bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SPLEEN LEUKOCITE COMPOSITION OF SIBERIAN ROUCH AND GOLDFICH, INFECTED WITH PLEUROCERCOIDES THE GENUS LIGULA (CESTODA: PSEUDOPHYLLIDEA)
Authors: Mazur  , Kutyrev  , Dugarov
Published: May 2021

In our study, we obtained new data on the leukocyte composition of the spleen of Siberian roach and goldfish infected with Ligula interrupta and Ligula intestinalis, respectively, in a comparative aspect. The sample of fish consisted of non-aquatic catches, the same size-age composition (age + 3 ... + 5, body length 145–237 and 150–180 mm, respectively, weight – 100–184 and 120–174 g) from water bodies of the Baikal lake basin (Dolgoye lake, Cheremukhovoye, Gusinoye). It is noted that in the spleen of goldfish the number of lymphocytes did not change in general, but there was a significant change in the ratio of mature and immature forms: the number of prolymphocytes decreased by 1.5 times, and the content of mature lymphocytes increased by 3.8 times. Unlike goldfish, the infected roach showed the formation of vacuolated cells up to 5.3%, and intense leukopoiesis processes are observed, which is confirmed by a higher content of blasts (by 3 times). Among the granulocytic reactions in fish, similar reactions were observed along the line of neutrophils: a significant increase in poorly differentiated forms in goldfish, as well as mature microphages in roach. It has been shown that, in these parasitic systems, ligulid larvae can be modulators of the adaptive immune response.
NEUROPEPTIDES OF PLANT-PARASITIC GALL-FORMING NEMATODES
Authors: Malyutina
Published: May 2021

This short review of foreign literature is dedicated to studies of physiological role and
functional significance of FMRF-like neuropeptides, their potential targets – Gprotein-coupled receptors (GPCR) and genes (flp family) coding these neuropeptides in nervous system of plant root knot nematodes.
It has been shown that FMRFamide-like neuropeptides are able to modulate locomotion reactions of the cyst nematodes causing stimulatory on inhibitory effects
on the worms' movement activity. So a possibility to cause disorders in plant nematodes' locomotion can be a way to contain the nematode infection of the agricultural plant hosts.
The materials of the study were 2nd stage larvae of root knot nematodes Meloidogyne
incognita, M. minor and M. graminicola from the genus Meloidogyne Goldi, 1982.
Methods of the study were immunological, immunocytochemical, as well as the
modern molecular methods including genes knockout by RNA interference.
The fact that expression of flp genes coding FMRF-like neuropeptides had been
found in various structures of nervous systems of a range of root knot nematodes'
species together with the presence of these genes' homologues in other plant nematodes species, as well as in parasitizing nematodes of vertebrates and free-living ones,
shows a conservatism of peptidergic nervous system in the whole of type Nematoda.
The data in the review can be used for development of new anthelmintic drugs to
decrease of nematode infection of the host plants.
Currently studies on this thematic are not conducted in Russia.
THE ORAL SUCKER OF SOME GASTROINTESTINAL TREMATODES: HISTOLOGICAL AND HISTOCHEMICAL RESEARCH
Authors: Manikovskaya  , Nacheva
Published: May 2021

We conducted histological and histochemical studies of the oral sucker of gastrointestinal trematodes of the family Paramphistomatidae, Fischoeder, 1901 living in the rumen of ruminants, namely, Liorchis scotiae, Paramphistomum cervi and Paramphistomum ichikawai. The oral sucker of paramphistomes and the Liorchis scotiae trematode is a complex muscular organ modified into a pharynx-sucker, the muscle complex of which is formed from longitudinal, circular and radial muscle fibers. In the thick pharynx wall, we found secretory cells, single neurosecretory cells and many desmoblastic cells of connective tissue. Histochemical stains showed intense staining with alcian blue, toluidine blue, bromophenol blue and a positive periodic acid Schiff reaction, which indicates the presence of glycosaminoglycans, total proteins and glycoproteins.
Due to this structure, the pharynx sucker of gastrointestinal trematodes is involved in capturing food and evacuating its undigested residues from the helminth's body to the outside. In addition, the substances produced by secretory cells of the pharynx carry out a partial chemical treatment of the food consumed by the parasite and protect the parasite from substances that are metabolites of the host tissues and waste products of symbionts and commensals that inhabit the rumen of ruminants. Thus, trophic adaptation of the parasite in its ecological niche, the rumen of polygastric mammals, is ensured.
STUDY OF TOXICOLOGICAL PROPERTIES AND LOCAL IRRITANT EFFECT OF THE DRUGS INSACAR TOTAL C PLUS AND INSACAR TOTAL K PLUS ON LABORATORY RATS
Authors: Makhvatova
Published: May 2021

The study of acute cutaneous toxicity and local irritant effect of the drugs Insacar Total C Plus and Insacar Total K Plus on mongrel white rats was conducted in doses of 5000 and 10 000 mg/kg of body weight (BW). When the drugs were applied to the skin of rats, no animal deaths were recorded during the entire observation period. Thus, the LD50 is more than 10 000 mg / kg of BW. A single application of the drugs to the skin in rats at a dose of 1 ml/100 g (10 000 units) in two experimental groups on the 7th and 9th day of the study showed the most pronounced irritant effect. In this regard, the drugs have an irritating effect – 1 point.
The studied drugs Insacar Total C Plus and Insacar Total K Plus belong to the group of insectoacaricidal and anthelmintic agents. The substances included in its composition have a contact and systemic effect on ectoparasites and nematodes. They are complex medicines containing 4 active components – moxidectin, pyriproxifen, imidacloprid, praziquantel. Such a combination of active substances is characterized by effectiveness against a larger number of parasite species, stages of their development, and in addition, reduce the likelihood of developing resistance of pathogens to drugs.
THE IMPACT OF EMERGENCIES ON THE SPREAD OF INVASIVE DISEASES OF FARM ANIMALS IN THE REPUBLIC OF KHAKASSIA
Authors: Medkova  , Krasovskaya
Published: May 2021

In the conditions of the Shirinsky District, monitoring was carried out for the first time for the change in number of helminthic diseases before and after fires. Fires have led to changes in the properties of the ground cover, soil, and simplification of communities; the complex of soil-dwelling arthropods has undergone a number of significant changes, which are manifested in a decrease in number and species diversity. The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence of various parasites in farm animals after large-scale fires on the example of the Shirinsky District of the Republic of Khakassia. The study subject was eggs, larvae and helminths of the studied animals. The study object was farm animals. The studies were carried out by the method of sequential washing of fecal samples. Based on the study results of 786 fecal samples from various animals, we received the following results. We have proved that the fire had a great impact on the parasitofauna of animals in the Shirinsky District; the number of invasive diseases first decreased after fires and then increased again. We found out that the decrease in number of parasitic diseases was associated with the following: fires had an adverse effect on the ecological state of the environment and changed the existence conditions of living organisms. The fire destroyed eggs, larvae and definitive hosts of the parasites.
INVASION OF FISH BY LARVAE OF THE FAMILY DIPHYLLOBOTHRIIDAE IN THE KHANTY-MANSI AUTONOMOUS OKRUG – YUGRA
Authors: Moskina  , Shafranova  , Kozlova  , Guzeeva
Published: May 2021

Two epidemiologically significant species of the tapeworm (D. latum и D. dendriticum) circulate in of the Ob-Irtysh basin within the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. They have an unequal effect on the human body.
The purpose of the science work is to determine the invasion of fish by larvae of tapeworms D.latum and D.dendriticum (Perch Perca fluviatilis, Ruff Gymnocephalus cernuus, Pike Esox lucius, Syrok Coregonus peled, Muksun Coregonus muksun, Nelma Stenodus leucichthys nelma) from waterbodies of the Ob River and its tributaries from 2013 to 2019 year. The study aim is to identify the main factors of transmission of the
invasion (diphyllobothriasis) to population.
The fish for parasitological research and species identification was caught in the Ob River and its tributary, the Vakh River, as well as Torm-Emtor Lake. The studies were carried out in the parasitological laboratory of the Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug – Yugra, Nizhnevartovsk, the Nizhnevartovsk District, in Megione and Raduzhny by the method of incomplete helminthological study of fish.
The study results found in general a very high level of plerocercoid invasion of fish from the Ob and Vakh Rivers. It was noted that the pike had a significantly high percentage of infection with D. latum, 71.64%. The highest intensity of invasion and localization of larvae (the family Diphyllobothriidae) was on the abdominal wall of the fish, and then on walls and in the thickness of walls of esophagus and stomach, in eggs, and very few in muscle tissues.
ECOLOGICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NEMATODES OF THE GENUS RHABDOCHONA, PARASITES OF THE MARINKA
Authors: Nazhmiddinov  , Kuchboev  , Mukhammadiev  , Soatov
Published: May 2021

The article presents results of the study of morphology and ecology of 3 species of nematodes of the genus Rhabdochona, which parasitize on the marinka, a typical representative of the Nagorno-Asian fauna of fish. We collected material from the species of Rhabdohona parasitizing on the marinka in the basin of the upper reaches of the Syrdarya River, in the mountain rivers Isfayramsay, Sokh and Shakhimardansay located in the south of the Fergana Valley, as well as in the mountain rivers Chodaksay and Rezaksay located in the north of the Valley. Features of morphology of the species Rabdochona denudata, Rh. gnedini and subspecies Rh. hellichi turkestanica were described based on the study results. The characterized species differ from each other in a number of characters, including the size of the body and the spicule, and the tail and egg shape. Nevertheless, there is still a considerable amount of work to be done for molecular and genetic identification of various forms of the species Rh. hellichi. The marinka that shows high morpho-ecological variability under the conditions of the study area, is a polyphage, which contributes to the fish infecting with nematodes, especially during the period of active post-spawning feeding. The nematode Rh. hellichi turkestanica (Skryabin, 1917) was considered a subspecies and is observed in the original form of this helminth and is recorded in Uzbekistan for the first time.
THE PROBLEM OF SUGAR BEET CYST NEMATODES IN MODERN CONDITIONS OF MACROECONOMIC AND CLIMATIC CHALLENGES
Authors: Perevertin  , Belolubtsev  , Vasiliev
Published: May 2021

In this work, the current state of infection of the cultivated areas of sugar beet farms
with the sugar beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii is considered. After the systemic crisis of agricultural production in the early 90th, the practice of operating Russian sugar factories not using domestic (sugar beet) but imported (cane) raw materials was widespread. For many years, in the absence of a host plant in the fields, the population density of highly specialized phytohelminths naturally decreased to an economically imperceptible level. However, in accordance with the principle of irreversibility of soil biocontamination of agroecosystems, the nematode retained its presence due to the mechanisms of mesobiosis and the maintenance of the population on reserve weeds. After the strategic course taken in 2014 towards import substitution, sugar beet areas (usually around sugar factories) returned to the main crop, and in 2018, for the first time in its history, Russia even became a sugar exporting country. However, the technological regulations of the USSR, mostly crop rotations were not observed and the nematode problem was again actualized, first of all, in the Chernozem and Krasnodar region.
The proposed model of the dynamics of the population density of the nematodes, depending on the cultivated crop, makes it possible to assess the ecological and economic consequences of disturbed crop rotation, taking into account the conjuncture of the world food market. Climate change is another important challenge to be considered in the assessment of the nematode problem. Along with the noted increase in the bioclimatic potential of a number of agricultural lands in the Russian Federation, the development of the parasite during the growing season can occur not in three generations with a reduced fourth, but with a full cycle for the fourth generation.
TREMATODE FAUNA OF WILD UNGULATES
Authors: Postevoy  , Andreyanov
Published: May 2021

In the Russian forest zone, from 15 to 30 species of helminths were recorded in the European elk and roe deer in the areas of the habitat of wild artiodactyls, according to researchers. The purpose of our work was to study the trematode fauna of helminths in elks and roe deer caught in hunting farms of the Central region of Russia. The study objects were wild artiodactyl animals, the European elk (Alces alces), the European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and the wild boar (Sus scrofa). Biological material for research (gastrointestinal tract, liver of animals, etc.) was collected during the licensed hunting period on these artiodactyls in hunting farms in the period of 2020 and the beginning of 2021. 39 animals of artiodactyls were examined (by the method of incomplete helminthological dissection), of which were 9 elks aged from 3 to 7 years, and 26 roe deer aged from 2 to 5 years, and 4 wild boars of 2–3 years old. Among wild animals, according to the results of postmortem examination, the Fasciola invasion was found in two roe deer. The prevalence of the invasion was 7.6%. When examining the liver of elks and wild boars, the causative agent of fascioliasis was not found.
PREVALENCE OF TOXOCARIASIS AMONG DOGS OF DIFFERENT PURPOSES IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN
Authors: Razikov  , Assoeva  , Tilloev  , Khudoidodov
Published: May 2021

This article provides data on research work on the identification of toxocariasis among dogs of various purposes in the Republic of Tajikistan. The specified geohelminthiasis is of actual importance not only in the veterinary industry, but also in medical practice, which is associated with the prevention of the risk of the spread of these diseases among people. We have found that the infection rate of toxocariasis in herd dogs was in 73.4% of cases in the plains, and in 80.6% of cases in the foothill areas, and the highest rate was in the Rudaki area – 77.8% of cases. In all farms, in which the dogs were mostly free, only a small part of them were kept on a leash. It should be noted that we were unable to establish data on the registration and regulation of the number of dogs for various service purposes, which remain homeless in many cases. As a result of the study, it was revealed that the eggs of the studied helminths in the body of dogs aged 2 to 6 months in the summer go to the sexually mature stage after 47–48 days from the moment of exposure, and among dogs aged 2.5 to 8 years this indicator is 58–63 days.
FAUNAL AND ECOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF IXODID TICKS IN THE KURSK REGION
Authors: Rogulina  , Malysheva
Published: May 2021

The article describes features of fauna and ecology of ixodid ticks on the example of the two most common species of ixodids Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus, which are the main carriers of tick-borne infections in the Kursk Region. We analyzed biotopical distribution of ixodids in landscapes of the Region, considered the main feeders of ixodid ticks in the conditions of the Kursk Region, and conducted a comparative analysis of parasitism peaks of ixodids in connection with climate indicators in epidemiological seasons in the period from 2015 to 2019. Ixodes ricinus is characterized by stronger association with forest biotopes, and Dermacentor reticulates is characterized by stronger association with meadow and forest biotopes. The data obtained indicate that biotopes of ixodid ticks in the Kursk Region are unevenly distributed; the parasitism peaks of ixodids and their numerical indicators are directly related to climatic conditions of the previous calendar year in the respective epidemiological season. As we have observed, increased humidity contributes to a decrease in the number of ixodids in following years, but a rise of the average annual air temperature has the opposite effect on the population and activity of the arthropods in the future.
INSERT HOST IN THE LIFE CYCLE OF ALARIA ALATA (TREMATODA, STRIGEIDIDA) IN THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE CENTRAL BLACK-EARTH ZONE
Authors: Romashov  , Romashova
Published: May 2021

Currently, an increase in cases of infection of wild and domestic carnivores with the trematode Alaria alata (Trematoda, Strigeidida) is currently recorded in the Central
Black-Earth Zone. The trematode A. alata has a complex life cycle involving intermediate, insert and reservoir hosts. We obtained new data on the realization of the
life cycle of A. alata in the natural environment of the Central Black-Earth Zone. The moor frog (Rana arvalis), green toad (Bufotes viridis) and spade-footed toad (Pelobates fuscus) are recorded as insert hosts. Infection with mesocercarias A. alata of the moor frog is 20% (the prevalence) and 23 specimens (infection intensity). The moor frog is the most numerous species among amphibians and is characterized by high in-touch capabilities with carnivorous mammals. The moor frog is the main insert host in the circulation of A. alata in natural biocenoses. We have identified the localization of the Alaria mesocercarias in the moor frog, namely, the pericardium and subcutaneous tissue of the intermaxillary space. We determined the distribution of mesocercarias in moor frogs of this year's brood: 71% in the head; 25.8% in the hind legs; 22.6% in the trunk; and 3.2% in the front legs. The green toad and spade-footed toad were also classified as insert hosts of A. alata (prevalence of infection was less than 10%; and infection intensity was 4.0 specimens). Mesocercarias were found in frog larvae (24.6%; 2.6 sp.).
PARASITOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE SOIL OF INDOOR PLANTS
Authors: Samofalova  , Malysheva  , Vagin
Published: May 2021

In modern conditions, interior planting has great importance and distribution. For growing indoor plants, along with ready-made soil, growers often use home-made mixtures. The article presents the results of parasitological studies of the soil from flower pots and the soil used for growing house plants, as well as the soil from forest
park zones, and courtyard territories, and sand from playgrounds used in floriculture for composing soil mixtures in urban conditions. The results of the conducted sanitary and parasitological studies found that 4.7% of the home-made soil samples were positive. Eggs of geohelminths Toxocara spp. and Ascaris suum were found in the samples. Eggs of Toxocara spp., Trichocephalus vulpis and Dipylidium caninum were found in soil samples from forest park zones; eggs of Toxocara spp. and Taenia spp. were found in samples from courtyards. The main sources of invasive material in forest-park areas are dogs, while cats along with dogs take part in the contamination of the soil from the adjacent territories. The detection of geohelminth eggs in the soil from flower pots indicates that it is unsafe to use self-prepared soil mixtures without preliminary disinfection.
ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF COMPREHENSIVE MEASURES AGAINST COCCIDIA OF PIGLETS IN A SOW HOUSE
Authors: Safiullin
Published: May 2021

A comprehensive program against exo- and endogenous stages of coccidia in pigs was tested in the conditions of a pig farm in the Moscow Region in a sow house divided into four sectors with 40 sows in each. For disinfection of sectors 1 and 2 during the preparation of the pig house, Kenocox 4% complex disinfectant was used in the recommended dose and exposure. For disinfection of sectors 3 and 4 (baseline scenario), we used a recommended dose of a hot sodium hydroxide solution 4%. Sows were transferred for farrowing 5 days after showering and treatment of their skin. Residual contamination of environmental objects was established 24 hours after disinfection.
After farrowing, the piglets aged 3–5 days from 1-2 sectors were administered a suspension of toltrazuril 5% at a single dose of 30 mg of the active substance per 1 kg of weight orally as a therapeutic and prophylactic course. The piglets from 3-4 sectors served as a control and were administered saline solution in a single dose of 1 ml orally.
The comprehensive measures against exo- and endogenous stages of coccidia in pigs
had a positive effect on the biosecurity level of the sow house and influenced the production and economic indicators. The survivability of piglets in the experimental group after complex measures against exo- and endogenous stages of coccidia in
pigs was 7.1% higher than the control group, and the increase in live weight in the experimental group was 13.9% higher. Feed consumption per unit of liveweight gain
in the experimental group of piglets was 12.1% less than the control.
The economic effect of the comprehensive measures against coccidia in pigs as compared with the control animals per one animal was 248.5 Rubles.
PALEOPARASITOLOGICAL ANALYSES OF CAVE BEAR (URSUS KANIVETZ VERESHCHAGIN, 1973) COPROLITES FROM THE IGNATIEVSKAYA CAVE (SOUTHERN URAL)
Authors: Sivkova  , Kosintsev
Published: May 2021

The first paleoparasitological analysis of coprolites of a cave bear (Ursus kanivetz Vereshchagin, 1973) was performed. Material for research was obtained from different deeps at the excavation of Ignatievskaya Cave (Chelyabinsk Region, Southern Urals, Russia, 54°53’N 57°46’E). Fossil coprolites were find from the excavations N 1-2, situated et the 120 meters from the entry of cave. The depth of excavations was 1.9 m. Radiocarbon analysis show that the age of cave bear bones was more than 27500 years. Coprolites were analyzed by combine method and sedimentation. Slides were viewed under the Meiji microscope with Х100 and Х400 magnification and made a pictures by the Vision camera. Eggs were defined using scientific descriptions available in the national and foreign literature. As a result from the paleoparasitological analysis, the presence Nematodes eggs was detected. Eggs are belonged to Baylisascaris transfuga Rudolphi, 1819 – specific parasite of Ursidae. Obviously, that helminth infected different species of bears already at the Late Pleistocene period and had a wide spreading. This is the first finding of the nematode B. transfuga of Pleistocene age and the first finding of parasites in the cave bear coprolites.
MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE LIVER AT DIFFERENT INVASIVE DOSES OF OPHISTORCHIS FELINEUS (RIVOLTA, 1884) IN RODENTS (ORYCTOLAGUS CUNICULUS)
Authors: Sidelnikova
Published: May 2021

A morphometric study of liver changes at different invasive doses was conducted in rodents (Oryctolagus cuniculus). In a comparative aspect, the thickness of connective tissue formed around the portal tracts and the thickness of cellular infiltrates in the same area were studied at an invasive dose of 100, 50 and 10 metacercariae of Ophistorchis felineus (Rivolta, 1884). The experiment was conducted on sexually
mature male rabbits at the age of 6 months, in each observation group of 10 individuals. Clinically healthy animals were infested with Ophistorchis felineus per os metacercariae once. The intermediate stage of the parasite was isolated from a dead fish (ide, Leuciscus idus (Linnaeus, 1758) and dace fish, Leuciscus leuciscus) obtained from the Tom River in Tomsk. The invasion that took place after 1 month was confirmed by a positive analysis of feces for parasite eggs by the Ragaser and KatoMiura methods. The animals were sacrificed after 5 weeks from the period of infestation. Histological preparations of the liver were made, stained with hematoxylin and eosin, according to Van Gieson. Histological preparations were studied by light microscopy with morphometry. The results obtained characterize a twofold change in the morphometric parameters of connective tissue thickness and cellular infiltration around the portal tracts of the liver lobes with an increase in the invasive dose.
SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD FOR DETERMINING GLYCOGEN CONCENTRATION IN HELMINTHS: INFLUENCE OF AMMONIUM CHLORIDE IN DIFFERENT TEMPERATURE RANGE
Authors: Sidor
Published: May 2021

Spectrophotometric methods for determining glycogen content are used in studies to quantify the effect of anthelmintics on carbohydrate and energy metabolism of helminths. The most specific of them include the method proposed by Krisman C.R.,
which was later adapted by Danchenko E.O. and Chirkin A.A. to apply in forensic medicine, and Andreyanov O.N. et al. in helminthology. Saturated solutions of calcium chloride and ammonium chloride are used in the procedure. It is known that the solubility of salts depends on temperature. Krisman C.R. studied the effect of calcium chloride on the optical density of the analyzed solutions depending on temperatures, but no detailed studies were made on the role of ammonium chloride. The present paper presents data on the effect of ammonium chloride on the optical density of the analyzed samples under the influence of temperatures in the range of 10–30 oC. This salt introduced to neutralize alkali increases the optical density of the solutions. It is found that ammonium chloride not only neutralizes the decrease in optical density, but also causes its increase as temperatures increase. In salt-free samples, the deviation from the specified glycogen content (0.1 mg) in the range of 10 oC was 12.1%, and with the addition of ammonium chloride, it decreased and varied within 4–8.5%. To improve the accuracy of the analysis, it is recommended to avoid studies in large temperature ranges.
CATTLE HYPODERMATOSIS IN SOUTH TAJIKISTAN
Authors: Sodatkhonova  , Khudoidodov  , Razikov
Published: May 2021

The article presents data on the infestation of cattle by subcutaneous gadflies in the southern regions of Tajikistan. It has been established that two species of subcutaneous gadfly parasitize in cattle – Hypoderma bovis and Hypoderma lineatum. The prevalence of gadfly larva in cattle is 11.4–31.1% and the intensity of infection is
2–21 specimens, and Hypoderma lineatum larva is 4.6–11.3% and the intensity of infection is 5–15 specimens of connective tissue capsules per animal, respectively.
Connective tissue capsules Hypoderma bovis in the back area of animals appeared in late January and early February, and Hypoderma lineatum in late December and early January. Development of larvae under the skin of animals lasted on average 50–55 days. The release of the Hypoderma lineatum larva was noted in the second and third decades of February, and the gadfly in mid-March. The flying of the Hypoderma lineatum imago is from mid-April to the second decade of June, and the gadfly from the second decade of May to early July at an optimal air temperature of 18–25°C. This is due to the fact that there are favorable natural and climatic conditions in these areas for the development of larvae in the pupation stage and a fairly dense population of animals (cattle) per a hectare of pasture.
DISTRIBUTION OF ACARAPIDOSIS IN RUSSIA (REVIEW)
Authors: Stolbova V.
Published: May 2021

Acarapidosis is a dangerous quarantine disease of honey bees caused by an obligate tracheal endoparasite of bees, the mite Acarapis woodi. Infestation by A. woodi leads to depletion of the hemolymph, blockage of the trachea, and, as a result, death of the bee. The high level of infestation in colonies can lead to the death of families and cause serious economic damage. Therefore, acarapidosis in Russia is classified as a quarantine invasion. In Russia, the disease was first recorded in 1926, and since then
it has been observed in a number of regions of the European part and in the Urals. By the early nineties, the disease was considered eliminated in Russia due to acaricides massively used to control another dangerous mite-borne disease, varroatosis. However, as the review of literature and reports from organizations engaging in surveillance for diseases of agricultural animals shows, there have been many new cases of acarapidosis over the past thirty years. This disease has spread over all large geographic regions of Russia, and the number of cases of acarapidosis are identified
every year. Thus, this neglected disease requires to be strictly controlled to prevent
its distribution.
PULMONARY NEMATODOSIS OF THE BAIKAL SEAL (PUSA SIBIRICA)
Authors: Suvorova  , Prokushina
Published: May 2021

Current data on the prevalence of pulmonary nematodes in Baikal seals and their effect on the host organism are not available. In October 2020, annual research expedition in order to study population, monitoring of territorial distribution and role of the Baikal seal in a closed ecosystem was undertaken. During this expedition 71 Baikal seals (Pusa sibirica) were caught and examined. The material was collected by complete helminthological dissection of individual organs, and samples were taken for histological examination. Found helminths were fixed in 70% ethanol, and cross-sections were prepared from organs and tissues. Pulmonary nematodes were recorded in 62 seals (87.3%). Parafilaroides krasheninnikovi were found in 62 seals (87.3%); large number of helminths were located on the surface and inside the lungs. Despite the high intensity and prevalence of the invasion, there were no serious pathological changes associated with P. krasheninnikovi. Otostrongylus circumlitus was found in 5 Baikal seals. Against the background of the O. circumlitus invasion in the studied Baikal seals, the development of limited granulomatous pneumonia foci was noted. However, the intensity (3.2 specimens) and prevalence (7%) of this invasion were low.
MUSCULATURE AND NEUROTRANSMITTERS IN THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF TREMATODES
Authors: Terenina  , Nefedova  , Mochalova  , Kreshchenko  , Shalaeva  , Movsesyan  , Jashin  , Kuchin
Published: May 2021

In this paper we analyzed the results of our own and published data concerning the presence of muscle elements in various parts of the digestive system in adult and larval forms of trematodes. The data on the localization of the circular and longitudinal muscle fibers in the pharynx, esophagus, and intestine of various representatives of trematodes are presented. The results of immunocytochemical studies indicate the presence the serotonergic and peptidergic (FMRFamidergic) nerve elements in the parts of the digestive system of trematodes. The available literature date is supplemented by the studies conducted on Prodistomum alaskense, a representative of the family Lepocreadiidae, an intestinal parasite of deep-sea fish (Zaprora silenus and Aptocyclus ventricosus). The localization of the serotoninergic and FMRFamidergic nervous structures was identified using immunocytochemical methods and the confocal scanning laser microscopy. For musculature staining the TRITC (tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate) – conjugated phalloidin was used. The preparations were examined using a fluorescence microscope and a confocal scanning laser microscope. The analysis of the data obtained and the information available in the literature suggests that the muscular system of the digestive tract is well developed in trematodes of various taxonomic groups. The musculature of the digestive system of trematodes is innervated by serotonergic and peptidergic (FMRFamidergic) nerve elements, which are involved in the regulation of the contractile activity of various parts of the digestive system of trematodes.
EPIZOOTOLOGICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF BLOOD-SUCKING DIPTERANS IN THE TYUMEN REGION (REVIEW)
Authors: Fiodorova
Published: May 2021

Blood-sucking dipterans are widespread in the Tyumen Region and pose a danger as vectors of many infectious and invasive diseases of humans and animals, which are widespread in many countries of the world. Geographic, ecological, and biological features of the Tyumen Region are favorable for the circulation of pathogens of vector-borne diseases. Particular importance in the spread of diseases is attached to the ability of insects to travel long distances with a flying distance of horseflies, mosquitoes and blackflies for tens of kilometers. Monitoring of the fauna and ecology features of blood-sucking dipterans in the territories is currently necessary, since at present literature data on these insects are fragmentary and are only for informational purposes. As a result of climate warming processes, phenodates are shifted, the distribution areas of specific insect vectors expand, and new types of vector competence are acquired. An increase in air temperature, an increase in the number of hatching sites, as well as changes in the nature of aquatic vegetation and a decrease in the salinity of water bodies make them more acceptable for the formation of preimaginal stages of insect development.
To date, research is relevant and requires to perform further study in preserving the well-being of territories for a number of especially dangerous diseases.
CONTAMINATION OF SOIL OF A NUMBER OF TERRITORIES OF THE SOUTH OF RUSSIA WITH PARASITIC AGENTS
Authors: Khutoryanina  , Dimidova  , Dumbadze  , Tverdokhlebova
Published: May 2021

Parasitic contamination of the soil of some territories of the south of Russia was studied for the presence of eggs and larvae of helminths and cysts of pathogenic intestinal protozoa. The soil is still a potential hazard as a risk factor in the infection of the population with geohelminths. Thus, in the Rostov region, the specific weight of the selected soil samples for the period from 2016 to 2020 was 28.2%, of which 25.5% were positive. In the Republic of Adygea, the specific weight of the selected soil samples for the same period was 59.5%, positive – 30.6%. In the KarachayCherkess Republic – 53.8%, positive – 61.9%.
The results of the conducted sanitary and parasitological studies of the soil showed that the share of positive samples in various regions of the south of Russia ranged
from 20.5% in the Rostov region to 83.3% in the territory of the Karachay-Cherkess
Republic.
Among all identified helminth eggs, for Toxocara spp. eggs. In all the studied territories, it was 2–3, and sometimes 5 times higher than the eggs of other helminth species detected in the soil. A fairly large number of Strongyloides spp. larvae were also found, mainly in the Republic of Karachay-Cherkessia. According to this, the main role in soil contamination in the south of Russia belongs to animals.
INTESTINAL MICROBIOME BY HISTOCOPROLOGICAL ANALYSIS AND ITS CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Authors: Chernysheva  , Babaeva  , Yurieva
Published: May 2021

The histocoprological method was used to study stool samples from patients with gastrointestinal diseases to determine the presence of helminths and assess the state
of the intestinal microbiome. The main complaints of patients were abdominal pain,
bloating, constipation and diarrhea. The patients were divided into two groups: those
who took antibiotics and those who did not. Evaluation of the microbial background
by histological stool preparations was carried out in total, morphologically by the
density of the location of microbial colonies and the intensity of their color. Helminthiasis was ascertained by the detection of fragments of small nematodes, larvae, their cuticles and eggs. A high percentage of depletion of the microbial background for drugs with a decrease in the number of microbial colonies was noted in the first group (65.1% of those who took antibiotics). Among children, a weakening of the microbiome was found in 42 (88% – who also took antibiotics), that is, more often.
The negative effect of antibiotics and other pathogens on the microbial background
required its correction with the appointment of sorbents and prebiotics. All examined patients were found to have helminthiases (nematodes and mixed forms). Deworming was carried out with nemazole at age-specific dosages. In 57 patients who re-passed the analysis, after complex treatment, there was a positive trend, clearly traced in feces preparations.
TRICHINELLOSIS OF THE STONE MARTEN (MARTES FOINA) IN CENTRAL RUSSIA
Authors: Andreyanov
Published: May 2021

Over the past 5 years, research has been carried out in natural biocenosis on the stone marten (Martes foina) infected with the pathogen of trichinellosis in Central Russia. Biological material for research was collected in hunting farms, reserves and "green zones" of the Central Region of Russia (the Vladimir, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Tula, Ryazan, Oryol and Bryansk regions) during the opening of amateur sports hunting for fur animals from 2017 to 2021. Diagnostics and isolation of helminth larvae from animal muscle tissue samples were performed by the compressor trichinelloscopy and digestion in artificial gastric juice. The degree of host invasion with helminth and invasion intensity were determined. A total of 35 animals were studied. As a result of studies, the infection rate of helminthozoonosis in animals was from 8.3 to 40.0%. The intensity of invasion was recorded between 2 and 39 larvae in 1 g of diaphragm muscle tissue. Trichinella invasion among martens was observed equally in both males and females. The largest percentage of the invasive form of the helminthiasis pathogen occurred in animals older than 2 years. The adverse situation of helminthozoonosis among fur animals was noted in the Ryazan region.
CERCARIAL FAUNA OF TREMATODES OF MOLLUSCS (GASTROPODA, PULMONATA) IN RESERVOIRS OF NORTH-WESTERN AND CENTRAL UZBEKISTAN
Authors: Shakarbaev  , Akramova  , Esonboev  , Azimov
Published: May 2021

Some features of the fauna of cercariae of trematodes of mollusks in reservoirs of Northwestern and Central Uzbekistan produced by gastropods Lymnaeidae Rafinesque, 1815, Planorbidae Rafinesque, 1815, Physidae Fitziger, 1833 and Thiaridae Gill, 1871 have been studied. In the reservoirs of the Amu Darya (within Uzbekistan) and Zarafshan rivers, natural infection with fluke larvae was observed in 14 species of mollusks, Lymnaea (8 species), Planorbis (1 species), Gyraulus (1 species), Anisus (2 species), Physa (1 species) and Melanoides (1 species). In total, 24 species of cercariae belonging to trematodes of 11 families Fassiolidae, Echinostomidae, Philophthalmidae, Paramphistomidae, Gastrothylacidae, Notocotylidae, Plagiorchidae, Sanguinicolidae, Strigeidae, Diplostomidae, Schistosomatidae and Bilharziellidae were found.
The cercariae identified by us, according to the nature of the search and infection (second intermediate and definitive) hosts, are divided into the following three groups: the first group cercariae encyst in the environment, their final hosts are infected by ingestion of adolescariae settled in aquatic substrates. The second group cercariae penetrate into the body (of the second intermediate hosts) of insects, fish, amphibians, etc. and turn into metacercaria. The final hosts are infected by eating the second intermediate hosts. The third is the cercariae released from the host mollusk, they attack and actively penetrate the blood vessels of the final host through its integument.
METHODOLOGICAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR ASSESSING POTATO VARIETIES FOR RESISTANCE TO STRAWBERRY NEMATODE UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS
Authors: Shesteperov  , Griboyedova  , Butenko
Published: May 2021

The tuber nematode Ditylenchus destructor is the causative agent of ditylenchiasis, or dry rot of potatoes, and causes significant damage to the crop both during the growing season and during storage. Methods for evaluating potato varieties for resistance to tuberous nematode in laboratory conditions have been developed to reduce the search term for a source or donor of nematode resistance. Methods for obtaining a suspension of a tuber nematode, methods of inoculation of tubers, a method for assessing potato varieties for susceptibility and resistance to the tuberous nematode Ditylenchus destructor are presented. Infection of tubers is carried out by introducing a suspension of nematodes into the wounds inflicted on the potato tubers. 6 methods were tested. The best infection and reproduction of nematodes occurred when nematodes were introduced into the “lattice”, “holes”, “pyramids”. Depending on the value of the average score of the lesion by ditylenchiasis and reproduction by the tuber nematode, the varieties are divided into 5 groups: highly resistant (average score 0), resistant (0.1–1), moderately resistant (1.1–3), susceptible (3.1–4), highly susceptible (4.1–5).
HELMINTHOZOONOSES OF GAME ANIMALS OF CENTRAL RUSSIA
Authors: Andreyanov  , Uspensky  , Postevoy  , Sidor  , Khrustalyov  , Panova  , Safiullin
Published: May 2021

Helminthozoonosis pose particular danger to people, and cause economic and environmental damage. The purpose of the work was to identify the current epizootic situation of helminthozoonosis of game animals in the Central Region of Russia. The material for the study was helminthological collections from game animals. Studies were carried out throughout 2019-2021. Killed animals were brought from hunting farms in the Central Region of Russia. Animal carcasses or their fragments were subjected to complete or partial helminthological examination. The found helminths were differentiated according to conventional determinants. A total of 182 carcasses of animals and birds were studied. 108 animals of 13 species belonging to Carnivora were studied by helminthological methods. One species of the Omnivorae was studied: the wild boar. Among ruminants (Ruminantia), 35 artiodactyls were studied. Helminth fauna of rodents (Rodentia) was studied in 33 animals of 5 species. Two species of birds (Aves) were studied. We identified about 14 types of helminthozoonosis, of which pathogens of trichinellosis, dirofilariasis, toxocariasis and alveococcosis are particularly dangerous. The main hosts and reservoirs of zoonosis are carnivores.
TOXICOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A VETERINARY ANTI-PARASITIC PREPARATION WITH A PROLONGED ACTION IN THE FORM OF A SOLUTION FOR INTERNAL ADMISSION
Authors: Arisova
Published: May 2021

This article presents the results of studies of the toxicological characteristics of a longacting veterinary medicinal product "Neoterica Protecto Syrup" based on moxidectin in the form of an oral solution. Acute oral toxicity was studied in white mice and white rats. As a result, the LD50 of the drug was 4300 mg/kg for male and female mice, 3500 mg/kg for male rats, and 5700 mg/kg for female rats, and on the basis of which it was established that the drug belongs to the 3rd hazard class (moderately hazardous substances) according to GOST 12.1.007-76. Acute cutaneous toxicity was investigated and the irritant effect of the drug on white rats was assessed, for the drug the 4th hazard class (low-hazard substances) was established according to GOST 12.1.007-76. The subchronic toxicity of doses of 1/10, 1/20 and 1/50 of the LD50 of the drug, established in an acute experiment, with daily use for 5 days was studied in white rats. As a result, it was found that doses of 350, 175 and 70 mg/kg with daily use in white outbred rats for 5 days are inoperative.
EFFICIENCY OF THE PREPARATION OF THE PROLONGED ACTION ON THE BASIS OF MOXIDECTIN "NEOTERICA PROTECTO SYRUP" IN ECTOAND ENDOPARASITOSIS OF CARNIVORE ANIMALS
Authors: Arisova
Published: May 2021

This article presents the results of studies of the therapeutic and prophylactic efficacy of the drug "Neoterica Protecto Syrup" for arachnoentomoses and nematodes of domestic carnivores. The drug contains the active ingredient moxidectin, which provides a wide range of antiparasitic action of the drug against ecto- and endoparasites. The studies were conducted from April to August 2020 in veterinary clinics in Moscow and the Moscow region on dogs and cats free from parasites and naturally infested with fleas, lice, ixodid and scabies mites, intestinal nematodes and dirofilaria larvae. The animals were administered the drug once orally individually at a therapeutic dose at the rate of 1.5 mg moxidectin per 1 kg of animal weight. The diagnosis and efficacy of the diseases were confirmed by clinical (examination of the skin and hair for the presence of ectoparasites) and laboratory (Priselkova's method for detecting acariform mites in scrapings, the "thick crushed drop method" for detecting dirofilariae, Fülleborn's method for detecting nematode eggs) studies have confirmed the therapeutic efficacy the drug, the antiparasitic activity persisted for 90 days after application, which confirms the preventive effectiveness of the drug.
CALLIPHORIDAE (REVIEW)
Authors: Barashkova  , Budishcheva
Published: May 2021

The Calliphoridae family attracts many researchers in the phylogeny of myiasis in this family. Nevertheless, even after more than 50 years of research of the phylogenetic relationships among Calliphoridae subfamilies, the origin of myiasis remains unclear. By studying the peculiarities of the ecology of blue-green meat flies, and their adaptation to various habitats, it was found that the transition to facultative parasitism at the larval stage could occur in several ways, and was accompanied by the formation of viviparity. The larval parasitism of Calliphoridae on birds developed as a tendency of evolution. Larvae of the genus Protocalliphora, began feeding on blood of birds, and larvae of the species of the genus Trypocalliphora feed on the host tissues causing myiasis and the death of chicks. In order to elucidate the problem, we constructed three phylogenetic trees using nucleotide sequence data from cytochrome oxidase subunit one gene (COI), representing a mitochondrial conservative gene, and nuclear 28S subunit of ribosomal RNA gene (28S rRNA) in order to interpret the evolutionary profile of myiasis in the family Calliphoridae. Comparative analysis of the phylogenetic trees shows that the habit of obligatory myiasis originated independently more than five times among different calliphorid taxa in the course of evolutionary history. The inclusion of other myiasis-causing families (Oestridae, Gastrophilidae, and Sarcophagidae) along with fundamental life-history studies that deal with biology, physiology, feeding behavior and host specificity in addition to phylogenetic analysis could provide a more accurate answer to the origin of myiasis
A IMPORTÂNCIA DA HISTÓRIA LOCAL NO ENSINO FUNDAMENTAL 2 EM ESCOLAS DE TUCURUÍ - PA
Authors: Farias Gaia Everton Carlos
Published: May 2021

A História local possibilita a compreensão do entorno do aluno, identificando passado e presente nos vários espaços de convivência. Essa temática permite que o professor parta das histórias individuais e dos grupos, inserindo o aluno em contextos mais amplos. Nesse sentido, a proposta visa discutir e analisar a relevância de se abordar a história local nas escolas de Ensino Fundamental 2 (6º ao 9º ano), destacando para os estudantes a importância de conhecer as particularidades da sua região e da sua comunidade, que falam, de certo modo, da sua história e dos seus antepassados A partir dos conceitos, a pesquisa versará sobre a importância da importância da história local e sua aplicabilidade no ensino, visando a melhoria da prática docente nas escolas de Ensino Fundamental 2 (6º ao 9º ano), destacando a importância de se conhecer as particularidades da região e da comunidade em que se vive, falando-se da sua história e dos seus antepassados, para que se possa aprimorar as informações obtidas em bancos de dados locais e nacionais para demonstrar peculiaridade, dando possibilidades a realizações de pesquisas que trazem subsidio de intervenção nas práticas de ensino dos profissionais da licenciatura em história.