bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sorption‐Induced Deformation and Elastic Weakening of Bentheim Sandstone
Authors: Yurikov Alexey , Lebedev Maxim , Gor Gennady Y. , Gurevich Boris
Published: October 2018

A number of studies show that adsorption of small amount of water causes significant reduction of elastic moduli and increase of elastic wave attenuation in sandstones. This effect is of practical importance for near‐surface seismic studies and for applications of conventional rock physics theories, which require measurements of elastic properties of dry rock. Additionally, adsorption of water causes deformation of porous materials and rocks, which can be explained by the concept of varying surface stress, or change in the pressure of fluid adsorbed in pores. In this work we suggest that the adsorption‐induced elastic weakening of sandstones is caused by changing fluid pressure in compliant pores on grain contacts. In order to validate this concept, we conduct simultaneous measurements of the elastic moduli and deformation of the Bentheim sandstone with adsorption and desorption of water and observe ~20% change in the bulk and shear moduli accompanied with the strain of the order of 10−4. Then, we estimate that the fluid pressure change should be of the order of several megapascals to cause such deformation. Comparison of the measured variations in the elastic moduli related to the estimated change in the fluid pressure with the stress dependency of the bulk and shear moduli in Bentheim sandstone shows a broad agreement of the two sets of measurements. A reasonable magnitude of the estimated fluid pressure change is consistent with the suggested hypothesis.
Permeability Evolution and Frictional Stability of Fabricated Fractures With Specified Roughness
Authors: Fang Yi , Elsworth Derek , Ishibashi Takuya , Zhang Fengshou
Published: October 2018

Roughness is widely observed on natural fractures, and its impact on the potential for induced seismicity and associated fluid migration in the subsurface remains unclear. Here we perform fracture shearing and fluid flow experiments on artificially fabricated fractures with specified roughness to investigate the role of fracture roughness on frictional properties and permeability evolution. Given the experimental conditions, we observe that rough fractures show high roughness ratio Sq/Lw and return higher frictional strength due to the presence of cohesive interlocking asperities. Rough fracture surfaces show velocity strengthening behavior in the initial shearing stage, which may evolve to velocity neutral and velocity weakening at greater displacements—suggesting a dynamic weakening that rough fractures become less stable with shearing. The surface roughness exerts a dominant control on permeability evolution over the entire shearing history. Permeability declines monotonically by about 2 orders of magnitude for smooth fractures. For high roughness fractures, the permeabilities evolve episodically due to cycled compaction and dilation during shearing. With a slip distance of 6 to 8 mm, permeability of the rough surface may enhance up to an order of magnitude, but significant permeability reduction may also occur for rough samples when asperities are highly worn with gouge clogging flow paths. However, there is no obvious correlation between permeability evolution and frictional behavior for rough fracture samples when fractures are subject to sudden sliding velocity changes.
Understanding Cloud and Convective Characteristics in Version 1 of the E3SM Atmosphere Model
Authors: Xie Shaocheng , Lin Wuyin , Rasch Philip J. , Ma Po‐Lun , Neale Richard , Larson Vincent E. , Qian Yun , Bogenschutz Peter A. , Caldwell Peter , Cameron‐Smith Philip , Golaz Jean‐Christophe , Mahajan Salil , Singh Balwinder , Tang Qi , Wang Hailong , Yoon Jin‐Ho , Zhang Kai , Zhang Yuying
Published: October 2018

This study provides comprehensive insight into the notable differences in clouds and precipitation simulated by the Energy Exascale Earth System Model Atmosphere Model version 0 and version 1 (EAMv1). Several sensitivity experiments are conducted to isolate the impact of changes in model physics, resolution, and parameter choices on these differences. The overall improvement in EAMv1 clouds and precipitation is primarily attributed to the introduction of a simplified third‐order turbulence parameterization Cloud Layers Unified By Binormals (along with the companion changes) for a unified treatment of boundary layer turbulence, shallow convection, and cloud macrophysics, though it also leads to a reduction in subtropical coastal stratocumulus clouds. This lack of stratocumulus clouds is considerably improved by increasing vertical resolution from 30 to 72 layers, but the gain is unfortunately subsequently offset by other retuning to reach the top‐of‐atmosphere energy balance. Increasing vertical resolution also results in a considerable underestimation of high clouds over the tropical warm pool, primarily due to the selection for numerical stability of a higher air parcel launch level in the deep convection scheme. Increasing horizontal resolution from 1° to 0.25° without retuning leads to considerable degradation in cloud and precipitation fields, with much weaker tropical and subtropical short‐ and longwave cloud radiative forcing and much stronger precipitation in the intertropical convergence zone, indicating poor scale awareness of the cloud parameterizations. To avoid this degradation, significantly different parameter settings for the low‐resolution (1°) and high‐resolution (0.25°) were required to achieve optimal performance in EAMv1.
Predicting Bed Shear Stresses in Vegetated Channels
Authors: Etminan Vahid , Ghisalberti Marco , Lowe Ryan J.
Published: October 2018

Shear stresses on vegetated beds play an important role in driving a wide range of processes at the sediment‐water interface, including sediment transport. Existing methods for the estimation of bed shear stress are not applicable to vegetated beds due to the significant alteration of the near‐bed velocity profile and turbulence intensities by the vegetation. In addition, bed shear stress distributions are highly spatially variable in the presence of vegetation. In this study, computational fluid dynamics simulations were used to investigate the spatial variability of bed shear stresses in the presence of emergent vegetation (modeled as arrays of circular cylinders) and the variation of bed stress with characteristics of both the bulk flow and the array. A recently proposed model that assumes a linear variation of stress in the viscous layer immediately above the bed is shown to be a reliable tool for estimating the spatially averaged bed shear stress over a wide range of flow conditions and vegetation densities. However, application of this model is found to be restrictive due to the lack of a reliable predictive tool for the thickness of the viscous layer. Based on a balance between turbulent kinetic energy production in the vegetation stem wakes and the viscous dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy at the bed, an enhanced formulation is proposed to predict the thickness of the viscous layer, which significantly improves the accuracy of model predictions. This improved model enhances the predictive capability for important benthic processes (such as sediment transport) in vegetated aquatic systems.
Quantifying Geophysical Inversion Uncertainty Using Airborne Frequency Domain Electromagnetic Data—Applied at the Province of Zeeland, the Netherlands
Authors: King Jude , Oude Essink Gualbert , Karaolis Marios , Siemon Bernhard , Bierkens Marc. F. P.
Published: October 2018

An accurate understanding of the fresh‐saline distribution of groundwater is necessary for effective groundwater management. Airborne electromagnetic (AEM) surveys offer a rapid and cost‐effective method with which to map this, offering valuable additional information about the subsurface. To convert AEM data into electric conductivity and ultimately groundwater salinity, an inversion is undertaken. A number of algorithms are available for this purpose; however, these are affected by significant uncertainty, owing to inherent nonunique characteristics of this process. The most commonly used inversion codes in hydrogeophysical studies were quantitatively tested using frequency domain AEM and ground data from the province of Zeeland, the Netherlands. These include UBC1DFM code and quasi‐2D laterally constrained inversions. Following an investigation of inversion parameter settings, data were inverted for four inversion methods and interpolated into 3‐D volumes. Using geological data and empirical electrical conductivity and water salinity relationships, each inversion was converted into groundwater electrical conductivity and split into fresh‐brackish‐saline regions. For groundwater volume estimates out of a total volume of 2.8 billion m3, a fresh groundwater estimate could differ by as much as 178 million m3, depending on the inversion used. The primary factor here was the choice of model smoothness, which was shown to affect the thickness of the brackish interval. Fresh‐brackish‐saline interfaces were consistently mapped with an accuracy of ~3 m, the brackish being the most accurately resolved. The few layer method was less successful at resolving smoothly varying salinity distributions but more successful at mapping the brackish interface at greater depth.
A Flexible Temporal Velocity Model for Fast Contaminant Transport Simulations in Porous Media
Authors: Delgoshaie Amir H. , Glynn Peter W. , Jenny Patrick , Tchelepi Hamdi A.
Published: October 2018

In subsurface aquifers, dispersion of contaminants is highly affected by the heterogeneity of the hydraulic conductivity field. As an alternative to Monte Carlo simulations on probable conductivity fields, stochastic velocity processes have been introduced to assess the uncertainty in the transport of contaminants. In continuum‐scale simulations, discrete velocity models (such as correlated continuous time random walk) focus on modeling plume dispersion in the longitudinal direction. There are alternative continuous velocity processes (such as the polar Markovian velocity process [PMVP]) that are able to accurately model transport in both longitudinal and transverse directions. Importantly, the PMVP model correctly predicts the limited spreading of the ensemble contaminant plume in the transverse direction. However, the stochastic differential equations used in the PMVP model have specific drift and diffusion functions that are designed for the exponential correlation structure. In this paper, a new discrete velocity process is described that is applicable to modeling transport in two‐dimensional conductivity fields for both Gaussian and exponential correlation structures. This method is simple, in a sense that it does not require modeling the functional form of the drift and diffusion functions. The new method is validated against Monte Carlo simulations for both correlation structures with high variances of log conductivity.
Single-molecule DNA visualization using AT-specific red and non-specific green DNA-binding fluorescent proteins
Authors: Park Jihyun , Lee Seonghyun , Won Nabin , Shin Eunji , Kim Soo-Hyun , Chun Min-Young , Gu Jungyeun , Jung Gun-Young , Lim Kwang-Il , Jo Kyubong
Published: October 2018

Two-color DNA physical map for efficient identification of single DNA molecules.
Raman spectroscopic analysis of high molecular weight proteins in solution – considerations for sample analysis and data pre-processing
Authors: Parachalil Drishya Rajan , Brankin Brenda , McIntyre Jennifer , Byrne Hugh J.
Published: October 2018

This study explores the potential of Raman spectroscopy, coupled with multivariate regression techniques and ion exchange chromatography, to quantitatively monitor diagnostically relevant changes in high molecular weight proteins in liquid plasma.
Sensor arrays made by self-organized nanoreceptors for detection and discrimination of carboxylate drugs
Authors: Sun Xiaohuan , Liu Ping , Mancin Fabrizio
Published: October 2018

An array of self-organized nanoreceptors based on monolayer-protected gold nanoparticles in combination with different commercially available fluorescent dyes can detect and discriminate nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
Square-planar Co(iii) in {O4} coordination: large ZFS and reactivity with ROS
Authors: Steele Jennifer L. , Tahsini Laleh , Sun Chen , Elinburg Jessica K. , Kotyk Christopher M. , McNeely James , Stoian Sebastian A. , Dragulescu-Andrasi Alina , Ozarowski Andrew , Ozerov M. , Krzystek J. , Telser Joshua , Bacon Jeffrey W. , Golen James A. , Rheingold Arnold L. , Doerrer Linda H.
Published: October 2018

Oxidation of distorted square-planar perfluoropinacolate Co compound [CoII(pinF)2]2−, 1, to [CoIII(pinF)2]1−, 2, is reported.
Ordered nanoporous lyotropic liquid crystal polymer resin for heterogeneous catalytic aerobic oxidation of alcohols
Authors: Dwulet Gregory E. , Gin Douglas L.
Published: October 2018

An ordered, nanoporous, TEMPO-based polymer resin formed from lyotropic liquid crystal monomers catalyzes the hetereogeneous oxidation of alcohols with high activity and substrate size selectivity under transition-metal-free, aerobic conditions.
Development of efficient palladium catalysts for alkoxycarbonylation of alkenes
Authors: Liu Jiawang , Dong Kaiwu , Franke Robert , Neumann Helfried , Jackstell Ralf , Beller Matthias
Published: October 2018

Palladium catalysts based on 1,3-bis(tert-butyl(pyridin-2-yl)phosphanyl)propane L3 and 1,4-bis(tert-butyl(pyridin-2-yl)phosphanyl)butane L4 allow for the alkoxycarbonylation of sterically hindered olefins including a variety of tetra-, tri- and di-substituted terminal alkenes to afford the desired esters in good to high yields.
σ-Hole halogen bonding interactions in a mixed valence cobalt(iii/ii) complex and anti-electrostatic hydrogen bonding interaction in a cobalt(iii) complex: a theoretical insight
Authors: Ghosh Kousik , Harms Klaus , Bauzá Antonio , Frontera Antonio , Chattopadhyay Shouvik
Published: October 2018

Supramolecular interactions in the solid state structures of a mixed valence cobalt(ii/iii) complex and a cobalt(iii) complex have been studied using DFT calculations.
BaCO3 and NH3SO3 as precursors for the hydrothermal synthesis of BaSO4
Authors: Sordello Fabrizio , Palma Davide , Pellegrino Francesco , Sin Agusti , Bruno Marco , Rossi Andrea Mario , Portesi Chiara , Bianco Prevot Alessandra , Maurino Valter
Published: October 2018

BaCO3 and NH3SO3 can be used as BaSO4 precursors. The morphology, which can be obtained, spans different size and shapes.
Quantum dots as an electron or hole acceptor: on some factors affecting charge transfer in dye–quantum dot composites
Authors: Jain Kalpna , Kishor Shyam , Singh Khundrakpam S. , Odelius Michael , Ramaniah Lavanya M.
Published: October 2018

Direct and indirect charge transfer mechanisms in dye–QD composites.
The role of potassium in the activation of oxygen to promote nitric oxide oxidation on honeycomb-like h-BN(001) surfaces
Authors: Cao Yuehan , Wang Fang , Wei Shiqian , Yang Weichuang , Zhou Ying
Published: October 2018

The oxidation reactions of NO on K-doped h-BN(001) surfaces.
Ionic liquids as bioactive chemical tools for use in agriculture and the preservation of agricultural products
Authors: Zajac Adrian , Kukawka Rafal , Pawlowska-Zygarowicz Anna , Stolarska Olga , Smiglak Marcin
Published: October 2018

The review presents the recent progress made in the field of ionic liquids bearing bioactive components, with a particular emphasis on their use as chemical tools in agriculture and the preservation of agricultural products.
Electrochemical oxidative [4 + 2] annulation of tertiary anilines and alkenes for the synthesis of tetrahydroquinolines
Authors: Huang Pengfei , Wang Pan , Wang Shengchun , Tang Shan , Lei Aiwen
Published: October 2018

Heterocyclic compounds, especially nitrogen heterocycles, are one of the most important classes of compounds in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries.
Protecting electrochemical degradation of pure iron using zinc phosphate coating for biodegradable implant applications
Authors: A. Adhilakshmi , K. Ravichandran , T. S. N. Sankara Narayanan
Published: October 2018

The surface of pure iron was modified with the formation of a zinc phosphate coatingviaa chemical conversion method for biomedical applications.
Designing a biomimetic catalyst for phenoxazinone synthase activity using a mesoporous Schiff base copper complex with a novel double-helix morphology
Authors: Muthusami Rubiga , Moorthy Malathy , Irena Kostova , Govindaraj Anbarasu , Manickam Chozhanathmisra , Rangappan Rajavel
Published: October 2018

A mesoporous copper complex was synthesized with a novel double helix morphology and successfully utilized as a biomimetic catalyst for phenoxazinone synthase activity.
Copper catalyzed one-pot difluoroalkylation and lactonization of unsaturated carboxylic acids
Authors: Yuan Fangyuan , Zhou Sen , Yang Yanyan , Guo Minjie , Tang Xiangyang , Wang Guangwei
Published: October 2018

A new cost-effective method for one-pot bifunctionalization of unsaturated carboxylic acids to afford difluoroalkylated γ-lactones has been reported using a Cu(i) catalyst.
IrOOH nanosheets as acid stable electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction
Authors: Weber Daniel , Schoop Leslie M. , Wurmbrand Daniel , Laha Sourav , Podjaski Filip , Duppel Viola , Müller Kathrin , Starke Ulrich , Lotsch Bettina V.
Published: October 2018

Bulk IrOOH can be chemically exfoliated into single layers, which act as highly active and stable electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution from water under acidic conditions.
Continuously 3D printed quantum dot-based electrodes for lithium storage with ultrahigh capacities
Authors: Zhang Chao , Shen Kai , Li Bin , Li Songmei , Yang Shubin
Published: October 2018

A quantum dot-based electrode was continuously 3D printed and exhibited an ultrahigh specific capacity of 991.6 mA h g−1 for lithium storage.
Artificial neural network for modelling of the correlation between lateral acceleration and head movement in a motion sickness study
Authors: Saruchi Sarah ‘Atifah , Mohammed Ariff Mohd Hatta , Zamzuri Hairi , Hassan Nurhaffizah , Wahid Nurbaiti
Published: October 2018

Motion sickness (MS) usually occurs when travelling in a moving vehicle, and especially experienced by the passengers compared to the driver. The difference in their head movements with respect to the direction of lateral acceleration affects the MS severity level. When experiencing curvature, the passengers normally tilt their head in the same direction as the lateral acceleration, while the driver tilts his/her head against it. This study proposes a correlation model between the lateral acceleration of the vehicle and the head movements of the driver and a passenger via an artificial neural network. Experimental datasets were used in the modelling process. The influence of the number of hidden neurons with respect to the model accuracy has also been investigated. Then, the correlation from the model was expressed as a mathematical equation. This mathematical representation model can be beneficial in the design of vehicle motion control systems in order to mitigate the MS effect.
Evaluating alternative methods to estimate bus running times by archived automatic vehicle location data
Authors: Pili Francesco , Olivo Alessandro , Barabino Benedetto
Published: October 2018

Bus running times are a key element of time reliability for bus operators and passengers. Hence, their evaluation is crucial in order to build reliable schedules for transit operations. This study analyses three alternative offline methods for estimating bus running times using automatic vehicle location (AVL) data: the average method, the percentile method and an adjusted Kalman filter method, which is amended in order to be implemented for offline use. Experiments are conducted using ∼92,000 real‐world archived AVL records, which are provided by an Italian bus operator. The results can be used to revise scheduled running times along a specific route by these methods.
Mutual coupling reduction with a novel fractal electromagnetic bandgap structure
Authors: Radhi Alaa H. , Nilavalan Rajagopal , Wang Yi , Al‐Raweshidy Hamed , Eltokhy Amira A. , Aziz Nur Ab
Published: October 2018

This work shows the effect of a novel fractal‐based electromagnetic bandgap (FEBG) structure between dual planar inverted‐F antenna (PIFA) elements. The FEBG structure without any shorting pins builds on a well‐known fractal structure called Sierpinski carpet, where two iterations have been applied as a uniplanar EBG between dual PIFAs elements to increase the isolation. The proposed antenna can operate at ∼2.65 GHz for wireless long‐term evolution application with compact design dimensions. The simulations are carried out with Ansoft HFSS ver. 17.0. The second iterative order FEBG band‐gap characteristic is verified using more computationally efficient analysis. An investigation on coupling reduction showed more than 27 and 40 dB in E‐plane and H‐plane, respectively, between the dual antenna elements is achieved for an antenna spacing less than half wavelength. The proposed antennas with and without second iterative order FEBG are fabricated and measured. The measurement results are in good agreement with the simulated results. Moreover, the envelope correlation of antenna elements with the proposed FEBG is quite smaller than that of antenna elements without FEBG, which gives the proposed system an excellent diverse performance and suitable for the use in low‐frequency narrow‐band multiple‐input, multiple‐output applications.
Terroir and intensification in the Spanish wine-growing territories
Authors: Compés Raúl , Cervera Francesc J.
Published: October 2018

Since the definition of terroir is relatively open, and it lends itself to various interpretations, it is necessary to analyse its consistency and operability facing the major changes in the wine sector. One of the most important in Spain is the radical transformation of the wine model, due to the process of intensification of its production in the last two decades. This communication analyses the evolution at regional level and examines its relationship with the expansion of irrigation and the modernizing and restructuring activities of the vineyard. The results show a very strong increase in yields, especially in some of the largest producing regions, as Ciudad Real, and that the most associated factor with intensification is irrigation, produced in the new espalier vineyards and in the traditional bush-trained ones. One of the consequences is the consolidation of different productive models in the different regions. In this context, if it is interpreted that the “terroir wine“ is obtained by minimizing those types of human intervention that substantially alter the natural factors throughout the productive process, due to the intensity of the changes and their results, it is necessary to consider the desirability of revising the concept to make it operational.
Mechanism Design and Kinematic Analysis of a Novel Inspection Robot with Four Arms
Authors: Xiao Shiyu , Wang Hongguang , Liu Guowei
Published: October 2018

To meet the requirements of mechanical dimensions, climbing performance and obstacle negotiation capability of an inspection robot on the long-span transmission line, a novel inspection robot with four arms is designed by drawing on the research on human being’s climbing on a tree. Firstly, according to its kinematical characteristics we learned from human being’s tree climbing, the mechanism configuration of the robot on the transmission line is introduced and methods of overcoming two typical obstacles are planned. Then, its main structural parameters are provided, its kinematics equation is derived, and the analysis of kinematics performances such as grade ability and obstacle overcoming is carried out to verify the feasibility of the mechanism design. Finally, experiments on movement are conducted on the platform of virtual prototype. The results indicate that the robot has such features as excellent grade ability and obstacle overcoming performance.
Exploring Filling Law of Small Fillet of Dual Clutch Hub
Authors: Zhang Yilei , Hu Zhili , Li Jin , Dai Mingliang
Published: October 2018

In extruding the dual clutch hub with small fillet gear, the filling of small fillet gear is not complete due to the large forming resistance. A method of preforming the blank into a concave shape is proposed. The mechanical analysis and finite element simulation are used to analyze the principle that the blank of concave shape can promote the filling of small fillet gear, stamping and extruding are both used to form the dual clutch hub and the preform is used to simulate the fillet gear’s extruding to analyze the influence of the geometric parameters of the preform on the forming quality. The mapping relationship between the geometric parameters of the preform and the size of unfilled fillet gear is established by using the BP neural network. The multi-objective genetic algorithm is used to optimize the geometric parameters of the preform. From the results we can see that the frictional resistance decreases due to reduced contact area between the blank and the mold when the section shape of the blank is concave, and at the same time, the tangential thrust is generated on the blank, so the filling of small fillet gear is better; BP neural network combined with genetic algorithm can reliably optimize the geometric parameters of the preform. The filling performance of the fillet gear is better under the optimal preform, and the forming quality of the dual clutch hub is improved. The experimental result verified the feasibility of the method and the accuracy of the simulation.
Ich sehe … was?
Authors: Herzog Michael , Sengebusch Jürgen
Published: October 2018

Gelbfärbung der Sklera, Hautzeichen und Deformierung der Hand: diese Symptome können verschiedene Ursachen haben. Treten sie jedoch gemeinsam auf, steht ein bestimmtes Krankheitsbild im Verdacht.
„Essen ist fertig!“
Authors: Casagrande C
Published: October 2018

Welchen Einflüssen die Ernährung unterliegt und wie sie uns beeinflusst. Die DHZ-Kolumne von Christina Casagrande.
Surgical therapy of chronic pancreatitis: clinical results and health-related quality of life
Authors: Benzing Christian , Hau Hans-Michael , Atanasov Georgi , Krenzien Felix , Eisenhauer Tim , Broschewitz Johannes , Bartels Michael , Schmelzle Moritz , Wiltberger Georg
Published: October 2018

Introduction There are several well-established surgical procedures for the treatment of chronic pancreatitis (CP). The present study seeks to evaluate the perioperative and long-term outcome of these procedures.

Methods All patients who had undergone pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD), duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection (DPPHR), and distal pancreatectomy (DP) for CP were retrospectively analyzed with regards to the perioperative outcome and long-term survival. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) was assessed using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire.

Results There were 145 patients available for analysis. Major complications (grade IIIb–V) occurred in 19 %, in-hospital mortality was 4.2 %, and 90-day mortality was 3 % with no differences between the different resection groups (all p > 0.05). Ten-year survival was 58 % and was highest in the DP group (100 %) but without statistical significance (p = 0.72). The response rate of the HRQoL assessment was 45 % (65 of 145). There was a significant improvement with regards to pain and HRQoL of all resection groups compared to the preoperative group (all p < 0.05). With respect to HRQoL and pain relief, the PD, DPPHR, and DP did not differ significantly.

Discussion Surgical therapy of CP can be performed safely. The 3 different types of resection performed equally with regards to complications and HRQoL.
A Mystery of Patent Ductus Arteriosus and Serum Osmolality in Preterm Infants
Authors: Cakir Ufuk , Tayman Cuneyt
Published: October 2018

Objective Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is an important clinical problem associated with mortality and serious morbidities. It is thought that serum osmolality may affect ductal patency. We aimed to investigate the importance of serum osmolality related to ductal patency in preterm infants.

Study Design Our study was conducted between January 2013 and December 2017. Premature infants with birth weight <1,500 g and gestational age <32 weeks were included in the study. Serum osmolality was compared between infants with hemodynamically significant PDA (hsPDA) and non-hsPDA.

Results During the study period, 799 patients were evaluated. Mean serum osmolality levels were higher in the “hsPDA” group (297 ± 10.9 vs. 292 ± 8.3 mOsm/L) (p = 0.001). The area under the curve for osmolality was 0.582 (p = 0.0006, 95% confidence interval: 0.541–0.622) at the time of diagnosis for predicting hsPDA, with a cutoff value for osmolality of 300 mOsm/L.

Conclusion Serum osmolality may be recognized as an important contributing factor for ductal patency especially among extremely preterm infants who are most likely to have hsPDA in the early days of life.
Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism in Elite Athletes: A Suggested Approach to Individualized Anticoagulation
Authors: Nazha Bassel , Pandya Bhavi , Spyropoulos Alex , Kessler Craig
Published: October 2018

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a leading cause of morbidity with potentially detrimental career consequences in elite athletes. Their unique predisposing factors entail a higher-than-expected VTE incidence. Anticoagulation treatment is challenging, especially among those athletes wishing to resume their competitive activities. The authors review the current VTE treatment guidelines from the perspective of treating elite athletes. They then provide an expert opinion individualized treatment approach based on the pharmacokinetic properties of direct oral anticoagulants that permits tailoring the drug's timing to the athlete's competitive endeavors. They also present low-molecular-weight heparin as an alternative. The proposed risk management approach allows mitigation against VTE recurrence, reducing the chance of major bleeding, and honoring the athlete's self-determination to resume their career while accepting the risks involved. A shared decision making with the athlete and his/her team along with the presence of adequate resources are key components. Ultimately, the authors hope this work will serve as a stepping stone to validated VTE treatment regimens that consider the particularities of elite athletes.
The high-k poloidal scattering system for NSTX-U
Authors: Barchfeld R. , Domier C. W. , Ren Y. , Ellis R. , Riemenschneider P. , Allen N. , Kaita R. , Stratton B. , Dannenberg J. , Zhu Y. , Luhmann N. C.
Published: October 2018

An 8-channel, high-k poloidal far-infrared (FIR) scattering system is under development for the National Spherical Torus eXperiment Upgrade (NSTX-U). The 693 GHz poloidal scattering system replaces a 5-channel, 280 GHz high-k toroidal scattering system to study high-k electron density fluctuations on NSTX-U. The FIR probe beam launched from Bay G is aimed toward Bay L, where large aperture optics collect radiation at 8 simultaneous scattering angles ranging from 2° to 15°. The reduced wavelength in the poloidal system results in less refraction, and coupled with a new poloidal scattering geometry, extends measurement of poloidal wavenumbers from the previous limit of 7 cm−1 up to >40 cm−1. Steerable launch optics coupled with receiver optics that can be remotely translated in 5 axes allow the scattering volume to be placed from r/a = 0.1 out to the pedestal region (r/a ∼ 0.99) and allow for both upward and downward scattering to cover different regions of the 2D fluctuation spectrum.
High-energy differential-filtering photon spectrometer for ultraintense laser-matter interactions
Authors: Williams G. J. , Tommasini R. , Lemos N. , Park J. , Chen Hui
Published: October 2018

Large quantities of ultrahigh-energy x-rays are produced by petawatt-class lasers; however, spectroscopy in this range of 0.1-1 MeV is difficult due to the long photon mean free path. A novel geometry step filter to measure the high-energy bremsstrahlung emission tail has been developed for use in high energy density, short-pulse laser-matter interaction experiments. The grid design of the filters allows for the independent determination of a local background, which reduces systematic errors in the reconstructed spectra. This spectrometer was used to measure x-ray spectra for various laser and target conditions at intensities near 1 × 1018 W/cm2 where single-exponential bremsstrahlung spectra were fit to the data and show an increasing photon temperature with pulse duration for a fixed laser intensity.
Perspective: Spintronic synapse for artificial neural network
Authors: Fukami Shunsuke , Ohno Hideo
Published: October 2018

While digital integrated circuits with von Neumann architectures, having exponentially evolved for half a century, are an indispensable building block of today's information society, recently growing demand on executing more complex tasks like the human brain has allowed a revisit to the architecture of information processing. Brain-inspired hardware using artificial neural networks is expected to offer a complementary approach to deal with complex problems. Since the neuron and synapse are key components of brains, most of the mathematical models of artificial neural networks require artificial neurons and synapses. Consequently, much effort has been devoted to creating artificial neurons and synapses using various solid-state systems with ferroelectric materials, phase-change materials, oxide-based memristive materials, and so on. Here, we review an example of studies on an artificial synapse based on spintronics and its application to artificial neural networks. The spintronic synapse, having analog and nonvolatile memory functionality, consists of an antiferromagnet/ferromagnet heterostructure and is operated by spin-orbit torque. After giving an overview of this field, we describe the operation principle and results of analog magnetization switching of the spintronic synapse. We then review a proof-of-concept demonstration of the artificial neural network with 36 spintronic synapses, where an associative memory operation based on the Hopfield model is performed and the learning ability of the spintronic synapses is confirmed, showing promise for low-power neuromorphic computation.
Switching intermittency
Authors: Al-Ghamdi M. S. , Khater M. E. , Abdel-Rahman E. M.
Published: October 2018

We report experimental evidence of a new class of intermittencies found in the oscillations of electrostatic actuators. These intermittencies involve a dynamic system spending irregular time intervals in the vicinity of a ghost orbit before undergoing bursting and landing on a larger attractor. Subsequently, external disturbances re-inject the flow into the vicinity of the ghost orbit. The attractor arresting a switching intermittency of type-I is a stable periodic orbit, whereas the attractor arresting a switching intermittency of type-II is a chaotic attractor.
The feasibility study of ion driven shock ignition of reactor-size targets in inertial confinement fusion
Authors: Fardi Rad Sedigheh , Ghasemizad Abbas , Khoshbinfar Soheil
Published: October 2018

In this paper, we are intending to investigate the shock ignition approach to inertial confinement fusion (ICF) by using an ion beam driver to examine energy gain performance in reactor-size targets filled by cryogenic deuterium-tritium hydrogen isotopes. Here, pressure dynamics across the fuel layer affected by ignition beam parameters have been analyzed by using the DEIRA-4 simulation code, for the two targets that we chose for the case study. By choosing the proper pulse shaping and evaluation of finding the appropriate time and position of the inter-collision time between two compression and ignition pulses, it has been found that shock ignition can create the pressure more than 104 Gbar at the fuel center and therefore increase gain by 18% and 25% for Case 1 and Case 2, respectively. Ionic shock ignition can also decrease the ignition threshold; hence, it causes 19% reduction for Case 1 and 39% reduction for Case 2 of the internal beam energy. It has been shown that besides the lower implosion velocities relative to traditional central ignition, which are now maintained, the fuel pressure at stagnation becomes much higher than it is. In addition, the stable stagnation stage, ignition condition, and high-energy gain are achieved when the optimum configuration of the ignition beam has been derived. Our results show that we can attain pressures level of 200 Gbar < P < 500 Gbar and implosion velocities of 170 km s−1 < Uimp < 291 km s−1 which are in agreement with laser-driven shock ignition alternatives. The pressure range is more than the Standard ICF, laser-driven shock ignition, and impact fast ignition (IFI), and the implosion velocity range is less than Standard ICF and IFI.
Multiscale analysis of head-on quenching premixed turbulent flames
Authors: Ahmed Umair , Doan Nguyen Anh Khoa , Lai Jiawei , Klein Markus , Chakraborty Nilanjan , Swaminathan Nedunchezhian
Published: October 2018

Multiscale analysis of wall-bounded turbulent premixed flames is performed using three-dimensional direct numerical simulation data of flame-wall interaction (FWI). The chosen configuration represents head-on quenching of a turbulent statistically planar stoichiometric methane-air flame by an isothermal inert wall. Different turbulence intensities and chemical mechanisms have been analyzed. A bandpass filtering technique is utilised to analyze the influence of turbulent eddies of varying size and the statistics of vorticity and strain rate fields associated with them. It is found that the presence of the flame does not alter the mechanism of vortex stretching in turbulent flows when the flame is away from the wall, but in the case of FWI, the mechanism of vortex stretching is altered due to a reduction in the contribution from non-local strain, and the small scales of turbulence start to contribute to the flame straining process. The results indicate that small scale eddies do not contribute to the tangential strain rate when the flames are away from the walls, whereas the contribution from the small scales to the tangential strain rate increases when the flame is in the vicinity of the wall. It is also found that the choice of chemical mechanism does not influence the underlying fluid mechanical processes involved in FWI.
Non-existence of time-dependent three-dimensional gravity water flows with constant non-zero vorticity
Authors: Martin Calin Iulian
Published: October 2018

We show that in a three-dimensional gravity water flow with a constant non-vanishing vorticity vector (Ω1, Ω2, Ω3), the free surface, the pressure, and the velocity field present no variations in the direction orthogonal to the direction of motion. In addition, the second component of the velocity field is constant throughout the flow. Moreover, we prove that the vertical component, Ω3, of the vorticity vector has to vanish. This latter fact turns out to be of crucial importance in proving the absence of variations of the flow in the direction that is orthogonal to the direction of the surface wave propagation. Our results are obtained under general assumptions: both the free surface and the flow beneath are allowed to be time dependent in the most general way.
Dynamic correlation for non-orthogonal reference states: Improved perturbational and variational methods
Authors: Kähler Sven , Olsen Jeppe
Published: October 2018

The use of non-orthogonal orbitals allows the construction and use of more compact wave functions than offered by standard methods using orthogonal molecular orbitals; in particular, for molecules containing partly occupied atomic orbitals as present, for example, in transition metal complexes. With the purpose of developing efficient dynamic correlation methods, we discuss several new internal correlation methods employing a reference state containing non-orthogonal active orbitals. The non-orthogonal internally contracted perturbation theory approach is improved in several directions. The major improvements are the use of the Dyall Hamiltonian including two-electron interactions within the active space as the zero-order operator, the calculation of third-order energy-corrections, and the inclusion of excitations in the space of active orbitals. The latter improvement corrects for the use of an incomplete reference state. The improvements are tested for the nitrogen molecule and the challenging chromium dimer. The combined use of the improved zero-order Hamiltonian and the inclusion of active space excitations allow us to obtain potential curves for the chromium dimer that are close to those obtained using the larger complete active space reference wave function.
iNOS promotes CD24
+
CD133
+
liver cancer stem cell phenotype through a TACE/ADAM17-dependent Notch signaling pathway
Authors: Wang Ronghua , Li Yawen , Tsung Allan , Huang Hai , Du Qiang , Yang Muqing , Deng Meihong , Xiong Si , Wang Xiju , Zhang Liyong , Geller David A. , Cheng Bin , Billiar Timothy R.
Published: October 2018

Significance

CD24
+
CD133
+
liver cancer stem cells (LCSCs) express higher levels of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and possess self-renewal and tumor growth properties. iNOS is associated with more aggressive hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), leading to the upregulation of Notch1 signaling. The activation of Notch1 by iNOS/NO is dependent on cGMP/PKG-mediated activation of TACE and upregulation of iRhom-2. The expression of iNOS, CD24, and CD133 correlates with the expression of activated TACE and Notch signaling in more aggressive human HCC. These findings have implications for understanding how LCSCs are regulated in the setting of chronic inflammation, where signals to upregulate iNOS are often present. Targeting iNOS could have therapeutic benefit in HCC.
Long noncoding RNA GM12371 acts as a transcriptional regulator of synapse function
Authors: Raveendra Bindu L. , Swarnkar Supriya , Avchalumov Yosef , Liu Xin-An , Grinman Eddie , Badal Kerriann , Reich Adrian , Pascal Bruce D. , Puthanveettil Sathyanarayanan V.
Published: October 2018

Significance

Neuronal functions of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are poorly understood. Here we describe identification and function of lncRNA GM12371 in regulating synaptic transmission, synapse density, and dendritic arborization in primary hippocampal neurons. GM12371 expression is regulated by cAMP signaling and is critical for the activity regulated synaptic transmission. Importantly, GM12371 is associated with transcriptionally active chromatin and regulates expression of several genes involved in neuronal growth and development. Taken together, these results suggest that GM12371 acts as a transcriptional regulator of synapse function.
Progressive aridification in East Africa over the last half million years and implications for human evolution
Authors: Owen R. Bernhart , Muiruri Veronica M. , Lowenstein Tim K. , Renaut Robin W. , Rabideaux Nathan , Luo Shangde , Deino Alan L. , Sier Mark J. , Dupont-Nivet Guillaume , McNulty Emma P. , Leet Kennie , Cohen Andrew , Campisano Christopher , Deocampo Daniel , Shen Chuan-Chou , Billingsley Anne , Mbuthia Anthony
Published: October 2018

Significance

Previous research hypotheses have related hominin evolution to climate change. However, most theories lack basin-scale evidence for a link between environment and hominin evolution. This study documents continental, core-based evidence for a progressive increase in aridity since about 575 ka in the Magadi Basin, with a significant change from the Mid-Brunhes Event (∼430 ka). Intense aridification in the Magadi Basin corresponds with faunal extinctions and changes in toolkits in the nearby Olorgesailie Basin. Our data are consistent with climate variability as an important driver in hominin evolution, but also suggest that intensifying aridity may have had a significant influence on the origins of modern
Homo sapiens
and the onset of the Middle Stone Age.
The low but uncertain measured benefits of US water quality policy
Authors: Keiser David A. , Kling Catherine L. , Shapiro Joseph S.
Published: October 2018

US investment to decrease pollution in rivers, lakes, and other surface waters has exceeded $1.9 trillion since 1960, and has also exceeded the cost of most other US environmental initiatives. These investments come both from the 1972 Clean Water Act and the largely voluntary efforts to control pollution from agriculture and urban runoff. This paper reviews the methods and conclusions of about 20 recent evaluations of these policies. Surprisingly, most analyses estimate that these policies’ benefits are much smaller than their costs; the benefit–cost ratio from the median study is 0.37. However, existing evidence is limited and undercounts many types of benefits. We conclude that it is unclear whether many of these regulations truly fail a benefit–cost test or whether existing evidence understates their net benefits; we also describe specific questions that when answered would help eliminate this uncertainty.
Localized prosocial preferences, public goods, and common-pool resources
Authors: Tilman Andrew R. , Dixit Avinash K. , Levin Simon A.
Published: October 2018

The presence of prosocial preferences is thought to reduce significantly the difficulty of solving societal collective action problems such as providing public goods (or reducing public bads). However, prosociality is often limited to members of an in-group. We present a general theoretical model where society is split into subgroups and people care more about the welfare of others in their own subgroup than they do about those in out-groups. Individual contributions to the public good spill over and benefit members in each group to different degrees. We then consider special cases of our general model under which we can examine the consequences of localized prosociality for the economic outcomes of society as a whole. We ask to what extent prosociality closes the welfare gap between the Nash equilibrium without prosociality and the social optimum. The answer depends on whether private and public inputs are good or poor substitutes in producing final output. Critically, the degree to which this welfare gap closes is a concave function of the level of prosociality in the case of poor substitutes, so even low levels of prosociality can lead to social welfare near the social optimum.
Salt and marine products in the Classic Maya economy from use-wear study of stone tools
Authors: McKillop Heather , Aoyama Kazuo
Published: October 2018

Significance

The Classic Maya (AD 300–900) technology of producing salt by boiling brine in pots over fires in wooden buildings at the Paynes Creek Salt Works, Belize, is consistent with this common and productive method elsewhere in the world in antiquity, historic, and modern times. We report the surprising results of a use-wear study of the edges of chert stone tools that indicates most were used for cutting fish or meat or scraping hides. Like the ancient Roman, Asian, and other civilizations, the Classic Maya evidently produced salt and salted fish—storable commodities for marketplace trade.
Yin-and-yang bifurcation of opioidergic circuits for descending analgesia at the midbrain of the mouse
Authors: Kim Jong-Hyun , Gangadharan Gireesh , Byun Junweon , Choi Eui-Ju , Lee C. Justin , Shin Hee-Sup
Published: October 2018

Significance

The midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) is a major site in the descending analgesia circuits for the endogenous, opioidergic pain control. Recently, the locus coeruleus (LC) has been proposed to play a role in endogenous pain control. Nevertheless, how the LC is integrated in the descending analgesia circuits remains elusive. Here, we provide evidence that the opioid circuit is bifurcated into two distinct pathways, each with an opposing effect on opioid analgesia at the PAG level: suppressing through the PAG-LC pathway while enhancing through the PAG-rostral ventromedial medulla pathway. Thus, the yin-and-yang model is proposed for the opioidergic descending analgesia. Moreover, our findings suggest an insight for a therapeutic target to control pain.