bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transcendental Physics
Authors: Zöllner Johann Carl Friedrich
Published: April 2012

A pioneer in the field of astrophysics, Johann Zöllner (1834–1882) was a professor of physics and astronomy at the University of Leipzig and an associate of the Royal Astronomical Society. Zöllner was best known for his work on astronomical photometry and spectrum analysis, on which he published widely. He invented the astronomical photometer used for measuring stellar magnitudes. He was also interested in optical illusions: the 'Zöllner illusion' consists of straight parallel lines which appear to be unparallel. This book, published in German in 1878–1879 and translated into English by Charles C. Massey in London in 1880, exemplifies the shift in Zöllner's interests in later life: he became involved in the public debate surrounding the scientific veracity of spiritualism. Here Zöllner describes his observations of experiments conducted by the medium Henry Slade in his own home.
Accounting for Ministers
Authors: Berlinski Samuel , Dewan Torun , Dowding Keith
Published: April 2012

Accounting for Ministers uses the tools of modern political science to analyse the factors which determine the fortunes of Cabinet ministers. Utilising agency theory, it describes Cabinet government as a system of incentives for prime ministerial and parliamentary rule. The authors use a unique dataset of ministers from 1945 to 2007 to examine the structural and individual characteristics that lead to the selection and durability of ministers. Sensitive to historical context, it describes the unique features of different Prime Ministers and the sorts of issues and scandals that lead to the forced exit of ministers. The authors identify the structural factors that determine ministerial performance and tenure, seeing resignation calls as performance indicators. Probing the nature of individual and collective responsibility within Westminster forms of government, its rigorous analysis provides powerful new insights into the nature of Cabinet government.
On the Threshold of the Unseen
Authors: Barrett William Fletcher
Published: April 2012

In this 1917 publication English physicist Sir William Fletcher Barrett (1844–1925) purports to rescue psychical research from the scorn of his colleagues and provide indisputable evidence for the existence of psychic phenomena. A successful scientist (he was elected Fellow of the Royal Society and was honoured with a knighthood), Barrett was better known for his psychical work and his attempts to reconcile it with his scientific pursuits. Certain that the human spirit could linger after bodily death, in this book Barrett examines a wide range of spiritualist practices including levitation, spirit photography, mediumship, automatic writing, the ouija board, clairvoyance, and telepathy, carefully considering the evidence for each phenomenon in the hope that they will in time be recognised as scientifically established facts. This book is a much-revised edition of Barrett's 1908 publication On the Threshold of a New World of Thought, republished to include more 'trustworthy' evidence.
Niemandsland
Authors: Pritchard Gareth
Published: April 2012

Niemandsland is the untold story of the largest and most enduring of the unoccupied enclaves that survived after Germany's invasion and occupation by Allied forces in 1945. Sandwiched between American and Red Army lines, the 500,000 inhabitants were cut off from the outside world and left to fend for themselves in the face of crippling shortages of food, fuel and housing. Gareth Pritchard charts how groups of Communists, Socialists and antifascists came together to form 'antifascist' committees which seized power and set about restoring order, ensuring the supply of food and essential services and hunting down, disarming and arresting fugitive Nazis. This is not only a fascinating history in its own right but it also sheds important new light on the fate of Germany after 1945. Only in Niemandsland do we see what happened when the currents of post-Nazi German politics were allowed to flow freely, unimpeded by Allied intervention.
Shakespeare as a Dramatic Artist
Authors: Moulton Richard Green
Published: April 2012

Written by British American critic Richard Moulton (1849–1924), this influential study of Shakespeare's dramatic technique introduces Moulton's 'prescience' of scientific criticism, an approach to literature that would later develop into modern literary theory. Moulton, who served as professor of English literature at Chicago, stated that his object was to 'claim for criticism a position amongst the inductive sciences, and to sketch in outline a plan for the dramatic side of such a critical science', arguing that Shakespeare's genius lay in his mastery of his dramatic art as much as in his deep knowledge of human nature. Published in 1893, this third edition expands significantly on the material in the first edition (1885) and the second (1888), as Moulton includes analysis of three additional Shakespearean plays, using work that had originally been presented to the New Shakespeare Society of London. Subsequent editions were produced in 1897 and 1906.
The French Enlightenment and the Emergence of Modern Cynicism
Authors: Stanley Sharon A.
Published: April 2012

Sharon A. Stanley analyzes cynicism from a political-theoretical perspective, arguing that cynicism isn't unique to our time. Instead, she posits that cynicism emerged in the works of French Enlightenment philosophers, such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Denis Diderot. She explains how eighteenth-century theories of epistemology, nature, sociability and commerce converged to form a recognizably modern form of cynicism, foreshadowing postmodernism. While recent scholarship and popular commentary have depicted cynicism as threatening to healthy democracies and political practices, Stanley argues instead that the French philosophes reveal the possibility of a democratically hospitable form of cynicism.
The Works of John Adams, Second President of the United States
Authors: Adams John
Published: April 2012

John Adams (1735–1826) was a highly educated and enlightened lawyer who became a central figure in the American Revolution. As a political theorist he influenced the constitutions of the former British colonies in America, and he is regarded, with Jefferson, as the father of the United States Constitution. First published in 1850–6, this collection brings together Adams' major writings. Given their influence not only on the United States, but also on other republics, Adams' works rank among the most important political writings of their time. Volume 4 includes one of Adams' most celebrated works, Novanglus (1775) and the first part of his famous Defence of the Constitutions (1787), which sets out his views on an ideal constitution. Using his extensive legal knowledge, Adams argued that the provincial legislatures had sovereign power and that the colonies were connected to Britain only through the person of the King.
The Works of Samuel Johnson, LL.D.
Authors: Johnson Samuel
Published: April 2012

Dr Samuel Johnson (1709–84) is regarded as one of the outstanding figures of English literature, as a poet, essayist, moralist, critic, biographer, editor and lexicographer. This collected edition of his works - commissioned by the publisher within hours of Johnson's death, such was his celebrity - was published in 1787 in eleven volumes, edited by his literary executor, the musicologist Sir John Hawkins. Volume 9 includes The Adventurer, the sequel to The Rambler, partly written by Johnson, papers about the famous Dictionary and his edition of the works of Shakespeare, various critical pieces, and an account of the Harleian Library. It also includes prefaces to other works, including Dodsley's The Preceptor, and Rolt's Dictionary of Trade and Commerce. (According to Boswell, Johnson did not actually read the latter work before writing the preface to it.)
Memoirs of the Life of Mrs Elizabeth Carter
Authors: Carter Elizabeth
Published: April 2012

Montagu Pennington (1762–1849) published this account of the life and work of the English poet and classicist Elizabeth Carter (1717–1806) in 1807. Carter first made her name in 1758 through her English translation of the work of the Greek Stoic philosopher Epictetus, for which she was acclaimed by Samuel Johnson as the 'best Greek scholar in England'. Carter also published numerous essays, articles, and translations and was an influential member of the Blue Stockings Society; later in life, she became an evangelical Christian. This volume vividly recounts her education, life, and scholarly work. Being based on her own personal papers and letters, and containing a number of Carter's poems, notes and articles, the work is an invaluable source for the life of a remarkable eighteenth-century woman. For more information on this author, see http://orlando.cambridge.org/public/svPeople?person_id=cartel
Cours d'histoire moderne
Authors: Guizot François
Published: April 2012

French politician François-Pierre-Guillaume Guizot (1787–1874) is well-known for establishing 'Guizot's law', which implemented primary education for all French citizens. As well as occupying various political offices during some of the most turbulent years in his nation's political history, Guizot was also an historian and was appointed to the chair of modern history at the Sorbonne in 1812. First published between 1829 and 1832, this five-volume history of 'civilisation in France' is based on a series of lectures delivered in 1828. The books are described as covering the period from the end of the Roman Empire to 1789, but the main focus is on the medieval period, to the death of St Louis (1270). Published in 1829, Volume 2 continues the story of the Carolingians, ending with the breakdown of the empire after the death of Charles the Fat in 888.
The History of the French Revolution
Authors: Thiers Adolphe
Published: April 2012

Marie-Louis-Adolphe Thiers (1797–1877) was a prominent figure in a turbulent period in French history. Described by Karl Marx as a 'monstrous gnome' and condemned by the left for suppressing the Paris Commune of 1871, he enjoyed a controversial political career, but it is for his epic Histoire de la Révolution Française that he is chiefly remembered today. It was first published in French in ten volumes between 1823 and 1827, and in 1838 Frederic Shoberl's English translation made it a staple of British bookshelves. Consolidated into five volumes and illustrated with an array of engravings, this edition presents readers with a history of events spanning more than a decade of revolution and war, and remains one of the most comprehensive accounts of the French Revolution. Volume 3 opens by analysing the state of France in May 1793, and concludes with an account of Robespierre and his downfall in 1794.
Servii Grammatici Qui Feruntur in Vergilii Carmina Commentarii
Authors: Servius
Published: April 2012

Servius Grammaticus is believed to have been active in the later part of the fourth century CE. Little is known about him (not even the correct form of his name) but he was traditionally thought to have been a pupil of the great grammarian Donatus. The most important work ascribed to him is this commentary on the Aeneid, Eclogues and Georgics of Vergil, which clarifies the content and language of Vergil's poems by citing other Latin authors, some of whose works are now lost and may be known only from Servius' references to them. This three-volume Latin edition (in four parts), begun by Georg Thilo (1831–93) and completed after Thilo's death by Hermann Hagen (1844–98), was published in Germany between 1878 and 1902, and is still regularly consulted by scholars of Vergil and of Latin literature. Volume 2 contains Servius' commentary on Aeneid Books 6–12.
History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Death of Elizabeth
Authors: Froude James Anthony
Published: April 2012

James Anthony Froude (1818–94), historian and disciple of Carlyle, published this twelve-volume history of the English Reformation between 1858 and 1870. The work is shaped by Froude's firm belief that the Reformation enabled the development of modernity and the rise of 'progressive intelligence' in England. His polemical stance was criticised by some historians, but his engaging narrative style and elegant prose made his work extremely popular with the general public, and the books were highly influential. The first six volumes consider the course of the Reformation from the break with Rome until the accession of Elizabeth I in 1558, and the remaining six recount the reign of Elizabeth I, ending with the defeat of the Spanish Armada. Volume 2 considers the early English Protestants, the Irish rebellion, Catholic martyrdom, and the trial and execution of Anne Boleyn.
History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Death of Elizabeth
Authors: Froude James Anthony
Published: April 2012

James Anthony Froude (1818–94), historian and disciple of Carlyle, published this twelve-volume history of the English Reformation between 1858 and 1870. The work is shaped by Froude's firm belief that the Reformation enabled the development of modernity and the rise of 'progressive intelligence' in England. His polemical stance was criticised by some historians, but his engaging narrative style and elegant prose made his work extremely popular with the general public, and the books were highly influential. The first six volumes consider the course of the Reformation from the break with Rome until the accession of Elizabeth I in 1558, and the remaining six recount the reign of Elizabeth I, ending with the defeat of the Spanish Armada. Volume 4 focuses on Scotland and Ireland, war with France, and the Peace of Crepy, ending with the death of Henry VIII.
History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Death of Elizabeth
Authors: Froude James Anthony
Published: April 2012

James Anthony Froude (1818–94), historian and disciple of Carlyle, published this twelve-volume history of the English Reformation between 1858 and 1870. The work is shaped by Froude's firm belief that the Reformation enabled the development of modernity and the rise of 'progressive intelligence' in England. His polemical stance was criticised by some historians, but his engaging narrative style and elegant prose made his work extremely popular with the general public, and the books were highly influential. The first six volumes consider the course of the Reformation from the break with Rome until the accession of Elizabeth I in 1558, and the remaining six recount the reign of Elizabeth I, ending with the defeat of the Spanish Armada. Volume 5 is devoted to the reign of Edward VI and the struggle for power during his Protectorate.
History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Death of Elizabeth
Authors: Froude James Anthony
Published: April 2012

James Anthony Froude (1818–94), historian and disciple of Carlyle, published this twelve-volume history of the English Reformation between 1858 and 1870. The work is shaped by Froude's firm belief that the Reformation enabled the development of modernity and the rise of 'progressive intelligence' in England. His polemical stance was criticised by some historians, but his engaging narrative style and elegant prose made his work extremely popular with the general public, and the books were highly influential. The first six volumes consider the course of the Reformation from the break with Rome until the accession of Elizabeth I in 1558, and the remaining six recount the reign of Elizabeth I, ending with the defeat of the Spanish Armada. Volume 9 covers Mary Stuart's marriage to Bothwell and her subsequent abdication, Protestantism in Europe, and the downfall of the Duke of Norfolk.
History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada
Authors: Froude James Anthony
Published: April 2012

James Anthony Froude (1818–94), historian and disciple of Carlyle, published this twelve-volume history of the English Reformation between 1858 and 1870. The work is shaped by Froude's firm belief that the Reformation enabled the development of modernity and the rise of 'progressive intelligence' in England. His polemical stance was criticised by some historians, but his engaging narrative style and elegant prose made his work extremely popular with the general public, and the books were highly influential. The first six volumes consider the course of the Reformation from the break with Rome until the accession of Elizabeth I in 1558, and the remaining six recount the reign of Elizabeth I, ending with the defeat of the Spanish Armada. Froude changed the title of this eleventh volume, having decided that the Armada marked the defeat of Catholicism in England, and the appropriate conclusion to his work.
The History of England from the Accession of James II
Authors: Macaulay Thomas Babington
Published: April 2012

Thomas Babington Macaulay (1800–59) was one of the foremost nineteenth-century historians in the Whig tradition, which saw history as a series of developments towards enlightenment and democracy. He believed that the 'Glorious Revolution' of 1688 had preserved England from the constitutional upheavals suffered by much of Europe in 1848. Using a wider range of sources, including popular literature, than was then usual, and written in an accessible, novelistic rather than academic style, this five-volume work proved hugely influential upon contemporary historians and phenomenally successful with the public, although it was not without its critics. The first two volumes, published in 1848, were by 1849 in their third edition, which is reissued here. Volume 2 deals with the reign of James II, the invasion of William of Orange, the flight of James, and negotiations between Parliament and William and Mary on the constitutional arrangement by which they would become monarchs.
State-Building and Tax Regimes in Central America
Authors: Schneider Aaron
Published: April 2012

In Central America, dynamic economic actors have inserted themselves into global markets. Elites atop these sectors attempt to advance a state-building project that will allow them to expand their activities and access political power, but they differ in their internal cohesion and their dominance with respect to other groups, especially previously constituted elites and popular sectors. Differences in resulting state-building patterns are expressed in the capacity to mobilize revenues from the most dynamic sectors in quantities sufficient to undertake public endeavors and in a relatively universal fashion across sectors. Historical, quantitative and qualitative detail on the five countries of Central America are followed by a focus on El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala. The greatest changes have occurred in El Salvador, and Honduras has made some advances, although they are almost as quickly reversed by incentives, exemptions and special arrangements for particular producers. Guatemala has raised revenues only marginally and failed to address problems of inequity across sectors and between rich and poor.
The Rise of the Dutch Republic
Authors: Motley John Lothrop
Published: April 2012

American historian John Lothrop Motley (1814–77) graduated from Harvard in 1831. During 1832 and 1833 he studied in Göttingen before returning to the United States. Already the author of two novels and numerous essays, he began to plan a history of the Netherlands, but, unable to find all the source material he needed in America, he returned to Europe in 1851, this time with his family. The next few years he spent researching in Dresden, The Hague and Brussels. The result was this famous account of the foundation of the Dutch Republic, first published in 1855. Volume 1, the first of the set of three, starts by providing a general historical background for the region. It then covers the reign of Philip II and Margaret of Parma's governorship of the increasingly rebellious Spanish Netherlands until 1567.
The Rise of the Dutch Republic
Authors: Motley John Lothrop
Published: April 2012

American historian John Lothrop Motley (1814–77) graduated from Harvard in 1831. During 1832 and 1833 he studied in Göttingen before returning to the United States. Already the author of two novels and numerous essays, he began to plan a history of the Netherlands, but, unable to find all the source material he needed in America, he returned to Europe in 1851, this time with his family. The next few years he spent researching in Dresden, The Hague and Brussels. The result was this famous account of the foundation of the Dutch Republic, first published in 1855. Volume 2 starts with the end of Margaret of Parma's governorship and then describes the start of the Eighty Years' War, covering the period 1567–76, including the governorship of the duke of Alva and the so-called Council of Blood by which he attempted to quash the movement for Dutch independence from Spain.
The History of New South Wales
Authors: Flanagan Roderick
Published: April 2012

Having arrived with his parents from Ireland in New South Wales in 1840 as a 'bounty emigrant', the young Roderick Flanagan (1828–62) quickly developed a passionate interest in his adopted country. Following an apprenticeship with a city printer, the educated and astute Flanagan worked for a number of Australia's early newspapers, including Melbourne's Daily News and the Sydney Morning Herald, where he acquired his distinctive, journalistic approach to history. Published shortly after his early death in London in 1862, Flanagan's two-volume chronicle of New South Wales represents a lifetime of research, and demonstrates the author's balanced and unpartisan approach to politics. Opening with Cook's voyage of 1770, early expeditions inland, and initial encounters with aboriginal peoples, Volume 1 covers the first sixty-eight years of European immigration, and the various political, criminal and military skirmishes that shaped the new colony.
The History of New South Wales
Authors: Flanagan Roderick
Published: April 2012

Having arrived with his parents from Ireland in New South Wales in 1840 as a 'bounty emigrant', the young Roderick Flanagan (1828–62) quickly developed a passionate interest in his adopted country. Following an apprenticeship with a city printer, the educated and astute Flanagan worked for a number of Australia's early newspapers, including Melbourne's Daily News and the Sydney Morning Herald, where he acquired his distinctive, journalistic approach to history. Published shortly after his early death in London in 1862, Flanagan's two-volume chronicle of New South Wales represents a lifetime of research, and demonstrates the author's balanced and unpartisan approach to politics. Picking up the narrative in 1838, Volume 2 covers the campaign for the discontinuation of criminal transportation, the origin of the Elected Council, and the political and social character of neighbouring New Zealand. This volume concludes with appendices on the economic, geographic and agricultural status of the colony.
A History of Tasmania
Authors: Fenton James
Published: April 2012

James Fenton (1820–1901) was born in Ireland and emigrated to Tasmania (then known as Van Diemen's Land) with his family in 1833. He became a pioneer settler in an area on the Forth River and published this history of the island in 1884. The book begins with the discovery of the island in 1642 and concludes with the deaths of some significant public figures in the colony in 1884. The establishment of the colony on the island, and the involvement of convicts in its building, is documented. A chapter on the native aborigines gives a fascinating insight into the attitudes of the colonising people, and a detailed account of the removal of the native Tasmanians to Flinders Island, in an effort to separate them from the colonists. The book also contains portraits of some aboriginal people, as well as a glossary of their language.
The Letters of John B. S. Morritt of Rokeby
Authors: Morritt John B. S.
Published: April 2012

This works is an account by John Bacon Sawrey Morritt (1771–1843), traveller, classical scholar and friend of Sir Walter Scott, of his Grand Tour during the years 1794–6. His letters home were edited by G. E. Marindin (1841–1939) and published in 1914. In 1790 Morritt inherited the Rokeby estate, County Durham, and came into a considerable fortune. Educated at St John's College, Cambridge, he graduated in 1794, and soon afterwards set out for the continent. Visiting Constantinople, Troy, the Greek islands, Crete, Naples, Rome and Venice, Morritt developed a lifelong passion for European art and culture (he purchased the Rokeby Venus in 1813). He was well-read in Greek and Latin literature, had a considerable taste for antiquarian research, and was undeterred by the dangers of traversing Europe during the French Revolutionary Wars. According to his editor, 'it would be difficult to imagine a better traveller'.
Socio-demographic and lifestyle determinants of ‘Western-like’ and ‘Health conscious’ dietary patterns in toddlers
Authors: Kiefte-de Jong Jessica C. , de Vries Jeanne H. , Bleeker Sacha E. , Jaddoe Vincent W. V. , Hofman Albert , Raat Hein , Moll Henriette A.
Published: April 2012

Determinants of a child's diet shortly after weaning and lactation have been relatively understudied. The aim of the present study was hence to identify common dietary patterns in toddlers and to explore parental and child indicators of these dietary patterns. The study was a population-based, prospective birth-cohort study in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Food consumption data of 2420 children aged 14 months were used. A ‘Health conscious’ dietary pattern characterised by pasta, fruits, vegetables, oils, legumes and fish, and a ‘Western-like’ dietary pattern characterised by snacks, animal fats, confectionery and sugar-containing beverages were extracted using principal component analysis. Low paternal education, low household income, parental smoking, multiparity, maternal BMI, maternal carbohydrate intake and television-watching of child were determinants of a ‘Western-like’ diet, whereas parental age, dietary fibre intake during pregnancy, introduction of solids after 6 months and female sex were inversely associated with a ‘Western-like’ diet of the child. Maternal co-morbidity, alcohol consumption during pregnancy and female sex were inversely associated with a ‘Health conscious’ dietary pattern of the child, while single parenthood, folic acid use and dietary fibre intake during pregnancy were positively associated. All aforementioned associations were statistically significant. In conclusion, both ‘Western-like’ and ‘Health conscious’ diets can already be identified in toddlers. Particularly, adherence to a ‘Western-like’ diet is associated with unfavourable lifestyle factors of the parents and child, and low socio-economic background. These findings can form a basis for future epidemiological studies regarding dietary patterns and health outcomes in young children.
Maternal effects shape dynamic trajectories of reproductive allocation in the ladybirdColeomegilla maculata
Authors: Vargas G. , Michaud J.P. , Nechols J.R.
Published: April 2012

We followed lifetime trajectories of reproductive allocation inColeomegilla maculatafemales of three different size classes produced by rearing beetles on three different daily larval feeding regimes (30 min, 6 h orad libitumaccess to eggs ofEphestia kuehniella). We hypothesized that small females would produce fewer and smaller eggs than larger females and that reproductive effort would decline with female age. Females were mated with a male from the same treatment and then isolated withad libitumfood for their entire adult lives. Egg size increased over time in all treatments; small females started off laying the smallest eggs, but increased egg size more rapidly than larger females, until all treatments converged on a similar egg size around the 20th day of oviposition. Large females realized a larger proportion of their fecundity early in life, but smaller females increased daily fecundity over time. Reproductive effort (egg mass/body mass) did not decline over 30 oviposition days; it remained constant in large females, but increased among small and medium females, suggesting gradual compensation for larval food deprivation. An increase in egg size with maternal age may be an adaptive strategy to maximize fitness on ephemeral patches of aphid prey, assuming females reproduce in a single aphid outbreak and that offspring produced later in the aphid cycle experience greater competition and risk of mortality compared to those produced earlier. We demonstrate for the first time in Coleoptera that dynamic changes in both egg size and number occur as a function of female age and illustrate that such changes are constrained by larval feeding histories via their effects on maternal body size.
The Cypriot Exemption from Evocatio and the Character of Cicero's Proconsulship
Authors: ZARECKI JONATHAN
Published: April 2012

Q. Volusium, tui Tiberi generum, certum hominem et mirifice abstinentem, misi in Cyprum ut ibi pauculos dies esset, ne cives Romani pauci qui illic negotiantur ius sibi dictum negarent; nam evocari ex insula Cyprios non licet. (Cic. Att. 5.21.6)

I sent Quintus Volusius, the son-in-law of your friend Tiberius, a man both trustworthy and extraordinarily moderate, to Cyprus for only a couple of days, lest the few Roman citizens who do business there should claim that they had no legal recourse available to them, since it is not permitted for Cypriots to be summoned off the island.

Scholars have taken slight notice (if they mention it at all) of Cicero's interesting comment that Cypriots were exempt from evocatio, the summons of a defendant or witness to a legal proceeding by a Roman magistrate with imperium. While the legal ramifications of the ban on evocatio on Cyprus are clear, the origin of this exemption is not. The only explicit theory on its origin – Badian's argument that the prohibition was part of Lentulus' lex provinciae, a law for the formal organization of the province of Cyprus – has been influential, though it is based on tenuous evidence. Few ancient sources for Roman rule on Cyprus during the Late Republic have survived, and we must rely almost entirely on Cicero's letters. Cicero's correspondence, however, indicates (against Badian) that the ban on evocatio was a codicil of Cicero's provincial edict, and not a part of either Lentulus' lex provinciae or his provincial edict. Personal, political, and military considerations all played a role in Cicero's decision to make the citizens of Cyprus exempt from being called to the administrative gathering for the dispensation of justice and other legal and political matters known as a conventus.
Between History and Myth: Septimius Severus and Leptis Magna
Authors: CORDOVANA ORIETTA DORA
Published: April 2012

The aim of this article is to demonstrate the connections between political
history and the use of myth for political purposes at Leptis Magna, birthplace
of the African emperor Septimius Severus. The city, capital of the Tripolitanian
Emporia in North Africa, was extensively restructured by the emperor and his
son, Caracalla, after the civil wars of 193–7 AD. The urban renewal
involved the harbour, perhaps very early in 198, and the Eastern area of the
city close to the bank of the wadi Lebdah (see figure 1). The inscriptions on
the buildings clearly refer to the period of their construction: the Forum Novum
Severianum was completed between 202 and 205; the Basilica was built between
209–10 and completed under Caracalla in 215–16; a lead
fistula from the Nympheum gives evidence that it was
finished in 210. The inscription for the dedication of the tetrapylon arch is
missing. This imposing monument on the cross-way between the
cardo and the decumanus maximus of the city
was the first visible to anyone approaching the city from the hinterland.
Scholars now agree in placing its construction around 202–3, during
the imperial family's stay in North Africa.
Did ‘Respectable’ Women Attend Symposia?
Authors: CORNER SEAN
Published: April 2012

In her article, ‘Women's Commensality in the Ancient Greek World', which appeared in this journal in 1998, Joan Burton set out to correct scholars’ neglect of ‘the topic of women's part in the history of ancient Greek dining and drinking parties’. She argued that the proposition that citizen women never participated in symposia is a broad generalization. Based on classical Athenian evidence, it misses variation over time and in different places. Even in the case of classical Athens it is overstated, overlooking the male bias of our sources. Moreover, scholars' concentration on the symposium has led to the neglect of other occasions of commensality and so of the important role played by women in Greek commensality more broadly:

the participation of women in the history of Greek commensality does not depend solely on female presence at male-defined symposia. Just as men had a wide range of venues in which they might socialize with one another, including public banquets (many of them religious), so too women.
The Peaceful Conspiracy: Bond Markets and International Relations During the Pax Britannica
Authors: Flandreau Marc , Flores Juan H.
Published: April 2012

This article provides foundations to Polanyi's famed argument that monopoly power in the global capital market served as an instrument of peace during the Pax Britannica (1815–1914). Our perspective is novel—we focus on the role of intermediaries and certification. We show that when information and enforcement are imperfect, there is scope for the endogenous emergence of “prestigious” intermediaries who enjoy a monopoly position and as a result, control government actions. They can implement conditional lending: they subject the distribution of credit to the adoption of peaceful policies. Prestigious intermediaries act that way because of their concern with maintaining an unblemished track record when wars increased risks of default. Our analysis, which brings together insights from different disciplines, provides a significant extension to, and departure from, recent research on how countries accumulate reputational capital.
Do IMF and World Bank Programs Induce Government Crises? An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Dreher Axel , Gassebner Martin
Published: April 2012

We examine whether and under what circumstances World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) programs affect the likelihood of major government crises. We find that crises are, on average, more likely as a consequence of World Bank programs. We also find that governments face an increasing risk of entering a crisis when they remain under an IMF or World Bank arrangement once the economy's performance improves. The international financial institution's (IFI) scapegoat function thus seems to lose its value when the need for financial support is less urgent. While the probability of a crisis increases when a government turns to the IFIs, programs inherited by preceding governments do not affect the probability of a crisis. This is in line with two interpretations. First, the conclusion of IFI programs can signal the government's incompetence, and second, governments that inherit programs might be less likely to implement program conditions agreed to by their predecessors.
Comparison of responses to dietary protein and lysine in broiler chicks reared before and after 2000 via neural network models
Authors: FARIDI A. , GOLIAN A. , AHMADI H.
Published: April 2012

The current study was conducted to compare the responses of broiler chicks (average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (FE)) raised before and after 2000 to dietary protein and lysine through neural networks (NN). The available lysine dose-response data were extracted from the literature and arbitrarily divided into two sets of before and after 2000. The training and testing data sets derived from each group were used to develop the NN models. The developed models were subjected to a sensitivity analysis test to assess the relative importance of dietary protein and lysine on chicks’ responses. An optimization algorithm was used to find the dietary protein and lysine required for maximum ADG and FE, based on each dataset. The results showed that the NN models developed could predict ADG and FE efficiently in broiler chicks of before and after 2000, and the higher accuracies of prediction were attained by these models compared to those of regression models. Sensitivity analysis indicated that ADG and FE were more sensitive to dietary lysine, compared to protein, in both time periods. Based on the optimization results, the protein and lysine requirements for maximum ADG or FE for birds reared after 2000 were lower and higher, respectively, compared to those reared before 2000. The protein requirements for maximum ADG and FE for birds reared before 2000 were 241·3 and 247·0 g/kg diet and for lysine 10·76 and 11·18 g/kg diet, respectively. In birds reared after 2000, maximum ADG was obtained when the diet contained 224·30 g protein/kg diet and 11·75 g lysine/kg diet, whereas maximum FE was achieved with a diet containing 228·3 g protein and 13·1 g lysine.
Prospective study of family adversity and maladaptive parenting in childhood and borderline personality disorder symptoms in a non-clinical population at 11 years
Authors: Winsper C. , Zanarini M. , Wolke D.
Published: April 2012

Background

Retrospective studies have consistently indicated an association between maladaptive parenting and borderline personality disorder (BPD). This requires corroboration with prospective, longitudinal designs. We investigated the association between suboptimal parenting and parent conflict in childhood and BPD symptoms in late childhood using a prospective sample.

Method

A community sample of 6050 mothers and their children (born between April 1991 and December 1992) were assessed. Mothers' family adversity was assessed during pregnancy and parenting behaviours such as hitting, shouting, hostility and parent conflict across childhood. Intelligence quotient (IQ) and DSM-IV Axis I diagnoses were assessed at 7–8 years. Trained psychologists interviewed children at 11 years (mean age 11.74 years) to ascertain BPD symptoms.

Results

After adjustment for confounders, family adversity in pregnancy predicted BPD probable 1 to 2 adversities: odds ratio (OR)=1.34 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01–1.77]; >2 adversities: OR 1.99 (95% CI 1.34–2.94) and definite 1 to 2 adversities: OR 2.48 (95% CI 1.01–6.08) symptoms. Each point increase in the suboptimal parenting index predicted BPD probable: OR 1.13 (95% CI 1.05–1.23) and definite: OR 1.28 (95% CI 1.03–1.60) symptoms. Parent conflict predicted BPD probable: OR 1.19 (95% CI 1.06–1.34) and definite: OR 1.42 (95% CI 1.06–1.91) symptoms. Within the path analysis, the association between suboptimal parenting and BPD outcome was partially mediated by DSM-IV diagnoses and IQ at 7–8 years.

Conclusions

Children from adverse family backgrounds, who experience suboptimal parenting and more conflict between parents, have poor cognitive abilities and a DSM-IV diagnosis, are at increased risk of BPD symptoms at 11 years.
Le détachement d'objets indirects antéposés dans des énoncés à sujet inversé
Authors: FUCHS CATHERINE
Published: April 2012

L’étude porte sur les compléments enàetdeplacés à l'initiale d'un énoncé comportant une inversion du sujet nominal. Elle vise à comprendre pourquoi ces compléments sont parfois détachés à l'aide d'une virgule. L'observation de corpus textuels conduit à considérer que la présence ou l'absence de virgule signale deux constructions distinctes: dans la perspective théorique des approches macro-syntaxiques de l’énoncé en termes de ‘noyau’ / ‘affixes’, le complément initial suivi d'une virgule est analysé comme un préfixe détaché co-indexé au terme (vide) de départ du noyau, alors que dans la construction sans virgule le complément initial est intégré au noyau dont il occupe la première position. A cette différence syntaxique correspond une différence dans le mode de structuration informationnelle de l’énoncé (proposition catégorique ayant le complément pour thème et le noyau pour rhème et/ou focusvs. proposition thétique), qui elle-même induit deux types différents de stratégies discursives.
Validation of reference genes for ovarian tissue from capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella)
Authors: Brito A.B. , Lima J.S. , Brito D.C. , Santana L.N. , Costa N.N. , Miranda M.S. , Ohashi O.M. , Santos R.R. , Domingues S.F.S.
Published: April 2012

There is no tradition in studies reporting the effect of exposure to cryoprotectants or simply hypoxia and hypothermia on gene expression in the ovarian tissue and there has been only one study on reference or target genes quantification, and comparisons of normoxic with hypoxic, hypothermic and toxic conditions. Our aim in the present study was to investigate the stability of three reference genes in the ovarian tissue of capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). To this end, fresh and cryoprotectant-exposed ovarian biopsies were used. Both fresh and exposed ovarian tissues were subjected to total RNA extraction and synthesis of cDNA. cDNA was amplified by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and GeNorm, BestKeeper and NormFinder software were used to evaluate the stability of glyceraldehyde-2-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 (HPRT1) and TATA-binding protein (TBP). Results demonstrated that, in the ovarian tissue from capuchin monkeys, HPRT1 and TBP were the most suitable reference genes and thus could be used as parameters to normalize data in future studies. In contrast, GAPDH appeared as the least stable gene among the tested reference genes. In conclusion, HPRT1 and TBP were the most stable reference genes in fresh and cryoprotectant-exposed ovarian tissue from capuchin monkeys.
Effects of ascorbic acid on in vitro culture of bovine preantral follicles
Authors: Andrade Evelyn R. , van den Hurk Robert , Lisboa Lívia A. , Hertel Mariana F. , Melo-Sterza Fabiana A. , Moreno Kleber , Bracarense Ana Paula F. R. L. , Landim-Alvarenga Fernanda C. , Seneda Marcelo M. , Alfieri Amauri A.
Published: April 2012

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of adding ascorbic acid to the media for in vitro culture of cattle ovarian fragments and to determine their effects on growth activation and viability of early-stage follicles. The ovarian cortex was divided into small fragments; one fragment was immediately fixed (control) and the other fragments were cultured in minimum essential medium (MEM) supplemented or not with various doses of ascorbic acid. Ovarian tissue was processed for histology, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and immunohistochemical demonstration of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Compared with control fragments, the percentage of primordial follicles was reduced (p < 0.05) and the percentage of growing follicles had increased (p < 0.05) in cultured cortical fragments, independent of the tested medium or incubation time. Furthermore, compared with control tissue, culture of ovarian cortex for 8 days reduced the percentages of healthy, viable follicles (p < 0.05), but not when cultures were supplemented with 25, 50 or 100 μg/ml of ascorbic acid. Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical analysis of 8 day cultured ovarian cortical fragments, however, showed the integrity and viability of follicles only when fragments were cultured in presence of 50 μg/ml of ascorbic acid. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that addition of ascorbic acid to MEM at a concentration of 50 μg/ml not only stimulates the activation of 8 day in vitro cultured cattle primordial follicles and subsequent growth of activated follicles, but also safeguards the viability of these early-stage follicles.
Comparative effects of surgical and percutaneous repair on P-wave and atrioventricular conduction in patients with atrial septal defect – ostium secundum type
Authors: Javadzadegan Hassan , Toufan Mehrnoush , Sadighi Ali Reza , Chang Joyce M. , Nader Nader D.
Published: April 2012

Both surgical and percutaneous closures of atrial septal defects have been successful in reversal of atrial dilatation. We compared the effects of surgical and percutaneous transvenous device closure of atrial septal defect on post-operative changes of P-wave duration, PR segment, and PR interval. Electrocardiographic data were prospectively collected from 30 patients following either surgical (n equal to 16) or percutaneous (n equal to 16) repair of atrial septal defects between 2004 and 2010. A cardiologist blinded to the closure technique performed the electrocardiographic analyses. P-wave duration (98.5 plus or minus 15.4 to 86.4 plus or minus 13.2 milliseconds, p-value less than 0.05) and PR interval (162.9 plus or minus 18.5 to 140.6 plus or minus 15.2 milliseconds, p-value less than 0.05) were reduced after percutaneous transvenous device closure. P-wave duration (104.5 plus or minus 24.7 versus 83.2 plus or minus 13.3 milliseconds, p-value less than 0.05) and PR interval (173.2 plus or minus 38.7 versus 144.3 plus or minus 32.0 milliseconds, p-value less than 0.05) were also reduced after surgical closure. PR segment in the percutaneous group was significantly reduced (63.4 plus or minus 14.5 to 52.1 plus or minus 10.8 milliseconds, p-value less than 0.05), but not in the surgical group (68.6 plus or minus 18.7 versus 61.1 plus or minus 24.7 milliseconds). However, the difference in PR segment changes between the two groups was not significant (−11.3 plus or minus 15.0 versus −7.6 plus or minus 20.5 milliseconds, p-value equal to 0.18). Our analysis demonstrates that the changes between the two groups were not different and that both closure techniques reduce P-wave duration, PR segment, and PR interval within 6 months.
On the automorphy of l-adic Galois representations with small residual image With an appendix by Robert Guralnick, Florian Herzig, Richard Taylor and Jack Thorne
Authors: Thorne Jack
Published: April 2012

We prove new automorphy lifting theorems for essentially conjugate self-dual Galois representations into GLn. Existing theorems require that the residual representation have ‘big’ image, in a certain technical sense. Our theorems are based on a strengthening of the Taylor–Wiles method which allows one to weaken this hypothesis.
When High Group Status Becomes a Burden
Authors: Täuber Susanne , van Leeuwen Esther
Published: April 2012

The present paper investigates the strategic motives that guide the quest for outgroup resources. Resources can be retrieved through spying and requesting help. Whereas both methods are means of obtaining valued resources from the outgroup, spying secures the ingroup’s public image, while requesting help potentially damages this image by displaying the ingroup as incompetent and dependent. Two experiments (N = 99 and N = 99) supported the prediction that, when social change is feasible, members of high status groups spy more on the lower status group than vice versa. No difference was found in either study in the amount of help requested from the outgroup. Results from the second study showed that the effect did not occur when status relations were legitimate and thus unlikely to change. These findings advance our understanding of intergroup helping by demonstrating that strategic motives fundamentally shape aspects of help-seeking between groups.