bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Simple Alkenes and CO2 to Fluorinated Carboxylic Acids: Computational Studies and Predictions
Authors: Echeverría Jorge , Jover Jesús
Published: November 2021

Fluorinated carboxylic acids may soon become a relevant class of compounds for new materials development and as synthons in medicinal chemistry. In this report, a potential method based on a hydroboration/copper‐catalyzed carboxylation reaction sequence has been computationally explored to check whether these moieties could be synthetically accessible. DFT calculations fully support the possibility of obtaining fluorinated carboxylic acids from simple fluorinated alkenes and gaseous carbon dioxide, paving the way to future preparation of this class of chemicals.
Dual Fe/Pd‐Catalyzed Reductive Cross‐Coupling: Constructing gem‐Difluoroallylenes with Alkenyl Bromides and Bromodifluoromethanes
Authors: Li Tao , Luo Yuhang , Wu Zefeng , Xiao Tiebo , Jiang Yubo , Qin Guiping
Published: November 2021

Reported herein is an unprecedented dual iron/palladium‐catalyzed reductive cross‐coupling of alkenyl bromides and bromodifluoromethanes with manganese as the reductant. This methodology leads to the efficient construction of a series of gem‐difluoroallylenes under mild reaction conditions without requiring the addition of stoichiometric amounts of catalyst. Preliminary mechanism investigations indicate that the radical pathway might not be involved in this novel dual transition metal catalyzed reaction.
Trends in Vitamin D Status Around the World
Authors: Lips Paul , de Jongh Renate T. , van Schoor Natasja M.
Published: November 2021

Vitamin D status varies across all continents and countries. Vitamin D status usually is adequate in Latin America and Australia, but in contrast it is very low in the Middle East and some countries in Asia. Trends in vitamin D status, whether it improves or declines over the years, carry important messages. Trends usually are small, but can be predictors and indicators of general health. Vitamin D status has improved in the older population in the United States, and improvement relates to dairy use and vitamin D supplements. To the contrary, vitamin D status has declined in the Inuit population of Canada due to a change from a traditional fish diet to a Western diet. A large improvement was seen in Finland after mandatory fortification of dairy products was introduced. Determinants of decline are less sun exposure, increased use of sunscreen, increase of body mass index (BMI), less physical activity, and poor socioeconomic status. Determinants of increase are food fortification with vitamin D and vitamin D supplements. Food fortification can lead to a population‐wide increase in vitamin D status as shown by the Finnish example. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Genes controlling skeletal muscle glucose uptake and their regulation by endurance and resistance exercise
Authors: Verbrugge Sander A. J. , Alhusen Julia A. , Kempin Shimon , Pillon Nicolas J. , Rozman Jan , Wackerhage Henning , Kleinert Maximilian
Published: November 2021

Exercise improves the insulin sensitivity of glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. Due to that, exercise has become a cornerstone treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The mechanisms by which exercise improves skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity are, however, incompletely understood. We conducted a systematic review to identify all genes whose gain or loss of function alters skeletal muscle glucose uptake. We subsequently cross‐referenced these genes with recently generated data sets on exercise‐induced gene expression and signaling. Our search revealed 176 muscle glucose‐uptake genes, meaning that their genetic manipulation altered glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. Notably, exercise regulates the expression or phosphorylation of more than 50% of the glucose‐uptake genes or their protein products. This included many genes that previously have not been associated with exercise‐induced insulin sensitivity. Interestingly, endurance and resistance exercise triggered some common but mostly unique changes in expression and phosphorylation of glucose‐uptake genes or their protein products. Collectively, our work provides a resource of potentially new molecular effectors that play a role in the incompletely understood regulation of muscle insulin sensitivity by exercise.
The role of trimethylamine‐N‐Oxide in the development of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Buawangpong Nida , Pinyopornpanish Kanokporn , Siri‐Angkul Natthapat , Chattipakorn Nipon , Chattipakorn Siriporn C.
Published: November 2021

Alzheimer's disease is associated with multiple risk factors and is the most common type of dementia. Trimethylamine‐N‐oxide (TMAO), a gut microbiota metabolite derived from dietary choline and carnitine, has recently been identified as a potential risk factor of Alzheimer's disease. It has been demonstrated that TMAO is associated with Alzheimer's disease through various pathophysiological pathways. As a result of molecular crowding effects, TMAO causes the aggregation of the two proteins, amyloid‐beta peptide and tau protein. The aggregation of these proteins is the main pathology associated with Alzheimer's disease. In addition, it has been found that TMAO can activate astrocytes, and inflammatory response. Besides molecular investigation, animal and human studies have also supported the existence of a functional relationship between TMAO and cognitive decline. This article comprehensively summarizes the relationship between TMAO and Alzheimer's disease including emerging evidence from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies. We hope that this knowledge will improve the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease in the near future.
Using program yield to guide dental educational process improvement
Authors: Chambers David W.
Published: November 2021

Issue

Dental education is a complex system of activities repeated on an annual cycle. Small adjustments are constant in an effort to improve the overall performance of the process. While it is possible to evaluate each change in isolation against standards particular to their circumstances, it is ultimately necessary to ensure that the set of changes has an overall positive impact on the program as a whole.

Approach

It is valuable to have a school‐wide criterion for choosing the best portfolio of constituent activities. This perspective piece describes the use of one such standard: program yield, defined as the proportion of students who are recognized as competent practitioners within a few months of the anticipated graduation date. The success of one program that used this approach is described. It is also suggested that dental education is a cyclical process that involves the four classical components of the quality movement. These are described as Goal, Experience, Assessment, and Refection in this paper.

Impact

This is the first of three related perspectives. The other two are devoted to quality assurance and improvement and the challenge of transferring innovations published in the literature to application in other schools. The common theme in these perspectives is the value of driving improvement in dental education by focus on the outcome variable.
Detection of antibodies against influenza D virus in swine veterinarians in Italy in 2004
Authors: Trombetta Claudia Maria , Montomoli Emanuele , Di Bartolo Ilaria , Ostanello Fabio , Chiapponi Chiara , Marchi Serena
Published: November 2021

Influenza D virus (IDV) was first isolated from a swine with respiratory disease symptoms in 2011 in the United States. Epidemiological and serological studies support the hypothesis that cattle represent the natural reservoir of IDV with periodical spillover events to other animal hosts. Little is known about the seroprevalence in humans and in specific target groups such as veterinarians in Italy. This study was designed to assess the prevalence of antibodies against two influenza D lineages (D/660 and D/OK) in Italy in archived serum samples from veterinarians working with swine collected in 2004. Serum samples were tested by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and virus neutralization (VN) assays. Results showed that 4.88% (4/82) of tested samples were positive for D/660 and 2.44% (2/82) for D/OK by HI assay. Three out of four samples showed positivity when tested by VN assay. Our data suggest undetected IDVs might have circulated and/or been introduced in Italy as early as 2004 at least in some animal species such as swine. In addition, it seems that the virus was circulating among veterinarians before the first isolation in 2011. This finding highlights the importance to continue monitoring the IDV spread in animals and humans for more detailed surveillance.
Improvement of the halotolerance of a Bacillus serine protease by protein surface engineering
Authors: Takenaka Shinji , Takada Airi , Kimura Yukihiro , Watanabe Masanori , Kuntiya Ampin
Published: November 2021

A moderately halotolerant serine protease was previously isolated from Bacillus subtilis from salted, fermented food. Eight mutation sites on the protein surface were selected for protein engineering based on sequence and structural comparisons with moderately halotolerant proteases and homologous non‐halotolerant proteases. The newly constructed multiple mutants with substituted Asp and Arg residues were compared with the recombinant wild type (rApr) and the previously constructed mAla‐8 substituted with Ala to analyze the contribution of protein surface charge to the salt adaptation of the protease. The three mutants showed >1.2‐fold greater halotolerance than rApr. In addition, the mutants showed a broader range of pH stability than rApr, retaining >80% of their maximum activity in the pH range 5.0–11. The mutants also retained >75% of their activity after incubation for 1 h at pH 8.0 and 55°C or at pH 11.5 and 25°C. The Asp and Arg residues exchanged by multiple substitution probably played a role in increasing protein surface hydration and solubility in high salt conditions. This study illustrated that increasing a high proportion of the negative or positive charge on the surface of the Bacillus serine protease stably improved the protein's salt adaptation.
Associations between residual hyperarousal and insomnia symptoms in veterans following a 2‐week intensive outpatient program for posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Tanev Kaloyan S. , Lynch Elyse A. , Blackburn Allyson M. , Terry Douglas , Goetter Elizabeth M. , Wright Edward C. , Gupta Carina , Stasko Cory E. , Spencer Tom
Published: November 2021

Many returning military service members and veterans who were deployed following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks (9/11) suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and insomnia. Although intensive treatment programs for PTSD have shown promise in the treatment of PTSD symptoms, recent research has demonstrated that sleep disturbance shows little improvement following intensive trauma‐focused treatment. The aim of the present study was to evaluate changes in self‐reported insomnia symptoms among veterans and service members following participation in a 2‐week intensive program for PTSD. We further aimed to investigate if residual PTSD symptoms, specifically hyperarousal, were associated with residual insomnia symptoms. Participants (N = 326) completed self‐report assessments of insomnia, PTSD symptoms, and depressive symptoms at pre‐ and posttreatment. At pretreatment, 73.9% of participants (n = 241) met the criteria for moderate or severe insomnia, whereas at posttreatment 67.7% of participants (n = 203) met the criteria. Results of paired t tests demonstrated statistically significant differences between pre‐ and posttreatment Insomnia Severity Index scores; however, the effect size was small, d = 0.34. Analyses revealed that posttreatment hyperarousal symptoms were associated with posttreatment insomnia. These findings suggest that although an intensive program for service members and veterans with PTSD may significantly reduce insomnia symptoms, clinically meaningful residual insomnia symptoms remain. Further research is warranted to elucidate the association between residual hyperarousal and insomnia symptoms following intensive trauma‐focused treatment.
Copy number variations residing outside the SHOX enhancer region are involved in Short Stature and Léri‐Weill dyschondrosteosis
Authors: Fanelli Antonella , Vannelli Silvia , Babu Deepak , Mellone Simona , Cucci Alessia , Monzani Alice , Al Essa Wael , Secco Andrea , Follenzi Antonia , Bellone Simonetta , Prodam Flavia , Giordano Mara
Published: November 2021

Background

SHOX enhancer CNVs, affecting one or more of the seven recognized evolutionary conserved non‐coding elements (CNEs) represent one of the most frequent cause of SHOX‐haploinsufficiency. During the diagnostic workflow deletions/duplications have been identified downstream SHOX not including any of the these CNEs.

Methods

Fine tiling aCGH and breakpoint PCR were used to characterize the critical interval and to search for novel alterations in a cohort of selected patients.

Results

Screening of 252 controls provided evidence that duplications in this area represent likely benign variants whereas none of the deletions were detected. These findings suggested that other alterations relevant for SHOX‐haploinsufficiency might be missed by the standard diagnostic methods. To identify such undisclosed elements, the aCGH was used to reanalyze 52 unresolved cases with clinical features strongly suggestive of SHOX‐haploinsufficiency. This analysis followed by the screening of 210 patients detected two partially overlapping small deletions of ~12 and ~8 kb in four unrelated individuals, approximately 15 kb downstream SHOX, that were absent in 720 normal stature individuals.

Conclusion

Our results strengthen the hypothesis that alterations of yet unidentified cis‐regulatory elements residing outside those investigated through conventional methods, might explain the phenotype in ISS/LWD patients thus enlarging the spectrum of variants contributing to SHOX‐haploinsufficiency.
Vocal cord lesions classification based on deep convolutional neural network and transfer learning
Authors: Zhao Qian , He Yuqing , Wu Yanda , Huang Dongyan , Wang Yang , Sun Cai , Ju Jun , Wang Jiasen , Mahr Jeremy Jianshuo‐li
Published: November 2021

Purpose

Laryngoscopy, the most common diagnostic method for vocal cord lesions (VCLs), is based mainly on the visual subjective inspection of otolaryngologists. This study aimed to establish a highly objective computer‐aided VCLs diagnosis system based on deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) and transfer learning.

Methods

To classify VCLs, our method combined the DCNN backbone with transfer learning on a system specifically finetuned for a laryngoscopy image dataset. Laryngoscopy image database was collected to train the proposed system. The diagnostic performance was compared with other DCNN‐based models. Analysis of F1 score and receiver operating characteristic curves were conducted to evaluate the performance of the system.

Results

Beyond the existing VCLs diagnosis method, the proposed system achieved an overall accuracy of 80.23%, an F1 score of 0.7836, and an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.9557 for four fine‐grained classes of VCLs, namely, normal, polyp, keratinization, and carcinoma. It also demonstrated robust classification capacity for detecting urgent (keratinization, carcinoma) and non‐urgent (normal, polyp), with an overall accuracy of 0.939, a sensitivity of 0.887, a specificity of 0.993, and an AUC of 0.9828. The proposed method also outperformed clinicians in the classification of normal, polyps, and carcinoma at an extremely low time cost.

Conclusion

The VCLs diagnosis system succeeded in using DCNN to distinguish the most common VCLs and normal cases, holding a practical potential for improving the overall diagnostic efficacy in VCLs examinations. The proposed VCLs diagnosis system could be appropriately integrated into the conventional workflow of VCLs laryngoscopy as a highly objective auxiliary method.
Probing interfacial interactions and dynamics of polymers enclosed in boron nitride nanotubes
Authors: Niskanen Jukka , Xue Yanming , Golberg Dmitri , Winnik Françoise M. , Pellerin Christian , Vapaavuori Jaana
Published: November 2021

Understanding interfacial interactions in polymer systems is crucial for their applicability for instance in adhesives and coatings. Enclosing polymers in a cylindrical volume provides a system for studying interactions dictated by a continuous interfacial layer and a bulk‐like volume in the middle of the cylinders. Here, we describe a simple method for enclosing polymers into boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) and establishing the effect of the interfacial interactions on the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polymers by infrared spectroscopy. The volume of the inner channel is large in comparison to the volume of the loaded polymer coils, allowing the polymer to expand along the inner channel, resulting in the effect of interfacial interactions on polymer dynamics dominating over confinement effects. As examples, we loaded poly(4‐vinyl pyridine), poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), and poly(disperse red 1 acrylate) in BNNTs. The strongest interaction between the studied polymer and BNNTs was observed for poly(4‐vinyl pyridine), which also caused a significant increase of Tg. In addition to characterizing the effect of interfacial interactions on the thermal transitions of the polymers, this method, which is generalizable to most soluble polymer materials, can be used for studying photoinduced transitions in photoactive polymers thanks to the transparency of the BNNTs at visible wavelengths.
Amphifunctional Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles with “Molecular Gates” for Controlled Drug Uptake and Release
Authors: Shinde Pravin , Prasad Bhagavatula L. V.
Published: November 2021

It is demonstrated that the uptake and release of hydrophobic drugs/dyes by mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) is critically dependent on the functional groups present on their outer surfaces. For this, amphifunctional MSNs are synthesized, possessing hydrophobic pores and hydrophilic functional groups on the outer surface. Further, the outer surface is modified with a different chain length of molecules, e.g., propargyl alcohol, triethylene glycol, and PEG (2000) via azide–alkyne click chemistry. The effect of these different surface functional groups on uptake of drug/dye is demonstrated with Nile red, proflavine (free base form), and rhodamine 6G. The uptake of these molecules is found to be inversely proportional to the bulkiness of surface functionality. To counter this effect, an alternate method of loading is proposed and demonstrated. Finally, the effect of these different functional groups on the release of loaded drug proflavine is studied, which supports the hypothesis that bulkier outer surface groups also hinder the release of drugs loaded in the porous MSN.
One‐Pot Electro‐Oxidative Annulation Reactions: Synthesis of Polysubstituted Pyrroles from Anilines and Alkynoates
Authors: Shi Guang , Sun Jie , Chen Zhiwei
Published: November 2021

A synthetic method of polysubstituted pyrroles has been established by electro‐oxidative intermolecular annulation of easily available materials, anilines and alkynoates. In an undivided cell, alkynoates and aniline converted smoothly into desired products under external oxidant‐free and mild conditions, mechanism verification experiments indicating that in situ formed enamines are crucial intermediates for the transformation.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Amide, Dipeptide, Ester and Hydroxamate Using Oxyma and Thionyl Chloride (SOCl2)
Authors: Kalita Tapasi , Mandal Bhubaneswar
Published: November 2021

An improved, one‐pot two‐step process is described to convert carboxylic acid to amides, dipeptides, esters, and hydroxamates using Oxyma and thionyl chloride. The addition of Oxyma to thionyl chloride in the presence of Hunig's base results in a mixture of probably Oxyma‐sulfinyl chloride and sulfinyl diOxyma, two new intermediates, which successfully converts the carboxylic acid into its Oxyma ester. Adding a nucleophile to the generated Oxyma ester leads to corresponding amide, ester, or hydroxamic acid formation at room temperature. The procedure is mild and well tolerant to various carboxylic acids, including N‐protected amino acids and different nucleophiles such as methyl esters of amino acids and alcohols. 32 examples with moderate to good yield (67–86 %) are reported. A rigorous mechanism investigation is performed using 1H and 13C‐NMR. By‐product Oxyma can be recovered and recycled. Thionyl chloride has been used for such coupling reactions in industries and academia for a few hundred years to date. Nevertheless, minimum racemization, side reaction, and waste generation make the addition of Oxyma (this methodology) a valuable improvement.
Improved Photodegradation Behaviour of Ni1‐xFexCo2O4 (x=0.03)@g‐C3N4 Nanocomposite against Organic Pollutants under Visible‐Light Irradiation
Authors: AlFawaz Amal , Alsalme Ali
Published: November 2021

An effective heterojunction with robust charge separation and enormous degradation efficiency is the major task for photocatalysts preparation. In this manuscript, we have prepared the Fe0.03Ni0.97Co2O4 loaded g‐C3N4 nanosheet by sol‐gel assisted calcination method. The Fe dopant alters the electronic band structure of NiCo2O4 and reduces the bandgap to 1.72 eV, which is beneficial for solar‐light utilization. The addition of g‐C3N4 provides the large active sites for photocatalytic degradation under visible‐light irradiation. Moreover, the nanocomposite exhibits high efficient charge separation behaviour than pure g‐C3N4 for degradation reaction. The synergistic interaction between the nanoparticles increases the MB (methylene blue) & Rh B (rhodamine B) degradation efficiency upto 99 % and 96 % in the presence of chemical oxidant respectively. Moreover, the heterojunction exhibits Z‐scheme photo‐Fenton like degradation behaviour with active radicals (superoxide (O2−.)/ hydroxyl (OH.)) production. Besides, the recycling experiment clearly revealed that heterojunction composite has high enough degradation stability towards organic pollutant degradation.
Luminescence of a Zinc(II) Complex with a Protonated 1‐Hydroxy‐1H‐imidazole ESIPT Ligand: Direct Excitation of a Tautomeric Form
Authors: Shekhovtsov Nikita A. , Ryadun Alexey A. , Bushuev Mark B.
Published: November 2021

The complex (HL)2[ZnCl4] (L=2‐(1‐hydroxy‐4,5‐dimethyl‐1H‐imidazol‐2‐yl)pyridine) featuring a short intramolecular hydrogen bond O−H⋅⋅⋅N (O⋅⋅⋅N 2.61 Å) in the HL+ cation is a rare example of protonated ESIPT‐emitters (ESIPT=excited state intramolecular proton transfer). Photochemistry of (HL)2[ZnCl4] is dominated by the ESIPT tautomerization in HL+. In the solid state, (HL)2[ZnCl4] fluoresces in the sky‐blue region (S1tautomeric→S0tautomeric, λmax=500 nm). In MeCN solution, two minima on the S1 potential energy curve lead to dual emission of (HL)2[ZnCl4] (S1normal→S0normal and S1tautomeric→S0tautomeric, λmax=368 and 417 nm). Energy barriers in the ground state allow trapping and the excitation of the tautomeric form of HL+.
Cs2AgBiBr6 Double Perovskites as Lead‐Free Alternatives for Perovskite Solar Cells?
Authors: Tress Wolfgang , Sirtl Maximilian T.
Published: November 2021

Finding lead‐free alternatives remains an important and challenging topic in the field of perovskite solar cells. In this perspective, the potential of Cs2AgBiBr6 double perovskites in solar cells is discussed based on reported absorption and emission data. Whereas the material is capable of exceeding and potentially doubling current efficiency values of around 3%, mainly by an optimized solar cell design, industrially relevant devices cannot be fabricated without major changes in the absorption onset. Nevertheless, Cs2AgBiBr6 poses various scientific questions and exact recombination and charge transport processes are yet to be unraveled, preparing us for the double perovskite or perovskite‐like materials to come.
Caring for (Big) Data: An Introduction to Research Methodologies and Ethical Challenges in Digital Migration Studies
Authors: Sandberg Marie , Rossi Luca
Published: November 2021

Digital technologies present new methodological and ethical challenges for migration studies: from ensuring data access in ethically viable ways to privacy protection, ensuring autonomy, and security of research participants. This Introductory chapter argues that the growing field of digital migration research requires new modes of caring for (big) data. Besides from methodological and ethical reflexivity such care work implies the establishing of analytically sustainable and viable environments for the respective data sets—from large-scale data sets (“big data”) to ethnographic materials. Further, it is argued that approaching migrants’ digital data “with care” means pursuing a critical approach to the use of big data in migration research where the data is not an unquestionable proxy for social activity but rather a complex construct of which the underlying social practices (and vulnerabilities) need to be fully understood. Finally, it is presented how the contributions of this book offer an in-depth analysis of the most crucial methodological and ethical challenges in digital migration studies and reflect on ways to move this field forward.
Contrapuntal Connectedness: Analysing Relations Between Social Media Data and Ethnography in Digital Migration Studies
Authors: Sandberg Marie , Mollerup Nina Grønlykke , Rossi Luca
Published: November 2021

This chapter presents a rethinking of the relationship between ethnography and so-called big social data as being comparable to those between a sum and its parts (Strathern 1991/2004). Taking cue from Tim Ingold’s one world anthropology (2018) the chapter argues that relations between ethnography and social media data can be established as contrapuntal. That is, the types of material are understood as different, yet fundamentally interconnected. The chapter explores and qualifies this affinity with the aim of identifying potentials and further questions for digital migration research. The chapter is based on ethnographic fieldwork carried out with Syrian refugees and solidarians in the Danish–Swedish borderlands in 2018–2019 as well as data collected for 2011–2018 from 200 public Facebook pages run by solidarity organisations, NGOs, and informal refugee welcome and solidarity groups.
Migration Trail: Exploring the Interplay Between Data visualisation, Cartography and Fiction
Authors: Toffano Giacomo , Smets Kevin
Published: November 2021

This chapter focuses on the interplay between data visualisation, fiction and cartography in the context of migration. It revolves around a case study of Migration Trail, a website that attempts to provide an original portrayal of human mobility. First, it explores recent literature on each of the three elements interacting on the site. This is followed by an in-depth investigation of their interplay in the overall experience. The study employs a multi-method approach to the content, combining multimodal analysis, that is further validated with a semi-structured expert interview. The research thoroughly maps Migration Trail’s functions, including the dynamic interplay of its different multimedia elements. Ultimately, the chapter reflects on the question: To what extent can fictional narratives and the multimedia approach in a fictional production like Migration Trail successfully challenge stereotypical portrayals of migrants? The analysis shows that there is potential to go beyond the dichotomous, typical representation of migrants, but that it can also fall into the trap of repeating the “deservingness” trope that is part of common imaginaries of migration into Europe.
Migration Multiple? Big Data, Knowledge Practices and the Governability of Migration
Authors: Stielike Laura
Published: November 2021

This chapter explores the big-data-based production of knowledge on migration. Following Mol (2002) and Scheel et al. (2019), it is analysed how migration and migrants are enacted through big-data-based research papers. The emerging sub-discipline of big-data-based migration research enacts migration and migrants in multiple ways that open up possibilities to rethink migration. However, this multiplicity of migration is held together by reference to three migration narratives—demography, integration and humanitarianism—which stand in stark contrast to these alternative enactments, as they all frame migration as something that needs to be governed. As the research papers aim at contributing to these research fields, they inscribe themselves into these migration narratives and thereby adopt the assumption of migration as an object of government.
Climate Resilience and Regeneration: How Precincts Can Adapt to and Mitigate Climate Change
Authors: Newton Peter W. , Newman Peter W. G. , Glackin Stephen , Thomson Giles
Published: November 2021

Healthy urban ecosystems are increasingly recognised as important for resilient cities and need to be considered as part of GPR. Urban nature-based solutions (NBS) comprising green (vegetation) and blue (water) infrastructure need to be considered at multiple scales from the bioregions, through to catchments, neighbourhoods/precincts, blocks, streets, and buildings, including linkages through and in GPR areas. This chapter describes how climate change—particularly extreme urban heat—is expected to affect Australian cities, and how green and blue infrastructure can help GPR to be incorporated into urban adaptation and mitigation solutions. Topics covered include water-sensitive urban design, nature-based solutions, and urban cooling. The chapter outlines how nature-based solutions can be incorporated into higher-density regenerative urban redevelopment through new technologies and supported by planning models, many of which can be best designed and managed at precinct scale. The ‘additionality’ of green and blue nature-based solutions can offer residents of GPR areas increased liveability and enhanced resilience in both normal and extreme weather.
Planning, Design, Assessment, and Engagement Processes for Greyfield Precinct Regeneration
Authors: Newton Peter W. , Newman Peter W. G. , Glackin Stephen , Thomson Giles
Published: November 2021

This chapter expands on the required set of innovations in urban planning, precinct design, performance assessment, and engagement processes outlined in Chap. 1 that are core to the delivery of greyfield precinct regeneration (GPR). The sections that follow dive deeper into the key transitioning processes and provide case-study illustrations for place-activated GPR drawn from the City of Maroondah’s Greening the Greyfields project.
Twin Pati-Salam theory of flavour with a TeV scale vector leptoquark
Authors: King Stephen F.
Published: November 2021

Abstract

We propose a twin Pati-Salam (PS) theory of flavour broken to the G4321 gauge group at high energies, then to the Standard Model at low energies, yielding a TeV scale vector leptoquark $$ {U}_1^{\mu } $$

U
1
μ

(3, 1, 2/3) which has been suggested to address the lepton universality anomalies $$ {R}_{K^{\left(\ast \right)}} $$

R

K

∗

and $$ {R}_{D^{\left(\ast \right)}} $$

R

D

∗

in B decays. Quark and lepton masses are mediated by vector-like fermions, with personal Higgs doublets for the second and third families, which may be replaced by a two Higgs doublet model (2HDM). The twin PS theory of flavour successfully accounts for all quark and lepton (including neutrino) masses and mixings, and predicts a dominant coupling of $$ {U}_1^{\mu } $$

U
1
μ

(3, 1, 2/3) to the third family left-handed doublets. However the predicted mass matrices, assuming natural values of the parameters, are not consistent with the single vector leptoquark solution to the $$ {R}_{D^{\left(\ast \right)}} $$

R

D

∗

anomaly, given its current value.
Bit threads and the membrane theory of entanglement dynamics
Authors: Agón Cesar A. , Mezei Márk
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Recently, an effective membrane theory was proposed that describes the “hydrodynamic” regime of the entanglement dynamics for general chaotic systems. Motivated by the new bit threads formulation of holographic entanglement entropy, given in terms of a convex optimization problem based on flow maximization, or equivalently tight packing of bit threads, we reformulate the membrane theory as a max flow problem by proving a max flow-min cut theorem. In the context of holography, we explain the relation between the max flow program dual to the membrane theory and the max flow program dual to the holographic surface extremization prescription by providing an explicit map from the membrane to the bulk, and derive the former from the latter in the “hydrodynamic” regime without reference to minimal surfaces or membranes.
Development and validation of a rapid LC–MS/MS method for the confirmatory analysis of the bound residues of eight nitrofuran drugs in meat using microwave reaction
Authors: Regan Gemma , Moloney Mary , Di Rocco Melissa , McLoughlin Padraig , Smyth Wesley , Crooks Steven , Elliott Christopher , Danaher Martin
Published: November 2021

A rapid analytical method was developed and validated for the analysis of eight bound nitrofurans in animal tissue, shortening laboratory turnaround times from 4 to 2 days. The majority of methodologies for nitrofuran analysis focus on the detection of only four drugs (nitrofurantoin, furazolidone, furaltadone and nitrofurazone), and is time-consuming given the 16-h overnight derivatisation step and a double liquid–liquid extraction. In this study, the narrow scope of analysis was addressed by including further four important nitrofuran drugs (nifursol, nitrofuroxazide, nifuraldezone and nitrovin). Full chromatographic separation was achieved for the metabolites of all eight nitrofurans, using phenyl-hexyl column chemistry and a rigorous optimisation of the mobile phase additives and gradient profile. The conventional, lengthy sample preparation was substantially shortened by replacing the traditional overnight water bath derivatisation with a rapid 2-h microwave-assisted reaction, followed by a modified-QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) extraction. This confirmatory method was fully validated in accordance with the new 2021/808/EC legislation, and was shown to perform satisfactorily when applied to incurred tissues. The decision limit (CCα) for the eight analytes ranged between 0.013 and 0.200 µg kg−1, showing abundant sensitivity given that the current RPA for nitrofurans is 0.5 µg kg−1. This innovative method can play a major role in the surveillance of the illegal use of nitrofuran drugs.
Safety evaluation of high-risk myocardial micro-biopsy in a swine model
Authors: Chireh Arvin , Sandell Mikael , Grankvist Rikard , Lövljung Victoria , al-Saadi Jonathan , Arnberg Fabian , Lundberg Johan , Settergren Magnus , Holmin Staffan
Published: November 2021

The objective of the study was to investigate the safety profile of high-risk micro-endomyocardial biopsy (micro-EMB) compared to conventional EMB in a large animal model. Twenty pigs were subjected to a maximum of 30 consecutive biopsies, including sampling from the free ventricular wall, with either micro-EMB (n = 10) or conventional EMB (n = 10). There were no major complications in the micro-EMB group (0/10), compared to six major complications in the EMB group (6/10; p = 0.003). Survival analysis further highlighted these differences (p = 0.004). There were significantly higher volumes of pericardial effusion in the EMB group (p = 0.01). The study shows a safety advantage of micro-EMB compared to standard EMB in the experimental high-risk circumstances investigated in this animal study. These results indicate enhanced possibilities to collect samples from sensitive areas by using the micro-EMB technique instead of standard EMB.
Structure of the Western Tibetan Vortex inconsistent with a thermally-direct circulation
Authors: Li Xiao-Feng , Yu Jingjing , Liu Shaofeng , Wang Jingzhi , Wang Lei
Published: November 2021

The Western Tibetan Vortex (WTV) is a large-scale circulation pattern identified from year-to-year circulation variability, which was used to understand the causal mechanisms for slowdown of the glacier melting over the western Tibetan Plateau (TP). A recent argument has suggested the WTV is the set of wind field anomalies resulting from variability in near-surface air temperatures over the western TP (above 1500 m), which, in turn, is likely driven by the surface net radiation. This study thereby evaluates the above putative thermal-direct mechanism. By conducting numerical sensitivity experiments using a global atmospheric circulation model, SAMIL, we find a WTV-like structure cannot be generated from a surface thermal forcing imposed on the western TP. A thermally-direct circulation generated by the surface or near surface heating is expect to cause upward motions and a baroclinic structure above it. In contrast, downward motions and a quasi-barotropic are observed in the vertical structure of the WTV. Besides, we find variability of the surface net radiation (sum of the surface shortwave and longwave net radiation) over the western TP can be traced back to the WTV variability based on ERA5 data. The anticyclonic (cyclonic) WTV reduces (increases) the cloudiness through the anomalous downward (upward) motions, causes more (less) input shortwave net radiation and thereby more (less) surface net radiations, resulting in the warmer (cooler) surface and near-surface air temperature over the western TP. The argument is constructive in encouraging examination of the radiative balance processes that complements previous studies.
Efficacy of single-site radiotherapy plus PD-1 inhibitors vs PD-1 inhibitors for oligometastatic non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: Wang Peiliang , Yin Tianwen , Zhao Kaikai , Yu Jinming , Teng Feifei
Published: November 2021

Purpose

Growing numbers of clinical trials test the efficacy of radiotherapy (RT) plus immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), but the number of irradiated sites is not uniform. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of single-site RT plus immunotherapy in oligometastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with smaller disease burdens and low tumor heterogeneity.

Methods

We retrospectively identified oligometastatic NSCLC (< 4 metastatic sites) patients treated with PD-1 pathway inhibitors with or without RT to a single lesion in our institution between 2018 and 2020. The primary endpoints were the best objective response rate (ORR) and progression-free survival (PFS).

Results

Of the 152 patients enrolled, 93 and 59 were identified as the ICI alone group and the ICI plus RT group, respectively. The addition of RT to ICI therapy significantly increased the best ORR from 31.2% to 50.8% (p = 0.015). The out-of-field (abscopal effect) response rate could reach 41.3% (95%CI 26.5%–56.1%) in the ICI plus RT group. Median PFS was 8.9 months (95%CI 4.7–13.1 months) with ICI alone versus 13.8 months (95%CI 9.5–18.1 months) with ICI plus radiotherapy (hazard ratio [HR] 0.556; p = 0.035). In an exploratory subgroup analysis of PFS, the addition of RT brought greater benefits in patients aged < 65 years (p = 0.016), patients with ECOG PS = 0 (p = 0.048), and patients with 1–2 metastatic sites (p = 0.024). No unexpected adverse events or significantly increased toxicities were observed in the experimental arm.

Conclusion

Single-site RT plus anti-PD-1 inhibitors significantly increased systemic responses and improved survival outcomes in oligometastatic NSCLC patients.
Involvement of an FTO gene polymorphism in the temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis
Authors: Takaoka Ryota , Kuyama Kotaro , Yatani Hirofumi , Ishigaki Shoichi , Kayashima Hiroki , Koishi Yukiko , Kato Takafumi , Egusa Hiroshi , Uchiyama Yuka , Nakatani Atsutoshi , Shimamoto Hiroaki
Published: November 2021

Objectives

The FTO gene has been reported as an obesity-associated gene and is also considered a risk gene for osteoarthritis (OA). However, its exact function is unclear, and there is conflicting evidence on the involvement of FTO polymorphisms in OA via obesity. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of FTO polymorphism rs8044769 alleles on OA in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), which is minimally affected by body weight.

Materials and methods

A total of 324 TMJs (113 with OA and 211 without OA, serving as controls) from 162 Japanese patients with temporomandibular disorders and undergoing MRI examination were analyzed. Genotyping was conducted, and multivariate analysis was performed after adjusting for the effects of age, sex, body mass index, and TMJ disc abnormalities.

Results

Mean age, BMI, and sex did not differ between the TMJs with OA and the TMJs without OA, but a significant difference was found for positional and dynamic disc abnormalities (P < 0.05). The allele frequency of FTO polymorphisms also differed significantly between the TMJs with OA and the TMJs without OA (P = 0.011). Moreover, logistic regression analysis showed no significant association between BMI (P = 0.581) and the occurrence of TMJOA but also indicated that the CC allele of rs8044769 is a risk factor for TMJOA (P = 0.040).

Conclusions

Our results show that rs8044769 in the FTO gene might be involved in TMJOA.

Clinical relevance

The present study provides a basis for a deeper understanding of the mechanism underlying degenerative skeletal diseases and the more effective selection and development of treatment strategies based on the patients’ genetic characteristics.
Einfluss von Betriebsgrößen auf die Schwingungsreduzierungswirkung im nasslaufenden Kupplungssystem: Empirische Modellbildung – Kennfelder und Skalierbarkeit
Authors: Bischofberger Arne , Ott Sascha , Albers Albert
Published: November 2021

Nasslaufende Kupplungssysteme werden, mitunter durch die zunehmende Hybridisierung sowie die Automatisierung von Getrieben, auch in Zukunft in vielen Antriebsstrangtopologien, nicht nur im Bereich der Fahrzeugtechnik, vorhanden sein. Eine Erweiterung der Funktionen des Systems neben dessen Hauptfunktion, um z. B. eine Funktion zur Reduzierung von Schwingungen bietet sich daher umso mehr an. Durch die Verwendung der nasslaufenden Kupplung als Aktor zur Schwingungsreduzierung wird ermöglicht, konventionelle schwingungsmindernde Komponenten hinsichtlich Bauraum und Masse zu reduzieren. Das moderne nasslaufende Kupplungssystem bietet außerdem gegenüber gängigen Komponenten den bedeutenden Vorteil, eine Schwingungsreduzierung bedarfsgerecht einzusetzen und zu regeln.

Im Rahmen dieser Veröffentlichung werden Regressionsmodelle zur Beschreibung des Verhaltens von Bewertungsgrößen der Schwingungsreduzierungswirkung wie Amplitudenverhältnis und Winkelbeschleunigung in Abhängigkeit der Betriebsgrößen wie der Grundschlupfdrehzahl anhand eines tribologischen Systems empirisch ermittelt. Es werden Aussagen über die Skalierbarkeit sowie Gültigkeit der Modelle erarbeitet. Neben der Schwingungsreduzierungswirkung wird ergänzend auch die Verlustleistung im schlupfenden Kupplungssystem betrachtet.

Die erarbeiteten Modelle begünstigen das gezielte Einstellen und Auslegen zukünftiger Kupplungssysteme für die Funktionserweiterung Schwingungsreduzierung im bedarfsgerecht geregelten Dauerschlupfbetrieb unter Berücksichtigung des Zielkonflikts Komfort vs. Effizienz.
Unmanned Aerial System-Based Multispectral Water Quality Monitoring in the Iberian Pyrite Belt (SW Spain)
Authors: Isgró Melisa A. , Basallote M. Dolores , Barbero Luis
Published: November 2021

Few studies have assessed mining-associated water pollution using spectral characteristics. We used high-resolution multispectral data acquired by unmanned aerial drones combined with in situ chemical data to assess water quality parameters in 12 relatively small water bodies located in the Tharsis complex, an abandoned mining area in the Iberian pyrite belt (SW Spain). The spectral bands of Micasense RedEdge-MX Dual and spectral band combinations were used jointly with physicochemical data to estimate water quality parameters and develop reliable empirical models using regression analysis. Physicochemical parameters including pH, ORP, EC, Al, Cu, Fe, Mn, S, Si, and Zn were estimated with high accuracy levels (0.81 < R2 < 0.99, 4 < RMSE% < 75, 0.01 < MAPE < 0.97). In contrast, the observed and modelled values for Ba, Ca, and Mg did not agree well (0.42 < R2 < 0.70). The best-fitted models were used to generate spatial distribution maps, providing information on water quality patterns. This study demonstrated that using empirical models to generate spatial distribution maps can be an effective and easy way to monitor acid mine drainage.
Mechanism, autonomy and biological explanation
Authors: Bich Leonardo , Bechtel William
Published: November 2021

The new mechanists and the autonomy approach both aim to account for how biological phenomena are explained. One identifies appeals to how components of a mechanism are organized so that their activities produce a phenomenon. The other directs attention towards the whole organism and focuses on how it achieves self-maintenance. This paper discusses challenges each confronts and how each could benefit from collaboration with the other: the new mechanistic framework can gain by taking into account what happens outside individual mechanisms, while the autonomy approach can ground itself in biological research into how the actual components constituting an autonomous system interact and contribute in different ways to realize and maintain the system. To press the case that these two traditions should be constructively integrated we describe how three recent developments in the autonomy tradition together provide a bridge between the two traditions: (1) a framework of work and constraints, (2) a conception of function grounded in the organization of an autonomous system, and (3) a focus on control.
Constructing software countermeasures against instruction manipulation attacks: an approach based on vulnerability evaluation using fault simulator
Authors: Sakamoto Junichi , Hayashi Shungo , Fujimoto Daisuke , Matsumoto Tsutomu
Published: November 2021

Fault injection attacks (FIA), which cause information leakage by injecting intentional faults into the data or operations of devices, are one of the most powerful methods compromising the security of confidential data stored on these devices. Previous studies related to FIA report that attackers can skip instructions running on many devices through many means of fault injection. Most existing anti-FIA countermeasures on software are designed to secure against instruction skip (IS). On the other hand, recent studies report that attackers can use laser fault injection to manipulate instructions running on devices as they want. Although the previous studies have shown that instruction manipulation (IM) could attack the existing countermeasures against IS, no effective countermeasures against IM have been proposed. This paper is the first work tackling this problem, aiming to construct software-based countermeasures against IM faults. Evaluating program vulnerabilities to IM faults is required to consider countermeasures against IM faults. We propose three IM simulation environments for that aim and compare them to reveal their performance difference. GDB (GNU debugger)-based simulator that we newly propose in this paper outperforms the QEMU-based simulator that we presented in AICCSA:1–8, 2020 in advance, in terms of evaluation time at most $$\times$$
×
400 faster. Evaluating a target program using the proposed IM simulators reveals that the IM faults leading to attack successes are classified into four classes. We propose secure coding techniques as countermeasures against IMs of each four classes and show the effectiveness of the countermeasures using the IM simulators.