bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Potassium and Calcium K‐Edge XANES in Chemical Compounds and Minerals: Implications for Geological Phase Identification
Authors: Li Wenshuai , Liu Xiao‐Ming , Hu Yongfeng
Published: July 2020

Potassium (K) and calcium (Ca) K‐edge X‐ray adsorption near‐edge (XANES) spectroscopy were performed on thirty‐three chemical compounds and geological materials, including chemical reagents, organometallic compounds, silicates, carbonates and igneous rock reference materials. The results confirm that the fine structure of the K‐edges for specimens is unique and distinguishable. The results suggest that compositional and local atomic variations strongly regulate spectral characteristics. Acquired XANES spectra with the library of distinctive spectral features of model references approve the fingerprint identification of different phases of K and Ca involved in geological materials. Moreover, this reveals that typical compositional changes in geological samples could strongly affect spectral features. As an example, we quantitatively determined the silicate species of K and Ca in two igneous rock reference materials by linear combination fitting. The dominant hosts and molecular environments of K and Ca can be interpreted based on pre‐edge/post‐edge peak position, intensity, shifts and resonance features, thus improving the understanding of the (bio)geochemical cycling, partitioning and isotopic fractionation of K and Ca. The outcomes serve as a complementary database for a vast number of scientific contexts, including aspects of geological and environment sciences.
Inhibitor development in previously untreated patients with severe haemophilia: A comparison of included patients and outcomes between a clinical study and a registry‐based study
Authors: Jonker Carla J. , Oude Rengerink Katrien , Hoes Arno W. , Mol Peter G. M. , van den Berg H. Marijke
Published: July 2020

Aim

The aim of this study was to investigate whether a disease registry could serve as a suitable alternative to clinical studies to investigate safety of orphan drugs in children.

Methods

We used individual patient data from previously untreated patients (PUPs) with severe haemophilia A from the factor VIII (rAHF‐PFM)‐clinical study and the PedNet registry. The primary outcome was the patient characteristics at entry and the difference in inhibitor development between the clinical study and the registry‐based study at 50 exposure days.

Results

Clinical study patients more often had a positive family history of inhibitors (31% vs 10%) and a high‐risk F8 genotype (82% vs 63%). In the clinical study 41/55 (75%) and in the registry‐based study 162/168 (96%) patients reached 50 exposure days. Inhibitors developed in 16 of the 41 patients in the clinical study (39%) vs 44 of the 162 patients in the registry‐based study (27%); seven patients (7%) vs 28 patients (17%) had high‐titre inhibitors. The risk of developing an inhibitor during the first 50 exposure days was similar (HR 1.04; 95% CI 0.56‐1.94), when adjusted for family history of inhibitors, F8 gene mutation and intensive treatment at first exposure.

Conclusion

In the registry‐based study, patient numbers and completeness of follow‐up were higher. The risk of developing an inhibitor to a single product was comparable. Although the sample size of this study was too small to conclude on differences in high‐ or low‐titre inhibitors, this suggests that a registry could serve as a more suitable source for evaluation of high‐titre inhibitors in the setting of factor VIII deficiency.
Associations between human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and eating behaviour in Hispanic infants at 1 and 6 months of age
Authors: Plows Jasmine F. , Berger Paige K. , Jones Roshonda B. , Yonemitsu Chloe , Ryoo Ji H. , Alderete Tanya L. , Bode Lars , Goran Michael I.
Published: July 2020

Background

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are naturally occurring glycans in human breast milk that act as prebiotics in the infant gut. Prebiotics have been demonstrated to suppress appetite in both adults and children. Therefore, HMOs may affect infant eating behaviour.

Objective

To determine if HMOs in breast milk are associated with eating behaviour in Hispanic infants.

Methods

Cross‐sectional analysis of a prospective cohort of Hispanic mother‐infant dyads (1‐month, n = 157; 6‐months, n = 69). Breast milk samples were screened for 19 HMOs using high pressure liquid chromatography, and eating behaviour was assessed using the Baby Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (BEBQ). We conducted multiple linear regressions to examine associations between HMOs and BEBQ scores, adjusted for maternal pre‐pregnancy BMI, infant sex, birthweight, delivery mode and number of breastfeedings per day. We stratified by HMO secretor status—a genetic determinant of the types of HMOs produced.

Results

At 1 month, LNnT (lacto‐N‐neotetraose; P = .04) was negatively associated with food responsiveness in the total sample, while DFLNT (difucosyllacto‐N‐tetrose; P = .03) and DSLNT (disialyl‐LNT; P = .04) were negatively associated with food responsiveness in secretors only. At 6 months, LSTc (sialyllacto‐N‐tetraose c; P = .01), FLNH (fucosyllacto‐N‐hexaose; P = .03), LNH (lacto‐N‐hexaose; P = .006) and DSLNH (disialyllacto‐N‐hexaose; P = .05) were positively associated with food responsiveness in both the total sample and secretors only.

Conclusions

We found several HMOs that were both positively and negatively associated with infant food responsiveness, which is a measure of drive to eat.
Prevalence and correlation of OXIS contacts using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) images and photographs
Authors: Kirthiga M. , Muthu M.S. , Lee Justin Jae Cheoun , Kayalvizhi G. , Mathur Vijay Prakash , Song Ji Soo , Shin Kim , Praveen R
Published: July 2020

Background

The contact areas in between primary teeth are broader, flatter, and located further cervically when compared with the contact areas of permanent molars.

Aim

We investigated the prevalence of interproximal contact area types of primary molars using CBCT images in children aged 3‐10 years. Our second objective was to correlate OXIS contact areas when observed with CBCT images and clinical photographs.

Design

A retrospective cross‐sectional study was performed with 367 CBCT images of children, aged 3‐10 years, obtained from Children's Dental Centre, South Korea. The type of contacts in between primary molars was scored at various levels, specifically, occlusal, middle, and cervical thirds, according to OXIS criteria. Following this, the same patient's records were checked for the presence of clinical photographs and scored according to the same criteria. Prevalence was stated as percentages along with numbers. Chi‐square test was applied to determine association of contact areas across genders and arches. The correlation between the two methods was done by Cohen's Kappa correlation test.

Results

The prevalence of the OXIS contacts obtained from CBCT images was as follows: I (79.7%), followed by X (10.0%), S (6.6%), and, finally, O (3.7%). The overall score of all the 1343 contact areas matched with the score observed at the occlusal third. All included contacts were of O (open) type at cervical third, and 1,231 contacts were of O (open) type at the middle third. Significant results were observed with respect to arches (P < .001). The correlation between the two methods was found to be 0.958.

Conclusions

The contact area observed at the occlusal level determined the overall type of contact based on OXIS criteria. Thus, reports in the literature concluded that contact areas are broad, flat, and extend further gingivally should be revised. The study also concluded almost perfect agreement between CBCT images and clinical photographs.
PCSK9 inhibitor and atorvastatin reduce cardiac impairment in ovariectomized prediabetic rats via improved mitochondrial function and Ca2+ regulation
Authors: Amput Patchareeya , Palee Siripong , Arunsak Busarin , Pratchayasakul Wasana , Thonusin Chanisa , Kerdphoo Sasiwan , Jaiwongkam Thidarat , Chattipakorn Siriporn C. , Chattipakorn Nipon
Published: July 2020

Post‐menopausal women have a higher risk of developing cardiometabolic dysfunction. Atorvastatin attenuates dyslipidaemia and cardiac dysfunction but it can have undesirable effects including increased risk of diabetes and myalgia. Currently, the proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitor efficiently reduces low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) levels more effectively than atorvastatin. We have been suggested that PCSK9 inhibitor attenuated cardiometabolic impairment more effectively than atorvastatin in ovariectomized prediabetic rats. Female Wistar rats (n = 48) were fed a normal diet (ND) or high‐fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks. Then, HFD rats were assigned to a sham‐operated (Sham) or ovariectomized (OVX) group. Six weeks after surgery, the OVX group was subdivided into 4 treatment groups: vehicle (HFOV), atorvastatin (HFOA) (40 mg/kg/day; s.c.), PCSK9 inhibitor (HFOP) (4 mg/kg/day; s.c.) and oestrogen (HFOE2) (50 µg/kg/day; s.c.) for an additional 3 weeks. Metabolic parameters, cardiac and mitochondrial function, and [Ca2+]i transients were evaluated. All HFD rats became obese‐insulin resistant. HFS rats had significantly impaired left ventricular (LV) function, cardiac mitochondrial function and [Ca2+]i transient dysregulation. Oestrogen deprivation (HFOV) aggravated all of these impairments. Our findings indicated that the atorvastatin, PCSK9 inhibitor and oestrogen shared similar efficacy in the attenuation in cardiometabolic impairment in ovariectomized prediabetic rats.
Association between tear and blood glucose concentrations: Random intercept model adjusted with confounders in tear samples negative for occult blood
Authors: Aihara Masakazu , Kubota Naoto , Minami Takahiro , Shirakawa Rika , Sakurai Yoshitaka , Hayashi Takanori , Iwamoto Masahiko , Takamoto Iseki , Kubota Tetsuya , Suzuki Ryo , Usami Satoshi , Jinnouchi Hideaki , Aihara Makoto , Yamauchi Toshimasa , Sakata Toshiya , Kadowaki Takashi
Published: July 2020

Aims/Introduction

To prevent diabetic complications, strict glucose control and frequent monitoring of blood glucose levels with invasive methods are necessary. We considered the monitoring of tear glucose levels might be a possible method for non‐invasive glucose monitoring. To develop tear glucose monitoring for clinical application, we investigated the precise correlation between the blood and tear glucose concentrations.

Materials and Methods

A total of 10 participants and 20 participants with diabetes were admitted, and blood and tear samples were collected. Before statistical analysis, we eliminated tear samples contaminated with blood. We observed the daily blood and tear glucose dynamics, and carried out a random intercept model analysis to examine the association between the blood and tear glucose concentrations.

Results

Tear occult blood tests showed that the tear glucose concentrations and their variation increased in both participants with and without diabetes as contamination of blood increased. In both participants with and without diabetes, fluctuations of the plasma glucose concentrations were observed depending on the timing of collection of the samples, and the dynamics of the tear glucose concentrations paralleled those of the plasma glucose concentrations. The random intercept model analysis showed a significant association between the plasma and tear glucose concentrations in participants with diabetes (P < 0.001). This association still existed even after adjusting for the glycated hemoglobin levels and the prandial state (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

It is important to eliminate the tear samples contaminated with blood. Tear glucose monitoring might be a reliable and non‐invasive substitute method for monitoring the blood glucose concentrations for diabetes patients, irrespective of glycated hemoglobin levels and timing of sample collection.
Lower intake of saturated fatty acids is associated with persistently higher arterial stiffness in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Mita Tomoya , Someya Yuki , Osonoi Yusuke , Osonoi Takeshi , Saito Miyoko , Nakayama Shiho , Ishida Hidenori , Sato Hiroaki , Gosho Masahiko , Watada Hirotaka
Published: July 2020

Aims/Introduction

There are few studies to investigate the relationship between macronutrients and longitudinal changes in arterial stiffness in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This exploratory study sought to determine whether macronutrients were correlated with increased arterial stiffness independently of conventional atherosclerotic risk factors.

Materials and Methods

The study participants comprised 733 type 2 diabetes outpatients who had no apparent history of cardiovascular diseases. The dietary schedule was assessed with a validated, brief, self‐administered diet history questionnaire. At baseline and at years 2 and 5, brachial‐ankle pulse wave velocity was measured. A multivariable linear mixed‐effects model was used to determine the predictive values of macronutrients and atherosclerotic risk factors for longitudinal changes in brachial‐ankle pulse wave velocity.

Results

There was a significant increase in brachial‐ankle pulse wave velocity values over the 5‐year follow‐up period. In a multivariable linear mixed‐effects model that adjusted for age and sex, lower saturated fatty acid intake was significantly correlated with persistently higher brachial‐ankle pulse wave velocity, independently of other atherosclerotic risk factors. Lower intake of dairy products in particular showed this correlation.

Conclusions

Our data showed that lower saturated fatty acids intake was correlated with persistently higher brachial‐ankle pulse wave velocity in type 2 diabetes patients. Among food sources of saturated fatty acids, lower dairy products specifically were correlated with elevated brachial‐ankle pulse wave velocity. This might be because the consumption of dairy products in Japan is much lower than in Western countries.
Simultaneous use of SIT plus disseminator devices of Beauveria bassiana enhances horizontal transmission in Anastrepha ludens
Authors: Montoya Pablo , Flores Salvador , Campos Sergio , Liedo Pablo , Toledo Jorge
Published: July 2020

Beauveria bassiana is an entomopathogenic fungus widely used to control different insect pests including Anastrepha ludens (Diptera: Tephritidae), a key pest of citrus and mangoes. Currently, to control this pest, sterile A. ludens males of the Tap‐7 genetic sexing strain are released weekly by aircraft at a density of 1,000 males/ha as part of an integrated pest management programme (IPM) in Southern Mexico. Our objective here was to determine whether the sterile insect technique (SIT) could be enhanced by augmenting it with horizontal transmission of fungus conidia by using Beauveria bassiana disseminator devices (DBb) designed to distribute it with minimal impact on non‐target species. Four treatments were established: DBb only, DBb + SIT, SIT only and untreated control, and fruit fly populations were monitored using two Multilure traps baited with 250 ml of CeraTrap per plot. We found that the presence of B. bassiana disseminator devices in areas where A. ludens sterile males were released resulted in higher proportions of infected wild fruit flies in the field, and that high relative humidity (rainy season) played an important role in the efficiency of horizontal conidia transmission to the wild populations. We conclude that the simultaneous use of both strategies (SIT + DBb) increases the conidia transmission to wild populations, and that this approach could be incorporated to an integrated pest management for the better suppression of fruit fly populations.
Dynamic economic thresholds for the management of vegetable leafminer on glasshouse cucumber estimated by simulated defoliation
Authors: Iranipour Shahzad , Alaei Tahereh , Karimzadeh Roghaiyeh , Michaud J. P.
Published: July 2020

Defoliation by the vegetable leafminer, Liriomyza sativae Blanchard (Diptera: Agromyzidae), was simulated by removing known amounts of leaf area with a hole punch in a glasshouse experiment that evaluated 21 combinations of defoliation intensity, timing and duration on cucumber yields. Defoliation was quantified in cm2‐days (leaf area removed x no. days), and linear regression was used to correlate yield losses to simulated damage. The probability of erroneous decisions associated with different intensities of sequential sampling was explored. Spatial heterogeneity in leafminer infestation and the cumulative impact of defoliation over time were both considered, and the economic costs associated with wrong decisions were also assessed. Significant yield loss was observed beyond 10,000 cm2‐days of defoliation, whereas lower defoliation levels were tolerated by plants. The economic injury level (EIL) rose at an increasing rate as the onset of defoliation moved later in the season. An algorithm was used to estimate monthly EILs that farmers can use to guide leafminer management decisions in cucumber and minimize their economic risk.
Abundances of thrips on plants in vegetative and flowering stages are related to plant volatiles
Authors: Ren Xiaoyun , Wu Shengyong , Xing Zhenlong , Gao Yulin , Cai Wanzhi , Lei Zhongren
Published: July 2020

Western flower thrips (WFTs), Frankliniella occidentalis Pergrande, and onion thrips (OTs), Thrips tabaci Lindeman, are two cosmopolitan insect pests of agricultural and horticultural plants. Understanding the occurrence and development of thrips on plants is crucial for identifying suitable plants that can be used for developing a “push‐pull” strategy against thrips. In this study, the dynamics of WFTs and OTs on plants (Allium fistulosum L., Medicago sativa L., Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem., Ocimum basilicum L., and Schizonepeta tenuifolia (Benth.) Briq.) were investigated for two consecutive years (2018–2019). Throughout the survey, the abundances of both thrips species were strongly associated with plant species and plant phenology; both thrips species were present at relatively high densities on M. sativa but very low densities on O. basilicum and S. tenuifolia. Populations of both thrips species greatly increased during plant flowering. A Y‐tube olfactory test was used to study the effects of plant volatiles in mediating thrips behaviour and showed that volatiles of M. sativa were attractive to both thrips species whether emitted by the plant in the vegetative or flowering stage, while volatiles of O. basilicum and S. tenuifolia were repellent to thrips. Additionally, because of the presence of a high number of floral chemicals, both thrips species exhibited a greater preference for volatiles emitted by plants in the flowering period over those emitted by plants in the vegetative period. Our observations indicate that plant species and flowering status play an important role in the abundance dynamics of thrips and that the volatiles of flowering plants attract thrips more strongly than volatiles emitted by vegetative plants. These findings can facilitate the screening of attractive/unattractive plants for developing push‐pull strategies to control thrips.
Zinc deficiency in low‐ and middle‐income countries: prevalence and approaches for mitigation
Authors: Gupta S. , Brazier A. K. M. , Lowe N. M.
Published: July 2020

This review addresses the prevalence of zinc deficiency in Low‐ and Middle‐income Countries (LMICs) and assesses the available strategies for its alleviation. The paucity of national‐level data on the zinc deficiency in LMICs is partially a result of the lack of a reliable biomarker. Zinc deficiency appears to be a public health problem in almost all the LMICs, irrespective of the recommended indicators (plasma zinc concentration, dietary zinc adequacy and stunting prevalence) used. Based on plasma/serum zinc concentration (PZC), which is the most appropriate indicator at present, the prevalence of zinc deficiency in LMICs is of concern. Among the 25 countries for which national PZC data were available, 23 had a zinc deficiency prevalence of >20% for at least one physiological group. Zinc supplementation is largely restricted as an adjunct therapy for diarrhoea management in children, and the best platform and the most effective way of preventive zinc supplementation delivery remains to be established. Impact assessment for current zinc fortification programmes in LMICs and the effectiveness of zinc supplementation as part of a multi‐micronutrient powder is to be determined. Dietary diversification, though promising for LMICs, is in the nascent stages of development at present. Inclusion of meat and animal products can be an important way of improving zinc status. Programmatic experience with the promotion of home processing techniques to increase absorbable zinc in the diet is lacking. Conventional biofortification techniques are gaining recognition in LMICs; however, transgenic biofortification as a strategy remains controversial.
Evaluation of temperament and character traits of patients with severe acne
Authors: Altunisik Nihal , Cansel Neslihan , Turkmen Dursun , Ucuz Ilknur , Cumurcu Hatice Birgül
Published: July 2020

Background

Acne vulgaris (AV) is an inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit. The relationship between personality and acne development has not been fully explained, and to the best of our knowledge, there are a limited number of studies in the literature evaluating temperament and character traits of individuals with acne.

Aim

The aim of this study is to evaluate temperament‐character traits of individuals with severe acne and to compare them with healthy controls.

Patients/Methods

This study was conducted on 51 patients who admitted to the dermatology outpatient clinic with complaint of acne and were diagnosed with severe AV and 47 healthy individuals, as a control group. All individuals included in the study participated voluntarily. The forms including sociodemographic data, clinical information, and Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) scores were applied to the patient and control groups.

Results

The scores of scales/subscales of exploration (NS1), persistence (P), responsibility (S1), purposefulness (S2), resourcefulness (S3), self‐acceptance (S4), enlightened 2nd nature (S5), self‐directedness (S), integrated conscience (C5), and cooperativeness (C) were statistically significantly lower, and the scores of scales/subscales of worry and pessimism (HA1), fear of uncertainty (HA2), shyness (HA3), fatiguability (HA4), and harm avoidance (HA) were statistically significantly higher in the patient group, in comparison with the control group.

Conclusions

When we evaluated the patients with severe acne in terms of temperament and character features, we concluded that individuals’ feeling of discomfort about their appearance may cause them to be less sociable, more anxious, and to have low resourcefulness and virtues.
Examining the consistency of the good target across contexts and domains of personality
Authors: Wallace Jessica D. , Biesanz Jeremy C.
Published: July 2020

Objective

Good targets are those individuals who are seen more accurately than others. The present study examines the extent to which the good target is consistent across two domains and two contexts as well as how being perceived accurately is moderated by target well‐being.

Method

N = 194 participants completed a round‐robin forming first impressions design, wrote short essays on five life domains and completed a self‐report including measures of well‐being. An additional N = 211 participants read the essays to assess the author’s personality. We used the social accuracy model to allow for detailed analysis of individual differences among targets across traits and motives.

Results

We found support for the theory that the good target generalizes across both contexts and domains and also found evidence for a likable target. Target well‐being was not consistently associated with the good target across contexts and domains, though target well‐being was a consistent moderator for the likable target.

Conclusion

The good target is consistent across contexts and domains, but target well‐being is not a consistent moderator of distinctive accuracy beyond in‐person perceptions of traits. The likable target is more consistent across contexts and domains and has stronger links to target well‐being.
Sleep quantity and its relation with physical activity in children with cerebral palsy; insights using actigraphy
Authors: Smit Denise J M , Zwinkels Maremka , Takken Tim , Hulst Raquel Y , de Groot Janke F , Lankhorst Kristel , Verschuren Olaf
Published: July 2020

Aim

To objectively assess the sleep quantity, and explore the relationships between sleep quantity and quality, and physical activity and sedentary behaviour in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP).

Methods

An observational cross‐sectional study was conducted. In total, 36 children with spastic CP (mean age 15y 4mo, SD 2y 6mo; classified as Gross Motor Function Classification System levels I (25), II (9), III (1) and IV (1)) were included. Active time, sedentary time and sleep quantity were measured using an activity monitor for 7 consecutive days.

Results

Total sleep duration of children with CP ranged between 7.2 and 11.2 h. No significant correlations were found between active time and sleep quantity for total week, weekdays, and weekend days. Moderate negative correlations were found between sedentary time and sleep quantity during total week (r = −0.456, P = 0.005), weekdays (r = −0.453, P = 0.006) and weekend days (r = −0.48, P = 0.003).

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that children with CP are getting the recommended sleep duration, and that sedentary behaviour is correlated with sleep quantity in children with CP and may be more applicable to children with better motor functions. Future studies using more elaborate, objective sleep quantity and quality measures are recommended.
Spatial predictors of genomic and phenotypic variation differ in a lowland Middle American bird (Icterus gularis)
Authors: Moreira Lucas R. , Hernandez_Ba_os Blanca E. , Smith Brian Tilston
Published: July 2020

Spatial patterns of intraspecific variation are shaped by geographical distance among populations, historical changes in gene flow and interactions with local environments. Although these factors are not mutually exclusive and operate on both genomic and phenotypic variation, it is unclear how they affect these two axes of variation. We address this question by exploring the predictors of genomic and phenotypic divergence inIcterus gularis, a broadly distributed Middle American bird that exhibits marked geographical variation in body size across its range. We combined a comprehensive single nucleotide polymorphism and phenotypic data set to test whether genome_wide genetic and phenotypic differentiation are best explained by (i) isolation by distance, (ii) isolation by history or (iii) isolation by environment. We find that the pronounced genetic and phenotypic variation inI. gularisare only partially correlated and differ regarding spatial predictors. Whereas genomic variation is largely explained by historical barriers to gene flow, phenotypic diversity can be best predicted by contemporary environmental heterogeneity. Our genomic analyses reveal strong phylogeographical structure coinciding with the Chivela Pass at the Isthmus of Tehuantepec that was formed during the Pleistocene, when populations were isolated in north_south refugia. In contrast, we found a strong association between body size and environmental variables, such as temperature and precipitation. The relationship between body size and local climate is consistent with a pattern produced by either natural selection or environmental plasticity. Overall, these results provide empirical evidence for why phenotypic and genomic data are often in conflict in taxonomic and phylogeographical studies.
How do attending physicians describe cognitive overload among their workplace learners?
Authors: Sewell Justin L. , Santhosh Lekshmi , O’Sullivan Patricia S.
Published: July 2020

Objectives

Cognitive load theory (CLT) focuses on the limited bandwidth of working memory. Core to CLT is the concept of cognitive overload, which occurs when working memory demands exceed working memory capacity, and learning and performance suffer. Within health professions education (HPE), workplace learning settings are very complex, placing learners at high risk of cognitive overload. Although continuous monitoring of physiologic parameters can indicate states of high cognitive load, how to practically identify cognitively overloaded learners within everyday workplace settings is not well understood. We sought to characterise how attending physicians described their perceiving of cognitive overload among learners in two different workplace settings: the gastrointestinal endoscopy suite and the intensive care unit.

Methods

We performed a secondary qualitative analysis of transcripts of interviews with workplace teachers that had been carried out during two previous studies. These studies had addressed different objectives but both were informed by CLT. Each included questions that prompted participants to reflect on how they perceived cognitive overload to manifest among learners in the workplace. To investigate the phenomenon of cognitive overload, we developed a new codebook and performed content analysis.

Results

We analysed 42 interview transcripts (22 endoscopists, 12 hospitalists, eight intensivists). Participants described four behaviours they had witnessed among learners they thought were cognitively overloaded: poor performance on workplace tasks; non‐verbal physical manifestations (including posture, eye and body movements and autonomic functions); verbal utterances (words and sounds), and interpersonal interactions with team members. Endoscopists often described individually oriented examples, whereas intensivists and hospitalists tended to frame examples within an interpersonal context.

Conclusions

We identified four overarching ways in which HPE workplace teachers perceived learners as appearing to be cognitively overloaded. Workplace teachers and learners should be mindful of and watch for these signs, which may signal states of cognitive overload. Earlier recognition of cognitive overload may facilitate timely action to reduce cognitive overload and promote learning.
Thermodynamics of soil organic matter decomposition in semi‐natural oak (Quercus) woodland in southwest Ireland
Authors: Barros Nieves , Fernandez Irene , Byrne Ken A. , Jovani‐Sancho A. Jonay , Ros‐Mangriñan Eva , Hansen Lee D.
Published: July 2020

The evolution of soil terrestrial ecosystems is a subject with difficulties to define their maturity and evolutionary state. In the last century, thermodynamics was one of the options considered by ecologists for that goal. Difficulties in quantifying the thermodynamic parameters needed by the evolutionary theories caused that this subject has been practically locked since the end of the last century. Application of thermodynamics needs reactions and one of the main reactions in soil ecosystems are those involved in the decomposition of the soil organic matter. This paper aims to provide an initial step to study those reactions from a thermodynamic perspective. With that goal in mind, thermal analysis and isothermal calorespirometric measurements were made on soil samples collected at three depths in semi‐natural oak woodlands at three different sites in southwest Ireland. It is assumed that the organic matter evolves from a less to a higher mature state as soil depth increases. The maturity state could be chemically defined by the redox state. The proposed methods yield the enthalpy change, Gibbs energy change and entropy change for the microbial catabolism and combustion reactions of the soil organic matter. The degree of reduction was calculated by the enthalpy changes. Results show the soil organic matter becomes more reduced from the soil organic surface to mineral soils. The top layer is characterized by high carbon content, organic materials with low energy content per Cmole, and fast biodegradation rates. Mineral soils are characterized by low carbon content, organic materials with high energy content per Cmole, and slow biodegradation rates. Values obtained for the entropy change were sensitive to these differences among the different soil layers. These results contribute to unlock the thermodynamics of the soil reactions and to develop the bioenergetics of soil ecosystems.
Long‐term mechanistic hindcasts predict the structure of experimentally‐warmed intertidal communities
Authors: LaScala‐Gruenewald Diana E. , Denny Mark W.
Published: July 2020

Increases in global temperatures are expected to have dramatic effects on the abundance and distribution of species in the coming years. Intertidal organisms, which already experience temperatures at or beyond their thermal limits, provide a model system in which to investigate these effects. We took advantage of a previous study in which experimental plates were deployed in the intertidal zone and passively warmed for 12 years to a daily maximum temperature on average 2.7°C higher than control plots on the adjacent bedrock. We compared the composition of the biological communities on each experimental plate with its neighboring bedrock control. Plate communities showed decreased richness of taxa and percent cover of filamentous algae, mussels and mobile grazers relative to bedrock, and increased percent cover of biofilm. We then used short‐term time‐series measurements of plate and bedrock temperatures and a mechanistic heat‐budget model to hindcast those temperatures back 12 years. Greater differences in long‐term average temperature between the experimental plates and bedrock controls were correlated with lower similarity in community composition. Additionally, years with higher average differences between plate and bedrock temperatures were more predictive of current compositional similarity between plate and bedrock communities, even though they occurred farther in the past than did more recent, but cooler, years. We conclude that current intertidal communities reflect their long‐term, rather than short‐term, thermal histories. Mechanistic heat‐budget models based on short‐term measurements can provide this valuable, long‐term information.
Radiofrequency Thoracic Sympathectomy for Sympathetically Maintained Chronic Post‐Mastectomy Pain, a Preliminary Report: 6‐Month Results
Authors: Hetta Diab Fuad , Mohamed Ashraf Amin , Hetta Helal F. , Abd EL‐Hakeem Essam Ezzat , Boshra Madona Misheal , El‐Barody Mohamed Moamen , Fattah Mohammad Montaser A.
Published: July 2020

Aim

Evaluation of the analgesic efficacy of radiofrequency thoracic sympathectomy for sympathetically maintained post‐mastectomy pain syndrome (PMPS).

Methods

Patients with PMPS randomized to Group TS (n = 33) received radiofrequency thoracic sympathectomy, and those randomized to Group Sham (n = 33) received no radiofrequency current. Postoperative pain treatment consisted of duloxetine, pregabalin, and tramadol for both groups. The outcome variables were the proportion of patients who showed >50% reduction in their VAS pain score, the pain intensity measured by VAS score, and the global perceived effect (GPE) evaluated during the 6‐month follow‐up period.

Results

A significantly higher proportion of patients experienced >50% reduction in pain in Group TS (Group TS 25/30 [83.3%] vs. Group Sham 18/31 [58%], P = 0.032); the proportion of patients who experienced >50% reduction in their pain without analgesics was significantly higher in Group TS (Group TS 10/25 [40%] vs. Group Sham 0/18 [0%], P = 0.001). Furthermore, the proportion of patients treated with tramadol + duloxetine + pregabalin who experienced >50% reduction in their pain was significantly lower in Group TS (Group TS 0/25 [0%] vs. Group Sham 13/18 [75%], P = 0.001). The VAS pain score was significantly lower in Group TS at 2 weeks and at 1, 2, 3, and 6 months following the procedure. The GPE was significantly higher in Group TS (Group TS median GPE [interquartile range]) 7 [5, 7] vs. Group Sham median GPE [interquartile range]) 5 [4, 6]) P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Radiofrequency thoracic sympathectomy for sympathetically maintained PMPS decreased VAS pain scores and reduced the need for anti‐neuropathic drugs, particularly opioid medications, and provided better patient satisfaction.
Mono‐ and Bis‐Alkylated Lumazine Sensitizers: Synthetic, Molecular Orbital Theory, Nucleophilic Index and Photochemical Studies
Authors: Sosa María José , Urrutia María Noel , Schilardi Patricia L. , Quindt Matías I. , Bonesi Sergio M. , Denburg Dobrushe , Vignoni Mariana , Greer Alexander , Greer Edyta M. , Thomas Andrés H.
Published: July 2020

Mono‐ and bis‐decylated lumazines have been synthesized and characterized. Namely, mono‐decyl chain [1‐decylpteridine‐2,4(1,3H)‐dione] 6a and bis‐decyl chain [1,3‐didecylpteridine‐2,4(1,3H)‐dione] 7a conjugates were synthesized by nucleophilic substitution (SN2) reactions of lumazine with 1‐iododecane in N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent. Decyl chain coupling occurred at the N1 site and then the N3 site in a sequential manner, without DMF condensation. Molecular orbital (MO) calculations show a p‐orbital at N1 but not N3, which along with a nucleophilicity parameter (N) analysis predict alkylation at N1 in lumazine. Only after the alkylation at N1 in 6a, does a p‐orbital on N3 emerge thereby reacting with a second equivalent of 1‐iododecane to reach the dialkylated product 7a. Data from NMR (1H, 13C, HSQC, HMBC), HPLC, TLC, UV‐vis, fluorescence and density functional theory (DFT) provide evidence for the existence of mono‐decyl chain 6a and bis‐decyl chain 7a. These results differ to pterin O‐alkylations (kinetic control), where N‐alkylation of lumazine is preferred and then to dialkylation (thermodynamic control), with an avoidance of DMF solvent condensation. These findings add to the list of alkylation strategies for increasing sensitizer lipophilicity for use in photodynamic therapy.
The effect of trait anxiety on risk‐taking: Functional coupling between right hippocampus and left insula
Authors: Huo Hangfeng , Zhang Rong , Seger Carol A. , Feng Tingyong , Chen Qi
Published: July 2020

Behavioral research has found that trait anxiety is associated with a lower propensity for risk‐taking. However, the neural mechanisms underlying this relation are still unknown. To address this question, we employed voxel‐based morphometry (VBM) analysis and resting‐state functional connectivity (rs‐FC) to examine the influence of trait anxiety on risk‐taking. We theorized that trait anxiety may affect risk‐taking via negative prospection during episodic future thinking, which is known to be mediated by episodic memory systems including the hippocampus. We measured risk‐taking using the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) and found that risk‐taking in this task was negatively correlated with trait anxiety. The VBM results suggested a positive correlation between trait anxiety and grey matter volumes in the hippocampus, consistent with previous results. Functional connectivity results indicated that functional connectivity between a right hippocampus cortex (RHPC) seed region and left insula (LInsula) was positively correlated with trait anxiety scores but negatively correlated with risk‐taking. Critically, mediation analysis showed that trait anxiety played a completely mediating role in the relation between the functional connectivity of RHPC‐LInsula and risk‐taking. These results suggested that trait anxiety can affect risk‐taking via episodic future thinking mechanisms subserved by the hippocampal cortex acting in concert with emotional and motivational control mechanisms subserved by the insular cortex.
Using Panel Data to Understand the Dynamics of Human Behavior in Response to Flooding
Authors: Bubeck Philip , Berghäuser Lisa , Hudson Paul , Thieken Annegret H.
Published: July 2020

Insights into the dynamics of human behavior in response to flooding are urgently needed for the development of effective integrated flood risk management strategies, and for integrating human behavior in flood risk modeling. However, our understanding of the dynamics of risk perceptions, attitudes, individual recovery processes, as well as adaptive (i.e., risk reducing) intention and behavior are currently limited because of the predominant use of cross‐sectional surveys in the flood risk domain. Here, we present the results from one of the first panel surveys in the flood risk domain covering a relatively long period of time (i.e., four years after a damaging event), three survey waves, and a wide range of topics relevant to the role of citizens in integrated flood risk management. The panel data, consisting of 227 individuals affected by the 2013 flood in Germany, were analyzed using repeated‐measures ANOVA and latent class growth analysis (LCGA) to utilize the unique temporal dimension of the data set. Results show that attitudes, such as the respondents’ perceived responsibility within flood risk management, remain fairly stable over time. Changes are observed partly for risk perceptions and mainly for individual recovery and intentions to undertake risk‐reducing measures. LCGA reveal heterogeneous recovery and adaptation trajectories that need to be taken into account in policies supporting individual recovery and stimulating societal preparedness. More panel studies in the flood risk domain are needed to gain better insights into the dynamics of individual recovery, risk‐reducing behavior, and associated risk and protective factors.
Caleb Perry Patterson: Political Scientist and Civic Educator
Authors: Riddlesperger James W.
Published: July 2020

Caleb Perry Patterson was a leader in the discipline of political science during a long career. He is remembered as the founder of the national political science honor society, Pi Sigma Alpha, and as a charter founder of the Southwestern Political Science Association (now the Southwestern Social Science Association). Both were founded a century ago, in 1920. While his role in founding those organizations is one of his legacies, his career was much more than that. He was a notable educator, an activist in the politics of his time, and a prolific scholar. He used an oratorical presentation style to inspire generations of students, and through promotion of constitutional values, he encouraged independence of thought. One prominent Texas political observer summed up his impact as encouraging students of all political stripes to “love the thing that is America” and to provide critical thinking during the McCarthy Era. With Patterson as his reference, he concluded that “the only thing that can save us is the professors, really.”
(Re)Considering the Sources of Economic Perceptions
Authors: Anderson Cameron
Published: July 2020

Objective

Do voters hold accurate perceptions about economic conditions and what factors drive those perceptions? Some work suggests that voters are too hopelessly biased by partisanship or other commitments to be able to develop accurate perceptions of the economy upon which to base judgments of incumbent performance (Evans and Andersen, 2006). By contrast, other work shows that voters do a good job of developing accurate perceptions about economic conditions in which partisan bias is a minor influence (Lewis‐Beck et al., 2013).

Methods

The research note draws on a pooled data set of Canadian Election Studies from nine national elections for the period 1988–2015 to explore the relative influence of both approaches using multilevel modeling.

Results

Findings indicate evidence for both camps: partisan bias does exert some independent influence on shaping national economic evaluations and national economic evaluations reflect actual real‐world economic conditions.

Conclusions

Implications of these results suggest that economic perceptions have mixed origins that lend some, not insignificant, support to the claim that economic voting remains a viable scholarly enterprise.
Identification of HLA‐DQB1*03:222 by cloning and sequencing in a Chinese individual
Authors: Gao Su Qing , Zhang Yanyan , Cao Hong Ling , Deng Zhihui , Lu Liang
Published: July 2020

HLA‐DQB1*03:222 differs from HLA‐DQB1*03:03:02:01 by a single nucleotide change in exon 3.
Evaluation of donor informed consents and associated predonation educational materials in the United States and Canada: variability in elements of consent and measures of readability and reading burden
Authors: Townsend Mary , Buccino Terri , Katz Louis
Published: July 2020

BACKGROUND

Every day, approximately 30,000 donors present to blood collection establishments in the United States or Canada, where they are provided information about donation and asked to sign a consent before donating. We evaluated elements of informational and consent documents and measures of readability that may influence their comprehension.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Consents for whole blood (WB) and automated collections and predonation reading materials (PRMs) representing over 93% of WB collections in the United States and Canada were evaluated. Elements, including risks of donation, were cataloged. Word count, Flesch‐Kinkaid (F‐K) reading ease/grade level scores, Simple Measure of Gobbledygook grade, and percentage of complex words were measured.

RESULTS

F‐K grade levels ranged from 9.2 to 16.9 for WB consents, 7.8 to 16.0 for apheresis consents, and 6.7 to 10.9 for PRMs, above the recommended level of eighth grade or lower for general audiences. F‐K reading ease scores were below the cutoff of 60 for readability. Reading burden was substantial, with word count ranging from 131 to 885, 131 to 996, and 649 to 2743 for WB and apheresis consents and PRMs, respectively. Use of jargon and the absence of consent elements such as confidentiality, voluntariness, ability to withdraw consent, and risks of deferral were common.

CONCLUSIONS

Donor consent documents and associated materials vary widely, are written at challenging grade levels, present considerable reading burden, contain substantial jargon, and are missing key elements of consent. The authors recommend an organized effort, including blood donors, legal experts, and blood collection experts, to reach consensus on the minimal requirements for standardized clear and concise consent documents in an optimized format.
An Alternative History of the Arctic: The Origins of Ethnographic Filmmaking, the Fifth Thule Expedition, and Indigenous Cinema
Authors: MacKenzie Scott , Stenport Anna Westerstahl
Published: July 2020

The Fifth Thule Expedition (1921–24) generated extensive international attention through publications such as Knud Rasmussen’s best seller, Across Arctic America (1927). It also appropriated thousands of Indigenous artifacts, shipped mostly to the National Museum of Denmark. The collection includes a little‐known film, Med Hundeslæde gennem Alaska (With Dog Sled Through Alaska, 1927) shot in 1923–24 by Danish filmmaker and photographer Leo Hansen, in close collaboration with Rasmussen. The extant film materials reflect Rasmussen’s status as an embedded ethnographic explorer because of his Greenlandic heritage and Indigenous language capacity. Through archival research, this article examines early Arctic cinema and early twentieth‐century representation of Inuit cultures.
Comparison of methods for estimating loss from water storage by evaporation and impacts on reservoir management
Authors: Bozorgi Atiyeh , Bozorg‐Haddad Omid , Sima Somayeh , Loáiciga Hugo A.
Published: July 2020

Reservoirs are the key infrastructure of water resources management. A controlling variable of reservoir operation is evaporation, which in semi‐arid and arid regions may consume a large fraction of reservoir storage annually. This paper assesses the role of evaporation and the choice of evaporation methods on reservoir operation. The operation of the reservoir is calculated with the standard operation policy (SOP). Several efficiency criteria are employed to rank the evaporation‐calculation methods with the technique for the order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS). The method presented in this paper is illustrated by applying its application to Karkheh reservoir, the largest in Iran.