bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Archaean crust in the Rayner Complex of east Antarctica: Oygarden Group of islands, Kemp Land
Authors: Kelly N. M. , Clarke G. L. , Fanning C. M.
Published: July 2007

Archaean zircon grains from the Oygarden Group of islands in Kemp Land, east Antarctica, record evidence for multiple episodes of recrystallisation, dissolution and growth from the Early to Middle Archaean to the Neoproterozoic. Zircon grains in layered felsic orthogneiss have an age of ∼3650 Ma, a minimum protolith age for this rock. These zircon grains were subsequently affected by a ∼3470 Ma Pb-loss event. Homogeneous felsic orthogneiss that cuts S1, but contains an intense S2 foliation, has disturbed ∼2780 Ma metamorphic zircon cores and rims that suggest a minimum age of ∼2780 Ma for the protolith to the orthogneiss. All zircon U-Pb data display considerable disturbance with further Pb-loss at ∼2400 Ma and ∼1600 Ma, and a major episode of isotopic resetting at ∼930 Ma. The highly disturbed data are related to complexly zoned zircon grains that developed through growth and modification during successive metamorphic events. Zircon cores with relic growth zoning patterns are inferred to have resulted from partial annealing or recrystallisation of older magmatic zircon. Highly luminescent zircon rims that embay cores along curved boundaries are interpreted to have formed through recrystallisation of zircon cores, and not new growth. The ages reported here confirm that central Kemp Land is composed of Archaean crust reworked during the Neoproterozoic Rayner Structural Episode.
The lowermost Silurian of Jämtland, central Sweden: conodont biostratigraphy, correlation and biofacies
Authors: Dahlqvist Peter , Bergström Stig M.
Published: July 2007

The Late Ordovician–Early Silurian succession in Jämtland includes the marine Kogsta Siltstone, which is unconformably overlain by the shallow-water Ede Quartzite that grades into the open-marine Berge Limestone. A Hirnantia shelly fauna dates the uppermost Kogsta Siltstone as Hirnantian, and shelly fossils indicate an Aeronian age for the Berge Limestone. Biostratigraphically highly diagnostic conodonts of the early-middle Aeronian Pranognathus tenuis Zone provide the first firm date of the Upper Ede Quartzite and the lowermost Berge Limestone. The Lower Ede Quartzite has not yielded fossils, but sedimentological data suggest it to be of Hirnantian age and reflect the glacio-eustatic low-stand. The contact between the Lower and Upper Ede Quartzite, here taken to be the Ordovician–Silurian boundary, appears to be an unconformity associated with a stratigraphic gap that at least includes the Rhuddanian Stage. The biostratigraphically important conodonts Pranognathus tenuis, Kockelella? manitoulinensis, and Pranognathus siluricus are recorded from Sweden for the first time, and these and other conodonts are used for correlations with coeval units in Europe and North America. In a regional review of Aeronian conodont faunas, three intergrading, apparently depth-related, conodont biofacies are recognised, the Jämtland conodonts representing the one characteristic of the shallowest water.
An aglaspidid arthropod from the Upper Ordovician of Morocco with remarks on the affinities and limitations of Aglaspidida
Authors: Van Roy Peter
Published: July 2007

A new aglaspidid arthropod, Chlupacaris dubia gen. et sp. nov., is described from the Pusgillian (lower Ashgill, Upper Ordovician) Upper Tiouririne Formation near Erfoud, southeastern Morocco. Although disarticulated, careful documenting of the tergites allows a reconstruction of the exoskeleton to be made. Although somewhat trilobite-like in appearance, the lack of facial sutures, a well-defined axis with articulating half-rings and a pygidium clearly prove Chlupacaris gen. nov. is not a trilobite. An interesting feature is the presence of a hypostome in this non-trilobite arthropod. In contrast to other aglaspidids usually considered to be carnivorous, a filter-feeding mode of life is proposed for Chlupacaris gen. nov., based on the strongly vaulted cephalon, subvertical orientation of the hypostome and less strongly vaulted trunk. Chlupacaris gen. nov. is probably most closely related to the atypical aglaspidid Tremaglaspis unite from the Tremadoc (Lower Ordovician) of the U.K., but it can also be tentatively linked to the problematic Lower Cambrian arthropods Kodymirus vagans and Kockurus grandis from the Czech Republic. The relevance and validity of previous definitions and of possibly significant characters used for identifying aglaspidids are evaluated, and as a result, a new combination of characters diagnosing Aglaspidida is proposed. Contrary to previous reports, it is suggested that aglaspidids are probably more closely related to trilobites than they are to chelicerates. This notion may be supported by the shared possession of a mineralised cuticle, a possibly similar number of cephalic appendages, and the presence of a hypostome in some forms, although this last character may alternatively be homoplastic.
Givetian (Middle Devonian) cladoxylopsid ‘ferns’ from Orkney, northern Scotland
Authors: Berry Christopher M. , Hilton Jason
Published: July 2007

Two large fossil plants are described from the Givetian (Middle Devonian) Eday Flags, South Ronaldsay, Orkney Isles, northern Scotland. Fossils with branches joined to stems of this age are rare. Each specimen comprises a robust and tapering main trunk from which numerous closely spaced branches arise distally. Although poorly preserved such that generic identifications are not possible, both specimens display the characteristic architecture of the plant order Pseudosporochnales (Cladoxylopsida). The newly discovered specimens demonstrate a variation in size and form that adds further data to the understanding of the ontogeny of these enigmatic plants, complementing recent morphological and anatomical findings. These specimens, in combination with many more fragmentary fossils of the same kind from the Orcadian sedimentary basin, add to our knowledge of the Givetian floras of Britain, and show that large plants with upright stems were present in the Middle Devonian landscape of Scotland.
Angustidontus, a Late Devonian pelagic predatory crustacean
Authors: Rolfe W. D. Ian , Dzik Jerzy
Published: July 2007

Restoration of the morphology of Angustidontus seriatus Cooper, 1936 based on complete specimens from the Famennian of Nevada and Poland, supports its affinity to the coeval alleged decapod Palaeopalaemon and suggests eocarid (possibly also peracarid) affinities. Predatory adaptation of the thoracopods and the relatively short pereion make this crustacean only superficially resemble the archaeostomatopod hoplocarids, because the large grasping appendages of Angustidontus represent the first, rather than second, maxillipeds and acted in the opposite direction: downward. Another similar adaptation of the antennae in the Viséan Palaemysis suggests a widespread adaptation to predation among early eumalacostracans. The large sample collected from the Woodruff Formation of Nevada permits biometric characterisation of the grasping maxillipeds of Angustidontus, showing that their highly variable morphology should not be used to define species. All previously described species are therefore here synonymised with A. seriatus. Differences in gnathobases of mandibles found in articulated specimens in Nevada, and associated with isolated maxillipeds and articulated specimens possibly representing another unnamed species in Poland, suggest that such mandibles may eventually prove to be taxonomically more significant.
Intestinal carriage of verocytotoxigenicEscherichia coliO157,Salmonella, thermophilicCampylobacterandYersinia enterocolitica, in cattle, sheep and pigs at slaughter in Great Britain during 2003
Authors: MILNES A. S. , STEWART I. , CLIFTON-HADLEY F. A. , DAVIES R. H. , NEWELL D. G. , SAYERS A. R. , CHEASTY T. , CASSAR C. , RIDLEY A. , COOK A. J. C. , EVANS S. J. , TEALE C. J. , SMITH R. P. , McNALLY A. , TOSZEGHY M. , FUTTER R. , KAY A. , PAIBA G. A.
Published: July 2007

An abattoir survey was undertaken to determine the prevalence of foodborne zoonotic organisms colonizing cattle, sheep and pigs at slaughter in Great Britain. The study ran for 12 months from January 2003, involved 93 abattoirs and collected 7703 intestinal samples. The design was similar to two previous abattoir surveys undertaken in 1999–2000 allowing comparisons. Samples were examined for VTEC O157,Salmonella, thermophilicCampylobacterandYersinia enterocolitica. The prevalence of VTEC O157 faecal carriage was 4·7% in cattle, 0·7% in sheep and 0·3% in pigs. A significant decrease in sheep was detected from the previous survey (1·7%).Salmonellacarriage was 1·4% in cattle, a significant increase from the previous survey of 0·2%. In sheep, faecal carriage was 1·1% a significant increase from the previous survey (0·1%). In pigs, carriage was 23·4%, consistent with the previous study. ThermophilicCampylobacterspp. were isolated from 54·6% of cattle, 43·8% of sheep and 69·3% of pigs.Y. enterocoliticawas isolated from 4·5% of cattle, 8·0% of sheep and 10·2% of pigs.
Deterministic SIR (Susceptible–Infected–Removed) models applied to varicella outbreaks
Authors: GIRALDO J. OSPINA , PALACIO D. HINCAPIÉ
Published: July 2007

Deterministic SIR models were applied to simulate Susceptible–Infected–Removed and to estimate the threshold condition for varicella outbreaks in children, reported in Medellín, Colombia. The expected numbers of susceptible, infected and removed individuals were compared with observed cases from notification of varicella outbreaks to the local Board of Health and from survey data. The threshold condition was estimated by the basic reproductive ratio and by the relative removal rate, through which measures for preventing and curtailing the outbreaks were identified. The model demonstrated a reasonable fit to the observations, except in two of the six outbreaks which probably reflected under-registration of cases. In order to have prevented these outbreaks, between 4·4% and 52·9% of the susceptible population should have been vaccinated assuming an 85% vaccine effectiveness. Similarly, isolation of affected children should have been increased to between 4·3% and 44·8% per week.
Spatial distribution of random velocity fluctuations of 3‐m field‐aligned irregularities in ionospheric sporadic E layer
Authors: Chu Yen‐Hsyang , Wang Chien‐Ya
Published: July 2007

In this article we attempt to estimate the spatial distribution of the random velocity fluctuation of 3‐m field‐aligned irregularities (FAI) in sporadic E (Es) region, which were responsible for the quasi‐periodic (QP) echoes in range‐time‐intensity (RTI) plot. As previously shown by Chu and Wang (2003), beam broadening effect may be significant in spectral width measurements. However, using interferometry technique this effect could be removed by estimating the zonal drift velocity and the interferometry‐resolved zonal extent of the plasma irregularities. By applying this correction to 1 hour of data we found that the ratio of the beam broadening spectral width to the observed spectral width vary between 5 and 40% with a mean value of 14.2% and a standard deviation of 6.3%. After removing the beam‐broadening contribution from observed Doppler spectral width, the mean velocity fluctuations of the 3‐m plasma irregularities at a height of 105 km are in the range of 5 to 12 m/s. In addition, the spatial distribution of the FAI velocity fluctuation is nearly uniform in the echoing region over a span of 8° (corresponding to a horizontal extent of about 20 km) in geomagnetic zonal direction. The plausible mechanism responsible for the uniform distribution of the random velocity fluctuation of the 3‐m FAI in the nighttime Es region is discussed.
Cassini Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer data in Titan's upper atmosphere and exosphere: Observation of a suprathermal corona
Authors: De La Haye V. , Waite J. H. , Johnson R. E. , Yelle R. V. , Cravens T. E. , Luhmann J. G. , Kasprzak W. T. , Gell D. A. , Magee B. , Leblanc F. , Michael M. , Jurac S. , Robertson I. P.
Published: July 2007

The neutral nitrogen and methane measurements made by Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer during Cassini flybys TA, TB, and T5 in Titan's upper atmosphere and exosphere are presented. Large horizontal variations are observed in the total density, recorded to be twice as large during TA as during T5. Comparison between the atmospheric and exospheric data show evidence for the presence of a significant population of suprathermal molecules. Using a diffusion model to simultaneously fit the N2 and CH4 density profiles below 1500 km, the atmospheric structure parameters are determined, taking into account recent changes in the calibration parameters. The best fits are obtained for isothermal profiles with values 152.8 ± 4.6 K for TA, 149.0 ± 9.2 K for TB, and 157.4 ± 4.9 K for T5, suggesting a temperature ≃5 K warmer at night than at dusk, a trend opposite to that determined by solar‐driven models. Using standard exospheric theory and a Maxwellian exobase distribution, a temperature of 20 to 70 K higher would be necessary to fit the TA, TB, and egress‐T5 data above 1500 km. The suprathermal component of the corona was fit with various exobase energy distributions, using a method based on the Liouville theorem. This gave a density of suprathermals at the exobase of 4.4 ± 5.1 × 105 cm−3 and 1.1 ± 0.9 × 105 cm−3, and an energy deposition rate at the exobase of 1.1 ± 0.9 × 102 eV cm−3 s−1 and 3.9 ± 3.5 × 101 eV cm−3 s−1 for the hot N2 and CH4 populations, respectively. The energy deposition rate allowed us to roughly estimate escape rates for nitrogen of ≃7.7 ± 7.1 × 107 N cm−2 s−1 and for methane of ≃2.8 ± 2.1 × 107 CH4 cm−2 s−1. Interestingly, no suprathermal component was observed in the ingress‐T5 data.
Slow surge of Trapridge Glacier, Yukon Territory, Canada
Authors: Frappé Tom‐Pierre , Clarke Garry K. C.
Published: July 2007

Trapridge Glacier, a polythermal surge‐type glacier located in the St. Elias Mountains, Yukon Territory, Canada, passed through a complete surge cycle between 1951 and 2005. Air photos (1951–1981) and ground‐based optical surveys (1969–2005) are used to quantify the modifications in flow and geometry that occurred over this period. Yearly averaged flow records suggest that the active phase began ∼1980, and lasted until ∼2000. The average velocity in the central area of the glacier went from 16 m yr−1 in 1974 to 39 m yr−1 in 1980; it peaked at 42 m yr−1 in 1984, and remained above 25 m yr−1 until 2001. Over that interval, the flow decelerated by steps, in 4‐year pulses. After a particularly vigorous acceleration in 1997–1999, the glacier gradually slowed to presurge velocities. In 2005, the flow was less than 9 m yr−1. Digital elevation models are generated by stereographic analysis of air photos for 1951, 1970, 1972, 1977, and 1981. These models are updated annually using ground‐based survey data and a novel implementation of Bayesian kriging. Over the course of the surge, the front of active ice advanced 450 m and the glacier area increased by 10%, with an associated thinning of the ice. The previous surge of Trapridge Glacier, starting before 1939 and ending before 1951, led to a terminus advance of ∼1 km. Comparison of the two surges suggests that the 1930s surge started with a slow progression similar to what we observed in the 1980s and 1990s, and switched to a faster flow mode after 1941. This second phase was never attained in the recent surge, probably owing to a lack of mass.
Correlation between east Asian dust storm frequency and PNA
Authors: Gong Dao‐Yi , Mao Rui , Shi Pei‐Jun , Fan Yi‐Da
Published: July 2007

Large‐scale climate teleconnections play evident roles in spring dust storm variability over east Asia through influencing regional weather and climates. In the present study authors found that dust storm frequency in northern China is significantly correlated to the Pacific/North American (PNA) pattern with a Pearson's correlation coefficient of +0.60 on interannual time scale during the period 1962–2002. The atmospheric circulation changes (including weather disturbances at 850hPa, monthly mean wind and height at 500 hPa and 200 hPa levels) in association with dust storm and PNA bear remarkable similarity, confirming the robustness of their connections. East Asian jet stream is, at least partly, responsible for generating the evident co‐variations between dust storm frequency and PNA. This teleconnection and the corresponding circulation changes exist in non‐El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), likely independent of ENSO phases. The results are helpful for better understanding how East Asian dust storm responds to the global change.
Solar‐wind influence on MLT dependence of plasma sheet conditions and their effects on storm time ring current formation
Authors: Chen Margaret W. , Wang Chih‐Ping , Schulz Michael , Lyons Larry R.
Published: July 2007

By applying plasma sheet boundary conditions based on averages of Geotail data to a magnetically self‐consistent ring current simulation model, we investigate how solar‐wind influence on plasma sheet conditions affects local‐time asymmetries in early ring current development under two representative interplanetary conditions: (1) For strongly northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), high solar‐wind density, and low solar‐wind speed, Geotail ion densities are high and ion temperatures are low, particularly in the post‐midnight quadrant at radial distances r > 8 RE; and (2) For weakly northward IMF, high solar‐wind speed, and low solar‐wind density, a significant density enhancement is not observed in the post‐midnight at r > 8 RE. Within an hour after an increase in the convection electric field, Condition (1) lead to relative enhancement of the simulated ring current plasma pressure especially in the post‐midnight quadrant, while Condition (2) lead to pressure enhancements that are more uniformly distributed around the night side.
Linear magnetic holes in a unipolar region of the heliosheath observed by Voyager 1
Authors: Burlaga L. F. , Ness N. F. , Acuna M. H.
Published: July 2007

Voyager 1 (V1) observed a unipolar interval in the heliosheath from day of year (DOY) 146–204, 2006, in which the magnetic fieldBwas directed toward the Sun nearly along the spiral field direction. The direction ofBwas nearly constant in this interval (the 1‐σfluctuations in the hour averages and 48‐s averages of the azimuthal and elevation angles being ≈±8° and ≈±5°, respectively). The average magnetic field strength was relatively large, B ≈ 0.21 nT. The fluctuations in both the hour averages and 48‐s averages of B were non‐Gaussian, being skewed toward small values of B, primarily by the presence of numerous linear magnetic holes. The magnetic holes moved past V1 at a rate of the order of 2/day. The characteristics of nine magnetic holes were analyzed by fitting the magnetic field strength profiles to a Gaussian distribution. The radial extent of the magnetic holes was of the order of 650,000 km, which is ≈80 RL, where RLis the Larmor radius of the pickup protons in the heliosheath. Although the magnetic holes in the heliosheath are much larger than those at 1 AU, the size in units of RLis of the same order of magnitude in the two locations, suggesting a common physical nature.
Influence of the initial supersaturation of solute atoms on the size of nanoparticles grown by an Ostwald ripening mechanism
Authors: Cherkashin N. A. , Claverie A. , Bonafos C. , Chaldyshev V. V. , Bert N. A. , Preobrazhenskii V. V. , Putyato M. A. , Semyagin B. R. , Werner P.
Published: July 2007

We have designed a GaAs based structure in which the influence of the initial supersaturation of solute atoms, here As, on the nucleation and conservative growth of a precipitate phase during annealing can be studied. Size distributions and densities were extracted from transmission electron microscopy images under well defined and appropriate conditions, and the volume fraction that the precipitate phase occupies was deduced from these measurements for a variety of experimental conditions. We show that in the 0.06%–0.5% supersaturation range, the mean size of the precipitates obtained after annealing does not depend on the initial supersaturation of As atoms. On the other hand, the density of precipitates is proportional to this supersaturation. However, we observe that the increase of the precipitate volume fraction leads to a considerable broadening of the precipitate size distributions. The size invariance revealed here suggests that, for a volume fraction of less than 1%, the populations are in quasiequilibrium with the supersaturated matrix and that the growth is driven by the interchange of As atoms (and vacancies) between the precipitates and the matrix and not directly from one precipitate to the next. It can be inferred that the diffusion fields surrounding the precipitates do not overlap much during the growth although some deviation from the expected shape of the size distribution may reveal the limitations of the nonlocal mean-field approximation suggested here.
Evolution of interaction domains in textured fine-grained Nd2Fe14B magnets
Authors: Khlopkov K. , Gutfleisch O. , Hinz D. , Müller K.-H. , Schultz L.
Published: July 2007

The magnetic microstructure of thermomechanically processed (die-upset) melt-spun NdFeB magnets with different degrees of texture in thermally demagnetized and in dc-demagnetized states has been investigated systematically using magnetic force microscopy. An isotropic magnetic microstructure with a fine contrast on a scale between 200 and 400 nm has been clearly observed in the hot-pressed precursor in the thermally demagnetized state. Broad and well-pronounced interaction domains with lateral expansion over many individual grains have been found in the magnet with a maximum degree of texture. The crystallographic texture of this magnet has been analyzed by electron backscatter diffraction using a high-resolution scanning electron microscope. On a mesoscopic scale, most of the crystallites have a misorientation smaller than 10 deg, yielding macroscopically a high value of remanent magnetization (1.34 T). The presence of a threshold value in dependence of the size of the interaction domains on the degree of texture has been identified. The alignment of individual crystallites strongly influences the formation and the size of interaction domains.
Electric tweezers: Experimental study of positive dielectrophoresis-based positioning and orientation of a nanorod
Authors: Edwards Brian , Engheta Nader , Evoy Stephane
Published: July 2007

The manipulation of individual micrometer sized objects has been the focus of significant research efforts over the last few years. A previously proposed method for the arbitrary manipulation of nanoparticles is experimentally demonstrated. This method employs dielectrophoretic forces for the planar control of the motion and orientation of such nanoparticles between a set of microfabricated electrodes. Each electrode is approximated as a set of sources, namely, an unknown point charge and induced dipole. Imposing constraints on the electric field at the location of the particle and requiring self-consistency uniquely determine the sources. They can then be subsequently used to determine the set of electrode voltages that creates an electric field that will produce the prescribed orientation and force on the particle. The drag coefficients of a nanorod are experimentally determined by sequentially applying a constant force both parallel and perpendicular to its axis and observing a resulting motion. With the drag coefficients in hand, the velocity rather than force can be prescribed, and the rod is directed to move accurately at oblique angles to its orientation. The rod is in a constant state of unstable equilibrium and requires negative feedback to maintain a fixed position. The automation of such feedback is demonstrated, allowing a controlled travel of the nanostructures over complex paths.
Impact of anisotropy on the structure and dynamics of ionic liquids: A computational study of 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium trifluoroacetate
Authors: Schröder C. , Rudas T. , Neumayr G. , Gansterer W. , Steinhauser O.
Published: July 2007

The complex ionic network of 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium trifluoroacetate was simulated by means of the molecular dynamics methods over a time period of 100ns. The influence of the anisotropy of the shape and charge distribution of both the cations and the anions on the local (molecular) and global (collective) structure and dynamics is analyzed. The distance-dependent g coefficients of the orientational probability function g(r,Ω) were found to be an excellent way to interpret local structure. Thereby, the combination and interrelation of individual g coefficients elucidate the mutual orientation. Dynamics at the molecular level is characterized by the time correlation function of the center-of-mass corrected molecular dipole moment μcm. Upon uniting the set of molecular dipoles to a single collective rotational dipole moment, MD, dynamics on a global level is studied. Decomposing into subsets of cations and anions respective self terms as well as the prominent cross term can be extracted. This decomposition also enables a detailed peak assignment in dielectric spectra.
Generalized ellipsometry and dielectric tensor of rubrene single crystals
Authors: Tavazzi S. , Silvestri L. , Campione M. , Borghesi A. , Papagni A. , Spearman P. , Yassar A. , Camposeo A. , Pisignano D.
Published: July 2007

The optical spectra of rubrene single crystals are reported and compared with those of the molecule in solution. From generalized ellipsometry and a proper biaxial model, the complex dielectric tensor is deduced in the spectral region of the excitonic transitions of the crystal between 2.2 eV band 4.4 eV, where the optical bands are assigned and rationalized on the basis of the molecular and crystal symmetries.
Nonlinear optical properties of semiconductor quantum wells under intense terahertz radiation
Authors: Zhang T. Y. , Zhao W. , Liu X. M. , Zhang C.
Published: July 2007

The nonlinear optical properties of semiconductor quantum wells driven by intense in-plane terahertz electric fields are investigated theoretically by employing the extended semiconductor Bloch equations. The dynamical Franz-Keldysh effect of the optical absorption near the band edge is analyzed with Coulomb correlation among the carriers included. The in-plane terahertz field induces a variety of behavior in the absorption spectra, including terahertz replicas of the (dark) 2p exciton and terahertz sidebands of the 1s exciton. The dependence of these interesting features on the intensity, frequency, and phase of the terahertz field is explored in detail.
Study of InAs quantum dots in AlGaAs∕GaAs heterostructure by ballistic electron emission microscopy/spectroscopy
Authors: Walachová J. , Zelinka J. , Malina V. , Vaniš J. , Šroubek F. , Pangrác J. , Melichar K. , Hulicius E.
Published: July 2007

Self-assembled InAs quantum dots in GaAs∕GaAlAs structures were examined by ballistic electron emission microscopy/spectroscopy. The studied structures were grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. Quantum dots with an image of elliptical shape were studied. Ballistic current-voltage characteristics through the quantum dot and outside the quantum dot are compared in the voltage range of 0.55–2V. In the voltage range from 0.55to0.8V examples of ballistic characteristics and their derivatives are given. In a detailed study, measurements with 1mV step in the energy range from 0.55to0.63V are presented.
Vaccination with an NY-ESO-1 peptide of HLA class I/II specificities induces integrated humoral and T cell responses in ovarian cancer
Authors: Odunsi Kunle , Qian Feng , Matsuzaki Junko , Mhawech-Fauceglia Paulette , Andrews Christopher , Hoffman Eric W. , Pan Linda , Ritter Gerd , Villella Jeannine , Thomas Bridget , Rodabaugh Kerry , Lele Shashikant , Shrikant Protul , Old Lloyd J. , Gnjatic Sacha
Published: July 2007

NY-ESO-1 is a “cancer-testis” antigen expressed in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) and is among the most immunogenic tumor antigens defined to date. The NY-ESO-1 peptide epitope, ESO
157–170
, is recognized by HLA-DP4-restricted CD4
+
T cells and HLA-A2- and A24-restricted CD8
+
T cells. To test whether providing cognate helper CD4
+
T cells would enhance the antitumor immune response, we conducted a phase I clinical trial of immunization with ESO
157–170
mixed with incomplete Freund's adjuvant (Montanide ISA51) in 18 HLA-DP4
+
EOC patients with minimal disease burden. NY-ESO-1-specific Ab responses and/or specific HLA-A2-restricted CD8
+
and HLA-DP4-restricted CD4
+
T cell responses were induced by a course of at least five vaccinations at three weekly intervals in a high proportion of patients. There were no serious vaccine-related adverse events. Vaccine-induced CD8
+
and CD4
+
T cell clones were shown to recognize NY-ESO-1-expressing tumor targets. T cell receptor analysis indicated that tumor-recognizing CD4
+
T cell clones were structurally distinct from non-tumor-recognizing clones. Long-lived and functional vaccine-elicited CD8
+
and CD4
+
T cells were detectable in some patients up to 12 months after immunization. These results confirm the paradigm that the provision of cognate CD4
+
T cell help is important for cancer vaccine design and provides the rationale for a phase II study design using ESO
157–170
epitope or the full-length NY-ESO-1 protein for immunotherapy in patients with EOC.
Epigenetic regulation of the
Drosophila
chromosome 4 by the histone H3K9 methyltransferase dSETDB1
Authors: Tzeng Tsai-Yu , Lee Chi-Hua , Chan Li-Wei , Shen C.-K. James
Published: July 2007

The polytene chromosomes of
Drosophila melanogaster
consist of condensed heterochromatin regions most of which are in the chromocenter, telomeres, and the fourth chromosome. Whereas suppressor of variegation 3-9 [SU(VAR)3-9], a histone methyltransferase, is mainly responsible for lysine 9 of histone H3 (H3K9) methylation of the chromocenter and consequent binding of the heterochromatin-protein HP1, the enzyme for painting of the fourth chromosome by H3K9 methylation has been elusive. We show here that dSETDB1, the
Drosophila
ortholog of the mammalian SETDB1, is an authentic H3K9 methyltransferase and a pleiotropic regulator of the fly's development.
Drosophila
mutants hypomorphic or null in dSETDB1 expression lose most of the H3K9 methylation as well as HP1-binding on the fourth chromosome. We also show that binding of painting of fourth (POF), a known fourth chromosome-specific protein, and the dSETDB1-controlled H3K9 methylation of this chromosome are interdependent. Furthermore, POF and dSETDB1 interact with each other
in vivo
. The deregulation of H3K9 methylation, HP1-binding, and POF-binding resulted in, on the average, a global reduction of gene expression from the fourth chromosome but not the other chromosomes. Deficiency of dSETDB1 also up-regulated the expression of HP1. These results have suggested an interactive network, as controlled in part by dSETDB1, regulating the epigenetic modification and gene expression of
Drosophila
chromosome 4.
Refashioning Local Government and Inner-city Regeneration: The Salford Experience
Authors: Henderson Steven , Bowlby Sophie , Raco Mike
Published: July 2007

This paper explores the role of local government in urban regeneration in England. The first part describes local-central government relations during recent decades. It concludes that 'actually occurring' regeneration fuses top-down and bottom-up priorities and preferences, as well as path dependencies created by past decisions and local relations. The second part illustrates this contention by examining the regeneration of inner-city Salford over a 25-year period. It describes Salford City Council's approach in achieving the redevelopment of the former Salford Docks and how this created the confidence for the council to embark on further regeneration projects. Yet the top-down decision-making model has failed to satisfy local expectations, creating apathy which threatens the Labour government's desire for active citizens in regeneration projects.
Investigations of Rodent Urinary Bladder Carcinogens: Collection, Processing, and Evaluation of Urine and Bladders
Authors: Cohen Samuel M. , Ohnishi Takamasa , Clark Nicole M. , He Jun , Arnold Lora L.
Published: July 2007

Examination of the urine and the bladder epithelium are essential to the investigation of mechanisms of urinary bladder carcinogens in rodents. However, urine and bladder tissue specimens must be collected and processed properly if accurate data are to be derived. The optimum specimen for analysis of urinary constituents is fresh void urine collected from nonfasting animals. Fasting the animal prior to urine collection changes the normal composition, including pH. Many of the normal urinary constituents can influence the mode of action of bladder carcinogens, especially for non-genotoxic agents. Light microscopy is routinely used to examine the bladder epithelium. However, it is often necessary to use more sensitive techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to detect subtle cytotoxic changes in the superficial cell layer of the urothelium, and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation, PCNA, or Ki-67 immunohistochemistry to determine the labeling index for cell proliferation. The urinary bladder must be handled gently and inflated with fixative in situ before the animal dies to avoid artifactual autolytic damage to the bladder epithelium that is visible by SEM and may be mistaken for treatment-related changes. The purpose of this paper is to provide information for the proper collection and examination of urine and the urinary bladder.
Reviews
Authors: John Peter , Gray Anne , Hirmis Amer , Cochrane Allan , Lawton Smith Helen , Detter Barry , Jones Andrew , Craig Gary , Pike Andy
Published: July 2007

Regions in Europe P. Le Galès and C. Lequesne (eds) 1998: REGIONS IN EUROPE London: Routledge, £15.99 paper

Exclusion from workLEPU INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE REPORT, NOV. 1996: EXCLUSION FROM WORK; WHO? WHY? AND WHAT CAN WE DO ABOUT IT? London: LEPU, South Bank University, £10.00 paper

Prioritising Regeneration Funds Turok, I. and Hopkins, N. 1997: PICKING WINNERS OR PASSING THE BUCK? COMPETITION AND AREA SELECTION IN SCOTLAND'S NEW URBAN POLICY Glasgow: Department of Urban Studies, University of Glasgow, £10.00 paper

Competitiveness through localised learning Maskell, P., Eskelinen, H., Hannibalsson, I., Malmberg, A. and Vatne, E. 1998: COMPETITIVENESS, LOCALISED LEARNING AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT. SPECIALISATION AND PROSPERITY IN SMALL OPEN ECONOMIES London: Routledge, £50.00 cased

Research and technology development Howells, J. 1997: RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTH EAST BRITAIN Harlow: South East Economic Development Strategy, £29.00 + £3.50 p&p, paper

SEEDS 10th anniversary report Newman, I., Geddes, M. and Atkinson, A. 1997: REMAKING THE REGIONAL ECONOMY: CELEBRATING ACHIEVEMENT, SHAPING NEW POLICIES FOR THE SOUTH EAST Harlow: SEEDS, £35.00 + £3.50 p&p, paper

Labour market policy and evaluation O'Reilly, J., Schmid, G. and Schömann, K. (eds) cased 1996, paper 1997: INTERNATIONAL HANDBOOK OF LABOUR MARKET POLICY AND EVALUATION Abingdon: Edward Elgar, £160 cased, £35 paper

The competitive city Oatley, N. (ed) 1998: CITIES, ECONOMIC COMPETITION AND URBAN POLICY London: Paul Chapman Publishing, £15.95 paper
Book reviews
Authors: Harrison Graham , Burkett Paul
Published: July 2007

Uneven Zimbabwe: A Study of Finance, Development and Underdevelopment
by Patrick Bond, Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1998. pp. xxviii, 515. ISBN 0–86543–539–1, Paperback ($24.95).
Book reviews
Authors: Hoyweghen Saskia
                      Van
Published: July 2007

Mahmood Mamdani, 2001, When Victims Become Killers. Colonialism, Nativism and the Genocide in Rwanda,Princeton New Jersey, Princeton University Press/Oxford, James Curry.
Reviews
Authors: Green Reginald
                      Herbold , Buijtenhuijs Rob , Hoskyns Catherine
Published: July 2007

How Europe Underdeveloped Africaby Walter Rodney, Tanzania Publishing House and Bogle D'Ouverture, 1973; £0.65; Howard University Press, 1974. $10.50.

Peasant Politics: Conflict and Development in Murang'a,by Geoff Lamb, Lewes, Sussex (Julian Friedmann), 1974, 160pp, £3.50.

The Land‐locked Countries of AfricaZ. Cervenka (ed) Uppsala (Scandinavian Institute of African Studies), 1973, 369pp, no price.
Reviews
Authors: Lamb Geoff , Tabari Ayoub , Copans Jean , Waterman Peter , Zewde Bahru
Published: July 2007

Underdevelopment in Kenya: The Political Economy of Neo‐colonialism 1964–1971by Colin Leys, London, Heinemann, 1975; 284pp, paperback £2.00

Freedom and Development/Uhuru na Maendeleo,by Julius K. Nyerere, Oxford University Press, 1973; 400 pages, 30 EA shs.

Dependence & Opportunity: Political change in Ahafoby John Dunn and A.F. Robertson, African Studies, series No. 9, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1973, XIV; 400 pp, maps.

Labour and Politics in Nigeria 1945–71by Robin Cohen, Heinemann, London, 1974.

The Role of Trade Unions in the Development Process, With a Case Study of Ghanaby Ukandi G. Damachi, Praeger, New York, 1974.

African Railwaymen: Solidarity and Opposition in an East African Labour Forceby R.D. Grillo, Cambridge University Press, London, 1973.

Ethiopia: Political Contradictions in Agricultural Developmentby Michael Ståhl, Stockholm, 1974.
Reviews
Authors: Markakis John
Published: July 2007

ZIMBABWE:Prospects for the Struggle The Fight for Zimbabwe, The Armed Conflict in Southern Rhodesia since UDI by Kees Maxey, (Rex Collings, London, 1975), l‐96pp, 95p. Insurgency in Rhodesia, 1957–1973: An Account and an Assessment by A.R. Wilkinson, (Adelphi Paper No. 100, 1973), 47pp, 35p (or $1) (available from the publishers, the London‐based ‘think tank’, The International Institute for Strategic Studies, 18 Adam Street, London WC2N 6AL.

Ethiopia: From Autocracy to Revolutionby Addis Hiwet Review of African Political Economy, Occasional Publication No. 1, 1975
Reviews
Authors: Hodgkin Thomas , Cliffe Lionel , Wright Frank
Published: July 2007

Organising the Fanners: Cocoa Politics and National Development in Ghana,by Bjorn Beckman, Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, Uppsala, 1976.

Lonrho ‐ Portrait of a Multinational,by S. Cronje, M. Ling & G. Cronje, Julian Friedmann and Penguin, London, 1976.

Lonrho Ltd., Investigation under Section 165(6) of the Companies’ Act, 1948, Report,Dept. of Trade, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1976.

Towards aNew International Economic Division of Labour? Patterns of Dependence and Conditions for Liberation in the Periphery of Capitalism,1975, by Jan Annerstedt & Rolf Gustavsson (available [£1.50/$3.60] from RUC Boghandel & Forlag, Marbjergvej, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark).

Development, Income Distribution and Social Change in Rural Egypt 1952–70,by Mahmoud Abdel‐Fadil, Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, 1976. £5.80.
Reviews
Authors: Jones Jerry , Williams Gavin
Published: July 2007

Michaela von Freyhold, Ujamaa Villages in Tanzania: Analysis of a Social Experiment, (Heinemann Educational Books, 1979), 201 pp. £3.95 (paper).

Colin Bundy, The Rise and Fall of the South African Peasantry, (London: Heinemann 1979, 276pp.)

Eddie Webster, Ed. Essays in Southern African Labour History, (Ravan Labour Studies, 1 Ravan Press, Johannesburg 1978, 248pp.)

Robert J. Gordon, Mines, Masters and Migrants. Life in a Namibian Compound, (Ravan Press 1977, 276pp. Preface Photographs Bibliography, Noindex.)

Labour, Townships and Protest. Studies in the Social History of the Witwaters‐rand. Compiled and introduced by Belinda Bozzoli, (Ravan Press, Johannesburg 1979, 342pp. Noindex.)
Reviews
Authors: Cooksey Brian , Munslow Barry , Munslow Barry
Published: July 2007

Goran Hyden Beyond Ujamaa in Tanzania: Underdevelopment and an Uncaptured Peasantry(Heinemann Educational Books, 1980).

E. Ray, W. Schaap, K. Van Meter, L. Wolf (eds.), Dirty Work 2. The CIA in Africa, (Zed Press, London, 1980), £7.95 p.b., £18.95 h.b.

Maurice Nyagumbo With the People(Allison & Busby, London, 1980), 248pp, £3.95.
Reviews
Authors: Bush Ray , Showers Kate B.
Published: July 2007

Natural Disasters: Acts of God or Acts of Man?by Anders Wijkman and Lloyd Timberlake (London, Earthscan, 1984); Desertificationby Alan Grainger (London, Earthscan, 1982 reprinted 1984).

The Political Economy of Soil Erosion in Developing Countriesby Piers Blaikie (Longmans Development Studies, 1985).
Reviews
Authors: Bush Ray , Youngman Frank , Molutsi Patrick P. , Sadri S.G. , Simon David
Published: July 2007

A Year in the Death of Africa: Politics, Bureaucracy and the Famineby Peter Gill, (Paladin, London, 1986).

An African Winterby Preston King, (Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1986).

Imperialism, Colonialism and Hunger: East and Central Africaby Robert I.Rotberg (editor), (Lexington Books, Toronto, 1983).

Africa in Crisis: the Causes, the Cures of Environmental Bankruptcyby Lloyd Timberlake, (Earthscan, London, 1985).

Socialism, Education and Development—A Challenge to Zimbabwe.

By Fay Chung and Emmanuel Ngara (Zimbabwe Publishing House, Harare, 1985). Pp. 148. Pb. Z$6.50

Botswana: Liberal Democracy and the Labour Reserve in Southern Africaby Jack Parson (Westview Press, Colorado, 1984), 145 pages.

Nigeria: The Economy and the Peopleby Edwin Madunagu, (New Beacon Books, London 1984).

The Political Economy of Namibia: an Annotated, Critical Bibliographyby Tore Linne Eriksen with Richard Moorsom. (Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, in co‐operation with the United Nations Institute for Namibia and the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, 1985). ISBN 91–7106–234–3. 423pp.
Book reviews
Authors: Taylor Rupert , Drew Allison
Published: July 2007

Johnny Gomas, Voice of the Working Class: A Political Biographyby Doreen Musson, Buchu Books, Cape Town, 1989.
Reviews
Authors: Speirs Mike , Moore David , Mohammed Nadir A L
Published: July 2007

The Trade Trap: Poverty and the Global Commodity Marketsby Belinda Coote, Oxfam, Oxford, 1992; Fixing the Rules: North‐South Issues in International Trade and the GATT Uruguay Roundby Kevin Watkins, Catholic Institute for International Relations (CIIR), London, 1992.

Tropical Gangsters: One Man's Experience with Development and Decadence in Deepest Africa,by Robert Klitgaard, Basic Books, New York, 1990, $30.95.

The Government they Deserve: The Role of the Elite in Sudan's Political Evolutionby Mansour Khalid, 1990, Kegan Paul, London.
Book reviews
Authors: Stoneman Colin
Published: July 2007

Short Changed: Africa and World Trade
by Michael Barratt Brown and Pauline Tiffin, Pluto Press with the Transnational Institute, London, 1992; Fair Trade: Reform and Realities in the International Trading Systemby Michael Barratt Brown, Zed Books, London, 1993.
Book reviews
Authors: Ajulu Rok , Palmer Anne
Published: July 2007

An End to Isolation: The Report of the Ogaden Needs Assessment Study 1991 by

Julius Holt and Mark Lawrence (Save the Children in association with Early Warning and Planning Services Relief and Rehabilitation Commission, London 1991);
The Prize of Peace: A survey of rural Somaliland by

Julius Holt and Mark Lawrence (Save the Children, London 1992);
Making Ends Meet: A survey of the food economy of the Ethiopian northeast highlands

by Julius Holt and Mark Lawrence (Save the Children, London 1993).
Book reviews
Authors: Barratt‐Brown Michael
Published: July 2007

Towards a New Bretton Woods: Alternatives for the Global Economy
by Stuart Holland.
Book reviews
Authors: Moore David , Hughes Sarah , Seddon David
Published: July 2007

Review Of African Christianity — Its Public Role
(1998) by Paul Gifford, Hurst and Co.

Review of Global Restructuring and Peripheral States: the Carrot and the Stick in Mauritania
(1996) by Mohameden Ould‐Mey. Littlefield Adams Books, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Lanham, Maryland, pb. ISBN 0–8226–3051. pp. xvii, 316.
THE LANGTON CLINIC CLIENTELE: CHARACTERISTICS OF OUTPATIENTS
Authors: STANHOPE JOHN M.
Published: July 2007

One year's experience of patients seeking treatment for the first time at the Langton Clinic, but not admitted, in 1980‐81, is reviewed. The majority (did%) 64 not require admission, while 30% needed admission but declined the offer. Of all patients attending however, those who declined were only 11% of those who needed admission.

Alcohol‐related problems accounted for 75% of the outpatients, including some nondependent abusers, abstinent alcoholics and social drinkers with transitory disturbances. Of the 18% who were abusing some other drug with or without alcohol abuse, 10% were opiate dependent.

Outpatient alcohol dependents tended to be younger and to have suffered less social damage than inpatients.
SUBLIMINAL ADVERTISING OF ALCOHOL ON TELEVISION
Authors: GROVE J.C.
Published: July 2007

Controversy has existed for many years over the effects of alcohol beverage advertising on alcohol consumption. Little research has been carried out on the effects of subliminal advertising and consumer behaviour. It may be possible that some of the messages presented in televised alcohol advertisements could act as subliminal stimuli. The positioning of alcohol beverage advertisements during or after alcohol incidences in televised programmes may have an interactive effect. The young because of the time spent watching television are a particularly vulnerable group.
The Legal Status of Cannabis
Authors: Chesher G.
Published: July 2007

The legal status of cannabis is considered. Currently in Australia its possession, use or sale is completely prohibited. The adverse health effects of cannabis, alcohol and tobacco are compared, and it is concluded that while cannabis is not a“safe” drug, it does not produce an equivalent threat to community health as do alcohol and tobacco. The effectiveness of present laws is questioned and the consequences of legalization outlined. It is recommended that a rationalisation of the laws relating to alcohol, tobacco and cannabis be commenced.
Social Pressure in the Family and School
Authors: Young Doris
Published: July 2007

Abstract: Most adolescents initially use drugs out of curiosity, or experimentally. Those who continue on to become problematic users need to be identified early so that preventive strategies can be used. At risk for substance misuse are those young people who are particularly vulnerable to adverse social pressures in their families and schools. They have poor coping skills to deal with demands and stresses and often have low self image and absence of a positive identity. Preventive strategies therefore need to be directed at both family and school level. Drug education involves the acquisition of communication and decision making skills, as well as the enhancement of young people's confidence and self esteem, thus leading to the development of a positive identity.
Proceedings of the Amsad Workshop on Cannabis, Melbourne, August 1986
Authors: Santamaria J.N.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: This document is a summary of the proceedings of a workshop on cannabis convened by the Australian Medical Society on Alcohol and Drugs at St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria on August 11‐12, 1986. The aim of the workshop was to review present knowledge about cannabis and to consider the options available for the use and/or control of cannabis in Australian society. Representatives of various disciplines (pharmacology, law enforcement, forensic medicine, clinical medicine, sociology, law, criminology) presented an up‐to‐date assessment of the use and control of cannabis. Three discussion groups considered issues involving clinical medicine and pharmacology, law enforcement and forensic medicine, and law, sociology and criminology respectively. Reports from each group were presented at a plenary session, from which a draft statement was prepared and approved by all participants. This, together with a draft report was circulated to all participants for final approval. The final outcome of the workshop was an approved statement to advise the Council of AMSAD about the control of cannabis use in the Australian community.