bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrode properties of halogenidchalkogenide glasses and amorphy films obtained by the method of chemical applic
Authors: Байдаков Д.Л.
Published: September 2020

Методом химического нанесения из растворов галогенидхалькогенидных стекол в н-бутиламине получены многокомпонентные галогенидхалькогенидные пленки CuI-PbI2-As2Se3, CuI-AgI-As2Se3, PbI2-AgI-As2Se3 и изучены электродные свойства стекол и пленок. Установлено, что электродные свойства галогенидхалькогенидных стекол и пленок аналогичного состава практически не отличаются. Схожесть электродных характеристик галогенидхалькогенидных стекол и пленок объясняется сохранением полимерной структуры стекол при их растворении в н-бутиламине и нанесении пленок из раствора.

Multicomponent halidechalcogenide films CuI-PbI2-As2Se3, CuI-AgI-As2Se3, PbI2-AgI-As2Se3 were synthesized from the solutions of halogenhalcogenide glasses in n-butylamine and the electrode properties of glasses and films were studied. It has been established that the electrode properties of halogenidechalcogenide glasses and films of similar composition are practically the same. The similarity of the electrode characteristics of halogenidechalcogenide glasses and films is explained by the preservation of the polymeric structure of glasses when they are dissolved in n- butylamine and the films are applied from the solution.
Health condition and topple problem in silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) in Saint Petersburg
Authors: Варенцова Д.И. , Леонтьев Л.Л. , Варенцова Е.Ю.
Published: September 2020

Приведены результаты изучения фитопатологического состояния березы повислой в насаждениях Санкт-Петербурга, которое в целом оценивается как удовлетворительное с преобладанием ослабленных и сильно ослабленных деревьев. Даны качественная и количественная оценки деревьев-угроз. Проанализированы причины падения деревьев березы в Санкт-Петербурге. Выявлены прямые и косвенные признаки, указывающие на наличие корневых и стволовых гнилей. Сделан вывод, что наиболее часто в городских условиях древесина поражается белой волокнистой и бурой трещиноватой гнилями, возбудителями которых являются дереворазрушающие грибы. При поражении древесины гнилью происходит резкое снижение плотности и прочности, и при значительном ее развитии прочность практически утрачивается. Предел прочности древесины березы с белой волокнистой гнилью III стадии при сжатии вдоль волокон в 6–7 раз, а при статическом изгибе – в 14–16 раз меньше соответствующих показателей неповрежденной древесины. Падение деревьев и их частей часто связано не только с развитием гнили, но и с различными аномалиями в строении древесины, которые приводят к резкому снижению прочности древесины в этих зонах и падению частей дерева. При оценке аварийности деревьев березы следует особое внимание уделять осмотру нижней и средней частей ствола, а при оценке поражения древесины гнилью – не только наличию плодовых тел грибов, но и косвенным признакам – дуплам, сухобокостям, морозным трещинам.

The results of the study on phytopathological condition of silver birch trees in St. Petersburg are presented. The condition is assessed generally as satisfactory with a predominance of weak and strongly weakened trees. A qualitative and quantitative assessment of trees that represent topple threat was performed. The reasons for the fall of birch in St. Petersburg were analyzed. Direct and indirect signs indicating the presence of root and stem rots were identified. It was concluded that the most often in urban areas wood is affected by white wood pulp and fissured brown rot caused by wood-destroying fungi. During rotting fungal attacks, sharp decrease in wood density and durability occurs, and with intense rot development durability is almost lost. Comparing to healthy wood, compressive strength of birch wood with white fibrous rot in stage III is 6–7 times lower along the fibers and 14–16 times lower in a static bend. Falling of trees and their parts is often associated not only with the development of rot, but also with various abnormalities in wood structure that lead to a sharp decrease in wood durability in these areas and cause tree parts to fall. In birch trees topple risk assessment special attention should be paid to examination of lower and middle parts of the trunk. In assessment of wood decay extent, not only the presence of fungi fruiting bodies should be considered, but also circumstantial evidence such as hollows, stem scars, and frost cracks.
Cosmic censorship of trans-Planckian field ranges in gravitational collapse
Authors: Chaudhary Himanshu , Krishnan Chethan
Published: September 2020

A classical solution where the (scalar) field value moves by an O(1) range in Planck units is believed to signal the breakdown of Effective Field Theory (EFT). One heuristic argument for this is that such a field will have enough energy to be inside its own Schwarzschild radius, and will result in collapse. In this paper, we consider an inverse problem: what kind of field ranges arise during the gravitational collapse of a classical field? Despite the fact that collapse has been studied for almost a hundred years, most of the discussion is phrased in terms of fluid stress tensors, and not fields. An exception is the scalar collapse made famous by Choptuik. We re-consider Choptuik-like systems, but with the emphasis now on the evolution of the scalar. We give strong evidence that generic spherically symmetric collapse of a massless scalar field leads to super-Planckian field movement. But we also note that in every such supercritical collapse scenario, the large field range is hidden behind an apparent horizon. We also discuss how the familiar perfect fluid models for collapse like Oppenheimer-Snyder and Vaidya should be viewed in light of our results.
Effects of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists and Sodium-glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors on Cardiorenal and Metabolic Outcomes in People Without Diabetes
Authors: Papazafiropoulou Athanasia K. , Melidonis Andreas , Antonopoulos Stavros
Published: September 2020

During the last decade, the results of large-scale, randomized, clinical trials on newer antidiabetic
agents, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and sodium glucose cotransporter type 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor,
have been published showing promising findings on cardiovascular and renal outcomes. Besides improving
glycemic control, GLP-1 receptor agonists have been shown to modify cardiovascular risk factors,
such as insulin resistance, body weight, blood pressure (BP), and lipid profile. Additionally, SGLT2 inhibitors
except for glycemic control have been shown to induce weight loss and decrease BP. However, there are limited
data regarding their effect on patients without diabetes. Therefore, the aim of the present review is to summarize
the existing literature data regarding the effects of newer antidiabetic therapies on patients without diabetes.
A TNF Block Genotype may Influence CMV Retinitis in HIV Patients without Affecting Systemic Viral Replication
Authors: Edwar Lukman , Ha Phuongnhi , Ariyanto Ibnu A. , Estiasari Riwanti , Sitompul Ratna , Lee Silvia , Price Patricia
Published: September 2020

Background:

A conserved TNF block haplotype marked by the minor alleles of
rs1800629 (TNFA-308*A) and rs9281523 [BAT1(intron 10)*C] has been linked with several immunopathological
conditions and with rapid progression of HIV disease. Reported associations
with cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in HIV patients before or during early antiretroviral therapy
(ART) may therefore reflect greater replication of CMV in advanced HIV disease or an immunopathological
response to CMV in the retina.

Objective:

As all Indonesian HIV patients display high levels of CMV replication, we evaluated
whether TNF block genotypes alter markers of their burden of CMV and/or associate with retinitis.

Methods:

We assessed 79 consecutive HIV patients beginning ART, 25 HIV patients with a history
of CMV-retinitis and 63 healthy adults. HIV RNA, CD4 T-cell counts, CMV-reactive antibody
and CMV DNA were measured and alleles of TNFA-308, BAT1(intron 10) and TNFA-1031
(rs1799964) were determined.

Results:

TNFA-308 and BAT1(intron 10) were in complete linkage disequilibrium. Patients carrying
minor alleles at both loci had higher levels of CMV-reactive antibody after one month on ART
(p=0.01), but not at other time points spanning 1 year on ART. 50% of patients had detectable
CMV DNA before ART, irrespective of TNF block genotypes. However, the TNFA-308*A/-
BAT1(intron 10)*C haplotype was more common in CMV-retinitis patients than other patients or
healthy controls (p<0.01).

Conclusion:

The TNFA-308*A/BAT1(intron 10)*C haplotype appears to affect CMV-induced
pathology rather than CMV replication.
Synthetic Strategies for the (+)-Grandisol, the Main Constituent of Boll Weevil Pheromone
Authors: dos Santos Krysthal Marrie , de Lima Neto Jorge , da Silva Luis Paulo Alves , Reis Analú Campos , Porto Ricardo Silva , da Paz Lima Dimas José , Santana Antônio Euzébio Goulart
Published: September 2020

This paper presents a short review of synthetic approaches aiming to synthesise (+)-
Grandisol, the main constituent of grandlure, a pheromone mixture released by the boll weevil,
which is proven to exhibit significant biological activity. (+)-Grandisol 1 is among the components
of the male-produced pheromone of the boll weevil Anthonomuns grandis, an important
pest of cotton crops in Mesoamerica (from the south USA to Argentina). As a result of its biological
activity and unique structure, several synthetic approaches have been reported. The aim is to
explore remarkable methodologies towards the synthesis of (+)-Grandisol 1. Several methodologies
have been applied towards the synthesis of (+)-Grandisol 1, including classical methods for
cyclobutane ring construction, which promoted substantial improvements to access this pheromone,
as well as a better comprehension of its biological profile.
Anti-Cancer Compounds from Terrestrial and Marine Resources -In silico
and Experimental Studies
Authors: Devadasan Velmurugan , Raman Pachiappan , Dasararaju Gayathri
Published: September 2020

Introduction:

In both developing and developed countries, cancer is among the leading causes of millions of deaths. The
incidence of cancer is increasing due to environmental changes and modernization of life style. Lung and breast cancer
deaths lead in number compared to other cancer deaths. Although the cause of cancer due to external factors like tobacco
use, chemicals, radiation, infectious organisms and internal factors like immune conditions and genetic modification are
known, the occurrence and deaths due to cancer cannot be controlled.

Methods:

It is expected that the incidence of cancer after two decades will increase by 70% and death rate will also increase
by 50%, which is an alarming situation globally. Although synthetic compounds are being used in the control of cancer as
chemopreventive agents, about 50% of these are related to natural products as the origin. There is an emerging evidence to
show that in the past 50 years, natural products derived from plants and marine sources had beneficial effects in the treatment
and prevention of cancer. Taxol, vincristine, vinblastine, cytarabine, eribulin mesylate and trabectidine are some of the anticancer compounds isolated from terrestrial and marine sources.

Results:

This review highlights mainly the role of natural compounds isolated from terrestrial and marine sources as anticancer agents through the docking of these compounds with the related macromolecular targets.

Conclusion:

Cell line studies for some of the compounds isolated from natural products are also reported.
Metabolic Analysis of Triptolide Microspheres in Human, Dog, Rabbit and Rat Liver Microsomes with UPLC-MS/MS Method
Authors: Wang Li Juan , Liu Yan , Li Rui , He Dong Xian
Published: September 2020

Objectives:

Riptolide (TPL) has been shown to have a good clinical effect on rheumatoid
arthritis (RA). We designed TPL microspheres (TPL-MS) and investigated its metabolic behavior
in human, dog, rabbit and rat liver microsomes (HLM, DLM, RLM and SDRLM) with UPLC-
MS/MS method.

Methods:

First, a UPLC-MS/MS method was established to measure the concentration of TPL in
samples. The sample was separated on a C18 column (2.1×100 mm, 1.8μm) and eluted with a gradient
elution. The precursor ions/product ions were m/z 378.1/361.0 for TPL and 260.0/116.2 for the
internal standard. Then T1/2, Vmax and CLint were calculated from the above data. Finally, the metabolites
of TPL-MS were identified by high-resolution UPLC-MS/MS. The sample was separated on a
C18 column (2.1×100 mm, 2.2 μm) and eluted with isocratic elution. Mass spectrometric detection
was carried out on a thermo Q-exactive mass spectrometer with HESI. The scanning range of precursor
ions was from m/z 50 to m/z 750.

Results:

Through several indicators including standard curve, precision, accuracy, stability, matrix
effect and recovery rate, the enzymatic kinetics parameters including T1/2, Vmax and CLint were evaluated.
Several metabolites of TPL-MS were identified.

Discussion:

UPLC-MS/MS method is an accurate and sensitive method for the determination of
TPL in liver microsome samples with good precision, accuracy and stability. The variation of parameters
indicated that the microspheres can delay the elimination of TPL in liver microsomes.

Conclusion:

The metabolism of TPL-MS varied among species, but no new metabolites appeared.
Phytochemicals as PI3K/ Akt/ mTOR Inhibitors and Their Role in Breast Cancer Treatment
Authors: Narayanankutty Arunaksharan
Published: September 2020

Background:

Breast cancer is the predominant form of cancer in women; various cellular pathways are involved in the initiation and progression of breast cancer. Among the various types of breast cancer that differ in their growth factor receptor status, PI3K/Akt signaling is a common pathway where all these converge. Thus, the PI3K signaling is of great interest as a target for breast cancer prevention; however, it is less explored.

Objective:

The present review is aimed to provide a concise outline of the role of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in breast carcinogenesis and its progression events, including metastasis, drug resistance and stemness. The review emphasizes the role of natural and synthetic inhibitors of PI3K/Akt/m- TOR pathway in breast cancer prevention.

Methods:

The data were obtained from PubMed/Medline databases, Scopus and Google patent literature.

Results:

PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling plays an important role in human breast carcinogenesis; it acts on the initiation and progression events associated with it. Numerous molecules have been isolated and identified as promising drug candidates by targeting the signaling pathway. Results from clinical studies confirm their application in the treatment of human breast cancer alone and in combination with classical chemotherapeutics as well as monoclonal antibodies.

Conclusion:

PI3K/mTOR signaling blockers have evolved as promising anticancer agents by interfering breast cancer development and progression at various stages. Natural products and bioactive components are emerging as novel inhibitors of PI3K signaling and more research in this area may yield numerous drug candidates.
The Engaged Role of Tumor Microenvironment in Cancer Metabolism: Focusing on Cancer-Associated Fibroblast and Exosome Mediators
Authors: Ilkhani Khandan , Bastami Milad , Delgir Soheila , Safi Asma , Talebian Shahrzad , Alivand Mohammad-Reza
Published: September 2020

:

Metabolic reprogramming is a significant property of various cancer cells, which most commonly
arises from the Tumor Microenvironment (TME). The events of metabolic pathways include the Warburg effect,
shifting in Krebs cycle metabolites, and the rate of oxidative phosphorylation, potentially providing energy and
structural requirements for the development and invasiveness of cancer cells. TME and tumor metabolism shifting
have a close relationship through bidirectional signaling pathways between stromal and tumor cells. Cancer-
Associated Fibroblasts (CAFs), as the most dominant cells of TME, play a crucial role in the aberrant metabolism
of cancer. Furthermore, the stated relationship can affect survival, progression, and metastasis in cancer
development. Recently, exosomes are considered one of the most prominent factors in cellular communications
considering effective content and bidirectional mediatory effect between tumor and stromal cells. In this regard,
CAF-Derived Exosomes (CDE) exhibit an efficient obligation to induce metabolic reprogramming for promoting
growth and metastasis of cancer cells. The understanding of cancer metabolism, including factors related to
TME, could lead to the discovery of a potential biomarker for diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in cancer
management. This review focuses on the association between metabolic reprogramming and engaged microenvironmental,
factors such as CAFs, and the associated derived exosomes.
Safety and Efficacy of Eltrombopag in Children and Adults with Immune Thrombocytopenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Kolanis Savvas , Vasileiou Eleni , Hatzipantelis Emmanuel , Economou Marina , Tragiannidis Athanasios
Published: September 2020

Immune thrombocytopenia is an immune condition where antibodies are produced
against platelets. Eltrombopag is a thrombopoietin receptor agonist that stimulates and promotes
platelet production approved for treating thrombocytopenia in patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenia,
where other treatments such as corticosteroids, splenectomy or immunoglobulins are
inadequate. The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the eltrombopag
in adults and children with immune thrombocytopenia. We included 7 studies with a total of
765 patients (606 adults and 159 children). We evaluated the number of patients that achieved a
post-treatment platelet count equal or above 50x109/L (primary result-target) without the need of
rescue treatment for at least 4 weeks. Our data showed that patients who received eltrombopag
were almost 4 times more probable in achieving the primary target when compared to patients who
received placebo (RR 3.84, 95% CI 2.39 to 6.14; I2 = 46%). The number of patients needed rescue
treatment and the number of bleeding incidents were reduced in the group that received eltrombopag
when compared to those who received placebo (RR 0.40, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.62; I2 = 40%) (RR
0.74, 95% CI 0.62 to 0.89; I2 = 68%). The total number of side effects did not statistically differ between
the two groups (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.08; I2 = 14%). Our findings were similar to previously
published studies and confirm that eltrombopag is safe and efficient in immune thrombocytopenia.
However, more clinical trials are needed in order to enhance our findings.
Increased Rates of Coronary Artery Calcium Score in Patients with Non - Functioning Adrenal Incidentaloma
Authors: Akkus Oguz , Akkus Gamze , Kaypakli Onur , Ozturk Fatma K. , Gurkan Eren , Bekler Ozkan , Sen Fatih , Yalcin Fatih
Published: September 2020

Aim:

We evaluated cardiovascular (CV) risk stratification for nonfunctioning adrenal incidentalomas
(NFAIs) via the coronary-artery-calcium (CAC) score.

Materials and Method:

The participants were patients with NFAI (n = 55). They were compared
to patients with chest pain, a low-intermediate Framingham-risk score, and a non-diagnostic treadmill-
exercise test, which served as the control group (n = 49). Subsequently, the NFAI group was
subdivided according to a CAC score of <100 Agatston units – mild coronary-artery calcification
(n = 40) – and ≥100 Agatston units – moderate-to-severe calcification (n = 15).

Results:

Similar rates of traditional risk factors were observed between the NFAI and control
groups, and lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol rates were observed in the NFAI group. The
CAC score was significantly higher for the NFAI group than the control group. Glucose, potassium,
adrenocorticotropic-hormone, and basal-cortisol levels were higher in those with a CAC score
of ≥100. High-density-lipoprotein cholesterol estimated glomerular filtration rate and ejection fraction
(EF) were higher in those with a CAC score of <100. Adenoma size and location were similar
between the groups. Age, EF, and glucose were the most significant variables related to CAC score
in patients with NFAI, at ≥100 Agatston units.

Discussion:

Patients with a low-intermediate CV risk profile and NFAI have a higher risk of
atherosclerosis when compared to patients with a low-intermediate CV risk profile, but no NFAI.

Conclusion:

In patients with NFAI, CAC score evaluation may be used to predict increased
atherosclerosis, especially in patients of an older age with higher glucose and decreased EF.
Oxytocin as a Potential Adjuvant Against COVID-19 Infection
Authors: Thakur Pratibha , Shrivastava Renu , Shrivastava Vinoy K.
Published: September 2020

This study summarized the benefits of oxytocin in the attenuation of coronavirus disease
(COVID-19) pathogenesis. The recent outbreak of COVID-19 has become a pandemic with
7,323,761 infected patients and has created a health emergency worldwide. On the basis of the clinical
study, COVID-19 shows homology with other coronavirus pathogenesis, i.e., inflammation,
oxidative stress, and hyperactivation of the immune system, resulting in cytokine storm and causing
acute lung infection (ALI), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and kidney dysfunction.
Oxytocin is a peptide of nine amino acids and a well-known anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant,
and immune-modulator, which is protective against ALI/ARDS, nephrotoxicity, sepsis, and ischemia-
reperfusion medical condition. Oxytocin is a neuromodulator, effective for stress, anxiety,
social behavior, and depression, which may be helpful for better outcomes in patients with
COVID-19. Significant data show that oxytocin can be useful in the treatment of COVID-19 pathogenesis.
A direct application of OT in COVID-19 is unclear; however, its use in an experimental
model and humans has continuously demonstrated its safety, and its use in patients with
COVID-19 is predicted to be highly beneficial.
Strategies of Drug Delivery for Deep Fungal Infection: A Review
Authors: Ma Zhongyi , Wang Xiaoyou , Li Chong
Published: September 2020

The deep fungal infection poses serious threats to human health, mainly due to the
increase in the number of immunocompromised individuals. Current first-line antifungal agents
such as Amphotericin B, Fluconazole and Itraconazole, may decrease the severity of fungal infection
to some extent, but the poor drug bioavailability, drug toxicity and poor water solubility
seriously restrict their clinical utility. This review focuses on the study of drug delivery strategies
for the treatment of deep fungal infections. We summarize the drug delivery strategies recently
reported for the treatment of deep fungal infection, and explain each part with research
examples. We discuss the use of pharmaceutical approaches to improve the physicochemical
properties of the antifungal drugs to provide a basis for the clinical application of antifungal
drugs. We then highlight the strategies for targeting drug delivery to the infection sites of fungi
and fungal surface moieties, which have the potential to get developed as clinically relevant targeted
therapies against deep fungal infections. It is worth noting that the current research on
fungal infections still lags behind the research on other pathogens, and the drug delivery strategy
for the treatment of deep fungal infections is far from meeting the treatment needs. Therefore,
we envision the potential strategies inspired by the treatment of diseases with referential
pathology or pathophysiology, further enriching the delivery of antifungal agents, providing
references for basic research of fungal infections.

Lay Summary:

The deep fungal infections pose serious threats to the health of immunodeficiency
patients. It is worth noting that the current research on fungi is still lagging behind that
on other pathogens. The drug delivery strategies for the treatment of deep fungal infections are
far from meeting the treatment needs. We summarize the recently reported drug delivery strategies
for treating deep fungal infection, and envision the potential strategies to further enrich the
delivery of antifungal agents.
Leidenfrost Method for Synthesis of BiFeO3 and the Effect of Solvent Variation on its Optical Properties and Morphology
Authors: Moghazy Marwa A. , Taha Gharib H.
Published: September 2020

Background:

Nanotechnology has wide applications in various fields of life. To synthesis
nanoparticles, many different methods have been used. Although these methods form nanoparticles
with different morphologies and properties, it needs expensive tools, multi-steps, various chemicals
and yields toxic by-products. The trend today is to use green synthesis with one step self assembly
methods and eco-friendly one.

Objective:

In this manuscript, high pure BiFeO3 (BFO) multiferroic perovskite was prepared using
the green chemical Leidenfrost technique as a cost-effective and eco-friendly method.

Methods:

Two different solvents (viz, water and ethylene glycol) were used for the synthesis of
BiFeO3 nanoparticles. The resulting nanopowder was characterized by XRD, SEM, FTIR and Uvisible
spectrometric techniques.

Results:

The XRD results show that BiFeO3 was developed in a pure phase in the case of water solvent,
whereas one peak of a Bi2O3 phase was observed in the case of ethylene glycol solvent. The
crystallite size was determined using the Scherrer equation to be 36.58 and 61.02 nm for aqueous
and non-aqueous solvents, respectively (viz, water and ethylene glycol). The optical band gap was
determined using the Kubelka-Munk function, which appears a blue shift from 2.08 eV for ethylene
glycol to 1.80 eV for aqueous solvent.

Conclusion:

Leidenfrost method proves its efficiency for the synthesis BFO nanoparticles with
low cost and simple steps. The high dependence of the purity and optical properties on the solvent
variation was perceived.
An XVA Approach to Counterparty Risk Appraisal
Authors: Zhu Junhao , Xie Dejun , Liu Gang , Ma Fei
Published: September 2020

Background:

More bona fide adjustments aimed at appraising counterparty risks and
financial expenses related to over-the-counter derivative have become indispensable after the European
sovereign debt catastrophe and the 2007/08’s worldwide fiscal crisis. The most notable
measures include DVA, CVA, and FVA.

Methods:

This paper advocates the application of the XVA scheme to assess CVA, DVA, and
FVA for managing risk and pricing of financial or OTC derivatives.

Results and Discussion:

A foundation formula is formulated and tested against different risk scenarios
of CVA, DVA, FVA, and KVA using cross-referenced data. Practical pieces of advice are
provided for the real industry application of XVA.

Conclusion:

Compared to traditional risk management in the financial market where funding risk,
credit risk, and default risk are accounted separately, the approach proposed by the current study
monitors the multiple types of risk in a comprehensive framework and is more practically effective
from a financial operation point of view.
From the Editor - September 2008
Authors: Van Fleet David D.
Published: September 2020

A letter from the editor, September 2008
The Importance of Stable Income Sources in Retirement: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Sundali Jim , Westerman James W. , Stedham Yvonne
Published: September 2020

Spiraling compensation costs over the past two decades has led many firms to change their compensation strategies. There has been a shift in employee pension benefits as a form of compensation, as firms are rapidly moving from defined benefit plans towards defined contribution plans. In this study, we examine data and prior empirical analyses from the Health and Retirement Study to explore how this shift may affect retirees and employees. Based on an exploratory data analysis, we introduce a theoretical framework representing the relationship between retiree satisfaction and pension plans, and discuss its potential impact on organizations and their employees.
Information Technology Capabilities: Suggestions for SME Growth
Authors: Lester Donald L. , Tran Thuhang T.
Published: September 2020

The manner in which small-to-medium-sized (SMEs) organizations grow and develop has been a focused interest of management researchers for decades. Categorizing this development into a life cycle of organizations has been a goal of researchers for understanding the problems and opportunities associated with growth. Using Kazanjian’s four-stage organizational life cycle model (1988) to represent the crises or critical problems faced in each stage, this paper explores how information technology (IT) capabilities can address the critical problems of each life cycle stage (i.e., conception and development, commercialization, growth, and stability) to facilitate continued growth and development.
The Impact of Human Resource Practices on Low-income Workers in the Context of a Natural Disaster
Authors: Lilly Juliana , Kavanaugh Joseph , Zelbst Pamela , Duffy JoAnn
Published: September 2020

A team of four researchers interviewed fifty-two displaced employees from Hurricanes Katrina and Rita about the human resource practices of their organizations before and after the hurricanes, attitudes toward their employers, as well as their perceptions of organizational justice, trust and commitment. Using traditional qualitative analytic methods, a team of four researchers found strong, consistent relationships between variables. Findings suggest that organizations may benefit from treating all employees, including low-income employees, as valuable human capital so that employees may feel more committed to helping the organization rebuild after a disaster.
Mortgaging the Future for the Present? To Buy or Not to Buy a 2-Family House Parts A, B, C
Authors: Sherman Herbert , Rowley Daniel J.
Published: September 2020

“Figures don’t lie but liars figure, that is what I always say.” Stephen Hodgetts sat in front of his laptop in August of 2007 and was furiously pounding at his key board. He was entering data in an Excel spreadsheet while Yolanda Joseph, his real estate broker, was standing over his shoulder verifying the figures. When the calculations were done, Hodgetts just kept staring at the numbers. He was waiting perhaps for inspiration to strike, or even for a heavenly voice to tell him what to do. “Calculating the revenues and costs are easy” he thought to himself “but making a decision as to what to do next, well that is another matter entirely.”
Comparative study of antimicrobial efficiency of biosurfactant producing Pseudomonas spp. from different soil samples
Authors: Vaijayanti Mahulkar Ankita Vidyadhar
Published: September 2020

Amphiphilic biosurfactants are surface-active biological molecules secreted by hydrocarbanoclastic microorganisms. Biosurfactants are eco-friendly, less toxic, biodegradable, and low-cost material, so it has more advantages over chemical surfactants. In this research, Pseudomonas spp., biosurfactant producing microorganisms isolated from different sources of soil samples. IS1, IS2, IS3, IS4 isolates obtained from Garden soil sample; Metal contaminated soil sample; Petroleum contaminated soil sample; Oil contaminated soil sample; respectively. Each isolates identified as Pseudomonas spp. Furthermore, screened for biosurfactant producers. Each isolate showed positive results for the hemolysis test, drop collapse test, oil displacement test, and emulsification test. All isolate incubated in mineral salt medium for biosurfactant production. Biosurfactant extracted from IS1, IS2, IS3, IS4 showed 35%, 65%, 20%, 52% emulsification index respectively. Antimicrobial activity of extracted biosurfactants against pathogenic microorganisms checked by agar cup method. IS2 isolate shows the highest antimicrobial activity among all. All isolate showed a higher zone of inhibition against gram-positive microorganisms than gram-negative microbes. The purpose of this study involves the assessment of the antimicrobial activity of biosurfactant producers from the soil environment.
Излучательная рекомбинация и ударная ионизация в полупроводниковых наноструктурах (О б з о р)
Authors: Михайлова М.П. , Иванов Э.В. , Данилов Л.В. , Калинина К.В. , Яковлев Ю.П. , Копьев П.С.
Published: September 2020

In this review we discuss processes of radiative recombination and impact ionization in light emitting structures based on bulk semiconductors, heterostructures with high potential barriers, nanostructures with deep quantum wells, as well as in nanocrystals with quantum dots. It is demonstrated that enhancement of quantum efficiency and optical power of luminescence in all of the structures under study is determined by the common physical mechanism. This mechanism is creation of additional electron-hole pairs during impact ionization process by hot carriers heated at high band offset on the heterointerface at current pumping or due to carrier multiplication in the process of multiexciton generation in nanocrystals at high-energy photons illumination.
Импульсное лазерное облучение светоизлучающих структур на основе GaAs
Authors: Вихрова О.В. , Данилов Ю.А. , Звонков Б.Н. , Калентьева И.Л. , Нежданов А.В. , Парафин А.Е. , Хомицкий Д.В. , Антонов И.Н.
Published: September 2020

The effects of KrF excimer laser pulses on the crystalline and optical properties of structures with four InxGa1−xAs/GaAs quantum wells (x ranged from 0.08 to 0.25) were studied. The results obtained by Raman spectroscopy and reflection spectroscopy showed that the high crystalline quality of the GaAs cap layer is retained after exposure to laser radiation with an energy density of 200 to 360 mJ/cm2. It was established experimentally by photoluminescence spectroscopy and by modeling the laser annealing process, which is a solution to the problem of heat propagation in a one-dimensional GaAs-based system, that the thermal effects that occur in heterostructures under pulsed laser irradiation below the GaAs melting threshold lead to relaxation of mechanical stresses. At the initial stages of this process, the point defects appear in InxGa1−xAs/GaAs quantum wells. The latter lead to a “red” shift of the photoluminescence emission peaks of quantum wells and serve as centers of nonradiative recombination, which causes the quenching of the photoluminescence.
Ширина запрещенной зоны монокристаллов твердых растворов (In-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=-S_3)-=SUB=-x-=/SUB=-(AgIn-=SUB=-5-=/SUB=-S_8)-=SUB=-1-x-=/SUB=-
Authors: Боднарь И.В. , Фещенко А.А. , Хорошко В.В.
Published: September 2020

Методом Бриджмена выращены монокристаллы соединений In2S3, AgIn5S8 и твердых растворов (In2S_3)x(AgIn5S_8)1-x, определен их состав и структура. Установлено, что как исходные соединения, так и твердые растворы на их основе кристаллизуются в кубической структуре шпинели. Рассчитаны параметры элементарной ячейки указанных монокристаллов и построена их концентрационная зависимость. Показано, что в исследуемой системе выполняется закон Вегарда. Исследованы спектры пропускания в области края фундаментального поглощения при комнатной температуре и определена ширина запрещенной (Eg) для указанных монокристаллов. Показано, что Eg с составом х изменяется с отклонением от линейности. Ключевые слова: монокристаллы, кристаллическая структура, твердые растворы, спектры пропускания, ширина запрещенной зоны.
Характеристики выпрямительных диодов Шоттки на основе карбида кремния при повышенных температурах
Authors: Стрельчук А.М. , Лебедев А.А. , Булат П.В.
Published: September 2020

Исследованы прямые и обратные вольт-амперные характеристики коммерческих выпрямительных диодов на основе барьера Шоттки к 4H-SiC в диапазоне температур 20-370oС; максимальный ток составлял 10-20 мА, максимальное напряжение 10-100 В. Установлено, что диоды можно считать близкими к идеальным с высотой барьера Шоттки ~1.5 эВ, при этом прямой ток во всем диапазоне температур, а обратный ток при высоких температурах в значительной степени обусловлены термоэлектронной эмиссией. Верхняя граница диапазона рабочих температур выпрямительных диодов Шоттки на основе 4H-SiC при исследуемых токах и напряжениях примерно соответствует фундаментальной границе, определяемой высотой барьера, и в представленном эксперименте достигает 370oC. Ключевые слова: карбид кремния, выпрямительный диод, барьер Шоттки, высокая температура.
Особенности структуры и оптические свойства номинально чистых кристаллов LiNbO-=SUB=-3-=/SUB=-, выращенных из шихты, содержащей B-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=-O-=SUB=-3-=/SUB=-
Authors: Титов Р.А. , Воскресенский В.М. , Сидоров Н.В. , Теплякова Н.А. , Палатников М.Н.
Published: September 2020

It is shown that the use of B2O3 as a flux allows us to obtain the nominally pure LiNbO3 crystals possessing high compositionally uniformity. The LiNbO3:B crystals have both the increased ordering of the structural units of the cation sublattice, close to stoichiometric crystals, and high optical damage resistance. According to the results of computer simulation it was found that the boron element can incorporate into the faces of oxygen tetrahedra of the LiNbO3 crystal structure. Trace amounts of boron (10⋅10-4 wt. %) in the LiNbO3:B structure prevent the formation of the point defects (NbLi). At the same time, B3+ noticeably deforms the oxygen sublattice of the LiNbO3 crystal structure thereby it changes the polarizability of the oxygen octahedra, which determines the nonlinear optical properties of the crystal.
Определение магнитного момента ядра -=SUP=-23-=/SUP=-Na при использовании ЯМР-спектрометра, регистрирующего сигналы от двух ядер одновременно
Authors: Неронов Ю.И.
Published: September 2020

Представлены экспериментальные результаты определения отношения частот резонансов протонов воды и ядер 23Na для растворов NaCl при концентрациях от 0.1 до 0.5 g на 100 g Н2О. Сигналы от протонов воды и ядер натрия регистрировались одновременно, что позволило минимизировать случайные и систематические погрешности в определении отношения частот резонанса f(H2O/f(23N+) до нескольких единиц девятого знака. При экстраполяции содержания NaCl в воде к нулевым концентрациям для одиночных ионов в воде было определено: f(H2O)/f(23N+)=3.780 463 993(25). При использовании известных данных для магнитного момента протона, данных для экранирования протонов в воде и экранирования ядер ионов натрия был вычислен магнитный момент ядер натрия: μ(23Na)=2.217 5065(55). Обсуждается сопоставление нового результата с данными других авторов. Ключевые слова: ЯРМ-спектрометр, натрий, ядерный магнитный момент ядра натрия.
Компактный ускоритель ионов для ионно-лучевых технологий
Authors: Белых С.Ф. , Беккерман А.Д. , Богуславский Д.А. , Толстогузов А.Б.
Published: September 2020

The way to design a simple-build and compact accelerator for the positive ions of metals with different charge multiplicity and energies ranged within 1-500 keV were proposed and substantiated. Such an accelerator will be suitable for scientific research and applied work pertained to advanced ion-beam technologies. Computer simulation of the ion-beam trajectories in an accelerator using SIMION 8.0 code confirmed applicability and prospects of the proposed approach.
Мегаваттная параметрическая автоэмиссионная наноэлетроника
Authors: Бондаренко В.Г.
Published: September 2020

Рассмотрена модель мегаваттной параметрической автоэмиссионной наноэлектроники для гиперзвукового двигателя на бегущих электромагнитных волнах. Приведены оценки характеристик параметрической автоэмиссионной лампы. Показано, что параметрический способ управления автоэмиссионной лампой в ключевом режиме позволяет получить приемлемые для летательного аппарата весовые и мощностные показатели. Ключевые слова: модель, параметрическая, автоэмиссионная, наноэлектроника.
Использование атомных пучков средних энергий для твердотельной PIXE-диагностики
Authors: Серенков И.Т. , Сахаров В.И.
Published: September 2020

The possibilities of medium (hundreds of keV) energy ion beams usage for solid state PIXE diagnostics is examined. The method modification, consisting in the utilizing of neutral beams as the probe, is proposed. It is shown, that transition to such beams makes it possible to exclude the negative influence of effects, caused by the appearance of the surface potential due to charge accumulation in case of insulating samples study.
New Patient Education Video on Colonoscopy Preparation: Development and Evaluation Study
Authors: Bernstein Matthew T , Garber Jesse , Faucher Patrick , Reynolds Kristin A , Restall Gayle , Walker John R , Singh Harminder
Published: September 2020

Background

Although several patient education materials on colonoscopy preparation exist, few studies have evaluated or compared them; hence, there is no professional consensus on recommended content or media to use.

Objective

This study aims to address this need by developing and evaluating a new video on colonoscopy preparation.

Methods

We developed a new video explaining split-dose bowel preparation for colonoscopy. Of similar content videos on the internet (n=20), the most favorably reviewed video among patient and physician advisers was used as the comparator for the study. A total of 232 individuals attending gastroenterology or urology clinics reviewed the new and comparator videos. The order of administration of the new and comparator videos was randomly counterbalanced to assess the impact of presentation order. Respondents rated each video on the following dimensions: information amount, clarity, trustworthiness, understandability, new or familiar information, reassurance, information learned, understanding from the patient’s point of view, appeal, and the likelihood of recommending the video to others.

Results

Overall, 71.6% (166/232) of the participants preferred the new video, 25.0% (58/232) preferred the comparator video, and 3.4% (8/232) were not sure. Furthermore, 64.0% (71/111) of those who viewed the new video first preferred it, whereas 77.7% (94/121) of the participants who viewed the new video second preferred it. Multivariable logistic regression analysis also demonstrated that participants were more likely to prefer the new video if they had viewed it second. Participants who preferred the new video rated it as clearer and more trustworthy than those who preferred the comparator video.

Conclusions

This study developed and assessed the strengths of a newly developed colonoscopy educational video.
Parents’ Attitudes Toward School Students’ Overuse of Smartphones and Its Detrimental Health Impacts: Qualitative Study (Preprint)
Authors: Buabbas Ali , Hasan Huda , Shehab Abrar Abdulmohsen
Published: September 2020

BACKGROUND

Parents’ awareness of the risks of the overuse of smartphones (SPs) among their children and parents’ attitudes toward this societal phenomenon are crucial factors to consider when investigating the causes and effects of, as well as interventions to control, this public health issue.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to explore the awareness and attitudes of parents regarding SP overuse among their children and the detrimental impacts associated with it.

METHODS

The qualitative method of semistructured face-to-face interviews was used to collect data from fathers and mothers of children aged 6-18 years from all 6 educational/governorate regions in the governmental sector in Kuwait.

RESULTS

A total of 120 parents agreed to participate in the study; there were more female (75/120, 62.5%) than male (45/120, 37.5%) respondents. Almost all of the participants (118/120, 98.3%) were aware that the overuse of SPs could lead to their children becoming addicted to the devices; they were also aware that there could be side effects on their children’s health (117/120, 97.5%). Although the participants, mostly the mothers, supervised their children’s use of SPs closely (106/120, 88.3%), the majority could not control their children’s length of time using SPs, as the children considered this a deprivation of their rights. Eye-related problems, headaches, and anger were the most common side effects experienced by the children.

CONCLUSIONS

Although the parents were aware of the detrimental impacts of SP overuse, the majority could not control the length of time their children spent using the devices. It was found that strong social bonds among family members play a large role in controlling the use of SPs. A number of solutions for families and the government to combat the overuse of SPs are suggested.
YouTube Videos Demonstrating the Nasopharyngeal Swab Technique for SARS-CoV-2 Specimen Collection: Content Analysis (Preprint)
Authors: Itamura Kyohei , Wu Arthur , Illing Elisa , Ting Jonathan , Higgins Thomas
Published: September 2020

BACKGROUND

Real-time polymerase chain reaction using nasopharyngeal swabs is currently the most widely used diagnostic test for SARS-CoV-2 detection. However, false negatives and the sensitivity of this mode of testing have posed challenges in the accurate estimation of the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection rates.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether technical and, therefore, correctable errors were being made with regard to nasopharyngeal swab procedures.

METHODS

We searched a web-based video database (YouTube) for videos demonstrating SARS-CoV-2 nasopharyngeal swab tests, posted from January 1 to May 15, 2020. Videos were rated by 3 blinded rhinologists for accuracy of swab angle and depth. The overall score for swab angle and swab depth for each nasopharyngeal swab demonstration video was determined based on the majority score with agreement between at least 2 of the 3 reviewers. We then comparatively evaluated video data collected from YouTube videos demonstrating the correct nasopharyngeal swab technique with data from videos demonstrating an incorrect nasopharyngeal swab technique. Multiple linear regression analysis with statistical significance set at P=.05 was performed to determine video data variables associated with the correct nasopharyngeal swab technique.

RESULTS

In all, 126 videos met the study inclusion and exclusion criteria. Of these, 52.3% (66/126) of all videos demonstrated the correct swab angle, and 46% (58/126) of the videos demonstrated an appropriate swab depth. Moreover, 45.2% (57/126) of the videos demonstrated both correct nasopharyngeal swab angle and appropriate depth, whereas 46.8% (59/126) of the videos demonstrated both incorrect nasopharyngeal swab angle and inappropriate depth. Videos with correct nasopharyngeal swab technique were associated with the swab operators identifying themselves as a medical professional or as an Ear, Nose, Throat–related medical professional. We also found an association between correct nasopharyngeal swab techniques and recency of video publication date (relative to May 15, 2020).

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings show that over half of the videos documenting the nasopharyngeal swab test showed an incorrect technique, which could elevate false-negative test rates. Therefore, greater attention needs to be provided toward educating frontline health care workers who routinely perform nasopharyngeal swab procedures.