bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predictors of Acute and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Parents Following Their Child's Cancer Diagnosis
Authors: McCarthy Maria C. , Ashley David M. , Lee Katherine J. , Anderson Vicki A.
Published: October 2012

This longitudinal study aimed to examine acute and posttraumatic stress symptoms and predictors of traumatic stress symptoms in parents of children recently diagnosed with cancer. The sample comprised 220 parents of 143 children who completed questionnaires at diagnosis (T1) focused on acute stress disorder (ASD); of these, 145 parents of 97 children completed questionnaires 6–8 months later (T2) focused on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Demographic, psychosocial, and treatment and illness variables were predictors. Results were that 63% of mothers and 60% of fathers met criteria for ASD at T1. At T2, 21% of mothers and 16% of fathers met criteria for PTSD, with 40% of parents reporting significant subthreshold symptoms. Predictors of ASD symptoms were female gender, presence of psychosocial risk factors, trait anxiety, family functioning, and central nervous system tumor diagnosis. Risk factors for PTSD symptoms were younger maternal age, severity of ASD symptoms, and trait anxiety at T1, and parent‐reported quality of life of the child at T2. The results suggest that screening for ASD may help identify parents at increased risk of persistent traumatic stress symptoms who could benefit from preventative, evidence‐based psychosocial interventions.
The effects of a 1.8 GHz continuous electromagnetic fields on mucociliary transport of human nasal mucosa
Authors: In Seung Min , Kim Hyun Jun , Park Rae Woong , Kim Woojae , Gimm Yoon‐Myoung , Park Ikmo , Hong Sungpyo , Hong Jeong Joo , Oh Jeong Hyun , Kahng Hison , Park Eun Young
Published: October 2012

Objectives/Hypothesis:

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a 1.8 GHz continuous electromagnetic fields (EMF) on human nasal mucociliary transport, and to determine the pathophysiology of ciliary beat frequency (CBF) during an EMF‐induced change.

Methods:

Human nasal mucosa cells were exposed to a 1.8 GHz EMF (SAR=1.0 W/kg), and CBF was analyzed using an optical flow technique with the peak detection method.

Results:

The 1.8 GHz‐exposed group showed a decreased CBF when compared to the control group. In the cytotoxicity assay, difference in survival rates was not found between the two groups. In the EMF‐exposed group, protein kinase C (PKC) activity was increased during a PKC activity assay. The broad PKC inhibitor, Calphostin C abolished the EMF‐induced decrease of CBF. The EMF‐induced decrease of CBF was abolished by GF 109203X, a novel PKC (nPKC) isoform inhibitor, whereas the decrease was not attenuated by Gö‐6976, a specific inhibitor of conventional PKC (cPKC) isoform.

Conclusions:

EMF may inhibit CBF via an nPKC‐dependent mechanism. Therefore, we have confirmed that EMF could decrease CBF by increasing PKC activity. Laryngoscope, 2012
The Match between Information Control and Motivation in the Online Context
Authors: Wu Ling‐Ling , Lin Jia‐Yan
Published: October 2012

E‐commerce practitioners have long tried to leverage the technological characteristics of the Internet to facilitate better information seeking and decision making by consumers online. One impressive characteristic of the Internet is that it offers users various degrees of information control on the same medium. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of this characteristic on consumers’ decision‐making online. It is hypothesized that, to improve quality of consumers’ decisions, the degree of information control should match the degree of motivation. The rationale is that highly motivated consumers have a strong will to search for relevant information; therefore, a high degree of information control allows them to search as much as they want and thereby improve their decision making. Low‐motivation consumers, on the other hand, are unwilling to search; hence a low degree of information control, which might push high‐quality information, would benefit them. The study employed the methodology of experiment, and involved 171 voluntary participants. The empirical results show that high‐motivation consumers make better decisions when they are given a high degree of information control, compared to when they are in a low information control condition. On the other hand, low‐motivation consumers in a low information control condition perform better than similar consumers in a high‐control condition. The results strongly support the match hypothesis of information control.
Propeller DICAP flap for a large defect on the back—Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Prasad Vani , Morris Steven F.
Published: October 2012

Reconstruction of large soft tissue defects of the back is a challenging problem. Large defects of the back were reconstructed with multiple random pattern or local pedicled muscle (and skin graft) or musculocutaneous flaps. The clinical use of perforator flaps has demonstrated that harvesting of flaps on a single perforator is possible for reconstruction of large defects. We present a 71‐year‐old male with a lesion on his left mid back that measured 10 × 10 × 4 cm3. Biopsy of the lesion was consistent with dermatofibrosarcoma protruberans. Wide local excision of the lesion with 4 cm margin was performed. The soft tissue defect, ∼20 cm in diameter, was reconstructed with a large propeller dorsal intercostal artery perforator (DICAP) flap. The DICAP flap measured 40 × 15 cm2 based on a single perforator—lateral branch of dorsal rami of the seventh posterior intercostal artery on the right side. The perforator flap was elevated at the subfascial level and transposed 180° into the defect. The donor site on the right side of the back was closed directly. This case illustrates the size of the propeller DICAP flap that could be safely harvested on a single perforator from the dorsal rami of the posterior intercostal artery. To our knowledge this is the largest reported pedicled perforator flap harvested on a single perforator on the posterior trunk. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery, 2012.
Measurement of cross‐sectional area of cervical roots and brachial plexus trunks
Authors: Won Sun Jae , Kim Byung‐Jo , Park Kyung Seok , Kim Se Hwa , Yoon Joon Shik
Published: October 2012

Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine normal reference values for cross‐sectional area (CSA) and the correlation between demographic factors and CSA in the cervical roots and brachial plexus trunks using ultrasonography. Methods: Ninety‐five age‐matched healthy individuals were studied. Ultrasonographic tests were performed via nerve tracing from the cervical root to the brachial plexus trunk. The CSA of each nerve was measured in the C5–8 ventral roots and brachial plexus (trunk level). Results: Normal values of each cervical root were: C5, 5.66 ± 1.02 mm2; C6, 8.98 ± 1.65 mm2; C7, 10.43 ± 1.86 mm2; and C8, 10.76 ± 2.02 mm2. Values for the brachial plexus were: upper trunk, 16.70 ± 2.88 mm2; middle trunk, 14.01 ± 2.70 mm2; and lower trunk, 13.75 ± 2.57 mm2. The side‐to‐side discrepancy was 11.91 ± 11.11%. Body mass index (BMI) and height correlated frequently with nerve CSA. Conclusions: These reference values may be helpful in investigating pathologies involving the cervical area. Muscle Nerve 46: 711–716, 2012
Modification of phenolic resin composites by hyperbranched polyborate and polybenzoxazine
Authors: Xu Peijun , Yang Feipeng
Published: October 2012

Hyperbranched polyborate (HBPB) is a novel polymer with highly branched structures, plenty of functional end groups, and excellent thermal resistance, which could be used as an effective modifier for thermoset resin to greatly improve the thermal resistance and toughness of the resin, simultaneously. With the assistance of benzoxazine (BOZ) resin which has low viscosity, high thermal resistance, and no by‐product release upon curing, modification effects of HBPB on the thermal resistance and toughness of phenolic resin (PR) can be adequately realized. The optimal combination of HBPB and BOZ modified PR (PR‐BOZ‐HBPB) is obtained by the orthogonal test. The PR‐BOZ‐HBPB blend prepared with the optimal combination (90 portion of PR, 10 portion of BOZ, and 5 portion of HBPB) has a char yield up to 67.4%; meanwhile, flexural strength, interlaminar shear strength, flexural modulus of this glass/PR‐BOZ‐HBPB composite are higher than those of glass/PR composite by 17.6%, 23.3%, and 9.6%, respectively. The novel thermoset resin, PR‐BOZ‐HBPB blend, which consists of good processability, great thermal and mechanical properties, is obtained. POLYM. COMPOS., 33:1960–1968, 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Non‐food application of camelina meal: Development of sustainable and green biodegradable paper‐camelina composite sheets and fibers
Authors: Kim Jun Tae , Netravali Anil N.
Published: October 2012

Recycled newspaper‐reinforced sustainable and biodegradable composite sheets and fibers were fabricated with camelina meal, a by‐product of camelina oil extraction‐based resin. To prepare uniform composite sheets and fibers, the camelina meal was ground and sieved to remove large particles and some impurities and converted into resin by dissolving it in water and precuring at 75°C water bath. Sieving process improved protein contents by 4.7% and reduced fat contents by 4.2%. Recycled newspaper was used as a reinforcing agent to improve tensile properties and increase water resistance of the camelina meal‐based biodegradable composite sheets and fibers. Increasing newspaper content increased fracture stress, Young's modulus, and water resistance property. However, the uniform sheet could not be formed when recycled newspaper content was above 30% (wt/wt camelina). Scanning electron microscope photomicrographs of fracture surfaces showed that at higher newspaper content longer fibers protruded out from the camelina resin. POLYM. COMPOS., 33:1969–1976, 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Study on crystal process and isothermal crystallization kinetics of UHMWPE/CA‐MMT composites
Authors: Liu Cheng , Qiu Hua‐Ting , Liu Chang‐Jian , Zhang Jun
Published: October 2012

Changes in the crystal morphology, crystallinity, and the melting process of thermoplastics resulted in significant changes in the processability and mechanical behavior of composites. In our former study, we prepared a novel antibacterial UHMWPE/CA‐MMT composite. In this study, the crystal process and crystallization kinetics of pure UHMWPE, UHMWPE/MMT, UHMWPE/CA, and UHMWPE/CA‐MMT were characterized by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The results showed that the chlorhexidine acetate (CA) and montmorillonite (MMT) could cause strong heterogeneous nucleation. The results of crystallization kinetics indicated that the addition of CA could decrease the crystallization rate constant K value and widen the range of the crystal growth temperature. The reological behaviors of four samples were carried out by a physical MCR301 rheometer. The results showed that the CA could bring down the complex viscosity of composites, thus affecting the crystal process or crystallization kinetics. POLYM. COMPOS., 33:1987–1992, 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Supramolecular composites of photo‐cured acrylated castor oil and fibers formed by the self‐assembly of low molecular weight organic gelators
Authors: Shibata Mitsuhiro , Kakihara Takuya , Obara Syotarou
Published: October 2012

A mixture of acrylated castor oil (ACO) with N‐carbobenzyloxy‐L‐isoleucylaminooctadecane (CIA) or (R)‐12‐hydroxystrearic acid (HSA) containing photo‐initiators was heated to 130°C and gradually cooled to room temperature to give bio‐based gelatinous material. The photo‐curing of the gel generated a crosslinked ACO composite containing CIA or HSA. The optical micrographic and differential scanning calorimetry analyses revealed that a supramolecular fibrous network is formed for photo‐cured ACO (cACO)/CIA and that spherulitic crystals are formed for cACO/HSA. The tan δ peak temperatures measured by dynamic mechanical analysis for cACO/CIA and cACO/HSA composites were higher than that of cACO. The flexural strength and modulus of cACO/CIA composites increased with an increase of CIA content, and those values were higher than those of cACO/HSA composites. POLYM. COMPOS., 33:2001–2008, 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Arabin cervical pessary to prevent preterm birth in severe twin‐to‐twin transfusion syndrome treated by laser surgery
Authors: Carreras Elena , Arévalo Silvia , Bello‐Muñoz Juan Carlos , Goya Maria , Rodó Carlota , Sanchez‐Duran Maria Angeles , Peiro Jose Luis , Cabero Lluís
Published: October 2012

Objectives

To describe the outcome of patients with twin‐to‐twin transfusion syndrome and cervical length ≤ 25 mm, treated with laser and an Arabin cervical pessary.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of a consecutive series of all cases with severe twin‐to‐twin transfusion syndrome who underwent laser surgery: a group with cervical length above 25 mm (group A) and two groups who had a cervical length of 25 mm or less prior to the procedure. The first 8 cases (group B) were managed expectantly and the next 8 cases had a cervical pessary inserted immediately after laser surgery (group C). Gestational age at birth was the primary outcome. The secondary outcome was a composite one encompassing severe neonatal morbidity.

Results

The median gestational age at laser surgery was 20 weeks in all groups but the median gestational age at delivery was significantly higher in group C versus B (28 vs 32 weeks, p = 0.01). Severe neonatal morbidity was present in 18% in group C and 70% in group B (p < 0.01).

Conclusion

Early results suggest a potential role for pessary use in prolonging gestation in cases with shortened cervix at the time of laser. A randomized trial to test this hypothesis should be performed. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparing Transition‐Age Students with High‐Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders for Meaningful Work
Authors: Lee Gloria K. , Carter Erik W.
Published: October 2012

This article provides an overview of promising essential elements for fostering vocational success among students with high‐functioning autism spectrum disorders (HFASDs) by drawing literature from the fields of school‐to‐work transition for post‐secondary students and vocational rehabilitation for individuals with disabilities. We highlight seven important elements of high‐quality transition services, including (a) individualized, strengths‐based transition services and supports; (b) positive career development and early work experiences; (c) meaningful collaboration and interagency involvement; (d) family supports and expectations; (e) fostering self‐determination and independence; (f) social and employment‐related skill instruction; and (g) establishing job‐related supports. These elements provide a comprehensive, collaborative, and longitudinal framework for clinical and research interventions aimed at fostering successful employment for students with HFASDs. Clinical and research implications are discussed.
Neutrino masses and mixing: a flavour symmetry roadmap
Authors: Morisi S. , Valle J.W.F.
Published: October 2012

Over the last ten years tri‐bimaximal mixing has played an important role in modeling the flavour problem. We give a short review of the status of flavour symmetry models of neutrino mixing. We concentrate on non‐Abelian discrete symmetries, which provide a simple way to account for the TBM pattern. We discuss phenomenological implications such as neutrinoless double beta decay, lepton flavour violation as well as theoretical aspects such as the possibility to explain quarks and leptons within a common framework, such as grand unified models.
Lepton flavour violation and flavour symmetries
Authors: Deppisch F.F.
Published: October 2012

In this review article, we highlight the impact of models incorporating flavour symmetries on charged lepton flavour violating (LFV) processes. Flavour symmetries provide a natural approach to explain the peculiar mass hierarchies and mixing patterns of the Standard Model fermions. New sources of LFV are generally present in new physics beyond the Standard Model, and flavour symmetries can make distinctive predictions for LFV observables. Their discovery can provide crucial information to distinguish flavour symmetries and new physics scenarios in general. Because of their high sensitivity, we will focus on searches for low‐energy LFV processes such as μ → e γ or μ‐e conversion in nuclei but we will also highlight the potential impact of LFV processes at the LHC. If new physics occurs at a scale accessible by the LHC, the flavour operators they induce could potentially be probed in high detail.
Cyclin D1 (CCND1) expression is involved in estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) in human prostate cancer
Authors: Nakamura Yasuhiro , Felizola Saulo J.A. , Kurotaki Yumi , Fujishima Fumiyoshi , McNamara Keely M. , Suzuki Takashi , Arai Yoichi , Sasano Hironobu
Published: October 2012

BACKGROUND

Estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) has been demonstrated to be expressed in prostate carcinoma cells and estrogen signals through ERβ to act as a tumor suppressor in prostate cancer patients. ERβ is thought to regulate the cell cycle of prostate carcinoma cells by controlling the expression of cell cycle regulators including cyclin D1 (CCND1). This interaction is of particular interest as CCND1 has been implicated in the development of prostate cancer.

METHODS

We evaluated ERβ and CCND1 immunoreactivity in human prostate cancer (n = 112, surgical specimens), and correlated the findings with clinicopathological features of the patients. Subsequent in vitro experiments using PC‐3 prostate carcinoma cells were also performed to examine whether estradiol (E2) could change the expression level of CCND1 mRNA.

RESULTS

CCND1 immunoreactivity was detected in 78/112 cases (70%), and was significantly correlated with incidence of perineural invasion and ERβ immunoreactivity (P < 0.05). Forty‐eight hours incubation with E2 (10 nM) increased the expression level of CCND1 mRNA as well as c‐jun (JUN) and c‐fos (FOS) in PC‐3 cells, and PHTPP (ERβ antagonist) suppressed E2‐induced expression of those mRNAs.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that CCND1 expression is possibly regulated by estrogens via ERβ and that this signaling pathway may influence prostate cancer development. Prostate 73: 590–595, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mechanical, Barrier, Optical Properties and Antimicrobial Activity of Edible Films Prepared from Silver Carp Surimi Incorporated with ε‐Polylysine
Authors: Weng Wu‐Yin , Tao Zhong , Liu Guang‐Ming , Su Wen‐Jin , Osako Kazufumi , Tanaka Munehiko , Cao Min‐Jie
Published: October 2012

The effects of incorporating ε‐polylysine (ε‐PL) on mechanical, barrier, optical properties and the antimicrobial activity of edible films from silver carp surimi were investigated. The mechanical properties of surimi films could be improved using ε‐PL below the level of 0.15% in surimi film‐forming solutions, whereas these slightly declined with increasing addition of ε‐PL. However, accelerated polymerization of surimi myosin heavy chain by the addition of ε‐PL was too low to be observed from sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis patterns. It is of interest to notice that surimi films containing ε‐PL revealed a wide range of antimicrobial activity, especially against gram‐positive bacteria. For preservation of fresh fish meats with the help of edible films, the increase of total viable counts and total volatile basic nitrogen values was suppressed during storage at 4°C, indicating that the application of surimi films containing ε‐PL could prolong the shelf life of fresh fish meats. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Algorithms for retrieving geophysical parameters from the MADRAS and SAPHIR sensors of the Megha‐Tropiques satellite: Indian scenario
Authors: Gohil B. S. , Gairola R. M. , Mathur A. K. , Varma A. K. , Mahesh C. , Gangwar R. K. , Pal P. K.
Published: October 2012

The major scientific objective of the Megha‐Tropiques (MT) satellite, an Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)–Centre National d'Études Spatiales (CNES) collaborative project, is to understand the energy and water cycles in the global tropical region. With its 20° inclined orbit, it will frequently measure radiation emitted by the Earth‐Atmosphere System in the visible, infrared and microwave spectrum through its four sensors on board. Various geophysical parameters, namely water vapour, cloud liquid water and surface winds over oceanic regions, and the rainfall, humidity profile and top‐of‐atmosphere radiative fluxes over land as well as over oceanic regions will be derived from the measurements made by these instruments. This article deals with the efforts made by ISRO to develop algorithms for deriving these geophysical parameters from the microwave imager and sounder, mentioning the pre‐launch specifications with prelude examples from existing space‐borne sensors of similar types. The sensor‐specific algorithms are presented in different sections. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Modeling health survey data with excessive zero and K responses
Authors: Lin Ting Hsiang , Tsai Min‐Hsiao
Published: October 2012

Zero‐inflated Poisson regression is a popular tool used to analyze data with excessive zeros. Although much work has already been performed to fit zero‐inflated data, most models heavily depend on special features of the individual data. To be specific, this means that there is a sizable group of respondents who endorse the same answers making the data have peaks. In this paper, we propose a new model with the flexibility to model excessive counts other than zero, and the model is a mixture of multinomial logistic and Poisson regression, in which the multinomial logistic component models the occurrence of excessive counts, including zeros, K (where K is a positive integer) and all other values. The Poisson regression component models the counts that are assumed to follow a Poisson distribution. Two examples are provided to illustrate our models when the data have counts containing many ones and sixes. As a result, the zero‐inflated and K‐inflated models exhibit a better fit than the zero‐inflated Poisson and standard Poisson regressions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stress during Pregnancy: The Role of Institutional Racism
Authors: Mendez Dara D. , Hogan Vijaya K. , Culhane Jennifer F.
Published: October 2012

Institutional racism, also known as structural racism, can be defined as differential access to resources and opportunities by race as well as policies, laws, and practices that reinforce racial inequity. This study examines how institutional racism in the form of residential redlining (neighbourhood‐level racial inequities in mortgage lending) and segregation (geographic separation of groups by race) is associated with self‐reported stress among a diverse cohort of pregnant women. Institutional racism was measured by a residential redlining index using Home Mortgage Disclosure Act data and residential segregation using 2000 US Census data. These redlining and segregation indices were linked with data from a pregnancy cohort study (n = 4652), which included individual measures of reported stress. We ran multilevel linear regression models to examine the association between redlining, segregation and reported stress. Hispanic women compared with all other women were slightly more likely to report stress. There was no significant relationship between redlining and stress among this population. However, higher neighbourhood percentage black was inversely associated with stress. This study suggests that some forms of segregation may be associated with reported stress. Future studies should consider how redlining and segregation may provide an understanding of how institutional racism and the neighbourhood context may influence stress and health of populations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk factors for repeat abortion in Nepal
Authors: Thapa Shyam , Neupane Shailes
Published: October 2012

Objective

To examine the incidence of and risk factors for repeat abortion in Nepal.

Methods

Data were analyzed from a survey of 1172 women who had surgical abortions between December 2009 and March 2010 in 2 clinics in Kathmandu, Nepal. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were performed to estimate odds ratios for the risk factors.

Results

Among the respondents, 32.3% (95% confidence interval, 29.6–34.9) had repeat abortions. This incidence rose sharply with age and parity, and was higher among those with no intention of having a future child, those attaining primary or secondary level education, and those attending the non‐governmental sector clinic. Women with repeat abortion were similar to those with 1 abortion in terms of contraceptive practice. Among women not using contraceptives at the time of the unintended pregnancy, the 3 most commonly cited reasons were ill health, non‐compliance with the method intended for use, and dislike of the method. Women with repeat abortion showed a pattern of contraceptive acceptance immediately after the procedure similar to that of women who had 1 abortion.

Conclusion

Repeat abortion is emerging as a major public health issue in Nepal, with implications for counseling and provision of abortion, and for family planning services.
Protests and civil society in Russia: The struggle for the Khimki Forest
Authors: Evans Alfred B.
Published: October 2012

The main question on which this article focuses is this: What conditions determine whether a group carrying out protests in Russia is more likely to be successful in attracting support by recruiting people to participate in its activities and gaining sympathy from many members of the population? There is strong agreement among experts on Russian society and politics that protests in defense of abstract, general rights do not appeal to most citizens. This article focuses on groups using protest tactics that have been more successful in gaining support, such as the Defenders of the Khimki Forest. The evidence that is presented in this article suggests that Russians are more likely to take part in protests by an organized group if it seeks remedies for concrete problems that directly affect them and their families. The appeal to felt needs that are grounded in everyday experiences also seems to be an important factor that helps a group to evoke a favorable response toward its actions among broad circles of the general public. For those doing scholarly research, to interpret the development of civil society in Russia mainly in terms of the struggles of human rights groups and political opposition movements would lead the researchers to neglect the activities of most social organizations in Russia.
Reversible nasal airway obstruction: does change in nasal peak inspiratory flow following decongestion predict response to topical steroids in chronic rhinosinusitis patients?
Authors: Koo Ng N K F , Young D , McGarry G W
Published: October 2012

Background:

Predicting which chronic rhinosinusitis patients have nasal obstruction due to reversible mucosal inflammation could prevent unnecessary surgery.

Aim:

To investigate whether the change in nasal peak inspiratory flow following maximal decongestion (i.e. mucosal reversibility) at first visit predicts the response to topical steroids in chronic rhinosinusitis patients, as measured by the 22-item Sinonasal Outcome Test.

Methods:

Prospective study of 128 consecutive new adult patients presenting with nasal obstruction due to chronic rhinosinusitis (January 2008 to July 2010). The 22-item Sinonasal Outcome Test questionnaire was administered and the nasal peak inspiratory flow assessed. Following maximal nasal decongestion, the nasal peak inspiratory flow was again tested and the difference calculated. Topical steroids were administered for at least six weeks. The 22-item Sinonasal Outcome Test was then repeated and the difference calculated.

Results:

Data were analysed using means and correlation studies (Spearman's rank correlation). There was no correlation between the pre- versus post-decongestion nasal peak inspiratory flow difference and the pre- versus post-steroid 22-item Sinonasal Outcome Test difference, in chronic rhinosinusitis patients with or without nasal polyps.

Conclusion:

The difference between pre- and post-decongestion nasal peak inspiratory flow does not predict chronic rhinosinusitis patients' response to topical steroids.
Numbers didn't count: the streets of colonial Bombay and Calcutta
Authors: HARRIS RICHARD , LEWIS ROBERT
Published: October 2012

Street and house numbers are part of the modern state's geo-locational regime, by which people and places are made legible to distant governments and bureaucrats. Some writers have suggested that they were important in colonial cities, where urban regulation and political control was often insecure, but we know little about their extent and significance in such settings. Bombay and Calcuttac.1901 are significant test cases, being two of the largest colonial cities in the world, as well as being recent sites of major disease outbreaks. City directories in Bombay, together with property assessment and census evidence for Calcutta, show that house numbers were rare for all types of property and people. Local residents used other methods to navigate the city, while British administrators did not believe house numbers to be an important aspect of colonial rule. Fragmentary evidence for other colonial cities suggests that the experience of these Indian cities was broadly typical.
Rupture propagation inferred from damage patterns, slip distribution, and segmentation of the 1957 MW8.1 Gobi‐Altay earthquake rupture along the Bogd fault, Mongolia
Authors: Choi Jin‐Hyuck , Jin Kwangmin , Enkhbayar Dandar , Davvasambuu Battogtokh , Bayasgalan Amgalan , Kim Young‐Seog
Published: October 2012

A detailed analysis of the rupture patterns and slip changes along the surface rupture associated with the 1957 Gobi‐Altay earthquake (MW= 8.1) in Mongolia, which occurred along the Bogd left‐lateral strike‐slip fault, was carried out to better understand segmentation and propagation. The major surface ruptures show a simple linear pattern, whereas minor ruptures along the major ruptures, which are concentrated at rupture step overs and tip zones, show complex patterns. In the latter case, their patterns strongly resemble the geometric and kinematic characteristics of previously reported mesoscale fault damage patterns. The geomorphologic offsets show that left‐lateral slip dominated with an average displacement of 3.5 to 4.0 m, but it decreased or transferred to dip‐slip components mainly at rupture step‐overs and tip zones. Abrupt changes of rupture patterns and slip distribution indicate that the coseismic surface rupture along the Bogd fault comprises three major segments from west to east, namely, the North‐Ih, East‐Ih, and North‐Baga Bogd segments, and a highly damaged eastern tip zone. Based on the location of the epicenter, as well as the asymmetrically distributed damage structures and slips, we infer that the surface rupture propagated eastward unilaterally through several segments and reached the easternmost step‐over, which acted as a tough barrier. The rupture finally terminated, producing a highly deformed tip damage zone developed to accommodate released stress. We argue that detailed analysis of damage patterns, slip distribution, and slip transfer can help us to better understand fault segmentation and rupture propagation.
Evolution of the northeast Labrador Sea during the last interglaciation
Authors: Winsor Kelsey , Carlson Anders E. , Klinkhammer Gary P. , Stoner Joseph S. , Hatfield Robert G.
Published: October 2012

Boreal summer insolation during the last interglaciation (LIG) generally warmed the subpolar to polar Northern Hemisphere more than during the early Holocene, yet regional climate variations between the two periods remain. We investigate northeast Labrador Sea subsurface temperature and hydrography across terminations (T) I and II and during the LIG to assess the impact of two different magnitudes of boreal summer insolation increase on the northeast Labrador Sea. We use Mg/Ca ratios in Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (sinistral) as a proxy of calcification temperature to document changes in subsurface temperatures over Eirik Drift. Our corresponding record of δ18O of seawater documents changes in water mass salinity. Mg/Ca calcification temperatures peak early in the Holocene coincident with peak boreal summer insolation. In contrast, LIG temperatures are relatively constant through the interglaciation, and are no warmer than peak Holocene temperatures. During the first half of the LIG, δ18O of seawater remains depleted, likely from southern Greenland Ice Sheet retreat and enhanced Arctic freshwater and sea‐ice export to the Labrador Sea. The consequent stratification of the Labrador Sea and attendant suppressed convection explains delayed deep‐ocean ventilation and a cooler subsurface in the northeast Labrador Sea during the LIG.
Radial 1‐D seismic structures in the deep mantle in mantle convection simulations with self‐consistently calculated mineralogy
Authors: Nakagawa Takashi , Tackley Paul J. , Deschamps Frédéric , Connolly James A. D.
Published: October 2012

Numerical thermo‐chemical mantle convection simulations in a spherical annulus geometry with self‐consistently calculated mineralogy and mineral physics are used to predict detailed deep mantle seismic structures, particularly local radial profiles of shear wave velocity (Vs) and bulk sound velocity (Vb). The predicted structures are compared to seismological observations and used to guide the interpretation of seismic observations and to test the model. The mantle composition is described as a mixture of MORB (Mid‐Oceanic‐Ridge‐Basalt) and harzburgitic end‐members in the Na2O‐CaO‐FeO‐MgO‐Al2O3‐SiO2system. To assess the influence of chemical variability, four different sets of end‐member compositions are evaluated. Results confirm that the post‐perovskite (pPv) phase causes anti‐correlated S wave and bulk sound velocities in the deep mantle, due to pPv being fast in Vs but slow in bulk sound velocity. Local 1‐D seismic profiles display great lateral variability, and often have multiple discontinuities in the deep mantle due to MORB layers in folded slabs, with a positive Vs anomaly and negative bulk sound anomaly, or the perovskite‐pPv phase transition. The pPv transition is not visible inside piles of segregated MORB because of the high temperature and small velocity contrast of pPv in MORB. Piles of segregated MORB are seismically slow in both Vs and bulk sound despite being expected to be fast in Vs, because they are hotter than the surrounding material. Anelasticity has a significant influence on profiles of Vs only in the lower thermal boundary layer, which corresponds to below 2600 to 2800 km depth depending on region, where temperatures are higher than the extrapolated adiabat. These results indicate the importance of using a joint geodynamical‐mineralogical approach to predict and aid in the interpretation of deep mantle seismic structure, because interpretations based on seismology and mineral physics alone may be misleading and do not capture the strong lateral variability in 1‐D structure obtained here: for example, multiple reflections arising from folded slabs and the precise balance between thermal and compositional influences on seismic structure.
Gravity waves in the thermosphere during a sudden stratospheric warming
Authors: Yiğit Erdal , Medvedev Alexander S.
Published: October 2012

We examine for the first time the propagation of gravity waves (GWs) of lower atmospheric origin to the thermosphere above the turbopause during a sudden stratospheric warming (SSW). The study is performed with the Coupled Middle Atmosphere‐Thermosphere general circulation model and the implemented spectral GW parameterization of Yiğit et al. (2008). Simulations reveal a strong modulation by SSWs of GW activity, momentum deposition rates, and the circulation feedbacks at heights up to the upper thermosphere (∼270 km). Wave‐induced root mean square wind fluctuations increase by a factor of three during the warming above the turbopause. This occurs mainly due to a reduction of filtering eastward traveling harmonics by the weaker stratospheric jet. Compared to nominal conditions, these GW harmonics propagate to higher altitudes and have a larger impact on the mean flow in the thermosphere, when they are dissipated. The evolution of stratospheric and mesospheric winds during an SSW life‐cycle creates a robust and distinctive response in GW activity and mean fields in the thermosphere above the turbopause up to 300 km.
Fast acceleration of inner magnetospheric hydrogen and oxygen ions by shock induced ULF waves
Authors: Zong Q.‐G. , Wang Y. F. , Zhang H. , Fu S. Y. , Zhang H. , Wang C. R. , Yuan C. J. , Vogiatzis I.
Published: October 2012

The interaction between interplanetary shocks and the Earth's magnetosphere manifests in many important space physics phenomena including particle acceleration. We investigated the response of the inner magnetospheric hydrogen and oxygen ions to a strong interplanetary shock impinging on the Earth's magnetosphere. Both hydrogen and oxygen ions are found to be heated/accelerated significantly with their temperature enhanced by a factor of two and three immediately after ∼1 min and ∼12 min of the shock arrival respectively. Multiple energy dispersion signatures of ions were found in the parallel and anti‐parallel direction to the magnetic field immediately after the interplanetary shock impact. The energy dispersions in the anti‐parallel direction preceded those in the parallel direction. Multiple dispersion signatures can be explained by the flux modulations of local ions (rather than the ions from the Earth's ionosphere) by ULF waves. It is found that the energy spectrum from 10 eV to ∼40 keV are highly correlated with the cross product of observed ULF wave electric and magnetic field (V = (E × B)/B2), which indicate that both cold plasmaspheric plasma and hot thermal ions (10 eV to ∼40 keV) are accelerated and decelerated with the various phases of ULF wave electric field. We then demonstrate that ion acceleration due to the interplanetary shock compression on the Earth's magnetic field is rather limited, whereas the major contribution to acceleration comes from the electric field carried by ULF waves via drift‐bounce resonance for both the hydrogen and oxygen ions. The integrated hydrogen and oxygen ion flux with the poloidal mode ULF waves are highly coherent (>0.9) whereas the coherence with the toroidal mode ULF waves is negligible, implying that the poloidal mode ULF waves are much more efficient in accelerating hydrogen and oxygen ions in the inner magnetosphere than the toroidal mode ULF waves. The duration of high coherence for oxygen ions with the poloidal mode ULF wave is longer than that for hydrogen ions, indicating that oxygen ions can be heated/accelerated more efficiently by the poloidal mode ULF wave induced by the interplanetary shock.
A comparative study of equatorial daytime vertical E × B drift in the Indian and Indonesian sectors based on 150 km echoes
Authors: Patra A. K. , Chaitanya P. Pavan , Mizutani N. , Otsuka Y. , Yokoyama T. , Yamamoto M.
Published: October 2012

In this paper, we study for the first time the daytime vertical E × Bdrift velocities from Gadanki and Kototabang using the Doppler shifts of the 150‐km echoes observed during 2008–2010, a period of low solar activity. Drift velocities are mostly positive and confined to 35 m s−1 at both the locations, except for Gadanki where on a few occasions negative drift velocities have been observed in the afternoon hours. Drift velocities generally show a decreasing trend with local time and the largest drift is generally observed in the forenoon hours consistent with extensively reported observations and models of E × Bdrift. Drift velocities from Gadanki and Kototabang compared exceeding well on some days and differed remarkably on many days despite the fact that they are longitudinally separated by only 20°. The day‐to‐day variation in the drift velocity could be as high as 15 m s−1 at Gadanki and 7 m s−1at Kototabang. Seasonal mean drifts over Gadanki are found to be generally larger than those of Kototabang. The observations have been compared in detail with those reported earlier based on ground‐ and satellite‐ based observations and also with the Scherliess‐Fejer model. The observed differences in the drifts at the two locations, including the downward drifts, have been discussed in the light of current understanding of the longitudinal variability ofE × B drift.
Factors affecting O3 and NO2photolysis frequencies measured in the eastern Mediterranean during the five‐year period 2002–2006
Authors: Gerasopoulos E. , Kazadzis S. , Vrekoussis M. , Kouvarakis G. , Liakakou E. , Kouremeti N. , Giannadaki D. , Kanakidou M. , Bohn B. , Mihalopoulos N.
Published: October 2012

The photolysis frequencies of ozone (O3; to singlet oxygen, JO1D) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2; JNO2) were recorded at the remote coastal site Finokalia (35°20′N, 25°40′E), on the island of Crete, Greece, during the period 2002–2006. We present a study of their main climatological aspects and a quantification of the effect of aerosol and total ozone column on these frequencies. The 5‐yr mean Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) at 380 nm in the area is equal to 0.27 ± 0.13 and reduces JNO2by 5%–14% at a solar zenith angle (sza) of 60°, compared to an aerosol‐free atmosphere. It also leads to a similar reduction of JO1D by 5%–15% at the 60° sza, for an average total ozone column (300–320 Dobson units (DU)). The effect of regional background AOD (∼0.1) is a reduction of JNO2 and JO1D by up to 6% for sza in the range 15° to75°, respectively. During high aerosol loads (AOD 0.5–0.7) the percentage reduction of Js was found to be as much as 30%–40% at high sza. The day‐to‐day variability of total ozone column over the area, of the order of 20 DU, was found to result in a 12% change in JO1D at 60° sza as compared with zero AOD conditions. A reduction of Js corresponding to a 24% decrease in the local noon JO1D value and a 5% decrease in local noon JNO2 were found to result in a 12% reduction in the 24 h mean net chemical production of O3, using a chemical box model.
Cloud frequency climatology at the Andes/Amazon transition: 2. Trends and variability
Authors: Halladay Kate , Malhi Yadvinder , New Mark
Published: October 2012

The climate and ecology of tropical montane systems is intimately connected with the complex spatial dynamics of cloud occurrence, but there have been few studies of the patterns and trends of cloud occurrence in tropical montane regions. We examine trends and variability in the cloud climatology of the Andes/Amazon transition in SW Amazonia using satellite data and ground‐based observations. Results were compared for three zones within the study area: highlands (puna grassland), eastern slope (Tropical Montane Cloud Forest or TMCF) and lowlands. Time series of cloud frequency from ISCCP (International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project) were correlated with sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies from the HadISST data set for 5 regions including the tropical North Atlantic and the tropical Pacific. Detrended lowland cloud frequencies were significantly correlated with detrended tropical North Atlantic SSTs in the late dry season (August/September), whereas the eastern slope and the highlands were not significantly correlated with tropical North Atlantic SSTs. Pacific SST correlations were highest for eastern slope and highlands from March to May. Indian Ocean SST anomalies were significantly correlated with dry season cloud frequency for the lowlands and highlands. There are significant decreasing trends in cloud frequency on the lowlands in January, March and September and in March on the eastern slope. Trends in sunshine duration, 850 hPa zonal winds over the central Amazon, increases in diurnal temperature range, and comparisons with MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) and observational data support the existence of these trends, and a link with the increasing trend in tropical North Atlantic SSTs. We suggest that continued increases in tropical North Atlantic SSTs will further reduce cloud frequency in the lowlands adjacent to the TMCF in the late dry season at least. In addition, a future increase in the occurrence of El Niño events would lead to decreased cloud frequency on the eastern slope and highlands.
Modeling the effect of tides and waves on benthic biofilms
Authors: Mariotti G. , Fagherazzi S.
Published: October 2012

We propose a simple model for growth of benthic biofilm subject to variable hydrodynamic disturbances and with a biofilm‐dependent erodibility (biostabilization). Model results show that, for disturbances with equal intensity, the biofilm is eroded or not depending on its current biomass, which is a function of the past evolution trajectory. Because of the finite time needed for a biofilm to develop, both the intensity and frequency of periodical disturbances, such as tidal currents, determine whether the biofilm can approach its equilibrium biomass. Spring‐neap tidal modulation favors biofilm development, since the reduction of the current shear stress associated with neap tides allows biofilm growth, thus increasing biostabilization and the biofilm's likelihood to withstand the subsequent energetic spring tides. On the other hand, diurnal tidal modulations are negative for biofilm development, because the diel biofilm growth is almost negligible. Under stochastic disturbances associated with wind waves, there are two most‐likely states for the biofilm biomass: either close to zero or close to the equilibrium value, depending on wave intensity. If biostabilization is reduced or eliminated, the probability of intermediate values for biofilm biomass becomes also significant. The role of biostabilization is hence to exacerbate the probability of the end‐member states. Finally, because of the nonmonotonic relationship between water depth and wave induced bed stresses, only extremely shallow and deep areas favor biofilm persistence. If light attenuation with depth is considered, deep water becomes unsuitable for biofilm growth when water turbidity is high.