bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and predictors of weight loss maintenance: a retrospective population‐based survey of European adults with overweight and obesity
Authors: Evans E. H. , Sainsbury K. , Marques M. M. , Santos I. , Pedersen S. , Lähteenmäki L. , Teixeira P. J. , Stubbs R. J. , Heitmann B. L. , Sniehotta F. F.
Published: August 2019

Background

The prevalence of weight loss attempts has increased worldwide, although the extent to which sustained weight loss is achieved is unknown. There is insufficient research into weight loss maintenance (WLM) in individuals with overweight or obesity who have recently lost clinically significant amounts of weight (≥5%), particularly in the European general population. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence and retrospective predictors of WLM in population‐based samples of European adults with overweight or obesity who had made a recently completed weight loss attempt.

Methods

Participants (N = 2000) in UK, Denmark and Portugal completed an online survey about loss and regain in their most recent completed weight loss attempt, features of their attempt (duration, self‐weighing, lapses, strategies), as well as loss of control and binge eating. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine factors retrospectively associated with WLM in those who achieved clinically significant weight loss (n = 1272).

Results

Mean (SD) self‐reported weight loss was 9% (8%) and mean (SD) regain was 96.3% (9%) of participants' start weight. Twenty‐three percent of the total sample had maintained weight loss of ≥5% for at least 1 month. Controlling for weight loss and time since attempt, predictors of better WLM were avoidance of a temporary lapse, infrequent/absent loss of control and binge eating, and use of a greater number of dietary strategies for WLM (r2 = 0.338, P < 0.001).

Principal conclusions

Factors associated with recent successful WLM indicate the importance of the continued use of dietary and other strategies for WLM, particularly in the face of a lapse, as well as the need to manage dysfunctional eating behaviours.
Evaluation of serum interleukin 17 and zinc levels in recalcitrant viral wart
Authors: Ghanem Afaf Helmy , Esawy Abdulla Mohamed , Khalifa Naglaa Ali , Kamal Hend Mahmoud
Published: August 2019

Background

Warts are benign epithelial proliferations of the skin and mucosa caused by infection with HPV. Low IL‐17 levels may contribute in occurrence, maintenance, severity, and recurrence of different types of cutaneous wart that depend mainly on the cell‐mediated immunity defect. In a majority of the patients, zinc deficiency was associated with persistent, progressive, or recurrent viral warts. A careful dose of oral zinc sulfate may be helpful in the management of such patients. Zn deficiency negatively affects the Th17 cells. IL 6 induced STAT3 activation during chronic inflammation and Th17 development suppressed by Zn via attenuating this activation critically controls Th17‐cell development.

Objectives

To evaluate the role of interleukin 17 and zinc in recalcitrant warts.

Patents and methods

All studied patients were subjected to history taking and dermatological examination. The evaluation of serum IL‐17 level was done by ELISA in 25 recalcitrant wart patients and 25 wart patients. The measurement of serum zinc level was determined by colorimetric methods, using Au 480 Beckman coulter chemistry analyzer.

Results

The results revealed a significant decrease in serum IL‐17 and zinc levels in recalcitrant wart patients.

Conclusion

Both IL‐17 and zinc deficiency have a role in the pathogenesis of recalcitrant warts through the imbalance of immune system and deficiency of immune cells. There is no significant correlation between serum levels of IL‐17 and zinc, suggesting that they have different mechanisms in affecting the immune system.
Clinical indicators of nursing outcomes classification for patient with risk for perioperative positioning injury: A cohort study
Authors: Bjorklund‐Lima Luciana , Müller‐Staub Maria , Cardozo Michelle Cardoso e , de Souza Bernardes Daniela , Rabelo‐Silva Eneida Rejane
Published: August 2019

Aims and objectives

To test the validity and reliability of Nursing Outcomes Classification outcomes and their clinical indicators for patients with the nursing diagnosis ‘Risk for perioperative positioning injury’.

Background

Surgical positioning is an essential part of perioperative nursing practice. The use of a standardised language values the clinical evaluation of the perioperative nurse, reinforcing its contribution to surgical patient care.

Design

Longitudinal concept validation cohort study.

Methods

Patients were selected based on the operating room surgical schedule. The sample included adult patients who underwent elective surgical procedures requiring anaesthesia, classified as surgical class 2, 3 or 4. Outcomes were measured with an instrument, which included 33 clinical indicators for eight outcomes. The patients were assessed at five distinct time points in the perioperative phases. This study followed the STROBE guidelines.

Results

A total of 50 patients were included. Each underwent five clinical assessments, for a total of 250 documented assessments. Differences in evaluations were mostly related to reduced scores of clinical indicators in the immediate postsurgical time points, which recovered to the highest score at the end of the fifth (and last) evaluation. The results of factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha calculations suggested a new configuration for this nursing outcomes, consisting of five outcomes—Circulation Status, Tissue Perfusion: peripheral, Neurological Status: peripheral, Tissue Integrity: skin and mucous membranes and Thermoregulation—and 13 clinical indicators.

Conclusions

Nursing Outcomes Classification outcomes and clinical indicators for the nursing diagnosis at ‘Risk for perioperative positioning injury’ are sensitive to patient states during the perioperative period.

Relevance to clinical practice

Use of nursing taxonomies during the perioperative period may contribute to the discussion on the role of perioperative nurses and their relevance in patient care.
Construction of an index system for qualitative evaluation of undergraduate nursing students innovative ability: A Delphi study
Authors: Dai Fengling , Wei Kunyan , Chen Yanhua , Ju Mei
Published: August 2019

Aim and objective

To establish an index system for the evaluation of undergraduate nursing student innovation ability.

Background

An index system for evaluation of undergraduate nursing student innovation ability has not been established.

Design

A three‐round Delphi survey sought opinions from experts about the index system for evaluation of undergraduate nursing student innovation ability.

Methods

A Delphi survey was used for the study of 19 experts from nursing education, clinical nursing and health management. The consistency of consultation results formed the basis for determining the rounds of consultation. With the importance of consulting experts in the last round, we established the judgement matrix usingyaahp7.5software and the analytic hierarchy process and determined the weight coefficient of each index. A modified recommendation for the Conducting and Reporting of Delphi studies (CREDES) was used to guide this study.

Results

Nineteen experts from 10 nursing colleges and nine third‐level first‐class hospitals in seven domestic provinces/municipalities were included in this study. The index system was divided into primary, secondary and tertiary levels. Consensus was reached on three primary indicators (‘spirit’, ‘ability’ and ‘achievement’), nine secondary indicators and 28 tertiary indicators.

Conclusions

A unified and hierarchical quality assessment index framework for nursing undergraduate creative ability was established. The framework should be further tested and improved in practice.

Relevance to clinical practice

Nursing students are the main force behind clinical nursing in the future. An innovative approach to skill acquisition and application could enhance the student nurse experience. The innovative ability of nursing students is important for identification of education strategies that be implemented to better support those individuals. Furthermore, the construction of the index system is helpful for evaluation of the innovation ability of nursing students that are required to better meet the needs of clinical nursing work in the future.
The effectiveness of hypnotic analgesia in the management of procedural pain in minimally invasive procedures: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Noergaard Marianne Wetendorff , Håkonsen Sasja Jul , Bjerrum Merete , Pedersen Preben U.
Published: August 2019

Introduction

Patients undergoing minimally invasive procedures under a light conscious sedation perceive pain and anxiety. Hypnosis used together with analgesics has been investigated in numerous studies.

Aims and methods

To assess the effectiveness of hypnotic analgesia in management of pain, anxiety, analgesic consumption, procedure length and adverse events in adults undergoing minimally invasive procedures. Clinical controlled trials in which hypnosis was used together with pharmacological analgesia compared to pharmacological analgesia alone during invasive procedures were included. Seven databases were searched. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed by two reviewers using a standardised instrument for critical appraisal from Joanna Briggs Institute, ‘Meta‐Analysis of statistics assessment and review Instrument’. Meta‐analyses using the review manager version 5.3 software were conducted on procedure length and adverse events. Results for pain, anxiety and analgesics were synthesised in narrative summaries. Conduction of the review adheres to the PRISMA checklist.

Results

Ten studies comprising 1,365 participants were included. A reduction in the consumption of pain medication was found between 21%–86% without aggravating pain intensity and anxiety. In few studies, significant reduction in pain intensity and anxiety was found. Meta‐analysis including seven studies revealed a small beneficial effect on reducing procedure length. A meta‐analysis on adverse events showed no significant reduction. Statistical heterogeneity was found among the studies included.

Conclusion

For patients undergoing invasive procedures, hypnotic analgesia was effective in reducing consumption of analgesics. Only a slight effect was, however, found on experienced anxiety and pain intensity. It did not prolong the procedure and was safe to provide.

Relevance to clinical practice

Hypnosis is recommended as pain management for adults during invasive procedures. A reduced consumption of pain medication potentially has a major impact on monitoring and observation of patients following the procedure, thus improving patient safety and reducing resource consumption.
Midwives' use of best available evidence in practice: An integrative review
Authors: De Leo Annemarie , Bayes Sara , Geraghty Sadie , Butt Janice
Published: August 2019

Aims and objectives

To synthesise international research that relates to midwives' use of best available evidence in practice settings and identify key issues relating to the translation of latest evidence into everyday maternity care.

Background

Midwifery is a research‐informed profession. However, a gap persists in the translation of best available evidence into practice settings, compromising gold standard maternity care and delaying the translation of new knowledge into everyday practice.

Design

A five‐step integrative review approach, based on a series of articles published by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) for conducting systematic reviews, was used to facilitate development of a search strategy, selection criteria and quality appraisal process, and the extraction and synthesis of data to inform an integrative review.

Methods

The databases CINAHL, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Implementation Science Journal and Scopus were searched for relevant articles. The screening and quality appraisal process complied with the PRISMA 2009 checklist. Narrative analysis was used to develop sub‐categories and dimensions from the data, which were then synthesised to form two major categories that together answer the review question.

Results

The six articles reviewed report on midwives' use of best available evidence in Australia, the UK and Asia. Two major categories emerged that confirm that although midwifery values evidence‐based practice (EBP), evidence‐informed maternity care is not always employed in clinical settings. Additionally, closure of the evidence‐to‐practice gap in maternity care requires a multidimensional approach.

Conclusion

Collaborative partnerships between midwives and researchers are necessary to initiate strategies that support midwives' efforts to facilitate the timely movement of best available evidence into practice.

Relevance to clinical practice

Understanding midwives' use of best available evidence in practice will direct future efforts towards the development of mechanisms that facilitate the timely uptake of latest evidence by all maternity care providers working in clinical settings.
The effect of knowledge and health beliefs about colorectal cancer on screening behaviour
Authors: Taş Ferdane , Kocaöz Semra , Çirpan Rabiye
Published: August 2019

Aims and objectives

To determine the effect of the knowledge and health beliefs of individuals about colorectal cancer on their screening behaviour.

Background

Colorectal cancer ranks third among the most common cancers both worldwide and in Turkey. Colorectal cancer plays an important role in cancer mortality but can be prevented by promoting healthy behaviour and participation in early screening programmes.

Design

This descriptive study was completed with 114 women and 121 men.

Methods

The study data were collected using the ‘Data collection form' and ‘Health Belief Model Scale for Protection from Colorectal Cancer'. Potential risk factors were investigated using logistic regression analyses. The AGREE checklist was completed.

Results

The colorectal cancer screening tests were known by 23.0% of the subjects and 17% had undergone one of these tests. The score medians obtained from the confidence‐benefit subscale of Health Belief Model Scale for Protection from Colorectal Cancer were found to be significantly higher in those who had undergone colorectal cancer screening. Logistic regression analysis revealed that having knowledge of the relevant tests was associated with undergoing colorectal cancer screening.

Conclusions

Having knowledge on colorectal cancer screening tests increases the relevant confidence‐benefit perception regarding the tests and the behaviour of participating in screening programmes. Regular training on colorectal cancer and early diagnosis should therefore be provided by healthcare professionals to both women and men aged 50–70 years to increase the rate of undergoing early screening tests.

Relevance to clinical practice

Increasing the rate of early screening is among the responsibilities of health workers working in primary health centres. Therefore, problems that prevent individuals from participating in these programmes need to be identified. In this way, health workers will develop suggestions and initiatives that change the individual's health beliefs and increase motivation.
Catheter dwell time and risk of catheter failure in adult patients with peripheral venous catheters
Authors: Wei Tao , Li Xu‐ying , Yue Zhi‐ping , Chen Yong‐yi , Wang Yi‐ren , Yuan Zhong , Lin Qin , Tan Yan , Peng Si‐yi , Li Xing‐feng
Published: August 2019

Aims and objectives

To explore whether the risk of peripheral venous catheters failure remained constant throughout catheter use in adult patients.

Background

Peripheral venous catheters, widely used in adult patients, may have a critical threshold dwell time associated with increased risk of catheter failure.

Design

Prospective, observational study. We have complied with the STROBE checklist of items.

Methods

This study was conducted from July–October 2018 in Hunan, China. Data on patient factors, catheter factors and catheter failure events were collected. Poisson regression was used to assess the effect of catheter dwell time on catheter failure while adjusting for other variables.

Results

A total of 1,477 patients were included in the analysis. There were 854 cases (57.8%) of catheter failure. The median dwell time to catheter failure was 52 hr (interquartile range: 36–73 hr). The incidence rate of catheter failure significantly increased by 1.1%/h in the first 38 hr after catheter insertion. From 39–149 hr, the incidence rate significantly decreased, and at >149 hr, there was no significant change in the incidence rate. Meanwhile, factors such as vascular quality and infused drugs showed having an impact on catheter failure events.

Conclusions

The risk of catheter failure may not remain constant throughout the dwell time. The results suggest that nurses should assess the insertion site frequently in the first 38 hr.

Relevance to clinical practice

The significant increase in the risk of catheter failure per hour may warrant close and frequent inspection of insertion site during the first 38 hr.
BRCA mutation frequency and clinical features of ovarian cancer patients: A report from a Chinese study group
Authors: Bu Hualei , Chen Jingying , Li Qingshui , Hou Jianqing , Wei Yuan , Yang Xiaohang , Ma Yana , He Hongsheng , Zhang Youzhong , Kong Beihua
Published: August 2019

Aim

Subjects with germline BRCA1/2 mutations (gBRCAm) have an increased risk of developing breast cancer and ovarian cancer. At present, knowledge of BRCA1/2 mutation frequency in Chinese patients with ovarian cancer is still insufficient, and the detailed clinical information of these patients is poorly understood.

Methods

A total of 547 unselected ovarian cancer patients were enrolled, and their gBRCAm status was detected. Clinical characteristics including age, personal and family history, histopathologic diagnosis, carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA‐125) level, ascites, Federation International of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage, residual lesions, platinum sensitivity, recurrence interval and survival information were collected. Accurate assessments of disease response were based on the RECIST standard or CA‐125 level.

Results

In 547 patients with ovarian cancer, we detected 129 (23.6%) patients with pathogenic mutations, 84 patients with BRCA1 mutations (15.4%) and 45 patients with BRCA2 mutations (8.2%). Twenty‐five novel mutations were identified, and the mutation of BRCA1, c.5470_5477del8, was the most common mutation in this study. BRCA1/2 mutations were significantly associated with age; personal and family history; FIGO stage; secondary recurrence interval; sensitivity to platinum in 1st, 2nd and 3rd line treatment; and response to doxorubicin liposomes. Patients with BRCA1/2 mutations showed significant advantages in 3‐ and 5‐year survival rates but no advantage in long‐term survival.

Conclusion

BRCA1/2 mutation prevalence in Chinese ovarian cancer patients is higher than the international rate. We recommend BRCA1/2 testing for patients with family histories and personal histories of malignancy and genetic counseling for cancer in healthy people with high‐risk family histories.
Immunohistochemical expression of CD44v9 and 8‐OHdG in ovarian endometrioma and the benign endometriotic lesions adjacent to clear cell carcinoma
Authors: Niiro Emiko , Kawahara Naoki , Yamada Yuki , Yoshimoto Chiharu , Shimada Keiji , Sudo Tamotsu , Kobayashi Hiroshi
Published: August 2019

Aim

Expression of CD44 variant isoforms (CD44v) promotes the synthesis of reduced glutathione and contributes to reactive oxygen species defense through up‐regulation of the intracellular antioxidant. The aim of the study was to investigate the expression of CD44v9 and oxidative DNA damage marker, 8‐OHdG, in benign ovarian endometrioma (OE) and OE harboring clear cell carcinomas (CCC).

Methods

A retrospective study was performed at the Department of Gynecology, Nara Medical University hospital from January 2006 to December 2012. Patients with histologically confirmed benign OE (n = 27) and OE harboring areas of CCC (n = 8) were selected. Tissue samples were immunohistochemically analyzed for the presence of CD44v9 and 8‐OHdG using avidin‐biotin complex method.

Results

CD44v9 was located on the cell membrane of endometriotic epithelial cells and expressed in 88.9% (24/27) of benign OE tissues. Only 25.0% (2/8) of benign endometriotic lesions adjacent to CCC was found to stain weakly for CD44v9. Percentage of CD44v9 positive cells was 68.5 ± 20.2% (mean ± standard deviation) of benign OE, 16.7 ± 16.5% of CCC endometriotic tissue (P < 0.001). Compared to benign OE, CCC endometriotic tissue showed a significant increase in the proportion of 8‐OHdG expression (77.3 ± 22.5% vs 94.9 ± 3.0%, P = 0.049). A significant negative correlation was observed between CD44v9 status and 8‐OHdG nuclear expression (r = −0.458, P  =  0.006).

Conclusion

Alterations in CD44v9 and 8‐OHdG may be associated with malignant transformation of benign OE.
Changes in serum hepcidin levels in children with inflammatory bowel disease during anti‐inflammatory treatment
Authors: Karaskova Eva , Volejnikova Jana , Holub Dusan , Velganova‐Veghova Maria , Spenerova Michaela , Mihal Vladimir , Pospisilova Dagmar
Published: August 2019

Aim

The aim of this study was to compare changes in serum hepcidin levels in paediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease during therapy and correlate them with markers of iron metabolism, inflammation and type of treatment.

Methods

Children with newly diagnosed Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) were included in this longitudinal study. Blood and stool samples were collected to assess levels of serum hepcidin and markers of iron metabolism parameters and inflammation. The parameters were examined before treatment (baseline levels) and compared with levels in the follow‐up period during maintenance therapy (mean follow‐up of 39 months after diagnosis).

Results

Patients with CD (n = 30) had higher serum hepcidin levels (expressed as a median and interquartile range) at diagnosis than subjects with UC (n = 13). These levels significantly decreased during the follow‐up (from 36.5 (11.5–79.6) to 2.1 (0.9–6.7) ng/mL). In contrast, no significant serum hepcidin level changes were observed in the UC patients (5.4 (3.4–16.6) vs. 4.8 (0.9–8.1) ng/mL). While hepcidin level changes correlated with disease activity and inflammatory parameters (erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C‐reactive protein), in CD patients, they correlated only with serum iron levels in patients with UC. Biological therapy was accompanied by a significant decrease in C‐reactive protein and interleukin‐6 compared to conventional anti‐inflammatory therapy in CD patients.

Conclusions

Children with CD had higher serum hepcidin levels on diagnosis compared to subjects with UC. During an anti‐inflammatory therapy, serum hepcidin decreased in the CD group but remained consistently low in children with UC.
Lessons to be learned: Using National Immunisation strategies to improve adherence to acute rheumatic fever secondary prophylaxis
Authors: Liaw Joshua Y , White Andrew V , Gorton Susan , Axford‐Haines Louise
Published: August 2019

Rheumatic heart disease, as a result of a single or recurrent episode of acute rheumatic fever (ARF), remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in northern and remote Australia; ARF has a peak incidence among 5–14‐year‐old Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children. Long‐term regular benzathine penicillin G injections are the only currently successful secondary prevention strategy; however, rates of adherence remain critically low. In contrast, rates of adherence to immunisations on the National Immunisation Program (NIP) Schedule are high, even among this target population. This article compares strategies used to implement and improve ARF secondary prophylaxis with those used in the NIP. Some successful NIP strategies, such as Service Incentive Payment for health providers, home‐visiting delivery models and integration into the National Immunisation Register, if applied to ARF secondary prophylaxis have the potential to improve benzathine penicillin G adherence.
Risk factors for shedding ofSalmonella entericaamong hospitalized large animals over a 10‐year period in a veterinary teaching hospital
Authors: Burgess Brandy A. , Morley Paul S.
Published: August 2019

Background

Transmission ofSalmonellain veterinary hospitals is typically associated with environmental contamination. Links between isolates recovered from hospitalized large animals and environment suggest animals as the likely source. Therefore, understanding factors influencing shedding is key in control. Shedding in hospitalized animals has been investigated, but many studies focused on subsets of animals limiting generalizability.

Objective

(1) Investigate factors associated with fecal shedding ofSalmonellaamong hospitalized large animals at a veterinary hospital. (2) Compare results obtained using 2 comparison groups for risk factor analysis—large animals with high confidence in negative shedding status and those with potential for misclassification of shedding status.

Animals

Large animals admitted from March 2002 through December 2012.

Methods

A case‐control study was conducted among all hospitalized large animals that were routinely cultured as part of infection control efforts. Animal and hospital factors were evaluated. Data on factors of interest were collected retrospectively from electronic medical records. Multivariable conditional logistic regression was used to evaluate associations between animal factors and fecal shedding ofSalmonella enterica.

Results

During the study period, 5.9% (648/11 061) of hospitalized large animals were culture positive forSalmonella, with the majority being cattle (72%; 467/648) and horses (22%; 143/648). Although the odds of shedding varied by comparison group, overall, 69.4% of animal shedding could be attributed to systemic illness (population attributable fraction) in this study.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Findings of this study inform our understanding of factors affectingSalmonellashedding in hospitalized large animals, thus improving our ability for implementation of evidence‐based control measures.
Reduced Competition Effects and Noisier Representations in a Second Language
Authors: Tachihara Karina , Goldberg Adele E.
Published: August 2019

Native speakers strongly disprefer novel formulations when a conventional alternative expresses the same intended message, presumably because the more conventional form competes with the novel form. In five studies, second language (L2) speakers were less influenced by competing alternatives than native speakers. L2 speakers accepted novel interpretable sentences more readily than native speakers, and were somewhat less likely to offer competing alternatives as paraphrases or to prefer competing alternatives in forced‐choice tasks. They were unaffected by exposure to competing alternatives immediately before judgments. Reduced sensitivity to competing alternatives was confirmed by L2 speakers’ greater divergence from native speakers on judgments for novel formulations compared to familiar ones. Reduced sensitivity to competing alternatives also predicts noisier linguistic representations; consistent with this, L2 speakers performed worse on a verbatim recognition task, with performance correlating with more nativelike judgments. Proficiency was a modest predictor of judgments, but transfer effects were not.

Open Practices

This article has been awarded a Preregistered Research Design badge. Preregistration for this study's research design and analyses is publicly accessible through AsPredicted.org. Direct links to the five preregistered experiments are available in the Supporting Information file. Learn more about the Open Practices badges from the Center for Open Science: https://osf.io/tvyxz/wiki.
A rural–urban latitudinal study of the distributions ofCulex quinquefasciatusandCulex pipiensbioforms in their southernmost sympatric fringe
Authors: Cardo M. V. , Rubio A. , Junges M. T. , Vezzani D. , Carbajo A. E.
Published: August 2019

Mosquitoes grouped in the complexCulex pipiensL. (Diptera: Culicidae) are important vectors of medical and veterinary diseases. In the South American sympatric region,Cx. pipiensandCulex quinquefasciatusSay coexist and potentially hybridize. To identify key drivers of their geographical distribution, mosquito immatures were collected from flower vases of eight urban/rural cemetery pairs within a 5° latitudinal transect along Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. The specimens were identified by molecular methods and their relative proportion modelled as a function of environmental variables. At the beginning of the warm season, northern and southern cemeteries presented exclusivelyCx. quinquefasciatusandCx. pipiens, respectively, with different proportions of both at mid latitudes. By the end of the summer,Cx. quinquefasciatuswas present throughout the study area, exclusively in 11 of the 16 cemeteries both rural and urban, whereasCx. pipienswas predominant only in the southernmost pair. Mean annual temperature, photoperiod variability and time of the season were key drivers of their distributions. All specimens ofCx. pipienswere identified as formmolestusand no hybrids were recognized. The reported distribution patterns and the potential absence ofCx. pipiensf.pipiensand hybrids are discussed, along with their implications in disease transmission.
Sequence and hierarchy in vocal rhythms and phonology
Authors: Fitch W. Tecumseh
Published: August 2019

I explore the neural and evolutionary origins of phonological hierarchy, building on Peter MacNeilage's frame/content model, which suggests that human speech evolved from primate nonvocal jaw oscillations, for example, lip smack displays, combined with phonation. Considerable recent data, reviewed here, support this proposition. I argue that the evolution of speech motor control required two independent components. The first, identified by MacNeilage, is the diversification of phonetic “content” within a simple sequential “frame,” and would be within reach of nonhuman primates, by simply intermittently activating phonation during lip smack displays. Such voicing control requires laryngeal control, hypothesized to necessitate direct corticomotor connections to the nucleus ambiguus. The second component, proposed here, involves imposing additional hierarchical rhythmic structure upon the “flat” control sequences typifying mammalian vocal tract oscillations and is required for the flexible combinatorial capacity observed in modern phonology. I hypothesize that phonological hierarchy resulted from a marriage of a preexisting capacity for sequential structure seen in other primates, with novel hierarchical motor control circuitry (potentially evolved in tool use and/or musical contexts). In turn, this phonological hierarchy paved the way for phrasal syntactic hierarchy. I support these arguments using comparative and neural data from nonhuman primates and birdsong.
Obesity and muscle‐macrophage crosstalk in humans and mice: A systematic review
Authors: Rudrapatna Srikesh , Bhatt Meha , Wang Kuan‐Wen , Bierbrier Rachel , Wang Pei‐Wen , Banfield Laura , Elsheikh Wagdi , Sims E. Danielle , Peterson Devin , Thabane Lehana , Tarnopolsky Mark A. , Steinberg Gregory R. , Samaan M. Constantine
Published: August 2019

Obesity is associated with the production of inflammatory cytokines that are implicated in insulin resistance (IR), and if not addressed, can lead to type 2 diabetes (T2D). The role of the immune system in skeletal muscle (SM) inflammation and insulin sensitivity is not yet well characterized. As SM IR is an important determinant of glycaemia, it is critical that the muscle‐immune phenotype is mapped to help design interventions to target T2D. This systematic review synthesized the evidence for SM macrophage content and phenotype in humans and murine models of obesity, and the association of muscle macrophage content and phenotype with IR. Results were synthesized narratively, as we were unable to conduct a meta‐analysis. We included 28 studies (n=10 human, n=18 murine), and all studies detected macrophage markers in SM. Macrophage content was positively associated with IR. In humans and mice, there was variability in muscle macrophage content and phenotype in obesity. Overall certainty in the evidence was low due to heterogeneity in detection methods and incompleteness of data reporting. Macrophages are detected in human and murine SM in obesity and a positive association between macrophage content and IR is noted; however, the standardization of markers, detection methods, and reporting of study details is warranted to accurately characterize macrophages and improve the potential for creating specific and targeted immune‐based therapies in obesity.
Diagnostic evaluation and arrhythmia mechanisms in survivors of unexplained cardiac arrest
Authors: Deif Bishoy , Roberts Jason D.
Published: August 2019

Identifying the cause of unexplained cardiac arrest is critical for appropriate management of both survivors and their family members. Aborted cardiac arrests whose cause remains unknown following investigation with a surface ECG, echocardiogram, and coronary angiogram are deemed unexplained. Many of these unexplained arrests are felt to be secondary to concealed forms of cardiac channelopathies and latent or subtle cardiomyopathies. This recognition has led to evaluating a diagnostic role for a series of additional investigations, including advanced imaging, genetic testing, and provocative forms of testing, including sodium channel blockade and treadmill testing. Despite evidence of an improved diagnostic yield through their systematic usage, clinical guidelines have yet to endorse a formal algorithm delineating investigations that must be performed before assigning a label of idiopathic ventricular fibrillation, which has resulted in markedly variables thresholds for concluding this diagnosis. Debate remains regarding the need for an invasive electrophysiology study among these patients, though identification of arrhythmic culprits requiring intracardiac electrograms for diagnostic confirmation have suggested a potential role when an initial comprehensive evaluation is unrevealing. Although progress is being made, the sizeable portion of arrests that remain unexplained despite completion of a comprehensive evaluation highlights an ongoing need for further research and additional tools to help unravel the ongoing mysteries of these near fatal events.
Effect of different fraction of inspired oxygen on development of atelectasis in mechanically ventilated children: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Song In‐Kyung , Jang Young‐Eun , Lee Ji‐Hyun , Kim Eun‐Hee , Yoo Seokha , Kim Hee‐Soo , Kim Jin‐Tae
Published: August 2019

Background

The use of high fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO2) can cause direct pulmonary toxicity and pulmonary complications. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of different FIO2 on development of intraoperative atelectasis in mechanically ventilated children using lung ultrasound.

Methods

In this randomized controlled, patient‐ and sonographer‐blinded trial, 86 children (≤6 years) undergoing noncardiac surgery were allocated into a low (n = 43) or high (n = 43) FIO2 group. The low FIO2 group consistently received 30% air‐oxygen mixture during preoxygenation, ultrasound‐guided recruitment maneuver, and mechanical ventilation. The high FIO2 group received 100% oxygen during preoxygenation and ultrasound‐guided recruitment maneuver and 60% air‐oxygen mixture during mechanical ventilation. Positive end‐expiratory pressure of 5 cm H2O was applied in both groups. Lung ultrasound was performed one minute after the start of mechanical ventilation and at the end of surgery in both groups. Primary outcome was significant atelectasis incidence (consolidation score of ≥2 in any region) on the postoperative lung ultrasound. Secondary outcomes included significant atelectasis incidence on the preoperative lung ultrasound, incidences of intra‐ and postoperative desaturation, and incidences of postoperative fever and postoperative pulmonary complications.

Results

Significant atelectasis incidence on the postoperative lung ultrasound was similar between the low and high FIO2 groups (28% vs 37%; Pearson chi‐square value = 0.847; P = .357; OR 1.531; 95% CI 0.617‐3.800). Significant atelectasis incidence on the preoperative lung ultrasound was also similar between the groups (12% vs 9%; Pearson chi‐square value = 0.124; P = .725; OR 0.779; 95% CI 0.194‐3.125). There were no statistically significant differences in the other secondary outcomes.

Conclusions

FIO2 did not affect significant atelectasis formation in mechanically ventilated children who received ultrasound‐guided recruitment maneuver and positive end‐expiratory pressure.
Wearing a bike helmet leads to less cognitive control, revealed by lower frontal midline theta power and risk indifference
Authors: Schmidt Barbara , Kessler Luisa , Holroyd Clay B. , Miltner Wolfgang H. R.
Published: August 2019

A recent study claims that participants wearing a bike helmet behave riskier in a computer‐based risk task compared to control participants without a bike helmet. We hypothesized that wearing a bike helmet reduces cognitive control over risky behavior. To test our hypothesis, we recorded participants' EEG brain responses while they played a risk game developed in our laboratory. Previously, we found that, in this risk game, anxious participants showed greater levels of cognitive control as revealed by greater frontal midline theta power, which was associated with less risky decisions. Here, we predicted that cognitive control would be reduced in the helmet group, indicated by reduced frontal midline theta power, and that this group would prefer riskier options in the risk game. In line with our hypothesis, we found that participants in the helmet group showed significantly lower frontal midline theta power than participants in the control group, indicating less cognitive control. We did not replicate the finding of generally riskier behavior in the helmet group. Instead, we found that participants chose the riskier option in about half of trials, no matter how risky the other option was. Our results suggest that wearing a bike helmet reduces cognitive control, as revealed by reduced frontal midline theta power, leading to risk indifference when evaluating potential behaviors.
Obstructive sleep apnoea and susceptibility to cardiovascular disease: A blessing or curse of old age?
Authors: Jun Jonathan C. , Polotsky Vsevolod Y.
Published: August 2019

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In the Garden of Eden? Mineral lore and preaching in the Erzgebirge
Authors: Haug Henrike
Published: August 2019

The assessment of precious metals as well as the perception and appreciation of objects made from gold and silver is culturally shaped. Christian positions vary according to which aspect of the raw material is stressed. Gold, for example, can either be condemned as worldly luxury or interpreted as a visible manifestation and material indication of a transcendental divine being. Based on works of art made of silver ores that combine the representation of miners and their work with Christian scenes like the Crucifixion or Resurrection and contemporary written sources, this contribution will discuss the variety of interpretations and positions present in the mining region of the Ore Mountains in the sixteenth century, which could be reconciled only in part due to their inconsistency.
The making of a hybrid body: Corpus Christi in Lisbon, 1582
Authors: van Kessel Elsje
Published: August 2019

In Renaissance Lisbon, the procession of Corpus Christi was not only the most important event on the liturgical calendar but also one of the largest collectively produced works of art. This article argues that, in order to understand this complex, multi‐layered artwork, it is necessary to move beyond such categorical opposites as ‘local vs. other’, ‘artist vs. viewer’ and even ‘people vs. things’, and instead approach these processions as a certain kind of hybrid. Focussing on a publication that recounts the Corpus Christi procession of September 1582, held to coincide with King Philip II of Spain’s residency in Lisbon, the first part of the article examines the diverse artistic origins of elements of the procession, which included highly decorated streets, music, dances, and countless figures of saints and demons, demonstrating that Renaissance Lisbon was a hybrid space. The second part of the article asks how this hybridity can be studied when art historical concepts and methods developed for canonical European art do not easily apply. It instead proposes an anthropologically inspired framework that defines Lisbon’s Corpus Christi as a networked hybrid of things, humans, and ideas.
Amplitude, frequency and drivers of Caspian Sea lake‐level variations during the Early Pleistocene and their impact on a protected wave‐dominated coastline
Authors: Jorissen Elisabeth L. , Abels Hemmo A. , Wesselingh Frank P. , Lazarev Sergei , Aghayeva Vusala , Krijgsman Wout
Published: August 2019

The Caspian Sea, the largest isolated lake in the world, witnessed drastic lake‐level variations during the Quaternary. This restricted basin appears very sensitive to lake‐level variations, due to important variations in regional evaporation, precipitation and runoff. The amplitude, frequency and drivers of these lake‐level changes are still poorly documented and understood. Studying geological records of the Caspian Sea might be the key to better comprehend the complexity of these oscillations. The Hajigabul section documents sediment deposited on the northern margin of the Kura Basin, a former embayment of the Caspian Sea. The 2035 m thick, well‐exposed section was previously dated by magneto‐biostratigraphic techniques and provides an excellent record of Early Pleistocene environmental, lake‐level and climate changes. Within this succession, the 1050 m thick Apsheronian regional stage, between ca 2·1 Ma and 0·85 Ma, represents a particular time interval with 20 regressive sequences documented by sedimentary and palaeontological changes. Sequences are regressing from offshore to coastal, lagoonal or terrestrial settings and are bounded by abrupt flooding events. Sediment reveals a low energy, wave‐dominated, reflective beach system. Wave baselines delimiting each facies association appear to be located at shallower bathymetries compared to the open ocean. Water depth estimations of the wave baselines allow reconstruction of a lake‐level curve, recording oscillations of ca 40 m amplitude. Cyclostratigraphic analyses display lake‐level frequency close to 41 kyr, pointing to allogenic forcing, dominated by obliquity cycles and suggesting a direct or indirect link with high‐latitude climates and environments. This study provides a detailed lake‐level curve for the Early Pleistocene Caspian Sea and constitutes a first step towards a better comprehension of the magnitude, occurrence and forcing mechanisms of Caspian Sea lake‐level changes. Facies models developed in this study regarding sedimentary architectures of palaeocoastlines affected by repeated lake‐level fluctuations may form good analogues for other (semi‐)isolated basins worldwide.
Distributional Effects of a Wealth Tax under Lifetime‐Dynastic Income Concepts*
Authors: Halvorsen Elin , Thoresen Thor O.
Published: August 2019

Annual wealth tax is back on the policy agenda, but discussion of its effect is not well informed. When standard methodology is used and wealth‐tax burdens are measured against annual individual income, it is found that a large share of the tax burden falls on people with low incomes. In this study, we use rich Norwegian administrative data to discuss the distributional effects of wealth tax under several different income concepts, ultimately measuring income over the lifetime of family dynasties. When measured against lifetime income and lifetime income in dynasties, wealth tax is mostly borne by high‐income taxpayers and is seen as clearly redistributive.
Adult and child deprivation in Hong Kong
Authors: Saunders Peter , Tang Vera Mun‐yu
Published: August 2019

There is growing interest in the application of Townsend's deprivation approach to provide estimates of poverty that more directly reflect the living standards of those on low income. The consensual approach is applied here using data from the second wave (conducted in 2015–2016) of the Trends and Implications of Social Disadvantages in Hong Kong survey. The article draws on a related study that identifies separate lists of items deemed “necessary for all” by a majority of adults (aged 18 years or older) and children (aged 10–17 years). Those unable to obtain at least three of these items are identified as deprived, and the profile of household deprivation is examined in terms of the family types most affected, age groups, and numbers of children. Further analysis focuses on the disparity between children identified as living in households identified as deprived according to information provided by adults and children whose deprivation status reflects their own views. Finally, the overlaps between deprivation and four measures of poverty—two objective and income based and two subjective and perception based—are examined and discussed. The results indicate that deprivation and poverty are different but that, however it is measured, more needs to be done to address poverty in Hong Kong, including further improvements in the coverage and adequacy of health service provision and social security benefits.
Improved Neymanian analysis for 2K factorial designs with binary outcomes
Authors: Lu Jiannan
Published: August 2019

2K factorial designs are widely adopted by statisticians and the broader scientific community. In this short note, under the potential outcomes framework, we adopt the partial identification approach and derive the sharp lower bound of the sampling variance of the estimated factorial effects, which leads to an “improved” Neymanian variance estimator that mitigates the overestimation issue suffered by the classic Neymanian variance estimator.
Financial integration and banking crisis. A critical analysis of restrictions on capital flows
Authors: Inekwe John Nkwoma , Valenzuela Maria Rebecca
Published: August 2019

We investigate the effect of financial integration on a banking crisis. In contrast to existing works, we allow for capital restrictions while studying the impact of financial integration on a banking crisis. Using firm‐level lending and borrowing information in the global market of syndicated loans; we generate aggregate measures of financial integration and examine how countries with capital flow restrictions thrive in the wake of a banking crisis. We concentrate on basic network measures of integration for a panel of 62 countries that allow for capital restriction at any time within the sample period. Financial integration increases the incidence of a banking crisis, and capital restrictions worsen a banking crisis. However, capital restrictions reduce the negative impact of financial integration on the incidence of a banking crisis. Thus, financial integration becomes beneficial when countries allow for some forms of capital control.