bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Wassermann Reaction, and especially its Significance in Relation to General Paralysis
Authors: Browning Carl Hamilton , McKenzie Ivy
Published: August 2008

The discovery by Schaudinn of the Spirochæta pallida was the starting-point of an extensive series of investigations which have thrown much light on the nature of syphilitic infection and its consequences. Reliable authorities are agreed as to the aetiological relationship between this organism and syphilitic disease, and its presence can with ease be demonstrated in chancres, syphilides, and the tissues of cases of congenital syphilis. In tertiary lesions its presence has been noted in gummata and in aortitis, though only in a very few cases. In the so-called para-syphilitic diseases it has not yet been seen. If it be the case that the presence of the organism be indispensable to the production of tertiary and para-syphilitic lesions, the difficulty of demonstrating it may be due to one or both of the following causes: (1) The organisms may be present in another form representing a different stage in their life cycle; or (2) they may be so few in number as to render demonstration extremely difficult, as is the case with the tubercle bacillus in the lesions of chronic fibroid phthisis. The difficulty consequent on a paucity in numbers may be enhanced by difficulty in staining. Two methods of staining the spirochete are in use–Giemsa's stain for film preparations, and a silver impregnation method for the examination of tissues. It is a remarkable fact that tissue which shows enormous numbers of silver impregnated organisms may show very few or none at all in the films stained by Giemsa's method, while on the other hand we have noted an extreme variability in the extent to which impregnation by silver may be obtained; for example, if the tissues of a syphilitic infant be fixed soon after death and while still in a very fresh state, impregnation may be very slight in some parts and distinct in others; thus, in the case of a syphilitic pneumonia, the organisms in the fresh proliferating pneumonic tissue are not seen, or are represented by delicate spirals which are recognised with difficulty, while in the desquamating and degenerating epithelium of the bronchi they may be much more distinct. It is, on the other hand, a striking fact that the spirochaetes in a syphilitic fætus which has been dead for some time are usually impregnated easily with silver, and this is in accord with other observations in the use of the silver impregnation method in demonstrating structures.
Insane Movements and Obsession
Authors: Baskin J. Lougheed
Published: August 2008

One cannot visit the wards of an asylum without realising that there are many types of mental disease, each with its own symptoms and physical signs, and that intercurrent and overlapping affections of the mind are especially common; thus, in maniacal excitement you may find delusions, in paranoia you find delusions with marked impairment of judgment, in general paralysis you get, in addition to physical signs, delusions, which vary from the facility of the early period to the more difficult mentation found in the advanced age, so that here we have three distinct types of disease, each of which may have delusions, and the delusions may all be of the exalted variety— the patients may consider themselves gods, kings, or mighty personages. The progress of research has had more difficulties to contend with in the subject of mind than in almost any other. It is a subject which is intangible, yet its reactions can be timed. It is unseen, yet its force can manifest itself in various ways through various channels, and it is even possible to transfer it from one person to another if the medium is so constituted, as in hypnotism, thought transference, and similar phenomena. It may occur to you to ask why has the subject of insane movement and obsession been chosen for this paper; well, gentlemen, for some years it has been my lot to witness, on my daily round of the wards, grotesque movements, antics and pantomimic display by patients, which, were they not interesting as symptoms and physical signs of nervous disease, might otherwise be depressing because of their meaninglessness. About three years ago, however, I had my attention drawn to a woman who seemed engaged in making movements, the precise character of which I had not read of or seen before in any asylum. I shall show you this patient making these movements by means of the cinematograph. We would have brought her here only she obstinately refuses to operate when watched, and it was necessary to have the cinematograph pictures focussed through a partly open window when she least suspected observation. Gentlemen, we are well acquainted with such terms as insane acts, insane expression, insane language, insane conduct, and insane movements.
The Bacillus Paralyticans
Authors: Williamson Geo. Scott
Published: August 2008

This research was undertaken to establish, as far as possible, Drs. Ford Robertson's and McRae's ætiological hypothesis for general paralysis of the insane. It is hardly necessary to emphasise the importance of giving the fullest consideration to this theory, being, as it is, the first serious attempt of its kind to bring mental disturbance into the category of physical disease, to establish the wealth of histological observation in its place as an effect, and to break from the bugbear of metaphysics and perversion of psychic function. I should like to make it clear that though this research may controvert the ætiological significance of the bacilli of Ford Robertson, it in no wise attacks the fundamental theory of a toxic cause acting through the very definite channels of infection established by Drs. Orr and Rows.
The Mental Symptoms in Cases of Exophthalmic Goitre and Their Treatment
Authors: Gilmour John R.
Published: August 2008

Changes in the mental condition of the patient are frequently to be recognised as one of the earliest symptoms of exophthalmic goitre. These mental changes may be present before the cardiac or ocular symptoms have been established and before the changes in the thyroid have been observed. The most common feature is an intense and indefinable agitation leading to a more or less marked motor and mental restlessness, which causes the patient to look for constant change in her surroundings and work. There is an inability to settle long to any one occupation or recreation. Work begun with a feeling of relief at the change involved soon becomes irksome, is then done only with an effort, and with the cumulative feeling of effort and concentration required soon causes distress and the work is laid aside. Any sudden noise, any unexpected news, any of the ordinary disturbing elements of everyday life may be followed by an attack of palpitation lasting some hours, and yet, in spite of this, there is an imperative desire to keep moving; to go where such incidents may be experienced. Dr. Geo. Murray, in the Bradshaw Lecture of 1905, states that he has not noticed this craving for entertainment. It seems to be entirely a question of degree. If the stimulus is moderate there may be pleasure in its fulfilment; if more marked it may pass into an apprehensive dread with inhibition of this desire.
The Occurrence of Organisms in the Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid in Mental Diseases
Authors: Muirhead Winifred
Published: August 2008

In the mass of conflicting evidence which has accumulated in recent years as to whether organisms are the exciting factor in the production of certain insanities, I have found it difficult to discriminate between cause and effect. Is the organism or group of organisms the specific pathogenesis of certain insanities or merely a bacteræmia secondary to the psychosis?
Some Points concerning the Diagnosis and General Treatment of the Feeble-Minded
Authors: Dawson W. R.
Published: August 2008

The class of defectives with which I propose to deal briefly in certain of its aspects consists of those persons over school age who are capable of earning a living in favourable circumstances, but are incapable, from mental defect existing from birth or from an early age, (a) of competing on equal terms with their normal fellows, or (b) of managing themselves and their affairs with ordinary prudence—a definition which, though rather rough, may be accepted as of some value in practice. Such persons have been found by the Royal Commission on the Feeble-Minded to constitute about 40 per cent. of all aments in the United Kingdom; and it has been estimated that their numbers in England and Wales amount to between 50,000 and 60,000. In my investigation, in the City of Dublin I found 365, or 30 per cent. of all aments. Thus they deserve separate study from their numbers alone, apart from the fact that, owing to their relatively high intelligence, they at once are more dangerous socially, and repay help better, than any other class of aments.
Two Cases of Hysteria, Treated by Suggestion, with an Account of some Experiments in Hypnotism
Authors: Middlemiss J. E.
Published: August 2008

One of the subjects of the following remarks, J. R—, was shown at the Spring Meeting of the Scottish Branch of the Medico-Psychological Association, held at Gartloch Asylum in March, 1910. This case is reported in the Journal of Mental Science for July of that year. The other patient, J. S—, came under my care in May, 1910, and his history is so far unrecorded. As there are many points of similarity in the two cases, it will save time to describe them together in so far as they resemble one another, and then later to indicate the differences between the two.
A Case of Moral Insanity with Pyromania
Authors: MacPhail H. D.
Published: August 2008

The following are a few notes of an interesting case of a male patient, who was admitted here in July, 1910, after giving himself up to the police, because he had an uncontrollable desire to set fire to haystacks:
The Presence in Blood Sera of Substances which have an Activating or Inhibitory Effect on the Hæmolytic Properties of Cobra Venom
Authors: Ross Charles James
Published: August 2008

Medical science on the experimental side has been productive of no more interesting or fruitful results than those which have appeared in connection with the study of hæmolysis. The groundwork of this subject was laid by Bordet (1) in 1900 by the discovery of the fact that an immune serum contains a thermostable substance (immune body), which, in the presence of the original immunising agent (blood-corpuscles or bacteria), is capable of absorbing complement; that is to say, a hæmolytic or bacteriolytic serum heated to 57° C. for an hour will lose its power of lysing the homologous blood or organisms, but it will retain thermostable substances whose activity can be restored by the addition of fresh non-immune serum.
The Sterilisation of the Insane
Authors: Faulks E.
Published: August 2008

Gentlemen,—The subject which I purpose bringing up for discussion to-day appears to be one which is well suited to debate by such a meeting as this. The various proposals are comparatively new in literature, and more so in open debate by learned societies. It is a matter which you, as mental experts, are eminently fitted to give valuable opinions upon, few other associations having any knowledge of, or interest in, the conditions of mental life and growth which are alone responsible for the origination of these proposals.
Observations on Indoxyl in the Urine of Epileptics: A Preliminary Contribution on Epileptic Metabolism
Authors: Baugh Leonard D. H.
Published: August 2008

Undoubtedly in the past, the prominence of the major seizures in epilepsy led to a focussing of attention on the fit itself, while the accompanying phenomena were ignored or received scant attention. More recently the study of the phenomena associated with the seizures has increased our knowledge, and we realise that by epilepsy we refer to a “symptom-complex” (1). With regard to metabolic processes which occur, and which appear to be of importance, very little has been elucidated, although much work has been done on examination of body fluids, etc. With the hope that it may induce others to join in an endeavour to throw some light on these processes, this is presented, as a preliminary contribution from work done here on the study of epileptic metabolism. The paper is devoted mainly to the consideration of the indoxyl voided in the urine. The clinical examination of the urine of epileptics has been carried on since December, 1905. In the paper attention is drawn to brief summaries which show some of the variations in the output of indoxyl, and a modification of Jaffe's test submitted, which, it is considered, makes for greater clinical accuracy.
Psychotherapy in Mental Disorders
Authors: Graham William
Published: August 2008

In discussing this theme before a scientific assembly it is needless for me to say that I make no claim to be the bearer of a new revelation, or the creator of a revolutionary therapeutic. My function is much more modest; it is to raise some questions that may lead to profitable argument, questions which have excited great attention in psychological circles in France, Germany and America, and yet which have scarcely stirred a ripple of interest amongst ourselves. Men of international reputation assure us that they have applied with singular success these psychical methods in the treatment of certain forms of mental disturbance, and our excellent English textbooks in psychiatry either ignore the whole subject or put the reader off with a few superficial remarks that afford no practical insight into the matter. Such men as Freud, Jung and Prince may publish their refined and delicate analyses and we continue to repeat our well-worn formulas, never dreaming for a moment that these men may have something to teach us. Their theories may be right or wrong, but their therapeutic successes are not open to question. Surely here, in Ireland, amid a population peculiarly amenable to psychic influence, it is for us of especial moment to learn how such influence may be exercised and by what methods it can be brought to bear upon disordered personalities. My purpose, then, is to make clear what these methods are, to indicate their strength and their weakness, and to show their bearing on mental hygiene.
Note on Hereditary Insanity from a Practical Standpoint
Authors: Leeper R. R.
Published: August 2008

At this time and place it would be presumptuous of me and disrespectful to your knowledge and experience were I to claim any startling originality for this short paper.
Some Statistics about Sterilisation of the Insane
Authors: Daniel A. W.
Published: August 2008

The prevention of the propagation of degenerates, more especially of the insane, is a matter of almost daily discussion among those interested in insanity, and it is also discussed and as a rule advocated in medical journals, asylum medical superintendents' reports, and even in the daily press.
Some Dreams and their Significance
Authors: Savage George H.
Published: August 2008

Gentlemen, According to promise, I shall give you a short paper on a subject which at first sight may not seem to have a very practical value, but I hope to be able to show you that the land of dreams may provide something both of interest to the physician and to the philosopher.
The Varieties of Dementia, and the Question of Dementia in Relation to Responsibility
Authors: Jones Robert
Published: August 2008

The questions I particularly desire to raise in order to ascertain the opinion of my fellow-members are three: (1) the actual meaning of the technical term “dementia” and the variety or varieties seen or met with as primary conditions; (2) the amount of “mental weakness” which this term connotes, i.e., that exists compatible with responsibility or liability to punishment; and (3) the question whether there can exist such a condition as partial against complete insanity, and, therefore, also partial as contrasted with complete responsibility.
France
Authors: Semelaigne René
Published: August 2008

In a Paris restaurant on January 2nd, 1911, an alcoholic shot and killed, without provocation, a peaceful diner. Dr. Vallon, the medical expert, concluded that the accused, who had a family history of insanity, was a congenital deséquilibré, a chronic inebriate addicted to alcohol and ether; that the murder had been committed in a state of intoxication, and had been forgotten by the prisoner; that he was not insane, and was criminally responsible; that, nevertheless, in consideration of his hereditary and acquired predisposition he might be considered as having been in a state of pathological inebriation at the time when the act alleged against him was committed; and that in consequence his responsibility was modified. The trial took place on August 3rd, and the accused was acquitted and discharged; but the members of the jury in a letter to the Ministre de la Justice represented that criminals acquitted as irresponsible, remained a danger to the public safety, and earnestly requested that the competent authority should send such persons to custody in a specially constituted establishment, to be detained until it should be duly certified that they were no longer dangerous.
Moral Insanity
Authors: Steen Robert Hunter
Published: August 2008

At the present time when the Mental Deficiency Bill is before Parliament a discussion on the above subject may be of some interest to the readers of the Journal of Mental Science.
France
Authors: Semelaigne René
Published: August 2008

Two Bills presented to the Chambre des Députés, recognising insanity as a ground for divorce, have not yet been debated. According to the motion of M. Maurice Violette, detention in an asylum during three consecutive years is necessary, and the applicant must submit, with an interval of one year, three requests for the nomination of two physicians for the purpose of examining the patient and attesting incurability. The writ has to quote the three reports, and divorce cannot be granted unless the signers unanimously certify that such insane person no longer presents any prospect of recovery. The Bill of M. Maurice Colin requires also as an indispensable condition a detention of three consecutive years in an asylum and a certificate of incurability; but even subsequently to the divorce, the successful applicant remains responsible for the maintenance of the lunatic. M. Maurice Colin gives as a characteristic mark of incurable insanity the disappearance, without any possible return, of intellectual and moral personality. But he repels the plea for divorce when this condition is a consequence of senility.
A Descriptive Notice of the Sussex Lunatic Asylum, Hayward's Heath (opened 25th July, 1859);
Authors: Robertson C. Lockhart
Published: August 2008

In laying before the members of this Association a descriptive notice of the Sussex Lunatic Asylum, it is my grateful task to record the obligations I am under to several of its most distinguished members for the aid and counsel they so liberally lent to me while engaged in the task of fitting and furnishing this asylum, and bringing it into working order; an undertaking, I venture to add, more difficult than one, who has not personally tried it, would suppose.
Edgar Allan Poe
Authors: Maudsley Henry
Published: August 2008

“Given a force acted upon by certain other forces, and the result is as good as mathematically sure. Men, like trees, grow according to their nature and their circumstances …. Freewill is only force, and all force is determined, first automatically, that is by its own law or nature, and action of other forces.”—Infanti Perduti, Edinburgh Essays.

“All force in action is what we call free, but all force must be determined to action which is what we call necessity-A man does not stand distinct from nature but in it: the forcewhich his will represents comes not entirely from without, nor is it generated Solelywithin; it is the result of the action of a certain organization upon outer forces, a development of force into a higher manifestation according to fundamental laws of the universe.”
Some Features of the Recent Outbreak of Enteric Fever at Omagh District Asylum
Authors: O'Doherty Patrick
Published: August 2008

Though the subject of enteric fever would not seem to come within the purview of this Association, yet special features, mental and otherwise, of the outbreak in Omagh Asylum in the end of last year prompted me to put some of the facts before the members of the Irish Division. They will pardon me if they find my remarks rather bald, being mere records of observations, but I hope they will not be altogether uninteresting.
A Case of Hereditary Deaf-mutism with Pedigree
Authors: Pearn O. P. Napier
Published: August 2008

Inquiries into the family histories of the pauper insane in large urban districts as a rule result in the acquisition of more disappointment than knowledge.
A Case of Loss of Memory
Authors: Leggett Wm.
Published: August 2008

The patient, D. T. M—, male, æt. 51, married, with grown-up, healthy family, was admitted to Montrose Royal Asylum on July 29th, 1913, with history of having threatened violence to himself and to his wife, and of having lost his memory.
The Wassermann Reaction, and the Male Insane. (Essay for which was awarded the Bronze Medal of the Medico-Psychological Association, 1914.)
Authors: Wootton J. C.
Published: August 2008

Prior to the discovery of the Wassermann reaction it was practically impossible to obtain a correct estimate of the incidence of syphilis amongst the insane, owing to the infrequency of physical signs in specific cases, and the difficulty of obtaining reliable histories. Experience has shown that in a large number of cases a positive Wassermann reaction with the serum may be the only evidence of syphilitic infection; more over, Dr. Mott (Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, vol. vi) has shown that definite skin lesions are comparatively rare in general paralysis of the insane.
Observations on Cases of Encephalitis
Authors: Reeve E. F. , Watson George A.
Published: August 2008

A Full account of the cases on which this paper is founded cannot now be given, as some of them are still under observation; and in others, which have ended fatally, the histological examination of the tissues is not yet complete. We think, however, that sufficient data have been collected to make a preliminary communication desirable. The condition to be considered may be described as “encephalitis,” or “encephale myelitis,” rather from the want of a better term than from any conviction on our part that it is essentially inflammatory in origin.
The Position of Psychiatry and the Rôle of General Hospitals in its Improvement
Authors: Bond C. Hubert
Published: August 2008

Gentlemen,—In the first place I desire to express my thanks to the council of the medical school for the honour they have done me in asking me to give the introductory address which is customary at the opening of each of our winter sessions. That I particularly esteem the privilege will be readily appreciated when I remind you of where we are gathered, and that this is the first function which has taken place in the Bland-Sutton Institute of Pathology, which, with its laboratory, lecture theatre, and museum, will always be a monument to Sir John Bland-Sutton's princely munificence, to his affection for the hospital and medical school, to his devotion to science, and to his belief in her power to relieve suffering humanity. and who will dare attempt to gauge the direct and indirect influence of this institute? Sir John's catholicity is well known, and I feel assured of his sympathy when I venture to hope that psychiatry, which is the branch of medicine in which my interests are specially centred, will have its fair share of the blessings that doubtless will be showered from this institute.
A Case of Recurrent Purpural Eruption
Authors: Donelan J. O'C.
Published: August 2008

The case I venture to bring under your notice has been a subject of much interest to me for some time past, chiefly because of its obscurity, and now, with a view to obtaining some information rather than throwing light on the subject, I will give you its main features.
America
Authors: McDonald William
Published: August 2008

From the advance that is taking place in so many directions these days a few trends attract attention by their comparative newness. Diagnostic tests such as the Wassermann, the Noguchi, the luetin, the colloidal gold colour reaction of Lange, and the cellular analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid are now being applied far and wide.
The Catatonic Type of Dementia Præcox: The Genesis of the Auto-intoxication in the Catatonic Type of Dementia Præcox, from an Hereditarily Transmitted Defective Biochemism
Authors: Robertson G. Dunlop
Published: August 2008

That there is a history of hereditary defect attached to the great majority of cases of dementia præcox.
A Case of Insane Impulses in an Asthmatic Patient
Authors: Eustace H. M.
Published: August 2008

D. C. G—, admitted to Hampstead on April 28th, 1914, æt. 43. Married, first attack.
The Biological Significance of Delusions
Authors: Devine Henry
Published: August 2008

The purpose of this paper is to develop the thought that delusional formations fulfil a definite function; they are the expression of certain underlying trends in the individual, and they satisfy certain needs. At the present time there is a reaction against the tendency to regard classification as the ultimate aim of clinical psychiatry. While the separation of mental disorders into certain broad groups has its obvious uses, it is being recognised that classification in itself is not a very vital point, and it does not take us far in the understanding of our cases. Not only is each case a member of a particular group, but in a certain sense it is an entity in itself; the odd behaviour, the delusions and hallucinations, have an individual significance; they are the outgrowth of personal conflicts and aspirations, and the whole psychosis is no more than one form of reaction to experience.
After-care Report of Epileptics following Colony Treatment
Authors: Griffith A. Hume
Published: August 2008

Hitherto a difficulty in forming a just opinion as to the value of the colony treatment of epileptics has been the inability to keep trace of the patients after they have left the Colony. In connection with the Lingfield Colony (which has nearly 300 epileptic patients), an attempt has now been made to follow up, and obtain a report upon, those patients who have left the Colony during the last 4½ years. To this end a circular was sent to the different local authorities asking for their co-operation in this investigation, and thanks are due to them for their prompt response. The number of cases inquired into totalled 101. The number of reports actually received was 100, but 20 of these were blank, the patients having disappeared without leaving an address.
The Cholesterol Content of the Serum in Mental Diseases
Authors: Cruickshank J. , Tisdall C. J.
Published: August 2008

Within recent years a considerable amount of work has been done upon the bio-chemistry of cholesterol, and valuable information has been acquired which has thrown light upon the important part which this substance plays in numerous physiological and pathological states. It will be of value in connection with the results described in this paper to shortly review some of the more outstanding facts which have been discovered.
On Causation
Authors: Mercier Charles A.
Published: August 2008

Unquestionably the most usual and frequent ground for assuming a causal relation which is not immediately apparent is the similarity of the case in hand to other cases in which the causation has been ascertained. As it is the most frequent, so it is the most direct application of the fundamental Axiom of Causation, that Like causes in like conditions produce like effects, from which we obtain, by a logical process that is unknown to logicians, the immediate inference that Like effects in like conditions are due to like causes. It is by the application of this method not only that causation is most often established, but also that some of the most important discoveries of causes in the various sciences have been made. It is in perpetual use, both in the most recondite problems of science, and in the commonest affairs of daily life.
The Employment of Female Nurses in the Male Wards of Mental Hospitals in Scotland
Authors: Robertson George M.
Published: August 2008

Ten years ago I was requested by the Secretary of the Medico-Psychological Association to open a discussion at the annual meeting of the Association on this subject. It was then regarded by some asylum medical officers as “the topic of the hour,” largely because of certain views on administration which I had expressed, and certain innovations in methods I had made at the Stirling District Asylum.
Nucleinate of Soda: Its Use in Acute Mental Disorders
Authors: McDowall Colin
Published: August 2008

At a time when there is a gradual but certain change spreading through our methods of treatment of the insane, and chemical compounds are being replaced by other methods, it may appear unneccessary to record results obtained by the use of drugs. But this short paper is intended only to give my experience as to the effect that nucleinate of soda has upon the progress of acute mental disorders.
Diet as a Factor in the Causation of Mental Disease
Authors: Mercier Chas.
Published: August 2008

It is just forty years since I first ventured to call in question the accepted doctrines of the causation of nervous diseases. In an article in the British and Foreign Medical and Chirurgical Review, an excellent quarterly now long defunct, I likened the imagination of physicians in this respect to the imagination of that fortunate sailor to whom was granted (nowadays we should say who was given) the fairy privilege of having three wishes fulfilled. After he had secured all the rum in the world and all the tobacco in the world by his first two wishes, he could think of nothing further to desire than “a little more rum.” So physicians, after they had attributed every known nervous disease to sexual excess and syphilis, had no explanation of a new disease to offer beyond a little more sexual excess. The only nervous diseases that were not then attributed partly or wholly to syphilis were tabes and general paralysis. Some five-and-twenty years ago, when an eminent physician was about to lecture upon the causes of insanity, I hazarded the conjecture that we should hear a good deal about masturbation, and I had no reason to repent of my prophecy. We may be pardoned a little natural exultation when we contrast the present state of ætiological doctrine with that which prevailed in those dark ages. We had then no more reason for our belief than Aristotle had for the belief that all heavy bodies tend to the centre of the universe, but now we know that the mental diseases that we used fondly to ascribe to sexual excess and syphilis are, in fact, due to repressed complexes and infantile incestuous longings. How foolish were our predecessors! How enlightened are we!
The Neurasthenic Element in Disease. (Glasgow Med. Journ., February, 1916)
Authors: Ellis Havelock
Published: August 2008

The author's object in this paper is to emphasise afresh the fact that neurasthenic symptoms are in some cases the result of underlying disease, organic or other. Half a dozen cases are narrated in illustration of the thesis. The author summarises his conclusions under four heads: (1) Since the early symptoms of disease are often remote from the organ really affected, it is necessary always to make observations away from the point to which the patient calls atttention; (2) it is even yet more important to enter sympathetically into the patient's emotional attitude, in order to gain the knowledge that can only be acquired by tracing its multiform ramifications; (3) the acuteness of the neurasthenic symptoms is parallel to the gravity of the disease and on a different level from, for instance, the spes phthisica; (4) a very wide and broad view must be taken of the treatment.
The Pathogeny of Essential and Cerebral Epilepsy [Pathogénie de quelques formes d'Epilepsie dites Epilepsie Essentielle et Epilepsie Cérébrale]. (Nouvelle Iconographie de la Salpêtrière, December, 1915)
Authors: Adams J. Barfield
Published: August 2008

After an extensive series of observations, of which he gives particulars, the author concludes that essential epilepsy is neither caused by intestinal putrefactions (abnormal fermentations, etc.) nor by intoxication by purins, nor by retention of, hypersensibility to, or intoxication from chloride of sodium.
The Dualism of Human Nature and its Social Conditions [Le Dualisme de la Nature Humaine et ses Conditions Sociales]. (Revue Philosophique, February, 1916.) Durkheim.
Authors: Adams J. Barfield
Published: August 2008

This article has for its object the more clearly defining one of the theses sustained by the author in his work, Formes élémentaires de la Vie Religieuse, namely, the possibility of explaining scientifically the constitutional dualism of man. Religions have always recognised this quality, regarding man as formed of two beings radically different—the soul on the one side, the body on the other. Psychological analysis, in a sense, confirms this belief. There are sensations and sensual tendencies on the one side, thought and moral activity on the other.
Obituary
Authors: Kirwan J. St. L.
Published: August 2008

The death of Dr. Kirwan, late Medical Superintendent of Ballinasloe Asylum. on August 8th, was as sudden as it was unexpected. He did not appear to have been suffering from ill-health in any way, although it was stated at a meeting of the Committee held subsequently to his death that for some time past his life was uninsurable. It was only in May last that he returned to the asylum after six months' service in connection with recruiting, having volunteered to assist with his motor car in that department in the autumn of last year. On the day of his death he was working in his office, and finding the heat there oppressive he went to the front door in search of coolness. When conversing there with his brother-in-law he complained of the sun being too hot, and withdrew into the house in the direction of his office. Very shortly afterwards he was heard to fall heavily, and when assistance arrived life was found to be extinct. His death was apparently due to heat apoplexy.
Epilepsy: A Metabolic Disease
Authors: Prior Guy P. U. , Jones S. Evan
Published: August 2008

Gowers states that the morbid state causing epilepsy “consists in some trifling alteration in the chemical constitution of the grey matter of the brain on which the instability spoken of depends.”
Functional Gastric Disturbance in the Soldier
Authors: McDowall Colin
Published: August 2008

Functional disturbances of the digestive system are common accompaniments of neurasthenia. I shall avoid all attempt to classify them, and confine myself to describing certain cases in some detail with a view to bringing out the points of practical importance in causation and therapy.
Some Notes on Battle Psycho-neuroses
Authors: Ballard E. Fryer
Published: August 2008

There is nothing new in the symptoms comprising the syndromes—generically dubbed “shell-shock”—arising from the circumstances of battle. But to those of us who have had large numbers of these cases passing through our hands, new ideas have been suggested, or the confirmation of old theories brought home.
Mutism in the Soldier and its Treatment
Authors: McDowall Colin
Published: August 2008

Many varieties of functional disturbance are found in men enlisted for the present war, and not the least interesting is mutism. In a hospital set apart for the treatment of nervous disorders many cases of complete loss of speech are met with, and these may be divided conveniently into three main categories as follows: Mutism arising in the field, in hospital, and previous to participation in active service.
Evolutional Progress in Psychiatry: A Plea for Optimism
Authors: Norman Hubert J.
Published: August 2008

Human perfectibility, or even entire social amelioration, appear with the passage of time to recede into a yet further distance; and, whilst forming subject-matter for academic discussion and for visionary imagination, they hardly come within the range of practical politics. With them, as with disquisitions about the hereafter, there has been a tendency to allow “other worldliness” to obscure the necessity for doing our duty here and now, and letting the distant future take care of itself. To those who object that this view is a sordid, or at least a selfish one, it may be answered that if we observe the Golden Rule—if even we practise but a negative virtue by refraining from doing evil—we shall yet make for the desired goal, possibly as rapidly as those who, their eyes fixed on that distant point, fail to observe the obstacles which lie immediately in their path, and who have, again and again, to arise bruised and disheartened by their stumbles and disappointments. It may indeed be that their aims are but illusions, mere figments of the fancy, impossible of realisation. “Uniform and universal knowledge, social salvation and sovereign goodness, a golden age to come excelling a past golden age, a Paradise regained in lieu of a Paradise lost, in fact, a kingdom of heaven on earth or elsewhere, are not yet matters with which the sober-minded scientist can grapple;” and nescience can only formulate them in phraseology which lacks verisimilitude even to those who utter it. It is doubtful whether the projectors of ideal commonwealths would have desired to have been themselves inhabitants thereof; even if they had had the will it is certain that they would not have had the ability to carry it into effect. Much of their work is perchance energy misdirected, and the words of Milton may be applicable to others as well as to him of whom he uttered them. “Plato, a man of high authority indeed, but least of all for his Commonwealth, in the book of his laws, which no City ever yet received, fed his fancie with making many edicts to his ayrie Burgomasters, which they who otherwise admire him wish had been rather buried and excused in the genial cups of an Academick night-sitting.” It is no use, as he further remarks, “to sequester out of the world into Atlantick and Eutopian politics, which never can be drawn into use, and will not mend our condition; but to ordain wisely as in this world of evil.”
A Record of Admissions to the Mental Section of the Lord Derby War Hospital, Warrington, from June 17th, 1916, to June 16th, 1917
Authors: Eager R.
Published: August 2008

During the first twelve months of the admission of patients to the mental wards of the Lord Derby War Hospital there were 2,429 admissions and 1,466 discharges. The average number of admissions per month was 202, and the average number of discharges per month was 122. To those who have devoted their time to the admission and discharge of mental cases in large asylums in peace time these numbers alone will convince them that the condition of things must be very different to what they have been accustomed. The enormous amount of work in investigating these cases will also, I am sure, be appreciated, and those who, in addition, have any knowledge of Army Forms and the preparation of these before the final discharge of a patient from hospital will realise the amount of routine necessary before these 1,466 patients could be discharged.
Artes et Medicim
Authors: Grimbly Alan F.
Published: August 2008

The question of a combined arts and medical curriculum has long been a source of dissension among the authorities of our universities, and it is my intention in these pages to lay emphasis on the enormous value of a modified arts course to students of medicine. The average student looks on the enforced study of arts askance, and regards the accompanying lectures and examinations as the deliberate attempt of a malevolent professorial hierarchy to wreck his scientific career; but in later life, when he finds himself thrust upon his own resources with education and common-sense to guide him, he unconsciously begins to reap the benefit of his B.A. degree.
Criticisms of Present-day Psycho-analysis
Authors: Brown William
Published: August 2008

In dealing with the subject of psycho-analysis I do not desire to be critical for the mere sake of criticism, but with regard to the work of Freud I might begin with a word of personal explanation.
The Influence of Song on Mind and Body. An Address given to the Vocal Therapy Society at Lady St. Helier's
Authors: Mott Sir Frederick
Published: August 2008

It is now two years since Armistice Day, and I then delivered a short address on vocal therapy and the manner in which it originated at the Maudsley Hospital in small beginnings. It was then energetically supported by Lady Carnarvon, and a society was founded for the purpose of providing teachers for instruction of soldiers and ex-service men in breathing and singing, as well as in the treatment of speech disabilities, under medical direction and supervision. I was fortunate in securing such excellent teachers as Miss Oswald, Miss Bush and Miss Dredge, who, with genuine enthusiasm, successively carried out vocal therapy at the Maudsley Hospital.
Familial Care of the Insane
Authors: Read C. Stanford
Published: August 2008

Human activity is always conservative, and the sphere of mental medicine is patently no exception to the rule. Since the reaction took place from the callous and barbarous treatment of the insane we have progressed far, and are rapidly tending to regard the mentally disordered individual from a similar point of view as the physical sufferer. The late war has brought the problem of mental disease vividly to the notice of the laity, the medical fraternity have been stimulated thereby to take greater interest in the subject, while even many psychologists and psychiatrists have through war clinical experience become more humanistic in their outlook upon the psychotic patient. Following upon the special provisions which were made for those who broke down mentally in the service, there is much discussion as to what alterations should be made with regard to the care for the insane, and more especially those who are in an incipient stage. That some adequate provision must be made for early care and treatment hardly requires pointing out, for its absence is perhaps the greatest defect in the existing organization. Any real advance, however, in this direction cannot take place until a fresh generation of psychiatrists have had the opportunity of being thoroughly trained to understand the genesis and pathology of those initial symptoms with which the average asylum physician of to-day would be more or less powerless to cope. We have arrived at the stage in which we have built huge caravanserais in which the insane have an environment which leaves little to be desired for this type of system. Is it not possible that we have lingered so long at this stage in a self-satisfied way that the conclusion is reached that little more can be done to alleviate the lives of those who have become mentally afflicted? Is this extreme measure of segregation away from society the ideal to be aimed at for the treatment or comfort of the patients? Is it also good for the social community? To a large extent at present so-called treatment merely means institutional confinement.
Organ Inferiority and its Psychical Compensation. (Summary of Adler's Monographic Study.) (The State Hosp. Quart., November, 1920.) Haviland, H. C.
Authors: Erskine W. J. A.
Published: August 2008

The essentials of an education are: (1) a knowledge of actual life; (2) a definite impelling interest in some phase of life; (3) the recognition from actual experience of one's own capacity and limitations of adjustment; (4) the acquirement of the emotional attitudes and habits necessary for perceiving and adapting to reality. These ensure against nervous breakdown, but are not synonymous with modern education, which views the problems of man as he was or may become, not his reactions as he is. Life is a process of slow adjustment, and must be accepted as it is. If elemental biological facts are not faced squarely serious personal difficulty arises. Conflict to the point of mental depression can be so met as to preserve sound personal judgment on public questions. Individual conscious processes are not so essential to adjustment as is believed: decision is made from well grounded feeling, often not from reason which can be logically detailed. An outstanding example is Abraham Lincoln, whom science cannot explain by his heredity or early experiences. Successful life implies consciousness of the reality of environment, and avoids the visions of intemperate idealism. The student is not taught to know himself, to estimate the present, and to intelligently adjust to immediate circumstances. Hence the many graduates of highest distinction who are subsequently failures, being finally seen in hospitals, reformatories, prisons or asylums. The numbers in insane institutions are more than those in colleges or universities.

Organ Inferiority and its Psychical Compensation. (Summary of Adler's Monographic Study.) (The State Hosp. Quart., November, 1920.) Haviland, H. C.
The Psychopathology of Puberty and Adolescence
Authors: Mott Frederick
Published: August 2008

Mr. President and Fellowsof the College,—Permit me first to thank you for the great honour you have done me by inviting me again to deliver the Morison Lectures in this great seat of medical progress and learning.
A Note on the Diastase-Content of the Urine in 120 Cases of Mental Disorder
Authors: Goodall Edwin
Published: August 2008

The need for applying to cases of mental disorder the biological and bio-chemical methods of the laboratory is, it is to be hoped, apparent to all and sundry who are concerned in the treatment of these cases, whether they are styled psycho-analysts, esoteric-psycho-therapists, or psychiatrists pure and simple.
The Colloidal Gold Reaction in the Cerebro-spinal Fluid
Authors: Whitelaw W.
Published: August 2008

In this paper I should like to emphasise the technique of the colloidal gold reaction rather than the results I have obtained, for the cerebro-spinal fluids I have been so far able to examine have been mostly from cases of dementia paralytica, and, though the results are interesting and suggestive, the number of cases is too limited to allow one to dogmatise on the findings.
The Functions of the Basal Ganglia
Authors: Blachford J. V.
Published: August 2008

In the Journal of Mental Science, vol. xlviii, 1902, p. 53, I described a case of degeneration of the optic thalami in a male patient, and pointed to the fact that the symptoms were chiefly those of very advanced dementia.
The Rôle of the Endocrines in Mental Disorders
Authors: Stoddart W. H. B.
Published: August 2008

The object of this paper is to raise the question whether the endocrinoses are not secondary to psychical disturbance but primarily caused by it.
The Colloidal Gamboge Reaction
Authors: Riddel D. O. , Stewart R. M.
Published: August 2008

The subject of biochemistry is so closely related to physiology that any advances in the former science are bound to have important applications to the practice of medicine.
A Review of Recent Literature on Neurosyphilis. (Archiv Neur. and Psychiat., February, 1922.) Solomon, H. C.
Authors: Gifford John
Published: August 2008

The author singles out the new edition of Nonne's Syphilis und Nervensystem, and a new book by Wilhelm Gennerich, Die Syphilis des Zentralnervensystems, which he regards as the most important work on neuro-syphilis published to date.
Thyroidal Psychoses [Les psychoses thyroïdiennes]. (Le Prog. Méd., April, 1922.) Laignel-Lavastine
Authors: Phillips Norman R.
Published: August 2008

The present article is chiefly concerned with those thyroid abnormalities which have been found associated with the so-called affective psychoses. The author himself has met with many cases of melancholia, hypomania, and anxiety psychosis, which, at the same time, were goitrous. Thus in a case of agitated melancholia presenting thyroid enlargement with signs of hyperthyroidism, complete mental recovery followed the removal of a thyroid cyst. In another case of melancholia with a large goitre the latter was treated by radio-therapy, with the result that the signs of hyperthyroidism diminished and the melancholia disappeared.