bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Seasonal Cycle and Interannual Variability in Stratospheric Temperatures and Links to the Brewer–Dobson Circulation: An Analysis of MSU and SSU Data
Authors: Young Paul J. , Thompson David W. J. , Rosenlof Karen H. , Solomon Susan , Lamarque Jean-François
Published: July 2011

Previous studies have shown that lower-stratosphere temperatures display a near-perfect cancellation between tropical and extratropical latitudes on both annual and interannual time scales. The out-of-phase relationship between tropical and high-latitude lower-stratospheric temperatures is a consequence of variability in the strength of the Brewer–Dobson circulation (BDC). In this study, the signal of the BDC in stratospheric temperature variability is examined throughout the depth of the stratosphere using data from the Stratospheric Sounding Unit (SSU).

While the BDC has a seemingly modest signal in the annual cycle in zonal-mean temperatures in the mid- and upper stratosphere, it has a pronounced signal in the month-to-month and interannual variability. Tropical and extratropical temperatures are significantly negatively correlated in all SSU channels on interannual time scales, suggesting that variations in wave driving are a major factor controlling global-scale temperature variability not only in the lower stratosphere (as shown in previous studies), but also in the mid- and upper stratosphere. The out-of-phase relationship between tropical and high latitudes peaks at all levels during the cold-season months: December–March in the Northern Hemisphere and July–October in the Southern Hemisphere. In the upper stratosphere, the out-of-phase relationship with high-latitude temperatures extends beyond the tropics and well into the extratropics of the opposite hemisphere.

The seasonal cycle in stratospheric temperatures follows the annual march of insolation at all levels and latitudes except in the mid- to upper tropical stratosphere, where it is dominated by the semiannual oscillation. Mid- to upper-stratospheric temperatures also exhibit a distinct but small semiannual cycle at extratropical latitudes.
Algal Functional Annotation Tool: a web-based analysis suite to functionally interpret large gene lists using integrated annotation and expression data
Authors: Lopez David , Casero David , Cokus Shawn J , Merchant Sabeeha S , Pellegrini Matteo
Published: July 2011

Background

Progress in genome sequencing is proceeding at an exponential pace, and several new algal genomes are becoming available every year. One of the challenges facing the community is the association of protein sequences encoded in the genomes with biological function. While most genome assembly projects generate annotations for predicted protein sequences, they are usually limited and integrate functional terms from a limited number of databases. Another challenge is the use of annotations to interpret large lists of 'interesting' genes generated by genome-scale datasets. Previously, these gene lists had to be analyzed across several independent biological databases, often on a gene-by-gene basis. In contrast, several annotation databases, such as DAVID, integrate data from multiple functional databases and reveal underlying biological themes of large gene lists. While several such databases have been constructed for animals, none is currently available for the study of algae. Due to renewed interest in algae as potential sources of biofuels and the emergence of multiple algal genome sequences, a significant need has arisen for such a database to process the growing compendiums of algal genomic data.

Description

The Algal Functional Annotation Tool is a web-based comprehensive analysis suite integrating annotation data from several pathway, ontology, and protein family databases. The current version provides annotation for the model alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and in the future will include additional genomes. The site allows users to interpret large gene lists by identifying associated functional terms, and their enrichment. Additionally, expression data for several experimental conditions were compiled and analyzed to provide an expression-based enrichment search. A tool to search for functionally-related genes based on gene expression across these conditions is also provided. Other features include dynamic visualization of genes on KEGG pathway maps and batch gene identifier conversion.

Conclusions

The Algal Functional Annotation Tool aims to provide an integrated data-mining environment for algal genomics by combining data from multiple annotation databases into a centralized tool. This site is designed to expedite the process of functional annotation and the interpretation of gene lists, such as those derived from high-throughput RNA-seq experiments. The tool is publicly available at http://pathways.mcdb.ucla.edu.
The monoclonal antibody Zt/f2 targeting RON receptor tyrosine kinase as potential therapeutics against tumor growth-mediated by colon cancer cells
Authors: Yao Hang-Ping , Zhou Yong-Qing , Ma Qi , Guin Sunny , Padhye Snehal S , Zhang Rui-Wen , Wang Ming-Hai
Published: July 2011

Background

Overexpression of the RON receptor tyrosine kinase contributes to epithelial cell transformation, malignant progression, and acquired drug resistance. RON also has been considered as a potential target for therapeutic intervention. This study determines biochemical features and inhibitory activity of a mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb) Zt/f2 in experimental cancer therapy.

Results

Zt/f2 is a mouse IgG2a mAb that is highly specific and sensitive to human RON and its oncogenic variants such as RON160 (ED50 = 2.3 nmol/L). Receptor binding studies revealed that Zt/f2 interacts with an epitope(s) located in a 49 amino acid sequence coded by exon 11 in the RON β-chain extracellular sequences. This sequence is critical in regulating RON maturation and phosphorylation. Zt/f2 did not compete with ligand macrophage-stimulating protein for binding to RON; however, its engagement effectively induced RON internalization, which diminishes RON expression and impairs downstream signaling activation. These biochemical features provide the cellular basis for the use of Zt/f2 to inhibit tumor growth in animal model. Repeated administration of Zt/f2 as a single agent into Balb/c mice results in partial inhibition of tumor growth caused by transformed NIH-3T3 cells expressing oncogenic RON160. Colon cancer HT-29 cell-mediated tumor growth in athymic nude mice also was attenuated following Zt/f2 treatment. In both cases, ~50% inhibition of tumor growth as measured by tumor volume was achieved. Moreover, Zt/f2 in combination with 5-fluorouracil showed an enhanced inhibition effect of ~80% on HT-29 cell-mediated tumor growth in vivo.

Conclusions

Zt/f2 is a potential therapeutic mAb capable of inhibiting RON-mediated oncogenesis by colon cancer cells in animal models. The inhibitory effect of Zt/f2 in vivo in combination with chemoagent 5-fluorouracil could represent a novel strategy for future colon cancer therapy.
Deep-sea echinoderm oxygen consumption rates and an interclass comparison of metabolic rates in Asteroidea, Crinoidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea and Ophiuroidea
Authors: Hughes Sarah Jane Murty , Ruhl Henry A. , Hawkins Lawrence E. , Hauton Chris , Boorman Ben , Billett David S. M.
Published: July 2011

Echinoderms are important components of deep-sea communities because of their abundance and the fact that their activities contribute to carbon cycling. Estimating the echinoderm contribution to food webs and carbon cycling is important to our understanding of the functioning of the deep-sea environment and how this may alter in the future as climatic changes take place. Metabolic rate data from deep-sea echinoderm species are, however, scarce. To obtain such data from abyssal echinoderms, a novel in situ respirometer system, the benthic incubation chamber system (BICS), was deployed by remotely operated vehicle (ROV) at depths ranging from 2200 to 3600 m. Oxygen consumption rates were obtained in situ from four species of abyssal echinoderm (Ophiuroidea and Holothuroidea). The design and operation of two versions of BICS are presented here, together with the in situ respirometry measurements. These results were then incorporated into a larger echinoderm metabolic rate data set, which included the metabolic rates of 84 echinoderm species from all five classes (Asteroidea, Crinoidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea and Ophiuroidea). The allometric scaling relationships between metabolic rate and body mass derived in this study for each echinoderm class were found to vary. Analysis of the data set indicated no change in echinoderm metabolic rate with depth (by class or phylum). The allometric scaling relationships presented here provide updated information for mass-dependent deep-sea echinoderm metabolic rate for use in ecosystem models, which will contribute to the study of both shallow water and deep-sea ecosystem functioning and biogeochemistry.
The mouse is out of the bag: insights and perspectives on HIV-1-infected humanized mouse models
Authors: Sato Kei , Koyanagi Yoshio
Published: July 2011

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), which is the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, is a human-specific virus. Because HIV-1 cannot infect and cause disorders in other animals, it has been an arduous struggle to study the dynamics of HIV-1 infection in vivo. To understand and elucidate HIV-1 pathogenesis in vivo, several small animal models for HIV-1 infection have been established and improved over the last 20 years. Recently, a novel murine model, ‘humanized mouse’, has been generated. A humanized mouse has the potential to maintain human hematopoiesis including human CD4+leukocytes and, therefore, is able to support persistent HIV-1 infection in vivo. We herein describe the current state-of-the-art in HIV-1-infected humanized mice and introduce insights and perspectives of their use for HIV-1 studies in vivo.
The Genetic Basis of Rapidly Evolving Male Genital Morphology inDrosophila
Authors: Masly John P , Dalton Justin E , Srivastava Sudeep , Chen Liang , Arbeitman Michelle N
Published: July 2011

The external genitalia are some of the most rapidly evolving morphological structures in insects. The posterior lobe of the male genital arch shows striking differences in both size and shape among closely related species of the Drosophila melanogaster species subgroup. Here, we dissect the genetic basis of posterior lobe morphology between D. mauritiana and D. sechellia, two island endemic species that last shared a common ancestor ∼300,000 years ago. We test a large collection of genome-wide homozygous D. mauritiana genetic introgressions, which collectively cover ∼50% of the genome, for their morphological effects when placed in a D. sechellia genetic background. We find several introgressions that have large effects on posterior lobe morphology and that posterior lobe size and posterior lobe shape can be separated genetically for some of the loci that specify morphology. Using next generation sequencing technology, we perform whole transcriptome gene expression analyses of the larval genital imaginal disc of D. mauritiana, D. sechellia, and two D. mauritiana–D. sechellia hybrid introgression genotypes that each have large effects on either posterior lobe size or posterior lobe shape. Many of the genes we identify as differentially expressed are expressed at levels similar to D. mauritiana in one introgression hybrid, but are expressed at levels similar to D. sechellia in the other introgression hybrid. However, we also find that both introgression hybrids express some of the same genes at levels similar to D. mauritiana, and notably, that both introgression hybrids possess genes in the insulin receptor signaling pathway, which are expressed at D. mauritiana expression levels. These results suggest the possibility that the insulin signaling pathway might integrate size and shape genetic inputs to establish differences in overall posterior lobe morphology between D. mauritiana and D. sechellia.
Enhanced coagulation for algae removal through the control of zeta potential with diatomite
Authors: Wu C. D. , Xu X. J. , Wang Q.
Published: July 2011

Advanced technology for more efficient treatment of algae-containing water is always needed. The feasibility of using diatomite for advanced treatment of algae-containing surface water and controlling algae removal process through zeta potential was investigated in this study. Results demonstrated that the addition of diatomite is advantageous due to reduction of the polyaluminium chloride (PAC) dose required for satisfactory treatment of Microcystis aeruginosa (MA) and zeta potential which can well reflect the MA removal efficiency. The zeta potential at optimum removal was measured and it was observed that when the zeta potential was reduced to the range of −14.4 mV and +3.53 mV, removal of MA and associated organic material was optimized. Process control using zeta potential is therefore a viable tool for algae removal by enhanced coagulation combining PAC with diatomite.
Use of chitosan in coagulation flocculation of raw water of Keddara and Beni Amrane dams
Authors: Zemmouri Hassiba , Kadouche Slimane , Lounici Hakim , Hadioui Madjid , Mameri Nabil
Published: July 2011

The effectiveness of chitosan as a coagulant flocculant in surface water treatment has been studied. Tests were carried out in laboratory on treated and raw water. The treated water was mixed with high and low concentrations of bentonite to simulate turbid water. This treated water provides from water treatment plant of Algiers (Boudouaou site) which is supplied by both dams of Keddara and Beni Amrane. The raw water comes directly from these two dams. Chitosan with 85% degree of deacetylation and derived from crab chitin has been used. The performance of coagulation flocculation process has been assessed by measuring the supernatant turbidity for different doses of chitosan, initial turbidity, water quality and pH. The obtained results show that chitosan can be used in a large pH range. Chitosan is effective for coagulation of bentonite suspension and for raw water with high initial turbidity. Otherwise, chitosan is inefficient for raw water with very low initial turbidity. In this case, the use of chitosan as aid coagulant with aluminium sulfate (main coagulant) allows more effectiveness in removing turbidity.
Parameter optimization of a laser-induced fluorescence system for in vivo screening of oral cancer
Authors: Unnikrishnan V. K. , Nayak Rajesh , Bernard Rodney , Priya K. Jeena , Patil Ajeetkumar , Ebenezer J. , Pai Keerthilatha M. , George Sajan D. , Kartha V. B. , Santhosh C.
Published: July 2011

Despite the advances in optical technologies for early detection of cancer, routine clinical applications are still not standardized. Among several optical methods, laser-induced fluorescence is a more matured and well understood technique. Still due care has to be taken about various factors to avoid erroneous results. The authors have carried out a systematic study on the effect of the various experimental parameters such as source stability, area of exposure, and angular/distance dependence of a fiber probe, which is used for the fluorescence measurements, from the specimen surface on the spectra. Investigations are carried out on both idealistic cases as well as on tissue surface. The details of the optimization of the parameters are presented and discussed in this paper.
Effect of Q-switched pulses exposure on morphology, hydroxyapatite composition, and microhardness properties of human enamel
Authors: Apsari R. , Bidin Noriah , Aminatun  , Suhariningsih  , Hartati Sri , Yuliati Anita , Yasin M. , Harun S. W.
Published: July 2011

Ablation of healthy human enamel is demonstrated using a 8 ns pulses at wavelength of 1064 nm and 10Hz repetition rate from a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. The ablation result shows that an enhanced structuring quality in comparison with non-Q-switched pulse exposure. The material removal remains localized in the area of the laser spot with no signs of collateral damage and cracks observed. As a comparison, exposure to longer pulses of 120 μs from non-Q-switched Nd:YAG laser increases the composition of hydroxyapatite as well as microhardness property of enamel, which produces a side effect of surface dehydration and crack. This study suggests that the application of Q-switched Nd:YAG laser as contactless drills in dentistry should be regarded as an alternative to the classical mechanical technique to improve the quality of the tooth treatment.
Interval algorithm for absolute value equations
Authors: Wang Aixiang , Wang Haijun , Deng Yongkun
Published: July 2011

We investigate the absolute value equations Ax−|x| = b. Based on ɛ-inflation, an interval verification method is proposed. Theoretic analysis and numerical results show that the new proposed method is effective.
Sudden onset blindness treated with pulse steroid therapy in a patient with microscopic polyangiitis
Authors: Horai Yoshiro , Miyamura Tomoya , Shimada Karin , Takahama Soichiro , Minami Rumi , Yamamoto Masahiro , Suematsu Eiichi
Published: July 2011

We report a 71-year-old male with microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) who developed sudden-onset, progressive, bilateral visual loss associated with a relapse of MPA symptoms. The patient was referred to our hospital, and treated with intravenous pulse steroid therapy and high-dose oral prednisolone. Although the right eye remained vision deficient, visual acuity in the left eye recovered. Ocular manifestations of MPA are quite uncommon. This case emphasizes the necessity of early detection and initiation of prompt therapy where ocular manifestations of MPA occur.
Femtosecond Laser–assisted Corneal Pocket Creation Using a Mask for Inlay Implantation
Authors: Bouzoukis Dimitrios I. , Kymionis George D. , Limnopoulou Aliki N. , Kounis George A. , Pallikaris Ioannis G.
Published: July 2011

Purpose:

To describe the technique of femtosecond laser–assisted intracorneal pocket creation, using a mask for the implantation of a corneal inlay in the non-dominant eye of a 56-year-old, emmetropic, presbyopic woman for the correction of presbyopia.

Methods:

Using the iFlap treatment-type software of the femtosecond laser (IntraLase 150, Abbott Medical Optics), a full lamellar cut was created at 280-μm depth. A keyhole-shaped mask was placed at the internal part of the glass of the applanation cone. A separator was used to separate the stroma, and an inserter was used to implant the inlay at the center of the line of sight. To determine the line of sight, the microscope and centration system of the excimer laser (Allegretto Wave 400 Hz, WaveLight Laser Technologie AG) were used. The Flexivue Microlens inlay (Presbia) was implanted.

Results:

No intra- or postoperative complications occurred during follow-up. Uncorrected near visual acuity improved from 20/50 to 20/20 at the first postoperative week.

Conclusions:

Femtosecond-assisted intracorneal pocket creation using a mask is a simple, safe, and efficient approach for the implantation of corneal inlays.
The Biology of Canadian Weeds. 147.Onopordum acanthiumL.
Authors: Cavers Paul , Qaderi Mirwais , Threadgill Paul , Steel Marion
Published: July 2011

Cavers, P. B., Qaderi, M. M., Threadgill, P. F. and Steel, M. G. 2011. The Biology of Canadian Weeds. 147. Onopordum acanthium L. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 739–758. In Canada, Scotch thistle, Onopordum acanthium L. (Asteraceae) is primarily a weed of well-drained natural areas and ruderal habitats such as abandoned gravel pits. It is classed as a noxious weed in Ontario and the North Okanagan region of British Columbia but is common only in southern Ontario. Native to southern Europe and southwestern Asia, it has been introduced to almost 50 countries in all continents except Antarctica. In parts of the United States it is a strongly competitive species that infests small grain fields and competes with desirable forage species in rangelands. It does have desirable attributes and has many uses including being consumed as a vegetable, used as a source of honey, yielding a burnable oil, incorporated in medications for many human ailments, providing grazing for goats, sheep and cattle and being grown as a garden ornamental. Despite its limited range in Canada, several distinct biotypes, differing in morphology, phenology and important ecological attributes, such as dormancy and longevity of cypselas (fruits) in the soil, have been described from southern Ontario. In Australia, a fertile hybrid of O. acanthium and O. illyricum is a major weed and there are concerns that these two species could be progenitors of a similar hybrid in North America.
Relative freezing tolerance of facultative winter annual weeds
Authors: Cici S. Zahra H. , Van Acker Rene C.
Published: July 2011

Cici, S. Z. H. and Van Acker, R. C. 2011. Relative freezing tolerance of facultative winter annual weeds. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 759–763. To understand why some of the facultative winter annual weeds are more abundant in spring rather than both in fall and spring, we assessed the freezing tolerance and re-growth capacity of 12 species collected across Canada. Our study allowed us to classify these species in three broad categories based on their relative tolerance to freezing temperatures. Freezing scores and biomass reproduction after freezing were generally consistent with field observations. It was shown that early emergence of weeds in spring is not, however, systematically related to superior freezing tolerance.
Processing tomato phosphorus utilization and post-harvest soil profile phosphorus as affected by phosphorus and potassium additions and drip irrigation
Authors: Liu K. , Zhang T. Q. , Tan C. S.
Published: July 2011

Liu, K., Zhang, T. Q. and Tan, C. S. 2011. Processing tomato phosphorus utilization and post-harvest soil profile phosphorus as affected by phosphorus and potassium additions and drip irrigation. Can. J. Soil Sci. Sci. 91: 417–425. Phosphorus (P) applied in agricultural land not only affects crop P utilization, but can also cause environmental concerns when excessive P applied moves off-site to surrounding water systems. A 2-yr study, 2007–2008, was conducted to determine the effects of fertilizer P (four rates: 0, 30, 60, and 90 kg P ha−1) and potassium (K) (four rates: 0, 200, 400, and 600 kg K ha−1) additions and drip irrigation on crop P utilization and post-harvest agronomic (i.e., Olsen P) and environmental [i.e., water extractable P (WEP)] soil test P under processing tomato in loamy sand soils. Plant P uptake increased, but apparent P recovery decreased with increases in fertilizer P rate. Cumulative soil WEP in the 0- to 100-cm soil profile and Olsen P in the 0- to 20-cm depth increased linearly with increases in fertilizer P rate, regardless of water management. No effects of K were found on plant P utilization, soil WEP, or soil Olsen P. Drip irrigation increased plant P uptake by 35% and apparent P recovery by 44%, relative to non-irrigation. Drip irrigation consequently decreased the post-harvest soil profile WEP by 14% and Olsen P by 6.5% averaged across the 2 yr, compared with non-irrigation. Drip irrigation reduced the potential for post-harvest soil P losses by improving P utilization. the addition of fertilizer P needs to be optimized by considering crop P needs in association with actual yield production to ensure processing tomatoes are produced in an environmentally sustainable manner.
Esophagitis in Children with Celiac Disease
Authors: Sayej Wael N. , AlKhouri Razan , Baker Robert D. , Patel Raza , Baker Susan S.
Published: July 2011

Objectives. To our knowledge, the occurrence of esophagitis in children with celiac disease (CD) has never been evaluated. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of esophagitis in children with CD. Patients and Methods. Between 2003 and 2007, children with biopsy confirmed CD were retrospectively identified. Biopsy reports were reviewed for esophageal inflammation. Biopsy reports of 2218 endoscopies performed during the same period were also evaluated for inflammation. Results. Forty-nine children diagnosed with CD (47% boys). Nineteen of 49 (39%) patients with CD had esophagitis (95% CI 0.23–0.5). Thirty percent of boys and 46% of girls with CD had esophagitis (95% CI 0.12–0.40). Overall, 45% of patients who underwent upper endoscopy had esophagitis. The prevalence of esophagitis in CD (39%) compared to the prevalence of esophagitis (45%) in our practice was not significantly different, . Conclusion. There was no difference in the prevalence of esophagitis between children diagnosed with CD at the time of their diagnostic EGD and the prevalence of esophagitis in children without CD. A prospective study to determine whether the esophagitis should be treated with acid suppression or whether the esophagitis heals with the gluten-free diet is warranted.
Are bycatch rates sufficient as the principal fishery performance measure and method of assessment for seabirds?
Authors: Tuck Geoffrey Neil
Published: July 2011

Seabird bycatch in oceanic and coastal fisheries is believed to be the principal cause of the population declines that have been observed for many seabird populations. Pelagic and demersal longline and trawl operations have been implicated in these declines.

Many government and national fishery bodies have environmental and fishery legislation that requires fisheries to be managed in a manner that is not harmful to non‐target species, including seabirds. A common tool for measuring the impact of a fishery on incidentally caught seabirds is an estimate of the bycatch rate. Unfortunately, the estimation and interpretation of bycatch rates is not trivial and is complicated by poor observer coverage, under‐reporting of bycatch and data lacking species specificity.

In this paper, a stochastic simulation model of two seabird populations affected by a single fishing fleet is presented. The model is used to explore the consequences of applying a bycatch rate management control rule to assess and manage the fishery's incidental mortality of seabirds. Comparisons are also made with values derived from Potential Biological Removal (PBR) theory.

Results conclude that using bycatch rates as a measure to assess performance of the fishery and to reduce bycatch is, under many circumstances, not sufficient to achieve conservation goals. Bycatch rates can be within the limit recommended by management, giving the impression that the fishery has reduced bycatch to sustainable levels, when in fact the low rates are due to the populations having collapsed.

The interpretation of bycatch rates, and any subsequent bycatch rate management rules, needs to be considered with respect to changes in fishing effort, to population‐specific impacts, to levels of compliance, and to the robustness of the bycatch rate estimate. Simply applying a bycatch rate control rule without caution can lead to catastrophic results for incidentally caught populations of seabirds.

Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A label‐free methodology for selective protein quantification by means of absorption measurements
Authors: Hansen Sigrid K. , Skibsted Erik , Staby Arne , Hubbuch Jürgen
Published: July 2011

The application of high throughput experimentation (HTE) in protein purification process development has created an analytical bottleneck. Using a new label‐free and non‐invasive methodology for analyzing multicomponent protein mixtures by means of spectral measurements, we show that the analytical throughput for selective protein quantification can be increased significantly. An analytical assay based on this new methodology was shown to generate very precise results. Further, the assay was successfully applied as analytics for a resin screening performed in HTE mode. The increase in analytical throughput was obtained without decreasing the level of information when compared to analytical chromatography. This proves its potential as a valuable analytical tool in conjugation with high throughput process development (HTPD). Further, fast selective protein quantification can enhance process control in a commercial production environment and, hence, minimize the need for off‐line release analysis. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011;108: 2661–2669. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A study of QoS guarantee and fairness based on cross‐layer channel state in Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
Authors: Yang Feng‐Ming , Chen Wei‐Mei , Cheng Tzu‐Kai , Wu Jean‐Lien C.
Published: July 2011

Because the bandwidth usage of wireless transmission is limited, one of the major research topics in this field is to improve system throughput by supporting multiple users with limited bandwidth resources. Although there are several studies on cross‐layer designs for improving system throughput, previous research on quality‐of‐service guarantee and fairness are relatively rare. This study proposes a cross‐layer subcarrier permutation (CLSP) mechanism that uses cross‐layer strategies to select suboptimal subcarriers. Service flows simulations in the IEEE 802.16e system indicate that CLSP achieved a lower delay time and a long‐term fairness among multiple users. Experimental results further show that the throughput of CLSP is 28 percent higher than that of the partial usage of subchannels model using the orthogonal frequency division multiple access technique. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Diazine‐Bridged Bisindoles and Concise Synthesis of the Marine Alkaloid Hyrtinadine A
Authors: Tasch Boris O. A. , Merkul Eugen , Müller Thomas J. J.
Published: July 2011

Diazine‐bridged bisindoles are readily obtained from N‐Boc‐protected 3‐iodoindoles and 3‐iodo‐7‐azaindole in a pseudo three‐component reaction involving a one‐pot Masuda borylation–Suzuki arylation sequence. Some of the title compounds display promising cytotoxic properties. The versatility of this methodology is illustrated by a very concise total synthesis of the marine alkaloid hyrtinadine A.
Does small‐perimeter fencing inhibit mule deer or pronghorn use of water developments?
Authors: Larsen Randy T. , Bissonette John A. , Flinders Jerran T. , Robinson Aaron C.
Published: July 2011

Wildlife water development can be an important habitat management strategy in western North America for many species, including both pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus). In many areas, water developments are fenced (often with small‐perimeter fencing) to exclude domestic livestock and feral horses. Small‐perimeter exclosures could limit wild ungulate use of fenced water sources, as exclosures present a barrier pronghorn and mule deer must negotiate to gain access to fenced drinking water. To evaluate the hypothesis that exclosures limit wild ungulate access to water sources, we compared use (photo counts) of fenced versus unfenced water sources for both pronghorn and mule deer between June and October 2002–2008 in western Utah. We used model selection to identify an adequate distribution and best approximating model. We selected a zero‐inflated negative binomial distribution for both pronghorn and mule deer photo counts. Both pronghorn and mule deer photo counts were positively associated with sampling time and average daily maximum temperature in top models. A fence effect was present in top models for both pronghorn and mule deer, but mule deer response to small‐perimeter fencing was much more pronounced than pronghorn response. For mule deer, we estimated that presence of a fence around water developments reduced photo counts by a factor of 0.25. We suggest eliminating fencing of water developments whenever possible or fencing a big enough area around water sources to avoid inhibiting mule deer. More generally, our results provide additional evidence that water development design and placement influence wildlife use. Failure to account for species‐specific preferences will limit effectiveness of management actions and could compromise research results. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Water soluble conducting polymer composite of polyvinyl alcohol and leucine: An effective acid corrosion inhibitor for mild steel
Authors: Sabirneeza A. Ali Fathima , Subhashini S. , Rajalakshmi R.
Published: July 2011

A new corrosion inhibitor namely poly(vinyl alcohol‐leucine) composite (PVAL) has been synthesized and its influence on corrosion inhibition of mild steel in 1 M hydrochloric acid solution has been studied by weight loss and potentiodynamic polarization techniques. The composite (PVAL) showed more than 95% inhibition efficiency (IE) at an optimum concentration of 0.6% by weight. The inhibition efficiency of inhibitor has been found to vary with inhibitor concentration, solution temperature, and immersion time. Various kinetic and thermodynamic parameters (Ea, ΔHo, ΔSo for corrosion and ΔGads, ΔHads, ΔSads for adsorption) reveal a strong interaction between inhibitor and mild steel surface. The negative values of ΔGads indicate the spontaneous adsorption of the inhibitor on mild steel surface. Potentiodynamic polarization studies showed PVAL as mixed type inhibitor. It inhibits mild steel corrosion by blocking the active sites of the metal. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (EIS) techniques were also used to investigate the mechanism of corrosion inhibition.
Physical parameters for atomic inner‐shell photoionization processes and analytical applications: a status report
Authors: Puri Sanjiv
Published: July 2011

The atomic inner‐shell vacancy decay processes comprising of radiative and non‐radiative transitions are characterized by the physical parameters, namely, the photoionization cross‐sections; X‐ray, Auger and Coster–Kronig (CK) transition rates; fluorescence and CK yields; and the vacancy transfer probabilities. These parameters are required to calculate the K‐shell and Li (i = 1–3)/Mi (i = 1–5) sub‐shell X‐ray production cross‐sections and relative intensities which, in turn, are needed for different analytical applications. This report intended to provide a detailed account of the currently available data sets of different physical parameters for use in various analytical applications. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Symmetric multiparameter problems and deficiency index theory
Authors: Browne Patrick J. , Isaev Hamlet
Published: July 2011

In this article we study the multiparameter generalization of standard deficiency index theory. A classical result in this area states that if T is a symmetric operator in a Hilbert space then the dimension of the null space of T*−λI, λ∈ℂ, is constant for λ belonging to the upper (or lower) half-plane and further, when these two constants are equal, T admits a self-adjoint extension.
Alles eine Frage der Aufmerksamkeit? Übersicht zu Effekten der computergestützten Modifikation von Aufmerksamkeitsverzerrungen auf Ängstlichkeit und Angststörungen
Authors: von Auer Maxie , Neubauer Karolin , Murray Eileen , Petermann Franz , Gerlach Alexander , Helbig-Lang Sylvia
Published: July 2011

ZusammenfassungAufmerksamkeitsverzerrungen in der Verarbeitung bedrohlicher Reize sind bei Angststörungen seit Langem bekannt. In jüngster Zeit wurden computergestützte Trainings entwickelt, die gezielt versuchen, diese pathologische Aufmerksamkeitslenkung zu modifizieren. Das vorliegende Review systematisiert bisherige Befunde zu Effekten solcher Aufmerksamkeitstrainings auf Angstsymptome im Erwachsenenalter. Die meist an nicht-klinischen Stichproben gewonnenen Erkenntnisse zeigen konsistent, dass bereits ein einmaliges Aufmerksamkeitstraining zu Veränderungen von Aufmerksamkeitsprozessen in die angestrebte Richtung führen kann. Weniger eindeutig ist die Befundlage zur Beeinflussung selbstberichteter und beobachteter Angstreaktionen durch derartige Trainings. Evidenz für positive Wirkungen liegt vor allem für Trait-Ängstlichkeit, soziale Ängste und pathologisches Sorgen vor, wobei die beiden letztgenannten Symptombereiche auch in klinischen Stichproben erfolgreich reduziert werden konnten. Die bisherigen Befunde erlauben jedoch kaum Aussagen über Moderatoren der Trainingswirksamkeit. Es liegen einzelne Hinweise vor, dass Ausmaß und Art der Ängste sowie die Darbietungsdauer der präsentierten Reize für eine Veränderung von Aufmerksamkeitsverzerrungen relevant sein könnten. Insgesamt lassen die vorliegenden Studien ein Potential von Aufmerksamkeitstrainings in der Modifikation klinischer und subklinischer Ängste erkennen, insbesondere da sie schnell und einfach anwendbar sind. Inwieweit die Trainings tatsächlich als eigenständige Interventionen in der Therapie der Angststörungen eingesetzt werden können, muss jedoch in weiteren Studien untersucht werden.
ADHS über die Lebensspanne – Symptome und neue diagnostische Ansätze
Authors: Schmidt Sören , Petermann Franz
Published: July 2011

Zusammenfassung.Die ADHS im Erwachsenenalter kann als eine Lebensspannenerkrankung angesehen werden, deren Bedeutsamkeit für das Gesundheitssystem über eine Vielzahl internationaler Studien belegt ist. So greifen verschiedene Studien die Lebensspannenperspektive auf, indem der Fokus auf die Entwicklungsabschnitte gelegt wird, in denen eine qualitative Veränderung der Symptomatik erwartet wird. Weiterhin berücksichtigen Studien zur Komorbidität bei ADHS im Erwachsenenalter die Entwicklungsgeschichte und versuchen die Faktoren zu isolieren, die zu einem negativen Verlauf führen. Auch in der Diagnostik und Therapie ließ sich in den letzten Jahren ein deutlicher Fortschritt erkennen. So stehen mittlerweile psychometrisch gut abgesicherte Verfahren zur Verfügung, die sich in den klinisch-diagnostischen Prozess zur Erfassung der ADHS im Erwachsenenalter integrieren lassen, und auch im Bereich psychotherapeutischer Versorgung wurden verschiedene Programme entwickelt, was dem Therapeuten eine breite Auswahl an Möglichkeiten bietet. Neben klinischen Symptomen werden auch die Auswirkungen der ADHS mit Bezug auf Delinquenz und Verhalten im Straßenverkehr diskutiert. Darüber hinaus werden Fakten zur sozioökonomischen Bedeutung der ADHS aufgezeigt, die den Schluss nahelegen, dass eine therapeutische Versorgung essentiell ist.
Ab initio and long-range investigation of the Ω(+/−) states of NaK dissociating adiabatically up to Na(3s 2S1/2) + K(3d 2D3/2)
Authors: Allouche A. R. , Aubert-Frécon M.
Published: July 2011

A theoretical investigation of the electronic structure of the NaK molecule including spin-orbit effects has been performed for the 34 Ω(+/−) states dissociating adiabatically into the limits up to Na(3s2S1/2) + K(3d2D3/2) from both an ab initio approach and a long-range model. Equilibrium distances, transition energies, harmonic frequencies as well as depths of wells and heights of humps are reported for all the states. Formulas for calculating the long-range energies for all the 0+/−, 1, 2, and 3 states under investigation are also displayed. They are expressed in terms of the Cn (n = 6,8, …) long-range coefficients and exchange integrals for the 2S+1Λ(+) parent states, available from literature. As present data could help experimentalists we make available extensive tables of energy values versus internuclear distances in our database at the web address: http://www-lasim.univ-lyon1.fr/spip.php?rubrique99.
Critical parameters for the nonlinear destabilization of double tearing modes in reversed shear plasmas
Authors: Janvier M. , Kishimoto Y. , Li J.
Published: July 2011

To investigate the nonlinear evolution of the double tearing mode (DTM) in reversed magnetic shear plasmas, characterized by a sudden and abrupt growth of the kinetic and magnetic energies, leading to full reconnection, we conduct a systematic study of the parameters based on the numerical resolution of the reduced magnetohydrodynamic equations in slab geometry. By introducing an instability parameter Δ′DTM, we reveal three regimes for the evolution of the DTM: (1) a linearly stable regime (0 < Δ′DTM < Δ′1), (2) a linearly unstable regime but leading to the saturation of magnetic islands (Δ′1 < Δ′DTM < Δ′2) and (3) a linearly unstable regime leading to full reconnection (Δ′2 < Δ′DTM). The critical value Δ′2 delimiting regimes (2) and (3) corresponds to a critical island width w
c above which the nonlinear destabilization is triggered. We successfully determine the critical threshold in (x

s
, k

y
) space, which is fundamental for the prediction of explosive DTMs, as well as to understand the underlying mechanisms. Here, x

s
and k

y
, respectively the distance between the two rational surfaces and the unstable wavenumber, determine the free energy contained in the equilibrium system. Moreover, w
c calculated at the trigger of regime (3) is found to be independent of resistivity, supporting the idea that the nonlinear destabilization results from a structure-driven instability.
Advances towards QH-mode viability for ELM-stable operation in ITER
Authors: Garofalo A.M. , Solomon W.M. , Park J.-K. , Burrell K.H. , DeBoo J.C. , Lanctot M.J. , McKee G.R. , Reimerdes H. , Schmitz L. , Schaffer M.J. , Snyder P.B.
Published: July 2011

The application of static, non-axisymmetric, nonresonant magnetic fields (NRMFs) to high beta DIII-D plasmas has allowed sustained operation with a quiescent H-mode (QH-mode) edge and both toroidal rotation and neutral beam injected torque near zero. Previous studies have shown that QH-mode operation can be accessed only if sufficient radial shear in the plasma flow is produced near the plasma edge. In past experiments, this flow shear was produced using neutral beam injection (NBI) to provide toroidal torque. In recent experiments, this torque was nearly completely replaced by the torque from applied NRMFs. The application of the NRMFs does not degrade the global energy confinement of the plasma. Conversely, the experiments show that the energy confinement quality increases with lower plasma rotation. Furthermore, the NRMF torque increases plasma resilience to locked modes at low rotation. These results open a path towards QH-mode utilization as an edge-localized mode (ELM)-stable H-mode in the self-heated burning plasma scenario, where toroidal momentum input from NBI may be small or absent.
Impurity effects on the ion temperature gradient mode in reversed-field pinch plasmas
Authors: Liu S.F. , Guo S.C. , Zhang C.L. , Dong J.Q. , Carraro L. , Wang Z.R.
Published: July 2011

Ion temperature gradient (ITG) driven modes in the presence of impurity ions are studied in reversed-field pinch plasmas by solving the gyrokinetic integral eigenmode equation. Detailed numerical studies for single and multiple impurity ion species indicate that the ITG modes are enhanced by impurity effects and the stability threshold values become higher than that in pure hydrogen plasmas when density gradients of the impurity ions are opposite to that of electrons and main ions. In addition, a mode is driven unstable by impurity ions no matter how low the main ion temperature gradient is when the destabilizing effect of the impurity ions is strong enough. These results resemble the effects of impurities in tokamak plasmas. Analysis of the typical RFX-mod experiments is performed and the results show that the ITG and impurity driven modes may be linearly unstable in the edge region of the plasmas when the observed radial profiles of the impurity ions are considered.
O-017 Does intraprocedural rupture of anterior communicating artery aneurysms matter? A retrospective comparison of endovascular and microsurgical approaches
Authors: Hui F , Tong F , Schuette J , Dion J , Cawley M
Published: July 2011

Purpose

Intraprocedural rupture is a dangerous complication of endovascular treatment. Small ruptured, 3–4 mm aneurysms of the anterior communicating artery (AcoA) are at increased risk for re-rupture during endovascular occlusion. Given this risk, microsurgical management may confer improved outcomes.

Methods

We performed a retrospective review of 409 AcoA aneurysms treated in 409 consecutive patients at Emory University over a 10-year period. Patient demographics, aneurysmal rupture, size, therapeutic approach (microsurgical or endovascular), patient outcomes, intraprocedural rupture and rerupture were reviewed. Aneurysm retreatments were noted, but excluded.

Results

Rupture rates were examined by size for all patients and subgroups as well as dichotomized to evaluate for size ranges associated with increased rupture rates. The highest risk of rupture was noted in aneurysms <4 mm. Of 409 aneurysms, 110 (26.8%) were ≤4 mm. The intraprocedural rupture rate was 7.1% (29/409) for AcoA aneurysms of any size. There was an intraprocedural rupture rate of 6.7% (20/299) among AcoA aneurysms >4 mm compared to 8.2% (9/110) in <4 mm aneurysms. In aneurysms ≤4 mm, the endovascular procedural rupture rate was 12.5% (7/56), while the microsurgical rate was 3.7% (2/54), p=0.16. In the >4 mm aneurysms, the endovascular rupture rate was 2.7% (5/182) while the microsurgical rate was 12.8% (15/117), p=0.0013. There was no statistically significant difference in Modified Rankin Scores between ruptured or non-ruptured aneurysms of any size once Age, Hunt and Hess and modified Fisher Grades were included in the model. Rupture rates tended to be higher in the microsurgical cases (10% vs 5%; p=0.078) but not statistically significant. In small aneurysms, endovascular rupture rate was higher (12.5% vs 4%, p=0.16). In larger aneurysms, microsurgery tended to have higher ruptures (13% vs 3%, p=0.0013). However, despite the intra-procedural rupture, the dichotomized mRS did not demonstrate statistically significant differences between endovascular and microsurgical therapy overall (p=0.23), in aneurysms <4 mm (p=0.82), or >4 mm (p=0.37).

Conclusions

Microsurgical treatment of small ACOM aneurysms ≤4 mm appears to confer a lower intraprocedural re-rupture rate than endovascular management, but may have a higher procedural rupture rate in larger aneurysms. In this retrospective data set, there was no statistically significant difference in outcomes irrespective of the treatment modality and aneurysm size. Aneurysms ≤4 mm trend toward having a higher rate of rupture with endovascular techniques, while aneurysms >4 mm tend to have a higher rate of intraprocedural rupture during microsurgery. However, despite the ruptures, there is no statistically significant difference in outcomes.
O-027 Antithrombotic states and outcomes in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage
Authors: Hui F , Schuette A , Spiotta A , Lieber M , Moskowitz S , Dion J , Tong F , Barrow D , Cawley M
Published: July 2011

Introduction

Antithrombotic states are encountered frequently, either due to medical therapy or by pre-existent pathologic states, and may affect the severity of hemorrhagic strokes such as aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhages. Cerebrovascular specialists analyzed a 2-year period of subarachnoid hemorrhage data in order to determine the effects of antithrombotic states on the outcomes of patients with aneurismal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Methods

This is a retrospective review of 365 patients who experienced aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage at Emory University over a 2-year period. The patients were grouped into those with and without an antithrombotic state at time of hemorrhage and were stratified according to presentation, clinical grades, outcomes, need for cerebrospinal fluid diversion and the development of vasospasm. CT of the head was assessed for bleed pattern and Modified Fisher Grade (mF). Patients were excluded if no aneurismal source was subsequently discovered.

Results

There is a strong association between antithrombotic states and outcomes as assessed by modified Rankin Scale (p<0.0001). Patients have worse outcomes even when adjusting for the amount of hemorrhage as assessed by modified Fisher Grade and Hunt and Hess Scores (p<0.001). There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of presentation grades Hunt and Hess score (HH) (p=0.44), modified Fisher Grade (p=0.55), incidence of vasospasm (p=0.30), or need for ventricular peritoneal shunting (p=0.85).

Conclusion

Patients in antithrombotic states presenting with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage have worse outcomes without a significant difference in presentation grades.