bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Academic Dishonesty: An Exploratory Study Examining Whether Insurance Students Are Different From Other College Students
Authors: Eastman Kevin L. , Eastman Jacqueline K. , Iyer Rajesh
Published: March 2008

Abstract

This exploratory study compares academic dishonesty scores for insurance students in one insurance program to those for other college students using survey data from business and nonbusiness students at two universities. Academic dishonesty was measured using a modified version of a scale developed by McCabe and Trevino, with a higher score indicating greater academic dishonesty. The average score on total academic dishonesty was significantly higher for insurance students than for other business students and lower, but not significantly so, than the scores for nonbusiness students. Regression analysis indicates that a significant predictor of academic dishonesty for both insurance students and other business students is the perceived relevance of the work to the student's major coursework. There were some differences, however, in the other significant predictors for insurance students versus other business students. Specifically, year in school was significant only for insurance majors, while membership in a Greek social organization and a belief that there was a low risk of getting caught were significant only for other business majors. Furthermore, the significant predictors of academic dishonesty were different for insurance students and nonbusiness students. Overall, the results indicate that insurance students are more likely to engage in academically dishonest behavior than other business students, and the motivation for academic dishonesty differs for insurance students and other students (both nonbusiness and other business). This suggests a need for insurance educators to address academic dishonesty using an approach that is somewhat different than that used for other students.
Persistent Atrial Fibrillation Worsens Heart Rate Variability, Activity and Heart Rate, as Shown by a Continuous Monitoring by Implantable Biventricular Pacemakers in Heart Failure Patients
Authors: PUGLISI ANDREA , GASPARINI MAURIZIO , LUNATI MAURIZIO , SASSARA MASSIMO , PADELETTI LUIGI , LANDOLINA MAURIZIO , BOTTO GIOVANNI LUCA , VINCENTI ANTONIO , BIANCHI STEFANO , DENARO ALESSANDRA , GRAMMATICO ANDREA , BORIANI GIUSEPPE ,   on behalf of InSync III Italian Registry Investigators
Published: March 2008

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) induces loss of atrial contribution, heart rate irregularity, and fast ventricular rate.

Objectives: The objectives of the study were to accurately measure AF incidence and to investigate the mutual temporal patterns of AF and heart failure (HF) in patients indicated to cardiac resynchronization therapy.

Methods: Four hundred ten consecutive patients (70% male, age 69 ± 11) with advanced HF (NYHA = 3.0 ± 0.6), low ejection fraction (EF = 27 ± 9%), and ventricular conduction delay (QRS = 165 ± 29 ms) received a biventricular pacemaker. Enrolled patients were divided into two groups: G1 = 249 patients with no AF history, G2 = 161 patients with history of paroxysmal/persistent AF.

Results: In a median follow‐up of 13 months, AF episodes longer than 5 minutes occurred in 105 of 249 (42.2%) G1 patients and 76 of 161 (47.2%) G2 patients, while AF episodes longer than one day occurred in 14 of 249 (5.6%) G1 patients and in 36 of 161 (22.4%) G2 patients. Device diagnostics monitored daily values of patient activity, night heart rate (NHR), and heart rate variability (HRV). Comparing 30‐day periods before AF onset and during persistent AF, significant (P < 0.0001) changes were observed in patient activity, which decreased from 221 ± 13 to 162 ± 12 minutes, and in NHR, which increased from 68 ± 3 to 94 ± 7 bpm. HRV significantly decreased (from 75 ± 5 ms before AF onset to 60 ± 6 ms after AF termination). NHR during AF was significantly (P < 0.01) and inversely correlated (R2= 0.73) with activity, with a significant lower activity associated with NHR ≥ 88 bpm.

Conclusion: AF is frequent in HF patients. Persistent AF is associated with statistically significant decrease in patient activity and HRV and NHR increase.
Thermochemical and Mechanical Stabilities of the Oxide Scale of ZrB2+SiC and Oxygen Transport Mechanisms
Authors: Li Ju , Lenosky Thomas J. , Först Clemens J. , Yip Sidney
Published: March 2008

Refractory diboride with silicon carbide additive has a unique oxide scale microstructure with two condensed oxide phases (solid+liquid), and demonstrates oxidation resistance superior to either monolithic diboride or silicon carbide. We rationalize that this is because the silica‐rich liquid phase can retreat outward to remove the high SiO gas volatility region, while still holding onto the zirconia skeleton mechanically by capillary forces, to form a “solid pillars, liquid roof ” scale architecture and maintain barrier function. Basic assessment of the oxygen carriers in the borosilicate liquid in oxygen‐rich condition is performed using first‐principles calculations. It is estimated from entropy and mobility arguments that above a critical temperature TC∼1500°C, the dominant oxygen carriers should be network defects, such as peroxyl linkage or oxygen‐deficient centers, instead of molecular O2* as in the Deal–Grove model. These network defects will lead to sublinear dependence of the oxidation rate with external oxygen partial pressure. The present work suggests that there could be significant room in improving the high‐temperature oxidation resistance by refining the oxide scale microstructure as well as controlling the glass chemistry.
Apolipoprotein E ɛ4 magnifies lifestyle risks for dementia: a population‐based study
Authors: Kivipelto Miia , Rovio Suvi , Ngandu Tiia , Kåreholt Ingemar , Eskelinen Marjo , Winblad Bengt , Hachinski Vladimir , Cedazo‐Minguez Angel , Soininen Hilkka , Tuomilehto Jaakko , Nissinen Aulikki
Published: March 2008

The risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD) probably results from an interaction between genetic and environmental factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects and putative interactions between the apoE ɛ4 allele and lifestyle related risk factors for dementia and AD. Participants of the Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging, and Dementia (CAIDE) study were derived from random, population‐based samples previously studied in 1972, 1977, 1982 or 1987. After an average follow‐up of 21 years, 1449 individuals (72.5%) aged 65–79 years were re‐examined in 1998. The apoE ɛ4 allele was an independent risk factor for dementia/AD even after adjustments for sociodemographic, lifestyle and vascular factors (odds ratio [OR]= 2.83, 95% confidence interval [CI]ɛ1.61–4.97). Physical inactivity, alcohol drinking and smoking increased the risk of dementia/AD particularly among the apoE ɛ4 carriers. Furthermore, low–moderate intake of polyunsaturated, and moderate–high intake of saturated fats were associated with an increased risk of dementia/AD more pronouncedly among apoE ɛ4 carriers. Composite effect of the lifestyle factors was particularly seen among the ɛ4 carriers (OR = 11.42, 95% CI = 1.94–67.07 in the 4th quartile). Physical inactivity, dietary fat intake, alcohol drinking and smoking at midlife are associated with the risk of dementia and AD, especially among the apoE ɛ4 carriers. The apoE ɛ4 carriers may be more vulnerable to environmental factors, and thus, lifestyle interventions may greatly modify dementia risk particularly among the genetically susceptible individuals.
Stratified epithelial sheets engineered from a single adult murine corneal/limbal progenitor cell
Authors: Kawakita Tetsuya , Shimmura Shigeto , Hornia Armand , Higa Kazunari , Tseng Scheffer C. G.
Published: March 2008

The limbal region of the adult cornea contains stem cells which are ultimately responsible for regeneration of the corneal epithelium during wound repair. However, primarily‐isolated murine corneal/limbal epithelial cells rapidly senesce on plastic in a serum‐free low [Ca2+] medium, suggesting only transit amplifying cells are promoted. We developed a novel expansion method by seeding at a low cell density (<500 cells/cm2) and prolonging each culture time beyond the lifespan of transit amplifying cells (4 weeks). Expanded cells were uniformly small, negative to K12 keratin, but positive for p63 nuclear staining, and could be subcultured beyond 100 passages. After limiting dilution, one clone (TKE2) was selected that exhibited single cell clonal expansion with a doubling time of 34.2 hrs, and had normal karyotyping, but no anchorage‐independent growth. A single cell could be continually expanded to a confluent monolayer on denuded amniotic membrane and became stratified by exposing to the air‐medium interface. The resultant stratified epithelium expressed K14 keratin, involucrin, connexin 43 and p63, but not K12 keratin or Pax 6. However, expression of K12 could be up‐regulated by increasing extracellular calcium concentration and addition of foetal bovine serum (FBS) at P12, but less so at P85. Therefore, this murine lim‐bal/corneal epithelium‐derived progenitor cell line still retained the plasticity for adopting corneal lineage differentiation, could be useful for investigating limbal niche cues that may promote corneal epithelial fate decision.
Epidermal growth factor receptor and cancer: control of oncogenic signalling by endocytosis
Authors: Grandal Michael Vibo , Madshus Inger Helene
Published: March 2008

Introduction

Endocytosis of EGFR

Cellular and molecular requirements for lysosomal degradation of EGFR

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and other members of the EGFR/ErbB receptor family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are important regulators of proliferation, angiogenesis, migration, tumorigenesis and metastasis. Overexpression, mutations, deletions and production of autocrine ligands contribute to aberrant activation of the ErbB proteins. The signalling output from EGFR is complicated given that other ErbB proteins are often additionally expressed and activated in the same cell, resulting in formation of homo‐and/or heterodimers. In particular, association of EGFR with ErbB2 prevents its down‐regulation, underscoring the importance of the cellular background for EGFR effects. Signalling from ErbB proteins can either be terminated by dissociation of ligand resulting in dephosphorylation, or blunted by degradation of the receptors. Although proteasomal targeting of ErbB proteins has been described, lysosomal degradation upon ligand‐induced endocytosis seems to play the major role in EGFR down‐regulation. Preclinical and clinical data have demonstrated that EGFR is a central player in cancer, especially in carcinomas, some brain tumours and in non‐small cell lung cancer. Such studies have further validated EGFR as an important molecular target in cancer treatment. This review focuses on mechanisms involved in ligand‐induced EGFR activation and endocytic down‐regulation. A better understanding of EGFR biology should allow development of more tumour‐selective therapeutic approaches targeting EGFR‐induced signalling.
Introducing a single‐cell‐derived human mesenchymal stem cell line expressing hTERT after lentiviral gene transfer
Authors: Böcker Wolfgang , Yin Zhanhai , Drosse Inga , Haasters Florian , Rossmann Oliver , Wierer Matthias , Popov Cvetan , Locher Melanie , Mutschler Wolf , Docheva Denitsa , Schieker Matthias
Published: March 2008

Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) can be readily isolated from bone marrow and differentiate into multiple tissues, making them a promising target for future cell and gene therapy applications. The low frequency of hMSCs in bone marrow necessitates their isolation and expansion in vitro prior to clinical use, but due to senescence‐associated growth arrest during culture, limited cell numbers can be generated. The lifespan of hMSCs has been extended by ectopic expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) using retroviral vectors. Since malignant transformation was observed in hMSCs and retroviral vectors cause insertional mutagenesis, we ectopically expressed hTERT using lentiviral gene transfer. Single‐cell‐derived hMSC clones expressing hTERT did not show malignant transformation in vitro and in vivo after extended culture periods. There were no changes observed in the expression of tumour suppressor genes and karyotype. Cultured hMSCs lack telomerase activity, but it was significantly increased by ectopic expression of hTERT. HTERT expression prevented hMSC senescence and the cells showed significantly higher and unlimited proliferation capacity. Even after an extended culture period, hMSCs expressing hTERT preserved their stem cells character as shown by osteogenic, adipogenic and chon‐drogenic differentiation. In summary, extending the lifespan of human mesenchymal stem cells by ectopic expression of hTERT using lentiviral gene transfer may be an attractive and safe way to generate appropriate cell numbers for cell and gene therapy applications.
Genetic structure of hereditary catalepsy in mice
Authors: Kulikov A. V. , Bazovkina D. V. , Kondaurova E. M. , Popova N. K.
Published: March 2008

Catalepsy or pronounced freezing is a natural passive defense strategy in animals and a syndrome of some mental disorders in human. Hereditary catalepsy was shown to be associated with depressive‐like features in rats and mice. The loci underlying the difference in predisposition to catalepsy between catalepsy‐prone CBA/lacJ and catalepsy‐resistant AKR/J mice were mapped using congenic line and selective breeding approaches. Three congenic mouse lines (AKR.CBA‐D13Mit76C, AKR.CBA‐D13Mit76A and AKR.CBA‐D13Mit78) carrying the 59‐ to 70‐, 61‐ to 70‐ and 71‐ to 75‐cm fragments of chromosome 13 transferred from the CBA to the AKR genome were created by nine successive backcrossing of (CBA × AKR)F1 on AKR strain. Because catalepsy was found only in the AKR.CBA‐D13Mit76C and AKR.CBA‐D13Mit76A mice, the major gene of catalepsy was mapped on the fragment of 61–70 cm. Selective breeding of the (CBA × (CBA × AKR))BC backcross generation for high predisposition to catalepsy showed numerous genome‐wide distributed CBA‐derived alleles as well as the AKR‐derived alleles mapped on chromosome 17 and on the proximal parts of chromosomes 10 and 19 that increased the cataleptogenic effect of the major gene.
CLINICAL ANATOMY OF THE CANINE BRAIN USING MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
Authors: LEIGH EDMUND J. , MACKILLOP EDWARD , ROBERTSON IAN D. , HUDSON LOLA C.
Published: March 2008

The purpose of this study was to produce an magnetic resonsnce (MR) image atlas of clinically relevant brain anatomy and to relate this neuroanatomy to clinical signs. The brain of a large mixed breed dog was imaged in transverse, sagittal, and dorsal planes using a 1.5 T MR unit and the following pulse sequences: Turbo (fast) spin echo (TSE) T2, T1, and T2‐ weighted spatial and chemical shift‐encoded excitation sequence. Relevant neuroanatomic structures were identified using anatomic texts, sectioned cadaver heads, and previously published atlases. Major subdivisions of the brain were mapped and the neurologic signs of lesions in these divisions were described. TSE T2‐weighted images were found to be the most useful for identifying clinically relevant neuroanatomy. Relating clinical signs to morphology as seen on MR will assist veterinarians to better understand clinically relevant neuroanatomy in MR images.
FACTORS AFFECTING WIDTH OF THE CANINE FEMOROTIBIAL JOINT SPACE IN NONWEIGHT‐BEARING RADIOGRAPHS
Authors: WHATMOUGH CHARLOTTE , MOORES ANDREW P. , MAGALHAES RICARDO SOARES , LAMB CHRISTOPHER R.
Published: March 2008

Caudocranial stifle radiographs with variations in positioning were made in two greyhound cadavers. Radiographs were repeated after each of three interventions: cranial cruciate desmotomy; release of the caudal horn of the medial meniscus; complete medial meniscectomy. The joint space on medial and lateral aspects of the joint was measured by a observer who was unaware of positioning or intervention. One dog had significantly wider joint space than the other (1.0 vs. 1.5 mm). The lateral aspect of the joint space was wider than the medial aspect (1.7 vs. 0.7 mm). Medial rotation of the stifle resulted in an increase of 0.4 mm in width of the lateral joint space, whereas lateral rotation of the stifle reduced the lateral joint space by an average of 0.4 mm. Decentering the X‐ray beam had no significant effect on joint space width. Tension increased the width of the medial joint space by an average of 1.2 mm and the lateral aspect by an average of 1.3 mm. Cranial cruciate desmotomy resulted in an average 0.3 mm increase in width of the joint space, and medial meniscectomy with an average 0.2 mm reduction of the joint space. Although the femorotibial joint space was affected by iatrogenic stifle injuries and by medial or lateral rotation, these changes were less than the differences between the two dogs. Hence it seems unlikely that the small changes in joint space width associated with cruciate ligament desmotomy and medial meniscectomy will be detectable in clinical practice.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FEATURES OF SPINAL EPIDURAL EMPYEMA IN FIVE DOGS
Authors: De STEFANI ALBERTA , GAROSI LAURENT S. , McCONNELL FRASER J. , LLABRES DIAZ FRANCISCO J. , DENNIS RUTH , PLATT SIMON R.
Published: March 2008

Spinal epidural empyema is defined an accumulation of purulent material in the epidural space of the vertebral canal. Spinal epidural empyema should be considered as a differential diagnosis in dogs with pyrexia, spinal pain, and rapidly progressing myelopathy. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is the imaging test of choice in humans. Here, we describe the MR imaging features of five dogs with confirmed spinal epidural empyema. The epidural lesions appeared as high or mixed signal masses in T2‐weighted (T2W) images. Increased signal within the spinal cord gray matter at the site of the lesion was detected in T2W images in all dogs. Two patterns of enhancement were detected on postcontrast T1‐weighted (T1W) images. Mild to moderate peripheral enhancement was seen in three dogs and a diffuse pattern of enhancement was seen in one. Discospondylitis was identified in three dogs on T1W postcontrast images. Decompressive spinal surgery was performed in all dogs. Bacteria isolated from the abnormal epidural tissue wereEnterobacter cloacae, coagulase‐positiveStaphylococci,Pasteurella multocida, andEscherichia coli. In one dog bacteria were not isolated. These MR imaging features, along with appropriate clinical signs, can allow prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment planning.
IMAGING DIAGNOSIS—POLIOENCEPHALOMALACIA IN A CALF
Authors: TSUKA TAKESHI , TAURA YASUHO , OKAMURA SHINGO , TAMURA HIDENORI , OKAMOTO YOSHIHARU , OKAMURA YASUHIKO , MINAMI SABURO
Published: March 2008

A 2‐month‐old mix‐breed calf developed acute blindness and ataxia. Serum thiamine concentration was deficient. In antemortem magnetic resonance imaging there were laminar T2‐hyperintense regions extending along the cerebral cortex that primarily affected the gray matter. The lesions were relatively symmetric between the left and right hemispheres but no abnormalities were present at the frontal lobes. At necropsy, laminar autofluorescence of the cerebral cortex was observed under ultraviolet exposure at 365 nm, consistent with a diagnosis of polioencephalomalacia. Polioencephalomalacia in the bovine species is compared with that in other species, namely humans, dogs, and cats.
USE OF CONTRAST‐ENHANCED ULTRASOUND FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF FOCAL SPLENIC LESIONS
Authors: ROSSI FEDERICA , LEONE VITO FERDINANDO , VIGNOLI MASSIMO , LADDAGA ETSER , TERRAGNI ROSSELLA
Published: March 2008

Contrast‐enhanced ultrasound was used to study focal and multifocal lesions of the spleen in 26 dogs and two cats affected by 11 benign and 18 malignant splenic diseases. A second‐generation microbubble contrast medium (Sonovue) was injected into the cephalic vein and enhancement patterns were subjectively described and time intensity curves calculated. Final diagnosis was obtained by histopathologic examination after splenectomy (n=19) or by needle aspiration and sonographic follow‐up after 4 and 8 weeks (n=9). Contrast‐enhanced ultrasound parameters, improving the characterization between benign and malignant lesions, were established. The most useful criterion was the hypoechogenicity of the lesion in the wash‐out phase combined with the presence of tortuous feeding vessels, which was observed in association with malignancy. All malignant lesions were hypoechoic to the surrounding spleen 30 s after starting the contrast medium injection. Lymphosarcoma and hemangiosarcoma had characteristic perfusion patterns. Lymphosarcoma had rapid time to peak and early wash‐out phase with a honeycomb pattern during the wash‐out. Hemangiosarcomas were large nonperfused masses in all phases surrounded by hypervascular splenic parenchyma. Benign lesions except one hematoma and a benign histiocytoma had the same perfusion pattern as the surrounding spleen. Ultrasonographic and contrast‐enhanced ultrasound findings of an accessory spleen are reported. Contrast‐enhanced ultrasound can improve the characterization of focal or multifocal lesions of the spleen.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF VITREOUS DEGENERATION IN NORMAL DOGS
Authors: LABRUYÈRE JULIEN J. , HARTLEY CLAUDIA , ROGERS KATHERINE , WETHERILL GRAHAM , McCONNELL J. FRASER , DENNIS RUTH
Published: March 2008

Vitreous degeneration is common in dogs and may be associated with cataract formation. Vitreous degeneration may be identified using B‐mode ultrasonography and appears as multiple, small, motile, point‐like echoes within the vitreous cavity. In humans, vitreous degeneration has also been observed in normal aging eyes but the incidence of vitreous degeneration in dogs without cataract has not previously been documented. The purpose of this study was to describe the ultrasonographic appearance of vitreous degeneration and to investigate its incidence in a population of dogs without cataract or other apparent eye disease. The eyes of 62 dogs were evaluated as part of a prospective study. All dogs underwent ophthalmological and ultrasonographic examinations and vitreal changes were graded on ultrasonography using a predetermined grading scheme. Vitreous degeneration was found in 20% (23/114) of the eyes on ultrasonographic examination but in only 8% (9/114) of eyes on direct ophthalmoscopy. Sensitivity and specificity of ophthalmoscopy using ultrasonography as a gold standard were respectively, 39% and 100%. Vitreal syneresis and asteroid hyalosis could be distinguished according to their ultrasonographic characteristics. The probability of having vitreous degeneration increased with the age of the dog (odds ratio=6.7 for dogs of 7+ years compared with 0–6 years) and also increased in females compared with males (odds ratio=3.6). Vitreous degeneration, especially mild vitreal syneresis, is not uncommon in normal dogs; it was shown to be an age‐related condition and its significance should not be overinterpreted on ocular ultrasonography.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC ANATOMY OF THE BOVINE EYE
Authors: POTTER TIMOTHY J. , HALLOWELL GAYLE D. , BOWEN I. MARK
Published: March 2008

The purposes of the study were to describe the ultrasonographic appearance and measurements of the normal bovine eye, to compare the measurements to those reported previously for cadaveric eyes and to describe differences between ocular dimensions of Holstein Friesian and Jersey cattle. Sixty transpalpebral ocular ultrasonographic examinations were performed on 30 adult Holstein Friesian cows, and 16 examinations were performed on 8 adult Jersey cows. Transpalpebral ultrasonographic images were obtained with a 10 MHz linear transducer in both horizontal and vertical imaging planes. The ultrasonographic appearance of structures within the bovine eye is similar to that in other species, although the ciliary artery was frequently identified, appearing as a 0.33±0.04 cm diameter hypoechoic area. The axial length of the globe was significantly greater in Holstein Friesian cattle (3.46±0.09 cm) compared with Jersey cattle (3.27±0.19 cm; P=0.001), although the vitreous depth was smaller in Holstein Friesian cattle (1.46±0.09 cm) (P=0.0009). The anterioposterior depth of the lens was significantly greater in Jersey cattle (1.92±0.11 cm) and the cornea was thinner in Jersey cattle (0.17±0.02 cm). The appearance and ocular distances for live animals were similar to those reported previously for cadaveric specimens. The knowledge of normal ocular dimensions facilitates the use of ultrasonography in the evaluation of ocular disease in cattle.
IMAGING DIAGNOSIS—SUBLUMBAR PSEUDOMYCETOMA IN A PERSIAN CAT
Authors: STANLEY SKYE W. , FISCHETTI ANTHONY J. , JENSEN HENRIK E.
Published: March 2008

A 6‐year‐old Persian cat was examined for constipation, anorexia, and vomiting that was subsequently found to be due to a pseudomycetoma originating from the descending colon and sublumbar region, and causing mechanical obstruction of the colon and rectum. Multiple discrete hyperechoic foci likely representing fungal grains within the lesion gave the mass a coarse echotexture on ultrasound and was supportive of the diagnosis and computed tomography allowed delineation the extent of the mass. A pseudomycetoma is a granulomatous/pyogranulomatous reaction that surrounds dermatophytic fungal hyphae. Definitive diagnosis of a dermatophytic pseudomycetoma requires identification of the etiologic agent by cultivation or immunohistochemical staining. A pseudomycetoma should be included in the differential diagnosis for an abdominal mass in a Persian cat, especially is accompanied by the sonographic findings noted above.
THORACIC AND ABDOMINAL ORGAN UPTAKE OF 2‐DEOXY‐2‐[18F]FLUORO‐d‐GLUCOSE (18FDG) WITH POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY IN THE NORMAL DOG
Authors: LEBLANC AMY K. , JAKOBY BJOERN , TOWNSEND DAVID W. , DANIEL GREGORY B.
Published: March 2008

Positron emission tomography (PET) has found widespread application for staging and monitoring neoplastic diseases in humans. PET is becoming more available in veterinary medicine, therefore biodistribution of 2‐deoxy‐2‐[18F]fluoro‐d‐glucose (18FDG) in normal dogs is needed for lesion interpretation in disease states. A large field‐of‐view (FOV) PET scanner with a 70 cm bore diameter and a 53‐cm FOV was used in this study to acquire dynamic 18FDG uptake data from parenchymal organs in seven normal dogs. A 2‐h, dynamic list‐mode acquisition was initiated simultaneously with intravenous 18FDG injection. Regions of interest (ROIs) were manually drawn over liver, spleen, left and right renal cortices, left ventricular free wall, and thymus. Standardized uptake values (SUVs) of these organs were calculated for 24 5‐min frames over the 2‐h acquisition. This SUV data from parenchymal organs of normal dogs compares favorably with those of normal humans and will be used in ongoing canine studies using PET to evaluate various diseases.
OSTEORADIONECROSIS AND RADIATION INDUCED BONE TUMORS FOLLOWING ORTHOVOLTAGE RADIATION THERAPY IN DOGS
Authors: HOSOYA KENJI , POULSON JEAN M. , AZUMA CHIEKO
Published: March 2008

Osteoradionecrosis and radiation‐induced bone tumors are rare complications of radiation therapy. Little information regarding these complications is available in veterinary medicine. We characterized these complications and investigated risk factors in 119 dogs (122 sites) that received definitive orthovoltage radiation therapy to appendicular sites. Long‐term survival was expected in all dogs. The complications of interest were osteoradionecrosis and secondary bone tumor, evaluated radiographically, histopathologically, or both. Complication rates were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier product‐limit method, and Fisher's exact test or chi‐square test was used to compare the complication rate. The median survival time was 1405 days, with median follow‐up duration of 657 days. There were 10 radiation‐induced bone tumors and five radiation‐induced fractures, with two dogs developing both, for an overall complication rate of 11%. The latent period ranged from 1.2 to 6.4 years for osteoradionecrosis and from 2.6 to 8.7 years for radiation‐induced bone tumor. Complications were significantly higher in the humerus (P<0.0001), and in dogs younger than 7 years (P=0.014). Similar assessment of complications in dogs irradiated with megavoltage photons or electrons are needed.
Evaluation of a Bereavement Training Program for Staff in an Intellectual Disabilities Service
Authors: Reynolds Sile , Guerin Suzanne , McEvoy John , Dodd Philip
Published: March 2008

Abstract  The impact of a staff‐training program on knowledge and confidence in supporting people with intellectual disabilities (ID) at the time of bereavement was examined. Thirty‐three staff members from a Dublin, Ireland‐based ID support service participated in the study. Both the training (n = 17) and control (n = 16) groups completed measures of confidence at the beginning and end of a 4‐week period around supporting service users through a bereavement survey designed for the study, as well as the Staff Support and Satisfaction Questionnaire. During this interval, the training group completed a two‐day training focusing on exploring existing strategies for supporting service users and providing staff with additional skills. Staff members also completed a survey of knowledge at the outset of the study. Over the 4 weeks, there was a significant increase in confidence among the training group, with no comparable changes in the control group. However, as predicted, neither group showed significant changes in general support or job satisfaction. The findings suggest that the training significantly increased staff members’ confidence in their ability to respond to the challenges of support service users during bereavement. The study's findings also have a number of practical implications, including the need to provide appropriate support for staff.
Ascertaining Health‐Related Information on Adults With Intellectual Disabilities: Development and Field Testing of the Rochester Health Status Survey
Authors: Davidson Philip W. , Henderson C. Michael , Janicki Matthew P. , Robinson Laura M. , Bishop Kathleen M. , Wells Annie , Garroway Jordan , Wexler Orren
Published: March 2008

Abstract  There is a growing need for researchers and service providers to ascertain and track health status and health care utilization among adults with intellectual disabilities as they pass through the lifespan. This paper reports the development and field testing of the Rochester Health Status Survey (RHSS), a survey instrument that identifies incidence, lifetime prevalence, and point prevalence of diseases common in adults, as well as functional abilities and medication usage. The instrument also provides information about health system access and utilization. The survey is designed to be completed from chart review. An initial version of the survey was developed in 1998, revised in 2003, and then validated on a cohort of adults ages 21 to 73 years living in supervised community residences in the U.S. The RHSS includes 51 questions and requires about 45 min to complete. In the present study, data were collected on each subject by 3 different respondents (a service coordinator, a nurse, and when available, a family member). Their responses were compared item by item with the responses of the second author, a developmental disabilities geriatrician, who also completed the survey on each subject. Correlations and Kappa statistics confirmed that the highest agreement scores occurred between nurses and the geriatrician.
Reflections on Deinstitutionalization in the United Kingdom
Authors: Hamlin Alexandra , Oakes Peter
Published: March 2008

Abstract Deinstitutionalization has been the hallmark of public policy for people with intellectual disabilities within many countries in the developed world for the past 40 years. Although within Britain deinstitutionalization is set to be completed by the end of 2008, beyond the simple closure of hospitals, the success of this initiative can at best be seen as uncertain. Although huge structural change has been achieved, the initiative's outcomes in terms of reduced distress, mainstreamed services, and enriched networks of relationships, require further examination. In order to reinstate the possibility of transformation in the lives of people with intellectual disabilities, it is necessary to return to an analysis of the relationship between people with intellectual disabilities, their supporters, formal services, and the community as a whole. One way of reflecting on these relationships is through an examination of the discourses that characterize them. The authors reflect on the themes of protection, power and humanity, and the manner in which these have survived the physical closure of long‐term care hospitals. The continuation of deinstitutionalization is understood as requiring consideration of the institution in terms of the discourses that were prevalent within it. The transformation of services now depends on changes within these discourses and change now needs to be focused on relationships that challenge institutional discourses.
Photosynthetic acclimation: Structural reorganisation of light harvesting antenna – role of redox‐dependent phosphorylation of major and minor chlorophyll a/b binding proteins
Authors: Kargul Joanna , Barber James
Published: March 2008

In order to carry out photosynthesis, plants and algae rely on the co‐operative interaction of two photosystems: photosystem I and photosystem II. For maximum efficiency, each photosystem should absorb the same amount of light. To achieve this, plants and green algae have a mobile pool of chlorophyll a/b‐binding proteins that can switch between being light‐harvesting antenna for photosystem I or photosystem II, in order to maintain an optimal excitation balance. This switch, termed state transitions, involves the reversible phosphorylation of the mobile chlorophyll a/b‐binding proteins, which is regulated by the redox state of the plastoquinone‐mediating electron transfer between photosystem I and photosystem II. In this review, we will present the data supporting the function of redox‐dependent phosphorylation of the major and minor chlorophyll a/b‐binding proteins by the specific thylakoid‐bound kinases (Stt7, STN7, TAKs) providing a molecular switch for the structural remodelling of the light‐harvesting complexes during state transitions. We will also overview the latest X‐ray crystallographic and electron microscopy‐derived models for structural re‐arrangement of the light‐harvesting antenna during State 1‐to‐State 2 transition, in which the minor chlorophyll a/b‐binding protein, CP29, and the mobile light‐harvesting complex II trimer detach from the light‐harvesting complex II–photosystem II supercomplex and associate with the photosystem I core in the vicinity of the PsaH/L/O/P domain.
Photosynthetic acclimation: Does the dynamic structure and macro‐organisation of photosystem II in higher plant grana membranes regulate light harvesting states?
Authors: Horton Peter , Johnson Matthew P. , Perez‐Bueno Maria L. , Kiss Anett Z. , Ruban Alexander V.
Published: March 2008

The efficiency of light harvesting in higher plant photosynthesis is regulated in response to external environmental conditions. Under conditions of excess light, the normally highly efficient light‐harvesting system of photosystem II is switched into a state in which unwanted, potentially harmful, energy is dissipated as heat. This process, known as nonphotochemical quenching, occurs by the creation of energy quenchers following conformational change in the light‐harvesting complexes, which is initiated by the build up of the thylakoid pH gradient and controlled by the xanthophyll cycle. In the present study, the evidence to support the notion that this regulatory mechanism is dependent upon the organization of the different antenna subunits in the stacked grana membranes is reviewed. We postulate that nonphotochemical quenching occurs within a structural locus comprising the PsbS subunit and components of the light‐harvesting antenna, CP26, CP24, CP29 and LHCIIb (the major trimeric light‐harvesting complex), formed in response to protonation and controlled by the xanthophyll cycle carotenoids.
Photosynthetic acclimation: State transitions and adjustment of photosystem stoichiometry – functional relationships between short‐term and long‐term light quality acclimation in plants
Authors: Dietzel Lars , Bräutigam Katharina , Pfannschmidt Thomas
Published: March 2008

In dense plant populations, individuals shade each other resulting in a low‐light habitat that is enriched in far‐red light. This light quality gradient decreases the efficiency of the photosynthetic light reaction as a result of imbalanced excitation of the two photosystems. Plants counteract such conditions by performing acclimation reactions. Two major mechanisms are known to assure efficient photosynthesis: state transitions, which act on a short‐term timescale; and a long‐term response, which enables the plant to re‐adjust photosystem stoichiometry in favour of the rate‐limiting photosystem. Both processes start with the perception of the imbalanced photosystem excitation via reduction/oxidation (redox) signals from the photosynthetic electron transport chain. Recent data in Arabidopsis indicate that initialization of the molecular processes in both cases involve the activity of the thylakoid membrane‐associated kinase, STN7. Thus, redox‐controlled phosphorylation events may not only adjust photosystem antenna structure but may also affect plastid, as well as nuclear, gene expression. Both state transitions and the long‐term response have been described mainly in molecular terms, while the physiological relevance concerning plant survival and reproduction has been poorly investigated. Recent studies have shed more light on this topic. Here, we give an overview on the long‐term response, its physiological effects, possible mechanisms and its relationship to state transitions as well as to nonphotochemical quenching, another important short‐term mechanism that mediates high‐light acclimation. Special emphasis is given to the functional roles and potential interactions between the different light acclimation strategies. A working model displays the various responses as an integrated molecular system that helps plants to acclimate to the changing light environment.
Prevalence and Correlates of Three Types of Pelvic Pain in a Nationally Representative Sample of Australian Men
Authors: Pitts Marian , Ferris Jason , Smith Anthony , Shelley Julia , Richters Juliet
Published: March 2008

Introduction

Recent international prevalence studies of pelvic pain in men have estimates ranging between 2% and 10%. These studies conclude that it is an important international health problem.

Aims

The aims of this study were to establish the first population-based study of pelvic pain in Australian men, and identify correlates with men's sexual and reproductive histories and other health conditions.

Methods

A representative household sample of 4,290 Australian men aged 16–64 years completed a computer-assisted telephone interview. They were asked about their experiences of pain in the pelvic region during the past 12 months.

Main Outcome Measures

Prevalence of correlates of pain associated with sexual intercourse, pain associated with urination, and pelvic pain not associated with intercourse or urination.

Results

Five percent of men reported pain during urination, 5% reported pain related to sexual intercourse, and 12% of men reported other chronic pelvic pain. There was little overlap in reporting any of the three types of pelvic pain, with 18% of men reporting some form of pelvic pain. Men reporting any of the pain conditions were significantly more likely than other men to report a sexual experience when they had felt forced or frightened. Men reporting pain during intercourse and/or chronic pelvic pain were significantly more likely than other men to report same sex experience. All three groups of men with pelvic pain were more likely than other men to report some form of sexual difficulties. A report of ever receiving a diagnosis of depression or a report of anxiety was significantly associated with all forms of pelvic pain.

Conclusions

More than one man in six report having some form of pelvic pain in the past 12 months. It is likely that men would benefit from a discussion about possible symptoms during consultations with their physicians.
The Inhibitory Effects of Nicotine on Physiological Sexual Arousal in Nonsmoking Women: Results from a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Cross-Over Trial
Authors: Harte Christopher B. , Meston Cindy M.
Published: March 2008

Introduction

Extensive research suggests that long-term cigarette smoking is an independent risk factor for the introduction of sexual dysfunction in men. However, results of limited data investigating this relationship in women are mixed. No studies have examined the acute effects of tobacco or nicotine on physiological sexual response in women. Controlled experimental studies examining acute effects of isolated nicotine intake on female physiological sexual responses are necessary in order to help elucidate tobacco's potential role in the development and/or maintenance of sexual impairment in women.

Aim

To examine whether isolated nicotine intake acutely affects sexual arousal responses in nonsmoking women.

Methods

Twenty-five sexually functional women (mean age = 20 years) each with less than 100 direct exposures to nicotine completed two counterbalanced conditions in which they were randomized to received either nicotine gum (6 mg) or placebo gum, both administered double-blind and matched for appearance, taste, and consistency, approximately 40 minutes prior to viewing an erotic film.

Main Outcome Measures

Physiological (changes in vaginal pulse amplitude via vaginal photoplethysmography) and subjective (continuous self-report) sexual responses to erotic stimuli were examined, as well as changes in mood.

Results

Nicotine significantly reduced genital responses to the erotic films (P = 0.05), corresponding to a 30% attenuation in physiological sexual arousal. This occurred in 11 of 18 women with valid physiological assessments. Nicotine had no significant effect on continuous self-report ratings of sexual arousal (P = 0.45), or on mood (all Ps > 0.05).

Conclusions

Acute nicotine intake significantly attenuates physiological sexual arousal in healthy nonsmoking women. Our findings provide support to the hypothesis that nicotine may be the primary pharmacological agent responsible for genital hemodynamic disruption, thereby facilitating a cascade of biochemical and vascular events which may impair normal sexual arousal responses.
Sex Steroids and Leptin Regulate the “First Kiss” (KiSS 1/G-Protein-Coupled Receptor 54 System) in Human Gonadotropin-Releasing-Hormone-Secreting Neuroblasts
Authors: Morelli Annamaria , Marini Mirca , Mancina Rosa , Luconi Michaela , Vignozzi Linda , Fibbi Benedetta , Filippi Sandra , Pezzatini Anna , Forti Gianni , Vannelli Gabriella B. , Maggi Mario
Published: March 2008

Introduction

The G-protein-coupled receptor 54 (GPR54) and its ligand kisspeptin, encoded by the KiSS-1 gene, have been involved in the molecular mechanisms underlying the reawakening of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons at puberty. GPR54 mutations cause hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in human and mice.

Aim

Our aim was to study regulation of the KiSS-1/GPR54 system using a previously characterized primary culture of human fetal GnRH-secreting neuroblasts, FNC-B4.

Methods

KiSS-1/GPR54 gene and protein expressions in FNC-B4 were evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (qRT–PCR), immunocytochemistry, and Western blot. Expression of kisspeptin and GPR54 in fetal olfactory mucosa (OM), from which FNC-B4 cells were derived, was analyzed with confocal microscopy.

Main Outcome Measures

Regulation of KiSS-1/GPR54 expression in FNC-B4 was evaluated in response to sexual steroids and leptin. Effect of kisspeptin on GnRH secretion and migration in FNC-B4 was also investigated.

Results

Kisspeptin and GPR54 were immunolocalized and co-expressed with GnRH in OM and FNC-B4 cells. Kisspeptin (1 µM, 24 hours) induced GnRH secretion, but not gene expression, and inhibited migration (IC50 = 6.28 ± 3.71 nM) in FNC-B4. The 24-hour exposure to increasing concentrations of 17-β-estradiol (0.01–1 nM) significantly and dose-dependently decreased, whereas androgens (dihydrotestosterone [DHT], 0.01–1 nM) significantly stimulated KiSS-1/GPR54 mRNA. Testosterone (1 nM) showed a stimulatory effect only after blocking its aromatization with letrozole. In addition, leptin (1 nM, 24 hours), an adipocyte-derived hormone acting on the reproductive axis, significantly increased KiSS-1/GPR54 expression in FNC-B4. Immunocytochemistry and Western blot analysis confirmed the regulatory effects found with qRT–PCR. Interestingly, leptin (1 nM, 24 hours) also significantly increased both leptin receptor (LEPR) and androgen receptor (AR) mRNA. DHT (0.01–1 nM) also up-regulated LEPR and AR genes, suggesting a synergistic action between leptin and androgens aimed to up-regulate the KiSS-1/GPR54 system, which, in contrast, was inhibited by estrogens.

Conclusion

Our results indicate that an interplay between metabolic and sexual hormones may trigger the KiSS-1/GPR54 signaling to GnRH neurons suggesting new mechanisms which regulate puberty onset.
Management of Distal Extrusion of Penile Prosthesis: Partial Disassembly and Tip Reinforcement by Double Breasting or Grafting
Authors: Shaeer Osama
Published: March 2008

Introduction

Distal erosion and perforation of penile prosthesis have been reported in association with neurologic impairment, diabetes mellitus, and following irradiation for prostatic cancer. Once perforation occurs, reimplantation carries a higher risk of reperforation unless adequate preventive measures are taken.

Aim

This is a description of a procedure whereby the point of perforation was exposed and repaired to restore distal support.

Methods

In three patients with distal extrusion of penile prosthesis through the urethra, the glans was mobilized off the tip of the corpus cavernosum and the caverno–urethral fistula was disconnected from the corpus cavernosum. The fistula was sealed by primary sutures. The perforation on the corpus cavernosum side was sealed by double breasting in two cases and by grafting in one case. Prosthesis was reimplanted.

Main Outcome Measures

Complications, recurrence of erosion, and postoperative coital pain.

Results

No complications, recurrence, or persistent pain occurred in any of the three cases.

Conclusion

The management of the distal extrusion of penile prosthesis by partial disassembly, double breasting, or grafting may provide reliable distal support and thereby avoid reperforation and repeated extrusion.