bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Malocclusion in Europe
Authors: Gardiner J. H.
Published: December 2014

The principal racial movements across Europe into Britain from pre-historic times are discussed in order to explain the variety that exists in our ancestry. A brief account is given also of a modern anthropologico-dental study of 10–12 year old schoolchildren in nine areas of Europe and four areas in Britain. In this the author gives his assessment of the orthodontic treatment needs in these areas and how these may be related to the cephalic indices.
Extra-oral Traction
Authors: Stephenson J. C.
Published: December 2014

Indications for the use of extra-oral traction during orthodontic treatment with removable appliances are discussed and a typical case is described.
A Case of Multiple Supernumerary Premolars
Authors: Barnett B. Selwyn
Published: December 2014

A case is reported in which there were multiple supernumerary premolars. The most remarkable feature of this case was the presence of bilateral premolar-form teeth between the lower first and second molars, a previously unreported site.

The treatment plan involved surgical removal of five extra teeth from the premolar or molar region in all four quadrants.
The Management of Class III and Class III Tendency Occlusions Using Headgear to the Mandibular Dentition
Authors: Orton H. S. , Sullivan P. G. , Battagel Joanna M. , Orton Shelagh
Published: December 2014

The use of extra-oral traction to the lower arch in the treatment of Class III malocclusion is described. The results of the treatment of 43 consecutive cases employing both removable and fixed appliances are analysed and compared with an untreated control group of 15 further cases. It was found that the Class III malocclusion in the study fell into three groups, the characteristic of each group giving an indication of the recommended treatment approach.
A Modified Retractor System for Direct Bonding
Authors: Ferguson J. W.
Published: December 2014

Retractors are described which facilitate the simultaneous retraction of the soft tissues and evacuation of oral fluids with minimal obstruction of the operative field, thus providing optimum conditions for direct bonding.
The Development of Removable Appliances in the United Kingdom
Authors: Hoyle Anne
Published: December 2014

The evolution since 1900 of the removable orthodontic appliance is described. The effects upon this evolution of political and economic events, the introduction of new materials and the British approach to orthodontic treatment are discussed. Present opinion favours the increased use of fixed appliances but it seems likely that removable appliances will still be suitable in about half those cases requiring active treatment.
On-line Digitizing: Useful Mathematical Techniques
Authors: Birnie D. J.
Published: December 2014

A mathematical and computational approach to some of the common problems found in writing digitizing programs for cephalometric analysis is described. The paper is aimed at those with access to a microcomputer and digitizer, some knowledge of the BASIC computer language and simple mathematics but little experience of writing digitizing programs.
The Rate of Spontaneous Closure at the Site of Extracted Mandibular First Premolars
Authors: Stephens C. D.
Published: December 2014

The speed of spontaneous space closure following the extraction of mandibular first premolars has been monitored in 17 subjects over a 12-month period. Differences between male and female subjects are described and the possible effects of age and second molar eruption are discussed.
The Feasibility and Validity of Orthodontic Screening of Children in Their Tenth Year
Authors: Turner Sarah A. M.
Published: December 2014

The study set out to investigate the problems of the implementation of the Court Report's suggestion that every child in its tenth year should be screened for orthodontic treatment by ‘a dentist with special training in orthodontics’ using Grainger's Treatment Priority Index (TPI). The study was divided into two parts. The standardization exercises used 31 orthodontic models of children in their tenth year. The problem of examiner variability, using a Community Dental Officer instead of an orthodontist and of bias that the TPI might have were examined. The main study involved the examination of 362 children in ten separate schools in Oxfordshire and investigated the problem of orthodontic screening at annual school inspections. The findings showed that the TPI may be able to provide a method for screening children in their tenth year if the weights of the clinical entities which are reducing the level of validity of the TPI are identified. The problem of scoring tooth displacements consistently would have to be taken into consideration when training personnel to use the TPI.
The Crown to Root Angle of Maxillary Central Incisors in Different Incisal Classes
Authors: Williams A. , Woodhouse C.
Published: December 2014

The angulation of the maxillary central incisor crown to its root has been measured in 191 patients representing the four classes of incisor malocclusion. Significant differences were only found between Class II Division 1 and Class II Division 2 groups.
Beware the Itinerant Transfer Case!
Authors: Barnett D. P.
Published: December 2014

A case report is presented of an orthodontic patient who had been unsupervised for over 6 months in pre-torqued fixed appliances.
Bioprogressive Therapy: Overbite Reduction with the Lower Utility Arch
Authors: Greig D. G. M.
Published: December 2014

A series of patients treated with this appliance was investigated clinically and radiographically. True intrusion is only one factor in overbite reduction using the utility arch.
A Comprehensive Interactive On-line Computer System for Research and Clinical Practice in Orthodontics
Authors: Bhatia S. N.
Published: December 2014

An interactive on-line computer system for the measurement of cephalometric radiographs, and facial and plaster cast photographs is described. The details of the hardware (computer and peripherals) and software are provided. Numerical and graphical analysis and presentation of the resultant data are discussed. Many research and clinical applications of the system are outlined.
The Physical Characteristics of the Stabilized Canine Retractor
Authors: Adams C. Philip , Shinji Hisaaki
Published: December 2014

The design, construction and a brief indication of the advantages of the stabilized canine retractor have already been explained (Adams, 1983). It is the purpose of the present investigation to clarify and evaluate the physical characteristics of the new form and to ascertain the precise nature and degree of the differences between it and the hitherto widely used standard form of this spring.
Changes in the Jaw Relationships during Human Foetal Cranio-facial Growth
Authors: Trenouth M. J.
Published: December 2014

Previous investigations into pre-natal cranio-facial growth have either been purely descriptive or have involved the use of cephalometric points, lines and angles. Neither methods have given an entirely clear picture of the changes taking place during the foetal period. The present investigation measured changes in shape, position and orientation of the jaws by using image outlines and their centroids (centres of area) in combination with the analytic method of morphanalysis. The image outlines of the foetuses were related to each other via a rectangular co-ordinate reference grid so that the exact sites where growth changes occurred could be plotted and isolated. It was found that the jaw relationships were constantly changing during the foetal period. Brain growth appeared to predominate which flattened out the cranial base and determined the definitive position of the naso-maxillary segment to which the musculature of the lower face in turn adjusted mandibular growth. The jaw relationships changed in the direction Class Ill to Class 11 mainly as a result of forward growth of the naso-maxillary segment, the mandible showing a lag followed by a catch-up regaining its original position. The two jaws exhibited different growth patterns which suggested differences in the underlying mechanisms responsible for their growth. This is almost certainly an important factor in the aetiology of malocclusion resulting from malrelationships of the basal bones and soft tissues.
Attitudes to Orthodontic Treatment
Authors: Oliver R. G. , Knapman Y. M.
Published: December 2014

A survey of the attitudes of patients and parents to active orthodontic treatment was undertaken at two centres. Questionnaires were distributed which enquired about pre-treatment appearance, reactions to the proposed treatment, experiences during treatment, perceived benefits of treatment, and values placed upon treatment. The results indicated that both patients and parents were satisfied with the treatment received, and pain from the appliance and its appearance were the main discouraging features.
A Removable Appliance for the Preliminary Vertical Movement and Subsequent Buccal Movement of Palatally Impacted Canines
Authors: Galloway H. , Clark J. D.
Published: December 2014

A removable appliance to extrude exposed palatally impacted canines and subsequently to move them into the arch, is described and its use illustrated.
Orthodontic Screening of Nine-Year-Old Children
Authors: Crabb J. J. , Rock W. P.
Published: December 2014

Two groups of nine-year-old children were examined for orthodontic problems using a Severity Index. Patients who had been referred by general dental practitioners to a Consultant Orthodontist had significantly more occlusal problems than the controls. Seventy-one per cent of the referred patients were assessed as needing immediate treatment. The results of this study cast doubt upon the need for routine screening of nine-year-olds in an area where the general dental service is efficiently run and has good liaison with the District Hospital.
Force Reduction of Orthodontic Elastomeric Chains after One Month in the Mouth
Authors: Rock W. P. , Wilson H. J. , Fisher Susan E.
Published: December 2014

The effect of ageing activated orthodontic elastomeric chains for one month in the mouth is reported. Over this period the mean value of exerted force fell by about 50 per cent of the original value. All the materials tested underwent a decrease in stiffness which contributed to a reduction in the force exerted. After a four week treatment period space closures in the range 0–5 mm were produced by the specimens tested.
Early Management and Histology of a Severely Malformed Upper Incisor
Authors: Patterson C. J. W. , Collin B. D. , Simpson M.S.
Published: December 2014

A case is presented wherein a severely malformed permanent central incisor was reshaped utilizing a visible light cured composite resin restorative material and retained for two years pending the commencement of active orthodontic therapy. The orthodontic implications of this case are discussed as are the histological and restorative dentistry aspects. The need for a combined, interdisciplinary approach to such problems is emphasized.
The Effects of Differing Etch Times on the Etch Pattern on Enamel of Unerupted and Erupted Human Teeth Examined using the Scanning Electron Microscope
Authors: Oliver R. G.
Published: December 2014

The etch pattern produced on enamel from unerupted and erupted human teeth with varying periods of acid etching using 37 per cent phosphoric acid was examined using a scanning electron microscope. For erupted enamel etch scores were fairly consistent above 10 seconds etching, for unerupted enamel etch scores matched those for erupted enamel for etch times above 30 seconds. The etch type was more consistent on unerupted enamel.
Iatrogenic Root Resorption of Upper First Permanent Molars Associated with Orthodontic Treatment
Authors: Hill F. J.
Published: December 2014

A case of severe resorption of the roots of upper first molars, associated with second molar impaction, is reported. The possible causes of this condition, which occurred as a complication of rapid maxillary expansion and distal movement of the first molars, are discussed.
A Case Report of Superimposition on Cranial Base
Authors: McDonald F.
Published: December 2014

A case is reported where superimposition on Cranial Base produced the appearance that therapeutic modification of mandibular growth had occurred. However, the patient's growth status did not support this concept, being 17 years and 1 month of age at the commencement of treatment.
The Use of an Autogenous Free Gingival Graft in the Combined Orthodontic and Periodontal Management of a Buccally Ectopic Maxillary Canine
Authors: Jones Steven P.
Published: December 2014

A case is reported in which an unerupted maxillary canine, situated buccally above the level of the mucogingival junction, was exposed surgically in conjunction with a free gingival graft. Alignment was achieved using the edgewise appliance. An adequate width of attached gingiva was maintained out of retention, with a good aesthetic result. The problems associated with radical exposure of buccally misplaced teeth are discussed.
Supplemental Maxillary Deciduous Canines
Authors: Ismail S. Saad
Published: December 2014

A case of supplemental maxillary deciduous canines is described in a ten-year-old Saudi boy. Supplemental teeth usually occur in the maxilla and occasionally in the mandible, generally involving the permanent lateral incisors. The prevalence of supplemental deciduous teeth is discussed.
A New Solution to a Difficult Problem of Orthodontic Retention
Authors: Reid J. , Stirrups D. R.
Published: December 2014

A report of an aesthetic and simple restorative solution to a difficult problem of orthodontic retention. The case described involved the use of etch retained porcelain restorations and includes a porcelain cantilever laminate bridge.
Effect of Patient Repositioning on Cephalometric Measurements
Authors: Sandler P. J.
Published: December 2014

The purpose of this study was to assess the contribution to tracing error of positioning the patient within the cephalostat. It was carried out by comparing the differences between repeated measurements from two ‘same day’ radiographs, with the differences between measurements from two tracings of the same radiograph
An ‘Invisible’ Supernumerary Tooth
Authors: Oliver R. G. , Lardeau-Randall N.
Published: December 2014

A case is reported of an unerupted maxillary supernumerary tooth, apparently undergoing resorption, which was not visible on extra-oral radiographs, but was clearly visible on an intra-oral occlusal radiograph.
Changes in the Complexity of Orthodontic Treatment for Patients Referred to a Teaching Hospital
Authors: Stephens C. D. , Harradine N. W.
Published: December 2014

The records of 200 orthodontic patients accepted for treatment by the Orthodontic Department of the Bristol Dental Hospital in 1977 were compared with 200 taken on in 1985 in order to determine whether there had been any change in the proportion of referred cases requiring more complex procedures. Within each sample, cases were categorized as follows: (a) suitable for removable appliance treatment by an undergraduate or general practitioner; (b) requiring simple one arch fixed appliance treatment such as might he attempted by a general practitioner after a period of further training; (c) needing specialist treatment such as full multibracketed fixed appliances or orthognathic surgery. It was found that there had been no change in the proportions of simple and complex cases referred during the 8-year period although the proportion of patients now receiving complex treatment had increased greatly. Possible explanations and implications are discussed.
The Effects of Differing Acid Concentrations, Techniques and Etch Time on the Etch Pattern of Enamel of Erupted and Unerupted Human Teeth Examined using the Scanning Electron Microscope
Authors: Oliver R. G.
Published: December 2014

The effects of varying acid concentration, etch time and agitation, on the etch properties of enamel from unerupted and erupted human teeth, were examined using the scanning electron microscope. Results showed that whilst there are differences in behaviour between erupted and unerupted enamel when conditions are varied, under most circumstances unerupted enamel will behave in a similar manner to erupted enamel. With low acid concentration both the duration of etch and agitation seem to be important factors in producing a roughened surface. It is suggested that the manufacturers' recommendations be more precise for a new low acid concentration orthodontic bonding package.
Application of a Video Image Subtraction System to Measure and Control Head Position in Cephalometry
Authors: Cohen A. M. , Linney A. D. , Reece B.
Published: December 2014

Variation in head position in the cephalostat is a potential source of error in cephalometrics as it causes distortion of the radiographic projection of the head. Image subtraction is an electronic technique enabling images to be superimposed and which highlights any differences. Using this method, a study was carried out to assess the reproducibility of the position of the head in the cephalostat. It was also used to find out whether subjects could improve their own head relocation by looking at the monitor and trying to achieve the best possible fit on the original image.
The Behaviour of Multiple Loops in Torsion
Authors: Cavina R. A. , Waters N. E.
Published: December 2014

The angular stiffness of a multiple looped span, subject to rotation about a vertical axis (torsion) and also to rotation about a horizontal or radial axis (mesio-distal tilt), have been derived using the complementary (strain) energy method. Experimental measurements on enlarged models were in good agreement with the values calculated from the theoretical relationships obtained. The variations in angular stiffness resulting from changes in the loop height, width, and position of clinical sized loops are discussed.
The Diagnostic Value of Panoramic Radiographs in Children Aged Nine to Ten Years
Authors: Neal J. J. D. , Bowden D. E. J.
Published: December 2014

The increased awareness of the possible harmful effects of ionizing radiation has resulted in concern at the number of panoramic radiographs taken in General Dental Practice. A study has been carried out to examine the diagnostic value obtained from panoramic radiographs taken at 9–10 years of age. Nine-hundred and-eighty-two radiographs were examined and 261 (26·5 per cent) showed findings which would be of significance in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.
Forces Exerted by Orthodontic Aligning Archwires
Authors: Rock W. P. , Wilson H. J.
Published: December 2014

The forces produced by 10 orthodontic archwires were measured in a simulated clinical situation and also with the wires in simple three point loading. All tests were made to a maximum deflection of 3 mm. At 1·5 mm deflection the forces exerted when each wire formed part of a fixed appliance ranged from 1·5 to 8·3 N. When the same wires were used as simple beams the forces exerted ranged from 0·3 to 3·0 N. The findings indicate that the forces generated by orthodontic mechanisms cannot be calculated from straight forward physical principles.
A Retrospective Cephalometric Study of Class I Patients
Authors: Lavelle C. L. B.
Published: December 2014

In view of the growing consensus that traditional cephalometric analyses yield data of dubious scientific validity, this study was undertaken using an alternative technique, termed finite element analysis (FEA). The study was based on 14 triangular finite elements spanning seven datum (nodal) points delineating cephalometric form. These points were delineated on lateral cephalographs taken immediately before and following the completion of orthodontic treatment for two samples of boys aged 12–16 years. Although both samples exhibited Class I molar occlusions with anterior over-crowding, one sample required bilateral maxillary and mandibular first premolar extraction prior to orthodontic treatment, while the other sample did not. FEA revealed greater cephalometric size and shape changes in the ‘non-extraction’ than ‘extraction’ samples. Such sample contrasts, however, varied depending upon the finite element included in the analysis. Further studies are therefore required to delineate the specific finite element configurations to provide precise descriptions of cephalometric change.
The Reliability of Mandibular Radiographic Superimposition
Authors: Cook P. A. , Southall P. J.
Published: December 2014

Using tracings from thirty pairs of serial cephalometric radiographs, the reliability of three outlines, commonly used for mandibular superimposition, was investigated. There were sizeable errors associated with all three groups, but tracings involving Björk's mandibular structures were found to be the least reliable. Despite the greater validity of the Björk structures for assessment of growth changes, in certain cases the use of the mandibular outline may be of greater value for the superimposition of tracings, especially when the time interval between the radiographs is short, or the patient has passed maturity and the growth rate has declined to a negligible level.
Progressive Development of Supernumerary Teeth in Cleidocranial Dysplasia
Authors: Frame K. , Evans R. I. W.
Published: December 2014

A 9-year-old boy suffering from cleidocranial dysplasia presented with multiple unerupted permanent teeth and five unerupted supernumerary teeth. During a 4-year observation and treatment period he developed nine more supernumerary teeth at a time when normally new teeth would no longer be forming. By the age of 13 years and 5 months a total of fourteen supernumerary teeth had been produced and it is possible that more teeth may develop in the future.
The Effect of Age at Diagnosis on the Complexity and Outcome of Treatment of Palatally Ectopic Canines
Authors: Galloway I. , Stirrups D. R.
Published: December 2014

This study examined the records of 218 patients from the 5-year period 1979–1983 who were treated for palatally ectopic canines in the Glasgow Dental Hospital. It tested the hypothesis that there was a relationship between the age of the patient at diagnosis, and the complexity and outcome of treatment. Whilst the age of the patient had no influence on the complexity of the treatment required, it had a significant effect on the outcome since it was related to the number of failed appointments and the likelihood of completing treatment successfully.
In Vitro Testing of Elastomeric Modules
Authors: Chung P. c. K. , Wei S. H. Y. , Reynolds I. R.
Published: December 2014

This study describes the in vitro testing of elastomeric modules. Measurements were first made from study models to establish the clinical distance over which modules are used for canine retraction. From this preliminary study, a typodont, banded with 0·018” × 0·025” standard edgewise brackets, was set up with the canin-molar distance at 28 mm. Modules for canine retraction were then fitted by 11 clinicians. The applied force ranged from 125 to 310 g (221±51 g). A similar, but more extensive study using six different types of modules and two clinician groups (experienced and less experienced clinicians) was then undertaken. Mean force values for different module types ranged from 195±45 g to 318±90 g. There was no statistically significant difference between the force values applied by experienced and less experienced clinicians
At Last—A Disposable Articulator!
Authors: Jones M.L.
Published: December 2014

A simple disposable hinge articulator is described and its advantages in orthodontic clinical practice discussed.
Overjet Relapse following Functional Appliance Therapy
Authors: Drage K. J. , Hunt N. P.
Published: December 2014

This cephalometric study of individuals with Class II Division I malocclusions investigated changes occurring during and following treatment for 49 patients treated with either the Andresen activator or the Bionator (mean age initially 12·1 ± 1·1 years). The treated cases were compared with an untreated group of 24 patients (mean age initially 11·8 ± 0·5 years).

Overjet reduction was found to occur mainly as a result of dento-alveolar change. Mean overjet relapse following treatment was small (0·8 mm), but individual variation was considerable (+5·2 to −3·7 mm). Changes in incisor inclination rather than antero-posterior skeletal change contributed to relapse. No evidence was found to suggest that vertical facial pattern or growth influenced relapse. Small, but significant correlations were found between the magnitude of overjet relapse and the reduction achieved during treatment (r = −0·42) and between the magnitude of upper incisor retroclination during treatment and proclination post-treatment (upper incisor to SN plane, r = −0·42). The only initial variable showing a significant correlation with overjet relapse was initial ovetjet and the value for this correlation was low (r = 0·31).
A Comparison of the Gum Pads of Afro-Caribbean and Caucasian British Subjects at Birth
Authors: Leighton B. C. , Seshadri B.
Published: December 2014

The gum pads of 34 subjects of Afro-Caribbean origin are compared with those of an equal number of Caucasian British subjects, matched for sex and birth weight. Some differences of size, form, and relationship are described, and are considered large enough to merit further investigation on a larger sample.
The Initial Use of a Computer-controlled Expert System in the Treatment Planning of Class II Division 1 Malocclusion
Authors: Brown I. D. , Adams S. R. , Stephens C. D. , Erritt S. J. , Sims-Williams J. H.
Published: December 2014

A computer based expert system for providing orthodontic advice for Class II Division 1 malocclusion has been developed and evaluated. Treatment plans produced by the system for 31 non-prior approval cases drawn from material Provided by the Dental Practice Board were compared with the treatments actually carried out by the practitioners. The shortcomings of the system are discussed.
A Safety Adaptation to Interlandi Headgear
Authors: Mossey P. A. , Hodgkins J. F. W. , Williams P.
Published: December 2014

Extra-oral traction (E.O.T.) to a facebow is used with many types of removable, functional, and fixed orthodontic appliances. A versatile and popular method involves the elastic force being provided by an Interlandi headgear. The facebow, which is of necessity removable, can be displaced from its intra-oral attachments (whilst still connected to the headgear by the elastics) and may result in personal injury. This paper describes a suitable simply made device that can be incorporated to prevent facebow dislodgement, thereby improving safety.
A Removable Appliance for the Three-Dimensional Movement of Ectopic Maxillary Canines
Authors: Noble Philip M. , Butcher Guy W.
Published: December 2014

A removable appliance design is described which is useful in the traction of ectopic maxillary canine teeth and is capable of exerting forces in all planes of space, thus optimizing the potential to achieve a stable and aesthetically pleasing final tooth position.
Medical Audit—In Relation to Orthodontics
Authors: Stratford Nora M.
Published: December 2014

A personal interpretation of how Medical Audit will apply to Orthodontics within the hospital environment is presented. The relationships to maintaining statistics, cost effectiveness, resource management, and quality control are discussed. The advantages and disadvantages to the speciality are also considered, particularly in relation to educational and clinical audit.
A Finite Element Study of Canine Retraction with a Palatal Spring
Authors: Wilson Adrian N. , Middleton John , McGuinness Niall , Jones Malcolm
Published: December 2014

The use of a removable appliance to retract a maxillary canine tooth into a first premolar extraction space is one of the most commonly performed orthodontic procedures. However, unwanted movements may occur, including excessive tipping, rotation, and flaring of the tooth. The present investigation by the use of a finite element model quantifies some of the initial stresses produced within the periodontal ligament when two obliquely directed forces are applied to a maxillary canine tooth. In simulating the action of a removable appliance it attempts to relate the stress patterns to the nature of the subsequent tooth movement.
The Relationship and Reproducibility of Angle ANB and the Wits Appraisal
Authors: Rushton Riccarda , Cohen Alec M. , Linney Alfred D.
Published: December 2014

An analysis is presented of the errors and variations in the Wits analysis and the angle ANB, using computer simulation. The method is applicable to any index where the identification errors have been established for the points and planes used in its derivation. A standard deviation may be determined for the index produced and the statistical distribution of values for any number of observations.
Familial Posterior Open Bite: A Primary Failure of Eruption
Authors: Ireland A. J.
Published: December 2014

Two sisters are presented in whom posterior open bites have developed. Orthodontic treatment was not successful in correcting this aspect of the malocclusion in the older sibling. The younger child developed the same defect, and consequently orthodontic treatment is not being considered.
The Effect of Functional Appliances on the Skeletal Pattern
Authors: Mills J. R. E.
Published: December 2014

The findings of some 26 papers covering the results of Andresen and Fränkel appliances, as analysed from cephalometric radiographs, are reviewed. These findings show a high degree of consistency. They have been combined to produce larger samples and compared with a control group produced from reports of untreated Class II division 1 individuals, with consequent gains in statistical significance. Generally, there is no appreciable holding back of maxillary advancement in either group (although a slight relative reduction in the angle SNA). There is a slight mean increase in mandibular growth, mainly in a vertical direction. This seems similar to that reported by several authors in conventional appliances. There is a wide variation in response.
Method Errors Recorded by Inexperienced Operators of the Reflex Microscope
Authors: Drage K. J. , Winzar C. F. , Killingback N.
Published: December 2014

The Reflex Microscope has become a standard instrument for the precision measurement of orthodontic record models. In this study, 31 individuals with no previous experience of the microscope were assessed for their precision at identifying well defined landmarks. Considerable initial variation existed in the precision of landmark identification, but despite only a limited training period, some of the novices tested achieved a high standard of precision. Mean errors were greatest in the z axis, i.e. along the axis of the eye, and astigmatism was common amongst those recording the greatest errors in this axis. A group of individuals who performed poorly initially, were retested after additional training and practice with the microscope. Method errors were significantly reduced for the majority of those retested, but the test apparatus identified two individuals for whom further measurement with the microscope would be inadvisable.
Unerupted Premolars—An Alternative Approach
Authors: Sandler P. J. , Springate S. D.
Published: December 2014

The treatment of two patients is described in which neodymium iron boron magnets are used to assist unerupted premolars into the mouth.
Use of the Face Mask in the Treatment of Maxillary Retrusion—A Case Report
Authors: Doğan S. , Ertürk N.
Published: December 2014

A case report is presented of a Class III malocclusion with a Class III skeletal pattern and maxillary retrusion. The patient, an 11-year-old girl, was treated with an orthopaedic face mask in conjunction with standard Edgewise mechanics.

Treatment was completed after 14 months, and proved to be stable following the active treatment and at recall 4 years later.
Management of the Palatal Ectopic and Unerupted Maxillary Canine
Authors: Usiskin L. A.
Published: December 2014

Some problems associated with the diagnosis of the ectopic maxillary canine are discussed. A treatment regimen is outlined for the tooth that is displaced palatally and unerupted.
Craniofacial Form in Class III Cases
Authors: Mackay Frances , Jones J. A. H. , Thompson Robin , Simpson W.
Published: December 2014

Lateral skull cephalograms from 50 patients who subsequently had surgical correction of their Class III malocclusion were analysed using a complete linkage cluster analysis based on skull shape. Five subgroups Were identified and are described. All subjects had a degree of mandibular prognathism while only 14 per cent had maxillary retrognathism. An increased lower face height was found in 58 per cent.
Class III Malocclusion: Surgery or Orthodontics?
Authors: Kerr W. J. S. , Miller S. , Dawber J. E.
Published: December 2014

The pre-treatment lateral cephalograms of two groups of 20 subjects with severe Class III malocclusions were compared. One group had been considered suitable for orthodontic correction by the diagnosing clinician and the other offered orthognathic surgery. The most significant differences between the groups were in angle ANB, M/M ratio (P < 0·001), lower incisor inclination and Holdaway angle (P < 0·01). Threshold values for angle ANB and lower incisor angulation below which surgery was almost always carried out were—4 and 83 degrees, respectively.
Functional Appliances and Arch Width
Authors: Gibbs S. L. , Hunt N. P.
Published: December 2014

A retrospective study was undertaken using treated functional appliance cases. The groups involved 27 Andresen, 19 Bionator, and 23 Fränkel cases. The reflex metrograph was used to measure arch width from study models at the start of treatment, end of treatment including retention, and at least 1 year post-treatment. The effects of each appliance on arch width are compared during and after treatment.
A Modification to the Incisor Classification of Malocclusion
Authors: Williams A. C. , Stephens C. D.
Published: December 2014

During the study of two-hundred orthodontic cases under treatment in the General Dental Service, four clinicians showed only moderate agreement using the British Standard Classification of Incisor Malocclusion. Cohen's Kappa statistic was used to measure the inter-examiner agreement. The 35 cases in which there was high disagreement between the examiners were scrutinized to determine the source of this disagreement. Following discussion, revised definitions were produced which included the introduction of a Class II-intermediate group. After an interval of 2 months these 35 cases were reclassified using the new definitions. Increased inter-examiner agreement was found. Four examiners (three of whom were common to the original study) then used the modified classification to describe the incisal relationship of 100 cases referred for treatment at Bristol Dental Hospital. The inter-examiner and the intra-examiner agreement were both found to be good. It is recommended that the Incisor Classification of Malocclusion be extended to include a Class II-intermediate group.
Three-dimensional Evaluation of Dentoskeletal Changes after Posterior Cross-bite Correction by Quad-Helix or Removable Appliances
Authors: Boysen Bodil , La Cour Kirsten , Athanasiou Athanasios E. , Gjessing Poul E.
Published: December 2014

The aim of the study was to evaluate in a three-dimensional manner the dentoskeletàl changes after slow maxillary expansion. The sample consisted of 34 children with a unilateral, symmetrical posterior cross-bite. Half of the children were treated with a quad-helix and the rest with a removable appliance. Assessment of the changes was made with study casts, and frontal and lateral cephalograms, before treatment, at the end of the expansion, after a retention period of 3 months, and after a post-retention period of 3 months. The results showed that sufficient expansion of the dental arches took place in both groups. The expansion expressed in the molar region in the quad-helix group was mostly due to buccal translation of the teeth and in the removable appliance group due to buccal tipping. The quad-helix group showed somewhat greater basal expansion than the removable appliance group, though the basal expansion in both groups was rather small. A tendency towards an increase of the NL/ML angle characterized the removable appliance group, but the opposite pattern was present in the quad-helix group.
Second Molar Extraction in the Treatment of Lower Premolar Crowding
Authors: Richardson Margaret E. , Burden Donald J.
Published: December 2014

Thirty-four children with lower premolar crowding were treated by extraction of second molars. Thirteen cases had mechanical lower arch treatment started not less than 6 months after extractions. The remainder had no treatment in the lower arch. The change in premolar crowding was measured, and the reasons why spontaneous alignment occurred in some cases and not in others were examined.
The Occlusal Index Used to Assess Orthodontic Treatment
Authors: Pickering Elizabeth A. , Vig Peter
Published: December 2014

Search of the literature has failed to reveal any previous objective analysis of changes produced by treatment.

Using the Occlusal Index a survey was carried out on study models of patients accepted for treatment in the Orthodontic Department of The London Hospital, over a nine year period (1963–71). The spread of severity of malocclusion of these patients was assessed to see if there had been a gradation in severity through the period as reflected by a trend in the yearly mean values of the Occlusal Index scores. Analysis of the results failed to show any discernible trend.

The Occlusal Index was used to gain an objective and quantitative assessment of change produced by treatment and subsequently to correlate this change with the use of fixed and removable appliances. A slight but statistically significant difference was apparent in treatment results. Fixed appliance cases showed superiority to removable appliance cases, producing a better end result and greater degree of improvement.

The difficulties in the use of application of the Occlusal Index to British cases are discussed and suggestions are made for modification.
Some Methods of Uprighting Lower Second Molars
Authors: Vig Katherine W. L.
Published: December 2014

This is the first article of a two part series in which it is proposed to discuss methods of uprighting lower second molars. In the present article control of second molars following extraction of first molars will be discussed. A subsequent article will describe the uprighting of second molars when the first molar is still present.
Overjet Stability after Treatment of Class II Division 1 Malocclusions
Authors: Bennett T. G. , Tulloch J. F. Camilla , Vig Katherine W. L. , Webb W. G.
Published: December 2014

The results of an analysis of treatment and post-treatment changes in 48 unselected Class II Division 1 malocclusions are presented. All the cases were at least 1 year out of retention (mean 34·7 months).

Mean values have been given for several features. In particular, the mean overjet reduction during treatment was 7·0 mm, the mean relapse 1·1 mm and the mean net overjet reduction 5·9 mm.

The relationship of “final” overjet to overbite, overjet, skeletal pattern and lower lip height at different stages of treatment is described. There is wide variation in “final” overjet in relation to any of the single factors investigated but five significant correlations were found.
DNA Changes in Mechanically Deformed Osteoblasts: A New Hypothesis
Authors: Sandy Jonathan R.
Published: December 2014

The available evidence strongly implicates the osteoblast as the key regulator of bone remodelling activity. Since orthodontic tooth movement is a potent inducer of such activity it is relevant to study the effect of mechanical forces on this cell population. The development of a model for mechanically deforming monolayer cultures of cells is described. The effect of mechanical forces on osteoblast-like cells was examined by a number of parameters. Changes in DNA synthesis seen in short-term experiments were at variance with previous published data. The data derived from longer term experiments was in close agreement with in vivo models; intermittent forces producing an increase in DNA synthesis when compared to static or continuous forces. These changes are discussed in relation to current perspectives of second messenger activation by mechanical strain. Prostaglandins did not appear to mediate these events. There was also no evidence that synthesis of the cytokine, interleukin-I (IL-1), or the metalloproteinase, collagenase was altered by mechanical forces.
The Use of Occlusal Indices in Assessing the Provision of Orthodontic Treatment by the Hospital Orthodontic Service of England and Wales
Authors: O'Brien K. D. , Shaw W. C. , Roberts C. T.
Published: December 2014

This retrospective study was carried out to assess the need for orthodontic treatment and the standard of treatment provided by a sample of 17 hospital-based orthodontic departments. A total of 1630 sets of patients records were collected and analysed for orthodontic treatment need and standard of treatment with the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need and the PAR index, respectively. The data were analysed with a variant of analysis of covariance using linear modelling techniques. In general terms it appeared that the hospital service provided treatment of a high standard, in terms of dento-occlusal change, to a caseload of patients that were in need of treatment. The effectiveness of treatment provision was influenced by the grade of operator, the choice of treatment methods and by the departmental attitudes and aspirations.
Video Imaging—a Computer Facilitated Approach to Communication and Planning in Orthognathic Surgery
Authors: Sarver David M.
Published: December 2014

A case report is presented in order to illustrate the benefits of computerized video imaging in orthognathic surgery. It is suggested that superimposition of the cephalogram on the video image is helpful in treatment planning and in communication with the patient. Computerized video imaging techniques help clinicians and patients discuss the aesthetic impact of orthognathic surgery. The superimposition of the cephalogram and profile image, coupled with algorithmic predictions, allow the clinician to plan the surgery to closely match the desired result. This paper presents the planning and counselling of a patient using contemporary computerized video imaging techniques.
The Relationship of Crowding to the Eruptive Position of the Lower Permanent Incisors
Authors: Deery C.
Published: December 2014

The aim of this study was to examine the positions of newly erupted lower permanent incisors and their relationship to crowding. Forty-one crowded and 37 uncrowded dental casts of children in the early mixed dentition were examined by means of digitization using a reflex microscope. Two aspects of alignment were considered: rotation and labio-lingual displacement. Rotations of the incisors were defined as deviations from ‘ideal’ predicted angles. Displacement of the incisors was measured as the distance between the most labial and most lingually placed incisors. The study showed an increase in rotations amongst the crowded sample. The result of the investigation of the relationship between crowding and displacement was inconclusive. There would appear to be significant differences between the positions of newly erupted crowded and uncrowded incisors. Crowding, however, was not the only factor causing irregularity.
The Incidence and Prevention of Ocular Injuries in Orthodontic Practice
Authors: Sims A. P. T. , Roberts-Harry T. J. , Roberts-Harry D. P.
Published: December 2014

A postal survey was conducted to determine the use of eye protection and incidence of ocular trauma in orthodontic practice. One-hundred-and-fifty-nine NHS orthodontic consultants and 203 specialist orthodontic practitioners were surveyed. Two-hundred-and-forty-one(66·5 per cent) replies were received.

Some form of eye protection was routinely worn by 66·8 per cent of orthodontists, 64·3 per cent of patients, but only 33·6 per cent of DSAs. Eye protection was not offered to DSAs in 31·9 per cent of practices or to patients in 22·1 per cent.

Forty-three per cent of orthodontists reported instances of ocular injury in their practices. The majority of these injuries (n = 104) occurred during debonding or trimming acrylic. Other incidents involved ligating materials, intra-oral polishing, and acid etching. Most injuries (83·5 per cent) were treated in the surgery without any long-term effects.

The routine use of goggles or spectacles with side-pieces and plastic lenses, which conform to British Standard BS 2092, is recommended for staff and patients during all operative procedures in orthodontic practice.
The Provision of Orthodontic Care in the General Dental Services of England and Wales: Extraction Patterns, Treatment Duration, Appliance Types and Standards
Authors: Richmond S. , Andrews M. , Roberts C. T.
Published: December 2014

A systematic sample of 1010 cases was collected by the Dental Practice Board. The commonest type of treatment involved extraction of the first premolars followed by removable appliances. Treatment duration was on average 1·9 years, one-arch fixed appliances were started in an older age group and two-arch fixed appliance treatment took longer to complete than other appliance types. The best standard of treatment was achieved using upper and lower fixed appliances.
Use of the PAR Index in Assessing the Effectiveness of Removable Orthodontic Appliances
Authors: Kerr W. J. S. , Buchanan I. B. , McColl J. H.
Published: December 2014

The dental study casts of 150 consecutively completed removable appliance cases were examined before and after orthodontic treatment using the PAR index. Eighty-nine per cent were classified either as ‘improved’ or ‘greatly improved’. Of the 16 cases classified as ‘worse, no different’, six were mixed dentition cases with limited treatment objectives (which were successfully achieved) and three were permanent dentition cases where only one tooth was being aligned. Using predefined criteria removable appliances were shown to be most effective in treating cross-bites, ectopic tooth position, anterior spacing, and overjet, and less effective in treating crowding, rotations, and molar relationships.
Quality Assessment of Lateral Cephalograms Amongst Radiologists and Orthodontists
Authors: Örtendahl T. W. , Borrman H. , Gröndahl H-G.
Published: December 2014

This study investigated technical errors in the production of lateral cephalograms necessitating a retake and the extent to which the retake, as ordered by the radiologist, actually produced a gain in quality as assessed by the orthodontist. All the rejected lateral cephalograms taken at the Department of Oral Radiology over a period of 1 year were saved, and 20 such radiographs and their approved counterparts were then studied. Ten orthodontists were asked to decide whether the radiographs were acceptable or not and to provide reasons for those judged unacceptable.

Considerable variation was found between the 10 orthodontists in the rate of acceptance of the radiographs. One orthodontist accepted only 13, while another accepted 37 out of the 40 radiographs. The main cause for rejection by the orthodontists of the radiologically approved films was: patient positioning error, and for the rejected: poor (or no) intercuspation. The results show large discrepancies between the radiologists and the orthodontists in quality criteria for cephalometric radiographs, as well as large interindividual variations among the orthodontists. In half of the cases, the radiologists ordered retakes that, according to the orthodontists, were not necessary.