bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mental health
Authors: Currow David , Clark Katherine , Kleinig Paul
Published: February 2024

People may have a combination of long-term mental health issues, and those which may emerge during the course of a life-limiting illness. Understanding the person’s life and their longer-term background of mental health is critical to helping to work through issues that may arise acutely at the end of life. The input of people who know well the person with the life-limiting illness can be critical to obtaining the full picture needed to piece together a diagnosis and clinical care plan.
Beyond NAC: Acidemia After Acetaminophen Overdose
Authors: Tartter Benjamin , Ballester Michael
Published: February 2024

Acetaminophen overdose is a frequently encountered clinical challenge and one that is potentially lethal. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a highly efficacious antidote; however even in cases where this is given in a timely fashion acute liver failure can sometimes occur. Acetaminophen ingestion has also been noted to occasionally cause a high anion-gap acidosis without signs of liver failure both early after overdose and with long-term use. It is imperative that the physician be prepared to care for these patients and, if needed, arrange transfer to a facility or unit with the ability to perform liver transplantation and/or emergent hemodialysis.
The (Lack of) Benefit of a Screening Urine Drug Screen
Authors: Ervin Rebecca , Padmanabhan Pradeep
Published: February 2024

Urine drug screen (UDS) immunoassays represent an inexpensive, rapid tool commonly utilized in the ED and other clinical and nonclinical situations as part of the evaluation of patients with psychiatric complaints, intoxication, or undifferentiated altered mental status, among other indications. Collecting urine specimens and performing the tests may significantly impact the length of stay in the ED. Despite its widespread use, UDS results rarely change management and may negatively affect the patient’s care. With the evolution of biochemical diversity in drugs of abuse as well as cross-reactivity of immunoassays, false-negatives and false-positives significantly limit the clinical utility of screening UDS.
A Long Way from Woodstock: Synthetic Cannabinoids
Authors: Nogee Daniel
Published: February 2024

Since their first appearance in the United States’ recreational drug supply, synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) have become an increasingly common substance of abuse and have been linked to mass-overdose outbreaks in multiple states. The term “synthetic cannabinoids” includes dozens of structurally distinct chemicals that share a common site of action on the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors, the same target as delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol found in marijuana. While not living up to their marketing as a “safe and legal” recreational drug, SCs are often used by those looking to avoid testing positive on immunoassay-based urine drug screens. Clinical effects are unpredictable, ranging from mild agitation or delirium up to lethal cardiac arrythmias, and they can be difficult to distinguish from other substances of abuse or nonpharmacological medical illness. Fortunately, most patients recover with minimal long-term consequences.
You Are Getting Chernobyl Close to Home: Acute Radiation Syndrome and Cutaneous Radiation Syndrome
Authors: Fahmy Girgis , Kazzi Ziad
Published: February 2024

Acute radiation syndrome is the acute illness that occurs after exposure of the entire body, or most of it, to a high dose of ionizing radiation over a short period of time. The severity of the illness is contingent on the patient’s preexisting conditions, the presence of other injuries like trauma or burns, the total dose, and the rate of exposure. As the dose of radiation increases, the acute radiation syndrome will manifest as four different sub-syndromes: hematopoietic, GI, neurovascular, and cutaneous sub-syndromes. Acute radiation syndrome progresses through four stages: prodromal, latent, manifest illness, and recovery or death. Management of acute radiation syndrome first involves performance of life-saving emergency department interventions then addressing the radiation exposure or contamination with radioactive materials afterward.
Attitudinal Sources of Meaning: Encountering Life’s Limitations
Authors: Applebaum Allison J. , Breitbart William S.
Published: February 2024

The fourth session of Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy for Cancer Caregivers focuses on the meaning that can be derived by caregivers through reflecting on how they face limitation, challenges, and losses. The main goal for Session 4 is to explore the topic of Attitudinal Sources of Meaning, based on the guiding theme, Encountering Life’s Limitations. The discussion explores the ways caregivers faced limitations, obstacles, and losses before caregiving, and how they can choose to face the specific challenges engendered by their caregiving roles. The session also presents an opportunity for caregivers to discuss their experience of facing the ultimate limitation in life, which is death.
Creative Sources of Meaning: Creativity, Courage, and Responsibility
Authors: Applebaum Allison J. , Breitbart William S.
Published: February 2024

The fifth session of Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy for Cancer Caregivers focuses on the meaning that can be derived through how caregivers create and take responsibility for their lives. The goal for Session 5 is to introduce and explore the topic of Creative Sources of Meaning and the guiding theme, Creativity, Courage and Responsibility. The discussion touches on several key constructs: creativity, responsibility, courage, and guilt. By the end of Session 5, caregivers should recognize ways in which they can continue to create their lives despite the challenges and limitations of caregiving, and ways that the experience of guilt can serve as a motivator for positive change.
The Theo-Politics of Ritual: Defining and Contesting the Sacred Order of the Church
Authors: Gruber Judith
Published: February 2024

Both sociology of religion and statistical bodies within the Catholic Church approach the question of church membership in similar ways: they take participation in religious ritual as a benchmark of affiliation to a religious community. What seems to be a straightforward criterion for measuring membership actually speaks to a complex interplay in the constitution of political and cosmological order: the constitution of social order through practices such as religious rituals is, irreducibly, also a definition of the ‘extraordinary’. Thus, starting from the assumption that the formation of community is a political–theological practice of boundary-drawing that cannot but refer to a beyond, this article offers a theological critique of ritual participation as a criterion of ecclesial affiliation. Taking the performance ‘Verantwort: ich’ (Synodaler Weg, 2023) as a case, it shows that it rests on a theological concept of transcendence that is used as a hegemonic instrument to confirm the established order of belonging in the church. Arguing that the definition of ecclesial boundaries is an irreducibly powerful, even violent theo-political practice, it asks which theological notion of transcendence can best reckon with, and consequently offer tools for managing, rather than concealing, the normative violence that is at the heart of the question of who belongs to the church.
Evaluating Foa and Foa’s Social Resource Theory: A Data-Analytic Perspective
Authors: Sabbagh Clara , Schmitt Manfred
Published: February 2024

This chapter provides an overview of the traditional research methods (e.g., design and types of data analyses) applied to examine and validate Foas’ social resource theory (SRT). In this regard, the chapter elaborates on a comparative perspective of the strengths and shortcomings of two main traditional methods: smallest space analysis (SSA), the original multidimensional scaling method from which SRT stemmed, and factor analysis (FA). The chapter further focuses on SRT in a classroom setting as an applied illustration in which SRT is formally tested and validated using SSA and FA. Finally, the chapter discusses the potential use of other multivariate (untraditional) methods for exploring new research questions and hypotheses derived from SRT, hence expanding its scope and providing further possible validation to the theory.
J.N. Darby and the Roots of Dispensationalism
Authors: Gribben Crawford
Published: February 2024

J. N. Darby and the Roots of Dispensationalism describes the work of one of the most important and under-studied theologians in the history of Christianity. In the late 1820s, John Nelson Darby abandoned his career as a priest in the Church of Ireland to become one of the principal leaders of a small but rapidly growing religious movement that became known as the “Plymouth Brethren.” Darby and other brethren modified the Calvinism that was common among their evangelical contemporaries to develop distinctive positions on key doctrines relating to salvation, the church, the work of the Holy Spirit, and the end times. As Darby’s arguments were developed, after his death in 1882, he became known as the architect of the most influential system of end-times thinking among the world’s half-a-billion evangelicals. This “dispensational premillennialism” exercises extraordinary influence in religious communities, but also in popular culture and geopolitics. But claims that Darby created this theological system may need to be qualified, and—for all his innovation—this reputation might be undeserved. This book reconstructs Darby’s theological development and argues that his innovations were more complex and extensive than their reduction into dispensationalism might suggest. In fact, this book argues, Darby’s thought might be closer to that of his Reformed critics than to that of modern exponents of dispensationalism. Darby might have contributed some of its key ideas, but he did not witness the birth of dispensationalism.
Introduction
Authors: Gribben Crawford
Published: February 2024

This chapter introduces John Nelson Darby by summarizing his biography and his literary and theological achievements. Darby translated all or part of the Bible into English, French, and German. He wrote more than 850 separately published items, ranging from tracts and pamphlets to a five-volume commentary on every book of the Bible. He had wide intellectual interests and wrote reviews of current scientific publications and scholarship on the history of Indo-European language, Hinduism, the Book of Enoch, and Kant. He traveled extensively in western Europe, North America, and the Antipodes. But his reputation as the “father of dispensationalism” might not be deserved. Darby’s arguments came to focus on four major themes, which are the subjects of ensuing chapters: the doctrine of salvation, the work of the Holy Spirit, the church, and the last things.
Soteriology
Authors: Gribben Crawford
Published: February 2024

While his name is most often associated with the development of a distinctive theology of the end times, Darby believed that his most important work addressed the doctrine of salvation. His earliest religious convictions were those of an “exact churchman” in the Church of Ireland, combining Protestant views of justification by faith alone with a sacramental theology that critics would have regarded as Catholic. After his evangelical conversion, Darby identified with a small body of radical Calvinists, out of which the new movement of “Plymouth Brethren” emerged. But within this broadly Reformed view, his thinking became increasingly idiosyncratic. Darby extended high Calvinist arguments that the law had nothing to do with sanctification to argue that the law had nothing to do with justification, either.
Introduction
Authors: Magness Jodi
Published: February 2024

This introductory chapter begins by defining basic terms used throughout the book (e.g., bce versus bc; Palestine versus Holy Land versus Land of Israel). The next part familiarizes readers with Jerusalem’s location and topography. The final section introduces readers to our main sources of information about Jerusalem—literary works such as the Bible and Josephus’ writings, and archaeological data—and discusses the reliability of these sources.
Post-Exilic (Persian) Jerusalem (333 bce)
Authors: Magness Jodi
Published: February 2024

The Persians repatriated the exiled Judahites to Jerusalem and allowed them to build a new temple (the second temple). Under the leadership of Ezra and Nehemiah, some form of Pentateuchal law was implemented, and the city walls were rebuilt. But in 333 bce, Jerusalem was on the brink of a momentous event that would transform the Near East for centuries to come: the conquest of Alexander the Great. Living in an era before mass communication and the internet, Jerusalem’s residents were unaware of Alexander’s approach, and indeed, the significance of his conquest was recognized in Jewish tradition only in retrospect. Instead, life in Jerusalem continued as it had for the previous two centuries under Persian rule.
Epilogue
Authors: Magness Jodi
Published: February 2024

On 11 December 1917, following the withdrawal of Ottoman forces, General Edmund Allenby dismounted from his horse and entered the Jaffa Gate on foot to formally accept Jerusalem’s surrender to the British Crown. The British public viewed the city’s surrender as the culmination of the Crusader wars. Allenby’s entry was rooted in millennia of precedent, from David to Jesus to Heraclius to Umar to Godfrey de Bouillon. As a result, Jerusalem, which for Christians is the center of universal salvation and the capital of a symbolic world empire, became part of the British Empire and the capital of Mandatory Palestine. But just three decades after Allenby walked through the Jaffa Gate, the British, unable to stem the rising tide of violence between Jews and Arabs, relinquished the Mandate and withdrew from Palestine.
Motives, Methods, and Milton
Authors: Ullyot Michael
Published: February 2024

To ask why critics read Milton in the 2020s is to juxtapose his historical moment and methods with our present moment and methods. For various reasons, Milton studies lack Shakespeare studies’ enthusiastic embrace of presentist motives, due partly to Shakespeare’s public profile, but also to our academic environment. This chapter describes how that environment influences Milton’s readers at various levels of experience. It goes on to address digital editions and computational methods that interpret Milton without reducing his stylistic and formal qualities to mere quantities. Its conclusion points to the fact that criticism of past authors like Milton has simultaneously historicist and presentist motives.
Milton Lost and Regained in Turkey
Authors: Kirca Mustafa , Baktır Hasan , Öğütcü Murat , Issa Islam , Duran Angelica
Published: February 2024

In contrast to the long-standing canonization of Milton’s epic poems as world literature, the first Turkish translation of Paradise Lost was not published until the twenty-first century. To account for the delay, the first half of the chapter analyses intersemiotic appropriations of Paradise Lost in the Turkish polysystem of translated literature during the early decades of Republican Turkey, when importing source texts from a humanist and secular literary system was the primary focus of state-sponsored translation activity. The second half of the chapter scrutinizes how Halide Edip Adıvar’s translations and comparative analyses of Milton’s works are conscious of the shared culture of Abrahamic religions, a key theme that sheds light on how Milton was received in Turkish higher education from the publication in 1949 of Adıvar’s text until at least the 1970s. Having been used as an educational reference book for decades, Adıvar’s pedagogical intersemiotic translations consciously bear in mind the Islamic and Turkish backgrounds of their target audiences, namely students and general readers interested in English literature.
Miltonic Motifs in Russian Poetry and Art
Authors: Gabrielova Amina
Published: February 2024

Milton’s oeuvre became well-known in Russia by the end of the eighteenth century. Milton’s Satan became a particular point of fascination for Russian translators and artists alike. This chapter demonstrates how Milton’s poetry is echoed in different genres of Russian literature and art, by Alexander Pushkin, who greatly admired Milton for his artistic audacity and political courage; Mikhail Lermontov, in whose writings demonic characters take centre stage; and Mikhail Vrubel, whose paintings reveal deep connections to Milton’s poetic images. At the end of this chapter is a ‘Bibliography of Full and Partial Translations of John Milton’s Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained into Russian’, compiled by Andrew Kroninger with Vladislav N. Zabaluev, which documents for the first time to Anglophone audiences the high number of Russian translations from the eighteenth to twenty-first century.
Paradise Lost in Stained Glass
Authors: Sherry Beverley
Published: February 2024

This chapter focuses upon three stained glass windows that depict Paradise Lost. Dating from 1927–31, they were designed for buildings at the University of New Brunswick in Canada and Princeton University and Geneva College in the United States. While portraits of Milton in stained glass are numerous, as also illustrations of his works in various artistic media, representations of his works in stained glass are extremely rare, albeit spectacular. This chapter explores how the meaning and individuality of these three windows, works of architectural art, result from particular artistic execution as well as distinct architectural, social, cultural, and historical contexts. In so doing, Sherry attempts to identify what is lost and, more importantly, what is gained in these vitreous translations of Paradise Lost.
Miltonic Tempters in Scorsese’s The Wolf of Wall Street
Authors: Olson Jonathan R.
Published: February 2024

Temptation was a perennial concern for Milton: he examined it in masque, epic, tragedy, and lyric, and his four longest poems are centred on temptations and their consequences. The US filmmaker Martin Scorsese likewise has a longstanding interest in the subject: across an oeuvre of twenty-five features directed over six decades, his characters face temptations of diverse kinds in films permeated with religion and films less overtly religious. This chapter explicates how The Wolf of Wall Street (2013) combines in the main character of Jordan Belfort, Comus and his unruly retinue in A Maske Presented at Ludlow Castle, the dramatic arc and temptation techniques of Satan in Paradise Lost, the substance of Satan’s temptations in Paradise Regained, and themes that resonate across Milton’s prose.
Seeing, Hearing, and Feeling Milton’s Works with and as Prosthetic Sign Systems
Authors: Duran Angelica
Published: February 2024

The focus of this study is intermedial translation particularly accessible to disabled audiences. The chapter first focuses on two digital recordings of Milton’s Lycidas. The first is comprised of audio-recordings by eleven Honored Scholars of the Milton Society of America, the written text of the eleven stanzas of Milton’s pastoral elegy, and one black-and-white visual artwork for each stanza—by one of this volume’s contributors, Richard Kenton Webb. The second is a visual recording of the first stanza in American Sign Language with closed captioning. Both redound on the poem’s representations of community and embodiment. The chapter then features braille versions of Paradise Lost: the entire epic in a ten-volume material set based on a scholarly edition; and the beginning of the epic in artist Jamaal Sheats’s ‘Structure 3’, a multimedial artwork with enlarged braille. These combined sign systems heighten our awareness of the accommodations that all readers require to access any poetry.
Milton Marathons
Authors: Hale John
Published: February 2024

This chapter considers the translating of Milton’s written texts into spoken words in Milton marathons, the communal reading-aloud ‘from morn to dewy eve’ of Paradise Lost by scholars, students, and enthusiasts who distantly echo Homer and his rhapsodes. Hale shares some of the discoveries he experienced and witnessed from such Milton marathons at Otago University from about 1990 to 2015, with variations and experiments that built up a culture of performance and discovery. By putting Milton’s words through into their own voices and ears, through body and mind together, participants find meaning and pleasure, the meanings of a pleasure both collective and personal. At its simplest, reading aloud compels attention to changes in word-pronunciation, signalled by line-rhythm. More fundamentally, every reader must feel Milton’s syntax and, especially for beginners, his enjambment, ‘the sense variously drawn out from one verse into another’, to echo Milton’s note added to the epic in 1668, ‘The Verse’. In larger ways too, readers enter into Milton’s conviction; otherwise, they feel themselves become unconvincing, while listeners hear what jars and think of better ways. This is thinking Milton’s thought after him, submitting to be guided by him. It is intersemiotics interinanimated.
The David Caron “Rule of X”: A Call for Arbitrator Self-Discipline
Authors: Reed Lucy
Published: February 2024

In his 2017 lecture to the entering class of the Masters in International Dispute Settlement programme at the Graduate Institute in Geneva, David Caron proposed that arbitrators owe ethical duties not only to the parties, the institutions, and the courts but also to themselves. In particular, he examined the challenge of arbitrator over-commitment, its causes, and its effect on international dispute settlement. Caron argued that the solution would not be found only in codes of conduct or external limits, but rather in an individual commitment to a “Rule of X”—where X is the upper limit of cases for an arbitrator that s/he can responsibly manage at the same time. He then went on to explore the parameters and implications of such self-discipline. As the paper on which the lecture was based was a work-in-progress, this chapter will expand and explore the issues raised by the David Caron Rule of X—and in particular the positive impact of self-discipline Caron envisioned for the international dispute resolution field.
The Past and Future of ICSID Additional Facility Dispute Settlement
Authors: Kinnear Meg , Ayman Randi
Published: February 2024

This chapter provides an overview of the creation of the ICSID Additional Facility (AF) in 1978, its development and use between 1978 and 2022, and its revision in the amended ICSID rules of 2022. The chapter focuses on the 2022 version of the AF Rules to highlight how the Rules have expanded the availability of AF arbitration and conciliation, including by delinking them from the Convention’s jurisdictional requirements. The chapter further examines how the 2022 amendments have realigned certain AF procedures with their counterparts in the Convention arbitration and conciliation rules. The chapter also notes the creation through the 2022 amended ICSID rules of stand-alone sets of Fact-Finding and Mediation Rules. This discussion illuminates how the revised Additional Facility Rules of 2022 will apply in practice and the impact this might have on investor–state dispute settlement in the future.
The Singapore Convention on Mediation: Per Aspera Ad Astra
Authors: Morris-Sharma Natalie Y
Published: February 2024

In 2019, a new multilateral convention opened for signature, and set records as one of the highest number of first day signatories for any United Nations trade convention. This new convention, also known as the Singapore Convention on Mediation, provides for the cross-border enforcement of international commercial settlement agreements reached through mediation. It is anticipated to be to mediated settlement agreements what the New York Convention has been to arbitral awards. This chapter will examine the similarities and differences between the Singapore Convention and the New York Convention, with a view to better understanding the Singapore Convention and some of its key features. Remarks will also be offered on the significance of the Singapore Convention, not least for the landscape of international dispute resolution, including investor–state dispute settlement.
Independent Accountability Mechanisms in Dispute Settlement
Authors: Brown Weiss Edith
Published: February 2024

Within the last three decades, a new form of institution has emerged to give voice to citizens and affected people to enable them to hold multilateral development banks (MDBs) accountable. The body, known as an independent accountability mechanism (IAM), addresses disputes between those affected by an organization’s projects or programmes and management and staff of the organization. Independent accountability mechanisms offer attractive, less formal means for resolving disputes about the effects of development projects on local people. They build upon the long tradition of fact finding and commissions of inquiry in international law. The IAMs can investigate, consider all relevant information, engage directly with those bringing the dispute, retain flexibility for remedies for those responding to the findings, and provide insights on avoiding practices that cause harm. They give voice to those who are harmed or could be harmed by an institution’s actions. To be effective, they need to be accessible, credible, independent, and trusted by all parties.
Conservation and Management of the Living Resources of the Sea
Authors: Oxman Bernard H
Published: February 2024

Since the International Law Commission completed its 1956 draft articles on the law of the sea, the question of conservation and management of the living resources of the sea has been closely linked with compulsory third-party dispute settlement procedures. Today the compulsory jurisdiction provisions of the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea provide the basic template for the system. Those provisions are incorporated by reference and further strengthened in the 1995 Agreement on Implementation of the 1982 Convention with respect to straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks. Modern regional fisheries management agreements have continued this trend, incorporating by reference the dispute settlement provisions of the 1995 Agreement and in some instances adding creative new review procedures. Third-party dispute settlement has emerged as a central tool for encouraging compliance with environmental and conservation obligations at sea, and for strengthening international and regional fisheries management regimes by helping to persuade flag states to forego veto power over the adoption of regulatory measures and to accept concurrent enforcement authority over fishing vessels by other states. Provisional measures and other urgent procedures have especially important functions in this process.
Delegation Run Amok
Authors: Bermann George A
Published: February 2024

The proper allocation of authority between courts and arbitral tribunals over the enforceability of agreements to arbitrate has long occupied a central place in United States arbitration law, domestic and international alike. From US Supreme Court case law over the years, there has emerged a reasonably well-understood distinction between those issues of enforceability that a court will address if asked by a party to do so and those that it will not. Fundamental to the Court’s jurisprudence is a recognition that some enforceability issues—“gateway issues”—so seriously implicate the consent of parties to arbitrate their disputes that a party contesting the enforceability of an arbitration agreement on those grounds is entitled to a judicial determination of the matter, while others—“non-gateway issues”—do not. Complicating the gateway/non-gateway distinction is the Supreme Court’s recognition that parties remain free, in an exercise of party autonomy, to reserve the determination of gateway issues exclusively for arbitral determination, thereby foregoing access to a court on those matters. In the Court’s terminology, parties thereby “delegate” to a tribunal exclusive authority to determine issues over which a party would ordinarily be entitled to an independent judicial determination. This chapter considers the capacity for parties to “delegate” such authority to tribunals, including the means by which they may indicate their clear and unmistakable intent to do so.
Concluding Remarks
Authors: Bradley Ben S. , Selby Jane , Stapleton Matthew
Published: February 2024

Concluding Remarks reminds readers of the creativity and the power of humans as group members, whether young or old. Babies in Groups has undertaken to build hitherto-lacking pathways to connect newborns with the group-immersed grownup, based on research which shows that the groupness of humans is evident in the first months of life. In this way, the book constructs an account of human beginnings which contrasts with better-known paradigms that assume human social development has an infant–adult couple as its foundation stone and template. Concluding Remarks provides further intellectual and political context for the clash of visions Babies in Groups describes by reflecting on debates about childcare which pivoted around the Second World War.
When I Hid My Caste
Authors: Bagul Baburao
Published: February 2024

Part I of Concealing Caste: Passing and Personhood in Dalit Literature contains short stories by Dalit authors addressing the theme of hidden identity. The first of these is Baburao Bagul’s Marathi short story ‘When I Hid My Caste’ (Jevha Mi Jaat Chorli Hoti), first published in 1963, and later translated into English by Jerry Pinto. The story depicts Dalit railway workers who are poor but creative and industrious. The narrator, whose caste is unknown to his colleagues, is befriended by the foreman’s brother on account of their shared interest in poetry, while the other Dalit employee at the site fights off increasing caste hostility from fellow workers. What ensues exposes the structural logic of caste society which undermines merit, creativity, and hard work.
The Parable of the Lost Daughter: Luke 15: 11–32
Authors: Vinodini M.M.
Published: February 2024

Part I of Concealing Caste: Passing and Personhood in Dalit Literature contains short stories by Dalit authors addressing the theme of hidden identity. The third of these is M.M. Vinodini’s ‘Parable of the Lost Daughter: Luke 15: 11–32’, translated from Telugu by Uma Bhrugubanda. It is the story of a young Dalit Christian woman who, in the company of her brahmin classmate, imagines and takes initial steps towards inhabiting a comparable upper-caste status. She realizes that caste identity is not a personal choice but an imposed one. The struggle within herself and her struggle against the dominant Hindu ideology is the theme of the story.
Weave of My Life
Authors: Pawar Urmila
Published: February 2024

Part II of Concealing Caste: Passing and Personhood in Dalit Literature contains autobiographical writings by Dalit authors addressing the theme of hidden identity. This chapter is a selection from Urmila Pawar’s celebrated Marathi-language autobiography Aaydan (2003), later published in English as The Weave of My Life: A Dalit Woman’s Memoirs. In the selection of Aaydan presented here, translated by Kedar A. Kulkarni, Pawar describes the early days of the Dalit Women’s Literary Organization, a group she co-founded. In an attempt to reach out to Dalit women outside their social networks, Pawar and her co-founders make house calls in Bombay neighbourhoods where some middle-class Dalits are known to live, sometimes with their caste concealed. With her characteristic attention to the humorous, Pawar, in this selection, relates her encounter with a woman in this situation.
Engagements with Aimé Césaire
Authors: Allen-Paisant Jason
Published: February 2024

Aimé Césaire is due a re-interpretation, a major one, and that is exactly what this book carries out. Through an in-depth grasp of the trajectory and core significance of his work, the book explicates a set of links it makes between ‘spirit’, ‘poetry’, and ‘animism’. These explications, setting Césaire’s work in relation to a rigorously accounted for set of influences, re-frame how we understand the work, enhancing its scholarly, rather than merely political, appreciation. This book is more than about Négritude, which, admittedly, has come to mean something less than a deep poetic sensibility with its own aspirational aesthetic and metaphysics, and rather something more like a weak or fantasy-ridden iteration of pan-Africanism or strong senses of diaspora. It shows an Aimé Césaire deeply relevant to today: to the ‘polycrises’ of ecological collapse, capitalist dystopias, and the affective economies predicated upon fear and the threat of foreigners; to the contemporary chatter around interspecies collaboration and the need to radically rethink the entrepreneurial subject of Western political thought. Recasting Césaire’s work is not just a matter of transforming a figure. It’s also about rethinking legacies; hence the title of the book. This is an engagement in the truest sense—that of a contemporary Black poet who expounds the ways in which Césaire’s work articulates for him a new politics of the self.
The Vedic Tribes
Authors: Oberlies Thomas
Published: February 2024

From the time they entered India in the first half of the second century bc, the Vedic tribes were constantly in conflict with the indigenous population. Thus a constitutive aspect of their society was the alternation between warlike raids and migratory movements to gain land and other goods on the one hand, and more peaceful phases of settlement on the other. This alternation, called yoga-kṣ ema, had a direct bearing on the organisation of this society, which is in turn also reflected in its religion. During settled phases (kṣ ema), rulership is taken over by several leaders—or one might say, no one individual is the leader. In the nomadic phases (yoga), all are ruled by a single leader, who is ʻelectedʼ by winning contests, such as chariot races or verbal competitions. The victor is legitimised as the human Indra and embodies this war god.
Unpacking revenue bargaining
Authors: Ulriksen Marianne S. , Bak Ane Karoline , Kjær Anne Mette
Published: February 2024

In this chapter, we present in detail the analytical framework informing the empirical chapters of the book. This includes careful conceptualization of micro-level revenue bargaining and fiscal contracts, paying attention to distinguishing these two often conflated concepts. We elaborate on central political settlement concepts including the sources of bargaining power of revenue providers and ruling elites, and, specifically, we conceptualize a fiscal dimension of revenue providers’ bargaining power. This enables us to develop a model to assess the relative bargaining power of revenue providers vis-à-vis ruling elites (or representatives hereof), which is valuable for understanding how and under which conditions revenue bargaining emerges, evolves, and leads to fiscal contracts. Finally, the chapter presents the book’s methodological approach and briefly introduces the empirical Chapters 3–12.
Maximizing tax and other revenues for strategic rents in Uganda’s petroleum sector
Authors: Ngabirano Dan
Published: February 2024

This chapter describes how Uganda’s ruling elite has sought to maximize oil revenues for strategic rents through the formulation and passage of petroleum legislation and a deliberate effort to monopolize the petroleum sector and influence how it is regulated and taxed. Consequently, Uganda has earned close to USD 1 billion from the sector before commencement of commercial oil production. Of this, an estimated USD 777.4 million has been spent on mainly those activities that give the ruling elite and the National Resistance Movement political mileage and on enhancement of the military machinery. Petroleum revenues have also helped to reduce on the pressure to tax politically influential groups mainly from the informal sector.
Who should pay?
Authors: Ulriksen Marianne S. , Myamba Flora , George Constantine
Published: February 2024

In this chapter, we explore bargaining between the Tanzanian government and international aid agencies over the design and funding of the Productive Social Safety Nets (PSSN) programme. In a context of diverging preferences (donors favouring PSSN; the government being sceptical), the government tried to limit its own contributions with tactical delays based on the knowledge that donors would want the PSSN to continue. Concurrently, the government tried to modify the programme design to have stronger ‘productivist’ elements, which they saw as fitting its development vision. We show that although the international aid agencies are of financial importance to the government, they cannot push the government to take over funding responsibility of just any programme. Hence, while the government may concede in terms of programme design, it has been able to induce international aid agencies to remain the main revenue providers of the PSSN.
Brokered fiscal contracts
Authors: Bak Ane Karoline
Published: February 2024

This chapter traces three decades of revenue bargaining in Senegal’s informal commercial sector. It focuses on brokers’ influence on processes and specifically outcomes of revenue bargaining around: the attempts to generalize value-added taxation (VAT) in the 1990s; the reforms of the informal sector tax contribution globale unique in the 2000s and 2010s; and lastly, advance payments on imports. The chapter provides a nuanced description of power relations inside Senegal’s commercial sector and argues that what essentially become brokered fiscal contracts can be explained by shifts in the relative bargaining positions of the ruling elites vis-à-vis the informal commercial sector and their brokers, in particular Union Nationale des Commercants et Industriels du Sénégal (UNACOIS). The chapter demonstrates the instrumental value of a long-term historical approach and the importance of recognizing the distinct role of brokers when studying revenue bargaining in clientelist political settlements, in Senegal and beyond.
Educating Theodosius II
Authors: McEvoy Meaghan
Published: February 2024

This chapter examines the representation of Theodosius II as a pious ruler, enshrined by the accounts of the ecclesiastical historians Sozomen and Socrates. Their narratives of the child-emperor’s upbringing and education at the hands of his devout sister Pulcheria give the impression that other aspects of imperial performance, such as martial training and the pursuit of victories, were irrelevant to Theodosius’ self-presentation. However, as this chapter shows, poetry, coinage, statuary, and public ceremonial emphasized that the non-campaigning emperor remained responsible for the security of the Roman empire and the victory of its armies. Without the ecclesiastical sources, our image of Theodosius might be more military; without the evidence of statues and coins, our image of him might be predominantly religious. This chapter shows that, in fact, the military and religious were intimately connected in representations of Theodosius. Although Theodosius never campaigned in person, the empire’s martial successes were portrayed as the direct result of his Christian piety.
Jordanes and the End of the Roman Empire
Authors: Bjornlie M. Shane
Published: February 2024

This chapter explores the legacy of emperors and the end of Roman imperial rule in the works of the sixth-century author Jordanes. It argues that Jordanes’ two contributions to historical writing, the Getica and the Romana, operate in tandem with each other to produce a narrative of Roman and Gothic history that is reflective of a contemporary discourse for both the end of the western Roman empire and the potential for crisis in the eastern empire. According to Jordanes’ narrative, Roman emperors are primarily culpable for crisis in the imperial state as agents of tyranny and civil war. In the Romana, Jordanes attributes Roman imperial success to specific political virtues and institutions, especially the republican institution of the consulship, which become eclipsed by the rise of government by emperors. The Getica provides a narrative for translatio imperii by which the Goths acquire the same political virtues lost by Roman emperors, thereby positioning the Gothic Amal family of Italy as potential sponsors for the rejuvenation of the western Roman empire. This configuration of the Roman and Gothic past is sensitive to both the outcome of the Gothic War in Italy and discourses of political decline current in Justinian’s Constantinople.
‘Per voler del primo amor ch’i’ sento’
Authors: Carlà-Uhink Filippo
Published: February 2024

It is generally assumed that before the rediscovery and publication of Procopius’ Secret History, the empress Theodora was virtually unknown, especially in Western Europe. When she was recognized, she was seen as a just and chaste empress, while Justinian was generally known as a good emperor, the perfect example of a duteous Christian sovereign. This chapter aims to investigate the reception of the imperial couple in both Western Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean from the sixth to the sixteenth centuries, in order to problematize and nuance such a picture. It is shown that the idea of an ‘enthusiastic’ reception of Justinian mostly depends on one very prominent text, Dante’s Divine Comedy. The image proposed by other authors is much more complex and definitely more ambiguous, as Justinian’s reception cannot be disentangled from the great success of the Belisarroman, a narrative in which the emperor was often shown as displaying negative traits. At the same time, Justinian and Theodora were understood and represented throughout the century very often as a couple, in a deep entanglement—it is this inseparability that constitutes a major aspect of their post-antique reception.
Cross-Country Econometric Analysis
Authors: Shaffer Paul
Published: February 2024

Chapter 5 first re-examines the relationship between growth and poverty reduction using updated data, multiple poverty lines, and time periods, and different measures of growth and poverty. Growth (semi) elasticities of poverty are calculated, and sensitivity analysis conducted adjusting for outliers, measurement error, and endogeneity due to reverse causation. The findings generally support the view that growth reduces poverty on average. Next, the chapter investigates correlates and causes of immiserizing growth, using descriptive statistics and cross-country econometric analysis. Results suggest that immiserizing growth is primarily a shorter-term phenomenon, occurring in around 15 per cent of five-year spells, mainly in Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa with greater frequency in the 1990s. The econometric results generated few robust, statistically significant findings, and counterintuitive results. Some evidence emerged, however, for an association of immiserizing growth with either corruption or the interaction of corruption and high natural resource rents (so-called ‘natural resource curse’ situations).
Typology Construction for Case Study Selection
Authors: Shaffer Paul
Published: February 2024

Chapter 7 develops a methodology for selecting the matched country cases analysed in Chapter 8. Case studies are first situated within a typological framework based on patterns of growth in sub-Saharan Africa and subsequently cluster analysis is used to improve the matching of cases with respect to a number of ‘weakly exogenous’ variables. Such an approach performs a taxonomic function, distinguishing different types of cases, and an explanatory function, by facilitating the comparison of similar cases in terms of variables in the typology (‘like with like’ comparisons) or of cases with one or more known differences with respect to these variables. Of the many possible matches, two pairs were selected for further analysis in Chapter 8: Côte d’Ivoire (2008–15) and Ghana (2006–13); and Zimbabwe (2011–17) and Eswatini (2009–16).
Thermal Activation Effects
Authors: O’Grady K. , Fernandez G. Vallejo , Hirohata A.
Published: February 2024

The behaviour of particulate and granular materials are particularly affected by thermal activation. Hence single particle activation is discussed along with the phenomenon of superparamagnetism and blocking. Because particulate and granular materials never contain a single particle size, a detailed discussion of the effects of a particle or grain size distribution are presented and the resulting phenomena of coercivity and remanence. The principal effect of thermal activation results in time and frequency effects on the magnetic properties and these are described together with the overall concept of a switching field distribution. This is followed by a detailed discussion of the fluctuation field model of thermal activation which leads to the activation volume of reversal the measurement of which is described in detail. Finally the role of intergranular interactions in thermal activation is presented together with the effects on magnetic susceptibility and phenomena such as minor hysteresis loops.
Outlook for Future Developments
Authors: O’Grady K. , Fernandez G. Vallejo , Hirohata A.
Published: February 2024

Future developments in information storage on both rotating disks and in solid state devices based on MRAM are suggested. Further applications of magnetic fluid systems principally in the sphere of biomedical applications are also discussed.
Fiscal responsibility between the Fiscal Compact and the Recovery Fund
Authors: Karremans Johannes
Published: February 2024

Between the sovereign debt crisis and the coronavirus pandemic, eurozone countries witnessed two different logics for preserving fiscal sustainability, with austerity being dominant for most of the 2010s, and a more expansive-oriented approach coming to the foreground in more recent years. This chapter highlights how this gradual change over time runs parallel to the shift from responsibility to responsiveness analysed in previous chapters. It theorizes that a paradigmatic change occurred among key actors in European economic governance and finds empirical corroboration for this insight. The analysis focuses on the arguments by which budgetary policies are justified in the name of long-term fiscal sustainability and traces the variations in content. The chapter ends with a reflection on the implications of changing notions of fiscal responsibility for responsiveness.
Psychosocial occupational health
Authors: Siegrist Johannes , Li Jian
Published: February 2024

This chapter introduces the basic notion of psychosocial occupational health as a concept of growing importance in the world of modern work and employment. Distinct from the traditional focus on material aspects of work environments and their effects on workers’ health, as mainly analysed by occupational medicine and safety sciences, psychosocial work environments address social and psychological aspects that affect workers via sensory input, triggering their cognitions, emotions, motivations, behaviours, and bodily responses. Environmental demands and threats operate at different levels, where most pervasive effects on health are due to distinct adverse exposures at the meso-social level of organizations and enterprises. These exposures are identified with the help of theoretical models, and they are tackled by the workers’ appraisals and coping resources. As work-related health is analysed in a biopsychosocial perspective, different disciplines are engaged in this research. In a further section, the main features of leading disciplines in this field are briefly described: occupational medicine, epidemiology, psychology, sociology, and economics. Cumulative research conducted by these scientific disciplines provides essential knowledge on psychosocial occupational health. The final part of this chapter illustrates the practical relevance of this new knowledge by discussing three major challenges of occupational public health: the COVID-19 pandemic, the widespread prevalence of mental disorders and addictive behaviours in working populations, and the pronounced socioeconomic inequalities in health that persist even in the workforces of economically most advanced societies.