bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fricção em braquetes gerada por fios de aço inoxidável, superelásticos com IonGuard e sem IonGuard
Authors: Braga Luiz Carlos Campos , Vedovello Filho Mario , Kuramae Mayury , Valdrighi Heloísa Cristina , Vedovello Sílvia Amélia Scudeler , Correr Américo Bortolazzo
Published: November 2011

OBJETIVO: o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a fricção no braquete (Roth, Composite, 10.17.005, 3,2mm, largura 0,022" x 0,030", Torque -2° e angulação +13°, Morelli®, Brasil), utilizando fios ortodônticos retangulares de 0,019" x 0,025" de aço inoxidável (Morelli®, Brasil) e de níquel-titânio superelásticos Bioforce com IonGuard e sem IonGuard (Bioforce, GAC®, EUA). MÉTODOS: foram utilizados 24 conjuntos braquetes/segmento de fio, divididos em 3 grupos de acordo com o fio. Cada conjunto braquete/segmento de fio foi testado 3 vezes e obtida uma média. Os ensaios foram realizados em máquina universal de ensaios EMIC DL2000®. Os dados foram submetidos à Análise de Variância com significância de 95%. RESULTADOS: o fio retangular Bioforce com IonGuard apresentou fricção significativamente menor que o Bioforce sem IonGuard, porém sem diferença do fio de aço inoxidável. Entretanto, o coeficiente de variação dos fios Bioforce com e sem IonGuard foi menor que o do fio de aço inoxidável. CONCLUSÃO: os fios retangulares de 0,019" x 0,025" Bioforce com IonGuard apresentam menor fricção que o fio Bioforce sem IonGuard, sem diferença para o fio de aço inoxidável.
Comparação de parâmetros periodontais após utilização de contenção ortodôntica com fio trançado e contenção modificada
Authors: Lukiantchuki Marlice Azoia , Hayacibara Roberto Massayuki , Ramos Adilson Luiz
Published: November 2011

OBJETIVO: o presente estudo teve como objetivo comparar dois tipos de contenções ortodônticas fixas, em relação a parâmetros periodontais estabelecidos. A contenção com fio trançado é a mais comumente utilizada e a contenção modificada apresenta dobras que têm a finalidade de permitir o livre acesso do fio dental às áreas interproximais. MÉTODOS: para esse estudo cruzado, foram selecionados 12 voluntários que utilizaram, por 6 meses, A) Contenção com fio trançado e B) Contenção modificada - sendo essas fixadas em todos os dentes do segmento anterior. Após esse período experimental, foram feitas as seguintes avaliações: Índice de Placa Dentária, Índice Gengival, Índice de Cálculo Dentário e Índice de Cálculo ao longo do fio de contenção. Os voluntários também responderam a um questionário com relação à utilização, conforto e higienização das contenções. RESULTADOS: foi observado que o índice de placa e o índice gengival foram maiores nas faces linguais (p<0,05) para a contenção modificada. Além disso, o índice de cálculo foi estatisticamente maior (p<0,05) considerando-se as faces linguais e proximais na utilização da contenção modificada. O índice de cálculo ao longo do fio também apresentou valores significativamente maiores (p<0,05) na contenção modificada. Em relação ao questionário, 58% dos voluntários consideraram que a contenção modificada é mais desconfortável; e 54% deles preferiram a contenção com fio trançado. CONCLUSÃO: a partir dos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que a contenção com fio trançado apresentou melhores resultados do que a contenção modificada, de acordo com os parâmetros periodontais avaliados, além de apresentar maior conforto e preferência na sua utilização.
Relação entre dentes mal posicionados e a condição dos tecidos periodontais
Authors: Gusmão Estela Santos , Queiroz Roberlene Deschamps Coutinho de , Coelho Renata de Souza , Cimões Renata , Santos Rosenês Lima dos
Published: November 2011

OBJETIVO: avaliar pacientes encaminhados à Associação Brasileira de Odontologia, Seção Pernambuco, para tratamento periodontal, a fim de identificar as anomalias de posição dentária presentes na amostra, bem como verificar se há relação entre essas anomalias e a condição dos tecidos periodontais. MÉTODOS: a amostra foi constituída por 90 indivíduos, com idades de 15 a 69 anos. Inicialmente, cada participante foi submetido à identificação dos tipos de anomalias de posição dentária através de exame de inspeção visual e, posteriormente, à avaliação da condição periodontal, registrada pelos seguintes parâmetros clínicos: sangramento gengival na sondagem, perda de inserção periodontal e profundidade de sondagem. Na análise bivariada utilizou-se o teste Qui-quadrado para calcular o nível de significância das associações testadas. RESULTADOS: foram identificados vários tipos de alterações na posição dentária dos pacientes examinados, sendo os mais significativos: giroversão (86,7%), apinhamento (52,2%) e molar inclinado mesialmente (48,9%). Em todos os participantes foram registradas alterações periodontais relacionadas a essas anomalias: 100% apresentaram sangramento gengival; 67,8%, recessão gengival; 54,4%, hiperplasia gengival e 28,9%, periodontite crônica.Verificou-se associação significativa entre a recessão gengival e as variáveis dente vestibularizado e proclinação excessiva dos incisivos superiores; e entre a periodontite crônica e molar inclinado mesialmente, dentes apinhados, proclinação excessiva dos incisivos superiores e inferiores, e diastema (p<0,05). A necessidade de tratamento interdisciplinar foi evidente em todas as situações encontradas. CONCLUSÕES: os dentes mal posicionados contribuíram negativamente para a saúde dos tecidos periodontais, o que evidencia a importância de um tratamento multidisciplinar envolvendo, em especial, Periodontia e Ortodontia, levando à melhoria das condições de saúde bucal dos pacientes.
Efeitos do laser de baixa intensidade na sensibilidade dolorosa durante a movimentação ortodôntica
Authors: Angelieri Fernanda , Sousa Marinês Vieira da Silva , Kanashiro Lylian Kazumi , Siqueira Danilo Furquim , Maltagliati Liliana Ávila
Published: November 2011

OBJETIVO: avaliar a eficiência do laser diodo, infravermelho, na redução da dor no período pós-ativação da retração de caninos com molas fechadas de NiTi. MÉTODOS: doze pacientes que necessitavam de retração de caninos foram selecionados. Os caninos foram retraídos por meio de molas fechadas de NiTi, com força de 150g/lado. Um canino de cada paciente foi selecionado aleatoriamente para ser irradiado com laser, imediatamente após as ativações e depois de 3 e 7 dias. Os caninos homólogos foram utilizados como grupo controle e foi realizada somente a simulação de aplicação do laser. O laser irradiado foi o de diodo (ArGaAl), a um comprimento de onda de 780nm e uma potência de 20mW, densidade de energia na superfície do tecido alvo de 5J/cm², durante 10s por ponto, resultando numa energia de 0,2J por ponto e energia total (Et) de 2J. Para avaliação do efeito analgésico, foi utilizada a escala visual análoga (VAS), na qual os pacientes marcavam de 0 a 10, em consonância com a dor experimentada nos tempos de 12, 24, 48 e 72 horas pós ativação das molas e aplicação do laser.Todo o procedimento foi novamente realizado um mês depois, no momento da reativação da retração dos caninos. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÕES: não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os lados irradiado (GL) e controle (GC). Portanto, o laser de diodo infravermelho (780nm), no protocolo de aplicação utilizado, não foi eficiente em termos estatísticos para a diminuição da sensibilidade dolorosa provocada pela movimentação ortodôntica.
Estudo do impacto da enxaqueca na severidade da dor miofascial da musculatura mastigatória
Authors: Silva Rafael dos Santos , Conti Paulo Cesar Rodrigues , Mitrirattanakul Somsak , Merrill Robert
Published: November 2011

OBJETIVO: comparar a severidade da dor subjetiva e objetiva, além de outras características associadas entre pacientes com dor miofascial com e sem o diagnóstico adicional de enxaqueca. MÉTODOS: foram selecionados 203 pacientes, com idade média de 40,3 anos (89,2% do sexo feminino), que se apresentaram à Clínica de Dor Orofacial da Universidade da Califórnia, Los Angeles, EUA - todos com diagnóstico primário de dor miofascial. Pacientes com diagnóstico secundário de enxaqueca foram incluídos (n=83) e formaram o grupo 2. O teste de Mann-Whitney foi utilizado para comparar o grupo 1 (dor miofascial) com o 2 (dor miofascial + enxaqueca) quanto à intensidade de dor à palpação e subjetiva, através de Escalas Analógicas Visuais (EAV). Também com o auxílio de EAV, foram comparados estado de humor, problemas com a função, qualidade do sono e incapacidade. Em todos os testes foi adotado um nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: o grupo 2 apresentou níveis de dor à palpação muscular estatisticamente maiores que o grupo 1 (p<0,05). Ao se analisar a intensidade de dor subjetiva obtida através da EAV, o grupo 2 apresentou níveis maiores de dor subjetiva (EAV) em todas as medições, com significância estatística para "dor no momento" e "dor máxima" (p<0,05). Da mesma maneira, o grupo 2 mostrou níveis maiores, obtidos através da EAV, de problemas com humor, incapacidade, problemas com a função mandibular e problemas com sono/descanso, sendo que apenas o último apresentou significância estatística (p<0,05). CONCLUSÕES: a comorbidade enxaqueca exerce forte impacto na severidade da dor e na qualidade de vida de pacientes que apresentam diagnóstico primário de dor miofascial.
The luminance resolution characteristics of multi‐primary‐color display
Authors: Yoshida Yasuhiro , Nakagawa Shinji , Yoshida Akiko , Yoshiyama Kazuyoshi , Furukawa Hiroyuki , Imai Shigeki
Published: November 2011

Abstract— In this paper, the resolution characteristics of multi‐primary‐color (MPC) display systems are analyzed. That four‐primary‐color (4PC) displays can increase the effective resolution for achromatic images in the luminance domain by a factor of two as compared to conventional RGB‐based displays with MPC‐specialized subpixel rendering, which is proposed in this paper, is demonstrated. Five‐ and six‐primary‐color (5PC and 6PC) display systems can reproduce denser luminance data than conventional RGB‐based display systems and solve a problem of MPC displays, viz. an increase of production costs and a decrease in the aperture ratio caused by increasing the number of subpixels in one pixel. This is an essential advantage of MPC display systems, which is related to the combination of the proposed color‐filter architecture and image processing. Thus, a completely new advantage of MPC display systems, in addition to their well‐known capabilities of color reproduction and power saving, is proposed.
Blue‐phase liquid‐crystal mixtures and their induced stabilization by photopolymerization
Authors: Ely Fernando , dos Santos Luciana Quinalia , Bechtold Ivan H. , Eccher Juliana , Gallardo Hugo , Zagonel Luiz Fernando
Published: November 2011

Abstract— Experiments on mixtures of different nematic‐liquid‐crystal hosts with a chiral dopant to induce the appearance of blue phases (BPs) is reported. The phase behavior and transition temperatures of the mixtures were studied by temperature‐dependent polarized optical microscopy, variable temperature X‐ray diffraction, and reflectance measurements. After completely characterized, a selected LC mixture presenting BPs was submitted to polymer‐stabilization using UV‐curable monomers. By using a specific combination of a pro‐mesogenic (B11) and a branched‐chain acrylate (EHA) monomer, a uniform porous microstructure is formed providing a stable BP.
Geochemical Processes Governing the Fate and Transport of Chromium(III) and Chromium(VI) in Soils
Authors: Jardine P. M. , Mehlhorn T. L. , Bailey W. B. , Brooks S. C. , Fendorf S. , Gentry R. W. , Phelps T. J. , Saiers J. E.
Published: October 2011

Chromium has served as an exceptional and necessary elemental component of many industrial processes and consumer products. Its prevalence in the global environment as both a dissolved and wind‐borne constituent has prompted concern during the last several decades due to the large migration potential and biological toxicity of various Cr chemical species. The objective of this study was to develop an improved understanding and predictive capability of the rates and mechanisms of competing geochemical redox and sorption reactions that govern the fate and transport of Cr(III) and C(VI) in heterogeneous subsurface environments. Batch and miscible displacement experiments, coupled with solid‐phase spectroscopy methods, were utilized to quantify the interaction of Cr with subsurface materials acquired from three geographically distinct locations within the continental United States that represented soils from different Department of Energy facilities known to have issues regarding Cr contamination. Soil chemical and mineralogical properties were found to be important factors controlling the mechanisms of Cr–solid phase interactions, with many of the reactive processes being time dependent. Both sorption and redox reactions impacted Cr(III)– and Cr(VI)–solid phase interactions and were modeled as nonlinear, nonequilibrium or equilibrium, reversible or nonreversible reactive processes. The research investigations within this study highlight the environmental significance of Cr speciation and solid‐phase reactivity in heterogeneous subsurface soil systems with contrasting geochemical and mineralogical properties.
Stream Water Chemistry along an Elevational Gradient from the Continental Divide to the Foothills of the Rocky Mountains
Authors: Williams Mark W. , Barnes Rebecca T. , Parman Jordan N. , Freppaz Michele , Hood Eran
Published: October 2011

Small changes in the flux of energy, chemicals, and water to mountain catchments may invoke large changes in the local climate, ecosystem dynamics, and water quantity and quality. The Landscape Continuum Model (LCM) was developed in part to improve our understanding of how high‐elevation ecosystems might respond to future perturbations. We sampled water chemistry along the main stem of Boulder Creek in the Colorado Front Range from the foothills to the Continental Divide, along with four headwater catchments, to address two questions: (i) Is there value in extending the LCM concept to lower‐elevation headwater catchments? (ii) Is a “space‐for‐time” substitution along an elevational gradient appropriate when there are changes in ecosystem type? Our results show that the hydrochemistry of headwater catchments along the elevational gradient of Boulder Creek was different when compared to the main stem. Headwater catchments amplified the fluxes of inorganic and organic solutes when compared with sites at similar elevations along the main stem of Boulder Creek, consistent with the LCM. Our results also suggest a space‐for‐time substitution along an elevational gradient is warranted for at least some biogeochemical processes when there is a switch from the snow to rain transition in annual precipitation. For example, the high concentrations of base cations and dissolved organic carbon in the foothills catchment when compared with higher elevation catchments is consistent with increased rates of biogeochemical cycling with increasing air temperature at lower elevations. However, the low‐elevation catchment had a lower specific discharge than other catchments with similar annual precipitation, but higher percentages as snowfall, resulting in decreased fluxes of these products.
Determination of optimal conditions for pressure oxidative leaching of Sarcheshmeh Molybdenite concentrate using Taguchi method
Authors: Khoshnevisana A. , Yoozbashizadeha H.
Published: November 2011

The present research work is based on finding the optimum conditions for
pressure oxidative leaching of the molybdenite concentrate to produce
technical-grade molybdic oxide (MoO3) with high recovery through further
treatment of the filtrate solution. The Taguchi method was used to design and
minimize the number of experiments. By using Taguchi orthogonal (L25) array,
five parameters (time, temperature, oxygen pressure, pulp density and acid
concentration) at five levels were selected for 25 experiments. The
experiments were designed and carried out in a high-pressure reactor in the
presence of nitric acid as solvent and oxidizing agent for the molybdenite
concentrate and its ReS2 content. The optimum conditions for pressure
leaching of molybdenite were obtained through using Signal to Noise analysis
and modified by using Minitab software prediction tool. Furthermore, the
optimum condition for an economical pressure leaching of rhenium sulfide
(ReS2) was achieved with the same process. Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
showed that the pulp density is of paramount importance in this process.
Subclinical mastitis in sheep: Causes and their sensitivity to antibiotics
Authors: Vakanjac Slobodanka , Todorovic Igor
Published: October 2011

The California mastitis test (CMT) was used to examine the milk of 6609 sheep, actually, from 13218 mammary complexes. A total of 986 milk samples were found to contain an increased number of somatic cells, and causes of mastitis were isolated from 910 (92.3%) of these samples. The most frequently isolated microorganisms were: E. coli isolated from 189 (20.76%) samples, Micrococcus sp from 186 (20.43%) samples, Bacillus sp. from 177 (19.45%), Staphylococcus aureus from 172 (18.9%) samples, and Proteus sp. from 121 (13.29%) samples of sheep milk. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) were isolated in a much smaller number, from 25 (2.74%) samples, Streptococcus sp. was isolated from 19 (2.08%) samples, Pseudomonas sp. from 14 (1.53%) samples, haemolytic E. coli was isolated from only 6 (0.65%) samples, and Streptococcus agalactiae from only one sample. Among the 25 isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci, 16 (64%) isolates were identified as Staphylococcus chromogenes, and 9 (36%) isolates as Staphylococcus simulans. The sensitivity of the isolated causes of mastitis to antibiotics was examined using the disc diffusion method. .
Troubles with regionalism
Authors: Stefanovski Mirjana
Published: November 2011

Constitutional programme of Demokratska stranka Srbije (Democratic Party of Serbia) represents a project of federalization of Serbia under the mask of regionalism. The key constitutional solutions were defined appropriately to the federal organization: participation of regions in legislative authority at the state level, with their exclusive representation in the upper house, the equality of the houses and the exclusive domain of the house of regions; a wide range of activities in the original and exclusive authority of the regions with the complete financial autonomy; inexistence of supervision for purposefulness and only court evaluation of constitutionality and legality of work of regional organs. The realization of such a radical and far-reaching constitutional restructuring of the state, like changing a unitarian state into a federation, is proposed while a significant part of the state territory is under foreign occupation and whose destiny is quite uncertain. The idea to create larger territorial units in the remaining part which would acquire distinction by an octroyed constitution, by a decree from the top, is completely unfounded and arbitrary. As if Serbia today were not already too small to be further divided by the invented federal divisions, and too weak to be further weakened by artificial regional divisions. This wrong idea of constitutional restructuring, which would only plant the seed for new divisions and discords, represents an irresponsible playing with the state in a deadly experiment which would actually mean its disintegration.
The principle of self-determination in the family law through history and today
Authors: Kovacek-Stanic Gordana
Published: November 2011

In the jubilee year 2004, Serbia marks the 200th anniversary of The First Serbian Uprising, structuring of modern Serbian state and its legal system comparatively speaking, France marks the 200th anniversary of passing the French Civil Code, one of the most significant civil codifications in the 19th century. It was an occasion to study certain institutions of family law through history and today. The used approach is modern, we studied the ways how the principle of self-determination influenced the family-legal solutions today, and we investigated if one could talk about the effect of this principle in the historical sense, too. The principle of self-determination implies the possibility for the subjects of family-legal relations to arrange their own relations themselves ? both the partner and parent relations. However, this principle undergoes significant limitations in the family law because the family relations are personal relations by character, as well as because of the need to protect the weaker participant, both the weaker partner or a child who needs protection stemming from his/her very status. Within marriage law, the principle of self-determination of the spouses (extramarital partners) is, among other things, made concrete through the possibility for an agreement about the effects of marriage (extramarital union), then through the possibility of agreed divorce, while the procedure of mediation in the marriage litigation contributes to the realization of the mentioned principle. As for the effects of marriage (extramarital union), the paper particularly discusses property relations, that is the marriage property contract, because it is at the moment a current issue in our domestic law. Within the relations between parents and children, the concretization of the principle of self-determination in parental care is significant, particularly in the situations when the relations between the parents were disturbed and resulted in a separation or a divorce with the joint parental care (application of the parental right). All institutions are analyzed in the positive law, in the historical context (solutions from the Serbian Civil Code the former Hungarian Law), and viewed comparatively in the European legal systems of the east and west European countries.
Present Russia in a sociological mirror (about Zinaida Golenkov's studies related to social structure of contemporary Russia)
Authors: Vidojevic Zoran
Published: November 2011

In many aspects, sociological thought in present Russia is a mirror of the condition and key social processes occurring in that large country. They are basically the same as the processes which have already been under way in the majority of other societies in the region of former real-socialism. Therefore the results acquired by the sociological thought in Russia specially those from empirical researches, are significant for the scientific and broader social public in other countries, too. In that sense, the findings obtained by Zinaida Golenkova in the research about the changes of the social structure in present Russia are representative and very indicative. Her researches concentrate on the social stratification. She concludes that the government, income and ownership are the main factors in social stratification, thus revealing the main factors in the creation and reproduction of social inequalities - which are very deep in present Russia - then the basis of the formation of a new social structure in that country and the division into losers and winners in the ownership-structural changes. The key relation is the relation between these changes and "deetatization". The middle class in Russia is underdeveloped, more than a half of the specialists with the high and secondary education is poor. In spite of the widespread poverty, there are no larger social protests, disturbances and strikes in Russia. This could be explained by the tradition of forbearance political aparthy, struggle for survival, as well as by the additional income of one part of the unemployed population. Material-status inequalities and life perspectives intersect with ethnic inequalities and with the destiny of numerous migrants of Russian and non-Russian origin.
The performance of Serbian enterprises after five waves of privatisation
Authors: Zelic Jovana
Published: November 2011

This paper deals with the impact privatization process has on the performance of Serbian enterprises. Since the most frequently quoted obstacle for good economic performance in the past is the delay in privatization process and enterprise restructuring, the present analysis might help in obtaining a better insight into the problems preventing the acceleration of growth rate in Serbia. Hence, the present work evaluates the relationship between different methods of privatization leading to different ownership structures and the performance of enterprises in Serbia.
The diffusion of innovations theory and its contribution to the understanding of the innovative potential of the rural areas (village)
Authors: Jankovic Dejan
Published: November 2011

In the first pail of the paper the author has presented the theory of diffusion of innovations from the American rural sociologist Everett Rogers. This theory represents the synonym for the research of this area. The author considers that theory as useful in theoretical and methodological sense for the explanation and research of the process of diffusion of innovations in rural areas and agriculture. In the second part of the paper, the author reviews the mentioned approach and from the broader sociological aspect tries to expand the understanding of the process of diffusion of innovations.
Criticism of traditional chronology: How long will Scaliger survive?
Authors: Bukvic Rajko
Published: November 2011

The paper considers the problems of current state and survival of traditional chronology and history based upon the Scaliger and Petavius books from XVI and XVII centuries. Among many approaches that insist on the need of examination of that chronology, developed at first in Russia, but also in Germany, England, USA and other countries, author focuses to the investigation of Fomenko and his collaborators, but also the Khronotron group. Both these groups, like many others critics of current chronology, as their inspirators and predecessors mark Newton and Morozov, two great scientists who during many decades (!) intensively considered problems of examination of chronology and history.
Weakly sufficient quantum statistics
Authors: Lubnauer Katarzyna , Łuczak Andrzej , Podsędkowska Hanna
Published: November 2011

Some aspects of weak sufficiency of quantum statistics are investigated. In particular, we give necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a weakly sufficient statistic for a given family of vector states, investigate the problem of its minimality, and find the relation between weak sufficiency and other notions of sufficiency employed so far.
Landing Pattern Modification to Improve Patellofemoral Pain in Runners: A Case Series
Authors: Cheung Roy T.H. , Davis Irene S.
Published: October 2011

Study Design

Case series.

Background

Patellofemoral pain is a common overuse injury in runners. Recent findings suggest that patellofemoral pain is related to high-impact loading associated with a rearfoot strike pattern. This case series describes the potential training effects of a landing pattern modification program to manage patellofemoral pain in runners.

Case Description

Three female runners with unilateral patellofemoral pain who initially presented with a rearfoot strike pattern underwent 8 sessions of landing pattern modification program using real-time audio feedback from a force sensor placed within the shoe. Ground reaction forces during running were assessed with an instrumented treadmill. Patellofemoral pain symptoms were assessed using 2 validated questionnaires. Finally, running performance was measured by self-reported best time to complete a 10-km run in the previous month. The runners were assessed before, immediately after, and 3 months following training.

Outcomes

The landing pattern of runners was successfully changed from a rearfoot to a nonrearfoot strike pattern after training. This new pattern was maintained 3 months after the program. The vertical impact peak and rates of loading were shown to be reduced. Likewise, the symptoms related to patellofemoral pain and associated functional limitations were improved. However, only 1 of the participants reported improved running performance after the training.

Discussion

This case series provided preliminary data to support further investigation of interventions leading to landing pattern modification in runners with patellofemoral pain.

Level of Evidence

Therapy, level 4. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011;41(12):914–919, Epub 25 October 2011. doi:10.2519/jospt.2011.3771
Well, Now, Okey Dokey: English Discourse Markers in Spanish-Language Medical Consultations
Authors: Vickers Caroline , Goble Ryan
Published: October 2011

The purpose of this article is to examine the use of English discourse markers (EDMs) in medical consultations that were conducted in Spanish. Data are collected from an audio-recorded corpus of Spanish-language consultations that took place in a small community clinic in the United States as well as post-consultation interviews with patients and providers. Through the quantification of the use of discourse makers in the corpus and discourse analysis of transcripts, this article demonstrates that English-dominant medical providers use EDMs more frequently and with a broader range of functions than Spanish-dominant medical providers and patients. Such use of EDMs serves to exacerbate the power relationship between providers and patients even though it does not cause overt miscommunication in the ongoing interaction. The implications for providers who use a second language in their medical consultations are discussed.
Generalized Hamilton’s Principle for Inelastic Bodies Within Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics
Authors: Leng Kuang-Dai , Yang Qiang
Published: October 2011

Within the thermodynamic framework with internal variables, the classical Hamilton’s principle for elastic bodies is extended to inelastic bodies composed of materials whose free energy densities are point functions of internal variables, or the so‑termed Green-inelastic bodies, subject to finite deformation and non-conservative external forces. Yet this general result holds true even without the Green-inelasticity presumption under a more general interpretation of the infinitesimal internal rearrangement. Three special cases are discussed following the generalized form: (a) the Green-elastic bodies whose free energy can be identified with the strain energy; (b) the Green-inelastic bodies composed of materials compliant with the additive decomposition of strain; and (c) the Green-inelastic bodies undergoing isothermal relaxation processes where the thermodynamic forces conjugate to internal variables, or the so-termed internal forces prove to be potential forces. This paper can be viewed as an extension of Yang et al. [1].
A Supramolecular Sensing Platform for Phosphate Anions and an Anthrax Biomarker in a Microfluidic Device
Authors: Eker Bilge , Yilmaz Mahmut Deniz , Schlautmann Stefan , Gardeniers Johannes G. E. , Huskens Jurriaan
Published: October 2011

A supramolecular platform based on self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) has been implemented in a microfluidic device. The system has been applied for the sensing of two different analyte types: biologically relevant phosphate anions and aromatic carboxylic acids, which are important for anthrax detection. A Eu(III)-EDTA complex was bound to β-cyclodextrin monolayers via orthogonal supramolecular host-guest interactions. The self-assembly of the Eu(III)-EDTA conjugate and naphthalene β-diketone as an antenna resulted in the formation of a highly luminescent lanthanide complex on the microchannel surface. Detection of different phosphate anions and aromatic carboxylic acids was demonstrated by monitoring the decrease in red emission following displacement of the antenna by the analyte. Among these analytes, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and pyrophosphate, as well as dipicolinic acid (DPA) which is a biomarker for anthrax, showed a strong response. Parallel fabrication of five sensing SAMs in a single multichannel chip was performed, as a first demonstration of phosphate and carboxylic acid screening in a multiplexed format that allows a general detection platform for both analyte systems in a single test run with µM and nM detection sensitivity for ATP and DPA, respectively.
Termite Incidence on an Araucaria Plantation Forest in Teluk Bahang, Penang
Authors: Jasmi Aiman Hanis , Ahmad Abu Hassan
Published: November 2011

A study was carried out to evaluate the incidence of termite attack on an Araucaria cunninghamii plantation at Teluk Bahang Forest Park (TBFP), Penang. The hilly plantation area was surveyed to determine the diversity of termite species present. Termite specimens were collected from standin Araucaria trees, underground monitoring (aggregation) stations, fallen logs, forest litter and mounds (nests). Seven species of termites were identified from 6 genera; Coptotermes curvignathus, Schedorhinotermes medioobscurus, Schedorhinotermes malaccensis, Odontotermes sarawakensis Parrhinotermes aequalis, Macrotermes malaccensis and Hospitalitermes hospitalis. A total of 289 Araucaria trees were inspected for signs of termite attack. Termite infestation of trees was determined mainly by the presence of mud on the trunk, but particularly around their butts at ground line. The most dominant termite species discovered infesting the Araucaria trees was Coptotermes curvignathus; accountable for 74% of all infestations. Schedorhinotermes medioobscurus and Odontotermes sarawakensis were commonly found infesting dead trees and/or tree stumps. Approximately 21.5% of all Araucaria trees in the plantation forest at Teluk Bahang were infested by termites.
Hysteretic Tricolor Electrochromic Systems Based on the Dynamic Redox Properties of Unsymmetrically Substituted Dihydrophenanthrenes and Biphenyl-2,2'-Diyl Dications: Efficient Precursor Synthesis by a Flow Microreactor Method
Authors: Ishigaki Yusuke , Suzuki Takanori , Nishida Jun-ichi , Nagaki Aiichiro , Takabayashi Naofumi , Kawai Hidetoshi , Fujiwara Kenshu , Yoshida Jun-ichi
Published: October 2011

A series of biphenyl-2,2'-diylbis(diarylmethanol)s 3, which have two kinds of aryl groups at the bay region, were efficiently obtained by integrated flow microreactor synthesis. The diols 3NO/NX are the precursors of unsymmetric biphenylic dications 2NO/NX2+, which are transformed into the corresponding dihydrophenanthrenes 1NO/NX via 2NO/NX+• upon reduction, when they exhibit two-stage color changes. On the other hand, the steady-state concentration of the intermediate 2NO/NX+• is negligible during the oxidation of 1NO/NX to 2NO/NX2+, which reflects unique tricolor electrochromicity with a hysteretic pattern of color change [color 1→color 2→color 3→color 1].
Chemical Characterization of “Alcaparras” Stoned Table Olives from Northeast Portugal
Authors: Sousa Anabela , Casal Susana , Bento Albino , Malheiro Ricardo , Oliveira M. Beatriz P.P. , Pereira José Alberto
Published: October 2011

Commercial stoned table olives named “alcaparras” from Trás-os-Montes (Portugal) were chemically characterized. During three consecutive years (2004–2006) 30 samples (10 per year) were examined for their nutritional value (moisture, crude protein, total fat, ash, carbohydrates, and energy), with a detailed report of the fatty acids and tocopherols composition. Water was the major constituent (72.5 ± 5.5%), followed by fat (14.6 ± 5.1%). The average amount of protein and ash were 1.1% and 3.4%, respectively, reporting unusual ash values for table olives, related to the technological process. One hundred grams of fresh stoned table olives presented an average energetic value of 156 kcal, lower than most table olives. The lipids are rich in oleic acid (average of 77.7 ± 2.0%), followed by palmitic acid and linoleic acid. Samples showed an average of total tocopherols of 1.2 mg/100 g of fresh weight, being α-tocopherol the most abundant. Table olives are important sources of MUFA, as olive oil, recognized as a preventive factor in diseases in which free radicals are implicated, complemented by the amounts of vitamin E, with both antioxidant and vitamin action.
Bioinspired Sensor Systems
Authors: Valle Manel del
Published: October 2011

This editorial summarizes and classifies the contributions presented by different authors to the special issue of the journal Sensors dedicated to Bioinspired Sensor Systems. From the coupling of sensor arrays or networks, plus computer processing abilities, new applications to mimic or to complement human senses are arising in the context of ambient intelligence. Principles used, and illustrative study cases have been presented permitting readers to grasp the current status of the field.
Looking for a Silver Lining: The Possible Positives of Declining Energy Return on Investment (EROI)
Authors: Manno Jack P.
Published: October 2011

Declining energy return on investment (EROI) of a society’s available energy sources can lead to both crisis and opportunity for positive social change. The implications of declining EROI for human wellbeing are complex and open to interpretation. There are many reasons why frugal living and an energy diet could be beneficial. A measure of wellbeing or welfare gained per unit of energy expended (WROEI) is proposed. A threshold is hypothesized for the relation between energy consumption and wellbeing. The paper offers a biophysical-based social science explanation for both the negative and positive possible implications of declining EROI. Two sets of future scenarios based on environmental and economic trends are described. Six types of social change activism are considered essential if the positives of declining EROI are to balance or exceed the negatives.
Stabilization of coxo-femoral luxation using tenodesis of the deep gluteal muscle
Authors: Rochereau P. , Bernardé A.
Published: October 2011

This retrospective study documents deep gluteal tenodesis (DGT) used to stabilize coxofemoral luxation (CFL) in dogs and cats, and to report reluxation rate and clinical outcome after DGT.

Medical records (1995–2008) of 65 dogs and cats with traumatic CFL treated by capsulorrhaphy and DGT were reviewed. Animals with radiographic evidence of pre-existing hip dysplasia or articular fractures had been excluded. Reluxation rate and outcome were assessed by clinical examination, performed two and ten weeks postoperatively.

Surgical treatment was performed between one and 20 days after the initiating event. No perioperative complications occurred. All hip joints were correctly reduced and stabilized immediately after DGT completion. Except for five patients, placement of the screw was considered correct. In two of these patients, the screws were too long and were protruding into the pelvic canal. In two dogs, the screws were not tightened adequately, and in one dog the screw was too short. Twenty-six dogs and eight cats were re-examined between eight and 13 weeks postoperatively. Reluxation did not occur in any of them. Outcomes were good in two cases and excellent in 32 cases; all but two had a normal range-of-motion of the reconstructed hip, and were free of lameness and did not show any signs of pain.

Traumatic CFL can be stabilized safely and effectively by DGT in dogs and cats. This technique should be considered among other capsular reinforcement techniques in the presence of an intact deep gluteal muscle.

Presented in part at the 19th Annual Scientific Meeting ECVS, Helsinki, Finland, July 1–3, 2010
A Study of the Clinical and Biochemical Profile of Peritoneal Dialysis Fluid Low in Glucose Degradation Products
Authors: Lai Kar Neng , Lam Man Fai , Leung Joseph C.K. , Chan Loretta Y. , Lam Christopher W.K. , Chan Iris H.S. , Chan Hoi Wong , Li Chun Sang , Wong Sunny S.H. , Ho Yiu Wing , Cheuk Au , Tong Matthew K.L. , Tang Sydney C.W.
Published: November 2011

Objective

Although peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a widely accepted form of renal replacement therapy, concerns remain regarding the bioincompatible nature of standard PD fluid (PDF). Short-term studies of new biocompatible PDFs low in glucose degradation products (GDPs) reveal divergent results with respect to peritoneal integrity.

Methods

We studied 125 patients on maintenance PD who were assigned, by simple randomization, to receive either conventional or low-GDP PDF at PD initiation. Parameters of dialysis adequacy and peritoneal transport of small solutes were determined at initiation and after a period of maintenance PD at the time when serum and overnight effluent dialysate were simultaneously collected and assayed for various cytokines, chemokines, adipokines, and cardiac biomarkers. All patients were further followed prospectively for an average of 15 months from the day of serum and effluent collection to determine patient survival and cardiovascular events.

Results

Patients treated with conventional or low-GDP PDF were matched for sex, age, duration of dialysis, dialysis adequacy, and incidence of cardiovascular disease or diabetes. After an average of 2.3 years of PD treatment, the weekly total and peritoneal creatinine clearance, and the total and peritoneal Kt/V were comparable in the groups. However, urine output was higher in patients using low-GDP PDF despite there having been no difference between the groups at PD initiation. Patients using low-GDP PDF also experienced a slower rate of decline of residual glomerular filtration and urine output than did patients on conventional PDF. Compared with serum concentrations, effluent concentrations of tumor necrosis factor α, hepatocyte growth factor, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, interleukins 8 and 6, C-reactive protein, and leptin were found to be higher in both groups of patients after long-term PD, suggesting that the peritoneal cavity was the major source of those mediators. Compared with patients on low-GDP PDF, patients on conventional fluid showed elevated leptin and reduced adiponectin levels in serum and effluent. The effluent concentration of interleukin 8 was significantly lower in patients using low-GDP PDF. The survival rate and incidence of cardiovascular complications did not differ between these groups after maintenance PD for an average of 3.6 years.

Conclusions

It appears that low-GDP PDF results in an improvement of local peritoneal homeostasis through a reduction of chronic inflammatory status in the peritoneum.
Access to pyrrolo-pyridines by gold-catalyzed hydroarylation of pyrroles tethered to terminal alkynes
Authors: Borsini Elena , Broggini Gianluigi , Fasana Andrea , Baldassarri Chiara , Manzo Angelo M , Perboni Alcide D
Published: October 2011

In a simple procedure, the intramolecular hydroarylation of N-propargyl-pyrrole-2-carboxamides was accomplished with the aid of gold(III) catalysis. The reaction led to differently substituted pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridine and pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridine derivatives arising either from direct cyclization or from a formal rearrangement of the carboxamide group. Terminal alkynes are essential to achieve bicyclic pyrrolo-fused pyridinones by a 6-exo-dig process, while the presence of a phenyl group at the C–C triple bond promotes the 7-endo-dig cyclization giving pyrrolo-azepines.
Quasispecies Analysis and In Vitro Susceptibility of HBV Strains Isolated from HIV–HBV-Coinfected Patients with Delayed Response to Tenofovir
Authors: Lada Olivier , Gervais Anne , Branger Michel , Peytavin Gilles , Roquebert Benedicte , Collin Gilles , Fraqueiro Gil , Moucari Rami , Leclerc Laurence , Martinot-Peignoux Michelle , Matheron Sophie , Marcellin Patrick
Published: November 2011

Background

Among 141 HIV–HBV-coinfected patients treated with tenofovir in our centre, 87% were good-responders to therapy. Seven patients showed a delayed response to tenofovir. The present study was performed to evaluate the quasispecies variability and the in vitro drug susceptibility to approved antiviral drugs of HBV genomes directly isolated from patients’ sera.

Methods

After purification of DNA from serum samples, full-length HBV DNA was amplified by PCR, cloned and sequenced. Drug sensitivity of HBV strains isolated from four delayed responders and five good-responders was assessed and compared to a wild-type HBV strain after transfection of the full genome into HepG2 cells.

Results

Delayed responders, compared with good responders, showed a higher incidence of lamivudine-resistant mutations (71% and 35%, respectively; P=0.021) and a higher proportion of HBV genotype G (57% versus 16%, respectively; P=0.026). Clonal analysis demonstrated a higher variability of HBV quasispecies in delayed reponders than in good responders. In vitro analysis showed a lower efficacy of adefovir and tenofovir in delayed reponders. Furthermore, HBV genotype G strains showed a mild to weak susceptibility to tenofovir.

Conclusions

The reason for the slow decline in HBV DNA level observed during therapy in delayed responders is not clear. Delayed responders showed higher quasispecies variability, a higher proportion of HBV genotype G and a mild in vitro decreased susceptibility to tenofovir and adefovir. A combination of these factors in heavily treatment-experienced HIV-infected patients could explain the lower tenofovir activity. These patients must be closely monitored to prevent prospective emergence of resistance to approved antiviral drugs.
Swarm Intelligence in Autonomic Computing
Authors: Anagnostopoulos Christos , Hadjiefthymiades Stathes
Published: November 2011

Autonomic computing has become increasingly popular during recent years. Many mobile autonomic and context-aware applications exhibit self-organization in dynamic environments adopted from multi-agent, or swarm, research. The basic paradigm behind swarm systems is that tasks can be more efficiently dispatched through the use of multiple, simple autonomous agents instead of a single, sophisticated one. Such systems are much more adaptive, scalable, and robust than those based on a single, highly capable, agent. A swarm system can generally be defined as a decentralized group (swarm) of autonomous agents (particles) that are simple, with limited processing capabilities. Particles must cooperate intelligently to achieve common tasks.
The Case for Variable Pricing of IDM
Authors: Bansal Ankit , Manohar Desai Mayura , Shantani S.
Published: November 2011

This chapter proposes different variable pricing strategies that can be implemented in IDM marketplaces to increase revenues and consumption of IDM content. Adverse reaction of consumers to price discrimination, where they consider it unfair, is the greatest hindrance to successful application of variable pricing schemes.
Using Web 2.0 Features on Social Networks for Word-of-Mouth Effects
Authors: Liang Tan Chee , Seng Chua Kok , Soe Kaung Pye
Published: November 2011

Over the last few years, social networking has established itself to be a significant trend on the Internet. Together with the existence of social networking, Web 2.0 tools have gained much popularity. Internet users around the world are catching the social networking and Web 2.0 bug. According to a study in the UK, 20 percent of online users were regularly logging onto social networking websites like Facebook, MySpace, Orkut, and Friendster. With the growth in the popularity of social networking and Web 2.0 tools, it is only a matter of time before people and businesses become receptive to the commercial possibilities offered by them. We look at one of the popular social networking website, Facebook, and see how these Web 2.0 tools can actually aid in the advertising and promotion aspects through Word-of-Mouth effects.