bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BIODIVERSITY OF MOLD FUNGI IN THE AREAS OF THE CITY OF CHEBOKSARY
Authors:   FGBNU ", Potekhina R.M. ,   Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and biological safety ", Larina Yu.V. ,   FSBEI HE "Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman ", Sagdeeva Z.Kh. ,   FGBNU "Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and biological safety ", Mishina N.N. ,   FGBNU "Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and biological safety ", Titova V.Yu. ,   FGBNU "Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and biological safety ", Valiev A.R. ,   FGBNU "Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and biological safety "
Published: September 2021

A study of 12 soil samples in the summer period in the districts of the city of Cheboksary was conducted. The aim of the research was to conduct a mycological analysis of the soil and isolate particularly dangerous micromycetes in the urban environment. Soil samples were taken from the Moskovsky, Kalininsky, Leninsky districts of Cheboksary and Marposadsky highway. The pH of the soil environment of the city of Cheboksary was: Embankment of the Moskovsky district – 7.67, Kirovsky – 7.23; Leninsky – 7.28; Marposadskoe highway – 7.51. In mycological analysis of soil samples on agarized media of Chapek, the highest concentration of micromycetes was recorded in soil samples from the Moskovsky district on the Embankment, where the concentration of fungi of the genus Aspergillus fumigates was 27 %, fungi of the genus Fusarium sporotrichioides and Fusarium graminearum was 15 %. The soil of the Leninsky district was dominated by fungi of the genus Penicillium, their concentration was 23 %, Aspergillus flavus – 18 %. Isolates of fungi of the genus Penicillium spp. were isolated in the soil of the Kalininsky district, and their concentration was – 7 %, Aspergillus flavus – 21 %. The soil from the Marpasad highway was dominated by fungi of the genus Mucor sp. Testing on Paramecium caudatum infusoria showed that the field isolate of Aspergillus fumigates had toxic properties, the evaluation criterion for biotesting was 38 %. Aspergillus flavus showed a 78 % survival rate when tested on infusoria.
INFLUENCE OF DRUGS "IMUNOFAN" AND "FOSPRENIL" ON MORPHOLOGICAL COMPOSITION OF BLOOD OF CALVES
Authors:   FSBEI HE ", Tukhvatullina L.A. ,   Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman ", Karimova R.G. ,   FSBEI HE "Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman "
Published: September 2021

The aim of the work was to study the effect of immunomodulators "Imunofan" and "Fosprenil" on the intensity of nitric oxide (II) formation and the morphological composition of blood in calves. Increased levels of stable nitric oxide (II) metabolites in the blood plasma of calves after the use of immunomodulators indicates the participation of NO in nonspecific immunity reactions. Also the established relationship between the level of stable nitric oxide (II) metabolites and the number of stab neutrophils proves that NO is one of the regulators of neutrophil activity.
CHANGES IN PROTEIN-NITROGEN METABOLISM IN LABORATORY ANIMALS UNDER THE ACTION OF AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION OF FULLERENE C60
Authors:   FSBEI HE ", Alekseev A.A. ,   Saratov State Agrarian University   them. N.I. Vavilov ", Pudovkin N.A. ,   FSBEI HE "Saratov State Agrarian University   them. N.I. Vavilov ", Salautin V.V. ,   FSBEI HE "Saratov State Agrarian University   them. N.I. Vavilov "
Published: September 2021

The active use of fullerene C60 in veterinary medicine has a positive effect on the functions of hepatocytes, promotes the restoration of metabolic processes in the gastrointestinal tract, improving metabolic and redox processes in the body, reducing inflammatory and fibrosing processes in the liver. The aim of the work was to change the protein-nitrogen metabolism in laboratory animals under the action of an aqueous solution of fullerene C60. For the research, 3 groups of white rats were formed. It was found that after the introduction of the studied compounds, we observed changes in the parameters of protein-nitrogen metabolism, which were expressed in an increase in the level of total protein, urea, ammonia and urea in the blood serum of white rats. However, there was a decrease in the concentration of glutamine. The change in the content of albumins in the blood serum by 8.6-10.1 % and globulins by 6-6.5 % was also found. The results obtained indicate a positive effect of C60 fullerene solutions on the animal body.
EFFICACY OF THE BASED ON THE ASD-2 FRACTION DRUG COMPOSITION FOR CORRECTION OF DYSPEPTIC MANIFESTATIONS IN CALVES
Authors:   FSBEI HE ", Krasnikova E.S. ,   Michurinsk State Agrarian University", Radionov R.V. ,   FSBEI HE "Michurinsk State Agrarian University", Krasnikov A.V. ,   FSBEI HE "Michurinsk State Agrarian University"
Published: September 2021

The scientific article is devoted to evaluation of the original author's composition effectiveness for prevention and treatment of dyspepsia in newborn calves from BLV-infected cows. It is shown that use of the composition for prophylactic purposes reduces possibility of dyspepsia development in 20.82 % calves, and for therapeutic purposes reduces the treatment duration of dyspeptic manifestations in 28.35 % of newborn calves up to 3 days and increases the safety of livestock up to 100%. The obtained data are supported by the results of morphological and biochemical analyses of calves' blood, microbiological studies of the intestinal contents, indicating a rapid recovery of the animal homeostasis with opportune use of the composition for preventive or therapeutic purposes. It was found that use of the author's development allows us to keep the weight gain in calves from immunocompromised mothers at the level of intact animals.
Indonesian-Chinese Relations under Joko Widodo (2014–2021)
Authors:   MGIMO MFA of Russia, Maletin Nikolay P. , Khokhlova Natalia I. ,   MGIMO MFA of Russia
Published: September 2021

Indonesia, as the largest country in Southeast Asia, with vast natural resources and marine waters, the world's largest Muslim state, occupying the most important geostrategic position in the region, cannot but claim to be one of the key places on the Chinese “Аsian chessboard”. In connection with the rapid growth of the economic and political influence of the PRC, which is challenging America on the world stage, Indonesia undoubtedly seeks to take advantage of the current situation and take part in the implementation of Beijing's ambitious plans. Indonesian President Joko Widodo is implementing the concept of the country's economic development by strengthening all-round ties with China within the framework of the conjugation of the Indonesian national concept of the “global marine axis” with the Chinese megaproject “one belt – one road”.
Gold of Indonesia (Part 1.)
Authors:   Institute of oriental studies, Russian academy of sciences (MOSCOW), Popov Aleksandr V.
Published: September 2021

The article is devoted to the problems of the current state of the Indonesian gold-mining industry, the role of this country in the world gold production, and also the situation of the biggest gold-ore deposits of Indonesia and the companies exploiting them.
Myanmar Military Coup 2021: Causes and Scenarios for Further Development
Authors:   Institute of oriental studies, Russian academy of sciences (MOSCOW), Simoniya Aida A.
Published: September 2021

The article examines the true reasons for the military coup, which, according to the author, are the deep disappointment of the military with the victory of the National League for Democracy (NLD) in the general elections (2020), the growing popularity of this party and its leader Aung San Suu Kyi, as well as the old antipathy between the two branches of state power. The author considers the accusation of the Union Election Commission and the NLD of falsifying the election results to be a far-fetched problem and only a pretext for a military coup. The author pays special attention to the strategy of the new military regime and possible scenarios of the development of events in the country.
Topical Issues of Sino-Australian Relations: Supply Chains Resilience and Australia’s Critical Infrastructure under China's Rule
Authors:   Institute of oriental studies, Russian academy of sciences (MOSCOW), Garin Artyom A.
Published: September 2021

In the course of the development of trade and economic processes in the Asia Pacific, Sino-Australian ties had become increasingly close. Australia has benefited from cooperation with China: it has become one of the leading exporters of natural resources both regionally and globally and has also attracted human and material capital, which has accelerated the development of the Fifth Continent as one of the most popular destinations for tourism and education in the region. However, with the development of trade relations between Australia and China, there were growing concerns that the high export dependence and investment in the Fifth Continent's infrastructure from China bear the risks. In this paper, the author will focus on some topical issues of Sino-Australian relations in 2020 — the first half of 2021. In particular, the author will consider the trade diversification and the perception of the Australian authorities of investments in critical infrastructure from the PRC.
On the history of Chinese-Siamese relations in the 13th - the first half of the 15th centuries
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Moskalev Petr E.
Published: September 2021

The article is dedicated to providing a description of the development of Chinese-Siamese relations: diplomatic, economic and cultural during the 13th – first half of the 15th centuries. The specific conditions of both the official relations between the Chinese emperors and the Siamese kings and of the private liaisons between the two peoples are analyzed.
Dietary Supplementation with Sesame Seed to Improve Semen Quality of Ho Cocks
Authors: Thi Xuan Nguyen , Van Duy Nguyen , Thuy Nhung Dang , Dinh Ton Vu
Published: September 2021

High levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids in chicken spermatozoa make them susceptible to lipoperoxidation and reduce their fertility. This study was conducted to assess the effect of sesame seed  suplementation in the diet on the semen quality of Ho cocks. Eighteen 13-14 month-old cocks were randomly divided into three groups and were assigned to one of the following treatments: 0% SS (control), 5% SS, or 7% sesame seeds per kg of diet for ten consecutive weeks after a two-week adaptation period. Semen characteristics were evaluated once a week. In the 7% sesame seed treatment group, seminal traits including semen ejaculate volume (1.02mL), sperm concentration (3.68 x 109 sperm), and abnormal spermatozoa (10.51% were improved (P <0.05) compared to the control group (0.82mL, 2.81 x 109 sperm, and 11.04% for semen ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, and abnormal spermatozoa, respectively). Supplementation with sesame seeds did not significantly affect sperm motility, mass movement, or semen pH. Our results demonstrate that sesame seed supplementation at 7% successfully improved the ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, and normal spermatozoa percentage of Ho cocks.
Expression of Zinc Finger Protein Zat12 from Arabidopsis thaliana in Escherichia coli
Authors: Cham Le Thi Tuyet , Thang Vu Ngoc , Tuan Tran Anh , Thuy Hang Vu Thi
Published: September 2021

The C2H2 zinc finger protein ZAT12 has been classified as a plant core abiotic stress response gene in the early  response to multiple stresses. ZAT12 links the iron deficiency and oxidative stress responses through the direct interaction with/and negative regulation of a central regulator - FIT. For further research on the regulation of the ZAT12 protein in planta, a huge quantity of ZAT12 proteins is required to inject into mice for the generation of ZAT12 antiserum. In this study, the gene encoding the ZAT12 protein from Arabidopsis thaliana was cloned into the expression vector - pETBlue-2 and then overexpressed in E. coli T7. A high expression level was indicated by SDS-PAGE. Immunoblot demonstrated successful expression using a bacterial expression system.
An Overview of Drug Effects on Bone Healing on Animal Research Models
Authors: Nam Nguyen Hoai , Kampa Naruepon
Published: September 2021

Bone fracture is a common health problem in humans and animals, and the healing of the bone fracture is a complicated process. Several drugs may be used concurrently with the treatment of fractures, but they may interfere with the healing process of the bone. The present research reviewed previously published studies with the objective to enhance the understandings of the effects of different drugs on bone healing. There is clear evidence that antibiotics, corticosteroids, non-steroidal inflammatory drugs, and chemotherapeutic drugs all affect bone healing. By contrast, the effect of anticoagulants on bone healing is controversial, so more research is needed to determine its efficacy. In addition, there is no direct evidence to approve the effect of anesthetics on bone healing, so this is another area in need of further research.
RELATIONSHIP OF PELVIC ALIGNMENT WITH BALANCE AND GAIT IN PATIENTS WITH STROKE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Authors: Mishra Ashwini , Ganvir Dr. Suvarna
Published: September 2021

Background- Pelvis is the key structure that connects the spine and the lower limbs. Altered Pelvic Alignment and asymmetrical weight bearing on affected lower limbs is a common problem leading to pelvic instability which may have an effect on balance and gait in patients with stroke. Hence, it was aimed to investigate the interdependence of these three components in patients with stroke. Methods- Four databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane, Science Direct) were searched to identify eligible studies using the keywords Pelvic Alignment, Gait, Balance, Stroke. Only observational studies published in last 10 years (2010-2020) were included in this review. Results- Thirteen studies were included in the review conducted on sub-acute and chronic stage. All studies investigated the affection of pelvic mal-alignment, balance and gait in combination of two variables except 3 studies which investigated the combined effect of pelvic inclination on both balance and gait. The abnormal pelvic tilt results in lateral displacement of the pelvis on affected side, altered Base of Support, reduced balance control, asymmetry in weight bearing leading to altered gait. Conclusion- Pelvic tilt, anterior and lateral has a significant impact on static balance, gait variables, weight bearing symmetry.
Extraspinal incidental findings and reporting rates at lumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging: more than a spinal examination?
Authors: KOMUT Erdal
Published: September 2021

Aim: To reveal the prevalence characteristics of extraspinal findings incidentally detected in lumbar spinal MRI examinations, determine their rate of reporting status, and analyze the findings in terms of clinical significance and patient benefit in order to help prevent possible medicolegal and ethical problems.
Material and Methods: A total of 2,912 lumbar MRI examinations were retrospectively reviewed. The extraspinal findings were identified and analyzed according to their clinical significance. MRI examination reports were analyzed and whether extraspinal findings were included in these reports was determined.
Results: The study included a total of 2,912 patients, of whom 41% (n=1,195) were male and 59% (n=1,717) were female. The mean age of all patients was 48.25±15.92 (8-90) years. The mean age of men was 47.31±16.96 (9-90) and that of women was 48.91±15.12 (8-90) years. Extraspinal findings were present in 29% (n=844) of the patients and absent in 71% (n=2,068). The number of extraspinal findings 1 for 25.10% (n=731) of the patients, 2 in 3.61% (n=105), 3 in 0.24% (n=7), and 4 in 0.03% (n=1), with the total number being determined as 966.
Conclusion: Lumbar MRI images should be more carefully examined during the reporting stage and clinical evaluation in order to prevent possible morbidity-mortality situations by making accurate and early referrals in patient management and to avoid ethical-judicial problems that physicians may face due to the inability to recognize existing pathologies that may be outside the targeted area.
Contribution of beverages to daily added sugar intake: compliance with guidelines’ recommendations
Authors: MORTAŞ Hande , BİLİCİ Saniye
Published: September 2021

Aim: Beverages that contribute significantly to the daily added sugar intakes are reported to cause increased health problems such as obesity as long as their consumption is not limited. The aim of this study is to estimate added sugar intake from beverages. This cross-sectional descriptive study conducted on 837 adults aged between 18-65 years.

Material and Methods: A questionnaire including questions about general socio-demographic characteristics (gender, occupation, income status, age, education) was applied. The beverage consumption within previous month was questioned using a beverage frequency questionnaire. The weight and height of the individuals were measured.

Results: In the present study, the mean added sugar intake from beverages was 13.1 ± 17.6 g/day. Fruit drinks and caloric sodas had the highest contributions to daily added sugar intake, followed by sweetened tea and coffee. It was found that 11.95% and 9.68% of participants exceeded the recommendation of the American Heart Association and World Health Organization, respectively.

Conclusions: Sugar sweetened beverages are significant contributors to daily added sugar intake in Turkish population. Therefore, decreasing the consumption of sugar sweetened beverages should be main public health implementation to avoid the negative health outcomes including obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases that may occur in the future.
Head and neck lymphomas from otolaryngology perspective
Authors: BAKKAL Faruk Kadri , GÜLHAN Nagihan , ERAVCI Fakih Cihat , KIZIL Yusuf , AYDİL Utku
Published: September 2021

Aim: To evaluate the clinical manifestations, histopathologic composition, and demographic characteristics of the lymphomas presented in the head and neck.

Materials and Methods: Records of subjects who had a diagnosis of lymphoma by an otolaryngology clinic in a tertiary referral hospital between May 2007 and July 2017 were reviewed. Demographic features and data regarding histopathology, radiology, and clinical presentation were evaluated.

Results: A total of 103 lymphomas in the head and neck region, 79 (77%) nodal lymphoma, and 24 (23%) extranodal lymphoma, were diagnosed. The initial presentation was solitary lymphadenopathy in 12 (15%) of the nodal lymphomas but conglomerated or multiple lymphadenopathies in the others. No significant relationship was found between lymph node size and histopathology (p=0.144).

Extranodal lymphomas presented most commonly in tonsils (n=8, 33%). Hodgkin lymphoma to non-Hodgkin lymphoma ratio was 0.8 (35/44) among nodal lymphomas. The dominant subgroup of non-Hodgkin lymphomas was diffuse large b-cell lymphoma (n=18, 40%). All of the Hodgkin lymphomas in our series were classic variant, and the subjects were younger than the non-Hodgkin lymphomas (z=-4.803, p
The effect of vertebral artery characteristics on cervical discogenic pain and disability
Authors: URAN ŞAN Ayça , KELEŞ Hakan
Published: September 2021

Introduction : Cervical discogenic pain, which is characterized by a stiffness or pain in neck movement, generally occurs as a result of disc degeneration. On the other hand; vascular pathologies of the cervical region, especially vertebrobasilar insufficiency, may give rise to similar findings in patients; it can also be detected simultaneously with cervical disc pathologies. . In this study, it was aimed to investigate whether the circulatory properties of the vertebral arteries have an effect on the neck pain and functional status of the patients.

Material and Method: Based on the participants’ medical history, physical examination and radiological examination, sixty five patients were diagnosed with cervical disc herniation. Twenty patients who met the inclusion criteria were completed the study. Vertebral artery and carotid artery doppler ultrasonography was performed in these patients, thus any stenosis or insufficiency in vascular systems of the neck was evaluated. Additionally; vertebral blood flow rate (ml / min),vessel diameter(mm), minimum blood flow velocity (Vmin) and maximum blood flow velocity (Vmax) parameters was measured by doppler ultrasonography. The obtained findings compared with patients' level of pain measured with the "VAS (Visual Analog Scale)" and the level of daily life activities measured by the "Neck Disability Index ".

Results: It was detected a statistically significant negative correlation between the VAS score and right vertebral artery diameter (p=0.019, r=-0.518). A significant reverse correlation between the VAS score and right vertebral arterial blood flow rate (p=0.011, r=-0.556) was also observed. No correlation was found between other vertebral artery parameters and VAS score or Neck Disability Index (p>0.05).

Conclusion: The findings of this study revealed that there is a correlation between the vertebral artery flow rate and pain level. Clinicians must take into consideration vertebral pathologies in patients with neck pain because of this vital condition may accompany with various musculoskeletal pathologies such as cervical disc herniation.
The effect of row number on clinical and life quality outcomes of patients who underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair
Authors: GÜNAY Mahmut , EKEN Gökay
Published: September 2021

Objective: Shoulder pain and disability are mostly seen following rotator cuff rupture. Arthroscopic rotator cuff repair becomes a gold standard treatment for rotator cuff rupture when conservative treatment fails. Comparing functional results, retear rates and reoperation rates of arthroscopic rotator cuff repair in terms of single-row versus double row techniques is our aim in this study.

Material and Method: Overall, 174 arthroscopic rotator cuff surgery patients were specified into 2 groups. Group 1 consists of 81 patients underwent single-row repair and group 2 consists of 93 patients consisted of transosseos equivalent technique double row. We evaluated demographic data and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons, Constant Murley, Visual analogue scale and 36-item Short Form subscale scores.

Results: Mean follow-up time was 14.08±4.77 months. ASES, CM and VAS following ARCR were similar between two groups. Some of SF-36 subscale score improvements after operation are significantly better in group 2; role limitations due to physical health (p = 0.041), energy/fatigue (p = 0.026), emotional well-being (p = 0.017), pain (p = 0.010), general health (p = 0.037). Re-rupture rates were significantly different. In group 1 re-rupture rate was 13.6% and for group 2 it was 1.1% (p = 0.001).

Conclusion: Lower re-rupture rates, and improved quality of life outcomes at short-term follow-up can be obtained by arthroscopic double-row repair. We suggest that the double-row technique can be considered for patients who have medium to large rotator cuff tears for lower re-rupture rates and some quality of life outcomes.
The evaluation of sepsis in the emergency department and its association with mortality
Authors: KESMEZ CAN Fatma , TEKİN Erdal , CAN Abdullah , ALAY Handan , ARAS Aysun
Published: September 2021

Aim: Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction accompanied by a dysregulated host response to infection. Patients with sepsis may present with different clinical manifestations, and there is no gold standard diagnostic test. Early diagnosis and rapid treatment result in a decrease in sepsis-related deaths. Quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) is a scoring system used in diagnosing sepsis through a rapid evaluation at the time of initial presentation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between qSOFA scores and mortality in patients presenting to the emergency department with suspected sepsis.

Material and Method: Seventy patients presenting to the Atatürk University Medical Faculty Emergency Department and commencing treatment with a preliminary diagnosis of sepsis between 01.12.2019 and 01.06.2020 were included in the research. Patients’ qSOFA scores were calculated, and their demographic data, infection parameters and foci, the clinics to which they were admitted, and outcomes were recorded. The data were analyzed, and the relationships between qSOFA classifications and other infection parameters (CRP, procalcitonin, and lactate) and mortality were examined.

Results: Seventy percent (n=49) of the 70 patients in the study were discharged, while 30% (n=21) were exitus. A statistically significant relationship was present between qSOFA scores and mortality (p
Culturally Relevant Health Education: A Foundation for Building Cultural Competence of Health Professionals
Authors: Frank Gail C. , Centinaje Erika , Gatdula Natalia , Garcia Melawhy , Nguyen-Rodriguez Selena T. , Bird Mara , Rios-Ellis R. Britt
Published: September 2021

Background: Professionals educating ethnic minority populations should employ a cultural focus during development, training, refinement and implementation stages of an intervention. Purpose: This manuscript posits that the skill of developing a culturally relevant curriculum supports the increase of cultural competence proficiency of professionals, while promoting health equity. Methods: A community-based participatory research-trained staff, recruited 378 families with 2 to 8-year-old children. Eight intergenerational focus groups were conducted at neighborhood facilities. Graduate fellows conducted reviews of literature and health directives to conceptualize the curriculum. Spanish-speaking students and promotoras (community health workers) having participants’ confidence, presented healthy lifestyle information and taught practical skills to each group of 12-16 low-income Latino families from Long Beach, CA. With attention to participants’ preferred language, educational level, cultural beliefs, practices and food preferences, the intervention demonstrates a culturally relevant curriculum. Hands-on activities and motivational interviewing questions enriched the 4-hour intervention delivered in Spanish. Results: Graduate fellows’ cultural competence increased. More than 97% of participants reported sessions beneficial to their families’ health with 84% attending all sessions/assessments. Participants found the content easy to understand and helpful to eat healthier and be more active. Conclusion: Sanos y Fuertes is a model for developing a culturally relevant, family-based healthy lifestyle educational curriculum and building culturally competent health professionals.
Fitness Assessment Feedback May Lower Intrinsic Motivation for Physical Activity among College Students
Authors: Chandler Laura , Lee Jerry W. , Lesniak Karen T. , Herring R. Patti
Published: September 2021

Fitness assessments are commonly used as a motivational tool in exercise classes and fitness training. However, there is little research on their actual effect. This study explored how the feedback from a fitness assessment may affect intrinsic motivation for physical activity in college students. The study utilized a quasi-experimental design where 430 college students were assigned to either an intervention or one of two control groups. The fitness assessment was only distributed to the subjects in the intervention group. Students were surveyed at four-time points to examine subjects’ competence, autonomy and intrinsic motivation. A repeated measures general linear model measured differences between those who did and did not receive the fitness assessment. Intrinsic motivation (F(6,848)=2.33 p=.031) and competence (F(6, 848)=3.81, p=.001) diminished significantly in the group receiving fitness assessment feedback as compared to either control group. Additionally, for those in the intervention group that perceived their feedback as negative there was a significant decrease in competence (F(1,155)=15.59, p<.001), intrinsic motivation (F(1, 155)=6.41, p=.012), and physical activity (F(1,155)=7.46, p=.007). Fitness assessment feedback may hinder intrinsic motivation toward physical activity at least among those dissatisfied with the feedback.
Downstep in Supyire
Authors: Carlson Robert
Published: September 2021

Downstep in the vast majority of cases can be traced to the influence of a low tone [Hyman 1979]. This paper discusses the case of Supyire, a three tone language with downstep unrelated to low tone. Sequences of high tones are automatically downstepped. Confusion with mid tone is in most cases avoided by a rule which raises mid to high tone; the two rules together creating a "flip-flop" effect. Supyire also has automatic downdrift of mid and high tones following a low tone. It thus presents an unusual combination of downstep and downdrift in the same language, but unrelated to each other.
Genetic relationship and the case of Ma'a Mbugu
Authors: Thomason Sarah G.
Published: September 2021

This paper addresses the general question of genetic vs. nongenetic language development, in the context of a structural and historical discussion of Ma'a (Mbugu), a language with Cushitic basic vocabulary that is spoken in Tanzania. The grammatical structure of Ma'a is compared to characteristic Cushitic and Bantu structures. The conclusion that emerges from this comparison is that Ma'a probably does not have enough Cushitic grammar to qualify as a Cushitic language in the full genetic sense; and if it does not, its origin must be nongenetic. The final section of the paper seeks to determine the particular route of nongenetic development that Ma'a has followed, using the direct evidence of published comments about its speakers' history and the indirect evidence of comparison with other languages whose origin is nongenetic or, like Ma'a, on the borderline between genetic and nongenetic.
A note on the kinship system of Kenya Luo
Authors: Christie Jr William M.
Published: September 2021

The kinship terms of Kenya Luo show morphologically plural forms for both singular and plural possessors. This feature is not uniform throughout the system, but is present in some terms, absent in others, and variable in still others. This variability, together with the fact that similar patterns are not found in related or neighboring languages, suggests that the pattern is a residual inheritance in Luo.
ON the high non-expanded vowels of Yoruboid
Authors: Capo Hounkpati B.
Published: September 2021

A current debate going on among Yoruba linguists is the existence and phonological status of the high non-expanded vowels. Indeed while Igala, Isekiri and many Yoruba dialects exhibit a seven-vowel system, other Yoruba dialects exhibit a ·nine-vowel system (including i and o), both types showing however interesting vowel co-occurrence restrictions. Given this situation, some scholars argue that proto-Yoruba and proto-Yorubold had a nine-vowel system with cross-height vowel harmony, while others claim that they had a seven-vowel system. The present paper reviews both positions and suggests another alternative; in particular it shows how cross-height vowel harmony came about in Yoruboid.
The role of MSC's in Oshikwanyama loan phonology
Authors: Steinbergs Aleksandra
Published: September 2021

This paper takes its data from OshiKwanyama, a Bantu language spoken in Namibia and Angola; the paper is an investigation of the phonological incorporation processes at work in the loanwords of this language. When loanwords are taken into a language the degree to which they undergo such phonological modification varies. There appears to be a hierarchy of such modifications in OshiKwanyama, such that some always apply, others normally apply, and yet others apply rarely and in special circumstances. These modifications are often based on, though not necessarily identical to, the MSC's of the borrowing language. The modifications appear to work in terms of a hierarchy of application. The paper describes several loanword incorporation processes and delineates the modification hierarchy.
Cross River as a model for the evolution of Benue-Congo nominal class concord systems
Authors: Faraclas Demuth
Published: September 2021

Cross River languages exhibit nominal class/concord systems which typify almost every possible stage of simplification of the proto-Benue-Congo system, from full retention in some Upper Cross and Bendi languages to near complete elimination in the Ogoni group. The synchronic facts from Cross River shed light on some of the psycholinguistic processes involved in class/concord systems acquisition and retention as well as some of the sociolinguistic processes involved in the modification or loss of such systems. Taken together, the nominal class/concord systems of the Cross River languages correspond to points along a continuum or implicational scale which may prove to be of value in establishing a typology of class/concord systems throughout the Benue-Congo sub-branch.
Adjectives and adjectivialization processes in Edo
Authors: Omoruyi Thomas O.
Published: September 2021

Real adjectives are few in Niger-Congo languages. Welmers [1973] warns that we should be suspicious of what is traditionally called adjectives in these languages: In this article, an attempt is made to describe the processes of expressing adjectival concepts in Edo. Like many natural languages, Edo adjectives and verbs are hardly separable; areas of similarity are analyzed. Taking a critical look at some words which have been erroneously called adjectives, we discover that they are in fact relative clauses. An examination of their underlying structures reveals the sources of their singular and plural forms. Finally, we identify some real adjectives (some of which are derived from adjectival verbs) on the basis of their inability to occur alone without "qualifying" nouns.
Hypothese du morpheme verbal discontinu -id-e
Authors: Rugero Nkiko Munya , Mukala Kabange
Published: September 2021

ide tel que reconstitue en Le morpheme polyphonique proto-bantu comme marque verbale du passe de l'indicatif apparait dans beaucoup de langues bantu actuelles sous une forme dont Ie comportement auto rise la segmentation en deux elements discontinus -id-e Le kizeela en fournit la meilleure verification avec l'insertion de l'extension passive sans qu'il soit neanmoins possible d'attribuer une quelconque signification a chacun des et -e pris isolement. elements ainsi degages -ld-1.
Floating tones and contour tones in Kenyang
Authors: Odden David
Published: September 2021

Tonal alternations in the Bantu language Kenyang appear on first consideration to be rather complicated but yield to analysis into a small number of rules, which reveal interesting properties of floating tones, contour tones, and the tone-bearing unit in the language. This study focuses on the following problems. First, there is a phonetic contrast, found only at the end of the utterance, between the downgliding L of eket and the unreleased L of basemo. Unreleased L will be shown to derive from rising tone. Second, I argue that syllable final consonants may be tone-bearing, a claim supported by analysis of tone alternations resulting from postlexical resyllabification. Third, Kenyang uses floating L prefixes to form morphological verb tense distinctions. There is a behavioral contrast between the free L tone marking the progressive, which triggers downstep and blocks a spreading rule, versus the free L used in the recent past, which docks to the first root vowel, thereby causing the root tone to shift rightward. The analytic problem is to find a way to represent these two types of floating L. The distinction can be handled by assigning them to different levels of the lexical phonology, so that the shift-inducing L is added when verb roots are inserted, but the float-only L is added at a later stratum-. Finally, I show that the interaction between the two rules H Spreading and Fall Simplification provides evidence for the cyclic application of postlexical rules.
Verbal inflection in Kwawu Akan
Authors: Campbell Richard
Published: September 2021

Morphological processes in Kwawu are argued to be governed by a condition which states that words are morphologically analyzable only in terms of properties of the head of the word. The head of an affiixed word is the most external affix. Certain rules apply only to bare stems and not to words with affixes. A verb formed by reanalyzing adjacent verbs as a single morphological word is accessible to these rules if its head is a stem; non-head roots in the reanalyzed verb are inaccessible to all morphological rules, as predicted.
Speech tempo consonant deletion
Authors: Omozuwa Victor Edosa
Published: September 2021

Speech tempo, vowel contraction/elision, and consonant deletion are common phonetic features of the Edo language spoken in Oredo, Orhionmwo, and Ovia Local Government Areas of Bendel State, Nigeria. Vowel contraction/elision in rapid speech usually occurs in word boundaries in larger constructions and often results in tonal modifications of such utterances. This paper focuses on speech tempo as it affects consonant deletion in Edo nouns. Two speech tempos, slow and rapid, will be used in explaining the presence or absence of consonant deletion in the language. Consonant deletion in rapid speech occurs exclusively in nouns. The tonal melody, the number of syllables, and the meanings of such nouns are not affected by consonant deletion. Consonant deletion in Edo nouns follows a regular pattern depending on the articulatory properties of the consonants in a given sequence.
Contextual labialization in Nawuri
Authors: Casali Roderic F.
Published: September 2021

A spectrographic investigation into the non-contrastive labialization of consonants before round vowels in Nawuri (a Kwa language of Ghana) supports the notion that this labialization is the result of a phonological, featurespreading rule and not simply an automatic transitional process. This assumption is further warranted in that it allows for a more natural treatment of some other phonological processes in the language. The fact that labialization before round vowels is generally not very audible is explained in terms of a principle of speech perception. A final topic addressed is the question of why (both in Nawuri and apparently in a number of other Ghanaian languages as well) contextual labialization does tend to be more perceptible in certain restricted environments.
Swati and Kikuyu reduplication evidence against exhaustive copy
Authors: Peng Long
Published: September 2021

This paper addresses the central question of deriving shape-invariance of partial reduplication in two competing models of reduplication: Selective Copy [McCarthy and Prince 1986, 1988, and 1990] and Exhaustive Copy [Steriade 1988]. I show that the core difference lies in the fact that whereas Selective Copy favors prosodic templates, Exhaustive Copy selects parameters defined in terms of prosodic units. This distinction is examined against Swati diminutive reduplication which shows the base-independent vowel a. Crucially, to insert a requires access to segmentally unspecified prosodic units. Under Selective Copy, prosodic templates provide exactly the structures for defining insertion. In contrast, Exhaustive Copy cannot provide an internally consistent mechanism to express a insertion, with its reliance on parameters. This incapability reveals a larger problem confronting Exhaustive Copy: how to account for reduplication involving base expansion rather than base reduction. Unless a mechanism is found, Exhaustive Copy, with its parameter approach, is unable to explain base-expansion cases in reduplication.
Phonology in the basilect the fate of final consonants in Liberian Interior English
Authors: Singler John Victor
Published: September 2021

Pidginized Liberian Interior English (LIE) has English as its lexifier language and Mande languages as its substrate. Broadly speaking, this means that LIE takes its lexicon from English and its phonology from Mande. However, the structure of English words clashes with Mande syllable structure conditions, particularly with regard to word-final consonants. To resolve this conflict, LIE has in some cases restructured the English words and in others created phonological rules to make underlying English forms more Mande-like on the surface. These rules include paragoge (for verbs only), resyllabification, and deletion. In the present study, a variable-rule analysis of LIE performance data identifies the crucial linguistic and social factors that bear upon rule choice, thereby making possible a linguistic assessment of regularities in the rules' distribution.
Morpological stratification in Dinka
Authors: Andersen Torben
Published: September 2021

Dinka is a Western Nilotic language with three contrastive degrees of vowel length, two contrastive voice qualities in vowels, and three contrastive tones. Although to a large extent a monosyllabic language, Dinka has an elaborate morphology. In monosyllabic words the morphology is manifested solely by alternations among values of a number of phonological parameters of the root, including, among others, vowel length, voice quality, and tone. In this article the alternations of these three parameters are systematically set forth and described for the core of the derivational and inflectional morphology of transitive verbal roots in the Agar dialect of Dinka. Furthermore, it is argued that morphologically complex monosyllabic verb forms are analysable as configurations of morphological layers at which values of the phonological parameters are specified, such configurations being underlying phonological representations.
Epenthesis, mutation, and structure preservation in the Shona causative
Authors: Myers Scott
Published: September 2021

In Shona (Bantu: Zimbabwe), the causative fonn of a verb is fonned in one of two ways: either with the suffix -is-/-es- or by changing the root final consonant to a corresponding coronal continuant. The author argues for an analysis in which both fonns are derived from a common underlying suffix /sl. The suffixal fonn is the result of an independently motivated process of epenthesis. The mutation, on the other hand, comes about by fusion of the /s/ with the preceding consonant. This fusion leads in some cases to feature combinations disallowed in Shona. The effects of mutation in these cases can be captured exploiting an active version of Kiparsky's Structure Preservation in tenns of "persistent rules".
Aspects of Avatime phonology
Authors: Schuh Russell G.
Published: September 2021

Avatime is one of 14 Central-Togo languages (formerly known as "Togo Remnant Languages") spoken in the Volta Region of Ghana and contiguous areas of Togo. The most striking typological feature of these languages compared to their closest Kwa relatives is the fact that they have active noun class systems. The present paper is a description of Avatime phonology, with emphasis on certain features which have been poorly described and/or are of general linguistic interest. Within the consonant system, Avatime has bilabial fricatives and a full series of labiovelar obstruents, including fricatives. Consonants with following glides are considered to be segment sequences rather than consonants with secondary articulations. The vowel system has nine vowels with [ATR] harmony. Continguous vowels undergo a variety of coalescence processes, which differ depending on morphological context and the specific vowels involved. Modem Avatime requires an analysis with four contrasting level tones. However, many instances of two of these tones (the highest level and the lower mid level) are derived through still active processes. One feature of the tone system not previously described is the presence of glottal stop following a syllable bearing non-low tone when that syllable falls at a phonological phrase boundary.
Prosodically-conditioned vowel shortening in Chindali
Authors: Botne Robert
Published: September 2021

In Chindali [Bantu M21, northern Malawi and southern Tanzania], the augment vowel of noun classes 1 a, Sa, 9 and 10 exhibits allomorphic variation in length. In other noun classes, the vowel of the noun class prefix varies in length before NCinitial stems. The author demonstrates that, in both cases, potentially long vowels become shortened, except that they do so under different conditions: mora-count of the noun stem in the first case, lack of high tone (accent) on the prefix in the second.
Maasai gender in typological perspective
Authors: Payne Doris
Published: September 2021

Maasai nouns (or determined NPs) occur in one of three genders: masculine/ augmentative, feminine/diminutive, or place (the last is extremely limited). The Maasai gender system is semantic rather than formal (i.e., based on phonological or morphological criteria) in type, but with at least two distinct semantic subtypes. For a restricted set of nouns, gender is immutably based on lexical semantic features. Other nouns are lexically neutral, or have a default gender specification which can be overridden by the speaker's construal of the referent as small/ female, large/male, or pejorative. Varying by the noun, either of the productive genders may convey a pejorative construal, though it is most common in the feminine. The default gender of a noun is that which yields the non-pejorative sense. Some evidence suggests that feminine is becoming the grammatically unmarked gender.
Tone shift and spread in Taita I
Authors: Odden David
Published: September 2021

Numerous Bantu languages have processes of rightward shift or spread of H tone. Sometimes the process is quite simple: every H shifts once to the right (as in Cijita) or spreads once to the right (as in Kikerewe). The tonal system of Taita is more complex in that both shifting and spreading are found in the language. Furthermore, the extent of tone shift or spread is not just one syllable; sometimes, H tone can shift or spread by two syllables. An analysis of the tonal system of the Dembwa dialect of Taita is given here. It is argued that the facts of the language are best described in terms of two rules of rightward spreading and a third rule of tone delinking. The argument for analyzing the tone system in terms of three interacting rules rather than one unified rightward movement process resides in the fact that the environments for the three processes only overlap partially. On the theoretical front, these results support a general decomposition of the process of tone shift into tone spread interacting with tonal delinking, rather than including the operation of shift in the formal repertoire of primitive phonological operations.
Review article The role of perception in loanword phonology
Authors: Kenstowicz Michael
Published: September 2021

Review Article: The Role of Perception in Loanword Phonology. A review of Les emprunts linguistiques d'origine europeenne en Fon by Flavien Gbeto, Koln: Rudiger Koppe Verlag, 2000
Information structuring in Akan question-word fronting and focus constructions
Authors: Marfo Charles , Bodomo Adams
Published: September 2021

Wh-question fronting and focus constructions in Akan have three structural characteristics in common: constituent fronting, introduction of a clitic morpheme after the fronted constituent, and pronoun resumption in a canonical clause position. In comparing these constructions to each other and to related canonical constructions, one is confronted with the question whether the same discourse-contextual information is consistently expressed in both constructions. Using the framework of Lexical-Functional Grammar, we show that both whquestion fronting and focus constructions share representations in the constituent and functional structure. Considering the individual discourse-contextual information expressed in wh-question fronting and focus constructions, as compared to the discourse-contextual information expressed in the respective in situ and canonical clause counterparts, however, we show that a variance is drawn between them in the information structure. In a further constraint-based analysis, Optimality-Theoretic LFG is used to clarify the proposals made.
Comparative Chadic revisited
Authors: Newman Paul
Published: September 2021

No abstract is available for SAL supplements.