bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FAUNA OF YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK LAKES HAS LOW RESISTANCE BUT HIGH RESILIENCE TO FISH INTRODUCTIONS
Authors: Knapp Roland A. , Hawkins Charles P. , Ladau Joshua , McClory Jodi G.
Published: June 2007

The ratio of the number of taxa observed at a site to that expected to occur in the absence of anthropogenic impacts (O/E) is an ecologically meaningful measure of the degree of faunal alteration. We used O/E ratios to describe the response by amphibian, reptile, benthic macroinvertebrate, and zooplankton taxa in originally fishless lakes in Yosemite National Park to the introduction and subsequent disappearance of nonnative fish. To quantify resistance (the degree to which a system is altered when the environment changes) and resilience (the degree to which a system returns to its previous configuration once the perturbation is removed), we compared O/E ratios between lakes that were never stocked, were previously stocked and still contained fish, or were previously stocked but had reverted to a fishless condition.

On average, stocked‐fish‐present sites had 16% fewer taxa than never‐stocked sites (O/E = 0.84 vs. 1.00, respectively). This statistically significant difference in O/E ratios indicates that native fauna had relatively low resistance to fish introductions. Resistance was inversely related to fish density and elevation, and directly related to water depth. Vulnerability to impacts of trout predation differed markedly between faunal groups, being high for amphibians, reptiles, conspicuous benthic invertebrates, and zooplankton and low for inconspicuous benthic invertebrates. O/E ratios in stocked‐now‐fishless sites were significantly higher (1.00) than those in stocked‐fish‐present sites and were not significantly different from those in never‐stocked sites, indicating that this fauna had high resilience. For stocked‐now‐fishless sites, the relationship between the O/E ratio and the number of years since fish disappearance indicated that taxonomic composition recovered to closely resemble that of never‐stocked lakes in less than two years following fish disappearance. Collectively, these results indicate that despite strong effects of an introduced predatory fish on community structure, these systems recover quickly and predictably following fish removal.
IMPACTS OF LARGE‐SCALE ATMOSPHERIC–OCEAN VARIABILITY ON ALASKAN FIRE SEASON SEVERITY
Authors: Duffy Paul A. , Walsh John E. , Graham Jonathan M. , Mann Daniel H. , Rupp T. Scott
Published: June 2007

Fire is the keystone disturbance in the Alaskan boreal forest and is highly influenced by summer weather patterns. Records from the last 53 years reveal high variability in the annual area burned in Alaska and corresponding high variability in weather occurring at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Here we use multiple linear regression (MLR) to systematically explore the relationships between weather variables and the annual area burned in Alaska. Variation in the seasonality of the atmospheric circulation–fire linkage is addressed through an evaluation of both the East Pacific teleconnection field and a Pacific Decadal Oscillation index keyed to an annual fire index. In the MLR, seven explanatory variables and an interaction term collectively explain 79% of the variability in the natural logarithm of the number of hectares burned annually by lightning‐caused fires in Alaska from 1950 to 2003. Average June temperature alone explains one‐third of the variability in the logarithm of annual area burned. The results of this work suggest that the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and the East Pacific teleconnection indices can be useful in determining a priori an estimate of the number of hectares that will burn in an upcoming season. This information also provides insight into the link between ocean–atmosphere interactions and the fire disturbance regime in Alaska.
CREATING A VIRTUAL TROPICAL FOREST FROM THREE‐DIMENSIONAL AERIAL IMAGERY TO ESTIMATE CARBON STOCKS
Authors: Brown Sandra , Pearson Timothy , Slaymaker Dana , Ambagis Stephen , Moore Nathan , Novelo Darrell , Sabido Wilber
Published: June 2007

Given the interest in implementing land‐use change and forestry projects for mitigating carbon dioxide emissions, there is potentially a large demand for a system to measure carbon stocks accurately and precisely in a cost‐effective manner. As terrestrial ecosystems tend to be heterogeneous, a large number of sample plots could be needed to attain the regulatory‐required levels of precision, thus resulting in a costly process. A potential way of reducing costs of measuring the carbon stocks of forests is to collect the key data remotely. We have designed a system (a multispectral three‐dimensional aerial digital imagery system, M3DADI) that collects high‐resolution overlapping stereo imagery (≤10 cm pixels) from which we can distinguish individual trees or shrubs. In essence, we created a virtual forest that we used to measure crown area and heights of all plant groups. We used this M3DADI system to estimate the carbon stocks in aboveground biomass for the pine savanna in the Rio Bravo Carbon Sequestration Pilot Project in Belize. Seventy‐seven plots were established on the images, and using a series of nested plots we digitized the crown area and heights of pine and broadleaf trees, palmettos, and shrubs. Based on standard destructive harvest techniques, we obtained highly significant allometric regression equations between biomass carbon per individual and crown area and height. Combining the image‐plot data with the allometric equations resulted in a mean carbon stock of 13.1 Mg/ha with a 95% confidence interval of 2.2 Mg C/ha or ±16% of the mean. The coefficient of variation was high for all vegetation types (range of 31–303%), reflecting the highly heterogeneous nature of the system. We estimated that 202 plots would need to be installed to achieve a 95% confidence interval of ±10% of the mean. We compared the cost‐effectiveness of the M3DADI approach with conventional field methods based on the total person‐hours needed by both approaches to collect the same set of data for 202 plots. We found that the conventional field approach took about three times more person‐hours than the M3DADI approach.
IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIFIC TREE SPECIES IN ANCIENT SEMI‐NATURAL WOODLAND FROM DIGITAL AERIAL SENSOR IMAGERY
Authors: Foody Giles M. , Atkinson Peter M. , Gething Peter W. , Ravenhill Neil A. , Kelly Colleen K.
Published: June 2007

Remote sensing has great potential as a source of information on tree species. The classification approaches used commonly to extract species information from remotely sensed imagery typically aim to optimize the overall accuracy of species identification, a target which need not satisfy the requirements of a particular user. Often users are interested in a specific species or subset of species, and these may not be accurately identified in a conventional classification. Here, a two‐phase classification approach was used to map specific species from aerial sensor imagery of an ancient British woodland. Particular attention was focused on the identification of sycamore since this is displacing the native ash and information on its distribution would enhance basic understanding and management activities. The results show that the classification approach can be adapted to focus on a specific species of interest and used to increase classification accuracy significantly. For example, sycamore was classified to a low accuracy when a conventional approach to classification with a neural network was used (46.6–63.6%, depending on perspective), but the adoption of the two‐phase approach increased its accuracy significantly (82.3–93.3%). The results demonstrate the ability to map specific class(es) of interest accurately from remotely sensed imagery. The approach used also highlights the ability to tailor an analysis to the specific requirements of the ecological study in hand and is of broad applicability.
ESTIMATION OF MANATEE (TRICHECHUS MANATUS LATIROSTRIS) PLACES AND MOVEMENT CORRIDORS USING TELEMETRY DATA
Authors: Flamm Richard O. , Weigle Brad L. , Wright I. Elizabeth , Ross Monica , Aglietti Sherry
Published: June 2007

Effective stewardship of Florida's coast requires, in part, detailed characterizations of ecological components of the marine system. Characterization of one component, manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris), involves mapping its distribution and abundance and identifying features of the landscape that are intimately associated with its life history. In this study, we developed a raster‐based spatial model that transformed radio‐telemetry point data to surfaces illustrating the areas manatees visited frequently for relatively long periods, called “places,” and areas visited frequently for short periods, called “movement corridors.” This work involved (1) simulating manatee movement paths between sequential telemetry points using a cost surface based on manatee bathymetric preferences that were derived from empirical associations between telemetry locations and water depth, (2) distributing movement time to cells that were crossed by the simulated movement path, and (3) extracting cells from the movement‐path map that qualified as places and those that qualified as corridors. Movement characteristics of wild and rehabilitated animals were similar. Movement rates of males were significantly greater than those of either females with calves or females without calves. Mean number of visits per cell and mean time per visit for the three adult classes were not significantly different. Males had the smallest mean patch size for places, and females without calves had the largest but fewest places. Based on qualitative evaluations by field biologists, we concluded that the model performed well in estimating places. The locations of movement corridors were less certain, although reasonable, given that manatee spatial cognition was considered sufficient to permit directed movement between places.
THE WILDLAND–URBAN INTERFACE IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: Radeloff V. C. , Hammer R. B. , Stewart S. I. , Fried J. S. , Holcomb S. S. , McKeefry J. F.
Published: June 2007

The wildland–urban interface (WUI) is the area where houses meet or intermingle with undeveloped wildland vegetation. The WUI is thus a focal area for human– environment conflicts, such as the destruction of homes by wildfires, habitat fragmentation, introduction of exotic species, and biodiversity decline. Our goal was to conduct a spatially detailed assessment of the WUI across the United States to provide a framework for scientific inquiries into housing growth effects on the environment and to inform both national policymakers and local land managers about the WUI and associated issues. The WUI in the conterminous United States covers 719 156 km2(9% of land area) and contains 44.8 million housing units (39% of all houses). WUI areas are particularly widespread in the eastern United States, reaching a maximum of 72% of land area in Connecticut. California has the highest number of WUI housing units (5.1 million). The extent of the WUI highlights the need for ecological principles in land‐use planning as well as sprawl‐limiting policies to adequately address both wildfire threats and conservation problems.
POPULATION VIABILITY AND REINTRODUCTION STRATEGIES: A SPATIALLY EXPLICIT LANDSCAPE‐LEVEL APPROACH
Authors: Münzbergová Zuzana , Mildén Mikael , Ehrlén Johan , Herben Tomáš
Published: June 2007

The effect of habitat destruction on the likelihood of species survival is often estimated based on the assumption that colonization and extinctions are in balance. This assumption is not sustainable in species where the dynamics of colonization and extinctions is slow in relation to landscape changes, such as in most plants.

Here we use an alternative approach, a realistic, dynamic landscape‐level model that does not rely on this assumption. It enables estimation of the effect of habitat destruction using field data on the biology of a species and on real landscape structure. Because our approach relies on direct comparisons of changes in population size and survival probability due to habitat changes, it can be easily extended to other conservation questions, such as assessing the effects of events causing the extinction of populations but allowing for recolonization, or identifying optimal reintroduction strategies.

We applied this method to a perennial herb, Succisa pratensis, that is a typical grassland species. We combined detailed demographic data with information on the spatial distribution of suitable habitats to model species dynamics in the landscape under different scenarios. The results show that habitat destruction alone has little effect on regional survival. However, the effect of habitat destruction increases when combined with factors causing extinctions of the existing populations that are expected to play a significant role in the study system. Our results further show that an optimal reintroduction strategy at the landscape level depends on the number of available seeds.

The approach presented here was designed for studying systems where species colonization–extinction dynamics is slow compared with landscape changes. Such time lags and nonequilibrium dynamics have been suggested to be important features of many ecosystems and life forms, and this approach is thus likely to be useful for a wide range of future studies. The approach also allows the estimation of short‐term effects of habitat destruction, i.e., situations that are nonequilibrium by definition. This is never possible with equilibrium models, giving the model a wide applicability for all types of organisms.
NEST‐SITE LIMITATION IN COFFEE AGROECOSYSTEMS: ARTIFICIAL NESTS MAINTAIN DIVERSITY OF ARBOREAL ANTS
Authors: Philpott Stacy M. , Foster Paul F.
Published: June 2007

Nest sites are a limiting resource for arboreal twig‐nesting ants, and nest sites may be increasingly limited with habitat modification. One such habitat modification is the conversion of traditional coffee farms, where coffee is cultivated under a dense, diverse shade canopy, to more intensive production systems with reduced canopy cover and lower diversity, height, and density of shade trees. As a result of such management intensification, ant diversity declines. We ask here if: (1) nest sites are a limiting resource for arboreal twig‐nesting ants in coffee farms, especially in intensively managed systems and (2) nest‐site limitation is a mechanism causing loss of ant diversity with coffee management intensification. During 2000–2003, we investigated occupancy, species richness, and species composition of arboreal twig‐nesting ants using natural (hollow coffee twig) and artificial (bamboo stem) nests in farms either with high or low diversity and density of shade trees. In both high‐ and low‐shade sites ants occupied a majority (>55%) of natural nests and occupied some (>15%) artificial nests, and significantly more artificial nests were occupied in low‐shade sites. In both high‐ and low‐shade sites, ant richness was higher in artificial than in natural nests. More species occupied natural nests in low‐shade sites, and more species occupied artificial nests in high‐shade sites. Furthermore, species composition differed between nest types, with more ant species found more often or only in artificial nests. These results indicate that, although ants are not strongly nest‐site limited in coffee agroecosystems, nest limitation increases somewhat with increasing management intensification. Reductions in numbers of nest sites may be a mechanism causing ant diversity loss with coffee management intensification. Interestingly, because relatively fewer species colonized artificial nests in the low‐shade site, ants may be recruitment limited in the low‐shade sites, possibly maintaining low ant richness in these sites.
COMMUNITY RELATIONSHIPS OF AVIAN MALARIA PARASITES IN SOUTHERN MISSOURI
Authors: Ricklefs Robert E. , Swanson Bethany L. , Fallon Sylvia M. , MartÍnez-AbraÍn Alejandro , Scheuerlein Alexander , Gray Julia , Latta Steven C.
Published: June 2007

We studied the organization and temporal stability of an assemblage of malaria parasites (generaPlasmodiumandHaemoproteus) and their passerine avian hosts in a forested study area in southern Missouri, USA, over four years. We detected parasite infections by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of parasite DNA from host blood samples and identified parasite lineages by sequencing a part of the mitochondrial cytochromebgene. We obtained 757 blood samples from 42 host species. Prevalence of malaria parasitism judged by PCR averaged 38.6% and varied in parallel in the three most abundant host species over the four years of the study. Parasite prevalence bore a U‐shaped relationship to host sample size. Prevalence was weakly positively associated with host body mass, but not with foraging stratum, nest height, nest type, plumage brightness, or sexual dichromatism. Over the sample as a whole, parasite prevalence did not vary between males and females or between hatch‐year and older individuals.

We differentiated 34 parasite lineages. The number of host species per lineage varied from one to eight and increased with sample size. We recovered up to 14 lineages of parasite from a single host. Three relatively common lineages in the Ozarks were found nowhere else; four others were recovered from other sites in eastern North America; and six additional well‐sampled lineages were distributed in the Greater Antilles among resident island host species. Parasites that are endemic among native species of hosts on the tropical wintering grounds of Ozark birds were recovered from hatch‐year birds in the Ozarks, indicating that transmission takes place on the summer breeding grounds, and consequently, that suitable vectors are present in both the temperate and tropical portions of the parasite lineage distributions.

We estimate that the number of parasite lineages within a local area will approximate the number of host species and that our perception of host breadth and parasite diversity will increase for most lineages and hosts with increased sampling. Thus, host–parasite relationships in a local area, including the role of parasites in sexual selection and the evolutionary maintenance of sex, are likely to be complex, with population and evolutionary dynamics involving many actors.
A NEW CLASS OF MODELS OF SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION
Authors: Conlisk Erin , Bloxham Michael , Conlisk John , Enquist Brian , Harte John
Published: June 2007

We analyze a new class of models of spatial distribution, developing mathematical properties and performing empirical tests. The models are based on a simple colonization rule operating on a rectangular grid. Two special cases within the class are traditional random placement and negative binomial models. Over three large data sets, these two cases are strongly outperformed by more flexible models within the class, in particular, models that allow more general patterns of aggregation. The models are simple and broadly applicable, with only one adjustable parameter, representing aggregation. Shortcomings of the colonization rule are studied, and extensions and applications of the models are discussed.
Understanding Disgust in Nursing: Abjection, Self, and the Other
Authors: Holmes Dave , Perron Amélie , O’Byrne Patrick
Published: June 2007

From the seeming chaos of war zones and emergency rooms to the ritualized order of forensic psychiatric settings and sexual health clinics, nurses often experience feelings of disgust and repulsion in their practice. For these intense feelings to occur, an abject object must exist. Cadaverous, sick, disabled bodies, troubled minds, wounds, vomit, feces, and so forth are all part of nursing work and threaten the clean and proper bodies of nurses. The unclean side of nursing is rarely accounted for in academic literature: it is silenced. Using a theoretical approach, the objective of this paper is to demonstrate how fruitful the concept of abjection is in understanding nurses’ reactions of disgust and repulsion regarding particular patients or clinical situations.
Comparison of Long‐Term Organic and Conventional Crop–Livestock Systems on a Previously Nutrient‐Depleted Soil in Sweden
Authors: Kirchmann Holger , Bergström Lars , Kätterer Thomas , Mattsson Lennart , Gesslein Sven
Published: June 2007

An 18‐yr field study was performed to compare organic and conventional cropping on a highly P and K depleted soil in southern Sweden that had not received any inorganic fertilizers (or pesticides) since the mid‐1940s. The major management differences between the systems were (i) growth of legumes every second year and use of legumes as cover crops in the organic rotation; (ii) application of P in the organic system at higher rates than for the conventional system; (iii) exclusion of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) from the organic system but inclusion of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.); (iv) frequent mechanical weeding in the organic system; and (v) use of solid manure in the organic and liquid manure in the conventional system. Concentrations of soil‐exchangeable P increased more after application of large amounts of basic slag and apatite in the organic system than after application of P fertilizers in the conventional system. Organic systems, which rely mainly on legumes for their N supply, will acidify soils faster than systems with fewer legumes in rotation. Crop yields were, on average, 50% less and weed biomass was greater (1–3 Mg dry matter ha−1) in the organic system than in the conventional system. Nitrogen was identified as the main yield‐limiting nutrient for organically grown crops. Despite this, and even with use of cover crops, N leaching was not reduced by organic farming. Soil carbon (C) concentrations decreased in both systems, but less so in the organic system due to higher C inputs and lower soil pH values. Still, organic farming seems not be an option for sequestering C in soil in Sweden. After adjusting the two systems to the same boundary conditions for an unbiased modeling comparison, the C input is ≈60% higher in the conventional system than the organic system. The agronomic efficiency of N was 9 to 10 kg grain yield kg−1 N in the organic system compared with 16–18 kg grain yield kg−1 in the conventional system. The long‐term use efficiency of P was lower in the organic system (7%) than in the conventional system (36%). These results show that yield and soil fertility are superior in conventional cropping systems under cold‐temperate conditions.
Iron Acquisition of Three Soybean Varieties Grown at Five Seeding Densities and Five Rates of Fe–EDDHA
Authors: Wiersma John V.
Published: June 2007

Iron deficiency is a major, yield‐limiting factor for large areas of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production in the North Central USA. Our objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of increasing both seeding density and rate of Fe–EDDHA in reducing early season (V2–V3) visual chlorosis scores (VCSs) and increasing seed number and grain yield. These measures were judged to reflect differences in Fe acquisition, manifest at maturity as seed Fe concentration (seed [Fe]). Three varieties (Vs), five seeding densities (SDs), and five seed‐applied Fe–EDDHA rates (IRs) were evaluated during 2000, 2001, and 2002. With mild to moderate Fe deficiency, applying Fe–EDDHA at planting markedly reduced early season VCSs, slightly increased seed number and grain yield, and had a similarly small influence on seed Fe concentration (seed [Fe]). In contrast, increasing SD had little influence on early season VCSs, but increased seed [Fe] as well as seed number and grain yield. Resistant and susceptible varieties differed in their response to increasing SDs and indicated that the more susceptible varieties (‘Daksoy’ and ‘Jim’) responded to increasing SD to a greater extent than the more resistant variety, ‘Corona’. Nonetheless, Corona's seed [Fe] usually exceeded that of Daksoy and Jim, whether in the near absence of Fe deficiency or in the presence of mild to moderate Fe deficiency. Fe acquisition, measured as seed [Fe], appeared to be regulated primarily by genotype, yet Fe acquisition of less Fe‐efficient varieties could be increased by increasing SD or reducing the severity of Fe deficiency.
Effect of Liquid Cattle Manure on Corn Yield, Composition, and Soil Properties
Authors: Lithourgidis Anastasios S. , Matsi Theodora , Barbayiannis Nikolaos , Dordas Christos A.
Published: June 2007

The effects of liquid dairy cattle (Bos taurus) manure on corn (Zea maysL.) yield and composition were studied in a 4‐yr field experiment conducted under a Mediterranean environment. In addition, long‐term impact of (8‐yr) manure application on soil‐available NO3–N, P, and K; organic C; Kjeldahl N; and salinity was investigated. Four treatments were established in plots, previously used for a similar 4‐yr experiment with winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.). Treatments were: (i) application of 80 Mg manure ha−1yr−1; (ii) single application of the equivalent N–P as inorganic fertilization (260 kg N ha−1yr−1and 57 kg P ha−1yr−1); (iii) identical to (ii), but with split N application; and (iv) no fertilization. Corn grain and silage yields, N–P–K plant concentration, and uptake were significantly increased by manure or inorganic fertilizer addition relative to the control. During the 4‐yr corn experiment, the amounts of available NO3–N in the soil profile of manure plots were higher than control, but similar to both inorganic fertilization treatments. Manure application maintained the amounts of soil available NO3–N, P, and K at desirable levels, almost each year of the total 8‐yr application. However, soil organic C and Kjeldahl N remained unchanged. At the end of the experiment, soil salinity below 30 cm was significantly increased on manure or inorganic fertilizer addition relative to the control, but at levels acceptable for most crops. In conclusion, soil application of liquid dairy cattle manure at a rate equivalent to the recommended inorganic fertilization can enhance corn yield and composition and maintain soil fertility at desirable levels, without increasing soil salinity at unacceptable levels.
Disaggregating Model Bias and Variability when Calculating Economic Optimum Rates of Nitrogen Fertilization for Corn
Authors: Kyveryga Peter M. , Blackmer Alfred M. , Morris Thomas F.
Published: June 2007

Efforts to calculate economic optimum rates (EORs) of N fertilization for corn (Zea mays L.) have been hampered by a lack of methods for disaggregating problems caused by model bias and variability in crop responses to N. We illustrate how the concepts of ex post and ex ante analyses can be used in a multistep procedure to disaggregate these problems when calculating ex post EORs when large amounts of data are available. Five models were used to describe yield responses from a collection of 54 small‐plot trials that included seven rates of N. The multistep procedure included steps to reduce model bias and steps to reduce unexplained variability by forming categories based on information available at the time of fertilization. The concepts of ex post and ex ante analyses were used to clarify what information is important at each stage of the procedure and to ensure that information generated in early steps is used effectively in later steps. Analyses illustrate that calculated values for EORs should be expected to vary with the amounts of information available and that the new procedure can be described as a systematic search for the best EOR that can be calculated with existing information. Although this procedure may have little practical use when data are collected in traditional small‐plot trials, illustration of this method by using data collected in such trials revealed the problems of model bias and variability in yield response as well as the potential for solving these problems in production systems where advances in technology make it practical to collect unprecedented amounts of data.
Alternative Benchmarks for Economically Optimal Rates of Nitrogen Fertilization for Corn
Authors: Kyveryga Peter M. , Blackmer Alfred M. , Morris Thomas F.
Published: June 2007

Discussions of N fertilizer needs for corn (Zea mays L.) usually are based on the assumption that economic optimum rates (EORs) of N provide the best benchmark to indicate the rates most likely to maximize profits for producers. We describe methods for calculating some additional benchmarks and illustrate how efforts to improve N management could be advanced by recognizing several alternative benchmarks simultaneously. We analyzed data from 54 small‐plot trials with a new procedure that disaggregates problems associated with systematic model bias and variability in crop yield responses to fertilizer N. We compared the commonly used method for calculating EORs to a method that is described as discrete marginal analysis at near‐optimal rates of N fertilization. We described methods for calculating the incremental break‐even rate, the incremental rate that gives no crop response, and the incremental rate of N that gives the desired level of profit. Discussions of the relative merits of each benchmark suggest that problems associated with calculating and using the concept of EORs can be avoided by presenting the alternative benchmarks as proposed in this paper.
A Survey of Therapeutic Ultrasound Use by Physical Therapists Who Are Orthopaedic Certified Specialists
Authors: Wong Rita A , Schumann Britta , Townsend Rose , Phelps Crystal A
Published: June 2007

Background and Purpose

For many years, ultrasound (US) has been a widely used and well-accepted physical therapy modality for the management of musculoskeletal conditions. However, there is a lack of scientific evidence on its effectiveness. This study examined the opinions of physical therapists with advanced competency in orthopedics about the use and perceived clinical importance of US in managing commonly encountered orthopedic impairments.

Subjects

Four hundred fifty-seven physical therapists who were orthopaedic certified specialists from the Northeast/Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States were invited to participate.

Methods

A 77-item survey instrument was developed. After face and content validity were established, the survey instrument was mailed to all subjects. Two hundred seven usable survey questionnaires were returned (response rate=45.3%).

Results

According to the surveys, the respondents indicated that they were likely to use US to decrease soft tissue inflammation (eg, tendinitis, bursitis) (83.6% of the respondents), increase tissue extensibility (70.9%), enhance scar tissue remodeling (68.8%), increase soft tissue healing (52.5%), decrease pain (49.3%), and decrease soft tissue swelling (eg, edema, joint effusion) (35.1%). The respondents used US to deliver medication (phonophoresis) for soft tissue inflammation (54.1%), pain management (22.2%), and soft tissue swelling (19.8%). The study provides summary data of the most frequently chosen machine parameters for duty cycle, intensity, and frequency.

Discussion and Conclusion

Ultrasound continues to be a popular adjunctive modality in orthopedic physical therapy. These findings may help researchers prioritize needs for future research on the clinical effectiveness of US.
Development of Organometallic Ruthenium(II) Anticancer (RAPTA) Drugs
Authors: Ang Wee Han
Published: June 2007

The systematic development of the RAPTA family of organometallic ruthenium(II) anticancer drugs containing a monodentate 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphatricyclo-[3.3.1.1]decane (pta) ligand and a ?6-arene ligand is described.
Synthesis and Biological Activity of 12-Aza-Epothilones (Azathilones) – Non-Natural Natural Products with Potent Antiproliferative Activity
Authors: Feyen Fabian , Gertsch Jürg , Wartmann Markus , Altmann Karl-Heinz
Published: June 2007

12-Aza-epothilones ('Azathilones') 1 and 2 have been prepared through ring-closing olefin metathesis or macrolactonization-based cyclization reactions. While RCM of the respective dienes 9 and 12 was found to be very effective and produced macrocyclic olefins
with high E selectivity, the subsequent reduction of the 9,10-double bond proved to be unexpectedly difficult and low-yielding. Preparation of azathilone 2 was also accomplished via macrolactonization and this approach was found to be more effective. Compound 2
is a highly potent inhibitor of human cancer cell growth in vitro. The activity of this analog is comparable with that of Epo A, both in terms of cytotoxicity against drug-sensitive human cancer cells as well as its tubulin-polymerizing activity. However, in contrast to Epo A, 2
is considerably less potent against multidrug-resistant cancer cells.
Structure Elucidation of Polyamine Toxins in the Venom of the Spider Larinioides folium
Authors: Eichenberger Silvan , Bigler Laurent , Bienz Stefan
Published: June 2007

The lyophilized venom of the spider Larinioides folium (Araneidae) was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography, coupled on-line to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS), as well as UV-DAD analysis. In
combination with amino acid analysis, high-resolution mass spectrometry and on-column H/D-exchange experiments, the structures of 41 new acyl-polyamines contained in the complex venom of the spider L. folium were elucidated. Data interpretation in detail and the efficiency of this combined
set of analytical method is exemplified by the structural elucidation of one of the toxins, namely of LF503a.
Structure Sensitivity of Palladium-Catalyzed Liquid-Phase Alcohol Oxidation. A Combined in situ ATR-IR and Selective Site Blocking Study
Authors: Ferri Davide , Mondelli Cecilia , Krumeich Frank , Baiker Alfons
Published: June 2007

Knowledge of the structure of active sites is a prerequisite for the rational design of solid catalysts. In situ attenuated total reflection infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy combined with site selective blocking by CO and isotope labeling allowed us to discriminate the different
sites involved in the liquid-phase oxidation of benzyl alcohol on Pd/Al2O3. The main reaction, the oxidative dehydrogenation of the alcohol to the corresponding aldehyde, showed only little dependence on structure and occurred on all exposed Pd faces, whereas the undesired
product decarbonylation occurred preferentially on hollow sites on Pd (111) planes. Similar ATR-IR studies on a corresponding Bi-promoted Pd/Al2O3 catalyst showed virtually no adsorbed CO during dehydrogenation indicating that the sites on Pd (111) planes are blocked
by selective deposition of Bi. Thus the improved selectivity of the promoted Pd-Bi/Al2O3 used industrially can be traced to the selective blocking of active decarbonylation sites on Pd(111) by Bi.
"Manche Menschen werden Brüder": Contemporary Music and New Fraternities
Authors: Simpson Patricia Anne
Published: June 2007

In this article, I analyze the social and cultural trends from within the music scene that counter challenges the moderate and extreme right. This music centers on the issue of ethnic exclusivity and aggressively insists on accepting Germany as a diverse society, however uncomfortable a fit that may still be for many. Certain bands and musicians move from politics to identity politics, in an attempt to generate a discourse about racism and national identity. By foregrounding the contingent relationship between citizen and nation, bands like Advanced Chemistry destabilize any naturalized or motivated link between self and state. Songs like "Fremd im eigenen Land" dismantle any proprietary relationship between German ethnicity and entitlement to the rights of citizenship. An image of a new Germany emerges that insists on the political acceptance of diversity. Nevertheless, this vision is subject to the pressures of reality: Germany is not by any stretch of the imagination a hate-free zone. Structured in part by responses to alienation within Germany, as well as by imported musical forms of male affinity, some bands, rappers, and musicians are organizing themselves into new fraternities. While criticizing or rejecting certain Americanized clichés of masculinity, the bands I discuss look beyond the caricatures of yuppies and cowboys to different models.
FEM calculations of capillary rheometer flow for carbon‐filled liquid crystal polymer composites
Authors: Kunen Emily , Keith Jason M. , Grant Peter W. , King Julia A. , Morrison Faith A.
Published: June 2007

There is an emerging market for conductive resins for use in fuel cell bipolar plates. This research focuses on developing a finite element model of a capillary rheometer. Comsol Multiphysics 3.2b was used to model the flow of a remeltable thermoplastic matrix material, Vectra A950RX Liquid Crystal Polymer, with varying amounts of either a carbon black or synthetic graphite filler, to obtain the velocity profile and pressure drop of these composites within the capillary. Previous experimental results have shown that the molten composites obey a shear‐thinning power law behavior. When comparing the model predicted pressure drops from the model with the experimental data, very good agreement was obtained. This signifies that the rheological behavior of the composites can be described by a power law relationship, using parameters specific to each composite. When comparing the modeled velocity profile with the theoretical profile, it was found for all composite formulations that the velocity becomes fully developed within a length of 0.05 times the diameter of the tube, independent of the power law parameters n and m. This work is a necessary first step in developing 2D or 3D mold filling simulations for fuel cell bipolar plate applications. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Lichtinduzierte Reaktionen, II. Photochemische Ketenbildung aus cyclischen nichtkonjugierten Ketonen
Authors: Quinkert Gerhard , Blanke Egbert , Homburg Friedhelm
Published: June 2007

Nichtkonjugierte Ketone liefern bei UV‐ Bestrahlung Carbonsäuren. Intermediär lassen sich spektroskopisch Ketene nachweisen, die mit Wasser Carbonsäuren und mit Cyclohexylamin Säureamide ergeben. Bei UV‐Bestrahlung des cyclischen Ketons II (RCH3, R′R″D) beobachtet man eine intramolekulare Wanderung eines D‐Atoms; die Ketene lassen sich als Disproportionierungs‐produkte eines primär photochemisch erzeugten Alkyl/Acyl‐Biradikals auffassen. Die bei II (RR′R″CH3) und III praktisch ausbleibende Säurebildung wird damit verständlich.
Acyl‐lacton‐Umlagerung, XXXII. Umlagerung von α‐Acyl‐dilactonen
Authors: Korte Friedhelm , Efferoth Hans , Wüsten Florian
Published: June 2007

Dilactone2−8) reagieren unter den Bedingungen der Esterkondensation nur mit einer Methylengruppe. Dagegen lassen sich Dicarbonsäureester in Gegenwart der doppelten Menge des Kondensationsmittels mit beiden Carbonylgruppe im Verhältnis 1: 2 mit γ ‐Butyrolacton kondensieren. Beide Reaktionsprodukte können zu Tetrahydrofuranderivaten umgelagert werden. Die Umlagerung von α.α′‐Oxalyl‐bis‐butyrolacton in wäßriger Salzsäure/Dioxan führt zum 10‐Oxo‐1.6‐dioxa‐spiro[4.5]decan.
Über Metalltrifluorphosphin‐Komplexe, II. Hexakis(trifluorphosphin)‐ chrom(0) und Tris(trifluorphosphin)‐chrom(0)‐tricarbonyl
Authors: Kruck Thomas
Published: June 2007

Bei Hochdruckumsetzungen von Trifluorphosphin mit Dibenzolchrom entsteht in einer‐Trockenreaktion kristallines, farbloses Hexakis(trifluorphosphin)‐chrom(0)

equation image

Die flüchtige, diamagnetische Verbindung gleicht in ihrem chemischen und physikalischen Verhalten weitgehend dem Chromhexacarbonyl. Mit Mesitylenchrom(0)‐tricarbonyl und Chromhexacarbonyl bildet Trifluorphosphin Gemische der Verbindungen Cr(PF3)6‐n(CO)n(n⩾3), hingegen liefert Triamminchrom(0)‐tricarbonyl mit Trifluorphosphin unter Druck gemäß

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das ebenfalls farblose, kristalline und äußerst flüchtige Tris(trifluorphosphin)‐ chrom(0)‐tricarbonyl. Nach dem IR‐Spektrum ist für den diamagnetischen Komplex cis‐Stellung der PF3‐Liganden anzunehmen.
Chromatographische Untersuchungen von Äthylestern kondensierter Phosphorsäuren
Authors: Wieker Wolfgang , Walter Hans‐Peter , Thilo Erich
Published: June 2007

Papierchromatographisch läßt sich der Langheld‐Ester, das Reaktionsprodukt von P4O10 mit Äther, bei Verwendung eines wasserhaltigen Laufmittels in zehn Komponenten auftrenne, die als Monophosphorsäure, Diphosphorsäure, Monoäthylmono‐, Diäthylmono‐, Monoäthyldi‐, Diäthyldi‐, Triäthyldi‐, Tetraäthyldi‐, Diäthyltri‐ und Triäthyltriphosphat identifiziert wurden. Demnach kann der Langheld‐Ester nicht — wie RÄTZ und THILO zunächst annahmen — nur aus Tetraäthyltetrameta‐ und Tetraäthylisotetrametaphosphat bestehen. Ähnliche Estergemische werden auch bei der Papierchromatographie des vermeintlichen Triäthyltrimetaphosphats und Pentaäthyltriphosphats erhalten.
Synthesen in der heterocyclischen Reihe, VI. Darstellung von 1‐Guanyl‐pyrazol und Pyrazolyl‐(1)‐s‐triazin. — Synthesen substituierter s‐Triazine
Authors: Bredereck Hellmut , Effenberger Franz , Hajek Manfred
Published: June 2007

Aus Aminoguanidin‐hydrogencarbonat und 1.1.3.3‐Tetraäthoxy‐propan bzw. Propinal entsteht in Gegenwart von Salzsäure 1‐Guanyl‐pyrazol‐hydrochlorid, das mit Aminen unter Aminolyse reagiert und mit Ringschlußkomponenten s‐Triazine liefert. — Die Pyrazolyl‐Gruppe der Pyrazolyl‐(1)‐s‐triazine läßt sich leicht gegen nucleophile Agentien austauschen; hierbei wurde erstmals das Hydroxy‐s‐triazin (als Monohydrat) isoliert.
The Biginelli Reaction
Authors: Kappe C. Oliver
Published: June 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Zoobenthos of Lake Uluabat, a Ramsar Site in Turkey, and Their Relationship with Environmental Variables
Authors: Kökmen Seval , Arslan Naime , Filik Cansu , Yilmaz Veysel
Published: June 2007

The numerical and proportional distributions of zoobenthos in lake Uluabat, which is located in the Northwestern part of Turkey and having international importance according to the Ramsar Convention, were determined from August 2004 to July 2005 at monthly intervals (except for December 2004, January and February 2005) at 12 different stations. Thirty‐three taxonomic groups were recorded. It was found that the zoobenthos consisted of 35.6 % Oligochaeta, 27.7 % Nematoda, 12.3 % Chironomidae larvae, 10.7 % Gastropoda, 3.6 % Ostracoda, and 10.1 % Varia by numbers (Bivalvia, Ceratopogonidae, Hirudinea, Odonata, Ephemeroptera, Asilidae, Hydraacarina, Hemiptera, Argulidae, and Gammaridae). The average number of invertebrates was 160 individuals for 33 taxa at the 12 different stations. Also some environmental parameters of the lakewater were analyzed (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, NO2–N, NO3–N, NH3–N, PO4–3, fecal coliform, and total coliform). The relationships between the dynamics of the Oligochaeta and the physicochemical variables were supported by the Pearson correlation index and the canonical correspondence analysis (CANOCO). It was found that the relation between the average number of P. hammoniensis and P. albicola (p < 0.05, r = 0.590 and 0.593, respectively) and L. hoffmeisteri (p < 0.01, r = 0.777) was directly proportional while the relation between the average number of some taxa Trichodrillus sp., Rhyacodrilus coccineus, Nais communis, N. variabilis, and N. barbata and NO3–N (p < 0.05, r = –0.685) was inversely proportional.
Alternative Mechanistic Paths in the Hetero‐Diels–Alder Reaction of α‐Oxothiones: A Theoretical Study
Authors: Legnani Laura , Lunghi Carlotta , Albini Franca Marinone , Nativi Cristina , Richichi Barbara , Toma Lucio
Published: June 2007

DFT calculations at the B3LYP/6‐311+G(d,p) level for the C, H, and O atoms and at the 6‐311+G(2df,p) level for the S atom were used to study the hetero‐Diels–Alder reactions between several α‐oxothiones and ethylene or methyl vinyl ether (MVE). All the transition states and the intermediates along the reaction pathways, as well as the reaction products, were located. The reactions with ethylene are all concerted though asynchronous whereas in the reactions with MVE the electron‐releasing character of the methoxy substituent lowers the energy barriers and enhances the asynchronicity and the charge transfer process to such an extent that the reaction may become unconcerted and exhibit a two‐step mechanism with a zwitterionic intermediate derived from nucleophilic attack of electron‐rich MVE to the sulfur atom of the strongly electrophilically activated α‐oxothiones. The reactions are also favored by the conjugation of the newly formed C=C bond. Moreover, the geometric features of the diene exert a nonnegligible role, as dienes that are planar or almost planar in their ground state show a lower energy barrier. Thus, both geometric and electronic features of the dienes as well as of the dienophiles play a significant role in the easiness of the reactions and in their mechanism. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Models for mortality associated with heatwaves: update of the Portuguese heat health warning system
Authors: Nogueira Paulo , Paixão Eleonora
Published: June 2007

In Portugal a Heat Health Watch Warning exists since 1999—the íCARO Surveillance System. It is a system for monitoring heatwaves with potential impacts on population's morbidity and mortality, which is set in motion every year between May and September. This system was based on a model for the relation between heat and mortality calibrated with the district of Lisbon data for the big heatwaves of June 1981 and July 1991.

The occurrence of 2003's big heatwave brought opportunity for updating existing models.

The fact that this heatwave has been particularly long and had characteristics that were not described in the previously known heatwave episodes also allowed the chance to investigate the mechanism of the relation between occurrence of extreme heat and mortality.

The aim of this work was to update the existing íCARO model and contribute to increase the knowledge on the phenomena of the heatwave's impact on mortality.

Thus, four models were assayed, that represent four distinct proposals for reference temperature's thresholds and in the generalization of the main used variable accumulated thermal overcharge (ATO).

All the assayed models showed a good adaptation to the observed mortality data for the district of Lisbon for the three known big heatwaves.

It is concluded that the rational generalized accumulated thermal overload (GATO) adapts well to the relation between heat and mortality. The best model was chosen as the one that considered a dynamic threshold that follows the ascending phase of the temperatures of summer until reaching its maximum level in the end of the month of August remaining thereafter constant until the end of the summer, thus recurring to a rational of population's adaptation to heat, contrarily to what happens to air temperatures that decrease at end of the summer. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Out of this world: Doing things the Semco way
Authors: Semler Ricardo
Published: June 2007

The Brazilian company Semco may be one of the world's most unusual workplaces. Instead of a mission statement, business plan, and long‐term budget, it has relied on democratic processes and employee autonomy to produce a two‐decade record of enviable growth and profits. Its cardinal operating philosophy? Harness the wisdom of the people. Employees control their work hours, location, and pay to achieve the work/life balance they need, and participate in all decisions, including what businesses Semco should pursue. By continually asking why, they avoid the trap of fixed assumptions, opening the organization to learning and the discovery of new approaches and opportunities. © 2006 Hewitt Associates.