bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in Adult Periodontitis. I. Topographic Distribution Before and After Treatment
Authors: Mombelli Andrea , Gmür Rudolf , Gobbi Cristina , Lang Niklaus P.
Published: March 2012

The aim of this investigation was to study the topographic distribution of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in patients with adult periodontitis before and after mechanical periodontal treatment (repeated oral hygiene instructions, systematic deep scaling, and root planing). In 10 A. actinomycetemcomitans‐positive patients, subgingival microbial samples were obtained from the mesial and distal aspect of every tooth (38 to 56 sites per patient, 479 sites in total) before and one month after treatment. The samples were cultured on TSBV agar. A. actinomycetemcomitans was identified based on phenotypical and serological criteria. A. actinomycetemcomitans was present in 40% of the samples taken before and in 23% of the samples taken after treatment. Before treatment, the frequency of A. actinomycetemcomitans‐positive samples per patient was wide spread and ranged from 7 to 90%. After treatment, two patterns of A. actinomycetemcomitans distribution could be recognized: the majority of the patients showed only a limited percentage of positive samples and yielded less than 105 A. actinomycetemcomitans. In three subjects, however, relatively high numbers of positive sites were still present, and many of these positive sites showed high A. actinomycetemcomitans counts. Logistic multiple regression showed the presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans before treatment depended strongly on the individual and was significantly associated with probing depth (P <0.001) and bleeding upon sampling (P = 0.07). The highest chance of detecting A. actinomycetemcomitans existed in deep pockets which bled upon sampling. After treatment, there was a strong individual influence and an influence of probing depth (P <0.001). The highest chance of detecting A. actinomycetemcomitans existed in residual pockets in the range of 5 mm. J Periodontol 1994; 65:820–826.
The Influence of Supragingival Plaque Control on Clinical and Microbial Outcomes Following the Use of Antibiotics for the Treatment of Periodontitis
Authors: Kornman K.S. , Newman M.G. , Moore D.J. , Singer R.E.
Published: March 2012

Although supragingival plaque control is essential to successful periodontal therapy, the role of plaque control following systemic antibiotic use in periodontal disease has not been well defined. This study evaluated, following antibiotic use, which clinical and microbial parameters appeared to be influenced primarily by the antibiotics, independent of plaque control, and which outcomes appeared to be dependent on plaque control. Two hundred thirty‐six patients (236) with moderate to severe periodontitis were clinically evaluated and microbial samples were taken by their private‐practice periodontists. All patients were treated with scaling and root planing and a variety of systemic antibiotics, which were selected based on the microbial and clinical profile of the patient. Three months after therapy, patients were reevaluated and grouped by post‐treatment plaque control, as either having very good oral hygiene (LoPl: N = 143; ≥ 10% plaquecovered surfaces) or poor oral hygiene (HiPl: N = 93; ≥ 25% plaque‐covered surfaces). The two groups had different plaque and bleeding scores initially, but similar numbers of pockets probing >5 mm and similar microbial patterns. Although the LoPl group had a significantly greater reduction in plaque than the HiPl group, bleeding scores and probing depths changed comparably in both groups after antibiotic therapy. Plaque control influenced outcomes significantly, but in a complex manner. The LoPl group exhibited a significantly greater reduction in certain bacteria, for example P. gingivalis. Interactions between plaque control and specific microbial parameters significantly affected clinical outcomes, although neither alone was sufficient to predict outcomes following antibiotic therapy. In general, good oral hygiene appears to be important in achieving the best clinical and microbial response when antibiotics are used to treat periodontitis. The impact of plaque control on clinical outcomes may be best understood as a complex interaction with the presence or absence of specific microorganisms. J Periodontol 1994; 65:848–854.
Root Grooves: A Risk Factor in Periodontal Attachment Loss
Authors: Leknes Knut N. , Lie Tryggve , Selvig Knut A.
Published: March 2012

Periodontal health reflects a balance between harmful and protective elements in the gingival margin area. The total plaque mass, specific periodontopathogens, and local environmental factors may challenge this balance. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the effect of proximal root grooves as a risk factor in periodontal attachment loss. One‐hundred and three (103) extracted, formalin‐stored, single‐rooted teeth showing loss of attachment and having one non‐grooved and one grooved proximal root surface were selected for the study. Following staining in 0.1% toluidine blue to visualize attached periodontal ligament remnants, the teeth were examined in a light microscope under incident light. On each tooth, loss of attachment was measured along the long axis of the root from the cemento‐enamel junction to the most coronal level of the stained periodontal ligament remnants on mesial as well as on distal surfaces. Incisors and premolars were grouped separately. For both groups, a statistically significant greater loss of attachment was present on grooved than on non‐grooved surfaces (P < 0.0001). Generally, there was a direct relationship between groove location and maximum loss of attachment. The results indicate that proximal root grooves should be considered in periodontal diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment planning. J Periodontol 1994;65:859–863.
Gingival Recession: Intra‐Oral Distribution and Associated Factors
Authors: Joshipura Kaumudi J. , Kent Ralph L. , DePaola Paul F.
Published: March 2012

This study assesses the role of poor oral hygiene and forceful toothbrushing as risk factors for recession. As part of a cross‐sectional root surface caries study, 298 subjects, 42 to 67 years of age, with at least one exposed root surface, were examined. Since 66% of the root surface exposure and practically all the abrasion was on buccal surfaces, the analyses focused only on the buccal surface. Analysis of variance on subject means for buccal recession showed both calculus and presence of buccal root surfaces with abrasion to be significantly associated with recession after adjusting for age and gender. Root surface abrasion was considered a surrogate variable for forceful brushing. An additional analysis utilized means for each tooth, aggregating across subjects. For each of the 32 tooth types mean buccal recession, percent of exposed root surfaces with abrasion (%ra), and mean debris and calculus scores were calculated. Partial correlation coefficients across tooth types between recession and calculus, adjusting for abrasion, and for recession and abrasion adjusting for calculus, were 0.55. Interpretation of the %ra as a crude measure of forceful brushing is supported by its strong negative correlation across tooth types, with mean debris (r = −0.8) and mean calculus (r = −0.7). Separate analyses on premolars and on molars suggested that recession on premolars may be primarily due to brushing force and on the molars may be primarily due to debris and calculus. The findings suggest that recession is positively associated with percent abrasion (reflecting forceful brushing) and with poor oral hygiene. J Periodontol 1994;65:864–871.
Evaluation of the Effects of Diagnostic Radiation on Titanium Dental Implant Osseointegration in the Micropig
Authors: Basquill Patrick J. , Steflik David E. , Brennan William A. , Horner Jack , Van Dyke Thomas E.
Published: March 2012

The effect that diagnostic radiation may have on peri‐implant supporting alveolar tissues is not well understood. Fifty‐four (54) titanium dental implants were inserted into the posterior mandible of nine micropigs. At implant placement surgery, 18 implants were exposed to either 2 (diagnostic) or 10 (excessive) doses of diagnostic radiation; the remaining 36 implants served as controls. Fourteen weeks after implant placement, standardized clinical radiographs were taken, pigs were euthanized, and implants with supporting alveolar tissues were prepared and examined by light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Ninety‐seven sections were evaluated by SEM for morphometric and morphologic analyses. The mean percent of implant length in contact with bone was 47% for the controls and 53% for the implants receiving radiation. Five implants were lost during the initial healing phase and four implants were clinically mobile at time of euthanasia, giving a success rate of 83% (45/54). Correlative light microscopy of peri‐implant supporting tissues revealed no distinct differences between the microvasculature of controls versus implants exposed to radiation. Standardized clinical radiographs revealed crestal saucerization in both control and radiated implants. This study revealed no statistically significant difference for the percent of implant length in contact with alveolar bone for controls or implants exposed to 2 or 10 doses of diagnostic radiation at implant placement time. J Periodontol 1994;65:872–880.
Bone Grafting and Guided Bone Regeneration for Immediate Dental Implants in Humans
Authors: Gher Marlin E. , Quintero George , Assad Daniel , Monaco Edward , Richardson A. C.
Published: March 2012

This study evaluated bone regeneration and osseointegration of hydroxyapatite (HA) coated and titanium plasma sprayed (TPS) implants placed in sockets immediately after extraction in 36 adults, mean age 55.2 years (range 26 to 81 years). Twelve TPS and 10 HA‐coated implants in 20 patients were grafted with demineralized freeze‐dried bone allograft (DFDBA), covered with a barrier material, and the facial flap coronally positioned to attain primary closure (experimental). The remaining 11 TPS and 10 HAcoated implants were placed similarly, except that no DFDBA was used (control). Osseous structures were measured at the initial placement and 6‐month re‐entry surgeries. At the 6‐month re‐entry, all implants placed were clinically osseointegrated. Bone resorption at the most coronal socket crest was −1.53 mm for the grafted group and −1.59 mm for the control group. Crestal bone apposition of 1.39 mm was noted at the most apical socket crest (ASC) for the grafted group, whereas crestal resorption of −0.11 mm was noted in the ungrafted control group (P < 0.02). Bone fill from the base of the deepest osseous defect was 5.68 mm for the grafted group and 3.18 mm for the control group (P < 0.04). Complete resolution of osseous defects occurred at 15 of 22 sites in the grafted group and at 9 of 21 sites in the control group. Clinical exposure of the barrier material and a subsequent inflammatory response at 27 of 43 sites, required removal of the material prior to the 6‐month re‐entry and was associated with significantly more bone loss at the ASC sites (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference for any of the parameters when comparing the TPS with the HA‐coated implants. J Periodontol 1994;65:881–891.
Reproducibility of Periodontal Probing Using a Conventional Manual and an Automated Force‐Controlled Electronic Probe
Authors: Wang Su‐Fang , Leknes Knut N. , Zimmerman Grenith J. , Sigurdsson Thorarinn J. , Wikesjö Ulf M.E. , Selvig Knut A.
Published: March 2012

A total of 1,128 sites in 15 periodontal maintenance patients were examined twice, 7 to 10 days apart, to evaluate reproducibility of periodontal probing by a conventional manual and an automated force‐controlled electronic probe. Probing depths (PD) and relative attachment levels (AL) were recorded to the nearest 0.5 mm with both instruments. At each visit, all sites were probed first with the conventional and then with the electronic probe. Reproducibility of PD at shallow sites (PD ≤3 mm) by the manual probe was 59.1% for exact agreement and 98.6% within ± 1.0 mm variation. For the electronic probe, corresponding values were 41.3% and 91.5%, respectively. Reproducibility of PD measurements at deeper sites (PD >3 mm), was 33.0% for exact match and 96.4% within ± 1.0 mm for the manual and, correspondingly, 31.7% and 85.9% for the electronic probe. Reproducibility of AL followed a similar pattern, but was consistently lower than for PD. Reproducibility was consistently higher for anterior than for posterior sites and, for some comparisons, higher in the maxilla than in the mandible. These differences were smaller for the manual than for the electronic probe. Time required to complete the probing was longer for the conventional probe than for the electronic instrument. Under the prevailing study conditions, the automated force‐controlled electronic probe failed to offer significant advantages over the conventional manual probe. J Periodontol 1995;66:38–46.
The Feasibility and Reliability of Using a Home Screening Test to Detect Gingival Inflammation
Authors: Kopczyk Raymond A. , Graham Richard , Ahrams Herbert , Kaplan Alan , Matheny James , Jasper Samuel J.
Published: March 2012

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and reliability of using a home screening occult blood test to detect the presence of gingival inflammation. Fifty (50) healthy male and female subjects participated in this study. Pre‐ and post‐stimulation saliva samples were obtained and tested for occult blood. Subjects brushed for one minute to stimulate gingival bleeding associated with inflammation. Saliva samples were obtained and tested for occult blood using a commercial screening kit. Following the screening test, a bleeding index (BOP) was determined and used as an indicator of gingival inflammation. Those with a BOP >50% were assigned to the high group. Those with a BOP of 31 to 50% were assigned to the middle group, and those with a BOP of ≤30% were assigned to the low group. Twelve subjects in the high group, 10 subjects in the mid group, and 2 subjects in the low group tested positive for occult blood following stimulation. A chi‐square analysis showed an association between the screening test for occult blood and the groups (P = 0.0001). The test sensitivity was 75.9% and the specificity was 90.5%. J Periodontol 1995; 66:52–54.
Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Periodontopathic Bacteria Associated With Failing Implants
Authors: Sbordone Ludovico , Barone Antonio , Ramaglia Luca , Ciaglia Renato N. , Iacono Vincent J.
Published: March 2012

The aim of this study was to examine the subgingival microflora associated with failing implants, and to determine their susceptibility to commonly used antibiotics in periodontal therapy and dental practice. Thirteen partially edentulous patients with 19 failing implants were selected. Clinical examination included probing depth, attachment level, gingival index, plaque index, and radiographic analyses. Two subgingival plaque samples were taken from each failing implant and analyzed for microbial composition. Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Prevotella intermedia were the prevalent cultivable microflora. Antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates was determined by the agar dilution technique. Antibacterial activity of penicillin G, amoxicillin, amoxicillin‐clavulanate, and the combination amoxicillin‐metronidazole was significantly higher than with other antibiotics tested. These data indicated that the commonly‐used antibiotics were highly effective against bacteria isolated around failing implants, which would suggest the use of these antibiotics to control peri‐implant infections. J Periodontol 1995; 66:69–74.
Effects of a Bleaching Agent on Human Gingival Fibroblasts
Authors: Tipton David A. , Braxton Sonia D. , Dabbous Mustafa Kh.
Published: March 2012

Mild oxygenating agents generating low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are effective alternatives to heat‐activated 30% H2O2 in bleaching discolored, vital teeth. There are concerns about possible pathological effects of long‐term exposure to bleaching agents, and irritation and ulceration of the gingiva and other oral soft tissues can occur. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of one of these agents on gingival fibroblasts in vitro. Microscopic examination revealed that concentrations of 0.05% to 0.025% of the agent appeared to kill most of the cells. At concentrations of 0.025% to 0.017% some morphological changes were noted; the cells appeared normal at concentrations of ≤0.0125%. The agent significantly (P ≤0.002) decreased proliferation (measured by incorporation of [3H]‐thymidine into cellular DNA) at concentrations as low as 0.006%. The agent also had a dose‐dependent effect on fibronectin production, measured by ELISA, causing significant (P≤0.03) decreases at concentrations as low as 0.017%. The agent significantly decreased the production of types I (P ≤0.01) and III (P ≤0.04) collagens (measured by ELISA) at concentrations as low as 0.0125%. Type V collagen was not detected under any conditions. Catalase, which catalizes the breakdown of H2O2, abolished toxic effects of a 0.05% solution. The results show that in vitro, the agent is toxic to human gingival fibroblasts, inhibiting several cellular functions. Taken together, the findings of the study suggest that while the agent is toxic to gingival fibroblasts in vitro, enzymes in the oral environment which destroy H2O2 may protect oral tissues and their component cells in vivo from the potential toxic effects of the agent. J Periodontol 1995; 66:7–13.
Fibroblasts, Mononuclear Phagocytes, and Endothelial Cells Express Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein‐1 (MCP‐1) in Inflamed Human Gingiva
Authors: Yu Xiaohui , Graves Dana T.
Published: March 2012

Gingival inflammation is initiated by bacterial colonization of the tooth surface. It is characterized by infiltration of mononuclear cells, a feature of many forms of chronic inflammation. Monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) is the predominant monocyte chemoattractant secreted by a variety of cells in vitro. We examined MCP‐1 expression in chronic gingival inflammation by double antibody immunohistochemistry that utilized rabbit anti‐MCP‐1 antibody simultaneously with mouse monoclonal antibodies to specific cellular markers. MCP‐1 mRNA expression by fibroblasts in inflamed gingival tissues was examined by in situ hybridization. We report here that in human chronic gingival inflammation the principal cell type expressing MCP‐1 in dense inflammatory infiltrates is the mononuclear phagocyte. The cells expressing MCP‐1 in moderately inflamed areas and in adjacent areas to inflammatory infiltrates are mononuclear phagocytes and fibroblasts, while in areas of fibroblastic hyperplasia, MCP‐1 positive cells are predominantly fibroblasts. We also demonstrate that in moderately and highly inflamed areas, the extent of MCP‐1 expression is greater than that in adjacent normal/mildly inflamed areas. As the degree of inflammation increased, there is also a concomitant increase in the number of mononuclear phagocytes. Furthermore, it is apparent that most of the infiltrating monocytes/macrophages are positive for MCP‐1 in vivo. Our finding that MCP‐1 expression is unambiguously identified in fibroblasts suggests that they can play a role in host defense by initiating the recruitment of monocytes. In addition, the expression of chemokines such as MCP‐1 may represent a mechanism for amplification of inflammatory signals in gingival inflammation. J Periodontol 1995; 66:80–88.
An Assessment of the Validity of a Constant Force Electronic Probe in Measuring Probing Depths
Authors: Hull P.S. , Clerehugh V. , Ghassemi‐Aval A.
Published: March 2012

Reproducible and accurate measurement of probing depth and attachment levels is important in longitudinal studies and clinical monitoring of patients. The aim of this study was to determine the validity of a constant force electronic probe in comparison with a conventional probe in measuring probing depth. Thirty‐three teeth scheduled for extraction from 15 patients were used in the study. Probing depths were measured with a constant force electronic probe and a conventional probe at six sites per tooth prior to extraction. The teeth were extracted, washed, and stained and the actual probing depth measured in the laboratory. The constant force electronic probe showed a consistent systematic bias to under measure pocket depths. The mean difference was 0.48 mm, which was statistically significant (P < 0.01). The conventional probe over measured by a statistically non‐significant mean of 0.08 mm (P > 0.05). The measurements with the constant force electronic probe were not affected by the site or the position of the tooth in the mouth. The study demonstrated that the constant force electronic probe under measured the probing depths as determined in the laboratory and was less valid than the conventional probe. However, the validity of probing depth measurements using the constant force electronic probe was clinically acceptable. J Periodontol 1995;66:848–851.
Metastatic Lung Carcinoma Involving the Periodontium. Report of a Case
Authors: Alández J. , Llanes F. , Herrera J. I. , Carasol M. , Bascones A.
Published: March 2012

A case of metastatic bronchogenic carcinoma to the gingiva in a 47‐year‐old male is reported. The gingival lesion developed as a quickly growing mass and appeared 2 months after surgical excision and radiotherapy of the lung carcinoma were completed. The gingival tumor was histopathologically diagnosed as a poorly differentiated squamous carcinoma. Comparative cytologie studies showed similarities between the gingival metastasis and the previous lung cancer. J Periodontol 1995;66:896–898.
Abscess Formation Around the Apex of a Maxillary Root Form Implant: Clinical and Microscopical Aspects. A Case Report
Authors: Piattelli A. , Scarano A. , Piattelli M.
Published: March 2012

This case report describes the occurrence of an abscess in the periapical area of a root form maxillary titanium implant, with a radiolucent appearance and purulent discharge. The removal of the infected periapical tissues was carried out but the clinical symptoms of infection persisted, an attempt at guided tissue regeneration with a freeze‐dried dura mater membrane notwithstanding, and it was necessary to remove the implant. The microscopical examination showed that it was possible to observe nonviable bone tissue, with absence of bone cells and areas of bone resorption in the apical portion of the implant. These microscopical features were compatible with an acute localized suppurative osteomyelitis. J Periodontol 1995;66:899–903.
Frequency of Self‐Reported Medical Conditions in Periodontal Patients
Authors: Peacock Mark E. , Carson Robert E.
Published: March 2012

Assessing the medical history of patients before any treatment is provided is an essential aspect of the periodontist's responsibility. A patient's compromised medical state could alter the response to periodontal treatment or worse, contribute to a crisis situation that may prove harmful to his or her well‐being. This study examines the frequency of medical conditions in periodontal patients utilizing a self‐administered health questionnaire succeeded by directly interviewing the patient for validity. Health histories were taken from 590 periodontal patients in an outpatient setting; 52.5% of these patients reported a positive finding in their medical history, with drug allergies and cardiovascular disorders being by far the most frequently found conditions. The frequency of medical conditions increased with increasing age. Thorough evaluation of a patient's health history is a mandatory first step in the treatment process. J Periodontol 1995;66:1004–1007.
A Scanning Electron Microscope Study Comparing the Effectiveness of Different Types of Sharpening Stones and Curets
Authors: Rossi Roberto , Smukler Hyman
Published: March 2012

The effects of various types of sharpening stones on standard carbon steel Gracey type curets, and the influence of the sharpened curets on periodontally involved root surfaces, during in vitro scaling and root planing, was evaluated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Six different sharpening stones of varying texture, two of aluminum oxide, two India, and two Arkansas stones were assigned to sharpen six groups of 10 curets each. The curets were first examined under SEM and photographed and all exhibited edge irregularities. They were then sharpened with the different stones and again examined and photographed using SEM. The sharpness of each instrument was graded, related to the type of stone used, and the data compared statistically. A positive correlation was found between the texture of stone used and the surface sharpness it produced on the cutting edge of the instrument. The curets were then used to root plane the root surfaces on periodontally involved, extracted teeth. Replicas of the root surfaces were examined with SEM before and after removal of the smear layer with 10% EDTA. The planed and cleaned root surfaces revealed the effects of the sharpened instruments, with the relative surface roughness of the instrument being imparted to the tooth surface. The curets sharpened with finer grit stones produced smoother surfaces than those sharpened with the rough or coarse grit stone. It may be concluded that the sharpness of curets is related to the type of sharpening stone used and in turn to the smoothness of the planed root. J Periodontol 1995;66:956–961.
10‐Year Periodontal Response to Resin Bonded Bridges
Authors: Romberg Elaine , Wood Morton , Thompson Van P. , Morrison Grace V. , Suzuki Jon B.
Published: March 2012

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long‐term (10 years ± 15 months) periodontal response to resin bonded bridges (RBRs). A total of 103 patients who had RBRs bonded between 1980 and 1984 were recalled. Periodontal evaluations were made by two clinicians for all abutment teeth and for selected control teeth with intact, non‐restored lingual surfaces. Periodontal indices consisted of: plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), gingival recession, probing depth, and loss of attachment. Paired t tests indicated no significant difference in overall GI between experimental and control sites, but a significant difference in PI and probing depth with experimental sites (abutment teeth) showing higher PI and greater probing depths. Significant differences were found in overall recession and attachment loss, again with more recession and attachment loss observed on the abutment teeth as compared to the controls. Site specific analyses for PI, probing, and loss of attachment showed small but significant differences between experimental and control teeth in 15 of 21 sites. Although these findings may be statistically significant, the clinical impact for resin bonded restorations functioning for over 10 years is minimal and is comparable to periodontal response to other types of restorations. J Periodontal 1995;66:973–977.
Reproducibility and Validity of Furcation Measurements as Related to Class of Furcation Invasion
Authors: Eickholz Peter
Published: March 2012

The furcation involvement of 200 molars in 50 patients suffering from advanced periodontitis was investigated. Presurgically, the horizontal probing attachment levels (CAL‐H) within the furcations of 4 molars per patient was assessed twice within 14 days. Within a subset of 11 patients duplicate measurements of clinical probing depths (PD) and vertical clinical attachment levels (CAL‐V) at the same molars were performed. To determine the measurement error of CAL‐H, PD and CAL‐V, respectively, the standard deviation of single measurements was calculated. The CAL‐II measurements were repeated intrasurgically and compared with presurgical assessments of furcation measurements. The overall standard deviation of single measurements was 0.759 mm. For Class 0, I, and II furcations, the standard deviations were 0.879 mm, 0.664 mm, 0.682 mm, respectively. The standard deviation of PD single measurements and CAL‐V single measurements varied from 0.393 mm to 0.993 mm (PD) and from 0.555 mm to 1.161 mm (CAL‐V), respectively. The agreement of replicate measurements of furcation degrees was moderate for furcation locations which showed a CAL‐H ≤ 3 mm and a CAL‐H > 3 mm, respectively (weighted k‐coefficients 0.500 and 0.691). At sites with furcation involvement Class 0 and II there was no statistically significant difference between presurgical and intrasurgical measurements. At sites with Class I furcations there was a statistically significant mean difference of 0.255 mm between presurgically and intrasurgically assessed CAL‐H. There was no statistically significant difference between furcation classes as assessed presurgically and intrasurgically (x2 between 1.9 and 4.4). J Periodontol 1995;66:984–989.
Inhibition of Neutrophil and Monocyte Defensive Functions by Nicotine
Authors: Pabst Michael J. , Pabst Karen M. , Collier John A. , Coleman Thomas C. , Lemons‐Prince Marny L. , Godat Mitchel S. , Waring Margaret B. , Babu Jegdish P.
Published: March 2012

To learn more about the effects of smokeless tobacco on the defensive functions of neutrophils, we studied the influence of nicotine on these cells in vitro, looking at their bactericidal activity against oral pathogens, and at their ability to produce microbicidal reactive oxygen species (oxygen radicals). Exposure of human blood neutrophils to nicotine (0.01% to 0.1%) inhibited their ability to kill Actinomyces naeslundii, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Although these concentrations of nicotine are high, such concentrations are relevant to phagocytes in the gingival sulcus, because smokeless tobacco contains 0.5% to 3.5% nicotine by dry weight. Nicotine had no such inhibitory effect when the killing assay was performed in an anaerobic environment, implying that nicotine preferentially affected oxygen‐dependent killing mechanisms. To further investigate the effects of nicotine on production of oxygen radicals, neutrophils were primed with lipopolysaccharide and triggered with f‐met‐leu‐phe or phorbol ester in the presence of nicotine. Nicotine inhibited production of Superoxide anion (measured by reduction of cytochrome c) and hydrogen peroxide (measured by oxidation of phenol red). Nicotine inhibition of Superoxide production was reversible by washing away the nicotine. By observing that nicotine inhibited the reduction of cytochrome c by reagent potassium Superoxide, we determined that nicotine directly absorbed Superoxide. In addition, by examining nicotine inhibition of the uptake of oxygen by neutrophils, we determined that nicotine also interfered with the production of oxygen radicals by these cells. Nicotine also inhibited production of Superoxide and interleukin‐lβ by monocytes. Nicotine did not affect the viability of neutrophils and monocytes, as determined by their ability to exclude trypan blue dye. Inhibition of the aerobic antimicrobial functions of neutrophils and monocytes by nicotine may alter the microbial ecology of the oral cavity, and this might be one mechanism by which nicotine compromises the oral health of users of tobacco products. J Periodontol 1995;66:1047–1055.
Effects of Nicotine on Proliferation and Extracellular Matrix Production of Human Gingival Fibroblasts In Vitro
Authors: Tipton David A. , Dabbous Mustafa Kh.
Published: March 2012

Normal function of gingival fibroblasts is essential for maintenance of the gingival extracellular matrix (ECM), but under inflammatory conditions in gingival tissue which may occur with tobacco use, they can also act in its destruction. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of nicotine, a major component of tobacco, on gingival fibroblast proliferation, the production of fibronectin (FN), and the production and breakdown of type I collagen to elucidate its role in periodontal destruction associated with its use. A human gingival fibroblast strain derived from a healthy individual with non‐inflamed gingiva was used in this study. Nicotine at concentrations > 0.075% caused cell death, and at 0.075% and 0.05% it caused transient vacuolization of the fibroblasts. At concentrations of 0.001% to 0.075%, nicotine significantly inhibited proliferation (P ≤ 0.03), measured by the incorporation of [3H]‐thymidine into DNA. The production of FN and type I collagen was significantly inhibited by nicotine at ≥ 0.05% (P ≤ 0.001), measured using specific ELISAs. On the other hand, nicotine at ≥ 0.025% significantly increased collagenase activity (P ≤ 0.008), using [3H]‐gly and [14C]‐pro‐labeled type I collagen gels as substrate. The results show that, in vitro, nicotine inhibits the growth of gingival fibroblasts and their production of FN and collagen, while also promoting collagen breakdown. This suggests that nicotine itself may augment the destruction of the gingival ECM occurring during periodontal inflammation associated with smokeless tobacco use. J Periodontol 1995;66:1056–1064.
Peripheral Ameloblastoma
Authors: Gurol Muhtar , Jeff Burkes E.
Published: March 2012

Peripheral ameloblastomas are rare odontogenic tumors presenting as tumoral masses, erythematous plaques, or papillary lesions on the attached gingiva. This study reviews the demographic, clinical, and microscopic features of 8 previously unreported cases. One patient had two separate peripheral ameloblastomas, one 7 years after the first in the opposite side and arch. The cases match those described previously with respect to age, gender, location, and radiographic and microscopic features. Because recurrence has been reported and second primary sites may be found, periodic followup is recommended after conservative surgical removal. J Periodontol 1995;66:1065–1068.
Reduction of Plaque Formation and Gingivitis by a Dentifrice Containing Triclosan and Copolymer
Authors: Kanchanakamol Uthaiwan , Umpriwan Ratana , Jotikasthira Nitaya , Srisilapanan Patchrawan , Tuongratanaphan Suwanee , Sholitkul Wichitsuk , Chat‐Uthai Thanong
Published: March 2012

A 6‐month, single‐blind and parallel clinical study was conducted to compare the effects of dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan and 2.0% of copolymer (methoxyethylene and maleic acid) with a customary oral hygiene procedure on supragingival plaque formation and gingivitis. The 124 subjects were stratified into two balanced groups on the basis of their baseline plaque and gingivitis scores. After complete oral prophylaxis, subjects were assigned to use either a triclosan/copolymer dentifrice or to practice their customary oral hygiene care for 6 months. Plaque formation and gingivitis were scored at 3 and 6 months. After 3 and 6 months, triclosan/copolymer produced 7.17% and 12.07% significantly greater reduction of plaque formation than the customary oral hygiene group, respectively. Triclosan/copolymer significantly reduced gingivitis by 5.20% at 3 months, while no significant differences between the two groups were observed at 6 months. Likewise, triclosan/copolymer provided 8.70% and 16.33% significantly greater reduction of plaque severity index at 3‐ and 6‐month evaluation, respectively. Gingivitis severity index was significantly reduced by 25% at 3 months, but there were no differences between the two groups at 6 months. These results indicate that the triclosan/copolymer dentifrice was better than the customary oral hygiene care in preventing supragingival plaque formation up to 6 months and in reducing gingivitis up to 3 months. J Periodontol 1995;66:109–112.
Periodontal Tissue Regeneration on the Surface of Synthetic Hydroxyapatite Implanted into Root Surface
Authors: Takata Takashi , Katauchi Kohei , Miyauchi Mutsumi , Ogawa Ikuko , Akagawa Yasumasa , Nikai Hiromasa
Published: March 2012

Several studies have demonstrated that periodontal ligament (PDL)‐derived cells can form a new connective tissue attachment (NCTA) not only on denuded dentin but also on nondental inorganic materials. Although the cellular response to these materials may be different than that to denuded dentin, the process of NCTA formation on the surface of non‐dental inorganic materials is still undetermined. In the present study, we compared the process of NCTA formation on the surface of an inorganic material with that on a denuded root surface by implanting a block of synthetic hydroxyapatite (HA) into a root cavity prepared on the first molar of a rat. We then observed tissue regeneration under conditions where the PDL‐derived cells could populate the HA surface using an occlusive membrane. After fibrinous exudation at 3 days postoperatively, granulation tissue from the PDL filled the space between the HA block and the membrane at 1 week. Four weeks after the operation, although the granulation tissue increased in density at the interface to the HA block, no obvious deposition of cementum‐like tissue was seen on the HA block. Six weeks after the operation, the deposition of cementum was observed on the surface of the HA block. The deposition of cementum became more extensive and insertion of collagen fibers into the cementum layer became more obvious 8 weeks postoperatively. Twelve weeks after the operation, the cementum covered almost the entire surface of the HA block. On the surface of the denuded dentin in control teeth, cementum deposition was seen at 4 weeks after the operation and increased in thickness from 6 weeks on. The present study showed that the process of the NCTA formation on HA was essentially the same as that on the denuded dentin, although the initiation of the cementum deposition on the HA was slightly delayed compared to the denuded dentin. J Periodontol 1995;66:125–130.
The Successful Use of Osseointegrated Implants for the Treatment of the Recalcitrant Periodontal Patient
Authors: Nevins Myron , Langer Burton
Published: March 2012

This study reports the successful use of osseointegrated implants to replace teeth in patients whose periodontal disease has been categorized as recalcitrant. It includes partially and totally edentulous jaws. A total of 309 implants placed by two periodontists practicing in traditional office settings were included in the survey. Of the 132 mandibular implants, 4 failed, for a success rate of 97%; and 3 of the 177 maxillary implants failed, for a success rate of 98%. There were 21 implants placed in 1985; 38 in 1986 and 1987; 185 from 1988 to 1990; 42 in 1991; and 23 in 1992. The report includes 42 mandibular and 50 maxillary prostheses, none of which has failed. One female mandibular case was converted from 2 posterior free‐standing to a full arch prosthesis when the anterior teeth failed periodontally. These results demonstrate that individuals with a strong susceptibility to periodontal disease can be treated successfully with osseointegrated implants. J Periodontol 1995; 66:150–157.
Assessment of Periodontal Tissues Damping Characteristics: Current Concepts and Clinical Trials
Authors: van Steenberghe Daniel , Rosenberg David , Naert Ignace E. , Van den Bossche Luc , Nys Marleen
Published: March 2012

The reproducibility of an electronic device for the assessment of periodontal tissues damping characteristics was judged by evaluating the inter‐examiner, inter‐device and day to day variations of the measurements (PTVs). Nine young periodontally healthy volunteers were examined by two examiners (EX‐1 and EX‐2) and two devices (D‐1 and D‐2) in the following sequence: EX‐1 D‐1, EX‐2 D‐1, EX‐1 D‐2, and EX‐2 D‐2. PTVs were obtained at 5 different occasions during the same day. In some instances examiner 2 measured higher scores than examiner 1 with both devices. This difference was statistically significant (P = 0.05), if the total of 900 measurements was considered. The measurements of device 2 were approximately 0.5 PTV units higher, also reaching a statistical significance (P = 0.05). This difference is of limited clinical significance. The day to day variation was evaluated by comparing the scores obtained at 8 a.m. with the ones at the four other periods. The lowest scores were measured at 8 a.m. Only the 11 a.m. and the 2 p.m. measurements differed significantly. The effect of hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle and of smoking habits on PTVs were also evaluated. Ten female periodontally healthy volunteers were examined three times a week, during a period of two menstrual cycles. No significant PTV changes were found during the menstrual cycle. The effect of the smoking habit on PTVs was tested on 23 periodontally healthy patients. Scores obtained from all teeth, which did not present marginal bone loss in the vicinity, were related to smoking habits (non‐smoker, former smoker, current smoker). Statistically significant lower PTVs for non‐smokers (P = 0.03) were only found for the inferior molar teeth. Nevertheless a propensity of non‐smokers for lower PTVs was noted. J Periodontol 1995; 66:165–170.
An Evaluation of Laser Doppler Readings Obtained From Human Gingival Sulci
Authors: Hinrichs James E. , LaBelle Leilani L. , Aeppli Dorothee
Published: March 2012

A small laser Doppler probe with an outside diameter comparable to a conventional periodontal probe (0.5 mm) was developed. The objectives of this investigation were to determine if intrasulcular laser doppler readings (LDR): 1) are reproducible; 2) can detect vascular changes associated with trauma from probe placement; 3) were reproducible when obtained with a stabilizing stent or without a stent; and 4) could detect vascular changes following the injection of a local anesthetic with vasoconstrictor. Nine adult volunteers with clinically healthy gingiva were evaluated for 30 second intervals at 5 sites. Baseline LDR were obtained twice at each site utilizing an acrylic stent to stabilize the probe and once without the stent (trial 1). All LDR were repeated at one month (trial 2) and again two months (trial 3) after baseline. One additional reading per subject was obtained following the administration of a local anesthetic with a vasoconstrictor during the second trial. Inter‐trial comparisons found no significant difference in mean LDR between any of the three observation times. However, intra‐trial comparison between the first and second LDR revealed an increase of approximately 50% in mean LDR. A 3fold reduction in mean LDR (P <0.001) was noted following the administration of a local anesthetic with vasoconstrictor. Intra‐class correlation coefficients for stent stabilized LDR were 0.51 (P <0.01) and 0.63 (P <0.01) while intra‐class correlation for hand held LDR was 0.40 (P <0.01). Results from this study demonstrate: 1) intrasulcular LDR are reproducible at one and two month intervals; 2) trauma associated with probe placement results in increased LDR; 3) statistically significant intra‐class coefficients exist for both stent stabilized and non‐stent‐stabilized LDR, however, higher correlation coefficients were found for stent‐stabilized LDR; and 4) a highly significant reduction in LDR was noted following the administration of local anesthetic with vasoconstrictor. J Periodontol 1995; 66:171–176.
The Effects of Smokeless Tobacco on Clinical Parameters of Inflammation and Gingival Crevicular Fluid Prostaglandin E2, Interleukin‐1α, and Interleukin‐1β
Authors: Poore Thomas K. , Johnson Georgia K. , Reinhardt Richard A. , Organ Connie C.
Published: March 2012

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of smokeless tobacco (ST) on gingival inflammation as assessed clinically and biochemically by gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of PGE2, IL‐1α, and IL‐1β. These parameters were compared in ST users (n = 12) and control, non‐tobacco using subjects (n = 8) matched for plaque and probing depth levels: Both GI and GCF PGE2 concentration were significantly (P <0.05) elevated at ST placement sites compared to sites in control subjects. A short‐term longitudinal trial spanning 7 days also was undertaken within ST users (n = 18) to study the dynamics of gingival inflammation when ST is moved to a new site. At day 0 habitual ST placement sites exhibited a significantly (P <0.05) higher GI compared to nontobacco placement sites. Following transfer of ST to a new placement site, 48 hour GI scores were increased (P <0.05) at this region. Although GCF parameters were not significantly altered, over 80% of the subjects developed dramatic inflammatory reactions in the alveolar mucosa, ranging from erythema to ulceration, at the new site of placement. This observation of a more severe response in alveolar mucosa compared to gingiva may be related to the physical location of ST or differences in tissue characteristics. J Periodontol 1995;66:177–183.
Removal of Interproximal Subgingival Plaque by Hand and Automatic Toothbrushes
Authors: Taylor Jeffery Y. , Wood Cheryl L. , Garnick Jerry J. , Thompson William O.
Published: March 2012

Subgingival plaque removal at interproximal sites by automatic and hand toothbrashes was compared with control sites at which cleansing was not performed. There were 58 patients, 35 to 63 years of age, each with one hopeless tooth requiring extraction. Each patient was randomly assigned to. one of four test groups: hand brash; automatic toothbrush 1; automatic toothbrush 2; and no brushing. The brushing instructions as stated by the manufacturers were demonstrated and the patient brushed the sextant containing the test tooth for 20 seconds. The level of the gingival margin was marked at each interproximal test site. The teeth were extracted and processed for SEM, and subgingival plaque was viewed at X100 and X2000 magnifications. A montage of photomicrographs of the gingival groove to the occlusal margin of the bacterial plaque at XI00 magnification was made and the distance from the groove to the margin was measured. An ANOVA was performed using P = 0.05 level for significance. Due to processing difficulties, only 33 specimens were available for analysis. The average distances from the groove to the subgingival plaque front for the four test groups were 0.514, 0.132, 0.163, and 0.111 mm respectively. The maximum distance (1.5 mm) of plaque removal was greatest for the hand toothbrush. Due to the large standard deviation (0.636 compared to 0.146, 0.250, and 0.124 respectively), the hand brushing group was excluded from ANOVA. There were no statistically significant differences among the automatic toothbrashes and the no brushing control (P = 0.8393). It was concluded that a single session of oral hygiene instruction with an automatic toothbrush did not result in subgingival inteiproximal plaque cleansing. J Periodontol 1995; 66:191–196.