bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Agency-Structure Dichotomy
Authors: Beck Colin J. , Bukovansky Mlada , Chenoweth Erica , Lawson George , Nepstad Sharon Erickson , Ritter Daniel P.
Published: June 2022

Chapter 2 takes on the debate surrounding the relative importance of structural conditions versus human agency in revolutions. There is a tendency among scholars of revolution to see the relationship between structural factors and revolutionary agents as a theoretical zero-sum game that must be resolved before a theoretical contribution can be made. Historically, the social scientific study of revolutions has favored structural accounts and theories, and this has led to a structural bias within the field. However, with the study of revolutions becoming fragmented and examined by researchers who might not identify as revolution theorists, new opportunities for novel thinking have appeared. This chapter merges insights from the study of civil resistance with more conventional wisdom from revolution studies to show that neither a heavy-handed focus on agency nor on structures constitutes a viable way forward. Rather, structure and agency must be seen as complements in revolutionary mobilization. At the moment, there is little analysis of how structural conditions may shape strategic choices or how human action might bring about structural shifts that create state vulnerability. As an alternative, the chapter proposes that “strategy,” defined as “structurally situated agency” may provide a way out of this particular dichotomy. Here, the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 is used as a case study to highlight the potential benefits of such an approach.
Ethics in Revolution(ary) Research
Authors: Beck Colin J. , Bukovansky Mlada , Chenoweth Erica , Lawson George , Nepstad Sharon Erickson , Ritter Daniel P.
Published: June 2022

Chapter 8 addresses issues of ethics in revolutions research. As revolutionary actors and scholars interact, the dichotomy between revolutionary insiders and outsiders appears to be not as firm as some may have assumed. What are scholars’ ethical responsibilities? While each situation raises its own ethical considerations, this chapter provides some general points of reflection and engages questions of how scholarship is linked to practice in revolutionary studies. The chapter also evaluates three false dichotomies that permeate contemporary ethics discourse on revolutions and engaged scholarship more generally: research/practice; descriptive/prescriptive analysis; and complicity/resistance. It shows how and why these dichotomies can be misleading and potentially counterproductive in generating constructive and transformative integration between revolutionary scholarship and practice. It concludes by offering 12 self-reflective questions to scholars of revolution, which may help to inform an ethically engaged study of revolution. The chapter may be useful for researchers who engage in public-facing scholarship and those who consider themselves scholar-activists or movement participants more explicitly.
Introduction
Authors: Saiya Nilay
Published: June 2022

This chapter introduces the present work. It explains the underlying motivation for the book and its significance for both the study of global political and for the global Christian community. It introduces the book’s major argument that the pursuit of political privilege by the church has detrimental effects for the its gospel witness, yet when Christians have rebuffed the temptation of political power, they have maintained their moral credibility and have been better empowered to transform lives around the world and contribute in their unique way to healthy societies and polities. The chapter concludes by presenting a brief overview of each of the book’s remaining chapters.
Patriots, Pietists, and Prophets
Authors: Saiya Nilay
Published: June 2022

This chapter delineates three Christian approaches to the state. The first is a synthetic view of church and state the chapter calls “Christianism.” This political theology holds that the church has a responsibility to transform political orders in line with the character of God, and sees little incongruity between the Christian faith and the exercise of political power. The second is an approach of separation from the world, here called “detachment.” This theology seeks to remove Christians from the corrupting influence of the public square altogether. Rejecting both of these approaches as being incompatible with the ethic of Jesus, the chapter then describes a third way: “prophetic witness.” This theology countenances neither the politicization of Christianity nor its withdrawal from public life. Instead, prophetic witness requires principled distance from the powers of the world, while speaking truth to these very powers from the margins.
The Path Forward
Authors: Saiya Nilay
Published: June 2022

The assumption that Christians should seek political power for the glory of God has proven to be enduring and powerful. However, that this supposition has long been with us does nothing to confirm its veracity. The conclusion of this book returns to the place where it started: theology. Drawing once again on the ethic of Jesus found in the Gospels and the teachings of the apostles, it lays out seven theological insights that can help the church recapture its prophetic vocation, while rejecting the temptation of political empowerment.
Bureaucracies and Localized Bargaining
Authors: MA Xiao
Published: June 2022

The chapter explores the theory of localized bargaining, which posits that bottom-up bargains by territorial administrations shape the allocation of policy benefits. It explores the institutional environment under which such a pattern of distribution would emerge. In particular, it examines how a central bureaucracy with fragmented authority limits top-down interference and makes bottom-up bargaining efforts by those local agents crucial determinants of policy outcomes. The chapter then describes the varying levels of bargaining power of local bureaucratic actors and the bargaining strategies they employ. A brief discussion of how localized bargaining supplements existing explanations in distributive politics follows. The chapter ends with a summary of testable hypotheses derived from the core argument.
The “Cardinals” and the “Clerics”
Authors: MA Xiao
Published: June 2022

This chapter identifies the institutional sources of differential bargaining power across localities. It presents insights from an original data set indicating the prominence of cities and their policy proposals in the official policy planning documents of their superiors (i.e., the provincial governments). It finds that concurrent appointment in the provincial decision-making bodies indicates greater institutionalized bargaining power. Cities whose leaders hold such appointments, cardinals, were able to insert a greater number of local proposals into their provincial governments’ five-year planning documents. The chapter attributes the differences to these localities’ enhanced abilities in influencing or even controlling their superiors’ policy agendas through their positions. Unequal representation of localities in the party-state’s decision-making bodies enables these localities to translate political privileges into tangible economic and policy benefits, often at the expense of those without institutional privileges, the cleric localities.
Militaries, Militias, and Violence
Authors: Albrecht Holger , Koehler Kevin , Manekin Devorah , Szekely Ora
Published: June 2022

This chapter unpacks the makers and beneficiaries of organized political violence—militaries and militias—which have become extremely prominent in recent decades. Yet the two long have been studied from divergent perspectives, hindering theoretical progress. The chapter shows that the MENA scholarship has inspired a new, more unifying framework to study how violence is produced, one that marries tools from comparative politics with insights from international relations. Comparing national militaries (e.g., the Egyptian army) and nonstate militaries (e.g., ISIS) shows that common questions about institutional leadership, ideological origins, and social organization apply to all producers of organized violence. Variation across these axes helps explain diverse types of conflicts and wars. Finally, the chapter suggests that even the conceptual boundaries between national militaries and nonstate militaries have become blurry, which compels us to reconsider how sovereignty and statehood will function in the coming decades.
Political Economy and Development
Authors: Eibl Ferdinand , Hatab Shimaa , Hertog Steffen
Published: June 2022

The MENA region has long presented abundant puzzles for theories of comparative political economy, from high inequality to the seemingly paradoxical effects of oil wealth. The events of the past decade, however, have catalyzed a momentous rethinking in how political institutions and economic development affect one another, making the region a testing ground for new ideas. For instance, contemporary underdevelopment may be path-dependent, the result of centuries-old legal structures and other distant historical causes. Moreover, debates about the role of the state and welfare policies boil down not just to material distributions but to political trade-offs reflecting authoritarian commitments as well—something especially prevalent with the rise of crony capitalism. Finally, the problem of rentier wealth continues to undercut popular assumptions: oil-rich states have not succumbed to instability and conflict as predicted by many political scientists, but their social demands and institutional complexities have also immensely grown.
Migration and Displacement
Authors: Arar Rawan , Brand Laurie , Khoury Rana B. , Lori Noora , Mourad Lama , Pearlman Wendy
Published: June 2022

This chapter shows why the large-scale movement of human populations in the MENA has manifest importance to states and societies across the region. Whether driven by economic concerns, violence, or some combination of the two, the migration of peoples—which, in its most tragic form, produces refugee crises—has become an indelible part of the regional landscape. The chapter traces the history of such migration prior to the Arab uprisings and locates the applicability of outside literatures to help understand the experiences of migrants and refugees. Research on the relationship between conflict and migration, labor migration, state-level governance of migration, global governance and international institutions, and the nexus between diasporas and states all receive close attention. The ethics of studying displaced communities also invokes discussion. Key debates, notable cases, and avenues for future research are hence mapped out in systematic detail.
Earthly Order
Authors: Ali Saleem H.
Published: June 2022

How does natural order in the universe connect to social and political order on Earth? Pragmatically, answering such a fundamental question is key for society to confront global environmental and economic challenges. Earthly Order tackles this grand question of human inquiry for a broad audience through coverage of foundational knowledge for scientific literacy of the general public. The book argues that the complexity of current planetary processes requires us to embrace a hybrid form of order in which natural emergence from chaos and human technological innovations are intertwined. As a systems scientist and geographer, the author brings together his personal journey of intellectual growth from his childhood years in Pakistan to his studies in the natural sciences and environmental planning in the United States to weave a rich tapestry of learning that informs the parameters of global sustainability conversations. While resisting the temptation of environmental determinism, the narrative sets forth natural constraints and hierarchies under which trajectories of social, economic, and political systems must be charted to maintain an “earthly order” wherein humanity can thrive.
Sex, Population, and Sustainability
Authors: Ali Saleem H.
Published: June 2022

Starting from a discussion of the development of matrimonial order in human societies, this chapter considers procreation and population growth in the context of sustainability. The despicable history of social Darwinism in imposing particular forms of genetic order for the ostensible “greater good” is discussed, as well as the stark Neo-Malthusian exhortations of Lifeboat Ethics from Garrett Hardin. Demographic concepts that have led to broader development planning debates on the stabilization of global populations are considered in the context of anti-aging research. The chapter concludes with a discussion of gender as a key form of contested social order and how some of the insights from D’Arcy Thompson’s classic work On Growth and Form can inform a more nuanced discussions of social categories and stereotypes.
Introduction
Authors: Alschner Wolfgang
Published: June 2022

This introductory chapter situates the book and summarizes its main arguments. It explains that the book’s principal contribution consists of demonstrating that state-driven reform has triggered an arbitral backlash. Changes in investment treaty design have failed to change interpretive outcomes in investment arbitration as new treaties are being interpreted like old ones in practice. While “growing pains” with the regime adjusting to the new treaty design as well as misaligned incentives in investment arbitration are proximate causes for the lack of impact of treaty design innovation, the ultimate cause lies in the bifurcation of the treaty universe into new- and old-generation agreements. Old investment agreements directly (by diverting claims) and indirectly (by rooting interpretation in outdated practice) undermine innovation in new treaties. This introduction then presents the three parts of the book that, respectively, (1) trace state-driven change, (2) explain the arbitral backlash, and (3) suggest how to preserve and amplify state-driven reform.
The Semantics of Knowledge Attributions
Authors: Blome-Tillmann Michael
Published: June 2022

This monograph offers a critical overview of the current debate on The Semantics of Knowledge Attributions. It falls into five main parts. In Part I, the book introduces the reader to the literature on ‘knowledge’-attributions by outlining the historical roots of the debate and providing an in-depth discussion of epistemic contextualism. After examining the advantages and disadvantages of the view, Part II offers a detailed investigation of epistemic impurism (or pragmatic encroachment views), while Part III is devoted to a careful examination of epistemic relativism. Part IV then discusses two different types of strict invariantism (psychological and pragmatic), while the final part of the book, Part V, is devoted to Presuppositional Epistemic Contextualism—a version of contextualism that is argued to provide a more powerful and elegant account of the semantics of ‘knowledge’-attributions than many of its competitors. Each of the views discussed in this book is outlined in detail by offering a clear and precise account of the main principles underlying each view and how they aim to explain the pertinent data and resolve philosophical puzzles and challenges. The book also provides charts outlining the relations between the positions discussed and offers suggestions for further readings.
Nominal predication
Authors: Ajanki Rigina , Laakso Johanna , Skribnik Elena
Published: June 2022

This chapter discusses the areal distribution of major strategies of nominal predication in Uralic: with an obligatory copula taking all necessary TAM and agreement markers, and without a copula (often in indicative present). The predicate nominal can in the latter case carry a) only markers of agreement in number, b) only markers in agreement in person and number, b) tense markers and agreement markers. Other important parameters are the number of copulas and the case-marking strategies for the predicate nominal: no marking (= only nominative), two-case opposition (e.g. nominative for static and translative for dynamic characterization in terms of ”relative time stability“), and more complex types of oppositions, coded with up to four possible cases (e.g. splitting of dynamic characterization in Ingrian into ‘beginning’, i.e. ’becoming something’, with the translative and ’ending’, i.e. ’stopping being something’, with the excessive case).
Russia’s Shattered Naval Dream
Authors: Kowner Rotem
Published: June 2022

This chapter examines the way the battle affected Russian actions in the following years and the way it has been commemorated ever since. The battle sealed the fate of the Baltic Fleet and left only the Black Sea Fleet, which made up less than one-third of the entire force of the Imperial Russian Navy on the eve of the war, intact. From the world’s third largest naval power in early 1904, Russia declined in the aftermath of the battle into near-insignificance. Thereafter, tsarist Russia was not in any hurry to rebuild its fleet. In fact, the blow was so heavy that the navy entered an extended period of relative paralysis, and even decline, from which it only emerged during the Cold War, now as the navy of the Soviet Union. In addition, the chapter explores the three stages that mark the battle’s memory in Russia, in the Soviet Union, and again in present-day Russia during the subsequent century: shock, condemnation, and nostalgia.
Worldwide Reactions and Assessments
Authors: Kowner Rotem
Published: June 2022

As the long voyage of the Baltic Fleet towards East Asian waters was followed by throngs of journalists and naval observers, the encounter between the Russian and the Japanese navies was a thing both expected and inevitable. This chapter examines the various immediate reactions to the battle in the world media, and among contemporary decision makers and naval specialists. The world press evaluated the results of the battle with a great deal of surprise but mostly also with an equal share of enthusiasm. In the battle’s immediate aftermath, as well as in the following months, the Anglo-Saxon press, as well as the press in the colonial world, hailed Japan as the harbinger of a Western-like nation that was able to modernize successfully and rein technology and science in the service of defeating a despotic and backward Russia. In much of continental Europe, the enthusiasm over the Japanese victory was transcended by fears of the insubordination of peoples under the colonial yoke and the transformation of the early 20th-century world order, often masked by references to Japan as a Yellow Peril.
The Battle and Naval Development
Authors: Kowner Rotem
Published: June 2022

The Battle of Tsushima was the only major naval battle during the 111-year period between the Battle of Trafalgar (1805) and the Battle of Jutland (1916). But, unlike the latter, it was also a decisive battle, one of those rare naval engagements that end in the total annihilation of one side and in the near-intactness of the other. This chapter analyses the impact of the battle on naval development and thought. In their reports home, these observers confirmed the Mahanian concept of an all-encompassing decisive battle between large battleships. More specifically, this chapter examines the battle’s impact on the development of the all-big-gun battleship as embodied by the HMS Dreadnought, the naval race between Great Britain and Germany before the First World War, and the use of surface warships during the Second World War.
Family Generations
Authors: Santos Mariana
Published: June 2022

In this chapter, Mariana Santos shows how relational wealth chains are based on high-trust status-based relationships between clients and suppliers. Santos investigates transgenerational wealth management, a market where wealth managers carefully cultivate close relationships with ultra-high-net-worth individuals to maintain ties over generations. In this market 500 individuals will pass over $2.1 trillion to heirs over the next 20 years. Wealth managers engage in relational work to foster intimacy and trust between ultra-high-net-worth clients and professional suppliers located in private banking and the wealth-management industry. This includes influencing parents and children on emotional and financial commitments and investing time in financial education and elite networking events. Based on extensive fieldwork in Lisbon, London, Geneva, and Zurich, Santos analyzes the careful cultivation of the affective bonds that fortify relational wealth chains.
Conclusion
Authors: Davis David J.
Published: June 2022

Using examples from the early eighteenth century, from leading evangelical figures like Jonathan Edwards and John Wesley, the conclusion points out that the challenges and tensions confronting divine revelation (in chapters 6 and 7) continued to be prevalent. Particularly, the conclusion notes that by the early 1700s, there was already a marked shift in the way that such leaders approached and understood the purpose and use of divine revelation. Specifically, Edwards and Wesley considered contemporary experiences of divine revelation as something that was unverifiable and outside their ability to scrutinize, demarcating a major rupture between their generation of Protestants and those of the previous century.
Liberation, Repatriation, Reintegration, Retribution
Authors: Moore Bob
Published: June 2022

The collapse and final surrender of the Third Reich presaged the liberation and return home of Allied prisoners of war. Stories of liberation were many and various, as were the accounts of repatriation, with some men refusing to obey orders and wait for an ordered return but trying to get home on their own. Most British and American prisoners were located and soon moved to transit camps, with some arriving home within days of their liberation, while others freed earlier had to make a much longer journey via the Soviet Union. With advance preparations for their reintegration, problems of readjustment were minimized—although not entirely absent. The return of French prisoners was also planned by the provisional Government, but its structures were overwhelmed as the war ended. Moreover, the army of 1940 did not fit the narrative of a resistant France and its men were all but ignored in the process of reconstruction. In complete contrast, Soviet prisoners, whether liberated by the Red Army or indirectly by the Western powers, were treated with suspicion by Stalin’s Government. Subjected to ‘filtration’, interrogations, and long-term discrimination by the regime, having been a prisoner of war had long-term and sometimes fatal consequences for those who had survived Nazi captivity. This included the many hundreds of thousands of their former soldiers who had sympathized with or even joined German formations after their capture. The forcible return of the Cossacks—although widely publicized in the Aldington–Tolstoy case in the United Kingdom in the 1990s—was only the tip of the iceberg and should not mask the fate of many others who were also returned to the tender mercies of the NKVD.
The palaeopathology of traumatic injuries: an evolutionary medicine perspective
Authors: Harrod Ryan P. , Osterholtz Anna J.
Published: June 2022

Traumatic injuries and the physical impairments potentially associated with them can have debilitating or lethal consequences that can affect not only the health of the individual but also the population as a whole. Thus, the analysis of trauma is a common part of palaeopathological reconstructions of the lived experience in the past. A nuanced approach to trauma analysis informs this reconstruction by differentiating between traumatic injury secondary to underlying pathological conditions (e.g. osteoarthritis), trauma related to activity, including that related to occupation, and trauma resulting from interpersonal aggression. With regard to the latter, palaeopathological reconstructions of violence can add to current understandings of the use and patterns of violence within societies today and in the past. This temporal view is integral to an evolutionary medicine perspective, through examining how differential exposure to trauma has shaped humans biologically and culturally through time. Before reconstructions of traumatic patterns can be attempted, a base level of knowledge is required to identify morphological changes to bone and how these alterations differ from taphonomic damage or other pathological changes. This chapter sets out criteria for recording trauma in human skeletal remains and provides examples of how we use trauma to interpret patterns of injuries within the frameworks of bioarchaeology and evolutionary medicine, both accidental and violence-related.
Transnational Advocacy in the Digital Era
Authors: Hall Nina
Published: June 2022

Digital advocacy organizations are a novel, significant addition to the international arena and are shaping public opinion on climate change, trade and refugees. They derive power from their ability to rapidly mobilize members online and offline on a range of issues, in contrast to most non-governmental organizations (NGOs) which wield power through their expertise on, and long-term commitment to, a single issue. Digital advocacy organizations have built a transnational network around a common mode of advocacy, and share technology, tactics, and strategies. Despite operating in a globalized world they tackle transnational problems by focusing on national targets because they see the state as the locus of power. International relations scholars have acknowledged the power of networks in international politics, but have not examined this new generation of digital advocacy organizations and how they are harnessing digitally networked power.
“An Iron Fist in a Silk Glove”
Authors: Jewkes Yvonne
Published: June 2022

This chapter draws on The Society of Captives to explore the pains of imprisonment at Halden prison in Norway, frequently held up in the world’s media as the “model prison” to which all other countries that profess to care about rehabilitation should aspire. The chapter draws on empirical research data to reveal a more complex picture that underlines the basic tenet of Sykes’ argument, which is that any conditions of confinement – however attractive they seem to outsiders – can be experienced as inherently painful and dehumanizing. In fact, the research showed that the aesthetically-pleasing public “face” of Halden may simply do a more effective job of masking pain within, bringing its own insidious form of control as it camouflages the fact of deep-end incarceration. Several prisoners interviewed suggested that the normalized aesthetics and natural beauty of Halden were experienced as a more profound pain than they had experienced in other prisons; a kind of sleight-of-hand, taunting them with a small sense of freedom, that ultimately is denied.
The Changing “Regime of the Custodians”
Authors: Liebling Alison
Published: June 2022

Acts of distrust (the escapes of high profile prisoners from local prisons) led to the establishment of the high security estate in England and Wales in 1968. Problems of disorder followed, despite efforts made to “combine security with humanity”, via decent interpersonal treatment and meaningful regimes. The 1984 Control Review Committee famously stated that control and security flow from “getting relationships right” (Home Office, 1984). This is far from straight-forward. Officers sometimes describe staff-prisoner relationships as a form of “quiet power” (Liebling & Price, 2001, p. 92). This chapter describes four distinct visions forms of order found in high security prisons between 1988 and 2019, describing what happens when relationships decline, when staff or prisoners discover and exploit new power bases, or when staff resort to avoidance rather than negotiation and exchange.
Particular disorder models
Authors: Welberry T.R.
Published: June 2022

The simplest of all disorder models – the nearest-neighbour Markov chain (or Growth disorder model) - is described and the form of the scattered intensity derived. An alternative treatment for the Markov chain using stochastic matrices is explored. Next the Markov chain is compared to the 1D Ising model, which has a seemingly quite different basis but in 1D is shown to be entirely equivalent. A comparison of the Markov or growth-disorder formulation with the Ising formulation is again found instructive in an exploration of models involving second-nearest and more distant neighbours.
Displacements in two or three dimensions
Authors: Welberry T.R.
Published: June 2022

Many of the disorder models that were obtained for binary models can be adapted for use with Gaussian variables to represent atomic displacements. These may be used to introduce both transverse and longitudinal correlations into a model lattice. The magnitudes of displacements may be controlled by the variance of the Gaussian variables. Highly distorted paracrystal lattices can be produced using high variances and high nearest neighbour correlations. Hexagonal paracrystals can be obtained using three independent sets of random variables. It is shown that 2D Gaussian growth models can easily be extended to 3D and higher. (95 words)
Urea inclusion compounds
Authors: Welberry T.R.
Published: June 2022

In these compounds the ‘host’ substructure consists of an open framework of hydrogen-bonded urea molecules, in which exist parallel one-dimensional tunnels of diameter about 5.5 – 6 Å that accommodate ‘guest’ molecules such as the n-alkanes or similar long-chain molecules. A description is given of how diffuse X-ray scattering in conjunction with Monte Carlo (MC) computer simulation can be used to investigate guest-host interactions, with particular reference to n-hexadecane-urea (HD-urea) and 1,10-dibromo-n-decane-urea (DBD-urea). The MC modeling identified the origins of different features of the diffraction patterns. Along the channels the alkanes form a pseudo 1D crystal. There is short-range order between the orientations of molecules in neighbouring channels that leads to a phase transition in which ordered domains are formed. (119 words)
Strain effects in disordered crystals
Authors: Welberry T.R.
Published: June 2022

A feature that has been observed in the diffuse scattering patterns of a wide variety of different materials — a diffuse ‘ring’ or ‘doughnut’ shaped region of scattering — can be understood in terms of a simple model that has been borrowed from the field of sol–gel science. In this it is supposed that there is a balance between the local attractive forces that are trying to make a particular structure and a rather longer-range repulsive force. In the disordered crystal context it is suggested that this latter force has its origin in the strain that builds as the preferred local structure tries to fit into the average crystal lattice. The three examples discussed are a urea inclusion compound, cubic stabilized zirconia and a disordered molecular crystal.
Final Thoughts
Authors: Woo Jaejoon
Published: June 2022

This chapter reflects upon major findings about various socioeconomic issues and problems from the preceding chapters and puts into perspective what would constitute critical elements of ideal policy solutions and the direction of the future government’s role. Yet it is not so much about the choice between state intervention and a free market, as is often painted in the scholarly debate. It argues that the government’s role and intervention must evolve toward areas where government function is essential or which are strategically important yet market initiatives are weak (or absent); whereas government should refrain from intervening in markets that can effectively function under proper rules and regulatory frameworks. Here the essential government function goes beyond the traditional role such as public goods provision and intervention to correct market failures, including an active government role in providing institutional frameworks that markets need to function well. It also includes a fiscally robust and working welfare state. There are many areas in the market-driven economy that await a constructive and modern government role, as illustrated in the chapter. From a structural point of view, though, one of the most imperative tasks that requires the decisive action of the government or the political system in general is to take bold and yet sensible structural changes and reform to revitalize the dynamism of the economy and improve the economic opportunity in Korean society.
Female Genital Mutilation: An Overview
Authors: Proudman Charlotte
Published: June 2022

The introductory chapter gives an overview of FGM, as a practice both in the UK and internationally. It outlines the heritage and trajectory of anti-FGM laws in the UK. As FGM continues to be performed in the UK, this chapter draws on the existing evidence in respect of the prevalence of the practice. The four types of FGM and the changing dynamics of the practice are explored in detail. The chapter draws on the motivations for FGM which underpin the prevalence of the practice. It concludes with an outline of the diverse interview participants that gave their time and knowledge to participate in the research that has culminated in this ground-breaking book.
Perception: First Form of Mind
Authors: Burge Tyler
Published: June 2022

Perception is the first form of representational mind to emerge in evolution. Three types of form are discussed: formal representational structure of perceptual states, formation characteristics in computations of perceptual states, and the form of the visual and visuomotor systems. The book distinguishes perception from non-perceptual sensing. The formal representational structure of perceptual states is developed via a systematic semantics for them—an account of what it is for them to be accurate or inaccurate. This semantics is elaborated by explaining how the representational form is embedded in an iconic format. These structures are then situated in what is known about the processing of perceptual representations, with emphasis on formation of perceptual categorizations. Features of processing that provide insight into the scope of the perceptual (paradigmatically visual) system are highlighted. Relations between these processes and associated perceptual-level capacities—conation, attention, memory, anticipation, affect, learning, imagining—are delineated. Roughly, a perceptual-level capacity is one that borrows its form and content from perception and involves processing that is no more complex or sophisticated than processing that occurs in the classical visual hierarchy. Relations between perception and these associated perceptual-level capacities are argued to occur within the perceptual and perceptual-motor systems. An account of what it is to occur within these systems is elaborated. An upshot is refinement of the distinction between perceptual-level capacities, on one hand, and thought and conception, on the other. Intermediate territory between perception-level representation and propositional thought is explored. The book is resolutely a work in philosophy of science. It attempts to understand perception by focusing on its form, function, and underlying capacities, as indicated in the sciences of perception, rather than by relying on introspection or ordinary talk about perception.
Introduction
Authors: Smith Murray
Published: June 2022

The Introduction outlines the major concerns and central questions of the study, as well as sketching the recent and more extended intellectual history leading to it. What is the nature (the logic, the rationality) of our responses to fictional characters? In what sense, if any, do we respond to characters in films and other media as if they were real persons? Is such a (mis)apprehension a prerequisite for having an emotional response to a character? What exactly do we mean when we say that we ‘identify’ with a particular character? What is the significance of our emotional responses to characters with respect to the social and ideological import of narratives? These questions lie at the heart of our engagement with fictions, and of the institution of fiction itself. And yet in recent times, a confluence of influential artistic and theoretical traditions has led to a deep suspicion of the phenomena of character and emotion. As a consequence, we lack a nuanced theoretical account of a central aspect of narrative. The Introduction concludes by adumbrating the model of character engagement the book proposes via a brief exploration of The Accused, and provides an overview of the chapters to come.
The Saliency of Character
Authors: Smith Murray
Published: June 2022

What is a character? What does the concept ‘character’ denote in everyday discourse, and in literary and art theory? This chapter reviews the stances taken towards character as a key component of narrative, with attention to both classical tradition and contemporary debate, especially as that debate has been shaped by modernist practice and (post-)structuralist theory. Against the grain of these bodies of work, which tend to treat character in the everyday sense as at best naïve and at worst pernicious, the chapter mounts the case that characters are indeed fictional analogues of human agents, and as such necessarily possess a high degree of saliency in our experience of narrative. The role of the body, of proper names and pronouns, and of the person schema—a fundamental set of assumptions about what constitutes a human agent—in our traffic with characters are examined.
The Imaginative Spectator
Authors: Smith Murray
Published: June 2022

If characters are fictional analogues of human agents and are necessarily salient features of the narratives in which they appear, what capacities of mind do they depend on for their creation and appreciation? This chapter lays out a ‘cognitive-anthropological’ vision of mind drawing on contemporary cognitive theory and philosophy of mind, in place of the psychoanalytically oriented model so influential in recent film, literary, and art theory. Here the accent is on the significance of conscious, imaginative activity, and the spectator as an agent capable of learning new ideas and revising their existing beliefs and values through their experience of films, even as they inevitably also hold ideologically loaded and epistemically defective assumptions through the mental schemata they have absorbed through formal and informal social learning. The chapter defends the notion of mimesis, alongside that of character, as another basic and indispensable item in the cognitive toolkit necessary for understanding narrative representation.
Conclusion
Authors: Smith Murray
Published: June 2022

The Conclusion takes stock of the argument of Engaging Characters, surveying the standing issues requiring further research and the new questions the study brings into view. In addition, it returns to the comparison between the model of character engagement advanced in the book and its most influential contemporary rivals: the everyday or ‘folk’ model of identification, the psychoanalytic elaboration of identification, and the neo-Brechtian counter-model. The chapter proposes an alternative perspective on the legacy of Brecht’s practice and theory, placing the German playwright within rather than outside of or against the tradition of aesthetics. The model of character engagement, it argues, enables the ‘complex seeing’ advocated by Brecht.
The Latino Resident Physician Shortage: A Challenge and Opportunity for Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion
Authors: Martínez Laura E. , Anaya Yohualli Balderas-Medina , Santizo Greenwood Seira , Diaz Sonja F.M. , Wohlmuth Cinna T. , Hayes-Bautista David E.
Published: June 2022

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to examine the number of Latino physicians in residency training and Latino resident physician trends in the nation’s 10 largest medical specialties in the United States and in the 4 states with the largest Latino populations: California, Florida, New York, and Texas.

Method

The authors used data from the United States Census Bureau’s American Community Survey to determine Latino populations and a special report from the Association of American Medical Colleges to determine rates of Latino resident physicians in the United States and in California, Florida, New York, and Texas from 2001 to 2017. Rates of Latino residents in the nation’s 10 specialties with the largest number of residents were also determined.

Results

From 2001 to 2017, the United States had an average of 37 resident physicians per 100,000 population. At the national level, however, Latino residents were underrepresented, with only 14 per 100,000 Latino population. At the state level, California and Texas, the 2 states with the largest Latino populations (39.4% and 39.7% of their population, respectively), had 5 and 9 Latino residents per 100,000 Latino population, respectively. Latino residents in California, Texas, Florida, and New York were also very underrepresented in the primary care specialties examined.

Conclusions

The findings show a severe shortage of Latino resident physicians. While a similar shortage also exists in primary care specialties, the majority of Latinos in states with large Latino populations are consistently choosing to train in primary care. Investment and greater improvement in the representation of certain population groups in medicine and for combating the inequities existing in the current educational system is needed. The authors offer recommendations to increase the number of Latinos in residency programs and for increasing the number of Spanish-speaking physicians and Latino international medical graduates in residency programs.
Interventions addressing fear of cancer recurrence: challenges and future perspectives
Authors: Prins Judith B. , Deuning-Smit Esther , Custers José A.E.
Published: June 2022

Purpose of review

Fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) is a common concern among cancer survivors and support for FCR is one of the most cited unmet needs. High FCR was found to be related to increased use of healthcare services, specifically primary healthcare and medical consultations, and lower quality of life. In the past decade screening instruments for FCR and interventions have been developed and proven effective.

Recent findings

Systematic reviews and meta-analyses have shown that psychological treatments are effective for reducing FCR. The cost-effectiveness of FCR interventions could be increased by considering stepped or matched models for supportive care. Despite availability of evidence-based interventions, the proposed care models are not implemented and most cancer survivors still do not benefit from supportive care.

The time is right to focus on implementation of FCR interventions into clinical practice. The complexity of optimizing FCR care is characterized by barriers and facilitators in the domains of patients, healthcare professionals, healthcare organizations and the broader economic, and political context. The main challenge for future research is to address these issues so that former investments in high-quality FCR intervention research will pay out in actual practice changes in the benefit of cancer survivors.
Question prompt lists to improve communication between cancer patients and healthcare professionals
Authors: Terrasson Johanna , Rault Aude , Dolbeault Sylvie , Brédart Anne
Published: June 2022

Purpose of review

This literature review sets out to summarize knowledge on the impact of question prompt lists (QPLs) on patient-physician communication in oncology and to provide an account of current research on the development, adaptation, and implementation of this type of communication tool.

Recent findings

Provided with a QPL, patients seem to ask more questions, in particular on sensitive issues like those around the end-of-life period and they recall the information provided better. There is a need to adapt QPLs, taking account of divergences in attitudes towards illness, participation in decision-making, and discussions about the illness prognosis across cultures. QPLs may also need to be tailored to specific concerns of patients at the different stages in the care trajectory and to the particularities of each cancer type. These adaptations contribute to the effectiveness of the tool because they make it possible to tailor it to the challenges and constraints experienced in clinical practice.

QPLs are designed to enhance patients’ communication with their physicians. Further research is required to develop QPLs suited to each cultural and clinical setting, involving health professionals so as to facilitate the implementation of these tools in routine practice.
New molecular entities of soft tissue and bone tumors
Authors: Lam Suk Wai , Silva Tulio M. , Bovée Judith V.M.G.
Published: June 2022

Purpose of review

The advances of molecular techniques have led to the refinement of the classification of mesenchymal tumors, leading to newly introduced entities in the recently published fifth edition of the WHO Classification of Soft Tissue and Bone Tumors, which are discussed in this review.

Recent findings

For the first time, entities are included of which the name refers to the underlying molecular alteration including round cell sarcoma with EWSR1-non-ETS fusions, CIC-rearranged sarcoma, and sarcoma with BCOR genetic alteration. EWSR1-SMAD3-positive fibroblastic tumor and NTRK-rearranged spindle cell neoplasm are provisionally included as ‘emerging’ entities based on the underlying molecular alteration, though the entity still needs to be better defined. Other newly recognized entities are not named after their molecular change, but the molecular alteration helped to delineate them from others: atypical spindle cell/pleomorphic lipomatous tumor, anastomosing hemangioma, angiofibroma of soft tissue, myxoid pleomorphic liposarcoma, and poorly differentiated chordoma.

Classification of mesenchymal tumors is increasingly based on the underlying molecular changes, although this cannot be interpreted separately from clinical, morphological, and immunohistochemical characteristics.
CIC-DUX4 sarcomas
Authors: Brahmi Mehdi , Vanacker Hélène , Macagno Nicolas , Tirode Franck , Dufresne Armelle
Published: June 2022

Purpose of review

CIC-DUX4 sarcoma (CDS) is a high-grade undifferentiated round cells sarcoma that belongs to the undifferentiated round cell sarcomas family. It represents less than one percent of sarcomas, defining a rarest among rare malignancies. It affects young adults, displaying soft tissue mass. Considered very aggressive, a high proportion of cases display an advanced disease with lung metastasis at diagnosis. Here we discuss recent progress in molecular characterization of CDS, the main tracks of CDS biology and the current and future prospects of therapeutic approaches.

Recent findings

CDS is characterized by a specific oncogenic translocation CIC::DUX4 that induce ETV4 overexpression. Patients with CDS show an aggressive clinical course and have a significantly unfavorable outcome compared to Ewing sarcoma. As of today, there is a lack of consensus on whether they should be treated with an Ewing-like approach, as currently done by most sites, or regarded as high-grade soft tissue sarcoma (STS). Anyway, when feasible, combination regimens including anthracycline and alkylating agents should be favored and patients should not benefit from a therapeutic de-escalation. Overall, registration within clinical trials and prospective registries is recommended.

Overall, CDS showed a poor prognosis regardless of the patterns of treatment that warrant biological studies to better understand the disease.