bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Parents in Tennis Success: Focus Group Interviews with Junior Coaches
Authors: Gould Daniel , Lauer Larry , Rolo Cristina , Jannes Caroline , Pennisi Nori
Published: August 2016

This study was designed to investigate experienced coaches’ perceptions of the parent’s role in junior tennis and identify positive and negative parental behaviors and attitudes. Six focus groups were conducted with 24 coaches. Content analysis of coaches’ responses revealed that most parents were positive influences and espoused an appropriate perspective of tennis, emphasized child development, and were supportive. In contrast, a minority of parents were perceived as negative, demanding and overbearing, and exhibiting an outcome orientation. New findings included parents’ setting limits on tennis and emphasizing a child’s total development, as well as the identification of behaviors that represent parental overinvolvement and that negatively affect coaching. Results are discussed relative to sport-parenting literature, and practical implications are outlined.
Sources of Strain among Elite UK Track Athletes
Authors: McKay Jane , Niven Ailsa G. , Lavallee David , White Alison
Published: August 2016

Following the theoretical framework of Lazarus and Folkman (1984), recently adapted to sport (Fletcher, Hanton, & Mellalieu, 2006), 12 elite UK track athletes (M age = 22.7; SD = 2.4 years) participated in semistructured interviews to identify sources of strain. Inductive content analysis identified 11 general dimensions of sources of strain from 664 meaning units, which were subsequently categorized into competitive, organizational, and personal domains. Several sources of strain (e.g., competitive concerns, pressure to perform) were consistent with previous research supporting the suggestion that a core group of stressors may be evident across sports although several sources of strain appeared to be more pertinent to track athletes (e.g., social evaluation and self-presentation concerns) highlighting the need to consider group differences.
Effects of Self-Handicapping Strategies on Anxiety before Athletic Performance
Authors: Coudevylle Guillaume R. , Ginis Kathleen A. Martin , Famose Jean-Pierre , Gernigon Christophe
Published: August 2016

The purpose of the present experiment was to examine whether the use of selfhandicapping strategies influences participants’ anxiety levels before athletic performance. Seventy-one competitive basketball players participated in the study. A repeated measures design was used, such that state cognitive and somatic anxiety intensity and direction were measured before and after participants were given the opportunity to self-handicap. Overall, participants reported their cognitive anxiety to be more facilitating after they had the opportunity to self-handicap. Thus, participants who were given the opportunity to self-handicap (i.e., use claimed and behavioral self-handicaps), reported greater increases in perceptions of cognitive anxiety as facilitating their performance. This study shows the importance of looking at anxiety direction, and not just anxiety intensity, when examining self-handicapping’s effects on anxiety. Implications for sport psychologists are proposed.
A Pre-Performance Routine to Alleviate Choking in “Choking-Susceptible” Athletes
Authors: Mesagno Christopher , Marchant Daryl , Morris Tony
Published: August 2016

“Choking under pressure” is a maladaptive response to performance pressure whereby choking models have been identified, yet, theory-matched interventions have not empirically tested. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether a preperformance routine (PPR) could reduce choking effects, based on the distraction model of choking. Three “choking-susceptible”, experienced participants were purposively sampled, from 88 participants, to complete ten-pin bowling deliveries in a single-case A1-B1-A2-B2 design (A phases = “low-pressure”; B phases = “high-pressure”), with an interview following the single-case design. Participants experienced “choking” in the B1 phase, which the interviews indicated was partially due to an increase in self-awareness (S-A). During the B2 phase, improved accuracy occurred when using the personalized PPR and, qualitatively, positive psychological outcomes included reduced S-A and decreased conscious processing. Using the personalized PPR produced adaptive and relevant, task-focused attention.
Investigating the Functions of Self-Talk: The Effects of Motivational Self-Talk on Self-Efficacy and Performance in Young Tennis Players
Authors: Hatzigeorgiadis Antonis , Zourbanos Nikos , Goltsios Christos , Theodorakis Yannis
Published: August 2016

The purpose of the current study was to examine the effects of motivational self-talk on self-efficacy and performance. Participants were 46 young tennis players (mean age 13.26, SD 1.96 years). The experiment was completed in five sessions. In the first session, participants performed a forehand drive task. Subsequently, they were divided into an experimental and a control group. Both groups followed the same training protocol for three sessions, with the experimental group practicing self-talk. In the final session, participants repeated the forehand drive task, with participants in the experimental group using motivational self-talk. Mixed model ANOVAs revealed significant group by time interactions for self-efficacy (p < .05) and performance (p < .01). Follow-up comparisons showed that self-efficacy and performance of the experimental group increased significantly (p < .01), whereas self-efficacy and performance of the control group had no significant changes. Furthermore, correlation analysis showed that increases in self-efficacy were positively related to increases in performance (p < .05). The results of the study suggest that increases in self-efficacy may be a viable mechanism explaining the facilitating effects of self-talk on performance.
Understanding Adolescents’ Positive and Negative Developmental Experiences in Sport
Authors: Fraser-Thomas Jessica , Côté Jean
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to gain understanding of adolescents’ positive and negative developmental experiences in sport. Twenty-two purposefully sampled adolescent competitive swimmers participated in a semistructured qualitative interview. Content analysis led to the organization of meaning units into themes and categories (Patton, 2002). Athletes suggested their sport involvement facilitated many positive developmental experiences (i.e., related to challenge, meaningful adult and peer relationships, a sense of community, and other life experiences) and some negative developmental experiences (i.e., related to poor coach relationships, negative peer influences, parent pressure, and the challenging psychological environment of competitive sport). Findings underline the important roles of sport programmers, clubs, coaches, and parents in facilitating youths’ positive developmental experiences in sport, while highlighting numerous important directions for future research. Implications for coach training and practice are outlined.
Why Some Make It and Others Do Not: Identifying Psychological Factors That Predict Career Success in Professional Adult Soccer
Authors: Van Yperen Nico W.
Published: August 2016

This prospective study was designed to identify psychological factors that predict career success in professional adult soccer. Post hoc, two groups were distinguished: (1) Male soccer players who successfully progressed into professional adult soccer (n = 18) and (2) Male soccer players who did not reach this level (n = 47). Differences between the two groups were examined on the basis of data gathered in the initial phase of their careers, 15 years earlier. The psychological factors that predicted career success while statistically controlling for initial performance level and demographic variables were goal commitment, engagement in problem-focused coping behaviors, and social support seeking. On the basis of their scores on the significant predictor and control variables, 84.6% of the adolescent youth players were classified correctly as successful or unsuccessful.
Awareness and Motivation to Change Negative Self-Talk
Authors: Hardy James , Roberts Ross , Hardy Lew
Published: August 2016

This study examined the effectiveness of a logbook and paperclip technique on awareness of the use and content of negative self-talk as well as the motivation to change negative self-talk. Participants (n = 73) completed a questionnaire measuring these variables, and were assigned to either a control, paperclip or logbook group. Participants performed three typical training sessions over a three-week period. The logbook group completed a self-talk logbook after each session whereas the paperclip group carried out a paperclip exercise during each session. Upon completion of the training sessions, the questionnaire was readministered. ANCOVAs revealed no significant differences between the groups for motivation to change and awareness of the content of negative self-talk. However, the logbook group had significantly greater awareness of their use of negative self-talk compared with the control group. A qualitative analysis of the logbook group’s use of negative self-talk provided insights into the situations that prompted negative self-talk, the content of the self-talk, and also the consequences of using negative self-talk. Collectively, the findings offer some support for the use of the logbook technique in the applied setting.
Social Support and Performance in a Golf-Putting Experiment
Authors: Rees Tim , Freeman Paul
Published: August 2016

This study examined the impact of a social support manipulation on performance. Participants with high and low levels of perceived support were randomly assigned to an experimental support or control condition, before completing a golf-putting task. Participants with high levels of perceived support performed at a higher level than those with low levels of perceived support. Participants in the support condition performed at a higher level than those in the control condition. A significant interaction was primarily attributable to the low perceived support participants in the support condition performing better than the low perceived support participants in the control condition. Participants in the support condition also experienced less frequent and distracting task-irrelevant thoughts compared with those in the control condition. These results suggest that experimentally manipulated support may lead to improvements in the performance of novices completing a golf-putting task, and that such support may be particularly important for those low in perceived support.
Factors Related to the Onset of Eating Disorders Reported by Female Collegiate Athletes
Authors: Arthur-Cameselle Jessyca N. , Quatromoni Paula A.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to identify factors related to the onset of eating disorders in female athletes. Participants were 17 collegiate female athletes (mean age of 20.7) who experienced eating disorders. Participants were interviewed individually and responses were coded thematically. Results revealed internal and external factors related to the onset of eating disorders. Internal factors included: Negative Mood States, Low Self Esteem, Perfectionism/Drive for Achievement, and Desire for Control. External factors included: Negative Influences on Self-Esteem, Hurtful Relationships, Hurtful Role Models, and Sport Performance. Findings suggest that many triggers for onset among athletes are similar to those reported among nonathletes. However, results demonstrate that the sport environment has a unique impact on athletes’ eating disorder development. In particular, negative comments by coaches, modeling of eating disordered behaviors by other athletes, and sport performance pressure all contributed to eating pathology. Implications and recommendations for the sport community are discussed.
Machiavellianism in Children in Dutch Elementary Schools and Sports Clubs: Prevalence and Stability According to Context, Sport Type, and Gender
Authors: Baar Paul , Wubbels Theo
Published: August 2016

The majority of research on children’s peer aggression has focused exclusively on the school context. Very few studies have investigated peer aggression in sports clubs. The prevalence and stability of peer aggression, prosocial behavior, and resource control strategies for children participating in three types of sports (martial arts, contact, and noncontact sports) were examined in two contexts: the sports club and the elementary school. We distinguished aggressive children with (i.e., Machiavellians) and without prosocial tendencies (i.e., coercive-aggressive children). Self-reports about experiences in the two contexts where gathered from 1,425 Dutch elementary school students (717 boys and 708 girls, fourth to sixth grade, mean age 11.25 years) who were participating in a sports club. We found roles for resource control strategies to be rather stable across contexts. The findings did not provide support for the “enhancement” assumption in these contexts with regard to martial arts participants.
The Role of Reflection in Sport Expertise
Authors: Jonker Laura , Elferink-Gemser Marije T. , de Roos Ilse M. , Visscher Chris
Published: August 2016

Reflection is considered a key factor in expert learning and refers to the extent to which individuals are able to appraise what they have learned and to integrate these experiences into future actions, thereby maximizing performance improvements. We assessed the relation between self-reported reflection at baseline and attainment (i.e., international vs. national level) 2.5 years later in 52 elite youth athletes. A Mann-Whitney U test showed that those who became senior internationals scored highest on reflection during their junior years compared with those who only attained senior national status. More specifically, athletes who made the transition from junior national to senior international level had higher reflection scores than their peers who did not reach international status and had similar scores to those who were internationals as juniors. These results emphasize the value of reflection in elite youth athletes to attaining senior international status later in development.
The Sources and Maintenance of Professional Golfers’ Self-Efficacy Beliefs
Authors: Valiante Gio , Morris David B.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to explore the self-efficacy beliefs of male professional golfers (N = 12). Three themes emerged from the qualitative analysis of interview responses. First, enactive mastery experiences were the most powerful source of self-efficacy. Second, golfers maintained high self-efficacy over time by recalling prior success, strategically framing experiences, and enlisting supportive verbal persuasions from themselves and from others. Finally, self-efficacy influenced professional golfers’ thought patterns, outcome expectations, and emotional states. Findings support and refine the theoretical tenets of Bandura’s social cognitive theory.
Alfred W. Hubbard and the Sport Psychology Laboratory at the University of Illinois, 1950-1970
Authors: Kornspan Alan S.
Published: August 2016

Although most history of sport psychology literature provides information about Coleman Griffith, little is known about Griffith’s activities related to the discipline after 1940. Thus, the purpose of the present paper is to explain Griffith’s influence on the reinstitution of the Sport Psychology Laboratory at the University of Illinois in 1951. In addition, the work of the Sport Psychology Laboratory at the University of Illinois under the direction of Alfred W. Hubbard is documented. Specifically, this manuscript provides information about sport psychology at the University of Illinois from 1950 until 1970.
Sport Psychology as Viewed by Chairpersons of APA-Approved Clinical Psychology Programs
Authors: LeUnes Arnold , Hayward Sue Ann
Published: August 2016

Departmental chairpersons of American Psychological Association-approved clinical psychology programs responded to a questionnaire concerned with selected aspects of sport psychology. Of 147 chairs, 102 (69.4%) returned the instrument. The nine questions comprising the instrument were aimed at assessing the current perception of and future predictions for sport psychology. Data analysis is supportive of the viability of sport psychology but also indicates that it is not a major curricular component in selected psychology departments at the present time. Sport psychology appears to be positively perceived by the current respondents, and there is little evidence of an impending turf war between psychology and physical education over who will control the field. However, the use of the term sport psychologist is seen as contentious in view of state/provincial licensing laws, but no clear-cut answer to credentialing is foreseen.
Antecedents of Multidimensional Competitive State Anxiety and Self-Confidence in Elite Intercollegiate Middle-Distance Runners
Authors: Jones J. Graham , Swain Austin , Cale Andrew
Published: August 2016

This study examined situational antecedents of multidimensional competitive state anxiety and self-confidence in a sample of 125 elite intercollegiate middle-distance runners. Cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and self-confidence were measured 1 hour prior to performance via the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory–2. Subjects also completed the 19-item Pre-Race Questionnaire (PRQ) which was designed to examine situational antecedents of the competitive state anxiety components. Factor analysis of the PRQ revealed five factors: perceived readiness, attitude toward previous performance, position goal, coach influence, and external environment. Stepwise multiple regression analyses demonstrated that cognitive anxiety was predicted by the first three of these factors. However, none of the factors were found to significantly predict somatic anxiety. Self-confidence was also predicted by two factors, perceived readiness and external environment. These findings suggest that cognitive anxiety and self-confidence share some common antecedents but that there are also factors unique to each.
The Basketball Concentration Survey: Preliminary Development and Validation
Authors: Bergandi Thomas A. , Shryock Marsha G. , Titus Thomas G.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a sport-specific version of Nideffer’s (1976a) Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style (TAIS), specifically in regard to the sport of basketball. Collegiate basketball players (N = 43) participated in the research, 20 males and 23 females. The subjects were administered two instruments, the original TAIS and the Basketball Concentration Survey (BCS). The items contained in the BCS were a conversion of the 59 pertinent items contained in the original. The instruments were administered early in the season and the results were correlated with nine seasonal performance variables ranging from field-goal percentage to total number of steals. The results show the BCS to have significant reliability as well as significantly accounting for performance variability. The BCS had highly significant correlations with seven of the nine performance variables.
The Relationship between Perceived Coaching Behaviors and Group Cohesion in High School Football Teams
Authors: Westre Kirk R. , Weiss Maureen R.
Published: August 2016

Based on Carron’s (1982) conceptual system of cohesion and Chelladurai and Carron’s (1978) multidimensional model of sport leadership, this study examined the relationship between perceived coaching behaviors and group cohesion in high school football teams. Players (N=163) assessed their coach’s leadership style and behaviors using the Leadership Scale for Sports (Chelladurai & Saleh, 1980), and the cohesion of their team using the Group Environment Questionnaire (Widmeyer, Brawley, & Carron, 1985). Multivariate multiple regression and canonical analyses revealed a significant relationship between coaching behaviors and group cohesion. Coaches who were perceived as engaging in higher levels of social support, training and instruction, positive feedback, and a democratic style were associated with higher levels of task cohesion within their teams. A series of subanalyses revealed that perceptions of team and individual success, as well as starter/nonstarter playing status, were also related to perceptions of coaching behaviors and/or team cohesion, while offensive and defensive positions were not related to these constructs.
An Analysis of Olympic Sport Psychology Consultants’ Best-Ever Consulting Experiences
Authors: Partington John , Orlick Terry
Published: August 2016

This article provides direct accounts of best-ever consulting experiences as well as lessons about effective consulting given by 19 sportpsych consultants who worked with Canadian athletes in preparation for the 1988 Olympic Games. These consultants attended a workshop funded by Sport Canada, organized and conducted by the authors. Findings are based on the consultants’ written answers to a preworkshop survey. Best-ever experiences were characterized in terms of the openness of athletes and coaches, how the consultation was started, time allowed to work with the athletes, and the fit of the consultant to the situation. Recommendations were also extracted from the content of audiotape recordings and written minutes of workshop discussion groups. These recommendations were directed to the following aspects of consultation: assessing commitment, defining one’s role, beginning the consultation, testing, executing the consultation, team meetings, and consultant characteristics and practices. Implications for selecting and preparing effective consultants are discussed.
Effects of Enhancing Coach-Athlete Relationships on Youth Sport Attrition
Authors: Barnett Nancy P. , Smoll Frank L. , Smith Ronald E.
Published: August 2016

A field experiment was conducted to examine the impact of the Coach Effectiveness Training program on athlete attrition. Eight Little League Baseball coaches attended a preseason sport psychology workshop designed to facilitate desirable coach-athlete interactions. A no-treatment control group consisted of 10 coaches. Children who played for both groups of coaches were interviewed before and after the season and were contacted again the following year. At the end of the initial season, children in the experimental group evaluated their coaches, teammates, and the sport of baseball more positively than children who played for the control-group coaches. Player attrition was assessed at the beginning of the next baseball season, with control-group youngsters withdrawing at a significantly higher rate (26%) than those in the experimental group (5% dropout rate). There was no difference in mean team won-lost percentages between dropouts and returning players, which indicates that the attrition was not due to lack of team success.
The Performance Profile: Theory and Application
Authors: Butler Richard J. , Hardy Lew
Published: August 2016

The importance of discovering the athlete’s perspective of his or her own notions of self and performance is discussed with reference to Personal Construct Theory (Bannister & Fransella, 1986; Kelly, 1955). The athlete’s constructions are displayed in the form of performance profiles and the methodology of developing such profiles is described. The application of performance profiles is illustrated with a number of examples from elite athletes over a range of Olympic sports.
Goal Orientations and Beliefs about the Causes of Sport Success among Elite Skiers
Authors: Duda Joan L. , White Sally A.
Published: August 2016

The purposes of this study were to determine the relationship between goal orientations and beliefs about the causes of success among elite athletes and to examine the psychometric characteristics of the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ) in high-level competitive sport. Male and female intercollegiate skiers (N=143) completed the TEOSQ specific to skiing and a questionnaire assessing their perceptions of the determinants of success in skiing. Factor analysis of the TEOSQ revealed two independent subscales that demonstrated acceptable internal consistency. Task orientation was positively linked with the beliefs that skiing success is a result of hard work, superior ability, and selecting activities that one can perform successfully, and ego orientation to the beliefs that taking an illegal advantage, possessing high ability, selecting tasks that one can accomplish, and external variables are reasons for skiing success. Factor analysis of the two goal orientation and four belief scale scores revealed two divergent goal/belief dimensions in competitive skiing.
Team Building in an Exercise Setting
Authors: Carron Albert V. , Spink Kevin S.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of the study was to determine if cohesion could be enhanced in fitness classes through a psychological intervention program focusing on team-building concepts. University aerobics classes were randomly assigned to an experimental (n=8) or a control (n=9) condition. The instructors in the experimental condition were brought to a workshop where the potential benefits of cohesiveness for exercise classes were outlined and a conceptual model for team building was presented. Using the conceptual model as a frame of reference, the instructors established the specific interventions to be used in team building in their classes. Each class met three times a week for 13 weeks; the team-building strategies were implemented in classes in the experimental condition. Discriminant function analysis showed that the experimental (team-building) and control conditions could be differentiated on the basis of their cohesiveness, χ2(1) = 12.39, p<.001. Participants in the experimental condition expressed more individual attractions to the group task (ATG-Task) than participants in the control condition. A t test also showed that the team-building program significantly enhanced individual satisfaction, t(192) = 6.01, p<.001.
Positive Transitions from High-Performance Sport
Authors: Sinclair Dana A. , Orlick Terry
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to explore the transition experiences of high-performance athletes. More specifically, this study investigated reasons for retirement from sport, individual coping strategies, support networks used by transitional athletes, and other variables that may have impacted on the athlete’s adjustment process. Retired high-performance athletes (N = 199) with international competitive experience completed the Athlete Retirement Questionnaire, a 34-item instrument developed for this study. Analysis showed that those athletes who adjusted smoothly tended to retire after they achieved their sport related goals or because they had achieved their goals in sport. In addition, athletes who had a more difficult transition tended to feel incompetent outside of sport and to also feel that keeping busy was not an effective coping strategy. Practical implications are presented.
Mentoring in Sport Psychology: Students’ Perceptions of Training in Publication and Presentation Guidelines
Authors: Butki Brian D. , Andersen Mark B.
Published: August 2016

A seven-item survey on training and ethics in publication and conference presentation was sent to 406 student members of the Association for the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology (AAASP). Students used a 5-point scale (1 = very poor to 5 = excellent) to rate the training and experience received from advisors and professors. Items included exposure to some formal ethical guidelines of publishing and authorship, explanation of the importance of publications and conference presentations, demonstration of enthusiasm toward student publishing or presenting at conferences, and receiving appropriate authorship (e.g., first, second, third) on publications or conference presentations. Return rate was 43%. Results show that although a majority of students feel they are receiving fair to excellent training in this area, a substantial number believe their training is inadequate. This suggests a need for more formal training and guidance in publication and conference presentation for graduate students in psychology and physical education/exercise science programs.
Elite Women Bodybuilders: Ironing out Nutritional Misconceptions
Authors: Guthrie Sharon R. , Ferguson Cathy , Grimmett Dixie
Published: August 2016

This research examined the nutritional practices and body images of 13 competitive women bodybuilders living in southern California and in the Midwest. Data collection included both structured interviews and survey methods. Findings indicate nutritional health and positive body image among this sample of women. None of the bodybuilders had anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa, as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III-R; American Psychiatric Association, 1987) criteria, were binge eaters or used pathogenic weight control measures. Instead, they reported significant improvement in their nutritional attitudes and behaviors after beginning bodybuilding training. These data suggest a relationship between participating in competitive bodybuilding and other behaviors related to nutrition and self-perception.
Performance Affect in Junior Ice Hockey Players: An Application of the Individual Zones of Optimal Functioning Model
Authors: Hanin Yuri , Syrjä Pasi
Published: August 2016

Individual patterns of positive–negative affect (PNA) were studied in 46 ice hockey players, ages 15–17 years. Recall idiographic scaling following the methodology of the individual zones of optimal functioning (IZOF) model was used to identify subjective emotional experiences related to each player’s successful and unsuccessful game performance. Individual zones for each emotion were then estimated using Borg’s Category Ratio (CR-10) scale. Different positive and negative emotions were functionally facilitating (20.5%), debilitating (25.3%), or both (54.2%). Significant differences were revealed only at intra- and interindividual but not at the group level. Optimal and nonoptimal zones for different emotions in different players were also individual. The data support and extend Hanin’s IZOF model to the content and intensity of PNA in ice hockey. Implications for the development of sports-specific scales, idiographic assessments, and application of the IZOF model in team sports are suggested.
Women, poverty and sport: A South African scenario
Authors: Burnett Cora
Published: August 2016

The voices of South African feminists and womanists are relatively absent from public debates concerning women’s participation and empowerment in sport. This paper represents a contribution to the gender discourse, drawing on feminist paradigms and reflecting on the marginality of South African women in society and in sport. The findings of two separate studies, undertaken in 1977 and 1999 respectively, are reported. The research focused on the assessment of the impact of the Sports Leaders Programme (as part of the South Africa-United Kingdom Sports Initiative) and the junior component of the sports development programme initiated by the Australian Sports Commission (Super Kidz). Data were collected by means of structured interviews from different stakeholders at macro- (national), meso- (community/institutional) and micro- (individual) levels. A representative sample for the Sports Leaders Programme included 17 co-ordinators and facilitators (at national and provincial levels) and nine sports leaders at community level. To obtain qualitative data concerning the Super Kidz Programme, two provinces were targeted for data collection. A quota sample of seven schools was selected as the experimental group (having introduced the programme) and five schools in close proximity acted as controls. One hundred and forty-four role-players at different levels of participation were interviewed. To obtain some triangulation of data, 110 role-players also participated in focus groups. The data reflecting the position and involvement of women in these programmes were analysed. Against the reality of the majority of women living in conditions of chronic poverty, exposed to patriarchy, being ideologically stereotyped and structurally marginalized, they were, to a large extent absent, and their efforts unrecognised in the institutionalised domain of sport. It was concluded that sport is a severely gendered domain in which male hegemony is acted out and perpetuated whereas women in impoverished communities view access to sport as peripheral in their everyday struggle for material survival. National agencies should therefore not rely on female volunteers to facilitate sports development in impoverished communities but to strategize differently while also redressing ideological and structural gender inequalities in the wider social context.
Examining Stereotypical Written and Photographic Reporting on the Sports Page: An Analysis of Newspaper Coverage of Interscholastic Athletics
Authors: Pedersen Paul M. , Whisenant Warren A.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to assess the presence of gender-biased or stereotypical coverage in the written and photographic newspaper reporting of interscholastic sports. Over a one-year timeframe, a total of 602 newspaper issues were randomly selected from Florida’s 43 daily newspapers. These daily issues contained 1792 articles and 827 photographs that fit the criteria for inclusion. The results of the study were consistent with previous research on the media’s stereotypical coverage of athletics. Both female and male athletics were over-represented in both written and photographic coverage of traditionally accepted “sex appropriate” sports. Male athletics were under-represented in both written and photographic coverage of “sex inappropriate” sports. Female athletics, when analyzing their participation in “sex inappropriate” sports, were under-represented in the photographic coverage but not in the written coverage. Overall, there existed hegemonic masculinity within the sports pages of the Florida print media.
“Coaching Girls”: A Content Analysis of Best-Selling Popular Press Coaching Books
Authors: LaVoi Nicole M. , Becker Erin , Maxwell Heather D.
Published: August 2016

Given the lack of nationalized and required coach education programs for those involved with youth sports, self-help coaching books are a common source of knowledge. With the exception of critiques of young adult sports fiction (Kane, 1998; Kreigh & Kane, 1997), sport media research has lacked investigation of mediums that impact non-elite youth athletes and adolescent girls, and youth coaches and parents of young female athletes. The purpose of this study is to examine ‘coaching girls’ books–specifically how differences between female and male athletes are constructed. A content analysis was performed on selective chapters within a criterion sampling of six best-selling, self-help ‘coaching girls’ books. Results indicate coaching girls books are written from a perspective of inflated gender difference, and represent a simplified, stereo-typed account of coaching girls. Four first-order themes emerged from analysis: Problematizing Coaching Girls, Girls Constructed As “Other,” Ambivalence, and Sustaining the Gender Binary. Implications of these themes are discussed.
Perceived Barriers to Physical Activity among Adult Lesbians
Authors: Brittain Danielle R. , Gyurcsik Nancy C. , McElroy Mary
Published: August 2016

Despite the health benefits derived from regular participation in moderate physical activity, the majority of adult lesbians are not physically active. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between moderate physical activity and the perceived presence and extent of limitation of 30 general and 10 lesbian-specific barriers. The participants were 516 self-identified adult lesbians who completed a web-based survey. Compared to physically active participants, participants who were insufficiently active reported more general barriers and a significantly higher extent of limitation of general and lesbian-specific barriers overall. Insufficiently active participants also differed in the perceived presence of one of the five most frequently experienced barriers and in the extent of limitation of three of those five barriers. The study’s findings suggest that the impact of barriers may be alleviated through the use of appropriately tailored strategies to help lesbians cope with them. Future research should further examine whether lesbians experience additional population-specific barriers.
Enhancing Girls’ Physical Activity and Self-Image: A Case Study of the GoGirlGo Program
Authors: Warner Stacy , Dixon Marlene A. , Schumann Christyn
Published: August 2016

Physical activity and sport developmental programs have demonstrated some success at providing valuable resources for young women as they navigate their teen years, yet these programs are not always intentional and/or accessible (Cadwallader, 2001; Petitpas, Cornelius, Van Raalte, & Jones, 2004; Tucker Center, 2007). One such program developed by the Women’s Sports Foundation is GoGirlGo. The curriculum, which combines sports participation with education, focuses on reducing and preventing unhealthy behaviors and on providing valuable connections and resources for girls. Using the theory of developmental intentionality, this qualitative investigation examined the efficacy of GoGirlGo in a five day long sport camp setting. This condensed delivery method is not addressed or recommended in the literature, yet the results of this investigation reveal that this delivery method is effective and could broaden the accessibility of the program.
Shape Your Life and Embrace Your Aggression: A Boxing Project for Female and Trans Survivors of Violence
Authors: van Ingen Cathy
Published: August 2016

This article focuses on an action research project called Shape Your Life, developed to teach women and transgendered survivors of violence recreational boxing at the Toronto Newsgirls Boxing Club, Canada’s only women-led boxing club. In this innovative project, participants were encouraged to explore “healthy aggression” as a means of initiating change in their lives. As most research on aggression in sport focuses on young men, the aggression of girls, women, and trans (transgendered and transsexual) individuals remains a much under-studied topic. This article attempts to open up further dialogue on gender, sport, and aggression by providing an account of survivors’ aggression as an important source of empowerment, thereby moving beyond the narrow focus on female aggression as harm inducing and a cause for moral panic. The article also highlights the need for practical approaches to physical activity and sport programming that address the needs of participants whose lives are affected by gender-based violence.
Bodies on Display: Female Aerobic Instructors and Social Physique Anxiety
Authors: Hausenblas Heather A. , Martin Kathleen A.
Published: August 2016

Social physique anxiety (SPA) is a subtype of social anxiety that stems from self-presentational concerns about the appearance of one’s physique. The purpose of the present study was to examine correlates of SPA among individuals who instruct in a high social evaluation setting. Data from 286 female aerobic instructors (M age = 34.11) were collected on SPA, age, body mass index (BMI), exposure to the exercise setting (number of years spent instructing and participating in aerobic classes), and motive for instructing (leadership, affect enhancement, self-presentational). Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that BMI, age, and motive for instructing accounted for 25% of the variance in SPAS scores, F(6, 223) = 12.11, p < .0001. Women who instructed for self-presentational motives had significantly higher SPA compared to women who instructed for leadership and affect enhancement motives. Contrary to hypothesis, the amount of exposure to the aerobic exercise setting was unrelated to SPA. Based on this result, we suggest that repeated exposure to a physique salient environment does not diminish women’s self-presentational concerns about their bodies.
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in immunocompetent hosts without radiation or chemotherapy
Authors: Chhabra Akanksha , Ring Aaron M. , Weiskopf Kipp , Schnorr Peter John , Gordon Sydney , Le Alan C. , Kwon Hye-Sook , Ring Nan Guo , Volkmer Jens , Ho Po Yi , Tseng Serena , Weissman Irving L. , Shizuru Judith A.
Published: August 2016

Combining anti–c-Kit antibodies with CD47 blockade depletes endogenous hematopoietic stem cells and enables bone marrow transplantation without radiation or chemotherapeutics.
Differential Gene Expression of Three Mastitis-Causing Escherichia coli Strains Grown under Planktonic, Swimming, and Swarming Culture Conditions
Authors: Lippolis John D. , Brunelle Brian W. , Reinhardt Timothy A. , Sacco Randy E. , Thacker Tyler C. , Looft Torey P. , Casey Thomas A.
Published: August 2016

Bacteria can exhibit various types of motility. It is known that different types of motilities can be associated with virulence. In this work, we compare gene expression levels in bacteria that were grown under conditions that promoted three different types of
E. coli
motility. Better understanding of the mechanisms of how bacteria can cause an infection is an important first step to better diagnostics and therapeutics.
Social network analysis of character interaction in the Stargate and Star Trek television series
Authors: Tan Melody Shi Ai , Ujum Ephrance Abu , Ratnavelu Kuru
Published: August 2016

This paper undertakes a social network analysis of two science fiction television series, Stargate and Star Trek. Television series convey stories in the form of character interaction, which can be represented as “character networks”. We connect each pair of characters that exchanged spoken dialogue in any given scene demarcated in the television series transcripts. These networks are then used to characterize the overall structure and topology of each series. We find that the character networks of both series have similar structure and topology to that found in previous work on mythological and fictional networks. The character networks exhibit the small-world effects but found no significant support for power-law. Since the progression of an episode depends to a large extent on the interaction between each of its characters, the underlying network structure tells us something about the complexity of that episode’s storyline. We assessed the complexity using techniques from spectral graph theory. We found that the episode networks are structured either as (1) closed networks, (2) those containing bottlenecks that connect otherwise disconnected clusters or (3) a mixture of both.
Study of Davydov–Chaban approach considering shifted Killingbeck potential for any l-state
Authors: Sobhani Hadi , Hassanabadi Hassan
Published: August 2016

In this paper, Davydov–Chaban approach to study collective motion of atomic nuclei has been mentioned in detail. First by considering a shifted Killingbeck potential, we obtain the wave function of such system by taking an ansatz method. Then we consider a special case of shifted Killingbeck potential to recover known results.
Supersymmetry on the lattice
Authors: Bergner Georg , Catterall Simon
Published: August 2016

We discuss the motivations, difficulties and progress in the study of supersymmetric lattice gauge theories focusing in particular on [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] super-Yang–Mills in four dimensions. Brief reviews of the corresponding lattice formalisms are given and current results are presented and discussed. We conclude with a summary of the main aspects of current work and prospects for the future.
Group classification and conservation laws of the generalized Klein–Gordon–Fock equation
Authors: Muatjetjeja B.
Published: August 2016

In the present paper, we perform Lie and Noether symmetries of the generalized Klein–Gordon–Fock equation. It is shown that the principal Lie algebra, which is one-dimensional, has several possible extensions. It is further shown that several cases arise for which Noether symmetries exist. Exact solutions for some cases are also obtained from the invariant solutions of the investigated equation.
The study of temperature effect on the performance characteristics of the InGaN-based vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) by solving the rate equations
Authors: Goharrizi A. Zandi , Alahyarizadeh Gh.
Published: August 2016

The use of semiconductor lasers is beneficial in long-distance communications. Practical communication systems based on these lasers need high ambient temperature, with temperature changes between [Formula: see text]C and [Formula: see text]C. The study of the temperature-dependent response of these lasers is important to improve them. This study investigates the effect of temperature on InGaN-based vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSEL). The active region in this structure includes a single quantum well (SQW). The rate equations of carriers and densities are numerically solved. The time variations of carrier density, photon density and output power ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]) at [Formula: see text]C and the current injection of 0.04 A are obtained. Values obtained for threshold current and output power include 7 mA and 44 mW, respectively. The effect of temperature on the time variations of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] from [Formula: see text]C to [Formula: see text]C is studied. Results show that these parameters decrease and the threshold current increases with an increase in temperature. Furthermore, the investigation of the effect of injection current on [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] shows that raising the injection current can increase these parameters. Moreover, an increase in the injection current reduces the time response.
Lielmezs–Herrick correlation for the temperature-dependent surface tension of hydrocarbons
Authors: Zhang Cuihua , Yi Huili , Tian Jianxiang
Published: August 2016

In this paper, we analyzed the ability of Lielmezs–Herrick (LH) correlation for the temperature-dependent surface tension of 28 hydrocarbons. We found that compared with other published correlations, the original LH correlation stands well only for four fluids. By using new data in REFPROP database, we refitted the two parameters of LH correlation. Two sets values are obtained. One is the updated corresponding state LH correlation, which is fluid independent. The other is the two-parameter LH correlation, which is fluid dependent. We found that the former clearly improves the accuracy of the original LH correlation and the latter is the best among all of the correlations we know.
Investigation on structural, UV-visible, SHG efficiency, dielectric, mechanical and thermal behavior of L-cystine doped zinc thiourea sulphate crystal for NLO device applications
Authors: Shejwal N. N. , Anis Mohd , Hussaini S. S. , Shirsat M. D.
Published: August 2016

In the present study, pure and [Formula: see text]-cystine (LC) doped zinc thiourea sulphate (ZTS) crystals have been grown by slow evaporation solution technique at ambient temperature. The powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis has been carried out to identify the shifts in peak positions and structural parameters of grown crystals. The incorporation of LC in ZTS crystal has been qualitatively analyzed by means of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic study. In UV-visible studies, the influence of LC on optical transparency, bandgap and various optical constants of ZTS crystal have been investigated to explore various optical applications. The thermal stability of LC doped ZTS crystal has been determined by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. The hardness behavior and hardness number of grown crystals have been comparatively evaluated by employing the Vicker’s microhardness test. The dielectric study of pure and LC doped ZTS crystal has been carried out at different temperature. In Kurtz–Perry powder technique, the second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency of LC doped ZTS crystal is found to be 1.16 times that of ZTS crystal.