bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Correlation Between Medial Meniscal Extrusion Determined by Dynamic Ultrasound and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings of Medial‐Type Knee Osteoarthritis in Patients With Knee Pain
Authors: Özdemir Meltem , Turan Aynur
Published: March 2019

Objectives

The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between medial meniscal extrusion (MME) determined by dynamic ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging findings of medial‐type knee osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods

Single knees of 102 patients with knee pain were assessed by radiography, dynamic US, and magnetic resonance imaging. All knee radiographs were interpreted and grouped according to the Kellgren‐Lawrence (KL) scale. Medial meniscal extrusion in non–weight‐bearing and weight‐bearing positions and the difference of these values (ΔMME) were measured by dynamic US. The medial tibiofemoral compartments of all knees were evaluated and grouped according to the Whole‐Organ Magnetic Resonance Imaging Score (WORMS). Mean values of non–weight‐bearing MME, weight‐bearing MME, and ΔMME ± standard deviations for groups formed according to the KL scale and WORMS system were compared.

Results

We demonstrated that different from non–weight‐bearing MME, weight‐bearing MME was significantly correlated with not only high grades but also lower grades of cartilage damage and subchondral bone marrow lesions in medial‐type knee OA. Although the difference in non–weight‐bearing MME between cartilage status groups 1 and 2 was not significant (P = .071), there were significant differences in of weight‐bearing MME between groups 1 and 2, between groups 2 and 3, and between groups 3 and group 4 (P = .003, .002, and .032, respectively).

Conclusions

We found statistically significant associations between MME values and the severity of the OA findings according to both the KL scale and WORMS system. We offer dynamic US as an initial tool for the diagnosis and a screening method to estimate the severity of knee OA.
Subtleties of knowledge sharing—Results from a case study within management consultancy
Authors: Brandi Ulrik , Elkjaer Bente
Published: March 2019

The purpose of this article is to explore the actualisation of knowledge sharing and learning amongst organisational actors in an international management consultancy enterprise. The article argues for an understanding of knowledge sharing as an everyday practice that goes beyond the idea of knowledge sharing as a matter of customisation and codification. The research is designed as an explorative case study based on empirical data collected from semistructured interviews, company documents, and the use of photos. Our analysis follows a two‐pronged analytical strategy for the interpretation of the collected data, employing inductive reasoning in the search for recurrent themes. We show that the circumstances of knowledge sharing and learning in the studied case are shaped by the local time and space arrangements of the work, and that practices of knowledge and learning are closely linked to the consultants' everyday consultancy experiences and practices. Overall, we consider knowledge sharing and learning in organisations as informal and dynamic processes combined with concrete work situations. Our article provides insights that encourage organisations to enhance their focus on how to build theories and practices on knowledge sharing and learning in organisations, taking into account the local organisation of work and everyday experiences. Through a pragmatist‐inspired approach, the interrelatedness of knowledge, learning, and work or practice is key to understanding processes of knowledge sharing and learning, so that organisations and societies can become more receptive in responding to challenges confronting today's knowledge economy.
Differential effect of grape seed extract and its active constituent procyanidin B2 3,3″‐di‐O‐gallate against prostate cancer stem cells
Authors: Tyagi Alpna , Kumar Sushil , Raina Komal , Wempe Michael F. , Maroni Paul D. , Agarwal Rajesh , Agarwal Chapla
Published: March 2019

The present study aimed to determine whether grape seed extract (GSE) procyanidin mix, and its active constituent procyanidin B2 3,3″‐di‐O‐gallate (B2G2) have the potential to target cancer stem cells (CSCs) in prostate cancer (PCa). The CSC populations were isolated and purified based on CD44+‐α2β1high surface markers in PCa cell lines LNCaP, C4‐2B, 22Rv1, PC3, and DU145, and then subjected to prostasphere formation assays in the absence or presence of GSE or B2G2. Results indicated that at lower doses (<15 μg) , the GSE procyanidin mix produced activity in unsorted prostate cancer antigen (PCA) cells, but not in sorted; however, multiple treatments with low dose GSE over a course of time inhibited sphere formation by sorted PCA CSCs. Importantly, B2G2 demonstrated significant potential to target both unsorted and sorted CSCs at lower doses. As formation of spheroids, under specific in vitro conditions, is a measure of stemness, these results indicated the potential of both GSE and B2G2 to target the self‐renewal of CSC in PCa cell lines, though B2G2 was more potent in its efficacy. Subsequent mechanistic studies revealed that both GSE procyanidins and B2G2 strongly decreased the constitutive as well as Jagged1 (Notch1 ligand)‐induced activated Notch1 pathway. In totality, these in vitro studies warrant extensive dose‐profiling‐based assessments in vivo settings to conclusively determine the impact on CSC pool kinetics on the efficacy of both GSE and B2G2 to target PCa growth as well as tumor relapse.
Expanding the use of internal mammary artery perforators as a recipient vessel in free tissue transfer: An anatomical analysis by computed tomography angiography in breast cancer patients
Authors: Shin Dongwoo , Sung Ki Wook , Fan Kenneth L. , Park Tae Hwan , Song Seung Yong , Roh Tai Suk , Lew Dae Hyun , Lee Dong Won
Published: March 2019

Background

The internal mammary artery (IMA) perforator has assumed recent prominence as recipient vessels in free autologous breast reconstruction. However, anatomical understanding is unclear, due to limited cadaver and clinical studies. We evaluated the usability of these vessels by evaluating perforator size, dominance, laterality, interspace location, and relationship with breast volume.

Methods

A retrospective review assessed 197 female patients with breast cancer who had undergone computed tomography angiography (CTA) of the chest wall. The average age and body mass index (BMI) of patients was 49.0 ± 6.5 years and 24.2 ± 5 .8 kg/m2, respectively. The average volume of breasts was 437 ± 190 mL. Our analysis focused on the anatomy of IMA perforator and its relationship to volume and BMI.

Results

A total of 377 hemi‐chest evaluations were performed. Most patients (95.5%) had sizeable perforating artery identified on CTA. Among all sizeable perforators identified, the mean diameter of the most dominant arterial perforator was 1.8 ± 0 .8 mm. The right hemi‐chest had significantly larger perforators than the left (1.9 ± 0 .9 mm vs. 1.7 ± 0 .7 mm, p = 0.002). The first intercostal space (ICS) had a slightly greater of perforators than second ICS (34.6% vs. 29.8%, p = 0.172). However, second ICS had a greater number of most dominant perforators compared to first ICS (38.9% vs. 34.7%, p = 0.357). Perforators from first ICS emerge medial to the sternal edge and breast footprint. When dividing groups with 0–1 versus 2–3 reliable perforators, breast volume was significantly higher in the later (422.0 mL vs. 461.2 mL, p = 0.019).

Conclusion

These results are expected to encourage microsurgeons to use the IMA perforator by providing a clear anatomical roadmap.
Novel stacked‐defected ground structures for ultra‐wideband low loss balun designs
Authors: Van Pham Chi , Pham Anh‐Vu
Published: March 2019

A novel stacked‐defected ground structure (SDGS) for ultra‐wideband and low‐loss balun design was developed. The balun implements an inductive compensation method on a multilayer liquid crystal polymer (LCP) substrate to control phase and amplitude imbalances. Based on a 15‐dB input return loss and 0.5 dB insertion loss criterions, the balun has a measured bandwidth from 70 MHz to more than 2.1 GHz, a measured amplitude and phase imbalances are less than 0.5 dB and 5°, respectively. With a compact size of 36 mm × 51 mm × 0.23 mm, the 0.5 dB loss‐balun achieves both the largest bandwidth ratio (30:1 ratio) and the most improved imbalances reported to date on a printed circuit board.
Improved antibacterial properties of an Mg‐Zn‐Ca alloy coated with chitosan nanofibers incorporating silver sulfadiazine multiwall carbon nanotubes for bone implants
Authors: Bakhsheshi‐Rad Hamid Reza , Chen Xiongbiao , Ismail Ahmad Fauzi , Aziz Madzlan , Abdolahi Elaheh , Mahmoodiyan Fereshteh
Published: March 2019

Bacteria‐caused infection remains an issue in the treatment of bone defects by means of Mg‐Zn‐Ca alloy implants. This study aimed to improve the antibacterial properties of an Mg‐Zn‐Ca alloy by coating with chitosan‐based nanofibers with incorporated silver sulfadiazine (AgSD) and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). AgSD and MWCNTs were prepared at a weight ratio of 1:1 and then added to chitosan at varying concentrations (ie, 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.5 wt.%) to form composites. The obtained composites were ejected in nanofiber form using an electrospinning technique and coated on the surface of an Mg‐Zn‐Ca alloy to improve its antibacterial properties. A microstructural examination by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the diameter of chitosan nanofiber ejected increased with the concentration of AgSD‐MWCNTs. The incorporation of AgSD‐MWCNTs into the chitosan nanofibers was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Examination of the antibacterial activity shows that chitosan nanofibers with AgSD‐MWCNTs can significantly inhibit the growth and infiltration of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Biocompatibility assay and cell morphology observations demonstrate that AgSD‐MWCNTs incorporated into nanofibers are cytocompatible. Taken together, the results of this study demonstrate the potential application of electrospun chitosan with AgSD‐MWCNTs as an antibacterial coating on Mg‐Zn‐Ca alloy implants for bone treatment.
Polystyrene‐modified novolac epoxy resin/clay nanocomposite: Synthesis, and characterization
Authors: Massoumi Bakhshali , Abbasian Mojtaba , Mohammad‐Rezaei Rahim , Farnudiyan‐Habibi Amir , Jaymand Mehdi
Published: March 2019

A polystyrene‐modified epoxidized novolac resin/montmorillonite nanocomposite was fabricated and characterized successfully. For this purpose, novolac resin (NR) was epoxidized through the reaction of phenolic hydroxyl group with epichlorohydrin in super basic medium to produce epoxidized novolac resin (ENR). Afterward, a polystyrene was synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) technique, and then brominated at the benzylic positions using N‐bromosuccinimide (NBS). The brominated polystyrene (PSt‐Br) was reacted with ethanolamine in basic medium in order to afford an amine‐functionalized polystyrene (PSt‐NH2). An organo‐modified montmorillonite (O‐MMT) was synthesized through the treatment of MMT with hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride salt. Finally, ENR‐PSt/MMT nanocomposite was fabricated through curing a mixture of ENR (70 wt.%) and O‐MMT (5 wt.%) with PSt‐NH2 (25 wt.%). Transition electron microscopy (TEM) and powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that the fabricated nanocomposite has an exfoliated structure. Thermal property studies using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the curing of ENR by PSt‐NH2, as well as incorporation of a small amount of MMT have synergistic effect on the thermal stability of the ENR resin.
Multistate methodology improves risk assessment under time‐varying drug intake—a new view on pregnancy outcomes following coumarin exposure
Authors: Bluhmki Tobias , Fietz Anne‐Katrin , Stegherr Regina , Beck Evelin , Padberg Stephanie , Beyersmann Jan , Schaefer Christof , Meister Reinhard
Published: March 2019

Purpose

Observational cohort studies are essential to evaluate the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with drug intake. Besides left truncation and competing events, it is crucial to account for the time‐dynamic pattern of drug exposure. In fact, potentially harmful medications are often discontinued, which might affect the outcome. Ignoring these challenges may lead to biased estimation of drug‐related risks highlighting the need for adequate statistical techniques.

Methods

We reanalyze updated data of a recently published study provided by the German Embryotox pharmacovigilance institute. The aim of the study was to quantify the effect of discontinuation of vitamin K antagonist phenprocoumon on the risk of spontaneous abortion.

Results

We outline multistate methodology as a powerful method removing bias in probability estimation inherent to commonly used crude proportions. We incorporate time‐dependent discontinuation and competing pregnancy outcomes as separate states in a multistate model, which enables the formulation of hazard‐based Cox proportional hazard models and the application of so‐called landmark techniques. Results show that early discontinuation of phenprocoumon substantially reduces the risk of spontaneous abortion, which is of great importance for both pregnant women and treating physicians.

Conclusions

An adequate handling of discontinuation times is essential when analyzing the risk of spontaneous abortion. The proposed concepts are not restricted to pregnancy outcome studies but have broad usage in other fields of epidemiology. Our nontechnical report may provide guidance for the design and analysis of future studies. Example code is provided.
Die Komplexität der Natur entschlüsseln
Authors: Röhlsberger Ralf , Schroer Christian , Wanzenberg Rainer , Agapov Ilya
Published: March 2019

In der Materialforschung bricht ein neues Zeitalter an. Gekennzeichnet ist es durch die Suche nach einem tieferen Verständnis von komplexen, hierarchisch strukturierten oder ungeordneten Materialien. Solche Materialien spielen in der Natur, etwa in lebender Materie, eine zentrale Rolle, zunehmend aber auch in vielfältigen technischen Anwendungen. Ihre Erforschung erfordert abbildende Methoden, die alle Größenskalen von der Makro‐ bis zur Mikrowelt der Atome erfassen können. Ideal hierfür sind wenige Mikrometer feine Röntgenstrahlen mit einem hohen Anteil an kohärentem Licht. Dieses Röntgenlicht sollen zukünftige rein beugungsbegrenzte Synchrotron‐Strahlungsquellen liefern. Mit dem Umbau des PETRA III‐Speicherrings zu PETRA IV soll 2027 die weltweit leistungsfähigste Strahlungsquelle dieser Art in Betrieb gehen. Sie soll auch hochaufgelöste Einblicke in dynamische Prozesse, etwa chemische Reaktionen oder Phasenumwandlungen, ermöglichen.
Hochtemperatur‐Supraleiter: durch Druck zu Ordnung
Authors: Le Tacon Matthieu , Heid Rolf
Published: March 2019

Externe Parameter wie Magnetfelder oder hydrostatischer Druck werden häufig verwendet, um elektronische Phasen von komplexen Quantenmaterialien zu kontrollieren und einzustellen. Mit einer neuartigen Methode, die einachsigen Druck und Röntgenspektroskopie vereinigt, konnten wir grundlegende Erkenntnisse über die Entstehung einer langreichweitigen Ladungsordnung in Kupraten gewinnen, die mit der Hochtemperatur‐Supraleitung konkurriert.
Genetic and physical interactions between the organellar mechanosensitive ion channel homologs MSL1, MSL2, and MSL3 reveal a role for inter‐organellar communication in plant development
Authors: Lee Josephine S. , Wilson Margaret E. , Richardson Ryan A. , Haswell Elizabeth S.
Published: March 2019

Plant development requires communication on many levels, including between cells and between organelles within a cell. For example, mitochondria and plastids have been proposed to be sensors of environmental stress and to coordinate their responses. Here we present evidence for communication between mitochondria and chloroplasts during leaf and root development, based on genetic and physical interactions between three Mechanosensitive channel of Small conductance‐Like (MSL) proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana. MSL proteins are Arabidopsis homologs of the bacterial Mechanosensitive channel of Small conductance (MscS), which relieves cellular osmotic pressure to protect against lysis during hypoosmotic shock. MSL1 localizes to the inner mitochondrial membrane, while MSL2 and MSL3 localize to the inner plastid membrane and are required to maintain plastid osmotic homeostasis during normal growth and development. In this study, we characterized the phenotypic effect of a genetic lesion in MSL1, both in wild type and in msl2 msl3 mutant backgrounds. msl1 single mutants appear wild type for all phenotypes examined. The characteristic leaf rumpling in msl2 msl3 double mutants was exacerbated in the msl1 msl2 msl3 triple mutant. However, the introduction of the msl1 lesion into the msl2 msl3 mutant background suppressed other msl2 msl3 mutant phenotypes, including ectopic callus formation, accumulation of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in the shoot apical meristem, decreased root length, and reduced number of lateral roots. All these phenotypes could be recovered by molecular complementation with a transgene containing a wild type version of MSL1. In yeast‐based interaction studies, MSL1 interacted with itself, but not with MSL2 or MSL3. These results establish that the abnormalities observed in msl2 msl3 double mutants is partially dependent on the presence of functional MSL1 and suggest a possible role for communication between plastid and mitochondria in seedling development.
Torches, Candles, Lamps, Lanterns, Flashlights, Spotlights, Night Vision Goggles… You Need Them All to See in Darkness
Authors: Uversky Vladimir N.
Published: March 2019

Articles assembled in the second part of this Special Issue describe some experimental and computational approaches for the structural and functional characterization of intrinsically disordered proteins. Since these tools represent specialized gear for the focused analysis of various aspects of dark proteome, they can be viewed as torches, candles, lamps, lanterns, flashlights, spotlights, night vision goggles, and other means needed to see in darkness.
On relationship formation in heterogeneous information networks: An inferring method based on multilabel learning
Authors: Chen Ke‐Jia , Lu Hao , Li Yun , Liu Bin
Published: March 2019

This paper studies how relationships form in heterogeneous information networks (HINs). The objective is not only to predict relationships in a given HIN more accurately but also to discover the interdependency between different type of relationships. A new relationship prediction method MULRP based on multilabel learning (MLL in brief) is proposed. In MULRP, the types of relationship between two nodes are represented by the meta‐paths between nodes and each type of relationship is given a label. Under the framework of MLL, any potential relationships including the target relationship can be predicted. Moreover, the method can output the reasonable dependency scores between relationships. Thus, more viable paths will be provided to facilitate the formation of new relationships. The proposed method is evaluated on two real datasets: The DBLP Computer Science Bibliography(abbr. DBLP) network and Twitter network. The experimental results show that by using heterogeneous information in a supervised MLL setting, MULRP achieves better performance in comparison to several baseline binary classification methods and a state‐of‐art relationship prediction method.
Hyundai Motorstudio Goyang
Authors: Heimrath Moritz , Eppenschwandtner Martin , Vierlinger Robert , Freund Alexander , Orlinski Adam , Preisinger Clemens , Hofmann Arne
Published: March 2019

Der Entwurf von Delugan Meissl Associated Architects aus Wien für das Hyundai Automotive Motorstudio ging 2011 als Wettbewerbssieger hervor und dient künftig als Vorbild für internationale Standorte der Automobilmarke. Es wurde ein polygonal geformter, scheinbar schwebender Baukörper mit einer großzügig transparenten Fassade im Erdgeschoss entworfen, der sich in die Hauptelemente „Landscape” – eine urbane begehbare Fläche, „Vertical Green” – vertikale erschließende Verbindungselemente und „Shaped Sky” – ein großes Volumen, welches das Dach bildet, gliedert.

Das Tragwerk stellt bis auf die Gebäudekerne aus Stahlbeton eine räumliche Fachwerksstruktur dar. Besondere Tragwerkselemente, wie z. B. die Stützencluster, Gruppen sehr schlanker Stützen in Anlehnung an einen Bambuswald, stellen einen integrativen Bestandteil der architektonischen Gestaltung dar. Bei der Entwicklung der architektonischen Form und der Tragwerksgeometrie wurde ein integrativer und weitestgehend parametrischer Prozess entwickelt, der, basierend auf selbst entwickelten Programmen wie Karamba3D und Octopus, erst die Umsetzung des Projekts unter den gegebenen Rahmenbedingungen und Qualitätsanforderungen ermöglichte.

Besonderes Augenmerk wurde auf die Entwicklung der großzügigen und transparenten Fassade gelegt, welche den höchsten technischen und ästhetischen Anforderungen gerecht werden musste.
Automated insertion of package dies onto wire and into a textile yarn sheath
Authors: Hardy Dorothy Anne , Anastasopoulos Ioannis , Nashed Mohamad-Nour , Oliveira Carlos , Hughes-Riley Theodore , Komolafe Abiodun , Tudor John , Torah Russel , Beeby Steve , Dias Tilak
Published: March 2019

Wider adoption of electronic textiles requires integration of small electronic components into textile fabrics, without comprising the textile qualities. A solution is to create a flexible yarn that incorporates electronic components within the fibres of the yarn (E-yarn). The production of these novel E-yarns was initially a craft skill, with the inclusion of package dies within the fibres of the yarn taking about 90 min. The research described here demonstrated that it is possible to produce E-yarns on an industrial scale by automating the manufacturing process. This involved adapting printed circuit board manufacturing technology and textile yarn covering machinery. The production process started with re-flow soldering of package dies onto fine multi-strand copper wire. A carrier yarn was then placed in parallel with the copper wire to provide tensile strength. The package die and adjacent carrier yarn were then encapsulated in a polymer micro-pod to provide protection from moisture ingress and from mechanical strain on the die and solder joints. The process was then completed by surrounding the micro-pod and copper interconnects with additional fibres, held tightly together with a knitted fibre-sheath. This prototype, automated production process reduced the time for embedding one micro-device within a yarn to 6 min, thus increasing the production speed, demonstrating that automation of the E-yarn production process is feasible. Prototype garments have been created using E- yarns. Further developments can include automated transfer of the yarn components from one stage of production to the next, enabling greater increases in speed of manufacture of E yarns.
Blowup criterion for Navier–Stokes equation in critical Besov space with spatial dimensions d ≥ 4
Authors: Li Kuijie , Wang Baoxiang
Published: March 2019

This paper is concerned with the blowup criterion for mild solution to the incompressible Navier–Stokes equation in higher spatial dimensions

d \geq 4

. By establishing an

ϵ

regularity criterion in the spirit of [11], we show that if the mild solution
u
with initial data in

\.{B}_{p,q}^{−1 + d/ p}(\mathbb{R}^{d})

,

d < p,\:q < \infty

becomes singular at a finite time

T_{⁎}

, then

\limsup_{t\rightarrow T_{⁎}}\:\|u(t)\|_{\.{B}_{p,q}^{−1 + d/ p}(\mathbb{R}^{d})} = \infty .

The corresponding result in 3D case has been obtained in [24]. As a by-product, we also prove a regularity criterion for the Leray–Hopf solution in the critical Besov space, which generalizes the results in [17], where blowup criterion in critical Lebesgue space

L^{d}(\mathbb{R}^{d})

is addressed.
Excavation and Conservation Recommendations in Handling Human Skeletal Remains: Case Studies from Desert Oases, Cave Shelters, and Permafrost in China and Mongolia
Authors: Lee Christine
Published: March 2019

The systematic excavation, long term storage, inventory, and analysis of complete human skeletal remains is a new concept in East Asia. This study examined four problematic cases where there was a demonstrated need for the implementation of conservation techniques. The first case included several naturally mummified skulls from Xinjiang, Province, China. Salt crystals were found to be solidifying on the outer table. The second case involved four naturally mummified cave burials from southwestern Mongolia. Once removed from the dry environment, they began to decompose again. The two last cases were permafrost burials in northern Mongolia. The skeletons were wrapped and stored in a manner which encouraged mold growth. This study will give recommendations for thorough archaeological recovery, cleaning, packaging for transport, reconstruction, and long-term storage of human skeletal remains.
When Provenience Is Lost: Achievements and Challenges in Preserving the Historical St. John's, Belize, Skeletal Collection
Authors: Plumer-Moodie Hannah , Quiroz Carlos , Miller Wolf Katherine A. , Musa Yasser
Published: March 2019

In small developing countries like Belize, lack of funding for archaeological research and post excavation curation remains one of our greatest challenges to preserving our tangible cultural heritage. The state of curation of human remains and artefact collections at St. John's College in Belize City is a perfect example of what can go wrong in the absence of a properly funded and managed curation program both at the national and the institutional level. This article highlights the rediscovery of a historically significant group of over 70 human remains in the biological collection of Friar Deickman, which had been forgotten in an attic after his death in 2003. We outline the process of, and accomplishments in improving the curation conditions of these individuals while uncovering their importance to Belizean history in the eighteenth through twentieth centuries. Preliminary analysis reveals life histories of slavery and indentured servitude of individuals of African, Maya, European, and possible mixed African and European descent. We emphasize the importance of ethical responsibility in properly curating excavated human remains, and the challenges researchers face when poor curation results in lost provenience. We offer suggestions for scientific analysis in recovering information lost as a result of poor excavation or curation methods.
The Slow Process of Normativizing Cyberspace
Authors: Tsagourias Nicholas
Published: March 2019

In their article, Dan Efrony and Yuval Shany claim that post-Tallinn Manual practice demonstrates that states entertain doubts about the applicability to cyberspace of the rules contained in the Tallinn Manuals. According to the authors, post-Tallinn practice reveals that states treat the application of international law to cyber operations as optional; operate in parallel—legal and nonlegal—tracks of conduct; and engage in gradated enforcement. They also claim that their study invites further research into the implications of state conduct in cyberspace for general international law theory. I will use this last point as a springboard to explain the process of normativization in cyberspace—that is, the process of subjecting states’ cyber operations and behaviors to legal standards. To do this, I will use Oscar Schachter's representation of a normative (legal) order as a three-story building. According to Schachter's metaphor, the third floor is occupied by public values and general policy aspirations; the second floor is occupied by law with its distinctive normative patterns of prescribing, proscribing, and applying; while the ground floor is occupied by the social reality of conduct. The three floors are not isolated but connected by escalators and staircases that go in both directions.
A NEW DP-MINIMAL EXPANSION OF THE INTEGERS
Authors: ALOUF ERAN , D’ELBÉE CHRISTIAN
Published: March 2019

We consider the structure $({\Bbb Z}, + ,0,|_{p_1 } , \ldots ,|_{p_n } )$, where $x|_p y$ means $v_p \left( x \right) \leqslant v_p \left( y \right)$ and vp is the p-adic valuation. We prove that this structure has quantifier elimination in a natural expansion of the language of abelian groups, and that it has dp-rank n. In addition, we prove that a first order structure with universe ${\Bbb Z}$ which is an expansion of $({\Bbb Z}, + ,0)$ and a reduct of $({\Bbb Z}, + ,0,|_p )$ must be interdefinable with one of them. We also give an alternative proof for Conant’s analogous result about $({\Bbb Z}, + ,0, < )$.
Cosmogenic Cl-36 surface exposure dating of late Quaternary glacial events in the Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica
Authors: Potter Rebecca , Li Yingkui , Horn Sally P. , Orvis Kenneth H.
Published: March 2019

Geomorphic evidence of past glaciation, such as U-shaped valleys, aretes, glacial lakes, and moraines, is preserved in the highland surrounding Cerro Chirripó in the Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica. Previous work to establish a glacial chronology has focused on relative age dating of moraines and on radiocarbon dating of basal lake sediments to infer the timing of deglaciation. We used cosmogenic 36Cl surface exposure dating to constrain the ages of moraines within two formerly glaciated valleys, the Morrenas and Talari valleys. Forty-nine boulder samples were processed and measured from four moraine complexes in the Morrenas Valley and two moraine complexes in the Talari Valley. The exposure ages of these samples indicate a major glacial event occurred in this area from ~25 to 23 ka, broadly synchronous with the global last glacial maximum. Our results also indicate periods of glacial retreats and standstills from the deglacial period to the Early Holocene (~16–10 ka) before the complete disappearance of glaciers in this highland. These findings provide important insights into the glacial chronology and paleoclimate of tropical America.
Gains in grain yield of released maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars under drought and well-watered conditions
Authors: Oyekunle Muhyideen , Ado Shehu G. , Usman Inuwa S. , Abdulmalik Rekiya O. , Ahmed Hauwa O. , Hassan Lateefat B. , Yahaya Muhammad A.
Published: March 2019

Maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield is severely constrained by drought and this study was conducted to assess gains in grain yield and other traits of released maize cultivars. Twenty-three maize cultivars plus a check were evaluated under drought and well-watered conditions at Zaria and Kadawa during 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 dry seasons. The 24 cultivars were evaluated using 6 x 4 lattice design with three replications. Genotypes differed significantly for all measured traits except anthesis-silking interval (ASI), husk cover, and number of ears per plant under drought, and ASI, husk cover, and ear aspect under well-watered conditions. Under drought, grain yield ranged from 2251 kg ha−1 for SAMMAZ 31 to 4938 kg ha−1 for SAMMAZ 19, with a genetic gain of 1.93% yr−1. Under well-watered conditions, grain yield varied from 3082 kg ha−1 for SAMMAZ 37 to 5689 kg ha−1 for SAMMAZ 51, with the same genetic gain found under drought conditions. Grain yield reduction as a result of drought was 28.4% and performance under drought predicted performance under well-watered conditions better than vice versa with regression coefficient value of 0.8. Grain yield had significant correlations with all measured traits under both water conditions, except for husk cover, plant and ear heights under drought. Our data revealed that substantial genetic gains have been made in breeding for high grain yield cultivars under drought and well-watered conditions over a period of 16 years in Nigeria.
Comment on: Álvaro, J. J., Esteve, J. & Zamora, S. 2019. Morphological assessment of the earliest paradoxidid trilobites (Cambrian Series 3) from Morocco and Spain [Geological Magazine]
Authors: Geyer Gerd , Nowicki Jakub , Żylińska Anna , Landing Ed
Published: March 2019

Álvaro et al. (2018) argued that at least six species of Acadoparadoxides described from the lower–middle Cambrian boundary interval successions in the Anti-Atlas of Morocco all belong to Acadoparadoxides mureroensis (Sdzuy, 1958), which was first described from the Iberian Chains, Spain. Their study is based entirely on a morphometric analysis, which ignores the stratigraphic occurrences of particular morphotypes, deformation-related compaction of individual sclerites and their original relief, and thus underestimates some of the earlier described differences between these species. Their synonymization of a number of named Acadoparadoxides species is based on the morphometric approach that they rely on to distinguish between a number of congeneric species. A morphometric approach as applied by Álvaro et al. will lead to an apparent synonymy based on sclerites of similar taxa. Thus, morphometric study must be complemented by an analysis of which morphologically distinctive sclerites (i.e. cranidia and pygidia) are stratigraphically associated, and evaluation of which measurements are more critical to distinguishing sclerites that may represent distinct taxa, and the recognition of related character sets. Apart from demonstrating problems in the conclusion of Álvaro et al., our more inclusive approach of morphologic and stratigraphic analysis works to reassert the diagnostic characters and differences between six earlier named species of Acadoparadoxides. Our conclusions also emphasize the taxonomic problems associated with the identification and morphological variation of A. mureroensis owing to tectonic deformation of its topotype material and to questionable taxonomic assignment of Acadoparadoxides specimens from the Iberian sections.
Optimizing the clinical utility of four proposed criteria for a persistent and impairing grief disorder by emphasizing core, rather than associated symptoms
Authors: Cozza Stephen J. , Shear M. Katherine , Reynolds Charles F. , Fisher Joscelyn E. , Zhou Jing , Maercker Andreas , Simon Naomi , Mauro Christine , Skritskaya Natalia , Zisook Sidney , Lebowitz Barry , Bloom Colleen Gribbin , Fullerton Carol S. , Ursano Robert J.
Published: March 2019

Background

Distinguishing a disorder of persistent and impairing grief from normative grief allows clinicians to identify this often undetected and disabling condition. As four diagnostic criteria sets for a grief disorder have been proposed, their similarities and differences need to be elucidated.

Methods

Participants were family members bereaved by US military service death (N= 1732). We conducted analyses to assess the accuracy of each criteria set in identifying threshold cases (participants who endorsed baseline Inventory of Complicated Grief ⩾30 and Work and Social Adjustment Scale ⩾20) and excluding those below this threshold. We also calculated agreement among criteria sets by varying numbers of required associated symptoms.

Results

All four criteria sets accurately excluded participants below our identified clinical threshold (i.e. correctly excluding 86–96% of those subthreshold), but they varied in identification of threshold cases (i.e. correctly identifying 47–82%). When the number of associated symptoms was held constant, criteria sets performed similarly. Accurate case identification was optimized when one or two associated symptoms were required. When employing optimized symptom numbers, pairwise agreements among criteria became correspondingly ‘very good’ (κ= 0.86–0.96).

Conclusions

The four proposed criteria sets describe a similar condition of persistent and impairing grief, but differ primarily in criteria restrictiveness. Diagnostic guidance for prolonged grief disorder in International Classification of Diseases, 11th Edition (ICD-11) functions well, whereas the criteria put forth in Section III of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) are unnecessarily restrictive.
That Is Not Intervention; That Is Interference with Chinese Characteristics: New Concepts, Distinctions and Approaches Developing in the Chinese Debate and Foreign and Security Policy Practice
Authors: Sørensen Camilla T. N.
Published: March 2019

There is among Chinese international relations scholars an intense debate about how China can protect and promote Chinese global presence and interests while at the same time continue to adhere to the principle of non-intervention. New concepts, distinctions and approaches are developing as the debate progresses. The current Chinese foreign and security policy practice reflects a more flexible and pragmatic Chinese interpretation – and implementation – of the principle of non-intervention with different degrees and types of intervention. This article explores the search for “legitimate great power intervention” characterizing both the debate among Chinese international relations scholars and the current Chinese foreign and security policy practice, and uses this case as the departure point for a more general discussion of the drivers of change – and continuity – in Chinese foreign and security policy.
HasChlamydia trachomatisprevalence in young women in England, Scotland and Wales changed? Evidence from national probability surveys
Authors: Kounali D. Z. , Welton N. J , Soldan K. , Woodhall S. C. , Dunbar J. Kevin , Migchelsen S. J. , Mercer C. H. , Horner P. , Ades A. E.
Published: March 2019

We evaluate the utility of the National Surveys of Attitudes and Sexual Lifestyles (Natsal) undertaken in 2000 and 2010, before and after the introduction of the National Chlamydia Screening Programme, as an evidence source for estimating the change in prevalence ofChlamydia trachomatis(CT) in England, Scotland and Wales. Both the 2000 and 2010 surveys tested urine samples for CT by Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAATs). We examined the sources of uncertainty in estimates of CT prevalence change, including sample size and adjustments for test sensitivity and specificity, survey non-response and informative non-response. In 2000, the unadjusted CT prevalence was 4.22% in women aged 18–24 years; in 2010, CT prevalence was 3.92%, a non-significant absolute difference of 0.30 percentage points (95% credible interval −2.8 to 2.0). In addition to uncertainty due to small sample size, estimates were sensitive to specificity, survey non-response or informative non-response, such that plausible changes in any one of these would be enough to either reverse or double any likely change in prevalence. Alternative ways of monitoring changes in CT incidence and prevalence over time are discussed.
Elevated highly sensitive C-reactive protein and d-dimer levels are associated with food insecurity among people living with HIV in Pune, India
Authors: Patil Sandesh , Kadam Dileep , Mehtani Nicky , Sangle Shashikala , Marbaniang Ivan , Kulkarni Vandana , Shere Dhananjay , Deshpande Prasad , Dhumal Gauri , Suryavanshi Nishi , Gupte Nikhil , Bollinger Robert , DeLuca Andrea , Nevrekar Neetal , Menon Pramila , Kawade Rama , Patil Mansi , Gupta Amita , Mave Vidya
Published: March 2019

Objective

To assess the prevalence and determinants of food insecurity among people living with HIV (PLWH) in Pune, India and its association with biomarkers known to confer increased risks of morbidity and mortality in this population.

Design

Cross-sectional analysis assessing food insecurity using the standardized Household Food Insecurity Access Scale. Participants were dichotomized into two groups: food insecure and food secure. Logistic regression models were used to assess associations between socio-economic, demographic, clinical, biochemical factors and food insecurity.

Setting

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) centre of Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College and Sassoon General Hospitals (BJGMC–SGH), Pune, a large publicly funded tertiary and teaching hospital in western India.

Particpants

Adult (≥18 years) PLWH attending the ART centre between September 2015 and May 2016 who had received ART for either ≤7d (ART-naïve) or ≥1 year (ART-experienced).

Results

Food insecurity was reported by 40 % of 483 participants. Independent risk factors (adjusted OR; 95 % CI) included monthly family income <INR 5000 (~70 USD; 13·2; CI 5·4, 32·2) and consuming ≥4 non-vegetarian meals per week (4·7; 1·9, 11·9). High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) ≥0·33 mg/dl (1·6; 1·04, 2·6) and d-dimer levels 0·19–0·31 µg/ml (1·6; 1·01, 2·6) and ≥0·32 µg/ml (1·9; 1·2, 3·2) were also associated with food insecurity.

Conclusions

More than a third of the study participants were food insecure. Furthermore, higher hs-CRP and d-dimer levels were associated with food insecurity. Prospective studies are required to understand the relationship between food insecurity, hs-CRP and d-dimer better.
Subnational variation of stunting, wasting and malnutrition in Chinese primary-school children between 2010 and 2014: urban–rural disparity
Authors: Dong Yanhui , Bennett Kristina , Jan Catherine , Dong Bin , Zou Zhiyong , Hu Peijin , Wang Zhenghe , Yang Zhaogeng , Wang Xijie , Wen Bo , Xu Rongbin , Li Yanhui , Song Yi , Ma Yinghua , Ma Jun
Published: March 2019

Objective

To examine urban–rural disparity in childhood stunting, wasting and malnutrition at national and subnational levels in Chinese primary-school children in 2010 and 2014.

Design

Data were obtained from two nationwide cross-sectional surveys conducted in 2010 and 2014. Malnutrition was classified using the Chinese national ‘Screening Standard for Malnutrition of Children’.

Setting

All twenty-seven mainland provinces and four municipalities of mainland China.

Participants

Children aged 7–12 years (n215 214; 107 741 in 2010 and 107 473 in 2014) from thirty-one provinces.

Results

Stunting, wasting and malnutrition prevalence were 1·9, 12·3 and 13·7 % in 2010, but decreased to 1·0, 9·4 and 10·2 % in 2014, respectively. The prevalence of stunting, wasting and malnutrition in both urban and rural children was higher in western provinces, while lower in eastern provinces. Although the prevalence of wasting and malnutrition was higher in rural children than their urban counterparts, the urban–rural disparity in both wasting and malnutrition decreased from 2010 to 2014 (prevalence OR: wasting, 1·35 to 1·16; malnutrition, 1·50 to 1·27). A reversal occurred in 2014 in several eastern provinces where the prevalence of wasting and malnutrition in urban children surpassed their rural peers. The urban–rural disparity was larger in western provinces than eastern provinces.

Conclusions

The shrinking urban–rural disparity and the reversal in wasting and malnutrition suggest that the malnutrition situation has improved during the post-crisis period, especially in the western provinces. Region-specific policies and interventions can be useful to sustainably mitigate malnutrition in Chinese children, especially in rural areas and the western provinces.
Intimidation Was the Program: The Alleged Attempt to Lynch H. Seb Doyle, the “Rhetoric of Corruption,” and Disfranchisement
Authors: Barnes Bryant K.
Published: March 2019

In 1892, H. Seb Doyle, an African American preacher, learned that Democrats sought to lynch him due to his support of Populist Congressman Tom Watson. Was the threat real? This question became the center of a campaign discussion of race, politics, and corruption. Democratic and Populist newspapers’ accounts of this issue reveal the role of the “rhetoric of corruption” in the Georgia Populist Party's campaigns in the 1890s. Ironically, Populists used the same rhetoric Democrats had used against Republicans during Reconstruction. Populists linked Democratic political and economic malfeasance with the racial “corruptions” of miscegenation and “Negro Domination.” Although the Populists attempted to make this link, their insistence on black and white political equality undermined their white supremacist rhetoric, thereby weakening their case. Despite the Populists’ failure, the ultimate result was the same: the Populists came to abandon biracial politics and called for greater disfranchisement, all in the name of reform.
CAPTURING CONSEQUENCE
Authors: PASEAU ALEXANDER
Published: March 2019

First-order formalisations are often preferred to propositional ones because they are thought to underwrite the validity of more arguments. We compare and contrast the ability of some well-known logics—these two in particular—to formally capture valid and invalid arguments. We show that there is a precise and important sense in which first-order logic doesnotimprove on propositional logic in this respect. We also prove some generalisations and related results of philosophical interest. The rest of the article investigates the results’ philosophical significance. A first moral is that the correct way to state the oft-cited superiority of first-order logic vis-à-vis propositional logic is more nuanced than often thought. The second moral concerns semantic theory; the third logic’s use as a tool for discovery. A fourth and final moral is that second-order logic’s transcendence of first-order logic is greater than first-order logic’s transcendence of propositional logic.
The Association between Fish Consumption and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in Adults: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study
Authors: Mirmiran Parvin , Asghari Golaleh , Dizavi Alireza , Farhadnejad Hossein , Azizi Fereidoun
Published: March 2019

Abstract. Objective: Although fish consumption may play a role in prevention of the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS), results of studies available on this topic are controversial. In this study, we have examined the association of fish consumption and 3.6-year incidence of MetS in Tehranian adults. Methods: We conducted a population based cohort study of 3382 adult subjects, aged 19-55 years, from the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS). Fish consumption data were collected using a valid and reliable food-frequency questionnaire. The consumption of fish, in the form of canned and non-canned fish was designated for all subjects, and was classified into three categories (< 30, 30-45, and > 45 g/week). Odds ratio (OR) for the occurrence of MetS according to categories of fish consumption was assessed by multivariable logistic regression. Results: The mean age of participants (35% male) at baseline was 35 years. Mean fish consumption was 11.3 g/d and incidence of MetS was 13.1%. In the fully adjusted model, subjects, who consumed > 45 g/week of fish had lower incidence of MetS, compared to those who consumed < 30 g/week (OR = 0.73; CI: 0.56-0.95). However, there were no associations between consumption of non-canned fish (OR = 0.86; 95% CI: 0.67-1.10) and canned fish (OR = 0.91; 95% CI: 0.64-1.29) and the incidence of MetS. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that high consumption of fish can reduce the incidence of MetS among adults.
Decrease of AIM2 mediated by luteolin contributes to non-small cell lung cancer treatment
Authors: Yu Qian , Zhang Minda , Ying Qidi , Xie Xin , Yue Shuwen , Tong Bending , Wei Qing , Bai Zhaoshi , Ma Lingman
Published: March 2019

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the most common malignancies in the world. Although extensive studies showed that luteolin exhibited antitumor effects against NSCLC, the mechanism has not been fully established. In the present study, we found that luteolin significantly reduced the expression of absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) at both mRNA and protein levels leading to the suppression of AIM2 inflammasome activation, which induced G2/M phase arrest and inhibited epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in NSCLC. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of luteolin on NSCLC cells were abolished by the knockdown of AIM2. On the contrary, the antitumor effects of luteolin could be notably reversed by the overexpression of AIM2. In addition, luteolin reduced poly(dA:dT)-induced caspase-1 activation and IL-1β cleavage in NSCLC cells. These findings suggested that AIM2 was essential to luteolin-mediated antitumor effects. The antitumor effects of luteolin, which were closely associated with AIM2, were also confirmed in the A549 and H460 xenograft mouse models. Collectively, our study displayed that the antitumor effects of luteolin on NSCLC were AIM2 dependent and the downregulation of AIM2 might be an effective way for NSCLC treatment.