bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abnormal Returns of Soccer Teams
Authors: Castellani Massimiliano , Pattitoni Pierpaolo , Patuelli Roberto
Published: September 2013

We analyze the links between soccer match results, betting odds, and stock returns of all listed European soccer teams. Using an event-study approach, we measure positive (negative) abnormal returns following wins (ties and losses). Additionally, we analyze the role, which we find to be nonsignificant, of betting odds in shaping market reactions to unexpected results. We propose an alternative econometric approach, using seemingly unrelated regressions models, to take into account the problem of overlapping events. Abnormal returns following unexpected results are then found to be statistically significant and to magnify the positive (negative) effects of wins (losses).
Neoliberal Capitalism, Globalization, and Lines of Flight
Authors: Dickinson Greg , Ott Brian L.
Published: September 2013

In this essay we resist claims that neoliberal capitalism is all-encompassing and inescapably flat by attending the materiality of a specific site of globalization: Denver’s 16th Street Mall. Taking vector and velocity as critical terms that demand attention to materiality and temporality, we suggest that globalization is rough rather than flat. Using vector and velocity, our critical engagement with The Mall demonstrates complex interplays of global and local, systemic and transgressive, and highlights an intriguing range of tactical, embodied negotiations that suggest potential lines of flight. We argue that careful attention to spatial rhetorics provides intellectuals with powerful critical tools for interrupting and intervening in the spatial politics of the 21st century.
Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Ojserkis Rachel , Morris Blair , McKay Dean
Published: September 2013

Effective treatment for childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is available, including exposure with response prevention and other cognitive-behavioral interventions. However, many children with OCD reside in locations in which few providers have adequate training to implement these procedures correctly. Family accommodation of childhood OCD symptoms further complicates the delivery of existing treatments. The advent of web camera technology has created the opportunity to provide therapy to individuals who otherwise could not access expert care. This case illustrates the treatment of an 8-year-old child with severe OCD who lived in a remote region of the United States. Treatment was administered twice daily for 5 days via web camera. At a 3-month follow-up, the child showed significant improvement in her OCD symptoms and in overall disability. Other symptoms (anxiety and anxiety sensitivity) were reduced, but not at a statistically significant level. The implications for treatment are considered.
Self-Management of Wellness and Illness in an Aging Population
Authors: Mitzner Tracy L. , McBride Sara E. , Barg-Walkow Laura H. , Rogers Wendy A.
Published: September 2013

In this chapter, we review the last 10 years of literature on self-management of illnesses (acute/episodic and chronic) and wellness (e.g., health promotion). We focus on health self-management in the context of an aging population, wherein middle-aged adults are more likely to be managing wellness activities and older adults are often managing both maintenance of health and chronic illnesses. The critical issues related to self-management of health are discussed, including those imposed by health care demands and those stemming from individual differences in general abilities (e.g., motor, perception, cognition) and socioemotional characteristics. The dynamic relationship between theory and practice is highlighted. Health care demands reflect the nature of the illness or wellness activity and include managing comorbidities, symptoms, and medications; engaging in health promotion activities (e.g., exercise, diet); the required use of health technologies; the need for health-related information; and coordination of the care network. Individual differences in motor, perceptual, and cognitive abilities, as well as in the severity and complexity of the illness and the consequent demands, also impact how a person self-manages health. Cognitive abilities, such as decision making, knowledge, literacy (i.e., general, health, and e-health literacy), and numeracy are particularly implicated in the process of managing one’s own health and are especially important in the context of an aging population; therefore we give these cognitive abilities special attention in this chapter. Socioemotional characteristics, and attitudes and beliefs about one’s health, impact an individual’s self-management of health as well, impacting his or her motivation and goal-setting behaviors. Moreover, we discuss literature on interventions that have been used to improve self-management of health, and we examine the potential for technology. We conclude with guidelines for technology design and instruction, and discuss emerging themes.
A randomised controlled trial comparing the effects of micronized progesterone to medroxyprogesterone acetate on cardiovascular health, lipid metabolism and the coagulation cascade in women with premature ovarian insufficiency: Study protocol and review of the literature
Authors: Mittal Monica , Savvas Michael , Arya Roopen , McEniery Carmel , Narvekar Nitish , Cardozo Linda , Panay Nick , Hamoda Haitham
Published: September 2013

Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) can have significant health implications for the affected patient population, but remains a largely under researched area. There is lack of evidence from randomised controlled trials to guide clinical practice, regarding the optimal hormone replacement therapy regimens, dose and route of administration. Furthermore, little research has addressed the effect of the various progestogens used on health parameters in women with POI. Here we describe an ongoing randomised clinical trial looking at the effects of micronized progesterone and medroxyprogesterone acetate, both used in combination with transdermal oestradiol on the cardiovascular system, lipid profile and coagulation cascade in women with POI as a step towards better understanding of the implications of hormone treatment in this cohort of women.
Human pain and genetics: some basics
Authors: James Sabu
Published: September 2013

Human pain causes untold misery and suffering, with major impact on functioning and resources. Recent advances in genetics have revealed that subtle changes in DNA could partly explain the variation in individual differences in pain. Various genes encoding for receptors are now known to play a major role in the sensitivity, perception and expression of pain. The fields of epigenetics and proteomics hold promises in the way pain could be treated and managed in future.
A walking intervention to reduce inflammation in patients with diabetes and peripheral arterial/artery disease: A pilot study
Authors: Collins Tracie C , Twumasi-Ankrah Philip
Published: September 2013

Objectives:

In this pilot study, we sought to determine whether walking reduces inflammation in patients with diabetes mellitus and peripheral arterial/artery disease.

Methods:

We obtained blood samples from patients with diabetes mellitus and peripheral arterial/artery disease. Intervention participants were advised to walk for 50 min 3 days per week for 6 months. Participants completed assessments of comorbidities and walking ability. Difference-in-difference analyses were used to assess the relationship between group assignment and each biomarker over time.

Results:

We randomized 55 participants (control = 25 and intervention = 30). At 6 months and based on p values of <0.20, vascular cellular adhesion molecule, beta-2 microglobulin, total cholesterol, and triglycerides demonstrated a greater decrease among participants randomized to the intervention compared to the control.

Conclusions:

Walking may reduce inflammation in persons with diabetes mellitus and peripheral arterial/artery disease. Further research is needed to determine the impact of walking on inflammation in persons with vascular disease.
Compartment syndrome of the testicle: a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Sharifi LK , Patten DK , Thomas R , Alchikhali T , Vig S
Published: September 2013

In this case report we describe a patient presenting with symptoms of right sided testicular torsion who, upon surgical exploration, was noted to no longer have a torsion of the spermatic cord but persisted in having an ischaemic testicle refractory to reperfusion. A testicular compartment syndrome was suspected and the patient underwent fasciotomy of the tunica albuginea, leading to full reperfusion and good clinical outcome at three weeks and 10 months. This case raises the question of the value of performing such fasciotomies in patients who would otherwise undergo orchidectomy. Following a review of the literature, we feel the technique may well have a place in the management of torsion, pending further study.

Databases searched were Medline, Embase, Cochrane, Trip and NHS Evidence. Search criteria included ‘compartment’, ‘testicle’, ‘testicular’, ‘syndrome’, ‘compartment syndrome’ and testis’ and combinations of these key words.
Music Educators’ Self-Perceptions of Interpersonal Skills
Authors: Howard Sandra A. , Seaver Karen J.
Published: September 2013

The purpose of this exploratory study was to measure music educators’ ( N = 9) self-perceptions of their use of interpersonal skills. Participants rated themselves on 32 statements included on the “My Use of Interpersonal Skills Inventory” in pre- and posttest formats. Participants participated in a 4-week period of weekly practice, class discussions, and self-reflections focused on interpersonal skills. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test was applied and revealed an overall significant difference ( z = −2.81, p < .01) in participants’ self-perceptions of their use of interpersonal skills. Self-perceptions of improved skills were reported in 20 out of 32 areas including a statistically significant ( p < .05) increase of ratings for seven interpersonal skill behaviors.
JAK2 p.V617F detection and allele burden measurement in peripheral blood and bone marrow aspirates in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms
Authors: Takahashi Koichi , Patel Keyur P. , Kantarjian Hagop , Luthra Rajyalakshmi , Pierce Sherry , Cortes Jorge , Verstovsek Srdan
Published: September 2013

Key Points

The sensitivity and specificity of detecting the JAK2 p.V617F mutation in PB are both 100% compared with BM. The JAK2 p.V617F allele burden measured in PB is equivalent to that in BM aspirate (R2 = 0.991; P < .0001).
Regulatory T cells and natural killer T cells for modulation of GVHD following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation
Authors: Schneidawind Dominik , Pierini Antonio , Negrin Robert S.
Published: September 2013

Alloreactivity of donor lymphocytes leads to graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) contributing to significant morbidity and mortality following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Within the past decade, significant progress has been made in elucidating the mechanisms underlying the immunologic dysregulation characteristic of GVHD. The recent discoveries of different cell subpopulations with immune regulatory function has led to a number of studies aimed at understanding their role in allogeneic HCT and possible application for the prevention and treatment of GVHD and a host of other immune-mediated diseases. Preclinical animal modeling has helped define the potential roles of distinct populations of regulatory cells that have progressed to clinical translation with promising early results.
Small ruminant macrophage polarization may play a pivotal role on lentiviral infection
Authors: Crespo Helena , Bertolotti Luigi , Juganaru Magda , Glaria Idoia , de Andrés Damián , Amorena Beatriz , Rosati Sergio , Reina Ramsés
Published: September 2013

Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) infect the monocyte/macrophage lineage inducing a long-lasting infection affecting body condition, production and welfare of sheep and goats all over the world. Macrophages play a pivotal role on the host’s innate and adaptative immune responses against parasites by becoming differentially activated. Macrophage heterogeneity can tentatively be classified into classically differentiated macrophages (M1) through stimulation with IFN-γ displaying an inflammatory profile, or can be alternatively differentiated by stimulation with IL-4/IL-13 into M2 macrophages with homeostatic functions. Since infection by SRLV can modulate macrophage functions we explored here whether ovine and caprine macrophages can be segregated into M1 and M2 populations and whether this differential polarization represents differential susceptibility to SRLV infection. We found that like in human and mouse systems, ovine and caprine macrophages can be differentiated with particular stimuli into M1/M2 subpopulations displaying specific markers. In addition, small ruminant macrophages are plastic since M1 differentiated macrophages can express M2 markers when the stimulus changes from IFN-γ to IL-4. SRLV replication was restricted in M1 macrophages and increased in M2 differentiated macrophages respectively according to viral production. Identification of the infection pathways in macrophage populations may provide new targets for eliciting appropriate immune responses against SRLV infection.
Post-transplantation encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis without inflammation or radiological abnormalities
Authors: Habib Sayed Meelad , Dor Frank Johan Marinus Frederik , Korte Mario Richard , Hagen Sander Martijn , Betjes Michiel Gerardus Henricus
Published: September 2013

Background

Post-transplantation encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) causing bowel obstruction has been identified as a serious complication after kidney transplantation in patients previously treated with peritoneal dialysis. Systemic inflammation and abnormalities on an abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan are important hallmarks of EPS. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a case being diagnosed with late-onset post-transplantation EPS without systemic inflammation or abnormalities on a CT scan which could only be diagnosed by laparotomy.

Case presentation

A 59-year old female presented because of symptoms of bowel obstruction 33 months after kidney transplantation. The patient had a 26-month history of peritoneal dialysis before her first kidney transplantation and was treated with peritoneal dialysis for 4 years before undergoing a second kidney transplantation. Physical examination was unremarkable and laboratory tests showed no signs of systemic inflammation (C-reactive protein <1 mg/L). An abdominal CT scan did not reveal any abnormalities fitting the diagnosis of EPS, except a “feces sign”. Given the severity of the progressive symptoms, a diagnostic laparotomy was performed, visualizing a classical EPS. Total peritonectomy and enterolysis were performed, leading to restoration of peristalsis.

Conclusion

EPS may occur several years after kidney transplantation in the absence of inflammation and typical radiological abnormalities. Obtaining a diagnosis of post-transplantation EPS is challenging, however, a low threshold for surgical exploration in case of high clinical suspicion and negative findings on the CT scan is mandatory.
Antioxidant, anti-adipocyte differentiation, antitumor activity and anthelminticactivities against Anisakis simplex and Hymenolepis nana ofyakuchinone A from Alpinia oxyphylla
Authors: Lin Rong-Jyh , Yen Chuan-Min , Chou Tzung-Han , Chiang Feng-Yu , Wang Guey-Horng , Tseng Ya-Ping , Wang Lin , Huang Ting-Wei , Wang Hui-Chuan , Chan Leong-Perng , Ding Hsiou-Yu , Liang Chia-Hua
Published: September 2013

Background

Alpinia oxyphylla is a common remedy in traditional Chinese medicine.Yakuchinone A is a major constituent of A. oxyphylla andexhibits anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antibacterial, and gastric protectiveactivities.

Methods

Antioxidant and antitumor characteristics of yakuchinone A in skin cancer cells aswell as novel mechanisms for the inhibition of adipocyte differentiation,cestocidal activities against Hymenolepis nana adults, and nematocidalactivities against Anisakis simplex larvae are investigated.

Results

Yakuchinone A presents the ability of the removal of DPPH·andABTS+ free radicals and inhibition of lipid peroxidation.Yakuchinone A suppresses intracellular lipid accumulation during adipocytedifferentiation in 3 T3-L1 cells and the expressions of leptin andperoxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ(PPAR γ). Yakuchinone A induces apoptosis and inhibits cellproliferation in skin cancer cells. The inhibition of cell growth by yakuchinone Ais more significant for non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) cells than for melanoma(A375 and B16) and noncancerous (HaCaT and BNLCL2) cells. Treatment BCC cells withyakuchinone A shows down-regulation of Bcl-2, up-regulation of Bax, and anincrease in cleavage poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). This suggests thatyakuchinone A induces BCC cells apoptosis through the Bcl-2-mediated signalingpathway. The anthelmintic activities of yakuchinone A for A. simplex arebetter than for H. nana.

Conclusions

In this work, yakuchinone A exhibits antioxidative properties, anti-adipocytedifferentiation, antitumor activity, and anthelmintic activities against A.simplex and H. nana.
Head and neck irradiation modulates pharmacokinetics of 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin
Authors: Hsieh Chen-Hsi , Hou Mei-Ling , Chiang Meng-Hsuan , Tai Hung-Chi , Tien Hui-Ju , Wang Li-Ying , Tsai Tung-Hu , Chen Yu-Jen
Published: September 2013

Background

5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and cisplatin (CDDP) are used to enhance radiotherapy (RT) effect for head and neck (HN) cancers. However, the effect of local RT on systemic chemotherapeutics remains unclear. Here, we evaluated the influence of HN irradiation on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of 5-FU and CDDP in rats as experimental model.

Methods

The radiation dose distributions of HN cancer patients were determined for the low dose areas, which are generously deposited around the target volume. Two Gy and 0.5 Gy RT were selected. Single-fraction radiation was delivered to the HN of Sprague–Dawley rats. 5-FU at 100 mg/kg or CDDP at 5 mg/kg was intravenously infused 24 hours after radiation.

Results

Radiation at 2 Gy reduced the area under the plasma concentration vs. time curve (AUC) of 5-FU and CDDP by 16% and 29% compared to non-irradiated controls, respectively. This was accompanied by incremental total plasma clearance values. Intriguingly, low dose radiation at 0.5 Gy resulted in a similar pharmacokinetic profile, with a 17% and 33% reduction in the AUC of 5-FU and CDDP, respectively. The changes in AUC of bile, which increases with RT, were opposite to AUC of plasma for both drugs.

Conclusions

The local HN RT could modulate systemic PK of 5-FU and CDDP in rats. This unexpected RT-PK phenomena may provide a reference for adjustment of drug administration and is worthy of further investigation.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT01755585 and NCT01609114
Posttraumatic stress disorder and health: a preliminary study of group differences in health and health behaviors
Authors: Godfrey Kathryn M , Lindamer Laurie A , Mostoufi Sheeva , Afari Niloofar
Published: September 2013

Background

Individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are more likely to undertake harmful health behaviors like substance use. Less is known about the association of PTSD with healthful behaviors such as healthy diet and exercise. The purpose of this study was to examine differences across physical health indicators and health behaviors in individuals with and without PTSD.

Methods

A cross-sectional, case–control study of health indicators and self-reported health behaviors in a community and military veteran sample was used.

Results

Based on a structured psychiatric interview, 25 participants had PTSD, and the remaining 55 without PTSD served as the comparison group. Participants were 40 years old on average and 45% were female. Multivariate analysis of variance analyses revealed that participants with PTSD had significantly higher body mass index (p = 0.004), had more alcohol use (p = 0.007), and reported fewer minutes of vigorous exercise (p = 0.020) than those without PTSD. Chi-square analysis of diet content and eating behavior constructs found that individuals with PTSD ate fewer fruits (p = 0.035) and had more guilt after overeating (p = 0.006).

Conclusions

These findings replicate prior research on the link between PTSD and negative health outcomes and engagement in harmful health behaviors and highlight the need for further examination of the association between PTSD and other health behaviors like diet content, eating behaviors, and exercise.
Plasma metabolomic profiling of dairy cows affected with ketosis using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
Authors: Zhang Hongyou , Wu Ling , Xu Chuang , Xia Cheng , Sun Lingwei , Shu Shi
Published: September 2013

Background

Ketosis is an important problem for dairy cows` production performance. However, it is still little known about plasma metabolomics details of dairy ketosis.

Results

A gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) technique was used to investigate plasma metabolic differences in cows that had clinical ketosis (CK, n=22), subclinical ketosis (SK, n=32), or were clinically normal controls (NC, n=22). The endogenous plasma metabolome was measured by chemical derivatization followed by GC/MS, which led to the detection of 267 variables. A two-sample t-test of 30, 32, and 13 metabolites showed statistically significant differences between SK and NC, CK and NC, and CK and SK, respectively. Orthogonal signal correction-partial least-square discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) revealed that the metabolic patterns of both CK and SK were mostly similar, with the exception of a few differences. The development of CK and SK involved disturbances in many metabolic pathways, mainly including fatty acid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the pentose phosphate pathway. A diagnostic model arbitrary two groups was constructed using OPLS-DA and receiver–operator characteristic curves (ROC). Multivariate statistical diagnostics yielded the 19 potential biomarkers for SK and NC, 31 for CK and NC, and 8 for CK and SK with area under the curve (AUC) values. Our results showed the potential biomarkers from CK, SK, and NC, including carbohydrates, fatty acids, amino acids, even sitosterol and vitamin E isomers, etc. 2-piperidinecarboxylic acid and cis-9-hexadecenoic acid were closely associated with metabolic perturbations in ketosis as Glc, BHBA and NEFA for dealing with metabolic disturbances of ketosis in clinical practice. However, further research is needed to explain changes of 2,3,4-trihydroxybutyric acid, 3,4-dihydroxybutyric acid, α-aminobutyric acid, methylmalonic acid, sitosterol and α-tocopherol in CK and SK, and to reveal differences between CK and SK.

Conclusion

Our study shows that some new biomarkers of ketosis from plasma may find new metabolic changes to have clinically new utility and significance in diagnosis, prognosis, and prevention of ketosis in the future.
Transcription through enhancers suppresses their activity in Drosophila
Authors: Erokhin Maksim , Davydova Anna , Parshikov Alexander , Studitsky Vasily M , Georgiev Pavel , Chetverina Darya
Published: September 2013

Background

Enhancer elements determine the level of target gene transcription in a tissue-specific manner, providing for individual patterns of gene expression in different cells. Knowledge of the mechanisms controlling enhancer action is crucial for understanding global regulation of transcription. In particular, enhancers are often localized within transcribed regions of the genome. A number of experiments suggest that transcription can have both positive and negative effects on regulatory elements. In this study, we performed direct tests for the effect of transcription on enhancer activity.

Results

Using a transgenic reporter system, we investigated the relationship between the presence of pass-through transcription and the activity of Drosophila enhancers controlling the expression of the white and yellow genes. The results show that transcription from different promoters affects the activity of enhancers, counteracting their ability to activate the target genes. As expected, the presence of a transcriptional terminator between the inhibiting promoter and the affected enhancer strongly reduces the suppression. Moreover, transcription leads to dislodging of the Zeste protein that is responsible for the enhancer-dependent regulation of the white gene, suggesting a 'transcription interference’ mechanism for this regulation.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest a role for pass-through transcription in negative regulation of enhancer activity.
Gene hunting in autoinflammation
Authors: Standing Ariane , Omoyinmi Ebun , Brogan Paul
Published: September 2013

Steady progress in our understanding of the genetic basis of autoinflammatory diseases has been made over the past 16 years. Since the discovery of the familial Me diterranean f ev er gene MEFV (also known as marenostrin) in 1997, 18 other genes responsible for monogenic autoinflammatory diseases have been identified to date. The discovery of these genes was made through the utilisation of many genetic mapping techniques, including next generation sequencing platforms. This review article clearly describes the gene hunting approaches, methods of data analysis and the technological platforms used, which has relevance to all those working within the field of gene discovery for Mendelian disorders.
Translation and validation of the German version of the Bournemouth questionnaire for low back pain
Authors: Blum-Fowler Celina , Peterson Cynthia , McChurch Johanna Forrer , Le Clech Yann , Humphreys B Kim
Published: September 2013

Background

Finding the best outcome measures for research and quality assurance purposes in terms of validity, sensitivity to change, length and ease of completion is crucial. The Bournemouth questionnaire for neck pain patients was recently translated and validated into German and found to be more sensitive to change than other commonly used questionnaires. However, the low back pain version is not yet available in German. Therefore the purpose of this study was to translate and validate the Bournemouth Questionnaire (BQ) for low back pain (LBP) into German.

Methods

The translation was done in 4 steps, translated and back-translated by two independent people and adapted and approved by an expert committee. Face validity was then done by 30 people who checked the questionnaire for comprehension. Test-retest reliability (reproducibility) was tested using 30 stable back pain patients. Internal consistency was tested using 108 low back patients. External construct validity, external longitudinal validity and responsiveness was tested against the German versions of the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and the SF-36 questionnaire using 108 patients from 5 different chiropractic clinics.

Results

The BQ showed high test-retest reliability (ICC > 0.91) for all items and strong internal consistency (Cronbachs alpha = 0.86 at baseline and 0.94 at 4 weeks).

The BQ demonstrated good external construct and longitudinal construct validity with established measures. The effect sizes of the BQ were high and comparable with established measures.

External construct validity and external longitudinal construct validity showed significant correlation for all 7 scales of the BQ with the relevant scales of the other questionnaires with one exception. External responsiveness results showed higher effect sizes for the BQ items and total score indicating better sensitivity to change than the compared measures.

Conclusion

The BQ for LBP was successfully translated and adapted into German. It was successfully tested for validity, consistency, and responsiveness against the German versions of the ODI and the SF-36. It is shorter, covers more domains than the ODI and is more sensitive to change than the other questionnaires.
Optimum parametric performance characterization of an irreversible gas turbine Brayton cycle
Authors: Abou Al-Sood Maher M , Matrawy Kassem K , Abdel-Rahim Yousef M
Published: September 2013

A general mathematical model is developed to specify the performance of an irreversible gas turbine Brayton cycle incorporating two-stage compressor, two-stage gas turbine, intercooler, reheater, and regenerator with irreversibilities due to finite heat transfer rates and pressure drops. Ranges of operating parameters resulting in optimum performance (i.e., η
I ≥ 38 ≥ η
II ≥ 60%, ECOP ≥ 1.65, x
loss ≤ 0.150 MJ/kg, BWR ≤ 0.525, w
net ≥ 0.300 MJ/kg, and q
add ≤ 0.470 MJ/kg) are determined and discussed using the Monte Carlo method. These operating ranges are minimum cycle temperature ranges between 302 and 315 K, maximum cycle temperature ranges between 1,320 and 1,360 K, maximum cycle pressure ranges between 1.449 and 2.830 MPa, and conductance of the heat exchanger ranges between 20.7 and 29.6 kW/K. Exclusive effect of each of the operating parameters on each of the performance parameters is mathematically given in a general formulation that is applicable regardless of the values of the rest of the operating parameters and under any condition of operation of the cycle.
Feasibility of a supported self-management intervention for relatives of people with recent-onset psychosis: REACT study
Authors: Lobban Fiona , Glentworth David , Chapman Lesley , Wainwright Laura , Postlethwaite Adam , Dunn Graham , Pinfold Vanessa , Larkin Warren , Haddock Gillian
Published: September 2013

Background

Relatives of people with psychosis experience high levels of distress and require support. Family interventions have been shown to be effective in improving outcomes but are difficult to access and not suitable for all relatives.

Aims

To assess the feasibility and effectiveness of a supported self-management package for relatives of people with recent-onset psychosis.

Method

A randomised controlled trial (n = 103) comparing treatment as usual (TAU) in early intervention services with TAU plus the Relatives' Education And Coping Toolkit (REACT) intervention (trial identifier: ISRCTN69299093).

Results

Compared with TAU only, those receiving the additional REACT intervention showed reduced distress and increased perceived support and perceived ability to cope at 6-month follow-up.

Conclusions

The toolkit is a feasible and potentially effective intervention to improve outcomes for relatives. A larger trial is needed to reliably assess the clinical and cost-effectiveness of REACT, and its impact on longer-term outcomes.
Total somatic symptom score as a predictor of health outcome in somatic symptom disorders
Authors: Tomenson Barbara , Essau Cecilia , Jacobi Frank , Ladwig Karl Heinz , Leiknes Kari Ann , Lieb Roselind , Meinlschmidt Gunther , McBeth John , Rosmalen Judith , Rief Winfried , Sumathipala Athula
Published: September 2013

Background

The diagnosis of somatisation disorder in DSM-IV was based on ‘medically unexplained’ symptoms, which is unsatisfactory.

Aims

To determine the value of a total somatic symptom score as a predictor of health status and healthcare use after adjustment for anxiety, depression and general medical illness.

Method

Data from nine population-based studies (total n = 28377) were analysed.

Results

In all cross-sectional analyses total somatic symptom score was associated with health status and healthcare use after adjustment for confounders. In two prospective studies total somatic symptom score predicted subsequent health status. This association appeared stronger than that for medically unexplained symptoms.

Conclusions

Total somatic symptom score provides a predictor of health status and healthcare use over and above the effects of anxiety, depression and general medical illnesses.
Atypical protein kinase C couples cell sorting with primitive endoderm maturation in the mouse blastocyst
Authors: Saiz Néstor , Grabarek Joanna B. , Sabherwal Nitin , Papalopulu Nancy , Plusa Berenika
Published: September 2013

During mouse pre-implantation development, extra-embryonic primitive endoderm (PrE) and pluripotent epiblast precursors are specified in the inner cell mass (ICM) of the early blastocyst in a ‘salt and pepper’ manner, and are subsequently sorted into two distinct layers. Positional cues provided by the blastocyst cavity are thought to be instrumental for cell sorting; however, the sequence of events and the mechanisms that control this segregation remain unknown. Here, we show that atypical protein kinase C (aPKC), a protein associated with apicobasal polarity, is specifically enriched in PrE precursors in the ICM prior to cell sorting and prior to overt signs of cell polarisation. aPKC adopts a polarised localisation in PrE cells only after they reach the blastocyst cavity and form a mature epithelium, in a process that is dependent on FGF signalling. To assess the role of aPKC in PrE formation, we interfered with its activity using either chemical inhibition or RNAi knockdown. We show that inhibition of aPKC from the mid blastocyst stage not only prevents sorting of PrE precursors into a polarised monolayer but concomitantly affects the maturation of PrE precursors. Our results suggest that the processes of PrE and epiblast segregation, and cell fate progression are interdependent, and place aPKC as a central player in the segregation of epiblast and PrE progenitors in the mouse blastocyst.
FGF signaling sustains the odontogenic fate of dental mesenchyme by suppressing β-catenin signaling
Authors: Liu Chao , Gu Shuping , Sun Cheng , Ye Wenduo , Song Zhongchen , Zhang Yanding , Chen YiPing
Published: September 2013

Odontoblasts and osteoblasts develop from multipotent craniofacial neural crest cells during tooth and jawbone development, but the mechanisms that specify and sustain their respective fates remain largely unknown. In this study we used early mouse molar and incisor tooth germs that possess distinct tooth-forming capability after dissociation and reaggregation in vitro to investigate the mechanism that sustains odontogenic fate of dental mesenchyme during tooth development. We found that after dissociation and reaggregation, incisor, but not molar, mesenchyme exhibits a strong osteogenic potency associated with robustly elevated β-catenin signaling activity in a cell-autonomous manner, leading to failed tooth formation in the reaggregates. Application of FGF3 to incisor reaggregates inhibits β-catenin signaling activity and rescues tooth formation. The lack of FGF retention on the cell surface of incisor mesenchyme appears to account for the differential osteogenic potency between incisor and molar, which can be further attributed to the differential expression of syndecan 1 and NDST genes. We further demonstrate that FGF signaling inhibits intracellular β-catenin signaling by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway to regulate the subcellular localization of active GSK3β in dental mesenchymal cells. Our results reveal a novel function for FGF signaling in ensuring the proper fate of dental mesenchyme by regulating β-catenin signaling activity during tooth development.
Haemodynamic Responses to Radial Motion in the Visual Cortex
Authors: Wijeakumar Sobanawartiny , Shahani Uma , Simpson William A. , McCulloch Daphne L.
Published: September 2013

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is an optical imaging technique that relies on emitting near-infrared light into cortical tissue to measure changes in haemoglobin concentrations as a result of stimulation. The purpose of this study was to observe haemodynamic changes in response to moving stimuli over the primary visual cortex. The test stimuli were radially expanding and contracting concentric gratings and the control stimulus was a matched stationary pattern. A two-channel oximeter (Oxiplex TS) was used to record changes in oxyhaemoglobin (HbO), de-oxyhaemoglobin (Hb) and total haemoglobin concentrations (THb). An increase in haemodynamic activation was observed 20s after the onset of motion and maintained for up to 20s following motion offset (30s time window). This was compared to a time window of 10s before the offset of the stationary presentation. Differences between expanding and contracting motion did not achieve significance at any of the locations. However, a significantly larger HbO response was observed across the 30s time window when compared to the baseline window at both occipital locations. Preliminary results from more temporal locations also showed a similar trend. It is suggested that the delayed rise in HbO levels could be due to an inconsistent maintenance of luminance and contrast-related features of the moving stimuli in V1 receptive fields. Furthermore, motion-after effects could have contributed to delaying the drop to baseline levels. The current study has shown some evidence that fNIRS can be used to record haemodynamic responses to moving stimuli from the visual cortex. We suggest that longer durations of randomised moving, stationary and grey screen presentations would be useful in teasing apart pure motion responses and after-effects. fNIRS could also potentially be used to investigate haemodynamic changes in disorders such as amblyopia that present with motion processing deficits.
The Mexico-China Sourcing Game: Teaching Global Dual Sourcing
Authors: Allon Gad , Van Mieghem Jan A.
Published: September 2013

We describe a three-hour class on global dual sourcing built around a game that demonstrates the challenges in making operational decisions, and transfers recent academic insights to the classroom. Student teams manage a firm with access to a responsive but expensive supply source (Mexico) and a cheap but remote source (China). Each team must determine a sourcing strategy to satisfy random demand that is revealed throughout the game. In each period, teams place orders to both sources and manage two assets: inventory and their bank account. The goal is to maximize each team's value (final bank balance). During the debriefings, we analyze the policies used by different teams along both financial and operational metrics, present the optimal strategy, and summarize the experiential learning points.
Measuring insect rarity: practical issues, pragmatic approaches
Authors: Fattorini Simone , Di Giulio Andrea , Dapporto Leonardo
Published: September 2013

Rarity is often considered an indication of species extinction risk, and rarity measures are used as important tools to predict species vulnerability and hence to establish conservation priorities. For these reasons, rarity is among the most important issues involved in conservation programs. A number of studies have attempted to investigate relationships between rarity and extinction risk in plants and vertebrates, whereas only few papers have investigated similar issues in invertebrate taxa. This has limited the use of standardized rarity measures in invertebrate conservation studies. Assessing rarity is especially important when other pieces of information are difficult, or even definitively impossible, to obtain, as commonly found for most insects. Four broad categories of rarity are commonly recognized: geographical, ecological, population and phylogenetic rarity. On the basis of this framework, we present here a short review of the rarity forms most frequently investigated in insect studies, and their relationships with the main species traits related to extinction risk (such as body size, mobility, trophic level, host specificity, larval and adult behaviours, etc.). We discuss what they mean, how they can be measured, which type of data (field collections, museum data, literature information) are needed and how to avoid the most common pitfalls associated with rarity studies, with indications for pragmatic approaches in data analysis.
In-Line Near-Infrared (NIR) and Raman Spectroscopy Coupled with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for in Situ Evaluation of the Transesterification Reaction
Authors: Fontalvo-Gómez Miriam , Colucci José A , Velez Natasha , Romañach Rodolfo J.
Published: September 2013

Biodiesel was synthesized from different commercially available oils while in-line Raman and near-infrared (NIR) spectra were obtained simultaneously, and the spectral changes that occurred during the reaction were evaluated with principal component analysis (PCA). Raman and NIR spectra were acquired every 30 s with fiber optic probes inserted into the reaction vessel. The reaction was performed at 60–70 °C using magnetic stirring. The time of reaction was 90 min, and during this time, 180 Raman and NIR spectra were collected. NIR spectra were collected using a transflectance probe and an optical path length of 1 mm at 8 cm−1 spectral resolution and averaging 32 scans; for Raman spectra a 3 s exposure time and three accumulations were adequate for the analysis. Raman spectroscopy showed the ester conversion as evidenced by the displacement of the C=O band from 1747 to 1744 cm−1 and the decrease in the intensity of the 1000–1050 cm−1 band and the 1405 cm−1 band as methanol was consumed in the reaction. NIR spectra also showed the decrease in methanol concentration with the band in the 4750–5000 cm−1 region; this signal is present in the spectra of the transesterification reaction but not in the neat oils. The variations in the intensity of the methanol band were a main factor in the in-line monitoring of the transesterification reaction using Raman and NIR spectroscopy. The score plot of the first principal component showed the progress of the reaction. The final product was analyzed using 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H NMR) spectroscopy and using mid-infrared spectroscopy, confirming the conversion of the oils to biodiesel.
Modeling, Characterizing, and Accommodating Static Birefringence in Circular and Linear Dichroism Spectroscopy
Authors: DiNitto Julie M. , Kenney John M.
Published: September 2013

Nearly all circular dichroism (CD) and linear dichroism (LD) spectrometers use a photoelastic modulator (PEM) in which an optical element is stressed using a high-tension voltage (HT) signal to induce birefringence. The birefringence consequently produces a phase difference between perpendicular polarization states of light passing through the PEM that is appropriate to CD or LD measurements. However, even without external stress (i.e., at zero HT) the PEM exhibits an inherent static birefringence. This article discusses the characterization of the static birefringence inherent to a PEM and its effect on the measurement of CD and LD, as well as the development and implementation of a novel model that accommodates for the presence of static birefringence. The model is validated with CD and LD experiments using purely chiral or linearly structured molecules (camphorsulfonic acid and chrysazin).
Application of Raman Spectroscopy, Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS), and Density Functional Theory for the Identification of Phenethylamines
Authors: Taplin Francis , O'Donnell Deanna , Kubic Thomas , Leona Marco , Lombardi John
Published: September 2013

We evaluated the normal Raman (NR) and the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) of three sympathomimetic amines: phenethylamine, ephedrine, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). In addition, quantum mechanical calculations–geometry optimization and calculations of the harmonic vibrational frequencies–were performed using the density functional theory (DFT) approach. Vibrational assignments were made by comparing the experimental and calculated spectra. The study found that both NR and SERS provided excellent spectra for the drugs tested. Certain conditions, such as response to various laser wavelengths and background fluorescence of the analyte, could be easily managed using SERS techniques. The DFT-calculated spectra could be correlated with the experimental spectra without the aid of a scaling factor. We also present a set of discriminant bands, useful for distinguishing the three compounds, despite their structural similarities.
Advancing Energy Cane Cell Wall Digestibility Screening by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Chong Barrie Fong , O'Shea Michael G.
Published: September 2013

Breeding energy cane for cellulosic biofuel production involves manipulating various traits. An important trait to optimize is cell wall degradability as defined by enzymatic hydrolysis. We investigated the feasibility of using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) combined with multivariate calibration to predict energy cane cell wall digestibility based upon fiber samples from a range of sugarcane genotypes and related species. These samples produced digestibility values ranging between 6 and 31%. To preserve the practicality of the technique, spectra obtained from crudely prepared samples were used. Various spectral preprocessing methods were tested, with the best NIRS calibration obtained from second derivative, orthogonal signal–corrected spectra. Model performance was evaluated by cross-validation and independent validation. Large differences between the performance results from the two validation approaches indicated that the model was sensitive to the choice of test data. This may be remedied by using a larger calibration training set containing diverse sample types. The best result was obtained through independent validation which produced a R 2 value of 0.86, a root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP) of 1.59, and a ratio of prediction to deviation (RPD) of 2.7. This study has demonstrated that it is feasible and practical to use NIRS to predict energy cane cell wall digestibility.
Ultraviolet (UVB and UVA) Photoprotector Activity and Percutaneous Penetration of Extracts Obtained from Arrabidaea chica
Authors: Siraichi Jackeline T.G. , Pedrochi Franciana , Natali Maria R.M. , Ueda-Nakamura Tânia , Filho Benedito P. Dias , Bento Antonio C. , Baesso Mauro L. , Nakamura Celso V.
Published: September 2013

The aim of this work is to investigate the photoprotection activity and toxicity level of formulations containing the extract and its fractions obtained from leaves of Arrabidaea chica. The ex vivo percutaneous penetration of the extract was evaluated using the photoacoustic spectroscopy technique. The formulation presented optical absorption in the ultraviolet region, including UVA and UVB. This formulation was obtained without adding inorganic UV filters, as is frequently used in commercial sunscreens. The results showed a penetration rate similar to those of commercial sunscreens with its presence on the skin surface at least 180 min after the application. This formulation presented no toxic effects evaluated using hematological, biochemical, and histological assays. The results suggest that the formulation from the leaves of A. chica provides substantial protection against UVA + UVB radiation with a possible advantage of being natural and free of inorganic compounds compared with the majority of available commercial sunscreens.
Pulsed-Laser Time-Resolved Thermal Mirror Technique in Low-Absorbance Homogeneous Linear Elastic Materials
Authors: Lukasievicz Gustavo V. B. , Astrath Nelson G. C. , Malacarne Luis C. , Herculano Leandro S. , Zanuto Vitor S. , Baesso Mauro L. , Bialkowski Stephen E.
Published: September 2013

A theoretical model for a time-resolved photothermal mirror technique using pulsed-laser excitation was developed for low absorption samples. Analytical solutions to the temperature and thermoelastic deformation equations are found for three characteristic pulse profiles and are compared to finite element analysis methods results for finite samples. An analytical expression for the intensity of the center of a continuous probe laser at the detector plane is derived using the Fresnel diffraction theory, which allows modeling of experimental results. Experiments are performed in optical glasses, and the models are fitted to the data. The parameters of the fit are in good agreement with previous literature data for absorption, thermal diffusion, and thermal expansion of the materials tested. The combined modeling and experimental techniques are shown to be useful for quantitative determination of the physical properties of low absorption homogeneous linear elastic material samples.