bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Change of the u.s. Position Regarding the Extraterritorial Prohibition of Torture – Is It a Breakthrough?
Authors: Szpak Agnieszka
Published: October 2015

The author presents and analyses u.s. position regarding the extraterritorial application of the prohibition of torture before and after the change that occurred in November 2014 the Committee Against Torture. At that forum the u.s. stated that the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment of 1984 applies to “all places that the State party controls as a governmental authority”. This new test immediately gave rise to a lot of controversies and discussions on its exact meaning. As the author indicated it seems to be narrower than the test of effective control adopted in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. The article also contains the review of this jurisprudence.
New species of Euplocania Enderlein (Psocodea: ‘Psocoptera’: Psocomorpha: Ptiloneuridae) from Colombia
Authors: OBANDO RANULFO GONZÁLEZ , ALDRETE ALFONSO N. GARCÍA , GIRONZA NANCY CARREJO
Published: October 2015

Seven species of Colombian Euplocania, are here described and illustrated, they increase to 16 the number of species in the genus, eight of which are endemic to Colombia. A new species group is also described.
Mechanisms of the Negative Shortwave Cloud Feedback in Middle to High Latitudes
Authors: Ceppi Paulo , Hartmann Dennis L. , Webb Mark J.
Published: October 2015

Increases in cloud optical depth and liquid water path (LWP) are robust features of global warming model simulations in high latitudes, yielding a negative shortwave cloud feedback, but the mechanisms are still uncertain. Here the importance of microphysical processes for the negative optical depth feedback is assessed by perturbing temperature in the microphysics schemes of two aquaplanet models, both of which have separate prognostic equations for liquid water and ice. It is found that most of the LWP increase with warming is caused by a suppression of ice microphysical processes in mixed-phase clouds, resulting in reduced conversion efficiencies of liquid water to ice and precipitation. Perturbing the temperature-dependent phase partitioning of convective condensate also yields a small LWP increase. Together, the perturbations in large-scale microphysics and convective condensate partitioning explain more than two-thirds of the LWP response relative to a reference case with increased SSTs, and capture all of the vertical structure of the liquid water response. In support of these findings, a very robust positive relationship between monthly mean LWP and temperature in CMIP5 models and observations is shown to exist in mixed-phase cloud regions only. In models, the historical LWP sensitivity to temperature is a good predictor of the forced global warming response poleward of about 45°, although models appear to overestimate the LWP response to warming compared to observations. The results indicate that in climate models, the suppression of ice-phase microphysical processes that deplete cloud liquid water is a key driver of the LWP increase with warming and of the associated negative shortwave cloud feedback.
The Spatiotemporal Structure of Diabatic Processes Governing the Evolution of Subantarctic Mode Water in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Cerovečki Ivana , Mazloff Matthew R.
Published: October 2015

A coupled ice–ocean eddy-permitting Southern Ocean State Estimate (SOSE) for 2008–10 is used to describe and quantify the processes forming and destroying water in the Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW) density range (σθ = 26.7–27.2 kg m−3). All the terms in the temperature and salinity equations have been diagnosed to obtain a three-dimensional and time-varying volume budget for individual isopycnal layers. This study finds that air–sea buoyancy fluxes, diapycnal mixing, advection, and storage are all important to the SAMW volume budget. The formation and destruction of water in the SAMW density range occurs over a large latitude range because of the seasonal migration of the outcrop window. The strongest formation is by wintertime surface ocean heat loss occurring equatorward of the Subantarctic Front. Spring and summertime formation occur in the polar gyres through the freshening of water with σθ > 27.2 kg m−3, with an important contribution from sea ice melt. Further buoyancy gain by heating is accomplished only after these waters have already been transformed into the SAMW density range. The spatially integrated and time-averaged SAMW formation rate in the ocean surface layer is 7.9 Sverdrups (Sv; 1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) by air–sea buoyancy fluxes and 8.8 Sv by diapycnal mixing, and it is balanced by advective export into the interior ocean. Maps show that these average rates are the result of highly variable processes with strong cancellation in both space and time, revealing the complexity of water mass transformation in the three-dimensional Southern Ocean overturning circulation.
Singapore chooses teachers carefully
Authors: Sclafani Susan K.
Published: October 2015

At the heart of the plans and programs that launched Singapore’s rise to the top of international education comparisons are the tiny nation-state’s commitments to its teaching force beginning with its highly competitive selection process and carrying through its teacher training, its career-long professional development, and even an enhanced retirement package.
High school in Switzerland blends work with learning
Authors: Hoffman Nancy
Published: October 2015

The Swiss model of high school matches students with career employment, jobs, and education. The system offers lessons to how the U.S. might create partnerships between business and education and also make high school more interesting and engaging for students.
The top and bottom of leadership and change
Authors: Hargreaves Andy , Ainscow Mel
Published: October 2015

All versions of top-down reform have an Achilles heel: Their focus on delivering the details of two or three measurable priorities is suitable only for systems pursuing traditional and comparatively narrow achievement goals. A digital age of complex skills, cultural diversity, and high-speed change calls for more challenging educational goals and more sophisticated and flexible change strategies. The authors assess and discuss large-scale reform efforts in England and in Ontario, Canada as examples of how a leading from the middle approach can be effective and superior to other approaches.
“It’s natural to look for a source”: A qualitative examination of alternative beliefs about HIV and AIDS in Cape Town, South Africa
Authors: Rubincam Clara
Published: October 2015

This article highlights how African men and women in South Africa account for the plausibility of alternative beliefs about the origins of HIV and the existence of a cure. This study draws on the notion of a “street-level epistemology of trust”—knowledge generated by individuals through their everyday observations and experiences—to account for individuals’ trust or mistrust of official claims versus alternative explanations about HIV and AIDS. Focus group respondents describe how past experiences, combined with observations about the power of scientific developments and perceptions of disjunctures in information, fuel their uncertainty and skepticism about official claims. HIV prevention campaigns may be strengthened by drawing on experiential aspects of HIV and AIDS to lend credibility to scientific claims, while recognizing that some doubts about the trustworthiness of scientific evidence are a form of skeptical engagement rather than of outright rejection.
‘Could I Become Human by Engaging with Your Un(der)stated Life?’ Struggles from a Psychoanalytical Perspective on Listening to the Mentally ill Poor Person and the Homeless Poor
Authors: Vahali Honey Oberoi
Published: October 2015

This article is concerned with the relationship that exists between mental health practitioners and historical survivors—the mentally ill poor patient and the homeless poor. The writing seeks to explore a possibility of authentic relatedness in which psychologists can listen to and engage with those who exist at socio-economic margins. The present effort is based in a belief that in dehumanising others and de-recognising the struggles of their existence, we dehumanise and split a part of our own humanity too. Our humanness is deeply connected to that of others and any aspiration towards growth is inseparable with how we relate with those whose dignity we continuously deny, by-pass or render insignificant. The disregard, apathy and indifference towards the mentally ill, poor and homeless in India (as elsewhere in the world) is so pronounced that at best we consider them as non-beings, at worst as the repositories of evil and all social ills. Rather than being able to question the oppressive social structure, the mental health context often perpetuates it. Some of the questions that this writing grapples with are—Is there a way for mental health professionals to break free and respond with empathy and genuine regard to the concerns that the poor mentally ill patient and the homeless poor bring to the fore through their specific modes of existence? Do we have access to a language of ‘being and emotions’ which is shared and which can make communication between ‘us’ and ‘them’, the ‘self’ and the ‘other’ a possibility? Have there been efforts in the past in which a regard for their emotions and existence has preoccupied us? And is there something that the intense, long-term engagement of psychoanalysis has to offer to such possibilities of relatedness. This article is an attempt to revisit and engage with some such concerns.
Exertional dyspnoea and cortical oxygenation in patients with COPD
Authors: Higashimoto Yuji , Honda Noritsugu , Yamagata Toshiyuki , Sano Akiko , Nishiyama Osamu , Sano Hiroyuki , Iwanaga Takashi , Kume Hiroaki , Chiba Yasutaka , Fukuda Kanji , Tohda Yuji
Published: October 2015

This study was designed to investigate the association of perceived dyspnoea intensity with cortical oxygenation and cortical activation during exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and exertional hypoxaemia.

Low-intensity exercise was performed at a constant work rate by patients with COPD and exertional hypoxaemia (n=11) or no hypoxaemia (n=16), and in control participants (n=11). Cortical oxyhaemoglobin (oxy-Hb) and deoxyhaemoglobin (deoxy-Hb) concentrations were measured by multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy. Increased deoxy-Hb is assumed to reflect impaired oxygenation, whereas decreased deoxy-Hb signifies cortical activation.

Exercise decreased cortical deoxy-Hb in control and nonhypoxaemic patients. Deoxy-Hb was increased in hypoxaemic patients and oxygen supplementation improved cortical oxygenation. Decreased deoxy-Hb in the pre-motor cortex (PMA) was significantly correlated with exertional dyspnoea in control participants and patients with COPD without hypoxaemia. In contrast, increased cortical deoxy-Hb concentration was correlated with dyspnoea in patients with COPD and hypoxaemia. With the administration of oxygen supplementation, exertional dyspnoea was correlated with decreased deoxy-Hb in the PMA of COPD patients with hypoxaemia.

During exercise, cortical oxygenation was impaired in patients with COPD and hypoxaemia compared with control and nonhypoxaemic patients; this difference was ameliorated with oxygen supplementation. Exertional dyspnoea was related to activation of the pre-motor cortex in COPD patients.
No added value of interferon-γ release to a prediction model for childhood tuberculosis
Authors: Togun Toyin O. , Egere Uzochukwu , Gomez Marie P. , Sillah Abdou K. , Daramy Mohammed , Tientcheu Leopold D. , S. Sutherland Jayne , Hill Philip C. , Kampmann Beate
Published: October 2015

The predictive value of a combination of clinical and radiological features with interferon-γ release assay (IGRA) for diagnosis of active tuberculosis (TB) disease among TB-exposed children is unknown.

150 symptomatic HIV-negative children (aged 3 months to 14 years), prospectively recruited through active contact tracing, were included. Backward stepwise logistic regression and bootstrapping techniques were used for the development and internal validation of a clinical prediction model for active TB disease. Model discrimination and incremental value of a positive IGRA test were assessed by area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC).

35 (23%) children were diagnosed with active TB disease and started on treatment and 115 (77%) had other respiratory tract infections. A final parsimonious clinical model, comprising age <5 years (adjusted (a)OR 4.8, 95% CI 2.0–11.5) and lymphadenopathy on clinical examination (aOR 4.9, 95% CI 1.8–13.0) discriminated active TB disease from other disease with an AUC of 0.70 (95% CI 0.61–0.80). A positive IGRA result did not improve the discriminatory ability of the clinical model (c-statistic 0.72versus0.70; p=0.644).

A clinical algorithm, including age <5 years and lymphadenopathy classified 70% of active TB disease among symptomatic TB-exposed children. IGRA does not add any discriminatory value to this prediction model.
An “Environmental BIM” Approach for the Architectural Schematic Design Stage
Authors: Salgueiro Inti Baeza , Ferries Bernard
Published: October 2015

Considering the advantages allowed by BIM in relation to collaborative work, production of data and interoperability, the main objective of this research is to investigate the possibilities opened by BIM methodology into the integration of the environmental dimension of sustainability into schematic stage of an architectural design process. Through the study of building environmental performance assessment tools BREEAM and LEED, a set of ten environmental criteria to be applied into the schematic stage and managed by BIM, have been identified. Activities and information exchanges involved where describe both graphically (process maps) and textually (exchanges requirements). The integration of each criterion workflow into a BIM environment allowed for a complete automation for obtaining five of the design criterion indicators, and partial automation for the five remaining. The results demonstrated that it is possible to integrate an environmental design approach from schematic stage of an architectural elaboration process managed by BIM.
Methods of theoretical justification of design tools to the implement of the tractor when mounting onto a forest Disc Tools
Authors: Посметьев  , Posmetev Viktor , Посметьев  , Posmetev Valeriy , Латышева  , Latysheva Margarita
Published: October 2015

The article viewing technique theoretical foundation design tools to the im-plement of the tractor when mounting onto a forest disc tools.
The relevance of the problem of the development effectiveness of on-board diagnostic system logging vehicles
Authors: Никонов  , Nikonov Vadim , Посметьев  , Posmetev Valeriy
Published: October 2015

The article discusses the relevance of the development effectiveness of on-board diagnostic system logging vehicles.
Career Prospects and Effort Incentives: Evidence from Professional Soccer
Authors: Miklós-Thal Jeanine , Ullrich Hannes
Published: October 2015

It is difficult to test the prediction that future career prospects create implicit effort incentives because researchers cannot randomly “assign” career prospects to economic agents. To overcome this challenge, we use data from professional soccer, where employees of the same club face different external career opportunities depending on their nationality. We test whether the career prospect of being selected to a Euro Cup national team affects players’ pre-cup performances, using nationals of countries that did not participate in the Euro Cup as a control group. We find that the Euro Cup career prospect has positive effects on the performances of players with intermediate chances of being selected to their national team, but negative effects on the performances of players whose selection is very probable. Our findings have implications for the incentive effects of within-firm promotions and of external career opportunities.

This paper was accepted by John List, behavioral economics.
Comparing the effectiveness of intranasal fentanyl spray with oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate in breakthrough pain
Authors: Shellard Sarah E , Ram Felix SF
Published: October 2015

Background:

Breakthrough cancer pain (BTCP) is complex and severe, affecting quality of life and increasing hospitalisation. BTCP has a rapid onset that requires fast acting medication with minimal side effects.

Aim:

This article compares the effectiveness of intranasal fentanyl spray (INFS) and oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (OTFC) and their alleviation of BTCP within 10 minutes of administration.

Method:

The article considers pharmacokinetic and bioavailability studies demonstrating the efficacy of the route of administration, time-based effects of pain relief as well as patient preference.

Conclusion:

The data collected indicates that INFS is more effective than OTFC for BTCP.
Uncertainties experienced by family members when one parent is dying
Authors: Stephenson Pam Shockey , Sheehan Denice , Hansen Dana , Mayo M Murray
Published: October 2015

Purpose:

This research examined uncertainty as a salient theme for families in which a parent was dying while receiving hospice care.

Methods:

Interviews were conducted with 61 participants from 26 families in the parent study to explore the strategies used by adolescents with a parent in a hospice. Second interviews were conducted with 15 original participants after the death of their parent. Conventional content analysis was used to analyse data.

Results:

Uncertainty was a prevalent and salient theme in the participants' stories revealing patterns about the causes, barriers, effects and strategies used to manage uncertainty.

Conclusion:

Uncertainties associated with the end of life can be problematic for some people, requiring attention by health professionals.
Power of Inaction or Ability to Learn in Action within a Political Process? Comments on “The Power of Inaction” by Cornelia Woll
Authors: Moutot Philippe
Published: October 2015

How to best describe and assess the result of a bailout process? The author argues that the power of inaction of banks while relevant, as argued by Cornelia Woll in her book, is not sufficient to characterize the result of a bailout process. As such result should encompass financial stability and business cycle considerations, the power of inaction of banks needs to be viewed in combination with the ability of authorities to learn in action and the quality of the legal and political process that accompanies such learning.
On graded classical primary submodules
Authors: Al-Zoubi Khaldoun , Al-Dolat Mohammed
Published: October 2015

Let
Diagnostic values of CD64, C-reactive protein and procalcitonin in ventilator-associated pneumonia in adult trauma patients: a pilot study
Authors: Habib Sara F. , Mukhtar Ahmed M. , Abdelreheem Hossam M. , Khorshied Mervat M. , El sayed Riham , Hafez Mohamed H. , Gouda Heba M. , Ghaith Doaa M. , Hasanin Ahmed Mohamed , Eladawy Akram S. , Ali Mai A. , Fouad Ahmed Z.
Published: October 2015

Background:

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is one of the most common nosocomial infections; however, its diagnosis remains difficult to establish in the critical care setting. We investigated the potential role of neutrophil CD64 (nCD64) expression as an early marker for the diagnosis of VAP.

Methods:

Forty-nine consecutive patients with clinically suspected VAP were prospectively included in a single-center study. The levels of nCD64, C-reactive protein (CRP), and serum procalcitonin (PCT) were analyzed for diagnostic evaluation at the time of intubation (baseline), at day 0 (time of diagnosis), and at day 3. The receiver operating characteristic curves were analyzed to identify the ideal cutoff values.

Results:

VAP was confirmed in 36 of 49 cases. In patients with and without VAP, the median levels (interquartile range, IQR) of nCD64 did not differ either at baseline [2.4 (IQR, 1.8–3.1) and 2.6 (IQR, 2.3–3.2), respectively; p=0.3] or at day 0 [2 (IQR, 2.5–3.0) and 2.6 (IQR, 2.4–2.9), respectively; p=0.8]. CRP showed the largest area under the curve (AUC) at day 3. The optimum cutoff value for CRP according to the maximum Youden index was 133 mg/dL. This cutoff value had 69% sensitivity and 76% specificity for predicting VAP; the AUC was 0.73 (95% CI, 0.59–0.85). The nCD64 and PCT values could not discriminate between the VAP and non-VAP groups either at day 0 or day 3.

Conclusions:

The results of this pilot study suggest that neutrophil CD64 measurement has a poor role in facilitating the diagnosis of VAP and thus may not be practically recommended to guide the administration of antibiotics when VAP is suspected.
The influence of the phosphorothioate diester bond on the DNA oxidation process
Authors: Karwowski Boleslaw T.
Published: October 2015

This study describes the influence of the phosphorothioate internucleotide bond on the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) oxidation process. The interaction of an ultraviolet radiation (UVA) with a targeted double-stranded (ds) oligonucleotide, in which one strand contains an antraquinone (AQ) moiety on the 5’-end, may lead to a hole migration process through the double helix. In the end, the migration of theformed radical cation terminates in a suitable place. Usually, this is a guanine-rich sequence. In another experiment, phosphorothioate internucleotide bonds were detected in the bacterial genome as a natural modification. In this study, a polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) autoradiogram analysis of irradiated ds-DNA showed that the oxidation reaction was not inhibited by an isolated guanine. Instead, irrespective of the absence or presence of a phosphorothioate bond, the termination of the ds-DNA oxidation process was predominantly observed on the thymine moieties. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that in the discussed case, a hole migration by a hopping mechanism is in competition with an oxidation reaction with a superoxide radical anion. Alternatively, the radical cation migration process is sequence-dependent due to its different ionization potentials. Therefore, the presence of a phosphorothioate internucleotide bond did not change the stability of ds-DNA under UVA irradiation conditions.
The diminishing role of inalienability in the Hebrew possessive dative
Authors: Linzen Tal
Published: October 2015

Hebrew has two constructions that are used to convey possessive relations: ordinary possession (OP) and possessive dative (PD). PD is most often used when the possessor is perceived as
Ultrasound-assisted treatment of chitin: evaluation of physicochemical characteristics and dye removal potential
Authors: Dotto Guilherme Luiz , dos Santos Juliana Machado Nascimento , de Moura Jaqueline Motta , de Almeida Pinto Luiz Antonio
Published: October 2015

Chitin was ultrasonically treated to improve its dye adsorption characteristics. The effects of ultrasound cycle and amplitude on the chitin Sauter diameter (DSauter), deacetylation degree (DD), crystallinity index (CI) and specific surface area (SBET) were evaluated. The untreated and treated chitin samples were applied to remove Methylene Blue (MB) and Ponceau 4R (P4R) dyes from aqueous solutions. Chitin DSauter decreased from 625 to 250 μm after the ultrasonic treatment. Chitin DD was not influenced by the ultrasound treatment, remaining in the range of 42.3–45.8%. For all ultrasonic conditions, the chitin CI values decreased from 86.3% (untreated chitin) to 70.0%. The specific surface area (SBET) increased from 2.2 to 38.5 m2 g-1. After ultrasonic treatment, the dye removal percentage increased from 53.2 to 74.3% for MB and from 3.3 to 20.2% for P4R, at initial dye concentration of 50 mg l-1. Treated chitin can be used seven times maintaining the same performance. The ultrasound-assisted treatment is an alternative to improve the chitin dye adsorption characteristics.
Determination of Slip-Rate by Optical Dating of Lake Bed Sediments from the Dasht-E-Bayaz Fault, Ne Iran
Authors: Fattahi Morteza , Walker Richard , Khatib Mohammad M. , Zarrinkoub Mohammad , Talebian Morteza
Published: October 2015

The Dasht-e-Bayaz left-lateral strike-slip fault in northeastern Iran ruptured in two destructive earthquakes in 1968 and 1979. The western half of the Dasht-e-Bayaz fault cuts across the dry lake-bed in the Nimbluk valley and has no measurable relief except for at a few localised jogs in the fault trace. We provide the first quantitative constraint on the slip-rate of the Dasht-e-Bayaz fault averaged over the Holocene. The western part of the fault cuts across the Nimbluk valley; the flat surface of which is composed of lake-bed sediments. Small streams cut into the surface of the lake-beds are displaced across the fault by 26 ± 2 m. Two OSL samples of the lake-bed sediments are success-fully dated at 8.6 ± 0.6 and 8.5 ± 1.0 ka, from which we calculate a minimum slip-rate of 2.6 mm/yr. This minimum slip rate remains constant with the previously proposed Holocene slip rate of 2.5 mm/yr and within the range of the Holocene slip rate of 2.4 ± 0.3 mm/yr estimated before on the central section of the Doruneh fault.
Parametric study on the capability of three-dimensional finite element analysis (3D-FEA) of compressive behaviour of Douglas fir
Authors: Hong Jung-Pyo , Lee Jun-Jae , Yeo Hwanmyeong , Kim Chul-Ki , Pang Sung-Jun , Oh Jung-Kwon
Published: October 2015

This study is aiming at the simulation of wood compression (C) at a macroscopic level by means of a three-dimensional finite element analysis (3D-FEA) of solid wood and evaluation of the capability and limitations of this approach. C-Tests were carried out on Douglas fir according to ASTM D 143. The specimens included the 25×25×100 mm3 cuboid bars for longitudinal (L), radial (R) and tangential (T) directions and the conventional 50×50×150 mm3 blocks for the perpendicular to grain (⊥) direction. Two sets of wood parameters were developed and the 3D-FEA was implemented for the two types of specimens. The 3D-FEA worked successfully provided that the stress state coming from the total wood C was uniform. However, in case of the dominance of local compressive behaviour such as bearing, crushing and fibre shear, a microscopic-level modelling technique is needed for correction of the material parameters. More details on the limitations and difficulties of 3D-FE implementation for wood were discussed.
The Suppression of the Natural Convection in the Directional Solidification Processing of Superalloy by the Introduction of the Traveling Magnetic Field: 2D and 3D Simulation
Authors: Qin Ling , Shen Jun , Fu Hengzhi
Published: October 2015

In this work, 2D and 3D, time-dependent flow simulations with relevance to the melt motion during directional solidification of superalloy under a traveling magnetic field (TMF) are presented. Numerical results indicate that the velocity at the front of solidification interface increases rapidly in the area-changeable transition region under the no TMF. However, the downward TMF is able to either stabilize or destabilize the flow in this transition region, which is determined by the effects of the strength of the magnetic field. Under the weak downward TMF, the natural convection is suppressed and the interface always maintains flat in the process of directional solidification, providing favorable conditions for the growth of crystal. Flow is deeply destabilizing with the increase of magnetic field intensity. Finally, in terms of thermal field, flow field and interface shape, their 2D and 3D simulation results are also compared respectively.
Modals, tense, and mood
Authors: Macleod Morgan
Published: October 2015

A lack of consensus has existed regarding the interaction of English modals with categories such as tense, and individual modal forms can vary in the extent to which they make assertions regarding temporal reference. The present work attempts to provide a compositional semantic account of English modals by proposing that these forms may be inflected both for tense and for mood. The crosslinguistic status of inflectional moods such as the subjunctive is examined; it is argued that an inflectional subjunctive exists in Modern English with semantic properties similar to those of comparable forms in older Indo-European languages, and the extent to which linguistic cues would permit learners of English to acquire such a category is discussed. Data on English modals are reviewed in light of the analysis proposed here to determine its compatibility with observed usage. It is suggested that the analysis proposed here has certain advantages over models in which the observed semantic range of English modals is presented in terms of an unprincipled heterogeneity.
On an extended interpretation of linkage disequilibrium in genetic case-control association studies
Authors: Dickhaus Thorsten , Stange Jens , Demirhan Haydar
Published: October 2015

We are concerned with statistical inference for 2×
Nano-SiCp/Al2014 composites with high strength and good ductility
Authors: Zhang Long-Jiang , Qiu Feng , Wang Jin-Guo , Jiang Qi-Chuan
Published: October 2015

In this study, Al2014 matrix composites reinforced with nano-SiC particles were successfully fabricated by semi-solid stirring combined with hot extrusion. The obtained composites exhibited refined α-Al grains, reasonable nano-SiC particles distribution, good interface bonding, and high dislocation density. The addition of 0.5 vol.% nano-sized SiC particles significantly improved the tensile strengths of the Al2014 alloy without sacrificing the ductility. Compared with the Al2014 alloy, the yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and fracture strain of 0.5 vol.% nano-SiCp/Al2014 composites increased from 242 MPa, 460 MPa, and 17.1% to 306 MPa, 532 MPa, and 17.7%, respectively.
Distinct activated cortical areas and volumes in Uygur-Chinese bilinguals
Authors: Jiang Mei , Yang Li-Xia , Jia Lin , Shi Xin , Wang Hong , Wang Lin-yun , Abaydulla Yari , Zhu Li-Na , Jia Wen-Xiao
Published: October 2015

Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate variations in cortical activation in early and late Uygur-Chinese
bilinguals from the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China. Methodology: During a semantic judgment
task with visual stimulation by a single Chinese or Uygur word, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
was performed. The fMRI data regarding activated cortical areas and volumes by both languages were analyzed.
Results: The first language (L1) and second language (L2) activated language-related hemispheric regions,
including the left inferior frontal and parietal cortices, and L1 specifically activated the left middle temporal
gyrus. For both L1 and L2, cortical activation was greater in the left hemisphere, and there was no significant
difference in the lateralization index (LI) between the two languages (p > 0.05). Although the total activated
cortical areas were larger in early than late bilinguals, the activation volumes were not significantly different.
Conclusion: Activated brains areas in early and late fluent bilinguals largely overlapped. However, these areas
were more scattered upon presentation of L2 than L1, and L1 had a more specific pattern of activation than L2.
For both languages, the left hemisphere was dominant. We found that L2 proficiency level rather than age of
acquisition had a greater influence on which brain areas were activated with semantic processing.
Evaluating the Perceived Relational Benefits of Travel Agents on Managing Relationships With National Tourism Organization Abroad Offices: An Empirical Study
Authors: Chin-Tsai Lin , Yeok-How Goay
Published: October 2015

Evaluating the perceived relational benefits of travel agents on managing relationships with national tourism organization (NTO) abroad offices is crucial because travel agents are a critical factor for the competitiveness of NTO abroad offices. Firstly, this study used focus group discussions to determine the criteria of perceived relational benefits of travel agents on managing relationships with NTO abroad offices. An analytic hierarchy process (AHP) model was then used to evaluate the weights of the criteria. Finally, this study examined and identified the overall global scores of perceived relational benefits of travel agents on different types of NTO abroad offices in Taiwan. The study contributed a theoretical framework and systematic model for evaluating the perceived relational benefits of travel agents on maintaining relationships with NTO abroad offices to enhance competitiveness; the theoretical framework and model are highly applicable for academic and practical use.
Polishing of Asphalt Pavements: From Macro- to Micro-Scale
Authors: Chen Xianhua , Dai Songbai , Guo Yiqi , Yang Jun , Huang Xiaoming
Published: October 2015

Polishing of asphalt pavements and the consequent decreases of skid resistance are world-wide issues regarding vehicle traffic safety. This paper provided a detailed and up-to-date overview of skid resistance and polishing of asphalt pavements. It presented the latest long-term field survey results and discussed the characterization of pavement surface texture, skid resistance, and its evolution. It analyzed the mechanism of polishing and discussed the state-of-the-practice for testing pavement friction. It also discussed the primary principles for an accelerated polishing test in the laboratory. It is suggested that an integral analysis from macro- to micro-scale will be required for better understanding of the behaviors of aggregates and their mineral components in polishing process, and also for recognizing the critical material-dependent factors that determine the skid resistance level of asphalt mixture and the decreasing rate of skid resistance due to tire polishing.
Absolutely Modern
Authors: Hampton Timothy
Published: October 2015

Bob Dylan’s turn from “folk music” to “electric music” in the 1960s involves the development of a new visionary poetics. Through a consideration of his affinity with the French Symbolist poet Arthur Rimbaud, this essay traces Dylan’s recasting of himself as a visionary and studies the pressures placed by this process on lyric form, on poetic diction, and on the representation of the self in popular music.
On Being Moved/Against Objectivity
Authors: Davies James Q.
Published: October 2015

This essay ponders the things scholars do, particularly when those things are purposively useless and obdurate. It identifies the “soft modernist” provenance of recent scholarly fixations with thingness via two descriptions of musical rocks named and mythologized in the early to mid-nineteenth century.
A Historiography of Canadian Aboriginal Activism in the 20th Century
Authors: Bell C. Elizabeth
Published: October 2015

Null
Employment and taxes in Latin America: An empirical study of the effects of payroll, corporate income and value-added taxes on labor outcomes
Authors: Lora Eduardo , Fajardo-González Johanna
Published: October 2015

This paper empirically explores the effects of payroll taxes, value-added taxes and corporate income taxes on a variety of labor market outcomes such as participation, employment, informality, and wages. The results are based on nationallevel data of labor variables for 15 Latin American countries, and indicate that the effects of each tax are markedly different and may depend on several aspects of labor and tax institutions. Payroll taxes reduce employment and increase labor costs when their benefits are not valued by workers, but otherwise may increase labor participation and not raise labor costs. Value-added taxes increase informality and reduce skilled labor demand. In contrast, corporate income taxes may help reduce informality, especially among low education workers, but when tax enforcement capabilities are strong they may reduce labor participation and employment of medium- and high-education workers.
La experiencia de Chile con el balance fiscal estructural
Authors: Ffrench-Davis Ricardo
Published: October 2015

Análisis de la política de balance estructural fiscal en Chile, logros, limitaciones y propuestas para mejorar su contribución a la estabilidad macroeconómica.
Human intestinal mucus proteins isolated by transanal irrigation and proctosigmoidoscopy
Authors: Gómez Buitrago Paola Andrea , González Correa Carlos Augusto , Santacoloma Osorio Mario , Taborda Ocampo Gonzalo , Zezzi Arruda Marco Aurelio
Published: October 2015

Human intestinal mucus essentially consists
of a network of Mucin2 glycoproteins
embedded in many lower molecular
weight proteins. This paper contributes to
the proteomic study of human intestinal
mucus by comparing two sample collection
methods (transanal irrigation and brush
cytology during proctosigmoidoscopy) and
analysis techniques (electrophoresis and
digestion in solution). The entire sample
collection and treatment process is explained,
including protein extraction, digestion and
desalination and peptide characterisation
using a nanoAcquity UPLC chromatograph
coupled to an HDMS spectrometer equipped
with a nanoESI source. Collecting mucus via
transanal irrigation provided a larger sample
volume and protein concentration from a
single patient. The proctosigmoidoscopy
sample could be analysed via digestion in
solution after depleting albumin. The analysis
indicates that a simple mucus lysis method
can evaluate the electrophoresis and digestion
in solution techniques. Studying human
intestinal mucus complexes is important
because they perform two essential survival
functions for humans as the first biochemical
and physical defences for the gastrointestinal
tract and a habitat for intestinal microbiota,
which are primarily hosted in the colon and
exceeds the human genetic information and
cell number 100- and 10-fold (1).
Identyfikacja i znaczenie obserwacji nietypowych w modelach konwergencji dochodowej
Authors: Batóg Jacek
Published: October 2015

The research of income convergence found remunerative findings in the existing literature and economic practice. The results obtained, however, show comparatively large differentiation. Many authors underline the strong dependence of the results obtained from the time and spatial character of the sample as well as the type of methods applied. Little attentions is placed on the role of non-typical observations (outliers) which can occur as a result of incorrect measurement, random error, non-standard circumstances or intentional impact. The hypothesis verified was that outliers exert an essential influence on estimation results. The main objective of the analyses provided was to determine if the occurrence of such observations significantly changes the quality of the models built and the speed of the process of income convergence.
Flexible Exchange Rates as Shock Absorbers in Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Shevchuk Viktor
Published: October 2015

Considering the merits of the flexible exchange rate and its ability to absorb asymmetric macroeconomic shocks, results on the basis of a two-variable SVAR model suggest that this ability was lacking in both Hungary and Romania, as regardless of the data used more than 80% of variability in the nominal (real) exchange rate over a four-quarter horizon can be explained by neutral structural shock. Variability in output is determined mainly by non-neutral (permanent) structural shocks. As for Poland and, to a lesser extent, the Czech Republic, the evidence supporting the stabilising properties are somewhat stronger, with up to 30% to 40% of changes in the nominal (real) exchange rate being explained by the permanent (output) shock. However, the results are sensitive to the data used.
Simulation of an electrolytic bath for electrodeposition of multilayer shielding coatings
Authors: Dolmatova E. A. , Dayanov A. D. , Ostanina T. N.
Published: October 2015

In the work galvanic bath of Cu/(Ni+Cu) multilayer shielding coatings formation from an acetate electrolyte containing 0,03 mol/L of CuAc2, 0,3 mol/L of NiAc2 and 1,66 mol/L of acetic acid. According to the results of polarization studies values of coatings deposition pulse mode current density have been chosen and current efficiency of copper and nickel during deposition of Cu-Ni alloy has been determined. To ensure a constant formulation of the electrolyte it has been proposed to use insoluble anodes made of stainless steel and continuous circulation of the electrolyte. The scheme of steams enabling the adjustment of the solution formulation with the use of an additional collecting vessel has been developed. The formulation of the correcting stream continuously fed into the collecting vessel has been calculated.
Dynamics of electrocrystallization of dendritic zinc deposits in galvanostatic and potentiostatic modes
Authors: Nikitin V. S. , Ostanina T. N. , Rudoi V. M. , Farlenkov A. S.
Published: October 2015

In the work the dynamics of growth of zinc dendritic deposits in the galvanostatic and potentiostatic modes from an electrolyte containing 0.3 mol/L of ZnO, and 4 mol/L of NaOH has been studied. It has been shown that in galvanostatic conditions decrease in the elongation rate of dendrites and change in the deposit structure from dendritic to compact accompanied by increasing density and decreasing through-thickness porosity are observed. In potentiostatic modes dendrites grow at a constant rate and the structure of the deposit varies little. The results have been confirmed by electron microscopic studies of morphology of zinc particles.
Early Detection of Cleft Lip by Three-Dimensional Transvaginal Ultrasound in Niche Mode in a Fetus with Trisomy 18 Diagnosed by Celocentesis
Authors: Tonni Gabriele , Rosignoli Lucia , Palmisano Marcella , Sepulveda Waldo
Published: October 2015

Transabdominal ultrasound examination carried out at 11.3 weeks' gestation suggested the diagnosis of holoprosencephaly (HPE). Transvaginal three-dimensional (3D) scan performed using the niche-mode technique enabled diagnosis of HPE, hypotelorism, and cleft lip (CL). The fetus was diagnosed with trisomy 18 by means of transvaginal celocentesis at the time of pregnancy termination. Although prenatal diagnosis of orofacial cleft can be enhanced by 3D ultrasound, only a few cases have been detected early in pregnancy. Here, we report a first-trimester case in which 3D ultrasound in niche mode improved the antenatal diagnosis of CL. Early fetal karyotyping can be accomplished by celocentesis in these cases.
Estresse na equipe de Enfermagem: como se manifesta.
Authors: Silva Ana Paula Barros , Gomes Carla Maria Lopes de Vasconcelos , Sousa Eva Farias
Published: October 2015

O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar como se manifesta o estresse na equipe de enfermagem; sinais e sintomas estão mais presentes nestes profissionais; e associar o perfil sociodemográfico da população em estudo á manifestação de estresse. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, quantitativo, amostra composta de Enfermeiros (as), técnicos (as) de Enfermagem e Auxiliares de Enfermagem, do Hospital Geral do Estado Profº Osvaldo Brandão Vilela (HGE), de um setor que atende pacientes adultos e crianças. O estudo aconteceu no período de junho de 2012 a setembro de 2013. Foi utilizado para avaliar os sinais e sintomas de estresse utilizando o instrumento validado - Teste de Lipp -ISS- Inventário Sintomas de Stress. O profissional de enfermagem do HGE requer atenção no que diz respeito à sua saúde, grande maioria dos participantes apresentaram sinais e sintomas de estresse, quer seja na categoria de exposição intermediária ou de alta ao estresse no trabalho.
O Hospital é o lugar da Saúde? A Psicologia da Saúde frente ao processo saúde-doença
Authors: Rocha José Rodrigues , Silva Dafne Ceres
Published: October 2015

Este trabalho discute a inserção da Psicologia no ambiente hospitalar e especificamente, a atuação da Psicologia da Saúde frente ao processo saúde e doença. Destacamos o surgimento do hospital e as relações de poder/saber suscitadas no seu interior. Abordamos o processo de adoecimento sob a perspectiva da Saúde Coletiva, considerando-o como um processo vinculado as condições do meio e baseado na multifatorialidade. Da mesma forma, analisamos a adoção do modelo biomédico como paradigma para a inserção da psicologia no ambiente hospitalar. Utilizamos a visão integral e o modelo biopsicossocial utilizado pela Psicologia da Saúde para discutir a atuação do psicólogo nas instituições de saúde. Em Face da discussão precípua sobre o saber fazer do psicólogo da saúde nas instituições de saúde, ensejamos ser propositivos quanto às novas perspectivas para a Psicologia da Saúde no ambiente hospitalar.
Taxonomizando sujeitos: notas sobre os investimentos dos sistemas classificatórios psiquiátricos na regulação das transexualidades e travestilidades
Authors: Leite André , Santos Claudiene
Published: October 2015

Inspirados em pressupostos teórico-metodológicos queer, nosso objetivo nesse artigo é analisar os sistemas classificatórios em psiquiatria, que reduzem transexuais e travestis a protocolos clínicos homogêneos. Ao longo das análises do CID-10, DSM-IV-TR e SOC, percebemos o quanto esses dispositivos se colocam enquanto tecnologias que expressam uma concepção normativa dos sistemas sexo-sexualidade-gênero fundamentada numa matriz binária hierarquizante, que se converte em um sistema regulador e medicalizador das experiências trans. Desta forma, apontamos para a necessidade de despatologização desses sujeitos, argumentando que os modos de vida trans não necessariamente fixam posições subjetivas ou entidades clínicas.
ASPECTOS HISTÓRICOS DO TRABALHO PEDAGÓGICO DOS PRIMEIROS JARDINS DE INFÂNCIA NO ESTADO DO PARANÁ
Authors: Paschoal Jaqueline Delgado , Machado Maria Cristina Gomes
Published: October 2015

O objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer, registrar e analisar a criação e organização do trabalho pedagógico dos primeiros Jardins de Infância paranaenses. A metodologia utilizada pautou-se no Método Histórico pois, por meio desse foi possível compreender os aspectos sociais, econômicos e políticos que atravessava o Brasil e o Estado do Paraná naquele momento histórico. Os resultados da pesquisa apontam que embora esse estado seja pioneiro na criação do primeiro Jardim de Infância, não oficial, do Brasil Império no ano de 1862; somente na República duas novas instituições foram criadas pelo poder público; uma no ano de 1906, intitulada “Maria de Miranda”, que adotou os princípios froebelianos que priorizava as brincadeiras no desenvolvimento do trabalho, e a outra em 1911, chamada “Emília Ericksen”, que buscou como referencial a metodologia de Maria Montessori que propunha uma organização curricular de acordo com o desenvolvimento infantil. Apesar de divergentes, ambas configuraram-se como ambientes de aprendizagens e valorizaram a originalidade do seu pensamento infantil.
A (RE)CONCILIAÇÃO DA HISTÓRIA DA EDUCAÇÃO COM AS INSTITUIÇÕES ESCOLARES: ALGUNS APONTAMENTOS
Authors: Ruckstadter Vanessa Campos Mariano
Published: October 2015

Desde sua institucionalização como campo disciplinar no interior dos cursos de formação de professores a História da Educação se aproximou dos estudos históricos de modelos pedagógicos, das ideias pedagógicas, e adquiriu um caráter mais pragmático e de formação moral. Nesse processo, afastou-se da educação escolar enquanto objeto de investigação. Entretanto, a partir dos anos 1990 a temática “instituições escolares” se tornou a principal linha investigativa da área. Com o crescente número de trabalhos nas últimas décadas, podemos falar em uma (re)conciliação da área com as instituições escolares? Com o objetivo de apresentar alguns apontamentos sobre esta indagação, este texto se divide em torno de três aspectos. O ponto de partida é o panorama internacional da constituição da História da Educação enquanto campo disciplinar. Em seguida, apresenta o debate acerca das tradições historiográficas que fazem parte do processo de consolidação da área no Brasil. A terceira e última parte apresenta a trajetória e reflexões acerca dos estudos sobre instituições escolares no Brasil. Argumenta-se que os estudos sobre instituições escolares não são domínio exclusivo de uma determinada abordagem historiográfica, e se inserem em um contexto de disputa ideológica no interior da própria História da Educação.