bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Política, liderazgo y crisis regional en la provincia de Entre Ríos durante la década de 1820.
Authors: Herrero Fabián
Published: March 2022

The historiography of the last decades has shown that, in the former provinces of the Río de la Plata, after the revolution of 1810, difficulties arose around the access to power, producing disputes, tensions, and revolutions. This work analyzes one of the many alterations of power that occurred in Entre Ríos in the 1820s. It postulates, as a hypothesis, that the reality of Entre Ríos is presented as a disputed territory between the two dominant regions, Concepción del Uruguay and Paraná. At the same time, it tries to prove that the factions that seek to gain power use different mechanisms; direct action, assembly, the representation system or the electoral process. The main sources used correspond to the Urquiza collection of the General Archive of the Nation, and the government and legislative power documents of the Historical Archive of Entre Ríos.

La historiografía de las últimas décadas ha mostrado que, en las ex provincias del Río de la Plata, luego de la revolución de 1810, se presentaron dificultades en torno al acceso del poder, produciendo disputas, tensiones, y revoluciones. El presente trabajo analiza una de las muchas alteraciones de poder que se producen en Entre Ríos en la década de 1820. Postula, a modo de hipótesis, que la realidad entrerriana se presenta como un territorio en disputa entre las dos regiones dominantes, Concepción del Uruguay y Paraná. Al mismo tiempo, trata de probar que las facciones que pretenden acceder al poder utilizan mecanismos diferentes; la acción directa, el asambleísmo, el sistema de representación o el proceso electoral. Las principales fuentes utilizadas corresponden al fondo Urquiza del Archivo General de la Nación, y los documentos de gobierno y poder legislativo del Archivo Histórico de Entre Ríos.
Vida y hacienda de un relevante minero del azogue de Huancavelica (Perú)
Authors: Amaré Tafalla María Pilar , Orche García Enrique
Published: March 2022

This work deals with the biography of Juan de Sotomayor, an important miner who exploited some mercury mines in Huancavelica (Peru) between c.1572 and 1610. For this, in addition to documents of the time, his will, recently discovered in the Archivo Histórico Provincial of said city, is presented here for the first time. This work notably broadens the knowledge about Sotomayor, who has received little attention from researchers despite his historical importance since he was one of the main suppliers, if not the first, of the quicksilver that was used in Potosí for the amalgamation of the silver that, sent to Europe, financed the maintenance of the Spanish empire.

El presente trabajo trata de la biografía del importante minero Juan de Sotomayor que explotó minas de mercurio en Huancavelica (Perú) entre c.1572 y 1610. Para ello se ha tenido en cuenta, además de documentos de la época, su testamento, descubierto recientemente en el Archivo Histórico Provincial de dicha ciudad y que se presenta por primera vez. Con este trabajo se amplían notablemente los conocimientos sobre Sotomayor, que ha recibido escasa atención de los investigadores pese a su importancia histórica, pues fue uno de los principales suministradores, si no el primero, del azogue que se empleó en Potosí para la amalgamación de la plata que, remitida a Europa, financió el mantenimiento del imperio español.
Antonio de Villasante y el bálsamo de la Española (1493-1536)
Authors: Pereda López Ángela
Published: March 2022

The human being has always looked for remedies to mitigate pain and consequences of diseases and wounds. The discovery of the New World favoured the knowledge about trees and plants with healing or, at least, palliative qualities. This is the case of the balm obtained by Antonio Villasante on the island of Hispaniola based on native plants and of which he had knowledge through his wife and his political family, natives of that island. This product was presented to the monarch as an article with strong economic potential, in addition to its great healing properties. As a result of this meeting was the signing of a seat or capitulation for the benefit of balm and drugs in 1528. The documentation preserved by different archives on this subject shows us, among other issues, the conditions of the exploitation, who could carry it out and the conflicts of interests that were generated in this aspect.

El ser humano siempre ha buscado remedios para mitigar el dolor y las diversas consecuencias de enfermedades y heridas. El descubrimiento del Nuevo Mundo favoreció el conocimiento de árboles y plantas con cualidades curativas o, al menos, paliativas. Este es el caso del bálsamo obtenido por Antonio Villasante en la isla de La Española a base de plantas autóctonas y del que tuvo conocimiento a través de su mujer y de su familia política, naturales de dicha isla. Este producto fue presentado al monarca como un artículo con un fuerte potencial económico, además de sus grandes propiedades curativas. Fruto de este encuentro fue la firma de un asiento o capitulación para el beneficio del bálsamo y las drogas en 1528. La documentación que custodian distintos archivos sobre este tema nos muestra, entre otras cuestiones, las condiciones de la explotación, quién podía realizarla y los conflictos de intereses que fueron generándose al respecto.
Comparison of the radiation dose between dual-acquisition coronary computed tomography angiography and coronary angiography for coronary spasm
Authors: Kim Soo-Jin , Kim Moo Hyun , Kang Eun-Ju
Published: March 2022

Background: Coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) is an imaging technique that can be used to evaluate and diagnose coronary artery stenosis. Dual-acquisition CCTA (DA-CCTA) with additional nitrate infusion is a promising alternative noninvasive diagnostic tool, as conventional CCTA has limitations in the diagnosis of variant angina compared to conventional angiographic coronary spasm tests. However, DA-CCTA may pose a potential risk due to radiation exposure. We compared the radiation dose between DA-CCTA and the coronary angiographic spasm provocation test.Methods: Patients with clinically suspected variant angina at a single hospital between March 2013 and October 2018 were screened and underwent DA-CCTA or a coronary angiographic spasm provocation test. The effective radiation dose required for each approach was compared. Results: In total, 211 suspected variant angina patients underwent DA-CCTA or the coronary angiographic spasm provocation test. Of these, 49 patients (mean age, 59.8 years; 67.3% men) received DA-CCTA and 162 patients (mean age, 60.5 years; 66.2% men) received a coronary angiographic spasm provocation test. There was a significant difference in the effective radiation dose, with a median dose of 5.1 mSv (interquartile range [IQR], 4.1–9.2 mSv) required for DA-CCTA and a median dose of 10.9 mSv (IQR, 8.4–15.2 mSv) for the coronary angiographic spasm provocation test (p<0.001).Conclusion: DA-CCTA showed a significantly lower effective radiation dose than the coronary angiographic spasm provocation test required to diagnose variant angina.
Functioning of Declarative Memory: Intersection between Neuropsychology and Mathematics
Authors: Doronzo Federica , Calabrese Gianvito
Published: March 2022

The understanding of memory has been a constant challenge for scientific research for centuries. The mnemonic processes, which determine the identity of the human being, have been investigated through multiple points of view, such as the psychological, neurophysiological and physical ones. The result is complex and multifaceted visions that should be integrated to provide a unitary and complete interpretation. A survey of the most recent scientific literature is carried out on the functioning of declarative memory, to analyse the relationship between real information coming from the outside world, the encoded event and the recovered memory. The aim of the essay is to investigate the neural correlates, which regulate the cognitive system in question, through a dual neuropsychological-mathematical interpretation. Neuropsychology sheds light on the anatomical, physiological and psychic mechanisms of memory while Mathematics associates the corresponding mathematical configurations to neural networks. The reunification process between the two disciplines is achieved  through neuromorphic computational simulation that emulates mind uploading. The assembly of artificial neurons has the potential to clarify in detail the memory processes, the functioning of neural correlates and to carry out the mapping of the biological brain. We hope that the results obtained will provide new knowledge on mnestic mechanisms to contribute to the evolution of disciplines such as General Psychology, Forensic Neuroscience, Cognitive Rehabilitation and Awake Surgery.
The TFIIH complex is required to establish and maintain mitotic chromosome structure
Authors: Haase Julian , Chen Richard , Parker Wesley M , Bonner Mary Kate , Jenkins Lisa M , Kelly Alexander E
Published: March 2022

Condensins compact chromosomes to promote their equal segregation during mitosis, but the mechanism of condensin engagement with and action on chromatin is incompletely understood. Here, we show that the general transcription factor TFIIH complex is continuously required to establish and maintain a compacted chromosome structure in transcriptionally silent Xenopus egg extracts. Inhibiting the DNA-dependent ATPase activity of the TFIIH complex subunit XPB rapidly and reversibly induces a complete loss of chromosome structure and prevents the enrichment of condensins I and II, but not topoisomerase II, on chromatin. In addition, inhibiting TFIIH prevents condensation of both mouse and Xenopus nuclei in Xenopus egg extracts, which suggests an evolutionarily conserved mechanism of TFIIH action. Reducing nucleosome density through partial histone depletion restores chromosome structure and condensin enrichment in the absence of TFIIH activity. We propose that the TFIIH complex promotes mitotic chromosome condensation by dynamically altering the chromatin environment to facilitate condensin loading and condensin-dependent loop extrusion.
Author-level data confirm the widening gender gap in publishing rates during COVID-19
Authors: Madsen Emil Bargmann , Nielsen Mathias Wullum , Bjørnholm Josefine , Jagsi Reshma , Andersen Jens Peter
Published: March 2022

Publications are essential for a successful academic career, and there is evidence that the COVID-19 pandemic has amplified existing gender disparities in the publishing process. We used longitudinal publication data on 431,207 authors in four disciplines - basic medicine, biology, chemistry and clinical medicine - to quantify the differential impact of COVID-19 on the annual publishing rates of men and women. In a difference-in-differences analysis, we estimated that the average gender difference in publication productivity increased from –0.26 in 2019 to –0.35 in 2020; this corresponds to the output of women being 17% lower than the output of men in 2109, and 24% lower in 2020. An age-group comparison showed a widening gender gap for both early-career and mid-career scientists. The increasing gender gap was most pronounced among highly productive authors and in biology and clinical medicine. Our study demonstrates the importance of reinforcing institutional commitments to diversity through policies that support the inclusion and retention of women in research.
Coagulation factors directly cleave SARS-CoV-2 spike and enhance viral entry
Authors: Kastenhuber Edward R , Mercadante Marisa , Nilsson-Payant Benjamin , Johnson Jared L , Jaimes Javier A , Muecksch Frauke , Weisblum Yiska , Bram Yaron , Chandar Vasuretha , Whittaker Gary R , tenOever Benjamin R , Schwartz Robert E , Cantley Lewis
Published: March 2022

Coagulopathy is a significant aspect of morbidity in COVID-19 patients. The clotting cascade is propagated by a series of proteases, including factor Xa and thrombin. While certain host proteases, including TMPRSS2 and furin, are known to be important for cleavage activation of SARS-CoV-2 spike to promote viral entry in the respiratory tract, other proteases may also contribute. Using biochemical and cell-based assays, we demonstrate that factor Xa and thrombin can also directly cleave SARS-CoV-2 spike, enhancing infection at the stage of viral entry. Coagulation factors increased SARS-CoV-2 infection in human lung organoids. A drug-repurposing screen identified a subset of protease inhibitors that promiscuously inhibited spike cleavage by both transmembrane serine proteases and coagulation factors. The mechanism of the protease inhibitors nafamostat and camostat may extend beyond inhibition of TMPRSS2 to coagulation-induced spike cleavage. Anticoagulation is critical in the management of COVID-19, and early intervention could provide collateral benefit by suppressing SARS-CoV-2 viral entry. We propose a model of positive feedback whereby infection-induced hypercoagulation exacerbates SARS-CoV-2 infectivity.
4. Leavloe jïh bijjieleavloe SAMINOR
Authors: Jacobsen Bjarne K. , Melhus Marita , Kvaløy Kirsti , Broderstad Ann Ragnhild
Published: March 2022

Doh jeanatjommes geerve almetjh Nöörjesne (75 % ålmijste jïh 60 % gujnijste) leah daelie fer lyövlehke jallh fer buajtehks; dej kråahpemaasseindekse (KMI) lea ≥ 25 kg/m2. Tjaalege tjïelkeste gaskemedtien KMI:m jïh gaskebullegievliem jïh man jïjnje buajtehksvoete lea – dovne sïejhme buajtehksvoete (KMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) jïh buajtehksvoete tjåejjien bïjre (gaskebullegievlie > 88 cm gujnide jïh 102 ålmide) – SAMINOR-goerehtimmine mejtie tjïrrehti 2003–2004 jïh 2012–2014. Aalteren mietie staeriedamme gaskemedtien KMI jïh låhkoe sïejhme buajtehksvoetine læssani ålmide, men ij gujnide, SAMINOR 1-goerehtimmeste SAMINOR 2-goerehtæmman. Daate faamosne dovne saemide jïh jeatjabidie mah lin meatan SAMINOR-goerehtimmine. Gaskemedtien gaskebullegievlie tjarke læssani SAMINOR 1-goerehtimmeste SAMINOR 2-goerehtæmman dovne ålmide jïh gujnide jïh saemide jïh jeatjah almetjidie mah lin meatan. Illedahkh SAMINOR 2-goerehtimmeste vuesiehtieh saemien gujnh jollebe gaskemedtien KMI:m utnieh goh jeatjah gujnh jïh dej lea stuerebe gaskebullegievlie. Joekehtse lea unnebe ålmide gosse gaskemedtien KMI:m krööhkeste, mearan gaskebullegievlie lea vueliehkåbpoe saemien ålmide goh jeatjah ålmide. Gosse bæjjese fulkeme almetjh (aaltarisnie 36–69 jaepieh SAMINOR 1-goerehtimmesne mah lin meatan dovne SAMINOR 1- jïh SAMINOR 2-goerehtimmesne, dellie dïhte vuesehte doh nööremes aalteredåehkieh (36–44 jaepieh) mah leevlebe sjidtieh, dovne möölesovveme goh lissiehtimmie tjahtine jïh gaskebullegievlesne. Illedahkh noerhte-nöörjen dajvijste (SAMINOR 2) viertiestamme sjidtieh illedahkigujmie Tromsø 7-goerehtimmeste maam tjïrrehti 2015–2016 Romsesne. Dah aerviedieh dah mah lin meatan SAMINOR-goerehtimmesne, dovne ålma jïh gujnh, leah buajtahkåbpoe goh årrojh Romseste, jïh gujnh SAMINOR-goerehtimmesne aaj stuerebe gaskebullegievliem utnieh goh gujnh Romeste.
7. Diabetes mellitus SAMINOR-suohkanijn
Authors: Broderstad Ann Ragnhild , Naseribafrouei Ali , Jacobsen Bjarne K. , Melhus Marita
Published: March 2022

Diabetes mellitus (såhkårdávdda) la kronihkalasj ábnasmålssomskihpudahka gå varán la ilá alla såhkårsisadno. Jus rubmaha sella galggi nahkat såhkkårav bajás válldet ja boalldet de dárbahi insulijnav. Gå la diabiehtta sládja 2 de ij rubmaha ietjas insulijnna nuohkás buoragit dåjma. Navti edna såhkår varán báhtsá. Danen diagnåvsåv biedjá navti jut varrasåhkkårav mihtti. Vuorastuvvat, buojddot, ij buorre biebmojt bårråt jali ij heva labudit li ájnas sivá gå nágina oadtju diabiehtav sládja 2, ja duodden li giena ájnnasa. Diabiehtta sládja 2 lassán jåhtelit væráldin, ja skihpudahka la aj viek dábálasj Vuonan. SAMINOR-guoradallama baktu lip gehtjadam makta diabetes mellitus gávnnu sáme bájkijn, sierraláhkáj diabiehtta sládja 2. Såhkårdásse varán le guovte láhkáj mihttidum: plássmáglukåvsså (varrasåhkår) (sihke SAMINOR 1 ja SAMINOR 2) ja HbA1c (guhkesájggásasj varrasåhkår) (dåssju SAMINOR 2) Duodden gatjádalájma oassálasstijs gatjálvissjiemá baktu jus siján lij diabiehtta. Dát kapihtal åvddånbuktá ájnnasamos diabiehtta-gávnnusijt SAMINOR-guoradallamis ja la ienemusát Ali Naseribafrouei dåktårgráda milta jages 2019. Båhtusa vuosedi li baldedahtte alla diabiehttatálla mijá moattetjerdak álmmuga gaskan nuorttan. Muhtem suohkanijn li badjel 10 % viesádijn áldarin 40–79 jage diabiehtta sládja 2. Diabiehtta la dábálasj sihke nissunij ja ålmmåj gaskan, lehkusa sáme jali ælla. Muhtem analijsa vuosedi muhtem mudduj la ienep diabiehtta ja åvddådiabiehtta (åvddål oadtju diabiehtav) sámij gaskan, valla åbbålattjat ælla heva sieradusá sámij ja ietjá viesádij gaskan sáme årrombájkijn.
11. "Moraš lea lossat. Ii leat duššo vajálduhttit" – Iešsoarbmejeddjiid oapmahaččat sámi guovlluin
Authors: Silviken Anne , Berntsen Gro
Published: March 2022

Iešsorbmen lea fuopmášahtti servodat- ja álbmotdearvvašvuođaváttisvuohta globálalaččat ja sisriikkalaččat. Iešsorbmen dáhpáhuvvá maiddái sámi servodagain gos ollu gilit ja bearrašat leat bahuid vahágahtton. Eará sániiguin, Sámis leat ollu oapmahaččat maŋŋá iešsorbmema. Dát kapihtal čalmmustahttá iešguđetlágán hástalusaid maid oapmahaččat sámi guovlluin vásihit go deaivvadit báikkálaš veahkehanásahusain. Kapihttalis digaštallat hástalusaid čadnon dasa go galgá veahki oažžut smávva servodagažiin ja veahkkeásahusa váilevaš ipmárdusa. Loahpas problematiseret makkár mearkkašupmi lea máhtus ja ipmárdusas oapmahaččaid dilálašvuođa birra ja dan kultuvrralaš konteavsttas mas son eallá.
Fast and automated identification of reactions with low barriers using meta-MD simulations
Authors: Rasmussen Maria H. , Jensen Jan H.
Published: March 2022

We test our meta-molecular dynamics (MD) based approach for finding low-barrier (<30 kcal/mol) reactions on uni- and bimolecular reactions extracted from the barrier dataset developed by Grambow, Pattanaik & Green (2020). For unimolecular reactions the meta-MD simulations identify 25 of the 26 products found by Grambow, Pattanaik & Green (2020), while the subsequent semiempirical screening eliminates an additional four reactions due to an overestimation of the reaction energies or estimated barrier heights relative to DFT. In addition, our approach identifies 36 reactions not found by Grambow, Pattanaik & Green (2020), 10 of which are <30 kcal/mol. For bimolecular reactions the meta-MD simulations identify 19 of the 20 reactions found by Grambow, Pattanaik & Green (2020), while the subsequent semiempirical screening eliminates an additional reaction. In addition, we find 34 new low-barrier reactions. For bimolecular reactions we found that it is necessary to “encourage” the reactants to go to previously undiscovered products, by including products found by other MD simulations when computing the biasing potential as well as decreasing the size of the molecular cavity in which the MD occurs, until a reaction is observed. We also show that our methodology can find the correct products for two reactions that are more representative of those encountered in synthetic organic chemistry. The meta-MD hyperparameters used in this study thus appear to be generally applicable to finding low-barrier reactions.
Identification of potential biomarkers of vascular calcification using bioinformatics analysis and validation in vivo
Authors: Chen Chuanzhen , Wu Yinteng , Lu Hai-lin , Liu Kai , Qin Xiao
Published: March 2022

Background

Vascular calcification (VC) is the most widespread pathological change in diseases of the vascular system. However, we know poorly about the molecular mechanisms and effective therapeutic approaches of VC.

Methods

The VC dataset, GSE146638, was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Using the edgeR package to screen Differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and gene set variation analysis (GSVA) were used to find pathways affecting VC. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were performed on the DEGs. Meanwhile, using the String database and Cytoscape software to construct protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks and identify hub genes with the highest module scores. Correlation analysis was performed for hub genes. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, expression level analysis, GSEA, and subcellular localization were performed for each hub gene. Expression of hub genes in normal and calcified vascular tissues was verified by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) experiments. The hub gene-related miRNA-mRNA and TF-mRNA networks were constructed and functionally enriched for analysis. Finally, the DGIdb database was utilized to search for alternative drugs targeting VC hub genes.

Results

By comparing the genes with normal vessels, there were 64 DEGs in mildly calcified vessels and 650 DEGs in severely calcified vessels. Spp1, Sost, Col1a1, Fn1, and Ibsp were central in the progression of the entire VC by the MCODE plug-in. These hub genes are primarily enriched in ossification, extracellular matrix, and ECM-receptor interactions. Expression level results showed that Spp1, Sost, Ibsp, and Fn1 were significantly highly expressed in VC, and Col1a1 was incredibly low. RT-qPCR and IHC validation results were consistent with bioinformatic analysis. We found multiple pathways of hub genes acting in VC and identified 16 targeting drugs.

Conclusions

This study perfected the molecular regulatory mechanism of VC. Our results indicated that Spp1, Sost, Col1a1, Fn1, and Ibsp could be potential novel biomarkers for VC and promising therapeutic targets.
Что происходит в Керченском проливе, "Природа"
Authors: Немировская Инна Абрамовна , Завьялов Петр Олегович
Published: March 2022

Керченский пролив представляет собой коридор между Азовским и Черным морем. К сожалению, его по праву можно отнести к «горячим точкам» Черного моря. При изучении нефтяного загрязнения в Керченском проливе в 2019–2021 гг. во взвеси поверхностных вод были установлены значительные концентрации алифатических углеводородов: в среднем 91 мкг/л, что выше ПДК для нефтяных углеводородов (50 мкг/л) и выше значений в других районах Черного моря. В грубодисперсных осадках концентрации углеводородов также больше фоновых величин. Использование факторного анализа показало, что основной источник загрязнения — пирогенный (от сжигания топлива), в меньшей степени — нефтяной (от судоходства).
Экспедиция на Ундюлюнг: вверх по горной реке, "Природа"
Authors: Галанин Алексей Александрович
Published: March 2022

Рассказывается о подготовке и проведении комплексной научно-исследовательской российско-датской экспедиции, организованной летом 2021 г. для изучения хронологии четвертичных оледенений Восточной Сибири. Обсуждаются наиболее дискуссионные вопросы четвертичной истории региона: причины и размеры оледенений, возможность блокирования стока р.Лены и возникновения крупных подпрудно-ледниковых бассейнов и др. Ключевой целью экспедиции стала оценка масштабов и возраста оледенений Верхоянского хребта с помощью наиболее современных методов оптико-люминесцентного, космоизотопного и радиоуглеродного датирования.
VARANGICA: SCANDO–ROSSO–BYZANTINA СТЕНДЕР-ПЕТЕРСЕН Ад. ВАРАНГИКА: ИСТОРИКО-ФИЛОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ / пер. с нем., фр. и англ. В.И. Матузовой, под общ. ред. Е.А. Мельниковой. М.: Варфоломеев Ф.Д., 2021. 384 с., портр., "Средние века"
Authors: Бибиков М.В.
Published: March 2022

В рецензируемой книге впервые публикуются на русском языке переводы монографии и статей классика русско-скандинавских исследований – Адольфа Стендер-Петерсена, где в комплексе исследуются проблемы историко-культурного взаимодействия Византии, Руси и Скандинавии в IX–XI вв. Этимологии обозначений скандинавов в древнерусских памятниках рассматриваются в широком историко-культурном контексте с учетом эволюции их значений. Рецензент предлагает свою версию происхождения монастыря Рос(ов) на Афоне в свете анализируемой проблематики.
ШОЛЛЕ Л. САРАЦИНЫ СЕВЕРА: ИСТОРИЯ БАЛТИЙСКОГО КРЕСТОВОГО ПОХОДА, РАССКАЗАННАЯ В ЛИТЕРАТУРЕ (XIII–XV вв.). Невшатель: Изд-во Альфил, 2019. 545 с., "Средние века"
Authors: Лучицкая С.И.
Published: March 2022

Рецензируемый труд посвящен истории балтийских крестовых походов – теме, интерес к которой существенно возрос в последние 20 лет. В отличие от предыдущих исследований, основанных главным образом на немецких и латинских текстах, в фокусе рассматриваемой книги – литературные тексты на старофранцузском языке XIII–XV вв. Благодаря этой французской перспективе автору удалось по-новому взглянуть на известный сюжет и ответить на главный поставленный в исследовании вопрос: как балтийские крестовые походы и особенно воображаемый балтийский мир способствовали созданию европейского образа инаковости и границы христианства. Кроме того, в книге представлен исчерпывающий анализ источников и актуальных исследований по теме. В целом труд Л. Шолле послужит отличным введением в историю балтийских крестовых походов для учащихся и специалистов по другим темам истории крестоносного движения.
НОРМАНДСКАЯ ХРОНИКА ПЬЕРА КОШОНА / изд.: М.В. Аникиев, А.Ю. Карачинский, В.В. Шишкин. СПб.: Наука, 2021. 784 с., "Средние века"
Authors: Калмыкова Е.В.
Published: March 2022

В рецензии анализируется первое русское издание «Нормандской хроники Пьера Кошона». Помимо разбора источника в центре внимания рецензента – труд переводчика и исследователя М.В. Аникиева, внесшего весомый вклад в изучение истории средневековой Франции.
ВИНОКУРОВА М.В. ОБЫЧАИ ГОРОДОВ СРЕДНЕВЕКОВОЙ АНГЛИИ. М.; СПб.: Центр гуманитарных инициатив, 2021. 484 с., "Средние века"
Authors: Дмитриева О.В.
Published: March 2022

Рецензия посвящена монографии М.В. Винокуровой, в которой рассматривается развитие городских обычаев английских городов на протяжении Средних веков и раннего Нового времени, их взаимоотношение с нормами общего права королевства и роль в становлении последнего. На основе разнообразных по характеру записей городских обычаев автор реконструирует яркую картину социальной реальности и правовой культуры средневекового города.
ТАРЛЕ Е.В. РОССИЯ И ЗАПАД: ИЗ НЕОПУБЛИКОВАННОГО И ЗАБЫТОГО / [сост., подгот. к печати, вступ. ст. и коммент. Б.С. Кагановича]. СПб.: Дмитрий Буланин, 2020. 528 с., "Средние века"
Authors: Юсим М.А.
Published: March 2022

Борис Соломонович Каганович посвятил свои исследования судьбам и творчеству российских историков ХХ в., и одним из главных его героев стал академик Е.В. Тарле. В подготовленный Б.С. Кагановичем сборник, который увидел свет, к сожалению, уже после безвременной кончины составителя, вошли небольшие статьи, протоколы выступлений Тарле, его воспоминания и воспоминания о нем. Эти малоизвестные или публикуемые впервые тексты характеризуют разносторонние дарования и увлечения знаменитого историка, знакомят с его мыслями и поступками, предлагают задуматься над их логикой, подсказанной коллизиями непростого времени, в которое он жил.
Lateral mobility of FcγRIIa is reduced by protein kinase C activation
Authors: Zhang Fen , Yang Bing , Odin Joseph A. , Shen Zhenhai , Lin Ching-Tai , Unkeless Jay C. , Jacobson Ken
Published: July 2002

The lateral mobility of membrane proteins can reflect the extent of various protein‐protein interactions. Using the fluorescence recovery after photobleaching technique, we have studied the lateral mobility of human FcγRIIa and some FcγRIIa mutants expressed in either P388D1 cells, a mouse macrophagelike cell line, or in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells [1]. After treatment with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), only the FcγRIIa molecules capable of mediating rapid endocytosis of immune complexes exhibited a reduced lateral diffusion coefficient with respect to untreated controls. Wild type FcγRIIa expressed in CHO cells, and nonfunctional FcγRIIa mutants expressed in P388D1 cells did not show any differences upon PMA treatment. This finding suggests that protein kinase C activation evokes additional protein‐protein interactions with the cytoplasmic domain of functional FcγRIIa, which reduced receptor lateral mobility. The identity of these putative interacting proteins and the nature of the interactions remain to be elucidated.
Vertebrate pseudogenes
Authors: Mighell A.J. , Smith N.R. , Robinson P.A. , Markham A.F.
Published: July 2002

Pseudogenes are commonly encountered during investigation of the genomes of a wide range of life forms. This review concentrates on vertebrate, and in particular mammalian, pseudogenes and describes their origin and subsequent evolution. Consideration is also given to pseudogenes that are transcribed and to the unusual group of genes that exist at the interface between functional genes and non‐functional pseudogenes. As the sequences of different genomes are characterised, the recognition and interpretation of pseudogene sequences will become more important and have a greater impact in the field of molecular genetics.
Ro 31‐6045, the inactive analogue of the protein kinase C inhibitor Ro 31‐8220, blocks in vivo activation of p70s6k/p85s6k: implications for the analysis of S6K signalling
Authors: Marmy-Conus Nelly , Hannan Katherine M , Pearson Richard B
Published: July 2002

The mitogen‐stimulated protein kinase p70s6k/p85s6k (S6K) plays an essential role in cell proliferation and growth, with inhibitors of the S6K signalling pathway showing promise as anti‐tumour therapeutics. Here, we report that the bisindolylmaleimide derivative Ro 31‐6045, previously reported to be inactive as a kinase inhibitor, inhibited S6K activity in vivo with an IC50=8 μM. Structure/function analysis using mutant forms of S6K indicates that Ro 31‐6045 inhibition is independent of the upstream activator mTOR. Ro 31‐6045 will prove useful in elucidating the complex activation mechanism of S6K and its independence from mTOR will allow confirmation of functional data obtained using the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin.
A comparison of intervention with losartan or captopril in acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Spinar J. , Vitovec J. , Spinarova L. , Pluhacek L. , Fischerova B. , Toman J.
Published: July 2002

Aim of study:

Angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors prolong life, lower the progression of heart failure, and decrease the need for hospitalizations in patients after myocardial infarctions. It is still unclear whether these effects could also be achieved by blocking the angiotensin II (ATII) type 1 receptor.

Methods and results:

We randomized 201 patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with either direct angioplasty, thrombolysis, or heparin alone to the ACE inhibitor captopril or the ATII antagonist losartan. The primary endpoints were safety, tolerability, and left ventricular parameters. The patients were followed for at least 15 days. The incidence of severe adverse events was similar in both groups, although cough presented less often in the losartan group. Captopril failed to prevent an increase in end‐diastolic volume and did not influence left ventricular end‐systolic volume. This effect led to an increase in the left ventricular ejection fraction (P<0.001) without a change in wall‐motion index. Losartan did not affect end‐diastolic volume but decreased end‐systolic volume (P<0.001), resulting in a significant increase in left ventricular ejection fraction (P<0.001) and a decrease in wall‐motion index (P<0.001).

Conclusion:

This study suggests that losartan is safe and well tolerated in patients after myocardial infarction. ATII antagonists seem to have a more pronounced effect on left ventricular remodeling than ACE inhibitors.
Simple Substrate Feeding Rate Control Mechanism for Optimizing the Steady State Productivity of a Class of Continuous Fermentation Processes
Authors: Nguang Sing Kiong , Chen Xiao Dong
Published: July 2002

This paper considers the problem of optimizing the productivity of a class of continuous fermentation processes which is described by an unstructured fermentation process model. By applying the first principle known by biotechnologists, for a prefixed dilution rate, we develop a simple substrate feeding rate control mechanism for optimizing the steady state productivity without knowing some of the process' parameters. Furthermore, we also show that this simple control law is robust against measurement noise and the variation of process' parameters.
Cloning and Expression of Vitreoscilla Hemoglobin Gene in Burkholderia sp. Strain DNT for Enhancement of 2,4‐Dinitrotoluene Degradation
Authors: Patel Sangeeta M. , Stark Benjamin C. , Hwang Kwang‐Woo , Dikshit Kanak L. , Webster Dale A.
Published: July 2002

The gene (vgb) encoding the hemoglobin (VHb) of Vitreoscilla sp. was cloned into a broad host range vector and stably transformed into Burkholderia (formerly Pseudomonas) sp. strain DNT, which is able to degrade and metabolize 2,4‐dinitrotoluene (DNT). Vgb was stably maintained and expressed in functional form in this recombinant strain (YV1). When growth of YV1, in both tryptic soy broth and minimal salts broth containing DNT and yeast extract, was compared with that of the untransformed strain, YV1 grew significantly better on a cell mass basis (A600) and reached slightly higher maximum viable cell numbers. YV1 also had roughly twice the respiration as strain DNT on a cell mass basis, and in DNT‐containing medium, YV1 degraded DNT faster than the untransformed strain. YV1 cells pregrown in medium containing DNT plus succinate showed the fastest degradation: 100% of the initial 200 ppm DNT was removed from the medium within 3 days.
The inhibition of the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase by macrocyclic lactones and cyclosporin A
Authors: BILMEN Jonathan G. , WOOTTON Laura L. , MICHELANGELI Francesco
Published: July 2002

The pharmacology of macrocyclic lactones is varied, with many beneficial effects in treating disease processes. FK-506, rapamycin and ascomycin have been utilized as immunosuppressant agents. Ivermectin is typically used to treat parasitic worm infections in mammals. Another immunosuppressant, cyclosporin A, is a cyclic oligotide that has similar immunosuppressant properties to those exerted by macrocyclic lactones. Here we report on the inhibition by these compounds of sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic-reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) Ca2+ pumps. Ivermectin, cyclosporin A and rapamycin all inhibited the skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA1). In addition, although ivermectin inhibited brain microsomal endoplasmic reticulum (type 2b) Ca2+-ATPase, cyclosporin A and rapamycin did not. As cyclosporin A also did not inhibit cardiac Ca2+-ATPase activity, this would suggest that it could be an isoform-specific inhibitor. Ivermectin was shown to be the most potent Ca2+-ATPase inhibitor of the macrocyclic lactones (IC50 = 7μM). It appears to show a ‘competitive’ inhibition with respect to high concentrations of ATP by increasing the regulatory binding site Km but without affecting the catalytic site Km. In addition, ivermectin stabilizes the ATPase in an E1 conformational state, and inhibits Ca2+ release from the enzyme during turnover. This would suggest that ivermectin inhibits Ca2+ release from the luminal binding sites of the phosphoenzyme intermediate, a step that is known to be accelerated by high [ATP].
Evaluation of potential regulatory elements identified as DNase I hypersensitive sites in the CFTR gene
Authors: Phylactides Marios , Rowntree Rebecca , Nuthall Hugh , Ussery David , Wheeler Ann , Harris Ann
Published: July 2002

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene shows a complex pattern of expression, with temporal and spatial regulation that is not accounted for by elements in the promoter. One approach to identifying the regulatory elements for CFTR is the mapping of DNase I hypersensitive sites (DHS) within the locus. We previously identified at least 12 clusters of DHS across the CFTR gene and here further evaluate DHS in introns 2, 3, 10, 16, 17a, 18, 20 and 21 to assess their functional importance in regulation of CFTR gene expression. Transient transfections of enhan‐ cer/reporter constructs containing the DHS regions showed that those in introns 20 and 21 augmented the activity of the CFTR promoter. Structural analysis of the DNA sequence at the DHS suggested that only the one intron 21 might be caused by inherent DNA structures. Cell specificity of the DHS suggested a role for the DHS in introns 2 and 18 in CFTR expression in some pancreatic duct cells. Finally, regulatory elements at the DHS in introns 10 and 18 may contribute to upregulation of CFTR gene transcription by forskolin and mitomycin C, respectively. These data support a model of regulation of expression of the CFTR gene in which multiple elements contribute to tightly co‐ordinated expression in vivo.
Human milk provides peptides highly stimulating the growth of bifidobacteria
Authors: Liepke Cornelia , Adermann Knut , Raida Manfred , Mägert Hans‐Jürgen , Forssmann Wolf‐Georg , Zucht Hans‐Dieter
Published: July 2002

The large intestine of breast‐fed infants is colonized predominantly by bifidobacteria, which have a protective effect against acute diarrhea. In this study we report for the first time the identification of human milk peptides that selectively stimulate the growth of bifidobacteria. Several bifidogenic peptides were purified chromatographically from pepsin‐treated human milk and identified as proteolytically generated fragments from the secretory component of the soluble polyimmunoglobulin receptor and lactoferrin; both of these proteins exhibit antimicrobial effects. Hydrolysis of the identified peptides with the gastrointestinal proteases pepsin, trypsin and chymotrypsin did not lead to the loss of bifidogenic activity, indicating their potential function in vivo. Sequential comparison revealed a similar structural motif within the identified peptides. A correspondingly designed small peptide (prebiotic lactoferrin‐derived peptide‐I, PRELP‐I) was found to stimulate the growth of bifidobacteria as effectively as the native peptides. The combination of antimicrobial and bifidobacterial growth stimulatory activity in human milk proteins leads to highly specific compounds capable of regulating the microbial composition of infants' large intestine.
Human membrane cofactor protein (MCP, CD 46) protects transgenic pig hearts from hyperacute rejection in primates
Authors: Adams David H. , Kadner Alexander , Chen Raymond H. , Farivar R. Saeid , Logan John S. , Diamond Lisa E.
Published: July 2002

Abstract: Recently, we and others have shown the prolongation of xenograft survival with the use of transgenic pigs bearing human CD 59 and DAF complement regulatory proteins (CRP). We now report heart transplantation using a new line of transgenic pigs bearing a different human CRP, membrane cofactor protein (MCP, CD 46). We transplanted three MCP transgenic and three wild‐type porcine hearts into baboons suppressed with cyclosporine, methylprednisone, and rapamycin or cyclophosphamide. In addition, recipients were treated with extracorporeal plasma perfusion to remove α‐Gal reactivity. The wild‐type grafts were rapidly rejected at 60 to 80 min. Two functioning MCP hearts were removed after 5 and 46 h for histological examination. One MCP heart showed vigorous function until postoperative day 16. Immunohistochemistry of both wild‐type and MCP‐transgenic hearts showed strong deposition of IgM. In contrast, there was less MAC deposition in the transgenic graft as compared to the wild‐type control. MCP is another CRP capable of decreasing the features of hyperacute rejection of cardiac xenografts in baboon recipients.
Anti‐prothrombin antibodies: assay conditions and clinical associations in the anti‐phospholipid syndrome
Authors: Donohoe Siobhán , Mackie Ian J. , Isenberg David , Machin Samuel J.
Published: July 2002

Anti‐phospholipid antibodies (aPL) are associated with an increased risk of thrombosis and recurrent fetal loss. Antibodies to prothrombin (aPT) have been associated with the anti‐phospholipid syndrome (aPS). We assessed variations in aPT assay methodology to optimize an aPT method that was used to screen patients with aPS (n = 66). Detection of aPT using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay was influenced by the concentration of the capture antigen, the microtitre plate type and the buffer system. The combination of γ‐irradiated plates, a phosphate‐buffered saline buffer and coating antigen of 10 μg/ml prothrombin was the most sensitive. Both serum and citrate samples are suitable for the detection of aPT. Under these conditions aPT IgM but not IgG were found to be associated with thrombosis and/or fetal loss.
Resveratrol, a natural dietary phytoalexin, possesses similar properties to hydroxyurea towards erythroid differentiation
Authors: Rodrigue Christelle M. , Arous Nicole , Bachir Dora , Smith‐Ravin Juliette , Romeo Paul‐Henri , Galacteros Frédéric , Garel Marie‐Claude
Published: July 2002

Resveratrol, a natural dietary polyphenol, has been postulated to be implicated in the cardioprotective effect of red wine and the low incidence of breast and prostate cancers among vegetarians and Orientals respectively. This compound inhibits ribonucleotide reductase as does hydroxyurea, the first therapeutic agent used in the treatment of sickle cell disease. Using the human erythroleukaemic K562 cell line as an in vitro model, we show here that 50 μmol/l of resveratrol induced a higher haemoglobin production (sevenfold) in K562 cells than 500 μmol/l of hydroxyurea (3·5‐fold). This erythroid differentiation was linked to a dose‐ and time‐dependent inhibition of cell proliferation associated with an equivalent increased expression of p21 mRNA, but with a higher increased level of p21 protein (sixfold) for cells treated with resveratrol than for those treated with hydroxyurea (1·5‐fold). We also show that 50 μmol/l of resveratrol and 25 μmol/l of hydroxyurea induced variable but similar inhancements of fetal haemoglobin synthesis in cultured erythroid progenitors for the majority of the sickle cell patients studied. These inductions were linked to, but not correlated with, a variable decrease in erythroid burst‐forming unit clone number. Taken together, these results show that resveratrol merits further investigations in sickle cell disease therapy.
Bacterial translocation in patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm repair
Authors: Woodcock N P , Sudheer V , El-Barghouti N , Perry E P , MacFie J
Published: July 2002

Background

Bacterial translocation occurs in humans and is associated with an increased incidence of septic morbidity. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of bacterial translocation in patients undergoing open abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair and to identify any association with postoperative septic complications.

Methods

This was a prospective observational study in which patients undergoing aneurysm repair were assessed for evidence of bacterial translocation by culture of a mesenteric lymph node (MLN), small bowel serosal exudate and thrombus within the aneurysm. All postoperative septic complications were recorded.

Results

A total of 51 patients was studied (40 men, 11 women; median age 72 years). Enteric bacteria were isolated from the MLNs of five patients (prevalence of bacterial translocation 10 per cent), one of whom also yielded growth from the serosal exudate. Septic morbidity occurred in four of five patients in whom bacterial translocation was identified, compared with nine of 46 in those without translocation (P = 0·013, Fisher's exact test, mid P). One patient in whom Escherichia coli was grown from the MLN developed an aortoenteric fistula, with a coliform species isolated from the graft.

Conclusion

This study suggests that bacterial translocation occurs in patients undergoing AAA repair. It is associated with an increased incidence of postoperative septic morbidity and provides a possible mechanism for infection of prosthetic aortic grafts.
Temperature‐regulated efflux pump/potassium antiporter system mediates resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides in Yersinia
Authors: Bengoechea José Antonio , Skurnik Mikael
Published: July 2002

Most bacterial pathogens are resistant to cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) that are key components of the innate immunity of both vertebrates and invertebrates. In Gram‐negative bacteria, the known CAMPs resistance mechanisms involve outer membrane (OM) modifications and specifically those in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecule. Here we report, the characterization of a novel CAMPs resistance mechanism present in Yersinia that is dependent on an efflux pump/potassium antiporter system formed by the RosA and RosB proteins. The RosA/RosB system is activated by a temperature shift to 37°C, but is also induced by the presence of the CAMPs, such as polymyxin B. This is the first report of a CAMPs resistance system that is induced by the presence of CAMPs. It is proposed that the RosA/RosB system protects the bacteria by both acidifying the cytoplasm to prevent the CAMPs action and pumping the CAMPs out of the cell.
Oxalate content of foods and its effect on humans
Authors: Bsc Sc Noonan , Gp Savage Bsc(hons), PhD, Nz Reg NutR.
Published: July 2002

Oxalic acid and its salts occur as end products of metabolism in a number of plant tissues. When these plants are eaten they may have an adverse effect because oxalates bind calcium and other minerals. While oxalic acid is a normal end product of mammalian metabolism, the consumption of additional oxalic acid may cause stone formation in the urinary tract when the acid is excreted in the urine. Soaking and cooking of foodstuffs high in oxalate will reduce the oxalate content by leaching. The mean daily intake of oxalate in English diets has been calculated to be 70–150 mg, with tea appearing to contribute the greatest proportion of oxalate in these diets; rhubarb, spinach and beet are other common high oxalate‐content foods. Vegetarians who consume greater amounts of vegetables will have a higher intake of oxalates, which may reduce calcium availability. This may be an increased risk factor for women, who require greater amounts of calcium in the diet. In humans, diets low in calcium and high in oxalates are not recommended but the occasional consumption of high oxalate foods as part of a nuritious diet does not pose any particular problem.