bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Laboratory and Field Evidence for Structural Habitat Affinity of Young‐of‐the‐Year Lingcod
Authors: Petrie Megan E. , Ryer Clifford H.
Published: November 2006

Lingcod Ophiodon elongatus are an overexploited fisheries species in the Pacific Northwest. Although there has been extensive study of the habitat requirements of adults, particularly during spawning, relatively little is known about the habitat requirements of juveniles. Many juvenile fish use structural components of habitat to alleviate the risk of predation as well as for foraging. Laboratory experiments and a field tagging study were performed to investigate habitat preference in juvenile lingcod. Initial laboratory experiments demonstrated an affinity for structure (rock, shell, or seagrass) over bare sand habitats. An acoustic tagging study conducted in Yaquina Bay, Oregon, corroborated the basic habitat preferences seen in laboratory experiments. Juvenile lingcod showed a high degree of site fidelity, remaining in discreet areas of significant structural complexity, as evidenced by underwater video of benthic habitat. Results from both laboratory and field studies establish that juvenile lingcod preferentially use structurally complex habitats. With this information, we can start to identify what constitutes essential fish habitat for juveniles of this important fisheries species.
Factors Affecting Recruitment of Young Colorado Pikeminnow: Synthesis of Predation Experiments, Field Studies, and Individual‐Based Modeling
Authors: Bestgen K. R. , Beyers D. W. , Rice J. A. , Haines G. B.
Published: November 2006

Predation experiments, field studies, and individual‐based‐model (IBM) simulations revealed factors that affected the survival and recruitment of early life stages of endangered Colorado pikeminnow Ptychocheilus lucius in the Green River basin, Utah and Colorado. Small‐bodied, nonnative red shiners Cyprinella lutrensis attacked Colorado pikeminnow larvae an average of once per minute, and predation success approached 30% in laboratory aquaria. Attack rate was also high in mesocosm experiments; turbidity and alternative prey reduced predation success. Distributions of hatching dates derived from otolith daily increment analysis showed that large cohorts of Colorado pikeminnow larvae that hatched in the Green River in early summer had low survival to autumn and that the few survivors were fast growing. Larvae hatched in midsummer or later had higher survival. Autumn juveniles grew 12–73% faster than summer juveniles, which suggested differential mortality of slow‐growing fish. The IBM simulations integrated size‐dependent predator–prey relationships, Colorado pikeminnow life history information, temperature‐dependent pikeminnow growth, Green River predator size‐structure dynamics, seasonally variable Green River water temperatures, and turbidity and alternative prey availability effects; the simulations showed that red shiner predation interacting with environmental variables may significantly reduce age‐0 pikeminnow recruitment in autumn. Recruitment and growth patterns from simulations and field observations were consistent and suggested that the IBM is useful in evaluating management scenarios. Experiments, field studies, and predictive modeling provided consistent evidence that interacting effects of predation and environmental variables, including flow fluctuations, may structure intra‐annual growth and recruitment patterns of age‐0 Colorado pikeminnow. Flow management to benefit growth and survival of young pikeminnow, particularly early hatching ones, and reduced nonnative predator abundance in Green River backwaters may enhance the Colorado pikeminnow populations.
The Effect of Moderately Increased and Variable Raceway Flow Rates on Juvenile Physiology, Survival, and Adult Return of Hatchery‐Reared Chinook Salmon
Authors: Hoffnagle Timothy L. , Carmichael Richard W. , Keniry Patrick J.
Published: November 2006

Increasing hatchery raceway flow to a rate similar to that seen in nature exercises salmon in the expectation that improving swimming ability will result in better survival. However, insufficient water prevents most hatcheries from fully simulating natural stream currents. We examined the effect of moderate and seasonally variable flow rates (0.25–0.75 body lengths/s) on growth and physiology of juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and their ability to withstand acute stress, survive downstream migration, and return as adults. Changes in salmon growth, condition, and hematocrit followed similar patterns and did not substantially vary between treatments or cohorts. Patterns of change in plasma glucose levels were also similar for each treatment. Hepatosomatic index was higher in the 1994 cohort than in the 1995 cohort and in the exercised salmon. Liver glycogen levels were higher in the 1995 cohort. Plasma glucose and cortisol levels increased after stress and were greater in the control. Hematocrit decreased following stress but did not differ between cohorts or treatments. Hepatosomatic index decreased following stress and was higher in the 1994 cohort. Liver glycogen levels did not change following stress or between treatments but were greater in the 1995 cohort. Downstream survival did not vary between cohorts or treatments. Migration time did not vary between treatments, but the 1995 cohort migrated more quickly. Harvest and stray rates were very low and did not vary between cohorts or treatments. Hatchery return, total return, and total survival rates did not vary between treatments, but the 1995 cohort had greater survival. A greater percentage of the exercised salmon returned at age 3 than was the case for the control salmon. Our results provide little evidence that rearing Chinook salmon under a moderately increased and seasonally variable flow regime confers any benefit to the salmon over that derived from a steady, low flow rate.
Pacific Rim Population Structure of Chinook Salmon as Determined from Microsatellite Analysis
Authors: Beacham Terry D. , Jonsen Kimberly L. , Supernault Janine , Wetklo Michael , Deng Langtuo , Varnavskaya Natalia
Published: November 2006

The Pacific Rim population structure of Chinook salmonOncorhynchus tshawytschawas examined with a survey of microsatellite variation. Variation at 13 microsatellite loci was surveyed for over 52,000 Chinook salmon sampled from over 320 localities ranging from Russia to California. The genetic differentiation index (FST) over all populations and loci was 0.063; individual locus values ranged from 0.026 to 0.130. The most genetically diverse Chinook salmon were observed from northern British Columbia, Washington (Puget Sound and coastal populations), and the upper Columbia River (spring run). Chinook salmon from the Alsek River, northern British Columbia, and the Klamath River, California, displayed the fewest number of alleles relative to Chinook salmon in other regions surveyed. Differentiation in Chinook salmon allele frequencies among river drainages and populations within river drainages was approximately 13 times greater than that of annual variation within populations. We observed a general pattern of regional structuring of populations, and Chinook salmon spawning in different tributaries within a major river drainage or in smaller rivers within a geographic area were generally more similar to each other than to populations in different major river drainages or geographic areas. Population structure of Chinook salmon on a Pacific Rim basis supports the concept of a minimum of two refuges, northern and southern, during the last glaciation. The distribution of microsatellite variation of Chinook salmon on a Pacific Rim basis reflects the origins of salmon radiating from refuges after the last glaciation period.
Book Review
Authors: Apse Colin D.
Published: November 2006

Instream Flows for Riverine Resource Stewardship, revised edition. By Tom Annear and 15 others. Instream Flow Council, Cheyenne, Wyoming. 2004. 267 pages. $85.00 Available: http://www.instreamflowcouncil.org
Editor's Column: Uprooted Words on a Bookshelf in Chernivtsi
Authors: Hirsch Marianne
Published: November 2006

WHEN PAUL CELAN ACCEPTED THE BREMEN LITERATURE PRIZE in 1958, he used the occasion to reflect on the region of his birth: “The landscape from which I—by what detours! But are there such things: detours?—the landscape from which I come to you might be unfamiliar to most of you.” On the syntactic level, Celan's speech performs the detours (Umwege), repetitions, and redoublings of his journey to Germany, a country in which he never lived or spent more than a few weeks but whose language he persisted in calling his own:

It is the landscape that was home to a not inconsiderable portion of those Hasidic tales that Martin Buber has retold for us all in German. It was, if I may add to this topographic sketch something that appears before my eyes now from very far away—it was a region in which human beings and books used to live. There, in the former province of the Habsburg monarchy, now fallen into historylessness [Geschichtslosigkeit]… Bremen… still had the ring of the unreachable.… Reachable, near and not lost, there remained in the midst of the losses this one thing: language. (“Speech” 395; Gesammelte Werke 185-86)
The Other Interesting Narrative: Olaudah Equiano's Public Book Tour
Authors: Bugg John
Published: November 2006

This essay examines the pre- and posthistory ofThe Interesting Narrative of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African(1789). Opening with a reconsideration of Vincent Carretta's influential claim that Equiano fabricated an African birthplace, I consider how Equiano's strategies of self-fashioning inform his trailblazing book tour of the British Isles in the early 1790s. If Equiano self-consciously designed his autobiography to become a best seller, his book tour performed the abolitionist manifesto that he was reluctant to put into print, as during his stops at cities and towns across the nation he worked to convert sympathetic readers into active abolitionists. Under the long shadow of the Pitt ministry's suppression of political activism in the 1790s, Equiano formed alliances with working-class and radical figures in Britain and Ireland, drawing on Shakespeare's Othello to develop a familiar public persona he could market during his book tour. (JB)
Beauty along the Color Line: Lynching, Aesthetics, and theCrisis
Authors: Castronovo Russ
Published: November 2006

“What have we who are slaves and blacks to do with Art?” asked DuBois in his 1926 essay “Criteria of Negro Art.” In an era of lynching, art hardly seemed appropriate for political struggle. Nevertheless, DuBois and his colleagues at the Crisis risked making connections between lynching and art by putting aesthetics to democratic use even as the theatricality of ritualized violence gave lynching an aesthetic dimension. Starting with DuBois's manifesto and reading in reverse chronological order every issue of the Crisis to its first issue in 1910, this article re-creates a critical narrative that traces the development of aesthetic theory among African American writers associated with the NAACP's national magazine. Contextualizing DuBois's work in the Crisis with fiction by Jessie Fauset and Walter White, I examine an alternative aesthetics that relies on propaganda to assail the ugliness of race relations. (RC)
Native Sons and Native Speakers: On the Eth(n)ics of Comparison
Authors: Wu Yung-Hsing
Published: November 2006

Why should comparison be an act laden with ethical obligation? Readers of ethnic literatures have long insisted that doing justice to these literatures must be a tenet central to work calling itself ethnic studies. I argue for a renewal of that sense of obligation: the difference of ethnicity is an occasion for articulating, juxtaposing, and reworking the relations among otherwise separate ethnic literary traditions. To the extent that difference follows a logic of intertextuality–one of crossing, exchange, and perpetual expansiveness–it enables reading ethnic literatures together even as it emphasizes the ethical difficulties of such a reading practice. From the disciplinary discourse of comparative literature to the metatextual commentary in Richard Wright's “How ‘Bigger’ Was Born” and ultimately to the pragmatic context of an intertextual reading, this essay seeks to suspend ethnic difference from its position as a point of permanent untouchability. (Y-HW)
Austrian Inner Colonialism and the Visibility of Difference in Stifter'sDie Narrenburg
Authors: Metz Joseph
Published: November 2006

This essay reads the novella Die Narrenburg (1844; “The Castle of Fools”), by the Austrian germanophone writer Adalbert Stifter (1805–68), in terms of colonial and postcolonial theory. I argue thatDie Narrenburgcaptures the moment when race becomes visible in a multinational Austrian Empire figured as inner colonial space. The novella also offers a challenge to the reality of race emerging into visibility and presents a strikingly modern picture of divided colonial consciousness, its desires suspended melancholically between the symptomatic maintenance of imperialist identifications and a sensitivity to the colonized that anticipates Frantz Fanon. The text thus exposes Hapsburg Austria as an unexpected symbolic locus for thinking about European racial and colonial discourse. It serves as a perceptive theorist of race and colonialism in a broad sense and suggests how we might read other seemingly peripheral works of central European literature for insights into intra- and extra-European colonial contexts. (JM)
Traducing the Soul: Donne's Second Anniversarie
Authors: Targoff Ramie
Published: November 2006

Readers have long acknowledged John Donne's lament for the decay of the world in the two Anniversarie poems commemorating Elizabeth Drury. What has not been acknowledged is the extent to which the second of these poems stages the reluctance of the soul to depart from the carcass of the earth so vividly depicted in the first. In The Second Anniversarie, Donne does something unprecedented in early modern literature: he gives voice to a soul that cannot bear to leave its earthly body behind. This essay argues that Donne represents a mutual longing between soul and body that stands in marked contrast to conventional Protestant depictions of the relationship between the two parts of the self. His explanation for such mutual longing, I contend, derives from his belief in the corporeal origins of the soul. (RT)
Rape and Human Rights
Authors: Franco Jean
Published: November 2006

According to the report of the United Nations commission on Human Rights, rape is the least condemned war crime (coomaraswamy, Further Promotion 64n263). Although wartime rape was listed as a crime against humanity by the Nuremberg Military Tribunals and by the Geneva Conventions, it was not until 2001 that the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia identified rapists as war criminals. In that year the tribunal sentenced three men for violations of the laws or customs of war (torture, rape) and crimes against humanity (torture, rape) committed during the war in Bosnia during the 1993 takeover of Foca, where women were systematically raped and killed, the purpose being “to destroy an ethnic group by killing it, to prevent its reproduction or to disorganize it, removing it from its home soil.”
Useful Humanism
Authors: Sommer Doris
Published: November 2006

I used to worry a lot about what good we do in the humanities. Sometimes I'd get so sore from the everyday ethical barbs that interrupt a literature teacher's chain of thought that my thinking would get derailed from aesthetic questions to questions of their importance. The moments that haunted me most were when graduate students would wonder why—when the world was so urgently in need of practical contributions—they should write a dissertation about this or that literary genre or motif or formal property. They didn't doubt that preparing to teach in the arts is an enormous pleasure and also a privilege. But what redeems the profession from irresponsibility? What direct or indirect outcomes could justify the resources of time and money, the intellectual passions that can replace sleep at night, the dedication to writing books that (by my hardly admirable example) can trump even a mother's attention to her children? Can we, in good faith, counsel students to pursue humanistic careers when the same barbs that bother us may prick their conscience if they manage to land a job?
The Case of Lady Anne Clifford; or, Did Women Have a Mixed Monarchy?
Authors: Crawford Julie
Published: November 2006

I became a feminist critic of the renaissance in 1989, when a professor, in answer to my question about why there were no women on the syllabus, replied that there were no women writers in the seventeenth century. This comment took me to the library, where I discovered what he should have known but did not have to: not only were there women writers in the period, but feminist literary critics were retrieving them from the archives and rewriting literary history in the light of their contributions. One of these women writers was Lady Anne Clifford (1590–1676), the author of a singularly massive amount of genealogical, historical, and personal writings and a subject of interest, long before the 1980s, for Vita Sackville-West and Virginia Woolf. In 1985, the Marxist feminist critic Katharine Hodgkin wrote an essay about Clifford's conflicted status as a woman (victim of patriarchy) and as a landlord (oppressor). Clifford has received different treatment in recent years, considered primarily as a diarist (with the attendant and often ahistorical assumptions the genre solicits [see Kunin]) and as a heroic resister of patriarchal forces. My goal here is to use Clifford as a case study for the role of feminist criticism today, not only because she has raised such complex issues for feminist critics of the Renaissance and early modern period but also because the issues her life and work raise about kinship and the household, property and political agency, and the intersectionality of determining forces of identity and power are of continuing relevance to feminist methodologies and politics. I am particularly concerned with feminist claims that have become axiomatic—for the early modern period as well as others—both at the level of historical progression (the march toward modernity) and in more synchronic analyses of social and cultural practices and relationships (including our assumptions that we know what patriarchy, kinship, and household mean). By unsettling these axioms and reconsidering the stories Clifford tells, I hope to illustrate the truth that feminist criticism is by its nature a reconsideration, a form of doing rather than being.
Jouissance, Cyborgs, and Companion Species: Feminist Experiment
Authors: Dekoven Marianne
Published: November 2006

In the late seventies and early eighties (around 1981, in Jane Gallop's memorable formulation), utopia still seemed at hand. The energies of the defeated revolutionary political and counter cultural movements of the sixties seemed to have been channeled into feminism. For some feminist theorists and critics working in literary academia, the revolution of the word, that fabulous legacy of the twentieth-century avant-gardes, seemed to have become the revolution itself. Experimental writing—writing that disrupts conventional modes of signification and provides alternatives to them—was, for literature, the site of this revolution. Through the work of continental poststructuralists and psychoanalytic theorists, particularly Roland Barthes, Jacques Derrida, Michel Foucault, Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, Jacques Lacan, Julia Kristeva, Helene Cixous, and Luce Irigaray, we (academic feminists, almost entirely Euro-American and white) assembled an arsenal of ideas and analyses that we thought would change the world, as sixties activism had failed to do.
The Currency of Feminist Theory
Authors: Elliott Jane
Published: November 2006

In her essay “what feminism means to me,” the second-wave feminist vivian gornick describes her entry into 1970s feminism in terms that have become very familiar. First, there is the “exhilaration” that comes from feminist analysis, “the particular type of joy [that arises] when a sufficiently large number of people are galvanized by a social explanation of how their lives have taken shape and are gathered together … elaborating the insight and repeating the analysis” (64–65). Then there is the seemingly inevitable declension. “[A]round 1980,” Gornick reports, “feminist solidarity began to unravel. As the world had failed to change sufficiently to reflect our efforts, that which had separated all women before began to reassert itself now in us…. Personalities began to jar, conversations to bore, ideas to repeat themselves” (66–67). While Gornick's account may at this point seem routine, her perspective on the routine makes her description remarkable: in contrast to countless other such reports, Gornick places no blame on the internal politics of feminism itself, either in the form of the critique by radical women of color or in the turn to theory. And, in the absence of this blame laying, something else becomes visible: in Gornick's reckoning, the problem was not so much that feminist analysis was challenged and hence destabilized by internal critique but rather that it remained the same for too long, so that it stopped being exciting and came to feel boring and repetitive instead. In suggesting that repetition in and of itself may be a problem for feminism, Gornick's account gestures toward some of the complex and, I think, usually unexplored relations that feminist theory implies between the new, the politically useful, and the intellectually compelling.
Feminism Inside Out
Authors: Gubar Susan
Published: November 2006

In an undoubtedly misbegotten moment, some months ago i set out to protest widespread disregard or stereotyping of feminism (especially among those the age of my undergraduates) and to do so by means of the humor feminism supposedly dampens. It was to be a Cosmo-like or DailyCandy.com-type questionnaire that readers could fill out in the privacy of their own homes to ascertain whether they were vulnerable to any allegation that they were or could be considered feminists. The higher their score, the more secure they could feel.
Feminist Deaths and Feminism Today
Authors: Henry Astrid
Published: November 2006

When asked to reflect on the role of feminist criticism today, i immediately recalled the recent deaths of Betty Friedan and Andrea Dworkin. Friedan and Dworkin join an unfortunately growing list of well-known feminist thinkers who have died over the last few years. The passing of Friedan and Dworkin makes us think about the feminism they represented and indeed about the history of feminist thought itself, its ebbs and flows, its metaphoric births and deaths. Ideas, after all, are as living as people, with periods of growth, maturity, and decline.
Feminist Criticism: A Tale of Two Bodies
Authors: Marcus Sharon
Published: November 2006

For feminist criticism today it is, as perhaps it has always been, the best of times and the worst of times. When a critical school becomes the topic of aPMLAroundtable, it is safe to say that scholars currently consider it both solidly entrenched and dangerously diminished. Indeed, many would say that feminist criticism's success is the very sign of its failure, an indication that it has lost the renegade dynamism of its early days as an upstart outsider in the academy and declined into yet another stale paradigm on the verge of obsolescence, fit only to be recycled in anthologies or assessed in essays such as this one.
Nitric Oxide Signaling in Oxytocin-Mediated Cardiomyogenesis
Authors: Danalache Bogdan A. , Paquin Joanne , Donghao Wang , Grygorczyk Ryszard , Moore Jennifer C. , Mummery Christine L. , Gutkowska Jolanta , Jankowski Marek
Published: December 2006

Oxytocin (OT), a hormone recently identified in the heart, induces embryonic and cardiac somatic stem cells to differentiate into cardiomyocytes (CM), possibly through nitric oxide (NO). We verified this hypothesis using P19 cells and P19 Clone 6 derivatives expressing a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter linked to cardiac myosin light chain-2v promoter. OT treatment of these cells induced beating cell colonies that were fully inhibited by N,G-nitro-l-arginine-methyl-ester (l-NAME), an inhibitor of NO synthases (NOS), partially reduced by 1400W, an inhibitor of inducible NOS, and ODQ, an inhibitor of NO-sensitive guanylyl cyclases. The NO generator S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) reversed the l-NAME inhibition of cell beating and GFP expression. In OT-induced cells, l-NAME significantly decreased transcripts of the cardiac markers Nkx2.5, MEF2c, α-myosin heavy chain, and less, GATA4, endothelial NOS, and atrial natriuretic peptide, as well as the skeletal myocyte (SM) marker myogenin. Image analysis of OT-induced P19Cl6-GFP cells revealed ventricular CM coexpressing sarcomeric α-actinin and GFP, with some cells exclusively expressing α-actinin, most likely of the SM phenotype. The OT-mediated production of CM, but not SM, was diminished by l-NAME. In P19 cells, exogenously added OT stimulated the expression of its own transcript, which was reduced in the presence of l-NAME. Surprisingly, l-NAME alone decreased the expression of anti-stage specific embryonic antigen-1 marker of the undifferentiated state and induced some beating colonies as well as GFP in P19Cl6-GFP cells. Collectively, our data suggest that the pleiotropic action of NO is involved in the initiation of CM differentiation of P19 cells and maintenance of their undifferentiated state.
Constitutive Gene Expression Predisposes Morphogen-Mediated Cell Fate Responses of NT2/D1 and 27X-1 Human Embryonal Carcinoma Cells
Authors: Chadalavada Rajendrakumar S. V. , Korkola James E. , Houldsworth Jane , Olshen Adam B. , Bosl George J. , Studer Lorenz , Chaganti R. S. K.
Published: December 2006

Human embryonal carcinoma (EC) cell lines exhibit considerable heterogeneity in their levels of pluripotency. Thus, NT2/D1 cells differentiate into neural lineages upon exposure to all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and non-neural epithelial lineages upon exposure to bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2). In contrast, 27X-1 cells differentiate into extra-embryonic endodermal (ExE) cells upon treatment with either morphogen. To understand the molecular basis for the differential responses of the two cell lines, we performed gene expression profiling at the undifferentiated EC cell line state to identify constitutive differences in gene expression. NT2/D1 cells preferentially expressed transcripts associated with neurectodermal development, whereas 27X-1 cells expressed high levels of transcripts associated with mesendodermal characteristics. We then determined temporal expression profiles of 27X-1 cells during ExE differentiation upon treatment with ATRA and BMP-2 and compared the data with changes in gene expression observed during BMP-2- and ATRA-induced differentiation of NT2/D1 cells. ATRA and BMP-2 induced distinct sets of transcription factors and phenotypic markers in the two EC cell lines, underlying distinct lineage choices. Although 27X-1 differentiation yielded comprehensive gene expression profiles of parietal endodermal lineages, we were able to use the combined analysis of 27X-1 data with data derived from yolk sac tumors for the identification of transcripts associated with visceral endoderm formation. Our results demonstrate constitutive differences in the levels of pluripotency between NT2/D1 and 27X-1 cells that correlate with lineage potential. This study also demonstrates that EC cells can serve as robust models to investigate early lineage choices during both embryonic and extra-embryonic human development.
Concise Review: Cancer/Testis Antigens, Stem Cells, and Cancer
Authors: Costa Fabrício F. , Le Blanc Katarina , Brodin Bertha
Published: December 2006

In the multistep process of cancer development, the concept that cancer stem cells are derived from normal stem cells that have gradually accumulated various genetic and epigenetic defects is gaining strong evidence. A number of investigations have identified molecular markers that, under normal conditions, are responsible for stem cell homeostasis but are also expressed in tumor “stem cell-like” subpopulations. In this regard, it was recently reported that a group of tumor-specific antigens known as cancer/testis antigens (CTAs) are expressed in human MSCs. It has long been stated that in normal tissue these antigens are exclusively expressed in germ cell precursors; however, based on these results, we suggest that CTAs are expressed at earlier stages during embryogenesis. The tumor-restricted expression of CTAs has led to several immunotherapeutic trials targeting some of these proteins. The clinical implications that these trials may have on the normal stem cell pools, as well as the immunologic properties of these cells, is to date poorly studied and should be considered.
A Case‐Control Study on the Association of Human Leukocyte Antigen‐A*9 and ‐B*15 Alleles With Generalized Aggressive Periodontitis in an Indian Population
Authors: Roshna T. , Thomas Rasmi , Nandakumar K. , Banerjee Moinak
Published: November 2006

Background: The genes encoding the human leukocyte antigens (HLAs; major histocompatibility complex [MHC]) have been considered candidate markers for periodontitis because they are involved in regulating immune responses. Several studies have examined this association, and despite the inconclusive results, the antigens HLA‐A9 and HLA‐B15 have been found to be consistently associated with the destructive forms of periodontitis in many populations. Ethnic factors are considered to be a major variable for evaluating the predisposition to the disease. The purpose of the present study was to: 1) assess the association of HLA‐A*9 and HLA‐B*15 with generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP) and 2) evaluate the role of these genetic risk factors in influencing the severity of GAgP in a South Indian population.

Methods: Forty GAgP patients (cases) and 80 periodontally and systemically healthy subjects (controls) participated in this study. HLA‐A*9 and HLA‐B*15 typing was carried out using the polymerase chain reaction with sequence specific primers (PCR‐SSP)‐based molecular method.

Results: HLA‐B*15 was a significant risk factor for GAgP and was positively correlated with the disease severity, whereas HLA‐A*9 had no association with the disease. The haplotype of HLA‐A*9:B*15 did not impart any additional risk for GAgP compared to that imparted by HLA‐B*15 alone.

Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first report on HLA‐B*15 association with GAgP in an Indian population. The finding of HLA‐B*15 as a risk factor may have potential use in the future management of GAgP. The precise disease‐causing mechanism of this HLA disease association and whether this association is “causal” or “casual” need to be evaluated further.
Postoperative Complications Following Gingival Augmentation Procedures
Authors: Griffin Terrence J. , Cheung Wai S. , Zavras Athanasios I. , Damoulis Petros D.
Published: November 2006

Background: Postoperative pain, swelling, and bleeding are the most common complications following soft tissue grafting procedures; however, detailed documentation is sparse in the literature. The aims of this prospective study were as follows: 1) to compare the frequency of complication occurrence after free soft tissue grafting (FSTG) or subepithelial connective tissue grafting (SCTG) procedures; 2) to evaluate the use of an acellular dermal matrix (ADM) as the donor tissue alternative to an FSTG or SCTG; and 3) to identify possible predictors for these complications.

Methods: Seventy‐five FSTG and 256 SCTG procedures were performed in 228 patients by a single operator. In five free soft tissue and 84 bilaminar graft procedures, an ADM was used instead of autogenous tissue. Variables such as the duration and location of procedures, smoking history, gender, and age were recorded. Patients were asked to fill out a questionnaire 1 week after the surgeries regarding postoperative pain, swelling, and bleeding. Data were analyzed using the χ2 test and logistic regression analysis. Odds ratios were calculated for moderate and severe adverse outcomes grouped together.

Results: The duration of surgical procedures was highly correlated with pain or swelling post‐surgically (P = 0.001). Current smokers were three times more likely to experience post‐surgical swelling (P = 0.01). Patients who underwent FSTG procedures were three times more likely to develop post‐surgical pain (P = 0.002) or bleeding (P = 0.03) compared to those who received SCTG procedures. When an ADM was applied instead of autogenous tissue, the probability of swelling or bleeding was significantly reduced (odds ratio [OR] = 0.46, P = 0.02 and OR = 0.3, P = 0.001, respectively).

Conclusions: Long surgical procedures and smoking may increase the severity and frequency of certain post‐surgical complications after gingival augmentation procedures. FSTG procedures incur a higher likelihood for postoperative pain or bleeding than SCTG procedures, whereas the application of an ADM may significantly reduce the probability of swelling and bleeding.
Analysis of Tumor Necrosis Factor‐α, Transforming Growth Factor‐β, Interleukin‐10, IL‐6, and Interferon‐γ Gene Polymorphisms in Patients With Chronic Periodontitis
Authors: Babel Nina , Cherepnev Georgy , Babel Daniel , Tropmann Alla , Hammer Markus , Volk Hans‐Dieter , Reinke Petra
Published: November 2006

Background: Cytokine gene polymorphisms may have an impact on the susceptibility to and progression of chronic periodontitis. In this study, we analyzed the −1082 interleukin‐10 (IL‐10), −308 tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), transforming growth factor‐beta 1 (TGF‐β1) (codons 10 and 2‐), −174IL‐6, and +874 interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) gene single‐nucleotide polymorphisms in a cohort of patients with chronic periodontal disease.

Methods: The diagnosis was made on the basis of standardized clinical and radiographic criteria. A total of 122 adult patients with chronic periodontitis and 114 unrelated, ethnically and age‐matched white control subjects were genotyped by a polymerase chain reaction–sequence‐specific primer.

Results: The number of individuals carrying the −174IL‐6 CC genotype was significantly higher in the group of patients than in the control group (odds ratio [OR] = 1.896; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.106 to 3.250; P = 0.0283). The TGF‐β1 (codon 25) GG (Arg25/Arg25) genotype was detected more frequently in control subjects than in periodontitis patients (OR = 0.459; 95% CI = 0.230 to 0.920; P = 0.0421).

Conclusion: The −174IL‐6 and TGF‐β1 (codon 25) single‐nucleotide polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to chronic periodontitis in the population studied.
Enhancing Effects of Areca Nut Extracts on the Production of Interleukin‐6 and Interleukin‐8 by Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
Authors: Chang Lien‐Yu , Wan Hsiao‐Ching , Lai Yu‐Lin , Liu Tsung‐Yun , Hung Shan‐Ling
Published: November 2006

Background: The habit of chewing areca quid (AQ) has been implicated in oral pathogenesis, including periodontal disease. Little is understood about the roles of AQ in the cytokine secretion by immune cells. The study examined the effects of areca nut, the major ingredient of AQ, on the production of interleukin (IL)‐6 and IL‐8 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), the immunocompetent cells. The possible role of oxidative stress of areca nut was also examined.

Methods: Extracts of ripe areca nut (rANE) and tender areca nut (tANE) were examined for their cytotoxic effects on human PBMC using the trypan blue exclusion test. The production of IL‐6 and IL‐8 by ANE‐treated PBMC was analyzed using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction. Effects of an antioxidant, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), on ANE‐induced cytokine secretion were also studied.

Results: At the experimental conditions, 20 μg/ml rANE decreased cell viability significantly, whereas no significant effect of tANE (≤80 μg/ml) was observed. Both rANE (≤20 μg/ml) and tANE (≤160 μg/ml) significantly increased the secretion of IL‐6 and IL‐8 by PBMC in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. The altered mRNA expression of IL‐6 by rANE and tANE was also observed. Moreover, the stimulating effects of rANE on cytokine expression in PBMC could be attenuated by PDTC, suggesting that the oxidative stress of rANE may play a role.

Conclusions: Markedly enhancing effects of ANE on PBMC‐released inflammatory cytokines might cause a sustained cytokine‐rich inflammatory milieu in oral cavity of AQ chewers. These excessive cytokines from ANE‐treated immune cells may impair periodontal health.
Effects of Periodontal Therapy During Pregnancy on Periodontal Status, Biologic Parameters, and Pregnancy Outcomes: A Pilot Study
Authors: Offenbacher Steven , Lin Dongming , Strauss Robert , McKaig Rosemary , Irving Joanna , Barros Silvana P. , Moss Kevin , Barrow David A. , Hefti A. , Beck James D.
Published: November 2006

Background: Few studies have examined the potential effects of periodontal treatment during pregnancy on pregnancy outcomes, periodontal status, and inflammatory biomarkers.

Methods: A randomized, delayed‐treatment, controlled pilot trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of second‐trimester scaling and root planing and the use of a sonic toothbrush on the rate of preterm delivery (<37 weeks gestation). Secondary outcome measures included changes in periodontal status, levels of eight oral pathogens, levels of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), 8‐isoprostane (8‐iso), and IL‐6, and serum levels of IL‐6, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM1), 8‐isoprostane, soluble glycoprotein 130 (sGP130), IL‐6 soluble receptor (IL‐6sr), and C‐reactive protein (CRP). Logistic regression models were used to test for effects of treatment on preterm delivery. Secondary outcomes were analyzed by analysis of covariance adjusting for subject baseline values.

Results: Periodontal intervention resulted in a significantly decreased incidence odds ratio (OR) for preterm delivery (OR = 0.26; 9‐% confidence interval = 0.08 to 0.85), adjusting for baseline periodontal status which was unbalanced after randomization. Pregnancy without periodontal treatment was associated with significant increases in probing depths, plaque scores, GCF IL‐1β, and GCF IL‐6 levels. Intervention resulted in significant improvements in clinical status (attachment level, probing depth, plaque, gingivitis, and bleeding on probing scores) and significant decreases in levels of Prevotella nigrescens and Prevotella intermedia, serum IL‐6sr, and GCF IL‐1β.

Conclusions: Results from this pilot study (67 subjects) provide further evidence supporting the potential benefits of periodontal treatment on pregnancy outcomes. Treatment was safe, improved periodontal health, and prevented periodontal disease progression. Preliminary data show a 3.8‐fold reduction in the rate of preterm delivery, a decrease in periodontal pathogen load, and a decrease in both GCF IL‐1β and serum markers of IL‐6 response. However, further studies will be needed to substantiate these early findings.
Association Between Maternal Periodontitis and an Increased Risk of Preeclampsia
Authors: Cota Luís Otávio Miranda , Guimarães Alessandra Neves , Costa José Eustáquio , Lorentz Telma Campos Medeiros , Costa Fernando Oliveira
Published: November 2006

Background: Periodontal disease has been considered a systemic exposure implicated in a higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. The aim of the present study was to determine whether maternal periodontitis is associated with an increased risk of preeclampsia.

Methods: A case‐control study was conducted in a public hospital in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. During the study period, 588 women, aged 14 to 46 years, were deemed eligible and had data available for analysis. Maternal demographic and medical data were collected from medical records. Preeclampsia was defined as blood pressure >140/90 mm Hg and ≥1+ proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. A periodontal examination was performed postpartum. Maternal periodontitis was defined as the presence of four or more teeth with one or more sites with a probing depth ≥4 mm and clinical attachment loss ≥3 mm at the same site. The effects of maternal age, chronic hypertension, primiparity, smoking, alcohol use, and number of prenatal visits were analyzed. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for preeclampsia were calculated using multivariate logistic regression.

Results: The prevalence of periodontitis was 63.9% and preeclampsia was 18.5%. Variables associated with preeclampsia were chronic hypertension (OR = 4.10; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.0 to 8.4; P = 0.001), primiparity (OR = 2.40; 95% CI = 1.5 to 3.9; P = 0.004), maternal age (OR = 1.07; 95% CI = 1.0 to 1.1; P = 0.001), and maternal periodontitis (OR = 1.88; 95% CI = 1.1 to 3.0; P = 0.001).

Conclusion: Maternal periodontitis was determined to be associated with an increased risk of preeclampsia.
Effects of Sinus Membrane Perforations on the Success of Dental Implants Placed in the Augmented Sinus
Authors: Karabuda Cüneyt , Arısan Volkan , Hakan Özyuvacı
Published: November 2006

Background: Maxillary sinus lifting procedure enables clinicians to place implant‐supported prostheses even in cases with very limited vertical bone height of the maxillary sinus. The aim of this study was to evaluate the implant success with regard to effects of the sinus membrane perforations that occurred during sinus lifting surgery.

Methods: The study group consisted of 91 patients (29 females and 54 males) with edentulous posterior maxilla. Implant placement combined with sinus lifting surgery was performed, and 259 implants were inserted. Sinus membrane perforations were detected in 12 sinus sites. After proper treatment of perforations, 26 implants were placed into perforated sinus areas. Baseline panaromic radiographs were taken before the beginning of prosthetic treatment. Panaromic radiographs taken at the last recall were used for evaluation and compared to the baseline panaromic radiographs using image analysis software to reveal the peri‐implant resorption rate for the implants placed in perforated and non‐perforated sinus area. The modified sulcus bleeding index and plaque index were used for the assessment of soft tissue conditions.

Results: Eleven implants were lost during the follow‐up period, resulting in an overall survival rate of 95.9%. Two failures occurred in the group with sinus perforations. There was no statistically significant difference regarding peri‐implant bone resorption (P = 0.778) and soft tissue conditions for implants placed into perforated‐augmented sinus areas and augmented sinus areas.

Conclusion: Within the limits of this study, perforation of the sinus membrane did not compromise the osseointegration process or the success of dental implants placed in the augmented maxillary sinus.
Plasma and Gingival Crevicular Fluid Phenytoin Concentrations as Risk Factors for Gingival Overgrowth
Authors: Güncü Güliz N. , Çağlayan Feriha , Dinçel Aysun , Bozkurt Atilla , Saygı Serap , Karabulut Erdem
Published: November 2006

Background: Gingival enlargement is one of the side effects associated with the administration of phenytoin. The mechanism by which phenytoin induces gingival enlargement is not well understood. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between plasma and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) phenytoin concentrations and the degree of gingival overgrowth in patients with similar gingival and plaque indices and also to determine the risk factors for gingival enlargement.

Methods: Eighteen patients taking phenytoin in regular doses ≥6 months prior to the investigation participated in the study. Gingival enlargement was evaluated with two indices to score vertical and horizontal overgrowth. The gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI), gingival bleeding time index (GBTI), probing depth (PD), and clinical attachment level (CAL) were also evaluated. GCF and plasma phenytoin concentrations were determined by using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

Results: There was no significant difference between responders and non‐responders for PD, CAL, PI, GI, and GBTI. Phenytoin was detected in all of the GCF and plasma samples using the HPLC analysis method. The mean concentration of phenytoin in GCF was significantly greater than the concentration of phenytoin in plasma. No significant difference was observed for the concentration of GCF phenytoin between responders and non‐responders. However, the concentration of plasma phenytoin was significantly higher in responders than non‐responders.

Conclusion: This study showed that plasma phenytoin level appeared to be a risk factor for phenytoin‐induced gingival overgrowth.
Autoantibodies Directed to Extracellular Matrix Components in Patients With Different Clinical Forms of Periodontitis
Authors: De‐Gennaro Luiz A. , Lopes José D. , Mariano Mario
Published: November 2006

Background: Periodontal disease occurs in different clinical forms, from mild and easily controllable to more aggressive inflammatory manifestations, with difficult clinical or surgical control. There is evidence that a local autoimmune reaction may participate in the onset and persistence of the aggressive forms of periodontal disease. As the underlying mechanism in this process is not fully understood, we decided to investigate whether patients bearing this form of disease presented higher levels of antibodies directed to extracellular matrix (ECM) components such as type I collagen, fibronectin, and laminin.

Methods: Three groups of patients were selected by clinical criteria: 22 subjects with aggressive periodontitis (AgP) = group A; 18 subjects with chronic periodontitis (CP) = group B; and 10 healthy (H) volunteers without periodontal disease = group C. Autoantibody levels were evaluated in the sera of these patients using the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method.

Results: The levels of autoantibodies directed to ECM components (type I collagen, fibronectin and laminin) in the sera of patients with AgP and CP were shown to be statistically different (P <0.05).

Conclusions: Although the present findings suggest an involvement of autoantibodies directed to ECM components per se in the pathogeny of certain types of periodontal disease, the available data do not support the classification of the lesions as autoimmune. Nevertheless, the findings open a possibility for the development of an additional method for a differential diagnosis of the aggressive forms of periodontal disease.