bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recent Advances in Emerging Polarization‐Sensitive Materials: From Linear/Circular Polarization Detection to Neuromorphic Device Applications
Authors: Lu Rong , Li Yanran , Song Honglin , Jiang Jie
Published: January 2025

Polarization is an important property of light that provides some additional information about the light such as polarizability and phase. With the rise of polarized photodetectors, the detection of polarized light may bring a new way to better understand polarized light information. Recent works have shown that polarization detectors have demonstrated excellent potential in the field of neuromorphology, which is of great significance for the further development of artificial intelligence. This review comprehensively summarizes the present research status of polarized detectors, including linearly polarized detectors (LPPDs) and circularly polarized detectors (CPPDs). In order to better assess the current state of polarized detectors in the field of detecting linearly/circularly polarized light, the operating principles and performance parameters of polarized detectors are presented. Next, the universal semiconductors used for LPPDs and CPPDs are systematically classified and summarized. Based on this, the applications of polarized detectors in the fields of artificial intelligence, polarization imaging, and digital signal processing are then reviewed. Finally, the current challenging opportunities are discussed, followed by an overview of future prospects for this promising field.
3D printing zwitter Molecule‐Enhanced Solid Polymer Electrolytes for High‐Energy Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Zhang Tao , Liu Lufan , Zou Zhiqing , Zeng Zimo , Li Bingyang , Li Zhen , Ren Zhong , Cheng Xiang , Feng Xiangchao , Wang Zequn , Liu Mengyue , Wang Pengfei , Niu Jin
Published: January 2025

Unsatisfying preparation controllability, mechanical properties, ionic conductivities, and working voltage windows limit the practical applications of solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) in lithium‐metal batteries. Herein, a 3D printing strategy combined with zwitter molecule modification is proposed to efficiently solve the problems of SPEs with a polyvinylidene fluoride‐hexafluoropropylene (PH) matrix. The electron‐donating property resulting from the carboxyl groups of aspartate acid (Asp) induces the cis‐conformation change of polyvinylidene fluoride, which enhances the Li+ transport and anion immobilization on polymer chains. In addition, the amphoteric functional groups of Asp simultaneously promote the lithium salt dissociation and Li+ desolvation with N,N‐dimethylformamide, thus leading to the formation of stable Li3N/LiF‐enriched interphases between electrodes and electrolyte. Moreover, the 3D printing technology increases the continuity and uniformity of the SPE membrane, further increasing the ionic conductivity and mechanical properties. As a result, the SPE exhibits high ionic conductivity (1.20 × 10−4 S cm−1), large transfer number (0.68), wide electrochemical window (4.6 V), and good tensile strength (≈110 MPa), endowing the half cells with good cycling performance over 2000 h with a low overpotential of 40 mV. Furthermore, high‐energy densities (492 Wh kg−1 and 1303 Wh L−1) are delivered by a pouch cell with the SPE, indicating good application prospects.
Tuning d‐Band Center of FeCu Alloy Aerogel Nanozyme Boosting Biosensing and Wound Therapy
Authors: Zhao Fengyang , Wu Wenli , Zhao Mei , Ding Shichao , Yu Li , Hu Qiongzheng
Published: January 2025

Transition metals especially Fe‐based catalysts representing an emerging type of enzyme‐mimicking materials are of great interest in biosensing and therapy fields. However, the poor affinity toward H2O2 limits their catalytic activity while high‐precise and controllable regulation of engineering nanozymes remains a challenge. Herein, a facile approach is presented to fabricate FeCu/hemin aerogel nanozymes with self‐supported, hierarchically porous network structures through second metal center and surface ligand engineering, achieving sequential H2O2‐affinity amplification. Excitingly, the affinity of FeCu/hemin nanozymes for H2O2 exhibits a 14.03‐fold enhancement than that of Fe particle, accompanied with 5.88‐fold catalytic efficiency (Kcat/Km) increase than FeCu. Mechanism studies suggest that the metal Cu and hemin modifications upshift the d‐band center of Fe from −0.49 to −0.17 eV and promote electron transfer process, thus facilitating the dissociation of H2O2. Importantly, FeCu/hemin nanozymes allow highly sensitive detection of norfloxacin with a low detection limit of 72 nm. Notably, it shows a remarkable inhibition activity on bacterial growth in vitro and in vivo with no apparent side effects. Therefore, this work not only sheds light on the rational design of nanozymes with highly active and stable properties, but also offers new prospects for the d‐band center tuning to boost enzyme‐mimic activity.
Biomimetic Construction of Ferriporphyrin‐Based Porous Catalysts for Boosting Nitrogen Electroxidation to Nitrate
Authors: He Hongming , Zhang Shan , An Yaxuan , Li Qing , Wang Xinyi , Xu Mingkai , Li Cheng‐Peng , Yang Xinyue , Zhao Yatian , Li Quanshun , Yuan Ye
Published: January 2025

Electrocatalytic N2 oxidation reaction (NOR) is an environmentally sustainable approach to synthesize NO3− under mild conditions. Inspired by the ferriporphyrin (FePP) catalytic species in nitrite oxidoreductase, three FePP‐based biomimetic catalysts with different functional groups (─NH2, ─H, and ─COOCH3) are designed and prepared successfully. Theoretical calculations indicate that these functional groups can alter the electron density of Fe catalytic center, affecting their ability to adsorb and activate N2. The strong electron‐donating ability of ─NH2 group can enhance the electron density of iron sites, which reveals a maximum NO3− yield of 728.55 µmol h−1 gFePP−1 and a high Faradaic efficiency of 10.6%. After that, the optimized FePP molecules can be encapsulated into ZIF‐8, which remarkably promoted the N2─to─NO3− transformation with a NO3− production rate of 1767.74 µmol h−1 gFePP−1, achieving the highest catalytic effect among metalloporphyrin‐based molecular catalysts under mild conditions. This work develops an available biomimetic approach to modulate the electron distribution of active metal sites and confine catalytic species into porous crystalline materials for constructing high‐performance NOR electrocatalysts.
Macro/Microgel‐Encapsulated, Biofilm‐Armored Living Probiotic Platform for Regenerating Bacteria‐Infected Diabetic Wounds
Authors: Xin Huilong , Cai Zhe , Hao Jiahui , An Jing , Li Yi , Wen Min , Jia Zhaojun
Published: January 2025

Infectious diabetic wounds pose an arduous threat to contemporary healthcare. The combination of refractory biofilms, persistent inflammation, and retarded angiogenesis can procure non‐unions and life‐threatening complications, calling for advanced therapeutics potent to orchestrate anti‐infective effectiveness, benign biocompatibility, pro‐reparative immunomodulation, and angiogenic regeneration. Herein, embracing the emergent “living bacterial therapy” paradigm, a designer probiotic‐in‐hydrogel wound dressing platform is demonstrated. The platform is constructed employing a “macrogel/microgel/biofilm” hierarchical encapsulation strategy, with Lactobacillus casei as the model probiotic. Alginate gels, in both macro and micro forms, along with self‐produced probiotic biofilms, served as encapsulating agents. Specifically, live probiotics are enclosed within alginate microspheres, embedded into an alginate bulk matrix, and cultivated to facilitate biofilm self‐encasing. This multiscale confinement protected the probiotics and averted their inadvertent escape, while enabling sustained secretion, proper reservation, and localized delivery of therapeutically active probiotic metabolites, such as lactic acid. The resulting biosystem, as validated in vitro/ovo/vivo, elicited well‐balanced antibacterial activities and biological compatibility, alongside prominent pro‐healing, vasculogenic and anti‐inflammatory potencies, thus accelerating the regeneration of infected full‐thickness excisional wounds in diabetic mice. Such multiple encapsulation‐engineered “all‐in‐one” probiotic delivery tactic may shed new light on the safe and efficient adoption of live bacteria for treating chronic infectious diseases.
Advanced Carriers for Precise Delivery and Therapeutic Mechanisms of Traditional Chinese Medicines: Integrating Spatial Multi‐Omics and Delivery Visualization
Authors: Zhang Yusheng , Lu Zhiguo , Guo Jing , Wang Qing , Zhang Xin , Yang Hongjun , Li Xianyu
Published: January 2025

The complex composition of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) has posed challenges for in‐depth study and global application, despite their abundance of bioactive compounds that make them valuable resources for disease treatment. To overcome these obstacles, it is essential to modernize TCMs by focusing on precise disease treatment. This involves elucidating the structure‐activity relationships within their complex compositions, ensuring accurate in vivo delivery, and monitoring the delivery process. This review discusses the research progress of TCMs in precision disease treatment from three perspectives: spatial multi‐omics technology for precision therapeutic activity, carrier systems for precise in vivo delivery, and medical imaging technology for visualizing the delivery process. The aim is to establish a novel research paradigm that advances the precision therapy of TCMs.
Trojan Horse‐Like Biohybrid Nanozyme for Ameliorating Liver Ischemia‐Reperfusion Injury
Authors: Zheng Dao‐Feng , Zha Xiang‐Jun , Jiang En‐Lai , Qiu Yuan , Yang Wei , Xiao Wei‐Dong
Published: January 2025

Liver ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury is a reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐related disease that occurs during liver transplantation and resection and hinders postoperative liver function recovery. Current approaches to alleviate liver I/R injury have limited effectiveness due to the short circulation time, poor solubility, and severe side effects of conventional antioxidants and anti‐inflammatory drugs. Herein, a universal strategy is proposed to fabricate a Trojan horse‐like biohybrid nanozyme (THBN) with hepatic‐targeting capabilities. Tannic acid (TA) mediates adeno‐associated virus (AAV8) decoration onto 2D Ti3C2 nanosheets, resulting in THBN with a size of 116.2 ± 9.5 nm. Remarkably, THBN exhibits catalase (CAT)‐like activity, broad‐spectrum ROS scavenging activity and targeted delivery to liver tissue owing to the presence of AAV8. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments confirmed the efficacy of THBN in attenuating liver I/R injury by mitigating inflammation and oxidative stress and inhibiting hepatocellular apoptosis. RNA‐seq analysis suggests that THBN may alleviate liver I/R injury by activating the PKC pathway. The effective targeting and therapeutic capabilities of THBN represent an advancement in nanotherapeutics for hepatic ischemia‒reperfusion injury, shedding light on the promising potential of this next‐generation nanotherapeutic approach.
Acceptor Elongation Boosted Intersystem Crossing Affords Efficient NIR Type‐I and AIE‐Active Photosensitizers for Targeting Ferroptosis‐Based Cancer Therapy
Authors: Zhu Yilin , Zhang Rongyuan , Cai Xu‐Min , Zhang Liping , Wu Bo , Tan Haozhe , Zhou Kun , Wang Haoran , Liu Yong , Luo Yumei , Kwok Ryan T. K. , Lam Jacky W. Y. , Zhao Zheng , Yao Cuiping , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: January 2025

Photosensitizers (PSs) featuring type I reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) activity offer a promising solution to achieve non‐invasive and precise theranostics. However, the reported AIE luminogens (AIEgens) with both AIE characteristic and strong type‐I ROS generation are still scarce and the structure‐property relationship is still unclear. Herein, an innovative acceptor elongation boosted intersystem crossing (AEBIC) design strategy has been proposed to endow the AIEgen strong type‐I ROS producibility. The results indicate that the obtained AIEgen exhibit type‐I ROS and aggregation‐enhanced ROS efficacy, which has been verified by both experimental and theoretical results. Mechanistic study reveal that the acceptor elongation has promoted a dual‐channel intersystem crossing pathway to enhance the intersystem crossing (ISC) process due to the differences in triplet configurations, which can be further amplified by aggregation. The afforded type‐I AIE‐PS show lipid droplet‐anchored characteristic and can induce the ferroptosis through destroying the cellular redox homeostasis and increasing lethal levels of lipid peroxidation. Finally, targeting ferroptosis‐based cancer therapy can be realized with excellent anti‐tumor effect.
Integration of Through‐Sapphire Substrate Machining with Superconducting Quantum Processors
Authors: Acharya Narendra , Armstrong Robert , Balaji Yashwanth , Crawford Kevin G. , Gates James C. , Gow Paul C. , Kennedy Oscar W. , Pothuraju Renuka Devi , Shahbazi Kowsar , Shelly Connor D.
Published: January 2025

A sapphire machining process integrated with intermediate‐scale quantum processors is demonstrated. The process allows through‐substrate electrical connections, necessary for low‐frequency mode‐mitigation, as well as signal‐routing, which are vital as quantum computers scale in qubit number, and thus dimension. High‐coherence qubits are required to build fault‐tolerant quantum computers and so material choices are an important consideration when developing a qubit technology platform. Sapphire, as a low‐loss dielectric substrate, has shown to support high‐coherence qubits. In addition, recent advances in material choices such as tantalum and titanium‐nitride, both deposited on a sapphire substrate, have demonstrated qubit lifetimes exceeding 0.3 ms. However, the lack of any process equivalent of deep‐silicon etching to create through‐substrate‐vias in sapphire, or to inductively shunt large dies, has limited sapphire to small‐scale processors, or necessitates the use of chiplet architecture. Here, a sapphire machining process that is compatible with high‐coherence qubits is presented. This technique immediately provides a means to scale quantum processing units (QPUs) with integrated mode‐mitigation, and provides a route toward the development of through‐sapphire‐vias, both of which allow the advantages of sapphire to be leveraged as well as facilitating the use of sapphire‐compatible materials for large‐scale QPUs.
Novel Magnetic‐Field‐Free Switching Behavior in vdW‐Magnet/Oxide Heterostructure
Authors: Keum Jihoon , Zhang Kai‐Xuan , Cheon Suik , Kim Hyuncheol , Cui Jingyuan , Park Giung , Chang Yunyeong , Kim Miyoung , Lee Hyun‐Woo , Park Je‐Geun
Published: January 2025

Magnetization switching by charge current without a magnetic field is essential for device applications and information technology. It generally requires a current‐induced out‐of‐plane spin polarization beyond the capability of conventional ferromagnet/heavy‐metal systems, where the current‐induced spin polarization aligns in‐plane orthogonal to the in‐plane charge current and out‐of‐plane spin current. Here, a new approach is demonstrated for magnetic‐field‐free switching by fabricating a van‐der‐Waals magnet and oxide Fe3GeTe2/SrTiO3 heterostructure. This new magnetic‐field‐free switching is possible because the current‐driven accumulated spins at the Rashba interface precess around an emergent interface magnetism, eventually producing an ultimate out‐of‐plane spin polarization. This interpretation is further confirmed by the switching polarity change controlled by the in‐plane initialization magnetic fields with clear hysteresis. Van‐der‐Waals magnet and oxide are successfully combined for the first time, especially taking advantage of spin‐orbit torque on the SrTiO3 oxide. This allows this study to establish a new way of magnetic field‐free switching. This work demonstrates an unusual perpendicular switching application of large spin Hall angle materials and precession of accumulated spins, and in doing so, opens up a new field and opportunities for van‐der‐Waals magnets and oxide spintronics.
Ten Years of Perovskite Lasers
Authors: Shi Ying , Deng Xinyi , Gan Yusong , Xu Luobing , Zhang Qing , Xiong Qihua
Published: January 2025

Over the past decade, semiconducting halide perovskite lasers have emerged as a transformative platform in optoelectronics, owing to unique properties such as high photoluminescence quantum yields, tunable bandgaps, and low‐cost fabrication processes. This review systematically examines the advancements in halide perovskite lasers, covering diverse laser architectures, such as whispering gallery mode, Fabry–Pérot, plasmonic, bound states in the continuum (BIC), quantum dot, and polariton lasers. The mechanisms of optical gain, the role of material engineering in optimizing lasing performance, and the challenges associated with continuous‐wave (CW) pumping and electrically driven lasing are discussed. Furthermore, recent progress in improving the stability and scalability of perovskite lasers, essential for their integration into practical applications in displays, optical communications, sensing, and integrated photonics is highlighted. Finally, future research directions are discussed, emphasizing the potential of perovskite lasers to revolutionize various technological domains by enabling the development of next‐generation photonic devices.
Size‐Dependent Cascade Enhancement of T1‐T2 Dual‐Modal MRI in Tumors
Authors: Yang Yanyun , Zheng Yifan , Tong Tong , Dong Jiajing , Zhao Miaoxin , Zhang Guangtao , Yu Zian , Dong Ling , Jiang Jinhui , Yuan Yue
Published: January 2025

Currently, there is no conclusive evidence indicating that in situ self‐assembled Gd nanostructures of varying sizes demonstrate distinct T1 and T2 signal enhancement capabilities. Furthermore, it remains uncertain whether size adjustment can effectively achieve enhanced T1‐T2 dual‐modal MRI. To address these uncertainties, a two‐step in situ self‐assembly strategy is developed. This approach began with a small‐sized nanoprobe, Gd‐TCO‐P, with a hydrodynamic diameter (dH) of 16 ± 3 nm. This nanoprobe underwent alkaline phosphatase (ALP) cleavage and self‐assembled intracellularly into short nanofibers termed Gd‐NFs (dH: 200 ± 51 nm). The subsequent introduction of tetrazine‐tetrazine crosslinked these Gd‐NFs, leading to the formation of larger two‐stage dendritic nanofibers known as Gd‐TS‐NFs (dH: 4371 ± 236 nm). This process achieves size‐dependent enhancement of both T1 and T2 signals, which is validated through both in vitro and in vivo experiments, enabling precise long‐term imaging of ALP‐overexpressing tumors. This study not only provides valuable insights into the relationship between the size of in situ formed Gd nanostructures and T1/T2 MRI contrast enhancement, but also suggests a promising strategy for clinical applications of T1‐T2 dual‐modal MRI.
Synergistic Adhesion and Shape Deformation in Nanowire‐Structured Liquid Crystal Elastomers
Authors: Dupont Robert L. , Xu Yang , Borbora Angana , Wang Xinyu , Azadi Fatemeh , Havener Kaden , Lewis Broderick , Deng Weichen , Tan Benjamin W. , Li Shucong , Zhang Rui , Yao Yuxing , Manna Uttam , Wang Xiaoguang
Published: January 2025

Nature provides many examples of the benefits of nanoscopic surface structures in areas of adhesion and antifouling. Herein, the design, fabrication, and characterization of liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) films are presented with nanowire surface structures that exhibit tunable stimuli‐responsive deformations and enhanced adhesion properties. The LCE films are shown to curl toward the side with the nanowires when stimulated by heat or organic solvent vapors. In contrast, when a droplet of the same solvent is placed on the film, it curls away from the nanowire side due to nanowire‐induced capillary forces that cause unequal swelling. This characteristic curling deformation is shown to be reversible and can be optimized to match curved substrates, maximizing adhesive shear forces. By using chemical modification, the LCE nanowire films can be given underwater superoleophobicity, enabling oil repellency under a range of harsh conditions. This is combined with the nanowire‐induced frictional asymmetry and the reversible shape deformation to create an underwater droplet mixing robot, capable of performing chemical reactions in aqueous environments. These findings demonstrate the potential of nanowire‐augmented LCE films for advanced applications in soft robotics, adaptive adhesion, and easy chemical modification, with implications for designing responsive materials that integrate mechanical flexibility with surface functionality.
Fluorine Doping‐Assisted Reconstruction of Isolated Cu Sites for CO2 Electroreduction Toward Multicarbon Products
Authors: Jia Chen , Tan Xin , Sun Qian , Liu Ruirui , Hocking Rosalie K. , Wang Shuhao , Zhong Li , Shi Zhun , Smith Sean , Zhao Chuan
Published: January 2025

The electrocatalytic synthesis of multicarbon compounds from CO2 is a promising method for storing renewable electricity and addressing global CO2 issues. Single‐atom catalysts are promising candidates for CO2 reduction, but producing high‐value multicarbon (C2+) products using a single‐atom structure remains a significant challenge. In this study, a fluorine doping strategy is proposed to facilitate the reconstruction of isolated Cu atoms, promoting multicarbon generation. The in situ formed Cu nanocrystals contain a substantial amount of stable Cu+ species, demonstrating remarkable activity for CO2−to‐multicarbon conversion. Notably, they achieve the highest Cu utilization, with a C2+ partial current density of −2.01 A mgper Cu−1and a C2+ formation rate of 7.03 mmol h−1 mgper Cu−1at ≈−1 V versus RHE. In situ Raman spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations confirm the crucial role of fluorine atoms in structural evolution and electrolysis.
Elastic and Conductive Photocatalytic Membrane
Authors: Luo Lingdi , Zhao Qi , Yang Yawei , Wu Tao , Qiang Mengyuan , Que Wenxiu
Published: January 2025

The development of photocatalytic membranes using electrospinning technology has significantly advanced their practical applications. However, current photocatalytic membranes are encountering the issues of poor mechanical property in non‐elastic fiber and low charge carrier separation efficiency in non‐conductive polymer. Through improving thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) precursor dissolution and adding conductive polyaniline (PANI) respectively before and after electrospinning, TiO2‐based elastic conductive (EC) TPU membranes with higher mechanical strength and photocatalytic performance are created, compared to traditional inelastic non‐conductive (IN) membrane, even to inelastic conductive (IC) membrane. The nanofibers in the TiO2 EC membrane have a relatively rough surface structure, which exposes more catalytic sites. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectrum (UPS) test results show that the work function (φ) of TiO2 in EC membrane becomes lower than in IN and IC membranes, leading to the strongest electron transfer potential for photocatalytic reactions. For the photocatalytic degradation of Methyl Orange (MO), the TiO2 EC membrane demonstrates the best degradation rate of 49.43% over 3 days among three samples. These findings suggest that the TiO2 EC membrane is promising for in‐site micropollutant water treatment in the real‐world.
Unconventional Solvent‐Doping‐Induced Ultrahigh Carrier Mobility Leads to Excellent Thermoelectric Performance in Eco‐Friendly Bi2S3 and SnS
Authors: Wu Fanshi , Shi Yifan , Huang Xiaoqing , Chen Zhengchong , Zhang Hongjun , Wang Xiyang , Huang Ming , Fu Liangwei , Lou Yue , Xu Biao
Published: January 2025

Conventional aliovalent doping, which involves replacing host atoms with solute ones, is a well‐established strategy in wet chemical synthesis for enhancing semiconductor performance. However, this method faces serious challenges like low solubility and unavoidable carrier mobility loss, which hinder significant performance improvements, particularly in thermoelectrics. Herein, a novel solvent‐doping strategy is reported that effectively improves the carrier concentration in nanocrystals by stabilizing cation or anion vacancies. Density functional theory calculations and pair distribution function tests reveal that solvent doping increases the atomic ordering and reduces deformation potential, thereby significantly enhancing carrier mobility. Additionally, the conversion of solvent molecules into carbon contributes to further suppressing the lattice thermal conductivity in substrates. As a result, a record‐high peak ZT value of ≈1.0 and a measured thermoelectric conversion efficiency of 1.47% are obtained in solvent‐doped Bi2S3. Similarly, SnS exhibits a remarkable increase of ≈150% in the peak ZT value following solvent doping. This study demonstrates the application of solvent‐doping strategy in thermoelectrics and suggests the potential in other fields, such as transistors, photovoltaic, and catalysis.
Optimized Pt–Co/BN Catalysts for Efficient NaBH4 Hydrolysis
Authors: Hou Zepeng , Ma Zixuan , Sun Lei , Yang Yingjie , Song Ziyu , Zhang Haotian , Song Houhong , Ding Chuanmin , Gao Xiaofeng , Wang Junwen , Yao Siyu
Published: January 2025

The hydrolysis of sodium borohydride is a promising method for generating hydrogen, which can be released under controlled conditions using heterogeneous catalytic systems. Despite significant advancements in catalyst development, no single material meets the requirements for mobile applications. This limitation is primarily due to the suboptimal performance of catalysts in terms of hydrogen production efficiency and stability. To enhance the catalytic performance of sodium borohydride hydrolysis, a boron oxide‐coated Co–Pt/boron nitride (BN) nanocomposite material has been developed, leveraging the oxidative support–metal strong interaction. The results demonstrate that CO2 oxidation etching of the BN facilitates the migration of boron oxide to the Co–Pt nanoparticles, forming a structurally robust coating layer. This configuration exhibits a strong synergistic effect between Co and Pt, significantly enhancing catalytic hydrogen production efficiency. Furthermore, the boron oxide overlayer effectively stabilizes the catalyst structure by preventing metal component loss and the deposition of sodium borate on the metal surface. The surface BOx also modulates the electronic properties of the bimetallic active sites. Ultimately, the optimal 0.4%Pt–5%Co/BN catalyst achieves a high hydrogen generation rate of 8272 mL·min−1·gmetal−1 and turnover frequency of 668 min−1 at room temperature while retaining 90.1% of its initial intrinsic activity after ten cycles.
Impact of Socio‐Demographic Factors and Handling Practices on Post‐Harvest Fish Losses in Kakamega County's Cultured Tilapia Value Chain
Authors: Obar James Adero , Matofari Joseph Wafula , Nduko John Masani
Published: January 2025

Post‐harvest fish losses (PHFL) significantly impact the aquaculture sector in Kenya, undermining food security and economic growth. This study investigated socio‐demographic factors and handling practices influencing PHFL in Kakamega County's cultured tilapia value chain. Data were collected from 94 value chain actors operating across multiple nodes, including farming, processing and retail stages from six sub‐counties using surveys and observations. Results revealed that 64% of participants were female, and 40.3% had completed high school, with only 26.6% holding valid food handler certificates. Household sizes mostly ranged from 4 to 9 members, and experience in the value chain varied, with 33% having 5–10 years of experience and 17% had over 21 years of experience. PHFL were significant across nodes, with farm gate losses highest in Butere (32%) and lowest in Likuyani (8.42%). Wholesale and retail losses were also notable, with Mumias East showing the highest overall losses. Regression analysis identified key predictors of PHFL, including poor sanitary conditions, lack of training, inadequate water quality and cooling practices, explaining 87.2% of the variance in PHFL. Experience negatively correlated with PHFL (r = −0.354, p < 0.01), indicating that more experienced individuals incurred lower losses. Chi‐square tests showed significant associations between PHFL and factors like household size, occupation, training and sanitation but not gender, education or age. The findings highlight the need for targeted interventions, including training programmes, infrastructure improvements and adherence to food safety standards, to minimise PHFL, improve fish quality and enhance food and nutrition security in Kakamega County.
Interseeding cover crop into an irrigated sandy loam for 6 years: Soil, crop, and economic response
Authors: Blanco‐Canqui Humberto , Ruis Sabrina J. , Mamo Mitiku , Shapiro Charles A. , Proctor Christopher , Parsons Jay , Thompson Laura
Published: January 2025

Interseeding cover crops (CCs) may be a potential strategy to manage sandy soils, which are highly prone to degradation. However, how this practice affects CC biomass production and other ecosystem services in sandy soils over the traditional CC planting system (post‐harvest drilling) is still unclear. We studied how broadcast interseeded (32–67 days before crop harvest) winter rye (Secale cereale L.) CC affected CC biomass production, nitrate leaching potential, soil properties, crop yields, and farm income compared with post‐harvest drilled CC in an on‐farm irrigated no‐till corn (Zea mays L.)–soybean (Glycine max L.) experiment in a sandy loam in the western US Corn Belt for 6 years. Across the 6 years, interseeded CC produced 0.57 Mg ha−1 of biomass, while post‐harvest drilled CC produced 0.37 Mg ha−1. Nitrate leaching is a concern in sandy soils, but interseeded CC had mixed effects on soil nitrate concentration. Interseeded CC did not affect soil properties (particulate organic matter and organic C concentrations, and wet aggregate stability) and crop yields. Further, interseeded CC did not reduce farm income more than post‐harvest drilled CC. The limited effect of interseeded CCs is likely due to the relatively small increase in CC biomass production over the traditional CC planting system. Additional strategies including irrigation, drill interseeding, and planting green may boost interseeded CC biomass production and thus soil services in sandy soils. After 6 years, interseeded CC slightly boosted CC biomass production but minimally affected soils and crops, and both interseeded and post‐harvest‐drilled CCs reduced net income.
Unveiling the role of mixing in [Fe(CN)6]4− defects and Na content for preparing NaxMn[Fe(CN)6]y · nH2O via microreactor
Authors: Tong Hao‐Tian , Wei Shi‐Xiao , Liu Yan‐Jiang , Xie Ting‐Liang , Yin Shuang‐Feng
Published: January 2025

Taking advantage of strong mixing performance in oscillating feedback microreactor (OFM), the manganese hexacyanoferrates (NaxMn[Fe(CN)6]y · nH2O, MnHCFs) with low defects and high sodium content were controllably prepared. First, fluid mixing performance in OFM was investigated via dye‐tracer and Villermaux‐Dushman experiments, and the fluid mixing mechanism in OFM was investigated through CFD simulations. Then, MnHCFs were prepared using OFM at different flow rates, and the role of mixing in [Fe(CN)6]4− vacancies and sodium content during co‐precipitation synthesis of MnHCFs was discussed. The results indicate that an increase in flow rates can increase fluid chaos strength, enhancing the mass transfer process to match the extremely fast reaction rate of MnHCFs, thus preparing MnHCFs with high sodium content and low defects. Relevant electrochemical tests indicate that the MnHCF prepared at the largest throughput (180 mL/min) has the highest initial specific capacity (132 mAh/g at 15 mA/g), minimum electrochemical impedance, and fastest sodium ion transport rate.
Genetic Correlations Among Dental, Mandibular, and Postcranial Dimensions in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Hardin Anna M.
Published: January 2025

Objectives

Tooth dimensions typically scale with mandibular and postcranial size in primates, although the exact pattern of scaling varies. This study assesses whether correlations by tissue type, anatomical region, or function (mastication or intrasexual competition) are present and could therefore act as evolutionary constraints on tooth‐jaw‐body size relationships by estimating genetic and phenotypic correlations between dental, mandibular, and postcranial dimensions in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).

Materials and Methods

The teeth, mandibles, and postcrania of 362 adults from the Cayo Santiago skeletal collection were measured. Humeral and femoral articular surfaces were selected to represent skeletal elements frequently used to reconstruct primate body size. Genetic correlations were estimated in SOLAR. Random skewers analyses were used to compare genetic and phenotypic correlation matrices to each other and to test matrices.

Results

The genetic correlation matrix was most similar to the test matrix of integration by tissue type (tooth and bone) (r = 0.765, p < 0.001), and nearly as similar to the anatomical region test matrix (r = 0.714, p < 0.001). Hierarchical clustering of the genetic correlation matrix showed similar separation by tissue type. Phenotypic correlation matrices were significantly similar to the genetic correlation matrix (r = 0.813–0.846, p < 0.001) and to most of the test matrices.

Conclusions

Postcanine dental traits were highly heritable but were not closely genetically correlated with mandibular or postcranial dimensions. These findings indicate that scaling relationships between tooth and bone may be maintained in some populations through nongenetic, environmental factors rather than genetic constraints.
A Regio‐ and Stereoselective Ring‐Opening Polymerization Approach to Isotactic Alternating Poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) with Stereocomplexation
Authors: Huang Yu‐Ting , Huang Hao‐Yi , Cheng Jing‐Liang , Xie Min , Feng Liang‐Wen , Cai Zhongzheng , Zhu Jian‐Bo
Published: January 2025

Poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) has been widely employed for various biomedical applications owing to its biodegradability and biocompatibility. The discovery of the stereocomplex formation between enantiomeric alternating PLGA pairs underscored its potential as high‐performance biodegradable materials with diverse material properties and biodegradability. Herein, we have established a regio‐ and stereoselective ring‐opening polymerization approach for the synthesis of stereocomplexed isoenriched alternating PLGA from racemic methyl‐glycolide (rac‐MG). The high sequence and tacticity control was accomplished by an optimized enantiopure scandium catalyst bearing a spiro‐salen scaffold. Varying polymer stereoregularity Pm from 0.4 to 0.91 led to a transformation of the resulting alternating PLGA from amorphous to semicrystalline materials. Notably, the stereocomplexed alternating PLGA demonstrated enhanced melting transition temperature (Tm up to 191 °C) and crystallization rate. This regio‐ and stereocontrolled polymerization represented a versatile approach for the preparation of high‐performance biodegradable PLGA materials.
Total Syntheses of Bryostatins 1, 7, 9 and 9‐N3
Authors: Guo Qianyou , Yang Yufan , Zhang Hongyun , Wang Dongxu , Li Bing , Jiang Dongyang , Tu Xiaoyu , Gao Xin , Zhang Chao , Qin Yong , Gao Lu , Wang Wanshu , Song Zhenlei
Published: January 2025

Bryostatins are a family of marine natural products that have garnered significant interests, as evidenced by over 40 clinical trials. However, their extremely low natural abundance has severely limited further research. Despite significant efforts, which have led to the total synthesis of seven bryostatin members by eight independent research groups, these complex molecules present persistent challenges for stereocontrolled, large‐scale, and especially divergent synthesis. Here, we report the divergent total syntheses of bryostatins 1, 7, 9 and 9‐N3. Notably, 1.5 g of bryostatin 1 was obtained in a single sequence of the final three steps. Key transformations include Ni‐catalyzed reductive cross‐coupling to rapidly assemble the northern fragment, the flow chemistry‐assisted visible light‐induced alkyl radical conjugate addition to convergently construct the southern fragment, and an intramolecular geminal bis(silyl) Prins cyclization to establish the cis‐Z selectivity on the B‐ring. The syntheses consist of 20–22 steps in the longest linear sequence and 33–35 total steps, with overall yields ranging from 3.3 % to 4.5 %.
A Luminescent Lanthanide MOF for the Selective and Ultra‐High Sensitivity Detection of Caffeic Acid
Authors: Li Yufen , Wang Xiaomei , Tan Zhenqi , Liu Lanqing , Wang Qicheng , Yang Tao , Zhou Xinhui , Niu Zhigang
Published: January 2025

A novel metal–organic framework (MOF) [Eu3L4(CH3COO) (H2O)7]·(CH3CN)5 (1) based on the ligand H2L (3′,5′‐di(1H‐1,2,4‐triazole‐1‐yl)‐[1,1′‐biphenyl]‐3,5‐dicarboxylic acid) has been synthesized by the hydrothermal method. A complete characterization of 1 was conducted, employing a range of techniques including crystallography, PXRD, SEM, FTIR spectroscopy, and TGA analysis. The fluorescence sensing behavior of 1 was examined in a solution of N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF). The results demonstrated that 1 exhibited a pronounced “turn‐off” fluorescence phenomenon in the presence of caffeic acid (CA). Despite the interference of 11 potential substances, 1 was still capable of effectively recognizing CA. The luminescence intensity ratio of 1 showed a strong linear relationship with CA concentration in the range 0–5 μM. The Ksv value was 2.49 × 105 M−1. Additionally, the detection mechanism was studied using PXRD, SEM, UV–Vis, and fluorescence lifetime methods.
Effect of CoFe2O4 and NiFe2O4 Nanoparticles on Dielectric and Piezoelectric Properties of Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) Nanocomposite Films
Authors: Parangusan Hemalatha , Karuppasamy K. , Saboor Abdul , Hamyasa Yousef Mohammad Nazarul , Alfantazi Akram , Bhadra Jolly
Published: January 2025

Our research ventures into the realm of flexible piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs), a field brimming with potential for harvesting sustainable energy from diverse sources. We have taken a novel approach, developing a highly flexible PENG by harnessing the power of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and its nanocomposites. The β‐phase content and crystallinity of the PVDF‐based composite films are meticulously evaluated using Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The peak‐to‐peak output voltage of pure PVDF, PVDF/CoFe2O4, and PVDF/NiFe2O4 composite‐based PENGs are 101 mV, 2.47 V, and 1.9 V, respectively. The enhanced output efficiency of the flexible PENG is a direct result of the electroactive polar phases produced in the PVDF when the nanomaterials are incorporated. This pioneering work underscores the potential of a PVDF/CoFe2O4 and PVDF/NiFe2O4 composite film‐based PENG as a feasible energy harvester for wearable and portable devices.
Delayed Fluorescence in Dual‐Doped Perovskite Nanocrystals: Insight into the Role of Dopants
Authors: Mandal Prasenjit , Panja Soumya , Viswanatha Ranjani
Published: January 2025

This study investigates the photophysical behaviour of Mn/Fe and Mn/Sn co‐doped CsPbCl3 perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) to explore carrier dynamics and dopant interactions. Using gated photoluminescence (PL) and temperature‐dependent measurements, we elucidate the impact of dopant chemistry on exciton behaviour, focusing on vibrationally assisted delayed fluorescence (VADF) and energy transfer mechanisms. The efficiency of VADF is influenced by factors such as the bandgap, temperature, quantum confinement, and host composition. In Mn/Fe co‐doped NCs, Fe‐induced trap states introduce additional radiative pathways, resulting in a unique emission around 515 nm. In contrast, in Mn/Sn co‐doped NCs, Sn captures photoexcited carriers, preventing the VADF process and leading to non‐radiative decay. The findings provide key insights into dopant‐dopant interactions and the mechanisms governing carrier transfer, enhancing our understanding of these materials for future optoelectronic applications.
Emerging Role of Noncovalent Interactions and Disulfide Bond Formation in the Cellular Uptake of Small Molecules and Proteins
Authors: Jakka Surendar R. , Mugesh Govindasamy
Published: January 2025

Intracellular delivery of proteins and small molecules is an important barrier in the development of strategies to deliver functional proteins and therapeutics into the cells to realize their full potential in biotechnology, biomedicine, cell‐based therapies, and gene editing protein systems. Most of the intracellular protein delivery strategies involve the conjugation of cell penetrating peptides to enable the permeability of plasma membrane of mammalian cells to allow proteins to enter cytosol. The conjugations of small molecules such as (p‐methylphenyl) glycine, pyrenebutyrate and cysteines are used for the same purpose. Molecular level interactions are governed mostly by ionic (cationic/anionic), covalent and noncovalent interactions with various molecular entities of glycocalyx matrix on plasma membrane lipid bilayer. Although the role of noncovalent interactions in cellular uptake is not fully understood, several recent advances have focused on the noncovalent interaction‐based strategies of intracellular delivery of small molecules and proteins into mammalian cells. These are achieved by simple modification of protein surfaces with chemical moieties which can form noncovalent interactions other than hydrogen bonding. In this review, we describe the recent advances and the mechanistic aspects of intracellular delivery and role of noncovalent interactions in the cellular uptake of proteins and small molecules.
Discrete‐time high‐order fully actuated robust stabilization control for a type of combined spacecraft subject to uncertainties
Authors: Cui Kai‐Xin , Duan Guang‐Ren , Cui Yang
Published: January 2025

This paper investigates discrete‐time high‐order fully actuated (DT‐HOFA) robust stabilization control for a type of combined spacecraft simulator (CSS) subject to nonlinear uncertainties. First, a discrete‐time second‐order fully actuated system (FAS) model is developed for the CSS system and generalized to a general DT‐HOFA system (HOFAS) with nonlinear uncertainty, after which the robust control objective is proposed. Then, based on a linear matrix inequality condition, a robust stabilizing controller for the uncertain DT‐HOFAS is designed under certain nonlinear uncertainties, which produces a closed‐loop system with arbitrarily assignable eigenstructure. The assignable nature of the closed‐loop system is further utilized to improve the system performance by solving a multi‐objective optimization problem. Finally, the proposed approach is applied successfully to solve the robust stabilization control task of CSS with nonlinear uncertainties, and simulation and experimental results verify its convenience and effectiveness for practical use.
Charakterisierung Digitaler Brückenzwillinge zur Integration messwertgestützter Tragsicherheitsnachweise
Authors: Esser Pauline , Walker Maria , Lazoglu Alex , Ulbrich Lisa , Mosig Oliver , Marx Steffen
Published: January 2025

Mit dem Zukunftsbild Digitaler Zwilling visioniert der Masterplan BIM Bundesfernstraßen des BMDV die digitale Repräsentation und Vernetzung aller bauwerksrelevanten Daten der realen Infrastruktur. Insbesondere für Brücken als neuralgische Bestandteile der Verkehrsinfrastruktur ermöglichen Digitale Zwillinge eine optimierte Zustandsbewertung. Die erfolgreiche Einbindung Digitaler Brückenzwillinge in das Erhaltungsmanagement erfordert standardisierte Konzepte für deren Entwicklung. Hier knüpft das vom BMDV geförderte Forschungsprojekt ANYTWIN mit dem Ziel an, messwertgestützte Tragsicherheitsnachweise in Digitale Brückenzwillinge einzubinden. Die Konzeptentwicklung umfasst eine umfangreiche, branchenübergreifende Recherche vorhandener Definitionen und Charakteristika. Es wurden reifegradabhängige Merkmale Digitaler Brückenzwillinge herausgearbeitet und deren Einfluss auf die messwertgestützte Nachweisführung untersucht. Abschließend wurden BPMN‐Prozessdiagramme als anschauliches Werkzeug verwendet, um den Einfluss jeweiliger Reifegrade auf Prozessebene zu beschreiben.
Mechanisms of Lipid‐Associated Macrophage Accrual in Metabolically Stressed Adipose Tissue
Authors: Reinisch Isabel , Enzenhofer Sarah , Prokesch Andreas
Published: January 2025

Adipose tissue (AT) inflammation, a hallmark of the metabolic syndrome, is triggered by overburdened adipocytes sending out immune cell recruitment signals during obesity development. An AT immune landscape persistent throughout weight loss and regain constitutes an immune‐obesogenic memory that hinders long‐term weight loss management. Lipid‐associated macrophages (LAMs) are emerging as major players in diseased, inflamed metabolic tissues and may be key contributors to an obesogenic memory in AT. Our previous study found that LAM abundance increases with weight loss via intermittent fasting (IF) in obese mice, which is driven by adipocyte p53 signalling. However, the specific signals causing LAM accumulation in AT under IF remain unknown. In this piece, we hypothesise on a range of adipocyte‐secreted signals that can harbor immune‐attractive features upon fasting/refeeding cycles. We highlight possible mechanisms including cell death signalling, matrikines, and other damage‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), as well as adipo(‐cyto)kines, lipid mediators, metabolites, extracellular vesicles, and epigenetic rewiring. Finally, we consider how advances in mechanisms of AT LAM recruitment gleaned from preclinical models might be translatable to long‐term weight management in humans. Thus, we provide vantage points to study signals driving monocyte recruitment, polarisation towards LAMs, and LAM retention, to harness the therapeutic potential of modulating AT LAM levels by impacting the immune‐obesogenic memory in metabolic disease.
Safety and Efficacy of Nusinersen Focusing on Renal and Hematological Parameters in Spinal Muscular Atrophy
Authors: Bahadır Şenol Hüseyin , Yıldız Gizem , Polat Ayşe İpek , Aydın Adem , Hız Ayşe Semra , Soylu Alper , Yiş Uluç
Published: January 2025

Background

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a motor neuron disease caused by mutations in the SMN1 gene. Nusinersen, an antisense oligonucleotide, has been shown to improve motor function in SMA patients. However, concerns regarding its renal safety remain as previous studies have linked similar treatments to renal toxicity.

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the nusinersen treatment on platelet counts and renal functions, specifically urine protein excretion, in SMA patients and to estimate safe urinary protein levels before administration of each intrathecal injection.

Methods

This retrospective study examined data from 33 patients with SMA to assess the effects of nusinersen on motor functions and laboratory parameters including platelet count, serum creatinine, urine protein, and urine creatinine. Measurements were taken at baseline andprior to each maintenance dose, after the completion of four initial loading doses. The baseline values were compared between SMA Type 1 and Type 2 patients, while the changes in these values over time were analyzed within each group.

Results

No significant adverse effects on platelet counts or renal functions were observed. Urine creatinine and protein levels were significantly higher in SMA Type 2 patients compared to SMA Type 1 at baseline; these parameters remained stable in SMA Type 2 but increased significantly after the loading doses in SMA Type 1. Motor function improvements were observed in both groups, with the most significant gains in SMA Type 1 after the loading doses. Thus, improvement in motor functions was associated with increase in urine creatinine.

Conclusion

Nusinersen treatment did not cause significant renal toxicity or affect platelet counts. Urine creatinine levels may serve as a potential biomarker for assessing treatment response in SMA Type 1.