bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spectrally resolved outgoing longwave radiation and its applications for the study of climate
Authors: Whitburn Simon
Published: November 2021

Spectrally resolved outgoing longwave radiation and its applications for the study of climate

The ERC advanced “IASI-FT” project exploits the space-based instantaneous spectrally resolved observations provided by the family of IASI thermal infrared instruments to (1) monitor atmospheric composition changes and (2) establish climate records. More than 3.5 million of data are available each day, from which near-real-time information on the atmospheric state can be inferred.
Conflictos interétnicos en el Caribe Insular Colombiano
Authors: Valencia Inge Helena
Published: November 2021

En el archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina, ubicado en el corazón del Caribe occidental, se encuentran, en un pequeño territorio insular de cincuenta kilómetros cuadrados, el mundo anglófono con el hispanófono, y el católico con el protestante. El multiculturalismo etnizado propuesto por la Constitución Política de 1991 en Colombia permitió que la población nativa del archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina, la isleña-raizal, recibiera el reconocimiento jurídico como grupo étnico. Esto generó que dicho lugar se rigiera por normas especiales respecto al control de la migración y la economía, además de significar un avance alrededor del otorgamiento de derechos para esta población, hecho que profundizó el conflicto existente entre los pobladores raizales nativos y aquellos emigrados provenientes del Caribe continental colombiano. El presente artículo pretende dar a conocer cómo la implementación de políticas multiculturalistas ha fracturado el proceso de convivencia histórico entre ambas poblaciones.Palabras Clave: Multiculturalismo, Etnicidad, Conflicto social, Relaciones interétnicas, Caribe insular colombiano, Isleños-raizales, Pañas-continentales, Archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina. ABSTRACTINTER-ETHNIC CONFLICTS IN THE COLOMBIAN INSULAR CARIBBEAN In the San Andres, Providencia and Santa Catalina Archipelago, located at the heart of the western Caribbean, in a small, 50 square kilometer insular territory, the Anglophone world meets the Spanish speaking, and the Catholic world meets the Protestant. The ethnicized multiculturalism proposed by the Political Constitution of 1991in Colombia allowed the native population of San Andres, Providencia and Santa Catalina, the Raizal-islander, to be legally recognized as an ethnic group. As a result, this place started to be governed by special norms regarding the migration and economy control, something which deepened the existing conflict between local Raizals and those from the Colombian Continental Caribbean. This article sets out to disclose how implementing multiculturalist polices have disrupted the historical process of coexistence between both communities.Key Words: Multiculturalism, Ethnicity, Social conflict, Interethnic relations, Colombian insular Caribbean, Raizal-islanders, Continental settlers (pañas), San Andres, Providencia and Santa Catalina Archipelago.
Entre leyes, mingas e historia oral
Authors: López Cortés Oscar Andrés , Rojas Curieux Tulio
Published: November 2021

Este capítulo expone las tensiones generadas entre diferentes corrientes políticas presentes en el pueblo de los pastos que habitan en Cumbal (Nariño). Las tensiones se explican a partir de los efectos generados por el multiculturalismo en el contexto de un pueblo indígena del suroccidente colombiano durante la etapa de consolidación de su autonomía política. Mediante la recolección de diferentes voces, se presentan las tensiones y se propone una deriva a las mismas que tiene lugar en las prácticas de la minga y la historia oral.Palabras Clave: Cumba, Nariño, Historia oral, Minga, Ley, Indígenas ABSTRACTBETWEEN LAWS, MINGAS AND ORAL HISTORYThis chapter exposes the emerging tensions among political tendencies within Pasto people. The tensions could be explained from the consequences promoted by the multiculturalism present in the indigenous people context neighboring in the Colombian southwest during the consolidation age of its political autonomy. Through the recollection of several voices, we present the tensions and propose an escape from them that happen in the practices of minga and oral history.Key Words: Cumba, Nariño, Oral history, Minga, Law, Indigenous people
Bioactivities from Novel Toxins of Pterois volitans: A Bioinformatics Approach
Authors: ÇAVAŞ Levent , BİLGİN Yagmur
Published: November 2021

Pterois volitans (Linnaeus, 1758), native of the Indo-Pacific Ocean, is an invasive fish species in the Western-Atlantic. Due to the very long venomous spines, they increase their populations in newly invaded habitats. No validated eradication method has been existed for this species yet. Therefore, there is an urgent need for alternative utilization methods for this fish species. Bioactive peptides are of great importance for human health since they exhibit excellent inhibitory properties for some medicinally important enzymes in human metabolisms such as angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV). In this study, the bioactive peptides in protein-based venom of P. volitans, Pvtoxin-a and Pvtoxin-b, were investigated by using in silico tools. Total number of negatively charged residues (Asp + Glu) for Pvtoxin-a and Pvtoxin-b were found as 21 and 18, respectively. Total number of positively charged residues (Arg + Lys) for Pvtoxin-a and Pvtoxin-b were observed to be 22 and 24, respectively. According to BIOPEP results, AE values for ACE and DPP-IV were found to be 0.0305 and 0.0666 for Pvtoxin-a and Pvtoxin-b as 0.0333 and 0.0569, respectively. It is very interesting to note that AE values related to antioxidant property were observed to be 0.0083 for both Pvtoxin-a and Pvtoxin-b. Although AE value for alpha-glucosidase inhibitor was found to be 0.0014 for Pvtoxin-a, no AE value was obtained for Pvtoxin-b. In conclusion, the BIOPEP results clearly show that after a possible eradication study, protein-based venoms from P. volitans can be evaluated in the production of bioactive peptides. A possible economical value may create a pressure on its increasing population in newly invaded areas.
קריאת ספרים בקרב ילדים ונוער
Authors: דיתשי-ברק טליה , יוסוב-שלום מירי
Published: November 2021

הערך מציג את יתרונה ואת שיטות העידוד לקריאת ספרים במערכת החינוך לגיל הרך, לתלמידי בתי הספר היסודיים והעל-יסודיים וכן במערכת הכשרת המורים.
The Spread of Revealed Religions in West Africa and Its Implications for the Development of Translation
Authors: Salawu Adewuni
Published: November 2021

This study attempts to look at the metamorphoses of West African languages into written status and subsequently the acquisition of translation skills by West Africans during the spread of Islam and Christianity. With the trans-Saharan and Atlantic contacts, literacy spread in the sub-region and native languages became written, facilitating the translation of the Bible and the Qur’an into local languages, especially with Roman script. Africans who participated in the translations of the Scriptures became skillful translators and experts in both English and regional languages. This study concludes that the enthusiasm and dedication of the missionaries who developed local languages should be emulated to further enrich African languages to a competitive and international standard.
Logical Subjects, Grammatical Subjects, and the Translation of Greek Person and Number Agreement
Authors: Koffi Ettien N.
Published: November 2021

In Greek as well as in many languages, the verb agrees with its subject in number and in person. Such an agreement is reflected morphologically on the verb through suffixation. If the subject is a compound noun phrase, that is, NP + NP, the general tendency for Greek verbs is to agree with the NP closest to them. However, agreement can also be controlled by the logical subject, or the grammatical subject, or both. The present article argues that the failure to clearly identify the controller of agreement in Greek has led to translations that are exegetically and theologically questionable. This point is proven by the analysis of three key texts from the Greek New Testament and their translation into English, French, Spanish, and a number of African languages. The passages studied in this article are Galatians 1:8, 2 Thessalonians 2:16–17 and Colossians 2:1–2.
Aspects of “Cultural Literacy” Relevant to Bible Translation
Authors: Gutt Ernst-August
Published: November 2021

In 1987 E.D. Hirsch published his bestseller Cultural literacy: What every American needs to know. The education system of the time seriously underestimated the importance of background knowledge needed to successfully function in literate American society. Drawing on two decades of experimental research, Hirsch showed that without the background information needed for a given text, readers are effectively illiterate with regard to that text. He argued that quantitatively, too, background knowledge plays a major role in comprehension: the information explicitly stated in any text is only “the tip of the iceberg” of the intended meaning, the bulk needs to be supplied by the reader. In the light of this, Hirsch argued that one of the central goals of the educational system must be to provide American children with an adequate body of knowledge that would enable them to understand all communications addressed to the general public. This body of knowledge he called “cultural literacy.” Based on three decades of experience in Bible translation, the author of this paper sees some striking parallels with regard to the dominant philosophy in Bible translation. While the provision of biblical background knowledge has been given more attention in some quarters in recent years, it is still far from being acknowledged and treated as a key factor in the planning and execution of Bible translation projects, essential to ensure optimal efficiency of the work and to maximise the impact of the products. Applying relevant insights gained by Hirsch, the author examines the extent and nature of biblical literacy, that is, the background knowledge, needed for the successful comprehension of a sample text (Lk 10:13–14). This is done with the help of conceptual tools provided by relevance theory, the currently most developed theory of inferential communication. It goes on to the task of systematically identifying mismatches in background knowledge between original and receptor audience. It draws attention to the importance of timing and processing effort in biblical literacy strategies designed to overcome such mismatches. One of the spin-offs of biblical literacy is the need for closer interdisciplinary cooperation between biblical studies, anthropology and translation.
Biblical Cosmology: The Implications for Bible Translation
Authors: Roberts John R.
Published: November 2021

We show that the creation account in Genesis 1.1–2.3 refers to a worldview of the cosmos as the ancient Mesopotamians and ancient Egyptians understood it to be. These civilisations left behind documents, maps and iconography which describe the cosmological beliefs they had. The differences between the biblical cosmology and ancient Near East cosmologies are observed to be mainly theological in nature rather than cosmological. However, the biblical cosmology is conceptually different to a modern view of the cosmos in significant ways. We examine how a range of terms are translated in English Bible translations, including ḥōšeḵ, təhôm, rāqîᵃʿ, hammayim ʾăšer mēʿal lārāqîᵃʿ, and mayim mittaḥaṯ lā’āreṣ, and show that if the denotation of these terms is in accordance with a modern worldview then this results in a text that has incongruities and is incoherent in the nature of the cosmos it depicts. We therefore recommend that the translation should denote a biblical cosmology.
Four Faces, Eight Places: Elaborate Expression, Emergent Meaning, and Translation as Discourse Art
Authors: Walrod Michael R.
Published: November 2021

This paper lights a torch at the dual flame of Paul Ricoeur‘s interaction theory of meaning and Northrop Frye‘s centripetal theory of meaning to shed light on the little discussed implications of "four-syllable elaborate expressions"—polyfunctional poetic phrases that frequently surface both in Chinese discourse and in various translations of the Chinese Bible. The term "emergent text-level meaning" (Walrod 2007) describes the gestalt semantics of a given text which, much like consciousness, cannot be reduced to the sum of its conventionally defined parts. Four-syllable elaborate expressions are common in the languages of East and Southeast Asia and involve aesthetically pleasing, often ancient, combinations of monosyllabic morpheme pairs that constitute microcosmic texts in themselves. For example, 四面八方 'four faces, eight places' is the Dangdai Yiben (Chinese Living Version) rendering of the Job 37:3 phrase, כַּנְפֹ֥ות הָאָָֽרֶץ or 'the wings of the earth', usually translated, "the ends of the earth" in English. Applying insights from the metaphor-oriented hermeneutics of Ricoeur (1981) and Frye (2006), we argue that four-syllable elaborate expressions illustrate some of the ways in which "metaphor" and "text" function interdependently. The meaning that emerges from this interaction of microcosm and macrocosm is itself dependent on an often overlooked factor: the successful integration of a poetic imagination conversant with the dynamics of language and thought in a given socio-geographical context—in this case, East Asia. Our conclusions have implications for philosophy of language and translation theory alike.
Dressing for Spiritual Battle and Other Challenges: Translating Passages with Underlying Conceptual Metaphors
Authors: Hemphill Christy
Published: November 2021

Traditionally, the approach to translating metaphor in Scripture assumed that metaphors are descriptive literary devices with an underlying “literal meaning.” Research in cognitive linguistics has challenged this idea, and a new field of study, conceptual metaphor theory, has emerged. Conceptual metaphor theory draws a distinction between image metaphors, where a target is described in comparison to a source, and conceptual metaphors, where an abstract or complex conceptual domain is actually understood in terms of a more concrete or familiar conceptual domain drawn from embodied human experience. This paper examines the importance of identifying conceptual metaphors and analyzing their accessibility when translating Scripture. Translators who encounter figurative language derived from underlying conceptual metaphors that are not culturally conventional may try to convert the mapped elements of the source domain into a series of descriptive image metaphors. This skewing of meaning could be mitigated if translators were trained to identify conceptual metaphors licensing figurative language and consider making them explicit. As a case study, a translation of Ephesian 6:13–17 in Tlacoapa Meꞌphaa (tpl) produced by a translator guided by Paratext notes and trained in the traditional approach to the translation of metaphors (Larson 1984) is compared with a second translation produced after encouragement to make the underlying conceptual metaphor PREPARATION IS GETTING DRESSED explicit at the beginning of the passage.
Checking Translations for Discourse Features
Authors: Levinsohn Stephen H.
Published: November 2021

This paper builds on one entitled, “The Relevance of Greek Discourse Studies to Exegesis” (Levinsohn 2006b), and seeks to address how consultants might ensure that the features discussed there have been adequately handled in a translation into a receptor language. Initially, translators need to have undertaken appropriate research into the way that relevant discourse features function in the language. The features that should most concern consultants are those that function in significantly different ways in the source and receptor languages. A common error in translation is to use a countering or logical connective (at times, borrowed from the lingua franca of the area) when the natural way to encode the relation in the receptor language is different. Finally, a word-by-word back-translation may well be necessary in order to check that some discourse features have been handled correctly.
Translating the Levitical Sacrifices
Authors: Jemphrey Michael
Published: November 2021

In this article, I begin with section 1 by presenting the five main sacrifices found in the first seven chapters of Leviticus, including their relations to the requirement for Israel to be holy. In section 2, I describe the functions of the levitical sacrifices, and in section 3, I compare these with the functions of the multifarious sacrifices carried out by the Supyire people in southern Mali. After arguing the case for translating the functions rather than the forms of the levitical sacrifices (contra the majority of English translations), I present, in section 4, suggestions for Supyire renderings of the sacrifices based on their functions.
Toward a Best Practice in Representing The Authors’ Explanatory Notes in Old Testament Translation
Authors: Schmidt Peter
Published: November 2021

This article will help translation teams to develop a best practice for dealing with explanatory notes that are made by the Biblical authors themselves. To my knowledge there is no standard resource for Bible translators that addresses in some detail the issue of explanatory (or: parenthetical) notes. However, every Bible translator will face numerous such notes and has to decide what to do with them. Some standard versions appear unsystematic in this and are of limited help. This article discusses what options a translator has in dealing with such notes. Special attention is given to explanatory notes that need explanation themselves for the modern reader. In order to explore translation problems and solutions regarding explanatory notes, I collected examples – partly when I encountered them incidentally, partly by reading through several Biblical books and looking for them. I discuss the options for translation on the basis of three types of examples. An annotated translation of Deuteronomy 3:8–17 shows how explanatory notes can be represented. I argue that each translation project should make two conscious choices: (1) whether or not to mark explanatory notes, and (2) if yes, in what way; this is largely a question of how punctuation and footnotes are used. The principles should be applied consistently. This is to achieve three goals: (1) doing justice to the Biblical text with its own history and different levels, (2) being systematic and transparent in the method of translation, and (3) having efficient ways of working within the translation team. A model guideline and a list of explanatory notes complete the article.
Dynamic Equivalence and Its Daughters: Placing Bible Translation Theories in Their Historical Context
Authors: Kerr Glenn J.
Published: November 2021

The Bible translation theory called “dynamic equivalence” from the middle of the twentieth century was more than what may be called the first definable theory of Bible translation. Indirectly or directly, it spawned or related to seven other specific theories: meaning-based translation, cultural equivalence or transculturation, complete equivalence, optimal equivalence, closest natural equivalence, functional equivalence, and skopostheorie. Even the term formal equivalence originated during this time. Later in the same period, the code model of communication on which dynamic equivalence was based was challenged by the inference model of relevance theory. All this theoretical writing and postulating has been paralleled by or related to developments in the world of general translation theory and science. Oftentimes these theories have been studied in isolation; this paper, in contrast, examines those theories in their historical context, analyzing their core ideas and how they relate to each other. Concurrently we focus on who the originators of the theories are, and what Bible translation organizations have used them. The study concludes with a practical discussion of what knowing and using these theories might mean in the real world context of Bible translating.
A Religious Ethics of Translation: The Love Command
Authors: Wolf Alan J. E.
Published: November 2021

Our understanding of ethics in the field of translation studies shows a secular bias which has distorted our moral vision. This article examines recent accounts of the role of ethics when communication is translated by interpreters and translators. Rather than relying on professional codes or relativist approaches, the potential value in adopting a religious perspective to our understanding of ethics is underlined, reclaiming the spiritual dimension of moral action and reconceptualising notions of the Other, power and ideology in translation. Examples are given from the literature in the field of contemporary translation studies.
Footnotes for Meaningful Translations of the New Testament
Authors: Blight Richard C.
Published: November 2021

Although background information is not communicated by the source text itself, some of this information is needed by the readers of a translation so that they can adequately understand the text. When the readers do not know this information, it needs to be provided by a judicious use of footnotes. The difference between implied linguistic information and assumed background information is described. Then various categories of background information are considered in regard to their relevance in supplying footnotes. The ways in which footnotes can be included in a translation are also described. In an appendix, a minimum list of footnotes for the New Testament is suggested.
Those Jews…Again...and Again
Authors: Newman Barclay M.
Published: November 2021

Two of the most misunderstood words in the New Testament are “the Jews”! Unfortunately, this misperception of historical reality has resulted in merciless persecution and ethnic cleansing of millions of innocent people. Judaism—both during and after the lifetime of Jesus—was a diverse movement, represented in part by those various and varied groups of Jews who were the earliest followers of a Jew named Jesus. Careful attention to both the historical and contextual setting of each occurrence of this phrase in the New Testament will enable the translator to generate both a more accurate and a more sensitive text than the fallacious—and often fatal—perpetuation of a “literal” rendering.
Features of Translating Religious Texts
Authors: Elewa Abdelhamid
Published: November 2021

The main aim of this article is to explore the different features of religious translation in an attempt to provide translators with an objective model to use in this domain. Following the linguistic approach to translation, I propose a model of translation, starting from simple structures into more sophisticated structures focusing on phonology, morphology, lexis, syntax, and semantics, in an attempt to circumvent the peculiarities of the source text and translated text.
When Quality Is in the Eye of the Beholder: Paradigm Communities and the Certification of Standards for Judging Quality
Authors: McElhanon Kenneth A.
Published: November 2021

This essay addresses the relativity of knowledge and its relevance to the assessment of quality in translation. The discussion is framed in terms of Thomas Kuhn’s theory of paradigms and paradigm communities. The concept of paradigm is used to delineate the various legacies that inform contemporary translators—their biblical/theological education, their tacit acceptance of an Aristotelian philosophy of language, and the subtle influence of the Age of Enlightenment. Because each model of translation determines the praxis of translation, it also determines how quality is assessed. It is suggested that this is not a serious problem, however, because each model of translation accounts well for particular phenomena of language. A translator is well advised to know the kinds of phenomena that each model handles best. Skill in translation is applying each model to the appropriate phenomena and thereby utilizing any given model to its maximum potential. The burden of responsibility for the quality of a translation falls correctly upon translators and not upon those who check translations.
From Simple Metaphors to Conceptual Blending: The Mapping of Analogical Concepts and the Praxis of Translation
Authors: McElhanon Kenneth A.
Published: November 2021

I have five goals for this paper. First, I will demonstrate the influence that the understanding of metaphor has had on the praxis of translation. Second, I will introduce and apply more recent insights in human conceptual processes, in particular those of image-schemas, conceptual metaphors and conceptual blends. Third, I will introduce optimality principles and relate them to the suggested conceptual blends. Fourth, I will present some translations of conceptual blends and then suggest optimality principles for translating conceptual blends and evaluate the translations by them. Finally, I will suggest areas that require further research. This study is exploratory and suggestive. Hopefully, readers will wish to broaden their understanding of cognitive linguistics and refine what is presented here.
Translating and Exegeting Hebrew Poetry: Illustrated with Psalm 70
Authors: Locatell Christian
Published: November 2021

Biblical Hebrew (BH) poetry poses unique challenges to translators and exegetes because of its often complex textual development, its defamiliarized mode of communication, and its understudied relationship to its co-text. While a comprehensive analysis is welcomed for any discourse type, the unique challenges of BH poetry call for a holistic approach that marshals insights from the extra-linguistic setting, co-text, and multifaceted discourse features. The method of discourse analysis proposed by Wendland (1994) seems to provide a helpful framework for such investigation. Applying this approach to Psalm 70—a short, but incredibly multifaceted text—reveals the value of this sort of comprehensive, interdisciplinary analysis. Additionally, following the application of Lambrecht’s (1994) theory of information structure (IS) to BH by Van der Merwe et al. (forthcoming), I propose that the Psalms may use parallel word order variation patterns beyond their IS purposes to create coherence relations at the discourse level.
Implicit Aspects of Culture in Source and Target Language Contexts
Authors: Matthews Thomas G. , Rountree Catherine , Nicolle Steve
Published: November 2021

In the context of Bible translation, the concept of implicit information has typically been constrained to cognitive information that was assumed to be known by the source language audience. In this article implicit information is expanded to include both source and target language contexts because the target audience also brings a wealth of information to the translation and interpretation of target language Scriptures. In addition, a prototypical model of culture is applied to more comprehensively explicate both surface and deep structural aspects of culture, i.e., knowledge, practices, beliefs, values, worldview, and image schema, that were either assumed by the original authors for their audience or are encountered in the interpretation by the target audience. A survey of “offline” author intrusive comments, mostly in the Gospels, suggests that the authors carefully gauged the cultural background of their audience, making explicit, as they deemed necessary, components of cultural knowledge, practices, beliefs and values. A selection of Bible translation issues from East African teams demonstrates that the target audience brings a rich cultural context to the target language Scriptures extending from surface cultural practices to deep structural components of worldview and image schema. The topic of implicit information is further investigated by comparing the perspective of two translation models, meaning-based translation practice and Relevance Theory. The somewhat overlapping technical vocabulary of explicatures and implicatures are contrasted including a comparative analysis of a biblical text. An attempt is made to broaden the scope of both models from cognitive processing of information to a more defendable incorporation of culture and its deep structure. For meaning-based translation practice, the concept of meaning should access the cultural deep structure underlying the source and target languages, which impact it. For Relevance Theory this means a consideration of inferences that are non-propositional—where cultural deep structure markedly influences cognitive effects. New definitions of explicatures and implicatures are proposed that incorporate surface to deep aspects of culture. Applications to translation training and practice are anticipated.
Translating the Sacred Text: A Polysystem Approach
Authors: Elewa Abdelhamid
Published: November 2021

This paper attempts an extended version of the polysystem theory combined with corpus linguistics techniques in translating the Qur'an. The original version of the theory focuses on the network of relations around the target text, while the extended version includes the network of relations (or systems) of both the source and target text, be they linguistic, social, historical, etc. To explore the systems of both the source and target text, a model was developed for translating the Sacred Text which can serve as a framework for the translators to capture the early and late Arab contributions from linguistic, historical and social perspectives to maintain the original message and present it afresh to the modern generations. The model consists of three stages and each stage involves a number of systems, including the linguistic analysis of the original and target text, the network of relations of the early context, and the network of relations of the modern context. Three verses were selected in this paper to demonstrate the validity of the model. The verses deal with some social, historical, theological and legal debatable issues in the field of Sacred Text exegesis, theology and Islamic jurisprudence. The different readings of the verses are mirrored in the various translations of the Sacred Text.
Framing the Frames: A Theoretical Framework for the Cognitive Notion of “Frames of Reference”
Authors: Wendland Ernst R.
Published: November 2021

In this exposition I seek to provide a theoretical background to support the notion of "frames of reference" as used in contemporary Bible translation studies. I begin by presenting an overview of "frames" from the perspective of various linguistic and literary scholars as well as a number of experts in the field of communication technology. This leads to my own development of the frames approach through a specification into ten "mini-frames" that may be used in the analysis of biblical (and other) texts. I further elaborate this concept in the area of figurative language by means of the model proposed in mental space theory. My preliminary, more technical discussion is then exemplified with reference to an analysis of John the Baptist's call to "Behold the Lamb of God!" in John 1:29. Throughout this study, various applications to the theory and practice of Bible translation are made, including its organizational aspects as well as methods of subsequently communicating the translated texts of Scripture today.
Source-language versus Target-language Discourse Features in Translating the Word of God
Authors: Dooley Robert A.
Published: November 2021

Many Bible translations, including one in Mbyá Guarani of Brazil which this article takes as a case study, use natural target-language discourse patterns on &lquo;micro-levels” (within a thematic unit and usually within a sentence or two) but source-text patterns on “macro-levels.” Questions arise: Why should such a strategy be used? Why might it work? On macro-levels, how can readers understand what is presented with source-text patterns? And on micro-levels, how can a translation claim to communicate the author’s original intent when its discourse functions—not just its forms—are radically different from those of the source text? This article explores such questions and proposes answers using concepts from such diverse areas as general cognition, text processing, genre innovation, information structure, indices of markedness and reader confidence.
The Relevance of Greek Discourse Studies to Exegesis
Authors: Levinsohn Stephen H.
Published: November 2021

At least three discourse-related areas of exegesis tend not to be handled satisfactorily in many commentaries: the order of constituents in the clause and sentence, the presence versus absence of the article with nouns, and the significance of the conjunctions used. This paper first shows how insights from the work of Simon Dik, Jan Firbas and Knud Lambrecht have contributed to our understanding of the significance of variations in constituent order. Other insights that bear on constituent order are the Principle of Natural Information Flow and the distinction between default versus marked ordering. The paper then outlines how recent insights about the presence versus absence of the article may help us to choose between alternative exegeses of the same passage. The final section shows how insights from the work of Diane Blakemore and Reboul and Moeschler have revolutionized our understanding of the most common conjunctions used in the New Testament.
Toward An Ethical Code in Bible Translation Consulting
Authors: Werner Eberhard
Published: November 2021

One of the great unknowns remaining in Bible translation projects is a formal understanding of the ethical foundations needed for the consulting task. Although this is also true for consultants in anthropology, linguistics and related disciplines, the focus of this article will be on translation consulting. Ethical standards in Bible translation projects must also be examined regarding the translation team and other parties involved, but this article will focus on the consultant. To whom are consultants responsible? Is it to the initiating institution or organization, to the individual’s or a people group’s conscience, to God, to the translation team, or to the translation project? How do all parties know about their ethics? And, at the very least, how do the parties involved handle ethical considerations, such as disagreement, mutual aversion, rejection or cross-cultural differences? Because there is a void in this area, consultants and others involved often experience misunderstanding and distrust, and thus the quality of the Bible translation or the consulted product is at risk. This is caused by cross-cultural issues, divergent expectations about translation issues, vague job descriptions and understanding, lack of frameworks and planning, etc. Some of the difficulties that Bible translation projects face, and how these challenges could be overcome, will be addressed. The term “loyalty,” borrowed from functional translation approaches, will be introduced to the process of Bible translation consulting. Finally, a proposal toward an ethical statement of standards for consultants will be drafted.
Snapshot or Signpost? The Role of English in Tadhg Ó Neachtain’s Early Eighteenth-Century Manuscripts
Authors: Mac Mathúna Liam
Published: November 2021

Seán Ó Neachtain (c. 1640–1729) and his son Tadhg (c. 1671–c. 1752) were at the centre of an extensive circle of Gaelic scholars in the city of Dublin in the early part of the eighteenth century. Seán Ó Neachtain composed a broad range of creative literature. Although primarily written in Irish, his works include examples of Irish/English code-mixing as well as pieces composed entirely in English. His son, Tadhg Ó Neachtain, is credited with having written over 25 surviving manuscripts. He makes considerable use of English sources and of English itself in a number of these manuscripts, which are either pedagogical in nature, devoted to geography and history, or are characterised by frequent commonplace entries referring to contemporary events. This paper examines the interaction of the two languages in these manuscripts, exploring (1) the use of English language sources (textbooks and Dublin newspapers), (2) the content of the English portions of the manuscripts in question, and (3) the relationship of the English material to the Irish in the immediate compositional context. The paper seeks to assess whether the permeating bilingualism of these manuscripts is merely indicative of the contemporary socio-linguistic milieu in which the Ó Neachtains functioned, or can be regarded as harbinger of the subsequent community language change from Irish to English.
Textual Criticism and Text Reconstruction: Approaches to Early Russian and Welsh Poetry
Authors: Parina Elena
Published: November 2021

The Tale of Igor’s Campaign and The Gododdin, two poetic texts crucially important for the history of Early Russian and Welsh literature respectively, have a very dark history. Both are preserved in only one reliable source and are supposed to be composed about 600 years before this edition or manuscript was created. Anna Dybo and John Koch however propose an attempt of reconstruction for the Ur-Text of these poetic masterpieces. In this article we compare the framework within which these reconstructions were created. Whereas Anna Dybo relies mainly on contemporary texts, John Koch in the absence of such monuments has to rely more on historical interpretation.
Transposition of the EU Public Procurement Directives 2014 in Austria
Authors: Elsner Bernt , Bittner Ruth
Published: November 2021

The EU public procurement directives 2014 further advance the European Commission’s ambitions to regulate most public procurement at the EU-wide level. The Directives already set out a fairly concrete legal framework for national parliaments regarding public procurement procedures for work, supply and service contracts above the EU-thresholds. The Austrian parliament decided to implement these directives mostly word for word, but at the same time tried to preserve most of the historical developments to the public procurement law that were specific to Austria. In addition to that, the Austrian legislature responded to recent ECJ case law that was established after the EU Directives were published. The new public procurement code creates legal certainty for both contracting authorities and contractors in several different aspects. However, the interpretation of some provisions will be subject to case law, especially regarding contractual cooperation between contracting authorities. Concerning contracts not fully regulated by the Directives – such as concessions as well as social and other specific services – the Austrian legislature opted not to regulate them further and leave some flexibility to the contracting authorities.
Does Accounting Influence Finance? The Case of IFRS 9 and Fuel Hedging
Authors: Bellandi Francesco
Published: November 2021

Finance does influence accounting, for example it is known that hedge accounting under International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) (2019), IFRS 9 has been more aligned to risk management practice. Although, as commonly held, accounting represents the substance of economic events without modifying them, opportunities offered by a new accounting standard may affect finance strategies. This paper studies how the IASB (2019), IFRS 9 hedge accounting requirements versus IASB (2014), IAS 39 have modified fuel hedging practice for a sample of IFRS airlines. Hedge accounting under the new standard results to have been adopted by a very large proportion of the sample. Its new features of risk component hedges, accounting for time value of option, forward points, or basis spread in other comprehensive income (hereafter, OCI), and simplified effectiveness assessment have been exploited by most of the sampled companies, although a definite explanation as an accounting strategy is only partially disclosed. In a context where fuel cost is one, if not the most significant caption of operating expenses of airlines, IASB (2019), IFRS 9 has provided an incentive to expand the use of fuel hedging, at least for accounting purpose.
Adopting Measures to Increase Alumni Donations at Prestigious Universities
Authors: Dean Aftab , Graeme McLean John
Published: November 2021

This research uniquely aims to identify the key factors that current students at prestigious universities indicate have influence upon their likelihood of making donations to their alma mater in the future. Using data and examples from both the UK and the USA we show the importance of voluntary donations to prestigious universities and suggest that UK universities have much to learn from their American counterparts. A novel questionnaire was administered to students studying at a number of prestigious UK universities which resulted in a large number of responses being accepted for inferential statistical analysis. The robust results provide new insight into the significance of student centred pedagogy and students' career and financial aspirations as major determinants of intention to donate and also confirm the importance of overall student satisfaction, acquisition of transferable skills and the social experiences of university as additional determining factors. It is intended that this research should have practical implications and so we emphasise elements of the student and pedagogical experience upon which universities and alumni departments should focus their resources in order to increase the likelihood of obtaining future alumni donations from their current students.
IFRS 9 Single Impairment Model: Semantics and Circularity? A Study in the Airline Industry
Authors: Bellandi Francesco
Published: November 2021

This paper studies a sample of airlines reporting under International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) about three specific challenges in implementing International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) (2019), IFRS 9 requirements for impairment versus IASB, 2014, IAS 39: 1) expected versus incurred credit losses; 2) impairment scoping and elective simplifications; and 3) definition and use of default. First, there appears to be a strong indicator that the way airline companies have drawn the line between what future conditions should or should not be considered in estimating expected versus incurred credit losses has maintained the fundamental tenet in IFRS of representing the condition existing as of the end of the reporting period. Second, evidence of companies quests for IASB (2019), IFRS 9 impairment simplifications attests to the criticism that the alleged single model of impairment is in effect a complex collection of different techniques. Finally, the degree of specific application that IASB (2019), IFRS 9 requires for the definition and use of default, as well as the customization of what triggers a significant change in the risk of default since initial recognition, does not appear to have been fully received, and sufficiently disclosed in the financial statements.
Demographics as Moderator Between Perceived Easy of Use, Individual Awareness and Adoption of Mobile Financial Services
Authors: Witts Wilberforce , Kessy Severine
Published: November 2021

The number of mobile financial services users is keeping increasing in Tanzania. Despite such an increase, few individuals actively use mobile financial services. The adoption of these services may be contributed by either the different features of mobile financial services or demographics orientation. The current study used Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology and AMOS-SEM for data analysis. The findings revealed that the antecedents of mobile financial services, namely individual awareness and perceived ease of use significantly influence individual mobile financial services adoption. Demographics orientation was also found to have moderating effect on the relationship between individual awareness and perceived ease of use, and individual mobile financial services adoption. The paper makes a contribution in the theory used and contributes knowledge to the Tanzania national second financial inclusion policy 2018-2022 by considering demographics variables in analyzing different issues.
Spatial Distributions and Model Selections of Commercial Estuarine Fish (Sciaenidae) Populations Related to Water Quality, Chl-a, and AML in Musi River mouth, South Sumatra
Authors: Andriwibowo Andriwibowo , Basukriadi Adi , Nurdin Erwin
Published: November 2021

Estuary and river mouth are essential habitats for many commercial estuarine fishes, including the Sciaenidae family. While recently, estuaries have been threatened by anthropogenic marine litter (AML) transported from nearby land and river. An important type of AML is plastic litter since it takes a long degradation time. In the South Sumatra Province, Indonesia, one of the vital estuaries is the Musi estuary. This paper aims to map the spatial distributions of two Sciaenids, including Panna microdon and Otolithoides pama, and Sciaenid’s environmental covariates, including water quality, chlorophyll a, and plastic litters in Musi estuary and model the correlations of Sciaenids with their covariates. The maps were developed using GIS, and the model was validated using AIC methods. The data were collected from 3 river mouths in the west, central, and east of the Musi estuary. The data showed that the populations of both Sciaenids were higher in the east river mouth rather than in the west. Sciaenid populations were positively correlated with high salinity, DO, chlorophyll a, moderate transparency, and low temperature. A high load of AML’s frequency (7.54 items/m2) and weights (36.8 gram/m2) has reduced both Sciaenid populations in the central river mouth of the estuary. In contrast, low AML loads in the east have correlated with high Sciaenid populations. Model selection based on AIC values shows the best model for P.microdon retained an effect of AML weight with AIC values of 22.591 and 28.321 for O. pama. This concludes that the weight of plastic litter in estuary water was the main limiting factor for Sciaenid populations in Musi.
Biological, Technical, and Financial Feasibilities Study of Spirulina sp. Biomass Production with Modified Commercial Medium in Indonesia
Authors: Rilisa Chessandy , Suantika Gede
Published: November 2021

Spirulina sp. is the most common cyanobacteria commodity used in the bioindustry for functional food, source of protein, bioactive compounds, and biopigment. Production of Spirulina sp. still facing several problems such as high cost of culture medium with the less effective result, especially in developing countries. The medium was modified with commercial chemicals and fertilizers locally available in Indonesia to reduce the production cost. This study aimed to assess the biological, technical, and financial feasibility of Spirulina sp. biomass production using a modified commercial medium. Based on the biological feasibility study, the modified commercial medium (ZK1 and ZK2) gives a similar result to the standard medium, equal for growth rate and protein content. However, the result contains lower fat, carbohydrates, and biopigment. The financial feasibility analysis suggested that the system is feasible starting from 1.2-1.5 kg biomass production in a month. The best result gained on the production capacity of 5 kg biomass using ZK2 medium, with NPV of IDR 183,208,962 (US$12,769), IRR of 73%, B/C ratio of 7.8, and payback period in 7 months. It can be concluded that modified commercial medium was biologically, technically, and financially feasible to be applied in industrial biomass production of Spirulina sp.