bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Overview of Artificial Intelligence in Health Care System
Authors: Yasam Shree
Published: August 2023

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is Computers perform tasks that are usually assumed to require human intelligence, is currently being discussed in nearly every domain of science and engineering[1]. Major scientific competitions like ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenges are providing evidence that computers can achieve human-like competence in image recognition [1]. All of these developments raise questions regarding how these talents might assist or perhaps improve human decision-making in the areas of health and medical care. At least in very specific cases, two recent high-profile academic articles have shown that AI can conduct clinical diagnoses on medical images at levels equal to experienced physicians[1].
PENGARUH HARD SKILL, SOFT SKILL DAN PENGALAMAN KERJA TERHADAP KINERJA KARYAWAN
Authors: Putri Rani Indah , Harahap Kartini
Published: August 2023

In the current era of globalization, every company is required to be prepared to face various types of competition in the business world and must be able to enhance employee performance. This research aims to determine whether the influence of Hard Skill, Soft Skill, and Work Experience of each employee is greater compared to the influence of the brand in influencing consumers' purchasing decisions for a product. This study employs a quantitative approach with an associative method. The population for this research consists of 36 respondents, using a saturated sampling technique. Data collection is carried out through interviews and distributing questionnaires. The data analysis methods include validity test, reliability test, classical assumption test, multiple linear analysis, partial test, and determination test. The findings indicate that Hard Skill, Soft Skill, and Work Experience variables have a positive and significant impact on employee performance. These variables also have a simultaneous influence on employee performance, with an R-value of 0.705, indicating that these factors account for 70.5% of the variance in employee performance, signifying a strong influence. The Adjusted R Square value is 45%, implying that the remaining 55% is influenced by other variables not explained in this study.
L51467A On-Site Assessment of Mill-Applied Fusion-Bonded Coating Quality
Authors: Glauz W.D. , Chappelow Cecil
Published: August 2023

This report is an addendum to L51467.

The commercial application of rapid cure fusion bonded epoxy (FBE) coatings to line pipe is a fast operation. Accordingly, it is possible to coat a large number of pipe joints improperly before the inferior coating quality can be detected and the cause remedied. The quality control techniques currently used in coating plants are too slow to meet the demands of this coating and its application procedures.

The primary goal of this program was to develop on-site, repeatable, accurate, and operatively simple test procedures that are capable of determining (a) the degree of reaction (cure) of the applied FBE coating, (b) the adhesive bond strength of the coating to the steel pipe substrate, and (c) the void content of the coating created by bubble entrapment or gas formation during application. The secondary goal was to develop on-site test methods to monitor coating quality continuously and nondestructively on the coating production line.
L51606 Technique Development for Polarized Pipe-to-Soil Potential Measurements
Authors: Kiefner
Published: August 2023

In the recent past years there has been a considerable amount of effort devoted to developing methods and instruments to correct measured pipe-to-soil potentials for IR drops that may occur from currents (from the cathodic protection system or stray sources) in the soil to obtain the polarized potential. However, many of the methods or instruments available are either time-consuming, cumbersome to use in the field, applicable to only certain types of cathodic protection systems and under particular circumstances, subject to influences from stray current sources or not fully developed as of yet. Thus, there is a need to develop a practical method of determining the polarized pipe potential free of IR drop errors.

This report examines and compares seven available methods for measuring polarized potential and describes the advantages and disadvantages of each. The following methods for measuring polarized potential were evaluated: (1) pipe-to-soil measurements with cathodic protection; (2) pipe-to-soil measurements with interrupted cathodic protection (also called instant-off); (3) measurements based on rectifier AC waveform analysis; (4) stepped current reduction; (5) a four-terminal network; (6) extrapolation to zero resistance (IR drop); and (7) a combination of DC/AC transverse measurements.
L51766 Instantaneous Rotational Velocity Development
Authors: Harris  , Edlund
Published: August 2023

Considerable effort has been put forth to develop an automated method for balancing the power cylinders of reciprocating integral engines used in the natural gas industry. The benefits to power cylinder balance include reducted emissions and improved cylinder component mechanical integrity (which should lead to reductions in repair costs). The current approach to automate engine balancing uses pressure transducers to measure cylinder pressure, then integrate the signals into the engine fuel /timing management controller to achieve engine balance. Each power cylinder must be instrumented, which quickly leads to an expensive installation package. For large units (12 to 16 power cylinders), the likelihood of transducer failure and / or calibration changes will be problematic to reliable operation of this autobalancing system. A potential alternative to multiple transducers measuring power cylinder pressure is to use a single transducer to measure instantaneous shaft rotational velocity. Instantaneous shaft rotational velocity is driven by engine / compressor torque loads, and therefore is sensitive to changes in both power and compressor cylinder operation.

This report summarizes the results of an investigation into the possible use of the flywheel rotational velocity as a surrogate for power cylinder pressure measurements in an autobalancing arrangement, or as a balanced/need-to-balance indicator for integral engines. A fundamental model of the rotational kinetics/dynamics was developed and used to predict the flywheel rotational acceleration.

The model was validated and enhanced with data acquired as part of this study. The model was then extended to establish a sensitivity matrix, which established the change in predicted torque as a function of power cylinder imbalance. Using the sensitivity matrix, an algorithm was developed to predict the change in power cylinder peak pressures as a function of the change in the measured shaft rotational velocity.
L51755 Development and Testing of an Advanced Technology Vibration Transmission
Authors: Taylor
Published: August 2023

Fiber optic sensors have been under development in industrial and government laboratories around the world for over a decade. The commercial market for fiber sensors for measuring parameters such as temperature, displacement, and liquid level is now estimated to exceed $100 M/year. Aside from the commercial interest, the U. S. Department of Defense has vigorously pursued the development of fiber gyroscopes and hydrophones. In spite of the high level of research and development activity, however, until recently fiber sensors had not been successfully applied in high-temperature engine environments.

The goal of this effort is to develop and test high-temperature fiber optic sensors and show that they are suitable for monitoring vibration and other instabilities in gas turbine engines. The underlying technology developed during the course of PRCI projects PR- 219-9120 and PR-219-9225 during 1991-94 serves as the foundation for PR-240-9416. Transducers with the fiber optic Fabry-Perot interferometer (FFPI) configuration have been adapted for use in the turbomachinery environment.To ensure the survival of the FFPI sensors at high temperatures, two techniques for coating the fibers with metal have been developed: electroplating and vacuum deposition. Coated sensors have subsequently been embedded in aluminum and brass alloys. Experiments on a small Sargent Welch turbine engine have shown the high sensitivity of embedded FFPI strain sensors to vibration in rolling bearings. Data have been collected in both the time and frequency domain. A new accelerometer design in which a metal-coated fiber containing the FFPI element is soldered directly to a diaphragm in a stainless steel housing shows response similar to a piezoelectric accelerometer in shaker table tests. The high sensitivity of the FFPI accelerometer has been demonstrated in field tests in a Solar Centaur turbine engine, and the design has survived temperatures greater than 500�C in a test oven. A magnetometer with a physical configuration similar to that of the accelerometer has been used to measure the distance from the sensor head to a rotating shaft made of ferromagnetic material. This device, which functions as a proximity probe, has been used to monitor shaft rotation rate (keyphasor application) and as a shaft thrust position sensor. These results indicate the potential for performing critical measurements in turbine engines with FFPI sensors. They can measure acceleration, distance (proximity), strain (as it relates to bearing defect diagnosis), and gas pressure, and can operate at higher temperatures than conventional transducers.
L51548 Criteria for Hot Tap Welding
Authors: Cola  , Threadgill
Published: August 2023

There is a frequent need in the transmission industry to modify pipe work by welding on additional pipes and branches to existing pipelines. It is very expensive to shut down the pipeline during this operation, and it is therefore, customary to make these welds onto live pipelines. This procedure must be done with great care, since a burn through would allow the leak of pressurized products. However, a greater problem is the rapid cooling of any weld due to the high heat sink effect of the flowing gas. In ferritic steel pipelines, this can lead to excessive hardening of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the weld and a high risk of cracking. Although guidelines are available to help welding engineers design safe welding procedures for hot tap welding, these guidelines were developed specifically for high carbon equivalent steels and are excessively conservative for the less hardenable lower carbon steels that have recently been supplied.

This work develops a new criteria for hot tap welding which will allow safe procedures to be developed easily for all ferritic steels. The approach being used is primarily experimental and a series of tests using simulated branch and sleeve connections have been welded with various electrodes (E7018, E6010 and E8010) and cooling rates and the extent of cracking determined. A parallel study is being made to develop a technique in which the heat sink capacity of a pipeline containing flowing pressurized gas can be easily measured in the field. Knowledge of this parameter will enable the welding engineer to select an appropriate welding procedure.
L52283 Ground Positioning Satellite in Conjunctions with Current One-Call System - Virginia
Authors: Stewart
Published: August 2023

Excavation damage continues to be a leading cause of damage to underground facilities. It was cited as the cause in over 15% of all pipeline incidents in 2006. Effective damage prevention programs are necessary to prevent damages to underground facilities and to ensure public health and safety, environmental protection and continuity of vital services. All stakeholders, including the public, share responsibility for and the benefits of damage prevention. Although much has been done to address excavation damage it continues to be a problem. The Virginia Pilot Project for Incorporating GPS Technology to Enhance One-Call Damage Prevention was undertaken as a "proof-of-concept" project to research and implement new and existing technology to significantly enhance the development and communication of accurate information among stakeholders regarding the exact location of planned excavations. Resulting improvements in the one-call damage prevention process would in turn have a positive impact on damage prevention and the safety and reliability of operations of underground facilities.
L52260 Gap Study and Recommendation - Pipe Response to Buried Explosive Detonations
Authors: Oswald  , Smith
Published: August 2023

Current methods to assess pipeline response to nearby sub-surface blasting are largely empirical or semiempirical and do not consider increasingly important factors such as non-pristine pipelines, blasting in soil with varying soil and terrain characteristics, or mitigative measures. Also, the accuracy and limits to the applicability of these methods is questionable. Result: A primary task of this project was a literature search to identify all available testing, analysis, and mitigation methods related to blasting near pipelines. Analytical methods to consider cracks and corrosion in non-pristine pipeline are also reviewed in the report. The literature search showed that a significant database of test results of steel pipeline response to blasting in soil is available. A more limited database is available for steel pipeline response to blasting in rock and practically no data is available for non-steel and non-pristine pipeline response to blasting. The available models to predict blasting stresses in pipelines ranged from a semi-empirical method to predict pipeline stress to simple soil peak particle velocity (PPV) limits on ground shock produced at the pipeline location to prevent pipeline damage. Benefit: The literature review covered four main categories: data from blasting near pipelines and earthquakes, methodologies for predicting or controlling pipeline stresses from blasting, information on mitigative measures to reduce pipeline stresses from blasting, and methods to account for the effects of non-pristine pipeline. Procedures to address combined loadings on typical transmission pipelines are also summarized.
L52358 Experimental Evaluation of a New Prechamber Design on the GMV-4TF Natural Gas Engine
Authors: Simpson  , Olsen
Published: August 2023

This project evaluates different pre-chamber designs for their combustion stability and emission characteristics.
L52025 Calibration of the PRCI Thermal Analysis Model for Hot Tap Welding
Authors: Cheng  , Wang
Published: August 2023

In-service welding is a common industrial practice for both maintenance and repair purpose. Its applications include, but not limited to repair of pipeline damages caused by construction or corrosion, and hot tap welding used to add branch connections to existing pipelines. In-service welding enables maintaining and repairing pipelines without removing them from service. Such welding operations generate significant economic and environmental benefits, for example, no interruption of pipeline operations and no venting of pipeline contents. One of the common problems associated with in-service welding is hydrogen cracking. Pipeline operating conditions combined with unscrupulous welding procedures could lead to high heat-affected zone (HAZ) hardness values and this, in turn, could cause hydrogen cracking. The risk of hydrogen cracking is particularly high for older pipeline materials with high carbon equivalent.

The objective of the project was to produce a significantly improved HAZ hardness prediction procedure over the procedure in the current PRCI thermal analysis software by utilizing state-of-the-art phase transformation models for steels. Systematic validation of the prediction algorithms was conducted using extensive experimental data of actual welds. The hardness prediction model is expected to become the basis on which the hardness prediction module of the PRCI thermal analysis software will be upgraded and improved.
L51381 Non-Recoverable Gas in Underground Storage
Authors: Rudd
Published: August 2023

It is well known that when gas accumulates in a partially water saturated porous reservoirs, either by natural entrapment or by artificial injection, a significant fraction of that gas cannot subsequently be recovered. The actual quantity of non-recoverable gas depends on many factors, some relating to the reservoir itself and others relating to operational conditions or necessities. The gas storage industry has long recognized the distinction between base gas and working gas, the former being the volume of gas intentionally left in the reservoir to provide energy and space to accommodate the latter which is the gas normally available for distribution. The distinction between base gas and working gas is always somewhat arbitrary. By definition, base gas is non-recoverable gas under "normal" operating conditions, but in practice base gas is occasionally withdrawn during periods of peak demand. Clearly, base gas is non-recoverable only within certain, sometimes arbitrary, operational limits.

This research program has included an exhaustive investigation of the theoretical considerations relating to the entrapment of non-recoverable gas, the practice of storage operators and various laboratories in determining non-recoverable gas saturation and in making various measurements upon which these determinations may be based, and extensive experimentation on both core samples obtained from a variety of storage reservoirs and upon sand pack models simulating some of the features observed in the core studies.
L51995 Class Location Criteria for Gas Pipelines
Authors: Chen
Published: August 2023

Current standards and regulations for gas transmission pipelines classify pipeline corridors into location classes and specify design factors accordingly. In the U.S., the current class location system was developed in the 1950's to mitigate increased potential of equipment impact due to frequent excavation activities in developed areas (Shires and Harrison 1998, Michalopoulos and Babka 2000). By using relatively low design factors for populated areas, the increased wall thickness provides extra protection to resist equipment impact with corresponding increase in costs. The primary objectives of this project were to examine the current class location system and develop supplementary criteria that would enhance pipeline safety by applying risk-based or reliability-based methods.

This report covers four related topics dealing with 1. assessment area, 2. end boundary between different class locations, 3. enhanced prevention and maintenance for class upgrade, and 4. development of a new safety class system.
L51786 Development of Optimized Nondestructive Inspection Methods for Hot Tap Branch Connection Welds
Authors: Eiber
Published: August 2023

In the first two phases of this project, the accuracy and reliability of both conventional and more advanced nondestructive inspection techniques were evaluated by way of a round-robin program of blind inspections The results indicate that there is much variability in the accuracy and reliability of discontinuity detection and sizing depending on details of the NDT procedures adopted, which includes specification of equipment, techniques, calibration methods, and reporting requirements. In Phase III, optimized procedures for sleeve fillet welds and a limited number of branch groove welds were developed in the laboratory using fabricated assemblies containing Intentionally placed discontinuities. In response to a recommendation in Phase Ill, the current phase developed optimized procedures for a wide range of branch groove welds. The results of this phase indicate that the reliability and accuracy of nondestructive inspection techniques is not as high as obtained for sleeve fillet welds in the previous phase of the program In particular, the detection of sub-surface discontinuities by ultrasonic inspection is made more difficult by the added complexity of the branch weld geometries. As with sleeve fillet welds however, the probability of detecting weld toe cracks of a significant size can be quite good.
L51994 Acceptance Criteria for Mild Ripples in Pipeline Field Bends
Authors: Rosenfeld  , Hart  , Zulfiqar
Published: August 2023

Field bends in large diameter pipe are routinely used in the construction of oil and gas pipelines. Mild ripples along the intrados are often unavoidable where such bends have a high D/t or high yield strength. Present regulations and industry standards differ in their treatment of mild ripples, ranging from silence to prohibition, depending upon interpretation. Consequently, the application of acceptance standards for such features is inconsistent, leading to variable standards of inspection and probable scrapping of otherwise sound bends. Finite element analysis (FEA) was used to estimate the effect of ripple magnitude and spacing on stresses due to pressure and bending. Stress concentration factors derived from the models were used with a suitable fatigue damage rule to estimate the effect of ripple parameters on service life. Results were benchmarked against the available test data. The results indicate that (1) mild or shallow ripples up to 2 percent of the pipe diameter in crest-to-trough dimension would not be expected to be harmful in gas transmission pipelines operating under conditions normally encountered in the gas transportation industry; (2) mild or shallow ripples up to 1 percent of the pipe diameter in crest-to-trough dimension would not be expected to be harmful in hazardous liquid transportation pipelines operating under conditions normally encountered in the liquid transportation industry; (3) the presence of ripples could eventually be harmful to long-term integrity in a severe cyclic loading (pressure, thermal expansion, flow-induced vibration) environment, or where soil movement could take place. Recommendations are made for ASME Code criteria specifically permitting mild ripples within stated limits.
L51723 Guidelines for Sound Power Level Measurements Compressor Equipment
Authors: Jay
Published: August 2023

Increasing legislation and public awareness of noise are intensifying the efforts of industries today to reduce the noise. The natural gas industry has proved that it is one of the industrial leaders in its awareness of noise problems and has maintained a vigorous research program in noise control for over 30 years. A noise survey can be done in several ways: point measurements, grid point methods, contour methods, scanning techniques, etc. The selection of the method depends on the accuracy required, available personnel, expertise etc. For the most accurate determination of sound power, the scanning method using sound intensity measurements is considered to be the best available in present day circumstances. This method is discussed in detail in later chapters. Point and grid point measurements are useful to determine the Sound Pressure Level, but are of limited use in quantifying the Sound Power Level of a noise source in a complex and multi-source environment such as a compressor station.

Guidelines for Sound Power Level Measurements for Compressor Station Equipment Report documents the development of guidelines for in-situ sound power level measurements for compressor station equipment, with sample calculations. Measurement of equipment noise levels in a complex, multi-source environment is very difficult and may be accomplished by several methods. These guidelines specify the sound intensity approach that can be used in almost any field situation.

The sound power guidelines described in this report specify the sound intensity approach as the primary measurement method since it can be used in almost any field situation to determine the sound power of a source. In open spaces without reflecting surfaces (except the ground plane) sound pressure measurements may give satisfactory estimates of the sound power of noise sources if background noise is low and other sources can be turned off. Inside a compressor building, the modified reverberation room approach may be allowed, but then only the total sound power can be determined unless background sources can be controlled or other sources turned off. Lastly, the standard guidelines developed were used to conduct field measurements of the sound power of four equipment noise sources including: a) turbine casing, b) turbine air inlet, c) cooler and d) exhaust stack.
L51914 Interdependent Effects of Bacteria Gas Composition and Water Chemistry on Internal Corrosion
Authors: Moghissi
Published: August 2023

A recent Office of Pipeline Safety survey found that corrosion caused 17 to 20 percent of pipeline failures. Of those corrosion failures, roughly half resulted from internal corrosion. In pipelines, internal corrosion is caused by produced (carry-over) or condensed water that contains dissolved gas and/or bacteria. In many cases, chemicals with inhibiting or biocidal properties are added to mitigate corrosion. The internal corrosion in many systems occurs under slowly flowing conditions at ambient temperatures (e.g., relatively low temperature of about 15.5�C (60�F)).

The overall objectives of this project were to determine the influence of microbial consortia typically found in condensed water, produced water, and hydrocarbons on the internal corrosion of steel pipeline exposed to CO2, H2S, and O2. To accomplish these objectives, a multi-year project was planned. For the first year, the specific objectives were to assemble a chemostat system capable of maintaining a mixed biofilm consortium of bacteria implicated in MIC of steels under the pressures encountered in gathering lines, identify the type of microbial populations inside pipelines and conditions under which internal MIC has been observed, and perform a limited number of corrosion tests to evaluate the effects of these bacteria on corrosion.
L00230 Noise Abatement Volume II - Noise Suppression at Pressure Regulating and Metering Stations
Authors: Sharp James , Damewood Glen , Sparks Cecil , Hanchett Miles
Published: August 2023

The five sections of this report focus on defining the nature of noise emitted from pipe carrying high-velocity flow and prescribing methods for suppression or elimination of such noise. The contents of each section are as follows:Section I - sources of noise, means of propagation, and acceptable methods for the control of sound and vibration.Section II - results of field tests to analyze and characterize noise at regulating and metering stations.Section III - results of laboratory and field tests of various methods of noise abatementSection IV - a summary of factors that influence the acoustical behavior of regulator stations.Section V - procedures for designing gas stream acoustic filters suitable for use in the field.
L11877 Effect of Hydrogen on the Properties of High-Strength Controlled-Rolled Line Pipe Steels
Authors: Elsea
Published: August 2023

This report describes an investigation of the susceptibilities of high-strength controlled-rolled line pipe steels to hydrogen stress cracking (HSC) and the effect of long-term cathodic charging with hydrogen on their mechanical properties.�Studies of the susceptibility of higher strength, controlled rolled steels to hydrogen-stress cracking and of the effect of longtime cathodic charging with hydrogen on the mechanical properties of those steels were conducted. Because of the occurrence of these failures, studies were conducted to determine the maximum strength level of steel that could be used for natural gas transmission pipe cathodically protected in the soil without encountering HSC failures.
L22280 Exhaust Emission from Engines Used in Natural Gas Transmission Phase II 1978-79
Authors: Fanick  , Dietzmann
Published: August 2023

A second phase baseline emissions survey was conducted on stationary reciprocating engines and gas turbines used in the gathering and transmission of natural gas. Emission rates for all tests were calculated in pounds per hour, pounds per million BTU heat input, and grams per horsepower-hour output. Emission rates of piston engines were determined at or as near to rated speed and load as possible and some relative comparisons were made. Emission trends for a number of reciprocating engines were developed as a function of engine operating parameters; such as ignition timing, scavenging air pressure, engine speed and load. Details are given on the preliminary changes made to the test procedure that was used in the initial survey conducted in 1972/1973.
L20269 Design Manual for Two Phase Gas-Liquid Flow in Pipelines
Authors: Baker
Published: August 2023

The purpose of this second volume of a 2-volume publication on two phase gas-liquid flow is to reduce the results of the research project to a practical design tool. The design method presented in this report is based on a simple correlation, developed in Volume 1, which does not require a knowledge of the type of gas-liquid flow in the pipeline. From external conditions, the properties of the gas and liquid at pipeline conditions are calculated. Using the equations presented, it is then possible to calculate a two-phase Reynolds number and to obtain the two-phase friction factor from correlation. Methods of handling pressure loss due to elevation changes and acceleration are also provided. The method presented here has been successfully tested on a variety of 6 through 16 inch field lines.
L51441 Critical Evaluation of Multiphase Pipeline Calculation Methods
Authors: Gregory
Published: August 2023

A study has been carried out to evaluate the accuracy of various methods that are used to calculate pressure drop and liquid holdup for multiphase gas-liquid pipelines. A group of methods consisting of various combinations of liquid holdup and friction loss correlations from the literature was used to predict the performance of several pipelines for which measured data were available. The basic set of methods selected includes most of those that are commonly used in the oil and gas industry.
L51434 Determination of Compressor Station Relief Valve Capacity Criteria
Authors: Sparks
Published: August 2023

This report describes the findings of a study specifically concerned with developing a basis for valve selection that is sufficiently general for use throughout the gas pipeline industry, yet sufficiently specific to assure adequate protection. The study results are intended as guidelines only, and are not intended to preclude the use of other rational selection criteria developed by industry members for their specific pipeline systems.
L51446 Feasibility of Developing New Instrumentation for Obtaining Pipe-to-Soil Potential Measurements
Authors: Darilek  , Owen  , Fountain
Published: August 2023

This report covers the results of an initial feasibility study and demonstration of the potential gradient method. Also covered is the second-phase of the project to develop the concept for practical application and exercised the most practical methods of obtaining potential gradient measurements and of processing the measured data.
L51542 Noise Research and Projection Models for Natural Gas Facilities
Authors: Lamancusa
Published: August 2023

Covers research involving noise model requirements and evaluation of a number of existing models for applicability to pipeline compressor station conditions. Leads to development of improvements to existing AGASUM model. Resulting model, AGASOUND, is described and additional improvements still required are identified.
L51551 Quick and Accurate Method to Determine the Free-Corrosion Potential of a Buried Pipeline
Authors: Barlo
Published: August 2023

Describes an approach for determining the rest potential of a bare or poorly coated pipeline. Examines the factors that influence the rest potential and free corrosion potential of steel in soil.
L51588 Improved Internal Seals for Pipeline Centrifugal Compressors
Authors: Lee
Published: August 2023

Reviews current technology of internal labyrinth seals and concludes that internal leakage can reduce compressor efficiencies as much as 3 to 6 percent. Discusses limitations on abradable seals with tighter clearances and the effect of compressor surge on both types of seals. Proposes resiliently mounted seals as subject for future investigation to accommodate rotor movement without excessive seal wear.
L51549 Hydrodynamic Forces on Pipeline in an Open Trench
Authors: Unknown Author
Published: August 2023

Through model tests, hydrodynamic forces experienced by a pipeline placed in an open trench and exposed to wave and current action were determined. The resultant data were analyzed and force coefficients developed.
PR-389-114503-R02 Leak Prevention in CO2 Pipeline Valves and Launches by Correct Seal Material Selection
Authors: Lewan
Published: August 2023

PRCI required guidelines for pipeline valve stem seals in CO2 rich applications such as for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and carbon capture and storage (CCS). In particular, guidance was needed to ascertain when standard O-rings may be used, when a switch to rapid gas decompression (RGD) resistant O-rings is recommended and when O-rings should be replaced by more robust energized lip seals and/or by more robust seal materials.

The guidelines would interface with both NORSOK M 710 Rev. 3 and ISO 23936-2, and give specific details on procedures, steps and decisions that have to be taken when attempting to qualify seals for dense phase CO2 use. In order to develop these guidelines, well established sealing compounds having proven RGD resistance were selected for study, along with materials which were not known for their RGD resistance. RGD testing was performed on housed O-rings of each compound using CO2 rich applications.

The previous Phase I of the project was carried out with a decompression rate of 20 bar/min over 8 RGD cycles. In this Phase II of the project more severe 70 and 127 bar/min rates were used. Also for the 20 bar/min rates the number of RGD cycles was increased to 50 to see how robust the seal materials could be.
L51673 The Development of a Ductile Pipe Fracture Model
Authors: Groeneveld
Published: August 2023

Covers a project to develop a fluid/structure/fracture interactive, inelastic-dynamic computational model for ductile fracture in gas transmission pipelines developed in cooperation with SNAM in Italy to infer specimen-size independent measures of the propagating fracture toughness from small-scale tests on line pipe materials. Verification by CSM on 56-in. diameter.See PR-15-527 (also L51673)
L41023 Gas Transmission Industry Experience of Turbine Parametric Emission Monitoring Systems (PEMS)
Authors: Clapsaddle Craig , Marshall Amy , Neulicht Roy
Published: August 2023

The use of PEMS to meet monitoring requirements offers the potential for significant cost savings and reduced manpower needs for operation and maintenance over the use of traditional continuous emission monitoring systems (CEMS). However, a single source of pertinent information on available systems does not exist.

The two main objectives for this study were to: evaluate and document the gas transmission industry's experience with PEMS for gas turbines, and provide a comprehensive information base to assist future industry user's decision-making regarding PEMS use.
L51747 Assessment of NDT Needs for Pipeline Integrity Assurance II
Authors: Crouch
Published: August 2023

This project was done to reassess the industry's perceptions of NDT needs and to recommend areas of research pertinent to those needs. The project included two survey questionnaires-one sent to 41 pipeline operating companies, yielding 31 responses, and the other sent to 10 inspection vendors with 9 responses. The surveys covered pipeline integrity issues, NDT technologies, and the perceptions of both operators and vendors regarding the need for new or improved inspection capabilities. The survey responses showed the four most important pipeline integrity issues to be (in order of priority):CorrosionCoating failureMechanical damage (third-party damage)Stress-corrosion crackingWhile acknowledging that some improvements could be made, the industry expressed general satisfaction with current in-line inspection (ILI) systems except for the crack pig, which they said needs significant improvement and which they feel is too expensive for use except in critical applications. They had similar opinions of the cost of the mapping pig, though to a lesser degree than for the crack pig. A question regarding conventional versus high-resolution corrosion inspection drew the response that although high-resolution tools are recognized for superior performance, there will always be a need for both classes of tools.
L51739 Effect of Defect Size and YS-TS Ratio on X70 and X80 Pipe Plastic Deformation Capacity
Authors: Denys  , Lefevre
Published: August 2023

The objective of this research project, which is a logical extension of the work performed under Contract PR 202-010, was to generate additional experimental data to quantify the effect of plate thickness on the relationship between Y/T ratio and tolerable defect dimensions. To that end, an experimental program was undertaken on thin walled X70 and X80 linepipe steels in plate form.
L51486 Minimizing Magnetic Arc Blow with Square Wave AC Power
Authors: Crowley
Published: August 2023

This document describes the results of a series of tests to determine the advantage of a square wave A.C. power source over D.C. for controlling arc blow. Initial assessments of both arc extinction and arc blow characteristics for D.C. and A.C. power sources were conducted. with E6010 and E7018 electrodes. Arc blow effects were assessed by comparing bead displacement and regularity for different current types. The experiments demonstrated that the square wave A.C. power source had significant advantages over D.C. for controlling arc blow.
L52317 Pipeline Facility Incident Data Review and Statistical Analysis
Authors: Kolovitch  , Haines  , Trench
Published: August 2023

There is a need to improve the industry understanding of leak sources, failure mechanisms and causes within pipeline facilities through statistical analysis, and to use the findings of this effort to develop a PRCI Facilities Integrity Management Program, if appropriate, by developing processes and/or procedures for reducing/preventing leaks that could affect safety, the environment, and operations.

This document presents an analysis of reportable incidents and releases from facilities for hazardous liquid and gas transmission pipeline systems in the U.S. For liquid pipelines, facilities� includes facilities releases studied from the Pipeline Performance Tracking System (PPTS) database for the 8-year period from 1999-2006. Gas transmission facilities releases were studied from the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) gas transmission database for the 5-year period from 2002-2006 and some additional data obtained from PRCI members that operate gas transmission pipelines.

The detailed analysis and examinations presented are directed at providing pipeline operators with the appropriate information to understand the key elements for developing a management system that addresses each type of failure on each type of equipment.
L51573e Pipe Connection Methods and Effects on Deepwater Construction E
Authors: Litzelfelner
Published: August 2023

A study to review and evaluate the various mechanical pipeline connectors currently available for J-curve pipelay methods offshore. The connectors were compared by listing the advantages and disadvantages of each. A test program to evaluate connectors was developed.
PR-015-09603-R01 LNG Measurement Uncertainty Analysis
Authors: George  , Hawley  , Owston
Published: August 2023

The U.S. natural gas industry is expected to import increasing amounts of liquefied natural gas (LNG) in the near future. When an LNG tanker ship arrives at an LNG terminal, the quantity of LNG transferred to the terminal is found by measuring the changes in static volume within the ships tanks. The LNG volume is inferred from measurements of the liquid height, along with tables of tank characteristics predetermined by a method known as �tank strapping.� Once transferred, the LNG is then regasified at the terminal before being sent to limited distribution companies (LDCs) or power plants. There is concern that the basis for uncertainty estimates in the energy content of the transferred LNG (typically taken as �0.5% to �0.6%) may underestimate the true magnitude of measurement uncertainties. Dynamic methods of liquid flow measurement, gas flow measurement, product sampling, and composition determination used elsewhere in the energy industry may reduce the measurement uncertainties at the LNG terminal, as they relate to terminal balances. Measurement uncertainties for conventional meters and equipment placed into LNG service may lead to more accurate LNG measurement and reduced lost-andunaccounted for (LAUF) quantities at receipt terminals. This report describes research to evaluate the measurement uncertainties associated with both static and dynamic methods of determining LNG volumes and energy content delivered to, processed by, and shipped from, LNG terminals. This was performed to determine whether dynamic methods are potentially more effective than existing static methods for accurate measurements and LAUF determination at LNG terminals. Another objective of the research was to establish which methods offer the most potential for reducing custody transfer measurement uncertainty and LAUF within LNG receipt terminals.
PR-339-093702-R03 Human Factors Influences on Pipeline Damage Milestone 2 Identify and Define Issues
Authors: Attwood
Published: August 2023

The members of the Pipeline Research Council International (PRCI) have identified Human Factors (HF) as a major component influencing the number and severity of pipeline damage incidents. PRCI has initiated a two-year program whose objectives include: A) Understand the contribution of HF to pipeline damage from all sources (i.e., first, secondand third party contributions) B) Identify the most important Human Factors involved in pipeline damage Recommend HF interventions for the high priority issues that will reduce damage incidents C) Propose next steps to implement these high priority interventions and to monitor their performance D) The final project deliverable is a Guide that will identify practical ways to address potentially adverse effects of HF on the performance of damage prevention measures, including examples of how they can be implemented and continuously improved. During the period 2009 to 2010, the project will complete six milestones, including: 1. Review available Human Factors literature (2009) 2. Identify and define issues (2009) 3. Categorize and prioritize issues (2010) 4. Develop intervention strategies (2010) 5. Propose next steps to implement strategies (2010) 6. Develop guide to use HF for damage prevention (2010) This report documents the results of Milestone 2, Identify and Define Issues. Appendices posted seperate
PR-180-094506-R01 Challenges for Safe and Reliable On-Shore Pipeline Transport of Supercritical CO2
Authors: Tossey Brett , Thodla Ramgopal
Published: August 2023

There is interest within the pipeline industry in transporting supercritical CO2 in pipelines. A significant issue is the lack of an independent industry standard for supercritical CO2 pipelines. Existing industry standard for liquid and gas transmission are used for mechanical design requirements, but selected properties of supercritical CO2 make it a unique product. Impurities in the gas steam, materials selection, and leak detection in supercritical CO2 require special consideration. The objective of this project is to engage the supercritical CO2 industry in a workshop and use their knowledge to complete a gap analysis. The project is divided into two main thrusts; survey of knowledge and gaps by conducting an industry workshop (Thrust 1) and to outline what efforts and work is needed to close these gaps in a limited way (Thrust 2). This report summarizes the results of both thrusts. This report summarizes the results of the gaps analysis. The primary finding is that the supercritical CO2 pipeline operators in the United States are confident that the designs of their transmission systems are safe and adequate. Another important finding was the need for improvement in the equation of state (EOS). Currently, most models fail to accurately predict the affects of coal combustion impurities on the phase behavior of supercritical CO2. Improvements in metering technology, materials selection criteria, and leak detection were also identified as gaps. The final gap that was identified was the need for a standardized �blow-down� procedure during system startup and shutdown. An industry standard specific to supercritical CO2 transportation should include sound engineering guidance covering each of these gaps.

See the associated linked documents for appendices to this report.
PR-218-08702-R01 Additional Validation the Remaining Strength of Corroded Casing to Additional Cases
Authors: Francini  , Quade
Published: August 2023

This project is a follow up to the project titled "Effects of Tensile Loading on Remaining Strength of Corroded Casing." The objective is to test additional samples of corroded casing that will fail at typical storage well operating pressures and transfer the developed technology to MFL vendors for use in storage fields. A test matrix of 13 specimens was developed and tested. The test specimens consisted of natural corrosion and machined defects. Prior to testing:

� the specimen material was characterized with tensile, Charpy V-notch, hardness, and chemical tests and
� the test specimens were shipped to 2 MFL vendors for logging.

The results of the testing and MFL characterization are summarized in this report.
PR-185-084501-R01 Technologies and Methodology for Automated Ultrasonic Testing Systems Quantification
Authors: Spencer
Published: August 2023

For automated ultrasonic testing (AUT) detection and sizing accuracy, this program developed a methodology for quantification of AUT systems, advancing and quantifying AUT systems image-capture capabilities, quantifying the performance of multiple AUT systems, establishing a guidance document, conducting field tests, and delivering a guidance document for future inclusion in reliability-based design and assessment (RBDA) standards. Improvements for AUT of pipeline girth welds were identified by investigating: imaging techniques for AUT data, modeling and simulation tools for AUT technique development and validation, and quantification methodologies for measuring the performance of AUT systems. Throughout the course of the project, many AUT scans were conducted using both zonal and non-zonal inspection techniques. The quantification methodology provides guidance for quantifying the performance of AUT systems with respect to probability of detection (POD) and accuracy of flaw sizing. Field trials and lab trials demonstrated that a sector sweep of beam angles provides alternative imaging capabilities that may enhance current zonal techniques. Current methodologies used for quantifying detection and sizing limits for AUT systems vary and produce great variability in detection and sizing results. Consequently, a standardized quantification approach is recommended to reduce this variability. This investigation evaluated six AUT systems; flaw heights were detected between 2 and 4 mm with a 90% probability and a confidence level of 95% (a90/95). The use of ultrasonic modeling and inspection simulation software provided a good tool for developing and evaluating AUT procedures; and can be used to evaluate changes in essential variables.
PR-179-052013-R01 NOx Reduction through Exhaust Aftertreatment
Authors: Olsen  , Schmidt  , Kohls
Published: August 2023

A slipstream SCR system was installed on the CSU lab engine to characterize the performance of a state of the art SCR system over the full operating range of the CSU-GMV two cycle pipeline engine.
PR-397-103710-R01 Subsea Pipeline Damage Inspection Guideline Development
Authors: Oram  , Desaii
Published: August 2023

Final Report on Guidelines for Subsea Pipeline Damage Inspection protocols for responding to incidents, with emphasis on emergency conditions.