bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Allowable Burn Effect: Does Carbon-fixing offer a New Escape from the Bogey of Compound Interest?
Authors: Price Colin
Published: February 2014

Forestry's long production period entails compound interest, often making investments unprofitable. Several plausible but dubious arguments purport to excuse forestry from bearing compound interest: the existence of externalities, the invalidity of social discounting, the ability of previous revenues to bear replanting costs. The so-called "allowable cut effect" permits comparison of improvement expenditures with immediate yield. In a somewhat similar way, planting forests to absorb carbon dioxide permits almost-immediate burning of fossil fuel, a benefit offering simple interest on the planting costs. Such carbon-fixing plantations appear to be economic even when it is uneconomic to plant for fuelwood production. In one case study, the unit cost of growing wood for burning was £356 per tonne coal equivalent, while the cost of carbon fixing was only £76 per tonne of coal burned. The economic acceptability of such planting is not, however, established: particularly, fossil fuel burning may have other malign effects.
Dieback and growth loss of sugar maple associated with defoliation by the forest tent caterpillar
Authors: Gross H. L.
Published: February 2014

Sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) stands in southwestern Ontario experienced a forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria Hbn.) infestation in the mid 1970s. The defoliation was considered a key factor that accounted for an upsurge in the amount of dieback damage that occurred in 1977 and 1978 in the area affected by the caterpillar. Growth loss, dieback and food reserve relationships were examined. In the years 1977-1979 defoliated maples grew at a reduced rate that averaged 39.5% less than that for maples in stands adjacent to the infestation. Trees that recovered from the influence of defoliation were compared with those that died or continued to experience dieback. Those that recovered had greater food reserves in 1978 and 1979, on the basis of sapwood starch content, than did maples that declined. Stands showed good recovery from dieback. Dominant and codominant maples that had less than 40% branch mortality in 1978 generally recovered to good vigor and crown shape by 1980.
De-awning of Agropyron spicatum cultivator for use as an understory grass on erosive sites
Authors: Goebel Carl J. , Tazi Mohammed
Published: February 2014

South-facing, semi-arid slopes supporting sagebush (Artemisia tridentata) with scant understory are difficult sites for establishment of perennial vegetative cover in Central Washington. Blue-bunch wheatgrass (Agropyron spicatum) is the most ubiquitous, widely distributed native perennial where exotic annuals are a competitive problem. It can be found as an understory associate or in open stands.Secar is a cultivar, of A. spicatum developed in the Pacific Northwest. Unfortunately, the percent germination of secar seed has been found to be low. It was suspected that a possible inhibitor exists in the awn and mechanical removal may result in earlier and greater germinative ability for increased establishment on Conservation Reserve Program lands.It was found that total germination was not significantly affected by temperature treatment but an apparent difference in rate was determined. A significant increase in germination occurred with awn removal. Specific location of an inhibitor(s) was not statistically apparent. Key words: Agropyron spicatum, germination, seedling vigor, reseeding
The Effect of Cattle Grazing on Ponderosa Pine Regeneration
Authors: Kingery J. L. , Graham R. T.
Published: February 2014

During the summer and fall of 1982, a study was established on the Nez Percé National Forest in central Idaho to assess the effects of cattle grazing on the performance of a new ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) plantation. Three study sites were located in a Douglas-fir/ninebark (Pseudotsuga menziesii/Physocarpus malvaceus) habitat type. Results after six years showed that livestock use can influence tree seedling establishment. Mortality and damage to tree seedlings from cattle resulted primarily from trampling rather than from browsing. Five and one-half percent of the seedlings were damaged by cattle, of which 3.6% died. Browsing by deer and elk caused the most growth loss. Overall damage was greatest from non-animal causes. Seedling quality at the time of planting, handling of the seedling, and droughty conditions during the first two years of the study contributed to this type of damage. Overall performance of the tree seedlings were relatively poor. Total mortality to tree seedlings resulting from all sources of damage was 43.6% for the grazed treatment and 25.3% for the non-grazed treatment.
Boreal forest sensitivity to global warming: Implications for forest management in western interior Canada
Authors: Singh T. , Wheaton E. E.
Published: February 2014

Unmitigated global warming due to the enhanced greenhouse effect could have significant impacts on the boreal forest in interior western Canada. Increases in annual temperature of 3 to 7 °C are projected for Alberta under a 2 × CO2 scenario by 2030 – 2050 A.D. Such an unprecedented rate of change has many short- and long-term implications for forest management and for industries. As the boreal forest is highly sensitive to climatic changes, foresters need to develop a set of safe strategies to minimize the negative impacts and maximize the benefits of these changes.
Putting a face on forest history in Canada
Authors: Morley Peter M.
Published: February 2014

The Forest History Society, established in St.Paul in 1946 has been continuously broadening the base and scope of its activities. During the past five years, much greater emphasis has been placed on Canadian involvement in the Society, culminating in the appointment of a 'Committee on Canada' in 1990. The findings of the Committee and details of one proposed project are outlined.
Professional accreditation
Authors: Nordin V. J.
Published: February 2014

The primary value of accreditation is in the process itself and not in the decision whether a faculty of forestry's program is accredited. To be valuable, the accreditation process should encourage and assist Canadian university faculties of forestry to assess and improve their educational programs. All other results of accreditation are secondary to this objective.Accreditation is a voluntary, non-governmental procedure, that must continue in this tradition if its values are to be protected and enhanced. Effective implementation will require a clear recognition and appreciation of what accreditation is all about. A national accreditation process, properly implemented, is an element essential to the pursuit of excellence in the forestry profession in Canada. No other similar cooperative initiative in recent history has such potential to advance forestry practice and education in Canada.
Separating germinable and non-germinable seeds of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) and white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench]Voss) by the IDS technique
Authors: Downie B. , Bergsten U.
Published: February 2014

Estimates of the percentage of filled-dead seeds contained in two seedlots of eastern white pine and white spruce were obtained from cutting tests following the standard germination test for each species. After incubation samples of seeds from these seedlots were partially desiccated in a drying cabinet until the percentage of floating seeds, out of 100 seeds placed in water, was equal to the estimated percentage of filled-dead seeds. Then the seeds in each seedlot were separated in a water column.This separation resulted in a significant improvement in germination percentage from 50.2% to 86.0% when the control and bottom fractions were compared for the white spruce seedlot with the poorest germinability and from 46.2% to 69.0% for the white pine seedlot with poorest germinability. Mean germination time for the above seedlots was not significantly reduced for either species. There was no significant difference in germinability among the dried and the fresh subsamples of the bottom fractions for any seedlot tested though dried seeds of white spruce in the bottom fraction did take significantly longer to germinate than fresh seeds. Such was not the case for white pine.
Microbial insecticides in forestry
Authors: Cunningham J. C. , Frankenhuyzen K. van
Published: February 2014

Research has been conducted in Canada on bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi and nematodes for control of forest insect pests. Environmental concerns regarding the use of synthetic chemical pesticides have resulted in increased use of the only microbial control agent that is commercially available, the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.). There are currently 18 B.t. products registered for forestry use in Canada. The greatest use of B.t. has been for control of spruce budworm, Choristoneura Jumiferana, although it has been extensively used on several other species of defoliating lepidopterous pests.The use of other microbial control agents is insignificant compared to B.t. Three viral insecticides containing baculoviruses are registered in Canada, two for control of Douglas-fir tussock moth and one for control of redheaded pine sawfly. Registration petitions have been submitted for viral insecticides to control European pine sawfly and gypsy moth.The advent of recombinant DNA technology has opened the door to limitless possibilities for the genetic manipulation of microbial insecticides. Genetic engineering of B.t. toxin genes into other microorganisms and into plants has been accomplished. Foreign genes have been expressed in baculoviruses; most of these products have pharmaceutical applications unrelated to insect control, but this technology can be used to engineer viral insecticides for enhanced activity.
Management of pathogens in seed orchards and nurseries
Authors: Sutherland Jack R.
Published: February 2014

The biology, damage and impact, and recent innovations in management of the major diseases affecting seed orchard trees and cones and forest nursery seedlings across Canada are discussed. Specific diseases covered are Armillaria root rot (A. ostoyae) and inland spruce cone rust (Chrysomyxa pirolata) in seed orchards, and damping-off and root rots, especially Cylindrocladium floridanum, and gray (Botrytis cinerea) and storage moulds of forest nursery seedlings. Areas needing research are also mentioned. Key words: Root rots, cone rust, damping-off, gray mould, storage moulds
Where is the technology leading us?
Authors: Dangermond Jack
Published: February 2014

With GIS technology now about 25 years old, it is appropriate to consider where GIS use may be leading us, with special reference to natural resource management uses and considering forest management in particular. After beginning with a consideration of where GIS technology is going, and with mention of several important related technologies, the paper considers the range of problems and of possible immediate futures for natural resource management generally, and for forest management in particular. The role of GIS in natural resource management is taken up next. Some comments on who determines where GIS technology will go in the future are offered. The paper concludes with a consideration of where GIS technology may lead natural resource management in the next decade and just after the turn of the century.
Spatial wood supply simulation modelling
Authors: Baskent E. Z. , Jordan G. A.
Published: February 2014

Conventional wood supply simulation models have been found inadequate in both calculating true assessments of wood supply and in translating management strategies into on-the-ground management design. These models treat forests as aspatial entities and are unable to include economic and wildlife considerations in management design and calculation of wood supply. This paper presents and discusses the design and construction of a GIS-based (geographic information system) spatial wood supply model. The model uses geographic distribution of stand development types and stages and their change over time to control harvesting and calculate wood supply based on extraction economics ($/m3) and wildlife habitat values (opening size and green-up). The paper points out that: a spatial model is capable of producing harvest schedules and forest performance indicators that reflect geographic context as well as condition of stands; a GIS database is more important in spatial modelling than GIS technology; harvest blocks are the basic geographic element in spatial modelling; a spatial model provides a truer assessment of wood supply; and stand topology makes it relatively easy to integrate wildlife and timber management. Key words: Timber, wildlife, forest management, GIS, simulation model, wood supply
Forest regeneration surveys: Design, data collection, and analysis
Authors: Brand David G. , Leckie Donald G. , Cloney Edward E.
Published: February 2014

Regeneration surveys have always been looked on as a necessary evil in silviculture. Huge amounts of data have been collected, only to answer simple questions or to be filed and never used. This paper addresses the possibility of changing regeneration surveys from simple legislative requirements, into components of the forestry information system. Current technology allows the development of sophisticated decision support systems, and this changes the whole perspective on information needed from regeneration surveys. Depending on the level of information needed, ground surveys or aerial surveys can be used. The types of information available from different survey systems are described, and two case studies are presented. In one, regenerating stands are assessed using an intensive ground-based survey and, in the second, the MEIS (Multi-spectral, Electro-Optical Imaging Scanner) is used to identify stocking in young plantations. It is concluded that surveys must be designed by working backwards from the decisions to be made, to the information needed to make those decisions, to the data needed to provide that information.
Use of the biogeoclimatic ecosystem classification system in British Columbia
Authors: MacKinnon A. , Meidinger D. , Klinka K.
Published: February 2014

Biogeoclimatic ecosystem classification (BEC) is a hierarchical system that organizes ecosystems at three levels of integration — local, regional and chronological. The system is used by silviculturists and range, recreation and wildlife managers in British Columbia. Based on the study of both vegetation and sites, the system reveals ecological potentialities and limitations of particular sites, and combined with the accumulation and widespread dissemination of ecological knowledge provides an ideal framework for integrated resource management. The ways in which the BEC system is adapted for, and used by, resource managers are described and demonstrated. Ongoing activities, including classification of seral ecosystems, quantification of soil moisture and nutrient regimes, identification of relationships between forest productivity and site quality, and provincial correlation of the six Regional classifications, are outlined.
Forest regeneration appraisal with large-scale aerial photographs
Authors: Hall R. J. , Aldred A. H.
Published: February 2014

The operational feasibility of using large-scale aerial photographs to quantify coniferous forest stocking and regeneration density, was assessed over 6 cutovers with a 1,700 ha total area. The project involved two stages: one to pre-stratify cutover stocking levels using 1:10,000 general-coverage, colour photos; and the second to sample intensively, stocking and density using 1:500 large-scale photos. The accuracy, cost and practical problems in using large-scale sampling photos for regeneration assessment were determined. Accuracy assessment included detectability of young trees, species interpretation, and reliability of stocking and density measurements. Stocking estimates were on average, only five percent lower than field survey results but could be calibrated using regression techniques. Large differences between field survey and photo estimates of density in stems/ha suggested such counts should not be made from large-scale photos. Density count differences were attributable to seedlings occurring in dense patches or clumps where field counts were also difficult. If survey objectives and methods are carefully planned, large-scale photos can be a suitable tool for assessing and monitoring the stocking and survival rates of coniferous forest regeneration. Key words: Forest regeneration appraisal, silviculture, inventory, sampling, large-scale photography.
Naturally derived insecticides: Prospects for forestry use
Authors: Helson Blair
Published: February 2014

Much interest exists in using natural chemicals as insecticides. Plants manufacture a vast array of chemicals that help protect them against insect attack. These could serve as sources or models for future insecticides with novel modes of action that are highly effective and safe. Three compounds that are currently receiving much attention are examined for their potential for forestry use in Canada. These compounds are alpha-terthienyl from members of the flowering plant Family, Asteraceae; MK-244, a semi-synthetic analogue of abamectin, which is a natural avermectin compound from the soil microorganism, Streptomyces avermitilis, and neem seed extract and its principal active ingredient, azadirachtin, from the neem tree. Their potential is assessed against seven criteria that must be met for successful development: effectiveness against major forest pests; safety for non-target organisms; degradability in the forest environment; availability in large quantities; economical cost; development by the chemical industry; and acceptability to the public. All three compounds are in early phases of development and although each shows promise by meeting certain criteria, not enough information is available yet to determine their overall suitability. Nevertheless, these examples demonstrate the great potential for finding future insecticides from natural chemicals or their derivatives.
The Ontario Advanced Forestry Program
Authors: Damme Laird Van , Brown Kenneth M.
Published: February 2014

Foresters use continuing professional education to keep abreast of new developments and adapt to changing job responsibilities. The demand for continuing professional education has grown recently in response to a public demand for forest management plans based on sound scientific principles and, as the level of involvement by diverse stakeholder groups has grown, foresters feel the need to increase their interpersonal effectiveness in complex, multi-perspective situations. In 1988, the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources invited the School of Forestry at Lakehead University and the Faculty of Forestry at the University of Toronto to collaborate to design and implement a program of two-week intensive courses for mid-career foresters and other resource managers. The program has been successful during its first three years at reaching its target client base and there are positive indications that the program's educational objectives are being fulfilled. This article details the design and early track record of the Ontario Advanced Forestry Program (OAFP) that resulted from that collaboration.
Domestication and genetic diversity — should we be concerned?
Authors: El-Kassaby Y. A.
Published: February 2014

Despite the fact that forest trees are in their early stages of domestication, there has been little direct evaluation of the genetic diversity throughout this process. The dynamic changes in the genetic structure of wild conifers were monitored through several bottlenecks, namely: phenotypic selection, seed orchards, seed processing and storage methods, and seedling production. The genetic structure of phenotypically vs. randomly selected individuals of two conifers with known contrasting diversity levels is compared. The biology and management methods practiced in seed orchards are evaluated, and seed extraction and storage procedures are assessed to evaluate common practices on biological peculiarity. Finally, the cultural practices of container nurseries were monitored and their impact on the genetic structure of future forests is evaluated.
Genetic diversity in Canadian Hardwoods: Implications for conservation
Authors: Li Peng , Bousquet Jean , MacKay John
Published: February 2014

Hardwoods are diverse, and they are important components in several forest regions of Canada. Yet low demand from the pulp and paper sector, abundant natural regeneration for several species, and high costs associated with seedling production and plantation establishment have restrained industries and governments from investing intensively into basic biological and genetic research of hardwoods. Recently, new interests have emerged for the utilization and conservation of hardwood species. To devise efficient gene conservation and breeding strategies for hardwoods, knowledge is needed about their genetic structure, genecology, and mating systems. Here we review information on the organization of genetic diversity in the few Canadian hardwood species that have been studied. Results derived from analyses of quantitative characters showed extensive genetic variation among populations and among individuals within populations in all species. Genetic variation among populations was found to be associated with environmental factors, especially for adaptive traits. Levels of genetic diversity were also found high in allozyme genetic markers. The application of molecular genetic markers at the DNA level in monitoring genetic diversity of hardwoods is also discussed. Information available regarding genetic diversity of Canadian hardwoods is insufficient to design efficient gene conservation strategies. Several programs investigating genetic diversity of hardwoods have been initiated in Canada, and should yield urgently needed data.
The development and potential role of mycoherbicides for forestry
Authors: Wall R. E. , Prasad R. , Shamoun S. F.
Published: February 2014

With increasing intensification of forest management and limited options for control of competing vegetation, there is need for research on alternative vegetation management methods, including biological control. Most forest weeds in Canada are native species with useful as well as detrimental roles, and therefore classical biological control with introduced natural enemies generally cannot be considered. At present, use of native fungal pathogens, or mycoherbicides, is one of the most promising approaches, and recent advancements in agriculture indicate that effective, site-specific controls using mycoherbicides are possible. Mycoherbicide use in forestry appears attractive because of the likelihood of fewer off-target effects than present vegetation management methods and because it could provide either selective controls for specific weeds or broad spectrum controls.Vegetation management in forestry has some unique aspects which will make the development of biological controls different from that in agriculture. There are many indigenous plant pathogens that are potential mycoherbicides, but their efficacy will need to be enhanced by adjuvants, stress treatments, and integration with other vegetation control practices. Currently, at three Canadian institutions and several other locations worldwide, there are research programs on biological control of forest vegetation.
Poplar utilization in Canada: Past, present and future
Authors: Morley Peter M. , Balatinecz John J.
Published: February 2014

A national survey of supply and present and future prospects for use of Populus species in Canada was conducted by a questionnaire in the fall of 1990. Replies were discussed under primary and secondary industry groups and products. The information was compared with historical data. Conclusions were that poplar usage would continue to grow because of a diminishing supply of accessible softwoods and industry's ability to improve processing technology. Recommendations included using the present survey for periodic updates and the building up and maintenance of a data base of poplar-related publications and research projects across Canada.
Functional growth analysis of conifer seedling responses to competing vegetation
Authors: MacDonald G. Blake , Weetman G. F.
Published: February 2014

A modification of functional growth analysis is proposed for investigating the responses of conifer seedlings to vegetative competition. The approach permits detailed comparisons of the absolute growth and relative growth rate with respect to competition level between crop species and between stock types. In this study, jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) demonstrated greater height and diameter growth than black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) across the range of competition. However, competition had a larger negative impact on relative growth rate for jack pine. The absolute growth and relative growth rate were greater for bare root stock than for container stock, indicating that the effects of initial size differences between the stock types remained four years after planting. In all cases, the negative effect on seedling growth of each unit of competition diminished as the competition intensity increased.A practical application of functional growth analysis is suggested to assist free-to-grow assessments in plantations. The underlying functions would be developed separately for each ecological site type encountered, and would use root collar diameter increment to assess seedling potential. With the functions entered into a programmable calculator, field crews could rapidly obtain the required competition measurements, apply the functions, and make tending decisions. Key words: Relative growth rate, competition threshold, vegetation management, free-to-grow, plantation, tending, weeding, black spruce, jack pine
Impact de la tordeuse des bourgeons de l'épinette [Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)] sur la régénération des sapinières après la coupe à blanc
Authors: Ruel J.-C. , Huot M.
Published: February 2014

An analysis of over 100 balsam fir [Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.] stands has shown some effects of spruce budworm defoliation on regeneration after clearcutting. Even though softwood stocking was consistently high prior to harvesting operations, longer infestation periods or more severe defoliation levels led to a decrease in the stocking of softwood stems above 50 cm height and to the establishment and development of hardwood advance growth. Hardwoods were more often in a dominant position in the most severely damaged stands and the budworm effect was still persistent on the regeneration structure even 5 years after logging. Cutovers with less than 60% stocking were also more frequent in the most severely devastated fir stands. This situation seemed directly related to the impact of the spruce budworm on balsam fir advance growth. Key words: balsam fir, Choristoneura fumiferana, advance growth, clearcutting
Global warming and forest fires in Canada
Authors: Stocks Brian J.
Published: February 2014

The looming possibility of global warming raises legitimate concerns for the future of the forest resource in Canada. While evidence of a global warming trend is not conclusive at this time, governments would be wise to anticipate, and begin planning for, such an eventuality. The forest fire business is likely to be affected both early and dramatically by any trend toward warmer and drier conditions in Canada, and fire managers should be aware that the future will likely require new and innovative thinking in forest fire management. This paper summarizes research activities currently underway to assess the impact of global warming on forest fires, and speculates on future fire management problems and strategies.
Creating a knowledge-based forest sector
Authors: Binkley Clark S.
Published: February 2014

Traditionally an industry based on plentiful natural resources, the forest sector in British Columbia must be transformed to include a far higher amount of technology if its prosperity is to be sustained. Only by embodying a larger technological component in its products and processes can the forest sector offset the economic decline usually associated with the transition from old-growth to secondary, managed forests. Research will also increase the contribution the forests themselves can make to our economic and environmental well-being. Because of its position as a large producer of forest products, effective research strategies for British Columbia (and probably for Canada more broadly) will differ substantially from those pursued by major consuming nations such as the United States or Japan.
Forests and UNCED ′92: A Foundation for the Future
Authors: Johnston Brent E.
Published: February 2014

The conservation and protection of the world's forests has become a critical international environmental issue in recent years as the demand for forest products has increased significantly, and population growth and the rate of deforestation have reached perilous levels. These realities are challenging our stewardship of the resource.Strictly regarded in economic use terms for centuries, forests are increasingly being recognized for the social, cultural, spiritual and recreational values and benefits they furnish to humankind. At the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED ′92), convened in June 1992 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, significant global progress was achieved in altering the outdated approach to forest management reflected in the concept and practice of "sustainable yield", substituting it with the futuristic vision inherent in "sustainable forest development" (based on the paradigm envisioned in the report of the Brundt-land Commission, 1987).Canada has played an active role in advancing this change with respect to forests in the discussions leading up to and including the Conference. The key priorities expressed in Canada's National Forest Strategy, the domestic action plan which is underpinned by the shared vision of Canadian industry, labour, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and governments on sustainable forests, were advanced as our negotiating pillars in Rio. The outputs which emerged from the "Earth Summit" proceedings in the Conventions on Climate Change and Biological Diversity, Agenda 21, and particularly, the Guiding Principles on Forests, are all intimately linked with this Canadian position and constitute the groundwork for future dialogue and action on sustaining the planet's forests.
Survival of woodland caribou in commercial forests of northern Ontario
Authors: Cumming H. G. , Beange D. B.
Published: February 2014

Telemetry, sightings, and tracks in snow from 1978–81, with subsequent observations until 1991, showed that woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) did not use cut portions of traditional wintering areas for 12 years after cutting. Two attempts by management personnel to modify commercial cutting patterns for caribou failed to prevent abandoning cut areas. In four instances where entire wintering areas were cut, caribou sightings and tracks decreased drastically or ceased entirely. Caribou in unlogged areas have shown no similar declines. Minimal efforts to ensure caribou survival in commercial forests should include deferral of cutting in caribou wintering areas, protection of calving areas, and accelerated research. Keywords: woodland caribou, forest management, threatened population, wildlife conservation
Handling and planting methods influence field performance of red pine ten years after planting
Authors: PaterSon John M.
Published: February 2014

In 1976 several plantings were established to compare the post-planting performance of 3 + 0 Red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) bare root stock planted by operational planting crews with those planted by research planting crews. Ten-year results show that field performance is directly influenced by the handling and planting methods employed by the two groups. Extra care in the handling and planting of bare root stock by research crews has led to improved survival, total height and diameter growth, resulting in a 27% overall increase in basal area. Key words: Red pine, handling and planting, plantation assessment, survival, total height, diameter and basal area
A district evaluation of fuelwood resources in Nepal
Authors: Smith K. T. , Kennedy G. , Shah P. B. , Schreier H.
Published: February 2014

This paper assesses the production/consumption situation for fuelwood for each district of Nepal over the period 1981 to 2034. The inventory data base for forestry produced by the Land Resource Mapping Project (LRMP 1986) formed the basis for the assessment. The purpose of the fuelwood assessment is to provide results which can be used to direct foreign aid and policy attention to those districts having the most serious fuelwood problems. The results indicated that 21 of the 75 districts in Nepal were in a deficit position for fuelwood in 1981. Under current conditions of use and management, an additional 26 districts could be expected to become deficient in fuelwood sometime between 1982 and 2034. Keywords: districts of Nepal, fuelwood production/consumption
The forest resource of Labrador: Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery provides a unique and current perspective
Authors: Drieman John A.
Published: February 2014

The need for a current, regional perspective of the forest of Labrador was identified. Mapping of forest cover types, peat-lands, recent burns and clearcut disturbances was accomplished through visual interpretation of 1:1,000,000 scale Landsat Thematic mapper colour composite transparencies and the transfer of interpreted polygons to a geographic information system. The mapping and verification process is described in this paper. The end product, a forest resource map, provides the most up-to-date and detailed information on Labrador's forest cover types and disturbances available on a single map. The digital format of the map facilities area summaries, viewing and printing.
The role and significance of woody biomass plantations in Swedish agriculture
Authors: Christersson L. , Sennerby-Forsse L. , Zsuffa L.
Published: February 2014

The low profitability of agriculture, the greenhouse effect, acidification, the energy supply, ground water pollution, waste disposal and depopulation of the countryside are some of the problems in urgent need of solution not only in Sweden but in many other western countries. Naturally, there is no single solution to all these complex problems. However, by establishing plantations of fast-growing deciduous tree species on abandoned or surplus arable land it is possible to address many of these problems in a positive way. More than 15 years of research and development within the National Swedish Energy Forestry Program (NSEFP) have resulted in a new agricultural crop with a high potential for sound ecological and economic outcome. The further utilization of biomass plantations for environmental clean-up programmes and waste cycling is now developing on a regional and local basis. As a complement to pure energy plantations, mixed forest stands are discussed as multipurpose production systems for wood chips, short fiber and veneer. Key words: alternative crops, biomass plantations, energy crops, energy forestry, Salix, short-rotation forestry
Nested forest nutrient cycles: implications for plantation management
Authors: Hendrickson O. Q. , Richardson J.
Published: February 2014

Natural forests may be viewed as containing nested nutrient cycles: an "external" cycle mediated by atmospheric processes, a "soil" cycle of litter production and decay, and one or more "plant" cycles involving retranslocation and internal storage pools. The goal of plantation forest management should be to enhance all of these cycles. Stimulating the "external" cycle by adding fertilizer nutrients is likely to increase "soil" and "plant" cycling rates as well. A basic understanding of how these nested cycles are linked can improve the management of nutrients in forest plantations.
Deploying genotypes in short-rotation plantations: Mixtures and pure cultures of clones and species
Authors: DeBell Dean S. , Harrington Constance A.
Published: February 2014

This article discusses factors to be considered when choosing among alternative deployment options for species and clones in short-rotation plantations. Several examples of pure and mixed culture are presented and potential benefits and problems are described. The article is based on a paper presented to the International Energy Agency's Committee on Biomass Production Systems which met in conjunction with the International Poplar Commission at Zaragoza, Spain, in September 1992. Key words: biomass, intensive culture, productivity, nitrogen fixation, hazards, silviculture, operational considerations, hybrids, Populus, Alnus, Eucalyptus, Albizia.
Stem form, volume and dry matter production in a twelve-year-old circular Nelder plantation of Populus trichocarpa × deltoides 'Beaupré'
Authors: Steenackers J. , Steenackers V. , Acker J. Van , Stevens M.
Published: February 2014

"Model-trees", selected on annual circumference measurements, were sampled at twelve planting distances, with potential growing areas ranging between 9.10 m2 and 72.00 m2.Every tree, up to a top circumference of 30 cm was divided into sections with a length of ± 45 cm. All sections were weighed (fresh and ovendry) and measured. Annual ring width, bark width and heartwood were measured from N to S on every cross section.Results are given for circumference at breast height, timber height, taper, volume and dry matter production per tree or per hectare, at age 12, up to different top circumferences.
Reforestation of South Korea: The history and analysis of a unique case in forest tree improvement and forestry
Authors: Kim K. H. , Zsuffa L.
Published: February 2014

Forests of South Korea were severely depleted during the wars and because of poor management in the intervening periods. By 1953, at the end of the Korean war, a significant portion of the forests was completely destroyed. Exposed land was denuded and urgent action was needed to re-establish tree cover in order to reduce erosion.This paper describes the special situation and task faced by the Korean Forest Service in reforestation of the country and securing of planting stock, to a large degree by introducing exotic species and hybrid varieties through the efforts of the Institute of Forest Genetics of Korea. Tree improvement strategies used, results, and environmental consequences of this unique effort as seen thirty years later also are discussed. Key words: South Korea, reforestation, monocultures, tree-breeding, Populus, Pinus rigida, Pinus rigida × P. taeda, P. densiflora, exotics, environmental consequences
Enhancing access for natural resource professionals to geographic information systems: an example application
Authors: Blinn Charles R. , Martodam David J. , Queen LLoyd P.
Published: February 2014

Geographic information systems (GIS) provide natural resource professionals with unparalleled capabilities for analyzing their spatial databases. However, most natural resource professionals will not become proficient in the use of GIS because this tool has a large amount of technical overhead. The Phase II EPPL Shell macro described in this paper was developed so that field-level forest and wildlife managers within the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources could enhance access to and spatially analyze their forest inventory database. The macro was developed through a strategic, interactive process of defining user needs, designing a product, implementation, and product enhancement based on user review. The tool allows simple queries of stand attribute data, simplifies the generation of customized maps of selected stands and stand attributes, outputs tabular reports, and provides access to analysis tools such as buffer commands. The EPPL Shell macro is currently being used by field managers to better resolve forest land management conflicts caused by increasing demands on the forest resource. Key words: geographic information systems, macro, forest inventory, system design
Silviculture worker certification in Canada?
Authors: Rugo L. G.
Published: February 2014

This paper begins by identifying constraints faced by the silviculture industry when making decisions on human resource development. It identifies market failures that may result in an underinvestment in silviculture training. The paper then provides evidence of underinvestment in training and discusses the role of government in influencing investments in silviculture training, particularly its intervention through regulatory measures such as silviculture worker certification.Part 1 presents theory and evidence concerning certification, which is defined both as an act and a process. It acts on the quality of education and training provided and ultimately on the quality of labor employed. Some functional and dysfunctional aspects of certification are touched upon. The process of certification includes the objectives of certification, intended target groups, certification and training standards, and certification structure. Assessing the human resources employed in the silviculture industry is an important step.The merits and shortcomings of certification are presented in Part 2. Key issues related to forest management are addressed to provide a balanced portrait of silviculture worker certification. The merits range from increasing product quality to reducing on-site injuries. Shortcomings include the transaction costs of certification, a phenomenon called the "generation gap," and jurisdictional control. Issues between the merits and shortcomings of certification are also included.Part 3 discusses alternatives to silviculture worker certification. Taxation, subsidies, and the dissemination of information on the benefits of training are other forms of intervention influencing decision making in the private market.
Ontario's woodlots: Going … going …
Authors: Mathewson Arthur
Published: February 2014

Ontarians are blessed with a great natural, social and economic asset in privately owned and operated woodlands. They have been threatened with serious degradation in the past, but far sighted government policies have helped them recover and thrive. They are threatened again, but the report of the Ontario Fair Tax Commission provides a ray of hope. Will the government see the light?
Commercial thinning to provide harvest stability to forests with an unbalanced age class distribution
Authors: Jamnick Mark , Needham Ted , Bateman Marshall
Published: February 2014

Maintaining harvest stability while minimizing volume losses to mortality is a challenge in forests characterized by an unbalanced age-class distribution with an overabundance of "over-mature" and too few 'mature' stands. In many areas with this situation, emphasis is on harvesting over-mature stands and regenerating them quickly at defined density and stocking levels to minimize the eventual wood supply downfall. However, silvicultural activities in stands at other stages of development are often neglected. Wood supply analysis of a spruce-fir forest with the above characteristics indicated that both harvest stability and maintenance of the total volume harvested could be obtained by commercial thinning in mature stands. In addition, the treatment may have other benefits such as habitat protection. Defining the specifics of the treatment is required to move from consideration at the strategic level to operational implementation.
The aesthetics of white pine and red pine forests
Authors: Haider Wolfgang
Published: February 2014

Aesthetic values of the forest in northeastern Ontario were determined with the Scenic Beauty Estimation Method, which relates psychometric analysis with quantitative forest stand characteristics. Results indicate high agreement for scenic beauty between environmental groups and other public groups, but less agreement between either of these and resource managers. In predominently coniferous forests, hardwoods (especially aspen) contribute to scenic beauty, and respondents prefer mature open stands over younger and denser ones. Linking people's aesthetic evaluations to physical stand characteristics may provide valuable insights for forest management purposes. Key words: Forest aesthetics, user preferences, white pine, red pine, scenic beauty
Managing wildlife habitat in red pine and white pine forests of central Ontario
Authors: Naylor Brian J.
Published: February 2014

About 80% of the forest-dwelling wildlife found in central Ontario use forest associations containing red pine or white pine. Providing habitat for this diversity of species requires management of pine forests at three levels. Nests of sensitive species and other critical habitats require site-specific protection afforded by guidelines that modify timber management practices. Generic stand-level prescriptions are required to ensure the provision of cavity trees, down woody debris, mast, and supercanopy trees. Forest-level planning must address the supply of pine associations across the landscape, consider the spatial configuration of pine patches, and strive to provide a complete representation of age classes. Key words: red pine, white pine, wildlife habitat, critical habitats, cavity trees, down woody debris, mast, supercanopy trees, landscape diversity
Genetics of white pine and implications for management and conservation
Authors: Buchert G. P.
Published: February 2014

The processes which generate and maintain genetic variability in natural forest tree populations are reviewed in relation to genetic management of naturally regenerating white pine (Pinus strobus L.) stands. Genetic consequences of inbreeding and silvicultural selection on natural regeneration are discussed, with special reference to old-growth stand management.Ontario's old-growth white pine forests provide a unique opportunity to manage, utilize and conserve pristine gene pools in situ. However, fragmentation of white pine populations in other areas may require ex situ methods to preserve remnants of local genetic variation for future use. Key words: white pine, genetic diversity, inbreeding, mating systems, high-grading, old-growth, genetic resource management, gene conservation
White pine management and conservation in Algonquin Park
Authors: Corbett C. M.
Published: February 2014

Logging for white and red pine originated around 1840 in the area that subsequently became Algonquin Park. This paper discusses the uniform shelterwood system for managing white pine, difficulties encountered and the maintenance of white pine in other working groups. Key words: Algonquin Park, uniform shelterwood, natural regeneration, white pine
Moving toward coordinated management of timber and other resource uses in Hungarian forests
Authors: Csányi S.
Published: February 2014

This paper presents the relationships and development of forestry and wildlife management in Hungary during the past 70 years. Current problems of coordination are rooted in the cardinal principle of Hungarian forestry that defines the purpose of forest management as "sustainable and increasing wood production", and regards recreational, educational, and wildlife management as secondary uses. Forestry and game management share several common elements such as educational and scientific underpinnings, direction and regulation, and planning systems. Nonetheless, poor coordination and profit-driven management have resulted in serious resource conflicts associated with extensive clearcutting, habitat destruction, diminished diversity in tree plantations, game damage to reforestation efforts, and other problems. Scientific and professional cooperation are necessary to create an ecologically-sound basis to coordinate resource uses and to harmonize the objectives of timber production, nature protection, and wildlife management in Hungarian forests.