bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chlorhexidine in Endodontics
Authors: Gomes Brenda P.F.A. , Vianna Morgana E. , Zaia Alexandre A. , Almeida José Flávio A. , Souza-Filho Francisco J. , Ferraz Caio C. R.
Published: August 2013

Chemical auxiliary substances (CAS) are essential for a successful disinfection and cleanness of the root canals, being used during the instrumentation and if necessary, as antimicrobial intracanal medicaments. Different CAS have been proposed and used, among which sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), chlorhexidine (CHX), 17% EDTA, citric acid, MTAD and 37% phosphoric acid solution. CHX has been used in Endodontics as an irrigating substance or intracanal medicament, as it possesses a wide range of antimicrobial activity, substantivity (residual antimicrobial activity), lower cytotoxicity than NaOCl whilst demonstrating efficient clinical performance, lubricating properties, rheological action (present in the gel presentation, keeping the debris in suspension); it inhibits metalloproteinase, is chemically stable, does not stain cloths, it is odorless, water soluble, among other properties. CHX has been recommended as an alternative to NaOCl, especially in cases of open apex, root resorption, foramen enlargement and root perforation, due to its biocompatibility, or in cases of allergy related to bleaching solutions. The aim of this paper is to review CHX's general use in the medical field and in dentistry; its chemical structure, presentation form and storage; mechanism of action; antimicrobial activity including substantivity, effects on biofilms and endotoxins, effects on coronal and apical microbial microleakage; tissue dissolution ability; interaction with endodontic irrigants; effects on dentin bonding, metalloproteinases and collagen fibrils; its use as intracanal medicament and diffusion into the dentinal tubules; its use as disinfectant agent of obturation cones; other uses in the endodontic therapy; and possible adverse effects, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity.
Household Size and Structure in Iran: 1976-2006
Authors: Aghajanian Akbar , Thompson Vaida
Published: August 2013

In addition to significant political changes, Iran has experienced a multitude of demographic and economic
changes during the last four decades (1976-2006). First, there have been somewhat dramatic changes in marriage and
reproduction during this period, with a sharp lowering of fertility to replacement level, an expansion of a strong rural
public health program that has increased child survival, increase in age of marriage for both males and females, and an
increase in the divorce rate. These changes took place in the context of structural changes in the society, with an increase
in urbanization from below 40 percent in 1976 to 68 percent in 2006 and a marked transference in the economy from an
agricultural base to manufacturing and service.

This paper reports on the analysis of this household transition in Iran during the 1976-2006 period in the context of other
changes experienced in this period. We find that despite significant fertility transition along with other demographic and
social structural changes, which are expected to lead to conjugal family patterns, as of 2006, a large proportion of
households in Iran continue to have five or more members and there has been very modest decline in the share of
extended households. It is not clear if this situation is due to the selectivity in continuity of large and extended coresidential
households or the result of housing pressure particularly in urban areas.
The Audit Committee: Management Watchdog or Personal Friend of the CEO?
Authors: Bruynseels Liesbeth , Cardinaels Eddy
Published: August 2013

To ensure that audit committees provide sufficient oversight over the auditing process and quality of financial reporting, legislators have imposed stricter requirements on the independence of audit committee members. Although many audit committees appear to be “fully” independent, anecdotal evidence suggests that CEOs often appoint directors from their social networks. Based on a 2004 to 2008 sample of U.S.-listed companies after the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, we find that these social ties have a negative effect on variables that proxy for oversight quality. In particular, we find that firms whose audit committees have “friendship” ties to the CEO purchase fewer audit services and engage more in earnings management. Auditors are also less likely to issue going-concern opinions or to report internal control weaknesses when friendship ties are present. On the other hand, social ties formed through “advice networks” do not seem to hamper the quality of audit committee oversight.

Data Availability: All data are publicly available from sources identified in the text.
Geotechnical Aspects of Revitalisation of Post-Mining Areas - An Example of the Adaptation of Katowice Hard Coal Mine for the New Silesian Museum / Geotechniczne aspekty rewitalizacji terenów pogórniczych - przykład adaptacji KWK „KATOWICE” na nowe muzeum śląskie
Authors: Cała Marek , Ostręga Anna
Published: August 2013

The article presents the history of the Katowice Hard Coal Mine and the concept of revitalisation taking into consideration the historical development of the mine which today is closed. The concept accepted for realisation assumes adaptation of the post-mining area with its historical infrastructure for cultural functions, and namely for the construction of the New Silesian Museum. Basing the concept on the idea of minimum interference into the existing spatial layout of the former mine has had the result that the museum areas and garages have been designed under the surface of the area adjacent to the historic facilities of the mine. In relation therewith, it was necessary to carry out the works aimed at reinforcing foundations of the historic buildings and protecting the geotechnical pit slopes. The article presents the technological solutions applied to protect the historic buildings, the lift tower, and the excavations for new facilities of the Silesian Museum. Attention was drawn to the instability of the subsoil and of the rock mass due to previous mining operations conducted in the area, the need to adapt the protection technology to the existing conditions as well as the need of constant monitoring of geotechnical works underway.>

It is emphasised that the presented investment is part of an ongoing process aimed at preserving the industrial part of the material cultural heritage of Upper Silesia, for centuries connected with hard coal mining and as such it stands a chance to become a showcase not only for Katowice but for the entire region of Silesia.
Properties of Waste from Coal Gasification in Entrained Flow Reactors in the Aspect of Their Use in Mining Technology / Właściwości odpadów ze zgazowania węgla w reaktorach dyspersyjnych w aspekcie ich wykorzystania w technologiach górniczych
Authors: Pomykała Radosław
Published: August 2013

Most of the coal gasification plants based of one of the three main types of reactors: fixed bed, fluidized bed or entrained flow. In recent years, the last ones, which works as „slagging“ reactors (due to the form of generated waste), are very popular among commercial installations. The article discusses the characteristics of the waste from coal gasification in entrained flow reactors, obtained from three foreign installations. The studies was conducted in terms of the possibilities of use these wastes in mining technologies, characteristic for Polish underground coal mines. The results were compared with the requirements of Polish Standards for the materials used in hydraulic backfill as well as suspension technology: solidification backfill and mixtures for gob caulking.
Use of Cad Systems in Testing the Collision of Underground Transportation Means / Zastosowanie systemów Cad w badaniach kolizyjności środków transportu podziemnego
Authors: Dudek Marek
Published: August 2013

A concept of use of CAD systems in testing collision of underground transportation means is presented. Reasons for undertaking this problem are given with end users identified. The concept of the system for collision analyses of transported loads is described. Examples of collision analysis during transportation of powered roof support are given.

Presented system is designed to aid planning, organizational and training activities undertaken in management of transportation safety in mines. It will be also possible to use software resources, developed within the system as the didactic material as regards safe transportation process, which include hazards to the employees working in the area of transportation operations.

Developed prototype of a system for testing the collision of underground transportation means was positively assessed by employees of the Coal Company, JSC - industrial partner of KOMAG. This prototype is continuously improved and adapted for commercial implementation in the selected coal mines.
The Application of Modern Techniques and Measurement Devices for Identification of Copper Ore Types and Their Properties / Wykorzystanie nowoczesnych technik i urządzeń pomiarowych do identyfikacji typów rud miedzi i ich właściwości
Authors: Krawczykowska Aldona , Trybalski Kazimierz , Krawczykowski Damian
Published: August 2013

The paper concerns the application of modern methods and research techniques for investigations of copper ore properties. It presents the procedure and tools which, when put together, can constitute a source of information on properties of different products of processing and, simultaneously, can be used in the process control and optimization.

The copper ore of one of the branches of the KHGM Polska Miedz plc was investigated. The ore samples represented each of the three lithological types occurring in the Polish deposits, i.e. carbonate, shale and sandstone ores.

The paper presents the results of microscopic analyses, image analysis of scanning photographs and application procedures of the obtained information for the identification of ore types (application of neuron networks to the recognition of lithological compositions).

The present publication will present sample results of modelling of classification identifying two types of ores, i.e. carbonate-shale and sandstone.

Summing up the predictions of ore type fractions in respective mixtures for the considered problem of classification it can be stated that the prediction results are good and confirm the lithological predominance of certain ore types in the investigated mixtures.

The experimental part comprised the determination of mineralogical and lithological composition of ores (optical microscope) and also elemental composition in the microareas of analysed samples (scanning microscope). Next, the image analysis was performed and subsequently the models classifying the ore types were made.
The Influence of Disintegration of Hard Coal Varieties of Different Metamorphism Grade on the Amount of Sorbed Ethane / Wpływ rozdrobnienia odmian węgla kamiennego o różnym stopniu metamorfizmu na ilości sorbowanego etanu
Authors: Żyła Mieczysław , Dudzińska Agnieszka , Cygankiewicz Janusz
Published: August 2013

Ethane constitutes an explosive gas. It most often accompanies methane realizing during exploitation and mining works. In this paper the results of ethane sorption have been discussed on three grain classes of six selected hard coal samples collected from active Polish coalmines. On the basis of obtained results, it has been stated that the tested hard coals prove differentiated sorption power with reference to ethane. Te extreme amount of ethane is sorbed by low carbonized hard coal from “Jaworzno” coalmine. This sort of coal shows great porosity, and great content of oxygen and moisture. The least amount of ethane is sorbed by hard coal from “Sośnica” coalmine. This sort of coal possesses relatively a great deal of ash contents. Together with the process of coal disintegration, the amount of sorbed ethane increases for all tested coal samples.

Between tested coals there are three medium carbonized samples collected from “Pniówek”, “Chwałowice” “Zofiówka” coalmines which are characterized by small surface values counted according to model BET from nitrogen sorption isotherms determined at the temperature of 77.5 K. The samples of these three coals prove the highest, from between tested coals, increase of ethane sorption occurring together with their disintegration.

These samples disintegrated to 0,063-0,075 mm grain class sorb ethane in the amount corresponding with the sorption quantity of low carbonized coal from “Jaworzno” coalmine in 0.5-0.7 mm grain class. It should be marked that the low carbonized samples collected from “Jaworzno” and Wesoła” coalmines possess large specific surface and great porosity and belong to coal group of “loose” spatial structure. Regarding profusion of sorbed ethane on disintegrated medium carbonized samples from “Pniówek”, “Zofiówka”, “Chwałowice” coalmines it can be supposed that in the process of coal disintegration, breaking their “compact’ structure occurs. Loosened structure of medium carbonized coals results in increasing accessibility of ethane particles to sorption centres both electron donors and electron acceptors which are present on hard coal surface. The surface sorption centre increase may result in formation a compact layer of ethane particles on coal surface. In the formed layer, not only the strengths of vertical binding of ethane particles with the coal surface appear but also the impact of horizontal strengths appears which forms a compact layer of sorbed ethane particles. The surface layer of ethane particles may lead to explosion.
The Change of Structural and Thermal Properties of Rocks Exposed to High Temperatures in the Vicinity of Designed Geo-Reactor / Zmiany właściwości strukturalnych i cieplnych skał poddanych wysokim temperaturom w rejonie projektowanego georeaktora
Authors: Małkowski Piotr , Niedbalski Zbigniew , Hydzik-Wiśniewska Joanna
Published: August 2013

Among the main directions of works on energy acquisition, there is the development and application of the technology of underground gasification of coal deposits (UCG). During the process of deposit burning and oxidation, there is also impact of temperatures exceeding 1000°C on rocks surrounding the deposit. As a result of subjecting carboniferous rocks to high temperatures for a prolonged period of time, their structure will change, which in turn will result in the change of their physical properties. Due to the project of underground coal gasification, as performed in Poland, laboratory tests are currently under way to a broad extent, including physical properties of carboniferous rocks subjected to high temperatures. The article presents results of laboratory tests of rocks surrounding the designed geo-reactor: changes to bulk density, specific density and porosity due to high temperature, and confronts the above results with the results of tests of thermal conductivity, specific heat and heat diffusivity (temperature conductivity) of the rocks. The mineralogical investigations were presented too.
Correlation of Risk Analysis Method Results with Numerical and Limit Equilibrium Methods in Overall Slope Stability Analysis of Southern Wall of Chadormalu Iron Open Pit Mine-Iran / Korelacja wyników analizy ryzyka z wynikami obliczeń numerycznych oraz wynikami uzyskanymi w oparciu o metodę równowagi granicznej zastosowanych do badania stabilności wyrobiska pochyłego na południowej ścianie odkrywkowej kopalni rud żelaza w chadormalu w Iranie
Authors: Ahangari Kaveh , Paji Arman Gholinezhad , Behdani Alireza Siami
Published: August 2013

Slope stability analysis is one of the most important factors in designing open pit mines. Therefore an optimal slope design that supports both aspects of economy and safety is very significant. There are many different methods in slope stability analysis including empirical, limit equilibrium, block theory, numerical, and probabilistic methods. In this study, to analyze the overall slope stability of southern wall of Chadormalu iron open pit mine three numerical, limit equilibrium and probabilistic methods have been used. Software and methods that is used for analytical investigation in this study are FLAC software for numerical analysis, SLIDE software and circuit failure chart for limit equilibrium analysis and qualitative fault tree and semi-quantitative risk matrix for probabilistic analysis. The results of all above mentioned methods, was a circular failure occurrence in Metasomatite rock zone between 1405 to 1525 m levels. The main factors of failure occurrence in this range were heavily jointing and existing of faults. Safety factors resulted from numerical method; Circular chart method and SLIDE software are 1.16, 1.25 and 1.27 respectively. Regarding instability and safety factors in Metasomatite rock zone, in order to stabilize the given zone, some considerations such as bench angle and height reduction should be planned. In results of risk matrix method this zone was mentioned too as a high risk zone that numerical and limit equilibrium methods confirmed this.
Optimisation of Receivables Management in a Mine, Using Linear Programming / Optymalizacja zarządzania należnościami w kopalni z wykorzystaniem programowania liniowego
Authors: Czopek Kazimierz , Trzaskuś-Żak Beata
Published: August 2013

The paper presents an example of a theoretical linear programming model in the management of mine receivables. To this end, an economic production model of linear programming was applied to optimising the revenue of the mine. The amount of product sold by the mine to individual customers was assumed as the decisive variable, and the product price was the parameter of the objective function. As for boundaries, upper receivable limits were assumed for each of the adopted receivable collection cycles. The sequence of collection cycles, and the receivable values assigned to them, were adopted according to the growing probability of overdue and uncollectible receivables.

Two receivables-management optimisation cases were analysed, in which the objective function was to maximise the sales value (revenue) of the Mine.

The first case studied in the model involves application of a discount to reduce the product price, in a mine whose production output is not being used to capacity. To improve cash flow, the mine offers its customers a reduced price and increased purchasing up to the mine’s capacity in exchange for shortened receivable collection times. Fixed and variable-cost accounting is applied to determine the relevant price reduction.

In the other case analysed, the mine sells as much as its current output allows, but despite that is still forced to reduce the price of its products. Application of a discount in this case (reducing the product price) inevitably involves shortened receivable collection times and reduced costs of financing trade credit.
A Comparison Between PSRK and GERG-2004 Equation of State for Simulation of Non-Isothermal Compressible Natural Gases Mixed with Hydrogen in Pipelines / Porównanie równań stanu opracowanych według metody PSRK oraz GERG-2004 wykorzystanych do symulacji zachowania ściśliwych mieszanin gazu ziemnego i wodoru w rurociągach, w warunkach przepływów nie-izotermicznych
Authors: Uilhoorn Frits E.
Published: August 2013

In this work, the GERG-2004 equation of state based on a multi-fluid approximation explicit in the reduced Helmholtz energy is compared with the predictive Soave-Redlich-Kwong group contribution method. In the analysis, both equations of state are compared by simulating a non-isothermal transient flow of natural gas and mixed hydrogen-natural gas in pipelines. Besides the flow conditions also linepack-energy and energy consumption of the compressor station are computed. The gas flow is described by a set of partial differential equations resulting from the conservation of mass, momentum and energy. A pipeline section of the Yamal-Europe gas pipeline on Polish territory has been selected for the case study.
Mathematical Model of a General Motion of Vibratory Machines Driven by Motors of a Limited Power / Model matematyczny ruchu ogólnego maszyn wibracyjnych napędzanych silnikami ograniczonej mocy
Authors: Michalczyk Jerzy
Published: August 2013

The method of creating the mathematical model of over-resonant vibratory machines driven in a general motion by the inertial vibrator of a limited power is presented in the paper. This model can constitute the basis for digital simulation of single- or multi-drive vibratory machines used in industry. It allows to investigate the steady and transient states of these machines as well as to investigate the advanced problems of the free synchronisation of drives.
Natural environment of small towns as an indicator of the developmental potential of a wider region – as exemplified by the South Moravian countryside
Authors: Vavrouchová Hana , Pákozdiová Mária , Svobodová Ilona
Published: August 2013

Our study is focused on the natural environment significance and potential for the development of a wider region. A special emphasis is put on the geographical category of small towns, which play an important role in stabilizing the population of the Czech Republic. In this context, a key factor of planning in the rural region is the demarcation of a catchment region and the determination of its potential. Natural environment (primary landscape structure) is a basic determinant of area development at all the levels. This paper aims at the natural environment analyses of the small towns in the South Moravian Region, with emphasis on the development opportunities and limitations. In this study, small towns are considered to be all the residential units holding a town status, with the exception of district towns and the city of Brno. The study is a part of the research project supported in 2011 by the Internal Grant Agency of Mendel University in Brno titled “Small towns - Motors of the South Moravian countryside development”.
Policy for the Support of Creative Economy
Authors: Tvrdoň Jozef , Belvončíková Eva
Published: August 2013

Creative economy has become an important part of the development policies for more than a decade. Traditional approaches and tools of regional policy have not sufficiently operated in the creative economy framework. The paper presents the first insight of authors an this topic. The first part is focused on creative economy as a policy object in theory and in the EU policy level. It is followed by examples from two countries oriented on SMEs policy tools and on institutional framework. On a basis of the case studies the paper also looks at policy tools and their status in Slovakia. The final part contains proposals for policy tools in two areas - tools oriented on small and medium sized enterprises support and tools for creation of a specific creative economy development conditions (regulatory framework, supporting institutions and intellectual property rights area).
Financing of universities and innovations in higher education funding in the Slovak republic
Authors: Rebeková Monika , Roháčiková Oľga
Published: August 2013

The objective of the research on the theoretical, methodological, and scientific level will be the analysis of higher education financing in Slovakia and comparison of various financing strategies for higher education in the studied countries. Authors of the research paper analyze the Slovak model of financing of higher education institutions and the latest innovations in this model. Financing of universities, along with the quality of education are very discussed and actual issues.
Analysis of Algorithms: An Example of a Sort Algorithm
Authors: Bancerek Grzegorz
Published: August 2013

We analyse three algorithms: exponentiation by squaring, calculation of maximum, and sorting by exchanging in terms of program algebra over an algebra.
Random Variables and Product of Probability Spaces
Authors: Okazaki Hiroyuki , Shidama Yasunari
Published: August 2013

We have been working on the formalization of the probability and the randomness. In [15] and [16], we formalized some theorems concerning the real-valued random variables and the product of two probability spaces. In this article, we present the generalized formalization of [15] and [16]. First, we formalize the random variables of arbitrary set and prove the equivalence between random variable on Σ, Borel sets and a real-valued random variable on Σ. Next, we formalize the product of countably infinite probability spaces.
AGERATINA ADENOPHORA (ASTERACEAE) NEW SPECIES TO THE ITALIAN ALIEN FLORA AND OBSERVATIONS ON ITS ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS
Authors: Del Guacchio Emanuele
Published: August 2013

Ageratina adenophora is recorded for the first time in Italy (Campania region). Its naturalization status and ecology are discussed, also providing a morphological comparison with the related taxa (both occurring in Italy) A. ligustrina and Eupatorium cannabinum. Some remarks on potential threats for habitat and native flora are provided as well.
In situ syntheses of semiconducting nanoparticles in conjugated polymer matrices and their application in photovoltaics.
Authors: Rath Thomas , Trimmel Gregor
Published: August 2013

Hybrid solar cells based on conjugated polymers and inorganic semiconducting nanoparticles combine beneficial properties of organic and inorganic semiconductors and are, therefore, an exciting alternative to pure organic or inorganic solar cell technologies. Several approaches for the fabrication of hybrid solar cells are already elaborated and explored. In the last years routes have emerged, where the nanoparticles are prepared directly in the matrix of the conjugated polymer. Here, the conjugated polymer prevents the nanoparticles from excessive growth and thereby makes additional capping agents obsolete. This review focuses on in situ preparation methods of inorganic semiconducting nanoparticles in conjugated polymers in view of applications in hybrid solar cells. The details, advantages and disadvantages of the different in situ methods are critically examined and put in comparison to the classical route where pre-synthesized nanoparticles are used. Various key factors influencing the solar cell performance as well as future strategies for increasing the overall efficiency of hybrid solar cells prepared via in situ routes are discussed.
Effect of a novel stobadine derivative on isolated rat arteries
Authors: Broskova Zuzana , Sotnikova Ruzena , Nedelcevova Jana , Bagi Zsolt
Published: August 2013

The antioxidant and reactive-oxygen-species-scavenging activity of stobadine has been demonstrated in previous studies. Recently, chemical modification of this leading structure led to the synthesis of other pyridoindole derivatives with significantly increased intrinsic antioxidant efficacy. Further structural modifications of stobadine provided the opportunity to increase bioavailability and attenuate unwanted side effects, such as α-adrenolytic activity. The aim of the work was to evaluate the direct effect of a novel pyridoindole, SMe1EC2, on the vascular wall ex vivo. The vasomotor effect of SMe1EC2 (1×10-8-1×10-4 mol/l) was measured on isolated and pressurized rat cerebral and coronary arterioles using video-microscopy. The effect of SMe1EC2 (1×10-6 and 1×10-5 mol/l) on high potassium-, phenylephrine- or serotonin-induced contraction or acetylcholine-induced relaxation was also determined in aortic rings. We found that SMe1EC2 (1×10-8-1×10-4 mol/l) elicited significant dilatations in both cerebral and coronary arterioles (max dilatation: 25±8% and 18±5% respectively). Yet, SMe1EC2 (1×10-6 and 1×10-5 mol/l) did not influence the tone of aortic rings nor did it affect high potassium-, phenylephrine- or serotonin -induced contractions and acetylcholine-induced relaxation. Thus SMe1EC2 was able to dilate resistance arteries but did not affect aortic contractility. It is likely that SMe1EC2 does not possess α1-adrenolytic and anti-serotoninergic activity in the vascular wall.
On Generalized Gamma Convolution Distributions
Authors: Hamedani G.G.
Published: August 2013

We present here characterizations of certain families of generalized gamma convolution distributions of L. Bondesson based on a simple relationship between two truncated moments. We also present a list of well-known random variables whose distributions or the distributions of certain functions of them belong to the class of generalized gamma convolutions.
On Bimodal Offset Cauchy Distribution
Authors: Girija S.V.S. , Radhika A.J.V. , Rao A.V.Dattatreya
Published: August 2013

The bivariate Cauchy distribution has received applications in many areas, including biological analyses, clinical trials, stochastic modeling of decreasing failure rate life components, study of labour turnover, queuing theory and reliability (Nayak (1987) and Lee and Gross (1991)). In the study of biological analyses, clinical trials and reliability circular distributions will yield suitable results. Circular data arises in a number of different areas such as geological, meteorological, biological and industrial sciences. It is not suggestive to use standard statistical techniques to model circular data, due to the circular geometry of the sample space (p.2 Jammalamadaka and Sen Gupta (2001). It is possible to construct a circular model by transforming a bivariate linear random variate to just its directional component and the resultant model is called ‘offset distribution’. In the literature most of the available circular models were constructed by wrapping a linear model. In recent years some wrapped models were constructed by Dattatreya Rao et al (2007). Here an attempt is made to exploit method of offsetting on Bivariate Cauchy distribution to construct a circular model named by us “OFFSET CAUCHY DISTRIBUTION (OC)”. The characteristic function of the Offset Cauchy model is derived and its characteristics are discussed.
Arc Tan- Exponential Type Distribution Induced By Stereographic Projection / Bilinear Transformation On Modified Wrapped Exponential Distribution
Authors: Phani Y. , Girija S.V.S. , Rao A.V. Dattatreya
Published: August 2013

In this paper we make an attempt to construct a new three parameter linear model, we call this new model as Arc Tan-Exponential Type distribution, by applying Stereographic Projection or equivalently Bilinear transformation on Wrapped Exponential distribution, Probability density and cumulative distribution functions of this new model are presented and their graphs are plotted for various values of parameters.
On Some Strategies for Computer Simulation of the Wave Propagation Using Finite Differences I. One–Dimensional FDTD Method
Authors: Šumichrast L̓ubomír
Published: August 2013

Some strategies used in the computer simulation of wave phenomena by means of finite differences in time-domain (FDTD) method are reviewed and discussed here. It is shown that the wave equation in its discretized form possesses different properties in comparison with the true differential formulation. In this part the issues of stability and numerical dispersion are thoroughly investigated for the one-dimensional case represented here by waves on transmission lines and transversal electromagnetic plane wave
Image Retrieval Algorithm Based on Discrete Fractional Transforms
Authors: Jindal Neeru , Singh Kulbir
Published: August 2013

The discrete fractional transforms is a signal processing tool which suggests computational algorithms and solutions to various sophisticated applications. In this paper, a new technique to retrieve the encrypted and scrambled image based on discrete fractional transforms has been proposed. Two-dimensional image was encrypted using discrete fractional transforms with three fractional orders and two random phase masks placed in the two intermediate planes. The significant feature of discrete fractional transforms benefits from its extra degree of freedom that is provided by its fractional orders. Security strength was enhanced (1024!)4 times by scrambling the encrypted image. In decryption process, image retrieval is sensitive for both correct fractional order keys and scrambling algorithm. The proposed approach make the brute force attack infeasible. Mean square error and relative error are the recital parameters to verify validity of proposed method.
On Induction Heating - Conductor Excited by External Field
Authors: Franek Jaroslav
Published: August 2013

Electromagnetic field in a banded strip conductor excited by external AC voltage driven coil is analyzed. Inhomogeneous wave equation describing this axis-symmetrical configuration is deduced and solved to find the induced current density and the directional energy flux density (Poynting vector) in the conductor.
Integrated Flood Management for Beiyun River, China
Authors: Minghong Chen , Hongwei Fang , Yi Zheng , Guojian He
Published: August 2013

Beiyun River Basin is holistically suffering a water shortage and relatively concentrated flood risk. The current operation (level-control) of dams and floodgates, which is in passive defense mode, cannot meet the demands of both flood control and storm water resources. An integrated flood forecasting and management system is developed by the connecting of the hydrological model and hydrodynamic model and coupling of the hydrodynamic model and hydraulic model for dams and floodgates. Based upon the forecasted runoff processes, a discharge-control operation mode of dams and floodgates is proposed to be utilized in order to well regulate the flood routing in channels. The simulated water level, discharge, and water storage volume under different design conditions of rainfall return periods and floodgates operation modes are compared. The results show that: (1) for small floods, current operation modes can satisfy the objectives, but discharge-control operation can do better; (2) for medium size floods, since pre-storing of the floods affects the discharge of follow-up floods by floodgates, the requirement of flood control cannot be satisfied under current operations, but the discharge-control operation can; (3) for large floods, neither operation can meet the requirement because of the limited storage of these dams. Then, the gravel pits, wetlands, ecological lakes and flood detention basins around the river must be used for excess flood waters. Using the flood forecasting and management system can change passive defense to active defense mode, solving the water resources problem of Beijing city and Beiyun River Basin to a certain extent.
Numerical Study of Near-Bed Turbulence Structures Influence on the Initiation of Saltating Grains Movement
Authors: Bialik Robert J.
Published: August 2013

The focus of this paper is on the analysis of the influence of near-bed turbulence structures with the inclusion of existing coherent structures on the entrainment of saltating particles in a water stream from the Lagrangian perspective. The interactions between turbulence structures and initiation of particles movement is the key for better understanding of the physics of sediment transport and particles behaviour. These aims are addressed by use of a 3D relevant model of spherical saltating particles, in which a special procedure has been designed to produce coherent structures. In this method, the spectra of turbulent kinetic energy, consisting of four ranges, are used to generate the time series of turbulent velocities in the streamwise, vertical and transversal directions. Numerical results suggest that the initiation of sediment movement is strongly correlated to positive streamwise velocity fluctuations and as such, supports earlier laboratory experimental and field observations, showing that the sweeps and outward interactions play a crucial role in the initiation of saltating particles’ movement.
Estimation of Suspended Sediment Concentrations with Adcp in Danube River
Authors: Baranya Sándor , Józsa János
Published: August 2013

An estimation procedure for suspended sediment concentrations based on the intensity of backscattered sound of acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCP) is introduced in this paper. Based on detailed moving and fixed boat ADCP measurements with concurrent sediment sampling, we have successfully calibrated the estimation method for a reach of River Danube in Hungary, characterized by significant suspended sediment transport. The effect of measurement uncertainty and various data filtering on sediment load determination is also analyzed and quantified. Some of the physical model parameters describing the propagation of sound in water are estimated based on known empirical formulas, while other parameters are derived from measured. Regression analysis is used to obtain a relationship between the intensity of backscattered sound and sediment concentrations. The empirical relationship has been then used to estimate the suspended sediment concentrations from the ADCP data collected in fixed and moving boat measurement operation mode, along verticals and path-lines, respectively. We show that while some measurement uncertainty is inherent to the acoustic Doppler principle, it is further enhanced by the complexity of the near-bottom sediment-laden flow. This uncertainty has then a significant effect on the local sediment load estimation. In turn, reasonable smoothing of raw velocity and backscatter intensity data shows insignificant impact on cross-sectional sediment load estimation.
Exact Analytical Solutions for Contaminant Transport in Rivers
Authors: Genuchten Martinus Th. van , Leij Feike J. , Skaggs Todd H. , Toride Nobuo , Bradford Scott A. , Pontedeiro Elizabeth M.
Published: August 2013

Contaminant transport processes in streams, rivers, and other surface water bodies can be analyzed or predicted using the advection-dispersion equation and related transport models. In part 1 of this two-part series we presented a large number of one- and multi-dimensional analytical solutions of the standard equilibrium advection-dispersion equation (ADE) with and without terms accounting for zero-order production and first-order decay. The solutions are extended in the current part 2 to advective-dispersive transport with simultaneous first-order mass exchange between the stream or river and zones with dead water (transient storage models), and to problems involving longitudinal advectivedispersive transport with simultaneous diffusion in fluvial sediments or near-stream subsurface regions comprising a hyporheic zone. Part 2 also provides solutions for one-dimensional advective-dispersive transport of contaminants subject to consecutive decay chain reactions.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Surgical Implants Made from Weak Magnetic Materials
Authors: Gogola D. , Krafčík A. , Štrbák O. , Frollo I.
Published: August 2013

Materials with high magnetic susceptibility cause local inhomogeneities in the main field of the magnetic resonance (MR) tomograph. These inhomogeneities lead to loss of phase coherence, and thus to a rapid loss of signal in the image. In our research we investigated inhomogeneous field of magnetic implants such as magnetic fibers, designed for inner suture during surgery. The magnetic field inhomogeneities were studied at low magnetic planar phantom, which was made from four thin strips of magnetic tape, arranged grid-wise. We optimized the properties of imaging sequences with the aim to find the best setup for magnetic fiber visualization. These fibers can be potentially exploited in surgery for internal stitches. Stitches can be visualized by the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method after surgery. This study shows that the imaging of magnetic implants is possible by using the low field MRI systems, without the use of complicated post processing techniques (e.g., IDEAL).
A New Neutrosophic Approach of Wiener Filtering for MRI Denoising
Authors: Mohan J. , Krishnaveni V. , Guo Yanhui
Published: August 2013

In this paper, a new filtering method based on neutrosophic set (NS) approach of wiener filter is presented to remove Rician noise from magnetic resonance image. A neutrosophic set, a part of neutrosophy theory, studies the origin, nature and scope of neutralities, as well as their interactions with different ideational spectra. Now, we apply the neutrosophic set into image domain and define some concepts and operators for image denoising. The image is transformed into NS domain, described using three membership sets: True (T), Indeterminacy (I) and False (F). The entropy of the neutrosophic set is defined and employed to measure the indeterminacy. The ω-wiener filtering operation is used on T and F to decrease the set indeterminacy and remove noise. The experiments have conducted on simulated Magnetic Resonance images (MRI) from Brainweb database and clinical MR images corrupted by Rician noise. The results show that the NS wiener filter produces better denoising results in terms of visual perception, qualitative and quantitative measures compared with other denoising methods, such as classical wiener filter, the anisotropic diffusion filter, the total variation minimization scheme and non local means filter.
Decoupling Analysis of a Sliding Structure Six-axis Force/Torque Sensor
Authors: Wu Bo , Cai Ping
Published: August 2013

This paper analyzes the decoupling of a sliding structure six-axis force/torque sensor, which is used to measure the interactive force between surgical tools and soft tissue for the establishment of soft-tissue force model. Because this decoupling structure requires accurate sliding clearance and symmetric grooves, the influence of contact force between the elastic body and the groove sidewall on decoupling is analyzed. The analysis results indicate that the contact force will produce additional coupling error. The robust design method of elastic body size optimization is used to eliminate the influence of contact force. In the calibration test, the expanded uncertainty of the calibration device is evaluated and the calibration results validate the good decoupling.
Random Channel Generator for Indoor Power Line Communication
Authors: Mlynek P. , Misurec J. , Koutny M.
Published: August 2013

The paper deals with creating an indoor power line model based on random parameters. This model approximates the real parameters of the power line communication with sufficient precision. A detailed analysis of earlier and current research in power line communication modelling, especially for power line models, is described. Measurement of transmission line parameters and power line model verification follows. Based on model analysis and load impedance measurement, a mathematical description of the model is designed. A reference model for different scenarios is realized too. The last part gives the analysis of this model and simulation results.
Principles of Legal Interpretation of a Normative Definition of the Term “Building Structure” for the Needs of the Imposition of a Real Estate Tax in Poland
Authors: Pahl Bogumił
Published: August 2013

An essential aim of this study is to present principles of the legal interpretation of the term “building structure” for the needs of the imposition of a real estate tax. The analysis of both administrative courts’ judgments and the subject literature indicates lack of consistency in the scope of this term’s meaning. In my opinion, interpretative discrepancies are caused by incorrect legal interpretation of the legal definition. It should be noticed that numerous controversies connected with the legal interpretation of the term building structure are connected with considerable tax burden of this type of building objects. Taxpayers, for obvious reasons, are therefore “interested” in not finding the objects owned by them to be building structures in the meaning of the Tax Law, or possibly in finding only those objects’ specified parts to be building structures. It is easily apparent particularly in the case of objects of complex structures (e.g. cell phones towers, ski lifts, wind farms, facilities used in power engineering industry etc.). On the other hand, however, for many municipalities in Poland, income from building structures’ taxation creates municipal budgets. This way the practice of applying local tax law encounters numerous disputes between taxpayers and self-government tax authorities.
Judicial Interpretation of the Tax Law Provisions and Protection of the Subjective Rights of Taxpayers – In the Light of Art. 153 of the Act on Proceedings Before Administrative Courts in Poland
Authors: Dumas Anna , Pietrasz Piotr
Published: August 2013

This article refers to the issues associated with the crucial significance of the interpretation of tax law provisions made by administrative courts in the course of the judicial inspection of tax decisions, within the context of protecting the subjective rights of taxpayers. The analysis in that regard has been prepared based on the provisions of art. 153 of the Act of 25 July 2002 on Proceedings before Administrative Courts, which expresses the important rule of binding the court and the administrative authority, whose act was the subject of an appeal, with a legal assessment and instructions regarding the further proceedings described in the decision of the administrative court.

As a result of this rule, a decision of an administrative court exerts the results exceeding the scope of judicial administrative proceedings, while its effect also covers the future tax proceedings. If the legal assessment made by the court refers to the regulations that affect the subjective rights of a taxpayer, it means that the administrative court imposes the effects of “its” interpretation of those provisions on a tax authority. In turn, the tax authority is obliged to respect those rights in accordance with the opinions of the court, which usually affects the final resolution of a tax case.

It should be borne in mind that a taxpayer, by submitting an appeal against a tax decision to an administrative court, demands not only an inspection of the acts of tax administration, but also - which should be emphasized - demands the execution of its rights, including its subjective rights. Therefore, we should not forget the crucial role of the administrative courts in the protection of the substantive rights of taxpayers. The instrument that allows the administrative courts to guard the subjective rights of taxpayers, consists in the procedural regulations included in the provisions on proceedings before administrative courts, and in particular art. 153 of the Act on Proceedings before Administrative Courts in Poland.
Purposive Interpretation of the Term “Undertaking” as Defined Under Polish Antitrust Law – Some Observations
Authors: Piszcz Anna
Published: August 2013

This paper assesses whether the purposive (functional) interpretation of the term “undertaking” is used by decision-makers in antitrust cases. This article presents a short summary of this research regarding cases related to the abuse of a dominant position. As a rule, priority must be given to the direct meaning of a text. There are, however, important exceptions to the sup- posed rule. A concise examination of the jurisprudence shows that purposive interpretation is used where the provision in question is open to several inter- pretations. This article relates in some form to the problems that arise from the EU-oriented purposive interpretation of the term “undertaking” as defined under Polish antitrust law. The article considers some of them.