bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modern neurogenetic representations of MELAS syndrome. Clinical cases (the lecture)
Authors: Shatalin A. V. , Mukhina E. V. , Kotov A. S. , Amirkhanyan M. G.
Published: May 2020

This lecture with a description of clinical cases presents information on such a mitochondrial disease from the group of hereditary metabolic diseases, like MELAS syndrome (OMIM: 540000). The main manifestations of this progressive disease are stroke-like episodes and a specific form of encephalopathy, including epileptic seizures with the presence of a phenomenon of "ragged red fibers" and early dementia. Clinical cases, given in this lecture, supplement the piggy bank of genetically verified mitochondrial diseases leading to the development of polymorphic neurological disorders and characteristic neuroimaging picture, namely the appearance of polymorphic ischemic changes in the temporal, parietal or occipital regions of the brain, that do not correspond to the zones of the main vascular blood supply, as the basis for the formation of such focus is the phenomenon of mitochondrial angiopathy, and not thrombosis. The description of clinical cases reflects our own observations and the main steps in the diagnosis of this severe hereditary disease, taking into account of the latest neurogenetic representations. In addition to the data given in the clinical course of the disease, the results of the genetic interpretation of the MELAS syndrome are given; modern methods of diagnosis and therapy are considered.
Series of patients with febrile status epilepticus: clinical manifestations and long-term follow-up
Authors: Kitaeva V. E. , Kotov A. S.
Published: May 2020

Background. The conception of febrile status epilepticus includes many syndromes with seizures of different etiologies (fever, infection, autoimmune processes, etc.). Generally developing seizures have a severe course and are difficult to treat.

Objective: to classify patients with febrile status epilepticus and study their long-term prognosis.

Materials and methods. The study included 10 patients (children and adolescents), hospitalized in the intensive care unit, whose epileptic status were associated with a fever.

Results. In the analysis of the patients, who were included in the study, 4 subgroups can be distinguished: 1) a short-term period of convulsion against the background of metabolic decompensation caused by a main disease (with a conditionally favorable prognosis for seizures); 2) seizures as a manifestation of organic brain damage or infectious diseases with a serious prognosis of neurological development and seizures; 3) the onset of seizures against the background of fever (absence of any other causes of seizures); the prognosis of getting rid of seizures is variable, long follow-up monitoring is necessary, probably for many years; 4) true febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (in our study 1 patient had its classical form, and 1 patient had its less typical form (the onset of the disease at 18 years old – not at school age)).

Conclusions. Obtained data illustrate the whole severity of febrile status epilepticus in children, according to follow-up observation, seizures persisted in at least 3 out of 10 patients (2 of them with febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome), at least three patients had a serious infectious or organic brain pathology.
Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacology of ghrelins
Authors: Shabanov Petr D. , Lebedev Andrei A. , Bychkov Eugenii R. , Lavrov Nikanor V. , Morozov Vitalii I.
Published: May 2020

The purpose of the review was to analyze the neurochemical and neurophysiological mechanisms of the ghrelin system and the role of ghrelin in body functions and behavior. The focus is on the participation of ghrelin in the mechanisms of reinforcement and the formation of addictive behavior. At the beginning of the review a history of the first works on the field of ghrelin and its receptor was described. Then, genetic control, molecular precursor of ghrelin, molecular forms of ghrelin and ghrelin receptor were represented. In particular, the distribution of the ghrelin receptor, ghrelin-producing cells in the brain and its participation in various physiological functions of the body were shown. The hypothalamic functions of ghrelin were discussed: energy balance, regulation of glucose metabolism, stimulation of eating behavior, regulation of hypophys-pituitary axis (HPA) system. The connection of ghrelin with the brain CRH system was demonstrated. In particular, activation of HPA was described as a possible mechanism through which ghrelin regulates a number of physiological processes. Extrahypothalamic action of ghrelin was shown on the basis of the mechanisms of reinforcement and addiction. On the basis of their own data and literary, it was concluded that action of alcohol and psychoactive drugs are reduced after the ghrelin receptors blockade. In particular, it has been demonstrated that alcoholization of mothers affects the activity of the ghrelin system during the prenatal and early postnatal periods of development in the offspring of rats. It was shown the participation of ghrelin in memory and learning. The further perspective of the study and practical application of ghrelin-based pharmacological agents was analyzed.
Prominent Russian scientist Nikolai Vassilievich Lazarev (to the 125th anniversary from birth)
Authors: Vershinina Sofya F. , Stukov Aleksandr N. , Kharitonova Natalya N.
Published: May 2020

The paper is devoted to analysis of scientific studies of Nikolay Vassilievich Lazarev (1895-1974), the prominent Russian toxicologist and pharmacologist. The biography, his main scientific papers and personality of scientist were described. The main monographs of N.V. Lazarev finish the article.
Implicações do aumento do percentual da Desregulamentação das Receitas da União (DRU) no orçamento da seguridade social
Authors: Rodrigues Rayssa Késsia Eugênia , Davi Jordeana
Published: May 2020

À luz da economia política identificamos, a partir da crise estrutural do capital, a hipertrofia do capital financeiro. As medidas de ajuste fiscal, de cunho neoliberal, sustentaram este processo, possibilitando a consolidação do sistema mundial de dívidas públicas. O endividamento público tem promovido políticas de ajuste fiscal, canalizando o Fundo Público para pagamento do serviço da dívida, particularmente nos países da periferia capitalista.  Desta forma, o presente artigo é fruto de pesquisa documental e bibliográfica, e objetiva analisar as implicações da renovação e ampliação do percentual da Desvinculação de Receitas da União (DRU) para 30%, no orçamento da seguridade social, no período de 2016 a 2018.  Desta forma, a DRU representa um dos mecanismos de apropriação do fundo público brasileiro, promovendo uma intensificação do ajuste fiscal com inflexões significativas no desmonte do orçamento da seguridade social.
“Com que Roupa Eu Vou?” Percepções dos Consumidores Idosos masculinos sobre Roupas
Authors: Dellarmelin Mateus Luan
Published: May 2020

O Brasil está se tornando um país de idosos, transitando em um processo de envelhecimento considerado avançado e além disso, o setor de moda e vestuário possui a maior carência de produtos voltados ao consumidor idoso. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo é compreender o processo de compra de roupa pelos consumidores idosos, identificando os principais benefícios e dificuldades. Estudo do tipo exploratório, através de uma abordagem de natureza qualitativa. Como técnica de coleta, foi realizado um grupo focal. Para a análise dos dados, foi implementada a análise do discurso. É possível analisar que os homens idosos possuem baixa frequência de compra e de quantidade de roupas, o ato de comprar novas peças, também dar-se a degradação das peças antigas, e, não demonstram interesse em gastar mais com roupas, pois, preferem investir o dinheiro em lazer.
A fővárosi roma szegény családok kapcsolathatárai
Authors: András Balázs
Published: May 2020

In this essay, I aim to summarize the main characteristics of the relationship structure ofpoor Roma families in Budapest. The generational changes in the relationship structure areillustrated by interviews and a short review of the relevant literature. In my research, I try tofind the answer to the question, whetherthe examined segregated streets and apartment blocks– individually or collectively – can be called a community. And also if these segregated areashave a describable connection limit, if we can describe them in a geographical or social sense,or ifthese relationship have ethnical boundaries. I recorded my semi-structured interviews inthe 8th and 9th district of Budapest in 2017. I interviewed twenty people from ages of sixteen tofifty-five. All parts of the interviews are accompanied by the related analytical and explanatorynotes.
Struktúra és communitas
Authors: Balázs Szentesi
Published: May 2020

The paper describes the relationship between subcultural and school/institutional interpretationsin the inner discourse of an alternative school (the ’Diákház’) in Budapest. Interpretations andpractices, that belonging two different interpretive frameworks, appear simultaneously andintertwined in the Diákház communication scene. This contributes to problem-solvingcapacities/knowledge that individually do not appear in either of the two. In this discourse, thesubcultural manifestations of difference, deviance, marginality, resistance or communitas, andthe manifestations of knowledge, autonomy, responsibility and the hierarchical structure of theschool sometimes appear in opposition, sometimes in reinforcement to each other. The knowledgeformed in the discourse can be used by the Diákház to keep (formerly drop-out) students withinthe institution, and by the students to reduce their own feeling of invalidity. In this way, theDiákház is able to use the two opposite social states, communitas and structure, to its ownbenefit
Women’s Reproductive Health Concerns in the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Mousa Mira
Published: May 2020

Women’s reproductive health is a major determinant of a nation’s health and the health of its future generations. Studies have shown that women’s health is a central feature of human development, as a mother’s health has intergenerational impact on the health and well-being of her children. Greater attention is needed to understand the interplay of biological and social determinants in women’s health to ensure that women are provided with comprehensive, quality healthcare tailored to their needs. This is especially true for women’s reproductive health, as women suffer from diseases that lead to lifelong pain, infertility, abnormal menstrual bleeding, and a lower quality of life. Enhancing and reframing the narrative around reproductive health should be an urgent priority to not only lead to effective preventative strategies and care, but also to empower women to lead their healthiest life possible. This policy paper identifies women’s reproductive health problems in the United Arab Emirates, and offers a number of recommendations related to providing an effective reproductive health policy to increase awareness, treat reproductive symptoms, and prevent diseases that may otherwise negatively impact women’s daily health activities and their chances of motherhood.
Cinchona Bark For The Treatment Of Covid-19 Pnemonia: A Modern Review Of The Potential Anti-Viral Therapuetic Applications Of An Old Treatment
Authors: Inklebarger J James Inklebarger J , Gyer Mr. Giles , Galanis Nikiforos , Michael Mr. Jimmy , Adel Dr. Ghulam
Published: May 2020

PURPOSE: The Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is an international public health emergency. Vaccines, and acute infection drugs are currently unknown, and when available, expense and distribution issues may impede distribution in undeserved areas. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the evidence regarding cinchona bark (CB) for its potential anti-viral properties against COVID-19

 

STUDY DESIGN: A current literature and historical text review was conducted, limited to articles having full text or abstracts available in English, using Google Scholar, Pubmed-NCBI, ScienceDirect, and WebMD, and online book publications,  with key search words, including synthetic CB analogues: chloroquine-hydroxychloroquine (CQ/HCQ) derivatives.

 

RESULTS: Several related in-vitro studies, editorials, and expert consensus papers on quinine analogue anti-viral treatment papers and historical treatises have been published. A March 2020 CQ drug trial ongoing in China, has just reported breakthrough efficacy evidence for COVID-19 pneumonia. However, there are severe CQ shortages and direct evidence for the anti-viral therapeutic use of CB is sparse, several centuries old, and controversial.

 

CONCLUSION: CB was for centuries known to be a natural source of quinine from which modern synthetically manufactured analogues anti-viral purposed drugs such as CQ/HCQ are based. CB may also possess anti COVID-19 activity as its historical derivatives, but with the same potential for life-threatening adverse reactions and severe drug interaction complications akin to its analogues. Issues with herbal quality control, prescriber dose inexperience, perceived risk underestimation by self-prescribers, and a misinformed propensity for consumer fraud are other concerns. However, analogue drug risk-benefit ratios indicate CB may also have some value for acute COVID-19 (cytokine storm) infection management. The existing evidence and evolving breakthrough CQ efficacy findings in China, shadowed by CQ shortage, highlight a need for modern and timely investigation of CB as cost-effective alternative COVID-19 pneumonia monotherapy.
Políticas educacionais em tempos de golpe: retrocessos e formas de resistência
Authors: Saviani Dermeval
Published: May 2020

Este artigo aborda a política educacional brasileira atual começando por caracterizar a tendência geral de precarização da educação no País expressa na filantropia, na protelação, na fragmentação e na improvisação. Em seguida mostra que os avanços conseguidos pela mobilização dos educadores entre 2003 e 2014 foram interrompidos pelo golpe jurídico-midiático-parlamentar consumado em 31 de agosto de 2016 com o impedimento da então Presidenta da República Dilma Rousseff. Decorreu daí um grande retrocesso expresso na Emenda 95, que congelou os investimentos em educação, inviabilizando as metas do PNE aprovado em junho de 2014, na reforma do ensino médio e no projeto autodenominado “escola sem partido”. À guisa de conclusão, são indicadas formas de resistência ao retrocesso que vem se ampliando e aprofundando com a posse do novo governo em 1º de janeiro de 2019.
Editorial
Authors: Onatra H. W.
Published: May 2020

Al habérseme ofrecido el honroso cargo por parte de la Federación Colombiana de Sociedades de Obstetricia y Ginecología (FECOLSOG) para dirigir la primera Revista Médica que se fundó en el país hace 41 años y donde ilustres profesionales de la especialidad han señalado su rumbo, la decisión no fue fácil y ante el apoyo de las directivas de la Federación Colombiana de Sociedades de Obstetricia y Ginecología y la Sociedad Colombiana de Obstetricia y Ginecología me ánimaron para continuar la excelente labor de Jos que. me han precedido. Al reemplazar al Dr. ENRIQUE A RCHILA AGUILERA quiero destacar su innegable labor durante estos 7 años: su prudencia y don de gentes es algo que recordaremos no sólo las personas que han trabajado a su lado sino los diferentes investigadores que han podido dis frutar de sus recomendaciones.
Editorial
Authors: Jaramillo U Roberto
Published: May 2020

Artículo central en este número de la Revista Colombiana de Obstetricia y Ginecología es el del Climaterio, presentado por el Profesor Alfredo Jácome-Roca y en él se plantea una serie de interrogantes que bien valen unos comentarios al margen.
El climaterio. ¿Cambio fisiológico o enfermedad?
Authors: Jácome Roca Alfredo
Published: May 2020

El climaterio es un fenómeno fisiológico que tiene connotaciones francamente patológicas debido a la estrógenodeficiencia asociada. La menopausia o menstruación final separa un periodo previo relativamente corto, la premenopausia, de otro más prolongado, la postmenopausia, con alteraciones hormonales y metabólicas.Desde el punto de vista endocrino se observa una caída en el estradiol asociada a elevación en las gonadotropinas, particularmente de la FSH. El principal estrógeno circulante será entonces el sulfato de es trona, resultado de la aromatización periférica de androstenediona. Su concentración es mayor en las obesas pero es variable, y puede determinarse indirectamente a través de la prueba de progesterona.El climaterio tiene manifestaciones a corto y a largo plazo. Los síntomas vasomotores son comunes y muy molestos, al igual que las manifestaciones urogenitales (dispareunia, incontinencia urinaria, "síndrome uretral"), las psicológicas, sexuales y los cambios de la piel; la estrógenoterapia es frecuentemente prescrita con buenos resultados.Las alteraciones metabólicas que se observan en el transcurso de los años tienen mayor importancia desde el punto de vista de la morbi-mortalidad. La disminución de la masa ósea observada en la osteoporosis postmenopáusica lleva a fracturas, cuadros dolorosos, deformidades y eventual invalidez y/o muerte; la aterosclerosis es sin embargo el aspecto_ más importante (aumento en la incidencia de enfermedad coronaria y accidentes cerebro-vasculares). El efecto benéfico es probablemente de origen multifactorial pero se debe destacar la reversión del patrón lipídico aterogénico que se ve en la postmenopausia.Aunque hay distintas formas de tratar cada una de las alteraciones observadas en el climaterio, la estrógenoterapia es la única que previene y/o corrige todas ellas. Existen contraindicaciones clásicas para el uso de los estrógenos, pero el principal debate está relacionado con los cánceres femeninos. El del endometrio se combate de manera efectiva con la adición de un progestágeno, el cual no es necesario usarlo en mujeres histerectomizadas. En cuanto al cáncer de seno, tumor de mayor incidencia en esas etapas postreras de la vida, su incidencia no parece afectarse con el uso de estrógenos a corto plazo (3, 5 y hasta 10 años) y sólo parece tener un impacto menor, un ligero incremento en la incidencia, cuando se usa por más de 10 años. Sin embargo si se compara la mortalidad global entre usuarias y no usuarias de estrógenos, ésta es significativamente menor en las primeras, particularmente con el uso actual y a mayor plazo. Esto probablemente se debe a que la principal causa de muerte en la climatérica es la enfermedad coronaria, que se reduce por la cardioprotección ofrecida por los estrógenos. (Rev Col Obstet Ginecol 1991; 42(3): 187-196).
Evaluación y repercusiones perinatales del riesgo materno-fetal
Authors: Soto Yance Antonio , De Merlano Elsy A.
Published: May 2020

Se aplicó un formulario, diseñado y elaborado por un grupo de trabajos anteriores, a un total de 100 pacientes que fueron hospitalizadas en el Hospital de Maternidad Rafael Calvo C., entre los meses de julio a diciembre de 1989. El mencionado formulario fue creado para permitir la clasificación de estas pacientes con patologías de bajo, mediano y alto riesgo, utilizando la siguiente puntuación: de 1 a 4 puntos, pacientes de bajo riesgo; de 5 a 9 puntos, pacientes de mediano y alto riesgo.De acuerdo con lo anterior se observó que de las 100 pacientes estudiadas el 90% fueron clasificadas como de alto riesgo, un 8% como de mediano riesgo y un 2% como de bajo riesgo.Entre los antecedentes y/o patologías actuales de bajo riesgo lo más destacable fue: madre soltera (35 casos), falta de asistencia prenatal (18 casos), primípara menor o igual a 18 años o mayor o igual a 35 años (14 casos). Entre la patología de mediano riesgo lo más significativo fue: anemia menor de 10 grs (31 casos) e infección urinaria(14 casos). En lo que hace referencia a pacientes con patologías de alto riesgo lo más importante fue: preeclampsia severa (34 casos), hemorragias de la segunda mitad del embarazo (24 casos), prematuridad (24 casos), ruptura prematura de membranas (21 casos), eclampsia (6 casos).En general las patologías más encontradas fueron: preeclampsia severa, anemia menor de 10 grs, hemorragia de la segunda mitad del embarazo, prematuridad y ruptura prematura de membranas. En cuanto al tipo de parto, de las 100 pacientes, a 52 de ellas se les dio parto abdominal y a las 48 restantes se les dio parto vaginal.Las cifras de mortalidad fetal fueron las siguientes: 18 muertes, todas producto de embarazos de alto riesgo.
Bacteriuria asintomática en el embarazo
Authors: Lomanto Morán Antonio , Sánchez Angarita Jacinto , Lomanto Castañeda Alfredo
Published: May 2020

Se analiza la epidemiología, diagnóstico, manejo y pronóstico de la Bacteriuria Asintomática en las pacientes que asistieron a control prenatal en el Instituto Materno Infantil de Bogotá y Clínica Hospital Fray Bartolomé de las Casas, desde el 1o de mayo de 1987 hasta el 30 de abril de 1988. La frecuencia de la Bacteriuria Asintomática en la mujer embarazada fue del 3%. El 80% de las pacientes estaban entre los 20 y 35 años. El 60% eran multíparas; la totalidad de raza blanca y mestiza y el 97% de nivel socioeconómico bajo y medio. El 33% tenían factores de riesgo como anemia, preeclampsia, enfermedad renal crónica y flujo genital.

En el 64% se hizo el diagnóstico en el primero y segundo trimestre, siendo el E. Coli el germen más frecuente (73%) y el tratamiento se hizo de acuerdo con el antibiograma, teniendo en cuenta las drogas que se pueden utilizar durante el ambarazo, con una persistencia del 4% y una recidiva del 4.1% y ninguna paciente presentó pielonefritis.

La morbilidad materna fue del 26%: Amenaza del parto pretérmino, preeclampsia y RPM. La morbilidad perinatal fue del 23%: Pretérmino y Retardo del crecimiento intrauterino.
Infección por Chlamydia Trachomatis en pacientes con Neoplasia Intracervical
Authors: De Vargas Clara Inés , Heredia Caicedo Reinaldo , Castañeda Elizabeth
Published: May 2020

Con el propósito de conocer la prevalencia de la infección endocervical por Chlamydia trachomatis en un grupo considerado de alto riesgo, estudiamos 118 pacientes con atipias severas o algún grado de neoplasia intraepitelial cervical (NIC). Empleando la técnica del cultivo en células McCoy pudimos determinar la infección cervical en 56 de ellas (47%). De los datos paraclínicos el hallazgo de atipias severas en una citología rutinaria, aún con el cervix aparente ente normal, fue el que más correlacionó con la presencia de infección por C. trachomatis. Una muestra adicional de uretra sirvió para mejorar la positividad diagnóstica en un 18%. Se analizaron comparativamente los tres métodos para demostrar antígeno con los que cuenta el laboratorio: aislamiento, inmunofluorescencia directa y el ensayo inmunoenzimático encontrándose una eficiencia del 70 % y 65% de los dos últimos exámenes comparados con el aislamiento.
COĞRAFİ BİLGİ SİSTEMLERİ KULLANILARAK LİMAN GÜRÜLTÜ KİRLİLİĞİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ VE HARİTALANMASI
Authors: AL-QERSHİ Ahmed , BÜBER Müge , TÖZ Ali Cemal
Published: May 2020

Bu araştırmanın amacı, Aliağa limanlar bölgesinde yer alan bir limanda, operasyon sırasında meydana gelen gürültünün şiddet seviyelerinin hesaplanması ve buna bağlı gürültü yoğunluk haritalarının oluşturulmasıdır. Bu kapsamda, gürültü yoğunluk haritasının oluşturulması için, liman idari sınırları içerisinde yer alan tüm birimlerde gerçekleştirilen operasyonlardaki gürültü ölçümlerini yapabilmek amacıyla 8 ayrı ölçüm istasyonu belirlenmiştir. Gürültü seviyelerine ait veriler, kalibrasyonu yapılmış SL-814 marka gürültü seviyesi ölçüm cihazı ile elde edilmiştir. Veriler, 10.06.2019 tarihinde liman içerisinde belirlenen ölçüm istasyonlarında günde 3 defa (10:00-12:00/13:00-15:00/15:00-17:00) ölçüm yapılarak elde edilmiştir. Ölçüm sonucu bulunan gürültü değerleri ile istasyonların koordinatları ARCGIS 10.4.1 Desktop yazılımına girilerek yoğunluk haritaları oluşturulmuştur. Sonuç olarak, en yüksek gürültü değerleri operasyon yoğunluğuna bağlı olarak Rıhtım A ve CFS bölgelerinde öğle vakitlerinde (13:00-15:00) ölçülmüştür. Bu araştırmada elde edilen sonuçların sonraki çalışmalarda daha uzun bir periyot kapsamında yapılacak ölçümler ile genişletilerek bölgede gürültü düzeylerine yönelik haritaların oluşturulması ve bölgedeki diğer tesislerde de benzer ölçümlerin yapılarak gürültü düzeylerinin karşılaştırılması önerilmektedir.
Adsorption Study of Methylene Blue and Methyl Orange Using Green Shell (Perna Viridis)
Authors: Fajarwati Febi Indah , Ika Yandini Nadya , Anugrahwati Mai , Setyawati Amri
Published: May 2020

Green shell is generally disposed of and become environmental contaminants. In this study, the green shell was used as material to adsorb dyes residue: methylene blue and methyl oranges. Green shell waste from seafood was prepared by removing the dirt then dried at room temperature. It was followed by roughly crushing before being placed in the furnace at temperatures of 300, 500, 700 and 900 °C. The selected adsorbents were sieved at 200 mesh. The adsorbents were characterized by FTIR and SEM-EDX to evaluate their functional groups and morphology. Furthermore, the adsorption process was evaluated by determining the kinetic adsorption models. The results of the FTIR characterization showed the vibration of Ca(OH)2 bone at a wave number of 3400 cm-1 and morphological analysis by SEM showed a homogeneous surface. Adsorption kinetics results obtained from the variation of time with the initial adsorbate concentration showed the kinetic model of both methylene blue and methyl orange adsorption onto the adsorbent followed a pseudo-second order.
MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV Infections in Animals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prevalence Studies
Authors: Bonilla-Aldana D. Katterine , Cardona-Trujillo María C. , García-Barco Alejandra , Holguin-Rivera Yeimer , Cortes-Bonilla Isabella , Bedoya-Arias Hugo A. , Patiño-Cadavid Leidy Jhoana , Tamayo-Orozco Juan David , Paniz-Mondolfi Alberto , Zambrano Lysien I. , Dhama Kuldeep , Sah Ranjit , Rabaan Ali A. , Balbin-Ramon Graciela J. , Rodriguez-Morales Alfonso J.
Published: May 2020

Introduction: Coronaviruses are zoonotic viruses that include human epidemic pathogens such as the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome virus (MERS-CoV), and the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome virus (SARS-CoV), among others (e.g., COVID-19, the recently emerging coronavirus disease). The role of animals as potential reservoirs for such pathogens remains an unanswered question. No systematic reviews have been published on this topic to date. Methods: We performed a systematic literature review with meta-analysis, using three databases to assess MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV infection in animals and its diagnosis by serological and molecular tests. We performed a random-effects model meta-analysis to calculate the pooled prevalence and 95% confidence interval (95%CI). Results: 6,493articles were retrieved (1960-2019). After screening by abstract/title, 50 articles were selected for full-text assessment. Of them, 42 were finally included for qualitative and quantitative analyses. From a total of 34 studies (n=20,896 animals), the pool prevalence by RT-PCR for MERS-CoV was 7.2% (95%CI 5.6-8.7%), with 97.3% occurring in camels, in which pool prevalence was 10.3% (95%CI 8.3-12.3). Qatar was the country with the highest MERS-CoV RT-PCR pool prevalence, 32.6% (95%CI 4.8-60.4%). From 5 studies and 2,618 animals, for SARS-CoV, the RT-PCR pool prevalence was 2.3% (95%CI 1.3-3.3). Of those, 38.35% were reported on bats, in which the pool prevalence was 14.1% (95%CI0.0-44.6%). Discussion: A considerable proportion of infected animals tested positive, particularly by nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT). This essential condition highlights the relevance of individual animals as reservoirs of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV. In this meta-analysis, camels and bats were found to be positive by RT-PCR in over 10% of the cases for both; thus, suggesting their relevance in the maintenance of wild zoonotic transmission.
Saliva Glycoproteins Bind to Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Zhou Dapeng , Wu Chenghao
Published: May 2020

We analyzed the affinity-proteomics data of saliva absorbed to plate-bound Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, and identified major virus-binding proteins as MUC7, MUC5B, DMBT1, and neutrophil defensins. Furthermore, we found that saliva from healthy donors inhibited the binding of Spike-protein-specific polyclonal antibodies to Spike antigen. These data suggest that the Spike protein’s glycoprotein-binding domains (GBD) may be targeted to block virus adherence or entry of SARS-CoV-2.
The Pharmaceutical Ability of Pistacia lentiscus L. Leaves Essential Oil against Periodontal Bacteria and Candida sp. and Its Anti-inflammatory Potential
Authors: Milia Egle , Usai Marianna , Szotáková Barbora , Elstnerová Marie , Králová Věra , D’hallewin Guy , Spissu Ylenia , Barberis Antonio , Marchetti Mauro , Bortone Antonella , Campanella Vincenzo , Mastandrea Giorgio , Langhansová Lenka , Eick Sigrun
Published: May 2020

Background: Given the increasing request for natural pharmacological molecules, this study assessed the antimicrobial capacity of Pistacia lentiscus L. essential oil (PLL-EO) obtained from the leaves of wild plants growing in North Sardinia (Italy), toward a wide range of periodontal bacteria and Candida including laboratory and clinical isolates sp., together with its anti-inflammatory activity and safety; Methods: PLL-EO was screened by gas chromatography / mass spectrometry. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined. The anti-inflammatory activity was measured by cyclooxygenase (COX 1/2) and lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibition while the antioxidant capacity was determined electro-chemically and by the MTT assay. The WST-1 assay was used to ascertain cytotoxicity toward four line of oral cells; Results: According to the concentrations of terpens, PLL-EO is a pharmacologically active phytocomplex. MICs against periodontal bacteria ranged between 3.13 and 12.5 µg/ml, while against Candida sp. were between 6.25 and 12.5 µg/ml. Oxidation by COX 1/2 and LOX was inhibited by 80% and 20% µg/mL of the oil respectively. Antioxidant activity seemed negligible, and no cytotoxicity arose; Conclusions: PLL-EO exhibits a broad-spectrum activity against periodontal bacteria and Candida, with an interesting dual inhibitory capacity toward COX2 and LOX inflammatory enzymes and without side effects against oral cells.
Parametric Nasopharyngeal Swab for Sampling COVID-19 and Other Respiratory Viruses: Open Source Design, SLA 3-D Printing and UV Curing System
Authors: Gallup Nicole , Pringle Adam M. , Oberloier Shane , Tanikella Nagendra G. , Pearce Joshua M.
Published: May 2020

Access to nasopharyngeal swabs for sampling remain a bottleneck in some regions for COVID-19 testing. This study develops a distributed manufacturing solution using only an open source manufacturing tool chain consisting of two types of open source 3-D printing and batch UV curing, and provides a parametric fully free design of a nasopharyngeal swab. The swab was designed using parametric OpenSCAD in two components (a head with engineered break point and various handles), which has several advantages: i) minimizing print time on relatively slow SLA printers, ii) enabling the use of smaller print volume open source SLA printers, iii) reducing the amount of relatively expensive UV resin, and iv) enabling production of handle on more accessible material extrusion 3-D printers. A modular open source UV LED box was designed, fabricated for $45 and tested for batch curing. Swabs can be fabricated for $0.06-$0.12/swab. The results of the mechanical validation tests showed that the swabs could withstand greater forces than would be expected in normal clinical use. The swabs were also able to absorb a significant amounts of synthetic mucus materials and passed abrasion and handling tests. The results show the open source swab are promising candidates for clinical trials.
Optimizing Vehicle Routing for Simultaneous Pick-up and Delivery considering the Reusable Transporting Containers: Case of Convenient Stores
Authors: Gong Intaek , Lee Kyungho , Kim Jaewon , Min Yunhong , Shin Kwang Sup
Published: May 2020

A lot of previous research have proposed various frameworks and algorithms to optimize routes to reduce the total transportation cost, which accounts for over 70% of overall logistics cost. However, it is very hard to find the cases applied the mathematical models or algorithms to the practical business environment cases, especially daily operating logistics services like convenient stores. Most of previous research have considered the developing an optimal algorithm which can solve the mathematical problem within the practical time while satisfying all constraints such as the capacity of delivery and pick-up, and time windows. For the daily pick-up and delivery service like supporting several convenient stores, it is required to consider the unit transporting container as well as the demand, capacity of trucks, traveling distance and traffic congestion. Especially, the reusable transporting container, trays, should be regarded as the important asset of logistics center. However, if the mathematical model focuses on only satisfying constraints related delivery and not considering the cost of trays, it is often to leave the empty trays on the pick-up points when there is not enough space in the track. In this research, it has been proposed to build the mathematical model for optimizing pick-up and delivery plans by extending the general vehicle routing problem of simultaneous delivery and pickup with time windows while considering left-over cost. With the numerical experiments, it has been proved that the proposed model may reduce the total delivery cost. It may be possible to apply the proposed approach to the various logistics business which uses the reusable transporting container like shipping containers, refrigerating containers, trays, and pallets.
Diagnostics and Monitoring of COVID-19 Infection – Current Understanding
Authors: Bergant Martina , de Marco Ario
Published: May 2020

The progression of the recent COVID-19 pandemic surprised political authorities as well as scientists. The possibility to design powerful strategies for health care and preserving economic and social activities strongly relies on the capacity to monitor correctly the virus spreading and the immune response in the symptomatic and asymptomatic population. The available data relative to the first pandemic months indicate that the test reliability was progressively improved but also that the extremely variable methodologies used in the diagnostic studies generated data that are often not comparable. This condition prevents a simple metadata analysis for the identification of reliable diagnostics guidelines. Nevertheless, there are converging evidences that combinations of complementary approaches may enable more precise identification of virus infection. Furthermore, it appears that the similarities between SARS-CoV2 and the related types SARS-CoV1 and MERS that caused outbreaks in the last 20 years can be exploited to infer some information for which no direct evidence is still available
Implant Survival of 6,080 Tritanium Cups in Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Palomäki Antton , Hemmilä Matias , Laaksonen Inari , Matilainen Markus , Eskelinen Antti , Haapakoski Jaason , Puhto Ari-Pekka , Kettunen Jukka , Manninen Mikko , Mäkelä Keijo T.
Published: May 2020

Background:

To enhance osseointegration in total hip arthroplasty (THA), ultraporous or highly porous-coated cups were introduced. Implant survival data on these new devices have been scarce. The aim of our study was to assess the survivorship of ultraporous Tritanium cups (Stryker) in a population-based register study.

Methods:

In this study, we collected data on 6,080 primary THAs using a Tritanium cup and 25,670 THAs using a conventional cup (control group) from the Finnish Arthroplasty Register; these procedures were performed from January 1, 2009, to December 31, 2017. We calculated the Kaplan-Meier survival estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The end point was revision for any reason or for aseptic loosening of the cup. The revision risks were assessed with use of the Cox multiple regression model. The variables assessed in the Cox model were femoral head size, age group, involved side, operation year, sex, diagnosis, and fixation of the stem. The proportional hazards assumption of the Cox model was not fulfilled, so the follow-up time was divided into 3 time periods: 0 to 2 years, >2 to 4 years, and >4 years.

Results:

When comparing the 2 groups with regard to revision for any reason, the 5-year Kaplan-Meier survivorship of the Tritanium group (94.7% [95% CI, 94.0% to 95.4%]) was inferior to that of the control group (96.0% [95% CI, 95.7% to 96.3%]). In the Cox regression analysis of the 2 groups for the time period of >4 years, the Tritanium group had an increased risk of revision for any reason compared with the control group (hazard ratio [HR], 3.12 [95% CI, 1.82 to 5.35]; p < 0.001). With regard to revision for aseptic loosening of the cup, the Tritanium group had an increased risk of revision compared with the control group for both 0 to 2 years (HR, 3.80 [95% CI, 1.76 to 8.24]; p < 0.001) and >2 to 4 years (HR, 11.2 [95% CI, 3.28 to 38.0]; p < 0.001).

Conclusions:

There was no advantage to using the ultraporous-coated Tritanium cup for primary THA compared with conventional uncemented cups. However, wide CIs for some HR estimates may point to a lack of precision. Therefore, further research on subject is needed.

Level of Evidence:

Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
The U.S. Opioid Crisis: Decriminalization as a Potential Approach
Authors: Valerie Luzi
Published: May 2020

There have been numerous approaches to treating the opioid crisis, but one downfall is not addressing stigmas against the affected population. It may seem to be a radical proposal, but decriminalizing all drugs may provide safer access to drugs, decrease the number of drug overdoses, decrease the stigma surrounding addicts, and decrease the barriers around access to care for addicts.
Modeling of Smart Pigging for Pipeline Leak Detection
Authors: Thiberville Caitlyn , Wang Yanfang , Waltrich Paulo , Williams Wesley , Kam Seung Ihl
Published: May 2020

Although leak incidents continue, a pipeline remains the most reliable mode of transportation within the oil and gas industry. It becomes even more important today because the projection for new pipelines is expected to increase by 1 billion barrels of oil equivalent (BOE) through 2035. In addition, increasing the number and length of subsea tiebacks faces new challenges in terms of data acquisition, monitoring, analysis, and remedial actions. Passive leak-detection methods commonly used in the industry have been successful with some limitations, in that they often cannot detect small leaks and seeps. In addition to a thorough review of related topics, this study investigates how to create a framework for a smart pigging technique for pipeline leak detection as an active leak-detection method.

Numerical modeling of smart pigging for leak detection requires two crucial components: detailed mathematical descriptions for fluid-solid and solid-solid interactions around pig and network modeling for the calculation of pressure and rate along the pipeline using iterative algorithms. The first step of this study is to build a numerical model that shows the motion of a pig along the pipeline with no leak (i.e., at a given injection rate, a pig first accelerates until it reaches its terminal velocity, beyond which the pig moves at a constant velocity). The second step is to construct a network model that consists of two pipeline segments (one upstream and the other downstream of the leak location) through which the pig travels and at the junction of which fluid leak occurs. By putting these multiple mechanisms together and using resulting pressure signatures, this study presents a new method to predict the location and size of a leak in the pipeline.
Pressure Buildup in a Well Produced at Constant Pressure
Authors: Prats Michael , Meneses-P. Lidia Lucely , Samaniego-V. Fernando , Pacheco-V. Ricardo
Published: May 2020

Dimensionless analytic expressions of the well-pressure buildup resulting from shutting in a well after producing it at constant pressure were obtained, in both Laplace space and time, using different mathematical approaches to solve the pertinent differential equations, including the effects of both wellbore storage and skin damage. Such a pressure response is said to have been obtained at constant-pressure-buildup (CPBU) conditions. The well, represented by a cylindrical source of nonzero radius, produces a single compressible fluid from an infinite and homogeneous reservoir. For a vertical well, the reservoir flow is always radial and horizontal. For the first approach in Laplace space, the pressure distribution in the reservoir at the shut-in time was used as the initial condition to obtain the transient pressure response upon shutting in the well. In the second approach, the solution in Laplace space was inverted analytically, yielding an expression containing infinite integrals. Duhamel's principle was used in the third approach, yielding the same integrals as the second approach. Subject to the inherent numerical errors in the integration and inversion algorithms, all solutions gave the same numerical results over a wide range of the production period, the elapsed time since the well was shut in, the storage coefficients, and the skin damage. As required by material balance, all pressures are restored to the value of the initial reservoir pressure as the infinite reservoir eventually completely recharges the amount of fluid produced before the well being shut in.

The pressure response divided by the production rate at the time the well is shut in is denoted as the specific pressure response and has the same units as the pressure response under constant rate buildup (CRBU) conditions. It is thus not surprising that the general trends of the specific pressure response and the specific pressure increment are somewhat similar for both producing conditions, and that a number of interpretation procedures developed for CRBU conditions using the exponential integrals are applicable under CPBU conditions, including use of Horner plots.

The Laplace-space procedure used to obtain numerically inverted values of the pressure response under CPBU conditions can be formally extended to provide expressions for the shut-in pressure response for any rate or pressure history during the production period.

Although the emphasis is on the description of the well pressure and the specific-well-pressure buildup after shut-in, and of their time derivatives, the paper also presents analytic Laplace-space expressions for the pressure and radial flow within the reservoir after the well is shut in.
Deterministic and Statistical Modeling of a New Thermal Breakout Technology for Measuring the Maximum Horizontal In-Situ Stress
Authors: Voegeli S. , Nopola J. , Moos D. , Doe T.
Published: May 2020

The current state-of-the-art technology for in-situ stress measurements involves an integrated approach that combines borehole breakout observations, drilling-induced tensile fractures, and hydraulic fracturing tests (i.e., “mini-fracs”). This methodology has achieved wide application in the oil and gas industry but has several limitations that often prevent successful in-situ stress measurements. One major limitation is that breakouts do not appear in all boreholes and are generally only a natural occurrence that cannot easily be controlled. Because borehole breakouts are used to directly measure the maximum horizontal in-situ stress magnitude, the absence of borehole breakouts presents a major data gap for in-situ stress measurements. In response to this data gap, a new US Department of Energy (US DOE)-sponsored thermal breakout technology that will provide a method for thermally inducing borehole breakouts and allow the consistent measurement of the maximum horizontal stress magnitude is currently in development. This thermal breakout technology involves heating the borehole and increasing the thermoelastic compressive stress in the rock until a breakout develops, which can be directly correlated to the maximum horizontal stress magnitude. The first step in this project was an analytical modeling study of the thermal breakout process. Based on the Kirsch solution (Kirsch 1898), a deterministic and statistical analysis was performed on the pertinent parameters that influence the maximum horizontal stress calculation. As a result of the analysis, the findings indicate that the thermal breakout technology is feasible and provides improved accuracy and/or an enhanced ability to measure the maximum horizontal stress. Future work as part of this US DOE-sponsored project includes additional validation through more detailed numerical modeling, laboratory testing, and field testing of the thermal breakout technology.
Inequalities, harm reduction and non-combustible nicotine products: a meta-ethnography of qualitative evidence
Authors: Lucherini Mark , Hill Sarah , Smith Katherine
Published: May 2020

We sought to review qualitative evidence on how smokers in different socioeconomic groups engage with non-combustible nicotine products (NCNP), including electronic cigarettes and nicotine replacement therapies, in order to provide insight into how these products might impact on smoking inequalities. The review only identified studies exploring the attitudes of socioeconomically disadvantaged smokers towards NCNP for harm reduction or cessation purposes (i.e. we did not identify any relevant studies of more advantaged socioeconomic groups). Using a lines-of-argument meta-ethnographic approach, we identified a predominantly pessimistic attitude to NCNP for harm reduction or cessation of smoking due to: wider circumstances of socio-economic disadvantage; lack of a perceived advantage of alternative products over smoking; and a perceived lack of information about relative harms of NCNP compared to smoking. Optimistic findings, although fewer, suggested the potential of NCNP being taken up among smokers experiencing socioeconomic disadvantage. Overall, our review highlights the importance of considering the social, cultural and economic circumstances that influence experiences of smoking and of alternative product use.