bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modelling of gas-dynamic processes in the design of small-sized installation for the production of micro-powders by gas spraying melt quenching in a horizontal reactor.
Authors: Poghosyan E K , Stasyuk I O , Savin V V , Savina L A , Marukhin A O
Published: February 2024

A new scheme for obtaining metal powders by gas spraying is present. The atomization takes place in a horizontal reactor where the interacting flows of the melt and the atomizing gas are perpendicular. The theoretical calculations performed within the selected approximation, quantitative values of process parameters, describing the interaction of flows were obtained as a result. The penetration depth of the gas stream into the melt jet at different pressures and gas flow rates was appreciated. The liquid melt jet, in initial approximation, as a flow of non-reactive particles of a spherical shape with a diameter in the range 40-250 μm in order to evaluate the selected parameters of the design of the spray chamber (atomizer) was considered. A relationship between the distribution of gas flow velocities and the distribution of the velocities of condensed particles in the atomizer chamber was modelled. We have found the areas of the atomizer in which the “reverse” flow of light particles (with a diameter of less than 80 μm). The vortex motion of the gas in the chamber induces this effect. We have found and modeled the correlation between the distribution of gas flow velocities and the distribution of the velocities of condensed particles in the atomizer chamber. The simulation results show that the investigated range of gas-dynamic characteristics in the sprayer of the chosen design ensures the production of powder materials of a given dispersion.
Application of two-grid interpolation to enhance average gradient method for solving partial differential equations
Authors: Pohjonen Aarne
Published: February 2024

Previously presented method of calculating local average gradients for solving partial differential equations (PDEs) is enhanced by using interpolating gridpoints and triangular grids. The interpolating mesh provides finer computational grid, which is then used for solving the PDE. The combined use of the finer interpolating grid together with the original sparser grid is a two-grid method. By comparing the previous application of rectilinear grid for diffusion from initial point concentration to the new triangular two grid method, it was found that the application of triangular two-grid method improves stability of the solution and it provides more rapid convergence to the correct analytical solution.
Learning systems of ordinary differential equations with Physics-Informed Neural Networks: the case study of enzyme kinetics
Authors: Lecca Paola
Published: February 2024

Physics Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) are a type of function approximators that use both data-driven supervised neural networks to learn the model of the dynamics of a physical system, and mathematical equations of the physical laws governing that system. PINNs have the benefit of being data-driven to train a model, but also of being able to assure consistency with the physics, and to extrapolate accurately beyond the range of data that currently accessible. As a result, PINNs can provide models that are more reliable while using less data. Specifically, the PINNs objective is to learn the solutions of a systems of equations using supervised learning on the available data and incorporating the knowledge of physical laws and constraints into the training process. However, solving single differential equations with a PINN may be relatively simple, solving systems of coupled differential equations may not be so simple. In this study, I present a neural network model specialized in solving differential equations of enzyme kinetics that has the main characteristic of being a demonstrative simple case of coupled equations system. The study focuses mainly on the theoretical aspects of the definition of a physics-informed loss function and shows a case study that highlights the challenges still to be overcome in solving systems of coupled differential equations.
Model λ(φ
2n
)4, n ≥ 2 quantum field theory: A nonstandard approach based on nonstandard pointwise-defined quantum fields
Authors: Foukzon Jaykov
Published: February 2024

A new non-Archimedean approach to interacted quantum fields is presented. In proposed approach, a field operator φ(x, t), no longer a standard tempered operator-valued distribution, but a non-classical operator-valued function. We prove using this novel approach that the quantum field theory with Hamiltonian P(φ)4 exists and that the corresponding C* - algebra of bounded observables satisfies all the Haag-Kastler axioms except Lorentz covariance. We prove that the λ(φ
2n
)4, n ≥ 2 quantum field theory models are Lorentz covariant.
Quasi-3D Numerical Thermal Modelling of Electronic Systems in Package
Authors: Petrosyants Konstantin O. , Ryabov Nikita I.
Published: February 2024

The technology of three-dimensional (3D) packaging currently provides an increase in the efficiency of various electronic systems, bringing the volume of the package and heat dissipation into proper correlation. For many types of modern 3D packages the electro-thermal properties were not yet investigated. So the thermal modelling of 3D system in package (SiP) constructions became obliged for package designers. The commercial universal fully-3D simulators are not effective for practical engineers because of the complexity in using. The problem-oriented method called “Quasi-3D”was proposed and software tool Quasi-3D-Overheatwas developed to save the pre- and post-processing labour and CPU time. Numerical thermal modelling for different types of modern SiP structures: bridge-chip; p2 Pack; chip stack with TSV; embedded silicon fan-out was carried out and compared with measured temperatures. Simulation error was not more than 10–15%.
Calculation of Deflagration Appearence in Hydrogen-Air Mixtures Flows in Regions with Obstacles
Authors: Martyushov S N
Published: February 2024

Many researches devoted to deflagration appearance in hydrogen-air mixes and transition it to detonation. Preference of hydrogen as a fuel is detonation fuel cycle which is more energetic preferable in comparing with ordinary fuel cycle. In connection with this preference problem of hydrogen detonation engine constructing is extreme actual. Essential part of investigations in this field is developing and improving of mathematical methods for numerical simulation of deflagration initiation and transition it to stable detonation. In real physical experiments this deflagration initiation in flows appears via sudden hot spot appearance or near an obstacle on boarding surface. In this paper numerically investigated flows of reactive gas mixes in channels with obstacles with purpose to define regims of deflagration initiation.
Simulation of Active Power Generation During Operation of a Steam Turbine Stage in Low-Steam and Motor Modes
Authors: Arakelyan E K , Andryushin A V , Pashchenko F F , Mezin S V , Andryushin K A , Kosoy A A
Published: February 2024

The operation mode of the steam turbine stage in low-steam and motor modes is considered. The features of the operation of the steam turbine stage in the motor mode are given. It is shown that the condition accepted in earlier studies of hydrodynamic processes in the turbine stage during its operation in the motor mode, that the cooling steam flows through the stage without expansion, i.e. without generating active power, is valid if the entire flow part of the turbine is under pressure in the condenser and there is no pressure drop in the stages. The conditions under which the stage operates in the ventilation mode or in the mode of generating active power are determined. The technique developed with this condition in mind allows, with known parameters before the stage and the pressure ratio before and behind the stage, to determine the operating mode of the stage.
ALICE ITS3: a bent stitched MAPS-based vertex detector
Authors: Groettvik O. ,   the ALICE collaboration
Published: February 2024

The ALICE ITS3 is a novel vertex detector replacing the innermost layers of ITS2 during
LS3. Composed of three truly cylindrical layers of wafer-sized 65 nm stitched Monolithic Active
Pixel Sensors, ITS3 provides high-resolution tracking of charged particles generated in heavy-ion
collisions. This contribution presents an overview of the ITS3 detector, highlighting its design
features, integration and cooling, and the ongoing development towards the final sensor.
Furthermore, the paper introduces the off-detector service electronics, which play an essential
role in the readout, control, and power supply of the detector.
The μ-RWELL in High Energy Physics and beyond
Authors: Bencivenni G. , de Oliveira R. , De Lucia E. , Felici G. , Gatta M. , Giovannetti M. , Morello G. , Poli Lener M.
Published: February 2024

The μ-RWELL, a resistive Micro-Pattern Gaseous Detector with a single amplification stage, is crafted using a copper-clad polyimide foil intricately micro-patterned with a blind hole (well) matrix. This matrix is integrated into the readout Printed Circuit Board, complemented by a thin Diamond-Like-Carbon sputtered resistive film, in order to mitigate the transition from streamer to spark regimes, enabling the attainment of substantial gains (≥104). However, this arrangement diminishes the detector's capacity to withstand high particle fluxes.
For low-rate applications, the simplest resistive configuration utilises a single resistive layer with edge grounding. This design, however, exhibits a non-uniform response under elevated particle irradiation. To overcome this behaviour, new current evacuation geometries have been developed. In this work, we examine the efficacy of various high-rate resistive layouts, trialled at the prestigious CERN H8-SpS and PSI πM1 beam testing facilities. These designs are tailored to meet the demanding requisites of detectors operating in the HL-LHC environment, as well as those of future experiments at the next generation colliders, such as the FCC-ee/hh and CepC.
Cropland abandonment between 1986 and 2018 across the United States: spatiotemporal patterns and current land uses
Authors: Xie Yanhua , Spawn-Lee Seth A , Radeloff Volker C , Yin He , Robertson G Philip , Lark Tyler J
Published: February 2024

Knowing where and when croplands have been abandoned or otherwise removed from cultivation is fundamental to evaluating future uses of these areas, e.g. as sites for ecological restoration, recultivation, bioenergy production, or other uses. However, large uncertainties remain about the location and time of cropland abandonment and how this process and the availability of associated lands vary spatially and temporally across the United States. Here, we present a nationwide, 30 m resolution map of croplands abandoned throughout the period of 1986–2018 for the conterminous United States (CONUS). We mapped the location and time of abandonment from annual cropland layers we created in Google Earth Engine from 30 m resolution Landsat imagery using an automated classification method and training data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture Cropland Data Layer. Our abandonment map has overall accuracies of 0.91 and 0.65 for the location and time of abandonment, respectively. From 1986 to 2018, 12.3 (±2.87) million hectares (Mha) of croplands were abandoned across CONUS, with areas of greatest change over the Ogallala Aquifer, the southern Mississippi Alluvial Plain, the Atlantic Coast, North Dakota, northern Montana, and eastern Washington state. The average annual nationwide abandoned area across our study period was 0.51 Mha per year. Annual abandonment peaked between 1997 and 1999 at a rate of 0.63 Mha year−1, followed by a continuous decrease to 0.41 Mha year−1 in 2009–2011. Among the abandoned croplands, 53% (6.5 Mha) changed to grassland and pasture, 18.6% (2.28 Mha) to shrubland and forest, 8.4% (1.03 Mha) to wetlands, and 4.6% (0.56 Mha) to non-vegetated lands. Of the areas that we mapped as abandoned, 19.6% (2.41 Mha) were enrolled in the Conservation Reserve Program as of 2020. Our new map highlights the long-term dynamic nature of agricultural land use and its relation to various competitive pressures and land use policies in the United States.
Asymptotic evolution of speckle patterns to synthesize non-homogeneous string beams
Authors: Tellez-Garcia B , Martinez-Vara P , Perez-Leija A , Ramirez-San-Juan J C , Julián-Macías I , Martinez-Niconoff G
Published: February 2024

We analyze the evolution of the speckle pattern subjected to a compression showing that the spatial evolution of the probability density function satisfies a non-linear diffusion equation. Its asymptotic solution corresponds to a non-homogeneous wave with string-shape. During the compression, an irradiance interaction is generated between the speckles. The interaction satisfies a type-logistic equation. The electric field components associated with the speckles present a random behavior, however, during the compression process, the transversal components cancel each other, and the resulting light presents a state of polarization parallel to the propagation coordinate, justifying the non-homogeneous behavior. Computer simulations are presented.
A study on the electromagnetic mechanism of a flexible terahertz toroidal dipole metasurfaces
Authors: Wang Shuang , Huang Hai , Su Hao , Xu Guanghong , Wang Chen , Li Quan , Han Lei
Published: February 2024

We have designed and fabricated metasurfaces structures generated toroidal dipole phenomenon by fabricating periodic metal pattern on polyimide substrate. The metasurfaces structure consists of two symmetric split rings along the Y-axis. The impact of structural parameters, gap, and SR, on the electromagnetic characteristics of metasurfaces at terahertz frequencies was investigated. An increase in gap results in a blue shift phenomenon in the amplitude transmission spectrum, while an increase in SR leads to a red shift phenomenon in the amplitude transmission spectrum. The intrinsic mechanism of the toroidal resonance is investigated more deeply by calculating the multipole scattering power and Q-factor. Q-factor values of 2.3 and 9.5 were obtained at low and high frequencies, respectively. Terahertz toroidal dipole metasurfaces made on flexible substrates like this have the potential for applications in terahertz functional devices, such as sensors and tuners.
Zynq SoC FPGA-based water-immersible ultrasonic instrumentation for pipe inspection and gauging
Authors: Pavan Kumar N , Patankar V H
Published: February 2024

A re-programmable Zynq system-on-chip (SoC) FPGA-based water-immersible 2-channel ultrasonic instrumentation has been designed and developed and it is mounted inside the IP67-grade enclosures, which is suitable for ultrasonic pipe inspection and gauging applications. The novel, compact Zynq SoC FPGA-based ultrasonic instrumentation system, powered by lithium-ion batteries for its operation over five hours, exhibits its adaptability for challenging environments, including its ability to travel through pipes carrying oil or water. One of the salient features of the 2-channel system is the capability to acquire echo signals using 12-bit/100 MSPS digitizer to provide highly accurate values of the inner diameter (ID) and wall thickness (WT) of the pipe under test. The system has been utilised to acquire and store 256 MB of A-Scan data in the DDR3 memory module of FPGA. Subsequent to five hours of acquisition, data was transferred to the computer to reconstruct B-Scan cross-sectional images for 300 mm nominal bore (NB) Stainless Steel (SS), and Carbon Steel (CS) pipes machined with volumetric and planar standard flaws. The B-Scan images could reveal both types of defects along with the location and size of these flaws. Such ultrasonic instrumentation has become an advanced tool to acquire a large volume of gauging data for pipes operating in harsh conditions, making it a vital asset for the inspection of pipes containing crude oil or processed water for petrochemical and nuclear industries. This paper provides brief details about the ultrasonic PIG instrument, with few inspection results obtained for SS and CS pipes.
Spectral density classification for environment spectroscopy
Authors: Barr J , Zicari G , Ferraro A , Paternostro M
Published: February 2024

Spectral densities encode the relevant information characterizing the system–environment interaction in an open-quantum system problem. Such information is key to determining the system’s dynamics. In this work, we leverage the potential of machine learning techniques to reconstruct the features of the environment. Specifically, we show that the time evolution of a system observable can be used by an artificial neural network to infer the main features of the spectral density. In particular, for relevant examples of spin-boson models, we can classify with high accuracy the Ohmicity parameter of the environment as either Ohmic, sub-Ohmic or super-Ohmic, thereby distinguishing between different forms of dissipation.
What Is It We Touch?
Authors: Lycan William G
Published: February 2024

Among the traditional “five senses,” touch is an outlier in more than one respect. For some purposes, it comprises several different sensory systems, and it interacts almost inextricably with proprioception and kinaesthesis. After making some needed distinctions, this chapter argues that what touch primarily represents are properties internal to the skin. But tactual representation is unusually layered: by representing the skin properties, an internal tactual state further represents external objects and various of their properties, including hardness, surface texture, shape, heft, vibration, comparative temperature, and such features as being wet or dry, slippery, sticky, or squishy. The chapter closes with some remarks on tactual aspect-perception (‘feeling-as’) and its lessons for aspect-perception generally.
Complications
Authors: Lycan William G
Published: February 2024

It is a common view that smell represents conditions of one’s immediate environment, such as an odor impacting the nose or the presence of a sensible quality. An apparently competing view is that, more ambitiously, smell represents distal substances and objects, such as coffee and roses and perhaps people. This chapter argues that, by the Layering thesis, we can have it both ways: often you represent an external object by representing the immediate condition. The chapter defends olfactory layering in some detail, making use of Casey O’Callaghan’s family-resemblance method of distinguishing perceptual content per se from the richer belief contents produced by tacit inference. The chapter then further distinguishes smelling, seeing, hearing et al. in their ordinary senses from the outputs of the corresponding visual systems. Finally, an augmented teleosemantics is proposed.
Juana Manuela Gorriti
Authors: Miseres Vanesa
Published: February 2024

The Argentine writer Juana Manuela Gorriti was one of the most active intellectuals of 19th-century South America and was also, essentially, a traveler. Travel was a constant trope in Gorriti’s writing and a continuous event in her life. The author became a traveler—first through exile at an early age and then through several voluntary displacements. Through travel, Gorriti explored different zones of the 19th-century literary terrain and was able to imprint her own perspectives on literature, modernity, and women’s domestic and political roles in society, among other central themes of her time. By traveling, moreover, Gorriti was able to articulate the history and particularities of three countries: Argentina, Bolivia, and Peru. Whether traveling herself or making her fictional characters travel through unexplored regions of these three countries, the author confronts the cultural and geographical boundaries between nations—as they were established by legal and political authorities or by other travelers of her period—and presents an extended homeland: a collection of uneven regions, temporalities, and subjectivities in constant interaction. Travel, ultimately, can be perceived as the essence of her work and the trope that allowed her to become a modern writer, one who adopted a wide variety of literary genres and aesthetics.
Virtual Currency, Cryptoassets, and Cybercrime
Authors: Cole Tessa , Gundur R.V.
Published: February 2024

Cryptoassets, particularly cryptocurrencies and nonfungible tokens, which are underwritten by distributed ledger technology, have become an increasing focus of financial institutions, investors, government regulators, and criminal actors. Colloquially known as “crypto,” cryptoassets represent a small proportion of value in financial systems around the world. Nonetheless, cryptoassets represent a potentially disruptive force and are, in their own right, a financial ecosystem. Cryptocurrency, specifically, has a variety of properties that are appealing to both licit and illicit actors: It is, generally, pseudonymous and irrevocable, and its transactions do not necessarily require a third party. Despite these features, the value of cryptocurrency has been volatile, and even though one, bitcoin, has been adopted as legal tender in two countries, cryptocurrency has not replaced fiat currency or become part of most people’s financial experiences.

Crime related to cryptocurrency has increased with its proliferation and appreciation, with victims’ losses being in the tens of billions and increasing on an annual basis. Cybercriminals steal both cryptocurrency outright and the resources to “mine” it. Extortionists, such as ransomware operators and online blackmailers, may request cryptocurrency for payment, since cryptocurrency can be difficult to trace. Fraudsters defraud people by taking advantage of low-information environments, increasing interest in cryptocurrency, and consumers’ fear of missing out on the “next big thing.” These frauds include misinformation campaigns that convince investors to buy into bogus projects, the manipulation of cryptocurrency and nonfungible token projects, and the mimicking of legitimate projects to convince people to send their investments to scammers and not to legitimate technologists’ accounts.

As the losses related to, and volume of, cryptocurrency and victimization in cryptoasset-related crime have increased, so too has the attention that governments pay to cryptoassets and cryptoasset service providers (CASPs). However, regulating cryptoassets is difficult, but not impossible, although decentralized finance presents its own challenges. Most cryptocurrency users make use of centralized CASPs. Moreover, the Financial Stability Board and the Financial Action Task Force have issued guidance regarding the regulation of cryptocurrency and cryptoassets. Uptake of these suggestions has been uneven but is increasing. Even so, capacity to investigate crimes and cryptocurrency is limited; however, there is broad recognition that governments must develop public–private partnerships to approach a semblance of oversight.
Feminist Theory
Authors: Whaley Rachel Bridges
Published: February 2024

Feminist theory is not one theory but a set of theories on the relationships between gender, the gender order, and gender stratification and criminal offending, victimization, and criminal legal system (CLS) processing. Feminist criminology is distinct from criminology because it embraces an understanding of gender, race, class, and sexual identities and their system level counterparts (i.e., stratification systems based on gender, race, social class, and sexuality) as key organizing forces in society that have multiplicative implications for criminality, victimization, crime rates, and CLS practices. Feminist criminology is a very large field with a 50-year history and is a theoretical, empirical, and activist enterprise.
The Philosophy of Mathematics Education
Authors: Henney Catherine , Stemhagen Kurt
Published: February 2024

The philosophy of mathematics education (PoME) is a field of inquiry that pursues questions arising from the long tradition of mathematics as a school subject. An integrated area of study, PoME draws on other established disciplines such as philosophy of mathematics and philosophy of education. However, propositions and theses within PoME also have implications for the theory and practice of mathematics education. Rather than actively blurring boundaries among contributory disciplines, PoME is a subdiscipline that reflects their inherent interdependence.

Many of PoME’s core questions address the very nature of mathematics, how we come to learn it, and the historical and contemporary aims of mathematics education. Though not the first to address these individual lines of inquiry, Paul Ernest’s The Philosophy of Mathematics Education (1991) may be regarded as PoME’s inaugural text. His landmark publication also demonstrated how philosophical inquiry may guide critical analysis of educational practices and policies. Questions about what mathematics is are not disentangled from those about its teaching and learning. Thus, PoME demonstrates a kind of internal elasticity: how we answer one question has a bearing on how we might answer another. For example, is mathematics something “found” or “made”? The perception of mathematics—how we tend to characterize its nature—can underscore beliefs about mathematics pedagogy. The view of mathematics as a cultural construct (rather than an absolute body of knowledge and related skills) likely dovetails with a constructivist pedagogical approach. But at the same time, such a view of mathematics may encounter ideological tension, if not outright resistance, in sociopolitical arenas. Reconceptualizing mathematics and mathematics education may be considered philosophical endeavors that challenge dominant assumptions and build frameworks with the potential to make mathematics fundamentally more inclusive. The story of PoME is the story of its genesis, its role in imagining a more equitable and humanistic school math experience, and the need to make room for new, alternative approaches and viewpoints that honor the radical spirit in which PoME was developed.
The State-Subject Question in Kashmir
Authors: Hussain Shahla
Published: February 2024

The state subject category is a critical part of Kashmir’s history. It gained global traction in August 2019 after India’s far-right Bhartiya Janta party unilaterally abolished the state subject laws embedded in Article 35A of the Indian constitution that permitted only the longtime inhabitants of Muslim-majority Jammu and Kashmir to purchase land and seek employment in the state. This category’s history stems from the Kashmiri Pandit community’s tireless agitation in the early 20th century in response to outsiders’ encroachment on their jobs. Consequently, the Dogra princely state formed the Jammu and Kashmir State Subject Definition Committee in 1927, differentiating mulki “people of the land” from gairmulki “people not of the land” and privileging mulkis in land ownership and employment. This legal category remained operative after the first India–Pakistan war of 1948, which led to the division of the princely state into India- and Pakistan-administered territories. Local governments on both sides of the ceasefire line, later called the line of control, retained the state subject category and made it a part of their state constitutions.

In India-administered Kashmir, the state subject category has polarized public opinion. The Kashmiri nationalist leadership negotiated a special status for Kashmir within the Indian Union. Article 370 granted Kashmir full autonomy, and Article 35A constitutionalized the state subject category and provided the residents of Jammu and Kashmir special citizenship rights. In the early 1950s, India’s centralization policy eroded Kashmir’s autonomous status, while the Hindu nationalists demanded complete integration and an end to special citizenship privileges. Non-Muslim minorities, most, if not all, aligned with Hindu-majority India and supported the abrogation of the state subject category, as it was a hindrance to Kashmir’s complete integration. Ironically, this posture of Kashmiri Hindus stood in stark contrast to the state-subject agitation led by their early 20th-century predecessors for protecting their communitarian interests. Conversely, Kashmiri Muslims insecure about their fate in Hindu majority India made the State Subject category the essence of their political identity and firmly believed that the discontinuation of this legal category would alter Kashmir’s demography and minoritize their community. The historicization of the state subject question reveals how the categories of majority and minority constructed by the British colonial powers continue to define power dynamics in Kashmir and shape and reshape political postures and relationships between Muslims and non-Muslims.
“Medieval” Ethiopia
Authors: Bausi Alessandro , Gnisci Jacopo
Published: February 2024

Ethiopia is located in the northern Horn of Africa. As a choronym or place name in modern scholarship, Ethiopia has been used to designate several past and present entities with different cultural, ethnic, and territorial configurations. Here, the term is used to refer to a predominantly Christian state in the northern Horn of Africa that was ruled by a Christian sovereign. Terms such as medieval and Middle Ages have been used and continue to appear in historical writing about Ethiopia’s past, but it is important to bear in mind that such terms were used by early modern historiography to establish a time frame for studying European history. Their relevance to non-European contexts is questionable, but they may have value as a means to help situate the study of Ethiopia within the broader field of global history. There are no universally accepted criteria or terms for the periodization of Ethiopian history. However, most works focusing on the centuries between c. 500 and 1500 ce, dates that do not neatly align with major turning points in Ethiopian history, have adopted periodizations that are based on episodes of dynastic succession.
Pan-Africanism
Authors: Odamtten Harry
Published: February 2024

Pan-Africanism is an idea that calls for unity for all peoples of African heritage in order to overcome inequitable global systems, especially racial capitalism. However, defining Pan-Africanism requires a survey of definitions to delineate areas of historical consensus. Thus, this work makes a historical distinction between a prior period of Pan-African ideas and a subsequent Pan-African social movement era, dating from the 1900 Pan-African Conference in London. It also recognizes that Pan-Africanism is dynamic and not static; it evolves within various historical contingencies. Furthermore, a distinction between the canon of Pan-African ideas and the Pan-African social movement is paramount. Black intellectuals, such as Edward Blyden, were the producers of the series of ideas in the 19th century that would catapult Pan-Africanism into a worldwide social movement for global Black unity, racial equality, and legitimize African histories and cultures. Building on these forerunners were the leading lights of the social movements, Henry Sylvester Williams, W. E. B. Du Bois, Anna Julia Cooper, Marcus Garvey, Amy Ashwood Garvey, Amy Jaques Garvey, Paulette Nardal, Jane Nardal, George Padmore, and Kwame Nkrumah. The latter two are included in the pantheon for imbuing the Pan-African ideas and social activism of two prior generations. They were distinctive by their explication of Blyden’s 19th-century African Personality and adopting the symbolism of Garvey’s United Negro Improvement Association in the early 20th century and working with DuBois to organize the 5th Pan-African Congress in 1945. Finally, they also pushed for the Organization of African Unity’s (OAU) formation in 1963.

In the aftermath of the seventh Pan-African Congress organized in Dar es Salaam, from 1974 to the end of the 20th century, Pan-Africanism reached its organizational nadir. Beset by neocolonialism, bad leadership, and the complex demands of nation-states in Africa, the movement struggled to maintain worldwide interest even as Pan-African activities and Black internationalist engagements proliferated in various regional enclaves including North and South America, as well as the Caribbean. In the 21st century, the exuberance of Muammar Gadhafi and the sentimental pragmatism of Thabo Mbeki rose to the fore. This new dynamism generated a restructuring of the OAU into the African Union, and the African diaspora became a region of the African continent. Beyond this, while belief in Pan-Africanism as a liberation tool remains, questions persist about African leaders’ agency and institutional frameworks for achieving Pan-African goals.
Nampula
Authors: Trentini Daria
Published: February 2024

The city of Nampula is the capital of Nampula Province, an agricultural region situated in the Nacala Development Corridor connecting Malawi and Zambia to the coastal port of Nacala. Founded at the beginning of the 20th century by the Portuguese army, Nampula was located at the crossroads of trading and migration routes that had connected the interior of Southern Africa to the Indian Ocean for centuries. Under colonial occupation, Nampula served as a military garrison for launching military operations to subdue and occupy the interior of northern Mozambique, the last undefeated region of the Portuguese empire. The subsequent construction of infrastructure and the advent of commercial agriculture transformed Nampula into the main economic and administrative hub of the northern region of Mozambique. Following independence in 1975, the demographic and territorial expansion of Nampula was informed by socialist governance as well as by a prolonged civil war that brought thousands of refugees from the surrounding rural areas. The economic liberalizations in the 1990s and the mineral discoveries in the northern region of Cabo Delgado in the 2010s consolidated the role of Nampula as a commercial and trade center for national and international capital. The economic boom—alongside increasing rural poverty and ongoing internal and external conflicts—has continued to attract migrants from the rural regions, as well as from across the country and continent, making Nampula the third-largest city in Mozambique, with a population of 743,125 and an area of 404 square kilometers.
Political Economy of Textiles in the Atlantic Slave Trade
Authors: Kobayashi Kazuo
Published: February 2024

Textile production was among the most important manufacturing sectors in precolonial West and West-Central Africa, enabled by the availability of local sources of fibers. Although the origins of this manufacturing are difficult to trace, the spread of cloth production was linked to Islam and consumer politics, followed by specialization of cloth production within the region over time. Textile production was usually based on the household division of labor: women were responsible for the primary activities of carding and spinning in cotton textile production, while men were in charge of weaving and finishing processes, such as embroidery. Male weavers used narrow strip (or band) horizontal looms to manufacture textiles, but in some areas, female weavers used vertical looms to produce textiles from cotton or raffia mixed with cotton. Some weavers were professional, full-time workers, whereas part-time weavers engaged in cloth production in the non-agricultural, dry season. Cloth strips served not only as material for clothing and interior decorations of houses and palaces but also as a currency in the regional economy. From the 15th century, the Portuguese came to West Africa and joined the coastal trade as middlemen who would be trading locally woven textiles from one place to another along the Atlantic coast. The Atlantic slave trade brought in increasing amounts of textiles from overseas, and in the 18th century, Indian cotton textiles became the flagship commodity whose quality met consumer preference. The impact of the influx of textiles from overseas on local cloth production remains a topic of debate. Although the dependency theorists claimed a negative impact, there is no evidence to support such a claim.
African Sailors in the Atlantic World
Authors: Christopher Emma
Published: February 2024

African sailors changed the world. West African Lébou, Kru, Fante, and many others were highly skilled at crossing the rough surf of the Atlantic seaboard and had elaborate trading networks along the coast. When Europeans began visiting the continent, they lacked the same skills and so hired these canoe men to carry them safely to shore and load and unload their cargo. African mariners were employed by slave ships to convey captives out to the deep water.

Appropriating their skills, Europeans also engaged such men to go on longer voyages as deep-sea sailors, cooks, and translators. Many other Africans carried boating experience with them into slavery, knowledge that could later help them to escape and make lives for themselves in one of the most egalitarian professions of the time. African sailors served in navies around the Atlantic world; they became pirates and privateers, hunted whales, and made voyages of discovery. The African diaspora, born on the rolling waves of the Atlantic, became closely tied to the sea as both the scene of slavery and its fight for liberation.
Zubair Pasha
Authors: Poggo Scopas
Published: February 2024

Zubair Pasha, also known as Zubair Rahma al-Mansur, was a Ja’aliyin: descendants of the Arabs from Arabia who immigrated to Egypt in the 13th century and settled along the Nile in Nubia. The Ja’aliyin and their Nubian counterparts, the Danaqla and Shayqiyya, engaged in agriculture along the Nile before the Turco-Egyptian invasion of Bilad al-Sudan (land of the blacks) in 1820. Equipped with European weapons, the Egyptians imposed their hegemony on Arab, Nubian, and black people who inhabited regions along the Blue and White Niles. Muhammad Ali, the new viceroy of Egypt, wanted to declare independence from the Turkish Ottoman Empire and establish a modern government in Egypt using a European system of government, economy, and military technology. This could only be realized by having access to mineral, human, and animal resources in the Sudan. Thus, Turco-Egyptian soldiers and officials and various European, Egyptian, Syrian, and northern Sudanese Arabs and Nubians ventured to southern Sudan in the period 1839–1885. Sailing boats, steamers, camels, and horses gave these foreigners access to various parts of southern Sudan: Upper Nile, Equatoria, and Bahr al-Ghazal Provinces. The early search for slaves gave way to the acquisition of ivory, which was abundant and fetched lucrative profits in Egypt. As numerous elephants were hunted, the amount of ivory dwindled. Hence, these wealthy merchants together with the jellaba (Arab petty merchants) resorted to the massive enslavement of the African people in southern Sudan and beyond.
Using Large Data Sets to Measure Health Status and Service Use of Older Adults
Authors: Lind Kimberly E. , Raban Magdalena Z.
Published: February 2024

Commonly used data sources for measuring health status and service use of older adults include national surveys and secondary data analysis of electronic data sources including healthcare claims data and electronic health records (EHRs). Depending on how the data are generated in EHRs and medical claims, and depending on how long people are observed for, the ability to measure prevalence or incidence of chronic conditions and the ability to measure incidence or a history of acute conditions will vary. Various data types spanning standardized data (diagnostic codes, procedure codes), medication administered or prescribed, unstructured free text such as clinical notes, and clinical assessment data can all be used to measure health status and service use. Different data sources and types of variables have different benefits and limitations depending on how data are generated and the incentives for those recording data (i.e., healthcare providers and billing staff) to be complete. Testing assumptions and exploring the validity of measures can be accomplished by approaches such as comparing agreement of measures (e.g., disease prevalence) across data tables within a data source, comparing agreement with linked data sources, and comparing rates of disease or service use to rates in data sources that have similar populations. Future directions for administrative data such as data linkage and natural language processing will improve the utility of administrative data. The information and concepts are broadly applicable, but for illustrative purposes, examples of how these approaches have been applied to electronic data from administrative records including EHRs and claims data to fill important knowledge gaps and measure health status and quality of care from Australia and the United States are presented.
The Role of Historically Black Colleges and Universities in Advancing Health Equity
Authors: Taylor Orlando L. , Retland Nicole L. , Jeffreys Briana , Meredith Elaine , Wynn Melissa E. , Carter-Nolan Pamela L.
Published: February 2024

The end of the Civil War marked a period when America’s medical practitioners considered the Black populace to be unworthy of proper health care on par with that of its White populace. Although slavery had officially ended, its vestiges remained prevalent in the lives of formerly enslaved persons. Indeed, lingering health issues permeated the generations that have followed, such that diseases that are highly treatable have often resulted in premature illness and death. Historically, the health-care industry has even blamed the formerly enslaved and subsequent generations for their own health conditions.

In the early post–Civil War years, state and local statutes legalizing segregation in the American South (known as the Jim Crow laws) cemented these views and perpetuated unfair and unequal health-care conditions. In more recent years, COVID-19 exacerbated an already dire situation, and a disproportionate share of illness and death has occurred among African Americans and other underrepresented masses. Historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) can lead the way in bringing some semblance of equality to this situation. Primarily increasing the fiscal resources of HBCUs so that they can further advance the education of a more diverse health-care workforce is a critical component for providing culturally sensitive health care for the nation.

HBCUs already play a disproportionate role in these efforts andwill likely continue their role to effect much-needed change in the prevalence of treatable illnesses and deadly diseases among America’s Black population. While continuing their historic mission to educate the Black populace of the United States, resulting from generations of racial exclusionary and discriminatory practices by predominantly White institutions, HBCUs continue to provide compassionate culturally sensitive education in the public health-care field. Moreover, they provide real-time testimony for the nation’s higher education enterprise on how to provide equality in health-care education.
Jihadist Governance in Civil Wars
Authors: Ahmad Aisha
Published: February 2024

Although many nonstate armed groups try to rule over citizens, of special concern are jihadist groups that take power in conflict-affected states. Not only do jihadists espouse an extreme political vision, but these religiously motivated rebels also have an uncanny ability to rout and even overthrow incumbent governments. Whenever possible, jihadists will try to seize control of the entire state and replace incumbents with a new regime. If decisive military victory is not possible, they will seek control over pockets of territory and will build rudimentary proto-states within official state boundaries. Jihadist insurgents are not only motivated to fight, but are also very keen to govern over territory and people. In their mission to build alternative forms of order, they therefore collect taxes, enforce laws, and even offer rudimentary public services. In many conflict zones, jihadists are able to build stronger social contracts with citizens than the official government.

Because of this success, many scholars and practitioners have erroneously assumed that jihadists must be spreading their ideologies to local communities, and thus converting citizens to their extremist beliefs. This analysis fundamentally misdiagnoses why jihadists are able to establish parallel forms of order in civil wars. Jihadists do not succeed in areas where communities have converted to extremism; rather, they thrive in regions where the official government has catastrophically failed to provide citizens with security, order, justice, and other basic services. Evidence from multiple cases shows that government corruption, ineptitude, and abuse—not extremism or ideological radicalization—best explain the rise of jihadist governance in conflict zones. It is not that local communities are enamored with the idea of jihadist rule; rather, they are disgusted and outraged by their incumbent governments.
The Anthropology of Policy
Authors: Lendvai-Bainton Noémi , Stubbs Paul
Published: February 2024

The anthropology of policy as a field emerged in the 1990s in recognition of the need to understand and critically interrogate policies as important sites of classification, disciplining, and production of order and change. The anthropology of policy has developed as a critical strand challenging mainstream policy studies, public administration, and political science by insisting that the work of policy is always political. Policy worlds are seen as inextricably linked to power relations just as much as politics itself; indeed, the border between policy and politics is highly permeable. A wealth of literature that has been produced in the early 21st century has highlighted the complexities of the spatiotemporal dynamics of the deeply fragmented, unruly worlds of policy. A linear, stagist, and one-dimensional understanding of policy time fails to take account of the multiple, uneven, and contradictory temporal claims of policy.

An emphasis on policy performance and affect has also highlighted the ways in which policies are always unfinished as they are mediated and translated, refused, inhabited, and reworked by those they summon. In the context of heightened policy mobility and movement, the importance of the idea of policy assemblages has emerged. Assemblages, animated by actors and actants, are always a heterogeneous combination of discourses and practices existing through unstable and contingent spatiotemporal orderings. Spaces of solidarity and fragility, policy assemblages are key sites for the making and unmaking of both hierarchies and possibilities.

A critical tradition of the anthropology of policy needs to be built upon in order to offer a contribution to a broader decolonial turn. There is a need to deconstruct colonial assumptions, emphasize the relevance of colonial legacies, and develop decolonial approaches to understanding the policy world much more than has been the case thus far. In addition, there are questions not only concerning the “what” but also the “who” of an anthropology of policy. Activist anthropology plays an important role in terms of antiracism, counterhegemonic world-making, and policy otherwise, with new imaginaries and possibilities going beyond the general academic critique of a neoliberal, postneoliberal, and postdemocratic world. The challenges of big data, technological change, the crisis of democracy, and new forms of authoritarianism and angry politics all highlight the continued importance of anthropological approaches to policy.