bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deep-hole drilling of amorphous silica glass by extreme ultraviolet femtosecond pulses
Authors: Shibuya Tatsunori , Takahashi Takashi , Sakaue Kazuyuki , Dinh Thanh-Hung , Hara Hiroyuki , Higashiguchi Takeshi , Ishino Masahiko , Koshiba Yuya , Nishikino Masaharu , Ogawa Hiroshi , Tanaka Masahito , Washio Masakazu , Kobayashi Yohei , Kuroda Ryunosuke
Published: October 2018

A free-electron laser (FEL) is a robust tool for studying the interaction of intense X-rays with matter. In this study, we investigate the damage threshold and morphology of fused silica irradiated by extreme ultraviolet femtosecond pulses of a FEL. The experimental results indicate the superiority of the FEL processing. The FEL-damage threshold of fused silica at a wavelength of 13.5 nm is 0.17 J/cm2, which is 20 times lower than that of a near infrared (NIR) femtosecond laser. The relationship between the crater depth and laser fluence reveals that the effective absorption length is αeff−1 = 58 nm. The damage threshold and the absorption length are the key values for smooth crater formation. In addition, the formation of rim structures and microcracks, which are usually the critical issues in NIR laser processing, cannot be found in the interaction region. The hole diameter is maintained below the beam size at the exit.
Quasi-two-dimensional electron gas at γ-Al2O3/SrTiO3 heterointerfaces fabricated by spin coating method
Authors: Li Ming , Yan Hong , Zhang Zhaoting , Ren Lixia , Zhao Jia , Wang Shuanhu , Chen Changle , Jin Kexin
Published: October 2018

Complex oxide heterointerfaces with the two-dimensional electron gas have drawn a lot of attention due to their emerging properties. However, most of them are prepared using the method with relatively high energy particles, which would inevitably lead to some defects. Here, a key challenge in the quasi-two-dimensional electron gas at spinel-type Al2O3/SrTiO3 heterointerfaces using a spin coating method is addressed. The grown Al2O3 films have the atomic-scale smooth surface and the thickness is about 70 nm. The γ-Al2O3 layer with a thickness of about 3 nm in proximity to SrTiO3 and the amorphous Al2O3 layer on the top of γ-Al2O3 are observed for the heterointerface annealed at 800 °C. The heterointerfaces at annealed temperatures above 750 °C exhibit a metallic behavior, which is attributed to the dominant layer of γ-Al2O3. The sheet carrier density is about 3.1 × 1015 cm−2 and the Hall mobility is 4924.4 cm2 V−1 s−1 at 15 K at the heterointerface annealed at 800 °C. Our work provides a low-cost way for the large-scale and large-area production of two-dimensional electron gas at high-quality oxide interfaces.
Methods for the characterization of imposed, ordered structures in MDPX
Authors: Hall Taylor , Thomas Edward , Avinash Khare , Merlino Robert , Rosenberg Marlene
Published: October 2018

Dusty plasmas have been studied in argon, radio frequency (rf) glow discharge plasmas with magnetic fields up to 1.5 T. Plasmas were formed between a powered bottom electrode and a grounded top electrode in which an aluminum wire mesh is fixed in the center. This work will examine the experimental conditions at which imposed, ordered structures form within the dusty plasma. These imposed, ordered structures, as reported in earlier works, are characterized by the alignment of dust particles to the spatial structure of the wire mesh in the top electrode and occur at high magnetic fields (B ≥ 1 T) and low neutral pressure (P ≤ 100 mTorr). A pair of parameters will be established to characterize the degree to which the dust particles are affected by these imposed ordered structures on both long and short time scales. Using these parameters, it will be shown that a correlation exists between the onset of imposed, ordered structures and the magnetization of ions within the plasma.
Characterization of traps in InAlN by optically and thermally stimulated deep level defect spectroscopies
Authors: Farzana Esmat , Foronda Humberto M. , Jackson Christine M. , Razzak Towhidur , Zhang Zeng , Speck James S. , Arehart Aaron R. , Ringel Steven A.
Published: October 2018

Deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) and deep level optical spectroscopy (DLOS) were used to characterize defect states throughout the bandgap of unintentionally-doped InxAl1−xN grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition for x = 0.18 (nominally lattice-matched) and x = 0.15 compositions. DLTS revealed broad peaks with energy levels of EC − 0.23 eV and 0.38 eV for In0.18Al0.82N and In0.15Al0.85N, respectively, tracking the difference in their conduction band minima [S. Schulz et al., Appl. Phys. Express 6, 121001 (2013)]. Capture kinetics studies revealed logarithmic filling behavior, which with the broad peaks, implies that an extended defect source is likely, consistent with threading dislocation densities (TDD) of ∼1 × 109 cm−2 measured for both structures. However, the trap concentration did not track the detailed TDD variation but instead followed the background oxygen content, which varied between 1.2 × 1018 cm−3 and 1.8 × 1018 cm−3 for the samples. Taken together with the logarithmic capture kinetics, this implies that dislocation-oxygen complexes could be the source for this trap. In spite of the high oxygen content in the samples, this state did not reveal DX-like behavior, supporting the assertion of an oxygen-dislocation complex as its likely source. DLOS also revealed additional states at EC − 1.63 eV, 2.09 eV, and 3.59 eV for In0.18Al0.82N and analogous states at EC − 1.70 eV, 2.70 eV, and 3.90 eV within In0.15Al0.85N. Lighted capacitance-voltage measurements indicated that the near mid-gap (EC − 2.09 eV and 2.70 eV) and near valence band (EC − 3.59 eV and 3.90 eV) states are their primary sources for carrier compensation.
Coexistence of unipolar and bipolar switching in nanocrystalline spinel ferrite ZnFe2O4 thin films synthesized by sol-gel method
Authors: Ismail Muhammad , Hao Aize , Huang Wenhua , Lee Jinju , Kim Sungjun , Bao Dinghua
Published: October 2018

In this letter, we report the coexistence of unipolar and bipolar switching in a solution-based nanocrystalline spinel ferrite ZnFe2O4 thin film prepared by the sol-gel method. It is seen that the Au/ZnFe2O4/Pt device could be activated between unipolar and bipolar switching modes just by choosing RESET-voltage polarity. Conversions between unipolar to bipolar switching modes are reversible and controllable. The results show that the SET-voltage of unipolar switching is smaller than that of bipolar switching, while memory windows (ON/OFF ratio) are identical. Furthermore, filaments are induced by the migration of oxygen vacancies (VOs), which are responsible for reducing variations in SET voltages of unipolar switching. By analyzing the current transport conduction mechanism, the electrode-limited Schottky emission mechanism is dominated in the high field region. Temperature dependence of low and high resistance states indicates that conductive filaments are composed of VOs and metallic Zn atoms, involving Joule heating and electrochemical redox reaction effects. Investigation on coexisting both unipolar and bipolar switching modes in a single Au/ZnFe2O4/Pt memory cell would open a pathway for spinel ferrite based low-cost nonvolatile memory.
New tensor draws together two approaches for determining ground state electronic properties
Authors: Liebendorfer Adam
Published: October 2018

New work uses kinetic energy from meta-Generalized Gradient Approximations and vorticity from current-density functional theory to find ground states more easily while considering magnetic fields.
Polychaetes (Annelida) of the Oceanic Shoals region, northern Australia: considering small macrofauna in marine management
Authors: Przeslawski Rachel , Glasby Christopher J. , Nichol Scott
Published: October 2018

Northern Australia has been the focus of recent marine biodiversity research to support natural resource management for both industry and conservation, including management of the Oceanic Shoals Australian Marine Park (AMP). Much of this research has targeted habitat-forming sessile invertebrates and charismatic megafauna, but smaller macrofauna and infauna may also be important because of their roles in ecosystem functions. In this study we characterised the biodiversity of polychaetes collected from four marine surveys to the Oceanic Shoals AMP between 2009 and 2012 from which sediment samples were elutriated (500μm) to separate macrofauna. We used this species-level inventory to examine several questions related to marine management, namely: (1) do polychaete assemblages vary among surveys; (2) can environmental variables or geomorphology explain differences in community structure; and (3) how do ecological patterns change according to taxonomic resolution (species, family) and functional group (feeding, habitat, mobility)? A total of 2561 individual polychaetes were collected from 266 samples, representing 368 species and 43 families, including new species and genera, as well as new family records for Australia (Iospilidae, Lacydoniidae). Polychaete species assemblages and functional groups showed variation among the surveys, but this was not observed at the family level. Species and family assemblages were weakly related to environmental factors, but functional groups showed stronger relationships. Plains and banks each supported distinct polychaete assemblages, although the latter showed temporal variation. The results provide baseline biodiversity and ecological data about polychaetes on the northern Australian shelf, and these are discussed in relation to marine management strategies. Notably, intersurvey and environmental patterns differ from those of larger sessile fauna (sponges) collected on the same surveys, highlighting the need to consider small macrofauna in monitoring programs of marine protected areas.
SUMO protease SENP1 deSUMOylates and stabilizes c-Myc
Authors: Sun Xiao-Xin , Chen Yingxiao , Su Yulong , Wang Xiaoyan , Chauhan Krishna Mohan , Liang Juan , Daniel Colin J. , Sears Rosalie C. , Dai Mu-Shui
Published: October 2018

Significance

c-Myc is dynamically regulated by posttranslational modifications, including SUMOylation. However, how SUMOylation regulates c-Myc activity and stability remains elusive. In this study, we found that SENP1, a nuclear SUMO protease, deSUMOylates c-Myc, resulting in c-Myc stabilization and activation. We further show that c-Myc can be comodified by ubiquitination and SUMOylation and that this facilitates c-Myc targeting to the proteasome for degradation. DeSUMOylation of c-Myc by SENP1 suppressed c-Myc proteasome degradation and increased the level of transcriptionally active c-Myc, while knockdown of SENP1 reduced c-Myc levels and markedly suppressed cancer cell proliferation. We show that SENP1 is frequently overexpressed in human breast cancers. Thus, our study reveals SENP1 as a positive c-Myc regulator.
XBP1s activation can globally remodel N-glycan structure distribution patterns
Authors: Wong Madeline Y. , Chen Kenny , Antonopoulos Aristotelis , Kasper Brian T. , Dewal Mahender B. , Taylor Rebecca J. , Whittaker Charles A. , Hein Pyae P. , Dell Anne , Genereux Joseph C. , Haslam Stuart M. , Mahal Lara K. , Shoulders Matthew D.
Published: October 2018

Significance

Diverse polysaccharides are installed on specific asparagine residues as glycoproteins traverse the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi. These N-glycan structures comprise the N-glycome, which coats cell surfaces, regulates cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions, and has functional consequences for immune system function and beyond. Our understanding of how intracellular signaling regulates the molecular architecture of the N-glycome remains immature. We show that the transcription factor XBP1s alters N-glycan structures displayed on endogenous membrane-associated and secreted glycoproteins, coincident with XBP1s-induced changes in N-glycosylation–related transcripts. These results establish a role for the unfolded protein response in defining the global composition of the N-glycome–providing a mechanism for transducing internal stress to an external signal, a phenomenon with implications for both normal biology and pathology.
The Corticospinal Discrepancy: Where are all the Slow Pyramidal Tract Neurons?
Authors: Kraskov Alexander , Baker Stuart , Soteropoulos Demetris , Kirkwood Peter , Lemon Roger
Published: October 2018

This feature article focuses on the discrepancy between the distribution of axon diameters within the primate corticospinal tract, determined neuroanatomically, and the distribution of axonal conduction velocities within the same tract, determined electrophysiologically. We point out the importance of resolving this discrepancy for a complete understanding of corticospinal functions, and discuss the various explanations for the mismatch between anatomy and physiology.
High Relative Frequency of Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli Among Patients With Reportable Enteric Pathogens, Minnesota, 2016–2017
Authors: Beczkiewicz Aaron , Cebelinski Elizabeth , Decuir Marijke , Lappi Victoria , Wang Xiong , Smith Kirk , Boxrud Dave , Medus Carlota
Published: October 2018

Background

Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is increasingly recognized as an enteric pathogen as clinical laboratories transition to culture-independent diagnostic tests that detect EAEC. To date, epidemiological studies have focused on children aged <5 years, and information on EAEC incidence, illness outcomes, and transmission avenues is limited.

Methods

Enteric disease surveillance data in Minnesota were used to describe EAEC illnesses reported to the Minnesota Department of Health from September 2016 through August 2017. We determined laboratory characteristics of EAEC using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and next-generation sequencing. Frequency of EAEC illness, demographic profile of cases, clinical characteristics of illness, and plausible food or environmental exposures leading to EAEC transmission were assessed.

Results

During the study period, 329 EAEC cases were reported. Among a subset of health systems able to detect EAEC over the entire study, EAEC was the second most common reportable enteric pathogen detected after Campylobacter and the most detected diarrheagenic E. coli pathotype. No other reportable enteric pathogens were detected among 75.3% of EAEC cases, and 68% of cases reported no international travel before onset. Several virulence genes were associated with clinical characteristics.

Conclusions

We provide evidence that EAEC is a likely causative agent of diarrheal illness in the United States. Our study contributes to criteria development for identification of pathogenic EAEC and proposes potential exposure avenues.
Reducing alcohol-related harm in Australia: a simple data-based tool to assist prioritization of research and health care delivery in primary care
Authors: Freund Megan , Hobden Breanne , Deeming Simon , Noble Natasha , Bryant Jamie , Sanson-Fisher Robert W
Published: October 2018

Introduction

The detection of harmful alcohol use and the delivery of brief advice in primary care are less than optimal. Given limited health care resources, deciding where best to allocate funding to optimize health outcomes is imperative. A simple data-based tool could be useful when access to specialist health economic advice is unavailable. This study aimed to examine the utility of a simple data-based calculator to facilitate priority setting in general practice for reducing alcohol-related harm.

Methods

A simple algorithm was developed within Microsoft Excel to allow comparison of hypothetical intervention scenarios that aimed to increase detection and brief advice for harmful alcohol use in general practice. The calculator accommodated varying implementation costs, size of effect and reach for each scenario created. The incremental costs of the intervention scenarios, the incremental number of successes (i.e. abstinence or drinking at safe levels) and the incremental costs-effectiveness ratio (ICER) were calculated for each hypothetical scenario and compared with a usual care scenario.

Results

In the hypothetical scenarios modelled, increasing both the detection of harmful alcohol consumption and the provision of brief advice produced the greatest number of incremental successes above baseline. Increasing detection alone produced fewer incremental successes but was the most cost-effective approach, as indicated by the lowest ICER.

Discussion

The data-based calculator provides a simple method of exploring reach and cost-effectiveness outcomes without the need for any specific skills. Although this approach has limitations, the calculator can be used by decision makers to guide intervention planning.
Impaired Sensorimotor Processing During Complex Gait Precedes Behavioral Changes in Middle-aged Adults
Authors: Mitchell Trina , Starrs Faryn , Soucy Jean-Paul , Thiel Alexander , Paquette Caroline
Published: October 2018

Gait impairment during complex walking in older adults is thought to result from a progressive failure to compensate for deteriorating peripheral inputs by central neural processes. It is the primary hypothesis of this article that failure of higher cerebral adaptations may already be present in middle-aged adults who do not present observable gait impairments. We, therefore, compared metabolic brain activity during steering of gait (ie, complex locomotion) and straight walking (ie, simple locomotion) in young and middle-aged individuals. Cerebral distribution of [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose, a marker of brain synaptic activity, was assessed during over ground straight walking and steering of gait using positron emission tomography in seven young adults (aged 24 ± 3) and seven middle-aged adults (aged 59 ± 3). Brain regions involved in steering of gait (posterior parietal cortex, superior frontal gyrus, and cerebellum) are retained in middle age. However, despite similar walking performance, there are age-related differences in the distribution of [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose during steering: middle-aged adults have (i) increased activation of precentral and fusiform gyri, (ii) reduced deactivation of multisensory cortices (inferior frontal, postcentral, and fusiform gyri), and (iii) reduced activation of the middle frontal gyrus and cuneus. Our results suggest that preclinical decline in central sensorimotor processing in middle age is observable during complex walking.
Relating mass movement with electrical self-potential signals
Authors: Heinze T , Limbrock JK , Pudasaini SP , Kemna A
Published: October 2018

Landslides present a latent danger to lives and infrastructure worldwide. Often such mass movements are caused by increasing pore pressure. The electrical self-potential (SP) method has been applied in a broad range of monitoring studies. When fluid flow is involved the most relevant source of SP is the streaming potential, caused by the flow of an electrolyte through porous media with electrically charged internal surfaces. We experimentally investigated the SP signal associated with deformation of partially saturated soil. For partly saturated scenarios, we observed an SP signature correlated with the mass movement. In dry experiments, we did not observe any significant change in the electric signal. Results of numerical simulations match with the experimental observations when assuming a local and temporary alteration of the hydraulic pressure due to the sliding mass. Our findings suggest that SP measurements can be used to observe mass movement triggered by fluid pressure variations through the streaming potential.
Quota exhaustion and discarding: how Ireland’s monthly quota system has a limited relationship with discarding patterns in the commercial fishing fleet
Authors: Calderwood Julia , Reid David G
Published: October 2018

The Irish fishing fleet is subject to monthly quotas which are designed to ensure an equal share between vessels and to spread uptake throughout the year. This monthly quota system also allows us to study the links between discarding and quota exhaustion once a month rather than once a year, as would be the case in most other countries. The hypothesis that discards of cod, haddock, and whiting would increase through the month, as quotas were used up, was tested using observer data collected from commercial fishing vessels. Other than for whiting the results showed no relationship between discarding and day of the month. Instead gear type and target fishery were bigger drivers of discarding with restrictive quotas for cod and haddock resulting in consistent discarding of these species throughout the month. Improvements in gear selectivity may aid in reducing discards but due to the mixed nature of the fishery there is limited ability for vessels to reduce catches of these quota restricted species. Understanding how such a quota management system may influence fishing and discarding behaviour is important when developing management tools to assist in avoiding unwanted catch. This is especially important with the introduction of the Landing Obligation in EU fisheries.
Transmission and Age Impact the Risk of Developing Febrile Malaria in Children with Asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum Parasitemia
Authors: Wamae Kevin , Wambua Juliana , Nyangweso George , Mwambingu Gabriel , Osier Faith , Ndung’u Francis , Bejon Philip , Ochola-Oyier Lynette Isabella
Published: October 2018

Background

Plasmodium falciparum infections lead to febrile illness unless the host has sufficient immunity, in which case infection may cause no immediate symptoms (ie, “asymptomatic parasitemia”). Previous studies are conflicting on the role of asymptomatic parasitemia in determining the risk of developing febrile malaria.

Methods

We monitored 2513 children (living in Kilifi, Kenyan Coast) by blood smears in 17 cross-sectional surveys to identify asymptomatic parasitemia and used active surveillance over 11325 child-years of follow-up to detect febrile malaria. We evaluated the interaction between transmission intensity, age, and asymptomatic parasitemia in determining the risk of developing febrile malaria.

Results

In the moderate and high transmission intensity settings, asymptomatic parasitemia was associated with a reduced risk of febrile malaria in older children (> 3 years), while in the lower transmission setting, asymptomatic parasitemia was associated with an increased risk of febrile malaria in children of all ages. Additionally, the risk associated with asymptomatic parasitemia was limited to the first 90 days of follow-up.

Conclusions

Asymptomatic parasitemia is modified by transmission intensity and age, altering the risk of developing febrile episodes and suggesting that host immunity plays a prominent role in mediating this process.
The nature of patient complaints: a resource for healthcare improvements
Authors: RÅBERUS Anna , HOLMSTRÖM Inger K , GALVIN Kathleen , SUNDLER Annelie J
Published: October 2018

Objective

The aim of this study was to explore the nature, potential usefulness and meaning of complaints lodged by patients and their relatives.

Design

A retrospective, descriptive design was used.

Setting

The study was based on a sample of formal patient complaints made through a patient complaint reporting system for publicly funded healthcare services in Sweden.

Participants

A systematic random sample of 170 patient complaints was yielded from a total of 5689 patient complaints made in a Swedish county in 2015.

Main outcome measure

Themes emerging from patient complaints analysed using a qualitative thematic method.

Results

The patient complaints reported patients’ or their relatives’ experiences of disadvantages and problems faced when seeking healthcare services. The meanings of the complaints reflected six themes regarding access to healthcare services, continuity and follow-up, incidents and patient harm, communication, attitudes and approaches, and healthcare options pursued against the patient’s wishes.

Conclusions

The patient complaints analysed in this study clearly indicate a number of specific areas that commonly give rise to dissatisfaction; however, the key findings point to the significance of patients’ exposure and vulnerability. The findings suggest that communication needs to be improved overall and that patient vulnerability could be successfully reduced with a strong interpersonal focus. Prerequisites for meeting patients’ needs include accounting for patients’ preferences and views both at the individual and organizational levels.
Reducing calcineurin inhibitor first for treating BK polyomavirus replication after kidney transplantation: long-term outcomes
Authors: Bischof Nicole , Hirsch Hans H , Wehmeier Caroline , Amico Patricia , Dickenmann Michael , Hirt-Minkowski Patricia , Steiger Jürg , Menter Thomas , Helmut Hopfer , Schaub Stefan
Published: October 2018

Background

Reducing immunosuppression is the mainstay of treating BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) viraemia after kidney transplantation, but the best approach, efficacy and impact are undefined. We established a standard operating procedure (SOP) treating BKPyV viraemia based on first reducing calcineurin inhibitor (‘CNI first’). The aim of this study was to investigate long-term outcomes in 644 consecutive transplantations using this SOP.

Methods

Patients were monitored for active BKPyV infection by urinary decoy cells and, if positive, by BKPyV viraemia. In case of sustained BKPyV viraemia >1000 copies/mL, immunosuppression was reduced stepwise according to the SOP. Patients were classified as ‘no decoy cells’ [n = 432 (66%)], ‘decoy cells/no viraemia’ [n = 107 (17%)] and ‘viraemia’ [n = 105 (17%)].

Results

At 6-years post-transplant, graft survival was ∼84%, the clinical rejection rate was ∼25% and they were not different among the three groups (P = 0.14; P = 0.91). The median estimated glomerular filtration rate at the last follow-up was similar (range 49–53 mL/min, P = 0.08). Of 105 viraemic patients, 101 (96%) cleared BKPyV viraemia. In 39% of patients, viraemia clearance followed a tacrolimus reduction. A reduction of mycophenolic acid was required in 43% and discontinuation in 3%. No short-term graft loss was directly attributable to BKPyV-associated nephropathy. After a median follow-up of 5 years after clearance of BKPyV viraemia, 11/101 patients (11%) developed clinical rejection: 7 (7%) T-cell-mediated rejection and 4 (4%) antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR).

Conclusions

Immunosuppression reduction based on ‘CNI first’ leads to similar long-term outcomes in patients with/without BKPyV viraemia and is associated with a low risk for ABMR after clearance of BKPyV viraemia. Randomized trials are needed to compare the risks and benefits of immunosuppression reduction strategies in kidney transplant patients with BKPyV viraemia.
Microbial Identification Using DNA Target Amplification and Sequencing: Clinical Utility and Impact on Patient Management
Authors: Basein Tinzar , Gardiner Bradley J , Andujar Vazquez Gabriela M , Joel Chandranesan Andrew S , Rabson Arthur R , Doron Shira , Snydman David R
Published: October 2018

Broad-range polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is increasingly used in patients with culture-negative infections; however, few studies have assessed the diagnostic utility of this test in this context. We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients who had clinical specimens sent for broad-range PCR, aiming to evaluate performance and determine impact on patient management. Organisms were identified in 21/71 samples. High numbers of polymorphonuclear leukocytes on Gram stain (odds ratio [OR], 4.17; P = .04) and acute inflammation on histopathology (OR, 5.69; P = .02) were significantly associated with a positive result. Management was altered in 18 patients, 11 with positive and 7 with negative results. Overall, broad-range PCR assay had the highest impact in patients with microscopic evidence of inflammation. Physicians ordering this complex, difficult to interpret, and expensive test should carefully consider all available clinical information on an individualized basis to optimize its performance.
Online Communication by Emergency Responders during Crisis Events
Authors: Spiro Emma S.
Published: October 2018

Social media have become critical components of all phases of crisis management, including preparedness, response, and recovery. Numerous recent events have demonstrated that during extreme occurrences (such as natural hazards, civil unrest, and domestic terrorist attacks), social media platforms are appropriated for response activities, providing new infrastructure for official responders to disseminate event-related information, interact with members of the public, and monitor public opinion. Emergency responders recognize the potential of social media platforms and actively use these technologies to share information and connect with constituents; however, many questions remain about the effectiveness of social media platforms in reaching members of the public during times of crisis. Moreover, there is a strong tendency for research to focus on the behavior of the public rather than on that of official emergency responders. This chapter reviews prior and ongoing work that contributes to our understanding of usage practices and the effectiveness of networked online communication during times of crisis. In particular, it focuses on empirically driven research that utilizes large-scale data sets of behavioral traces captured from social media platforms. Together this body of work demonstrates how computational techniques combined with rich, curated data sets can be used to explore information and communication behaviors in online networks.
Pragmatist Portraits of Experimental Intelligence by Peirce, James, Dewey, and Others
Authors: Colapietro Vincent
Published: October 2018

Pragmatist accounts of experimental intelligence are, at once, a continuation of the historical debate about the nature, scope, and function of reason and a significant departure from this dispute. They also reveal the efforts of philosophers to come to terms with the Darwinian revolution in the life sciences. Arguably, American pragmatism was the first self-consciously Darwinian movement in Western philosophy. The reconceptions of reason or intelligence formulated by Peirce, James, Dewey, and other pragmatists were central to their reconstruction of philosophy. In conjunction with this, Peirce and Dewey redefined logic as a theory of inquiry. But virtually all of the pragmatists linked intelligence to action. They envisioned human ingenuity to be without inherent limits but its historical forms often to be pathological distortions. They were sensitive to the tragic failures of experimental intelligence to make a difference, to inform and guide action in a liberating and illuminating manner.
Pharmacological Manipulation of Critical Period Plasticity
Authors: Guirado Ramon , Castrén Eero
Published: October 2018

Neuronal networks are refined through an activity-dependent competition during critical periods of early postnatal development. Recent studies have shown that critical period plasticity is influenced by a number of environmental factors, including drugs that are widely used for the treatment of brain disorders. These findings suggest a new paradigm, where pharmacological treatments can be used to open critical period–like plasticity in the adult brain. The plastic networks can then be modified through rehabilitation or psychotherapy to rewire those abnormally wired during development. This kind of combination of pharmacotherapy with physical or psychological rehabilitation may open a new opportunity for a more efficient recovery of a number of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders.
The Territories in Israeli Politics
Authors: Perliger Arie , Pedahzur Ami
Published: October 2018

Even though settlers constitute a minority whose goals are not shared by the majority of Israelis, their settlements’ project still thrives. This chapter strives to explain this paradox by providing three complementary explanations for the success of the settlers’ movement in overcoming their limited representation within the political system, as well as changes in Israel’s political and strategic environment. It attributes the impressive success of the settlers to their ability to establish effective networks of influence within the Israeli public administration; their successful branding, which associated the settlements with the traditional Zionist ethos; and their movement into the mainstream of the political system. After setting the stage for its analysis with a brief overview of the origins and evolution of the settlements’ project, the chapter presents explanations and elucidates how they complement each other effectively to allow the settlers to bypass, or overcome, various political and security-related challenges. The chapter concludes by assessing the ability of the settlers’ community to continue to utilize similar methods of political activism and policymaking in the future.
Approaching Human Health as an Integrative Challenge: Introduction and Overview
Authors: Ryff Carol D. , Krueger Robert F.
Published: October 2018

This chapter provides an overview of the Oxford Handbook of Integrative Health Science. A first section examines the rationale for multidisciplinary research on human health via evolution of biopsychosocial integration in a major national longitudinal study, known as MIDUS (Midlife in the United States). It began with in-depth survey assessments of sociodemographic and psychosocial factors and a daily diary component and was then expanded to include assessments of cognition, biomarkers, and neuroscience as well as a city-specific minority sample. Multiple waves of longitudinal data and recruitment of a “refresher” sample followed. The remainder of this introduction highlights scientific advances (elaborated in subsequent chapters) that followed from collecting in-depth information on the same set of participants. Each chapter offers a narrative of multiple scientific findings in targeted areas. We end with a glimpse at the road ahead in advancing integrative health science.
American Jokes, Pranks, and Humor
Authors: Marsh Moira
Published: October 2018

Humor is omnipresent in modern American life. Since the late nineteenth century, a sense of humor has come to be seen as essential for a healthy personality. Along with the rise of humor in American thought and life, jokes have become a predominant form of American folk expressive culture. Folklorists document jokelore in situ, recording both texts and contexts—historical, comparative, social, cultural, and individual. They treat jokes as artistic expressions and consider how individual style and personality relate to them. As pluralists, American folklorists emphasize that the modern jokes of urban life do not constitute the entirety of humorous expression. It is in this combination of ethnographic, humanistic, and pluralist stances that folklorists contribute to humor studies generally.
Encountering the Elizabethan Stage
Authors: Bednarz James
Published: October 2018

This chapter examines the institutional, professional, economic, and social contexts that shaped the original production of Shakespeare’s comedies. It focuses on how these plays were first staged in a hybrid theatrical marketplace that consisted of both ‘public’ and ‘private’ venues. It describes how the business model of the Lord Chamberlain’s Men combined common and aristocratic patronage and how its repertoire merged popular and courtly cultures. Staged in amphitheatres, town halls, the great halls of royal palaces, the private residences of aristocrats, and at the Inns of Court, Shakespeare’s comedies addressed heterogeneous audiences in complex ways. Indeed, one of the foundations of Shakespeare’s achievement was his ability to draw on elements of both traditions in comedies that are relentlessly adaptive and globally engaging.
Farce and Force
Authors: Barker Simon
Published: October 2018

This chapter reviews the substantial body of scholarship devoted to the relationship between Shakespeare’s plays and warfare, emphasizing the emphasis of this work on Shakespeare’s history plays, the classical plays and, to some extent, the principal tragedies. It then addresses an obvious gap in this scholarship by studying the ways in which Shakespeare’s comedies engage with past wars or the threat of war, often by presenting figures who have been fashioned either by the experience of war or a frustration over the absence of war. The comedies, in other words, continually hint at violence even as they exploit—by inversion or parody—the tropes of militarism found in the histories, the classical plays, and the tragedies.
Comedy and Eros
Authors: Haber Judith
Published: October 2018

This essay explores the complex, destabilizing power of desire and erotic attachment in Shakespeare’s comedies, examining same-sex as well as heterosexual couplings. It considers the various forms—social, literary, and linguistic—through with eroticism is ‘comprehended’ (in all senses of the word) in the plays, including the form of comedy itself; it questions to what extent these forms are presented as adequate to contain the disruptive or amorphous desires within them. Particular attention is therefore given to the ends of plays and to issues of erotic satisfaction and closure. Focusing on formal as well as thematic and characterological expressions of eroticism allows us to complicate earlier critical assessments of such plays as The Taming of the Shrew and Twelfth Night, both of which are examined in detail here. Brief analyses are also provided of The Two Gentlemen of Verona, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, and Much Ado about Nothing.
The Music of Shakespearean Comedy
Authors: Minear Erin
Published: October 2018

Throughout his career, Shakespeare evinces a particular interest in the interplay between a musical interlude and the dramatic context in which it appears, a context which can substantially alter the meaning and affect of the music. Music offers an especially wide range of possibilities in comedy, as it may be a seduction or a symbol of unions and reconciliations; it may herald festive celebration or undermine a seemingly merry moment with unexpected wistfulness or melancholy. Moreover, different audiences respond differently to the same music, depending on their awareness of its context. This chapter will contextualize the comedies’ rich inclusion of song in terms of popular and courtly vocal and instrumental music. It also will locate this aspect of Shakespearean dramaturgy within the contemporary discourse surrounding the powers and dangers of music.
Stage Props and Shakespeare’s Comedies
Authors: Wilder Lina Perkins
Published: October 2018

While they might seem like ‘toys’ or ‘trifles’, stage properties in Shakespeare’s comedies subtly unsettle the relationship between human subject and non-human object. Even such seemingly innocuous comedic props as letters (in Two Gentlemen of Verona and Love’s Labour’s Lost) and rings (in The Merchant of Venice) can be given incommensurate weight by the comic plot. Drawing on both semiotic and phenomenological accounts of stage props as well as the synthesis of these approaches in the work of Erika Lin and Andrew Sofer, this essay explores the broad continuum between the comically disruptive misdirected letter and absent, irreplaceable objects like Shylock’s turquoise ring and demonstrates just how rigorously Shakespeare’s comic props test our investment in comedic narrative and the comic resolution.
Comedy on the Boards
Authors: Lin Erika T.
Published: October 2018

This chapter examines some of the techniques by which the early modern theatre invited its audiences into the shared production of stage space. It focuses in particular on the ways in which Shakespeare’s comedies ask spectators to see across, within, and through physical barriers, enabling the pleasurable transgression of both social and corporeal boundaries. Looking at early modern theories of visual perception, it provides a historical context for some of Shakespeare’s most compelling strategies for imagining comic space, including the ‘lock-out’ scene in The Comedy of Errors, the parodic use of a character to play ‘Wall’ in Midsummer Night’s Dream, and the use of a ‘dark house’ to imprison Malvolio in Twelfth Night. It concludes by analysing contemporary performances of the comedies against more recent notions of sight and spectatorship, suggesting that comedy tends to invert the visual regimes dominant in any given period.
The Extended Body Hypothesis
Authors: de Vignemont Frédérique
Published: October 2018

According to the extended mind hypothesis, “There is nothing sacred about skull and skin” for our cognitive abilities (Clark and Chalmers 1998). Is this also true for bodily awareness? In this chapter I consider several versions of what we can call the extended body hypothesis. According to a weak version, bodily awareness is not limited by the biological boundaries of our body. In light of tool embodiment, I highlight the malleability of embodiment but also show that there are important limitations to the sensations that we can feel in tools. I then consider a stronger version of the extended body hypothesis, according to which bodily awareness is not even constrained by the apparent boundaries of the body. I will describe how we can experience sensations in peripersonal space, but argue that even then there seems to be something sacred about our apparent skull and skin.
Why Engagement?
Authors: Reddy Vasudevi
Published: October 2018

In this chapter I attempt to tease apart the meanings of various terms sometimes confusingly used in understanding the importance of second-person engagements in infant social cognition. Engagement itself may be a continuum rather than a category, may occur in a multiplicity of modes and dimensions rather than a singularity, and may occur with things as well as people. Nonetheless, the difference between second and third-person engagements is crucial for the development of infant social cognition (and possibly for social cognition through the lifespan). I discuss the importance of the second-person by looking at four attentional and intentional engagements in the first year—coy responses to attention, clowning and showing off, anticipatory adjustments to being picked up, and compliance with directives. Such phenomena portray early and fundamentally emotional involvement, requiring more than explanations of ostensive cues, child-directedness, or joint engagement occurring after joint attention.
The intersubjective turn
Authors: De Jaegher Hanne
Published: October 2018

I outline five criteria for an enactive account of intersubjectivity. First, it should do justice to social interaction processes and to subjectivity in its experiential, bodily, existential, and historico-sociocultural complexity. Second, an integrative intersubjectivity framework should connect physiological, neural, interactional, linguistic, and societal aspects and levels of explanation. This requires concepts and methodologies that span several different disciplines. Third, it should encourage applications and dialogue with experts in other sectors, such as teachers and therapists. Fourth, it should recognize the values that underlie it, so it can serve critical awareness of how it influences and is influenced by societal institutions and norms. Finally, because its subject matter is the ways in which people understand and deal with each other, it should be prepared to deal with ethical questions and dimensions. Then, I investigate how the state of the art in enactive intersubjectivity research fares in the face of these criteria.
Critical Note
Authors: Herschbach Mitchell
Published: October 2018

I argue that the chapters in this section only modestly challenge the “traditional mindreading account,” which sees the capacity for mental state attribution as central to human social cognition. This internalist, cognitivist account has already been refined in recent years to give greater attention to unreflective, dynamic social interaction and non-mindreading processes. The chapters here support a kind of embodied social cognition that does not involve mindreading. They also support the idea that an embedded/situated cognition perspective can inform the nature of the mindreading and non-mindreading forms of social cognition, particularly their use during dynamic social interaction. Further, important empirical questions arise about the importance of social interaction in the development of mindreading. But the more radical extended cognition thesis only appears sporadically and is weakly defended. Thus, the 4E perspective represented here does not challenge the importance of the “representation-hungry,” internal capacity for mindreading.
Origins and complexities of infant communication and social cognition
Authors: Liszkowski Ulf
Published: October 2018

This chapter investigates how infants communicate before they have acquired a language; the underlying social cognition and motivation; and the evolutionary and ontogenetic origins of human communication. Evidence is reviewed that by 12 months of age, infants’ production and comprehension of the human pointing gesture involves several interwoven layers of communicative intentions, and pertains in complexity to unique forms of human communication. Limits of infant communication pertain to representational gesture use, particularly the spontaneous creation of pantomimic iconic gestures, and to the expression of referential intentions in early infancy. Commonalities and differences to ape communication are identified at different developmental ages regarding the use of reaching gestures and communication about distal and absent referents. Recent evidence is presented for the role of social interaction in the early ontogenetic emergence of uniquely human forms of gestural communication.
Communication as Fundamental Paradigm for Psychopathology
Authors: Vogeley Kai
Published: October 2018

Theoretical positions in cognitive sciences either emphasize the role of internal representations within the cognitive system of the person or focus on the person’s interaction with the environment. The latter position has been recently explicated in different ways under the formula of 4E cognition (extended, embodied, enactive, embedded). Focusing on the aspect of socially embedded cognition, the dyad of two interaction partners in a social encounter is proposed as the fundamental unit of analysis. This interactive approach centered around the concept of communication is also of relevance for the understanding of psychopathological norm deviations. Despite a rich tradition that reconstructs different psychopathological syndromes as disorders of communication, this account of psychopathology has not been fully acknowledged. It is the aim of this chapter to present the core ideas of this perspective and to stimulate the discussion that has potentially substantial influence on various research topics in psychopathology and psychiatry.
Robots as powerful allies for the study of embodied cognition from the bottom up
Authors: Hoffmann Matej , Pfeifer Rolf
Published: October 2018

A large body of compelling evidence has been accumulated demonstrating that embodiment—the agent’s physical setup, including its shape, materials, sensors, and actuators—is constitutive for any form of cognition, and, as a consequence, models of cognition need to be embodied. In contrast to methods from empirical sciences to study cognition, robots can be freely manipulated and virtually all key variables of their embodiment and control programs can be systematically varied. As such, they provide an extremely powerful tool of investigation. We present a robotic, bottom-up, or developmental approach, focusing on three stages: (1) low-level behaviors like walking and reflexes, (2) learning regularities in sensorimotor spaces, and (3) human-like cognition. We also show that robotic-based research is not only a productive path to deepening our understanding of cognition, but that robots can strongly benefit from human-like cognition in order to become more autonomous, robust, resilient, and safe.