bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vehicle Detection from Aerial Images Using Deep Learning: A Comparative Study
Authors: Ammar Adel , Koubaa Anis , Ahmed Mohanned , Saad Abdulrahman , Benjdira Bilel
Published: March 2021

This paper addresses the problem of car detection from aerial images using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). This problem presents additional challenges as compared to car (or any object) detection from ground images because the features of vehicles from aerial images are more difficult to discern. To investigate this issue, we assess the performance of three state-of-the-art CNN algorithms, namely Faster R-CNN, which is the most popular region-based algorithm, as well as YOLOv3 and YOLOv4, which are known to be the fastest detection algorithms. We analyze two datasets with different characteristics to check the impact of various factors, such as the UAV’s (unmanned aerial vehicle) altitude, camera resolution, and object size. A total of 52 training experiments were conducted to account for the effect of different hyperparameter values. The objective of this work is to conduct the most robust and exhaustive comparison between these three cutting-edge algorithms on the specific domain of aerial images. By using a variety of metrics, we show that the difference between YOLOv4 and YOLOv3 on the two datasets is statistically insignificant in terms of Average Precision (AP) (contrary to what was obtained on the COCO dataset). However, both of them yield markedly better performance than Faster R-CNN in most configurations. The only exception is that both of them exhibit a lower recall when object sizes and scales in the testing dataset differ largely from those in the training dataset.
Optimizing Power and Heat Sector Coupling for the Implementation of Carbon-Free Communities
Authors: Bashir Arslan Ahmad , Lund Andreas , Pourakbari-Kasmaei Mahdi , Lehtonen Matti
Published: March 2021

To achieve a successful integration of fluctuating renewable power generation, the power-to-heat (P2H) conversion is seen as an efficient solution that remedies the issue of curtailments as well as reduces carbon emissions prevailing in the district heating (DH) sector. Concurrently, the need for storage is also increasing to maintain a continuous power supply. Hence, this paper presents a MILP-based model to optimize the size of thermal storage required to satisfy the annual DH demand of a community solely by P2H conversion employing renewable energy. The DH is supplied by the optimal operation of a novel 2-km deep well heat pump system (DWHP) equipped with thermal storage. To avoid computational intractability, representative time steps with varying time duration are chosen by employing hierarchical agglomerative clustering that aggregates adjacent hours chronologically. The value of demand response and the effect of interannual weather variability are also analyzed. Numerical results from a Finnish case study show that P2H conversion utilizing small thermal storage in tandem with the DWHP is able to cover the annual DH demand, thus leading to a carbon-neutral DH system and, at the same time, mitigating the curtailment of excessive wind generation. Compared with the annual DH demand, an average thermal storage size of 29.17 MWh (2.58%) and 13.99 MWh (1.24%) are required in the business-as-usual and the demand response cases, respectively.
Effects of Fertilization on Wood Formation in Naturally Regenerated Juvenile Silver Birch in a Norway Spruce Stand in South Sweden
Authors: Nilsson Josefin A. , Jones Grace , Håkansson Charlotta , Blom Åsa , Bergh Johan
Published: March 2021

This study investigates wood density and anatomy of juvenile silver birch stems in Sweden, grown in mixed conifer stands. Our aim is to investigate if fertilization provides increased growth, as well as an eventual reduction in stem wood density. Measurements of basic density, ring width, cell wall thickness, and vessels are analyzed for 20 birch trees. Bark to pith radial sections are analyzed using a light microscope and the freeware ImageJ to compare treatments and ages. The results show that trees with fertilizer treatment have wider growth rings and thinner cell wall thickness compared to unfertilized trees. The fertilized trees also have a lower cambium age at the same height and the same diameter, and a slightly lower stem mean density (420 kg m−3) than the unfertilized stems (460 kg m−3). Fertilizer is a significant determinant of density and cell wall thickness in nonlinear models. The fertilized trees have increased growth and reached a fixed diameter earlier. The age difference between the trees likely explains some of the differences in cell wall thickness. This study supports the use of fertilizer as a silvicultural option for increasing the growth rate of silver birch for a relatively small reduction of wood density.
Plant-Based Cheeses: A Systematic Review of Sensory Evaluation Studies and Strategies to Increase Consumer Acceptance
Authors: Short Erin C. , Kinchla Amanda J. , Nolden Alissa A.
Published: March 2021

Animal protein provides unique sensory and textural properties to foods that are not easily replicated when replaced with plant-based alternatives. Food scientists and researchers are currently developing innovative approaches to improve their physical and sensory characteristics in plant-based analogs. In terms of plant-based cheese substitutes (PBCS), soy is the most commonly used plant-based protein but is associated with undesirable sensory attributes (i.e., beany and gritty). In order to determine if the approaches result in a significant improvement in sensory quality and liking, sensory evaluation is employed. The aim of this review is to summarize the original literature (n = 12) relating to 100% PBCS which utilizes sensory evaluation methods. Overall, a major theme identified in this review is the innovative strategies used to increase acceptance of PBCS, whether products are aimed at improving existing non-dairy-based cheese formulations or to more closely mimic a conventional dairy-based cheese product. Studies demonstrate processing and fermentation of soybeans and blending of non-dairy milks are potential ways to improve consumer liking of PBCS. A secondary focus is to discuss the current sensory methodology carried out in the reviewed literature. Future studies should consider using more specific measures of flavor and mouthfeel, integrate evaluation of consumer liking with instrumental textural methods, and use a larger more diverse group of consumers. The outcome of this review is to highlight the importance of integrating sensory science in order to help facilitate the improvement of the sensory and quality attributes of PBCS and streamline product development.
Slaughter Indicators, Carcass Measures, and Meat Quality of Lamb Fattened with Spelt (Triticum aestivum spp. Spelta L.)
Authors: Novoselec Josip , Šalavardić Željka Klir , Samac Danijela , Ronta Mario , Steiner Zvonimir , Sičaja Vinko , Antunović Zvonko
Published: March 2021

The aim of this research was to investigate the slaughter indicators, carcass measures, and meat quality of lambs fattened with spelt. Lambs consumed various feed mixtures (1000 g day−1 lamb−1): I—control group; II—group with 10% dehulled spelt; III—group with 20% dehulled spelt. In the blood, the concentrations of minerals (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and iron), biochemical parameters (urea, glucose, total proteins, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, ß-hydroxybutyrate, non-esterified fatty acids, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase), and hepatic enzymes (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, and creatine kinase) were determined. After slaughter, carcass development was measured. Samples of musculus semimembranosus were taken, of which the physical properties were analyzed. By analyzing the production properties of the lambs, we found that the slaughter characteristics of the lamb carcasses and the physical properties of the lamb meat as well as most biochemical indicators and enzymes did not significantly differ. The concentrations of albumin were increased in the groups with 10% and 20% spelt, as was the activity of alkaline phosphatase in the group with 20% spelt. The presented results indicate that spelt is an appropriate ingredient in the diet for weaned lambs.
Effect of Gaseous Ozone Process on Cantaloupe Melon Peel: Assessment of Quality and Antilisterial Indicators
Authors: Miller Fátima A. , Fundo Joana F. , Garcia Ester , Silva Cristina L. M. , Brandão Teresa R. S.
Published: March 2021

Fruit waste parts, particularly peel, are abundant sources of bioactive compounds. To be included in the formulation of value-added foods, peel needs to be transformed and subjected to a preservation process. Therefore, this study seeks to assess the effect of ozone on the quality and antilisterial indicators of cantaloupe melon peel paste, aiming at obtaining a product with the potential to be used as a food additive. Ozone was bubbled during 30 and 60 min, and some physicochemical characteristics (soluble solids content, pH and colour), bioactive compounds (total phenolics, chlorophylls and vitamin C) and antioxidant activity were analysed. Peel was also inoculated with Listeria innocua, used as a treatment efficiency indicator. The results indicated that, although ozone negatively affected antioxidant activity, it positively influenced all bioactive compounds analysed. An L. innocua reduction of 1.2 log cycle was achieved after ozone exposure. Ozone should be exploited as a promising technology to assure the quality/safety of cantaloupe melon peel. Indeed, if melon peel is conveniently converted into a suitable form that can be used as a food ingredient, this will promote the valorisation of waste materials with the consequent reduction of industrial by-products and new perspectives for market opportunities.
Mayten Tree Seed Oil: Nutritional Value Evaluation According to Antioxidant Capacity and Bioactive Properties
Authors: Ginocchio Rosanna , Muñoz-Carvajal Eduardo , Velásquez Patricia , Giordano Ady , Montenegro Gloria , Colque-Perez Germán , Sáez-Navarrete César
Published: March 2021

The Mayten tree (Maytenus boaria Mol.), a native plant of Chile that grows under environmentally limiting conditions, was historically harvested to extract an edible oil, and may represent an opportunity to expand current vegetable oil production. Seeds were collected from Mayten trees in north-central Chile, and seed oil was extracted by solvent extraction. The seed oil showed a reddish coloration, with quality parameters similar to those of other vegetable oils. The fatty acid composition revealed high levels of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Oleic and linoleic acids, which are relevant to the human diet, were well represented in the extracted Mayten tree seed oil. The oil displayed an antioxidant capacity due to the high contents of antioxidant compounds (polyphenols and carotenoids) and may have potential health benefits for diseases associated with oxidative stress.
Chemical, Microbiological and Sensory Stability of Steam Extracted Jaboticaba (Myrciaria jaboticaba) Juice
Authors: Martins Ana Beatriz Neves , Canto Mariana , Perrone Daniel , Monteiro Mariana
Published: March 2021

Jaboticaba (Myrciaria jaboticaba) is a Brazilian berry rich in phenolic compounds, much appreciated for its sweet and slightly acid taste, and highly perishable. Thus, we aimed at producing jaboticaba juice by steam extraction and at investigating its microbiological, sensorial and chemical qualities during storage for up to 168 days. Juice was microbiologically safe and even though unsweetened juice was well accepted, sucrose addition further improved flavor (21%), overall impression (11%) and purchase intent (21%) scores. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) was the major phenolic (40%), followed by gallic (28%) and ellagic acids (21%). Total phenolics contents decreased from 27% (50 °C) to 50% (25 °C), mainly driven by C3G degradation. At 60 °C, total phenolics contents did not change after 42 days since C3G degradation was counterbalanced by gallic acid formation (129%), which followed zero-order reaction kinetics. Anthocyanins degradation followed first-order reaction kinetics (C3G half-life at 25 °C = 21.7 days) and was associated with color changes during storage. In conclusion, steam extraction followed by hot-filling technique ensured a juice with at least six months of shelf life.
Comparative Study on Pale, Soft and Exudative (PSE) and Red, Firm and Non-Exudative (RFN) Pork: Protein Changes during Aging and the Differential Protein Expression of the Myofibrillar Fraction at 1 h Postmortem
Authors: Liu Rui , Wu Guo-Yue , Li Ke-Yue , Ge Qing-Feng , Wu Man-Gang , Yu Hai , Wu Sheng-Long , Bao Wen-Bin
Published: March 2021

In this paper, the protein changes during aging and the differences in the myofibrillar protein fraction at 1 h postmortem of pale, soft and exudative (PSE), and red, firm and non-exudative (RFN) pork longissimus thoracis (LT) were comparatively studied. The PSE and RFN groups were screened out based on the differences in their pH and lightness (L*) at 1 h, and their purge loss at 24 h postmortem. Based on the measured MFI, desmin degradation, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis, PSE meat presented more significant changes in the myofibrillar protein fraction compared to RFN meat during postmortem aging. Through liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer/mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) analysis, a total of 172 differential proteins were identified, among which 151 were up-regulated and 21 were down-regulated in the PSE group. The differential proteins were muscle contraction, motor proteins, microfilaments, microtubules, glycolysis, glycogen metabolism, energy metabolism, molecular chaperones, transport, and enzyme proteins. The AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway, HIF-1 signaling pathway, calcium signaling pathway, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway were identified as the significant pathways related to meat quality. This study suggested that the different changes of the myofibrillar protein fraction were involved in the biochemical metabolism in postmortem muscle, which may contribute to the molecular understanding of PSE meat formation.
Real-Time PCR Method Combined with a Matrix Lysis Procedure for the Quantification of Listeria monocytogenes in Meat Products
Authors: Labrador Mirian , Giménez-Rota Carlota , Rota Carmen
Published: March 2021

In this study a real-time PCR method has been developed for the specific quantification of the foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes on meat products through the gene hlyA. The PCR was combined with a matrix lysis that allowed the obtaining of the microorganisms without sample dilution and the elimination the PCR inhibitors from dry-cured ham. The qPCR method calibration curve had an efficiency of 100.4%, limits of detection and quantification were 30.1 ± 6.2 CFU/g which is under the legal limit of L. monocytogenes in ready-to-eat products, and an analytical variability <0.25 log hlyA gene copies/reaction. The analysis was performed simultaneously with the reference method ISO 11290-2. The comparison of the qPCR-matrix lysis results with the reference method showed an excellent correspondence, with a relative accuracy between 95.83–105.20%. Finally, the method was applied to commercial derived meat samples and the pathogen was quantified in one of the commercial samples assayed in 69.1 ± 13.9 CFU/g while the reference method did not quantify it. The optimized qPCR showed higher precision and sensitivity than the reference method at low concentrations of the microorganism in a shorter time. Therefore, qPCR-matrix lysis shows a potential application in the meat industry for L. monocytogenes routine control.
Willingness to Pay for Enhanced Mandatory Labelling of Genetically Modified Soybean Oil: Evidence from a Choice Experiment in China
Authors: Zhang Mingyang , Fan Yubing , Cao Jingxia , Chen Lijun , Chen Chao
Published: March 2021

This study investigates consumers’ preferences for mandatory labelling conveying the health and safety attributes of genetically modified soybean oil. The enhanced mandatory labelling includes allergen presence labelling, nutrient and compositional change labelling and traceability codes. The data were collected from a consumer survey in the eastern, central and western regions of China, with a total sample size of 804 respondents. We evaluated consumer willingness to pay (WTP) for enhanced mandatory labelling using a choice experiment approach. The results show that Chinese consumers are most favorable to traceability codes with a WTP of RMB 8.92, followed by allergen presences labelling, with RMB 6.57. Eastern consumers would like to pay a higher premium for the three types of enhanced mandatory labelling information, while central consumers only show a positive preference for traceability codes. The results imply that the efforts and policy strategies for enhanced mandatory labelling will benefit residents. Further studies can be expended to other genetically modified (GM) foods. This study provides information for the agency to improve mandatory GM food labelling management. This paper contributes to the growing body of the GM food literature by explicitly investigating consumer preference and WTP for mandatory labelling conveying the health and safety attributes of the GM foods.
A COVID-19 Public Transport Frequency Setting Model That Includes Short-Turning Options
Authors: de Weert Yoran , Gkiotsalitis Konstantinos
Published: March 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has had an enormous impact on the public transport sector. After the start of the pandemic, passenger demand dropped significantly for public transport services. In addition, social distancing measures have resulted in introducing pandemic-imposed capacity limitations to public transport vehicles. Consequently, public transport operators should adjust their planning to minimize the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study introduces a mixed-integer quadratic program that sets the optimal frequencies of public transport lines and sublines in order to conform with the pandemic-imposed capacity. The focus is on cases where the public transport demand is high, but the crowding levels inside public transport vehicles should remain below the pandemic-imposed capacities. Of particular interest are public transport lines with skewed demand profiles that can benefit from the introduction of short-turning sublines that serve the high-demand line segments. The frequency setting model is tested on a network containing two high-demand bus lines in the Twente region in the Netherlands, and it demonstrates that the revenue losses due to social distancing can be reduced when implementing short-turning service patterns.
Microcapillary Reactors via Coaxial Electrospinning: Fabrication of Small Poly(Acrylic Acid) Gel Beads and Thin Threads of Biological Cell Dimensions
Authors: Kozawa Susan K. , Lord Audrey , Scott-McKean Jonah J. , Walker Anne Y. , Costa Alberto C. S. , Wnek Gary E.
Published: March 2021

Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) bulk gels and threads, typically derived via free-radical polymerization, are of interest as anionic polyelectrolyte mimics of cellular cytosol and as models for early protocells. The thread dimensions have been limited by the diameters of readily-available glass or plastic capillaries, and threads with diameters of less than 50 µm have been difficult to achieve. Here, we report a useful approach for achieving crosslinked, partially neutralized PAA, namely poly(acrylate), gel threads with diameters of a few microns when dry. This technique utilizes coaxial electrospinning to effectively produce capillaries (shells) of polystyrene loaded with a gel-forming precursor mixture composed of 3 M acrylic acid, methylene-bisacrylamide, potassium persulfate and 2.2 M NaOH in the core, followed by thermally-induced polymerization and then the removal of the polystyrene shell. Relatively long (up to 5 mm), continuous PAA threads with thicknesses of 5–15 µm are readily obtained, along with a multitude of PAA gel particles, which result from the occasional break-up of the fluid core prior to gel formation during the electrospinning process. The threads and beads are of the sizes of interest to model ancient protocells, certain functional aspects of excitable cells, such as myocytes and neurons, and various membraneless organelles.
Prospective Study of the Phenotypic and Mutational Spectrum of Ocular Albinism and Oculocutaneous Albinism
Authors: Chan Hwei Wuen , Schiff Elena R. , Tailor Vijay K. , Malka Samantha , Neveu Magella M. , Theodorou Maria , Moosajee Mariya
Published: March 2021

Albinism encompasses a group of hereditary disorders characterized by reduced or absent ocular pigment and variable skin and/or hair involvement, with syndromic forms such as Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome and Chédiak–Higashi syndrome. Autosomal recessive oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is phenotypically and genetically heterogenous (associated with seven genes). X-linked ocular albinism (OA) is associated with only one gene, GPR143. We report the clinical and genetic outcomes of 44 patients, from 40 unrelated families of diverse ethnicities, with query albinism presenting to the ocular genetics service at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust between November 2017 and October 2019. Thirty-six were children (≤ 16 years) with a median age of 31 months (range 2–186), and eight adults with a median age of 33 years (range 17–39); 52.3% (n = 23) were male. Genetic testing using whole genome sequencing (WGS, n = 9) or a targeted gene panel (n = 31) gave an overall diagnostic rate of 42.5% (44.4% (4/9) with WGS and 41.9% (13/31) with panel testing). Seventeen families had confirmed mutations in TYR (n = 9), OCA2, (n = 4), HPS1 (n = 1), HPS3 (n = 1), HPS6 (n = 1), and GPR143 (n = 1). Molecular diagnosis of albinism remains challenging due to factors such as missing heritability. Differential diagnoses must include SLC38A8-associated foveal hypoplasia and syndromic forms of albinism.
Erratum: Su, T.Y., et al. Effects of Heavy Metal Exposure on Shipyard Welders: A Cautionary Note for 8-Hydroxy-2′-Deoxyguanosine. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 4813
Authors: Su Ting-Yao , Pan Chih-Hong , Hsu Yuan-Ting , Lai Ching-Huang
Published: March 2021

The authors wish to correct the following in this paper [...]
Parametric Urbanism and Environment Optimization: Toward a Quality Environmental Urban Morphology
Authors: Zhang Yingyi , Liu Chang
Published: March 2021

Parametric thinking has found wide acceptance in both the building industry and environmental sciences. In the context of environmental urban morphology however, parametric thinking has been neglected. This paper critically assesses environmental optimization with a focus on parametric urbanism. The analysis addresses two research questions: “Can parametric thinking and its associated approaches facilitate an environmental urban morphology?” and “If yes, can parametric urbanism support environment optimization in complex urban areas?” Methodologies include a case study in Beijing, qualitative and quantitative analysis, parametric modeling, and environmental simulation. Results indicate that parametric techniques can effectively simulate environmental urban morphology by generating parametric models. These models provide a rational foundation for schematic decision-making about optimizing environments in urban development. Findings include a critique of parametric thinking as applied to city environments and insights about the potential uses of parametric techniques to support quality environmental urban morphology.
An Analysis of Suicide Risk Factors among Farmers in the Midwestern United States
Authors: Bjornestad Andrea , Cuthbertson Courtney , Hendricks Jessie
Published: March 2021

Research on the complex relationships of variables contributing to farmer suicide is limited. The purpose of the study was to examine factors associated with suicide risk through the use of standardized instruments measuring psychological (depression, anxiety), social (social support), and contextual factors. A questionnaire was completed by 600 farmers in the Midwestern United States. A multiple linear regression model was used to analyze associations with suicide risk (SBQ-R), including depression (PHQ-9), anxiety (GAD-7), Brief COPE subscales (BC), social support (MSPSS), and select demographic and farming characteristics. The only variable that emerged as having a significant relationship with the natural log-transformed suicide risk score was coping through self-blame. While suicidality is often considered the outcome of mental illness, our findings do not suggest that suicide risk among farmers is related to mental illness, and a further examination of self-blame as a coping strategy is warranted.
The Effects of Taping Combined with Wrist Stabilization Exercise on Pain, Disability, and Quality of Life in Postpartum Women with Wrist Pain: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study
Authors: Jung Kyoung-Sim , Jung Jin-Hwa , Shin Hyung-Soo , Park Jae-Young , In Tae-Sung , Cho Hwi-Young
Published: March 2021

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of wrist stabilization exercise combined with taping on wrist pain, disability, and quality of life in postpartum women with wrist pain. Forty-five patients with wrist pain were recruited and randomly divided into three groups: wrist stabilization exercise + taping therapy (WSE + TT) group (n = 15), wrist stabilization exercise (WSE) group (n = 15), and control group (n = 15). The WSE + TT and WSE groups performed wrist stabilization exercises for 40 min (once a day, five times a week for eight weeks), and the control group performed passive range of motion (P-ROM) exercise for the same amount of time. Additionally, the WSE + TT group attached taping to the wrist and forearm during the training period. The visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to assess pain level of the wrist. The Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) and the Short Form-36 (SF-36) were used to evaluate the degree of wrist disability and quality of life, respectively. The WSE + TT group showed a significant decrease in wrist pain and functional disability compared to two groups (p < 0.05). Significant improvement in the SF-36 score was observed in the WSE + TT and WSE groups compared to that in the control group (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the WSE + TT and WSE groups in the SF-36. Our findings indicate that wrist stabilization exercise combined with taping is beneficial and effective in managing wrist pain and disability in postpartum women with wrist pain.
Coronavirus Trauma and African Americans’ Mental Health: Seizing Opportunities for Transformational Change
Authors: Snowden Lonnie R. , Snowden Jonathan M.
Published: March 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic is a natural disaster of historic proportions with widespread and profound psychological sequelae. African Americans fall ill and die more than whites from COVID and more survivors and loved ones face psychological risk. African Americans also experience greater personal, social, and financial stress even when not personally touched by COVID illness, and they are again vulnerable as COVID diminishes African American community’s capacity for mutual support. Enactment of the American Rescue Act of 2021 can moderate if not eliminate African Americans’ greater adversity and greater psychological challenge; other provisions can move the mental health treatment system beyond its previous failure to reach African Americans as it constructively responds to the crisis that COVID presents. From outreach through trusted community actors and institutions for meeting African Americans’ needs of varying intensity and duration, and by providing a spectrum of evidence supported interventions—culturally adapted as needed—newfound success can mark a turning point toward new approaches and lasting success.
Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Usage during COVID-19: Motivating Factors and Implications
Authors: Lee Yi-Ching , Malcein Lindsey A. , Kim Sojung Claire
Published: March 2021

This study was designed to investigate the roles information and communications technology (ICT) played during the current COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, we focused on the relationships between ICT use and perceived importance of social connectedness and future anxiety, while considering relevant personality and psychosocial factors. A U.S. sample of 394 adults answered questions about ICT use, pandemic-related reactions and actions, demographics, and psychosocial factors via an online survey. Using logistic regression, findings indicated that personality (extraversion and conscientiousness) and psychosocial (need to belong and perceived attachment to phone) factors, types of ICT as news source, and gender were associated with perceived importance of social connectedness. Neuroticism, time spent on ICT for social purposes, and perceived threat of COVID-19 were associated with future anxiety. In addition, using Mann–Whitney U test, people who rated higher on importance of social connectedness had higher ICT use, both in terms of types and time spent on ICT. Overall, results are consistent with the idea that technology is a coping tool during the pandemic and balanced use can lead to feelings of social connectedness and less future anxiety. Therefore, it is important for authorities to align their messaging and outreach with people’s psychosocial, personality, and health considerations through ICT channels while empowering ICT users to be responsible for their interactions with the technology.
Expanding Roles of De Novo Lipogenesis in Breast Cancer
Authors: Simeone Pasquale , Tacconi Stefano , Longo Serena , Lanuti Paola , Bravaccini Sara , Pirini Francesca , Ravaioli Sara , Dini Luciana , Giudetti Anna M.
Published: March 2021

In recent years, lipid metabolism has gained greater attention in several diseases including cancer. Dysregulation of fatty acid metabolism is a key component in breast cancer malignant transformation. In particular, de novo lipogenesis provides the substrate required by the proliferating tumor cells to maintain their membrane composition and energetic functions during enhanced growth. However, it appears that not all breast cancer subtypes depend on de novo lipogenesis for fatty acid replenishment. Indeed, while breast cancer luminal subtypes rely on de novo lipogenesis, the basal-like receptor-negative subtype overexpresses genes involved in the utilization of exogenous-derived fatty acids, in the synthesis of triacylglycerols and lipid droplets, and fatty acid oxidation. These metabolic differences are specifically associated with genomic and proteomic changes that can perturb lipogenic enzymes and related pathways. This behavior is further supported by the observation that breast cancer patients can be stratified according to their molecular profiles. Moreover, the discovery that extracellular vesicles act as a vehicle of metabolic enzymes and oncometabolites may provide the opportunity to noninvasively define tumor metabolic signature. Here, we focus on de novo lipogenesis and the specific differences exhibited by breast cancer subtypes and examine the functional contribution of lipogenic enzymes and associated transcription factors in the regulation of tumorigenic processes.
Urban Food Takeaway Vitality: A New Technique to Assess Urban Vitality
Authors: Zikirya Bahram , He Xiong , Li Ming , Zhou Chunshan
Published: March 2021

As one of the most important criteria for measuring the quality of urban life and the environment, urban vitality has become the focus of urban-related research and related disciplines with an increasing number of advocates for the rapid and harmonious development of urban cities. Urban takeaway can represent urban vitality, but studies have not investigated this in a quantitative manner. Furthermore, current studies rarely focus on or even mention the urban food takeaway vitality generated by the spatial distribution of urban takeaway. This study first calculated the vitality of urban takeaways based on the urban takeaway distribution, building footprint, Open Street Map (OSM) data, and the Rapidly Exploring Random Tree (RRT). Then, the urban vitality was obtained using Tencent-Yichuxing data and night-time light data, followed by a spatial correlation analysis between the urban takeaway vitality and urban vitality. Finally, the results for Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou were compared, and the following conclusions were drawn: (1) there is a significant spatial correlation between the urban takeaway vitality and urban vitality, but the correlation varies in different cities at different times; and (2) even in the same city, different road and building densities have an impact on the correlation. The urban takeaway vitality proposed in this study can be used as a new index to evaluate the urban vitality, which has important theoretical and practical significance for the sustainable development of future urban cities.
Fine-Scale Space-Time Cluster Detection of COVID-19 in Mainland China Using Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Xu Min , Cao Chunxiang , Zhang Xin , Lin Hui , Yao Zhong , Zhong Shaobo , Huang Zhibin , Shea Duerler Robert
Published: March 2021

Exploring spatio-temporal patterns of disease incidence can help to identify areas of significantly elevated or decreased risk, providing potential etiologic clues. The study uses the retrospective analysis of space-time scan statistic to detect the clusters of COVID-19 in mainland China with a different maximum clustering radius at the family-level based on case dates of onset. The results show that the detected clusters vary with the clustering radius. Forty-three space-time clusters were detected with a maximum clustering radius of 100 km and 88 clusters with a maximum clustering radius of 10 km from 2 December 2019 to 20 June 2020. Using a smaller clustering radius may identify finer clusters. Hubei has the most clusters regardless of scale. In addition, most of the clusters were generated in February. That indicates China’s COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control strategy is effective, and they have successfully prevented the virus from spreading from Hubei to other provinces over time. Well-developed provinces or cities, which have larger populations and developed transportation networks, are more likely to generate space-time clusters. The analysis based on the data of cases from onset may detect the start times of clusters seven days earlier than similar research based on diagnosis dates. Our analysis of space-time clustering based on the data of cases on the family-level can be reproduced in other countries that are still seriously affected by the epidemic such as the USA, India, and Brazil, thus providing them with more precise signals of clustering.
A Review of Recent Studies on Bisphenol A and Phthalate Exposures and Child Neurodevelopment
Authors: Minatoya Machiko , Kishi Reiko
Published: March 2021

Purpose of Review: Bisphenol A and phthalate have been found in the environment, as well as in humans. In this narrative review pre- and postnatal bisphenol A and phthalate exposures, their relationship to neurodevelopment, and the behavioral outcomes of children are elucidated, focusing in particular on the recent case-control, cross-sectional, and longitudinal studies. This review also introduces some of the possible mechanisms behind the observed associations between exposures and outcomes. Recent Findings: Although bisphenol A and phthalate exposure have been reported to influence neurobehavioral development in children, there are various kinds of test batteries for child neurodevelopmental assessment at different ages whose findings have been inconsistent among studies. In addition, the timing and number of exposure assessments have varied. Summary: Overall, this review suggests that prenatal exposure to bisphenol A and phthalates may contribute to neurobehavioral outcomes in children. The evidence is still limited; however, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms, especially among boys, constantly suggested association with both prenatal and concurrent exposure to bisphenol A. Although there is limited evidence on the adverse effects of prenatal and postnatal bisphenol A and phthalate exposures provided, pregnant women and young children should be protected from exposure based on a precautionary approach.
Children, Media and Food. A New Paradigm in Food Advertising, Social Marketing and Happiness Management
Authors: Elías Zambrano Rodrigo , Jiménez-Marín Gloria , Galiano-Coronil Araceli , Ravina-Ripoll Rafael
Published: March 2021

The growing number of children who are obese or overweight in certain countries or geographical areas is a fact, as evidenced by the continuous studies and reports on the subject, endorsed or carried out by the World Health Organisation and independent research. In this context, food and beverage advertising can contribute to this. The main objective of this research is to evaluate compliance with the Food and Drink Advertising Code for Children (PAOS Code) in Spain and its relationship with nutritional habits on television, specifically on channels aimed at children. The methodology is therefore mixed: on the one hand, a qualitative technique based on discourse analysis and, on the other, a quantitative technique based on the content analysis of the advertising broadcast for seven consecutive days on three specialised channels and two generalist channels on Spanish television. The results reveal a systematic noncompliance with this code, which translates into inadequate eating habits among children. The immediate conclusion is that 9 out of 10 parts of food and drink advertising do not comply with any of the rules of the PAOS Code and that self-regulation by the advertising companies is negligible and insufficient.
Process Evaluation of the ‘No Money No Time’ Healthy Eating Website Promoted Using Social Marketing Principles. A Case Study
Authors: Ashton Lee M. , Rollo Megan E. , Adam Marc , Burrows Tracy , Shrewsbury Vanessa A. , Collins Clare E.
Published: March 2021

Background: Reaching and engaging individuals, especially young adults, in web-based prevention programs is challenging. ‘No Money No Time’ (NMNT) is a purpose built, healthy eating website with content and a social marketing strategy designed to reach and engage a young adult (18–34 year olds) target group. The aim of the current study was to conduct a process evaluation of the 12-month social marketing strategy to acquire and engage NMNT users, particularly young adults. Methods: a process evaluation framework for complex interventions was applied to investigate the implementation of the social marketing strategy component, mechanisms of impact and contextual factors. Google Analytics data for the first 12 months of operation (17 July 2019 to 17 July 2020) was evaluated. Results: in year one, 42,413 users from 150+ countries accessed NMNT, with 47.6% aged 18–34 years. The most successful channel for acquiring total users, young adults and return users was via organic search, demonstrating success of our marketing strategies that included a Search Engine Optimisation audit, a content strategy, a backlink strategy and regular promotional activities. For engagement, there was a mean of 4.46 pages viewed per session and mean session duration of 3 min, 35 s. Users clicked a ‘call-to-action’ button to commence the embedded diet quality tool in 25.1% of sessions. The most common device used to access NMNT (63.9%) was smartphone/mobile. Engagement with ‘quick, cheap and healthy recipes’ had the highest page views. Conclusions: findings can inform online nutrition programs, particularly for young adults, and can apply to other digital health programs.
Environmental Hazards and Behavior Change: User Perspectives on the Usability and Effectiveness of the AirRater Smartphone App
Authors: Workman Annabelle , Jones Penelope J. , Wheeler Amanda J. , Campbell Sharon L. , Williamson Grant J. , Lucani Chris , Bowman David M.J.S. , Cooling Nick , Johnston Fay H.
Published: March 2021

AirRater is a free smartphone app developed in 2015, supporting individuals to protect their health from environmental hazards. It does this by providing (i) location-specific and near real-time air quality, pollen and temperature information and (ii) personal symptom tracking functionality. This research sought to evaluate user perceptions of AirRater’s usability and effectiveness. We collected demographic data and completed semi-structured interviews with 42 AirRater users, identified emergent themes, and used two frameworks designed to understand and support behavior change—the Behavior Change Wheel (BCW) and the Protective Action Decision Model (PADM)—to interpret results. Of the 42 participants, almost half indicated that experiencing symptoms acted as a prompt for app use. Information provided by the app supported a majority of the 42 participants to make decisions and implement behaviors to protect their health irrespective of their location or context. The majority of participants also indicated that they shared information provided by the app with family, friends and/or colleagues. The evaluation also identified opportunities to improve the app. Several study limitations were identified, which impacts the generalizability of results beyond the populations studied. Despite these limitations, findings facilitated new insights into motivations for behavior change, and contribute to the existing literature investigating the potential for smartphone apps to support health protection from environmental hazards in a changing climate.
Adhesion and Removal of Thirdhand Smoke from Indoor Fabrics: A Method for Rapid Assessment and Identification of Chemical Repositories
Authors: Pozuelos Giovanna L. , Jacob Peyton , Schick Suzaynn F. , Omaiye Esther E. , Talbot Prue
Published: March 2021

Thirdhand smoke (THS) is an environmental contaminant that may cause adverse health effects in smokers and nonsmokers. Currently, time-consuming analytical methods are necessary to assess chemicals in THS repositories, like upholstered furniture and clothing. Our goal was to develop a rapid, accessible method that can be used to measure THS contamination in common household fabrics and to evaluate remediation. Cotton, terry cloth, polyester, and wool were exposed to THS for various times in a controlled laboratory environment and then extracted in various media at room temperature or 60 °C to develop an autofluorescent method to quantify THS. Concentrations of nicotine and related alkaloids in the extracts were determined using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The autofluorescence of extracts was proportional to the time and amount of THS exposure received by cotton and terry cloth. Extracts of polyester and wool did not show autofluorescence unless heat was applied during extraction. Nicotine, nicotine alkaloids, and TSNA concentrations were higher in THS extracts from cotton and terry cloth than extracts of polyester and wool carpet, in agreement with the autofluorescence data. For fabrics spiked with 10 mg of nicotine, extraction efficiency was much higher from terry cloth (7 mg) than polyester (0.11 mg). In high relative humidity, nicotine recovery from both cotton and polyester was 80% (~8 mg). Our results provide a simple, rapid method to assess THS contaminants in household fabrics and further show that THS extraction is influenced by fabric type, heat, and humidity. Thus, remediation of THS environments may need to vary depending on the fabric reservoirs being treated. Understanding the dynamics of THS in fabrics can help set up appropriate remediation policies to protect humans from exposure.
Attitudes and Knowledge of European Medical Students and Early Graduates about Vaccination and Self-Reported Vaccination Coverage—Multinational Cross-Sectional Survey
Authors: Rostkowska Olga M. , Peters Alexandra , Montvidas Jonas , Magdas Tudor M. , Rensen Leon , Zgliczyński Wojciech S. , Durlik Magdalena , Pelzer Benedikt W.
Published: March 2021

Vaccination is one of the most useful preventive interventions in healthcare. The purpose of our study was to gain overview of the opinions, knowledge, and engagement in vaccination practices among medical students (MS) and junior doctors (JD) in Europe. The survey was distributed from March 2016 until August 2016 via the e-mail and social media of the European Medical Students’ Association. In total, 1821 responses from MS and JD from 34 countries in the European region were analysed. The majority of respondents agreed that vaccines are useful (98.7%) and effective (97.2%). Although the necessity of revaccination was supported by 99.2%, only 68.0% of the respondents went through with it. Even though the potential benefit of the flu vaccination seems to be acknowledged by our participants, only 22.1% of MS and JD declared getting the flu shot every or every other season. MS and JD were in favour of specific mandatory vaccination for medical staff (86.0%) and medical students (82.7%). Furthermore, we analysed the self-reported vaccination coverage of our participants regarding 19 vaccines. Of the respondents, 89.5% claimed to provide advice about vaccination to their friends and family. In conclusion, European MS and JD have a very positive attitude towards vaccination. However, their behaviour and knowledge demonstrate certain gaps which should be further addressed in medical education.
Ion and Molecule Transport in Membrane Systems
Authors: Nikonenko Victor , Pismenskaya Natalia
Published: March 2021

Membranes plays enormous role in our life [...]
MYB Transcription Factors and Its Regulation in Secondary Cell Wall Formation and Lignin Biosynthesis during Xylem Development
Authors: Xiao Ruixue , Zhang Chong , Guo Xiaorui , Li Hui , Lu Hai
Published: March 2021

The secondary wall is the main part of wood and is composed of cellulose, xylan, lignin, and small amounts of structural proteins and enzymes. Lignin molecules can interact directly or indirectly with cellulose, xylan and other polysaccharide molecules in the cell wall, increasing the mechanical strength and hydrophobicity of plant cells and tissues and facilitating the long-distance transportation of water in plants. MYBs (v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog) belong to one of the largest superfamilies of transcription factors, the members of which regulate secondary cell-wall formation by promoting/inhibiting the biosynthesis of lignin, cellulose, and xylan. Among them, MYB46 and MYB83, which comprise the second layer of the main switch of secondary cell-wall biosynthesis, coordinate upstream and downstream secondary wall synthesis-related transcription factors. In addition, MYB transcription factors other than MYB46/83, as well as noncoding RNAs, hormones, and other factors, interact with one another to regulate the biosynthesis of the secondary wall. Here, we discuss the biosynthesis of secondary wall, classification and functions of MYB transcription factors and their regulation of lignin polymerization and secondary cell-wall formation during wood formation.