bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Jesus Freaks”
Authors: Payne Leah
Published: December 2023

Chapter 5 demonstrates how Contemporary Christian Music’s biggest youth-group bands created a post–Cold War soundscape for conservative white evangelical social action in the 1990s. Utilizing Billy Graham’s longstanding media networks and energized by fresh articulations of end-times urgency, CCM became the musical accompaniment for evangelical public action. Youth-group bands provided rock-centric articulations of white evangelical ideals, fueled by an expansive network of white evangelical denominations, parachurch organizations, media makers, and activists. For some of the young people raised in the “bubble” of CCM, the music provided an enduring sense of identity and meaning. In other cases, CCM came to signify a form of suffocating suburban evangelicalism that young people sought to escape. Some evangelical Christian bands and artists in that decade tried to avoid the CCM label, but escaping the evangelical brand was often easier said than done.
Epilogue
Authors: Payne Leah
Published: December 2023

The Epilogue explains how, when it comes to CCM or worship music, algorithms have largely taken the place of white evangelical gatekeepers, and the market itself is shrouded in a kind of tech-driven mystery; the people and communities behind the billions of streams are hidden. But, if worship charts reveal anything, the worship industry still shapes and is shaped by the culture and demographics of megachurches. The story of the rise and fall of CCM, and the ascent of the worship industry, illustrates how technology and consumers shape commercial religion in the United States. And the Charismatic communities who are now at the vanguard of conservative white political action show the enduring power of music and revivalist rituals in American public life.
Recognizing Indigenous Languages
Authors: Limerick Nicholas
Published: December 2023

What follows when state institutions name historically oppressed languages as official? What happens when bilingual education activists gain the right to coordinate schooling from upper-level state offices? The intercultural bilingual school system in Ecuador has been one of the most prominent examples of Indigenous education in Central and South America. Since its establishment in 1988, members of Ecuador’s pueblos and nationalities have worked from state institutions to coordinate a second national school system that includes the teaching of Indigenous languages. Based on more than two years of ethnographic research in Ecuador’s Ministry of Education, at international and national conferences, in workshops, in schools, and with families, Recognizing Indigenous Languages considers how state agents carry out linguistic and educational politics in eras of greater inclusivity and multiculturalism. This book shows how institutional advances for bilingual education and Indigenous languages have been premised on affirming the equality—and the equivalency—of the linguistic and cultural practices of members of Indigenous pueblos and nationalities with other Ecuadorians. Major responsibilities like serving as national state agents, crafting a standardized variety of Kichwa, and teaching Indigenous languages in schools provide vast authority, representation, and visibility for those languages and their speakers. However, the everyday work of directing a school system and making Kichwa a language of the state includes double binds that work against the very goals of autonomous schooling and getting people to speak and write Kichwa.
From the Fourth to the Fifth
Authors: Frolova-Walker Marina , Walker Jonathan
Published: December 2023

This chapter traces the genesis of the Fifth Symphony, beginning with the scandal over Shostakovich’s opera Lady Macbeth in early 1936 and the subsequent withdrawal of his Fourth Symphony at the end of the same year. Shostakovich had to show evidence of reform after the harsh official criticism he had received, and since the Fourth was unsuitable for this purpose in every way, the Fifth had to serve in its place as an appropriate response. Our investigation of the Fifth’s conflicted reception covers public reactions, then the reactions of music professionals, and finally, the official verdict. These musical developments unfold against the background of Stalin’s Purges, to which Shostakovich’s family and friends fell victim.
The Faulty Metronome
Authors: Frolova-Walker Marina , Walker Jonathan
Published: December 2023

Chapter 4 addresses the performance of the Fifth Symphony, and in particular, the great disparity between performances in the choice of tempo for the closing section, with Mravinsky and Bernstein illustrating the slow and fast ends of the spectrum respectively. The tradition of taking this section very fast seems to have arisen from an error in the preparation of the score for publication, although it was corrected only to reappear, as various editions were published over the course of the following decades. The story is complicated further by Shostakovich’s behavior: he had helped Mravinsky prepare for the premiere but also endorsed Bernstein’s interpretation two decades later. The slow and fast versions have a complicated relationship with interpretations of tragedy and triumph, and further complications later arose from the Cold War.
The Emergence of Financial Data Governance and the Challenge of Financial Data Sovereignty
Authors: Castellano Giuliano G. , Selga and Ēriks K. , Arner Douglas W.
Published: December 2023

This chapter seeks to address the challenges of datafication of finance and financial data sovereignty. Section II considers the datafication of finance. Section III considers the intersection of data, finance, and data governance, highlighting emerging general data governance styles. Section IV highlights the intersection of financial data regulation and personal data regulation, in the context of the evolution of a range of Open Banking strategies, focusing on personal financial data. Section V presents four emerging financial data governance strategies, exemplified by the United States, EU, China, and India, seeking to bring together finance and its regulation with their evolving domestic data governance regimes. Section VI elaborates how the result of differences in these strategies combined with prudential objectives are converging toward territorialization via data localization. Section VII addresses this growing challenge of fragmentation by outlining how the well-developed transnational regulatory frameworks in finance offer an opportunity to develop technological solutions and approaches that may in fact support both the objectives of financial and data regulation.
European Digital Sovereignty, Data Protection, and the Push toward Data Localization
Authors: Christakis Theodore
Published: December 2023

This chapter will focus exclusively on concerns of the current trends toward “data localization” and the idea that “European data must be stored and processed in Europe.” Part I of this chapter will recall how certain influential political voices in Europe were pushing in favor of data localization even before the Schrems II Judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). Part II will try to discern the exact reasons that motivated such calls for data localization. Part III will discuss in depth the major influence of the July 2020 Schrems II Judgment of the CJEU and will show that, ultimately, the numerous calls in favor of strict data localization of personal data as a response to this judgment, were not able to be balanced by those calling for the adoption of a “risk-based approach” to international data transfers. The chapter ends with a few thoughts about the necessity, for Europe, to study further the possible adverse effects of soft or strict data localization mandates and to find solutions that enable the main objective of data protection to be achieved without necessarily engaging in severe and disproportionate restrictions to transnational data flows that might be disruptive for European business and the global economy.
Black Lives Matter, Talking Back, and the Life of BlacKkKlansman
Authors: Walker Elsie
Published: December 2023

Chapter 1 is about hearing cinema in relation to the contemporary Black Lives Matter movement, with a special focus on the sound tracks of Douglas Sirk’s remake of Imitation of Life (1959) and Spike Lee’s BlacKkKlansman (2018). These films resonate with the racial politics of America today, along with knowingly “talking back” to white-centric, canonized American cinema. Imitation of Life features an original score by Franz Waxman that celebrates the uncommon stature of its lead Black female character’s life. Parallel to this, the subversive agency of BlacKkKlansman is sonically driven: John David Washington’s possesses unusual vocal prowess as the Black police officer who investigates the Ku Klux Klan by “passing” as white in his telephone conversations with David Duke, and the orchestral strength of Terence Blanchard’s score communicates Stallworth’s remarkable multidimensionality. Such examples of cinema should inspire us to hear all cinematic representations of African American life more fully.
Curating Contention
Authors: Savolainen Laura , Boy John D. , Uitermark Justus
Published: December 2023

How do politics take shape on Instagram? How can users articulate critiques while remaining relatable to others on the platform? We address these questions through a study of Instagram feminism, drawing on in-depth interviews and media analysis. We show that conflicts do not only play out between but also within feminist Instagram users as they strategically adjust, conceal, and amplify aspects of their selves. All activists who want to make use of Instagram make compromises, but not all of them must compromise to the same degree. For instance, sex-positivity and self-confident expressions resonate widely, while leftist critiques of mainstream feminism are difficult to get across. Instagram doesn’t simply express feminism; it transforms it.
Bitches, Sluts, and Femininity Anchors
Authors: Bonnes Stephanie
Published: December 2023

In this chapter the author explores how the gendered context of the military denigrates femininity and prioritizes and values aggressive masculinity. In military training servicemembers are taught core values, resocialized, and encouraged to adopt an aggressive warrior masculinity. In this context, women are often automatically associated with femininity even when they try to distance themselves from it and when they try to embody masculinity. Men ostracize, harass, and label women with stigmatized identities like “bitch” and “slut.” Men also impose gendered and sexualized meanings on women’s life-course events to further limit women’s organizational inclusion. These events, such as pregnancy and engagement or marriage to a heterosexual partner, serve as “femininity anchors” that tether women to femininity within a hyper-masculine environment and result in elevated harassment for women, which is described in this chapter. The author shows how the military’s femmephobic context shapes how individuals interact in the organization, determines power dynamics in the organization, results in rampant sexual harassment and sexual violence for women, and explains episodes of the elevated harassment that servicewomen experience.
Free Speech and Turbulent Freedom
Authors: Glennon Michael J.
Published: December 2023

Americans’ free speech is threatened today as never before by a massive censorship machine, forged by colluding social media platforms and national security agencies and fueled by intense animosities and moral absolutism redolent of antagonisms that sparked the Civil War. Many Americans caught up in today’s frenzy doubt the need for freedom of speech—and are unaware that the modern First Amendment was given life by a young soldier in that war, Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., who survived to recognize the inevitable link between certitude and violence and to become the most influential Supreme Court justice of the era, shaping a First Amendment grounded on a lively marketplace of ideas as the surest guarantor of social stability.
The Certain Sage of Concord
Authors: Glennon Michael J.
Published: December 2023

This chapter discusses Emerson and his philosophy. His Concord neighbors held him in great affection. His generosity was legendary. He and transcendentalism became all but synonymous. It taught that an absolute insight into universal morality was directly accessible to every individual through personal intuition into the Oversoul, with no intermediate need for books or learning. Emerson also, however, preached individualism, which did not square with that universalism: How can every individual intuition be equally valid if validity lies in only one absolute truth? Emerson, with Plato, appeared to resolve the contradiction by turning away from individual freedom to the extent he saw it as incompatible with universal truth. Hence Emerson’s surprising praise of Napoleon as the historic figure who best represents democracy. Napoleon was Europe’s censor extraordinaire, a committed enemy of press freedom. Holmes, meanwhile, had begun even as a student to question Emerson’s Platonism, writing an article critical of Plato that won him an award at Harvard. Emerson was not pleased with the piece.
Holmes’s Excursion into Doubt
Authors: Glennon Michael J.
Published: December 2023

This chapter describes Holmes’s growing doubts about Emerson’s certitude, reflected in Holmes’s pragmatism. The chapter explains this philosophy and how it came to be reflected in Holmes’s early approach to his duties as a judge. Judges are fallible, he believed, and they do not tap into absolute morality when deciding cases; they create law rather than discover it. He viewed truth as tentative, in the manner of John Dewey and Karl Popper. He thus tended to defer to popular notions of morality as embodied in legislation. The U.S. Constitution was made for people of fundamentally different views, he believed, and commanded respect for no one vision of morality or justice; it was important that competing versions be expressed—an evolutionary, “scientific” view of truth and social progress inspired in part by Charles Darwin.
The Pluralist Purposes of the First Amendment
Authors: Glennon Michael J.
Published: December 2023

This chapter explains how Holmes’s fallibilism shaped his interpretation of the First Amendment. The Amendment obviously cannot be interpreted literally as protecting all speech. The original intent of those who framed it is obscure. Faced with a largely blank slate, Holmes, who believed in a living Constitution that adapted to changing and unforeseen conditions, construed the First Amendment as embodying, writ small, the same overall, pluralistic purposes as the Constitution. That interpretation is the basis for his landmark dissent in Abrams v. United States (1919)—the seminal opinion in U.S. free speech jurisprudence. In it, Holmes unveiled the model of a marketplace of ideas as explaining the Constitution’s commitment to freedom of speech. The model rested on values of fallibilism, deliberation, and tolerance. Societal safety, he believed, could be ensured only through the open, free exchange of ideas. The model traces to James Madison’s identification of pluralism and decentralization of power as prime constitutional values.
Becoming Paul Robeson’s Voice
Authors: Olwage Grant
Published: December 2023

Chapter 1 traces the early formation of Robeson’s voice as sound, and is concerned with how Robeson’s singing voice came into being—how it was entrained—and how he “found” his voice. It considers several strands of the singer’s vocal make-up: family practices, artistic scenes, and institutional culture. It documents Robeson’s classical voice training and his resistance to aspects of that tradition, and discusses how the professional discourses and practices—marketing categories and vocal typologies—through which the voice is classified and circulated also shaped his developing vocal identity.
A Voice for the People
Authors: Olwage Grant
Published: December 2023

As Robeson the celebrity artist became an activist during the course of the 1930s, his art increasingly performed politically within sites of diverse struggle politics. This chapter focuses on two related dimensions of Robeson’s politics: it charts how the idea of Robeson as “the voice of the people” emerged through the development of the singer’s international outlook; and then delineates the aesthetic dimensions of Robeson’s people’s voice. The chapter discusses the song strands, the genealogy, of Robeson’s musical internationalism, privileging Robeson’s song practice in his developing internationalism, as it was articulated through different types of song repertory. It then shifts the emphasis to consider also performing practices, cataloguing the many departures from standard recital practice that Robeson developed in order to communicate a message of friendship, or “brothering song.” This was borne of a cosmopolitan imagination. Through a reading of Robeson’s fan mail, the chapter also documents how ordinary listeners heard the people’s artist, in terms of a musical friendship, thus presenting an historical micro-ethnography of listening.
Do I Really Need to Do 1:1s?
Authors: Rogelberg Steven G.
Published: December 2023

Chapter 1 introduces the concept of 1:1 meetings, the incredible benefits of 1:1s, and why managers should see it as a core job responsibility. It defines 1:1s as a regular and recurring time held between a manager and their direct to discuss matters such as well-being, productivity, and career planning. Ultimately, the meetings are designed to grow and strengthen the relationship with the directs through effective, honest, and supportive communication. Moreover, 1:1s can elevate and complement an organization’s formal performance appraisal system. The chapter also highlights that setting up 1:1 meetings is the job of a leader to ensure their respective directs are in the best position to succeed and thrive.
Is a Good “How Are You” Enough?
Authors: Rogelberg Steven G.
Published: December 2023

Chapter 6 looks into questions that can provoke meaningful and well-rounded conversations in 1:1 meetings. Six categories of questions are shared in which you can sample from: 1) Relationship-Building, 2) Engagement, 3) Check-In, 4) Productivity/Challenges, 5) Giving/Receiving Feedback, and 6) Development, Growth, and Career. Alternative ways of asking “how are you” are explored so that more nuanced and complete information is shared. The chapter concludes by discussing how to tailor, choose, and rotate questions to keep the 1:1 fresh and engaging.
Semiotic Music
Authors: Kamp Michiel
Published: December 2023

The final chapter considers the way of hearing most ubiquitously identified with game music: that of encountering music that functions as a sign for something else in the game, such as the appearance of enemies. Building on traditional Saussurian semiotics, it contends with the help of a case study of Left 4 Dead that semiotic music is much like background music in that the signifier itself becomes insignificant to the player in favour of the signified. The chapter then proposes a phenomenological classification of game musical signs in terms of ‘symbols’ and ‘signals’ that depend on the temporal significance of the sign. The discussion concludes with a case study of ‘broken’ signs in Diablo III that connects the chapter’s argument to the conclusions of the first chapter.
Imagination
Authors: Buckner Cameron J.
Published: December 2023

This chapter explores David Hume’s views on the faculty of imagination. Hume had a particularly rich and ambitious take on imagination as a kind of mental laboratory in which new composite ideas could be created by fusing together old ideas in creative ways. This chapter explains how Hume’s theory, if successful, could rebut some of the most serious objections raised against empiricism by critics such as Jerry Fodor. It then discusses how generative adversarial networks can be seen to realize some of Hume’s most speculative and ambitious ideas. The chapter also discusses more recent and powerful generative architectures, such as those behind DALL-E 2 and MidJourney. It reviews how such architectures can be modified to favor novelty in their outputs to model more human-like kinds of creativity, and they can even be used to create simulated input for offline learning or complex planning for future outcomes, as is found in DeepMind’s Imagination-Augmented Agents (I2A) architecture.
Sounds as They Are
Authors: Beaudoin Richard
Published: December 2023

Sounds as They Are theorizes non-notated sounds in recordings of notated classical music. It studies the expressive rhythm of sounds made by a musician’s body and sounds contributed to a track by the recording medium itself. The book establishes a typology of unwritten music across four major categories: sounds of breath, sounds of touch, sounds of effort, and surface noise. Audible events including inhales, exhales, finger taps, valve clacks, guitar squeaks, grunts, moans, and wax cylinder hisses are recognized as music and analyzed within the score being recorded. Scores, spectrograms, and audio excerpts combine to create a nomenclature for unwritten music. The book’s methodology is intertwined with the aesthetics and ethics of non-notated sounds, including their reception by sound engineers, critics, and scholars. It uncovers insidious inequalities across music studies and the recording industry, including the silencing of body and breath sounds along lines of gender and race. The book sets forth a theory of inclusive track analysis (ITA), a methodology that makes a comprehensive census of all audible events on a given recording and codifies their musical function. ITA is grounded in the philosophy of pragmatism. With applications beyond classical music, the theory demonstrates the expressive, interpretive, and embodied possibilities that emerge when all sounds are valued coequally.
Inclusive Track Analysis
Authors: Beaudoin Richard
Published: December 2023

Chapter 6 collects the lessons from the preceding analytical chapters and distills them into a practical methodology called inclusive track analysis (ITA). The theory is inspired by Oliveros’s concept of attentional flexibility and Benjamin’s notion of reading what was never written. ITA is grounded in the philosophy of pragmatism, particularly that of James, Dewey, Rorty, and West. James’s notion of theory-as-instrument is applied to music theory. ITA’s applicability is demonstrated beyond classical recordings: first, in popular tracks by Vega, Chapman, Braxton, Heap, Apple, and Solange, then in theories of recorded poetry readings by Bernstein and Kremer, and finally in relation to Bregman’s Auditory Scene Analysis. The book closes by relating its title to an anecdote about Proust as told by Albaret.
Through Iceboxes and Kennels
Authors: Zayas Luis H.
Published: December 2023

This book traces the rise of family migration from Central America in 2014, a phenomenon that led to the incarceration—and, in many cases, the separation—of thousands of children and parents. Part I, “The State of Affairs,” presents several critical issues, such as separating families, licensing of detention facilities as child care centers, and detaining teenagers in psychiatric treatment centers without cause, and describes principled and honest employees who defied the inhumanity of incarcerating mothers and children. In Part II, “The Human Costs,” the author draws on sources as varied as history, politics, and the behavioral and social sciences to describe four stages in family migration in search of US asylum and the plight of children—the pre-migration forces pushing families to flee their countries; mid-migration journeys fraught with hunger, violence, and pain; detention in cold rooms, cages, and jails; and the post-detention settlement and adjustment to a new life. Each stage has a rising slope of tension and a trigger or threshold event that results in passage to the next state. Illustrated with profiles of families he met, Zayas shows how stresses and traumas disrupt children’s development and mental health, sometimes permanently. Through Iceboxes and Kennels presents the stories—sometimes harrowing, always riveting—told by children and parents in their own words, revealing their thoughts and emotions and presented with sensitivity and understanding. The book is both alarming and optimistic.
I Didn’t Sign Up for This
Authors: Zayas Luis H.
Published: December 2023

Chapter 3 takes its title, “I Didn’t Sign Up for This,” from the expression used by an Immigration and Customs Enforcement officer who did not like his assignment to oversee the detention of young children and mothers. The title also refers to a whistleblower who told about the dreadful conditions facing families in Karnes detention center. The purpose of the chapter is to demonstrate the situation of government and prison company employees, many of whom act heroically but sometimes reluctantly. One family story is tied to the whistleblower, and the other is a redemptive story of a blind child’s courage.
Detention as Licensed Child Care—Texas-Style
Authors: Zayas Luis H.
Published: December 2023

Chapter 4 describes how the state of Texas succumbed to pressure from private prison companies to waive important child protection rules to apply to be considered state-licensed child care facilities. The backstories, legislative decisions, and court rulings are presented as well as how activists protesting licensing—who outnumbered those promoting licensing—tried to beat back the licensing initiative. This chapter tells how the companies that manufacture suffering for immigrant children and parents ultimately convinced the state of Texas to waive critical rules to protect children in order to be licensed as child care centers yet still cause damage to children.
Four Generations of Mothers and Daughters
Authors: Zayas Luis H.
Published: December 2023

Chapter 14 presents a family unlike others in this book that felt the persecution of governments and gangs across the span of 40 years. A Salvadoran couple leave their family in 1980 to avoid persecution and death by the dictatorship and make a life in Houston. Forty years later, after the murder of a niece at the hands of gangs and repeated threats of death, the couple’s sister flees with her granddaughter through numerous hardships into detention, family separation, and deportation in Trump’s immigration regime. The story is told by the child, her grandmother, and the girl’s grand-aunt, who now cares for the child who is still in US government custody. Intergenerational trauma is highlighted in this case, which reflects the lives of other immigrants.
Introduction
Authors: Erlich Henry A.
Published: December 2023

This chapter introduces the unifying theme of the book: using DNA sequence information to reconstruct the recent past, the crime scene, and the ancient past, the migrations of modern humans out of Africa to populate the entire planet. It discusses the universal interest in understanding our origins and the human desire to solve crimes and seek justice and how the properties of DNA can help solve criminal cases as well as address historical questions. The inferences in both fields are made from the same kind of genetic data, generated by the same DNA technology, the amplification and analysis of specific DNA genomic segments by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This chapter introduces the concept of genetic polymorphism and how the categories of inclusion and exclusion and the metric of the random match probability function in the criminal justice system.
Exclusions and Exonerations
Authors: Erlich Henry A.
Published: December 2023

This chapter describes the first DNA exoneration, in which the wrongful conviction of Gary Dotson was overturned based on the results of the PCR-based HLA DQalpha test. Attempts to analyze the 11-year-old semen stain using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) technology had been unsuccessful. The author discusses several other HLA-DQalpha–based exonerations as well as many more recent cases using more recent DNA technology, the short tandem repeat (STR) markers. This chapter addresses the issues of mistaken eyewitness testimony, false confessions, and the reluctance of prosecutors to overturn wrongful convictions until the true perpetrator has been identified. It also discusses the Innocence Project and its critical work in DNA exonerations.
Allan Wilson, Molecular Evolution, and the Out of Africa Hypothesis
Authors: Erlich Henry A.
Published: December 2023

This chapter discusses the pioneering work of the Allan Wilson lab at UC Berkeley and the Out of Africa hypothesis. They analyzed mitochondrial DNA variation from populations around the world and noted that the diversity among non-African populations was a subset of the diversity in Africa. They interpreted this pattern to mean that a group of Africans migrated out of Africa around 75,000 years ago and eventually spread to Europe, Asia, the Pacific, and the Americas. This chapter explains how phylogenetic trees can display the relationship of DNA sequences as well as the concept of a “molecular clock” and how time estimates can be derived from the comparison of DNA sequences. It discusses the concept of “neutral evolution.” The chapter discusses work on the evolution of the genetic diversity in the HLA genes. The chapter also describes how Wilson proposed that PCR could enable the analysis of ancient DNA.
The China Case
Authors: Gainous Jason , Han Rongbin , MacDonald Andrew W. , Wagner Kevin M.
Published: December 2023

In this chapter, we introduce the theory of directed digital dissidence and explain how autocracies manage critical online information flows and the impact this management has on mass opinion and behavior. Although some states grapple with the internet in blunt and often ineffective ways, more sophisticated state actors can use and manipulate the new medium to support and even buoy the extant governing structure. This approach reverses the democratization or even equalization narrative as the opportunity structure presented by the internet exists for more than just citizens; it provides new tools for the state as well. We also introduce the case of China and explore how the Chinese central government has managed dissent and the tools available to it now. Finally, we layout the structure of the book and the contents of each chapter.
Contexts and Means for Interpreting theZhuangzi
Authors: Özbey Sonya N.
Published: December 2023

This chapter provides keys for interpreting the Zhuangzi by reconstructing the intellectual context in which it was written. It also examines the common rhetorical tools used in early Chinese philosophical texts, such as staged conversations, anecdotes, and figurative analogies. The chapter argues that the Zhuangzi’s oft-mentioned decentering of the human and its interest in animal perspectives are to be understood in relation to early Chinese notions of governmentality and ideals of social order. Ultimately, the Zhuangzi brings about the decentering of human vantage points by utilizing storytelling and embracing multiple voices in its narratives. This approach helps disperse power away from presumed centers of value, shifting it away from elites all the way to animals and even plants. The chapter also scrutinizes the interpretive constraints and potentials inherent in the animal anecdotes presented within the text.
Introduction
Authors: Fisher George
Published: December 2023

The book opens in San Francisco, where an 1875 ban on opium dens stood alongside a thriving saloon culture. Why ban only one of these vices, not obviously the worse of the two? Visitors to the dens remarked on their silent darkness. The silence reflected opium’s stupefying effect. Commentators said smokers floated away in a bubble of pleasure. The public’s moral aversion to this stupefying pleasure helps explain opium den bans. The dens contrasted with liquor saloons, places of noisy mirth and conviviality. The book asks why Western culture tolerates alcohol, evil in many ways, while banning opium and other recreational drugs. One important answer is that alcohol, when used moderately, stimulates conversation and fellow feeling. Other drugs, rightly or wrongly, are seen as stupefying and simply pleasure inducing. The moral aversion to this mind-numbing pleasure gives rise to the book’s title, Beware Euphoria.
Sex, Drunkenness, and the Euphoria Taboo
Authors: Fisher George
Published: December 2023

Chapter 1 examines early Christian condemnations of nonprocreative sex, our original euphoriant. Saint Augustine, who drew from Plato’s teachings, deemed sex sinful because it disabled reason, the most godlike human faculty, and renders humans bestial. Paul Rozin’s work on disgust helps explain a cross-cultural moral aversion to bestial acts. Yet the necessity to multiply spares procreative sex in marriage from moral condemnation. Sex and drunkenness are moral siblings: drunkenness lowers the intellectual sentries against wanton sex. And drunkenness, like sex, surrenders reason to mindless pleasure and renders humans bestial. Puritan moralists of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries drew on Augustine’s teachings—and those of an Augustinian mimic, Saint Caesarius of Arles—in condemning drunkenness. Yet drinking was deemed moral whenever temperate and necessary, as Saint Thomas Aquinas’s writings about temperance suggested. People thought alcohol necessary as medicine, a sanitary beverage, a foodstuff, and an agent to warm or cool the body.
Crazed Racial Coke Fiends
Authors: Fisher George
Published: December 2023

Cocaine entered the United States as an Austro-German medical wonder in 1884. Anesthetic potency made it indispensable in eye surgeries and dental work. High cost at first confined use to medical personnel. For years the only reported addicts were doctors, pharmacists, and their wives and paramours, all presumably white. Yet serious proposals to ban unprescribed sales emerged in 1885. The timing, pattern, and legislative histories of the earliest statewide bans—Oregon (1887), Montana (1889), Colorado (1897), Illinois (1897), and Massachusetts (1898)—challenge claims that bans arose from animus toward African Americans, thought to favor cocaine. Bans instead often responded to anxiety about use by respectable white youth. True, some Southern bans trace to racist impulses. But the mistaken notion among modern historians that anti-Black feeling fed the earliest bans traces to a later calumny: Edward Huntington Williams’s 1914 “Negro Cocaine ‘Fiends’ Are a New Southern Menace.”
Marijuana: Assassin of Youth
Authors: Fisher George
Published: December 2023

The pattern and legislative histories of the earliest statewide cannabis bans—Massachusetts (1911), Wyoming (1913), Indiana (1913), Maine (1913), California (1913), and Vermont (1915)—challenge claims that anti-Mexican animus drove the bans. Behind New England’s bans lay the New England Watch and Ward Society, dedicated to protecting youthful morals, led by J. Frank Chase. Eastern lawmakers likely had hashish, not marijuana, in view; no evidence points to anti-Mexican animus. The Indiana lawmaking perhaps traces to the Anti-Cigarette League of America, led by Lucy Page Gaston, who feared dope-spiked cigarettes would addict boys. In Wyoming and California there are hints anti-Mexican animus played a role, but most evidence suggests otherwise. Nor did anti-Mexican feeling likely drive the 1937 Marihuana Tax Act. Harry Anslinger, Federal Bureau of Narcotics commissioner, hid his private racism from public advocacy, including his 1937 essay, “Marihuana: Assassin of Youth.” Instead he focused on dangers to youth.
On Age and Experience
Authors: Hayes Julie Candler
Published: December 2023

In contrast to classical reflections on old age, such as Cicero’s De senectute, which emphasizes the compensations of age, early modern moralists, both male and female, tend to view old age in terms of the loss of status. Women moralists underscore that for women, the loss of social standing is exacerbated by society’s emphasis on women’s looks. Women moralists seek to understand the contributions of age and the value of experience, both in the immediate, practical sense and in its temporal dimension. Topics include the theme of the roles available to women during different life stages and the codes of conduct applied to older women, particularly with regard to the emotional life. Key figures studied include Madeleine de Scudéry, Marie de Verzure, Anne-Thérèse de Lambert, and Marie-Geneviève-Charlotte Thiroux d’Arconville.
Xiong Shili's Treatise on Reality and Function
Authors: Makeham John
Published: December 2023

Treatise on Reality and Function represents the mature expression of Xiong Shili’s 熊十力 (1885–1968) signature metaphysical doctrine of the “non-duality of ti and yong” (體用不二), articulated within the broader context of advancing a systematic critique of both Madhyamaka and Yogācāra Buddhist thought, the culmination of nearly four decades of critical engagement. Xiong presents Treatise on Reality and Function as the third and final iteration of his earlier New Treatise on the Uniqueness of Consciousness (1932, 1944). Ti and yong are abbreviations for “the Reality of the cosmos” and “the functioning of Reality,” respectively, where the latter refers to Reality’s transforming into material phenomena and mental phenomena. Reality (ti體) or intrinsic Reality (benti本體)—the intrinsic Reality of the myriad things that constitute the phenomenal world, the cosmos—is the source of the phenomenal (function; yong用) yet is not different from the phenomenal. Although intrinsic Reality is characterized in terms of origin, point of emergence, and beginning, the relationship between intrinsic Reality and its phenomenal manifestation is not like that of mother and offspring or creator and created. Rather, Xiong not only insists on the ontological parity between ti and yong, but also on their ontological identity. He draws syncretically on a diverse range of resources in the Chinese philosophical tradition to construct his own overarching metaphysical vision and is particularly inspired by the view found in Book of Change that the cosmos is perpetually and vigorously transforming.
Don't Take It Personally
Authors: Zerubavel Eviatar
Published: December 2023

This book examines the fundamental distinction between two contrasting visions of personhood—one featuring specific individuals characterized by their singularity and the other envisioning unspecified, effectively generic ones. Whereas the former characterizes one’s “personal” relationships with one’s friends, for instance, the latter underlies the more “impersonal” relationships between doctors and patients or store staff and customers. The distinction between those two visions of personhood is most compellingly captured by contrasting a company’s decision to lay off ten percent of its employees and only later determine specifically who they would be with an a priori decision to fire those specific individuals, as well as by the U.S. Department of Justice’s insistence that “No one is above the law.” In sharp contrast to “personalness,” “impersonality” implies viewing people as presumably typical incumbents of particular social roles (instructor, police officer, cashier) or as effectively interchangeable members of particular social categories or groups (“Filipinos,” “conservatives,” “Muslims,” “millennials”), and “impersonalization” thus entails focusing on individuals’ social identity (“what” they are) while downplaying their personal identity (specifically “who” they are), thereby disregarding their singularity. Identifying the fundamental constitutive elements of impersonality as well as the basic ingredients of the process of impersonalization, the book also examines the specific impact of urbanization, capitalist marketization, and automation on this process and concludes by weighing the benefits against the costs of impersonalizing so much of modern social life.
“Who” Versus “What”
Authors: Zerubavel Eviatar
Published: December 2023

This chapter examines the fundamental tension between two contrasting visions of personhood—a “personal” one, grounded in “someoneness,” involving specific individuals, and an “impersonal” one, grounded in “anyoneness,” involving effectively generic ones. While one foregrounds individuals’ singularity (specifically “who” they are), the other focuses on “what” they are. “Personalness” involves particular individuals characterized by their distinctiveness, and, based on someone’s allegedly unique qualities, charismatic authority exemplifies such essentially personcentric vision of personhood. At the same time, however, in effectively disregarding individuals’ singularity, the notion of “impersonality” constitutes one of the fundamental pillars of the sociological imagination. As the ideal–typical opposite poles of a spectrum featuring various combinations of the two, personalness and impersonality are entangled in each other as two complementary visions of personhood, the relative proportions between which vary historically and across different social situations.
The Anatomy of Impersonality
Authors: Zerubavel Eviatar
Published: December 2023

This chapter examines the four constitutive elements of impersonality, namely social (as distinct from personal) identity, typicality, standardness, and substitutability. Social identity often takes the form of a social “role,” a generic position that people envision as independent of its specific incumbents, whom they view as but the temporary occupants of an impersonal “slot in the social structure” and therefore as also substitutable with one another. It likewise takes the form of individuals’ epistemic membership in particular social categories of which they are considered typical “representatives” and thereby viewed “typically” and, as such, interchangeably. The most extreme manifestation of such mutual epistemic substitutability is one’s ability to view those members as anonymous and therefore lacking any distinctive personal identities as specific individuals.
Mummies of the Imagination
Authors: Holt Frank L.
Published: December 2023

Ankh-Hap now inhabits a modern world in which mummies have been deliberately “monsterized” in many ways. In the nineteenth century, Gothic fiction depicted mummies as progressively more angry, sinister, and deadly. In the early twentieth century, magazine pulp fiction and comic books continued the trend, influencing a later spate of horror films featuring mummies as movie monsters alongside Dracula and Frankenstein. The sensationalized curse of Tutankhamun’s tomb contributed to the popular notion of malevolent mummies. Meanwhile, children have been bombarded with conflicting depictions of mummies as either comical or creepy, as evidenced in the marketing of modern toys, games, candies, and breakfast cereals.
Introduction to the U.S. Court System
Authors: Pharris Steven W. , Pharris Angela B.
Published: December 2023

This chapter’s authors discuss some of the important concepts of the legal system and specifically the courts. This chapter provides an overview of the four major court systems: the federal courts, tribal courts, state courts, and lower courts. The authors also discuss the jurisdiction and types of cases in each court level. The court system of the United States is a vital part of government. Social work professionals may work for the court system in various roles. Some professionals work directly for the courts in specialized treatment courts or family courts. Other social work professionals will be part of the courts due to a client event or to offer much-needed services.
Addressing Racial and Ethnic Disparities
Authors: Torres Maria E. , Karpman Hannah E. , Francis, and Leigh-Anne , Leibowitz George S.
Published: December 2023

The authors of the chapter begin by highlighting how slavery in this country is the foundation for present-day forensic system inequities. The long shadow of slavery on U.S. culture is a marker of the deeply held White supremacist attitudes and beliefs that extended to all Indigenous persons, non-White immigrants, refugees, and ethnic minorities. The chapter authors explore how systemic racism impacts all people of color. They then provides an overview of theoretical and research frameworks that examine how present-day racial and ethnic disparities in the forensic system are best understood and mitigated by applying the frameworks to current statistics on disparities in access to, type of interaction with, and outcomes of forensic involvement. Finally, the authors close the chapter by discussing how these current-day dilemmas should inform forensic social workers at the micro, mezzo, and macro levels, engaging both practical and ethical dilemmas in the discussion.
Civil Commitment Policies
Authors: Natale Anthony P.
Published: December 2023

This chapter provides an overview of civil commitment—involuntary commitment to a psychiatric institution, either inpatient or outpatient, for further evaluation, treatment, and stabilization—and policies and procedures that govern it. This is first accomplished by reviewing civil commitment types. Next, emergency detention policy variations by state are reviewed. Next, the chapter discusses historical civil commitment policy development while underscoring important implications for social workers in forensic practice, and then focuses on vulnerable populations implicated in the application of civil commitment policies. The chapter closes with a review of the knowledge base, values, and ethics of social work involved in civil commitment policies.
Intimate Partner Violence Policies
Authors: Gatlin Leah E. , Natale Anthony P.
Published: December 2023

The chapter begins by discussing the definition and context of intimate partner violence (IPV). This forms the foundation for reviewing the three primary IPV policy goals: harm prevention and crime deterrent, benefit to victims, and IPV service coordination. Next, the chapter discusses important IPV policy types, including mandatory reporting, civil protection orders, and laws governing arrests. A history of IPV policy development follows this overview focusing on three foundational IPV policies: the Family Violence Prevention and Services Act, Victims of Crime Act, and Violence Against Women Act. Next, the chapter highlights populations with unique IPV vulnerabilities, including people with disabilities, older women, immigrant women, transgender women, and gay, lesbian, and bisexual people. Finally, the chapter closes with a discussion of IPV policy framed within social work ethical values.
Drug Court
Authors: Gallagher John R. , Nordberg Anne
Published: December 2023

This chapter examines the role of drug court in the criminal justice system, describes how social work values are consistent with the drug court model, and provides up-to-date research related to the effectiveness of drug court in reducing criminal recidivism rates for individuals who have substance use disorders. It discusses best practices in serving racial, ethnic, sexual, and gender minorities in drug court, explores common ethical dilemmas social workers may face when working in drug court, and provides a case study that includes an example treatment plan, substance use disorder and mental health diagnostic impressions, and a description of evidence-based interventions that social workers can use in drug court to promote substance use disorder and mental health recovery.
Veteran Court
Authors: Strong Jessica D. , Ray Kathleen
Published: December 2023

Veterans in the United States are not immune to becoming involved with the criminal justice system, and veterans treatment courts (VTCs) were created to better serve and take care of those who have served our country. Creating these treatment courts allows veterans to get the necessary treatment for mental health, substance use, and other issues that may arise. Instead of immediately sending veterans to traditional court, VTC connects veterans with health professionals and other professionals to help them navigate the issues at hand. This chapter focuses on the purpose of VTCs and how they are beneficial to veterans and their families.