bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Increased prefrontal volume in PD with levodopa‐induced dyskinesias: A voxel‐based morphometry study
Authors: Cerasa Antonio , Messina Demetrio , Pugliese Pierfrancesco , Morelli Maurizio , Lanza Pierluigi , Salsone Maria , Novellino Fabiana , Nicoletti Giuseppe , Arabia Gennarina , Quattrone Aldo
Published: March 2011

Levodopa‐induced dyskinesias represent disabling complications from long‐term therapy with dopaminergic drugs for treating Parkinson's disease (PD). Although several neuroimaging studies have reported altered striatofrontal function that contributes to the emergence of these motor complications, the neuroanatomical correlates of this disorder are still unknown. Optimized voxel‐based morphometry (VBM) was applied to the MRI brain images of 36 PD patients with levodopa‐induced dyskinesias, 36 PD patients without levodopa‐induced dyskinesias, and 32 age‐ and sex‐matched controls. The VBM analysis comparing dyskinetic and nondyskinetic groups provided evidence of increased gray matter volume of the bilateral inferior frontal gyrus in dyskinetic patients, a finding that was more evident in patients with early‐onset PD. No significant differences were detected in the dyskinetic and nondyskinetic groups when compared with the controls. Our findings suggest that the presence of dyskinesias in patients with PD is characterized by an aberrant neural plasticity that could play a role in the pathophysiology of these motor complications. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Festkörperchemie 2010
Authors: Bessler Wolfgang G. , Nilges Tom
Published: March 2011

Grundlagenorientierte Strukturchemie, Funktionalisierung und Modellierung auf allen Größenskalen, anwendungsbezogene Forschung in den Energiewissenschaften — die Festkörperchemie bietet ein breites Spektrum an Ideen und Ansätzen von grundlegenden Aspekten bis hin zur anwendungsorientierten Lösung der Energieprobleme in der Zukunft.
Physikalische Chemie 2010
Authors: Havenith‐Newen Martina , Märkle Wolfgang
Published: March 2011

Für die biologische Funktion von Proteinen in wässriger Umgebung ist nicht nur die unmittelbare Hydrathülle ausschlaggebend, sondern das gesamte Netz an Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen. Terahertzspektroskopie macht die Dynamik dieses Netzwerks sichtbar. Elektromobilität ist ein aktuelles Thema im Automobilsektor. Es bedarf allerdings noch Entwicklungen an den Energiespeichern, um den Ambitionen gerecht zu werden. Als aussichtsreichstes Speichermedium gilt die Lithiumionen‐Batterie.
Technische Chemie 2010
Authors: Fröhlich Peter , Kruse Andrea , Ernst Stefan , Katzberg Michael
Published: March 2011

Die drohende Rohstoffknappheit und ehrgeizige Klimaziele führen zu neuen Entwicklungen in der Katalyse sowie zu Techniken zur Sequestrierung oder Verwertung von CO2 — entweder direkt oder über nachwachsende Rohstoffe wie Pflanzenbiomasse. Der Rohstoffwandel beginnt, und es entsteht eine neue Rohstoffbasis mit potenziell geschlossenem Kohlenstoffkreislauf.
Bestimmung der 3D‐Struktur an der Laborbank
Authors: Adam Martin
Published: March 2011

Ein Einkristall‐Röntgendiffraktometer bestimmt die Struktur von Substanzen direkt im Syntheselabor.
Eudaimonic Well‐being: Its Importance and Relevance to Occupational Therapy for Humanity
Authors: Hayward Claire , Taylor Jackie
Published: March 2011

Contemporary critique of the philosophy and theory of occupational therapy has asserted that the mainstream of the profession holds a westernized view of the world and that occupational therapy has been shackled to notions of health/illness and the medical establishment for too long, hampering movement into social and political spheres. Strategies and developments have been proposed to combat these biases, which have included increased cultural relativism and a re‐focus on the subjective experience of occupation. The value placed on “being” in occupational therapy philosophy is described alongside the related terms of occupational integrity and spirituality. Drawing on theory and research from psychology, this paper proposes the construct of eudaimonic well‐being as both relevant and valuable to occupational therapy in re‐conceptualizing the profession, countering some of the central tensions in the identity of the profession and re‐asserting that well‐being through occupation is for all and for humanity. Finally, the paper proposes that well‐being, in a eudaimonic sense, should be advertised and evidenced as a routine outcome of occupational therapy and consolidated into occupational therapy models as a relevant and meaningful concept. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expression profiling reveals MSX1 and EphB2 expression correlates with the invasion capacity of Wilms tumors
Authors: Chetcuti Albert , Aktas Safiye , Mackie Nicole , Ulger Celal , Toruner Gokce , Alkan Mualla , Catchpoole Daniel
Published: March 2011

Background

Wilms tumor is the most common pediatric renal malignancy, but the parameters that are important to its invasion capacity are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to identify new proteins associated with the invasion capacity of Wilms tumor.

Procedure

Gene expression profiles for 15 primary Wilms tumor samples were determined by Affymetrix Genechip® Human Genome Ul33A microarray analysis. The gene expression profiles for selected genes was further confirmed by quantitative RT‐PCR analysis. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed on 25 Wilms tumor cases to confirm expression for Bcl2A1, EphB2, MSX1, and RIN1.

Results

Using microarray analysis 14 genes showed differential expression (P < 0.05) comparing stage 1 non‐invasive Wilms tumor to stages 2–4 invasive Wilms tumor. The differential expression for Bcl2A1, EphB2, MSX1, and RIN1 was confirmed by quantitative RT‐PCR. MSX1 protein was statistically significantly lower in stages 2–4 invasive Wilms tumor cases compared to stage 1 non‐invasive cases (P = 0.013). EphB2 protein was higher in stages 2–4 Wilms tumor cases compared to stage 1 cases (P = 0.006). There was no statistically significant difference between stages 1 and 2–4 Wilms tumor for Bcl2A1 (P = 0.230) or RIN1 (P = 0.969) at the protein level.

Conclusion

Our results indicate that MSX1 may be associated with the invasion capacity of Wilms tumors. RIN1 is a downstream effector of RAS and Bcl2A1 functions as an anti‐apoptotic protein. EphB2 is an ephrin receptor and is up‐regulated in invasive tumors but its role needs to be confirmed in further cases of Wilms tumors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 57: 950–957. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Twenty‐five year follow‐up of childhood Wilms tumor: A report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study
Authors: Termuhlen Amanda M. , Tersak Jean M. , Liu Qi , Yasui Yutaka , Stovall Marilyn , Weathers Rita , Deutsch Melvin , Sklar Charles A. , Oeffinger Kevin C. , Armstrong Greg , Robison Leslie L. , Green Daniel M.
Published: March 2011

Background

Treatment cures over 90% of children with Wilms tumor (WT) who subsequently risk late morbidity and mortality. This study describes the 25‐year outcomes of 5‐year WT survivors in the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (CCSS).

Procedure

The CCSS, a multi‐institutional retrospective cohort study, assessed WT survivors (N = 1,256), diagnosed 1970–1986, for chronic health conditions, health status, health care utilization, socioeconomic status, subsequent malignant neoplasms (SMNs), and mortality compared to the US population and a sibling cohort (N = 4,023).

Results

The cumulative incidence of all and severe chronic health conditions was 65.4% and 24.2% at 25 years. Hazard ratios (HR) were 2.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.8–2.3 for grades 1–4 and 4.7, 95%CI 3.6–6.1 for grades 3 and 4, compared to sibling group. WT survivors reported more adverse general health status than the sibling group (prevalence ratio [PR] 1.7; 95%CI 1.2–2.4), but mental health status, socioeconomic outcome, and health care utilization were similar. The cumulative incidence of SMN was 3.0% (95%CI 1.9–4.0%) and of mortality was 6.1% (95%CI 4.7–7.4%). Radiation exposure increased the likelihood of congestive heart failure (CHF) (no doxorubicin—HR 6.6; 95%CI 1.6–28.3; doxorubicin ≤250 mg/m2—HR 13.0; 95%CI 1.9–89.7; doxorubicin >250 mg/m2—HR 18.3; 95%CI 3.8–88.2), SMN (standardized incidence ratio [SIR] 9.0; 95%CI 3.9–17.7 with and 4.9; 95%CI 1.8–10.6 without doxorubicin) and death.

Conclusion

Long‐term survivors of WT treated from 1970 to 1986 are at increased risk of treatment related morbidity and mortality 25 years from diagnosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 57: 1210–1216. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
International Projects Proposal Analysis: Risk Assessment Using Radial Maps
Authors: Steffey Robert W. , Anantatmula Vittal S.
Published: March 2011

International projects are very attractive to companies seeking to expand their business horizons, and collaborative networks of international partners have created new work environments that differ from the conventional business structures of the past. This study provides scholarly research into the risks that inherently affect an international project's success and provides insight into the effective measures that project managers may employ to assist in analyzing and mitigating these multinational risks during the bid and proposal process. A new method of radial risk mapping assists management in graphing their risk findings to aid in their proposal analysis. These graphical representations provide firms seeking international markets with a method for selecting those projects with the least risk, thereby increasing their chances of success and maximum profit.
Breast cancer survivors' beliefs about the causes of breast cancer
Authors: Panjari Mary , Davis Susan R , Fradkin Pamela , Bell Robin J
Published: March 2011

Objective: To explore the beliefs held by breast cancer (BC) survivors about the factors that contribute to the development of their BC.

 Methods: The BUPA Health Foundation Health and Well‐being after Breast Cancer Study is a prospective cohort study of 1684 women recruited within 12 months of their first diagnosis with invasive BC. Participants completed an enrollment questionnaire (EQ), first follow‐up questionnaire (FQ1) and a second follow‐up questionnaire (FQ2), 12 months and 24 months post‐EQ, respectively. In the FQ2, women were asked whether they believed anything contributed to the development of their BC and whether they had made lifestyle changes since the FQ1. Well‐being was assessed at the FQ2 using the Psychological General Well‐being Index (PGWB).

 Results: In total, 1496/1684 women completed the FQ2 and 43.5% reported belief in a factor that may have contributed to their developing BC. These women were more likely to be younger (p<0.0001) and educated beyond high school (p<0.0001). Stress (58.1%) was the most common reason given, followed by previous use of hormone therapy (17.0%) and a family history of any cancer (9.8%). Women who believed stress contributed to their BC had lower PGWB scores than other study participants (70.9 ± 16.1, n = 361 versus 77.3 ± 14.9, n = 1071, mean difference = 6.4, 95% CI: 4.6–8.2 p<0.0001) and were more likely to have made lifestyle changes since their BC diagnosis.

 Conclusions: Many women with BC believe that stress has contributed to their condition. Women who held this belief were more likely to adopt strategies to reduce stress than those who did not. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electron pairing in one‐dimensional anharmonic crystal lattices
Authors: Velarde M. G. , Brizhik L. , Chetverikov A. P. , Cruzeiro L. , Ebeling W. , Röpke G.
Published: March 2011

We show that when anharmonicity is added to the electron–phonon interaction it facilitates electron pairing in a localized state. Such localized state appears as singlet state of two electrons bound with the traveling local lattice soliton distortion, which survives when Coulomb repulsion is included. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2012
Comparison of the deactivation mechanism of 5‐fluorouracil with that of its parent system, uracil: The need of the use of the MS‐CASPT2 method
Authors: Mercier Yannick , Reguero Mar
Published: March 2011

Because of their biological significance in radiation damage and repair of the genetical material, a detailed understanding of the photophysical properties of DNA bases is very important. The key property in DNA is the ultrafast radiationless decay to the ground state that allows dissipating the energy before harmful photoproducts may be formed. Experimental results in the investigation of uracil suggest that there exist a pair of competitive mechanism for the radiationless deactivation of this basis. It is well established that the key point of its ultrafast radiationless decay is a Sπ/S0 conical intersection [where Sπ is the excited state populated by the photoexcitation, characterized by a 1(π‐π*) excitation], but there are still some point of controversy, like the possible existence and involvement of a stable Sπ species in the deactivation mechanism. Nucleobases tautomers and derivatives usually have different photochemical properties, and in general, they show a slower deactivation mechanism. The study of some derivatives of uracil can be interesting for comparative purposes and to help in the reassurance of the deactivation mechanisms proposed for uracil. This is one of the reasons for developing our study on 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU), which exhibits much longer lived excited states than the parent system uracil. On top of this, 5‐FU is also of interest by itself because it is used in cancer treatment. We have studied the ground and first excited singlet states of 5‐FU using the complete active space self‐consistent field method (CASSCF)/MS‐complete active space perturbation theory to second order level (CASPT2) protocol that is known to provide accurate results for this type of systems. Minima, potential energy surface (PES) crossings and paths have been characterized and compared with those of uracil. Our results show that for 5‐FU, as opposite to uracil, a minimum exists in the PES of the Sπ state. The involvement of this minimum in the deactivation mechanism together with the presence of a small barrier in the relaxation path toward the Sπ/S0 conical intersection explain the longest decay time of the excited state of 5‐FU. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem 111:3405–3415, 2011
Isatin‐Schiff base copper(II) complexes—A DFT study of the metal‐ligand bonding situation
Authors: Caramori Giovanni F. , Parreira Renato L. T. , Ferreira Ana Maria Da Costa
Published: March 2011

Herein, we report results of calculations based on density functional theory (BP86/TZVP) of a set of isatin‐Schiff base copper(II) and related complexes, 1‐12, that have shown significant pro‐apoptotic activity toward diverse tumor cells. The interaction of the copper(II) cation with different ligands has been investigated at the same level of theory. The strength and character of the Cu(II)‐L bonding was characterized by metal‐ligand bond lengths, vibrational frequencies, binding energies, ligand deformation energies, and natural population analysis. The metal‐ligand bonding situation was also characterized by using two complementary topological approaches, the quantum theory of atoms‐in‐molecules (QTAIM) and the electron localization function (ELF). The calculated electronic g‐tensor and hyperfine coupling constants present significant agreement with the EPR experimental data. The calculated parameters pointed to complex 10 as the most stable among the isatin‐Schiff base copper(II) species, in good agreement with experimental data that indicate this complex as the most reactive in the series. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2012
A Formal Framework for Conceptions of Sustainability – a Theoretical Contribution to the Discourse in Sustainable Development
Authors: Christen Marius , Schmidt Stephan
Published: March 2011

In the sustainability discourse we find much disagreement about the idea of sustainability resulting in the unsatisfactory situation that this idea is limited by arbitrariness and therefore looses its action guiding power. Examining various strategies to solve this challenge we argue for a meta‐perspective. In the central part of this paper we describe a formal framework for conceptions of sustainability consisting of fundamental and practical modules. Subsequently, we critically compare this framework with alternative meta‐approaches, in particular with the ‘Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development’. We conclude that the problem of arbitrariness is encountered on three different levels; in the designation of the subject field of the sustainability debate, in the characterisation of sustainability science and indirectly in providing a basis to assess policies. This underlines the framework's usefulness of structuring the discourse on sustainability. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Micronucleus test and comet assay for the evaluation of zebrafish genomic damage induced by erythromycin and lincomycin
Authors: Rocco Lucia , Peluso Carmela , Stingo Vincenzo
Published: March 2011

An enormous quantity of pharmacologically active principles are currently being introduced into the environment, with consequent escalation of environmental problems, but only a small number of studies are focusing on an assessment of their genotoxic effects. The aim of this article is to assess the genotoxic effects of erythromycin, lincomycin, and of a combination of these two antibiotics on the genome of the zebrafish. The genotoxicity of the two antibiotics was assessed by applying the micronucleus test to erythrocytes and performing a Comet assay on erythrocytes and hepatocytes. The fish were exposed to antibiotics at different concentrations and times of exposure, under standard laboratory conditions. Depending on the different experimental conditions, erythromycin and lincomycin induced a significant increase in DNA migration (tail moment) and a significant increase in micronuleus frequency. We also conducted an analysis on the activation of repair mechanisms when the genotoxic agent was removed. Only a few of the cells displayed a decrease in damage under these test conditions.© 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 2012.
Evaluation of chlorinated benz[a]anthracene on hepatic toxicity in rats and mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium
Authors: Kido T. , Sakakibara H. , Ohura T. , Guruge K. S. , Kojima M. , Hasegawa J. , Iwamura T. , Yamanaka N. , Masuda S. , Sakaguchi M. , Amagai T. , Shimoi K.
Published: March 2011

Chlorinated benz[a]anthracenes (Cl‐BaA) are halogenated aromatic compounds (typified by dioxins) found in the environment at relatively high concentrations. Fischer 344 rats were intragastrically administered 0, 1, or 10 mg of Cl‐BaA or its parent compound benz[a]anthracene (BaA) per kg of body weight for 14 consecutive days. Both chemicals at 10 mg/kg/day inhibited the gain in body weight, and consequent increase in relative liver weight. Hepatic gene expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1, 1A2, and 1B1 was significantly stimulated by administration of BaA (10 mg/kg/day) compared with the control. After administration of Cl‐BaA, only the CYP1A2 gene was significantly induced, even at the lower dosage; CYP1A1 and 1B1 mRNA levels remained unchanged in Cl‐BaA‐treated rats compared with controls. To elucidate the role of such Cl‐BaA exposure and induced CYPs at toxicity onset, we investigated the mutagenicity of BaA and Cl‐BaA using Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100. BaA and Cl‐BaA at 10 μg/plate produced positive results in both strains in the presence of rat S‐9. Incubation of Cl‐BaA with recombinant rat CYP1A2 produced a significantly higher number of revertant colonies in TA98 and TA100 than in controls, but no such change was observed for BaA. In conclusion, BaA changes its own physiological and toxicological actions by its chlorination; (1) daily exposure to Cl‐BaA selectively induces hepatic CYP1A2 in rats and (2) Cl‐BaA induces frameshift mutations in the presence of CYP1A2, although BaA does not exert mutagenicity. This indicates that CYP1A2 may metabolize Cl‐BaA to active forms. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 2013.
Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG): it's (nearly) all in it!
Authors: Jaeken Jaak
Published: March 2011

Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) is a booming class of metabolic diseases. Its number has increased nearly fourfold (to 45) since 2003, the year of the Komrower lecture, entitled ‘Congenital disorders of glycosylation CDG): It's all in it!’. This paper presents an overview of recently discovered CDG and CDG phenotypes, of a diagnostic approach, of (the lack of) treatment, of CDG genetics, of a novel CDG nomenclature and classification, and of some future directions in the CDG field.
Assessing the Importance of Financial and Human Capital for Interest Group Sector Strength across American Communities
Authors: Barakso Maryann , Gerrity Jessica C. , Schaffner Brian F.
Published: March 2011

One of the most profound changes in the interest group sector over the last fifty years is interest groups’ increasing need to attract financial donors in order to assure long-term sustainability. Groups’ growing propensity to attract ‘chequebook’ members is thought to compromise their ability to foster the personal involvement of individuals in their communities. Yet we know very little about the consequences of these dynamics for the strength of the interest group sector in American communities. This widespread macro-level analysis of the interest group sector indicates that human capital is more important than financial capital for the strength of a community's interest group sector. Financially disadvantaged communities may still enjoy the benefits of a strong interest group sector provided they have a citizenry equipped with time to donate.
The effect of small-amplitude convective disturbances on the size and bursting of a laminar separation bubble
Authors: MARXEN OLAF , HENNINGSON DAN S.
Published: March 2011

Short laminar separation bubbles can develop on a flat plate due to an externally imposed pressure gradient. Here, these bubbles are computed by means of direct numerical simulations. Laminar–turbulent transition occurs in the bubble, triggered by small disturbance input with fixed frequency, but varying amplitude, to keep the bubbles short. The forcing amplitudes span a range of two orders of magnitude. All resulting bubbles differ with respect to their mean flow, linear-stability characteristics and distance between transition and mean reattachment locations. Mechanisms responsible for these differences are analysed in detail. Switching off the disturbance input or reducing it below a certain, very small threshold causes the short bubble to grow continuously. Eventually, it no longer exhibits typical characteristics of a short laminar separation bubble. Instead, it is argued that bursting has occurred and the bubble displays characteristics of a long-bubble state, even though this state was not a statistically steady state. This hypothesis is backed by a comparison of numerical results with measurements. For long bubbles, the transition to turbulence is not able to reattach the flow immediately. This effect can lead to the bursting of a short bubble, which remains short only when sufficiently large disturbances are convected into the bubble. Large-scale spanwise-oriented vortices at transition are observed for short but not for long bubbles. The failure of the transition process to reattach the flow in the long-bubble case is ascribed to this difference in transitional vortical structures.
Low-order stochastic modelling of low-frequency motions in reflected shock-wave/boundary-layer interactions
Authors: TOUBER EMILE , SANDHAM NEIL D.
Published: March 2011

A combined numerical and analytical approach is used to study the low-frequency shock motions observed in shock/turbulent-boundary-layer interactions in the particular case of a shock-reflection configuration. Starting from an exact form of the momentum integral equation and guided by data from large-eddy simulations, a stochastic ordinary differential equation for the reflected-shock-foot low-frequency motions is derived. During the derivation a similarity hypothesis is verified for the streamwise evolution of boundary-layer thickness measures in the interaction zone. In its simplest form, the derived governing equation is mathematically equivalent to that postulated without proof by Plotkin (AIAA J., vol. 13, 1975, p. 1036). In the present contribution, all the terms in the equation are modelled, leading to a closed form of the system, which is then applied to a wide range of input parameters. The resulting map of the most energetic low-frequency motions is presented. It is found that while the mean boundary-layer properties are important in controlling the interaction size, they do not contribute significantly to the dynamics. Moreover, the frequency of the most energetic fluctuations is shown to be a robust feature, in agreement with earlier experimental observations. The model is proved capable of reproducing available low-frequency experimental and numerical wall-pressure spectra. The coupling between the shock and the boundary layer is found to be mathematically equivalent to a first-order low-pass filter. It is argued that the observed low-frequency unsteadiness in such interactions is not necessarily a property of the forcing, either from upstream or downstream of the shock, but an intrinsic property of the coupled system, whose response to white-noise forcing is in excellent agreement with actual spectra.
Theory of stimulated scattering of large-amplitude waves
Authors: STENFLO L. , SHUKLA P. K.
Published: March 2011

Comprehensive comments on the theory of stimulated scattering instabilities
of high-frequency electromagnetic waves in magnetized plasmas are presented.
It is shown that our general dispersion relations are appropriate for deducing valuable
information regarding the growth rates of scattering instabilities and the long-term
evolution of modulationally unstable waves in space and laboratory plasmas
as well as in astrophysical settings.
Nonlinear low-frequency waves in dusty self-gravitating plasmas
Authors: YAROSHENKO VICTORIA V. , VERHEEST FRANK
Published: March 2011

Nonlinear electrostatic waves in self-gravitating dusty plasmas are considered
in two limiting cases, according to whether the charged-particle dynamics
is governed mostly by electrostatic forces or mostly by gravitation. This shows a
significant difference between these two plasma media with respect to the envelope
dynamics in the nonlinear regime. In the former case, when ω2pα > ω2Jα, the
amplitude perturbations are longitudinally unstable only in the short-wave range,
and the nonlinear effects can result in the formation of longitudinal dust-acoustic
solitary waves. But even weak self-gravitational effects can lead to the existence
of a long-wavelength range, where self-gravitation prevents the formation of dust-acoustic
solitons, and only transverse solitary structures are possible. In the other
limiting case (ω2pα < ω2Jα), there is always a transverse modulational instability,
which can lead to transverse solitary waves. In both cases, there is a threshold for
solitary-wave formation.
Parametric interactions inside a magnetron
Authors: KAUP D. J. , EL-REEDY J. O. , THOMAS GARY E.
Published: March 2011

The purpose of this work is to understand theoretically what are the possible
noise levels in a magnetron or a crossed-field amplifier (CFA), due to parametric
three-wave interactions in the electron plasma, at various operating parameters.
Our approach is to use the cold-fluid equations and their Fourier decomposition into
a background (DC) mode, a pump (RF) mode, and two other noise (RF) modes.
The two RF noise modes are assumed to interact parametrically with the large
RF pump mode, and to satisfy the standard resonance conditions for the sum of
the wave vectors and sum of the frequencies. We use our previous results to determine
the background mode and the RF pump mode. Any strong RF electric
field propagating in a crossed-field electron vacuum device can drive a Brillouin
sheath unstable by means of a Rayleigh instability, whenever a wave–particle resonance
can be found inside the sheath. What happens physically is that, at the
resonance, the laminar flow of the electrons is strongly disturbed, and a diffusion
process ensues, whereby the electrons diffuse away from the resonance region. This
upsets the balance in the Brillouin flow, causing the electrons to redistribute into
a new average DC density profile – which may be far from the original Brillouin
profile, but is a stationary solution of a nonlinear diffusion equation. Using these
stationary density profiles, we can then study the propagation of small RF signals
on such a DC background, as well as their parametric interactions with the RF
pump wave, at various DC voltages and magnetic fields. In addition to being able
to predict the operating regime and the DC current flow, these studies demonstrate
that parametric interactions probably limit the operating voltage range of a typical
magnetron or crossed-field amplifier to about 20% above the Hartree voltage.
Middle Korean ㅿ and the Cheju dialect
Authors: Stonham John
Published: March 2011

All records of Middle Korean are exclusively in the Central dialect, the prestige form spoken in the capital, and all printed material in the newly-created Hangǔl script emanated from there. For this reason, historical studies must rely on modern dialect data for comparison and reconstruction, since there are virtually no early dialect materials. In this study, I investigate the nature of the MK ㅿ, which is most often realized as /Ø/ in Modern Standard Korean, but which often surfaces as /s/ in Southern varieties, including the most conservative of these dialects, Cheju Korean. Sino-Korean forms in Cheju dialect containing an /s/ reflex of ㅿ demonstrate not only that ㅿ was realized as /z/ in such forms, but also that the dialects must have had special phonological rules to deal with their pronunciation. A further important issue concerns the nature of doublets and their treatment in both Middle Korean and Cheju dialect.
‘Letting the Phenomena In’: On How Herman's Kantianism Does and Does Not Answer the Empty Formalism Critique
Authors: Sedgwick Sally
Published: March 2011

InMoral Literacy, Barbara Herman informs us that she will defend an ‘enlarged version of Kantian moral theory’ (Herman 2008: ix). Her ‘enlarged version’, she says, will provide a much-needed alternative to the common but misguided characterization of Kant's practical philosophy as an empty formalism. I begin with a brief sketch of the main features of Herman's corrective account. I endorse her claim that the enlarged Kantianism she defends is true to Kant's intentions as well as successful in correcting the objections she outlines. I then argue that there is another version of the empty formalism worry Herman does not address. Not only does she not address it, but her form of Kantianism provides fuel for its fire.
Women Who Win: Social Backgrounds, Paths to Power, and Political Ambition in Latin American Legislatures
Authors: Schwindt-Bayer Leslie A.
Published: March 2011

Research on women in Latin American politics in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s showed that very few women ran for and won political office and that those who did often did not fit the mold of the typical legislator. Yet significant cultural, social, and political changes have occurred over the past 30 years, and few studies have reexamined the types of women who win political office in the region today. In this article, I examine the social backgrounds, paths to power, and political ambition of women and men elected to national legislatures in Argentina, Colombia, and Costa Rica. I argue that women and men are likely to be more similar than different, given the tight constraints imposed on legislative candidates in democratic elections, and empirically examine this hypothesis with data from an original survey of legislators conducted in 2001–2. I find that, indeed, women and men are quite similar on an array of characteristics. Women who win elected office in Latin America today do so by playing the traditional, male-defined, political game.
Diversity Management and Gender Mainstreaming as Technologies of Government
Authors: Prügl Elisabeth
Published: March 2011

Diversity management and gender mainstreaming can be considered technologies of government in the Foucaultian sense; that is, they are technologies that guide people to conduct themselves in a particular manner; their purpose is the “conduct of conduct.” This article illustrates the value of applying a Foucaultian “analytics of government” to generate insights on the effects of inserting feminist knowledge into institutional contexts through the practices of gender mainstreaming and diversity management. I first reinterpret these strategies as technologies of government that meet the characteristics identified in the literature on governmentality. Second, I explore the liberal rationality of the contemporary apparatus of gender by juxtaposing it to the disciplinary rationality underlying efforts to govern women at the turn of the nineteenth century. Third, I tease out similarities and differences in the way in which diversity management and gender mainstreaming operate, emphasizing, in particular, the way in which they make difference productive and outlining how one deploys a neoliberal logic and the other a bureaucratic logic. Ultimately, I argue that governance feminism should be interpreted as the governmentalization of feminist knowledge; that is, feminist knowledge has been adapted so that it becomes available for the government of conduct.
Gendering Comparative Politics: Achievements and Challenges
Authors: Krook Mona Lena
Published: March 2011

Approximately one-fifth, or 21%, of the members of the American Political Science Association identify themselves as comparativists, according to data in 2004. Among those affiliated with the APSA Women and Politics Research Section, the corresponding figure is nearly one-third, or 31% (Tripp 2010, 192). While not a majority, these patterns suggest that gender and politics scholars have been attracted in greater proportions to this particular subfield. The reasons for this, Karen Beckwith (2010) has noted, are linked to features of comparative politics particularly conducive to work on gender: an interest in answering “real world” questions, a lack of a hegemonic research agenda making the subfield more open to new topics, an emphasis on methodological pluralism valuing the contributions of qualitative and case study analysis, and a stress on fieldwork as an important vehicle for data collection.
Contested Questions, Current Trajectories: Feminism in Political Theory Today
Authors: Krause Sharon R.
Published: March 2011

I once mentioned to a prominent feminist scholar that I was using one of her books in my course on feminism and political theory. She looked at me blankly for a moment and then replied, “Feminism and political theory? I thought feminism is political theory.” She was right of course; in some sense, everything that is feminist theory is also political theory. Feminism illuminates gendered relations of power in politics and social life, after all, and it contributes (however indirectly) to the larger project of transforming them. Moreover, since the rise of “second wave” feminism in the 1970s, feminist theorists have significantly reshaped political theory as a discipline, moving crucial questions from the margins of the field to its center, questions about gender equity and justice, the constitution of the political subject, the demands of difference, the intersecting dynamics of domination, the differential effects of globalization, and the conditions of freedom, among other things. As a result, much of what we think of as “mainstream” political theory is now also feminist theory. This is often true even of work that does not make women or gender its sole subject matter, as the leading voices in the field increasingly are scholars whose work has been shaped by literatures central to feminism and who think about politics in ways that are informed by a critical consciousness of the gendered quality of power relations.
Design of a very low-power, low-cost 60 GHz receiver front-end implemented in 65 nm CMOS technology
Authors: Kraemer Michael , Dragomirescu Daniela , Plana Robert
Published: March 2011

The research on the design of receiver front-ends for very high data-rate communication in the 60 GHz band in nanoscale Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technologies is going on for some time now. Although a multitude of 60 GHz front-ends have been published in recent years, they are not consequently optimized for low power consumption. Thus, these front-ends dissipate too much power for battery-powered applications like handheld devices, mobile phones, and wireless sensor networks. This article describes the design of a direct conversion receiver front-end that addresses the issue of power consumption, while at the same time permitting low cost (due to area minimization by the use of spiral inductors). It is implemented in a 65 nm CMOS technology. The realized front-end achieves a record power consumption of only 43 mW including low-noise amplifier (LNA), mixer, a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), a local oscillator (LO) buffer, and a baseband buffer (without this latter buffer the power consumption is even lower, only 29 mW). Its pad-limited size is 0.55 × 1 mm2. At the same time, the front-end achieves state-of-the-art performance with respect to its other properties: Its maximum measured power conversion gain is 30 dB, the RF and IF bandwidths are 56.5–61.5 and 0–1.5 GHz, respectively, its measured minimum noise figure is 9.2 dB, and its measured IP−1 dBis −36 dBm.
Whole protein and defined CD8+ and CD4+ peptides linked to penetratin targets both MHC class I and II antigen presentation pathways
Authors: Pouniotis Dodie S , Esparon Sandra , Apostolopoulos Vasso , Pietersz Geoffrey A
Published: March 2011

Cytoplasmic delivery and cross‐presentation of proteins and peptides is necessary for processing and presentation of antigens for the generation of cytotoxic T cells. We previously described the use of the 16 amino acid peptide penetratin from the Drosophila Antennapedia homeodomain (penetratin, Antp) to transport cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes derived from ovalbumin (OVA) or the Mucin‐1 tumor‐associated antigen into cells. We have now shown that penetratin covalently conjugated to OVA protein and linked in tandem to CD4+ and/or CD8+ T‐cell epitopes from OVA‐stimulated T cells in vitro (B3Z T‐cell hybridoma and OT‐I and OT‐II T cells). The induction of these responses was directly mediated by the penetratin peptide as linking a nonspecific 16‐mer peptide to OVA or mixing did not induce CD8+ or CD4+ T‐cell responses in vitro. Furthermore, interferon (IFN)‐γ‐secreting CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were induced which suppressed B16.OVA tumor growth in C57BL/6 mice. Tumor protection was mediated by a CD8+ T‐cell‐dependent mechanism and did not require CD4+ help to protect mice 7 days after a boost immunization. Alternatively, 40 days after a boost immunization, the presence of CD4+ help enhanced antigen‐specific IFN‐γ‐secreting CD8+ T cells and tumor protection in mice challenged with B16.OVA. Long‐term CD8 responses were equally enhanced by antigen‐specific and universal CD4 help. In addition, immunization with AntpOVA significantly delayed growth of B16.OVA tumors in mice in a tumor therapy model.
Spin-polarized transport through a two-level quantum dot driven by ac fields
Authors: Lü Hai-Feng , Ke Sha-Sha , Zu Xiao-Tao , Zhang Huai-Wu
Published: March 2011

We study the spin-polarized current and shot noise spectra in a two-level quantum dot driven by ac fields, where the dot is connected to two ferromagnetic leads with parallel alignment. When the spin-resolved interlevel pump is applied, it is demonstrated that a pure spin current can be generated at zero bias voltage. We separately discuss the transport properties in two tunneling regimes, double levels of the quantum dot under the transport windows and dynamical channel blockade regimes. It is found that Fano factor relies sensitively not only on the pump style but also on the corresponding strength. When both levels lie in the transport window, the Fano factor is independent on the charge pump but decreases with the spin pump strength. In the channel blockade case, different combinations of sub- and super-Poissonian Fano factors are shown in various regimes by tuning the pump strength and spin polarization. The results indicate that the shot noise can be used to detect the inner interactions and physical properties in the present device.
Ultrahigh vacuum deposition of organic molecules by electrospray ionization
Authors: Hamann Chr. , Woltmann R. , Hong I-Po , Hauptmann N. , Karan S. , Berndt R.
Published: March 2011

An electrospray apparatus for deposition of organic molecules on surfaces in ultrahigh vacuum is presented. The kinetic energy at the impact and mass to charge ratio of deposited ions can be controlled by an electrostatic quadrupole deflector and an in-line quadrupole mass spectrometer. With an ion funnel in the first two vacuum stages a high ion transmission is achieved. Experiments on porphyrin cations and deoxyribonucleic acid deposited on a Au(111) surface demonstrate the capabilities of the instrument.
Spatially resolved measurements of electron cyclotron resonance ion source beam profile characteristics
Authors: Panitzsch Lauri , Stalder Michael , Wimmer-Schweingruber Robert F.
Published: March 2011

Simulations predict that the concentric rings and the triangular structures in the profiles of strongly focused ion beams that are found in different experiments should be dominated by ion species with the same or at least similar m/q-ratio. To verify these theoretical predictions we have tuned our ECR ion source to deliver a beam consisting of multiple ion species whose particular m/q-depending focusing ranges from weakly focused to overfocused. We then recorded spatially resolved charge-state distributions of the beam profile at characteristic positions in the plane perpendicular to the beam line. The results validate theoretical predictions and are summarized in this paper. To achieve the required beam profile characteristics we moved the extraction along the beam line to achieve stronger focusing than by only changing the extraction voltage. To fit the regions of interest of the beam profile into the transmission area of the sector magnet, we steered the beam by moving the extraction in the plane perpendicular to the beam axis. The results of both investigations, beam focusing and beam steering by using a 3D-movable extraction, are also reported in this paper. A brief overview of the new beam monitor extensively used during these measurements, the Faraday cup array, is also given.
An approach for generating trajectory-based dynamics which conserves the canonical distribution in the phase space formulation of quantum mechanics. II. Thermal correlation functions
Authors: Liu Jian , Miller William H.
Published: March 2011

We show the exact expression of the quantum mechanical time correlation function in the phase space formulation of quantum mechanics. The trajectory-based dynamics that conserves the quantum canonical distribution–equilibrium Liouville dynamics (ELD) proposed in Paper I is then used to approximately evaluate the exact expression. It gives exact thermal correlation functions (of even nonlinear operators, i.e., nonlinear functions of position or momentum operators) in the classical, high temperature, and harmonic limits. Various methods have been presented for the implementation of ELD. Numerical tests of the ELD approach in the Wigner or Husimi phase space have been made for a harmonic oscillator and two strongly anharmonic model problems, for each potential autocorrelation functions of both linear and nonlinear operators have been calculated. It suggests ELD can be a potentially useful approach for describing quantum effects for complex systems in condense phase.
Active control of the pointing of a multi-terawatt laser
Authors: Genoud G. , Wojda F. , Burza M. , Persson A. , Wahlström C.-G.
Published: March 2011

The beam pointing of a multi-terawatt laser is stabilized on a millisecond time scale using an active control system. Two piezo mirrors, two position sensing detectors, and a computer based optimization program ensure that both near- and far-field are stable, even during single shot operation. A standard deviation for the distribution of laser shots of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$2.6\, \mu\, \text{rad}$\end{document}2.6μrad is achieved.
Complex wave patterns in an effective reaction–diffusion model for chemical reactions in microemulsions
Authors: Alonso Sergio , John Karin , Bär Markus
Published: March 2011

An effective medium theory is employed to derive a simple qualitative model of a pattern forming chemical reaction in a microemulsion. This spatially heterogeneous system is composed of water nanodroplets randomly distributed in oil. While some steps of the reaction are performed only inside the droplets, the transport through the extended medium occurs by diffusion of intermediate chemical reactants as well as by collisions of the droplets. We start to model the system with heterogeneous reaction–diffusion equations and then derive an equivalent effective spatially homogeneous reaction–diffusion model by using earlier results on homogenization in heterogeneous reaction–diffusion systems [S. Alonso, M. Bär, and R. Kapral, J. Chem. Phys. 134, 214102 (2009)]. We study the linear stability of the spatially homogeneous state in the resulting effective model and obtain a phase diagram of pattern formation, that is qualitatively similar to earlier experimental results for the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction in an aerosol OT (AOT)-water-in-oil microemulsion [V. K. Vanag and I. R. Epstein, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 228301 (2001)]. Moreover, we reproduce many patterns that have been observed in experiments with the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction in an AOT oil-in-water microemulsion by direct numerical simulations.
Moments of the distribution of distance
Authors: García-Pelayo Ricardo
Published: March 2011

It is shown that the even moments of the distribution of distance of a density are polynomials of the moments of that density. It is discussed when the even moments alone determine the distribution of distance. Examples are computed explicitly. It follows that moments of the lengths of chords and other quantities treated in geometric probability can also be computed in terms of the moments of the density. These formulas are collected here. The formalism is not restricted to homogeneous densities on bounded support (“bodies”). As an example, the distributions of distance of the isotropic Gaussian and of the Cantor set are computed.
Atomic-scale characterization of the CdS/CuInSe2 interface in thin-film solar cells
Authors: Cojocaru-Mirédin O. , Choi P. , Wuerz R. , Raabe D.
Published: March 2011

Elemental mixing at the CdS/CuInSe2 interface of a thin-film solar cell was studied by means of atom probe tomography. A Cu-depleted and Cd-doped region (∼2 nm in width) was detected at the CuInSe2 surface, proving the existence of a buried p-n homojunction within the CuInSe2 absorber layer. Furthermore, CdS was found to infiltrate open pores existing in CuInSe2 during the chemical bath deposition. This could explain why chemical bath deposition of CdS leads to higher solar cell efficiencies compared to physical vapor deposition of CdS.
The symmetry of mobility laws for viscous flow along arbitrarily patterned surfaces
Authors: Kamrin Ken , Stone Howard A.
Published: March 2011

Generalizations of the no-slip boundary condition to allow for slip at a patterned fluid-solid boundary introduce a surface mobility tensor, which relates the shear traction vector tangent to the mean surface to an apparent surface velocity vector. For steady, low-Reynolds-number fluid motions over planar surfaces perturbed by arbitrary periodic height and Navier slip fluctuations, we prove that the resulting mobility tensor is always symmetric, which had previously been conjectured. We describe generalizations of the results to three other families of geometries, which typically have unsteady flow.