bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
#2300 Validation study of the 4-variable kidney failure risk equation for prediction of allograft loss in a group of pediatric kidney transplant recipients
Authors: Machado Sara Nogueira , Freitas Joana C , Vieira Beatriz , Monteiro Sara , Moreira Célia , Teixeira Ana , Costa Teresa , Faria Maria Do Sameiro , Mota Conceição
Published: May 2024

Background and Aims

Emerging evidence suggests that the 4-variable Kidney Failure Risk Equation (KFRE) can be used to predict the risk of graft failure in adult transplant recipients. However, research studies in pediatric patients are lacking. This study aimed to validate the 4-variable KFRE (age, sex, estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR], and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio [uACR]) for prediction of the 2- and 5-year risk of graft failure in a group of pediatric transplant patients.

Method

A retrospective observational study involving 59 pediatric patients who underwent kidney transplant between January 2007 and December 2017 was conducted. The KFRE risk scores were calculated with data collected at 1-year post-transplantation. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) and calibration plots were used to assess the discrimination and calibration properties of the 4-variable KFRE in predicting the risk of graft failure at 2 and 5 years from the point of the 1-year post-transplantation measurements.

Results

Among the 59 patients, 41 (69.5%) were male, with median age of 12.8 years (interquartile range 9.2-15.7) at the time of the kidney transplant. Eleven (18.6%) were living donor recipients. Median eFGR at 1-year post-transplantation was 62.0 mL/min/1.73 m2 (50.0-76.5); 1 (1.7%) and 3 (5.1%) patients developed graft failure within 2 and 5 years from the point of the 1-year post-transplantation measurements, respectively. The 4-variable KFRE showed excellent discrimination for the 2-year risk (AUC 0.966, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.914-1.000) and very good discrimination for the 5-year risk (AUC 0.887, 95% CI 0.732-1.000). Calibration plots however showed imprecise calibration. A discernible trend was apparent in this sample, suggesting that living donor recipients have increased probability of experiencing graft failure in the first 5 years (p = 0.069).

Conclusion

The 4-variable KFRE may be of interest in predicting kidney failure progression in pediatric kidney transplant recipients using data at 1-year post-transplant, however to substantiate these findings and ensure the robustness of conclusions, larger-scale studies should be conducted.
#2843 Urinary extracellular vesicles in after deceased donor kidney transplantation
Authors: Maslauskiene Rima , Bumblyte Inga Arune , Svenningsen Per , Tepel Martin
Published: May 2024

Background and Aims

Urinary extracellular vesicles (uEV) are membrane-bound organelles which contain several molecules from their host tissue, including proteins, membrane receptors, nucleic acids, and lipids. Currently it is unknown whether uEV can be used as a liquid biopsy tool to determine injuries of the allograft after kidney transplantation. The objective of the present study was to compare uEV early posttransplant in kidney transplant recipients with allografts from deceased male and deceased female donors.

Method

We measured the principal cell specific aquaporine 2 (AQP2) abundance in uEV with an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using novel generated specific antibodies, 19-64-1. The AQP2 abundance in uEV was detected in urine samples from incident deceased donor kidney transplant recipients during two periods posttransplant, i.e., the first period was from 6 to 11 hours and the second period was from 12 to 23 hours posttransplant, respectively. The AQP2 abundance in uEV was normalized to urinary creatinine, i.e., abundance/mmol creatinine.

Results

Complete data were obtained from 71 kidney transplant recipients with median age, 50 years (IQR, 42 to 57 years), median weight 73 kg (IQR, 64 to 86 kg), median systolic blood pressure, 144 mmHg (IQR, 130 to 160 mmHg), median diastolic blood pressure, 87 mmHg (IQR, 78 to 98 mmHg), median time on dialysis 25 months (IQR, 10 to 44 months). In 43 kidney transplant recipients with deceased male donors the AQP2 abundance in uEV significantly decreased from median 0.12 (IQR, 0.06 to 0.29) at the first postoperative period to median 0.05 (IQR, 0.03 to 0.12; P = 0.0004 by Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test). On the other hand, in 31 kidney transplant recipients with deceased female donors the AQP2 abundance in uEV did no change from median 0.09 (IQR, 0.05 to 0.24) at the first postoperative period to median 0.05 (IQR, 0.03 to 0.13; P = 0.09 by Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test).

Conclusion

The larger postoperative decline of the AQP2 abundance in uEV from deceased male donors compared to deceased female donors in early periods posttransplant may point to a larger principal cell mass in males.
Unraveling the Health Benefits and Mechanisms of Time-Restricted Feeding: Beyond Caloric Restriction
Authors: Wang Ruhan , Liao Yuxiao , Deng Yan , Shuang Rong
Published: May 2024

Time-restricted feeding (TRF) is a lifestyle intervention that aims to maintain a consistent daily cycle of feeding and fasting to support robust circadian rhythms. Recently, it has gained scientific, medical, and public attention due to its potential to enhance body composition, extend lifespan, and improve overall health, as well as induce autophagy and alleviate symptoms of diseases like cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and ischemic injury. However, there is still considerable debate on the primary factors that contribute to the health benefits of TRF. Despite not imposing strict limitations on calorie intake, TRF consistently led to reductions in calorie intake. Therefore, while some studies suggest that the health benefits of TRF are primarily due to caloric restriction (CR), others argue that the key advantages of TRF arise not only from CR but also from factors like the duration of fasting, the timing of the feeding period, and alignment with circadian rhythms. To elucidate the roles and mechanisms of TRF beyond CR, this review incorporates TRF studies that did not use CR, as well as TRF studies with equivalent energy intake to CR, which addresses the previous lack of comprehensive research on TRF without CR and provides a framework for future research directions.
Public Health, Pandemics, and Cybertechnology
Authors: Miller Seumas , Bossomaier Terry
Published: May 2024

Cybertechnology has given rise to ethical and security issues in the health sector (e.g., ransomware attacks such as WannaCry). Ransomware attacks cripple hospitals causing deaths. Cybertechnology, such as phone apps and bulk health databases utilizing machine-learning techniques, is involved in controlling pandemics (e.g., COVID-19). However, there are potential moral costs, notably in terms of infringements of individual privacy and ownership rights. Here collective goods, such as public health and security, can conflict with individual rights. However, infringements of rights can be mitigated, especially using new technological developments, such as privacy-preserving health mining software, and regulations based on appropriate ethical guidelines.
The Ontology of Musical Networks
Authors: Kane Brian
Published: May 2024

This chapter contrasts the network-based theory of musical works with some major thinkers in Anglophone philosophy of music. It reviews the nominalism of Nelson Goodman and contrasts it with the realism of Jerrold Levinson, Peter Kivy, and Nicholas Wolterstorff. While there are significant differences between these philosophical realists, all three share a framework that posits musical works as real things, specified and individuated by their essential properties, and impervious to change. In contrast, this chapter argues that jazz standards are musical works that have no essential properties, that emerge from a network of performances, and that are not impervious to change over time. The work of Bruno Latour and Annemarie Mol is considered as a model for understanding how objects and facts can be socially constructed and be involved in “ontological politics.” The chapter ends by developing some of the advantages of the network-based theory of musical works.
The Soundscape of Standards
Authors: Kane Brian
Published: May 2024

This chapter explains why the era of the standard emerged when it did and why it came to a close. It addresses the historical conditions by which popular music circulated in America between the years 1930 and 1960 in order to construct a changing “soundscape of standards.” The early soundscape of popular music was shaped by radio and the music industry, where new songs were “plugged” by multiple performers in various arrangements. This forged an auditory culture where songs were not heard as referring a single aural image or particular recording. After World War II the rise of the disc jockey and a new emphasis on sound transformed practices of permissive replication into duplication and associated songs with a single aural image. Simultaneously, internal questions within the world of jazz challenged its basic protocols. Together, these shifts in auditory culture brought the era of the standard to a close.
The Aesthetics of Standards, or Hearing Double
Authors: Kane Brian
Published: May 2024

This chapter discusses the aesthetic value of jazz standards by drawing out implications of the network-based theory of musical works outlined in previous chapters. A mode of listening is introduced called “hearing double,” which involves hearing a piece of music against the background of a set of aural images of its past performances. The musical decisions heard in one performance are also heard against the decisions of other performances. Thus, hearing double is a crucial mode of listening for appreciating standards. The chapter also proposes a distinction between a “standard” and a “cover” by appealing to topology of the network in which a song participates. Covers refer back to a single aural image, often a performance that initiates a network; standards do not refer back to a single aural image but may index various performances within a larger network. The chapter then considers the role standards play in jazz today.
Introduction
Authors: O’Rourke Maeve
Published: May 2024

This chapter introduces the book, explaining why older people’s frequent experiences of care-related mistreatment is an important topic of investigation from the point of view of the rule against torture and ill-treatment in international human rights law. The chapter explains the book’s perspective on ageism and the question of defining ‘older’ people. It further outlines the particularities of the right to freedom from torture and ill-treatment, which contribute to the norm’s relative strength within the corpus of international human rights law. The chapter discusses the ongoing deliberations at the United Nations over the need for and potential contents of a new Convention on the rights and dignity of older people, and it situates the book in relation to these deliberations. Finally, the chapter summarizes the following contents of the book.
Music and parental mental wellbeing
Authors: Perkins Rosie , Miele Maddalena
Published: May 2024

Chapter 1 introduces the book by setting the context for, and parameters of, music and parental mental wellbeing. It advocates for parity of attention on parental mental health as on parental physical health, arguing for the importance of supporting and facilitating parental mental wellbeing. Current treatments and supports for parents are discussed, including for parents experiencing mental illness during pregnancy and in or beyond the postnatal period. Music is introduced as a potential means of supporting wellbeing, and a case is made for how music can feature in parental care, including a short summary of existing evidence in the field. The chapter concludes with a description of the structure and scope of the book.
Synchronised in song
Authors: Mani Charulatha , O’Connor Michelle
Published: May 2024

Chapter 3 describes the design, implementation, and efficacy of a programme of singing and songwriting—Sing to Connect—for refugee mothers in South-East Queensland, Australia. Drawing attention to a raft of upstream drivers of health inequities in displaced populations, the chapter sets out a rationale for work that amplifies cultural strengths such as music and language in health interventions that are arts-based. It goes on to describe the songwriting and singing as related musical practices that bring about social outcomes such as connection, cooperation, collaboration, and eventually cohesion. Underscoring the capacity of songwriting to alert the mothers to pertinent health issues, to channel creative self-expression, and to offset power imbalances with their midwives, the chapter offers a suite of insights that hold implications for both music and midwifery practitioners.
A note on the future of music and parental mental wellbeing
Authors: Perkins Rosie
Published: May 2024

Chapter 14 provides a short note on the future of music and parental mental wellbeing. It first acknowledges some of the threads that run through the book and then identifies four (of many) future directions that practice and research in music and parental mental wellbeing might take. These areas include implementation and scaling-up, emphasising the importance of strong and equal interdisciplinary partnerships, and looking beyond the early years to establish and research new practices designed with and for parents across the life course. Further areas for development include diversity and representation, prioritising work with parents and musicians in wide ranging contexts, as well as capacity building to support and nurture practitioners working in music and parental wellbeing settings. The chapter ends with a final reflection on the potential for music to help reimagine and communicate what parental wellbeing is and can be amongst all that the twenty-first century is bringing.
‘It’s an excellent service for a lot of young people and a place of trust for them’
Authors: Rusterholz Caroline
Published: May 2024

Chapter 5 provides an overview of the demographics of the clients and how they changed over time. The chapter then explores the absence of data on ethnicity and its related implications for addressing the needs of specific communities. Focusing again on the five case studies of London, Birmingham, Bristol, Edinburgh, and Liverpool the chapter explores young people’s lived experiences with the centres and the impact their visits had on their lives, future perspectives, and opportunities. Drawing on case histories, oral history interviews, and media coverage of these centres, the chapter argues that finding a friendly, non-judgmental and confidential service—a place where anxieties, fears, and emotions could be expressed—was central for young people. In addition, this chapter explores the impact that clients had on the development of sexual counselling through the references made to clients’ needs in the development of sexual health guidelines.
Education and Information on Contraception
Authors: Rusterholz Caroline
Published: May 2024

Chapter 7 evaluates the outreach activity of Brook through case studies on public health and education campaigns over time. Taking a chronological approach, it focuses on several campaigns that reveal broader contemporary concerns. In the 1970s, Brook pioneered a new initiative in improving access to sexual health information and services for young people with disabilities. In the 1980s, Brook worked closely with the FPA to try to encourage boys to share responsibility for birth control. Similarly, in the 1980s, they tried to encourage young people from ethnic minority backgrounds to attend Brook centres. From the 1980s to the 1990s, they developed visual and creative materials to inform young people about AIDS. The 1990s were also the decade where the centrality of confidentiality became paramount in the advertising of sexual health services. Finally, this chapter explores the way Brook worked with the mass media and teenage magazines.
The Career Classicist
Authors: Taylor Helena
Published: May 2024

Anne Dacier (1647–1720)—as a lauded ‘savante’, as an Ancient in the Homer Quarrel, and as an accepted and prominent participant in that quarrel—cuts an exceptional figure. This chapter, focusing on her translations from 1681 to 1688 and her interventions in the Homer Quarrel (1711–16), explores the strategies Dacier deployed to make her career as a Classicist, examining how she negotiated the usually irreconcilable identities of scholar, woman, and quarreller. For all the respect she commanded, Dacier also had to navigate expectations of her gender, making an apparently successful distinction between social and authorial identities. The chapter then examines her reception to trouble the assumptions behind the categories of ‘woman writer’ and ‘Classicist’. Her professional endeavours made their mark as she advocated ancient Greek and Roman literary heritage, but, as is shown, she also freed translations aimed at ‘women readers’ from the territory of the Moderns.
Conclusion
Authors: Taylor Helena
Published: May 2024

The Conclusion draws together the contributions of this study which has examined the ways in which the struggle to define the female intellectual in seventeenth-century France mapped onto a broader struggle for a definition of literature and literary knowledge in a context of significant cultural change. It has reframed early modern classical reception through the prisms of literary ideologies and authorial strategy. In addition to instances of reception and translation, the study has also looked at the (related) roles played by the reception of ancient Greek and Roman culture in shaping professional identities (biographical and rhetorical) and in the development of genre; and has considered tensions in contemporary and historiographical ideas of collective categories. The Conclusion then analyses the afterlives of the figure of the ‘femme savante’, from Bluestocking, le Bas bleu, and the Girton Girl to contemporary definitions, to show the enduring influence of Scudéry’s satire.
Arguments
Authors: Robert Howard Nathan , Schroeder Mark
Published: May 2024

This chapter continues our task of discovering the structure of the reason relation from the inside out, focusing on what the principal arguments are of the ‘reason’ relation that are picked out in typical ‘reason’ ascriptions. All reasons count in favor of something, and so we begin with the question of what kind of thing reasons count in favor of. The view that reasons count in favor of propositions is introduced and compared to the view that reasons count in favor of actions or properties, as well as the different answers each of these views requires as to whether agents are one of the relata of the ‘reason’ relation. The view that reasons are relative to agents is compared to the view that reasons are relative to circumstances. Philosophical consequences of each of these answers for the debate between consequentialism and deontology and the debate between particularism and generalism are introduced and explored.
What Can Reasons Analyze?
Authors: Robert Howard Nathan , Schroeder Mark
Published: May 2024

This chapter launches Part 3: Place of the book, which is devoted to looking even further out from reasons, in order to consider their place in normative theorizing more broadly. In this chapter we take up the question of what other normative properties and relations might best be analyzable in terms of reasons. Beginning with the strongest candidates for other properties to be analyzable in terms of reasons and proceeding to the weakest candidates, the focus throughout the chapter is on special difficulties, rather than on the advantages of analyzing in terms of reasons. Challenges about exactly how to understand the competition between reasons in order to explain obligation and permission are introduced. Difficulties about perspective and information are introduced as challenges for analyzing ‘ought’ in terms of reasons. Fittingness is introduced and the wrong kind of reason problem is introduced and explored for analyses of fittingness in terms of reasons. And the connection between ‘good’ and fittingness is introduced as a final challenge for the explanatory and analytical breadth of reasons.
The Fundamentality of Reasons
Authors: Robert Howard Nathan , Schroeder Mark
Published: May 2024

This chapter concludes the book with an introduction and exploration of the Fundamental Argument that reasons play an important analytic and explanatory role in normative theory. The Classical Argument for the analytic and explanatory role of reasons is reviewed and compared to the explanatory and deliberative roles for reasons. Whereas the Classical Argument draws only on the explanatory role for reasons, the Fundamental Argument draws on both reasons’ explanatory and deliberative roles. The limits of the Fundamental Argument are surveyed and the book closes with a reconsideration of reasons’ centrality in contemporary philosophy.
Experimental Evolution and the Nature of Biodiversity
Authors: Kassen Rees
Published: May 2024

Why and how did life become so diverse? This has been the central question—or more accurately, the obsession—in biology. This book attempts to provide an answer by providing an account of how biodiversity evolves in some of the simplest biological systems, microbial populations evolving in the laboratory. This approach, experimental evolution, allows us to watch the evolutionary process unfold in real time and to track adaptation and diversification in both phenotype and genotype along the way, making it possible to observe evolutionary processes that have remained stubbornly inaccessible to experimental research in larger, longer-lived organisms. The book provides insight into the ecology and genetics of adaptive diversification, repeated evolution, the origins of novelty and innovation, coevolutionary diversification, patterns of diversity through time and ends with a sketch of a general theory of diversification.
Divergent Selection
Authors: Kassen Rees
Published: May 2024

This chapter examines the consequences of selection in contrasting environments, with a view to understanding the evolution of trade-offs underpinning niche specialization and differentiation. I introduce a theory of pleiotropy that extends Fisher’s geometric model to multiple dimensions that provides a framework for understanding the evolution of fitness trade-offs, and so ecological specialization, across environments. A review of the experimental evolution literature shows that trade-offs due to divergent selection evolve readily in the laboratory and that costs of adaptation associated with extreme specialization can be underlain by both mutation accumulation and functional interference associated with antagonistic pleiotropy. Evidence from field studies suggests that divergent selection can be strong enough to generate and maintain ecological specialists, although the spatial scale over which this happens is not always clear.
Repeated Evolution
Authors: Kassen Rees
Published: May 2024

Repeated evolution is when the same genetic or phenotypic change occurs in independently evolving populations. It comes in two flavors: parallel evolution, when identical changes occur in populations descended from the same ancestor, and convergent evolution, when they occur in populations derived from different ancestors. Repeated evolution is so unlikely to occur by chance alone that, when it happens, evolutionary biologists infer selection must be the cause. We know little about what factors promote or deter repeated evolution because in natural systems, it is impossible to quantify the frequency with which it occurs. Evolve-and-resequence experiments do not suffer from this problem of quantification, making it possible to provide an empirically grounded theory of repeatable evolution. This chapter reviews what we have learned from evolve-and-resequence experiments in microbes about how predictable and repeatable evolution can be at the genetic level.
Coevolutionary Diversification
Authors: Kassen Rees
Published: May 2024

How important is coevolution, the reciprocal selection arising from ecological interactions like competition, predation, and mutualism, as a driver of diversification? Biologists remain divided on the issue, with some seeing it as a central driver of macroevolutionary patterns of diversity and others relegating it to a more minor role. Theory has shown that not all forms of coevolution lead to diversification, but some can. There is clearly room for experiments to help clarify matters. This chapter reviews the different models of coevolutionary diversification and evaluates the experimental evidence bearing on them. It also considers the impact of extending our models beyond the strong, often pairwise interactions typically studied in the lab to consider how the nature and strength of coevolutionary interactions change in more complex, diverse communities and the impact this has on adaptation and diversification.
Dancing Resistance, Re-creating the World
Authors: Weir Allison
Published: May 2024

This chapter considers the histories and meanings of the round dances that are often performed as part of Indigenous resistance movements, to argue that these danced rituals are world-creating performances that challenge all forms of colonization and domination to enact a dangerous philoxenic form of democratic freedom: freedom in relationality. Drawing on Thomas Norton-Smith’s analysis of Indigenous story and ritual as world-creating performances, Weir considers Cree stories of the meanings of the round dance in light of Julia Kristeva’s Kleinian psychoanalytic theory of philoxenia. In contrast to Hannah Arendt’s idealized philia politikē, philoxenia is a form of political friendship that includes the stranger. Against a naive view of democratic discourse as honorable contestation among friendly and equal individuals—and against a cynical view of democracy as only a game of power—the danced rituals directly address and work through fear and hostility toward the other, to forestall violence and domination.
Care Quality and the States
Authors: Francis Leslie P. , Francis John G.
Published: May 2024

States bear primary responsibility for care quality. The federal government has tried to address problem providers through a nationwide data bank, but the federal Employee Retirement Income Security Act statute bars state mandates for employer insurance plans to submit claims information needed for fuller portraits of provider care quality and costs. States regulate care quality both upstream by licensing and downstream by damage remedies. Some states do not license types of providers who could improve access to care, such as independent practice nurse practitioners. Some states use licensing to enforce ethical views, such as opposition to abortion. Downstream remedies such as liability for malpractice are inefficient ways to improve care quality; these also vary significantly across state lines. Telemedicine places increasing pressure on state-bounded licensure; some states are specifically prohibiting use of telehealth for abortion care. Ethically, providers in this fragmented environment face questions about what to tell patients about care quality or availability elsewhere.
End-of-Life Decisions—Convergence or Variation?
Authors: Francis Leslie P. , Francis John G.
Published: May 2024

Decisions at the end of life have been central to bioethics since the origin of the field. Reflecting religious or cultural histories, states initially took very different paths on issues such as withholding or withdrawing care. An advantage of federalism is that states can try out and learn from one another about initiatives such as advance directives, death by brain criteria, or medical aid in dying. Today, states have largely converged on some policies about advance decision-making but other differences remain. Several states permit objections to the definition of death by brain criteria, and only about a fifth of the states have adopted medical aid in dying. Given the importance of how life ends, people within a federal union should be free to move to seek out modes of care that are not available in their home state even though this may not be practical for many. Although states have largely agreed on the recognition of surrogate decisionmakers and advance directives, disagreements remain. Some states have worked out ways for providers and patients to act in ways that reflect differences of conscience, but more could do so.
States, Health Information, and Patient Confidentiality
Authors: Francis Leslie P. , Francis John G.
Published: May 2024

This chapter describes the vast changes in protection of health information from times of paper records and reluctance to disclose dire diagnoses to patients, to electronic information and methods for protecting it. It begins with an outline of Fair Information Practices as reflected in the General Date Protection Regulation. It then describes federal protections and their limits, including the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act and Certificates of Confidentiality for research. Federal laws preempting state efforts to regulate employer-provided insurance have blocked state efforts to access data for public health purposes. State efforts to protect privacy and confidentiality are uneven; the strongest is California’s Consumer Privacy Rights Act. After Dobbs, state efforts to prosecute out-of-state abortion providers may test the limits of protections for the confidentiality of medical information. As they counsel their patients, particularly about controversial forms of care such as abortions, providers may need to be aware of these limits.
Experimentation and State Variations
Authors: Francis Leslie P. , Francis John G.
Published: May 2024

The federal government uses its commerce clause authority to regulate marketing of drugs and devices and to prohibit use of controlled substances deemed to lack medical use. States have pushed back against this federal authority, enacting statutes permitting medical or recreational marijuana use and granting gravely ill patients the right to try unproven treatments. Data are urgently needed to evaluate these experiments. States have played many roles in addressing the opioid crisis, including cooperating in settlements, sometimes competing to obtain better deals, and sometimes pushing back on federal approvals. For their part, states also acted inadequately in addressing the crisis. We argue in this chapter that states should be permitted to experiment to increase access to medical products, conditioned on appropriate assessment of risks, costs, and efficacy. This is a benefit of federalism. However, it is also unjust for states to deny their residents access to federally approved treatments supported by adequate evidence.
Child Inclusive Practice in Divorce Mediation and Allied Contexts
Authors: McIntosh Jennifer
Published: May 2024

Through child inclusive approaches to dispute resolution in multiple contexts, children are safely enabled to have a safe voice in decisions that directly affect their lives. This chapter describes an evidence-based approach to child inclusive mediation and alternate dispute resolution with separating/divorcing parents and their school-aged children. The evidence-based goals of the work and clinical processes are described, including parent engagement, safe conduct of the children’s interview, and skillful dialogue between parents, child specialist, mediator, and allied representatives to arrive at a developmentally informed parenting plan. The replicated evidence for the method from two longitudinal studies is summarized, each demonstrating the potential of the method to support lasting repair in co-parenting and parent–child relationships. Finally, the chapter considers core competencies, training, and wider organizational supports necessary for implementation.
Parenting Plan Evaluations as a Resolution Tool
Authors: Rappaport Sol R.
Published: May 2024

Child custody/parenting plan evaluations can assist parents in reaching a settlement. When evaluations are conducted ethically, with sound scientific methodology, and the evaluator explains how the conclusions and recommendations were reached in a clear and understandable manner, parents may be more able to accept the evaluator’s conclusions and forgo further litigation. Evaluations are costly and typically take months to complete, which further keeps a family in limbo. Evaluations also may increase parental conflict as parties often have a list of faults of the other parent that are brought to the evaluator. This chapter provides information on how child custody evaluations can harm families but also help them reach settlement, thus avoiding ongoing litigation and financial detriment.
Managing Intractable Conflict in Shared Parenting Arrangements
Authors: Deutsch Robin , Sullivan Matthew
Published: May 2024

Intractable interparental conflict in shared parenting arrangements following separation and divorce creates significant risk for children’s development. In this chapter the authors use a family conflict model to describe the phases in the development, management, and resolution of intractable conflict between parents involved in the family justice system. The chapter highlights how alternatives to involvement in the adversarial processes of the court, such as parent education, mediation, and co-parent counseling, can stop conflict escalation and how parenting coordination and collaborative team interventions can help to manage intractable conflict once it is entrenched. A case example is used to illustrate co-parenting interventions.
Dealing With Multiple Codes of Conduct
Authors: Shienvold Arnold T.
Published: May 2024

This chapter highlights common situations in which a family dispute resolution (FDR) professional might be obligated to follow a variety of different guidelines, standards, or rules simultaneously. It notes that there is an increased risk of facing an ethical dilemma arising because of conflicts between the different guidelines, standards, and rules. The chapter provides definitions for guidelines, rules, and standards and notes ways in which they can lead to conflicting guidance regarding specific professional behavior. It offers a brief primer on ethics, including underlying philosophical principles and application of ethical theory. A specific scenario is presented that provides a model for decision-making that FDR professionals can use when facing an ethical dilemma.
“Prelude to a Method”
Authors: Custodero Lori A.
Published: May 2024

This chapter begins with an homage to Edith Cobb. Margaret Mead suggests an aesthetic representation of Cobb’s work as a mosaic, a bringing together several data sources: creative adults’ autobiographies, observations of children at play, and quotations. The data presented in this chapter include similar pieces, yet those arrangements often mix into new forms with changes in position and context; such variability suggests an image that could shuffle pieces into different combinations to reflect change—more like a kaleidoscope. Further exploration of this metaphor yields understanding of how combinations of memories, present experiences, and projection of future opportunities may coalesce into a sense of self and a musical identity. At its best, this sense of self is both individually coherent (noting similar dispositions over the lifespan) and continuously evolving over time, responding to patterns of influence within social settings, changing developmental and sociocultural trends, and musical contexts. As we turn the kaleidoscope, we can see permutations of possibility in how musical lives are constructed.
Forming Relationships
Authors: Custodero Lori A.
Published: May 2024

Using Bronfenbrenner’s (1979, 2001) ecological model, which addresses multiple systems of influence, the chapter discusses musical memories in the family context: musical experience as it is remembered vis-à-vis individual members in family-based settings and in the greater context of broadly conceptualized neighborhoods. Meaningful interactions with parents, grandparents, and siblings are examined, as are the settings of home, religious institutions, and the family car. Although there were variations in roles taken by mothers and fathers, there were clear differentiations between provision of either soothing or stimulating associations—and they were not consistently gendered. Memories were enduring and continued to be accessed through their associations with specific people, group gatherings, and through the improvisatory experiences of freedom reminiscent of early childhood.
Musical Pathways
Authors: Custodero Lori A.
Published: May 2024

Dispositions and identities are not fixed; they are vulnerable to circumstances both professional and personal. This chapter traces how musicians’ experiences engendered changes in life paths, and how both uncontrollable conditions and intentional choices redirected musical lives. Disruption is from the Latin word for “break”: examples of disruption include injuries, lack of teacher-student rapport, or losing an important audition or competition. Renewal refers to restoring, re-establishing, or returning—a making new. It is often an outcome of disruption that moves us to change—leading us to new paths or perspectives. Autobiographers shared stories of connections with others in moments of grief, celebration, and protest. In this way, music itself serves to both disrupt the status quo and renew our sense of unity, mutuality, and belonging.
The Puzzle
Authors: McClimans Leah M.
Published: May 2024

Patient-centered measures are used in a wide variety of contexts from research to regulation to clinical care. But no matter the context of use, they share a common purpose: to represent patient perspectives, to give voice to patients’ points of view. But patient points of view are various and changeable, and measurement, at least in this context, tends to expect standardization and invariance. Can patient-centered measures fulfill their purpose? The critical social science literature has long worried about the standardization of patient perspectives and experience. Can these measures overcome those worries? This chapter introduces patient-centered measures and lays out the book’s plan to allay these concerns.
Industry and Patient-Focused Initiatives
Authors: McClimans Leah M.
Published: May 2024

This book has championed the attempt to make measures patient centered. It’s argued not only that these instruments can live up to their claim to “represent patient perspectives” but also that they should. Yet philosophical critiques of both patient-centered approaches and hermeneutic inquiry have argued equally that such an approach may be naive. Why? Because just as patient perspectives can be used to make our measurement practices more sensitive to human needs, they can also be captured by pharmaceutical industries to further their economic ends. Nonetheless, this chapter continues to argue that patient-centered measures are not only possible, but epistemically important and morally virtuous. This position, however, does not suppose the threat pharmaceutical industries pose isn’t real. It is real. This chapter explores this concern and argues the best way to resist these influences is to double down on epistemic dialogue.
Retrenching and Hedging
Authors: Cook Steven A.
Published: May 2024

This chapter offers a critical examination of the ideas policymakers and analysts have put forward in response to America’s recent record of failure in the Middle East. It argues that retrenchment, reduction, and withdrawal are too radical for the challenges Washington continues to confront in the region and create their own problems. The chapter underlines how the American foreign policy community’s impulse to retrench from the Middle East after three decades of trying to transform the region has encouraged Washington’s partners to “hedge.” With Washington’s stated desire to pivot to Asia combined with American political dysfunction, Middle Eastern leaders sought to develop their ties with both China and Russia.
Back to the Future
Authors: Cook Steven A.
Published: May 2024

The last chapter compares America’s past successes in the Middle East with its contemporary failures and charts a new vision for US policy called “prudential conservatism.” This idea is based on the straightforward notion that the United States should use its vast power judiciously in pursuit of achievable goals. The chapter then applies these ideas to a set of old and new interests in the region, preventing disruptions to the free flow of oil from the Middle East, helping to ensure Israeli security, countering terrorists, managing regional proliferation, promoting adaptation to preclude the worst impacts of climate change in the region, and checking the ambitions of other great powers in the region. Finally, this section of the book demonstrates that the United States can once again be constructive in the Middle East.
Introduction
Authors: Laird Andrew
Published: May 2024

The pre-Hispanic sign for Mexico-Tenochtitlan, an eagle on a cactus, was transformed in the colonial period into a depiction of an eagle grasping a snake, a common Renaissance emblem that originated in classical antiquity. That transformation illustrates the subject of the present book: the use of European learning to mediate indigenous legacies in sixteenth-century New Spain, largely as a result of the humanist education missionaries provided to native Nahuatl-speaking students. After explaining the title, ‘Aztec Latin’ (and explaining the use of terms such as ‘Aztec’, ‘Mexican’, ‘Latin’, and ‘Renaissance’), the main part of this Introduction outlines the content of each chapter: Chapters 1–5 show how humanism’s most pervasive disciplines and practices—grammar, rhetoric, pedagogy, antiquarianism, scholarly translation—were renovated and redeployed by Franciscan educators in sixteenth-century New Spain; Chapters 6–9 explore the work by native Mexican scholars in Latin, Nahuatl, and Spanish, contextualizing and reassessing their achievements. The final part of this Introduction highlights the broader significance of this study, both for colonial history and the history of scholarship.
A Mirror for Mexican Princes
Authors: Laird Andrew
Published: May 2024

Identification of the specific Latin edition of Aesop’s Fables that constituted the source of the Nahuatl translation of thirty-five fables dispels the persistent misunderstandings that have impaired previous discussions. The unusual focus of the Nahuatl fables on the art of government—unique among Renaissance Aesopian collections—provides the basis for a conjecture about who might have been responsible for the translation. The Nahuatl text of Aesop thus reflects two defining features of the College of Santa Cruz in Tlatelolco: a culture of humanist translation into the Mexican language and the institution’s official function of training native principals for positions of leadership. Chapter 7 consists of the following sections: I. Manuscripts of Aesop’s Fables in Nahuatl; II. The source of the Nahuatl fables: Joachim Camerarius, Fabellae Aesopicae, 1538; III. The purpose of the Nahuatl translation; IV. The identity of the translator or translators; and V. Conclusions.
Solidarity
Authors: Forst Rainer
Published: May 2024

This chapter distinguishes between a general concept and various conceptions of solidarity depending on normative contexts. The general concept of solidarity refers to a special practical attitude and involves a form of “standing by” each other based on a particular normative bond with others, constituted by a common cause or shared identity. Since solidarity is a normatively dependent concept, the nature of such bonds, causes, or identities is not determined by the concept. The chapter distinguishes four conceptions of solidarity: ethical conceptions located in communal contexts based on shared notions of the good; legal conceptions according to which solidary communities are legally constituted; political conceptions that either focus on national solidarity or on the solidary pursuit of concrete aims of justice; and moral conceptions of solidarity that are based on a notion of common humanity materializing in particular forms of solidary action. Solidarity comes in many forms and with many justifications and grounds.
Transforming Interdependence into Social Virtue
Authors: Clark Meghan J.
Published: May 2024

Catholic social thought (CST) is a current incarnation of Roman Catholicism’s official moral reflection on contemporary social, political, and economic questions. Over the last sixty years, amidst growing recognition of globalization and interdependence, solidarity has emerged as a central and constitutive touchstone for how CST both interprets and challenges contemporary society. This chapter examines the way CST proposes solidarity as a social virtue and calls for transforming interdependence into communities of solidarity. First, looking at Pope Francis’s response to the Covid-19 pandemic, it begins with a brief primer on CST to contextualize and locate solidarity. Second, it examines the development of solidarity from an attitude and duty to a virtue within the tradition. And finally, the chapter examines Pope Francis’s Fratelli Tutti and its examination of the Good Samaritan as one way in which CST’s approach to solidarity contributes to the broader global moral imagination.
Pyramid Street Cabarets
Authors: Şahin Christine M.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 4 steps into a smokey cabaret where we experience our final full-night ethnographic excursion. This chapter investigates how variously marginalized bodies within the cabaret site actively negotiate turbulent gender, economic, and nationalist politics. This politically vexed terrain is undermined by repressive regimes, changing notions of masculinity, the female laboring body, and the overlapping hegemonies of the local Egyptian economy as well as Arabian Gulf petrodollars tied to the oil industry. To mine the semiotics of this site in ways that embody the contours of the cabaret entertainment system, this chapter is structured by nimar (cabaret dancer performance sets), including the interim gap between nimar, when the stage is swarmed with other dancing bodies, from reklam (cabaret hostesses) to tipsy clientele. At the same time, the writing, like the cabaret show, is constantly interspersed and paused for infamous yet abrupt tahiyya (microphone-reverbing formal “greetings” to well-tipping clientele). While cabaret greetings focus on keeping money flowing, they do so by calling public attention to “bodies that matter” within the cabaret. However, in this chapter, bodies that matter are valued not for their monetary richness, but rather for their wealth of wisdom. Therefore, interview excerpts from a vast array of peripheralized working-class cabaret characters are performatively inserted within the writing, adding interruptions to the choreographic commotion that sharply cut into the choreographic analysis while at the same time sinuously bending toward political tactics that necessitate multi-directional and multiplicitous moves.
Core Technical Decisions That Created the Internet
Authors: Shackelford Scott J. , Bradner Scott O.
Published: May 2024

This chapter describes the series of inventions and technical decisions that led to the protocols and architecture that comprise today’s Internet, along with analyzing the key decisions about the use of a given technology. There have only been a handful of purely technical choices that produced the Internet of today, and the choices were made by a relatively small number of people. The four technical forks discussed in this chapter that led to today’s Internet are packets, routers, datagram, and split Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). This chapter addresses the major technical digital forks, gives credit to the people who made them in the rooms where they happened, explains why a particular choice was made, and tracks some of the wider implications of the choices made. For each choice it asks an important question—what if another path had been chosen?