bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The practice of social responsibility at Polish universities: a study of current trends
Authors: Detyna Beata
Published: December 2024

Background: Multidimensionality, as well as the potential benefits of social responsibility of universities (SRU) described in the literature, prompts in-depth research into the actual implementation of this concept by universities. In Poland, it is only since 2017 that higher education institutions have started to declare the implementation of its principles.
Research objectives: The aim of this article is to present the results of research concerning the practical implementation of the idea of social responsibility at Polish HEIs. The literature review was supplemented with empirical research based on the analysis and evaluation of information on SRU available on HEIs’ websites (random selection was used for this purpose). The research was conducted in the period July-September 2023.
Research design and methods: A review of the literature on the subject was supplemented with empirical research. The research was based on the analysis and evaluation of information on SRU available on the websites of higher education institutions. It was conducted in the period July-September 2023, and a random selection of institutions that had signed the Declaration of Social Responsibility of Universities between 2017 and 2022 was evaluated.
Results: The research resulted in a list of good practices, as well as recommendations for improvement measures for universities that have formally declared the implementation of SRU principles in practice.
Conclusions: Higher education stakeholders (internal and external), especially management, have a decisive influence on the practical implementation of the SRU concept. It is their awareness and determination that determines whether social responsibility will be developed in a real and tangible way by all university partners.
Design of New Generation Low-Cost Dip Coating Device and Performance Tests in ZnO Thin Film Production
Authors: Bulut Fatih , Günel Eda
Published: December 2024

In this study, a dip coating device was designed using low-cost materials and performance tests were performed. The dip coating method is an efficient coating technique used to dip samples into chemical solutions and produce thin films. The designed system provides precise movement in the vertical axis with a stepper motor, while a heating unit can be used to apply heat treatment during the coating process. The device controlled by Arduino allows the user to adjust the number of dips, waiting times and movement speed. In order to test the operation of the system, ZnO thin films were produced, and these films were evaluated with XRD, SEM and UVspectrophotometer analyses. As a result of the analyses, it was determined that the structural and optical properties of the films produced by the device were in accordance with the data in the literature. These results prove that the designed dip coating system is successful and functional.
On the cementation purification of zinc solutions
Authors: Kolesnikov A. V. , Ageenko E. I.
Published: December 2024

The article focuses on researching the technology of cementation purification of zinc sulfate solutions from impurities that adversely affect the electrolysis of zinc. The purpose of this work is to explore new approaches for deep cementation purification of solutions, aimed at reducing the consumption of zinc dust and activating additives (antimony and copper compounds) in the technological process, while improving the quality of the purified solution by decreasing the content of cobalt, nickel, and cadmium in the solution supplied for zinc electrolysis. In this study, a new technology for the cementation purification of industrial solutions was developed, which includes the following stages of impurity removal using zinc dust: preliminary purification stage to remove copper to a concentration of 90–110 mg/L; co-precipitation of copper, cadmium, cobalt, and nickel with the addition of antimony trioxide; deep purification of the solutions from all impurities remaining after the first stage. The purification process was conducted under the following conditions: the preliminary deposition took place at a temperature of 50 °C, with a duration of 30 min and a zinc dust consumption of 0.2–0.4 g/L; the first purification stage occurred at a temperature of 80 °C, for a duration of 1 h, with a zinc dust consumption of 2–3 g/L, and an antimony dosage of 3–6 mg/L; the second purification stage was carried out at a temperature of 75–80 °C, for a duration of 1 h, with a zinc dust consumption of 2–3 g/L, and dosages of copper sulfate and antimony at 50 mg/L and 2–3 mg/L, respectively.
Processing of chalcopyrite concentrate by sulfating roasting
Authors: Sokolov A. Yu. , Kasikov A. G.
Published: December 2024

Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) is one of the primary minerals processed on an industrial scale for copper production and often dominates copper concentrates sent for pyrometallurgical processing. This study demonstrates the efficient and selective extraction of copper from chalcopyrite concentrate through sulfating roasting, sulfuric acid leaching, and solvent extraction. At a roasting temperature of 700 °C for 1.5 h, chalcopyrite fully decomposes into hematite (Fe2O3) and chalcanthite (CuSO4). Leaching the calcine with a 0.02 M sulfuric acid solution transfers most of the copper to the aqueous phase, while iron concentrates in the solid residue. Additionally, precious metals concentrate in the residue after leaching of the calcine, with the following content in g/t: Pd – 41.61, Pt – 5.65, Ag – 96.22, Au – 4.81. The removal of iron from the leach solution using solvent extraction with di-2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid was highly effective: with a 25 % extractant solution and an organicto-aqueous ratio of 1:1 over two stages, the iron concentration in the aqueous phase dropped from 3.05 to 0.01 g/dm3, and with an organic-toaqueous ratio of 1:2 over four stages, it decreased to 0.006 g/dm3. After iron purification and solution evaporation, copper sulfate was obtained with the following composition (%): CuSO4·5H2O – 99.84 (equivalent to 25.42 % copper), Ni – 0.014, Al – 0.007, Fe – 0.0003, As – 0.0002.
The image of Siberia in the multi-author poetry collection Siberian Motifs (1886)
Authors:   National Research Tomsk State University, Smolianinov Artem V.
Published: December 2024

The article presents a metatextual analysis of the first Siberian multi-author poetry collection Sibirskie Motivy [Siberian Motifs], published in 1886 by philanthropist I.M. Sibiryakov, a representative of a well-known merchant family, which had a significant impact on the development of regional culture. The publication is based on the lyrical cycle of the same name by the Siberian poet I.V. Fedorov-Omulevsky, which he created in 1881–1883 shortly before his death and which reflected the result of his creative reflections on the fate of his native land. The relevance of the article is due to two factors: (1) the interest of modern Siberian studies in imagological studies of the diachronic reception of the multifaceted image of Siberia in the collective and individual author’s consciousness and its representation in texts of different types and genres; (2) the need for a comprehensive understanding of how the regional literary process developed in the 19th century, especially in the context of the interrelation of all-Russian and Siberian literature. The novelty lies in the appeal to the previously unexplored material in the literary aspect of the first Siberian multiauthor poetry collection. The study aims to clarify the specifics of the representation of the image of Siberia in works of fiction and to introduce new material on the “Siberian text” into scholarly discourse. The research methodology is based on a metatextual approach, in which multi-author literary collections are considered as special textual units – “literary ensembles”. Taking into account the object of research and the typological features of the first poetry collection Siberian Motifs, the conceptual field of the current work additionally includes aspects of the theory of lyrical cycles, the problems of books of poetry and components of the geopoetic analysis of the text. It is established that the image of Siberia acquires versatility and ambiguity in Siberian Motifs” due to the overlap of various poetic interpretations in a chronological perspective, as a result of which historical, ideological, political and social contexts of the formation and perception of the region arise. The idea that the point of view on Siberia is determined by a look at its past (what it was), present (what it has become), and future (what it can become) runs through the entire collection as a backbone, fastening it into an integral metatext. At the same time, the leitmotif of human development, maturation, and flourishing is realized in the bosom of Siberian nature, with which difficult step-by-step relationships are built, coupled with motifs for gaining inner freedom, overcoming life difficulties, and acquiring spiritual renewal. The most significant in the collection turns out to be the generally life-affirming worldview of Siberian authors, characterized by pride in their native land and people, faith in their cultural rise, resistance to past adversities and future challenges.
Philosophy of technology before and after the empirical turn
Authors:   Independent researcher, Martin-Ioganson Ellen
Published: December 2024

The aim of this article is to analyse the fundamental changes within a philosophical understanding of the phenomenon of technology, which occurred as a result of the empirical turn in Western philosophy of technology in the 1980s–1990s. In order to reach this aim, the author uses a comparative method and sets the following objectives: analysing the dominating conceptual approaches of the classical philosophy of technology and specific directions that have been developed after the empirical turn; revealing the essence of the empirical turn, and criticising postphenomenology. The author shows that the approaches in the Western philosophy of technology after the empirical turn are characterised by the rejection of certain core assumptions of the classical philosophy of technology that framed technology as a monolithic and autonomous force that influences human life in such a way that it reorganises it, subjugating to its own logic. Representatives of classical philosophy such as Martin Heidegger, Jacques Ellul, and others, drew attention to the negative aspects of the indomitable technical progress, emphasising the ontological, ethical and anthropological risks associated with technologies that turned humanity and the world into permanent reserves and utilitarian objects, and devalued the uniqueness of human life. The author pays attention to the philosophical views of Heidegger, who emphasised the ontological danger that lies not in the technology itself, but in its essence, in the way it is revealed. On the basis of a comparative analysis of the classical philosophy of technology and the contemporary approaches, the author shows that after the empirical turn, technology began to be viewed not as an object or instrument, but as a mediator between man and the world. The author believes that this attitude towards technology is a consequence of humanity’s dependence of technology. Dependence means enslavement and helplessness. Modern technologies are transforming our lives in such a way that we are losing control over our lifeworld without even noticing it. Special attention is paid to the critical analysis of postphenomenology. Unlike the classical philosophy of technology, postphenomenology does not consider technology as an entity at the ontological level, but focuses on individual technologies at the ontic level. Based on a comparative analysis of the philosophical views of Heidegger and postphenomenological philosophy, it is concluded that the shift in emphasis from the ontological approach to the ontic one does not allow us to understand the metaphysical, existential and ethical problems associated with the uncontrollable growth of technology. Postphenomenology eliminates the dominant role of man, thereby removing human responsibility for the consequences of technocratic growth. The author argues that the philosophy of technology after the empirical turn is unable
to adequately reflect the negative aspects of technological progress and its unpredictable impact on human life.
Tactical and forensic analysis of speech symbols: A psychotypological aspect
Authors:   Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics, Alekseeva Tatyana A. , Akhmedshin Ramil L. ,   National Research Tomsk State University, Akhmedshina Natalya V. ,   Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics
Published: December 2024

The article reveals a complex of problems associated with the analysis of the content of a speech message. The range of problems involves methodological, historical, forensic, and psychological aspects. The subject of the study was a complex of speech symbols characteristic of each accentuated psychological type. The following general scientific methods were used in the study: analysis, synthesis, system-structural. The following special scientific methods were used in the study: experiment, survey, participant observation, modeling, expert assessment. The article obtained the following conclusions. The current level of development of forensic knowledge involves a shift in research emphasis from the assessment of what is said in a speech message to why it is said. The interpretation of content is most effective when using the psychotypological approach as it has the greatest targeting factor. The emergence of such forensically significant information about a person as information about them on social networks has allowed
forensic scientists to formulate such a direction of research as network profiling. Although this direction has not yet received its substantive design as a private forensic theory, but, unlike many forensic areas, it is already generating recommendations in the field of crime investigation. Symbols do not so much designate an object (have an informational function), but rather have a symbolic, abstract meaning, perform the function of artistic definition or comparison (for example, the same word can have a different symbolic meaning for each psychological type). Studying and understanding symbols allows formulating an algorithm for determining the psychological type of the person of interest. Having isolated symbol-images in the text, then symbol-ideas, one can correlate them with a specific accentuated feature, ultimately determining the psychological type. It is important to note that this algorithm also works in the opposite direction: knowing the psychological type of a person, the researcher can go through the same steps to determine the accentuated feature and individual symbols. A study was conducted on the relative validity of the TomTOL questionnaire. It turned out that every tenth person studied using the Leonhard-Smishek questionnaire has difficulty understanding the semantic component of the question due to the presence of “complex” words in it, due to the cumbersomeness of the latter, or due to the loss of semantic relevance for the present time. The above problems were not recorded when using the TomTOL questionnaire. In general, the result of the study was a systematic list of speech symbols, which is an effective means of speech profiling.
Interpreting the codes of The Chinese Travelogue by Olga Sedakova
Authors:   Ural Federal University, Ghanem Valeriya A.
Published: December 2024

The article examines The Chinese Travelogue by Olga Sedakova according to the different cultural and belletristic “languages” that defined the structure and the meaning of the poetic cycle. Applying the methods of the structural, intertextual and contextual analysis, I revealed several codes that are realized in different parts of this literary work in varying degrees of intensiveness: the basic “Chinese” and “Travelogue” codes, as well as the code of the Antient Chinese philosophy and art and “Dante’s” code which derived from them. The detailed analysis demonstrates that Sedakova’s imaginary land of China is organized in accordance with the aesthetic principles of the Ancient Chinese visual art, which in its turn reflects ideas of the Taoism philosophy that Sedakova names as one of the significant sources of her text. Her poetic imitation of antient Chinese landscapes that figuratively represent the sacred Absolute allows Sedakova to touch on the theme of the physical and spiritual worlds’ co-presence, as well as the theme of the creative process as a way of transgression between them. Despite the fact that the code of the Antient Chinese art seems to be the main one to decipher the text because the imitation of Chinese landscapes determines the structure of most of the poems, there is one more important code that also has an impact on the cycle’s structure and meaning. It is “Dante’s” code. The journey of Sedakova’s lyrical heroine reminds the journey of the main hero of The Devine Comedy written by Dante Alighieri. The imagined landscape like on the Old Chinese scroll paintings contains the features of Dante’s Purgatory and Heaven, as well. Furthermore, these two worlds that belong to different semantic and spiritual systems do not contradict each other, but merge. The compilation of different cultural contexts or belletristic “languages” within one literary work is Sedakova’s artistic reflection on the other idea which is significant to her: that everything is connected because it all appears from one source, which is the sacred Absolute. The codes that I revealed help to clarify the “interplay” of numerous meanings which refer to the topics and ideas that Sedakova brings up in her philological and philosophical essays. In an effort to speak on these topics not only through non-figurative, discursive language but also through the language of poetry, Sedakova uses a variety of artistic techniques: the imitation of the Ancient Chinese art which tries to capture the invisible Absolute, implicit reliance on the afterlife journey of Dante’s hero, the combination of images that despite of belonging to different semantic systems resonate with each other.
The role of the Russian Orthodox Church in the acculturation of the peoples of the North Caucasus (mid-18th – mid-19th centuries)
Authors:   North Ossetian state University named after C. L. Khetagurov, Blejkh Nadezhda O.
Published: December 2024

The subject of this research is the activity of the Russian Orthodox Church, aimed at acculturation of the mountain peoples of the North Caucasus from the mid-18th to the middle of the 19th centuries. The goal is to analyze the role of the Russian Orthodox Church in the cultural construction of the North Caucasus in a specified period of time. The author considers the political-geographical, sociocultural determinants of the highlanders, contributing to the emergence of Orthodoxy.
The novelty of the claimed topic is seen in the author’s attempt to explain the causes and conditions of the Russian Orthodox Church’s cultural mission in the North Caucasus region with the help of little-known archival and narrative materials, which to some extent fill the gaps existing in Caucasian studies on this issue. When developing the problem, the main emphasis is placed on a systematic study of the goals of the religious institutions of Orthodoxy, the state of their spiritual values, the methods of enlightenment of missionaries who are examined on the spot from the halo of mountain peoples and the political and religious situation in the region. A special contribution of the author is that for the first time a historical and comparative study of acculturation of the Russian Orthodox Church in various ethnocultural environments - Ossetian, Ingush and Balkar - is proposed. Along with the introduction into the scientific circulation of new sources, an attempt is made to interpret the already known materials.
The methodological basis of the study were modern concepts about the epistemological admissibility of using the methods and principles of retrospective analysis. The latter include: the principle of science (attracting a multifaceted source base), the principle of objectivity (the inconsistency of the educational activities of the Russian Orthodox Church in the region), the principle of historicism (studying the history of the religious life of the mountain peoples before they became part of the Russian state). The research methods were problem-chronological, which allow one to study the historiographic analysis of the topic, to outline the main stages in the chronology of the studied processes and phenomena, and retrospective, which help to penetrate the historical past, to reconstruct the various stages in the missionary activity of the Russian Orthodox Church aimed at acculturation of the highlanders.
The practical significance lies in the fact that the reconstruction of the cultural heritage of the peoples of the North Caucasus, brought in by the RSP, will help scientists overcome stereotypes regarding the spiritual values of ethnic groups in Russia and provide modern politicians with interesting material that will contribute to a thoughtful and balanced consideration of topical contemporary issues related to interfaith tolerance.
The entry of Bashkiria into the Mongol Empire
Authors:   Ufa University of Science and Technology, Khamidullin Salavat I.
Published: December 2024

This article examines the process of accession of the Bashkirs to the Mongol Empire, reconstructs the course of events in the 1220-30s in the Ural-Volga region, and reveals the immediate causes of the Mongol invasion of Bashkiria. A special place in the study is given to the question of the character of Bashkir subjection, since two opposite points of view are usually expressed in the scientific literature. Some researchers believe that the Bashkirs voluntarily recognized the power of the Mongol Khan, while others claim that they were conquered by force of arms. Based on a comparative analysis of written sources of the Middle ages (Arab-Muslim, Persian, Mongolian, European, Russian), data from Bashkir folklore and Ethnography, it is concluded that Bashkiria gradually entered the administrative system of the Chingizid Empire under the influence of both diplomatic and military methods of subordination to the power of the Great Khan. The Mongols first learned about the Bashkirs in 1207 during the Jochi campaign against the “forest peoples” of the Altai region. In 1223 the Bulgars and Bashkirs crushed the corps of Subedei-bagatur and Jebe in the Volga steppes, which was moving from the Azov region, where the Mongols defeated the Russian-Polovtsian troops on the Kalka river. In 1229 Batu and other Juchids with the troops of Noyon Kukday (Kokoshay) began to conquer the Central part of Desht-i Qipchaq in the interfluve of the Ural (Yaik) and Volga rivers, as a result of which the Qipchaq of Ilbari tribe khanate was defeated. In 1232-1235, an agreement was concluded between the Bashkirs and the Mongols. The latter, apparently, viewed it as a tactical ploy to neutralize the Bashkirs on the eve of a large-scale war. Around 1235, a representative of the deposed Ilbari dynasty, Bachman, rebelled against the Mongols. Bashkirs or only some part of them could join to him. This was the formal reason for the punitive expedition of the Mongol army in 1236 in Bashkiria, which became the first military campaign of the Western campaign of the Mongols to conquer the countries of Eastern and Central Europe (1236-1242). It is also possible that the formal reason for the invasion was the migration of the defeated Qipchaqs to Bashkiria, recorded in written sources and reflected in the ancestral nomenclature of the Bashkirs. In the early 1240s, another punitive expedition of the Mongols took place against the rebellious Volga-Ural peoples (Bashkirs, Bulgars, Mordvins). However, the Bashkirs were not divided according to the decimal system, like other conquered ethnic groups (Qipchaqs, Qangli, Qara-Qitay, Kereyits, Merkits, etc.) and, therefore, were not part of the dominant people (Eke Mongol ulus,
and then the ulus of the Juchids). Despite the armed confrontation, the Mongol authorities retained a certain autonomy and ruling elite for the Bashkirs, as it was in Russia, in the Mordovian, Alanian, and other lands.
The Statue of Liberty as a symbol in American society (1886–2022)
Authors:   Altai State University, Dergacheva Vlada E.
Published: December 2024

The recently unfolded "war of monuments" regarding the "monumental" legacy of the Civil War in the United States indicates that at the present stage, "monumental" politics plays an important role both in American nation-building and in the architecture of American identity. In this context, the topic of the evolution of perception by American society of one of the main symbols of the United States, which embodies a set of key values of the American nation, is relevant. The purpose of this article is to identify the key components of the symbolism of the Statue, both unchanged over the centuries and transformed under the influence of significant events in the domestic and foreign policy of the United States. The study also focuses on the analysis of the place of this monumental object in the collective memory of American society, American nation-building and the "monumental" policy of the United States.
All objects of the Statue of Liberty National Monument, both collectively and individually, are filled with a variety of symbols and interpretations of these symbols, modified under the influence of ideological and value attitudes, features of development and rethinking of key events of the American historical narrative. We can distinguish the following symbolic meanings of the Statue, intersecting and coexisting, but each of them is more or less noticeable in different historical epochs: monument to political cooperation between France and the USA; monument to the end of slavery in USA; monument to national unity; monument to immigration and economic opportunity.
Both the Statue of Liberty and the surrounding infrastructure have undergone numerous modifications throughout its century-old history, which is also reflected in the symbolic message of the monumental object. In American society, not only the perception of the Statue of Liberty as a whole has changed, but also the perception of its individual elements: crown, torch, shackles, etc. All these transformations took place under the influence of changes in both domestic and foreign policy of the United States.
Forms of ethnocultural identity of the Belarusian peasants-migrants in Siberia
Authors:   Tyumen Scientific Centre of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Fedorov Roman Yu.
Published: December 2024

Mass resettlements of the Belarusian peasants on the territory of Siberia in the second half of 19th - the beginning of 20th centuries became the cause of developing of new forms of ethnocultural identity among them. At the time of migrations, the national identity of most of the Belarusian peasants hasn't been formed yet. Instead, their regional and local identity has originally dominated. Migrants from the same region have tried to create their own micro-communities in Siberia. This trend can be well seen in the existence of a number of Siberian villages of streets or areas where people only from certain places of exit lived. In the territory of the most part of an agricultural zone of Siberia the names "cheldon" and "samokhod" had a wide use. The first word was used to refer to the Russian old residents of Siberia whose ancestors settled down there in the 17–18th centuries. The second one was used, as a rule, for peasant-migrants of the end of 19the – the beginning of 20th centuries. A few models of resettlement of the Belarusian peasants-migrants have developed in Siberia. The cluster of villages where migrants got married and kept compatriot community for many years was the most stable of them. Villages with mixed ethnocultural structure and farms (“khutor”) were less sustainable patterns of resettlement. The ethnic identity of the Belarusian migrants has begun to be formed in 1920s, but due to assimilation processes, in the second half of the 20th century its value gradually began to decrease. Now the majority of the forms of ethnocultural identity considered in the article has relic manifestations and don't play any noticeable role in everyday life of the villages founded by the Belarusian migrants in Siberia. Despite it, studying of ethnocultural identity of resettlement communities doesn't lose its relevance as it gives a chance to get a complete and objective impression about their social and cultural features as well as sources, interactions and transformation of some components of their traditional culture. Based on the research results, it is possible to make a conclusion that each local community has its own individual dominating components of ethnocultural identity which are in process of continuous transformations. An important role in it was played by a world outlook dichotomy "us vs. them", acting as the main source of formation and preservation of any form of identity. At the same time, it extends to different hierarchical levels of ethnocultural identity, treating not only interactions of migrants and their external ethnocultural environment, but also internal structure of resettlement communities. Therefore, it can be considered as manifestation of a universal social and psychological
need of local communities of different scale.
Number and trends of the development of the population of Dagestan in the 90s of the 20th century – 2010
Authors:   Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Dagestan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Mirzabekov Mirzabek Ya.
Published: December 2024

The article is devoted to the historical and demographic analysis of the number and development trends of the population of the multinational region of the country in the 1990s – 2010s. It is shown that the demographic processes in the republic were negatively affected by the collapse in the standard of living of the bulk of the republic's population during the liberal market reforms in the new conditions. Dagestan remained one of the few regions of the country in which there was an increase in the number of both urban and rural populations. At the same time, there was a stable tendency to the predominance of the rural population in its total number, which was due to the predominance of the agrarian sector in the economy of the mountainous region, as well as inclination of the bulk of the population to the traditional rural way of life.
The patterns and regional features of the formation and further development of urban and rural population in the republic are traced. It was noted that in the region there were 10 cities of republican subordination, the largest of which was the administrative, industrial and cultural center of the Republic of Dagestan - Makhachkala. The overall growth of the urban population in the multinational region as a whole and in the context of individual cities (except for the city of Yuzhno-Suhokumsk) continued.
The author, using the materials of the population censuses of 1989, 2002, 2010, and other reliable statistical data, analyzed the sources of positive changes in the population, the predominant of which was the natural increase. The age and sex composition of the urban and rural population of the republic is characterized, among which the children and people of working age prevailed, which created favorable opportunities for the development of the branches of material production and the socio-cultural sphere. However, in the conditions of economic difficulties in the analyzed decades, they remained not fully realized, which caused an increase in the outflow of people of working age to other regions of the country in search of work. The same was associated with the need to increase attention to the development of sociocultural infrastructure in the region, primarily in the Dagestani village. The document focuses on the analysis of the national composition of the region’s population, showing the growth of the total number of all Dagestani peoples during the decade under review, although the growth rates of some of them have varied.The changes in the zonal settlement of the population, the increase in its inflow into the flat areas of the republic were traced, which was accompanied by an increase in the overpopulation of the population by the aggravation of the problem of employing young people in the branches of the economy.
Voting in Parliament and defection of legislators (on the example of the United Russia party)
Authors:   Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Mukhametov Ruslan S.
Published: December 2024

In September 2018, deputies of the State Duma of the Russian Federation voted to raise the retirement age. At the same time, some parliamentarians from «United Russia», violating party discipline, did not support the so-called pension reform in one form or another. The purpose of this article is to obtain an empirically based answer to the research question: why did some deputies from the «United Russia» faction support raising the retirement age, while others did not? What is the reason for the defection of «United Russia» legislators? The relevance of the topic is due to the fact that «United Russia» is the main political resource of the Russian president, the «party of power» or the hegemonic party. The conceptual basis of the study was the concept of defection by legislators. The author defined this term as the deviation of parliamentarians from the line / decision of the party during the vote on the bill. Based on a number of theoretical approaches explaining the occurrence of defection by the legislature, the author formulated several working hypotheses: (1) older parliamentarians are more likely to desert than their younger counterparts; (2) «ordinary» deputies are more likely to violate party discipline and desert than «status» parliamentarians; (3) legislators elected in singlemandate constituencies are more likely to violate party discipline and desert than list deputies. The statistical method of data analysis was binary logistic regression. Three regression models were constructed in the article to explain the defection by parliamentarians when voting for raising the retirement age. Statistical calculations showed that none of the three working hypotheses found their empirical confirmation. To find an unaccounted factor, the author turned to the study of the genesis of the Russian «party of power». It is shown that «United Russia» was created by combining several political organizations – political movement «The Unity», electoral bloc «The Fatherland – All Russia», etc. After considering the specifics of the origins of the party, the author came to the conclusion that the party included members with different political views in its ranks. Much attention is paid to the existence of ideological clubs and platforms within the party. The article says that the decision taken by the party leadership to support the so-called “pension reform – 2018” did not correspond to the political attitudes of some of the deputies from «United Russia».
From idea to implementation: the creation of a communist nomenclature in the Soviet state
Authors:   Kursk State University, Pashin Vasily P.
Published: December 2024

Based on the analysis of documentary sources, the reasons for the formation of the nomenclature (bureaucratic) selection of leading personnel are investigated. The conclusion is substantiated that the created nomenclature mechanism for working with personnel was caused by objective reasons, had a certain logic and sequence. In the early years of Soviet power, the dominant idea was that "every cook can learn to run the state." The civil war hid the shortcomings of such personnel policy. The kaleidoscopic turnover of leading cadres and the belonging of territories to the warring parties did not allow us to see the shortcomings of their work. Peaceful conditions, the New Economic Policy highlighted the perniciousness of such an idea. Not only proletarians, but also members of the Bolshevik Party possessed a set of organizational qualities, especially professional knowledge. There is a refusal from the policy of assignment to leading work through a specially created body (registration and distribution department of the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party) of all communists. The process of searching, identifying talented cadres, not only for the Bolshevik Party, but also for the national economy as a whole, begins. In 1923, the mechanism of the nomenclature of personnel and positions was put into operation. The nomenclature number 1 included positions and persons who were necessarily appointed only by the party committee of the Bolshevik party. The nomenclature number 2 included positions and persons who were approved for positions with the consent of the relevant committee of the Bolshevik party. The nomenclature No. 3 included persons and positions of minor rank, who were selected and appointed for positions by an independent economic
entity, with the subsequent notification of the higher party body about the appointments made. Responsibility for the results of work was established not only for the personally appointed leader, but also for the appointed party committee. An unfortunate choice of an appointee from the nomenklatura list undermined the authority of the party committee secretary. In fact, personal and collective responsibility was established. The nomenclature made it possible to end the chaos in the cadre policy of the ruling party, to establish the responsibility of the leading cadres for the final results of work. The specific developers of the idea of nomenclature work with personnel are identified. It is shown that the elements of the created mechanism for working with leading cadres were initially implemented in organizational and party work, and then were already systematized and extended to the entire Soviet society and the state. Despite the shortcomings of the nomenclature selection of leading cadres, the nomenclature mechanism contributed to the organization of social lifts in Soviet society.
German propaganda among young people in the occupied Soviet territory (based on the materials of the General district of Belarus)
Authors:   Russian Customs Academy, Pushkarenko Elena A.
Published: December 2024

The article discusses the main directions of German propaganda among young people in the occupied Soviet territory during the great Patriotic war (based on the materials of the General district of Belarus). The purpose of research is to determine the directions of the German administration's ideological influence on Belarusian youth, its forms and methods, dynamics, and effectiveness. The sources for writing the work were documents of the National archive of the Republic of Belarus ( NARB), analytical materials of Soviet authorities, reports of partisans, as well as a number of scientific studies on the topic of the work. Research methods – analysis and synthesis.
The German occupation authorities in the territory of the General district of Belarus actively used propaganda tools to ensure their economic and political plans. Belarusian youth became a special object of ideological influence. Ablebodied young workers from the East had to make up for the shortage of workers in the war economy of the "3rd Reich". Belarusian youth tried to instill the values of national socialism. In addition to propaganda recruitment actions in Germany, the school and higher education system under the patronage of the German occupation authorities in the district, as well as a number of collaborator organizations, in particular, the Union of Belarusian Youth (SBM), had an ideological impact on children and youth. They tried to erase Soviet Communist values from the minds of young people. The young generation of occupied Soviet Belarus had to link their future with Nazi Germany. Young people tried to instill the idea that the previous years of Soviet power brought their homeland decline and suffering, and the revival of the Belarusian land is possible as part of the so-called "New Europe". This was proved by the creation of puppet pseudo-state institutions, including the "Belarusian Central Rada" ("BCR").
Both heads of the German district administration – V. Kube and K. von Gottberg – attached great importance to educating the young generation of the General district of Belarus in a nationalist and Pro-Nazi spirit. Young people were to become the mainstay of the German occupation authorities and a source of free labor. However, the rate of invaders to the Belarusian youth has failed. Participation in the "SBM" was mostly compulsory. Thus, the massive propaganda aimed at potential Belarusian Ostarbeiters from among the youth proved to be ineffective. Attempts to mobilize young people to actively resist the advancing Red Army units were also unsuccessful. The efforts of German and local propagandists were leveled by the extremely brutal occupation regime, including methods of fighting partisans, punitive SS expeditions against civilians, and mass extermination of Jews.
Ethno-archaeological study of socio-cultural history (based on the work of Siberian scholars)
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomilov Nikolay A. ,   Omsk State University named after F.M. Dostoevsky
Published: December 2024

The aim of this study is to characterize and evaluate the results of complex archaeological and ethnographic studies, including studies using methods of ethnoarchaeology, as well as a study of the sociocultural history of the population of Western Siberia in the middle ages and modern period in the works of scientists of Tomsk and Omsk. The sources for the present research are scientific studies published by archaeologists and ethnographers on socio-cultural history and anthropology of Western Siberia and ethnoarchaeology theory in the last 40 years, starting with the materials of the Fifth Western Siberian Archaeology and Ethnography Conference “Methodological aspects of archaeological and ethnographic research in Western Siberia” held in Tomsk in 1981.
The present article investigates two topics: formation and functioning of ethnoarchaeology in Siberian science, and the work of Tomsk and Omsk scholars during the 1980s-2010s on the archaeological-ethnographic study of socio-cultural and ethnic history of Western Siberian peoples. The results of this research have been published in dozens of books and hundreds of articles, primarily in the proceedings of Western Siberian Archaeological-Ethnographic summits and conferences, held in Tomsk from 1970 to 2018, the proceedings of the International Symposium Integrating Archaeological and Ethnographic Research, organized by Omsk scholars in 1993-2018, and in volumes of scientific publication series Ethnographic-Archaeological Complexes: Issues of Culture and Society, published in Omsk. In the 1990s Tomsk scholars published a fundamental volume Essays on Culture Genesis of Western Siberian Peoples. In Omsk, a group of ethnoarchaeologists, formed in 1993, worked on developing ethnoarchaeology as scientific discipline and published volumes of Ethnographic-Archaeological Complexes of the Tara area of the Irtysh region. The main results of the research conducted by Tomsk and Omsk scholars in the last forty years include creating and developing ethnoarchaeology as a scientific discipline in Siberia; developing ethno-archaeological methodology in the framework of Russian science; developing a periodization system of the history of archaeological-ethnographic research in Russian science from the 17th century until the present day (three periods); developing methodology of ethno-archaeological research and issues of ethno-archaeological primary source studies. They also conducted empirical research on socio-cultural history of Western Siberian peoples, including their culture genesis processes; and applied experimental modeling in studying ethnographic-archaeological socio-cultural complexes of Russian and Tatar populations of the Tara area of the Irtysh region in the 17th-20th centuries.
Algorithms for the Institutionalization of Inclusion within the Framework of the Big University of Tomsk
Authors:   Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics, Zinovieva Valentina I. , Bersenev Maxim V. ,   Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics
Published: December 2024

The purpose of the article is to characterize the development of inclusive education and to identify algorithms for the institutionalization of inclusion on the example of the Big University of Tomsk. The analysis was carried out by studying websites, checking the work of admissions committees, conducting interviews and sociological surveys, “test purchases” with the participation of persons with disabilities, as well as studying the architectural accessibility of individual university buildings. The authors are guided by legal obligations related to the organization of inclusive education in universities of the Russian Federation. The authors have identified five models of inclusion, differing in the level of institutionalization, the degree of interactivity of the work of admissions committees, and the architectural accessibility of education for students with limited mobility. Three of these models, combining their best features, can become a normative model of inclusion; two of them are applicable only in cases where a university trains specialists who are unable to perform their functions due to disability. Nobody has carried out such large-scale and detailed studies of inclusion in all major universities in the city before. Based on the results of the study, the authors have drawn a conclusion about what the normative model of inclusion should be. This model consists of: the most accessible barrier-free environment; an institutionalized support service for people with disabilities, which has connections with all structural divisions; documents regulating the support of students with disabilities posted on the university website; a website accessible primarily for the blind. It is imperative to conduct advanced training courses for university employees on this topic. Also, the authors show the restrictions that are imposed on the process of its formation in various universities in Tomsk. The article is useful for teachers and university administrations, who should take part in creating an inclusive eco-environment in each of the universities in Russia. The results of the article and research methods can be used to study the state of inclusion in universities in other cities.