bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RANCANG BANGUN ALAT UKUR SISTEM MONITORING pH DAN SUHU KOLAM IKAN LELE BERBASIS IoT DENGAN ESP8266
Authors: Hidayat Fikri , Harijanto Alex , Supriadi Bambang
Published: October 2022

ABSTRAK
 
Besaran fisika dapat berpengaruh baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung terhadap keberlangsungan hidup makhluk hidup baik di darat maupun di air, termasuk pada budidaya ikan lele. Jika kualitas air selalu berubah-ubah atau tidak stabil, maka dapat berpengaruh buruk terhadap kondisi ikan seperti stres, sakit atau kematian jika tidak dapat beradaptasi terhadap perubahan yang terjadi. Suhu dan pH air merupakan dasar selain dari beberapa parameter lainnya yang digunakan untuk menjaga kualitas air kolam agar tetap sehat. Termometer dan pH meter dalam penggunaannya harus melakukan pengukuran langsung ke lokasi untuk mengetahui nilai pH dan suhu dari air kolam. Sehingga diperlukan alat monitoring pH dan suhu dengan pemanfaatan IoT yang dapat memberikan efisiensi waktu dalam melakukan pemantauan kualitas air kolam secara real time tanpa harus datang langsung ke lokasi untuk mengefisiensi waktu. Sensor yang digunakan adalah sensor pH dan sensor DS18B20. Serta menggunakan NodeMCU ESP8266 yang merupakan mikrokontroler yang telah dilengkapi oleh module WiFi ESP8266 di dalamnya. Hasil pengujian sensor pH dengan besar nilai R square = 0,909, sedangkan pada sensor suhu menghasilkan nilai R square = 0,911. Ini menunjukkan bahwa kedua sensor memiliki tingkat kevalidan alat adalah sangat valid.
 
Kata  kunci— monitoring, pH, suhu, sensor pH, sensor DS18B20
 
ABSTRACT
 
Physical quantities effect things survive either in the land or water, such catfish cultivation. Unstable water quality change can impact the fish condition, such as being sick, stressed or died. Those conditions happen when the fishes can not adopt with the condition change. Water’s temperature and pH are the basic part is used to keep catfish pool water quality. Thermometer and pH meter had to be tested in the real location to analyse the pool’s water pH and termperature condition. pH and temperature monitoring tool based on IoT is needed to give efficient time in controlling water quality. Sensors used is pH and DS18B20 sensors. NodeMCU ESP8266 is used as microcontroller by WiFi ESP8266 module help. The R squere of pH sensors testing result is for 0,909. Beside, the R squere of temperature sensor is for 0,911. The result shows that both sensors have a very good validity score.
 
Keywords— monitoring, pH, temperature, pH sensors, DS18B20
ANALISIS KELEMAHAN DAN KELEBIHAN PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK TENAGA MIKROHIDRO (PLTMH) SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF SUMBER ENERGI LISTRIK
Authors: Al Bawani Amar Ma`ruf , Sudarti Sudarti
Published: October 2022

ABSTRAK
 
Energi listrik merupakan hal yang penting untuk memenuhi kebutuhan sehari-hari, baik dari sektor rumah tangga, industri, maupun penerangan jalan.  Namun, tidak semua daerah di Indonesia memiliki aliran listrik untuk mendukung kebutuhan sehari-hari. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalsis keuntungan dan kendala pemanfaatan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Mikrohidro (PLTMH). Metode yang digunakan adalah literature review, yaitu dengan membandingkan beberapa hasil penelitian sebelumnya. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, didapatkan bahwa PLTMH memiliki berbagai keuntungan baik dari sektor potensi ketersediaan alat dan sumber daya, ekonomi, letak geografis, serta pengelolaan. Selain itu, dalam pemanfaatan PLTMH juga terdapat kendala, yaitu daya listrik yang dihasilkan berskala kecil. PLTMH memiliki potensi untuk digunakan sebagai alternatif sumber energi listrik, khususnya di kawasan pedesaan atau wilayah terpencil yang memiliki potensi ketersediaan air melimpah.  
 
Kata  kunci—Energi Terbarukan, Mikrohidro, PLTMH
 
ABSTRACT
 
Electrical energy is important to meet daily needs, both from the household sector, industry, and street lighting. However, not all regions in Indonesia have electricity to support daily needs. This research aims to analyze the advantages and constraints of utilizing Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Mikrohidro (PLTMH). The method used is literature review, which is by comparing some of the results of previous research.Based on the results of the study, it was found that PLTMH has various advantages both from the potential sector of availability of tools and resources, economy, geographical location, and management.In addition, in the use of PLTMH there are also obstacles, namely electricity generated on a small scale. PLTMH has the potential to be used as an alternative source of electrical energy, especially in rural areas or remote areas that have the potential for abundant water availability.
 
Keywords—Microhydro, PLTMH, Renewable Energy
Pengaruh Literasi Keuangan dan Auditor Spesialisasi Terhadap Perilaku Pengelolaan Keuangan di Era Kenormalan Baru (Studi Kasus Dinas Sosial Kota Malang)
Authors: Bachtiar Ardi , Kharisma Indri , Hadistia Ananda
Published: October 2022

This study aims to examine the influence of financial literacy and specialization auditors on financial management behavior in the new normal era in the Malang City Social Service. This research is a quantitative study with data collection techniques using questionnaires. The sample was 36 respondents. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling with predetermined criteria, namely employees (PNS) of the Malang City Social Service.  Primary data processing uses Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) analysis techniques with multiple regression analysis methods to analyze data. The results of the study were Simultaneously there was a positive influence of financial literacy and specialist auditors on financial management behavior at the Malang City Social Service F calculated at 4,384 with a sig value. 0.020. Due to the sig value. 0.020 < 0.05. Financial Literacy has a positive influence on financial management behavior at the Malang City Social Service t count of 2,575 with a sig value of 0.015 < 0.05. Specialist Auditors have no significant effect on financial management behavior at the Malang City Social Service t calculate -2.442 with a value of sig. 0.020 < 0.05

Abstrak

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti pengaruh literasi keuangan dan auditor spesialisasi terhadap perilaku pengelolaan keuangan di era kenormalan baru di Dinas Sosial Kota Malang. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner. Sampel berjumlah 36 responden. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan adalah purposive sampling dengan kriteria yang telah ditetapkan yakni karyawan (PNS) Dinas Sosial Kota Malang. Pengolahan data primer menggunakan teknik analisis Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) dengan metode analisis regresi berganda untuk menganalisis data. Hasil penelitian adalah Secara simultan terdapat pengaruh positif dari literasi keuangan dan auditor spesialis terhadap perilaku pengelolaan keuangan pada Dinas Sosial Kota Malang F hitung sebesar 4,384 dengan nilai sig. 0,020. Karena nilai sig. 0,020 < 0,05. Literasi Keuangan memiliki pengaruh positif terhadap perilaku pengelolaan keuangan pada Dinas Sosial Kota Malang t hitung sebesar 2,575 dengan nilai sig. 0,015 < 0,05. Auditor Spesialis tidak berpengaruh signifikan perilaku pengelolaan keuangan pada Dinas Sosial Kota Malang t hitung sebesar -2,442 dengan nilai sig. 0,020 < 0,05.

Kata Kunci: Literasi Keuangan, Auditor Spesialisasi, Pengelolaan Keuangan
Development of a software module for placing and editing signatures of settlements in the Mapinfo GIS
Authors: Krylov S. A. , Feshchenko A. P.
Published: October 2022

The main problems of creating and placing signatures on digital cartographic bases using geoinformation systems are considered. To automate the creation and placement of signatures in the form of text objects of various shapes and sizes, depending on the significance code of the cartographic database, a specialized software module has been developed in the MapInfo GIS. The description of functional capabilities and the results of testing of the developed program are presented. The software module is focused on the placement of signatures of settlements mainly on small-scale maps. The main functionality and features of the work of the software package: first, signatures of more significant objects are created; signatures are placed along parallels and in accordance with priority positions; signatures are on the same layer, while they differ in style and size depending on the significance code; simultaneously with the creation of signatures, the table is filled with information about parameters captions and coordinates of the insertion point.
Modern problems and directions of development of forest cartography
Authors: Lebzak E. V.
Published: October 2022

Like any other area of cartography, forest cartography is evolving and changing. However, it should be noted that in Russia the form of presentation, content and design of forest cartographic products are strictly regulated by various legal acts, which makes this direction of cartography more conservative. The purpose of the study is to identify the main problems and directions for the development of forest cartography. The article presents a study of the current state of forest cartography in Russia, considers modern foreign developments used in forest cartography, and identifies the main problems that arise when creating forest cartographic products. The study identified the most promising methods and technologies, the introduction of which will accelerate the development of domestic forest cartography, among them the development of GIS analysis methods, the introduction of mobile GIS, the creation of digital twins of the forest and the addition of forest cartographic products with geospatial knowledge.
The use of UAVs in cartographic monitoring of MSW placements
Authors: Stupin V. P. , Akhunov S. R. , Radchenko S. A.
Published: October 2022

The experience of using remote sensing materials obtained from unmanned aerial vehicles for the purpose of cartographic monitoring of solid municipal waste storage sites on the territory of the south of the Irkutsk region is given. The technology and capabilities of these materials for creating photo plans and digital models of unauthorized landfills, determining the areas, volumes and composition of garbage accumulations are considered. An assessment of the decryption capabilities of the images from the point of view of waste monitoring is given.
Problems of forming the structure of functions of the information security management system of a significant object of critical information infrastructure
Authors: Maksudov M. O , Doroshenko I. E. , Selifanov V. V.
Published: October 2022

In such a tense geopolitical situation, and as a result, the tightening of the legislation of the Russian Federation regarding the requirements for information protection systems for critical information infrastructure objects, it becomes especially important to ensure the security of critical information infrastructure. Every year, the requirements for the information security system of significant objects of critical information infrastructure become more and more serious. The use of heterogeneous information security tools creates a contradiction, which consists in the presence of such information security tools and the impossibility of their centralized management. Such a contradiction can be resolved by developing an information security management system with a formed structure of the functions of such a system. This article presents the concept of solving the problem of forming the structure of the functions of the information security management system of a significant object of critical information infrastructure, the concept of building an information security management system of a significant object of critical information infrastructure, as well as the concept of checking the effectiveness of such a system.
Organization of personal data protection in state and municipal information systems
Authors: Polikanina O. A. , Polikanin A. N. , Shaburova A. V.
Published: October 2022

Today the problem of leakage of personal data from state and municipal information systems is relevant and, according to the authors, is related to the fact that in the information systems of authorities, publicly available information and restricted access information are not differentiated between each other by technical and organizational means of protection. In certain life situations, restricted access information may be issued by an improper person together with publicly available data. The solution to this problem should begin with the establishment of a classification of personal data depending on the severity of the damage that may be inflicted on a citizen as a result of the dissemination of this information. In the article, the authors propose to distinguish the following categories of personal data: "open", "restricted access", "closed", depending on the necessary degree of their protection.
Development of a conceptual GIS model for registration and control of operational parameters of small architectural forms
Authors: Golovachev N. S. , Bugakov P. Yu.
Published: October 2022

The article describes the process of developing a conceptual GIS model for registration and control of operational parameters of small architectural forms (SAF). The system created on the basis of the results of the completed development will contribute to the optimization of the processes of control over the SAF by attracting citizens to this system and reducing the number of issued documents. Citizens with smartphone will have the opportunity to participate in the process of detecting and fixing the malfunction of small architectural forms, including playgrounds, sports equipment, infrastructure of in-yard territories, without the need to contact the management organization directly. The results of the work will be used in the development of a methodology for building a geoinformation system for registration and control of operational parameters of small architectural forms for management organizations.
Horizontal and Vertical Voice Directivity Characteristics of Sung Vowels in Classical Singing
Authors: Brandner Manuel , Frank Matthias , Sontacchi Alois
Published: October 2022

Singing voice directivity for five sustained German vowels /a:/, /e:/, /i:/, /o:/, /u:/ over a wide pitch range was investigated using a multichannel microphone array with high spatial resolution along the horizontal and vertical axes. A newly created dataset allows to examine voice directivity in classical singing with high resolution in angle and frequency. Three voice production modes (phonation modes) modal, breathy, and pressed that could affect the used mouth opening and voice directivity were investigated. We present detailed results for singing voice directivity and introduce metrics to discuss the differences of complex voice directivity patterns of the whole data in a more compact form. Differences were found between vowels, pitch, and gender (voice types with corresponding vocal range). Differences between the vowels /a:, e:, i:/ and /o:, u:/ and pitch can be addressed by simplified metrics up to about d2/D5/587 Hz, but we found that voice directivity generally depends strongly on pitch. Minor differences were found between voice production modes and found to be more pronounced for female singers. Voice directivity differs at low pitch between vowels with front vowels being most directional. We found that which of the front vowels is most directional depends on the evaluated pitch. This seems to be related to the complex radiation pattern of the human voice, which involves a large inter-subjective variability strongly influenced by the shape of the torso, head, and mouth. All recorded classical sung vowels at high pitches exhibit similar high directionality.
LOVE-Bug Deployment Demonstrator
Authors: Whitehead Shaun
Published: October 2022

Life on Venus Expedition (LOVE) Bugs are a proposed family of miniature, featherlight probes for exploring and sensing the Venusian atmosphere. The Bugs carry tiny ThumbSat femtosatellite buses and instruments beneath balloons or flexible parawings. They are designed to descend from 68 to 45 km altitude over several hours because this part of the atmosphere appears to be most welcoming to life as we know it, according to the Venus Life Finder Mission Study. The parawing option is the subject of this work. In order to fit in with larger probe missions, the LOVE-Bug concept is opportunistic. One anticipated opportunity is to be ejected when a “mother probe” needs to deploy a drogue chute for stabilisation through the transonic regime. This work developed an analogy for such a dramatic Venusian ejection by dropping from a high-altitude balloon in Earth’s stratosphere. By packaging the payload in a small-diameter low-drag capsule and dropping from 28 km, the vehicle accelerates to supersonic velocity at around 18 km, where the wing is ejected and deployed. A variant of the NASA ParaWing was created by incorporating a drag tail to help to stabilise the wing at extremely high and low velocities. Design, simulation, building, and testing work was carried out, and two flights were flown. The second flight demonstrated successful deployment of the wing in representative Venusian entry conditions. Both flights demonstrated that the ThumbSat performed as required in “space”-type conditions. Recommendations for future work, to qualify the LOVE-Bugs for operation on Venus, are presented.
A VGG-19 Model with Transfer Learning and Image Segmentation for Classification of Tomato Leaf Disease
Authors: Nguyen Thanh-Hai , Nguyen Thanh-Nghia , Ngo Ba-Viet
Published: October 2022

Tomato leaves can have different diseases which can affect harvest performance. Therefore, accurate classification for the early detection of disease for treatment is very important. This article proposes one classification model, in which 16,010 tomato leaf images obtained from the Plant Village database are segmented before being used to train a deep convolutional neural network (DCNN). This means that this classification model will reduce training time compared with that of the model without segmenting the images. In particular, we applied a VGG-19 model with transfer learning for re-training in later layers. In addition, the parameters such as epoch and learning rate were chosen to be suitable for increasing classification performance. One highlight point is that the leaf images were segmented for extracting the original regions and removing the backgrounds to be black using a hue, saturation, and value (HSV) color space. The segmentation of the leaf images is to synchronize the black background of all leaf images. It is obvious that this segmentation saves time for training the DCNN and also increases the classification performance. This approach improves the model accuracy to 99.72% and decreases the training time of the 16,010 tomato leaf images. The results illustrate that the model is effective and can be developed for more complex image datasets.
Pesticide-Free Robotic Control of Aphids as Crop Pests
Authors: Lacotte Virginie , NGuyen Toan , Sempere Javier Diaz , Novales Vivien , Dufour Vincent , Moreau Richard , Pham Minh Tu , Rabenorosoa Kanty , Peignier Sergio , Feugier François G. , Gaetani Robin , Grenier Thomas , Masenelli Bruno , da Silva Pedro , Heddi Abdelaziz , Lelevé Arnaud
Published: October 2022

Because our civilization has relied on pesticides to fight weeds, insects, and diseases since antiquity, the use of these chemicals has become natural and exclusive. Unfortunately, the use of pesticides has progressively had alarming effects on water quality, biodiversity, and human health. This paper proposes to improve farming practices by replacing pesticides with a laser-based robotic approach. This study focused on the neutralization of aphids, as they are among the most harmful pests for crops and complex to control. With the help of deep learning, we developed a mobile robot that spans crop rows, locates aphids, and neutralizes them with laser beams. We have built a prototype with the sole purpose of validating the localization-neutralization loop on a single seedling row. The experiments performed in our laboratory demonstrate the feasibility of detecting different lines of aphids (50% detected at 3 cm/s) and of neutralizing them (90% mortality) without impacting the growth of their host plants. The results are encouraging since aphids are one of the most challenging crop pests to eradicate. However, enhancements in detection and mainly in targeting are necessary to be useful in a real farming context. Moreover, robustness regarding field conditions should be evaluated.
Estimating Tomato Transpiration Cultivated in a Sunken Solar Greenhouse with the Penman-Monteith, Shuttleworth-Wallace and Priestley-Taylor Models in the North China Plain
Authors: Shao Mengxuan , Liu Haijun , Yang Li
Published: October 2022

Tomato crops are increasingly cultivated in winter in solar greenhouses to achieve high economic benefit in the North China Plain (NCP). Accurate predictions of crop transpiration (Tr) are of great significance for formulating a scientific irrigation system and increasing water productivity in this water shortage region. In this study, tomato transpiration at daily and hourly scales were estimated using Penman-Monteith (PM), Shuttleworth-Wallace (SW), and Priestley-Taylor (PT) models, and results were compared to the measured sap flow data (SF) in three tomato growth seasons in winter from 1 November 2018 to 9 December 2020. Results showed that both PM and SW models could perfectly estimate daily tomato Tr, with a determination coefficient R2 of 0.96 and 0.94 and slopes of 0.99 and 0.98, respectively, when all three seasons’ data were pooled together. The estimated daily Tr by the original PT model with a coefficient (α) of 1.26 was also linearly related to the SF with R2 of 0.92; however, the Tr was underestimated by 33%. Then α was calibrated using the data in the 2018 winter season. When the calibrated α was used in the 2019 and 2020 seasons, the estimated daily Tr showed comparable results with the PM and SW models. At hourly scales, the PM model performed best with an error of 3.0%, followed by the PT model (7.8%); the SW model underestimated Tr by 18.2%. In conclusion, all three models could be used to estimate daily Tr, and the PM and calculated PT models can be used to estimate hourly Tr.
Effects of Light Conversion Film on the Growth of Leafy Vegetables in Facilities under Haze Weather
Authors: Li Jingjing , Zhangzhong Lili , Zhang Xin , Wei Xiaoming , Zhang Shirui , Wang Lichun , Zheng Wengang
Published: October 2022

The light intensity is low in haze weather, and the facility is in a weak light environment for a long time. As a functional film, light conversion film (LCF) can improve the light conversion performance and is conducive to regulating the environment in the facility to promote crop growth. It can be seen from the test that the light transmittance of LCF under visible light conditions (400–780 nm) is 8.67% higher than that of ordinary film (OF), with stronger light transmittance. In the red–orange light band (600–700 nm), the LCF is 1.3% higher than that of the OF. Through the detection of irradiance, it was found that the irradiance was outdoor environment > LCF > OF in any weather. A two-year greenhouse experiment was conducted to study the effect of LCF on the whole growth process of facility agriculture (environment-soil-crop) under weak light. It is found that LCF reduces the air humidity by 0.47~2.83%; it has an obvious warming effect on the surface soil of greenhouse, and it is linearly correlated with temperature. In terms of crop growth, LCF significantly (p < 0.05) increased the photosynthetic rate at heading stage, and finally increased the yield, total soluble sugar and reduction-type Vitamin C by 8.97–39.53%, 9.22–30.14%, and 1.41–21.09%, respectively. In addition, considering the frequent haze weather in North China, the use of LCF can improve air temperature, CO2 concentration, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), and soil temperature, and it can effectively deal with the challenge of weak light. In conclusion, LCF can improve the facility environment and improve crop yield and quality, indicating that the implementation of LCF has potential benefits in solving crop yield reduction and quality decline in haze weather. In addition, as the main component of LCF, rare earth materials are a new type of clean energy, which can effectively promote the sustainable development of the agricultural ecosystem.
Identifying Nematode Damage on Soybean through Remote Sensing and Machine Learning Techniques
Authors: Santos Letícia Bernabé , Bastos Leonardo Mendes , de Oliveira Mailson Freire , Soares Pedro Luiz Martins , Ciampitti Ignacio Antonio , da Silva Rouverson Pereira
Published: October 2022

Identifying nematode damage in large soybean areas is not always achievable in a practical way. Multispectral reflectance sensors have not been thoroughly evaluated to detect nematode damage in soybeans (Glycine max L.). The main research aims of this study were to: (i) determine the bivariate relationship between individual spectral bands and vegetation indices (VIs) relative to soybean conditions (symptomatic versus asymptomatic), and (ii) to select the best model for identifying plant conditions using three algorithms (logistic regression—LR, random forest—RF, conditional inference tree—CIT) and three options for data input using bands, vegetation indices (VIs), and bands plus VIs. The trial was conducted in Brazil on three on-farm soybean fields presenting different species of nematode infestation. Multispectral imagery was obtained using a drone-mounted MicaSense RedEdge® sensor. At each sampling, georeferenced point nematode infestation and spectral measurements of soybean plants were retrieved for the classification of symptomatic and asymptomatic areas, according to the threshold level adopted. Bivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA), LR, RF, and CIT were used to select the multispectral bands/VIs that discriminated among symptomatic and asymptomatic plants, assessing the best model via their respective parameters for accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. The greatest classification accuracy (>0.70) was achieved when using the CIT algorithm with the spectral bands only, with green (560 ± 20 nm) and near-infrared (840 ± 40 nm) included as the main spectral input variables in the model. These results demonstrate the potential of combining remotely sensed data and machine learning to distinguish nematode-symptomatic and asymptomatic soybean plants.
Novel Functions of Arabidopsis Pumilio RNA-Binding Protein 6 in Salt Stress
Authors: Huh Sung Un
Published: October 2022

To control gene expression, plants use the post-transcriptional/translational regulation system, which plays important roles in development and biotic and abiotic responses. Some RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are known to regulate target genes via direct binding of specific RNA motifs. Pumilio and fem-3 binding factor (Puf) proteins exhibit a specific capacity for binding of the 3’ untranslational region (3’ UTR) of target mRNA and work as a post-transcriptional regulator in the mammalian system. Recently, it was reported that Arabidopsis Pumilio RNA-binding protein (APUM), a plant Puf homologue, is involved in biotic and abiotic stress and development. However, the function of plant Puf proteins has not yet been fully recovered. In the current study, APUM6 gene expression was reduced by salt stress. APUM6 localized in the cytoplasmic foci of the mRNA decay sites and ER membrane. Purified APUM6-pumilio homologue domain (HD) protein showed ‘UGUANAUA’ binding activity in vitro. APUM6-RNAi transgenic plants displayed reduced tolerance to salt stress during the germination and mature plant stages. In APUM6-RNAi transgenic plants under salt stress, abiotic stress-responsive gene expression levels showed no significant difference compared with Col-0. Collectively, these results indicate that APUM6 might play important roles in responses to salt stress via translational modification.
Effect of Dietary Linoleic Acid (18:2n-6) Supplementation on the Growth Performance, Fatty Acid Profile, and Lipid Metabolism Enzyme Activities of Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Alevins
Authors: Yu Hairui , Li Lingyao , Yu Leyong , Xu Congmei , Zhang Jiayi , Qiu Xiangyi , Zhang Yijing , Shan Lingling
Published: October 2022

A 12-week feeding trial aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6) on the growth performance, fatty acid profile, and lipid metabolism enzyme activities of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) alevins. Six experimental diets (47% crude protein and 15% crude lipid) were formulated to contain graded LA levels of 0.11%, 0.74%, 1.37%, 2.00%, 2.63%, and 3.26%. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of 50 alevins with an initial body weight of 0.364 ± 0.002 g, which were randomly assigned to 18 white plastic tanks (0.8 × 0.6 × 0.6 m, 240 L/tank). Fish were reared in a freshwater flow-through rearing system and fed to apparent satiation four times daily. The survival rate was not significantly different among the treatments (p > 0.05). However, the 1.37% LA group significantly improved the final body weight and specific growth rate (SGR) (p < 0.05) of alevins. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1.37% LA group was significantly lower than those in other groups (p < 0.05). The whole-body lipid content significantly decreased (p < 0.05) with dietary LA levels increasing from 0.74% to 2.00%. The fatty acid composition of the total lipid in muscle was closely correlated with those in the diets. The dietary LA level of 1.37% led to significantly higher activities of liver lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hepatic lipase (HL) than those of other groups (p < 0.05). Hepatic malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) decreased with the increase in the dietary LA levels from 0.11% to 1.37%. The lowest MDH and FAS activities were obtained in the 1.37% LA group (p < 0.05). This study indicated that an appropriate amount of dietary LA was beneficial for the growth and lipid metabolism of coho salmon alevins, and the results of the quadratic regression analysis of the SGR and FCR indicated that the optimal dietary LA requirements were 1.25% and 1.23% for coho salmon alevins, respectively.
Body Condition Score Is Not Correlated to Gastric Ulcers in Non-Athlete Horses
Authors: Busechian Sara , Turini Luca , Sgorbini Micaela , Bonelli Francesca , Pisello Lorenzo , Pieramati Camillo , Orvieto Simona , Rueca Fabrizio
Published: October 2022

Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome (EGUS) is a worldwide disease of the stomach that can be found in different categories of horses. Different clinical signs may be present, but a large number of horses are asymptomatic. The aim of this study was to identify a possible correlation between body condition score (BCS) and EGUS in a population of horses. A total of 203 non-athlete horses were submitted for gastroscopies, and the presence and severity of lesions of the glandular and squamous mucosa were recorded. A board-certified veterinarian blinded to the gastroscopy results assessed the BCS of the horse. In the study population, no correlation was found between BCS and the presence of gastric lesions in either the glandular or the squamous mucosa. The disease of the squamous or glandular mucosa cannot be excluded based only on the presence of normal or increased BCS in non-athlete horses.
Optimization of Compound Ratio of Exogenous Xylanase and Debranching Enzymes Supplemented in Corn-Based Broiler Diets Using In Vitro Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion and Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Wu Wei , Zhou Huajin , Chen Yanhong , Li Chunyue , Guo Yuming , Yuan Jianmin
Published: October 2022

This experiment aimed to explore the zymogram of endo-xylanase (EX) and debranching enzymes (arabinofuranosidase [EA] and ferulic acid esterase [EF]) supplemented in the corn–soybean meal-based diet of broilers. An in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion model was adopted. According to single-factor, completely random design, the optimal supplemental levels of individual carbohydrase were determined by reducing sugars (RS) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). Response surface method (RSM) was used to predict the proper compound ratio of three carbohydrases. Results showed that shifts were different for feedstuffs such as corn–soybean meal–distillers dried grains with solubles, corn hull, and wheat bran, revealing that the net increase of RS or IVDMD distinctly dropped when degrading corn and related by-products by EX (p < 0.05). There was a significant quadratic relationship between the above response metrics and addition levels of each enzyme (p < 0.05). The determined dosage was 54 U/g EX, 5.0 U/g EA, and 0.4 U/g of EF, respectively. The optimistic zymogram of carbohydrases in corn basal substrates was judged by the IVDMD screening (R2 = 0.9089, p < 0.001). Conclusively, the in vitro assay and RSM were convenient and rapid methods for the optimization of xylan-degrading zymogram, and also testified asthenic hydrolysis of corn arabinoxylan by EX, thus highlighting the synergistic combinations with debranching enzymes.
Physiological and Biochemical Characteristics of Rainbow Trout with Severe, Moderate and Asymptomatic Course of Vibrio anguillarum Infection
Authors: Kurpe Stanislav Rimaso , Sukhovskaya Irina Viktorovna , Borvinskaya Ekaterina Vitalyevna , Morozov Alexey Anatolievich , Parshukov Aleksey Nikolaevich , Malysheva Irina Evgenyevna , Vasileva Alina Valeryevna , Chechkova Natalia Alexandrovna , Kuchko Tamara Yurevna
Published: October 2022

This article describes the clinical manifestation of natural Vibrio anguillarum infection in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during an outbreak on a fish farm. (i) Using an integrated approach, we characterized the pathogenesis of vibriosis from the morphological, hematological, and biochemical points of view. The molecular mechanisms associated with the host immune response were investigated using mass spectrometric analysis of trout plasma proteins. (ii) According to the severity of infection (the extent of tissue damage, the level of expression of pro-inflammatory genes, and changes in the leukocyte profile) three fish populations were identified among infected trout: fish with severe lesions (SL), fish with the moderate infectious process (IP) and asymptomatic fish (AS). (iii) Lymphopenia, granulocytosis, and splenomegaly were strong trends during the progression of infection and informative indicators of severe manifestation of disease, associated with hemorrhagic shock, metabolic acidosis, and massive tissue damage. (iv) As expected, pro-inflammatory interleukins, complement components, acute phase proteins, and antimicrobial peptides were implicated in the acute pathogenesis. Systemic coagulopathy was accompanied by increased antithrombotic reactions. (v) Reconstruction of metabolic pathways also revealed a high energy requirement for the immune response in severely affected fish. (vi) An unexpected result was a small difference between fish with moderate symptoms and fish with no or minor external signs of pathology (putatively resistant to infection). Increased production of antiproteases and enhanced blood coagulation cascade were observed in healthier fish, which may underlie the mechanisms of a controlled, non-self-damaging immune response to infection. (vii) Depending on the progression of the disease and the presence of the pathogen, a stepwise or linear change in the abundance of some plasma proteins was revealed. These proteins could be proposed as molecular markers for diagnosing the health and immune status of trout when cultured in fish farms.
WGCNA Analysis of Important Modules and Hub Genes of Compound Probiotics Regulating Lipid Metabolism in Heat-Stressed Broilers
Authors: Zhang Lihuan , Liu Xuan , Jia Hao
Published: October 2022

This study aimed to study compound probiotics’ (Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium) effects on production performance, lipid metabolism and meat quality in heat-stressed broilers. A total of 400 one-day-old AA broilers were randomly divided into four groups, each containing the same five replicates, with 20 broilers in each replicate. The control (21 °C) and experiment 2 were fed a basic corn–soybean meal diet. Experiment 1 (21 °C) and experiment 3 were fed a basic corn–soybean meal diet with 10 g/kg compound probiotics on days 7 and 28, respectively. The ambient temperature of experiment 2 and experiment 3 was increased to 30–32 °C (9:00–17:00) for 28–42 days, while the temperature for the other time was kept at 21 °C. The results showed that, compared with the control, the production performance and the content of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in experiment 1 and triglyceride (TG) in experiment 2 increased (p < 0.05). Compared with experiment 2, TG decreased and the production performance increased in experiment 3 (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant change in meat quality indicators. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to analyze the intramuscular fat, abdominal fat and five blood lipid indicators. We found five related modules. Fatty acid biosynthesis, glycerolipid metabolism, and fat digestion and absorption were the pathways for KEGG enrichment. Additionally, NKX2-1, TAS2R40, PTH, CPB1, SLCO1B3, GNB3 and AQP7 may be the hub genes of compound probiotics regulating lipid metabolism in heat-stressed broilers. In conclusion, this study identified the key genes of compound probiotics regulating lipid metabolism and provided a theoretical basis for the poultry breeding industry to alleviate heat stress.
Inflammatory Changes and Composition of Collagen during Cervical Ripening in Cows
Authors: Yamanokuchi Eigo , Kitahara Go , Kanemaru Kazuyuki , Hemmi Koichiro , Kobayashi Ikuo , Yamaguchi Ryoji , Osawa Takeshi
Published: October 2022

Dystocia and stillbirths in cows pose a high risk of loss of both dams and fetuses, thereby resulting in high economic losses. One of the causes of these problems is birth canal abnormalities. Thus, to prevent these occurrences, it is necessary to understand the mechanisms underlying cervical ripening. Although physiological inflammatory responses and changes in collagen composition have been reported in humans and mice, related information is scarce for cows. We observed inflammatory changes and changes in the collagen composition in the cervix from late pregnancy to parturition to clarify some of the physiological changes associated with cervical ripening during normal calving in cows. Cervical mucus and tissue samples were collected from 41 Japanese Black cows at 200, 230, and 260 days of gestation and at 7-day intervals thereafter until parturition. The percentage of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN%) in the mucus was calculated, and interleukin (IL)-8 concentration was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein, and leukocyte counts were determined. Picrosirius red-stained cervical tissue specimens were observed under a polarizing microscope, and the percentage of type I and type III collagen areas in the cervical tissue were calculated. The PMN% in cervical mucus was lowest at 200 days gestation (12–13 weeks before delivery), significantly increased 5 weeks before (21.7 ± 0.04), and was highest 1 week before calving (50.9 ± 0.04). IL-8 levels were increased at 295 days compared with those at 200 days of pregnancy (p < 0.05). No significant changes were observed in the white blood cell counts. The percentage of type I collagen in the cervical tissue reached a maximum (91.4 ± 0.02%) on day 200, significantly decreased after 274 days (3 weeks before calving), and continued to decrease thereafter until the week of parturition. There was no significant change in type III collagen levels. The results suggest that cervical ripening progresses when PMNs begin to infiltrate the cervix at around 260 days of gestation (5–4 weeks before parturition), IL-8, which increases at the end of pregnancy, mobilizes PMNs, and enhances inflammation, and that type I collagen changes are useful as an indicator of cervical ripening.
Forensic Genetic Analyses of Melanistic Iguanas Highlight the Need to Monitor the Iguanid Trade
Authors: Mitchell Blaklie , Welch Mark E. , van den Burg Matthijs P.
Published: October 2022

Lizards within the Iguana iguana species complex are among the most common reptilian pets, with the widest natural geographic range among iguanids. Deep phylogenetic divergence distinguishes multiple mitochondrial clades, and several taxonomic changes have recently been proposed. These small populations, typically island endemics, are threatened by numerous factors, including the international pet trade. Recent investigations reveal the absence of required CITES permits for lawful export of animals, providing evidence of ongoing illegal trade. Additional monitoring of trade in iguanas can be achieved through the application of forensic molecular techniques. In this study, two captive melanistic iguanas were genotyped for molecular markers for which geographic distributions of alleles have been established. Mitochondrial sequencing indicates that both animals carry a haplotype known to originate from the islands of Saba and Montserrat, populations taxonomically proposed to be Iguana melanoderma. Genotypes at 15 microsatellite loci are equally consistent with this origin, given the results of a principal component analysis. This first forensic genetic assessment within the extensive I. iguana pet trade highlights the presence of illegal activity. The need for additional forensic assessments of pet-trade iguanas is evident, especially given that their value is driven by variety and rarity, which is further intensified by recent taxonomic changes.
Analgesia during Parturition in Domestic Animals: Perspectives and Controversies on Its Use
Authors: Mota-Rojas Daniel , Velarde Antonio , Marcet-Rius Míriam , Orihuela Agustín , Bragaglio Andrea , Hernández-Ávalos Ismael , Casas-Alvarado Alejandro , Domínguez-Oliva Adriana , Whittaker Alexandra L.
Published: October 2022

This article analyzes the physiological role of pain during parturition in domestic animals, discusses the controversies surrounding the use of opioids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and local analgesics as treatments during labor, and presents the advantages and disadvantages for mother and offspring. Labor is a potentially stressful and painful event, due to the contractions that promote expulsion of the fetus. During labor, neurotransmitters such as the prostaglandins contribute to the sensitization of oxytocin receptors in the myometrium and the activation of nociceptive fibers, thus supporting the physiological role of pain. Endogenously, the body secretes opioid peptides that modulate harmful stimuli and, at the same time, can inhibit oxytocin’s action in the myometrium. Treating pain during the different stages of parturition is an option that can help prevent such consequences as tachycardia, changes in breathing patterns, and respiratory acidosis, all of which can harm the wellbeing of offspring. However, studies have found that some analgesics can promote myometrial contractility, increase expulsion time, affect fetal circulation, and alter mother–offspring recognition due to hypnotic effects. Other data, however, indicate that reducing the number of uterine contractions with analgesics increases their potency, thus improving maternal performance. Managing pain during labor requires understanding the tocolytic properties of analgesics and their advantages in preventing the consequences of pain.
Case Study on Increasing Breeding Value Estimation Reliability of Reproductive Traits in Serbian Highly Prolific Large White and Landrace Sows
Authors: Stojiljković Nenad , Radojković Dragan , Luković Zoran , Gogić Marija , Radović Čedomir , Popovac Mladen , Škorput Dubravko
Published: October 2022

This study investigated the influence of the degree of connectedness on the reliability of the estimated breeding values (EBVs). The focal trait in the study was the number of piglets born alive (NBA) from sows of the highly prolific Large White and Landrace sows. An analysis included total of 58,043 farrowing’s during the 2008–2020 period. BLUP procedure was used to estimate the breeding values for NBA for the three herds separately and after merging all three herds into one herd. The model for EBV estimation included the following fixed factors: parity, genotype, seasons, litter sire, herds, sow age at farrowing, weaning-conception interval, length of previous lactation, and the following random effects: common litter environment, permanent litter environment, and direct additive genetic effect of animal. Heritability values for NBA ranged from 0.048 to 0.097, depending on the data included in the analysis. The connectedness between herds was analysed using the connectedness rating (CR) and the gene flow (GF) methods. CR among the observed herds ranged from 0.245 to 0.994%, depending on the data included. The exchange of genetic material between all three herds was determined using GF method. The high degree of connectedness determined by the CR and GF method had a strong effect on EBV reliability. The average EBV reliability ranged from 0.520 to 0.867, depending on the data included. The increase in average reliability was observed in both cases when the data were added, both in the analysis of average reliability for purebred animals and when crossbreeds were added, where an increase in this value was also observed. The increase in average EBV reliability is a consequence of the greater amount of information included in the joint evaluation. In conclusion, we believe that our research will improve EBV reliability and help in further selection work in the Republic of Serbia.
Applying a New Proposed Welfare Assessment Protocol to Suckler Herds from Three Different Autochthonous Breeds
Authors: Valente Diana , Stilwell George
Published: October 2022

The welfare of farm animals has become an increasingly important issue for society, especially for consumers of animal products. Currently, there is no standardized and validated protocol in Portugal for assessing the welfare of suckler cow herds in extensive systems. This work aims to study and apply previously used indicators, based on behavior, mental status, health, body condition, and interactions with the environment. Criteria and measures were adapted from protocols for cattle in other production systems (Welfare Quality®, WQ) or protocols set for pasture-based cattle in New Zealand. To the WQ measures, such as body condition, absence of injuries and diseases, positive emotional state and management indicators, we added behavior when in the chute, distance to water points, positioning of ear tags, and thermal comfort. The feasibility of the protocol was assessed in herds with cows belonging to three different Portuguese autochthonous beef breeds. The welfare of the herds was considered good or excellent, with only the behavior at the chute being negatively scored in the Brava breed. The application and validation of indicators to correctly assess animal welfare all along the production chain is crucial to achieve certification, and to the identification and correction of causes of poor welfare.