bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isomerization and Hydrogenation of Alkenes
Authors: Paulson Erik R. , Grotjahn Douglas B.
Published: December 2017

Alkene isomerization and hydrogenation both using H
2
and sacrificial hydrogen donors are important reactions in synthetic chemistry. These reactions are normally catalyzed by second‐ or third‐row transition metals, but there has been significant recent interest in the development of first‐row systems. The different mechanisms for both alkene isomerization and hydrogenation are discussed along with strategies for catalyst modification to improve selectivity.
Stearoyl‐CoADesaturase
Authors: Shen Jiemin , Zhou Ming
Published: December 2017

Mammailan stearyol‐CoA desaturase (SCD) is a membrane embedded protein that introduces a double bond into a saturated fatty acid. Humans have two homologs (SCD1 and 5) and mice have four (SCD1–4). The functions of SCD have been studied for over 40 years, and recently crystal structures of human and mouse SCD1 have been reported. Here we review the structure and function of SCD.
Introduction to Aqueous Organometallic Chemistry and Catalysis
Authors: Ounkham Whalmany L. , Frost Brian J.
Published: December 2017

Aqueous‐phase organometallic chemistry is an important yet still underexplored area of chemistry and catalysis. An important aspect of organometallic chemistry in water is the potential to utilize the benefits of homogeneous catalysis (selectivity, activity, etc.) and couple that with the benefits of heterogeneous catalysis (ease of separation). Organometallic complexes can be made soluble in water through the use of various water‐soluble ligands. An overview of the unique characteristics of water with respect to organometallic complexes and reactivity are discussed including pH effects, hydrogen bonding, salt effects, and metal‐carbon bond stability. An introduction to the various types of ligands utilized in water‐soluble organometallic chemistry is provided. The most prevalent water‐soluble ligands are phosphines designed with polar or hydrophilic functional groups. Amines, ammonium salts, functionalized NHCs, and derivatives of cyclopentadiene or arenes are some of the other ligands that have been utilized in aqueous‐phase organometallic chemistry and catalysis. Water also makes a good ligand for some water‐soluble organometallic complexes and the reactivity of coordinated water can play a significant role in reactivity and/or catalysis. An introduction to the behavior of metal hydride ligands in aqueous environments is also presented. Finally, selected catalytic reactions carried out in aqueous media are discussed including hydrogenation, hydration, CC bond forming reactions, oxidation, hydroformylation, and olefin metathesis.
Broom, Leonard (1911–2009)
Authors: Broom Dorothy H.
Published: December 2017

Leonard Broom (1911–2009) became a distinguished professor of sociology in a career spanning nearly 70 years in several departments of sociology in the United States and Australia. A lifelong interest in stratification, differentiation, and inequality was shaped by disciplinary skills in anthropology and social demography as well as sociology.
Chambliss, William J. (1933–2014)
Authors: Calavita Kitty
Published: December 2017

William Chambliss was a leading force in conflict theory, criminology, and the sociology of law. His dialectical theory of law creation, law enforcement, and state crime placed class conflict and other political–economic contradictions at the center of analysis. His most cited works include “A Sociological Analysis of the Law of Vagrancy”; “The Saints and the Roughnecks”;
On the Take: From Petty Crooks to Presidents
; and
Power, Politics, and Crime
.
Horowitz, Irving Louis (1929–2012)
Authors: Schneiderman Howard G.
Published: December 2017

By founding Transaction Publishers, a major social science publishing house, and by founding and editing
Society
, a major social science journal, for 50 years Irving Louis Horowitz was a key figure in American sociology. In a five‐decade career, Horowitz wrote and published dozens of notable volumes, and many hundreds of articles on especially important topics in political sociology, social theory, policy studies, and the sociology of knowledge, among others. Horowitz gained prominence early in his career for highlighting and making available works of the recently deceased C. Wright Mills, exemplified in the edited 1964 volume in honor of Mills,
The New Sociology
. In 1985, Horowitz wrote a well‐received biography of Mills,
C. Wright Mills: An American Utopian
. Horowitz's critique of sociology itself, in his book,
The Decomposition of Sociology
, published in 1993, set off a vigorous debate over the state of the discipline that still has impact and relevance today.
Selznick, Philip (1919–2010)
Authors: Přibáň Jiří
Published: December 2017

Philip Selznick (1919–2010) was professor of sociology and law at the University of California, Berkeley. He was a major figure in general sociology, social and political theory, sociology of organization, and law in the second half of the twentieth century. Selznick is considered a founder of the institutional approach in organization theory. He also contributed to specific disciplines of social, legal, and moral philosophy, industrial sociology, public administration, and management theory.
Williams,RobinM.,Jr. (1914–2006)
Authors: Moen Phyllis , Dempster‐McClain Donna
Published: December 2017

Robin M. Williams Jr. (1914–2006) tracked some of the most challenging social issues of contemporary society. He devoted his career and writing to studies of intergroup tensions, race relations, war and peace, ethnic conflict, and altruism and cooperation. Born in 1914 he earned a BS (1933) from North Carolina State, MS (1935) from NC State and University of North Carolina and MA (1939) and PhD (1943) from Harvard. He began his long and scholarly career in rural sociology, and then served as an army researcher during World War II, faculty member and professor emeritus at Cornell University (1946–2006) and faculty member at University of California, Irvine (1990–2006).
Food and Nonfood
Authors: Kravchenko Sergey A.
Published: December 2017

Food as biocultural nutrition has deep roots in the development of society and its culture, being a social form that is generally indigenously produced and comparatively rich in distinctive substantive content. The consequences of globalization, McDonaldization, industrialization, and detraditionalization led to the emergence of transnational network enterprises producing flows of “borderless” foods, mainly with genetically changed bionatural substances, so there appeared “nonfood” as a part of “nothing” that refers to a social form that is generally centrally conceived, controlled, and comparatively devoid of substantive content and culinary traditions. However, such factors as glocalization, deMcDonaldization, routines of home food, facilitate the production of food patterns with evident substantive content, and in everyday life people in fact deal with a continuum from food that relates to humanized and ecologically pure products to nonfood connected with dehumanized and genetically modified ones.
Social Mobility
Authors: Schaefer Richard T.
Published: December 2017

Social mobility is the movement from one position in a society's stratification system to another. Open stratification system and closed stratification system describe the degree of social mobility in a society. The belief in an open system with the possibility of anyone getting ahead is widespread in the United States. Social mobility is measured in changes in income or occupational prestige. Data show a degree of stickiness in both the bottom and top quintiles, or fifths, of the income distribution with a significant proportion staying within the income group though out their lives. Sociologists have long documented the fact that the class system is even more rigid for African Americans and women than others.
Bianchi, Suzanne (1952–2013)
Authors: Cohen Philip N.
Published: December 2017

Suzanne M. Bianchi was a professor of sociology and a demographer, working at the US Census Bureau and on the faculty of the University of Maryland and the University of California, Los Angeles. She specialized in research on women and gender, work and family, and the gender division of labor, employing time‐use surveys among other demographic methods. She was a pioneer in the application of demographic perspectives to the problems of modern family life.
Cuba's Distinct Religious Traditions
Authors: Dodson Jualynne E.
Published: December 2017

This entry is an introduction to religious traditions that are regularly omitted from discussions of religion in Cuba. However, these distinctly Cuban traditions comprise the island's most popularly practiced sacred customs and rituals.
Peer‐to‐Peer
Authors: Bauwens Michel , Kostakis Vasilis
Published: December 2017

For technologically oriented people, peer‐to‐peer (P2P) refers to a distributed form of networking computers, without passing through centralized servers, for different kinds of cooperative endeavors, such as file sharing and music distribution. However, this interpretation is arguably limited in scope. From a broader perspective, P2P can be viewed as a template of human relationships which is springing up throughout the various social fields and follows the same distributed logic. Thus, in general, P2P is the relational dynamic in distributed networks.
Great Recession
Authors: Redbird Beth
Published: December 2017

The Great Recession, 2007–2009, was a historically unique period of economic decline. The United States lost 7.2 million jobs and long term unemployment hit an all‐time high. Youth, men, Hispanics, African Americans, and those with only a high school diploma were most at risk of unemployment. The effect on immigrant workers was more nuanced. In addition, the wealthy and the middle class experienced deep declines in net worth, largely resulting from diminished housing and stock values. During this period, poverty also increased, though taxes and transfer programs partially offset the difficulty experienced by households that experienced income loss. Interestingly, despite increased public interest in inequality, American polls reveal no increase in public support for government social programs.
Selfie
Authors: Burns Anne
Published: December 2017

The selfie is a photograph that is taken by the subject depicted, typically using a smart phone with a front‐facing camera, which is then shared with others on social media or via a mobile messaging app. Selfies have become a prevalent feature of online identity work, and exemplify contemporary debates about photographic practice regarding aesthetics, the affordances of digital technologies, and the use of images as communication.
Anglo‐Conformity
Authors: Travis Toni‐Michelle C.
Published: December 2017

When immigrants came to the United States, they were confronted by those who sought to force them to conform to American values. The two routes to assimilation were Anglo‐conformity and the melting pot. Anglo‐conformity was part of an Americanization process whereby immigrants were expected to adopt and emulate the values of white Anglo‐Saxon Protestants (WASPs).
Attraction
Authors: Rogalin Christabel L. , Conlon Bridget
Published: December 2017

Attraction is a positive attitude one holds for another person and the behaviors they may display in response to that person. In this entry the major principles of attraction are outlined and the major areas within attraction are highlighted.
Consumption, Cathedrals of
Authors: Ryan J. Michael
Published: December 2017

George Ritzer has critiqued and built upon Marx's definition of the means of consumption to develop his own definition as “the settings or structures that enable us to consume all sorts of things.” These “new means of consumption” (a term used interchangeably with “cathedrals of consumption” by Ritzer) are more generally related to a wider field of goods and services and tied to production, distribution, advertising, marketing, sales, individual taste, style, and fashion. They are concerned not just with shopping but also relate to the consumer's relationship with entertainment and consumption‐oriented settings such as theme parks, casinos, and cruise lines, and other settings including athletic stadiums, universities, hospitals, and museums, the latter of which are surprisingly coming to resemble the more obvious new means of consumption.
Consumption, Landscapes of
Authors: Ryan J. Michael
Published: December 2017

George Ritzer has built upon his notion of cathedrals of consumption to describe what he terms “landscapes of consumption,” or “geographic areas that encompass two, or more, cathedrals of consumption.” This definition can be extended to define landscapes of consumption as
locales that encompass two or more cathedrals of consumption that allow, encourage, and even compel people to consume
. The prototypical example of this would be the Las Vegas strip – an area where multiple cathedrals of consumption exist side by side in the same geographical setting and entice consumers not only through their individual appeal, but also through the techniques made possible by their synergistic proximity.
Dangerousness
Authors: Tsoukala Anastassia
Published: December 2017

Dangerousness is a multifaceted and often ideologically loaded concept that lies at the heart of crime control policies that aim at protecting society by managing both offenders and potentially dangerous individuals and groups through various predictive methods, be they clinical or technical. In its initial framing, the term refers to a deterministic view of criminal behavior. Its introduction in modern and contemporary crime control policies has implied expanded control of deviant behavior and subsequent jeopardizing of civil rights and liberties.
Dialectical Materialism
Authors: Beamish Rob
Published: December 2017

Dialectical materialism became the dominant philosophy of Marxism during the Second International (1889–1917) and, in a different form, the official, formulaic philosophy of all communist parties during Joseph Stalin's dictatorship (1929–1953). Marx never used the term dialectical materialism. Nor did he write a comprehensive statement of ontology creating the opportunity to “finish” his incomplete project even though Marx had resisted attempts to convert his “materialist conception” into a totalizing philosophy. Marx's materialism centered on the labor process as the mediating activity between humankind and nature and the real departure point for understanding social formations and social change. To bring coherence to “Marxism,” Engels used
Anti‐Dühring
to link his work on nature with Marx's work to produce a single, comprehensive ontology. Seeking the credibility of “science,” other Second International Marxists sought to develop Engels' “dialectical materialism” further. Soviet theorist Georgi Plekhanov and Lenin pursued their own Engelsian‐inspired materialist philosophy which Stalin, as Lenin's heir, instituted as the official philosophy of Marxism–Leninism. Dialectical materialism (Diamat) brought together a simplistic notion of Hegel's dialectic with a crude materialism to constitute a single, allegedly coherent science that applied to all material, biological, historical, social, and political phenomena.
H
egel,
G.W.F
. (1770–1831)
Authors: Beamish Rob
Published: December 2017

Seeking to overcome the barriers to absolute knowledge that Descartes and Kant erected, Hegel's
Phenomenology of Spirit
,
Science of Logic
, and
Encyclopedia of Philosophy
made him Prussia's foremost post‐Kantian, idealist philosopher. Sociologists' interest in Hegel stems from the posthumous 1930s publications of Karl Marx's 1840s manuscripts, Alexander Kojève's late 1930s lectures, and Herbert Marcuse's, Karl Löwith's, and Georg Lukács's analyses of Hegel's work.
Massive Resistance
Authors: Dennis Rutledge M. , Dennis Kimya N.
Published: December 2017

When the Supreme Court issued itsBrown v. Board of Educationdecision declaring an end to segregated schools, the South, under the banner of “massive resistance” challenged the ruling and declared that the South would resist any attempt to desegregate Southern schools. Labelling racial segregation as a part of its Southern heritage, Virginia sought to rally the South and threatened to close all public schools rather than desegregate. Despite the fervor of the movement only one school district, Prince Edward County in Virginia, opted to close its public school system.
Outsider‐Within
Authors: Ryan J. Michael
Published: December 2017

Patricia Hill Collins's idea of the outsider‐within has quickly become a classic in feminist theories. Developed primarily in her book
Fighting Words: Black Women and the Search for Justice
, the term was originally used to describe the location of individuals who find themselves in the border space between groups: that is, who no longer have clear membership in any one group. Collins later modified the term to “describe social locations or border spaces occupied by groups of unequal power.” Rather than static positions, these locations contain a number of contradictions for the individuals who occupy them. While individuals in these unique locations appear to be members of the dominant group based on possession of the necessary qualifications for, and apparent rights of, member standing, they do not necessarily enjoy all of the experiential benefits afforded to formal members.
Place
Authors: Wasson Leslie
Published: December 2017

The concept of place is used three ways in sociology. First, there is the microsociological concept of place as a material location; second, the identification or attachment an individual develops to a particular location; and, third, a niche in the social stratification system.
Polyethnicity
Authors: Arabandi Bhavani
Published: December 2017

Polyethnicity refers to the ability and willingness of individuals to identify with multiple ethnicities and multiple identities. The increasing rate of interethnic and inter‐racial marriage and immigration of various peoples from around the world, especially by the late twentieth century, has complicated the claim of a single ethnicity, and changed the world's ethnic landscape. Census 2000 was the first decennial census that allowed individuals to identify with more than one race. Since then, data have revealed that individuals self‐identifying as polyethnic are one of the fastest growing groups in the United States. New coalitions amongst polyethnic people signal a change in ethnic and racial group formation.
Population and Economy
Authors: Crenshaw Edward M.
Published: December 2017

Of the three factors of economic production, land, labor, and capital, labor (or population more broadly) has been the subject of increasing empirical scrutiny over the last few decades. While many classical philosophers and most early social scientists viewed population as a necessary asset in economic development, the grim perspective of Thomas Malthus (i.e., that population growth typically outstrips economic production, leading to impoverishment) dominated social science after World War II. By the mid‐ to late 1980s, however, new research began to restore balance in how we view population's role in prosperity. This entry briefly discusses how the empirical literature has changed our views of population and economics, with special reference to age structure, urbanization, population density, population health, and ethnic/racial composition.
Modern, Late Modern, and Postmodern Sexualities
Authors: Plummer Ken
Published: December 2017

While sexuality has a history, the idea of a fixed transuniversal essential sex or gender is criticized. Some of the features of the classification of premodern, modern, and postmodern are discussed with examples in this entry. Finally, there is a focus on some of the key features of postmodern sexualities such as the lack of unitary cores and essential truths; the tendency towards pastiche; their indeterminacy and open‐endedness; the blurring and changing of identities; the incredulity toward major stories; and an openness to a plurality of (often rival) stories. Often a language of excess and hyperbole develops and the growth of high‐tech, consumerist, and queer is mentioned.
Postsocial
Authors: Cetina Karin Knorr
Published: December 2017

Postsocial analysis asserts that social principles and structures as we have known them in the past are emptying out in modern societies and other elements and relationships are taking their place. It focuses on topics such as the massive expansion of object‐rich environments and the increased bonding power of contemporary objects; the capacity of objects to incorporate social power; and the rise of a biology and technology‐centered imagination that replaces previous ideas of social salvation. Accompanying this development are changes in the structure of the self which should no longer be seen mainly as a relation between the individual and society but as a structure of wanting in relation to continually renewed lacks.
Race/Ethnicity, Health, and Mortality
Authors: Schaefer Richard
Published: December 2017

Central to the study of health disparities is how racial and ethnic minorities are adversely affected. The health profiles of many racial and ethnic minorities reflect the social inequality evident in the United States. Even when medical care is accessible, numerous studies have documented the reluctance of African Americans to trust the medical establishment. There is good reason – a long history of mistreatment up to the present. Medical apartheid refers to the separate and unequal healthcare system in the United States that often has and continues to characterize healthcare for African Americans as well as Latinos. Independent of class differences, race has impact, with racial tensions contributing to the medical problems of black Americans. The uninsured rates for black Americans, Asian Americans, and Latinos are higher than for non‐Hispanic whites. Immigrants come to the United States seeking a better life, but the transition can be very difficult with negative impact on health.
Rape/Sexual Assault as Crime
Authors: Beichner Dawn
Published: December 2017

The crime of rape/sexual assault is prevalent. Despite the significant changes to rape/sexual assault criminal statutes in the 1970s, the crime remains significantly under‐reported. Accordingly, most scholars examine both police reports of offenses and data from victimization surveys. This entry explores these issues and provides a brief overview of the literature examining offender motivational theories.
R
eich,
W
ilhelm (1897–1957)
Authors: Plummer Ken
Published: December 2017

Reich was a controversial theorist and therapist who merged ideas from Marx and Freud into a theory of sex economy and “characterology” in which capitalist repression was linked to sexual repression. For Reich, political analysis was equated with sexual liberation. His theory is outlined and many controversies are raised. Despite these problems, his work has developed its own social, even cult, following.
Separatism
Authors: Dennis Rutledge M. , Dennis Kimya N.
Published: December 2017

One of the ironies of contemporary life, and perhaps a double irony of the current thrust towards globalization, is the concurrent impetus towards separatism in its various forms and dimensions. The impetus may stem from a desire of a dominant group to separate itself from minority groups so as to protect its way of life; conversely, a minority group may wish to separate itself from the controls of the larger dominant group.
Sport and Capitalism
Authors: Beamish Rob
Published: December 2017

Capitalism refers to the economic system emerging in thirteenth‐century Europe and extending into the present. Sport denotes a variety of cultural practices that exhibit several particular tendencies when they occur within capitalist social formations. The early pursuit of sport‐entertainment revenues pitted promoters and owners against each other. To prevent their own self‐destruction, owners formed leagues which acted as cartels to control costs, prevent economic competition, and to set prices in the marketplace. In their efforts to gain the freedoms all other employees enjoy, the players in North America used labor laws, the courts, and engaged in open conflict with league owners, ultimately defending themselves through unionization. Once drastically underpaid, collective bargaining has balanced owner–player power relationships so that today's professional athletes receive an increasingly fair share of the enormous revenues they generate. Pierre de Coubertin launched the modern Olympic Games in opposition to the crass materialism and decadence of nineteenth‐century capitalism. The International Olympic Committee's decision to revise the “Eligibility Code” in the Olympic Charter removed the last vestiges of amateurism and any barriers that separated the Games from other professionalized sports. The dominant instrumental rationality of the contemporary Games and their enormous profitability have led to questions about child labor, athletes' rights, performance‐enhancing substance use, and corruption.
An in vivo 11C‐PK PET study of microglia activation in Fatal Familial Insomnia
Authors: Iaccarino Leonardo , Presotto Luca , Bettinardi Valentino , Gianolli Luigi , Roiter Ignazio , Capellari Sabina , Parchi Piero , Cortelli Pietro , Perani Daniela
Published: December 2017

Objective

Postmortem studies reported significant microglia activation in association with neuronal apoptosis in Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI), indicating a specific glial response, but negative evidence also exists. An in vivo study of local immune responses over FFI natural course may contribute to the understanding of the underlying pathogenesis.

Methods

We included eight presymptomatic subjects (mean ± SD age:44.13 ± 3.83 years) carrying the pathogenic D178N‐129met FFI mutation, one symptomatic patient (male, 45 yrs. old), and nine healthy controls (HC) (mean ± SD age: 44.00 ± 11.10 years.) for comparisons. 11C‐(R)‐PK11195 PET allowed the measurement of Translocator Protein (TSPO) overexpression, indexing microglia activation. A clustering algorithm was adopted to define subject‐specific reference regions. Voxel‐wise statistical analyses were performed on 11C‐(R)‐PK11195 binding potential (BP) images both at the group and individual level.

Results

The D178N‐129met/val FFI patient showed significant 11C‐(R)‐PK11195 BP increases in the midbrain, cerebellum, anterior thalamus, anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and anterior insula, bilaterally. Similar TSPO increases, but limited to limbic structures, were observed in four out of eight presymptomatic carriers. The only carrier with the codon 129met/val polymorphism was the only one showing an additional TSPO increase in the anterior thalamus.

Interpretation

In comparison to nonprion neurodegenerative diseases, the observed lack of a diffuse brain TSPO overexpression in preclinical and the clinical FFI cases suggests the presence of a different microglia response. The involvement of limbic structures might indicate a role for microglia activation in these key pathologic regions, known to show the most significant neuronal loss and functional deafferentation in FFI.
Heat‐transfer characteristics of polymer hollow fiber heat exchanger for vaporization application
Authors: Liu Jun , Guo Hong , Zhi Xingxing , Han Lei , Xu Kai , Li Baoan , Li Hailei
Published: December 2017

The heat‐transfer characteristics of polymer hollow fiber heat exchanger were investigated by analyzing the heat‐transfer coefficient (HTC) and the heat‐transfer resistance (HTR) distributions of both the lumen side and the shell side. The influences of the fiber wall thickness and the polymer thermal conductivity on the heat‐transfer performance were studied numerically based on the experimental validated simulation model. It is found that the original overall HTC value is below 1032 W/m2·K and the HTR is focus on the fiber wall. However, if enhancing the polymer thermal conductivity to be higher than 1.0 W/m·K and/or lowering the fiber wall thickness to be less than 0.1 mm, the overall HTC could be improved to over 2000 W/m2·K, which indicates that the fiber wall HTR is no longer the limiting factor of the polymer hollow fiber heat exchanger applications. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 1783–1792, 2018
Limiting flux in microfiltration of colloidal suspensions by focusing on hydrodynamic forces in viscous sublayer
Authors: Makabe Ryo , Akamatsu Kazuki , Nakao Shin‐ichi
Published: December 2017

Cross‐flow microfiltration tests were performed on colloidal suspensions under turbulence conditions. By changing the particle diameter, flow rate, and channel height in the membrane housing to measure limiting fluxes, the influence of each parameter on the limiting flux was assessed from the viewpoint of hydrodynamic forces exerted on a particle in the viscous sublayer. In analyzing all the data taken, the particle Reynolds number calculated from the limiting flux is proportional to the 1.5 power of that calculated from the flow rate at the boundary between the viscous sublayer and the intermediate layer. This fact indicates that the limiting flux can be determined in situations where the drag force exerted by the flux is balanced by the lift force in the viscous sublayer. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 1760–1765, 2018
Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Conia‐ene Cyclization of Internal ϵ‐Acetylenic β‐Ketoesters under High Pressure.
Authors: Chaładaj Wojciech , Kołodziejczyk Agata , Domański Sylwester
Published: December 2017

The influence of pressure on the gold(I)‐catalyzed Conia‐ene cyclization of ϵ‐acetylenic‐β‐ketoesters bearing an internal alkyne moiety was investigated for the first time. The reaction catalyzed by commercially available PPh3AuNTf2 complex, which is sluggish at ambient pressure owing to steric reasons, proceeds smoothly under high‐pressure conditions (6 kbar). Mechanistic aspects of the reaction proceeding via 5‐exo‐dig and 6‐endo‐dig cyclization pathways were also studied employing DFT methods. Differences in the reactivity of substrates containing terminal and internal alkynes is discussed.
Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Conia‐ene Cyclization of Internal ϵ‐Acetylenic β‐Ketoesters under High Pressure.
Authors: Chaładaj Wojciech , Kołodziejczyk Agata , Domański Sylwester
Published: December 2017

The front cover artwork for Issue 23/2017 is provided by the Chaładaj Group at the Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences. The image shows a figurative representation of the cyclization of internal ϵ‐acetylenic β‐ketoesters as bending horseshoes into rings. The transformation requires not only the use of a gold catalyst (golden gloves), but also the application of a high pressure, generated by the burly blacksmith. In contrast, the frail apprentice delivers only ambient pressure to the system, which is insufficient for effective cyclization despite the use of golden gloves. See the Full Paper itself at https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201701388.
Effects of the Bidentate Ligand on the Photophysical Properties, Cellular Uptake, and (Photo)cytotoxicity of Glycoconjugates Based on the [Ru(tpy)(NN)(L)]2+ Scaffold
Authors: Lameijer Lucien N. , Brevé Tobias G. , van Rixel Vincent H. S. , Askes Sven H. C. , Siegler M. A. , Bonnet Sylvestre
Published: December 2017

Ruthenium polypyridyl complexes have received widespread attention as potential chemotherapeutics in photodynamic therapy (PDT) and in photochemotherapy (PACT). Here, we investigate a series of sixteen ruthenium polypyridyl complexes with general formula [Ru(tpy)(N−N)(L)]+/2+ (tpy=2,2′:6′,2′′‐terpyridine, N−N=bpy (2,2′‐bipyridine), phen (1,10‐phenanthroline), dpq (pyrazino[2,3‐f][1,10]phenanthroline), dppz (dipyrido[3,2‐a:2′,3′‐c]phenazine, dppn (benzo[i]dipyrido[3,2‐a:2′,3′‐c]phenazine), pmip (2‐(4‐methylphenyl)‐1H‐imidazo[4,5‐f][1,10]phenanthroline), pymi ((E)‐N‐phenyl‐1‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)methanimine), or azpy (2‐(phenylazo)pyridine), L=Cl− or 2‐(2‐(2‐(methylthio)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl‐β‐d‐glucopyranoside) and their potential for either PDT or PACT. We demonstrate that although increased lipophilicity is generally related to increased uptake of these complexes, it does not necessarily lead to increased (photo)cytotoxicity. However, the non‐toxic complexes are excellent candidates as PACT carriers.
A Route to Base Coordinate Silicon Difluoride and the Silicon Trifluoride Radical
Authors: Sinhababu Soumen , Kundu Subrata , Paesch Alexander N. , Herbst‐Irmer Regine , Stalke Dietmar , Fernández Israel , Frenking Gernot , Stückl A. Claudia , Schwederski Brigitte , Kaim Wolfgang , Roesky Herbert W.
Published: December 2017

Silicon difluoride (SiF2) is highly unstable at room temperature and condenses at this temperature rapidly to a polymeric material of unknown structure. Therefore, the isolation of a stable monomeric silicon difluoride species is a challenging task. The cyclic alkyl(amino) carbene (cAAC) coordinated silicon difluoride was isolated as (cAAC)2SiF2 (2), synthesized from the reduction of cAAC‐SiF4 (1) by using two equivalents of KC8 in the presence of one equivalent of cAAC. In the solid state, compound 2 is stable at room temperature for a long time under inert conditions. The reduction of compound 1 in the presence of one equivalent KC8 resulted in the first stable silicon trifluoride monoradical (cAAC)SiF3 (3).
Sarcomeric TPM3α in developing chicken
Authors: Dube Syamalima , Abbott Lynn , Randhawa Samender , Fan Yingli , Wang Jushuo , Sanger Jean M , Sanger Joseph W. , Poiesz Bernard J. , Dube Dipak K.
Published: December 2017

Cloning and sequencing of various tropomyosin isoforms expressed in chickens have been described since the early 1980s. However, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the molecular characterization and the expression of the sarcomeric isoform of the TPM3 gene in cardiac and skeletal muscles from developing as well as adult chickens. Expression of TPM3α was performed by conventional RT‐PCR as well as qRT‐PCR using relative expression (by ΔCT as well as ΔΔCT methods) and by determining absolute copy number. The results employing all these methods show that the expression level of TPM3α is maximum in embryonic (10‐day/15‐day old) skeletal muscle and can barely be detected in both cardiac and skeletal muscles from the adult chicken. Our various RT‐PCR analyses suggest that the expression of high molecular weight TPM3 isoforms are regulated at the transcription level from the proximal promoter at the 5′‐end of the TPM3 gene.
Defects in Graphene Oxide as Structural Motifs
Authors: Feicht Patrick , Eigler Siegfried
Published: December 2017

Graphene oxide possesses defects of various kinds. The structure of graphene oxide is reviewed with focus on defects in the σ‐framework of the hexagonal lattice. We clearly distinguish between on‐plane functionalization defects and in‐plane lattice defects. Moreover, vacancy defects and hole defects are discriminated. In this context, Raman spectroscopy is introduced as a sensitive method for detecting and quantifying defects. Moreover, the visualization of in‐plane lattice defects by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) at atomic resolution is introduced. Understanding the type and density of defects in graphene oxide bears the potential for advancing the field of research while considering the specific types of defects as structural motifs.
Using the Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR) to Find Information About Arabidopsis Genes
Authors: Reiser Leonore , Subramaniam Shabari , Li Donghui , Huala Eva
Published: December 2017

The Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR; http://arabidopsis.org) is a comprehensive Web resource of Arabidopsis biology for plant scientists. TAIR curates and integrates information about genes, proteins, gene function, orthologs, gene expression, mutant phenotypes, biological materials such as clones and seed stocks, genetic markers, genetic and physical maps, genome organization, images of mutant plants, protein sub‐cellular localizations, publications, and the research community. The various data types are extensively interconnected and can be accessed through a variety of Web‐based search and display tools. This unit primarily focuses on some basic methods for searching, browsing, visualizing, and analyzing information about Arabidopsis genes and genome. Additionally, we describe how members of the community can share data using TAIR's Online Annotation Submission Tool (TOAST), in order to make their published research more accessible and visible. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Protein 3D Structure and Electron Microscopy Map Retrieval Using 3D‐SURFER2.0 and EM‐SURFER
Authors: Han Xusi , Wei Qing , Kihara Daisuke
Published: December 2017

With the rapid growth in the number of solved protein structures stored in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) and the Electron Microscopy Data Bank (EMDB), it is essential to develop tools to perform real‐time structure similarity searches against the entire structure database. Since conventional structure alignment methods need to sample different orientations of proteins in the three‐dimensional space, they are time consuming and unsuitable for rapid, real‐time database searches. To this end, we have developed 3D‐SURFER and EM‐SURFER, which utilize 3D Zernike descriptors (3DZD) to conduct high‐throughput protein structure comparison, visualization, and analysis. Taking an atomic structure or an electron microscopy map of a protein or a protein complex as input, the 3DZD of a query protein is computed and compared with the 3DZD of all other proteins in PDB or EMDB. In addition, local geometrical characteristics of a query protein can be analyzed using VisGrid and LIGSITECSC in 3D‐SURFER. This article describes how to use 3D‐SURFER and EM‐SURFER to carry out protein surface shape similarity searches, local geometric feature analysis, and interpretation of the search results. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The HMMER Web Server for Protein Sequence Similarity Search
Authors: Prakash Ananth , Jeffryes Matt , Bateman Alex , Finn Robert D.
Published: December 2017

Protein sequence similarity search is one of the most commonly used bioinformatics methods for identifying evolutionarily related proteins. In general, sequences that are evolutionarily related share some degree of similarity, and sequence‐search algorithms use this principle to identify homologs. The requirement for a fast and sensitive sequence search method led to the development of the HMMER software, which in the latest version (v3.1) uses a combination of sophisticated acceleration heuristics and mathematical and computational optimizations to enable the use of profile hidden Markov models (HMMs) for sequence analysis. The HMMER Web server provides a common platform by linking the HMMER algorithms to databases, thereby enabling the search for homologs, as well as providing sequence and functional annotation by linking external databases. This unit describes three basic protocols and two alternate protocols that explain how to use the HMMER Web server using various input formats and user defined parameters. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Multiparameter cytometric analysis of complex cellular response
Authors: Šimečková Šárka , Fedr Radek , Remšík Ján , Kahounová Zuzana , Slabáková Eva , Souček Karel
Published: December 2017

Complex analysis of cellular responses after experimental treatment is important for screening, mechanistic understanding of treatment effects, and the identification of sensitive and resistant cell phenotypes. Modern multicolor flow cytometry has demonstrated its power for such analyses. Here, we introduce a multiparametric protocol for complex analysis of cytokinetics by the simultaneous detection of seven fluorescence parameters. This analysis includes the detection of two surface markers for immunophenotyping, analysis of proliferation based on the cell cycle and the measurement of incorporated nucleoside analogue 5‐ethynyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine (EdU) in newly synthesized DNA, analysis of DNA damage using an anti‐phospho‐histone H2A.X (Ser139) antibody, and determination of cell death using a fixable viability probe and intracellular detection of caspase‐3 activation. To demonstrate the applicability of this protocol for the analysis of heterogeneous and complex cell responses, we used different treatments and model cell lines. We demonstrated that this protocol has the potential to provide complex and simultaneous analysis of cytokinetics and analyze the heterogeneity of the response at the single‐cell level. © 2017 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Increased circulating plasma cells detected by flow cytometry predicts poor prognosis in patients with plasma cell myeloma
Authors: Bae Mi Hyun , Park Chan‐Jeoung , Kim Bo Hyun , Cho Young‐Uk , Jang Seongsoo , Lee Dong‐Hyun , Seo Eul‐Ju , Yoon Dok Hyun , Lee Jung‐Hee , Suh Cheolwon
Published: December 2017

Background

Flow cytometry (FC) is a reliable tool for diagnosing and monitoring of plasma cell myeloma (PCM). Recent studies used FC for quantifying plasma cells (PCs) in peripheral blood (PB) using various panels, and an adverse prognostic effect of circulating PCs (cPCs) has been reported. We investigated the prognostic implication of cPCs quantified using a simple panel in patients with PCM.

Methods

Bone marrow (BM) and PB of 85 patients with PCM were analyzed by five‐color FC at time of diagnosis. A serial gating strategy for quantification used CD38/CD138 to gate PCs in 100,000–200,000 acquired events, with subsequent gating for CD19, CD56, and CD45, to identify aberrant immunophenotypes.

Results

cPCs were observed in 74.1% patients (63/85, median 0.067% leukocytes). Patients were grouped based on a cPC cut‐off level of 0.02% derived using the receiver operating characteristic curves. Compared with patients with cPCs < 0.02% (n = 28), those with cPCs ≥ 0.02% (n = 57) showed lower hemoglobin (P = 0.003) and platelets (P = 0.014), but higher calcium, M‐protein and BM PCs (P = 0.013, 0.029, and P < 0.001, respectively). Survival analysis of 74 patients showed that cPCs ≥ 0.02% predicted shorter progression‐free and overall survival (P = 0.001 and 0.013, respectively), and this negative prognostic impact was retained in multivariate analysis (P = 0.023).

Conclusions

Flow cytometric quantification of cPCs using five surface antigens (CD138, CD38, CD56, CD19, and CD45) is a sensitive and simple method that can be used for assessing PCM prognosis; it would allow clinical laboratories to readily adopt a risk stratification strategy based on cPC levels in PCM patients. © 2017 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Quantitative assessment of informative immunophenotypic markers increases the diagnostic value of immunophenotyping in mature CD5‐positive B‐cell neoplasms
Authors: Starostka David , Kriegova Eva , Kudelka Milos , Mikula Peter , Zehnalova Sarka , Radvansky Martin , Papajik Tomas , Kolacek David , Chasakova Katerina , Talianova Hana
Published: December 2017

Background

The data on the clinical utility of the quantitative assessment of immunophenotypes in distinguishing mature CD5‐positive B‐cell neoplasms is limited. The study aim was to assess the diagnostic value of the quantitative assessment of a panel of 18 markers and to identify the most informative ones.

Methods

The immunophenotype of the neoplastic population was determined in diagnostic specimens from 188 patients. BD FACSCanto II flow cytometer and FACSDiva software were used to analyze the positivity/negativity and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of the surface expression of 18 markers. Advanced data mining methods were used to define the key differential diagnostic features of CLL/SLL (chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma), MCL (mantle cell lymphoma), and CD5+ MZL (marginal zone lymphoma).

Results

The most informative markers for the distinction of CLL/SLL, MCL, CD5+ MZL, including atypical cases, were the MFI values of CD79b, CD20, CD23, CD43, CD38, CD11c, FMC7, CD200, kappa light chain, and their combinations. CD23 and CD200 were the most discriminant between CLL/SLL and MCL and CD23 plus CD79b between CLL/SLL and CD5+ MZL. The quantitative analysis of the most informative markers failed to accurately distinguish MCL and CD5+ MZL. The study highlights the data mining methods for the analysis and selection of the most informative immunophenotypic markers and for the design of a predictive model (diagnostic classifier), minimizing the subjectivity of expert‐based assessment.

Conclusions

Our data confirmed that the quantification of the expression of informative markers increases the diagnostic value of immunophenotyping in mature CD5+ B‐cell neoplasms. © 2017 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Investigation of horizontal floor acceleration in historic masonry buildings
Authors: Rudisch Andreas , Dunjic Viktor , Kolbitsch Andreas
Published: December 2017

Earthquakes with comparatively low magnitudes can lead to serious damage to non‐structural components of historical masonry buildings, such as architectural facade elements. In order to assess the vulnerability of non‐structural components, the horizontal floor acceleration is used. This depends on the dynamic characteristics of the building, the ground acceleration and dissipative effects. In the present article comprehensive probabilistic FE time history analyses with different hazard levels have been carried out for selected masonry structures. In order to take induced non‐linearities into account, a macroscopic material model for historic masonry was calibrated and applied. It was shown that the chosen methodology enables the determination of the distribution of floor acceleration over the building height for historic masonry structures. In addition, due to the detailed scope, a robust comparison with the simplified design methods is possible. Finally, the applicability of the simplified design approach according to EN 1998‐1 [1] is discussed for the investigated case.
Complex building element monitoring – interior insulation in practical test
Authors: Söhnchen Andreas , Schoch Torsten
Published: December 2017

Germany has set ambitious targets at a national level for the reduction of emissions with the Energiekonzept 2010: by 2020, emissions should be reduced by at least 40 % compared to 1990. By 2050, a reduction of emissions by 80 to 95 % (compared to 1990) is intended [1]. In order to even come near to these targets, the energy‐related refurbishment of existing buildings has been gaining significance for some years. Facades that are worth preserving or under listed building protection limit the upgrading options on the outside, but interior insulation solutions are as ever regarded with suspicion by some protagonists. The following article reports on the building physics support for a particularly challenging refurbishment project.
Load‐bearing behaviour and characteristic load‐bearing capacity of injection anchors in masonry
Authors: Hofmann Jan , Welz Georg
Published: December 2017

Fixings with injection anchors are post‐installed chemical fastenings, which are generally described as bonded anchors. For bonded anchors in masonry, only injection systems are approved, since safe application of capsule systems cannot be guaranteed due to the presence of cavities in the masonry, for example due to joints, grip holes or the use of perforated blocks.

The present article collects the current state of knowledge and describes the usual “engineeering” approaches.