of oxaliplatin‐based ACT decreased from 18.6 (±8.0) to 9.5 (±3.8) weeks between 2015 and 2019. In patients receiving ACT (n = 8170), the proportion treated with oxaliplatin increased from 74% to 83%. The proportion of patients receiving ACT was stable, 61% to 69% in stage III and 26% to 29% in pT4 stage II. ACT in previous high‐risk pT3N0 disease decreased from 15% to 3%. Use of oxaliplatin increased from 27% to 49% in patients aged ≥75 years. The revised guideline was rapidly implemented and led to an increase in oxaliplatin‐based ACT in the elderly and increased guideline‐adherence in high‐risk stage II CC.
Redesign of a rapid, low‐cost HPV typing assay to support risk‐based cervical screening and management
Authors: Desai Kanan T. , Adepiti Clement A. , Schiffman Mark , Egemen Didem , Gage Julia C. , Wentzensen Nicolas , de Sanjose Silvia , Burk Robert D. , Ajenifuja Kayode O.
Published: June 2022

Accelerated cervical cancer control will require widespread human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination and screening. For screening, sensitive HPV testing with an option of self‐collection is increasingly desirable. HPV typing predicts risk of precancer/cancer, which could be useful in management, but most current typing assays are expensive and/or complicated. An existing 15‐type isothermal amplification assay (AmpFire, Atila Biosystems, USA) was redesigned as a 13‐type assay (ScreenFire) for public health use. The redesigned assay groups HPV types into four channels with differential cervical cancer risk: (a) HPV16, (b) HPV18/45, (c) HPV31/33/35/52/58 and (d) HPV39/51/56/59/68. Since the assay will be most useful in resource‐limited settings, we chose a stratified random sample of 453 provider‐collected samples from a population‐based screening study in rural Nigeria that had been initially tested with MY09‐MY11‐based PCR with oligonucleotide hybridization genotyping. Frozen residual specimens were masked and retested at Atila Biosystems. Agreement on positivity between ScreenFire and prior PCR testing was very high for each of the channels. When we simulated intended use, that is, a hierarchical result in order of clinical importance of the type groups (HPV16 > 18/45 > 31/33/35/52/58 > 39/51/56/59/68), the weighted kappa for ScreenFire vs PCR was 0.90 (95% CI: 0.86‐0.93). The ScreenFire assay is mobile, relatively simple, rapid (results within 20‐60 minutes) and agrees well with reference testing particularly for the HPV types of greatest carcinogenic risk. If confirmed, ScreenFire or similar isothermal amplification assays could be useful as part of risk‐based screening and management.
Calculating and acting upon your practice's carbon footprint
Authors: Sotomayor April
Published: June 2022

This article discusses the common challenges and pitfalls involved when calculating the basic carbon footprint of a small‐ or medium‐sized veterinary practice (comprising of one to several sites). It explains why you should calculate your practice's carbon footprint, how to do it and how to use the information to drive change. This guidance may be helpful for understanding what you can do at a practice level if part of a larger corporate group, or if you are part of a small group of practices or sites looking to take action.
Front Cover
Authors: Luna‐Palacios Yryx Y. , Licea‐Rodriguez Jacob , Camacho‐Lopez M. Dolores , Teichert Ines , Riquelme Meritxell , Rocha‐Mendoza Israel
Published: June 2022

A comparison of multicolor Gaussian and Bessel light‐sheet microscopy under the same excitation objective is depicted. The intrinsic FOV's mismatch's effects due to the different beams chromatic defocusing and the aside object blurring of the images are minimized and alleviated using multicolor Bessel beams over Gaussian beams. Multicolor LSFM imaging over perithecia samples of the fungus Sordaria macrospora demonstrates the advantages of using Bessel beams.

Further details can be found in the article by Yryx Y. Luna‐Palacios, Jacob Licea‐Rodriguez, M. Dolores Camacho‐Lopez, Ines Teichert, Meritxell Riquelme, and Israel Rocha‐Mendoza (e202100359)

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Multilayers of avidin–biotin complexes as spacers used in the study of the effect of metal‐enhanced fluorescence
Authors: Cai You‐Ru , Liu Yi‐Ting , Luo Xue‐Feng , Lee Yin‐Yu , Tan Kui‐Thong , Chen I‐Chia
Published: June 2022

The effects of metal‐enhanced fluorescence (MEF) of rhodamine dye by gold sub‐micro hexagonal plates were studied. A multilayered avidin–biotin complex was designed and used as a spacer to connect the fluorophore and the sub‐microplate. Fluorescence lifetime image microscopy (FLIM) combined with time‐correlated single‐photon counting was used to obtain lifetime images and intensities of dye on single particles. Gold hexagon plates ~900 nm were synthesized, and the avidin–biotin complexes were placed layer‐by‐layer for up to 4 layers onto the sub‐microplates. All emission curves of fluorophore displayed biexponential decay with short lifetimes of 18–23 ps and long lifetimes of 249, 271, 304, and 348 ps for 1–4 layers on gold sub‐microplates, respectively. Using the kinetic model of energy transfer between fluorophore and nanoparticles to explain the coupling mechanism, we found that the excited fluorophore transferred energy mostly to the high‐order modes for the 1‐layered avidin–biotin complexes enclosing gold nanospheres, consequently resulting in a non‐emissive pathway. The 4‐layered samples had the highest emission intensity because, at those distances, the enhancement by the gold sub‐microplates during plasmonic excitation remained high and became comparable to the energy quenching rate. Using the composed complexes, the MEF effect achieved the maximal enhancement in this system.
Optimal whole blood dilution protocol for preprocessing samples prior to circulating tumor cell capture by size‐based isolation
Authors: Fu Tianhao , Li Sheng , Wei Liang , Huang Shaoyi , Xue Yan , Cui Kai
Published: June 2022

Background

This study compared whole blood dilution versus density gradient centrifugation for pre‐processing blood samples prior to circulating tumor cell (CTC) capture on the efficiency of CTC separation by size‐based isolation.

Materials and methods

Whole blood from a healthy volunteer spiked with SKBR3 cells was used to optimize the whole blood dilution protocol for sample volume, dilution ratio, and paraformaldehyde (PFA) concentration. Whole blood from healthy volunteers spiked with SKBR3, A549, or PC3 cells, and whole blood from patients with advanced gastric, esophageal, or liver cancer, was used to compare pre‐processing by the optimal whole blood dilution protocol with density‐gradient centrifugation. All statistical evaluations were performed using Student t test of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 17.0).

Results

In blood samples from healthy volunteers, spiked SKBR3 cell recovery rates were highest in 5 ml of whole blood, diluted with 2.5 ml buffer, and fixed with 0.2% PFA, and spiked SKBR3, A549, and PC3 cell recovery rates from 5 ml whole blood were significantly greater when using the optimized whole blood dilution protocol (87.67% ± 1.76%, 79.50% ± 0.50% and 71.83% ± 1.04%, respectively) compared to density‐gradient centrifugation (46.83 ± 1.76%, 37.00 ± 1.50% and 41.00 ± 1.50%, respectively).
Generation of MiRNA sponge constructs targeting multiple MiRNAs
Authors: Jie Junjin , Liu Danni , Wang Yifan , Wu Qiong , Wu Tingting , Fang Rong
Published: June 2022

Background

MicroRNAs(miRNAs) are key regulators of gene expression in plants, animals and some viruses. Hence, alteration of miRNA levels in cells or tissues is common for miRNA studies. Loss‐of‐function of miRNA can be achieved using antisense oligonucleotides, sponges and gene knockout models.

Methods

Here, we showed an efficient, rational and economical way to construct multi‐targeted miRNA sponges with desired copies. Four copies of miRNA sponge are used as “building‐blocks”.

Results

These building‐blocks, which can target same miRNA or different miRNAs, are linked together through ligation. Each time of ligation can double the number of sponge copies.

Conclusions

In this way, we constructed lentivirus vectors harboring sponges targeting miR‐21, miR‐31 and miR‐155 and the combination of two miRNA sponges can inhibit cancer cell growth significantly.
Circulating microRNAs (miR‐16, miR‐22, miR‐122) expression and early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Fang Yujia , Yan Dong , Wang Lixin , Zhang Jie , He Qingfang
Published: June 2022

Purpose

Circulating microRNA (miRNA) has been reported to have diagnostic value in multiple tumors. To identify serum miRNAs for early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we analyzed the differential miRNA expression between HCC patients and controls.

Methods

Real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) was carried out to detect serum miR‐16, miR‐22, and miR‐122 expression in 100 HCC patients and 100 controls (including hepatitis B, liver cirrhosis, liver metastases, hepatic hemangioma, health group, and each of them had 20 subjects). The miRNA expression results were combined with alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP) to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy in HCC through receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. And the target genes were predicted through bioinformatics methods.

Results

Compared with controls, the expression of miR‐16 and miR‐122 significantly increased in early‐stage HCC patients, while no significant changes were detected in miR‐22. The ROC curve analysis demonstrated that miR‐16 and miR‐122 had a high diagnostic efficacy (AUC 0.798 and 0.759), and it was improved when combined with AFP (AUC 0.862). When compared with each of the five groups in the controls, the results showed that miR‐16 of HCC was significantly higher than liver cirrhosis (AUC 0.936), liver metastases, and health; miR‐122 was significantly higher than liver metastases, hepatitis B, and health. Moreover, 175 and 101 potential target genes were regulated by miR‐16 and miR‐122, respectively. And most of the target genes were enriched in the PI3K, MAPK, FoxO signaling pathways, and pathways in cancer.

Conclusion

Our findings illustrate that both circulating miR‐16 and miR‐122 can provide value for early diagnosis of HCC and they are potential biomarkers for the early‐stage HCC.
Population Pharmacokinetics of Hydroxychloroquine Sulfate in Healthcare Workers, Given for Prophylaxis Against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) in India
Authors: Raj Jeffrey Pradeep , Gogtay Nithya Jaideep , Pandey Avaneesh , Kakkar Ashish Kumar , Shafiq Nusrat , Mekala Padmaja , Pingali Usharani , Raju Arun Prasath , Mallayasamy Surulivelrajan , Kshirsagar Nilima Arun
Published: June 2022

Healthcare workers (HCWs) and frontline workers were recommended hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) 400 mg twice a day on day 1, followed by 400 mg once weekly for the next 7 weeks, as prophylaxis against COVID‐19. There was limited information on the population pharmacokinetics (popPK) of HCQ in an Indian setting when administered for prophylaxis against COVID‐19, and hence this study was proposed. It was a multicentric prospective study conducted at 3 sites in India wherein HCWs who were already on HCQ prophylaxis, who were about to start prophylaxis or who had stopped the prophylaxis for any reason were enrolled. Each participant gave 2 to 6 blood samples at different time points and whole‐blood HCQ concentrations were assayed using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC MS/MS). popPK analysis was performed using PUMAS 1.1.0. A total of N = 338 blood samples from N = 121 participants were included in the popPK analysis. A 2‐compartment structural model with linear elimination was able to explain the observed data. Body weight was found to be a significant covariate influencing drug clearance. The final model was assessed using goodness‐of‐fit plots, a visual predictive check and a bootstrap, all of which confirmed that the model was appropriate. Simulations based on the current regimen showed that trough values were below the half‐maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 0.7 μmol against COVID‐19. A new weight‐based dosage regimen was proposed to maintain the trough concentration above the EC50 threshold.
Emerging roles of circRNAs in mice kidney with aging
Authors: Gao Fanfan , Li Jie , Liang Shanshan , Wei Limin , He Xin , Liu Sixiu , Cheng Xin , Shi Kehui , Jiang Hongli , Chen Lei
Published: June 2022

Circular RNA (circRNA) is a novel type of noncoding RNA expressed in different tissues and species. Up to now, little is known of the function and expression of circRNAs in kidney aging. In this research, we used RNA sequencing to identify 11,929 circRNAs in kidney from 3‐, 12‐, and 24‐month‐old mice, of which 12 circRNAs were validated by qPCR. Based on the validated circRNAs and their predicted miRNA‐mRNA target pairs, a circRNA‐miRNA‐mRNA interactions network was conducted. Bioinformatics analysis for all the mRNAs in the ceRNA network showed that the most enriched gene ontology (GO) term and one of the most enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The network also identified circNpas2, which was decreased significantly in mice kidney during aging, as a hub gene. Subsequently, we found that the cell cycle was arrested in G1 phase and the expression of P53 and P16 increased significantly in the circNpas2‐knockdown cells. Moreover, knockdown of circNpas2 inhibited expression of ER‐related proteins, HSPA5 and ERO1L. Taken together, our findings contribute to a better understanding of the role played by circRNA during kidney aging and provide potential therapeutic targets for the prevention of kidney aging.

Research Highlights

This study is the first to systematically analyze the dysregulated circRNAs and ceRNA network during renal aging.

The dysregulated circRNAs during renal aging are most enriched in ER stress‐related pathway.

CircNpas2 regulates senescence in TCMK‐1.
Endothelial extracellular vesicles promote tumour growth by tumour‐associated macrophage reprogramming
Authors: Njock Makon‐Sébastien , O'Grady Tina , Nivelles Olivier , Lion Michelle , Jacques Sophie , Cambier Maureen , Herkenne Stephanie , Muller Florian , Christian Aurélie , Remacle Claire , Guiot Julien , Rahmouni Souad , Dequiedt Franck , Struman Ingrid
Published: June 2022

Tumour‐derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) participate in tumour progression by deregulating various physiological processes including angiogenesis and inflammation. Here we report that EVs released by endothelial cells in a mammary tumour environment participate in the recruitment of macrophages within the tumour, leading to an immunomodulatory phenotype permissive for tumour growth. Using RNA‐Seq approaches, we identified several microRNAs (miRNAs) found in endothelial EVs sharing common targets involved in the regulation of the immune system. To further study the impact of these miRNAs in a mouse tumour model, we focused on three miRNAs that are conserved between humans and mouse, that is, miR‐142‐5p, miR‐183‐5p and miR‐222‐3p. These miRNAs are released from endothelial cells in a tumour microenvironment and are transferred via EVs to macrophages. In mouse mammary tumour models, treatment with EVs enriched in these miRNAs leads to a polarization of macrophages toward an M2‐like phenotype, which in turn promotes tumour growth.
Nausea and vomiting caused by candida esophagitis in an elderly frail patient
Authors: Kiba Takayoshi , Kotoh Naoki , Namba Yoichiro , Nose Soichiro , Tsuboi Masahiro
Published: June 2022

An elderly frail lady with features of malnutrition was investigated by endoscopy because of nausea and vomiting. Candida esophagitis was found, and there was symptomatic and endoscopic resolution after treatment with amphotericin B.