bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In situ tuning of gold nanorod plasmon through oxidative cyanide etching
Authors: Carattino Aquiles , Khatua Saumyakanti , Orrit Michel
Published: May 2016

Single gold nanorods exhibit great opportunities for bio-sensing, enhanced spectroscopies and photothermal therapy. We show how to red-shift the plasmon resonance of single nanorods controllably.
Ultra-thick graphene bulk supercapacitor electrodes for compact energy storage
Authors: Li Huan , Tao Ying , Zheng Xiaoyu , Luo Jiayan , Kang Feiyu , Cheng Hui-Ming , Yang Quan-Hong
Published: May 2016

A supercapacitor constructed using ultra-thick graphene pellet electrodes in an ionic liquid electrolyte exhibits an ultrahigh volumetric energy density.
Cellular thermal shift and clickable chemical probe assays for the determination of drug-target engagement in live cells
Authors: Xu Hua , Gopalsamy Ariamala , Hett Erik C. , Salter Shores , Aulabaugh Ann , Kyne Robert E. , Pierce Betsy , Jones Lyn H.
Published: May 2016

Proof of drug-target engagement in physiologically-relevant contexts is a key pillar of successful therapeutic target validation.
Ru(bpy)2(phen-5-NH2)2+doped ultrabright and photostable fluorescent silica nanoparticles
Authors: Lu Dongdong , Gai Fangyuan , Qiao Zhen-An , Wang Xue , Wang Tao , Liu Yunling , Huo Qisheng
Published: May 2016

Ru(bpy)2(phen-5-NH2)2+doped silica nanoparticles with high fluorescence brightness and controllable size are synthesizedviareverse microemulsion method by introducing ethanol to reaction system.
Preparation and characterization of stereocomplex aggregates based on PLA–P188–PLA
Authors: Zhang Weiwei , Zhang Delong , Fan Xiaoshan , Bai Guangyue , Jiang Yuqin , Hu Zhiguo
Published: May 2016

Novel dumbbell-shaped amphiphilic copolymers based on P188 and PLA were synthesized by click chemistry and ring opening polymerization. The self-assembly behavior of the stereocomplexes and the DOX release profile from the aggregates were studied.
Novel photo-curable polyurethane resin for stereolithography
Authors: Sinh Le Hoang , Harri Korhonen , Marjo Liikanen , Minna Malin , Luong Nguyen Dang , Jürgen Weisser , Torsten Walter , Matthias Schnabelrauch , Jukka Seppälä
Published: May 2016

A novel photo-curable polyurethane resin for stereolithography has been demonstrated herein.
Highly reproducible perovskite solar cells with excellent CH3NH3PbI3−xClx film morphology fabricated via high precursor concentration
Authors: Liu Dong , Liu Cai , Wu Lili , Li Wei , Chen Fang , Xiao Bangqing , Zhang Jingquan , Feng Lianghuan
Published: May 2016

A novel method was proposed to achieve excellent CH3NH3PbI3−xClx films based on a high concentration spinning process, which offered an effective strategy for highly reproducible perovskite solar cells with excellent morphology.
Sacrificial template formation of CoMoO4 hollow nanostructures constructed by ultrathin nanosheets for robust lithium storage
Authors: Wang Yansen , Sun Yanfang , Zhang Xiao , Wen Yong-hong , Guo Jinxue
Published: May 2016

CoMoO4 hollow nanostructures assembled by nanosheet subunits, which can deliver kinetically stable lithium storage due to their structural advantages, were prepared via a facile solvothermal method using SiO2 nanospheres as a sacrificial template.
N-Doped biochar derived from co-hydrothermal carbonization of rice husk and Chlorella pyrenoidosa for enhancing copper ion adsorption
Authors: Gai Chao , Guo Yanchuan , Peng Nana , Liu Tingting , Liu Zhengang
Published: May 2016

Biochar derived from rice husk was modified by microalgae Chlorella pyrenoidosa as a natural nitrogen-rich precursor in a hydrothermal environment for copper ion (Cu(ii)) adsorption.
Application of magnesium hydroxide nanocoatings on cellulose fibers with different refining degrees
Authors: Sierra-Fernandez A. , Gomez-Villalba L. S. , Rabanal M. E. , Fort R. , Csóka L.
Published: May 2016

Paper aging and protection are of crucial interest for improving the preservations of library collections and archives.
Three-dimensional flexible electrode derived from low-cost nickel–phytate with improved electrochemical performance
Authors: Li Panpan , Jin Zhaoyu , Wang Rui , Jin Yong , Xiao Dan
Published: May 2016

A three-dimensional flexible electrode derived from nickel–phytate nanoplates was fabricatedviaa green approach, and showed outstanding performance in both water oxidation and supercapacitance.
The determination of cystatin C in serum based on label-free and near-infrared light emitted PbS@BSA QDs
Authors: Tao Jia , Zhao Peng , Zeng Qiang
Published: May 2016

(A) The synthesis of PbS@BSA QDs. (B) The detection mechanism of cystatin C based on protease digestion to BSA and its specific inhibition effect.
Broadband PLC‐channel equalisation in the frequency domain based on complementary sequences
Authors: Moya Sergio , Hadad Matias , Funes Marcos , Donato Patricio , Carrica Daniel
Published: May 2016

Multipath channels, like power lines, have a periodic time‐variant response that impacts on data transmission. Power Line Communications (PLC) performance, in the context of a cyclic‐prefix single carrier modulation scheme, can benefit from frequency domain equalisation techniques. This study proposes a frequency‐domain dynamic characterisation and equalisation algorithm based on the properties of complementary sequences (CSs). This proposal takes advantage of CS properties to reduce the complexity of the algorithm by performing all the operations in the frequency domain, and without the necessity of noise/variance estimators. The proposal is compared to some well‐known methods like zero forcing and minimum mean‐square error (MMSE) through the transmission of data under different PLC channels. Bit error rate (BER) is also measured using Middleton Class A impulse noise (IN) model and the performance of all methods is finally evaluated under a time‐variant PLC channel model showing the importance of dynamic equalisation on PLC systems. Reported computational resources and simulations show that the proposal is four time faster than MMSE and improves the BER performance by up to 4 dB. In addition, the proposed identification algorithms shows to work properly even in PLC channels with attenuations higher than 40 dB and severe IN scenarios.
Stability study of OMP encapsulated PLA‐PLGA microparticles in simulated body fluid: a DLS perspective
Authors: Kumari Manisha , Nayak Debasis , Ashe Sarbani , Thathapudi Neethi Chandra , Nayak Bismita
Published: May 2016

In the present investigation outer membrane protein (OMP) from Vibrio cholerae were encapsulated successfully with poly‐lactic acid (PLA) and poly‐lactic glycolic acid (PLGA) microparticles by the double emulsion preparation technique. The prepared OMP‐PLA and OMP‐PLGA microparticles were characterised by scanning electron microscopy for observing their morphology and dynamic light scattering for their size, charge and poly dispersity index. The microparticles were further characterised by Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy for observing the interaction of OMP antigens within the PLA and PLGA polymer matrix. The primary motive of the study was to observe the stability of the prepared microparticles when they are subjected to various pH ranges of 1.2, 6.8 and 7.2 with simulated body fluids for 30 days of incubation at body temperature. Both OMP‐PLA and OMP‐PLGA microparticles showed greater stability with pH 1.2 and 7.2 in the size and charge parameter scale with very marginal change in size and surface zeta potential. In the desired pH 6.8, the microparticles were degraded gradually up to the nanometre scale without affecting their surface zeta potential values. Thus, this present method can be a simple and cost‐effective approach for observing the stability measurement of pharmaceutical drugs.
Multiscale functions, scale dynamics, and applications to partial differential equations
Authors: Cresson Jacky , Pierret Frédéric
Published: May 2016

Modeling phenomena from experimental data always begins with a choice of hypothesis on the observed dynamics such as determinism, randomness, and differentiability. Depending on these choices, different behaviors can be observed. The natural question associated to the modeling problem is the following: “With a finite set of data concerning a phenomenon, can we recover its underlying nature? From this problem, we introduce in this paper the definition of multi-scale functions, scale calculus, and scale dynamics based on the time scale calculus [see Bohner, M. and Peterson, A., Dynamic Equations on Time Scales: An Introduction with Applications (Springer Science & Business Media, 2001)] which is used to introduce the notion of scale equations. These definitions will be illustrated on the multi-scale Okamoto’s functions. Scale equations are analysed using scale regimes and the notion of asymptotic model for a scale equation under a particular scale regime. The introduced formalism explains why a single scale equation can produce distinct continuous models even if the equation is scale invariant. Typical examples of such equations are given by the scale Euler-Lagrange equation. We illustrate our results using the scale Newton’s equation which gives rise to a non-linear diffusion equation or a non-linear Schrödinger equation as asymptotic continuous models depending on the particular fractional scale regime which is considered.
Lawrence Ernest Lyons 1922–2010
Authors: White John W.
Published: May 2016

Lawrie Lyons was a person of vision with a will to initiate and follow-through. This characteristic was evident in his scientific agenda, in his academic and Christian actions and in the care that he had for his family. These strands are inextricably woven in the texture of his life, some of which I have known since I met him as tutor before entering Sydney University in 1954—but afterwards as his research student and as a friend and collaborator. It is from these perspectives that I write this biographical memoir.
Shirley Winifred Jeffrey 1930–2014
Authors: Wright Simon W. , Hallegraeff Gustaaf M. , Mantoura R. Fauzi C.
Published: May 2016

Australian scientist Shirley Jeffrey was a pioneer in oceanographic research, identifying the thentheoretical chlorophyll c, and was a worldwide leader in the application of pigment methods in quantifying phytoplankton as the foundation of the oceanic food supply. Her research paved the way for the successful application of microalgae in aquaculture around the world. Jeffrey earned bachelor's and master's degrees at University of Sydney, majoring in microbiology and biochemistry, followed by a PhD from the King's College London Hospital Medical School. Returning to Sydney, she was hired by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) to research chlorophyll c. Following this successful effort, she became a research fellow at the University of California, Berkeley from 1962 to 1964. She then became affiliated with the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research. After a 1973 sabbatical at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in San Diego, she returned to CSIRO, where she spent the rest of her career.
A nonsense mutation in the DNA repair factor Hebo causes mild bone marrow failure and microcephaly
Authors: Zhang Shu , Pondarre Corinne , Pennarun Gaelle , Labussiere-Wallet Helene , Vera Gabriella , France Benoit , Chansel Marie , Rouvet Isabelle , Revy Patrick , Lopez Bernard , Soulier Jean , Bertrand Pascale , Callebaut Isabelle , de Villartay Jean-Pierre
Published: May 2016

Inherited bone marrow failure syndromes are human conditions in which one or several cell lineages of the hemopoietic system are affected. They are present at birth or may develop progressively. They are sometimes accompanied by other developmental anomalies. Three main molecular causes have been recognized to result in bone marrow failure syndromes: (1) defects in the Fanconi anemia (FA)/BRCA DNA repair pathway, (2) defects in telomere maintenance, and (3) abnormal ribosome biogenesis. We analyzed a patient with mild bone marrow failure and microcephaly who did not present with the typical FA phenotype. Cells from this patient showed increased sensitivity to ionizing radiations and phleomycin, attesting to a probable DNA double strand break (dsb) repair defect. Linkage analysis and whole exome sequencing revealed a homozygous nonsense mutation in the ERCC6L2 gene. We identified a new ERCC6L2 alternative transcript encoding the DNA repair factor Hebo, which is critical for complementation of the patient’s DNAdsb repair defect. Sequence analysis revealed three structured regions within Hebo: a TUDOR domain, an adenosine triphosphatase domain, and a new domain, HEBO, specifically present in Hebo direct orthologues. Hebo is ubiquitously expressed, localized in the nucleus, and rapidly recruited to DNAdsb’s in an NBS1-dependent manner.
Bridging channel dendritic cells induce immunity to transfused red blood cells
Authors: Calabro Samuele , Gallman Antonia , Gowthaman Uthaman , Liu Dong , Chen Pei , Liu Jingchun , Krishnaswamy Jayendra Kumar , Nascimento Manuela Sales L. , Xu Lan , Patel Seema R. , Williams Adam , Tormey Christopher A. , Hod Eldad A. , Spitalnik Steven L. , Zimring James C. , Hendrickson Jeanne E. , Stowell Sean R. , Eisenbarth Stephanie C.
Published: May 2016

Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion is a life-saving therapeutic tool. However, a major complication in transfusion recipients is the generation of antibodies against non-ABO alloantigens on donor RBCs, potentially resulting in hemolysis and renal failure. Long-lived antibody responses typically require CD4+ T cell help and, in murine transfusion models, alloimmunization requires a spleen. Yet, it is not known how RBC-derived antigens are presented to naive T cells in the spleen. We sought to answer whether splenic dendritic cells (DCs) were essential for T cell priming to RBC alloantigens. Transient deletion of conventional DCs at the time of transfusion or splenic DC preactivation before RBC transfusion abrogated T and B cell responses to allogeneic RBCs, even though transfused RBCs persisted in the circulation for weeks. Although all splenic DCs phagocytosed RBCs and activated RBC-specific CD4+ T cells in vitro, only bridging channel 33D1+ DCs were required for alloimmunization in vivo. In contrast, deletion of XCR1+CD8+ DCs did not alter the immune response to RBCs. Our work suggests that blocking the function of one DC subset during a narrow window of time during RBC transfusion could potentially prevent the detrimental immune response that occurs in patients who require lifelong RBC transfusion support.
General Introduction
Authors: Bronstein David
Published: May 2016

The Introduction first outlines the structure of the Posterior Analytics, which, this book argues, is elegantly organized around discussions of three types of learning: by demonstration, by definition, and by induction. It then provides an overview of the book by highlighting three central topics: Meno’s Paradox, the order of inquiry, and nous. It briefly discusses Meno’s Paradox, a puzzle from Plato’s Meno according to which inquiry and learning are impossible. It then outlines the Socratic Picture of the order of inquiry, to which (this book argues) Aristotle is committed. According to the Socratic Picture, one should seek what a thing’s essence is before seeking its demonstrable attributes and their causes. The Introduction ends with a discussion of what nous (a form of scientific knowledge) is and how it is acquired.
Learning by Demonstration
Authors: Bronstein David
Published: May 2016

This chapter argues, against a widely accepted view defended by Jonathan Barnes, that, for Aristotle, expert scientists can learn (i.e., acquire new scientific knowledge) by means of demonstration (a special sort of syllogism in which the premises state the causal explanation of the fact stated in the conclusion). The chapter surveys the textual evidence in support of the claim that experts learn by means of demonstration. It then examines Aristotle’s accounts in Posterior Analytics 1.2 of scientific knowledge (epistēmē), demonstration, and their connection. The chapter concludes by distinguishing between two types of learning by demonstration and explaining what each consists in.
Learning by Definition: Introduction
Authors: Bronstein David
Published: May 2016

This chapter introduces the second of the three types of learning Aristotle discusses in the Posterior Analytics: learning by definition. This is the learning by which one acquires knowledge of the first principles (especially definitions) in a science. A definition, Aristotle says, is a statement of the essence of a thing. Aristotle’s different terms for definition (horismos, horos) and essence (ti esti, to ti ēn einai, ousia, to einai for x) are noted, and the different methods (demonstration, division, and induction) by which one learns by definition are discussed. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the differences between learning by definition and learning by demonstration.
Covalent Compounds
Authors: Ladd Mark
Published: May 2016

Chapter 2 introduces the Planck quantum theory and the Schrödinger equation. Radial and angular functions are derived and atomic orbitals discussed. Molecular structure is discussed in terms of the valence-bond and molecular-orbital theories. Symmetry adapted linear combinations (SALCs) and Hückel molecular orbital (HMO) theory are introduced and applied to molecular structures. Apparently abnormal valence and three-centre bonds are treated by molecular orbital theory. The structural and physical properties of solids are presented. Specific sections deal with black-body radiation, heat capacity, wave–particle duality, atomic spectra and Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.
Ionic Compounds
Authors: Ladd Mark
Published: May 2016

The energetics of ionic compounds is studied in terms of both a Born–Haber cycle and an electrostatic model. The individual terms of the Born–Haber cycle and their measurement are discussed in detail. The Madelung constant is presented, together with a note on series convergence. Applications of cohesive energies are discussed. Crystal chemistry is introduced through Bragg’s early x-ray measurements on the alkali halides. Ionic solids of the types MX and MX2 and the effect of polarization on them are discussed. Solubility relationships of ionic solids are discussed in terms of energetics. A section is devoted to defect structures, and the physical and structural properties of ionic solids are presented.
Computer-Aided Chemistry
Authors: Ladd Mark
Published: May 2016

This chapter introduces the various programs that have been devised to accompany the text, using both Python and Fortran programs, some of which are interactive. The topics that are programmed and discussed include inter alia graphing, contouring, HMO calculations, Madelung constants, linear least squares, matrix operations, radial and angular wavefunctions, quadrature and roots of polynomials. In many cases, example data sets are provided in order to ensure correct working of the programs.
Growth, Poverty Reduction, and Inequality in Rwanda
Authors: McKay Andy , Verpoorten Marijke
Published: May 2016

Rwanda has had an impressive record of consistent and sustained economic growth from the late 1990s to the present. This chapter draws on three different sources of data to consider how different dimensions of living conditions evolved over this period, seeking to compare them with the situation before 1994. Evidence from demographic and health surveys and living conditions surveys shows impressive progress in outcomes of living conditions, accelerating in recent years. Many factors are likely to have contributed to this, but the insufficient availability of impact assessments makes it difficult to know to what extent these improved outcomes can be attributed to the many important policy changes this period has seen. The results are largely confirmed by a small panel dataset, which also provides information on mobility. The same dataset though also shows that respondents’ sense of happiness is more determined by relative rather than absolute progress.
Growth and Poverty Reduction in Tanzania
Authors: Arndt Channing , Demery Lionel , McKay Andy , Tarp Finn
Published: May 2016

After many years of relatively slow growth, Tanzania’s national accounts data report accelerated aggregate growth since around 2000. The chapter shows that there has been slower growth in private consumption and in sectors such as agriculture, where most of the poor work and live. The household survey data documents a limited reduction in consumption poverty over the period, and what poverty reduction there has been has mostly occurred in Dar es Salaam. Indicators of non-monetary poverty have gradually improved over the past twenty years but significant differences across the country remain. The economic growth story is presented over a longer period of time and then in more detail over the period covered by four Household Budget Surveys. A discussion of the macroeconomic composition of growth considers the likely implications for progress in poverty reduction.
The Fall of the Elephant
Authors: Cogneau Denis , Houngbedji Kenneth , Mesplé-Somps Sandrine
Published: May 2016

At the end of the 1980s, Côte d’Ivoire entered a deep macroeconomic crisis that put an end to the often-praised ‘Ivorian miracle’. After the death of the founding father Houphouët-Boigny, unrestrained political competition added to bad economic conditions and led to the nightmare of civil war. Drawing from a series of five household surveys covering two decades, 1988–2008, the authors tell the story of a descent into hell from the standpoint of poverty and living standards. In 2008, after five years of civil war and another episode yet to come, 2010–11, the extreme US$1.25 poverty headcount had reached a historical record, with northern areas deeply impoverished by the partition of the country.
Towards a Happy Revolution
Authors: Pearson Roger
Published: May 2016

This chapter begins with the view commonly held in mid-eighteenth-century France that poetry in verse had become outmoded. By contrast, the idea of the prose-writer as lawgiver was rapidly gaining ground, especially in the theatre. Despite Rousseau’s opposition Diderot’s advocacy of so-called bourgeois drama as an instrument of public education was increasingly supported, most famously by Beaumarchais and most energetically by Louis-Sébastien Mercier. Not only did Mercier take up Diderot’s idea that dramatists might work in tandem with the courts to promote reform and observance of the law, he argued that all writers could become the new ‘magistrates’ and work towards a ‘happy Revolution’. Following renewed interest in the poet-lawgivers of ancient Greece (Condillac, Rousseau, Marmontel) and a growing taste for the ‘primitive’ (Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, Parny), poetry in verse began to regain respect and popularity, especially in the new genre of ‘poésie descriptive’ (Saint-Lambert, Delille, Roucher).
Literature and Progress
Authors: Pearson Roger
Published: May 2016

This chapter analyses De la littérature, Staël’s pioneering study of the relations between literature and society. For Staël in 1800 ‘literature’ still includes historical and philosophical writing, as well as works of the imagination, and she proposes a progressive agenda for the writer as lawgiver and proponent of enthusiasm. The chapter examines how she affirms the possibility of intellectual and moral progress and argues for an accompanying change in literary practice. New circumstances make new readers, and new readers require new writing. Suspicious of verse, which she considers too reliant on fantasy and the supernatural, Staël favours prose as the better medium for innovative rational thought and the fostering of enthusiasm. Through ‘alternative’ lawgiving such literature can create a community of readers ready to oppose the status quo. But already, in her discussion of melancholy, she begins to perceive poetry of the imagination as a powerful stimulus to spiritual aspiration.
The Lawgiver as Poet
Authors: Pearson Roger
Published: May 2016

This chapter discusses De l’Allemagne with particular emphasis on Staël’s turn to poetry, adumbrated in De la littérature, illustrated in Corinne and here expounded in theoretical terms. At one level De l’Allemagne echoes the call made in De la littérature for French literature to open itself up to new models and new ways of writing. At another, and manifesting Staël’s new familiarity with Germany and its culture, it also counters Enlightenment materialist philosophy with a conception of enthusiasm now derived from German idealism and particularly Kant. Staël combines deism and idealism in her view of poetry as the medium of a new and essentially secular spirituality. God is ‘within us’, in our human nature, itself in harmony with the natural world. Poetry can offer a post-Christian—and in fact post-Romantic—conduit for a non-denominational and non-transcendental religious feeling of connectedness within our terrestrial environment.
The Poet as Politician
Authors: Pearson Roger
Published: May 2016

This chapter describes how in 1830 Lamartine embarked on a political career. Moving to the republican Left, he sees himself in his pamphlet Sur la politique rationnelle (1831) as the column of fire leading the misguided Moses of the Restoration towards a promised land of parliamentary democracy. In Voyage en Orient (1835) he is the ‘Christopher Columbus of Liberty’, driven by a strong sense of his own ‘election’ as lawgiver and offering a programme of social reform he calls ‘Christian rationalism’. In Des destinées de la poésie (1834) he aligns this programme with poetry itself and now considers the poet to be the voice of humanity rather than God. Accordingly, in the mid-to-late 1830s, he aspires to be the new Homer, composing verse epics—Jocelyn (1836), La Chute d’un ange (1838)—that promote the prospect of redemption through love and replace the poet as prophet with a poet at prayer.
The Poet at Prayer
Authors: Pearson Roger
Published: May 2016

Following his withdrawal from political life in 1848 Lamartine reflected on his earlier career as a poet, both in notes written to be included in his complete works and in his privately published monthly periodical, the Cours familier de littérature (1856–69). This chapter discusses how in these reflections, as in some earlier works, Lamartine articulates a conception of the poet’s function as a form of prayer: of prayer as a language apart, an activity in which semantic content is subsidiary to the act of utterance itself. Where once he had presented the poet as the new David, the chosen instrument of a divine truth, he now rejects this model altogether and sees the true function of poetry as residing in the expression of human uncertainty, in a prayer-like murmur serving to intimate an unknowable and unsayable mystery from within the context of our lacunary human grasp on knowledge.
Olympio
Authors: Pearson Roger
Published: May 2016

This chapter considers Hugo’s three verse collections Les Chants du crépuscule (1835), Les Voix intérieures (1837), and Les Rayons et les Ombres (1840). It discusses his continuing ambivalence about the poet’s role and how he seeks to resolve the tension between the private and the public functions of poetry in the figure of Olympio: the poet as a living being of flesh and blood to whom is granted a godlike, Olympian perspective on human experience. This figure had already appeared in the first preface to the Odes and with increasing frequency in Hugo’s first three collections, but it now comes to the fore, temporarily under the name of Olympio: the poet as the intimate self writ large and offering moral leadership on the basis of superior philosophical insight into the inner workings of the universe; the poet as author of ‘Le Poème de l’Homme’, the poet as God.
The Poet as Lawgiver and Visionary
Authors: Pearson Roger
Published: May 2016

This chapter examines the role of the poet as lawgiver in Châtiments (1853) and Les Contemplations (1856). In Châtiments the poet figures as public arbiter, condemning Louis-Napoléon’s usurpation of power and championing justice and the values of the Revolution. By his title he advocates opprobrium rather than assassination as the appropriate response to the 1851 coup d’état; and he seeks his moral victory through satirical verse and by making his opposition to ‘Napoléon-le-petit’ emblematic of an eternal epic struggle between Good and Evil. In Les Contemplations the poet similarly transforms the events of his own life into supporting evidence for a cosmic vision. Here he plays many different roles, especially those of seer and ghost (with a theory of metempsychosis and universal redemption) and, again, that of God: a Creator in language who, through poetic structure and imagery, mimics—or creates?—a cosmic unity of design
The Poet as Genius and Promontory
Authors: Pearson Roger
Published: May 2016

This chapter follows Hugo’s reflections on the poetic function through a number of later verse and prose works. Drawing on discussion at the end of Chapter 18 of whether the poet more closely resembles Moses or Orpheus (does the visionary receive or invent what he writes?), the chapter traces Hugo’s insistently speculative observations on the poet’s role as lawgiver. Beginning with his presentation of the poet as magus in Les Contemplations, the chapter goes on to consider his accounts of the poet as genius and educator, as ‘civilizer’ (William Shakespeare), as cosmic historian (La Fin de Satan, Dieu, La Légende des siècles, L’Année terrible), and finally as promontory (William Shakespeare, ‘Promontorium somnii’, ‘Les Choses de l’infini’)—that is, the poet as secular spirit venturing out into the unknown in pursuit of the unthought and the unsaid, the poet following his own mysterious law: ‘aller au delà’.
A Purpose for Sadness
Authors: Pearson Roger
Published: May 2016

This chapter examines Vigny’s first collection of poems, tracing its evolution through several editions and discussing its illustration of a tripartite history of poetry that extends from the poetry of ancient Greece, through biblical poetry of the kind championed by Chateaubriand and the early Lamartine, to a poetry expressive of the modern world. Where Lamartine had revived the elegy and Hugo the ode, Vigny’s preference was for the ‘poème’, a form of narrative verse in which compassionate accounts of human suffering support the poet-lawgiver’s overt agenda of stoical acceptance and human self-sufficiency. For Vigny’s poet there is no God, no transcendent realm, just a world of literal fact to be interpreted by human reason for the moral guidance of others. Poetry as a form of pity thus lends a purpose to sadness.
Words of Honour
Authors: Pearson Roger
Published: May 2016

Following discussion of Vigny’s comparison of the poet and the soldier in Servitude et grandeur militaires (1835), with particular regard to the concept of honour, this chapter examines Les Destinées, published posthumously. Vigny envisaged these poems as ‘words of honour’ derived from a lifetime’s experience and gifted to future generations by the poet-lawgiver as a precious legacy. The chapter considers the structure of the collection and its presentation of three different conceptions of destiny and its laws. It shows how particular images (the diamond, crystal, and pearl, the bottle and logbook) testify to Vigny’s new emphasis on poetic form as a vehicle for thought: clarity, durability, and memorability matter if knowledge is to be distilled and bequeathed as the elixir of poetry. The chapter ends by analysing Vigny’s contrasting use of terza rima and the seven-line stanza in the light of his comparison of the poet to a stonemason.
14 July 1889
Authors: Pearson Roger
Published: May 2016

This final chapter provides a snapshot of thinking about poetry on the first centenary of the Revolution and illustrates the continuing importance of the figure of the poet-lawgiver. Beginning with Mallarmé’s reflections on 14 July 1889 as he observed the crowd’s centennial celebrations and interpreted them as an appeal to poets for spiritual aid, the chapter then offers a detailed analysis of Charles Morice’s La Littérature de tout à l’heure (1889), acclaimed as a blueprint for emergent Symbolist poetry. But where Morice, ostensibly a ‘disciple’ of Mallarmé, is in reality seeking a Christian revival and harks back to earlier models of the poet as lawgiver, Mallarmé, notably in his Oxford and Cambridge lecture on La Musique et les Lettres (1894) and in his Variations sur un sujet (1895), argues for a new conception of the poet’s lawgiving as a form of secular ministry, at once political and religious in function.
Teaming Routines in Complex Innovation Projects
Authors: Edmondson Amy C. , Zuzul Tiona
Published: May 2016

Innovation projects thrive when they bring together individuals with diverse expertise. But, to succeed, such projects must support effective teaming: coordination and collaboration between experts working together in shifting, fluid ways across physical, status, or knowledge boundaries. In this chapter, the authors develop the idea of teaming routines: routines that enable coordination and collaboration between experts across multiple boundaries. The chapter draws on longitudinal data from Lake Nona, a novel mega-project in the built environment, to explore how leaders enabled the development of teaming routines that supported innovation. By theorizing the processes through which leaders can build teaming routines into complex, large-scale innovation projects, the authors add to the existing literature, which has largely focused on routines in the context of a single organization or an alliance between two organizations.
Contribution of Genetic Background and Clinical Risk Factors to Low-Trauma Fractures in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Positive Persons: The Swiss HIV Cohort Study
Authors: Junier Thomas , Rotger Margalida , Biver Emmanuel , Ledergerber Bruno , Barceló Catalina , Bartha Istvan , Kovari Helen , Schmid Patrick , Fux Christoph , Bernasconi Enos , Brun del Re Claudia , Weber Rainer , Fellay Jacques , Tarr Philip E. ,   The Swiss HIV Cohort Study, Aubert V , Battegay M , Bernasconi E , Böni J , Braun DL , Bucher HC , Burton-Jeangros C , Calmy A , Cavassini M , Dollenmaier G , Egger M , Elzi L , Fehr J , Fellay J , Furrer H , Fux CA , Gorgievski M , Günthard H , Haerry D , Hasse B , Hirsch HH , Hoffmann M , Hösli I , Kahlert C , Kaiser L , Keiser O , Klimkait T , Kouyos R , Kovari H , Ledergerber B , Martinetti G , Martinez de Tejada B , Marzolini C , Metzner K , Müller N , Nadal D , Nicca D , Pantaleo G , Rauch A , Regenass S , Rudin C , Schmid P , Speck R , Stöckle M , Tarr P , Trkola A , Vernazza P , Weber R , Yerly S
Published: May 2016

Background.  The impact of human genetic background on low-trauma fracture (LTF) risk has not been evaluated in the context of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and clinical LTF risk factors.

Methods.  In the general population, 6 common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associate with LTF through genome-wide association study. Using genome-wide SNP arrays and imputation, we genotyped these SNPs in HIV-positive, white Swiss HIV Cohort Study participants. We included 103 individuals with a first, physician-validated LTF and 206 controls matched on gender, whose duration of observation and whose antiretroviral therapy start dates were similar using incidence density sampling. Analyses of nongenetic LTF risk factors were based on 158 cases and 788 controls.

Results.  A genetic risk score built from the 6 LTF-associated SNPs did not associate with LTF risk, in both models including and not including parental hip fracture history. The contribution of clinical LTF risk factors was limited in our dataset.

Conclusions.  Genetic LTF markers with a modest effect size in the general population do not improve fracture prediction in persons with HIV, in whom clinical LTF risk factors are prevalent in both cases and controls.
Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity to Hemagglutinin of Influenza A Viruses After Influenza Vaccination in Humans
Authors: Zhong Weimin , Liu Feng , Wilson Jason R. , Holiday Crystal , Li Zhu-Nan , Bai Yaohui , Tzeng Wen-Pin , Stevens James , York Ian A. , Levine Min Z.
Published: May 2016

Background.  Detection of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) to influenza A virus hemagglutinin (HA) antigens by conventional serological assays is currently the main immune correlate of protection for influenza vaccines However, current prepandemic avian influenza vaccines are poorly immunogenic in inducing nAbs despite considerable protection conferred. Recent studies show that Ab-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) to HA antigens are readily detectable in the sera of healthy individuals and patients with influenza infection.

Methods.  Virus neutralization and ADCC activities of serum samples from individuals who received either seasonal or a stock-piled H5N1 avian influenza vaccine were evaluated by hemagglutination inhibition assay, microneutralization assay, and an improved ADCC natural killer (NK) cell activation assay.

Results.  Immunization with inactivated seasonal influenza vaccine led to strong expansion of both nAbs and ADCC-mediating antibodies (adccAbs) to H3 antigen of the vaccine virus in 24 postvaccination human sera. In sharp contrast, 18 individuals vaccinated with the adjuvanted H5N1 avian influenza vaccine mounted H5-specific antibodies with strong ADCC activities despite moderate virus neutralization capacity. Strength of HA-specific ADCC activities is largely associated with the titers of HA-binding antibodies and not with the fine antigenic specificity of anti-HA nAbs.

Conclusions.  Detection of both nAbs and adccAbs may better reflect protective capacity of HA-specific antibodies induced by avian influenza vaccines.
Effects of Waterlogging Around Flowering Stage on the Grain Yield and Eating Properties of Fresh Waxy Maize
Authors: Yang Huan , Huang Tianqi , Ding Mengqiu , Lu Dalei , Lu Weiping
Published: May 2016

The effects of waterlogging around flowering stage on the grain yield and eating quality of fresh waxy maize were studied using Suyunuo5 and Yunuo7 as materials in 2014 and 2015. Waterlogging around flowering stage decreased the fresh weight, volume, and number of grains, which led to the loss of fresh grain yield. Waterlogging before pollination reduced grain moisture content and increased grain dry weight. Waterlogging increased starch contents and decreased protein contents, especially after pollination; decreased albumin and glutenin contents; and did not affect globulin content. Zein content was decreased and increased, respectively, by waterlogging before and after pollination. The responses of starch granule size and iodine‐binding capacity to waterlogging were dependent on planting year, variety, and waterlogging stage. Pasting and gelatinization temperatures were only slightly affected by waterlogging. Waterlogging increased peak viscosity at both stages in Suyunuo5, but this parameter decreased and increased, respectively, before and after pollination in Yunuo7. Waterlogging did not affect gelatinization enthalpy but increased retrogradation enthalpy and percentage. In conclusion, waterlogging around flowering stage suppressed grain yield and shortened grain filling duration. Eating quality (viscosity and retrogradation) was also altered by waterlogging because grain proximate content and starch granule structure were changed.
Impact of Growing Environment on Anthracnose Severity of Switchgrass Cultivars and Clones
Authors: Hoffman Lindsey , Chaves Laura M. , Weibel Eric N. , Mayton Hilary S. , Bonos Stacy A.
Published: May 2016

Anthracnose (caused by Colletotrichum navitas) has the potential to significantly reduce biomass yield of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.); however, limited information is available on the impact of growing environment on tolerance of switchgrass to anthracnose. Therefore, the major objectives of this study were to (i) examine genotype–environment (G × E) effects on anthracnose severity in populations of switchgrass cultivars and individual genotypes and (ii) determine clonal repeatability estimates and stability analysis of anthracnose tolerance on individual switchgrass genotypes. Two experiments were conducted at one prime and two marginal soil locations in New Jersey. In all, 14 switchgrass cultivars were established from seed in 2008 for experiment 1 and 50 replicated switchgrass clones were planted in 2009 for experiment 2 at all three locations. Anthracnose was rated visually in 2010 for experiment 1 and in 2010 and 2011 for experiment 2. Significant G × E interactions were detected for both experiments (P ≤ 0.05) and anthracnose severity varied by location and cultivar. Clonal repeatability estimates for disease tolerance among clones was 0.78 on a clonal basis and 0.32 on a single-plant basis. Lowland ecotypes exhibited less disease overall than upland ecotypes. Results from this study indicate that selection for improved tolerance to anthracnose should be conducted after evaluation across several environments over multiple years.
Single molecule long read sequencing resolves the detailed structure of complex satellite DNA loci inDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Khost D. E. , Eickbush D. G. , Larracuente A. M.
Published: May 2016

Satellite DNA (satDNA) repeats can make up a large fraction of eukaryotic genomes. These blocks of tandem repeats are rapidly evolving and have roles in genome stability and chromosome segregation. Their repetitive nature poses genome assembly challenges and has stymied progress on the detailed study of satDNA structure. Here we use single molecule real-time sequencing reads to assemble and study the genomic structure of two complex satDNA loci inDrosophila melanogaster—260-bpandResponder—with unprecedented resolution. We find that complex satDNAs are organized into large tandem arrays interrupted by transposable elements. The homogenized repeats in the array center suggest that gene conversion and unequal crossovers drive the concerted evolution of repeats, the degree to which differs among satDNA loci. Both satDNA arrays have a higher order organization that suggests recent structural rearrangements. These assemblies provide a platform for the evolutionary and functional genomics of satDNAs in pericentric heterochromatin.
Selection and explosive growth alter genetic architecture and hamper the detection of causal rare variants
Authors: Uricchio Lawrence H. , Zaitlen Noah A. , Ye Chun Jimmie , Witte John S. , Hernandez Ryan D.
Published: May 2016

The role of rare alleles in complex phenotypes has been hotly debated, but most rare variant association tests (RVATs) do not account for the evolutionary forces that affect genetic architecture. Here, we use simulation and numerical algorithms to show that explosive population growth, as experienced by human populations, can dramatically increase the impact of very rare alleles on trait variance. We then assess the ability of RVATs to detect causal loci using simulations and human RNA-seq data. Surprisingly, we find that statistical performance is worst for phenotypes in which genetic variance is due mainly to rare alleles, and explosive population growth decreases power. Although many studies have attempted to identify causal rare variants, few have reported novel associations. This has sometimes been interpreted to mean that rare variants make negligible contributions to complex trait heritability. Our work shows that RVATs are not robust to realistic human evolutionary forces, so general conclusions about the impact of rare variants on complex traits may be premature.
Specific down-regulation of spermatogenesis genes targeted by 22G RNAs in hybrid sterile males associated with an X-Chromosome introgression
Authors: Li Runsheng , Ren Xiaoliang , Bi Yu , Ho Vincy Wing Sze , Hsieh Chia-Ling , Young Amanda , Zhang Zhihong , Lin Tingting , Zhao Yanmei , Miao Long , Sarkies Peter , Zhao Zhongying
Published: May 2016

Hybrid incompatibility (HI) prevents gene flow between species, thus lying at the heart of speciation genetics. One of the most common HIs is male sterility. Two superficially contradictory observations exist for hybrid male sterility. First, an introgression on the X Chromosome is more likely to produce male sterility than on autosome (so-called large-X theory); second, spermatogenesis genes are enriched on the autosomes but depleted on the X Chromosome (demasculinization of X Chromosome). Analysis of gene expression in Drosophila hybrids suggests a genetic interaction between the X Chromosome and autosomes that is essential for male fertility. However, the prevalence of such an interaction and its underlying mechanism remain largely unknown. Here we examine the interaction in nematode species by contrasting the expression of both coding genes and transposable elements (TEs) between hybrid sterile males and its parental nematode males. We use two lines of hybrid sterile males, each carrying an independent introgression fragment from Caenorhabditis briggsae X Chromosome in an otherwise Caenorhabditis nigoni background, which demonstrate similar defects in spermatogenesis. We observe a similar pattern of down-regulated genes that are specific for spermatogenesis between the two hybrids. Importantly, the down-regulated genes caused by the X Chromosome introgressions show a significant enrichment on the autosomes, supporting an epistatic interaction between the X Chromosome and autosomes. We investigate the underlying mechanism of the interaction by measuring small RNAs and find that a subset of 22G RNAs specifically targeting the down-regulated spermatogenesis genes is significantly up-regulated in hybrids, suggesting that perturbation of small RNA-mediated regulation may contribute to the X-autosome interaction.
Synaptic activation of ribosomal protein S6 phosphorylation occurs locally in activated dendritic domains
Authors: Pirbhoy Patricia Salgado , Farris Shannon , Steward Oswald
Published: May 2016

Previous studies have shown that induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) induces phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6) in postsynaptic neurons, but the functional significance of rpS6 phosphorylation is poorly understood. Here, we show that synaptic stimulation that induces perforant path LTP triggers phosphorylation of rpS6 (p-rpS6) locally near active synapses. Using antibodies specific for phosphorylation at different sites (ser235/236 versus ser240/244), we show that strong synaptic activation led to dramatic increases in immunostaining throughout postsynaptic neurons with selectively higher staining for p-ser235/236 in the activated dendritic lamina. Following LTP induction, phosphorylation at ser235/236 was detectable by 5 min, peaked at 30 min, and was maintained for hours. Phosphorylation at both sites was completely blocked by local infusion of the NMDA receptor antagonist, APV. Despite robust induction of p-rpS6 following high frequency stimulation, assessment of protein synthesis by autoradiography revealed no detectable increases. Exploration of a novel environment led to increases in the number of p-rpS6-positive neurons throughout the forebrain in a pattern reminiscent of immediate early gene induction and many individual neurons that were p-rpS6-positive coexpressed Arc protein. Our results constrain hypotheses about the possible role of rpS6 phosphorylation in regulating postsynaptic protein synthesis during induction of synaptic plasticity.