bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Formulas, Sequences, and the Composition of Beowulf, lines 2200-3182
Authors:   , Wright Frank William Nielsen
Published: November 2021

During the last twenty years Anglo-Saxon scholars have sought to discover in the Anglo-Saxon verse corpus something comparable to the FORMULAS in Homer as described by Parry [see Note 1]. In Homer formulas are recognised as expressions which are characteristically of no less than four words or five syllables, repeated in the corpus, and often used uniquely when the same needs of meaning, grammar and metre arise. In the Anglo-Saxon verse corpus repetitions as close as Homer's are rarer in occurrence and shorter in scope. The current view is that formulas as found in Homer are not matched by anything fully comparable in the Anglo-Saxon verse corpus.
The empirical CAPM: Estimation and Implications for the Regulatory Cost of Capital
Authors:   , Zhang Wei
Published: November 2021

In calculating the cost of capital for regulated businesses, the New Zealand Commerce Commission uses the Capital Asset Pricing Model to estimate the cost of the equity component of capital, a procedure that involves assuming particular values for unobservable key parameters. This thesis proposes, instead, to estimate these parameters from market data. The principal result is that estimates of these parameters differ significantly from the values assumed by the Commerce Commission. Applying these estimates to two recent cases involving the electricity line and gas pipeline businesses, the estimated costs of capital for the entities involved are 3.5% to 5.5% more than those obtained by the Commission, but the associated confidence intervals are wider. One implication of these findings is that the Commissions approach systematically understates the uncertainty surrounding cost of capital estimates.
The History of the Short Story in New Zealand
Authors:   , Wevers Lydia Joyce
Published: November 2021

The thesis will be an investigation of the history of the short story in New Zealand, attempting to shift the focus away from a (implicitly hierarchical) sequence of writers who specialised in short stories to a consideration of the ascendancy of type in short fiction at certain times (for example the domination of nineteenth century short fiction by oral narratives and romance); the preoccupations of groups of writers who share a collective identity (especially Maori and women); and the recurrence of some kinds of narratives (for example Pakeha writers writing about the Maori). I propose to explore both the construction of 'reality' and 'New Zealand' in the short story, demonstrating how race, gender, and sometimes class/wealth figure in that construction, and generally suggest that the short story's dominance in New zealand's fiction makes it both a significant medium for cultural identity, and a context for a postcolonial discourse characterized by recurring questions about origin and subjectivity.
Forecasting Decisons in Conflicts: Analogy, Game Theory, Unaided Judgement, and Simulation Compared
Authors:   , Green Kesten Charles
Published: November 2021

There has been surprisingly little research on how best to predict decisions in conflicts. Managers commonly use their unaided judgement for the task. Game theory and a disciplined use of analogies have been recommended. When tested, experts using their unaided judgement and game theorists performed no better than chance. Experts using structured analogies performed better than chance, but the most accurate forecasts were provided by simulated interaction using student role players. Twenty-one game theorists made 98 forecasts for eight diverse conflicts. Forty-one experts in conflicts made 60 solo forecasts using structured analogies and 96 solo forecasts using unaided judgement (a further seven provided collaborative forecasts only) while 492 participants made 105 forecasts in simulated interactions. Overall, one-in-three forecasts by game theorists and by experts who did not use a formal method were correct. Forecasters who used structured analogies were correct for 45 percent and forecasts from simulated interactions were correct for 62 percent of forecasts. Analysis using alternative measures of accuracy does not affect the findings. Neither expertise nor collaboration appear to affect accuracy. The findings are at odds with the opinions of experts, who expected experts to be more accurate than students regardless of the method used.
Components of Negative Emotion and Emotion-Congruent Information Processing Biases
Authors:   , Beuke Carl John
Published: November 2021

Negative emotion is often associated with emotion-congruent biases in information processing. However, rather than all negative emotion being associated with biases in all information processes, certain components of emotion appear to be associated with specific biases. This project examined two examples of specific associations. First, Williams, Watts, MacLeod, & Mathews (1988, 1997) have argued that anxiety is associated with biases on tasks involving priming, and depression is associated with biases on tasks involving elaboration. Second, most models of mood-congruent bias have given purely cognitive explanations; these models suggest that biases should be more closely associated with the cognitive symptoms than the somatic symptoms of depression (Horowitz, Nelson, & Person, 1997). Evidence is reviewed that suggests this may not be the case. These issues were examined in two experiments, each of which administered a broad range of tasks to a large sample of students. The experiments examined attention and judgement, and explicit, implicit, and autobiographical memory. It was hypothesised that Williams et al.'s (1988, 1997) predictions about the task-specific effects of anxiety and depression would be confirmed, and that the somatic symptoms of depression would have a greater influence on information processing biases than the cognitive symptoms. Emotion-congruent biases were not shown on every task, but on the tasks where biases were shown, the hypotheses were broadly confirmed. Strengths, limitations, and implications of the studies are discussed. Current cognitive and neuropsychological models of emotion are used to provide a possible explanation of the results.
Tarawera Volcanic Complex
Authors:   , Cole James William
Published: November 2021

The Tarawera Volcanic Complex is situated on the south eastern side of the Okataina Volcanic Centre, and is an association of rhyolite domes, flows and tephra, and basalt scoria. Twelve rhyolite domes are described, and using evidence obtained from the good internal sections available, the general structure of volcanic domes is discussed. Tephra stratigraphy of the Tarawera-Rerewhakaaitu region is described and by relating stratigraphy on the mountain to this tephra, four major eruptions can be recognized. A sequence of events for the Kaharoa eruption about 1020 A.D. can be postulated. The Tarawera eruption in 1886, however, was observed, and from the eye witness accounts, together with present day field evidence, a detailed account can be written. All the rocks of the Complex are described petrographically, mineralogically, and in some cases petrochemically. Twelve new full analyses; nine partial analyses of plagioclase, and eight partial analyses of residual glass are given, and the relationship of these is illustrated by variation diagrams. Finally, the origins of the acid and basic rocks of the Complex are discussed, and a hypothesis for the occurrence of the two lava types is given.
The Geology of Eketahuna (N.Z.M.S.1. N.153)
Authors:   , Neef Gerrit
Published: November 2021

An interesting rhythmic sequence consisting of massive mudstone and groups of graded beds each about 10 ft thick is exposed near Alfredton, in the southern part of the North Island. During Opoitian time, rotation along a north-east-trending hinge line west of Alfredton caused one side of a fault block to be relatively uplifted and the other depressed, at intervals of several tens of thousands of years, while sedimentation from south-west-flowing turbidity currents was in progress. The sandy fraction of post-faulting turbidity currents were channelled along the depressed side just to the east of the submarine fault scarp, while on the middle and upper slopes of the tilted block mud was deposited from the turbidity-current clouds. As sedimentation proceeded, graded beds on-lapped eastwards up the slope of the tilted block and across the area where muds had been deposited. Later tilting of the block initiated a new rhythm.
Structure and Petrology of the Red Hill Complex, Nelson
Authors:   , Walcott Richard Irving
Published: November 2021

The Red Hill Complex is an essentially concordant ultramafic body enclosed in Upper Paleozoic flysch facies sediments which include Pelorus Group (oldest), Lee River Group and Maitai Group. The Pelorus Group contains rare submarine lavas and is largely derived from spilitic volcanics. The Lee River Group consists of spilitic pillow lavas, volcanic breccias and spilitic basalts and dolerites. The Maitai Group consists of limestone, sandstone and argillite; an extensive conglomerate lens in the argillites is largely composed of andesitic pebbles. The Red Hill Complex is a 12,000 ft. thick lens and is part of a sheet of peridotites which may extend 40 miles northward to Dun Mountain. The Complex is divided into a 3000 ft thick Basal Zone of massive harzburgite and a 9000 ft thick Upper Zone of layered harzburgite and dunite with minor variants, feldspathic-peridotite, eucrite, lherzolite, wehrlite and pyroxenite. The bulk composition of both zones is approximately the same but the Upper Zone contains about 0.2 per cent feldspar not present in the Basal Zone. There is no significant regional change in mineral chemistry throughout the Complex and the average composition is about; olivine Fo91, 70 per cent; orthopyroxene, En88, 22 per cent; clinopyroxene, 5 per cent; feldspar An96, less than 0.2 per cent; spinel 2 per cent. Layering and foliation are common in the top of the Upper Zone. Layering is of at least two generations of which at least one is of metamorphic origin. Metamorphic layering was formed by metasomatic replacement probably along subhorizontal shear planes during intrusion of the ultramafic sheet. Pyroxene pegmatites formed after flow ceased. The diversity of rock types in the top of the Upper Zone is considered by the writer to have been caused by metamorphic differentiation of parent material the same composition as the Basal Zone. The preferred orientation of olivine in lineated, foliated, laminated and layered rocks has the same pattern suggesting a close genetic relationship between those structures. Evidence strongly supports a tectonic origin for the preferred orientation. Rocks in the Upper Zone are xenomorphic-granular in texture and those in the Basal Zone are typically protoclastic. Xenomorphic-granular textures are derived in part from protoclastic by post-deformational recrystallization. The ultramafic rocks are cut by a number of dykes composed of hornblende-labradorite, hypersthene-augite-bytownite assemblages or minor variants of these. The dykes were intruded shortly after emplacement of the ultramafic rocks. The Red Hill Complex is considered to have been emplaced as a sheet at shallow depths which intruded superficial deposits on the ocean floor and was later overlain by volcanics
Sex Differences in the Relation of Aggression to Social Dominance Orientation and Right Wing Authoritarianism
Authors:   , Howison Luke
Published: November 2021

Two general population studies examined the association of Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) and Right Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) with the Aggression Questionnaire, and any sex differences in this relationship. SDO and RWA were both associated with aggression; however, contradictory sex differences were found. In Study 1 (N = 270), SDO and aggression was associated for females but not males; the opposite was found in Study 2 (N = 178). A model of the relationships between SDO, RWA, sex, hostility, anger and physical aggression was constructed and evaluated for Study 1. Study 2 included additional measures including instrumental/expressive aggression, femininity/masculinity, gender group identification and sexism. SDO was related to instrumental aggression, suggesting that social dominators use aggression instrumentally. Masculinity/femininity did not have a major effect on the aggressionSDO/RWA relationship; however, gender identity mediated the relationship between sex and SDO, replicating previous challenges of the invariance hypothesis
Distribution of Modern Benthic Foraminifera of McMurdo Sound, Antarctica
Authors:   , Ward Barbara Lynne
Published: November 2021

This thesis presents the results of a study of benthic foraminifera from McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. The sound is 50 km across and more than 900 m deep, and is ice-covered for at least 9 months of the year. However, salinity and temperature of the bottom waters are constant (35 per mil and -1.8 degrees C). Sea floor sediment is mainly fine sand and mud with a little ice-rafted gravel. The aim of the study was to document the distribution of living and dead foraminifera and to determine the factor(s) controlling it. The twenty-six sites in water from 76 to 856m deep were sampled by gravity corer and grab, and nearly 40,000 specimens (2334 living and 36,875 dead) were identified. Three present day assemblages can be recognised: 1. Shallow open water assemblage (SWA): Trochammina glabra, Cribrostomoides jeffreysii, Trifarina earlandi, Ehrenbergina glabra, Fursenkoina earlandi and Globocassidulina crassa. 2. Deep open water assemblage (DWA): Reophax pilulifer, Reophax subdentaliniformis, Portotrochammina antarctica, Textularia antarctica and Miliammina arenacea. 3. Harbour/enclosed basin assemblage (HA): Reophax subdentaliniformis, Portotrochammina antarctica, Textularia antarctica, Fursenkoina earlandi and Globocassidulina crassa. The composition of the assemblages is controlled largely by calcium carbonate compensation depth (CCD). Calcareous species are abundant and varied (84 calcareous species) in the SWA above 620m, but are virtually absent from the DWA, which is found in deeper water. The dominance of agglutinated foraminifera in the HA indicates an even shallower CCD (about 270m) in restricted coastal settings. Death assemblages have a similar species diversity to corresponding life assemblages and are reasonably representative of them, except for the 200m zone above the offshore CCD, where death assemblages are depleted in calcareous taxa. The diversity of the agglutinated component of each assemblage remains nearly constant in all habitats and at all water depths, even though shallow water samples include a range of calcareous species. Thus competition from calcareous species appears not to be a stress factor for agglutinated species, which are considered to have reached the limit of their evolutionary potential in these waters.
An Assessment of Whether a Carbon Neutral Initiative Can Successfully Be implemented at Victoria University of Wellington
Authors:   , Kodikara Tushara
Published: November 2021

The scientific evidence is now in no doubt - anthropogenic climate change has created a severe global problem and demands an urgent global response. The origin of anthropogenic climate change lies in the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG). Avoiding serious climate change will require reductions in GHG emissions from all sources. Universities can demonstrate leadership in this area by not only conducting research and teaching about climate change, but also by going further and starting to manage and mitigate their own impact on the climate. This thesis assesses whether Victoria University of Wellington (VUW) can become carbon neutral and therefore have no net impact on climate change. Applying a  corporate social responsibility model, the interface between the universities as teaching and research institutes and agents of change is investigated. This way, the opportunities, benefits and barriers in place for the university to become carbon neutral are identified and a framework to implement this initiative is developed. The research found several potential short-term and enlightened self-interest benefits available to VUW in becoming carbon neutral. Despite this, many barriers will need to be overcome to achieve neutrality. The main obstacle is gaining a firm commitment from the University Council and senior management. If this commitment is achieved, then VUW is in a strong position to demonstrate leadership both at the level of the local Wellington community and nationally.
Dispute settlement under the United Nations Convention On the Law of the Sea and Its Role in Oceans Governance
Authors:   , Chakraborty Anshuman
Published: November 2021

This thesis is about the dispute settlement provisions of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC or Convention), and the potential and actual role that they play in oceans governance. The study focuses not only on the traditional role of dispute settlement mechanisms in peacefully settling disputes, but also on their potential for contribution to good oceans governance in many ways. The jurisprudence generated so far under the dispute settlement provisions of the LOSC can be called neither a complete success nor a total failure. Part XV of the Convention, dealing with dispute settlement procedures, has made a promising start with the inaugural jurisprudence under the prompt release and provisional measures proceedings. However, besides the general beneficial influence of the jurisprudence on oceans governance, a few detrimental developments have also been identified from the perspective of oceans governance. The present thesis demonstrates that a lot of hope had been pinned on the dispute settlement provisions at the time when the LOSC was drafted. However, most of these hopes have not yet found expression, and if the limited use of dispute settlement procedures continues, it is unlikely that Part XV will fulfil those hopes in the future. Nevertheless, this thesis argues along more optimistic lines, and expresses a realistic hope that the actual role of dispute settlement in oceans governance will improve in the future. The thesis concludes that the success or failure of the dispute settlement mechanisms mostly depends upon their actual use made by states. Further, the dispute settlement mechanisms once invoked must be able to settle disputes objectively on the basis of law, equity and justice and uphold the principles and provisions of the LOSC. It is hoped that states will have recourse to Part XV more often for the purpose of settling their disputes peacefully, and that the dispute settlement provisions will in turn fulfil their mandate. Only then will the world witness the dispute settlement mechanisms playing a real and beneficial role in oceans governance, concurrently with other oceans governance institutions and arrangements.
Impact of War: a Diplomatic History of New Zealand's Economic Relations With Britain, 1939-1954
Authors:   , McKinnon Malcolm Arthur
Published: November 2021

This study is a diplomatic history of Anglo-New Zealand economic relations through World War II and the postwar decade. During this tine Britain's priorities were such as to sharply alter her economic interests in New Zealand, compared both with the pre-war and post-1954 eras. It is this transformation which gives the period its distinctive coloration. Throughout these years Britain wanted New Zealand to conserve and direct her resources, initially to assist in the war effort, subsequently to aid the tasks of reconstruction. New Zealand gave active support to Britain. Nonetheless, she could not completely disregard her own interests. In the short-term, there was always pressure to buy on the cheapest and sell on the dearest market. In the long-term, New Zealand faced more fundamental decisions. Should she seek economic security through close association with Britain? Should she diversify her economic relations? Should she try to insulate her domestic from the international economy? These longstanding concerns can be traced through the period. They, too, moulded the course of events. Chapter one looks at the record of economic diplomacy before 1939. Chapters two to five look at the World War II period. Chapter two examines the period from the perspectives of the restraint Britain sought to impose on New Zealand in the consumption of resources. Chapters three to five trace the history of New Zealand's export industries - her major contribution to the struggle - through the war. Chapters six to ten span the post-war decade. Chapter six follows the theme of chapter two through to 1949. Chapter seven looks at Britain's concern about the commercial implications of New Zealand's import policies - a concern which had taken a back seat through the war. Chapters eight and ten take the history of the food export industries through to 1954. Chapter nine picks up the themes of chapters six and seven and takes them through to 1954, and also looks at the wool trade after 1946. Lastly, chapter eleven looks at how the relationship between the two countries evolved after 1954. The end of the long period of stringency meant a return in some, but certainly not in all, respects to pre-war conditions.
Facing the Past: Looking Back at Refugee Childhood in New Zealand
Authors:   , Beaglehole Ann
Published: November 2021

The experiences of child refugees and children of refugees from Hitler growing up in New Zealand in the period from the late 1930s to the end of the 1960s are the subject of this study. By means of tape-recorded conversations with the former children, now men and women in their thirties, forties and fifties, the study focuses, in particular, on two issues. First, the lingering legacy of Nazi persecution, whether it was experienced directly or indirectly by the children or their parents; second, the effects of growing up, often isolated from others of a similar background, in a monocultural country by and large free from overt anti-Semitism but intolerant of cultural differences. The first chapter is concerned with the aims of the study, with methodology and with a survey of relevant literature. Some aspects of recent Jewish history and the Central and Eastern European refugee world are examined in Chapter 2. The features of New Zealand society most closely interwoven with the interviewees' experiences are also considered in that chapter. The third chapter turns to the memories, interpretations and explanations of the former refugees and children of refugees. It introduces the people in the study and some of the main concerns and preoccupations of their childhood. Chapter 4 is about refugee children and children of refugees at school, Chapter 5 about some aspects of a refugee adolescence and Chapter 6 about language, culture and identity. Chapter 7 looks specifically at the impact of a traumatic history on the people in the study. Chapter 8 is concerned with adult issues in the lives of the interviewees. It examines ethnic identity, cultural transmission and assimilation. The study concludes with biographical information about the interviewees which fill in some of the details not covered in the text.
Removing Redundancy and Reducing Fitness Evaluation Costs in Genetic Programming
Authors:   , Wong Phillip Lee-Ming
Published: November 2021

One of the greater issues in Genetic Programming (GP) is the computational effort required to run the evolution and discover a good solution. Phenomena such as program bloating (where genetic programs rapidly grow in size) can quickly exhaust available memory resources and slow down the evolutionary process, while the heavy cost of performing fitness evaluation can make problems which have a lot of available data very slow to solve. These issues may limit GP in some tasks it can appropriately be applied to, as well as inhibit its applications in time/space sensitive environments. In this thesis, we look at developing solutions to some of these issues in GP computational cost. First, we develop an algebraic program simplification method based on simple rules and hashing techniques, and use this method in conjunction with the standard GP on a variety of tasks. Our results suggest that program simplification can lead to a significant reduction in program size, while not significantly changing the effectiveness of the systems in finding solution programs. Secondly, we analyse the effects of program simplification on the internal GP "building blocks" to investigate whether simplification is a destructive or constructive force. Using two models for building blocks (numerical-nodes and the more complex fixed-depth subtree), we track building blocks through GP runs on a symbolic regression problem, both with and without using simplification. We find that the program simplification process can both disrupt and construct building blocks in the GP populations. However, GP systems using simplification appear to retain important building blocks, and the simplification process appears to lead to an increase in genetic diversity. These may help explain why using simplification does not reduce the effectiveness of GP systems in solving tasks. Lastly, we develop two methods of reducing the cost of fitness evaluation by reducing the number of node evaluations performed. The first method is elitism avoidance, which avoids re-evaluating programs which have been placed in the population using elitismreproduction. Thismethod reduces the CPU time for evolving solutions for six different GP tasks. The second method is a subtree caching mechanism which store fitness evaluations for subtrees in a cache so that they may be fetched when these subtrees are encountered in future fitness evaluations. Results suggest that using this mechanism can significantly reduce both the number of node evaluations and the overall CPU time used in evolving solutions, without reducing the fitness of the solutions produced.
Dynamic Programming as a Scheduling Tool in Multiprogrammed Computing Systems
Authors:   , Brownrigg Raymond Douglas
Published: November 2021

A potentially parallel iterative algorithm for the solution of the unconstrained N-stage decision problem of Dynamic Programming is developed. This new solution method, known as Variable Metric Dynamic Programming, is based on the use of variable metric minimisation techniques to develop quadratic approximations to the optimal cost function for each stage. The algorithm is applied to various test problems, and a comparison with an existing similar algorithm proves favourable. The Variable Metric Dynamic Programming solution method is used in the implementation of an adaptive highlevel scheduling mechanism on a multiprogrammed computer in a university environment. This demonstrates a practical application of the new algorithm. More importantly, the application of Variable Metric Dynamic Programming to a scheduling problem illustrates how Mathematical Programming may be used in complex computer scheduling problems to provide in a natural way the required dynamic feedback mechanisms.
A Collocation Inventory for Beginners
Authors:   , Shin Dongkwang
Published: November 2021

This study has two goals - (1) to see what criteria are needed to define collocations and (2) to make a list of the high frequency collocations of spoken English that would be useful for guiding teaching, learning and course design. The existing criteria for defining collocations are generally not well defined and have not been applied consistently. Wray and Perkins (2000) identify more than forty terms used for designating multi-word units. To avoid this confusion, three criteria are strictly applied - frequent co-occurrence, grammatical well-formedness and predictability in L1. The ten million word British National Corpus (BNC) spoken corpus is used as the data source, and the 1,000 most frequent spoken word types from that corpus are all investigated as pivot words. It is found that the three criteria can be applied in a systematic way. The most striking finding is that there are a large number of collocations meeting the first two criteria and a large number of these would qualify for inclusion in the most frequent 2,000 words of English, if no distinction was made between single words and collocations. There are nine major findings in this study - 1) there is a very large number of grammatically well-formed high frequency collocations, 2) collocations occur in spoken language much more frequently than they occur in written language, 3) the more frequent the pivot word, the greater the number of collocates, 4) a small number of pivot words account for a very large proportion of the tokens of collocations, 5) adjectives tend to have more collocates than other content words, 6) the shorter the collocation, the greater the frequency, 7) content word plus content word collocations outnumber other patterns of content word collocations, 8) there are more collocates on the left than collocates on the right, but this difference is not striking, 9) a third of the 500 most frequent collocations of English did not have word for word equivalents in Korean (L1). A balanced approach is needed for the teaching and learning of collocations, employing opportunities for both deliberate and incidental learning, and giving appropriate attention in each of the four skills of listening, speaking, reading and writing.
A Corpus-Based Analysis of Simultaneous Speech in English Conversation
Authors:   , He Anping
Published: November 2021

This is a study of the distribution of 2011 instances of simultaneous speech in a 91,802-word subcorpus from the London-Lund corpus of Spoken English. Five categories of simultaneous speech (successful and unsuccessful turn-bidding, successful and unsuccessful turn-competing, and backchannelling) were analysed in terms of: (a) characteristics of the prosodic, lexical and grammatical context in which simultaneous speech occurs; (b) linguistic devices and strategies in aspects of prosody, discourse and pragmatics which are frequently used to introduce simultaneous speech; (c) variables such as speech domain, degree of familiarity between interlocutors, speakers' status and gender which may influence the frequency of simultaneous speech and affect the occurrence of the linguistic features and devices associated with simultaneous speech. In a complementary case study, 288 instances of simultaneous speech in Chinese (Cantonese) were also analysed in a 10385-word sample of Chinese conversation, and compared with simultaneous speech in English. The findings of the study show: (a) Simultaneous speech is rule-governed and context-constrained. It is most likely to occur at a unit boundary which is prosodically, lexically and syntactically marked. It is often introduced and carried out by a number of prosodic devices, discourse items and repetition strategies. This is particularly the case in turn-bidding and turn-competition. (b) Frequency of simultaneous speech seems to be strongly associated with degree of formality of speech domain and degree of familiarity between interlocutors, but loosely related to speakers' status and gender. However, particular linguistic devices and strategies seem more preferred by interlocutors in a specific speech domain, or with a specific degree of familiarity, or having specific status or gender. (c) Chinese and English simultaneous speech share many similarities in terms of pragmatic functions, and linguistic devices and strategies employed, though equivalents between the two languages are not always found. However social constraints on turn-bidding seem different in the two languages especially in terms of age, status and gender. The descriptive findings of the study help explain why Chinese learners of English find it difficult to take a turn in English conversation, and especially to bid for a turn. Thus the study enhances our awareness of the linguistic features of English conversation and the factors which can affect Chinese students' pragmatic and discourse competence. Moreover, the computer corpus approach adopted in the research provides a way of obtaining rich input for teaching English discourse devices in terms of prosody, lexicon and syntax and suggests further applications of corpus-based research in the study of language teaching and learning.
The Effect of Stormwater Discharge on the Nearshore Benthic Environment of Inner Wellington Harbour
Authors:   , Bolton-Ritchie Lesley Anne
Published: November 2021

To investigate the spatial and temporal effects of stormwater discharge on the nearshore benthic environment of inner Wellington Harbour, sediment grain size, organic matter content, concentrations of As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn and the presence and abundance of the benthic macrobiota were measured at a number of stations at both stormwater outlets and at control sites. Correlations between the biological and the sedimentological and chemical variables were also investigated. In the vicinity of some outlets the sediment grain size distribution was altered and the sediment organic matter content was up to 5.5 times higher and metal concentrations were up to 11 times higher, than that at control sites. In general organic matter content and metal concentrations were highest close to an outlet and decreased with increasing distance seaward. With increasing distance from outlets the biological communities changed and there were significant differences in one or more of total, polychaete, arthropod and mollusc taxa, polychaete and mollusc individuals, diversity and the abundance of 12 taxa. The spatial extent of the impact of stormwater discharge on the benthic environment ranged from l0 to more than 45 metres from an outlet. Over time the largest range in organic matter content at an outlet was 6.1-42.8% while at a control it was 4-9%. For As, Cu, Pb and Zn the range in concentration over time was larger at stations closer to than those further from the outlet and larger at outlet than control site stations e.g. at 2 m in front of one outlet the Pb concentration range was 25l-1367 ppm, at 20 m from the outlet it was 15-22 ppm and at the associated control site 2 m station it was 15-20 ppm. Over time the direction of change in the biological community was different, and there were significant differences in the number of total, mollusc, polychaete and arthropod taxa and individuals and diversity, between that at the outlet and the associated control site. 27 taxa were more abundant at outlet than control sites and 45 taxa were more abundant at control than outlet sites over time. The biological community at outlet and control sites was best correlated to combinations of 2-5 of the sedimentological/chemical variables. Of these variables, organic matter content was the only commonly occurring variable at outlet sites and did not occur as one of the variables at the control sites. Where the organic matter content was >22% there were a low number of taxa and individuals, and with an increase in organic matter content there was a significant decrease in the number of total and arthropod taxa. The abundance of two taxa was significantly correlated to organic matter content and the abundance of six taxa was significantly correlated to metal concentrations.
Towards the Calculation of Jack Polynomials
Authors:   , Roberts Leigh Alan
Published: November 2021

Jack polynomials are useful in mathematical statistics, but they are awkward to calculate, and their uses have chiefly been theoretical. In this thesis a determinantal expansion of Jack polynomials in elementary symmetric polynomials is found, complementing a recent result in the literature on expansions as determinants in monomial symmetric functions. These results offer enhanced possibilities for the calculation of these polynomials, and for finding workable approximations to them. The thesis investigates the structure of the determinants concerned, finding which terms can be expected to dominate, and quantifying the sparsity of the matrices involved. Expressions are found for the elementary and monomial symmetric polynomials when the variates involved assume the form of arithmetic and geometric progressions. The latter case in particular is expected to facilitate the construction of algorithms suitable for approximating Jack polynomials.
A Decision Support System for Corporate Planning in the New Zealand Dairy Industry
Authors:   , Mellalieu Peter John
Published: November 2021

Decisions; Support; Systems; Planning; Optimization; Heuristics; Network programming; Fixed Costs; Travelling salesman; Distances; Computer graphics. A Decision Support System (DSS) is described, the prime objective of which is to aid in the location of new investments in a multi-site, multi-product dairy processing company. A network program model is described which optimises the collection of milk from farm groups (netcells) and the allocation of the milk to a range of final products and byproducts through consideration of product prices, Process costs and transport costs. Constraints include process capacities, overtime capacities, and final product demands. Site dependant product yields are considered through use of an iteration procedure surrounding the network model. This procedure updates estimates of the mean company yield used to set upper and lower arc constraints in the product demand phase of the network model. Milk tanker collection distances are estimated by an expected travelling salesman distance method in conjunction with accurately measured netcell to factory 'bridging distances' and an inter-factory diversion network of road distances. To cope with daily fixed coat charges, a heuristic Procedure employing cost relaxations and a number of Pre-solution feasibility tests is used. Seasonally varying factors (milk supply, product yield and farms visited per tanker trip) are accommodated by solving the network model for the average day in each month for twelve months, then summing the results multiplied by the number of production days in each month. Implementation as a DSS was facilitated through use of an interactive computer system incorporating computer-generated graphic displays. Applications of the DSS to location planning, industry rationalization and other corporate planning activities are described. Recommendations on the use of the model to identify the feasible set of candidates for location studies are made, and methods for identifying the appropriate timing of investments are considered.
The saline Interface of a Shallow Unconfined Aquifer, Rangitikei Delta
Authors:   , Craig Desiree S A
Published: November 2021

The coastal communities of Tangimoana and Scott's Ferry have a long history of using shallow groundwater bores. The cumulative effect of pumping over decades could influence the saline interface given the close proximity of the communities to the seashore and river estuary. It is important to quantify the effects of pumping on both the shallow groundwater system and the dynamics of the saline interface. This is necessary to protect the groundwater system against saline intrusion especially given the increasing number of high volume groundwater consents to support dairying. Resistivity soundings and traverses, coupled with chemical analyses of groundwater samples, were found to be an effective method for defining the saline interface of the shallow groundwater aquifer under the Rangitikei delta. The saline interface extends from the salt marsh to beneath the farmland north of Tangimoana. The interface is a zone of diffusion with freshwater and brackish water mixing from the estuary. The interface is currently located on the outskirts of Tangimoana, and it is likely to extend beneath the township. The infiltration of brackish surface waters into sediments of the salt marsh form a surficial mixing zone that decreases with distance from the salt marsh. There is no indication of salinity in the area to the north of the Rangitikei delta. This area is most at risk of contamination from saline intrusion because of high volume groundwater abstractions, even though these abstractions are from deeper aquifers. The shallow groundwater beneath Tangimoana showed high concentrations of Ca and HCO3 ions. This may be a result of carbonate dissolution, which can occur when saline and freshwater mix. This creates groundwater that is under-saturated with calcium. The mixing water dissolves carbonates and increases the concentrations of Ca and HCO3. The major source of sodium and chloride was likely rainwater with evaporated solutes from seawater. The saline interface near Tangimoana appears to be relatively static, but the estuary and salt marsh are areas of low relief. There are preferential flows paths across the salt marsh to the farmland. These factors make the shallow groundwater in the Rangitikei delta vulnerable to saline intrusion.
Moral Relativism and Moral Universalism: a Coherentist Approach
Authors:   , Cole Damien Anthony
Published: November 2021

In the following work I examine the long-standing dispute between the moral relativist and their opponent, who I call the moral universalist. I examine this dispute from a coherentist perspective. For both moral relativism and moral universalism I identify a key conviction underlying the position and I attempt to deliver a theory that accommodates both of these two convictions in a coherent fashion. This involves distinguishing between distinct types of moral principle and showing how the relativist's conviction is a reaction to one type while the universalist's conviction is a reaction to another type. These types of moral principle are not mutually exclusive, however, and a large part of my project will be to explain how each type of principle is able to be included as part of a coherent whole.
The Contribution of Nursing to the Health of New Zealand
Authors:   , Peach Jocelyn R
Published: November 2021

Nursing in New Zealand, has been a recognised profession for one hundred years. Throughout this time the profession has made a significant contribution to the health of communities, nationally and internationally. Despite the obvious effort and achievement, the evidence of this contribution is not well known, is documented in a few literature sources only although it is talked about widely as part of 'myth and legend'. Nurses, now as never before, are challenged to show how they 'add value' and to explain why nursing expertise is essential to safe service delivery. Finding a way to communicate this contribution has been identified as one of the most important issues facing the profession. This thesis explores the concept of contribution and presents a model, the 'Contribution Model', to show how nursing can articulate the action and achievements that show how nursing professionals have and will continue to contribute to health gain in New Zealand. Through the application of the 'Contribution Model' and framework presented in this thesis, nursing is shown to have made a contribution to health gain by using the broad range of knowledge, skills and experiences in a wide range of settings, to provide care wherever and whenever required. Case studies and scenarios from history, observation and prediction are used to show how the actions and achievements of nursing meet the expectations of individuals, the community and society: past, present and future.
A FRAMEWORK BASED ON BLOCKCHAIN FOR ELECTORAL VOTING SYSTEM
Authors: Kumar Tarun
Published: November 2021

Electoral voting system is the pillar to maintain the democratic freedom of any country. The fair and transparent organization of election is the basic need of the country. Many countries are basically using one of two ways to conduct election either using ballot paper or using electronic voting machines. Each one has its own pros and cons. The fast, trust and e-voting is the need of future. In recent years, blockchain technology is rapidly adopted in various fields by various organizations. The Decentralized and cryptographic algorithms are the major reason behind this. Considering the increasing issue of security, trust in the traditional Voting System and future requirements, this paper proposes a framework for E-Voting system based on blockchain technology. This paper discusses the network architecture for blockchain technology, framing the processing casting votes and counting of votes. The analysis of various issues and challenges in electoral system is carried out in context of the proposed framework. This framework may improve the security and decreases the cost of hosting nationwide elections
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF HEAVY METALS IN THE MUSCLE OF TWO EDIBLE FINFISH SPECIES IN AND AROUND INDIAN SUNDARBANS
Authors: Bepari Shyama Prasad
Published: November 2021

We analyzed the concentrations of zinc, copper, and lead in the muscle of two commercially important finfish species namely, Pampus argenteus and Scatophagus argus in and around the World Heritage site of Indian Sundarbans from 8th to 15th July 2021 using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The sequence of bioaccumulation of the selected metals is as per the order Zn > Cu > Pb irrespective of the species. The degree of metal accumulation showed variation between the species with the highest value in Scatophagus argus followed by Pampus argenteus, which may be related to the difference in their food habit or degree of exposure to ambient media contaminated with heavy metals.
STABILITY ENHANCEMENT OF ALUMINUM-AIR BATTERY
Authors: Shah Syed Mazhar
Published: November 2021

A comparative analysis is presented for an aluminum-air battery with a carbon-coated and non-coated anode made of 4N pure aluminum with the purpose to enhance the stability of the battery. The carbon coating was proven to be quite effective which lasted almost two times more than the non-coated cell with little to almost no effect on the electrochemical behavior. A method was also proposed to limit the self-discharge electrode corrosion of the aluminum-air battery by limiting the oxygen supply to the cell from atmospheric air. The blockage of the air supply limits the oxidation-reduction reaction necessary for cell operation. For that purpose, the cell was tested in vacuum condition for 25 days which showed quite impressive results when compared with the cell kept in a non-vacuum room condition. It had retained its potential as well as resisted the corrosion quite well with almost negligible weight loss and byproduct accumulation
VEHICLE LICENSE PLATE DETECTION: A SURVEY
Authors: Kumar Tarun
Published: November 2021

Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) is an image processing technique that is used to extract the symbols (characters and digits) embedded on the number (license) plate to identify the vehicles. Huge numbers of ANPR techniques have been proposed by various researchers in the past. Most of the ANPR techniques are designed for restricted conditions due to the diversity of the license plate styles, environmental conditions etc. Not every technique is suited for all kinds of conditions. In general, the ANPR technique comprises of the following three stages; license plate detection (LPD); character segmentation; and character recognition. There exist a wide variety of techniques for carrying out each of the steps of the ANPR. Some score over others. This paper presents a State-of-the-Art survey of the various leading LPD techniques that exist today and an attempt has been made to summarize these techniques based on pros and cons and their limitations. Each technique is classified based on the features used at each stage of LPD. This survey shall help provide future direction towards the development of efficient and accurate techniques for ANPR. It shall also assist in identifying and shortlisting the methodologies that are best suited for the particular problem domain.