bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Ethiopia Shall Stretch Forth Her Hands”: Black Christianity And The Politics Of Liberation
Authors: Fredrickson George M
Published: November 2023

The black Americans and South Africans who struggled for the suffrage in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century did not rest their appeal primarily on an eighteenth-century notion of humanity’s inalienable right to self-government. More often they claimed equal political rights as people who had attained, or were capable of attaining, a level of “civilization” that made them qualified to perform the duties of democratic citizenship. For many, the most important element in this acquired competence was their belief in Christianity, which not only attested to their moral enlightenment and sense of responsibility, but also allowed them to claim membership in a spiritual community composed of those, of whatever race or previous condition of servitude, who had accepted Christ and were willing to obey his commandments. The abolitionist movement in the United States and missionary-led campaigns against forced labor in early-to midi nineteenth-century South Africa had been based on the assumption that the Golden Rule forbade the enslavement or enserfment of human beings who had souls to be saved. Blacks who had themselves become Christians were therefore able to condemn white oppressors and discriminators for violating a color-blind system of ethics to which whites themselves supposedly subscribed. Biblical passages such as Acts 18:26-”He created of one blood all the nations of men to dwell on the face of the earth”-were interpreted as providing divine sanction for interracial struggles against slavery and legalized white supremacy in the nineteenth century.
Protest Of “The Talented Tenth”: Black Elites And The Rise Of Segregation
Authors: Fredrickson George M
Published: November 2023

During the first two decades of the twentieth century, the relatively new term “segregation” was at the center of public discourse about race relations in both the United States and South Africa. Its principal use was to describe new laws and public policies designed to increase the physical separation of blacks and whites. In the United States, the word was first used in this way during the 1890s when southern states began passing laws that required separate accommodation for blacks and whites in railroads, passenger boats, and streetcars. In South Africa, it originated shortly after the turn of the century, and from the beginning referred mainly to proposals for controlling interactions between whites and Africans by dividing the country up between “native reserves” and the much larger area where white interests and prerogatives would be firmly entrenched. The common element of both forms of segregation was the use of law and governmental action, in a more systematic and comprehensive way than had been attempted previously, to prevent any mixing of the races that might conceivably engender conflict and threaten white dominance or social superiority. If segregation means simply the enforced social or territorial separation of dominant and subaltern “races,” the practice (if not the term) had a long history in both countries. As Alexis de Tocqueville noted in the 1830s, black and white Americans lived thoroughly separate social lives in cities like Philadelphia, a division that prevailed even among incarcerated criminals and beyond the grave in the form of separate burial grounds.
“Self-Determination For Negroes”: Communists And Black Freedom Struggles, 1928-1948
Authors: Fredrickson George M
Published: November 2023

Between the late 1920s and the late ‘40s, the Communist parties of the United States and South Africa made strenuous efforts to place themselves in the forefront of black protest against white supremacy. Although they never achieved the mass support that the Garvey movement or the ICU had attracted during the ‘20s, Communists did manage to play a significant role in the struggle against white racism. The orthodox Leninist conception of the party did not require it to be a mass movement like the ICU or the UNIA; it was meant to be an elite or “vanguard,” composed of carefully selected and highly disciplined revolutionaries who would give direction to the masses at appropriate times but needed to be wary of admitting to actual membership people who had not fully assimilated the Marxist-Leninist ideology. If such people were willing to accept Communists as allies in the struggle against racial oppression, antiimperialist or anti-racist “fronts” of one kind or another could be established, within which Communists could hope to exert an influence far beyond their actual numbers. The parties generally enforced ideological and tactical consensus in their own ranks through the practice of “democratic centralism,” which meant that once a decision was made no one could question it. This policy was a strength in the sense that it gave the party cohesion and ideological coherence, especially in comparison with populist-type movements, but it could also be an obstacle to cooperation with non-Communists who shared some but not all of its goals. If at any given time the party was turning “leftward” and refusing to have any truck with democratic socialists or “bourgeois nationalists,” it limited its influence over other movements seeking change; if it was moving to the right and seeking to ally itself with the broader progressive tendencies through “popular front” activities, it aroused suspicions of ulterior motives and conspiratorial aims. Radical black intellectuals who were attracted by Communist opposition to capitalism and racism often found it difficult or impossible to surrender their minds and talents to a party bureaucracy that had little respect for the free play of the intellect and the imagination. If they cooperated with Communists at all, their affiliation as members or “fellow travelers” was likely to be troubled and brief (although there were some conspicuous exceptions, especially in cases where the Communists deliberately and pragmatically refrained from imposing their usual discipline over particularly prominent members or fellow-travelers from the intellectual and artistic world).
“A Measure to I{ill Anarchy and Keep Down Socialists”: The Income Tax and the Meaning of Reform, 1881-1894
Authors: Stanley Robert
Published: November 2023

The scene in the House of Representatives on February 1, 1894, astonished even hardboiled newspaper reporters used to occasional demonstrations from spectators. On that day “the largest audience ever gathered in the House” witnessed the passage of the Wilson tariff bill with its income tax provision-a major effort by the Democratic party to demonstrate its mastery of the rapidly deteriorating economic and political environment following the Panic of 1893. The galleries and lobbies were filled with “a maelstrom of restless, pushing, impatient men and women” so tightly jammed together that the elevators could not discharge their passengers and “a score of ladies” had to be carried from the building in what the Victorian reporter referred to as a “more or less demoralized state.”
The Court Confronts the Problem of “Practice”:The Pollock Compromise and the Dynamics of Reaction, 1894-1900
Authors: Stanley Robert
Published: November 2023

The deeply compromised Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act became law without Grover Cleveland’s signature on August 28, 1894. During the autumn plans were swiftly laid for a series of constitutional challenges to the income tax components of the law, and by early winter three separate suits were in progress under the sponsorship of wealthy taxpayers and eminent counsel. On January 28, 1895, the Supreme Court consolidated the cases for early hearing, and by May 20 had rendered its judgment in two separate decisions.
The Anglican Refortnation
Authors: Solt Leo F
Published: November 2023

The term “Anglican Reformation” applies best to those two periods in the mid-sixteenth century which cover the six years of King Edward VI (1547-1553) and the first five years of Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1563). They are the periods when Archbishop Cranmer, Parliament, and Convocation created, and Elizabeth, Parliament, and Convocation selected, those important Protestant reforms, especially in worship and belief, which form the historic base of the Anglican Church essentially as we know it today. In the decade before Edward’s six years, Henry VIII had reformed the Church minimally, and in the four decades after Elizabeth’s first five years, the queen resisted practically all suggestions for change.
The Laudian Counter-Reformation
Authors: Solt Leo F
Published: November 2023

The Synod of Dort had rejected the Arminian Remonstrants in 1619. But a number of English clergymen like John Hales, who “bade John Calvin ‘good night,” welcomed the Arminianism which had been slowly growing ever since Whitgift’s attempt to check loose Calvinism at the Lambeth Conference. In the 1630s, adherents to Arminianism held-besides “all the best bishoprics and deaneries in England”-views about free will and good works that led Puritans to fear a doctrinal return to the Thomistic synthesis of the Catholic Church.
On the Sheep Ranges
Authors: Sheldon Charles
Published: November 2023

When Charles Sheldon (1867-1929) arrived in the Yukon’s Ogilvie Mountains in June 1904, he was al-ready a self-made millionaire, having retired two years earlier at the age of 35 after making a fortune in a Mexican mining venture. Accompanying him on this now-historic trip was the artist Carl Rungius and Wilfred H. Osgood, a naturalist with the Biological Survey (the precursor of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service). A graduate of Yale University, an activist in the Boone and Crockett Club, and an acquaintance of President Theodore Roosevelt, Charles Sheldon brought with him to the far north one of the curious ironies of his time: many, if not all, of the leading conservationists-including Roosevelt-were trophy hunters determined, above all, to save their aristocratic sport from ruin. This paradox is evident in this selection from The Wilderness of the Upper Yukon (Scribner’s, 1911), Sheldon’s first book.
One Man’s Wilderness
Authors: Proenneke Richard
Published: November 2023

DickProenneke (1917-) has led the sort of life many dream of. Born in Iowa, he served in the U. S. Navy during World War II, worked as a sheep herder in

Oregon for a few years, and then eventually came to Alaska for the first time in 1950. In 1967, after having lived and worked around Kodiak Island and King Salmon on the Alaska Peninsula, Proenneke stayed at a friend’s cabin on Lake Clark. The area impressed him and the next summer he returned to construct his own cabin in this remote wilder ness, a story related in One Man’s Wilderness (Alaska Northwest Publishing Company, 1973). Today Dick Proenneke is a living legend around what has since become Lake Clark National Park.
The Alaskan Journal
Authors: Merton Thomas
Published: November 2023

In 1968 Thomas Merton (1915-1968) was permitted to travel beyond the walls of Gethsemoni Abbey, located in the rolling green hills of northern Kentucky, for the first time in many years. A member of the Cistercion Order, Merton had quietly built on international reputation as a lyric poet, philosophical essayist, and commentator on contemporary affairs (including nuclear weapons, human rights, and the Viet Nam War). He remained in Alaska for two weeks before continuing on to a Buddhist convention in Bang kok, Thailand, where he died in a bizarre accident involving an electrical fan and a running shower.
An Expedition to the Pole
Authors: Dillard Annie
Published: November 2023

Born in Pittsburgh and educated in the creative writing program at Hollins College in Virginia, Annie Dillard (1945-) has been one of her country’s most distinguished authors for nearly two decades. Her first book of prose, Pilgrim at Tinker Creek (Harper & Row, 197 4), was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for general non-fiction. Later works have included poetry, literary criticism, familiar essays, and a personal memoir. She lives in Middletown, Connecticut.
Haida Hunters and Legend of the Two Fin Killer Whale
Authors: hamilton George
Published: November 2023

George Hamilton, a Haida Indian from Craig, Alaska, died in 1984 at the age of 101. The Haida, together with the Tlingit Indians, historically were present throughout the many islands and mainland of southeastern Alaska. They are perhaps best known for their elaborately carved cedar totem poles, free standing wood sculptures used for ceremonial purposes throughout their homeland. Both the Haida and the Tlingit made their livings primarily from the sea, and early Russian explorers were often met by large numbers of their dugout war canoes. The Tlingit and Haida felt a special kinship with various animals-including the raven and the bear-as well as the more prominent sea mammals, as is evidenced here as fishermen come back transformed, in a process resembling that which informs Ovid’s Metamorphoses, as killer whales.
Endless Crusade
Authors: Fitzpatrick Ellen
Published: November 2023

This book looks at the progressive movement through the careers of four women, the first American women to be trained as social scientists in the research universities of late nineteenth-century America. The book looks at the impact of late nineteenth-century social science on reform and finds that the research universities were important intellectual determinants of the welfare state.
Henryk Gorecki
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Górecki composed his Symphony No. 3 in the last three months of 1976 on commission from the Southwest German Radio, BadenBaden. The texts are taken from a fifteenth-century Lamentation of the Holy Cross Monastery at Lysa Gora; a prayer inscribed on the wall of a prison cell at Gestapo headquarters in Zakopane, Poland, by the eighteen-year-old Helena Wanda Bla±usiak6wna; and a folk song in the dialect of the Opole region of Upper Silesia. It was first performed on 4 April 1977 at Royan, France, by the orchestra of the Southwest German Radio under Ernest Bour with Stefania Woytowicz, soprano. The score is dedicated to the composer ‘s wife.
Howard Hanson
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Hanson composed his Symphony No. 4 in 1943 and led the Boston Symphony Orchestra in its first performance on 3 December that year. Before that, Hanson had conducted the orchestra of the Eastman School of Music in Rochester, New York, in an informal reading. The dedication reads “In memory of my Beloved Father. “ The work was awarded the Pulitzer Prize.
Gustav Mahler
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Mahler once said he was thrice homeless--as a Bohemian among Austrians, as an Austrian among Germans, and as a Jew everywhere in the world. The village where he was born is about sixty miles southeast of Prague, and the trumpet calls he heard from its military garrison ghost through his music. His father, first a carter, then the owner of a small liquor store which he parlayed into a reasonably successful distillery, was an intellectually awake, unhappy, brutal man; his mother, sweet, plain, and with a limp, was forced by her parents to marry Bernhard Mahler whom she did not know and even though she loved someone else. Not surprisingly, she was wretched. Gustav was the second of Bernhard and Marie Mahler ‘s fourteen children; of the fourteen, eight died in infancy or childhood. When Mahler wrote his Kindertotenlieder, his two daughters were alive and well, but he was an expert on the deaths of children. In addition, his sister Leopoldine died at twenty-six of a brain tumor or meningitis, and his brother Otto, also a talented musician, committed suicide at twenty-one. His brother Louis, at various times also known as Alois and Hans Christian (!), emigrated to Chicago, where he became a baker and eventually vanished.
Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Mendelssohn is the most astonishing of all the composing prodigies. Mozart was to go much farther, but as a teenager not even he surpasses or often equals Mendelssohn in assurance and certainly not in individuality. To think of the young Mendelssohn is to think first of all of the Octet for Strings, written 1825, the year he turned sixteen, and of the Midsummer Night ‘s Dream Overture, the work of a boy of seventeen. He had found a voice unmistakably his own and he used it with the confidence of a seasoned professional. In a way he was just that. By the time of the Octet, he had seen, heard, read a lot. He had composed a lot, too.
Introduction
Authors: Baker Susan P , O’Neill Brian , Ginsburg Marvin J , Li Guohua
Published: November 2023

Injury is important not only in relation to other health conditions but also in the absolute magnitude of the problem. More than six million people alive today in the United States can be expected to die from injuries (Whitfield et al. 1983). The risk of injury while traveling, working, playing, or even sleeping is so great that most people sustain a significant injury at some time during their lives. Few escape the tragedy of a fatal or permanently disabling injury to a relative or friend. Nevertheless, this widespread human damage too often is taken for granted, in the erroneous belief that injuries occur by chance and are the result of unpreventable ‘‘accidents.’’
Injuries in Relation to Other Health Problems
Authors: Baker Susan P , O’Neill Brian , Ginsburg Marvin J , Li Guohua
Published: November 2023

This chapter documents the importance of injuries in relation to other health problems. Health expenditures in the United States in recent years have been rising much faster than the gross national product. Increasingly, policymakers and health professionals recognize that the resources needed for health care are limited and that available resources must be used more efficiently. Allocations of resources for research and for prevention and treatment of disease and injury should be made on the basis of the relative importance of various causes of morbidity and mortality in the population and the potential for effective intervention.
Overview of Injury Mortality
Authors: Baker Susan P , O’Neill Brian , Ginsburg Marvin J , Li Guohua
Published: November 2023

Unlike diseases, injuries are often classified on the basis of the behaviors and events that preceded them and the imputed intent of the people involved. The commonly used major subdivisions of injury deaths are homicide, suicide, and unintentional (accidental).1 Although the events leading to intentional and unintentional injuries may differ widely, the mechanisms of injury and the injuries themselves are typically similar. For example, ingesting a toxic substance produces the same outcome even though the spectrum of behavior can range from completely unintentional, as when a person is not aware of the presence or nature of a drug or its potential effect, to overtly suicidal self-poisoning. In addition, many of the basic preventive strategies are the same. Reductions in the carbon monoxide content of cooking and heating gas in England reduced both unintentional and suicidal deaths without corresponding increases in suicide by other means (Alphey and Leach 1974; Hassall and Trethowan 1972). Similarly, the crashworthy fuel systems that have virtually eliminated postcrash fire deaths in Army helicopters are equally effective regardless of whether a crash occurs on training maneuvers or as a result of combat (Springate et al. 1989).
Suicide
Authors: Baker Susan P , O’Neill Brian , Ginsburg Marvin J , Li Guohua
Published: November 2023

More than 30,000 deaths in 1988 were classified as suicide, making this the eighth leading cause of death in the United States. For ages 15-34, suicide is the third leading cause, surpassed only by unintentional injury and homi-cide. Among white males of all ages combined, suicide is the eighth leading cause of death.
Homicide
Authors: Baker Susan P , O’Neill Brian , Ginsburg Marvin J , Li Guohua
Published: November 2023

The 22,000 deaths in 1988 due to homicide and legal intervention made this the eleventh leading cause of death for all ages combined. Homicide is the fourth leading cause of death for ages 1-14 and ranks second for ages 15-24. Among blacks aged 15-34 it is the leading cause of death. During the first year of life, homicide claims more lives than any other cause of injury (Waller et al. 1989).
Falls
Authors: Baker Susan P , O’Neill Brian , Ginsburg Marvin J , Li Guohua
Published: November 2023

In addition to producing substantial morbidity and disability, falls are a major cause of unintentional injury death, surpassed only by motor vehicles. In recent years more than 11,000 deaths annually have been attributed to falls. In an even greater number of cases a fall initiates or contributes to the sequence of events leading to death but is not coded as the underlying cause of death, even though it is mentioned on the death certificate (Fife 1987). Only falls listed as the underlying cause of death are included in the following mortality analyses.
Motor Vehicle Occupants
Authors: Baker Susan P , O’Neill Brian , Ginsburg Marvin J , Li Guohua
Published: November 2023

Preventing or reducing the severity of occupant injury in crashes is analogous to protecting breakable items that are going to be mailed. The box for mailing should be sturdy-a flimsy box that collapses if dropped will not prevent damage-and it should be sealed so that it does not pop open and spill the contents if it is dropped. The inside of the box should be free of sharp protrusions (e.g., exposed nails), and the contents should be surrounded by energy-absorbing packing so that they cannot rattle around loose inside. This way, if the box is dropped or even partially crushed, the forces reaching the breakable goods will be reduced and spread over a wide area, reducing the likelihood of damage.
Becoming a Prostitute
Authors: Karras Ruth Mazo
Published: November 2023

Why did women become prostitutes? Was the medieval prostitute a victim of economic circumstances, a pawn of unscrupulous individuals, or an agent making her own choices? What were the societal and individual factors that led her into the trade? The medieval authorities considered prostitutes both subject and object, agent and victim. In general, prostitutes were blamed for their actions, which they were believed to commit out of lust (even if they were financially needy as well); but when a brothel keeper or procurer was prosecuted, the prostitutes could be treated as innocent pawns. These two views might be called the “happy hooker” model (the prostitute who chooses to be so and who enjoys her work) and the “white slave” model (the prostitute who is exploited and bears no responsibility for her actions).
Appearance, Attitude, and Activity
Authors: Trzepacz Paula T , Baker Robert W
Published: November 2023

The MSE begins as soon as the examiner sees the patient. Even before speaking, the astute examiner carefully notes the patient’s appearance and may learn something about the patient’s interactions with others, such as those in the waiting room. Close observation of the patient is continued throughout the interview, and the data obtained are summarized in the first section of the MSE report-the Appearance, Attitude, and Activity section (some shorten this heading to Appearance and Behavior). Many features of the patient’s appearance and behavior that should be observed, including physical characteristics, nonverbal communications, and motor function, are reported in this section of the MSE. It is important to be careful and nonjudgmental in the choice of words used to describe the patient’s appearance and attitude. This is necessary both to be fair to the patient and to prevent embarrassment to the examiner if the MSE report is reviewed in an unforeseen venue, such as during litigation. The physician should avoid slang and prejudicial or prejorative terms. Careful attention to one’s own attitude and word choice is recommended when describing age, sex, race, or other areas in which social bias may be encountered. Some terms used to describe appearance, activity, and attitude are part of our everyday vocabulary, whereas others arc technical terms. Especially when using the vernacular, it is crucial to avoid judgmental words; for example, it is preferable to write “child like” instead of “childish.”
Introduction
Authors: Roshwald Aviel
Published: November 2023

This study focuses on a rather odd episode in the history of Anglo-French colonial rivalry, a curious Middle Eastern sideshow that took place against the tumultuous backdrop of the Second World War, but which nonetheless had serious repercussions on the overall pattern of Franco-British relations. Anglo-French competition in the colonial sphere dates back at least to the eighteenth century, when it reflected an equally intense antagonism between the two powers on the European continent. After its humiliating defeat in the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-1871, France sought to compensate for its decline as a continental power by engaging in colonial adventures in Africa and Indochina, pursuing the illusion of power for want of its substance.
Limited Resources and Makeshift Arrangements
Authors: Roshwald Aviel
Published: November 2023

In the wake of the coup plot’s failure, British policy toward the Levant was at a standstill. On the one hand, Anglo-French relations in the region had soured, Puaux was soon to be replaced by an aggressively right-wing, Vichy loyalist, and reports persisted of Axis ambitions in the region. On the other hand, the options for active intervention remained extremely limited, although some hope persisted that Catroux would yet manage to engineer a coup. The Chiefs of Staff were able to contemplate the possibility of a military operation in Syria and Lebanon in the spring of 1941, but even then, the success of the operation would depend on its orchestration with a Turkish occupation of nothern Syria.
The Widening Rift
Authors: Roshwald Aviel
Published: November 2023

Within days of the conclusion of the de Gaulle-Lyttelton agreements, a gap began to emerge between the theory and practice of Anglo-Free French relations in the Levant. Catroux’s effort to rally Vichy troops to the Cross of Lorraine was frustrated by their confinement to military camps to which the Gaullists had no access. The situation was slightly improved when it became known that Dentz had flown a number of captured British officers out of the Levant before the armistice. The British were incensed, placing Dentz and some of his leading aides under arrest until the British prisoners of war returned. They also became much more amenable to Catroux’s demands and saw to it that Vichy officers allowed their men freedom to move outside their camps, facilitating personal contact with Free French recruiters.
The Lull between the Storms
Authors: Roshwald Aviel
Published: November 2023

The events of November 1943 left the French in a very tenuous position in the Levant. The unconditional victory that had been won by the Lebanese had sent them into a state of euphoria, in the face of which it would be very difficult to proceed with any measures intended to preserve French influence in the country. As American military intelligence saw it: Intense Lebanese nationalism has been aroused by the French coup. All group antagonism seems to be broken for the time being, and the Lebanese have been almost miraculously fused into an undivided nation, determined to win independence.1 No less importantly, the outcome of the crisis had made it clear that the British would not allow the French to employ coercion in their attempt to retain influence in the region.
Engineering Nature-Engineering Culture
Authors: Barth Gunther
Published: November 2023

The discoveries of the Lewis and Clark expedition turned a western wilderness of guesswork and rumor into a distinct part of the continent. They opened a new world to Americans, who eagerly responded to the promise of a vast new field for their cultural mission. Their attempts to harvest the fur resources and their efforts to make over forest, prairie, and savannah in the image of field, meadow, and city warped their view of nature and almost blinded them to the natural world.
Louis Armslrong and Furniblre Music
Authors: Gioia Ted
Published: November 2023

For twenty-four-year-old Louis Armstrong, as for countless musicians before and after him, New York stood as the final challenge for an aspiring American artist. Yet it was a challenge for which he appeared to be more than adequately prepared. Through his work with the pioneering jazz band led by cometist Joe “King” Oliver, Armstrong had gained a degree of notoriety in Chicago and in his home town New Orleans, and had participated in a series of recordings with that group which even today are admired as the purest example of New Orleans ensemble playing.
Jazz and the Primitivist Myth
Authors: Gioia Ted
Published: November 2023

In his 1969 biography of Louis Armstrong, the French critic Hugues Panassie gave the following evocative account of the trumpeter: One feels the intensity with which he lives each moment; one feels his innate goodness, his uprightness, his simplicity. Gifted with an extremely lively sensibility, his reactions are immediate and attractive in their finesse, spontaneity and intuition. He approaches people and things with his entire humanity.... If Louis speaks only circumspectly about the music of others-and even his own-it is not through indifference.
The Imperfect Art
Authors: Gioia Ted
Published: November 2023

Jelly Roll Morton, the celebrated New Orleans pianist and composer, often asserted that he had invented jazz in 1902. Morton, as even his admirers admit, was a man prone to exaggeration, particularly on the subject of his own achievements. Yet even if we had no other reason to doubt him, this extraordinary claim would probably still make us uneasy. How could anyone invent jazz? It seems rather to be like electricity or North America-things not consciously invented, but only recognized, after the fact as it were, by some especially observant or fortunate individual.
Neoclassicism in Jazz
Authors: Gioia Ted
Published: November 2023

Three revolutionary waves have passed over the landscape of jazz during its brief history, each leaving in its wake a radically changed musical environment. The first transformation came only a few years after the initial appearance of jazz recordings in 1917. Under the powerful influence of Louis Armstrong, jazz developed into a more highly individualistic art form-one that emphasized and idealized the role of the individual soloist.
The Arab Middle East
Authors: Danielson Virginia
Published: November 2023

Music in the Arab world has a long history, documented by scholarly treatises, historical accounts, and more recently, by notations and recordings.1 The Arab musical heritage includes diverse regional folk and religious musics, as well as a classical music tradition with a sophisticated written theory originally formulated between the ninth and thirteenth centuries. Insofar as the various forms of Arab classical music share a basis in this theory-especially the use of melodic modes (maqamiit, s. maqiim)-they can be regarded as a “Great Tradition” common to many Arab countries. However, regional variants do differ somewhat in terms of intonation, maqiim names, preferred instruments and meters, and, to some extent, style, such that one can distinguish Moroccan, Tunisian, Egyptian, and Iraqi art musics.
Private Aliyah: Konfino and Aliyah bet from Bulgaria, 1939 to 1940
Authors: ofer Dalia
Published: November 2023

Private initiative in illegal aliyah organization was not entirely financially motivated. True, thousands of Jews were saved by businessmen, seamen, and adventurers who found an opportunity to reap a profit in the Jews’ desperation to leave Europe by any means. In addition, a number of individuals associated with Zionist movements were also involved in the phenomenon of private aliyah. For these organizers, aliyah activities, while at times generating a financial return, primarily constituted a Jewish Zionist response that was aimed at rescuing Jews.
An Egalitarian Overview
Authors: Mahowald Mary Briody
Published: November 2023

Equality is generally construed as a value or principle to be promoted in a democratic society. It is often associated with justice, equity, and fairness, all of which signify moral values or principles.1 Recently, however, critics of equality have emerged from an unlikely source, namely, feminists. Why does this su prise us? Because feminism throughout history has been associated with efforts to promote equality between women and men. As Christine Overall puts it, “feminism is committed to the further understanding and dissolution of sexual inequality.”
Obstetrics-Gynecology: A Unique Specialty
Authors: Mahowald Mary Briody
Published: November 2023

As public support for the goal of gender equality has grown, so have criticisms and mistrust of medical power and technology. From a feminist egalitarian perspective, the criticisms have been especially directed toward the practice of obstetrics and gynecology as epitomizing the paternalistic model of the physician’s role toward women. Manifestations of such criticisms and response to them include the growth of the women’s health movement, along with books such as Our Bodies, Ourselves;2 Suzanne Arms’ Immaculate Deception;3 Adrienne Rich’s Of Woman Bom;4 Diane Scully’s Men Who Control Women’s Health;5 and Sue Fisher’s In the Patient’s Best Interest. Physicians who have written provocative accounts of clinical practice in obstetrics-gynecology include Michelle Harrison (A Woman in Residence)? and John M. Smith (Women and Doctors.)8 As with any critical movement, there may be excesses, inaccuracies, inconsistencies, and vagueness in its expressions, but the movement also provides health caregivers with an opportunity for growth in self-understanding and professional sensitivity through analysis of what is valid and invalid in the criticisms.
Fetal Tissue Transplantation
Authors: Mahowald Mary Briody
Published: November 2023

Among ethical issues raised by recent advances in medical research, few if any are more complicated or controversial than that of fetal tissue transplantation. In great part the controversy is due to the relation between this issue and abortion, which remains a polarizing issue in the United States and elsewhere. Different positions about whether fetal tissue might be used for treatment of otherwise incurable neurological disorders have emerged from disagreement about whether its use would increase the incidence of elective abortions. Even among those who support the right of women to choose abortion, some are concerned that the availability of techniques for fetal tissue transplantation might encourage more abortions.
Decisions Regarding Disabled Newborns
Authors: Mahowald Mary Briody
Published: November 2023

During the 1980s, both the media and the federal government focused their consideration of infants on a few controversial cases, possibly to the neglect of ethical issues involving other children, and larger social and ethical problems affecting all of us.’ In this chapter, I broaden the perspective on neonatal dilemmas by providing a brief account of the historical, cultural, and medical contexts in which they arise, and a description of alternative approaches to their resolution. I also discuss cases in which nontreatment of extremely ill, impaired, and low birth weight infants may be morally justified. Although these conditions are often addressed separately, in practice they often occur in the same patient. From an egalitarian perspective, each infant should be treated as an individual, just as older patients are to be treated as individuals. In both situations, the patient represents a unique embodiment of limitations, abilities, possibilities, and relationships.
Just Caring: Power for Empowerment
Authors: Mahowald Mary Briody
Published: November 2023

The phrase “just caring” recapitulates my effort in this book to integrate an egalitarian critique with an ethic of care. Although health care is by definition an ethic of care, we have seen that health care practice affects men and women, and adults and children, not only differently but unequally. Unequally in the sense that men and adults are advantaged or empowered as compared with women and children, respectively. In other words, despite the cliche “Women and children first,” the reality is that women and children tend to be last rather than first in health care. Just caring demands neither first nor last placement for either group as such.
Production of Stone
Authors: Arnold Dieter
Published: November 2023

Limestone and sandstone were the great building stones of ancient Egypt. Limestone was typically used for constructions dating from the Third Dynasty to the Middle Kingdom and the early New Kingdom. Sandstone began to be used in the Eleventh Dynasty but became a common building stone from the Eighteenth Dynasty on.
Building
Authors: Arnold Dieter
Published: November 2023

This chapter on the foundations of Pharaonic stone buildings, although primarily descriptive, is included because of the foundation’s close relationship to the more technical aspects of construction. By providing a flat and level building ground, foundations prevent sagging of walls on unstable ground. Although Engelbach has asserted that Egyptian architects were poor layers of foundation, in many cases quite efficient foundations were constructed.
The Quid Pro Quo
Authors: Woodward C Vann
Published: November 2023

WHAT did the South want? Or rather, what did the men who presumed to speak for the South want? That was the question uppermost in the minds of Colonel Kellar, General Boynton, and Congressman Garfield as they undertook their exploration of the mind of the Redeemers in the winter of 1876-1877. It was plain enough what Hayes and his friends wanted of the South, and it was becoming apparent that the old Whig connection was predisposed to co-operate.
Apotheosis of Carpetbaggery
Authors: Woodward C Vann
Published: November 2023

IN THE WINTER of 1876-1877 Thomas A. Scott was still near the zenith of his Napoleonic career as railroad empire builder. The seat of the Scott empire was Philadelphia, home of the Pennsylvania Railroad. The biggest freight carrier in the world and probably the most powerful business corporation in America at the time, the Pennsylvania moved 31,000,000 tons of freight and reported net earnings of $22,000,000 in 1876, a depression year.
The Scott Plan
Authors: Woodward C Vann
Published: November 2023

AS SOON AS William Henry Smith received Boynton’s letter proposing the enlistment of the lobby of Tom Scott in Governor Hayes’s cause he took it to Joseph Medill. The proposal placed the editor of the Chicago Tribune in a rather embarrassing position, for his paper had been one of the most outspoken critics of Scott’s methods and of the Texas & Pacific subsidy bill.
The Apostasy of the South
Authors: Woodward C Vann
Published: November 2023

SO CONFIDENT was General Boynton in the effectiveness of the work that he, Kellar, Dodge, and Scott had been doing among Southern Democrats that the threat of a Democratic filibuster left him completely without apprehensions. In fact he wrote William Henry Smith on February 11 that “as a republican” he strongly hoped the Democrats would attempt a fi1ibuster. “My wish to have it begun by the democrats,” he explained, “rests upon a confidence that the plan we were at work upon before the compromise bill was passed will work beautifully & effectively in case the hotheaded democrats attempt to defeat Hayes by delay.
The Politics of Reconciliation
Authors: Woodward C Vann
Published: November 2023

APART FROM the long-range and larger consequences of the compromise, many of which would not be apparent for generations to come, there remains a whole set of short-range and immediate consequences to be explored. These included the fulfilment of the “purely political plan” and the “other plan.’’
Introduction
Authors: Rosenberg Mark L , Mercy James A
Published: November 2023

Chances are that on any given day, the daily newspaper of every major U.S. city will present a snapshot of America’s growing problem of violence. Articles will cover a range of violent acts: murder, suicide, assault, child abuse, and rape. Although these daily stories catch people’s attention, readers all too often view the violence as a fact of life, something that is unpredictable and unpreventable. Our society and even health and public health professionals too infrequently realize that violence is a problem that can be studied, understood, and prevented (1).
Child Abuse
Authors: Newberger Eli H
Published: November 2023

Despite increasing public awareness, both clinical practice and social policy are constrained by substantial deficits in the knowledge base on child abuse and by gaps in the application of research findings to its prevention and treatment. Newer research demonstrates, for example, that psychopathology is not more prevalent in families where abuse is documented than in the general population, but the focus of clinical protective work remains primarily psychotherapeutic; and talking to an individual parent with a view to changing the parent’s behavior remains the paradigm of clinical practice. Clinicians who work with families identified as having abused their children may find it difficult to conceptualize etiology and treatment of problems outside the biomedical, symptom-oriented approach to which their practice and training are oriented.
Suicide
Authors: O’Carroll Patrick W , Rosenberg Mark L , Mercy James A
Published: November 2023

As the eighth leading cause of death in the United States, suicide accounted for 30,796 deaths in 1987. Although the highest rates still occur among the elderly, the ranking of suicide as the fifth leading cause of premature death reflects an increasing incidence of suicide among adolescents and young adults. Men of all age and race groups are more likely than women to commit suicide, and white men are at highest risk.
Civil Rights And The Idea Of Freedom
Authors: King Richard H
Published: November 2023

This book delineates the important issues and ideas that developed out of the political experience of the Civil Rights Movement, and argues that the Movement was not as much about ending segregation and political disenfranchisement as about having blacks recognized as individuals and enhancing their sense of self-worth and freedom.
Self-interest and Self-respect
Authors: King Richard H
Published: November 2023

If the testimony of participants in the civil rights movement is plausible at all, then the idea that self-interest, the pursuit of power and advantage, does or should invariably inform political action must be reassessed. The primacy of self-interest is often associated with, and indeed considered one of the chief historical innovations of, mainstream American political thought. In this account, the canoni cal expression of politics as self-interest is James Madison’s Federalist #10, while the post-World War II hegemony of liberal pluralism or interest-group liberalism among academics and intellectuals repre sents its most recent apotheosis. Historically, then, the civil rights movement burst into view just as liberal pluralism had become the regnant political ideology. For that reason, it is necessary to examine liberal pluralism and its animating ideal, self-interest, in order to understand the conception of politics that the civil rights movement implictly, and at times explicitly, challenged.
Violence and Self-respect: Fanon and Black Radicalism
Authors: King Richard H
Published: November 2023

The increasing attention the federal government gave to the civil rights issue after 1954 was driven by an awareness that the way the United States government responded to the demands of its black citizens was closely monitored by the newly independent nations of Asia and Africa. At the Bandung Conference in 1955, many of these new nations formed a neutralist bloc, a tiers monde, jealous of its autonomy vis-a-vis the Western or Eastern bloc alliances. To com pete with the Soviet Union for the support of these newly indepen dent nations, the United States felt pressure to live up to its own moral and constitutional values as they bore on the status of Afro Americans, a group which, as we have seen, seemed to be a kind of internal colony within the United States.
An “American Woman Pianist”
Authors: Tick Judith
Published: November 2023

Bertha Foster hired Ruth Crawford because she had already invested in her protegee for three years. Ruth began lessons with her in 1913, and after Clark Crawford’s death in 1914, when Clara Crawford could no longer afford the weekly $1.50 for lessons, Foster had permanently waived the fee. In June 1918, Ruth took Miss Foster’s ten-week teacher-training course where she read Trumbull’s Child Training as part of her work. By August, Ruth had eleven pupils in the smaller South Jacksonville branch of the school, eaming enough to liberate her mother from the hated rooming-house business. In January 1919 Clara Crawford sold her house on West Duval Street (“Hurrah! $1600 cash,” Ruth wrote), and they moved to a bungalow on Van Wert Street, near Riverside Avenue on the outskirts of town.
"A Thread Unwinding": Music, 1930-1932
Authors: Tick Judith
Published: November 2023

Even if Crawford too hastily decided that her Chicago past had no mucial fu ture, today her reputation rests primarily on the music she composed between 1930 and 1932-her second distinctive style period. New metaphors for her style, which emerge in various documents from the period, suggest her shifting priorities. In the 1920s she called her music “trees of sound and color:’ capturing the vertical impulse behind dense sonorities. In the 1930s she talked about the horizontal impulses in her music. She spoke frequently of her “longing for line” as one of her “main searches” in the new polyphony. She embellished it through metaphors of “thread unwinding”; of “string to lead me out of the mass of root less treeless leaves?’ She embedded in her forms rich patterns of symmetry which she compared to the complex designs woven into Persian rugs.
lomax country
Authors: Tick Judith
Published: November 2023

With the “family book” came the family. Alan Lomax, who had been living in Washington since late 1936, was temporarily employed by his father to work with Lomax materials at the Archive of American Folk Song. In September 1937, John Lomax, his wife Ruby Terrill, and his fifteen-year old daughter Bess came up from Texas to work on the project, hoping to get it off the ground in the next few months.
"The Breath of the Singer": Transcriptions
Authors: Tick Judith
Published: November 2023

But Our Singing Country did not live up to their high hopes. Initially, its suc cess appeared likely as generous reviews in the popular press marked its reception. One critic spared no superlatives: the “poetry is superb, the music, virtually all of it previously unpublished. The musical notation is impeccable. The scholarly apparatus is complete. The literary presentation of each number is a gem Aprofoundly exciting book that cuts deep into America and its music.” Even occasional dissenting grumbles from academic folklorists, resisting the Lomax emphasis on African Americans or the white underclass too much emphasis on “Niggah convicts and white bums,” Carl Engel had said of American Ballads and Folk Songs in 1934; “loose rambling lyrics of the ‘un derdog classes,’” Louise Pound wrote of Our Singing Country-seemed incon sequential amidst so much praise. If only critical acclaim had been reflected in sales figures. While Alan Lomax resented Pound’s review forty years later, he far more bitterly recalled the “terrible blow” he suffered at the time. Our Singing Country was a failure, going out of print in just a few years.