bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aerobiological Stabilities of Different Species of Gram-Negative Bacteria, Including Well-Known Biothreat Simulants, in Single-Cell Particles and Cell Clusters of Different Compositions
Authors: Dybwad Marius , Skogan Gunnar
Published: July 2017

The ability to perform controlled experiments with bioaerosols is a fundamental enabler of many bioaerosol research disciplines. A practical alternative to using hazardous biothreat agents, e.g., for detection equipment development and testing, involves using appropriate model organisms (simulants). Several species of Gram-negative bacteria have been used or proposed as biothreat simulants. However, the appropriateness of different bacterial genera, species, and strains as simulants is still debated. Here, we report aerobiological stability characteristics of four species of Gram-negative bacteria (Pantoea agglomerans,Serratia marcescens,Escherichia coli, andXanthomonas arboricola) in single-cell particles and cell clusters produced using four spray liquids (H2O, phosphate-buffered saline[PBS], spent culture medium[SCM], and a SCM-PBS mixture).E. colishowed higher stability in cell clusters from all spray liquids than the other species, but it showed similar or lower stability in single-cell particles. The overall stability was higher in cell clusters than in single-cell particles. The highest overall stability was observed for bioaerosols produced using SCM-containing spray liquids. A key finding was the observation that stability differences caused by particle size or compositional changes frequently followed species-specific patterns. The results highlight how even moderate changes to one experimental parameter, e.g., bacterial species, spray liquid, or particle size, can strongly affect the aerobiological stability of Gram-negative bacteria. Taken together, the results highlight the importance of careful and informed selection of Gram-negative bacterial biothreat simulants and also the accompanying particle size and composition. The outcome of this work contributes to improved selection of simulants, spray liquids, and particle size for use in bioaerosol research.

IMPORTANCEThe outcome of this work contributes to improved selection of simulants, spray liquids, and particle size for use in bioaerosol research. Taken together, the results highlight the importance of careful and informed selection of Gram-negative bacterial biothreat simulants and also the accompanying particle size and composition. The results highlight how even moderate changes to one experimental parameter, e.g., bacterial species, spray liquid, or particle size, can strongly affect the aerobiological stability of Gram-negative bacteria. A key finding was the observation that stability differences caused by particle size or compositional changes frequently followed species-specific patterns.
Parallel Evolution of Two Clades of an Atlantic-Endemic Pathogenic Lineage of Vibrio parahaemolyticus by Independent Acquisition of Related Pathogenicity Islands
Authors: Xu Feng , Gonzalez-Escalona Narjol , Drees Kevin P. , Sebra Robert P. , Cooper Vaughn S. , Jones Stephen H. , Whistler Cheryl A.
Published: July 2017

Shellfish-transmitted
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
infections have recently increased from locations with historically low disease incidence, such as the Northeast United States. This change coincided with a bacterial population shift toward human-pathogenic variants occurring in part through the introduction of several Pacific native lineages (ST36, ST43, and ST636) to nearshore areas off the Atlantic coast of the Northeast United States. Concomitantly, ST631 emerged as a major endemic pathogen. Phylogenetic trees of clinical and environmental isolates indicated that two clades diverged from a common ST631 ancestor, and in each of these clades, a human-pathogenic variant evolved independently through acquisition of distinct
Vibrio
pathogenicity islands (VPaI). These VPaI differ from each other and bear little resemblance to hemolysin-containing VPaI from isolates of the pandemic clonal complex. Clade I ST631 isolates either harbored no hemolysins or contained a chromosome I-inserted island we call VPaIβ that encodes a type 3 secretion system (T3SS2β) typical of Trh hemolysin producers. The more clinically prevalent and clonal ST631 clade II had an island we call VPaIγ that encodes both
tdh
and
trh
and that was inserted in chromosome II. VPaIγ was derived from VPaIβ but with some additional acquired elements in common with VPaI carried by pandemic isolates, exemplifying the mosaic nature of pathogenicity islands. Genomics comparisons and amplicon assays identified VPaIγ-type islands containing
tdh
inserted adjacent to the
ure
cluster in the three introduced Pacific and most other emergent lineages that collectively cause 67% of infections in the Northeast United States as of 2016.

IMPORTANCE
The availability of three different hemolysin genotypes in the ST631 lineage provided a unique opportunity to employ genome comparisons to further our understanding of the processes underlying pathogen evolution. The fact that two different pathogenic clades arose in parallel from the same potentially benign lineage by independent VPaI acquisition is surprising considering the historically low prevalence of community members harboring VPaI in waters along the Northeast U.S. coast that could serve as the source of this material. This illustrates a possible predisposition of some lineages to not only acquire foreign DNA but also become human pathogens. Whereas the underlying cause for the expansion of
V. parahaemolyticus
lineages harboring VPaIγ along the U.S. Atlantic coast and spread of this element to multiple lineages that underlies disease emergence is not known, this work underscores the need to define the environment factors that favor bacteria harboring VPaI in locations of emergent disease.
Deep-Sea Bacterium Shewanella piezotolerans WP3 Has Two Dimethyl Sulfoxide Reductases in Distinct Subcellular Locations
Authors: Xiong Lei , Jian Huahua , Xiao Xiang
Published: July 2017

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) acts as a substantial sink for dimethyl sulfide (DMS) in deep waters and is therefore considered a potential electron acceptor supporting abyssal ecosystems.Shewanella piezotoleransWP3 was isolated from west Pacific deep-sea sediments, and two functional DMSO respiratory subsystems are essential for maximum growth of WP3 underin situconditions (4°C/20 MPa). However, the relationship between these two subsystems and the electron transport pathway underlying DMSO reduction by WP3 remain unknown. In this study, both DMSO reductases (type I and type VI) in WP3 were found to be functionally independent despite their close evolutionary relationship. Moreover, immunogold labeling of DMSO reductase subunits revealed that the type I DMSO reductase was localized on the outer leaflet of the outer membrane, whereas the type VI DMSO reductase was located within the periplasmic space. CymA, a cytoplasmic membrane-bound tetrahemec-type cytochrome, served as a preferential electron transport protein for the type I and type VI DMSO reductases, in which type VI accepted electrons from CymA in a DmsE- and DmsF-independent manner. Based on these results, we proposed a core electron transport model of DMSO reduction in the deep-sea bacteriumS. piezotoleransWP3. These results collectively suggest that the possession of two sets of DMSO reductases with distinct subcellular localizations may be an adaptive strategy for WP3 to achieve maximum DMSO utilization in deep-sea environments.

IMPORTANCEAs the dominant methylated sulfur compound in deep oceanic water, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) has been suggested to play an important role in the marine biogeochemical cycle of the volatile anti-greenhouse gas dimethyl sulfide (DMS). Two sets of DMSO respiratory systems in the deep-sea bacteriumShewanella piezotoleransWP3 have previously been identified to mediate DMSO reduction underin situconditions (4°C/20 MPa). Here, we report that the two DMSO reductases (type I and type VI) in WP3 have distinct subcellular localizations, in which type I DMSO reductase is localized to the exterior surface of the outer membrane and type VI DMSO reductase resides in the periplasmic space. A core electron transport model of DMSO reduction in WP3 was constructed based on genetic and physiological data. These results will contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the adaptation mechanisms of anaerobic respiratory systems in benthic microorganisms.
The interpretation of results of 10-2 visual fields should consider individual variability in the position of the optic disc and temporal raphe
Authors: Tanabe Fumi , Matsumoto Chota , McKendrick Allison M , Okuyama Sachiko , Hashimoto Shigeki , Shimomura Yoshikazu
Published: July 2017

Aims

To clarify the anatomical relation between the optic disc and temporal raphe and to examine how these are related to test points in the 10-2 visual field test pattern.

Subjects and methods

For 22 eyes of volunteers with normal vision (+0.75 D spherical equivalent 7.88 D), a volume scan was used to obtain en-face images from a plane fitted to the inner limiting membrane using optical coherence tomography (OCT). The clearest en-face retinal nerve fibre (RNF) image was chosen for each subject and superimposed on fundus photographs using blood vessels for alignment. Individual landmarks (disc, fovea and visual field blind spot) were then used to superimpose the Humphrey Field Analyzer 10-2 visual field on the OCT image to compare with the RNF image.

Results

The average disc–fovea–raphe angle was 169.4°±3.2°. Both the disc and temporal raphe were located above the horizontal midline (ie, were inferior in visual field space). For the 10-2 test pattern superimposed on the OCT image, in 54.5% of eyes, the temporal inferior test points adjacent to the horizontal midline mapped to the anatomical inferior hemifield. In 22.7% of eyes, nasal inferior test points adjacent to the horizontal midline mapped to the anatomical inferior hemifield. This mapping is opposite to typically assumed.

Conclusion

The position of the disc and raphe affects the mapping between structure and function with respect to superior and inferior hemifields. Individual differences in the position of the temporal raphe should be considered when mapping between structure and function for the 10-2 test pattern.
Tear film and ocular surface assessment in psoriasis
Authors: Aragona Emanuela , Rania Laura , Postorino Elisa Imelde , Interdonato Alberto , Giuffrida Roberta , Cannavò Serafinella Patrizia , Puzzolo Domenico , Aragona Pasquale
Published: July 2017

Background

Psoriasis is a skin disease with also systemic involvement: its impact on the eye is not well established and often clinically underestimated. Aim of this study was to investigate the presence of ocular discomfort symptoms and of ocular surface changes in a population of patients with psoriasis.

Methods

For this cross-sectional, comparative study, 66 patients with psoriasis were subdivided according to the presence of arthritis and to the use of biological therapy. All patients underwent clinical evaluation with the following tests: Ocular Surface Disease Index Questionnaire, Tearscope examination, meibometry, tear film breakup time, corneal and conjunctival fluorescein staining, Schirmer I test, corneal aesthesiometry, meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) assessment and conjunctival impression cytology. 28 healthy subjects were also enrolled and treated with the same clinical tests. A statistical analysis of the results was performed.

Results

Patients with psoriasis showed a significant deterioration of the ocular surface tests, if compared with healthy subjects, demonstrated by tear film lipid layer alteration, tear film instability, corneal and conjunctival epithelial suffering and mild squamous metaplasia at impression cytology. No differences were found in ocular surface test results of the psoriatic group when patients were divided according to the presence of arthritis, whereas the anti-inflammatory treatment with biological drugs demonstrated a significant improvement of corneal stain and MGD.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that the ocular surface involvement in patients with psoriasis indicates the need of periodic ophthalmological examinations to diagnose the condition and allow a proper treatment, so contributing to the amelioration of patients’ quality of life.
Anagliptin ameliorates albuminuria and urinary liver-type fatty acid-binding protein excretion in patients with type 2 diabetes with nephropathy in a glucose-lowering-independent manner
Authors: Kitada Munehiro , Tsuda Shin-ichi , Konishi Kazunori , Takeda-Watanabe Ai , Fujii Mizue , Kanasaki Keizo , Nishizawa Makoto , Nakagawa Atsushi , Koya Daisuke
Published: July 2017

Objective

The objective of this study is to elucidate the effect of anagliptin on glucose/lipid metabolism and renoprotection in patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy.

Methods

Twenty-five patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy received anagliptin 200 mg/day for 24 weeks, and 20 patients who were switched to anagliptin from other dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors were analyzed regarding primary and secondary endpoints. The primary endpoint was change in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) during treatment with anagliptin. Additionally, we evaluated changes in lipid data (low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and triglyceride), blood pressure (BP), urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR), liver-type fatty acid-binding protein to creatinine ratio (ULFABP) and renal function (estimated glomerular filtration rate and serum cystatin C) as secondary endpoints.

Results

After switching to anagliptin from other DPP-4 inhibitors, the levels of HbA1c in the 20 participants showed no significant change, 7.5%±1.2% at 24 weeks compared with 7.3%±0.9% at baseline. The levels of the log10-transformed UACR were significantly reduced from 1.95±0.51 mg/g creatinine (Cr) at baseline to 1.76±0.53 mg/g Cr at 24 weeks after anagliptin treatment (p<0.01). The percentage change in the UACR (Δ%UACR) from baseline to 24 weeks was also significantly lower by −10.6% (p<0.001). Lipid data, systolic BP and renal function were not changed during anagliptin treatment. Additionally, ULFABP in eight participants, who had ≥5 µg/g Cr at baseline, was significantly decreased from baseline (8.5±2.8 µg/g Cr) to 24 weeks (3.1±1.7 µg/g Cr, p<0.01) after anagliptin treatment, and the percentage change in the ULFABP during anagliptin treatment was −58.1% (p<0.001).

Conclusions

Anagliptin induced no significant change in HbA1c, lipid data, systolic BP and renal function. However, anagliptin reduced the UACR and ULFABP, although without a corresponding change in HbA1c, indicating direct action of anagliptin on renoprotection in patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy.
Seizure management in children requiring palliative care: a review of current practice
Authors: Harris Nicola , Baba Megumi , Mellor Charlotte , Rogers Rebekah , Taylor Kirsty , Beringer Antonia , Sharples Peta
Published: July 2017

Objectives

Controlling seizures in children approaching death can be difficult, and there is a limited evidence base to guide best practice. We compared current practice against the guidance for seizure management produced by the Association of Paediatric Palliative Medicine (APPM).

Methods

Retrospective case note review of episodes of challenging seizure management in children receiving end-of-life care over a 10-year period (2006–2015) in the south-west region of England.

Results

We reviewed 19 admissions, in 18 individuals. Six (33%) had a malignancy, nine (50%) had a progressive neurodegenerative condition and three (17%) had a static neurological condition with associated epilepsy. Thirteen (72%) died in their local hospice, four (22%) at home, and one (6%) in hospital. Seventeen of 19 episodes involved the use of subcutaneous or intravenous midazolam infusion, for a mean of 11 days (range 3–27). There was a wide range of starting doses of midazolam, and 9/17 (53%) received final doses in excess of current dose recommendations. Six individuals received subcutaneous phenobarbital infusions, with four of these (67%) receiving final doses in excess of current dose recommendations. Plans for adjustments of infusion rates, maximal doses or alternative approaches should treatment fail were inconsistent or absent. In 16/18 (88%) cases seizures were successfully controlled prior to the day of the child’s death. Staff found the experience of managing seizures at end of life challenging and stressful.

Conclusions

Pharmacological approaches to seizure management in end-of-life care are variable, often exceeding APPM dose recommendations. Despite this, safe and effective seizure control was possible in all settings.
Risk factors and outcomes associated with post-traumatic headache after mild traumatic brain injury
Authors: Yilmaz Tansel , Roks Gerwin , de Koning Myrthe , Scheenen Myrthe , van der Horn Harm , Plas Gerben , Hageman Gerard , Schoonman Guus , Spikman Jacoba , van der Naalt Joukje
Published: July 2017

Objectives

To determine the prevalence and potential risk factors of acute and chronic post-traumatic headache (PTH) in patients with mild to moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI) in a prospective longitudinal observational multicentre study. Acute PTH (aPTH) is defined by new or worsening of pre-existing headache occurring within 7 days after trauma, whereas chronic PTH (cPTH) is defined as persisting aPTH >3 months after trauma. An additional goal was to study the impact of aPTH and cPTH in terms of return to work (RTW), anxiety and depression.

Methods

This was a prospective observational study conducted between January 2013 and February 2014 in three trauma centres in the Netherlands. Patients aged 16 years and older with a GCS score of 9–15 on admission to the ED, with loss of consciousness and/or amnesia were prospectively enrolled. Follow-up questionnaires were completed at 2 weeks and 3 months after injury with the Head Injury Symptom Checklist, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and RTW scale.

Results

In total, 628 patients were enrolled in the study, 469 completed the 2-week questionnaire (75%) at 2 weeks and 409 (65%) at 3 months. At 2 weeks, 238 (51%) had developed aPTH and at 3 months 95 (23%) had developed cPTH. Female gender, younger age, headache immediately at the ED and CT scan abnormalities increased the risk for aPTH. Risk factors for cPTH were female gender and headache at the ED. Patients with cPTH were less likely to have returned to work than those without cPTH (35% vs 14%, P=0.001). Patients with aPTH and cPTH more often report anxiety (20% and 28%, P=0.001) and depression (19% and 28%, P=0.001) after trauma in comparison with the group without PTH (10% anxiety and 8% depression).

Conclusions

PTH is an important health problem with a significant impact on long-term outcome of TBI patients. Several risk factors were identified, which can aid in early identification of subjects at risk for PTH.
Providing experiential information on early medical abortion: a qualitative evaluation of an animated personal account,Lara’s Story
Authors: Sherman Sarah , Harden Jeni , Cattanach Dawn , Cameron Sharon T
Published: July 2017

Background

An animated film has been created to provide information to women requesting early medical abortion (EMA). The 9 min film,Lara’s Story, was created using one woman’s personal account of her experience. This study evaluated the views of women who had recently undergone EMA on the film and its potential usefulness in providing experiential information to women requesting EMA.

Method

Women who had undergone EMA within the past month were recruited. They were shown the film and interviewed in a semi-structured style. Interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. They were analysed using cross-sectional indexing and thematic analysis with an inductive approach.

Results

13 women were interviewed. All reported that the film gave a realistic account of EMA and most agreed that they would have wanted to watch it before EMA had it been available. Some said that it might help women who were struggling with decision-making with regard to EMA and all said that there should be unrestricted access to the film from the website of the abortion service. The women commented that the animated style of the film allowed all groups of women to relate to the story. Some commented that Lara’s experience of pain, bleeding and side effects such as nausea differed from their own and therefore felt that it would be useful to make more than one woman’s account available.

Conclusion

The availability of animated audiovisual films recounting women’s experiences of EMA might be a valuable adjunct to clinical information for women seeking EMA.
Predisposing Factors of Ischemic Colitis: Data from 14 Years of Experience in a Single Center
Authors: Seo Hyun Il , Choi Kyoo-ho , Han Koon Hee , Lee Sang Jin , Park Jong Kyu , Kim Young Don , Cheon Gab Jin
Published: July 2017

Background and Aims. While several case reports on ischemic colitis (IC) suggest the presence of predisposing causative factors, a few studies have investigated the predisposing factors in IC. This study aimed to identify the characteristics of patients with IC, particularly focusing on the predisposing factors. Methods. We conducted a single-center, retrospective analysis of 159 patients with IC. Clinical characteristics, laboratory data, endoscopic findings, and medical records were reviewed. Data were compared between groups of patients defined according to the predisposing factors. The predisposing factors are defined as temporary states or episodic events occurring within a week before the development of IC such as colonoscopy, enema, use of laxatives, heavy drinking, pancreatitis, shock, and burn. Results. Compared to the group of patients without predisposing factors of IC, the group of patients with predisposing factors was characterized by a relatively higher prevalence of male sex (56.9% versus 33.3%, p=0.005), younger age (60.9 ± 15.4 versus 67.2 ± 13.4 years, p=0.010), lower incidence of hypertension (43.1% versus 60.2%, p=0.044), and fewer risk factors (1.24 ± 1.18 versus 1.82 ± 1.22, p=0.005). Conclusions. Among men with predisposing factors, IC may develop even at a relatively younger age and in the absence of multiple risk factors, suggesting that predisposing factors may be involved in the pathogenesis of IC.
Statistical Model for the Mechanical Properties of Al-Cu-Mg-Ag Alloys at High Temperatures
Authors: Al-Obaisi A. M. , El-Danaf E. A. , Ragab A. E. , Soliman M. S. , Alhazaa A. N.
Published: July 2017

Aluminum alloys for high-temperature applications have been the focus of many investigations lately. The main concern in such alloys is to maintain mechanical properties during operation at high temperatures. Grain coarsening and instability of precipitates could be the main reasons behind mechanical strength deterioration in these applications. Therefore, Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloys were proposed for such conditions due to the high stability of Ω precipitates. Four different compositions of Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloys, designed based on half-factorial design, were cast, homogenized, hot-rolled, and isothermally aged for different durations. The four alloys were tensile-tested at room temperature as well as at 190 and 250°C at a constant initial strain rate of 0.001 s−1, in two aging conditions, namely, underaged and peak-aged. The alloys demonstrated good mechanical properties at both aging times. However, underaged conditions displayed better thermal stability. Statistical models, based on fractional factorial design of experiments, were constructed to relate the experiments output (yield strength and ultimate tensile strength) with the studied process parameters, namely, tensile testing temperature, aging time, and copper, magnesium, and silver contents. It was shown that the copper content had a great effect on mechanical properties. Also, more than 80% of the variation of the high-temperature data was explained through the generated statistical models.
Cardioprotective Effect of Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator Raloxifene Are Mediated by Heme Oxygenase in Estrogen‐Deficient Rat
Authors: Posa Anikó , Szabó Renáta , Kupai Krisztina , Berkó Anikó Magyariné , Veszelka Médea , Szűcs Gergő , Börzsei Denise , Gyöngyösi Mariann , Pávó Imre , Deim Zoltán , Szilvássy Zoltán , Juhász Béla , Varga Csaba
Published: July 2017

Estrogens and raloxifene (RAL) have beneficial effects on certain cardiovascular indices in postmenopausal women characterized by estrogen deficiency. Heme oxygenase (HO) activity is increased by 17β‐estradiol (E2) and RAL in estrogen‐deficient rat resulting in vasorelaxation mediated by carbon monoxide. We determined the expressions of HO in cardiac and aortic tissues after ovariectomy (OVX) and subsequent RAL or E2 treatment. We investigated the effects of pharmacological inhibition of HO enzyme on the arginine vasopressin‐ (AVP‐) induced blood pressure in vivo, the epinephrine‐ and phentolamine‐induced electrocardiogram ST segment changes in vivo, and the myeloperoxidase (MPO) enzyme activity. When compared with intact females, OVX decreased the HO‐1 and HO‐2 expression, aggravated the electrocardiogram signs of heart ischemia and the blood pressure response to AVP, and increased the cardiac MPO. E2 and RAL are largely protected against these negative impacts induced by OVX. The pharmacological inhibition of HO in E2‐ or RAL‐treated OVX animals, however, restored the cardiovascular status close to that observed in nontreated OVX animals. The decreased expression of HO enzymes and the changes in blood pressure ischemia susceptibility and inflammatory state in OVX rat can be reverted by the administration of E2 or RAL partly through its antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory roles.
The Au-Hosting Minerals and Process of Formation of the Carlin-Type Bojitian Deposit, Southwestern China
Authors: Hu Kai , Pan Moucheng , Cao Jian , Liu Yin , Han Shanchu
Published: July 2017

The recently discovered middle-sized Bojitian Carlin-type Au deposit is located in southwestern Guizhou Province, China, near the well-known Shuiyindong super-large-sized deposit. To improve the understanding on this deposit, here we investigate the minerals that host Au and the occurrence of Au in the deposit, using a combination of microscopic work and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). Based on the results, the formation of the deposit was addressed. Results indicate that the dominant minerals that host Au include arsenian pyrite and arsenopyrite. Au in the cores of zoned pyrite exists mainly as natural nanoscale Au (Au0), while Au in the rims exists mainly as solid solution Au (Au+), but it likely also exists in the rims as natural nanoscale Au. The framboidal, coarse-grained, and banded pyrite types contain both natural nanoscale Au0 and solid solution Au+. The arsenopyrite is of hydrothermal origin, and Au within the arsenopyrite exists as gold solution Au+. The Bojitian deposit was formed from As-bearing, H2S-rich, low-to-medium-temperature fluids that migrated along faults and other channels. Au that was already present in the strata or source beds migrated with the fluids in the form of Au(HS)− and ore-forming fluids were then formed in the reducing environment. The ore-forming fluids interacted with Fe-rich carbonates to form an abundance of Au-hosting arsenian sulfides.
Catalytic Synthesis and Antifungal Activity of New Polychlorinated Natural Terpenes
Authors: Ighachane Hana , Boualy Brahim , Ait Ali Mustapha , Sedra My. H. , El Firdoussi Larbi , Lazrek Hassan Bihi
Published: July 2017

Various unsaturated natural terpenes were selectively converted to the corresponding polychlorinated products in good yields using iron acetylacetonate in combination with nucleophilic cocatalyst. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antifungal activity. The antifungal bioassays showed that 2c and 2d possessed significant antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis (Foa), Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. canariensis (Foc), and Verticillium dahliae (Vd).
STK11 rs2075604 Polymorphism Is Associated with Metformin Efficacy in Chinese Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Li Qingchu , Li Cuilin , Li Haoyun , Zeng Liu , Kang Zhiqiang , Mao Yu , Tang Xinyue , Zheng Panpan , He Li , Luo Fang , Li Zhi
Published: July 2017

Metformin is a classical oral antidiabetic drug, often recommended to be the first-choice treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Based on the previous research on STK11 and diabetes, we aimed to investigate the distributive characteristic of STK11 rs2075604 polymorphism and the potential influence of STK11 rs2075604 polymorphism on metformin efficacy among Chinese T2DM patients. There was no significant difference between T2DM patients (G = 64.8%, T = 35.2%) and healthy subjects (G = 62.7%, T = 37.2%) in STK11 rs2075604 genotype and allele frequencies. After 12 weeks of treatment, 62 patients were defined as the responders and 32 patients as nonresponders according to the decrease of HbA1c level. And the GT + TT genotype in STK11 rs2075604 can decrease HbA1c level more significantly than the GG genotype. Furthermore, the allele frequency of T in the STK11 rs2075604 was higher in the responders than the nonresponders (43.55% versus 26.56%). The T allele in the STK11 rs2075604 had a 2.133 times great chance of responding to metformin treatment. In conclusion, this study suggested that the STK11 rs2075604 genetic polymorphism was significantly associated with metformin efficacy in Chinese T2DM patients and the carriers of the T allele may gain a better therapeutic metformin efficacy compared with the G allele. This trial is registered with clinical study registration number NCT03155087.
Comparative Analysis of Performance Measures for Network Screening: A Case Study of Brazilian Urban Areas
Authors: Mesquita Xavier Vanessa Jamille , Craveiro Cunto Flávio José
Published: July 2017

The overall effectiveness of the roadway safety management process relies on a robust method for identifying and ranking sites with major potential for safety improvements. In Brazil, guidelines for hotspot identification are usually based only on crash frequency and Crash Rate as safety performance measures. This study presents a comparative analysis of safety performance measures, considering its limitations of applicability in a sample of signalized intersections from Fortaleza city, Brazil. The performance of each measure to rank the sample intersection was obtained through the rank difference between each safety performance measure and the Excess Expected Average Crash Frequency with EB Adjustment (EEB). In addition, it has taken a temporal analysis based on the consistency of safety performance measures during subsequent time periods. The results have suggested a reasonable matching between the most comprehensive safety performance measure (EEB) and very simple safety performance measures such as crash frequency and Crash Rate. It is recommended to investigate the consistency of the results for longer observation period as well as for a different jurisdiction in Brazil.
Safety and Effectiveness of Endoscopist-Directed Nurse-Administered Sedation during Gastric Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection
Authors: Cho Yong Suk , Shin Sang youn , Hwang Changhyeok , Seo Jeonghun , Choi Jong Won , Park Byung Kyu , Won Sun Young , Lee Chun Kyon , Lee Yong Kang , Jeon Han Ho
Published: July 2017

Background and Aims. Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is routinely performed in treating gastric neoplasia and requires long-term higher levels of sedation. Endoscopist-directed nurse-administered sedation (EDNAS) has not been well studied in ESD. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of EDNAS for ESD. Methods. Patients treated with ESD for gastric tumors between 2013 and 2015 were retrospectively collected. Patients were divided into a midazolam-treated group (M group) and a midazolam plus propofol-treated group (MP group). Clinical outcome, safety, effectiveness, adverse events of ESD, and adverse events of sedation were analyzed. Results. Of 209 collected patients, 83 were in the M group and 126 were in the MP group. Of all patients, 67 patients had the circulatory adverse event during the ESD procedure. Sedation method was the only significant risk factor (M versus MP: 2.17 (1.14–4.15), p=0.019). In analysis of MP subgroups, 47 patients suffered an adverse event from sedation, and current smoking was the only significant association factor for adverse event (0.15 (0.03–0.68), p=0.014). Conclusions. In performing ESD, the effect of sedation is reduced in smoking patients. EDNAS may be acceptable for ESD under careful monitoring of vital sign and oxygen saturation.
Privacy Data Decomposition and Discretization Method for SaaS Services
Authors: Ke Changbo , Huang Zhiqiu , Xiao Fu , Liu Linyuan
Published: July 2017

In cloud computing, user functional requirements are satisfied through service composition. However, due to the process of interaction and sharing among SaaS services, user privacy data tends to be illegally disclosed to the service participants. In this paper, we propose a privacy data decomposition and discretization method for SaaS services. First, according to logic between the data, we classify the privacy data into discrete privacy data and continuous privacy data. Next, in order to protect the user privacy information, continuous data chains are decomposed into discrete data chain, and discrete data chains are prevented from being synthesized into continuous data chains. Finally, we propose a protection framework for privacy data and demonstrate its correctness and feasibility with experiments.
Molecular Cloning and Characterization of Babesia orientalis Rhoptry Neck 2 BoRON2 Protein
Authors: Malobi Ngabu , He Lan , Yu Long , He Pei , He Junwei , Sun Yali , Huang Yuan , Zhao Junlong
Published: July 2017

Babesiosis caused by Babesia orientalis is one of the most prevalent infections of water buffalo transmitted by Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides causing a parasitic and hemolytic disease. The organelles proteins localized in apical membrane especially rhoptries neck and microneme protein form a complex called moving junction important during invasion process of parasites belonging to apicomplexan group, including Babesia species. A truncated fragment coding a 936 bps fragment was cloned in pMD-19T and subcloned into pET32 (a)+ expression vector, expressed in E. coli BL21. Purified recombinant BoRON2 was used to produce polyclonal antibody against BoRON2. Here, we identified the full sequence of gene encoding the rhoptry neck 2 protein that we named BoRON2 which is 4035 bp in full-length open reading frame without introns, encoding a polypeptide of 1345 amino acids. Western blot of rBoRON2 probed with buffalo positive serum analysis revealed a band of around 150 kDa in parasite lysates, suggesting an active involvement during invasion process. These findings most likely are constructive in perspective of ongoing research focused particularly on water buffalo babesiosis prevention and therapeutics and globally provide new information for genes comparative analysis.
Recent Overview of Solar Photocatalysis and Solar Photo-Fenton Processes for Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Gutierrez-Mata A. G. , Velazquez-Martínez S. , Álvarez-Gallegos Alberto , Ahmadi M. , Hernández-Pérez José Alfredo , Ghanbari F. , Silva-Martínez S.
Published: July 2017

This literature research, although not exhaustive, gives perspective to solar-driven photocatalysis, such as solar photo-Fenton and TiO2 solar photocatalysis, reported in the literature for the degradation of aqueous organic pollutants. Parameters that influence the degradation and mineralization of organics like catalyst preparation, type and load of catalyst, catalyst phase, pH, applied potential, and type of organic pollutant are addressed. Such parameters may also affect the photoactivity of the catalysts used in the studied solar processes. Solar irradiation is a renewable, abundant, and pollution-free energy source for low-cost commercial applications. Therefore, these solar processes represent an environmentally friendly alternative mainly because the use of electricity can be decreased/avoided.
Synergistic Uric Acid‐Lowering Effects of the Combination of Chrysanthemum indicum Linne Flower and Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J. Persl Bark Extracts
Authors: Lee Young-Sil , Son Eunjung , Kim Seung-Hyung , Lee Yun Mi , Kim Ohn Soon , Kim Dong-Seon
Published: July 2017

Chrysanthemum indicum Linne flower (CF) and Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J. Persl bark (CB) extracts have served as the main ingredients in several prescriptions designed to treat hyperuricemia and gout in traditional Chinese and Korean medicine. However, little is known about the combination effects of a CF and CB (CC) mixture on hyperuricemia. In our study, we investigated the antihyperuricemic effects of CC mixture and the mechanisms underlying these effects in normal and potassium oxonate‐ (PO‐) induced hyperuricemic rats. The CC mixture significantly decreased uric acid levels in normal and PO‐induced hyperuricemic rats and showed the enhanced hypouricemic effect compared to CF or CB alone. Furthermore, the CC mixture increased renal uric acid excretion in PO‐induced hyperuricemic rat. We found that CC mixture and its major components, chlorogenic acid, 3,4‐dicaffeoylquinic acid (isochlorogenic acid), coumarin, cinnamaldehyde, trans‐cinnamic acid, and o‐methoxycinnamaldehyde, inhibit the activity of xanthine oxidase (XOD) in vitro. The CC mixture exerts antihyperuricemic effects accompanied partially by XOD activity inhibition. Therefore, the CC mixture may have potential as a treatment for hyperuricemia and gout.
On the Nanocommunications at THz Band in Graphene‐Enabled Wireless Network‐on‐Chip
Authors: Vien Quoc-Tuan , Agyeman Michael Opoku , Le Tuan Anh , Mak Terrence
Published: July 2017

One of the main challenges towards the growing computation‐intensive applications with scalable bandwidth requirement is the deployment of a dense number of on‐chip cores within a chip package. To this end, this paper investigates the Wireless Network‐on‐Chip (WiNoC), which is enabled by graphene‐based nanoantennas (GNAs) in Terahertz frequency band. We first develop a channel model between the GNAs taking into account the practical issues of the propagation medium, such as transmission frequency, operating temperature, ambient pressure, and distance between the GNAs. In the Terahertz band, not only dielectric propagation loss but also molecular absorption attenuation (MAA) caused by various molecules and their isotopologues within the chip package constitutes the signal transmission loss. We further propose an optimal power allocation to achieve the channel capacity. The proposed channel model shows that the MAA significantly degrades the performance at certain frequency ranges compared to the conventional channel model, even when the GNAs are very closely located. More specifically, at transmission frequency of 1 THz, the channel capacity of the proposed model is shown to be much lower than that of the conventional model over the whole range of temperature and ambient pressure of up to 26.8% and 25%, respectively.
Proinflammatory CXCL12–CXCR4/CXCR7 Signaling Axis Drives Myc-Induced Prostate Cancer in Obese Mice
Authors: Saha Achinto , Ahn Songyeon , Blando Jorge , Su Fei , Kolonin Mikhail G. , DiGiovanni John
Published: July 2017

Obesity is a prognostic risk factor in the progression of prostate cancer; however, the molecular mechanisms involved are unclear. In this study, we provide preclinical proof of concept for the role of a proinflammatory CXCL12–CXCR4/CXCR7 signaling axis in an obesity-driven mouse model of myc-induced prostate cancer. Analysis of the stromal vascular fraction from periprostatic white adipose tissue from obese HiMyc mice at 6 months of age revealed a dramatic increase in mRNAs encoding various chemokines, cytokines, growth factors, and angiogenesis mediators, with CXCL12 among the most significantly upregulated genes. Immunofluorescence staining of ventral prostate tissue from obese HiMyc mice revealed high levels of CXCL12 in the stromal compartment as well as high staining for CXCR4 and CXCR7 in the epithelial compartment of tumors. Prostate cancer cell lines derived from HiMyc tumors (HMVP2 and derivative cell lines) displayed increased protein expression of both CXCR4 and CXCR7 compared with protein lysates from a nontumorigenic prostate epithelial cell line (NMVP cells). CXCL12 treatment stimulated migration and invasion of HMVP2 cells but not NMVP cells. These effects of CXCL12 on HMVP2 cells were inhibited by the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 as well as knockdown of either CXCR4 or CXCR7. CXCL12 treatment also produced rapid activation of STAT3, NFκB, and MAPK signaling in HMVP2 cells, which was again attenuated by either AMD3100 or knockdown of CXCR4 or CXCR7. Collectively, these data suggest that CXCL12 secreted by stromal cells activates invasiveness of prostate cancer cells and may play a role in driving tumor progression in obesity. Targeting the CXCL12–CXCR4/CXCR7 axis could lead to novel approaches for offsetting the effects of obesity on prostate cancer progression. Cancer Res; 77(18); 5158–68. ©2017 AACR.
Early Imaging Prediction of Malignant Cerebellar Edema Development in Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Fabritius Matthias P. , Thierfelder Kolja M. , Meinel Felix G. , Othman Ahmed E. , Dorn Franziska , Sabel Bastian O. , Scheffler Pierre , Ertl-Wagner Birgit , Sommer Wieland H. , Kunz Wolfgang G.
Published: July 2017

Background and Purpose—

Malignant cerebellar edema (MCE) is a life-threatening complication of acute ischemic stroke that requires timely diagnosis and management. Aim of this study was to identify imaging predictors in initial multiparametric computed tomography (CT), including whole-brain CT perfusion (WB-CTP).

Methods—

We consecutively selected all subjects with cerebellar ischemic WB-CTP deficits and follow-up–confirmed cerebellar infarction from an initial cohort of 2635 patients who had undergone multiparametric CT because of suspected stroke. Follow-up imaging was assessed for the presence of MCE, measured using an established 10-point scale, of which scores ≥4 are considered malignant. Posterior circulation–Acute Stroke Prognosis Early CT Score (pc-ASPECTS) was determined to assess ischemic changes on noncontrast CT, CT angiography (CTA), and parametric WB-CTP maps (cerebellar blood flow [CBF]; cerebellar blood volume; mean transit time; time to drain). Fisher’s exact tests, Mann–Whitney U tests, and receiver operating characteristics analyses were performed for statistical analyses.

Results—

Out of a total of 51 patients who matched the inclusion criteria, 42 patients (82.4%) were categorized as MCE− and 9 (17.6%) as MCE+. MCE+ patients had larger CBF, cerebellar blood volume, mean transit time, and time to drain deficit volumes (all with
P
<0.001) and showed significantly lower median pc-ASPECTS assessed using WB-CTP (CBF, cerebellar blood volume, mean transit time, time to drain; all with
P
<0.001) compared with MCE− patients, while median pc-ASPECTS on noncontrast CT and CTA was not significantly different (both
P
>0.05). Receiver operating characteristics analyses yielded the largest area under the curve values for the prediction of MCE development for CBF (0.979) and cerebellar blood volume deficit volumes (0.956) and pc-ASPECTS on CBF (0.935), whereas pc-ASPECTS on noncontrast CT (0.648) and CTA (0.684) had less diagnostic value. The optimal cutoff value for CBF deficit volume was 22 mL, yielding 100% sensitivity and 90% specificity for MCE classification.

Conclusions—

WB-CTP provides added diagnostic value for the early identification of patients at risk for MCE development in acute cerebellar stroke.
The legitimacy of peace operations in volatile environments: Between state-centred and people-centred standards
Authors: Gelot Ludwig
Published: July 2017

Peace operations are increasingly multi-dimensional and are affecting ever more aspects of life at the grassroots level. While this evolution is necessary, it has created a tension in the field of legitimacy. Indeed, how can the United Nations possibly legitimise its actions in a domain traditionally subject to domestic laws and norms? International and domestic standards of legitimacy are clashing but neither of them is fully adapted to the particular case of peace operations. This article outlines a third approach to legitimacy centered on the UN Charter which incorporates the views of the entire legitimacy constituency of peace operations deployed in volatile environments.
A new endemic species of Cerastium (Caryophyllaceae) from Iran
Authors: POURSAKHI KATAYOUN , ASSADI MOSTAFA
Published: July 2017

Cerastium cylindricum sp. nov. from Tehran (Iran) is here described and illustrated as a new species for science. Macro- and micromorphological characteristics in comparison with the related C. dichotomum, as well as a full description and distribution of the new taxon are provided. Ultrastructure of the seeds was examined using SEM.
Don Smith
Authors: Bernstein Charles
Published: July 2017

A profile of the fast-food industry's whiz kid from his early days at McDonald's through his three-year stint at Burger King to his present position as president and CEO of PepsiCo's Pizza Hut and Taco Bell chains
Understanding Hospitality Insurance
Authors: Hoffman William J.
Published: July 2017

A primer on available forms of insurance coverage, and some advice on assembling the right policy for your property
Evaluating Ratings on Bidirectional Scales
Authors: Aiken Lewis R.
Published: July 2017

Procedures are described for determining the statistical significance of a set of ratings made on bidirectional (or bipolar) scales. A B (bidirectional) coefficient, ranging in value from −1 to +1 and hence providing information on both the magnitude and direction of a set of ratings, is defined. B and its statistical significance can be determined on small or large samples of items or raters. The statistical significance of a mean of B values, computed across items or raters, can also be assessed by applying a normal approximation test. A research illustration involving three types of instructions is given to demonstrate the use of the B coefficient. Tables for determining the two-tailed probabilities associated with selected values of B are also provided.
On Transforming Ordered Residuals for Purposes of Testing the Correctness of a Regression Model
Authors: Shine Lester C. , Stoup Charles M.
Published: July 2017

A logical method is presented for transforming ordered residuals for purposes of testing the correctness of a regression model. The method maintains the same logical ordering in the transformed residuals as that of the original residuals. The method is suitable for either uncorrelated or correlated data and requires minimal computational effort. Calculation examples are presented.
The Item-Factor Structure of the Waring Intimacy Questionnaire
Authors: Reddon John R. , Patton David , Waring Edward M.
Published: July 2017

A confirmatory item factor analysis of the Waring Intimacy Questionnaire (WIQ) was performed on samples of 198 married college students, 148 married psychiatric patients, and 218 married members of a random sample of residents in an urban community. For the nine hypothesized factors, 95%, 98%, and 97% of the items loaded appropriately in each of the three samples. Across samples 84% of the items loaded appropriately. Furthermore the pattern of loadings was predominantly univocal. The results suggest that the instrument has a structure consistent with its scoring key.
The Factorial Composition of the Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory
Authors: Goldsmith Ronald E.
Published: July 2017

The Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory (KAI) was evaluated for its factorial composition, internal consistency, and relationship with self-esteem compared with previous studies. Data was from a random sample of adults ( n = 214) in a southern city. Results of the factor analysis revealed the scale to have high factorial stability across populations. The scale was found to be highly internally consistent, and a positive correlation with the Rosenberg Self-esteem scale was successfully replicated. These findings provide evidence for the construct validity of the scale.