bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EXIOBASE 3: Developing a Time Series of Detailed Environmentally Extended Multi‐Regional Input‐Output Tables
Authors: Stadler Konstantin , Wood Richard , Bulavskaya Tatyana , Södersten Carl‐Johan , Simas Moana , Schmidt Sarah , Usubiaga Arkaitz , Acosta‐Fernández José , Kuenen Jeroen , Bruckner Martin , Giljum Stefan , Lutter Stephan , Merciai Stefano , Schmidt Jannick H. , Theurl Michaela C. , Plutzar Christoph , Kastner Thomas , Eisenmenger Nina , Erb Karl‐Heinz , de Koning Arjan , Tukker Arnold
Published: January 2018

Environmentally extended multiregional input‐output (EE MRIO) tables have emerged as a key framework to provide a comprehensive description of the global economy and analyze its effects on the environment. Of the available EE MRIO databases, EXIOBASE stands out as a database compatible with the System of Environmental‐Economic Accounting (SEEA) with a high sectorial detail matched with multiple social and environmental satellite accounts. In this paper, we present the latest developments realized with EXIOBASE 3—a time series of EE MRIO tables ranging from 1995 to 2011 for 44 countries (28 EU member plus 16 major economies) and five rest of the world regions. EXIOBASE 3 builds upon the previous versions of EXIOBASE by using rectangular supply‐use tables (SUTs) in a 163 industry by 200 products classification as the main building blocks. In order to capture structural changes, economic developments, as reported by national statistical agencies, were imposed on the available, disaggregated SUTs from EXIOBASE 2. These initial estimates were further refined by incorporating detailed data on energy, agricultural production, resource extraction, and bilateral trade. EXIOBASE 3 inherits the high level of environmental stressor detail from its precursor, with further improvement in the level of detail for resource extraction. To account for the expansion of the European Union (EU), EXIOBASE 3 was developed with the full EU28 country set (including the new member state Croatia). EXIOBASE 3 provides a unique tool for analyzing the dynamics of environmental pressures of economic activities over time.
Geospatial Characterization of Material Stock in the Residential Sector of a Latin‐American City
Authors: Mesta Carlos , Kahhat Ramzy , Santa‐Cruz Sandra
Published: January 2018

Building stock constitutes a huge repository of construction materials in a city and a potential source for replacing primary resources in the future. This article describes the application of a methodological approach for analyzing the material stock (MS) in buildings and its spatial distribution at a city‐wide scale. A young Latin‐American city, the city of Chiclayo in Peru, was analyzed by combining geographical information systems (GIS) data, census information, and data collected from different sources. Application of the methodology yielded specific indicators for the physical size of buildings (i.e., gross floor area and number of stories) and their material composition. The overall MS in buildings, in 2007, was estimated at 24.4 million tonnes (Mt), or 47 tonnes per capita. This mass is primarily composed of mineral materials (97.7%), mainly concrete (14.1 Mt), while organic materials (e.g., 0.15 Mt of wood) and metals (e.g., 0.40 Mt of steel) constitute the remaining share (2.3%). Moreover, historical census data and projections were used to evaluate the changes in the MS from 1981 to 2017; showing a 360% increase of the MS in the last 36 years. This study provides essential supporting information for urban planners, helping to provide a better understanding of the availability of resources in the city and its future potential supply for recycling as well as to develop strategies for the management of construction and demolition waste.
A guide to analysis and reconstruction of serial block face scanning electron microscopy data
Authors: COCKS E. , TAGGART M. , RIND F.C. , WHITE K.
Published: January 2018

Serial block face scanning electron microscopy (SBF‐SEM) is a relatively new technique that allows the acquisition of serially sectioned, imaged and digitally aligned ultrastructural data. There is a wealth of information that can be obtained from the resulting image stacks but this presents a new challenge for researchers – how to computationally analyse and make best use of the large datasets produced. One approach is to reconstruct structures and features of interest in 3D. However, the software programmes can appear overwhelming, time‐consuming and not intuitive for those new to image analysis. There are a limited number of published articles that provide sufficient detail on how to do this type of reconstruction. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to provide a detailed step‐by‐step protocol, accompanied by tutorial videos, for several types of analysis programmes that can be used on raw SBF‐SEM data, although there are more options available than can be covered here. To showcase the programmes, datasets of skeletal muscle from foetal and adult guinea pigs are initially used with procedures subsequently applied to guinea pig cardiac tissue and locust brain. The tissue is processed using the heavy metal protocol developed specifically for SBF‐SEM. Trimmed resin blocks are placed into a Zeiss Sigma SEM incorporating the Gatan 3View and the resulting image stacks are analysed in three different programmes, Fiji, Amira and MIB, using a range of tools available for segmentation. The results from the image analysis comparison show that the analysis tools are often more suited to a particular type of structure. For example, larger structures, such as nuclei and cells, can be segmented using interpolation, which speeds up analysis; single contrast structures, such as the nucleolus, can be segmented using the contrast‐based thresholding tools. Knowing the nature of the tissue and its specific structures (complexity, contrast, if there are distinct membranes, size) will help to determine the best method for reconstruction and thus maximize informative output from valuable tissue.
The challenges and possibilities of public access defibrillation
Authors: Ringh M. , Hollenberg J. , Palsgaard‐Moeller T. , Svensson L. , Rosenqvist M. , Lippert F. K. , Wissenberg M. , Malta Hansen C. , Claesson A. , Viereck S. , Zijlstra J. A. , Koster R. W. , Herlitz J. , Blom M. T. , Kramer‐Johansen J. , Tan H. L. , Beesems S. G. , Hulleman M. , Olasveengen T. M. , Folke F. ,   for the COSTA study group (research collaboration between Copenhagen, Oslo, STockholm, and Amsterdam)
Published: January 2018

Out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is a major health problem that affects approximately four hundred and thousand patients annually in the United States alone. It is a major challenge for the emergency medical system as decreased survival rates are directly proportional to the time delay from collapse to defibrillation. Historically, defibrillation has only been performed by physicians and in‐hospital. With the development of automated external defibrillators (AEDs), rapid defibrillation by nonmedical professionals and subsequently by trained or untrained lay bystanders has become possible. Much hope has been put to the concept of Public Access Defibrillation with a massive dissemination of public available AEDs throughout most Western countries. Accordingly, current guidelines recommend that AEDs should be deployed in places with a high likelihood of OHCA. Despite these efforts, AED use is in most settings anecdotal with little effect on overall OHCA survival. The major reasons for low use of public AEDs are that most OHCAs take place outside high incidence sites of cardiac arrest and that most OHCAs take place in residential settings, currently defined as not suitable for Public Access Defibrillation. However, the use of new technology for identification and recruitment of lay bystanders and nearby AEDs to the scene of the cardiac arrest as well as new methods for strategic AED placement redefines and challenges the current concept and definitions of Public Access Defibrillation. Existing evidence of Public Access Defibrillation and knowledge gaps and future directions to improve outcomes for OHCA are discussed. In addition, a new definition of the different levels of Public Access Defibrillation is offered as well as new strategies for increasing AED use in the society.
Expression of chemerin in the synovial fluid of patients with temporomandibular joint disorders
Authors: Şimşek Kaya G. , Yapıcı Yavuz G. , Kızıltunç A.
Published: January 2018

The synovial membrane and fluid are significantly involved in the pathogenesis of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders. This study aimed to investigate the relation between levels of chemerin in the synovial fluid (SF) of patients with TMJ disorder and their relationship. Sixty samples of SF were obtained from patients with an internal derangement (ID) or osteoarthritis (OA). Chemerin in the SF was examined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed greater levels of chemerin in the SF of patients with OA than ID. While chemerin levels were positively correlated with pain scores, they were inversely correlated with MMO. Chemerin levels increased progressively as the disorder stage became more severe. The findings of this study suggest that chemerin in SF may play role as a predisposing factor and may represent a novel potential prognostic biochemical marker in the pathogenesis of TMJ disorders.
Gender and European Economic Policy: A Survey of the Views of European Economists on Contemporary Economic Policy
Authors: May Ann Mari , McGarvey Mary G. , Kucera David
Published: January 2018

In this study, we survey male and female economists located at universities in the European Union to determine if there are gender differences in views on core economic principles and a wide variety of contemporary policy issues. Controlling for country of residence, degree vintage, and location of Ph.D. earned, we find statistically significant differences in views of male and female economists in all of the topic areas examined. These results lend support to the notion that gender diversity in policy‐making circles may be an important aspect in broadening the menu of public policy choices.
Climate‐driven mitochondrial selection: A test in Australian songbirds
Authors: Lamb Annika Mae , Gan Han Ming , Greening Chris , Joseph Leo , Lee Yin Peng , Morán‐Ordóñez Alejandra , Sunnucks Paul , Pavlova Alexandra
Published: January 2018

Diversifying selection between populations that inhabit different environments can promote lineage divergence within species and ultimately drive speciation. The mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) encodes essential proteins of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system and can be a strong target for climate‐driven selection (i.e., associated with inhabiting different climates). We investigated whether Pleistocene climate changes drove mitochondrial selection and evolution within Australian birds. First, using phylogeographic analyses of the mitochondrial ND2 gene for 17 songbird species, we identified mitochondrial clades (mitolineages). Second, using distance‐based redundancy analyses, we tested whether climate predicts variation in intraspecific genetic divergence beyond that explained by geographic distances and geographic position. Third, we analysed 41 complete mitogenome sequences representing each mitolineage of 17 species using codon models in a phylogenetic framework and a biochemical approach to identify signals of selection on OXPHOS protein‐coding genes and test for parallel selection in mitolineages of different species existing in similar climates. Of 17 species examined, 13 had multiple mitolineages (range: 2–6). Climate was a significant predictor of mitochondrial variation in eight species. At least two amino acid replacements in OXPHOS complex I could have evolved under positive selection in specific mitolineages of two species. Protein homology modelling showed one of these to be in the loop region of the ND6 protein channel and the other in the functionally critical helix HL region of ND5. These findings call for direct tests of the functional and evolutionary significance of mitochondrial protein candidates for climate‐associated selection.
Antimicrobial and stress responses to increased temperature and bacterial pathogen challenge in the holobiont of a reef‐building coral
Authors: van de Water Jeroen A. J. M. , Chaib De Mares Maryam , Dixon Groves B. , Raina Jean‐Baptiste , Willis Bette L. , Bourne David G. , van Oppen Madeleine J. H.
Published: January 2018

Global increases in coral disease prevalence have been linked to ocean warming through changes in coral‐associated bacterial communities, pathogen virulence and immune system function. However, the interactive effects of temperature and pathogens on the coral holobiont are poorly understood. Here, we assessed three compartments of the holobiont (host, Symbiodinium and bacterial community) of the coral Montipora aequituberculata challenged with the pathogen Vibrio coralliilyticus and the commensal bacterium Oceanospirillales sp. under ambient (27°C) and elevated (29.5 and 32°C) seawater temperatures. Few visual signs of bleaching and disease development were apparent in any of the treatments, but responses were detected in the holobiont compartments. V. coralliilyticus acted synergistically and negatively impacted the photochemical efficiency of Symbiodinium at 32°C, while Oceanospirillales had no significant effect on photosynthetic efficiency. The coral, however, exhibited a minor response to the bacterial challenges, with the response towards V. coralliilyticus being significantly more pronounced, and involving the prophenoloxidase‐activating system and multiple immune system‐related genes. Elevated seawater temperatures did not induce shifts in the coral‐associated bacterial community, but caused significant gene expression modulation in both Symbiodinium and the coral host. While Symbiodinium exhibited an antiviral response and upregulated stress response genes, M. aequituberculata showed regulation of genes involved in stress and innate immune response processes, including immune and cytokine receptor signalling, the complement system, immune cell activation and phagocytosis, as well as molecular chaperones. These observations show that M. aequituberculata is capable of maintaining a stable bacterial community under elevated seawater temperatures and thereby contributes to preventing disease development.
Combining allele frequency and tree‐based approaches improves phylogeographic inference from natural history collections
Authors: Ruffley Megan , Smith Megan L. , Espíndola Anahí , Carstens Bryan C. , Sullivan Jack , Tank David C.
Published: January 2018

Model selection approaches in phylogeography have allowed researchers to evaluate the support for competing demographic histories, which provides a mode of inference and a measure of uncertainty in understanding climatic and spatial influences on intraspecific diversity. Here, to rank all models in the comparison set and determine what proportion of the total support the top‐ranked model garners, we conduct model selection using two analytical approaches—allele frequency‐based, implemented in fastsimcoal2, and gene tree‐based, implemented in phrapl. We then expand this model selection framework by including an assessment of absolute fit of the models to the data. For this, we utilize DNA isolated from existing natural history collections that span the distribution of red alder (Alnus rubra) in the Pacific Northwest of North America to generate genomic data for the evaluation of 13 demographic scenarios. The quality of DNA recovered from herbarium specimen leaf tissue was assessed for its utility and effectiveness in demographic model selection, specifically in the two approaches mentioned. We present strong support for the use of herbarium tissue in the generation of genomic DNA, albeit with the inclusion of additional quality control checks prior to library preparation and analyses with multiple approaches that incorporate various data. Analyses with allele frequency spectra and gene trees predominantly support A. rubra having experienced an ancient vicariance event with intermittent and frequent gene flow between the disjunct populations. Additionally, the data consistently fit the most frequently selected model, corroborating the model selection techniques. Finally, these results suggest that the A. rubra disjunct populations do not represent separate species.
On the process of national indifferentiation: the case of Bulgarian ‘Czechs’
Authors: Jakoubek Marek
Published: January 2018

As national groups are concerned, constructivist argumentation typically follows the process of establishing national identities. Thus, it commonly studies the development of a nationally indifferent population to a population that is nationally conscious. On a general level, this paper analyses and illustrates the opposite process, i.e., the process of ‘denationalization’, or in other words, the emergence of national indifference (i.e. national indifferentiation). I study how nationally conscious groups of Czech colonists from the military frontier, who in the 1820s settled in the village of Svatá Helena in Banat gradually became a nationally indifferent group (mainly after their migration to Bulgaria where they founded the village of Voyvodovo) whose defining mark and principle of organisation became religion.
Self‐screening Effects of Monitoring: Evidence from a Quasi Experiment in the Swedish Temporary Parental Benefit Program
Authors: Häkkinen Skans Iida , Johansson Per
Published: January 2018

Monitoring and screening have been shown to be important to reduce moral hazard in social insurances. This paper empirically investigates whether monitoring in the Swedish temporary parental benefit program affects future benefit take‐up. Identification is based on the fact that parents’ benefit applications are monitored randomly by the insurer. The estimation results show that parents who are monitored are less likely to apply again in the near future.
Home alone: a systematic review and meta‐analysis on the effects of individual housing on body weight, food intake and visceral fat mass in rodents
Authors: Schipper L. , Harvey L. , van der Beek E. M. , van Dijk G.
Published: January 2018

Rats and mice are widely used to study environmental effects on psychological and metabolic health. Study designs differ widely and are often characterized by varying (social) housing conditions. In itself, housing has a profound influence on physiology and behaviour of rodents, affecting energy balance and sustainable metabolic health. However, evidence for potential long‐term consequences of individual versus social housing on body weight and metabolic phenotype is inconsistent. We conducted a systematic literature review and meta‐analyses assessing effects of individual versus social housing of rats and mice, living under well‐accepted laboratory conditions, on measures of metabolic health, including body weight, food intake and visceral adipose tissue mass. Seventy‐one studies were included in this review; 59 were included in the meta‐analysis. Whilst housing did not affect body weight, both food intake and visceral adipose tissue mass were significantly higher in individually compared with socially housed animals. A combination of emotional stress and lack of social thermoregulation likely contributed to these effects. Increased awareness of consequences and improved specifications of housing conditions are necessary to accurately evaluate efficacy of drugs, diets or other interventions on metabolic and other health outcomes because housing conditions are rarely considered as possible moderators of reported outcomes.
Mast cells participate in chronic low‐grade inflammation within adipose tissue
Authors: Żelechowska P. , Agier J. , Kozłowska E. , Brzezińska‐Błaszczyk E.
Published: January 2018

Obesity is reckoned as one of the civilization diseases, posing a considerable global health issue. Evidence points towards a contribution of multitude immune cell populations in obesity pathomechanism and the development of chronic low‐grade inflammation in the expanded adipose tissue. Notably, adipose tissue is a reservoir of mast cells which number in individuals with obesity particularly increased. Some of them tend to degranulation what generate secretion of strong pro‐inflammatory and regulatory mediators, as well as cytokines/chemokines. Several lines of evidence suggest that mast cells are strictly associated with pro‐inflammatory status in adipose tissue by their indirect impact on immune cell attraction and activation. Furthermore, mast cells affect adipose tissue remodelling and fibrosis by adipocyte differentiation, fibroblast proliferation and enhancing extracellular matrix proteins expression. This review will summarize current knowledge on mast cell features and their role in the development of chronic low‐grade inflammation within adipose tissue.
The NADPH‐Dependent Oxidase of Phagocytes
Authors: Nauseef William M.
Published: January 2018

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) represent a prominent cellular element in the innate immune system, serving to ingest exogenous particles and microbes and to kill phagocytosed microorganisms. The microbicidal activity of PMNs depends on the interactions of a broad array of potent systems, including relatively stable degradative proteins as well as labile reactive radicals. These systems can be categorized as oxygen‐dependent and nonoxidative mechanisms, although the physiologically relative activity depends on the precisely orchestrated interplay between both systems. The enzyme complex responsible for the activity of the oxygen‐dependent system is the respiratory burst oxidase and its important contribution to host defense is best illustrated by the frequent and severe infections seen in individuals whose PMNs lack oxidase activity, namely patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). Multiple elements comprise the oxygen‐dependent system, and significant advances have been made in the past decade in understanding the protein components of the respiratory burst oxidase, their subcellular distribution in resting PMNs, and their agonist‐dependent assembly into a functional system at phagosomal and plasma membranes. In parallel, substantial insights into the molecular bases of CGD have likewise been made. Nonetheless there remain significant gaps in our understanding of the precise functional contributions of particular components of the system, the molecular mechanisms that regulate their coordinated assembly, and the role of related proteins in nonphagocytic cells.
Lack of correlation between pollen aperture number and environmental factors in pansies (Viola L., sect. Melanium Ging.) – pollen heteromorphism re‐examined
Authors: Słomka A. , Żabicka J. , Shuka L. , Bohdanowicz J. , Kuta E.
Published: January 2018

The development of different pollen morphs by one specimen – pollen heteromorphism – occurs in ca. one‐third species of the genus Viola. Melanium section species (pansies) stand out in producing the widest range of apertures among Viola species. Aperture number decreases with elevation increase, and faster germination of five‐aperturate pollen as compared with three‐aperturate has previously been postulated.

We re‐examined pollen heteromorphism in the context of its viability, and made correlations with elevation (>1500 m a.s.l. versus <1500 m a.s.l.), soil type (metalliferous versus non‐metalliferous; MET versus NMET) and chromosome number based on selected study criteria of ca. 20% karyologically and morphologically strongly differentiated but genetically closely related pansies.

A total of 79% of analysed species were heteromorphic, forming three‐ to six‐colp or ate pollen per individual flower. Mean aperture number and pollen viability were not affected by soil type (MET versus NMET). Mean aperture number was also not influenced by elevation or species chromosome number. Positive correlations were established between aperture number and pollen viability, negative between pollen viability and elevation (increasing altitude of 100 m decreased pollen viability by 0.4%) and lack of correlation between chromosome number and pollen viability.

The varied frequencies of different pollen morphs among species are not under the general pressure of ecological conditions, as previously postulated for the species of Melanium section. Rather, this trait in pansies, similar to other floral characters (e.g. long, curved nectar spur, ‘landing platform’, posterior petals with nectar guides), is adaptive but dependent on the breeding system (inbreeding versus outbreeding) of the individual species.
Floral contrivances and specialised pollination mechanism strongly influence mixed mating in Wrightia tomentosa (Apocynaceae)
Authors: Barman C. , Singh V. K. , Das S. , Tandon R.
Published: January 2018

Reproductive success of a plant species is largely influenced by the outcome of mating pattern in a population. It is believed that a significantly larger proportion of animal‐pollinated plants have evolved a mixed‐mating strategy, the extent of which may vary among species. It is thus pertinent to investigate the key contributors to mating success, especially to identify the reproductive constraints in depauperate populations of threatened plant species.

We examined the contribution of floral architecture, pollination mechanism and breeding system on the extent of outcrossing rate in a near‐threatened tree species, Wrightia tomentosa. The breeding system was ascertained from controlled pollination experiments. In order to determine outcrossing rate, 60 open‐pollinated progeny were analysed using an AFLP markers.

Although the trees are self‐compatible, herkogamy and compartmentalisation of pollen and nectar in different chambers of the floral tube effectively prevent spontaneous autogamy. Pollination is achieved through specialised interaction with moths. Differential foraging behaviour of settling moths and hawkmoths leads to different proportions of geitonogamous and xenogamous pollen on the stigma. However, most open‐pollinated progeny were the result of xenogamy (outcrossing rate, tm = 0.68).

The study shows that floral contrivances and pollination system have a strong influence on mating pattern. The differential foraging behaviour of the pollinators causes deposition of a mixture of self‐ and cross‐pollen to produce a mixed brood. Inbreeding depression and geitonogamy appear to play a significant role in sustaining mixed mating in this species.
BLAST: Bayesian Latent Subgroup Design for Basket Trials Accounting for Patient Heterogeneity
Authors: Chu Yiyi , Yuan Ying
Published: January 2018

The basket trial refers to a new type of phase II cancer trial that evaluates the therapeutic effect of a targeted agent simultaneously in patients with different types of cancer that involve the same genetic or molecular aberration. Although patients who are enrolled in the basket trial have the same molecular aberration, it is common for the targeted agent to be effective for patients with some types of cancer, but not others. We propose a Bayesian latent subgroup trial (BLAST) design to accommodate such treatment heterogeneity across cancer types. We assume that a cancer type may belong to the sensitive subgroup, which is responsive to the treatment, or the insensitive subgroup, which is not responsive to the treatment. Conditionally on the latent subgroup membership of the cancer type, we jointly model the binary treatment response and the longitudinal biomarker measurement that represents the biological activity of the targeted agent. The BLAST design makes the interim go–no-go treatment decision in a group sequential fashion for each cancer type on the basis of accumulating data. The simulation study shows that the BLAST design outperforms existing trial designs. It yields high power to detect the treatment effect for sensitive cancer types that are responsive to the treatment and maintains a reasonable type I error rate for insensitive cancer types that are not responsive to the treatment.
Sharing innovations to enhance renal fellow education in dialysis
Authors: Maursetter Laura J. , Prince Lisa K. , Yuan Christina M. , Simon James F.
Published: January 2018

Dialysis care is an integral part of the practice of nephrology. Despite this, education of fellows in providing dialysis often remains rudimentary, relying on a combination of didactics and learning through experience. This runs the risk of training nephrologists who can provide dialysis care without truly being experts on the subject. In this article, a collection of novel or innovative teaching methods is presented that are meant to provide training programs with additional tools with which to improve the training of their fellows in dialysis.
Multi-Objective Optimal Design of Obstacle-Avoiding Two-Dimensional Steiner Trees With Application to Ascent Assembly Engineering
Authors: Zăvoianu Alexandru-Ciprian , Saminger-Platz Susanne , Entner Doris , Prante Thorsten , Hellwig Michael , Schwarz Martin , Fink Klara
Published: January 2018

We present an effective optimization strategy that is capable of discovering high-quality cost-optimal solution for two-dimensional (2D) path network layouts (i.e., groups of obstacle-avoiding Euclidean Steiner trees) that, among other applications, can serve as templates for complete ascent assembly structures (CAA-structures). The main innovative aspect of our approach is that our aim is not restricted to simply synthesizing optimal assembly designs with regard to a given goal, but we also strive to discover the best tradeoffs between geometric and domain-dependent optimal designs. As such, the proposed approach is centered on a variably constrained multi-objective formulation of the optimal design task and on an efficient coevolutionary solver. The results we obtained on both artificial problems and realistic design scenarios based on an industrial test case empirically support the value of our contribution to the fields of optimal obstacle-avoiding path generation in particular and design automation in general.
Flow and Deposition Characteristics Following Chokes for Pressurized CO2 Pipelines
Authors: Teng Lin , Li Yuxing , Han Hui , Zhao Pengfei , Zhang Datong
Published: January 2018

The relieving system using the choke valve is applied to control the pressure in CO2 pipeline. However, the temperature of fluid would drop rapidly because of Joule–Thomson cooling (JTC), which may cause solid CO2 form and block the pipe. A three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model considering the phase transition and turbulence was developed to predict the fluid-particle flow and deposition characteristics. The Lagrangian method, Reynold's stress transport model (RSM) for turbulence, and stochastic tracking model (STM) were used. The results show that the model predictions were in good agreement with the experimental data published. The effects of particle size, flow velocity, and pipeline diameter were analyzed. It was found that the increase of the flow velocity would cause the decrease of particle deposition ratio and there existed the critical particle size that causes the deposition ratio maximum. It also presents the four types of particle motions corresponding to the four deposition regions. Moreover, the sudden expansion region is the easiest to be blocked by the particles. In addition, the Stokes number had an effect on the deposition ratio and it was recommended for Stokes number to avoid 3–8 St.
Thermal Metamaterials for Heat Flow Control in Electronics
Authors: Dede Ercan M. , Zhou Feng , Schmalenberg Paul , Nomura Tsuyoshi
Published: January 2018

Rapid advancement of modern electronics has pushed the limits of traditional thermal management techniques. Novel approaches to the manipulation of the flow of heat in electronic systems have potential to open new design spaces. Here, the field of thermal metamaterials as it applies to electronics is briefly reviewed. Recent research and development of thermal metamaterial systems with anisotropic thermal conductivity for the manipulation of heat flow in ultra-thin composites is explained. An explanation of fundamental experimental studies on heat flow control using standard printed circuit board (PCB) technology follows. From this, basic building blocks for heat flux cloaking, focusing, and reversal are reviewed, and their extension to a variety of electronics applications is emphasized. While device temperature control, thermal energy harvesting, and electrothermal circuit design are the primary focus, some discussion on the extension of thermal guiding (TG) structures to device-scale applications is provided. In total, a holistic view is offered of the myriad of possible applications of thermal metamaterials to heat flow control in future electronics.
Localized concentration reversal of lithium during intercalation into nanoparticles
Authors: Zhang Wei , Yu Hui-Chia , Wu Lijun , Liu Hao , Abdellahi Aziz , Qiu Bao , Bai Jianming , Orvananos Bernardo , Strobridge Fiona C. , Zhou Xufeng , Liu Zhaoping , Ceder Gerbrand , Zhu Yimei , Thornton Katsuyo , Grey Clare P. , Wang Feng
Published: January 2018

Inhomogeneous Li intercalation and localized concentration reversal in nanoparticles are investigated on a nanometer scale.
Pressure-induced shear and interlayer expansion in Ti
3
C
2
MXene in the presence of water
Authors: Ghidiu Michael , Kota Sankalp , Drozd Vadym , Barsoum Michel W.
Published: January 2018

The interlayer spacing of the material Ti
3
C
2
MXene expands under pressure due to intercalation of water.
Identification of Hsp90 Inhibitors with Anti-Plasmodium Activity
Authors: Posfai Dora , Eubanks Amber L. , Keim Allison I. , Lu Kuan-Yi , Wang Grace Z. , Hughes Philip F. , Kato Nobutaka , Haystead Timothy A. , Derbyshire Emily R.
Published: January 2018

Malaria remains a global health burden partly due to
Plasmodium
parasite resistance to first-line therapeutics. The molecular chaperone heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) has emerged as an essential protein for blood-stage
Plasmodium
parasites, but details about its function during malaria's elusive liver stage are unclear. We used target-based screens to identify compounds that bind to
Plasmodium falciparum
and human Hsp90, which revealed insights into chemotypes with species-selective binding. Using cell-based malaria assays, we demonstrate that all identified Hsp90-binding compounds are liver- and blood-stage
Plasmodium
inhibitors. Additionally, the Hsp90 inhibitor SNX-0723 in combination with the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor PIK-75 synergistically reduces the liver-stage parasite load. Time course inhibition studies with the Hsp90 inhibitors and expression analysis support a role for
Plasmodium
Hsp90 in late-liver-stage parasite development. Our results suggest that
Plasmodium
Hsp90 is essential to liver- and blood-stage parasite infections and highlight an attractive route for development of species-selective
Pf
Hsp90 inhibitors that may act synergistically in combination therapies to prevent and treat malaria.
The Human Ureaplasma Species as Causative Agents of Chorioamnionitis
Authors: Sweeney Emma L. , Dando Samantha J. , Kallapur Suhas G. , Knox Christine L.
Published: January 2018

The human
Ureaplasma
species are the most frequently isolated microorganisms from the amniotic fluid and placentae of women who deliver preterm and are also associated with spontaneous abortions or miscarriages, neonatal respiratory diseases, and chorioamnionitis. Despite the fact that these microorganisms have been habitually found within placentae of pregnancies with chorioamnionitis, the role of
Ureaplasma
species as a causative agent has not been satisfactorily explained. There is also controversy surrounding their role in disease, particularly as not all women infected with
Ureaplasma
spp. develop chorioamnionitis. In this review, we provide evidence that
Ureaplasma
spp. are associated with diseases of pregnancy and discuss recent findings which demonstrate that
Ureaplasma
spp. are associated with chorioamnionitis, regardless of gestational age at the time of delivery. Here, we also discuss the proposed major virulence factors of
Ureaplasma
spp., with a focus on the multiple-banded antigen (MBA), which may facilitate modulation/alteration of the host immune response and potentially explain why only subpopulations of infected women experience adverse pregnancy outcomes. The information presented within this review confirms that
Ureaplasma
spp. are not simply “innocent bystanders” in disease and highlights that these microorganisms are an often underestimated pathogen of pregnancy.
The Biochemistry of Sensing: Enteric Pathogens Regulate Type III Secretion in Response to Environmental and Host Cues
Authors: De Nisco Nicole J. , Rivera-Cancel Giomar , Orth Kim
Published: January 2018

Enteric pathogens employ sophisticated strategies to colonize and infect mammalian hosts. Gram-negative bacteria, such as
Escherichia coli
,
Salmonella
, and
Campylobacter jejuni
, are among the leading causes of gastrointestinal tract infections worldwide. The virulence strategies of many of these Gram-negative pathogens rely on type III secretion systems (T3SSs), which are macromolecular syringes that translocate bacterial effector proteins directly into the host cytosol. However, synthesis of T3SS proteins comes at a cost to the bacterium in terms of growth rate and fitness, both in the environment and within the host. Therefore, expression of the T3SS must be tightly regulated to occur at the appropriate time and place during infection. Enteric pathogens have thus evolved regulatory mechanisms to control expression of their T3SSs in response to specific environmental and host cues. These regulatory cascades integrate multiple physical and chemical signals through complex transcriptional networks. Although the power of bacterial genetics has allowed elucidation of many of these networks, the biochemical interactions between signal and sensor that initiate the signaling cascade are often poorly understood. Here, we review the physical and chemical signals that Gram-negative enteric pathogens use to regulate T3SS expression during infection. We highlight the recent structural and functional studies that have elucidated the biochemical properties governing both the interaction between sensor and signal and the mechanisms of signal transduction from sensor to downstream transcriptional networks.
SITA-Standard perimetry has better performance than FDT2 matrix perimetry for detecting glaucomatous progression
Authors: Wall Michael , Johnson Chris A , Zamba K D
Published: January 2018

Purpose

The Humphrey Matrix (FDT2) may be more sensitive in detecting glaucomatous visual field loss than SITA standard automated perimetry (SAP) performed on the Humphrey Field Analyzer (HFA). Therefore, FDT may be a good candidate to determine disease progression in patients with glaucoma. Our aim was to test the hypothesis that automated perimetry using the FDT2 would be equal to, or more effective than, HFA SITA-Standard, in identifying glaucomatous progression.

Methods

One hundred and twenty patients with glaucoma were tested twice at baseline and every 6 months for 4 years with HFA SITA-Standard and FDT2. FDT2 values were standardised to HFA SAP values. We used pointwise linear regression (PLR) over the full data series to identify glaucomatous progression and generated an array of results using three different criteria: (1) three or more clustered test locations progressing, (2) three or more non-clustered test locations progressing and (3) total number of progressing test locations. We compared HFA SAP and FDT2 for the number of locations signalled by the PLR detection algorithm.

Results

Regardless of the criteria, HFA SAP with SITA-Standard testing detected visual field progression at a higher rate than the FDT2 overall (P<0.001).

Conclusion

HFA SAP identifies glaucomatous visual field progression at a rate at least as high if not higher than FDT2.
ACL and meniscal injuries increase the risk of primary total knee replacement for osteoarthritis: a matched case–control study using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD)
Authors: Khan Tanvir , Alvand Abtin , Prieto-Alhambra Daniel , Culliford David J , Judge Andrew , Jackson William F , Scammell Brigitte E , Arden Nigel K , Price Andrew James
Published: January 2018

Objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate whether ACL injury (ACLi) or meniscal injury increases the risk of end-stage osteoarthritis (OA) resulting in total knee replacement (TKR).

Methods

A matched case–control study of all TKRs performed in the UK between January 1990 and July 2011 and recorded in the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) was undertaken. The CPRD contains longitudinal data on approximately 3.6 million patients. Two controls were selected for each case of TKR, matched on age, sex and general practitioner location as a proxy for socioeconomic status. Individuals with inflammatory arthritis were excluded. The odds of having TKR for individuals with a CPRD-recorded ACLi were compared with those without ACLi using conditional logistic regression, after adjustment for body mass index, previous knee fracture and meniscal injury. The adjusted odds of TKR in individuals with a recorded meniscal injury compared with those without were calculated.

Results

After exclusion of individuals with inflammatory arthritis, there were 49 723 in the case group and 104 353 controls. 153 (0.31%) cases had a history of ACLi compared with 41 (0.04%) controls. The adjusted OR of TKR after ACLi was 6.96 (95% CI 4.73 to 10.31). 4217 (8.48%) individuals in the TKR group had a recorded meniscal injury compared with 669 (0.64%) controls. The adjusted OR of TKR after meniscal injury was 15.24 (95% CI 13.88 to 16.69).

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that ACLi is associated with a sevenfold increased odds of TKR resulting from OA. Meniscal injury is associated with a 15-fold increase odds of TKR for OA.
Association between health service utilisation of internal migrant children and parents’ acculturation in Guangdong, China: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Peng Bo-li , Zou Guan-yang , Chen Wen , Lin Yan-wei , Ling Li
Published: January 2018

Objectives

To assess the health service utilisation of internal migrant children in Guangdong, China, and to explore the association between children’s health service utilisation and their parents’ acculturation.

Design

Cross-sectional survey between April and May 2016.

Setting

Six society-run schools of Tianhe and Baiyun districts in Guangzhou City of China.

Participants

We recruited all students at grade 7 or 8 and one of their parents who resided in Guangzhou over 6 months without permanent registered residence (hukou) in Guangzhou (1161 pairs completed this survey). 258 children were ill within the past 2 weeks or during the last year.

Main outcome measures

The main outcome was self-reported health service utilisation. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to explore the association between children’s unmet needs for outpatient or inpatient service and their parents’ acculturation (categorised into high, middle and low groups).

Results

In total, 216 children, or 18.6% of the total subjects, were ill within the past 2 weeks and were in need of outpatient service; 94 children, or 8.1% of the total subjects, were in need of inpatient service. Among them, 17.6% and 46.8% of the migrant children had unmet needs for outpatient and inpatient services, respectively. After controlling for enabling resources and predisposing characteristics, migrant children with parents in the middle-acculturation group (adjusted OR=3.17, 95% CIs 1.2 to 8.3, P<0.05) were more likely to have an unmet outpatient need than high-acculturation or low-acculturation groups, although only statistically significant when comparing with the high-acculturation group. Stratified analysis suggested that this association could be moderated by their family economic status.

Conclusions

Our study suggested that the association between migrant children’s health service utilisation and their parents’ acculturation was complex and could be moderated by family economic status. Increasing the service utilisation among migrant children requires improving the acculturation and economic status of the parents of internal migrants.
Family-focused practices in addictions: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Kourgiantakis Toula , Ashcroft Rachelle
Published: January 2018

Introduction

Families are significantly impacted by addictions and family involvement in treatment can reduce the harms and can also improve treatment entry, treatment completion and treatment outcomes for the individual coping with an addiction. Although the benefits of family-focused practices in addictions have been documented, services continue to have an individual focus and research on this topic is also limited. The objective of this study is to map the extent, range and nature of evidence available examining family interventions in addictions and identify gaps to guide future research, policy and practice.

Methods and analysis

This is a scoping review using the five-stage framework developed by Arksey and O’Malley. We will include published and unpublished empirical studies focusing on any type of family interventions in addiction treatment between 2000 and the present in English or French. A reviewer will search for literature that meets the inclusion criteria through the following electronic databases: MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Social Services Abstracts. For a comprehensive search, we will also hand-search reference lists, web sites and key journals. Data will be charted and sorted using a thematic analysis approach.

Ethics and dissemination

This review will be the first to examine all forms of family-focused practices for both substance use and problem gambling treatment for adults. It will provide information about existing service provisions and gaps in practice. This review can be used to start moving towards the development of best practices for families in addiction treatment. The results will be disseminated through a peer-reviewed journal and at mental health and addiction conferences.