bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Prediction Models for Use of Medical Resources at Urban Auto-racing Events
Authors: Nable Jose V. , Margolis Asa M. , Lawner Benjamin J. , Hirshon Jon Mark , Perricone Alexander J. , Galvagno Samuel M. , Lee Debra , Millin Michael G. , Bissell Richard A. , Alcorta Richard L.
Published: September 2014

Introduction

Predicting the number of patient encounters and transports during mass gatherings can be challenging. The nature of these events necessitates that proper resources are available to meet the needs that arise. Several prediction models to assist event planners in forecasting medical utilization have been proposed in the literature.

Hypothesis/Problem

The objective of this study was to determine the accuracy of the Arbon and Hartman models in predicting the number of patient encounters and transportations from the Baltimore Grand Prix (BGP), held in 2011 and 2012. It was hypothesized that the Arbon method, which utilizes regression model-derived equations to estimate, would be more accurate than the Hartman model, which categorizes events into only three discreet severity types.

Methods

This retrospective analysis of the BGP utilized data collected from an electronic patient tracker system. The actual number of patients evaluated and transported at the BGP was tabulated and compared to the numbers predicted by the two studied models. Several environmental features including weather, crowd attendance, and presence of alcohol were used in the Arbon and Hartman models.

Results

Approximately 130,000 spectators attended the first event, and approximately 131,000 attended the second. The number of patient encounters per day ranged from 19 to 57 in 2011, and the number of transports from the scene ranged from two to nine. In 2012, the number of patients ranged from 19 to 44 per day, and the number of transports to emergency departments ranged from four to nine. With the exception of one day in 2011, the Arbon model overpredicted the number of encounters. For both events, the Hartman model overpredicted the number of patient encounters. In regard to hospital transports, the Arbon model underpredicted the actual numbers whereas the Hartman model both overpredicted and underpredicted the number of transports from both events, varying by day.

Conclusions

These findings call attention to the need for the development of a versatile and accurate model that can more accurately predict the number of patient encounters and transports associated with mass-gathering events so that medical needs can be anticipated and sufficient resources can be provided.

NableJV,MargolisAM,LawnerBJ,HirshonJM,PerriconeAJ,GalvagnoSM,LeeD,MillinMG,BissellRA,AlcortaRL.Comparison of prediction models for use of medical resources at urban auto-racing events.Prehosp Disaster Med.2014;29(6):1-6.
Unofficial Wars: The Politics of Disappearance
Authors: Schwab Gabriele
Published: September 2014

This article examines Michael Ondaatje’s 2001 novelAnil’s Ghost, placing it within the context of a history of disappearance as a form of state terrorism on a global level. It contests the controversial response that Ondaatje’s work received, which alleged lack of political engagement in the novel on account of what critics saw as its ‘Westernised approach’. Instead, what is argued here is thatAnil’s Ghostpresents a particular form of ‘working through’, first by approaching disappearances through the embedded lives and subjectivities of targeted populations, and second by using the specific historical and local setting in Sri Lanka to explore the politics of disappearances as a global phenomenon.
Locating Transnational Memory
Authors: Rothberg Michael
Published: September 2014

This special issue demonstrates the strengths of a located approach to transnational memory. The issue focuses intensively on Argentina and Spain, but also makes forays into Brazil, France, Germany, Mexico, and Sri Lanka, among other locations. By ‘located’ I do not mean simply ‘local’ – indeed, negotiating the question of the local and its relation to the global is high on the agenda of this special issue. A located approach to transnational memory might take inspiration from the feminist poet and essayist Adrienne Rich’s concept of a ‘politics of location’.1A politics of location does indeed pay rigorous attention to the local – starting from the intimate terrain of the body – but it situates such attention in relation to other scales: from the regional to the national to the global. While Rich’s essay ‘Notes toward a Politics of Location’ does not address the question of memory directly, her famous assertion that ‘a place on the map is also a place in history’ resonates with the stakes of the essays collected here – essays that deal, as does Rich’s ‘Notes’, with the contradictory and intersecting legacies of state-sponsored violence (Ref. 1, p. 212).
High Dynamic Range Electron Imaging: The New Standard
Authors: Evans Keith , Beanland Richard
Published: September 2014

Transmission electron microscopes regularly produce data which has a dynamic range that exceeds the capabilities of the recording media used, particularly in diffraction patterns. Hardware solutions such as readable phosphor imaging plates have existed since the 1990s, but in recent years the advent of robust CCD digital cameras capable of capturing high intensities in a transmission electron microscope has made image acquisition fast and straightforward. However, all CCD cameras have a saturation limit, making imaging of low intensities difficult when an image is dominated by strong features. Here we present a simple and effective tool to overcome this limitation through acquisition of multiple images and software processing to produce high dynamic range electron images.
Suchtpatienten in der Notfallstation
Authors: Nohl Felix , Kohler Hans-Peter
Published: September 2014

Suchtpatienten in Notfallstationen sind häufige Zuweisungen über den Rettungsdienst. Oft handelt es sich um wiederkehrende Aufnahmen der gleichen Patienten. Die Patienten mit akuten Intoxikationen werden vom Rettungsdienst in unterschiedlichster Verfassung, mit somnolent bis aggressivem Zustandsbild, der Notfallstation übergeben. Die Herausforderung an das behandelnde Notfall-Team und an die Infrastruktur ist entsprechend hoch. Trotzdem sollte die Notfallbehandlung eine umfassende initial somatische und später auch psychosomatische Behandlung umfassen. Obwohl die nötige Compliance für ein multimodales Behandlungsregime bei diesen Patienten fraglich vorhanden ist, sollte diese Behandlungsoption immer wieder angeboten und thematisiert werden. Im weiteren weisen Patienten, die über die Notfallstationen wegen allgemeinen medizinischen, oder chirurgischen Problemen stationär aufgenommen werden, in bis zu 10 % der Fälle ein problematisches Verhalten bezüglich ihres Alkoholkonsums auf, sind aber zum Zeitpunkt des Eintritts „kompensiert“. Es empfiehlt sich somit bei allen Notfallpatienten, die stationär aufgenommen werden müssen, ein Screening hinsichtlich eines problematischen Alkoholkonsums durchzuführen. Hierfür gibt es geeignete Fragebogen, die wenig Zeit in Anspruch nehmen und auch auf Notfallstationen durchgeführt werden können, man muss aber daran denken!
Exploring supramolecular assembly and luminescent behavior in a series of RE-p-chlorobenzoic acid-1,10-phenanthroline complexes
Authors: Carter Korey P. , Zulato Cecília H. F. , Cahill Christopher L.
Published: September 2014

Eleven new rare earth (RE)-p-chlorobenzoic acid-1,10-phenanthroline complexes have been synthesized and their structural, supramolecular and luminescent properties have been explored.
Graphene–CdS quantum dots–polyoxometalate composite films for efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting and pollutant degradation
Authors: Wang Meng , Shang Xinke , Yu Xuelian , Liu Rongji , Xie Yongbing , Zhao He , Cao Hongbin , Zhang Guangjin
Published: September 2014

rGO–CdS–H2W12 nanocomposite film was successfully fabricated by a layer-by-layer self-assembly method. The film showed good photo-electrical response under irradiation of solar light.
Basic concepts of quantum interference and electron transport in single-molecule electronics
Authors: Lambert C. J.
Published: September 2014

This tutorial outlines the basic theoretical concepts and tools which underpin the fundamentals of phase-coherent electron transport through single molecules.
Stereoselectivity through a network of non-classical CH weak interactions: a prospective study of a bicyclic organocatalytic scaffold
Authors: Aasheim Jens H. , Fliegl Heike , Uggerud Einar , Bonge-Hansen Tore , Eisenstein Odile
Published: September 2014

The preferred stereoisomeric product of this catalytic Diels–Alder reaction is in part determined by noncovalent CH⋯π interactions.
Understanding the reaction mechanisms of Pd-catalysed oxidation of alcohols and domino oxidation–arylation reactions using phenyl chloride as an oxidant
Authors: Li Yang , Lin Zhenyang
Published: September 2014

The Pd-catalysed oxidation reactions of alcohols and their domino oxidation–arylation reactions using phenyl chloride as an oxidant have been computationally investigated.
K2S2O8/arenesulfinate: an unprecedented thiolating system enabling selective sulfenylation of indoles under metal-free conditions
Authors: Rao Honghua , Wang Ping , Wang Jianchun , Li Zhongfeng , Sun Xinzhan , Cao Shengli
Published: September 2014

Direct selective sulfenylation of indoles is disclosedviaan unprecedented deoxygenation of arylsulfonyl radical only under K2S2O8/arenesulfinate system in CH3CN/H2O.
A short enantioselective synthesis of 3-epi-jaspine B and (+)-oxybiotin via an intramolecular tandem desilylation oxa-Michael addition strategy
Authors: Shelke Anil M. , Rawat Varun , Sudalai Arumugam , Suryavanshi Gurunath
Published: September 2014

A new synthesis of cytotoxic 3-epi-jaspine B (34.7% overall yield; 97% ee) and (+)-oxybiotin (21.2% overall yield; 97% ee) is described starting from cis-2-butene-1,4-diol. The key reactions employed in the synthesis are Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation and a novel tandem desilylation-oxa Michael addition reaction.
Linear and non-linear wall friction of wet foams
Authors: Le Merrer Marie , Lespiat Rémi , Höhler Reinhard , Cohen-Addad Sylvie
Published: September 2014

Wall slip of bubble monolayers and wet 3D foams exhibits linear or non-linear friction depending on the capillary number and confinement.
Highly mesoporous carbons derived from biomass feedstocks templated with eutectic salt ZnCl2/KCl
Authors: Ma Zhishuang , Zhang Hongye , Yang Zhenzhen , Zhang Yanfei , Yu Bo , Liu Zhimin
Published: September 2014

Highly mesoporous carbons (MCs) derived from biomass feedstocks were prepared using a eutectic salt (KCl/ZnCl2) as the porogen agent and catalyst through a gradient heating program.
60 GHz duplexer design using dual‐mode SIW filters with single‐sided transmission zeros
Authors: Wang Desong , Chin Kuo‐Sheng , Che Wenquan , Chang Chih‐Chun , Wu Yafen
Published: September 2014

A novel topology for designing 60 GHz duplexers is presented. Both the receiver (Rx) and transmitter (Tx) filters of the duplexer, which were constructed using dual‐mode substrate‐integrated waveguide (SIW) cavities, can exhibit a single‐sided transmission zero. The transmission zeros were arranged to achieve high channel isolation and frequency selectivity. The results confirm that the fabricated duplexer can achieve an Rx/Tx isolation higher than 30 dB.
Joint relay selection and cooperative beamforming in two‐hop multi‐relay decode‐and‐forward networks
Authors: Moharrer Hesam , Olfat Ali
Published: September 2014

Cooperative communication can improve the performance of communication systems under multi‐path fading conditions through relaying. Increasing the number of relays will also boost the performance of the system, but since relays transmit through orthogonal channels, this improvement is obtained at the cost of bandwidth or rate of the system. Best relay selection is a well‐known technique to achieve full order of diversity and use bandwidth efficiently in a cooperative two‐hop multi‐relay network. A new beamforming at the relay is proposed that selects the best two among several relays and then the selected relays forward their detected symbols in a common channel to the destination. For achieving full diversity order at the destination, a modified maximal ratio combining detector is proposed. In the proposed beamforming scheme, the phase of the selected relays is adjusted in such a way to compensate the channel between the relays and the destination and achieve acceptable performance at the receiving end. The selected relays require two‐bit quantised phase information of the channel gain between the relay and the destination, which can be sent to the relay by the destination. It is shown that the proposed method achieves full diversity order and has considerable performance gain in comparison with the best relay selection method.
Quantitative model of the driver's reaction time during daytime fog – application to a head up display‐based advanced driver assistance system
Authors: Halmaoui Houssam , Joulan Karine , Hautière Nicolas , Cord Aurélien , Brémond Roland
Published: September 2014

Road accidents because of fog are relatively rare but their severity is greater and the risk of pile‐up is higher. However, processing the images grabbed by cameras embedded in the vehicles can restore some visibility. Tarel et al. (2012) proposed to implement head up displays (HUD) to help drivers anticipate potential collisions by displaying dehazed images of the road scene. In the present study, three experiments have been designed to quantify the expected gain of such a system in terms of the driver's reaction time (RT). The first experiment compares the RT with and without dehazing, giving quantitative evidence that such an advanced driving assistance system (ADAS) may improve road safety. Then, based on a modified Piéron's law, a quantitative model is proposed, linking the RT to the target visibility (Vt), which can be computed from onboard camera images. Two additional experiments have been conducted, giving evidence that the proposed RT model, computed from Vt, is robust with respect to contextual cues, to contrast polarity and to population sample. The authors finally propose to use this predictive model to switch on/off the proposed HUD‐based ADAS.
Analysis of folded pulse forming line operation
Authors: Domonkos M. T. , Watrous J. , Parker J. V. , Cavazos T. , Slenes K. , Heidger S. , Brown D. , Wilson D.
Published: September 2014

A compact pulse forming line (CPFL) concept based on a folded transmission line and high-breakdown strength dielectric was explored through an effort combining proof-of-principle experiments with electromagnetic modeling. A small-scale folded CPFL was fabricated using surface-mount ceramic multilayer capacitors. The line consisted of 150 capacitors close-packed in parallel and delivered a 300 ns flat-top pulse. The concept was carried to a 10 kV class device using a polymer-ceramic nanocomposite dielectric with a permittivity of 37.6. The line was designed for a 161 ns FWHM length pulse into a matched load. The line delivered a 110 ns FWHM pulse, and the pulse peak amplitude exceeded the matched load ideal. Transient electromagnetic analysis using the particle-in-cell code ICEPIC was conducted to examine the nature of the unexpected pulse shortening and distortion. Two-dimensional analysis failed to capture the anomalous behavior. Three-dimensional analysis replicated the pulse shape and revealed that the bends were largely responsible for the pulse shortening. The bends not only create the expected reflection of the incident TEM wave but also produce a non-zero component of the Poynting vector perpendicular to the propagation direction of the dominant electromagnetic wave, resulting in power flow largely external to the PFL. This analysis explains both the pulse shortening and the amplitude of the pulse.
Structural control of elastic moduli in ferrogels and the importance of non-affine deformations
Authors: Pessot Giorgio , Cremer Peet , Borin Dmitry Y. , Odenbach Stefan , Löwen Hartmut , Menzel Andreas M.
Published: September 2014

One of the central appealing properties of magnetic gels and elastomers is that their elastic moduli can reversibly be adjusted from outside by applying magnetic fields. The impact of the internal magnetic particle distribution on this effect has been outlined and analyzed theoretically. In most cases, however, affine sample deformations are studied and often regular particle arrangements are considered. Here we challenge these two major simplifications by a systematic approach using a minimal dipole-spring model. Starting from different regular lattices, we take into account increasingly randomized structures, until we finally investigate an irregular texture taken from a real experimental sample. On the one hand, we find that the elastic tunability qualitatively depends on the structural properties, here in two spatial dimensions. On the other hand, we demonstrate that the assumption of affine deformations leads to increasingly erroneous results the more realistic the particle distribution becomes. Understanding the consequences of the assumptions made in the modeling process is important on our way to support an improved design of these fascinating materials.
Lumped model of bending electrostrictive transducers for energy harvesting
Authors: Lallart Mickaël , Wang Liuqing , Richard Claude , Petit Lionel , Guyomar Daniel
Published: September 2014

Electroactive polymers, and more particular dielectric electrostrictive polymers, have been of great interest over the last decade thanks to their flexibility, easy processing, conformability, and relatively low cost. Their application as actuators, sensors, or energy harvesters suits very well to systems that require high strain. In particular, bending devices are an important application field of such materials, especially when dealing with devices subjected to air or liquid flows. Nevertheless, the design of such devices and their associated electrical interface still requires starting from the local aspects of the electrostrictive effect. In order to provide a simple yet efficient design tool, this paper exposes a simple lumped model for electrostrictive dielectric devices working under flexural solicitation. Based on the analysis of the converted energy with respect to the provided energy, it is shown that electrostrictive systems can easily be reduced to a simple spring-mass-damper system with a quadratic dependence to the applied voltage on the mechanical side and to a current source controlled by the applied voltage with a capacitive internal impedance on the electrical side. Experimental measurements carried out to evaluate the mechanical to electrical conversion effect as well as the energy harvesting abilities in such systems also validate the proposed approach.
Sub-band level-assisted photoconduction in epitaxial BiFeO3 films
Authors: Bhatnagar Akash , Kim Young Heon , Hesse Dietrich , Alexe Marin
Published: September 2014

Sub-band level assisted conduction mechanisms are well known in the field of semiconducting materials. In this work, we explicitly show the validity of such a mechanism in the multiferrroic material BiFeO3 (BFO). Our study is based on two different systems of epitaxial thin films of BFO, relaxed and strained. By analyzing the spectral distribution of the photoresponse from both the systems, the role of the sub-band levels in the photoconductive phenomena becomes evident. Additionally, the influence of epitaxial strain on the trapping activity of these levels is also observed. A model is proposed by taking into account the reversal of the role of a sub-band gap level, i.e., from a trapping to a ground state.
Young's modulus, fracture strength, and Poisson's ratio of nanocrystalline diamond films
Authors: Mohr Markus , Caron Arnaud , Herbeck-Engel Petra , Bennewitz Roland , Gluche Peter , Brühne Kai , Fecht Hans-Jörg
Published: September 2014

Young's modulus, fracture stress, and Poisson's ratio are important mechanical characteristics for micromechanical devices. The Poisson's ratio of a material is a good measure to elucidate its mechanical behavior and generally is the negative ratio of transverse to axial strain. A nanocrystalline (NCD) and an ultrananocrystalline (UNCD) diamond sample with grain boundaries of different chemical and structural constitutions have been investigated by an ultrasonic resonance method. For both samples, the elastic moduli are considerably reduced, compared with the elastic modulus of single crystal diamond (sc-diamond). Depending on the chemical and structural constitution of grain boundaries in nano- and ultrananocrystalline diamond different values for Poisson's ratio and for the fracture strength are observed. We found a Poisson's ratio of 0.201 ± 0.041 for the ultrananocrystalline sample and 0.034 ± 0.017 for the nanocrystalline sample. We discuss these results on the basis of a model for granular media. Higher disorder in the grain boundary leads to lower shear stiffness between the single grains and ultimately results in a decrease of Young's and shear modulus and possibly of the fracture strength of the material.
High power laser heating of low absorption materials
Authors: Olson K. , Ogloza A. , Thomas J. , Talghader J.
Published: September 2014

A model is presented and confirmed experimentally that explains the anomalous behavior observed in continuous wave (CW) excitation of thermally isolated optics. Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR) high reflective optical thin film coatings of HfO2 and SiO2 were prepared with a very low absorption, about 7 ppm, measured by photothermal common-path interferometry. When illuminated with a 17 kW CW laser for 30 s, the coatings survived peak irradiances of 13 MW/cm2, on 500 μm diameter spot cross sections. The temperature profile of the optical surfaces was measured using a calibrated thermal imaging camera for illuminated spot sizes ranging from 500 μm to 5 mm; about the same peak temperatures were recorded regardless of spot size. This phenomenon is explained by solving the heat equation for an optic of finite dimensions and taking into account the non-idealities of the experiment. An analytical result is also derived showing the relationship between millisecond pulse to CW laser operation where (1) the heating is proportional to the laser irradiance (W/m2) for millisecond pulses, (2) the heating is proportional to the beam radius (W/m) for CW, and (3) the heating is proportional to W/m⋅ tan−1(t/m) in the transition region between the two.
Caenorhabditis elegans
RSD-2 and RSD-6 promote germ cell immortality by maintaining small interfering RNA populations
Authors: Sakaguchi Aisa , Sarkies Peter , Simon Matt , Doebley Anna-Lisa , Goldstein Leonard D. , Hedges Ashley , Ikegami Kohta , Alvares Stacy M. , Yang Liwei , LaRocque Jeannine R. , Hall Julie , Miska Eric A. , Ahmed Shawn
Published: September 2014

Significance

Here, we establish a role for small RNAs in promoting transgenerational fertility via an endogenous temperature-sensitive silencing process that is promoted by the RNAi spreading defective (RSD)-2 and RSD-6 proteins, which have been implicated in RNA interference in response to exogenous double-stranded RNA triggers. This process could be broadly relevant to transgenerational maintenance of heterochromatin and is plausibly relevant to regulation of aging of somatic cells as they proliferate.
Communicating the dynamic complexities of climate and ecology: species invasion and resource changes.
Authors: Thompson J. P. , Ziska L. H.
Published: September 2014

As the population reaches beyond 7 billion, the impact of human activities on the global environment will begin to alter substantially the complex biological systems necessary to support life. Of particular concern are anthropogenic changes in atmospheric composition that are altering the climatic processes associated with precipitation, temperature and weather disruptions. However, such direct disturbances can also distress ecosystem function indirectly by facilitating the spread and establishment of non-indigenous (invasive) species. Such species, in turn, can overwhelm biological stability by impacting native diversity negatively or, from a human perspective, by reducing resource availability (e.g. agriculture). As a consequence, system resources, from forests to streams to crops, can become increasingly transient, even as population pressure creates additional needs for such resources. Although these pressures are increasingly recognized, knowledge to address the basic and applied needs related to maintaining ecosystem resources is lacking, in part because of communication disparities between scientists and policy makers. Here, the science underlying climate change and invasive species is examined, in broad terms, and the difficulties in eliciting both the attention and means needed to sustain ecosystem services over time are outlined. Overall, societal awareness of the scientific issues will be necessary to provide the global solutions essential to address the dynamic challenges of a changing climate, invasive species and human resource needs.
Invasive species of China and their responses to climate change.
Authors: Li Bo Li Bo , Wei ShuJuan Wei ShuJuan , Li Hui Li Hui , Yang Qiang Yang Qiang , Lu Meng Lu Meng
Published: September 2014

China is a rapidly developing country with the largest share of the world's population. The extent of human activity, combined with diverse climates and landscapes, may allow for greater risk of biological invasions. To date, at least 529 invasive species have been identified, including 270 species of higher plants, 198 species of animals and 61 species of microbes, resulting in an estimated annual economic loss of US$18.9 billion. Evidence to date suggests that different components of climate change (i.e. temperature, altered precipitation, extreme weather events and rising CO2 concentration) have already influenced the biology of invasive species in China. The influence of climate change may increase the negative economic or environmental consequences of some invasives; however, others may become disadvantaged. Although we are still at the earliest stages of understanding the consequences of climate change on invasive species biology, China is one of the countries that may be affected most dramatically by invasive species. Overall, understanding the interactions between climate change and invasive species biology is an important scientific challenge, but one in which Chinese scientists can make significant contributions. The inclusion of the invasive species issue in some of China's ongoing projects on global change could begin to address critical research needs in this area.
Identifying invasive species in real time: early detection and distribution mapping system (EDDMapS) and other mapping tools.
Authors: Wallace R. D. , Bargeron C. T.
Published: September 2014

Historically, the documentation of native and non-native species distributions was limited to herbarium records, textbooks and field guides. Distribution maps were updated infrequently and the resulting information was often inaccessible. Recently, as public awareness of invasive species has increased, professional and citizen science-based monitoring and management programmes have grown, leading to the collection of large amounts of data across disparate databases. The central focus of the Early Detection and Distribution Mapping System (EDDMapS) is to foster the collection, amalgamation and sharing of these data to show a more complete map of the threat of invasive species and how this issue impacts the nation as a whole. Incorporating data from a variety of sources can raise issues with standardization, privacy and ownership, but these issues can be resolved with proper planning and policies regarding data sharing. With the advancement of technology and interest in its utilization for scientific research and public outreach, tracking invasive species is easier, and results can be accessed and distributed to both researchers and the general public. Smartphones have increased the accessibility of information, and as applications have become more central to smartphone use, invasive species programmes have secured funding for application development for the identification, reporting and management of target invasive species. This has increased the reporting of invasive species by citizen scientists and the general public, and has encouraged timely reporting, verification and management by Early Detection and Rapid Response programmes. Training citizen scientists and establishing data collection standards can encourage data collection, which can aid researchers in modelling invasive species range changes in response to a variety of factors, including climate change. As funding and public awareness increase the utilization of technology for invasive species documentation, more and better tools will be developed for invasive species management.
The biogeography of invasive plants - projecting range shifts with climate change.
Authors: Bradley B. A.
Published: September 2014

Correlative models between species occurrences and climate (here referred to as 'habitat suitability models') have become increasingly popular for forecasting risk from invasive plants under current and future climate scenarios. These models have the potential to inform management and monitoring efforts by prioritizing landscapes considered at highest risk under a changing climate. However, a wide range of choices regarding climatic predictor variables, model ling approaches and even distributional data sets influences the resulting projections. The effects of these choices are seldom defined explicitly, which reduces their utility for scientists and managers alike. This chapter reviews common practices of habitat suitability modelling as they apply to invasive plants. The chapter also reviews major findings of recent projections of range shifts in invasive plants. In both cases, the aim is to explore how different choices of predictors, models and input data can influence conclusions in a habitat suitability modelling framework and develop recommendations for best practices.
Identifying climate change as a factor in the establishment and persistence of invasive weeds in agricultural crops.
Authors: DiTommaso A. , Zhong Qin Zhong Qin , Clements D. R.
Published: September 2014

Climate change may lead to extensive shifts in invasive weed distributions by impacting their colonization and persistence in new habitats. These alterations will require an enhanced capacity to predict the future range of these species and the implementation of effective management strategies. This is particularly critical for agroecosystems where climate-induced changes in the composition and impact of weedy species are likely to add great uncertainty to the biodiversity, stability and productivity of these systems. In recent years, various modelling approaches have been employed to examine the current and potential distributions of invasive weeds at a range of scales in response to projected climate change. This chapter details the efforts under way to map the distributions of invasive weed species based on climate change projections for the USA. The chapter also identifies specific agricultural systems that are most vulnerable to invasion in a changing climate. It concludes with a brief discussion of the un certain ties, future directions and challenges of current modelling approaches and provides suggestions for improvement. Although bioclimatic envelope modelling has provided a useful approach for projecting potential weed species distribution changes resulting from climatic change (see Chapter 15), there is a need to incorporate more details of weed physiology and genetics, as well as habitat complexity, in these models. Given rapidly increasing anthropogenic impacts, land-use changes and climate variability, such refinements to the modelling approach could be critical to managing plant invasions under climate change.
Addressing Adolescent Substance Use: Teaching Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) and Motivational Interviewing (MI) to Residents
Authors: Whittle Amy E. , Buckelew Sara M. , Satterfield Jason M. , Lum Paula J. , O'Sullivan Patricia
Published: September 2014

Background

The American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Substance Use recommends screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) at every adolescent preventive and all appropriate urgent visits. We designed an SBIRT curriculum as part of the adolescent block of a pediatric residency that combined online modules with an in-person workshop, faculty feedback on resident interactions with patients, and resident self-reflection on their motivational interviewing (MI) skills.

Methods

To evaluate the curriculum, we measured resident satisfaction and self-reported confidence in using SBIRT and MI with teens using a retrospective pre/post questionnaire. We used qualitative analysis to evaluate the written comments from faculty observations of patient-trainee interactions and comments from resident self-reflection(s) on patient interactions.

Results

Thirty-two residents completed the curriculum. Residents reported high satisfaction with the training. Comparing retrospective pre/post scores on the survey of resident self-reported confidence, measures increased significantly in all domains, including for both alcohol and other drug use. Regarding self-reported MI, skillfulness also increased significantly. Analysis of specific faculty feedback to residents revealed subthemes such as normalizing confidentiality and focusing more on the patient's perspectives on substance use. Resident reflections on their own abilities with SBIRT/MI focused on using the ruler tool and on adapting the MI style of shared decision-making.

Conclusions

A curriculum that combines online training, small-group practice, clinical observations, and self-reflection is valued by residents and can increase resident self-reported confidence in using SBIRT and MI in adolescent encounters. Future studies should examine to what extent confidence predicts performance using standardized measures of MI skillfulness in patient encounters.
Sport, how people choose it: A network analysis approach
Authors: Ferreri Luca , Ivaldi Marco , Daolio Fabio , Giacobini Mario , Rainoldi Alberto , Tomassini Marco
Published: September 2014

In order to investigate the behaviour of athletes in choosing sports, we analyse data from part of the We‐Sport® database, a vertical social network that links athletes through sports. In particular, we explore connections between people sharing common sports and the role of age and gender by applying “network science” approaches and methods. The results show a disassortative tendency of athletes in choosing sports, a negative correlation between age and number of chosen sports and a positive correlation between age of connected athletes. Some interesting patterns of connection between age classes are depicted. In addition, we propose a method to classify sports, based on the analyses of the behaviour of people practising them. Thanks to this brand new classifications, we highlight the links of class of sports and their unexpected features. We emphasise some gender dependency affinity in choosing sport classes.
Comparing 'papers cited rates' with other measures for science journal evaluation
Authors: Shuang‐Shuang GAI , Xue‐Li LIU , Shi‐Le ZHANG , Rui‐Yuan LIU
Published: September 2014

Thirty‐six ophthalmology journals indexed by the Science Citation Index (SCI) in 2003 were selected to study the role of the ‘papers cited rate’ in scientific journal evaluation. The 2‐year, 3‐year, 5‐year, 8‐year, and 10‐year cited rates of these papers were calculated to analyze statistically the correlations with impact factor, 5‐year impact factor, immediacy index, eigenfactor score, article influence score, and total cites. The results of questionnaires sent to 8,525 ophthalmologists were used to analyse the correlations between the papers cited rates for different years and traditional bibliometric indicators. The results showed that eigenfactor score and total cites were better than other indicators, and impact factor was better than the 5‐year impact factor. The 2‐year and 3‐year cited rates of papers were reasonable for evaluating science journals, and the 2‐year cited rate was better than the 3‐year cited rate. The 5‐year (and more than 5 years) cited rates were not significant in evaluating science journals.
The peer‐review process in English‐language advertising journals: a survey of US academics
Authors: KULEMEKA Owen
Published: September 2014

This study examined the views of advertising academics regarding the peer‐review process in English‐language advertising journals. Three issues were examined. First, how do advertising academics assess the peer‐review process in advertising journals on the following dimensions: fairness, anonymity (truly double‐blind), timeliness, and effectiveness in improving the quality of research? Second, how do they perceive the ethicality of review process behaviors? Third, what steps do they suggest for improving the quality or integrity of the peer‐review process? Data was collected through a survey of US‐based advertising academics. The findings reveal that advertising academics believe that, for the most part, advertising journals are succeeding at fairness, protecting anonymity, improving the research of submitters, and avoiding ethical infractions in the review process. However, advertising academics would like to see improvements in timeliness as well as in incentives and guidelines provided to participants in the peer‐review process.
On the Economics of Labels: How Their Introduction Affects the Functioning of Markets and the Welfare of All Participants
Authors: Bonroy Olivier , Constantatos Christos
Published: September 2014

Are labels good or bad for consumers and firms? The answer may seem straightforward since labels improve information, yet economic theory reveals situations where their introduction reduces the welfare of at least some market participants. This essay reviews the theoretical literature on labels in order to identify and explain the main reasons that may cause labeling to produce undesirable side‐effects. In contrast to earlier reviews that either concentrate on narrow topics or treat the subject in a more or less informal way, we bring together the main results from all the relevant topics by presenting and discussing the assumptions and model‐building techniques that underpin them. The advantage of this approach is that it identifies the origin of the differences between results, thus allowing the synthesis of results that sometimes appear even to be contradictory. We focus on “quality labels” and examine the impact of labeling on market structure, the side‐effects of costly certification, issues related to the label's trustworthiness, the rationale for mandatory vs. voluntary labeling, the level at which the label's standard is set according to the agency that selects it, the political economy of labels, that is, pro‐ or anti‐label lobbying, lobbying to affect the label's standard, and lobbying in favor or against the label's mandatory imposition. These topics cover a wide range of applications, including Genetically Modified Organism (GMOs), organic produce, geographic indicators, controlled origin, eco‐labels, etc. We conclude by identifying topics that require further research.
Workplace suicide prevention: a systematic review of published and unpublished activities
Authors: Milner Allison , Page Kathryn , Spencer-Thomas Sally , LaMontagne Anthony D.
Published: September 2014

There are a number of published studies on workplace suicide prevention activities, and an even larger number of activities that are not reported on in academic literature. The aim of this review was to provide a systematic assessment of workplace suicide prevention activities, including short-term training activities, as well as suicide prevention strategies designed for occupational groups at risk of suicide. The search was based on Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) Guidelines. The databases used for the searches were the Cochrane Trials Library and PubMed. A range of suicide prevention websites were also searched to ascertain the information on unpublished workplace suicide prevention activities. Key characteristics of retrieved studies were extracted and explained, including whether activities were short-term training programmes or developed specifically for occupations at risk of suicide. There were 13 interventions relevant for the review after exclusions. There were a few examples of prevention activities developed for at-risk occupations (e.g. police, army, air force and the construction industry) as well as a number of general awareness programmes that could be applied across different settings. Very few workplace suicide prevention initiatives had been evaluated. Results from those that had been evaluated suggest that prevention initiatives had beneficial effects. Suicide prevention has the potential to be integrated into existing workplace mental health activities. There is a need for further studies to develop, implement and evaluate workplace suicide prevention programmes.
Trade Adjustment: Worker-Level Evidence
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Authors: Autor David H. , Dorn David , Hanson Gordon H. , Song Jae
Published: September 2014

We analyze the effect of exposure to international trade on earnings and employment of U.S. workers from 1992 through 2007 by exploiting industry shocks to import competition stemming from China’s spectacular rise as a manufacturing exporter paired with longitudinal data on individual earnings by employer spanning close to two decades. Individuals who in 1991 worked in manufacturing industries that experienced high subsequent import growth garner lower cumulative earnings, face elevated risk of obtaining public disability benefits, and spend less time working for their initial employers, less time in their initial two-digit manufacturing industries, and more time working elsewhere in manufacturing and outside of manufacturing. Earnings losses are larger for individuals with low initial wages, low initial tenure, and low attachment to the labor force. Low-wage workers churn primarily among manufacturing sectors, where they are repeatedly exposed to subsequent trade shocks. High-wage workers are better able to move across employers with minimal earnings losses and are more likely to move out of manufacturing conditional on separation. These findings reveal that import shocks impose substantial labor adjustment costs that are highly unevenly distributed across workers according to their skill levels and conditions of employment in the pre-shock period.
Current US trends in formal performance appraisal: practices and opportunities – Part II
Authors: O. Longenecker Clinton , S. Fink Laurence , Caldwell Sheri
Published: September 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this two-part paper is to explore the current practices being employed in the formal performance appraisal process in a cross-section of US service and manufacturing organizations. In this paper, the authors identify the current trends that emerged from this research study and the improvement opportunities that exist for organizations that currently engage in the practice of formally appraising their personnel.

Design/methodology/approach

– The formal performance appraisal process, procedure, and rating form from 183 US organizations were reviewed by a three-person review panel and were content analyzed to identify current trends and opportunities for improvement.

Findings

– This qualitative analysis revealed that the average rating procedure had been in place for 5.5 years, to serve a wide variety of purposes, identified critical gaps in training, made it clear that organizations employ a wide variety of performance criteria in assessing their people.

Research limitations/implications

– The biggest limitation of this research is the fact that a convenience sample of 183 organizations was employed as the basis for this study.

Practical implications

– Data on the actual formal performance appraisal process of organizations is rather limited and this research provides critical insight into current practice limiting potential generalizability.

Social implications

– The social implications of this research suggests that organizations can do a much better job of equipping their leaders/employees to more effectively reap the organizational benefits of this key practice.

Originality/value

– Research in this area is not prevalent so this is a descriptive research study that both researchers and organizations can use to further their knowledge in formal performance appraisals.
Study of reasons for enterprise systems adoption among Indian organizations
Authors: Ahmad Naim , Haleem Abid , Ali Syed Asif
Published: September 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to identify reasons for the enterprise systems adoption, their relevance to the Indian organizations and their relationship with industry and size among the Indian organizations.

Design/methodology/approach

– Through the content analysis of 12 research papers reasons of enterprise systems adoption have been identified. With the resultant framework of variables, 288 Indian cases have been scanned to identify and contrast adoption reasons in India with other countries. Also through χ2 test their associations have been studied with respect to industry and size among Indian organizations.

Findings

– All the adoption reasons are present in Indian organizations. All the adoption reasons are indifferent to the industry of organization. Similarly it is found that all the adoption reasons but one is indifferent to the size of organization. Only organizational change is found to be significantly related with the size.

Research limitations/implications

– The scope of study is limited to the Indian organizations that have implemented enterprise systems software. All the manifest variables have been marked with only two values 0 for absence and 1 for presence while omitting the information on relative strength. There is potential possibility of bias toward ES implementation benefits and relative comfort in implementing the target vendor's product. This research has utilized secondary data that might not have been created to address the current problem therefore may be limited in relevancy and accuracy.

Practical implications

– Adoption motivations are a good starting point to see the need for the ES. Occurrences of adoption motivations advocate the change in the application infrastructure. Following 12 motivations for the adoption of ES have been identified in the literature review. Moreover they have not varied much with respect to the size and industry of the organizations. However, some factors are showing stronger presence in Indian context than the global counterparts and some are showing weaker presence.

Originality/value

– Content analysis of the literature review has resulted in 12 reasons for the enterprise systems adoption after three iterations. These variables have been explained with the help of literature. Second, component of this research studies the relationship of these variables with industry and size among Indian organizations. It is established that enterprise systems are being adopted globally for the identical reasons. These reasons are also almost uniform with respect to industry and size of the Indian organizations.