bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High prevalence information from different sources affects the development of false beliefs
Authors: van Golde Celine , Sharman Stefanie J. , Candel Ingrid
Published: February 2009

To examine the effects of high and low false prevalence information from different sources on false beliefs, subjects took part in two sessions. In the first session, subjects rated the plausibility of different childhood events, how confident they were that they had experienced those events and their memories of those events. In the second session, 2 weeks later, subjects received high prevalence information about one target event and low prevalence information about another. Subjects received the information in a third‐person description, a newspaper article, or cohort data about previous students' experiences, or they received no information. High prevalence newspaper and cohort information increased subjects' plausibility ratings compared to no information and third‐person descriptions. High prevalence newspaper information also increased subjects' belief ratings. Our findings contribute to the growing literature demonstrating the role of false high prevalence information in the development of false beliefs. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Do human figure diagrams help alleged victims of sexual abuse provide elaborate and clear accounts of physical contact with alleged perpetrators?
Authors: Teoh Yee‐San , Yang Pei‐Jung , Lamb Michael E. , Larsson Anneli S.
Published: February 2009

The present study examined whether the use of human figure diagrams (HFDs) within a well‐structured interview was associated with more elaborate and clearer accounts about physical contact that had occurred in the course of an alleged abuse. The sample included investigative interviews of 88 children ranging from 4 to 13 years of age. Children were interviewed using the NICHD investigative interview protocol, and were then asked a series of questions in association with unclothed gender‐neutral outline diagrams of a human body. A new coding scheme was developed to examine the types and clarity of touch‐related information. Use of the HFDs was associated with reports of new touches not mentioned before and elaborations regarding the body parts reportedly touched. The HFDs especially helped clarify reports by the oldest rather than the youngest children. The clarity of children's accounts of touch was also greater when details were sought using recall prompts. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enantioselective Trifunctional Organocatalysts for Rate‐ Enhanced Aza‐Morita–Baylis–Hillman Reactions at Room Temperature
Authors: Garnier Jean‐Marc , Anstiss Christopher , Liu Fei
Published: February 2009

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A Brønsted acid‐activated trifunctional organocatalyst, based on the BINAP scaffold, was used for the first time to catalyze aza‐Morita‐Baylis–Hillman reactions between N‐tosylimines and methyl vinyl ketone with fast reaction rates and good enantioselectivity at room temperature. This trifunctional catalyst, containing a Lewis base, a Brønsted base, and a Brønsted acid, required acid activation to confer its enantioselectivity and rate improvement for both electron‐rich and electron‐deficient imine substrates. The role of the amino Lewis base of 1a was investigated and found to be the activity switch in response to an acid additive. The counterion of the acid additive was found to influence not only the excess ratio but also the sense of asymmetric induction.
Ist Cyanid wirklich ein Starkfeldligand?
Authors: Nakamura Mikio
Published: February 2009

Ironman oder Schwächling? Ligandenfeldstärken werden üblicherweise mithilfe der empirischen spektrochemischen Reihe beschrieben. Obwohl Cyanid als Starkfeldligand fest etabliert ist, lassen Beispiele aus jüngster Zeit, z. B. die High‐Spin(S=2)‐Zustände von [CrII(CN)5]3− und [FeII(tpp)(CN)]− , Zweifel an der Einordnung dieses Liganden aufkommen. tpp=meso‐Tetraphenylporphinat.

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Pd‐PEPPSI‐IPent: An Active, Sterically Demanding Cross‐Coupling Catalyst and Its Application in the Synthesis of Tetra‐Ortho‐Substituted Biaryls
Authors: Organ Michael G. , Çalimsiz Selçuk , Sayah Mahmoud , Hoi Ka Hou , Lough Alan J.
Published: February 2009

Variable Größe: Eine Reihe von Katalysatoren mit N‐heterocyclischen Carbenliganden (siehe Beispiel) wurde hergestellt und in der Suzuki‐Miyaura‐Reaktion getestet. Mit einem Isopentyl‐substituierten Katalysator wurden die sterisch befrachteten vierfach ortho‐substituierten Biarylprodukte aus wenig reaktiven Arylchloriden zwischen Raumtemperatur und 65 °C erhalten. Dass der Cyclopentyl‐substituierte Katalysator praktisch nicht aktiv war, zeigt die entscheidende Bedeutung eines „flexiblen Raumbedarfs“ bei diesen Umsetzungen.

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Universal Scaffold for Fluorescent Conjugated Organoborane Polymers
Authors: Li Haiyan , Jäkle Frieder
Published: February 2009

Pimp my polymer: A new versatile and strongly emissive conjugated polymer scaffold results when nucleophiles replace the labile bromine atoms on the fluorenylborane polymer backbone (see picture). Such modification allows facile tuning of the stability, thermal characteristics, and photophysical behavior of a diverse range of luminescent polymers with interesting optoelectronic properties and anion‐binding behavior.

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Sustainable biofuel production derived from urban waste using PSCC
Authors: Butterworth W. R.
Published: February 2009

W. R. Butterworth reports on the performance and scientific base of a commercial operation which matches two problems: recycling urban ‘wastes’ and producing sustainable biofuels. The proximity recycling of ‘wastes’ to produce biofuels in a closed loop mimics the original processes in the Carboniferous Era which laid down the global fossilized fuel reserves. When urban wastes are composted and can substitute for mineral fertilizers, a crop will use the green leaf and photo synthesis to capture far more carbon dioxide than is released when the biofuel produced from the crop seed is finally burned to release the energy captured from the sun. Most of the captured carbon goes into a carbon sink in the soil from which it only slowly oxidizes and at predictable rates. The figures of carbon capture, oxygen release and food production are related to fuels produced. Published © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Central lymph node metastases in unilateral papillary thyroid microcarcinoma
Authors: Lim Y C , Choi E C , Yoon Y-H , Kim E-H , Koo B S
Published: February 2009

Background

The indications for and appropriate extent of prophylactic central lymph node (CLN) dissection for clinically node-negative patients with unilateral papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) are unknown.

Methods

The frequency, patterns and predictive factors for CLN metastases in 86 patients with unilateral PTMC and a clinically node-negative neck were analysed with respect to age and sex; metastasis, age, completeness, invasiveness, size (MACIS) score; tumour size; number and location of tumours; presence of ipsilateral CLN metastases; and presence of lymphovascular or capsular invasion. All patients underwent total thyroidectomy and CLN dissection.

Results

Twenty-seven (31 per cent) of 86 patients had metastatic CLNs: 18 ipsilateral and nine bilateral. Univariable analysis suggested male sex and tumour size greater than 0·5 cm to be significant factors in predicting ipsilateral CLN metastases. Only ipsilateral nodal positivity was a significant predictor of contralateral CLN metastases in multivariable analysis (P = 0·007).

Conclusion

CLN metastases are relatively common in PTMC.
Small businesses and the environment: turning over a new leaf?
Authors: Revell Andrea , Stokes David , Chen Hsin
Published: February 2009

Previous studies on the environmental practices of small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) in the UK and beyond have portrayed owner‐managers as laggards who underplay their firm's environmental impacts and resist environmental management due to its perceived cost. Yet a recent cross‐sector survey of 220 UK SMEs suggests that this intransigent stance may be slowly changing. Responses indicate a high percentage of owner‐managers actively involved in recycling, energy efficiency, responsible buying and selling, and efforts to reduce their carbon emissions. Owner‐managers saw it as their responsibility to help solve environmental problems and were reportedly willing to accept the costs of tougher environmental regulations and taxation. Business owners were motivated not just by the ‘push’ of legislation and environmental concern but by the ‘pull’ of potential cost savings, new customers, higher staff retention and good publicity for their firms. The survey also found that owner‐managers had resonance with the Stern Review's (2006) conclusions that the benefits of strong early action on climate change outweigh the costs, and that a transition to a low‐carbon economy will bring opportunities for business growth. This indicates that SMEs may be coming round to the idea that there is a business case for sustainability, although there is still some scepticism on the overall profitability of environmental action. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Intuitive learning of communication protocols by using a sniffer
Authors: Fernandez Marcos D. , Martinez Jesus A.
Published: February 2009

Network sniffers have become critical tools in today's networking management and troubleshooting processes. They enable network managers to evaluate and examine the data running through their network, as well as it can help to identify network attacks and to detect security threats. Besides their usage in the technical environment, network sniffers can be used for educational and research purposes. They can be used for a better understanding of packets' architecture and traffic patterns generated by common network applications. Network Sniffers can also be used to evaluate protocol performance and assist in protocol development. Then, an essential part of a Networking course is the examination of and experimentation with network traffic data and protocols. Most standalone network traffic sniffers are rather expensive and those freely available on general purpose platforms (Linux or Windows) are quite cryptic. Therefore, we have developed a sniffing environment that permits to analyse network data and to send data packets. This sniffer is intended for beginner students in networking and it gives a clear guidance for its use. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 18: 721–726, 2010; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com; DOI 10.1002/cae.20277
Development of a visual courseware for surface mining education
Authors: Akkoyun Ozgur
Published: February 2009

In this paper, new visual courseware for surface mining education is described. It has been developed to help and support the lecturer when teaching and as a self‐study tool for students in learning surface mining methods. The software enables the constructors, students and engineers to analyze whole mining and economical aspects of surface mining methods and is fully implemented using graphical user interface technology. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 19: 56–65, 2011
Structure–Affinity Relationship Study of Bleomycins and Shble Protein by Use of a Chemical Array
Authors: Miyazaki Isao , Okumura Hideo , Simizu Siro , Takahashi Yoshikazu , Kanoh Naoki , Muraoka Yasuhiko , Nonomura Yoshiaki , Osada Hiroyuki
Published: February 2009

Natural product libraries for SAR studies: We used a chemical array platform to study the SARs of bleomycin (BLM) derivatives and Shble protein. The on‐chip SARs suggested that several domains are important for recognition of BLMs by Shble protein. In particular, the C‐terminal tail and the propionamide moiety in pyrimidoblamic acid (PBA) were shown to be important for the binding.

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The photocrosslinked chemical array format is useful not merely for screening protein ligands, but also for gaining insight into structure–affinity relationships (SARs). By probing an array of 2000 natural products, containing 50 bleomycin (BLM) derivatives, with cell lysates that overexpress RFP‐fused Shble protein, we successfully observed interactions between Shble protein and BLMs on the array. Among the BLM derivatives, those that had long C‐terminal tails were found to bind strongly. The binding signal intensities observed on the chemical array correlated well with the association constants, which were determined by isothermal titration carolimetry (ITC) experiments (r2=0.663), showing that the on‐chip results were not an artifact of ligand immobilization. In addition to the C‐terminal tails, the propionamide moieties in pyrimidoblamic acid (PBA) also appeared to be important for binding. The contributions of the propionamide moieties of PBA to binding were further supported by the X‐ray structure of the complex of Shble protein and BLM A6. These results provide insight into the structural requirements for recognition of BLMs by Shble protein.
The Double Solubility Rule Holds for Racemizing Enantiomers
Authors: Izumi Toshiko , Blackmond Donna G.
Published: February 2009

Chiral amnesia: Experimental results demonstrate that the double solubility rule indeed holds true for the solution‐phase enantiomers of a conglomerate‐forming solid under fast‐racemizing conditions. There is neither experimental evidence for chiral recognition via solution‐phase clusters nor a need to invoke them to produce a lucid explanation of the compelling model for the evolution of solid‐phase homochirality first communicated by Viedma.

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Solvent‐Assisted Organized Structures Based on Amphiphilic Anion‐Responsive π‐Conjugated Systems
Authors: Maeda Hiromitsu , Ito Yoshihiro , Haketa Yohei , Eifuku Nazuki , Lee Eunji , Lee Myongsoo , Hashishin Takeshi , Kaneko Kenji
Published: February 2009

Just subtract water: Amphiphilic π‐conjugated acyclic oligopyrroles form solvent‐assisted H‐aggregates that give rise to vesicular structures in aqueous solution (see figure). The H‐aggregates are sensitive to the conditions and are transformed into J‐aggregates by the removal of water.

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The synthesis of amphiphilic π‐conjugated acyclic oligopyrroles and the formation of solvent‐assisted aggregates are reported. We have prepared various types of BF2 complexes of 1,3‐dipyrrolylpropane‐1,3‐diones bearing aryl rings substituted with hydrophilic polyethyleneglycol (PEG) chains, both as acyclic anion receptors and as building subunits for organized architectures based on π–π stacking. The formation of supramolecular H‐type assemblies of these “amphiphilic” derivatives in aqueous solution was suggested by UV/Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy and further supported by 1H NMR and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analyses. Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo‐TEM) analyses of the aqueous solutions suggest that the fabrication of nanoscale network structures and vesicles depends on the peripheral substituents. The H‐aggregates in aqueous solution are sensitive to the conditions required for transformation into monomers through replacement with miscible solvents such as alcohols and into J‐type aggregates by water evaporation and freeze‐drying procedures. However, they are fairly stable and sustainable to anion binding, whereas on CH2Cl2 extraction they are transformed into other assembled modes but remain in the aqueous solution. The metastable states of affairs for distributions between two immiscible solvents are controlled by the orders of solution preparation; this also suggests that the formation of stable assemblies is assisted by water molecules. Furthermore, assemblies in which the stacking modes depend on the aliphatic side chains are also observed in a nonpolar hydrocarbon solvent.
A Mechanically Interlocked [3]Rotaxane as a Light‐Harvesting Antenna: Synthesis, Characterization, and Intramolecular Energy Transfer
Authors: Wang Jie‐Yu , Han Ji‐Min , Yan Jing , Ma Yuguo , Pei Jian
Published: February 2009

Mimicking photosynthesis: The concept of light‐harvesting by using a mechanically interlocked [3]rotaxane is developed through synthesis and characterization. Our results provide a new candidate for light‐harvesting systems and also open up the possibility of creating intelligent or controllable energy‐collecting machines (see figure).

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A mechanically interlocked light‐harvesting system [3]rotaxane A has been synthesized in high yield through Cu(I)‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition; the hexyl‐substituted truxene units are introduced into the wheels as donors and an oligo(para‐phenylenevinylene) (OPV) unit into the axis as the acceptor. The structure and the purity of [3]rotaxane A were confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and ESI HRMS. The azide–alkyne cycloaddition is demonstrated to be an efficient stoppering method in the synthesis of the rotaxane containing dibenzo[24]crown‐8 and dibenzyl ammonium units. Detailed steady‐state UV/Vis absorption, photoluminescent, and time‐resolved fluorescence spectroscopy were performed to investigate the photophysical properties of [3]rotaxane A and its reference compounds in solution and as thin films. Even in dilute solution, efficient energy transfer from the truxene‐functionalized wheels to the OPV‐based axis, through the dibenzo[24]crown‐8 and dibenzyl ammonium interaction, is observed in [3]rotaxane A. The unique topology of [3]rotaxane A not only efficiently promotes the intramolecular energy‐transfer process, but also prevents intermolecular aggregation in the solid state. The new antenna system opens up the possibility of controllable light‐harvesting molecular machines or other optoelectronic devices on the nanometer scale.
Intramolecular Metal–Fluorocarbon Coordination, CF Bond Activation and Lanthanoid–Fluoride Clusters with Tethered Polyfluorophenylamide Ligands
Authors: Deacon Glen B. , Forsyth Craig M. , Junk Peter C. , Wang Jun
Published: February 2009

Activating CF bonds: Strong metal–fluorocarbon coordination in complexes of electropositive metals (e.g., Na, K, Yb) with chelating polyfluorophenyl‐substituted amide ligands is a precursor to CF bond activation and fluoride abstraction when M=YbII, giving heteroleptic YbIII fluoride clusters (see scheme).

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Metalation of either N,N‐diethyl‐ or N,N‐dimethyl‐N′‐2,3,5,6‐tetrafluorophenylethane‐1,2‐diamines (HL 1 a, 1 b respectively) with [M{N(SiMe3)2}] (M=Na, K) or [Yb{N(SiMe3)2}2(thf)2] yielded the metal–amido compounds [Na(L)] (2 a), [K(L)] (3 a) and [Yb(L)2(thf)2] (4 a, 4 b). The Yb complexes were also synthesised by redox transmetalation/ligand exchange from Yb, Hg(C6F5)2 and HL in THF or 4 a from a reaction of 3 a with YbI2 in THF. In the presence of N,N,N′,N′‐ tetramethyl‐1,2‐ethanediamine (TMEDA) the complexes 2 a and 3 a yielded [Na(L)2Na(tmeda)] (5 a) and [K2(L)2(tmeda)2] (6 a), respectively, as crystalline compounds, whilst crystallisation of 4 a from DME gave [Yb(L)2(dme)] (7 a). Their structures have chelating metal–amide and NR2 donors and additional intramolecular M‐F‐C connectivity with relatively short bond lengths (NaF 2.65–3.00 Å; KF 2.70–3.00 Å; YbF 2.56 Å). The Yb complexes undergo CF activation in solution forming [Yb4(L)6F6] (8 a, 8 b). The connectivity of [Yb4(L)6F6], as shown by the X‐ray structures, comprised a circular Yb4(μ‐F)4 periphery with two opposing Yb centres having either one L ligand and a Yb2(μ‐F)2 bridge or two L ligands. Each polyfluorophenylamide exhibits additional intramolecular Yb‐F‐C coordination from one of the ortho‐F atoms resulting in seven or eight coordinate Yb centres. An attempt to synthesise 4 a by redox transmetalation/ligand exchange using Hg(CCPh)2 as the mercury reagent gave [Yb4(O)2(L)4(CCPh)4(thf)2]⋅THF (9 a⋅THF), most likely as a result of oxidation of the initially formed product.
Stereoselective SE2′ Protonation of α‐Hydroxyallylsilanes Mediated by a Brook Rearrangement
Authors: Sasaki Michiko , Shirakawa Yuri , Kawahata Masatoshi , Yamaguchi Kentaro , Takeda Kei
Published: February 2009

Brooked up! Treatment of (R,Z)‐3‐(tert‐butyldimethylsilyl)‐1‐cyano‐3‐hydroxyprop‐1‐enyl carbamate with a catalytic amount of a base afforded (S,E)‐3‐(tert‐butyldimethylsilyloxy)‐1‐cyanoallyl diisopropylcarbamate, showing that SE2′‐type reaction of allylsilicates proceeds in an anti fashion. The overall process is equivalent to trapping of an enantioenriched C‐chiral carbanion at the α‐position of nitrile group in up to 77 % ee (see scheme).

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Penalized contrast estimator for adaptive density deconvolution
Authors: Comte Fabienne , Rozenholc Yves , Taupin Marie‐Luce
Published: February 2009

The authors consider the problem of estimating the density g of independent and identically distributed variables XI, from a sample Z1,… Zn such that ZI = XI + σϵ for i = 1,…, n, and E is noise independent of X, with σϵ having a known distribution. They present a model selection procedure allowing one to construct an adaptive estimator of g and to find nonasymptotic risk bounds. The estimator achieves the minimax rate of convergence, in most cases where lower bounds are available. A simulation study gives an illustration of the good practical performance of the method.
Strictly monotone and smooth nonparametric regression for two or more variables
Authors: Dette Holger , Scheder Regine
Published: February 2009

The authors propose a new monotone nonparametric estimate for a regression function of two or more variables. Their method consists in applying successively one‐dimensional isotonization procedures on an initial, unconstrained nonparametric regression estimate. In the case of a strictly monotone regression function, they show that the new estimate and the initial one are first‐order asymptotic equivalent; they also establish asymptotic normality of an appropriate standardization of the new estimate. In addition, they show that if the regression function is not monotone in one of its arguments, the new estimate and the initial one have approximately the same Lp‐norm. They illustrate their approach by means of a simulation study, and two data examples are analyzed.
A kernel smoothing method of adjusting for unit non‐response in sample surveys
Authors: Silva DamiãoN. Da , Opsomer Jean D.
Published: February 2009

Non‐response is a common problem in survey sampling and this phenomenon can only be ignored at the risk of invalidating inferences from a survey. In order to adjust for unit non‐response, the authors propose a weighting method in which kernel regression is used to estimate the response probabilities. They show that the adjusted estimator is consistent and they derive its asymptotic distribution. They also suggest a means of estimating its variance through a replication‐based technique. Furthermore, a Monte Carlo study allows them to illustrate the properties of the non‐response adjustment and its variance estimator.
Goodness‐of‐fit tests for parametric models in censored regression
Authors: Pardo‐Fernández Juan Carlos , Van Keilegom Ingrid , González‐Manteiga Wenceslao
Published: February 2009

The authors propose a goodness‐of‐fit test for parametric regression models when the response variable is right‐censored. Their test compares an estimation of the error distribution based on parametric residuals to another estimation relying on nonparametric residuals. They call on a bootstrap mechanism in order to approximate the critical values of tests based on Kolmogorov‐Smirnov and Cramér‐von Mises type statistics. They also present the results of Monte Carlo simulations and use data from a study about quasars to illustrate their work.
Generalized likelihood ratio tests for the structure of semiparametric additive models
Authors: Jiang Jiancheng , Zhou Haibo , Jiang Xuejun , Peng Jianan
Published: February 2009

Semiparametric additive models (SAMs) are very useful in multivariate nonparametric regression. In this paper, the authors study nonparametric testing problems for the nonparametric components of SAMs. Using the backfitting algorithm and the local polynomial smoothing technique, they extend to SAMs the generalized likelihood ratio tests of Fan &Jiang (2005). The authors show that the proposed tests possess the Wilks‐type property and that they can detect alternatives nearing the null hypothesis with a rate arbitrarily close to root‐n while error distributions are unspecified. They report simulations which demonstrate the Wilks phenomenon and the powers of their tests. They illustrate the performance of their approach by simulation and using the Boston housing data set.
Longitudinal data analysis for generalized linear models with follow‐up dependent on outcome‐related variables
Authors: BU̇rŽKOVÁ Petra , Lumley Thomas
Published: February 2009

In longitudinal studies, observation times are often irregular and subject‐specific. Frequently they are related to the outcome measure or other variables that are associated with the outcome measure but undesirable to condition upon in the model for outcome. Regression analyses that are unadjusted for outcome‐dependent follow‐up then yield biased estimates. The authors propose a class of inverse‐intensity rate‐ratio weighted estimators in generalized linear models that adjust for outcome‐dependent follow‐up. The estimators, based on estimating equations, are very simple and easily computed; they can be used under mixtures of continuous and discrete observation times. The predictors of observation times can be past observed outcomes, cumulative values of outcome‐model covariates and other factors associated with the outcome. The authors validate their approach through simulations and they illustrate it using data from a supported housing program from the US federal government.
Bayesian spatio‐temporal models based on discrete convolutions
Authors: Sans Ó Bruno , Schmidt Alexandra M. , Nobre Aline A.
Published: February 2009

Abstract: The authors consider a class of models for spatio‐temporal processes based on convolving independent processes with a discrete kernel that is represented by a lower triangular matrix. They study two families of models. In the first one, spatial Gaussian processes with isotropic correlations are convoluted with a kernel that provides temporal dependencies. In the second family, AR(p) processes are convoluted with a kernel providing spatial interactions. The covariance structures associated with these two families are quite rich. Their covariance functions that are stationary and separable in space and time as well as time dependent nonseparable and nonisotropic ones.
Predictors of Stroke Risk in Native Chinese with Nonrheumatic Atrial Fibrillation: Retrospective Investigation of Hospitalized Patients
Authors: Sun Yihong , Hu Dayi , Li Kuibao , Zhou Ziqiang
Published: February 2009

Background

Data on stroke risk factor profiles and atrial fibrillation (AF) for the Chinese population are sparse. This study identified risk factors for stroke among native Chinese with nonrheumatic AF.

Methods

In this retrospective investigation, patients diagnosed with nonrheumatic AF were identified from 18 hospitals in representative areas of the country, from January 2000 to April 2002, based on the medical records. All parameters relevant to AF were compared between AF patients with stroke and those without. The independent risk factors for stroke were assessed with a logistic regression analysis.

Results

Patients numbering 3,425 with AF were included, among whom 827 subjects were discharged on account of stroke. The prevalence of stroke in nonrheumatic AF patients was 24.15%. AF patients with stroke were significantly older than controls (73.31 ± 9.18 versus 68.22 ± 12.29 y, p < 0.001) and more likely to have a history of hypertension (71.0 versus 51.6%, p < 0.001) and diabetes (17.9 versus 11.1%, p = 0.001).

Both, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, are significantly higher in patients with stroke. Of all the parameters of echocardiography, there was strong evidence that left atrial (LA) thrombi significantly increased risk of stroke. Patients with persistent AF were more likely to have stroke than paroxysmal AF patients, while lone AF is less in patients with stroke than in those without. The rate of anticoagulation treatment is only 9.27%, but there were no significant differences between the 2 groups. In multivariate analysis, age ≥ 75 y (odds ratio [OR] 1.76; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.08‐2.98), history of hypertension (OR 1.52; 95% CI 1.28‐1.80), diabetes (OR 1.39; 95% CI 1.11‐1.76), high systolic blood pressure (OR 1.71; 95% CI 1.21‐2.28), LA thrombi (OR 2.77; 95% CI 1.25‐6.13) were independent predictors for stroke.

Conclusions

The prevalence of stroke in hospitalized nonrheumatic AF patients was high. The population‐specific risk factors for stroke were age ≥ 75 y, diabetes, history of hypertension, high systolic blood pressure and LA thrombi by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). These merit further evaluation. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prognostic impact of mitotic index of proliferating cell populations in cervical cancer patients treated with carbon ion beam
Authors: Suzuki Yoshiyuki , Oka Kuniyuki , Ohno Tatsuya , Kato Shingo , Tsujii Hirohiko , Nakano Takashi
Published: February 2009

BACKGROUND:

The authors previously reported that the mitotic index of a proliferating cell population (pMI) was a potent prognostic factor in cervical cancer patients treated with photon beam therapy. In this study, they investigated whether the pMI accurately predicted prognosis in cervical cancer patients treated with carbon ion beam.

METHODS:

Tissue sections were obtained from 27 consecutively treated patients with stage IIIB bulky (19 patients) and stage IVA (8 patients) squamous cell carcinomas of the cervix treated with carbon ion beam at the National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Japan, as a phase I/II study with dose escalation methodology (52.8‐72 grays equivalent radiation dose/24 fractions). The mitotic index (MI) and Ki‐67 labeling index (Ki‐67‐LI) were determined by hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemical staining, respectively. The pMI was calculated using the following formula: pMI = MI/Ki‐67‐LI.

RESULTS:

The pMI ranged from 0.6 to 8.9 (mean, 3.9 ± 2.6; median, 3.2). Twelve of the 27 specimens had a pMI >3.5. The local control rate in tumors with a pMI >3.5 was 17%, significantly lower than the 73% in the tumors with a pMI <3.5 (P = .005). Multivariate analysis indicated that the pMI had the strongest impact on local control (standard regression coefficient = 0.48, P = .002) among the variables, including clinical stage, irradiated dose, age, and tumor volume.

CONCLUSIONS:

These results suggest that a high pMI is an indication of a poorer prognosis, and is a powerful prognostic factor in patients with squamous cell carcinomas of the cervix treated with carbon ion beam therapy. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Combustion of CH4/H2/Air Mixtures in Catalytic Microreactors
Authors: Specchia Stefania , Vella Luigi D. , Burelli Sara , Saracco Guido , Specchia Vito
Published: February 2009

The combustion of CH4 and H2 in a confined space represents an innovative way to produce heat and power. Burning tests on CH4/H2/air mixtures using Pd/NiCrO4‐catalyst‐lined SiC monoliths (see picture) show an important reduction of both the ignition temperature and the 100 % conversion temperature in these systems.

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The combustion of CH4/H2/HC mixtures in a very small space represents an alternative, innovative way to produce thermal/electrical energy. Pd/NiCrO4 catalysts are lined on SiC monoliths via in situ solution combustion synthesis (SCS), and the monoliths are then tested by feeding CH4, H2, and lean CH4/H2 mixtures into a lab‐scale test rig at an output thermal power of 7.6 MWth m−3. In all cases, the combustion temperature shifts to values lower than those observed in non‐catalytic combustion. When the power density is kept constant (by adding H2 to the gas mixture), the value of CH4–T50 (the half‐conversion temperature of CH4) decreases relative to that of pure CH4, and the slope of the conversion curve becomes steeper. The higher the H2 concentration is, the higher the reactivity of the mixture towards CH4 oxidation—probably due to a higher production of H2 reactive radicals (OH).
Guest–Host Hydrogen Bonding in Structure H Clathrate Hydrates
Authors: Susilo Robin , Alavi Saman , Moudrakovski Igor L. , Englezos Peter , Ripmeester John A.
Published: February 2009

Molecular dynamics simulations of the structure H (sH) clathrate of tert‐butylmethylether show the prevalence of ether–water hydrogen bonding (see picture), absent in the neo‐hexane sH clathrate. This affects guest–cage dynamics and host–water dielectric relaxation dynamics. The 13C and 1H NMR relaxation times for both guests are measured, and the differences are explained in terms of guest–host interactions in the two clathrates.

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The formation of guest–host hydrogen bonds in structure H (sH) clathrate hydrates is studied herein. We contrast the structure and guest dynamics of the tert‐butylmethylether (TBME) and neohexane (NH) sH clathrates by performing molecular dynamics simulations on these two clathrates and measuring 1H and 13C NMR relaxation times of the guests. These two guests are isoelectronic and differ with respect to the presence of the ether oxygen atom in TBME and a CH2 group in NH. The TBME guest forms long‐lived hydrogen bonds with water molecules in the equatorial region of the large sH clathrate cage. These hydrogen bonds effectively tether the TBME guest to the side of the cage and restrict its rattling and rotational motions in the cage compared to NH, which does not become hydrogen bonded to the cage’s water molecules.
Selbsttragende Ziegelflachstürze mit unvermörtelten Stoßfugen in der Übermauerung
Authors: Meyer Udo , Schmidt Roger
Published: February 2009

Mauerwerk mit unvermörtelten Stoßfugen ist seit vielen Jahren die überwiegend verwendete Bauweise in Deutschland. Im Bereich von Flachsturz‐Übermauerungen war bisher jedoch die Vermörtelung der Stoßfugen vorgeschrieben. Eine neue bauaufsichtliche Zulassung ermöglicht erstmals die Ausführung von nichttragenden Flachsturz‐Übermauerungen mit großformatigen Ziegeln ohne Stoßfugenvermörtelung. Der folgende Beitrag erläutert die wichtigsten Anwendungsregeln dieser Zulassung (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Th2 allergic immune response to inhaled fungal antigens is modulated by TLR‐4‐independent bacterial products
Authors: Allard Jenna B. , Rinaldi Lisa , Wargo Matthew J. , Allen Gilman , Akira Shizuo , Uematsu Satoshi , Poynter Matthew E. , Hogan Deborah A. , Rincon Mercedes , Whittaker Laurie A.
Published: February 2009

Allergic airway disease is characterized by eosinophilic inflammation, mucus hypersecretion and increased airway resistance. Fungal antigens are ubiquitous within the environment and are well known triggers of allergic disease. Bacterial products are also frequently encountered within the environment and may alter the immune response to certain antigens. The consequence of simultaneous exposure to bacterial and fungal products on the lung adaptive immune response has not been explored. Here, we show that oropharyngeal aspiration of fungal lysates (Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus) promotes airway eosinophilia, secretion of Th2 cytokines and mucus cell metaplasia. In contrast, oropharyngeal exposure to bacterial lysates (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) promotes airway inflammation characterized by neutrophils, Th1 cytokine secretion and no mucus production. More importantly, administration of bacterial lysates together with fungal lysates deviates the adaptive immune response to a Th1 type associated with neutrophilia and diminished mucus production. The immunomodulatory effect that bacterial lysates have on the response to fungi is TLR4 independent but MyD88 dependent. Thus, different types of microbial products within the airway can alter the host's adaptive immune response and potentially impact the development of allergic airway disease to environmental fungal antigens.
Preparation of a Reversible Redox‐Controlled Cage‐Type Molecule Linked by Disulfide Bonds
Authors: Horng Yih‐Chern , Lin Tzung‐Lung , Tu Cheng‐Yi , Sung Ting‐Ju , Hsieh Chang‐Chih , Hu Ching‐Han , Lee Hon Man , Kuo Ting‐Shen
Published: February 2009

A unique trithiol macromolecule, with an intrinsic conformational propensity for dimerization (cage) instead of oligomerization upon oxidation, was prepared straightforwardly through rational design. The quantitative conversion and the reversibility between the cage and trithiols through redox reactions were assayed by 1H NMR spectroscopic analysis. The X‐ray structure of the synthesized cage‐type molecule represents the first successful example of a redox‐controlled reversible dimeric capsule linked through covalent disulfide bonds. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Dude looks like a lady: Exploring the malleability of person categorization
Authors: Brebner Joanne L. , Martin Douglas , Macrae C. Neil
Published: February 2009

Recent research has documented how single facial features can trigger person categorization. Questions remain, however, regarding the automaticity of the reported effects. Using a modified flanker paradigm, the current investigation explored the extent to which hair cues drive sex categorization when faces comprise task‐irrelevant (i.e., unattended) stimuli. In three experiments, participants were required to classify target forenames by gender while ignoring irrelevant flanking faces with and without hair cues. When present, hair cues were either congruent or incongruent with prevailing cultural stereotypes. The results demonstrated the potency of category‐specifying featural cues. First, flanker interference only emerged when critical hair cues were present (Experiment 1). Second, flankers with stereotype‐incongruent hairstyles (e.g., men with long hair) facilitated access to information associated with the opposite sex (Experiment 2), even when the flankers were highly familiar celebrities (Experiment 3). The theoretical implications of these findings are considered. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Priming the ant or the grasshopper in people's mind: How regulatory mode affects inter‐temporal choices
Authors: Mannetti Lucia , Leder Susanne , Insalata Libera , Pierro Antonio , Higgins Tory , Kruglanski Arie
Published: February 2009

The present study examined the influence of two regulatory mode concerns—a locomotion concern with movement from state to state and an assessment concern with making comparisons—on choices between immediate and delayed (from 2 to 6 weeks) money rewards. Regulatory mode orientation was induced by means of a priming procedure. We predicted that the choices in the assessment condition would be less impulsive and more far‐sighted than those in the locomotion condition. After taking into account the effects of amount of early reward, length of delay and increase in delayed reward—all of which were in the direction of previous studies—this regulatory mode prediction was supported. Our findings suggest that it might be possible to induce more far‐sighted (or economically rational) inter‐temporal choices by means of instructions that induce an assessment orientation independent of stable inter‐individual differences in discount rate. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent progress in gasification/pyrolysis technologies for biomass conversion to energy
Authors: Digman Brett , Joo Hyun Soo , Kim Dong‐Shik
Published: February 2009

In this review, we will be discussing existing techniques and recent progress in gasification and pyrolysis techniques for the conversion of cellulosic biomass into a viable source of energy. Topics of discussion will include biomass gasification to produce syngas and process concerns, as well as various ways to address these issues, biomass pyrolysis for production of bio‐oil and examples of novel techniques published in recent articles, co‐firing of biomass and coal and the use of co‐gasification and co‐pyrolysis, the combination of pyrolysis and gasification to process pyrolysis products to syngas through gasification and liquifaction of syngas and its conversion to fuels such as ethanol, methanol, and Fisher‐Tropsh oil through modified catalysis. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2009
MNS16A minisatellite genotypes in relation to risk of glioma and meningioma and to glioblastoma outcome
Authors: Andersson Ulrika , Osterman Pia , Sjöström Sara , Johansen Christoffer , Henriksson Roger , Brännström Thomas , Broholm Helle , Christensen Helle Collatz , Ahlbom Anders , Auvinen Anssi , Feychting Maria , Lönn Stefan , Kiuru Anne , Swerdlow Anthony , Schoemaker Minouk , Roos Göran , Malmer Beatrice
Published: February 2009

The human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene is upregulated in a majority of malignant tumours. A variable tandem repeat, MNS16A, has been reported to be of functional significance for hTERT expression. Published data on the clinical relevance of MNS16A variants in brain tumours have been contradictory. The present population‐based study in the Nordic countries and the United Kingdom evaluated brain‐tumour risk and survival in relation to MNS16A minisatellite variants in 648 glioma cases, 473 meningioma cases and 1,359 age, sex and geographically matched controls. By PCR‐based genotyping all study subjects with fragments of 240 or 271 bp were judged as having short (S) alleles and subjects with 299 or 331 bp fragments as having long (L) alleles. Relative risk of glioma or meningioma was estimated with logistic regression adjusting for age, sex and country. Overall survival was analysed using Kaplan–Meier estimates and equality of survival distributions using the log‐rank test and Cox proportional hazard ratios. The MNS16A genotype was not associated with risk of occurrence of glioma, glioblastoma (GBM) or meningioma. For GBM there were median survivals of 15.3, 11.0 and 10.7 months for the LL, LS and SS genotypes, respectively; the hazard ratio for having the LS genotype compared with the LL was significantly increased HR 2.44 (1.56–3.82) and having the SS genotype versus the LL was nonsignificantly increased HR 1.46 (0.81–2.61). When comparing the LL versus having one of the potentially functional variants LS and SS, the HR was 2.10 (1.41–3.1). However, functionality was not supported as there was no trend towards increasing HR with number of S alleles. Collected data from our and previous studies regarding both risk and survival for the MNS16A genotypes are contradictory and warrant further investigations. © 2009 UICC
Bax shuttling after rotenone treatment of neuronal primary cultures: Effects on cell death phenotypes
Authors: Gill Martin B. , Perez‐Polo J. Regino
Published: February 2009

Neonatal (P7) brain hypoxia–ischemia (HI) induces intracellular Bax protein shifts to the nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where it triggers the activation of the respective cell death signaling cascades. When compared with HI‐treated rat pups, 100% O2 resuscitation of HI‐treated rat pups increases HI‐induced ER Bax levels, ER‐mediated cell death signaling, and resultant lesion volume and inflammation due to increased necrotic‐like cell death. To better characterize the role of Bax intracellular shuttling ER cell death signaling and necrotic‐like cell death, we used rotenone‐treated P5 neuronal cortical cultures to increase ER Bax levels and subsequent cell death signaling. We treated P5 primary cortical neurons with 25 μM and 100 μM rotenone as an apoptotic or necrotic‐like stimulus, respectively, and measured intracellular organelle Bax levels and the subsequent activation of ER/mitochondrial cell death signaling. The 25 μM rotenone treatment promptly increased nuclear Bax levels followed by a later increase in mitochondrial Bax levels and caspase‐mediated cleavage of α‐fodrin. The 100 μM rotenone treatment also resulted in an early increase in nuclear Bax levels followed by a subsequent increase in ER Bax levels and calpain‐mediated cleavage of α‐fodrin. After pretreatment with the immunosuppressive and neuroprotective FK506, there was a delay in Bax intracellular shifts and cell death signaling for both the 25 and 100 μM rotenone treatments. These results suggest that the different outcomes of apoptotic‐like vs. necrotic‐like cell death resulting from the treatment of neuronal cultures with rotenone at 25 and 100μM rotenone reflect changes in the intracellular trafficking of Bax among different organelles. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK): A regulator of CNS myelination
Authors: Forrest Audrey D. , Beggs Hilary E. , Reichardt Louis F. , Dupree Jeffrey L. , Colello Raymond J. , Fuss Babette
Published: February 2009

The formation of the myelin sheath is a crucial step during development because it enables fast and efficient propagation of signals within the limited space of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). During the process of myelination, oligodendrocytes actively interact with the extracellular matrix (ECM). These interactions are considered crucial for proper and timely completion of the myelin sheath. However, the exact regulatory circuits involved in the signaling events that occur between the ECM and oligodendrocytes are currently not fully understood. Therefore, in the present study we investigated the role of a known integrator of cell–ECM signaling, namely, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), in CNS myelination via the use of conditional (oligodendrocyte‐specific) and inducible FAK‐knockout mice (Fakflox/flox: PLP/CreERT mice). When inducing FAK knockout just prior to and during active myelination of the optic nerve, we observed a significant reduction in the number of myelinated fibers on postnatal day 14. In addition, our data revealed a decreased number of primary processes extending from oligodendrocyte cell bodies at this postnatal age and on induction of FAK knockout. In contrast, myelination appeared normal on postnatal day 28. Thus, our data suggest that FAK controls the efficiency and timing of CNS myelination during its initial stages, at least in part, by regulating oligodendrocyte process outgrowth and/or remodeling. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inactive and relict rock glaciers of the Deboullie Lakes Ecological Reserve, northern Maine, USA
Authors: Putnam Aaron E. , Putnam David E.
Published: February 2009

Lobate talus slopes in the Deboullie Lakes Ecological Reserve (DLER) of northern Maine exhibit parabolic profiles characteristic of inactive and relict talus‐derived rock glaciers. Vegetated rock glacier surfaces suggest that the landforms are no longer active, and lobes comprising two DLER rock glaciers document periods of past growth. Observations of perennial subsurface ice are supported by datalogger temperature measurements, indicating that sporadic permafrost exists throughout the DLER. We compare the DLER rock glaciers, along with similar features elsewhere in New England and adjacent Québec, to the modern alpine permafrost distribution. Results indicate that a mean annual temperature cooling of ∼6°C is required to promote active rock glacier growth. Ages of plant remains recovered from the basal sediments of a local pond constrain deglaciation to before 11 320 14C a BP, and core stratigraphy and organic content reveal that a periglacial environment persisted during the early postglacial era. Thus, we hypothesise that the DLER rock glaciers were active during Lateglacial time despite the lack of glacier activity in the region. We take this to suggest that north‐eastern US rock glaciers formed in response to mean annual temperatures skewed towards the frigid winters of the Younger Dryas chronozone. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.