bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Driving and off‐road impairments underlying failure on road testing in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Devos Hannes , Vandenberghe Wim , Tant Mark , Akinwuntan Abiodun E. , De Weerdt Willy , Nieuwboer Alice , Uc Ergun Y.
Published: October 2013

Parkinson's disease (PD) affects driving ability. We aimed to determine the most critical impairments in specific road skills and in clinical characteristics leading to failure on a road test in PD. In this cross‐sectional study, certified driving assessment experts evaluated specific driving skills in 104 active, licensed drivers with PD using a standardized, on‐road checklist and issued a global decision of pass/fail. Participants also completed an off‐road evaluation assessing demographic features, disease characteristics, motor function, vision, and cognition. The most important driving skills and off‐road predictors of the pass/fail outcome were identified using multivariate stepwise regression analyses. Eighty‐six (65%) passed and 36 (35%) failed the on‐road driving evaluation. Persons who failed performed worse on all on‐road items. When adjusted for age and gender, poor performances on lateral positioning at low speed, speed adaptations at high speed, and left turning maneuvers yielded the best model that determined the pass/fail decision (R2 = 0.56). The fail group performed poorer on all motor, visual, and cognitive tests. Measures of visual scanning, motor severity, PD subtype, visual acuity, executive functions, and divided attention were independent predictors of pass/fail decisions in the multivariate model (R2 = 0.60). Our study demonstrated that failure on a road test in PD is determined by impairments in specific driving skills and associated with deficits in motor, visual, executive, and visuospatial functions. These findings point to specific driving and off‐road impairments that can be targeted in multimodal rehabilitation programs for drivers with PD. © 2013 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Reshaping the transcriptional frontier: Epigenetics and somatic cell nuclear transfer
Authors: Long Charles R. , Westhusin Mark E. , Golding Michael C.
Published: October 2013

Somatic‐cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) experiments have paved the way to the field of cellular reprogramming. The demonstrated ability to clone over 20 different species to date has proven that the technology is robust but very inefficient, and is prone to developmental anomalies. Yet, the offspring from cloned animals exhibit none of the abnormalities of their parents, suggesting the low efficiency and high developmental mortality are epigenetic in origin. The epigenetic barriers to reprogramming somatic cells into a totipotent embryo capable of developing into a viable offspring are significant and varied. Despite their intimate relationship, chromatin structure and transcription are often not uniformly reprogramed after nuclear transfer, and many cloned embryos develop gene expression profiles that are hybrids between the donor cell and an embryonic blastomere. Recent advances in cellular reprogramming suggest that alteration of donor‐cell chromatin structure towards that found in an normal embryo is actually the rate‐limiting step in successful development of SCNT embryos. Here we review the literature relevant to the transformation of a somatic‐cell nucleus into an embryo capable of full‐term development. Interestingly, while resetting somatic transcription and associated epigenetic marks are absolutely required for development of SCNT embryos, life does not demand perfection. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 81: 183–193, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Scheduling and Nonlinear Model Predictive Control Strategy for Continuous Polymerization Reactors
Authors: Gutierrez‐Limón Miguel Angel , Flores‐Tlacuahuac Antonio
Published: October 2013

A novel formulation for addressing planning, scheduling, and control problems in a Methyl‐Methacrylate CSTR is presented. Improved optimal solutions can be obtained by using a simultaneous solution approach where the interactions among these problems are explicitly taken into account, in contrast with the classical sequential or decoupled way to address it. In previous works a cyclic production strategy for addressing production patterns has been used. For real‐time implementation an extended‐horizon production strategy has been used. Moreover, the open‐loop optimal dynamic transition trajectories among target polymerization grades are closed‐loop implemented using a Nonlinear Model Predictive Control strategy for dealing with disturbance rejection and set‐point tracking issues.
Numerical modeling of susceptibility‐related MR signal dephasing with vessel size measurement: Phantom validation at 3T
Authors: Pannetier Nicolas A. , Sohlin Maja , Christen Thomas , Schad Lothar , Schuff Norbert
Published: October 2013

Purpose

MRI is used to obtain quantitative oxygenation and blood volume information from the susceptibility‐related MR signal dephasing induced by blood vessels. However, analytical models that fit the MR signal are usually not accurate over the range of small blood vessels. Moreover, recent studies have demonstrated limitations in the simultaneous assessment of oxygenation and blood volume. In this study, a multiparametric MRI framework that aims to measure vessel radii in addition to magnetic susceptibility and volume fraction was introduced.

Methods

The protocol consisted of gradient‐echo sampling of the spin‐echo, diffusion, T2, and B0 acquisitions. After correction steps, the data were postprocessed with a versatile numerical model of the MR signal. An important analytical model was implemented for comparison. The approach was validated in phantoms with coiling strings as proxy for blood vessels.

Results

The feasibility of the vessel radius measurement is demonstrated. The numerical model shows an improved accuracy compared with the analytical approach. However, both methods overestimate the radius. The simultaneous measurement of the magnetic susceptibility and the volume fraction remains challenging.

Conclusion

The results suggest that this approach could be interesting in vivo to better characterize the microvasculature without contrast agent. Magn Reson Med 72:646–658, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantitative susceptibility mapping of kidney inflammation and fibrosis in type 1 angiotensin receptor‐deficient mice
Authors: Xie Luke , Sparks Matthew A. , Li Wei , Qi Yi , Liu Chunlei , Coffman Thomas M. , Johnson G. Allan
Published: October 2013

Disruption of the regulatory role of the kidneys leads to diverse renal pathologies; one major hallmark is inflammation and fibrosis. Conventional magnitude MRI has been used to study renal pathologies; however, the quantification or even detection of focal lesions caused by inflammation and fibrosis is challenging. We propose that quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) may be particularly sensitive for the identification of inflammation and fibrosis. In this study, we applied QSM in a mouse model deficient for angiotensin receptor type 1 (AT1). This model is known for graded pathologies, including focal interstitial fibrosis, cortical inflammation, glomerulocysts and inner medullary hypoplasia. We acquired high‐resolution MRI on kidneys from AT1‐deficient mice that were perfusion fixed with contrast agent. Two MR sequences were used (three‐dimensional spin echo and gradient echo) to produce three image contrasts: T1, T2* (magnitude) and QSM. T1 and T2* (magnitude) images were acquired to segment major renal structures and to provide landmarks for the focal lesions of inflammation and fibrosis in the three‐dimensional space. The volumes of major renal structures were measured to determine the relationship of the volumes to the degree of renal abnormalities and magnetic susceptibility values. Focal lesions were segmented from QSM images and were found to be closely associated with the major vessels. Susceptibilities were relatively more paramagnetic in wild‐type mice: 1.46 ± 0.36 in the cortex, 2.14 ± 0.94 in the outer medulla and 2.10 ± 2.80 in the inner medulla (10–2 ppm). Susceptibilities were more diamagnetic in knockout mice: –7.68 ± 4.22 in the cortex, –11.46 ± 2.13 in the outer medulla and –7.57 ± 5.58 in the inner medulla (10–2 ppm). This result was consistent with the increase in diamagnetic content, e.g. proteins and lipids, associated with inflammation and fibrosis. Focal lesions were validated with conventional histology. QSM was very sensitive in detecting pathology caused by small focal inflammation and fibrosis. QSM offers a new MR contrast mechanism to study this common disease marker in the kidney. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Difference
Authors: Sahlins Marshall
Published: October 2013

Speaking in particular of Oceanic societies, my intention is to reverse the gestalt of Le totemisme aujourd'hui to foreground the role of difference as a fundamental condition of the possibility of society – difference between as well as within societies. I take the point that difference is not just an historical circumstance but that it is indeed a positive value. Accordingly, differentiation is not so much a natural process as it is a cultural intention.
Neoplastic causes of abnormal puberty
Authors: Wendt Susanne , Shelso John , Wright Karen , Furman Wayne
Published: October 2013

Background

Neoplasm‐related precocious puberty (PP) is a rare presenting feature of childhood cancer. Moreover, evaluation of suspected PP in a child is complex, and cancer is often not considered. We characterized the clinicopathologic features of patients presenting with PP at a large pediatric cancer center, reviewed the relevant literature, and developed an algorithm for the diagnostic work‐up of these patients.

Methods

We examined the records of all patients with a neoplasm and concomitant PP treated at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital from January 1975 through October 2011, reviewed the available literature, and analyzed the demographic, clinical, endocrine, and neoplasm‐related features.

Results

Twenty‐four of 13,615 children and adolescents (0.18%) were diagnosed with PP within 60 days of presentation. Primary diagnoses included brain tumor (12), adrenocortical carcinoma (5), hepatoblastoma (4), and others (3). PP was observed 0–48 months before diagnosis of neoplasm; 17 patients had peripheral PP and 7 had central PP.

Conclusions

Neoplasm‐related PP is rare and takes the form of a paraneoplastic syndrome caused by tumor production of hormones or by alteration of physiologic gonadotropin production. PP can precede diagnosis of malignancy by months or years, and neoplastic causes should be considered early to avoid delayed cancer diagnosis. Treatment of the primary malignancy resolved or diminished PP in surviving patients with an intact hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:664–671. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Co‐microencapsulation of ammonium polyphosphate and aluminum hydroxide in halogen‐free and intumescent flame retarding polypropylene
Authors: Zheng Zaihang , Sun Huimin , Li Wenjie , Zhong Shuangling , Yan Juntao , Cui Xuejun , Wang Hongyan
Published: October 2013

In this article, co‐microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and aluminum hydroxide (ATH) [M(A&A)] was prepared by using 4,4'‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) and melamine (MEL) via in situ surface polymerization method. The chemical composition of M(A&A) was confirmed by Fourier transform‐infrared spectra (FT‐IR). Thermal behavior and surface morphology of M(A&A) were systematically analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), respectively. Water solubility tests indicate that water solubility of M(A&A) decreases greatly than un‐microencapsulated ones. Besides, flame retardant properties of polypropylene (PP) compositing with M(A&A) were investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning tests (UL‐94) and cone calorimeter. The results demonstrate the LOI value of PP composites is improved after combining with co‐microencapsulated flame retardants. Compared with PP/A&A, the peak heat release rate of PP/M(A&A) decreases from 210 to 120 kW/m2 at the same flame retardant loading level. Moreover, in order to investigate the flame retardant mechanism, the char residue of PP composites after combustion was studied by optical photos, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra and FT‐IR. POLYM. COMPOS., 35:715–729, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
A composite model for starve fed single screw extrusion of thermoplastics
Authors: Wilczyński Krzysztof J. , Nastaj Andrzej , Lewandowski Adrian , Wilczyński Krzysztof
Published: October 2013

A composite model has been developed to simulate a starve fed single screw extrusion of thermoplastics. The model is based on combining melt conveying models with new melting models. Illustrative computations are made for low‐density polyethylene and polypropylene at various operating conditions. Simulations are made for axial fill factor, pressure, temperature, and melting profiles. The results are validated experimentally. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:2362–2374, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Epigenetic Changes in Gene Expression for Drug‐Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters
Authors: Kim In‐Wha , Han Nayoung , Burckart Gilbert J. , Oh Jung Mi
Published: October 2013

Individual differences in drug response can be caused by genetic and epigenetic variability and disease determinants. Pharmacoepigenetics is a new field that studies the expression changes in pharmacogenes without changes in DNA sequences. Epigenetic control mechanisms are associated with DNA methylation, histone modification, small noncoding RNAs, and nucleosome remodeling. Researchers are actively attempting to identify epigenetic mechanisms for controlling the expression of enzymes and transporters affecting the metabolism and disposition of drugs. Current evidence suggests that epigenetic changes play a major role in cytochrome P450 enzyme expression, major transporter function, and in interactions with nuclear receptors. A thorough understanding of pharmacoepigenetics provides insight into new approaches to drug discovery and development, provides an understanding of previously observed actions of older drugs, and provides a pathway by which epigenetics can be harnessed to provide better patient‐specific therapy.
Sport club participation of adolescents with asthma: Maternal factors and adolescent cognitions
Authors: Tiggelman Dana , van de Ven Monique O.M. , van Schayck Onno C.P. , Kleinjan Marloes , Engels Rutger C.M.E.
Published: October 2013

Rationale

Sport participation is especially important for patients with asthma in that it decreases psychosocial and physiological problems associated with inactivity. However, adolescents with asthma seem to participate less in sports compared to their non‐asthmatic peers. The current study tested the direct associations between maternal sport‐specific factors and sport club participation of early adolescents with asthma and the indirect effect through adolescent's sport‐specific cognitions.

Methods

During home visits, 261 adolescents (aged 10–15) completed questionnaires about self‐efficacy, beliefs regarding sport participation, and their actual sport club participation. Their mothers reported their sport‐specific support, beliefs about offspring's and own sport participation, their own levels of physical activity, and their self‐efficacy to stimulate offspring to participate in sports. Path analyses were used to examine the direct and indirect associations of maternal sport‐specific factors with adolescents sport club participation via adolescent sport‐specific cognitions.

Results

Analyses showed that maternal sport‐specific support (β = 0.20, P = 0.007) and self‐efficacy to stimulate offspring to participate in sports (β = 0.20, P = 0.027) related positively to adolescents' sport club participation. Adolescents' self‐efficacy (indirect effect = 0.09, SE = 3.01, P < 0.001) mediated the positive relation between maternal self‐efficacy to stimulate offspring to participate in sport and adolescents' participation in sport clubs.

Conclusion

Maternal sport‐specific factors related to adolescents' sport club participation directly and indirectly through adolescents' sport‐specific cognitions. Intervention programs should focus on maternal sport‐specific support and self‐efficacy and adolescents' self‐efficacy to increase sport participation of adolescents with asthma. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2014; 49:835–841. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enrichment of human prostate cancer cells with tumor initiating properties in mouse and zebrafish xenografts by differential adhesion
Authors: Bansal Nitu , Davis Stephani , Tereshchenko Irina , Budak‐Alpdogan Tulin , Zhong Hua , Stein Mark N. , Kim Isaac Yi , DiPaola Robert S. , Bertino Joseph R. , Sabaawy Hatem E.
Published: October 2013

BACKGROUND

Prostate tumor‐initiating cells (TICs) have intrinsic resistance to current therapies. TICs are commonly isolated by cell sorting or dye exclusion, however, isolating TICs from limited primary prostate cancer (PCa) tissues is inherently inefficient. We adapted the collagen adherence feature to develop a combined immunophenotypic and time‐of‐adherence assay to identify human prostate TICs.

METHODS

PCa cells from multiple cell lines and primary tissues were allowed to adhere to several matrix molecules, and fractions of adherent cells were examined for their TIC properties.

RESULTS

Collagen I rapidly‐adherent PCa cells have significantly higher clonogenic, migration, and invasion abilities, and initiated more tumor xenografts in mice when compared to slowly‐adherent and no‐adherent cells. To determine the relative frequency of TICs among PCa cell lines and primary PCa cells, we utilized zebrafish xenografts to define the tumor initiation potential of serial dilutions of rapidly‐adherent α2β1hi/CD44hi cells compared to non‐adherent cells with α2β1low/CD44low phenotype. Tumor initiation from rapidly‐adherent α2β1hi/CD44hi TICs harboring the TMPRSS2:ERG fusion generated xenografts comprising of PCa cells expressing Erg, AMACR, and PSA. Moreover, PCa‐cell dissemination was consistently observed in the immune‐permissive zebrafish microenvironment from as‐few‐as 3 rapidly‐adherent α2β1hi/CD44hi cells. In zebrafish xenografts, self‐renewing prostate TICs comprise 0.02–0.9% of PC3 cells, 0.3–1.3% of DU145 cells, and 0.22–14.3% of primary prostate adenocarcinomas.

CONCLUSION

Zebrafish PCa xenografts were used to determine that the frequency of prostate TICs varies among PCa cell lines and primary PCa tissues. These data support a paradigm of utilizing zebrafish xenografts to evaluate novel therapies targeting TICs in prostate cancer. Prostate 74:187–200, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lisdexamfetamine: new second‐line treatment option in ADHD
Authors: Chaplin Steve , Hayward David
Published: October 2013

Lisdexamfetamine is a prodrug of dexamfetamine indicated for the treatment of ADHD. In our New products review, Steve Chaplin presents the clinical data relating to its efficacy and adverse effects, and Dr David Hayward discusses its place in treatment compared with methylphenidate.
Trends in prescribing in general practice, 2002–2012
Authors: Chaplin Steve
Published: October 2013

Steve Chaplin analyses the changes in GP prescribing volume and cost in England in the previous decade and between 2011 and 2012.
Current approaches to the management of hepatitis C
Authors: Backx Matthijs , Healy Brendan
Published: October 2013

Hepatitis C can lead to cirrhosis, decompensated liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. The authors discuss today's recommended management and the GP's role in diagnosis, screening and referral.
Orange/yellow InGaN/AlN nanodisk light emitting diodes
Authors: Mathew Manish , Sodabanalu Hassanet , Sugiyama Masakazu , Nakano Yoshiaki
Published: October 2013

Indium gallium nitride (InGaN)/aluminium nitride (AlN) self‐assembled nanodisk light emitting diode (LED) structures were grown on sapphire substrate using metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE). Structural analysis shows that the initial AlN layer plays a crucial role in the formation of nanodisk structure. Nanodisks were formed due to cracks introduced in the first AlN layer on n‐GaN template. The succeeding InGaN/AlN layers introduced branching of the nanodisks due to cracks from the initial AlN layer. The structural properties of nanodisk were confirmed from atomic force microscopy (AFM) and high‐angle annular dark‐field (HAADF) images. Observation of electroluminescence (EL) showed that, at lower injection current orange (605 nm) color light was emitted and that when the injection current increased the wavelength shifted from orange to yellow (586 nm). This large EL blue shift observed in the nanodisk LED was due weakening of the quantum confined stark effect (QCSE) at high injection current. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Thermal stability of single crystalline alpha gallium oxide films on sapphire substrates
Authors: Lee Sam‐Dong , Akaiwa Kazuaki , Fujita Shizuo
Published: October 2013

High quality single crystalline alpha gallium oxide (α‐Ga2O3) films, as highlighted by the X‐ray diffraction ω‐scan full‐width at half maximum of as small as 30 arcsec, were prepared by the mist chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The quality of the film was markedly dependent of the carrier gas flow rate, so we need careful attention for the optimum growth conditions. The thermal stability of α‐Ga2O3 films was investigated by studying their thermal stability under thermal annealing in terms of the structural and optical properties. It was found that α‐Ga2O3films grown at 470 °C are stable until 550 °C, but are gradually transformed to β‐Ga2O3over 600 °C. Finally, β‐Ga2O3films only existed at 700 °C. So the device processes for α‐Ga2O3 should be done below 550 °C to avoid phase transformation. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Comparative study on nano‐scale III‐V double‐gate MOSFETs with various channel materials
Authors: Nishida Akio , Hasegawa Kei , Ohama Ryoko , Fujikawa Sachie , Hara Shinsuke , Fujishiro Hiroki I.
Published: October 2013

The current drivability of III‐V double gate MOSFETs with various channel materials are investigated by using quantum‐corrected Monte Carlo simulation. The InGaAs channel shows the largest electron injection velocity vinj. However, the backward currents by alloy scattering (AL) in the channel and by non‐polar optical phonon scattering (NPOP) in the drain decrease the average electron velocity vs from vinj even at Lg of 10 nm. In the GaAs channel, in addition to the decrease in vinj by the L valleys conduction, NPOP and polar optical phonon scattering (POP) cause the backward currents, which decrease vs further from vinj. The InP channel shows the smallest vinj, however, the backward current by POP in the channel is small and that by NPOP in the drain is almost negligible. Therefore vs is almost reaching vinj at Lg of 10 nm. On the other hand, the electron density nb is largest in the InP channel owing to the large Cgs. Eventually, the InP channel shows the largest Ids. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Light outcoupling efficiency enhancement in organic light emitting diodes using an organic scattering layer
Authors: Grover Rakhi , Srivastava Ritu , Kamalasanan M. N. , Mehta D. S.
Published: October 2013

Crystallized 4,7‐diphyenyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline (BPhen) films deposited by convenient vacuum thermal evaporation technique have been found to be an efficient means to extract the substrate wave guided light in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). The optimized BPhen film working as organic scattering layer was successfully used with OLEDs for light outcoupling efficiency improvement. Enhancement of 26%, 15% and 6% in efficiency of the blue, green and red OLEDs were obtained, respectively. The achievement was found to be advantageous in terms of simplicity of fabrication method and feasibility for large area OLED applications. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Improving the selection of IASI channels for use in numerical weather prediction
Authors: Ventress L. , Dudhia A.
Published: October 2013

High‐resolution infrared sounders, such as the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) on the current MetOp series of satellites, produce several orders of magnitude more data per location than previous instruments used in operational retrieval and data assimilation schemes. Using the full spectrum (8641 channels for IASI) is impractical and a common approach is to identify a subset of channels which, ideally, conveys the most information on the target parameters (e.g. atmospheric temperature and water vapour) but using a relatively small number of measurements.

Representing the problem as a one‐dimensional retrieval, optimal estimation provides an efficient framework for channel selection, and is the basis of several current schemes. However, while modelling the propagation of random (spectrally uncorrelated) errors into the retrieval, the standard algorithm does not allow for spectrally correlated errors, particularly arising from the radiative transfer modelling, which are often the limiting factor in retrieval accuracy. Such errors are either ignored or represented only approximately during the selection.

This article describes a modification to the standard algorithm which allows spectrally correlated errors to be properly modelled, and quantified, within the channel selection process. Comparing the results with an established selection scheme shows that significant improvements can be obtained when retrieving temperature regarding water vapour as an error term, but are less dramatic when both are retrieved together. The concept of ‘total’ information available from an IASI spectrum is also re‐assessed.
Spinoffs versus buyouts: Profitability of alternate routes for commercializing innovations
Authors: Rubera Gaia , Tellis Gerard J.
Published: October 2013

This research compares the performance of spinoffs and buyouts divested to commercialize innovations. The authors study 145 spinoffs and 121 buyouts that occurred in the United States between 1996 and 2005. Analysis provides three critical findings. First, spinoffs have higher profits in the two years after divestiture; afterwards, buyouts have higher profits. Second, strategic emphasis (investment in R&D versus marketing) is the mechanism that explains the diverging profitability of spinoffs and buyouts over time. Third, this occurs through two routes: a one‐step mediated effect via strategic emphasis; a two‐step mediated effect via strategic emphasis and radicalness. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular Self‐Assembly on Graphene
Authors: MacLeod J. M. , Rosei F.
Published: October 2013

The formation of ordered arrays of molecules via self‐assembly is a rapid, scalable route towards the realization of nanoscale architectures with tailored properties. In recent years, graphene has emerged as an appealing substrate for molecular self‐assembly in two dimensions. Here, the first five years of progress in supramolecular organization on graphene are reviewed. The self‐assembly process can vary depending on the type of graphene employed: epitaxial graphene, grown in situ on a metal surface, and non‐epitaxial graphene, transferred onto an arbitrary substrate, can have different effects on the final structure. On epitaxial graphene, the process is sensitive to the interaction between the graphene and the substrate on which it is grown. In the case of graphene that strongly interacts with its substrate, such as graphene/Ru(0001), the inhomogeneous adsorption landscape of the graphene moiré superlattice provides a unique opportunity for guiding molecular organization, since molecules experience spatially constrained diffusion and adsorption. On weaker‐interacting epitaxial graphene films, and on non‐epitaxial graphene transferred onto a host substrate, self‐assembly leads to films similar to those obtained on graphite surfaces. The efficacy of a graphene layer for facilitating planar adsorption of aromatic molecules has been repeatedly demonstrated, indicating that it can be used to direct molecular adsorption, and therefore carrier transport, in a certain orientation, and suggesting that the use of transferred graphene may allow for predictible molecular self‐assembly on a wide range of surfaces.
Agile maturity model: analysing agile maturity characteristics from the SPICE perspective
Authors: Schweigert Tomas , Vohwinkel Detlef , Korsaa Morten , Nevalainen Risto , Biro Miklos
Published: October 2013

The paper discusses structure, quality and content of the currently available agile maturity models. It presents two approaches on how to deal with such models. As a first step of the analysis, the paper contains a compilation of maturity level naming used by these agile maturity models because the variety of level naming is a sign of the variety of understanding and of definition of agile maturity.

While many papers deal with agile from an inside perspective, this paper is written from the perspective of Software Process Improvement (SPI) and Capability Determination, the European Certification and Qualification Association PI Manager Certification Scheme and also the SPI Manifesto.

The paper does not explicitly present its own agile maturity model.

The analysis approaches presented in the paper show that the currently available agile maturity models are not fit for industrial use. The synthesis of an acceptable model seems to be feasible as the analysed models address typical organisational processes including life cycle management. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FGF2 and Insulin Signaling Converge to Regulate Cyclin D Expression in Multipotent Neural Stem Cells
Authors: Adepoju Adedamola , Micali Nicola , Ogawa Kazuya , Hoeppner Daniel J. , McKay Ronald D.G.
Published: October 2013

The ex vivo expansion of stem cells is making major contribution to biomedical research. The multipotent nature of neural precursors acutely isolated from the developing central nervous system has been established in a series of studies. Understanding the mechanisms regulating cell expansion in tissue culture would support their expanded use either in cell therapies or to define disease mechanisms. Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) and insulin, ligands for tyrosine kinase receptors, are sufficient to sustain neural stem cells (NSCs) in culture. Interestingly, real-time imaging shows that these cells become multipotent every time they are passaged. Here, we analyze the role of FGF2 and insulin in the brief period when multipotent cells are present. FGF2 signaling results in the phosphorylation of Erk1/2, and activation of c-Fos and c-Jun that lead to elevated cyclin D mRNA levels. Insulin signals through the PI3k/Akt pathway to regulate cyclins at the post-transcriptional level. This precise Boolean regulation extends our understanding of the proliferation of multipotent NSCs and provides a basis for further analysis of proliferation control in the cell states defined by real-time mapping of the cell lineages that form the central nervous system. Stem Cells  2014;32:770–778
Effects of some PVC‐grafted maleic anhydrides (PVC‐g‐MAs) on the morphology, and the mechanical and thermal properties of (alfa fiber)‐reinforced PVC composites
Authors: Hammiche Dalila , Boukerrou Amar , Djidjelli Hocine , Djerrada Abderrahmane
Published: October 2013

This work studied the poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) chemically modified with maleic anhydride (MA) through reactions in solution, using benzoyl peroxide as an initiator. Quantities of the grafted MA were determined by the titration of carboxylic acid groups derived from the anhydride functions. Estimation of the grafted MA level was also performed by using IR absorbance ratio. Increases in reaction time led to higher levels of grafted MA. The effects of three different PVCs grafted with maleic anhydride (PVC‐g‐MAs) types on the morphological, mechanical, and thermal properties of PVC/alfa (fiber) composites were examined. The interfacial properties between fiber and PVC were improved after the addition of PVC‐g‐MA, as was evident from SEM morphology study. Enhancements of the mechanical properties and thermal stability of the PVC‐g‐MA‐treated composites were strongly dependent on the amount of MA grafts. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 19:225–232, 2013. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
How climate change mitigation could harm development in poor countries
Authors: Jakob Michael , Steckel Jan Christoph
Published: October 2013

Avoiding dangerous climate changes requires emission reductions in not only industrialized but also developing countries. This opinion piece argues that even if the ‘full incremental costs’ of abatement in developing countries would be covered by industrialized countries, the former's development prospects could be hampered by climate change mitigation due to the following reasons. First, financial inflows have the potential to induce a ‘climate finance curse’ similar to adverse effects related to natural resource exports. Second, increased use of more expensive low‐carbon energy sources could delay structural change and the build‐up of physical infrastructure. Third, higher energy prices could have negative effects on poverty and inequality. We conclude that these considerations should not be seen as an indication that one should abstain from emission reductions in developing countries. However, until developing countries' most severe concerns can be appropriately addressed, attention should be focused on measures that promote human well‐being while saving emissions. WIREs Clim Change 2014, 5:161–168. doi: 10.1002/wcc.260

This article is categorized under:

Climate Economics > Economics of Mitigation

Climate, Nature, and Ethics > Climate Change and Global Justice

Climate and Development > Social Justice and the Politics of Development
Wind energy literature survey no. 30
Authors: Henriksen Lars Christian
Published: October 2013

As a service to readers, Wind Energy regularly conducts literature surveys and publishes lists of relevant articles drawn from recent issues of a large number of periodicals including Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, International Journal of Energy Research, Renewable Energy, Energy Sources, Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Journal, Electric Power Components and Systems along with a number of periodicals published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, etc. The list is limited exclusively to journals not specifically devoted to wind energy and its applications. To assist the reader, the list is separated into broad categories. Although many papers fit several categories, each paper is listed only once under the category thought most appropriate. Please note that the inclusion in the list is not an endorsement of a paper's quality. Compiled by Lars Christian Henriksen, Department of Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark, PO 49, DK‐4000 Roskilde, Denmark. Please e‐mail any suggestions to larh@ dtu.dk. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two Zinc(II) Coordination Polymers Based on Terphenyl‐2,2′,4,4′‐tetracarboxylate and Dipyridyl Ligands: Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Luminescent Properties
Authors: Wang Ji‐Jiang , Wang Tian‐Tian , Tang Long , Hou Xiang‐Yang , Zhang Mei‐Li , Gao Lou‐Jun , Fu Feng , Ren Yi‐Xia
Published: October 2013

Two coordination polymers, {[Zn2(L)(bpy)]·2H2O}n (1) and [Zn2(L)(bpe)]n (2) [H4L = terphenyl‐2,2′,4,4′‐tetracarboxylic acid, bpy = 4,4′‐bipyridine, and bpe = 1,2‐bis(4‐pyridyl)ethane], were hydrothermally synthesized under similar conditions and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, TGA, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. Compound 1 has a 3D framework containing Zn–O–C–O–Zn 1D chains. Compound 2 exhibits a 3D framework, which features tubular channels. The channels are occupied by bpe molecules. The differences in the structures demonstrate that the auxiliary dipyridyl‐containing ligand has a significant effect on the construction of the final framework. Additionally, the fluorescent properties of the two compounds were also studied in the solid state at room temperature.
A Practical and Inexpensive One‐Pot Synthesis of Bis(indenyl)­dimethyltitanium with Aqueous Workup Procedure
Authors: Ross Jan H. , Preuß Till , Brahms Christian , Doye Sven
Published: October 2013

A simple, reliable, and reproducible procedure for the multi‐gram synthesis of highly pure bis(indenyl)dimethyltitanium is presented. The procedure relies on a one‐pot conversion of inexpensive indene, methyllithium, and titanium tetrachloride to [Ind2TiMe2] and a convenient and quick aqueous workup protocol. Overall, quantities of several grams of [Ind2TiMe2] can be synthesized within a few hours. The procedure can also be used for the synthesis of [Cp2TiMe2] from cyclopentadiene, methyllithium, and titanium tetrachloride.
Workplace Bullying in the OR: Results of a Descriptive Study
Authors: Chipps Esther , Stelmaschuk Stephanie , Albert Nancy M. , Bernhard Linda , Holloman Christopher
Published: October 2013

This study describes the incidence of workplace bullying among perioperative RNs, surgical technologists, and unlicensed perioperative personnel in two academic medical centers. The study sought to determine whether the demographic variables of gender, ethnicity, hospital, years of experience on the unit, years in the profession, and job title predict the experience of workplace bullying; whether a relationship exists between workplace bullying and emotional exhaustion; and whether bullying is associated with perceptions of patient safety in the OR. The cross‐sectional design included perioperative nurses, surgical technologists, and unlicensed perioperative personnel (N = 167). Fifty‐nine percent of the study participants reported witnessing coworker bullying weekly, and 34% reported at least two bullying acts weekly. Having one's opinion ignored is the most common bullying act, with 28% of respondents experiencing being ignored. Differences in the experience of bullying can be found between hospitals and among ethnicities. Emotional exhaustion also was correlated with bullying. The participants did not perceive bullying as affecting patient safety.
Back to Basics: Hand Hygiene and Surgical Hand Antisepsis
Authors: Spruce Lisa
Published: October 2013

Health care–associated infections (HAIs) are a significant issue in the United States and throughout the world, but following proper hand hygiene practices is the most effective and least expensive way to prevent HAIs. Hand hygiene is inexpensive and protects patients and health care personnel alike. The four general types of hand hygiene that should be performed in the perioperative environment are washing hands that are visibly soiled, hand hygiene using alcohol‐based products, surgical hand scrubs, and surgical hand scrubs using an alcohol‐based surgical hand rub product. Barriers to proper hand hygiene may include not thinking about it, forgetting, skin irritation, a lack of role models, or a lack of a safety culture. One strategy for improving hand hygiene practices is monitoring hand hygiene as part of a quality improvement project, but the most important aspect for perioperative team members is to set an example for other team members by following proper hand hygiene practices and reminding each other to perform hand hygiene.
Role of the hypoxia response pathway in lens formation during embryonic development of Xenopus laevis
Authors: Baba Kazunobu , Muraguchi Taichi , Imaoka Susumu
Published: October 2013

The RING finger ubiquitin ligase seven in absentia homolog 2 (Siah2) was identified in the R7 photoreceptor cells of Drosophila melanogaster, and it regulates the stability of prolyl hydroxylase domains (PHDs), with a concomitant effect on HIF‐1α availability in the hypoxia response pathway. We previously reported that the hypoxia response pathway contributes to eye development during the embryonic development of Xenopus laevis. In this paper, the role of Siah2‐mediated hypoxia response pathway in eye development of X. laevis embryos was further characterized. Xenopus Siah2 (xSiah2) mRNA was detected in lens tissue and xSiah2 overexpression caused a thickened lens placode, leading to loss of the optic lens. In embryos overexpressing xSiah2, lens marker gene transcription was reduced, suggesting that xSiah2 contributes to lens formation. xSiah2 overexpression decreased Xenopus PHD accumulation and increased Xenopus HIF‐1α (xHIF‐1α) accumulation. xHIF‐1α degeneration with resveratrol restored the optical abnormality caused by xSiah2 overexpression, suggesting that the xSiah2‐mediated hypoxia response pathway contributes to lens formation. Moreover, xSiah2 overexpression decreased endothelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)‐related Notch signaling‐responsive genes transcription during the invasion of the lens placode. Our results suggest that the hypoxia response pathway plays an important role in the regulation of the EMT via the Notch signaling pathway during lens formation.
Flow past a rotationally oscillating cylinder
Authors: Kumar S. , Lopez C. , Probst O. , Francisco G. , Askari D. , Yang Y.
Published: October 2013

Flow past a circular cylinder executing sinusoidal rotary oscillations about its own axis is studied experimentally. The experiments are carried out at a Reynolds number of 185, oscillation amplitudes varying from $\mathrm{\pi} / 8$ to $\mathrm{\pi} $, and at non-dimensional forcing frequencies (ratio of the cylinder oscillation frequency to the vortex-shedding frequency from a stationary cylinder) varying from 0 to 5. The diagnostic is performed by extensive flow visualization using the hydrogen bubble technique, hot-wire anemometry and particle-image velocimetry. The wake structures are related to the velocity spectra at various forcing parameters and downstream distances. It is found that the phenomenon of lock-on occurs in a forcing frequency range which depends not only on the amplitude of oscillation but also the downstream location from the cylinder. The experimentally measured lock-on diagram in the forcing amplitude and frequency plane at various downstream locations ranging from 2 to 23 diameters is presented. The far-field wake decouples, after the lock-on at higher forcing frequencies and behaves more like a regular Bénard–von Kármán vortex street from a stationary cylinder with vortex-shedding frequency mostly lower than that from a stationary cylinder. The dependence of circulation values of the shed vortices on the forcing frequency reveals a decay character independent of forcing amplitude beyond forcing frequency of ${\sim }1. 0$ and a scaling behaviour with forcing amplitude at forcing frequencies ${\leq }1. 0$. The flow visualizations reveal that the far-field wake becomes two-dimensional (planar) near the forcing frequencies where the circulation of the shed vortices becomes maximum and strong three-dimensional flow is generated as mode shape changes in certain forcing parameter conditions. It is also found from flow visualizations that even at higher Reynolds number of 400, forcing the cylinder at forcing amplitudes of $\mathrm{\pi} / 4$ and $\mathrm{\pi} / 2$ can make the flow field two-dimensional at forcing frequencies greater than ${\sim }2. 5$.
Turbulent structure of high-amplitude pressure peaks within the turbulent boundary layer
Authors: Ghaemi S. , Scarano F.
Published: October 2013

The positive and negative high-amplitude pressure peaks (HAPP) are investigated in a turbulent boundary layer at $R{e}_{\theta } = $ 1900 in order to identify their turbulent structure. The three-dimensional velocity field is measured within the inner layer of the turbulent boundary layer using tomographic particle image velocimetry (tomo-PIV). The measurements are performed at an acquisition frequency of 10 000 Hz and over a volume of $418\times 149\times 621$ wall units in the streamwise, wall-normal and spanwise directions, respectively. The time-resolved velocity fields are applied to obtain the material derivative using the Lagrangian method followed by integration of the Poisson pressure equation to obtain the three-dimensional unsteady pressure field. The simultaneous volumetric velocity, acceleration, and pressure data are conditionally sampled based on local maxima and minima of wall pressure to analyse the three-dimensional turbulent structure of the HAPPs. Analysis has associated the positive HAPPs to the shear layer structures formed by an upstream sweep of high-speed flow opposing a downstream ejection event. The sweep event is initiated in the outer layer while the ejection of near-wall fluid is formed by the hairpin category of vortices. The shear layers were observed to be asymmetric in the instantaneous visualizations of the velocity and acceleration fields. The asymmetric pattern originates from the spanwise component of temporal acceleration of the ejection event downstream of the shear layer. The analysis also demonstrated a significant contribution of the pressure transport term to the budget of the turbulent kinetic energy in the shear layers. Investigation of the conditional averages and the orientation of the vortices showed that the negative HAPPs are linked to both the spanwise and quasi-streamwise vortices of the turbulent boundary layer. The quasi-streamwise vortices can be associated with the hairpin category of vortices or the isolated quasi-streamwise vortices of the inner layer. A bi-directional analysis of the link between the HAPPs and the hairpin paradigm is also conducted by conditionally averaging the pressure field based on the detection of hairpin vortices using strong ejection events. The results demonstrated positive pressure in the shear layer region of the hairpin model and negative pressure overlapping with the vortex core.
On the measurement of turbulent magnetic diffusivities: the three-dimensional case
Authors: Cattaneo F. , Tobias S. M.
Published: October 2013

It has been shown that it is possible to measure the turbulent diffusivity of a magnetic field by a method involving oscillatory sources. So far the method has only been tried in the special case of two-dimensional fields and flows. Here we extend the method to three dimensions and consider the case where the flow is thermally driven convection in a large-aspect-ratio domain. We demonstrate that if the diffusing field is horizontal the method is successful even if the underlying flow can sustain dynamo action. We show that the resulting turbulent diffusivity is comparable with, although not exactly the same as, that of a passive scalar. We were not able to measure unambiguously the diffusivity if the diffusing field is vertical, but argue that such a measurement is possible if enough resources are utilized on the problem.
UnderstandingCurtiss-Wright
Authors: Purcell Edward A.
Published: October 2013

The most striking feature of the Supreme Court's decision inUnited States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp.is its language asserting an independent and exclusive executive foreign affairs power. As “the sole organ of the federal government in the field of foreign relations,” the Court declared, the executive holds “very delicate, plenary and exclusive power” that “does not require as a basis for its exercise an act of Congress.” From the day the case was decided, it has stood as a preeminent authority for those who would magnify the constitutional role of the president by proclaiming the independent and unchecked nature of the executive's foreign affairs power.
Judicial “Truth” and Historical “Truth”: The Case of the Ardeatine Caves Massacre
Authors: Resta Giorgio , Zeno-Zencovich Vincenzo
Published: October 2013

It is frequently claimed that adjudication before a court of law and historical adjudication are two entirely different tasks. The methods and techniques employed by judges and historians contrast sharply. The judge faces many constraints, in terms of choice of subject matter, the arguments to be considered, the evidence to be evaluated, the procedural steps to be followed, the substantive rules to be applied, and the time available to reach a decision; historians, by contrast, are relatively free to choose their field of research, manage their own time, gather the evidence, evaluate it, decide when findings are ready to be published, and reexamine them.