bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Professional identity and nursing: contemporary theoretical developments and future research challenges
Authors: Johnson M. , Cowin L.S. , Wilson I. , Young H.
Published: July 2012

JOHNSON M., COWIN L.S., WILSON I. & YOUNG H. (2012) Professional identity and nursing: contemporary theoretical developments and future research challenges. International Nursing Review

Aim:  We propose that the conceptual orientation of professional identity is a logical consequence of self‐concept development by focusing on career and its meaning and presents a measurable set of concepts that can be manipulated to improve retention of student and registered nurses within health service.

Background:  Although professional identity is a term that is commonly written of in nursing literature, its theoretical origins remain unclear, and available empirical evidence of its presence or ability to change is omitted from nursing research.

Sources of evidence:  We present a professional identity pathway and explore the factors that influence professional identity throughout a career in nursing.

Discussion:  Nurses' professional identities develop throughout their lifetimes, from before entering nursing education, throughout their years of study and clinical experience, and continue to evolve during their careers. Education is, however, a key period as it is during this time students gain the knowledge and skills that separate nurses as professional healthcare workers from lay people.

Conclusion:  Finally, a call for longitudinal studies of students to graduates, using conceptually derived and psychometrically proven instruments capable of detecting the subtle changes in the construct over time, is recommended. Further empirical research into the theoretical concepts that underline professional identity, and the factors that influence changes in this important construct in nursing, is required. Ultimately, the practical relevance of such research will lie in the potential it provides for enhanced nursing career support and improved workforce policies.
Neural correlates of belief‐ and desire‐reasoning in 7‐ and 8‐year‐old children: an event‐related potential study
Authors: Bowman Lindsay C. , Liu David , Meltzoff Andrew N. , Wellman Henry M.
Published: July 2012

Theory of mind requires belief‐anddesire‐understanding. Event‐related brain potential (ERP) research on belief‐ and desire‐reasoning in adults found mid‐frontal activations for both desires and beliefs, and selective right‐posterior activationsonlyfor beliefs. Developmentally, children understand desires before beliefs; thus, a critical question concerns whether neural specialization for belief‐reasoning exists in childhood or develops later. Neural activity was recorded as 7‐ and 8‐year‐olds (N = 18) performed the same diverse‐desires, diverse‐beliefs, and physical control tasks used in a previous adult ERP study. Like adults, mid‐frontal scalp activations were found for belief‐anddesire‐reasoning. Moreover, analyses usingcorrecttrials alone yielded selective right‐posterior activations for belief‐reasoning. Results suggest developmental links between increasingly accurate understanding of complex mental states and neural specialization supporting this understanding.
What leads students to adopt information from Wikipedia? An empirical investigation into the role of trust and information usefulness
Authors: Shen Xiao‐Liang , Cheung Christy M. K. , Lee Matthew K. O.
Published: July 2012

With the prevalence of the Internet, it has become increasingly easy and common for students to seek information from various online sources. Wikipedia is one of the largest and most popular reference websites that university students may heavily rely on in completing their assignments and other course‐related projects. Based on the information adoption model, this study empirically examines the effects of trust and information usefulness on Hong Kong students' information adoption from Wikipedia. We conducted an online survey and analysed the responses using partial least squares. Overall, the model explained 69.4% of the variance in information adoption, 59.1% of the variance in trust and 62.7% of the variance in information usefulness. Interestingly, deviating significantly from the information adoption model, trust played a major role in determining information adoption and fully mediated the relationship between information usefulness and information adoption. The implications of this study will provide important insights to both researchers and practitioners.

Practitioner Notes

What is already known about this topic

Current controversy is perpetuated by the use of Wikipedia in academic work, although it is heavily utilised by university students.

Information adoption is solely determined by information usefulness as proposed in Sussman and Siegal's information adoption model.

Prior studies on trust in online information environment primarily focused on issues such as security, technical reliability or e‐commerce.

What this paper adds

This study provides preliminary empirical evidence regarding university students' motivations behind the use of Wikipedia.

Trust towards Wikipedia mediates the relationship between information usefulness and information adoption.

Completeness and format of online information determine university students' perceptions of information usefulness.

Implications for practice and/or policy

Educators should provide university students with more training on evaluating online information and instruct them to be critical learners.

Academic institutions should not simply prohibit the use of Wikipedia but instead incorporate it into the curriculum to develop students' digital literacy.

The administrators of online educational reference websites should create a reputation system and increase the completeness and format of information.
The effort to control time in the ‘new’ general practice
Authors: MacBride‐Stewart Sara
Published: July 2012

Since the 1980s and 1990s doctors in the UK have reported a lack of time; this has been reproduced in the reorganisation of work through various contracts and regulatory mechanisms. I draw on interviews with 32 General Practitioners (GPs) in Wales about their everyday work, focusing on accounts about the limited nature of their time. I use Adams’ analysis of the rationalisation of work time through the processes of commodification, compression, and colonisation, to explore tensions between traditional and new ways of doctoring. While it was possible to find evidence of traditional ways of managing time that shaped the activities of doctors and controlled those activities, the doctors were not passive participants in the rationalisation of work time. Rather they actively modified its processes using notions of professionalism that are aligned to traditional doctoring, and which offer new ways of doing and being a professional.
Agents for Change and Changed Agents: The Micro‐politics of Change and Feminism in the Academy
Authors: Parsons Elizabeth , Priola Vincenza
Published: July 2012

This article explores gender politics and processes in the academy and investigates change from the perspectives of feminist academics. In particular, it explores the experiences of women academics attempting to effect change to the gendered status quo of their own institutions. Focusing on micro‐politics, the feminist movement is empirically explored in localized spaces of resistance and in the small but significant individual efforts at making changes in academic institutions. The analysis is based on interviews with female academics working in business and management schools and focuses on the challenges for change and how change attempts affect their personal and professional identities. The article explores the range of change strategies that participants use as they try to progress in their academic career while staying true to their feminist values and priorities through both resisting and incorporating dominant discourses of academic work. The analysis highlights such tensions and focuses on a contextualized, bottom‐up perspective on change that, unlike more totalizing theorization, takes into account mundane and lived experiences at the level of the individual.
Maternal executive function, harsh parenting, and child conduct problems
Authors: Deater‐Deckard Kirby , Wang Zhe , Chen Nan , Bell Martha Ann
Published: July 2012

Background:  Maternal executive function and household regulation both are critical aspects of optimal childrearing, but their interplay is not understood. We tested the hypotheses that (a) the link between challenging child conduct problems and harsh parenting would be strongest for mothers with poorer executive function and weakest among those with better executive function, and (b) this mechanism would be further moderated by the degree of household chaos.

Methods:  The socioeconomically diverse sample included 147 mothers of 3‐to‐7 year old children. Mothers completed questionnaires and a laboratory assessment of executive function.

Results:  Consistent with hypotheses, harsh parenting was linked with child conduct problems only among mothers with poorer executive function. This effect was particularly strong in calm, predictable environments, but was not evident in chaotic environments.

Conclusion:  Maternal executive function is critical to minimizing harsh parenting in the context of challenging child behavior, but this self‐regulation process may not operate well in chaotic environments.
Improving upper limb motor functions through action observation treatment: a pilot study in children with cerebral palsy
Authors: BUCCINO GIOVANNI , ARISI DANIELE , GOUGH PATRICIA , APRILE DANIELA , FERRI CHIARA , SEROTTI LUCIA , TIBERTI ALESSANDRA , FAZZI ELISA
Published: July 2012

Aim  The aim of this randomized controlled trial was to assess whether action observation treatment may improve upper limb motor functions in children with cerebral palsy (CP).

Method  All children with CP admitted to our unit for rehabilitation from May 2009 to May 2010 were eligible. Inclusion criteria were age between 6 years and 11 years, an IQ of at least 70, and no major visual and/or auditory deficits. Fifteen children were enrolled and randomly assigned to either a case group (n=8; four males, four females; median age 7y 6mo) or control group (n=7; five males, two females; median age 8y). Six participants had left‐sided hemiplegia, six right‐sided hemiplegia, and three had tetraplegia; 10 were independent walkers. Those in the case group were asked to observe video clips showing daily age‐appropriate actions, and afterwards to imitate them. Participants in the control group were asked to observe video clips with no motor content and afterwards to execute the same actions as cases. The primary outcome measure was the Melbourne Assessment Scale. Children were scored twice at baseline (2wks apart), and at the end of treatment, by a physician blind to group assignment.

Results  At baseline groups did not differ on functional evaluation. After treatment, the functional score gain (Δ) was significantly different in the case and control groups (p=0.026).

Interpretation  The present results support the notion that action observation treatment can be an effective part of the rehabilitation programme in children with CP.
How do schools promote emotional well‐being among their pupils? Findings from a national scoping survey of mental health provision in English schools
Authors: Vostanis Panos , Humphrey Neil , Fitzgerald Natasha , Deighton Jessica , Wolpert Miranda
Published: July 2012

Background

Schools play an important role in promoting child mental health, but little is known about the approaches they undertake.

Methods

A scoping survey in England, involving 599 primary and 137 secondary schools.

Results

Although two thirds of school approaches focused on all pupils, these were predominantly reactive, rather than preventive interventions. They were also largely not evidence‐based, were instead based on a plan while open to adaptation. Gaps were identified in teacher training and support.

Conclusions

The findings have implications on the use of preventive versus reactive approaches, staff training and consultation, use of evidence‐based practice in schools and joint care pathways.
A fiery conflict: Attachment orientations and the effects of relational conflict on sexual motivation
Authors: Birnbaum Gurit E. , Mikulincer Mario , Austerlitz Michal
Published: July 2012

This study examined the effects of relational conflict on sexual motivation. Sixty‐one couples were videotaped while discussing either a major relationship problem or their daily routine. Both partners then completed measures of sexual motives and rated their romantic partner's sexual attractiveness. Results showed that conflict discussion inhibited relationship‐based motives and had an adverse effect on women's perceptions of partner's attractiveness, but a beneficial effect on men's perceptions. Conflict discussion also inhibited self‐serving sexual motives such as having sex to obtain relief from stress among people with avoidant partners, suggesting that people are unlikely to turn to avoidant partners for sexual consolation. Implications for understanding the role of the sexual system in regulating reactions to relationship distressful events are discussed.
School Context and Individual Acculturation: How School Composition Affects Latino Students’ Acculturation*
Authors: Nieri Tanya
Published: July 2012

Understanding how schools—a key context for children—shape students' cultural trajectories is important since these trajectories are tied to youth development and achievement. This study assessed how the size of the school's group of acculturated Latino and non‐Latino students influenced the acculturation of 1,720 Latino 5th‐grade students from urban public schools in the Southwest United States. A longitudinal secondary data analysis revealed that controlling for wave 1 acculturation, youths in schools with larger proportions of linguistically acculturated students were more acculturated at wave 2 than youths in schools with smaller proportions of such students. This effect was independent of Latino students' baseline acculturation level and was found even in schools with minority proportions of more acculturated students.
Direct intra‐abdominal pressures and abdominal perfusion pressures in unsedated normal horses
Authors: Hurcombe Samuel D. A. , Scott Victoria H. L.
Published: July 2012

Objectives

To determine whether direct intra‐abdominal pressures (IAP) and calculated direct abdominal perfusion pressures (APP) are location dependent within the abdomen of standing horses. We hypothesize that IAP will be increased and calculated APP will be decreased at a ventral abdominal location (V) when compared to values obtained from the left (LFl) or right flank (RFl).

Design

Prospective experimental design.

Setting

University‐based equine research facility.

Animals

Seven healthy adult horses, 4 geldings and 3 mares.

Interventions

Measurements of direct IAP obtained from the RFl, LFl, and V locations via abdominal cannulation and direct arterial blood pressures obtained via catheterization of the transverse facial artery were obtained in fasted, standing, unsedated horses. APP was calculated for each location by the subtraction of IAP from the mean arterial pressure. Differences between sites of measurement for IAP, APP, and their gradients were calculated and compared by ANOVA and t‐tests.

Measurements and Main Results

Mean flank IAP measurements were subatmospheric and negative compared to ventral IAP values (LFl = –3 mm Hg, RFl = –5 mm Hg, V = 25 mm Hg; P < 0.001 between each flank and the ventral location). Ventrum APP was lower than flank APP (V = 82 mm Hg; LFl = 106 mm Hg; RFl = 108 mm Hg; P = 0.029 between each flank and the ventral location). Gradient calculations between sites showed the IAP increased and APP decreased from dorsal to ventral (P < 0.05) and from right to left (P = 0.004) within the abdomen.

Conclusions

IAP and calculated APP are location dependent. These data provide new information regarding abdominal pressure profiles in standing healthy adult horses.
Interaction of deformation and metamorphism during subduction and exhumation of hydrated oceanic mantle: Insights from the Western Alps
Authors: REBAY G. , SPALLA M. I. , ZANONI D.
Published: July 2012

Petrological investigations supported by multi‐scale structural analysis of eclogitized serpentinite in the Zermatt–Saas Zone of the Western Alps allows for the determination of mineral assemblages related to successive fabrics, upon which the P–T–d–t path of these hydrated mantle rocks can be inferred. Serpentinites of the upper Valtournanche, with lenses and dykes of metagabbro and meta‐rodingite, display an Alpine polyphase metamorphic evolution from eclogite to epidote‐amphibolite facies conditions associated with three successive foliations having different parageneses in these rocks. Serpentinite mainly consists of serpentine with minor magnetite; however, where S1 and S2 foliations are pervasive, metamorphic olivine, together with Ti‐clinohumite and clinopyroxene, are also found. The mineral assemblage associated with D1 includes serpentine1, clinopyroxene1, opaque minerals, titanite ± olivine1, Ti‐clinohumite1 and ilmenite; the D2 assemblage is the same (±chlorite) but minerals have different compositions. The assemblage associated with D3 comprises serpentine3, opaque minerals, ±chlorite3, ilmenite and amphibole3. Ti‐clinohumite is associated with veins that are older than D2 and pre‐date D3. Veins that post‐date D3 are characterized by amphibole + chlorite or by serpentine. P–T conditions for S2 parageneses evaluated using two pseudosections for different bulk compositions suggest that these rocks experienced pressures >2.5 ± 0.3 GPa at temperatures slightly higher than 600 °C. The late epidote–amphibolite facies re‐equilibration associated with D3 and D4 developed during late syn‐exhumation deformation related to folding and testifies to a small temperature decrease. These results, which were integrated in the regional framework, suggest that different portions of the Zermatt–Saas Zone registered different P–T peak conditions and underwent different exhumation paths. In addition, the inferred P–T–d–t path suggests that the Valtournanche serpentinites re‐equilibrated close to the UHP conditions registered by the Cignana meta‐cherts. These results imply that tectonic slices exhumed after UHP metamorphism might be wider than previously reported or that small‐size UHP units, tectonically sampled during the Alpine convergence, are more abundant than those that have been detected to date.
Successful Early Cannulation of a Superficial Femoral Vein Transposition Angioaccess in a Patient without Other Alternatives
Authors: Hossain Mohammad Ayaz , Chandak Pankaj , Anderson Liz , Morsy Mohamed , Chemla Eric Solomon
Published: July 2012

Early cannulation of a native fistula is defined by Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study and Kidney Disease Outcomes and Quality Initiative as between 2 and 12 weeks postoperatively. We present a case of a patient in whom anatomical and hematological barriers prevented early cannulation graft placement, and in whom temporary catheterization was not feasible as a result of central venous occlusion. Successful cannulation at the fifth postoperative day of a native angioaccess was performed and the reasons and challenges faced behind this choice under the circumstances were discussed.
Essential role of Dkk3 for head formation by inhibiting Wnt/β‐catenin and Nodal/Vg1 signaling pathways in the basal chordate amphioxus
Authors: Onai Takayuki , Akira Takai  , Setiamarga Davin H. E. , Holland Linda Z.
Published: July 2012

To dissect the molecular mechanism of head specification in the basal chordate amphioxus, we investigated the function of Dkk3, a secreted protein in the Dickkopf family, which is expressed anteriorly in early embryos. Amphioxus Dkk3 has three domains characteristic of Dkk3 proteins—an N‐terminal serine rich domain and two C‐terminal cysteine‐rich domains (CRDs). In addition, amphioxus Dkk3 has a TGFβ‐receptor 2 domain, which is not present in Dkk3 proteins of other species. As vertebrate Dkk3 proteins have been reported to regulate either Nodal signaling or Wnt/β‐catenin signaling but not both in the same species, we tested the effects of Dkk3 on signaling by these two pathways in amphioxus embryos. Loss of function experiments with an anti‐sense morpholino oligonucleotide (MO) against amphioxus Dkk3 resulted in larvae with truncated heads and concomitant loss of expression of anterior gene markers. The resemblance of the headless phenotype to that from upregulation of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling with BIO, a GSK3β inhibitor, suggested that Dkk3 might inhibit Wnt/β‐catenin signaling. In addition, the Dkk3 MO rescued dorsal structures in amphioxus embryos treated with SB505124, an inhibitor of Nodal signaling, indicating that amphioxus Dkk3 can also inhibit Nodal signaling. In vitro assays in Xenopus animal caps showed that Nodal inhibition is largely due to domains other than the TGFβ domain. We conclude that amphioxus Dkk3 regulates head formation by modulating both Wnt/β‐catenin and Nodal signaling, and that these functions may have been partitioned among various vertebrate lineages during evolution of Dkk3 proteins.
Juvenile hormone mediates developmental integration between exaggerated traits and supportive traits in the horned flour beetleGnatocerus cornutus
Authors: Okada Yasukazu , Gotoh Hiroki , Miura Toru , Miyatake Takahisa , Okada Kensuke
Published: July 2012

Sexually selected exaggerated traits are often coupled with modifications in other nontarget traits. In insects with weapons, enlargements of nontarget characters that functionally support the weapon often occur (i.e. supportive traits). The support of sexual traits requires developmental coordination among functionally related multiple traits—an explicit example of morphological integration. The genetic theory predicts that developmental integration among different body modules, for which development is regulated via different sets of genes, is likely to be coordinated by pleiotropic factors. However, the developmental backgrounds of morphological integrations are largely unknown. We tested the hypothesis that the juvenile hormone (JH), as a pleiotropic factor, mediates the integration between exaggerated and supportive traits in an armed beetleGnatocerus cornutus. During combat, males of this beetle use exaggerated mandibles to lift up their opponents with the supportive traits, that is, the head and prothoracic body parts. Application of methoprene, a JH analog (JHA), during the larval to prepupal period, induced the formation of large mandibles relative to the body sizes in males. Morphometric examination of nontarget traits elucidated an increase in the relative sizes of supportive traits, including the head and prothoracic body parts. In addition, reductions in the hind wing area and elytra length, which correspond to flight and reproductive abilities, were detected. Our findings are consistent with the genetic theory and support the idea that JH is a key pleiotropic factor that coordinates the developmental integration of exaggerated traits and supportive characters, as well as resource allocation trade‐offs.
Issues in epilepsy classification for population studies
Authors: Camfield Peter
Published: July 2012

Population‐based studies about epilepsy have been informative about frequency, causes, and outcome of epilepsy. Because epilepsy is a heterogeneous disorder, studying populations of categories of patients is more likely to provide critical insights than is “lumping” all of epilepsy together. The 1981–1989 Classification scheme of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) has been very useful for population‐based studies but has some significant shortcomings. Studying a long list of specific epilepsy syndromes is not likely to be useful for population‐based studies because the number of patients with each syndrome is so small and comparison with previous research would become very difficult. The author argues that with some significant modifications, the backbone structure of the 1989 Classification scheme could retain its usefulness for further research and clinical care.
Neuroimaging in the definition and organization of the epilepsies: We’re not there yet
Authors: Hauptman Jason S. , Salamon Noriko , Mathern Gary W.
Published: July 2012

Neuroimaging significantly affects the diagnosis and treatment of patients with patients. Despite its importance, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been marginally incorporated into concepts used to define epilepsy etiologies by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) Classification Commission. We propose that Structural etiology be defined as positive neuroimaging abnormalities likely causing the seizures. This would contrast with Genetic and Unknown etiologies, where imaging shows no overt structural abnormality that explains the seizures. It is further recommended that Structural and Metabolic be separated into individual categories, as the outcomes and therapies are different. It is advocated that Structural etiology be subdivided into subgroups based on MRI and surgical syndromes. With this approach, the ILAE should acknowledge that both MRI and electroencephalography (EEG) are necessary diagnostic tools in the classification of epilepsy syndromes and etiologies in the modern era. Promoting the use of neuroimaging into concepts that determine terminology will promote the notion that epilepsy classification should consider structural etiology of the seizures, along with the frequency of the most common epilepsy syndromes, and prognosis for spontaneous and treated remission and cure.
From classification to epilepsy ontology and informatics
Authors: Zhang Guo‐Qiang , Sahoo Satya S. , Lhatoo Samden D.
Published: July 2012

The 2010 International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) classification and terminology commission report proposed a much needed departure from previous classifications to incorporate advances in molecular biology, neuroimaging, and genetics. It proposed an interim classification and defined two key requirements that need to be satisfied. The first is the ability to classify epilepsy in dimensions according to a variety of purposes including clinical research, patient care, and drug discovery. The second is the ability of the classification system to evolve with new discoveries. Multidimensionality and flexibility are crucial to the success of any future classification. In addition, a successful classification system must play a central role in the rapidly growing field of epilepsy informatics. An epilepsy ontology, based on classification, will allow information systems to facilitate data‐intensive studies and provide a proven route to meeting the two foregoing key requirements. Epilepsy ontology will be a structured terminology system that accommodates proposed and evolving ILAE classifications, the National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NIH/NINDS) Common Data Elements, the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) systems and explicitly specifies all known relationships between epilepsy concepts in a proper framework. This will aid evidence‐based epilepsy diagnosis, investigation, treatment and research for a diverse community of clinicians and researchers. Benefits range from systematization of electronic patient records to multimodal data repositories for research and training manuals for those involved in epilepsy care. Given the complexity, heterogeneity, and pace of research advances in the epilepsy domain, such an ontology must be collaboratively developed by key stakeholders in the epilepsy community and experts in knowledge engineering and computer science.
Memory in frontal lobe epilepsy: An fMRI study
Authors: Centeno Maria , Vollmar Christian , O'Muircheartaigh Jonathan , Stretton Jason , Bonelli Silvia B. , Symms Mark R. , Barker Gareth J. , Kumari Veena , Thompson Pamela J. , Duncan John S. , Richardson Mark P. , Koepp Matthias J.
Published: July 2012

Purpose:  Focal epilepsies are often associated with structural and functional changes that may extend beyond the area of seizure onset. In this study we investigated the functional anatomy of memory in patients with frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE), focusing on the local and remote effects of FLE on the networks supporting memory encoding.

Methods:  We studied 32 patients with drug‐resistant FLE and 18 controls using a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) memory encoding paradigm.

Key Findings:  During encoding of stimuli, patients with FLE recruited more widely distributed areas than healthy controls, in particular within the frontal lobe contralateral to the seizure onset. Normal memory performance was associated with increased recruitment of frontal areas, and conversely a poor performance was associated with an absence of this increased recruitment and decreased activation in mesial temporal lobe areas.

Significance:  In patients with FLE, recruitment of wider areas, particularly in the contralateral frontal lobe, appears to be an effective compensatory mechanism to maintain memory function. Impaired hippocampal activation is relatively rare and, in turn, associated with poor recognition memory.
Why Does Growing up in an Intact Family during Childhood Lead to Higher Earnings during Adulthood in the United States?*
Authors: MOHANTY MADHU S. , ULLAH AMAN
Published: July 2012

Abstract

With a view to finding an explanation of the observed differences in adult annual earnings between workers raised in intact (INTACT) and non‐intact families in the US labor market, this study tests two hypotheses. First, workers growing up in intact families during childhood earn more during their adulthood because they acquire more years of schooling, which in turn affect their wages positively. Second, intact family background acts as an instrument for numerous factors that contribute to workers' happiness during adulthood. Since happier workers, with other characteristics held constant, are known to have higher earnings, workers raised in intact families during childhood by leading a relatively happier life during their adulthood earn more than their otherwise identical non‐intact counterparts. Both these hypotheses find strong support from the US data. The evidence of simultaneous relationships between wage and happiness and between happiness and schooling confirms that the true effect of INTACT on wage may be much larger than what is envisaged by a simple one‐step process. Regardless of whether this relationship is due to causation or correlation, the study simply demonstrates that the US evidence of higher earnings associated with workers raised in intact families may be attributed partly to their higher levels of schooling and happier lives. By demonstrating a significant positive relationship between the stability of parental family structure during childhood and earnings during adulthood, the current study highlights the importance of responsible parenthood as a means of improving the child's future economic performance.
Measuring Ethnic Voting: Do Proportional Electoral Laws Politicize Ethnicity?
Authors: Huber John D.
Published: July 2012

I develop four related measures of the “ethnicization” of electoral behavior. Each measure increases as ethnic identity becomes more central to vote choice, but the measures differ along two theoretical dimensions. The first dimension contrasts a group‐based perspective (which focuses on cohesion in the voting patterns of group members) with a party‐based perspective (which focuses on the composition of groups supporting political parties). The second dimension contrasts a fractionalization perspective (which assumes that more groups or parties cause more problems) with a polarization perspective (which assumes that problems are greatest when there are two equal‐sized groups or parties). Using survey data to implement the measures in 43 countries, the article shows that proportional electoral laws are associated with lower levels of ethnicization—the opposite of what is widely assumed. I argue that the lower levels of ethnicization in PR systems should be unsurprising.
Do Low‐Priced Stocks Drive Long‐Term Contrarian Performance on the London Stock Exchange?
Authors: Wu Yuliang , Li Youwei , Hamill Philip
Published: July 2012

We investigate whether low‐priced stocks drive long‐term contrarian performance on the U.K. market. We find that contrarian performance at low, middle, and high price levels is positive. On the Fama‐French risk adjusted basis, we find both low‐priced and middle‐priced losers have significantly positive returns. When we adjust returns by market and liquidity risk, only middle‐priced losers maintain their positive returns. Our results reveal that low‐priced stocks are not fully responsible for contrarian performance. Our empirical evidence is generally consistent with the overreaction hypothesis and behavioral models of value investing.
Extreme Correlation of Stock and Bond Futures Markets: International Evidence
Authors: Chui Chin Man , Yang Jian
Published: July 2012

This study explores time‐varying extreme correlation of stock–bond futures markets in three major developed countries. In the United States and the United Kingdom, there is evidence of positive extreme stock–bond correlation when both futures markets are extremely bullish or bearish. In Germany, stock–bond futures extreme correlation is negative, suggesting the most diversification potentials of bond futures when German stock index futures market plunges. Macroeconomic news, the business cycle, and the stock market uncertainty all significantly affect the median stock–bond futures correlation. However, only the stock market uncertainty still significantly affects the extreme stock–bond futures correlation when the stock market is extremely bearish.
High‐Speed Epitaxial Growth of β‐SiC Film on Si(111) Single Crystal by Laser Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Zhang Song , Tu Rong , Goto Takashi
Published: July 2012

(111)‐oriented β‐SiC film was prepared on Si(111) by laser chemical vapor deposition at a laser power of 100 W, a total pressure of 200 Pa, and a deposition temperature of 1203 K. The β‐SiC film grew epitaxially on the Si(111) substrate with in‐plane orientation relationship of SiC []//Si [] and SiC []//Si []. The deposition rate of the β‐SiC film was 40 μm/h, 10 times higher than that of conventional CVD.
Maintenance intravenous fluid prescribing practices among paediatric residents
Authors: Freeman MA , Ayus JC , Moritz ML
Published: July 2012

Aim:  To investigate the sodium composition of maintenance intravenous fluids (mIVF) used by paediatric residents throughout the United States in common clinical scenarios of arginine vasopressin (AVP) excess.

Methods:  We distributed an online survey to paediatric residency programmes asking what type of mIVF (0.2%, 0.45%, 0.9% NaCl or lactated Ringer’s solution) they would administer in four common clinical scenarios of AVP excess (gastroenteritis, pneumonia, meningitis and postoperative) in both a 6‐month‐old (mo) and a 13‐year‐old (yo) child.

Results:  We had 472 responses, representing 5% of the total paediatric residency population in the United States. Hypotonic mIVF were selected in 78% of children (88.2% of 6 mo and 68.5% of 13 yo). Isotonic mIVF were selected approximately twice as often for patients with meningitis as for those without (21.4% vs. 8.7% 6 mo and 42.8% vs. 27.7% 13 yo; p < 0.001).

Conclusions:  The majority of US paediatric residents would prescribe hypotonic mIVF in disease states associated with AVP excess. However, a significant number of residents are using isotonic mIVF. Isotonic fluids are more likely to be prescribed in older children and children with meningitis.
Dasatinib in chronic myeloid leukemia: A limited Indian experience
Authors: SHARMA Atul , BAHL Ankur , RAINA Vinod , KUMAR Lalit , GUPTA Ritu
Published: July 2012

Aim:  To report our experience of the use of dasatinib in various phases of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).

Methods:  Ten patients in various phases of CML, not responding to imatinib and started on dasatinib, were included and analyzed. The baseline characteristics of the patients and their salient features including the duration and response to initial therapy as well as to dasatinib, were noted.

Results:  Before starting dasatinib three patients were in chronic phase of CML while seven others were in the progressive phase (accelerated and blast phase) of CML. Half the patients developed transient grade 3 and 4 toxicities to dasatinib. Overall, the tolerability of the drug in all 10 patients was acceptable and none discontinued treatment. Three patients died due to progressive disease while the remaining seven are continuing the drug with the disease still under cytogenetic or hematological remission. Of the 10 patients, seven achieved complete hematological response and two of the accelerated phase/blast crisis patients achieved complete cytogenetic response. Overall, dasatinib was able to control disease for a median of 20.6 months.

Conclusion:  Despite small sample size and insufficient information on mutational analysis, dasatinib is effective in CML in INdia. Cost limits the use of second‐generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors in India. Our observation is not suitable for survival analysis but the difference made by dasatinib in progressive disease and its tolerability needs to be acknowledged.
Far and Away: Police Negotiators on Overseas Deployments
Authors: Nieboer‐Martini Heidi A. , Dolnik Adam , Giebels Ellen
Published: July 2012

The growing presence of Western expats and travelers in fragile states and conflict zones has led to a rise in the deployment of police negotiators overseas to assist in the management of kidnap cases. However, despite the fact that the conflict setting and dynamics of overseas cases arguably differ from domestic deployments, police negotiators in many countries are not specifically selected nor trained to operate overseas. There is also a lack of research on the subject. Based on semi‐structured interviews with police negotiators from a number of different countries, this article seeks to fill this gap. We report our findings in relation to three main themes: the type of incidents overseas negotiators are involved in and the consequences for the negotiation process, the negotiator role and (team) context, and the multitude of parties involved. We conclude with identifying ways through which operational deployment and negotiator training can be improved to account for overseas deployment issues.
Differentiating Act from Ideology: Evidence from Messages For and Against Violent Extremism
Authors: Prentice Sheryl , Taylor Paul J. , Rayson Paul , Giebels Ellen
Published: July 2012

Although researchers know a great deal about persuasive messages that encourage terrorism, they know far less about persuasive messages that denounce terrorism and little about how these two sides come together. We propose a conceptualization that distinguishes a message’s support for an act from its support for the ideology underlying an act. Our prediction is tested using corpus‐linguistic analysis of 250 counter‐extremist messages written by Muslims and U.K. officials and a comparison set of 250 Muslim extremist messages. Consistent with our prediction, Muslim extremist and Muslim counter‐messages show disagreement on terrorist actions but agreement in ideological aspects, while U.K. officials’ counter‐messages show disagreement with both Muslim extremists’ acts and ideology. Our findings suggest that counter‐messages should not be viewed as a homogenous group and that being against violent extremism does not necessarily equate to having positive perceptions of Western values.
Training for Collaboration: Collaborative Practice Skills for Mental Health Professionals
Authors: Bischoff Richard J. , Springer Paul R. , Reisbig Allison M. J. , Lyons Sheena , Likcani Adriatik
Published: July 2012

The purpose of the study was to identify skills that mental health practitioners need for successful collaborative practice in medical settings. Known experts in the field of collaborative health care completed a survey designed to elicit their suggestions about what is needed for successful collaborative care practice. Through qualitative analysis, a set of 56 skills was developed. These skills are organized into three general categories of competency: (a) skills for working in a medical setting; (b) skills for working with patients; and (c) skills for collaborating with healthcare providers.
Periodontitis associated with chronic kidney disease among Mexican Americans
Authors: Ioannidou Effie , Hall Yoshio , Swede Helen , Himmelfarb Jonathan
Published: July 2012

Objective: In comparison to non‐Hispanic whites, a number of health‐care disparities, including poor oral health, have been identified among Hispanics in general and Mexican Americans in particular. We hypothesized that Mexican Americans with chronic kidney disease (CKD) would have higher prevalence of chronic periodontitis compared with Mexican Americans with normal kidney function, and that the level of kidney function would be inversely related to the prevalence of periodontal disease.

Methods: We examined this hypothesis using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1988‐1994 (NHANES III) data set. We followed the American Academy of Periodontology/Center for Disease Control and Prevention case definition for periodontitis. Glomerular filtration rate was estimated using the CKD‐Epidemiology equation for Hispanic populations. The classification to CKD stages was based on the National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative.

Results: Periodontitis prevalence increased across the kidney function groups showing a statistically significant dose–response association (P < 0.001). Mexican Americans with reduced kidney function were twofold more likely to have periodontitis compared with Mexican Americans with normal kidney function after adjusting for potential confounders such as smoking, diabetes, and socioeconomic status. Multivariate adjusted odds ratio for periodontitis significantly increased with 1, 5, and 10 mL/minute estimated glomerular filtration rate reduction from the mean.

Conclusion: This is the first report, to the best our knowledge, that showed an increase of periodontitis prevalence with decreased kidney function in this population.
Evaluation of partial‐mouth recording systems of gingival parameters in a Portuguese adult population
Authors: Relvas Marta , Diz Pedro , Velazco Corsina , Otero José Luis , Pacheco José Julio , Tomás Inmaculada
Published: July 2012

Objective: To analyze the diagnostic reliability of various partial‐mouth recording systems (PMRS) for the simultaneous assessment of supragingival plaque, calculus, and gingival inflammation in a population of Portuguese adults.

Methods: A single examiner determined the levels of plaque, calculus, and gingival inflammation in 108 subjects using quantitative and dichotomous indices. Half‐mouth and ≤10‐tooth PMRS were compared with full‐mouth examination (FME).

Results: On comparison with FME, Q1 + Q3, Q1 + Q4, Q2 + Q3, Q2 + Q4 combinations and the Ramfjord teeth did not show statistically significant differences in the simultaneous assessment of plaque, calculus, and gingival inflammation using both quantitative and dichotomous indices. Comparison of the prevalence of subjects that presented discrepancy in the three clinical parameters between FME and PMRS, Q1 + Q3 combination was associated with lower percentages of discrepancy (range of discrepancies = 0.9‐6.4 percent) and a higher specificity (≥0.90) and sensitivity (≥0.89).

Conclusions: The Q1 + Q3 combination could be particularly applicable in studies investigating relationships between the state of gingival health and environmental or patient‐related systemic factors, as well as in the development of oral health scales that include gingival parameters.
The effects of pH and disturbance on the bryophyte flora in calcareous sandy grasslands
Authors: Hydbom Sofia , Ödman Anja Madelen , Olsson Pål Axel , Cronberg Nils
Published: July 2012

The unique flora and fauna of calcareous sandy grasslands is threatened by acidification, eutrofication and changed land use. Restoration experiments in such grasslands in southern Sweden, including deep and shallow soil perturbation, allowed us to examine the effects of pH and disturbance on the bryophyte flora. We also studied natural pH and disturbance gradients in order to compare the natural pH and disturbance variation with the responses of experimental manipulation. We found that increased pH due to soil perturbation resulted in increased species richness. However, in naturally disturbed areas, pH seemed to have a lower effect, and instead, the location of the site and possibly the site history had a larger influence on species richness. We also found that some of the species that were common at naturally high pH (mainly acrocarps) were favoured by experimental pH manipulation. Our results pointed out Syntrichia ruraliformis as a sensitive pH indicator, being almost exclusively restricted to pH values above 7. The species can also serve as an indicator of sand steppe vegetation.
Eurasian Response to China's Rise: Russia and Kazakhstan in Search of Optimal China Policy
Authors: Azizian Rouben , Bainazarova Elnara
Published: July 2012

This article examines the complex interplay between the economic motivation of states, their geographic location, geopolitical aspirations, historical experiences, and cultural biases in the context of Russia's and Kazakhstan's relations with China. The concept of Eurasianism, which has been prominent in the political and academic discourse in Russia and Central Asia and is an attempt to reconcile those often conflicting factors, is tested today by the rise of Asia and China more specifically. At the empirical level, the article analyzes China's evolving role and influence in the Eurasian and Central Asian space and discusses Russia's and Kazakhstan's perceptions and responses to China's emerging activism in the region. Russia's and Kazakhstan's future integration in broader Asia‐Pacific regional processes and its forms will depend on how the two countries balance the economic and security dimensions of their China relations.
Melt Homogenization and Self‐Organization in Chalcogenides‐Part I
Authors: Bhosle Siddhesh , Gunasekera Kapila , Boolchand Punit , Micoulaut Matthieu
Published: July 2012

An FT‐Raman profiling method is developed to monitor growth of structural homogeneity of binary GexSe100‐x melts in real time (tR) non‐invasively as starting materials are reacted over days. Raman spectra of quenched melts were acquired along a one inch long column of a sample in a quartz tube. In the first step of reaction, tR < 2 days, Ge‐rich crystalline‐ and glassy‐ phases form and coexist with Se‐rich glasses. In the second step, tR extending up to 7 days, local structures characteristic of melts/glasses form, and steadily homogenize as Ge and Se atoms diffuse. The process terminates when all Raman lineshapes taken along the length of a sample coalesce into unique profile. Several factors contribute to the long reaction time tR for melts to homogenize, including liquid density difference of Ge and Se, diffusion controlled nanoscale mixing of melts, batch dryness, batch sizes, and laser spot size. Physical properties of such homogeneous GexSe100‐x glasses are found to be quite different from their inhomogeneous counterparts realized after the first step of reaction. Slow homogenization of chalcogenides melts may occur generally. Variations in physical properties of chalcogenide glasses possessing nominally the same composition may have their origin in structural heterogeneity and purity.