bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE ASSAY OF INSULIN WITH ANTI-INSULIN AND MOUSE DIAPHRAGM
Authors: Wardlaw A. C. , Moloney P. J.
Published: December 2009

A method is described for assaying insulin in which anti-insulin is used as an insulin-neutralizing reagent and glycogen synthesis by mouse diaphragm as an indicator of free insulin. The test is thus analogous to the titration of a toxin with an antitoxin, using a biological indicator to determine the end point. The effect of using antiserum in the diaphragm test is to increase the slope of the dose–response curve about 30-fold, thus giving a test system which is capable of high precision with relatively few observations. This is reflected in the low λ-value of 0.015 for the diaphragm test with antiserum compared with 0.45 for the test without antiserum. Data are presented showing that the immunological test has good reproducibility and is capable of measuring the potency of unknown insulins with acceptable precision using only small numbers of animals. Sixteen samples of insulin in various stages of purification from seven mammalian species gave results by the new method in close agreement with mouse convulsion data. Two samples of fish insulin were found to be immunologically different from mammalian insulin and therefore could not be assayed with anti-ox-insulin sera.
THE ISOLATION OF DINUCLEOTIDES FROM ALKALI HYDROLYZATES OF RIBONUCLEATES
Authors: Lane B. G. , Allen Frank Worthington
Published: December 2009

Improved methods for isolating the alkali-labile dinucleotides present in the alkali hydrolyzates of ribonucleates are presented.
THE EFFECT OF FORMALIN AND OF L-TARTARIC ACID ON SOME TISSUE ACID PHOSPHATASES
Authors: Delory G. E. , Hetherington Merle
Published: December 2009

The inhibitory effect of 0.5% formalin and of 0.02 ML-tartaric acid has been studied on the acid phosphatase activity of a number of human tissue extracts. It was found that the sum of the formalin resistant and of the tartaric acid resistant enzyme activity closely approximated the activity of the uninhibited enzyme.
EFFECTS OF LIPID MATERIALS ON GUINEA PIG COMPLEMENT
Authors: Guthrie R. K. , Dowdy J. R. , Hinkle D. C.
Published: December 2009

Prior work has shown that the fourth component of guinea pig complement is increased following antigen injection. This report concerns the changes in C′4 following injection of non-antigenic materials. Injection of cholesterol, ergosterol, or linoleic acid does not cause any measurable change in C′ or C′4. Injection of oleic or of stearic acid causes a significant increase in C′4 but has no effect on C′
COMPARATIVE EXAMINATIONS OF THE PHYSICAL CHARACTER OF GROUND SUBSTANCE BY MEANS OF GELATINOUS BULLAE
Authors: Hall Michael C.
Published: December 2009

Fluid injected into the subcutaneous tissue of a rat will form in it a gelatinous bulla. This bulla can be excised intact, and comparative measurements of the rate at which the injectant is lost from it can be used to give information in regard to the character of the ground substance, or the effect of the injectant upon the ground substance. The rate of water loss was found to be decreased by advance in age, and by castration of the male. It was increased by hyaluronidase, by variations above and below pH 7, by maintenance on a subscorbutic diet. It was found greater with high temperatures than with low. The experimental results have been correlated with the known electrochemical nature of the ground substance, suggesting that the use of this method of bullae formation is a simple means by which comparative examinations of ground substance can be made.
ANTIBODIES TO ESTRONE-PROTEIN CONJUGATES: I. IMMUNOCHEMICAL STUDIES
Authors: Goodfriend L. , Sehon A. H.
Published: December 2009

The primary purpose of the present study was to determine if steroids, when conjugated by stable covalent bonds to proteins, could act as haptenic groups in inducing steroid-specific antibodies. Estrone was converted to estrone- 17-isocyanate and the latter reacted with various proteins to give estrone- 17-carbamidoprotein conjugates. Rabbits were immunized with the conjugate prepared from human serum albumin and the resulting antisera were shown by various immunochemical techniques to contain antibodies specific to the estronyl residues of this conjugate. A turbidimetric assay method for the estimation of estrone-like compounds is described.
STEADY-STATE OXIDATION OF GLUCOSE IN HYPERTHYROID AND HYPOTHYROID RATS
Authors: Dow Dorothy S. , Allen C. E.
Published: December 2009

The single intraperitoneal injection of a labelled glucose load has been shown to maintain a steady state with respect to the specific activities of blood glucose and expired CO2for extended periods of time in hyperthyroid and hypothyroid rats. Measurements were made of rates of oxidation of glucose-1-C14and glucose-6-C14during the steady state.The results indicate that glucose oxidation by way of the glycolytic pathway is markedly elevated in the hyperthyroid rat and parallels the increased rate of CO2expiration. Glucose oxidation by way of the hexose monophosphate pathway is completely suppressed. This effect is considered to be due to the preferential maintenance of diphosphopyridine nucleotide in the reduced form.In the hypothyroid rat a decreased rate of glucose oxidation by way of both oxidative pathways parallels the decreased rate of CO2production.The results support the view that the primary action of thyroxine is on oxidative activity. The observed effect on the hexose monophosphate pathway appears to be secondary.
THE PURIFICATION OF HAPTOGLOBIN
Authors: Connell G. E. , Shaw R. W.
Published: December 2009

A method for preparing haptoglobin in highly purified form from human serum is described. The serum is acidified to pH 4.6 and deionized by gel filtration. Under these conditions haptoglobin is selectively adsorbed from serum by diethyl-aminoethyl-cellulose. The protein is eluted with a dilute solution of sodium chloride, and impurities are removed by fractionation with ammonium sulphate. A partial purification of serum cholinesterase can be obtained by a similar method.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF POTASSIUM AND CAESIUM-137 IN THE CALF AND THE PIG
Authors: Green R. M. , McNeill K. G. , Robinson G. A.
Published: December 2009

Using a scintillation spectrometer, measurements have been made of the distribution of potassium and radioactive caesium in the bodies of the cow and the pig as a result of the ingestion of these materials. The results of these experiments, which are based on measurements of the radioactivity normally found in foodstuffs and in animals, agree with those of earlier experiments in that there is no great concentration of Cs137 apparent in any one organ. However, there is evidence for preferential concentration in the kidney and testes.
EFFECT OF CHANGES OF AMBIENT TEMPERATURE ON SPONTANEOUS ACTIVITY OF HYPOTHYROID RATS
Authors: Fregly Melvin J.
Published: December 2009

Administration of the antithyroid drug, propylthiouracil (PTU), to male rats during 4 weeks did not reduce spontaneous running activity in air at 25 °C. When room temperature was lowered to 8 °C for 4 days, PTU-treated rats increased their activity level during the 1st day of exposure but decreased it thereafter. Control rats responded similarly on the first day but continued to increase activity during each subsequent day in cold. In other experiments PTU-treated and control rats were lightly restrained and exposed acutely to air at 5 °C in individual cages. A sensitive transducer converted movement of the cage to electrical impulses which were recorded on a polygraph. Colonic temperature of each rat was recorded simultaneously by a potentiometer. Mean colonic temperature of control rats decreased 2 to 3 °C during the first 2 hours of cold exposure but was maintained at this subnormal level for an additional 2.5 hours by adjustment of activity. Activity increased immediately with cold exposure and became maximal when colonic temperature fell 0.5 to 1 °C. Mean colonic temperature of PTU-treated rats continued to fall throughout the cold exposure and decreased approximately 6 °C in 3 hours. These rats also responded to cold initially with an increase in activity which became maximal when colonic temperature fell 3 to 4 °C. However, this maximal effort occurred too late to prevent further fall of colonic temperature. The results suggest that regulation of body temperature in cold air by adjustment of activity level is an important aspect of the total regulatory mechanism and that hypothyroidism alters the relationship between colonic temperature and activity level.
THE ROLE OF PLANT PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS IN THE OXIDATION OF REDUCED DIPHOSPHOPYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDE BY PEROXIDASE
Authors: Gamborg O. L. , Wetter L. R. , Neish A. C.
Published: December 2009

Horse-radish peroxidase and dialyzed extracts from pea epicotyls and from spruce shoots oxidized reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide in the presence of p-coumaric acid. Maximum activity was obtained when hydrogen peroxide, Mn+2, p-coumaric acid, and enzyme were present. p-Hydroxyphenylpropionic acid, p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid, tyrosol, or resorcinol could replace p-coumaric acid as the phenolic activator but they were less efficient. Ferulic and sinapic acids were competitive inhibitors while chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and hydroquinone were non-competitive inhibitors of the reaction. The oxidation of the reduced coenzyme was inhibited by citrate and pyrophosphate, enhanced by versene, and delayed by ascorbic acid, cysteine, and reduced glutathione. The results indicate that the peroxidase system may be identical with the enzyme system which oxidizes indoleacetic acid.
NUTRITIONAL FACTORS AND THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF UBIQUINONE: THE EFFECT OF YEAST LIPIDS ON THE HEPATIC UBIQUINONE OF NORMAL AND VITAMIN A DEFICIENT RATS
Authors: Phillips W. E. J.
Published: December 2009

The feeding of a ubiquinone-free diet and of diets containing ubiquinones 30 and 45 to normal and vitamin A deficient rats has been studied. Removal of the yeast-lipid component of a semipurified diet or the replacement of ubiquinone-rich vegetable oil with an oil deficient in ubiquinone invoked increases in hepatic ubiquinone levels of normal and vitamin A deficient rats. Dietary ubiquinones are not essential precursors of tissue ubiquinones in normal or vitamin A deficient rats; however, they do influence homeostatic mechanisms.
PHOSPHORUS AND LACTIC ACID METABOLISM IN THE HYPOTHERMICRAT
Authors: Beaton John R. , Orme T.
Published: December 2009

Further observations on the increase in blood levels of inorganic phosphorus and lactic acid in hypothermic rats are reported. Progressive increase in blood inorganic phosphorus levels with continued cooling to a rectal temperature of 5 °C appears to be a consequence of catabolism of organic, non-lipid phosphorus. With continued cooling, blood lactic acid is progressively increased; liver lactic acid increases initially, returning, at 5 °C, to control values; muscle lactic acid increases initially and thereafter remains relatively constant. Progressive increases in blood levels of inorganic phosphorus and lactic acid with continued cooling appear to be related to the depth, rather than duration, of hypothermia. Rewarming hypothermic (15 °C) rats to 37 °C rectal temperature with artificial ventilation reduces lactic acid levels of blood, liver, and muscle to less than control values. Rewarming alone was found to reduce blood lactic acid levels to less than control values. Elevation of blood lactic acid levels consequent upon hypothermia was prevented by provision of oxygen during cooling but not by pentobarbital anesthesia. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that, in the hypothermic rat, the available oxygen is insufficient to meet even the reduced metabolic requirements.
α-REDUCTION OF THE 20-CARBONYL GROUP IN C-21 STEROIDS BY RHODOTORULA LONGISSIMA
Authors: Chang Violet M. , Idler D. R.
Published: December 2009

The microbiological synthesis of several 20α-dihydro reference steroids is described. The influence of various substituent groups on α-reduction of the C-20 carbonyl group by a yeast, Rhodotorula longissima, has been investigated for compounds related to progesterone and corticosterone. Reduction at C-20 is enhanced by the presence of a 17α-hydroxyl group, but retarded by the presence of hydroxyl groups at C-11 and C-21. In those instances where 20α-conversion proceeds at a slow rate, oxygenation at C-11 appears to be essential for the preservation of the Δ4-3-ketone structure.
ELIMINATION OF ASHING IN THE DETERMINATION OF STRONTIUM AND CALCIUM IN LIQUID MILK
Authors: Brown John R. , Jarvis Anita A. , Tiefenbach Bella
Published: December 2009

A "non-ashing" analytical procedure for the determination of calcium and strontium in liquid milk is described. Milk was mixed in bulk with Dowex resin, stirred at 78 °C, and calcium and strontium eluted from the resin using 6 N HCl. The calcium was determined using a buffered oxalate precipitation procedure, followed by the modified Kramer–Tisdall method. Strontium was analyzed using flame spectrophotometry. An average of 79.4% of added strontium was recovered using the "non-ashing" technique. The method has not been tried on the determination of other radionuclides at the present time.
A VERSATILE HIGH-VOLTAGE PAPER ELECTROPHORESIS APPARATUS AND ITS APPLICATION TO COMPLEX BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS
Authors: Pasieka Arthur E.
Published: December 2009

Improvements on a high-voltage paper electrophoresis apparatus are described. The major improvements consist of a simplified cooling system and modification of the cooling plate to accommodate filter paper sheets 24 × 48 in. in size. Two methods, both employing solid heat exchangers, have been devised for the dissipation of Joule's heat: (a) external cooling, employing a Freon 12 circulating coolant and (b) no external cooling, but with heat conductance and radiation by means of an aluminum plate and metal rail.The application of this modified apparatus to the separation of amino acids and peptides from complex biological materials is illustrated.
LOCALIZATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CHOLINESTERASE IN SUBCELLULAR FRACTIONS OF RAT BRAIN AND BEEF PITUITARY
Authors: Parmar Surendra S. , Sutter Morley C. , Nickerson Mark
Published: December 2009

Fresh rat brains and fresh anterior and posterior pituitary glands of beef were separated by differential centrifugation into subcellular fractions, characterized on the basis of sedimentation and succinic dehydrogenase activity. Cholinesterase activity was measured by both manometric and colorimetric methods, the results of which were comparable. Cholinesterase activity of rat brain was found mainly in the microsome and supernatant fractions. It was quite uniformly distributed in all subcellular fractions of both anterior and posterior pituitary. Comparisons of the relative rates of hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine and butyrylthiocholine, and of inhibition by eserine, indicated that brain contains a much higher percentage of acetylcholinesterase than do both lobes of the pituitary, which contain relatively low concentrations of the specific enzyme. Total cholinesterase activity and its sensitivity to inhibition by eserine in the posterior pituitary were found to be midway between those of the anterior lobe and of the brain, from which the posterior pituitary was derived during embryological development.
DISTRIBUTION IN NATURE OF HEPTULOSE-PHOSPHATE-FORMING SYSTEMS
Authors: Nigam V. N. , Sie H.-G. , Fishman William H.
Published: December 2009

The natural distribution was investigated of enzyme systems capable of forming heptulose phosphate from nucleosides, certain hexose phosphates, and ribose-5-phosphate. These systems occur widely in amphibia, birds, reptiles, and mammals. The materials examined included fungi (Aspergillus niger), bacteria (Serratia mascerans), yeast, germinating mung beans, spinach, and the brain, heart, kidney, liver, lung, intestine, egg, of fish, frog, turtle, chicken, rat, rabbit, mouse, and dog. Among the plants and microorganisms, activity towards nucleosides was absent (except for yeast) while that towards R5P and also G1P, G6P, and M6P was present.
EFFECTS OF INCUBATION CONDITIONS ON THE IN VITRO ASSAY METHOD FOR INSULIN
Authors: Jessup D. C. , Wiberg G. S.
Published: December 2009

A number of factors such as incubation time, glucose concentration, and preincubation cooling affect the deposition of glycogen and the uptake of glucose by diaphragm sections in response to insulin. The greatest response occurs during the first 30 minutes of incubation but for assay purposes an incubation period of 90 minutes was recommended as it gave the greatest difference between control and treated tissues. A glucose concentration of 0.2% in the medium was found optimum. The effect of insulin at higher and lower concentrations was not as great. Preincubation cooling had an adverse effect on the response of the tissues to insulin.
THE PARTIAL ELUCIDATION OF THE STRUCTURE OF A NEW COUMARIN FROM HYDRANGEA MACROPHYLLA SER.
Authors: Bohm B. A. , Ibrahim R. K. , Towers G. H. N.
Published: December 2009

Umbelliferone and a new monohydroxymonomethoxycoumarin have been isolated from Hydrangea macrophylla Ser. The new coumarin has been shown to be a derivative of daphnetin. It is present largely in a bound form in all parts of the plant and is especially abundant in the roots. Chromatographic characteristics of the compound as well as those of several known coumarins are included in this report.
STUDIES ON PLASMINOGEN: I. FURTHER PURIFICATION OF BOVINE PLASMINOGEN
Authors: Cole Edmond R. , Mertz Edwin T.
Published: December 2009

Crude bovine plasminogen, prepared from bovine serum by 30% saturation with ammonium sulphate, was partially purified by isoelectric precipitation at pH 5.3, then purified by chromatography on columns of diethylaminoethyl-cellulose. Additional purification of the column product was obtained by precipitation of plasminogen from solution with potassium phosphate. The most highly purified bovine plasminogen preparation, assaying 187 esterase units per mg nitrogen, represents a 28-fold purification of crude plasminogen. The over-all recovery from crude plasminogen was 15–20%. Sodium chloride inhibited crude plasminogen but had no effect on the activation of the most highly purified bovine plasminogen preparations. Bovine plasminogen could be spontaneously activated in 50% glycerol solution, but the degree of activation and the time required for maximum activation was also dependent on the purity of the preparation. Free boundary electrophoresis of purified preparations indicated that bovine plasminogen is associated with the major, faster-migrating component.
EFFECT OF ANTIBODIES ON REMOVAL OF INSULIN FROM THE CIRCULATION
Authors: Kalant Norman , Schucher Reuben , Galley William C.
Published: December 2009

Guinea pigs have been immunized against insulin by the injection of insulin in Freund's adjuvant. All animals developed high titers of antibodies and a decreased hypoglycemic response to insulin; some showed delayed removal of a test dose of insulin from the circulation, while others showed a normal removal rate. These effects were also found in animals passively immunized by the infusion of sera from actively immunized animals. The differences in the rate of removal of insulin from serum in immunized animals may be due to differences in the removal of the insulin–antibody complex.
SOME EFFECTS OF DIETARY THIOURACIL AND DIETARY IODINE SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE RESPONSES OF THE IMMATURE PULLET TO ESTROGEN
Authors: Common R. H. , Moo-Young A. J. , McCully K. A.
Published: December 2009

Sexually immature pullets were given 1.5 mg estradiol benzoate by intramuscular injection on alternate days over a 14-day period. The resultant increase of oviduct weight was enhanced by 70% when 1% thiouracil was included in the diet over the period of the injections. Supplementation of the diet with 1.0 mg iodine per lb did not modify this effect of dietary thiouracil on the response of oviduct to estrogen. Consideration of this result in conjunction with previous results shows that a necessary condition for this positive effect of thiouracil on response of the oviduct to estrogen is administration of the estrogen on alternate days.The following effects of thiouracil on the estrogenized pullets also attained statistical significance: decrease of estrogen-induced hypercalcemia; increase of ovary weight, liver weight, and total liver crude protein and fat; increase of kidney weight and percentage dry matter in kidney.The iodine supplement increased ovary weight significantly in the unestrogenized pullets but not in the estrogenized pullets. The iodine supplement also tended to increase total liver crude protein in the estrogenized pullets but not in the unestrogenized pullets.
BIOCHEMICAL RESPONSE OF THE PERITONEAL MUCOSA TO THE IRRITANT ACTION OF FINELY DIVIDED SILICA AND OTHER DUSTS
Authors: Parsons Timothy R. , Denstedt Orville F.
Published: December 2009

Repeated injection of fluid suspensions of finely divided silica (quartz) into the peritoneal cavity of the rat gave rise to an increase in the concentration of lactate and α-amino nitrogen and to a decrease in the concentration of glucose in the peritoneal exudate. The silica greatly diminished the selective 'permeability' of the peritoneal membranes as evidenced by the retention of injected phenol red in the peritoneal fluid. Silica increased the concentration of trypsin inhibitor in the serum. None of these changes occurred upon repeated injection of suspensions of finely divided carbon or carborundum, or of silicic acid sol. The observations throw light on the fibrogenic action of quartz dust in silicosis.
THE CONVERSION OF 2,6-DIAMINOPIMELIC ACID-1,7-C14TO LYSINE-1-C14BY CERTAIN BACTERIA
Authors: Finlayson A. J. , Simpson F. J.
Published: December 2009

When 2,6-diaminopimelicacid-1,7-C14was added to growing cultures of Bacillus megaterium, Staphlococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli, 8–9% of added carbon-14 appeared in the cellular lysine. Similar experiments with Proteus vulgaris, Streptomyces griseus, Aspergillus flavus, and Lactobacillus arabinosus resulted in less than 0.3% of the added carbon-14 being incorporated into the cellular lysine. Leuconostoc mesenteroides converted 0.6% of the added DAP-1,7-C14to lysine-1-C14.Over 90% of the carbon-14 in cell lysine from B. megaterium and L. mesenteroides was found in the carboxyl carbon. This was interpreted as indicating a direct decarboxylation of DAP-1,7-C14to lysine-1-C14. About 70% of the carbon-14 in the lysine from cells of S. aureus and E. coli was found in the carboxyl carbon, thus suggesting that some lysine comes from sources other than 2,6-diaminopimelic acid.Those organisms that actively decarboxylated DAP-1,7-C14to form lysine-C14also synthesized DAP and excreted it into the culture medium during growth.
OLFACTORY PERCEPTION IN MIGRATING SALMON: II. STUDIES ON A LABORATORY BIO-ASSAY FOR HOMESTREAM WATER AND MAMMALIAN REPELLENT
Authors: Idler D. R. , McBride J. R. , Jonas R. E. E. , Tomlinson N.
Published: December 2009

A laboratory bio-assay, based on the response of adult migrating sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) to homestream water, is described. A characteristic response to the repellent in mammalian skin is discussed. The homestream substance(s) was tentatively identified as volatile, dialyzable, neutral, and heat-labile.The transportation and holding of sockeye in captivity was investigated.
TESTOSTERONE, CONJUGATED AND "FREE", IN THE BLOOD OF SPAWNED FRASER RIVER SOCKEYE SALMON (ONCORHYNCHUS NERKA)
Authors: Grajcer Dov , Idler D. R.
Published: December 2009

Testosterone was isolated from both the "free" and conjugated steroid fractions obtained from the plasma of spawned female sockeye salmon. The structure of the steroid was confirmed by several criteria including a sulphuric acid chromogen and infrared spectra. Evidence is presented for the presence of testosterone in the conjugated steroid fraction prepared from spawned male sockeye. Several unsuccessful attempts were made to detect dehydroepiandrosterone and androsterone.
TRANSFORMATION DE L'ACIDE γ-HYDROXYGLUTAMIQUE EN ALANINE ET EN ACIDE GLYOXYLIQUE
Authors: Bouthillier L. P. , Binette Y. , Pouliot G.
Published: December 2009

A method is described for the synthesis of γ-hydroxyglutamic-5-C14 acid (racemic mixture). Doses of this substance were administered intraperitoneally to rats and among the amino acids isolated from the tissue proteins, glycine showed the highest radioactivity. This finding is compatible with the postulated theory that γ-hydroxyglutamic acid may be cleaved with the formation of alanine and glyoxylic acid, the latter being normally converted into glycine by amination in the animal tissues. Following the incubation of γ-hydroxyglutamic-5-C14 acid and also γ-hydroxyglutamic-2-C14 acid in the presence of rat liver homogenates, evidence was obtained, by the carrier technique, for the direct formation of radioactive glyoxylic acid and alanine; no trace of glutamic acid or aspartic acid could be detected in the incubation media. As a result of a comparative study of the breakdown in vitro of the racemates of γ-hydroxyglutamic-5-C14 acid, it was found that the isomers of erythro-DL-γ-hydroxyglutamic acid are utilized to a much greater extent than the isomers of threo-DL-γ-hydroxyglutamic acid.
FRACTIONATION OF HUMAN PITUITARY GLANDS
Authors: Wilhelmi Alfred E.
Published: December 2009

A method of serial extraction of human pituitary glands is described. FSH, LH, and TSH are predominantly found in the first extract. A second extraction, under different conditions, yields principally growth hormone and some prolactin. A third extraction, under more extreme conditions of pH and temperature, yields, especially for acetone-preserved glands, an additional amount of growth hormone and the greater part of the prolactin. The method is presented as a contribution to the more efficient use of scarce and valuable human pituitaries.
11-KETOTESTOSTERONE: AN ANDROGEN FOR SOCKEYE SALMON
Authors: Idler D. R. , Bitners I. I. , Schmidt P. J.
Published: December 2009

11-Ketotesterone, a hormone in the blood of sockeye salmon, has been shown to have androgenic activity for this species. It influences skin thickness and coloration, flesh pigmentation, and spermatogenesis in the male. The effect of 11-ketotestosterone is not so pronounced in the female but it influences both skin thickness and coloration. Estradiol increased the mass of the female gonads.
THE EFFECT OF SEROTONIN (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE) ON THE OXIDATION OF C14GLUCOSE TO C14O2BY MOUSE LIVER, SPLEEN, AND KIDNEY SLICES
Authors: Vittorio P. V. , Small D. L. , Allen M. J.
Published: December 2009

Nonirradiated and X-irradiated mice were killed 4 or 24 hours after the injection of saline or a protective dose of serotonin and the livers, spleens, and kidneys were removed, sliced, and incubated for 3 hours in a buffered medium containing uniformly labelled C14glucose. The administration of serotonin to mice 4 hours before they were sacrificed resulted in an increased ability of the tissues to oxidize glucose to CO2. Liver showed the greatest increase and spleen the smallest. X-Irradiation of the mice also increased the ability oft he tissues to oxidize glucose to CO2. However, the administration of serotonin to X-irradiated mice did not further increase the ability of the tissues to oxidize glucose except in liver, in which a slight effect was observed.
ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS OF ACID MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES
Authors: Foster T. S. , Pearce R. H.
Published: December 2009

Sensitive stains for acid mucopolysaccharides on filter paper have been devised based on the use of either methylene blue or Alcian blue. The electrophoretic migration of hyaluronate, chondroitin-4-sulphate, and heparin in paper followed the Helmholtz–Smoluchowski law for times up to 16 hours and potential gradients up to 3 volts per cm. Under these conditions, the mobility depended upon the ionic strength and component ions of the electrolyte, the width of the strip, and the volume, concentration, and degree of polymerization of the acid mucopolysaccharide. Good separations of mixtures of acid mucopolysaccharides have been achieved, using lithium sulphate or lithium acetate – acetic acid buffer of ionic strength 0.10, on paper strips and rubber sponges as well as by continuous flow electrophoresis. Analysis of the paper strip may provide a sensitive test of the homogeneity of the polysaccharide.
STUDIES ON PLASMINOGEN: II. A COMPARISON OF THE ESTEROLYTIC, CASEINOLYTIC, AND FIBRINOLYTIC ACTIVITIES OF BOVINE AND HUMAN PLASMINOGEN
Authors: Cole Edmond R. , Mertz Edwin T.
Published: December 2009

Preparations of bovine and human plasminogen which varied in purity and mode of preparation were activated and assayed for esterolytic, caseinolytic, and fibrinolytic activities. Variations in the ratio of attack of bovine plasmin on TAMe and casein were observed among the plasminogen preparations which represent different stages of purification. Two plasminogen products with different TAMe/casein ratios were separated from both bovine and human products with intermediate TAMe/casein ratios, by the use of phosphate buffer as a precipitant. Bovine plasminogen preparations extracted with acid, then subjected to alkali denaturation, were purified with respect to their caseinolytic activity, but the esterolytic activity remained the same or decreased, resulting in a decrease in the TAMe/casein ratio. Human plasminogen prepared from fraction III by this method showed as much as a fourfold decrease in the TAMe/casein ratio. The observed differences in activity of various plasminogen preparations towards the two substrates, TAMe and casein, may arise from the chemical treatment and manipulation that the proenzyme receives during purification. When the fibrinolytic activity was compared with the caseinolytic activity, a single straight-line relationship was obtained for both bovine and human plasminogen preparations. However, a similar relationship was not found between the fibrinolytic and esterolytic activities.
A CLOSED CIRCUIT TECHNIQUE FOR OBTAINING GAS SAMPLES FROM A SEALED CHAMBER
Authors: Inch W. R. , McCredie J. A.
Published: December 2009

Gas for analysis may be siphoned from a closed chamber by joining it to a gas analyzer with a flexible tube partly filled with mercury. This method has been found rapid and free from errors due to gas leaks.
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID FROM RAT LENS
Authors: Devi Anima
Published: December 2009

RNA from rat ocular lens has been isolated by a method based on Kirby's original procedure (7), but greatly modified so as to avoid any degradation of RNA by RNase during the process of its extraction from lenses. The absorption at 260 mμ of a 1.0% solution of this purified material in a 1-cm cell is 1.95. Its N/P ratio is 1.58. It has 20 to 25% activity of that of yeast-soluble RNA in accepting activated amino acids. When this RNA (like all other RNA's) is heated and cooled the polynucleotide chain can again form loops, thus suggesting a randomly coiled structure for this RNA. On the other hand, DNA preparations from calf thymus, rat liver, and E. coli showed irreversible changes when heated and cooled.
ESTROGEN-LIKE SUBSTANCES IN LEGUMES AND GRASSES: THE INFLUENCE OF FRACTIONATION AND ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION ON THE ESTROGENIC ACTIVITY OF PLANT MATERIALS
Authors: Ostrovsky D. , Kitts W. D.
Published: December 2009

The estrogenic potency of ethanolic extracts of red clover, as revealed by means of a 3-day mouse bio-assay, remained unaltered after removal of the unpalatable chlorophyl fraction. The uterine response was found to be more marked when the extract was incorporated into the basal diet, than when administered orally by catheter.
THE RELATION BETWEEN THE STAINING PROPERTIES OF THE THYROIDAL COLLOID AND ITS IODINE CONTENT
Authors: DesMarais A. , LaHam Q. N.
Published: December 2009

A new staining technique has been developed for the thyroid gland involving the use of two components of the Mallory connective tissue stain, aniline blue and orange G in reversed proportions.Various indices such as incorporation of radioiodine, epithelial cell height, and number of blue and yellow staining follicles and total number of follicles have been used to test the validity of the color reaction in the colloid. The comparison of these diverse indices strongly suggests that the colloid material which stains with aniline blue corresponds to iodinated thyroglobulin, while the yellow staining material appears to be devoid of biologically active iodinated amino acids.
THE SPECIFICITY OF A PROTEASE FROM PENICILLIUM CYANEO-FULVUM
Authors: Martin S. M. , Singh Kartar , Ankel H. , Khan A. H.
Published: December 2009

A purified preparation of the extracellular protease of Penicillium cyaneo-fulvum was homogeneous on electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation. The enzyme was shown to be an endopeptidase of low specificity.
THE DISSOCIATION OF α- AND β-LIPOVITELLIN IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION: PART II. INFLUENCE OF PROTEIN PHOSPHATE GROUPS, SULPHYDRYL GROUPS, AND RELATED FACTORS
Authors: Burley R. W. , Cook W. H.
Published: December 2009

Removal of protein phosphate groups from α- and β-lipovitellin by means of a phosphatase has shown that these groups do not take part in the dissociation–association process. They appear, however, to be responsible for a difference in their ease of complex formation with calcium ions, and also for their different chromatographic behavior on columns of hydroxyapatite.Both lipovitellins contain about 26 μmoles/g of sulphydryl groups. Sulphydryl group reagents had no effect on the dissociation of α-lipovitellin but markedly changed the behavior of β-lipovitellin. N-Ethylmaleimide and p-chloromercuribenzoate displaced the equilibrium towards the associated form at all pH values below pH 10, but iodoacetamide tended to stabilize the dissociated form against pH changes. The different behavior of these reagents indicates that the sulphydryl groups are not directly involved in the dissociation but their substitution probably causes other changes in β-lipovitellin that affect its dissociation.
A STUDY OF THE PROLONGED INTAKE OF SMALL AMOUNTS OF ETHYLENEDIAMINETETRAACETATE ON THE UTILIZATION OF LOW DIETARY LEVELS OF CALCIUM AND IRON BY THE RAT
Authors: Hawkins W. W. , Leonard Verna G. , Maxwell Joan E. , Rastogi Krishna Sudha
Published: December 2009

Young rats were maintained for 84 days on a diet which supplied to each 0.15 mg of iron and 4.26 mg of calcium per day. The Ca:P ratio of the diet was 1.4. For some of the animals the dihydrate of disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) was added at a level of 0.01%, which supplied 1 mg per rat per day. The molar ratio of EDTA:Ca:Fe was 1:37.9:1.The EDTA did not affect the growth of the rats. It did not affect the excretion of calcium, or its concentration in blood serum or femur. Since the faecal excretion was not affected, apparently the absorption was not impaired. The growth of the femur was not affected. EDTA was associated with generally higher levels of iron in the serum, but the average difference was not statistically significant. There was no effect upon the liver iron or the haemoglobin level in the blood.Small amounts of EDTA in the diet apparently did not interfere with the utilization of low and probably inadequate dietary levels of calcium and iron.
LE POIDS DE L'ÉLECTRO-ÉJACULAT CHEZ LE COBAYE SOUMIS À UNE EXPOSITION CHRONIQUE AU FROID
Authors: Dugal L. P. , Dunnigan J.
Published: December 2009

In male guinea pigs, chronic exposure to cold did not produce cryptorchism, contrarily to what was found in the rat. The endocrine function of the testis, as measured indirectly by the electroejaculatory test of Moore and Gallagher, was significantly increased during the whole period (10 months) of exposure to cold. In normal guinea pigs exposed to cold, the spermatogenesis was not impaired. All these results are contrary to the ones obtained in the rat.
BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF AN UNNATURAL AND ANTITUMOR AMINO ACID: 1-AMINOCYCLOPENTANECARBOXYLIC ACID: II. EFFECTS ON CELLULAR RESPIRATION AND AMINO ACID METABOLISM
Authors: Berlinguet L. , Bégin Nicole , Babineau L. M. , Laferté R. O.
Published: December 2009

1-Aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid (ACPC) was studied for its effect on cellular respiration of rat tissues and for its reactivity towards decarboxylases, transaminases, and amino acid oxidases. In the tissues studied, cellular respiration was normal. The amino acid was not decarboxylated, transaminated, or oxidized. The transamination and oxidation of other amino acids remained normal even in the presence of ACPC.Using the radioactive substance, it was found that the molecule remains intact within the cells since no metabolic products could be detected.
A SENSITIVE METHOD FOR MEASUREMENT OF AMINO ACYL RIBONUCLEIC ACID SYNTHETASE ACTIVITIES
Authors: Fraser Murray J.
Published: December 2009

A sensitive method for the measurement of amino acyl RNA synthetase activities (amino acid activating enzymes) is described. The method is based on measurements of the rates of labelling of soluble ribonucleic acid with14C-amino acids. Determinations of α-glutamyl-RNA, glutaminyl-RNA, and glycyl-RNA synthetase activities in the "pH 5 enzymes" fractions from rat liver and mouse Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells have been made.
FACTORS INVOLVED IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN BACILLUS MEGATERIUM
Authors: Hill Peter B.
Published: December 2009

An isolated membrane fraction of lysed protoplasts of Bacillus megaterium incorporated S35methionine and C14orotic acid into proteinaceous and ribonucleic acid material respectively.After treatment of the membrane fraction with snake venom, a reduction in S35methionine incorporation was noted. Disruption of the phospholipid components in the isolated membrane caused a similar reduction in S35methionine incorporation. Evidence presented indicated the involvement of phospholipoprotein and ribonucleic acid in protein synthesis in the membrane of B. megaterium.
INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE PRODUCTION OF LIPIDS BY SUBMERGED CULTURES OF THE MUSHROOM TRICHOLOMA NUDUM: I. FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF NEUTRAL LIPIDS AND PHOSPHOLIPIDS AS A FUNCTION OF TIME
Authors: Leegwater D. C. , Youngs C. G. , Spencer J. F. T. , Craig B. M.
Published: December 2009

The production of neutral lipids and phospholipids by submerged cultures of the mushroom Tricholoma nudum, as well as the fatty acid composition of these two fractions, was studied as a function of time. The bulk of the neutral lipids was produced after 2 days when the organism appeared to be in a non-proliferative phase. The major fatty acids of the neutral lipids were palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acid (23–35% each); stearic acid was a minor component (8–13%); myristic, palmitoleic, and linolenic acid were present in small amounts (0.5–4.8%). The major fatty acid of the phospholipids was linoleic acid (55–70%); palmitic (15–19%), stearic (1.8–4.6%), and oleic (7–19%) acid were minor components; myristic, palmitoleic, and linolenic (0–2.3%) were present in small amounts. Linolenic acid was a major fatty acid (26–30%) only in the early stages of growth.A preliminary investigation was carried out with a 4-day-old culture to establish the identity of the various components of the neutral lipids and phospholipids. The neutral lipids were mainly triglycerides (92%). Small amounts of ergosterol esters (1%), free fatty acids (< 1%), ergosterol (1.7%), and unidentified non-saponifiable compounds were also present. The phospholipids contained phosphatidyl choline (59%) as the major component; phosphatidyl ethanolamine (26%), phosphatidyl serine and phosphatidic acid (7.8%), and an inositol containing phospholipid were minor components.Some of the techniques applied were specially developed for the present type of studies and are described in detail.
STUDIES ON THE IN VITRO ANTITUMOR ACTIVITY OF FATTY ACIDS: V. UNSATURATED ACIDS
Authors: Tolnai Susan , Morgan Joseph F.
Published: December 2009

Previous studies on the in vitro antitumor activity of saturated mono- and dicarboxylic fatty acids have been extended to a series of unsaturated fatty acids ranging in carbon chain length from C6to C20- All 10 compounds tested exhibited some activity at pH 4.0 against the ascites forms of the Ehrlich carcinoma, 6C3HED lymphosarcoma, and TA3mammary carcinoma. Only three compounds (2-decenoic, linoleic, and linolenic acids) were found to be active at neutrality against all three tumors, while four compounds (2-nonenoic, 10-undecenoic, oleic, and arachidonic acids) were active against one or two tumors under neutral conditions. Considerable variations were encountered in the relative effectiveness of these compounds against the three ascites tumors. The compounds with the most marked in vitro antitumor activity were linoleic and linolenic acids.
MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND DISSOCIATION BEHAVIOR OF α- AND β-LIPOVITELLIN IN ACID SOLVENTS
Authors: Kratohvil J. P. , Martin W. G. , Cook W. H.
Published: December 2009

Solutions of α-lipovitellin in 1 M formic acid and 0.01 M hydrochloric acid had two sedimenting components of ca. 2.0 S and 4.6 S. Initially, acid solutions of β-lipovitellin contained only the 4.6 S component but, after about 4 days, the 2.0 S component was also present. Using freshly prepared solutions the molecular weight (M) of this 4.6 S component of β-lipovitellin was established as 3.9 × 105 by both light scattering and sedimentation and diffusion measurements. This component appears, therefore, to be the associated form of β-lipovitellin of 11 S and M = 4.0 × 105 in neutral solvents. The 2.0 S component must therefore be a dissociated subunit of comparable or smaller size than the subunit of 7 S and M = 2.0 × 105 in alkaline solvents. Evidently both lipovitellins dissociate in acid, as they do in alkaline solvents, but the solubility behavior and irreversible changes that occur in acid precluded a quantitative study.
MUSCLE PROTEINS OF PACIFIC SALMON (ONCORHYNCHUS): III. THE SEPARATION OF MUSCLE PROTEINS SOLUBLE IN LOW IONIC STRENGTH SALT SOLUTIONS BY STARCH GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
Authors: Tsuyuki H. , Roberts E. , Gadd R. E. A.
Published: December 2009

By the use of starch gel electrophoretic technique the muscle myogens of the five Pacific west coast species of the Oncorhynchus genus, the steelhead trout (representative of the genus Salmo), the lingcod, and Atlantic cod have been separated. The characteristic protein patterns were used to group the members of the Oncorhynchus genus into sockeye, pink, and chum salmon on the one hand and the spring and coho salmon on the other. Correlation of the groupings based upon their protein pattern is discussed in relation to a similar grouping arrived at through behavior studies by other workers. The relationship between column and gel electrophoretic separations has been investigated.
SOME PROPERTIES OF APOFERRITIN ISOLATED FROM GUINEA PIG LIVER
Authors: Friedberg Felix
Published: December 2009

Apoferritin isolated from livers of guinea pigs and characterized by a s°w,20of 17.7 and a pI of 4.8 (in acetate buffer Γ/2 0.1) was hydrolyzed with 5.7 N HCl for 22 and 44 hours and its amino acid composition determined. The protein appears rich in dicarboxylic acids and in leucine. The content of sulphur-containing amino acids is fairly small.
THE ENOLASE OF THE HUMAN ERYTHROCYTE
Authors: Blostein Rhoda , Denstedt Orville F.
Published: December 2009

The enolase activity of the human erythrocyte has been studied with a partially purified preparation of the enzyme. The enzyme was found to have an absolute requirement for Mg2+ions. A kinetic study of the influence of the concentration of Mg ions and 2-phosphoglycerate on the formation of phosphoeno/pyruvate from 2-phosphoglycerate has shown that the active complex of enzyme, substrate, and activator (Mg2+) can be formed in several ways. With low concentrations of substrate and Mg2+the reaction was maximum at pH 7.0; with high concentrations of both, the activity was maximum over a wide range of hydrogen ion concentrations on the acid side of neutrality (at least from pH 6.3 to 7.0) and decreased above pH 7.0.
POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF RIBOFLAVIN DEFICIENCY ON ADRENAL CORTICAL FUNCTION IN THE RAT
Authors: Jamdar S. C. , Mookerjea Sailen
Published: December 2009

In rats showing impaired growth and liver enlargement from riboflavin deficiency there was a decrease in the weights of thymus and spleen and a slight increase in the weight of adrenals, but these were also shown by control rats with the same degree of growth impairment from inanition. There was no effect upon the ascorbic acid content of the adrenals, and a questionable effect upon their cholesterol content. There was some decrease in the number of circulating lymphocytes. There was a decrease in the catalase activity of the liver, but this was complicated by a relationship to the amount of dietary protein. These observations oppose the concept that in riboflavin deficiency adrenal cortical function is impaired, and suggest that it is slightly stimulated.
LIVER TRANSAMINASE ACTIVITY IN RIBOFLAVIN-DEFICIENT RATS
Authors: Mookerjea Sailen , Jamdar S. C.
Published: December 2009

Rats were deprived of riboflavin until there was established impairment of growth, hepatomegaly, and depletion of flavin–adenine dinucleotide and of catalase in the liver. Under these conditions there were increased concentrations of glutamic–aspartic and glutamic–alanine transaminases in the liver. With dietary depletion and repletion of protein the transaminase levels followed changes in liver size. Since the protein concentration in the liver was not affected, the level of transaminase was directly associated with the degree of anabolism. The changes in the glutamic–alanine transaminase were the more pronounced.
STUDIES OF THE TERMINAL RESIDUES OF HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT RIBONUCLEATES
Authors: Lane B. G.
Published: December 2009

Quantitative and qualitative determinations of the terminal residues of ribosomal ribonucleates from Escherichia coli are presented. The data are interpreted in terms of the prevailing physicochemical estimates of the molecular weight of ribosomal ribonucleates.
BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON 1-AMINOCYCLOPENTANE CARBOXYLIC ACID
Authors: Ahmed K. , Scholefield P. G.
Published: December 2009

The synthetic amino acid 1-aminocyclopentane carboxylic acid does not seem to be metabolized but is actively concentrated by slices of rat brain cortex and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. Its transport into the ascites cells has much in common with that of methionine since they are both inhibited by similar groups of amino acids. Kinetic analysis of the inhibitory effects of glycine, D- and L-methionine, allyl glycine, and thienyl glycine on the transport of 1-aminocyclopentane carboxylic acid confirms the suggestion that this amino acid and methionine enter ascites cells as the result of the action of a common transport system.
SEDIMENTATION OF GLUTEN IN SEVERAL DISPERSING REAGENTS
Authors: McCalla A. G. , Verma Sirish C.
Published: December 2009

Gluten from ether-extracted wheat flour, dispersed in a wide range of reagents and subjected to sedimentation analyses, yielded essentially similar sedimentation diagrams and coefficients. Regardless of the nature of the reagents, or the differences among them (pH, concentration, presence or absence of reducing agents), only one major peak was present in each diagram. As sedimentation progressed, the peak spread more rapidly than could be accounted for by diffusion, indicating that the dispersed protein was heterogeneous.