bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Bose-Einstein statistics: Remarks on Debye, Natanson, and Ehrenfest contributions and the emergence of indistinguishability principle for quantum particles
Authors: Spałek Józef
Published: October 2020

The principal mathematical idea behind the statistical properties of black-body radiation (photons) was introduced already by L. Boltzmann (1877/2015) and used by M. Planck (1900; 1906) to derive the frequency distribution of radiation (Planck’s law) when its discrete (quantum) structure was additionally added to the reasoning. The fundamental physical idea – the principle of indistinguishability of the quanta (photons) – had been somewhat hidden behind the formalism and evolved slowly. Here the role of P. Debye (1910), H. Kamerlingh Onnes and P. Ehrenfest (1914) is briefly elaborated and the crucial role of W. Natanson (1911a; 1911b; 1913) is emphasized. The reintroduction of this Natanson’s statistics by S. N. Bose (1924/2009) for light quanta (called photons since the late 1920s), and its subsequent generalization to material particles by A. Einstein (1924; 1925) is regarded as the most direct and transparent, but involves the concept of grand canonical ensemble of J. W. Gibbs (1902/1981), which in a way obscures the indistinguishability of the particles involved. It was ingeniously reintroduced by P. A. M. Dirac (1926) via postulating (imposing) the transposition symmetry onto the many-particle wave function. The above statements are discussed in this paper, including the recent idea of the author (Spałek 2020) of transformation (transmutation) – under specific conditions – of the indistinguishable particles into the corresponding to them distinguishable quantum particles. The last remark may serve as a form of the author’s post scriptum to the indistinguishability principle.
Sprawa „Wniosku o korektę punktacji czasopisma Studia Historiae Scientiarum z 20 punktów na 70 punktów”
Authors: Kokowski Michał
Published: October 2020

Artykuł przedstawia fakty dotyczące nierozpatrzonego dotąd „Wniosku o korektę punktacji czasopisma Studia Historiae Scientiarum z 20 punktów na 70 punktów” (z 9 września 2019 i 15 stycznia 2020 r.) skierowanego do Komisji Ewaluacji Nauki MNiSW.   Analizuje on publicznie dostępne informacje na temat obecności polskich czasopism z dyscyplin „historia”, „historia nauki” oraz „historia i filozofia nauki” w bazach indeksacyjnych lub biblioteach czasopism i ich wskaźników bibliometrycznych. Informacje te są porównane z przyznanymi punktami w ministerialnej ewaluacji czasopism z 2019 r.   Ponieważ ministerialna punktacja nie ma związku z rzeczywistym dorobkiem czasopisma Komisji Historii Nauki PAU, podniesiono kwestię pilnej zmiany punktacji tego czasopisma.   The case of the “Complaint calling for a correction of the score given to the journal Studia Historiae Scientiarum from 20 to 70 points” The article presents facts about the hitherto pending “Complaint calling for a correction of the score given to the journal Studia Historiae Scientiarum from 20 to 70 points” (of September 9, 2019 and of January 15, 2020) addressed to the Science Evaluation Commission of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Polish Government. It analyzes publicly available information on the presence of Polish journals on ‘history’, ‘history of science’ and ‘history and philosophy of science’ in indexation databases or journal libraries and their bibliometric indicators. This information is compared with the scoring awarded in the ministerial evaluation of journals in 2019. Since the ministerial scoring is not related to the actual achievements of the journal of the Commission on the History of Science, Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences, urgent change in the scoring of this journal has been demanded.
Wideokonferencja „Polskie czasopisma z historii i filozofii nauki oraz naukoznawstwa: Jak dostać się do Scopus, WoS, ICI, DOAJ oraz ERIH+? Dlaczego warto to zrobić?” (Kraków – Warszawa – Toruń, 16 kwietnia 2020, godz. 10.00–15.00)
Authors: Kokowski Michał
Published: October 2020

Artykuł szkicuje tematykę i przebieg pierwszej w dziejach Polskiej Akademii Umiejętności i Instytutu Historii Nauki PAN Wideokonferencji pt. „Polskie czasopisma z historii i filozofii nauki oraz naukoznawstwa: Jak dostać się do Scopus, WoS, ICI, DOAJ oraz ERIH+? Dlaczego warto to zrobić?” (Kraków – Warszawa – Toruń, 16 kwietnia 2020, godz. 10.00–15.00). Konferencję zorganizowano z okazji 20-lecia Komisji Historii Nauki PAU i powołania Pracowni Naukoznawstwa IHN PAN, aktualnie jedynej placówki naukoznawczej w Polsce. Videoconference “The Polish journals on the history and philosophy of science and the science of science: How to get to Scopus, WoS, ICI, DOAJ and ERIH+? Why is it worth doing?” (Kraków – Warsaw – Toruń, Poland, April 16, 2020, 10.00–15.00) The article sketches the subject matter and the course of the first videoconference in the history of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences and the Institute of the History of Science of the Polish Academy of Sciences: “The Polish journals on the history and philosophy of science and the science of science: How to get to Scopus, WoS, ICI, DOAJ and ERIH+. Why is it worth doing?” (Krakow – Warsaw – Toruń, 16 April 2020, 10.00–15.00). The conference was organized on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the Commission on the History of Science at the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences, and to mark the establishment of the Laboratory for the Science of Science at the Institute for the History of Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, currently the only one (!) unit for the science of science in Poland.
Andrzej Pelczar (1937–2010). „Człowiek prawy, o wyjątkowych zasadach moralnych”. Sesja wspomnieniowa online (2 czerwca 2020 r., godz. 17.00–20.00)
Authors: Domoradzki Stanisław
Published: October 2020

W artykule przedstawiamy sprawozdanie z Sesji wspomnieniowej pamięci prof. Andrzeja Pelczara (1937–2010), zorganizowanej online 2 czerwca 2020 przez Zarząd Oddziału Krakowskiego Polskiego Towarzystwa Matematycznego. Przybliżamy sylwetkę A. Pelczara (1937–2010) i niektóre z Jego osiągnięć wspomnianych podczas tej Sesji. Przywołujemy także fragmenty wypowiedzi uczestników Sesji na temat A. Pelczara. Andrzej Pelczar (1937–2010). „A righteous man of exceptional moral principles”. Online memorial session (2 June 2020, 17.00–20.00) In the article we present the report from the memorial session of prof. Andrzej Pelczar (1937–2010), organized online on June 2, 2020 by the Board of the Krakow Branch of the Polish Mathematical Society. We familiarize the reader with the profile of A. Pelczar (1937–2010) and some of his achievements recalled during the session. We invoke also fragments of statements made by participants of the session.
The report on the activities of the PASS Commission on the History of Science in 2019/2020
Authors: Kokowski Michał
Published: October 2020

The report discusses the activities of the Commission on the History of Science of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2019/2020. It presents the lists of scientific meetings, conferences, symposia, and new publications.
Faktor-Faktor Kebijakan Yang Mempengaruhi Tabungan Mudharabah Pada Perbankan Syariah Di Indonesia
Authors: Rahmany Sri
Published: October 2020

The first Islamic bank as a pioneer did not use an interesting system but instead used a profit-sharing system, namely Bank Muamalat Indonesia. The National Sharia Council has issued a fatwa stating that justified savings are savings based on Islamic principles, namely mudharabah and wadiah. The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of policy factors on mudharabah savings transactions in Islamic banking partially and simultaneously. This research uses a quantitative method where the data is in the form of a ratio. The population in this research 34 Islamic banks in Indonesia and were used as samples. The results of the research are statistically proven partially and simultaneously inflation, exchange rates and the BI Rate have a significant effect on mudharabah savings.
Pengaruh Unit Simpan Pinjam Terhadap Peningkatan Kesejahteraan Ekonomi Masyarakat Desa
Authors: Ramadani Eka Kusuma , Oktayani Dewi
Published: October 2020

This research aims to analyze and provide empirical evidence regarding the effect of the Penebal Teguh Mandiri savings and loan unit on improving the economic welfare of the Penebal village community. The problem in this research is that many people still use savings and loan units towards consumptive use. The data analysis method used is a quantitative analysis using validity and reliability tests, simple linear regression analysis, classical assumption test and the coefficient of determination using SPSS. The population used is the Penebal Village community with the criteria being the people who make loans at the Penebal Teguh Mandiri office of Penebal Village. The sample used was 174 people from the Penebal Village community. The results of this research indicate that only 38% of the level of influence of the savings and loan unit on the level of the economic welfare of the Penebal village community.
Analisis Sistem Pengelolaan Keuangan Produk Pembiayaan Syariah Dengan Akad Murabahah
Authors: Winarto Wahid Wachyu Adi , Falah Fatimatul
Published: October 2020

Cooperatives for Savings and Loans and Sharia Financing are microfinance institutions that collect funds from the public and distribute them to people who need these funds. The purpose of this study was to determine the financial management system of sharia financing with the murabahah contract in the Baitut Tamwil Tazakka Islamic Savings and Loan Cooperative. This research is qualitative research using interview and documentation methods and obtained primary and secondary data results. The results of this study are that the murabahah contract is one of the most dominant contracts in the Baitut Tamwil Tazakka Sharia Savings and Loan Cooperative. Among the products are funding and financing products. In non-performing financing or bad credit, it is known from Non-Performing Financing 0.4%, so to avoid this, the Saving and Loan and Sharia Financing Cooperatives use the 5C principles, namely Character, Capacity, Capital, Collateral, and Condition.
Pengaruh Sistem Bagi Hasil Deposito Terhadap Persepsi Nasabah
Authors: Arianti Devi Wahyu , Ishak Khodijah
Published: October 2020

Banking is a financial institution that provides services and facilities to its customers who wish to conduct financial transactions. Bank Syariah Mandiri is a sharia financial institution that offers mudharabah time deposits with a profit-sharing agreement. This study aims to determine the effect of the deposit sharing system on customer perceptions at Bank Syariah Mandiri Bengkalis Sub-Branch Office. This research uses quantitative methods with the number of respondents as many as 110 customers. Based on the results of the calculation of the correlation between profit-sharing with customer perceptions has a positive relationship. Then there is a significant influence between profit-sharing on customer perceptions at Bank Syariah Mandiri Bengkalis Sub Branch Office.
Gestión administrativa y calidad de servicio percibida por usuarios de una escuela de posgrado, Huánuco-Perú
Authors: Bao-Condor Carlos L. , Marcelo-Armas Maricela L. , Gutierrez-Solorzano María B. , Bardales-Gonzales Rosaluz V. , Corcino-Barrueta Fernando E. , Huamanyauri-Cornelio Wilber
Published: October 2020

El presente estudio tuvo el objetivo, de determinar la relación entre la gestión administrativa con la calidad de servicio percibida por usuarios de una Escuela de Posgrado, Huánuco-Perú, fue una investigación de enfoque cuantitativo, de diseño correlacional, prospectivo y transversal; donde la muestra estuvo conformada por 147 estudiantes de la Escuela de Pos Grado, las que fueron seleccionadas por el método de muestro probabilístico y se aplicó la fórmula para población finita: Para la recolección de datos, se empleó un cuestionario de la gestión administrativa y otro cuestionario de la calidad de servicio previamente validadas y fiabilizadas. Se aplicaron las consideraciones éticas para la investigación y se realizó un análisis descriptivo y la comprobación de la hipótesis fue mediante la prueba de correlación de Separan para p≤0,05 y 95% de confianza, apoyados en el SPSS V22. Los resultados muestran que la gestión administrativa, 69.4% (102) lo hacían de manera aceptable, 23.1% (34) de modo ineficaz y un 7.5% (11) eficaz; en tanto referente a la calidad de servicio 67.4% (99) lo calificaban como buena, un 26.5% (39) como regular y 6.1% (9) como muy buena. Al contrastar estos resultados, se obtuvo un valor rs = 742 y p valor = 0,000, siendo significativo. Se concluye que, la gestión administrativa se relaciona con la calidad de servicio percibida por usuarios de una Escuela de Posgrado.
WOOD OF BURSEROXYLON FOSSIL FROM BARA FORMATION OF RANI KOT FORT AREA, DISTRICT JAMSHORO SINDH, PAKISTAN
Authors: Mangi J. , Khan S. A. , Soomro N. , Naz H. , Panhwer M.
Published: October 2020

The paper describes a fossil wood identifiable as Burseroxylon baranesis from Bara formation of Sindh, Pakistan. Three dimension sections (transverse, radial and tangential) were prepared from the fossil wood collected from Bara formation, Ranikot. The anatomical characters such as presence of growth rings, parenchyma scanty, paratracheal, vasicentric. Rays are homogenous rays consist of procumbent cells indicate that the species belong to the family Burseraceae of petrified Bursera wood and are assigned name as Burseroxylon on the basis of form genus. This is the first record of genus Burseroxylon from tertiary rocks of Pakistan. Presence of diffuse porous wood indicate that the plants were growing in tropical type of climate.
REVEALED COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE OF SELECTED AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES OF PAKISTAN
Authors: Ali A. , Akhtar W. , Ahmad S. , Honghua C.
Published: October 2020

Since, Pakistan is bound to follow the international agreement drafted by WTO (World Trade Organization) to formulate trade policy which should be based on comparative and competitive advantages in the international economy, therefore the present study was designed to examine the specialization and competitiveness of Pakistan’s major crops.  For this purpose, Bela’ Balassa’s (1965) indexes of Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) were employed, and moreover, secondary data from reliable sources related to crops from 1980 to 2013 were extensively utilized. The major findings of this research study revealed that Pakistan has a strong comparative and competitive advantage in rice, onion, dates, mango, mangoes- teen and guava during the period ranging from 1980 to 2013. Similarly, Pakistan has higher competitiveness in rice and mango at international level. Results also indicated that Pakistan has been facing disadvantages in potatoes during 1980 to 1997, and banana during 1980 to 2009, however, it was maintained but these vegetables/fruits have no competitiveness in the international market. The present study concludes that Pakistan has an excellent capability (being and agriculturally based economy) of higher growth of these products; therefore, these agricultural items could prove themselves a good source for Pakistan to earn higher foreign exchange.
COLLEGE CONVERSION INTO COVID-19 QUARANTINE CENTER: READINESS OF STUDENTS TO GO BACK TO COLLEGE
Authors: Mwende Rachael , Mramba Caroline , Mutonga Dominic , Nchogu Rhoda , Ogendo Marsellah , Ngechu Dorcas , Mramba Garama , Mwema Jeniffer , Miriti Rita , Ogada Japheth , Barawa Winnie
Published: October 2020

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess students’ readiness to go back to college after closure due to COVID-19. 

Methodology: The study used a descriptive cross-sectional design which was done at KMTC-Mombasa Campus. Participants (Students) were selected using multi stage sampling and sample size determination was done using Fischer’s statistical formula at a confidence level of (p=95%), n=253. Data was obtained using a structured questionnaire through online surveys and focused group discussions via online platform. Data analysis was done using SPSS and Excel then results presented using tables and narrations.

Results: 76.7% (194) of the respondents were ready to get back to college immediately while 23.3% (59) were willing to resume studies later. The main reason for respondents wanting to go back to college immediately was to finish school (n=60). 67.8 % (40) of the respondents who wanted to go back later feared contracting COVID-19. 78% (175) of respondents were aware that college had been used as quarantine center yet they were still ready to go back to college immediately.

Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The closure of learning institutions globally during the COVID-19 pandemic is unprecedented. Readiness of college students to resume studies in an institution used as a quarantine centre for clients suspected of having a highly infectious disease has not been examined in literature. The findings of this study are useful to policy makers and leaders in education sector as normalcy resumes and learning institutions are opened.
The Importance of the Classification of Securities for Determining their Legal Status under the Legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Authors: Tatarinova Lola
Published: October 2020

Legal regulation of the international financial system in General and the securities market in particular is a problem that has a certain degree of importance and timeliness due to its determining influence on the world economy. Therefore, the analysis of existing approaches to the classification of securities, which is the subject of this article, is an important component of the Institute of legal security of securities. In this article, the author attempted to analyze the number of financial instruments that are recognized as securities in accordance with the current civil legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Given their considerable number, the question of their classification arises.

To achieve the goals of the study, the author widely used comparative legal analysis, which allowed us to identify the main differences and characteristics inherent in certain securities, according to the legislation of Kazakhstan.

The analysis carried out in this article is aimed at identifying the main classification features of securities, on the basis of which their legal status is determined under the national legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

The main conclusions are concentrated on the table, the data of which are confirmed by both doctrinal sources and normative-legal ones.

A comprehensive study of the classification of securities will make it possible to better understand the main directions for determining the legal status of a particular security, which will solve many contradictions of modern legal regulation, which is characterized by incompleteness and the presence of extensive "gray" zones.

Also, the conclusion on the classification of securities from the point of view of the national legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan will allow for comprehensive legal regulation of the needs of participants in civil turnover.

The novelty is determined by the fact that the data obtained as a result of the study can give an impetus to the further development of market relations in the country by restoring a number of forgotten legal instruments used in the securities market.
PERSPEKTIF ISLAM TERHADAP MODERNISASI
Authors: Harahap Muhammad Rifai
Published: October 2020

Agama Islam lahir pada abad ke- 6 Masehi di semenanjung Arabia. Pada awal kehadirannya, Islam mengalami hambatan kultural karena lahir di tengah masyarakat pengembara (nomaden) dan tidak berperadaban. Namun dalam perkembangan selanjutnya penyebaran agama Islam sangat menarik minat para ahli sejarah. Dalam jangka waktu yang sangat singkat, sekitar 23 tahun, Islam telah dianut oleh penduduk yang mendiami ½ wilayah dunia. Pada akhir abad ke-20 agama besar ini menjadi agama yang dipeluk oleh lebih dari 1 milyar manusia yang tersebar di seluruh dunia, terutama di Asia dan Afrika. Islam yang diakui pemeluknya sebagai agama terakhir dan penutup dirangkaikan petunjuk Tuhan untuk membimbing kehidupan manusia, mengklaim dirinya sebagai agama yang paling sempurna. Peradaban Islam dipahami sebagai akumulasi terpadu antara normanitas Islam dan historitas manusia di muka bumi yang selalu berubah-ubah. Maka setiap zaman akan selalu terjadi reinterpretasi dan reaktualisasi atas ajaran Islam yang disesuaikan dengan tingkat pemikiran manusia zaman ini. Nasib agama Islam di zaman modren ini sangat ditentukan sejauh mana kemampuan umat Islam merespon secara tepat tuntutan dan perubahan sejarah yang terjadi di era modren ini.
KOMPETENSI PROFESIONAL DAN KOMPETENSI PAEDAGOGI GURU DENGAN PENCAPAIAN PERKEMBANGAN MOTORIK ANAK USIA 5-6 TAHUN DI RAUDHATUL ATFHAL (RA) KOTA JAMBI
Authors: Rusman Andi , Risnita Risnita , Musa Musa
Published: October 2020

Pendidikan anak usia dini (PAUD) merupakan jenjang pendidikan sebelum jenjang pendidikan dasar yang merupakan suatu upaya pembinaan yang ditunjukkan bagi anak sejak lahir sampai usaha 6 tahun yang dilakukan melalui pembinaan rangsangan pendidikan untuk membantu pertumbuhan dan perkembangan jasmani dan rohani agar anak memiliki kesiapan dalam memasuki pendidikan lebih lanjut, yang diselenggarakan pada jalur formal, non formal dan in formal. Peningkatan kompetensi guru PAUD tidak dapat dipisahkan dari peningkatan kualifikasi akademik, sebab kualifikasi akademik yang tinggi dapat meningkatan kompetensi. Masih ada 180. 791 atau 59.83 persen guru PAUD yang belum memenuhi kualifkasi akademik/sarjana pada tahun 2013/2014, dan dari jumlah tersebut sebanyak 154.812 yang berstatus sebagai guru tidak tetap, sehingga secara finansial kecil kemungkinannya untuk melanjukan ke jenjang sarjana atas biaya sendiri. Metodologi Penelitian dengan metode survei dengan pendekatan korelasional. Variabel penelitian terdiri dari tiga variabel bebas yaitu Kompetensi profesional (X1), dan kompetensi paedagogi (X2) dengan variabel terikat yaitu Pencapaian Perkembangan Motorik Anak Usia 5-6 tahun (Y). Hasil Penelitian yaitu secara simultan variabel kompetensi profesional (X1) dan kompetensi paedagogi (X2) simultan memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dengan variabel Pencapaian perkembangan motorik anak usia 5-6 tahun (Y) yang ditunjukkan oleh nilai rhitung (0,973) > rtabel (0,198) dengan kemampuan variabel kompetensi profesional (X1) dan kompetensi paedagogi (X2) dalam menjelaskan variabel Pencapaian perkembangan motorik anak usia 5-6 tahun (Y) sebesar 99,70%.
Investigation of the Impact of Self-Compassion and Family Support Perception on Parenting Stress in Parents Who Have Children with Learning Disability, Autism Spectrum Disorder and Mental Disability
Authors: BAKIR Duygu , DEMİRLİ Cihad
Published: October 2020

In this study, it was aimed to investigate whether the self-compassion levels and family support perception levels of individuals who have children with learning disability, autism spectrum disorder and mental disabiliy have a significant effect on parental stress. In this context, a research was conducted with 180 individuals whose children received special education in a special education and rehabilitation center in Istanbul. Self-Compassion Scale, Family Social Support Scale, and Parental Stress Index Short Form were used to collect the data. In the study, data were analyzed using Independent Sample t-Test, Pearson Correlation Analysis and Regression Analysis. According to the findings, it was determined that the self-compassion levels and family support levels of the parents who have children with learning disability, autism spectrum disorder and mental disability had a significant effect on parental stress. Accordingly, as the level of self-compassion and family support increases, the level of parental stress of their parents decreases.
New insights into Rossby wave packet properties in the extratropical UTLS using GNSS radio occultations
Authors: Pilch Kedzierski Robin , Matthes Katja , Bumke Karl
Published: October 2020

Abstract. The present study describes Rossby wave packet (RWP) properties in the upper troposphere and
lower stratosphere (UTLS) with the use of Global Navigation Satellite System radio occultation
(GNSS-RO) measurements. This global study covering both hemispheres' extratropics is the first to
tackle medium- and synoptic-scale waves with GNSS-RO. We use 1 decade of GNSS-RO temperature and
pressure data from the CHAMP, COSMIC, GRACE, Metop-A, Metop-B, SAC-C and TerraSAR-X missions,
combining them into one gridded dataset for the years 2007–2016. Our approach to extract RWP
anomalies and their envelope uses Fourier and Hilbert transforms over longitude without pre- or
post-processing the data. Our study is purely based on observations, only using ERA-Interim winds
to provide information about the background wind regimes. The RWP structures that we obtain in the UTLS agree well with theory and earlier studies, in terms
of coherent phase or group propagation, zonal scale and distribution over latitudes. Furthermore, we
show that RWP pressure anomalies maximize around the tropopause, while RWP temperature anomalies
maximize right above the tropopause height with a contrasting minimum right below. RWP activity
follows the zonal-mean tropopause during all seasons. RWP anomalies in the lower stratosphere are dynamically coupled to the upper troposphere. They are
part of the same system with a quasi-barotropic structure across the UTLS. RWP activity often
reaches up to 20 km height and occasionally higher, defying the Charney–Drazin criterion. We note
enhanced amplitude and upward propagation of RWP activity during sudden stratospheric warmings. We provide observational support for improvements in RWP diagnostics and wave trend analysis in
models and reanalyses. Wave quantities follow the tropopause, and diagnosing them on fixed
pressure levels (which the tropopause does not follow) can lead to aliasing. Our novel approach
analyzing GNSS-RO pressure anomalies provides wave signals with better continuity and coherence
across the UTLS and the stratosphere, compared to temperature anomalies. Thus, RWP vertical
propagation is much easier to analyze with pressure data.
Sensitivity of modeled Indian Monsoon to Chinese and Indian aerosol emissions
Authors: Sherman Peter , Gao Meng , Song Shaojie , Archibald Alex T. , Abraham Nathan Luke , Lamarque Jean-François , Shindell Drew , Faluvegi Gregory , McElroy Michael B.
Published: October 2020

Abstract. The South Asian summer monsoon supplies over 80 % of India's precipitation. Industrialization over the past few decades has resulted in severe aerosol pollution in India. Understanding monsoonal sensitivity to aerosol emissions in general circulation models (GCMs) could improve predictability of observed future precipitation changes. The aims here are (1) to assess the role of aerosols on India's monsoon precipitation and (2) to determine the roles of local and regional emissions. For (1), we study the Precipitation Driver Response Model Intercomparison Project experiments. We find that the precipitation response to changes in black carbon is highly uncertain with a large intermodel spread due in part to model differences in simulating changes in cloud vertical profiles. Effects from sulfate are clearer; increased sulfate reduces Indian precipitation, a consistency through all of the models studied here. For (2), we study bespoke simulations, with reduced Chinese and/or Indian emissions in three GCMs. A significant increase in precipitation (up to ~ 20 %) is found only when both countries' sulfur emissions are regulated, which has been driven in large part by dynamic shifts in the location of convective regions in India. These changes have the potential to restore a portion of the precipitation losses induced by sulfate forcing over the last few decades.
Global aeolian dust variations and trends: a revisit of dust event and visibility observations from surface weather stations
Authors: Xi Xin
Published: October 2020

Abstract. This study revisits the use of horizontal visibility and manually reported present weather (ww) records from the NOAA Integrated Surface Database (ISD) for characterizing the aeolian dust variability and recent trends over the globe and three largest source regions (North Africa, Middle East, and East Asia). Due to its qualitative nature, ww is combined with visibility to derive a new variable, VI, which has higher correlations with the dust emission and burden from satellite observations and global aerosol reanalyses than does the dust event frequency (FR) derived from ww only. Both FR and VI capture the intensive dust activity associated with the prolonged North American drought during the 1950s and Sahelian drought during the 1980s. Correlation analysis suggests soil moisture has a lagged effect on the global dustiness, with a maximum r = −0.3 when soil moisture leads VI by 14 months. Through a critical assessment of the ww continuity and ww-visibility consistency of various report types in ISD, the SYNOP data are used for global dust trend detection from 1986 to 2019. Globally, FR and VI decreased at a rate of −0.23 % yr−1 and −8.0 × 10−4 km−1 yr−1, respectively, from 1986 to 1996/1997 when dust reached a minimum, followed by a slower rebound at a rate of 0.085 % yr−1 and 1.9 × 10−4 km−1 yr−1, respectively. The nonlinear behavior of global dustiness is qualitatively consistent with satellite observations and global aerosol reanalyses. Regionally, North Africa experienced increased dust activity during the past decade after staying below average for most of the 1990s–2000s, in response to reduced soil moisture and increased wind speed following the transition of North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) from strong negative to recurring positive phases since 2011. In the Middle East, dust has been increasing since 1998 due to a prolonged drought in the Tigris-Euphrates basin associated with strong negative Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) phases. As PDO turned positive and weak negative after 2015, the amelioration of drought has led to decreased dust activity in recent years. The dust variability in East Asia is primarily driven by wind speed, which explains the dust decline from 1986 to 1997, and the absence of dust trends during the past two decades. This study constitutes an initial effort of creating a homogenized weather station-based dust-climate dataset in support of wind erosion monitoring, dust source mapping, and dust-climate analysis at local to global scales.
Secondary aerosol formation alters CCN activity in the North China
Plain
Authors: Tao Jiangchuan , Kuang Ye , Ma Nan , Hong Juan , Sun Yele , Xu Wanyun , Zhang Yanyan , He Yao , Luo Qingwei , Xie Linhong , Su Hang , Cheng Yafang
Published: October 2020

Abstract. The formation of secondary aerosols (SA, including secondary organic and inorganic aerosols, SOA and SIA) is the dominant source of aerosol particles in the North China Plain and has a significant impact on the variations of particle size distribution (PNSD) and hygroscopicity. Previous studies have shown that the mechanism of SA formation can be affected by relative humidity (RH), and thus has different influences on the aerosol hygroscopicity and PNSD under different RH conditions. Based on the measurements of size-resolved particle activation ratio (SPAR), hygroscopicity distribution (GF-PDF), PM2.5 chemical composition, PNSD, meteorology and gaseous pollutants in a recent field campaign McFAN (Multiphase chemistry experiment in Fogs and Aerosols in the North China Plain) conducted at Gucheng site from 16th November to 16th December in 2018, the influences of SA formation on CCN activity and CCN number concentration (NCCN) calculation under different RH conditions were studied. Measurements showed that during daytime the SA formation can lead to a significant increase of NCCN and a strong diurnal variation of CCN activity. During periods with minimum RH higher than 50 % in daytime (high RH conditions), SA formation significantly contributed to the particle mass/size changes in wide particle size range of 150 nm to 1000 nm, and lead to the increase of NCCN in particle size range of 200 nm to 300 nm while increase of particle mass concentration mainly in particle size larger than 300 nm. During periods with minimum RH lower than 30 % in daytime (low RH conditions), SA formation mainly contributed to the particle mass/size changes in particle size smaller than 300 nm and so did the increases of both NCCN and particle mass concentration. As a result, upon the same amount of mass increase through SA formation, the increase of NCCN is weaker under high RH conditions while stronger under low RH conditions. Moreover, the diurnal variations of aerosol mixing state (inferred from CCN measurements) due to SA formation was different under different RH conditions, which contributed one of the largest uncertainties in NCCN predictions. By applying aerosol mixing state estimated by number fraction of hygroscopic particles from measurements of particle hygroscopicity or mass fraction of SA from measurements of particle chemical compositions, the NCCN prediction was largely improved with relative deviations smaller than 30 %. This study highlights the impact of SA formation on CCN activity and NCCN calculation, which is of great significance for improving parameterization of SA formation in chemical-transport models and CCN predictions in climate models.
Analysis of recent lower stratospheric ozone trends in chemistry climate models
Authors: Dietmüller Simone , Garny Hella , Eichinger Roland , Ball William T.
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Recent observations show a significant decrease of lower stratospheric (LS) ozone concentrations in tropical and mid-latitude regions since 1998. By analyzing 31 chemistry climate model (CCM) simulations performed for the Chemistry Climate Model Initiative (CCMI), we find a large spread in the 1998–2018 trend patterns between different CCMs and between different realizations performed with the same CCM. The latter, in particular, indicates that natural variability strongly influences LS ozone trends. However none of the model simulations reproduces the observed ozone trend structure of coherent negative trends in the LS. In contrast to the observations, most models show a dipole trend pattern in the LS with negative trends in the tropics and positive trends in the northern mid-latitudes or vice versa. To investigate the influence of natural variability on the LS ozone trends we analyze the observational trends and the models' trend probability distributions for slightly varied post-ODS (ozone depleting substances) periods. Generally, modeled and observed LS trends remain robust for different post-ODS periods, however observational data show a systematic change towards weaker mid-latitude trends forced by natural variability for certain periods. Moreover we can show that in the tropics the observed trends agree quite well with the models' trend distribution, whereas in the mid-latitudes the observational trend is a rather extreme value of the models' distribution. We further investigate the LS ozone trends for extended periods reaching into the future and find that all models develop a dipole trend pattern in the future, i.e. in almost all models the trends converge to constant values for the entire period 1998–2060. An investigation of interannual ozone variability also reveals a clear dipole pattern in ozone variability in all CCMs and in observational data, however it is more pronounced in the models. Thus, although the LS ozone variability pattern is similar, the probability of overall negative LS ozone trends simultaneously in the tropics and mid-latitudes is higher in observations. To access the dynamical influence on LS ozone trends, the models' tropical upwelling trends are correlated against their LS ozone trends. For the period 1998–2018 tropical ozone trends are negatively correlated (−0.83) and mid-latitude trends are positively correlated (+0.49). However, the correlation in the mid-latitudes is rather weak and not robust for slightly varied time periods, which indicates that other processes like two-way mixing play an important role here, too.
Future changes in Beijing haze events under different anthropogenic aerosol emission scenarios
Authors: Zhang Lixia , Wilcox Laura J. , Dunstone Nick J. , Paynter David J. , Hu Shuai , Bollasina Massimo , Li Donghuan , Shonk Jonathan K. P. , Zou Liwei
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Air pollution is a major issue in China and one of the largest threats to public health. We investigated future changes in atmospheric circulation patterns associated with haze events in the Beijing region, and the severity of haze events during these circulation conditions, from 2016 to 2049 under two different aerosol scenarios: a maximum technically feasible aerosol reduction (MTFR) and a current legislation aerosol scenario (CLE). In both cases greenhouse gas emissions follow the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5. Under RCP4.5 with CLE aerosol the frequency of circulation patterns associated with haze events increases due to a weakening of the East Asian winter monsoon via increased sea level pressure over the North Pacific. The rapid reduction in anthropogenic aerosol and precursor emissions in MTFR further increases the frequency of circulation patterns associated with haze events, due to further increases of the sea level pressure over the North Pacific and a reduction in the intensity of the Siberian high. Even with the aggressive aerosol reductions in MTFR periods of poor visibility, represented by above normal aerosol optical depth (AOD), still occur in conjunction with atmospheric circulation patterns currently associated with haze in the current climate. However, the intensity of poor visibility decreases in MTFR, so that haze events are less dangerous in this scenario by 2050 compared to CLE, and relative to the current baseline. This study reveals the competing effects of aerosol emission reductions on future haze events through their direct contribution to haze and their influence on the atmospheric circulation patterns. A compound consideration of these two impacts should be taken in future policy making.
Observed decreases in on-road CO2 concentrations in Beijing during COVID-19
Authors: Liu Di , Sun Wanqi , Zeng Ning , Han Pengfei , Yao Bo , Liu Zhiqiang , Wang Pucai , Zheng Ke , Mei Han , Cai Qixiang
Published: October 2020

Abstract. To prevent the spread of the COVID-19 epidemic, restrictions such as lockdown, were conducted globally, which led to significant reduction in fossil fuel emissions, especially in urban regions. However, CO2 concentrations in urban regions are affected by many factors, such as weather and background CO2 fluctuations. Thus, it is difficult to directly observe the reductions in CO2 concentrations with sparse ground observations. Here, we focus on urban ground transportation emissions, which were dramatically affected by the prohibitions, to determine the reduction signals. We conducted six on-road CO2 observations in Beijing using mobile platforms before (BC), during (DC) and after COVID-19 prohibitions (AC). To reduce the weather and background impacts, we chose trips with the most similar weather as possible and calculated the enhancement, which mean the difference in the CO2 concentration between on-road and the background level measured at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IAP) tower. The results showed that DC CO2 enhancement decreased by 41 parts per million (ppm) and 26 ppm compared to those during BC and AC, respectively, after eliminating the fluctuations in CO2 concentrations on polluted days. Detailed analysis showed that, during COVID, there was no difference between weekdays and weekends. The enhancements during rush hours were almost twice those during working hours, indicating that emissions during rush hours were much higher. Compared with DC and BC, the reductions in the enhancements during rush hours were much larger than those during working hours. Our findings showed a clear decrease during COVID, which are consistent with the CO2 concentration and emissions reductions due to the pandemic. The enhancement way used in this study is an effective method to reduce the impacts of weather and background fluctuation and should be regularly and more frequently conducted in future work.
Measurement Report: Lidar measurements of stratospheric aerosol following the Raikoke and Ulawun volcanic eruptions
Authors: Vaughan Geraint , Wareing David , Ricketts Hugo
Published: October 2020

Abstract. On 22 June 2019 the Raikoke volcano in the Kuril islands erupted, sending a plume of ash and sulphur dioxide into the stratosphere. A Raman lidar system at Capel Dewi Atmospheric Observatory, UK (52.4° N, 4.1° W) has been used to measure the extent and optical depth of the stratospheric aerosol layer following the eruption. The elastic channel allowed measurements up to 25 km, but the Raman channel was only sensitive to the troposphere. Therefore, backscatter ratio profiles were derived by comparison with aerosol-free profiles derived from nearby radiosondes, corrected for aerosol extinction with a lidar ratio of 40–50 sr. Small amounts of aerosol were measured prior to the arrival of the volcanic cloud, probably from pyroconvection over Canada. Volcanic ash may have first arrived as a thin layer at 14 km late on 3 July, and was certainly detected from 13 July onwards, eventually extending up to 20.5 km. Aerosol optical depths reached around 0.05 by early August, decaying thereafter to around 0.01 by the end of 2019 and remaining around that level until May 2020. The location of peak backscatter varied considerably but was generally around 15 km. However, on one notable occasion on 25 August, a layer around 300 m thick with peak lidar backscatter ratio around 1.5 was observed as high as 21 km.
Validation of Aeolus winds using radiosonde observations and NWP model equivalents
Authors: Martin Anne , Weissmann Martin , Reitebuch Oliver , Rennie Michael , Geiß Alexander , Cress Alexander
Published: October 2020

Abstract. In August 2018, the first Doppler Wind Lidar, developed by the European Space Agency (ESA), was launched on board the Aeolus satellite into space. Providing atmospheric wind profiles on a global basis, the Earth Explorer mission is expected to demonstrate improvements in the quality of numerical weather prediction (NWP). For the use of Aeolus observations in NWP data assimilation, a detailed characterization of the quality and the minimization of systematic errors is crucial. This study performs a statistical validation of Aeolus observations, using collocated radiosonde measurements and NWP forecast equivalents from two different global models, the ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic model (ICON) of Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD) and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) Integrated Forecast System (IFS) model, as reference data. For the time period from the satellite's launch to the end of December 2019, comparisons for the northern hemisphere (23.5–65° N) show strong variations of the Aeolus winds bias and differences between the ascending and descending orbit phase. The mean absolute bias for the selected validation area is found to be in the range of 1.8–2.3 m s−1 (Rayleigh) and 1.3–1.9 m s−1 (Mie), showing good agreement between the independent reference data sets. Due to lower representativeness, the random differences are larger for the validation using radiosonde observations compared to the model equivalent statistics. To achieve an estimate for the Aeolus instrumental error, the representativeness errors for the comparisons are determined, besides the estimation of the model and radiosonde observational error. The resulting Aeolus errors estimates are in the range of 4.1–4.4 m s−1 (Rayleigh) and 1.9–3.0 m s−1 (Mie). Investigations of the Rayleigh wind bias on a global scale show that in addition to the satellite flight direction and seasonal differences, the systematic differences depend on latitude. A latitude based bias correction approach is able to reduce the bias, but a residual bias of 0.4–0.6 m s−1 with a temporal trend remains. Taking additional longitudinal differences into account, the bias can be reduced further by almost 50 %. Longitudinal variations are suggested to be linked to land-sea distribution and tropical convection that influences the thermal emission of the earth. Since 20 April 2020 a bias correction scheme has been applied operationally in the L2B processor, developed by the Aeolus Data Innovation and Science Cluster (DISC).
Comparing climate time series – Part 1: Univariate test
Authors: DelSole Timothy , Tippett Michael K.
Published: October 2020

Abstract. This paper proposes a new approach to detecting and describing differences in stationary processes. The approach is equivalent to comparing auto-covariance functions or power spectra. The basic idea is to fit an autoregressive model to each time series and then test whether the model parameters are equal. The likelihood ratio test for this hypothesis has appeared in the statistics literature, but the resulting test depends on maximum likelihood estimates, which are biased, neglect differences in noise parameters, and utilize sampling distributions that are valid only for large sample sizes. This paper derives a likelihood ratio test that corrects for bias, detects differences in noise parameters, and can be applied to small samples. Furthermore, if a significant difference is detected, we propose new methods to diagnose and visualize those differences. Specifically, the test statistic can be used to define a “distance” between two autoregressive processes, which in turn can be used for clustering analysis in multi-model comparisons. A multidimensional scaling technique is used to visualize the similarities and differences between time series. We also propose diagnosing differences in stationary processes by identifying initial conditions that optimally separate predictable responses. The procedure is illustrated by comparing simulations of an Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) index from 10 climate models in Phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). Significant differences between most AMOC time series are detected. The main exceptions are time series from CMIP models from the same institution. Differences in stationary processes are explained primarily by differences in the mean square error of 1-year predictions and by differences in the predictability (i.e., R-square) of the associated autoregressive models.