bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Patients' experiences of patient‐centred care in hospital setting: A systematic review of qualitative studies
Authors: Havana Tiina , Kuha Suvi , Laukka Elina , Kanste Outi
Published: April 2023

Background

Patient‐centred care (PCC) has been proposed as an appropriate approach for addressing current shifts in healthcare needs. Although the importance of PCC is generally recognised, PCC is poorly understood by patients in the hospital settings.

Objectives

To identify patients' experiences of PCC in hospital settings.

Methodological design

This systematic review followed the Joanna Briggs Institute's (JBI) guidance for systematic reviews of qualitative evidence and the PRISMA checklist for reporting systematic reviews. The search strategy included peer‐reviewed qualitative studies published after 2010 in English or Finnish. The databases searched were SCOPUS, MEDLINE, CINAHL and Medic. Unpublished studies and grey literature were searched in MedNar. Ten qualitative studies were included, and their quality was assessed by two independent reviewers using JBI quality assessment criteria. The data were analysed using thematic analysis.

Setting and participants

Studies were included if they had explored adult patient experiences of PCC in hospital settings.

Results

A thematic analysis produced 14 subthemes which were grouped into five analytical themes: the presence of the professional, patient involvement in care, receiving information, the patient–professional relationship and being seen as a person.

Conclusions and implications

This review suggests that the implementation and provision of PCC in hospitals is incomplete and patients' involvement in their own care should be in the focus of PCC. The majority of patients experienced receiving PCC, but others did not. The need for improvement of patient involvement was strongly emphasised. Patients highlighted the importance of professionals being present and spending time with patients. Patients felt well‐informed about their care but expressed the need for better communication. Meaningful patient–professional relationships were brokered by professionals demonstrating genuine care and respecting the patient as an individual. To improve the implementation of PCC, patient experiences should be considered in the development of relevant hospital care strategies. In addition, more training in PCC and patient–professional communication should be provided to health care professionals.
IL‐6 upregulates the expression of IL‐6R through the JAK2/STAT3 signalling pathway to promote progression of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Song Li , Xu Ruyue , Cai Wenpeng , Liang Jiaojiao , Cao Niandie , Gao Jiafeng , Tang Xiaolong
Published: April 2023

The progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) involves multifactor, multistep interactions. High expression of interleukin‐6 receptor (IL‐6R) plays an important role in the occurrence and development of tumours, but the regulatory mechanism of IL‐6R expression and its function in HCC have not been fully defined. Western blot was used to evaluate the phosphorylation of key kinases in the JAK2/STAT3 pathway and the protein expression levels of related proliferation molecules, migration molecules and apoptotic molecules. The antiapoptosis, migration and proliferation of cells of each group were analysed with JC‐1 to judge the cell apoptosis rate, the EdU method to determine the proliferation vitality of the cells, clone formation experiments and Transwell experiments. High expression of IL‐6R in cell lines, lower protein levels of the apoptotic molecules c‐Caspase7 and c‐Caspase3 and higher protein levels of the proliferative molecules p‐P70S6K and migration molecules MMP9 and MMP2 were consistent with stronger antiapoptosis, proliferation and migration. Interestingly, IL‐6 upregulated the expression of IL‐6R by activating the JAK2/STAT3 signalling pathway. Also, the expression of IL‐6R protein was downregulated after lentivirus knockdown of STAT3. In nude mice bearing subcutaneous tumours, upregulation of IL‐6R expression after activation of the JAK2/STAT3 signalling pathway by IL‐6 significantly increased tumour growth. Moreover, the expression of IL‐6R protein was downregulated, and the terminal tumour volume was significantly downregulated in the lentiviral STAT3 knockdown group. IL‐6 regulated the transcription of IL‐6R through the activation of the JAK2/STAT3 signalling pathway.
The Kant and Race Debate: A Frederick Douglass Intervention
Authors: Cherry Myisha
Published: April 2023

Samuel Fleischacker is interested in two questions that are—what he refers to as—a rephrasing of three implications Charles Mills takes away from his encounter with Kant: (1) Is Kant's moral philosophy racist at its core? and (2) Whether it is or not, how should we respond to the fact that Kant displays open racism in some of his writings when we study, teach, or try to make use of his purportedly egalitarian teachings? Frederick Douglass was an abolitionist who wrestled with similar questions regarding the liberatory and inclusive nature of emancipatory documents like the Constitution. In this essay, I want to consider Douglass's changing views on this issue and reasons behind them to think about how he might offer insights into this current debate concerning Kant and race. In doing so, I will consider to what extent Fleischacker adheres to Douglass's guidelines on this matter as he makes his case. I then offer suggestions on how to move forward.
Advances in dermatological application of GelMA hydrogel microneedles
Authors: Li Hongyang , Li Jiayi , Xu Jingjing , Li Lingjun , Wang Yurong , Liu Chunhui , Zhou Jia
Published: April 2023

Background

Compared with systemic administration methods like injection and oral administration, traditional transdermal drug delivery has the advantages of rapid onset of activity and low side effects. However, hydrophilic drugs and bioactive substances are often unsuitable for traditional transdermal drug delivery.

Methods

The application of microneedles made from gelatin methylacryloyl (GelMA) has greatly expanded thepossibilities for skin transdermal drug delivery. We have reviewed the latest literatures about the dermatological application of GelMA hydrogel microneedles in recent years using Google Scholar, PubMed and Springer.

Results

GelMA hydrogel microneedles exhibit huge potency in the diagnosis and treatment of skin diseases, and this technology also brings broad application prospects for subcutaneous micro‐invasive transdermal targeted drug delivery, which mainly used in skin tissue fluid collection, local substance delivery and wound healing.

Conclusion

With in‐depth research on GelMA hydrogel, this technology will bring more breakthroughs and developments in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of skin diseases.
Thinking Like an Earthling: Children's Reasoning About Individual and Collective Action Related to Environmental Sustainability
Authors: Grotzer Tina A. , Solis S. Lynneth
Published: April 2023

Learning to accept and understand our identity as inhabitants of planet Earth is an essential aspect of living sustainably in a global community with others. What is involved in learning, that despite what divides us, we are first and foremost Earthlings and that the well‐being of our planetary home is in our collective hands? What are the cognitive features of concepts that are inherent to thinking like an Earthling? This article considers themes that arise from research that inform what is involved in developing a collective, planetary perspective as it relates to engaging in environmental sustainability. It samples research on how young people understand and reason about agency—their own and that of others—and about the relationship between individual and collective action. It considers the importance of recognizing and engaging with diverse perspectives on agency and collectivity as well as being able to adopt the perspectives of those in different roles and positions. While many of the concepts that are inherent to thinking as part of a collective community of Earthlings are challenging, many are also learnable and represent important instructional targets for helping the next generation to understand how to live together in sustainable ways on a small and finite planet.
Skills in Reading and Mathematics: Perceptions of Teachers about the Possible Impacts of Remote Teaching on Students of the Elementary School, from a Neuropsychopedagogical Perspective
Authors: Alves Ana Paula Junqueira , Loureiro Vitor da Silva , Campelo João Paulo Martins , Abreu Cláudia Inês Pelegrini de Oliveira , Matos Luciana De Oliveira , Cardoso Fabrício Bruno
Published: April 2023

This study analyzed impacts caused by the emergency implementation of distance education, during the COVID 19 Pandemic, through the perceptions of 6th grade teachers in public schools located in Baixada Fluminense, State of Rio de Janeiro. Teachers participated, among the subjects of Portuguese Language and Mathematics, through Google Forms, which made it possible to collect data from those who are on the front line, working directly with our students. Our data proved that the pedagogical losses that occurred during the implementation period of remote teaching are significant. Therefore, we point out paths that are already yielding excellent results through evidence shown in schools, in loco, with the inclusion of Neuropsychopedagogy protocols, the science of learning. The notes and study shown here about the impacts of remote teaching on the learning of our students in basic skills in the curricular components of reading and Mathematics, suggest a great need to intensify studies on the subject and propose a dialogue with the theoretical and methodological contributions of Neuropsychopedagogy.
Study on Airplane Weight Complex
Authors: Gassner A. A.
Published: April 2023

By deciding on the type of engine and the overall dimensions of an airplane, the weight becomes quite well fixed. To obtain good take-off and climb characteristics the gross weight per horsepower should be kept low. Such items as engines, starters, propellers, generators, wheels, tires, and instruments have a weight which cannot be altered by the airplane designer, so his problem is quite difficult. In this paper the author groups the various equipment and parts of an airplane into three classes: (1) Those with weights outside the designer’s direct influence, (2) those with weights over which the designer has limited influence, and (3) those with weights which can be controlled by the designer. Design data are also given for three Fokker airplanes. These are the Super-Universal, the F-10-A, and the F-32.
Water-Recovery Apparatus for Airships
Authors: Burgess C. P.
Published: April 2023

In order to operate efficiently, an airship must maintain an approximate equilibrium of its weight and buoyancy. Since the former is progressively reduced when liquid fuel is burned, some other means than valving the costly lifting gas, helium, must be employed to compensate for the weight of the fuel consumed. The author states five alternative means, and then briefly outlines the work done in developing one of them—recovering water for ballast from the engine exhaust, following which he sets forth the theory of such water recovery, accompanied by illustrative examples. The desirable features of a water-ballast collector are then dealt with, and the paper concludes with brief notes on the principles of design and construction of the apparatus and on recent developments in ballast collectors.
Development of Pulverized-Coal Firing and Study of Combustion
Authors: Kreisinger Henry
Published: April 2023

This paper reviews briefly the development of burning pulverized coal under steam boilers. It points out the difficulties experienced in the early installations and how some of these difficulties were overcome by changes in the design of furnaces and burners and also by the adoption of more advantageous methods of firing. The paper discusses the present practice in rates of combustion in furnaces of various designs and the factors that set the limitations. A large part of the paper is devoted to a detailed study of combustion of pulverized coal.
Load-Deflection Relations for Large Plain, Corrugated, and Creased Pipe Bends
Authors: Cope E. T. , Wert E. A.
Published: April 2023

This paper presents the results of tests made on 10-in. and 14-in. seamless steel pipe loaded in the same manner as the simple cases shown on pages 526 to 529, “Piping Handbook,” by Walker and Crocker. Comparison has been made between calculated deflections and the results of tests in the six cases for a plain pipe bend. The relation between the results of tests on corrugated and creased pipe bends and the calculated results for plain pipe bends of the same dimensions are shown. Such calculations are included as are necessary to show the method of analysis by which the load-deflection relations of a plain quarter-bend and its tangents are determined.
Influence of Inlet Boxes on the Performance of Induced-Draft Fans
Authors: Marks Lionel S. , Winzenburger E. A.
Published: April 2023

This paper presents experimental results of tests to ascertain the effect of inlet boxes on the performance of induced-draft fans. The tests showed the magnitude of the changes in performance that can be expected and emphasizes the need for testing fans with their inlet boxes attached. The conclusion drawn from the tests is that it is not sufficient for the fan user to know the characteristics of a selected fan with free inlet, but he also should know the characteristics when the inlet box is attached.
Investigation of the Flow Conditions in a Centrifugal Pump
Authors: Fischer K. , Thoma D.
Published: April 2023

This paper gives an account of an investigation recently carried out in the laboratory of the Technical University of Munich, into the flow conditions in the impeller of a centrifugal pump, the results of which may be summarized briefly as follows: (1) Practically all flow conditions for an actual fluid are fundamentally different from those theoretically derived for an ideal frictionless fluid. (2) The dead-water zones which form on the low-pressure sides of the blades undoubtedly cause a reduction in the angle at which the fluid leaves the blades from the actual blade angle. (3) The actual velocity distribution along circles concentric with the axis of rotation of the impeller is not the same as the supposed distribution computed on the basis that the fluid passages are completely filled with active flow. (4) The relative velocity along the high-pressure side of the blade should theoretically approach zero for relatively small reductions in the discharge below normal and with the fluid passages completely filled with active flow. Actually this velocity is greater than the theoretical value, and reverse flow along the pressure side of the blade does not take place even at small discharges. (5) In addition to (4), it was definitely proved that the flow at very small discharges is no longer stable. (6) The entrance flow may be assumed to be radial for all practical operating conditions. (7) The increase in the meridional velocity over the ordinary computed value alters the shape of the exit triangle considerably, which is of special importance in designing the guide-vane entrance angle.
Performance of Cutting Fluids: Progress Report No. 3 of the Subcommittee on Cutting Fluids of the A.S.M.E. Special Research Committee on Cutting of Metals
Authors: Boston O. W. , Oxford C. J.
Published: April 2023

This paper presents the results of a series of experiments to determine the influence of eleven different cutting fluids on the power required to plane and drill an annealed S.A.E. 3150 steel.

This investigation was conducted as a project of the Subcommittee on Cutting Fluids of the A.S.M.E. Special Research Committee on the Cutting of Metals, by the Department of Engineering Research of the University of Michigan, with funds provided by Engineering Foundation. The object was to secure definite performance data for certain limited conditions as a preliminary step to a comprehensive study of cutting fluids.

The force required to cut metal by planing for a single tool shape was determined for a variety of feeds and depths of cut. A formula for the planing force is developed as a function of the cutting fluid, the depth of cut, and the feed as P = CD0.95f0.79.

The torque, thrust, and power required to drill the S.A.E. 3150 steel are determined for a variety of drill diameters and feeds for each of the eleven cutting fluids. Formulas for each of these factors are developed as a function of the cutting fluid, the feed, and the drill diameter.

Torque T = Cf 0.78 d 1.8  thrust  B = Kf 0.87 ( d 5 + w d ) 2.12 . The results show clearly the relative advantages from a power standpoint of the various oils studied, and the constants C and K provide for the influence of the cutting fluid used. All data are presented graphically.

An attempt is made to correlate various physical and chemical properties of the cutting fluids with the results of their cutting performance. It appears that cooling is the primary requisite of a cutting fluid rather than lubrication.
Evolution of Pressure Vessels to Meet Present-Day Refining Pressures and Temperatures
Authors: Whitney H. LeRoy
Published: April 2023

In the growth of the oil-refining process to meet the demand for fuels for internal-combustion engines, the pressure vessel has played a foremost part. The paper covers the progress of riveting and welding in perfecting a tight and dependable container. Failures attributed to defective plate and to defective welding led to greater experience and operating knowledge. Recognizing the future tendency to still higher temperatures and pressures, research was devoted to developing a new method of electric welding and the rolling of smooth seamless cylinders of large diameter with which to fabricate vessels of any commercial requirement.
Economic Life of Equipment: Derivation of Formulas for the Selection and Replacement of Manufacturing Equipment Which Depend Upon the Theory of Economic Utilization of Capital Resources
Authors: Vorlander H. O. , Raymond F. E.
Published: April 2023

The correct solution of the problems of how to select and when to replace equipment is vital to industry. In fact, it revolves about the larger problem of how to invest economically and profitably the capital resources of any enterprise. Many rule-of-thumb as well as a number of somewhat more exact methods are now being employed as a basis for determining equipment policies; however, no one of them is suitably adapted to the present needs of industrial executives, process engineers, plant managers, and sales executives. Accordingly the A.S.M.E. sponsored a research project to investigate thoroughly this subject and formulate the principles upon which any equipment policy should be based, and out of which practical technique can be evolved for the ordinary purposes of industry. As a result, this paper, which constitutes the formal report on the project, presents criteria for the economic or useful life of equipment, for the determination of depreciation policies, for the ultimate ability of equipment to produce earnings or profits, for protection from the hazard of impending obsolescence, and for the guidance of equipment manufacturers in the evolution of new designs and in anticipating the needs of industry. All of these criteria depend upon the relative economic superiority of some proposed type of equipment over some equivalent existing type or one chosen as a standard of comparison, and the evaluation of each can be achieved through formulas which are equally applicable to machine tools, jigs and fixtures, labor-saving or material-handling devices, process and power equipment, and even buildings or structures. Moreover, in the course of the investigations, many other important facts were discovered which relate to financial policies, accounting practice, the origin and proper methods of treating overhead, plant layout, maintenance, productivity and idle time, salvage and resale policies, machine design, and, in general, the earning power of the enterprise; all of which are discussed in detail.
Fluxing of Ashes and Slags as Related to the Slagging Type Furnace: Progress Report of the A.S.M.E. Special Research Committee on Removal of Ash as Molten Slag From Powdered-Coal Furnaces
Authors: Nicholls P. , Reid W. T.
Published: April 2023

This paper is presented as a report for the Special Research Committee on the Removal of Ash as Molten Slag From Powdered-Coal Furnaces. The primary object of the investigation was to obtain data on the fluxing of coal-ash slags to enable users of slagging-type boilers to increase the fluidity of the deposited ash should it not be possible to tap at available furnace temperatures. Studies were made using a platinum-wound furnace, supplemented by a gas furnace with a 32-in. by 28-in. hearth. A standard of fluidity desirable for easy tapping was established, and the results were expressed as the temperature necessary to produce this fluidity, designated the flow temperature. Values for flow temperature in terms of the chemical composition of the ash, or ash plus flux, were determined for a range of ashes found in American coals, and for additions of the following fluxes: iron ore, limestone, dolomite, fluorspar, saltcake, steel slags, and some less important minerals. It is deduced that limestone or dolomite would be the most economical material to use for slagging-type boilers as now built, and from a diagram the quantity of flux can be computed. The investigation was carried beyond present requirements for slagging-type boilers and to flow temperatures below 2400 deg. fahr. A complete diagram is given for coal ash-lime-iron showing the flow temperature plotted against composition.
Vegetable Glues
Authors: Maine Albert B.
Published: April 2023

This paper gives essential information about vegetable glues and the gluing of wood with them, considering veneer glue, joint glue, and liquid glue. There have been recent developments in vegetable joint and liquid glues that are not generally known, and the paper covers these in a practical rather than in a technical manner, intending to be of assistance in commercial operations. Vegetable glue is any adhesive made from a base or substance of vegetable matter. The paper describes vegetable glue that has a carbohydrate as its base and is a practical vegetable glue for use in the woodworking industries.
Oil-Seed-Residue Glues
Authors: Laucks I. F. , Davidson Glenn
Published: April 2023

The paper describes the history, characteristics, uses, and limitations of soya-bean glue, or generically of seed-residue glue. This is the newcomer in the glue field, its use practically dating from 1923. The adhesive base of the seed-residue glues is the cake or meal resulting from the oil-pressing of soya beans, peanuts, cotton seed, etc. In the manufacture of plywood it is stated that the tonnage of the oil-seed-residue glues equals that of any other type of glue. In connection with the soya-bean glues there has been developed the use of carbon bisulphide as an agent to increase water resistance.
Manufacture and Uses of Fish Glue
Authors: Brooks A. G.
Published: April 2023

This paper briefly describes the process used in the manufacture of liquid fish glue. It also mentions the field of application of this glue and the technique for using it.
Recent Developments in Grading Fuels for Aeronautical Use
Authors: White W. W.
Published: April 2023

The subject of fuel grading is somewhat unknown to engine constructors, airplane operators, and others. In dealing with the grading of aviation gasoline, the author, instead of drawing on the great mass of experimental and published data on the subject, with the complexities of each of the component parts, and preparing an exhaustive discussion of one of the components, has chosen to present a general discussion of the factors involved. To this the author has added his opinion of the probable trend in the near future. Some of the points raised are to a degree controversial. The paper also includes a review of recent flight tests with various fuels.
Survey of Problems of Thin-Walled Structures: II—Strength of Thin Metal Structures Beyond the Stability Limit
Authors: Sechler E. E.
Published: April 2023

When thin sheet metal was first used for aircraft, the design was in accordance with the usual laws of elasticity, and when buckling occurred in any part it was considered as failure. Frequently it was observed, however, that the buckling disappeared after the load was removed, without permanent deformation. This led to the study of thin sheet metal when used above the stability limit. The paper considers two methods of designing structures for thin sheet metal—one is to endeavor to make the buckling load correspond to a stress equal to the elastic limit of the material, and the other is to allow the structure to go into the buckled state at a stress below the elastic limit and then to determine the allowable load on the structure before permanent deformation would take place. It may be possible that a photoelastic study of buckled sheets would lead the way to a solution.
Steam-Turbine-Plant Practice in the United States
Authors: Alden Vern E. , Balcke W. H.
Published: April 2023

From the great volume of available data on the design, equipment, service requirements, and operating results of the steam-electric-generating stations serving the larger power systems in the United States, the authors have endeavored to present a cross-section of existing turbine-plant practice. The principal subjects discussed include the selection and arrangement of steam turbine-generators, their condensers, and auxiliaries, together with an analysis of published test results for many large turbines and the service-reliability records of modern installations. While some economic considerations and other controlling factors underlying the principal features are outlined, the purpose of the authors is that of describing existing practice rather than of offering any recommended solution for the many problems involved. To assist in recognizing typical rather than exceptional practices, and widespread rather than personal or minority opinions, advantage has been taken of comments and suggestions from many individuals closely associated with the development of the art.
Pulsation of Air Flow From Fans and Its Effect on Test Procedure
Authors: Hagen Harold F.
Published: April 2023

Error that results from velocity-pressure determinations of volume when a pulsating velocity exists is discussed theoretically. The paper also shows experimentally that such pulsation is of frequent occurrence, and gives quantitatively the amount of the error. It further suggests necessary changes in fan-testing procedure.
Stoker Developments at The Detroit Edison Company’s Delray Power House No. 3
Authors: Thompson Paul W. , Chatel Fred J.
Published: April 2023

Experience gained from nearly three years’ operation of the large single-ended stokers at Delray has led to developments and improvements in design, the application of which has made them comparable with other types of coal-burning equipment. Improvements have been made with two things in mind—namely, an increase in efficiency of combustion and a reduction of maintenance by decreasing burned stoker parts. All improvements possible, particularly those to improve combustion, have not as yet been completed; however, changes that have been incorporated have materially improved performance. Automatic control of preheated air to the various parts of the fuel bed has been sufficiently developed to establish it as a desirable and valuable aid to combustion, particularly with long stokers burning high-volatile coal. One of the stokers has been operated successfully for a short period with preheated-air temperatures as high as 500 F. Development of a similar air-control system, manually operated, under two boilers in the Beacon Street Heating Plant, handling cold air, has resulted in an increased steaming capacity of 31 per cent and an increase in calculated boiler efficiency of from 1/2 to 2 per cent. The paper is a description of the Delray installation, but reference is made to the large double-ended stokers, supplied with cold air, and the manually operated metered air control in the Beacon Street Heating Plant.
Applications of the Kmh Method of Analyzing Manufacturing Operation
Authors: Alford L. P. , Hannum J. E.
Published: April 2023

The kmh method of analyzing industrial operation, first presented by the authors in a paper before this Society in 1928, is used to show variations in size of plants, in length of work periods, and in kmh rates of productivity, value of product, wages, and salaries for four industries in 1929. The trends of kmh operating rates from 1923 to 1931 for 110 concerns are also studied. Important findings are: High wages and high expenditures for supervision accompany high operating performances; the kmh factor is the most convenient unit for measuring plant capacity and a more satisfactory unit for measuring employment and unemployment than a census of workers; the optimum size of plant for most effective production is small; the optimum range of length of work period is considerably shorter than the longest periods that have prevailed currently; changes in productivity are substantially independent of the business cycle; and, due to continuously increasing productivity, the same quantity of product turned out by 50 concerns in a 51-hour week in 1923, could have been produced in a 35-hour week in 1931.
Modern Door Construction—Manufacture and Use
Authors: Madsen Sern
Published: April 2023

Doors, along with windows, constitute the moving parts of a building, and their manufacture must provide for all contingencies that might affect their fit and wear and durability. The many kinds of doors are described, and the author details the methods of construction and the machines that are used. Advice is given for the proper handling of the door from the preparation of the lumber for the mill processes, through all the details of construction and finishing, the shipping of the completed product, and its installation in the building for which it is intended.
Airplane Cabin Engineering
Authors: Freyss Pierre , Hardecker John F.
Published: April 2023

The intense interest in the development of the interior design of the airplane is the national consequence of the competition between the airplane, the Pullman car, the automobile, and the motor bus for the patronage of the general public. Appealing as the plane does to that class whose time is of extreme value, it must offer a degree of comfort, convenience, and luxury comparable with other means of transportation.

While essentially a problem of the decorator, interior design demands the whole-hearted cooperation of the aeronautical engineer. It must be always in mind from the inception of the structural design, so that the maximum opportunity for eye appeal is assured the decorator. Wall, ceiling and floor treatments, hardware, sanitary equipment, accessories, chairs, windows, doors, sound-proofing, and fireproofing, all are within the scope of interior design. All must be blended into a harmonious whole, keeping ever in the forefront of the design the fundamental aeronautical requirements of minimum weight and maximum space utilization.
The Stresses in Rotating Disks
Authors: Frost Thos. H. , Whitcomb K. F.
Published: April 2023

This paper comprises the results of a photoelastic investigation, sponsored by The Norton Company, of the stresses in rotating disks. The classical theory of Chree with a few additions is presented, and the results of the experimental determinations are compared with the theory as well as actual breakages of vitrified wheels.
The Dry Quenching of Coke
Authors: Renkin William O.
Published: April 2023

This paper describes the process of dry quenching or cooling of coke with automatically formed inert gases, the sensible heat in the glowing coke being used to heat the cooling gases, which in turn pass through boilers, producing steam at useful pressure and economic cost without the consumption of any other fuel. Formulas, curves, and data regarding heat available and method of calculation are given, together with descriptions of installations and illustrations of plants in operation.

A detailed economic study is given which shows the savings to be expected and the approximate cost of a dry-quencher plant to cool 1500 net tons of coke per day; and composite charts giving actual operating records as well as output data and the cost of power for one plant by months for the year 1929 are included.

Analyses of coal and coke are given which show conclusively that dry-quenched coke carries less dust than wet-quenched coke.

Data giving actual results obtained by using dry-quenched coke in blast furnaces, and the advantages of substituting dry-quenched coke fines for high-priced bituminous gas coal in gas producers, are discussed in considerable detail.

A dry-quencher plant at a power station in Flint, Mich., the latest to be installed, is described in some detail and the principal technical data given.
Properties of Non-Ferrous Alloys at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Clark C. L. , White A. E.
Published: April 2023

This paper gives the results of an investigation of the properties of certain non-ferrous alloys at elevated temperatures as determined by short-time tensile and long-time creep tests. The alloys considered are of four groups: the nickel-copper, nickel-cobalt-titanium, copper-zinc, and copper-zinc-tin series. The alloys are tested at temperatures both above and below their lowest temperature of recrystallization.

Results indicate a superiority of the nickel-base alloys over the entire temperature range. The outstanding member of this group is Konel metal, which has short-time tensile properties at 1000 deg. fahr. comparable to Enduro KA2, and the greatest creep resistance at this temperature of any alloy of which the authors are aware. Monel metal retains its properties well up to 800 deg. fahr.

Of the copper-zinc alloys, those containing 70 per cent or more copper are superior to those with 60 per cent of this element. None of these alloys can be used at temperatures much above 400 deg. fahr., and for those containing lower amounts of copper, 300 deg. fahr. is believed to be the maximum working temperature if stresses of appreciable magnitude must be considered.
Fractures in Boiler Metal
Authors: White A. E. , Schneidewind R.
Published: April 2023

During the past several years many specimens of failed boiler materials have been brought to the authors’ attention with questions as to the mechanism and probable cause of the failures. In some cases the pieces consisted of fractured portions of tubes, blow-off pads, saddles, plates, rivets, and similar boiler parts. The examinations, which were to a large extent metallographic in nature, have led to some generalizations and classification of cracks and fractures as related to the causes of failure. This paper classifies the types of failure and gives their metallographic characteristics. The material presented consists of a short review of the literature on boiler-metal failures, a detailed description of fractures in boiler metal due to known causes, and a description of actual failures in service.
Symposium on the Stability of Employment in Industry: Manufacturing in Advance of Orders in Seasonal Industries
Authors: Smith Edwin S.
Published: April 2023

The methods used by American business concerns to reduce seasonal slumps have formed the basis of study for the opinions of the author. Efforts to reduce seasonality may take the form of striving for a more uniform sales demand throughout the year, an attempt to get orders further in advance of the season, or a more level production curve. The experience of a number of manufacturers is related in the effort to show preferred methods in many lines.
Mechanical Design of Electric Motors as Regards Standardization Interchangeability
Authors: Brown J. L.
Published: April 2023

The electric motor has become a machine simply to do a job, and yet because it is vital and because the failure of a unit means its immediate replacement with a new one, there has been a growing need for uniformity in physical dimensions of units. The rapidity with which uses for electric motors are multiplying calls for the lowest possible cost of manufacture of what may be called the standard type, but also of the many variations necessary to meet various conditions. This dictates uniformity also of the many accessory parts.
Transmission of Torque by Means of Press and Shrink Fits
Authors: Baugher J. W.
Published: April 2023

The most important formulas for calculating the stresses existing in press and shrink fits are presented, together with charts for readily obtaining numerical results when steel shafts and cast-iron or steel outer members are used. Equations and charts also are given for determining the pressure existing between fitted parts. From the records of a number of fits observed by the author and others, values of coefficients of friction are suggested for use with the pressure in computing the probable tonnage required in making a fit and the torque capacity of a fit when no key is used. Equations are given for the tonnage and torque capacity.
Practical Application of Alloy Steels to Locomotives
Authors: Barba C. E.
Published: April 2023

In the critical railroad situation, methods for reducing costs are important. The reduction of locomotive-maintenance costs by the judicious use of new ferrous-metal products is advised—those very products developed by steel-mill research for the industries aided by the railroads. The best of engineering practice should be applied to the design of built-up assemblies that will realize maximum strength and will reduce wear and tear of joinings, such as the integral bed frame for the locomotive foundation. The high initial cost of using nitrided steel and other special materials, as advocated in the paper, is expected to be justified by the reduced costs of maintenance and loss of service of locomotives.
Materials Handling in the Shoe Industry
Authors: Hamilton K. D.
Published: April 2023

The growth of the shoe industry is described from its earliest establishment, from the point of view of mechanical handling of products. It describes the typical factory-production problem and the development of the mechanical conveyor in shoe factories. Mechanical drying and tempering of leather, as well as the adaptation of the individual motor to shoe machinery, are described, and also the installation of standard equipment for power house, dust collecting, packing, and shipping, to show that the shoe industry is searching for all methods to reduce production costs.
Mold-Handling Methods in Foundries
Authors: Hartley William L.
Published: April 2023

This paper analyzes the mold-handling problem in foundries, first listing the important features to be considered in a study of the application of mold-handling devices. Present-day practice in intermittent and semi-continuous foundries is reviewed. The numerous advantages and reasons for lower cost production in continuous mold-handling operations as compared with floor methods are given. The design and application of continuous power-operated mold conveyors are discussed, with illustrations of several types.
Control of Picker-Room Humidity
Authors: Elsas Norman E.
Published: April 2023

This article attempts to deal with the subject in a non-technical manner. The control of the amount of moisture in cotton laps delivered to the card room is highly desirable. Cotton manufacturers desire uniform weights for any given unit of length from the ounces per yard of picker laps to the grains per hank in the final yarn. If laps delivered to the card room contain widely varying percentages of moisture, though a lap scale may indicate identical gross weights, a variation in weight per yard is immediately begun at the cards which must be corrected by gear changes in subsequent operations. By holding picker laps to very close limits as to the net weight of cotton contained for the same number of yards of lap produced, the beginning of evenness or the elimination of variation in subsequent operations is attained.
Improvements in Steels for Wood-Cutting Saws and Knives
Authors: Allen Henry B.
Published: April 2023

The important factors in a review of saw steels are the blade which carries the teeth and the teeth themselves. There is little in sight to promise further marked improvements in the solid-tooth type of saw. The next logical step is to use inserted teeth made from materials known to be well adapted to the function of cutting wood. The same forward step was taken years ago in metal cutting.
Automotive Methods and Practices Involved in Aircraft Engines
Authors: Szekely O. E.
Published: April 2023

The author draws a striking comparison between the cost of standard parts in automobile manufacturing and the cost of parts in airplane manufacturing. Iron and steel and other metals that enter in automobile manufacturing can be secured in the market at apparently a very much lower price than when it is known they are intended for use in airplanes. Although airplane making is a new industry, most of the principles involved in aircraft-engine manufacturing have long been practiced in the internal-combustion engine industry.
Effect of Fouling on Boiler Efficiency
Authors: Pierson J. W.
Published: April 2023

The subject of this paper concerns a situation that confronts those in the Middle West who out of necessity are required to burn some of the low-grade fuels of Illinois.

The fouling conditions incident to the use of such fuel with chain-grate firing with high relative ratings are dealt with. Some of the objectionable characteristics of the fuel not shown by usual analysis are pointed out, together with the severe conditions which soot-blowing equipment of any kind would have to withstand.

The data presented show the efficiency characteristics of an operating cycle with this low-grade fuel compared to that which would exist when using a better fuel. Unfortunately the difficulties of the former cannot be solved by the simple expedient of using a better coal. The choice in such a situation is, then, to operate at high ratings with low overall efficiency or with lower ratings with improved efficiency. Lower ratings, however, would reduce station output, and is not a desirable solution.
Smoke-Abatement Methods in Knoxville
Authors: Wilkinson F. L.
Published: April 2023

Classed as one of the smokiest cities in the Southeast, Knoxville has been making a determined effort to clear its smoke-laden atmosphere. Methods used to enlist the cooperation and support of the public, to establish a bureau for smoke regulation, and to enact necessary measures to carry out recommendations are discussed in this paper.
Similarity: Limitations in Its Application to Fluid Flow
Authors: Spitzglass J. M.
Published: April 2023

A brief resume of the development of the art for the purpose of bringing about a better understanding of the effects of hydraulic similarity as related to the geometrical similarity of the various devices. Geometrical similarity is of great importance, and devices which are geometrically similar will make the operation more uniform. Geometrical similarity is a matter of construction. Hydraulic similarity is a matter of experiment. Large sizes may or may not show the same results as the smaller ones.
The Kaplan Adjustable-Blade Turbine
Authors: Smith B. E.
Published: April 2023

In this paper the author gives details of construction of the Kaplan adjustable-blade hydraulic turbine, and tells of the advantages obtained by adjusting the blades and the wicket gates simultaneously. This turbine differs from the ordinary wicket-gate turbine in the shape of the top plate and the construction of the runner and shaft. The top plate is shaped so as to form a transition space free from vanes between the wicket gates and the runner, in which the direction of flow of the water is changed from radial to axial. The runner hub carries the movable blades, and the operating connections for moving the blades are inside the single-piece hub casting.
Recent Developments in Blast-Furnace Design and Construction
Authors: McKee Arthur G. , Haven Wm. A.
Published: April 2023

This paper deals with two recent and highly important developments in blast-furnace construction and practice; namely, the trend toward furnaces having daily capacities of 1000 tons or more, and the profitable utilization of blast-furnace gas in the firing of coke ovens, making open-hearth steel, and in the various types of heating furnaces employed in steel mills. These developments have involved certain structural changes in the stacks, which have in time necessitated changes in such auxiliaries as stock-house and blowing equipment, gas cleaners, hot-blast stoves, and boilers. These are all considered in detail by the authors.
Quality Control and Production Gages
Authors: Buckingham Earle
Published: April 2023

In this paper the author discusses basic principles entering into quantity control and the use of production gages. The development of interchangeable manufacturing has many advantages and should result in economies. Considerable progress has been made by many large manufacturers. Tolerances should be as large as will result in satisfactory operation. The drawings and specifications should give tolerances. The author presents an analysis of data received from manufacturers regarding cost of inspection and percentage of scrapped parts.
A Comparison of Squat Depth and Sex on Knee Kinematics and Muscle Activation
Authors: Barrett Kiara B. , Sievert Zachary A. , Bennett Hunter J.
Published: April 2023

The squat is an essential exercise for strengthening lower body musculature. Although squats are frequently employed to improve lower extremity strength and neuromuscular control, differences between sexes and slight modifications, such as squat depth, can dramatically alter muscle recruitment and thus the foci of the exercise. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of sex and squat depth on lower extremity coactivation and kinematics. Twenty recreationally active (female = 10) participants were recruited. The first visit consisted of one repetition maximum testing. For the second visit, muscle activation was recorded of the gluteus maximus (GM), semitendinosus, biceps femoris (BF), vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, and gastrocnemius. Reflective markers were placed on the lower body for three-dimensional motion capture. Participants performed a series of squats to 90 deg knee flexion and 120 deg knee flexion. Benjamin–Hochberg procedure was employed and the alpha level was set at 0.05. Knee flexion (p < 0.001), adduction (p < 0.001), and external rotation (p = 0.008) were reduced during 90 deg compared to deep squats. Hip flexion, abduction, and external rotation were greater in deep squats (p < 0.001). Males had greater hip extensor to quad (HE:Q) cocontraction in 90 deg compared to deep squats (p = 0.007); females produced greater posterior chain activation in deep squats (p = 0.001) on ascent. When comparing sexes, males displayed greater HE:Q in the 90 deg squat during ascent (p = 0.013). The addition of deep squats into a preventative training program could be beneficial in reducing deficits prevalent in females and decrease injury incidence.