bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selecting and operationalizing indicators for a comparative sustainability assessment of urban agriculture on the example of vertical farming and community supported agriculture
Authors: Artmann Martina , Herzig Marie , John Henriette
Published: December 2024

Intensifying social-ecological urban challenges such as climate change, biodiversity loss and social injustices call for sustainable nature-based solutions. In this regard, bringing food production back into cities can be a major lever. However, so far a systematic comparison is lacking between the environmental, social, and economic sustainability of different types of urban agriculture. This paper addresses this research gap and adds to current sustainability research conceptually as well as empirically. Conceptually, we provide a structured workbook for how to select and operationalize indicators according to their feasibility and suitability for a comparative sustainability assessment of urban agriculture types. Empirically, the indicators have been exemplified in a comparative evaluation of community supported agriculture (CSA) and vertical farming. Based on a qualitative content analysis of its vision guidelines, the results suggest that CSA can be considered the more sustainable form of urban agriculture across all three sustainability dimensions. However, when taking into account that the major benefit of vertical farming in an urban context is its increase in food production efficiency, we suggest balancing its shortcomings and lack of vision on social justice, biodiversity conservation, and food quality by fostering a hybrid model of community supported vertical farming.
An Evaluation of the Readability, Quality, and Content of Online Disaster Preparedness Materials for the Society
Authors: Karagöz Bengisu , Öznur Muz F. Nehir , Sert Sibel , Aydilek Oğuz Han , Altındag M. Amine , Metintaş Selma , Önsüz M. Fatih
Published: December 2024

Objectives

A useful way to prepare the public for disasters is to teach them where to get information. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the readability and appropriateness of the content of websites prepared for the public on disaster preparedness.

Methods

In September-October 2022, we evaluated 95 disaster preparedness websites (intended for the public) using the Ateşman Readability Index, JAMA criteria, DISCERN, and a new researcher-created content comparison form. Evaluation scores were compared according to information sources.

Results

Of the websites included in the research, 45.2% represented government institutions (GIG), 38.0% non-profit organizations (NPOG), 8.4% municipal organizations (MOG), and 8.4% other organizations (OG). Those which scored above average on the websites were 36.8% on the content evaluation, 51.6% on the DISCERN scale, 53.7% on the Ateşman Readability Index, and 55.8% on the JAMA criteria. The content evaluation form showed that the scores of the websites belonging to the MOG were higher than the scores of the other websites. Others group websites also scored higher than altered websites on the JAMA criteria.

Conclusions

The study revealed that websites created to increase public knowledge on disaster preparedness are not good enough in terms of readability, quality, and content.
Local Patriots: Dewar’s Scotch Whisky, Prosociality, Politics, and Place—1846–1930
Authors: MacKenzie Niall G. , Gordon Jillian , Gannon Martin J.
Published: December 2024

Drawing from the literature strands of philanthropy, business, and history, this work explores the business, prosocial, and political activities of a prominent family in the Scotch whisky industry, with specific emphasis on two brothers’ philanthropy and its impact on a place—the city of Perth, Scotland. In our analysis, we tell the story of the second-generation owners of Dewar’s Scotch whisky company, brothers John Alexander and Tommy Dewar, and their journey of prosocial place-based service and giving. Consistent throughout are the themes of global success, family, local and national networks, and regional embeddedness, alongside the role of formal and informal giving. We offer an analysis of the prosocial activities that represent unexplored dimensions of business success, placing them in both spatial and temporal contexts. Within this is the story of a multigenerational family business’s international growth and success.
Evaluating possible sources of error in tree-ring 14C data using multiple trees across South America
Authors: Santos Guaciara M , Nguyen Lucas D , Griffin June N , de Oliveira Barreto Nathan , Ortega-Rodriguez Daigard R , Barbosa Ana Carolina , Assis-Pereira Gabriel
Published: December 2024

A limitation in fine-tuned tree-ring radiocarbon (14C) data is normally associated with overall data uncertainty. Tree-ring 14C data variance as a result of sample heterogeneity can be reduced by adopting best practices at the time of sample collection and subsequent preparation and analysis. Variance-reduction of 14C data was achieved by meticulous sample handling during increment core or cross-sectional cuttings, in-laboratory wood reductions, and cellulose fiber homogenization of whole rings. To demonstrate the performance of those procedures to final 14C results, we took advantage of the replicated data from assigned calendar years of two Pantropical post-1950 AD tree-ring 14C reconstructions. Two Cedrela fissilis Vell. trees spaced 22.5 km apart, and two trees of this species together with one Peltogyne paniculata Benth tree spaced 0.2 to 5 km apart were sampled in a tropical dry and moist forest, respectively. Replicate 14C data were then obtained from grouped tree-ring samples from each site. A total of 88% of the replicated 14C results fell into a remarkably consistent precision/accuracy range of 0.3% or less, even though multiple tree species were used as pairs/sets. This finding illustrates how adopting a few simple strategies, in tandem with already established chemical extraction procedures and high-precision 14C analysis, can improve 14C data results of tropical trees.
When Migrants Mobilize against Labor Exploitation: Evidence from the Italian Farmlands
Authors: DIPOPPA GEMMA
Published: December 2024

Migrant labor exploitation is widespread in developed countries, which host growing populations of undocumented migrants. While denouncing by migrants is essential to prosecute exploitative employers, an undocumented community actively hiding from the state is unlikely to whistleblow. I consider an intervention providing migrant farmworkers in Italy information and incentives to report on their racketeers. I leverage the staggered rollout of the intervention to study its effects in a difference-in-differences framework. The intervention empowered migrants to whistleblow, increased the prosecution of criminal organizations responsible for racketeering migrants, and raised awareness among natives, who became more favorable toward immigration and parties supporting it. These findings highlight the conditions under which undocumented migrants can take political action for their socioeconomic advancement. Unlike other integration policies which have been shown to backlash, highlighting migrants’ vulnerability to exploitation might foster solidarity and more liberal immigration attitudes among natives.
Understanding Black Women’s and Latinas’ Perspectives about Political Giving
Authors: Sanbonmatsu Kira
Published: December 2024

Giving money to candidates is an important but unequal form of political voice. Among those Americans worst represented as campaign contributors are Black women and Latinas. Although inequalities in income and wealth fuel inequalities in campaign contributions, resources are an incomplete explanation. This study investigates, for Black women and Latinas, whether their views on donations to candidates differ from their views on other forms of civic and political engagement. The results, including the absence of a shared norm about giving to candidates, illuminate the challenges and opportunities of mobilizing a more representative group of campaign contributors.
Teaching Electoral Institutions Using In-Class Simulations
Authors: Brew Brian
Published: December 2024

Understanding how institutions shape outcomes is an important skill for students of American political science. Simulations in which students participate in mock elections structured by real-world institutions can serve as an effective tool to aid students’ learning. This article describes a model for a simulated 2020 Democratic Iowa caucus. Following official procedures, students engage in debates about which candidate to support and ultimately come to a final decision for their simulated precinct. The simulation helps students to understand the institutions that structure Iowa’s caucuses and assists them in forming conclusions about the strengths and weaknesses of those institutions. This simulation was implemented in a course on political parties and elections in the Spring 2023 semester, where it proved to be an enjoyable exercise for students. It was reimplemented in the Spring 2024 semester as one of several simulated presidential nominations, and it proved to be a helpful teaching tool.
Impact of depressive symptoms on motivation in persons with post-COVID-19 condition
Authors: West Juliana , Kwan Angela T.H. , Teopiz Kayla M. , Guo Ziji , Le Gia Han , Badulescu Sebastian , Rhee Taeho Greg , Wong Sabrina , Cao Bing , Ho Roger , Rosenblat Joshua D. , Mansur Rodrigo B. , Phan Lee , Subramaniapillai Mehala , McIntyre Roger S.
Published: December 2024

Objective

The World Health Organization (WHO) has defined Post-COVID-19 Condition (PCC) as the onset of symptoms within three months after resolution of an acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, wherein symptoms persist for at least two months and cannot be explained by another medical/psychiatric condition. Persons living with PCC report debilitating symptoms including, but not limited to, depressive symptoms and motivational deficits. The aim of this post-hoc analysis was to evaluate the association between depressive symptoms and motivation in adults with PCC.

Methods

We conducted a post-hoc analysis of an 8-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial evaluating adults (18 years or older) in Canada with WHO-defined PCC and cognitive symptoms. This post-hoc analysis is comprised of baseline data that evaluates the association between depressive symptom severity measured by the 16-item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self Report (QIDS-SR-16) and motivational systems measured by the Behavioral Inhibition System/Behavioral Activation System Questionnaire (BIS/BAS).

Results

There was a statistically significant association between depressive symptoms and BIS (β = -0.041 95% CI [-0.066, -0.016], p<0.05), BAS reward responsiveness (β = 0.043 95% CI [0.012, 0.074], p<0.05), sex (β = -0.137 95% CI [-0.266, -0.008], p<0.05), and confirmed COVID-19 infection (β = 0.196 95% CI [0.061, 0.332], p<0.05).

Conclusions

Depressive symptoms were associated with motivational deficits in persons living with PCC. Optimizing treatment for depressive symptoms may potentially improve aspects of motivational impairment amongst persons with PCC. All patients presenting with MDD and a history of COVID-19 infection should be assessed for the presence of PCC.
Impacts of Changing Atmospheric Circulation Patterns on Aviation Turbulence Over Europe
Authors: Alberti Tommaso , Faranda Davide , Rapella Lia , Coppola Erika , Lepreti Fabio , Dubrulle Bérengère , Carbone Vincenzo
Published: December 2024

Addressing aviation turbulence not only enhances passenger comfort but also help to reduce fuel consumption and environmental impact, supporting aviation sustainability. By using ERA5 reanalysis data we explore how changing atmospheric circulation, monitored via sea level pressure trends, impacts aviation turbulence over Europe. Our results show coherent climate anomalies, with rising turbulence intensity over the UK and Northern Europe where most events involve clear air turbulence, which occurs unexpectedly and without warning, particularly at flight altitudes. We also highlight a clear seasonal patterns in moderate‐or‐greater turbulence encounters, most frequent and intense in winter, with a key role of wind shears due to the sub‐tropical jet position over Southern Mediterranean. Our approach adds to previous studies on the same topic by analyzing individual atmospheric circulation pattern changes and their effects on turbulence‐related factors. This offers insight into how climate change affecting atmospheric dynamics may contribute to increased aviation turbulence.
Space Weather Induces Changes in the Composition of Atmospheric Escape at Mars
Authors: Hanley K. G. , Mitchell D. L. , Lillis R. , Fowler C. M. , McFadden J. P. , Jolitz R. , Xu S. , Benna M. , Espley J. , Eparvier F. , Curry S.
Published: December 2024

Mars' dayside ionosphere is maintained primarily by ionization from solar ultraviolet photons and subsequent chemical reactions, with small contributions from other mechanisms such as impact ionization and charge exchange. In December 2023, the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) mission observed the impact of an interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) on Mars' ionosphere, including strongly enhanced fluxes of suprathermal electrons. We show that this enhancement in suprathermal electron fluxes increased ion production from electron impact, so that dayside electron impact ionization rates exceeded photoionization rates during the ICME. This change in ion production mechanisms led to unusually high densities of the minor ions and . Space weather events are known to increase ion escape rates, so changes in ion composition during space weather events have important implications for atmospheric evolution. We show that scaling nominal loss rates to account for space weather may underestimate carbon loss from Mars' atmosphere.
Comparing Point Source CO2 Emission Rate Estimates From Near‐Simultaneous OCO‐3 and EMIT Observations
Authors: Nelson R. R. , Cusworth D. H. , Thorpe A. K. , Kim J. , Elder C. D. , Nassar R. , Mastrogiacomo J.‐P.
Published: December 2024

Carbon dioxide () emissions from combustion sources are uncertain in many places across the globe. Here, we estimate emission rates from a small number of collocated observations from the Orbiting Carbon Observatory‐3 (OCO‐3) and the Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation (EMIT), both onboard the International Space Station (ISS). These near‐simultaneous measurements allow for an unprecedented comparison of two unique space‐based sensors over both isolated coal‐fired power plants and multi‐source scenes in China. We estimate emission rates using integrated mass enhancement and a Gaussian plume model. Where validation data is available, 15 of the 19 estimated emission rates have errors less than 37%. For the multi‐source scenes, EMIT can estimate emissions from individual facilities but its aggregate emissions are 42% lower than OCO‐3, likely because it cannot detect small sources or diffuse emissions. OCO‐3, with its excellent precision, may better constrain emissions over the entire scene.
Scattering and Frequency Effects on Ultrasonic Velocities of Carbonates
Authors: Tisato Nicola , Spikes Kyle T. , Saxena Nishank , Hofmann Ronny
Published: December 2024

Scattering of elastic waves causes velocity dispersion, which increases uncertainty in seismic analysis. Understanding the sources of scattering and the degree of velocity dispersion are critical to improve subsurface imaging in efforts to locate resources and study subsurface processes. In addition to scattering, other mechanisms, such as the wave‐induced fluid flow in saturated rocks cause velocity dispersion. To study the effect of scattering on velocity dispersion, we conducted laboratory measurements of ultrasonic velocities on dry rock samples and performed wave‐propagation simulations on CT‐scanned 3D volumes of those samples. The set of samples consists of homogeneous and heterogeneous carbonate rocks with porosities between 3% and 26%. Ultrasonic velocities were measured at frequencies between 0.3 and 1 MHz, and numerical wave propagation simulations on the digital volumes were performed using an elastic approximation and a finite‐difference method. The homogeneous sample and the corresponding numerical simulations exhibit negligible velocity dispersion. On the other hand, heterogeneous samples exhibit significant dispersion, and the corresponding numerical simulations accurately reproduce the observed dispersion in terms of magnitude and frequency shift. We conclude that scattering has a first‐order effect on the velocities of the elastic waves in heterogeneous samples. This effect should be considered in conjunction with laboratory measurements in heterogeneous carbonates similar to those studied here. Furthermore, we illustrate a method to characterize frequency‐dependent ultrasonic velocities (i.e., dispersion) and show that finite‐difference modeling can reproduce the laboratory‐observed dispersion.
The 2022 MW 7.3 Southern Sumatra Tsunami Earthquake: Rupture Up‐Dip of the 2007 MW 8.4 Bengkulu Event
Authors: Xia Tao , Ye Lingling , Bai Yefei , Lay Thorne , Xu Shiqing , Kanamori Hiroo , Rivera Luis , Dwi Sriyanto Sesar Prabu
Published: December 2024

On 18 November 2022, a large earthquake struck offshore southern Sumatra, generating a tsunami with 25 cm peak amplitude recorded at tide gauge station SBLT. Our W‐phase solution indicates a shallow dip of 6.2°, compatible with long‐period surface wave radiation patterns. Inversion of teleseismic body waves indicates a shallow slip distribution extending from about 10 km deep to near the trench with maximum slip of ∼4.1 m and seismic moment of  Nm (MW 7.3). Joint modeling of seismic and tsunami data indicates a shallow rigidity of ∼23 GPa. We find a low moment‐scaled radiated energy of , similar to that of the 2010 MW 7.8 Mentawai event () and other tsunami earthquakes. These characteristics indicate that the 2022 event should be designated as a smaller moment magnitude tsunami earthquake compared to the other 12 well‐documented global occurrences since 1896. The 2022 event ruptured up‐dip of the 2007 MW 8.4 Bengkulu earthquake, demonstrating shallow seismogenic capability of a megathrust that had experienced both a deeper seismic event and adjacent shallow aseismic afterslip. We consider seismogenic behavior of shallow megathrusts and concern for future tsunami earthquakes in subduction zones globally, noting a correlation between tsunami earthquake occurrence and subducting seafloor covered with siliceous pelagic sediments. We suggest that the combination of pelagic clay and siliceous sediments and rough seafloor topography near the trench play important roles in controlling the genesis of tsunami earthquakes along Sumatra and other regions, rather than the subduction tectonic framework of accretionary or erosive margin.
Why Is the Monsoon Coastal Upwelling Signal Subdued in the Bay of Bengal?
Authors: Abbott Kathleen , Mahadevan Amala
Published: December 2024

The Indian summer monsoon, which brings heavy precipitation to the densely populated Indian subcontinent, plays an important role in the development of a coastal upwelling circulation that brings colder, nutrient‐rich water to the surface. Although the western shores of the Arabian Sea (AS) and Bay of Bengal (BoB) both experience upwelling‐favorable winds during June‐August, only the AS coastline exhibits significant surface cooling. In contrast, the BoB remains warm and its upwelling is characterized by a transient, weak sea surface temperature (SST) response confined to the east coast of India. A weaker mean alongshore wind stress and coastal circulation do not sufficiently explain the lack of SST response in the BoB. Here, we examine other reasons for the differing behavior of these two coastal margins. Firstly, we show that while winds are persistently upwelling‐favorable in the western AS, intraseasonal wind variability in the BoB induces intermittent upwelling. Secondly, the vertical density stratification is controlled by salinity in the BoB, and upwelled waters are saltier, but only marginally cooler than surface waters. By contrast, the density in the AS is temperature‐controlled, and upwelled waters are substantially colder than the surface. Additionally, satellite‐based SST in the BoB does not adequately resolve the upwelling signal. Using a numerical model, we find that salinity stratification has a greater influence on the mean SST, while wind frequency alters near‐shore SST and its temporal variability. This work has implications for the sensitivity of upwelling regions and their response to wind stress and stratification in a warming climate.
Modeling the Impact of Tides and Geothermal Heat Flux on the Climate of Early Earth
Authors: Biewald Benjamin , Green J. A. Mattias , Petri Stefan , Feulner Georg
Published: December 2024

On early Earth increased rates of tidal energy dissipation are likely, but depend on the (unknown) distribution of continents. A stronger tidal heating could provide an additional energy source during times of substantially lower solar input. So far, the problem has been assessed in terms of the negligible contribution to Earth's global energy budget. Here we present a spatially resolved investigation of the impact of tidal heating, mixing, and geothermal heat on early Earth's climate. Using a random landmass distribution, tidal heating is calculated for three different rotation periods (12, 18, 24 hr) and fed into a climate model. For each rotation rate, three climate states with different atmospheric levels are simulated. We find that, depending on the climate state, tidal heating can affect regional ocean dynamics and sea‐ice cover. The impact is strongest when tidal heating alters sea‐ice dynamics and meridional heat transport close to the sea‐ice edge, but its global impact remains negligible with only small global mean changes in ice cover (0.3%) and temperature (C). Adding tidal mixing and geothermal heat, however, leads to significant reduction in sea‐ice cover of 11% and 19%, respectively, and thus to larger global warming. As we do not consider the dynamical effects of a higher rotation rate or different landmass distributions, this is only a first glimpse at the importance of tides for the climate of early Earth. Nevertheless, our results suggest that tides and geothermal heat are important for understanding regional climates and could have contributed to warming early Earth.
Revegetation Impacts on Moisture Recycling and Precipitation Trends in the Chinese Loess Plateau
Authors: Cao Mingzhu , Wang Weiguang , Wei Jia , Forzieri Giovanni , Fetzer Ingo , Wang‐Erlandsson Lan
Published: December 2024

The Loess Plateau in China has experienced a remarkable greening trend due to vegetation restoration efforts in recent decades. However, the response of precipitation to this greening remains uncertain. In this study, we identified and evaluated the main moisture source regions for precipitation over the Loess Plateau from 1982 to 2019 using a moisture tracking model, the modified WAM‐2layers model, and the conceptual framework of the precipitationshed. By integrating multiple linear regression analysis with a conceptual hydrologically weighting method, we quantified the effective influence of different environmental factors for precipitation, particularly the effect of vegetation. Our analysis revealed that local precipitation has increased on average by 0.16 mm yr−1 and evaporation by 5.17 mm yr−1 over the period 2000–2019 after the initiation of the vegetation restoration project. Regional greening including the Loess Plateau contributed to precipitation for about 0.83 mm yr−1, among which local greening contributed for about 0.07 mm yr−1. Local vegetation contribution is due to both an enhanced local evaporation as well as an increased local moisture recycling (6.9% in 1982–1999; 8.3% in 2000–2019). Thus, our study shows that local revegetation had a positive effect on local precipitation, and the primary cause of the observed increase in precipitation over the Loess Plateau is due to a combination of local greening and circulation change. Our study underscores that increasing vegetation over the Loess Plateau has exerted strong influence on local precipitation and supports the positive effects for current and future vegetation restoration plans toward more resilient water resources managements.
Upcycled high-strength aluminum alloys from scrap through solid-phase alloying
Authors: Wang Tianhao , Li Xiao , Li Zehao , Liu Tingkun , Wang Xiang , Devaraj Arun , Powell Cindy A. , dos Santos Jorge F.
Published: December 2024

Although recycling secondary aluminum can lead to energy consumption reduction compared to primary aluminum manufacturing, products produced by traditional melt-based recycling processes are inherently limited in terms of alloy composition and microstructure, and thus final properties. To overcome the constraints associated with melting, we have developed a solid-phase recycling and simultaneous alloying method. This innovative process enables the alloying of 6063 aluminum scrap with copper, zinc, and magnesium to form a nanocluster-strengthened high-performance aluminum alloy with a composition and properties akin to 7075 aluminum alloy. The unique nanostructure with a high density of Guinier-Preston zones and uniformly precipitated nanoscale η‘/Mg(CuZn)2 strengthening phases enhances both yield and ultimate tensile strength by >200%. By delivering high-performance products from scrap that are not just recycled but upcycled, this scalable manufacturing approach provides a model for metal reuse, with the option for on-demand upcycling of a variety of metallic materials from scrap sources.
Genomic perspective on the bacillus causing paratyphoid B fever
Authors: Hawkey Jane , Frézal Lise , Tran Dien Alicia , Zhukova Anna , Brown Derek , Chattaway Marie Anne , Simon Sandra , Izumiya Hidemasa , Fields Patricia I. , De Lappe Niall , Kaftyreva Lidia , Xu Xuebin , Isobe Junko , Clermont Dominique , Njamkepo Elisabeth , Akeda Yukihiro , Issenhuth-Jeanjean Sylvie , Makarova Mariia , Wang Yanan , Hunt Martin , Jenkins Brent M. , Ravel Magali , Guibert Véronique , Serre Estelle , Matveeva Zoya , Fabre Laëtitia , Cormican Martin , Yue Min , Zhu Baoli , Morita Masatomo , Iqbal Zamin , Silva Nodari Carolina , Pardos de la Gandara Maria , Weill François-Xavier
Published: December 2024

Paratyphoid B fever (PTB) is caused by an invasive lineage (phylogroup 1, PG1) of Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi B (SPB). However, little was known about the global population structure, geographic distribution, and evolution of this pathogen. Here, we report a whole-genome analysis of 568 historical and contemporary SPB PG1 isolates, obtained globally, between 1898 and 2021. We show that this pathogen existed in the 13th century, subsequently diversifying into 11 lineages and 38 genotypes with strong phylogeographic patterns. Following its discovery in 1896, it circulated across Europe until the 1970s, after which it was mostly reimported into Europe from South America, the Middle East, South Asia, and North Africa. Antimicrobial resistance recently emerged in various genotypes of SPB PG1, mostly through mutations of the quinolone-resistance-determining regions of gyrA and gyrB. This study provides an unprecedented insight into SPB PG1 and essential genomic tools for identifying and tracking this pathogen, thereby facilitating the global genomic surveillance of PTB.
Boron-induced transformation of ultrathin Au films into two-dimensional metallic nanostructures
Authors: Preobrajenski Alexei , Vinogradov Nikolay , Duncan David A. , Lee Tien-Lin , Tsitsvero Mikhail , Taketsugu Tetsuya , Lyalin Andrey
Published: December 2024

The synthesis of large, freestanding, single-atom-thick two-dimensional (2D) metallic materials remains challenging due to the isotropic nature of metallic bonding. Here, we present a bottom-up approach for fabricating macroscopically large, nearly freestanding 2D gold (Au) monolayers, consisting of nanostructured patches. By forming Au monolayers on an Ir(111) substrate and embedding boron (B) atoms at the Au/Ir interface, we achieve suspended monoatomic Au sheets with hexagonal structures and triangular nanoscale patterns. Alternative patterns of periodic nanodots are observed in Au bilayers on the B/Ir(111) substrate. Using scanning tunneling microscopy, X-ray spectroscopies, and theoretical calculations, we reveal the role of buried B species in forming the nanostructured Au layers. Changes in the Au monolayer’s band structure upon substrate decoupling indicate a transition from 3D to 2D metal bonding. The resulting Au films exhibit remarkable thermal stability, making them practical for studying the catalytic activity of 2D gold.
Automated discovery of experimental designs in super-resolution microscopy with XLuminA
Authors: Rodríguez Carla , Arlt Sören , Möckl Leonhard , Krenn Mario
Published: December 2024

Driven by human ingenuity and creativity, the discovery of super-resolution techniques, which circumvent the classical diffraction limit of light, represent a leap in optical microscopy. However, the vast space encompassing all possible experimental configurations suggests that some powerful concepts and techniques might have not been discovered yet, and might never be with a human-driven direct design approach. Thus, AI-based exploration techniques could provide enormous benefit, by exploring this space in a fast, unbiased way. We introduce XLuminA, an open-source computational framework developed using JAX, a high-performance computing library in Python. XLuminA offers enhanced computational speed enabled by JAX’s accelerated linear algebra compiler (XLA), just-in-time compilation, and its seamlessly integrated automatic vectorization, automatic differentiation capabilities and GPU compatibility. XLuminA demonstrates a speed-up of 4 orders of magnitude compared to well-established numerical optimization methods. We showcase XLuminA’s potential by re-discovering three foundational experiments in advanced microscopy, and identifying an unseen experimental blueprint featuring sub-diffraction imaging capabilities. This work constitutes an important step in AI-driven scientific discovery of new concepts in optics and advanced microscopy.
Rationally designed laterally-condensed-catalysts deliver robust activity and selectivity for ethylene production in acetylene hydrogenation
Authors: Li Zehua , Öztuna Eylül , Skorupska Katarzyna , Vinogradova Olga V. , Jamshaid Afshan , Steigert Alexander , Rohner Christian , Dimitrakopoulou Maria , Prieto Mauricio J. , Kunkel Christian , Stredansky Matus , Kube Pierre , Götte Michael , Dudzinski Alexandra M. , Girgsdies Frank , Wrabetz Sabine , Frandsen Wiebke , Blume Raoul , Zeller Patrick , Muske Martin , Delgado Daniel , Jiang Shan , Schmidt Franz-Philipp , Köhler Tobias , Arztmann Manuela , Efimenko Anna , Frisch Johannes , Kokumai Tathiana M. , Garcia-Diez Raul , Bär Marcus , Hammud Adnan , Kröhnert Jutta , Trunschke Annette , Scheurer Christoph , Schmidt Thomas , Lunkenbein Thomas , Amkreutz Daniel , Kuhlenbeck Helmut , Bukas Vanessa J. , Knop-Gericke Axel , Schlatmann Rutger , Reuter Karsten , Cuenya Beatriz Roldan , Schlögl Robert
Published: December 2024

Future carbon management strategies require storage in elemental form, achievable through a sequence of CO2 hydrogenation reactions. Hydrogen is recycled from molecular intermediates by dehydrogenation, and side product acetylene selectively hydrogenated to ethylene. Existing Pd alloy catalysts for gas purification underperform in concentrated feeds, necessitating novel concepts. Atomistic simulations unveil superior selectivity of Pd:C solid solutions that optimize chemisorption energies and preclude sub-surface hydrides, verified here with model thin films. Multiple design criteria deduced from conventional catalysts facilitate synthesizing a self-repairing Pd:C system of a laterally condensed catalyst (LCC). A Pd layer prepared on a designated SiO2 buffer layer enables control of reactive interface, sub-surface volume and extended functional interface towards the buffer. Function and metric are supervised by operando micro-spectroscopy. This catalyst design shows, ethylene productivity >1 kmolC2H4/gPd/hour is reproducibly achieved and benchmarked against known catalysts. Photovoltaics deposition technologies enable scalability on real-world substrates saving active metal. A design-of-experiment approach demonstrates the improvement potential of the LCC approach.
Enhanced warming of European mountain permafrost in the early 21st century
Authors: Noetzli Jeannette , Isaksen Ketil , Barnett Jamie , Christiansen Hanne H. , Delaloye Reynald , Etzelmüller Bernd , Farinotti Daniel , Gallemann Thomas , Guglielmin Mauro , Hauck Christian , Hilbich Christin , Hoelzle Martin , Lambiel Christophe , Magnin Florence , Oliva Marc , Paro Luca , Pogliotti Paolo , Riedl Claudia , Schoeneich Philippe , Valt Mauro , Vieli Andreas , Phillips Marcia
Published: December 2024

Mountain permafrost, constituting 30% of the global permafrost area, is sensitive to climate change and strongly impacts mountain ecosystems and communities. This study examines 21st century permafrost warming in European mountains using decadal ground temperature data from sixty-four boreholes in the Alps, Scandinavia, Iceland, Sierra Nevada and Svalbard. During 2013–2022, warming rates at 10 metres depth exceed 1 °C dec−1 in cases, generally surpassing previous estimates because of accelerated warming and the use of a comprehensive data set. Substantial permafrost warming occurred at cold and ice-poor bedrock sites at high elevations and latitudes, at rates comparable to surface air temperature increase. In contrast, latent heat effects in ice-rich ground near 0 °C reduce warming rates and mask important changes of mountain permafrost substrates. The warming patterns observed are consistent across all sites, depths and time periods. For the coming decades, the propagation of permafrost warming to greater depths is largely predetermined already.
A shape-changing haptic navigation interface for vision impairment
Authors: Quinn Robert , Murtough Stephen , de Winton Henry , Ellis-Frew Brandon , Zane Sebastiano , De Sousa Jonathan , Kempapidis Theofilos , Gomes Renata S. M. , Spiers Adam J.
Published: December 2024

Individuals with visual impairment (VI) require aids such as white canes and guide dogs to navigate their environments. Modern localisation technologies have the capacity to transform the way individuals with VI navigate surroundings, but they have yet to do so. A critical barrier is the inability of human–machine interfaces to communicate precise navigation instructions non-visually. We present a shape changing haptic interface (Shape) that provides spatial guidance in two dimensions via bending of its body. Individuals with VI and sighted individuals were recruited to locate virtual targets in 3D space using Shape and vibration feedback (Vibration), and sighted individuals were also asked to visually locate targets. Throughout, device orientation and position were tracked in real-time using a virtual reality system. Individuals with VI located targets significantly faster and more efficiently using Shape, than with Vibration, and there were no significant differences in time or efficiency between Shape and natural vision. Moreover, participants scored Shape significantly more positively than Vibration in a Likert user experience survey, while no significant differences were observed between Shape and natural vision. Here, we provide compelling evidence for the application of a new shape-changing haptic interface as part of an effective future digital navigation system for individuals with VI.
Organoclay flocculation as a pathway to export carbon from the sea surface
Authors: Sharma Diksha , Menon Vignesh Gokuladas , Desai Manasi , Niu Danielle , Bates Eleanor , Kandel Annie , Zinser Erik R. , Fields David M. , O’Toole George A. , Sharma Mukul
Published: December 2024

Marine microorganisms play a critical role in regulating atmospheric CO2 concentration via the biological carbon pump. Deposition of continental mineral dust on the sea surface increases carbon sequestration but the interaction between minerals and marine microorganisms is not well understood. We discovered that the interaction of clay minerals with dissolved organic matter and a γ-proteobacterium in seawater increases Transparent Exopolymer Particle (TEP) concentration, leading to organoclay floc formation. To explore this observation further, we conducted a microcosm experiment using surface seawater collected from the Spring 2023 phytoplankton bloom in the Gulf of Maine. Unfiltered (natural community) and filtered (200 μm and 3 μm) seawater was sprayed with clay (20 mg L− 1 and 60 mg L− 1) and incubated. All clay treatments led to a tenfold increase in TEP concentration. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequence analyses of seawater and settled organoclay flocs showed the dominance of α-proteobacteria, γ-proteobacteria, and Bacteroidota. The initial seawater phytoplankton community was dominated by dinoflagellates followed by a haptophyte (Phaeocystis sp.) and diatoms. Following clay addition, dinoflagellate cell abundance declined sharply while diatom cell abundance increased. By analyzing organoclay flocs for 18S rRNA we confirmed that dinoflagellates were removed in the flocs. The clay amendment removed as much as 50% of phytoplankton organic carbon. We then explored the fate of organoclay flocs at the next trophic level by feeding clay and phytoplankton (Rhodomonas salina) to Calanus finmarchicus. The copepod ingested R. salina and organoclay flocs and egested denser fecal pellets with 1.8- to 3.6- fold higher sinking velocity compared to controls. Fecal pellet density enhancement could facilitate carbon sequestration through zooplankton diel vertical migration. These findings provide insights into how atmospheric dust-derived clay minerals interact with marine microorganisms to enhance the biological carbon pump, facilitating the burial of organic carbon at depths where it is less likely to exchange with the atmosphere.
Detoxification of hydrogen sulfide by synthetic heme model compounds
Authors: Nakagami Atsuki , Mao Qiyue , Horitani Masaki , Kodera Masahito , Kitagishi Hiroaki
Published: December 2024

Hydrogen sulfide is a lethal toxic gas that disrupts cellular respiration in the mitochondrial system. Currently, no antidote is available for the clinical treatment of hydrogen sulfide poisoning. In this study, we investigated the function of iron(III)porphyrin complexes as hydrogen sulfide scavengers in water and evaluated their potential use as therapeutic agents for hydrogen sulfide poisoning. The compounds, named met-hemoCD-P and met-hemoCD-I, are composed of iron(III)porphyrin complexed with per-methylated β-cyclodextrin dimers that contain a pyridine (met-hemoCD-P) or imidazole axial fifth ligand that is coordinated to Fe(III) (met-hemoCD-I). These compounds formed stable HS–Fe(III) complexes under physiological conditions, with binding constants of 1.2 × 105 and 2.5 × 106 M–1 for met-hemoCD-P and met-hemoCD-I, respectively. The binding constant of met-hemoCD-I was 10-times higher than that reported for native human met-hemoglobin at pH 7.4 and 25oC. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and H2S quantification assays revealed that after SH– was coordinated to met-hemoCD-I, it was efficiently converted to nontoxic sulfite and sulfate ions via homolytic cleavage of the HS–Fe(III) bond followed by aerobic oxidation. Mouse animal experiments revealed that the survival rate was significantly improved when NaSH-treated mice were injected with met-hemoCD-I. After the injection, mitochondrial CcO function in brain and heart tissues recovered, and met-hemoCD-I injected was excreted in the urine without chemical decomposition.
A simulated annealing algorithm for randomizing weighted networks
Authors: Milisav Filip , Bazinet Vincent , Betzel Richard F. , Misic Bratislav
Published: December 2024

Scientific discovery in connectomics relies on network null models. The prominence of network features is conventionally evaluated against null distributions estimated using randomized networks. Modern imaging technologies provide an increasingly rich array of biologically meaningful edge weights. Despite the prevalence of weighted graph analysis in connectomics, randomization models that only preserve binary node degree remain most widely used. Here we propose a simulated annealing procedure for generating randomized networks that preserve weighted degree (strength) sequences. We show that the procedure outperforms other rewiring algorithms and generalizes to multiple network formats, including directed and signed networks, as well as diverse real-world networks. Throughout, we use morphospace representation to assess the sampling behavior of the algorithm and the variability of the resulting ensemble. Finally, we show that accurate strength preservation yields different inferences about brain network organization. Collectively, this work provides a simple but powerful method to analyze richly detailed next-generation connectomics datasets.
PDGFRA is a conserved HAND2 effector during early cardiac development
Authors: Xu Yanli , Gehlot Rupal , Capon Samuel J. , Albu Marga , Gretz Jonas , Bloomekatz Joshua , Mattonet Kenny , Vucicevic Dubravka , Talyan Sweta , Kikhi Khrievono , Günther Stefan , Looso Mario , Firulli Beth A. , Sanda Miloslav , Firulli Anthony B. , Lacadie Scott Allen , Yelon Deborah , Stainier Didier Y. R.
Published: December 2024

The basic helix–loop–helix transcription factor HAND2 has multiple roles during vertebrate organogenesis, including cardiogenesis. However, much remains to be uncovered about its mechanism of action. Here, we show the generation of several hand2 mutant alleles in zebrafish and demonstrate that dimerization-deficient mutants display the null phenotype but DNA-binding-deficient mutants do not. Rescue experiments with Hand2 variants using a newly identified hand2 enhancer confirmed these observations. To identify Hand2 effectors critical for cardiogenesis, we analyzed the transcriptomes of hand2 loss- and gain-of-function embryonic cardiomyocytes and tested the function of eight candidate genes in vivo; pdgfra was most effective in rescuing myocardial migration in hand2 mutants. Accordingly, we identified a putative Hand2-binding region in the zebrafish pdgfra locus that is important for its expression. In addition, Hand2 loss- and gain-of-function experiments in mouse embryonic stem cell-derived cardiac cells decreased and increased Pdgfra expression, respectively. Altogether, these results further our mechanistic understanding of HAND2 function during early cardiogenesis.
Development of a fluorescent probe for detecting superoxide anions for monitoring the progression and treatment of acute spondylitis
Authors: Chen Xiaoming , Li Peng , Wang Guiqing
Published: December 2024

Development of a ER-targeted fluorescent probe for detecting superoxide anions for monitoring the progression and treatment of acute spondylitis.
Advanced reactivity-based sequencing methods for mRNA epitranscriptome profiling
Authors: Cai Zhihe , Song Peizhe , Yu Kemiao , Jia Guifang
Published: December 2024

This review explores the latest progress in reactivity-based sequencing methods for nine key mRNA modifications, focusing on their potential features for precise and sensitive mapping and quantification.
Cobalt catalysed cross-dehydrogenative coupling of indoles: a photoinduced ligand to metal charge transfer process
Authors: Chakrabortty Gopal , Pratim Sen Partha , Raha Roy Sudipta
Published: December 2024

We demonstrate the participation of cobalt in a photoinduced LMCT process, which leads to the formation of ligand-based radical species and enables both homo and hetero cross-dehydrogenative coupling of indoles with decent yield.
Cobalt–NHC promoted selective functionalization of alkynes via auxiliary-ligand modulation
Authors: Sahoo Sangita , Pandey Vipin K. , Barik Jogendrananda , Rit Arnab
Published: December 2024

We have developed an effective Co–NHC-catalyzed selective cyclotrimerization or hydroboration of diverse alkynes under solvent and base-free conditions, where the auxiliary ligands control the selectivity and reactivity.
Remote meta-selective C–H bromination of arenes using a recyclable Ru-based aminopropyl bifunctional PMO with robust imidazolium bridges
Authors: Moradi Hesamodin , Karimi Babak , Karimpour Touraj , Mastrorilli Piero , Todisco Stefano
Published: December 2024

A new generation of robust aminopropyl-functionalized PMO-ILs, containing 35% imidazolium bridges, were utilized to immobilize an active and recyclable ruthenium catalyst for the selective meta-bromination of 2-aryl pyridines and other heterocycles.
Obesity phenotype and gut microbiota alterations are not associated with anxiety-like behaviour in high-fat diet-fed mice
Authors: Wong Giselle C. , Bearzatto Bertrand , Gala Jean-Luc , Delzenne Nathalie M. , Van Hul Matthias , Cani Patrice D.
Published: December 2024

High-fat diet-fed mice do not exhibit more anxiety-like behaviours than control diet-fed mice after six weeks of treatment, and daily oral gavage does not influence stress in male mice.
Pressure as the driving force for mechanochemical reactions on the example of ion metathesis of alkali halides upon ball milling
Authors: Schmidt Wolfgang , Losch Pit , Petersen Hilke , Etter Martin , Baum Florian , Ternieden Jan , Weidenthaler Claudia
Published: December 2024

In situ XRD data of an ion metathesis reaction provide detailed insights into the processes occurring under ball-milling conditions. Pressure pulses exerted by the impact of milling balls drive the progress of the reaction.
Advanced mechanisms and applications of microwave-assisted synthesis of carbon-based materials: a brief review
Authors: Li Zhaolong , Peng Kaiming , Ji Nannan , Zhang Wenlong , Tian Wenrou , Gao Zhenfei
Published: December 2024

This review explores microwave interaction with carbon materials, focusing on heat generation, plasma excitation, reactor design, and applications, along with challenges and future prospects for synthesis in lab and industry.
Beyond telomeric G-quadruplexes: remarkable binding of PhenQE8 to promoter sequences
Authors: Singh Lachhman , Metangle Sachin , Tiwari Ratnesh , Ranjan Nihar
Published: December 2024

Due to their key roles in tumor growth and carcinogenesis, G-quadruplexes have been established as potential drug targets for the treatment of cancer.
The carbonate exchange reaction strategy for chemical recycling of poly(bisphenol A carbonate) into an epoxy-curing agent
Authors: Peng Zengping , Chen Haoyue , Chai Maoqing , Yang Rulin , Xu Guangqiang , Sun Hongguang , Wang Qinggang
Published: December 2024

The carbonate exchange strategy was explored for the chemical recycling of BPA-PC to DPC-PC, which can serve as a curing agent for preparing high-performance and recyclable epoxy thermosets.
Copper-catalyzed phosphorothiolation/seleno(telluro) phosphorylation of vinylsulfonium salts with P(iii)-nucleophiles via the insertion of elemental sulfur/selenium/tellurium
Authors: Xiong Biquan , Zheng Siya , Xu Weifeng , Liu Yu , Zhu Longzhi , Tang Ke-Wen , Sun Zelin , Wong Wai-Yeung
Published: December 2024

A novel and facile copper-catalyzed phosphorothiolation and seleno(telluro)phosphorylation of vinylsulfonium salts with P(iii)-nucleophiles for constructing C–X–P(v) bonds (X = S, Se, Te) by activating Se, Te and sulfur powder has been established.
Influence of nickel hydroxide catalyst ink formulation on direct bar coating of anion exchange membranes
Authors: Elshamy Mohamed , Metzler Lukas , Disch Joey , Vierrath Severin , Koch Susanne
Published: December 2024

To achieve uniform and high-performing catalyst-coated membranes for anion-exchange membrane water electrolyzers using Ni(OH)2 careful ink optimization and analysis is necessary.