bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stayovers in emerging adulthood: Who stays over and why?
Authors: JAMISON TYLER B. , PROULX CHRISTINE M.
Published: June 2012

Emerging adulthood is an intense period of personal development and interpersonal exploration; most emerging adults engage in several romantic relationships of varying commitment levels throughout their late teens and early twenties. The current study explored whether one relationship behavior, staying over, is related to specific demographic characteristics, previous experiences, and personal beliefs and attitudes. A sample of 627 emerging adults were surveyed about their experiences with staying overnight with their romantic partners, their reasons for doing so, and their attitudes about full‐time cohabitation. Participants who were older, had cohabited at some point, lived independently from family, viewed religion as unimportant, and had positive attitudes about cohabitation were found to be more likely to stay over.
Trajectories of relationship satisfaction: Independent contributions of capitalization and support perceptions
Authors: Logan Jill M. , Cobb Rebecca J.
Published: June 2012

Associations among perceptions of partner responses to disclosures about capitalization and support experiences and relationship satisfaction were examined over 1 year in 268 individuals in romantic relationships. Multilevel modeling indicated that capitalization and support perceptions covaried over 1 year, but they independently predicted contemporaneous relationship satisfaction and appeared to be compensatory processes. However, with increasing relationship duration, support perceptions became more strongly associated with relationship satisfaction, whereas capitalization perceptions became less strongly associated with relationship satisfaction, suggesting that capitalization perceptions may play less of a buffering role with time. Results suggested that perceiving partners as interested and enthusiastic in the face of triumph, and as caring and supportive in the face of difficulties, serve important and independent relationship maintenance functions.
Caffeine provokes adverse interactions with 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’) and related psychostimulants: mechanisms and mediators
Authors: Vanattou‐Saïfoudine N , McNamara R , Harkin A
Published: June 2012

Concomitant consumption of caffeine with recreational psychostimulant drugs of abuse can provoke severe acute adverse reactions in addition to longer term consequences. The mechanisms by which caffeine increases the toxicity of psychostimulants include changes in body temperature regulation, cardiotoxicity and lowering of the seizure threshold. Caffeine also influences the stimulatory, discriminative and reinforcing effects of psychostimulant drugs. In this review, we consider our current understanding of such caffeine‐related drug interactions, placing a particular emphasis on an adverse interaction between caffeine and the substituted amphetamine, 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’), which has been most recently described and characterized. Co‐administration of caffeine profoundly enhances the acute toxicity of MDMA in rats, as manifested by high core body temperature, tachycardia and increased mortality. In addition, co‐administration of caffeine enhances the long‐term serotonergic neurotoxicity induced by MDMA. Observations to date support an interactive model of drug‐induced toxicity comprising MDMA‐related enhancement of dopamine release coupled to a caffeine‐mediated antagonism of adenosine receptors in addition to inhibition of PDE. These experiments are reviewed together with reports of caffeine‐related drug interactions with cocaine, d‐amphetamine and ephedrine where similar mechanisms are implicated. Understanding the underlying mechanisms will guide appropriate intervention strategies for the management of severe reactions and potential for increased drug‐related toxicity, resulting from concomitant caffeine consumption.
The anti‐nausea effects of CB1 agonists are mediated by an action at the visceral insular cortex
Authors: Limebeer CL , Rock EM , Mechoulam R , Parker LA
Published: June 2012

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Conditioned gaping reactions reflect nausea‐induced behaviour in rats. Cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1) agonists interfere with the establishment of nausea‐induced conditioned gaping; however, it is not known if their effects are mediated by an action at peripheral or central CB1 receptors.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We utilized the conditioned gaping model of nausea to evaluate the effect of peripheral and central administration of the peripherally restricted CB1 agonist, CB13, on the establishment of LiCl‐induced gaping in rats. We further evaluated the ability of HU‐210 administered to the gustatory insular cortex (GIC) or visceral insular cortex (VIC) to interfere with LiCl‐induced conditioned gaping and determined if this effect was mediated by CB1 receptors.

KEY RESULTS Central, but not peripheral, CB13 suppressed LiCl‐induced conditioned gaping. Central administration of the potent CB1 agonist, HU‐210, delivered to the VIC, but not the GIC, suppressed the establishment of LiCl‐induced gaping reactions, but not LiCl‐induced suppression of hedonic reactions or conditioned taste avoidance. This pattern of results suggests that HU‐210 delivered to the VIC prevented LiCl‐induced nausea, but not learning per se. The suppression of LiCl‐induced conditioned gaping by HU‐210 was mediated by CB1 receptors because it was prevented by co‐administration of CB1 antagonist/inverse agonist, AM‐251, into the VIC. A high dose of AM‐251 (20 µg) administered alone into the VIC did not produce conditioned gaping reactions.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The nausea‐relieving effects of CB1 agonists, but not the nausea‐inducing effects of CB1 inverse agonists, are mediated, at least in part, by their action at the VIC in rats.
Introduction: Meeting in the Middle
Authors: Bellamy Richard , Kornprobst Markus , Reh Christine
Published: June 2012

Compromise is routinely evoked in everyday language and in scholarly debates across the social sciences. Yet, it has been subjected to relatively little systematic study. The introduction to this inter-disciplinary volume addresses the research gap in three steps. First, we offer three reasons for the study of compromise: its empirical omnipresence in politics, its theoretical potential to bridge the rationalist-constructivist divide, and its normative promise to recognize the plurality of society. Second, we introduce different approaches to the coherence, legitimacy and limits of compromise found in the existing explanatory and normative literatures. We discuss why these literatures need to speak to one another, and identify possible applications in empirical research. Third, we conceptualize compromise as one possible solution to a conflict. Distinct from both dissensus and consensus, all compromises share three characteristics: concessions, non-coercion and continued controversy. However, different types of compromise can be distinguished by how mutual, costly and painful concessions are; by whether all forms of coercion are absent; and by the degree to which the relevant parties’ grounds for conflict are transformed. We conclude by discussing the challenge and appeal of ‘politics as compromise’ in plural and complex societies.
Predictors of Compromise over Social and Political Issues
Authors: Al Ramiah Ananthi , Hewstone Miles
Published: June 2012

This article provides a social psychological analysis of the neglected issue of ‘intergroup compromise’. We discuss the factors that promote respondents' willingness to compromise with two very different outgroups. We present a framework in which altruistic motivations (such as empathy) and egoistic motivations (such as trust and symbolic threat) act as proximal predictors of compromise, with intergroup contact as a distal predictor. We found that respondents who had more positive contact with homosexuals perceived them to be less threatening, and felt more empathy towards them, and in turn, were more likely to compromise with them on group-specific issues (controlling for the general tendency to compromise). We also found that respondents who had more negative contact with Muslims perceived them to be more threatening, and in turn, were less likely to compromise with them. We discuss these results with reference to recent developments in intergroup relations and the state of public discourse in contemporary Britain, examine their implications for intergroup relations in pluralistic contexts, and make suggestions for future research on willingness to compromise with outgroups.
How Rhetorical Strategies Reproduce Compromise Agreements: The Case of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Regime
Authors: Kornprobst Markus
Published: June 2012

How do actors, once they have reached agreement on a compromise, make this compromise persist? Being rooted in mutual concessions, it can never be taken for granted that compromises, once agreed upon, stay in place. Contestation about compliance is something that is very much to be expected and does not inevitably destabilize a compromise. Whether such a destabilization occurs or not depends on how actors communicate with one another. I contend that whether compromise persists or not has a great deal to do with the interplay of offensive and defensive rhetorical strategies that actors employ. I identify six offensive strategies (recourse, elaboration, entrapment, accusation, ostracism, abandonment) and six defensive ones (accommodation, placation, denial, deflection, inattentiveness, rejection), and chart the degrees to which offensive–defensive exchanges of strategies are conducive to reproducing compromises. Recourse–accommodation interplays on the one hand (most conducive) and abandonment–rejection interplays on the other (least conducive) form the poles of the spectrum of exchanges. I probe my theoretical framework by inquiring into the stability of the grand compromise that underpins the nuclear non-proliferation regime. The findings support my framework. The parties have tended to stay away from heavy rhetorical artillery and stuck to less robust rhetorical strategies. Elaboration and placation strategies have played a particularly important role for making the grand compromise persist.
Grand Compromises in Global Governance
Authors: Bernstein Steven
Published: June 2012

Two attempts at grand compromise have underpinned global order since the end of the Second World War. The first, a compromise between laissez-faire liberalism and domestic interventionism, famously described by John Ruggie as ‘embedded liberalism’, legitimated and stabilized a multilateral order for 50 years. A second attempt, this time between North and South at the end of the Cold War around a discourse of ‘sustainable development’, remains uneasy, conflict prone and much less institutionalized. They are compared and contrasted by asking whether they are truly compromises or reflect domination and hegemony, what conditions led to them, and what drivers of change have limited and challenged them. Ultimately, differences in their bases of legitimacy offer lessons for the prospects of building a new grand compromise in the wake of contemporary strains on global governance.
European Integration as Compromise: Recognition, Concessions and the Limits of Cooperation
Authors: Reh Christine
Published: June 2012

The role of compromise in EU politics has been widely recognized by scholars and practitioners alike. At the same time, the systematic conceptual, analytical and normative study of compromise has remained an exception. This is surprising, given that the study of compromise can be linked to three broader questions at the heart of integration: (1) How does the EU accommodate diversity? (2) What makes supranational rule normatively justifiable? (3) Who or what defines the limits of cooperation? Against this backdrop, this article sheds light on the concept of compromise, on the role of compromise in legitimizing supranational governance and on the limits to compromise in the European polity. I argue that the EU – a divided, multilevel and functionally restricted polity – is highly dependent on the legitimizing force of ‘inclusive compromise’, which is characterized by the recognition of difference. This is true for horizontal or micro-level relations between political actors (where compromise works through concessions as well as justification, perspective-taking and empathic concern in a process of ‘procedural accommodation’), and for vertical or macro-level relations between systems of governance (where compromise works through ‘constitutional compatibility’). Given the legitimizing force of inclusive compromise, I subsequently identify the limits to such agreements and, thus, to supranational cooperation; I argue that these limits are issue specific and depend on where the costs of cooperation are borne. The article concludes by outlining routes for follow-up empirical research.
Democracy, Compromise and the Representation Paradox: Coalition Government and Political Integrity
Authors: Bellamy Richard
Published: June 2012

Coalitions are often condemned as undemocratic and unprincipled because of the compromises they involve. Politicians are accused of betraying the commitments they made during the election. Paradoxically, proponents of this view suggest that if compromises are to be made they should be pragmatic and based on policy rather than principle. This article disputes this thesis and defends compromise as both principled and democratic. The first section distinguishes a shallow compromise based on the maximal satisfaction of exogenously defined preferences from a deep compromise resulting from reasoning on principle, and argues it proves impossible to avoid the latter. The second section suggests that the obligation to compromise forms part of the ethos of democracy, whereby citizens must agree despite their disagreements. The third section concludes by showing that while representatives will almost certainly betray their electoral mandate if obliged to make only shallow compromises, they can legitimately engage in deep compromises for their voters when they reason as they do.
What Makes a Good Compromise?
Authors: Parijs Philippe Van
Published: June 2012

A compromise is an agreement that involves mutual concessions. Each party gets less than it feels entitled to, but agrees to it because the situation it anticipates under the deal is better than the one it expects in the absence of a deal: conflict, exit or arbitration by a third party. Some compromises, however, are bad, and others are good. This article discusses three conjectures about what it is that makes a compromise good. Is a good compromise an honourable compromise, one that enables each party to save face? Is it rather a fair compromise, one that contributes to the progress of justice independently defined? Or is it a Pareto-improving compromise, one that changes things in such a way that it ends up making everyone better off than under the status quo? A compromise is never as good as a consensus, but it is generally better than nothing, and often achievable when a consensus is not. And when it is, trying to make it as good as possible in each of the three ways described is always worthwhile.
Late Weichselian and Holocene seismostratigraphy and depositional history of the Gulf of Riga, NE Baltic Sea
Authors: Tsyrulnikov Arkady , Tuuling Igor , Kalm Volli , Hang Tiit , Flodén Tom
Published: June 2012

The Lateglacial and postglacial sequence in the northern Gulf of Riga is sedimentologically subdivided into nine distinctive layers. In the seismo‐acoustic sequence these layers are correlated with seven seismic/acoustic units, which largely reflect different stages in the development of the Baltic Sea. A uniform layer of the Late Weichselian till, a layer of waterlain glacial diamicton (WGD), a varved succession of the Baltic Ice Lake, a brackish‐water/freshwater sandy/silty clay of Yoldia Sea, a FeS‐rich layer of Ancylus Lake and discordantly bedded sand of the Litorina Sea and present‐day gyttja are revealed both in sediment cores and in acoustic recordings. In general, the lateral extent of the distinguished sediment layers is gradually shrinking upwards in the Quaternary sequence towards the deepest, central depression of the gulf. Two distinguished regional discontinuities divide the Lateglacial and postglacial sediment sequence into three allounits: glacial diamicton deposits in the lower part; ice‐proximal WGD, glaciolacustrine and postglacial lake/marine deposits in the middle; and brackish‐water marine deposits in the uppermost part of the sequence. The presented detailed seismostratigraphic subdivision of the Quaternary sediment sequence of the Gulf of Riga permits a correlation/comparison with similar sequences across the Baltic Sea and in other former glaciated basins.
The Younger Dryas glaciation in the southeastern Monadhliath Mountains, Scotland: glacier reconstruction and palaeoclimate implications
Authors: Trelea‐Newton Mihaela , Golledge Nicholas R.
Published: June 2012

Geomorphological mapping of locally nourished glaciers was conducted in four glens in the southeastern Monadhliath Mountains, Scotland. Three glaciers are interpreted to be of Younger Dryas age based on geomorphological similarity to features in other Scottish upland areas known to have been glaciated during the Younger Dryas, and on comparison to adjacent ice‐free areas in the lower glens where landform‐sediment assemblages typically reflect peri/paraglacial readjustment during the stadial. Here we reconstruct Younger Dryas glacier termini based on moraine alignments and associated geomorphological and sedimentological evidence. An adjacent wide plateau area at high altitude may have permitted extensive ice accumulation, but no unequivocal geomorphological signature is evident. To establish upper glacier limits, a series of ice profiles are modelled. The results yield a range of realistic glacier configurations bracketed between two distinct scenarios: a valley glaciation with the glaciers' upper limit on the plateau edge, and a low‐domed icecap centred on the plateau with ice flowing radially into the lower glens. Reconstructed equilibrium‐line altitudes are 795 m a.s.l. for the valley‐glacier scenario and 894 m a.s.l. for the icecap scenario. Calculated mean ablation‐season temperatures at the ELA are 1.2°C and 0.4°C for the valley‐glacier and the icecap scenario, respectively, from which we infer mean annual precipitation rates between 323 and 520 mm a−1. Palaeoclimate results indicate a stadial climate in central Scotland 65–79% more arid than at present, comparable to that of western Norway for the stadial and to the present‐day Canadian Arctic.
Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Helicobacter pylori Infection in School‐Age Children Residing in Porto Torres, Sardinia, Italy
Authors: Dore Maria P. , Fanciulli Giuseppe , Tomasi Paolo A. , Realdi Giuseppe , Delitala Giuseppe , Graham David Y. , Malaty Hoda M.
Published: June 2012

Background:  Helicobacter pylori infection is typically acquired in childhood, and following the acute event, it is thought that most infections remain asymptomatic. H. pylori has been suggested to protect against diarrhea in childhood.

Aim:  To examine the role of H. pylori in gastrointestinal symptoms in children.

Materials and Methods:  A cross‐sectional sero‐epidemiologic study was conducted in Porto Torres, Sardinia, Italy. Demographic information, socioeconomic factors, and the frequency of upper gastrointestinal symptoms during the previous 3 months (e.g., abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, heartburn, halitosis, slow digestion, belching, and weight loss) were evaluated by a questionnaire. H. pylori status was determined by ELISA.

Results:  Approximately 95% (N = 1741) of school children between the age of 6 and 15 years from Porto Torres participated. The sero‐prevalence of H. pylori infection was 13.3% (229/1727) and similar in boys (13%) and girls (14%) (p = .57). Nausea/vomiting (odds ratio (OR) = 2.2 (95% CI = 1.2–5.1)) and diarrhea (OR = 2.1 (95% CI = 1.3–2.8)) were each significantly associated with H. pylori infection, and these associations remained significant after controlling for other study variables. There was no significant association between H. pylori and abdominal pain or heartburn (p > .25).

Conclusions:  The study does not support either a role of H. pylori infection in abdominal pain in children or a protective role against diarrheal illnesses or nausea/vomiting.
Prospective Analysis of Factors Related to Migraine Aura – The PAMINA Study
Authors: Salhofer‐Polanyi Sabine , Frantal Sophie , Brannath Werner , Seidel Stefan , Wöber‐Bingöl Çiçek , Wöber Christian ,   The PAMINA Study Group
Published: June 2012

Objectives.— The aim of this study was to examine factors increasing and decreasing the risk of occurrence of migraine aura and of headache and migraine not associated with aura (HoA, MoA) prospectively by means of a daily diary.

Methods.— Of 327 patients with migraine completing a comprehensive diary up to 90 days, we selected all patients who recorded at least 1 episode of migraine aura. To find risk indicators and triggers of aura, HoA, and MoA, we analyzed 56 variables and calculated univariate and multivariate generalized linear mixed models.

Results.— Fifty‐four patients recorded a total of 4562 patient days including 354 days with migraine aura. In the multivariate analysis, the risk of aura was statistically significantly increased by smoking, menstruation, and hunger, and it was decreased by holidays and days off. The risk of HoA and/or MoA was increased during menstruation, by psychic tension, tiredness, and odors, and it was decreased by smoking.

Conclusion.— Menstruation is the most prominent factor increasing the risk of aura as well as that of HoA and MoA. Smoking shows the most striking difference increasing the risk of aura, but decreasing the risk of HoA and MoA.
Pathogenesis of Migraine: Role of Neuromodulators
Authors: D'Andrea Giovanni , D'Arrigo Antonello , Dalle Carbonare Maurizio , Leon Alberta
Published: June 2012

The pathogenesis of migraine is still, today, a hotly debated issue. Recent biochemical studies report the occurrence in migraine of metabolic abnormalities in the synthesis of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. These include a metabolic shift directing tyrosine metabolism toward the decarboxylation pathway, therein resulting in an unphysiological production of noradrenaline and dopamine along with increased synthesis of traces amines such as tyramine, octopamine, and synephrine. This biochemical alteration is possibly favored by impaired mitochondrial function and high levels of glutamate in the central nervous system (CNS) of migraine patients. The unbalanced levels of the neurotransmitters (dopamine and noradrenaline) and neuromodulators (eg, tyramine, octopamine, and synephrine) in the synaptic dopaminergic and noradrenergic clefts of the pain matrix pathways may activate, downstream, the trigeminal system that releases calcitonin gene‐related peptide. This induces the formation of an inflammatory soup, the sensitization of first trigeminal neuron, and the migraine attack. In view of this, we propose that migraine attacks derive from a top‐down dysfunctional process that initiates in the frontal lobe in a hyperexcitable and hypoenergetic brain, thereafter progressing downstream resulting in abnormally activated nuclei of the pain matrix.
Acute Reduction of Anandamide‐Hydrolase (FAAH) Activity is Coupled With a Reduction of Nociceptive Pathways Facilitation in Medication‐Overuse Headache Subjects After Withdrawal Treatment
Authors: Perrotta Armando , Arce‐Leal Natalia , Tassorelli Cristina , Gasperi Valeria , Sances Grazia , Blandini Fabio , Serrao Mariano , Bolla Monica , Pierelli Francesco , Nappi Giuseppe , Maccarrone Mauro , Sandrini Giorgio
Published: June 2012

Objectives.— We investigated (1) a possible relationship between the functional activity of the endocannabinoid system and the facilitation of pain processing in migraineurs with medication‐overuse headache, and (2) the effect of withdrawal treatment on both.

Background.— The endocannabinoid system antinociception effect includes prevention of nociceptive pathways sensitization. The sensitization of the pain pathways has been demonstrated to be pivotal in the development and maintenance of chronic form of migraine, including medication‐overuse headache.

Methods.— We used the temporal summation threshold of the nociceptive withdrawal reflex to explore the spinal cord pain processing, and the platelet activity of the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase to detect the functional state of the endocannabinoid system in 27 medication‐overuse headache subjects before and 10 and 60 days after a standard withdrawal treatment and compared results with those of 14 controls.

Results.— A significantly reduced temporal summation threshold and increased related pain sensation was found in subjects before withdrawal treatment when compared with controls. A significant fatty acid amide hydrolase activity reduction coupled with a significant improvement (reduction) in facilitation of spinal cord pain processing (increase in temporal summation threshold and reduction in related pain sensation) was found in medication‐overuse headache subjects at both 10 and 60 days after withdrawal treatment when compared with medication‐overuse headache subjects before withdrawal treatment.

Conclusions.— We demonstrated a marked facilitation in spinal cord pain processing in medication‐overuse headache before withdrawal treatment when compared with controls. Furthermore, the acute reduction of the fatty acid amide hydrolase activity coupled with a reduction of the facilitation in pain processing immediately (10 days) after withdrawal treatment and its persistence 60 days after withdrawal treatment could represent the consequence of a mechanism devoted to acutely reduce the degradation of endocannabinoids and aimed to increase the activity of the endocannabinoid system that results in an antinociceptive effect.
Evaluation of Lithium Response in Episodic Cluster Headache: A Retrospective Case Series
Authors: Stochino Maria Erminia , Deidda Arianna , Asuni Carlo , Cherchi Alessandra , Manchia Mirko , Del Zompo Maria
Published: June 2012

Objective.— In this study, we attempted to evaluate the response to lithium treatment and its tolerability in the prevention of episodic cluster headache (CH) and to identify clinical predictors of response.

Background.— Verapamil and lithium are the most widely used drugs in the prevention of CH attacks. Lithium is considered a second‐line treatment in part because of its potentially severe adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Evidence for the efficacy of lithium in CH prevention is greater in chronic than in episodic patients. In addition, because of its narrow therapeutic window and ADRs (which can be significantly reduced with proper periodical monitoring of blood levels), lithium is recommended only in chronic CH, when other drugs are ineffective or potentially harmful.

Methods.— Our primary aim was to determine whether lithium reduced the number of attacks per day (attack frequency). We compared attack frequency in 3 periods: run‐in, the first, and the second week of lithium treatment. Responders were defined as patients showing at least a 50% reduction in attack frequency.

Results.— Lithium response was evaluated in 26 patients. Treatment led to a significant reduction in attack frequency within 2 weeks in a percentage of 77% of responders and 23% of nonresponders. Responders and nonresponders did not differ in terms of demographic and clinical characteristics. Only 15% of patients experienced mild ADRs.

Conclusion.— Our study provides additional evidence on the effectiveness of lithium in the prevention of episodic CH. It also shows the tolerability of lithium, given the short duration of treatment and low dosage.
Electrocardiographic Criteria of True Left Bundle Branch Block: A Simple Sign to Predict a Better Clinical and Instrumental Response to CRT
Authors: MASCIOLI GIOSUÈ , PADELETTI LUIGI , SASSONE BIAGIO , ZECCHIN MASSIMO , LUCCA ELENA , SACCHI STEFANIA , BOGGIAN GIULIO , TONDO ANNA LUDOVICA , BELVITO CHIARA , BAKHTADZE NIKOLOZ , BORRELLI ALESSIO , SINAGRA GIANFRANCO
Published: June 2012

Background:

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) has proved to be very effective in improving morbidity and mortality in patients affected with severe congestive heart failure. Its efficacy has been shown to be greater in patients with left bundle branch block (LBBB). The aim of our study was to verify if newly proposed criteria for true LBBB identify patients with a better clinical and instrumental response to CRT.

Methods:

Between May 2007 and April 2011, 111 patients with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤ 35% and LBBB morphology received a CRT device and were divided into two groups according to QRS morphology. Group 1 (61 patients) consisted of patients with “true” LBBB morphology; group 2 (50 patients) consisted of patients with “false” LBBB. The primary endpoint was the utility of criteria for true LBBB to predict a composite endpoint of all‐cause mortality and hospital admission with heart failure. The secondary endpoint was the utility of the same criteria to predict an absolute increase in LVEF ≥ 10%.

Results:

“False” LBBB morphology and a dose of bisoprolol <5 mg at last follow‐up were the only parameters related to clinical outcome in multivariate analysis (respectively: hazard ratio [HR] 3.98, confidence interval [CI] 95% 1.51–10.48; HR 0.15, CI 95% 0.05–0.43). “True” LBBB morphology was the only variable significantly related to a greater increase in LVEF (HR 4.57, CI 95% 1.36–8.28).

Conclusion:

True LBBB morphology is related to a higher event‐free survival rate in CRT patients and better echocardiographic response.

(PACE 2012; 35:927–934)
Evolution of Elongation Factor‐Like (EFL) Protein in Rhizaria is Revised by Radiolarian EFL Gene Sequences
Authors: Ishitani Yoshiyuki , Kamikawa Ryoma , Yabuki Akinori , Tsuchiya Masashi , Inagaki Yuji , Takishita Kiyotaka
Published: June 2012

Elongation factor 1α (EF‐1α) and elongation factor‐like (EFL) proteins are considered to carry out equivalent functions in translation in eukaryotic cells. Elongation factor 1α and EFL genes are patchily distributed in the global eukaryotic tree, suggesting that the evolution of these elongation factors cannot be reconciled without multiple lateral gene transfer and/or ancestral co‐occurrence followed by differential loss of either of the two factors. Our current understanding of the EF‐1α/EFL evolution in the eukaryotic group Rhizaria, composed of Foraminifera, Radiolaria, Filosa, and Endomyxa, remains insufficient, as no information on EF‐1α/EFL gene is available for any members of Radiolaria. In this study, EFL genes were experimentally isolated from four polycystine radiolarians (i.e.
Dictyocoryne, Eucyrtidium, Collozoum, and
Sphaerozoum), as well as retrieved from publicly accessible expressed sequence tag data of two acantharean radiolarians (i.e.
Astrolonche and
Phyllostaurus) and the endomyxan
Gromia. The EFL homologs from radiolarians, foraminiferans, and
Gromia formed a robust clade in both maximum‐likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses, suggesting that EFL genes were vertically inherited from their common ancestor. We propose an updated model for EF‐1α/EFL evolution in Rhizaria by incorporating new EFL data obtained in this study.
Conceptual and Linguistic Representations of Kinds and Classes
Authors: Prasada Sandeep , Hennefield Laura , Otap Daniel
Published: June 2012

We investigate the hypothesis that our conceptual systems provide two formally distinct ways of representing categories by investigating the manner in which lexical nominals (e.g., tree, picnic table) and phrasal nominals (e.g., black bird, birds that like rice) are interpreted. Four experiments found that lexical nominals may be mapped onto kind representations, whereas phrasal nominals map onto class representations but not kind representations. Experiment 1 found that phrasal nominals, unlike lexical nominals, are mapped onto categories whose members need not be of a single kind. Experiments 2 and 3 found that categories named by lexical nominals enter into both class inclusion and kind hierarchies and thus support both class inclusion (is a) and kind specification (kind of) relations, whereas phrasal nominals map onto class representations which support only class inclusion relations. Experiment 4 showed that the two types of nominals represent hierarchical relations in different ways. Phrasal nominals (e.g., white bear) are mapped onto classes that have criteria of membership in addition to those specified by the class picked out by the head noun of the phrase (e.g., bear). In contrast, lexical nominals (e.g., polar bear) specify one way to meet the criteria specified by the more general kind concept (e.g., bear). Implications for the language–conceptual system interface, representation of hierarchical relations, lexicalization, and theories of conceptual combination are discussed.
Producing Pronouns and Definite Noun Phrases: Do Speakers Use the Addressee’s Discourse Model?
Authors: Fukumura Kumiko , van Gompel Roger P.G.
Published: June 2012

We report two experiments that investigated the widely held assumption that speakers use the addressee’s discourse model when choosing referring expressions (e.g., Ariel, 1990; Chafe, 1994; Givón, 1983; Prince, 1985), by manipulating whether the addressee could hear the immediately preceding linguistic context. Experiment 1 showed that speakers increased pronoun use (and decreased noun phrase use) when the referent was mentioned in the immediately preceding sentence compared to when it was not, even though the addressee did not hear the preceding sentence, indicating that speakers used their own, privileged discourse model when choosing referring expressions. The same pattern of results was found in Experiment 2. Speakers produced more pronouns when the immediately preceding sentence mentioned the referent than when it mentioned a referential competitor, regardless of whether the sentence was shared with their addressee. Thus, we conclude that choice of referring expression is determined by the referent’s accessibility in the speaker’s own discourse model rather than the addressee’s.
Cue Effectiveness in Communicatively Efficient Discourse Production
Authors: Qian Ting , Jaeger T. Florian
Published: June 2012

Recent years have seen a surge in accounts motivated by information theory that consider language production to be partially driven by a preference for communicative efficiency. Evidence from discourse production (i.e., production beyond the sentence level) has been argued to suggest that speakers distribute information across discourse so as to hold the conditional per‐word entropy associated with each word constant, which would facilitate efficient information transfer (Genzel & Charniak, 2002). This hypothesis implies that the conditional (contextualized) probabilities of linguistic units affect speakers’ preferences during production. Here, we extend this work in two ways. First, we explore how preceding cues are integrated into contextualized probabilities, a question which so far has received little to no attention. Specifically, we investigate how a cue's maximal informativity about upcoming words (the cue's effectiveness) decays as a function of the cue's recency. Based on properties of linguistic discourses as well as properties of human memory, we analytically derive a model of cue effectiveness decay and evaluate it against cross‐linguistic data from 12 languages. Second, we relate the information theoretic accounts of discourse production to well‐established mechanistic (activation‐based) accounts: We relate contextualized probability distributions over words to their relative activation in a lexical network given preceding discourse.
How Young Children Learn From Examples: Descriptive and Inferential Problems
Authors: Kalish Charles W. , Kim Sunae , Young Andrew G.
Published: June 2012

Three experiments with preschool‐ and young school‐aged children (N = 75 and 53) explored the kinds of relations children detect in samples of instances (descriptive problem) and how they generalize those relations to new instances (inferential problem). Each experiment initially presented a perfect biconditional relation between two features (e.g., all and only frogs are blue). Additional examples undermined one of the component conditional relations (not all frogs are blue) but supported another (only frogs are blue). Preschool‐aged children did not distinguish between supported and undermined relations. Older children did show the distinction, at least when the test instances were clearly drawn from the same population as the training instances. Results suggest that younger children’s difficulties may stem from the demands of using imperfect correlations for predictions. Older children seemed sensitive to the inferential problem of using samples to make predictions about populations.
Use of Cutometer area parameters in evaluating age‐related changes in the skin elasticity of the cheek
Authors: Ohshima Hiroshi , Kinoshita Shigemi , Oyobikawa Midori , Futagawa Mikayo , Takiwaki Hirotsugu , Ishiko Akira , Kanto Hiromi
Published: June 2012

Background/aim

The decrease of skin elasticity on the cheek is a major concern to woman. The Cutometer® has been widely used to evaluate skin elasticity and its change with aging. Cutometer parameters derived from one suction have been traditionally used to evaluate skin elasticity, and few reports describe the use of multiple suctions to obtain parameters to assess the skin elasticity of the cheek. To find the most suitable Cutometer parameter that reflects age‐related changes in the elasticity of cheek skin using multiple suctions.

Methods

The cheeks of 32 healthy Japanese women (mean age, 42.3 years) were assessed using the Cutometer® MPA580 by measuring the skin mechanical parameters R0–R9, F2 and F3. Parameters F2 and F3 were obtained by the multiple suction method. The relationship between age and these parameters were then examined.

Results

Significant negative correlations were found between the age of subjects and R2, R3, R7, R8 and F3. Of these, the correlation coefficient was best between age and F3 (r = ‐0.641), followed R8 (r = ‐0.603).

Conclusion

Although R parameters have been used to evaluate skin elasticity, our study showed that F3 parameters derived from multiple suctions appear to be suitable for evaluating the elasticity of cheek skin, since this parameter is less influenced by environmental factors compared with R parameters.
Clinical and Radiological Outcomes of Two Implants with Different Prosthetic Interfaces and Neck Configurations: Randomized, Controlled, Split‐Mouth Clinical Trial
Authors: Pozzi Alessandro , Agliardi Enrico , Tallarico Marco , Barlattani Alberto
Published: June 2012

Background: Peri‐implant bone loss seems to occur following implant placement/loading regardless of all the efforts to eliminate it. Several factors, including surgical trauma, biologic width establishment, lack of passive fit of the superstructures, implant‐abutment microgap, and occlusal overloading, may increase peri‐implant bone loss. Over the years, new interface designs were introduced and clinical studies suggest that internal conical connection and platform shifting may be advantageous for marginal bone preservation.

Purpose: To compare clinical and radiological outcomes of two implant designs with different prosthetic interfaces and neck configurations in a randomized, controlled, split‐mouth clinical trial.

Materials and Methods: Thirty‐four partially edentate patients randomly received at least one internal conical connection with back‐tapered collar and platform shifting design or external‐hexagon implants with flat‐to‐flat implant‐abutment interface. Primary end point was peri‐implant bone level changes at different time points, failures of implants and/or prosthesis, any complications, implant stability quotient (ISQ) values, and periodontal parameters.

Results: No dropout occurred. Marginal bone changes were statistically significantly different with better results for the internal conical connection. No implants and prosthesis failures have been observed, yielding a cumulative survival rate of 100%. A high ISQ value was found for both implants, and no statistically significant difference was found for ISQ mean values between interventions at each time point (p > .05). All implants showed no bleeding on probing and a very slight amount of plaque at the 1‐year‐in‐function visit.

Conclusions: Both implant designs investigated performed similarly in terms of failure rates, providing successful results up to 1 year after loading. The back‐tapered neck configuration with conical connection and built‐in platform shifting showed statistically lower marginal bone loss than straight neck configuration with flat‐to‐flat implant‐abutment interface and external‐hexagonal connection.
Attachment, Working Models of Parenting, and Expectations for Using Television in Childrearing
Authors: Nathanson Amy I. , Manohar Uttara
Published: June 2012

This study used attachment theory to understand college students' working models of parenting and expectations for how they would use television in parenting. We found that secure parent‐child attachment histories were related to more positive expectations of parenting and that avoidant and anxious‐ambivalent parent‐child attachment histories were related to more negative expectations of parenting. Avoidant parent‐child attachment history was related to more positive views about television for children and in parenting, especially among adults with insecure adult attachments. In addition, students with more secure attachment histories had healthier views on using television with children. The implications of these results for understanding parents' use of television with their children as well the effects of television on children are discussed.
Digital Dwelling: Technology in Couple and Family Relationships
Authors: Hertlein Katherine M.
Published: June 2012

We are in an unprecedented age of technology. Few articles in family journals address online behavior, intimacy patterns, and influences on the ways couples and families communicate through technology. The purpose of this article is to use a multitheoretical model to describe the process of how technologies are affecting couple and family life. Suggestions for future research and applications are presented.
Neighborhood Disorder and Paternal Involvement of Nonresident and Resident Fathers
Authors: Zhang Saijun , Fuller Tamara
Published: June 2012

Using data of 775 nonresident father families and 1,407 resident father families from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, this study examined whether neighborhood disorder was associated with fathers' supportive involvement in child care. Bivariate analysis indicated that mothers and children of nonresident father families were more likely to live in disordered neighborhoods than those of resident father families. Multivariate analysis indicated that neighborhood disorder was negatively associated with nonresident fathers' involvement in child care, but not with that of resident fathers. In addition, relationship quality between the father and mother, father or mother married to or cohabiting with another person, fathers' income and alcohol dependence, and child health status were associated with nonresident or resident fathers' involvement. Policy and practice implications of the findings are discussed.
Relationally Aggressive Media Exposure and Children's Normative Beliefs: Does Parental Mediation Matter?
Authors: Ruh Linder Jennifer , Werner Nicole E.
Published: June 2012

Research indicates that relationally aggressive media exposure is positively associated with relational aggression in children. Theories of media effects suggest that these associations may be mediated by aggressive cognitions. Although parental mediation can attenuate the effects of violent media, it is unknown whether there are similar benefits of parental mediation of relationally aggressive media. The current study examined concurrent and longitudinal associations between relationally aggressive television and movie exposure and normative beliefs about relational aggression and whether parental mediation moderates these associations. Participants were 103 children (50% female) in grades 3–6 and their parents. The following year, 48 children (52% female) were again assessed. Relationally aggressive media exposure predicted concurrent relational aggression norms, even after controlling for physically aggressive media exposure and physical aggression norms. Relationally aggressive television and movie exposure predicted greater subsequent approval of relational aggression only among children whose parents engaged in low levels of active mediation.
Getting a High‐Speed Family Connection: Associations Between Family Media Use and Family Connection
Authors: Padilla‐Walker Laura M. , Coyne Sarah M. , Fraser Ashley M.
Published: June 2012

The way families have used the media has substantially changed over the past decade. Within the framework of family systems theory, this paper examines the relations between family media use and family connection in a sample of 453 adolescents (mean age of child = 14.32 years, SD = 0.98, 52% female) and their parents. Results revealed that cell phone use and watching television or movies were the most common mediums used in families. Analyses also revealed that greater amounts of family cell phone use, coviewing of TV and movies, and coplaying of video games were associated with higher levels of family connection. Conversely, engagement over social networking sites was related to lower levels of family connection, at least from the adolescent's perspective. Implications for practitioners are discussed.
Gaming in the Game of Love: Effects of Video Games on Conflict in Couples
Authors: Coyne Sarah M. , Busby Dean , Bushman Brad J. , Gentile Douglas A. , Ridge Robert , Stockdale Laura
Published: June 2012

The current study assessed how playing video games can influence conflict and aggression in relationships. A sample of 1,333 heterosexual couples reported their video game playing habits, conflict regarding the media, and physical and relational aggression (both self and partner directed). Results showed that for men (but not women), time spent playing video games was associated with increased conflict over the amount of time spent using media, as well as the content of those media. Conflict over the media, in turn, was associated with increased physical and relational aggression in the relationship. Thus, conflict over the media offers one explanation for why video game play may increase aggression in romantic relationships.
Teaching narrative writing using comics:Delainey andRasmussen, the creators ofBetty, share their composing strategies as rich literacy resources for elementary teachers
Authors: Nixon Rhonda
Published: June 2012

The author explores how comics texts and writing practices are rich literacy resources for educators. Few studies report on how teachers explore such texts and practices in their classrooms. The author examines how drawing improves students' narrative writing and presents findings from a 7‐month case study of Delainey and Rasmussen's collaborative composing routines. Delainey and Rasmussen are the creators of the daily syndicated comic strip, Betty, an internationally published family comic strip that has been in newspapers for 20 years. The author explores Delainey and Rasmussen's collaborative routines and composing practices and provides parallel suggestions for classroom work.