bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
REACTIONS D'OXIMES O‐& AVEC DEUX YLURES D'AZOMETHINE
Authors: Perrocheau J. , Carrié R.
Published: September 2010

To test the possibility of invertomere formation in a 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition to a CN double bond, we have studied the reaction of oximino‐malodinitrile, oximino‐cyanacetic and malonesters 5, 6 and 7 with nitrones, a nitrile oxide and two azomethine ylides. Only the azomethine ylides react with the double bond. Unfortunately the nitrogen inversion barrier in the imidazolidines obtained is not sufficient to show the stereospecificity of the 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition to CN double bond.
COOPERATIVE CATALYSIS of ENOLIZATION BY PROTON DONORS AND ACCEPTORS. SELECTIVE α,α,α′‐TRICHLORINATION OF 3‐PENTANONE AND RELATED KETONES WITH “ACTIVATED” SULFURYL CHLORIDE
Authors: Buyck Laurent De , Detienne Guido , Boelens Mark
Published: September 2010

Normally 3‐pentanone reacts with boiling sulfuryl chloride to yield a mixture of dichlorinated compounds. The production of 2,2,4‐trichloro‐3‐pentanone (97% selectivity; 88–93% yield) can be promoted by the catalytic combination of a soluble strong acid and its salt with an organic base. Using chlorosulfonic acid or p‐toluenesulfonic acid (82 mmol/mol ketone) combined with N,N‐dimethyloctylamine or N‐formylmorpholine (50 mmol) the trichlorination step was reached after less than 6h at 97°C. Each additive alone gave a poor result. The trichlorination can be accomplished in 1h at 60–70°C with chlorine and some excess of dimethylformamide, but the catalytic procedure is advantageous for its practical convenience and for avoiding DMF.HCI as a waste.
STUDIES ON MACROCYCLIC DITERPENOIDS(XIV) ‐ A Novel Total SYNTHESIS OF (±)‐S‐M
Authors: Yue Xiangjun , Li Yulin
Published: September 2010

The total synthesis of (±)‐sarcophytol‐M, a marine cembranol, was achieved from E,E‐farnesol through seven steps by using an intramolecular nucleophilic addition of a sulfur‐stabilized carbanion to a ketone as the key step.
STUDIES ON THE PRENYLFLAVONOIDS PART VII. SYNTHESIS OF ANTIARONE‐F
Authors: Zhao Lianyun , Zhang Fangjie , Li Yulin
Published: September 2010

Antiarone‐F has been prepared by the condensation of 2‐hydroxy‐4,6‐dimethoxymethoxyacetophenone with 3,4‐dimethoxy‐2‐prenylbenzaldehyde followed by cyclization and demethoxymethylation.
Asymmetric Phase‐Transfer‐Catalyzed Intramolecular N‐Alkylation of Indoles and Pyrroles: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Investigation
Authors: Bandini Marco , Bottoni Andrea , Eichholzer Astrid , Miscione Gian Pietro , Stenta Marco
Published: September 2010

Asymmetric phase‐transfer catalysis (PTC) has risen to prominence over the last decade as a straightforward synthetic methodology for the preparation of pharmacologically active compounds in enantiomerically pure form. However, the complex interplay of weak nonbonded interactions (between catalyst and substrate) that could account for the stereoselection in these processes is still unclear, with tentative pictorial mechanistic representations usually proposed. Here we present a full account dealing with the enantioselective phase‐transfer‐catalyzed intramolecular aza‐Michael reaction (IMAMR) of indolyl esters, as a valuable synthetic tool to obtain added‐value compounds, such as dihydro‐pyrazinoindolinones. A combined computational and experimental investigation has been carried out to elucidate the key mechanistic aspects of this process.
A Radical Polymer as a Two‐Dimensional Organic Half Metal
Authors: Lee Eun Cheol , Choi Young Cheol , Kim Woo Youn , Singh N. Jiten , Lee Sik , Shim Ji Hoon , Kim Kwang S.
Published: September 2010

Given that half‐metals are promising futuristic materials for spintronics, organic materials showing half‐metal character are highly desirable for spintronic devices, not only owing to their weak spin‐orbit and hyperfine interactions, but also their light and flexible properties. We predict that a two‐dimensional organic 2,4,6‐tri‐(1,3,5‐triazinyl)methyl radical polymer has half‐metallic properties as well as a spontaneous magnetic ordering at ambient temperature. The quantum transmission is studied based on the nonequilibrium Green function theory coupled with density functional theory. The half‐metallic property in the triazine‐based polymer depends mainly on the nature of the p‐band in contrast to of conventional half metals in which the nature of the d‐band is more important.
Ring Opening of Pymisyl‐Protected Aziridines with Organocuprates
Authors: Bornholdt Jan , Felding Jakob , Clausen Rasmus P. , Kristensen Jesper L.
Published: September 2010

The pyrimidine‐2‐sulfonyl (pymisyl) group is introduced as a new protecting group that can be used to activate aziridines towards ring opening. It is readily introduced and removed under mild conditions. Regioselective ring opening of pymisyl‐protected 2‐methyl‐aziridine with organocuprates gives the corresponding sulfonamides in high yields, and the pymisyl group can subsequently be removed upon treatment with a thiolate. The versatility of this new nitrogen protecting group is illustrated with a new synthesis of Selegiline, a monoamine oxidase‐B inhibitor marketed for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.
Progress toward the first observation of parity violation in chiral molecules by high‐resolution laser spectroscopy
Authors: Darquié Benoît , Stoeffler Clara , Shelkovnikov Alexander , Daussy Christophe , Amy‐Klein Anne , Chardonnet Christian , Zrig Samia , Guy Laure , Crassous Jeanne , Soulard Pascale , Asselin Pierre , Huet Thérèse R. , Schwerdtfeger Peter , Bast Radovan , Saue Trond
Published: September 2010

Parity violation (PV) effects in chiral molecules have so far never been experimentally observed. To take up this challenge, a consortium of physicists, chemists, theoreticians, and spectroscopists has been established and aims at measuring PV energy differences between two enantiomers by using high‐resolution laser spectroscopy. In this article, we present our common strategy to reach this goal, the progress accomplished in the diverse areas, and point out directions for future PV observations. The work of André Collet on bromochlorofluoromethane (1) enantiomers, their synthesis, and their chiral recognition by cryptophanes made feasible the first generation of experiments presented in this article. Chirality, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A transcriptional network signature characterizes lung cancer subtypes
Authors: Chang Hsun‐Hsien , Dreyfuss Jonathan M. , Ramoni Marco F.
Published: September 2010

BACKGROUND:

Transcriptional networks play a central role in cancer development. The authors described a systems biology approach to cancer classification based on the reverse engineering of the transcriptional network surrounding the 2 most common types of lung cancer: adenocarcinoma (AC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).

METHODS:

A transcriptional network classifier was inferred from the molecular profiles of 111 human lung carcinomas. The authors tested its classification accuracy in 7 independent cohorts, for a total of 422 subjects of Caucasian, African, and Asian descent.

RESULTS:

The model for distinguishing AC from SCC was a 25‐gene network signature. Its performance on the 7 independent cohorts achieved 95.2% classification accuracy. Even more surprisingly, 95% of this accuracy was explained by the interplay of 3 genes (KRT6A, KRT6B, KRT6C) on a narrow cytoband of chromosome 12. The role of this chromosomal region in distinguishing AC and SCC was further confirmed by the analysis of another group of 28 independent subjects assayed by DNA copy number changes. The copy number variations of bands 12q12, 12q13, and 12q12‐13 discriminated these samples with 84% accuracy.

CONCLUSIONS:

These results suggest the existence of a robust signature localized in a relatively small area of the genome, and show the clinical potential of reverse engineering transcriptional networks from molecular profiles. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Ammonia‐Solvated Ammonium Species in the NH4‐ZSM‐5 Zeolite
Authors: Bonelli Barbara , Armandi Marco , Areán Carlos O. , Garrone Edoardo
Published: September 2010

Interaction of gaseous ammonia with a NH4‐ZSM‐5 zeolite (Si/Al=11.5) was studied by means of infrared (IR) spectroscopy both at constant ambient temperature and in the temperature range 373–573 K. H‐bonding of NH3 molecules to the NH4+ species takes place. The interaction is weak and reversible, resembling a solvation process. Spectral evidence shows that only one NH moiety is actually available, indicating that ammonium ions are tricoordinated to the zeolite inner surface. H‐bonded NH3 has an absorption band at 1712 cm−1, which grows with increasing pressure in two steps: a monosolvated ammonium species is initially formed, evolving to a disolvated species for pressures above 5 mbar. Coordination of the second NH3 molecule takes place at the already coordinated NH3 molecule and not at the ammonium cation. From the changes in intensity of the 1712 cm−1 band with changing temperature under a moderate NH3 equilibrium pressure, the calculated standard enthalpy and entropy of the monosolvation reaction were ΔH0=−34(±5) kJ mol−1 and ΔS0=−88(±10) J mol−1 K−1, respectively. The enthalpy of the second solvation step was calculated from the corresponding equilibrium constant under the assumption of (nearly) the same entropy change for both solvation processes. In agreement with the overall picture, this enthalpy change is small (−15 kJ mol−1 at the most). Since in a previous work (M. Armandi, B. Bonelli, I. Bottero, C. O. Areán, E. Garrone, J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114, 6658) the thermodynamic features of the reaction between bare Brønsted acid sites and NH3 yielding NH4+ species were determined, the data reported herein allow the study of the coexistence of different species in the NH3/H‐ZSM‐5 zeolite system: 1) unreacted acid Brønsted sites, 2) bare ammonium ions, and 3) variously solvated ammonium species. The relevant description is particularly simple when the overall average coverage is one molecule per site.
Lignin as Renewable Raw Material
Authors: Calvo‐Flores Francisco García , Dobado José A.
Published: September 2010

Lignin is by far the most abundant substance based on aromatic moieties in nature, and the largest contributor to soil organic matter. Millions of tonnes of several lignin preparations are produced by the paper industry every year, and a minimal amount of lignin is isolated by direct extraction of lignin from plants. Lignin is used either directly or chemically modified, as a binder, dispersant agent for pesticides, emulsifier, heavy metal sequestrant, or component for composites and copolymers. For value‐added applications of lignin to be improved, medium‐ and long‐term conversion technologies must be developed, especially for the preparation of low‐molecular‐weight compounds as an alternative to the petrochemical industry.
Treatment of childhood sexual abuse in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: A feminist psychodynamic approach
Authors: Kearney‐Cooke Ann , Striegel‐Moore Ruth H.
Published: September 2010

In this article a parallel is drawn between the psychological problems experienced by victims of childhood sexual abuse and by clients with eating disorders. In particular, we describe how sexual abuse has a significant and lasting effect on body image, identity, self‐regulation, and interpersonal functioning. Treatment issues are outlined including the nature of the healing relationship, assessment of abuse, development of capacity for self‐soothing, techniques for assisting in memory recall, sculpting of images, description and reenactment of abuse, dealing with shame, and ending the cycle of repeated victimization.
Repeated binge/purge cycles in bulimia nervosa: Role of glucose and insulin
Authors: Johnson William G. , Jarrell Mark P. , Chupurdia Kimberly M. , Williamson Donald A.
Published: September 2010

The available data indicate that over half of patients with bulimia nervosa binge and purge daily with repetitions of the binge/purge cycle being common. An understanding of the biobehavioral mechanisms associated with frequent binge/purge cycles may aid the general conceptualization of bulimia nervosa including its development and maintenance. Binging and purging have demonstrable physiological effects that may be partially responsible for the repetition of binge/purge episodes. In the present study, the cephalic phase oversecretion of insulin and high insulin levels subsequent to purging were investigated as possible mediators of repeated binging and purging. Insulin and glucose levels of bulimic and nonbulimic women were measured in response to: thinking about food, the presence of food, while eating, and for the bulimic group, after purging. Bulimic subjects displayed a dramatic reduction in both insulin and glucose after purging the test meal. When these same subjects ate a subsequent meal that was not purged, they displayed elevations in insulin and glucose similar to those of the normal controls. The hypoglycemia resulting from purging appears to be partially responsible for the continuation of repeated binge/purge episodes.
Validation of the eating disorders inventory in a nonclinical population using transformed and untransformed responses
Authors: Schoemaker Casper , van Strien Tatjana , van der Staak Cees
Published: September 2010

In the present study, the validity of the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) in a Dutch nonclinical female school population was established. The data were analyzed in two ways. In the first analyses, the factorial integrity of the questionnaire, and the internal consistencies of the subscales were not found to be very satisfactory. The data showed an impressive lack of variability. It was suggested by the authors that in a nonclinical population the variability of the EDI data is being suppressed as a result of the fact that, in concordance with the manual, the original 6‐point EDI items were transformed into 4‐point items. In the second analyses, this item transformation was ejected. The psychometric properties of all EDI subscales in the present study improved. Implications for the use of the untransformed EDI as a screening instrument were discussed.
An investigation of the effects of mass distribution on pounding structures
Authors: Cole Gregory , Dhakal Rajesh , Carr Athol , Bull Des
Published: September 2010

The effects of diaphragm mass distribution are investigated for building pounding. Elastic diaphragm‐to‐diaphragm collisions are explained by considering the total momentum over the length of each diaphragm at three critical instants during collision. Expressions for collision force and collision duration are produced, providing additional information about the collision process. Equations for the post collision velocity of each diaphragm are produced and are found to appreciably differ from conventional impact—momentum equations under certain conditions. The change in post collision velocity is found to be dependent on the ratio of the axial periods of free vibration of the two diaphragms and the ratio of their masses. An equivalent lumped mass model is proposed and assessed against simplified distributed mass models with numerical modelling of two two‐storey buildings. Finally, a new parameter is introduced to represent the plasticity of an inelastic collision between the two distributed masses. This paper highlights the significant influence that diaphragm mass distribution may have on the analysis of pounding structures. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic morphology of small south‐eastern Mediterranean river mouths: a conceptual model
Authors: Lichter Michal , Klein Micha , Zviely Dov
Published: September 2010

River mouths along the Israeli Mediterranean coast are characterized by a dynamic morphology as their channels migrate hundreds of meters along the coast. This study examines the dynamic morphology of seven such river mouths. It offers a conceptual model aimed at generalizing and describing their spatial and temporal morphological patterns, and the environmental factors influencing them.

The study methodology comprised a detailed monitoring and mapping by GIS techniques, with quantitative data derived from historic aerial photographs, river discharge records, wave measurements, and a digital elevation model. These data were incorporated into a homogenous database and subsequently applied in the investigation of the morphological patterns of these mouths, and the analysis of their influencing factors.

River mouths in this study occur in two distinctive topographic settings. In one setting (here termed barrier topography) the river mouth is deflected alongshore by a sandy barrier. In the second setting (termed funnel topography) the river mouth is confined to a funnel‐shaped topographic depression perpendicular to the coast. The behavior of river mouths in these two settings is quite distinctive. Barrier mouths usually migrate over larger distances, as they tend to deflect along a sand barrier and establish semi‐permanent channels along the dune toe. This enables the wide range migration of semi‐permanent channels over decades. Funnel topography mouths deflect over shorter distances and they rapidly migrate within the funnel boundaries.

This study concludes that the topographic setting of the beach, a constant element in the temporal scale of this study, is the primary influencing factor on the morphology of the mouths studied. The influence of other factors on the morphology of these mouths differs in space and time and depends on the topographic settings.
Critical social theory: Core tenets, inherent issues
Authors: Freeman Melissa , Vasconcelos Erika França S.
Published: September 2010

This chapter outlines the core tenets of critical social theory and describes inherent issues facing evaluators conducting critical theory evaluation. Using critical pedagogy as an example, the authors describe the issues facing evaluators by developing four of the subtheories that comprise a critical social theory: (a) a theory of false consciousness, (b) a theory of crisis, (c) a theory of education, and (d) a theory of transformative action. They conclude by advocating for more, not less, attention being paid to a critical theory approach in evaluation. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
Against the majoritarian story of school reform: The Comer schools evaluation as a critical race counternarrative
Authors: Noblit George W. , Jay Michelle
Published: September 2010

Critical race theory (CRT) is a relatively new theory that has been little used in evaluation practice. The authors explore an example of critical race evaluation working with James Comer's School Development Program. In this evaluation common tropes associated with CRT were used to construct a counternarrative of school reform. The authors conclude that CRT has a place in evaluation, but that it also makes some demands on evaluators and those being evaluated that may make it less likely to be used than other theories. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
Roadmap for the next generation of dynamic function allocation theories and strategies
Authors: Lagu Amit V. , Landry Steven J.
Published: September 2010

Dynamic function allocation theories have matured, but not to the extent that they can be implemented in actual environments. The authors identify a roadmap to help to get to that stage, after a brief review of relevant function allocation theories and the gaps in knowledge in adaptive allocation theories. Past research has focused on short‐term implementations of dynamic function allocation, which last for minutes (but never more than a few hours). Stable and enduring implementations of dynamic function allocation, lasting over days or possibly years, require a better and scientific understanding of the interaction among trigger mechanisms, adaptation strategies, and interruption strategies. The possibility of an unintentional consequence of this adaptive allocation, that the automated agent becomes confined to limited levels of automation, has to be ruled out after experimental evidence. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The scenario‐based usability checklist development for home appliance design: A case study
Authors: Lee Kwang Il , Jin Beom Suk , Ji Yong Gu
Published: September 2010

In the past decade, home appliances have been rapidly developed to satisfy the various requirements of users. Thus, there are increases in requirements to explore appropriate evaluation methods that reflect the usability of home appliances quickly and comprehensively. This study aims to develop a scenario‐based usability checklist for product designers early in the design process. In this study, the scenario‐based usability checklist consists of two parts: 1) a heuristic evaluation checklist, and 2) a scenario evaluation checklist. In heuristic evaluation checklist development, usability factors of home appliances are extracted and then coupled to user interface (UI) elements. In scenario evaluation checklist development, scenarios are developed through brainstorming by focus group interview (FGI), and then evaluation elements are extracted from previous scenarios analysis. The proposed scenario‐based usability checklists can enable designers to evaluate product design quickly and comprehensively early in the development process with users' viewpoints. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Curcumin ameliorates oxaliplatin‐induced chemoresistance in HCT116 colorectal cancer cells in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Howells Lynne M. , Sale Stewart , Sriramareddy Sathya Neelature , Irving Glen R.B. , Jones Donald J.L. , Ottley Christopher J. , Pearson D. Graham , Mann Christopher D. , Manson Margaret M. , Berry David P. , Gescher Andreas , Steward William P. , Brown Karen
Published: September 2010

The aims of this study were to determine potency of oxaliplatin in combination with curcumin in oxaliplatin‐resistant cell lines in vitro and to evaluate the efficacy of a novel curcumin formulation (Meriva®) alone and in combination with oxaliplatin in colorectal tumor‐bearing mice, exploring relevant pharmacodynamic markers in vivo. Oxaliplatin‐resistant HCT116 p53wt and p53−/− cell lines were generated, and the effects of oxaliplatin in combination with curcumin on resistance‐ and proliferation‐associated proteins investigated. Eighty nude mice were implanted with HCT116 p53wt colorectal cancer cells before randomization into the following treatment groups: control; Meriva only; oxaliplatin only; Meriva + oxaliplatin. Tumor volume was assessed, as was the expression of Ki‐67, cleaved caspase‐3 and Notch‐1. Curcumin in combination with oxaliplatin was able to decrease proliferative capacity of oxaliplatin‐resistant p53 wildtype and p53−/− cell lines more effectively than oxaliplatin alone. It also decreased markers associated with proliferation. After 21 days of treatment in the xenograft model, the order of efficacy was combination > Meriva > oxaliplatin > control. The decrease in tumor volume when compared to vehicle‐treated animals was 53, 35 and 16%, respectively. Ki‐67 and Notch‐1 immunoreactivity was decreased by the combination when compared to vehicle‐treated animals, with cleaved caspase‐3 rising by 4.4‐fold. Meriva did not adversely affect the DNA‐platinating ability of oxaliplatin. Curcumin enhanced the cytotoxicity of oxaliplatin in models of oxaliplatin resistance in vitro. In vivo, Meriva greatly enhanced oxaliplatin efficacy, without affecting the mode of action of oxaliplatin. Addition of formulated curcumin to oxaliplatin‐based chemotherapy regimens has the potential for clinical benefit.
Human papillomavirus genotype distribution in anal cancer in France: The EDiTH V study
Authors: Abramowitz Laurent , Jacquard Anne‐Carole , Jaroud Fatiha , Haesebaert Julie , Siproudhis Laurent , Pradat Pierre , Aynaud Olivier , Leocmach Yann , Soubeyrand Benoît , Dachez Roger , Riethmuller Didier , Mougin Christiane , Pretet Jean‐Luc , Denis François
Published: September 2010

Anal cancer is a rare cancer but its incidence is increasing. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection seems to be associated with the occurrence of most cases. The genotype‐specific prevalence of HPV in anal cancer was estimated to assess the potential benefit of HPV vaccination in France. Anal cancer histological specimens were retrospectively recruited in 2008 from 16 French centres and centrally tested for HPV genotyping using the INNO‐LiPA assay allowing the detection of 28 genotypes. Results were analyzed according to age, gender, HIV status when available and histological diagnosis. A total of 366 anal cancer cases were analyzed among which 62% were females. Mean age at diagnosis was 54.8 years in males and 66.4 years in females (p < 0.001). HPV was found in 96.7% of cases, 72% being infected by a single HPV type. Presence of at least one high‐risk genotype was observed in 91% of cases (96% in females and 83% in males; p < 0.001). HPV16 was by far the most prevalent genotype (75%), followed by HPV18, HPV52, HPV33, and HPV51 (4–6%). HPV16/18 alone or in association were found in 78% of all cases. HIV‐positive cases had a higher proportion of multiple HPV infection than HIV‐negative cases and a slightly different HPV type distribution with an under‐representation of HPV16 and an over‐representation of other types. Our results indicate that anal cancer rarely occurs in the absence of HPV and emphasize the predominant role of HPV16. The potential benefit of HPV vaccine on the occurrence of anal cancer should be further evaluated.
Cross‐signaling among phosphinositide‐3 kinase, mitogen‐activated protein kinase and sonic hedgehog pathways exists in esophageal cancer
Authors: Wei Lingyun , Xu Zhifei
Published: September 2010

The hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is essential for the development of tissues and organs. Hyperactive Hh signaling has been implicated in many gastric cancers, including esophageal cancer. However, the interaction between the Hh pathway and other potential signaling pathways in primary esophageal tumorigenesis has not been well investigated. In our study, we found that esophageal cancer cells expressed Hh signaling molecules and that the hyperexpression of Hh target genes was related to protein kinase B (AKT) activation but not extracellular signal‐regulated kinase activation. We analyzed the relationship between Gli1 or p‐AKT expression and clinicopathological features in esophageal carcinoma samples and found that Gli1 expression was associated with lymph vessel invasion (p = 0.016), blood vessel invasion (p = 0.006) and a poor prognosis (p = 0.003), and p‐AKT expression was associated with blood vessel invasion (p = 0.031) and a poor prognosis (p = 0.031). We also studied the relationship between Hh and phosphinositide‐3 kinase (PI3K)/AKT or mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways in both TE‐1 and TE‐10 cell lines. We found that the PI3K/AKT pathway played a critical role in Hh signaling after stimulation with epidermal growth factor, Gβγ and N‐Shh. Conversely, PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling cooperated with the Shh pathway to promote esophageal cancer cell survival and proliferation. The results from esophageal cancer cells shed light on the significance of Hh signaling in esophageal tumor formation and the crosstalk of the Hh pathway with other basic signaling pathways, which is consistent with that observed in human tumor samples.
Sorafenib reduces the percentage of tumour infiltrating regulatory T cells in renal cell carcinoma patients
Authors: Desar Ingrid M.E. , Jacobs J. (Hans) F.M. , Hulsbergen‐vandeKaa Christina A. , Oyen Wim J.G. , Mulders Peter F.A. , van der Graaf Winette T.A. , Adema Gosse J. , van Herpen Carla M.L. , de Vries I. (Jolanda) J.M.
Published: September 2010

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) as sorafenib are known to reduce the number of immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the peripheral blood and thereby shifting the immune balance to a more stimulating setting. The effect of sorafenib on intratumoural Tregs is unclear but important for future combinations of TKIs and immunotherapy. We, therefore, evaluated the accumulation of regulatory T cells (Tregs, defined as, CD4+FoxP3+CD25highCD127low‐cells) in blood, ascites, metastases and primary tumours of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and we explored the effect of neoadjuvant treatment with sorafenib 400 mg bid on intratumoural Tregs in 11 patients with RCC in comparison to 15 nontreated RCC patients. We found that immunosuppressive Tregs specifically accumulate in primary tumour, metastases and ascites of RCC‐patients. Tumour infiltrating Tregs were functional. Neoadjuvant sorafenib treatment significantly reduced the percentage of tumour‐infiltrating Tregs (mean 17.3% vs. 28.1%, p = 0.046). Diminished Treg accumulation at the tumour site adds to explain the clinical effectiveness of sorafenib treatment. This observation may have important implications for the use of sorafenib in combination with immunotherapy in patients with RCC, since the depletion of Tregs has been associated with enhanced responses on vaccine mediated immunotherapy.
Probabilistic forecasting of output growth, inflation and the balance of trade in a GVAR framework
Authors: Greenwood‐Nimmo Matthew , Nguyen Viet Hoang , Shin Yongcheol
Published: September 2010

We apply a global vector autoregressive (GVAR) model to the analysis of inflation, output growth and global imbalances among a group of 33 countries (26 regions). We account for structural instability by use of country‐specific intercept shifts, the timings of which are identified taking into account both statistical evidence and our knowledge of historic economic conditions and events. Using this model, we compute both central forecasts and scenario‐based probabilistic forecasts for a range of events of interest, including the sign and trajectory of the balance of trade, the achievement of a short‐term inflation target, and the incidence of recession and slow growth. The forecasting performance of the GVAR model in relation to the ongoing financial crisis is quite remarkable. It correctly identifies a pronounced and widespread economic contraction accompanied by a marked shift in the net trade balance of the Eurozone and Japan. Moreover, this promising out‐of‐sample forecasting performance is substantiated by a raft of statistical tests which indicate that the predictive accuracy of the GVAR model is broadly comparable to that of standard benchmark models over short horizons and superior over longer horizons. Hence we conclude that GVAR models may be a useful forecasting tool for institutions operating at both the national and supra‐national levels. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lose weight for a raise only if overweight: Marginal integration for semi‐linear panel models
Authors: Kan Kamhon , Lee Myoung‐Jae
Published: September 2010

Some studies have shown that body mass index (BMI), weight (kg)/height (m)2, has a negative (or no) effect on wage. But BMI representing obesity is a tightly specified function of weight and height, and there is a room for weight given height (i.e. obesity given height) to better explain wage when the tight specification gets relaxed. In this paper, we address the question of weight effect on wage given height, employing two‐wave panel data for white females and adopting a semi‐linear model consisting of a nonparametric function of weight and height and a linear function of the other regressors. We find that there is no weight effect on wage up to the average weight, beyond which a large negative effect kicks in. Linear BMI models give the incorrect impression of the presence of a ‘wage gain’ by becoming slimmer than the average and of a ‘wage loss’ that is less than what it actually is when going above the average. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of bazedoxifene on bone mineral density, bone turnover, and safety in postmenopausal japanese women with osteoporosis
Authors: Itabashi Akira , Yoh Kousei , Chines Arkadi A , Miki Takami , Takada Masahiko , Sato Hiroshi , Gorai Itsuo , Sugimoto Toshitsugu , Mizunuma Hideki , Ochi Hiroshi , Constantine Ginger D , Ohta Hiroaki
Published: September 2010

This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response late phase 2 study evaluated the efficacy and safety of bazedoxifene in postmenopausal Japanese women 85 years of age or younger with osteoporosis. Eligible subjects received daily treatment with oral doses of bazedoxifene 20 or 40 mg or placebo for 2 years. Efficacy assessments included bone mineral density (BMD) at the lumbar spine and other skeletal sites, bone turnover marker levels, lipid parameters, and incidence of new fractures. Of 429 randomized subjects, 387 were evaluable for efficacy, and 423 were included in the safety analyses (mean age, 64 years). At 2 years, the mean percent changes from baseline in lumbar spine BMD were significantly greater with bazedoxifene 20 and 40 mg (2.43% and 2.74%, respectively) than with placebo (−0.65%, p < .001 for both). Both bazedoxifene doses significantly improved BMD at the total hip, femoral neck, and greater trochanter compared with placebo (p < .001 for all). Decreases in bone turnover markers were observed with bazedoxifene 20 and 40 mg as early as 12 weeks (p < .05 for all) and were sustained throughout the study. Total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were significantly decreased from baseline with both bazedoxifene doses compared with placebo (p < .05 for all). Incidences of new vertebral and nonvertebral fractures were similar among the bazedoxifene and placebo groups. Overall, the incidence of adverse events with bazedoxifene 20 and 40 mg was similar to that with placebo. Bazedoxifene significantly improved BMD, reduced bone turnover, and was well tolerated in postmenopausal Japanese women with osteoporosis. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Separation of cobalt and zinc from concentrated nickel sulfate solutions with Cyanex 272
Authors: Zhu Zhaowu , Pranolo Yoko , Zhang Wensheng , Cheng Chu Yong
Published: September 2010

BACKGROUND: Removal of cobalt and zinc from concentrated nickel solutions separately using two Cyanex 272 circuits has been practised in the nickel industry. However, no detailed study has been conducted and data are scarce for further improvement. This study aims to optimise the operating conditions and to simplify the process flowsheet.

RESULTS: With a synthetic solution containing 100 g L−1 Ni, 1.4 g L−1 Co and 0.8 g L−1 Zn and the organic solution containing Cyanex 272 and TBP in Shellsol D70, the operating conditions of extraction, scrubbing and stripping were optimised. McCabe–Thiele diagrams were constructed to determine the theoretical extraction and stripping stages and a flowsheet to separate cobalt and zinc from nickel was proposed. With this flowsheet, more than 99% cobalt and zinc could be separated, resulting in a pure nickel solution with less than 10 mg L−1 of cobalt and zinc.

CONCLUSIONS: The current study shows that Cyanex 272 can be used to separate cobalt and zinc in one Cyanex 272 circuit effectively from concentrated nickel solutions to obtain very pure nickel solutions suitable for nickel electrowinning or hydrogen reduction. The cobalt and zinc in the loaded strip liquor were concentrated over 10 times and can be separated readily in another much smaller solvent extraction circuit. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Use of the spectral clustering to determine coherent precipitation regions in Turkey for the period 1929–2007
Authors: Türkeş Murat , Tatlı Hasan
Published: September 2010

In this study, we suggest the spectral clustering (SC), a hybrid clustering technique based on singular value decomposition (SVD) and K‐means for grouping features of precipitation totals of 96 stations in Turkey. Clustering process establishes an exhaustive set of occupied regimes into distinct climatic zones. Results of the SC satisfactorily represent the influences of the synoptic‐scale weather systems including such as the mid‐latitude and Mediterranean frontal cyclones, and the mid‐latitude travelling and eastern Europe high pressures in winter, sub‐tropical Azores high pressure and monsoon low in summer. Results of the SC also well display the influences of local‐scale atmospheric disturbances, and direct influences of physical geographical features of Turkey (i.e. exposure, topography, orography, land‐sea distribution, continentality and the high Anatolian peninsula) on the geographical variability and coherent distribution of the annual precipitation totals over Turkey. Finally, based on the results of the SC method employed to annual precipitation totals of 96 stations in Turkey for the period of 1929–2007, eight clusters of precipitation coherent zones are determined, namely Black Sea, Northwest Turkey, southern Aegean and western Mediterranean, Mediterranean, West Continental Central Anatolia, East Continental Central Anatolia, Continental eastern and south‐eastern Anatolia. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Estimating Palmer Drought Severity Index using a wavelet fuzzy logic model based on meteorological variables
Authors: Ozger Mehmet , Mishra Ashok K. , Singh Vijay P.
Published: September 2010

The Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) is widely used to characterize droughts. The PDSI is based on the water balance equation over an area of concern. Calculating PDSI requires data on precipitation, temperature, soil moisture, and the previous PDSI value. While precipitation and temperature time series data are easily available for most locations, it is not always the case with soil moisture due to the lack of soil‐moisture monitoring networks. This study developed a wavelet fuzzy logic model (WFL) to overcome the problem. The proposed model employs commonly available precipitation, temperature, and large‐scale climate indices as predictors and PDSI as a predictand. The WFL model is applied to ten climate divisions in Texas and its performance is compared with conventional fuzzy logic (FL) model performance. It is shown that the WFL model outperforms the FL model. The variation of WFL model performance along with the average wavelet spectra of precipitation time series is evaluated. Results show that the WFL model is capable of predicting PDSI. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Atmospheric controls on summer ablation over Brewster Glacier, New Zealand
Authors: Gillett Sarah , Cullen Nicolas J.
Published: September 2010

Micrometeorological data collected from an automatic weather station over a total of 85 days during the summer of 2007/2008 in the ablation zone (1770 m a.s.l.) of the Brewster Glacier, New Zealand, were used to determine the main atmospheric processes controlling the magnitude and variability of daily ablation. During the field season, ablation was measured and modelled using an energy balance model (EBM) and a degree‐day model (DDM). Calculation of the energy balance over the glacier using the EBM revealed that net radiation provided the largest source of energy for ablation (52%). The turbulent sensible heat flux was the next largest energy source (25%), followed by the turbulent latent heat flux (20%) and the rain heat flux (3%). While daily measured and modelled (EBM) ablation were both equal to approximately 40 mm w.e. d−1, the EBM was used to demonstrate that rates were highly variable, ranging from less than 10 mm w.e. d−1 to 101 mm w.e. d−1, controlled primarily by changes in synoptic conditions. Days with ablation above 60 mm w.e. d−1 accounted for almost 25% of total ablation, despite such events occurring on only 11 of the 85 days monitored. The contribution of the individual terms of the energy balance to observed air temperature is complex on Brewster Glacier, leading to a larger uncertainty in DDM ablation estimates (under prediction of total ablation by 11%). Advection of warm and moisture‐laden air over Brewster Glacier, which is not uncommon given its close proximity to the ocean, is not well accounted for by the DDM. This is because the turbulent latent heat flux and the rain heat flux are poorly correlated to air temperature but are, nonetheless, important sources of energy during large ablation events. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Different impacts of El Niño and El Niño Modoki on China rainfall in the decaying phases
Authors: Feng Juan , Chen Wen , Tam C.‐Y. , Zhou Wen
Published: September 2010

In this study, we investigate the different impacts of El Niño and El Niño Modoki on China rainfall in their decaying phases. During spring, in the decaying year of El Niño events, there are positive rainfall anomalies south of the Yangtze River, whereas no obvious rainfall signals are found in the same season for the decaying El Niño Modoki. In the subsequent summer season, the wet signal south of the Yangtze River associated with El Niño continues, while suppressed rainfall now appears in the northern Yangtze–Huaihe River region. In contrast, the rainfall is above normal in the region from the Huaihe River to the Yellow River, and below normal in southern China during the summer of the decaying El Niño Modoki events. The distinct China rainfall anomaly is mainly attributed to the difference between the evolution and location of the anomalous western North Pacific (WNP) anti‐cyclone associated with El Niño and El Niño Modoki events. For the case of El Niño, the WNP anti‐cyclone brings plentiful moisture to southern China; meanwhile it shifts the ridge of sub‐tropical high westward in both spring and summer. These tend to induce positive rainfall anomalies in the southern Chinese region. In contrast, due to fast decaying of El Niño Modoki, the anomalous WNP anti‐cyclone becomes weak so that there are no significant rainfall anomalies in China. In summer, however, the WNP anti‐cyclone re‐invigorates possibly associated with a subsequent developing La Niña and extends more northwestward towards the inland region, compared to its El Niño counterpart. The anomalous moisture transport and sub‐tropical high activity associated with this WNP anti‐cyclone result in different summer rainfall anomalies in China. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Satellite monitoring of summer heat waves in the Paris metropolitan area
Authors: Dousset Bénédicte , Gourmelon Françoise , Laaidi Karine , Zeghnoun Abdelkrim , Giraudet Emmanuel , Bretin Philippe , Mauri Elena , Vandentorren Stéphanie
Published: September 2010

Summer warming trends in Western Europe are increasing the incidence, intensity and duration of heat waves. They are especially deadly in large cities owing to population density, physical surface properties, anthropogenic heat and pollutants. In August 2003, for 9 consecutive days, the Paris metropolitan area experienced an extreme heat wave that caused 4867 estimated heat‐related deaths. A set of 61 NOAA‐AVHRR (advanced very high‐resolution radiometer) images and one SPOT‐high resolution visible (HRV) image were used to analyse the spatial variations of land surface temperature (LST) over the diurnal cycle during the heat wave. The LST patterns were markedly different between daytime and night‐time. A heat island was centred downtown at night, whereas multiple temperature anomalies were scattered in the industrial suburbs during the day. The heat wave corresponded to elevated nocturnal LST compared to normal summers. The highest mortality ratios matched the spatial distribution of the highest night‐time LSTs, but were not related to the highest daytime LSTs. LSTs were sampled from images at the addresses of 482 elderly people (half were deceased persons and half were control ones) to produce daily and cumulative minimal, maximal and mean thermal indicators, over various periods of time. These indicators were integrated into a conditional logistic regression model to test their use as heat exposure indicators, based on risk factors. Over the period 1–13 August, thermal indicators taking into account minimum nocturnal temperatures averaged over 7 days or over the whole period were significantly linked to mortality. These results show the extent of the spatial variability in urban climate variables and the impact of night‐time temperatures on excess mortality. These results should be used to inform policy and contingency planning in relation to heat waves, and highlight the role that satellite remote sensing can play in documenting and preventing heat‐related mortality. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Computational study of enantioseparation by amylose tris(3,5‐dimethylphenylcarbamate)‐based chiral stationary phase
Authors: Li Yangyang , Liu Donghui , Wang Peng , Zhou Zhiqiang
Published: September 2010

The mechanism of chiral separation on amylose tris(3,5‐dimethylphenylcarbamate) is studied with docking simulations of enantiomers by molecular dynamics. All‐atom models of amylose tris(3,5‐dimethylphenylcarbamate) on the modified silica gel surface were constructed for the docking simulations of metalaxyl and benalaxyl. The elution orders and energetic differences were also predicted based on the intermolecular interactions, which were in agreement with the experimental results. The radial distribution function was employed to analyze the structural features of the enantiomer‐chiral stationary phase complex and used to elucidate the mechanism of chiral separation. The separation of metalaxyl and benalaxyl is mainly controlled by the hydrogen bond. And the binding sites had slight differences for the pair of enantiomers, but obvious differences between different chemicals.
An evaluation of competing models for the structure of PTSD symptoms using external measures of comorbidity
Authors: Miller Mark W. , Wolf Erika J. , Harrington Kelly M. , Brown Timothy A. , Kaloupek Danny G. , Keane Terence M.
Published: September 2010

Research on the structure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms has yielded support for two 4‐factor models: the King (King, Leskin, King, & Weathers, 1998) and Simms/Watson models (Simms, Watson, & Doebbeling, 2002). This study evaluated them using data drawn from 1,128 Vietnam veterans by comparing associations with a latent internalizing comorbidity variable and five scales from the MMPI‐2 Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales (Tellegen et al., 2003). The Simms/Watson dysphoria factor failed to show evidence of superior convergent or discriminant validity in association with external measures relative to the numbing or hyperarousal factors of the King model. Findings raise questions about proposals to abandon the distinction between numbing and hyperarousal symptoms in favor of a dysphoria‐based model.
Imagery rehearsal for posttraumatic nightmares: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Cook Joan M. , Harb Gerlinde C. , Gehrman Philip R. , Cary Mark S. , Gamble Geraldine M. , Forbes David , Ross Richard J.
Published: September 2010

One hundred twenty‐four male Vietnam War veterans with chronic, severe posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were randomly assigned to imagery rehearsal (n = 61) or a credible active comparison condition (n = 63) for the treatment of combat‐related nightmares. There was pre‐post change in overall sleep quality and PTSD symptoms for both groups, but not in nightmare frequency. Intent‐to‐treat analyses showed that veterans who received imagery rehearsal had not improved significantly more than veterans in the comparison condition for the primary outcomes (nightmare frequency and sleep quality), or for a number of secondary outcomes, including PTSD. Six sessions of imagery rehearsal delivered in group format did not produce substantive improvement in Vietnam War veterans with chronic, severe PTSD. Possible explanations for findings are discussed.