bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new quality of life scale for teenagers with food hypersensitivity
Authors: MacKenzie Heather , Roberts Graham , Van Laar Darren , Dean Taraneh
Published: May 2012

To cite this article: MacKenzie H, Roberts G, Van Laar D, Dean T. A new quality of life scale for teenagers with food hypersensitivity. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2012: 23: 404–411.

Background:  A disease‐specific health‐related quality of life (HRQL) scale enables the impact of current and new interventions on the HRQL of teenagers with food hypersensitivity (FHS) to be evaluated. No such scale exists for teenagers with FHS living in the UK. This research aimed to develop and validate a disease‐specific HRQL scale for this group, thus facilitating HRQL measurement in this population.

Methods:  A preliminary 51‐item questionnaire was generated from interviews with 21 teenagers with FHS, the coverage and acceptability of which was refined in pre‐ and pilot testing (N = 102). On the basis of the field test data (N = 299), principal components analysis identified those items best measuring HRQL.

Results:  The final 34‐item You and Your Food Allergy scale covered five domains: social well‐being and independence, support, day‐to‐day activities, family relations and emotional well‐being. The whole scale displayed excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.92) and test–retest reliability (ICC = 0.87). The scale correlated as hypothesised with a generic HRQL scale (PedsQL) and discriminated by disease severity, providing evidence for its construct validity.

Conclusions:  The You and Your Food Allergy scale is the first HRQL scale to have been developed and validated with UK teenagers with FHS. Subject to further evaluation of its psychometric properties, its development has important applications in future research into the HRQL of teenagers with FHS. Short and easy‐to‐complete, the scale has been designed to appeal to teenagers and is likely to be useful to facilitate discussion of HRQL issues.
Depletion of alloreactive T cells for tolerance induction in a recipient of kidney and hematopoietic stem cell transplantations
Authors: Tangnararatchakit Kanchana , Tirapanich Wiwat , Anurathapan Usanarat , Tapaneya‐Olarn Wiwat , Pakakasama Samart , Jootar Saengsuree , Slavin Shimon , Hongeng Suradej
Published: May 2012

Tangnararatchakit K, Tirapanich W, Anurathapan U, Tapaneya‐Olarn W, Pakakasama S, Jootar S, Slavin S, Hongeng S. Depletion of alloreactive T cells for tolerance induction in a recipient of kidney and hematopoietic stem cell transplantations.

Abstract:  The present case report represents a successful attempt to induce transplantation tolerance to organ allograft by combined administration of donor hematopoietic cells and kidney based on in vivo deletion of alloreactive host‐vs‐graft and graft‐vs‐host alloreactive T cells following non‐myeloablative conditioning. We were able to induce mixed and eventually full donor chimerism and tolerance of kidney allograft in a 15‐yr‐old male with ESRD after cisplatin treatment and autologous HSCT for mediastinal germ cell tumor. Our approach to induce tolerance was based on preferential depletion of alloreactive T cells induced by exposure to donor’s alloantigens and administration of cyclophosphamide at day 2 and day 3 after stem cell infusion. Additional non‐specific immunosuppression as part of the conditioning included exposure to two fractions of TLI, treatment with alemtuzumab (monoclonal anti‐CD52) and short‐term conventional IS treatment to avoid early graft loss, because of request of IRB. Using this approach, with rapid tapering of all conventional IS treatment, the patient maintains good renal functions without evidence of both acute and chronic rejection for 32 months off all medications.
Graft rejection in pediatric liver transplant patients with Epstein‐Barr viremia and post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disease
Authors: Weiner Chana , Weintraub Lauren , Wistinghausen Birte , Tomaino Juli , Arnon Ronen , Kerkar Nanda , Miloh Tamir
Published: May 2012

Weiner C, Weintraub L, Wistinghausen B, Tomaino J, Arnon R, Kerkar N, Miloh T. Graft rejection in pediatric liver transplant patients with Epstein‐Barr viremia and post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disease.

Abstract:  Treatment of primary EV and PTLD in pediatric LT recipients (pLT) involves IS reduction/cessation. Retrospective review of pLT at our institution from 2001–2009 was conducted to characterize risk factors for GR after EV/ PTLD. Of 184 pLT, EV occurred in 61 (33%) at mean 16.5 m (0–82) and PTLD in 18 (9.8%) at mean 17.7 m (3–78) post‐LT. Median age at pLT was 11 m (1–245 m) and follow‐up six yr. For EV, 86% underwent IS reduction and 51% received antivirals. GR occurred in 12 (27.9%) with EV and 15 (83.3%) after PTLD diagnosis (relative risk of GR for PTLD 2.98). GR treated with methylprednisolone bolus in half and/or oral IS in half. Following GR therapy, four had PTLD relapses, no graft loss and one EV patient required re‐transplantation. GR history before EV was a risk factor for GR after EV (p = 0.024). GR at any point after pLT was a risk factor for PTLD (p = 0.001). Children with EV and GR prior to EV should be monitored closely for GR after IS reduction and GR is a significant risk factor for PTLD. Most children with PTLD eventually developed GR.
Double balloon enteroscopy for pediatric inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Uchida Keiichi , Yoshiyama Shigeyuki , Inoue Mikihiro , Koike Yuki , Yasuda Hiromi , Fujikawa Hiroyuki , Okita Yoshiki , Araki Toshimitsu , Tanaka Kouji , Kusunoki Masato
Published: May 2012

Background:  The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of double balloon enteroscopy (DBE) in children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Methods:  A total of 106 DBE procedures in 67 patients were performed at Mie University Hospital from January 2008 to June 2011. Of these, 17 procedures in 12 children and adolescents with established or suspected Crohn's disease (CD) were included in the present study. The procedure, sedation, efficacy, and safety of DBE were evaluated.

Results:  Mean patient age was 12.9 years (range, 3–19 years). Patients ≤15 years old had general anesthesia. The procedures included the oral approach (n= 9), the anal approach (n= 4), and the ileostomal approach (n= 4). The mean procedure duration was 60 min. Accurate diagnosis was obtained in 7/8 cases (88%) of suspected CD. Only one case was diagnosed as indeterminate colitis, although the total small and large bowel was examined on DBE and pathology. Procedure tolerance was acceptable and recovery was uneventful in all cases. No serious complications were encountered.

Conclusions:  With regard to the present limited IBD pediatric case series, DBE is a safe and effective procedure.
Effect of a long‐term oral l‐arginine supplementation on glucose metabolism: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Monti L. D. , Setola E. , Lucotti P. C. G. , Marrocco‐Trischitta M. M. , Comola M. , Galluccio E. , Poggi A. , Mammì S. , Catapano A. L. , Comi G. , Chiesa R. , Bosi E. , Piatti P. M.
Published: May 2012

Aim: This study assessed the efficacy of long‐term l‐arginine (l‐arg) therapy in preventing or delaying type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Methods: A mono‐centre, randomized, double‐blind, parallel‐group, placebo‐controlled, phase III trial (l‐arg trial) was conducted on 144 individuals affected by impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and metabolic syndrome (MS). l‐Arg/placebo was administered (6.4 g/day) on a background structured lifestyle intervention for 18 months plus a 12‐month extended follow‐up period after study drug termination. Fasting glucose levels and glucose tolerance after oral glucose tolerance test were evaluated throughout the study.

Results: After 18 months, l‐arg as compared with placebo did not reduce the cumulative incidence of diabetes [21.4 and 20.8%, respectively, hazard ratio (HR), 1.04; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.58–1.86] while the cumulative probability to become normal glucose tolerant (NGT) increased (42.4 and 22.1%, respectively, HR, 2.60; 95% CI, 1.51–4.46, p < 0.001). The higher cumulative probability to become of NGT was maintained during the extended period in subjects previously treated with l‐arg (HR, 3.21; 95% CI, 1.87–5.51; p < 0.001). At the end of the extended period, the cumulative incidence of diabetes in subjects previously treated with l‐arg was reduced as compared with placebo (27.2 and 47.1%, respectively, HR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.24–0.75, p < 0.05). During both periods, l‐arg significantly improved insulin sensitivity and β‐cell function.

Conclusion: Among persons with IGT and MS, the supplementation of l‐arg for 18 months does not significantly reduce the incidence of diabetes but does significantly increase regression to NGT.
Democratic Participation, Engagement and Freedom
Authors: McBride Cillian
Published: May 2012

It is commonly supposed that democracies should encourage greater political participation and civic engagement. This article identifies two distinct perspectives on political participation and civic engagement: a ‘freedom-centred’ model and an ‘ethical’ model. The ‘freedom-centred’ model defended here draws on the republican concept of freedom as non-domination, together with the political liberal notion of fair deliberative proceduralism, while the ethical model draws on Aristotelian, perfectionist, sources. It is argued that the ‘ethical’ model is overly concerned with the ‘moral renewal’ of modern social life, and is insensitive to problems of domination posed by its account of civic reciprocity and trust. By contrast, the ‘freedom-centred’ model developed offers a systematic account of personal and political freedom, which provides qualified support for deliberative modes of participation and engagement.
Rethinking the Definition and Role of Ontology in Political Science
Authors: Stanley Liam
Published: May 2012

Ontological reflexivity is consistently posited as an important part of being a political scientist, yet the relevant literature has been criticised for being both complex and confused. In this context, the article has three aims: to clarify the purpose of ontology in the discipline; to highlight how ontological assumptions cannot be separated from other factors; and to show the relevance of ontological reflexivity. While the extant literature implies that such assumptions emerge from philosophical reflection, this article shows how epistemological decisions, mundane interests and political orientation can be just as important. Consequently, the original aims of the literature can be reinstated.
Cole‐Hopf Transformations for Higher Dimensional Burgers Equations With Variable Coefficients
Authors: Vaganan B. Mayil
Published: May 2012

Cole‐Hopf transformations for two and three dimensional Burgers equations with variable coefficients are reported. Like in the derivation of Cole‐Hopf transformation, while changing the Burgers equation to its potential form, if we set the function of integration equal to zero, then only a specific form of Cole‐Hopf transformation (CHT‐1) is obtained. If we dispense with this procedure and take the function of integration into consideration then Cole‐Hopf transformation is more general and it includes CHT‐1 as a special case. Cole‐Hopf transformations for systems which consists of the two‐dimensional Burgers equation and Burgers or its potential version are also derived. Further, CHT for three‐dimensional Burgers equation is stated without proof.
Human Passions: From Classical Greece to the Contemporary Psychology of Passions and the Contribution of Christian Spirituality to the Tradition of the Capital Sins
Authors: SERRA LLANSANA LLUÍS , GALLIFA JOSEP
Published: May 2012

The centrality of passions in the human psyche has attracted recent interest in psychology as a part of the conative domain; furthermore, there is a very important tradition of study on the human passions, which is the Christian tradition of the capital sins. This article aims to present the origins and evolution of the latter tradition through its most influential representatives, with the purpose of understanding human passions in depth. The article is intended to find out commonalities and differences among the most relevant authors in Christian spirituality and the contemporary psychology of passions. In doing so, we are attempting to grasp to what extent the contemporary views are influenced by this Christian tradition. It is also a way to renew the interest in Christian spirituality by going directly to its genuine sources.
The Nicholson blowfly experiments: some history and EDA
Authors: Brillinger David R.
Published: May 2012

The renowned Australian entomologist Alexander J. Nicholson carried out a series of experiments in the 1950s with the intent of learning more about a sheep pest, the blowfly. The results presented here are driven by analyses of the data that Nicholson collected. The situation is of special interest because it involves a system that is nonlinear, has time lags and might be described as non‐stationary. There are other complicating aspects including that: the data are aggregate referring to a sum of interacting cohorts, age effects exist, the data are measured at discrete times yet the phenomenon exists in continuous time and a structural change may be taking place. In the work, the spectrogram and complex demodulation prove to be useful tools since the phenomenon is varying, depending on both time and period (or frequency). These tools have in common the notion of an evolutionary spectrum. The goals are to explore some of Nicholson’s data and to illustrate how the tools of complex demodulation and the spectrogram and subject matter can elicit information from time‐series data.
Meta‐Ethical Realism with Good of a Kind
Authors: Blackman Reid D.
Published: May 2012

There is a difference between an object's being good simpliciter and an object's being good of its kind, and the vast majority of philosophers have supposed that it is the former variety of goodness that is relevant to ethics. I argue that one may be a meta‐ethical realist while employing the notion of good of a kind to the exclusion of good simpliciter; I call such a viewkindism. I distinguish between two varieties of kindism, explicate the details of one of those varieties, and defend (that variety of) kindism against possible objections.
Feminisation of poverty in 12 welfare states: Consolidating cross‐regime variations?
Authors: Kim Jin Wook , Choi Young Jun
Published: May 2012

Kim JW, Choi YJ. Feminisation of poverty in 12 welfare states: consolidating cross‐regime variations?

According to some theorists, the feminisation of poverty has become a common feature in the majority of advanced welfare states, but there have been very few attempts to provide a detailed picture from a comparative perspective. Considering this background, the aim of present study was to illuminate the feminisation of poverty in 12 welfare states between the 1980s and the 2000s and to analyse whether there has been any convergence or divergence between these welfare states. The scope and depth of the feminisation of poverty and the changing role of welfare states were assessed via an analysis of the antipoverty role of public transfers in each country. Using the Luxembourg Income Study dataset, this article argues that while the feminisation of poverty has been slowed down and even reversed in certain cases, cross‐regime differences have become increasingly visible.
The Sustainability of a Financialized Urban Megaproject: The Case of Sihlcity in Zurich
Authors: Theurillat Thierry , Crevoisier Olivier
Published: May 2012

Financialization and sustainable urban planning are now two major components of urban production and landscape change in Western cities. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate how the intervention of financial actors influences urban sustainability in the building of megaprojects, by developing a conceptual framework for analysis and interpretation. This framework aims first to examine the way in which sustainability has been produced by the different actors involved in a real‐life situation, and then to place these interactions in their institutional, spatial and temporal context. Consequently, sustainability is understood as a social construct which is the object of negotiations that have led to the making of institutional arrangements in order to allow the project to be carried through. This framework has been constructed from the financial geography and urban geography literature on ‘finance, the city and sustainability’ and from a case study. The latter looks at the regeneration of a brownfield site to create a shopping and leisure complex that was the biggest in Switzerland and was purchased by financial actors.

Aujourd'hui, la financiarisation et l'urbanisme durable sont deux composantes majeures de la production urbaine et de la transformation du paysage des villes occidentales. L'objectif de l'article est de montrer comment l'intervention d'acteurs financiers influence la durabilité urbaine lors de la construction de mégaprojets à partir de la construction d'un cadre conceptuel, analytique et interprétatif. Ce dernier vise, d'une part, à examiner en situation la manière dont la durabilité a été produite par les différents acteurs impliqués, et d'autre part à situer ces interactions dans leur contexte institutionnel, spatial et temporel. La durabilité est par conséquent entendue comme une construction sociale ayant fait l'objet de négociations qui ont débouché sur un arrangement institutionnel pour que le projet puisse se réaliser. Ce cadre a été construit à partir de travaux en géographie de la finance et en géographie urbaine sur ‘finance, ville et durabilité’ et de l'étude de cas. Cette dernière porte sur la revitalisation d'une friche industrielle en un complexe commercial et de loisirs qui a été le plus grand de Suisse acheté par des acteurs financiers.
Innovations in Practice: Adolescent Mentalization‐Based Integrative Therapy (AMBIT) – a new integrated approach to working with the most hard to reach adolescents with severe complex mental health needs
Authors: Bevington Dickon , Fuggle Peter , Fonagy Peter , Target Mary , Asen Eia
Published: May 2012

Background

‘Hard to reach’ young people are associated by virtue of their serious, multiple, and complex needs, the difficulty of delivering effective help to them, and their poor long‐term outcomes. There is a lack of published evidence relating to the effectiveness of interventions directed at this group.

Method

We review these concerns and the options available to service commissioners and clinicians seeking, if not an evidence‐based approach then at least an evidence‐oriented one. A mentalization‐based multimodal intervention (AMBIT) is briefly described, proposing a new kind of specialist practitioner and taking a radically different approach to treatment manualization.

Results

A brief description is given of the different settings in which AMBIT is currently being developed, deployed, and evaluated, and of lessons learned.

Conclusions

AMBIT offers promise as an evolving ‘open source’ framework supporting development of evidence‐based local practice in chaotic complex settings.
The effect of inflation‐induced demand and trade credit on ordering policy of exponentially deteriorating and imperfect quality items
Authors: Jain Divya , Aggarwal Kishor Kumar
Published: May 2012

This paper develops an inventory model for exponentially deteriorating and imperfect quality items when a trade credit is offered by the supplier. As it has been seen that the changing rates of inflation do not just have an effect on the ordered quantity but they also stimulate the demand for products, so this paper considers the combined effect of inflation, deterioration, imperfect quality and ‘’ trade credit policy on the economic ordering policy using a discounted cash flow (DCF) approach. In the study, mathematical models are derived under two different circumstances, i.e., Case I: When the discount offered by the supplier with a condition of making the payment by a specified period, M1 is accepted; and Case II: Discount is not taken and instead the payment is made by the end of the full credit period M (M > M1). Finally, a numerical example demonstrating the applicability of the proposed model has been included.
Paraquat research: do recent advances in limiting its toxicity make its use safer?
Authors: Baltazar Teresa , Dinis‐Oliveira Ricardo Jorge , Duarte José Alberto , de Lourdes Bastos Maria , Carvalho Félix
Published: May 2012

The use of the herbicide paraquat (1,1′‐dimethyl‐4,4′‐bipyridylium dichloride; PQ) has been fiercely challenged due to its severe acute toxicity, putative neurotoxicity after long‐term exposure and lack of antidotes. Breakthrough research on PQ is therefore required for an effective risk control and to allow a safer use of PQ in the future. The silencing or inhibition of quinone oxidoreductase 2, a NAD(P)H‐independent flavoenzyme, was shown to significantly attenuate PQ toxicity in vitro, in primary pneumocytes and astroglial U373 cells, and to strongly antagonize PQ‐induced systemic toxicity and animal mortality. The novel results reported in this issue of BJP, added to recent findings using sodium salicylate and lysine acetylsalicylate, in which full survival of PQ‐intoxicated rats was also achieved, open the door for new preventative and therapeutic strategies that may lead to safer use of this effective pesticide.

LINKED ARTICLE This article is a commentary on Janda et al., pp. 46–59 of this issue. To view this paper visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2012.01870.x
GPR18 in microglia: implications for the CNS and endocannabinoid system signalling
Authors: McHugh D
Published: May 2012

A review of what is presently known about the G protein coupled receptor GPR18 in terms of its expression and distribution, pharmacology and potential implications for central nervous system and endocannabinoid system signalling.

LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Cannabinoids. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.167.issue‐8
Consensus principles for wound care research obtained using a Delphi process
Authors: Serena Thomas , Bates‐Jensen Barbara , Carter Marissa J. , Cordrey Renee , Driver Vickie , Fife Caroline E. , Haser Paul B. , Krasner Diane , Nusgart Marcia , Smith Adrianne P. S. , Snyder Robert J.
Published: May 2012

Too many wound care research studies are poorly designed, badly executed, and missing crucial data. The objective of this study is to create a series of principles for all stakeholders involved in clinical or comparative effectiveness research in wound healing. The Delphi approach was used to reach consensus, using a web‐based survey for survey participants and face‐to‐face conferences for expert panel members. Expert panel (11 members) and 115 wound care researchers (respondents) drawn from 15 different organizations. Principles were rated for validity using 5‐point Likert scales and comments. A 66% response rate was achieved in the first Delphi round from the 173 invited survey participants. The response rate for the second Delphi round was 46%. The most common wound care researcher profile was age 46–55 years, a wound care clinic setting, and >10 years' wound care research and clinical experience. Of the initial 17 principles created by the panel, only four principles were not endorsed in Delphi round 1 with another four not requiring revision. Of the 14 principles assessed by respondents in the second Delphi round, only one principle was not endorsed and it was revised; four other principles also needed revision based on the use of specific words or contextual use. Of the 19 final principles, three included detailed numbered lists. With the wide variation in design, conduct, and reporting of wound care research studies, it is hoped that these principles will improve the standard and practice of care in this field.
Topical insulin application improves healing by regulating the wound inflammatory response
Authors: Chen Xuelian , Liu Yan , Zhang Xiong
Published: May 2012

Inflammation, the initiating stage of wound healing, is characterized by increased endothelial permeability, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and secretion of numerous growth factors and chemokines. By controlling wound contamination and infection, as well as inducing the repairing process, inflammatory response plays an irreplaceable role during wound healing. We utilized a variety of approaches to observe the effect of insulin on wound inflammatory response, specifically the effect of insulin on the function of wound macrophages. We also investigated whether insulin‐regulated inflammatory response contributed to insulin‐induced healing. Mice excisional wounds treated with insulin showed advanced infiltration and resolution of macrophages, which correlated with the expression of monocyte chemotactic protein‐1, a potent chemotactic factor for macrophages. Blockage of monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 resulted in reduced macrophages infiltration and impaired wound healing despite the presence of insulin. In vitro studies showed insulin‐facilitated monocytes/macrophages chemotaxis, pinocytosis/phagocytosis, and secretion of inflammatory mediators as well. Our study strongly suggests that insulin is a potent healing accelerant. Regulating wound inflammatory response, especially the quantity and function of macrophages, is one of the mechanisms explaining insulin‐induced accelerated wound healing.
Time course study of delayed wound healing in a biofilm‐challenged diabetic mouse model
Authors: Zhao Ge , Usui Marcia L. , Underwood Robert A. , Singh Pradeep K. , James Garth A. , Stewart Philip S. , Fleckman Philip , Olerud John E.
Published: May 2012

Bacterial biofilm has been shown to play a role in delaying wound healing of chronic wounds, a major medical problem that results in significant health care burden. A reproducible animal model could be very valuable for studying the mechanism and management of chronic wounds. Our previous work showed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAO1) biofilm challenge on wounds in diabetic (db/db) mice significantly delayed wound healing. In this wound time course study, we further characterize the bacterial burden, delayed wound healing, and certain aspects of the host inflammatory response in the PAO1 biofilm‐challenged db/db mouse model. PAO1 biofilms were transferred onto 2‐day‐old wounds created on the dorsal surface of db/db mice. Control wounds without biofilm challenge healed by 4 weeks, consistent with previous studies; none of the biofilm‐challenged wounds healed by 4 weeks. Of the biofilm‐challenged wounds, 64% healed by 6 weeks, and all of the biofilm‐challenged wounds healed by 8 weeks. During the wound‐healing process, P. aeruginosa was gradually cleared from the wounds while the presence of Staphylococcus aureus (part of the normal mouse skin flora) increased. Scabs from all unhealed wounds contained 107 P. aeruginosa, which was 100‐fold higher than the counts isolated from wound beds (i.e., 99% of the P. aeruginosa was in the scab). Histology and genetic analysis showed proliferative epidermis, deficient vascularization, and increased inflammatory cytokines. Hypoxia inducible factor expression increased threefold in 4‐week wounds. In summary, our study shows that biofilm‐challenged wounds typically heal in approximately 6 weeks, at least 2 weeks longer than nonbiofilm‐challenged normal wounds. These data suggest that this delayed wound healing model enables the in vivo study of bacterial biofilm responses to host defenses and the effects of biofilms on host wound healing pathways. It may also be used to test antibiofilm strategies for treating chronic wounds.
FACTORS RELATED TO THE DOMINANCE OF CYLINDROSPERMOPSIS RACIBORSKII (CYANOBACTERIA) IN A SHALLOW POND IN NORTHERN TAIWAN1
Authors: Yamamoto Yoshimasa , Shiah Fuh‐Kwo
Published: May 2012

Seasonal succession of phytoplankton was investigated in a shallow pond in northern Taiwan from August 2009 to January 2011, with particular reference to the dynamics of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Woloszynska) Seenayya et Subba Raju. The abundances of the representative species in the pond increased during high‐temperature seasons, whereas only C. raciborskii became dominant in the pond from summer to autumn in both 2009 and 2010. The high shade tolerance of C. raciborskii was likely one of the factors that enabled the cyanobacterium to grow during the summer when the transparency was low. Moreover, the heterocyst production of C. raciborskii was enhanced during summer when the concentration of dissolved inorganic nitrogen was low, implying that nitrogen fixation also played an important role in supporting the growth of C. raciborskii. Autumnal rainfall was a critical factor in the collapse of C. raciborskii blooms. C. raciborskii formed blooms with relatively small trichomes, whereas larger trichomes dominated during winter. The dependence of the trade‐off between growth rate and trichome size on temperature was assumed to be an adaptation strategy of C. raciborskii.
EXTREMELY HIGH GROWTH RATE OF THE SMALL DIATOM CHAETOCEROS SALSUGINEUM ISOLATED FROM AN ESTUARY IN THE EASTERN SETO INLAND SEA, JAPAN1
Authors: Ichimi Kazuhiko , Kawamura Tomohiko , Yamamoto Akinori , Tada Kuninao , Harrison Paul J.
Published: May 2012

Small single‐celled Chaetoceros sp. are often widely distributed, but frequently overlooked. An estuarine diatom with an extremely high growth potential under optimal conditions was isolated from the Shinkawa‐Kasugagawa estuary in the eastern part of the Seto Inland Sea, western Japan. It was identified as Chaetoceros salsugineum based on morphological observations. This strain had a specific growth rate of 0.54 h−1 at 30°C under 700 μmol · m−2 · s−1 (about 30% of natural maximal summer light) with a 14:10 L:D cycle; there was little growth in the dark. However, under continuous light it grew at only 0.35 h−1 or a daily specific growth rate of 8.4 d−1. In addition, cell density, chlorophyll a, and particulate organic carbon concentrations increased by about 1000 times in 24 h at 30°C under 700 μmol · m−2 · s−1 with a 14:10 L:D cycle, showing a growth rate of close to 7 d−1. This very rapid growth rate may be the result of adaptation to this estuarine environment with high light and temperature. Thus, C. salsugineum can be an important primary producer in this estuary in summer and also an important organism for further physiological and genetic research.
Rapid enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibodies against human neutrophil antigens ‐1a, ‐1b, and ‐1c
Authors: Werth Silke , Bayat Behnaz , Tjahjono Yudy , Eskandar John , Berghöfer Heike , Bein Gregor , Sachs Ulrich J. , Santoso Sentot
Published: May 2012

BACKGROUND: Several methods exist for the detection of neutrophil antibodies; most of them, however, require fresh neutrophils. In this study, an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using recombinant HNA‐1 antigens (rHNAs) was developed to detect HNA‐1a, ‐1b, and ‐1c alloantibodies in serum samples.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Soluble rHNA‐1a, ‐1b, and ‐1c were isolated from culture supernatant of transfected insect cells. Purified rHNA antigens were immobilized on microtiter wells using antibody against V5‐Tag protein. Sera were added, and bound antibodies were detected by enzyme‐labeled secondary antibodies. In parallel, monoclonal antibody–immobilized granulocyte antigen (MAIGA) was performed with two different monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) against FcγRIIIb (3G8 and BW209).

RESULTS: Fifteen MAIGA‐positive sera containing HNA‐1a alloantibodies were tested in ELISA. Thirteen of 15 (86.7%) MAIGA‐positive sera captured by MoAbs 3G8 and/or BW209 reacted specifically with rHNA‐1a. Four (26.7%) HNA‐1a sera showed additional reaction with rHNA‐1c. When anti‐HNA‐1b alloantibodies were analyzed in ELISA, 13 of 15 (86.7%) showed specific positive reaction with rHNA‐1b, and 12 of 15 (80.0%) cross‐reacted with rHNA‐1c. Two HNA‐1c sera reacted specifically with rHNA‐1c. Immunoprecipitation analysis of all ELISA‐negative HNA‐1a and ‐1b sera did not show any specific band indicating false‐positive reaction of these sera in MAIGA assay.

CONCLUSIONS: These results suggested that rapid ELISA using recombinant neutrophil antigens may provide a valuable method for rapid screening of human alloantibodies against HNA‐1a, ‐1b, and ‐1c in patients with neutropenia and in blood donors.
Validation of human monoclonal HLA Class I antibodies to evaluate the kinetics of donor chimerism in different cell subsets after double‐cord‐blood transplantation in the NOD/SCID model
Authors: van Hensbergen Yvette , Mulder Arend , Cornelissen Jan J. , Brand Anneke
Published: May 2012

BACKGROUND: Double‐cord‐blood transplantation (DCBT) in patients is typically accompanied by predominance of a single unit. The causative mechanism, however, is unknown. Identifying the dynamics of mixed donor chimerism in general and in specific subpopulations may help to resolve this question. We conducted studies in a mouse model to develop a new analytic method using anti‐human HLA Class I allele–specific monoclonal antibodies (HLA‐MoAbs) in flow cytometry.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Single‐cord‐blood transplantation or DCBT from HLA‐mismatched donors was performed in NOD/SCID mice. Bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood were collected from 3 to 20 weeks after transplantation. Donor chimerism was determined quantitatively within human platelets (hPLTs), human CD45+ (hCD45+) cells, and human myeloid and lymphocyte subsets by flow cytometry.

RESULTS: Both cord donors stably engrafted in NOD/SCID. The sensitivity to detect chimerism measured with all HLA‐MoAbs was 1% (>10 cells/µL). In mouse BM, the percentage of human cells measured with hCD45+ versus HLA‐MoAbs correlated excellently (r = 0.999). Donor origin could be defined with HLA‐MoAbs for nearly all (>93.6%) human cells in mouse peripheral blood and BM in all lineages. Chimerism of hPLTs in peripheral blood correlated well with hCD45+ cells in BM enabling frequent measurement of chimerism from early after transplantation onward.

CONCLUSION: This approach using HLA‐MoAbs enables longitudinal analysis of double‐mixed human chimeric populations despite low absolute concentrations of human hematopoietic cell subsets in peripheral blood and BM in mice. Lacking reactivity with mouse cells, the HLA‐MoAbs are suitable for use in other mouse models and in humans to identify the mechanisms involved in DCBT.
Plasma expander and blood storage effects on capillary perfusion in transfusion after hemorrhage
Authors: Hightower C. Makena , Salazar Vázquez Beatriz Y. , Cabrales Pedro , Tsai Amy G. , Acharya Seetharama A. , Intaglietta Marcos
Published: May 2012

BACKGROUND: Treating hemorrhage with blood transfusions in subjects previously hemodiluted with different colloidal plasma expanders, using fresh autologous blood or blood that has been stored for 2 weeks, allows identifying the interaction between type of plasma expander and differences in blood storage.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Studies used the hamster window chamber model. Fresh autologous plasma, 130‐kDa starch‐based plasma expander (hydroxyethyl starch [HES]), or 4% polyethylene glycol–conjugated albumin (PEG‐Alb) was used for 20% of blood volume (BV) hemodilution. Hemodilution was followed by a 55% by BV 40‐minute hemorrhagic shock period, treated with transfusion of fresh or blood that was stored for 2 weeks. Outcome was evaluated 1 hour after blood transfusion in terms of microvascular and systemic variables.

RESULTS: Results were principally dependent on the type of colloidal solution used during hemodilution, 4% PEG‐Alb yielding the best microvascular recovery evaluated in terms of the functional capillary density. This result was consistent whether fresh blood or stored blood was used in treating the subsequent shock period. Fresh blood results were significantly better in systemic and microvascular terms relative to stored blood. HES and fresh plasma hemodilution yielded less favorable results, a difference that was enhanced when fresh versus stored blood was compared in their efficacy of correcting the subsequent hemorrhage.

CONCLUSION: The type of plasma expander used for hemodilution influences the short‐term outcome of subsequent volume resuscitation using blood transfusion, 4% PEG‐Alb providing the most favorable outcome by comparison to HES or fresh plasma.
Perceptions of Industrial Design: The “Means” and the “Ends”
Authors: Micheli Pietro , Jaina Joe , Goffin Keith , Lemke Fred , Verganti Roberto
Published: May 2012

It is widely accepted that industrial design can play an important role in the development of innovative products, but integrating design‐thinking into new product development (NPD) is a challenge. This is because industrial designers have very different perspectives and goals than the other members of theNPDteam, and this can lead to tensions. It has been postulated that the communications betweenNPDmanagers and industrial designers are made more difficult because each group uses very different language. This research made the first empirical investigation of the language used by designers and managers in describing “good” and “poor” industrial design. In‐depth interviews were conducted with a sample of 19 managers and industrial designers at five leading companies. Multiple sources of data were utilized, including the repertory grid technique to elicit the key attributes of design, from the perspective of managers and designers. Using a robust, systematic coding approach to maximize the validity and reliability of qualitative data analysis, it was established that managers and industrial designers do not use a completely different vocabulary as previously supposed. Rather, it was found that managers and industrial designers use some common terms augmented by additional terms that are specific to each group: managers are commercially orientated in the “ends” they want to achieve and designers perceive more antecedents (“means”) necessary to achieve their “ends”—iconic design. This research led to a grounded conceptual model of the role of design, as perceived by managers and industrial designers. The implications of the results achieved are wide: they indicate how managers and designers can interact more productively duringNPD; they highlight the need for more research on the language of designers and managers; and they point to issues that need to be covered in the education of industrial designers. Finally, this work suggests how managers and designers can engage in a more fruitful dialogue that will help to makeNPDmore productive.
Assessment and Management Options for Women with Vulvodynia
Authors: Cox Kim J. , Neville Cynthia E.
Published: May 2012

Vulvodynia is a chronic pain disorder that affects sexual function in adult women. The etiology of vulvodynia is poorly understood, making the condition difficult to diagnose and treat. Women with vulvodynia often suffer significant psychological distress and have difficulty finding a compassionate and supportive health care provider. This article reviews the etiology, diagnosis, educational strategies, and treatment options for vulvodynia with the aim of increasing primary care providers’ knowledge and assessment skills. Physical therapy and other nonsurgical treatment modalities are explored in depth.
The Limits of Diagnosis: Sex, Law, and Psychiatry in a Case of Contested Marriage
Authors: Pinto Sarah
Published: May 2012

In India, psychiatrists are often called on to offer diagnostic evaluations in cases of contested marriage, providing a form of adjudication at the crux of medicine, law, and kin‐life. In this article I consider one such case, asking how its complexities expose fissures in the structures of knowledge that attend to damaged sexual subjects. Suggesting that a “hermeneutics of discord”—forming an account out of several contradictory stories—offers insight into kinship relations as they are refashioned in the shadow of authoritative agents, I ask, what are the gendered stakes of the relationship of law to medicine? What kind of “truth” is possible at this juncture? And what disciplinary capacities are engaged and delimited in the social process of diagnosis (not just its ends)? [gender, psychiatry, law, mental illness, marriage, kinship]
Translating Love
Authors: Dureau Christine
Published: May 2012

This article addresses relationships between personal experience and cross‐cultural understanding of maternal love. I analyze claims of mutual maternal understanding by women on Simbo, Western Solomon Islands, highlighting the contexts in which they expressed love in compassionate terms and the interplay of fieldwork intersubjectivity. Although assumptions of a priori emotional comprehension grounded in apparently similar experiences are problematic, it is possible to develop degrees of mutual emotional knowledge through the exchanges of participant‐observation. The concept of “emotional communities” serves as a fruitful way of conceptualizing both the diverse contexts in which people express aspects of taru (love) and the emotional engagement of cross‐cultural fieldwork. [emotion, motherhood, Solomon Islands, intersubjectivity, emotional communities, fieldwork]
Can Handedness be Determined from Skeletal Remains? A Chronological Review of the Literature
Authors: Ubelaker Douglas H. , Zarenko Kristina M.
Published: May 2012

Abstract:  Research indicates that considerable bilateral asymmetry exists in the skeletons of primates, including humans. The published literature suggests that although this asymmetry may be influenced by handedness, it reflects other factors as well. Although exact statistics of handedness in the modern population are not available because definitions of handedness vary greatly, it is known that we live in a predominantly right‐handed world. This knowledge makes the determination of handedness in forensic cases not as paramount in importance as other determinations. Review of the published scientific evidence clearly reveals that observations and measurements of the human skeleton cannot determine handedness with the degree of confidence needed for forensic applications.
DNA‐Based Identification of Forensically ImportantLucilia(Diptera: Calliphoridae) in the Continental United States*
Authors: DeBry Ronald W. , Timm Alicia , Wong Evan S. , Stamper Trevor , Cookman Clifford , Dahlem Gregory A.
Published: May 2012

Abstract: Correct species identification is critical when dipteran larvae are used for inference of the postmortem interval. To facilitate DNA‐based identification of forensically important flies of the genusLuciliain the continental United States, we develop a vouchered reference collection and DNA sequence database. A total of 122 specimens were collected for nine of the 10 species ofLuciliareported to occur in the continental United States. Using the polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing, data were obtained for an 1100‐bp region of the mitochondrial gene encoding cytochrome oxidase I (COI). We consider a species suitable for DNA‐based identification if it is exclusively monophyletic in >95% of bootstrap pseudoreplicate phylogenetic analyses. Seven of the nine species meet that criterion. Two species (Lucilia coeruleiviridisandLucilia mexicana) share COI sequence and cannot be distinguished using our reference database. We conclude that DNA‐based identification is likely to be successful for the other seven species.
A Molecular Key for the Identification of Blow Flies in Southeastern Nebraska*
Authors: Samarakoon Upeka , Skoda Steven R. , Baxendale Frederick P. , Foster John E.
Published: May 2012

Abstract:  Immature blow flies (Calliphoridae) are typically the first colonizers of cadavers. Identification of the early instars using traditional, morphology‐based keys is difficult because of their small size, similarity, and simplicity in external morphology. Information derived from molecular genetic data would augment the accurate identification of immature flies. Nine species of blow flies commonly found in southeastern Nebraska were used to examine the utility of molecular‐based keys. Polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphisms (PCR–RFLP) were investigated with 10 common, inexpensive, restriction enzymes from an amplicon of approximately 1500 bp spanning the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene. A simple molecular taxonomic key, comprising RFLP from the restriction enzymes HinfI and DraI, enabled the differentiation of all species used. Further development of PCR–RFLP, including more extensive and intensive examination of blow flies, would benefit forensic laboratories in the accurate identification of evidence consisting of immature blow flies.
Sex Determination from the Second Cervical Vertebra: A Test of Wescott’s Method on a Modern American Sample*
Authors: Bethard Jonathan D. , Seet Billie L.
Published: May 2012

Abstract:  Numerous methods for establishing a biological profile exist; however, many of these methods rely on the recovery of several specific bones or on fragile skeletal elements that are sometimes irrecoverable. It is for this reason new methods utilizing other previously under‐documented bones should be established and tested by the forensic anthropological community. This study tests the accuracy of Wescott’s (J Forensic Sci 2000;45(2)) method for determining sex from the second cervical vertebra. Specimens were drawn from the donated skeletal collection curated at the Hamilton County Forensic Center (n = 57) and the William M. Bass Donated Skeletal Collection (n = 243). Both intra‐ and inter‐observer error rates were low and accurate classifications ranged from 78% (females‐Function 1) to 90.6% (males‐Function 5). Of the five functions, Function 4 achieved the highest overall accuracy, with 260 individuals (86.7%) falling into the correct category. Overall, this method is an effective classificatory tool for sex estimation.
Sustained Combustion of Bodies: Some Observations*
Authors: DeHaan John D.
Published: May 2012

Abstract:  Previous tests have explored the fire effects and fuel characteristics of animal carcasses in intense fires of relatively short duration. Here, test fires were conducted involving intact human cadavers and torsos that included nonaccelerated, long‐duration fires involving the bedding and clothing (in the manner of typical accidental deaths). The objective was to observe the fire conditions (size, radiant heat flux, and duration), where a human body represented the major fuel package in a nonaccelerated fire. The pattern of damage to the body was documented and compared with that resulting from a furnished room fire. Two intact, unembalmed human cadavers were exposed to fires of simulated accidental origin. The bedding was ignited by an open flame, and the fires were allowed to burn unaided to self‐extinguishment. It was found that normal human bodies can support a modest‐sized fire for some 6–7 h under these conditions. The presence of a substrate material that can act as a wick for the combustion of the rendered body fat results in extensive destruction of the torso where the greatest amount of subcutaneous fat resides, with less damage to the head and limbs. A third (partial) cadaver was exposed to a recreation of a typical accidental fire in a furnished room that progressed to full room involvement. This fire of some 15 min of total duration inflected only surface‐layer damage to the torso of the victim.