bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nanotetrapods: quantum dot hybrid for bulk heterojunction solar cells
Authors: Tan Furui , Qu Shengchun , Li Fumin , Jiang Qiwei , Chen Chong , Zhang Weifeng , Wang Zhanguo
Published: October 2013

Hybrid thin film solar cell based on all-inorganic nanoparticles is a new member in the family of photovoltaic devices. In this work, a novel and performance-efficient inorganic hybrid nanostructure with continuous charge transportation and collection channels is demonstrated by introducing CdTe nanotetropods (NTs) and CdSe quantum dots (QDs). Hybrid morphology is characterized, demonstrating an interpenetration and compacted contact of NTs and QDs. Electrical measurements show enhanced charge transfer at the hybrid bulk heterojunction interface of NTs and QDs after ligand exchange which accordingly improves the performance of solar cells. Photovoltaic and light response tests exhibit a combined optic-electric contribution from both CdTe NTs and CdSe QDs through a formation of interpercolation in morphology as well as a type II energy level distribution. The NT and QD hybrid bulk heterojunction is applicable and promising in other highly efficient photovoltaic materials such as PbS QDs.
Discovery and full genome characterization of two highly divergent simian immunodeficiency viruses infecting black-and-white colobus monkeys (Colobus guereza) in Kibale National Park, Uganda
Authors: Lauck Michael , Switzer William M , Sibley Samuel D , Hyeroba David , Tumukunde Alex , Weny Geoffrey , Taylor Bill , Shankar Anupama , Ting Nelson , Chapman Colin A , Friedrich Thomas C , Goldberg Tony L , O'Connor David H
Published: October 2013

Background

African non-human primates (NHPs) are natural hosts for simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV), the zoonotic transmission of which led to the emergence of HIV-1 and HIV-2. However, our understanding of SIV diversity and evolution is limited by incomplete taxonomic and geographic sampling of NHPs, particularly in East Africa. In this study, we screened blood specimens from nine black-and-white colobus monkeys (Colobus guereza occidentalis) from Kibale National Park, Uganda, for novel SIVs using a combination of serology and “unbiased” deep-sequencing, a method that does not rely on genetic similarity to previously characterized viruses.

Results

We identified two novel and divergent SIVs, tentatively named SIVkcol-1 and SIVkcol-2, and assembled genomes covering the entire coding region for each virus. SIVkcol-1 and SIVkcol-2 were detected in three and four animals, respectively, but with no animals co-infected. Phylogenetic analyses showed that SIVkcol-1 and SIVkcol-2 form a lineage with SIVcol, previously discovered in black-and-white colobus from Cameroon. Although SIVkcol-1 and SIVkcol-2 were isolated from the same host population in Uganda, SIVkcol-1 is more closely related to SIVcol than to SIVkcol-2. Analysis of functional motifs in the extracellular envelope glycoprotein (gp120) revealed that SIVkcol-2 is unique among primate lentiviruses in containing only 16 conserved cysteine residues instead of the usual 18 or more.

Conclusions

Our results demonstrate that the genetic diversity of SIVs infecting black-and-white colobus across equatorial Africa is greater than previously appreciated and that divergent SIVs can co-circulate in the same colobine population. We also show that the use of “unbiased” deep sequencing for the detection of SIV has great advantages over traditional serological approaches, especially for studies of unknown or poorly characterized viruses. Finally, the detection of the first SIV containing only 16 conserved cysteines in the extracellular envelope protein gp120 further expands the range of functional motifs observed among SIVs and highlights the complex evolutionary history of simian retroviruses.
A critical review of brand and generic alendronate for the treatment of osteoporosis
Authors: Brown Jacques P , Davison Kenneth S , Olszynski Wojciech P , Beattie Karen A , Adachi Jonathan D
Published: October 2013

Objective

Compare in vitro and in vivo characteristics and clinical outcomes of brand and generic alendronate.

Research design and methods: Relevant search terms were input into Medline ("alendronate" AND "generic" up to August 5, 2013) and any abstracts deemed possibly relevant selected for full paper review and abstraction.

Results

Multicentre, randomized, placebo-controlled Phase III clinical trials of substantial size and duration have established the anti-fracture efficacy and safety of brand amino-bisphosphonates. For regulatory approval, generic versions of brand drugs need to demonstrate bioequivalence in young, healthy volunteers and have similar dissolution times. While the potency and amount of active drug within generic formulations must be identical to the brand, differences are permitted in the excipients. Significant differences in tablet disintegration time among different versions of generic and brand alendronate have been reported. Rapidly disintegrating alendronate pills may increase oesophageal bioadhesion and adverse event risk. Oesophageal-bound alendronate or slow disintegrating alendronate tablets may be made inert and ineffective by subsequently ingested food or drink. Investigations have reported a lower persistence to therapy with generic brands of alendronate as compared to brand bisphosphonates and patients switched from brand to generic alendronate have increased adverse event rates and losses in bone mineral density.

Conclusion

Numerous differences exist between brand and generic alendronate including: disintegration time, bioadhesion to the oesophagus, patient persistence to therapy, adverse event incidence, and maintenance of bone mineral density. Generic forms of alendronate warrant closer clinical study before they are ascribed the clinical effectiveness and tolerability of brand alendronate.
LPS-induced systemic inflammation is more severe in P2Y12 null mice
Authors: Liverani Elisabetta , Rico Mario C , Yaratha Laxmikausthubha , Tsygankov Alexander Y , Kilpatrick Laurie E , Kunapuli Satya P
Published: October 2013

Thienopyridines are a class of antiplatelet drugs that are metabolized in the liver to several metabolites, of which only one active metabolite can irreversibly antagonize the platelet P2Y12 receptor. Possible effects of these drugs and the role of activated platelets in inflammatory responses have also been investigated in a variety of animal models, demonstrating that thienopyridines could alter inflammation. However, it is not clear whether it is caused only by the P2Y12 antagonism or whether off-target effects of other metabolites also intervene. To address this question, we investigated P2Y12 KO mice during a LPS-induced model of systemic inflammation, and we treated these KO mice with a thienopyridine drug (clopidogrel). Contrary to the reported effects of clopidogrel, numbers of circulating WBCs and plasma levels of cytokines were increased in LPS-exposed KO mice compared with WT in this inflammation model. Moreover, both spleen and bone marrow show an increase in cell content, suggesting a role for P2Y12 in regulation of bone marrow and spleen cellular composition. Finally, the injury was more severe in the lungs of KO mice compared with WT. Interestingly, clopidogrel treatments also exerted protective effects in KO mice, suggesting off-target effects for this drug. In conclusion, the P2Y12 receptor plays an important role during LPS-induced inflammation, and this signaling pathway may be involved in regulating cell content in spleen and bone marrow during LPS systemic inflammation. Furthermore, clopidogrel may have effects that are independent of P2Y12 receptor blockade.
Long-period, long-duration seismic events during hydraulic stimulation of shale and tight-gas reservoirs — Part 1: Waveform characteristics
Authors: Das Indrajit , Zoback Mark D.
Published: October 2013

Long-period long-duration (LPLD) seismic events are relatively low-amplitude signals that have been observed during hydraulic fracturing in several shale-gas and tight-gas reservoirs. These events are similar in appearance to tectonic tremor sequences observed in subduction zones and transform fault boundaries. LPLD events are predominantly composed of S-waves, but weaker P-waves have also been identified. In some cases, microearthquakes are observed during the events. Based on the similarity with tectonic tremors and our observations of several impulsive S-wave arrivals within the LPLD events, we interpret the LPLD events as resulting from the superposition of slow shear-slip events on relatively large faults. Most large LPLD waveforms appear to start as a relatively slower, low-amplitude precursor, lacking clear impulsive arrivals. We estimate the energy carried by the larger LPLD events to be [Formula: see text] times greater than a [Formula: see text] microseismic event that is typical of the events that occur during hydraulic stimulation. Over the course of the entire stimulation activity of five wells in the Barnett formation (each hydraulically fractured ten times), the LPLD events were found to cumulatively release over an order of magnitude higher energy than microearthquakes. The large size of these LPLD events, compared to microearthquakes, suggests that they represent slip on relatively large faults during stimulation of these extremely low-permeability reservoirs. Moreover, they imply that the accompanying slow slip on faults, probably mostly undetected, is a significant deformation process during multistage hydraulic fracturing.
Hemin Therapy Improves Kidney Function in Male Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats: Role of the Heme Oxygenase/Atrial Natriuretic Peptide/Adiponectin Axis
Authors: Ndisang Joseph Fomusi , Jadhav Ashok
Published: October 2013

Diabetic nephropathy is characterized by elevated macrophage infiltration and inflammation. Although heme-oxygenase (HO) is cytoprotective, its role in macrophage infiltration and nephropathy in type 1 diabetes is not completely elucidated. Administering the HO inducer, hemin, to streptozotocin-diabetic rats suppressed renal proinflammatory macrophage-M1 phenotype alongside several proinflammatory agents, chemokines, and cytokines including macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP-1α), macrophage-chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and aldosterone, a stimulator of the inflammatory/oxidative transcription factor, NF-κB. Similarly, hemin therapy attenuated extracellular matrix/profibrotic proteins implicated in renal injury including fibronectin, collagen-IV, and TGF-β1 and reduced several renal histopathological lesions such as glomerulosclerosis, tubular necrosis, tubular vacuolization, and interstitial macrophage infiltration. Furthermore, hemin reduced markers of kidney dysfunction like proteinuria and albuminuria but increased creatinine clearance, suggesting improved kidney function. Correspondingly, hemin significantly enhanced the antiinflammatory macrophage-M2 phenotype, IL-10, adiponectin, HO-1, HO activity, and atrial natriuretic-peptide (ANP), a substance that abates TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, with parallel increase of urinary cGMP, a surrogate marker of ANP. Contrarily, coadministering the HO inhibitor, chromium-mesoporphyrin with the HO-inducer, hemin nullified the antidiabetic and renoprotective effects, whereas administering chromium-mesoporphyrin alone abrogated basal HO activity, reduced basal adiponectin and ANP levels, aggravated hyperglycemia, and further increased MCP-1, MIP-1α, aldosterone, NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, proteinuria/albuminuria, and aggravated creatinine clearance, thus exacerbating renal dysfunction, suggesting the importance of the basal HO-adiponectin-ANP axis in renoprotection and kidney function. Collectively, these data suggest that hemin ameliorates diabetic nephropathy by selectively enhancing the antiinflammatory macrophage-M2 phenotype and IL-10 while concomitantly abating the proinflammatory macrophage-M1 phenotype and suppressing extracellular matrix/profibrotic factors with reduction of renal lesions including interstitial macrophage infiltration. Because aldosterone stimulate NF-κB, which activates cytokines like TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β that in turn stimulate chemokines such as MCP-1 and MIP-1α to promote macrophage-M1 infiltration, the hemin-dependent potentiation of the HO-adiponectin-ANP axis may account for reduced macrophage infiltration and inflammatory insults in streptozotocin-diabetic rats.
β-Arrestin 2 Is a Mediator of GnRH-(1–5) Signaling in Immortalized GnRH Neurons
Authors: Larco Darwin O. , Semsarzadeh Nina N. , Cho-Clark Madelaine , Mani Shaila K. , Wu T. John
Published: October 2013

We have previously demonstrated that the cleavage product of the full-length GnRH, GnRH-(1–5), is biologically active, binds G protein-coupled receptor 173 (GPR173), and inhibits the migration of cells in the immortalized GnRH-secreting GN11 cell. In this study, we attempted to characterize the GnRH-(1–5) intracellular signaling mechanism. To determine whether the signaling pathway mediating GnRH-(1–5) regulation of migration involves a G protein-dependent mechanism, cells were treated with a generic G protein antagonist in the presence and absence of GnRH-(1–5), and a wound-healing assay was conducted to measure migration. G Protein antagonist 2 treatment abolished the GnRH-(1–5) inhibition of migration, indicating that the mechanism of GnRH-(1–5) is G protein coupled. To identify the potential Gα-subunit recruited by GnRH-(1–5) binding GPR173, we measured the second messengers cAMP and inositol triphosphate levels. GnRH-(1–5) treatment did not alter cAMP levels relative to cells treated with vehicle or forskolin, suggesting that GnRH-(1–5) does not couple to the Gαs or Gαi subunits. Similarly, inositol triphosphate levels remained unchanged with GnRH-(1–5) treatment, indicating a mechanism not mediated by the Gαq/11 subunit. Therefore, we also examined whether GnRH-(1–5) activating GPR173 deviated from the canonical G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway by coupling to β-arrestin 1/2 to regulate migration. Our coimmunoprecipitation studies indicate that GnRH-(1–5) induces the rapid interaction between GPR173 and β-arrestin 2 in GN11 cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this association recruits phosphatase and tensin homolog to mediate the downstream action of GnRH-(1–5). These findings suggest that the GnRH-(1–5) mechanism deviates from the canonical G protein-coupled receptor pathway to regulate cell migration in immortalized GnRH neurons.
Nup358 interacts with Dishevelled and aPKC to regulate neuronal polarity
Authors: Vyas Pankhuri , Singh Aditi , Murawala Prayag , Joseph Jomon
Published: October 2013

Par polarity complex, consisting of Par3, Par6, and aPKC, plays a conserved role in the establishment and maintenance of polarization in diverse cellular contexts. Recent reports suggest that Dishevelled (Dvl), a cytoplasmic mediator of Wnt signalling, interacts with atypical protein kinase C and regulates its activity during neuronal differentiation and directed cell migration. Here we show that Nup358 (also called RanBP2), a nucleoporin previously implicated in polarity during directed cell migration, interacts with Dishevelled and aPKC through its N-terminal region (BPN) and regulates axon–dendrite differentiation of cultured hippocampal neurons. Depletion of endogenous Nup358 leads to generation of multiple axons, whereas overexpression of BPN abrogates the process of axon formation. Moreover, siRNA-mediated knockdown of Dvl or inhibition of aPKC by a pseudosubstrate inhibitor significantly reverses the multiple axon phenotype produced by Nup358 depletion. Collectively, these data suggest that Nup358 plays an important role in regulating neuronal polarization upstream to Dvl and aPKC.
The influence of load carrying on the energetics and kinematics of terrestrial locomotion in a diving bird
Authors: Tickle Peter G. , Lean Samantha C. , Rose Kayleigh A. R. , Wadugodapitiya Avanti P. , Codd Jonathan R.
Published: October 2013

The application of artificial loads to mammals and birds has been used to provide insight into the mechanics and energetic cost of terrestrial locomotion. However, only two species of bird have previously been used in loading experiments, the cursorial guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) and the locomotor-generalist barnacle goose (Branta leucopsis). Here, using respirometry and treadmill locomotion, we investigate the energetic cost of carrying trunk loads in a diving bird, the tufted duck (Aythya fuligula). Attachment of back loads equivalent to 10% and 20% of body mass increased the metabolic rate during locomotion (7.94% and 15.92%, respectively) while sternal loads of 5% and 10% had a greater proportional effect than the back loads (metabolic rate increased by 7.19% and 13.99%, respectively). No effect on locomotor kinematics was detected during any load carrying experiments. These results concur with previous reports of load carrying economy in birds, in that there is a less than proportional relationship between increasing load and metabolic rate (found previously in guinea fowl), while application of sternal loads causes an approximate doubling of metabolic rate compared to back loads (reported in an earlier study of barnacle geese). The increase in cost when carrying sternal loads may result from having to move this extra mass dorso-ventrally during respiration. Disparity in load carrying economy between species may arise from anatomical and physiological adaptations to different forms of locomotion, such as the varying uncinate process morphology and hindlimb tendon development in goose, guinea fowl and duck.
The cytosolic N-terminus of CD317/tetherin is a membrane microdomain exclusion motif
Authors: Billcliff Peter G. , Gorleku Oforiwa A. , Chamberlain Luke H. , Banting George
Published: October 2013

The integral membrane protein CD317/tetherin has been associated with a plethora of biological processes, including restriction of enveloped virus release, regulation of B cell growth, and organisation of membrane microdomains. CD317 possesses both a conventional transmembrane (TM) domain and a glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. We confirm that the GPI anchor is essential for CD317 to associate with membrane microdomains, and that the TM domain of CD44 is unable to rescue proper microdomain association of a ΔGPI-CD317 construct. Additionally, we demonstrate that the cytosolic amino terminal region of CD317 can function as a ‘microdomain-excluding’ motif, when heterologously expressed as part of a reporter construct. Finally, we show that two recently described isoforms of CD317 do not differ in their affinity for membrane microdomains. Together, these data help further our understanding of the fundamental cell biology governing membrane microdomain association of CD317.
Mechanical output in jumps of marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Bobbert Maarten F. , Plas Rogier L.C. , Weide Guido , Clairbois Bert , Hofman Sam , Jaspers Richard , Philippens Ingrid
Published: October 2013

In this study we determined the mechanical output of marmosets during jumping. Vertical ground reaction forces were measured in 18 common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) while they jumped from an instrumented crossbar to a crossbar located 70 cm higher. From the vertical force time histories, we calculated the rate of change of mechanical energy of the centre of mass (dE/dt). The mean value of dE/dt during the push-off amounted to 51.8 (6.2) W/kg body mass, and the peak value to 116.4 (17.6) W/kg body mass. We used these values in combination with masses of leg muscles, determined in two specimens, to estimate mean and peak values of dE/dt of 430 W/kg muscle and 970 W/kg muscle, respectively. These values are higher than values reported in the literature for jumps of humans and bonobos, but smaller than those of jumps of bushbabies. Surprisingly, the mean value of dE/dt of 430 W/kg muscle was close to the maximal power output of 516 W/kg muscle reported in the literature for isokinetic contractions of rat medial gastrocnemius, one of the fastest mammalian muscles. Further study of the force-velocity relationship of muscle tissue of small primates seems indicated.
Nitric oxide metabolites during anoxia and reoxygenation in the anoxia-tolerant vertebrate, Trachemys scripta
Authors: Jensen Frank B. , Hansen Marie N. , Montesanti Gabriella , Wang Tobias
Published: October 2013

Moderate elevations of nitrite and nitric oxide (NO) protect mammalian tissues against ischemia (anoxia)-reperfusion damage by inhibiting mitochondrial electron transport complexes and reducing the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon reoxygenation. Crucian carp appears to exploit this mechanism by up-regulating nitrite and other nitrite/NO metabolites (S-nitroso and iron-nitrosyl compounds) in several tissues when exposed to anoxia. We investigated whether this is a common strategy amongst anoxia-tolerant vertebrates by evaluating NO metabolites in red-eared slider turtles during long-term (9 days) anoxia and subsequent reoxygenation at low temperature, a situation naturally encountered by turtles in ice-covered ponds. We also measured glutathione in selected tissues and assessed the impact of anoxia on electrolyte status. Anoxia induced major increases in [nitrite] in the heart, pectoral muscle and red blood cells, while [nitrite] was maintained unaltered in brain and liver. Concomitantly, the concentrations of S-nitroso and iron-nitrosyl compounds increased, showing that nitrite was used to produce NO and to S-nitrosate cellular molecules during anoxia. The changes were gradually reversed during reoxygenation (1h and 24h), testifying that the processes were reversible. The increased NO bioavailability occurred in the absence of nitric oxide synthase activity (due to global anoxia) and may involve mobilization of internal/external nitrite reservoirs. Our data supports that anoxic up-regulation of nitrite and other NO metabolites could be a general cytoprotective strategy amongst anoxia-tolerant vertebrates. The possible mechanisms of nitrite-derived NO and S-nitrosation in protecting cells from destructive Ca2+ influx during anoxia and in limiting ROS formation during reoxygenation are discussed.
Hearing pathways in the Yangtze finless porpoise,Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis
Authors: Mooney T. Aran , Li Songhai , Ketten Darlene , Wang Kexiong , Wang Ding
Published: October 2013

How an animal receives sound may influence its use of sound. While "jaw hearing" is well supported for odontocetes, examining how sound is received across the head work has been limited to a few representative species. The substantial variation in jaw and head morphology among odontocetes suggests variation in sound reception. Here we address how a divergent subspecies, the Yangtze finless porpoise (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis) hears low, mid, and high frequency tones, as well as broadband clicks, comparing sounds presented at different locations across the head. Hearing was measured using auditory evoked potentials (AEPs). Click and tone stimuli (8, 54, and 120 kHz) were presented at nine locations on the head and body using a suction-cup transducer. Threshold differences were compared between frequencies and locations, and referenced to the underlying anatomy using computed tomography (CT) imaging of deceased animals of the same subspecies. The best hearing locations with minimum thresholds were found adjacent to a mandibular fat pad and overlying the auditory bulla. Mean thresholds were not substantially different at locations from the rostrum tip to the ear (11.6 dB). This contrasts with tests with bottlenose dolphins and beluga whales, in which 30-40 dB threshold differences were found across the animals' heads. Response latencies increased with decreasing response amplitudes, which suggests that both latency and sensitivity are interrelated when considering sound reception across the odontocete head. The results suggest that there are differences among odontocetes in the anatomy related to receiving sound, and porpoises may have relatively less acoustic "shadowing".
Mammalian DIS3L2 exoribonuclease targets the uridylated precursors of let-7 miRNAs
Authors: Ustianenko Dmytro , Hrossova Dominika , Potesil David , Chalupnikova Katerina , Hrazdilova Kristyna , Pachernik Jiri , Cetkovska Katerina , Uldrijan Stjepan , Zdrahal Zbynek , Vanacova Stepanka
Published: October 2013

The mechanisms of gene expression regulation by miRNAs have been extensively studied. However, the regulation of miRNA function and decay has long remained enigmatic. Only recently, 3′ uridylation via LIN28A-TUT4/7 has been recognized as an essential component controlling the biogenesis of let-7 miRNAs in stem cells. Although uridylation has been generally implicated in miRNA degradation, the nuclease responsible has remained unknown. Here, we identify the Perlman syndrome-associated protein DIS3L2 as an oligo(U)-binding and processing exoribonuclease that specifically targets uridylated pre-let-7 in vivo. This study establishes DIS3L2 as the missing component of the LIN28-TUT4/7-DIS3L2 pathway required for the repression of let-7 in pluripotent cells.
Safer one-pot synthesis of the ‘SHAPE’ reagent 1-methyl-7-nitroisatoic anhydride (1m7)
Authors: Turner Rushia , Shefer Kinneret , Ares Manuel
Published: October 2013

Estimating the reactivity of 2′-hydroxyl groups along an RNA chain of interest aids in the modeling of the folded RNA structure; flexible loops tend to be reactive, whereas duplex regions are generally not. Among the most useful reagents for probing 2′-hydroxyl reactivity is 1-methyl-7-nitroisatoic anhydride (1m7), but the absence of a reliable, inexpensive source has prevented widespread adoption. An existing protocol for the conversion of an inexpensive precursor 4-nitroisatoic anhydride (4NIA) recommends the use of NaH in dimethylformamide (DMF), a reagent combination that most molecular biology labs are not equipped to handle, and that does not scale safely in any case. Here we describe a safer, one-pot method for bulk conversion of 4NIA to 1m7 that reduces costs and bypasses the use of NaH. We show that 1m7 produced by this method is free of side products and can be used to probe RNA structure in vitro.
‘Bags stuffed with the offal of their own history’: Crime fiction and the short story in Crimespotting: An Edinburgh Crime Collection
Authors: Beyer Charlotte
Published: October 2013

This article explores innovative uses of the short story format in the recent collection Crimespotting: An Edinburgh Crime Collection (2009). The article examines these crime short stories’ use of ‘place’, specifically Edinburgh, as a unifying theme and setting for its diverse crime motifs. The article analyzes how selected texts from the collection negotiate the short story format and the crime genre, and explores the diverse fictions which emerge from this. The article suggests that the short stories in Crimespotting: An Edinburgh Crime Collection illustrate how the genre’s diversity and range may expand the possibilities of crime fiction in challenging and unexpected ways.
The role of chromogranins in the secretory pathway
Authors: Estevez-Herrera Judith , Pardo Marta R. , Dominguez Natalia , Pereda Daniel , Machado Jose D. , Borges Ricardo
Published: October 2013

Chromogranins (Cgs) are acidic proteins implicated in several physiological processes, including the biogenesis and sorting of secretory vesicles, the generation of bioactive peptides, and the accumulation of soluble species inside large dense core vesicles (LDCV). Indeed, Cgs are the main protein component of the vesicular matrix in LDCV, and they are involved in the concentration of soluble species like neurotransmitters and calcium. Experiments using electrochemical techniques such amperometry, patch amperometry, and intracellular electrochemistry have clarified the functional roles of Cgs in the accumulation and release of catecholamines. We have focused this review at a single event of exocytosis of chromaffin cells from three mouse strains lacking Cgs. Accordingly, in this brief review, we will focus on the role of Cgs in maintaining the intravesicular environment of secretory vesicles and in exocytosis, bringing together the most recent findings from studies on adrenal chromaffin cells.
Estimation of Transformer Winding Capacitances through Frequency Response Analysis – An Experimental Investigation
Authors: Shah Krupa , Ragavan K.
Published: October 2013

This article focuses on developing a non-invasive method for determining capacitances using frequency response data. The proposed methodology involves acquiring driving-point impedance of the winding under consideration over wide frequency range. With certain terminal conditions and using the terminal impedance measured at specific frequencies, input and shunt capacitances are determined. For the purpose of estimating series capacitance of the winding, an algorithm is proposed. To demonstrate the capability of the method, initially model coils that have provisions for connecting external capacitances are considered. Then, it is found that the estimated values of capacitances are nearly same as those of connected capacitances. The method is, then, extended to transformer winding, and a capacitive ladder network is constructed. To assess the accuracy of estimation, capacitive voltage distribution is utilized. That is, the voltage distribution in the winding is compared with that of synthesized circuit. A good agreement between those data reveals that the estimated capacitance values are accurate.
Platinum organometallic complexes: classification and analysis of crystallographic and structural data for dimeric complexes
Authors: Melník Milan , Mikuš Peter , Holloway Clive Edward
Published: October 2013

This review covers over 260 examples of dimeric organoplatinum complexes. Platinum is predominantly found in the oxidation states +2 and +4, but with some examples of 0, +1, +2.5, +3, and of mixed-valence as well. A number of coordination state geometries are observed, of which the most common is essentially square-planar at Pt(II), a distorted octahedral at Pt(IV), and some examples of trigonal planar and trigonal bipyramidal as well. The most common ligands are methyl (Me), carbonyl and PX3. The shortest Pt-Pt bond distance is 245.1(1) pm. The mean Pt-Pt bond distance increases in the order: 261.1 pm [Pt(2.5)-Pt(2.5)]<261.3 pm [Pt(III)-Pt(III)]<262.4 pm [Pt(I)-Pt(I)]<270.3 pm [Ot(II)-Pt(II)]<277.2 pm [Pt(0)-Pt(0)]<282.6 pm [Pt(II)-Pt(II)]. The Pt…Pt no-bonding distances are: Pt(II)…Pt(II), 3.008–17.959 pm; Pt(IV)…Pt(IV), 327.5–768.0 pm; Pt(II)-Pt(0), 378.6 pm and Pt(II)…Pt(IV), 389 pm. There are several relationships pointed out between the Pt-Pt distances, Pt-X-Pt bridge angles and covalent radii of coordinated atoms. Several examples contain two crystallographically independent molecules within the same crystal, differing mostly by degree of distortion, which are examples of distortion isomerism.
Bringing the Revolution to Medical Schools
Authors: Laveaga Gabriela Soto
Published: October 2013

This article explores the establishment of the 1936 Social Service requirement for medical students and the creation of a major in Rural Health at the Instituto Politécnico Nacional in Mexico City to explain how health and physicians became an extension of the aims of the Mexican Revolution. The author argues that the 1930s attempt to bring doctors to rural areas had a two-fold intent that went beyond health and a geographic distribution of doctors: first, socialize mainly urban doctors to care for the rural poor and, second, create agents of the state in difficult to access marginal areas.

Este artículo analiza el establecimiento del requisito de Servicio Social para los estudiantes de medicina en 1936 y la creación de una Licenciatura en Salud Rural en el Instituto Politécnico Nacional de la ciudad de México para explicar de qué manera la salud y los médicos se convirtieron en una extensión de los objetivos de la Revolución mexicana. El autor sostiene que el intento de llevar médicos a las zonas rurales durante la década de los treinta tenía una doble intención más allá de la salud y la distribución geográfica de los galenos: en primer lugar, socializar a los doctores, mayoritariamente urbanos, para atender a los enfermos rurales y, en segundo lugar, crear agentes del estado en zonas marginales de difícil acceso.
Glucose transporter 1 expression accompanies hypoxia sensing in the cyclic canine corpus luteum
Authors: Papa Paula de Carvalho , Sousa Liza Margareth Medeiros de Carvalho , Silva Renata dos Santos , de Fátima Luciana Alves , da Fonseca Vanessa Uemura , do Amaral Vanessa Coutinho , Hoffmann Bernd , Alves-Wagner Ana Bárbara , Machado Ubiratan Fabres , Kowalewski Mariusz Pawel
Published: October 2013

The canine corpus luteum (CL) functions as a source of progesterone (P4) and 17β-oestradiol (E2); however, the transport of energy substrates to maintain its high hormonal output has not yet been characterised. This study involved the localisation and temporal distribution of the facilitative glucose transporter 1 and the quantification of the corresponding protein (GLUT1) and gene (SLC2A1) expression. Some GLUT1/SLC2A1 regulatory proteins, such as hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1A) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2); mRNAs, such as HIF1A, FGF2 and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA); and VEGFA receptors 1 and 2 (FLT1 and KDR) were also analysed from days 10 to 70 after ovulation. Additionally, plasma P4 and E2 levels were assessed via chemiluminescence. Moreover, the canine KDR sequence has been cloned, thereby enabling subsequent semi-quantitative PCR analysis. Our results demonstrate time-dependent variations in the expression profile of SLC2A1 during dioestrus, which were accompanied by highly correlated changes (0.84<r<0.98; P<0.03) in the gene expression of HIF1A, VEGF and FLT1 as well as in P4 plasma concentrations. FGF2 mRNA correlated with E2 plasma concentrations (r=0.61; P=0.01). Our data reveal that the glucose transporter is regulated throughout the CL lifespan and suggest that CL depends on the sensing of hypoxia and the status of luteal vascularisation. Moreover, time-dependent expression of GLUT1/SLC2A1 may lie underneath increased metabolic and energetic requirements for sustaining P4 production.
Immune-Related Functions of theHivepGene Family in East African Cichlid Fishes
Authors: Diepeveen Eveline T , Roth Olivia , Salzburger Walter
Published: October 2013

Immune-related genes are often characterized by adaptive protein evolution. Selection on immune genes can be particularly strong when hosts encounter novel parasites, for instance, after the colonization of a new habitat or upon the exploitation of vacant ecological niches in an adaptive radiation. We examined a set of new candidate immune genes in East African cichlid fishes. More specifically, we studied the signatures of selection in five paralogs of the human immunodeficiency virus type I enhancer-binding protein (Hivep) gene family, tested their involvement in the immune defense, and related our results to explosive speciation and adaptive radiation events in cichlids. We found signatures of long-term positive selection in four Hivep paralogs and lineage-specific positive selection in Hivep3b in two radiating cichlid lineages. Exposure of the cichlid Astatotilapia burtoni to a vaccination with Vibrio anguillarum bacteria resulted in a positive correlation between immune response parameters and expression levels of three Hivep loci. This work provides the first evidence for a role of Hivep paralogs in teleost immune defense and links the signatures of positive selection to host–pathogen interactions within an adaptive radiation.
Cu Grain Boundary Embrittlement by Liquid Hg: A Comparison between Experiment and ab-initio Modeling
Authors: Colombeau Julien , Auger Thierry , Johnson Duane , Wang Linlin
Published: October 2013

We have studied the LME phenomenon for the Cu/Hg couple, from an experimental and a computational point of view. We compared the LME behavior of standard oxygen free high conductivity (OFHC) copper with Grain Boundary Engineered (GBE) copper (containing a high fraction of special Σ3 GBs). Experimentally, we find that special Σ3 GBs in copper are less prone than general GB to LME by liquid mercury. In parallel, we have investigated the difference in LME induced fracture between the symmetric Σ3(111)[110]70.5° tilt GB and the symmetric Σ5(210)[100]36.87° tilt GB by ab-initio calculations. The Hg segregation trend has been evaluated for these 2 GBs. Ab-initio tensile tests on the Σ3(111) GB with and without segregated Hg atoms have been performed. Finally solid/liquid interfaces have been modeled using ab-initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) in order to calculate solid-liquid surface energies (γSL). Using a Griffith approach, we have evaluated the energy difference γGB - 2 γSL. The LME mechanism in Cu/Hg is discussed.
O peso do varejo, o peso no varejo e a identidade: uma análise de consumidoras plus size
Authors: Zanette Maria Carolina , Lourenço Carlos Eduardo , Brito Eliane Pereira Zamith
Published: October 2013

Este trabalho estuda o conceito de identidade sob a ótica do consumo feminino de moda plus size. Foram realizadas 14 entrevistas fenomenológicas, observadas por uma perspectiva hermenêutica. Três categorias temáticas emergiram dos dados: a construção da identidade pela moda, o que envolve ser plus size e estratégias criativas para lidar com a configuração do portfólio de produtos no varejo, que não favorece mulheres plus size. Entre os principais resultados, destacam-se a forma pela qual o termo plus size age como estigma, influenciando os projetos identitários das consumidoras, o papel do varejo na estigmatização e a saga quase epopeica das compras, que envolve até um "mercado negro" com as vendedoras.
Personalidade e boca a boca: propensão ao envio e recebimento de informações
Authors: Basso Kenny , Reck Danúbia , Rech Eduardo
Published: October 2013

Este artigo propõe-se a avaliar a ligação entre traços de personalidade e a disposição para o boca a boca. Por meio da modelagem de equações estruturais, verificou-se que o envio de informações foi significativamente antecedido pela amabilidade, instabilidade emocional e consciência. O recebimento de informações foi significantemente precedido pela instabilidade emocional e pela consciência. No âmbito acadêmico, este estudo contribui para a compreensão das ligações entre a personalidade e o envio e recebimento de informações pelo consumidor, testando empiricamente um modelo que faz essa junção entre construtos psicológicos com construtos trabalhados em marketing. Gerencialmente, este estudo contribui para a compreensão do comportamento do consumidor e fornece indícios para a tomada de decisão quando a intenção é prevenir o boca a boca negativo ou instigar o boca a boca positivo.
Electrical conductivity and pH of the substrate solution in gerbera cultivars under fertigation
Authors: Ludwig Fernanda , Fernandes Dirceu M , Mota Poliana RD , Bôas Roberto L Villas
Published: October 2013

The quality and the profitability on floriculture are intimately linked to the adequate plant nutrition. In the present research we aimed to evaluate the electrical conductivity (EC) and pH of the substrate solution on four different gerbera cultivars subjected to fertigation, with two nutritive solutions. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, from May to July 2006, on the Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo state, Brazil. The experiment was carried out under an experimental design of random blocks, in 4×2 factorial arrangement, with four Gerbera cultivars (Cherry, Golden Yellow, Salmon Rose and Orange) and two nutritive solution concentrations: 0.92 and 1.76 dS m-1 EC) during the vegetative stage, and 1.07 and 2.04 dS m-1 during the reproductive stage (S1 and S2, respectively). The nutrients were applied through fertigation, manually performed every day. The EC and pH values of the substrate solution were evaluated weekly, using the 'pourthru' method. Orange and Cherry cultivars had, respectively, the highest and the lowest electrical conductivity of the substrate solution, and Cherry was the most efficient on the nutrient uptake. The solution S2 showed a trend to accumulate salts in the substrate, but without visual symptoms of plant toxicity, leading to the lowest pH values. The 'pourthru' method was efficient when compared to the 1:2 method and can be adopted for substrate solution analysis in gerbera culture.
Diversidade genética de Cucurbita pepo, C. argyrosperma e C. ficifolia empregando marcadores microssatélites
Authors: Priori Daniela , Barbieri Rosa Lía , Castro Caroline M , Oliveira Antonio C de , Vilela Juliana CB , Mistura Claudete C
Published: October 2013

No Sul do Brasil são cultivadas variedades locais das cinco espécies domesticadas de Cucurbita. Dentre elas, as menos estudadas são C. argyrosperma e C. ficifolia. Análises de microssatélites são importantes para a caracterização molecular dessas duas espécies, mas existe a necessidade de primers específicos, ainda não disponíveis. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a transferibilidade de primers e otimizar a amplificação de locos SSR de C. pepo em C. argyrosperma e C. ficifolia, bem como averiguar a diversidade genética entre diferentes acessos de germoplasma destas espécies. Foram utilizados dez acessos de C. pepo, nove de C. argyrosperma e cinco de C. ficifolia do Banco Ativo de Germoplasma de Cucurbitáceas da Embrapa Clima Temperado. O DNA foi extraído em bulk das folhas de cinco indivíduos de cada acesso. Foram usados 40 primers SSR desenvolvidos para C. pepo. Em C. pepo, 35 primers (87,5%) amplificaram, em C. argyrosperma, 34 primers (85%) e em C. ficifolia, 32 primers (80%). Portanto a taxa de transferibilidade de locos SSR de C. pepo para C. argyrosperma e C. ficifolia foi alta, indicando que podem ser empregados na caracterização molecular destas espécies.
Evaluation of damage, food attractants and population dynamics of strawberry sap beetle
Authors: Fornari Rodrigo A , Machota Junior Ruben , Bernardi Daniel , Botton Marcos , Pastori Patrik Luiz
Published: October 2013

The strawberry sap beetle [Lobiopa insularis (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae)] is one of the most important pests of strawberry crops. This study aimed to determine the relationship between strawberry fruit maturation stages and the feeding of sap beetle in laboratory and to evaluate food attractants and population dynamics of this species during the crop season. To evaluate the feeding preference of strawberry fruits 'Camarosa' at different maturation stages [green (G), semi-ripe (SM) and ripe (R)] were exposed to adult sap beetles in plastic cups. We evaluated in field the effect of food baits and pest fluctuation with traps baited with different food baits: (T1) ripe ground strawberries; (T2) cattle feed, granulated sugar and water; (T3) T1 and T2 attractants mixed at 1:1 ratio; (T4) fruit mix, granulated sugar, water and beer, sprayed with isoamyl-acetate and (T5) control (no food attractants and insecticide). In all treatments the insecticide Malathion1000® CE was mixed. The population dynamics of adult beetles were monitored during throughout the cycle of strawberry culture in the municipalities of Caxias do Sul and Bom Princípio, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, using the best food baits for catching adults of the pest. There was no significant difference in relation to the feeding of sap beetle adults in any of the maturation stages, 96 hours after infestation, with no significant increase in feeding on ripe strawberries. In the field, traps baited with ripe strawberries were effective in attracting insects for seven days, with the first occurrence of the pest in June in the municipality of Caxias do Sul and in August in Bom Princípio, with population peaks during January in both experiments.
Bromeliads production in greenhouses associated to different shading screens
Authors: Holcman Ester , Sentelhas Paulo Cesar
Published: October 2013

Bromeliads production in greenhouses is highly influenced by microclimate, which affects plants growth and development. Based on that, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of shading screens of different colors on microclimatic variables and Aechmea fasciata bromeliad growth in a greenhouse covered by transparent low-density polyethylene. The experiment had five treatments, with screens of different colors, inside a plastic greenhouse: thermo-reflective (T1); control without screen (T2); red (T3); blue (T4); and black (T5) screens, all of them with 70% of shading. From the 60 plants arranged in each one of the treatments 24 were evaluated, which were obtained randomly. The statistical design was completely randomized for the biometric variables. An automatic micrometeorological station was installed in each treatment, recording temperature, relative humidity and solar radiation. The plant parameters evaluated weekly were plant diameter and height, leaf width and length, and number of leaves per plant. The rosette diameter and leaf length were the parameters that presented the highest differences among treatments, which was basically a function of changes in solar radiation caused by the shading screens. The red screen provided the best conditions for A. fasciata bromeliad production.
Effects of nitrogen application on corn yield after harvesting the apical ear as baby corn
Authors: Silva Paulo Sérgio L , Araújo Júnior Bernardo B , Oliveira Vianney R , Pontes Frederico ST , Oliveira Odaci F
Published: October 2013

Removal of the first female inflorescence in corn induces the plant to produce new inflorescences, which allows the first ear to be harvested as baby corn and the second to be harvested as green or mature ear (dry corn). The objective of this study was to compare the following production systems fertilized with nitrogen levels (0, 80, and 160 kg ha-1), applied to corn hybrid AG 1051: baby corn harvesting (BC); green ear harvesting (GC); mature ear harvesting (DC); and harvesting of the first female inflorescence as baby corn + harvesting the other ears as green corn (BC + GC) or as dry corn (BC + DC). A randomized complete block design with split-plots (nitrogen in plots) and nine replicates was used. The BC system provided higher baby corn yields than the BC + GC or the BC + DC systems. For all traits employed to evaluate green corn yield, the GC system provided higher yields than the BC + GC system. The BC + DC system provided lower grain yield than the DC system. The application of nitrogen provided increases in all traits evaluated, except for number of kernels ear-1 and 100-kernel weight. The revenue (total and additional total) and additional profit values, in descending order, were obtained with the BC, BC + GC, BC + DC, GC, and DC systems, for all nitrogen levels. The values for those measurements increased as nitrogen dose increased. At the dose of 80 kg N ha-1, the highest profitability index (percentage of additional revenue that is converted into additional profit) was obtained from DC sales. However, with the application of the highest nitrogen rate, the highest profitability was obtained from BC sales.