bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vingt ans après... ou les métamorphoses du triangle Paris-Québec-Ottawa
Authors: Portes Jacques
Published: December 2013

Le voyage du président Mitterrand au Canada, en 1987, a marqué le vingtième anniversaire du fameux « Vive le Québec libre ! » de son prédécesseur. Durant cette période, les relations entre la France, le Québec et le Canada ont connu un développement extraordinaire. Pourtant, l'appel à l'histoire montre la fragilité de ces liens, dont la base est seulement culturelle. Les succès des vingt dernières années restent superficiels, car ils ont été le résultat d'une réelle volonté politique, tant québécoise que française, et en réaction canadienne, qui a aujourd'hui disparu. Ne faut-il pas la revigorer ?
Un cinéma bien « acharné » au français
Authors: Lever Yves
Published: December 2013

New York is only a few hundred miles from Montréal, but the first films to be seen in Canada came from Paris. During the First World War, the Hollywood motion pictures conquered almost all the screens, but as soon as the sound arrived in theaters (1927), French Canadians wanted to see « french speaking films ». In the forties, when the Québec filmmakers started a national industry, they wanted it to be different from American cinema and deeply connected with the French local culture. Film after film, they asserted an original identity and a deep-rooted will to live in French in North America.
Ni catholiques, ni protestants : les Juifs de Montréal
Authors: Anctil Pierre
Published: December 2013

L'arrivée à Montréal, au tout début du siècle, d'une importante vague d'immigrants juifs en provenance d'Europe de l'Est eut un impact considérable sur la perception que les deux communautés linguistiques dites fondatrices avaient de leur réseau institutionnel respectif. Première collectivité immigrante composée de non-chrétiens, les Juifs forcèrent les Anglo-protestants et les Franco-catholiques à se définir eux-mêmes plus ouvertement et à terme, par leur seule présence, l'histoire culturelle unanimiste qui avait prévalu jusque-là au Québec. L'État canadien, lui aussi basé sur une perception dualiste, francophone et anglophone, fut également interpelé par la nouvelle présence juive, notamment le réseau scolaire confessionnel chrétien qu'il sanctionnait de son poids légal au Québec. C'est de ce rapport nouveau entre majorités et minorités à Montréal, tel qu'enclenché par l'immigration juive, qu'il est donc surtout question dans cet article.
Chanemougam, le « roi de l'Inde française ». Les fondements sociaux et politiques d'un pouvoir absolu sous la IIIe République
Authors: Weber Jacques
Published: December 2013

Rompant avec la politique de respect des us et coutumes et de la caste, définie par les régimes précédents, la IIIe République renoue dès 1871 avec le dogme de l'assimilation. Les Indiens des comptoirs sont invités à élire, sans distinction de caste, un député, un sénateur et des conseils, général, locaux et municipaux. Le suffrage universel, pense-t-on à Paris, émancipera le paria, placé sur un pied d'égalité avec le brahmane. En réalité, usant de l'ascendant que confèrent la fortune et la culture, recourant à des fraudes gigantesques et à un terrorisme électoral sanglant, les hautes castes ne tardent pas à faire main basse sur les institutions. Sous la férule d'un chef de génie, Chanemougam, le « Machiavel hindou », elles utilisent leurs immenses pouvoirs à renforcer l'hindouisme et la caste et à éliminer « l'idée française ». L'assimilation républicaine a ainsi engendré un nationalisme violemment antifrançais.
Des néerlandais en Indochine au XVIIe siècle. Essai sur l'échange, les mesures de la valeur et les prix relatifs (1610-1680)
Authors: Souty François J.-L.
Published: December 2013

L'histoire économique en tant que discipline d'étude s'est jusqu'ici assez peu préoccupée d'observer l'évolution des marchés locaux asiatiques, préférant analyser des séries de prix de produits asiatiques sur les marchés européens. Or diverses sources européennes, notamment néerlandaises, permettent pourtant d'avoir une idée très précise de la situation des prix sur certains de ces marchés locaux. Par extension, ces sources d'origines essentiellement commerciales permettent de comprendre à la fois les mécanismes d'approvisionnement européens sur les marchés asiatiques au XVIIe siècle, et d'avoir une idée des relations entre ces marchés eux-mêmes. Enfin, la présentation dans cette réflexion de trois structures de prix datant de 1622, 1633 et 1636 concernant le Siam, le Cambodge et l'Annam permet de mieux cerner les réalités socio-économiques de différentes parties de l'Indochine au début du XVIIe siècle, période pour laquelle existent jusqu'ici fort peu d'éléments à cet égard.
La France et le Siam de 1662 à 1680
Authors: Jacq-Hergoualc'h Michel
Published: December 2013

Un concours fortuit de circonstances conduit au Siam, dès 1 662, Mgr Lambert de La Motte, puis Mgr Pallu, vicaires apostoliques. Bien accueillis par Phra Narai, souverain curieux et tolérant, ils ne tardèrent pas à se persuader que le roi était disposé à se convertir au christianisme. Cette illusion a donné naissance aux pires malentendus.
Guadeloupe, Martinique and commerce raiding : two colonies in conflict, 1797-1798
Authors: Jenkins H. J. K.
Published: December 2013

This article examines the hostile relationship between Guadeloupe and Martinique at a time when the latter was under a British occupation which operated hand-in-hand with resurrected Ancien Regime practice. Occupied Martinique's mounting dependence upon supplies brought in by merchant vessels of United States origin coincided with a massive campaign of privateering launched from Guadeloupe, then under the fiery leadership of Victor Hugues, sometimes referred to as « The Colonial Robespierre ». Reflecting this situation, the years 1797-1798 witnessed exceptionally severe Guadeloupean attacks upon commerce associated with Martinique. Faced with the damaging consequences of this onslaught, directed against both long-distance shipping and the local coasting trade, Martinique maintained a sort of « private navy » of its own. These Martiniquean patrol-vessels, directly controlled by the colony's authorities, supplemented the efforts of the British Royal Navy's forces against Hugues' very numerous commerce raiders. Thus, a particularly troubled chapter — involving French Revolutionary, French Royalist, British and American interests — lasted until the political eclipse of Hugues in late 1798.
La politique indigène in the history of Bangui
Authors: Samarin William
Published: December 2013

This paper documents the difficulties that the French had during their first decade at Bangui, established as their furthest outpost on the Ubangi River in 1889. It is argued that the problem was fundamentally one of race relations. The explanation for bad relations finds all participants at fault : the local people for persisting in their theft, the African personnel of the whites for their misinformation and for oppressing the people, and the French for being, on the one hand, racist in their attitudes to the local Ubangians and, on the other hand, slow at making an effort to establish good relations with them.
La mission du général de Lattre aux Etats-Unis (13-25 septembre 1951)
Authors: Kaspi André
Published: December 2013

It was in mid-september 1951 that General de Lattre started on his mission to the United States which was to meet with great success. As commander-in-chief and high commissioner in Indochina, he met President Truman, the Secretary of State and the heads of the American military. He made headlines with his interviews and millions watched him on television. De Lattre had corne to ask for the aid, both material and financial, of the United States. During the meetings, he stressed the prime importance of Indochina for the preservation of the positions of the free world. America vouched its continued support. And soon after, the shipments of equipment were accelerated. But public opinion, in spite of all appearances, remained little interested in Indochina, unknown to most as it was, and focused its attention instead on the war in Korea. While he did not want the americanization of the war, de Lattre was nevertheless instrumental in internationalizing the conflict.
L'abolition de l'esclavage à Saint-Barthélémy vue à travers l'étude de quatre listes nominatives de sa population rurale de 1840 à 1854
Authors: Nault François , Mayer Francine M.
Published: December 2013

Lorsque les premiers colons français s'établirent sur l'île de Saint-Barthélémy dans les Antilles, au milieu du XVIIIe siècle, ils étaient accompagnés de leurs esclaves d'origine africaine. La population esclave et libre de couleur de cette Ile de la Caraïbe est peu connue et a été peu étudiée jusqu'à maintenant. Nous proposons ici une analyse démographique de cette population avant et après l'abolition de l'esclavage par la Suède, en 1847, à partir de l'exploitation de 4 recensements nominatifs : 1840, 1846, 1853 et 1854. Sont examinés les effectifs de cette population par rapport à l'ensemble des effectifs de la population de l'île, sa distribution géographique par quartier, de même que sa structure par âge et par sexe. La composition des ménages de Blancs avec esclave(s) et sans esclave, de même que celle des ménages de Blancs et des ménages d'affranchis, après l'abolition de l'esclavage, est étudiée quant à la structure (typologie de Laslett), le sexe et l'âge du chef de ménage ainsi que la taille de la famille.
Main-d'œuvre et avatars du peuplement en Guyane française, 1817-1863
Authors: Daget Serge
Published: December 2013

Après la chute du Premier Empire, des rêves et des projets anciens de mise en valeur de la Guyane française se multiplièrent et posèrent la question du peuplement. La déportation des forçats fut envisagée mais rejetée jusqu'au Second Empire. La transplantation de Chinois recrutés à Manille fut une opération désastreuse. La troisième solution consista à faire venir de la main-d'œuvre noire, mais la doctrine dominante en Europe était l'abolitionnisme, la mobilisation d'une telle main-d'œuvre était considérée comme une forme détournée de la traite des nègres et de l'esclavage. Dans les faits, l'engagement d'Africains « libres » « cueillis le long de la Côte d'Afrique » engendra une nouvelle servitude.
Discours et politiques forestières coloniales en Afrique et à Madagascar
Authors: Bergeret Anne
Published: December 2013

La perception des forêts tropicales fut, durant la période coloniale, et singulièrement à partir de la conquête de l'Algérie, imprégnée tout à la fois de l'imaginaire lié à la culture d'origine, et des doctrines économiques de l'époque qui fournirent le soubassement de la construction de l'idéologie coloniale. La vision du monde dominante en France modela et prédétermina en quelque sorte la perception de la nature tropicale. Dans un premier temps cependant, les conquérants eurent affaire à une nature méditerranéenne non étrangère, parce que liée aux origines de leur propre culture. Aussi est-ce en toute connaissance de cause que les officiers donnaient l'ordre de couper tous les arbres utiles afin d'en priver la population kabyle ou arabe. Mais bien vite, la prise de conscience aiguë du danger d'un manque d'arbres se manifesta. La ligue pour le reboisement, née en Algérie, préfigure le discours écologiste. Face à la forêt tropicale, étrange parce que réellement étrangère, la perception des colonisateurs oscille entre l'impression d'« enfer vert », de désordre sauvage, d'hostilité permanente, et l'interprétation inverse : éblouissante profusion, richesse sans limite, opulence de l'âge d'or d'une forêt qui sera longtemps perçue comme vierge. Les indigènes qui vivent dans ce milieu inhumain ne peuvent que participer à sa sauvagerie. Quant aux forestiers, avec une étonnante constance, dans la forêt tropicale ils ne voient que du bois, et surtout des essences précieuses à exploiter. Pour exploiter, il importe de mettre de l'ordre, c'est-à-dire réglementer et séparer le capital forestier de ses ennemis invétérés : l'agriculteur et plus encore le pasteur. Ainsi, de nombreuses « réserves » seront mises en place dans toutes les colonies tropicales afin de dissocier la forêt des indigènes et de leurs droits d'usage immémoriaux. De nos jours encore, la plupart des forestiers tropicaux français ne voient que du bois dans les forêts tropicales, et leur sylviculture continue à ignorer largement les essences locales et leurs multiples usages. Les populations autochtones restent méconnues, car le pouvoir exclusif sur un territoire reste leur principale préoccupation.
Politique de la forêt : l'expérience coloniale de la Nouvelle-Zélande
Authors: Jackson Kenneth E.
Published: December 2013

La politique de la forêt en Nouvelle-Zélande a opéré un changement de direction considérable juste après la Première Guerre mondiale. Des tentatives antérieures destinées à exercer un contrôle furent sporadiques et quelque peu inefficaces. L'objectif primordial était d'encourager le déboisement des terres vierges à des fins d'agriculture et d'élevage. La politique de la forêt était orientée vers la réalisation d'un tel objectif. Après 1920, l'intervention de l'Etat se renforça considérablement et visa à limiter la concurrence privée et favorisa une politique de reboisement s'appuyant sur des espèces de pins exotiques. Le rôle de la forêt indigène resta subalterne tout au long des deux périodes de temps étudiées.
Histoire forestière de l'Indochine (1850-1954). Perspectives de recherche
Authors: Buchy Marlène
Published: December 2013

L'impact de la gestion forestière française en Indochine, tant du point de vue économique et social que du point de vue écologique, est un aspect encore inexploré de l'histoire coloniale de la péninsule. Cet article, qui fait la synthèse d'une première lecture des sources officielles conservées en France et au Vietnam, retrace les grandes lignes de l'évolution de l'aménagement forestier dans la colonie de 1850 à 1954. Il traite de la législation et de la politique forestières françaises, dont les effets sont illustrés par une analyse synthétique de l'économie forestière de la péninsule pendant la période considérée. Il concerne également la place qui était faite à l'homme (forestiers des montagnes, riziculteurs des plaines) dans la gestion du milieu, et aux impacts écologiques de cette nouvelle politique.
Robert Montagne (1893-1954). Un sociologue au déclin de l'Empire
Authors: Santucci Robert
Published: December 2013

The naval officer, Robert Montagne, after having participated in the first World War, served in Morocco in the local administration. Recognised by Lyautey, he was in charge of studying the rural berber societies. He stayed, during the 1930s, in the Middle East as the director of the Damas French Institute and took interest both in the Arab nationalism and desert civilisation. Resulting from thèse experiences, he founded in 1936 the Muslim Administration High Studies Centre in Paris, where he elaborated new teaching methods. Elected in 1948 as professor at the Collège de France, he devoted his last years to North Africa, realizing notably two collective surveys on urbanization and population movements. This article evokes his well occupied life and tries to clarify how the work of this witness of the French colonial empire's last years can be put into today's perspective.
The Cross battles the Crescent. One century of missionary work among Chinese muslims (1850-1950)
Authors: Israeli Raphaël
Published: December 2013

Dans le cours de leur œuvre d'évangélisation de la Chine de 1850 à 1950, les missionnaires chrétiens, en fait catholiques, ont tenté de convertir à leur foi les Chinois musulmans. Leurs tentatives ont plutôt échoué que réussi. Si les missionnaires avaient affaire à des musulmans isolés ou minoritaires, sans culture religieuse réelle ou dans le dénuement, pour tout dire, vulnérables, leurs œuvres charitables exerçaient parfois un attrait Mais à chaque fois que les missionnaires se sont trouvés face à des communautés majoritaires, unies, bien encadrées et instruites dans leur foi, ils ont été, certes, bien accueillis et même invités à débattre de questions théologiques, cependant ils ont été tenus en échec.
La pratique « administrative-anthropologique » de la France au Togo. Les activités du gouverneur Bonnecarrère (1922- 1931)
Authors: Schorkens Ulrike
Published: December 2013

In this article, the author analyses the « anthropological-administrative » activities of Governor Bonnecarrère in Togo concerning autochthonous populations. The practice of this « administrative anthropology » from 1922 to 1931 is demonstrated. Particularly, emphasis is given to activities which the French Governor esteemed necessary for the development of the territory under the mandate of the Society of Nations. The article describes the relationships between French administrative politics in Togo and the notion of development.
Le muyaga ou la « révolution » rwandaise revisitée
Authors: Willame Jean-Claude
Published: December 2013

A partir d'une documentation privée inédite, l'article tente d'apporter un nouvel éclairage sur une « révolution hutu » qui n'a jamais eu lieu. La contribution, qui est centrée sur ce qui se passe, en 1959, dans la région de Nyanza, cœur du royaume rwandais, met en évidence le prisme ethnique à travers lequel le clergé expatrié analyse les évolutions rwandaises, prisme qui ne paraît pas avoir été vécu comme tel par les populations hutu concernées. Elle met en lumière l'étonnante passivité de l'administration belge qui ne peut faire face aux débordements, l'attitude ambiguë du clergé rwandais et finalement la stratégie « ethniste » de la future classe politique hutu qui annonce déjà les conflits et les guerres raciales ultérieurs.
French anti-slavery under the Restoration : the Société de la morale chrétienne
Authors: Jennings Lawrence C.
Published: December 2013

The Société de la morale chrétienne, a Christian philanthropie society which flourished during the last décade of the Restoration, is primarily known as a group which neglected the issue of slave emancipation while helping to launch the nineteenth century movement against the French slave trade. A detailed examination of its works, however, shows that the Morale chrétienne was also the first organization of the 1800s to promote libération for France's colonial slaves. Indeed, the Société de la morale chrétienne was the predecessor of the Société française pour l'abolition de l'esclavage, a body to which it transferred its leadership, tactics, and program.
La diaspora des colons de Saint-Domingue et le monde créole : le cas de la Jamaïque
Authors: de Cauna Jacques
Published: December 2013

L'histoire de la diaspora des anciens colons de Saint-Domingue au lendemain de la Révolution reste à écrire. A la suite des études consacrées à leur présence à Cuba et aux Etats-Unis, quelques jalons peuvent être posés pour la Jamaïque où existait déjà une implantation ancienne de boucaniers retraités, d'exilés huguenots et de sépharades bordelais ou bayonnais de la « nation portugaise » sans commune mesure cependant, par ses effets, avec l'afflux massif que connaîtra l'île de 1791 à 1804, doublant la population blanche de la Jamaïque. Les arrivées, compliquées de retours temporaires et d'allées et venues constantes, se succéderont en quatre grandes phases marquées par l'évolution des troubles de Saint-Domingue : aux simples réfugiés des premiers temps viennent s'ajouter chronologiquement les déportés politiques, les émigrés royalistes, les prisonniers pris sur mer et surtout, en 1798, la grande vague des collaborateurs de l'occupation anglaise de Saint-Domingue qui ont suivi l'évacuation puis, en 1803-1804, les derniers rescapés et les vaincus de l'expédition Leclerc. L'accueil en Jamaïque de ce flot d'immigrants met d'abord en lumière les aspects conflictuels liés à une opposition historique traditionnelle des mentalités françaises et anglaises mais, bien vite, sous l'effet de la créolisation, l'intégration de la frange supérieure des nouveaux arrivants est parfaitement réalisée dans la plantocratie locale. Leurs activités se concentrent essentiellement dans le commerce à Kingston et dans les plantations caféières des paroisses environnants qu'ils revivifient. On leur doit également la renaissance de l'Église catholique en Jamaïque, qui restera longtemps le lien d'une communauté caractérisée par une forte endogamie. Il serait surtout intéressant d'évaluer précisément l'apport économique que constitua leur arrivée, à l'image de ce qui s'est passé à Cuba ou en Louisiane, et plus particulièrement dans leur domaine de prédilection de la production caféière.
Économie coloniale et rémunération de la force de travail : le salaire du manœuvre à Dakar de 1930 à 1954
Authors: Thioub Ibrahima
Published: December 2013

De 1930 à 1954, les manœuvres ont toujours formé plus de 50 % des salariés de Dakar. A partir de 1936, leur salaire servit de base pour la fixation du salaire minimum obligatoire. Il en a résulté la constitution d'une documentation riche et variée permettant de suivre l'évolution de leur pouvoir d'achat. Les prix des produits entrant dans la reproduction de la force de travail du manœuvre mis en rapport avec son salaire ont révélé une baisse tendancielle de son pouvoir d'achat. Cette tendance reste très peu influencée par le régime juridique du contrat de travail. Rendu possible par l'espace urbain, le développement des activités informelles, génératrices de revenus extra-salariaux, a été déterminant dans la mobilisation de la force de travail en ville, en dépit des bas salaires.
RESEARCH INTO THE IMPACT OF BISHOFIT USED FOR MELTING SNOW AND ICE ON PLANT GERMINATION AND GROUND COMPONENT / BIŠOFITO, NAUDOJAMO SNIEGUI IR LEDUI TIRPINTI, POVEIKIO AUGALŲ DAIGUMUI IR ANTŽEMINĖS DALIES AUGIMUI TYRIMAS
Authors: Strėlkutė Asta , Bradulienė Jolita
Published: December 2013

Recently, an optimal solution to choosing ice-snow melting materials is still in progress. The major focus is shifted on the economic value, then proceeding with an environmental value. In order to select proper dissolution reagents, it is necessary to conduct tests on establishing their efficiency and a direct and indirect impact on the environment. Only responsible authorities will be able to take appropriate decisions carrying an economically-focused and environmentally-friendly character. This article describes bishofit - one of possible de-icing agents, discusses the importance of herbal plants on roadsides and presents experimental tests on how bishofit affects plants and their growth. The results of the study showed that among laboratory-grown white clover, Kentucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrass the latter (up to 50%) had the highest germination in the soil contaminated with bishofit (9–46 ml). Within a four-week period of study, perennial ryegrass reached the maximum height of the ground segment (6.1 cm) in the soil contaminated with 12 ml of bishofit. Article in Lithuanian. Santrauka Pastaruoju metu renkantis ledo ir sniego tirpinimo medžiagas ieškoma optimalaus sprendimo. Daugiausia dėmesio skiriama ekonominei, o tik tada aplinkosauginei reikšmei. Norint tinkamai pasirinkti, būtina atlikti tirpinimo reagentų tyrimus, nustatyti efektyvumą bei tiesioginį ir netiesioginį poveikį aplinkai. Tik tada atsakingos institucijos galės priimti deramus sprendimus, palankius ne tik ekonomiškai, bet ir gamtai. Aprašomas vienas iš galimų ledo tirpinimo reagentų – bišofitas. Analizuojami eksperimentinių tyrimų rezultatai, kaip bišofito kiekis veikia augalų daigumą ir augimą. Nustatyta, kad iš laboratorinėmis sąlygomis užaugintų baltųjų dobilų, pievinių miglių ir daugiamečių svidrių didžiausiu daigumu 9–46 ml bišofito užterštame dirvožemyje išsiskyrė daugiametės svidrės (iki 50 %). Didžiausias antžeminės dalies aukštis po keturių tyrimo savaičių 12 ml bišofito užterštame dirvožemyje taip pat nustatytas daugiamečių svidrių (6,1 cm).
METHODOLOGY FOR EVALUATING WATER LOSSES / VANDENS NUOSTOLIŲ ĮVERTINIMO METODIKA
Authors: Rimeika Mindaugas , Jurkienė Anželika
Published: December 2013

A reduction in water losses is significant for improving the efficiency of water supply systems and sustainable water use. The major part of water supply companies does not have enough experience in reducing water losses; therefore, a lack of information about practically applied measures for reducing water losses can be noticed. The article presents a method for determining water losses implemented under real conditions. The conducted research defines minimum night-time water consumption for a single user, which is 0.9 L/h/user and presents a methodology for calculating unavoidable background and real water losses that may occur in the water supply network. The above described method for detecting water losses has been practically tested in several water supply systems in Lithuania.

Article in Lithuanina.

Santrauka

Siekiant gerinti vandens tiekimo sistemų efektyvumą ir užtikrinti tvarų vandens vartojimą, labai svarbu yra mažinti vandens nuostolius. Dauguma vandens tiekimo įmonių dar neturi pakankamai praktikos efektyviai mažinti nuostolius, trūksta informacijos apie praktiškai pritaikytas vandens nuostolių mažinimo priemones. Pateikiamas realiomis sąlygomis išbandytas vandens nuostolių dydžio nustatymo metodas. Tyrimo metu nustatytas minimalus naktinis vienam abonentui tenkantis suvartojamo vandens kiekis (0,9 litrai/h/butui), pateikta foninių nuostolių vandentiekio tinkle skaičiavimo metodika ir realių vandens nuostolių apskaičiavimo būdas. Aprašytasis vandens nuostolių nustatymo metodas buvo praktiškai patikrintas keliuose šalies vandentiekiuose.
RESEARCH ON THE EFFICIENCY OF FILTER MEDIA / FILTRAVIMO UŽPILDŲ EFEKTYVUMO TYRIMAI
Authors: Albrektienė Ramunė , Rimeika Mindaugas , Petraitytė Viktorija
Published: December 2013

The main problems of ground water for drinking purposes in Lithuania include the increased concentration of iron, ammonium and manganese compounds. Organic compounds have the main impact on removing iron, ammonium and manganese compounds. The coagulation process is employed for removing organic compounds. Along with the removal of organic compounds, iron, ammonium and manganese compounds can be taken away in a more efficient way. Different filter media could be used for removing iron, ammonium and manganese. The purpose of research was to evaluate removal effectiveness of iron, ammonium, manganese and organic compounds applying different types of filter medium (quartz sand, zeolite, Birm and quartz sand from an active filter). The conducted research has showed that all tested filter media (Birm, zeolite, quartz sand and quartz sand from the active filter) effectively remove iron compounds (up to 99%). The efficiency of removing ammonium ions may reach 99% for Zeolite and 95% for quartz sand from the active filter. When using quartz sand from the active filter as filter medium, up to 85% removal efficiency for manganese ions was reached. Article in Lithuanian. Santrauka Pagrindinė požeminio vandens, kuris Lietuvoje naudojamas kaip geriamasis vanduo, kokybės problema yra per didelės gamtinės geležies, amonio ir mangano junginių koncentracijos. Šalinti geležies, amonio ir mangano junginius sudėtingiau, kai šie cheminiai elementai sudaro kompleksinius organinius junginius su organinėmis medžiagomis. Organiniai junginiai gali būti šalinami taikant koaguliaciją. Pašalinus organinius junginius lengviau pasišalina ir geležies, amonio bei mangano junginiai. Tam naudojami įvairūs filtravimo užpildai. Tiriama, kaip efektyviai geležies, amonio, mangano ir organiniai junginiai šalinami naudojant skirtingus filtrų užpildus (kvarcinį smėlį, ceolitą, Birm ir kvarcinį smėlį iš veikiančio filtro). Atlikus tyrimus naudojant koaguliantą ir pro skirtingus filtrų užpildus filtruojant vandenį, kuriame didelės geležies, mangano, amonio ir organinių junginių koncentracijos, nustatyta, kad visi tirti filtravimo užpildai (Birm, ceolitas, kvarcinis smėlis iš veikiančio filtro ir kvarcinis smėlis) efektyviai (iki 99 %) šalina geležies junginius. Amonio jonus efektyviausiai šalina ceolito (iki 98 %) ir kvarcinio smėlio iš veikiančio filtro (iki 95 %) filtravimo užpildai. Mangano junginius efektyviausiai (iki 85 %) šalina kvarcinio smėlio iš veikiančio filtro užpildas.
Essentials of Linear Programming for Managers
Authors: Arsham Hossein , Bardossy M. , Sharma D. K.
Published: December 2013

This chapter provides a critical overview of Linear Programming (LP) from a manager's perspective. The main objective is to provide managers with the essentials of LP as well as cautionary notes and defenses on common modeling issues and software limitations. The authors illustrate the findings by solving a simple LP directly on the original decision variables and constraints space without adding new variables or translating the model to fit a specific solution algorithm. The aims are the unification of diverse set of topics in their natural states in a manner that are easy to understand and providing useful information to the managers. The advances in computing software have brought LP tools to the desktop for a variety of applications to support managerial decision-making. However, it is already recognized that current LP tools, in ample circumstances, do not answer the managerial questions satisfactorily. For instance, there is a costly difference between the mathematical and managerial interpretations of sensitivity analysis. LP software packages provide one-change-at-a-time sensitivity results; the authors develop the largest sensitivity region, which allows for simultaneous dependent and/or independent changes, based on the optimal solution. The procedures are illustrated by numerical examples including LP in standard-form and LP in non standard-form.
Adoption and Utilization of ICT in the Chinese Third-Party Logistics Industry
Authors: Lau Kwok Hung , Huang Haibo
Published: December 2013

This paper reports the findings of a questionnaire survey on the adoption and utilization of information and communication technology (ICT) – an important tool to enhance efficiency and responsiveness in modern-day supply chains – in the Chinese third-party logistics (3PL) industry. As a global manufacturing base, China has a burgeoning 3PL industry serving a large number of domestic firms as well as multinational corporations. With more and more organizations outsourcing their logistics function to 3PL firms, the latter have to make use of ICT for efficient communication with clients and coordination of activities in order to work hand-in-hand with customers to meet their day-to-day logistics needs. To investigate the status quo of ICT utilization in China, a questionnaire survey was conducted in 2009 to investigate the level of ICT adoption by the 3PL firms. For comparison, the findings of the Annual Third-Party Logistics Studies from 2007 to 2013 in this regard were also analyzed. The questionnaire survey results reveal that ICT is being widely adopted in the Chinese 3PL industry suggesting a high level of awareness of its significance and benefits to both the service providers and the clients. The ICT used ranges from low-tech telephone, facsimile, Internet access, to more advanced and sophisticated radio frequency identification technology and enterprise resource planning system. While small 3PL companies are using less expensive ICT at a tactical level mainly to cut costs and reduce errors in the day-to-day logistics operations, medium-sized and large firms have evolved to make use of more expensive ICT for planning and strategic purposes, such as business control, customer integration, and service differentiation. Transportation management system is regarded as the most important IT for business to most 3PL firms surveyed whereas the significance of other systems for warehouse management, order management, and inventory management, etc. varies depending on the services provided and the resources available. A follow-up review of the recent literature suggests that ICT adoption in the 3PL industry of China has not significantly increased since the 2009 survey but the general awareness of the importance of ICT capabilities is growing.
Evolution of Supply Chain Collaboration
Authors: Gravier Michael J. , Farris M. Theodore
Published: December 2013

Increasingly, research across many disciplines has recognized the shortcomings of the traditional “integration prescription” for inter-organizational knowledge management. This research conducts several simulation experiments to study the effects of different rates of product change, different demand environments, and different economies of scale on the level of integration between firms at different levels in the supply chain. The underlying paradigm shifts from a static, steady state view to a dynamic, complex adaptive systems and knowledge-based view of supply chain networks. Several research propositions are presented that use the role of knowledge in the supply chain to provide predictive power for how supply chain collaborations or integration should evolve. Suggestions and implications are suggested for managerial and research purposes.
Clustering-Based Stability and Seasonality Analysis for Optimal Inventory Prediction
Authors: Joshi Manish , Lingras Pawan , Wani Gajendra , Zhang Peng
Published: December 2013

This chapter exemplifies how clustering can be a versatile tool in real life applications. Optimal inventory prediction is one of the important issues faced by owners of retail chain stores. Researchers have made several attempts to develop a generic forecasting model for accurate inventory prediction for all products. Regression analysis, neural networks, exponential smoothing, and Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) are some of the widely used time series prediction techniques in inventory management. However, such generic models have limitations. The authors propose an approach that uses time series clustering and time series prediction techniques to forecast future demand for each product in an inventory management system. A stability and seasonality analysis of the time series is proposed to identify groups of products (local groups) exhibiting similar sales patterns. The details of the experimental techniques and results for obtaining optimal inventory predictions are shared in this chapter.
Efficient Color Image Segmentation by a Parallel Optimized (ParaOptiMUSIG) Activation Function
Authors: De Sourav , Bhattacharyya Siddhartha , Chakraborty Susanta
Published: December 2013

The optimized class responses from the image content has been applied to generate the optimized version of MUSIG (OptiMUSIG) activation function for a multilayer self organizing neural network architecture to effectively segment multilevel gray level intensity images. This chapter depicts the parallel version of the OptiMUSIG (ParaOptiMUSIG) activation function with the optimized class responses for the individual features with a parallel self-organizing neural network architecture to segment true color images. A genetic algorithm-based optimization technique has been employed to yield the optimized class responses in parallel. Comparison of the proposed method with the existing non-optimized method is applied on two real life true color images and is demonstrated with the help of three standard objective functions as they are employed to measure the quality of the segmented images. Results evolved by the ParaOptiMUSIG activation function are superior enough in comparison with the conventional nonoptimized MUSIG activation applied separately on the color gamut.
Learning Using Soft Computing Techniques
Authors: Devi V. Susheela
Published: December 2013

This chapter focuses on a few key applications in the field of classification and clustering. Techniques of soft computing have been used to solve these applications. The first application finds a new similarity measure for time series data, combining some available similarity measures. The weight to be given to these similarity measures is found using a genetic algorithm. The other applications discussed are for pattern clustering. A Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm has been used for clustering. A modification of the PSO using genetic operators has been suggested. In addition, simultaneous clustering and feature selection and simultaneous clustering and feature weighting has been discussed. Results have been given for all the techniques showing the improvement achieved using these techniques.
Chaotic Map Model-Based Interference Employed in Quantum-Inspired Genetic Algorithm to Determine the Optimum Gray Level Image Thresholding
Authors: Dey Sandip , Bhattacharyya Siddhartha , Maulik Ujjwal
Published: December 2013

In this chapter, a Quantum-Inspired Genetic Algorithm (QIGA) is presented. The QIGA adopted the inherent principles of quantum computing and has been applied on three gray level test images to determine their optimal threshold values. Quantum random interference based on chaotic map models and later quantum crossover, quantum mutation, and quantum shift operation have been applied in the proposed QIGA. The basic features of quantum computing like qubit, superposition of states, coherence and decoherence, etc. help to espouse parallelism and time discreteness in QIGA. Finally, the optimum threshold value has been derived through the quantum measurement phase. In the proposed QIGA, the selected evaluation metrics are Wu’s algorithm, Renyi’s algorithm, Yen’s algorithm, Johannsen’s algorithm, Silva’s algorithm, and finally, linear index of fuzziness, and the selected gray level images are Baboon, Peppers, and Corridor. The conventional Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Quantum Evolutionary Algorithm (QEA) proposed by Han et al. have been run on the same set of images and evaluation metrics with the same parameters as QIGA. Finally, the performance analysis has been made between the proposed QIGA with the conventional GA and later with QEA proposed by Han et al., which reveals its time efficacy compared to GA along with the drawbacks in QEA.
Soft Subspace Clustering for Cancer Microarray Data Analysis
Authors: Iam-On Natthakan , Boongoen Tossapon
Published: December 2013

A need has long been identified for a more effective methodology to understand, prevent, and cure cancer. Microarray technology provides a basis of achieving this goal, with cluster analysis of gene expression data leading to the discrimination of patients, identification of possible tumor subtypes, and individualized treatment. Recently, soft subspace clustering was introduced as an accurate alternative to conventional techniques. This practice has proven effective for high dimensional data, especially for microarray gene expressions. In this review, the basis of weighted dimensional space and different approaches to soft subspace clustering are described. Since most of the models are parameterized, the application of consensus clustering has been identified as a new research direction that is capable of turning the difficulty with parameter selection to an advantage of increasing diversity within an ensemble.
Multi-Objective Genetic and Fuzzy Approaches in Rule Mining Problem of Knowledge Discovery in Databases
Authors: Kalia Harihar , Dehuri Satchidananda , Ghosh Ashish
Published: December 2013

Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD) is the process of automatically searching patterns from large volumes of data by using specific data mining techniques. Classification, association, and associative classification (integration of classification and association) rule mining are popularly used rule mining techniques in KDD for harvesting knowledge in the form of rule. The classical rule mining techniques based on crisp sets have bad experience of “sharp boundary problems” while mining rule from numerical data. Fuzzy rule mining approaches eliminate these problems and generate more human understandable rules. Several quality measures are used in order to quantify the quality of these discovered rules. However, most of these objectives/criteria are conflicting to each other. Thus, fuzzy rule mining problems are modeled as multi-objective optimization problems rather than single objective. Due to the ability of finding diverse trade-off solutions for several objectives in a single run, multi-objective genetic algorithms are popularly employed in rule mining. In this chapter, the authors discuss the multi-objective genetic-fuzzy approaches used in rule mining along with their advantages and disadvantages. In addition, some of the popular applications of these approaches are discussed.
Rough Sets and Approximate Reasoning
Authors: Tripathy B. K.
Published: December 2013

Several models have been introduced to capture impreciseness in data. Fuzzy sets introduced by Zadeh and Rough sets introduced by Pawlak are two of the most popular such models. In addition, the notion of intuitionistic fuzzy sets introduced by Atanassov and the hybrid models obtained thereof have been very fruitful from the application point of view. The introduction of fuzzy logic and the approximate reasoning obtained through it are more realistic as they are closer to human reasoning. Equality of sets in crisp mathematics is too restricted from the application point of view. Therefore, extending these concepts, three types of approximate equalities were introduced by Novotny and Pawlak using rough sets. These notions were found to be restrictive in the sense that they again boil down to equality of sets and also the lower approximate equality is artificial. Keeping these points in view, three other types of approximate equalities were introduced by Tripathy in several papers. These approximate equalities were further generalised to cover the approximate equalities of fuzzy sets and intuitionistic fuzzy sets by him. In addition, considering the generalisations of basic rough sets like the covering-based rough sets and multigranular rough sets, the study has been carried out further. In this chapter, the authors provide a comprehensive study of all these forms of approximate equalities and illustrate their applicability through several examples. In addition, they provide some problems for future work.
Knowledge Representation Using Formal Concept Analysis
Authors: Kumar Ch. Aswani , Singh Prem Kumar
Published: December 2013

Introduced by Rudolf Wille in the mid-80s, Formal Concept Analysis (FCA) is a mathematical framework that offers conceptual data analysis and knowledge discovery. FCA analyzes the data, which is represented in the form of a formal context, that describe the relationship between a particular set of objects and a particular set of attributes. From the formal context, FCA produces hierarchically ordered clusters called formal concepts and the basis of attribute dependencies, called attribute implications. All the concepts of a formal context form a hierarchical complete lattice structure called concept lattice that reflects the relationship of generalization and specialization among concepts. Several algorithms are proposed in the literature to extract the formal concepts from a given context. The objective of this chapter is to analyze, demonstrate, and compare a few standard algorithms that extract the formal concepts. For each algorithm, the analysis considers the functionality, output, complexity, delay time, exploration type, and data structures involved.
Adaptive and Neural pH Neutralization for Strong Acid-Strong Base System
Authors: Jaleel J. Abdul , Benny Anish , Daniel David K.
Published: December 2013

The control of pH is of great importance in chemical processes, biotechnological industries, and many other areas. High performance and robust control of pH neutralization is difficult to achieve due to the nonlinear and time-varying process characteristics. The process gain varies at higher order of magnitude over a small range of pH. This chapter uses the adaptive and neural control techniques for the pH neutralization process for a strong acid-strong base system. The simulation results are analyzed to show that an adaptive controller can be perfectly tuned and a properly trained neural network controller may outperform an adaptive controller.
Evaluating Destination Marketing Organizations’ Websites
Authors: Charoula Drosopoulou , Eleonora-Ioulia Malama , Fotini Patsioura , Maro Vlachopoulou
Published: December 2013

Developing their e-marketing strategy, Destination Marketing Organizations (DMOs) invest in the establishment of their Websites to provide extended accessibility, real-time information/services, and personalization capabilities. This chapter aims to review prior tourism studies that refer to Website evaluation by taking DMOs’ Websites as the focus of the investigation. A comprehensive literature review on theories, models, and surveys on evaluating tourism Websites is presented and analyzed. The major benefit of this study is the digest of multiple approaches regarding DMOs’ Website evaluation within the tourism sector. The chapter gives an integrated overview of the historical development of Website evaluation studies in the tourism field in order to draw conclusions about the dimensions and key factors that drive Website success. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the DMOs’ Websites of five Mediterranean countries are assessed through content analysis in terms of information, communication, transaction, relationship, and technical merit dimensions based on a modified approach of the ICTRT model (Li & Wang, 2010). The research findings should be of interest to DMOs as the findings shed light on the effectiveness of their Websites over a period of time facilitating continuous improvements and comparisons between competitive tourism destinations/countries.
Customer Satisfaction Evaluation for Greek Online Travel Agencies
Authors: Drosos Dimitrios , Tsotsolas Nikolaos
Published: December 2013

The rapid development of tourist supply and demand makes Information Technologies (IT) significant, and thus, they increasingly play a more critical role in tourism marketing, distribution, promotion, and coordination. IT influences the strategic management and marketing of contemporary organisations as a paradigm-shift is experienced, transforming the best business practices globally. IT is one of the main key influences of competitiveness in the tourism/travel industry. The original purpose for adopting IT systems was simply to provide an automatic means of store and manage data (e.g. on flights and accommodation). At the same time, IT in the tourist sector enables an increased volume of transactions to be handled rapidly and effectively. This chapter presents an original customer satisfaction survey in the Greek Online Travel Agencies. For the collection of the data, a Website questionnaire was used in order to better record the customers’ views on the service overall as well as their satisfaction levels on particular aspects of the service. The survey was conducted within the period September – November 2012. Final input data consists of 510 questionnaires.
Estimating User Loyalty in Social Networking Services
Authors: Grigoroudis Evangelos , Fortsas Vassilios , Pallis Petros , Matsatsinis Nikolaos
Published: December 2013

In the last few years, customer loyalty for products and services has become an object of extensive studies from researchers of various scientific fields. Its importance is justified from the fact that, in many cases, particularly in strong competition conditions, measuring customer satisfaction does not provide a reliable quality performance indicator for business organizations. According to recent research, loyalty is defined as a positive level of customers’ commitment, which should not be based only in previous purchases (repeated or not) of a product/service. This chapter presents the development of a multicriteria methodology aiming at measuring user loyalty in social networking services and estimating the importance of influencing factors. In this context, a multicriteria analysis approach is adopted in order to measure user loyalty, assuming that the overall commitment depends on a number of criteria. The applied multicriteria approach is based on the UTADIS method, and the presented results confirm the strong relation between user satisfaction and loyalty. The results, however, reveal also that satisfaction is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for customer loyalty.