bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Atravessamentos sensíveis da obra “Corpo e(n)cena: ensaios urgentes”
Authors: Lecheta Andrio Robert
Published: April 2022

Resenha do livro Corpo e(n)cena: ensaios urgentes, obra organizada por Jean Carlos Gonçalves, Sônia Machado de Azevedo e Renato Ferracini. Esta coletânea integra a Coleção LiCorEs: Linguagem, Corpo e Estética, apresentando 8 ensaios e um posfácio que se debruçam, através de olhares múltiplos, sobre as urgências e as relações do corpo e da cena na contemporaneidade.
Trends in Annual Surveillance Mammography Participation Among Breast Cancer Survivors From 2004 to 2016
Authors: Lowry Kathryn P. , Callaway Katherine A. , Lee Janie M. , Zhang Fang , Ross-Degnan Dennis , Wharam J. Frank , Kerlikowske Karla , Wernli Karen J. , Kurian Allison W. , Henderson Louise M. , Stout Natasha K.
Published: April 2022

Background:Annual mammography is recommended for breast cancer survivors; however, population-level temporal trends in surveillance mammography participation have not been described. Our objective was to characterize trends in annual surveillance mammography participation among women with a personal history of breast cancer over a 13-year period.Methods:We examined annual surveillance mammography participation from 2004 to 2016 in a nationwide sample of commercially insured women with prior breast cancer. Rates were stratified by age group (40–49 vs 50–64 years), visit with a surgical/oncology specialist or primary care provider within the prior year, and sociodemographic characteristics. Joinpoint models were used to estimate annual percentage changes (APCs) in participation during the study period.Results:Among 141,672 women, mammography rates declined from 74.1% in 2004 to 67.1% in 2016. Rates were stable from 2004 to 2009 (APC, 0.1%; 95% CI, −0.5% to 0.8%) but declined 1.5% annually from 2009 to 2016 (95% CI, −1.9% to −1.1%). For women aged 40 to 49 years, rates declined 2.8% annually (95% CI, −3.4% to −2.1%) after 2009 versus 1.4% annually in women aged 50 to 64 years (95% CI, −1.9% to −1.0%). Similar trends were observed in women who had seen a surgeon/oncologist (APC, −1.7%; 95% CI, −2.1% to −1.4%) or a primary care provider (APC, −1.6%; 95% CI, −2.1% to −1.2%) in the prior year.Conclusions:Surveillance mammography participation among breast cancer survivors declined from 2009 to 2016, most notably among women aged 40 to 49 years. These findings highlight a need for focused efforts to improve adherence to surveillance and prevent delays in detection of breast cancer recurrence and second cancers.
Generation of a CRF1-Cre transgenic rat and the role of central amygdala CRF1 cells in nociception and anxiety-like behavior
Authors: Weera Marcus M , Agoglia Abigail E , Douglass Eliza , Jiang Zhiying , Rajamanickam Shivakumar , Shackett Rosetta S , Herman Melissa A , Justice Nicholas J , Gilpin Nicholas W
Published: April 2022

Corticotropin-releasing factor type-1 (CRF1) receptors are critical to stress responses because they allow neurons to respond to CRF released in response to stress. Our understanding of the role of CRF1-expressing neurons in CRF-mediated behaviors has been largely limited to mouse experiments due to the lack of genetic tools available to selectively visualize and manipulate CRF1+ cells in rats. Here, we describe the generation and validation of a transgenic CRF1-Cre-tdTomato rat. We report that Crhr1 and Cre mRNA expression are highly colocalized in both the central amygdala (CeA), composed of mostly GABAergic neurons, and in the basolateral amygdala (BLA), composed of mostly glutamatergic neurons. In the CeA, membrane properties, inhibitory synaptic transmission, and responses to CRF bath application in tdTomato+ neurons are similar to those previously reported in GFP+ cells in CRFR1-GFP mice. We show that stimulatory DREADD receptors can be targeted to CeA CRF1+ cells via virally delivered Cre-dependent transgenes, that transfected Cre/tdTomato+ cells are activated by clozapine-n-oxide in vitro and in vivo, and that activation of these cells in vivo increases anxiety-like and nocifensive behaviors. Outside the amygdala, we show that Cre-tdTomato is expressed in several brain areas across the brain, and that the expression pattern of Cre-tdTomato cells is similar to the known expression pattern of CRF1 cells. Given the accuracy of expression in the CRF1-Cre rat, modern genetic techniques used to investigate the anatomy, physiology, and behavioral function of CRF1+ neurons can now be performed in assays that require the use of rats as the model organism.
Praziquantel-encapsulated niosomes against Schistosoma mansoni with reduced sensitivity to praziquantel
Authors: Amer Eglal I. , Abou-El-Naga Iman Fathy , Boulos Laila M. , Ramadan Heba S. , Younis Salwa S.
Published: April 2022

Introduction: Praziquantel (PZQ) is the only commercially available drug for schistosomiasis. The current shortage of alternative effective drugs and the lack of successful preventive measures enhance its value. The increase in the prevalence of PZQ resistance under sustained drug pressure is, therefore, an upcoming issue.Objective: To overcome the tolerance to PZQ using nanotechnology after laboratory induction of a Schistosoma mansoni isolate with reduced sensitivity to the drug during the intramolluscan phase.Materials and methods: Shedding snails were treated with PZQ doses of 200 mg/kg twice/ week followed by an interval of one week and then repeated twice in the same manner. The success of inducing reduced sensitivity was confirmed in vitro via the reduction of cercarial response to PZQ regarding their swimming activity and death percentage at different examination times.Results: Oral treatment with a single PZQ dose of 500 mg/kg in mice infected with cercariae with reduced sensitivity to PZQ revealed a non-significant reduction (35.1%) of total worm burden compared to non-treated control mice. Orally inoculated PZQ-encapsulated niosomes against S. mansoni with reduced sensitivity to PZQ successfully regained the pathogen’s sensitivity to PZQ as evidenced by measuring different parameters in comparison to the non-treated infected animals with parasites with reduced sensitivity to PZQ. The mean total worm load was 1.33 ± 0.52 with a statistically significant reduction of 94.09% and complete eradication of male worms. We obtained a remarkable increase in the percentage reduction of tissue egg counts in the liver and intestine (97.68% and 98.56%, respectively) associated with a massive increase in dead eggs and the complete absence of immature stages.Conclusion: PZQ-encapsulated niosomes restored the drug sensitivity against laboratory-induced S. mansoni adult worms with reduced sensitivity to PZQ.
Deep learning representations to support COVID-19 diagnosis on CT slices
Authors: Ruano Josué , Arcila John , Romo-Bucheli David , Vargas Carlos , Rodríguez Jefferson , Mendoza Óscar , Plazas Miguel , Bautista Lola , Villamizar Jorge , Pedraza Gabriel , Moreno Alejandra , Valenzuela Diana , Vázquez Lina , Valenzuela-Santos Carolina , Camacho Paul , Mantilla Daniel , Martínez Carrillo Fabio
Published: April 2022

Introduction: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a significant public health problem worldwide. In this context, CT-scan automatic analysis has emerged as a COVID-19 complementary diagnosis tool allowing for radiological finding characterization, patient categorization, and disease follow-up. However, this analysis depends on the radiologist’s expertise, which may result in subjective evaluations.Objective: To explore deep learning representations, trained from thoracic CT-slices, to automatically distinguish COVID-19 disease from control samples.Materials and methods: Two datasets were used: SARS-CoV-2 CT Scan (Set-1) and FOSCAL clinic’s dataset (Set-2). The deep representations took advantage of supervised learning models previously trained on the natural image domain, which were adjusted following a transfer learning scheme. The deep classification was carried out: (a) via an end-to-end deep learning approach and (b) via random forest and support vector machine classifiers by feeding the deep representation embedding vectors into these classifiers.Results: The end-to-end classification achieved an average accuracy of 92.33% (89.70% precision) for Set-1 and 96.99% (96.62% precision) for Set-2. The deep feature embedding with a support vector machine achieved an average accuracy of 91.40% (95.77% precision) and 96.00% (94.74% precision) for Set-1 and Set-2, respectively.Conclusion: Deep representations have achieved outstanding performance in the identification of COVID-19 cases on CT scans demonstrating good characterization of the COVID-19 radiological patterns. These representations could potentially support the COVID-19 diagnosis in clinical settings.
COVID-19 y salas de análisis del riesgo en salud pública en cuatro departamentos fronterizos de Colombia
Authors: Muñoz Claudia Marcela , Arias Marcela Rocío , López Martha Patricia , Ortiz Laura Victoria , Carrillo Natalia María , Alvarado Luis Antonio , Morillo Andrea
Published: April 2022

Introducción. La gestión del riesgo de salud pública en Colombia es liderada por el Instituto Nacional de Salud. Ante la emergencia de la COVID-19, se articularon acciones de respuesta mediante salas de análisis del riesgo y se fortaleció la vigilancia en los puntos de entrada al país.Objetivo. Analizar las fases de implementación y mantenimiento de las salas de análisis del riesgo de COVID-19 en cuatro departamentos fronterizos de Colombia.Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio cualitativo de salas de análisis del riesgo en salud pública para COVID-19. Se revisaron la documentación y los datos generados en el periodo de marzo a junio de 2020 en Amazonas, Vichada, Guainía y Putumayo, y se hicieron entrevistas semiestructuradas a personas clave, las cuales se analizaron con el aplicativo NVivo plus, versión 11, en tres ciclos: codificación abierta, establecimiento de categorías emergentes y modelación mediante el análisis de las debilidades y fortalezas detectadas.Resultados. Se determinaron los componentes de la estructura de comando de incidentes y las relaciones entre las áreas de salud pública. Se encontraron fortalezas en la integración de las áreas, el manejo de la información en tiempo real, la vigilancia en las fronteras y las capacidades de los equipos de respuesta inmediata. Se detectaron debilidades en los procesos de planeación, vigilancia comunitaria y comunicación del riesgo.Conclusiones. Las salas de análisis del riesgo constituyen un esfuerzo conjunto del nivel local y nacional que han promovido la participación articulada de los actores, para analizar la información y optimizar la respuesta organizada durante la pandemia de COVID-19.
Clima de aprendizaje y enganche al trabajo del residente clínico: relación con la autodeterminación humana
Authors: Restrepo Jorge Alberto , Domínguez Luis Carlos , García-Diéguez Marcelo
Published: April 2022

Introducción. El clima de aprendizaje es un factor que se asocia con el compromiso hacia las actividades laborales del médico residente y el mejoramiento del bienestar estudiantil en el sitio de trabajo por medio de su autodeterminación durante la rotación clínica. Objetivo. Determinar la relación del clima de aprendizaje medido con la escala D-RECT 35, y la autodeterminación del médico residente y su compromiso con el trabajo mediante la escala UWES 17.Material y métodos. Se hizo un estudio correlacional de corte transversal con médicos residentes de especialidades médico-quirúrgicas que hacían la rotación clínica en el sitio de práctica y completaron los cuestionarios de medición.Resultados. Se evaluaron 188 médicos residentes de especialidades clínicas; la mediana de la escala de clima de aprendizaje fue de 3,9/5,0; la de la escala de autodeterminación fue de 4,86/7,0, y la de la escala de compromiso laboral fue de 5,0/6,0. El clima de aprendizaje se consideró como adecuado y se encontró una relación positiva con la autodeterminación y el compromiso del médico residente con sus actividades; dichas correlaciones tuvieron significación estadística.Conclusiones. El clima de aprendizaje adecuado se relaciona positivamente con la capacidad de comprometerse con las actividades laborales y con la autodeterminación del médico residente en entrenamiento; asimismo, favorecen el trabajo colaborativo y el acceso a la supervisión, y generan mayor autonomía, entusiasmo y dedicación a las actividades asignadas, lo cual puede incentivar mejoras en los programas educativos de los departamentos clínicos y reflejarse en una atención más segura a los pacientes.
The soft tissue and skeletal anatomy of two Late Jurassic ichthyosaur specimens from the Solnhofen archipelago
Authors: Delsett Lene L. , Friis Henrik , Kölbl-Ebert Martina , Hurum Jørn H.
Published: April 2022

Ichthyosaurs from the Solnhofen Lagerstätte are among the only examples of soft tissue preservation in the major Middle Jurassic–middle Cretaceous family Ophthalmosauridae. However, few such specimens are currently described, and the taphonomical pathways for the preservation of soft tissue are not well understood. In order to answer this, two new ichthyosaur specimens, one nearly complete and one isolated tail, are described here. The nearly complete specimen is assigned to Aegirosaurus sp. It is accompanied by large amounts of incrustation pseudomorphs (epimorphs) of soft tissue preserved as apatite. It also preserves a nearly complete gastral basket, for the first time in ophthalmosaurids. Soft tissue samples were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. The analyses confirm the presence of apatite, with phosphate most likely derived from the body itself.
A new basal ichthyosauromorph from the Lower Triassic (Olenekian) of Zhebao, Guangxi Autonomous Region, South China
Authors: Ren Jicheng , Jiang Haishui , Xiang Kunpeng , Sullivan Corwin , He Yongzhong , Cheng Long , Han Fenglu
Published: April 2022

Here we describe a newly discovered basal ichthyosauromorph from the Lower Triassic of South China,Baisesaurus robustusgen. et sp. nov. The only known specimen of this new species was collected from the Lower Triassic (Olenekian) Luolou Formation in the Zhebao region of Baise City, on the northwest margin of the Nanpanjiang Basin, and comprises a partial skeleton including the ribs, the gastralia, a limb element, 12 centra, and seven neural arches. Comparisons to a wide variety of Early Triassic marine reptiles showBaisesaurus robustusto be a basal ichthyosauromorph based on the following features: neural arches lack transverse processes; dorsal ribs are slender, and not pachyostotic even proximally; and median gastral elements have long, sharp anterior processes. The limb element is long and robust, and is most likely to be a radius.Baisesaurus robustusis large (estimated length more than 3 m) relative to early ichthyosauromorphs previously discovered in China, and shares noteworthy morphological similarities withUtatsusaurus hataii, particularly with regard to body size and the morphology of the probable radius.Baisesaurus robustusalso represents the first record of an Early Triassic ichthyosauromorph from Guangxi Autonomous Region, extending the known geographic distribution of ichthyosauromorphs in South China.
Reference Interval, Biological Variations and Distribution of Creatinine Level in Fasting Urine: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Thottathil Hasnamol Pila , Chandran Sindu Padinjareveedu , Jacob Jose
Published: April 2022

Introduction: Serum creatinine, urine creatinine, and rate of urine formation are components of creatinine clearance and are under multiple influences. Of these, urine creatinine has the widest variability, especially in the tropical region. Reference intervals, biological variations, and distributions of urine creatinine in the reference individuals are related and important for clinical interpretations of kidney functions. Aim: To establish the reference intervals, biological variations, and distributions of creatinine in urine formed during morning fasting state from reference individuals in a tropical location. Materials and Methods: This observational cross-sectional study of the sample population was done from January 2017 to November 2021 for the establishment of reference interval. Reference individuals, defined by inclusion and exclusion criteria, were from the population at near sea levels plains, in Thrissur district, Kerala, avoiding the mountainous Western Ghats. Morning fasting, third sample of urine was collected to ensure that the urine collected was formed in the morning (n=156). A second set of 44 urine samples, collected from 10 reference individuals consecutively for 4 to 5 days, was used for estimating the analytical Coefficient of Variation (CVA), within-subject (CVI ), and between-subject (CVG) components of biological variation. Outliers in the creatinine data were identified and removed by the Box-Whisker plot to exclude the subclinical influences that affected the urine creatinine, followed by BoxCox transformation to bring the distribution to Gaussian and reference interval calculations of fasting urine creatinine. Results: As the total sample number was >120, non parametric percentile method was used to calculate the reference interval of 17.14 to 325.89 mg/dL. As the female sample number was between 40 and 120, double-sided, 95% reference interval, based on normal distribution was calculated as 12.41 to 328.71 mg/dL. As the male sample was <50, method of robust calculation was used to define the reference interval of 21.91 to 379.12 mg/dL. The reference interval and biological variation data showed gender differences in the distribution, CVI , and CVG due to lower concentration of fasting urine creatinine in females resulting from lower muscle mass. Conclusion: Reference intervals of creatinine in fasting urine formed in the morning were established. Gender differences were observed in the distribution of data, CVI , and CVG.
CISTO ÓSSEO SIMPLES – ESTADO DA ARTE SIMPLE BONE CYST - STATE OF THE ART
Authors: Lira Lima Beatriz , Ribeiro Alves Peixoto Medrado Alena
Published: April 2022

O cisto ósseo simples é uma lesão não-neoplásica que representa aproximadamente 1% de todos os cistos maxilares, e acomete as regiões de corpo e sínfise de mandíbula com maior frequência. Sua etiologia e patogênese são incertas, pois não há na literatura uma explicação compatível com as características clínicas e histopatológicas da lesão. A presente revisão narrativa de literatura objetiva documentar as principais características clínicas, imaginológicas e anatomopatológicas desta lesão, assim como relatar os tipos de tratamento mais indicados para sua resolução. Observou-se que apesar do cisto ósseo simples ser considerado como uma lesão rara, a sua suspeita diagnóstica está relacionada, na maioria das vezes, a exames imaginológicos de rotina para fins ortodônticos. Sua etiopatogenia tem sido associada a histórico de possível trauma nos ossos gnáticos e a abordagem cirúrgica tem sido o tratamento de eleição. Seu prognóstico é bom, haja a vista a documentada regeneração do tecido ósseo afetado. Urge a necessidade de ampliar o conhecimento acerca do cisto ósseo simples para os profissionais de saúde, em especial, os cirurgiões dentistas.The simple bone cyst is a non-neoplastic lesion that represents approximately 1% of all maxillary cysts and affects the body and mandibular symphysis regions most frequently. Its etiology and pathogenesis are uncertain, as there is no explanation in the literature compatible with the clinical and histopathological characteristics of the lesion. This narrative literature review aims to document the main clinical, imaging and anatomopathological characteristics of this lesion, as well as to report the types of treatment most suitable for its resolution. It was observed that despite the simple bone cyst being considered as a rare lesion, its diagnostic suspicion is related, in most cases, to routine imaging exams for orthodontic purposes. Its etiopathogenesis has been associated with a history of possible trauma to gnathic bones and the surgical approach has been the treatment of choice. Its prognosis is good, considering the documented regeneration of the affected bone tissue. There is an urgent need to expand knowledge about the simple bone cyst for health professionals, especially dental surgeons.
Observed Errors in Lower Extremity Impairment Rating: Recognition and Prevention
Authors: Brigham Christopher R. , Brooks Charles N. , Talmage James B.
Published: April 2022

Impairment evaluations not performed following processes defined in the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides) usually result in erroneous ratings. Common lower extremity impairment rating (IR) errors include using the diagnosis-based approach for more than one diagnosis within a region, and incorrectly assessing gait abnormalities, motion loss, nerve injuries, and complex regional pain syndrome. Rigorous adherence to the AMA Guides methodology and recognition of common IR errors can prevent the promulgation of erroneous impairment ratings.
Model refinement increases confidence levels and clinical agreement when commissioning a three‐dimensional secondary dose calculation system
Authors: Bismack Brian , Dolan Jennifer , Laugeman Eric , Gopal Anant , Wen Ning , Chetty Indrin
Published: April 2022

Purpose

Evaluate custom beam models for a second check dose calculation system using statistically verifiable passing criteria for film analysis, DVH, and 3D gamma metrics.

Methods

Custom beam models for nine linear accelerators for the Sun Nuclear Dose Calculator algorithm (SDC, Sun Nuclear) were evaluated using the AAPM‐TG119 test suite (5 Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) and 5 Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) plans) and a set of clinical plans. Where deemed necessary, adjustments to Multileaf Collimator (MLC) parameters were made to improve results. Comparisons to the Analytic Anisotropic Algorithm (AAA), and gafchromic film measurements were performed. Confidence intervals were set to 95% per TG‐119. Film gamma criteria were 3%/3 mm (conventional beams) or 3%/1 mm (Stereotactic Radiosurgery [SRS] beams). Dose distributions in solid water phantom were evaluated based on DVH metrics (e.g., D95, V20) and 3D gamma criteria (3%/3 mm or 3%/1 mm). Film passing rates, 3D gamma passing rates, and DVH metrics were reported for HD MLC machines and Millennium MLC Machines.

Results

For HD MLC machines, SDC gamma film agreement was 98.76% ± 2.30% (5.74% CL) for 6FFF/6srs (3%/1 mm), and 99.80% ± 0.32% (0.83% CL) for 6x (3%/3 mm). For Millennium MLC machines, film passing rates were 98.20% ± 3.14% (7.96% CL), 99.52% ± 1.14% (2.71% CL), and 99.69% ± 0.82% (1.91% CL) for 6FFF, 6x, and 10x, respectively. For SDC to AAA comparisons: HD MLC Linear Accelerators (LINACs); DVH point agreement was 0.97% ± 1.64% (4.18% CL) and 1.05% ± 2.12% (5.20% CL); 3D gamma agreement was 99.97% ± 0.14% (0.30% CL) and 100.00% ± 0.02% (0.05% CL), for 6FFF/6srs and 6x, respectively; Millennium MLC LINACs: DVH point agreement was 0.77% ± 2.40% (5.47% CL), 0.80% ± 3.40% (7.47% CL), and 0.07% ± 2.15% (4.30% CL); 3D gamma agreement was 99.97% ± 0.13% (0.29% CL), 99.97% ± 0.17% (0.36% CL), and 99.99% ± 0.06% (0.12% CL) for 6FFF, 6x, and 10x, respectively.

Conclusion

SDC shows agreement well within TG119 CLs for film and redundant dose calculation comparisons with AAA. In some models (SRS), this was achieved using stricter criteria. TG119 plans can be used to help guide model adjustments and to establish clinical baselines for DVH and 3D gamma criteria.
ACT for Lupus: Pilot Feasibility and Acceptability Study of a Novel Web‐Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Program for Patients With Lupus
Authors: McCormick Emily M. , Englund Tessa R. , Cleveland Rebecca J. , Dickson Teresa A. , Schiller Crystal E. , Sheikh Saira Z.
Published: April 2022

Objective

Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) has demonstrated effectiveness in addressing symptoms of anxiety and depression, frequently experienced by patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The goal of this pilot study was to develop and assess the feasibility and acceptability of a novel web‐based ACT skills training program tailored for patients with lupus: ACT for Lupus. The program served as a complementary approach to support the management of symptoms and stressors during the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Methods

This study employed a single‐group pretest‐posttest design. Participants with a diagnosis of SLE were primarily recruited through an institutional healthcare system between November 25, 2020 and December 17, 2020 and through an online national lupus organization listserv. Participants were invited to attend two 1‐hour webinars delivered over a 2‐week period. Educational ACT‐based content was tailored for patients with lupus and delivered by an experienced clinical psychologist specializing in ACT. Surveys assessed patient‐reported outcomes of anxiety, depression, and quality of life and evaluated program feedback, usability, and satisfaction.

Results

A total of 83 participants submitted the baseline survey, with 21 participants designated as study completers. The program was well received by participants, who reported feasibility and acceptability of the intervention, as reflected by high usability ratings. Participants reported favorable experiences with the program. Feedback included suggestions to include additional lupus‐tailored content, increase the range and scope of sessions and activities, and improve program flexibility and availability to avoid scheduling conflicts.

Conclusion

This study provides preliminary evidence for an adapted, ACT‐based virtual skills training program as a feasible and acceptable intervention to support the well‐being of patients with lupus.
AI and Myths of Creativity
Authors: Manovich Lev
Published: April 2022

Lev Manovich, Director of the Cultural Analytics Lab and Presidential Professor at the City University of New York, explores some of the societal notions surrounding AI and creativity. He exposes certain myths that have grown up around this discourse and posits a wider, more interesting emerging reality.
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Electron Beam Melted Ti–5Al–5Mo–5V–1Cr–1Fe Alloy
Authors: Cao Zhiqiang , Deng Hao , Bai Hongjie , Wang Hui , Qiu Wenbin , Chen Longqing , Wu Daijian
Published: April 2022

Electron beam melting (EBM) has been prevalently employed in fabricating titanium alloys, and it is regarded as an important additive manufacturing technique that attracts significant attention. This study aims to investigate the microstructure and mechanical properties of EBM‐fabricated near β Ti‐5Al‐5Mo‐5V‐1Cr‐1Fe (Ti55511) alloy. Optical microscope (OM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) results show that the columnar prior β grains with a < 100> texture are formed on a vertical plane. Furthermore, a lamellar structure comprised of α phase (56% vol.) and retained β phase (44% vol.) is observed within the prior β grains, indicating the occurrence of a β → α transformation during the EBM process. To evaluate the anisotropy and establish the relationship between microstructures and mechanical properties, tensile and fracture toughness tests are carried out with a loading direction either parallel or perpendicular to the building direction. Tensile results exhibit high ductility (elongation > 11%) and high strength (ultimate tensile strength > 1080 MPa) in both orientations of the EBM‐fabricated specimen. The anisotropy in mechanical properties is attributed to the morphological difference between the prior β grains along the vertical and horizontal directions.
Self‐Powered Visible‐Infrared Polarization Photodetection Driven by Ferroelectric Photovoltaic Effect in a Dion–Jacobson Hybrid Perovskite
Authors: Ye Huang , Peng Yu , Shang Xiaoying , Li Lina , Yao Yunpeng , Zhang Xinyuan , Zhu Tingting , Liu Xitao , Chen Xueyuan , Luo Junhua
Published: April 2022

Ferroelectric materials, particularly the emerging layered hybrid ferroelectrics, have shown great potential for high‐sensitive polarization photodetection owing to their striking bulk photovoltaic effect (BPVE). Despite recent great achievements, the linear photoresponse range based on single‐mode BPVE is still limited in the shortwave region due to the large intrinsic bandgaps. Herein, first, the realization of self‐powered visible–infrared polarization photodetection by exploiting dual‐modal BPVE in a newly developed layered Dion–Jacobson (D‐J) hybrid ferroelectric (BDA)(EA)2Pb3Br10 (1, BDA is 1,4‐butadiammonium, EA is ethylammonium) is reported. Crystallographic investigations indicate that 1 adopts a typical trilayered D‐J perovskite structure with a fascinating ferroelectric feature and a giant two‐photon absorption coefficient as giant as 4.73 cm MW–1. Meanwhile, the bulk single crystal device of 1 exhibits excellent self‐powered direct detection performance under both visible light (405 nm) and near‐infrared light (800 nm), with a current on/off ratio as high as 103. More intriguingly, the device displays high sensitivity to the polarization of illuminated light, showing a considerable anisotropy up to 4.2 (405 nm) and 4.8 (800 nm), which are much larger than the detectors achieved by geometry anisotropy. The realization of self‐powered visible‐infrared dual‐modal polarization photodetection in 1 indicates the tremendous potential of hybrid ferroelectrics in various optoelectronic applications.
Platelet Pharmacytes for the Hierarchical Amplification of Antitumor Immunity in Response to Self‐Generated Immune Signals
Authors: Yan Jing , Liu Xun , Wu Fan , Ge Chenglong , Ye Huan , Chen Xingye , Wei Yuansong , Zhou Renxiang , Duan Shanzhou , Zhu Rongying , Zheng Yiran , Yin Lichen
Published: April 2022

Systemic immunosuppression mediated by tumor‐derived exosomes is an important cause for the resistance of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. Herein, self‐adaptive platelet (PLT) pharmacytes are engineered to mediate cascaded delivery of exosome‐inhibiting siRNA and anti‐PD‐L1 (aPDL1) toward synergized antitumor immunity. In the pharmacytes, polycationic nanocomplexes (NCs) assembled from Rab27 siRNA (siRab) and a membrane‐penetrating polypeptide are encapsulated inside the open canalicular system of PLTs, and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)‐responsive aPDL1 nanogels (NGs) are covalently backpacked on the PLT surface. Upon systemic administration, the pharmacytes enable prolonged blood circulation and active accumulation to tumors, wherein PLTs are activated to liberate siRab NCs, which efficiently transfect tumor cells, silence Rab27a, and inhibit exosome secretion. The immunosuppression is thus relieved, leading to the activation, proliferation, and tumoral infiltration of cytotoxic T cells, which trigger latent aPDL1 release. As such, the competitive aPDL1 exhaustion by PD‐L1‐expressing exosomes is minimized to sensitize ICB. Synergistically, siRab and aPDL1 induce strong antitumor immunological response and memory against syngeneic murine melanoma. This study reports a bioinspired mechanism to resolve the blood circulation/cell internalization contradiction of polycationic siRNA delivery systems, and renders an enlightened approach for the spatiotemporal enhancement of antitumor immunity.
Molecular Layer Deposition of Thermally Stable Polybenzimidazole‐Like Thin Films and Nanostructures
Authors: Ghafourisaleh Saba , Hatanpää Timo , Vihervaara Anton , Mizohata Kenichiro , Vehkamäki Marko , Leskelä Markku , Putkonen Matti , Ritala Mikko
Published: April 2022

The deposition of polybenzimidazole (PBI)‐like thin films by molecular layer deposition is reported here for the first time using isophthalic acid (IPA) and 3,3′‐diaminobenzidine (DAB) as monomers and trimethylaluminum (TMA) as a linker precursor. Two precursor pulsing sequences are tested, the ABCB (TMA + IPA + DAB + IPA) and ABC (TMA + IPA + DAB) type MLD processes result in different types of PBI‐like films. With the ABCB sequence thin film growth per cycle (GPC) of 6.0 Å is obtained at 225–280 °C, whereas GPC of 7.0 Å is obtained with the ABC sequence. Films are characterized in detail by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, time‐of‐flight elastic recoil detection analysis, and atomic force microscopy. The films have good thermal stability and withstand annealing at 400 °C in both air and nitrogen. PBI nanostructures are prepared by depositing PBI‐like film on electroblown polyvinylpyrrolidone fibers and removing the template fibers by annealing or dissolution into ethanol.
Polymer Components for Paper‐Based Analytical Devices
Authors: González del Campo Maríadel Mar , Vaquer Andreu , de la Rica Roberto
Published: April 2022

In recent years, paper has become an essential substrate material for developing different types of sensors, from wearable devices to single‐use test strips and biosensors. In parallel, a polymer‐based toolbox has emerged in order to add additional functions to these paper‐based analytical devices. In this article, examples are compiled from the recent literature showing microfluidic systems based on printing impermeable polymer barriers with different methods as well as the implementation of electrochemical, fluorescent, and colorimetric polymer‐based transducers in paper‐based analytical platforms. Externally actuated or dissolvable polymer valves and reservoirs, analyte concentrators, and separation devices, as well as polymer‐based recognition elements (molecularly imprinted polymers) printed on paper substrates are also reviewed. The search has revealed a plethora of possibilities for developing complex lab‐on‐chip devices implementing different polymer‐based components in them. The ability of patterning these polymers with common printing methods that do not require specialized facilities paves the way for mass producing this kind of advanced paper‐based analytical device.
Diffusion Limited Current Density: A Watershed in Electrodeposition of Lithium Metal Anode
Authors: Xu Xieyu , Jiao Xingxing , Kapitanova Olesya O. , Wang Jialin , Volkov Valentyn S. , Liu Yangyang , Xiong Shizhao
Published: April 2022

Lithium metal is considered to be a promising anode material for high‐energy‐density rechargeable batteries because of its high theoretical capacity and low reduction potential. Nevertheless, the practical application of Li anodes is challenged by poor cyclic performance and potential safety hazards, which are attributed to non‐uniform electrodeposition of Li metal during charging. Herein, diffusion limited current density (DLCD), one of the critical fundamental parameters that govern the electrochemical reaction process, is investigated as the threshold of current density for electrodeposition of Li. The visualization of the concentration field and distribution of Faradic current density reveal how uniform electrodeposition of Li metal anodes can be obtained when the applied current density is below the DLCD of the related electrochemical system. Moreover, the electrodeposition of Li metal within broken solid electrolyte interphases preferentially occurs at the crack spots that are caused by the non‐uniform electrodeposition of Li metal. This post‐electrodeposition leads to more consumption of active Li when the applied current density is greater than the DLCD. Therefore, lowering the applied current density or increasing the DLCD are proposed as directions for developing advanced strategies to realize uniform electrodeposition of Li metal and stable interfaces, aiming to accelerate the practical application of state‐of‐the‐art Li metal batteries.
Robotic Pill for Biomarker and Fluid Sampling in the Gastrointestinal Tract
Authors: Soto Fernando , Purcell Emma , Ozen Mehmet Ozgun , Sinawang Prima Dewi , Wang Jie , Akin Demir , Demirci Utkan
Published: April 2022

Developing on‐site biomarker enrichment platforms could help to improve the diagnosis of gastrointestinal (GI) tract diseases at early stages. Medical procedures, such as colonoscopies and imaging techniques, are used to diagnose a disease, but are not easily accessible for repeat measurements. In contrast, liquid biopsies, e.g., blood, urine, or fecal samples, have become important sampling strategies to identify health concerns. Herein, a robotic pill is designed for collecting relevant biomarkers from the GI tract over prolonged sampling periods. The robotic pill is comprised of a magnetic core for locomotion, a delayed gate mechanism that controls sampling location based on changes in its environment, and an enrichment module that traps biomarkers in an absorbent matrix while enabling biofluid to pass through the chamber. The robotic pill was assessed to sample microparticles, proteins, and bacteria from the solution. Moreover, the robotic pill was capable of directed locomotion in complex environments and docking in a targeted region against fluid flow. The utilization of an untethered robotic sampling system could provide a tool to investigate aspects of disease initiation and progression for early diagnosis and therapy monitoring. A preprint version of the article can be found at: https://www.authorea.com/doi/full/10.22541/au.164458092.26571169.
Direct Construction of Quinoxaline Derivatives from Vicinal Diols and o‐Nitroanilines via NaOH‐Mediated Intermolecular Cascade Redox and Annulation Reactions
Authors: Wang Qi , Zhu Boran , Zhang Xiaolan , Shi Guojun , Liu Jianping , Xu Qing
Published: April 2022

An alkali base, such as NaOH, alone can effectively mediate the intermolecular cascade redox and annulation reactions of o‐nitroanilines with vicinal diols, providing an efficient transition metal‐free method for direct construction of the useful quinoxaline derivatives. This method tolerates a wide range of substrates, can be readily performed in open air and scaled up for gram synthesis of several pharmaceutically and biologically active quinoxaline derivatives. Studies revealed that the nitro group works as the internal oxidant and the diols the reductant. Possible reaction paths were also proposed based on control reactions. For simple operation of the reactions, requiring no external reducing and oxidizing reagents, no inert atmosphere protection and no transition metal catalysts/ligands but only a water‐soluble alkali base, and having no transition metal residue contaminant in the products, this method may be a relatively greener and practical way for construction of the quinoxaline skeleton, especially for the pharmacy‐ or biology‐oriented quinoxaline derivatives.
Unsupported Nanoporous Palladium Catalyst for N‐Formylation of Amines Using CO2 as a Sustainable C1 Source
Authors: Wang Jixiao , Li Shihong , Wang Yunpeng , Feng Xiujuan , Yamamoto Yoshinori , Bao Ming
Published: April 2022

An efficient heterogeneous catalytic system for the N‐formylation of amines using CO2 as a sustainable C1 source was developed using unsupported nanoporous palladium (PdNPore). The PdNPore‐catalyzed N‐formylation of amines and CO2 with hydrosilane proceeded smoothly under mild reaction conditions to yield formamides in satisfactory to excellent yields. Various synthetically useful functional groups, such as halogen, hydroxyl, allyl, and cyano groups, remained intact during the N‐formylation of amines. No palladium leached from PdNPore during the hydrogenation reaction. Moreover, the catalyst was easily recovered and reused without any loss of catalytic activity. This study is the first to demonstrate that PdNPore catalyzed CO2 conversion to form C−N bond, which enriches the reaction types of CO2 conversion catalyzed by PdNPore catalyst.
Inequities in Therapy for Infantile Spasms: A Call to Action
Authors: Baumer Fiona M. , Mytinger John R. , Neville Kerri , Briscoe Abath Christina , Gutierrez Camilo A. , Numis Adam L. , Harini Chellamani , He Zihuai , Hussain Shaun A. , Berg Anne T. , Chu Catherine J. , Gaillard William D. , Loddenkemper Tobias , Pasupuleti Archana , Samanta Debopam , Singh Rani K. , Singhal Nilika S. , Wusthoff Courtney J. , Wirrell Elaine C. , Yozawitz Elissa , Knupp Kelly G. , Shellhaas Renée A. , Grinspan Zachary M. ,   Pediatric Epilepsy Research Consortium,   National Infantile Spasms Consortium
Published: April 2022

Objective

The aim of this study was to determine whether selection of treatment for children with infantile spasms (IS) varies by race/ethnicity.

Methods

The prospective US National Infantile Spasms Consortium database includes children with IS treated from 2012 to 2018. We examined the relationship between race/ethnicity and receipt of standard IS therapy (prednisolone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, vigabatrin), adjusting for demographic and clinical variables using logistic regression. Our primary outcome was treatment course, which considered therapy prescribed for the first and, when needed, the second IS treatment together.

Results

Of 555 children, 324 (58%) were non‐Hispanic white, 55 (10%) non‐Hispanic Black, 24 (4%) non‐Hispanic Asian, 80 (14%) Hispanic, and 72 (13%) other/unknown. Most (398, 72%) received a standard treatment course. Insurance type, geographic location, history of prematurity, prior seizures, developmental delay or regression, abnormal head circumference, hypsarrhythmia, and IS etiologies were associated with standard therapy. In adjusted models, non‐Hispanic Black children had lower odds of receiving a standard treatment course compared with non‐Hispanic white children (odds ratio [OR], 0.42; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.20–0.89; p = 0.02). Adjusted models also showed that children with public (vs. private) insurance had lower odds of receiving standard therapy for treatment 1 (OR, 0.42; CI, 0.21–0.84; p = 0.01).

Interpretation

Non‐Hispanic Black children were more often treated with non‐standard IS therapies than non‐Hispanic white children. Likewise, children with public (vs. private) insurance were less likely to receive standard therapies. Investigating drivers of inequities, and understanding the impact of racism on treatment decisions, are critical next steps to improve care for patients with IS. ANN NEUROL 2022;92:32–44
Intrinsic Nonflammable Ether Electrolytes for Ultrahigh‐Voltage Lithium Metal Batteries Enabled by Chlorine Functionality
Authors: Tan Lijiang , Chen Shunqiang , Chen Yawei , Fan Jiajia , Ruan Digen , Nian Qingshun , Chen Li , Jiao Shuhong , Ren Xiaodi
Published: April 2022

The issues of inherent low anodic stability and high flammability hinder the deployment of the ether‐based electrolytes in practical high‐voltage lithium metal batteries. Here, we report a rationally designed ether‐based electrolyte with chlorine functionality on ether molecular structure to address these critical challenges. The chloroether‐based electrolyte demonstrates a high Li Coulombic efficiency of 99.2 % and a high capacity retention >88 % over 200 cycles for Ni‐rich cathodes at an ultrahigh cut‐off voltage of 4.6 V (stable even up to 4.7 V). The chloroether‐based electrolyte not only greatly improves electrochemical stabilities of Ni‐rich cathodes under ultrahigh voltages with interphases riched in LiF and LiCl, but possesses the intrinsic nonflammable safety feature owing to the flame‐retarding ability of chlorine functional groups. This study offers a new approach to enable ether‐based electrolytes for high energy density, long‐life and safe Li metal batteries.
Fluorescent Organic π‐Radicals Stabilized with Boron: Featuring a SOMO–LUMO Electronic Transition
Authors: Ito Masato , Shirai Shusuke , Xie Yongfa , Kushida Tomokatsu , Ando Naoki , Soutome Hiroki , Fujimoto Kazuhiro J. , Yanai Takeshi , Tabata Kenichi , Miyata Yasuo , Kita Hiroshi , Yamaguchi Shigehiro
Published: April 2022

We report on the fluorescence properties of a new class of emissive and stable π‐radicals that contain a boron atom at a position distant from the radical center. A fully planarized derivative exhibited an intense red fluorescence with high fluorescence quantum yields (ΦF >0.67) even in polar solvents. To elucidate the origin of this phenomenon, we synthesized another boron‐stabilized radical that contains a bulky aryl group on the boron atom. A comparison of these derivatives, as well as with conventional donor–π–acceptor (D–π–A)‐type emissive π‐radicals, unveiled several characteristic features in their photophysical properties. A theoretical analysis revealed that the SOMO–LUMO electronic transition generates an emissive D1 state. Unlike conventional D–π–A‐type π‐radicals, this state does not undergo significant structural relaxation. The boron‐stabilized π‐radicals demonstrated promising potential for organic light‐emitting diodes as an emitting material.
Efficacy of RNA interference using nanocarrier‐based transdermal dsRNA delivery system in the woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum
Authors: Guo Yi , Fan Yinjun , Teng Ziwen , Wang Lingyun , Tan Xiumei , Wan Fanghao , Zhou Hongxu
Published: April 2022

RNA interference (RNAi) is an essential approach for studying gene function and has been considered as a promising strategy for pest control. However, RNAi method has not been conducted in Woolly apple aphid (Eriosoma lanigerum Hausmann), one of the most damaging apple pests in the world. In the study, we investigated the efficacy of RNAi of V‐ATPase subunit D (ATPD), an efficacious target for RNAi in other insects, in E. lanigerum by a transdermal double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA) delivery system with nanocarriers. Our results showed although topical application of dsATPD in E. lanigerum for 24 h produced 40.5% gene silencing, the additional help of nanocarriers extremely improved the interference efficiency with 98.5% gene silencing. Moreover, a 55.75% mortality was observed 5 days after topical application of nanocarriers and dsATPD, relative to the control (topical application of nanocarriers and double‐stranded green fluorescent protein [dsGFP]). The nanocarrier‐based transdermal dsRNA delivery system will promote the development of functional analysis of vital genes and also provide a potential target for RNAi‐based management of E. lanigerum.
SiCN Ceramics as Electrode Materials for Sodium/Sodium Ion Cells – Insights from 23Na In‐Situ Solid‐State NMR
Authors: Šić Edina , Melzi d'Eril Marco , Schutjajew Konstantin , Graczyk‐Zajac Magdalena J. , Breitzke Hergen , Riedel Ralf , Oschatz Martin , Gutmann Torsten , Buntkowsky Gerd
Published: April 2022

Polymer‐derived silicon carbonitride ceramic (SiCN) is used as an electrode material to prepare cylindrical sodium/sodium ion cells for solid‐state NMR investigations. During galvanostatic cycling structural changes of the environment of sodium/sodium ions are investigated by applying 23Na in‐situ solid‐state NMR. Changes of the signals assigned to sodium metal, intercalated sodium cation and sodium cation originating from the electrolyte are monitored as well as the occurrence of an additional signal in the region of metallic sodium. The intensity of this additional signal changes periodically with the cycling process indicating the reversibility of structures formed and deformed during the galvanostatic cycling. To identify interactions of sodium/sodium ions with the SiCN electrode materials, the cycled SiCN material is studied by 23Na ex‐situ MAS NMR at high spinning rates of 20 and 50 kHz to obtain appropriate spectral resolution.