bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Holy Ground of the Institute
Authors: Cottle Thomas J.
Published: September 2018

The 400 block of Clymer Avenue in Mattapan once boasted a line of gorgeous houses with handsome lawns and sizable garages. Forty years ago those who knew the area would have called the block and a few blocks surrounding it the neighborhood of the hoi polloi. There was, however, a smugness about those who lived in that block, it was said. And because they were Jews, it was also said, they should have known better and treated others who didn't have as much more kindly. After all, if the Jews don't help each other, who will?

In time the neighborhood around Clymer Avenue changed. Most of the rich families moved to Jamaica Plain, Brookline, and Newton. Some families moved as far away as Lexington to the north. All but a few of the grand homes were tom down, and simple, efficient apartment buildings erected in their place.
Apologies for the Mind
Authors: Hux Samuel
Published: September 2018

Behind William Hazlitt's eloquence there was certainly vision, and something like courage. For learning does imply, like making, a certain risk—or did. Besides springs and sun, the lurking adder, and there is something ambiguous and awesome about “the shadow of angelic wings.” A certain resolve is thus required if we are to step, in our imaginings, into Einstein's elevator, or test the possibility that we have been living in Plato's cave. It is symptomatic of our times that we feel we must repeat this, even a little insistently and dramatically—that thinking and learning and making, the pursuit of culture, is serious, dangerous business. I am inclined to say that heroism is involved here too, but recognizing that that may sound merely romantic, I settle for the moment on risk.
El Salvador's Mothers of Intervention
Authors: Dugas Christine
Published: September 2018

A dozen peasant women have gathered on a sultry morning in downtown San Salvador for the Mothers' weekly committee meeting. There is no coffee, no lighthearted conversation in the bare room. A palpable anxiety grips the assembly: It is becoming increasingly dangerous to oppose the government they believe is holding their missing children.

Since 1977 the Committee of Mothers of Political Prisoners and Missing Persons has fought for their children's freedom. The fact that they are known as “the Mothers” hampers the Salvadoran Government's normally brutal style of putting down opposition. The women wield a formidable weapon – their own motherhood–and the government doesn't want to risk national and international censure by attacking them.
In the National Interest
Authors: Schlesinger Arthur
Published: September 2018

William James used to say that temperaments determine philosophies. People who respond to international affairs divide temperamentally into two schools: those who see policies as wise or foolish, and those who see them as good or evil. One cannot presume an ultimate metaphysical antagonism here. No person can escape perceptions of good and evil—even Machiavelli counseled the Prince not to forget, when circumstances impelled him to do a bad thing, that he was doing a bad thing—and no policy can wholly divorce political from moral principles. Nor in the impenetrability of human motives can we easily know when the moral reasons are political reasons in disguise (very often the case) or when political reasons are moral reasons in disguise (more frequent than one might think).
India's Second Freedom Struggle
Authors: Henderson Michael
Published: September 2018

During the Indian Emergency a cartoon appeared in a Sri Lanka newspaper that depicted two Gandhi-capped congressmen in conversation, one of them saying: "The thing I really miss is lecturing the Western nations on how to run a democracy." If there has been resistance in the past to Indian lectures, there is now widespread openness to learning from India's nineteen-month Emergency. There may be lessons for all countries that claim to be democratic.
Banking Gone Bad
Authors: Cohen Benjamin J.
Published: September 2018

If debtors prisons were still in fashion, many countries around the world would now be in jail. Poland, Rumania, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico—all recently have found themselves teetering on the edge of bankruptcy, unable to pay even the interest on the money they owe to Western governments and banks. And the list keeps growing longer. Over the last year nearly three dozen Third World and East European nations have fallen into arrears' on their foreign loans. Never before have so many countries come so close to default on so much debt.
The Making of Lesotho
Authors: Suarez Rafael
Published: September 2018

The visitor flying into Lesotho—the tiny nation-state wholly surrounded by South Africa—gets to see a bit of the country before landing. It's enough to give him second thoughts. The parched, brown land stretches in all directions; and nowhere is there a hint of the lush mountain kingdom promised in the tourist board's brochures.

The Air Lesotho forty-seater touches down at Chief Leabua Jonathan International Airport, a single building in a vast field. The scrutiny of passport control, then the visitor is whisked down Chief Leabua Jonathan Highway toward Maseru, the capital. The highway is flanked by conical huts with thatched roofs and rows of public housing— cinder-block boxes topped with corrugated iron. The huts and boxes continue into the very heart of the capital, where the visitor's car turns onto Maseru's main road, the Kingsway. The sign readsr “Welcome to Lesotho, Africa's friendly mountain kingdom.” Perhaps it should read: Welcome to the poorest place on earth.
Noah and the Nuclear Rainbow
Authors: Waskow Arthur
Published: September 2018

In the last few centuries the conventional assumption of both modern secularists and the religious communities has been that our world is too new, our problems too unprecedented, for the ancient systems of religious thought and practice to be useful. I am proposing exactly the opposite approach: That precisely because our world is so new, we must draw on the ancient wisdoms.

We might test this approach against the one fact of our lives that is the most radically unprecedented: that the survival of the human race is in danger, and even the survival of all life on earth is in serious question. How could there emerge from ancient religious traditions that are rooted in a world of firewood and olive oil, spears and chariots, any useful answers to this unprecedented possibility?
Literature & Politics in Poland
Authors: English Robert D.
Published: September 2018

If Westerners harbored any doubts about the role of the Catholic Church in sustaining the Polish national spirit, the recent visit of Pope John Paul II to his native land surely laid them to rest. And yet the Church's historic partner in the enterprise of keeping Polish nationalism alive is still generally overlooked. That partner is Poland's national literature.

Polish literature helped sustain the nation through centuries of oppression, and its role in the post-World War II epoch has been no less critical. From the Romantic classics of the nineteenth century to a (for Eastern Europe) remarkably free modern literature, Poland's authors and poets are its unsung heroes in the struggle to preserve an independent national culture.
The Truth About Japan
Authors: Kirk Donald
Published: September 2018

Ron McLean is a hangover from another era, an aging hippie who still does his hair in a graying pony-tail nearly a decade after he first carried placards and shouted slogans denouncing Japan's support for U.S. policy in Vietnam. For the past eight years of his existence in Japan, though, McLean waged a different kind of crusade—this one against an official ruling that finally forced him to leave the country and return to Hawaii to pursue his academic interest in classical Japanese music.

“The government of most countries is intended to protect the rights of the individual,” he said with the didactic air of one who has just discovered a basic truth. “In Japan it's to protect the government.” He was talking in the half light of one of those glittering little coffee shops that purvey a small cup for the equivalent of nearly two dollars and a piece of cake for twice as much.
The Catholic Church at Puebla
Authors: Poblete Renato
Published: September 2018

The Third General Assembly of the Latin American Episcopate took place last February in the Mexican city of Puebla. Without doubt it will make a profound impact upon the evangelizing action of the Church in Latin America. The documents produced at Puebla, like those produced in Medellin ten years earlier, will give rise to reflections that will find their way into the diverse pastoral plans of each nation.

Neither Medellin nor Puebla can be considered isolated phenomenon. On the contrary, each should be seen as fruits of a maturing process in which Christian people, together with their pastors, express both the depths of their anguish and their high hopes and visions. That vision encompasses raising people from subhuman situations to a fuller experience of human life. Such experience should be expected to bring people together in brotherly love and lead naturally to a greater openness to God.
China After Mao
Authors: Buultjens Ralph
Published: September 2018

History rarely gives civilizations a second chance. The record of Egypt, Greece, Rome, Mohenjo-Daro, the Incas, the Khmers, Spain, Turkey, Britain, and many other nations suggests that civilizational excellence is impermanent and, once lost, remains beyond resurrection. Of all these great societies China appeared the most enduring. For close to two thousand years, from the Han Dynasty at the turn of the Christian era to the early Ch'ing Dynasty about two hundred years ago, the Middle Kingdom was one of the best governed and most advanced countries on earth. Cultural and technological achievements combined to make China a superpower among states for a longer period than that experienced by any other major nation. Eventually, however, the norms of history prevailed. Foreign intrusion and internal confusion brought decline throughout the nineteenth century. By the time China entered the twentieth century the Confucian order had collapsed—its greatness an historic memory, its claim to empire a semantic fiction.
The Trade War With Japan
Authors: Woronoff Jon
Published: September 2018

The Japan-America trade war, which our authorities are pressing on many fronts, is only part of a much broader offensive. There are skirmishes or battles going on all around the globe. The European Community claps restrictions or imposes “voluntary” restraint. Australia and New Zealand pound on the table and make threats. The ASEAN countries hint that it will be hard to cooperate while they suffer negative trade balances. The Third World countries whine that they would appreciate more Japanese development aid. And the Arab nations roar that Japan will go energy hungry if it doesn't help them build up their industry (and reverse its earlier policy on the Middle East).
Diary of a Doomed Land
Authors: Gray Denis D.
Published: September 2018

The American Air Force had pulverized a Cambodian town by mistake and Communist terror squads had flipped grenades into a packed Phnom Penh movie theatre. Now the corridor floors were peopled by families riddled with shrapnel, deformed by bomb fragments, and covered with charred, peeling skin. Flies homed in through the wall cracks to settle on pools of urine and feces that lay unswept. A surgeon poked his finger around the gall bladder of a casualty while he chatted with me about the wounded from the warfronts around the capital, the chronic shortage of beds, and lack of plasma.

Down one of the corridors in a filthy room of graybare concrete a family squatted around their six-year old daughter. Her left collarbone jutted out from a strip of deep red flesh. The jagged ends were already darkened and decaying as the bone hung in space. A young man held her right shoulder and propped up her back as she sat on a rag on the floor. I didn't want to stir the air around the little girl. She was rigid with tension and pain.
How the Russians Look at SALT
Authors: Clemens Walter C.
Published: September 2018

Russia's Aesop, Ivan Krylov, said: “You can be sure the puppy is strong, because it barks at the elephant.”; The Russian bear is much more powerful than a puppy, but it stands on feet of clay. The United States is not an elephant, but it is by far the world's strongest economic and military force, striking both respect and fear in Soviet leaders, from Lenin through Brezhnev.

The U.S. economy is more than twice the size of the Soviet and much more dynamic. Our strategic arsenal also overshadows Moscow's. According to Defense Secretary Harold Brown, the United States today has nearly 10,000 strategic nuclear warheads aboard our land-and sea-based missiles and bombers, compared to 5,000 for the Soviets. These power realities help explain Kremlin complexes about Moscow's persistent Avis posture in world affairs.
Sense & Nonsense About Anti-Catholicism
Authors: Castelli Jim
Published: September 2018

Several years ago it was almost impossible to get the media to take the issue of anti-Catholicism seriously; today, anti-Catholicism has become a relatively popular topic in both the secular and religious press. Most of these articles cite the same sources and anecdotes. Andrew Kopkind wrote in New Times that there are only ten men in America running the new cold war, and it sometimes seems there are only four running the war on anti-Catholicism—James Hitchcock and Virgil Blum, S.J., of the Catholic League for Religious and Civil Rights, plus priest-sociologist-columnist Andrew Greeley and Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan.
The Catholic Church and the Arms Race
Authors: Fahey Joseph J.
Published: September 2018

The modern history of the quest to control the arms race and to seek disarmament has not been distinguished by religious leadership in this area. That is, until now. Today, our major Protestant and Catholic churches are addressing themselves to these problems with a sense of urgency that would amaze Christians of even the last generation. While this is prompted by a renewed interest in the Social Gospel, it is also inspired by the realization that our entire civilization is in jeopardy due to the arms race which threatens us all.
Human Rights and Cuban Law
Authors: Mederos Elena
Published: September 2018

The traditional dualism of law and extralegal coercion in the socialist bloc countries is well known. It is also well known that this dualism provides the framework for systematic circumvention of human rights. As it occurs in the Soviet Union, this phenomenon has been the object of scholarly studies, and a similar analysis of its existence in Cuba is long overdue. The point of this article, however, is not the violation of human rights in Cuba that violates its own or international laws but, rather, the limitations on fundamental human rights that are inherent in the Cuban legal system.
Carter and the World: The First Two Years
Authors: Barnds William J.
Published: September 2018

One of the striking features of the first two years of the Carter administration is its failure to dispel the widespread uncertainty about candidate Carter's fundamental political outlook. Jimmy Carter's two strongest traits in domestic affairs—a populist image and a concern for economic and administrative efficiency—continue to coexist without merging. Many people find it difficult to decide whether he is a liberal or a conservative. This has advantages in a period in which labels are distrusted, but it makes it hard for him to build a strong and durable constituency to support his policies.

A similar uncertainty exists about the focus of the administration's foreign policy. Foreigners often complain about this more strongly than Americans, and allies and adversaries alike stress the difficulty of making firm decisions without knowing the likely direction of U.S. policy. The administration had been in power less than a year when it began to be charged with failing to develop an integrated policy, one that could be clearly articulated by a forceful spokesman such as Henry Kissinger. Its critics argued that this deficiency accounted for its inability to follow a consistent course on matters ranging from relations with the Soviet Union to the Arab-Israel conflict. They often forget that the Nixon-Kissinger foreign policy remained far from clear after their first year in office.
Civil Defense—the New Debate
Authors: Nitze Paul H.
Published: September 2018

George Kennan, in an interview published by the New York Times Magazine, affirmed the proposition that it is better to be “Red than dead.” Since the end of World War II the United States has been engaged in a successful effort to demonstrate that the choice thus implied is wrong. We have demonstrated, at least to date, that it is not necessary to be either “Red or dead“; it has been possible both to remain free and to avoid a nuclear war. The essential task is to continue so to do.

In the last half of the 1950's, at the time of Sputnik, serious doubts arose as to whether a time would shortly arise when that issue—“Red or dead“—could become serious. It had not been a serious choice during the period when we had a nuclear monopoly, or even when we had an overwhelming and stable nuclear deterrent. But with the Soviet development of ICBMs, the technological practicality of which was first demonstrated by Sputnik, it became possible, perhaps probable, that the “better Red than dead” issue would arise in all seriousness in a few years.
Civil Defense—the New Debate
Authors: Bennett John C.
Published: September 2018

Before our government embarks on the proposed forms of civil defense I hope that the following reasons for not doing so will be taken very seriously.

Preparations for the evacuation of cities in a society as free as ours would involve such drastic actions that they would be more of a signal than we would intend of our readiness for nuclear war. Combined with any build-up of strategic nuclear arms that suggested a first-strike capability to the other side, they would be more provocative than appears to us, to whom they would seem innocent and defensive. This reminds me of the account by Thucydides of the great pains the Athenians took to conceal from the Spartans the fact that they were rebuilding their walls after the Persian wars. What could be more innocent and defensive than a wall!

Greater account must be taken of the fears of the Soviet Union. In the long run they may fear China more than the U.S. We are their powerful adversary, who for decades expressed, more unofficially than officially, hostility to the Soviet Union.
Civil Defense—the New Debate
Authors: Barnet Richard J.
Published: September 2018

The policy of the Carter administration is to increase substantially civil defense expenditures. In terms of moiney it is not a “majority priority,” since the administration plans to lock us into overall military expenditures on the order of $1.8 trillion in 1977 dollars by 1988. The justification for the increased civil defense expenditure’ is that it is a “modest” increase in response to demands for a much bigger program and a counter to the Soviet program. There is a strong pork barrel element in the program too. Just as civil defense was the justification for building the nation's highway, system, it is now being quietly presented to local officials as a way to get some money into local communities in a time of austerity. It is also a way to buy off opposition to a SALT treaty, or so it is thought.

All such justifications for the program are utterly irresponsible. To spend billions on civil defense when crucial programs essential to the strength of the nation are being slashed is pathological. Appeasing critics of the SALT treaty by throwing them a “harmless” bone is self-defeating, for the program lends credibility to their view of reality, not that of the treaty advocates, and creates a climate in which it is easier to defeat the treaty.
Civil Defense—the New Debate
Authors: Ramsey Paul
Published: September 2018

The trial balloons recently sent up about protecting our population in the event of nuclear war focus on the staged evacuation of cities— not, as in the early Sixties, on bomb shelters. The aim today is more on countering nuclear threats, less on protecting people or defending the nation. A capability to maneuver people (like troops) is needed to give the president an option to yielding to nuclear blackmail.

This is what is called crisis management, and it has a “logic” of its own. For example, the U.S. would have to be able to move people out of cities, or protect them there, in vastly greater numbers than Russia needs to do simply to make things even. We have far more of our population in far more and far more populous metropolitan areas than has Russia. The president, if he is sensible, is more likely to yield to power-moves under cover of nuclear threats than is Russia. He must blink first. Under such conditions, who now has the more credible deterrent?
Who is an Arab?
Authors: Montgomery Watt W. , Cachia Pierre
Published: September 2018

Over a hundred million people in the world call themselves Arabs. That is, to say the least, a potential force in world politics, quite apart from the question of oil. Yet many observers are inclined to doubt whether there is any reality underlying the common use of the term Arab, And it is indeed not easy to define what is meant by an Arab.

The Arabs are not a distinct ethnic group, since there are both white Arabs and black Arabs. Some of the black Sudanese Arabs claim descent in the male line from Arabs of Mohammed's time, and may well be correct in their claim. Nor is language a sufficient criterion of Arabness, since there are many Arabic-speaking Jews who are not normally called Arabs.
Europe's Half-Open Doors
Authors: Hebblethwaite Peter
Published: September 2018

The Cowley Road does not rate a mention in the Oxford guidebooks. It links the university with the suburb of Cowley, where British Ley land has a large and sprawling factory.

Cowley Road is fascinating, a microcosm of the changes that have come over Britain in the last twenty-five years. It has Greek, Italian, Pakistani, Indian, and Chinese restaurants and a Caribbean pub. Native English cuisine is represented only by "fish 'n' chips" shops, one of them run by Hong Kong Chinese. Finger-lickin Col. Sanders is the outpost of American gastronomic imperialism. None of these places existed twenty years ago. Levi-Strauss in Le cru et le cuit (the Raw arid the Cooked) saw in eating the basis of cultural differences. Tell me what you had for breakfast and I'll tell you who you are.
History as We Would Like It
Authors: Berlin Isaiah
Published: September 2018

I should be glad to believe with Mr. James Reston that God is not mocked and that the crimes of statesmen and of peoples obtain their just due at the hands of history. But I find it difficult to divorce myself from the thought that, at any rate in the long run, it is the conquerors and the big battalions that determine the verdicts (despite some shining exceptions) of historians. Over a century and a half ago, Immanuel Kant wrote, "If those revolts which gave Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Great Britain their constitutions, and which are now praised as so felicitous, had failed, historians would see-in the execution of their originators the deserved punishment of major criminals" (from an essay entitled "That may be all right in theory, but it does not work in practice," 1793).
India's New Government
Authors: Mukherjee Sadananda
Published: September 2018

Mr. Morarji Desai once complained of having been dismissed by the then Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi as a peon. When he took the oath as India's oldest prime minister on March 24, 1977, it marked the end of monopoly rule of the Indian Congress party extending over a period of thirty years. Earlier, the people of India, by their active participation in a silent revolution of the ballot box, had thrown away the authoritarian and dictatorial rule of Mrs. Gandhi, replacing her party by the Janata party, an organization that brought together men with different ideological affiliations.
A multi-group approach to examining language development in at-risk learners
Authors: DELCENSERIE A. , GENESEE F. , TRUDEAU N. , CHAMPOUX F.
Published: September 2018

A battery of standardized language tests and control measures was administered to three groups of at-risk language learners – internationally adopted children, deaf children with cochlear implants, and children with specific language impairment – and to groups of second-language learners and typically developing monolingual children. All children were acquiring French, were matched on age, gender, and socioeconomic status, and were between age 5;0 and 7;3 at the time of testing. Differences between the at-risk and not-at-risk groups were evident in all domains of language testing. The children with SLI or CIs scored significantly lower than the IA children and all three at-risk groups scored lower than the monolingual group; the L2 and IA groups scored similarly. The results suggest that children with limited access to, or ability to process, early language input are at greater risk than children with delayed input to an additional language but otherwise typical or relatively typical early input.
Videoconferencing and the networked provision of language programs in regional and rural schools
Authors: Slaughter Yvette , Smith Wally , Hajek John
Published: September 2018

The use of videoconferencing technology to support the delivery of language programs shows great potential in regional and rural settings where a lack of access to specialist teachers limits equitable access to education. In this article, we investigate the establishment of two regional and rural primary school networks in Australia for videoconferenced language learning. Adopting a perspective taken from the discipline of information systems called structuration theory, we examine how the technology they use both changes and is changed by its use in language learning, and how schools and teachers take control of technology and adapt their educational approaches. Case studies were carried out on the two networks using multiple data sources, including interviews and observation of language classes. The findings reveal that even with the same conceptual foundations and aims, divergent models of practice emerge as sustainable adaptations to localised factors. These differences are shaped by, among other things, an interplay between the quality of infrastructure, prior knowledge, and the “material properties” of the technology, including its functions, limits, and deployment in physical space. A closer look at these practices illustrates limitations and possibilities specifically for language education, but also more broadly illustrates how the success of these videoconferencing initiatives are influenced by a nuanced combination of social, educational, and technological factors.
Cryopreservation of collared peccary (Pecari tajacu L., 1758) epididymal sperm using extenders based on Tris and powdered coconut water (ACP®-116c)
Authors: Bezerra José A. B. , Silva Andréia M. , Sousa Patrícia C , Campos Lívia B. , Praxedes Érica C. G. , Bezerra Luana G. P. , Castelo Thibério S. , Souza Ana L. P. , Silva Alexandre R.
Published: September 2018

The aim of this study was to establish a functional freezing–thawing protocol for epididymal sperm of collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu L., 1758) by comparing different extenders. The epididymal sperm from 12 sexually mature males was recovered by retrograde flushing using Tris-based or coconut water-based (ACP®-116c) extenders. After initial evaluation, samples were diluted and frozen with the same extenders to which 20% egg yolk and 6% glycerol were added. After 2 weeks, thawing was performed at 37°C/60 s and sperm motility, vigour, morphology, functional membrane integrity, sperm viability, sperm plasma membrane integrity, and a computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) were assessed. In addition, to evaluate the survival of frozen–thawed sperm, a thermal resistance test (TRT) was executed. Samples preserved using Tris were in better condition compared with those preserved using ACP®, showing higher values for most assessments performed, including CASA and the TRT (P<0.05). After determining Tris to be the better of the two extenders, additional samples were thawed using different thawing rates (37°C/60 s, 55°C/7 s, 70°C/8 s). Sperm thawed at 37°C/60 s had the greatest preservation (P<0.05) of viability (54.1 ± 5.9%) and functional membrane integrity (43.2 ± 5.4%), and had higher values for various CASA parameters. In conclusion, we suggest the use of a Tris-based extender added to egg yolk and glycerol for the cryopreservation of epididymal sperm obtained from collared peccaries. In order to achieve better post-thawing sperm quality, we suggest that samples should be thawed at 37°C/60 s.
Vascular ring associated with d-transposition of the great arteries: when should we suspect aortic arch anomalies?
Authors: Nakano Katsutoshi , Hayashi Taiyu , Ono Hiroshi
Published: September 2018

A male neonate with d-transposition of the great arteries was diagnosed with the concomitant anomaly of left circumflex aortic arch and right-sided ductus arteriosus, which formed a vascular ring. Initial postnatal echocardiography had demonstrated an obscured aortic isthmus mimicking coarctation of the aorta, which could be a diagnostic clue to circumflex aortic arch.
GAUGING THE GERMAN JEWISH
Authors: SCHWARTZ DANIEL B.
Published: September 2018

Few fields are as riddled with terminological indecision as “German Jewish thought.” One cannot invoke this sphere without immediately bumping up against essential questions of definition. Should membership within its bounds be reserved for those who wrote, primarily, as Jews for Jews, even if in a non-Jewish language? Or should its borders be expanded substantially to include Jewish contributions to secular German thought—or, perhaps more aptly put, secular thought in German, in order not to exclude the vast number of Central European Jewish innovators who wrote in the language? If one takes the latter route, the problems only proliferate, for the question then ensues, what makes any of these supposed Jewish contributionsJewish? How is the Jewishness of a particular work, school of thought, or sensibility to be gauged and assessed? How does one avoid the risk of reading too much in—or too little? How does one steer clear of reducing Jewishness to some stable core or essence, without relying on a notion so broad and diffuse as to be effectively meaningless? And always lurking is the question whether, in imputing Jewishness to a cultural product or outlook, one has betrayed its creator, who would have recoiled at being labeled a “Jewish” author or artist. These problems are not peculiar to German Jewish intellectual history. They arise wherever and whenever Jews have been disproportionately prominent in the shaping of secular culture—for instance, in the writing of the “New York intellectuals” in the postwar United States. But the role of authors and artists of German Jewish background proved especially pronounced even after many, like Hannah Arendt or Leo Strauss, emigrated to escape the Nazis. In their new environments, they remained active participants in intellectual life, and the question remains whether they were carrying on the tradition of German Jewish thought.
A New Framework for Near‐Surface Wind Convergence Over the Kuroshio Extension and Gulf Stream in Wintertime: The Role of Atmospheric Fronts
Authors: Parfitt Rhys , Seo Hyodae
Published: September 2018

It is well known that the wintertime time‐mean surface wind convergence patterns over the Kuroshio Extension and Gulf Stream show significant imprints of the underlying oceanic fronts. Previous studies have suggested that this collocation results from a time‐mean response to sea level pressure forcing from sea surface temperature gradients. However, more recent work has illustrated this phenomenon is heavily influenced by extratropical cyclones, although exact mechanisms are still debated. The purpose of this study is to introduce a new framework that explicitly distinguishes between two separate components in their contribution to the time‐mean surface wind convergence, that associated with and without atmospheric fronts. It is then argued that this distinction can help better explain the mechanisms driving the Kuroshio Extension and Gulf Stream influence on the atmosphere.
Spatiotemporal segregation of human marginal zone and memory B cell populations in lymphoid tissue
Authors: Zhao Yuan , Uduman Mohamed , Siu Jacqueline H. Y. , Tull Thomas J. , Sanderson Jeremy D. , Wu Yu-Chang Bryan , Zhou Julian Q. , Petrov Nedyalko , Ellis Richard , Todd Katrina , Chavele Konstantia-Maria , Guesdon William , Vossenkamper Anna , Jassem Wayel , D’Cruz David P. , Fear David J. , John Susan , Scheel-Toellner Dagmar , Hopkins Claire , Moreno Estefania , Woodman Natalie L. , Ciccarelli Francesca , Heck Susanne , Kleinstein Steven H. , Bemark Mats , Spencer Jo
Published: September 2018

Human memory B cells and marginal zone (MZ) B cells share common features such as the expression of CD27 and somatic mutations in theirIGHVandBCL6genes, but the relationship between them is controversial. Here, we show phenotypic progression within lymphoid tissues as MZ B cells emerge from the mature naïve B cell pool via a precursor CD27−CD45RBMEM55+population distant from memory cells. By imaging mass cytometry, we find that MZ B cells and memory B cells occupy different microanatomical niches in organised gut lymphoid tissues. Both populations disseminate widely between distant lymphoid tissues and blood, and both diversify their IGHV repertoire in gut germinal centres (GC), but nevertheless remain largely clonally separate. MZ B cells are therefore not developmentally contiguous with or analogous to classical memory B cells despite their shared ability to transit through GC, where somatic mutations are acquired.
Beaming random lasers with soliton control
Authors: Perumbilavil Sreekanth , Piccardi Armando , Barboza Raouf , Buchnev Oleksandr , Kauranen Martti , Strangi Giuseppe , Assanto Gaetano
Published: September 2018

Random lasers are resonator-less light sources where feedback stems from recurrent scattering at the expense of spatial profile and directionality. Suitably-doped nematic liquid crystals can random lase when optically pumped near resonance(s); moreover, through molecular reorientation within the transparency region, they support self-guided optical spatial solitons, i.e., light-induced waveguides. Here, we synergistically combine solitons and collinear pumping in weakly scattering dye-doped nematic liquid crystals, whereby random lasing and self-confinement concur to beaming the emission, with several improved features: all-optical switching driven by a low-power input, laser directionality and smooth output profile with high-conversion efficiency, externally controlled angular steering. Such effects make soliton-assisted random lasers an outstanding route towards application-oriented random lasers.
A naturally protective epitope of limited variability as an influenza vaccine target
Authors: Thompson Craig P. , Lourenço José , Walters Adam A. , Obolski Uri , Edmans Matthew , Palmer Duncan S. , Kooblall Kreepa , Carnell George W. , O’Connor Daniel , Bowden Thomas A. , Pybus Oliver G. , Pollard Andrew J. , Temperton Nigel J. , Lambe Teresa , Gilbert Sarah C. , Gupta Sunetra
Published: September 2018

Current antigenic targets for influenza vaccine development are either highly immunogenic epitopes of high variability or conserved epitopes of low immunogenicity. This requires continuous update of the variable epitopes in the vaccine formulation or boosting of immunity to invariant epitopes of low natural efficacy. Here we identify a highly immunogenic epitope of limited variability in the head domain of the H1 haemagglutinin protein. We show that a cohort of young children exhibit natural immunity to a set of historical influenza strains which they could not have previously encountered and that this is partially mediated through the epitope. Furthermore, vaccinating mice with these epitope conformations can induce immunity to human H1N1 influenza strains that have circulated since 1918. The identification of epitopes of limited variability offers a mechanism by which a universal influenza vaccine can be created; these vaccines would also have the potential to protect against newly emerging influenza strains.
Author Correction: Genome‐wide mapping of plasma protein QTLs identifies putatively causal genes and pathways for cardiovascular disease
Authors: Yao Chen , Chen George , Song Ci , Keefe Joshua , Mendelson Michael , Huan Tianxiao , Sun Benjamin B. , Laser Annika , Maranville Joseph C. , Wu Hongsheng , Ho Jennifer E. , Courchesne Paul , Lyass Asya , Larson Martin G. , Gieger Christian , Graumann Johannes , Johnson Andrew D. , Danesh John , Runz Heiko , Hwang Shih-Jen , Liu Chunyu , Butterworth Adam S. , Suhre Karsten , Levy Daniel
Published: September 2018

In the originally published version of this Article, financial support was not fully acknowledged. The sentence “KS was supported by the ‘Biomedical Research Program’ funds at Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, a program funded by the Qatar Foundation” has been added to the acknowledgement section in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.
A tissue-specific self-interacting chromatin domain forms independently of enhancer-promoter interactions
Authors: Brown Jill M. , Roberts Nigel A. , Graham Bryony , Waithe Dominic , Lagerholm Christoffer , Telenius Jelena M. , De Ornellas Sara , Oudelaar A. Marieke , Scott Caroline , Szczerbal Izabela , Babbs Christian , Kassouf Mira T. , Hughes Jim R. , Higgs Douglas R. , Buckle Veronica J.
Published: September 2018

Self-interacting chromatin domains encompass genes and their cis-regulatory elements; however, the three-dimensional form a domain takes, whether this relies on enhancer–promoter interactions, and the processes necessary to mediate the formation and maintenance of such domains, remain unclear. To examine these questions, here we use a combination of high-resolution chromosome conformation capture, a non-denaturing form of fluorescence in situ hybridisation and super-resolution imaging to study a 70 kb domain encompassing the mouse α-globin regulatory locus. We show that this region forms an erythroid-specific, decompacted, self-interacting domain, delimited by frequently apposed CTCF/cohesin binding sites early in terminal erythroid differentiation, and does not require transcriptional elongation for maintenance of the domain structure. Formation of this domain does not rely on interactions between the α-globin genes and their major enhancers, suggesting a transcription-independent mechanism for establishment of the domain. However, absence of the major enhancers does alter internal domain interactions. Formation of a loop domain therefore appears to be a mechanistic process that occurs irrespective of the specific interactions within.
Hierarchical and stage-specific regulation of murine cardiomyocyte maturation by serum response factor
Authors: Guo Yuxuan , Jardin Blake D. , Zhou Pingzhu , Sethi Isha , Akerberg Brynn N. , Toepfer Christopher N , Ai Yulan , Li Yifei , Ma Qing , Guatimosim Silvia , Hu Yongwu , Varuzhanyan Grigor , VanDusen Nathan J. , Zhang Donghui , Chan David C. , Yuan Guo-Cheng , Seidman Christine E. , Seidman Jonathan G. , Pu William T.
Published: September 2018

After birth, cardiomyocytes (CM) acquire numerous adaptations in order to efficiently pump blood throughout an animal’s lifespan. How this maturation process is regulated and coordinated is poorly understood. Here, we perform a CRISPR/Cas9 screen in mice and identify serum response factor (SRF) as a key regulator of CM maturation. Mosaic SRF depletion in neonatal CMs disrupts many aspects of their maturation, including sarcomere expansion, mitochondrial biogenesis, transverse-tubule formation, and cellular hypertrophy. Maintenance of maturity in adult CMs is less dependent on SRF. This stage-specific activity is associated with developmentally regulated SRF chromatin occupancy and transcriptional regulation. SRF directly activates genes that regulate sarcomere assembly and mitochondrial dynamics. Perturbation of sarcomere assembly but not mitochondrial dynamics recapitulates SRF knockout phenotypes. SRF overexpression also perturbs CM maturation. Together, these data indicate that carefully balanced SRF activity is essential to promote CM maturation through a hierarchy of cellular processes orchestrated by sarcomere assembly.
Cerebello-thalamo-cortical hyperconnectivity as a state-independent functional neural signature for psychosis prediction and characterization
Authors: Cao Hengyi , Chén Oliver Y. , Chung Yoonho , Forsyth Jennifer K. , McEwen Sarah C. , Gee Dylan G. , Bearden Carrie E. , Addington Jean , Goodyear Bradley , Cadenhead Kristin S. , Mirzakhanian Heline , Cornblatt Barbara A. , Carrión Ricardo E. , Mathalon Daniel H. , McGlashan Thomas H. , Perkins Diana O. , Belger Aysenil , Seidman Larry J. , Thermenos Heidi , Tsuang Ming T. , van Erp Theo G. M. , Walker Elaine F. , Hamann Stephan , Anticevic Alan , Woods Scott W. , Cannon Tyrone D.
Published: September 2018

Understanding the fundamental alterations in brain functioning that lead to psychotic disorders remains a major challenge in clinical neuroscience. In particular, it is unknown whether any state-independent biomarkers can potentially predict the onset of psychosis and distinguish patients from healthy controls, regardless of paradigm. Here, using multi-paradigm fMRI data from the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study consortium, we show that individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis display an intrinsic “trait-like” abnormality in brain architecture characterized as increased connectivity in the cerebello–thalamo–cortical circuitry, a pattern that is significantly more pronounced among converters compared with non-converters. This alteration is significantly correlated with disorganization symptoms and predictive of time to conversion to psychosis. Moreover, using an independent clinical sample, we demonstrate that this hyperconnectivity pattern is reliably detected and specifically present in patients with schizophrenia. These findings implicate cerebello–thalamo–cortical hyperconnectivity as a robust state-independent neural signature for psychosis prediction and characterization.
Exceptional dinosaur fossils reveal early origin of avian-style digestion
Authors: Zheng Xiaoting , Wang Xiaoli , Sullivan Corwin , Zhang Xiaomei , Zhang Fucheng , Wang Yan , Li Feng , Xu Xing
Published: September 2018

Birds have a highly specialized and efficient digestive system, but when this system originated remains uncertain. Here we report six gastric pellets attributable to the recently discovered 160-million-year-old troodontid dinosaur Anchiornis, which is among the key taxa for understanding the transition to birds. The gastric pellets contain lightly acid-etched lizard bones or fish scales, and some are associated with Anchiornis skeletons or even situated within the oesophagus. Anchiornis is the earliest and most basal theropod known to have produced gastric pellets. In combination with other lines of evidence, the pellets suggest that a digestive system resembling that of modern birds was already present in basal members of the Paraves, a clade including troodontids, dromaeosaurids, and birds, and that the evolution of modern avian digestion may have been related to the appearance of aerial locomotion in this lineage.
Commensal microbiota induces colonic barrier structure and functions that contribute to homeostasis
Authors: Hayes Christina L. , Dong Jasmine , Galipeau Heather J. , Jury Jennifer , McCarville Justin , Huang Xianxi , Wang Xuan-Yu , Naidoo Avee , Anbazhagan Arivarasu N. , Libertucci Josie , Sheridan Conor , Dudeja Pradeep K. , Bowdish Dawn M. E. , Surette Michael G. , Verdu Elena F.
Published: September 2018

The intestinal barrier encompasses structural, permeability and immune aspects of the gut mucosa that, when disrupted, may contribute to chronic inflammation. Although gnotobiotic studies have demonstrated the effects of microbiota on mucosal and systemic immunity, as well as intestinal barrier architecture and innate immune characteristics, its impact on barrier function remains unclear. We compared germ-free and conventional mice, as well as mice colonized with human fecal microbiota that were followed for 21 days post-colonization. Colonic barrier structure was investigated by immunohistochemistry, molecular and electron microscopy techniques. Permeability was assessed in colon tissue by Ussing chambers, and by serum LPS and MDP detection using TLR4- and NOD2-NFκB reporter assays. Microbiota profile was determined by Illumina 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Low dose dextran sodium sulfate was administered to assess microbiota-induced barrier changes on resistance to colonic injury. Permeability to paracellular probes and mucus layer structure resembled that of conventional mice by day 7 post-colonization, coinciding with reduced claudin-1 expression and transient IL-18 production by intestinal epithelial cells. These post-colonization adaptations were associated with decreased systemic bacterial antigen exposure and reduced susceptibility to intestinal injury. In conclusion, commensal colonization promotes physiological barrier structural and functional adaptations that contribute to intestinal homeostasis.
Physical ageing of spreading droplets in a viscous ambient phase
Authors: Jose Bibin M. , Nandyala Dhiraj , Cubaud Thomas , Colosqui Carlos E.
Published: September 2018

In this work, we study the spontaneous spreading of water droplets immersed in oil and report an unexpectedly slow kinetic regime not described by previous spreading models. We can quantitatively describe the observed regime crossover and spreading rate in the late kinetic regime with an analytical model considering the presence of periodic metastable states induced by nanoscale topographic features (characteristic area ~4 nm2, height ~1 nm) observed via atomic force microscopy. The analytical model proposed in this work reveals that certain combinations of droplet volume and nanoscale topographic parameters can significantly hinder or promote wetting processes such as spreading, wicking, and imbibition.
Guided Slow Continuous Suspension Film Flow for Mass Production of Submicrometer Spherical Particles by Pulsed Laser Melting in Liquid
Authors: Ishikawa Yoshie , Koshizaki Naoto
Published: September 2018

Pulsed laser melting in liquid (PLML) is a technique to fabricate submicrometer crystalline spherical particles of various materials by laser irradiation of suspended raw particles with random shapes. To fully exploit the unique features of PLML-fabricated particles (crystalline and spherical) in practice, a mass-production PLML technique is required. To this end, the present study develops a new slit nozzle that guides the suspension film flow into a non-droplet continuous stream with a low flow rate. These two incompatible flow properties (continuity and slowness) are difficult to be realized for a liquid jet to free space. The suspension film flow was irradiated with a typical laboratory scale-flash lamp pumping laser at 30 Hz pulse frequency. Only a single flow passage of the slit nozzle with a few laser pulse irradiation transformed 95% of the raw particles into spherical particles. This spheroidizing ratio exceeded those of low-rate drip flow and high-rate cylindrical laminar flow directly jetted into free space through a Pasteur pipette nozzle. Extrapolating the data obtained from a 20-ml suspension, the average production rate was determined as 195 mg h−1. The high spheroidizing ratio and yield through the slit nozzle is attributable to the uniquely slow but continuous liquid film flow. The structure of the slit nozzle also prevents particles from adhering to the slit wall during continuous laser irradiation. Thus, the suspension film flow through the newly developed slit nozzle can potentially scale up the PLML technique to mass production.