bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effects of arbitrary injection angle and flow conditions on venturi-jet mixer
Authors: Sundararaj S. , Selladurai V.
Published: July 2011

This paper describes the effect of jet injection angle, cross flow Reynolds
number and velocity ratio on entrainment and mixing of jet with
incompressible cross flow in venturi-jet mixer. Five different jet injection
angles 45o, 60o, 90o, 125o, 135o are tested to evaluate the entrainment of
jet and mixing performances of the mixer. Tracer concentration along the
downstream of the jet injection, cross flow velocity, jet velocity and
pressure drop across the mixer are determined experimentally to characterize
the mixing performance of the mixer. The experiments show that the
performance of a venturi-jet-mixer substantially improves at high injection
angle and can be augmented still by increasing velocity ratio. The jet
deflects much and penetrates less in the cross flow as the cross flow
Reynolds number is increased. The effect could contribute substantially to
the better mixing index with moderate pressure drop. Normalized jet profile,
concentration decay, jet velocity profile are computed from equations of
conservation of mass, momentum and concentration written in natural
co-ordinate systems. The comparison between the experimental and numerical
results confirms the accuracy of the simulations. Correlations for jet
trajectory and entrainment ratio of the mixer are obtained by
multivariate-linear regression analysis using power law.
Determination and application of cut points for accelerometer-based activity counts of activities with differing intensity in pet dogs
Authors: Michel Kathryn E. , Brown Dorothy Cimino
Published: July 2011

Objective—To investigate whether an accelerometer-based activity monitor could be used in pet dogs to differentiate among and delineate the amount of time spent in activities of differing intensity.

Animals—104 dogs.

Procedures—For the first phase of the study, each dog (n = 104) wore an accelerometer-based activity monitor and was led through a series of standard activities (recumbency [sedentary], walking, and trotting). Receiver operating characteristic curves were generated to determine the optimal activity counts for predicting whether a dog was sedentary, walking, or trotting. For the second phase of the study, dogs (n = 99) wore an activity monitor on their collars continuously for 14 days at home; intensity of activity for each dog was classified by use of cut points determined on the basis of results obtained during the first phase of the study.

Results—Analysis of receiver operating characteristic curves indicated that there was 100% specificity and 100% sensitivity in distinguishing sedentary activity from walking activity and 92% specificity and 92% sensitivity in distinguishing trotting activity from walking activity. Analysis of data collected during the 14-day period at home indicated that dogs were sedentary most of the time (median, 87%; range, 65% to 95%).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Counts recorded by an accelerometer-based activity monitor could be used to discriminate effectively among standardized activities in pet dogs. There is potential for use of the method to improve the ability of clinicians and researchers to accurately estimate a pet dog's daily energy requirement.
Effects of two simulated oxytetracycline dosing regimens on horizontal transfer of antimicrobial resistance plasmids in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model
Authors: Lubbers Brian V. , Peterson Greg J. , Narayanan Sanjeev K. , Havel James A. , Coetzee Johann F. , Apley Michael D.
Published: July 2011

Objective—To evaluate the impact of oxytetracycline exposure on horizontal transfer of an antimicrobial resistance plasmid.

Sample—Populations of Salmonella enterica subsp enterica serovar Typhimurium and Escherichia coli.

Procedures—Mixed populations of plasmid donor (Salmonella Typhimurium) and recipient (E coli) bacteria were assigned to 1 of 2 simulated oxytetracycline dosing regimens (high peak concentration-short elimination half-life [HC-SHL] or low peak concentration—long elimination half-life [LC-LHL]) or served as untreated control replicates. Donor, recipient, and transconjugant (E coli that acquired the plasmid) bacteria populations were quantified at 12, 24, and 36 hours after oxytetracycline administration by use of culture on selective bacterial growth media.

Results—The ratio of transconjugant to donor bacteria was significantly reduced in the oxytetracycline-exposed replicates, compared with the ratio for the control replicates, at 12 hours. At 24 and 36 hours, results for the HC-SHL regimens were not significantly different from results for the respective control replicates, and results for the LC-LHL regimens also were not significantly different from results for the respective control replicates. The oxytetracycline concentration at these time points (12 hours in the HC-SHL regimen and all 3 time points in the LC-LHL regimen) were in excess of the minimum inhibitory concentration of the recipient bacteria.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Transfer of antimicrobial resistance plasmids may be suppressed in vitro by oxytetracycline exposure at concentrations greater than the minimum inhibitory concentration of the recipient bacteria.
Evaluation of intervertebral disk degeneration in chondrodystrophic and nonchondrodystrophic dogs by use of Pfirrmann grading of images obtained with low-field magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Bergknut Niklas , Auriemma Edoardo , Wijsman Saffiera , Voorhout George , Hagman Ragnvi , Lagerstedt Anne-Sofie , Hazewinkel Herman A. W. , Meij Björn P.
Published: July 2011

Objective—To assess whether the Pfirrmann system for grading lumbar intervertebral disk (IVD) degeneration in humans can also be used in dogs.

Animals—202 dogs.

Procedures—Magnetic resonance imaging was used to obtain images of vertebral segments from dogs, which were reviewed separately by 3 observers who graded the extent of degeneration in each visible IVD by use of the Pfirrmann classification system used for grading lumbar IVD degeneration in humans. Grading was validated against 2 factors associated with the extent of disk degeneration: type of dog (chondrodystrophic or nonchondrodystrophic breeds) and age.

Results—Interobserver and intraobserver agreement for Pfirrmann grading of IVD degeneration were good (κ scores, 0.81 to 0.93). An increase in the extent of disk degeneration was positively correlated with increases in age and with chondrodystrophic breed.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The Pfirrmann system was reliably used to grade IVD degeneration in dogs of various breeds and ages. An increase in the extent of IVD degeneration was positively correlated with increases in age and with chondrodystrophic-type dogs.
Characterization of the risk of deer-cattle interactions in Minnesota by use of an on-farm environmental assessment tool
Authors: Knust Barbara M. , Wolf Paul C. , Wells Scott J.
Published: July 2011

Objective—To characterize the risk of interactions that may lead to the transmission of Mycobacterium bovis between cattle and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on farms in northern Minnesota.

Sample—53 cattle farms in northwestern Minnesota adjacent to an area where bovine tuberculosis-infected cattle and deer were detected.

Procedures—A semiquantitative deer-cattle interaction assessment tool was used for the 53 cattle herds. Farm risk scores were analyzed on the basis of deer damage to stored feed.

Results—27 (51%) farms reported deer damage to stored cattle feeds within the year previous to the farm visit. A strong association was found between increases in the percentage of land that could serve as deer cover and deer damage to stored feeds on a farm. The total risk score was significantly associated with the probability of a farm having deer damage. By use of a logistic regression model, the total risk score and proportion of nonagricultural land around a farm could be used to predict the likelihood of deer damage to stored feeds.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Management practices on many farms in northwestern Minnesota allowed potential deer-cattle interactions. The on-farm risk assessment tool served as a valuable tool for prioritizing the biosecurity risks for farms. Continued development of biosecurity is needed to prevent potential transmission of bovine tuberculosis between deer and cattle, especially on farms that have a higher risk of deer damage.
Radiographic vertebral canal and vertebral body ratios in Doberman Pinschers with and without clinical signs of caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy
Authors: De Decker Steven , Saunders Jimmy H. , Duchateau Luc , Pey Pascaline , Van Ham Luc M. L.
Published: July 2011

Objective—To determine radiographic vertebral ratio values representing vertebral canal stenosis in Doberman Pinschers with and without clinical signs of caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy (CCSM).

Animals—Doberman Pinschers with (n = 81) and without (39) signs of CCSM.

Procedures—All dogs underwent lateral survey radiography of the cervical vertebral column. Five specific measurements were made at C3 through C7, and from those data, 3 ratios were calculated and analyzed for use in diagnosis of CSSM: canal height-to-vertebral body height ratio (CBHR), canal height-to-vertebral body length ratio (CBLR), and caudal vertebral canal height-to-cranial vertebral canal height ratio (CCHR). The CBHR and CBLR were considered indicators of vertebral canal stenosis, and CCHR described vertebral canal shape.

Results—Compared with Doberman Pinschers without CCSM, mean CBHR and CBLR values were significantly smaller for Doberman Pinschers with CCSM; for CBHR, this difference was evident at each assessed vertebra. The CCHR value for C7 was significantly larger in dogs with CCSM. Receiver operating characteristic statistics did not identify a threshold point that had combined high sensitivity and specificity sufficient to differentiate between Doberman Pinschers with and without CCSM.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Doberman Pinschers with CCSM had vertebral canal stenosis combined with a funnel-shaped vertebral canal at C7 significantly more often than did Doberman Pinschers without CCSM. Despite these significant differences, no reliable threshold ratio values were identified to differentiate groups of dogs.
Pharmacokinetics of tramadol and metabolites O-desmethyltramadol and N-desmethyltramadol in adult horses
Authors: Stewart Allison J. , Boothe Dawn M. , Cruz-Espindola Crisanta , Mitchum Emily J. , Springfield Jenny
Published: July 2011

Objective—To determine the pharmacokinetics of tramadol and its metabolites O-desmethyltramadol (ODT) and N-desmethyltramadol (NDT) in adult horses.

Animals—12 mixed-breed horses.

Procedures—Horses received tramadol IV (5 mg/kg, over 3 minutes) and orally (10 mg/kg) with a 6-day washout period in a randomized crossover design. Serum samples were collected over 48 hours. Serum tramadol, ODT, and NDT concentrations were measured via high-performance liquid chromatography and analyzed via noncompartmental analysis.

Results—Maximum mean ± SEM serum concentrations after IV administration for tramadol, ODT, and NDT were 5,027 ± 638 ng/mL, 0 ng/mL, and 73.7 ± 12.9 ng/mL, respectively. For tramadol, half-life, volume of distribution, area under the curve, and total body clearance after IV administration were 2.55 ± 0.88 hours, 4.02 ± 1.35 L/kg, 2,701 ± 275 h•ng/mL, and 30.1 ± 2.56 mL/min/kg, respectively. Maximal serum concentrations after oral administration for tramadol, ODT, and NDT were 238 ± 41.3 ng/mL, 86.8 ± 17.8 ng/mL, and 159 ± 20.4 ng/mL, respectively. After oral administration, half-life for tramadol, ODT, and NDT was 2.14 ± 0.50 hours, 1.01 ± 0.15 hours, and 2.62 ± 0.49 hours, respectively. Bioavailability of tramadol was 9.50 ± 1.28%. After oral administration, concentrations achieved minimum therapeutic ranges for humans for tramadol (> 100 ng/mL) and ODT (> 10 ng/mL) for 2.2 ± 0.46 hours and 2.04 ± 0.30 hours, respectively.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Duration of analgesia after oral administration of tramadol might be < 3 hours in horses, with ODT and the parent compound contributing equally.
Unramified cohomology of alternating groups
Authors: Bogomolov Fedor , Petrov Tihomir
Published: July 2011

We prove vanishing results for the unramified stable cohomology of alternating groups.
Coach Mid-Season Replacement and Team Performance in Professional Soccer
Authors: Lago-Peñas Carlos
Published: July 2011

Coach Mid-Season Replacement and Team Performance in Professional Soccer

The coaching carousel or turnover is an extreme but frequently occurring phenomenon in soccer. Among the reasons for firing a coach, the most common is the existence of a shock-effect: a new coach would be able to motivate the players better and therefore to improve results. Using data from the Spanish Soccer League during the seasons from 1997-1998 to 2006-2007, this paper investigates the relationship between team performance and coach change over time. The empirical analysis shows that the shock effect of a turnover has a positive impact on team performance in the short term. Results reveal no impact of coach turnover in the long term. The favourable short-term impact on team performance of a coach turnover is followed by continued gradual worsening of results. The turnover effect is non-existent when the comparison between the new coach and the old coach is done over 10, 15 or 20 matches before and after termination.
Gierałtów versus Śnieżnik gneisses - what is the real difference?
Authors: Redlińska-Marczyńska Aleksandra
Published: July 2011

Gierałtów versus Śnieżnik gneisses - what is the real difference?

Structural and petrographic study applied to the gneisses from the eastern part of the Orlica-Śnieżnik Dome, indicate that two different types of gneiss are present. The Śnieżnik gneisses are porphyrithic granites, constricted and sheared into L-S tectonites, most commonly with augens; the Gierałtów gneisses are sheared migmatites, porphyroblastic gneisses and banded gneisses, with two sets of metamorphic foliation, intrafolial folds and lensoid leucosome aggregates or metamorphic porphyroblasts. Both lithologies were later zonally sheared and transformed into more or less deformationally advanced mylonites, difficult to be distinguished from one of the two types. Identification of the Śnieżnik and Gierałtów gneisses is possible only between zones of the late (Variscan) shearing, in which the original, pre-kinematic structures are preserved.
Remarks on Statistical Design Centering
Authors: Opalski Leszek
Published: July 2011

Remarks on Statistical Design Centering

The paper overviews optimization based statistical design centering techniques for analog circuits. Emphasis is placed on dependence between formulation of quality indices, problem formulation, and computational complexity of design centering algorithms, executed in single- or multiple-processor environments. For characterization of solution techniques a standard CMOS op-amp design case and a simplified computational complexity analysis are used.
Un regard sur la politique forestière suisse (essai) | A review of Swiss forestry policy (essay)
Authors: de Buren Guillaume
Published: July 2011

In the form of an essay, the author proposes a review of the reasons behind the recent changes in forestry policy. He identifies two explanatory elements and goes into these in more detail: the loss in cohesion in sectorial forestry logic since the 1980s, and the internal division which has arisen on account of the failure to put through the partial revision of the Federal Forestry Law. Firstly, it is clear that forestry practice continues to function on a sectorial basis, even though the management of resources increasingly extends between sectors. Accordingly, he also sees forestry management as being restricted by exterior influences. Secondly, the dichotomy between production and protection weakens the forestry community. The author hopes forestry will be able to overcome these problems and thus become (once more) an influential political protagonist.
La politique forestière vaudoise: une orientation résolument «patrimoine multifonctionnel» | Forestry policy in the canton of Vaud: the “multifunctional heritage” option
Authors: Métraux Jean-François
Published: July 2011

In the years since 2000, the authorities in charge of forests in canton Vaud have made some substantial changes as a reaction to the political decisions arising from the Swiss Forest Programme and the projected revision of the Federal forestry Law, as well as to the deterioration of the economic situation in forestry enterprises. This article gives a survey of the directions taken. Thus the canton recognises the primordial role of wood production as a driving force behind the creation of a multifunctional forest. The Service for Forests, Wildlife and Nature has invested a great deal in planning, and has redefined the management plan to be an instrument intended for forest owners and forest managers. The canton has innovated by introducing forestry groups and a scheme of equalisation of forestry costs between communes. Hence the conception of forestry management in canton Vaud is resolutely that of a multifunctional natural heritage.
La naissance des groupements forestiers dans le canton de Vaud | The development of forestry clusters in the canton of Vaud
Authors: Neet Cornelis
Published: July 2011

The development of forestry clusters in the canton of Vaud is the result both of political decisions at federal and cantonal levels, and of the deterioration of the economic situation in forestry, which was caused, among others, by the change of policy in matters of financial aid by the Swiss confederation. As a reaction to the diversity of organisational models which had developed over several decades in the canton of Vaud, the Forest Law of 2006 proposes the formation of public corporations with their own legal personality. The canton of Vaud distinguishes four possible grades of integration in such a cluster: In the first, the forest warden is commissioned to direct and supervise forestry work, and thereby to search for the potential for rationalisation in forest management for all the individual members. A management contract between the cluster and at least one of the members defines the second degree of integration. The third level provides for one or more members to lease their forest holding to the cluster. The fourth level is the highest degree of integration, and means the common management of the forest, every member having leased his forest to the cluster. in 2010, an opinion survey of the people concerned showed that they considered that thanks to the forestry clusters they had improved relationships amongst themselves, and were able to rationalise forest management.
Time to Substitute Wood Bioenergy for Nuclear Power in Japan
Authors: Sasaki Nophea , Owari Toshiaki , Putz Francis E.
Published: July 2011

Damage to the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant by the recent earthquake and tsunami that hit northern Japan should stimulate consideration of alternative sources of energy. In particular, if managed appropriately, the 25.1 million ha of Japanese forests could be an important source of wood biomass for bioenergy production. Here, we discuss policy incentives for substituting wood bioenergy for nuclear power, thereby creating a safer society while better managing the forest resources in Japan.
Predictivity Approach for Quantitative Structure-Property Models. Application for Blood-Brain Barrier Permeation of Diverse Drug-Like Compounds
Authors: Bolboacă Sorana  D. , Jäntschi Lorentz
Published: July 2011

The goal of the present research was to present a predictivity statistical approach applied on structure-based prediction models. The approach was applied to the domain of blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeation of diverse drug-like compounds. For this purpose, 15 statistical parameters and associated 95% confidence intervals computed on a 2 × 2 contingency table were defined as measures of predictivity for binary quantitative structure-property models. The predictivity approach was applied on a set of compounds comprised of 437 diverse molecules, 122 with measured BBB permeability and 315 classified as active or inactive. A training set of 81 compounds (~2/3 of 122 compounds assigned randomly) was used to identify the model and a test set of 41 compounds was used as the internal validation set. The molecular descriptor family on vertices cutting was the computation tool used to generate and calculate structural descriptors for all compounds. The identified model was assessed using the predictivity approach and compared to one model previously reported. The best-identified classification model proved to have an accuracy of 69% in the training set (95%CI [58.53–78.37]) and of 73% in the test set (95%CI [58.32–84.77]). The predictive accuracy obtained on the external set proved to be of 73% (95%CI [67.58–77.39]). The classification model proved to have better abilities in the classification of inactive compounds (specificity of ~74% [59.20–85.15]) compared to abilities in the classification of active compounds (sensitivity of ~64% [48.47–77.70]) in the training and external sets. The overall accuracy of the previously reported model seems not to be statistically significantly better compared to the identified model (~81% [71.45–87.80] in the training set, ~93% [78.12–98.17] in the test set and ~79% [70.19–86.58] in the external set). In conclusion, our predictivity approach allowed us to characterize the model obtained on the investigated set of compounds as well as compare it with a previously reported model. According to the obtained results, the reported model should be chosen if a correct classification of inactive compounds is desired and the previously reported model should be chosen if a correct classification of active compounds is most wanted.
Unity-Based Diversity: System Approach to Defining Information
Authors: Zhong Yixin
Published: July 2011

What is information? This is the first question that information science should answer clearly. However, the definitions of information have been so diversified that people are questioning if there is any unity among the diversity, leading to a suspicion on whether it is possible to establish a unified theory of information or not. To answer this question, a system approach to defining information is introduced in this paper. It is proved that the unity of information definitions can be maintained with this approach. As a by-product, an important concept, the information eco-system, was also achieved.
Reproductive Potential of Field-collected Populations of Cimex lectularius L. and the Cost of Traumatic Insemination
Authors: Polanco Andrea  M. , Miller Dini  M. , Brewster Carlyle  C.
Published: July 2011

Egg production was compared among three field-collected bed bug strains over the course of 13 feeding/oviposition cycles, each of which lasted ~10 days. No significant differences were found among bed bug strains in the mean number of eggs/female/day (~1.0 egg). However, significant differences were found among strains in their patterns of egg production throughout the study period. Specifically, differences were observed in the timing of peak egg production and the rapidity of egg production decline among the three strains. Egg production was also quantified for female bed bugs that were subjected to single or multiple traumatic insemination events over a period of six feeding/oviposition cycles. Significant differences were found in egg production between females exposed to single and multiple inseminations. Females mated only once produced 83.8 ± 4.5 (mean ± SE) eggs over six feeding cycles. Females exposed to multiple inseminations produced 61.0 ± 3.1 eggs, indicating that multiple traumatic inseminations may reduce female fecundity by as much as 27%. This study is the first to suggest that, in a new infestation (first ~6 weeks), a solitary, singly-mated female with access to regular blood meals is capable of producing greater numbers of offspring than the same female in the presence of a male.
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'Ecstasy'): Neurodegeneration versus Neuromodulation
Authors: Puerta Elena , Aguirre Norberto
Published: July 2011

The amphetamine analogue 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’) is widely abused as a recreational drug due to its unique psychological effects. Of interest, MDMA causes long-lasting deficits in neurochemical and histological markers of the serotonergic neurons in the brain of different animal species. Such deficits include the decline in the activity of tryptophan hydroxylase in parallel with the loss of 5-HT and its main metabolite 5-hydoxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) along with a lower binding of specific ligands to the 5-HT transporters (SERT). Of concern, reduced 5-HIAA levels in the CSF and SERT density have also been reported in human ecstasy users, what has been interpreted to reflect the loss of serotonergic fibers and terminals. The neurotoxic potential of MDMA has been questioned in recent years based on studies that failed to show the loss of the SERT protein by western blot or the lack of reactive astrogliosis after MDMA exposure. In addition, MDMA produces a long-lasting down-regulation of SERT gene expression; which, on the whole, has been used to invoke neuromodulatory mechanisms as an explanation to MDMA-induced 5-HT deficits. While decreased protein levels do not necessarily reflect neurodegeneration, the opposite is also true, that is, neuroregulatory mechanisms do not preclude the existence of 5-HT terminal degeneration.
Real-Time Fault Classification for Plasma Processes
Authors: Yang Ryan , Chen Rongshun
Published: July 2011

Plasma process tools, which usually cost several millions of US dollars, are often used in the semiconductor fabrication etching process. If the plasma process is halted due to some process fault, the productivity will be reduced and the cost will increase. In order to maximize the product/wafer yield and tool productivity, a timely and effective fault process detection is required in a plasma reactor. The classification of fault events can help the users to quickly identify fault processes, and thus can save downtime of the plasma tool. In this work, optical emission spectroscopy (OES) is employed as the metrology sensor for in-situ process monitoring. Splitting into twelve different match rates by spectrum bands, the matching rate indicator in our previous work (Yang, R.; Chen, R.S. Sensors 2010, 10, 5703-5723) is used to detect the fault process. Based on the match data, a real-time classification of plasma faults is achieved by a novel method, developed in this study. Experiments were conducted to validate the novel fault classification. From the experimental results, we may conclude that the proposed method is feasible inasmuch that the overall accuracy rate of the classification for fault event shifts is 27 out of 28 or about 96.4% in success.
C7a, a Biphosphinic Cyclopalladated Compound, Efficiently Controls the Development of a Patient-Derived Xenograft Model of Adult T Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma
Authors: Guimaraes-Correa Ana B. , Crawford Lindsey B. , Figueiredo Carlos R. , Gimenes Karina P. , Pinto Lorena A. , Grassi Maria Fernanda Rios , Feuer Gerold , Travassos Luiz R. , Caires Antonio C.F. , Rodrigues Elaine G. , Marriott Susan J.
Published: July 2011

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is a highly aggressive disease that occurs in individuals infected with the human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). Patients with aggressive ATLL have a poor prognosis because the leukemic cells are resistant to conventional chemotherapy. We have investigated the therapeutic efficacy of a biphosphinic cyclopalladated complex {Pd2 [S(−)C2, N-dmpa]2 (μ-dppe)Cl2}, termed C7a, in a patient-derived xenograft model of ATLL, and investigated the mechanism of C7a action in HTLV-1-positive and negative transformed T cell lines in vitro. In vivo survival studies in immunocompromised mice inoculated with human RV-ATL cells and intraperitoneally treated with C7a led to significantly increased survival of the treated mice. We investigated the mechanism of C7a activity in vitro and found that it induced mitochondrial release of cytochrome c, caspase activation, nuclear condensation and DNA degradation. These results suggest that C7a triggers apoptotic cell death in both HTLV-1 infected and uninfected human transformed T-cell lines. Significantly, C7a was not cytotoxic to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy donors and HTLV-1-infected individuals. C7a inhibited more than 60% of the ex vivo spontaneous proliferation of PBMC from HTLV-1-infected individuals. These results support a potential therapeutic role for C7a in both ATLL and HTLV-1-negative T-cell lymphomas.
Sulla and the Senate : a reconsideration
Authors: Santangelo Federico
Published: July 2011

Cet article est une discussion de la réorganisation du Sénat conduite par Sylla en 81 av. J.-C. Trois problèmes sont au centre de l’enquête: le nombre des sénateurs nommés par Sylla; le milieu social dont les nouveaux sénateurs provenaient; le rôle des censeurs après l’intervention syllanienne. Les appendices rassemblent et discutent les données dont nous disposons sur les individus qui pourraient avoir été nommés par Sylla et sur leur origine géographique.
L’importation de l’huile de Bétique en Tingitane et l’exportation des salaisons de Tingitane (Ier-IIIe siècle après J.-C.)
Authors: Pons Pujol Lluis
Published: July 2011

Ce travail résume brièvement les différentes opinions que les chercheurs marocains, français et espagnols ont émises au sujet de deux problèmes concrets de l’économie de la Maurétanie Tingitane: pourquoi a-t-elle a importé des amphores à huile Dressel 20, alors qu’elle était une province productrice d’huile d’olive? Dans quel conteneur amphorique fut exportée l’énorme quantité de salaisons de Tingitane. De nouvelles hypothèses sont proposées.
La pratique du vergobret : le témoignage de César confronté aux inscriptions
Authors: Lamoine Laurent
Published: July 2011

Le vergobret est un magistrat suprême gaulois, attesté entre le Ier siècle av. J.-C. et le Ier siècle apr. J.-C. par le témoignage de César chez les Éduens et par l’épigraphie monétaire et sur pierre chez les Lixoviens, les Santons, les Bituriges, les Lémovices et les Vellaves. La confrontation des sources permet de caractériser la pratique du vergobret aussi bien dans les affaires civiles que dans la conduite de la guerre. Inventée au cours des IIIe, IIe et Ier siècles av. J.-C., influencée par des modèles grecs puis romains, cette magistrature connut une ultime transformation dans le contexte troublé du Ier siècle av. J.-C. dominé par l’intervention de César dans la Gaule Comata.

Les magistrats gaulois cherchèrent alors à maîtriser encore plus étroitement le temps, l’espace et les médias culturels (écriture, parole, autocélébration, mémoire) de leurs compatriotes d’alors, en prenant leurs distances avec les anciens cadres hérités de la koinè celtique, druides, bardes, tandis que l’imperator romain leur contestait le droit d’apparaître sur le champ de bataille. C’est d’ailleurs cet environnement qui permit sans doute le passage en douceur vers les magistratures municipales de type romain après la conquête.
Il privilegio di Laelia : Locus sepulturae in praefectura (CIL, V, 2174)
Authors: Nicolini Sara , Pistellato Antonio
Published: July 2011

Si esamina l’iscrizione lacunosa CIL, V, 2174, recante la concessione di un locus sepulturae da parte dell’ordine decurionale a beneficio di una donna e da attribuire al territorio di Taruisium.

Il testo viene affrontato sotto due punti di vista: si studia il protagonismo femminile nell’epigrafia della Regio X e si propone una nuova interpretazione dell’evoluzione amministrativa del centro tarvisano.
L’administration et la gestion des ressources de la province d’Afrique à la transition du Haut-Empire et du Bas-Empire
Authors: Christol Michel
Published: July 2011

The analysis of the documents relating to equestrian procurators practising in Africa, to their auxiliaries, freedmen and imperial slaves, and to the organization of the offices surrounding them, leads to distinguish the management of the prince’s private fortune from the management of the funds pertaining to fiscus, in perspective with the late distinction between res privata and sacred largess.
Réalisme et symbolisme de l’image du navire de guerre sur les monnaies impériales romaines
Authors: Richard François
Published: July 2011

Les monnaies impériales romaines au type du navire de guerre émises depuis Hadrien jusqu’à Gordien III peuvent toutes se rapporter à des voyages sur mer ou des expéditions militaires de ces empereurs. Elles sont un hommage à la flotte, de même que d’autres types militaires sont des hommages à l’armée de terre. Très habilement composée au détriment du réalisme naval l’image évoque à la fois l’effort des marins qui rament sous les yeux de l’empereur, les troupes transportées et le bonheur de la traversée avec l’empereur grâce à sa présence bénéfique.
Octavius Clarus, uir clarissimus, famulus Gratiani
Authors: Arce Javier
Published: July 2011

Une inscription découverte récemment à Mérida (Augusta Emerita, Lusitanie, Espagne), réutilisée dans une nécropole tardive du Ve ou du début du VIe siècle, mentionne un nouveau uicarius Hispaniarum, Octavius Clarus, de l’époque de l’empereur Gratien. L’inscription, publiée soigneusement par L. A. Hidalgo et G. Méndez Grande dans Mérida, 2005, p. 547-566, n’apporte pas seulement un témoignage de plus qu’Emerita était la capitale de la dioecesis Hispaniarum à partir de Dioclétien, mais contient une formule inhabituelle dans les formulaires épigraphiques: Octavius Clarus se déclare famulus Gratiani. Cette formule a été considérée comme une preuve de l’appartenance chrétienne du uicarius, mais le présent article tente de démontrer que ce n’est pas nécessairement le cas. Il contient également une série de considérations sur le remploi des spolia dans les nécropoles d’Emerita et tente d’identifier le personnage. L’inscription, qui est une base de statue, démontre par ailleurs que les espaces publics de la cité étaient toujours en activité dans la seconde moitié du IVe siècle apr. J.-C.
Code Théodosien : nuances et retouches proposées à la traduction de Jean Rougé
Authors: Callu Jean-Pierre
Published: July 2011

La traduction de J. Rougé recèle un certain nombre d’approximations dans la construction des phrases et le traitement du vocabulaire. Mais ces écarts dessinent a contrario un discours quasi oraculaire où la surdétermination sert à la fois l’évidence du détail et la majesté de l’obscur.
De la protection (tuitio) au patronage (patrocinium) de l’Église : l’exemple de la Sicile des Ve et VIe siècles
Authors: Merlin Karine
Published: July 2011

In the first half of the fifth century, with the codification of the right to asylum, the legal and statutory protection of the Church appears under the name of tuitio. At the beginning of the sixth century, tuitio becomes a royal protection formalized by the Goths. The legal term, however, resumed its original meaning protection ecclesiatical official in the Pontificate of Gregory the Great (590-604). Indeed, in his correspondance in conjunction with Sicily, the bishop of Rome called for leniency, the indulgence of judges for imperial officials to submit their accounts and may be involved; he personally commits tuitio priestly claiming that when people are being unfairly burdened, and finally it imposes the patronage of the institution he represents, the Church, through the use of patrocinium for persons against whom no action should be brought.
Les tribulations champenoises et parisiennes d’un marin lycien de la flotte de Misène
Authors: Dhénin Michel , Loriot Xavier
Published: July 2011

A military diploma, published in 1953 by H.-G. Pflaum (now CIL, XVI, 177), is preserved in the collections of the French National Library (BnF). This document, dating from 140 AD, had been granted to a Lycian sailor of the Misena fleet, who served under prefect Caecius Severus. It comes from the collection of Count Chandon de Briailles († 1953), a friend of the late Henri Seyrig; it was probably bought it the Near East (Turkey or Syria). Since then, the Fasti of this prefecture have been largely expanded. A new diploma naming Caecius Severus has been discovered, and by now, some thirty diplomas are known for sailors of that fleet, the most recent one being for a Corsican gregalis, discharged from duty in 129 AD.
Les modes de rémunération et le rapport salarial
Authors: Reynaud Bénédicte
Published: July 2011

Les modes de rémunération et le rapport salarial,

par Bénédicte Reynaud.

Pour susciter à la fois intensité et qualité du travail, deux dispositifs relativement concurrents existent: les incitations monétaires et l'organisation hiérarchique de l'entreprise. A partir de l'enquête de 1986 sur la structure des salaires pour les ouvriers de l'industrie et des services, on montre que cette position théorique n'est vérifiée que pour les formes de salaire incitatives (salaire au rendement individuel ou collectif). Certaines formes de salaire non incitatives (sans prime) sont associées à une organisation hiérarchique faible. A l'aide de la notion de contrôle du travail, développée par l'école radicale américaine (R. Edwards), on peut définir cinq configurations du rapport salarial : le contrôle simple d'une main-d'œuvre non qualifiée ou d'une main-d'oœvre qualifiée, les contrôles techniques taylorien et fordien et le contrôle bureaucratique. La taille des entreprises, l'organisation du travail, le secteur, sont les principaux facteurs qui les structurent.
La théorie des négociations salariales : une revue de la littérature
Authors: Cahuc Pierre
Published: July 2011

La teoría de las negociaciones salariales :un examen de lo publicado,

por Pierre Cahuc.

En el présente artículo se exponen los desarrollos recientes de lateoría de las negociaciones salariales, que explica la determinación del salario y del empleo tomando en cuenta las interacciones estratégicas entre asalariados y empresas. Se muestra que a pesar de las insuficiencias de la microeconomía de las negociaciones, esta teoría renueva en profundidad numerosos campos del análisis macroeconómico.
Le dualisme du marché du travail : enjeux et fondements théoriques
Authors: Zajdela Hélène
Published: July 2011

Le dualisme du marché du travail: enjeux et fondements théoriques,

par Hélène Zajdela.

Depuis les travaux de Doeringer et Piore, la segmentation du marché du travail se schématise souvent par la coexistence de deux secteurs : un secteur primaire caractérisé par de hauts salaires, la stabilité de l'emploi et des possibilités de promotion, et un secteur secondaire où les salaires sont faibles, le risque de chômage important, et les promotions inexistantes. Cet article s'attache à expliquer comment les théories récentes du marché du travail, en particulier les théories du salaire d'efficience et des négociations salariales, ont suscité un renouveau théorique dans ce domaine, en donnant des fondements au rationnement de l'emploi dans le secteur primaire, au différentiel de salaire entre les deux secteurs et à la persistance du chômage.
Externalités et contrats salariaux
Authors: Kempf Hubert
Published: July 2011

Externalities and Wage Agreements,

by Hubert Kempf.

Much work has recently been done on examining wage agreements from the purely macroeconomic standpoint. The purpose of this paper is to give a survey of this approach. It emphasizes its underlying problematics: wage agreements are the results of a lack of coordination bringing about externalities. In this respect, research on wage agreements is connected with today's revival of macroeconomics, which deals more and more with lack of coordination.
Le test de fonctions de gains : résultats pour cinq pays
Authors: Wagner Joachim
Published: July 2011

More on the Earnings Function under Test: Evidence from five countries,

by Joachim Wagner.

Identically specified human capital earnings functions are estimated and tested for male full-time workers from five countries (Australia, Canada, Germany, Israel, Netherlands). The hypotheses of normally distributed, homoscedastic errors and a correctly specified functional form are nearly always rejected.
L'hystérésis du taux de chômage en Europe
Authors: Cotis Jean-Philippe , Mihoubi Ferhat
Published: July 2011

The Unemployment Rate Hysterisis in Europe,

by Jean-Philippe Cotis, Ferhat Mihoubi.

The unemployment rate in most of the European countries is still quite high when considered in the light of the improvement in basic macroeconomic conditions registered over recent years (drop in oil prices, wage moderation, more profitability...) On the whole, the unemployment rate in Europe seems to be characterized by the fact that it is here to stay, i.e. a hysterisis phenomenon. After having introduced both this concept and the theories which aim at studying the phenomenon, the study examines the empirical tests which have been undertaken for several European countries (France, West Germany, United Kingdom) to corroborate or invalidate the existence of such a phenomenon and to single out the mechanisms by which it might operate.
Salaires et emploi dans une économie de partage
Authors: Zylberberg André
Published: July 2011

Wages and Employment in a Share-Economy,

by André Zylberberg.

In a wage-economy labour is rewarded by a fixed wage which does not vary with the firm's results. In a share-economy, this reward is linked to the actual profits of the firm. This article presents the main macroeconomic properties of a share-economy and compares them with those of a wage-economy. Its main objective is to determine the conditions under which such a profit-sharing scheme could increase the overall employment level.
La participation des salariés aux résultats de l'entreprise : une étude fondée sur la centrale de bilans (1982-1986)
Authors: Girard Philippe
Published: July 2011

Participation of Employers in Company Profits: A Study based on Data from the Balance Sheet Data File (1982-1986),

by Philippe Girard.

Wage-earners' participation in company profits has become more and more popular these past few years. Company profitability, and not company size, is the determining factor in the actual decision to opt for employee participation. The purpose of employee participation is not to replace wage increase, nor favoring wage moderation which can be the case with profit-sharing. Companies may however negotiate agreements providing for benefits for wage earners over and above the legal scheme. The more a company's profits are in the growing stage, the more advantageous it is for it to go beyond the legal threshold. The attributed sums are entirely tax-free and remain available for the company during eight years, thereby providing an unexpensive means of increasing the company's equity.
Les échanges extérieurs de la France durant les années quatre-vingt
Authors: Francq Thierry , Lamiot Dominique
Published: July 2011

France's foreign trade over the last decade,

by Thierry Francq, Dominique Lamiot.

The degree of openness of the French economy has increased during the last decade, as a confirmation of France's integration into world economy. The geographical specialization of its foreign trade has changed. Services have done much to keep our trade balance close to equilibrium. As a result, our current account position has constantly been maintained at appropriate levels. But the

external constraint remains and encourages France to strenghten its supply capacities in the manufacturing sector, in order to boost

our trade performances. This task will be eased by the recent rise of industrial investment. This paper aims at presenting these various

aspects of French foreign trade over the last decade. The French performance in export is compared to the German one.
Effets d'hystérésis sur le commerce extérieur américain
Authors: Ducos Philippe , Lecointe François
Published: July 2011

Hysteresis effects on US external trade,

by Philippe Ducos, François Lecointe.

In spite of a declining dollar and a return to its 1980 parity in 1987, the US trade deficit has not been eliminated yet. This paper surveys recent trade models which explain hysteresis effects on external trade and presents empirical evidence. It is shown that the use of disaggregated data is crucial to validate the models. It seems that the dollar appreciation has changed the market structure of both the consumer durable goods sector and the capital goods sector. The corresponding theoretical models would be the sunk cost model and demand dynamics model respectively.
Un modèle économétrique en déséquilibre de l'économie française à deux secteurs, avec des prix et un investissement endogènes
Authors: Artus Patrick , Avouyi-Dovi Sanvi , Laffargue Jean-Pierre
Published: July 2011

Ein zwei Sektoren umfassendes ökonometrisches Ungleichgewichtsmodell der französischen Wirtschaft mit endogenen Preisen und lnvestitionen,

von Patrick Artus, Sanvi Avouyi-Dovi, Jean-Pierre Laffargue.

Ein Ungleichgewichtsmodell der französischen Wirtschaft, das zwei Sektoren, einen geschützten und einen gefährdeten, unterscheidet, wird geschätzt, wobei die Investitionstätigkeit eine endogene Grösse ist. Die geschützte Branche befindet sich wettbewerbsmässig im Gleichgewicht. Die Unternehmen des gefährdeten Sektors befinden sich in einer monopolistischen Wettbewerbssituation, tragen jedoch die Kosten der Anpassung, wenn sie ihre Verkaufspreise modifizieren. Also sind zwei Fälle möglich : das monopolistische Gleichgewicht, wenn die "theoretische Nachfrage befriedigt ist, das klassische Gleichgewicht, wenn einem Teil dieser Nachfrage nicht entsprochen wird und sie sich den Aussenmärkten zuwendet. Wir ziehen die Schlussfolgerung, dass das System des klassischen Ungleichgewichts sich von 1978 an klar erkennbar durchsetzt. Dazu stimuliert die Einschränkung der Lohnansprüche die Beschäftigung und die Investitionstätigkeit. Dagegen hat ein Verbrauchsanstieg in der Verwaltung nur eine schwache Auswirkung auf die Produktion und verschlechtert sogar die Handelsbilanz.
Diversité intra-sectorielle des performances individuelles à l'exportation
Authors: Gagey Frédéric
Published: July 2011

Dispersion of individual exportation performances of firms within sectors,

by Frédéric Gagey.

This paper analyses the performances of french manufacturing firms on the external markets between 1984 and 1986, using panel data, provided by the annual inquiry about firms (Eae). Even during this period, characterised, at the macroeconomic level, by huge losses of market shares, an important share of industrial firms has shown dynamism in terms of foreign sales. These performances are partially hidden at the aggregate level by the retreat of firms that have lost their external markets. This analysis appear to be quite widespread within sectors, including those which faced deep crisis. An exclusively sectorial approach of external exchanges then appears to be insufficient. The ability of some firms to play a successful part in international exchanges suggests the importance of microeconomic factors that explain their success.