bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Politics of exclusion and social marginalization of Muslims in India: case study of Gujarat
Authors: Kumar Manasi
Published: September 2010

The paper offers a socio‐psychological understanding of the phenomenon called ethnic riots and the various indigenous theories of violence discussed here suggest how complex and multidimensional human aggression and communal violence are. In light of this, the marginalized Muslim identity in Gujarat becomes the backdrop against which the problematic of Hindu‐Muslim violence is developed. Psychoanalytic ideas on group psychology, phallic aggression, rumors and religious rituals are discussed in this context. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The photodynamic effect: the comparison of chemiexcitation by luminol and phthalhydrazide
Authors: Bancirova Martina , Lasovský Jan
Published: September 2010

The presence of light, oxygen and photosensitizer (organic dye) is required for the photodynamic effect. Light and photosensitizer are harmless by themselves, but when combined with oxygen, reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be produced. This photodynamic effect is used in photodynamic therapy (PDT); the production of ROS as lethal cytotoxic agents can inactivate tumor cells. However, during PDT, there are many difficulties, so it is not possible to excite the photosensitizer using a laser, a source of light at the wavelengths specific to the photosensitizer (in visible region of the spectrum). Chemiluminescence is the light emission as a result of a chemical reaction. It is possible to use a chemiluminescent mixture to excite the photosensitizer even if the light emission does not conform to the absorption maximum of the photosensitizer. Luciferin and luminol have been used as chemiluminescent compounds (energizers) for the excitation of the photosensitizers. The aim of this work was to compare the chemiexcitation of some selected photosensitizers (e.g. fluorescein, eosin, methylene blue, hypericin and phthalocyanines) by chemiluminescent mixtures containing luminol (high chemiluminescent quantum yield) or phthalhydrazide (low chemiluminescent quantum yield) on some Gram‐positive (Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram‐negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli) bacteria and some cell lines (NIH3T3 and MCF7). The efficiency of the chemiexcitation was dependent on the kind of the photosensitizer and on the type of the bacterial strain or cell line and was independent of the energizers. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diterpenoid biopolymers: New directions for renewable materials engineering
Authors: Hillwig Matthew L. , Mann Francis M. , Peters Reuben J.
Published: September 2010

Most types of ambers are naturally occurring, relatively hard, durable resinite polymers derived from the exudates of trees. This resource has been coveted for thousands of years due to its numerous useful properties in industrial processes, beauty, and purported medicinal properties. Labdane diterpenoid‐based ambers represent the most abundant and important resinites on earth. These resinites are a dwindling nonrenewable natural resource, so a new source of such materials needs to be established. Recent advances in sequencing technologies and biochemical engineering are rapidly accelerating the rate of identifying and assigning function to genes involved in terpenoid biosynthesis, as well as producing industrial‐scale quantities of desired small‐molecules in bacteria and yeast. This has provided new tools for engineering metabolic pathways capable of producing diterpenoid monomers that will enable the production of custom‐tailored resinite‐like polymers. Furthermore, this biosynthetic toolbox is continuously expanding, providing new possibilities for renewing dwindling stocks of naturally occurring resinite materials and engineering new materials for future applications. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 95: 71–76, 2011.
Contribution to the creation and development of a new authorization concept based on a learning process
Authors: Cristea Ana Daniela , Prostean Octavian , Muschalik Thomas , Tirian Ovidiu
Published: September 2010

The authorization is the complex process that guarantees the access to certain resources (physical or computer‐based information system). In this article, we present our contributions to the creation and development of a new authorization concept based on qualifications to grant access to physical resources. The qualifications will be obtained through a learning process, and the access control to resources will be realized based on the qualifications, according to the abilities of the entities that request access right. This concept can be implemented by using any programming language, pointing out, in the same time, the necessity of using an integration platform. In this respect, we will present the phases of developing this concept, from the moment it became necessary to its abstractive representation, by going through its natural phases: definition of the component elements and their relations, workflow, and management. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 22: 1–10, 2014
Where now for ‘child protection’ in Scotland?
Authors: Vincent Sharon , Daniel Brigid , Jackson Sharon
Published: September 2010

In common with the rest of the UK, child care and protection practice in Scotland has undergone unprecedented change over the last ten years, including a wide‐ranging three‐year Child Protection Reform Programme. In 2006, The University of Dundee's Centre for Child Care and Protection and Barnardo's Scotland Research and Development team were commissioned by the then Scottish Executive to undertake a process review of the Child Protection Reform Programme (Daniel et al., 2007). Drawing on findings from the process review, this article considers the impact of the Child Protection Reform Programme. The process review concluded that, in the view of the respondents, the Child Protection Reform Programme made a substantive contribution towards the improvement and delivery of child protection services in Scotland, particularly in terms of raising awareness and increased multi‐agency working. It was beyond the scope of the review to measure outcomes for children as a result of the reforms. Since the completion of the Child Protection Reform Programme, national policy emphasis has broadened from ‘child protection’ towards integrated support for children under the Getting it Right for Every Child reforms of children's services. The paper concludes with a discussion around where ‘child protection’ now fits within this context of universal support for children and argues that there is a need to ensure that the valuable work which was done to improve child protection services in Scotland under the Child Protection Reform Programme is not lost. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhancement of Product Performance by Intensive Mixing
Authors: Habermann R.
Published: September 2010

Die Endlichkeit von Rohstoffen wirft Fragen auf, wie diese effizient zu nutzen sind, ob nicht wirtschaftlich günstigere Alternativen verfügbar sind oder ob nicht Rohstoffinventionen die bessere Lösung darstellen. Ebenso sind auch die zur Rohstoffaufbereitung eingesetzten Grundoperationen der mechanischen Verfahrenstechnik hinsichtlich Ihrer Energieeffizienz zu prüfen. Diesen Fragen haben sich sowohl Betreiber als auch Hersteller verfahrenstechnischer Anlagen und Apparate zu stellen.
Cushing's syndrome and nocardiosis associated with a pulmonary carcinoid tumor: Report of a case and review of the literature
Authors: Sutton Brian J. , Parks Graham E. , Manavi Cyrus K. , Palavecino Elizabeth L. , Geisinger Kim R.
Published: September 2010

Ectopic hormone production is an uncommon complication of neoplastic lung disease. Rarely, patients may present with signs and symptoms of systemic endocrine dysfunction related to a hormone‐secreting tumor. Bronchopulmonary carcinoids are the most common neoplasm implicated in ectopic ACTH‐dependent Cushing's syndrome. Persistent hypercortisolism, such as that which occurs in Cushing's syndrome, causes immunosuppression and makes patients vulnerable to opportunistic infections. We present a case of a 42‐year‐old woman diagnosed with ACTH‐dependent Cushing's syndrome which was originally thought to stem from a pituitary lesion as interpreted on magnetic resonance imaging. Her symptoms persisted after undergoing hypophysectomy, and further work‐up involving a fine needle aspiration of the left lung revealed an ACTH‐producing carcinoid tumor. Before treatment could be administered, the patient developed several new suspicious nodules in the left lung that were shown by fine needle aspiration to be infectious in nature. A Gram stain revealed numerous Gram positive branching organisms, and culture of the specimen grew Nocardia asteroides. Her pulmonary infection was treated with antibiotics and she underwent successful ablation of the carcinoid tumor. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thyroid hormone accelerates opsin expression during early photoreceptor differentiation and induces opsin switching in differentiated TRα‐expressing cones of the salmonid retina
Authors: Gan Kathlyn J. , Novales Flamarique Iñigo
Published: September 2010

Thyroid hormone and its receptors (TRs) regulate photoreceptor differentiation and visual pigment protein (opsin) expression in the retinas of several vertebrates, including rodents and fish. In some of these animals, opsin expression can arise through switches within differentiated cone photoreceptors. In salmonid fishes, single cones express ultraviolet (SWS1) opsin during embryonic development and switch to blue (SWS2) opsin as the fishes grow. It is unknown whether thyroid hormone regulates opsin expression during early cone differentiation and acts through TRs to induce opsin switches in differentiated cones of the salmonid retina. Using in situ hybridization, we characterized the spatiotemporal dynamics of opsin expression and switching in embryos treated with exogenous thyroid hormone or propylthiouracil (PTU), a pharmacological inhibitor of thyroid hormone synthesis. We combined immunohistochemistry with in situ hybridization to map TRα expression with respect to cones undergoing the opsin switch in older juvenile fish. Thyroid hormone accelerated opsin expression in differentiating cones and induced the opsin switch in differentiated single cones, whereas PTU repressed the opsin switch. TRα was not detected in differentiating photoreceptors as opsin expression initiated, but was later expressed in differentiated single cones before the onset of the opsin switch. TRα expression exhibited a dynamic dorsoventral distribution that paralleled the progression of the opsin switch. Together, our results show that thyroid hormone is required for opsin switching in the retina of salmonid fishes and suggest that TRα may be involved in regulating this phenomenon. Developmental Dynamics 239:2700–2713, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cooperation of nectin‐1 and nectin‐3 is required for normal ameloblast function and crown shape development in mouse teeth
Authors: Yoshida Toshiyuki , Miyoshi Jun , Takai Yoshimi , Thesleff Irma
Published: September 2010

Nectins are immunoglobulin‐like cell adhesion proteins and their interactions recruit various cell–cell junctions. Mutations in human NECTIN‐1 cause an ectodermal dysplasia syndrome, but Nectin‐1 null mice have only slight defects in teeth, suggesting compensation by other nectin(s). We observed overlapping expression of nectin‐3 with nectin‐1 and enamel abnormality in the nectin‐3 mutant. We, therefore, generated nectin‐1;nectin‐3 compound mutants. However, all teeth developed and no significant dental abnormalities were observed before birth. At postnatal day 10, the upper molars of compound mutants exhibited conical crown shape and retarded enamel maturation. Nectin‐1 was expressed in ameloblasts whereas nectin‐3 was expressed in neighboring stratum intermedium cells at this stage. The immunohistochemical localization and electron microscopical observations indicated that the desmosomal junctions between stratum intermedium and ameloblasts were significantly reduced. These results suggest that heterophilic interaction between nectin‐1 and nectin‐3 recruits desmosomal junctions, and that these are required for proper enamel formation. Developmental Dynamics 239:2558–2569, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Early asymmetries in maternal transcript distribution associated with a cortical microtubule network and a polar body in the beetle Tribolium castaneum
Authors: Peel Andrew D. , Averof Michalis
Published: September 2010

The localization of maternal mRNAs during oogenesis plays a central role in axial specification in some insects. Here we describe a polar body–associated asymmetry in maternal transcript distribution in pre‐blastoderm eggs of the beetle Tribolium castaneum. Since the position of the polar body marks the future dorsal side of the embryo, we have investigated whether this asymmetry in mRNA distribution plays a role in dorsal‐ventral axis specification. Whilst our results suggest polar body–associated transcripts do not play a significant role in specifying the DV axis, at least during early embryogenesis, we do find that the polar body is closely associated with a cortical microtubule network (CMN), which may play a role in the localization of transcripts during oogenesis. Transcripts of the gene T.c.pangolin co‐localize with the CMN at the time of their anterior localization during oogenesis and their anterior localization is disrupted by the microtubule‐depolymerizing agent colcemid. Developmental Dynamics 239:2875–2887, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Imidazolium‐Oxazoline Salts in Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Allylic Substitution and Cross Metathesis of Formed Branched Isomers
Authors: Ammar Hamed Ben , Hassine Bechir Ben , Fischmeister Cédric , Dixneuf Pierre H. , Bruneau Christian
Published: September 2010

Imidazolium‐oxazoline chlorides have been prepared from chloroacetonitrile and used to generate bidentate mixed NHC‐oxazoline ligands for ruthenium‐catalyzed substitution of cinnamyl chloride by phenols. These ligands associated to [RuCp*(MeCN)3][PF6] promote allylic substitution reactions at room temperature with high regioselectivity in favour of the branched isomers giving terminal alkenes. These allylic ethers have been involved in further ruthenium‐catalyzed cross metathesis reactions with electron‐deficient olefins to give unsaturated esters and aldehydes.
A Novel Water‐Soluble Hexanuclear Bismuth Oxido Cluster – Synthesis, Structure and Complexation with Polyacrylate
Authors: Miersch Linda , Rüffer Tobias , Lang Heinrich , Schulze Steffen , Hietschold Michael , Zahn Dirk , Mehring Michael
Published: September 2010

The reaction of [Bi6O4(OH)4](NO3)6·H2O with triflic acid gave colorless single crystals of [Bi6O4(OH)4(OTf)6(CH3CN)6]·2CH3CN (1) upon crystallization from acetonitrile/chloroform. Compound 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n. The novel hexanuclear bismuth oxido cluster is highly soluble in water and polar organic solvents. A transparent and water‐soluble hybrid material was obtained by reaction of [Bi6O4(OH)4(OTf)6(CH3CN)6]·2CH3CN (1) with polyacrylate in aqueous solution. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to study the complexation behavior of the [Bi6O4+x(OH)4–x](6–x)+ cation with polyacrylate in solution.
Antioxidant activity of extracts from six different Sudanese plant materials
Authors: Taha Eman , Mariod Abdalbasit , Abouelhawa Salah , El‐Geddawy Mohamed , Sorour Mohamed , Matthäus Bertrand
Published: September 2010

Methanolic extracts obtained by manual solvent extraction (MSE) and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) of different Sudanese plant materials (Sclerocarya birrea leaves, Salvadora persica bark and leaves, Combretum hartmannianum leaves, Guiera senegalensis leaves and roots) were investigated for their antioxidant activity. There was no significant difference between the two extraction methods (p < 0.01) regarding the total amount of phenolic compounds expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAE) (52.6–166.7 mg GAE/g total extractable compounds for MSE and 53.1–169.3 mg GAE/g for ASE). In comparison to a control without extract, the extracts were remarkably effective in the β‐carotene bleaching method, whereas the effectiveness was half or less in comparison to Trolox as standard antioxidant. Also using the 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method antioxidant activity could be shown in comparison to a control, however, the extracts were less effective than Trolox. No significant difference was found between the two extraction methods. The increase of the peroxide value of sunflower oil during storage at 70°C was markedly lower after addition of the extracts in comparison to the control, but in the Rancimat test (120°C) the extracts showed only a small stabilization factor (F = 0.9–1.4) especially in comparison to Trolox (F = 5.8).
1,2‐Diastereoselective C–C Bond‐Forming Reactions for the Synthesis of Chiral β‐Branched α‐Amino Acids
Authors: Spangenberg Thomas , Schoenfelder Angèle , Breit Bernhard , Mann André
Published: September 2010

SN2′ sequences have been employed for the synthesis of β‐branched α‐amino acids using 1,2‐diastereocontrol for forming C–C bonds. An oxazolidine fragment derived from Garner's aldehyde provides the handle for facial discrimination and acts as a masked amino acid functionality. This study encompasses directed and non‐directed allylic substitution reactions. The stereocontrol of the oxazolidine appendage during terminal olefin hydroformylation was also studied. Efforts to understand the diastereochemical outcome of the reactions as well as synthetic applications are disclosed.
High‐sensitivity detection of oxytetracycline using light scattering agglutination assay with aptasensor
Authors: Kim Keesung , Gu Man‐Bock , Kang Do‐Hyun , Park Jee‐Won , Song In‐Hong , Jung Ho‐Sup , Suh Kahp‐Yang
Published: September 2010

We present an aptamer‐based biosensor (aptasensor) for rapid and high‐sensitive detection of oxytetracycline (OTC) antibiotic in PBS inside a Y‐channel PDMS microfluidic device. The detection was made by real‐time monitoring of the agglutination assay of ssDNA aptamer‐conjugated polystyrene latex microspheres with proximity optical fibers. The agglutination assay was performed with serially diluted OTC antibiotic solutions using highly carboxylated polystyrene particles of 920 nm diameter conjugated with OTC‐binding ssDNA aptamer. Proximity optical fibers were used to measure the increase in 45° forward light scattering of the aggregated particles by fixing them around the viewing cell of the device with stable angle and distance to the detector. The detection limit was around 100 ppb for the current aptasensor system with the detection time less than 3 min.
Capillary electrophoresis with immobilized quantum dot fluorescence detection for rapid determination of organophosphorus pesticides in vegetables
Authors: Chen Qidan , Fung Yingsing
Published: September 2010

Based on the highly sensitive and selective fluorescence enhancement of water‐soluble CdTe/CdS core‐shell quantum dots (QD) by organophosphorus pesticides (OPs such as mevinphos, phosalone, methidathion and diazinon), a simple, rapid and selective method is developed using CE with QD/LIF detection (473 nm excitation/532 nm fluorescence) to determine OPs in vegetable samples. The method enables the use of a simple pretreatment procedure based only on solvent extraction and eliminates the use of a time‐consuming SPE step. A novel procedure is developed to immobilize QD onto the inside capillary surface via the formation of a silane coupling mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane network. Under optimized CE conditions, baseline separation for all four OPs was observed within 12 min. The CE‐QD/LIF method was shown to have a detection limit from 50 to 180 μg/kg, working ranges 0.1–30 mg/kg, recoveries 88.7–96.1% and repeatability (RSD, n=3) 0.36–0.75% for migration time and 2.9–5.7% for peak height. For tomato samples, the detection limits were more than ten times lower than maximum residue levels specified by the Codex Alimentarius Commission for all four OPs investigated. The method thus satisfies the need for a simple, quick and selective method to determine residual OPs in complex vegetable matrix as required by the increasingly strict regulations for health protection introduced in recent years.
The in vivo pig‐a gene mutation assay, a potential tool for regulatory safety assessment
Authors: Dobrovolsky Vasily N. , Miura Daishiro , Heflich Robert H. , Dertinger Stephen D.
Published: September 2010

The Pig‐a (phosphatidylinositol glycan, Class A) gene codes for a catalytic subunit of the N‐acetylglucosamine transferase complex involved in an early step of glycosylphosphatidyl inositol (GPI) cell surface anchor synthesis. Pig‐a is the only gene involved in GPI anchor synthesis that is on the X‐chromosome, and research into the origins of an acquired genetic disease involving GPI anchor deficiency (paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria) indicates that cells lacking GPI anchors, or GPI‐anchored cell surface proteins, almost always have mutations in the Pig‐a gene. These properties of the Pig‐a gene and the GPI anchor system have been exploited in a series of assays for measuring in vivo gene mutation in blood cells from humans, rats, mice, and monkeys. In rats, flow cytometric measurement of Pig‐a mutation in red blood cells requires microliter volumes of blood and data can be generated in hours. Spontaneous mutant frequencies are relatively low (<5 × 10−6) and rats treated with multiple doses of the potent mutagen, N‐ethyl‐N‐nitrosourea, display Pig‐a mutant frequencies that are close to the sum of the frequencies produced by the individual exposures. A general observation is that induced mutant frequencies are manifested earlier in reticulocytes (about 2 weeks after treatment) than in total red blood cells (about 2 months after exposure). Based on data from a limited number of test agents, the assay shows promise for regulatory applications, including integration of gene mutation measurement into repeat‐dose toxicology studies. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2010. Published 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An examination of the impact of the Maudsley Collaborative Care skills training workshops on patients with anorexia nervosa: A qualitative study
Authors: Goddard Elizabeth , Macdonald Pamela , Treasure Janet
Published: September 2010

Purpose

The objective of this study was to examine the experience of adult inpatients with Anorexia Nervosa (AN) whose carers had taken part in the Collaborative Care skills training workshops. Workshops were offered to carers of someone with an eating disorder (ED) to address carer distress and proposed interpersonal maintaining factors.

Method

Semi‐structured interviews were conducted probing the sufferer's perception of the workshops, their experience of their carers attending the workshops and any associated behaviour change.

Results

Qualitative data were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Key findings suggest that patients hold positive attitudes towards involving carers in their care and that the skills training approach can have positive effects for AN adult inpatients. Positive effects are congruent with workshop aims supporting fidelity of the skills based training. Negative effects and ideas for improvements were examined.

Conclusion

Involving carers in skills based Collaborative Care workshops based on an interpersonal maintenance model of EDs may be beneficial for adult inpatients with AN and future research is warranted to extend these findings. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Block removal and step backwearing as erosion processes on rock shore platforms: a preliminary case study of the chalk shore platforms of south‐east England
Authors: Dornbusch U. , Robinson D.A.
Published: September 2010

Shore platforms frequently exhibit steps or risers facing seaward, landwards or obliquely across‐shore. A combination of soft copy photogrammetry, ortho‐rectification, geo referencing and field measurement of step height are linked in a GIS environment to measure step retreat on chalk shore platforms at sample sites in the south of England over two periods, 1973–2001, 2001–2007. The methods used allow for the identification, delineation and measurement of historic change at high spatial resolution. The results suggest that while erosion of chalk shore platforms by step backwearing is highly variable, it appears to be of similar magnitude to surface downwearing of the same platforms measured by micro‐erosion meters (MEMs) and laser scanning, in a range equivalent to 0·0006 – 0·0050 m y−1 of surface downwearing. This equates to annual chalk volume loss from the platforms, by the two erosion processes combined, of between 0·0012 m3 m−2 and 0·0100 m3 m−2. Results from the more recent years' data suggests that step retreat has variability in both space and time which does not relate solely to climatic variability. The results must be viewed with caution until much larger numbers of measurements have been made of both downwearing and step erosion at higher spatial and temporal resolution. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
3D comparison of low, intermediate, and advanced hippocampal atrophy in MCI
Authors: Apostolova Liana G. , Thompson Paul M. , Green Amity E. , Hwang Kristy S. , Zoumalan Charleen , Jack Clifford R. , Harvey Danielle J. , Petersen Ronald C. , Thal Leon J. , Aisen Paul S. , Toga Arthur W. , Cummings Jeffrey L. , DeCarli Charles S.
Published: September 2010

The article to which this erratum refers was published in Hum Brain Mapp 2010, DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20905. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lateral entorhinal neurons are not spatially selective in cue‐rich environments
Authors: Yoganarasimha D. , Rao Geeta , Knierim James J.
Published: September 2010

The hippocampus is a brain region that is critical for spatial learning, context‐dependent memory, and episodic memory. It receives major inputs from the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) and the lateral EC (LEC). MEC neurons show much greater spatial firing than LEC neurons in a recording chamber with a single, salient landmark. The MEC cells are thought to derive their spatial tuning through path integration, which permits spatially selective firing in such a cue‐deprived environment. In accordance with theories that postulate two spatial mapping systems that provide input to the hippocampus—an internal, path‐integration system and an external, landmark‐based system—it was possible that LEC neurons can also convey a spatial signal, but that the signal requires multiple landmarks to define locations, rather than movement integration. To test this hypothesis, neurons from the MEC and LEC were recorded as rats foraged for food in cue‐rich environments. In both environments, LEC neurons showed little spatial specificity, whereas many MEC neurons showed a robust spatial signal. These data strongly support the notion that the MEC and LEC convey fundamentally different types of information to the hippocampus, in terms of their spatial firing characteristics, under various environmental and behavioral conditions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
How hippocampus and cortex contribute to recognition memory: Revisiting the complementary learning systems model
Authors: Norman Kenneth A.
Published: September 2010

We describe how the Complementary Learning Systems neural network model of recognition memory (Norman and O'Reilly (2003) Psychol Rev 104:611–646) can shed light on current debates regarding hippocampal and cortical contributions to recognition memory. We review simulation results illustrating three critical differences in how (according to the model) hippocampus and cortex contribute to recognition memory, all of which derive from the hippocampus' use of pattern separated representations. Pattern separation makes the hippocampus especially well‐suited for discriminating between studied items and related lures; it makes the hippocampus especially poorly suited for computing global match; and it imbues the hippocampal ROC curve with a Y‐intercept > 0. We also describe a key boundary condition on these differences: When the average level of similarity between items in an experiment is very high, hippocampal pattern separation can fail, at which point the hippocampal model will start to behave like the cortical model. We describe the implications of these simulation results for extant debates over how to describe hippocampal versus cortical contributions and how to measure these contributions. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spatial learning deficits in mice lacking A‐type K+ channel subunits
Authors: Lockridge Amber , Yuan Li‐Lian
Published: September 2010

Kv4.2‐mediated A‐type K+ channels in dendrites act to dampen back‐propagating action potentials, constrain coincidence detection, and modify synaptic properties. Because of naturally high concentrations in the hippocampus, genetic deletion of this protein results in enhanced CA1 dendritic excitability and a broader signal integration time window with potential implications for spatial learning. In this investigation, we tested Kv4.2 knockout mice in the Morris water maze to assess their spatial reference acquisition and recall abilities. These mice demonstrated prolonged latencies and pathlength to reach a hidden platform during learning trials that was correlated to a decreased use of spatial search strategies in favor of repetitive looping. Knockout mice also showed no preference for target areas in recall‐based probe trials but were less impaired by a switch in the platform location at the start of reversal learning. We discuss the possibility that these behavior discrepancies may be attributable to an enhancement in synaptic plasticity and loss of selectivity among synaptic pathways bearing different information into the CA1 region. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Heat transfer augmentation in a plate‐fin heat exchanger using a rectangular winglet
Authors: Gupta Munish , Kasana K.S. , Vasudevan R.
Published: September 2010

This study presents numerical computation results on laminar convection heat transfer in a plate‐fin heat exchanger, with triangular fins between the plates of a plate‐fin heat exchanger. The rectangular winglet type vortex generator is mounted on these triangular fins. The performance of the vortex generator is evaluated for varying angles of attack of the winglet i.e., 20, 26, and 37° and Reynolds number 100, 150, and 200. The computations are also performed by varying the geometrical size and location of the winglet. The complete Navier–Stokes equation and the energy equation are solved by the (Marker and Cell) MAC algorithm using the staggered grid arrangement. The constant wall temperature thermal boundary conditions are considered. Air is taken as the working fluid. The heat transfer enhancement is seen by introducing the vortex generator. Numerical results show that the average Nusselt number increases with an increase in the angle of attack and Reynolds number. For the same area of the LVG, the increase in length of the LVG brings more heat transfer enhancement than increasing the height. The increase in heat transfer comes with a moderate pressure drop penalty. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20318
Characteristics of heat transfer inside a tube during sodium‐water reaction in a FBR steam generator
Authors: Kurihara Akikazu , Ohshima Hiroyuki , Monde Masanori
Published: September 2010

Sodium reacts chemically with water in the case of an unexpected tube failure of a steam generator (SG) in a fast breeder reactor (FBR). In order to predict the event with high accuracy, it is very important to understand the characteristics of heat transfer inside the tube in detail during the tube failure due to the sodium–water reaction. Experiments were performed by using purified water under the following conditions: initial pressure of 11.2–13.4 MPa, initial water temperature of 200 °C, and water mass flux of 45.7 to 3630 kg/(m2s). The test tube was heated rapidly by high‐frequency induction current. The time averaged heat flux was estimated by using an inverse solution from the measured temperatures at two points on three different locations along the tube. It was confirmed that the derived values agreed with the measured heat fluxes on the outer surface within 20% accuracy. It was found that the characteristics of the heat transfer strongly depend on the flow rate. The heat transfer on the wall changed from nucleate boiling to transient‐film boiling during increasing the heat flux and returned to the nucleate boiling during decreasing the heat flux. A counterclockwise cycle always appeared in the transition boiling region, where the nucleate and film boiling coexisted and the area ratio of these varied with time. The adequacy of heat transfer correlations to evaluate tube overheating was confirmed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20320
LAPTM4B overexpression is a novel predictor of epithelial ovarian carcinoma metastasis
Authors: Yin Mingzhu , Xu Ye , Lou Ge , Hou Yan , Meng Fanling , Zhang Haiyu , Li Cong , Zhou Rouli
Published: September 2010

LAPTM4B is a novel tumor‐associated gene. To date, there have been no published data regarding the role of LAPTM4B expression in epithelial ovarian carcinoma metastasis. Therefore, this study was performed to determine whether LAPTM4B overexpression is a new predictor of epithelial ovarian carcinoma metastasis. LAPTM4B expression was evaluated in 22 normal ovarian specimens and 139 ovarian carcinomas by western blotting analyses and immunohistochemistry. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to determine the association between LAPTM4B expression and epithelial ovarian carcinoma metastasis. Western blotting analysis demonstrated that LAPTM4B was overexpressed in metastatic tissues from patients with ovarian cancers, and immunohistochemistry results revealed that among 59 patients with LAPTM4B overexpression, 57 (96.6%) presented intraperitoneal metastasis and 31 (52.5%) had lymph node metastasis. The results of the univariate and multivariate analyses demonstrated that LAPTM4B overexpression correlated with metastasis. The odds ratio of high‐to‐low expression for intraperitoneal metastasis was 11.410 (95% CI: 2.357, 55.239) and that for lymph node metastasis was 6.332 (95% CI: 2.533, 15.831). For intraperitoneal metastasis, the sensitivity and specificity of LAPTM4B overexpression were 48.7% and 90.9%; for lymph node metastasis, they were 73.8%% and 71.1%, respectively. LAPTM4B overexpression is a new predictor of epithelial ovarian carcinoma metastasis and an important potential biomarker for the early diagnosis of ovarian carcinoma.
TNF‐α increases αvβ3 integrin expression and migration in human chondrosarcoma cells
Authors: Hou Chun‐Han , Yang Rong‐Sen , Hou Sheng‐Mou , Tang Chih‐Hsin
Published: September 2010

Chondrosarcoma is a type of highly malignant tumour with a potent capacity to invade locally and cause distant metastasis. Chondrosarcoma shows a predilection for metastasis to the lungs. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α is a key cytokine involved in inflammation, immunity, cellular homeostasis and tumour progression. Integrins are the major adhesive molecules in mammalian cells and have been associated with metastasis of cancer cells. However, the effects of TNF‐α in migration and integrin expression in chondrosarcoma cells are largely unknown. In this study, we found that TNF‐α increased the migration and the expression of αvβ3 integrin in human chondrosarcoma cells. Activations of MAPK kinase (MEK), extracellular signal‐regulating kinase (ERK) and nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) pathways after TNF‐α treatment were demonstrated, and TNF‐α‐induced expression of integrin and migration activity was inhibited by the specific inhibitor and mutant of MEK, ERK and NF‐κB cascades. Taken together, our results indicated that TNF‐α enhances the migration of chondrosarcoma cells by increasing αvβ3 integrin expression through the MEK/ERK/NF‐κB signal transduction pathway. J. Cell. Physiol. 226: 792–799, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression pattern of receptor activator of NFκB (RANK) in a series of primary solid tumors and related bone metastases
Authors: Santini Daniele , Perrone Giuseppe , Roato Ilaria , Godio Laura , Pantano Francesco , Grasso Donatella , Russo Antonio , Vincenzi Bruno , Fratto Maria Elisabetta , Sabbatini Roberto , Della Pepa Chiara , Porta Camillo , Del Conte Alessandro , Schiavon Gaia , Berruti Alfredo , Tomasino Rosa Maria , Papotti Mauro , Papapietro Nicola , Onetti Muda Andrea , Denaro Vincenzo , Tonini Giuseppe
Published: September 2010

Receptor activator of NFκB ligand (RANKL), RANK, and osteoprotegerin (OPG) represent the key regulators of bone metabolism both in normal and pathological conditions, including bone metastases. To our knowledge, no previous studies investigated and compared RANK expression in primary tumors and in bone metastases from the same patient. We retrospectively examined RANK expression by immunohistochemistry in 74 bone metastases tissues from solid tumors, mostly breast, colorectal, renal, lung, and prostate cancer. For 40 cases, tissue from the corresponding primary tumor was also analyzed. Sixty‐six (89%) of the 74 bone metastases were RANK‐positive and, among these, 40 (59.5%) showed more than 50% of positive tumor cells. The median percentage of RANK‐positive cells was 60% in primary tumors and metastases, without any statistically significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.194). The same percentage was obtained by considering only cases with availability of samples both from primary and metastasis. Our study shows that RANK is expressed by solid tumors, with high concordance between bone metastasis and corresponding primary tumor. These data highlight the central role of RANK/RANKL/OPG pathway as potential therapeutic target not only in bone metastasis management, but also in the adjuvant setting. J. Cell. Physiol. 226: 780–784, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fibroblast growth factor‐2 stimulates directed migration of periodontal ligament cells via PI3K/AKT signaling and CD44/hyaluronan interaction
Authors: Shimabukuro Yoshio , Terashima Hiroaki , Takedachi Masahide , Maeda Kenichiro , Nakamura Tomomi , Sawada Keigo , Kobashi Mariko , Awata Toshihito , Oohara Hiroyuki , Kawahara Takanobu , Iwayama Tomoaki , Hashikawa Tomoko , Yanagita Manabu , Yamada Satoru , Murakami Shinya
Published: September 2010

Fibroblast growth factor‐2 (FGF‐2) regulates a variety of functions of the periodontal ligament (PDL) cell, which is a key player during tissue regeneration following periodontal tissue breakdown by periodontal disease. In this study, we investigated the effects of FGF‐2 on the cell migration and related signaling pathways of MPDL22, a mouse PDL cell clone. FGF‐2 activated the migration of MPDL22 cells and phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K) and akt. The P13K inhibitors, Wortmannin and LY294002, suppressed both cell migration and akt activation in MPDL22, suggesting that the PI3K/akt pathway is involved in FGF‐2‐stimulated migration of MPDL22 cells. Moreover, in response to FGF‐2, MPDL22 showed increased CD44 expression, avidity to hyaluronan (HA) partly via CD44, HA production and mRNA expression of HA synthase (Has)‐1, 2, and 3. However, the distribution of HA molecular mass produced by MPDL22 was not altered by FGF‐2 stimulation. Treatment of transwell membrane with HA facilitated the migration of MPDL22 cells and an anti‐CD44 neutralizing antibody inhibited it. Interestingly, the expression of CD44 was colocalized with HA on the migrating cells when stimulated with FGF‐2. Furthermore, an anti‐CD44 antibody and small interfering RNA for CD44 significantly decreased the FGF‐2‐induced migration of MPDL22 cells. Taken together, PI3K/akt and CD44/HA signaling pathways are responsible for FGF‐2‐mediated cell motility of PDL cells, suggesting that FGF‐2 accelerates periodontal regeneration by regulating the cellular functions including migration, proliferation and modulation of extracellular matrix production. J. Cell. Physiol. 226: 809–821, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preclinical testing of the Akt inhibitor triciribine in T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Evangelisti Camilla , Ricci Francesca , Tazzari Pierluigi , Chiarini Francesca , Battistelli Michela , Falcieri Elisabetta , Ognibene Andrea , Pagliaro Pasqualepaolo , Cocco Lucio , McCubrey James A. , Martelli Alberto M.
Published: September 2010

Over the past 20 years, survival rates of T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T‐ALL) patients have improved, mainly because of advances in polychemotherapy protocols. Despite these improvements, we still need novel and less toxic treatment strategies targeting aberrantly activated signaling networks which increase proliferation, survival, and drug resistance of T‐ALL cells. One such network is represented by the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K)/Akt axis. PI3K inhibitors have displayed some promising effects in preclinical models of T‐ALL. Here, we have analyzed the therapeutic potential of the Akt inhibitor, triciribine, in T‐ALL cell lines. Triciribine caused cell cycle arrest and caspase‐dependent apoptosis. Western blots demonstrated a dose‐dependent dephosphorylation of Akt1/Akt2, and of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 downstream targets in response to triciribine. Triciribine induced autophagy, which could be interpreted as a defensive mechanism, because an autophagy inhibitor (chloroquine) increased triciribine‐induced apoptosis. Triciribine synergized with vincristine, a chemotherapeutic drug employed for treating T‐ALL patients, and targeted the side population of T‐ALL cell lines, which might correspond to leukemia initiating cells. Our findings indicate that Akt inhibition, either alone or in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs, may serve as an efficient treatment towards T‐ALL cells requiring upregulation of this signaling pathway for their proliferation and survival. J. Cell. Physiol. 226: 822–831, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmentally regulated inhibition of cell cycle progression by glucocorticoids through repression of cyclin a transcription in primary osteoblast cultures
Authors: Gabet Yankel , Noh Tommy , Lee Christopher , Frenkel Baruch
Published: September 2010

Synthetic glucocorticoids (GCs) like dexamethasone (DEX) are effective immunosuppressants indicated for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. However, they often promote osteoporosis and bone fractures. Here, we investigated the anti‐mitogenic effect of GCs in primary osteoblast cultures. DEX did not affect cell cycle progression in confluent (day 2), or early post‐confluent cultures. Starting on day 5, however, DEX strongly inhibited the G1/S cell cycle transition. Day 5 also marked the beginning of a ∼2‐day commitment stage, during which cultures acquired resistance to the inhibitory effect of DEX on mineralization. Considering the importance of Wnt signaling in osteoblast development, we analyzed the effect of DEX on the Wnt pathway. DEX treatment did not inhibit the TOPGAL Wnt reporter before, but only during and after the commitment stage. However, this inhibition was not associated with repression of neither cyclin D1 nor c‐Myc mRNA, well‐established Wnt targets regulating cell cycle progression. On the other hand, acute (24‐h) and chronic (7 days) DEX treatment significantly reduced both the mRNA and protein levels of cyclin A, another cell cycle regulator. Moreover, cyclin A repression by DEX was not observed before, but only during and after the commitment stage. Using gel shift and reporter assays, we identified an ATF/CREB‐binding site critical for the DEX‐mediated repression of cyclin A transcription. Furthermore, and similar to cyclin A, Atf4 expression was repressed by DEX only during and after commitment. Our data suggest that GCs attenuate cell cycle progression in osteoblasts in a developmental stage‐specific manner by repressing Atf4‐dependent cyclin A gene expression. J. Cell. Physiol. 226: 991–998, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Homocysteine induces smooth muscle cell proliferation through differential regulation of cyclins A and D1 expression
Authors: Chiang Jui‐Kun , Sung Mao‐Lin , Yu Hong‐Ren , Chang Hsin‐I , Kuo Hsing‐Chun , Tsai Tzung‐Chieh , Yen Chia‐Kuang , Chen Cheng‐Nan
Published: September 2010

The mechanism of homocysteine‐induced cell proliferation in human vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) remains unclear. We investigated the molecular mechanisms by which homocysteine affects the expression of cyclins A and D1 in human umbilical artery SMCs (HUASMCs). Homocysteine treatment induced proliferation of HUASMCs and increased the expression levels of cyclins A and D1. Knocking down either cyclin A or cyclin D1 by small interfering RNA (siRNA) inhibited homocysteine‐induced cell proliferation. Furthermore, treatment with extracellular signal‐related kinase (ERK) inhibitor (PD98059) and dominant negative Ras (RasN17) abolished homocysteine‐induced cyclin A expression; and treatment with phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K) inhibitor (LY294002) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor (rapamycin) attenuated the homocysteine‐induced cyclin D1 expression. Homocysteine also induced transient phosphorylation of ERK, Akt, and p70 ribosomal S6 kinase (p70S6K). Neutralizing antibody and siRNA for β1 integrin blocked cell proliferation, expression of cyclins A and D1, and phosphorylation of ERK and Akt. In conclusion, homocysteine‐induced differential activation of Ras/ERK and PI3K/Akt/p70S6K signaling pathways and consequent expression of cyclins A and D1 are dependent on β1 integrin. Homocysteine may accelerate progression of atherosclerotic lesions by promoting SMC proliferation. J. Cell. Physiol. 226: 1017–1026, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Artefactual effects of oxygen on cell culture models of cellular senescence and stem cell biology
Authors: Toussaint Olivier , Weemaels Geoffroy , Debacq‐Chainiaux Florence , Scharffetter‐Kochanek Karin , Wlaschek Meinhard
Published: September 2010

In life sciences, modelling of the in vivo conditions using in vitro models is an important tool to generate knowledge. Although aerobic organisms including mammals depend on accurate oxygen tension, mimicking physiological conditions in cell culture experiments is not very common. Due to the need for simple technical and experimental design, the requirement for simulating the in vivo oxygen tension parameters has been neglected over long time. Fortunately, due to increasing knowledge in recent years the attention has shifted towards this scientific demand. In this short review, we summarize data substantiating the necessity to adequately mimic physiological oxygen tension using cell culture models in life science research. J. Cell. Physiol. 226: 315–321, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.