bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research on solitons’ interactions in one-dimensional indium chains on Si(111) surfaces
Authors: Yao Y , Luo C J , Wang X X , Zhang H
Published: November 2023

Solitons have garnered significant attention across various fields, yet a contentious debate persists regarding the precise structure of solitons on indium chains. Currently, multiple forms of solitons in one-dimensional atomic chains have been reported. STM provides an effective means to study the precise atomic structure of solitons, particularly their dynamics and interactions. However, limited research has been conducted on soliton interactions and soliton-chain interactions, despite their profound impact on relative soliton motions and the overall physical properties of the system. In this work, we characterized the structures of the soliton dimer and trimer, observed the displacements induced by the soliton entity and statisticized the dynamic behaviors of soliton dimers over time evolution or temperature. To reveal the soliton mechanism, we further utilized STM to investigate the CDWs between two solitons when two monomers were encountered. Additionally, we achieved the manipulation of the monomer on the indium chain by the STM tip. Our work serves as an important approach to elucidate interactions in correlated electronic systems and advance the development of potential topological soliton computers.
Risk analysis and Assessment of Wellbore Integrity Failure in Underground Gas Storage Based on Bayesian Network
Authors: Wang Rui , Jin Yanxin , Ren Dongfang , Zhao Chaojie
Published: November 2023

Well integrity assessment plays vital role in the risk management of gas storage wells, which has emerged as a key topic of political and scientific discussion in the gas industry. However, the current research did not provide quantized assessment of failure probability of well integrity. To quantitatively evaluate the failure risk of gas storage well integrity, the probability model based on Bayesian network is established and calculated incorporating the relevant historical statistical data of gas storage well integrity failure and Leaky Noise or Gate extended model. Besides, the risk priority evaluation criteria of well integrity are set up, combining with the analytic hierarchy process. And the risk judgment matrix is constructed to quantitatively evaluate the risk of wellbore integrity failure in gas storage. Practical guidelines and solutions derived from the results of the current study can be used for the design of the gas storage wellbores.
Cause analysis of premature fracture in the welding position of special lifting tool for aero-engines
Authors: Wu Bingbing , Wan Tian , Zeng Zhiwei
Published: November 2023

A specialized lifting tool for aero-engine in a workshop broke down after two months of use, resulting in damage to the workpiece and significant economic losses. The incident also posed a serious production hazard in the workshop. In this study, a series of characterization methods including macroscopic trace observation, fracture analysis, physical and chemical testing, microstructure observation, and hardness testing were conducted to analyze the cause of the lifting tool fracture. Based on simulation methods, the reliability of the lifting tool design was evaluated. The results show that the lifting tool design itself is reliable, and the main reason for the fracture is poor welding quality of the welded structure. It is suspected that there are welding cold cracks in the heat affected zone, which propagate during the use of the lifting tool and eventually lead to fracture. The root cause is that the quality of the base material of the weld did not meet the design requirements, resulting in a higher carbon equivalent in the base material, lower weldability, and increased sensitivity to welding cracks, which was also the reason for the fracture occurring in the welding heat-affected zone. The unqualified material composition affects the process parameters of the pre-welding preheating and the post-welding heat treatment, resulting in the formation of high hardness (724.0HV1) and brittle martensite structure in the welding heat-affected zone.
Failure Analysis of Fractured Gear Teeth on High Speed Shaft
Authors: Feng Ran , Zhao Ying , Li Xiaojia
Published: November 2023

The gear tooth of a high speed shaft cracked after servicing for two years. In this paper, the chemical composition, metallographic structure and fracture morphology of gear shaft materials were analyzed, and the fracture cause of gear teeth was determined. The result showed that there was large size nonmetallic inclusion in the gear teeth, which was result in the fatigue crack of the gear teeth.
Research on Traditional Image Segmentation Method Based on Oil Drilling Pipe Defects
Authors: Zhou Yang , Zhu Lijuan , Ma Dong
Published: November 2023

This study explores the feasibility and efficacy of conventional image seg-mentation technology in diagnosing failures in oil drilling pipe images. Simultaneously, it envisions an intelligent approach to diagnose defects in oil drilling pipes. The present paper examines and scrutinizes traditional image segmentation methods in light of the characteristics of oil drilling pipe defect images. It devises experiments tailored for these defect images and employs various traditional image segmentation methods to facilitate comparison and evaluation. The experimental findings illustrate that the traditional image segmentation methods possess a discernible impact on detecting defects in oil drilling pipes, with the image segmentation effect based on the Canny operator method of edge detection proving to be the most effective. The experiments are specifically devised for defective images of oil drilling pipes, utilizing diverse traditional image segmentation methods for comparison and evaluation. The experimental results demonstrate that the traditional image segmentation methods exhibit a certain degree of efficacy in detecting defects in oil drilling pipes, with the image segmentation effect based on the Canny operator method of edge detection being the most optimal.
The Characteristics of Refractory Steel and Its Development and Application in Petroleum and Other Fields
Authors: Chun Feng , Qi Ji , Lijuan Zhu , Kai Zhang , Xiaofeng Bai
Published: November 2023

Because the strength of structural steel decreases sharply at high temperature, it must be sprayed with fire-resistant coating or fire-resistant materials for composite use. The strength of refractory steel can be reduced by no more than 1/3 of the room temperature at high temperature, and maintain good high temperature strength. This article mainly summarizes the development history of refracto-ry steel in China and other countries, analyzes the material selection basis and strengthening mecha-nism of refractory steel, and finds that by combining Mo element solid solution strengthening, phase transformation strengthening, and Nb, the strength guarantee of refractory steel at high temper-atures and V element precipitation strengthening are obtained. Designers can calculate the service temperature of steel structure through the initial stress and design strength of components to select refractory steel. Finally, the application status of refractory steel and its application prospect in the field of oil rescue are summarized and prospected.
Research on the erosion law of shale gas casing perforation hole during fracturing
Authors: Bo Zeng , Pengcheng Wu , Xudong Wang , Ye Chen , Chengxu Zhong , Xu Liu , Peng Wang , Nan Ji
Published: November 2023

During the fracturing process of shale gas wells, the high-speed injection of sand-carrying fluid throttles at the perforation casing hole, resulting in erosion at the hole, increasing the geometric parameters of the orifice and even producing cracks, affecting the fracturing construction effect and safety. Therefore, the flow field, the movement trajectory of particles and the erosion law of the perforated holes under different displacement and pump pressure were analyzed by using numerical simulation software and Euler-Lagrangian particle tracking theory, and the simulation analysis results were verified by the full-size physical erosion test of the perforated orifice of the casing. The analysis results show that with the increase of displacement, the erosion rate of the eyelet continues to increase, and the erosion rate of the eyelet in the direction of the liquid inlet is significantly greater than that of the bottom of the casing, and the degree gradually decreases in all directions. Increasing the fracturing construction displacement not only increases the erosion rate and diffusion area at the borehole, but also increases the erosion rate of the pipe wall near the borehole, which will accelerate the thinning of the wall thickness of the casing and affect the service safety of the perforated section casing.
The erosion-corrosion behaviors of the full-scale Ni-P and Ni-Cu-NiW internal coating tubing
Authors: Zhu Lijuan , Feng Chun , Zhou Yang , Zhang Kai , Ji Nan , Wang Peng
Published: November 2023

In the present work, a self-built device called the “full scale tubular goods erosion-corrosion test system” was used to investigate the erosion-corrosion behavior of Ni-P and Ni-Cu-NiW internal coating tubing in a simulated operating condition of a water injection well in the Xinjiang oil field, China. The tubing, with a total length of 10 m, was tested under accelerated conditions. The erosion-corrosion performance was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results showed that the Ni-P coating experienced severe corrosion, including internal cracking and peeling. The corrosion failure of the Ni-P coating was mainly attributed to the presence of defects such as pores and the penetration and self-catalysis of chloride ions. On the other hand, the Ni-Cu-NiW coating exhibited excellent corrosion resistance due to its three-layer composite structure and the addition of tungsten (W), which enhanced its resistance to chloride ion penetration.
Effect of Chemical Composition (Cr/Ni) on the Hysteresis of 17-4PH Stainless Steel
Authors: Xie Jinpeng , Yang Caifu , Liu Zhenbao
Published: November 2023

The resistance strain gage was adopted to investigate hysteresis property of 17-4PH steel treated with different proportions of Cr/Ni under the same heat treatment process. The relationship between mechanical properties, microstructure and hysteresis of the material under different proportions of elements was established. The results show that the residual austenite content has an important effect on hysteresis of the material, while the δ-ferrite content has little effect on the hysteresis of the material.
High-resolution measurements of swordfish skin surface roughness
Authors: Stewart M , Cameron S , Thunert M , Zampiron A , Wainwright D , Nikora V
Published: November 2023

The three-dimensional morphology of swordfish skin roughness remains poorly understood. Subsequently, its importance to the overall physiology and hydrodynamic performance of the swordfish is yet to be determined. This is at least partly attributable to the inherent difficulty in making the required measurements of these complex biological surfaces. To address this, here two sets of novel high-resolution measurements of swordfish skin, obtained using a modular optical coherence tomography system and a gel-based stereo-profilometer, are reported and compared. Both techniques are shown to provide three-dimensional morphological data at micron-scale resolution. The results indicate that the skin surface is populated with spiny roughness elements, typically elongated in the streamwise direction, in groups of up to six, and in good agreement with previously reported information based on coarser measurements. In addition, our data also provide new information on the spatial distribution and variability of these roughness features. Two approaches, one continuous and another discrete, are used to derive various topographical metrics that characterize the surface texture of the skin. The information provided here can be used to develop statistically representative synthetic models of swordfish skin roughness.
Super-maximal chaos and instability
Authors: Mondal Swapnamay
Published: November 2023

An upper bound on Lyapunov exponent of a thermal many body quantum system has been conjectured recently. It would be useful to develop a physical understanding of what prevents a system from violating this bound. In this article we suggest violation of this bound leads to instability. Our suggestion is based on careful scrutiny of the arguments that established the bound. We also present a physical system where this phenomenon is manifested. In the stable regime, along with incoherent metallic phase, the system exhibits another novel phase, where transport is controlled neither by quasi-particles nor by diffusion. At the phase transition, diffusion coefficient, butterfly velocity and Thouless time diverges.
Large-alphabet time-bin quantum key distribution and Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen steering via dispersive optics
Authors: Chang Kai-Chi , Sarihan Murat Can , Cheng Xiang , Zhang Zheshen , Wong Chee Wei
Published: November 2023

Quantum key distribution (QKD) has established itself as a groundbreaking technology, showcasing inherent security features that are fundamentally proven. Qubit-based QKD protocols that rely on binary encoding encounter an inherent constraint related to the secret key capacity. This limitation restricts the maximum secret key capacity to one bit per photon. On the other hand, qudit-based QKD protocols have their advantages in scenarios where photons are scarce and noise is present, as they enable the transmission of more than one secret bit per photon. While proof-of-principle entangled-based qudit QKD systems have been successfully demonstrated over the years, the current limitation lies in the maximum distribution distance, which remains at 20 km fiber distance. Moreover, in these entangled high-dimensional QKD systems, the witness and distribution of quantum steering have not been shown before. Here we present a high-dimensional time-bin QKD protocol based on energy-time entanglement that generates a secure finite-length key capacity of 2.39 bit/coincidences and secure cryptographic finite-length keys at 0.24 Mbits s−1 in a 50 km optical fiber link. Our system is built entirely using readily available commercial off-the-shelf components, and secured by nonlocal dispersion cancellation technique against collective Gaussian attacks. Furthermore, we set new records for witnessing both energy-time entanglement and quantum steering over different fiber distances. When operating with a quantum channel loss of 39 dB, our system retains its inherent characteristic of utilizing large-alphabet. This enables us to achieve a secure key rate of 0.30 kbits s−1 and a secure key capacity of 1.10 bit/coincidences, considering finite-key effects. Our experimental results closely match the theoretical upper bound limit of secure cryptographic keys in high-dimensional time-bin QKD protocols (Mower et al 2013 Phys. Rev. A 87 062322; Zhang et al 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett.
112 120506), and outperform recent state-of-the-art qubit-based QKD protocols in terms of secure key throughput using commercial single-photon detectors (Wengerowsky et al 2019 Proc. Natl Acad. Sci.
116 6684; Wengerowsky et al 2020 npj Quantum Inf.
6 5; Zhang et al 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett.
112 120506; Zhang et al 2019 Nat. Photon.
13 839; Liu et al 2019 Phys. Rev. Lett.
122 160501; Zhang et al 2020 Phys. Rev. Lett.
125 010502; Wei et al 2020 Phys. Rev. X 10 031030). The simple and robust entanglement-based high-dimensional time-bin protocol presented here provides potential for practical long-distance quantum steering and QKD with multiple secure bits-per-coincidence, and higher secure cryptographic keys compared to mature qubit-based QKD protocols.
Introduction
Authors: Levinson Daryl J
Published: November 2023

Thomas Hobbes famously portrayed the state as a personified Leviathan, and Hobbes’s arresting image of the state as a giant person remains deeply influential to this day. Indeed, much of the theory of international law and international relations can be read as an extended interrogation of the Hobbesian metaphor of states as persons. One might have expected constitutional law, the second major regime of law for states, to follow a similar path. As the chapters that follow will show, however, many of the most persistent theoretical and practical difficulties of constitutional law stem from the inability of its designers and practitioners to appreciate the distinctive difficulties of imposing law upon Leviathan. Because Leviathan is different from an ordinary person, law for Leviathan must also be different. Laying out the distinctive structural, functional, and moral features of that form of law is the project of this book, previewed in the Introduction.
State Building and Unbuilding
Authors: Levinson Daryl J
Published: November 2023

This chapter starts with the rewards and risks of building state power through law, and the corresponding trade-off between projects of state-building and state-unbuilding. From the post–World War II Marshall Plan to the post-9/11 state-building efforts in Iraq and Afghanistan, the Hobbesian project of building stronger states and fixing failed ones has been perceived as a foreign policy imperative. As history has painfully demonstrated, however, building stronger states comes with risks of its own, both domestically and internationally. A similar ambivalence about the extent of state power has been a pervasive feature of American constitutionalism, giving rise to persistent debates over national government capacity, presidential powers, the administrative state, and constitutional federalism. On the home front, Americans have resolutely resisted Hobbes’s advice, intentionally designing for ourselves a state built, if not to fail, at least not to fully succeed.
No Body and Everybody
Authors: Levinson Daryl J
Published: November 2023

This chapter addresses the question of who, exactly, should be blamed or punished for the state’s wrongdoing. The standard answer provided by international and constitutional law is, the state itself. But there is no meaningful sense in which the state itself can be punished or penalized. Sanctions—whether in the form of missile strikes or monetary damages for constitutional violations—pass through the immaterial body of Leviathan and land upon real people. And these are often people who bear no personal responsibility for the wrongdoing of their states, and who have no ability to prevent that wrongdoing from occurring. As international law has learned the hard way, the image of an embodied Leviathan that can be blamed and punished too often masks the moral and functional consequences of what are effectively collective sanctions imposed on groups of innocent people.
Law for Leviathan
Authors: Levinson Daryl J
Published: November 2023

For the past several centuries of Anglo-American legal thought, law has been paradigmatically understood as the product of the state. It is the state, operating through the legal and political institutions of its government, that imposes law on the people who are its subjects. Over the same centuries, however, the development of international law and constitutional law has made the state itself subject to law. These systems of law for states necessarily work differently. For one thing, law for states must do without a super-state or government standing above the state, capable of creating and enforcing law. For another, the state is a unique kind of legal subject, calling for different behavioral models, moral standards, and regulatory techniques than those developed for ordinary people. It is precisely these differences that have long marked international law as a curious, and in many eyes dubious, form of law. Constitutional law, in contrast, has seldom been subject to the same doubts, or fully understood as different in kind from legal systems run by and through the state. As a result, constitutionalists have lagged their internationalist counterparts in coming to grips with the common project of making the state the subject rather than the source of law. By assimilating constitutional and international law as parallel projects of imposing law upon the state, and by highlighting the peculiarities of the state as a subject of law, this book aspires to close that gap, and to bring focus to Law for Leviathan as a distinctive legal form.
Satires
Authors: Morgan Llewelyn
Published: November 2023

This chapter tackles the two books of satires published by Horace in 36/35 and 30 bce. It explains the nature of ancient satire, introducing the iconic Roman figure of C. Lucilius, an embodiment of Roman republican values, libertas (freedom, freedom of speech) especially. In both books Horace is keen to relate his own poetry to Lucilius’, and this tells us a lot about his and Rome’s circumstances in the 30 bce and how he wanted to present Augustus’ activities at this point. The style of verse of satire is also investigated, its artfully scruffy versification and vocabulary and its emphasis on the physical over the spiritual, and how that apparent lack of polish also contributes to its perception as a privileged mouthpiece of Romanness. The implications of these poems’ original title, Sermones, is discussed, one being that they are like the kind of conversations one might have at the important Roman institution of the cena, dinner by invitation.
Evaluation of pharmacists’ role in preoperative medication review in a Veterans Affairs Health Care System
Authors: Lindbloom Tori J , Corbo Jason M , Blacksmith Heather P , Tarnowski Amy , Frei Christopher R
Published: November 2023

Purpose

Use of high-risk medications preoperatively may increase the incidence of postoperative complications. Available literature evaluating pharmacists’ role in preoperative medication review is limited, and guidance is not currently available on which patients should have a medication review performed by a pharmacist before surgery. A preoperative rehabilitation pilot project in which clinical pharmacists reviewed medication profiles before scheduled surgeries was developed. This review aimed to evaluate pharmacists’ role in reviewing medication profiles preoperatively and to identify specific patient factors that suggest a medication review is warranted.

Methods

This retrospective review utilized the electronic medical records of nonfrail adults undergoing preplanned surgeries enrolled in the pilot project from August 2021 to April 2022. Endpoints were determined using descriptive statistics and regression models. A multivariate analysis was performed evaluating high-risk medications and VIONE (Vital, Important, Optional, Not indicated, and Every medication has an indication) polypharmacy risk score.

Results

Forty patients were included, with at least one recommendation made in 83% of chart reviews. Many patients (95%) were taking at least one high-risk medication. Of the high-risk medication classes evaluated independently, only antiplatelets were predictive of pharmacy intervention (P = 0.01). Only high-risk medications were independently predictive of pharmacist intervention (P < 0.01) when multivariate analysis was performed.

Conclusion

Pharmacists made a recommendation in the majority of medication reviews and were most likely to make a recommendation in patients taking high-risk medications. A larger sample size may provide more insight regarding patient-specific factors warranting a preoperative medication review.
Justice Kennedy’s Jurisprudence of Dignity: From Sovereign Immunity to Gay Rights
Authors: Scarffe Eric J
Published: November 2023

Although this article uses Obergefell v Hodges (2015) as its frame, it aims to bring out some distinctive features of Justice Kennedy’s jurisprudence of dignity more broadly. There are two reasons why such an investigation is important. The first is important to those interested in the legal case. Indeed, in Dobbs v Jackson Women’s Health (2022), the Court now argues that the relevant ‘test’ for determining whether a right is protected under the Due Process Clause is whether the right is found to be ‘deeply rooted’ in the nation’s history and tradition. This article aims to critique this decision, as well as originalist approaches to constitutional interpretation more broadly, and seeks to resurrect and reconstruct Kennedy’s jurisprudence of dignity that has undergirded (sometimes quietly) the expansion of civil rights protections to the LGBTQ+ community. The second reason this investigation is important is of interest to philosophers and legal historians. Dignity is a notoriously elusive concept, and much ink has been spilt trying to sort out the precise nature of its content and its boundaries. This article brings together the many (seemingly disparate) uses of dignity found across cases involving gay rights, abortion, and foreign sovereign immunity, and argues Kennedy effectively weaves these uses together in ways that may sharpen our understanding of dignity in both the philosophical and legal literatures.
PLM-ARG: antibiotic resistance gene identification using a pretrained protein language model
Authors: Wu Jun , Ouyang Jian , Qin Haipeng , Zhou Jiajia , Roberts Ruth , Siam Rania , Wang Lan , Tong Weida , Liu Zhichao , Shi Tieliu
Published: November 2023

Motivation

Antibiotic resistance presents a formidable global challenge to public health and the environment. While considerable endeavors have been dedicated to identify antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) for assessing the threat of antibiotic resistance, recent extensive investigations using metagenomic and metatranscriptomic approaches have unveiled a noteworthy concern. A significant fraction of proteins defies annotation through conventional sequence similarity-based methods, an issue that extends to ARGs, potentially leading to their under-recognition due to dissimilarities at the sequence level.

Results

Herein, we proposed an Artificial Intelligence-powered ARG identification framework using a pretrained large protein language model, enabling ARG identification and resistance category classification simultaneously. The proposed PLM-ARG was developed based on the most comprehensive ARG and related resistance category information (>28K ARGs and associated 29 resistance categories), yielding Matthew’s correlation coefficients (MCCs) of 0.983 ± 0.001 by using a 5-fold cross-validation strategy. Furthermore, the PLM-ARG model was verified using an independent validation set and achieved an MCC of 0.838, outperforming other publicly available ARG prediction tools with an improvement range of 51.8%–107.9%. Moreover, the utility of the proposed PLM-ARG model was demonstrated by annotating resistance in the UniProt database and evaluating the impact of ARGs on the Earth's environmental microbiota.

Availability and implementation

PLM-ARG is available for academic purposes at https://github.com/Junwu302/PLM-ARG, and a user-friendly webserver (http://www.unimd.org/PLM-ARG) is also provided.
Language most shows a man: The case for rhetorical education
Authors: Jenner Brian
Published: November 2023

The study of rhetoric teaches students to deal with the world as it is, not how we’d like it to be. This article exposes some contemporary pieties in education and calls for a recognition that in the digital era we have to go back to studying the language arts.
Drinking patterns of alcohol and risk of major adverse cardiovascular events after an acute coronary syndrome
Authors: Tessitore Elena , Branca Mattia , Heg Dik , Nanchen David , Auer Reto , Räber Lorenz , Klingenberg Roland , Windecker Stephan , Lüscher Thomas F , Carballo Sebastian , Matter Christian M , Gmel Gerhard , Mukamal Kenneth J , Rodondi Nicolas , Carballo David , Mach François , Gencer Baris
Published: November 2023

Aims

To evaluate the risk of alcohol consumption after acute coronary syndromes (ACS).

Methods and results

A total of 6557 patients hospitalized for ACS at four Swiss centres were followed over 12 months. Weekly alcohol consumption was collected at baseline and 12 months. Binge drinking was defined as consumption of ≥6 units of alcohol on one occasion. Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) were defined as a composite of cardiac death, myocardial infarction, stroke, or clinically indicated target vessel coronary revascularization. Cox regression analysis was performed to assess the risk of MACE in patients with heavy (>14 standard units/week), moderate (7–14 standard units per week), light consumption (<1 standard unit/week), or abstinence, and with binge drinking episodes, adjusted for baseline differences. At baseline, 817 (13.4%) patients reported heavy weekly alcohol consumption. At 1-year follow-up, 695/1667 (41.6%) patients reported having at least one or more episodes of binge drinking per month. The risk for MACE was not significantly higher in those with heavy weekly consumption compared to abstinence [8.6% vs. 10.2%, hazard ratio (HR) 0.97, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.69–1.36] or light consumption (8.6% vs. 8.5%, HR 1.41, 95% CI 0.97–2.06). Compared to patients with no binge drinking, the risk of MACE was dose-dependently higher in those with binge drinking with less than one episode per month (9.2% vs. 7.8%, HR 1.61, 95% CI 1.23–2.11) or one or more episodes per month (13.6% vs. 7.8%, HR 2.17, 95% CI 1.66–2.83).

Conclusion

Binge drinking during the year following an ACS, even less than once per month, is associated with worse clinical outcomes.
SARS-CoV-2 transmission risk for common group activities and settings: a living scoping review
Authors: Vyas Niyati , Bennett Alexandria , Shaver Nicole , Beck Andrew , Zitiktye Gabriele , Whelan Barbara , O’Regan Rhea , Conway Aileen , Skidmore Becky , Moher David , Little Julian
Published: November 2023

Background

While the modes of transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) are well studied, the risk of transmission in various group settings or activities is less clear. This living scoping review aims to summarize the risk factors of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) spread in common group activities (e.g. social gatherings) or settings (e.g. schools, hospitals, shared workplaces) to understand the drivers of transmission and to inform a risk assessment profile tool for use of rapid antigen detection tests.

Methods

We systematically searched electronic databases, MEDLINE and Embase, from January 2019 until February 2022. We included studies that evaluated the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in activities and settings, deemed strategically important to government departments in Ireland, provided by the Department of Health (Ireland) Expert Advisory Group on Rapid Testing.

Results

After screening 14 052 records, data from 139 studies were narratively synthesized. The risk was consistently reported as ‘high’ for large social events (e.g. weddings) and indoor sports, working in healthcare settings and shared workplaces, working/living in residential settings and travelling via public transportation. Most studies were from healthcare settings, with common risk factors including close contact with COVID-19 cases, working in high-risk departments and inappropriate use of personal protective equipment. For other settings and activities, lack of infection prevention and control practices reportedly contributed to infection transmission.

Conclusion

The heterogeneity across studies and lack of direct information on dominant variants, preventive measures, vaccination coverage necessitates further research on transmission risk within group activities to inform infection prevention and control measures.
Making progress in early-career publishing: evolutions of the women’s publication mentorship programme
Authors: Jalaghonia Nanuka , Kwamie Aku
Published: November 2023

Mentorship is vital for early-career researchers, especially women from low- and middle-income countries seeking to publish their work. This paper explores the evolution of the Women’s Publication Mentorship Programme, a collaborative initiative pioneered by the Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research, further strengthened through the partnership of Health Systems Global, and Health Policy and Planning. Over a span of five years and encompassing three cohorts, the program supported 45 early-career researchers from 24 countries, resulting in insightful papers on equity-oriented health system topics. Beyond the direct outcomes of strengthening the writing skills of first-time women authors and facilitating paper publications, the Programme has also influenced Health System Global's strategic approach and conceptual framework for systemic capacity strengthening in health policy and systems research. It has also played a pivotal role in addressing the longstanding gender imbalance in global health authorship. Amid these achievements, our program consistently evolved, drawing from lessons of the past cohort. Challenges, such as the need for extended paper development timelines, addressing language barriers, and strengthening methodological rigor in initial manuscripts, were met with solutions. Insights and experiences from previous participants translated into tangible results, notably elevating the quality of journal supplement publications. This commentary explores key lessons from the second cohort's journey and its evolving nature. It also highlights persistent challenges and provides practical recommendations for organizations to enhance their mentorship programs, ultimately fostering the career growth of early-career researchers in health policy and systems research.
Periphery of a Genocide: Finland and the Holocaust
Authors: Silvennoinen Oula
Published: November 2023

By scrutinizing Finland’s complex position as an Axis ally during the Second World War, this article explores the degree to which the country contributed to the destruction of European Jews. Though historians within Finland continue to debate these issues, the author argues that neither exculpation, nor exclusion from the general framework of Holocaust history are tenable historical approaches. While the extent to which Finland willingly participated in the mass murder of the Jews and other perceived enemies remains an unresolved question, this article reveals how key individuals and lower-level authorities nevertheless knowingly contributed to lethal practices and outcomes. Thus, this article challenges current interpretations of Finland’s involvement in the Holocaust.
Symbiotic Relationship of Comasterschlegelii (Crinoidea: Comatulidae) and Gymnolophus obscura (Ophiuroidea: Ophiotrichidae) Derived from Stable Isotope and Fatty Acid Analyses
Authors: Li Zhong , Dong Yue , Ge Meiling , Zhang Qian , Sun Yuyao , Dai Mengdi , Zhang Xuelei , Li Xiubao , Wang Zongling , Xu Qinzeng
Published: November 2023

Synopsis

Coral reef community exhibits high species diversity and a broad range of biological relationships, including widespread symbiosis and complex food utilization patterns. In our study, we investigated the symbiotic relationship between the commonly crinoid host Comaster schlegelii and its ophiuroid obligatory symbiont Gymnolophus obscura. Using a combination of fatty acid biomarkers and stable isotopic compositions, we explored differences in their organic matter utilization strategies and nutritional relationships. The result of stable isotopes revealed that G. obscura had higher δ15N values than its crinoid host. Particulate organic matter and phytoplankton were identified as the primary food sources for both species, however C. schlegelii showed a higher proportional contribution from benthic microalgae. Fatty acid markers showed that C. schlegelii was more dependent on benthic microalgae such as diatoms, and less on debritic organic matter and bacteria than G. obscura. Elevated δ15N values of G. obscura and similar food source contribution rates between the host and symbiont suggest that ophiuroid feeds on materials filtered by crinoids and have similar diet to the host. Our results provide insights into the symbiotic patterns of crinoids and ophiuroids, while also supplying foundational data on how symbiotic reef species select organic matter utilization strategies to adapt to their environment.
An Equivariant Generalisation of McDuff–Segal’s Group–Completion Theorem
Authors: Hilman Kaif
Published: November 2023

In this short note, we prove a $G$–equivariant generalisation of McDuff–Segal’s group–completion theorem for finite groups $G$. A new complication regarding genuine equivariant localisations arises and we resolve this by isolating a simple condition on the homotopy groups of $\mathbb{E}_{\infty }$–rings in $G$–spectra. We check that this condition is satisfied when our inputs are a suitable variant of $\mathbb{E}_{\infty }$–monoids in $G$–spaces via the existence of multiplicative norm structures, thus giving a localisation formula for their associated $G$–spherical group rings.
I wanna share this, but…: explicating invested costs and privacy concerns of social grooming behaviors in Facebook and users’ well-being and social capital
Authors: Lin Jih-Hsuan (Tammy) , Cook Christine Linda , Yang Ji-Wei
Published: November 2023

The social grooming model (SGM), which theorizes social media users’ social grooming behaviors based on invested costs, is robust, reflecting various and nuanced social grooming styles. However, its core assumptions have not been validated. Using a nationally representative sample of 1,001 Taiwanese social media users, we explored costs and privacy for each social grooming behavior via a survey. Our results supported the hypotheses of the SGM. Users reported greater costs and reputational concerns for private topics than public topics, and higher costs for emotional and controversial topics than for informational and trending topics. With the new five styles identified in this study, social butterflies and meformers reported significantly greater social capital and well-being than lurkers; however, social butterflies reported greater invested costs in social grooming than meformers, indicating that being strategic is most efficient when it comes to social grooming, considering invested costs and the social benefits. SGM is robust and can reflect rich social grooming patterns.
Perceptions of interprofessional team collaboration among professionals working in the occupational health service in Sweden
Authors: Mouazzen Anna-Karin , Blomberg Karin , Jaensson Maria
Published: November 2023

Objectives: Interprofessional collaboration (IPC) among professionals in occupational health (OH) services is crucial when rendering a service to clients and customers. The aim of this study was to describe and compare perceptions relating to IPC among professionals working as OH providers in Sweden.

Methods: This cross-sectional study with a descriptive and comparative design included 456 respondents representing different OH professions in Sweden. Data were collected using the Swedish short version of the Assessment of Interprofessional Team Collaboration Scale adapted for OH ([AITCS]-SII[OH]), with its 3 subscales Partnership, Cooperation, and Coordination, and were analyzed and presented descriptively. Items and sum scores were dichotomized into inadequate and adequate and compared between sexes, workplaces, types of employment, and professions.

Results: According to the responses, items related to openness, honesty, and trust were perceived as adequate among the respondents. The findings show that perceptions about IPC differed among the professions. The perception of IPC also differed between different types of organizations.

Conclusions: The results show diverse perceptions between professionals and organizations. The perception of IPC may be influenced by the professional’s education in occupational safety and health. Study findings may be used to support further development of IPC in the OH service for the benefit of the clients. To develop IPC in the best interests of both professionals and customers/clients, further studies need to be performed to gain a deeper understanding of IPC in the OH context.
Coping After COVID-19: Cognitive Behavioral Skills for Anxiety, Depression, and Adjusting to Chronic Illness
Authors: Jaywant Abhishek , Kanellopoulos Dora , Oberlin Lauren , Cherestal Stephanie , Bueno Castellano Christina , Wilkins Victoria M.
Published: November 2023

Coping After COVID-19: Therapist Guide: Cognitive Behavioral Skills for Anxiety, Depression, and Adjusting to Chronic Illness provides an overview of how to help people who developed COVID-19 with their persisting symptoms. Many individuals with persisting COVID-19 symptoms experience anxiety and depression while struggling to adjust to uncertainties and changes in their everyday life. Difficulties in adjustment, anxiety, and depression may also result in poor adherence to medical treatments, contribute to disability, and negatively affect a person's overall quality of life. Coping After COVID-19 also shares a cognitive behavioral framework to help clients manage emotional difficulties, cognitive challenges, fatigue, and sleep disturbances, tailored for COVID-19. It also provides optional modules on enhancing adherence to medical treatment, managing grief and loss, and working with families.
Physiologically difficult airways
Authors: Hernandez Zachary J. , Mosier Jarrod M.
Published: November 2023

When intubating critically ill patients requiring mechanical ventilation in the emergency department, much attention is paid to the “anatomically difficult” airway. However, physiologic abnormalities such as hypotension, hypoxemia, metabolic acidosis, and right ventricular failure contribute significantly to patient mortality. If these abnormalities are addressed by the emergency physician, then the risk of mortality to the patient can be decreased. Pre-preparation for cardiovascular collapse and prevention of right ventricular overload are the mainstays of airway management, including correction of hypotension with vasopressors, additional oxygenation (high-flow nasal cannula or non-invasive positive pressure ventilation) to prevent pulmonary vasoconstriction, concomitant correction of metabolic acidosis, and conscious sedation medications with as little hemodynamic effects as possible.
Help me breathe: High-flow nasal cannula versus noninvasive ventilation troubleshooting
Authors: Allison David L. , Dargin James
Published: November 2023

In this chapter the authors discuss noninvasive modes of providing support to the patient who presents to the emergency department with acute respiratory failure. A growing body of evidence is now available to guide the provider in the use of different modalities of support for this patient population. In particular, the use of a high-flow nasal cannula and noninvasive ventilation may improve the outcomes of patients with respiratory failure. The emergency provider must understand the indications and contraindications for each of these modalities and should also be able to recognize the signs of failure and when to proceed with intubation.
Upside-down is best: Practical proning
Authors: VanValkinburgh Danny , Wessman Brian T.
Published: November 2023

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is defined by the inability to oxygenate. The emergency physician should be able to identify and risk stratify patients with ARDS upon clinical presentation. The associated refractory hypoxemia should be managed with appropriate volume resuscitation and ventilator management strategies initially. However, prone positioning can occur early in the clinical trajectory, even while the patient is still in the emergency department. Data have shown that prone positioning reduces mortality, and it has not been found to cause an increase in other complications. The chapter contains a detailed checklist for conducting the proning procedure, including personnel needed and techniques to ensure safety.
Vasopressor cocktails (we all have drug shortages)
Authors: Greenwood John C.
Published: November 2023

In critically ill patients with circulatory shock, rapid identification of hemodynamic derangements and targeted therapy to reverse underlying pathophysiology are required. Current guideline recommendations often suggest first- and second-line choices for vasopressor and inotropic therapy. However, each vasoactive medication has a therapeutic profile that can benefit but can also potentially harm a patient based on their underlying pathophysiology and comorbidities. It is important for the clinician to be prepared to choose alternative therapies if first-line medications are unavailable or lead to undesirable effects. Balancing the effects of inotropy and vasomotor tone through combinations of medications is necessary when multiple shock states are present (vasodilatory, hemorrhagic/ hypovolemic, LV vs. RV cardiogenic shock).
I feel weak: Myasthenic or neuromuscular emergencies
Authors: Andrews Charles M.
Published: November 2023

Acute weakness in patients who present to the emergency department can involve a large and diverse set of pathologies. Although relatively rare in the population, these often are neuromuscular in origin and may not be recognized or present until patients have no further reserve. Emergency physicians must be able to recognize clues in the history and physical exam, detect impending respiratory failure, and know appropriate treatment strategies to utilize. This chapter on neuromuscular emergencies provides information about the differential diagnosis, presentation, workup, and treatment of diseases such as myasthenia gravis, Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome, myasthenic crisis, botulism, and Guillain–Barré syndrome.
Electrolyte emergencies
Authors: Trigonis Russell A. , Ellender Timothy J.
Published: November 2023

Hyperkalemia is a well-described life-threatening pathology that is seen frequently in the emergency department. Its diagnosis and treatment are essential skills for emergency medicine providers. Once the diagnosis is established with laboratory findings in the appropriate clinical context, treatment should be initiated in a rapid fashion. The tenets of management involve stabilization of the cardiac membrane with calcium, shifting of potassium intracellularly with insulin and beta-agonists, and finally, elimination with diuretics or hemodialysis. Understanding the mechanisms of these agents as well as recognizing their appropriate dosing, is essential to the emergency medicine physician. Failure to promptly treat this condition can cause fatal, preventable arrythmias.
Synaptic Properties of Thalamic and Prethalamic Inputs
Authors: Varela Carmen
Published: November 2023

This chapter reviews key functional properties of thalamic inputs at the synaptic level. How thalamic synapses operate, what intracellular molecular cascades they control, and how they regulate their strength are basic questions to understand how information is dynamically integrated and processed in thalamocortical networks. The chapter covers the general types of receptors (ionotropic, metabotropic) and short-term plasticity properties that characterize thalamic synapses. The characteristics of thalamic synapses have been studied more extensively in glutamatergic inputs compared to other neurotransmitter systems, in sensory compared to cognitive regions of the thalamus, and in rodents more than in other species. Therefore, this review will reflect the more established results from the large body of work on glutamatergic inputs in sensory areas of the rodent thalamus and will discuss other inputs and higher order areas more broadly.