bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Niche relations in a small world: Epizoic algae on an intertidal gastropod
Authors: Osawa Yumiko , Tokeshi Mutsunori
Published: September 2020

The patterns of microhabitat use were investigated in three coexisting epizoic algae on an intertidal gastropod, Lunella correensis in an attempt to enhance understanding of the niche relations among ecologically similar species in a space‐limited environment. Our analysis of field‐derived data showed clear spatiotemporal partitioning of shell microhabitats by epizoic algae with different degrees of resource specialization. As a substrate‐specializing, obligate epizoic alga, Pseudocladophora conchopheria occupied wider micro‐niches on the host of different sizes than facultative epizoic algae (encrusting rhodophytes, crustose Corallina and Gelidium). While Pseudocladophora demonstrated uniform use of all shell microhabitats on hosts of all sizes, crustose Corallina and Gelidium showed more varied microhabitat use with shifting positions on hosts of different sizes. Furthermore, in addition to slight differences in microhabitat use, crustose Corallina and Gelidium demonstrated differences in their interspecific relationship with Pseudocladophora. Our generalized linear models (GLM) analyses indicated that the occurrence/abundance of crustose Corallina was negatively affected by Pseudocladophora but that of Gelidium was positively affected, while Pseudocladophora appeared to be competitively inferior to both rhodophytes when they co‐occurred on hosts of relatively large sizes. The present study, therefore, points to variable niche partitioning among algae even on a small spatial scale, which may result from complex interactions between spatio‐temporal substrate heterogeneity on a live host and interspecific interactions.
Effect of plasma exchange in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Kosiyakul Punchika , Songwisit Sakdipat , Ungprasert Patompong , Siritho Sasitorn , Prayoonwiwat Naraporn , Jitprapaikulsan Jiraporn
Published: September 2020

Objective

To conduct systematic review and meta‐analysis for the efficacy of therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) with an acute attack.

Methods

Systematic review was performed using EMBASE and OVID/Medline database. The eligible studies must be the studies of NMOSD patients treated with TPE during the acute phase. They must report treatment outcomes using either Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) or visual acuity (VA) before and after the therapy. Pooled mean difference (MD) was then calculated by combining MDs of each study using the random‐effects model.

Results

Fifteen studies were identified; eleven with 241 NMOSD patients reported EDSS outcome and four studies with 103 NMOSD reported visual outcomes. The meta‐analysis demonstrated a significantly decreased in EDSS after TPE treatment for NMOSD with an acute attack with the pooled MD of 0.83 (95% CI, 0.26–1.40; I2 69%) comparing pretreatment to immediate posttreatment and 2.13 (95% CI, 1.55–2.70; I2 31%) comparing pretreatment to posttreatment at 6 months to 1‐year follow‐up. Unfortunately, only one of the four studies evaluating visual outcomes reported standard deviation in association with mean LogMAR; therefore, the meta‐analysis cannot be conducted. Nonetheless, all studies consistently demonstrated the benefit of TPE with improved VA and/or LogMAR after treatment.

Interpretation

This systematic review and meta‐analysis showed the benefit of TPE during the NMOSD attack with a significantly improved disability status immediately after treatment and during follow‐up.
Engineering Dielectric Loss of FeCo/Polyvinylpyrrolidone Core‐Shell Nanochains@Graphene Oxide Composites with Excellent Microwave Absorbing Properties
Authors: Cui Erbiao , Pan Fei , Xiang Zhen , Liu Zhicheng , Yu Lunzhou , Xiong Juan , Li Xiang , Lu Wei
Published: September 2020

FeCo alloy nanoparticles, as a kind of material with high saturation magnetization, have attracted wide attention in electromagnetic (EM) wave research. However, its application as a wave‐absorbing material is limited by its poor magnetic anisotropy and antioxidant properties. Herein, novel FeCo/Polyvinylpyrrolidone core‐shell nanochains@graphene oxide (GO) composites are successfully fabricated with superior microwave‐absorbing properties. The composites perform excellently in absorbing EM wave, with a strong reflection loss (RL) of −40.94 dB at 14.25 GHz, covering from 10.95 to 15.85 GHz (RL < −10 dB) with a matching thickness of 2.0 mm. The superior absorption properties are mainly attributed to the cooperation between amorphous magnetic FeCo nanoparticles and graphene, which contribute to the magnetic and dielectric loss, respectively. Moreover, the FeCo/PVP core‐shell morphology enhances the interfacial relaxation and surface chemical stability of the FeCo nanochains. Thus, this work provides a template for the new‐designed and facile‐synthesized EM wave‐absorbing material.
Molecular‐Scale Interface Engineering of Metal–Organic Frameworks toward Ion Transport Enables High‐Performance Solid Lithium Metal Battery
Authors: Li Dixiong , Wang Jia , Guo Sijia , Xiao Yingbo , Zeng Qinghan , He Wenchao , Gan Liyong , Zhang Qi , Huang Shaoming
Published: September 2020

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have drawn considerable interest as solid electrolytes (SEs) by virtue of their talents for rational design as ion channels. The crystal interface plays a significant role in ion transport and is thus of vital importance to the performance of solid batteries, however, interface effects of MOFs in SEs are not yet fully understood, especially at the molecular level, and not engineered as well. In this work, MOFs engineered with diverse molecules (Lewis bases) are designed for an optimized interfaces and the impact of interfaces for ion transport is analyzed by using engineered MOFs as SEs. The results show that the ion conductivity of MOFs decorated with a long chain Lewis base (LCLB) has been greatly improved. The interface resistance of the SEs composed of MOFs with LCLB has decreased markedly. Most importantly, the corresponding Li|SE|LiPO4 solid‐state battery (SSB) shows an improved specific capacity of 47% and longer lifetime at 5 C compared with the SSB without interface engineering. Such results shed new light on the understanding of ion transport at interfaces and suggest the feasibility of interface engineered MOFs as advanced SEs.
Self‐Adaptive Magnetic Photonic Nanochain Cilia Arrays
Authors: Kong Lei , Feng Yizheng , Luo Wei , Mou Fangzhi , Ying Kaili , Pu Yu , You Ming , Fang Kai , Ma Huiru , Guan Jianguo
Published: September 2020

The development of multifunctional artificial cilia may inspire a new generation of intelligent biomimetic microdevices and microfluidic systems, but remains a great challenge. Here, self‐adaptive magnetic photonic nanochain cilia arrays (SMPNCAs) capable of achieving real‐time and in situ visual microenvironment detection and self‐adaptive fluid pumping are shown. By combining magnetic assembly and UV‐assisted hydrogen bond‐guided template polymerization in printing, SMPNCAs consisting of individual 1D periodic structure of magnetic nanoparticles encapsulated in pH‐responsive hydrogel shells, as an example, are demonstrated to be printed on a glass substrate with defined patterns in one step. The as‐printed SMPNCAs exhibit real‐time adjustable interparticle distance (lattice constant) and total length in response to the reversible volume change of the hydrogel shell with the pH value of the pumped fluids. Consequently, they can sense the surrounding pH variation in real time by in situ displaying different diffracted color, and pump directional flows with self‐adaptive flow velocity under a rotating magnetic field. Benefiting from the integration of the facile, robust printing fabrication, structure‐color‐based fast sensing, and self‐adaptive fluid pumping, the SMPNCAs that are developed here promise a significant advancement in biomimicry and microfluidic systems.
Impact of Tin Fluoride Additive on the Properties of Mixed Tin‐Lead Iodide Perovskite Semiconductors
Authors: Savill Kimberley J. , Ulatowski Aleksander M. , Farrar Michael D. , Johnston Michael B. , Snaith Henry J. , Herz Laura M.
Published: September 2020

Mixed tin‐lead halide perovskites are promising low‐bandgap absorbers for all‐perovskite tandem solar cells that offer higher efficiencies than single‐junction devices. A significant barrier to higher performance and stability is the ready oxidation of tin, commonly mitigated by various additives whose impact is still poorly understood for mixed tin‐lead perovskites. Here, the effects of the commonly used SnF2 additive are revealed for FA0.83Cs0.17SnxPb1−xI3 perovskites across the full compositional lead‐tin range and SnF2 percentages of 0.1–20% of precursor tin content. SnF2 addition causes a significant reduction in the background hole density associated with tin vacancies, yielding longer photoluminescence lifetimes, decreased energetic disorder, reduced Burstein–Moss shifts, and higher charge‐carrier mobilities. Such effects are optimized for SnF2 addition of 1%, while for 5% SnF2 and above, additional nonradiative recombination pathways begin to appear. It is further found that the addition of SnF2 reduces a tetragonal distortion in the perovskite structure deriving from the presence of tin vacancies that cause strain, particularly for high tin content. The optical phonon response associated with inorganic lattice vibrations is further explored, exhibiting a shift to higher frequency and significant broadening with increasing tin fraction, in accordance with lower effective atomic metal masses and shorter phonon lifetimes.
Recent Progress in Nanomaterial Enabled Chemical Sensors for Wearable Environmental Monitoring Applications
Authors: Mamun Md Abdulla Al , Yuce Mehmet Rasit
Published: September 2020

In the present era of the Internet of Things, wearable sensors have been receiving considerable attention owing to their great potential in a plethora of applications. Highly sensitive chemical type wearable sensors that can conformably adhere to the epidermis or textiles for monitoring personal microenvironment have gained incredible interest. Attributable to the large surface area and excellent mechanical, chemical, physical, thermal as well as biocompatible properties, nanomaterials have become a prominent building block to develop wearable sensors. In this review, recent progress in the development of nanomaterial enabled wearable chemical environmental sensors (WCESs) is presented by focusing on the chemistry‐based transduction principles. The developments in sensor structures, selection of materials, and fabrication methods are highlighted. The recent WCESs are summarized by grouping in three major types according to their transduction principles: electrical, photochemical, and electrochemical. In addition, sensors with multimodal sensing capability as well as sensors immobilized in wireless tags are summarized. Finally, issues, challenges, and future perspectives are discussed to develop next‐generation WCESs with long life, biocompatibility, self‐healing, and real‐time communication capabilities.
ROS‐Responsive Camptothecin Prodrug Nanoparticles for On‐Demand Drug Release and Combination of Chemotherapy and Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Chu Bingyang , Qu Ying , He Xinlong , Hao Ying , Yang Chengli , Yang Yun , Hu Danrong , Wang Fangfang , Qian Zhiyong
Published: September 2020

Minimizing drug leakage in systemic circulation, synchronizing the in vivo fate of multiple drugs, and precisely controlling tumor locoregional drug release, remain challenging for nanomedicine‐based cancer therapy. Here, a reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐responsive camptothecin (CPT) prodrug delivery system (MPEG‐(TK‐CPT)‐PPa) is developed, in which CPT and photosensitizer pyropheophorbide‐a (PPa) are concurrently conjugated to the same poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether (MPEG) via ROS‐responsive thioketal (TK) and lipid linkage. The synthesized MPEG‐(TK‐CPT)‐PPa conjugate self‐assembles to form nanoparticles (NPs) (43.6 ± 0.8 nm) in solution. The covalently conjugated prodrug prevents drug leakage during systemic circulation and synchronizes the in vivo distribution of the two drugs. The generated fluorescence signal of PPa helps precisely track and locate the NPs at tumor sites. Under the guidance of imaging, a near‐infrared laser locally irradiates tumor tissue upon reaching the strongest fluorescence. The ROS generated by PPa not only cleaves the TK linkage and then triggers locoregional, controllable and on‐demand CPT release, but also exhibits cytotoxic effects on tumor cells. Thus, CPT‐mediated chemotherapy and PPa‐induced photodynamic therapy lead to the combined and enhanced suppression of tumor growth. Accordingly, such laser‐triggered, localized, controllable, and on‐demand drug release systems may provide an alternative option for CPT formulations.
High Throughput Methods in the Synthesis, Characterization, and Optimization of Porous Materials
Authors: Clayson Ivan G. , Hewitt Daniel , Hutereau Martin , Pope Tom , Slater Ben
Published: September 2020

Porous materials are widely employed in a large range of applications, in particular, for storage, separation, and catalysis of fine chemicals. Synthesis, characterization, and pre‐ and post‐synthetic computer simulations are mostly carried out in a piecemeal and ad hoc manner. Whilst high throughput approaches have been used for more than 30 years in the porous material fields, routine integration of experimental and computational processes is only now becoming more established. Herein, important developments are highlighted and emerging challenges for the community identified, including the need to work toward more integrated workflows.
Liquid Metal Initiator of Ring‐Opening Polymerization: Self‐Capsulation into Thermal/Photomoldable Powder for Multifunctional Composites
Authors: Li Xiankai , Li Mingjie , Shou Qinghui , Zhou Li , Ge Anle , Pei Danfeng , Li Chaoxu
Published: September 2020

Liquid metal nanodroplets not only share similar metallic properties and nanoscale effect with solid metal nanoparticles, but also possess the additional uniqueness in nonvolatile fluidity and ambient sintering ability into continuous conductors. In most cases, liquid metal nanodroplets are encapsulated into ultrathin and fragile shells of oxides and amphiphile monolayers, and may be hindered from incorporating homogeneously into various composites through conventional processing methods. In this study, ring‐opening polymerization is found to be initiated by sonicating the liquid metal EGaIn in fluidic lactones. By this in situ polymerization, EGaIn nanodroplets are encapsulated into polylactone shells with tunable thickness, which can further be dried into a solid powder. Besides high chemical stability and dispersibility in organic solvents, the powder of the EGaIn capsules combines the exceptional properties of the EGaIn droplets (e.g., photothermal effect) and the polylactone shells (e.g., biocompatibility, biodegradability, and compatibility with different polymer matrixes), being capable of being introduced into thermoplastic composites through liquid casting and thermal‐ or photomolding for the notch‐insensitive tearing property, sintering‐induced electric conductivity, and photothermal effect. Thus, the EGaIn initiator of ring‐opening polymerization may start a pathway to produce stable andthermal/photomoldable powders of EGaIn capsules and their multifunctionalcomposites, applicable in biomedicines, soft electronics, and smart robots.
Recent Advances in Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Oxidative Annulations to Benzazepines and Benzodiazepines
Authors: Velasco‐Rubio Álvaro , Varela Jesús A. , Saá Carlos
Published: September 2020

Benzazepines and benzodiazepines, benzofused seven‐membered N‐heterocycles, compose an important family of natural products and pharmaceuticals. Although certainly important and effectives, classical synthetic methods of these cyclic compounds involve methodologies that often require multistep procedures, with generation of waste materials and lack of sustainability. By contrast, cycloadditions based on transition metal catalyzed C−H bond activations (oxidative annulations) have emerged as appealing strategies for more sustainable synthetic processes. In this review, we focus our attention to describe the state‐of‐the‐art transition‐metal‐catalyzed annulations via C−H activations to benzazepines and benzodiazepines.

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An Overview of Water‐Mediated Alkyne Functionalization by Neighboring Group Participation of Carbonyl Groups
Authors: Pradhan Tapas R. , Park Jin Kyoon
Published: September 2020

Reviewed herein, the progress employing the assistance of a neighboring carbonyl group for alkyne functionalization reactions that are mediated by water. Proper arrangement of these transformations is synthetically worthwhile because it will allow chemists to design straightforward synthetic routes for the construction of complex architectures with perfect regio‐ and chemoselectivity. Researchers must understand the mechanism before aiming a new idea based on these types of transformations as they proceed through a different way in comparison to the strategies that employ carbonyl groups as a directing group for C−H functionalization reactions. In general, an oxygen transposition event occurs in the presence of an alkyne activator. In an aim to expose the molecular diversity that can now be accessed employing intramolecular carbonyl assistance, all the precedents are organized systematically for the first time and can be expected to serve as a comprehensive reference work. Therefore, the key arrangement of this review is schemes accompanied by a concise explanatory text describing both advantages and limitations along with the mechanism. Different transformations are ordered in sections according to the chemical structure of the assisted groups. The overall objective of this review is to promote the application of carbonyl‐assisted reactions beyond the methodologies dedicated to the regioselective synthesis of carbonyl derivatives and hence, serving it as a valuable reaction archetype in modern‐day research for the synthesis of carbo‐ and heterocycles.

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A Logic‐Memory Transistor with the Integration of Visible Information Sensing‐Memory‐Processing
Authors: Hou Xiang , Liu Chunsen , Ding Yi , Liu Lan , Wang Shuiyuan , Zhou Peng
Published: September 2020

To meet the demands of future intelligent application scenarios, the time‐efficient information acquisition and energy‐efficient data processing capabilities of terminal electronic systems are indispensable. However, in current commercial visual systems, the visible information is collected by image sensors, converted into digital format data, and transferred to memory units and processors for subsequent processing tasks. As a result, most of the time and energy are wasted in the data conversion and movement, which leads to large time latency and low energy efficiency. Here, based on 2D semiconductor WSe2, a logic‐memory transistor that integrates visible information sensing‐memory‐processing capabilities is successfully demonstrated. Furthermore, based on 3 × 3 fabricated devices, an artificial visible information sensing‐memory‐processing system is proposed to perform image distinction tasks, in which the time latency and energy consumption caused by data conversion and movement can be avoided. On the other hand, the logic‐memory transistor can also execute digital logic processing (logic) and logic results storage (memory) at the same time, such as AND logic function. Such a logic‐memory transistor could provide a compact approach to develop next‐generation efficient visual systems.
“Pulling the Parachute”: A Qualitative Study of Burnout’s Influence on Emergency Medicine Resident Career Choices
Authors: Lu Dave W. , Germann Carl A. , Nelson Sara W. , Jauregui Joshua , Strout Tania D.
Published: September 2020

Objectives

About half of all resident physicians report symptoms of burnout. Burnout negatively influences multiple aspects of their education and training. How burnout may impact residents’ career choices remains unclear. The authors explored the role burnout played in residents’ career decisions.

Methods

This was a qualitative study among a sample of 29 emergency medicine residents from four institutions. Qualitative data were generated through four semistructured focus groups. The authors employed a constructivist approach to thematic analysis. Transcripts were coded and organized into major themes.

Results

Five major themes connecting burnout with residents’ career choices emerged: 1) residents’ current burnout and the prevention of future burnout figured prominently in their career considerations, 2) residents aimed to mitigate sources of burnout through their career choices, 3) residents’ view of clinical work as a burden and a burnout contributor spurred the pursuit of other interests, 4) faculty advice and role modeling in relation to burnout shaped residents’ career perspectives, and 5) residents weighed long‐term burnout concerns with short‐term financial needs.

Conclusion

Burnout played an important role in multiple aspects of residents’ career considerations. Educators, program directors, and organization leaders can focus on identified target areas to address burnout’s influence on residents’ career decisions.
Neonatal nipple preference and maternal cradling laterality in wild Taihangshan macaques (Macaca mulatta tcheliensis)
Authors: Guo Yongman , Garber Paul A. , Tian Jundong , Lu Jiqi
Published: September 2020

Lateralized behavior is considered an observable phenotype of cerebral functional asymmetry and has been documented in many mammalian species. In the present study, we examined evidence of lateralization in neonatal nipple contact, maternal cradling, and the relationship between these two behaviors during the first 12 weeks of life in wild Taihangshan macaques (Macaca mulatta tcheliensis). The results showed that across our sample of nine mother–infant dyads: (1) Seven of nine neonates exhibited a significant left‐side nipple preference during the first 12 weeks of life, whereas eight of nine mothers displayed a significant right‐side cradling preference; (2) at the population level, there was a significant preference for left nipple contact by neonatal Taihangshan macaques and a significant right‐hand maternal cradling preference; (3) at the population level, there was a nonsignificant negative correlation between neonatal nipple preference and maternal cradling bias; and (4) the strength of individual neonatal nipple preference and maternal cradling laterality were not correlated. We conclude that asymmetry in nipple contact of Taihangshan macaques occurs early in behavioral development. Given that infant Taihangshan macaques are able to nurse and cling unassisted to their mothers within a few days after birth, it appears that the infant rather than its mother is responsible for determining a nipple‐side preference. Our results indicating a left‐side nipple bias in 78% of wild neonatal Taihangshan macaques are most consistent with the heartbeat hypothesis.
Hexafluoroisopropanol‐Promoted Haloamidation and Halolactonization of Unactivated Alkenes
Authors: Qi Chenxiao , Force Guillaume , Gandon Vincent , Lebœuf David
Published: September 2020

Pyrrolidine and piperidine derivatives bearing halide functional groups are prevalent building blocks in drug discovery as halides can serve as an anchor for post‐modifications. In principle, one of the simplest ways to build these frameworks is the haloamination of alkenes. While progress has been made in this field, notably with the development of enantioselective versions, this reaction is still fraught with limitations in terms of reactivity. Besides, a major question remaining is to understand the mechanism at work. The formation of a haliranium intermediate is typically mentioned, but limited mechanistic evidence supports it. Reported here is an efficient metal‐ and oxidant‐free protocol to achieve the haloamidation of olefins, promoted by hexafluoroisopropanol, along with a DFT investigation of the mechanism. These findings should guide the future development of more complex transformations in the field of halofunctionalization.
Complex Cascade Reaction Networks via Cross β Amyloid Nanotubes
Authors: Chatterjee Ayan , Mahato Chiranjit , Das Dibyendu
Published: September 2020

Biocatalytic reaction networks integrate complex cascade transformations via spatial localization of multiple enzymes confined within the cellular milieu. Inspired by nature's ingenuity, we demonstrate that short peptide‐based cross‐β amyloid nanotubular hybrids can promote different kinds of cascade reactions, from simple two‐step, to multistep, to complex convergent cascades. The compartmentalizing ability of paracrystalline cross‐β phases was utilized to colocalize sarcosine oxidase (SOX) and hemin as an artificial peroxidase. Further, the catalytic potential of the amyloid nanotubes with ordered arrays of imidazoles were used as hydrolase mimic. The SOX‐hemin amyloid nanohybrids featuring a single extant enzyme could integrate different logic networks to access complex digital designs with the help of three concatenated AND gates and biologically relevant stimuli as inputs.
α‐Selective Ring‐Opening Reactions of Bicyclo[1.1.0]butyl Boronic Ester with Nucleophiles
Authors: Guo Lin , Noble Adam , Aggarwal Varinder K.
Published: September 2020

The reaction of bicyclo[1.1.0]butyl pinacol boronic ester (BCB‐Bpin) with nucleophiles has been studied. Unlike BCBs bearing electron‐withdrawing groups, which react with nucleophiles at the β‐position, BCB‐Bpin reacts with a diverse set of heteroatom (O, S, N)‐centred nucleophiles exclusively at the α‐position. Aliphatic alcohols, phenols, carboxylic acids, thiols and sulfonamides were found to be competent nucleophiles, providing ready access to α‐heteroatom‐substituted cyclobutyl boronic esters. In contrast, sterically hindered bis‐sulfonamides and related nucleophiles reacted with BCB‐Bpin at the β′‐position leading to cyclopropanes with high trans‐selectivity. The origin of selectivity is discussed.
Scalable and Recyclable All‐Organic Colloidal Cascade Catalysts
Authors: Chen Chen , Janoszka Nicole , Wong Chin Ken , Gramse Christian , Weberskirch Ralf , Gröschel André H.
Published: September 2020

We report on the synthesis of core–shell microparticles (CSMs) with an acid catalyst in the core and a base catalyst in the shell by surfactant‐free emulsion polymerization (SFEP). The organocatalytic monomers were separately copolymerized in three synthetic steps allowing the spatial separation of incompatible acid and base catalysts within the CSMs. Importantly, a protected and thermo‐decomposable sulfonate monomer was used as acid source to circumvent the neutralization of the base catalyst during shell formation, which was key to obtain stable, catalytically active CSMs. The catalysts showed excellent performance in an established one‐pot model cascade reaction in various solvents (including water), which involved an acid‐catalyzed deacetalization followed by a base‐catalyzed Knoevenagel condensation. The CSMs are easily recycled, modified, and their synthesis is scalable, making them promising candidates for organocatalytic applications.
Hydroxylamine‐Derived Reagent as a Dual Oxidant and Amino Group Donor for the Iron‐Catalyzed Preparation of Unprotected Sulfinamides from Thiols
Authors: Chatterjee Sayanti , Makai Szabolcs , Morandi Bill
Published: September 2020

An iron catalyzed reaction for the selective transformation of thiols (‐SH) to sulfinamides (‐SONH2) by a direct transfer of ‐O and free ‐NH2 groups has been developed. The reaction operates under mild conditions using a bench stable hydroxylamine derived reagent, exhibits broad functional group tolerance, is scalable and proceeds without the use of any precious metal catalyst or additional oxidant. This novel, practical reaction leads to the formation of two distinct new bonds (S=O and S−N) in a single step to chemoselectively form valuable, unprotected sulfinamide products. Preliminary mechanistic studies implicate the role of the alcoholic solvent as an oxygen atom donor.
Preparation of 3D crimped ZnO/PAN hybrid nanofiber mats with photocatalytic activity and antibacterial properties by blow‐spinning
Authors: Du Zhiqiang , Chen Yang , Jensen Martin , Wang Ning , Li Xianfeng , Zhang Xingxiang
Published: September 2020

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures have received widespread attention due to their unique structure and broad application possibilities, but high preparation costs and agglomeration limit their usage. In this article, low‐cost and environmentally friendly cellulose and ZnCl2 are used to synthesize ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). Subsequently, multifunctional ZnO/polyacrylonitrile hybrid nanofiber mats (ZnO/PAN@NFMs) with mechanical stability suitable for large‐scale application are prepared via solution blow‐spinning. The synthesized ZnO/PAN@NFMs exhibit higher photodegradation of organic dyes than earlier reported semiconductors and good recycling performance with an organic dye degradation above 94%–98% after five cycles, which is ascribed to fixation of the ZnO NPs in the nanofibers. In addition, the inhibition rate for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus is above 99.9% and the bacteriostatic rate against E. coli remains as high as 99% after 10 cycles. From these properties, the synthesized composite ZnO/PAN@NFMs are promising for wastewater cleaning and antibacterial fabrics.
Spotlight on the Shift to Remote Anatomical Teaching During Covid‐19 Pandemic: Perspectives and Experiences from the University of Malta
Authors: Cuschieri Sarah , Calleja Agius Jean
Published: September 2020

Covid‐19 has spread globally, affecting all nations. Preventive measures were implemented by governments including the closure of universities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the student's perspectives and experiences on the shift to remote preclinical medical education while inquiring whether there has been any psychological impact on the students. A customized questionnaire utilizing Likert‐scale‐based questions and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder‐7 assessment tool was distributed online to enrolled preclinical medical students at the Faculty of Medicine and Surgery at the University of Malta. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of the data gathered was carried out. Multivariate logistic regression analyses was performed to establish independent variables associated with anxiety symptoms. A total of 172 responded out of a cohort of 299 preclinical students (58%). The majority perceived a positive learning experience following the shift to remote lectures, however, it was not the case for small group teaching including dissection sessions. Nonetheless students reported concerns about their education, examinations, progression to next academic year and wellbeing. Less than half the students exhibited symptoms of anxiety. Students exhibiting “moderate” worry (OR:7.6; CI 95%:1.98–29.31; P < 0.01) and “severe” worry (OR: 2.0; CI 95%: 5.0–80.5; P < 0.01) on their mental, emotional, and wellbeing due to Covid‐19 were associated with anxiety symptoms after adjusting for cofounders. Apart from the short‐term effects, the Covid‐19 pandemic may have a long‐term impact on both the medical education and the students' future careers. It is important that the implemented changes in medical education are recorded and studied since such data will be essential on how to proceed post‐Covid‐19 pandemic.
Children with ASD Show Impaired Item‐Space Recollection, But Preserved Item‐Color Recollection
Authors: Mooney Lindsey N. , Nordahl Christine Wu , Solomon Marjorie , Ghetti Simona
Published: September 2020

Although individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have been often shown to display similar memory performance on semantic memory tasks compared to typically developing (TD) children, there is ongoing debate about whether and how their ability to remember specific past events (i.e., episodic memory) is impaired. We assessed a sample of 62 children with ASD and 72 TD children, ranging in age between 8 and 12 years on 2 memory tasks. Participants encoded a series of images and their association with either where they appeared on the screen (item‐space association task) or with the color of an image's border (item‐color association task). Children with ASD showed worse memory in the item‐space association task compared to their TD peers, but comparable memory for the item‐color association task. These differences persisted when age, intellectual quotient, and general item recognition memory were accounted for statistically. We interpret these results in light of evidence for specific deficits along the dorsal stream affecting processing of spatiotemporal information in ASD. Autism Res 2020, 13: 1985‐1997. © 2020 International Society for Autism Research and Wiley Periodicals LLC

Lay Summary

Episodic memory requires the ability to bind contextual details (such as color, location, etc.) to an item or event in order to remember the past with specific detail. Here, we compared children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and typically developing (TD) children on tasks examining episodic memory. Children with ASD recalled more poorly previously seen items and their associated space‐related details, but they performed comparably to TD children on color details. We discuss the possible mechanisms that contribute to worse spatial processing/recall in ASD.
A review: Red/near‐infrared (NIR) fluorescent probes based on nucleophilic reactions of H2S since 2015
Authors: Wang JunPing , Huo Fangjun , Yue Yongkang , Yin Caixia
Published: September 2020

The topics of human health and disease are always the focus of much attention. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), as a double‐edged sword, plays an important role in biological systems. Studies have revealed that endogenous H2S is important to maintain normal physiological functions. Conversely, abnormal levels of H2S may contribute to various diseases. Due to the importance of H2S in physiology and pathology, research into the effects of H2S has been active in recent years. Fluorescent probes with red/near‐infrared (NIR) emissions (620–900 nm) are more suitable for imaging applications in vivo, because of their negligible photodamage, deep tissue penetration, and maximum lack of interference from background autofluorescence. H2S, an ‘evil and positive’ molecule, is not only toxic, but also produces significant effects; a ‘greedy’ molecule, is not only a strong nucleophile under physiological conditions, but also undergoes a continuous double nucleophilic reaction. Therefore, in this tutorial review, we will highlight recent advances made since 2015 in the development and application of red/NIR fluorescent probes based on nucleophilic reactions of H2S.
European multicentre study on outcome of surgery for sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Bergenfelz A , van Slycke S , Makay Ö , Brunaud L
Published: September 2020

Background

International multicentre outcome studies of surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT), especially for rate of conversion to bilateral neck surgery and persistent hypercalcaemia, are scarce.

Methods

Eurocrine® is a European database for endocrine surgery. Data are entered according to predefined data fields. Outcomes for patients who underwent first surgery for sporadic pHPT were analysed. Multivariable analysis was performed to identify risk factors for adverse outcome using Cox regression with constant follow-up.

Results

A total of 5861 patients were registered between 2015 and 2018. Preoperative localization procedures were used in most patients, with moderate sensitivity. Intraoperative parathyroid hormone (ioPTH) measurement was used in three-quarters of patients. Bilateral surgery was performed in 1574 patients (26·9 per cent). Among 4683 patients (79·7 per cent) for whom unilateral or focused operation was planned, the procedure was converted to bilateral surgery in 396 (8·5 per cent). The risk of conversion decreased with the use of ioPTH monitoring (relative risk (RR) 0·77). Persistent hypercalcaemia was registered in 253 patients (4·3 per cent), and was less likely with the use of two (RR 0·55) or three (RR 0·44) localization procedures. In patients with a concordant localized single lesion, the rate of persistent hypercalcaemia was 2·5 per cent. The risk of persistent hypercalcaemia decreased with the use of ioPTH measurement, but was increased in patients with negative localization procedures and conversion to bilateral surgery.

Conclusion

The use of ioPTH measurement decreased the risk of conversion and persistent hypercalcaemia. The use of two or three localization procedures decreased the risk of persistent hypercalcaemia; in patients with a concordant single lesion, the risk of persistent hypercalcaemia was low.
Bloom's taxonomy: A beneficial tool for learning and assessing students’ competency levels in computer programming using empirical analysis
Authors: Ullah Zahid , Lajis Adidah , Jamjoom Mona , Altalhi Abdulrahman , Saleem Farrukh
Published: September 2020

Previous research on computer programming advocates that most computer science students, especially novices, lack programming competencies. The reasons given for this inadequacy is that most students lack the background knowledge, first experience of programming, and a new environment of writing programs in a syntax specific language, and so forth. Due to these reasons, the failure rate is high every year. Several researchers have used learning taxonomies; in that, Bloom's taxonomy has been widely used for assessment and learning of programming. Moreover, Bloom's taxonomy has been used as a scale for preparing the assessment questions, and the competency level was quantified based on that. In contrast, this study proposes a novel approach of programming assessment, in which the achieved competency level of a student is mapped to the respective cognitive levels of Bloom's taxonomy directly from the written code with no prior mapping of questions. The computation of the competency level in terms of mapping to the respective cognitive level is based on some principal criteria extricated from theories used in previous studies. Furthermore, this study emphasizes the basic topics of the structure programming course: Selection, repetition, and modular. The data collection was carried out from 213 students using an empirical test that is further analyzed through Structural Equation Modeling. The results show that Bloom's taxonomy is a beneficial tool for learning and assessing programming.
Chilaiditi's sign: A rare differential diagnosis of pneumoperitoneum
Authors: Ben Ismail Imen , Zenaidi Hakim , Rebii Saber , Yahmadi Abdelwahed , Zoghlami Ayoub
Published: September 2020

Chilaiditi sign is a rare condition typically mistaken for pneumoperitoneum. CT scan can confirm the diagnosis. Its management is conservative that is why it should be well known by surgeons to avoid unnecessary exploratory laparotomies.
Light chain–positive rod‐like inclusions in bone marrow plasma cells associated with monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance
Authors: Okawara Sayoko , Bando Kenichiro , Tsukada Junichi
Published: September 2020

Rod‐like inclusions have rarely been described in cases of monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance or multiple myeloma. The key finding in our case is the strong κ‐light chain positivity of rod‐like inclusions in plasma cells, which confirms their immunoglobulin nature. Therapeutic benefit of bortezomib was also observed.
Co−MOF‐74@Cu−MOF‐74 Derived Bifunctional Co−C@Cu−C for One‐Pot Production of 1, 4‐Diphenyl‐1, 3‐Butadiene from Phenylacetylene
Authors: Cai Jingyu , Zhuang Yuzheng , Chen Yi , Xiao Longqiang , Zhao Yulai , Jiang Xiancai , Hou Linxi , Li Zhaohui
Published: September 2020

Carbon‐supported metal nanoparticles (NPs) play important roles in heterogeneous catalysis. In particular, supported bimetallic catalytic systems can be promising multifunctional catalysts for one‐pot tandem/cascade reactions, in which two or more successive independent reactions are realized in one pot. In this manuscript, we report the preparation of a carbon‐supported bimetallic CoCu catalytic system (Co−C@Cu−C), with Co NPs wrapped by carbon‐supported Cu NPs, from the pyrolysis of a core‐shell structured Co−MOF‐74@Cu−MOF‐74. The as‐obtained Co−C@Cu−C acts as a bifunctional catalyst for the transformation of phenylacetylene to 1, 4‐diphenyl‐1, 3‐butadiene in one pot, in which supported metallic Cu NPs and Co NPs are active for the coupling and hydrogenation reaction respectively. By tuning the reaction rates of the coupling and the hydrogenation in this tandem reaction over the Co−C@Cu−C via changing the reaction medium and the reducing agent, an efficient direct transformation of phenylacetylene to 1, 4‐diphenyl‐1, 3‐butadiene was realized. This work not only highlights the important role of MOFs in the preparation of multifunctional carbon supported metal NPs for heterogeneous catalysis, but also demonstrates the possibility of tuning the reaction rates of different catalytic steps in a tandem reaction to realize an efficient overall reaction.
Nickel‐Based Metal‐Organic Framework/Crosslinked Tubular Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) Composite as an Electrocatalyst for the Detection of Gallic Acid and Tinidazole
Authors: Wang Haixu , Feng Xiaogeng , Bo Xiangjie , Zhou Ming , Guo Liping
Published: September 2020

Nickel‐based metal‐organic framework (Ni‐MOF) embedded in tubular poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (T‐PEDOT) composites was first synthesized through the in situ growth of Ni‐MOF with T‐PEDOT. The incorporation of T‐PEDOT and Ni‐MOF enhances the conductivity of Ni‐MOF/T‐PEDOT, reduces aggregation and restricts the size of Ni‐MOF, and exposes more active sites of the Ni‐MOF. Compared with Ni‐MOF, Ni‐MOF/T‐PEDOT manifests improved electrocatalytic activity toward the oxidation and reduction of gallic acid and tinidazole, respectively. The Ni‐MOF/T‐PEDOT‐2/glassy carbon electrode (GCE) as a novel electrochemical sensor was constructed to detect two antibacterial drugs. Ni‐MOF/T‐PEDOT‐2/GCE shows two linear responses to gallic acid in the range of 0.8–25.5 μM and 25.5–150 μM, with a high sensitivity of 0.559 μA μM−1. At the same time, Ni‐MOF/T‐PEDOT‐2/GCE exhibits two linear responses to tinidazole in the range of 0.7–35 μM and 35–255 μM. Therefore, Ni‐MOF/T‐PEDOT‐2/GCE could be used to detect gallic acid and tinidazole in real samples with satisfactory results. Recovery values varied from 95.1 to 104.2 % for gallic acid sensing and 94.2 to 104.2 % for tinidazole sensing, which demonstrates that the sensor has practical application for gallic acid and tinidazole detection. Our work offers an efficient strategy for fabricating a new electrocatalysts based on MOFs and tubular conductive polymer.
Galectin–Glycan Interactions: Guidelines for Monitoring by 77Se NMR Spectroscopy, and Solvent (H2O/D2O) Impact on Binding
Authors: Diercks Tammo , Medrano Francisco J. , FitzGerald Forrest G. , Beckwith Donella , Pedersen Martin Jaeger , Reihill Mark , Ludwig Anna‐Kristin , Romero Antonio , Oscarson Stefan , Cudic Maré , Gabius Hans‐Joachim
Published: September 2020

Functional pairing between cellular glycoconjugates and tissue lectins like galectins has wide (patho)physiological significance. Their study is facilitated by nonhydrolysable derivatives of the natural O‐glycans, such as S‐ and Se‐glycosides. The latter enable extensive analyses by specific 77Se NMR spectroscopy, but still remain underexplored. By using the example of selenodigalactoside (SeDG) and the human galectin‐1 and ‐3, we have evaluated diverse 77Se NMR detection methods and propose selective 1H,77Se heteronuclear Hartmann–Hahn transfer for efficient use in competitive NMR screening against a selenoglycoside spy ligand. By fluorescence anisotropy, circular dichroism, and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), we show that the affinity and thermodynamics of SeDG binding by galectins are similar to thiodigalactoside (TDG) and N‐acetyllactosamine (LacNAc), confirming that Se substitution has no major impact. ITC data in D2O versus H2O are similar for TDG and LacNAc binding by both galectins, but a solvent effect, indicating solvent rearrangement at the binding site, is hinted at for SeDG and clearly observed for LacNAc dimers with extended chain length.
Lewis Acid Promoted Dearomatization of Naphthols
Authors: Kulish Kirill , Boldrini Cosimo , Castiñeira Reis Marta , Pérez Juana M. , Harutyunyan Syuzanna R.
Published: September 2020

Two‐step dearomative functionalization of naphthols promoted by Lewis acids and copper(I) catalysis was developed. Initially, Lewis acid complexation inverted the electronic properties of the ring and established an equilibrium with the dearomatized counterpart. Subsequent trapping of the dearomatized intermediate with organometallics as well as organophosphines was demonstrated and provided the corresponding dearomatized products.
Boosting the Iodine Adsorption and Radioresistance of Th‐UiO‐66 MOFs via Aromatic Substitution
Authors: Li Zi‐Jian , Ju Yu , Lu Huangjie , Wu Xiaoling , Yu Xinle , Li Yongxin , Wu Xiaowei , Zhang Zhi‐Hui , Lin Jian , Qian Yuan , He Ming‐Yang , Wang Jian‐Qiang
Published: September 2020

Effective capture of radioactive iodine is of paramount importance for the safe and long‐term storage of fission products in the nuclear fuel cycle. Herein, a series of functionalized Th‐UiO‐66 MOFs was employed as a model to investigate the effects of substituents on iodine adsorption in both solution and vapor states. Sorption studies revealed that the electro‐donating amino group exhibits the most positive role on increasing the removal rate of iodine from cyclohexane and the uptake capacity of iodine vapor. Particularly, the disubstituted Th‐UiO‐66‐(NH2)2 can effectively remove 91.9 % of iodine (300 mg L−1) from cyclohexane and capture 969 mg g−1 iodine vapor, significantly higher than 59.6 % and 334 mg g−1 of untagged Th‐UiO‐66, respectively. In addition, the substituent effect on the radiolytic stability of MOFs was for the first time investigated, leading to the unearthing of one of the most radioresistant MOFs Th‐UiO‐66‐NH2 reported to date.
Structural and Oxidation State Alternatives in Platinum and Palladium Complexes of a Redox‐Active Amidinato Ligand
Authors: Ehret Fabian , Filippou Vasileios , Blickle Svenja , Bubrin Martina , Záliš Stanislav , Kaim Wolfgang
Published: September 2020

Reaction of [Pt(DMSO)2Cl2] or [Pd(MeCN)2Cl2] with the electron‐rich LH=N,N’‐bis(4‐dimethylaminophenyl)ethanimidamide yielded mononuclear [PtL2] (1) but dinuclear [Pd2L4] (2), a paddle‐wheel complex. The neutral compounds were characterized through experiments (crystal structures, electrochemistry, UV‐vis‐NIR spectroscopy, magnetic resonance) and TD‐DFT calculations as metal(II) species with noninnocent ligands L−. The reversibly accessible cations [PtL2]+ and [Pd2L4]+ were also studied, the latter as [Pd2L4][B{3,5‐(CF3)2C6H3}4] single crystals. Experimental and computational investigations were directed at the elucidation of the electronic structures, establishing the correct oxidation states within the alternatives [PtII(L−)2] or [Pt.(L )2], [PtII(L0.5−)2]+ or [PtIII(L−)2]+, [(PdII)2(μ‐L−)4] or [(Pd1.5)2(μ‐L0.75−)4], and [(Pd2.5)2(μ‐L−)4]+ or [(PdII)2(μ‐L0.75−)4]+. In each case, the first alternative was shown to be most appropriate. Remarkable results include the preference of platinum for mononuclear planar [PtL2] with an N‐Pt‐N bite angle of 62.8(2)° in contrast to [Pd2L4], and the dimetal (Pd24+→Pd25+) instead of ligand (L−→L ) oxidation of the dinuclear palladium compound.