bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
À la recherche d'un passé visible : Regards publics et privés dans les col­lections de la région de Philadelphie, 1890-1930
Authors: Meigs Mark
Published: March 2010

Museums operate according to two conflicting organizational paths. Conservators, following the logic of acquisition, accumulate collections that are more and more complete and more and more valuable. Their goal is preservation and exposition. Educators emphasize using the collected objects to instruct. These two types of organization correspond to two ways in which the public looks at the museum's collection, two ways in which a musem visit affects the spectators, and to two types of relationship between thepeople who présent the objects and the public. An exhibition intended to educate promotes an active and visible response : reproduction or re-organization of what the visitor has seen. The resuit of a "curatorial" exhibition is invisible, favoring aesthetic appréciation, the acquisition of an imaginary muséum, and a sense of belonging to a class that shares these invisible attributes.
De l'utopie du «musée cybernétique» à l'architecture des parcours dans les musées
Authors: Rieusset-Lemarié Isabelle
Published: March 2010

Cet article étudie l'importance du critère de la spatialisation dans la conception des musées. Il analyse comment le «musée cybernétique», en privilégiant l'information aux dépens de la spatialisation, conduit à la forme paradoxale d'un musée substituant aux objets leur fiche d'inventaire. Il étudie comment l'exigence de la spatialisation de l'information conduit, au contraire, à développer dans les musées et les expositions virtuelles une véritable architecture des parcours favorisant l'interaction des visiteurs.
L'Heimatmuseum, l'écomusée et G. H. Rivière
Authors: Gorgus Nina
Published: March 2010

En los años 30 gracias a los encuentros internacionales comenzaron a crearse nexos entre los museos. La preservación y la puesta en escena de la identidad en los museos regionales constituye un desafïo para todos los museos de Europa. La influencia de los museos regionales alemanes («Heimatmuseum») en la genesis de los ecomuseos es el tema central del presente articulo. En Francia, los ecomuseos conservan la memoria de una region en el pasado y en el presente. El articulo sigue las huellas del arraigo histórico de los ecomuseos y traza la epoca en la que se desarrolló la etnografïa en Francia: momento en el que la museologia conoció un fuerte impulso, gracias a Georges Henri Rivière, figura central que se convertira en el «inventor» de los ecomuseos.
Des écomusées, retour à la définition et évolution
Authors: Delarge Alexandre
Published: March 2010

As ecomuseums are criticized in France, among curators as well as university searcher, the author develops a reflection on the relevance of the ecomuseum concept and its application. In the first part, the nine principles of the «evolving definition» are analysed, which clearly shows that this type is still valid for the present. In the second part, five French ecomuseums, old, new, or in construction are described. Each refers to the same founding texts. For each one the description develops a specific aspect of the evolving definition, which summarizes its character. It appears that it is possible for the concept to be expressed in a rather thorough way. In conclusion, the author says he believes ecomuseums can still be a starting point for reflections and actions in museology.
Comment s'inventent de nouveaux patrimoines : usages sociaux, pratiques institutionnelles et politiques publiques en Savoie
Authors: Rautenberg Michel
Published: March 2010

Relying on the example of the set-up of three cultural tourism operations in the Savoy region, the author shows how heritage-building is constructed by putting agents from the State, from the professional cultural héritage field, from municipalities, and local users of the sites intoplay. It seems that the State's kingly intervention, backed up by the 'knowing' discourse of the professionals, contributes to a 'hardening' of the heritage-building process by cutting local buildings off from their normal uses and reinterpreting them as signs of universal cultural values. Inversely, local residents recognize those sites and objects of their heritage that are near and dear to them by inscribing them within a logic ofuse, which clashes with the institutional heritage-building process. According to each case, regional elected officials will tend to rely on either the first or the second meaning of heritage-building.
Les fêtes locales en Provence : des enjeux patrimoniaux
Authors: Fournier Laurent Sébastien
Published: March 2010

Pour illustrer l'évolution et l'extension de la notion de patrimoine à des réalités de plus en plus immatérielles, cet article envisage le cas de la valorisation patrimoniale des fêtes locales en Provence. À partir de définitions de la patrimonialisation et du patrimoine ethnologique, on est amené à admettre que les rapports généraux de la fête et du patrimoine ont résolument changé depuis un quart de siècle. L'étude du rapport historique des fêtes provençales au patrimoine, envisagée à travers deux exemples, souligne le fait que les pratiques patrimoniales présentes dans les fêtes ne sont pas les mêmes selon que ces dernières sont de création ancienne ou récente. La diversité actuelle de ces pratiques, qui rend bien compte de la complexité des rapports qu'entretiennent les fêtes et le patrimoine, permet d'insister sur les enjeux sociaux larges induits par le rapprochement des deux notions : confrontées au patrimoine, les fêtes non seulement contribuent à former des valeurs et des identités culturelles, mais encore elles ouvrent un champ où sont en concurrence analystes scientifiques et opérateurs culturels.
Les collections de disques de musiques du monde entre patrimonialisation et marchandisation
Authors: Da Lage-Py Emilie
Published: March 2010

Le disque de musiques traditionnelles a permis de rendre possible la mise à l'écoute universelle de traditions musicales jusque-là inécoutées, il a également permis sa fixation et son accumulation possible au sein de grandes collections et enfin sa mise en circulation. En investissant le marché du disque et en cherchant à augmenter leur diffusion, le monde du disque traditionnel et celui de la recherche se trouvent liés au sein de collections placées au cœur de logiques concurrentes : la logique du musée et la constitution de collections en vue d'une exposition, et les logiques marchandes et industrielles qui traversent les mondes de la musique. Logiques muséales et logiques marchandes, art et culture, le monde des musiques traditionnelles révèle des pratiques atypiques dans les mondes de la musique et interroge en retour la conception « classique » de la notion de patrimoine et d'authenticité.
Musées locaux et impératifs gestionnaires
Authors: Tobelem Jean-Michel
Published: March 2010

Dans une période où la prééminence des conservateurs est parfois remise en cause s'agissant de la direction des musées, les questions auxquelles ils sont confrontés dans le domaine de la gestion sont devenues plus complexes, à la mesure du développement de leurs établissements. Cette évolution semble imposer une familiarité accrue des conservateurs avec ces questions ainsi que, dans certains cas, l'identification d'un pôle administratif spécialisé. D'une manière générale, les modifications dans l'environnement des musées (attentes des élus, partenariats inédits, besoins des visiteurs...) accroissent l'exigence de professionnalisation dans ce domaine. Les compétences gestionnaires attendues des conservateurs ne concernent pas uniquement le respect des budgets et la marche courante de leur établissement, mais également les tâches « managériales » de planification, de négociation, de développement et d'évaluation. Ces questions sont abordées à travers le cas de musées français dépendant de collectivités locales.
MAAO, mémoire d'une organisation
Authors: Eidelman Jacqueline , Monjaret Anne , Roustan Mélanie
Published: March 2010

L'article rend compte d'une enquête réalisée auprès des personnels du MAAO à la veille de sa fermeture. L'utilisation de la méthode des récits de vie permet la constitution d'archives orales sur les différents corps de métier du musée. Mais la mémoire n'est pas l'histoire : ce récit pluriel est d'abord le « roman idéologique » d'un groupe spécifique à la veille de se dissoudre. Il apporte néanmoins des éclairages utiles sur l'organisation-musée : agencement des principales catégories d'activités (mise en collection et en exposition, veille et soins, administration et communication, accueil et médiation) ; manière dont les métiers se sont façonnés, diversifiés, qualifiés ou déqualifiés ; rapports hiérarchiques, professionnels et affectifs dans le contexte de travail et de hors-travail. Au-delà du cas particulier (héritage colonial encombrant, politiques directoriales désaccordées, tension art/ethnologie), l'étude témoigne du mouvement de professionnalisation et de la recomposition du service public qui, depuis cinquante ans, ont été les éléments structurants du changement de la sphère muséale.
Activation des œuvres d'art contemporain et prescriptions auctoriales
Authors: Clouteau Ivan
Published: March 2010

Les œuvres d'art contemporain sont fréquemment accompagnées de certificats et d'instructions. Ces documents informatifs indiquent la manière de montrer, de conserver ou de restaurer l'œuvre. Ces documents mettent en lumière la relation artiste-œuvre-commissaire. Ils aident ainsi à comprendre comment une œuvre fonctionne et suggèrent par là même que la destination de l'art contemporain est davantage l'actualisation que l'exposition.
Textes de médiation des œuvres et citation de la parole de l'artiste : le cas de Daniel Buren
Authors: Miège Delphine
Published: March 2010

The aim of this article is to identify the place attached to artists, or that they claim themselves, in the written mediations of their works of art, that are distributed through exhibit institutions of contemporary art. That is why we study among the texts which constitute in the exhibition the last link often elliptical of a framework of texts that runs like a rhizome through the bases of an underworld that suffersfrom a lack of gratitude the different way words of artists are quoted. Our hypothesis is that these quotations constitute a privileged zone where identity and power relations between artists and professionnals are revealed. Comparing especially the ways the same expression of Daniel Buren, the syntagm outil visuel (visual tool) is inserted in different speeches of mediation, we analyse in what they prefigure various ways of receptions among the public. What do the ways the words of artists, considered above all because of their authenticity as an attractive source, are called in, reveal us about the recognition experience of works of art proposed to visitors through texts of mediation ?
De l'atelier à l'atelier : la friche industrielle comme lieu de médiation artistique
Authors: La Broise Patrice de , Gellereau Michèle
Published: March 2010

De l'usine à l'espace de création et de représentation artistiques, la transmutation culturelle des friches industrielles apparaît tout à la fois incongrue et cohérente. Incongrue, parce que l'austérité et le prosaïsme de la sphère industrielle contrastent singulièrement avec les valeurs proclamées par l'artiste. Cohérente, parce que la création contemporaine a besoin d'espaces et que sa médiation représente une alternative culturelle, patrimoniale et sociale à la crise économique. Cette dialectique est au principe de nombreux projets artistiques qui, en réinvestissant les lieux de la culture industrielle, opèrent aussi en marge de l'industrie culturelle. Les friches, comme espace formo-créateur, sont réinvesties comme moyen d'insertion de l'art dans la ville, et de développement de conceptions nouvelles et élargies de la culture. Espaces de médiations, elles sont porteuses d'un imaginaire d'une cité idéale favorisant l'expérimentation de nouvelles pratiques culturelles, mais aussi représentatives de certaines formes de régulation sociale.
Parcs sous tension
Authors: Viel Annette , Nivart Anne
Published: March 2010

A l'heure d'un développement touristique allant en augmentation constante, les parcs nationaux se retrouvent de plus en plus fortement menacés dans leur intégrité écologique. Les parcs sont sous tension ! Le cas de Parcs Canada, dénoncé publiquement au cours des dernières années, constitue un exemple de ce danger potentiel. Pourtant Parcs Canada a intégré précocement la dimension publique et la sphère sociale au sein du processus de création des parcs nationaux par le biais des consultations publiques. L'analyse de la situation tend plutôt à démontrer que cette pratique ne suffit plus et qu'une nouvelle forme de concertation doit s'intégrer en filigrane tout au long des chapitres où se trament les multiples facettes de cette histoire. Au travers des vicissitudes du réseau pancanadien et de l'approche préconisée au parc marin Saguenay-Saint-Laurent, une évolution se dessine. Si la création d'un parc national suit une procédure, la légitimité du projet passe dorénavant par un processus de démocratisation où les acteurs du projet et de son développement, tout comme ceux à qui sont destinés ces parcs, sont tous appelés à participer.
Effect of a biodegradable natural polymer on the properties of hardened lime-based mortars
Authors: Izaguirre A. , Lanas J. , Álvarez J. I.
Published: March 2010

As an environmentally friendly and energy-saving alternative to cement-based materials and to some chemically obtained water-reducers, a commercialized starch was incorporated into aerial lime-based matrix. Different dosages were tested in order to study the influence that the amount of additive exerted on the properties of the material. Density, shrinkage, water absorption through capillarity, water vapour permeability, mechanical strengths, porosity, pore size distribution, and durability in the face of freezing-thawing cycles were studied in the mortars. The tested starch acted as a thickener for dosages up to 0.30%, and changed its behaviour for the largest dosage (0.50%): in that case it behaved as a plasticizer, dispersing the lime through the fresh mass and generating a more workable material. As a result, the matrix of the hardened mortar presented great coherence, owing to its large density and low porosity, characteristics which led to lower capillarity and permeability, better mechanical properties and durability.
Capture of a Transition State Using Molecular Dynamics: Creation of an Intercalation Site in dsDNA with Ethidium Cation
Authors: Monaco Regina R.
Published: March 2010

The mechanism of intercalation and the ability of double stranded DNA (dsDNA) to accommodate a variety of ligands in this manner has been well studied. Proposed mechanistic steps along this pathway for the classical intercalator ethidium have been discussed in the literature. Some previous studies indicate that the creation of an intercalation site may occur spontaneously, with the energy for this interaction arising either from solvent collisions or soliton propagation along the helical axis. A subsequent 1D diffusional search by the ligand along the helical axis of the DNA will allow the ligand entry to this intercalation site from its external, electrostatically stabilized position. Other mechanistic studies show that ethidium cation participates in the creation of the site, as a ligand interacting closely with the external surface of the DNA can cause unfavorable steric interactions depending on the ligands′ orientation, which are relaxed during the creation of an intercalation site. Briefly, such a site is created by the lengthening of the DNA molecule via bond rotation between the sugars and phosphates along the DNA backbone, causing an unwinding of the dsDNA itself and separation between the adjacent base pairs local to the position of the ligand, which becomes the intercalation site. Previous experimental measurements of this interaction measure the enthalpic cost of this part of the mechanism to be about −8 kcal/mol. This paper reports the observation, during a computational study, of the spontaneous opening of an intercalation site in response to the presence of a single ethidium cation molecule in an externally bound configuration. The concerted motions between this ligand and the host, a dsDNA decamer, are clear. The dsDNA decamer AGGATGCCTG was studied; the central …GATG… site was the intercalation site.
Influence of Hydration on Physiological Function and Performance During Trail Running in the Heat
Authors: Casa Douglas J. , Stearns Rebecca L. , Lopez Rebecca M. , Ganio Matthew S. , McDermott Brendon P. , Walker Yeargin Susan , Yamamoto Linda M. , Mazerolle Stephanie M. , Roti Melissa W. , Armstrong Lawrence E. , Maresh Carl M.
Published: March 2010

Context:

Authors of most field studies have not observed decrements in physiologic function and performance with increases in dehydration, although authors of well-controlled laboratory studies have consistently reported this relationship. Investigators in these field studies did not control exercise intensity, a known modulator of body core temperature.

Objective:

To directly examine the effect of moderate water deficit on the physiologic responses to various exercise intensities in a warm outdoor setting.

Design:

Semirandomized, crossover design.

Setting:

Field setting.

Patients or Other Participants:

Seventeen distance runners (9 men, 8 women; age  =  27 ± 7 years, height  =  171 ± 9 cm, mass  =  64.2 ± 9.0 kg, body fat  =  14.6% ± 5.5%).

Intervention(s):

Participants completed four 12-km runs (consisting of three 4-km loops) in the heat (average wet bulb globe temperature  =  26.5°C): (1) a hydrated, race trial (HYR), (2) a dehydrated, race trial (DYR), (3) a hydrated, submaximal trial (HYS), and (4) a dehydrated, submaximal trial (DYS).

Main Outcome Measure(s):

For DYR and DYS trials, dehydration was measured by body mass loss. In the submaximal trials, participants ran at a moderate pace that was matched by having them speed up or slow down based on pace feedback provided by researchers. Intestinal temperature was recorded using ingestible thermistors, and participants wore heart rate monitors to measure heart rate.

Results:

Body mass loss in relation to a 3-day baseline was greater for the DYR

(−4.30% ± 1.25%) and DYS trials (−4.59% ± 1.32%) than for the HYR (−2.05% ± 1.09%) and HYS (−2.0% ± 1.24%) trials postrun (P < .001). Participants ran faster for the HYR (53.15 ± 6.05 minutes) than for the DYR (55.7 ± 7.45 minutes; P < .01), but speed was similar for HYS (59.57 ± 5.31 minutes) and DYS (59.44 ± 5.44 minutes; P > .05). Intestinal temperature immediately postrun was greater for DYR than for HYR (P < .05), the only significant difference. Intestinal temperature was greater for DYS than for HYS postloop 2, postrun, and at 10 and 20 minutes postrun (all: P < .001). Intestinal temperature and heart rate were 0.22°C and 6 beats/min higher, respectively, for every additional 1% body mass loss during the DYS trial compared with the HYS trial.

Conclusions:

A small decrement in hydration status impaired physiologic function and performance while trail running in the heat.
Concept and implementation of a single source information system in nuclear medicine for myocardial scintigraphy (SPECT-CT data)
Authors: Rahbar K. , Stegger L. , Schäfers M. , Dugas M. , Herzberg S.
Published: March 2010

Objective: Data for clinical documentation and medical research are usually managed in separate systems. We developed, implemented and assessed a documentation system for myocardial scintigraphy (SPECT/CT-data) in order to integrate clinical and research documentation. This paper presents concept, implementation and evaluation of this single source system including methods to improve data quality by plausibility checks.

Methods: We analyzed the documentation process for myocardial scintigraphy, especially for collecting medical history, symptoms and medication as well as stress and rest injection protocols. Corresponding electronic forms were implemented in our hospital information system (HIS) including plausibility checks to support correctness and completeness of data entry. Research data can be extracted from routine data by dedicated HIS reports.

Results: A single source system based on HIS-electronic documentation merges clinical and scientific documentation and thus avoids multiple documentation. Within nine months 495 patients were documented with our system by 8 physicians and 6 radiographers (466 medical history protocols, 466 stress and 414 rest injection protocols). Documentation consists of 295 attributes, three quarters are conditional items. Data quality improved substantially compared to previous paper-based documentation.

Conclusion: A single source system to collect routine and research data for myocardial scintigraphy is feasible in a real-world setting and can generate high-quality data through online plausibility checks.
Psychological and other non‐pharmacological interventions in services for people with learning disabilities and dementia
Authors: Dodd Karen
Published: March 2010

The focus of interest in dementia in people with learning disabilities has been largely on epidemiology, prevalence, assessment and diagnosis. There has been less focus on care issues and interventions, with a paucity of research papers but a growing number of books and resource packs addressing these issues. Psychological and non‐pharmacological approaches are useful in services for people with learning disabilities and dementia, but must be delivered in line with a clear conceptual framework of dementia that aids staff in understanding what is happening to the person with dementia and the effect of their care and responses. This paper describes the most commonly used approaches, including developing an understanding of dementia, anxiety and stress reduction, life story work, reminiscence, reality orientation and validation techniques, helping peers to understand dementia, other therapeutic approaches, and understanding behaviour and dementia care mapping and their impact on the well‐being of people with learning disabilities and dementia and the people who support them.
The challenge of the randomised control trial to psychotherapy research with people who have learning disabilities
Authors: Beail Nigel
Published: March 2010

The randomised control trial is regarded as the gold standard among the methods used in treatment outcome studies, whatever the treatment. This method imposes the highest level of control over other factors that may influence outcome so that the true effects of the treatment can be tested. In this paper the key features of an RCT are examined, along with potential challenges that emerge when applied to evaluations of psychotherapeutic interventions with people who have learning disabilities.
Sleep disorders in children and adolescents with learning disabilities and their management
Authors: Turk Jeremy
Published: March 2010

Sleep disorders are extremely common in children and young people, and even more so in those with developmental disabilities. This client subgroup may prove refractory to standard behavioural and other psychosocial interventions that usually help and it is frequent for clinicians to resort to medication approaches given the high levels of personal and family distress that result. There is a need not only for further well structured research in this field but also for efforts to tackle the frequent relative neglect by clinicians of more researched and considered approaches. This review examines these issues selectively, focusing on important clinical issues and predicaments, and attempts a start at an evidence‐based background for practical and rational prescribing in this area of common childhood psychopathology.
Protecting children in different contexts: exploring the value of rights and research
Authors: Crewe Emma
Published: March 2010

Many child‐focused civil society organisations (CSOs) working in Africa, Asia and South America have shifted from organising their work around children's needs to promoting their rights. The rights‐based frameworks they use are informed by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. This article explores the value of global rights. Ethnographic studies about the lives of young people and their transition into adulthood point to diversity of ideas about childhood in different parts of the world, raising questions about whether the idea of universal child rights can accommodate such varied worldviews. Yet CSOs have often failed to take account of this diversity in the way they use rights frameworks. Research by anthropologists about children in three situations ‐ at work, on the move and facing violence ‐ is used here to reveal the problems caused if rights frameworks are used without sufficient understanding of context and complexity.
Parents, problems and policy
Authors: Parker Roy
Published: March 2010

Much is heard about children and families but less about the policy implications of the parenting task in today's society. I argue that the demands placed upon parents have increased but that this has yet to be reflected in broader‐based policies.
Suicidal Masculinities
Authors: Scourfield Jonathan
Published: March 2010

Across the West, suicide rates in young men have been rising for some time. This trend has attracted considerable media attention and is often cited within media discourse as evidence of a ‘crisis of masculinity’. The field of suicide research (or suicidology) is dominated by quantitative methodology, and although there has been research attention to the gendered character of suicidal behaviour, studies tend to compare ‘men’ as a group with ‘women’ as a group. There is also relatively little consideration within this literature of power relations and the social-political dimension of masculinities. This paper argues the case for a qualitative sociological approach to the study of gendered suicide and begins to outline a framework for understanding the diversity of suicidal masculinities. Connell's theoretical work on masculinities is used to analyse evidence from the suicidology literature. The framework includes consideration of when hegemonic masculinity fails; the subordinated masculinities of gay sexuality and mental illness; and control in intimate relationships.
Ethnicity, Class and the Earning Inequality in Israel, 1983-1995
Authors: Khattab Nabil
Published: March 2010

This paper focuses on the role of ethnicity and class in generating earnings inequality in Israel. Unlike previous studies on inequality of opportunities in Israel, in this paper I compare the earnings of five ethnic groups: European Jews (Ashkenazi), Asian-African Jews (Sephardi), Muslim Palestinians, Christian Palestinians and Druze Palestinians. In addition, both men and women are taken into account. The analysis, which is based on data obtained from the 1983 and 1995 Israeli population censuses, has revealed that in Israel, class variations resulting from the differentiation of employment contracts in the labour market, appear to have played a much more important role over time in producing earnings inequality. However, at the same time, it was found that class in this context is highly related to ethnicity, thereby suggesting that class and ethnicity are interwoven. While it seemed that to some extent, class plays a similar role among men and women, the role of ethnicity among men was much more central than it was among women, in the allocation of people into class positions.
Interpreting Trust: Abstract and Personal Trust for People who Need Interpreters to Access Services
Authors: Edwards Rosalind , Alexander Claire , Temple Bogusia
Published: March 2010

This article looks at the political and conceptual process of trust drawing on a research project exploring the experiences of people who speak little English and thus need interpreters in order to access services. We examine posited solidarity/diversity tensions in the politicisation of notions of general social trust, and debates about the process of trust, including distinctions between abstract and personal trust, the role of familiarity, and the concept of ‘active trust’, as well as challenges to the functional link between interpretation and expectation in trust. We address the increasing professionalisation of interpreting service provision based on abstract trust, and use case studies to illustrate the complexity of the articulation of trust in interpreters, often involving personal trust, as well as strategies for managing distrust. We conclude that, while trust may be a personal praxis, it takes place in a particular socio-political context that involves asymmetrical relations that focus on particular, minority ethnic, groups.
The Ghost of Patrick Geddes: Civics as Applied Sociology
Authors: Law Alex
Published: March 2010

In 1904 and 1905 Patrick Geddes (1905, 1906) read his famed, but today little-read, two-part paper, ‘Civics: as Applied Sociology’, to the first meetings of the British Sociological Society. Geddes is often thought of as a ‘pioneer of sociology’ (Mairet, 1957;Meller, 1990) and for some (egDevine, 1999: 296) as ‘a seminal influence on sociology’. However, little of substance has been written to critically assess Geddes's intellectual legacy as a sociologist. His work is largely forgotten by sociologists in Britain (Abrams, 1968;Halliday, 1968;Evans, 1986). Few have been prepared to follow Geddes's ambition to bridge the chasm between nature and culture, environment and society, geography, biology and sociology. His conception of ‘sociology’, oriented towards social action from a standpoint explicitly informed by evolutionary theory. A re-appraisal of the contemporary relevance of Geddes's thinking on civics as applied sociology has to venture into the knotted problem of evolutionary sociology. It also requires giving some cogency to Geddes's often fragmentary and inconsistent mode of address. Although part of a post-positivist, ‘larger modernism’ Geddes remained mired in nineteenth century evolutionary thought and fought shy of dealing with larger issues of social class or the breakthrough work of early twentieth century sociology of Simmel, Weber and Durkheim. His apolitical notion of ‘civics’ limits its relevance to academic sociology today.
Urban Consumption and Feelings of Attachment of Rotterdam's New Middle Class
Authors: van der Land Marco
Published: March 2010

Cities have increasingly developed into spaces for consumption. This paper explores the relationship between patterns of use of urban leisure amenities and feelings of attachment to the city. A survey among highly educated professionals and managers (the new middle class, working in the Dutch city of Rotterdam) was carried out in order to examine both their participation in the domain of urban leisure and urban residence, and their attachments to the city in general. The survey shows that among the new middle class subgroupings can be identified, based on their mobility with regard to leisure and their psychological attachments to the city. One of them is a group of young single urban households, who are not only frequent urban consumers, but who also feel strongly attached to the city as a whole. The findings suggest that in cities specific processes of symbolic consumption occur which facilitate some extent of psychological attachment and which appear to tie a subset of the new middle class to urban places, regardless of place of residence.
Explaining Showering: A Discussion of the Material, Conventional, and Temporal Dimensions of Practice
Authors: Hand Martin , Shove Elizabeth , Southerton Dale
Published: March 2010

This article considers the increasing popularity of showering in the UK. We use this case as a means of exploring some of the dimensions and dynamics of everyday practice. Drawing upon a range of documentary evidence, we begin by sketching three possible explanations for the current constitution of showering as a private, increasingly resource-intensive routine. We begin by reviewing the changing infrastructural, technological, rhetorical and moral positioning of showering. We then consider how the multiple and contingent constituents of showering are arranged and re-arranged in and through the practice itself. In taking this approach, we address a number of more abstract questions about the relation between practices, technologies and infrastructures and about what these relationships mean for the fixity and fluidity of ordinary routines and for associated patterns of consumption. The result is a method that allows us to analyse the ways in which material cultures and conventions are reproduced and transformed. This has practical implications for those seeking to contain the environmental consequences of resource-intensive practices.
What isSafe? Cultural Citizenship, Visual Culture and Risk
Authors: Stevenson Nick
Published: March 2010

Questions of cultural citizenship and risk have become central to contemporary sociological debates. This paper seeks to relate these concerns to a discussion of ecological citizenship and questions of visual and commercial culture. In the first section, I argue that ecological citizenship needs to avoid a moralistic rejection of the pleasures of contemporary visual and consumer culture. Such a possibility I argue has become evident in recent debates on the risk society. However, I argue despite Beck's realisation that questions of risk become defined through contemporary media his analysis remains overly distant from more everyday understandings. In order to address this question, I seek to demonstrate how an interpretative understanding of visual culture (in this case the 1995 film Safe) might help us develop more complex understandings of the competing cultures of risk and citizenship.
Political Hyperlinking in South Korea: Technical Indicators of Ideology and Content
Authors: Park Han Woo , Thelwall Mike , Kluver Randolph
Published: March 2010

As the Internet has become a more important source of information for citizens and consumers, politicians in a number of nations have employed the Web as a tool to facilitate contact with constituents and supporters. One of the least understood phenomena in the new ecology of political communication, however, is the use of hyperlinks to build public recognition, to demarcate ideological spaces and to reflect political alliances. The purpose of this paper is to examine the political hyperlinks established by the National Assembly members in South Korea, in order to ascertain their functions. This paper examines the communicative agendas of politicians as represented by their (out)linking practices. Hyperlink data obtained from the homepages of South Korea's National Assembly members during June of 2003 was collected. A hyperlink network analysis revealed that outlinks to political parties were the most common type of link. The next most preferred target websites were those maintained by the National Assembly, local governments such as city hall, and central government bodies, including Ministries. Websites rarely hyperlinked to civic and advocacy groups compared to other categories. In summary, there were more navigational outlinks for informative content than ideological affiliations. The results are discussed from the perspective of Asian values underlying political communication as well as online culture. Finally, this study performs an important role in contributing to the small but growing literature on how the Internet is affecting the practices of nations outside of the established democracies of the West.
Telling Identity Stories: The Routinisation of Racialisation of Irishness
Authors: Moriarty Elaine
Published: March 2010

During the last decade, the emergence of what has been coined ‘the celtic tiger economy’, the Good Friday Agreement on Northern Ireland and net immigration following decades of emigration, represent critical moments in Irish history that have opened up the question of identity in Irish public culture. This paper examines the processes involved in mediating who belongs and who doesn't belong in early 21st century Irish society by examining the creation and circulation of an urban legend in Dublin in 2004. I consider how such a story gains legitimacy, bestows meaning and constructs reality, to explore what it says about 21st century Ireland. To develop this argument, I firstly posit identity construction as processual rather than fixed (Hall, 1996), and examine the forms of knowledge through which the story is constituted and elaborated into objects, concepts and theories. Secondly, I use fragments of the story to examine the construction of self/other and us/them dichotomies through the interaction between narrator and listener, and the construction of threatened Irish identities and invading ‘non-national’ identities. Thirdly, I locate this story in global regimes of representation which are highlighting the paradoxical positioning of the nation state as subject to significant global changes such as population movement but also enabled by such phenomena in the shaping of belonging. In order to examine how these patterns of enacted conduct become routinised in the context of the nation state, I examine the context of the debates around immigration and racism in Ireland, highlighting the remarkable continuities over time in the images and discourses circulating about the Other, particularly migrant women. Ultimately, I argue that a dialectical approach is required to understand the current debate in Ireland around immigration and racism through considering the interrelationships of discourses, narratives and the constitution of identities.
Coming Home to Love and Class
Authors: Johnson Paul , Lawler Steph
Published: March 2010

This article explores how romantic love, desire, and social class are mutually influencing factors in the formation and enactment of heterosexual intimate relationships. Using qualitative interview data from a study of heterosexuality and love we analyse some of the ways in which social class structures love relationships and, furthermore, how such relationships are a site in which class is ‘done’. In particular, we explore a central paradox of the heterosexual love relationship: while heterosexuality relies upon the difference it creates in terms of sex and gender one other form of difference - class difference - is understood to be an obstacle to, if not antithetical to, a ‘successful’ relationship. Indeed, as we will show, this form of difference, for some people at least, is one that must be guarded and defended against.
Accessing Habitus: Relating Structure and Agency through Focus Group Research
Authors: Callaghan Gill
Published: March 2010

The article focuses on the intersection of theory methodology and empirical research to argue that we can learn about habitus through certain types of focus groups. An account of the relationship between structure, individual and collective agency is developed to provide a grounding for the methodological argument. The article suggests, on the basis of this understanding, that focus groups can be constituted to give us access to interactions which draw upon the collective basis of habitus. Some empirical work is drawn upon for illustrative purposes.
Social Structures and Chaos Theory
Authors: Smith R.D.
Published: March 2010

Up to this point many of the social-scientific discussions of the impact of Chaos theory have dealt with using chaos concepts to refine matters of prediction and control. Chaos theory, however, has far more fundamental consequences which must also be considered. The identification of chaotic events arise as consequences of the attempts to model systems mathematically. For social science this means we must not only evaluate the mathematics but also the assumptions underlying the systems themselves. This paper attempts to show that such social-structural concepts as class, race, gender and ethnicity produce analytic difficulties so serious that the concept of structuralism itself must be reconceptualised to make it adequate to the demands of Chaos theory. The most compelling mode of doing this is through the use of Connectionism. The paper will also attempt to show this effectively means the successful inclusion of Chaos theory into social sciences represents both a new paradigm and a new epistemology and not just a refinement to the existing structuralist models. Research using structuralist assumptions may require reconciliation with the new paradigm.
In One Ear and Out the Other: Unmasking Masculinities in the Caribbean Classroom
Authors: Parry Odette
Published: March 2010

Derived from qualitative data collected for a research project based at the Institute of Social and Economic Research at the University of the West Indies, Jamaica, this paper explores classroom gendered responses of High School students in Jamaica, Barbados and St. Vincent and the Grenadines. The account shows how teachers interpret gendered responses as confirmation of natural and necessary differences between male and female pupils. It is these perceived differences which they use to justify the case for single sex education, particularly for males. Conversely the paper argues that male gendered responses are informed by cultural expectations which translate into pedagogical relationships. These expectations reflect a version of masculinity (emerging from the historical experiences of white patriarchal chattel slavery in the West Indies) which equates education with the female side of a male/female dichotomy. The paper explores ways in which schools encourage this version of ‘masculinity’ at the same time as rendering it educationally inappropriate. In doing so the paper addresses issues which have been raised about male educational failure in recent British research.
Part/Whole Morphology: Unifying Single Case and Comparative Methods
Authors: Scheff T.
Published: March 2010

In this article, I describe the morphological method as a new stage of inquiry, between the first stage, qualitative methods, and the third, quantitative methods. The proposed second stage involves microscopic examination of single instances, and, if more than one instance is available, comparisons with each other. This method is particularly useful for the objective determination of meaning, a crucial problem for the human sciences. Because the determination of meaning is complex, yet taken for granted, I describe its intricacy. The new method also can be used to generate micro-macro theories, perhaps the next stage in the development of the human sciences. To form a bridge between qualitative and quantitative methods, which are increasingly separated, part/whole morphology can lead to research which is valid, reliable, and cost-efficient. Qualitative methods involve exploration, the first step in inquiry. Quantitative methods involve verification, the last step. Although preliminary exploration is usually necessary and always helpful, exploration requires verification. The weakness of verification alone is that since experiments and other standardized formats (such as the scale and the standardized interview) are narrow and rigid, one needs to have considerable knowledge before an adequate testing procedure can be designed. Qualitative methods are like wide-angled lenses with little depth; quantitative methods are as narrow as using the wrong end of a telescope.

Furthermore, since verification is costly and time-consuming, only hypotheses and theories should be tested which are not only plausible, but are likely to be general and important. The procedure outlined here is more labourious than most qualitative studies, but it is also more cost-efficient than those which automatically seek verification. The approach outlined here can be seen as the next step after what Giddens (1984) has called ‘instantiation’. He asked for actual instances of the behaviour described by any theory. His call, in turn, can be seen as a reiteration of Max Weber's (1947) insistence that the task of sociology is to reduce concepts about society to ‘understandable action, that is, without exception, to the actions of participating individuals (persons).
Not Miser Not Monk: Begging, Benefits and the Free Gift
Authors: Hall Tom
Published: March 2010

This article considers the idea of the ‘free’ gift, in particular relation to begging and the receipt of social security benefit and in reference to ethnographic research with the homeless in London and the South East of England. The article draws attention to the potential for both ‘dole money’ and spare change to signify, socially, in ways which wound. This is to recognise the Maussian connotations and moral framing to contemporary exchanges which mark out people as poor, even where the intention might be to give freely.
Informed Consent and the Research Process: Following Rules or Striking Balances?
Authors: Wiles Rose , Crow Graham , Charles Vikki , Heath Sue
Published: March 2010

Gaining informed consent from people being researched is central to ethical research practice. There are, however, several factors that make the issue of informed consent problematic, especially in research involving members of groups that are commonly characterised as ‘vulnerable’ such as children and people with learning disabilities. This paper reports on a project funded by the UK Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) which was concerned to identify and disseminate best practice in relation to informed consent in research with six such groups. The context for the study is the increased attention that is being paid to the issue of informed consent in research, not least because of the broad changes taking place in research governance and regulation in the UK. The project involved the analysis of researchers’ views and experiences of informed consent. The paper focuses on two particular difficulties inherent in the processes of gaining and maintaining informed consent. The first of these is that there is no consensus amongst researchers concerning what comprises ‘informed consent’. The second is that there is no consensus about whether the same sets of principles and procedures are equally applicable to research among different groups and to research conducted within different methodological frameworks. In exploring both these difficulties we draw on our findings to highlight the nature of these issues and some of our participants’ responses to them. These issues have relevance to wider debates about the role of guidelines and regulation for ethical practice. We found that study participants were generally less in favour of guidelines that regulate the way research is conducted and more in favour of guidelines that help researchers to strike balances between the conflicting pressures that inevitably occur in research.
Friendship and Formations of Sociality in Late Modernity: The Challenge of ‘Post Traditional Intimacy’
Authors: Budgeon Shelley
Published: March 2010

Starting from the vantage point of a ‘relational ontology’ this paper explores the complex relationship networks of people who are single or are not living with a sexual partner. The ways in which people make sense of the boundaries of their connections is analysed. It is argued that the meaning of individual social bonds emerge relationally and that by asking why and how friendship matters to people, we begin to see what other kinds of interpersonal relationships also mean and why they matter. This lends insights into the ways relational networks operate within conditions of detraditionalisation and the emergence of non-linear life courses. In particular consideration is given to both the epistemic and ethical dimension through which friendship operate in daily life.