bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transport of Protein by Goldfish Optic Nerve Fibers
Authors: Grafstein Bernice
Published: October 2006

After tritiated leucine was injected into the eye of goldfish, radioactive protein synthesized by the ganglion cell bodies moved down the optic axons at an average rate of 0.4 mm per day. Radioautograms of the optic tectum in which these axons end show that, as early as 24 hours after the injection, before the radioactivity in the tectal layer containing the optic axons had risen above background level, the layer containing the axon terminals was already heavily labeled. The radioactivity in the terminals reached a maximum about 48 hours after the injection and remained approximately constant for at least 23 days thereafter, whereas the radioactivity in the fiber layer increased significantly during the same interval, as the slowly moving protein component entered it. Thus there appears to be a special mechanism for rapid transport of protein from the cell body to the synaptic terminals, as well as a slower movement of protein down the axon.
Apomixis: Seasonal and Population Differences in a Grass
Authors: Knox R. B.
Published: October 2006

Changes in incidence of apomictic and sexual embryo sacs were detected in
Dichanthium aristatum
in an experimental population at six stations covering 27 degrees of south latitude, and during the flowering season in a wild population. Differences were associated with photoperiods prevailing during development of inflorescences. Response to length of day was quantitative, differing in the two strains.
Temperature Measurements in Noctilucent Clouds
Authors: Theon J. S. , Nordberg W. , Smith W. S.
Published: October 2006

Results of ten rocket soundings conducted from Kronogard, Sweden, and Barrow, Alaska, during the summers of 1963 through 1965 indicate that a temperature of 150°K or less is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the existence of noctilucent clouds. Water vapor appears to be a critical ingredient in the occurrence of these clouds.
Diets for Rearing the Ambrosia Beetle
Xyleborus ferrugineus
(Fabricius) in vitro
Authors: Saunders J. L. , Knoke J. K.
Published: October 2006

Female ambrosia beetles placed on media containing sucrose, yeast extract, casein, starch, wheat germ, cottonseed oil, salt mixture, agar, water and cacao sawdust or powdered cellulose excavated galleries, oviposited, and produced progeny that developed to maturity. Several generations have been raised in the laboratory on media inoculated with ambrosia fungi by the beetles.
Stereopsis Based on Vernier Acuity Cues Alone
Authors: Julesz B. , Spivack G. J.
Published: October 2006

Random-line stereograms were generated in which the only monocular cues were minute breaks occurring at random in thin vertical (or horizontal) line grids. The breaks were binocularly correlated. The stereograms yielded global stereopsis (of a square standing out in front of a surface) even with monocular breaks of as little as 16 seconds of arc, which is below the threshold for resolving two lines. This technique led to the clarification of relations between local and global stereopsis.
Echinoderm Calcite: Single Crystal or Polycrystalline Aggregate
Authors: Towe Kenneth M.
Published: October 2006

Electron microscopy of natural and broken surfaces of echinoid skeletal plates reveals that the interior portions have the morphology of a single crystal, whereas the exterior is a polycrystalline aggregate with preferred orientation. These data help to resolve earlier contradictory x-ray and optical evidence.
Induction of Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes in Liver Microsomes of Mice and Rats by Softwood Bedding
Authors: Vesell Elliot S.
Published: October 2006

Induction of three drug-metabolizing enzymes occurred in liver microsomes of mice and rats kept on softwood bedding of either red cedar, white pine, or ponderosa pine. This induction was reversed when animals were placed on hardwood bedding composed of a mixture of beech, birch, and maple. Differences in the capacity of various beddings to induce may partially explain divergent results of studies on drug-metabolizing enzymes. The presence of such inducing substances in the environment may influence the pharmacologic responsiveness of animals to a wide variety of drugs.
Concurrent Isolation from Patient of Two Arboviruses, Chikungunya and Dengue Type 2
Authors: Myers Ruth M. , Carey Donald E.
Published: October 2006

Chikungunya virus and dengue type 2 virus were isolated from a single blood specimen taken from a patient in the acute phase of a dengue-like illness seen at Christian Medical College Hospital, Vellore, South India, in October 1964. In serial blood specimens collected from this patient there was an increase in antibody to these same two viruses. The technique for unmasking an agent (such as dengue) with a long incubation period in mice in the presence of an agent with a short incubation period is described.
Hydroxyethyl Starch: Extracellular Cryophylactic Agent for Erythrocytes
Authors: Knorpp C. T. , Merchant W. R. , Gikas P. W. , Spencer H. H. , Thompson N. W.
Published: October 2006

Studies in vitro indicate that hydroxyethyl starch is an effective extracellular cryoprotective agent for erythrocytes. It is as effective as polyvinylpyrrolidone in cryophylactic ability. It is degraded to glucose units in the circulation, is not retained in tissues, and is inexpensive to produce. Changes in the size and degree of hydroxyethylation of the branched-chain starch may result in a more effective cryoprotective agent.
Secondary Calcification in the Foraminiferal Genus
Globorotalia
Authors: Orr W. N.
Published: October 2006

Populations of four species of the planktonic foraminiferal genus
Globorotalia
from sediments in the Gulf of Mexico show the effects of secondary thickening of the test. Quantitative tabulation of the distribution of thin- and thick-walled specimens illustrates an abrupt and separate depth at which the thickening takes place for each species.
Anomeric Bond-Character in the Pyranose Sugars
Authors: Berman Helen M. , Chu Shirley S. C. , Jeffrey G. A.
Published: October 2006

Evidence from determinations of crystal structure relating to the shortening of carbon-oxygen bonds in the anomeric position in pyranose sugars is presented. There is a high degree of probability that the C(1)-O(1) bond is shortened by about 0.04 Å relative to the other C-O single-bond lengths, except in the case of an axially oriented glycosidic group where there is evidence of a distinction between the two ring C-O bonds.
Foundress Associations in Polistine Wasps: Dominance Hierarchies and the Evolution of Social Behavior
Authors: West Mary Jane
Published: October 2006

Interactions among female paper wasps of newly founded colonies suggest that dominance relations assign social (reproductive) roles to siblings in a way advantageous to both dominants and subordinates. In various social animals dominance relations may have been an important prerequisite for the evolution of a division of labor between reproductive and nonreproductive (or less reproductive) adults.
Discharge of Frontal Eye Field Neurons during Eye Movements in Unanesthetized Monkeys
Authors: Bizzi Emilio
Published: October 2006

Single unit activity was recorded from the frontal eye fields (area 8) in unanesthetized monkeys seated in a primate chair with the head restrained. The frontal eye field units were identified by antidromic response to stimulation of the cerebral peduncle. The findings indicate that most of the neurons discharge only after initiation of eye movements. These cells showed steady discharge when the eyes were immobile and oriented in a specific direction.
Antennae and Sexual Receptivity in
Drosophila melanogaster
Females
Authors: Manning Aubrey
Published: October 2006

For the female to be normally responsive to the display of wing vibrations by males, the arista and funiculus of the female's antenna must be intact and able to move freely. The arista probably acts as a sail, twisting the funiculus and thus stimulating units of Johnston's organ at its base.
Photoperiodic Control of Hamster Testis
Authors: Gaston Suzanne , Menaker Michael
Published: October 2006

The response of the testes of juvenile and adult hamsters to various photoperiods was examined. The testes of juvenile animals reached maturity regardless of the light cycle on which the animals were raised. However, the testes of adult hamsters required at least 12.5 hours of light per day to maintain spermatogenesis and prevent degeneration. This is one of the few demonstrations of a response suitable for study in investigations of the photoperiodic control of testicular function in a laboratory mammal.
Angiostrongylus cantonensis
: Proof of Direct Transmission with Its Epidemiological Implications
Authors: Heyneman Donald , Lim Boo-Liat
Published: October 2006

Infective larvae of the rat lungworm
Angiostrongylus cantonensis,
presumed cause of human eosinophilic meningoencephalitis, are shed in mucus exuded by naturally infected Malayan slugs
(Microparmarion malayanus).
Larvae passed by slug hosts were recovered from lettuce and produced normal infection in white rats. Lettuce sold in the local public market also yielded small numbers of infective larvae. Experimental evidence from rats suggests that the local human population, exposed to repeated low-level infections, may become immunized against the rare massive exposure and against clinical disease that might otherwise result after ingestion of heavily infected raw mollusks.
Squirrel Monkey Reproduction: The "Fatted" Male Phenomenon and Seasonal Spermatogenesis
Authors: Du Mond Frank V. , Hutchinson Thomas C.
Published: October 2006

Records of reproduction in a Miami colony of squirrel monkeys living in a seminatural state and of monkeys in the field indicate that the male undergoes an annual testis cycle. The spermatogenic phase is associated with the seasonal acquisition of a secondary sexual characteristic which we have termed the "fatted" condition. Body weights, measurements of subcutaneous fat, and testicular histology studied over a 12-month period further establish this cycle. Climatological analyses suggest that this cycle is associated with the precipitation cycles of the respective environments.
Evolution of Structure and Function of Proteases
Authors: Neurath Hans , Walsh Kenneth A. , Winter William P.
Published: October 2006

One of the striking features of the proteolytic enzymes as a group is the immense variety of biological functions served by enzymes employing one of a few basic mechanisms. For example, in the higher animals, enzymes for activation of zymogens (trypsin), for digestion of dietary proteins (trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase), for blood clotting (thrombin), for clot lysis (plasmin), and for sensing pain (kallikrein) all appear to use the same mechanism and to have evolved from the same ancestral gene by the process of gene duplication and subsequent divergent evolution. Equally striking is the variety of chemical solutions of the same functional problem, such as the peptide-bond cleavage by sulfhydryl proteases on the one hand and serine proteases on the other.
Action Potentials without Contraction in Frog Skeletal Muscle Fibers with Disrupted Transverse Tubules
Authors: Gage Peter W. , Eisenberg Robert S.
Published: October 2006

Action potentials, with no accompanying contraction, were recorded from muscle fibers in which the transverse tubular system had been disrupted. The results show that action potentials require an intact transverse tubular system to cause contraction. Furthermore, both the after-depolarization following a single action potential and the slower, late afterpotential following a train of action potentials were absent in this preparation. Therefore, both phenomena must normally involve the transverse tubular system.
Protein Solvation in Allosteric Regulation: A Water Effect on Hemoglobin
Authors: Colombo Marcio F. , Rau Donald C. , Parsegian V. Adrian
Published: October 2006

The oxygen affinity of hemoglobin varies linearly with the chemical potential of water in the bathing medium, as seen from the osmotic effect of several neutral solutes, namely sucrose, stachyose, and two polyethyleneglycols (molecular weights of 150 and 400). The data, analyzed either by Wyman linkage equations or by Gibbs-Duhem relations, show that ∼60 extra water molecules bind to hemoglobin during the transition from the fully deoxygenated tense (T) state to the fully oxygenated relaxed (R) state. This number, independent of the nature of the solute, agrees with the difference in water-accessible surface areas previously computed for the two conformations. The work of solvation in allosteric regulation can no longer go unrecognized.
DNA Hydrolyzing Autoantibodies
Authors: Shuster Alexander M. , Gololobov Gennady V. , Kvashuk Oksana A. , Bogomolova Anastasiya E. , Smirnov Ivan V. , Gabibov Alexander G.
Published: October 2006

A DNA-nicking activity was detected in the sera of patients with various autoimmune pathologies and was shown to be a property of autoantibodies. The DNA hydrolyzing activity, which was purified by affinity and high-performance liquid chromatography, corresponded in size to immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG and had a positive response to antibodies to human IgG. The DNA hydrolyzing autoantibodies were stable to acid shock and yielded a DNA degradation pattern that was different from that of deoxyribonuclease (DNase) I and blood DNase.
High-frequency network oscillation in the hippocampus
Authors: Buzsáki György , Horváth Zsolt , Urioste Ronald , Hetke Jamille , Wise Kensall
Published: October 2006

Pyramidal cells in the CA1 hippocampal region displayed transient network oscillations (200 hertz) during behavioral immobility, consummatory behaviors, and slow-wave sleep. Simultaneous, multisite recordings revealed temporal and spatial coherence of neuronal activity during population oscillations. Participating pyramidal cells discharged at a rate lower than the frequency of the population oscillation, and their action potentials were phase locked to the negative phase of the simultaneously recorded oscillatory field potentials. In contrast, interneurons discharged at population frequency during the field oscillations. Thus, synchronous output of cooperating CA1 pyramidal cells may serve to induce synaptic enhancement in target structures of the hippocampus.
Increased Turnover of Cerebral Norepinephrine during Rebound of Paradoxical Sleep in the Rat
Authors: Pujol Jean François , Mouret Jacques , Jouvet Michel , Glowinski Jacques
Published: October 2006

Changes in turnover of cerebral norepinephrine, as measured after intracisternal administration of the H
3
amine, have been studied in rats during selective paradoxical sleep deprivation and its following rebound. Experiments were performed under neurophysiological control. A marked increase of turnover of norepinephrine is associated with the augmentation of paradoxical sleep characteristic of the rebound period.
Renal Adenyl Cyclase: Anatomically Separate Sites for Parathyroid Hormone and Vasopressin
Authors: Chase Lewis R. , Aurbach G. D.
Published: October 2006

Adenyl cyclase from plasma membrane fractions of rat renal cortex or medulla was assayed by measuring conversion of adenosine triphosphate labeled at the α-phosphate with
32
P to cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate labeled with
32
P. Parathyroid hormone activated the enzyme primarily in cortex; vasopressin acted primarily in medulla. These experiments support the conclusion that cyclic adenosine monophosphate mediates the action of parathyroid hormone on the kidney and show that parathyroid hormone and vasopressin stimulate adenyl cyclase at anatomically separable areas within the kidney.
Lunar Gravity: Preliminary Estimates from Lunar Orbiter
Authors: Lorell J. , Sjogren W. L.
Published: October 2006

Tracking data from the lunar orbiters have been analyzed for information regarding Moon's gravity field. These preliminary results include values of a set of harmonic coefficients through degree 4 in the tesserals and degree 8 in the zonals. Implications regarding Moon's mass distribution are discussed: one implication is that Moon is nearly homogeneous.
Microseisms: Mode Structure and Sources
Authors: Toksöz M. Nafi , Lacoss Richard T.
Published: October 2006

Frequency-wave number spectra of microseisms were obtained by use of a set of short-period and long-period seismometers at LASA (Large Aperture Seismic Array, Montana). At times of relatively high microseismic activity short-period (shorter than 5 seconds) microseisms consist of both body waves and higher-mode surface waves. From the phase velocity and direction of body waves, source areas were determined, coinciding with low-pressure regions on the weather map. At longer periods, microseisms consist of fundamental-mode Rayleigh and Love waves, the former being dominant. Most microseismic energy arrives at LASA from the northeast and the west.
Structure and Properties of Crystalline Polymers
Authors: Oppenlander George C.
Published: October 2006

Through control of the crystallization process many polymers can be made to exhibit a broad spectrum of structural possibilities, ranging from a state of high disorder to one of high order. Emphasis has been placed on bulk-crystallized polymers which normally fall near the center of this spectrum. This was done in part because polymers are most commonly fabricated in this manner, and also because the amount of attention given in recent years to crystals grown from dilute solution has tended to obscure important aspects of the structure of bulk-crystallized polymers. Differences in the structure of the interlamellar regions account most reasonably for many of the variations in mechanical properties that crystalline polymers can be made to display.

The interlamellar amorphous model, proposed here as a structural model for bulk-crystallized polymers, largely neglects the lamellae themselves, because so little is known about the structure of the lamellae of bulk-crystallized polymers and how variations in lamellar structure can affect properties. This model is intended, therefore, as both a working hypothesis to aid further investigation and as an outline to be filled in as more is learned about the supramolecular structure of crystalline polymers.
Mechanism of Rhythmic Synchronous Flashing of Fireflies
Authors: Buck John , Buck Elisabeth
Published: October 2006

In Thailand, male
Pteroptyx malaccae
fireflies, congregated in trees, flash in rhythmic synchrony with a period of about 560 ± 6 msec (at 28°C). Photometric and cinematographic records indicate that the range of flash coincidence is of the order of ± 20 msec. This interval is considerably shorter than the minimum eye-lantern response latency and suggests that the
Pteroptyx
synchrony is regulated by central nervous feedback from preceding activity cycles, as in the human "sense of rhythm," rather than by direct contemporaneous response to the flashes of other individuals. Observations on the development of synchrony among Thai fireflies indoors, the results of experiments on phase-shifting in the American
Photinus pyralis
and comparisons with synchronization between crickets and between human beings are compatible with the suggestion.
Hypnotic Age-Regression and Magnitudes of the Ponzo and Poggendorff Illusions
Authors: Parrish Michael , Lundy R. M. , Leibowitz H. W.
Published: October 2006

The effect of hypnotically induced age-regression on the magnitudes of the Ponzo and Poggendorff illusions was determined for ten college students. The results, when compared with normative developmental data, are more typical of younger ages than of the chronological ages of the subjects.
Estrogen Induces Lipophosphoprotein in Serum of Male
Xenopus laevis
Authors: Wallace Robin A. , Jared Donald W.
Published: October 2006

Administration of estradiol 17β to male
Xenopus laevis
induces the appearance in serum of large amounts of a serum lipophosphoprotein which is not readily removed from the circulation and which can be resolved from other serum components by chromatography on triethylaminoethyl-cellulose. The initial rate of production of serum lipophosphoprotein is independent of the amount of estrogen administered, but the maximum rate of production and the time taken to attain this rate are dose-dependent.
Agonistic Behavior in Organized and Disorganized Cotton Rat Populations
Authors: Wolfe James L. , Summerlin Carl T.
Published: October 2006

Agonistic interaction rate is significantly lower in groups of caged cotton rats (
Sigmodon hispidus
) from naturally occurring organized populations than in groups composed of strangers. Some type of social structure is apparently present between animals sharing a common area under natural conditions. After a 24-hour period, there is no significant difference in the behavior of the two groups, an indication that a social structure is rapidly formed in the disorganized groups.
Infrared Spectra and the Chain Organization of Erythrocyte Membranes
Authors: Chapman D. , Kamat V. B. , Levene R. J.
Published: October 2006

Changes in the intensity of the 720 cm
-1
band were followed in the infrared spectra of the human erythrocyte membrane and its total lipid extract, recorded at various temperatures. These changes are interpreted in terms of the configuration of the lipid hydrocarbon chains within the membrane. Effects of temperature, sonication, removal of lipids, and organic solvents on the amide I and II bands, associated with protein conformations, were also studied.
Crystals from Cocoons of
Malacosoma neustria testacea
Authors: Ohnishi Eiji , Takahashi Susumu Y. , Sonobe Haruyuki , Hayashi Tsuyoshi
Published: October 2006

The crystalline material covering the cocoon of
Malacosoma neustria testacea
(Lasiocampidae, Lepidoptera) was analyzed physically and chemically. The mean component was identified as calcium oxalate monohydrate, and the crystals were found to be whewellite in form.
Stomatal Opening: Role of Potassium Uptake by Guard Cells
Authors: Fischer R. A.
Published: October 2006

Stomata in isolated epidermal strips open in response to light plus air free of carbon dioxide when the strips are floated on potassium chloride solutions of low concentrations. This opening depends on the stimulation of active accumulation of potassium in quantities sufficient to account for the observed changes in solute potential of the guard cells.
Microstigmus comes
: Sociality in a Sphecid Wasp
Authors: Matthews Robert W.
Published: October 2006

Pendent nests of the wasp
Microstigmus
comes from Costa Rica contained up to 18 adults each. Ovarian dissection indicates that there is reproductive dominance (division of labor) among females from the same nest, without apparent external morphological differences. Evidence for parental care and cooperation in provisioning and defense also identify this as the first social sphecid wasp.
Primaquine-Induced Changes in Morphology of Exoerythrocytic Stages of Malaria
Authors: Beaudoin Richard L. , Aikawa Masamichi
Published: October 2006

Exposure to primaquine for 48 hours caused lesions in the exoerythrocytic stages of
Plasmodium fallax
grown in cultivated cells derived from embryonic turkey brain. The lesions appeared in the form of cytoplasmic vacuoles when viewed under the light microscope. The electron microscope revealed these vacuoles as swollen mitochondria readily identifiable by their typical protozoan cristae. Mitochondria of the host cell were unaffected.
Erosion Rates Near Rome, Italy
Authors: Judson Sheldon
Published: October 2006

Before man's intensive use of the land the rates of erosion near Rome, Italy, were approximately 2 to 3 centimeters per thousand years. With intensive occupation by man the rates have increased by an order of magnitude.
Exhaustive Matching of the Entire Protein Sequence Database
Authors: Gonnet Gaston H. , Cohen Mark A. , Benner Steven A.
Published: October 2006

The entire protein sequence database has been exhaustively matched. Definitive mutation matrices and models for scoring gaps were obtained from the matching and used to organize the sequence database as sets of evolutionarily connected components. The methods developed are general and can be used to manage sequence data generated by major genome sequencing projects. The alignments made possible by the exhaustive matching are the starting point for successful de novo prediction of the folded structures of proteins, for reconstructing sequences of ancient proteins and metabolisms in ancient organisms, and for obtaining new perspectives in structural biochemistry.
Culex nigripalpus
: Seasonal Shift in the Bird-Mammal Feeding Ratio in a Mosquito Vector of Human Encephalitis
Authors: Edman John D. , Taylor Doyle J.
Published: October 2006

Blood-engorged
Culex nigripalpus
(Theob.) collected throughout the year in two Florida localities were serologically tested to determine the host range of this mosquito in nature. A proportional increase in feeding on mammals occurred in early summer, reached a maximum between July and October, and was followed by a shift back to avian hosts which dominated the feeding pattern during winter and spring. This finding strengthens the hypothesis that a biphasic pattern of feeding is a basic characteristic of an enzootic vector that, in epidemic years, also serves as the primary vector of avian arbovirus to man.
Raman Spectra of Crystalline Lysozyme, Pepsin, and Alpha Chymotrypsin
Authors: Tobin Marvin C.
Published: October 2006

Satisfactory Raman spectra of crystalline lysozyme, pepsin, and alpha chymotrypsin were obtained with laser excitation. The spectra are very similar to each other, but show enough minor differences to make this a useful method of identification. The readily identified bands assignable to specific groupings are noted.
Porcine Proinsulin: Characterization and Amino Acid Sequence
Authors: Chance Ronald E. , Ellis Robert M. , Bromer William W.
Published: October 2006

Proinsulin in nearly homogeneous form has been isolated from a preparation of porcine insulin. A molecular weight close to 9100 was calculated from the amino acid composition and from sedimentation-equilibrium studies. Through the action of trypsin this single-chain protein is transformed to desalanine insulin by cleavage of a polypeptide chain connecting the carboxy-terminus of the B chain to the amino-terminus of the A chain of insulin. The amino acid sequence of this connecting peptide was found to be Arg-Arg-Glu-Ala-Gln-Asn-Pro-Gln-Ala-Gly-Ala-Val-Glu-Leu-Gly-Gly-Gly-Leu-Gly-Gly-Leu-Gln-Ala-Leu-Ala-Leu-Glu-Gly-Pro-Pro-Gln-Lys-Arg.
Obligatory Sperm Storage in the Skink
Hemiergis peronii
Authors: Smyth Michael , Smith Meredith J.
Published: October 2006

Female
Hemiergis peronii
ovulate in the spring; males' testes are small and without sperm in the spring, enlarge to a maximum in late summer, and decrease in the winter. Females' oviducts contain sperm over the winter. It follows that females are inseminated in autumn and store sperm until they ovulate in spring.
Regulation of Segment-Building during the Postembryonic Development of a Common Milliped
Authors: Berns Michael W. , Keeton William T.
Published: October 2006

Starvation of larvae of the milliped
Narceus annularis
results in the formation of a smaller than normal number of body segments in the early stadia. However, this reduced number is compensated for by subsequent formation of a larger than normal number of body segments in the later stadia, or by the addition of extra segment-building stadia. Apparently there is a mechanism whereby the milliped "keeps count" of the number of body segments produced and can regulate the production of these segments from a proliferative region so that the total number of body segments at sexual maturity is within the normal range for the species.
Metachromatic Leukodystrophy: Diagnosis with Samples of Venous Blood
Authors: Percy Alan K. , Brady Roscoe O.
Published: October 2006

Arylsulfatase A and B have been demonstrated in preparations of human leukocytes. The level of activity of arylsulfatase A is markedly decreased in the preparations from patients with metachromatic leukodystrophy. Acid phosphatase and arylsulfatase B activities were normal. The assay of arylsulfatase A in leukocyte preparations can be useful in the diagnosis of metachromatic leukodystrophy while obviating the difficulties of current methods.
Ruminant-Like Digestion of the Langur Monkey
Authors: Bauchop T. , Martucci R. W.
Published: October 2006

The adaptation of langur monkeys to a laboratory environment has made possible a detailed investigation of their digestive physiology. The diverticular form of the langur stomach permits a bacterial fermentation of the leafy diet, which results in important contributions to the nutrition of these primates. The demonstration of a ruminant-like digestion in langurs extends the known taxonomic distribution of this digestive adaptation.
Mice: Fighting by Neonatally Androgenized Females
Authors: Edwards David A.
Published: October 2006

Administration of testosterone propionate to female mice on the day of birth resulted in increased fighting after administration of testosterone during adulthood. This fighting, comparable to fighting among normal male mice, suggests that early androgenic stimulation organizes neural structures mediating aggression in the mouse.
Herpesvirus Type 2: Association with Carcinoma of the Cervix
Authors: Rawls W. E. , Tompkins W. A. F. , Figueroa M. E. , Melnick J. L.
Published: October 2006

By utilizing the kinetics of neutralization, it was found that an antibody response to type 1 (oral) and type 2 (genital) herpesvirus infection could be independently measured and correlated with type of virus isolated from the patient. The presence of antibodies to type 1 and type 2 herpesvirus was examined in patients with carcinoma of the cervix, in matched controls, random controls, and patients with other types of malignancy. Antibodies to type 2 were found with greater frequency in patients with carcinoma of the cervix (83 percent) than in the other groups tested (0 to 20 percent). The data suggest an association of genital herpesvirus and carcinoma of the cervix.
Autoradiographic Localization of Radioactivity in Rat Brain after Injection of Tritiated Sex Hormones
Authors: Pfaff Donald W.
Published: October 2006

Radioactivity was found in cell bodies of neurons and glial cells throughout brains of male and female rats that had been injected with either testosterone-H
3
or estradiol-H
3
. Uptake by limbic and hypothalamic structures was higher and longer lasting than that in nonlimbic structures. In all brains, the preoptic area, prepiriform cortex, olfactory tubercle, and septum had particularly high, long-lasting uptake of both hormones.
Interferon Induced by
Plasmodium berghei
Authors: Huang Kun-Yen , Schultz Warren W. , Gordon Francis B.
Published: October 2006

An inhibitor of virus is demonstrable in the serums of mice infected with
Plasmodium berghei
. The titer of the inhibitor, detectable within 10 hours after injection of parasitized blood, increases rapidly until 30 to 40 hours when it levels off or decreases slightly before reaching a plateau. The factor that induces production of the antiviral substance is not present in the plasma of the infected blood, and the inhibitor is not detectable in serums of mice injected with nonparasitized mouse erythrocytes. The inhibitor fulfills the essential requirements of an interferon.
Intrastrain Differences in Serotonin and Norepinephrine in Discrete Areas of Rat Brain
Authors: Miller Francis P. , Cox Raymond H. , Maickel Roger P.
Published: October 2006

Determination of levels of serotonin and norepinephrine in various brain areas of male Sprague-Dawley rats obtained from four different breeder-suppliers showed considerably different basal levels among the various groups, as well as differences in response to monoamine oxidase inhibitors.
Selective Venting of Cigarette Smoke in Dichotomous Ducts and Preserved Human Bronchi
Authors: Anderson A. E. , Furlaneto Jose A. , Foraker Alvan G.
Published: October 2006

Mechanically generated cigarette smoke and ambient air were injected into dichotomous ducts and geometrically preserved human bronchi in a fashion simulating typical smoking technique. When the air passages were at ambient temperature, the smoke settled into the lower branches. Smoke which was injected into passages warmed to body temperature rose to the upper branches. The latter selective distribution of the smoke resembled the distribution of centrilobular emphysema in the lungs.
Methylmalonic Aciduria: Metabolic Block Localization and Vitamin B
12
Dependency
Authors: Rosenberg Leon E. , Lilljeqvist Anne-Charlotte , Hsla Yujen Edward
Published: October 2006

Methylmalonic aciduria is an inborn error of metabolism characterized by neonatal or infantile ketoacidosis. Leukocytes isolated from the peripheral blood of a 1-year-old child with this disorder converted negligible quantities of propionate-3-C
14
to carbon dioxide, but oxidized succinate-1,4-C
14
normally, an indication of a block in the conversion of propionate to succinate. Parenteral administration of vitamin B
12
resulted in a reduction in methylmalonic acid excretion and an increase in propionate oxidation by leukocytes in vitro. The results suggest a mutation of methylmalonyl-CoA isomerase, a vitamin B
12
, dependent enzyme which converts methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA, and provide the first demonstration of vitamin B
12
"dependency" in man.
Morphine Tolerance, Physical Dependence, and Synthesis of Brain 5-Hydroxytryptamine
Authors: Way E. Leong , Loh Horace H. , Shen Fu-hsiung
Published: October 2006

Tolerance and physical dependence development to morphine in mice can be prevented by concomitant administration of cycloheximide. The fact that the rate of synthesis of brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) increases with tolerance to morphine suggests that the protein involved may be associated with 5HT synthesis. Inhibition of this synthesis with
p
-chlorophenylalanine markedly decreases tolerance and physical dependence development to morphine.
Colobus guereza
: Territoriality and Group Composition
Authors: Marler Peter
Published: October 2006

Troops of the black and white colobus
Colobus guereza
in the Budongo Forest, Uganda, average eight animals with a typical composition of one adult male, four adult females, two subadults, one juvenile, and one infant. Solitary males and small all-male groups also occur. Troops of mixed sexes have well-defined territories which coincide roughly with the home range. Territories of five groups averaged 0.062 square mile (0.137 km
2
) in area, agreeing closely with territory-sizes of Asian Colobine monkeys. Adult males have a roar that is concerned with maintaining territorial spacing, but not with actual territorial defense. The territories of these arboreal, forest animals are much smaller than the home ranges of more terrestrial and nonterritorial open-country primates.
Circadian Clock Action Spectrum in a Photoperiodic Moth
Authors: Bruce Victor G. , Minis Dorothea H.
Published: October 2006

A circadian rhythm of egg hatching in the moth
Pectinophora gossypiella
can be initiated with a brief light pulse. The action spectrum for this effect has a peak in the blue and near ultraviolet region of the spectrum with a sharp cutoff above 500 nanometers and a more gradual cutoff below 390 nanometers.
Fluorescence Changes during Conduction in Nerves Stained with Acridine Orange
Authors: Tasaki I. , Carnay L. , Sandlin R. , Watanabe A.
Published: October 2006

Nerves from spider crabs and squid fluoresce when stained with Acridine Orange. The intensity of fluorescence increases during nerve conduction. Prolongation of the electric response in the squid axon is associated with a fluorescence change of similar duration. These findings suggest that the physicochemical properties of the macromolecules around the dye molecules in the nerve membrane drastically change during the process of nerve conduction.
Macromolecular Subunits in the Walls of Marine Nitrifying Bacteria
Authors: Watson S. W. , Remsen C. C.
Published: October 2006

The outermost layer of the cell wall of all marine ammonia-oxidizing bacteria so far isolated is made up of protein subunits arranged in a regular manner and linked together through metal-oxygen bonds. This sculptured, outer wall laver appears to be unique to the marine forms and is not found in the terrestrial ammonia-oxidizing bacteria.
Molecular Heterogeneity of Human Lymphoid (HL-A) Alloantigens
Authors: Mann Dean L. , Rogentine G. Nicholas , Fahey John L. , Nathenson Stanley G.
Published: October 2006

Soluble preparations of HL-A alloantigens were separated by gel filtration into components having either the "LA" series or the "4" series of alloantigenic determinants. This separation may indicate that several different structural cistrons within the HL-A (locus) control the expression of these two series of determinants. The alternative possibility, in which one structural cistron with multiple mutational sites controls the synthesis of a single molecule cannot be excluded.
Antifungal Steroid Glycoside from Sea Cucumber
Authors: Shimada Shigetoshi
Published: October 2006

An antifungal steroid glycoside, holotoxin, has been isolated from the sea cucumber
Stichopus japonicus
(Selenka). In vitro, it exhibits high activity against various fungi, including vegetable pathogens, but has scarcely any activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and mycobacteria in vitro.
Identification of Envelope V3 Loop as the Major Determinant of CD4 Neutralization Sensitivity of HIV-1
Authors: Hwang Stephen S. , Boyle Terence J. , Lyerly H. Kim , Cullen Bryan R.
Published: October 2006

Laboratory isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) such as HTLV-IIIB are generally T cell line-tropic and highly sensitive to neutralization by soluble CD4 (sCD4), a potential antiviral agent that is undergoing clinical trial. However, many primary HIV-1 isolates are macrophage-tropic and sCD4-resistant. Envelope V3 loop sequences derived from primary HIV-1 isolates were sufficient to confer on HTLV-IIIB not only the tissue tropism but also the degree of sCD4 neutralization resistance characteristic of their HIV-1 strains of origin. Single amino acid changes in the V3 loop enhanced sCD4 resistance by up to tenfold. These observations suggest that the tissue tropism and sCD4 neutralization sensitivity of HIV-1 isolates are regulated by similar mechanisms.
Bentonite Debris Flows in Northern Alaska
Authors: Anderson Duwayne M. , Reynolds Robert C. , Brown Jerry
Published: October 2006

Seasonal freezing and thawing and the extreme cold of the arctic lead to the development of a variety of characteristic geomorphic features. A new one, bentonite debris flow channels, has been identified near Umiat, Alaska. These flows form when bentonite-rich Cretaceous shales are exposed to surface water on slopes of 5 to 30 degrees. The characteristic landform developed is a U-shaped channel 1 to 2 meters deep and from 8 to 10 meters in width. The channel shows a fluted floor and walls and is commonly flanked by a levee. The flow material is apparently derived from the entire surface of the head portions of associated gullies. When this surface layer hydrates during snowmelt and runoff or during prolonged rain, the bentonite imbibes water and swells to a point at which its viscosity is lowered sufficiently to initiate creep or viscous flow.
Scanning Electron Microscopy of Evaporating Ice
Authors: Cross J. D.
Published: October 2006

Direct observation of evaporating ice with a scanning electron microscope indicates that the surfaces of single-crystal and polycrystalline ice are markedly different. In specimens of single-crystal ice the crystal planes are revealed by evaporation, whereas polycrystalline ice develops a fibrous surface.
Crystal and Molecular Structure of a Thymine-Thymine Adduct
Authors: Karle I. L. , Wang Shih Yi , Varghese A. J.
Published: October 2006

Thymine-thymine adduct is a product isolated from thymine irradiated with ultraviolet light in frozen aqueous solution. This compound is presumably formed through the rearrangement of an initial photoproduct. Single crystal x-ray diffraction analysis has confirmed the molecular formula of the adduct, 5-hydroxy-6-4′-(5′-methylpyrimid-2′-one)-dihydrothymine, except for the possibility of a hydrogen atom on the 3′ nitrogren rather than the 1′ nitrogen, and has established the stereoconfiguration of the molecule.
Cycads: Fossil Evidence of Late Paleozoic Origin
Authors: Mamay Sergius H.
Published: October 2006

Plant fossils from Lower Permian strata of the southwestern United States have been interpreted as cycadalean megasporophylls. They are evidently descended from spermopterid elements of the Pennsylvanian
Taeniopteris
complex; thus the known fossil history of the cycads is extended from the Late Triassic into the late Paleozoic. Possible implications of the Permian fossils toward evolution of the angiosperm carpel are considered.
Juvenile Hormone: Activity of Aromatic Terpenoid Ethers
Authors: Bowers William S.
Published: October 2006

Several aromatic terpenoid ethers possess a high degree of morphogenetic activity when assayed on the yellow mealworm
Tenebrio molitor
L. and the milkweed bug
Oncopeltus fasciatus
(Dallas). The most active compounds were the 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl ethers of 6,7-epoxygeraniol and the corresponding ethyl-branched homologs.
Surgery in the Rat during Electrical Analgesia Induced by Focal Brain Stimulation
Authors: Reynolds David V.
Published: October 2006

Chronic monopolar electrodes were implanted in the region of the midbrain central gray in eight rats. In three rats, continuous 60 cycle-per-second sine-wave stimulation resulted in an electrical analgesia defined by the elimination of responses to aversive stimulation while general motor responsiveness was retained. Exploratory laparotomy was carried out in these animals during continuous brain stimulation without the use of chemical anesthetics. Following surgery, brain stimulation was terminated, and responses to aversive stimuli returned. Electrodes effective in inducing electrical analgesia at the lowest currents were located at the dorsolateral perimeter of the midbrain central gray. It was concluded that focal brain stimulation in this region can induce analgesia in the absence of diffusely applied "whole brain" stimulation.
Infrared Scanning Images: An Archeological Application
Authors: Schaber Gerald G. , Gumerman George J.
Published: October 2006

Aerial infrared scanner images of an area near the Little Colorado River in north-central Arizona disclosed the existence of scattered clusters of parallel linear features in the ashfall area of Sunset Crater. The features are not obvious in conventional aerial photographs, and only one cluster could be recognized on the ground. Soil and pollen analyses reveal that they are prehistoric agricultural plots.
Brain Lesions, Obesity, and Other Disturbances in Mice Treated with Monosodium Glutamate
Authors: Olney John W.
Published: October 2006

In newborn mice subcutaneous injections of monosodium glutamate induced acute neuronal necrosis in several regions of developing brain including the hypothalamus. As adults, treated animals showed stunted skeletal development, marked obesity, and female sterility. Pathological changes were also found in several organs associated with endocrine function. Studies of food consumption failed to demonstrate hyperphagia to explain the obesity. It is postulated that the adult syndrome represents a multifaceted neuroendocrine disturbance arising from the disruption of developing neural centers concerned in the mediation of endocrine function.
Glaciation in Southern Argentina More than Two Million Years Ago
Authors: Mercer J. H.
Published: October 2006

In southern Argentina till beds interbedded with lava flows were deposited by ice that extended at least 40 kilometers east of the present crest of the cordillera. The flow covering the oldest till bed is 3.2 ± 1 million years old. The flow that constitutes the present surface and covers the youngest till bed, is 1.7 ± 0.5 million years old.
Microwave Spectrum and Structure of Sulfur Difluoride
Authors: Johnson Donald R. , Powell Francis X.
Published: October 2006

Sulfur difluoride has been identified and characterized from its microwave spectrum. The analysis of rotational transitions for both sulfur difluoride-32 and sulfur difluoride-34 shows that this molecular species has C
2v
symmetry with a bond length of 1.589 angstroms, a bond angle of 98°16′, and a dipole moment of 1.05 Debye.
Immunochemistry of Newly Found Substituents of Polysaccharides of
Rhizobium
Species
Authors: Dudmman W. F. , Heidelberger M.
Published: October 2006

Acetyl and pyruvic acid groups were detected and estimated in the extracellular polysaccharides of
Rhizobium trifolii
and
R. meliloti
. Pyruvic acid was found also in the specific polysaccharide of pneumococcal type 27, and is believed to explain the cross-reactivity between antiserum to pneumococcal type 27 and these and other pyruvate-containing bacterial polysaccharides. Removal of pyruvate from a
Rhizobium
polysaccharide rendered it inactive with its homologous antiserum and with antiserum to pneumococcal type 27, but it then reacted with several antiserums to other pneumococcal types with which the intact material was unreactive.
Ionic Mechanisms Controlling Behavioral Responses of
Paramecium
to Mechanical Stimulation
Authors: Naitoh Yutaka , Eckert Roger
Published: October 2006

A mechanical stimulus applied to the anterior part of
Paramecium
causes a transient increase in membrane permeability to calcium. This permits a calcium current to flow into the cell, causing the membrane potential to approach the equilibrium level for calcium. The transient depolarization which results elicits a reversal in the direction of ciliary beat. When the organisms are free-swimming this is seen as the reversed locomotion of Jennings' "avoiding reaction." In contrast, a mechanical stimulus applied to the posterior part results in increased permeability to potassium ions, and hence an outward potassium current. The hyperpolarization which results causes an increase in the frequency of ciliary beat in the normal direction. In free-swimming specimens this is seen as an increase in the velocity of forward locomotion.
Objective Measure of the Dynamics of a Visual Movement Illusion
Authors: Thorson John , Lange G. David , Biederman-Thorson Marguerite
Published: October 2006

Apparent movement in peripheral vision can be induced by sequential flashing of two dots that are spatially unresolved. Subjects used this illusion to make forced-choice estimates of the directional sequence of the two dots. Performance at this task defines spatiotemporal conditions that induce the illusion without reliance upon subjective distinctions of "movement" from "successivity" and "simultaneity." The dynamics of the illusion, defined in this way, are measured and compared with those for after-flash inhibition and the perception of real movement.
Recent Planktonic Foraminifera: Dominance and Diversity in North Atlantic Surface Sediments
Authors: Ruddiman William F.
Published: October 2006

Foraminferal dominance values above 50 percent and associated diversity minimums in surface sediments of the North Atlantic coincide with past extremes of temperature, productivity, or salinity in overlying surface waters. These parameters delimit a cold Polar-Subpolar water mass and an impoverished, saline Southern Sargasso Central water mass for the late Recent. Anticipated pole-to-equator diversity and dominance gradients in the open ocean are virtually eliminated by the stronger trends of the vigorous subtropical North Atlantic gyre.
Sex Pheromone of the Queen Butterfly: Chemistry
Authors: Meinwald J. , Meinwald Y. C. , Mazzocchi P. H.
Published: October 2006

Two major components in the "hairpencil" secretion of the male of the queen butterfly (
Danaus gilippus berenice
) have been identified. One, a crystalline ketone (2,3-dihydro-7-methyl-1
H
-pyrrolizin-1-one), is known from another danaid butterfly. The other, a viscous terpenoid alcohol (
trans
,
trans
-3,7-dimethyldeca-2,6-dien-1,10-diol), is new; its structure is confirmed by an unambiguous synthesis.