bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human Errors and Corresponding Risks in Reinforced Concrete Bridges
Authors: Pereira Neryvaldo Galvão , Matos José , Oliveira Daniel , Fernandes João
Published: February 2021

Concerning the bridges failures that have been arising over the years, experts have pointed out as the principal cause of failure the human errors that usually take place in the design, construction and operation stages. The main goal of this paper is the identification of the design and construction errors that represent a higher risk for reinforced concrete bridges. Therefore, a human error survey was developed together with design and construction experts on this subject, to collect and assess these errors by using risk-based indicators (probability of occurrence and consequences). The corresponding survey results, given by design and construction experts, are analysed by using a decision-making tool, named Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), which will allow the identification of the errors with higher consequences and a higher probability of occurrence. Based on this survey, a qualitative risk-based evaluation of the errors is also performed.
Towards nonlinear reliability assessment of concrete transport structures
Authors: Pukl Radomír , Lehký David , Novák Drahomír
Published: February 2021

Novel technique combining non-linear finite element analysis of the structural model with advanced stochastic simulation methods for realistic computer simulation and reliability assessment of civil engineering structures is presented. Elite non-linear material models are used for modelling of the structural materials within an advanced finite element computer simulation. Material properties and corresponding model parameters including their randomness and uncertainties are represented as random variables or random fields in the stochastic simulation using stratified Latin Hypercube Sampling and Simulated Annealing methods. Probabilistic evaluation of the numerical results enables to assess stochastic parameters of the model response, structural resistance, failure probability, safety index and structural reliability.
Effects of Structural Deterioration and Infrastructure Upgrading on the Life-cycle Seismic Resilience of Bridge Networks
Authors: Capacci Luca , Biondini Fabio
Published: February 2021

The life-cycle seismic resilience of aging bridges and road transportation networks is investigated considering the long-term effects of bridge structural deterioration and network upgrading interventions under uncertainty. The proposed methodology is applied to a highway network with spatially distributed reinforced concrete (RC) bridges exposed to chloride-induced corrosion and different earthquake scenarios. A new road segment including a bridge is added over the lifetime to strengthen the network connectivity and improve the system resilience. The results show the detrimental effects of structural deterioration at the network scale and the benefits of infrastructure investments for network upgrading to enable long-term resilient infrastructures.
Strength Properties and Microscopic Observations of Concrete with Plastic Wastes as Partial Aggregate Substitute
Authors: Oreta Andres Winston C. , Cuartero Maejann E. , Villanueva Nikko Paolo P.
Published: February 2021

Sustainable construction can be promoted by producing construction materials with recycled waste. This study aims to address the issue of recycling plastic wastes and providing a means of livelihood in a relocation site of typhoon victims and urban settlers in Metro Manila by exploring the production of quality concrete hollow blocks (CHB) mixed with waste plastic wastes. In the study, the strength properties of concrete with various types of plastic wastes (PW) such as plastic bags (PB) and noodle wrappers (NW) as substitute to fine aggregates were investigated. Different percent substitutions, specifically 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10%, were considered for each mix. The behaviour and strength properties of the concrete with and without PW were analysed and compared Moreover, the microscopic structures of the various types of mixes were observed using a Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and related to the failure mode and strength performance. Results show that concrete with PB outperformed the other concrete mixes with plastics due to the plastic bag’s high stretchable property, compared to the noodle wrappers. In addition, plastics, in general, provide additional ductility to the concrete enabling them to tolerate more deformation at lower loads. The final product of the study is a mix design for producing non-load bearing concrete hollow blocks (CHB) that can be used for low-cost housing in the Philippines.
Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams with 700 MPa High-Strength Reinforcement – Flexure and Serviceability
Authors: Lee Joo-Hyung , Cho Jae-Yeol
Published: February 2021

Using high-strength reinforcement could provide various benefits to construction industry; material and cost savings, reduction of rebar congestion, and efficient use of high-strength concrete. However, the value of reinforcing steel’s yield strength allowed in Korean design codes was limited to being no greater than 600 MPa. Thus it needs to increase the maximum allowable yield strength value in order to use 700 MPa high-strength rebars in Korean construction field. The objective of this research was the investigation of flexure and serviceability of beams reinforced with the high- strength steels. The performance of RC flexural beams designed according to the current KCI design code with 700 MPa high-strength steels would be evaluated by experiments and structural analysis. By analysing the results of the studies, this research would lead to revision recommendations of the KCI design codes to increase reinforcing steel’s maximum design yield strength to 700 MPa.
Challenges and innovation in large-scale infrastructure projects – the WHSD project
Authors: Pedersen Nikolaj Rask , Jacobsen Jonas Sejersbøl , Lausten Søren
Published: February 2021

The Western High Speed Diameter – Central section – is a major infrastructure project comprising marine viaduct bridges, cable stayed bridges and a double-deck truss girder bridge. This paper demonstrates how an aesthetic design was obtained to match a spectacular scenery set by the city of Saint Petersburg, Russia. It is discussed how the choice of spectacular solutions influenced the structural design and construction. The engineering innovations to complete the project, which had significant urban constraints, included state-of-the-art bridge deck launching and lowering sequences and attracted some of the world’s leading specialists within their field.
Rebuilding of Tokyo’s SUITENGU shrine
Authors: Iida Tomohiro , Nakane Kazutomi , Aso Naoki
Published: February 2021

Tokyo’s Suitengu is a traditional Japanese shrine located in the urban area that is often visited by people praying for safe delivery in childbirth. There are two structural features which provide both quakeproof and high fire-resistance required in the urban area. Its main structural features are the integral base isolation system for several buildings of different sizes and the application of base isolation to the low-story section that extends throughout the entire shrine precincts. The second feature is main shrine buildings constructed with a traditional wooden visible interior and exterior and an inner structure of reinforced concrete that ensures both earthquake safety and fire- resistance. These features are useful to rebuilding the traditional buildings which is often seen in the developing world in rapid urbanization area which requires high safety of buildings.
Reinforcement of old masonry by new structure
Authors: Yamazaki Ryohei
Published: February 2021

KITAKARO Sapporo Honkan is a project that harmonized the new and old by creating a new interior space and maintaining the exterior with contemporary technology .

In this project, by reinforcing the outer wall of a brick masonry building and a part of the hall with new RC structure, it converted confectionary store .

Reinforcement methods are as below, 1) Reinforce the brick wall to be preserved, secure the safety while construct, then dismantle existing part 2) Construct a new structure and integrate it with the existing brick wall.
Design of Sea-Crossing High-Speed Railway Steel-Concrete Composite Box Girder Cable-Stayed Bridge
Authors: Zeng Jiahua , Wen Wangqing , Yan Aiguo
Published: February 2021

Quanzhou Bay Railway Bridge is the key component of the Fuzhou-Xiamen High-Speed Railway with the design speed of 350 km/h. The total length of 20.3 km is the greatest among the sea- crossing high-speed railway bridges in the world. The main structure over the main navigation channel is a steel-concrete composite cable-stayed bridge with the span arrangement of（ 70+130+400+130+70）m. The main girder adopts a closed and streamlined box section.

In the past decades, the sea-crossing railway cable-stayed bridges mostly adopted steel truss girder. Quanzhou Bay Railway Bridge is the first railway bridge adopting the steel-concrete composite box girder cable-stayed bridge type in china and the longest-span sea-crossing high- speed railway bridge in the world. In this paper, the structural design and construction method for this bridge are presented.
Effects of high speed trains on bridges
Authors: Calatozzo Erica , Lemaire Arnaud , Montens Serge
Published: February 2021

Dynamic analysis is commonly conducted to design bridges for high speed railway lines. Classically, two aspects are analyzed at design stage: the vertical acceleration and vertical deflection of the deck which are limited in order to prevent the track instability and the passenger comfort. These aspects were analyzed by Systra for the major international projects: Taipei – Kaohsiung line in Taiwan, “Channel Tunnel Rail Link” in the UK (CTRL), “Contournement Nîmes Montpellier” in France (CNM line), Tanger – Kenitra line in Morocco, Tianxingzhou Yangtze River Bridge in China and Dodam - Yeongcheon line in Korea.

More recently, some high-speed railway line projects have been designed to match a 400 km/h operation speed, such as Moscow-Saint Petersburg line project in Russia, and the European Research Project “Capacity for Rail”.
Innovation design of a ballastless cable-stayed bridge with main span of 300m in high-speed railway
Authors: Diping Li
Published: February 2021

Right now, for bridges paved with ballastless track on high-speed railway with operating speed of 350km per hour in the world, the maximum span is 185m, and larger span bridges are all paved with ballasted track. The speed of the train passing through the large span bridge has to be limited to be not more than 250km per hour, which becomes a neck for high-speed trains running on the whole line. Laying ballastless track on large span bridges has become a technical problem to expand application range of ballastless track. This paper is based on a cable-stayed bridge with main span of 300m. For this bridge, prestressed concrete box girders are used for edge span and box steel-concrete composite beam is used for mid-span. Cable-stayed bridge is a flexible structure, and the stiffness must be the problem to be solved first for high-speed railway. The hybrid girder and the composite beam for the middle span can increase the deadweight stiffness. Relative to the steel bridge deck, concrete deck has larger stiffness and smaller local deformation, which makes it more conducive to high-speed traffic. The technology of laying ballastless track in the concrete slabis mature. This bridge is the first cable-stayed bridge paved with ballastless track on high-speed railway with design speed of 350km per hour in our country. This paper focuses on the conception, structure design and innovation points of the bridge. And the adaptability of high-speed railway ballastless track to the bridge is also analyzed.
Construction and Engineering of the Iconic West Kowloon Station Roof in Hong Kong
Authors: Chong Alecs K. T. , Tapley Mike , Bessodes Mathieu , Hau C. C.
Published: February 2021

The West Kowloon Station North is the largest civil contract awarded for the Hong Kong Section of the Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link. Located in the heart of Kowloon, the Station will serve as Hong Kong’s international gateway to China. This paper focuses on the iconic station entrance building roof structure construction and the solutions adopted to tackle the complex construction and engineering challenges, to achieve timely construction programme and to deliver successfully the architect vision of this new landmark infrastructure.
The new large space frame - TAMA-SUDARE
Authors: Yamada Tatsuya
Published: February 2021

The frame that we propose consists only of thin bars (main members), tension rods and pin joints, just like the sticks, threads and knots of Tama-Sudare, a tool used for traditional Japanese performance. They complement one another and thus forms a huge space.

Flexible frames composed of small members vary subtly in shape and density according to the surrounding environment.

Moreover, single fames made of repetitions of several types of members facilitate construction and transportation.

The roof structure of this stadium is composed of what we call Tama-Sudare Frames.

A Tama-Sudare Frame is a system that can attain a flexible configuration by combining a flexural member (main member), a tension member (tension rod) and a pin joint connecting them.
Double Layer Space Frame for Setia SPICE Convention Center
Authors: Choong Kok Keong , Saw Hin Cheong , Wong Sik Kwang , Chew Khai Seng , Tang Song Teik
Published: February 2021

Roof structure for Setia Subterranean Penang International Convention & Exhibition Center in Penang, Malaysia, is described in this paper. Construction sequence of the double layer space frame structural system adopted for the roof structural system is presented. Design consideration and factors contributing to successful completion of the roof structure for the largest subterranean convention & exhibition center in Malaysia is also pointed out.
Structural robustness of long-span cable-supported bridges segmented by zipper-stoppers to prevent progressive collapse
Authors: Shoghijavan Mohammad , Starossek Uwe
Published: February 2021

This paper investigates the structural behaviour of a long-span cable-supported bridge segmented by zipper-stoppers after the sudden rupture of some of its cables. Increasing the robustness of the structural system through segmentation is a possible approach to prevent progressive collapse in bridges due to cable failure. In this concept, zipper-stoppers, at the segment borders, are strong components with the multiple of the load bearing capacity of usual members and are designed to arrest a zipper-like collapse in the segment where the initial damage occurred. For finding the “stress increase ratio” of the zipper-stopper, an analytical approach based on differential equations of the system will be used. Then, an approximation function for a simplified bridge model in a cable-loss scenario will be derived. The proposed approximation function has been checked by numerical models, and its good accuracy has been proven.
Fast Tracking the Pulau Poh Cable-stayed Bridge
Authors: Voon Chet Chie , Goh Hiang Miang , Koo Chuan Seng
Published: February 2021

The construction of the Pulau Poh cable-stayed bridge has been challenging both technically and environmentally. The curved pylon shape in two planes, with changing cross section and heavily congested reinforcement pose constructability concerns. Accurate geometry control and positioning of stay cable anchorages within the pylon is crucial to ensure the bridge meets its intended design life. Located in an area with high rainfall intensity presents additional environmental challenges, where working areas are constantly submerged. To address the challenges and meet the project deadline, innovative construction methodologies are being adopted. The bridge design was also revisited, taking into consideration the construction approach. This paper aims to explain the challenges faced and methods used to fast track the construction of the Pulau Poh cable-stayed bridge.
Temburong Link – design of cable stayed bridges against extreme loading conditions
Authors: Yip Sammy , Kite Steve , Leung William , Carlucci Alberto , Gainey Catherine , Hooton Martin
Published: February 2021

Brunei Temburong Link is one of the largest infrastructure projects currently being constructed in South-East Asia. It is a 30km dual 2-lane road link which will connect the main Brunei districts of Muara, Tutong and Belait with the isolated district of Temburong which is separated by the Malaysian state of Sarawak. The project is procured under different construction contracts and involves construction of two cable stayed bridges over navigation channels within Brunei Bay.

The paper will describe the design of the two cable stayed bridges with particular focus on the design against extreme loading conditions, namely vessel collision, seismic and fire conditions. The design was carried out to Eurocodes.
Seismic Pounding Mitigation of an Existing Cable-Stayed Bridge Using Metallic Dampers
Authors: Javanmardi Ahad , Ghaedi Khaled , Ibrahim Zainah , Muthu Karuppiah Udayar
Published: February 2021

This paper aims to mitigate the seismic pounding effects on an existing steel cable-stayed bridge through the implementation of metallic dampers. The earthquake-induced pounding phenomena were reported on the bridge in 1988. To aid the aim, a finite element model of the bridge is created and the nonlinear time-history is performed to assess the impact of the proposed control system on the bridge seismic performance. Results of the comparative study showed that the seismic pounding significantly mitigated by metallic dampers and the global seismic responses of the bridge enhanced, relatively.
Design & Construction of Setiawangsa – Pantai Expressway (SPE - DUKE Ph3) – Section 3 from Pandan to Setiawangsa in Kuala Lumpur
Authors: Srinivas P. R. K. S. , Beng Choy Tham
Published: February 2021

The Setiawangsa – Pantai Expressway (SPE - DUKE Phase 3) is an infrastructure development under transformation programmes undertaken by the Government of Malaysia through Concessionaire Lebuhraya DUKE Fasa 3 (LDF3) Sdn. Bhd. The total length of SPE mainline is 32Km besides 7 interchanges, 2 mainline toll plazas, 3 ramp toll plazas and is divided in to 4 sections [1]. The proposed Section 3 from Pandan to Setiawangsa of SPE project involves design, construction, operation and maintenance of 5km long elevated dual 2-Lane highway with 24.9m wide mainline deck besides an interchange and ramp toll plaza at AKLEH interface in Kuala Lumpur. The project alignment is located in densely developed urban environment and mainly traverses over existing arterial roads, storm water tunnel (SMART) underneath, crosses urban arterials, expressway, LRT line, river and acts as a city bypass for effective traffic dispersal system in order to alleviate traffic congestion on local at-grade roads. The project is completely on an elevated structure in the form of double deck and single deck arrangement in order to minimise the land acquisition, least disturbance to road users, adjoining developments and utilities. Various types of super structure viz., precast T-beams, U-Beams, cast in-situ / precast box girders are adopted besides different types of foundation & substructure with longest span being 62m. This paper aims at presenting an insight of various types of designs, innovative methods adopted to suit the site constraints and interfacing issues to meet project timeline, cost effective design approach during the construction of Section 3 of Setiawangsa – Pantai Expressway.
Doha New Orbital Highway project, Junction 7 Existing Bridge Widening
Authors: Bance Andrew , Cluett Joseph , Saito Daisuke , Daoutis George
Published: February 2021

This paper outlines the design solution developed for the Junction 7 bridge widening, which forms part of the New Orbital Highway (NOH) around Doha in Qatar. The focus is on the modifications for the bridge at an existing junction which is being upgraded to become a larger junction for the NOH. The client ASHGHAL decided that the existing bridge should be widened instead of being replaced. The design of the widened bridge, including both new and existing structures, must comply with the latest ASHGHAL design criteria, which are more stringent than those adopted for the original design of the existing bridge. The main challenge is that the existing bridge was not designed for any seismic loads, whereas the current project requirements involve a significant seismic response analysis, from which the resulting forces are of a magnitude significantly larger than would normally be expected in the Qatar low-seismic region. An innovative structural solution was developed for the existing bridge to be widened whilst still being fully compliant with the latest design requirements without need for any major strengthening work. The proposed solution has brought significant cost-saving to the project, as well as maximising sustainability.
Design & Construction of Duta – Ulu Kelang Expressway (DUKE Ph2) – Tun Razak Link (TRL) in Kuala Lumpur
Authors: Srinivas P. R. K. S. , Beng Choy Tham
Published: February 2021

The Duta – Ulu Kelang Expressway (DUKE) Phase 2 is an infrastructure development under transformation programmes undertaken by the Government of Malaysia through Concessionaire Konsortium Lebuhraya Utara – Timur (KL) Sdn. Bhd (KESTURI). The proposed Tun Razak Link (TRL) is a part of DUKE Phase 2 project that involves design, construction, operation and maintenance of 9km long elevated dual 2-Lane highway with 24.9m wide mainline deck including directional ramps, interchanges and ramp toll plaza in Kuala Lumpur [1]. The project alignment is in densely developed urban environment and traverses over existing arterial roads, crosses urban arterials, expressway, river and acts as an effective traffic dispersal system between existing road network to alleviate traffic congestion on at-grade local roads. The majority length of the project is an elevated structure to minimise the land acquisition, least disturbance to road users, adjoining developments and utilities. Various types of super structure viz., precast T-beams, U-Beams, crossheads, cast in-situ box girders were adopted besides various types of foundation & substructure with longest span being 51m. This paper aims at presenting an insight of various types of designs, innovative methods adopted to suit the site constraints and interfacing issues to meet project timeline, cost effective design approach during construction of TRL.
Design Guidelines for Bolted Single Support Bar Modular Bridge Joint Systems
Authors: Roy Sougata , Artmont Frank A.
Published: February 2021

A comprehensive experimental and analytical study was performed to characterize the dynamic behavior of typical bolted single support bar (SSB) modular bridge joint systems (MBJS) under wheel loads and to determine the fatigue resistance of the center beam-support bar (CB-SB) connections within these systems. The study included static and fatigue testing of full-size SSB systems in the laboratory, characterization of suitable material models for the nonlinear rate-dependent polymeric components, static analyses of the tested system, and parametric 3D Finite Element Analyses (FEAs) of systems subjected to dynamic loading. The study established the infinite life fatigue resistance of bolted CB-SB connections as that of AASHTO Category B, characterized the behavior of the CB-SB connection and the influence of joint precompression level and polymeric materials, and quantified the dynamic amplification factor (DAF) for SSB MBJS as a function of the system parameters. Design guidelines for SSB MBJS were developed, and the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design and Construction Specifications were revised based on the key findings of this study.
The durability of Finger Type expansion joints for Penang Second Bridge with Comparison studies based on expansion joints for bridges in Malaysia & around the world
Authors: Chong Seng Shia
Published: February 2021

The cost of maintenance & replacement of movement joints in bridges around the world have been a major concern for all government authorities and highway operators. Damaged movement joints not only impaired serviceability of roads & bridges, it also causes losses of income to the government authorizes / operators and most critically, legal suits by the public due to failure to provide public safety.

This paper is aimed to provide more technical information for further improvement in the quality & durability of movement joints. The various types of movement joints installed in bridges in Malaysia and around the world will be presented. The causes of failures will be analyzed together with replacement cost comparison. A case study using the example of Penang Second Bridge will also be presented.
Cyclic Behavior of Precast Segmental UHPFRC Bridge Columns with Replaceable Damage-Concentrated Elements
Authors: Wang Zhen , Wang Jingquan , Zhu Junzheng
Published: February 2021

A novel precast segmental bridge column was put forward innovatively to contribute to accelerated bridge construction and rapid repair of bridge after earthquake, which is in accordance with the theme called engineering innovations for rapid urbanisation. The proposed bridge column was manufactured with cost-effective ultrahigh performance fiber-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) incorporating river sand and coarse aggregate. As the potential damaged region, the bottom segment was composed of three parts: inner core zone designed to bear axial loading, outer replaceable UHPFRC plates (RUP) designed to bear lateral loading, and middle replaceable steel dissipaters (RSD) designed to enhance energy dissipation (ED), when the entire bridge structure was subjected to earthquake shock. The rapid repair after earthquake was completed with substitutions of replaceable damage-concentrated elements including RUP and RSD. Cyclic loading tests were conducted on three 1:3 scaled specimens and their repaired specimens. The research parameters included posttensioning (PT) force level and usage of RSD. Test results show that both construction and repair can be very time-saving for the proposed bridge column. Major damage focuses on replaceable damage-concentrated elements while remaining parts are basically intact. All the specimens present good deformation capacity and excellent self-centering feature. Two different failure modes can be found: some specimens failed in the lateral bearing capacity while others failed in the ED capacity. Compared with the original specimen failed in the same failure mode, the repaired specimen has similar lateral bearing capacity and deformation capacity but seriously weakened initial stiffness.
Mega High Rise Buildings – Strength and E-modulus limits for High Performance Concrete in Malaysia.
Authors: Gurusamy Naidu Kribanandan
Published: February 2021

In the early 1990s the Petronas Twin Towers Project in Kuala Lumpur, set the stage for the use of high performance concretes of >C80/95 for high rise construction worldwide. In the intervening years the rapid increase in the cost of land in cities due to urbanization accelerated the appetite for mega high rise buildings, inevitably > 50 stories, having to be built on ever more constrained spaces. In this context high performance concrete of Grades well in access of C80/95 is now becoming commonly specified in design.

This paper explores the development of HPC in Malaysia from the time of the Petronas Twin Tower project in the mid 90’s and the constraints and limitations which exist in the use of higher grades of concrete for design. It also provides designers a theoretical basis for the selection of e- modulus to undertake innovative design based on available local resources.
KVMRT Challenges – Elevated Viaducts and Station Structures
Authors: Wong ChongLing
Published: February 2021

Malaysia’s capital city Kuala Lumpur has been experiencing urbanization growth spurts in the last two decades, in tandem with her rapid economic expansion and progress towards a developed nation. Trailing this economic trend is the need to improve and expand public transportation, particularly in the railway sector. The Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit (KVMRT) rail transit system was conceived to meet that need and complement the existing public transportation network.

The first KVMRT metro line commonly known as the SBK line which connects Sg Buloh township in the northern-west and Kajang in the southern-east, was delivered and fully opened to the public ahead of schedule on 17 July 2017. The success of the project was achieved through significant efforts in surmounting many challenges in different aspects. This paper shares the experiences from the perspective of the Project Delivery Partner (PDP) in the planning, design and construction of the viaducts and station structures.
Optimizing structure and mitigating risks for lead rubber bearings: application on Jakarta Light Rail Transit (LRT)
Authors: Mauris Georges , Wouts Ivan , Nischiguti Eduardo , Touat Arezki
Published: February 2021

The use of lead rubber bearing becomes popular in moderate to high seismic zones in the case of highway bridges. It has the benefits to reduce the demand significantly compared to typical structures, for which seismic restrainers are considered. LRB may have a significant impact on the quantities, on the construction and also on the maintenance.

To be efficient, the LRB yielding force should be small enough to generate large damping in case of seismic event. For railway project such as Jakarta LRT, this yielding force should also be calibrated smartly in order to avoid daily yielding in the case of braking/traction and temperature. This yielding force was calibrated in different zones of the project by carrying out rail structure interaction analysis.

Another aspect of typical metro designs is that the restrainer usually prevents lateral differential displacements between adjacent spans, and prevent then significant cyclic increment of stresses in rails and fatigue failures. In the case of LRB, there is no question to use restrainers. Even before reaching its yielding force, the LRB has a certain flexibility transversally. We implemented keys connecting adjacent decks transversally. Those connections were designed with a special analysis taking into account deck, bearing characteristics, continuous rail, connections keys between decks, fastening system design and mechanical characteristics (longitudinal restrain, transversal stiffness etc…) . This provides a good understanding on the overstress generated in the rail and the fastening system.
Challenge in Tunnelling for Kolkata East West Metro – Passage of underground twin tunnels in the vicinity of Brabourne Road Flyover
Authors: Dewanjee Biswanath
Published: February 2021

The global trend of development of underground urban infrastructural facilities have come across in India too as majority of MRTS corridor projects involves tunnelling in busy districts of the city. In the context of the city of Kolkata, which is developed over a span of more than 300 years in changing regime with heterogeneous development authorities and policies, planning for an underground metro corridor encompasses diverse administrative & technological challenges. A major challenge of crossing of underground tunnel of East West Metro corridor in close vicinity of pile foundation of an extremely busy flyover viaduct structure is showcased in this paper to demonstrate the successful mitigation of this criticality by adopting systematic analysis & procedures. In this context, the paper covers Geomorphology & Geotechnical investigation & its impact on choice of tunnel boring machine, building condition survey and structural impact assessment and mitigative planning adopted. The theoretical prediction of tunnelling impact is compared with actual settlement and other tunnelling parameters.
A Case Study of Failure of Pile Bore at Bridge Construction Project, Agra-Lucknow Expressway, India
Authors: Kadbhane Digambar J. , Mahendrakar Avinash Y.
Published: February 2021

The Agra-Lucknow Expressway Project extends the connectivity of the state capital with the national capital with High-Speed Corridor. The proposed expressway starts on the Agra Ring Road near village Madra, and ends on SH-40 (Lucknow – Mohan- Hasanganj – Rasulabad road) outskirts of Lucknow. A Major bridge structure of total length 90 m is built for the physical obstacles without closing the way underneath a body of water for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle on the SAI River. The project area is covered by a deep layer of alluvium spread range from sandy to the clayey loam by the slow-moving rivers of the Ganges system. Well foundations are generally preferred in such type of strata which are prone to collapse. Since construction of well foundation is time consuming, pile foundation were proposed to complete project within time.

In this case study, the collapse of the pile bore in liquefiable soil has been observed at abutment ‘A2’of the major bridge, at scheduled chainage 265+300. The bores in pile group collapse loose clayey sandy strata. This paper discusses the reasons of bore failure and the phenomenon of actual failure at liquefiable deposits. After studying the actual failure pattern some significant remarks are find out and accordingly the new pile group arrangement is suggested. The new design considering dead load, earth pressure, superimposed dead load, Live load, wind and seismic loading is based on rivet theory. Accordingly the numbers of pile are increased in the foundation to satisfy the design requirement
Design & Construction of the Prai Swing Bridge
Authors: Kumar Sashi
Published: February 2021

This paper highlights the design and construction of the Prai Swing Bridge, a key component of the 328km long Electrified Double-Track project between Ipoh and Padang Besar in Malaysia. The bridge was built under a design & build contract completed by MMC-Gamuda JV under the purview of Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad (KTMB). It represents a milestone in the upgrading of the railway infrastructure network within Malaysia as part of the national push for development.
Full Scale Load Test of A 20m Span Precast Concrete Closed Spandrel Arch Bridge System With Corrugated Section
Authors: Ong Chong Yong , Choong Kok Keong , Tan Geem Eng , Ong Tai Boon
Published: February 2021

A new form of precast concrete closed spandrel arch bridge with corrugated section was introduced and developed in Malaysia in the year of 2008. Due to its high stiffness to self-weight ratio, this precast arch system is beneficial to the sustainable bridge construction. In order to study the actual performance of this precast arch system, a full scale load test on a 20m span arch bridge using two 88 tonnes trucks is presented in this paper. Total of five types of truck arrangement were carried out. Vertical deflection at mid span and foundation settlement were measured. It is found that the maximum vertical deflection recorded under 2 x 88 tons trucks was 3.67mm, corresponding to 1/5450 (deflection/span) ratio and there was no noticeable settlement of foundation. Analysis model load test is done using 2D analysis model PLAXIS. The results were compared to the designed analysis model with HB-45 unit loading. It is found that the internal forces of the load test are closed to the designed loading. However, the deflection in the load test analysis model is higher than actual measured deflection, probably due to the assumed value of soil modulus of elasticity and concrete modulus of elasticity. In order to approximate the deflection in the load test analysis model to the actual measured deflection, a series of sensitivity analysis on different soil young modulus and concrete young modulus were carried out.
Design & Post Tensioning Application of Cement Silos
Authors: Raptopoulos Sotos
Published: February 2021

The design & erection of two (2) cement silos for a cement grinding plant is a demanding study requiring engineering competence and high level of efficiency and maintainability. Optimal operating conditions must foresee from the design stage assuring a high quality and a silo-safe cement.
Mega Projects towards Egyptian Construction Renascence
Authors: Mahlab Ibrahim , Saad Fathy
Published: February 2021

Egypt has been one of the countries in the Middle East that decided to go on its difficult way to develop its infrastructure that serves nearly 100 Million people. That important political decision has been made four years ago to start up several mega projects including road and railway projects, cities like the new administrative capital and the 2x2 major tunnels under Suez Canal. The present document introduces major mega projects running nowadays and are planned to be finished by the end of this year as well as the beginning of the next year.
Construction of the Great Mosque of Algiers – A Megastructure Developing a New City District
Authors: Akkermann Jan , Hewener Alexander , Fischer Eric
Published: February 2021

In Algiers, the construction of the world’s third largest mosque nears completion. Its minaret will be the highest in the world. The architectural landmark required highest demands on sustainability, building materials and structural integrity. The design already respected the execution process. The minaret was realized as a composite structure deep founded on barrettes. The prayer hall is seismically isolated and has a spatial steel structure combining roof and cupola. The article describes the exceptional execution procedures.
Multihalle Mannheim – a Contribution to the Discussion about Maintenance Ideas and Visions for Future Utilization
Authors: Möller Eberhard , Fischer Joachim
Published: February 2021

Multihalle Mannheim, a megastructure designed by Carlfried Mutschler and Joachim Langner, Frei Otto and Ove Arup & Partners for the Federal Garden Exhibition 1975, still is the world largest timber lattice shell structure and is protected as a cultural monument since 1998 due to its architectural uniqueness and filigree material-minimized construction. Technical reports on the structure and the roof skin describe a great need for renovation. Currently, various possibilities for further handling of the multi-hall are being examined. The work is carried out in close coordination with the Landesamt für Denkmalpflege in Karlsruhe. The paper will give an insight into current research works and discuss some of the maintenance ideas like addition of a third layer (Fast + Epp), pneumatic reinforcement or monitoring taking into account the spirit of Frei Otto.
Exploration of Long-span Cable Truss Structures
Authors: Hong Namhee-Kim , Koh Hyun-Moo , Hong Sung-Gul
Published: February 2021

Recently long-span cable truss structures have been shaped in terms of a series of king post trusses by weaving them with another king post trusses. The load path of cable truss structures has something to do with their structural geometry. Moreover, the structural geometry has a dominant effect on both structural efficiency and structural elegancy. Therefore, the understanding of load path in association with structural shaping is an essential task for conceptual design of cable truss structures. However, it becomes complicated for a long-span cable truss structures to proportion dimensions of king post trusses because of the large number of structural members involved. The main objective of this paper is to develop a framework for the parametric simulation toward the exploration of design alternatives of cable truss structures considering the load path that are both visually and structurally sound.
Design of Multi-Span Extradose Bridges in India: Two Case Studies
Authors: Trowland Morgan , Robazza Brook
Published: February 2021

Extradosed bridges can be loosely defined as cable-supported bridges that use the girder to resist a significant share of the load as a beam. In recent years, this archetype has become increasingly popular in India, a nation experiencing rapid economic growth in which transport links across the many expansive monsoon-fed rivers are a key stone of further prosperity. Extradosed bridges are well suited to multi-span crossings of rivers, such as the Ganges, with channels as wide as 3 to 5km and foundations in deep layers of fine sand.

There are three principal questions in the design of this bridge type; 1) What spans to use? 2) How to group the spans in continuous units? 3) How to share the dead load between the stays and the girder? The number, size and geometry of the stays, as well as their installation stressing forces, determine this load-sharing distribution, as does the depth and stiffness of the girder. All of these parameters are open for the designer to select.

In two case studies the process used by the designers to select these parameters is explained. The designs were developed through collaboration between the engineer and contractor in a design- build procurement strategy. Both bridges are located in India; one completed in 2017 and the other currently under construction. The first has a total length of 4.4km with spans of 120m and the second 3.2km with spans of 163m. The bridges share a number of features: a precast segmental box girder which is erected by balanced cantilevering; a central pylon and single plane of stay cables; and twin bladed piers integral with the superstructure. Design choices were influenced by foundation conditions and the difficulty of transporting heavy segments over the constantly shifting channels and sand bars of the river bed.
Design & Construction of Iconic Signature Bridge in Delhi
Authors: Haggade Venkat , Bansal Shishir
Published: February 2021

The presently under construction at Delhi over river Yamuna Signature Bridge is an iconic bridge of its kind which is languid in perpetual motion in the tradition of Calatrava’s Bridges in motion to the onlookers where very high importation of technology is involved.

The very complex geometry of the slanted steel pylon with its three dimensionally varying Indian welcoming (Namaste) pose involves high precision fabrication, machining and drilling including the trial assemblies of fabricated segments were carried out in China from economic considerations under strict vigilance and supervision.

The unprecedented nature of design of foundations, bearings and the pylon called for ingenious and first time construction engineering and methodology to be evolved whether for hybrid foundations, concrete technology, erection of large capacity and special type of bearings, fabrication, trial assemblies, welding including very long and critical in situ welding of pylon base and finally segmental erection of three dimensionally varying pylon.
Innovation Design for New Style Truss Bridge in China
Authors: Xu Gongyi , Fu Zhangong , Liu Xiaolin
Published: February 2021

This paper introduces the key points about designing a new structure truss bridge with double decks to meet for 14-lane traffic in China. The main innovation points include the overall structural design, three main truss internal force uniformity adjustment, rigid hanger design, installation and internal force adjustment etc. The comparison lower completion cost of the main bridge in this area which also proves the rationality and economy of the structural design.
Optimization-driven Conceptual Design of Long Span Bridges
Authors: Fairclough Helen , Gilbert Matthew , Tyas Andrew , Pichugin Aleksey
Published: February 2021

This paper explores the potential for structural optimization to be used at the conceptual design stage for long span bridge structures. A discrete numerical layout optimization procedure is used to automatically identify the most structurally efficient forms for prescribed design problems. The study builds on previous work which identified designs ranging from cable stayed to tied arch bridge forms, depending on the specified limiting tensile/compressive stress ratio. Here this work is extended to encompass a wider range of support types and the impact of self-weight is now considered to allow very long spans to be treated, beyond what is realisable today. To permit comparison with traditional bridge forms an idealized 3-span bridge design problem is considered. It is found that optimized forms that consume considerably less material than traditional bridge forms are identified using the optimization procedure described. This theoretically extends the distance that can be spanned when using a given material, notwithstanding that these forms are likely to be challenging to construct using current practices.
Innovative Idea and Practice of Combined-Type Bridge Building
Authors: Luo Shi Dong
Published: February 2021

The common bridges are beam, cable, arch. Two of them are combined together according to the following principles: structural deformation coordination, joint force transfer, mutual use in construction. As a result, it would form a new-type bridge, which is named as combined-type bridge. And the combined-type bridge is different from bridge combination structure that refers to the combination of concrete and steel in the same section of the beam.

When the bridge reaches a certain span, its strength, stability and dynamic property are in very high demands. The beam bridge has to increase the beam height and the flexible cable structure bridge needs to be strengthened to meet the stiffness requirements so that its spanning ability is limited. And the arch deformation form of arch bridge will make the bridge deck becoming a wave curves, so that the deck curve of high-speed railways bridge affects the smoothness and comfort of the train. Due to the requirements for bridge building in future traffic development, it is necessary to combine the advantages of the strength, deformation and stability of a single basic bridge structure to create a new type of the combined-type bridge structure. The combined-type bridge can create a variety of bridge architectural models which fully embody the importance of the traffic function and artistic modelling in future city. The combined-type bridge skillfully makes the bridge modelling emphasize the mechanical modelling expression.

This paper will discuss the innovative technology, the structural deformation compatibility, joint force transfer of combined-type bridge buildings and the design practice of it to improve the stiffness and stability of the structure.
A Life-cycle Analysis Approach applied to the Strengthening of the Jarama Steel Bridge
Authors: Orcesi Andre , Feraille Adélaïde , Chataigner Sylvain
Published: February 2021

This paper presents some results obtained in the Infravation research project called “Fast and effective solution for steel bridges life-time extension” (FASSTbridge). The aim of this project is to develop and demonstrate a reliable, preventive, cost-effective and sustainable solution for steel bridges fatigue life-time extension. As a demonstration example, the Jarama Bridge was selected in this project. The Jarama bridge is located in the outskirts of the city of Madrid, over the river Jarama on road M-111, and has a total length of 115,5m and 5 spans (max span length 33,5m). Erected in the 1960s, it has suffered since then a considerable increase of traffic flow which was not considered at its design stage. This paper leads a cost-benefit analysis and a life cycle analysis of the CFRP solution compared with traditional techniques (use of steel plates) and considering the economic and environmental profit of the preventing policy. The aim is to adopt a preventive strategy to allow road administrations enlarging the service life of steel and composite steel bridges in a cost-effective and sustainable manner.