bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A 'House for Solomon' in the Caribbean: The Venezuelan Institute of Scientific Research
Authors: Vessuri Hebe M.C.
Published: March 2007

The paper describes a sociological analysis of one of the most prestigious scientific institutions in Latin America in the light of its past achievements and in view of the challenges posed by the present and future trends which demand renewed quality, strength and competitiveness of national research. The core of the challenge facing the institute at present is seen to lie in the successful resolution of three different problems that divide and reduce its effective contribution to the national well-being. One of the problems is its very source of success, its collective culture of basic science. In conditions like the ones of the present transition where scientific practice, the organisation of that practice and the target of such activity have been experiencing profound changes in contemporary science, the 'pursuit' of academic culture prevail ing in the institution may act as a break to more challenging pursuits. Another pressing problem is the excessive weight of labour issues compared to other issues that are related to its research mission, reflecting the overall 'malaise' of the public sector in the country. The last problem is connected with the new social demands upon an institution that set the traditional standards of scientific quality in a country that did not have them. This is another way of saying that the old 'social contract' is exhausted and a new one has to be agreed between the national society and IVIC.
Ave Eva—Views of Women: Social and Gendered Instruction in Medieval and Early Modern European Preaching
Authors: Khan Sarah
Published: March 2007

Who read the Christian cult images in the Middle Ages, and in what ways? With the relationship between devotional images in churches and instruction through sermons as its point of departure, this article demonstrates that sermons were imparted in a differentiated manner, implying differentiation in views of the 'world'. These perceptions, which shaped responses to Christian images, prompt us to take a fresh look at the accepted model of bipolar readings of Christian art, between literate and illiterate persons. Social diversity was further articulated in gendered terms. The paradoxical formula Ave Eva, used as a mnemonic tool in sermons of the Italian Renaissance, demonstrates the extent to which women's readings of the 'world' as well as of Christian cult images were shaped by the gendered contents of sermons.
Gender Gaps in Research on Health Services in India
Authors: Saha Shelley , Ravindran T.K. Sundari
Published: March 2007

This paper covers a review of studies on health services conducted in India in the last decade through a gender lens. Here, we have tried to see the interplay of gender and social position in accessibility, acceptability, cost and effectiveness of health services for reproductive health concerns of women and men. It can be seen that since the mid-1980s health research has undergone a major shift as it went beyond the con ventional framework to understand linkages between the health care service system, and the socio-economic and cultural factors vis-à-vis access and utilisation, and in turn the health status of people. This was an important paradigm shift from under standing people's health status in terms of medical determinants alone to under standing it in terms of sociocultural determinants. The paper brings into light that in general health services research has not been sensitive to the specific health services need of women. It concludes with a series of unexplored issues in this regard, which could help undertake meaningful research that is informed by a gender and social perspective.
Afghanistan: HIV/AIDS Vulnerability and Prevention
Authors: Bergenström Anne
Published: March 2007

Afghanistan is beginning to rebuild itselffollowing over 20years of war and civil strife. In post- conflict and humanitarian situations, HIV prevention is frequently overlooked because of other priorities. Yet it is exactly in such circumstances that HIV/AIDS thrives, as experienced by other war-affected countries such as Cambodia and Myanmar. Until reliable data on STI and HIV become available, immediate interventions are required to avert possible HIV transmission among vulnerable populations, induding refugees, drug users, uniformed personnel and their families. In responding to the global HIV epidemic, all countries have faced a decision between early and late intervention to reduce the impiact on society, communities and individuals. Delayed response is mostly associated with greater adverse impact at different levels, including higher HIV/AIDS- related costs, while early intervention has the potential to maintain HIV prevalence at low levels. Afghanistan still benefits from a window of opportunity for embarking on an early HIV prevention strategy for averting the rapid increase of HIV prevalence among vulnerable populations as experienced in neighbouring countries in Asia.
The 100 Per Cent Condom Use Programme: A Success Story
Authors: Rojanapithayakorn Wiwat
Published: March 2007

The inability of various strategies to control sexually-transmitted infections (STI) in sex workers in Thailand led to the implementation of a 100 per cent condom use programmein sex extablishments with astounding success. The key elements for the success of the programme were a strong political commitment at both national and local levels; multi-sectoral cooperation among various sectors, including the involvement of the police and entertainment owners; adequate supply of good quality condoms for the programme; and integration of the programme into existing infrastructure. The programme has brought down rates of STI as well as HIV prevalence. Many other countries have initiated efforts to replicate this programme as a major strategy to contain spread of the HIV pandemic.
Performance Improvement through Local Planning: Action Research
Authors: Hasan M. Yousuf , Maru Rushikesh M.
Published: March 2007

Local level performance review, planning and monitoring can increase the produc tivity of the family planning programme. How such a management process can be institutionalised in a government programme setting was a key research question of a quasi-experimental design intervention. An organisational diagnosis was con ducted, followed by feedback and training workshops designed to orient programme managers in performance assessment, planning, problem-solving techniques, leader ship and supervisory styles. This intervention was tested in high and low performing areas. The paper describes the conceptual framework and implementation method ology of performance review and planning, and then discusses the results in terms of performance output and activities.
Globalisation and Transformation: Illusions and Reality
Authors: Kolodko Grzegorz W.
Published: March 2007

The globalisation of economic relationships and the systemic transformation in postsocialist countries are two interlacing processes and a phenomenon of the turn of the century. Globalisation, that is the institutional and real integration of national and regional markets into a single worldwide organ ism, is neither restricted to the last few decades, nor is it, as yet, an irrever sible, let alone complete process. Even in its most advanced form it does not prevent nations from conducting an economic policy, whose quality remains essential for economic efficiency and growth. In contrast, the market trans formation of postsocialist economies and their integration with the world economy along capitalist lines is irreversible, precisely because of globalisa tion. The transformation will soon be complete unlike globalisation because the latter, being a dynamic, open-ended process has no end, just as there is no end to socio-economic development. For this reason and also bearing in mind the ongoing fourth industrial revolution spurred by the development of the Internet, the future is bound to bring even greater changes.
MEANING AND JOY IN LATIN AMERICAN SPORTS
Authors: Arbena Joseph L.
Published: March 2007

Drawing on recent scholarship, this overview discusses the adoption of modern sports in several Latin American settings and their evolving cultural meaning. Examples include soccer in Argentina, baseball in Cuba, baseball along the United States-Mexican border and cricket in the West Indies. Discussion focuses upon the reasons why particular sports are adopted within a culture and assume import to a people within a specific geographical area. Ineffable aspects of these pastimes, such as the aesthetics and the emotion of sport, are acknowledged, in the light of a recognition of the continuing distinction between the intrinsic and the extrinsic qualities of sports.
LILLEHAMMER 1994
Authors: Lesjø Jon Helge
Published: March 2007

This article uses Elias's game model perspective to analyse the planning of the 1994 Winter Olympic Games in Lillehammer. The study shows how the original Olympic plan that was sold to the International Olympic Committee with the slogan of a `Compact Games' won the bid, but was subsequently transformed due to changes in power balances among the domestic and international players who had conflicting interests. For example, the `Green Games' was not part of Lillehammer's original bid and only emerged as a central feature of the event after complex and protracted negotiations among competing interest groups. It is argued that some of the most important aspects connected to mega-events like the Olympics are due not only to `rational' planning processes, but also to how the attendant conflicts and compromises among interest groups lead to unintended outcomes.
SPIN DOCTORS AND SPORTSBROKERS
Authors: Palmer Catherine
Published: March 2007

This article explores some of the methodological and ethical issues that arise when undertaking ethnographic research into the governing bodies of world sport. Drawing on the author's own attempts to penetrate the operations of La Société du Tour de France, this article presents two positions (i) that increasing attention should be paid to the role of the cultural broker in examining the institutional power exerted by the sporting and administrative elites of world sport and (ii) that researching sporting elites calls for a certain methodological ingenuity in order to gain and sustain access to a research site. The closed, exclusive nature of organizations such as La Société du Tour de France presents a number of challenges for anthropological and sociological inquiries into the elite bodies of world sport.
The Curious Drama of the President of a Republic Versus a Football Fan Tribe
Authors: Vrcan Srdjan
Published: March 2007

This article offers a sociological interpretation of the conflict in the 1990s in Croatia between the President of the Republic of Croatia, the late Franjo Tuðman, and a football fan tribe. It began as a family quarrel in the same Croatian nationalist ideological and political family about the imposed name change of a football club but gradually became the first public political contestation of the President's charisma with growing political consequences. The interpretation is based upon identifying the set of confrontations involved: social system vs life world, different deconstructions and reconstructions of social and football reality, expropriators vs expropriated, nation-state politics vs autonomy of the civil society, corporate politics vs sub-politics. In conclusion, it discusses a set of problems regarding football and politics in so-called transition and, in particular, those regarding football fandom and nationalism.
BORDER CROSSINGS
Authors: Maguire Joseph , Stead David
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the high-profile and increasingly frequent international movement of elite players in association football, with a particular focus on migration involving the countries of the European Union and UEFA, Europe's soccer confederation. The complex patterns and structures that characterize the player movements are mapped out and analysed. The global political economy of soccer is examined with specific reference to the European Court of Justice freedom of movement rulings in the Bosman case. The principal data sources are FIFA transfer certificates and player directories. Consideration is given to the interweaving and impact of both broad societal and soccerspecific processes on migrant patterns. The analysis of soccer migration provides insights into both labour migration in other sports and moves towards increased labour mobility in Europe and greater European integration.
DIGGING THE DIRT AND STAYING CLEAN
Authors: Sugden John , Tomlinson Alan
Published: March 2007

This article draws upon the authors' work on the global politics of world football and related studies of other sports and methodological issues, in order to argue for the retrieval of the investigative mode of sociological inquiry. In the context of a general critical interpretative framework, the gonzo style of Hunter S. Thompson and the investigative epistemology of Jack Douglas are evaluated and synthesized in a framework that challenges the assumptions of the standpoint epistemology position. Citing their unique fieldwork experiences researching FIFA (the governing body of world football), particularly in South Africa and France, they demonstrate the importance and persisting value of an investigative framework for any critical sociology of sport.
Does Fulbright Make a Difference? The Turkish Perspective
Authors: Demir Cennet Engin , Aksu Meral , Paykoç Fersun
Published: March 2007

This article reports on the findings of a research project carried out by a team of faculties at the Middle East Technical University and the Fulbright Education Committee in Turkey. The project aimed to investigate the Fulbright program's professional, personal, and social impacts and its effectiveness from the perspectives of Turkish scholars. Data were collected by mail from 277 Fulbright scholars living in various regions of Turkey. All of the scholars agreed that their Fulbright experience in the United States had had positive effects on their professional, social, and personal lives. Scholars were especially satisfied with the effect on their personal lives. For example, the Fulbright experience broadened their world viewpoint in a flexible and international setting. These results suggest that Fulbright scholars contribute to the development of the country, because many of them hold high-ranking positions that allow them to develop and implement policies in different sectors. For the development of the Fulbright program, it is recommended that continuous follow-up studies be conducted to identify its strengths and weaknesses.
U.S.-Africa Cooperation in Education at Northern Arizona University: Unexpected Lessons
Authors: Gahungu Athanase
Published: March 2007

A total of 114 African educators came to Northern Arizona University (NAU), in Flagstaff, from 1988 to 1992 to attend a 45-day Summer Institute sponsored by the United States Information Agency. Two former participants in the program, who came back to NAU as graduate students, interviewed campus personnel and students and members of the surrounding community to examine the impact of the 5-year experience. The program’s year-by-year evaluations were analyzed in light of interview responses. It was shown that the program helped the academic and surrounding communities discover other facets of African education and life that media often misrepresent in the mainstream subconscious. Participating African educators were very appreciative of the innovative curriculum and instructional methods they learned and were mesmerized by minority inclusion policies on campus. However, interviewees and the African educators deplored the United States’s lack of awareness and interest in cooperation with Africa.
Global Education, Disempowerment, and Curricula for a World Politics
Authors: Blaney David L.
Published: March 2007

Global education is supposed to empower. However, this article argues that global education is often premised on an idea about the inexorabilityof “globalization” that acts to de-politicize global life and disempower students. Though it is important to retrieve a sense of the human agencybehind “globalization,” this article argues that we also should work to disempower our students in certain respects, challenging their sense of interpretive privilege and cultural superiority. The article advocates trying to strike two balances. First, it argues for finding a balance between creating a sense of the possibilities for change and recognition of the limits of human agency. Second, the article aims to locate a balance between empowering our students while cultivating a sense of humilityin the face of a complex world, a willingness to live with ambiguity, and an ethos of political self-restraint when in an advantaged position.
A Vision of a Developed University
Authors: Ping Charles J.
Published: March 2007

This paper considers the role of the "developed" university in Malaysia, as the country embarks on an ambitious social and economic development program. It provides coverage of the formation and growth of universities in developing countries. The challenges of shifting the role of the university from educating an elite to educating the greater population are also considered. The article concludes with three challenges for education as outlined by Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad in his working paper Vision 2020: the role of education in nurturing national unity and economic democracy; the application of technologies to increase learning and access to education; and the ability of the university to transform itself to meet the needs of a changing society.
ARE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE CONSERVATIONISTS?
Authors: Smith Natalie
Published: March 2007

Contrary to the widespread belief that indigenous peoples are adept managers of their natural environments, preliminary research from the Machiguenga of the Peruvian Amazon indicates that this may not be the case. In an attempt to identify whether the Machiguenga in the village of Camisea conserve natural resources, the group was studied in relation to resource use, perceptions of the environment, and their understanding of population biology. Cultural characteristics were examined as well, such as social sanctioning and awareness of the behaviors of others in the group, both of which may be necessary for group-level conservation. It was found that the Machiguenga lack the social structure and cognitive models needed for sustainable resource use - although, given the particular cultural and economic history of the group, these elements made good adaptive sense.
The Logic of The Protestant Ethic
Authors: HERNES GUDMUND
Published: March 2007

We appreciate Max Weber's classic The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1930) as a distinguished work both because of the particular logical elements used and the way that Weber strings them in the dramatic construction of the work. Weber first established the phenomenon of religious beliefs and capitalist behaviors by multivariate method, eliminating the possible spurious relations. Second, Weber found the sources of capitalism in the ascetic branches of Protestantism by individual-level analysis, avoiding ecological fallacy. Third, Weber inductively generalized the origin of capitalism using causal analysis, eliminating historical materialism and avaricious explanation. Finally, in building the dialectical model Weber employed a selection model and the reversal of conditional probabilities for the new type of workers and entrepreneurs and prisoner's dilemma for the outcome of a new social structure produced by the ascetic Protestants. Among the dramaturgical techniques used are the “cunning of history,” that is, causal effects of intentional action working behind the backs of the actors and the paradoxes that arise when they set in motion forces that trap themselves. Among the logical elements are the sophisticated use of multivariate analysis, the prisoner's dilemma, and the reversal of conditional probabilities. The dramatistic exposition of Weber's analysis can also help us to understand Robert K. Merton's (1984) “Phoenix phenomenon.”
Reading Rational Choice Theory
Authors: DENZIN NORMAN K.
Published: March 2007

An interpretive reading is offered of contemporary sociological versions of rational choice theory, informed by the writings of Schutz, Garfinkel, Goffman, and Derrida. The topic of emotionality, as addressed by this theory, is central to the discussion. The ghost of a fully present, rational actor, as it haunts this theory, is examined, as are the terms choice and rationality.
Games Real Actors Could Play
Authors: SCHARPF FRITZ W.
Published: March 2007

The use of game-theoretical explanations and predictions in empirical social science research is often thought to be precluded by the unrealism of the cognitive and computational capabilities that mathematical game theory imputes to its idealized “players” as well as by the prohibitive information costs that an attempt to reconstruct these cognitions and computations would impose on researchers. The article tries to show that these misgivings are exaggerated. Under realistic conditions actors will often be able to pragmatically approximate complete-information conditions regarding each other's strategy options and payoffs. Moreover, empirical research will, in many situations, be able to reconstruct actors' relevant opportunities, perceptions and preferences from socially constructed institutions, norms, and expectations that have always been the subject of mainstream social science research.
In Defense of Game Theory
Authors: HARSANYI JOHN C.
Published: March 2007

In this article, the author analyzes and argues against the claims made by Michael Hechter, Gordon Tullock, and Aaron Wildavsky that game theory has limited value for the social sciences.
POLITICAL CONTROL OF IMPLEMENTATION AGENCIES
Authors: Torenvlied René
Published: March 2007

This article describes a positive model of the implementation of policy decisions. The model combines the salience of implementation agencies for policy decisions with the extent to which these agencies are effectively controlled, in order to predict agency deviations from policy decisions. Special attention is paid to the effects of (a lack of) political consensus on the amount of agency deviations. Political consensus does not generally enhance compliance—as is often asserted—but does so conditional upon a low agency salience. This is shown both in a theoretical analysis and by an application of the model on the implementation of 17 policy decisions in a Dutch municipality.
THE TECHNOLOGICAL OBSOLESCENCE OF SCIENTIFIC FRAUD
Authors: Feigenbaum Susan , Levy David M.
Published: March 2007

In a world where researchers prefer their experiments to have a particular outcome, scientific fraud and research bias are alternative methods to implement such preferences. A critical constraint distinguishes these two methods: biased research is `narrowly replicable' while fraud is non-replicable. Recent proposals to severely punish fraud have typically excluded biased research from their purview. An unintended consequence of such asymmetric sanctions is the substitution of creative uses of technology to bias research outcomes in favor of one's preferences. Importantly, such bias may be substantially more difficult to detect than outright fraud, given current scientific conventions. This article demonstrates, using the simplest of statistical examples, how biased outcomes can derive from seemingly unbiased procedures.
NETWORK EXCHANGE AS A COOPERATIVE GAME
Authors: Bienenstock Elisa Jayne , Bonacich Phillip
Published: March 2007

This paper presents parallels between network exchange experiments and N-person cooperative games with transferable utility, to show how game theory can assist network exchange researchers, not only in predicting outcomes, but in properly specifying the scope of their models. It illustrates how utility, strategy and c-games, concepts found in game theory, could be used by exchange theorists to help them reflect on their models and improve their research design. One game theoretic solution concept, the kernel, is compared to recent network exchange algorithms as an illustration of how easy it is to apply game theory to the exchange network situation. It also illustrates some advantages of using a game theory solution concept to model network exchange.
HISTORY, NECESSITY, AND RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY
Authors: Hill Greg
Published: March 2007

The main body of rational-choice literature aims to deduce the necessary consequences that result from the interaction of rational agents. In contrast, this paper shows how small accidents of history can determine the character of social life among even perfectly rational decision makers. The paper describes those circumstances in which the structure of interaction is determinant, so that random events are averaged away, and those circumstances in which chance events leave a permanent mark on the collective life of rational beings.
THE INTEGRATION OF SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND THEORY
Authors: Goldthorpe John H.
Published: March 2007

The lack of integration of research and theory has for long been the scandal of sociology. Today, however, grounds for optimism exist that some greater integration may be achieved, in particular through a collaborative alliance between sociologists engaged in the quantitative analysis of large-scale data-sets and in the deployment of rational action theory. These grounds are constituted by recent advances, which the paper reviews, indicating that sociologists are now better exploiting the resources both of modern statistics and of rational action theory for their own specific purposes.
THE EVOLUTION OF FAIRNESS NORMS
Authors: Binmore Ken G.
Published: March 2007

The evidence is strong that modern hunter-gatherer societies approximate the Marxian ideal in which each contributes according to ability and receives according to need. It has been argued that such a form of social organization can be explained by neither reciprocity nor kinship. Attempts to found evolutionary social contract theories on sociobiological principles therefore seem doomed from the outset, since the same authors believe that modern foraging societies preserve in fossil form the type of social contract from which all later social contracts evolved. This paper outlines the importance of the issue to my own social contract theory. It then uses game-theoretic arguments to argue that reciprocity and kinship are actually the twin pillars that maintain the quasi-utilitarian social contracts of modern hunter-gatherer societies. Finally, the idea that modern foragers have social contracts similar to their prehistoric ancestors is questioned.
Race, Ethnicity, and Geography: Disparities in Heart Disease in Women of Color
Authors: Graham-Garcia Judy , Raines Terri L. , Andrews Jeannette O. , Mensah George A.
Published: March 2007

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in women. Misconceptions about the importance of CVD still persist. These myths affect awareness of CVD and the urgency with which women present for treatment after symptoms develop. Modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors are more prevalent among ethnic minority women in concentrated geographical locations. The recent publication of the CDC women’s atlas presents a unique opportunity for healthcare providers to use derived county-specific data in education, research, and delivery of health promotion and disease prevention services to women of color. Specific recommendations for the nursing profession are provided to assist in eliminating CVD disparities for all women.
Critical Thinking in African American Mothers Who Care for Adult Children with HIV: A Cultural Analysis
Authors: Boyle Joyceen S. , Bunting Sheila M. , Hodnicki Donna R. , Ferrell Jim A.
Published: March 2007

This research study defines critical thinking in nursing and examines the thinking processes revealed by 15 African American mothers who are caregivers to adult children with HIV. The purpose of this cultural analysis was to compare the mothers’ decision-making processes with their critical-thinking processes. Their culture, heritage, faith, and value of family influenced caregivers in this study. Their testimony revealed the patterns of creating a different path of care, weaving together resources, choosing among negative alternatives, and selecting stories to tell. Mothers’ decisions were based on complex and holistic knowledge of their situations and culture and could be termed multilogical, a type of thinking considered necessary for managing complex situations. Health providers can benefit from an understanding of these decision-making processes.
Being Trapped in a Circle: Life after a Suicide Attempt in Taiwan
Authors: Tzeng Wen-Chii
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this hermeneutic phenomenological study was to understand how suicidal patients experienced their lives after attempted suicide. Ten participants were recruited from a medical center in Taiwan and were interviewed over a 5-month period about their experiences and feelings after their suicide attempts. Participants suffered from “being trapped in a circle” through three main avenues: (a) being controlled by others versus striving to live for one-self, (b) being rebuffed by others versus seeking company and being loved, and (c) wanting to leave family versus feeling responsible for family. These three themes were conceptualized under a broader theme of alienation versus connectedness. Cultural values, mientze ( saving face), and hsiao ( filial piety) influenced where those Chinese who had attempted suicide were located in the dimension between alienation and connectedness.
Vaginal Microbicides for HIV/STI Prevention in Zimbabwe: What Key Informants Say
Authors: Moon Martha W. , Khumalo-Sakutukwa Gertrude N. , Heiman Judith E. , Mbizvo Michael T. , Padian Nancy S.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to assess the acceptability of vaginal microbicides as prevention methods for heterosexually transmitted HIV. Interviews were conducted with key informants in and around Harare using a semistructured questionnaire with probes. Twenty-seven interviews were conducted with a total of 48 informants. Most women were enthusiastic about the products but had concerns about safety and how the use of these products might affect their relationships with their husbands. Many men were concerned that women would be able to use the products without their consent or knowledge. Several products may be acceptable in this culture but must be introduced within the existing gender power structure. This study provides a model for involving community leaders in the design of culturally appropriate clinical trials.
Outcomes of a Transcultural Nursing Immersion Experience: Confirmation of a Dimensional Matrix
Authors: Ryan Marilyn , Twibell Renee S.
Published: March 2007

Schools of nursing are positioned to increase cultural awareness for students and potentially change practice. Dimensions of culturally focused field experiences were investigated to determine the relevancy of the dimensions of the Matrix for Personal and Professional Growth Through a Transcultural Immersion Experience. A questionnaire was developed and administered to two samples of nursing students following participation in an immersion experience. Results provided evidence of validation for major dimensions of the matrix, including situational predetermining factors, modifying factors, transitional factors, and outcomes of the matrix. The model for transcultural nursing immersion experiences was conceptualized, and propositions were generated.
Cross-Cultural Health Education: Materials on the World Wide Web
Authors: Mccarty Laura J. , Enslein Janet C. , Kelley Lisa Skemp , Choi Eunice , Tripp-Reimer Toni
Published: March 2007

Language differences between health providers and consumers create a central barrier to the delivery of health education. This article presents the results of an analysis of more than 75 bi/multilingual health sites available on the Internet. The review criteria and a summary of the key features of the best sites are presented. Limitations common to most sites are identified. Recommendations and caveats in the use of bilingual health information sites are introduced.
Cultural Shock in the Operating Room: Cultural Analysis in Transcultural Nursing
Authors: Chrisman Noel J.
Published: March 2007

Another version of this paper was published in Transcultural Nursing: A Futuristic Field of Health Care, Michael Carter, (Ed.), Memphis: The Transcultural Nursing Society, 1986. Would like to thank Mary Sweeney, R.N., M.N. who suggested this topic to me, arranged for me to observe her operating room and provided comments on an earlier draft, and Madeleine Leininger and anonymous reviewers for the Journal of Transcultural Nursing for their helpful revision suggestions. Variations of this paper have been presented at the Annual Meeting of the Transcultural Nursing Society and the Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association in 1985.
Cultural Concepts and Postpartal Care
Authors: Horn Beverly M.
Published: March 2007

This article is reprinted from the original: Horn, Beverly M. (1981). Cultural concepts and postpartal care. Nursing and Health Care, 2(3) 516-517, 526-527. Permission was obtained from the editor of Nursing and Health Care for reprint in this publication.
Pregnancy and Childbirth Beliefs and Practices of American Hare Krishna Devotees within Transcultural Nursing
Authors: Morgan Marjorie G.
Published: March 2007

The followers of Krishna Consciousness are primarily young men and women of child-bearing age who desire healthy pregnancies within the beliefs and practices of their particular culture. The researcher spent a year and a half with American Hare Krishna devotees in a large Southeastern city and on a farm in a neighboring state. The researcher used Leininger's Cultural Care Theory and the ethnographic qualitative research method to focus on the ethnohistory, social structures, and care and caring beliefs and practices of the group related to pregnancy and child-birth. Transcultural nursing implications were derived from the study.

While the research was done in 1981 and 1982, the researcher has been back to visit the Krishna devotees several times. Contact with other Krishna followers in different places has also been accomplished since the study. The researcher has found that the same cultural beliefs, practices, and values have prevailed within the group over the years.
The Value of Religion in Prison
Authors: CLEAR TODD R. , HARDYMAN PATRICIA L. , STOUT BRUCE , LUCKEN KAROL , DAMMER HARRY R.
Published: March 2007

In recent years, religious programming for inmates is being applauded by some as the latest answer to recidivism. Policy makers and correctional officials alike are among the supporters of these programs that go well beyond conventional prison ministry. The emphasis in promoting the expansion of religion-based programs indeed lies in the claim that faith in a higher power prevents relapse into criminal activity better than secular strategies. Whether this claim can be consistently validated remains unclear. Moreover, the sustained focus on religion's utility in preventing future criminal conduct diminishes religion's immediate value to the inmate during the term of incarceration. With this latter function in mind, this article reports findings from qualitative inquiries conducted in several prisons nationwide. Designed to reveal the meaning of religion to inmates, the study calls attention to the role of religion in preventing devaluation and fostering survival.
Transnational Crime
Authors: SCHLEGEL KIP
Published: March 2007

Transnational organized crime presents interesting dilemmas for federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies. The most significant problems facing law enforcement agencies have to do with both the nature of transnational organized criminal activity, which often closely resembles white-collar crime, and the structure of relationships between law enforcement agencies as they attempt to combat complex economic crime across jurisdictions. A first step in addressing transnational organized crime requires a thorough understanding of the technology of offending and the nature of and mechanisms for reducing regulatory conflict between law enforcement agencies at the various levels of government.
Slams, Crams, Jams, and other Phone Scams
Authors: DODGE MARY
Published: March 2007

The 1984 divestiture of AT&T created a proliferation of telecommunication services and wide-spread opportunities for corporate and consumer fraud. The evolution of the telecommunications industry has resulted in aggressive marketing practices that have affected untold numbers of consumers and has fostered fraudulent practices that pit major long-distance phone companies against each other and against Baby Bells. This article examines slamming, cramming, jamming, holding, and gouging violations. Data from state and federal agencies are analyzed to show the scope of fraudulent practices and the methods of perpetration. The research traces enforcement actions by state public service commissions and the Federal Communications Commission and offers an analysis of the problems associated with regulatory sanctioning efforts that attempt to curtail unethical and illegal practices.
Duty to Intervene: An Officer's Dilemma
Authors: Ferrell Benjamin B.
Published: March 2007

Officers have the duty to enforce the law and are accorded certain privileges in carrying out their duties. When an officer exceeds those privileges other officers on the scene have the duty to intervene and restrain the misfeasor officer. This article reviews the duty of officers to intervene and restrain the use of excessive force and other prohibited conduct by a fellow officer.
Minority Women and Domestic Violence: The Unique Dilemmas of Battered Women of Color
Authors: Rasche Christine E.
Published: March 2007

There is very little in the growing literature on domestic violence which addresses the special problems which racial, ethnic or cultural minority women might face in dealing with abuse from their partners. This paper examines and attempts to understand this gap in the research. It synthesizes the available information on abuse against women from a variety of minority groups, outlining some of the unique dilemmas faced by abused women of color and explaining why many of them may not be willing or able to make use of traditional helping agencies to escape their victimization.
Trial, Error, and the Abolition of the Death Penalty
Authors: Coffey Thomas L. , Morton Jerry L.
Published: March 2007

The abolition of the death penalty for murder in the United States and English speaking world first occurred in Michigan in 1846. Prominent Michigan historians have maintained that two executions were pivotal in creating popular support for abolition. One execution referred to in this article of a man named Simmons has previously been well described. The other, the Canadian execution of a man named Fitzpatrick, has never been documented. This article documents the crime, arrest, detention, trial, sentence, appeal and execution of Fitzpatrick. It briefly analyzes the relationship between Fitzpatrick's hanging and Michigan's historic position on the death penalty.
Community Policing: Promises and Challenges
Authors: Friedmann Robert R.
Published: March 2007

Community policing has been used extensively in the'80s to describe various programs and approaches to improve police work through enhancing interaction with citizens, demonstrating greater sensitivity to community needs, showing greater police presence in problem areas, and attempting to be more responsive to issues not traditionally dealt with by police. This article explores the framework of police-community coproduction, citizens' attitudes toward police, and implications of community policing for the present and the future. The article suggests that, while community policing may not be the panacea for law enforcement, it should be further developed and deployed in a democratic society.
Bringing Order to Chaos: A Model for American Police
Authors: Hunter Ronald D
Published: March 2007

This article examines the problems brought about by the disorganization of American police agencies. An argument is made that overconcern for local autonomy and the intentional fragmentation of the police system have resulted in a chaos which must be restructured into a logical order. The author discusses what other democratic nations have done to make their police systems more effective. Recommendations are then made for improving the police system in a manner consistent with American democratic principles.
Bureaucracy and the Mafia: An Alternative View
Authors: Haller Mark H.
Published: March 2007

Cressey's bureaucratic interpretation of organized crime families has been the dominant view of the subject. This paper reviews the problems associated with the bureaucratic definition and suggests some alternative viewpoints.
Psychological Versus Sociological Explanations for Delinquent Conduct and Gang Formation
Authors: Davis James
Published: March 2007

Sociological and psychological factors are frequently used to explain juvenile delinquency and the emergence and persistence of juvenile gangs. Sociological theories, such as social control, containment, differential association, anomie, and labeling each reflect different levels of predictive utility relative to delinquent conduct. Psychological theories, such as developmental theory, stages of moral development, social learning, and psychodynamic theories are frequently invoked to account for juvenile offending behavior. A survey of literature discloses that both psychological and sociological factors are often employed simultaneously to explain juvenile gangs, since the interface between these two general classes of theory is invariably intertwined. It is suggested that using theoretical strategies from several disciplines simultaneously in the creation of synthesized theoretical schemes to account for delinquent conduct and gang formation, including biological variables, has greater predictive utility as opposed to using single-discipline explanations.
Bandit Banks: Financial Services and Organized Crime
Authors: Punch Maurice
Published: March 2007

The BCCI scandal revealed that international control of banks is lax and that governments, as well as organized crime, need the services of financial institutions. This paper focused on a precursor to BCCI by analyzing the case of the Banco Ambrosiano in Italy. Roberto Calvi took the Banco Ambrosiano to expansion and success; but in the process he let organized crime infiltrate the bank for its own purposes. This proved fatal and he was murdered. The ensuing scandal exposed the involvement of the Vatican and implicated politicians, businessmen, and secret services in a range of dubious and even criminal practices. The affair tended to be seen as an Italian scandal but it should have been a forewarning that the "system" of international regulation needs reforming. In essence, banks are vulnerable to penetration by organized crime; there is a maze of off-shore havens to conceal control of companies and the trail of currency; and that business, governments and security services haveaninterestinnotfundamentallyalteringthissituation which led to the collapse of Banco Ambrosiano and, a decade late, the spectacular bankruptcy of BCCI.
Metatheoretical Issues in the Study of Organized Crime
Authors: Aniskiewicz Rick
Published: March 2007

This paper attempts to contribute to the development of theoretical integration in the study of organized crime by proposing a framework that draws attention to some of the factors that have shaped several different areas of substantive inquiry. The substantive issues are categorized in terms of the emphasis that has been given to the individual, interaction, organization, and emergence/social change. The paper attempts to show how these issues can provide a holistic understanding of organized crime.
Self-Determination?
Authors: BOND-MAUPIN LISA
Published: March 2007

In this article, the author discusses a relatively new system of juvenile justice in one American Indian community in the southwestern United States. A detention center operated by the tribal government, under contract with the Bureau of Indian Affairs, is at the center of this system. Using data collected from participant observation and interviews, the author analyzes the detention center as a “self-determination” program. The author discusses the relative isolation of this program, the lack of community understanding or support for its operation, and the conflict within and between juvenile justice agencies that plague this system. The author also explores the perspectives of community members regarding self-determination and justice for juveniles. The author concludes that the detention center, as a self-determination contract, does not represent meaningful self-government for the people in this Indian community.
An Analysis of Factors that Affect Law Enforcement Participation in Hate Crime Reporting
Authors: NOLAN JAMES J. , AKIYAMA YOSHIO
Published: March 2007

This study examines the social forces that affect law enforcement participation in hate crime data collection initiatives. Focused interviews were conducted in a stratified sample of police officers from various departments in 2 East Coast states. The findings from these interviews were used to create a survey instrument that was distributed to a sample of police officers and civilian employees in 4 police agencies, 1 from each region of the United States: Northeast, West, South, and Central. The survey findings reduced to 60 interrelated variables identified at the focus groups to 10 common factors (or constructs). These factors are: (a) organizational attitudes/beliefs; (b) utility in community relations; (c) organizational self-preservation; (d) efficacy of police involvement; (e) priority of resource allocations; (f) supportive organizational policies and practices; (g) individual attitudes/beliefs; (h) professional self-preservation; (i) work-related difficulties; and (j) organizational commitment. The results of this study provide valuable insight into ways to improve law enforcement participation in hate crime reporting.
Religion, Race, and Public Opinion about Police Officer Gratuities
Authors: JONES MARK
Published: March 2007

Using data obtained from telephone surveys, this article examines the opinions of two groups toward the acceptance of gratuities by police officers. The experimental group was composed of 101 African Americans who were classified as religiously conservative. Because of the strong involvement of African American churches in civil rights activities, and the historic antipathy between many police agencies and some religiously based civil rights groups, it was expected that African American religious conservatives (AARC) would have strong negative sentiments toward the acceptance of gratuities by police officers. This expectation was confirmed in part and rejected in part. Policy implications are also discussed.
A Novel Liquid Core Fiber Temperature Sensor for Smart Structure Applications
Authors: Zimmermann B. , Claus R. , Gunther M. , Greene J. , Devries M.
Published: March 2007

In this paper we describe the principles of operation and performance of a novel, liquid core fiber (LCF) temperature sensor for possible applications in smart struc ture environments. The sensor consists of an optical, time domain, monitoring station and a liquid core fiber probe that contains fluids with very large thermo-optic coefficients. This design makes the sensor fiber very sensitive to temperature fluctuations that have been measured by monitoring induced optical pulse delay. Operating temperature ranges are ex pected to span from —55 to +400°C, with ultimate temperature measurement resolution in the order of 0.05°C/m. Limitations such as sensor packaging and fiber loss/dispersion are also addressed.