bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Children and the Digital World
Authors: Turan Engin
Published: October 2024

Digital tools are frequently used by children to explore the world, learn new things and play games. As a result of learning with digital tools, children’s developmental areas are supported, they acquire early literacy skills, they can take responsibility, and there are significant improvements in their problem-solving skills and creativity, as well as the fact that children spend a long time with digital tools, causing them to isolate themselves from their environment, become lonely, and decrease their performance at school and at home. It also causes negative effects such as academic failure, sleep disorders, physical disorders, inactivity, weight gain and obesity. To minimize the negative health effects that may develop in children as a result of inappropriate use of digital technological tools; Children in the first three years of life, when growth and development are at their fastest, should be kept away from the screen, and children over the age of three should be allowed the daily screen time recommended according to their age.
Different Protein Resources
Authors: Farooq Umar , Zia Muhammad Abu Bakar , Celik Sadettin , Zulkadir Gulay
Published: October 2024

Protein, a vital macronutrient composed of amino acids performs various important functions ensuring a healthy life. Proteins have been derived traditionally from animals and plants such as meat, seafoods, eggs and from legumes, seeds, nuts, and cereals respectively. Plant-derived proteins are cheaper and more sustainable than animal-derived proteins. The world’s population is increasing astonishingly to a high level. We have to increase our food production by twofold by 2050. Food scientists should take the enhancement of protein production as a serious challenge. There is a need to utilize the full potential of traditional protein sources and discover novel methods and alternative techniques of healthy dietary protein production. Emerging protein sources and alternatives to plant-based and animal-based proteins like insects, microbes, and plant-based alternatives are gaining much attention from food developers. This study involves a comparative analysis of plant-derived and animal-derived proteins. The current study aims to investigate the utilization of the potential of traditional protein sources and to develop emerging protein sources to take a step toward global food security. The goal is to open the gateway for researchers to work further and develop potential protein sources.
Rice (Oryza Sativa L) Protein As an Alternative Protein Source
Authors: Kahraman Serif
Published: October 2024

Rice is an essential food and one of the primary protein sources among grain kernels. Rice proteins have received significant attention because of their valuable biological properties, notably affecting human health. Rice proteins have superior functional properties. This study aims to determine the protein ratios and some quality parameters of rice. In the research; rice samples were collected from the market and paddy factories in Diyarbakır in November 2023. In the research, ten rice samples (Karacadağ 1, Karacadağ 2, Karacadağ 3, Osmancık, Luna, Black, Baldo, Jasmine, Basmati, and China) were investigated. As a result of the analysis of rice samples; protein content of the rice samples varied between 8.0% and 11.5%, with an average of 9.5%. The China rice had the lowest protein content at 8.0%, while the Black and Basmati rice had the highest at 11.5%. Proteins are crucial in cell repair, development, growth, and overall health.
Quantitative and Qualitative Investigation of Some Protein Sources Used in Fish Feeds
Authors: Taysi Mehmet Resit , Kirici Mahinur
Published: October 2024

Protein in fish feed is one of the most important nutrients for the healthy growth and development of fish. Protein sources are divided into two main groups: animal and plant. Animal proteins are of high quality and contain all the amino acids that fish need. Vegetable proteins, on the other hand, are cheaper and sustainable. Historically, fish meal and oil were given to both carnivorous and herbivorous fish when they were juveniles to meet their high protein needs. However, due to excessive use, sustainability concerns have arisen, and alternative protein sources have begun to be investigated.
Aquaculture Processing and Safety
Authors: Kirici Mahinur , Taysi Mehmet Resit
Published: October 2024

Aquaculture (fish farming) is growing to meet rising seafood demand and protect wild fish. But safety is key! Just like other food, farmed seafood needs to be safe to eat. Many countries have rules to ensure this. Everyone involved in raising fish, processing it, and selling it needs to follow these safety standards. Safe food is more important than high production. By 2050, there will be more people to feed, so safe fish farming becomes even more critical.
Icp-Ms Technology and Mineral Analyses of Bee Products
Authors: Yapici Ismail
Published: October 2024

Minerals are very important for the human body. They take part in many vital metabolic events. Some of them are found in the structure of enzymes. Some heavy metals are quite harmful to the body. Even very small amounts have a toxic effect. Therefore, revealing beneficial or harmful elements in foods, plants, water, wastewater and soil is important for human health. It is also very important to know the mineral amounts contained in bee products, which have an important role in human nutrition. One of the devices used for this purpose is the ICP-MS device. With this device, both qualitative and quantitative element determinations can be made very sensitively at ppb and even ppt level.
Use of Some Bee Products in the Aquaculture Industry
Authors: Turk Cebrahil
Published: October 2024

In addition to their traditional medicinal uses, bee products have also had an important place in the aquaculture industry in recent years. Bee products such as honey, propolis, royal jelly and bee venom offer potential benefits for a variety of applications in aquaculture. These products are used to improve fish health, combat diseases, increase growth rate and support environmental sustainability. For example, the antimicrobial properties of propolis can be effective in treating and preventing fish diseases, while the nutritional components of honey can promote the development of aquaculture. This study aims to lay a foundation for future research and applications by examining the use of bee products in aquaculture, their potential benefits and application methods.
Natural and Powerful Antioxidant Source Propolis According to in Vitro Analysis Results
Authors: Izol Ebubekir , Gulcin Ilhami
Published: October 2024

Antioxidants are leading the way in the prevention of more than 100 diseases. They are divided into synthetic and natural antioxidants. Due to the harmful effects of synthetic antioxidants, studies on natural antioxidants have intensified. Propolis, which has the highest antioxidant properties among bee products, is a source of natural antioxidants. Propolis shows much stronger antioxidant properties than many medicinal aromatic plants and other bee products. Therefore, in this chapter, the antioxidant potential of propolis, which is a natural and powerful antioxidant, is presented with current in vitro studies.
Mulberries Belonging to the Morus Genus of the Moraceae Family: Powerful Antioxidant Properties and Health Effects
Authors: Ozden Eda Mehtap
Published: October 2024

In a living organism, free radicals occur within the cell during the normal metabolic process for various reasons. They are harmful to most biomolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. It causes diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer and obesity. Substances that prevent the formation of free radicals, eliminate and neutralize the toxic effects they cause by scavenging the radicals in the environment are called "antioxidant substances". Antioxidants play a vital role in both food systems and the human body to reduce the oxidative formation processes of reactive oxygen species and the harmful effects they cause. It has been determined by scientific studies that Morus alba, Morus rubra, Morus nigra plants contains a significant amount of bioactive substances and exhibits many different biological activities such as antimicrobial, neuroprotective antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiobesity, anti-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory.
Microbial Antioxidants and Their Production
Authors: Aslan Kubra , Gulcin Ilhami
Published: October 2024

Properties, applications, and fermentative productions were overviewed in this chapter for a better understanding of the needs, existing advantages, and shortcomings of the antioxidant enzymes through the fermentation process. Wild-type or recombinant producers, nutritional, biological, and physical requirements of the fermentation processes, and strategies applied to improve productivity and functionality were highlights of the study.
Effects of Vitamins on Some Neurological Diseases
Authors: Diril Halit , Caglayan Cuneyt
Published: October 2024

Vitamins are micronutrients from various food sources that the nervous system needs for proper functioning. Vitamin deficiencies or imbalances can adversely affect neuronal metabolism and lead to neurodegenerative diseases. Vitamins may have therapeutic properties in Parkinson’s disease thanks to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, while various water- and fat-soluble vitamins may help prevent amyloid beta and tau pathology in Alzheimer’s disease.
Potential Medicinal Plants Used in the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Karagecili Hasan
Published: October 2024

Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive and chronic neurodegenerative disease of the brain and is the disease with the most involvement in dementia, with 50 million patients in the world. The following medications have been used to treat AD symptoms: galantamine, donepezil, rivastigmine, physostigmine (eserine), tacrine, and huperzine A. Their main method of action is AChE suppression to minimize the cholinergic deficit. The use of FDA-approved these drugs in treatment is aimed at short-term relief of symptoms rather than regressing the course of the disease. While FDA-approved anti-AD drugs are effective in treating symptoms, they also have some drawbacks and side effects, including nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, loss of appetite, weight loss, diarrhea, and many other effects.

The discovery of new, effective and reliable drugs for use in the treatment of AD is among the biggest goals of scientific research groups. Medicinal plants and the phytochemical compounds they contain; polyphenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, phenolic acids and many other compounds can play an active role in the inhibition of AD disease. Phytochemicals have long been used as therapy alternatives for a range of pathological illnesses. Many phytochemicals have their mechanisms well-established; but, for some, it remains to be determined how much of them need be present in food to be bioavailable. Ethanol and aqueous extracts of traditional medicinal plants used in the Mediterranean region are being studied for the inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme, which is effective in the innervation of the nervous system.
Effects of Turmeric in Neurological Diseases
Authors: Abakay Abdurrahman
Published: October 2024

Zingiberaceae is a large and diverse family of plants commonly known as the “Gingeraceae”. The Zingiberaceae family is a plant family known for its plant diversity, economic importance, and potential for medicinal use. Turmeric is a perennial, rhizomatous, herbaceous plant from the ginger family, containing the compound curcumin and offering many health benefits Cardamom, turmeric, and ginger are among the bioactive chemicals having antioxidant action that belong to the Zingiberaceae family. In addition, they possess anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anticancer, and antiemetic characteristics, which aid in the prevention of neurological and cardiovascular illnesses. Supplementing with turmeric can be a useful intervention for improving people’s oxidative/inflammatory condition.
Clinical Aspects and Treatment of Parkinson Disease: a Biochemical Perspective
Authors: Ayna Adnan
Published: October 2024

Parkinson disease (PD), among one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative illness, affecting around 2-3% of people over the age of 65. PD is characterized by intra-cellular aggregates of α-synuclein (syn) and neuron cell loss in the brain region of substantia nigra (SN), which results in deficiency in dopamine levels. Several other types of cell in the peripheral and central autonomic nerve are also involved, most probably from the beginning of the disease. PD is associated with numerous non-motor indicators that donate to overall infirmity, despite the fact a medical diagnosis of the ailment governed by the existence of bradykinesia and some of the other essential motor features. Several paths and machineries, containing proteostasis of syn, mitochondrial function, oxidative injuries, calcium homeostasis, axonal transport, and neuro-inflammation, are participated in the principal molecular pathogenesis. The mainstay of PD treatment is the pharmacological replacement of striatal dopamine. Non-dopaminergic methods are also utilized to treat non-motor and motor symptoms, and deep brain stimulation is utilized for patients who experience unmanageable motor complications related to L-DOPA. For the pharmacological treatment of PD, levodopa, dopamine agonists, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors are commonly used.
Imaging Findings in Benign and Malignant Colon Tumors
Authors: Batur Abdussamet
Published: October 2024

Colorectal cancer is among the leading causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. They are broadly categorized into benign and malignant entities. Benign colonic neoplasms typically include adenomatous polyps,Colorectal cancer is among the leading causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. They are broadly categorized into benign and malignant entities. Benign colonic neoplasms typically include adenomatous polyps, hyperplastic polyps, lipomas, leiomyomas, and neurofibromas. These noncancerous growths often present asymptomatically or with nonspecific symptoms such as abdominal pain or altered bowel habits. Malignant colonic growths predominantly consist of primary colorectal carcinomas which originate from mucosal epithelial cells lining the bowel wall, and lymphoma. Early and accurate differentiation between benign and malignant colon tumors is crucial for appropriate patient management, prognosis, and therapeutic strategies. Imaging methods are at the forefront in the diagnosis, staging and post- treatment follow-up of colorectal tumors. Ultrasonography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging should be used as complementary radiological methods depending on the patient and/or disease status.
Imaging in Pediatric Brain, Spinal and Head and Neck Tumors
Authors: Ozturk Mehmet , Dag Nurullah
Published: October 2024

In this section, the topics are examined under three subheadings. In the first topic, imaging of pediatric brain tumors, the World Health Organization's 2021 classification of Central Nervous System tumors (CNS WHO5) was taken into account. According to this classification, pediatric brain tumors are subdivided into embryonal tumors, pediatric type diffuse high-grade gliomas, pediatric type diffuse low-grade gliomas, pilocytic astrocytomas, ependymal tumors, glioneuronal or neuronal tumors, choroid plexus tumors, sellar suprasellar tumors and pineal region tumors. separated. The radiological findings of the tumors in question were examined together with the case samples. The second topic, pediatric spinal masses, was classified according to their anatomical location (Intramedullary, Intradural, extramedullary, Extradural) and discussed with their radiological findings. In the third topic, the radiological findings of pediatric head and neck masses are discussed together with their radiological findings according to their anatomical locations such as neck, paranasal sinus, temporal bone and orbit.
Differences in Adult and Pediatric Brain Tumors
Authors: Ekici Faysal , Hattapoglu Salih
Published: October 2024

Brain tumors can appear differently in children and adults. The most common CNS tumors in two different age groups should be recognized. Pediatric brain tumors will be specifically addressed in the pediatric radiology section, and in this chapter, the most common pediatric brain tumors will be highlighted with examples to reinforce the topic of adult brain tumors discussed in the previous article.
68Ga PSMA PET/CT in Patients with Prostate Cancer
Authors: Altun Tuzcu Sadiye
Published: October 2024

Prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PSMA PET/CT) is a new method of imaging prostate cancer that increases diagnostic accuracy in detecting reccurrent disease or metastasis and guiding therapy. Gallium-68 PSMA ligand PET/CT has increased sensitivity of detection of local recurrence or metastases at low PSA levels. PSMA PET/CT has also inceased sensitivity and specificity of detection of primary disease localisation and in detecting metastases at initial staging. In advence disease PSMA PET/CT may be able to evaluate response to chemotherapy or radionuclide therapies. This book chapter discusses the literatüre, clinical utility and our clinical experience of Ga-68 PSMA PET/CT imaging needed to improve clinical practice.
Radiological Evaluation of Mediastinal Tumors
Authors: Durmaz Fatma
Published: October 2024

Mediastinal tumors represent a rare category of neoplasms, encompassing a wide spectrum of both benign and malignant conditions. The localization of these tumors within specific mediastinal compartments, coupled with the age of the patient, constitutes critical factors in their differential diagnosis. In adults, mediastinal tumors such as thymoma, teratoma, and lymphoma predominantly manifest in the anterior mediastinum, whereas in pediatric cases, posterior mediastinal tumors, particularly neurogenic tumors, prevail. Often asymptomatic, mediastinal tumors typically manifest symptoms consequent to compression of adjacent organs or due to the paraneoplastic characteristics of the tumors. Surgical excision stands as the primary therapeutic approach for mediastinal tumors. Radiological imaging modalities play an indispensable role in diagnosing mediastinal pathologies, devising treatment strategies, and monitoring post-treatment progress. Among these modalities, chest X-ray (CXR) serves as the initial imaging tool, followed by thoracic computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), each offering unique advantages in visualizing mediastinal masses and their relationships with adjacent structures.
Brain and Nutrition
Authors: Hatipoglu Abdulkerim
Published: October 2024

In the current section, the functions of nutrients such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), B group vitamins, calcium, zinc, iron, magnesium in the brain and the effect of diet on neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Multiple Sclerosis are discussed. PUFAs (Linoleic acid, α-Linoleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid), which maintain membrane fluidity necessary for synaptic vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter transmission within neural networks, are essential components of neuronal cell membranes. In older brains, there is a deficiency in PUFA levels in the cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum, which are associated with cognitive and motor functions. The brain has four times the amount of circulating methyltetrahydrofolate (folate) than plasma. The production of cholesterol, phospholipids, amino acids, fatty acids, steroid hormones and neurotransmitters is facilitated by pantothenic acid, which is a substrate for the synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA), which contributes to the structure and function of brain cells. Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) is a rate-limiting cofactor in the production of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and melatonin hormone. Calcium is a very important factor in the normal functioning of neurons and the neuromuscular junction, as it transmits depolarizing impulses and contributes to synaptic activity. Since zinc is mostly stored in the hippocampus, amygdala, cortical regions and telencephalon, it has important effects on memory, cognition and emotional balance. Iron is essential due to its role in cellular metabolism, myelin production, and neurotransmitter synthesis. Magnesium is essential for controlling the activity of neurotransmitter receptors. It is known that there are significant amounts of microglial cells and activated pro-inflammatory cytokines in the postmortem brain tissue of Alzheimer’s patients, meaning that there is an important relationship between inflammation and the pathophysiology and cognitive failures of Alzheimer’s patients. Parkinson’s disease risk may be affected by dietary consumption of PUFAs and MUFAs (monounsaturated fatty acids). On the other hand, high consumption of PUFAs and vitamin E supplementation may protect against Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). In Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients with dysphagia, brain signaling defects affect respiratory muscle strength, making normal food intake difficult.
Brain and Oxidative Stress
Authors: Cetik Yildiz Songul
Published: October 2024

Brain tissue is more sensitive to oxidative damage due to many different properties than other tissues. So, the need for protection of brain tissue, which is more prone to oxidative damage than other tissues and organs, is greater than other tissues. Oxidative stress is brought on by a disturbance in the balance between antioxidants and free radicals, which have a scavenging effect on them in biological systems. Increased ROS causes cell damage by causing damage to cell membranes, deterioration in the structure and functions of intracellular proteins, and structural damage to DNA. Oxidative stress is responsible for the pathogenesis of many diseases, especially cancer, diabetes, neurological and cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis and inflammatory disorders. Brain tissue is prone to free radical damage because it produces more toxic radicals than other organs. Because the brain has a poorer antioxidant defense system and a higher oxidative metabolism than other organs, it is more vulnerable to ROS-induced damage that can lead to neuronal death. Regional differences in antioxidant system activities and variable metabolic rates in brain tissue may also cause regional accumulation of oxidative damage. In the light of this information, it is aimed to evaluate oxidative stress, the mechanism of oxidative stress formation and the mechanisms of action of oxidative stress on the brain, its effects on intracellular structures and the destruction products formed in oxidative stress with the results of biochemical studies.
Immunotherapy in Hematological Malignancy
Authors: Ayag Hatice , Ertop Sehmus , Aslaner Ak Muzeyyen , Sahip Yesiralioglu Birsen
Published: October 2024

Tumor immune tolerance represents a significant obstacle to effective cancer therapy. A multitude of pathways through which tumors evade immune surveillance have been identified . These developments have prompted a reevaluation of the "hallmarks of cancer" and have spurred the development of numerous promising immunotherapies. Various categories of immunotherapies, including stem cell transplantation, immune checkpoint inhibitors, antigen-targeted antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, tumor vaccines, and adoptive cell therapies, have been devised for treating hematologic cancers, with ongoing clinical trials. These immunotherapies demonstrate potential for inducing long-term remissions in patients with refractory or relapsed disease, marking a paradigm shift in cancer treatment with significant clinical success. Here, we review recent advances in understanding these categories of immunotherapies for hematologic malignancies.
Immunothearpy for the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Okumus Nazik , Hatipoglu Ugur , Ulas Turgay
Published: October 2024

Expected survival rates are rapidly increasing for myeloma but the relapse burden is the major obstacle to obtaining long-term remission and maybe even cure. Like many other hematological malignancies immunotherapies emerged as a very promising approach and new studies are eagerly awaited. Despite marked success with many new agents’ safety remains a major concern as fatal CRS and ICANS still endanger the therapy process. With the advent of new safer and cheaper therapeutics in myeloma, standard approaches will completely replace by immunotherapeutics and cellular therapies in the near future.
Restoration of Gap Region Erosion Areas to Fruit Growing
Authors: Turker Serdar
Published: October 2024

When the topographical structure of our country is examined, it is obvious that in most of our regions, especially the hills and slopes have been destroyed by various factors, resulting in the destruction of the natural vegetation cover and consequently becoming bare and exposed to erosion. It is seen that the slopes and hills that remain bare in the majority of our country, especially in the GAP Region, are poor in soil cover due to both rainfall and wind effects. The establishment of plant species with high resistance to such ecology and soil structure in these areas will provide a great benefit to the national economy. . In such places, orchards of fruit species such as pistachios, almonds, figs and olives, which are resistant to drought and unfavorable soil types, where other fruit species cannot grow, can be established to protect soils and provide income for producers.
The Significance of Rhus Coriaria L. (Sumac) Plant in Afforestation
Authors: Oztas Kurt Burcu , Gul Ismail
Published: October 2024

The sumac plant (Rhus coriaria L.) is known for its significant biological effects such as antioxidant, antidiabetic, antibacterial, and antifungal properties, enriched with phenolic compounds, tannins, organicacids, vitamins, and minerals. Considered the genetic center in Turkey, sumac is widely utilized in afforestation projects due to it sability to adapt to various climate and soil conditions. This plant plays a crucial role in erosion control, rehabilitation of mining areas, and protective afforestation efforts. Additionally, sumac is economically significant due to its rapid growth characteristic and low maintenance requirements. It is extensively used in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and dye industries. Studies indicate that the sumac plant is susceptible to various diseases and pests but can be protected through appropriate cultural practices and chemical control methods. In conclusion, the sumac plant is a valuable species that can be widely used in nature conservation and afforestation activities.
Acute Otitis Media
Authors: Dedeoglu Serkan , Kozan Gunay
Published: October 2024

Acute otitis media is a sudden onset infection of the middle ear and is usually more common in children. This infection is caused by bacterial or viral agents that can occur after upper respiratory tract infections. Symptoms include severe ear pain, fever, hearing loss and sometimes discharge from the ear. Acute otitis media can cause restlessness, sleep problems and feeding difficulties in children. Antibiotics are commonly used to treat it, but in some cases the infection may resolve on its own. Early diagnosis and treatment is important to prevent complications.
Labyrinthitis
Authors: Yilmaz Umitcan
Published: October 2024

Labyrinthitis is an inflammation of the part of the inner ear called the labyrinth and is usually caused by viral or bacterial infections. This condition affects balance and hearing functions, causing symptoms such as dizziness, imbalance, hearing loss and tinnitus. The infection can develop following upper respiratory tract infections such as colds, flu or middle ear infections. In the treatment of labyrinthitis, medications are used to relieve symptoms and antiviral or antibiotic therapy may be administered depending on the cause of the infection. Most patients recover within a few weeks with appropriate treatment, but some cases may have permanent balance problems or hearing loss.
Flash Radiation Therapy: Current Insights and Future Prospects
Authors: Gul Osman Vefa
Published: October 2024

FLASH radiotherapy (RT) is an innovative approach used in cancer treatment. The FLASH effect is observed at ultra-high dose rates (UHDR) of approximately 40 Gy/s or higher. This treatment method has the potential to effectively destroy tumor cells while causing less damage to healthy tissues. It has been shown that FLASH irradiation reduces the severity of toxicity in normal tissues compared to conventional dose rate (CONV) irradiation that is currently being utilized in clinical settings. The shortened treatment durations characteristic of FLASH-RT, typically falling below 0.1 seconds, offer the distinct advantage of minimizing uncertainties associated with treatment application arising from intra-fractional motion. This book chapter covers the types of radiation used in FLASH RT, the biological effects of these radiation types, promising FLASH RT technologies, and dosimetry.

The types of energy used in FLASH RT are generally similar to those used in CONV RT, but they are applied at much higher dose rates. FLASH RT requires special technology to deliver radiation at high dose rates. These technologies include Linear Accelerators (LINAC), Proton Accelerators and Carbon Ion Accelerators. The main types of energy that can be used in FLASH RT are Electrons, Protons, X-rays, and Carbon ions. Currently, studies aiming to use electrons, protons and X-rays in UHDR transmission methods are ongoing. Among these studies are those that focus on the use of 100-200 MeV very high energy electrons (VHEE) to target deep-located tumors with FLASH RT using electrons. There are also studies on proton FLASH RT, which aim to take advantage of the physical properties of protons called Bragg peaks. This book chapter on FLASH RT covers promising FLASH RT technologies, FLASH radiobiology, patient treatments with FLASH RT, and radiation dosimetry of FLASH RT. FLASH RT is considered a revolutionary innovation in cancer treatment. Advances in technological and biological research indicate that this treatment method could lead to wider clinical applications.
The Role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Radiation Treatment and Investment Perspectives
Authors: Tuncel Nina , Cakir Tahir
Published: October 2024

In this section, AI’s impact on medicine, specifically radiation treatment processes, is highlighted. AI in radiotherapy has led to significant innovations, enhancing the precision and efficiency of cancer treatments. Advanced algorithms enable automated and more accurate tumor detection and delineation in imaging, optimizing radiation dose distribution while minimizing exposure to healthy tissues. AI-driven treatment planning reduces the time required for complex calculations and improves personalized treatment strategies. Machine learning models predict patient responses and potential side effects, allowing for proactive adjustments. Overall, AI is revolutionizing radiotherapy by improving treatment accuracy, reducing planning time, and enhancing patient outcomes.
The Effect of Climate Change on Viticulture and Economy in Turkey
Authors: Arslan Saadettin , Yuce Baris , Berkay Sedat
Published: October 2024

Climate change significantly affects the viticulture sector and economy in Turkey. . High temperatures can impact the fruit ripening process in grape cultivation and reduce product quality. Additionally, irregular rainfall and periods of drought can reduce the water resources necessary for viticulture and lead to yield losses. This situation can negatively affect the incomes and economic conditions of grape producers. Therefore, appropriate policies and agricultural practices must be adopted to combat climate change and ensure the sustainability of the viticulture sector.
Behavioral Economics to Tackle Climate Change in Agriculture
Authors: Atis Ela , Gunden Cihat , Atakan Pelin
Published: October 2024

In addressing climate change, the role of farmers is critical, necessitating their adoption of sustainable agricultural practices that reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase resilience. These practices offer environmental and economic benefits and enhance farmers’ resilience and socio-economic status. The adoption of sustainable practices is influenced by economic, social, cultural, and behavioral factors and their perceived advantages and compatibility among farmers. Despite the recognized benefits, global adoption rates of sustainable agricultural practices lag behind the ambitious targets set by the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals. Behavioral economics and behavioral insights, which is the application of behavioral economics to solve everyday problems, provide a comprehensive understanding of studying farmers’ decision-making processes when adopting or not adopting certain practices. This understanding can inform the design of policies based on choice architecture and nudges, which have demonstrated remarkable effectiveness in various contexts, including agriculture, by shaping decisions and encouraging sustainable behavior. Nudges are simple interventions that alter individuals’ attitudes and behaviors without resorting to mandatory or costly measures. This chapter presents a framework to explore the significant role of behavioral economics and behavioral insights in combating climate change. Green nudges are highlighted as a distinct and promising environmental and climate policy tool within this framework. The discussions in this chapter aim to offer guidance to policymakers specifically focused on addressing climate change in agriculture.
Effects of Climate Change on Wheat Grown Southeastern Anatolia
Authors: Kilic Hasan
Published: October 2024

The Southeastern Anatolia Region, the hottest area in Turkey, meets approximately 13% of the country’s wheat needs. Although it has a climate more suitable for durum wheat, spring bread wheat is more commonly preferred due to economic choices. Recently, as seen worldwide, the factors such as extreme temperature changes and fluctuations in rainfall, along with increases in disease and pest populations, make it difficult for producers to make appropriate decisions regarding cultivation techniques such as variety selection and planting time. This study investigates the effects of high and low temperatures on wheat production and ways to mitigate these effects positively. Particular attention is given to the roles of wild wheat and local populations, which have the ability to adapt more quickly to changing climate conditions, and the two genetic elements of vernalization and photoperiodism in this adaptation process.
Psychopharmacology of Depression
Authors: Pakdemir Sevval Dicle , Gunes Mehmet
Published: October 2024

his chapter presents a comprehensive review of the psychopharmacology of depression. It discusses the prevalence and impacts of depression, emphasizing that antidepressant drugs are effective treatments. Starting from traditional treatments like monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO-Is) and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), it moves on to newer options like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and selective serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). Additionally, other antidepressant classes and novel experiential treatments are explored. Moreover, it mentions the effectiveness of adjunctive therapies alongside antidepressants, noting their lower tolerability. Lastly, it discusses future directions in depression treatment, particularly highlighting promising new options like glutamate receptor modulators.
The Role of Ect in Depression
Authors: Simsek Dilbirin , Bulut Mahmut
Published: October 2024

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) originated in Italy in the 1930s and regained significance in the 1980s due to its efficacy in cases where psychotropic drugs were insufficient. Today, it’s a safe and effective treatment for major depression, mania, schizophrenia, and catatonia. Public misconceptions about ECT exist, leading to reluctance among patients and physicians. Advancements in technology have minimized cognitive side effects, making ECT less risky than pharmacotherapy, especially during pregnancy. Indications for ECT include suicidal thoughts, treatment-resistant depression, contraindications to drug therapy, non-compliance with treatment, and psychotic symptoms. It’s administered under anesthesia and with muscle relaxants, with electrodes placed bilaterally or unilaterally. Treatment frequency is typically 2-3 times per week, with 4-8 sessions generally sufficient. Drug interactions, especially with psychotropic medications, should be considered. While there are no absolute contraindications, caution is advised in certain medical conditions. ECT is highly effective in depression, particularly in treatment-resistant cases and catatonia, often more so than placebo or antidepressants, making it a valuable treatment option for various mental disorders.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy of Depression
Authors: Derince Keskin Ruken , Bulut Mahmut
Published: October 2024

This chapter examines Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in the treatment of depression. Psychotherapy has an important place in the treatment of depression, and the most commonly used therapy school is CBT. For people with mild or moderate depression, CBT may be recommended as a first-line treatment. Patients with severe depression may benefit from a combination of CBT and pharmacotherapy. CBT provides patients with skills such as identifying distorted thoughts, changing beliefs, establishing new relationships with the environment, and changing behavior, which they can use to solve their problems throughout their lives.
Anesthesia Complications in Thoracic Surgery in Child Patients
Authors: Celik Feyzi , Baysal Yildirim Zeynep
Published: October 2024

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a specific form of chronic, progressive fibrosing interstitial pneumonia of unknown cause, primarily affecting older adults. The disease is characterized by the thickening and progressive fibrosis of lung parenchyma, leading to a decline in lung function and eventually respiratory failure, and death.
Pneumocystis Pneumonia in Children
Authors: Aytulun Sultan , Karabel Musemma Alagoz
Published: October 2024

Family history and genetic factors play a significant role in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Mutations in genes related to surfactant production and telomere maintenance have been implicated. Environmental and occupational exposures to dust, metal, wood, and certain farming chemicals may increase the risk. Cigarette smoking is a well-established risk factor. Comorbid conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), chronic viral infections, and other comorbidities may be associated with an increased risk of developing idiopathic pulmoary fibrosis. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosisis associated with high mortality rates. The median survival after diagnosis is typically 3-5 years, though this can vary widely. Most deaths in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients are due to respiratory failure, acute exacerbations, pulmonary infections, or comorbid conditions such as cardiovascular disease and lung cancer.
Congenital Malformations of the Lung in Childhood
Authors: Kamci Tahsin Onat , Okur Mehmet Hanifi
Published: October 2024

This chapter emphasizes the social importance of a healthy family and family counseling. Although it is known that creating a family is important, it may not be that easy to establish and build the family on a healthy basis. The peace within the family may be shaken when married life, which begins with a husband-wife relationship, becomes complicated with other roles added in the next stage (mother-father/grandparent...) and brings with it new problems. The article tried to explain what problems may occur in the family and what precautions can be taken. In addition, the article tried to express that in such situations, intra-family dynamics may be insufficient to solve the problem and how important it can be to receive family counseling support at such times.
Nutrition in Adolescence
Authors: Bayat Balkan Selda
Published: October 2024

Adolescence is a critical period for growth and development, making proper nutrition essential. During these years, the body undergoes significant physical, hormonal, and cognitive changes, all of which require adequate nutrients. A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats supports rapid growth spurts, bone development, and increased energy needs. Essential nutrients like calcium and vitamin D are crucial for bone health, while iron supports increased blood volume and muscle development. Adequate protein intake is necessary for muscle repair and growth. Additionally, proper hydration and limited consumption of sugary and processed foods can prevent future health issues such as obesity and cardiovascular diseases. Educating adolescents about healthy eating habits and the long-term benefits of good nutrition is vital to ensure they establish a foundation for lifelong health and well-being.
ÁREAS DE PRESERVAÇÃO PERMANENTE E OS CONFLITOS LEGAIS
Authors: Felício Bruna da Cunha
Published: October 2024

Apesar de a legislação ambiental brasileira ser considerada uma das mais avançadas do mundo, ela ainda apresenta discrepâncias em relação às diversas questões ambientais, além de forte desrespeito. Soma-se a isso o fato de as soluções, ou tentativas de, não serem apresentadas no mesmo dinamismo e eficiência que o crescimento dos problemas atuais exige.
DECADENTISMO FIM DE SÉCULO EM ÀS AVESSAS
Authors: Siqueira Sabrina
Published: October 2024

Às Avessas, romance de Huysmans de 1884, foi considerado a bíblia do Decadentismo francês, corrente literária que se opôs ao Naturalismo e criticou a burguesia. A proposta do romance era chocar e contrariar toda ordem vigente, na vida e na arte. Para tanto, Huysmans lançou mão de uma narrativa inovadora e deu vida a um protagonista, des Esseintes, de gostos refinados e adepto da experimentação sinestésica, um perfeito dândi parisiense maculado pela nevrose e pelo tédio.
JOÃO DO RIO NA PERIFERIA DO MODERNISMO: ALGUMAS NOTAS SOBRE A CONFIGURAÇÃO DO TEMPO/ESPAÇO DENTRO E À MARGEM DA LITERATURA
Authors: Cardoso Sebastião Marques
Published: October 2024

Nesse artigo, procuraremos explicitar que o tempo, associado à geografia urbana ilustrada na literatura de João do Rio (Paulo Barreto, 1881-1921), abala a noção tradicional de tempo na vida social e instaura um tempo que exprime sobretudo a coexistência, a simultaneidade e a heterogeneidade. Em algumas crônicas de Paulo Barreto, veremos que o narrador– João do Rio– traduz a sensação de passado, presente e futuro do indivíduo moderno ao observar atentamente objetos cotidianos que estavam prestes a deixar de ocupar a cena que tradicionalmente lhes era destinada. O esforço do narrador consiste, assim, na busca emblemática das imagens refletidas desses objetos que, ao fim e ao cabo, revelam prismas de si mesmo.
SÓCRATES E PLATÃO: ENTRE A ESSÊNCIA E APARÊNCIA
Authors: Bruno Aguiomar Rodrigues
Published: October 2024

SÓCRATES E PLATÃO: ENTRE A ESSÊNCIA E APARÊNCIA
A FORMAÇÃO INICIAL DO PROFESSOR À DISTÂNCIA PARA ATUAR NA EDUCAÇÃO BÁSICA: PERSPECTIVAS ATUAIS
Authors: Linhares Clarice Schneider
Published: October 2024

As discussões sobre a formação do professor não são recentes e envolvem questões políticas, ideológicas e pedagógicas, principalmente quando associadas à modalidade à distância e têm sido colocadas nas pautas de encontros, congressos, simpósios educacionais, que foram exaustivamente discutidas até a aprovação das diretrizes da política nacional. De acordo comas tendências nacional e internacional que pesquisam a formação do professor, que segundo Küenzer: “as mudanças na formação de professores especialmente com representações no curso de Pedagogia...[..] é um dos maiores desafios para o sistema brasileiro na atualidade[...]” (2003, p. 101- 103,) Com isto as reformas educacionais que orientam o campo da formação de professores, cumpriu determinações legais dispostas na Emenda Constitucional nº 14/96 e regulamentada pela Lei 11.494/2007 – Lei do FUNDEB (Fundo de Manutenção e Desenvolvimento da Educação Básica e Valorização dos Profissionais da Educação). (Disponível em  Acesso em 20 set. 2008). Neste mesmo endereço eletrônico apresenta a vigência até 2020, o atendimento a 47 milhões de alunos da Educação Básica, tais como creche, educação infantil, ensino fundamental e médio, educação especial e educação de jovens e adultos. Os cursos de Pedagogia dispõem em seu plano curricular, uma disciplina que discute as políticas educacionais brasileiras, principalmente àquelas destinadas para a formação de professores em seus aspectos: índice de professores qualificados e capacitados, o currículo, os documentos legais que orientamessa formação. Nas análises preliminares sobre esses documentos que discutem a formação inicial e continuada, tanto da forma presencial e à distância, percebe-se a necessidade de se traçar objetivos mais bem definidos atendendo às próprias políticas emanadas pelo Ministério de Educação e que tem sido objeto de estudo dos cursos de formação de professores.
A SAÚDE MENTAL E O CUIDADO NO CONTEXTO FAMILIAR: UMA ANÁLISE CRÍTICA
Authors: Batista Eraldo Carlos
Published: October 2024

Este artigo teve por objetivo fazer uma análise crítica das políticas públicas voltadas ao cuidador familiar da pessoa em sofrimento mental. Como abordagem metodológica utilizou-se da pesquisa bibliográfica de natureza exploratória a partir da leitura de artigos científicos, livros e documentos governamentais, como leis, portarias, decretos e normativas. A literatura investigada mostrou que a reforma psiquiátrica ampliou a participação da família no cuidado de um membro em tratamento psiquiátrico, mas também proporcionou maior sobrecarga física e psicológica ao cuidador familiar. A presença de uma pessoa com transtorno mental grave altera a dinâmica da família, seus hábitos e rotinas, contudo, a função de cuidador principal é sempre desempenhada por um único membro. Conclui-se que os avanços ocorridos nas políticas públicas por meio da criação de programas voltados à família, ainda não efetivou de maneira real no apoio e acompanhamento do cuidador principal da pessoa em sofrimento mental.
GERENCIAMENTO DE CONFLITOS NA EQUIPE DE ENFERMAGEM: O PAPEL DA LIDERANÇA
Authors: Freitas Amandda Souza , Ferreira Shirley Kellen
Published: October 2024

O conflito é grande gerador de instabilidade entre relações e entender o conflito e lidar com ele de maneira adequada é um dos atributos de um verdadeiro líder. Neste sentido, este estudo visa identificar as ações de liderança mais evidentes na resolução dos conflitos das equipes de enfermagem no serviço de atendimento inicial e de retaguarda das urgências dos municípios de Ceres-Go, a partir de uma pesquisa exploratória descritiva com abordagem qualiquantitativa.
ROTINAS ESCOLARES: DILEMAS DA EDUCAÇÃO INFANTIL
Authors: Soucek Renata Fernanda Gil Buten , Sandini Sabrina Plá
Published: October 2024

O presente artigo teve como objetivo analisar a importância da rotina no contexto da educação infantil para as crianças de 0 a 3 anos de idade. Nesse sentido, por meio desse estudo, foi possível perceber que a organização do tempo contribui de maneira significativa para a construção da identidade das crianças, bem como auxilia no desenvolvimento da autonomia infantil. Percebemos, ainda que tal ação deve fazer parte do cotidiano de aprendizagem dentro do CMEI, e que as atividades que fazem parte da rotina, interferem na construção do sujeito, contribuindo para a construção do desenvolvimento integral da criança.