bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The influence of modernization processes on the formation of a network of settlements in the Yamalo-Nenets National District in the 1920s and 1930s
Authors: Zagorodnyuk Nadezhda Ivanovna
Published: December 2023

In the modern world, the Arctic region retains its important strategic importance. Close interest in the formation and development of a network of settlements in the polar countries can be traced in modern research. The purpose of the work is to trace the influence of modernization processes on the transformation of the settlement network on the example of the Yamalo-Nenets National District in the 1920s and 1930s. The object is the settlement network of the studied region, the subject is its spatial and quantitative characteristics. The analysis of the data obtained takes into account the influence of natural, geographical, socio-economic and other conditions for the development of a network of settlements. In the study of the processes of settlement network formation and its transformation, various methodological approaches are traced. In this regard, the modernization theory of social development is of interest, where, according to the concept, urbanization is viewed through the prism of not only demographic, but settlement processes in both cities and rural areas. The work is based on the materials of the Circumpolar Census of 1926-1927 and the All-Union Census of 1939. To analyze documentary sources, a set of statistical methods was used, as well as historical-genetic, historical-comparative, historical-typological research methods, methods of graphical representation of the obtained statistical data. Based on the newly introduced and published sources of statistical accounting of the population of the Yamalo-Nenets National District, the influence of modernization processes on the development of the settlement network is traced. The factors contributing to the growth of the number of settlements have been identified. In 1939, the national settlements of the indigenous inhabitants of the tundra were the most numerous – out of 222 settlements, almost half were yurts (107), more than a quarter (44) were trading posts. During the 1920s and 1930s, new features in the settlement network of the district can be traced on the territory of the district: the district center was transformed into a city; the number of working settlements increased; new types of settlements appeared, most of their names reflected the features of industrial and economic activity (fishing, fish patch, sand, St. John's wort, forest patch, state farm, farm, weather station, radio station). Thus, against the background of the preservation of the complexity of the economic life of the population and the traditional types of settlement, some features of urbanization were traced.
Structure design and logical CNOT implementation of multi-logical-qubits surface code
Authors: Quan Dong-Xiao , Lü Xiao-Jie , Zhang Wen-Fei ,   School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China,   Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Information, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
Published: December 2023

As its parallel processing ability, quantum computing has an exponential acceleration over classical computing. However, quantum systems are fragile and susceptible to noise. Quantum error correction code is an effective means to overcome quantum noise. Quantum surface codes are topologically stable subcodes that have great potential for large-scale fault-tolerant quantum computing because of their structural nearest neighbor characteristics and high fault-tolerance thresholds. The existing boundary-based surface codes can encode one logical qubit. This paper mainly studies how to implement multi-logical-qubits encoding based on the boundary, including designing the structure of the surface code, finding out the corresponding stabilizers and logical operations according to the structure, and further designing the coding circuit based on the stabilizers. After research on the single qubit CNOT implementation principle based on measurement and correcting and the logic CNOT implementation based on fusion and segmentation, we further optimized implementation scheme of the logic CNOT implementation based on fusion and segmentation. The scheme is extended to the designed multi-logical-qubits surface code to realize the CNOT operation between the multi-logical-qubits surface codes, and the correctness of the quantum circuit is verified by simulation. The multi-logical-qubits surface code designed in this paper overcomes the disadvantage that the single-logical-qubit surface code can not be densely embedded in the quantum chip, improves the length of some logical operations, and increases the fault tolerance ability. The idea of joint measurement reduces the requirement for ancilla qubits and reduces the demand for quantum resources in the implementation process.
Imaging microglia surveillance during sleep-wake cycles in freely behaving mice
Authors: Gu Xiaochun , Zhao Zhong , Chen Xueli , Zhang Lifeng , Fang Huaqiang , Zhao Ting , Ju Shenghong , Gao Weizheng , Qian Xiaoyu , Wang Xianhua , Zhang Jue , Cheng Heping
Published: December 2023

Microglia surveillance manifests itself as dynamic changes in cell morphology and functional remodeling. Whether and how microglia surveillance is coupled to brain state switches during natural sleep-wake cycles remains unclear. To address this question, we used miniature two-photon microscopy (mTPM) to acquire time-lapse high-resolution microglia images of the somatosensory cortex, along with EEG/EMG recordings and behavioral video, in freely-behaving mice. We uncovered fast and robust brain state-dependent changes in microglia surveillance, occurring in parallel with sleep dynamics and early-onset phagocytic microglial contraction during sleep deprivation stress. We also detected local norepinephrine fluctuation occurring in a sleep state-dependent manner. We showed that the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system, which is crucial to sleep homeostasis, is required for both sleep state-dependent and stress-induced microglial responses and β2-adrenergic receptor signaling plays a significant role in this process. These results provide direct evidence that microglial surveillance is exquisitely tuned to signals and stressors that regulate sleep dynamics and homeostasis so as to adjust its varied roles to complement those of neurons in the brain. In vivo imaging with mTPM in freely behaving animals, as demonstrated here, opens a new avenue for future investigation of microglia dynamics and sleep biology in freely behaving animals.
PAK3 downregulation induces cognitive impairment following cranial irradiation
Authors: Lee Haksoo , Kang Hyunkoo , Moon Changjong , Youn BuHyun
Published: December 2023

Cranial irradiation is used for prophylactic brain radiotherapy as well as the treatment of primary brain tumors. Despite its high efficiency, it often induces unexpected side effects, including cognitive dysfunction. Herein, we observed that mice exposed to cranial irradiation exhibited cognitive dysfunction, including altered spontaneous behavior, decreased spatial memory, and reduced novel object recognition. Analysis of the actin cytoskeleton revealed that ionizing radiation (IR) disrupted the filamentous/globular actin (F/G-actin) ratio and downregulated the actin turnover signaling pathway p21-activated kinase 3 (PAK3)-LIM kinase 1 (LIMK1)-cofilin. Furthermore, we found that IR could upregulate microRNA-206–3 p (miR-206–3 p) targeting PAK3. As the inhibition of miR-206–3 p through antagonist (antagomiR), IR-induced disruption of PAK3 signaling is restored. In addition, intranasal administration of antagomiR-206–3 p recovered IR-induced cognitive impairment in mice. Our results suggest that cranial irradiation-induced cognitive impairment could be ameliorated by regulating PAK3 through antagomiR-206–3 p, thereby affording a promising strategy for protecting cognitive function during cranial irradiation, and promoting quality of life in patients with radiation therapy.
Black Screens
Authors: Hermanrud Inge , Wedum Gunhild , Løvold Syversen Trine , Myklebø Sigrid , Johanessen Lervik Monica , Madsbu Jens Petter , Storhaug Hole Åse
Published: December 2023

In this article, we ask the question: Why do students choose to turn their cameras off during online teaching? We discuss this issue from the perspective of adaptive structuration theory and media richness theory. We use qualitative data from 169 free text answers from two surveys conducted during the pandemic: in May/June 2020 and May/June 2021. In our analysis, we have developed three categories – “the social context”, “window mirror” and the “noisy classroom” – to better understand why students turn off their cameras. Based on these categories, we describe problems that turning off the camera is a response to. These problems are: too many cues, attributes of the home that might promote negative feelings, disclosure of home and personal activities, and online self-image. Our findings are in line with other research that contends that turning off the camera helps to reduce problems, such as an invasion of privacy that could be distracting and uncomfortable, and “digital fatigue”. We contribute to the research field by describing that some students turn off their camera for another reason: to maintain their self-image. However, although turning off cameras solves problems, the resulting “black screens” create new problems, in the form of less engagement for collaborative learning activities and an increased feeling of isolation among students.
Medición de la ventaja competitiva en empresas mexicanas certificadas por la Procuraduría Federal de Protección al Ambiente (PROFEPA)
Authors: Altamirano Dailin Alejandra Ramirez , Sánchez-Medina Patricia Soledad , Reyes-Santiago María del Rosario , Melo-Monterrey Manuel de Jesús , Sánchez-López Mario Edmundo , Toledo-Morales Arendi
Published: December 2023

El concepto y la medición de la ventaja competitiva es fundamental para el desarrollo de las organizaciones; en este contexto, la certificación ambiental puede verse como un elemento diferenciador del éxito empresarial. En esta investigación se ha construido y validado un cuestionario para medir la ventaja competitiva en firmas con certificación ambiental. El cuestionario se aplicó en 150 empresas mexicanas certificadas por la Procuraduría Federal de Protección al Ambiente (PROFEPA) en 2023. Los resultados muestran tres factores de ventaja competitiva: calidad-innovación, líder en costos y diferenciación en mercado. La investigación contribuye a nivel académico al generar un instrumento que permite valorar si la certificación ambiental proporciona ventaja competitiva a la organización y de qué forma puede evidenciarse. Para el sector empresarial, este estudio es de importancia a fin de conocer los beneficios de sus acciones ambientales; y para el sector gubernamental es de interés al conocer los efectos empresariales de la certificación ambiental.
Clinical aspects of patients in home treatment for the best at home and de-hospitalization / Aspectos clínicos de pacientes em tratamento domiciliar pelo melhor em casa e desospitalização
Authors: Pinho Sirlaine de , Da Silva Junior Rene Ferreira , Vieira da Silva Cristiane , De Pinho Lucineia , Veloso e Silva Rosângela Ramos , Costa Simone de Melo
Published: December 2023

Objetivo: analisar dados sobre à desospitalização por meio dos aspectos clínicos de pacientes com prosseguimento no domicílio pelo Programa Melhor em Casa. Método: estudo transversal analítico. Os dados compreendem o perfil dos pacientes, motivo da internação, doenças pré-existentes, clínica de entrada, dias de internação e período entre alta médica, alta hospitalar e admissão. Resultados: entre os 254 pacientes, 57,9% eram idosos e 56,3% homens, internados por acidente vascular cerebral (26,4%), pneumonia (14,2%) e por traumatismo cranioencefálico (11,0%), diagnóstico prévio de hipertensão foi registrado para 32,8%, internação na neurologia para 49,6% e 52,8% permaneceram internados por 15 dias ou mais. A alta hospitalar ocorreu em média após 3,45 horas da alta médica, a admissão no programa ocorreu em média após 11,93 dias da alta hospitalar. Conclusão: há necessidade de melhor articulação entre a Atenção Primária e os demais níveis da assistência, para garantir uma admissão mais ágil e desocupação hospitalar.
Construction and validation of a booklet on mental health care in primary care / Construção e validação de cartilha sobre o cuidado em saúde mental na Atenção Primária
Authors: Bernieri Jamine , Hirdes Alice , Vendruscolo Carine , Zocche Denise Antunes de Azambuja , Zanatta Leila
Published: December 2023

Objetivo: descrever o processo de construção e validação de uma cartilha para promoção da saúde mental para profissionais da Atenção Primária à Saúde. Método: pesquisa-ação, dividida em cinco fases, realizada de novembro de 2020 a janeiro de 2021. Resultados: a construção da cartilha foi embasada em um diagnóstico situacional e na literatura, seguido de validação por juízes-especialistas e público-alvo. O conteúdo foi validado por doze juízes-especialistas em saúde mental, atingindo Índice de Validade do Conteúdo acima de 80%. Para validação da aparência contou-se com seis juízes da área de design e/ou marketing, por fim foi realizada a validação semântica por onze profissionais da Atenção Primária à Saúde, que representaram o público alvo. Utilizou-se o Índice de Concordância, atingindo valores acima de 75%. Conclusão: tais resultados evidenciam que a tecnologia construída é confiável e válida podendo ser utilizada pelas equipes multiprofissionais da Atenção Primária à Saúde.
Calcium, Strontium, Barium, and Radium
Authors: Krishnan Kannan
Published: December 2023

Calcium, strontium, barium, and radium are alkaline‐earth metals of which calcium is an essential element. The adverse effects associated with excessive calcium intake are kidney stone formation, hypercalcemia, and renal insufficiency. The toxicological effects of calcium are generally associated with sustained increases in its intracellular concentration. Strontium, widely found in association with calcium, causes skeletal toxicity by competing with calcium for binding to form hydroxyapatite crystals. Barium, the heaviest of the stable alkaline earth metals of Group IIA of the periodic table, is a chemical antagonist to potassium. Barium toxicity is mediated by through substitution for calcium, in addition to being a physiological antagonist to potassium ions. Kidney is the primary target organ for barium toxicity in rodents, while cardiovascular effects such as hypertension are the primary effect in humans. Finally, radium, a radioactive element, is an analogue of barium and calcium. Sarcomas of the bone and carcinomas of the paranasal sinuses and mastoid air cells have been associated with radium exposure. This chapter also summarizes the available environmental and workplace guideline values for these alkaline earth metals.
Dosimetric impact of rotational errors in trigeminal neuralgia radiosurgery using CyberKnife
Authors: Liu Ming , Cygler Joanna E , Tiberi David , Doody Janice , Malone Shawn , Vandervoort Eric
Published: December 2023

Purpose

Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) can be treated on the CyberKnife system using two different treatment delivery paths: the general‐purpose full path corrects small rotations, while the dedicated trigeminal path improves dose fall‐off but does not allow rotational corrections. The study evaluates the impact of uncorrected rotations on brainstem dose and the length of CN5 (denoted as Leff) covered by the prescription dose.

Methods and materials

A proposed model estimates the delivered dose considering translational and rotational delivery errors for TN treatments on the CyberKnife system. The model is validated using radiochromic film measurements with and without rotational setup error for both paths. Leff and the brainstem dose is retrospectively assessed for 24 cases planned using the trigeminal path. For 15 cases, plans generated using both paths are compared for the target coverage and toxicity to the brainstem.

Results

In experimental validations, measured and estimated doses agree at 1%/1 mm level. For 24 cases, the treated Leff is 5.3 ± 1.7 mm, reduced from 5.9 ± 1.8 mm in the planned dose. Constraints for the brainstem are met in 23 cases for the treated dose but require frequent treatment interruption to maintain rotational corrections <0.5° using the trigeminal path. The treated length of CN5, and plan quality metrics are similar for the two paths, favoring the full path where rotations are corrected.

Conclusions

We validated an analytical model that can provide patient‐specific tolerances on rotations to meet plan objectives. Treatment using the full path can reduce treatment time and allow for rotational corrections.
A quantitative framework for patient‐specific collision detection in proton therapy
Authors: Northway Stephen K. , Vallejo Bailey M. , Liu Lawrence , Hansen Emily E. , Tang Shikui , Mah Dennis , MacEwan Iain J. , Urbanic James J. , Chang Chang
Published: December 2023

Background

Beam modifying accessories for proton therapy often need to be placed in close proximity of the patient for optimal dosimetry. However, proton treatment units are larger in size and as a result the planned treatment geometry may not be achievable due to collisions with the patient. A framework that can accurately simulate proton treatment geometry is desired.

Purpose

A quantitative framework was developed to model patient‐specific proton treatment geometry, minimize air gap, and avoid collisions.

Methods

The patient's external contour is converted into the International Electrotechnique Commission (IEC) gantry coordinates following the patient's orientation and each beam's gantry and table angles. All snout components are modeled by three‐dimensional (3D) geometric shapes such as columns, cuboids, and frustums. Beam‐specific parameters such as isocenter coordinates, snout type and extension are used to determine if any point on the external contour protrudes into the various snout components. A 3D graphical user interface is also provided to the planner to visualize the treatment geometry. In case of a collision, the framework's analytic algorithm quantifies the maximum protrusion of the external contour into the snout components. Without a collision, the framework quantifies the minimum distance of the external contour from the snout components and renders a warning if such distance is less than 5 cm.

Results

Three different snout designs are modeled. Examples of potential collision and its aversion by snout retraction are demonstrated. Different patient orientations, including a sitting treatment position, as well as treatment plans with multiple isocenters, are successfully modeled in the framework. Finally, the dosimetric advantage of reduced air gap enabled by this framework is demonstrated by comparing plans with standard and reduced air gaps.

Conclusion

Implementation of this framework reduces incidence of collisions in the treatment room. In addition, it enables the planners to minimize the air gap and achieve better plan dosimetry.
Parameters estimation for the Hammerstein‐Wiener models with colored noise based on hybrid signals
Authors: Li Feng , Han Jiahu
Published: December 2023

A three‐stage estimation approach of the Hammerstein‐Wiener model with colored noise using hybrid signals is considered in this article. The Hammerstein‐Wiener model where a linear dynamic block is embedded between two static nonlinear elements, in which two nonlinear elements represented by two independent neural fuzzy models and a linear element represented by autoregressive exogenous model. The designed hybrid signals that consist of separable signals and random signals are devoted to estimating independently. First, the characteristics of separable signals in the action of the static nonlinear element are analyzed, then the output nonlinear element parameters are estimated utilizing two groups of separable signals with a multiple. Moreover, least squares based on correlation analysis method is applied to estimate linear element using one set of separable signals, which handles the interference of colored process noise. Finally, the recursive extended least squares algorithm is derived to estimate the input nonlinear element and the autoregressive moving average noise model, which improves parameters estimation accuracy owing to estimating colored noise model parameters in recursive estimate process. The feasibility of the presented estimation technique is demonstrated by an illustrative simulation example and a practical nonlinear process.
Precise Synergistic Photothermal Therapy Guided by Accurate Temperature‐Dependent NIR‐II Fluorescence Imaging
Authors: Sun Zhuqing , Li Tuanwei , Wu Feng , Yao Tingfeng , Yang Hongchao , Yang Xiaohu , Yin Hongqiang , Gao Yajuan , Zhang Yejun , Li Chunyan , Wang Qiangbin
Published: December 2023

Photothermal therapy (PTT) is considered a promising treatment strategy for solid tumors. However, local hyperthermia (over 45°C) during PTT can cause severe side effects in neighboring healthy tissues. PTT with accurate temperature feedback is a compelling strategy to ablate tumors and reduce side effects, but it still faces challenges. Here, a new kind of phototheranostic nanoparticle, namely 17‐RF@Ag2Se is developed, enabling in vivo NIR‐II fluorescence tracking, PTT and fluorescence nanothermometry as well as synergistic heat‐shock protein (HSP) inhibition. Precise PTT with high spatiotemporal resolution is achieved with the help of the designed NIR‐II fluorescence imaging‐photothermal therapy linkage apparatus. Upon intravenous injection, 17‐RF@Ag2Se is specifically accumulated in tumors targeted by the overexpressed integrin αvβ3, which is monitored by NIR‐II fluorescence imaging of Ag2Se QDs. Further, the release of HSP inhibitor, tanespimycin (17‐AAG), enhances the thermosensitivity of tumor cells. Subsequently, the internal temperature of the tumor is precisely monitored and adjusted during PTT via the temperature‐dependent NIR‐II fluorescence feedback of Ag2Se QDs and the linkage apparatus calibration, thereby achieving efficient and safe tumor PTT. Also, the results present a new method for accurate temperature monitoring and control in vivo, which can be applied to other biomedical studies.
Paleoneurology and neuroanatomical notes on the South American “rauisuchian” Saurosuchus galilei from the Ischigualasto formation, San Juan, Argentina
Authors: von Baczko M. Belén , Cardillo Ariel F. , Ulloa‐Guaiquin Karen , Desojo Julia B. , Paulina‐Carabajal Ariana
Published: December 2023

Non‐crocodylomorph loricatans, traditionally known as “rauisuchians,” are considered as the top predators of the Triassic continental faunas that reigned before the emergence of the well‐known theropod dinosaurs. In particular, Saurosuchus galilei is a large quadrupedal prestosuchid loricatan found in the Ischigualasto Formation from northwestern Argentina. Here, we reevaluated the braincase of S. galilei and present the first paleoneurological study based on the partial natural casts of the holotype and the digital cranial endocast of the referred specimen PVSJ 32. The braincase of S. galilei was here reinterpreted, identifying the sutures of the supraoccipital, otoccipital, basioccipital, parabasisphenoid, prootic, and laterosphenoid. A unique feature identified in the braincase of S. galilei is the presence of deep paracondylar recesses associated with pharyngotympanic pneumaticity, which has not been identified in any other “rauisuchians” so far. Most of the structures of the encephalon were recognized in the cranial endocast and natural casts including cranial nerves V–XII, olfactory bulbs, main blood vessels and sinuses, and inner ear. These structures allowed us to quantify some of its sensorial capacities and recognize that S. galilei had an enhanced olfactory acuity, with coefficients higher than those expected for its body size, a condition previously observed in living crocodilians and tyrannosaurid dinosaurs. An improved sense of smell might have allowed Saurosuchus to track its prey from long distances and compensate for the poorer development of its other senses like vision and balance.
First CT‐assisted study of the palate and postcrania of Diarthrognathus broomi (Cynodontia, Probainognathia)
Authors: Lund Erin S. , Norton Luke A. , Benoit Julien
Published: December 2023

Diarthrognathus broomi is a transitional taxon between non‐mammaliaform cynodonts and Mammaliaformes that occurred during the Late Triassic to Early Jurassic. All known specimens of Diarthrognathus represent juveniles, and the postcrania have not been thoroughly described. The palatal, basicranial and postcranial elements of the referred specimen NMQR 1535 are described here for the first time using 3D reconstructions generated from X‐ray micro‐computed tomography (μCT) data. The presence of a large interpterygoid vacuity, open medial suture between the vomers and medially unossified secondary palate all support the interpretation that NMQR 1535 is a juvenile. In addition, Diarthrognathus uniquely possesses “suborbital” vacuities, which distinguishes it from every other known cynodont. The presence of an ossified olecranon process, among other features, suggests that Diarthrognathus may have been a scratch‐digger. The postcranial skeleton of Diarthrognathus appears to be more plesiomorphic than tritylodontids, Brasilodon and other tritheledontids as, among other traits, it retains amphicoelous vertebrae. However, this taxon also displays synapomorphies with the more derived cynodonts, such as the mammalian pattern of neurocentral ossification and possible absence of an ectepicondylar foramen.
A behaviorist perspective on how to address negative consumer behaviors
Authors: Janiszewski Chris , Laran Juliano
Published: December 2023

The cognitivist paradigm has dominated the past 50 years of consumer research. Cognitivist theories have provided extensive insights into pre‐consumption behaviors (i.e., information gathering, attitude formation, product choice, and product purchase) and the processes that support these behaviors (i.e., attitudes, persuasion, information processing, memory, knowledge, and choice processes). Yet, the cognitivist paradigm has limitations, especially when it comes to addressing detrimental consumption, over‐consumption, and perverse incentives in consumption systems. To address these issues, we discuss how a behaviorist paradigm can be used to identify more efficient and effective interventions for societal ills. The behaviorist perspective emphasizes that an alteration of the consumption environment can influence the ease of expressing a behavior and the rewards/punishments associated with this expression. Hence, behaviorism is useful in identifying and implementing intelligent nudges.
Extraction process, physicochemical properties, and digestive performance of red yeast rice starch
Authors: Bai Mengting , Liu Kai , Wang Yulin , Hou Shuguang , Li Xiaofang , Luo Jia
Published: December 2023

In the present study, taking red yeast rice (RYR) as the raw material, the optimum extraction process of RYR starch was investigated through a single‐factor experiment and the Box–Behnken design: The liquid–to‐solid ratio was 5 mL/g, the concentration of sodium hydroxide solution was 0.075 mol/L, and the extraction time was 3.1 h. Under these extraction conditions, the extraction rate of starch reached 90.077%. To explore the influence of solid‐state fermentation on RYR starch, three different fermentation stages of RYR starch, raw rice starch, semi‐gelatinized rice starch, and RYR starch were used as test materials to determine the changes in the physicochemical properties and glycemic index (GI) values of RYR starch during solid‐state fermentation. The results showed that with the advancement of the RYR solid‐state fermentation process, the starch particle size gradually increased, the light transmittance gradually decreased, and the solubility and swelling power significantly increased. In addition, the amylose content of starch gradually increased, whereas the amylopectin content gradually decreased; the content of fast digestible starch and slow digestible starch decreased, whereas the content of resistant starch increased. In parallel, during solid‐state fermentation, the hydrolysis index significantly decreased, and the GI values also decreased. In summary, solid‐state fermentation reduced the digestibility of RYR starch. These results provide a theoretical basis for the structural and physicochemical properties of RYR starch and lay a foundation for its subsequent application and expansion of RYR starch.
Performance and oncologic safety of sentinel lymph node biopsy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy: Results from a tertiary care center in Lebanon
Authors: Zahwe Mariam , El Sammak Aya , Ataya Karim , Jabbour Christelle , Bsat Ayman , Hafez Bassel , Atallah Christine , Kheil Mira , Maktabi Mohamad Ali , Hassan Bashar , Panossian Vahe , Assi Hazem , Abbas Jaber , Sbaity Eman
Published: December 2023

Background

The feasibility of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) in initially node‐positive patients is still controversial. We aim to evaluate the oncologic outcomes of SLNB after NACT and further compare the results between those who were initially node‐negative and node‐positive.

Methods

This is a retrospective cohort that included patients diagnosed with invasive breast cancer and had surgical management between January 2010 and December 2016. Survival and recurrence data after 3–5 years were collected from patients' records. We divided patients into Group A who were initially node‐negative and had SLNB ± axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) and Group B who were node‐positive and had SLNB ± ALND.

Results

Among initially node‐negative patients, 43 out of 63 patients did SLNB (Group A). However, among initially node‐positive patients only 28 out of 123 patients did SLNB (Group B). Out of the 71 patients who did SLNB after NACT, 26 patients had positive SLNs with only 14 patients who further underwent ALND. The identification rate of SLNB was 100% in Group A and 96.4% in Group B. The survival curves by nodal status showed no significant difference between overall survival and recurrence‐free survival at 5 years between patients in Group A versus Group.

Conclusion

The results suggest that in properly selected patients, SLNB can be feasible after NACT. Our results resemble the reported literature on accuracy of SLNB after NACT and adds to the growing pool of data on this topic.
Research group analyzes data to crown most dangerous college campuses
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: December 2023

DegreeChoices, a research think tank run by educational researchers, has released a list of the most dangerous campuses for students for 2023. DegreeChoices pulled data from the U.S. Department of Education to create a list of the 27 most dangerous colleges for students.
From Design to Applications: A Comprehensive Review on Porous Frameworks for Photocatalytic Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Removal
Authors: Deng Maojun , Sun Jiamin , Chakraborty Jeet , Zhou Maofan , Van Der Voort Pascal
Published: December 2023

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present significant and irreversible risks to both human health and the environment. Therefore, there is an urgent and important need for extensive research aimed at identifying suitable materials and effective technical approaches for VOC removal. Metal‐ and covalent organic frameworks (MOFs, COFs), along with covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs), represent an attractive class of porous materials characterized by adjustable structures, high porosity, and high specific surface areas. In recent years, these materials have rapidly advanced across various fields, including gas adsorption and separation, drug delivery, sensing, and heterogeneous catalysis. Notably, MOFs, COFs, and CTFs exhibit immense potential for the photocatalytic elimination of VOCs, since they behave as semiconductors with adjustable properties. This review offers an overview of the synthesis and structural relationships of MOFs, COFs, and CTFs while discussing the recent progress in photocatalytic VOC removal. Additionally, a comprehensive overview of the photocatalytic mechanism is presented. Finally, the current limitations and prospective future developments are discussed.
Ring Expansion Metathesis Polymerization (REMP) Initiators with an Unusual Ancillary Ligand
Authors: Yadav Rinku , Esper Alec M. , Ghiviriga Ion , Abboud Khalil A. , Lester Daniel W. , Ehm Christian , Veige Adam S.
Published: December 2023

Tethered tungsten‐alkylidenes bearing azoimido ligands (M≡Nγ‐Nβ=NαR) are synthesized, characterized, and tested as initiators for ring expansion metathesis polymerization (REMP). While these ligands are typically unstable and prone to dinitrogen loss, this work demonstrates that tethered alkylidene complexes bearing azoimido ligands are stable enough to be REMP initiators. Moreover, they are more efficient, long‐lived, and stereoselective than their corresponding imido derivatives (M≡NR). Density Functional Theory (DFT) analysis of the azoimido complexes provides insight into their unusual stability.
Oxidation‐state sensitive light‐induced dynamics of Ruthenium‐4H‐Imidazole complexes
Authors: Zedler Linda , Kupfer Stephan , Schmidt Heiner , Dietzek‐Ivanšić Benjamin
Published: December 2023

Oxidized molecular states are key intermediates in photo‐induced redox reactions, e. g., intermolecular charge transfer between photosensitizer and catalyst in photoredox catalysis. The stability and longevity of the oxidized photosensitizer is an important factor in optimizing the respective light‐driven reaction pathways. In this work the oxidized states of ruthenium(II)‐4H‐imidazole dyes are studied. The ruthenium complexes constitute benchmark photosensitizers in solar energy interconversion processes with exceptional chemical stability, strong visible light absorption, and favourable redox properties. To rationalize the light‐induced reaction in the oxidized ruthenium(III) systems, we combine UV‐vis absorption, resonance Raman, and transient absorption spectroelectrochemistry (SEC) with time‐dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations. Three complexes are compared, which vary with respect to their coordination environment, i. e., combining an 4H‐imidazole with either 2,2’‐bipyridine (bpy) or 2,2′;6′2“‐terpyridine (tpy) coligands, and chloride or isothiocyanate ligands. While all oxidized complexes have similar steady state absorption properties, their excited state kinetics differ significantly; the study thus opens the doorway to study the light‐driven reactivity of oxidized molecular intermediates in intermolecular charge transfer cascades.
Heed guidance for supporting at‐risk students on your campus
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: December 2023

BURLINGTON, VERMONT — Students typically arrive on campus with high expectations. But then an unexpected and painful reality might hit them a few weeks later when they haven’t made any friends and their classes seem overwhelming, compounded by believing they’re supposed to be having the best time in their lives.
CSI launches autism mentorship STEM program
Authors: Elfman Lois
Published: December 2023

As the academic year got underway, Dr. Kristen Gillespie‐Lynch launched Making Mentors: Enhancing Access to STEM Careers for Autistic Youth through Mentorship Programs and Makerspaces. Gillespie‐Lynch, Associate Professor of Psychology and Director of Project REACH at College of Staten Island, is partnering with the Education Development Center and New York University's Maker Program on this project, which is funded by a $1.3 million grant from the National Science Foundation.
Student enrollment up for the first time since pandemic — but results are mixed
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: December 2023

While enrollment for colleges and universities during the fall 2023 semester increased nationwide over fall 2022, first‐time freshman enrollment at four‐year institutions, both public and private, dropped. That finding was announced during a webinar interpreting the results of an annual Stay Informed with the Latest Enrollment Information report from the National Student Clearinghouse Research Center. Doug Shapiro, Executive Director at NSCRC, shared the results on a call.
Emerging strategies for combating Fusobacterium nucleatum in colorectal cancer treatment: Systematic review, improvements and future challenges
Authors: Liu Hongyu , Yu Yunjian , Dong Alideertu , Elsabahy Mahmoud , Yang Ying‐Wei , Gao Hui
Published: December 2023

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is generally characterized by a high prevalence of Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum), a spindle‐shaped, Gram‐negative anaerobe pathogen derived from the oral cavity. This tumor‐resident microorganism has been closely correlated with the occurrence, progression, chemoresistance and immunosuppressive microenvironment of CRC. Furthermore, F. nucleatum can specifically colonize CRC tissues through adhesion on its surface, forming biofilms that are highly resistant to commonly used antibiotics. Accordingly, it is crucial to develop efficacious non‐antibiotic approaches to eradicate F. nucleatum and its biofilms for CRC treatment. In recent years, various antimicrobial strategies, such as natural extracts, inorganic chemicals, organic chemicals, polymers, inorganic‐organic hybrid materials, bacteriophages, probiotics, and vaccines, have been proposed to combat F. nucleatum and F. nucleatum biofilms. This review summarizes the latest advancements in anti‐F. nucleatum research, elucidates the antimicrobial mechanisms employed by these systems, and discusses the benefits and drawbacks of each antimicrobial technology. Additionally, this review also provides an outlook on the antimicrobial specificity, potential clinical implications, challenges, and future improvements of these antimicrobial strategies in the treatment of CRC.
Fifty Years of U.S. Mass Incarceration and What It Means for Bioethics
Authors: Valles Sean A.
Published: December 2023

A growing body of literature has engaged with mass incarceration as a public health problem. This article reviews some of that literature, illustrating why and how bioethicists can and should engage with the problem of mass incarceration as a remediable cause of health inequities. “Mass incarceration” refers to a phenomenon that emerged in the United States fifty years ago: imprisoning a vastly larger proportion of the population than peer countries do, with a greatly disproportionate number of incarcerated people being members of marginalized racial and ethnic groups. Bioethicists have long engaged with questions of health justice for incarcerated people, including consent issues for those participating in research and access to health care. This article provides an overview of the individual and public health impacts of mass incarceration. The article argues that mass incarceration is a bioethics issue that should be addressed in medical education, identifies opportunities for bioethicists to guide hospitals’ interactions with law enforcement officials, and calls on bioethicists to be in conversation with medical and nursing students and health care professionals about these groups’ advocacy efforts concerning structural racism, police violence, and mass incarceration.
Heterogeneous parathyroid near‐infrared autofluorescence patterns are associated with single adenomas in primary hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Lee Sang Min , Dedhia Priya H. , Phay John E.
Published: December 2023

Background

Primary adenoma (PA) and multi‐gland hyperplasia (MGH) account for 85% and 15% of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) cases, respectively. Near‐infrared autofluorescence (NIRAF) enhances intraoperative parathyroid identification. We hypothesized that PA would display a more heterogeneous NIRAF pattern compared to MGH.

Methods

Patients undergoing surgery for sporadic PHPT were categorized based on the presence of PA or MGH. To quantify heterogeneity, we utilized ratios of (1) mean parathyroid gland (PG) NIRAF over background NIRAF (mean ratio), (2) minimum and (3) maximum PG NIRAF over mean PG NIRAF (minimum and maximum ratios). Additionally, a heterogeneity score was quantified using mean ratio (mean PG NIRAF over background NIRAF), and overall NIRAF (mean NIRAF of eight random 15 × 15 pixel areas). A point was assigned to ratios <0.8 or >1.2. Images were quantified by ImageJ software. Mann–Whitney test was performed for all comparisons.

Results

Of 78 patients, 63 had a single PA and 15 had MGH, totaling 102 PGs. There was no difference between their mean ratios. PA had a lower minimum ratio compared to that of MGH (0.86 ± 0.01 vs. 0.93 ± 0.01, p = 0.001) and a brighter maximum ratio (1.21 ± 0.02 vs. 1.12 ± 0.01, p = 0.0008). PA also scored higher on their heterogeneity scores compared to MGH (1.27 ± 0.23 vs. 0.33 ± 0.15, p = 0.001).

Conclusion

Single parathyroid adenomas display a more heterogeneous autofluorescence pattern compared to that of multi‐gland hyperplasia. Intraoperative characterization of PGs by real‐time NIR imaging patterns may be a beneficial adjunct during parathyroid surgery.
Spatio‐temporal distribution of atmospheric chloride deposition over a small island
Authors: Teixeira Paula Campos , Ordens Carlos M. , McIntyre Neil , Pagliero Liliana , Crosbie Russell
Published: December 2023

Estimating chloride deposition rates is important for several applications. The conservative nature of chloride makes it a widely used natural tracer for hydrological investigations, such as groundwater recharge estimations and catchment salt balances. Additionally, chloride deposition is used to identify the sources and pathways of air pollutants as well as predict the likelihood of corrosion in infrastructures. The variability of atmospheric chloride (Cl−) deposition is a crucial consideration in hydrological investigations, particularly in coastal areas where it can fluctuate greatly. On small islands, spatial variations of chloride deposition have been found to be particularly strong, which may lead to large estimation errors when assuming point measurements are representative of larger areas. This paper aims to improve knowledge of the factors affecting chloride deposition's spatial and temporal variability in small islands using Norfolk Island (South Pacific) as a case study. A monitoring network consisting of 15 open‐site rainwater collectors was installed, from which 275 rainwater samples were collected for the period September 2020–July 2022. Total deposition rates for this period varied from 22.7 to 36.7 mg m−2 d−1 for sites located more than 400 meters from the coast. A higher variation is observed closer to the coast, with values varying from 50.9 to 1022.7 mg m−2 d−1 for sites located between 50 and 200 m from the coast. Statistical analysis shows that distance from the nearest point on the coast and elevation above sea level are significant factors contributing to spatial variability of chloride deposition, whereas period‐total rainfall depth and period‐average maximum daily wind gust speed significantly affect the temporal variability. This study contributes to knowledge on chloride deposition variability as well as the understanding of factors contributing to this variability in small islands. Additionally, a double exponential model for spatial distribution of chloride deposition in small islands is proposed.
Effect of Oligomer Addition on Tube Dilation in Polymer Nanocomposite Melts
Authors: Feng Yi , Li Ruhao , Mbonu Christopher , Akcora Pinar
Published: December 2023

This study investigates the effect of adding oligomers on the rheological properties of polymer nanocomposite melts with the goal of enhancing the processability of nanocomposites. The scaling analysis of plateau modulus (GN) is used in understanding the complex mechanical behavior of entangled poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA) melts upon oligomer addition. Increasing the oligomer amount led to a decrease in GN and an apparent degree of entanglement (Z) in the neat polymer melt. The particle dispersion states at two particle loadings with oligomer addition are examined in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS). The dilution exponent is found unchanged at 7 and 17 vol% particle loadings for the well‐dispersed PMA‐SiO2 nanocomposites compared to the neat PMA solution. These findings suggest that attractive particles with strong interfacial layers do not influence the tube dilution scaling of the polymer with the oligomer. To the contrary, composites with weak polymer‐particle interfaces demonstrate phase separation of particles when oligomers are introduced and its exponent for tube dilution scaling reaches 4 at a particle loading of 17 vol%, potentially indicating that network‐forming clusters influence chain entanglements in this scenario.
Venetoclax overcomes resistance to all‐trans retinoic acid in a variant acute promyelocytic leukemia with TNRC18::RARA fusion
Authors: Xu Jing , Li He , Wang Zhongwang , Wang Mengyao , Li Qian , Hang Xiaohang , Xu Juan , Ji Jie , Chen Chong , Liu Yu , Niu Ting
Published: December 2023

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is generally driven by PML::RARA, but approximately 2% of variant APL patients do not contain this fusion gene and pose challenges in diagnosis and treatment. Here, we reported an aggressive APL patient with variant TNRC18::RARA fusion gene, who was resistant to standard differentiation induction therapy consisting of all‐trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide but achieved complete remission with venetoclax plus ATRA. Mechanistically, venetoclax possesses synergistic effects in ATRA‐induced TNRC18::RARA‐positive cell differentiation.
NMR‐based stability evaluation of (E)‐1‐(3′,4′‐dimethoxyphenyl)butadiene (DMPBD) from Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. rhizome
Authors: Seaho Boonwiset , Lekwongphaiboon Chatkamon , Inthakusol Wichayasith , Prateeptongkum Saisuree , Harnying Wacharee , Berkessel Albrecht , Duangdee Nongnaphat
Published: December 2023

Introduction

The active compound (E)‐1‐(3′,4′‐dimethoxyphenyl)butadiene (DMPBD) isolated from the rhizomes of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. has potent anti‐inflammatory and anticancer activities. Although DMPBD is one of the promising drug candidates for phytomedicine, its limited stability impedes its widespread use. For the development of new drugs, the assessment of their chemical stability is essential, ensuring they maintain their properties within specified limits throughout the period from production until use.

Objective

In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the stability of DMPBD under various conditions, including different solvents, temperatures, and lighting conditions, to identify the factors affecting stability and optimize the storage and handling conditions.

Methodology

DMPBD samples subjected to the different conditions tested were monitored by quantitative 1H NMR (qHNMR), using an internal standard for the determination of the absolute quantity of DMPBD as a function of time and the changes thereof within 1 month.

Results

Significant decomposition of DMPBD was observed in chloroform‐d1, whereas its content remained constant in methanol‐d4. The content of DMPBD was maintained upon storage at temperatures below 4°C, both as methanolic solution and in the crude extract. Exposure to light had a slight negative impact on its contents. Some degradation products could be identified as resulting from O2‐induced cleavage of the diene moiety.

Conclusions

For pharmacological/therapeutic applications, DMPBD should be stored in the form of the crude extract or as a purified material in methanolic solution. Ideally, the storage temperature should be below 4°C and O2 should be excluded.