bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of green tea catechin on prostaglandin synthesis of renal glomerular and renal dysfunction in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats
Authors: Rhee Soon‐Jae , Kim Mi‐Ji , Kwag Oh‐Gye
Published: March 2003

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of green tea catechin on prostaglandin synthesis of renal glomerular and renal dysfunction in rats with streptozotocin−induced diabetes. Sprague‐Dawley rats weighing 100 ± 10 g were randomly assigned to one normal group and three groups with streptozotocin‐induced diabetes. The diabetic groups were classified to a catechin‐free diet (DM group), a 0.25% catechin diet (DM‐0.25C group) and a 0.5% catechin diet (DM‐0.5C group) according to the levels of catechin supplement in their diet. The animals were maintained on an experimental diet for 4 weeks. At this point, they were injected with streptozotocin to induce diabetes. They were killed on the sixth day. The catechin supplementation groups (DM‐0.25C, DM‐0.5C groups) showed a decrease in thromboxane A2 synthesis but an increase in prostacyclin synthesis, compared to the DM group. The ratio of prostacyclin/thromboxane A2 was 53.3% and 38.1% lower in the DM and DM‐0.25C groups, respectively, than in the normal group. The ratio in the DM‐0.5C group did not differ from that in the normal group. The glomerular filtration rate in catechin feeding groups (DM‐0.25C and DM‐0.5C groups) was maintained at the normal level. The urinary β2‐microglobulin content in the DM‐0.5C group was significantly lower than that in the normal group. On the sixth day after induction of diabetes, the urinary microalbumin content in the DM, DM‐0.25C and DM‐0.5C groups had increased 5.40, 4.02, 3.87 times, respectively, compared with the normal group. In conclusion, kidney function appears to be improved by green tea catechin supplementation due to its antithrombotic action, which in turn controls the arachidonic acid cascade system.
Arthropod abundance in an Australian apple orchard under mating disruption and supplementary insecticide treatments for codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Nicholas Ah , Thwaite Wg , Spooner‐Hart Rn
Published: March 2003

The impacts of three codling moth management strategies (i, mating disruption alone; ii, mating disruption plus azinphos‐methyl; iii, mating disruption plus fenoxycarb) on some secondary pests and their natural enemies in an apple orchard were compared over two growing seasons: 1993/1994 and 1994/1995. In the absence of azinphos‐methyl (strategies i and iii), two‐spotted mite (Tetranychus urticae) was controlled by Typhlodromus occidentalis and populations of generalist predators (e.g. ladybirds, lacewings and earwigs) increased. The populations of a parasitoid of woolly aphid (Eriosoma lanigerum), Aphelinus mali, also increased but not enough to provide adequate control of the aphid. Combined damage caused by lightbrown apple moth (Epiphyas postvittana), budworms (Helicoverpa spp.) and San José scale (Quadraspidiotus perniciosus) was significantly higher in the absence of azinphos‐methyl in 1994/1995. Beneficial insect populations were not suppressed by fenoxycarb. In 1994/1995, mating disruption plus fenoxycarb produced better control of E. postvittana than mating disruption alone. During transition to an apple integrated pest management program based on codling moth mating disruption, fenoxycarb was shown to be less disruptive to any natural control of secondary pests than azinphos‐methyl.
Acaricidal and stimulatory effects of insecticides on Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) in cotton
Authors: Wilson Lj , Herron Ga , Bauer Lr , Lally Da
Published: March 2003

Possible stimulatory or acaricidal effects of thiodicarb, dimethoate and endosulfan on the two‐spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, were tested in a glasshouse. Population development of T. urticae was monitored, with the expectation that any stimulatory or acaricidal effects would be reflected in different population growth relative to untreated plants. Acaricidal activity of the three insecticides was also investigated using a standard bioassay technique. Population growth on thiodicarb‐ or dimethoate‐treated plants was no different to that on untreated plants but was slower on plants treated with endosulfan. Bioassays showed that endosulfan was moderately acaricidal, that T. urticae was highly resistant to dimethoate and that thiodicarb was of very low acaricidal activity. No evidence of stimulatory effects of dimethoate or thiodicarb was found. The data suggest that stimulation is an unlikely explanation for outbreaks of T. urticae in cotton and that endosulfan sprayed for control of Helicoverpa spp. may delay the development of mite outbreaks.
Bacillus thuringiensis var. tenebrionis shows no toxicity to the predator Chauliognathus lugubris (F.) (Coleoptera: Cantharidae)
Authors: Beveridge Natasha , Elek Jane A
Published: March 2003

Laboratory trials examined the effect of the bioinsecticide Novodor® (active ingredient 3%Bacillus thuringiensis var. tenebrionis (w/w) (Btt)), on the Australian plague soldier beetle, Chauliognathus lugubris, a predator of the Tasmanian eucalyptus leaf beetle Chrysophtharta bimaculata. Spraying of C. lugubris and the C. bimaculata eggs supplied as food showed that neither Novodor® FC with active nor inactive Btt caused any decrease in predatory performance, longevity or fecundity of C. lugubris during the period of their population peak (December). Towards the end of their peak population levels, in late January, there was a steady increase in mortality which was not related to either of the Novodor® FC treatments. On average, male:female pairs of C. lugubris laid one egg batch and ate 30 C. bimaculata eggs a week whether untreated or sprayed with either Novodor® FC. This Btt‐based insecticide appears to be a suitable component of an integrated pest management (IPM) regime that aims to conserve natural predators.
Evaluation of the establishment of Aphidius ervi Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in lucerne aphid populations in New South Wales
Authors: Milne Wendy M
Published: March 2003

The aphid parasitoid Aphidius ervi was released in the major lucerne‐growing areas of New South Wales (NSW), Australia, between 1978 and 1981. With the collaboration of district agronomists of the New South Wales Department of Agriculture, five State‐wide surveys were conducted in 1982–1983 to determine the success of the release program. In each survey, the distribution of the parasitoid was checked in relation to populations of the aphids Acyrthosiphon kondoi Shinji and Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). The surveys confirmed the successful dispersal and establishment of A. ervi in the major lucerne‐growing areas of NSW. They demonstrated its ability to survive and recover rapidly after a severe and widespread drought.
New species of Acizzia Heslop‐Harrison (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) from Australian mistletoe (Loranthaceae)
Authors: Taylor Gary S
Published: March 2003

Three new species of Acizzia are described from Australian mistletoe (Loranthaceae: Amyema spp.). These are: A. loranthacae sp. n., A. amyemae sp. n. and A. pendulae sp. n. They are characterised by: male proctiger with prominent posterior lobe; antenna 1.9–2.9 times width of head; forewing with costal break and pterostigma, with pattern in A. amyemae and A. pendulae but not in A. loranthacae; and female proctiger simple in A. amyemae and A. pendulae but with prominent dorso‐apical process in A. loranthacae. The Loranthaceae is a new host family record for Acizzia. Given the probable radiation of Acizzia on mimosaceous hosts, its occurrence on eucalypt‐inhabiting mistletoe, yet its apparent absence from mistletoes on Acacia, is discussed.
Effects of physiological condition and experience on oviposition behaviour of Trichogramma australicum Girault (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) on eggs of Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Nurindah  , Cribb Bronwen W , Gordh Gordon
Published: March 2003

We produced an ethogram for and investigated effects of physiological condition and experience on oviposition behaviour for Trichogramma australicum on Helicoverpa armigera eggs. The data, coupled with the ethogram, have enabled the establishment of standard behavioural categories which can be used to assess acceptability of H. armigera eggs to T. australicum reared in vitro or in eggs of other species. Physiological and experiential conditions were investigated using females of three different ages (0–24, 24–48 and 48–72 h old), two types of sexual states (mated and unmated) and two types of ovipositional experience (naive and experienced). Durations of host finding, host examination, and post‐ovipositional re‐examination were reduced by oviposition experience and were shorter in younger females (0–48 h old). Oviposition experience reduces the duration of the drilling and percentage of females host‐feeding. Being mated and young reduces the host examination time in subsequent oviposition bouts. Only ovipositionally inexperienced females host‐feed before oviposition and host‐fed more frequently than experienced individuals after oviposition. Host‐feeding needs consideration for optimal culture.
Establishment and rapid spread of the bitou seed fly, Mesoclanis polana Munro (Diptera: Tephritidae), in eastern Australia
Authors: Edwards Penelope B , Holtkamp Royce H , Adair Robin J
Published: March 2003

The establishment and spread of the seed fly Mesoclanis polana Munro, an introduced biological control agent for Chrysanthemoides monilifera (L.) Norlindh, is described. From an initial release of 124 adult flies in August 1996, the species occupied virtually the entire range of bitou bush by October 1998, from Rainbow Beach in the north to Tathra in the south, a distance of over 1200 km. Early data on abundance are provided.
Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) biotype B colonisation and leaf morphology relationships in upland cotton cultivars
Authors: Chu Chang‐chi , Cohen Allen C , Natwick Eric T , Simmons Gregory S , Henneberry Thomas J
Published: March 2003

Cultivars of upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., are widely grown throughout the world for fibre production. They are also good reproductive hosts for Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype B. We studied the relationships between cotton leaf morphology and whitefly population densities in eight United States Deltapine and six Australian cotton cultivars and breeding lines at Holtville, California, in 1996. Results showed that okra‐leaf cultivars and lines were colonised with fewer whitefly adults, eggs and nymphs compared to normal‐leaf cultivars. The distance from underleaf surfaces of cotton leaves to the centres of nearest minor vascular bundles was negatively correlated with whitefly adult, egg and nymphal densities on leaves for all genotypes with the exception of the Australian breeding line 89013–114. Our results suggest that okra‐leaf and distance from underleaf surfaces to the centre of nearest minor vascular bundles of cotton leaves are genetic traits that have potential for breeding whitefly‐resistant upland cotton cultivars.
Increase in levels of microbiota recoverable from male and larval Myrmecia gulosa (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) following segregation from worker ants
Authors: Mackintosh JA , Flood JA , Veal DA , Beattie AJ
Published: March 2003

The segregation of laboratory maintained male and larval Myrmecia gulosa from workers resulted in increased levels of culturable microbiota. After 29 days, microbial levels recovered from segregated males and larvae were 27 and 126 times greater than from males and larvae not segregated from workers. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that metapleural gland secretions, absent in larvae and males, are transferred from workers to larvae, and males contribute to the inhibition of cuticular microbiota.
Review of Australian Asperoseius Chant, Euseius Wainstein, Okiseius Ehara and Phytoscutus Muma (Acari: Mesostigmata: Phytoseiidae) with a key to the genera of Australian Amblyseiinae and descriptions of two new species
Authors: Walter David Evans
Published: March 2003

Previous workers have used a conservative generic classification of the subfamily Amblyseiinae that treated most Australian Phytoseiidae as species in the genus Amblyseius Berlese. However, this lumping masks the occurrence of a number of genera recognised overseas, including some that contain important biological control agents. In this review, a key to the genera of Australian Amblyseiinae is provided and the Australian species in four amblyseiine genera are reviewed and keyed. Asperoseius Chant is represented by a single known Australian species, A. australiensis Fain and Krantz collected from a Culicoides midge in South Australia. Six species of Euseius Wainstein are recognised in Australia, including four endemics: E. dowdi (Schicha), E. elinae (Schicha), E. neovictoriensis (Schicha), and E. victoriensis (Schicha), and two Asia–Pacific species: E. noumeae (Schicha) and E. ovalis (Evans). Okiseius Ehara is represented in Australia by the previously described O. morenoi Schicha and O. domatorum (Schicha); the Asian species O. subtropicus Ehara (new record); and two new species, O. tribulation and O. cowbay described from tropical rainforest in Far North Queensland. Phytoscutus acaridophagus Collyer, a mite described from New Zealand, is reported in association with acarid mites (Neotropacarus sp.) in Victoria and in Queensland.
Taxonomy and biological control: Neoseiulus cucumeris (Acari: Phytoseiidae), a case study
Authors: Beard Jennifer J
Published: March 2003

The predatory mite Neoseiulus cucumeris (Oudemans) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) is an important biological control agent of thrips and other small pests worldwide. Yet, despite its economic importance, this species is poorly defined taxonomically and cannot be reliably separated from other species on the basis of morphology alone. Neoseiulus cucumeris has been reported from Australia, although considerable confusion exists as to whether the Australian material is actually N. cucumeris or a presumed endemic species, Neoseiulus bellinus (Womersley). A morphological investigation of N. bellinus and several geographical ‘strains’ of N. cucumeris demonstrated that: (i) N. bellinus is a distinct species, the males of which can be morphologically separated from those of N. cucumeris, using setal and cheliceral lengths and number of teeth on the fixed digit; and (ii) N. cucumeris, or a morphologically identical species, is present in Australia. Despite behavioural differences, there are no significant morphological differences between the ‘strains’ of N. cucumeris. Biosystematic research is a more reliable method of species separation, and such a method is suggested for future work with phytoseiid mites.
Irpacaenis, a new genus of Caenidae (Ephemeroptera) from Australia
Authors: Suter Phillip J
Published: March 2003

A new genus, Irpacaenis, is erected to include three new species of Australian caenid mayflies based on nymphal and subimago characteristics. The genus is diagnosed by weakly sclerotised straight forceps which are not grooved but are hooked apically; styliger plate and associated sclerites weakly sclerotised in the subimago; and, in the nymph, the absence of long setae over much of the body, rugose appearance caused by smooth tubercles which cover the body and legs, the presence of a medial projection on tergite 2 which is long and narrow with the length greater than the basal width, and the presence of a row of short sharp spines on the posterior margins of abdominal tergites 1, 2 and 7–10. The distribution of Irpacaenis extends from northern Queensland down the eastern coast of Australia to the Gippsland area of Victoria.
Insecticide‐induced increases in aphid abundance in cotton
Authors: Wilson Lewis J , Bauer Les R , Lally Deirdre A
Published: March 2003

Higher numbers of cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, and lower numbers of aphid predators occurred in cotton sprayed five times with thiodicarb (750 g ai/ha) than in unsprayed cotton. The final abundance of aphids was negatively correlated with the mean abundance of aphid predators, suggesting that the higher number of aphids in cotton sprayed with thiodicarb was caused by the suppression of predators.
Cryptic inhabitants of a noxious weed: Mites (Arachnida: Acari) on Lantana camara L. invading forests in Queensland
Authors: Walter David Evans
Published: March 2003

In native forests in Queensland, more than 50 species of mites can be found on the leaves of the invasive weed Lantana camara, including two lantana specialists: the eriophyoid leaf vagrant Rhynacus kraussi and the lantana flower mite Proctolaelaps lobatus. Three exotic pests with broad host ranges are co‐invading native forests on lantana: the privet mite Brevipalpus obovatus; the passionvine mite Brevipalpus phoenicis; and the prickly pear spider mite Tetranychus desertorum. In south‐eastern Queensland, privet mite was present at three‐quarters of the sites sampled, even on isolated plants deep within national parks. A diverse fauna of mostly Australasian endemic natural enemies also colonise lantana; 37 species of predatory mites were identified (including 25 species of Phytoseiidae) and a pathogenic fungus was found attacking prickly pear spider mite in tropical Queensland. Therefore, largely without notice and with unknown consequences, several introduced agricultural pests have invaded native forests on a noxious weed and a host of native natural enemies have responded. The latter could be a severe problem for any mite introduced into Australia to control lantana.
Eucalyptus seedling herbivory by a species of Cadmus Erichson (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cryptocephalinae)
Authors: Reid Cam
Published: March 2003

An infestation of cryptocephaline larvae (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) is recorded in a south‐east Australian forest. The beetle species concerned was probably Cadmus aurantiacus Chapuis. Larvae occurred in huge numbers on the ground (up to 1000 m–2) where they not only ate dead plant material but also girdled and killed eucalypt seedlings. The larvae have the capacity to significantly alter succession sequences in south‐east Australian forests, and may be important where burning and reseeding are used as forest management techniques.
Seasonal flight activity of scarab beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) associated with sugarcane in southern Queensland
Authors: Allsopp Pg , Logan Dp
Published: March 2003

Light traps were run at six sites for up to 5 years to determine the seasonal flight activity of 14 scarab beetles associated with sugarcane in the Bundaberg, Queensland, district. Four patterns of seasonal activity were detected: brief spring activity by Antitrogus consanguineus and Lepidiota noxia; brief summer activity by Antitrogus parvulus, Lepidiota crinita, Lepidiota frenchi and Lepidiota negatoria; prolonged summer activity by Anoplognathus boisduvalii, Anoplognathus pallidicollis, Anoplognathus porosus, Dasygnathus trituberculatus, Repsimus aeneus and Xylotrupes gideon; and prolonged spring– autumn activity by Metanastes vulgivagus and Neodon pecuarius. The different flight patterns reflect different life cycle strategies to cope with environmental adversity. Females of Antitrogus spp. and L. crinita were rarely caught in traps, while in Anop. boisduvalii, Anop. pallidicollis, Anop. porosus, D. trituberculatus and X. gideon females outnumbered males. Differences between years in numbers of some species with 2‐year life cycles point to large differences in sizes of the two allochronic populations of these species. Differences in species composition between sites reflect differences in soil type.
Insect parasites of scarabs from sugarcane fields in southern Queensland (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Authors: Logan David P
Published: March 2003

Data on parasitism of scarabs were collected by sampling sugarcane in the Bundaberg region of southern Queensland during 1993–1997. The scoliid Campsomeris tasmaniensis (Saussure) parasitised third instars of the melolonthines Antitrogus parvulus Britton, Lepidiota crinita Brenske, Lepidiota negatoria Blackburn and Lepidiota noxia Britton, and of the ruteline Anoplognathus porosus (Dalman). Levels of parasitism were low (< 2%). Third instars of A. porosus were also parasitised by the dexine tachinid Rutilia sp. Puparia of Prosena sp. (Tachinidae: Dexiinae) were found in soil with larvae of L. noxia. Larvae of Prosena sp. are parasites of scarab larvae elsewhere, and are probably parasites of scarabs in southern Queensland. Adults of A. parvulus, L. crinita and L. noxia were parasitised by the tachinine tachinid Palpostoma sp. at levels of 2–18.4%.
Two unusual Chironomini (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Australian rainforest streams: One new genus and a neotropical genus new for the region
Authors: Cranston Peter S
Published: March 2003

Two genera of chironomine Chironomidae are reported: Anuncotendipes, gen. n., type species Anuncotendipes australotropicus sp. n. and included Anuncotendipes kakadu sp. n., and Nandeva Wiedenbrug, Reiss and Fittkau as new to Australia for the species Nandeva fittkaui sp. n. The pupa and adults are known for each genus, but the larvae only for Anuncotendipes. The female of Nandeva is described for the first time. Pupal exuviae of both genera occur in smaller streams in the wet tropics of Far North Queensland, and A. kakadu is lotic in the Northern Territory. Phylogenetic analysis of the subfamily Chironominae at generic level suggests that Anuncotendipes is a sister genus to Rheomus in the Harnischia‐complex of genera. Nandeva shows convergent resemblance to the tribe Tanytarsini, but more likely belongs to an austral radiation of Chironomini including Nilodosis Keiffer, Fissimentum Cranston and Nolte and Imparipecten Freeman. These genera show tropical Gondwanan tracks linking Australia with the Afrotropics and Neotropics.
Production and survival of eggs of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) (Acarina: Ixodidae) in the wet and dry tropics of north Queensland
Authors: Sutherst Robert W , Bourne Anne S , Sutherland Ian D
Published: March 2003

Monthly observations were made on egg production and egg survival of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus, at five sites in northern Queensland from August 1978 to July 1980. Egg production was close to the potential except in the hot, dry season in the drier sites and a model was fitted to explain the data. The main factors that reduced egg production were maximum soil temperature greater than 33.6°C, minimum soil temperature less than 17.6°C, and soil moisture less than 0.26 water‐holding capacity when the soil maximum temperature was greater than 37.2°C. The model explains 61% of the variation in egg production from an independent set of data from southern Queensland. Analysis of egg viability at the time of retrieval from pasture indicated that the most important variables reducing viability were maximum soil temperature greater than 25.4°C, minimum soil temperature less than 16.9°C, soil moisture below 0.21 water‐holding capacity, the sum of degree‐days less than 3.95 per day and stress carried over from the egg production phase.
Phylogenetic revision of the Taenogera Kröber genus‐group (Diptera: Therevidae), with descriptions of two new genera
Authors: Winterton Shaun L , Irwin Michael E , Yeates David K
Published: March 2003

The phylogenetic relationships of the Taenogera genus‐group, consisting of nine genera, are examined using cladistic methods. Twenty‐one species representing nine genera and one outgroup were compared in a cladistic analysis across 99 states in 44 characters. The genus Taenogera Kröber is revised to contain only T. longa (Schiner), T. nitida (Macquart) and T. notatithorax Mann. Two new genera are described and figured: Actenomeros gen. n., with two species, A. corniculaticaudus sp. n. and A. onyx sp. n.; and Taenogerella gen. n., with four species, Ta. elizabethae sp. n., Ta. platina sp. n., Ta. schlingeri sp. n. and Ta. nigrapicalis (Mann) comb. n. Phylogenetic analysis also supports the removal of Nanexila gracilis (Mann) comb. n. from Taenogera.
Immature stages of the bee fly Ligyra satyrus (F.) (Diptera: Bombyliidae): A hyperparasitoid of canegrubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Authors: Yeates David K , Logan David P , Lambkin Christine
Published: March 2003

We describe the third‐ and fourth‐instar larva, pupa and biology of the hyperparasitoid bee fly Ligyra satyrus (Fabricius). The larval and pupal morphology of the bee fly is typical for members of the subfamily Anthracinae. The bee fly larvae are found inside cocoons of the scoliid Campsomeris tasmaniensis Saussure, an external parasite of canegrubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in sugarcane fields at Ayr and Bundaberg, Queensland. Ligyra satyrus has been recorded attacking only C. tasmaniensis. Ligyra and its relatives are all parasites of predatory and parasitic, ground‐nesting aculeate Hymenoptera such as Sphecidae, Pompilidae, Tiphiidae and Scoliidae. Larval morphology of the hyperparasite is similar to other ectoparasitic Bombyliidae and pupal morphology is compared to that of species in the same and related subfamilies. Rates of hyperparasitism at Gordonvale reported in the early 1900s are relatively high, but our results show that currently they are very low at Ayr and Bundaberg. These results suggest that the impact of the bee fly on natural control of the canegrubs by scoliids varies considerably.
Role of chemical cues from cotton in mediating host selection and oviposition behaviour in Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Jallow Mustapha Fa , Zalucki Myron P , Fitt Gary P
Published: March 2003

We investigated the role of chemoreception in the host selection and oviposition behaviour of Helicoverpa armigera in the laboratory using five cotton genotypes and synthetic volatile terpenes. Female moths oviposited on substrates treated with methanol, ethanol, acetone and pentane extracts of leaves, squares and flowers of the cotton genotypes. Phytochemicals soluble in pentane were the most efficient in eliciting oviposition behaviour. In a two‐way bioassay, pentane extracts of leaves or squares of a Multiple Host‐plant Resistance genotype (MHR11), Deltapine commercial (DP90), and Smith Red Leaf (SRL) received significantly more eggs than solvent‐treated controls. Extracts of squares of the native genotype Gossypium nelsonii did not receive more eggs. Females preferred DP90 and MHR11 to SRL and G. nelsonii. Female moths also laid more eggs on pentane extracts of MHR11 flowers than MHR11 leaves from preflowering, early flowering and peak‐flowering plants. In a flight chamber, female moths used olfactory cues at short range to mediate oviposition and discrimination between host plants. Egg‐laying, mated females were attracted at a distance (1.5 m) to volatile compounds released by whole plants and odours emanating from filter papers treated with synthetic volatile terpenes. Individually, the terpenes did not stimulate any significant oviposition response. However, there was a significant oviposition response to a mixture of equal volumes of the terpenes (trans‐β‐caryophyllene, α‐pinene, β‐pinene, myrcene, β‐bisabolol, and α‐humulene). Conversely, antennectomised (moths with transected antennae), egg‐laying, mated females did not stimulate any significant oviposition response. The significance of these findings in relation to H. armigera host‐plant selection are discussed.
Sensitivity of pupae of lightbrown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), to combinations of abiotic stresses
Authors: Tabatabai Sharmeen , Chervin Christian , Hamilton Andrew , Hoffmann Ary
Published: March 2003

Combinations of non‐chemical postharvest treatments were investigated as alternatives to methyl bromide fumigation for postharvest control of lightbrown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker). A combination of a warm controlled atmosphere pulse (1.2 kPa oxygen at 29°C) followed by cold storage (0°C) resulted in high level mortality of pupae (the most resistant stage of the life cycle). Effects of rearing temperature were tested by measuring the stress resistance of pupae originating from two field populations using three levels of stress (low, medium and high), each involving 48 h under controlled atmosphere at 29°C followed by 3, 9 or 27 days at 0°C. No differences in resistance to stress were observed between the two populations at low‐ and medium‐stress levels (60 and 80% mortality, respectively) or high levels (100% mortality), and larval rearing temperature (14, 19 and 25°C) did not influence the subsequent stress resistance of pupae. Finally, the effects of age and weight on resistance to stress were investigated. Younger pupae (2–3 days old) had relatively higher resistance to disinfestation stress, while pupal weight (controlled for age) had no effect. These results suggest that disinfestation by the combined stresses may be effective over a range of environmental conditions and for different populations of E. postvittana.
Predation of the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) (Acarina: Ixodidae), in three Australian pastures
Authors: Sutherst Rw , Wilson Lj , Cook Im
Published: March 2003

Predation of engorged females of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) in pasture was recorded in central and southern Queensland for different periods during 1969–1973 and again in central Queensland in 1984. Patterns of damage and removal of ticks were consistent with direct observations that indicated that ants and the house mouse (Mus musculus L.) were the only significant predators, so these species were assumed to account for all the observed predation. At Amberley, southern Queensland, ticks sealed in nylon gauze cylinders to protect them from ants suffered less predation than ticks in unsealed cylinders that suffered predation by ants as well as mice. Predation rates were higher in long grass than in medium or short grass, probably because the long grass provided greater protection for predators. Predation rates at Jimboomba in southern Queensland were similar at a hill‐top site and on a flat adjacent to a dam with higher soil moisture and denser cover, but there were major differences between years. In central Queensland, ants were consistent predators while the house mouse was responsible for high levels of predation when in plague numbers for a period of time during the study. Losses of ticks attributed to mice were related to coarse estimates of mouse abundance. In 1984, most affected ticks were attacked within 48 h of placement in the pasture. In central Queensland, mouse predation was higher in winter, while ant predation was more frequent in summer. A simulation model of tick populations indicated that a less than proportional reduction can be expected in numbers of parasitic ticks with increases in the predation rate. Those effects will be more evident in less favourable habitats for the ticks.
Biology and host specificity of Rhinacloa callicrates Herring (Hemiptera: Miridae) and its introduction and establishment as a biological control agent of Parkinsonia aculeata L. (Caesalpiniaceae) in Australia
Authors: Donnelly Graham P
Published: March 2003

The North American mirid Rhinacloa callicrates Herring was studied for suitability as an agent for the biological control of the woody weed Parkinsonia aculeata L. in Australia. It was tested for host specificity against 77 plant species, as well as for predatory behaviour against two beneficial insects and eggs of two Helicoverpa spp. Rhinacloa callicrates fed and oviposited almost exclusively on P. aculeata and did not prey upon the beneficial insects nor the Helicoverpa eggs. Rhinacloa callicrates was thus considered safe, and was released across northern Australia. Rhinacloa callicrates established in Queensland but has not controlled P. aculeata.
Efficacy of multispecies pheromone lures for Carpophilus davidsoni Dobson and Carpophilus mutilatus Erichson (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae)
Authors: James David G , Vogele Beverley , Faulder Richard J , Moore Christopher J
Published: March 2003

Orchard experiments were conducted in southern New South Wales to evaluate the efficacy of multispecies pheromone lures in trapping two economically important species of Carpophilus. Captures of Carpophilus davidsoni Dobson and Carpophilus mutilatus Erichson in traps baited with aggregation pheromones of both species or a three‐way lure that also included the pheromone of Carpophilus hemipterus (L.) were not significantly different from captures in traps baited with conspecific pheromones. Carpophilus davidsoni and C. mutilatus were cross‐attracted to traps baited with the pheromone of the other species, but numbers were significantly reduced compared with traps baited with conspecific or heterospecific pheromones. Multispecies lures will improve prospects for the commercial use of synthetic aggregation pheromones in Carpophilus beetle management in stone‐fruit orchards.
Potential insecticides for control of Oligonychus ilicis (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae), a new threat to Australian horticulture
Authors: Herron Grant A , Rophail Jeanette
Published: March 2003

Oligonychus ilicis (McGregor) is a new pest in Australian horticulture, but no chemical‐control data have been gathered in Australia. As a first step to generating control data, a strain of O. ilicis was challenged under laboratory conditions by using a range of registered pesticides that are used in Australia against the two‐spotted mite, Tetranychus urticae (Koch) and also CGA 140408 (the light‐activated carbodiimide derivative of diafenthiuron). At a dose that would be expected to control T. urticae, O. ilicis was killed by aldicarb, bifenthrin, chlorpyrifos, CGA 140408, dicofol, omethoate, propargite, tau‐fluvalinate and tebufenpyrad. The implications of these data on the field control of O. ilicis are discussed.
Description and distribution of a new species of Nousia Navás (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae: Atalophlebiinae) from south‐eastern Australia
Authors: Finlay Kyla J
Published: March 2003

Nousia wiltkorringae sp. n. is described as a new species of the genus Nousia (subgenus Australonousia) from south‐eastern Australia. It is commonly found in macroinvertebrate surveys. Nymphs and adults were associated by rearing. The distribution of the species is recorded along with notes on the apparent habitat requirements.
Effect of food on longevity of adults of Trichogramma carverae Oatman and Pinto and Trichogramma nr brassicae Bezdenko (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)
Authors: Gurr Geoffrey M , Nicol Helen I
Published: March 2003

Trichogramma spp. are among the most widely used biological control agents against lepidopteran pests. Several species are known to benefit from adult foods, especially plant nectar, but no information has been available on the requirements of Trichogramma carverae Oatman and Pinto, a newly commercialised species, or Trichogramma nr brassicae Bezdenko. In a laboratory test, adults of T. carverae in vials without food eclosed from host eggs and all died within 7 days. In vials with honey, live adults were evident for 11 days. Significantly more live adults were present in vials with honey for days 3–5 after first emergence (P < 0.05). A quadratic model accounted for 28.6% of the temporal variance in data and showed that the rate of increase in numbers of wasps per vial was significantly greater in the fed treatment (P = 0.006). For T. nr brassicae, adults in the unfed vials died within 6 days of eclosing, while those in the honey‐provisioned vials were living up to 13 days from eclosion. Significantly more live adults were present in vials with honey for days 4–7 from first emergence (P < 0.05). The model that accounted for the most variation was a spline model with four knot points, accounting for 42.6% of variation, however, there was no significant effect of food treatment on the rate of increase in wasp numbers in this model. Results are discussed in relation to the use of habitat manipulation to enhance parasitoid effectiveness in biological control.
Inquilines or kleptoparasites? New phlaeothripine Thysanoptera associated with domicile‐building thrips on Acacia trees
Authors: Mound Laurence A , Morris David C
Published: March 2003

Five new species of phlaeothripine Thysanoptera are described in three new genera. These thrips all live in association with other, as yet undescribed, phlaeothripine species that construct, and breed within, domiciles on the phyllodes of Acacia trees in the arid areas of Australia. The new species all have particularly unusual structures at the anterior end of the body. Crespithrips enigmaticus gen. et sp. n. and Crespithrips hesperus sp. n. both have the inner margin of antennal segment I produced into a long bifurcate tooth and the median antennal segments bear an unusual array of supernumerary small sense cones. Crespithrips enigmaticus has been found breeding within domiciles comprising pairs of glued phyllodes. These domiciles were produced on different species of Acacia by two undescribed species of an undescribed genus related to Dunatothrips Moulton. Schwarzithrips zammit gen. et sp. n. and Schwarzithrips glyphis sp. n. have the external margin of antennal segment II produced into a narrow blade, but have antennal sensoria typical of other phlaeothripines of the Liothrips‐lineage. These species have been taken within tent‐like domiciles that are woven on the flat phyllodes of Acacia catenulata and a related species, by two undescribed species of Dunatothrips. The species pairs in these two new genera have vicariant distributions between central and western Australia. Vicinothrips bullatus gen. et sp. n. is based on a single unusual specimen from Queensland with antennal segment II uniquely swollen and rounded.
Survival and development of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) leaves
Authors: Ma* De‐Ling , Gordh Gordon , Zalucki Myron P
Published: March 2003

The survival, development and feeding responses of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) on neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) leaflets were evaluated under choice and no‐choice conditions. Neem leaflets provided to starving fourth‐instar larvae were chewed, but larvae expectorated most of the material. The weight of surviving larvae decreased and no fourth instars completed development on neem leaflets alone. Larvae resumed feeding when transferred to cotton leaves after 5 days of feeding on neem leaflets. Fourth instars strongly discriminated between neem leaflets and cotton leaves when offered a choice. Early sixth instars decreased in weight and had delayed development when fed only on neem leaflets. More than one‐half lived for more than 2 weeks and some completed development to adults. Neem is an unacceptable non‐host plant species for H. armigera.
Influence of the odour of fruit, yeast and cue‐lure on the flight activity of the Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Dalby‐Ball Geraldene , Meats* Alan
Published: March 2003

Certain volatile substances increased the frequency of flights by Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) in laboratory arenas with artificial foliage, irrespective of the presence or absence of a visual cue (red fruit model). The odour of guava and iso‐amyl acetate, but not nerol, increased the flight frequency of mature females. The odour of yeast autolysate had a similar effect on immature females (previously starved of the substance), but had no effect on mature females (previously fed on it). The flight activity of mature males increased in the presence of the odour of cue‐lure. Ten per cent of flies landed on a red model within 7.5 min when in the presence of an odour, whereas only 1.7% did so when there was no odour. No flies landed on transparent models regardless of the presence or absence of odour.
Monsoonal tropical Tanytarsus van der Wulp (Diptera: Chironomidae) reviewed: New species, life histories and significance as aquatic environmental indicators
Authors: Cranston Peter S
Published: March 2003

The immature stages of the cosmopolitan chironomid midge genus Tanytarsus van der Wulp can dominate tropical running waters. Studies in the Alligator Rivers Region of the Northern Territory, Australia have revealed a plethora of species, some of which show differential responses to disturbance, including mine drainage. These taxa in their immature stages have been referred to previously by codes. Here Tanytarsus gulungul, Tanytarsus hardwicki, Tanytarsus micksmithi, Tanytarsus dostinei, Tanytarsus rosario, Tanytarsus humphreyi and Tanytarsus reidi are described as new from larvae, pupae and adult males, Tanytarsus wendylee as new based on pupae and adult males, and Tanytarsus bispinosus Freeman and Tanytarsus richardsi Glover redescribed in all stages. Five species‐level taxa for which the adults are unknown are described but not formally named, although the identity of one with Tanytarsus manlyensis Glover and another with Tanytarsus dycei Glover is suggested. A diagnostic matrix is provided for larvae and dichotomous keys for pupae and adult males. Some distributional and environmental responses are described and comments provided on species groupings, including a review of the genus Virgatanytarsus Pinder.
Identification of the immature instars of mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) found on citrus in Australia
Authors: Gullan Penny J
Published: March 2003

An identification guide is provided to most of the immature stages of six mealybug species (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) that might be collected from citrus (Rutaceae) in Australia. This information is important for foreign quarantine inspections because mealybugs intercepted on Australian citrus exports are often nymphs. A key and a table, based on microscopic features, allow separation of the first‐, second‐ and third‐instar nymphs and identification to species for second‐ and third‐instar females. Selected diagnostic features of second‐instar females are illustrated. Second‐instar male nymphs also can be identified as they resemble the second‐instar females of their species except for the possession of dorsal ducts that secrete the wax of the male cocoon. Immatures stages are diagnosed for the pink hibiscus mealybug Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green), the spherical mealybug Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead), the citrus mealybug Planococcus citri (Risso), the citrophilous mealybug Pseudococcus calceolariae (Maskell), the longtailed mealybug Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti), and the tuber mealybug Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) [formerly Pseudococcus affinis (Maskell)].
Establishment in Australia of Trichopoda giacomellii (Blanchard) (Diptera: Tachinidae), a biological control agent for Nezara viridula (L.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)
Authors: Coombs* Marc , Sands Don Pa
Published: March 2003

Releases of Trichopoda giacomellii (Blanchard) for biological control of Nezara viridula (L.) took place at sites in western New South Wales and south‐eastern Queensland between 1996 and 1999. Trichopoda giacomellii became established near Moree in north‐western New South Wales, whereas establishment at sites near Brisbane has not been confirmed. Releases of adult T. giacomellii and of parasitised N. viridula were made either directly onto host plants (1996 and 1997) or following temporary confinement in a field cage (1998 and 1999). Parasitism of N. viridula adults by T. giacomellii ranged from 9 to 72% between January 1999 and February 2000, and was 42% of adults during diapause. The methods employed to establish T. giacomellii in this study are compared with other attempts to establish Trichopoda spp. elsewhere in the world. Release methodologies that limit immediate dispersal of the agent and/or their progeny are recommended for establishing Trichopoda spp.
The introduced English wasp Vespula vulgaris (L.) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) newly recorded invading native forests in Tasmania
Authors: Matthews Robert W , Goodisman Michael Ad , Austin Andrew D , Bashford Richard
Published: March 2003

The social wasp Vespula vulgaris (L.), an introduced species that has caused extreme ecological damage in New Zealand, is reported from southern Tasmanian forests for the first time. In mainland Australia, this wasp has been present in the Melbourne area since 1958 and our retrospective analysis places it in Hobart since 1995. In the present paper, we document V. vulgaris in natural areas in southern Tasmania, well away from human habitation. Malaise trap samples collected since 1997 from nine sites at the Warra Long‐term Ecological Research area in southern Tasmania revealed the widespread presence of both V. vulgaris and V. germanica (F.), another introduced species of concern. Analysis of microsatellite DNA markers showed no evidence of hybridisation between the two species. The potential impact of this newest social insect threat to Australian native biota is discussed.
Additions and corrections toMites of Australia:A Checklist and Bibliography
Authors: Halliday RB
Published: March 2003

Some corrections and additions to the recently publishedMites of Australia: A Checklist and Bibliographyare briefly summarised. The most important name changes are in the spider mite family Tetranychidae. The species previously identified in Australia asAllonychus braziliensis(McGregor) is shown to beTetranychus gloveriBanks.Bryobia cristata(Dugès) is a junior synonym ofBryobia graminum(Schrank).Bryobia repensiManson is a junior synonym ofBryobia vasiljeviRekk.Oligonychus biharensis(Hirst) has been recorded from Queensland andOligonychus punicae(Hirst) andSchizotetranychus asparagi(Oudemans) are now believed to occur in Australia on the basis of unconfirmed records.
A new flightless species of Pogonus Nicolai (Coleoptera: Carabidae) from Western Australia
Authors: Hudson Peter J
Published: March 2003

Pogonus fennelli sp. n. is described and figured. This species, which is flightless, lives in burrows near the edge of the saline Western Australian playa, Lake Yindarlgooda.
Assessment of Pristhesancus plagipennis (Walker) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) as an augmented biological control in cotton and soybean crops
Authors: Grundy Paul , Maelzer Derek
Published: March 2003

Third‐instar nymphs of the Australian assassin bug, Pristhesancus plagipennis (Walker) were released into cotton and soybean plots at a number of release densities to test their biological control potential. The number of Helicoverpa spp. larvae in cotton was reduced with the release of three or more P. plagipennis nymphs per m crop row. In the soybeans, populations of green mirids, Creontiades dilutus (Stål), and looper caterpillars, Chrysodeixis spp., were significantly reduced when P. plagipennis were released at 2 nymphs per m crop row. The potential yield of cotton (but not soybean) was increased in the plots to which P. plagipennis were added. The data suggest that P. plagipennis has the capacity to be an effective biological control agent of soybean and cotton insect pests when released inundatively.
Foraging and vein‐cutting behaviour of Euploea core corinna (W. S. Macleay) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) caterpillars feeding on latex‐bearing leaves
Authors: Clarke Anthony R , Zalucki Myron P
Published: March 2003

Caterpillars of Euploea core corinna (W. S. Macleay) sever leaf veins prior to feeding on their latex‐bearing host plants, which restricts the flow of latex at feeding sites. The severing of leaf veins by insects feeding on latex‐bearing plants is commonly referred to as ‘sabotaging’ and is thought to be an evolved response by the insect to counter the negative effects of feeding on latex‐rich leaves. Sabotaging behaviour is described for all instars of E. core corinna, with particular attention given to neonates. Vein cutting by neonate E. core corinna caterpillars can occur within 2 h of hatching, with most caterpillars establishing feeding sites within 10 h. Commonly, first instars cut an arc‐shaped row of leaf side‐veins parallel to the leaf margin, but they may also cut the leaf mid‐rib in a fashion similar to older instar larvae. From a sample of 50 E. core corinna larvae, representing all instars, we found that the diameters of the veins cut by caterpillars are closely correlated to larval head width (r = 0.90). Through manipulative experiments, we demonstrate for the first time that sabotaging behaviour in neonate caterpillars imposes no detectable short‐term physiological costs on those caterpillars.