bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemistry of the three-dimensionally aromatic CB11 cage
Authors: Michl Josef
Published: March 2008

After a brief introduction to the electronic structure of the three-dimensionally aromatic icosahedral closo-monocarbadodecaborate anion CB11H12
-, some recent results for its permethylated version, CB11Me12
- and three highly reactive electroneutral analogs are presented and discussed. These are the radical CB11Me12
·, the boronium ylide CB11Me11 with a naked boron vertex, and the isomeric carbonium ylide with a naked carbon vertex. These ylides are probably better viewed as unusual types of singlet borylene and carbene, respectively.
Amphiphilic architectures based on fullerene and calixarene platforms: From buckysomes to shape-persistent micelles
Authors: Hirsch Andreas
Published: March 2008

The supramolecular aggregation properties of new prototypes of artificial amphiphiles consisting of fullerene or calixarene building blocks serving as platforms for the connection of hydrophobic and dendritic hydrophilic groups are reported. Very water-soluble monoadducts of C60 carrying a defined number of negative charges at a given pH were hybridized with cationic porphyrins including cyctochrome C and investigated with respect to photoinduced electron transfer. Fullerene adducts with dendritic deprotected sugar addends self-assemble to supramolecular sugar balls in water with a narrow size distribution of the micelles of around 4 nm. Various examples of cone- or T-shaped amphiphiles involving calixarene and fullerene cores self-organize to the first examples of shape-persistent micelles whose supramolecular arrangement in water has been determined with unprecedented precision based on the analysis of cryo-transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigations.
Indole-based macrocycles and oligomers binding anions
Authors: Suk Jae-min , Chae Min Kyung , Kim Nam-Kyun , Kim Uk-Il , Jeong Kyu-Sung
Published: March 2008

Indole-based synthetic receptors which bind anions by multiple hydrogen bonds in organic solvents have been prepared. The biindole scaffold bearing two good hydrogen bond donors of indole NHs has been used as a molecular building block to construct the receptors. Incorporation of more hydrogen bond donors or acceptors increases the binding strength and selectivity toward a specific ion. Two macrocycles having different sizes of the internal cavities have been also synthesized, and their binding properties have been compared. Two macrocycles display distinct binding modes with polyatomic anions such as azide, as unequivocally proven by X-ray crystal structures. Finally, a series of oligoindoles containing four, six, and eight indoles have been prepared by Sonogashira reactions. The oligoindoles fold into helical structures upon binding with chloride. The binding affinities of the oligoindoles with chloride increase with increasing of the chain length, which provides an additional evidence for helical folding of the complexes.
Expanded radialenes: Modular synthesis and properties of cross-conjugated enyne macrocycles
Authors: Tykwinski Rik R. , Gholami Mojtaba , Eisler Sara , Zhao Yuming , Melin Frederic , Echegoyen Luis
Published: March 2008

During the past two decades, shape-persistent conjugated macrocycles with a broad spectrum of attributes and topologies have been synthesized. This includes macrocycles with remarkable electronic, optical, and supramolecular properties, as well as intriguing frameworks. Expanded radialenes are a class of conjugated shape-persistent macrocycles that arise from the formal insertion of acetylene units into a radialene framework. A related class of macrocycles, the expanded radiaannulenes, contains both endo- and exocyclic vinylene and vinylidene segments, respectively, and accordingly exhibits properties intermediate between radialenes and annulenes. Enyne building blocks have been developed that are suitable for forming a macrocyclic framework through a step-wise sequence of Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. This "building-block" approach allows us to explore a range of molecular architectures that will ultimately provide for an understanding of π-delocalization in these compounds. The synthesis and structural characterization of the first members of this new class of expanded radialenes and radiaannulenes are described.
A family of electron-triggered molecular motors based on aromatic building blocks
Authors: Jacquot de Rouville Henri-Pierre , Vives Guillaume , Rapenne Gwénaël
Published: March 2008

We present our strategy to control the rotation in a molecular rotary motor and the synthesis of a family of ruthenium complexes designed to perform such a task. The molecules have a piano-stool structure with a "stator" meant to be grafted on an oxide surface, and a "rotor" bearing redox-active ferrocene groups, so that addressing the molecule with nanoelectrodes would trigger rotation. The rigidity of the structure is allowed by the use of aromatic building blocks both in the stator and in the rotor fragments.
The Diagnostic Value of Digital Subtraction Arthrography and Radionuclide Arthrography in Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty / Der diagnostische Wert der digitalen Subtraktionsarthrographie und der Radionuklidarthrographie in der Revisionschirurgie des Hüftgelenkersatzes
Authors: von Knoch Marius , Barden Bertram , Saxler Guido , Löer Franz
Published: March 2008

An analysis of plain radiographs, digital subtraction arthrography, and radionuclide arthrography was performed in 25 revision hip arthroplasties to evaluate the efficacy and usefulness of these methods in the diagnosis of loosening. The findings by each method were compared with intraoperative assessment of the status of components and expressed in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and predictive accuracy. Overall accuracy for the acetabular component by plain radiographs was 80%; by digital subtraction arthrography, 88%; by radionuclide arthrography, 68%. Overall accuracy for the femoral component by plain radiographs was 92%; by digital subtraction arthrography, 84%; radionuclide arthrography, 76%. We consider subtraction arthrography and radionuclide arthrography to be adjuvant diagnostic tools which may be indicated in individual cases of suspected implant loosening of total hip arthroplasty. The routine use of these two methods is not warranted when compared to plain radiographs.

 

In 25 Fällen von Revisionsoperationen von Hüftgelenksersatz wurden Röntgenbilder, digitale Subtraktionsarthrographien und Radionuklidarthrographien analysiert, um die Effizienz dieser Methoden hinsichtlich der Diagnose von Implantatlockerungen festzustellen. Die Ergebnisse der drei genannten radiologischen Untersuchungsmethoden wurden mit der intraoperativ festgestellten Implantatstabilität verglichen. Es wurde die Sensitivität, Spezifität und die Vorhersagegenauigkeit für alle drei Methoden bestimmt. Die Vorhersagegenauigkeit für die acetabulären Komponenten betrug 80% für Röntgenbilder, 88% für digitale Subtraktionsarthrographien und 68% für Radionuklidarthrographien. Die Vorhersagegenauigkeit für die femoralen Komponenten betrug 92% für Röntgenbilder, 84% für digitale Subtraktionsarthrographien und 76% für Radionuklidarthrographien.

Wir sehen in der Subtraktionsarthrographie und der Radionuklidarthrographie adjuvante diagnostische Mittel, welche im Einzelfall bei fraglich gelockerten Implantaten indiziert sind. Als Routinemassnahme scheinen diese beiden Methoden im Vergleich zu einfachen Röntgenbildern aber nicht indiziert zu sein.
How Systematic Age Underestimation Can Impede Understanding of Fish Population Dynamics: Lessons Learned from a Lake Superior Cisco Stock
Authors: Yule Daniel L. , Stockwell Jason D. , Black Jeff A. , Cullis Ken I. , Cholwek Gary A. , Myers Jared T.
Published: March 2008

Systematic underestimation of fish age can impede understanding of recruitment variability and adaptive strategies (like longevity) and can bias estimates of survivorship. We suspected that previous estimates of annual survival (S; range = 0.20‐0.44) for Lake Superior ciscoes Coregonus artedi developed from scale ages were biased low. To test this hypothesis, we estimated the total instantaneous mortality rate of adult ciscoes from the Thunder Bay, Ontario, stock by use of cohort‐based catch curves developed from commercial gill‐net catches and otolith‐aged fish. Mean S based on otolith ages was greater for adult females (0.80) than for adult males (0.75), but these differences were not significant. Applying the results of a study of agreement between scale and otolith ages, we modeled a scale age for each otolith‐aged fish to reconstruct catch curves. Using modeled scale ages, estimates of S (0.42 for females, 0.36 for males) were comparable with those reported in past studies. We conducted a November 2005 acoustic and midwater trawl survey to estimate the abundance of ciscoes when the fish were being harvested for roe. Estimated exploitation rates were 0.085 for females and 0.025 for males, and the instantaneous rates of fishing mortality were 0.089 for females and 0.025 for males. The instantaneous rates of natural mortality were 0.131 and 0.265 for females and males, respectively. Using otolith ages, we found that strong year‐classes at large during November 2005 were caught in high numbers as age‐1 fish in previous annual bottom trawl surveys, whereas weak or absent year‐classes were not. For decades, large‐scale fisheries on the Great Lakes were allowed to operate because ciscoes were assumed to be short lived and to have regular recruitment. We postulate that the collapse of these fisheries was linked in part to a misunderstanding of cisco biology driven by scale‐ageing error.
Zonal Isolation Modeling and Measurements—Past Myths and Today's Realities
Authors: James Simon , Boukhelifa Linda
Published: March 2008

Over the past 10 years, several papers have been published discussing the long-term mechanical durability of the cement sheath. The customary procedure is to use a model to predict potential failure scenarios and to subsequently design a sealant material that will not fail under the expected conditions. The predictive models are either analytical or finite-element models. The analytical models can only be applied to relatively simple situations that require a simplified set of input data. In these cases, the results are consistent with those of finite-element models. More complex situations can be simulated with finite-element models, but the input data requirements are far greater. Typically in the modeling papers, little information is included on how the input data is obtained. Because of this, several papers have been published that have proposed ways to obtain the input data, in particular the mechanical parameters of the set cement. Because typically these papers have addressed only one or two parameters however, the proposed methods are inconsistent. This paper critically reviews the published information and highlights the strengths and weaknesses of the previous approaches. Subsequently, the paper presents new measurement methods and data analysis techniques to determine cement mechanical parameters in sufficient detail to allow them to be implemented in any laboratory with appropriate equipment. The predictions using data from the new measurement methods have been verified at the field level through evaluation of actual wells. Finally, the methods have been used to demonstrate the mechanical durability of flexible cement systems aged at high temperatures for one year; this is the first time that such data have been presented on these systems.
World's First Gravel-Packed Inflow-Control Completion
Authors: Augustine Jody , Mathis Steve , Nguyen Hang , Gann Chris , Gill Jerry
Published: March 2008

The Etame oil field, offshore Gabon, West Africa, has been producing since September 2002. The Etame oil reservoir is an oval-shaped, low-relief structure with a moderate aquifer drive. To maximize ultimate field recovery, the ET-6H well was drilled with a horizontal lateral positioned to traverse the reservoir near the structural crest and to be within the Upper Gamba sandstone throughout its length. The Gamba sandstone averages 45 ft in thickness and overlies a significant angular unconformity. The subcropping Dentale-aged sandstones and interbedded shales below this unconformity have dips to 12°. The oil column of approximately 170 ft extends below this unconformity. Previous wells in the field were completed using openhole horizontal gravel packs (OHGPs) and have experienced excellent sand-control performance. However, OHGPs offer no protection against early water breakthrough. The Gamba sand averages 30% porosity with a permeability range of 1 to 3 darcies. The Dentale sands are much more variable, with porosities of 18 to 30% and a permeability range of 50 to 1,000 md. Thus, if a portion of the lateral is situated immediately above a high-permeability Dentale sand, the well will be at risk of early water breakthrough and subsequent reduced recovery if it is completed with a standard OHGP.

The operator gravel packed the ET-6H well and used a system that provides a near-uniform inflow profile along the entire lateral length to protect against early water breakthrough. The gravel packing of inflow-control devices (ICDs) presented some unique challenges because of their differences from standard sandcontrol screens.

This paper describes the implementation of the world's first gravel packed inflow-control completion, including: ICD selection process, gravel-pack design, data from the gravel-pack operation, and resulting well performance.
Prediction of Wellbore Position Accuracy When Surveyed With Gyroscopic Tools
Authors: Torkildsen Torgeir , Håvardstein Stein T. , Weston John , Ekseth Roger
Published: March 2008

This paper describes a new method for the estimation of wellbore position accuracies when using gyroscopic tools. The developed method represents a solution to the industry's need for a general and flexible error model which is applicable for all gyroscopic surveying tools and services.

The general gyro error model consists of a new set of error terms and a mathematical description of how the different error sources contribute to position uncertainties dependent on sensor configurations and operational modes. The model is suitable for appropriate modeling of most gyro surveying services.

The description of the model and the attached numerical examples are demonstrated to be sufficient to implement the model. The model has now been implemented in a number of commercial well planning and survey-management software packages.

The paper is a product of a collaborative work within the SPE Wellbore Positioning Technical Section (SPE WPTS), formerly the Industry Steering Committee on Wellbore Surveying Accuracy (ISCWSA).
Role of plant functional traits in determining vegetation composition of abandoned grazing land in north‐eastern Victoria, Australia
Authors: Meers Trevor L. , Bell Tina L. , Enright Neal J. , Kasel Sabine
Published: March 2008

Question: In the Northern Hemisphere, species with dispersal limitations are typically absent from secondary forests. In Australia, little is known about dispersal mechanisms and other traits that drive species composition within post‐agricultural, secondary forest. We asked whether mode of seed dispersal, nutrient uptake strategy, fire response, and life form in extant vegetation differ according to land‐use history. We also asked whether functional traits of Australian species that confer tolerance to grazing and re‐colonisation potential differ from those in the Northern Hemisphere.

Location: Delatite Peninsula, NE Victoria, Australia.

Methods: The vegetation of primary and secondary forests was surveyed using a paired‐plot design. Eight traits were measured for all species recorded. ANOSIM tests and Non‐metric Multi‐dimensional Scaling were used to test differences in the abundance of plant attributes between land‐use types.

Results: Land‐use history had a significant effect on vegetation composition. Specific leaf area (SLA) proved to be the best predictor of response to land‐use change. Primary forest species were typically myrmecochorous phanerophytes with low SLA. In the secondary forest, species were typically therophytes with epizoochorous dispersal and high SLA.

Conclusions: The attributes of species in secondary forests provide tolerance to grazing suggesting that disturbance caused by past grazing activity determined the composition of these forests. Myrmecochores were rare in secondary forests, suggesting that species had failed to re‐colonise due to dispersal limitations. Functional traits that resulted in species loss through disturbance and prevented re‐colonisation were different to those in the Northern Hemisphere and were attributable to the sclerophyllous nature of the primary forest.
Microstructure
Authors: Randall J. C.
Published: March 2008

The term, microstructure, has been commonly used to describe the average molecular structure of an assembly of polymer molecules, that is, repeat unit structures and mole fractions. With the advent of more detailed structural information, the term microstructure has been broadened to include compositional distributions, chirality (tacticity), average sequence lengths, sequence length distribution, and topology, such as the extent of long chain branching. The average degree of polymerization, molecular weight and molecular weight distribution are not usually included in the definitions of polymer microstructure, but are also necessary to describe completely the average molecular structure of an assembly of polymer molecules.

Because of some fundamental differences in polymer structures produced by the modes of polymerization, polymer molecules are also classified by the synthetic routes through which they were obtained.

The term microstructure must therefore include all variations in molecular structures from one polymer molecule to the next in addition to describing the overall content of each type of monomer used in copolymerization or each type of homopolymer repeat unit that has different molecular structure. Polymer microstructure is best described from the following viewpoints: topology, repeat unit structures, chirality, variations in sequencing of copolymer repeat units, sequence distributions, and molecular weight and end groups. These are all discussed in detail. Measuring polymer microstructure and chain conformations in amorphous and semicrystalline polymers are also discussed.
Abducted by a UFO: prevalence information affects young children's false memories for an implausible event
Authors: Otgaar Henry , Candel Ingrid , Merckelbach Harald , Wade Kimberley A.
Published: March 2008

This study examined whether prevalence information promotes children's false memories for an implausible event. Forty‐four 7–8 and forty‐seven 11–12 year old children heard a true narrative about their first school day and a false narrative about either an implausible event (abducted by a UFO) or a plausible event (almost choking on a candy). Moreover, half of the children in each condition received prevalence information in the form of a false newspaper article while listening to the narratives. Across two interviews, children were asked to report everything they remembered about the events. In both age groups, plausible and implausible events were equally likely to give rise to false memories. Prevalence information increased the number of false memories in 7–8 year olds, but not in 11–12 year olds at Interview 1. Our findings demonstrate that young children can easily develop false memories of a highly implausible event. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Organocatalytic Highly Enantioselective Conjugate Addition of Aldehydes to Alkylidine Malonates
Authors: Zhao Gui‐Ling , Vesely Jan , Sun Junliang , Christensen Kirsten E. , Bonneau Charlotte , Córdova Armando
Published: March 2008

The first highly enantioselective, direct organocatalytic conjugate addition of unmodified aldehydes to alkylidinemalonates is presented. The reaction gives access to β‐formyl‐substituted malonates and highly functionalized lactones with up to 14:1 dr and generally 94 to >99% ee.
Insights into the ethnic differences in serum ferritin between black and white US adult men
Authors: Pan Yang , Jackson Robert T.
Published: March 2008

Although higher serum ferritin (SF) concentrations have been consistently observed among blacks, despite their lower hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations compared with whites, few studies attempted to explain this SF difference. To determine the possible factors contributing to the observed SF difference between blacks and whites, 1,938 non‐Hispanic white (NHW) and 1,616 non‐Hispanic black (NHB) male subjects, aged 20–65 years were selected from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the contribution of dietary, biochemical, and socioeconomic variables to the observed SF difference between the two groups. NHB subjects showed a continuing, significantly higher SF concentration compared with NHW subjects at each age group. Age, serum total protein, mean cell volume (MCV), and γ glutamyl transferase (GGT) were positively associated with SF, whereas percent energy from carbohydrate and fat, calcium intake, serum α‐carotene, and iron binding capacity (TIBC) were inversely associated with SF (P < 0.01). After excluding subjects with abnormal serum total protein, TIBC and GGT levels from the analysis (the final regression model), the SF difference dropped to 3.95 μg/l (initial difference = 37.1 μg/l) between NHWs and NHBs. The results suggest that the oft‐noted black‐white SF difference is a result of factors including overall nutrition and health, iron status, and hepatic well‐being. Higher SF, low Hb, and reduced TIBC level observed in blacks are consistent with the definition of anemia of chronic disease (ACD). Future investigations are needed to confirm the role of ACD in the black–white SF difference. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A de novo SOX10 mutation causing severe type 4 Waardenburg syndrome without Hirschsprung disease
Authors: Sznajer Yves , Coldéa Cristina , Meire Françoise , Delpierre Isabelle , Sekhara Tayeb , Touraine Renaud L.
Published: March 2008

Type 4 Waardenburg syndrome represents a well define entity caused by neural crest derivatives anomalies (melanocytes, intrinsic ganglion cells, central, autonomous and peripheral nervous systems) leading, with variable expressivity, to pigmentary anomalies, deafness, mental retardation, peripheral neuropathy, and Hirschsprung disease. Autosomal dominant mode of inheritance is prevalent when Sox10 gene mutation is identified. We report the natural history of a child who presented with synophrys, vivid blue eye, deafness, bilateral complete semicircular canals agenesis with mental retardation, subtle signs for peripheral neuropathy and lack of Hirschsprung disease. SOX10 gene sequencing identified “de novo” splice site mutation (c.698‐2A > C). The present phenotype and the genotype findings underline the wide spectrum of SOX10 gene implication in unusual type 4 Waardenburg syndrome patient. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Broad ultraviolet protection by copolymerization of 2‐[3‐(2H‐benzotriazol‐2‐yl)‐4‐hydroxyphenyl]ethyl methacrylate and 2‐hydroxy‐4‐acryloyloxybenzophenone on cotton via admicellar polymerization
Authors: Tragoonwichian Suchada , O'Rear Edgar A. , Yanumet Nantaya
Published: March 2008

Two monomers with complimentary ultraviolet absorbing moieties, 2‐[3‐(2H‐benzotriazol‐2‐yl)‐4‐hydroxyphenyl]ethyl methacrylate (BEM) and 2‐hydroxy‐4‐acryloyloxybenzo phenone (HAB), were copolymerized through admicellar polymerization on a cotton fabric surface in order to improve its ultraviolet protection with broad spectral coverage. Separate and combined adsolubilization of the two monomers in dodecylbenzenesulfonate admicelles were studied and compared. Copolymer composition and monomer reactivity ratio were investigated by FTIR using Fineman–Ross and Kelen–Tüdos methods and it was found that the BEM‐HAB copolymer system showed an alternating tendency and exhibited azeotropic polymerization at a particular composition. The copolymerization method used in this study provided a cotton fabric with uniform and complete UV‐protection in the most hazardous regions. Ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) of the modified cotton was studied with a range of copolymer compositions and it was found that the fabrics coated by copolymer had higher values of UPF than homopolymers, while the monomer ratio of 1 : 1 gave the highest UPF value. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
Eye tracking and online search: Lessons learned and challenges ahead
Authors: Lorigo Lori , Haridasan Maya , Brynjarsdóttir Hrönn , Xia Ling , Joachims Thorsten , Gay Geri , Granka Laura , Pellacini Fabio , Pan Bing
Published: March 2008

This article surveys the use of eye tracking in investigations of online search. Three eye tracking experiments that we undertook are discussed and compared to additional work in this area, revealing recurring behaviors and trends. The first two studies are described in greater detail in Granka, Joachims, & Gay (2004), Lorigo et al. (2006), and Pan et al. (2007), and the third study is described for the first time in this article. These studies reveal how users view the ranked results on a search engine results page (SERP), the relationship between the search result abstracts viewed and those clicked on, and whether gender, search task, or search engine influence these behaviors. In addition, we discuss a key challenge that arose in all three studies that applies to the use of eye tracking in studying online behaviors which is due to the limited support for analyzing scanpaths, or sequences of eye fixations. To meet this challenge, we present a preliminary approach that involves a graphical visualization to compare a path with a group of paths. We conclude by summarizing our findings and discussing future work in further understanding online search behavior with the help of eye tracking.
User‐based identification of Web genres
Authors: Rosso Mark A.
Published: March 2008

This research explores the use of genre as a document descriptor in order to improve the effectiveness of Web searching. A major issue to be resolved is the identification of what document categories should be used as genres. As genre is a kind of folk typology, document categories must enjoy widespread recognition by their intended user groups in order to qualify as genres. Three user studies were conducted to develop a genre palette and show that it is recognizable to users. (Palette is a term used to denote a classification, attributable to Karlgren, Bretan, Dewe, Hallberg, and Wolkert, 1998.) To simplify the users' classification task, it was decided to focus on Web pages from the edu domain. The first study was a survey of user terminology for Web pages. Three participants separated 100 Web page printouts into stacks according to genre, assigning names and definitions to each genre. The second study aimed to refine the resulting set of 48 (often conceptually and lexically similar) genre names and definitions into a smaller palette of user‐preferred terminology. Ten participants classified the same 100 Web pages. A set of five principles for creating a genre palette from individuals' sortings was developed, and the list of 48 was trimmed to 18 genres. The third study aimed to show that users would agree on the genres of Web pages when choosing from the genre palette. In an online experiment in which 257 participants categorized a new set of 55 pages using the 18 genres, on average, over 70% agreed on the genre of each page. Suggestions for improving the genre palette and future directions for the work are discussed.
Towards interoperable Web engineering methods
Authors: Moreno Nathalie , Vallecillo Antonio
Published: March 2008

Current model‐driven Web engineering approaches provide methods and compilers for the effective design and development of Web applications. However, these proposals also have some limitations, especially when it comes to exchanging model specifications or adding further concerns such as architectural styles, technology independence, or distribution. One solution to these issues is based on the possibility of making Web proposals interoperate, being able to complement each other, and to exchange models between their tools. We analyze how a common reference model shared by Web engineering proposals can be effectively used to achieve the desired interoperability. We also examine how such a common reference model can be used to combine models coming from different proposals, and discuss the problems that can occur when integrating these separate models. Finally, we show how high‐level model transformations allow to efficiently solving these problems.
Juvenile psychopathy and judicial decision making: an empirical analysis of an ethical dilemma
Authors: Jones Shayne , Cauffman, Ph.D. Elizabeth
Published: March 2008

In the burgeoning juvenile psychopathy literature, there is a debate on whether it is appropriate to apply this construct to youths. Some have suggested that labeling children/adolescents as psychopathic might result in negative consequences, such as being recommended for more restrictive placements. However, the scant evidence is equivocal. This study provides additional insights on this issue by assessing judicial perceptions and recommendations to a hypothetical case. Results indicate that psychopathy influenced perceptions of amenability (η = .12) and dangerousness (η = .25), and recommendations for placement (η = .11). More specifically, youth who were both labeled as psychopathic and ascribed psychopathic traits were viewed as less amenable to treatment and more dangerous and were more likely to be recommended for a restrictive placement than youth who were neither labeled nor described as such. The effect of psychopathy on placement recommendations, however, was not significant after controlling for perceptions of dangerous. This suggests that the influence of psychopathy on judicial restrictiveness may operate through the perceived dangerousness of the youth. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Governance over the years: A trustee's perspective
Authors: Potter George E. , Phelan Daniel J.
Published: March 2008

This chapter provides an overview of board governance, its effectiveness, and changes over more than four decades. The authors also offer strategies for creating partnerships between presidents and trustees that lead to future institutional success.
Closing the gaps in Texas: The critical role of community colleges
Authors: Bricker Laurie
Published: March 2008

This chapter examines the role of community college governance in a P–16 environment. The discussion focuses on development of the initiative, opportunities, and challenges faced in Texas and other states that have P–16 or P–20 systems.
On the Ginzburg‐Landau critical field in three dimensions
Authors: Fournais S. , Helffer B.
Published: March 2008

We study the three‐dimensional Ginzburg‐Landau model of superconductivity. Several “natural” definitions of the (third) critical field, H, governing the transition from the superconducting state to the normal state, are considered. We analyze the relation between these fields and give conditions as to when they coincide. An interesting part of the analysis is the study of the monotonicity of the ground state energy of the Laplacian with constant magnetic field and with Neumann (magnetic) boundary condition in a domain Ω. It is proved that the ground state energy is a strictly increasing function of the field strength for sufficiently large fields. As a consequence of our analysis, we give an affirmative answer to a conjecture by Pan. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A simple justification of the singular limit for equatorial shallow‐water dynamics
Authors: Dutrifoy Alexandre , Schochet Steven , Majda Andrew J.
Published: March 2008

The equatorial shallow‐water equations at low Froude number form a symmetric hyperbolic system with large variable‐coefficient terms. Although such systems are not covered by the classical Klainerman‐Majda theory of singular limits, the first two authors recently proved that solutions exist uniformly and converge to the solutions of the long‐wave equations as the height and Froude number tend to 0. Their proof exploits the special structure of the equations by expanding solutions in series of parabolic cylinder functions. A simpler proof of a slight generalization is presented here in the spirit of the classical theory. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Security in distributed metadata catalogues
Authors: Santos Nuno , Koblitz Birger
Published: March 2008

Catalogue services provide the discovery and location mechanisms that allow users and applications to locate data on Grids. Replication is a highly desirable feature in these services, since it provides the scalability and reliability required on large data Grids and is the basis for federating catalogues from different organizations. Grid catalogues are often used to store sensitive data and must have access control mechanisms to protect their data. Replication has to take this security policy into account, making sure that replicated information cannot be abused but allowing some flexibility such as selective replication for the sites depending on the level of trust in them. In this paper we discuss the security requirements and implications of several replication scenarios for Grid catalogues based on experiences gained within the EGEE project. Using the security infrastructure of the EGEE Grid as a basis, we then propose a security architecture for replicated Grid catalogues, which, among other features, supports partial and total replication of the security mechanisms on the master. The implementation of this architecture in the AMGA metadata catalogue of the EGEE project is then described including the application to a complex scenario in a biomedical application. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Autonomics and data management
Authors: Paton N. W.
Published: March 2008

Traditionally, database management systems have been associated with high‐cost, high‐quality functionalities. That is, powerful capabilities are provided, but only in response to careful design, procurement, deployment and administration. This has been successful in many contexts, but in an environment in which data are available in increasing quantities under the management of a growing collection of distributed applications, and where effective use of available data often provides a competitive edge, there is a requirement for various benefits of a comprehensive data management infrastructure to be made available with rather fewer of the costs. If this requirement is to be met, automation will need to be deployed much more widely and systematically in data management platforms. This paper reviews recent results on autonomic data management, makes a case that current practice presents significant opportunities for further development and argues that comprehensive support for automation should be central to future data management infrastructures, whether centralized or distributed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A toolkit for modelling and simulating data Grids: an extension to GridSim
Authors: Sulistio Anthony , Cibej Uros , Venugopal Srikumar , Robic Borut , Buyya Rajkumar
Published: March 2008

Data Grids are an emerging technology for managing large amounts of distributed data. This technology is highly anticipated by scientific communities, such as in the area of astronomy and high‐energy physics, because their experiments generate massive amounts of data which need to be shared and analysed. Since it is not feasible to test different usages on real testbeds, it is easier to use simulations as a means of studying complex scenarios. This paper presents our work on incorporating data Grids features as an extension to GridSim, a computational Grid simulator. The extension provides essential building blocks for simulating various data Grids scenarios. Moreover, it is designed to be easily extended. This approach makes it easy to try various strategies and to add functionalities to suit the needs of other communities. This paper also gives a detailed description of the design and usage examples demonstrating the versatility of this tool. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Difficulties in the Determination of Target Dry Weight in Hemodialysis During the Third Trimester of Pregnancy
Authors: Shimizu Yoshio , Kaneko Shuzo , Watanabe Fumiyo , Hagiwara Masahiro , Yoh Keigyo , Yamagata Kunihiro , Koyama Akio
Published: March 2008

BACKGROUND

Pregnancies in women with chronic renal disease undergoing hemodialysis are rare but are increasingly observed. Estimation of the appropriate dry weight for pregnant women on hemodialysis is very difficult.

METHODS

We report a successful pregnancy in a hemodialysis patient; however, this patient did develop transient congestive heart failure during the third trimester.

RESULTS

Both mother and fetus made stable progress until the third trimester. The patient was admitted to our hospital after 33 weeks of pregnancy, and her target dry weight was gradually increased from 61.0 to 61.5 kg over a week to adjust for pregnancy‐induced weight gain. She then developed symptoms of congestive heart failure, and her cardiotocograph data worsened. The symptoms quickly disappeared when her dry weight was reduced, and she successfully gave birth to a baby the following week. Her clinical course may have refl ected the need for maximum maternal plasma expansion in the third trimester opposed by vascular stiffness induced by chronic kidney disease.

CONCLUSION

Our experience with this patient suggests that care is required in setting an appropriate target dry weight in the late phase of pregnancy.
Dual Electrode Ensembles with Core and Shell Nanoelectrodes for Dopamine Sensing Applications
Authors: Yoon Hargsoon , Hankins Phillip T. , Varadan Vijay K. , Harbaugh Robert E.
Published: March 2008

This paper presents the fabrication of dual electrode ensembles for electrochemical sensing of dopamine. A new dual electrode ensemble consists of vertically aligned core nanowire electrodes and a shell electrode with a hemi‐cylindrical nanocavity structure and submicron inter‐electrode spacing between the two working electrodes. By using a 3‐dimensional cavity structure of two working electrodes, collection efficiency in redox cycling of dopamine is enhanced. Initial measurement results show the ability to detect 200 μM concentration of dopamine with 69% collection efficiency on a dual electrode ensemble.
Estimation of the multiple testing burden for genomewide association studies of nearly all common variants
Authors: Pe'er Itsik , Yelensky Roman , Altshuler David , Daly Mark J.
Published: March 2008

Genomewide association studies are an exciting strategy in genetics, recently becoming feasible and harvesting many novel genes linked to multiple phenotypes. Determining the significance of results in the face of testing a genomewide set of multiple hypotheses, most of which are producing noisy, null‐distributed association signals, presents a challenge to the wide community of association researchers. Rather than each study engaging in independent evaluation of significance standards, we have undertaken the task of developing such standards for genomewide significance, based on data collected by the International Haplotype Map Consortium. We report an estimated testing burden of a million independent tests genomewide in Europeans, and twice that number in Africans. We further identify the sensitivity of the testing burden to the required significance level, with implications to staged design of association studies. Genet. Epidemiol. 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The determiner congruency effect in language production investigated with functional MRI
Authors: Heim Stefan , Friederici Angela D. , Schiller Niels O. , Rüschemeyer Shirley‐Ann , Amunts Katrin
Published: March 2008

In language production, naming a picture with a gender‐marked determiner phrase is faster in the presence of a distractor noun with the same grammatical gender (congruent condition) as compared with a different grammatical gender (incongruent condition). We investigated the neural correlates of this determiner congruency effect in German with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Participants named pictures of real objects with determiner phrases (e.g. “der Tisch”—the table) in the presence of a gender‐congruent or gender‐incongruent distractor noun. Different comparisons allow the following functional segregation within the prefrontal cortex. First, the comparison between picture naming versus rest revealed a steeper slope of the haemodynamic response function (HRF) in the gender‐congruent than the gender‐incongruent condition in the left BA 44, suggesting the involvement of BA 44 in determiner selection. HRF amplitude differences between the congruent and the incongruent condition were observed outside the language network in the right fronto‐median wall (congruent > incongruent), and in the left premotor cortex, middle frontal gyrus, cerebellum, and inferior parietal lobe (incongruent > congruent). The latter regions are known to be involved in the processing of incongruence and conflict in general. The data thus reveal the involvement of the left BA 44 in the selection of determiners for language production. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Early dissociation of face and object processing: A magnetoencephalographic study
Authors: Susac Ana , Ilmoniemi Risto J. , Pihko Elina , Nurminen Jussi , Supek Selma
Published: March 2008

The early dissociation in cortical responses to faces and objects was explored with magnetoencephalographic (MEG) recordings and source localization. To control for differences in the low‐level stimulus features, which are known to modulate early brain responses, we created a novel set of stimuli so that their combinations did not have any differences in the visual‐field location, spatial frequency, or luminance contrast. Differing responses to face and object (flower) stimuli were found at about 100 ms after stimulus onset in the occipital cortex. Our data also confirm that the brain response to a complex visual stimulus is not merely a sum of the responses to its constituent parts; the nonlinearity in the response was largest for meaningful stimuli. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cortical and subcortical correlates of functional electrical stimulation of wrist extensor and flexor muscles revealed by fMRI
Authors: Blickenstorfer Armin , Kleiser Raimund , Keller Thierry , Keisker Birgit , Meyer Martin , Riener Robert , Kollias Spyros
Published: March 2008

The main scope of this study was to test the feasibility and reliability of FES in a MR‐environment. Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) is used in the rehabilitation therapy of patients after stroke or spinal cord injury to improve their motor abilities. Its principle lies in applying repeated electrical stimulation to the relevant nerves or muscles for eliciting either isometric or concentric contractions of the treated muscles. In this study we report cerebral activation patterns in healthy subjects undergoing fMRI during FES stimulation. We stimulated the wrist extensor and flexor muscles in an alternating pattern while BOLD‐fMRI was recorded. We used both block and event‐related designs to demonstrate their feasibility for recording FES activation in the same cortical and subcortical areas. Six out of fifteen subjects repeated the experiment three times within the same session to control intraindividual variance. In both block and event‐related design, the analysis revealed an activation pattern comprising the contralateral primary motor cortex, primary somatosensory cortex and premotor cortex; the ipsilateral cerebellum; bilateral secondary somatosensory cortex, the supplementary motor area and anterior cingulate cortex. Within the same subjects we observed a consistent replication of the activation pattern shown in overlapping regions centered on the peak of activation. Similar time course within these regions were demonstrated in the event‐related design. Thus, both techniques demonstrate reliable activation of the sensorimotor network and eventually can be used for assessing plastic changes associated with FES rehabilitation treatment. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification and characterization of the unique guanine nucleotide exchange factor, SmgGDS, in vascular smooth muscle cells
Authors: Thill Rebecca , Campbell William B. , Williams Carol L.
Published: March 2008

The guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), SmgGDS, promotes nucleotide exchange by several GTPases in both the Ras and Rho families, especially by RhoA. Because RhoA plays an important role in regulating the contraction of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), we examined the expression and function of SmgGDS in VSMC. SmgGDS is expressed in primary rat aortic smooth muscle (ASM) cells, primary bovine coronary artery smooth muscle (BCASM) cells, and the immortalized A7r5 line of rat ASM cells. Down regulation of SmgGDS expression by siRNA transfection resulted in a decrease of RhoA‐GTP levels, enhanced cell spreading, and loss of the characteristic elongated morphology of VSMC. A similar morphology was also observed following treatment with the Rho‐kinase inhibitor, Y27632. In contrast, cells with reduced RhoA expression exhibit an elongated shape. Subsequent immunofluorescent staining revealed a disruption of the myosin filament organization in the cells with reduced SmgGDS expression. Further studies analyzed the effect of SmgGDS siRNA transfection on the contraction of A7r5 cells and BCASM cells, which is also a Rho‐regulated pathway. Transfection of SmgGDS siRNA or RhoA siRNA resulted in an impaired ability of the A7r5 and BCASM cells to undergo contraction in a collagen gel matrix. However, phosphorylation of the myosin‐binding subunit of myosin phosphatase (MYPT1) or the light chain of myosin II (MLC) was not altered by downregulating expression of either SmgGDS or RhoA GTPase. Taken together these results identify SmgGDS as a novel regulator of myosin organization and contraction in VSMC. J. Cell. Biochem. 104: 1760–1770, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cell removal with supercritical carbon dioxide for acellular artificial tissue
Authors: Sawada K. , Terada D. , Yamaoka T. , Kitamura S. , Fujisato T.
Published: March 2008

BACKGROUND: The objective of this work was to decellularize artificial tissue without using surfactant solutions. For this purpose, supercritical carbon dioxide was used as the extraction medium.

RESULTS: Supercritical carbon dioxide containing a small amount of entrainer was a suitable medium to extract both cell nuclei and cell membranes from artificial tissue. Under gentle extraction conditions (15 MPa, 37 °C), cell nuclei were satisfactorily extracted from tissue within 1 h. In contrast, the efficiency of phospholipid removal depended strongly on the transfer rate of carbon dioxide in the interior of the tissue. Mechanical strength of tissue was not decreased even with prolonged treatment.

CONCLUSION: Acellular artificial tissues could be prepared quickly by treatment with a carbon dioxide/entrainer system. The prepared acellular tissue could be obtained in absolutely dry condition. This is advantageous from the viewpoint of long‐term preservation without putrefaction and contamination. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry