bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Law of Nations and the Punishment of War Crimes
Authors: Lauterpacht Hersch
Published: November 2023

The question whether the punishment of war crimes committed by the enemy is desirable, expedient and practicable is a problem of politics rather than of law. It includes such questions as the relative merits and disadvantages of providing a deterrent against criminal violations of the law of war; the prospective effectiveness of such deterrent; the taking into account of a widespread and not inherently reprehensible desire for retribution; the consequences of impunity upon national and international law and morality; the desirability, partly in the interest of the culprits, of containing a hitherto ruthlessly suppressed craving for revenge within the channels of a regularized legal procedure; and the effects of a policy of punishing war crimes upon the prospects of reconciliation or, at least, of a return to a minimum degree of normalcy in international relations. It is not proposed to discuss these questions in the present article.
Crimes Against Humanity
Authors: Schwelb Egon
Published: November 2023

Article 6 of the Charter of the International Military Tribunal, annexed to the Four-Power Agreement of 8 August 1945, provides that the Tribunal established by the Agreement for the Prosecution and Punishment of the Major War Criminals of the European Axis ‘shall have the power to try and punish persons who, acting in the interests of the European Axis countries, whether as individuals or as members of organisations, committed any of the following crimes:
The Law of the Nuremberg Trial: Valid, Dubious, Outdated
Authors: Merkel Reinhard
Published: November 2023

Looking back today on the proceedings of the Nuremberg Military Tribunal, from a distance of half a century and from the perspective of a wholly changed world, the overriding impression is one of general ambiguity. This perception is not new. The problems of the proceedings proved to be a difficult puzzle for the parties involved at the time (and not just for the Germans), and they ultimately remained unresolved. Fifty years on, the dramatic changes of the world political scene have emphasized rather than erased the profile of this picture. Up until today, the history of the idea which the Nuremberg Trial was to exemplify has still not been turned into practice.
Conclusions
Authors: Cotta Maurizio
Published: November 2023

In this book the long cycle of political representation in European countries has been explored through the observation lens of the crucial actors of this central process of contemporary democracy—the parliamentarians. After a significant “prehistory” of this concept, and of the political phenomena it describes, dating back to medieval and pre-modern Europe, representation has made—with the liberal and democratic revolutions of the first half of the nineteenth century— its great come back in the political landscape of the continent as the main “challenger” of absolutist monarchies and has then progressively affirmed itself in the second half of the nineteenth century as the central mechanism of the new constitutional regimes that have displaced the former.
Economics and Industrial Relations
Authors: Grimshaw Damian , Rubery Jill
Published: November 2023

Economic theorists have become more interested in the traditional areas of industrial relations (IR) just at the time when some of the assumptions underlying IR analysis-such as the persistence of large organizations offering direct and continuous employment—are being undermined (see, e.g., Solow 1990; Wachter and Wright 1990). For example, the need for alternative forms of governance and control to spot market contracting was only beginning to dawn on neoclassical economists when some institutional theorists began to speculate on a return to ‘market based’ contracting (Cappelli 1995). However, while the economics profession can be criticized for its traditional narrow and limited approach to employment and its slowness in recognizing the role for institutional forms and power relations in shaping the employment relationship, recent changes in the employment landscape have also left industrial relations theorists floundering.
Statutory nuisance: Law and practice
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind , Pointing John
Published: November 2023

This is an essential text for practitioners at all levels in the legal and environmental health professions as well as for those working for community groups and consumer organisations. It is equally indispensable for private individuals who wish to challenge local authority decisions or to commence their own proceedings in the magistrates' courts against the 'nuisance offender'. The law of statutory nuisance was first formulated in the middle of the nineteenth century, yet it continues to raise all sorts of difficulties for practitioners, lawyers and the courts. This book considers the origins of statutory nuisance, analyses its conceptual basis, and considers each of the statutory nuisances set out and incorporated into the Environmental Protection Act 1990. Particular emphasis is given to the most problematic statutory nuisances, such as noise nuisance and those arising within residential premises. This is an authoritative book, which takes the reader through the practical and legal issues associated with each statutory nuisance and focuses on the problems the local authorities face in enforcing this area of law as well as for those advising defendants. The role, powers and duties of the local authorities, the problems associated with the drafting of abatement notices and with the prosecution of nuisances are analysed. Also covered are defences and proceedings brought by private individuals against neighbours and local authority landlords. The focus is also on what happens in court. The procedure and requirements in appeals against notices and in prosecutions are considered in detail, as are the grounds for bringing further appeals and judicial review. Important recent decisions of the Court of Appeal and House of Lords, such as Falmouth Truro PHA, ex p South-West Water, Baxter v Camden and Oakley v Birmingham, are analysed. The implications of recent legislation such as the Human Rights Act 1998 and the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 are also considered.
Local Production Systems and Economic Performance in France, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom
Authors: Rodriguez-Pose Andres
Published: November 2023

Recent decades have brought about a growing interest in the economic performance of regions and localities and, as a consequence, in the forms of sub-national governance which are associated with different levels of economic dynamism. The reasons behind this growing focus on meso- and micro-levels of economic performance and governance and on local production systems are manifold and come from different fields. First and foremost are the changes that certain researchers have identified in the evolution of the capitalist system. Aglietta (1977), Boyer (I 986, 1989), and Scott and Storper (1986), to name but a few, have highlighted the profound transformation undergone by the traditional system of accumulation, based on mass-production and Taylorist principles, which is giving way to a post-industrial system in which flexibility seems to be the key word. Parallel to these structural changes, the dominant economic system of the post-war decades has been challenged from another angle. Advances in technology, information technology and deregulation have made movements of capital, information, goods, and services much easier than hitherto (Castells 1989 and 1996) and much more difficult to harness with traditional forms of governance. Economic globalization and the rise of the information society are creating a space of flows (Castells 1989) which is altering the traditional conception of space.
The Internal Creation of Consulting Knowledge: A Question of Structuring Experience
Authors: Werr Andreas
Published: November 2023

As a growing phenomenon in business practice, management consulting is receiving increasing interest from researchers. However, the emerging image of the consulting service varies to a large extent according to the research tradition followed. Two main opposing perspectives have emerged-the functional and the critical. From the functional perspective, management consulting is depicted as a knowledge-based service aimed at improving the performance of its client businesses. Management consultants are seen as possessing unique knowledge of management techniques, and consulting organizations are treated as knowledge-intensive firms with an ability to generate and explore management knowledge through knowledge management activities.
The Virtual University?
Authors: Robins Kevin , Webster Frank
Published: November 2023

The ‘virtual university’ is becoming a commonplace idea or trope. In this book, we aim to explore both the concept and the practice of the ‘virtual university’. Our exploration will be a critical one, hence the insertion of the question mark into our title—the ‘virtual university?’. Here, at the outset of our discussion, it will be useful to signal two particularly significant issues that must be addressed. The first concerns the importance of distinguishing between futurological predictions about the ‘virtual university’, on the one hand, and the more complex situation of what is actually happening in higher education, on the other. We need, that is to say, to separate the myths and ideologies that are proliferating about the ‘university of the future’ from changing realities and practices in actual universities now, in the present.
Managing ‘the Missing Girls’ in Chinese Population Discourse
Authors: Greenhalgh Susan
Published: November 2023

One of the most vexed issues in the post-Cairo era of international population policy1 is that of the ‘missing girls’, or, less generously, ‘gender violence’ in China’s birth control programme. A growing body of evidence has linked the one-child per-family policy introduced in 1979 to the abandonment and infanticide of baby girls and, more recently, widespread abortion of female foetuses (Johnson 1993, 1996, 1998; Greenhalgh and Li 1995; Lavely 1997).2 As a result of these and other gender-differentiated practices, the sex ratio at birth has been rising. Between 1982 and 1989 the number of boys born per 100 girls born rose from 107 to 114, well above the biologically normal level of 105 to 106 (Zeng et al. 1993).3 In the early 1990s the ratio of boys to girls continued to climb, reaching 121 in 1993 and 1994 before falling to 116 in 1995 (Lavely 1997). What this means is that every year roughly a million baby girls vanish from the statistics, abandoned, killed, adopted, or aborted in utero.
How and why are international firms different? The consequences of cross-border managerial coordination for firm characteristics and behaviour
Authors: whitley richard
Published: November 2023

The growth of foreign direct investment (FDI) and related forms of organizational coordination of economic activities across national boundaries have been seen as central features of the increasing economic globalization taking place at the end of the twentieth century. Indeed, globalization is often understood as a process of increasing integration of national and regional economies, such that decisions, activities, and competitive strategies in one part of the world are closely linked to those in other parts. In some variants of the ‘strong’ globalization thesis, this integration is seen as leading to the institutionalization of a distinct global level of economic coordination and control (see, for example, the discussions of contrasting views of globalization in Held et al. 1999; Hirst and Thompson 1996; Ruigrok and van Tulder 1995).
The Making of a Global Firm: Local Pathways to Multinational Enterprise
Authors: kristensen peer hull , zeitlin jonathan
Published: November 2023

The putative lead agent of globalization, the multinational company (MNC) is traditionally seen as a coherent entity that will change the competitive selection process and make firms extinct that do not adapt to its new reality. The comparative advantage of the multinational, transnational, and global firm is believed to be its ability first to exploit, then to coordinate, and finally to optimize activities across countries with different comparative advantages at any given moment. Firms that do not possess such comparative advantages will suffer. It is the very essence of the concept of the emerging global firm that it should eventually acquire control over, and consequently inscribe into its own logic and internal hierarchy the local comparative advantages of non-global firms (Dunning 1993: xv, Exhibit 0.1.). Pushed by this lead agent, globalization unfolds according to a given logic that structures the world for all other agents.
They Came, They Surfed, They Went Back to the Beach: Conceptualizing Use and Non-Use of the Internet
Authors: Wyatt Sally , Thomas Graham , Terranova Tiziana
Published: November 2023

This chapter reports research that draws on insights and approaches from cultural studies, and science and technology studies, in order to explore how the internet has been and continues to be socially produced. Many ‘information society’ enthusiasts claim that the internet will improve access to information and entertainment and lead to greater social justice. Dissident voices suggest it will exacerbate social inequalities through the creation of information haves and have-nots and result in greater social control through the growth of elec tronic surveillance. Technological determinism can be detected on both sides. We reject technological determinism and instead highlight the complexity and dynamism of the internet, and contribute to the development of a sceptical critique of the ‘information society’.
Getting Real about Surveillance and Privacy at Work
Authors: Mason David , Button Graham , Lankshear Gloria , Coates Sally
Published: November 2023

The five rules of virtuality that frame this volume (Woolgar, Chapter 1) seek to capture the ways in which the adoption of a ‘positive scepticism’ can contribute to our understanding of the impact and potential of new electronic and communication technologies. The five rules represent a shorthand summary of the counter-intuitive findings of the various projects that made up the ‘Virtual Society?’ programme. The project reported on here is no exception to this general pattern.
The Reality of Virtual Social Support
Authors: Nettleton Sarah , Pleace Nicholas , Burrows Roger , Muncer Steven , Loader Brian
Published: November 2023

It is now well established that there exists a strong relationship between levels of social capital and social support, on the one hand, and levels of health and well-being, on the other (Callaghan and Morrissey 1993; Cooper et al. 1999). It can be demonstrated that variations in certain aspects of psycho-social life—such as sense of control, perceived social status, the strength of social affiliations, social support, self-esteem, feelings of ontological (in)security, and so on—lead to variations in a number of health outcomes (Wilkinson 1996; Elstad 1998; Lomas 1998; S. Williams 1998). In short, people who display a high degree of social participation and/ or have good social and community relationships tend, ceteris paribus, to have better physical and mental health.
Forum Selection And Forum Rejection In Us Courts: One Rationale For A Global Choice Of Court Convention
Authors: Brand* Ronald A
Published: November 2023

At the end of 2001, negotiations at the Hague Conference on Private International Law for a Convention on Jurisdiction and the Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments had reached a critical stage, with doubts about the road ahead. The delegates to those negotiations had spent nearly a decade in an attempt to draft a treaty that would deal with both the rules of jurisdiction applied directly in the originating court and the rules governing recognition and enforcement of resulting judgments in the courts of another contracting state. A Preliminary Draft Convention completed in October of 1999 was revised under changed rules at the two weeks of Diplomatic Conference in June 2001.3 The resulting Interim Text is replete with bracketed language and variations within many articles, making it a lengthy catalogue of negotiating positions, but not particularly useful in working toward a final Convention.
Introduction: Conceiving Cosmopolitanism
Authors: Vertovec Steven , Cohen Robin
Published: November 2023

‘Cosmopolitanism’ is a long-sidelined concept recently reactivated by a wide range of social and political theorists. For various reasons, as David Harvey (2000: 529) puts it, ‘cosmopolitanism is back’. In most cases the re-emergence of cosmopolitanism arises by way of a pro-posed new politics of the left, embodying middle-path alternatives between ethnocentric nationalism and particularistic multiculturalism. For some contemporary writers on the topic, cosmopolitanism refers to a vision of global democracy and world citizenship; for others it points to the possibilities for shaping new transnational frameworks for making links between social movements.
Middle Eastern Experiences of Cosmopolitanism
Authors: Zubaida Sami
Published: November 2023

Arab and Muslim empires, like their predecessors and successors, brought together many peoples and cultures and established imperial centres that in their heydays comprised thriving artistic, literary and commercial cultures, aspects of which can be described as cosmopolitan. The Abbasid court, for instance, at its golden age in the eighth and ninth centuries, created such a cosmopolitan milieu mixing the Arab religion with the Persian culture and state-craft, patronizing poets and philosophers.
Taking Time Seriously: Organizational Change, Flexibility, and the Present Time in a New Perspective
Authors: Noss Christian
Published: November 2023

Despite the fact that time is underlying any change processes, in general, conventional organizational discourse still depicts the problem of change mainly from a ‘content’ view. If time plays a role at all, it is rendered to be of inferior conceptual importance. It will be argued that the dominant time perspectives that are implied in contemporary managerial thinking prove to be a retarding element as far as an enriched perspective on change and a conceptual consid eration and integration of organizational flexibility are concerned. In particular, the fact that today’s organizations have to deal with an emergent environment, which is increasingly hard to determine and never stands still, underlines the need to reformulate the organization–environmentrelationship as arelationship in-time. Therefore, a new conceptual outline of flexible and ‘movable’ organizations in a relentlessly changing environment is suggested. Modern systems theory and a social-phenomenological conception of the present time serve as the conceptual points of departure. Implications for a new change management are addressed.
Explorations in Pragmatic Economics
Authors: Akerlof George A
Published: November 2023

Akerlof illustrates how his ‘modern’, Nobel Prize-winning methodology of using ‘tailor-made’ economic models to solve problems differs from the standard, benchmark, all-encompassing general-equilibrium-perfect competition-based methodology.
Knowledge and Learning in Natural Language
Authors: Yang Charles D
Published: November 2023

It is a simple observation that children make mistakes when they learn a language. Yet, to the trained eye, these mistakes are far from random; in fact, they closely resemble perfectly grammatical utterances by adults--who speak other languages. This type of error analysis suggests a novel view of language learning: children are born with a fixed set of hypotheses about language--Chomsky's Universal Grammar--and these hypotheses compete to match the child's ambient language in a Darwinian fashion. The book presents evidence for this perspective from the study of children's words and grammar, and how language changes over time.
The Information Economy
Authors: Shapiro Carl , Varian Hal R
Published: November 2023

As the century closed, the world became smaller. The public rapidly gained access to new and dramatically faster communication technologies. Entrepreneurs, able to draw on unprecedented scale economies, built vast empires. Great fortunes were made. The government demanded that these powerful new monopolists be held accountable under antitrust law. Every day brought forth new technological advances to which the old business models seemed no longer to apply. Yet, somehow, the basic laws of economics asserted themselves. Those who mastered these laws survived in the new environment. Those who did not, failed.
Local Labor Market Policies and Social Integration in Europe: Potential and Pitfalls of Integrated Partnership Approaches
Authors: Evers Adalbert
Published: November 2023

Unemployment and social exclusion seem to have established themselves as key problems at the turn of the millennium. The unemployment rate in the European Union stands at nearly 10 percent representing some 16 million people. Approximately 50 million EU citizens are considered to be poor. The growth of productivity as a consequence of technological innovation and the effects of economic globalization may aggravate the situation in the future. Evidently, the model of social integration and inclusion developed over the past 50 years by Western European welfare states can no longer be expected successfully to curb unemployment, exclusion, and poverty when these are no longer temporary individual risks, but widespread and lasting social phenomena.
Italian Migration
Authors: Boca Daniela Del , Venturini Alessandra
Published: November 2023

Italy is a country with a long history of emigration and a very short experience of immigration. Mass emigration started with Italian unification: during the period 1861–1976 over 26 million people emigrated, half of them towards other European countries, the rest towards North and South America. Two-fifths of all these emigrations originated from the regions in the south of Italy. The reasons were, on the one hand, the slow and difficult development of the Italian economy and, on the other, the economic expansion which characterized other countries between the second half of the nineteenth century and the First World War. After the Second World War, Italians emigrated mostly towards Europe, especially Germany. In the same years, the development of the industrial north stimulated mass internal migration from the south to the north west.
Migrations in Spain: Historical Background and Current Trends
Authors: Bover Olympia , Velilla Pilar
Published: November 2023

Spaniards have historically moved in large numbers in response to economic incentives. At the beginning of the twentieth century the out-flow to South America was massive and later, from the 1950s through the 1960s and 1970s, emigration to Europe was impressive. At the same time, during the 1960s and 1970s, inter-regional mobility inside Spain was also substantial. However, since the mid 1980s we witness in Spain what may seem a migration puzzle: despite persistent unemployment differentials, high unemployment regions are not any more net outmigration regions while rich and low unemployment ones are no longer net immigration regions. Since this is the currently important migration issue in Spain, in this chapter more attention will be devoted to internal migration and its determinants.
Property—Rights in Rem or Wealth?
Authors: Harris Jim
Published: November 2023

If we wish to compare modern systems of contract, we can probably start with a rough trans-systemic conception of what a contract is, although we may then argue about the true rationale for enforcing contracts. The same applies to the notion of a civil wrong as the basis for comparing systems of tort/delict; or to the idea of a nuclear family, around which we can contrast various systems of family law. ‘Property’ is more elusive, precisely because the rationales invade the concept at its core in ways I shall explore. No one has contributed more effectively to this problem than Bernard Rudden, principally in two seminal essays: ‘Economic Theory v Property Law: the Numerus Clausus Problem’;2 and ‘Things as Thing and Things as Wealth’. What emerges, as we shall see, is that we cannot proceed to any advantage in comparative property law without inventing theoretical constructs that transcend local legal dogmatics.
Supply Chain Dynamics
Authors: Naim Mohamed , Disney Stephen , Towill Denis
Published: November 2023

There is currently a considerable preoccupation with the impact of electronic innovations in various environments including business, commerce, and manunfaltering. In particular, the Internet and related information and communication technologies (ICT) have recently enabled the cost-effective dissemination of information between disparate parties in the supply chain.
The Employment Relationship through the Lens of Social Exchange
Authors: Coyle-shapiro Jacqueline A-M , conway Neil
Published: November 2023

Almost half a century ago, Homans (1958: 597-8) wrote “[exchange] ... is one of the oldest theories of social behavior, and one that we still use every day to interpret our own behavior ... [but] this view has been much neglected by social scientists.” Presently, social exchange is a dominant theoretical framework used to examine the employment relationship as exemplified by research on psychological contracts (Rousseau 1995) and perceived organizational support (Eisenberger et al. 1986) and its consequences on employee attitudes and behavior.
Narratives of Individual and Organizational Identities
Authors: Czarniawska-Joerges Barbara
Published: November 2023

In spite of the claim that machines and organisms are the most popular images of organization (Morgan, 1986), the conception of organizations as superpersons is another metaphor that is as popular and taken for granted. This superperson is seen as a decision maker, understood sometimes as the leader, sometimes the management group or the organization as a collective.(Czarniawska-Joerges, 1993).
Introduction
Authors: Friedman Andrew L , Miles Samantha
Published: November 2023

The classic definition of a stakeholder is ‘any group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of the organization’s objectives’ (Freeman 1984: 46).1 At its broadest and most ambitious the stakeholder concept represents a redefinition of all organizations: how they should be conceptualized and what they should be. The organization itself should be thought of as a grouping of stakeholders and the purpose of the organization should be to manage their interests, needs and viewpoints.
The Evolving Status of NGOs under International Law: A Threat to the Inter-State System?
Authors: Kamminga* Menno T
Published: November 2023

In 1996 Judge Gilbert Guillaume, the then President of the International Court of Justice, took the unusual step of publicly criticizing the role played by NGOs, in the context of the Court’s advisory opinion on the legality of nuclear weapons. In an individual opinion, he expressed his unease about the role played by the International Association of Lawyers against Nuclear Arms (!ALANA) and other groups bringing pressure to bear on the Assemblies of the United Nations and the World Health Organization in order to induce them to refer a request for an advisory opinion to the Court.
Windows of the Soul
Authors: Porter Martin
Published: November 2023

In late fifteenth century Florence, Renaissance humanists rediscovered a secret, natural language hidden in the visual wisdom of the proverb 'the eyes are the windows of the soul'. Through its magical prism, the language of eyes, faces, voices, laughs, walks, even stones, plants and animals, all became windows into the souls of other people, of oneself, of nature, and ultimately of God. Some saw in its words the perfect hieroglyphic language by which Adam had first named nature, which, when combined with the art of memory, could bring about a form of 'inner writing' or mystical self-transformation. Yet many others dismissed it as a collection of arbitrary conventions, superstitious enigmas, or 'gypsy' riddles. Embroiled in the religious persecution of the Reformation, rejected as a science during the Scientific Revolution, in the age of Enlightenment physiognomy came to be seen as nothing more than an amusing entertainment. But with the dawn of Romanticism, be it in the realms of science, religion, or poetry, some began to see that physiognomy was no game and the flame of serious interest in physiognomy was once again rekindled. Combining book history and visual history, Dr Porter reconstructs this physiognomical eye, interprets the way in which books on physiognomy were read and traces the wider intellectual, social, and cultural changes that contributed to the metamorphosis of this way of beholding oneself and the natural world from the Renaissance to the dawn of Romanticism.
Upper Echelons Theory Origins, Twists And Turns, And Lessons Learned
Authors: Hambrick Donald C
Published: November 2023

The central idea of upper echelons theory is that executives act on the basis of their highly personalized interpretations of the situations and options they face. That is, executives inject a great deal of themselves their experiences, personalities, and values into their behaviors. To the extent those behaviors are of consequence, say in shaping strategy or inXuencing the actions of others, organizations then become reXections of their top managers.
Where Does Inequality Come From? The Personal And Intellectual Roots Of Resource-Based Theory
Authors: Barney Jay B
Published: November 2023

It has been said that all writing is autobiographical. If true, then one’s research because it is such an intense and focused form of writing must be a particularly intimate form of autobiography. In this sense, all scholarship is self-revelatory. It is as if there is embedded, within the body of one’s published work, a hidden Rorschach test that reveals more than even the author sometimes knows.
Managerial And Organizational Cognition Islands Of Coherence
Authors: Huff Anne S
Published: November 2023

Cognition is important. Attempts to understand it are rooted most deeply in psychology, a Weld that takes a major share of the behavioural science pie in most universities, often larger than the other main contenders: sociology and economics. As cognition became a subject of its own in the 1970s and 1980s, it was strongly shaped by the sub Weld of social psychology, but also by computer and information science, along with many other Welds. It was a ‘‘golden era’’ of argument within an arena that all agreed had enormous potential. Part of the assurance of those working in the emerging discipline came from rapid developments in computer science, and the assumption that the human brain functioned in the way a computer (of that time) functioned.
Research Complementarities: A Resource-Based View of the Resource Allocation Process Model (and Vice Versa)
Authors: Peteraf Margaret A
Published: November 2023

The Resource Allocation Process (RAP) model, as introduced by Bower (1970) and extended by Burgelman (1983), has proven to be among the most enduring contributions to the field of business strategy. It has inspired a rich array of field studies, in settings ranging from large multinational organizations to smaller, focused firms and entrepreneurial start-ups. Taken collectively, these studies provide an impressive base of supporting evidence for RAP applications. Although the basic model continues to gain empirical support, some of the most promising research has been in the realm of theory building. New research is extending the reach of the model, introducing factors external to the firm, and delineating the boundary conditions of the model. Other studies have begun to explore the limits of the RAP model, questioning the conditions under which the model is likely to be prescriptive as well as descriptive. Eisenmann and Bower’s (2000) study of ‘top-down’ strategic decision making in global media firms is an example. These studies bring new insights, more richness, and greater dimensionality to the model.
EMU and Fiscal Policy
Authors: Dimitrov Vesselin
Published: November 2023

The impact of EMU on fiscal institutions and fiscal policy can potentially reach further into the core competencies of national governments than the effects of EMU in any other policy area. While in monetary policy EMU involves a much more complete transfer of authority from national governments to supra-national institutions than in fiscal policy, monetary policy—even at the national level—has often been the preserve of a relatively narrow circle of central bank and finance ministry officials.
Technology and Construction Court
Authors: Davis Michael , Akenhead Qc Robert
Published: November 2023

The Technology and Construction Court is one of the specialist jurisdictions of the High Court. It deals with a specialised workload involving construction industry and engineering disputes and, increasingly, information technology disputes. Its work often involves heavy factual cases, but also action in support of other dispute resolution methods such as arbitration, mediation, or adjudication under the Housing Grants, Construction, and Regeneration Act 1996. Technology and Construction Court :Practice and Procedure provides a unique and authoritative guide to this jurisdiction. It examines the day-to-day workings of the Court in detail, including: the relevant Civil Procedure Rules, the Pre-Action Protocol procedure, case management, alternative dispute resolution, the Court's support for arbitration, the stages in proceedings leading up to trial, the enforcement of adjudicators' decisions and costs. The book is fully up-to-date to take account of the second edition of the TCC Guide, which took effect on October 2005. The text offers step-by-step guide to the practice and procedures involved in the initiating and defending of proceedings, together with expert analysis and guidance on matters unique to the Court - such as Scott schedules, handling of expert witnesses, and enforcement of adjudication decisions. The authors are specialist practitioners with extensive experience of the Court from both sides of the legal profession. They have combined an authoritative analysis of the powers and constitution of the Court with detailed attention to the practical matters facing litigants, including timescales, costs, and the interaction of the Court's powers with alternative dispute resolution methods. There are useful appendices with extensive materials including a list of the current Judges, a list of District Registries, relevant legislation, rules of procedure, Practice Directions, and statutory instruments and various standard forms. This detailed and authoritative guide to the practice and procedure of this Court will be an essential reference work for all practitioners and in-house counsel involved with construction, engineering and IT disputes.
The Citizen Sector Transformed
Authors: Drayton Bill
Published: November 2023

Over the last two and a half decades, the operating half of the world that deals with social issues has gone through an historical transformation of unprecedented speed and scale. It has gone from pre-modern to entrepreneurial and competitive—in precisely the same sense as those words are used in business. This is a profound change in architecture. It is a change with huge relevance for almost everyone. For millions it is a career change waiting to happen. For those running businesses, governments, universities, and—certainly—citizen groups, it is bringing profound changes to the strategic environments facing these institutions. Five years ago, for example, business strategists could afford to pay little attention to the sector. If they do so five years hence, they will probably be committing malpractice. The same is true for scholars or journalists whose job it is to understand and explain the forces at work in society.
Feminist Theories of Work
Authors: Gottfried Heidi
Published: November 2023

As evocatively captured by Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s lament in her short story, ‘The Yellow Wall-Paper’, work has a long, but troubled, history in women’s lives and in feminist thought. Although written in the early twentieth century, Gilman anticipates many of the themes taken up by feminists in the late twentieth century. In this excerpt the female protagonist’s fragile body dooms her to play the part of ‘the weaker sex’ in a Victorian drama.
A Note on Leadership for Collaborative Communities
Authors: Maccoby Michael , Heckscher Charles
Published: November 2023

The role of leadership in the move to coJlaborative community is referred to frequently in this volume, but generally as a paradox or mystery: leaders must give up their familiar tools of imperative authority, yet they must continue to play a strong role. Adler and Heckscher (Chapter 1) write that collaboration is compatible with continued hierarchy, though subsumed under the principle of community; but they do not explain how leaders can navigate this seeming contradiction.
How to Map Arguments in Political Science
Authors: Parsons Craig
Published: November 2023

To venture into explanation of political action we need some map of our basic options: what kinds of explanations are out there? Even advanced students and scholars can find the landscape difficult to chart. We confront a bewildering maze of partial typologies, contrasting uses of terms, and debate over what counts as explanation. This book makes an argument about the most useful first cut into explanations of action. It illustrates the map with reference to political examples and a wide range of political science literature, but the scheme applies even more broadly across the social sciences and history. Common terms form the sectors of the map: structural, institutional, ideational, and psychological logics. This book's novelties lie in arguments about how to best define these terms. It narrows them into distinct mechanisms, arriving at basic segments of causal logic into which all explanations of action can be broken down. It also makes them compatible, however, such that we could imagine a world in which all operated while debating how much each caused any given action. Four benefits follow. The typology directs our attention to the most basic debates about what causes what. Its framework is systematic and exhaustive, bounding our explanatory universe. It defines our main approaches in ways that facilitate both competition and combination. Lastly, it leads to revisions of prevailing views on philosophy of science and research design to encourage more open and rigorous debates. Graduate students will find no other overviews of comparable scope and precision. Scholars of all theoretical inclinations will encounter provocative challenges to their views of theorizing and use of terms.
Swift Trust and Temporary Groups
Authors: Meyerson Debra , Weick Karl E , Kramer Roderick M
Published: November 2023

This is the ‘Dallas Organization.’ As Peters and others have noted, temporary groups of this sort are becoming an increasingly common form of organization (Kanter, 1989; Peters, 1992). In many respects, such groups constitute an interesting organizational analog of a ‘one-night stand.’ They have a finite life span, form around a shared and relatively clear goal or purpose, and their success depends on a tight and coordinated coupling of activity. As an organizational form, temporary groups turn upside down traditional notions of organizing. Temporary groups often work on tasks with a high degree of complexity, yet they lack the formal structures that facilitate coordination and control (Thompson, 1967).
Which Dreams Come True? Endogeneity, Industry Structure, and Forecasting Accuracy
Authors: Barnett Michael L , Pant P Narayan
Published: November 2023

Forecasting holds endless fascination for people. The mass media devote multitude hours and pages to speculations about what is going to happen. People construct forecasts with horoscopes, statistical analyses, esteemed experts, simulation models, and Delphi techniques.
Final thoughts on Iran, the EU and the limits of conditionality
Authors: Kile Shannon N
Published: November 2023

For the European Union, the Iranian nuclear issue poses an early and important test for the implementation of its Strategy against Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction. Some European leaders have emphasized the importance of resolving the issue, through EU-led diplomacy, for the credibility of a distinctive European approach to addressing WMD proliferation challenges and for demonstrating that Europe is foreign policy actor to be reckoned with on the international scene. For countries such as Iran, non-proliferation has become the main prism through which the wider spectrum of their political, economic and trade relations with the EU is refracted.
Ownership, Co-Ownership, and the Justification of Property Rights
Authors: Penner* James
Published: November 2023

One of the marks of Jim Harris’s property scholarship was his clear elaboration of and sustained emphasis on the concept of ‘ownership’ and the way it figures in a proper understanding of property. In this chapter I hope to elaborate a ‘property- specific justice reason’, Harris’s term for those reasons which specifically worked to justify rights to property, which has not hitherto been given sufficient attention. To do so I will elaborate a distinction between two different kinds of property interest, the ‘ownership’ interest and lesser ‘proprietary right’.
Cystic fibrosis
Authors: Thomson Anne H , Harris Ann
Published: November 2023

Cystic Fibrosis: The Facts provides a much needed simple and understandable source book about this disease. It is aimed at those living with the Cystic Fibrosis (CF), either themselves or members of their families or their friends. The book explains clearly what is happening to the body in CF, what causes it and what treatment options are available for the different aspects of the disease. There are more detailed chapters for those wanting to find out about the genetics of the disease and specific aspects such as how it affects life choices and employment. It looks to the future in terms of potential new therapies for CF and provides useful information on organizations that can provide help and further information across those areas of the world where the disease is prevalent.
Beyond Laboratory Phonology The Phonetics of Speech Communication
Authors: Kohler Klaus J
Published: November 2023

Every science develops paradigms—sets of theoretical and methodological principles—which are only partly determined by scientific phenomena, far more so by the sociology of science. They are passed on through teaching and an influential, often missionary discipleship, and are finally codified in textbooks and degree curricula. Changing them is the equivalent of a scientific revolution (Kuhn 1970).
Applying Perceptual Methods to the Study of Phonetic Variation and Sound Change
Authors: Beddor Patrice Speeter , Brasher, Anthony , Narayan Chandan
Published: November 2023

Linguists have long recognized phonetic variation as a key factor in sound change (e.g. Paul 1880; Baudouin de Courtenay 1972a), and researchers’ ability to study phonetic variation continues to evolve with methodological advances. For example, the use of conversational corpora to study variation in connected speech has opened the door to large-scale investigation of the ways in which variation in speech production mirrors patterns of sound change. At the same time, a comparable large-scale database is not available, nor possible, for speech perception.
Your capital
Authors: Mayson Stephen
Published: November 2023

Historically, lawyers have not needed to think very much, or in a very sophisticated way, about the value of their businesses. Equity partners in professional partnerships have usually invested capital in the firm, and may look to banks and other lenders for help with financing premises, equipment, and working capital. There has been a predominantly internal focus on investment and valuation, with most partners expecting only the return of their contributed capital and any undrawn profits. The dis-appearance of goodwill from the vast majority of law firm balance sheets has removed the prospect of capital appreciation that can be realized by a departing partner. Further, external ownership has generally not been permitted, and only limited external investment has been allowed (if at all) by the professional rules in most jurisdictions. There has therefore been little reason to look at law firms as outside investors might.
New Sources of Radical Innovation: Research Technologies, Transversality, and Distributed Learning in a Post-industrial Order
Authors: Shinn Terry
Published: November 2023

This chapter connects literature in the history and sociology of science and technology to studies in organizational sociology of innovation. The focus is the emergence of a new technical/organizational/epistemological environment specifically propitious to the growth of radical innovation. What exactly is ‘radical innovation’? Radical innovation may usefully be defined as the generation of novel products or/and processes with simultaneous reference to a vertical and a horizontal axis. The vertical axis refers to the raw materials, components, and production operations involved in the manufacture/production of products, and the horizontal axis refers to the variety and range of end-user products and services which the innovation directly fits or strongly affects.
The Taylor Institution
Authors: Barber Giles
Published: November 2023

The foundation, in 1724, of the Regius professorship of Modern History, and of the professor’s supporting posts for teaching modern languages, has been described in The Eighteenth Century.’ This initiative petered slowly out as regards the language side, which only moved forward some 120 years later following a delayed benefaction from a remarkable man. Sir Robert Taylor, born at Woodford, Essex, in 1714, was originally a sculptor and a pupil of Sir Henry Cheere. When Taylor’s apprenticeship was over his father gave him ‘just money enough to travel on a plan of frugal study to Rome’. While the future Sir Robert was in Rome news reached him of his father’s death and he decided to return home at once. This he is reputed to have done disguised as a Franciscan friar, since he lacked the passports necessary to cross Europe in time of war. Having thus ‘passed unmolested through the enemy’s camp’, he returned to find that his father had died (in 1743) a bankrupt. Friends came to his aid and he soon made a considerable reputa-tion as a sculptor. Realizing, however, the strength of contemporary competition in this field, he turned to architecture, and by hard work and businesslike methods built up one of the most extensive practices of his day, being surveyor to the Bank of England, the Admiralty, and the Customs, Architect of the King’s Works, Master Carpenter, and Deputy Surveyor. He was knighted in 1783 upon his election as Sheriff of London.
Capabilities and Happiness: Overcoming the Informational Apartheid in the Assessment of Human Well-Being
Authors: Comim Flavio
Published: November 2023

Five years have passed, but I still remember well that day. The setting was one of the poorest neighborhoods of one of the largest Brazilian cities: Porto Alegre. He was very slim. His clothes were very dirty. He had few teeth. He seemed hungry. I asked him whether he would mind answering a few questions we had about the well-being of the population. He consented. It was a small list of questions.
The representation of movement in ability nominalizations. Evidence for covert category movement, Edge phenomena, and local LF
Authors: Roeper Thomas , Hout Angeliek Van
Published: November 2023

Two questions are prominent in modern minimalist discussions: how abstract are the principles which govern grammar, and how far do syntax and the lexicon penetrate one another? We argue that very sharp data reveal the presence of a passive operation for ability nominalizations which (a) entails covert phrasal movement, (b) a ‘long-distance’ connection to an Edge, (c) LF sensitivity, and (d) the Chain Condition (following Chomsky (2001), Pesetsky (2000), as well as Frampton & Gutman (2000), Fu et al.