bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Two major idiotypes in mouse anti‐(4‐hydroxy‐3‐nitrophenyl)acetyl (NP) antibodies are controlled by “allelic” genes
Authors: Karjalainen Klaus
Published: February 2007

Anti‐NP [(4‐hydroxy‐3‐nitro‐phenyl)acetyl)] antibodies from the primary response of BALB/c mice contain a major idiotype NP‐a that is controlled by an allotype‐linked gene VHNPa. A new strain distribution pattern for a VH marker was discovered: strains BALB/c, RF, DBA, RIII and SM were positive, and strains C57BL/6, SJL, CBA, A/J, CE, AKR and NZB were negative for the idiotype NP‐a.

NP‐a idiotype shared many characteristics with previously described idiotype NP‐b and, therefore, allelism was suggested between them. Both idiotypes have γ light chains, both seem to be conservative in evolution, both are predominant early in the antibody response. Later during the response, antibodies become increasingly idiotype‐negative while at the same time, homogeneous isoelectric focusing patterns become very heterogeneous. The study of VH recombinant strains supported the concept of allelism because in every case studied, the idiotypes were mutually exclusive. (C57BL/6 × BALB/c)F1 mice expressed idiotypes NP‐a and NP‐b regularly and in approximately equal amounts.
Monoclonal antibodies to hemagglutinin and to H‐2 inhibit the cross‐reactive cytotoxic T cell populations induced by influenza
Authors: Askonas Brigitte A. , Webster Robert G.
Published: February 2007

The target antigens recognized by the cross‐reactive population of cytotoxic T cells on A/USSR/90/77 (H 1N 1) influenza virus‐infected cells was studied with monoclonal antibodies to the H‐2k antigen and viral hemagglutinin. The cytotoxic killing of virus‐ infected cells was differentially inhibited by three monoclonal antibodies to H‐2k. Synergistic inhibition of cytotoxic activity was obtained with monoclonal antibodies to H‐2 and to some antigenic determinants on the hemagglutinin melecule of A/USSR but not with others. Since target cells infected with other subtypes of influenza A viruses were not inhibited by any of the monoclonal antibodies to AIUSSR hemagglutinin, it is suggested that the sites recognized by the cross‐reactive cytotoxic T cells were satirically inhibited by the anti‐A/USSR monoclonal antibodies. The results suggest that at least one of the target antigens recognized by the cross‐reactive population of cytotoxic T cells is located on the hemagglutinin molecule. The present observations are in agreement with cytotoxic T cell recognition of closely situated viral and H‐ 2 determinants.
Delayed‐type hypersensitivity induced by antigen pulsed, bone marrow‐derived macrophages
Authors: Mottram Patricia L. , Miller Jacques F. A. P.
Published: February 2007

Mouse bone marrow cells, cultured in specifically conditioned medium, were found to be virtually pure macrophages after 7 days. When pulsed with antigen, these cells induced and elicited delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) with the same efficiency and major histocompatibility complex restrictions as antigen‐pulsed peritoneal exudate cells. Both of these macrophage populations had 20% Ia+ cells, as measured by complement‐mediated cytotoxicity. When most of the Ia+ cells were removed, the remaining antigen‐pulsed macrophages could not elicit DTH in sensitized mice.
Presence of multiple isotypes on the surface of human tonsillar lymphocytes
Authors: Vessière‐Louveaux Françoise M. Y. R. , Hijmans Willy , Schuit Henrica R. E.
Published: February 2007

Formaldehyde‐fixed small lymphocytes from human tonsils were investigated for the presence of the Ig heavy chain class isotypes α, γ, δ and μ on their membranes by means of a direct immunofluorescence technique. About 50% of the small lymphocytes were defined as B cells with an anti‐Fab antiserum. Most of the B lymphocytes carried more than one isotype on their membrane, and all combinations of two isotypes were observed. The existence of three or four isotypes on the membrane of individual lymphocytes was deduced. The sIgD, sIgM and sIgA, sIgD, sIgM combinations were the most common. The isotypes were present as separate molecules since they showed independent distribution patterns under capping conditions.
Macrophage handling of soluble immune complexes ingestion and digestion of surface‐bound complexes at 4, 20 and 37 °C
Authors: Leslie Robert G. Q.
Published: February 2007

Radioassays have been developed to measure, as separate events, the ingestion and degradation of macrophage‐bound guinea pig IgG anti‐DNP (2,4‐dinitrophenyl)‐ DNP‐BSA (bovine serum albumin) complexes of defined size and subclass. Complex ingestion was observed to be temperature‐dependent and was effectively blocked only by a combination of inhibitors of respiration and glycolysis indicating that the process is under the same metabolic control as fluid phase pinocytosis. On the other hand, the half‐life of membrane‐bound complexes at 37 °C (t1/2 = 5.6 ± 1.7 min) was considerably shorter than the value expected from membrane turnover studies (t1/2 = 22.4 min) suggesting that complexes are selectively cleared from the cell surface. The rate of ingestion at 20°C was independent of complex size and of the IgG subclass used in complex formation, but was affected by in vivo stimulation of the macrophages before assay.

Complex digestion was shown to be highly temperature‐dependent and, at 37 °C, proceeded at a rate (t1/2 = 1.5‐5 h) which was 20‐60‐fold slower than the rate of ingestion indicating that the latter is unlikely to influence digestion kinetics. On the other hand, the selective action of 2‐deoxyglucose in blocking digestion, but not ingestion, suggests that pinosome‐lysosome fusion may play a part in determining the overall catabolic rate. A 2 to 3‐fold difference in digestion rates was observed between the proteins employed as antibody (guinea pig IgG1 or IgG2) and as antigen (DNP‐BSA). This finding suggests that the intrinsic susceptibility of ingested proteins to enzymatic hydrolysis may be the prime determinant of digestion rate. As with ingestion, no discrimination was observed in the degradation of complexes of different size or IgG antibody subclass.

The observations in this and the preceding study (Eur. J. Immunol. 1980. 10: 317) indicate that complex size is important in determining the level of uptake by phagocytes but not subsequent events associated with catabolism.
Induction of susceptibility to HgCl2 immune glomerulonephritis in the Lewis rat by immunocompetent cells from susceptible F1 hybrids
Authors: Sapin Catherine , Druet Philippe , Mandet Chantal
Published: February 2007

Susceptibility to HgCl2‐induced glomerulonephritis was transferred to resistant Lewis (LEW) rats, irradiated and reconstituted with (LEW × BN)F1, hybrid immunocompetent cells. This glomerulonephritis was similar to that observed in Brown‐Norway (BN) rats with a first stage characterized by anti‐glomerular basement membrane antibodies and a second stage with immune complex‐type deposits in the glomerular tufts and in the small renal arteries.
Immune interferon secretion as an expression of immunological memory to transplantation antigens: in vivo generation of long‐lived, recirculating memory cells
Authors: Virelizier Jean‐Louis , Guy‐Grand Delphine
Published: February 2007

Leukocytes from C57BL/6 mice immunized against DBA/2 strain antigens by intraperitoneal injection of mastocytoma P 815 cells produced, when stimulated in the mixed leukocyte reaction assay with DBAI2 spleen cells, an earlier and more intense secretion of immune interferon than leukocytes from untreated mice. This secondary‐type interferon response was independent of cell proliferation. The memory phenomenon was induced by long‐lived, recirculating lymphocytes found in spleen, lymph nodes and thoracic duct, but not in the thymus. Memory cells could be recruited into inflammatory sites. They were shown to be specific for H‐2 alloantigens, although some cross‐reactivity with stimulating cells bearing unrelated H‐2 antigens was observed. The possible anti‐tumor, antiviral and immunoregulatory roles of this memory phenomenon, and its significance in transplantation immunity are discussed.
Separation of memory cell subpopulations by complement receptors: in vivo analysis
Authors: Feldbush Thomas L.
Published: February 2007

The appearance of complement receptors (CR) on memory B cells was used as a measure of memory cell maturation. At various times after priming, lymphocytes were separated by rosette formation (EAC‐RFC) and Ficoll‐Hypaque separation followed by transfer to carrier‐primed, irradiated recipients. The relative contribution of the CR+ and CR− memory cells to the total memory cell response was then calculated using the amount of antibody produced, corrected for the yield and number of B cells in each fraction. Using this technique, the following results were obtained: (a) in agreement with other investigators, the mature memory cell population is composed of both CR+ and CR− cells; (b) early after immunization (2 and 4 weeks), the predominate memory cell population is CR−, while later (6 to 8 months) the CR+ cells can contribute an average of 50% of the response; (c) at all times tested, the CR− B cell population was greatly enriched for memory cell activity, and (d) the shift from CR+ to CR− by some of the memory cells seemed to accompany a change in cell size.
Sendai virus stimulates chemiluminescence in mouse T and B lymphocytes
Authors: Peterhans Ernst , Mundy Janice , Parish Christopher R.
Published: February 2007

Mouse spleen cells emit a burst of chemiluminescence (CL) starting within a few seconds on infection with Sendai virus. We have analyzed the cell types responsible for the generation of CL in the spleen cell population. Cell suspensions, treated with iron carbonyl powder to remove adherent cells, showed similar CL compared to untreated spleen cells suggesting that lymphocytes, rather than phagocytic cells, were responsible for CL generation. Furthermore, killing of T lymphocytes with anti‐ Thy‐1.2 antibody and complement, and removal of Ig+ cells from the cell population, respectively, showed that both T and B lymphocytes are active in CL generation. The results suggest that changes in lymphocyte metabolism occur within the first few minutes of cell‐virus contact.
Preferential retention of human chromosome 14 in mouse × human B cell hybrids
Authors: Crocem Carlo M. , Shander Monica , Martinis Joanne , Cicurel Lucienne , D'ancona Gian G. , Koprowski Hilary
Published: February 2007

Loss of human chromosomes from mouse × human hybridomas is not random. Human chromosomes 14, 5 and 22 are preferentially retained, while chromosomes 2 and 1 are preferentially lost. Interestingly, human chromosome 14, which carries the genes for human immunoglobulin heavy chains, appears to be retained by almost all the hybrid clones and subclones.
Monoclonal antibody H 9/25 reacts with functional subsets of T and B cells: killer, killer precursor and plaque‐forming cells
Authors: Takei Fumio , Waldmann Herman , Lennox Edwin S. , Milstein Cesar
Published: February 2007

Monoclonal antibody (McAb) H9/25 has previously been shown to react with an alloantigen expressed on subpopulations of mouse lymphocytes. We here investigated the expression of the antigen (H9/25 Ag) on functional subsets of T and B cells. Lymphocytes were depleted of H9/25 Ag‐bearing cells by complement‐dependent cytolysis or by the affinity to immobilized McAb H 9/25, and the residual immunological functions were tested. In these tests, killer T cells generated in mixed lymphocyte cultures and their precursors were found to express H9/25 Ag. In contrast, the activity and frequency of helper T cells specific to keyhole limpet hemocyanin carrier were not decreased by the depletion of H9/25 Ag‐bearing cells. On the other hand, IgG and IgM anti‐TNP plaque‐forming cells were found to express H9/25 Ag, while it was not detected on unprimed B cells, as tested by using TNP‐Ficoll and TNP‐lipopolysac‐charide. Only a small proportion of TNP memory B cells seemed to express the antigen. These results revealed significant differences between H 9/25 Ag and other known alloantigens in the distribution among functional subsets of lymphocytes.
Ir‐gene control of T cell proliferative responses: two distinct expressions of the genetically nonresponsive state
Authors: Maizels Richard M. , Clarke Jessica A. , Harvey Michael A. , Miller Alexander , Sercarz Eli E.
Published: February 2007

Two distinct modes of unresponsiveness to hen egg‐white lysozyme (HEL) have been demonstrated in the “nonresponder” C57 BL/10 Sn (B10) mouse strain at the level of T cell proliferation. The first is an apparent inability to respond to a peptide of HEL comprising 70% of the molecule, LII (amino acids 13–105), when HEL is used as immunogen. On its own, LII is capable of eliciting a strong response from B10 draining lymph node cells, but this capacity is concealed when the whole molecule is used for immunization (by suppressor cell activity raised against another part of HEL, as described by Adorini et al., J. Exp. Med. 1979. 150: 293). In the B 10.A mouse, LIIand HEL are equally immunogenic.

The second is an actual failure, presumably unrelated to suppression, to contrive a response to particular determinants on HEL, demonstrated for certain epitopes on LIIand LIII (amino acids 106–129). Such a failure to respond was maintained despite an increase in the immunizing dose of peptide to a molarity at which HEL itself could overcome Ir gene control. B10 cells responding to a high dose of HEL, or to the immunogenic lysozyme from ring‐necked pheasant, were also unable to respond to these epitopes.

These deficits in responsiveness appear to be characteristic manifestations of the relevant haplotype of the major histoconapatibility complex. They may not only reflect the balance between competing T cell subpopulations, but also the constraints of associative recognition that may underlie the presentation of particular antigenic specificities.
Human peripheral null lymphocytes II. Producers of type‐1 interferon upon stimulation with tumor cells, Herpes simplex virus and Corynebacterium parvum
Authors: Peter Hans H. , Dallügge Helga , Zawatzky Rainer , Euler Susanne , Leibold Wolfgang , Kirchner Holger
Published: February 2007

Human blood lymphocytes, exposed for 6 to 24 h in vitro to tumor cells (K562, IGR3, L1210), Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV) or Corynebacterium parvum (CP), produced high levels of anti‐viral activity which was identified as type‐1 interferon (IF). In mixed lymphocyte tumor cell cultures (MLTC), the generated type‐1 IF was definitely shown to originate from the lymphocytes and not from the tumor cells. Supplementation of leukocyte cultures with 10% fetal calf serum instead of 10% human AB serum had little influence on tumor cell‐induced IF production, but strongly reduced CP‐induced IF production. Lymphocyte fractionation procedures involving iron/plastic treatment, nylon wool columns, Ig‐anti‐Ig columns and rosette (E, EA) separation led to the identification of null cells as highly efficient producers of type‐1 IF. T cells obtained by different ways (E‐rosette sedimentation, passage through 1 nylon and 2 Ig‐anti‐Ig columns, or thoracic duct lymphocytes) were poor IF producers in response to tumor cells, HSV and CP, but secreted anti‐viral activity when stimulated with phytohemagglutinin. In MLTC, the level of generated type‐1 IF roughly paralleled natural killer (NK) cell activity. Evidence is presented that type‐1 IF can be produced by an Fc receptor‐negative null cell subset, whereas NK activity requires Fc receptor‐positive cells. It is suggested that production of type‐1 IF represents one of the earliest functions in the differentiation process of mononuclear phagocytes and is likely to develop before the appearance of Fc receptors, diffuse esterase staining and latex phagocytosis.
Organ specificity of lymphocyte migration: mediation by highly selective lymphocyte interaction with organ‐specific determinants on high endothelial venules
Authors: Butcher Eugene C. , Scollay Roland G. , Weissman Irving L.
Published: February 2007

Evidence is presented that the organ specificity of lymphocyte migration is determined by selective interaction of lymphocytes with specialized endothelial cells. Mouse Peyer's patch and lymph node lymphocytes bind preferentially to high endothelial venules (HEV) in frozen sections of Peyer's patches and peripheral nodes, respectively, and this in vitro binding preference accurately predicts their differential segregation in vivo 30 min after i.v. injection. Both in vivo and in vitro, about 1.4 times as many Peyer's patch as lymph node lymphocytes bind HEV in Peyer's patches, and, conversely, twice as many lymph node cells interact with HEV in nonmesenteric lymph nodes. Even greater specificity is shown by certain homogeneous lymphocyte populations, i.e. thymic lymphomas. Some lymphomas bind with remarkable selectivity to HEV in Peyer's patches, and others interact almost exclusively with those in lymph nodes indicating that the mechanisms mediating selective recognition of HEV are capable of nearly absolute discrimination. Mesenteric node HEV are unique in that they allow both Peyer's patch‐ and lymph node‐specific cells to bind. It is proposed that lymphocyte surface receptors specific for organ‐restricted endothelial cell determinants mediate the antigen‐independent organ specificity of lymphocyte migration. According to this model, there are at least 2 sets of complementary lymphocyte and endothelial cell receptors, one mediating lymphocyte‐HEV adherence in Peyer's patches, the other in lymph nodes.
Ultrastructure and cytochemistry of human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Similarities between the cells of the third population and TGlymphocytes
Authors: Ferrarini Manlio , Cadoni Angela , Franzi Adriano T. , Ghigliotti Carla , Leprini Arnaldo , Zicca Antonio , Grossi Carlo E.
Published: February 2007

The ultrastructural and cytochemical features of human peripheral blood TGcells (T cells with receptors for IgG) and of the cells of the so‐called third population (non‐T, non‐B cells with high avidity receptors for IgG) have been investigated and compared. Both TGand third‐population cells (TPC) contained acid hydrolases with a paranuclear localization of α‐naphthyl acid esterase, β‐glucuronidase or acid phosphatase. At the electron microscopy level, TGand TPC were indistinguishable and displayed rough cell surface, indented nuclei, abundant cytoplasm with predominance of the smooth over the rough membranes and peroxidase‐negative granules. A large proportion of cells of the TPC could form rosettes with sheep erythrocytes after treatment with neuraminidase. The observed close similarities between TGand TPC may suggest that both cell types belong to a special subset of T cells. However, the alternative hypothesis that both TGand TPC are part of a subset unrelated to T cells, such as a new non‐T, non‐B cell population, or even of the monocytic‐macrophage lineage, is also discussed.
Regulation of B cell immunoglobulin secretion by functional subsets of T lymphocytes in man
Authors: Reinherz Ellis L. , Morimoto Chikao , Penta Ann C. , Schlossman Stuart F.
Published: February 2007

Two distinct immunoregulatory T cell subsets, termed T4+ and T5+, have been defined in man by monoclonal antibodies. Prior studies have shown that the T4+ T cell population provided help for B cell immunoglobulin (Ig) production and was required for generation of T5+ cytotoxic effector cells. In the present study, the regulatory effects of the T5+ T cell subset on B cell Ig secretion were determined in a pokeweed mitogen‐driven system. It was found that the T5+ subset, in contrast to the T4+ subset, was incapable of providing help to B cells and, more importantly, could suppress Ig secretion by B cells in the presence of T4+ inducer T cells. Given earlier studies demonstrating that the T5+ T cell subset suppressed T cell responses as well, this population appears to represent the major suppressor subset in man for T‐T and T‐B interactions.
Surface proteins of Schistosoma mansoni and their expression during morphogenesis
Authors: Snary David , Smith Maire A. , Clegg John A.
Published: February 2007

Surface components of Schistosoma mansoni have been identified by lactoperoxidase‐catalyzed iodination. Cercariae have a simple labeling pattern in comparison to schis‐ tosomula. Transformation of cercariae to schistosomula results in the loss of a low molecular weight material which may be the glycocalyx, and the appearance of many more labeled proteins. Mechanical conversion of cercariae to schistosomula requires subsequent incubation at 37 °C for more than 1 h to give the full surface‐labeling pattern of schistosomula. The majority of proteins found on schistosomula appear to be present throughout the remaining part of the developmental cycle, although adult male worms had only low levels of these antigens, and female worms had virtually no detectable surface antigens. The low level of expression of schistosome antigen could be caused by adsorbed host antigen, although no evidence for adsorbed host protein was found, or by a reduced level of antigens present on the worm surface. The low level of schistosome antigen could have a role in the resistance of adult worms to the host's immune response.
Immunological tolerance of the mouse IgE system: dissociation between T cell tolerance and suppressor cell activity
Authors: Colby W. David , Strejan Gill H.
Published: February 2007

Immunological tolerance was induced in CBA mice with respect to both anti‐hapten and anti‐carrier IgE antibody production, following pretreatment of the animals with deaggregated ovalbumin. IgG antibody production was also affected. The tolerance was antigen‐specific, was stable upon adoptive transfer to irradiated syngeneic recipients, but was reversed following booster. The extent and duration of the tolerant state depended on the dosage and number of tolerogen injections. Tolerogen administered after the initiation of the primary response was without effect. The pattern and duration of this tolerance suggested that T suppressor cells were not involved. The adoptive transfer of spleen cells from tolerogen‐treated donors while being themselves unresponsive, failed to interfere with the induction of an immune response in the recipient. Evidence of T suppressor cell function was found in adoptive transfers, only after prolonged pretreatment of donors with a combination of tolerogenic and immunogenic forms of the carrier. These results suggested that T cell‐dependent tolerance of the IgE antibody response operates via two distinct mechanisms, of which only one is provided by suppressor cell function.
Two subsets of rat T lymphocytes defined with monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Brideau Roger J. , Carter Philip B. , McMaster W. Robert , Mason Donald W. , Williams Alan F.
Published: February 2007

A new monoclonal mouse antibody that recognizes a subset of rat peripheral T cells has been prepared by immunizing mice with rat thymocyte glycoprotein. This antibody, designated MRC OX 8, labels all peripheral T cells that are unlabeled by the previously described W3/25 monoclonal antibody. No peripheral T cells were found that bound both antibodies, but, in contrast, 90% of thymocytes were doubly labeled. Thoracic duct lymphocytes of congenitally athymic nude rats were not labeled by either antibody, but the spleens of such animals contained both W3/25+ cells and MRC OX 8+ cells. These splenocyte subpopulations did not overlap. Using the fluorescence‐activated cell sorter to isolate cells binding MRC OX 8 antibody, the phenotype of T cells mediating various T cell functions was established. Combining the present results with those published previously, it is shown that the cells providing help for antibody responses and those mediating graft‐vs. ‐host reactions are phenotypically W3/25+ MRC OX 8−. On the other hand, parental T cells that suppress antibody formation in F1 hosts were identified as W3/25− MRC OX 8+. The relationship between the rat T cell subsets defined by these antibodies and those in the mouse identified by the Ly series of alloantibodies is discussed and a comparison made between the rat W3/25+ subset and a recently identified human T cell subset.
Biochemical analysis of gene products of major histocompatibility recombinant haplotypes in the rat
Authors: Haustein Dieter , Günther Eberhard
Published: February 2007

The gene products of the A and B regions of the rat major histocompatibility system (RT1) have been analyzed by immunoprecipitation and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. For antiserum production and as a source of target spleen cells, rat strains were used that differed only for various combinations of the RT1 regions. It could be shown that the RT1.A region, whose serologically detectable products behave like classical transplantation antigens, coded for molecules of 45 000 daltons that were associated with 12 500 dalton molecules. The RT1.B region products, which behave serologically like la antigens, consisted of two chains of 31 000 and 27 000 daltons, respectively. Thus, serological and biochemical phenotypes of the RT1 antigens could be matched in accordance with data obtained in other species and could be assigned to particular regions of the RT 1 system. The two‐peak structure of Ia antigens was only detectable under nonreducing conditions. After reduction, both peaks fused, presumably due to cleavage of intrachain disulfide bonds in the smaller chain.
Histamine‐binding suppressor T cells in rabbit peripheral blood
Authors: Vaeck Mark , De Smet Walter , De Baetselier Patrick
Published: February 2007

Peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) from primed rabbits were able to suppress the in vitro anti‐sheep red blood cell (SRBC) plaque‐forming cell (PFC) response of autologous spleen cells. A population containing the suppressor cells could be isolated from PBL by cell fractionation on columns of insolubilized histamine. In contrast to spleen cells, PBL generated a weak secondary anti‐SRBC response in vitro. A strong response was obtained with PBL freed from histamine‐binding (H+) cells. The addition of these H+ cells to cultures of H−PBL caused strong suppression. The H+ suppressor cell was further characterized as a radioresistant T cell. Low‐dose irradiation of H− cells resulted in a supplementary enhanced PFC response suggesting that PBL also contain a radiosensitive regulator cell which is not histamine binding.
Stimulation of thymocyte mitogenic protein secretion and of cytostatic activity of mouse peritoneal macrophages by trehalose dimycolate and muramyl‐dipeptide
Authors: Tenu Jean‐Pierre , Lederer Edgar , Petit Jean‐François
Published: February 2007

Immunomodulators of bacterial origin, such as muramyl‐dipeptide (MDP) and trehalose dimycolate, are able to stimulate some important biological functions of macrophages, such as their capacity to secrete a monokine, the thymocyte mitogenic protein (TMP), and to limit the growth of mastocytoma cells in vitro. Adherent cells from the peritoneal cavity of untreated mice do not secrete significant amounts of TMP and are not cytostatic. In contrast, adherent peritoneal cells from mice injected with trehalose dimycolate (emulsified in water) secrete TMP and are strongly cytostatic for P 815 cells. Trehalose dimycolate is also active when added in vitro: (a) it enhances the cytostatic action of thioglycollate‐elicited macrophages; (b) alone or in sequence with MDP, it induces an appreciable cytostatic activity in resident macrophages; (c) it limits the decline of the strong cytostatic action of trehalose‐dimycolate‐elicited macrophages occurring during in vitro cultivation. MDP also stimulates the cytostatic activity of the macrophages in vitro. The most interesting effect of MDP is its capacity to induce a strong secretion of TMP after a short contact (1 h) with elicited macrophages.
Autoimmune effector cells: I. Transfer of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis with lymphoid cells cultured with antigen
Authors: Holda James H. , Welch Andrew M. , Swanborg Robert H.
Published: February 2007

Relatively low numbers of spleen and lymph node cells from Lewis rats previously challenged with myelin basic protein efficiently transfer experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) to normal syngeneic recipients after in vitro culture with antigen. Moreover, cells obtained from rats that have recovered and are resistant to EAE can also transfer disease. Cell separation studies show that a nylon wool‐adherent cell is responsible for transfer of EAE. Density gradient ultracentrifugation revealed that these effector cells are probably lymphoblasts.
Immunoglobulin C‐gene expression. I. The commitment to IgG subclass of secretory cells is determined by the quality of the nonspecific stimuli
Authors: Martinez‐Alonso Carlos , Coutinho António , Augustin Andrei A.
Published: February 2007

Polyclonal stimulation of normal splenic B lymphocytes with either lipopolysac‐charide (LPS) or helper T lymphocytes specific for B cell surface antigens results in the selective expression of IgG subclasses by the secretory cells: in addition to IgM‐secreting plaque‐forming cells (PFC), thymus‐independent stimulation leads to the development of IgG2 and IgG3 PFC, while helper cell‐dependent activation leads to IgG1 and IgG2 PFC. This cannot be solely explained by selective stimulation of distinct B cell subpopulations, because purified LPS‐reactive blasts if restimulated by helper cells switch to IgG1 while if maintained with LPS switch to IgG3. The simultaneous stimulation of splenic B cells with LPS and helper cells results in additive IgM and IgG2 responses, but in the selective suppression of IgG3 PFC with a concomitant synergic enhancement of IgG1 responses.

These results are interpreted to indicate that the expression of IgG C genes in proliferating B lymphocytes is directed by the quality of nonspecific stimuli.
Lyt 1 cells respond to la‐bearing macrophages in the murine syngeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction
Authors: Lattime Edmund C. , Golub Sidney H. , Stutman Osias
Published: February 2007

An autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction has been described in mice and humans in which T cells proliferate following stimulation with syngeneic non‐T cells. This report demonstrates that in the murine syngeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction, the responder cell is an Ly 1+, Ly 23−, Qa‐1−T cell. The stimulator is an la‐bearing macrophage‐like cell.
Antibody diversity in amphibians: evidence for the inheritance of idiotypic specificities in isogenic Xenopus
Authors: Brandt Daniel C. , Griessen Marthe , Du Pasquier Louis , Jaton Jean‐Claude
Published: February 2007

Two families of isogenic Xenopus and the progeny from one individual of each family were immunized with dinitrophenylated keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Antisera were raised in mice and in guinea pigs against purified antibodies from one individual of the first generation of each family. These were rendered anti‐idiotypic by absorption with immunoglobulins of unimmunized isogenic frogs. In the first generation, antibodies from individuals of each family exhibited a high degree of idiotypic cross‐reactivity. Antibodies from individuals of the second generation displayed idiotypic cross‐reactivity, but to a lesser extent. Some idiotypic cross‐reactivity was seen between members of one family with members of the other family: no sharing of idiotypic specificity was detected among anti‐DNP antibodies isolated from individual outbred frogs. Isoelectric focusing (IEF) patterns of the anti‐DNP antisera showed a high degree of restriction and overlap within members of each family and across two generations. Furthermore, the N‐terminal sequence of the L chains from X. laevis anti‐DNP antibodies was unique, and there was a low degree of structural heterogeneity in the H chain N‐terminal region. A correlation between the IEF banding pattern and idiotypic reactivity was apparent. The data suggest the inheritance of variable region genes through two generations of isogenic Xenopus.
Monoclonal antibody to a human brain‐granulocyte‐T lymphocyte antigen probably homologous to the W 3/13 antigen of the rat
Authors: Dalchau Rosemarie , Kirkley Jean , Fabre John W.
Published: February 2007

The monoclonal antibody (F10–44–2) described in this report recognizes an antigen which by quantitative absorption analysis is found predominantly on spleen, lymph node, bone marrow, thymus, granulocytes and brain, the amount of antigen on these tissues being approximately the same within a factor of 2 or 3. Analysis with the fluorescence‐activated cell sorter showed that 29% of thymus cells, 61% of bone marrow cells, 95% of blood mononuclear cells, 98% of lymph node lymphocytes and 100% of granulocytes carried the antigen. With blood mononuclear cells and lymph node lymphocytes, there were two distinct peaks, with one peak labeling very weakly. Double labeling experiments established that the weakly labeled peak contained the B lymphocytes. Studies on frozen sections of thymus established that positive thymocytes were found only in the medulla indicating that the antigen appears late in T lymphocyte maturation. The lymphatic nodules (B lymphocyte areas) of spleen and lymph node appeared virtually negative on frozen sections showing that there was too little antigen on the B lymphocyte surface for confident detection by fluorescence microscopy. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel eletrophoresis of NaB3 H4‐labeled blood mononuclear cells established that the antigen was a major glycoprotein of the leukocyte membrane and that its mol. wt. was 105 000. This antigen shows a striking similarity in biochemistry and tissue distribution to the W3/13 antigen of the rat and is likely to be the human homologue of this antigen.
Suppression of VH, Cγ and Cμ gene products in rabbits by maternal immunization against IgM allotype and detection of somatic recombinant molecules in these animals
Authors: Naessens Jan , Hamers‐Casterman Cécile , Hamers Raymond
Published: February 2007

Suppression of the μ‐chain allotype Ms16 was obtained in young heterozygous Ms16/Ms17 rabbits by immunizing the Ms17 mother against the paternal Ms16 allotype. Examination of the concentration of the VH and CH allotypes of paternal origin (a2, Ms16 and e14) in the offspring, revealed not only Ms16 suppression but also VHand Cγ allotypic suppression. The degree of suppression for the Cγ markers (4–25‐fold decrease) was much less than that for the Cμ or VH markers (50–150‐fold decrease). The excess Cμ marker (e14) was found to be present for the major part on molecules possessing the VH allotype derived from the homologous allelic chromosome. The pattern of persistence of molecules with the suppressed Cμ marker in the serum is consistent with the idea that these molecules arise by somatic recombination and that the gene order is VH, Cμ and Cγ.
Individual‐specific (idiotypic) T‐B cell interactions regulating the production of anti‐2,4,6‐trinitrophenyl antibody. I. Generation of suppressor T cells and antibody directed against immunocompetent cells
Authors: Gorczynski Reginald M. , Kennedy Marion , Khomasurya Barbara , Macrae Susannah , Cunningham Alastair J.
Published: February 2007

It is known from several experimental systems that the production of dominant antibody idiotypes may be regulated by anti‐idiotypic mechanisms. Our aim has been to test whether the potential for such control also exists in the more typical heterogeneous antibody responses of inbred mice to the trinitrophenyl (TNP) hapten, where dominant idiotypes are not recognized. CBA mice were hyperimmunized to trini‐trophenylated keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Serum or lightly fixed spleen cells from these mice were injected into normal syngeneic “recipients”. The serum and spleen cells from these recipients were found to have the power to suppress in vitro anti‐TNP antibody responses made by further spleen cells from the donor mice. This suppression was specifically directed against the cells of the individual donor animals suggesting idiotype‐related regulation.
Cell cooperation in antibody responses to influenza virus. I. Priming of helper T cells by internal components of the virion
Authors: Russell Stuart M. , Liew Foo Y.
Published: February 2007

T cells recognizing internal components of the influenza virion can cooperate with B cells recognizing hemagglutinin to enhance the hemagglutinin inhibition (HAI) antibody response. Cooperation occurs only when the internal proteins and hemagglutinin are subsequently presented in association. The effect enhances the production of both 2‐mercaptoethanol‐resistant and‐sensitive antibodies. The cooperating cells express the Thy‐1+, Ly‐1+2− surface phenotype and thus are characteristic of helper T cells. Immunization of mice with the internal components of the virion increases survival after exposure to lethal influenza infection. Mice primed with purified matrix protein produce enhanced amounts of HAI antibody after infection with influenza.

These results may help to explain reports on the effects of heterotypic infection on antibody production, and also heterotypic immunity.
A ribonucleic acid‐specific antibody produced during autoimmune disease: evidence for nucleotide sequence specificity
Authors: Eilat Dan , Sasson Shmuel A. Ben , Laskov Reuven
Published: February 2007

A hybridoma secreting RNA‐binding autoantibody has been produced by fusion of spleen cells from autoimmune NZB/NZW F1 mice with drug‐resistant IgG2b,‐producing myeloma cells from BALB/c mice. Studies on the specificity of the purified monoclonal autoantibody revealed: (a) absolute specificity for ribopolynucleotides as compared with deoxyribopolynucleotides; (b) specificity for single‐stranded RNA as compared with double‐stranded RNA; (c) high affinity for the random copolymer poly(G, C); and (d) preference for the random heteropolymer poly(G, C, U). These studies were complemented by stoichiometric measurements of the antibody‐RNA complex and computer analysis of the abundance of various di‐, tri‐and tetranucleotide sequences in native RNA. Taken together, these data suggest that the anti‐genie determinant recognized by the monoclonal autoantibody is largely composed of a trinucleotide sequence of single‐stranded RNA containing G, C and U residues.
Memory B cells at successive stages of differentiation: expression of surface IgD and capacity for self renewal
Authors: Black Samuel J. , Tokuhisa Takeshi , Herzenberg Leonard A. , Herzenberg Leonore A.
Published: February 2007

In recent studies, we have characterized two memory B cell populations capable of giving rise to IgG antibody‐producing cells in adoptive recipients. One population carries surface IgD and gives rise to predominantly low‐affinity antibody responses; the other lacks detectable surface IgD and gives rise to predominantly high‐affinity responses. These memory populations often coexist in individual donors for long periods of time; however, in strongly stimulated donors, the IgD+ population is lost after several weeks, and nearly all detectable B cell memory is IgD− thereafter. In this publication, we show that the IgD+ and IgD− memory populations represent B cells at two successive stages of antigen‐dependent differentiation. We used the fluorescence‐activated cell sorter (FACS) in a double isolation and transfer protocol to show directly that FACS‐isolated IgD+ memory cells transferred to adoptive recipients give rise both to IgG antibody‐producing cells and to an expanded memory population that is predominantly IgD−. We also show that FACS‐isolated IgD− memory populations from the original donor “self‐renew” (i.e. give rise to more IgD‐memory) in adoptive recipients and that these events require supplementation of the isolated memory cells with carrier‐primed T cells and antigen.

In discussing these findings, we integrate our data with previous evidence on the expression of surface IgG on memory B cells to create an updated view of surface Ig expression during memory development. We also consider these findings in the light of our recent suggestion that the loss of IgD receptors facilitates affinity maturation in the more mature (IgD−) memory population.
Surface immunoglobulin of rabbit peripheral blood lymphocytes: detection of allotypes by fluorescence and rosetting
Authors: Abdi Hamida B. , Wilder Ronald L. , Scher Irwin , Mage Rose G.
Published: February 2007

Specific anti‐allotype reagents were prepared to detect heavy and light chain allotypes on surface immunoglobulin‐positive (sIg+) cells from a3 a3 b4 b4, a2 a2 b5 b5 homozygous and a2 a3 b4 b5 heterozygous rabbits. Total sIg+ peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were detected with fluorescein‐labeled goat anti‐light chain and sheep anti‐rabbit Ig reagents. The total sIg+ cells detected with these reagents and the sum of a and b allotypes individually measured with specific fluorescent anti‐allotype reagents (a2 + a3 or b4 + b5) were more or less the same when measured by fluorescence‐activated cell sorter (FACS) II flow microfluorometry. The data provided no evidence for single cells expressing both allelic allotypes (allelic inclusion). We found that FACS and rosetting techniques were generally equally sensitive. However, we detected a greater proportion of total b4+ plus b5+ cells by rosetting than by fluorescence in some PBL preparations from heterozygous b4 b5 rabbits. This was not seen with artificial mixtures of b4 b4 and b5 b5 cells. The nature of these cells is not yet known. Conceivably, they were not scored as lymphocytes by light‐scatter analysis on the FACS and hence were not counted, but were indistinguishable from lymphocytes by microscopy.
Genetic control of sensitivity to Moloney leukemia virus in mice. III. The three H‐2‐linked Rmv genes are immune response genes controlling the antiviral antibody response
Authors: Debré Patrice , Boyer Brigitte , Gisselbrecht Sylvie , Bismuth Alain , Lévy Jean‐Paul
Published: February 2007

It has been shown previously that three different H‐2‐associated genes control the resistance to viremia and leukemia in Moloney virus‐infected mice: Rmv. 1, mapping to the I‐A or less probably K regions; Rmv. 2, mapping to the I‐C, S or G regions and Rmv. 3, mapping to the D or T regions. Experiments have been performed to determine the role of these genes in the control of the antibody responses directed against Moloney murine leukemia virus (M.MuLV) virions and/or leukemic cells. The inoculation of infectious M.MuLV failed to provide conclusive responses due to unequal replication of the virus in different inbred strains resulting in variable antigenic stimulations and/or in vivo antibody absorptions. The use of inactivated M.MuLV as antigen allowed to avoid these problems. It showed that (a) the IgG‐specific anti‐M.MuLV response is controlled by H‐2‐linked genes, (b) a clear correlation exists between high or low‐responder phenotypes and the resistance or susceptibility to M.MuLV infection and (c) all three Rmv genes behave like immune response genes. These results were not surprising for Rmv. 1 and Rmv. 2 which map in the I region of the major histocompatibility complex. It was more puzzling for Rmv. 3. Further experiments are necessary to determine the exact mechanism by which this gene controls the immune response.
Elicitation of primary anti‐Sendai virus cytotoxic T lymphocytes with purified viral glycoproteins
Authors: McGee Maria , Hale Arthur H. , Panetti Marguerite
Published: February 2007

The requirement of integration of viral proteins into cell surface membranes of host cells for elicitation of anti‐Sendai virus (SV) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) has been investigated. The purified hemagglutinin‐neuraminidase (HN) and fusion (F) glycoproteins of SV incorporated into phospholipid vesicles was used to analyze this question. Phospholipid vesicles possessing an active HN and F glycoprotein were capable of eliciting both anti‐SV CTL and antibodies. However, the incorporation of an inactive F glycoprotein into HN‐containing vesicles or its absence from such vesicles resulted in stimulation of only anti‐SV antibodies and not anti‐SV CTL.
Chemiluminescence of guinea pig peritoneal macrophages stimulated by immune precipitates and soluble immune complexes
Authors: Connell Patricia A. , Seehra Manjeet S. , Leslie R. Graham Q. , Reeves W. Gordon
Published: February 2007

The chemiluminescence (CL) response of guinea pig peritoneal macrophages to immune precipitates and soluble immune complexes has been investigated. The rapid burst of intense light emission observed in response to both stimuli, was inhibited by superoxide dismutase (SOD). With soluble immune complexes, this was followed by prolonged CL of lower intensity susceptible to both SOD and catalase inhibition. The magnitude of the CL response was directly related to the size of the soluble complexes reacting with the macrophages. These findings suggest that circulating, as distinct from deposited immune complexes, may play a role in the pathogenesis of complex‐mediated diseases.
Genetic control of contact hypersensitivity I. I‐A subregion as well as non‐H‐2 loci codes for the gene of 2,4‐dinitro‐1‐fluorobenzene antigen
Authors: Okuda Kenji , Ishii Norihisa , Ikezawa Zenroh , Tani Kenji , Ishigatsubo Yoshiaki
Published: February 2007

As a first step in determining the genetic control of contact hypersensitivity in mice, 2,4‐dinitro‐l‐fluorobenzene (DNFB) was applied to induce ear swellings. Studies with congenic and recombinant inbred strains of mice revealed that the DNFB contact hypersensitivity is controlled by the I‐A subregion, as well as non‐H‐2 regions. The results presented suggest that the major histocompatibility complex‐linked immune response genes seem to be playing an important role in the contact hypersensitivity to the DNFB antigen.
Human fetal thymus and bone marrow contain target cells for natural killer cells
Authors: Hansson Mona , Kiessling Rolf , Andersson Börje
Published: February 2007

Previous studies in the mouse natural killer (NK) system have indicated that NK cells may be involved in lysing normal, primary hematopoietic tissues. In the present report, this was analyzed in the human NK system using fetal bone marrow (BM) cells and thymocytes as well as adult BM cells from healthy donors as target cells in a conventional 6 to 12‐h 51Cr‐release assay.

Adult BM cells showed low but significant levels of sensitivity, which could be increased by using interferon (IFN)‐activated peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) as effector cells. BM cells from 16 to 19‐week‐old fetuses consistently showed higher sensitivity for lysis than adult BM, and also fetal thymocytes proved very sensitive for lysis, in contrast to what has previously been reported for adult thymocytes. When used as effector cells against K562 targets, adult BM showed a clear lytic activity which could be further activated with IFN. In contrast, fetal BM was totally NK‐inactive also after IFN activation. Among healthy adult donors, autologous BM was lysed as efficiently as allogeneic BM, and when different NK cell donors were used, the same classification of these as NK high or low reactive cells was seen regardless of the source of BM targets. IFN could augment lysis in autologous as well as in allogeneic effector BM target combinations. IFN could also protect adult BM cells from NK lysis, but no protection was seen with fetal BM cells. The highest NK activity against BM targets was seen among nylon‐nonadherent, E rosette‐negative PBL and, therefore, the effector cell seemed to be of the same nature as that active against continuous cell lines.

These results show that in the human NK system, NK cells can lyse normal BM cells and thymocytes. The higher sensitivity expressed by fetal BM cells and thymocytes as compared to adult cells may suggest an increased frequency of a particular primitive NK‐sensitive cell type in these tissues, a finding which is in line with results seen in the mouse NK system.