bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte antigen 4 blockade augments the T‐cell response primed by attenuated Listeria monocytogenes resulting in more rapid clearance of virulent bacterial challenge
Authors: Rowe Jared H. , Johanns Tanner M. , Ertelt James M. , Lai Joseph C. , Way Sing Sing
Published: December 2008

Cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA‐4) uniformly suppresses antigen‐specific T cells during chronic infection with bacterial, parasitic or viral pathogens. However, the importance of CTLA‐4 in controlling the T‐cell response during acute infection or after priming with live attenuated vaccine vectors has not been well characterized. Since strategies aimed at blocking CTLA‐4 are being actively developed to therapeutically augment T‐cell‐mediated immunity, the effects of CTLA‐4 blockade on T‐cell activation during these conditions need to be more clearly defined. We have examined the role of CTLA‐4 in a prime‐challenge model of acute bacterial infection using both attenuated and virulent strains of the intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. Although Foxp3+ CD4+ T cells are the predominant CTLA‐4‐expressing cell type in naïve mice, antigen‐specific Foxp3− CD4+ cells upregulate CTLA‐4 expression after primary L. monocytogenes infection. Blockade of CTLA‐4 results in increased numbers of L. monocytogenes‐specific CD4 and CD8 T cells after primary infection with attenuated L. monocytogenes, and confers more rapid bacterial clearance after secondary challenge with virulent L. monocytogenes. Accordingly, CTLA‐4 plays an important suppressive role in T‐cell priming and protective immunity in a prime‐challenge model of acute bacterial infection.
Apolipoproteins inhibit the innate immunity activated by necrotic cells or bacterial endotoxin
Authors: Cho Nam‐Hyuk , Seong Seung‐Yong
Published: December 2008

We suggested earlier that the hydrophobic portions (Hyppos) of molecules, which are normally embedded in the membranes of cells or the core of molecular structures so as to be separated from the aqueous environment, might serve as evolutionarily ancient alarm signals of injury or stress to initiate innate immune responses when they are exposed on the surface. Under normal physiological conditions, the Hyppos released from endogenous or exogenous sources might be handled by ‘Hyppo‐quenchers’in vivo to maintain the tissue homeostasis and immune modulation. To test this idea, we selected apolipoproteins, which have been known to transport blood lipids and play a role in a number of pathological inflammatory conditions. We examined their role as Hyppo‐quenchers in early immune responses and found that apolipoproteins showed significant inhibition of the nuclear factor‐κB‐dependent gene expression in recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and dendritic cells stimulated by necrotic cells or bacterial endotoxin. In addition, our results indicate that apolipoproteins could dramatically abrogate complement fixation on the surface of necrotic cells. These findings suggest that apolipoproteins, besides having known functions in lipid metabolism, also have a role in preventing the initiation of innate immunity, potentially through neutralizing Hyppos from injured cells or exogenous endotoxin.
Differential gene expression of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from rheumatoid arthritis patients may discriminate immunogenetic, pathogenic and treatment features
Authors: Junta Cristina Moraes , Sandrin‐Garcia Paula , Fachin‐Saltoratto Ana Lúcia , Mello Stephano Spanó , Oliveira Renê D. R. , Rassi Diane Meyre , Giuliatti Silvana , Sakamoto‐Hojo Elza Tiemi , Louzada‐Junior Paulo , Donadi Eduardo Antonio , Passos Geraldo A. S.
Published: December 2008

This study aimed to evaluate the association between the differential gene expression profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells of rheumatoid arthritis patients with their immunogenetic (human leucocyte antigen shared‐epitope, HLA‐SE), autoimmune response [anti‐cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibodies], disease activity score (DAS‐28) and treatment (disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs and tumour necrosis factor blocker) features. Total RNA samples were copied into Cy3‐labelled complementary DNA probes, hybridized onto a glass slide microarray containing 4500 human IMAGE complementary DNA target sequences. The Cy3‐monocolour microarray images from patients were quantified and normalized. Analysis of the data using the significance analysis of microarrays algorithm together with a Venn diagram allowed the identification of shared and of exclusively modulated genes, according to patient features. Thirteen genes were exclusively associated with the presence of HLA‐SE alleles, whose major biological function was related to signal transduction, phosphorylation and apoptosis. Ninety‐one genes were associated with disease activity, being involved in signal transduction, apoptosis, response to stress and DNA damage. One hundred and one genes were associated with the presence of anti‐CCP antibodies, being involved in signal transduction, cell proliferation and apoptosis. Twenty‐eight genes were associated with tumour necrosis factor blocker treatment, being involved in intracellular signalling cascade, phosphorylation and protein transport. Some of these genes had been previously associated with rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis, whereas others were unveiled for future research.
A proinflammatory cytokine interleukin‐32β promotes the production of an anti‐inflammatory cytokine interleukin‐10
Authors: Kang Jeong‐Woo , Choi Seung‐Chul , Cho Min‐Chul , Kim Hee‐Jong , Kim Jae‐Hwa , Lim Jong‐Seok , Kim Soo‐Hyun , Han Jae‐Yong , Yoon Do‐Young
Published: December 2008

A new proinflammatory cytokine interleukin‐32 (IL‐32) has six isoforms. Although IL‐32 can be detected in sera from patients suffering from Crohn’s disease and rheumatoid arthritis, it is unclear which isoforms are involved. To this end, we investigated the functions of the most abundant IL‐32β by generating K562‐IL‐32β stable cell lines. This report confirms, using IL‐32 small interfering RNA, that IL‐32β induces an anti‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐10 in K562‐IL‐32β cells and U937 promonocytic cells, which express endogenous IL‐32β upon phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA) treatment, and monocyte‐derived dendritic cells (DC) upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment. Interleukin‐32β was induced in monocyte‐derived macrophages by LPS and in monocyte‐derived DC by LPS, poly(I:C), or anti‐CD40 antibody, but was not induced by PMA. We showed that IL‐32β expression was increased in a time‐dependent manner in monocyte‐derived DC upon LPS treatment and peaked at 24 hr. Production of IL‐10 was exactly coincident with IL‐32β expression, but IL‐1β and tumour necrosis factor‐α production peaked at 6 hr after LPS treatment, then steeply declined. Interleukin‐12 p40 was induced at 9 hr and gradually increased until 48 hr, at which time IL‐32β and IL‐10 were no longer increased. Knock‐down of IL‐32β by IL‐32 small interfering RNA led to the decrease of IL‐10, but the increase of IL‐12 in monocyte‐derived DC, which means that IL‐32β promotes IL‐10 production, but limits IL‐12 production. We also showed that IL‐10 neutralization increases IL‐12, IL‐1β and tumour necrosis factor‐α production, which implies that IL‐10 suppresses such proinflammatory cytokines. Taken together, our results suggest that IL‐32β upregulates the production of an anti‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐10, and then IL‐10 suppresses proinflammatory cytokines.
Anthocyanin‐rich sweet potato lacto‐pickle: production, nutritional and proximate composition
Authors: Panda Smita Hasini. , Panda Satarupa , Sethuraman Sivakumar P. , Ray Ramesh C.
Published: December 2008

Anthocyanin pigment‐rich sweet potato (SP) cubes were pickled by lactic fermentation by brining the cut and blanched cubes in common salt (NaCl, 2–10%) solution. They were then inoculated with a strain of Lactobacillus plantarum (MTCC 1407) and incubated for 28 days. Treatment with 8–10% brine solution was found to be organoleptically most acceptable. The final product with 8% and 10% brine solutions had a pH (2.5–2.8), titratable acidity (TA) (1.5–1.7 g kg−1), lactic acid (LA) (1.0–1.3 g kg−1), starch (56–58 g kg−1) and anthocyanin content (390 mg kg−1) on fresh weight basis. Sensory evaluation rated the anthocyanin‐rich SP lacto‐pickle acceptable based on texture, taste, aroma, flavour and after taste. Principal component analyses reduced the eleven original analytical and proximate variables (pH, TA, LA, starch, total sugar, anthocyanin, organic mater, ash, fat, protein and calories) to three independent components (factors), which accounted for 91% of the total variations.
Fructo‐oligosaccharide changes during the storage of dehydrated commercial garlic and onion samples
Authors: Cardelle‐Cobas Alejandra , Costo Rocío , Corzo Nieves , Villamiel Mar
Published: December 2008

The composition of fructo‐oligosaccharides (FOS), together with glucose, fructose and sucrose, has been determined in commercial dehydrated samples of onion (Allium cepa L.) and garlic (Allium sativum L.). No qualitative differences were detected among the FOS identified in both onion and garlic. Results show a lower FOS content in garlic than in onion in all samples analysed. In garlic samples, FOS with degree of polymerisation from 3 to 7 were identified and quantified for the first time. In addition, a study on the effect of the storage in these carbohydrates has been carried out under controlled conditions (50 °C, aw 0.44). The storage seemed to promote important changes in the content of glucose and fructose, which could participate in the Maillard reaction and in the composition of sucrose and FOS, whose hydrolysis was noticeable during the storage time. Therefore, all these chemical changes should be considered to evaluate the quality of these foods.
Mineral trioxide aggregate in paediatric dentistry
Authors: SRINIVASAN VIDYA , WATERHOUSE PAULA , WHITWORTH JOHN
Published: December 2008

Objective.  The aim of this study was to present a review of the reported literature on: (i) the physical and chemical properties; and (ii) clinical applications of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) in the practice of paediatric dentistry.

Method.  Electronic literature search of scientific papers from January 1993 to June 2008 was carried out on the MEDLINE, Embase, Entrez Pubmed, and Scopus databases using specific key words. The search yielded 448 papers, out of which 100 were identified as conforming to the applied criteria. These papers formed the basis of the review and the clinical scenarios presented which demonstrate the application of MTA in the practice of paediatric dentistry.

Conclusion.  Paediatric dentists have successfully employed MTA in a variety of endodontic/restorative applications since the late 1990s. Clinical impressions have generally been favourable and support the findings of laboratory and animal‐based investigations. Very few clinical studies have been reported so far in humans, and although these have been positive, the body of research is currently insufficient to enable a meaningful systematic review and meta‐analysis.
Becoming a nurse: a meta‐study of early professional socialization and career choice in nursing
Authors: Price Sheri L.
Published: December 2008

Title.  Becoming a nurse: a meta‐study of early professional socialization and career choice in nursing.

Aim.  This paper is a report of a meta‐study of early professional socialization and career choice in nursing.

Background.  The current and growing shortage of nurses is a global issue, and nursing recruitment and retention are recognized priorities internationally. The future of nursing will lie in the ability to recruit and retain the next generation to the profession.

Data sources.  Studies were identified through a search of the CINAHL, PsycInfo, Sociological Abstracts, PubMed; Medline and Embase databases from 1990 to 2007.

Review methods.  Studies were included if they gave insight into the experience of choosing nursing as a career, used qualitative methodology and methods, and were published in English. Analysis was undertaken using Paterson et al.’s framework for qualitative meta‐synthesis.

Results.  Ten primary studies were included in the review. Their methodologies included: ethnography (4); descriptive qualitative (3); grounded theory (2); and phenomenology (1). The location of the research was Canada (3), United Kingdom (2), United States of America (2), Australia (1), Japan (1) and Sweden (1). Three main themes were identified: influence of ideals; paradox of caring and role of others.

Conclusion.  Career choice and early professional socialization are influenced by multiple factors. In future recruitment and retention strategies to address the critical nursing shortage, it is important to consider the role of mentors, peers and role models in the formulation of career expectations, and career choice decisions. It is also necessary to consider the role of mentors, peers and role models in the formulation of career expectations, and career choice decisions.
Pharmacokinetics of butorphanol in horses after intramuscular injection
Authors: SELLON D. C. , PAPICH M. G. , PALMER L. , REMUND B.
Published: December 2008

A two‐way cross‐over study of the pharmacokinetics of butorphanol after intravenous and intramuscular administration at 0.08 mg/kg in six adult horses was performed. Heparinized venous blood samples were obtained prior to drug administration and at 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120, 180, 240, and 360 min after IV injection. Samples were obtained at the same time points and at 6 h and 12 h after IM injection. Physical examination parameters were recorded at each time point. Plasma butorphanol concentrations were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. No significant differences in any physical parameters were observed after butorphanol administration except for an increase in respiratory rate at 60 and 180 min after IV administration. Absorption of butorphanol after IM administration was very rapid (half life of absorption of 6 min) but systemic availability after IM injection was low (37%). Terminal half‐life after IV administration was much longer than half‐life after IM administration (0.57 h and 7.7 h, respectively). This difference was attributed to detection of a deep compartment after IV administration that was not detectable after IM administration. To maintain targeted plasma butorphanol concentrations above 10 ng/mL, administration of 0.08 mg/kg IM every 3 h may be necessary.
Controlled degradation by ClpXP protease tunes the levels of the excision repair protein UvrA to the extent of DNA damage
Authors: Pruteanu Mihaela , Baker Tania A.
Published: December 2008

UV irradiation damages DNA and activates expression of genes encoding proteins helpful for survival under DNA stress. These proteins are often deleterious in the absence of DNA damage. Here, we investigate mechanisms used to regulate the levels of DNA‐repair proteins during recovery by studying control of the nucleotide excision repair (NER) protein UvrA. We show that UvrA is induced after UV irradiation and reaches maximum levels between ∼20 and 120 min post UV. During post‐UV recovery, UvrA levels decrease principally as a result of ClpXP‐dependent protein degradation. The rate of UvrA degradation depends on the amount of unrepaired pyrimidine dimers present; this degradation rate is initially slow shortly after UV, but increases as damage is repaired. This increase in UvrA degradation as repair progresses is also influenced by protein–protein interactions. Genetic and in vitro experiments support the conclusion that UvrA–UvrB interactions antagonize degradation. In contrast, Mfd appears to act as an enhancer of UvrA turnover. Thus, our results reveal that a complex network of interactions contribute to tuning the level of UvrA in the cell in response to the extent of DNA damage and nicely mirror findings with excision repair proteins from eukaryotes, which are controlled by proteolysis in a similar manner.
A Candida albicans‐specific region of the α‐pheromone receptor plays a selective role in the white cell pheromone response
Authors: Yi Song , Sahni Nidhi , Pujol Claude , Daniels Karla J. , Srikantha Thyagarajan , Ma Ning , Soll David R.
Published: December 2008

Candida albicans strains homozygous at the mating type locus can switch from white to opaque, and must do so to mate. Opaque cells then secrete mating pheromones that stimulate opaque cells of opposite mating type to undergo mating. These same pheromones stimulate mating‐incompetent white cells to become cohesive and adhesive, and enhance white cell biofilm development, a pathogenic trait. Stimulation is mediated through the same receptor, G protein complex and mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathway. Here we present evidence that a C. albicans‐specific 55‐amino‐acid region of the first intracellular loop, IC1, of the α‐pheromone receptor Ste2p, is required for the α‐pheromone response of white cells, but not that of opaque cells. This represents a unique regulatory configuration in which activation of a common pathway by the same ligand, the same receptor and the same signal transduction pathway is dependent on a unique region of an intracellular loop of the common receptor in one of the two responding phenotypes.
Effect of repeated, long term capsaicin ingestion on intestinal chemo‐ and mechanosensation in healthy volunteers
Authors: Führer M. , Hammer J.
Published: December 2008

Abstract Repeated ingestion of capsaicin over a prolonged period reduces symptoms in functional dyspepsia, but initially induces upper abdominal symptoms. Sensitizing chemonociception might be the cause for this initial effect of capsaicin. The aim was to evaluate the effect of prolonged capsaicin ingestion on duodenal chemo‐ and mechanonociception. Healthy subjects ingested capsules containing either 0.25 mg capsaicin tid (n = 8) or placebo (n = 8) for 28 days. Before (day 0) and after (day 29) capsule ingestion the duodenum was distended with a balloon and perfused with a capsaicin solution. Mechanically and chemically induced sensation was evaluated by a graded questionnaire. Aggregate perception scores were calculated. Perception scores during balloon distensions with 12 and 18 mmHg were significantly lower after 4 weeks capsaicin when compared to baseline (P < 0.05). Balloon volumes to induce first sensation (63 ± 14 mL (day 0)vs92 ± 22 mL (day 29);P < 0.05) and discomfort (101 ± 12 mLvs137 ± 22 mL;P = 0.05) where significantly higher after 4 weeks capsaicin application; balloon pressures to induce sensations were not significantly different. Intraluminal capsaicin application induced first sensation after 3.4 ± 1.5 min (day 0) and 7.5 ± 4.6 min (day 29) (P < 0.05) and discomfort after 15.9 ± 9.8 min and 22.4 ± 7.3 min (P < 0.05). The quality of perception was not altered by repeated capsaicin ingestion. In the placebo group, mechano‐ and chemonociception remained unaltered at day 29. Four weeks ingestion of capsaicin desensitized both chemonociceptive and mechanonociceptive pathways in healthy volunteers. Symptom reduction after prolonged treatment with capsaicin in dyspeptic patients might be attributed to a dual desensitizing effect of capsaicin on chemonociceptors and mechanonociceptors.
A new selective medium for Burkholderia caryophylli, the causal agent of carnation bacterial wilt
Authors: Kawanishi T. , Uematsu S. , Nishimura K. , Otani T. , Tanaka‐Miwa C. , Hamamoto H. , Namba S.
Published: December 2008

A new selective medium (APCA medium) was developed for the isolation of Burkholderia caryophylli, the causal agent of carnation bacterial wilt, from both plants and soil. The optimal concentration and combination of antibiotics was investigated to determine the most selective condition for growing B. caryophylli. The resultant composition of the medium per litre was: 0·79 g (NH4)2SO4, 1·0 g KH2PO4, 0·5 g MgSO4 · 7H2O, 0·2 g KCl, 2·0 g D‐arabinose, 5 mg crystal violet, 50 mg cycloheximide, 50 mg polymyxin B sulphate, 50 mg ampicillin sodium, 10 mg chloramphenicol, 25 mg blue tetrazolium, and 15 g agar. Plating efficiency ranged from 119 to 174% with an average of 141% compared to that of nutrient agar. The bacterium was successfully isolated from contaminated soil and plant tissues with this medium. Moreover, the medium almost completely inhibited the growth of other plant pathogenic bacteria and soil saprophytes. This selectivity was high enough to detect B. caryophylli in contaminated soil.
A PCR‐based ‘molecular tool box’ for in planta differential detection of Verticillium dahliae vegetative compatibility groups infecting artichoke
Authors: Collado‐Romero M. , Berbegal M. , Jiménez‐Díaz R. M. , Armengol J. , Mercado‐Blanco J.
Published: December 2008

A multiplex‐nested‐PCR procedure was developed for in planta detection of Verticillium dahliae isolates infecting artichoke and assessment of their vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs). PCR markers were identified and assigned to V. dahliae VCGs, including: i) a 334 bp marker amplified from VCG1A or VCG2B334 isolates; ii) a 688 bp marker amplified from VCG2A or VCG4B isolates; and iii) a 688 bp and a 964 bp PCR marker amplified from VCG2B824 isolates. The infecting V. dahliae VCGs were identified in artichoke tissues according to specific patterns of amplified markers after two rounds of PCR. The PCR‐based ‘molecular tool box’ was first optimized using DNA extracted from artichoke plants artificially inoculated with isolates representative of known VCGs. Thereafter, the efficiency of the molecular procedure was tested using DNA extracted from naturally‐infected artichoke plants showing a range of symptom severity as well as from symptomless plants. The novel multiplex‐nested‐PCR assay was clearly superior in detecting the pathogen compared to conventional isolation procedures, and in addition was informative about the VCGs. Moreover, the PCR method allowed the detection and VCG identification of V. dahliae infections in symptomless but infected plants, which had yielded false negatives when checked by microbiological isolation procedures. This ‘molecular tool box’ has uncovered the presence of several V. dahliae VCGs infecting the same artichoke plants in the Comunidad Valenciana Region. In addition, it is useful for genetic and pathogenicity diversity studies of V. dahliae populations infecting artichoke, and may help in predicting the severity of verticillium wilt epidemics.
Chromosomal and Ti plasmid characterization of tumorigenic strains of three Agrobacterium species isolated from grapevine tumours
Authors: Palacio‐Bielsa A. , González‐Abolafio R. , Álvarez B. , Lastra B. , Cambra M. A. , Salcedo C. I. , López M. M. , Penyalver R.
Published: December 2008

Fifty‐six tumorigenic Spanish grapevine strains of Agrobacterium spp. were tested for biovar classification, pathogenicity on several hosts, opine utilization, 16S rRNA gene sequencing and PCR amplifications using five primer sets targeting chromosomal and Ti plasmid genes. Fifty of them belonged to A. vitis (biovar 3), three to A. tumefaciens (biovar 1) and three to A. rhizogenes (biovar 2). All strains were tumorigenic on grapevines. Most A. vitis strains were also pathogenic on tomato and tobacco plants, while the three A. tumefaciens strains were only pathogenic on grapevine. Although most A. vitis strains used octopine, 12 utilized neither octopine nor nopaline. 16S rRNA gene sequencing clearly distinguished between strains belonging to the three species. Those of A. vitis could be further divided into three chromosomal backgrounds according to their 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences. No universal primer pair was found for the detection of all three Agrobacterium species isolated from grapevine. DNA from all A. vitis strains was amplified with the chromosomally‐encoded pehA primer pair. In both A. vitis and A. tumefaciens a correlation was observed between the amplifications obtained using the tmr and the virA Ti‐plasmid‐targeting primer pairs. Three types of Ti plasmid were found in A. vitis strains according to their PCR amplifications and opine utilization profiles. A given chromosomal background harboured only one type of Ti plasmid within the strains from each analysed sample, showing a strong association between chromosomal backgrounds and Ti plasmids in A. vitis.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 38‐kDa Lipoprotein is Apoptogenic for Human Monocyte‐derived Macrophages
Authors: Sanchez A. , Espinosa P. , Esparza M. A. , Colon M. , Bernal G. , Mancilla R.
Published: December 2008

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the main aetiologic agent of tuberculosis, a disease of great concern in less‐developed regions. Apoptosis is a conspicuous event in macrophages infected in vitro with mycobacteria, a phenomenon also observed in vivo in granulomas of patients with tuberculosis. To determine its significance, it is important to define the mycobacterial moieties involved and how they cause apoptosis. Here we show that the 38‐kDa lipoprotein induces macrophage caspase‐dependent apoptosis involving TNF‐α and FasL and, interestingly, with the upregulation of cell‐death receptors TNFR1, TNFR2 and Fas. A role for the Toll‐like receptor 2 was also demonstrated. In conclusion, the ability to induce apoptosis of host cells is another property of the 38‐kDa lipoprotein, a molecule that has focused attention for being an immunodominant antigen that participates in phosphate transport.
Protective Effect of Antagonist of High‐mobility Group Box 1 on Lipopolysaccharide‐Induced Acute Lung Injury in Mice
Authors: Gong Q. , Xu J.‐F. , Yin H. , Liu S.‐F. , Duan L.‐H. , Bian Z.‐L.
Published: December 2008

We explored the effects of recombinant A‐box (rA‐box), a specific blockade for endogenous high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein, on acute lung inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vivo. Acute lung injury (ALI) was produced successfully by intratracheal administration of LPS (10 μg/mouse) in male BALB/c mice. rA‐box (0.3, 0.6 mg/mouse, i.p.) was administered 30 min prior to or 2 h after LPS exposure. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was obtained to measure chemokines, proinflammatory cytokines, total cell counts and proteins at the indicated time points. It was found that rA‐box caused a significant reduction in the total cells and neutrophils in BALF, a significant reduction in the W/D ratio and protein leakage at 24 h after LPS challenge. In addition, rA‐box was also believed to have downregulated the expression of LPS‐induced chemokines (keratinocyte‐derived chemokine) and proinflammatory cytokines, including early mediator TNF‐a and late mediator HMGB1. These findings confirm the significant protection of rA‐box against LPS‐induced ALI, and the effect mechanism of rA‐box was associated with decreasing the expression of chemokines and proinflammatory cytokines.
Rare earth elements in seep carbonates as tracers of variable redox conditions at ancient hydrocarbon seeps
Authors: Feng Dong , Chen Duofu , Peckmann Jörn
Published: December 2008

Marine hydrocarbon seeps are dynamic systems, which are typically reflected in complex lithologies of limestones forming at these sites. In order to test if seep limestones with their multiple generations of carbonate phases reflect variable redox conditions, the rare earth element (REE) patterns of limestones from five ancient hydrocarbon‐seep localities, Hollard Mound (Middle Devonian), Iberg (Mississippian), Beauvoisin (Oxfordian), Canyon and Satsop River (Oligocene), and Marmorito (Miocene) have been investigated. The total REE contents vary widely (0.3–43.7 p.p.m.). Early microcrystalline phases tend to show higher contents than spatially associated later phases (microspar, sparite, and blocky cement). The shale‐normalized REE patterns of the carbonates show both negative and positive Ce anomalies even for individual deposits, suggesting that the redox conditions varied significantly. It is apparent that in addition to anoxic conditions, oxic conditions were common in some ancient seep environments. Intermittent oxygenation is presumed to have resulted from abrupt changes in fluid flow.
A unique program for cell death in xylem fibers of Populus stem
Authors: Courtois‐Moreau Charleen L. , Pesquet Edouard , Sjödin Andreas , Muñiz Luis , Bollhöner Benjamin , Kaneda Minako , Samuels Lacey , Jansson Stefan , Tuominen Hannele
Published: December 2008

Maturation of the xylem elements involves extensive deposition of secondary cell‐wall material and autolytic processes resulting in cell death. We describe here a unique type of cell‐death program in xylem fibers of hybrid aspen (Populus tremula x P. tremuloides) stems, including gradual degradative processes in both the nucleus and cytoplasm concurrently with the phase of active cell‐wall deposition. Nuclear DNA integrity, as determined by TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP nick end labeling) and Comet (single‐cell gel electrophoresis) assays, was compromised early during fiber maturation. In addition, degradation of the cytoplasmic contents, as detected by electron microscopy of samples fixed by high‐pressure freezing/freeze substitution (HPF‐FS), was gradual and resulted in complete loss of the cytoplasmic contents well before the loss of vacuolar integrity, which is considered to be the moment of death. This type of cell death differs significantly from that seen in xylem vessels. The loss of vacuolar integrity, which is thought to initiate cell degradative processes in the xylem vessels, is one of the last processes to occur before the final autolysis of the remaining cell contents in xylem fibers. High‐resolution microarray analysis in the vascular tissues of Populus stem, combined with in silico analysis of publicly available data repositories, suggests the involvement of several previously uncharacterized transcription factors, ethylene, sphingolipids and light signaling as well as autophagy in the control of fiber cell death.
The nucleotidase/phosphatase SAL1 is a negative regulator of drought tolerance in Arabidopsis
Authors: Wilson Pip B. , Estavillo Gonzalo M. , Field Katie J. , Pornsiriwong Wannarat , Carroll Adam J. , Howell Katharine A. , Woo Nick S. , Lake Janice A. , Smith Steven M. , Harvey Millar A. , Von Caemmerer Susanne , Pogson Barry J.
Published: December 2008

An Arabidopsis thaliana drought‐tolerant mutant, altered expression of APX2 (alx8), has constitutively increased abscisic acid (ABA) content, increased expression of genes responsive to high light stress and is reported to be drought tolerant. We have identified alx8 as a mutation in SAL1, an enzyme that can dephosphorylate dinucleotide phosphates or inositol phosphates. Previously identified mutations in SAL1, including fiery (fry1‐1), were reported as being more sensitive to drought imposed by detachment of rosettes. Here we demonstrate that alx8, fry1‐1 and a T‐DNA insertional knockout allele all have markedly increased resistance to drought when water is withheld from soil‐grown intact plants. Microarray analysis revealed constitutively altered expression of more than 1800 genes in both alx8 and fry1‐1. The up‐regulated genes included some characterized stress response genes, but few are inducible by ABA. Metabolomic analysis revealed that both mutants exhibit a similar, dramatic reprogramming of metabolism, including increased levels of the polyamine putrescine implicated in stress tolerance, and the accumulation of a number of unknown, potential osmoprotectant carbohydrate derivatives. Under well‐watered conditions, there was no substantial difference between alx8 and Col‐0 in biomass at maturity; plant water use efficiency (WUE) as measured by carbon isotope discrimination; or stomatal index, morphology or aperture. Thus, SAL1 acts as a negative regulator of predominantly ABA‐independent and also ABA‐dependent stress response pathways, such that its inactivation results in altered osmoprotectants, higher leaf relative water content and maintenance of viable tissues during prolonged water stress.
Fertilization‐dependent auxin response in ovules triggers fruit development through the modulation of gibberellin metabolism in Arabidopsis
Authors: Dorcey Eavan , Urbez Cristina , Blázquez Miguel A. , Carbonell Juan , Perez‐Amador Miguel A.
Published: December 2008

Fruit development is usually triggered by ovule fertilization, and it requires coordination between seed development and the growth and differentiation of the ovary to host the seeds. Hormones are known to synchronize these two processes, but the role of each hormone, and the mechanism by which they interact, are still unknown. Here we show that auxin and gibberellins (GAs) act in a hierarchical scheme. The synthetic reporter construct DR5:GFP showed that fertilization triggered an increase in auxin response in the ovules, which could be mimicked by blocking polar auxin transport. As the application of GAs did not affect auxin response, the most likely sequence of events after fertilization involves auxin‐mediated activation of GA synthesis. We have confirmed this, and have shown that GA biosynthesis upon fertilization is localized specifically in the fertilized ovules. Furthermore, auxin treatment caused changes in the expression of GA biosynthetic genes similar to those triggered by fertilization, and also restricted to the ovules. Finally, GA signaling was activated in ovules and valves, as shown by the rapid downregulation of the fusion protein RGA‐GFP after pollination and auxin treatment. Taken together, this evidence suggests a model in which fertilization would trigger an auxin‐mediated promotion of GA synthesis specifically in the ovule. The GAs synthesized in the ovules would be then transported to the valves to promote GA signaling and thus coordinate growth of the silique.
No association between tuberculin skin test and atopy in a bacillus Calmette‐Guérin vaccinated birth cohort
Authors: Eifan Aarif O. , Akkoc Tunc , Ozdemir Cevdet , Bahceciler Nerin N. , Barlan Isil B.
Published: December 2008

Previously, an inverse association was suggested between mycobacterial infection and atopy. We aimed to determine the association between tuberculin skin test (TST) and allergic manifestations in a birth cohort where all infants were vaccinated with bacillus Calmette‐Guérin (BCG) at birth. Newborns were enrolled randomly and prospectively followed up for a period of 5 yr. Information on family history and environmental factors was obtained at birth, International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood asthma questionnaire, physical examination, skin prick test to common inhalant and food allergens and TST were performed at 2 and 5 yr of age. Positive TST reactivity was defined as an induration of ≥10 mm. A total of 399 newborns were enrolled, 293 and 125 were available for a followup visit at 2 and 5 yr of age respectively. The prevalence of ever asthma, rhinitis and allergen sensitization tended to increase while eczema decreased with time. No significant association was found between TST reactivity and ever and current wheeze, doctor diagnosed asthma or atopic sensitization both at 2 and 5 yr of age. This prospectively designed birth cohort study did not confirm the previously suggested inverse correlation between TST reactivity and atopic sensitization or any allergic manifestations in Turkish children vaccinated with BCG at birth.
Biomechanical properties of ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk in pigs and humans
Authors: Li Wen‐Chun , Yu Ming‐Hua , Zhang Hong‐Mei , Wang Han‐Qin , Xi Gang‐Ming , Yao Bo‐Chun , Deng Zhao‐Hong , Zeng Yan‐Jun
Published: December 2008

Abstract:  Background:  This study aims to obtain the biomechanical properties of ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk between healthy humans and pigs of different months, so as to provide necessary biomechanical experimental basis for anastomosing blood vessel in pig‐to‐human heart xenotransplantation.

Methods:  Ascending aorta and pulmonary trunks of the six deceased donors (male 4, female 2) and 42 Chinese Hubei white pigs aged 1–7 months were performed biomechanical test. The blood vessel was given periodic permanent loading and unloading, and repeated force‐deformation data were obtained. The elastic properties of the blood vessels were obtained by curve from experimental data.

Results:  The biomechanical material constant of ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk of pigs did not increase with the increase of age (F = 14.569, P = 0.126). The biomechanical material constant of humans was basically similar to that of pigs aged 1–7 months (F = 12.264, P = 0.225). The elastic modulus was the biggest in pigs aged 7 months in comparison with that in other ages (F = 27.425, P = 0.032). There was no significant difference of elastic modulus of corresponding blood vessel between humans and pigs of different months (F = 17.328, P = 0.215).

Conclusions:  Our present study suggests that there was no significant difference of elastic properties of ascending aorta and pulmonary trunks between humans and pigs. From biomechanical aspects, anastomosis of corresponding ascending aorta and pulmonary trunks in the process of pig‐to‐human heart xenotransplantation may be feasible.
Immunologic analyses of bovine bone treated with a novel tissue sterilization process
Authors: Supronowicz Peter , Zhukauskas Rasa , York‐Ely Amanda , Wicomb Winston , Thula Taili , Fleming Laraine , Cobb Ronald R.
Published: December 2008

Abstract:  Background:  This study evaluates the efficacy of removal of xeno‐antigens from bovine bone using a patented BioCleanse® process for decellularization of allograft tissues for clinical implantation. BioCleanse® deploys a combination of chemicals and several high pressure rinses to achieve standardized sterility assurance levels. This method produces sterile grafts without reducing allograft bone biomechanical properties and effectively removes cells, lipids, and other sources of antigenic material from human allografts for clinical use.

Methods:  In this investigation, BioCleanse® is evaluated for its potential in removing xenograft antigens from bovine bone grafts followed by immunologic evaluation in the subcutaneous pouch of immunocompetent rats. The alpha‐galactosyl (α‐gal) epitope with the structure Galα1‐3Galβ1‐4GlcNAc‐R constitutes a critical component of xenoantigens and its removal using BioCleanse® from bovine bone was compared with tissue levels of unprocessed bone. The relative degree of antigen removal was also determined through measuring the pro‐inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, and through the use of histologic grading of cellular infiltrates into bone.

Results:  Compact cortical bone inhibited immune cell migration but cancellous bone demonstrated cellular increase and bone resorption in the untreated control group. The α‐gal xenoantigen level was significantly lower in both cortical (P < 0.001) and cancellous bone (P < 0.001) compared with controls. TNF‐α levels were significantly (P < 0.001) reduced compared with untreated controls when human acute monocytic leukemia cells were exposed to cortical or cancellous bone.

Conclusions:  BioCleanse® effectively removed xenoantigens and inflammatory markers justifying a follow up study in primates to determine these benefits in a model that is primed with preformed xeno‐antibodies responsible for hyperacute rejection in hard tissues.
Value choices and considerations when limiting intensive care treatment: a qualitative study
Authors: HALVORSEN K. , FØRDE R. , NORTVEDT P.
Published: December 2008

Background: To shed light on the values and considerations that affect the decision‐making processes and the decisions to limit intensive care treatment.

Method: Qualitative methodology with participant observation and in‐depth interviews, with an emphasis on eliciting the underlying rationale of the clinicians' actions and choices when limiting treatment.

Results: Informants perceived over‐treatment in intensive care medicine as a dilemma. One explanation was that the decision‐making base was somewhat uncertain, complex and difficult. The informants claimed that those responsible for taking decisions from the admitting ward prolonged futile treatment because they may bear guilt or responsibility for something that had gone wrong during the course of treatment. The assessments of the patient's situation made by physicians from the admitting ward were often more organ‐oriented and the expectations were less realistic than those of clinicians in the intensive care unit who frequently had a more balanced and overall perspective. Aspects such as the personality and the speciality of those involved, the culture of the unit and the degree of interdisciplinary cooperation were important issues in the decision‐making processes.

Conclusion: Under‐communicated considerations jeopardise the principle of equal treatment. If intensive care patients are to be ensured equal treatment, strategies for interdisciplinary, transparent and appropriate decision‐making processes must be developed in which open and hidden values are rendered visible, power structures disclosed, employees respected and the various perspectives of the treatment given their legitimate place.
Technical and non‐technical skills can be reliably assessed during paramedic simulation training
Authors: VON WYL T. , ZUERCHER M. , AMSLER F. , WALTER B. , UMMENHOFER W.
Published: December 2008

Background: Medical teams depend on technical skills (TS) as well as non‐technical skills (NTS) for successful management of critical events. Simulated scenarios are an opportunity for presentation of similar crisis situations. The aim of this study was to test whether TS and NTS are assessable with satisfactory interrater reliability (IRR) during a regular paramedic training.

Methods: Thirty paramedics were rated by two independent observers using video‐recording and previously validated checklists while managing two simulated emergency scenarios as a team of two. The observed items of the team's TS included type, order, and time of adequate medical care. The NTS were restricted to six team‐oriented dimensions. The IRR was quantified by calculating the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The z‐transformed values of the TS and NTS were correlated by Pearson's correlation. Internal consistency was controlled using Cronbach's α.

Results: The average measures ICC for the IRR was between 0.97 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.91–0.99] and 0.98 (95% CI 0.94–0.99) for the TS sum‐score, and was 0.94 (95% CI 0.87–0.97) for the NTS sum‐score; the Cronbach's α of this NTS sum‐score was 0.86. There is a positive correlation between the normalised TS and NTS sum‐scores (r=0.53; P<0.05).

Conclusion: Assessment of TS and NTS is feasible and reliable during paramedic training in emergency scenarios. TS can be reliably assessed by one trained observer; for NTS, two trained raters provide a suitable condition for excellent observations. There is a significant positive correlation between TS and NTS.
Fluid therapy and the use of albumin in the treatment of severe traumatic brain injury
Authors: RODLING WAHLSTRÖM M. , OLIVECRONA M. , NYSTRÖM F. , KOSKINEN L.‐O. D. , NAREDI S.
Published: December 2008

Background: Evidence‐based guidelines for severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) do not include strategies for fluid administration. The protocol used in this study includes albumin administration to maintain normal colloid osmotic pressure and advocates a neutral to slightly negative fluid balance. The aim of this study was to analyze the occurrence of organ failure and the mortality in patients with severe TBI treated by a protocol that includes defined strategies for fluid therapy.

Methods: Ninety‐three patients with severe TBI and Glasgow Coma Score≤8 were included during 1998–2001. Medical records of the first 10 days were retrieved. Organ dysfunction was evaluated with the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score. Mortality was assessed after 10 and 28 days, 6 and 18 months.

Results: The total fluid balance was positive on days 1–3, and negative on days 4–10. The crystalloid balance was negative from day 2. The mean serum albumin was 38±6 g/l. Colloids constituted 40–60% of the total fluids given per day. Furosemide was administered to 94% of all patients. Severe organ failure defined as SOFA≥3 was evident only for respiratory failure, which was observed in 29%. None developed renal failure. After 28 days, mortality was 11% and, after 18 months, it was 14%.

Conclusions: A protocol including albumin administration in combination with a neutral to a slightly negative fluid balance was associated with low mortality in patients with severe TBI in spite of a relatively high frequency (29%) of respiratory failure, assessed with the SOFA score.
Intrathecal ropivacaine 5 mg/ml for outpatient knee arthroscopy: a comparison with lidocaine 10 mg/ml
Authors: FANELLI G. , DANELLI G. , ZASA M. , BACIARELLO M. , DI CIANNI S. , LEONE S.
Published: December 2008

Purpose: The aim of this prospective, randomised, blind study was to compare the evolution of spinal block produced with 50 mg lidocaine 10 mg/ml and 10 mg ropivacaine 5 mg/ml for outpatient knee arthroscopy.

Methods: Thirty outpatients undergoing knee arthroscopy received 50 mg of lidocaine 10 mg/ml (n=15) or 10 mg of ropivacaine 5 mg/ml (n=15) intrathecally. The evolution of spinal block was recorded until home discharge, while the occurrence of transient neurologic symptoms (TNS) was evaluated through phone‐call follow‐ups.

Results: The median onset time was 15 (10–21) min with lidocaine and 24 (11–37) min with ropivacaine (P=0.109). Spinal lidocaine resulted in a faster resolution of sensory block [148 (130–167) min vs. 188 (146–231) (P=0.022)], unassisted ambulation with crutches [176 (144–208) min vs. 240 (179–302) min (P=0.014)], and voiding [208 (163–254) min vs. 293 (242–343) min (P=0.001)] than ropivacaine. Recovery of motor function required 113 (95–131) min with lidocaine and 135 (87–183) with ropivacaine (P=0.219). Six lidocaine patients reported TNS (40%) as compared with no patient receiving ropivacaine (0%) (P=0.005).

Conclusions: Spinal block produced with 10 mg ropivacaine 5 mg/ml is as effective as that produced by 50 mg of lidocaine 10 mg/ml. Recovery of unassisted ambulation and spontaneous voiding occurred earlier with lidocaine, but this was associated with a markedly higher incidence of TNS.
Isoflurane exerts a short‐term but not a long‐term preconditioning effect in neonatal rats exposed to a hypoxic‐ischaemic neuronal injury
Authors: SASAOKA N. , KAWAGUCHI M. , KAWARAGUCHI Y. , NAKAMURA M. , KONISHI N. , PATEL H. , PATEL P. M. , FURUYA H.
Published: December 2008

Background:Isoflurane has been shown to induce tolerance against ischaemic injury in adult rodents. Although the delayed preconditioning effect of isoflurane has been demonstrated in neonatal rat pups, the acute preconditioning effects of isoflurane remained undetermined. The present study was therefore conducted to evaluate the acute preconditioning efficacy of isoflurane in neonatal rats subjected to a hypoxic‐ischaemic (HI) injury.

Methods:Post‐natal day 7 pups were exposed to 1 or 2% isoflurane in oxygen for either 30, 60 or 90 min. Fifteen minutes after isoflurane exposure, the pups were subjected to an HI injury induced by left common carotid artery ligation and exposure to 8% oxygen for 2 h. Pups not exposed to isoflurane or not subjected to HI served as controls. Histopathologic injury to the cortex and hippocampus was evaluated 7 and 49 days after HI.

Results:Isoflurane 2% exposure for 60 or 90 min before HI induced tolerance in the hippocampus and the number of normal neurons in the CA1 sector 7 days after HI was significantly greater than in non‐preconditioned animals. This protective efficacy of isoflurane preconditioning was not observed 49 days after HI.

Conclusions:Exposure of 2% isoflurane for at least 60 min is required to induce tolerance against HI injury in rat pups. However, this neuroprotective efficacy results in only transient neuroprotection.