bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Education, Modernization, and the Risk of Marriage Disruption in Sweden, West Germany, and Italy
Authors: Blossfeld Hans-Peter , Rose Alessandra De , Hoem, Jan M , Rohwer Götz
Published: October 2023

From the mid-1960s to the beginning of the 1980s, divorce rates rose dramatically in all countries in Western Europe and almost doubled in most of them.1 In the 1980s, the pattern of change became more diverse. In many countries, total divorce rates still continued to rise steadily; in some countries, such as West Germany,2 Austria, and Denmark, divorce rates levelled off; and in Sweden, the total divorce rate even declined somewhat in the years before 1989 (Council of Europe 1991, 33; Haskey 1991). It seems that the rate of change in divorce rates is connected to their levels. At the end of the 1980s (Council of Europe 1991, 33), the highest total divorce rates were recorded for the Scandinavian countries (Sweden 0.44, Denmark 0.49, and Norway 0.40); total divorce rates were moderately high in France (0.31), Belgium (0.31), the Netherlands (0.28), West Germany (0.30), Austria (0.31), and Switzerland (0.32); and they were comparatively low in Southern Europe (Greece 0.13, Italy 0.08).
The Czech Republic
Authors: Anderson Ronald W , Kegels Chantal
Published: October 2023

The starting point for the economic transition of the Czech Republic was the so-called ‘Velvet Revolution’ of 1989 which brought a Government led by Civic Forum to power in Czechoslovakia and which paved the way for democratic elections in 1990. In contrast with Hungary and Poland where a variety of significant market-oriented economic reforms preceded the political shift towards democracy, in 1989 Czechoslovak economy still conformed closely to the mould of Soviet-style central planning. In this chapter we trace the main steps that have been made in the transition of the financial sector in the Czechoslovak federation and, since 1 January 1993, in the Czech Republic.
Mobility, Migration, Sex, STDs, and AIDS: An Essay on Sub-Saharan Africa with Other Parallels
Authors: Caldwell John C , Anarfi John k. , caldwell pat
Published: October 2023

Migration has always facilitated the spread of any infectious disease. This has been the case even with diseases transmitted by insect vectors as has been demon strated in Nigeria (Prothero, 1965). Migration does this in two ways. First, it brings more people into contact with each other and is the means whereby dis eases can be carried from one community to others over considerable distances. Second, it has been a major factor in the growth of urban areas where dense popu lations in close contact provide a context for epidemics. Sexually transmitted dis eases are associated in yet other ways with migration, because many migrants move away from their usual sexual partners and seek new sexual outlets. Popu lations along the ancient trading routes of Africa and Asia have long experienced higher levels of venereal disease than more isolated settlements (David and Voas, 1981). In regard to both sexual and other behaviour, migration takes individuals away from their home places where their doings are often monitored and con trolled, to distant parts where no one feels individual responsibility for exerting much influence over them.
Mobility and Migration: Female Commercial Sex Work and the HIV Epidemic in Northern Thailand
Authors: Bond Katherine c. , Celentano david d. , phonsophakul, sunkanya , vaddhanaphuti chayan
Published: October 2023

The commercial sex industry in Thailand is of singular importance in the dy namics of HIV transmission. Ford and Koetsawang (1991) suggest that the sex industry developed significantly during the Vietnam war, and has been amplified recently by international tourism. The majority of female commercial sex worker (CSW) clients, especially outside of the tourist centres and Bangkok, are Thai men (DaGrossa, 1989). Female CSWs in northern Thailand are predominately young women from agrarian backgrounds, recruited by agents, brothel owners, or friends, and generally have a short (under three years) duration of work in broth els, characterized by high mobility between establishments (Ministry of Public Health, 1993). The rapid rise in HIV infection rates among brothel CSWs, and the common use of CSWs by’ethnic Thai, northern Thai, Shan, and highland (Hmong, Lahu, Lisu, Akha, and Karen) men suggests that commercial sex ex posure is a particularly high risk behaviour for the acquisition of HIV in Thai land. In Chiang Mai, a provincial capital in northern Thailand, an HIV infection rate of 44 per cent was detected in the first sentinel surveillance of brothel’based CSWs in June 1989. Subsequently, high incidence (over 10 per cent per month) was noted among female CSWs who were HIV’negative on the initial survey (Siraprapasiri et al.,1991).
The Role of Family Planning Programmes in Contemporary Fertility Transitions
Authors: Bongaarts John
Published: October 2023

The implementation of family planning programmes has been the principal population policy instrument in the developing world over the past few decades. This paper reviews the controversy over the role these programmes have played in reducing fertility. Opposing views on a number of contentious issues (for example the significance of unmet need and unwanted fertility) are summarized and a consensus position is presented.
Poverty and the ‘Population Problem’
Authors: Anand Sudhir , Morduch Jonathan
Published: October 2023

In this chapter, we address three aspects of poverty and the ‘population problem’ from an economic perspective. First, we investigate the statistical basis for the oft cited positive correlation between poverty and household size. Second, we re-examine the conflicting economic and demographic interpretations of this correlation. And third, we examine whether restricting attention just to the household level misses an important aspect of the problem. We cite evidence from Bangladesh to suggest that many of the most pressing issues are at the level of individuals, and concern the deprivation of girls and women within households.
Coping With Poverty The Biological Impact of Nutrition Insecurity
Authors: Ferro-Luzzi Anna , Branca Francesco
Published: October 2023

About 785 million people have been estimated to have had, in 1989-90, access to amounts of food considered insufficient to meet their biological needs (ACC/SCN 1992). They represent about 20 per cent of the world population. It was also estimated that about 200 million children under five from the developing countries— that is, about 36 per cent of this age group—were underweight. In certain areas of the world, such as Southern Asia, this proportion was reported to be even higher, about 60 per cent (de Onis et al. 1993). Also adult malnutrition, a problem recently recognized as being of growing concern, is highly prevalent in Southern Asia: 12 per cent of adults in China are malnourished and almost 50 per cent in India (Shetty and James 1994). These staggering figures justify the intense concern expressed in the opening statement of the final report of the International Conference of Nutrition: ‘Hunger and malnutrition remain the most devastating problems facing the majority of the world’s poor’ (FAO/WHO 1992).
Worlds in Motion
Authors: Massey Douglas S , Arango Joaquín , Hugo Graeme , Kouaouci Ali , Pellegrino Adela , Taylor J Edward
Published: October 2023

At the end of the 20th century nearly all developed nations have become countries of immigration, absorbing growing numbers of immigrants not only from developed regions, byt increasingly from developing nations of the Third World. Although international migration has come to play a central role in the social, economic, and demographic dynamics of both immigrant-sending and immigrant-receiving countries, social scientist have been slow to construct a comprehensive theory to explain it. Efforts at theoretical explanation have been fragmented by disciplinary, geographic, and methodological boudaries. Worlds in Motion seeks to overcome these schisms to create a comprehensive theory of international migration for the next century. After explicating the various propositions and hypotheses of current theories, and identifying area of complementarity and conflict, the authors review empirical research emanting from each of the world's principal international migration systems: North America, Western Europe, the Gulf, Asia and the Pacific, and the Southern Cone of South America. Using data from the 1980s, levels and patterns of migration within each system are described to define their structure and organization. Specific studies are then comprehensively surveyed to evaluate the fundamental propositions of neoclassical economics, the new economics of labour migration, segmented labour market theory, world systems theory, social capital theory, and the theory of cumulative causation. The various theories are also tested by applying them to the relationship between international migration and economic development. Although certain theories seem to function more effectively in certain systems, all contain elements of truth supported by empirical research. The task of the theorist is thus to identify which theories are most effective in accounting for international migration in the world today, and what regional and national circumstances lead to a predominance of one theoretical mechanism over another. The book concludes by offering an empirically-grounded theoretical synthesis to serve as a guide for researchers and policy-makers in the 21st century.
Debating Governance: Authority, Steering, and Democracy
Authors: Pierre Jon
Published: October 2023

Leading scholars in the field of governance examine the effectiveness of the different non-institutional strategies at the disposal of modern governments in tackling issues of urban decline, public administrations, governmental regionalization, budget deficits and global economics. The governance approach to political science yields a new perspective on the role of the state, domestically as well as in the international arena. Globalization, internationalization, and the growing influence of networks in domestic politics means that the notions of state strength and the role of the state in society must be re-examined.
Democracy and Governance
Authors: Hirst Paul
Published: October 2023

The use of the concept ‘governance’ is a relatively recent fashion. It attained wide currency in the past decade and largely at the expense of the concept of government. Indeed, governance is generally perceived to be an alternative to government, to control by the state. The use of the concept is almost exclusively confined to technocratic and elite discourse. It has yet to enter the popular vocabulary of politics. In this regard the various non governmental organization (NGO) communities that have taken up the concept must be regarded as alternative elites to the established ones.
The European Union as Coxswain: Governance by Steering
Authors: Sbragia Alberta
Published: October 2023

Scholars of European integration have typically approached the study of the European Community and its successor the European Union from analytic assumptions rooted in either international relations or comparative politics (see e.g. Hix, 1994; Hurrell and Menon, 1996; Moravscik, 1998; Sbragia, 1992a). Those working from an international relations perspective essentially view the Union as an international organization while those committed to a comparative politics approach view the Union as some type of polity.
The Exemplary Society
Authors: Bakken Børge
Published: October 2023

In modern China, technocratic utopias go side by side with moral panics. The modernization process is seen as creating the `disorders' of criminality, sex, and modern youth culture. The official answer to disorder is an exemplary societyan educative and disciplinary society where `human quality' and model behaviour is advocated. Modern Chinese society, however, resists being reduced to the exemplary discipline of its social engineers, and strategies of `lying' and resisting control are routine. This pathbreaking study analyses traditional and modern Chinese beliefs about and reactions to education, discipline, human improvement, and social control. Although these reactions to modernity have a Chinese colouring, they are not exclusive to the Chinese culture. By describing the terra incognita of China, The Exemplary Society also describes something about ourselves.
Population Growth and Population Regulation in Nineteenth-century Rural Scotland
Authors: Anderson Michael
Published: October 2023

In 1826 Malthus wrote that ‘Scotland is certainly still over-peopled, but not so much as it was a century or half a century ago, when it contained fewer inhabitants.’ Indeed, ‘the condition of the lower classes of people in Scotland has been considerably improved of late years’ (Malthus 1986, ii: 277, 268).
Economic Restructuring, Women’s Work, and Autonomy in Mexico
Authors: Garcia Brigida
Published: October 2023

Studying the social impact of economic restructuring is a subject of growing interest. In this chapter we reflect on economic restructuring on the basis of the Mexican case, underlining the possible changes that this might entail for the gender division of labour in the market and in the family, and therefore for autonomy and empowerment in the case of women.
Environmental Taxation in Open Economies: Trade Policy Distortions and the Double Dividend
Authors: Smulders Sjak
Published: October 2023

During the first half of the twentieth century, the world’s economy experienced that protectionism is an evil that should be avoided. Considerable effort was taken to liberalize trade through international negotiations. In the form of GATT and WTO an institutional framework was developed to anticipate and prevent new forms of protectionism.

The world economy has not yet experienced a global environmental crisis. Yet, the developed countries in particular have become increasingly aware of the threats of global pollution problems. International negotiations and agreements are devoted to aligning domestic policies towards the environment and to reaching international targets for pollution abatement. Ideally, two sets of instruments are needed for these two sets of goals, internalizing environ mental externalities and removing trade restrictions. Domestic environmental taxes and other instruments should ensure that private costs and benefits of domestic activity reflect social costs of pollution and benefits of environmental quality improvements. The removal of tariff and nontariff barriers to inter national trade should ensure that domestic activity fully exploits comparative advantages. Indeed, if an economy “gets prices right”, liberalizing trade is always welfare improving (see Chapter 2 of this volume).
Incentives for International Environmental Cooperation: Theoretical Models and Economic Instruments
Authors: Schmidt Carsten
Published: October 2023

The 1990s were imbued by a growing concern for international environmental problems. This was reflected by political debates and activities at the international level such as the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) 1992, in Rio de Janeiro. At the same time, these issues were also intensively discussed in the academic sphere. The economic analysis of environmental problems has been investigated already in the 1960s and 1970s. Nevertheless, the increasing preoccupation with transboundary externalities led to a renaissance of research in environmental economics and to a new body of literature. The basic reason for a reformulation of the research program has been concisely summarized by Carraro and Siniscalco:
Coalition Membership and Electoral Performance
Authors: Narud Hanne Marthe , Valen Henry
Published: October 2023

Democracy means that all political bargaining takes place in the shadow of future elections. The previous chapters have shown that in parliamentary democracies some governments engineer elections, that many governments experience them, and that all governments are affected by them. This chapter sets out to analyse the electoral rewards and punishments experienced by parties participating in parliamentary governments. In so doing, we will combine theories of coalition governance with theories of electoral choice. The core of the so-called trade-off model as formulated by Strøm (1990a; see also Müller and Strøm 1999) is the conflict that parties commonly face between vote seeking, on the one hand, and policy and office seeking on the other. The model is based upon the notion that voters judge governing parties retrospectively upon their performance (Fiorina 1981; 1997). Governing parties may be held to more severe standards than opposition parties, particularly concerning consistency between promise and performance. In terms of vote seeking it may therefore be a disadvantage to hold office—this may lead to a negative ‘incumbency effect’ (see, e.g., Rose and Mackie 1983).
Econometric analysis and the study of economic growth: a sceptical perspective
Authors: Durlauf Steven N
Published: October 2023

This essay has an explicitly provocative purpose-namely, to argue that the econometric component of the new economic growth literature has done little to adjudicate leading growth questions. While I believe this empirical literature has identified a number of interesting data patterns and led to the development of a number of important new econometric methods (both achievements exemplified in the work of Quah (l996a,b, 1997)), the vast body of empirical studies has shed remarkably little light on the main theoretical issues which have emerged since the seminal papers of Romer and Lucas.
The application of EC competition rules to financial services
Authors: Usher J A
Published: October 2023

The competition rules of the EC Treaty prohibit in art. 81(1) (formerly art. 85(1)) all agreements between undertakings, decisions by associations of undertakings, and concerted practices which may affect trade between Member States and which have as their object or effect the prevention, restriction, or distortion of competition within the common market. Article 82 (formerly art. 86) prohibits any abuse by one or more undertakings of a ‘dominant position’ within the common market or in a substantial part of it in so far as it may affect trade between Member States. However, under art. 81 (3), exemption from art. 81(1) may be granted to such agreements, decisions, or concerted practices, and specific categories thereof, which contribute to improving the production or distribution of goods or to promoting technical or economic progress, while allowing consumers a fair share of the resulting benefit, provided they do not impose on the undertakings concerned restrictions which arc not indispensable to the attainment of these objectives, and do not afford such undertakings the possibility of eliminating competition in respect of a substantial part of the products in question. Furthermore, art. 86(2) (formerly art. 90(2)), which has been frequently invoked in the financial services sector, applies the competition rules to undertakings entrusted with the operation of services of general economic interest or which have the character of a revenue-producing monopoly only ‘in so far as the application of such rules does not affect the performance … of the particular tasks assigned to them’.
A New Architecture For The Global Financial Market: Legal Aspects Of International Financial Standard Setting
Authors: Giovanoli Mario
Published: October 2023

The strengthening of the global financial system has arisen as a major challenge at the beginning of the twenty-first century and the new millennium. Over the past quarter of a century, since the disappearance in 1973 of the institutionalized inter-national monetary system established by the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference, a completely new and unprecedented situation has emerged in the financial mar-kets under the pressure of increasing globalization and far-reaching regulatory, financial and technological developments.
Contemporary American Fiction
Authors: Millard Kenneth
Published: October 2023

Contemporary American Fiction provides an introduction to American fiction since 1970. Offering substantial and detailed interpretations of more than thirty texts by thirty different writers, Millard combines them in an innovative critical structure designed to promote debates on cultural politics and aesthetic value. The book is the first of its kind to offer a wide-ranging survey of recent developments in the fiction of the United States. Recent novels by established writers such as John Updike and Philip Roth are analysed alongside the fiction of younger writers such as Gish Jen and Sherman Alexie. The books innovative structure encourages new ways of thinking about how American writers might be configured in relation to each other, while providing an analysis of how contemporary fiction has responded to changes in central areas of American life such as the family, the media, technology, and consumerism. Contemporary American Fiction is a substantial critical introduction to some of the most exciting fiction of the last thirty years, an eclectic and thorough advertisement for the extraordinary vitality of American fiction at the end of the twentieth century. This is an excellent introduction to the subject for undergraduate students of modern American literature.
Europe In The Age Of The Italian Wars, 1494–1559
Authors: Bonney Richard
Published: October 2023

In his most famous work, The Prince, Machiavelli offered advice on ‘how a ruler should act concerning military matters’. ‘A ruler’, he said, ‘should have no other objective and no other concern, nor occupy himself with anything else except war and its methods and practices, for this pertains only to those who rule.’ Machiavelli thought it ‘evident that if rulers concern themselves more with the refinements of life than with military matters, they lose power’; proficiency in war was ‘what enables one to gain power’.’ Such opinions were not unique to the Florentine political theorist, nor were they confined to the Italian peninsula. Henry VIII was advised that all princes had a natural urge to extend their lands irrespective of the cost, and that a monarch who did not do so was thought to lack ‘the noble courage and spirit of all the others’—a potentially fatal weakness. Kings were thus not truly regal if they lost their honour and status: in Philip II’s words, ‘the dignity and reputation of princes is of no less importance to them than their states’.
The Outsiders Of Europe
Authors: Bonney Richard
Published: October 2023

In eastern Europe and around the coastline of the Baltic Sea were huge tracts of land containing a relatively low density of population in comparison with the states of western Europe. Here the fifteenth century had witnessed the decline of three significant medieval states. In the Baltic, the Hanseatic League of commercial cities, with Lubeck as its dominant influence, was clearly waning, opening up the possibility of a Danish (or, subsequently, a Swedish) challenge for the position of supremacy over the Baltic Sea. Given the declining power and influence of the Teutonic Knights in the eastern Baltic, Prussia and Livonia were open to annexation. A dangerous power vacuum was created which in the 1550s it seemed might be filled by Muscovy. Finally, the rule of the Khans of the Golden Horde, based on Sarai on the lower Volga, had collapsed in the fifteenth century. Lithuania had escaped the Mongol conquest; Muscovy was not so fortunate, and the victorious Mongol Khan became its first undisputed personal sovereign. The Mongols had once brought a large part of Asia and the Near East under the rule of a single dynasty, of which Muscovy was a tributary state: but subsequently, the Golden Horde broke up into three distinct Khanates of Kazan’, Astrakhan’ and the Crimea. Though these three states could still raid at will into Poland-Lithuania or Muscovy, they no longer threatened to bring down the ruling dynasties. Indeed, during the reign of Tsar Ivan III, an event traditionally dated to 1480, Moscow ceased to pay tribute to the Golden Horde or its successor states. In the 1550s, Ivan IV subdued Kazan’ and Astrakhan’ and carried the war into the Crimea, the first Tsar of Muscovy to do so, though the Crimea was to remain a tributary state of the Ottoman Turks.
Conclusion: The European Dynastic States
Authors: Bonney Richard
Published: October 2023

No family has ever attained such greatness and power by means of kinship and matrimonial alliances as the House of Austria ... and because this means of aggrandisement is both just and peaceful it must be considered as secure and lasting above all others ... Only among the French, who hold by some Salic Law of unknown origin (which excludes all women from the Crown of France) is there no possibility of using this system of kinship for increasing the size of a ruler’s possessions.
The Revolt Begins
Authors: Israel Jonathan
Published: October 2023

A revolution, a truly great revolt of a kind which fundamentally transforms the course of history, can arise only where there has been a long gestation creating unbridgeable constitutional, social, ideological, and spiritual rifts. All kinds of revolts can arise out of short-term grievances. But repression and exploitation, even had Alva’s regime been more brutal and rapacious than it was, cannot themselves generate a far-reaching rejection of the political and religious foundations of a society such as occurred in 1572 in the Netherlands. For that to happen there must be a preparatory period of polarization of attitudes, ideologies, and constitutional views lasting decades. The economic and military circumstances which precipitated the outbreak of rebellion in 1572, though not unimportant, are thus essentially secondary.
The Institutions of the Republic
Authors: Israel Jonathan
Published: October 2023

The institutional framework of the Dutch Republic first took shape between r 572 and r 588 and assumed definitive form in the period from the departure of Leicester down to 1609. From the Twelve Years Truce onwards, Dutch institutions remained essentially unchanged, until the fall of the Republic in r 795. The Republic’s institutions, it needs to be stressed, differed markedly from those of the Habsburg Netherlands before I 572, and also from what was envisaged in I 579, in the terms of the Union of Utrecht, even though, officially, the Union remained the founding charter of the United Provinces and was continually cited, and venerated, throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
The Separation of Identities: The Twelve Years Truce
Authors: Israel Jonathan
Published: October 2023

Despite spectacular economic success since 1590, the United Provinces, as Oldenbarnevelt explained in 1606 in a letter to the Dutch envoy in Paris, had, since 1598, experienced serious problems in meeting the escalating cost of the war against Spain: ‘within the country matters are now proceeding with extreme difficulty, but we dare not raise taxation in the towns and villages any higher for fear of disturbances’.1 Holland’s Advocate added that ‘more than half of the inhabitants in the towns and countryside are inclined towards peace and ... should there be any further reverses, the rest will not remain firm, especially since the provinces have been stripped of all business, prosperity, and most of their navigation, by the [peace treaties] of France and England’. Here Oldenbarnevelt was referring to the increased impact of the Spanish embargoes on the Dutch economy, and diversion of traffic away from the Republic, since the revival of commerce between England and Spain following the treaty of 1604.
Introduction
Authors: Keller Evelyn Fox , Longino Helen E
Published: October 2023

The natural sciences have assumed a position of unparalleled authority in twentieth-century Western intellectual life. But what kind of knowledge do the sciences provide us and what is the basis of their cognitive authority? These questions have grown more pressing as feminist and environmental movements have implicated scientific research and science-based technologies in the continuing subordination of women and in the degradation of the environment.
The Public and the Private Sphere: A Feminist Reconsideration
Authors: Landes Joan B
Published: October 2023

After a quarter-century delay, Jurgen Habermas’s Strukturwandel der Öffentlichkeit appeared finally in English translation in the MIT Press series ‘Studies in Contemporary German Social Thought’, edited by Thomas McCarthy. Habermas’s philosophical-historical critique of the concept and function of the public sphere in England, France, and Germany (with some parting glances at the United States) from the Renaissance to the twentieth century served as a direct inspiration for the German New Left and opened up new lines of scholarship and political debate in Germany and Western Europe.
Impartiality and the Civic Public: Some Implications of Feminist Critiques of Moral and Political Theory
Authors: Marion Young Iris
Published: October 2023

Many writers seeking emancipatory frameworks for challenging both liberal individualist political theory and the continuing encroachment of bureaucracy on everyday life, claim to find a starting-point in unrealized ideals of modern political theory. John Keane, for example, suggests that recent political movements of women, oppressed sexual and ethnic minorities, environmentalists, and so on, return to the contract tradition of legitimacy against the legalistic authority of contemporary state and private bureaucracies. Like many others, Keane looks specifically to Rousseau’s unrealized ideals of freedom and cooperative politics.
General Introduction
Authors: Hylleberg S
Published: October 2023

The General Introduction has been organized in two sections. The first section discusses the definition of seasonality. In the second section a description of the state of the art is attempted together with an evaluation of the most important and promising ways to model seasonality. The part (Part I) also contains four ‘articles’. The first is an extract from the introduction to Hylleberg (1986) putting the discussion into a historical perspective, while the last article by Bell and Hillmer (1984) adds to this, and in addition, provides a survey and a discussion of some of the major issues involved in the seasonal adjustment of time series data. The two remaining articles by Wallis (1974) and Sims (1974) have since their publication probably become the most influential pieces of research written within this area in the last twenty years.
Politics an Unnatural Practice: Political Science Looks at Female Participation
Authors: Bourque Susan , Grossholtz Jean
Published: October 2023

That politics is a man’s world is a familiar adage; that political science as a discipline tends to keep it that way is less well accepted, but perhaps closer to the truth. This paper addresses itself to both concerns: the sexual definition accorded to politics and the manner in which the discipline of political science perpetuates this definition. We argue that in the choice of data to be analysed and in the interpretation of that data, the discipline insists upon a narrow and exclusive definition of politics which limits political activity to a set of roles which are in this society, and many others, stereotyped as male. Since society assigns roles by sex, this differentiation is carried over into political roles.
Gender, the Public, and the Private
Authors: Okin Susan Moller
Published: October 2023

The concepts of public and private spheres of life have been central to Western political thought at least since the seventeenth century. In some respects, they have origins in classical Greek thought.1 In much of mainstream (as contrasted with feminist) political theory today, these concepts continue to be used as if relatively un problematical. Important arguments in contemporary debates depend upon the assumption that public concerns can with relative ease be distinguished from private ones, that we have a solid basis for separating out the personal from the political. Sometimes explicitly, but more often implicitly, the idea is perpetuated that these spheres are sufficiently separate, and sufficiently different, that the public or political can be discussed in isolation from the private or personal. As I shall argue in this chapter, such assumptions can be sustained only if very persuasive arguments of feminist scholars are ignored.
Feminism and Democracy
Authors: Mansbridge Jane
Published: October 2023

For centuries, while men ran governments and wrote political philosophy, the experience of women had little influence on democratic practice or thought. Recently, however, feminist ideas have been at the centre of an emerging debate about the nature of democratic politics. The dominant tradition in political science sees democracy primarily as a method of summing up individual desires rooted in self-interest. The tradition’s critics emphasize that any workable democracy requires that its citizens and representatives think not only as ‘I’, but also as ‘we: Democracy involves public discussion of common problems, not just a silent counting of individual hands. And when people talk together, the discussion can sometimes lead the participants to see their own stake in the broader interests of the community. Indeed, at its best, the democratic process resolves conflict not only by majority will, but by discovering answers that integrate the interests of minorities. Thus a ‘deliberative democracy’ does not simply register preferences that individuals already have; it encourages citizens to think about their interests differently.
Polity and Group Difference: A Critique of the Ideal of Universal Citizenship
Authors: Young Iris Marion
Published: October 2023

An ideal of universal citizenship has driven the emancipatory momentum of modern political life. Ever since the bourgeoisie challenged aristocratic privileges by claiming equal political rights for citizens as such, women, workers, Jews, blacks, and others have pressed for inclusion in that citizenship status. Modern political theory asserted the equal moral worth of all persons, and social movements of the oppressed took this seriously as implying the inclusion of all persons in full citizenship status under the equal protection of the law.
Black (W)holes and the Geometry of Black Female Sexuality
Authors: Hammonds Evelynn
Published: October 2023

When asked to write for the second special issue of differences on queer theory I must admit I was at first hesitant even to entertain the idea. Though much of what is now called queer theory I find engaging and intellectually stimulating, I still found the idea of writing about it disturbing. When I am asked if I am queer I usually answer yes even though the ways in which I am queer have never been articulated in the body of work that is now called queer theory.
Mujerista Theology
Authors: lsasi-Diaz Ada Maria
Published: October 2023

In her explanation of the origins and aspirations of mujerista theology, Ada Maria lsasi Diaz sees naming oneself as ‘one of the most powerful human acts’. Her framework is liberation feminist theology. Mujerismo derives its particularity from the lives of Hispanic women, especially in the United States, and their struggle for survival. In this excerpt, lsasi-Diaz expands on the ques tions of identity she addresses here in the fourth chapter of her book Mujerista Theology. The conclusion of that chapter is worth quoting in full and is given here too.
Editing Pornography
Authors: Barker Isabelle V
Published: October 2023

Is pornography relevant to Western feminism in the late 1990s? Or did the ‘sex wars’ of the 1980s deal sufficiently with the challenges posed by pornography? These apparently pivotal feminist debates set forth a clear set of terms for dealing with pornography-as a feminist, one would need to choose sides, one was either for pornography or against it.1 Fought largely as a legal matter, the debate took on a contentious, legalistic tone of ‘either/or’. At base, the ‘for pornography’ argument relies on upholding First Amendment rights of free speech. This approach has been charged with defending First Amendment freedoms at the expense of women, as it seems to overlook the real violence that women around the world continue to endure.
House Prices and the Macroeconomy: Implications for Banking and Price Stability
Authors: Goodhart Charles , Hofmann Boris
Published: October 2023

House price bubbles, and their aftermath, have become a focus of macro-economic policy concern in most developed countries. This book elucidates the two-way relationship between house-price fluctuations and economic fundamentals. Housing has many features which make it distinct from other assets, like equity. Real estate is not only an asset but also a durable consumption good for households, providing shelter and other housing services. As a result, a house is often the largest and most important asset of households and therefore accounts for a major share of household wealth. Similarly a large share of bank assets is tied to housing values. House price fluctuations may, therefore, have a major effect on economic activity and the soundness of the financial system. Following an introductory chapter, the book is structured into three parts.
House Prices and the Macroeconomy: Overview
Authors: Goodhart Charles , Hofmann Boris
Published: October 2023

Like other asset prices, house prices should equal the discounted stream of future housing returns, i.e rents, in the long run. To the extent that rents and discount factors are affected by macroeconomic shocks, these shocks should also be reflected in house prices. However, housing has many features which make it distinct from other assets, like equity. Real estate is not only an asset but also a durable consumption good for households, providing shelter and other housing services. As a result, a house is often the largest and most important asset of house- holds and therefore accounts for a major share of household wealth. Because of that, and also because it is immobile and can therefore not easily be put out of a creditor’s reach, it is also commonly used as collateral for loans, so that a large share of financial sector assets is tied to housing values.
The Orange Order
Authors: Kaufmann Eric P
Published: October 2023

Based on unprecedented access to the Order’s internal documents, this book provides the first systematic social history of the Orange Order - the Protestant association dedicated to maintaining the British connection in Northern Ireland. Kaufmann charts the Order’s path from the peak of its influence, in the early 1960s, to its present-day crisis. Along the way, he sketches a portrait of many of Orangeism’s leading figures, from ex-Prime Minister John Andrews to Ulster Unionist Party politicians like Martin Smyth, James Molyneaux, and David McNarry, and also includes the highly revealing correspondence with adversaries such as Ian Paisley and David Trimble. Packed with analyses of mass-membership trends and attitudes, the book also takes care to tell the story of the Order from ‘below’ as well as from above. In the process, it argues that the traditional Unionism of West Ulster is giving way to the more militant Unionism of Antrim and Belfast which is winning the hearts of the younger generation in cities and towns throughout the province.
Technologies for Police Knowledge Management
Authors: Dean Geoff , Gottschalk Petter
Published: October 2023

The central focus of this chapter is to explore the breadth and depth of technologies in use or that have potential for use in policing and law enforcement. However, this focus is not viewed through the lens of an IT perspective but rather in terms of a Knowledge Management (KM) orientation to police technological resources.

Initially, the foundations for selecting appropriate technologies for police and law enforcement use will be laid with a brief overview of how various technologies have been classified. Next, a new classification scheme or typology using a matrix design is presented along with a range of specific software examples and applications.
A Chronology of European Security & Defence 1945—2007
Authors: Lindley-French Julian
Published: October 2023

A Chronology of European Security and Defence 1945-2006 is a unique and authoritative source of reference for all those with an interest in European defence and security over the last 60 years. An extensively annotated chronology, the book offers a blow-by-blow account of the events that have shaped the Europe of today. The book carefully places each event in context, explaining what happened, where, when, and why. Month-by-month, year-by-year Europe's recent past is laid out and explained. With its accessible layout, rich detail, and balanced analysis, the book will be essential reading and reference for scholars, students, policy-makers and policy-analysts alike.
Introduction
Authors: Colvin Madeleine , Cooper Jonathan
Published: October 2023

A fair and effective criminal justice system lies at the heart of human rights protection. There is no aspect of the investigation and prosecution of crime that does not engage key international human rights standards that protect and promote civil and political rights. It is no coincidence that the overwhelming majority of cases before international human rights courts and tribunals concern the investigation and prosecution of crime, and the right to a fair criminal trial remains the most litigated of all human rights. This book is designed for the busy practitioner who is aware of the relationship between human rights and criminal law and procedure, but who needs to be informed more extensively as well as practically, about the impact they have on each other. Each chapter, therefore, addresses the different aspects of the investigation and prosecution of crime, from surveillance operations to sentencing.
Evidence
Authors: Powles Steven
Published: October 2023

The ECHR itself contains little specific reference to the rules of evidence in criminal proceedings. Most evidential issues will involve consideration of the presumption of innocence in Article 6(2), or of Article 6(3)(d), which gives each criminal defendant ‘the right to examine or have examined witnesses against him and to obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses on his behalf under the same conditions as witnesses against him’. The minimum guarantees set out in Article 6(3)(d), and indeed, all the minimum guarantees in Article 6(3) are specific aspects of the right to a fair trial and have been held by the European Court not to be exhaustive. It follows that a trial may provide the minimum rights guaranteed in Article 6(3) but still be held to be unfair according to Article 6(1).
Inequality is bad for the poor
Authors: Ravallion Martin
Published: October 2023

It has long been argued that high inequality should be of little concern in poor countries on the grounds that: (i) absolute poverty in terms of consumption (or income) is the overriding issue, and (ii) the only thing that really matters to the reduction of absolute poverty is the rate of economic growth. Some observers have gone a step further to argue that (iii) higher inequality is the unavoidable by-product of the economic growth needed to reduce poverty. The message for policy is that developing countries—including their poor—need not worry about inequality.
Inequality within the household reconsidered
Authors: Burton Peter , Phipps Shelley , Woolley Frances
Published: October 2023

The choice between the different units [the individual or the household] depends in part on the empirical question of how far incomes are in practice shared, and on this there is very little evidence. Earlier it was suggested that within the nuclear family there is an important degree of income-sharing, but we know very little about just how equally income is divided among different members. (Atkinson 1975: 42, emphasis in original)
The Responsibility of Host States to Foreign Investors: Customary International Law
Authors: Lowenfeld Andreas F
Published: October 2023

Prior to 1917, it appears to have been accepted among the principal nations— without a great deal of discussion—that a state that took an alien ‘s property was obligated to make prompt and adequate compensation. It was not clear whether this understanding was derived from a general principle of law—for instance the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen of 17892—or was unique to international law. The understanding tended to coalesce with the principle that aliens are entitled, with respect to their property, to at least equality of treatment with nationals of the taking state. Since virtually every nation recognized the right of private property and the duty of the state to compensate an owner of property taken for public use, the property of foreign investors generally would be protected by a national treatment standard.
Competitive Electricity Markets and Investment in New Generating Capacity
Authors: Joskow* Paul L
Published: October 2023

Policy-makers in many countries are expressing concerns that competitive wholesale electricity markets are not providing appropriate incentives to stimulate ‘adequate’ investment in new generating capacity at the right time, in the right places, and using the right technologies. These concerns are often expressed in the context of concerns about ‘supply security’, ‘reliability’, ‘resource adequacy’, or ‘supply diversity’. In most cases the concerns have been raised as policy-makers observe growing electricity demand, shrinking reserve margins, and rising prices, but little evidence of investment in new generating capacity responding to balance supply and demand consistent with traditional metrics for generation resource ‘adequacy’.
Measuring european financial Integration
Authors: Baele Lieven , HöRdahl Annalisa Ferrando Peter , Monnet Elizaveta Krylova Cyril
Published: October 2023

During the last decade, the European financial landscape has changed dramatically, and the establishment of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) seems to have, This chapter draws on the results of a project on ‘Measuring financial integration in the euro area’, conducted while Lieven Baele and Elizaveta Krylova were visiting the European Central Bank (ECB).
European Integration Of Payments Systems
Authors: Freixas Xavier , Holthausen Cornelia
Published: October 2023

As they allow the transfer of property rights, payment systems play a key role in the smooth functioning of the economy. They consist of all the procedures needed for monetary transfers among economic agents, be it for retail transactions (cash, cheque, or card payments) or for large-value transactions, that is, transfers between large financial players.
Public Expenditure Trends in Light of Human Resource Development
Authors: Ishi Hiromitsu
Published: October 2023

Economic development in a country is by and large influenced by government policies, in particular through public expenditure in the budget. Thus, it is important to analyse trends in the allocation of public expenditures in order to clarify how efficiently they could affect the patterns of a nation’s development. In recent years, the tendency has been to emphasize the role of public expenditure to develop human resources, via social services such as education and health, as well as real resources, in the public sector.