bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improving programs by the introduction of recursion
Authors: Bird R. S.
Published: July 2002

A new technique of program transformation, called “recursion introduction,” is described and applied to two algorithms which solve pattern matching problems. By using recursion introduction, algorithms which manipulate a stack are first translated into recursive algorithms in which no stack operations occur. These algorithms are then subjected to a second transformation, a method of recursion elimination called “tabulation,” to produce programs with a very efficient running time. In particular, it is shown how the fast linear pattern matching algorithm of Knuth, Morris, and Pratt can be derived in a few steps from a simple nonlinear stack algorithm.
Dynamic memory allocation in computer simulation
Authors: Nielsen Norman R.
Published: July 2002

e of 35 dynamic memory allocation algorithms when used to service simulation programs as represented by 18 test cases. Algorithm performance was measured in terms of processing time, memory usage, and external memory fragmentation. Algorithms maintaining separate free space lists for each size of memory block used tended to perform quite well compared with other algorithms. Simple algorithms operating on memory ordered lists (without any free list) performed surprisingly well. Algorithms employing power-of-two block sizes had favorable processing requirements but generally unfavorable memory usage. Algorithms employing LIFO, FIFO, or memory ordered free lists generally performed poorly compared with others.
Structural pattern recognition of Carotid pulse waves using a general waveform parsing system
Authors: Stockman George , Kanal Laveen , Kyle M. C.
Published: July 2002

A general waveform parsing system with application to structural pattern recognition of carotid pulse waves is described. The carotid arterial pulse wave is of medical importance because of variation in its structure induced by arterial aging and cardiovascular disease. The syntax-driven waveform analysis system has been applied with good results to these pulse waves to detect and measure structural variations. The waveform parsing system is modeled on a compiler-compiler system and allows the user to enter application specific information as data. It is thus general enough to be applicable to other waveforms.
Decomposability, instabilities, and saturation in multiprogramming systems
Authors: Courtois P. J.
Published: July 2002

A step-by-step approach to model the dynamic behavior and evaluate the performance of computing systems is proposed. It is based on a technique of variable aggregation and the concept of nearly decomposable systems, both borrowed from Econometrics. This approach is taken in order to identify in multiprogramming paging systems (i) unstable regimes of operations and (ii) critical computing loads which bring the system into states of saturation. This analysis leads to a more complete definition of the circumstances in which “thrashing” can set in.
Context-sensitive parsing
Authors: Woods William A.
Published: July 2002

This paper presents a canonical form for context-sensitive derivations and a parsing algorithm which finds each context-sensitive analysis once and only once. The amount of memory required by the algorithm is essentially no more than that required to store a single complete derivation. In addition, a modified version of the basic algorithm is presented which blocks infinite analyses for grammars which contain loops. The algorithm is also compared with several previous parsers for context-sensitive grammars and general rewriting systems, and the difference between the two types of analyses is discussed. The algorithm appears to be complementary to an algorithm by S. Kuno in several respects, including the space-time trade-off and the degree of context dependence involved.
Conventions for the use of symbols in the preparation of flowcharts for information processing systems
Authors: Gorn S.
Published: July 2002

This paper is intended as an outline of the various conventions which are being considered for the use of flowchart symbols in the preparation of all types of flowcharts for information processing systems. The conventions are applied to the use of the symbols appearing in the proposed American Standard Flowchart Symbols for Information Processing Systems. This paper is concerned with the use of the proposed American Standard Flowchart Symbols and not with the symbols per se.
Documentation problems
Authors: Naur Peter
Published: July 2002

In presenting the following notes I wish to make it clear that they express only my private views. Thus although these views naturally have been greatly influenced by the experience I have gained through my participation in the international ALGOL effort they do not represent the agreed opinion of any group and I alone should be held responsible for any misrepresentations.
A computational extension of the variate difference method
Authors: Scheinok Perry A.
Published: July 2002

Presented here is a computational extension of the variate difference method as developed by G. Tintner [1].
Significance arithmetic on a digital computer
Authors: Goldstein Max
Published: July 2002

The 7090 at NYU has been modified to include a “Significance Mode” of operation which is intended to facilitate the identification of significant bits in the results of floating-point arithmetic operations. The manner in which floating-point arithmetic is handled in this mode is discussed. Several numerical experiments using this mode are described and comparisons are made with the ordinary “normalized mode.” Examples include power series evaluation, linear equations solution, determinant evaluation and matrix inversion.
Selected definitions
Authors: Fritz W. Barkley
Published: July 2002

A selection of the definitions prepared by the ACM Standards Committee's Subcommittee on Programming Terminology is presented for review by the ACM membership.
Theory and application of specular path perturbation
Authors: Chen Min , Arvo James
Published: July 2002

In this paper we apply perturbation methods to the problem of computing specular reflections in curved surfaces. The key idea is to generate families of closely related optical paths by expanding a given path into a high-dimensional Taylor series. Our path perturbation method is based on closed-form expressions for linear and higher-order approximations of ray paths, which are derived using Fermat's Variation Principle and the Implicit Function Theorem (IFT). The perturbation formula presented here holds for general multiple-bounce reflection paths and provides a mathematical foundation for exploiting path coherence in ray tracing acceleration techniques and incremental rendering. To illustrate its use, we describe an algorithm for fast approximation of specular reflections on curved surfaces; the resulting images are highly accurate and nearly indistinguishable from ray traced images.
A prototype system for the electronic storage and retrieval of document images
Authors: Thoma G. R. , Suthasinekul S. , Walker F. L. , Cookson J. , Rashidian M.
Published: July 2002

A prototype system has been implemented for electronic scanning, digitization, storage, retrieval, and display of images of biomedical documents. Paper documents are scanned and digitized at a scan density of 200 picture elements (pels) per inch by either a high-speed loose-leaf scanner with an automatic document transport or a book scanner with a manual book holder. Each scanner employs a high-resolution charge-coupled device (CCD) linear array operating at a sampling rate close to 10 MHz. The analog output signal of the CCD array is digitized into 1 bit per pixel two-tone images by means of dynamic thresholding. The digitized images are stored on magnetic disks to be processed and will eventually be transferred onto optical disks for archival storage. Existing on-line bibliographic databases developed by the National Library of Medicine are used as directories for the retrieval of document images. These images are displayed at a resolution of 200 pels/inch in both soft-copy (raster-refreshed CRT) and hard-copy forms.

This prototype system, developed as part of a research and development program, offers the opportunity to investigate the areas of document image enhancement, image compression, and omnifont text recognition and to conduct experiments designed to answer key questions on the role of electronic document storage and retrieval technology in library information processing and the preservation of library documents.
A model-based approach to updating databases with incomplete information
Authors: Winslett Marianne
Published: July 2002

Suppose one wishes to construct, use, and maintain a database of facts about the real world, even though the state of that world is only partially known. In the artificial intelligence domain, this problem arises when an agent has a base set of beliefs that reflect partial knowledge about the world, and then tries to incorporate new, possibly contradictory knowledge into this set of beliefs. In the database domain, one facet of this situation is the well-known null values problem. We choose to represent such a database as a logical theory, and view the models of the theory as representing possible states of the world that are consistent with all known information.

How can new information be incorporated into the database? For example, given the new information that “
b
or
c
is true,” how can one get rid of all outdated information about
b
and
c
, add the new information, and yet in the process not disturb any other information in the database? In current-day database management systems, the difficult and tedious burden of determining exactly what to add and remove from the database is placed on the user. The goal of our research was to relieve users of that burden, by equipping the database management system with update algorithms that can automatically determine what to add and remove from the database.

Under our approach, new information about the state of the world is input to the database management system as a well-formed formula that the state of the world is now known to satisfy. We have constructed database update algorithms to interpret this update formula and incorporate the new information represented by the formula into the database without further assistance from the user. In this paper we show how to embed the incomplete database and the incoming information in the language of mathematical logic, explain the semantics of our update operators, and discuss the algorithms that implement these operators.
Concepts of the text editor Lara
Authors: Gutknecht J.
Published: July 2002

Lara, a text editor developed for the Lilith workstation, exemplifies the principles underlying modern text-editor design: a high degree of interactivity, an internal data structure that mirrors currently displayed text, and extensive use of bitmap controlled displays and facilities.
A parallel B-spline surface fitting algorithm
Authors: Cheng Fuhua , Goshtasby Ardeshir
Published: July 2002

A parallel fitting algorithm using uniform bicubic B-spline surfaces is presented. This algorithm is based on the observation that a tensor product spline surface fitting problem can be split into two spline curve fitting problems, and each of these problems can be carried out in parallel by cyclic reduction. Using this approach, the control points of a uniform bicubic B-spline surface that interpolates a grid of
m
x
n
points can be found in
O
(log
m
+ log
n
) time on
mn
processors. Furthermore, since smaller systems of equations are solved in the algorithm, the accumulated error resulting from this approach is smaller than that of the traditional algorithms.
Update and retrieval in a relational database through a universal schema interface
Authors: Brosda Volkert , Vossen Gottfried
Published: July 2002

A database system that is based on the universal relation (UR) model aims at freeing its users from specifying access paths on both the physical and on the logical levels. All information about the logical structure of the database (i.e., its conceptual scheme) is hidden from users; they need only to know the attribute names, which now carry all the semantics of the database.

Previous work on UR interfaces has concentrated on the design and implementation of query languages that serve to facilitate retrieval of data from a relational database. On the other hand, updates are always handled as before, which means that users still have to know the logical structure of the database in case they want to insert, delete, or modify tuples.

In this paper the concepts underlying a UR interface, which is really “universal,” are presented; it is based on the UR model, and it permits not only queries but also updates: Combinations of attributes that may participate in an update-operation ("objects") have to be specified during the design phase of the database, and are then embodied into the database scheme by an extended synthesis algorithm. They form the basis for any insertion or deletion operation. A precise definition of “insertable” tuples, and of the insert- and delete-operation in this new context, is given. It is then shown that these operations modify a database state in such a way that a representative instance always exists. This is accomplished by providing a more detailed version of Sagiv's uniqueness condition and by exploring the structure of nonunique objects. Since the underlying database always has a representative instance, this instance can be used to define the window function for retrieval. It is shown that it is still possible to compute windows by a union of minimal extension joins.
A note on probabilistically verifying integer and polynomial products
Authors: Kaminski Michael
Published: July 2002

Probabilistic algorithms are presented for testing the result of the product of two
n
-bit integers in
O
(
n
) bit operations and for testing the result of the product of two polynomials of degree
n
over
any
integral domain in 4
n
+
o
(
n
) algebraic operations with the error probability
o
(l/
n
1-ε
) for any ε > 0. The last algorithm does not depend on the constants of the underlying domain.
Metrics for Ada packages: an initial study
Authors: Gannon J. D. , Katz E. E. , Basili V. R.
Published: July 2002

Many novel features of Ada present programmers with a formidable learning task. The study of four first-time Ada programmers suggests that a background in the software engineering practices supported by Ada is necessary to learn to use the features of the language.
A Chinese-English microcomputer system
Authors: Archer N. P. , Chan M. W. L. , Huang S. J. , Liu R. T.
Published: July 2002

Computing in the People's Republic of China has recently begun to gain momentum. Because of China's large population, its computing requirements are of worldwide interest. This article discusses the background of Chinese computing and the implementation of a Chinese-English microcomputer system which is now being used in several places including the PRC.
Can computers cope with human races?
Authors: Earnest L.
Published: July 2002

In trying to apply a computer to a task that humans do, we often discover that it doesn't work. One common problem is that humans are able to deal with fuzzy concepts, but computers are not—they need precise representations and it is hard to represent a fuzzy concept in a precise way. However, if we look closer at such tasks, we often discover that the weakness actually lies not in the computer but in ourselves—that we didn't understand what we were doing in the first place.

When faced with a problem of this sort, some people refuse to recognize the conceptual failure. Instead of seeking a better representation for the task, they thrash away at making the fuzzy scheme work, insisting that there is nothing wrong with the conceptual base.

I will illustrate one such problem with a true story. The central theme is the fuzzy concept of racial and ethnic classification, as used by the U.S. government and a horde of other bureaucracies. These organizations have been carrying out elaborate statistical computations and making major policy decisions based on this concept for many years with problematical results.

I begin with my first encounter with this scheme, some 25 years ago.
The Cornell commission: on Morris and the worm
Authors: Eisenberg T. , Gries D. , Hartmanis J. , Holcomb D. , Lynn M. S. , Santoro T.
Published: July 2002

After careful examination of the evidence, the Cornell commission publishes its findings in a detailed report that sheds new light and dispels some myths about Robert T. Morris and the Internet worm.
The relationship between business and higher education: a perspective on the 21st century
Authors: Sculley John
Published: July 2002

Apple's Chairman of the Board discusses the future of three core technologies—hypermedia, simulation and artificial intelligence—and the role each will play in education. The following speech was presented to an audience of teachers almost two years ago. Its message, however, is as timely and inspirational today as we prepare for a new era.
Lessons learned from modeling the dynamics of software development
Authors: Abdel-Hamid Tarek K. , Madnick Stuart E.
Published: July 2002

Software systems development has been plagued by cost overruns, late deliveries, poor reliability, and user dissatisfaction. This article presents a paradigm for the study of software project management that is grounded in the feedback systems principles of system dynamics.
Local generalized Hermite interpolation by quartic
C
2
space curves
Authors: Peters Jörg
Published: July 2002

This paper develops and explains the construction of a piecewise quartic space curve that interpolates positional, tangent, and curvature data. The construction is local and explicit; that is, it does not involve the solution of equations. If only positional data are known, then the tangent and curvature data can he derived by simple local default rules. Another option is to reduce the degree of the curve or minimize the a-norm of its derivative by solving a diagonally dominant, banded, linear system.
Rational continuity: parametric, geometric, and Frenet frame continuity of rational curves
Authors: Hohmeyer M. E. , Barsky B. A.
Published: July 2002

The parametric, geometric, or Frenet frame continuity of a rational curve has often been ensured by requiring the homogeneous polynomial curve associated with the rational curve to possess either parametric, geometric, or Frenet frame continuity, respectively. In this paper, we show that this approach is overly restrictive and derive the constraints on the associated homogeneous curve that are both necessary and sufficient to ensure that the rational curve is either parametrically, geometrically, or Frenet frame continuous.
Building bilingual microcomputer systems
Authors: Tayli Murat , Al-Salamah Abdulah I.
Published: July 2002

In the Arab world the need for bilingual microcomputer systems is ever increasing. In addition to the ability to process the Arabic and English scripts, an ideal system should support the use of existing applications with Arabic data and the access to the system facilities through Arabic interfaces. The Integrated Arabic System (IAS) was developed to study the feasibility of building such systems using existing microcomputers and software solutions.
Algorithm 644
Authors: Amos D. E.
Published: July 2002

This algorithm is a package of subroutines for Computing Bessel functions

H
v

(1)
(
z
),

H
v

(2)
(
z
),

I
v
(z)

,

J
v
(z)

,

K
v
(z)

,

Y
v
(z)

and Airy functions Ai(
z
), Ai′(
z
), Bi(
z
), Bi′(
z
) for orders
v
≥0 and complex
z
in −π<arg
z
≤π. Eight callable subroutines and their double-precision counterparts are provided. Exponential scaling and sequence generation are auxiliary options.
GLOBALIZATION AND THE FUTURE OF CULTURE AREAS: Melanesianist Anthropology in Transition
Authors: Lederman R.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  In the last decade, anthropology has faced challenges to its self-definition associated both with new worldly circumstances and scholarly trends inside and outside the discipline. Recent interest in globalization has provoked discussion concerning what anthropology should be about, how it might be done, and what its relationships are to other bodies of literature and knowledge practices. Unsettling questions have been raised about working concepts of culture, ethnography, the field, fieldwork, and comparative analysis. Extending the rethinking of “place” in anthropology begun by Appadurai, I consider the future of “culture areas” as discursive frameworks for organizing disciplinary practices. Some characteristics of anthropological regionalism are located by contrasting them to interdisciplinary area studies, insofar as globalization poses apparently similar challenges to each. Because of its iconic disciplinary status as an exemplar of “real” anthropology, Melanesianist ethnography is given extended consideration as a particularly interesting case.
MEMBRANE PROTEIN FOLDING AND STABILITY: Physical Principles
Authors: White Stephen H. , Wimley William C.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Stably folded membrane proteins reside in a free energy minimum determined by the interactions of the peptide chains with each other, the lipid bilayer hydrocarbon core, the bilayer interface, and with water. The prediction of three-dimensional structure from sequence requires a detailed understanding of these interactions. Progress toward this objective is summarized in this review by means of a thermodynamic framework for describing membrane protein folding and stability. The framework includes a coherent thermodynamic formalism for determining and describing the energetics of peptide-bilayer interactions and a review of the properties of the environment of membrane proteins—the bilayer milieu. Using a four-step thermodynamic cycle as a guide, advances in three main aspects of membrane protein folding energetics are discussed: protein binding and folding in bilayer interfaces, transmembrane helix insertion, and helix-helix interactions. The concepts of membrane protein stability that emerge provide insights to fundamental issues of protein folding.
PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROMES
Authors: Steiner, MD, PhD, FRCPC Meir
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  The recent inclusion of research criteria for premenstrual dysphoric disorder in the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders should help physicians recognize women with symptoms of irritability, tension, dysphoria, and lability of mood that seriously interfere with their lifestyle. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder can be differentiated from premenstrual syndrome, which is primarily reserved for milder physical symptoms and minor mood changes. The use of criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manualin conjunction with prospective daily charting for at least two menstrual cycles is now accepted as common practice in confirming the diagnosis. Treatment options range from the conservative (lifestyle and stress management) to treatment with psychotropic medications and hormonal or surgical interventions to eliminate ovulation for the more extreme cases. Results from several randomized, placebo-controlled trials have clearly demonstrated that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, as well as medical or surgical oophorectomy, are effective in treating premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Taken together, these data indicate that treatment may be accomplished by either eliminating the hormonal trigger or by reversing the sensitivity of the serotonergic system.
VIDEO MICROSCOPY OF MONODISPERSE COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS
Authors: Murray Cherry A. , Grier David G.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Colloidal suspensions of uniformly sized microspheres can serve as powerful model systems for investigating many-body processes in condensed-matter physics. The ensemble of microspheres in such suspensions undergoes disorder-order transitions from fluids to crystals in direct analogy with the structural transitions experienced by atoms in conventional materials. Unlike atoms, however, colloidal spheres can be imaged and tracked using optical microscopy and computerized image processing. This review addresses issues in the physics of phase transitions that have been attacked through digital video microscopy of colloidal dispersions over the past decade. Particular emphasis is placed on microscopic mechanisms of melting and freezing and on the effects of geometric confinement on these fundamental processes.
Wheels Within Wheels: Rethinking the Asian Crisis and the Asian Model
Authors: Wade Robert
Published: July 2002

The East Asian economic crisis of 1997–1999 had its causes not mainly in the “East Asian model” nor even in departures from the model, but in international capital markets and the governments of the core economies, especially the United States and Japan. The post–Bretton Woods system, without any link between the dollar and gold, allowed the United States to finance persistent external deficits by creating US government bonds. These bonds raised the foreign reserves of the surplus countries, notably Japan and East Asia. The rise in reserves triggered credit booms that generated asset inflation and industrial overcapacity. The booms gave way to crisis. The East Asian variant differed from the earlier Japanese one by being fueled by very large capital inflows in the early to mid 1990s from recession-hit Japan and Europe, as well as from the United States. This perspective, which highlights causes outside of East Asia, suggests that emerging market economies will remain vulnerable to such crises in the absence of capital controls, a different system of international payments, and a more equal world income distribution. It also suggests unexpected directions for political science research.

To its credit [Korea] has acknowledged its faults with remarkable candour. It has not tried to blame foreigners for its troubles, nor has it hid behind tariff barriers or currency controls. Instead, it has pledged to abandon the economic system that took it from poverty to prosperity in a generation. ( Economist 1999 )

The Korean economy is another kind of leftover Cold War artifact, good for an era of security threats and close bilateral relations with Washington but of questionable use in the global “world without borders” of the 1990s…. It is a highly leveraged, highly political, manifestly corrupt nexus between the state and big business…. [It] has always been intrinsically unstable and therefore vulnerable to exactly the sort of financial calamity that has now befallen it. ( Woo-Cumings 1997 )
Steroid Receptor Coactivator-3 Is Required for Inhibition of Neointima Formation by Estrogen
Authors: Yuan Yuhui , Liao Lan , Tulis David A. , Xu Jianming
Published: July 2002

Background
—

The vasoprotective effects of estrogen are mediated by estrogen receptors (ERs). ERs are transcription factors that require coactivators to exert transcriptional activity. The steroid receptor coactivator-3 (SRC-3, also known as pCIP, AIB1, ACTR, and TRAM-1) interacts with estrogen-bound ERs and strongly coactivates the transcription of target genes in cultured cells. This study has characterized the expression of SRC-3 in cardiovascular tissue and the role of SRC-3 in estrogen-dependent vasoprotection from vascular injury.

Methods and Results
—

Phenotypically normal SRC-3

+
/
−

mice with a knock-in
LacZ
reporter were used to characterize SRC-3 expression by X-gal staining within the cardiovascular system. Staining signals were specifically detected in vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells but not in myocardial cells. The role of SRC-3 during vascular remodeling was analyzed using a unilateral carotid ligation model. The extent of neointima formation in SRC-3

−
/
−

mice was significantly higher than in wild-type mice, and this difference was diminished after depletion of estrogen by ovariectomy. After ovariectomy, neointimal growth in wild-type mice was almost completely inhibited by estrogen treatment but only partially inhibited in SRC-3

−
/
−

mice. Furthermore, estrogen treatment resulted in reduced inhibition of intimal cell proliferation in SRC-3

−
/
−

mice.

Conclusions
—

SRC-3 is highly expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells. The loss of SRC-3 function causes a decrease in sensitivity of estrogen-mediated inhibition of neointimal growth, which may be attributable to an insufficient suppression of vascular cell proliferation. These results indicate that SRC-3 largely facilitates ER-dependent vasoprotective effects under conditions of vascular trauma.
The Rhetorical Parsing of Unrestricted Texts: A Surface-based Approach
Authors: Marcu Daniel
Published: July 2002

Coherent texts are not just simple sequences of clauses and sentences, but rather complex artifacts that have highly elaborate rhetorical structure. This paper explores the extent to which well-formed rhetorical structures can be automatically derived by means of surface-form-based algorithms. These algorithms identify discourse usages of cue phrases and break sentences into clauses, hypothesize rhetorical relations that hold among textual units, and produce valid rhetorical structure trees for unrestricted natural language texts. The algorithms are empirically grounded in a corpus analysis of cue phrases and rely on a first-order formalization of rhetorical structure trees.

The algorithms are evaluated both intrinsically and extrinsically. The intrinsic evaluation assesses the resemblance between automatically and manually constructed rhetorical structure trees. The extrinsic evaluation shows that automatically derived rhetorical structures can be successfully exploited in the context of text summarization.
Multispikes and Synchronization in a Large Neural Network with Temporal Delays
Authors: Karbowski Jan , Kopell Nancy
Published: July 2002

Coherent rhythms in the gamma frequency range are ubiquitous in the nervous system and thought to be important in a variety of cognitive activities. Such rhythms are known to be able to synchronize with millisecond precision across distances with significant conduction delay; it is mysterious how this can operate in a setting in which cells receive many inputs over a range of time. Here we analyze a version of mechanism, previously proposed, that the synchronization in the CA1 region of the hippocampus depends on the firing of “doublets” by the interneurons. Using a network of local circuits that are arranged in a possibly disordered lattice, we determine the conditions on parameters for existence and stability of synchronous solutions in which the inhibitory interneurons fire single spikes, doublets, or triplets per cycle. We show that the synchronous solution is only marginally stable if the interneurons fire singlets. If they fire doublets, the synchronous state is asymptotically stable in a larger subset of parameter space than if they fire triplets. An unexpected finding is that a small amount of disorder in the lattice structure enlarges the parameter regime in which the doublet solution is stable. Synaptic noise reduces the regime in which the doublet configuration is stable, but only weakly.
Books
Authors: Hardi Peter
Published: July 2002

Industrial Environmental Performance Metrics. Challenges and Opportunities by the Committee on Industrial Environmental Performance Metrics, National Academy of Engineering Washington, DC

Measures of Environmental Performance and Ecosystem Condition, edited by Peter C. Schulze Washington, DC

Sustainable Measures: Evaluation and Reporting of Environmental and Social Performance, edited by Martin Bennett and Peter James with Leon Klinkers Sheffield (UK)

Sustainable Development in the United States: An Experimental Set of Indicators. A Progress Report prepared by the U.S. Interagency Working Group on Sustainable Development Indicators Washington, DC
A Comment on the Article by Andrew Moravcsik
Authors: Milward Alan S.
Published: July 2002

The responses to Andrew Moravcsik's article discuss the main substantive and methodological points raised in it. Although most of the respondents agree that Moravcsik has properly highlighted the importance of commercial concerns for de Gaulle's policy on European integration, they question the validity of his sharp separation between de Gaulle's political and economic goals for France. Several commentators argue that political and commercial concerns (including agricultural concerns) were closely intertwined in de Gaulle's vision of French grandeur. John Keeler brings up another crucial question: Was French agriculture really an obstacle to France's position in Europe? He argues that de Gaulle successfully supported and modernized French agriculture because he was convinced that this would contribute to France's geopolitical position in Europe and the Western world. In two longer commentaries, Jeffrey Vanke and Marc Trachtenberg raise questions about Moravcsik's methodology and use of sources. Both agree that Moravcsik draws on an impressive array of available materials concerning de Gaulle. But they both wonder whether a definitive account of de Gaulle's policies can be written when the documentary record is still incomplete, a point raised by the
Ottoman Tapu Title Deeds In The Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries: Origin, Typology And Diplomatics
Authors: Minkov Anton
Published: July 2002

Although the existence of tapus is well known, their typology, form, and structure have not been the object of a detailed analysis. Based on research undertaken in the Ottoman archive of the National Library of Bulgaria, I analyze eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Ottoman tapu title deeds. I argue that their 'classical' eighteenth-and nineteenth-century form is the outcome of the amalgamation of (1) receipts for payment of the tapu fee (resm-i tapu) and (2) records of land transfer. I also argue that the process of amalgamation probably started in the middle of the sixteenth century and continued until the second half of the seventeenth century.
LOOKING ON ONE'S ENEMIES
Authors:   Emerton
Published: July 2002

In contexts in which ra'â (hāâ or hibbî) b are used with reference to enemies, two types of translation are found: (1) the subject of the verb looks on the enemies in triumph, joy or gloating; (2) the subject looks on their downfall or disaster. The downfall or disaster is always presupposed, but is not always stated explicitly. In Prov. xxix 16 and Obad. 13, however, and possibly in Ps. xxxvii 34, it is stated explicitly; cp. Ps. xci 8. The second type of translation is to be preferred and, as in the Targum, a word denoting downfall or disaster should be added by the translator.
SOCIAL STIMULATION MODULATES THE USE OF THE 'A' PHRASE IN MALE CANARY SONGS
Authors: Kreutzer Michel , Beme Irina , Vallet Eric , Kiosseva Lazoura
Published: July 2002

The songs of male canaries are composed of different phrases; a phrase is defined as a segment of song composed by the repetition of the same syllable. When singing alone or in the presence of a male or female conspecific, the number and duration of the songs of male domestic canaries are similar. Despite these similarities, there are differences in the production of phrases between confrontations with conspecifics and singing alone. The presence of another canary, either male or female, induced songs which were characterized by longer strings of A phrases. We have previously demonstrated that this particular phrase elicited many more copulation sollicitation displays in female canaries than other kinds of phrases in the canary repertoire. Thus, the phrase A may be used by the singing males so as to affirm their readiness to interact. By singing A phrases male canaries may communicate both intrasexually (e.g. challenge to male competitors) and intersexually (e.g. courtship of the female). Thus two functions can be linked together in the same signal, the male or female receiver either having different perceptions or giving different senses to the same vocalization.
MALE GRUNTS AS MEDIATORS OF SOCIAL INTERACTION WITH FEMALES IN WILD CHACMA BABOONS (PAPIO CYNOCEPHALUS URSINUS)
Authors: Palombit  , Cheney  , Seyfarth
Published: July 2002

Previous research has suggested that the quiet, tonal grunts given by female savanna baboons (Papio cynocephalus ursinus) function to mollify lower-ranking females and thereby facilitate friendly social interaction with them (Cheney et al., 1995). In a two-year study of wild chacma baboons, we assessed whether or not grunts given by adult males function similarly to facilitate heterosexual interaction. Two patterns of male vocal behavior initially suggested this function. First, males grunted more often when approaching females with which social interaction was potentially highly beneficial and/or unlikely (due to female evasion), i.e. estrus females and lactating females (particularly friend females); males rarely grunted when approaching pregnant females. Second, higher-ranking males grunted significantly more often than subordinates when approaching females in most reproductive states. In spite of these two patterns, however, male grunts had contrasting effects on the probability of supplanting a female and interacting affinitively with her. Supplanting of females was just as common when the approaching male grunted as when he did not. Instead, variance in supplanting was better explained by female avoidance of high-ranking and non-friend males than by the male's vocal behavior. Results suggest that male grunts themselves do not generally determine whether a supplant of the female occurs. Rather, the female's reproductive state and social relationship with the male (i.e. his 'friendship' status and/or rank) affect both the male's tendency to call to her and the female's tendency to move away from him. In contrast to supplanting, affinitive interaction occurred significantly more often when males grunted than when they silently approached females. Taken together, results suggest that a female chacma baboon's 'spatial' response to a male's approach ('stay or leave') depends upon her assessment of non-vocal factors, but her 'social' response ('interact or not') is influenced by the grunts given by the male.
Incidence de quelques facteurs agronomiques sur les populations de Meloidogyne spp. et leurs principaux organismes parasites en culture maraîchère sahélienne
Authors: Mateille Thierry , Thio Bouma , Konate Yanougo , Sawadogo Abdoussalam , Diop Mamadou
Published: July 2002

Des prospections nématologiques ont été réalisées dans les régions de production maraîchère de deux pays sahéliens, le Burkina Faso et le Sénégal. Des analyses de correspondances entre quelques facteurs agronomiques et les populations de Meloidogyne spp. ont montré que les niveaux des populations telluriques et racinaires n'étaient pas exclusivement liées à la sensibilité des cultures maraîchères en place, mais dépendaient aussi des précédents culturaux ou des agrosystèmes (terres inondées ou exondées) qui prévalent dans ces régions. En outre, la présence de micro-organismes parasites des nématodes (champignons nématophages et Pasteuria penetrans) dans les agrosystèmes de terres exondées, permet d'envisager l'intégration de méthodes de contrôle biologique à l'aide d'hyperparasites indigènes aux méthodes de lutte culturale. Impact of agronomic factors on Meloidogyne spp. populations and their most common parasites in Sahelian vegetable cropping systems - Nematode surveys were carried out in vegetable producing areas in two Sahelian countries, Burkina Faso and Senegal. Correspondence analysis between agronomical factors and populations of Meloidogyne spp. revealed that vegetable susceptibility to nematodes was not the only factor responsible for soil and root infestations. Population densities would more readily depend on cropping systems (previous crops, often flooded lowlands vs well drained uplands). Natural occurrence of nematode-parasitic microorganisms (nematophagous fungi and Pasteuria penetrans) in upland agrosystems was observed and could be used together with cultural practices in an IPM approach.
Physicochemical relationships during a KCl-bentonite hydrothermal reaction
Authors: Linares J. , Huertas F. , Caballero E. , Jimenez de Cisneros C.
Published: July 2002

A dioctahedral bentonite was treated hydrothermally with KCI solutions (0.025-1 M) at different temperatures (60-200°C) and times (1-360 days) to evaluate its use as a barrier for radioactive waste disposal. Equations relating adsorbed K on smectite with initial and equilibrium K concentrations in solution, temperature and time have been obtained. These equations are useful for modelling the influence and behaviour of these variables and contribute to the performance assessment calculations for radioactive waste repositories. Likewise, the thermodynamic parameters of the K adsorption process have been calculated. Other relationships, including silica in solution and pH, are also shown.
Floppy modes and the Boson peak in crystalline and amorphous silicates: an inelastic neutron scattering study
Authors: Harris M. J. , Dove M. T. , Parker J. M.
Published: July 2002

We present the results of an inelastic neutron scattering study of a crystalline polymorph of SiO2 (α-quartz), and a number of silicate glasses (pure silica, SiO2, and three glasses in the alkali series (K,Li)2Si2O5). We demonstrate the presence of the Boson peak in the inelastic spectra of the crystalline and amorphous materials and argue that it arises simply from the dispersion characteristics of transverse acoustic modes. Furthermore, we investigate the role of the lower-energy floppy modes in the inelastic spectra, and show that they are controlled by chemical effects.
High-resolution cathodoluminescence combined with SHRIMP ion probe measurements of detrital zircons
Authors: Götze J. , Kempe U. , Habermann D. , Nasdala L. , Neuser R. D. , Richter D. K.
Published: July 2002

Cathodoluminescence (CL) microscopy and spectroscopy combined with SHRIMP ion probe measurements were carried out on detrital zircons from the Cretaceous Weferlingen quartz sand (Germany) to distinguish and characterize different zircon populations.

Investigations by CL microscopy, SEM-CL and BSE imaging show that there are three main types of zircons (general grain sizes of 100–200 µm): (1) apparently weakly zoned, rounded grains with relict cores, (2) well rounded fragments of optically more or less homogeneous zircon grains showing CL zoning predominantly parallel to the z-axis, and (3) idiomorphic to slightly rounded zircon grains typically showing oscillatory euhedral CL zoning. A fourth type of low abundance is characterized by well-rounded grain fragments with an irregular internal structure showing bright yellow CL.

High-resolution CL spectroscopic analyses reveal that blue CL is mainly caused by an intrinsic emission band centered near 430 nm. Dy3+ is the dominant activator element in all zircons, whereas Sm3+, Tb3+, Nd3+ have minor importance. Yellow CL (emission band between 500 and 700 nm) is probably caused by electron defects localized on the [SiO4] groups (e.g. related to oxygen vacancies) or activation by Yb2+ generated by radiation. Variations of the integral SEM-CL intensity are mainly controlled by the intensity of the broad bands and the Dy3+ peaks.

SHRIMP analysis provides in situ high-resolution U-Pb dating of single zircon grains and confirms different ages for the evaluated different zircon types. The measurements show that the U-Pb ages of the zircons from Weferlingen scatter over a wide range (340 to 1750 Ma), backing up earlier conclusions that the quartz sand from Weferlingen is quite heterogeneous in terms of provenance.
Augmentation of antitumor effects by NK cell inhibitory receptor blockade in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Koh Crystal Y. , Blazar Bruce R. , George Thaddeus , Welniak Lisbeth A. , Capitini Christian M. , Raziuddin Arati , Murphy William J. , Bennett Michael
Published: July 2002

Subsets of natural killer (NK) cells are characterized by the expression of inhibitory and/or stimulatory receptors specific for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I determinants. In mice, these include the Ly49 family of molecules. One mechanism by which tumor cells may evade NK cell killing is by expressing the appropriate MHC class I and binding inhibitory Ly49 receptors. Therefore, the question of whether blocking the interaction between the Ly49 inhibitory receptors on NK and MHC class I cells on tumor cells augments antitumor activity was investigated. Blockade of Ly49C and I inhibitory receptors using F(ab′)2 fragments of the 5E6 monoclonal antibody (mAb) resulted in increased cytotoxicity against syngeneic tumors and decreased tumor cell growth in vitro. The effect of 5E6 F(ab′)2 was specific for the MHC of the tumor, as the use of F(ab′)2 of the mAb against Ly49G2 failed to increase NK activity. Treatment of leukemia-bearing mice with 5E6 F(ab′)2 fragments or adoptive transfer of NK cells treated ex vivo with the F(ab′)2 resulted in significant increases in survival. These results demonstrate that blockade of NK inhibitory receptors enhances antitumor activity both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that NK inhibitory receptors can be responsible for diminishing antitumor responses. Therefore, strategies to block inhibitory receptors may be of potential use in increasing the efficacy of immunotherapy.
Overlapping roles for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-3 in eosinophil homeostasis and contact hypersensitivity
Authors: Gillessen Silke , Mach Nicolas , Small Clayton , Mihm Martin , Dranoff Glenn
Published: July 2002

Studies of mice rendered deficient in granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or interleukin-3 (IL-3) have established unique roles for these cytokines in pulmonary homeostasis, resistance to infection, and antigen-specific T- and B-cell responses. In addition to these distinctive properties, however, GM-CSF and IL-3 also stimulate the development and activation of hematopoietic cells in many similar ways, raising the possibility that each factor might partially compensate for the other's absence in singly deficient mice. To test whether endogenous GM-CSF and IL-3 mediate redundant functions in vivo, we generated mice lacking both cytokines through sequential gene targeting experiments in embryonic stem (ES) cells. Surprisingly, doubly deficient animals, but not single knockouts, showed increased numbers of circulating eosinophils. Doubly deficient mice, moreover, developed weaker contact hypersensitivity reactions to haptens applied epicutaneously than mice deficient in either factor alone. Together, these findings delineate overlapping roles for GM-CSF and IL-3 in hematopoiesis and immunity.