bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Vision of Daniel 8 : Interpretations from 1700 to 1900
Authors:   , Núñez Samuel ,   Andrews University
Published: May 2023

This study attempts to trace the history of the interpretation of the vision of Dan 8, particularly its five animal symbols, the temporal phrase of the 2300 "evening-mornings," and three cultic expressions, from about 1700 to 1900. The main objective is to discover different interpretations, the exegetical and/or historical arguments that were offered, and the approaches that were used. In the period 1700 to 1800, interpreters of the preterist and historicist schools were more involved in the interpretation of Dan 8 than any other school of interpretation. It was in this century that the traditional historicist view of the little horn was challenged. In the period 1800 to 1850, interpreters of the historical-critical school and the futurist school proposed new methods and applied them to Dan 8. Nevertheless, the historicist school remained dominant, at least in England and the United States. It was in this period that historical-critical scholars began to revive a less well known view of the four world empires of Daniel, and historicists became more concerned with the temporal expression of "2300 evening-mornings." In the period 1850 to 1900, the same four schools of interpretation continued to deal with the vision of Dan 8. At the beginning of this period the historical-critical method reached new frontiers. English expositors began to apply it in the interpretation of Daniel. At the end of the century it had many followers in the British territory and it began to be used in the United States. The futurist school also grew in this period, while the historicist school lost some ground due to the lack of a literal and historical fulfillment of certain prophecies and due to the growing inroads of modernism. Concurrently the traditional view of the little horn was revived and the traditional view of the four world empires (Babylon, Medo-Persia, Greece, and Rome) continued to be the most popular. In the last chapter certain conclusions and implications regarding the interpretations of the vision of Dan 8, schools of interpretation, and some issues in interpretation are presented.
The Concept of the Poor in the Context of the Ecclesiology of Liberation Theology
Authors:   , Rodor Amin ,   Andrews University
Published: May 2023

This investigation deals with the concept of the poor in the thought of Latin American Liberation theology, particularly as articulated in the context of the movement's ecclesiology. Chapter I traces the historical and theological context for the emergence of liberation theology. The focus is placed first on the ecclesiological models through which the Roman Catholic Church expressed its life and mission in Latin America and how it affected the Church's social relations in the area. The impact of the ecclesiological shift of Vatican Council II, in combination with the historical situation of Latin America in the late '60s, is seen as creating the immediate setting for the discovery and option for the poor by progressive Latin American Catholics. Chapter II shows that, in its effort to place theological reflection at the service of humanization and social changes in a context marked by massive poverty, liberation theology has attempted to situate theology in history and rethink it "from below." The ecclesiological and pastoral implications of this approach are readily apparent. Demanding from the Church an effective function on the side of the oppressed determines the necessity for an analysis of the society's socio-political-economic situation. Marxist analysis of society is brought into the theological method. Thus, to avoid traditional spiritualization, paternalistic and fatalistic approaches the poor are identified "scientifically" in terms of the Marxist dialectic of history. This pre-understanding of and pre-commitment to the poor fatally shapes the liberation view of sin and salvation, its notion of the "church of the poor" and its re-reading of the Bible. Biblical texts and events dealing with the poor, selectively chosen, are strongly influenced by the adopted conflictive view of society. Chapter III reflects critically on liberation theology's concept of the pooras framed within the class struggle polarization. Since, when faithful to their methodology, liberation theologians see "the poor" and "oppression" exclusively in socio-economic terms, the reactualization of Christian doctrines from the "perspective of the poor" tends to replace traditional verticalism with the opposite one-dimensional approach. Option for the poor tends to be expressed as an option for the proletariat, and the "church of the poor" tends to become the church of one social class. The last part of the chapter tests the liberationist view of the poor in the light of Scripture. This investigation concludes by affirming the biblical validity of liberation theology's concern for the poor. "Option for the poor," however, must be cleansed from ideological ambiguities. Liberation theology could avoid the ideological trap and increase its appealing potential if its view of the poor through sociological criteria were balanced and controlled by the biblical criteria. In the light of Scripture, "option for the poor" is, in fact, option for the needy, independent of conformity with ideological demands.
Issues in Biblical Inspiration: Sanday and Warfield
Authors:   , van Bemmelen Peter ,   Andrews University
Published: May 2023

This study attempts to clarify the issues involved informulating a doctrine of Biblical inspiration. It does so through a careful analysis and comparative evaluation of two contrasting concepts or models of inspiration. William Sanday and Benjamin Warfield were selected as prominent representatives of a liberal and a conservative approach to the problem. A brief introductory chapter, delineating the aims, method and limitations of the study, is followed by a survey of the history of the doctrine of Biblical inspiration from the sixteenth century onwards. This survey focuses chiefly on the English-speaking world and especially the Anglican and Presbyterian traditions to which Sanday and Warfield belonged. It is seen that the institutions where they taught, Oxford University and Princeton Theological Seminary, respectively, were centers of two opposing trends at the culmination of the debate about Biblical inspiration in the late nineteenth century. The analysis of the two models in the third and fourth chapters deals in each case with the starting-point adopted, the methodology used, and the criteria applied in formulating the respective concepts, as well as the conclusions reached concerning the mode, the extent, and the effects of Biblical inspiration. Sanday, concentrating on the Biblical phenomena, concludes that there are distinct divine and human elements in the Bible and that inspiration is a matter of degrees. Warfield, focusing on Biblical affirmations and especially on the teachings of Christ, infers that Scripture is the product of a concursus of the divine and the human and that Biblical inspiration is best qualified as plenary and verbal. To him the evidence suggests that Scripture is infallible in every aspect, whereas for Sanday infallibility can only be attributed to its spiritual purpose. The comparative evaluation in the final chapter shows that despite apparent similarities--both scholars intend to let Scripture speak for itself and both claim to use the inductive method--the two approaches diverge from the outset. In the conclusion a number of suggestions are presented stressing the need for a Biblical conceptual framework and a clearly defined methodology in order to formulate an adequate doctrine of Biblical inspiration.
Protection and Reward: the Significance of Ancient Midrashic Expositions on Genesis 15:1-6
Authors:   , Cairus Aecio ,   Andrews University
Published: May 2023

Genesis 15:1-6, because of its content, provides singular opportunities for the study of ancient midrashic documents. This kind of study is being increasingly performed, and has interest from a theological, historical and--especially--exegetical viewpoint. Chapter 1 attentively analyzes the treatment of the entire unit in midrashic documents (Jubilees, Genesis Apocryphon, Philo, Josephus, the Targumim, and Genesis Rabbah), identifies their individual theological and exegetical concerns, and shows their progression over time. The most ancient ones are found to emphasize the covenantal aspects of the passage, while later documents stress the eschatological reward of Abraham as a fruit of his good works. Chapter 2 exegetes the unit by means of structural analysis, as well as historical and lexicographical research. The results confirm ancient insights on the covenantal character of the passage and on Abraham's faith as a reaction to the opening promises of protection rather than to the promise of offspring. The characteristics of ancient grant-covenants are employed to shed light on terms of theological significance in the unit, such as "protection," "reward," "offspring," "trust," and "righteousness." A comparison with the gains of chapter 1 then shows how the ancient documents anticipated both the identification and the solution of several exegetical difficulties in the passage, including text, language and theology. These findings tend to substantiate recent recommendations to use ancient midrashim as valid interlocutors at each step in the exegetical tasks. The progression, over time, of exegetical stances and theological ideas in those documents is shown to have implications for certain issues of the history of Judaism in current debate. The insights gained from the study of ancient midrashim and the historical setting of the unit contribute to a better grasp of its import. In redirecting the interpretation away from a doctrinaire attitude to one more historically determined, these insights are also able to lead scholars of different persuasions towards common grounds of understanding for the passage.
The Heavenly Court Scene of Revelation 4-5
Authors:   , Davis R. Dean ,   Andrews University
Published: May 2023

The purpose of this study is to interpret the heavenly court scene of Rev 4-5 through a thematic analysis of the passage. Little detailed study has been done to demonstrate the significance of the passage in its totality or its significance for the early chapters of Revelation. Scholars have noted parallels between Revelation and the Old Testament, but only recently have they begun to recognize the major impact of the Old Testament concept of covenant on Revelation. The research approach for this study is thematic m nature, with exegesis as a necessary tool. Chapter 1 establishes Rev 4-5 as a literary and thematic unit, justifies its contextual limits, and provides an overview of the passage to isolate the following five themes: temple theology; ontological cosmic unity; judgment; covenant sad royal theology; and involvement of the Trinity in salvation. Chapter 2 provides a biblical overview of these themes to establish their biblical meanings. Chapter 3 examines the themes and motifs of Rev 1*3 which have particular contextual significance for the interpretation of Rev 4-5. Chapter 4 gives an analytical overview of the principal heavenly court scenes in the Old Testament which have parallels in the heavenly court scene of Rev 4-5. Chapter 5 provides an interpretation of Rev 4-5 within the framework of the five themes. Chapter 6 provides a summary, principal conclusions, and the implications for the remainder of Revelation. It is concluded that the heavenly court scene of Rev 4-5 is portrayed in terms of ;• cosmic temple that is based upon the temple of the Old Testament covenant. As a heavenly court scene, it describes a divine council in session that, through an investigative-type judgment, decides the worthiness of the Lamb to receive the covenant inheritance depicted through the imagery of the seven-seated scroll. Through corporate solidarity with the Lamb, the righteous are also judged. The cultic Lamb is portrayed in terms of king and priest who elevates the righteous to the same status. With the Lamb, the Father and the Holy Spirit are united in the restoration of creation through the redemptive process of the covenant.
The Jephthah Traditions : a Rhetorical and Literary Study in the Deuteronomistic History
Authors:   , DeWitt Dale ,   Andrews University
Published: May 2023

The literature on Judges reveals a growing body of insights into its structure and arrangement, and the social dynamics and theology of the eras of its events and (later) composition. At the same time, there is continual search for greater understanding of these features of the book. Rhetorical criticism furnishes a promising approach to discovering the structure of the Jephthah stories, when used with genre-identification aspects of form criticism. The five Jephthah narratives are a loosely integrated, but symmetrically arranged sequence. The first and fifth narratives are rhetorically designed to pair with each other; the second and fourth are similarly designed, but also feature the correlated motifs of Jephthah's rise and fall. Between them lies a diplomatic speech of Jephthah which embodies the regular kerygma of ancient Israel, here pressed in to the service of Jephthah's effort at peaceful settlement of Ammonite aggression through diplomacy. Thus, the Jephthah stories are symmetrically arranged. The thematic over-arch is the establishment of a single-head government in Gilead under conditions of national repentance, foreign threat, and elders' treaty; this movement is finally frustrated by tragedy, however. The remainder of the book of Judges has been composed by pursuing this matching-pairs technique all the way to the outer edges. Thus the Jephthah series is framed by the two minor judge portions, these in turn by the Gideon-Samson blocks, and these again in turn by chaps. 4-5 and 17-18. Finally chaps. 1-3 and 19-21 are coordinated. A new understanding of the structure of Judges thus emerges from this study of the Jep'uthah series and its implications. The most likely historical setting for the composition of Judges is the Solomonic Era when the problems Israel faced in the Judges Era again emerged. The editors approved of single-head rule legitimated by elders' treaty, but warned of idolatry, foreign dominion, and internal disruption. When the Deuteronomistic History was assembled in the Exilic Era, Judges became part of that history. Jephthah and the other charismatic judges came to be seen as forerunners, not only of the monarchy, but of the later, equally charismatic prophetic movement.
A Study of Hemispheric Preference As It Relates to Reading and Recalling Nonsense Words from a Card Reader
Authors:   , Groff Charlotte ,   Andrews University
Published: May 2023

Problem. Information was not found in the literature concerning whether an individual, beginning reader or problem reader, consistently recalled a greater percentage of nonsense words attempted from a card reader with the right ear and right visual field (a Left Hemisphere Method), or with the left ear and left visual field (a Right Hemisphere Method), and whether one of these two methods achieved better results than using both eyes and both ears (the Both Hemispheres Method). Method. This pilot study employed case study/clinical, formative methodology with eighteen boys and nine girls, ages 6-12 in preschool through grade four. The probability theory, based on the binomial distribution, was used to analyze whether any child, in six sessions, consistently recalled more words with the Left or the Right Hemispheric Method, and thus inferred a hemispheric preference. A chi-square was used to analyze whether a significant difference existed between the problem readers who were classified by their schools as making adequate progress, with a trend toward one hemispheric method, versus problem readers classified as making poor progress. Careful observations made during the testing sessions offered educational insights. Results. Two out of twenty-seven children recalled more words with the Left Method in all six sessions and were found to have a significant preference. None consistently preferred the Right Method. Of twenty problem readers older than six, ten showed no trend toward either the Left or Right Methods--they were the poor readers. The other ten, who were making adequate progress, showed a trend toward one method. Conclusion. Readers older than six may need a trend toward the Left or Right Hemispheric Method in order to make adequate progress. If so, readers without a trend may need help to develop a lead hemisphere. Selected Observations. Multiple testings showed considerable daily variation in some subjects. This variation suggests that one day of testing may not adequately measure the way a child learns. Excellent readers, when confronted with words written in a symbol-alphabet, behaved like poor readers. However, they began developing a phonetic structure. Such behavior suggests all readers may need to acquire a phonetic system to read well.
The Successive, Corresponding Epochal Arrangement of the "Chronogenealogies" of Genesis 5 and 11B in the Three Textual Traditions : LXXA, SP, and MT
Authors:   , House Colin ,   Andrews University
Published: May 2023

This investigation deals with the concepts of orthodoxy and heresy in the thought of the Swiss theologian Hans Kung. Chapter I sketches the broad outlines of the development of Christian orthodoxy and, by implication, of the heresy which opposed it, starting with the New Testament times. The most relevant elements constituting the structure of the orthodoxy-heresy antithesis are identified, described, and analyzed. The attention is thus focused on the traditional and modern principles, criteria, norms, and theological issues which have interplayed in the church's efforts to understand the Christian message correctly. Chapter II shows that the pastoral concerns which constitute Kung's theological starting point originated during the years of his priestly formation in Rome. These concerns are his interest in contributing to the ecumenical understanding among all Christian traditions and his preoccupation for proclaiming the gospel in terms both intelligible and relevant to modern humankind. Some important shifts in the development of Kung's theology and his hermeneutical principles are described as well. Chapter III endeavors to describe and analyze Kung's understanding of the principles, criteria, and norms of classical orthodoxy. It presents the manner in which the Swiss theologian stresses the normativity of the original deposit of faith over against the sub-apostolic traditions and magisterial pronouncements of the church. Kung's concept of heresy as a selection from the totality of revelation is addressed at the end of the chapter. Chapter IV deals with the modern criteria and norms of orthodoxy. Kung's dynamic, dialectical, and historical concept of truth as such is described and analyzed. In this context, his views on the fallibility of human propositions are also addressed. Kung's theory of the changes of paradigm in theology is briefly enunciated This theory explains how the revolutionary changes in the basic assumptions and in the world-view of one paradigm originate a crisis which entails the replacement of the old paradigm by the new, thus turning past orthodoxies obsolete. This study ends, in chapter V, with a critical appraisal of Kung's model of orthodoxy-heresy. It is concluded that his decisive norm of Christian truth is the modern scientific-historicist horizon of understanding. As for the gospel of Jesus Christ, which Kung claims is his ultimate criterion and norm of Christian truth, it is considered, rather, as the center of the theologian's personal faith. Finally, some of the contributions of Kung to the understanding of orthodoxy-heresy are mentioned, as well as the inner tensions of his model.
Relationship of Caning to Internal-External Locus of Control Among Selected African Secondary and College Students
Authors:   , Kilmer James ,   Andrews University
Published: May 2023

Problem. Harsh punishment has been recognized as an antecedent of external locus of control. External locus of control has been associated with negative aspects of academic and social development. Educators in Africa need to know if caning is associated with external locus of control. Method. This study was an ex post facto design. The population was 732 African students between the ages of 17 and 31 years in their third or final year of secondary school or first or second year of college. All students were from Seventh-day Adventist schools located in the English-speaking African countries of Ghana, Malawi, Nigeria, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zimbabwe. Practically the entire population classified themselves as Christian (67% Seventh-day Adventist, 33% other faiths). Extreme groups consisting of (1) those who reported they had been caned as often as once a week at home or school (2) and those who reported they had been caned less than once a year (76 and 107 respectively) were compared for differences in Rotter I-E scores, with age and educational level controlled, by means of ANCOVA. Nine one-way ANCOVA tests were run with a separate covariate (sex, mother's education, nationality, social environment, sex of the punitive agent, household types, and time periods of caning) each added to age and educational level. Results. Frequent caning was significantly related (p_ = .0059) to external locus of control with age and educational level controlled. This supported the experimental hypothesis in the direction anticipated. Only sex and educational level were significant as covariates. Neither of these, however, accounted for a meaningful portion of the differences in I-E scores related to frequency of caning. Conclusions. Caning surfaced as the variable most closely related to external locus of control.
Selected Variables Related to Alienation from Religion Among Church-Related High School Students
Authors:   , Carl Laurent ,   Andrews University
Published: May 2023

Problem. One of the most important concerns of parents and church leaders is alienation from religion among church-related adolescents. This research was conducted to discover relationships that might exist between alienation from religion and other selected variables. Method. Three hundred and ninety students were selected by a stratified random method from among all students attending three church-related youth conferences. Each teenager was asked to respond to an inventory which consisted of 162 statements divided into eighteen attitude scales. One scale measured alienation from religion, while the other seventeen measured the independent variables. The major statistical method used in analyzing the data was multiple regression analysis. Results. The alienation scores revealed that 12.8 percent of the adolescents might be considered alienated from religion in general, while 51 percent are alienated from some aspect of their religion. Items which elicited the most alienation concerned experiences with the church, uninteresting sermons, deficient devotional life, and religious restrictions on life-style. Correlations between the alienation-from-religion scale and the other scales were all significant except one. Therefore, all but one of the research hypotheses were supported. Four of the five highest correlations dealt with church influences. No home influences ranked higher than tenth. Three of the scales, which were not included in Dudley's 1977 study, Media Influence, Self-Esteem, and Peer Influence, ranked third, sixth, and seventh, respectively. Conclusions. Alienation from religion in church-related adolescents is highly correlated with the quality of their relationships with parents and other authority figures, peer groups, their own self-concepts, media influence, and the church. As the quality of these key relationships is improved, parents and church youth leaders can expect a reduction in adolescent alienation from religion.
Applying Marketing Concepts to Seventh-day Adventist Secondary Education
Authors:   , Penner David ,   Andrews University
Published: May 2023

Problem Seventh-day Adventist academies face financial problems due to declining enrollments and inadequate funding. Higher education has looked to marketing as a possible means of reversing these trends. While much has been written about marketing in higher education, little has been written concerning the marketing of secondary education. Method In order to accomplish the purpose of this study, it was necessary to review the current ideas on marketing higher education and examine those ideas that might apply to secondary education. An outline for marketing SDA secondary education was then developed. In order to validate the outline, a panel of judges, composed of two groups of SDA educators, was selected to evaluate the conclusion. This outline and a summary of educational marketing were sent to a randomly selected group of principals of SDA boarding academies in the United States for their evaluation and comments. The outline was revised with these observations in mind. Subsequently, the revised outline and summary were submitted to the Union Directors of Education for their appraisal, and their remarks constituted the basis for evaluation and final revision of the outline. Results It would appear that educators have accepted the idea that a form of marketing can be applied to education. The majority of institutions of higher education discussed in the literature reviewed reported a degree of success regardless to the institution size or the extent of the marketing effort. Although limited in number, there were educators who advocated that marketing can and should be applied not only to higher education but to elementary and secondary education as well. A sampling of Seventh-day Adventist educators agreed that marketing may be workable in the context of SDA boarding academies. There appeared to be an agreement that something must be done to help achieve the mission of providing a Seventh-day Adventist education for the church's young people. Conclusions Since it has been demonstrated that marketing concepts can be applied to higher education and since conditions that have concerned higher education exist in private secondary schools, it may then be of value to suggest the adoption and use of these marketing principles in Seventh-day Adventist academies. The outline should provide administrators with a guide for taking the necessary steps in applying these principles in their individual schools.
The Concept of Contextualization and its Implications for the Seventh-day Adventist Theological Education in India
Authors:   , Ponniah Melchizedek ,   Andrews University
Published: May 2023

Problem The Seventh-day Adventist chruch in India operates in a rapidly changing pluralistic context and a predominantly Hindu culture. Response to the emerging opportunities and demands suggest the reconstruction of theological education in more contextual terms. It is imperative that the institutions and practice of ministry be shaped and evaluated in terms of the manifold functions to be performed in the varegated and highly differentiated cultures within which the Adventist church functions. Method This study utilized the historical and descriptive methods. Literature was reviewed to gather concepts related to the concept of contextualization and contextualization of theological education. Conclusions 1. The existing Seventh-day Adventist theological education in India does not adequately address the ministerial context. Consequently, a more contextual curriculum construct was a necessity. 2. The religious, socio-cultural, economic, and educational contexts of India are significant determinants for the contextualiztion of theological education. 3. The data in this study indicated that contextualization was a theological, ecclesiological, educational, and sociological necessity. 4. Involvement in the contexts of ministry during the theological training tend to reinforce the various needs, issues, and problems a future minister might confront, and thus give opportunity to address them in the class discussions. Recommendations 1. Inasmuch as Adventist theological education in India was in need of contextualization, it is recommended that the proposed contextual construct be studied by concerned entities with a view to implementation. 2. Contextualization is a dynamic and ongoing process. It is recommended, therefore, that Spicer memorial College in conjunction with the Southern Asia Division and union missions set up a committee to evaluate theological education annually. Of necessity, this committee should include both theologically trained church leaders, theology educators, experienced ministers, ministers in training, and laypersons. 3. It is recommended that field seminars be conducted in all the union missions of India to facilitate the process of contextualization as a mission methodology.
Paleogeography, Archeology and Ancient Toponymics and Terminology of Azov Crimea
Authors: Maslennikov Alexander A. ,   Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: May 2023

The article was prepared within the framework of the project "Black Sea and Central Asian periphery of the ancient world and nomadic communities of Eurasia: at the crossroads of cultures and civilizations" № НИОКТР 122011200269-4. The article discusses ancient toponyms, terminology and relevant archeological realities of the Sea of Azov, but mostly their relevancy with paleogeology and paleogeography of the region in antiquity. The attention is mostly paid to the level changes of the Sea of Azov and the Chokrak Lake. The author uses the results of the latest archeological excavations and of some natural-scientific investigations. He analyzes both differences and similarities of the three groups of the sources. In the first “case” the author uses the results of the long-term excavations of the academic expedition led by him. The expedition investigates on the significant area and extent not only multi-temporal and multi-cultural sites of the Sea of Azov, but also relevant natural landscapes. Particularly, several periods of water level decline and rises of local bodies of water have been determined and chronologically confirmed, first and foremost those of the Sea of Azov and neighboring lakes and rivers, as well as of subsoil waters. There processes’ having had impact on the origin, location and state of conservation of settlement structures, demography and features of economic activities of the local population in the 6th century BCE to the 6th century ACE have been analyzed. These results serve to determine two or three periods which show either desolation or (vice-versa) prosperity of the lands in question. But it is important that the results have confirmed that a lot of our written sources are well informed and even objective. Sometimes they permit to better understand the sources or even to correct the former translations and, moreover, relevant comments. Thus, they emphasize again great degree of information in the works by Herodotus, Diodorus Siculus, Scylax, Polybius, Strabo, Pomponius Mela, Plinius Major, Claudius Ptolemaeus and in the less degree of other authors of various historical and geographical works, first and foremost, peripli, on the size and depth of the Sea of Azov, the quantity of settlements on its coasts, the direction of trade routes (proceeding from the main streams), local climate and its changes through centuries, historical events etc. In a number of cases archeology served to significantly clarify the chronology and scope of some changes, and (last but not least) to emphasize the importance of the complex approach for general and specific research of the ancient geographical legacy.
Pomponius Mela, De chorographia: Known, misunderstood, unknown about the person and work
Authors: Geus Klaus ,   Freien Universität Berlin
Published: May 2023

Die „Chorographie“ (de chorographia bzw. cosmographia bzw. de situ orbis) des Pomponius Mela ist das erste geographische Werk in lateinischer Sprache. Es entstand während der Regierungszeit des Kaisers Claudius im Winter des Jahres 43/44 n. Chr. Die Selbstcharakterisierung des Autors als „ein unzugängliches Werk, das für eine elegante Darstellung schlecht geeignet ist“ (impeditum opus et facundiae minime capax) ist in der modernen Forschung meist unbesehen übernommen worden: die Einschätzung von Melas „Chorographie“ schwankt daher zwischen „Schulbuch“ aus „bloßem Allgemeinwissen“ und trockener „Hofgeographie“ eines „ibero-römischen“ Angehörigen des Ritterstandes. Eine nähere Analyse zeigt jedoch, dass solche Ansichten unhaltbar sind: Pomponius Mela erweist sich in Wirklichkeit als ein literarisch begabter und seine Leser fordender Schriftsteller, der seinen Stoff abwechslungsreich, mit erstaunlichem Maß an wissenschaftlichen Kenntnissen und mit großem literarischen Können gestaltet hat. Hervorzuheben sind vor allem sein durchdachter und stringenter Aufbau sowie die bis in Kleinste ausgefeilte Sprache: beispielsweise vermeidet Mela in seiner Beschreibung des Pontus bzw. Schwarzen Meeres ganz bewusst jede Wiederholung und versucht die verschiedenen Erscheinungsformen des Wassers (Meere, Flüsse, Seen usw.) sprachlich adäquat und literarisch abwechslungsreich wiederzugeben. Anders als bisher in der Forschung gesehen, versteht sich Mela auch nicht primär als „Römer“ – Rom und die Römer kommen in seinem Werk erstaunlich selten vor und werden zudem recht nüchtern geschildert, – sondern als ein aus Nordafrika nach Tingentera (Spanien) ausgewanderter „Phönizier“. Dementsprechend sind es die Phönizier, die sehr positiv charakterisiert werden und als die Urheber zahlreicher Wissenschaften und Fertigkeiten gelten. Der vorliegende Beitrag lädt dazu ein, das Werk des Pomponius Mela unter verschiedenen Perspektiven neu zu lesen: de chorographia ist nicht nur ein wichtiges Werk der antiken Geographie, sondern auch, und zwar vor allem, ein bisher verkanntes literarisches Kunstwerk.
Toponymica Pontica 3. Imaginary and Real Sugdean Toponyms
Authors: Vinogradov Andrey J. ,   National Research University “Higher School of Economics”
Published: May 2023

One of the main problems in studying the toponymy of the Northern Black Sea region is our fragmentary knowledge about it, which is collected bit by bit from written sources, inscriptions, ethnography, etc. Therefore, the discovery of several local toponyms is always a very important event for the toponymy of a region. This note will focus on several toponyms of the medieval Sugdea (modern Sudak), read in one of the glosses in the margins of the Sugdean Synaxarium and introduced into scientific circulation by M. Nistazopulu. A more thorough study of the glosses makes it possible to read the name of the Sugdean mountain – Daut.
Miraculous Scythia of Gaius Iulius Solinus
Authors: Ilyushechkina Ekaterina V. ,   Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration
Published: May 2023

The lost ethno-geographic information of Hellenistic tradition and of the earlier one on the northern Black Sea and neighboring territories are partially preserved due to the compilations emerged in the epoque of the Roman Empire. Thus, “Collectanea rerum memorabilium”, the work by Gaius Julius Solinus, (the 3rd cent.), despite its “secondary” information, is a promising source for the researchers of the northern Black Sea’s ethno-geography. The article discusses Solinus’s information on peoples and tribes dwelling in the region of the northern Black Sea in antiquity, as well as other descriptions (mostly concerning hydronyms, local fauna and customs and the mode of life of Scythian tribes) drawing attention to the features of Solinus’s world picture. Solinus’s compilation’s chief sources were works by Pomponius Mela and Pliny the Elder. Exposing their texts, Solinus used rhetorical techniques and added paradoxography’s excursions to his predecessors’ information, i.e., inserted unusual facts and curious natural phenomena. Obviously, such a description should have made Solinus’s ethno-geographical stuff more attractive to ancient readers and contribute to “a popularization” of the science of ancient oikoumene, i.e., serve didactic targets. If mirabilia in ancient literature are used from the early times, “the miraculous examples” in the work by Solinus are put to the forefront. So, one can speak of his proximity to the literature of ancient paradoxographers. Conventional requirements of sophistics do not exclude the use of Solinus’s work as a historical source containing true facts and details, which not only remove complications in understanding of Solinus’s ethno-geographic map, but also add some evidence of history and culture of the northern Black Sea region in antiquity.
ПРИНЦИПИ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ОБІГУ ВІРТУАЛЬНИХ АКТИВІВ
Authors: БОНДАРЕНКО Олександр
Published: May 2023

Стаття присвячена дослідженню принципів забезпечення обігу віртуальних активів. Встановлено, що принципи забезпечення обігу віртуальних активів є сукупністю основоположних ідей та вихідних начал, які спрямовані забезпечувати однотипне формулювання правового впливу на суспільні відносини щодо використання нематеріальних, виражених в електронній формі благ, наділених вартісним еквівалентом у платіжних або інвестиційних цілях у цифровому форматі. Зазначено, що виокремлення конкретних принципів забезпечення обігу віртуальних активів пов’язано з: а) специфікою вимог до функціонування суб’єктів, що забезпечують обіг віртуальних активів; б) специфікою правової природи віртуальних активів як об’єкта управлінсько-правового впливу. Виокремлено систему принципів забезпечення обігу віртуальних активів, яка складається із: 1) принципів функціонування суб’єктів владних повноважень (наприклад, принцип верховенства права та належного врядування); 2) принципів використання цифрових технологій в публічному секторі (наприклад, принцип інтероперабельності, «сумісності за замовчуванням); 3) принципів обігу віртуальних активів. До принципів використання віртуальних активів, віднесено: 1) постійний моніторинг існуючого стану правового регулювання в сфері обігу віртуальної валюти до наявних технологічних модифікації; 2) адаптація та подальше удосконалення політики в сфері обігу віртуальних активів до стандартів ЄС; 3) врахування потреб усіх учасників ринку віртуальних активів без будь-яких дискримінаційних проявів; 4) доброчесність учасників ринку віртуальних активів як умова їх допуску до сфери послуг, пов’язаних з віртуальними активами. Обґрунтовано доцільність внесення змін до Закону України «Про віртуальні активи» в частині доповнення його статтею «Принципи обігу віртуальних активів» для забезпечення прав громадян України, створення для державних органів можливостей протидіяти вчиненню правопорушень щодо легалізації доходів, отриманих злочинним шляхом, фінансуванню тероризму, ухилення від сплати податків, яких пов’язано з обігом віртуальних активів.
MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA PADA PELAJARAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN SOSIAL MELALUI MODEL PEMBELAJARAN SELF DIRECTING LEARNING (SDL)
Authors: Humisar Rismawati Hutauruk
Published: May 2023

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk: Meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa pada pelajaran Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial di Kelas VII-4 melalui Model pembelajaran Self Directing Learning (SDL) di SMP Negeri 1 Labuhan Deli  Tahun Pelajaran 2019/2020. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah Metode Penelitian Tindakan Kelas dengan menggunakan 2 siklus. Subjek penelitian ini adalah siswa Kelas VII-4 SMP Negeri 1 Labuhan Deli  sebanyak 34 orang. Teknik yang digunakan untuk memperoleh data adalah menggunakan test, angket  dan observasi. Rentang nilai untuk tes  adalah 1-100. Teknik analisa data yang digunakan adalah menggunakan perhitungan jumlah nilai rata-rata siswa, persentase jumlah siswa yang tuntas dan persentase jumlah siswa yang tidak tuntas. Hasil Penelitian ini menunjukkan terdapat peningkatan hasil belajar dengan menerapkan Model pembelajaran Self Directing Learning (SDL) dengan hasil sebagai berikut: terdapat peningkatan rata-rata hasil belajar siswa, dimana pada tes awal rata-rata hasil belajar siswa adalah 33,82, pada siklus I meningkatkan menjadi 65,88 kemudian pada siklus II meningkat lagi menjadi 75,59 terdapat peningkatan jumlah siswa yang tuntas, dimana pada tes awal jumlah siswa yang tuntas hanya 0%, meningkat menjadi 64,71% pada siklus I kemudian meningkat lagi menjadi 82,35% pada siklus II, terdapat penurunan jumlah siswa yang tidak tuntas, dimana pada tes awal jumlah siswa yang tidak tuntas mencapai 100%, pada siklus I menjadi 35,29 % kemudian pada siklus II menurun lagi menjadi 17,65% dengan kata lain hanya 6 siswa yang memperoleh nilai di bawah 70 dan selebihnya (28) siswa memperoleh di atas 70.
MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA PADA PELAJARAN SENI BUDAYA MELALUI MODEL PEMBELAJARAN IMPROVE
Authors: Nurmalia
Published: May 2023

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk: Meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa pada pelajaran Seni Budaya di Kelas VII-6 melalui Model pembelajaran Improve di SMP Negeri 1 Labuhan Deli  Tahun Pelajaran 2018/2019. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah Metode Penelitian Tindakan Kelas dengan menggunakan 2 siklus. Subjek penelitian ini adalah siswa Kelas VII-6 SMP Negeri 1 Labuhan Deli  sebanyak 32 orang. Teknik yang digunakan untuk memperoleh data adalah menggunakan test, angket  dan observasi. Rentang nilai untuk tes  adalah 1-100. Teknik analisa data yang digunakan adalah menggunakan perhitungan jumlah nilai rata-rata siswa, persentase jumlah siswa yang tuntas dan persentase jumlah siswa yang tidak tuntas. Hasil Penelitian ini menunjukkan terdapat peningkatan hasil belajar dengan menerapkan Model pembelajaran Improve dengan hasil sebagai berikut: terdapat peningkatan rata-rata hasil belajar siswa, dimana pada tes awal rata-rata hasil belajar siswa adalah 30,63, pada siklus I meningkatkan menjadi 64,06 kemudian pada siklus II meningkat lagi menjadi 74,69 terdapat peningkatan jumlah siswa yang tuntas, dimana pada tes awal jumlah siswa yang tuntas hanya 0%, meningkat menjadi 59,38% pada siklus I kemudian meningkat lagi menjadi 81,25% pada siklus II, terdapat penurunan jumlah siswa yang tidak tuntas, dimana pada tes awal jumlah siswa yang tidak tuntas mencapai 100%, pada siklus I menjadi 40,62% kemudian pada siklus II menurun lagi menjadi 18,75% dengan kata lain hanya 6 siswa yang memperoleh nilai di bawah 70 dan selebihnya (28) siswa memperoleh di atas 70.
LANGUAGE STYLE USED IN BLACKPINK’S SONG LYRICS “THE ALBUM” RECORDS 2020
Authors: Jannah Miftakhul , Sudirman Sudirman , Hanifah Qomar Aulia
Published: May 2023

Language style is a choice of words that have more meaning and the way to show about expression in many ways. This research focus on the using  language style in Blackpink’s song lyrics “The Album” records 2020. The objectives of this research were to describe type and to find out the dominant type of language style in Blackpink’s song lyrics “The Album” records 2020. The writer uses descriptive qualitative design, in which the data are sentences that contain of language style in the lyrics. In analyzing the data the researcher applied qualitative descriptive.The result of this study, the researcher found 33 types of Rhetorical and Figurative Language Style which consist of 9 hyperbole, 1 litoses, 1 paradox, 10 simile, 8 metaphor, 2 metonymy, 2 allegory. Three types of language style simile, hyperbole, and metaphor are dominant.
DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF “TITANIC” MOVIE THEME SONG
Authors: Ambarita Rosmita , Kristiana Vera , Sopha Diana , Harianto II Harianto II
Published: May 2023

The researcher made this paper based on my discourse analysis to the song “My Heart Will Go On” as the theme of Titanic. It was interesting to analyze this song because the researcher really like the movie (Titanic) of which this song’s as the theme. The objective of this research was to know what the main idea or information from this song whether it is appropriate with the story of this movie or not. It was a descriptive qualitative method and it used the semantic approach to analyze the song lyrics. In order the researcher can understand the meaning of the song easily, first, translating the song lyrics into Indonesian, then trying to understand the meaning of each word in this song, next, analyzing the social and cultural context of the song. The researcher also tried to give a personal response to the song based on opinion to the movie generally and to the song specifically. It is a good song. This song is really about true love. The Titanic movie gave people a stereotype every time listened to this song they would imagine that the song is from Rose for jack, her true love. The content of this song is all about love. Love did not disappear although one of them was died. They would meet and see each other in her dream every night. It seems to be impossible, but it shows us what a powerful the true love is. “My Heart Will Go On” tells us the different point of view. In this song, true love can not disappear, it’s forever in her heart.
DESAIN APLIKASI PENDAFTARAN DONOR DARAH KORP SUKARELA (KSR) UNIVERSITAS MURIA KUDUS BERBASIS ANDORID
Authors: Wijayanti Esti , Meimaharani Rizkysari , Hidayati Hanik
Published: May 2023

Unit Kegiatan Mahasiswa (UKM) Korp Sukarela (KSR) Universitas Muria Kudus (UMK) yang rutin menjalankan atau melaksanakan donor darah bersama Palang Merah Indonesia (PMI). Dalam kegiatan donor darah tersebut, tidak semua yang berniat mendonorkan darahnya diperbolehkan.Untuk mencukupi kebutuhan darah, banyak dari beberapa kalangan yang menyelenggarakan acara donor darah, terutama bagi mereka yang berkecimpung didunia Palang Merah. Organisasi KSR PMI di tingkat perguruan tinggi, akan tetapi pada masa ini kegiatan tersebut tidak dapat terlaksana dengan baik. Dikarenakan terkendala adanya pandemi Covid-19. Sebagai masyarakat kita harus memenuhi protokol kesehatan yang ada. Guna memenuhi protokol yang ada, maka kegiatan donor darah  akan dilaksanakan sesuai dengan aturan yang sudah dianjurkan oleh pemerintah. Dengan hal ini, maka pendaftaran juga akan dilaksanakan secara tidak langsung / dianjurkan melalui aplikasi. Desain Aplikasi Pendaftaran Donor Darah berbasis Android dengan tujuan untuk memberikan kemudahan dan dilaksanakan secara mudah, aman dan efisien. Sehingga diharapkan aplikasi tersebut dapat membantu penyelenggara donor darah yaitu Unit Kegiatan Mahasiswa KSR PMI UMK dalam mensosialisasikan kegiatan diadakannya donor darah
Self-regulated learning of primary school teachers, reviewed from external factors
Authors: Rola Fasti
Published: May 2023

This study aims to examine the overview and differences in self-regulated learning among elementary school teachers in terms of external factors such as teacher income, job position, and school status. The participants were 72 primary and junior high school teachers from North Sumatra recruited using an incidental sampling method. The measuring instrument employed is a self-regulating learning scale set up by the characteristics indicated by Pintrich, Smith, Garcia, and McKeachie (1991). The results show that self-regulated learning instructors are in the top group, and there is no difference in self-regulated learning teachers in terms of salary, work position, or school status.