bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension from a Pediatric Perspective
Authors: Cool Carlyne D. , Deutsch Gail
Published: June 2008

This review of pediatric pulmonary arterial hypertension provides a framework within which to view pulmonary hypertension in children. Classification schemes, including the latest recommendations from the World Health Organization, are discussed, and the histopathology of severe pulmonary hypertension is reviewed. New information is provided regarding idiopathic and familial forms of the disease. Specific childhood etiologies, including persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn and congenital heart disease, are reviewed. Additionally, we examine the role of collagen vascular diseases, portal hypertension, and viruses in the pathogenesis of severe pulmonary arterial hypertension.
A generalized Henstock-Stieltjes integral involving division functions
Authors: Pal Supriya , Ganguly D. , Yee Lee
Published: June 2008

We can consider the Riemann-Stieltjes integral $$
\int\limits_a^b f
$$ dg as an integral of a point function f with respect to an interval function g. We could extend it to the Henstock-Stieltjes integral. In this paper, we extend it to a generalized Stieltjes integral $$
\int\limits_a^b f
$$ dg of a point function f with respect to a function g of divisions of an interval. Then we prove for this integral the standard results in the theory of integration, including the controlled convergence theorem.
The exact number of solutions for the second order nonlinear boundary value problem
Authors: Somora Peter
Published: June 2008

A second order nonlinear differential equation with homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions is considered. An explicit expression for the root functions for an autonomous nonlinear boundary value problem is obtained using the results of the paper [SOMORA, P.: The lower bound of the number of solutions for the second order nonlinear boundary value problem via the root functions method, Math. Slovaca 57 (2007), 141–156]. Other assumptions are supposed to prove the monotonicity of root functions and to get the exact number of solutions. The existence of infinitely many solutions of the boundary value problem with strong nonlinearity is obtained by the root function method as well.
Atsuji completions vis-à-vis hyperspaces
Authors: Jain Tanvi , Kundu S.
Published: June 2008

A metric space (X, d) is called an Atsuji space if every real-valued continuous function on (X, d) is uniformly continuous. It is well-known that an Atsuji space must be complete. A metric space (X, d) is said to have an Atsuji completion if its completion ($$
\hat X
$$, d) is an Atsuji space. In this paper, we study twelve equivalent (external) characterizations for a metric space to have an Atsuji completion in terms of hyperspace topologies. We also characterize topologically those metrizable spaces whose completions are Atsuji spaces.
Some notes on densely continuous forms
Authors: Vadovič Peter
Published: June 2008

We consider a special space of set-valued functions (multifunctions), the space of densely continuous forms D(X, Y) between Hausdorff spaces X and Y, defined in [HAMMER, S. T.—McCOY, R. A.: Spaces of densely continuous forms, Set-Valued Anal. 5 (1997), 247–266] and investigated also in [HOLÁ, L’.: Spaces of densely continuous forms, USCO and minimal USCO maps, Set-Valued Anal. 11 (2003), 133–151]. We show some of its properties, completing the results from the papers [HOLÝ, D.—VADOVIČ, P.: Densely continuous forms, pointwise topology and cardinal functions, Czechoslovak Math. J. 58(133) (2008), 79–92] and [HOLÝ, D.—VADOVIČ, P.: Hausdorff graph topology, proximal graph topology and the uniform topology for densely continuous forms and minimal USCO maps, Acta Math. Hungar. 116 (2007), 133–144], in particular concerning the structure of the space of real-valued locally bounded densely continuous forms D
p*(X) equipped with the topology of pointwise convergence in the product space of all nonempty-compact-valued multifunctions. The paper also contains a comparison of cardinal functions on D
p*(X) and on real-valued continuous functions C
p(X) and a generalization of a sufficient condition for the countable cellularity of D
p*(X).
Effects of Feldspar Contamination on Equivalent dose and the Shape of Growth Curve for OSL of Silt-Sized Quartz Extracted from Chinese Loess
Authors: Lai Zhongping , Brückner Helmut
Published: June 2008

This study examines the effects of feldspar contamination of different extent (by fluorosilicic acid etching for different time periods and mixing pure quartz with different percentage of unetched grains) on blue-light stimulated luminescence (BLSL) of quartz (38-63 μm) for Chinese loess. In particular, the De values and the shape of growth curves will be examined. The results show that: (1) The De determined using feldspar in Chinese loess is obviously underestimated, and infra-red stimulated luminescence (IRSL) has a greater underestimation than BLSL. For aliquots with no fluorosilicic acid etching, an IRSL De underestimation of ∼30% is observed for a sample with an expected age of ∼22 ka, ∼19% underestimation for BLSL, and ∼10% for post-IR BLSL. For quartz BLSL, the contamination of feldspar, which has not dissolved by fluorosilicic acid etching, will inevitably lead to age underestimation. We suggest that the IR-checking should be performed for every single aliquot. An aliquot should be excluded from the final De calculation if obvious IRSL signal was observed. (2) For the sample under examination blue LED stimulation can reset both IRSL and BLSL signals of feldspars, while IR stimulation cannot reset the BLSL of feldspars. (3) For multiple-mineral aliquot the growth curve shape of the post-IR BLSL is different from that of the IRSL, and within 25 Gy it is identical to that of the pure quartz BLSL. The contamination of feldspars in quartz will change the shape of a growth curve for quartz BLSL.
An Overview of Red-Thermoluminescence (RTL) Studies on Heated Quartz and RTL Application to Dosimetry and Dating
Authors: Hashimoto Tetsuo
Published: June 2008

The RTL-phenomena in quartz grains were initially reported and their properties and applications were developed by our group. Although RTL-measurements had the difficulty of overcoming high background counts due to blackbody radiation, the excellent dose linearity and hard-to-bleaching nature of quartz RTL are suitable for accurate retrospective dosimetry and dating of burnt archaeological materials. In his paper, the discovery of RTL-phenomena is described. Subsequently, the construction and features of an automatic luminescence measuring system are mentioned together with innovative methods of decreasing the background level for the RTL measurement. Practical applications to dosimetry and dating are then described from the viewpoints of the preferable nature of RTL in comparison to other luminescence observations. Finally, some recent advances in RTL research are presented based on their emission mechanism correlated with impurity contents.
Formal Languages - Concatenation and Closure
Authors: Trybulec Michał
Published: June 2008

Formal Languages - Concatenation and Closure

Formal languages are introduced as subsets of the set of all 0-based finite sequences over a given set (the alphabet). Concatenation, the n -th power and closure are defined and their properties are shown. Finally, it is shown that the closure of the alphabet (understood here as the language of words of length 1) equals to the set of all words over that alphabet, and that the alphabet is the minimal set with this property. Notation and terminology were taken from [5] and [13]. MML identifier: FLANG 1 , version: 7.8.04 4.81.962
Process for Applying the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Model to a Patient With Patellar Dislocation
Authors: Helgeson Kevin , Smith A Russell
Published: June 2008

Background and Purpose

The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) has been proposed as a possible framework for organizing physical therapist practice. The purpose of this case report is to describe an evaluative and diagnostic process that is based on the ICF framework for a patient with a patellar dislocation.

Case Description

The patient was a 23-year-old woman who sustained a right knee and patellofemoral joint injury, resulting in a sprain of the medial collateral ligament and a suspected sprain of the medial patellofemoral ligament. Evaluation at 4 weeks demonstrated a primary impairment of patellar instability associated with the primary activity limitation of limited walking distances. A plan of care to address impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions was developed, with modifications made on the basis of the patient's health condition and personal and environmental factors.

Outcomes

The patient attained all of her goals for therapy and was able to return to her normal activities and recreational pursuits without a recurrence of a patellar dislocation. Lower-Extremity Function Scale scores increased from 30 out of 80 to 76 out of 80 during the course of treatment.

Discussion

The ICF model has been proposed as a framework for developing diagnostic classifications for rehabilitation professionals. The ICF model also should be assessed with regard to whether it provides a useful process for clinical decision making. The ICF model directs practitioners to address patients’ problems at the level of the whole person, with modifications made on the basis of health conditions and personal and environmental factors.
DINA Model and Parameter Estimation: A Didactic
Authors: de la Torre Jimmy
Published: June 2008

Cognitive and skills diagnosis models are psychometric models that have immense potential to provide rich information relevant for instruction and learning. However, wider applications of these models have been hampered by their novelty and the lack of commercially available software that can be used to analyze data from this psychometric framework. To address this issue, this article focuses on one tractable and interpretable skills diagnosis model—the DINA model—and presents it didactically. The article also discusses expectation-maximization and Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms in estimating its model parameters. Finally, analyses of simulated and real data are presented.
Effect of yttrium addition on the glass forming ability of Co-based alloys
Authors: Wu Hong , Liu Yong , He Shiwen , Liu Zuming , Huang Baiyun
Published: June 2008

Cobalt-based amorphous alloy ribbons were prepared by means of melt-spinning. The effect of addition of a rare earth element yttrium on the glass forming ability (GFA) and thermal stability were investigated by X-ray diffraction analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The results show that a small amount of yttrium is effective in improving the glass forming ability and thermal stability of a Co – Fe – Zr – Nb – B alloy. As-quenched glassy ribbon containing 4 at.% yttrium shows the highest GFA and thermal stability. The glass transition temperature T
g, reduced glass transition temperature T
rg, supercooled liquid region ΔT
x, GFA parameter γ and Vickers hardness are 886 K, 0.618, 96 K, 0.423 and 1158 respectively. Crystallization kinetic studies show that the crystallization activation energies for (Co45Fe21Zr4Nb10B20)96Y4 glassy ribbon are as high as 826 kJ mol− 1 for the first crystallization peak. The excellent GFA and thermal stability of Y-containing alloy is mainly attributed to the scavenging of oxygen and large mismatch in atomic size induced by the addition of yttrium.
Molecular dynamics study of the hcp–bcc phase transformation in nanocrystalline zirconium
Authors: Xiao Shifang , Wei Mingzhi , Hu Wangyu
Published: June 2008

The hcp – bcc phase transformation in nanocrystalline zirconium with an initial grain size of about 7 nm is studied by means of molecular dynamics simulations based on an analytic embedded atom method. The radial distribution function, the fraction of different type atoms differentiated by the common neighbor analysis method and snapshots of a slice through the simulation cell with relaxation time are all used to describe the hcp – bcc phase transformation process in nanocrystalline zirconium. The results indicate that the new phase of bcc structure zirconium first appears in the grain boundary regions, and then the interphase boundary migrates from the bcc to hcp phase, finally the grain of pure bcc phase grows. In addition, the critical temperature of phase transformation for nanocrystalline zirconium is determined as 1225 ± 25 K, which is somewhat higher than the experimental value of 1136 K for conventional zirconium.
Modeling rapid liquid/solid and solid/liquid phase transformations in Al alloys
Authors: Rettenmayr Markus , Buchmann Martin
Published: June 2008

A recently developed thermodynamic model for describing the ‘contact conditions’ (concentrations at an interface of the two adjacent phases) is implemented in a kinetic model for liquid/solid phase transformations. The resulting integrated model describes the concentration profiles in the liquid and solid phase during the phase transformation over a large range of solidification front velocities. Examples are shown for steady state solidification in aluminum alloys. The results are in good agreement with experimental data from the literature and the well known continuous growth model by Aziz. In addition to earlier models, transient states can be described. An example is shown for a solidification front that is momentarily disturbed, i. e. set off-equilibrium. One of the results is the time for local re-equilibration at the interface which is of the order of 20 μs for solidification. First results for describing melting are also shown and discussed.
From binary assessments to thermodynamic databases
Authors: Hallstedt Bengt
Published: June 2008

The Calphad method is a very powerful method for dealing with phase equilibria and thermodynamic properties of multicomponent alloy systems. In fact, it is the only method that can do this. However, in order to do this it is necessary to construct multicomponent databases, and the requirements on thermodynamic evaluations, in particular of binary systems, are quite different compared to the case when they are only used as stand-alone evaluations. A number of these issues are discussed in this paper and in particular the influence of changes of the values of binary interaction parameters on the ternary systems Cr–Cu–Ni and Cr–Cu–Fe is investigated. In addition, the Cr–Mo–Ni system is chosen as an example of a system where pure extrapolations (thermodynamic) from its binary subsystems produce a completely incorrect phase diagram. As a conclusion it is found that a massive effort on experimental and computational (Calphad) investigations of ternary systems, supported by ab-initio calculations, is needed in order to make further progress in the field of alloy thermodynamics possible. The quality of a multicomponent database is strongly dependent on the fraction of ternary datasets included in the database.
Multiphase/multicomponent modeling of solidification processes: coupling solidification kinetics with thermodynamics
Authors: Ishmurzin A. , Gruber-Pretzler M. , Mayer F. , Wu M. , Ludwig A.
Published: June 2008

This paper is an extension and improvement of the previous work of the authors. It presents further development of a coupling method between a multiphase Eulerian solidification model and the thermodynamics of multicomponental alloys. The transport equations of the multiphase solidification model are closed by the interphase transfer/exchange terms. The derivation of these terms is based on the diffusion-controlled solidification kinetics and thermodynamics. Direct online coupling of a computational fluid dynamics solver with a thermodynamic software package is time-consuming, therefore a way to access thermodynamic data by means of the tabulation and interpolation technique (In-Situ Adaptive Tabulation) is suggested. The coupling procedure is described and tested with a 0-D solidification benchmark case. Additionally, the suggested coupling method is used to simulate a casting process of a CuSn6P0.5 round strand, which demonstrated the application potential of the coupling idea. The predicted macrosegregations of Sn and P for this casting process shows the same distribution pattern as observed in practice, namely positive segregation in the vicinity of the wall region and negative one in the center of the casting.
Experimental and theoretical study of the phase relations in the zinc-rich corner of the Zn–Fe–Cr system at 450°C
Authors: Liu Ya , Su Xuping , Yin Fucheng , Li Zhi , Wang Jianhua
Published: June 2008

By means of scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, the phase relations in the zinc-rich corner of the Zn – Fe – Cr ternary system at 450°C were determined using heat-treated alloys. The experimental results indicate that a ternary phase named ζ′ is in equilibrium with liquid, ζ-FeZn13 and θ-CrZn17. The solubilities of Cr in the ζ phase and Fe in the θ phase are limited, being 0.6 wt.% and 0.7 wt.%, respectively. Meanwhile, based on the interatomic potentials obtained using the lattice inversion method, atomistic calculation was carried out to determine the site preference and solubilities of Cr in the ζ phase. Good agreement between the experimental results and theoretical calculations was achieved.
Formation of primary TiN precipitates during solidification of microalloyed steels – Scheil versus DICTRA simulations
Authors: Schneider A. , Stallybrass C. , Konrad J. , Kulgemeyer A. , Meuser H. , Meimeth S.
Published: June 2008

Modern high-strength low-alloy steels commonly contain microalloying additions of titanium, niobium or vanadium in different combinations in order to obtain the desired microstructure and mechanical properties. Titanium has a strong tendency to form TiN in the range of the solidus temperature. This has been reported to have a negative effect on the impact toughness of the material. Thermodynamic calculations showed that the titanium and nitrogen content and the titanium to nitrogen ratio determine if the formation of TiN takes place during solidification or in the solid state. These calculations where complemented by simulations of solidification using the Scheil – Gulliver model and DICTRA. The results were compared with microstructure investigations of plate and slab material with titanium contents between 0.003 wt.% and 0.015 wt.% using light-optical microscopy and electron probe microanalysis. While the formation of TiN particles cannot be ruled out even at the lowest Ti levels, the temperature of formation and the volume fraction varied significantly depending on the Ti content. With respect to the first results of this preliminary study, i. e. the comparison of equilibrium, Scheil and DICTRA calculations, it can be assumed that the Scheil model is the most appropriate one at present.
Metathesis in Peptides and Peptidomimetics
Authors: Brik Ashraf
Published: June 2008

This review is intended to cover the applications of olefin metathesis, with its variations, to the synthesis and manipulation of peptides and peptidomimetics. The examples presented here emphasize the use of metathesis in several aspects of peptides and peptidomimetics, from amino acid synthesis, design and synthesis of secondary structure elements, and manipulation of pharmaceutically active peptides and peptidomimetics to improve their stability and activity. These examples testify to the power of the ruthenium‐based catalysts, which are particularly useful in the synthesis of complex molecules such as peptides, due to their high stability in various media, high chemoselectivity, and tolerance to a variety of functional groups that decorate the peptide side chains. Another observation one could make from surveying these studies is that ring‐closing metathesis (RCM) is the most used variation of olefin metathesis in these fields. Finally, metathesis, which leads to the formation of carbon‐carbon bonds with various hybridization states, i.e., alkyne, alkene, and alkane allows for great diversity and flexibility in the synthesis leading to novel structures and function properties. Unarguably, metathesis is a fascinating reaction that continues to have its impact in various fields including peptides and peptidomimetics.
Suzuki–Miyaura Cross‐Coupling of 2‐Nitroarenediazonium Tetrafluoroborates: Synthesis of Unsymmetrical 2‐Nitrobiphenyls and Highly Functionalized Carbazoles
Authors: Kuethe Jeffrey T. , Childers Karla G.
Published: June 2008

The Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling of 2‐nitrodiazonium tetrafluoroborate salts with substituted boronic acids is an effective and efficient means of preparing highly functionalized 2‐nitrobiphenyls in modest to excellent yield under extremely mild reaction conditions. Cross‐coupling of 2‐nitrodiazonium tetrafluoroborate salts with ortho‐methoxy‐ and benzyloxyphenylboronic acids was also demonstrated leading to the ortho‐ortho‐2‐nitrobiphenyls. Reductive cyclization of the 2‐nitrobiphenyl products allows for the overall three‐step synthesis of uniquely substituted carbazoles from readily available 2‐nitroanilines. The methodology was further highlighted by the short total synthesis of the carbazole alkaloids clausine V, N, C, and glycoborine.
Asymmetric Synthesis of the Roche Ester and its Derivatives by Rhodium‐INDOLPHOS‐Catalyzed Hydrogenation
Authors: Wassenaar Jeroen , Kuil Mark , Reek Joost N. H.
Published: June 2008

(S)‐3‐Hydroxy‐2‐methylpropionate, known as the Roche ester, and several of its derivatives were successfully synthesized through asymmetric rhodium‐catalyzed hydrogenation, using INDOLPHOS (diisopropyl{1‐[(S)‐3,5‐dioxa‐4‐phosphacyclohepta[2,1‐a;3,4‐a′]dinaphthalen‐4‐yl]‐3‐methyl‐2‐indolyl}phosphine) as the chiral ligand, in excellent yield and the highest ee reported up to now (TOF over 5500 h−1 at 25 °C; up to 98% ee at −40 °C).
Mood and anxiety disorders in females with the FMR1 premutation
Authors: Roberts Jane E. , Bailey Donald B. , Mankowski Jean , Ford Amy , Sideris John , Weisenfeld Leigh Anne , Heath T. Morgan , Golden Robert N.
Published: June 2008

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a model for studying the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to psychiatric disorders in mothers of children with disabilities. Here, we examine the frequency and predictors of mood and anxiety disorders in mothers with the FMR1 premutation. Ninety‐three females with the FMR1 premutation were in the study and were compared to 2,159 women from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS‐R) dataset. Mood and anxiety disorders were assessed using the SCID‐I. Our data reflect elevated lifetime major depressive disorder (MDD), lifetime panic disorder without agoraphobia and current agoraphobia without panic disorder in the FMR1 premutation sample. Also, we found a low frequency of lifetime social phobia, specific phobia, and post‐traumatic stress disorders and current specific phobia in the FMR1 premutation sample. The profile of MDD in the FMR1 premutation sample was not episodic or comorbid with an anxiety disorder, as in the NCS‐R dataset. Never having been married and smaller CGG repeat length were associated with increased likelihood of MDD while increased children with FXS in the family and greater child problem behaviors were associated with increased likelihood of an anxiety disorder in the FMR 1 premutation group. Major depression in females with the FMR1 premutation may not be characterized as an episodically chronic recurrent disorder as it is in community samples and may have a genetic basis given the relationship with CGG repeat length and lack of association with all child and most demographic factors. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dopamine transporter polymorphism modulates oculomotor function and DAT1 mRNA expression in schizophrenia
Authors: Wonodi Ikwunga , Hong L. Elliot , Stine O. Colin , Mitchell Braxton D. , Elliott Amie , Roberts Rosalinda C. , Conley Robert R. , McMahon Robert P. , Thaker Gunvant K.
Published: June 2008

Smooth pursuit eye movement (SPEM) deficit is an established schizophrenia endophenotype with a similar neurocognitive construct to working memory. Frontal eye field (FEF) neurons controlling SPEM maintain firing when visual sensory information is removed, and their firing rates directly correlate with SPEM velocity. We previously demonstrated a paradoxical association between a functional polymorphism of dopamine signaling (COMTgene) and SPEM. Recent evidence implicates the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) in modulating cortical dopamine and associated neurocognitive functions. We hypothesized thatDAT110/10 genotype, which reduces dopamine transporter expression and increases extracellular dopamine, would affect SPEM. We examined the effects ofDAT1genotype on: Clinical diagnosis in the study sample (n = 418; 190 with schizophrenia), SPEM measures in a subgroup with completed oculomotor measures (n = 200; 87 schizophrenia), andDAT1gene expression in FEF tissue obtained from postmortem brain samples (n = 32; 16 schizophrenia).DAT1genotype was not associated with schizophrenia.DAT110/10 genotype was associated with better SPEM in healthy controls, intermediate SPEM in unaffected first‐degree relatives of schizophrenia subjects, and worse SPEM in schizophrenia subjects. In the gene expression study,DAT110/10 genotype was associated with significantly reducedDAT1mRNA transcript in FEF tissue from healthy control donors (P < 0.05), but higher expression in schizophrenia donors. Findings suggest regulatory effects of another gene(s) or etiological factor in schizophrenia, which modulateDAT1gene function. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recent adaptive selection at MAOB and ancestral susceptibility to schizophrenia
Authors: Carrera Noa , Sanjuán Julio , Moltó María Dolores , Carracedo Ángel , Costas Javier
Published: June 2008

The ancestral susceptibility hypothesis has been proposed to explain the existence of susceptibility alleles to common diseases. Some ancestral alleles, reflecting ancient adaptations, may be poorly adapted to the more contemporary environmental conditions giving rise to an increased risk to suffer some common disorders. In order to test this hypothesis in schizophrenia, we focused on the monoamine oxidase B gene (MAOB). This gene is involved in deamination of several monoamines, including both xenobiotic amines present in several foods, as well as neurotransmitters such as dopamine. In addition, preliminary analysis based on phase I HapMap data suggested that recent natural selection has acted on this locus. We further explored the existence of this recent positive selection using a test based on extension of linkage disequilibrium (LD) to large distance at the specific selected haplotype taking data from HapMap phase II, and searched for association of the ancestral haplotypes with schizophrenia in a sample of 532 schizophrenic patients and 597 controls from Spain. Our analysis suggested the existence of a haplotype of MAOB subject to recent selection. In agreement with the ancestral susceptibility hypothesis, the ancestral haplotypes were significantly over‐represented in patients (P = 0.047). These haplotypes conferred an increased risk to schizophrenia, restricted to males (P = 0.024, OR = 1.41, 95% CI 1.01–1.90). Thus, pending on replication studies, MAOB seems to fit the ancestral susceptibility model, validating a new strategy to search for common schizophrenia susceptibility genes by focusing in those functional candidate genes subject to recent positive selection. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of polymerization conditions on the viscosity and yield of poly(phenylene sulfide ether)
Authors: Gu Aiqun , Yu Zili , Li Yubao
Published: June 2008

High molecular weight poly(phenylene sulfide ether) (PPSE) was successfully synthesized by reaction of 4,4′‐dihydroxy diphenyl sulfide with 4,4′‐dichloro diphenyl sulfide in N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP). The influence of polymerization conditions on the intrinsic viscosity and yield of PPSE was investigated and the optimized reaction condition was concluded. Reactions at about 180°C for 6 h along with sodium benzoate as an additive and monomer concentration of 0.588 mol/L NMP were found to produce the highest intrinsic viscosity (0.55 dL/g). Longer reaction time and/or higher temperature reduced the intrinsic viscosity and yield of the resulting product, probably due to side reactions, such as reductive dehalogenation and chemical degradation. X‐ray diffraction indicated that the polymer possessed of orthorhombic cell and had a high crystallinity of 65.8%. The high molecular weight PPSE is a crystalline polymer with Tm of 252°C and Tmc of 224°C. The polymer shows good chemical resistance, but is soluble in organic amide, halo‐hydrocarbon and oxohydrocarbon solvent at a temperature over 150°C. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Preparation and characterization of lithium‐8‐hydroxyquinolate‐containing quaternary ammonium copolymers and their electrostatic layer‐by‐layer self‐assembly
Authors: Yu Dengbin , Zhang Chuanzhi , Wang Xu , Jiang Chunxia , Xiong Ting , Meng Wenqing , Liu Chen , Chen Deben , Zhong Anyong
Published: June 2008

The lithium‐8‐hydroxyquinolate functionalized polycation copolymers with quaternary ammonium‐type linkage have been prepared by reaction of 5‐chloromethyl‐8‐quinolinol hydrochloride (CHQ) with the copolymer (CPA) of methacrylic ester and 2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DM), followed by metalation with lithium. Two kinds of copolymers with each containing 9.69 and 16.29 wt % of the DM content (CPA1 and CPA2) were involved in the study. The structures of these polymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared techniques and gel permeation chromatography. The multilayer films were prepared by alternate electrostatic layer‐by‐layer self‐assembly (ESA) of CPA with polyanion electrolyte. The UV–vis and fluorescence spectra of the films showed a red shift compared to those in tetrahydrofuran solutions. The intensity in UV–vis increased and that of fluorescence decreased linearly with the number of film layers. Atom force microscope (AFM) results of the multilayer films demonstrated presence of compact films on the surface after chelating metal ions. The experimental results indicated that these kinds of materials have applied potential in organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Rigidity and persistence for ensuring shape maintenance of multi‐agent meta‐formations
Authors: Hendrickx Julien M. , Yu Changbin , Fidan Barış , Anderson Brian D. O.
Published: June 2008

This paper treats the problem of merging formations, where the underlying model of a formation is graphical. We first analyze the rigidity and persistence of meta‐formations, which are formations obtained by connecting several rigid or persistent formations. Persistence is a generalization to directed graphs of the undirected notion of rigidity. In the context of moving autonomous agent formations, persistence characterizes the efficacy of a directed structure of unilateral distance constraints seeking to preserve a formation shape. We derive then, for agents evolving in a two‐ or three‐dimensional space, the conditions under which a set of persistent formations can be merged into a persistent meta‐formation, and give the minimal number of interconnections needed for such a merging. We also give conditions for a meta‐formation obtained by merging several persistent formations to be persistent. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Two decentralized heading consensus algorithms for nonlinear multi‐agent systems
Authors: Li Qin , Jiang Zhong‐Ping
Published: June 2008

Inspired by Vicsek's model, in this paper we propose two decentralized heading consensus algorithms for nonlinear multi‐agent systems. The first algorithm, called WHCA, can be seen as a weighted Vicsek's model. The second algorithm, named LBHCA, is a leader‐follower strategy based on the WHCA. It is proved that, under a well‐known connectivity assumption, the algorithm WHCA can ensure almost global consensus of the headings, except for the situation where they are initially balanced. For the LBHCA, the global heading consensus is guaranteed under the same connectivity assumption. Simulation results are provided to justify the proposed algorithms. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Permeable reactive biobarriers for in situ Cr(VI) reduction: Bench scale tests using Cellulomonas sp. strain ES6
Authors: Viamajala Sridhar , Peyton Brent M. , Gerlach Robin , Sivaswamy Vaideeswaran , Apel William A. , Petersen James N.
Published: June 2008

Chromate (Cr(VI)) reduction studies were performed in bench scale flow columns using the fermentative subsurface isolate Cellulomonas sp. strain ES6. In these tests, columns packed with either quartz sand or hydrous ferric oxide (HFO)‐coated quartz sand, were inoculated with strain ES6 and fed nutrients to stimulate growth before nutrient‐free Cr(VI) solutions were injected. Results show that in columns containing quartz sand, a continuous inflow of 2 mg/L Cr(VI) was reduced to below detection limits in the effluent for durations of up to 5.7 residence times after nutrient injection was discontinued proving the ability of strain ES6 to reduce chromate in the absence of an external electron donor. In the HFO‐containing columns, Cr(VI) reduction was significantly prolonged and effluent Cr(VI) concentrations remained below detectable levels for periods of up to 66 residence times after nutrient injection was discontinued. Fe was detected in the effluent of the HFO‐containing columns throughout the period of Cr(VI) removal indicating that the insoluble Fe(III) bearing solids were being continuously reduced to form soluble Fe(II) resulting in prolonged abiotic Cr(VI) reduction. Thus, growth of Cellulomonas within the soil columns resulted in formation of permeable reactive barriers that could reduce Cr(VI) and Fe(III) for extended periods even in the absence of external electron donors. Other bioremediation systems employing Fe(II)‐mediated reactions require a continuous presence of external nutrients to regenerate Fe(II). After depletion of nutrients, contaminant removal within these systems occurs by reaction with surface‐associated Fe(II) that can rapidly become inaccessible due to formation of crystalline Fe‐minerals or other precipitates. The ability of fermentative organisms like Cellulomonas to reduce metals without continuous nutrient supply in the subsurface offers a viable and economical alternative technology for in situ remediation of Cr(VI)‐contaminated groundwater through formation of permeable reactive biobarriers (PRBB). © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
VA telemental health: Suicide assessment
Authors: Godleski Linda , Nieves J. Edwin , Darkins Adam , Lehmann Laurent
Published: June 2008

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) encompasses one of the largest telemental health networks in the world, with over 45,000 videoconferencing and over 5,000 home telemental health encounters annually. Recently, the VA designated suicide prevention as a major priority, with telehealth modalities providing opportunities for remote interventions. Suicide risk assessments, using videoconferencing, are now documented in the literature, as are current studies that find telemental health to be equivalent to face‐to‐face treatment.

Remote assessment of suicidality, however, involves complex legal issues: licensing requirements for remote delivery of care, legal procedures for involuntary detainment and commitment of potentially harmful patients, and liability questions related to the remote nature of the mental health service. VA best practices for remote suicide risk assessment include paradigms for establishing procedures in the context of legal challenges (licensing and involuntary detainment/commitment), for utilizing clinical assessment and triage decision protocols, and for contingency planning to optimize patient care and reduce liability. Published in 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Telepsychiatry in Chennai, India: The SCARF experience
Authors: Thara Rangaswamy , John Sujit , Rao Kotteswara
Published: June 2008

India, with its huge population and limited mental health resources, must find alternative ways of delivering its mental healthcare services. Telepsychiatry seems to be a promising option even with no regulatory authority in place or specific laws in India that deal with telemedicine practice, there has been a mushrooming of telemedicine services in India. Healthy cooperation between government organizations such as the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) and institutions in the non‐government and private sectors is another key feature in India.

The experience of the Schizophrenia Research Foundation (SCARF), at Chennai, in South India, in running and establishing a telepsychiatry network is presented in this article. We identified the following tasks as essential to ensure an efficient intervention using telemedicine: identifying a suitable technology, a suitable location, and a local collaborator; providing training and creating awareness; establishing peripheral telepsychiatry centers and ensuring case documentation; and accountability. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐phase analysis framework for handling batch process data
Authors: Camacho José , Picó Jesús , Ferrer Alberto
Published: June 2008

Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS) are bilinear modelling tools which have been successfully applied to three‐way batch process data for monitoring and quality prediction. Most modelling approaches in the literature are based on a fixed model structure. The approach proposed in this paper, named the Multi‐phase (MP) analysis framework, provides the flexibility to adjust the model structure to the dynamic nature of the process under study. The existence of several phases, with dynamics of different order and changes in the correlation structure amongc variables, is effectively identified. This adjustment of the model structure to the features of the process yields performance improvements in several applications, such as the on‐line monitoring and final quality prediction, as shown when comparing the MP models with various well‐established modelling approaches. Also, the MP approach provides a set of valuable tools for process understanding and data handling. Data from two processes, a fermentation process and a waste‐water treatment process, are used to illustrate the capabilities of the proposed modelling framework. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A classical dataset from Williams, and its role in the study of supersaturated designs
Authors: Sundberg Rolf
Published: June 2008

A Plackett‐Burman type dataset from a paper by Williams [1], with 28 observations and 24 two‐level factors, has become a standard dataset for illustrating construction (by halving) of supersaturated designs (SSDs) and for a corresponding data analysis. The aim here is to point out that for several reasons this is an unfortunate situation. The original paper by Williams contains several errors and misprints. Some are in the design matrix, which will here be reconstructed, but worse is an outlier in the response values, which can be observed when data are plotted against the dominating factor. In addition, the data should better be analysed on log‐scale than on original scale. The implications of the outlier for SSD analysis are drastic, and it will be concluded that the data should be used for this purpose only if the outlier is properly treated (omitted or modified). Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of Hopping Transport in Long Oligothiophenes and Oligoselenophenes: Dependence of Reorganization Energy on Chain Length
Authors: Zade Sanjio S. , Bendikov Michael
Published: June 2008

Internal reorganization energies for self‐exchange hole‐transfer process were calculated at the B3LYP/6‐31G(d) level of theory for a series of oligothiophenes and oligoselenophenes up to the 50‐mers. This is the first study of reorganization energy in very long π‐conjugated systems. We observed a linear correlation between reorganization energy and the reciprocal chain length for these long π‐conjugated heterocyclic oligomers, which can be explained by the changes in bond length that occur between the neutral and cation radical species and by the charge distribution in the cation radicals. In contrast to the saturation behavior observed for the HOMO–LUMO gaps of long π‐conjugated heterocyclic oligomers, the reorganization energy does not show saturation behavior for any length of the oligomers in this study, even up to the 50‐mers. Interestingly, the reorganization energy approaches zero for infinite numbers of oligomer units (at the B3LYP/6‐31G(d) level of theory), that is, for polythiophene and polyselenophene. The absolute values of the reorganization energies of oligoselenophenes, and the changes that occur in those energies with chain length, are similar to those found for oligothiophenes.
p‐Phenyleneethynylene Molecular Wires: Influence of Structure on Photoinduced Electron‐Transfer Properties
Authors: Wielopolski Mateusz , Atienza Carmen , Clark Timothy , Guldi Dirk M. , Martín Nazario
Published: June 2008

A series of donor–acceptor arrays (exTTF–oPPE–C60) containing π‐conjugated oligo(phenyleneethynylene) wires (oPPE) of different length between π‐extended tetrathiafulvalene (exTTF) as electron donor and fullerene (C60) as electron acceptor has been prepared by following a convergent synthesis. The key reaction in these approaches is the bromo–iodo selectivity of the Hagihara–Sonogashira reaction and the deprotecting of acetylenes with different silyl groups to afford the corresponding donor–acceptor conjugates in moderate yields. The electronic interactions between the three electroactive species were determined by using UV‐visible spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. Our studies clearly confirm that, although the C60 units are connected to the exTTF donor through π‐conjugated oPPE frameworks, no significant electronic interactions are observed in the ground state. Theoretical calculations predict how a simple exchange from CC double bonds (i.e., oligo(p‐phenylenevinylene) to CC triple bonds (i.e., oPPE) in the electron donor–acceptor conjugates considerably alters long‐range electron transfer. Photoexcitation of exTTF–oPPE–C60 leads to the following features: a transient photoproduct with maxima at 660 and 1000 nm, which are unambiguously attributed to the photolytically generated radical‐ion‐pair state, [exTTF.+–oPPE–C60.−]. Both charge‐separation and charge‐recombination processes give rise to a molecular‐wire behaviour of the oPPE moiety with an attenuation factor (β) of (0.2±0.05) Å−1.
The Design of Polyvalent Therapeutics
Authors: Joshi Amit , Vance David , Rai Prakash , Thiyagarajan Aditya , Kane Ravi S.
Published: June 2008

This article reviews recent developments in the design of polyvalent ligands for in vivo applications. Topics discussed include the design of polyvalent inhibitors of toxins and viruses, the use of polyvalency for targeted drug delivery and imaging, and applications of polyvalency for enhancing or suppressing immune responses.
A Fluorescent‐Switch‐Based Computing Platform in Defending Information Risk
Authors: Sun Wei , Zhou Can , Xu Chun‐Hu , Fang Chen‐Jie , Zhang Chao , Li Zhan‐Xian , Yan Chun‐Hua
Published: June 2008

A molecular computing platform to defend against illegal information theft and invasion is obtained by the rational control of chemical reaction sequences in a newly prepared multiswitchable fluorophore 2‐(4‐aminophenylethylyl)‐5‐methoxy‐2‐(2‐pyridyl)thiazole. Some of the fluorescent states with distinct recognition features are only activated through input‐sequence‐sensitive conversions. Chemically encoded user identity information can then be transmitted from a sequential logic unit to a combinational logic circuit, and hence, result in user‐specific digital functionalities. The user's password entry is authorized prior to each computing step to check not only the user's identity, but also to reconfigure the molecular platform from the standby state to the corresponding operational state. Illegal accesses to the molecular computing platform are unable to activate the operation of the trusted users due to the incorrect activation processes, thereby ensuring the information is secured against information invasions.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure of CuFe2InSe4 from X‐Ray Powder Diffraction
Authors: Delgado G. E. , Mora A. J. , Grima‐Gallardo P. , Quintero M.
Published: June 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: High‐Temperature Ferromagnetism and Tunable Semiconductivity of (Ba, Sr)M2.+‐.xRu4.+‐. xO11 (M: Fe, Co): A New Paradigm for Spintronics.
Authors: Shlyk Larysa , Kryukov Sergiy , Schuepp‐Niewa Barbara , Niewa Rainer , De Long Lance E.
Published: June 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Disordered Crystal Structure and Thermoelectric Properties of Sn3P4.
Authors: Shevelkov Andrei V. , et al. et al.
Published: June 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Incorporation of Substitutionally Labile [VIII(CN)6]3‐ into Prussian Blue Type Magnetic Materials.
Authors: Nelson Kendric J. , Miller Joel S.
Published: June 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Metastability of Corundum‐Type In2O3.
Authors: Gurlo Aleksander , Kroll Peter , Riedel Ralf
Published: June 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Two Cuprous Cyanide Polymorphs: Diamond Net versus 3,4‐Connected Net.
Authors: Zhang Xian‐Ming , Qing Ying‐Lian , Wu Hai‐Shun
Published: June 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Growth, Structure, and Physical Properties of SmCu4Ga8.
Authors: Cho Jung Young , Capan Cigdem , Young D. P. , Chan Julia Y.
Published: June 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.