bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determining Factors of Potential Economy Sectors of Bantaeng Regency in South Sulawesi Province of Indonesia: An Analysis Using the Location Quotient Approach
Authors: Arafah Willy , Dato Matheos Ryan Corinus
Published: June 2017

Bantaeng Regency, one of the regencys in South Sulawesi Province, has some potential economy sectors to be developed. In order to know those potential economy sectors, one of the economy analysis which can be used is the Location Quotient analysis. In this research, the analysis will use Static Location Quotient (SLQ) and Dynamic Location Quotient (DLQ). The SLQ method is used to determine the base sectors (leading sectors) in Bantaeng Regency at one period of time. While DLQ method is used to determine whether a sector that is superior over a period of time are leading sectors for the period of time that will come. The analysis showed that in the year 2013-2014 the Trade and Retail sector; Car and Motorcycles Repair sector; Real Estate sector; Government Administration sector; Defence and Compulsory Social Security; and Other Services Sector is the leading economy sector in Bantaeng Regency. And in the year 2014-2015, the Trade and Retail sector; Cars and Motorcycles Repair sector; Real Estate sector; Service Sector Health and Social Work; and Other Services Sector is the leading economy sector in Bantaeng Regency.
Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction - With Special focus on the Online Cab Industry in India
Authors: Sharma Kiran , Das Saptarshi
Published: June 2017

The construct of service quality as enunciated by Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. A., & Berry, L. L (1985) has been widely studied across various industries. In the recent years, India has witnessed a sudden growth in travel with the advent of the radio cabs service providers. While service quality has been studied as a construct in a multitude of services very minimal research has happened yet on the radio cabs, which makes this a unique study of its kind. The study was undertaken on customers of various radio cabs in India to assess the aspects that they were looking foremost while making use of the radio cab services in India. From a pragmatic viewpoint it may be construed that by understanding influences of various variables on customer satisfaction, marketers are likely to envisage and plan the actions in leveraging the services. The objective in the present study is to identify whether the dimensions of service quality particularly influences a customers’ satisfaction.
A Theoretical Perspective of Contract and Contractual Customer-Supplier Relationship in the Mobile Phone Service Sector
Authors: Alshurideh Muhammad Turki
Published: June 2017

Both contracts and contractual relationships as concepts have been rarely discussed from scholars’ perfectives in the Relationship Marketing (RM) branch of learning. Reviewing these concepts in the customer-service sector adds value because the majority of mobile service firms are losing their current contracted customers at a significant rate despite practicing different RM activities to retain active ones. Thus, this study introduces the concept of Contractual Customer Relationship Marketing (C-CRM) for the first time to the RM field of study and discusses how to employ Contractual Relationship Marketing (C-RM) especially in the use of contractual bonds to establish, maintain and extend customer-supplier relationships.This study targets various issues that are interrelated to the use of contracts to maintain and retain valuable customers in the mobile service sector. To explore these issues, this paper focuses on extending an understanding of contracts and their use in the contractual customer-supplier relationships. This requires an overview of the study’s topic in section one, with section two outlining the study’s importance. Section three provides an overview of the contract meaning and section four explaining the main benefits of using business contracts. Section five discusses the importance of using contracts for customer retention, then section six considers the contractual use in renewable situations, section seven reviews the relationship between contract use and customer switching, section eight explains how to employ contracts in prolonging customer-supplier relationships, and, finally, the concluding remarks are made in section nine.
Het medische beroepsgeheim: Heilige huisjes en juridische fictie
Authors: Duijst W.L.J.M. , Morsink M.E.B.
Published: June 2017

Het medische beroepsgeheim: Heilige huisjes en juridische fictie

Wanneer wordt gesproken over het medische beroepsgeheim dan worden termen gebruikt die een geheel eigen leven zijn gaan leiden. Termen als ‘veronderstelde toestemming’, ‘conflict van plichten en ‘zeer bijzondere omstandigheden’, leiden zelden tot discussie. Wanneer deze termen nader worden beschouwd zijn zij uitermate onduidelijk en juridisch niet of nauwelijks houdbaar.
De toepasselijkheid van het familiaire verschoningsrecht ter zake van de procedure tot intrekking en terugvordering van bijstand
Authors: van der Vorm B.
Published: June 2017

De toepasselijkheid van het familiaire verschoningsrecht ter zake van de procedure tot intrekking en terugvordering van bijstand

De intrekking en terugvordering van bijstand wordt aangemerkt als een bestuurlijke maatregel. In de onderhavige uitspraak van de Centrale Raad van Beroep blijkt dat appellant niet zijn hoofdverblijf had op het uitkeringsadres. De bijstand wordt daarom ingetrokken en teruggevorderd. Dit besluit is onder andere gebaseerd op een verklaring van de dochter van appellant. De Centrale Raad van Beroep overweegt dat aannemelijk is gemaakt dat de dochter door de sociale rechercheurs is gewezen op haar verschoningsrecht en deze verklaring ten grondslag kan worden gelegd aan het besluit tot intrekking en terugvordering van de bijstand.
APPLICATION OF PPP-KINEMATIC METHOD AND AIRCRAFT POSITIONING SOFTWARE FOR CALCULATION OF PLANE’S POSITION
Authors: KRASUSKI Kamil
Published: June 2017

Results of application of GPS tech-nique in the air transport are presented in the paper. Aircraft’s coordinates were obtained using GPS code observations for PPP-Kinematic method in the APS software. Cessna 172 aircraft was applied in a flight test at Dęblin military airport. The paper de-scribes the PPP-Kinematic method and con-figuration of input parameters for this meth-od. In addition, the values of such parameters as: accuracy of receiver clock bias, accuracy of aircraft’s coordinates, DOP coefficients, accuracy of HPL and VPL terms, results of statistical test Chi-square are presented in the paper.
Isolation of Chamuangone, a Cytotoxic Compound against Leishmania major and Cancer Cells from Garcinia cowa Leaves and its HPLC Quantitative Determination Method
Authors: A. Sakunpak  , K. Matsunami  , H. Otsuka  , P. Panichayupakaranant
Published: June 2017

On the basis of a leishmanicidal assay-guided isolation, chamuangone was purified from Garcinia cowaleaves together with four inactive compounds; 5-hydroxymethylfurfural; D-glyceropentaric acid,2-deoxy-3-C-(methoxycarbonyl)-1,4-lactone,5-ethyl ester; isoorientin-6"-O-rhamnoside; and dulcinoside. Chamuangone possessed a cytotoxic activity against Leishmania major with an IC50 value of 10.7 μM, and also exhibited strong inhibitory activity against lung adenocarcinoma (SBC3 and A549) and leukemia (K562, and K562/ADM) cells with IC50 values of 6.5, 7.5, 3.8, and 2.2 μM, respectively. The HPLC method utilised a TSK-gel ODS-80Tm column with the mixture of acetonitrileand 2% phosphoric acid in water (97:3, v/v) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 mL/min, and UV detection at 245 nm. The parameters of linearity, precision, accuracy, specificity and sensitivity of the method were evaluated. The recoveries of the method were 100.4-101.6% and good linearity (r2≥ 0.9999) was obtained. A high degree of specificity, sensitivity and precision were also achieved.
Negotiating the boundaries of news reporting: Journalists’ strategies to access and report political information in China
Authors: Kuang Xianwen
Published: June 2017

As Chinese politicians hold the power to control the dissemination of political information, beat journalists must guard their relationship with the authorities to expand the boundaries of news reporting; that is, to gain more access to political information and report more sensitive news. What remains a puzzle is how beat journalists can possibly expand these boundaries. Data from participatory observation and in-depth interviews with journalists reveal that in order to gain more access to political information, they not only serve as political advocates but also seize the opportunity to act as watchdogs. To report more sensitive news without being sanctioned or denounced by the authorities, they coordinate with peers both within and outside the news organization.
Tid og timing: Et metodisk perspektiv på produktionsanalyse
Authors: Frandsen Kirsten , Bruun Hanne
Published: June 2017

In recent years, media production studies have grown into a thriving field of research, which has given rise to a discussion of the theoretical and methodological approaches it employs (Paterson et al., 2016; Frandsen, 2007; Bruun, 2010, 2016b). This article is

a contribution to this development. The focal point is a discussion of how time and timing are important in media production research. The article points out that time is not just a matter of the amount of time that researchers have for their data collection.

In production studies, the researcher constructs the object for analysis, and time is to be considered depending on the type of analytical object you are trying to create, on the temporality that is present in the production process behind specific genres and subject areas, and on the changes the media are undergoing. A particular aspect of time is timing, which has both a performative and a strategic dimension.

The importance of time and timing will be illustrated with examples from our own and other researchers’ projects.
Freezing suppression by oxytocin in central amygdala allows alternate defensive behaviours and mother-pup interactions
Authors: Rickenbacher Elizabeth , Perry Rosemarie E , Sullivan Regina M , Moita Marta A
Published: June 2017

When animals and their offspring are threatened, parents switch from self-defense to offspring protection. How self-defense is suppressed remains elusive. We postulated that suppression of the self-defense response, freezing, is gated via oxytocin acting in the centro-lateral amygdala (CeL). We found that rat dams conditioned to fear an odor, froze when tested alone, whereas if pups were present, they remained in close contact with them or targeted the threat. Furthermore, blocking oxytocin signaling in the CeL prevented the suppression of maternal freezing. Finally, pups exposed to the odor in the presence of the conditioned dam later froze when re-exposed alone. However, if oxytocin signaling in the dam had been blocked, pups failed to learn. This study provides a functional role for the well-described action of oxytocin in the central amygdala, and demonstrates that self-defense suppression allows for active pup protection and mother-pup interactions crucial for pup threat learning.
Homeostatic control of START through negative feedback between Cln3-Cdk1 and Rim15/Greatwall kinase in budding yeast
Authors: Talarek Nicolas , Gueydon Elisabeth , Schwob Etienne
Published: June 2017

How cells coordinate growth and division is key for size homeostasis. Phosphorylation by G1-CDK of Whi5/Rb inhibitors of SBF/E2F transcription factors triggers irreversible S-phase entry in yeast and metazoans, but why this occurs at a given cell size is not fully understood. We show that the yeast Rim15-Igo1,2 pathway, orthologous to Gwl-Arpp19/ENSA, is up-regulated in early G1 and helps promoting START by preventing PP2ACdc55 to dephosphorylate Whi5. RIM15 overexpression lowers cell size while IGO1,2 deletion delays START in cells with low CDK activity. Deletion of WHI5, CDC55 and ectopic CLN2 expression suppress the START delay of igo1,2∆ cells. Rim15 activity increases after cells switch from fermentation to respiration, where Igo1,2 contribute to chromosome maintenance. Interestingly Cln3-Cdk1 also inhibits Rim15 activity, which enables homeostatic control of Whi5 phosphorylation and cell cycle entry. We propose that Rim15/Gwl regulation of PP2A plays a hitherto unappreciated role in cell size homeostasis during metabolic rewiring of the cell cycle.
Isolated amyloidosis of the colon
Authors: Threlkeld LTC Clifford , Nguyen Col. Tu H.
Published: June 2017

A 46-year-old man was seen with a 2-month history of crampy abdominal pain and recent onset of hematochezia. Colonoscopic examination revealed a semiannular mass lesion in the descending colon which was thought to represent a near-obstructing neoplasm. A partial colon resection was performed. Gross inspection revealed a segment of bowel with focally necrotic mucosa but no mass lesion. Microscopic examination revealed deposits of amyloid infiltrating the muscularis propria, submucosal vessel walls, and lamina propria, with focal ischemic necrosis of mucosa. Special stains were positive for light chains, indicating primary amyloidosis. Follow-up studies for multiple myeloma and inflammatory disorders gave negative results. A diagnosis of isolated amyloidosis of the colon was rendered. Two months after surgery, the patient had a recurrence of symptoms and colon biopsy specimens revealed amyloidosis. The patient was given colchicine, with subjective and objective improvement. The various types of amyloidosis are discussed.
Kartlegging av astmaundervisning til barn og foreldre i barneavdelinger mellom 2004, 2006 og 2014
Authors: Trollvik Anne , Rajka Liv-Grethe Kristoffersen , Nordström Gun
Published: June 2017

The aim of the study was to investigate the organization of asthma education for children and parents in children’s wards in Norway over a ten-year period and how Ane and Bronky teaching material has been implemented. A prospective cross-sectional study using a questionnaire was conducted in 28, 22 and 29 children’s wards in 2004, 2006 and 2014. The response rate varied between 86 percent and 97 percent. Statistical analysis by means of Fisher’s exact test was used. The findings revealed that organized asthma education for children increased between 2004 and 2006, while it decreased in 2014. Dialogue and demonstration were common teaching methods. User participation in teaching sessions increased between 2004 and 2006. Only half of the wards reported that asthma education was the responsibility of management to a large/very large extent. This presents future challenges in establishing, prioritizing and ensuring stability in health education for children and their families.
c-Kit modifies the inflammatory status of smooth muscle cells
Authors: Song Lei , Martinez Laisel , Zigmond Zachary M. , Hernandez Diana R. , Lassance-Soares Roberta M. , Selman Guillermo , Vazquez-Padron Roberto I.
Published: June 2017

Background

c-Kit is a receptor tyrosine kinase present in multiple cell types, including vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC). However, little is known about how c-Kit influences SMC biology and vascular pathogenesis.

Methods

High-throughput microarray assays andin silicopathway analysis were used to identify differentially expressed genes between primary c-Kit deficient (KitW/W–v) and control (Kit+/+) SMC. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR and functional assays further confirmed the differences in gene expression and pro-inflammatory pathway regulation between both SMC populations.

Results

The microarray analysis revealed elevated NF-κB gene expression secondary to the loss of c-Kit that affects both the canonical and alternative NF-κB pathways. Upon stimulation with an oxidized phospholipid as pro-inflammatory agent, c-Kit deficient SMC displayed enhanced NF-κB transcriptional activity, higher phosphorylated/total p65 ratio, and increased protein expression of NF-κB regulated pro-inflammatory mediators with respect to cells from control mice. The pro-inflammatory phenotype of mutant cells was ameliorated after restoring c-Kit activity using lentiviral transduction. Functional assays further demonstrated that c-Kit suppresses NF-κB activity in SMC in a TGFβ-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) and Nemo-like kinase (NLK) dependent manner.

Discussion

Our study suggests a novel mechanism by which c-Kit suppresses NF-κB regulated pathways in SMC to prevent their pro-inflammatory transformation.
mTORC1 and mTORC2 as regulators of cell metabolism in immunity
Authors: Linke Monika , Fritsch Stephanie Deborah , Sukhbaatar Nyamdelger , Hengstschläger Markus , Weichhart Thomas
Published: June 2017

The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is an evolutionarily conserved signaling pathway that senses intra‐ and extracellular nutrients, growth factors, and pathogen‐associated molecular patterns to regulate the function of innate and adaptive immune cell populations. In this review, we focus on the role of the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC2 in the regulation of the cellular energy metabolism of these immune cells to regulate and support immune responses. In this regard, mTORC1 and mTORC2 generally promote an anabolic response by stimulating protein synthesis, glycolysis, mitochondrial functions, and lipid synthesis to influence proliferation and survival, effector and memory responses, innate training and tolerance as well as hematopoietic stem cell maintenance and differentiation. Deactivation of mTOR restores cell homeostasis after immune activation and optimizes antigen presentation and memory T‐cell generation. These findings show that the mTOR pathway integrates spatiotemporal information of the environmental and cellular energy status by regulating cellular metabolic responses to guide immune cell activation. Elucidation of the metabolic control mechanisms of immune responses will help to generate a systemic understanding of the immune system.
Single‐cell analyses to reveal hematopoietic stem cell fate decisions
Authors: Lunger Ilaria , Fawaz Malak , Rieger Michael A.
Published: June 2017

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are the best studied adult stem cells with enormous clinical value. Most of our knowledge about their biology relies on assays at the single HSC level. However, only the recent advances in developing new single cell technologies allowed the elucidation of the complex regulation of HSC fate decision control. This Review will focus on current attempts to investigate individual HSCs at molecular and functional levels. The advantages of these technologies leading to groundbreaking insights into hematopoiesis will be highlighted, and the challenges facing these technologies will be discussed. The importance of combining molecular and functional assays to enlighten regulatory networks of HSC fate decision control, ideally at high temporal resolution, becomes apparent for future studies.
Quadrupolar pattern of the asymmetric guide‐field reconnection
Authors: Peng F. Z. , Fu H. S. , Cao J. B. , Graham D. B. , Chen Z. Z. , Cao D. , Xu Y. , Huang S. Y. , Wang T. Y. , Khotyaintsev Y. V. , Andre M. , Russell C. T. , Giles B. , Lindqvist P.‐A. , Torbert R. B. , Ergun R. E. , Burch J. L.
Published: June 2017

With high‐resolution data of the recently launched Magnetospheric Multiscale mission, we report a magnetic reconnection event at the dayside magnetopause. This reconnection event, having a density asymmetry Nhigh/Nlow ≈ 2 on the two sides of the reconnecting current sheet and a guide field Bg ≈ 0.4B0 in the “out‐of‐plane” direction, exhibit all the two‐fluid features: Alfvenic plasma jets in the outflow region, bipolar Hall electric fields toward the current sheet center, quadrupolar Hall magnetic fields in the “out‐of‐plane” direction, and the corresponding Hall currents. Obviously, the density asymmetry Nhigh/Nlow ≈ 2 and the guide field Bg ≈ 0.4B0 are not sufficient to dismiss the quadrupolar pattern of Hall reconnection. This is different from previous simulations, where the bipolar pattern of Hall reconnection was suggested.
On the relationship between electron flux oscillations and ULF wave‐driven radial transport
Authors: Sarris Theodore E. , Li Xinlin , Temerin Michael , Zhao Hong , Califf Sam , Liu Wenlong , Ergun Robert
Published: June 2017

The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between the levels of electron flux oscillations and radial diffusion for different Phase Space Density gradients, through observation and particle‐tracing simulations under the effect of model ultralow frequency fluctuations. This investigation aims to demonstrate that electron flux oscillation is associated with and could be used as an indicator of ongoing radial diffusion. To this direction, flux oscillations are observed through the Van Allen Probes' Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometer (MagEIS) subsequently, flux oscillations are produced in a particle‐tracing model that simulates radial diffusion by using model magnetic and electric field fluctuations that are approximating measured magnetic and electric field fluctuations as recorded by the Van Allen Probes' Electric and Magnetic Field Instrument Suite and Integrated Science (EMFISIS) and Electric Fields and Waves (EFW) instruments, respectively. The flux oscillation amplitudes are then correlated with Phase Space Density gradients in the magnetosphere and with the ongoing radial diffusion process.
Added value of far‐infrared radiometry for remote sensing of ice clouds
Authors: Libois Quentin , Blanchet Jean‐Pierre
Published: June 2017

Several cloud retrieval algorithms based on satellite observations in the infrared have been developed in the last decades. However, these observations only cover the midinfrared (MIR, λ < 15 μm) part of the spectrum, and none are available in the far‐infrared (FIR, λ≥ 15 μm). Using the optimal estimation method, we show that adding a few FIR channels to existing spaceborne radiometers would significantly improve their ability to retrieve ice cloud radiative properties. For clouds encountered in the polar regions and the upper troposphere, where the atmosphere is sufficiently transparent in the FIR, using FIR channels would reduce by more than 50% the uncertainties on retrieved values of optical thickness, effective particle diameter, and cloud top altitude. Notably, this would extend the range of applicability of current retrieval methods to the polar regions and to clouds with large optical thickness, where MIR algorithms perform poorly. The high performance of solar reflection‐based algorithms would thus be reached in nighttime conditions. Since the sensitivity of ice cloud thermal emission to effective particle diameter is approximately 5 times larger in the FIR than in the MIR, using FIR observations is a promising venue for studying ice cloud microphysics and precipitation processes. This is highly relevant for cirrus clouds and convective towers. This is also essential to study precipitation in the driest regions of the atmosphere, where strong feedbacks are at play between clouds and water vapor. The deployment in the near future of a FIR spaceborne radiometer is technologically feasible and should be strongly supported.
Higher temperature variability reduces temperature sensitivity of vegetation growth in Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Wu Xiuchen , Liu Hongyan , Li Xiaoyan , Piao Shilong , Ciais Philippe , Guo Weichao , Yin Yi , Poulter Ben , Peng Changhui , Viovy Nicolas , Vuichard Nicolas , Wang Pei , Huang Yongmei
Published: June 2017

Interannual air temperature variability has changed over some regions in Northern Hemisphere (NH), accompanying with climate warming. However, whether and to what extent it regulates the interannual sensitivity of vegetation growth to temperature variability (i.e., interannual temperature sensitivity)—one central issue in understanding and predicting the responses of vegetation growth to changing climate—still remains poorly quantified and understood. Here we quantify the relationships between the interannual temperature sensitivity of mean growing‐season (April–October) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and ecosystem model simulations of gross primary productivity (GPP), and variability in mean growing‐season temperature for forest, shrub, and grass over NH. We find that higher interannual variability in mean growing‐season temperature leads to consistent decrease in interannual temperature sensitivity of mean growing‐season NDVI among all vegetation types but not in model simulations of GPP. Drier condition associates with ~130 ± 150% further decrease in interannual temperature sensitivity of mean growing‐season NDVI by temperature variability in forest and shrub. These results illustrate that varying temperature variability can significantly regulate the interannual temperature sensitivity of vegetation growth over NH, interacted with drought variability and nonlinear responses of photosynthesis to temperature. Our findings call for an improved characterization of the nonlinear effects of temperature variability on vegetation growth within global ecosystem models.
How robust are in situ observations for validating satellite‐derived albedo over the dark zone of the Greenland Ice Sheet?
Authors: Ryan J. C. , Hubbard A. , Irvine‐Fynn T. D. , Doyle S. H. , Cook J. M. , Stibal M. , Box J. E.
Published: June 2017

Calibration and validation of satellite‐derived ice sheet albedo data require high‐quality, in situ measurements commonly acquired by up and down facing pyranometers mounted on automated weather stations (AWS). However, direct comparison between ground and satellite‐derived albedo can only be justified when the measured surface is homogeneous at the length‐scale of both satellite pixel and in situ footprint. Here we use digital imagery acquired by an unmanned aerial vehicle to evaluate point‐to‐pixel albedo comparisons across the western, ablating margin of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Our results reveal that in situ measurements overestimate albedo by up to 0.10 at the end of the melt season because the ground footprints of AWS‐mounted pyranometers are insufficient to capture the spatial heterogeneity of the ice surface as it progressively ablates and darkens. Statistical analysis of 21 AWS across the entire Greenland Ice Sheet reveals that almost half suffer from this bias, including some AWS located within the wet snow zone.
Automated detection and characterization of harmonic tremor in continuous seismic data
Authors: Roman Diana C.
Published: June 2017

Harmonic tremor is a common feature of volcanic, hydrothermal, and ice sheet seismicity and is thus an important proxy for monitoring changes in these systems. However, no automated methods for detecting harmonic tremor currently exist. Because harmonic tremor shares characteristics with speech and music, digital signal processing techniques for analyzing these signals can be adapted. I develop a novel pitch‐detection‐based algorithm to automatically identify occurrences of harmonic tremor and characterize their frequency content. The algorithm is applied to seismic data from Popocatepetl Volcano, Mexico, and benchmarked against a monthlong manually detected catalog of harmonic tremor events. During a period of heightened eruptive activity from December 2014 to May 2015, the algorithm detects 1465 min of harmonic tremor, which generally precede periods of heightened explosive activity. These results demonstrate the algorithm's ability to accurately characterize harmonic tremor while highlighting the need for additional work to understand its causes and implications at restless volcanoes.
Ground deformation before the 2015 eruptions of Cotopaxi volcano detected by InSAR
Authors: Morales Rivera Anieri M. , Amelung Falk , Mothes Patricia , Hong Sang‐Hoon , Nocquet Jean‐Mathieu , Jarrin Paul
Published: June 2017

Cotopaxi volcano started a period of volcanic unrest in April 2015 that led to a series of eruptions between August and November 2015. We use COSMO‐SkyMed Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar supported by continuous GPS observations spanning the period of 2014–2016 to obtain time‐dependent ground deformation data over Cotopaxi volcano related to the period of unrest and onset of eruptions. We find evidence of precursory deformation, with a maximum uplift on the western flank of 3.4 cm from April to August 2015. Deformation is explained by an inclined sheet intrusion located a few km southwest of the summit with an opening volume of 6.8 × 106 m3, extending from a depth of 12.1 km and shallowing to 5.5 km below the summit, that contributed to internal edifice growth. The temporal coincidence of deformation prior to the eruptions potentially suggests that short‐term eruptions at Cotopaxi are partly controlled by episodic edifice growth.
Impact of the vertical dynamics on the thermosphere at low and middle latitudes: GITM simulations
Authors: Zhu Qingyu , Deng Yue , Maute Astrid , Sheng Cheng , Lin Cissi Y.
Published: June 2017

In this study, the influences of the electric fields at low and middle latitudes on the ionosphere and thermosphere are investigated by using the nonhydrostatic Global Ionosphere and Thermosphere Model (GITM). The equatorial ionization anomaly and the equatorial thermosphere anomaly (ETA) are well reproduced in the simulation when the electric fields are included. The term analysis of the continuity equation of the neutral mass density shows that the daytime upward vertical wind near the geomagnetic equator tends to increase the local neutral mass density at 400 km altitude, while the divergence in the meridional wind associated with the meridional ion‐drag force tends to transport the neutral mass density away from the geomagnetic equator which might contribute to the formation of the ETA trough. The vertical dynamics is modulated by the vertical forces including ion‐drag force and pressure gradient force acting on the neutrals, and the changing vertical dynamics can also feedback to vertical ion‐drag and pressure gradient forces, particularly near the geomagnetic equator. The daytime vertical ion‐drag force near the geomagnetic equator is generally upward, while the daytime vertical pressure gradient force near the geomagnetic equator is reduced at most times after adding in the electric fields at low and middle latitudes. Meanwhile, the sudden introduction of the electric fields at low and middle latitudes induces an acoustic wave.
Understanding anisotropic mechanical properties of shales at different length scales: In situ micropillar compression combined with finite element calculations
Authors: Keller Lukas M. , Schwiedrzik Jakob J. , Gasser Philippe , Michler Johann
Published: June 2017

From microstructural observations and experimental work it is known that shales consist of a mechanically weak porous fine‐grained clay matrix with embedded and mechanically strong silt/sand grains. Thereby, the respective contents of weak and strong constituents control bulk mechanical properties. In addition, the clay matrix is characterized by a preferred orientation of clay platelets, which are a major control on the bulk anisotropy of shales. To date, little is known about the micromechanical properties of the fine‐grained porous clay matrix, which is particularly true in case of its micromechanical anisotropy. Such information can, however, only be assessed on the microscale. Therefore, the drained micromechanical properties parallel and perpendicular to bedding were investigated by means of compressing micropillars with a flat punch indenter in a scanning electron microscope. Microscopic failure mechanism was found to be anisotropic: (i) in case loading was parallel to bedding it occurred by a combination of localized shearing, kinking/buckling of elongated clay aggregates, and bedding parallel splitting and (ii) for loading perpendicular to bedding failure occurred mainly by localized shearing. The measured stiffness of the drained porous clay matrix perpendicular (Ev) and parallel (Eh) to bedding was about 8 GPa and 30 GPa, respectively. Using these stiffness values as input in voxel‐based finite element modeling and in combination with realistic microstructures, which are characterized with different contents of “soft” and “hard” constituents, revealed that the measured high microscale anisotropy Eh/Ev = 3.75 is crucial in understanding the bulk anisotropy of clay rocks.
Digital Storytelling in Adult Basic Education and Literacy Programming
Authors: Prins Esther
Published: June 2017

This chapter discusses how digital storytelling (DST) can be used with adult learners in adult basic education and literacy programming.
The Contributions of Political Fashion Shows and Fabric to Visual Arts‐Based Practice
Authors: Butterwick Shauna
Published: June 2017

This chapter explores how working with the genre of fashion shows and using fabric are two important additions to the various genres employed in visual arts–based practice. These genres are particularly attuned to feminist approaches to popular education, research, and teaching, enabling embodied knowing and the expression of imagination and emotions.
Participatory Visual Methods: Revisioning the Future of Adult Education
Authors: Lawrence Randee Lipson
Published: June 2017

This chapter brings together significant themes in the previous chapters, including collaborative research partnerships, voice and agency, self‐image, relationships, multiple ways of knowing, difficult conversations, social change, and alternative adult education.
Effect of Directional Solidification Variables on the Microstructures of Single‐Crystal Turbine Blades of Nickel‐Based Superalloy
Authors: Wang Fu , Wu Zining , Ma Dexin , Bührig‐Polaczek Andreas
Published: June 2017

Single‐crystal turbine blades of nickel‐based superalloy are directionally solidified at different withdrawal rates of 0.0017 cm s−1–0.01 cm s−1 aiming to investigate the evolution of as‐cast microstructures. The results show that the average primary and secondary dendrite arm spacings, and , decrease with increasing withdrawal rate, although the complicated geometry of the blades results in local nonhomogeneity of dendrite arm spacings. The experimentally achieved values of can be reasonably predicted by Ma and Sahm's theoretical model, in which the effect of the secondary dendrite on the primary dendrite arm spacing is considered. With increasing withdrawal rate, the shape of the γ/γ′ eutectic varies from a large block‐like eutectic island to an interconnected small strip‐like morphology. In addition to this, the average size of the γ/γ′ eutectic gradually decreases with increasing withdrawal rate. A reduction in the average sizes of the γ′ precipitates in the dendrite core and interdendritic region is also observed with increasing withdrawal rate. The microsegregation levels of Al, Ti, Ta, Cr, Co, and Mo are alleviated with increasing withdrawal rate.
Opening Two‐Dimensional Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage: A Concept
Authors: Xue Yinghui , Zhang Qin , Wang Wenjie , Cao Hui , Yang Quanhong , Fu Lei
Published: June 2017

The development of two‐dimensional (2D) materials is experiencing a renaissance since the adventure of graphene. 2D materials typically exhibit strong in‐plane covalent bonding and weak out‐of‐plane van der Waals interactions through the interlayer gap. Opening 2D materials is an effective way to alter the physical and chemical properties, such as band gap, conductivity, optical property, thermoelectric property, photovoltaic property and superconductivity. A larger interlayer distance means more accessible active sites for catalysis, an ion‐accessible surface in the interlayer space, which may greatly enhance the performance of 2D materials for energy conversion and storage. Moreover, opening 2D materials by intercalation can change the band filling state and the Fermi level. This review mainly focuses on the opening of 2D materials and their subsequent applications in energy conversion and storage fields, expecting to promote the development of such a new class of materials, namely expanded 2D materials. The exciting progresses of these expanded materials made in both energy conversion and storage devices including solar cells, thermoelectric devices, electrocatalyst, supercapacitors and rechargeable batteries, is presented and discussed in depth. Furthermore, prospects and further developments in these exciting fields of the expanded 2D materials are also commented.
The Emergence of the Mixed Perovskites and Their Applications as Solar Cells
Authors: Xiao Jia‐Wen , Liu Lang , Zhang Deliang , De Marco Nicholas , Lee Jin‐Wook , Lin Oliver , Chen Qi , Yang Yang
Published: June 2017

The halide perovskite (PVSK) materials (with ABX3 formulation) have emerged as “dream materials” for photovoltaic (PV) applications due to their remarkable physical properties such as high optical absorption coefficient, carrier mobility, long carrier diffusion lengths, etc. These properties have enabled the PV devices to reach higher than 20% power conversion efficiencies (PCE) in record time. The further pursuit of higher PCE and improved stability brings forth increasing interests in so‐called “mixed composition” PVSK materials, consisting of partial substitution of the A, B, and/or X‐sites with alternative elements/molecules of similar size. Herein, we highlight the recent advances in developing mixed PVSK for PVs and their relevant optoelectronic properties. We mainly focus on mixed PVSK materials in the form of polycrystalline thin films, but also discuss nanostructured and two‐dimensional (2D) PVSK materials due to the increasing interest of broad readership. Efforts are exerted to elucidate the design principles of mixed PVSK and fabrication techniques for high performance optoelectronic devices, which help deepen our fundamental understanding of mixed PVSK systems. We hope this review will shed light onto the design and synthesis of mixed PVSK materials to further the progress of PVSK photovoltaics towards higher efficiencies and longer lifetimes.
Design Strategies toward Advanced MOF‐Derived Electrocatalysts for Energy‐Conversion Reactions
Authors: Liu Jinlong , Zhu Dongdong , Guo Chunxian , Vasileff Anthony , Qiao Shi‐Zhang
Published: June 2017

The key challenge to developing renewable and clean energy technologies lies in the rational design and synthesis of efficient and earth‐abundant catalysts for a wide variety of electrochemical reactions. This review presents materials design strategies for constructing improved electrocatalysts based on MOF precursors/templates, with special emphasis on component manipulation, morphology control, and structure engineering. Guided by these strategies, recently developed MOF‐derived materials have exhibited remarkable activity, selectivity, and stability for various energy‐conversion processes, manifesting great potential for replacing precious‐metal‐based catalysts in next‐generation energy devices. Existing challenges and opportunities regarding MOF‐derived electrocatalysts are also discussed. It is anticipated that by extending current materials design strategies to a wider range of MOF precursors for various energy‐related electrocatalytic reactions, significant advances toward achieving highly efficient electrocatalysts can be made.
Hourglass Triboelectric Nanogenerator as a “Direct Current” Power Source
Authors: He Chuan , Han Chang Bao , Gu Guang Qin , Jiang Tao , Chen Bao Dong , Gao Zhen Liang , Wang Zhong Lin
Published: June 2017

Hourglass, or sandglass, is known for centuries to record the passage of time. Here, an hourglass triboelectric nanogenerator (HG‐TENG) is reported as a power source by harnessing the kinetic energy of falling particles. By employing the geometry of an hourglass and replacing the sand with a mixture of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) pellets and Al balls, the HG‐TENG delivers a train of electrical pulses of the same sign without a rectifier bridge. When the volume ratio of the PTFE pellets to the Al balls is 1:1, the HG‐TENG is able to light up 160 commercial light emitting diodes intermittently for 18 s. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the HG‐TENG can also serve as a self‐powered UV counterfeit detector.
Gluing Ionic Liquids to Oxide Surfaces: Chemical Anchoring of Functionalized Ionic Liquids by Vapor Deposition onto Cobalt(II) Oxide
Authors: Xu Tao , Waehler Tobias , Vecchietti Julia , Bonivardi Adrian , Bauer Tanja , Schwegler Johannes , Schulz Peter S. , Wasserscheid Peter , Libuda Joerg
Published: June 2017

Ionic liquids (IL) hold a great potential as novel electrolytes for applications in electronic materials and energy technology. The functionality of ILs in these applications relies on their interface to semiconducting nanomaterials. Therefore, methods to control the chemistry and structure of this interface are the key to assemble new IL‐based electronic and electrochemical materials. Here, we present a new method to prepare a chemically well‐defined interface between an oxide and an IL film. An imidazolium‐based IL, which is carrying an ester group, is deposited onto cobalt oxide surface by evaporation. The IL binds covalently to the surface by thermally activated cleavage of the ester group and formation of a bridging carboxylate. The anchoring reaction shows high structure sensitivity, which implies that the IL film can be adhered selectively to specific oxide surfaces.
Tire tread compounds with reduced rolling resistance and improved wet grip
Authors: Veiga Viviane Dall'Agnol , Rossignol Taline Marchesini , Crespo Janaina da Silva , Carli Larissa Nardini
Published: June 2017

The aim of this work is to investigate the replacement of carbon black by silica‐organosilane coupling agent system and the number of processing steps on the mechanical properties, rolling resistance, and wet grip of truck tire treads. Eight compounds were prepared: two formulations based on carbon black, five formulations with the partial replacement of carbon black by a silica‐organosilane coupling agent system, and one formulation with the total replacement of carbon black with silica. The rolling resistance decreased by 10% and the wet grip increased by 18.5% for the compound with 15 phr of silica, 3 phr of organosilane, and three processing steps compared to the standard compound. The processing steps also promoted an improvement in these properties for the composition with 50 phr of carbon black. The partial use of silica reduced the abrasion loss, thus confirming the durability of the compound. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45334.
Examining horizontal and vertical social ties to achieve social–ecological fit in an emerging marine reserve network
Authors: Alexander Steven M. , Armitage Derek , Carrington Peter J. , Bodin Örjan
Published: June 2017

Most MPA networks are designed only with ecological processes in mind to increase their conservation utility. However, since MPA networks often involve large geographic areas, they also affect and involve multiple actors, institutions, and policy sectors.

A key challenge when establishing an effective MPA network is to align the ‘social system’ with the biophysical MPA network (the ‘ecological system’). This challenge is often denoted as ‘social–ecological fit’.

Facilitating collaborative social interactions among various actors and stakeholders (social connectivity) is equally as important as accomplishing ecological connectivity. New analytical approaches are required to effectively examine this ‘social’ dimension of fit.

An emerging marine reserve network in Jamaica and the recent invasion of Indo‐Pacific lionfish are used as a case study to: (1) examine the extent to which horizontal and vertical social ties bring local and national actors together to collaborate, coordinate, and share knowledge; and (2) assess the extent to which different attributes and features of such multilevel social networks may enhance or inhibit particular aspects of social–ecological fit.

Findings suggest that multilevel linkages have played the greatest role in relation to enhancing fit in the marine reserve network in the context of the recent lionfish invasion. However, the long‐term propensity of the multi‐actor and multilevel networks to enhance social–ecological fit is uncertain given the prevalence of weak social ties, lack of a culture of information sharing and collaboration, and limited financial resources.
Metabolic modeling of energy balances in Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae shows that pyruvate addition increases growth rate
Authors: Kamminga Tjerko , Slagman Simen‐Jan , Bijlsma Jetta J. E. , Martins dos Santos Vitor A. P. , Suarez‐Diez Maria , Schaap Peter J.
Published: June 2017

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is cultured on large‐scale to produce antigen for inactivated whole‐cell vaccines against respiratory disease in pigs. However, the fastidious nutrient requirements of this minimal bacterium and the low growth rate make it challenging to reach sufficient biomass yield for antigen production. In this study, we sequenced the genome of M. hyopneumoniae strain 11 and constructed a high quality constraint‐based genome‐scale metabolic model of 284 chemical reactions and 298 metabolites. We validated the model with time‐series data of duplicate fermentation cultures to aim for an integrated model describing the dynamic profiles measured in fermentations. The model predicted that 84% of cellular energy in a standard M. hyopneumoniae cultivation was used for non‐growth associated maintenance and only 16% of cellular energy was used for growth and growth associated maintenance. Following a cycle of model‐driven experimentation in dedicated fermentation experiments, we were able to increase the fraction of cellular energy used for growth through pyruvate addition to the medium. This increase in turn led to an increase in growth rate and a 2.3 times increase in the total biomass concentration reached after 3–4 days of fermentation, enhancing the productivity of the overall process. The model presented provides a solid basis to understand and further improve M. hyopneumoniae fermentation processes. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 2339–2347. © 2017 The Authors. Biotechnology and Bioengineering published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A novel free ammonia based pretreatment technology to enhance anaerobic methane production from primary sludge
Authors: Wei Wei , Zhou Xu , Xie Guo‐Jun , Duan Haoran , Wang Qilin
Published: June 2017

This study proposed a novel free ammonia (FA, i.e., NH3) pretreatment technology to enhance anaerobic methane production from primary sludge for the first time. The solubilization of primary sludge was substantially enhanced following 24 h FA pretreatment (250–680 mg NH3‐N/L), by which the release of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) (i.e., 0.4 mg SCOD/mg VS added; VS: volatile solids) was approximately 10 times as much as that without pretreatment (i.e., 0.03 mg SCOD/mg VS added). Then, biochemical methane potential (BMP) tests demonstrated that FA pretreatment of 250–680 mg NH3‐N/L was capable of enhancing anaerobic methane production while the digestion time was more than 7 days. Model based analysis indicated that the improved anaerobic methane production was due to an increased biochemical methane potential (B0) of 8–17% (i.e., from 331 to 357–387 L CH4/kg VS added), with the highest B0 achieved at 420 mg NH3‐N/L pretreatment. However, FA pretreatment of 250–680 mg NH3‐N/L decreased hydrolysis rate (k) by 24–38% compared with control (i.e., from 0.29 d−1 to 0.18–0.22 d−1), which explained the lower methane production over the first 7 days’ digestion period. Economic analysis and environmental evaluation demonstrated that FA pretreatment technology was environmentally friendly and economically favorable. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 2245–2252. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.