bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Tsunami Moment
Authors: Carrión Julio F.
Published: December 2021

This chapter chronicles the populist candidate’s rise to power, which follows a pattern resembling exponential growth: it starts slowly and grows steadily until it reaches an inflection point that marks an unstoppable moment. The term tsunami describes the first moment in the dynamic theory of populism in power, when insurgent populist candidates are able to tap into the existing mass dissatisfaction with political institutions and take advantage of growing elite disarray. As they become significant contenders, their momentum increases; seen as potential winners by others, they generate bandwagon effects and fascinate the media. These aspiring populist leaders expand their appeal through different ways. Some politicians associated with the old order bet on them and offer their support. Populist candidates expand the electorate by politically activating new actors or social forces, or by mobilizing previously apathetic voters.
The Hobbesian Moment
Authors: Carrión Julio F.
Published: December 2021

This chapter reviews how once in power, populist leaders try to assert their political dominance, which is invariably contested by some societal and institutional actors, and shows how this moment of decisive political confrontation determines the ulterior trajectory of the populist government. If populist chief executives succeed during this moment, an aggrandized executive emerges and electoral democracy will transition to a hybrid regime; if they are defeated or constrained, the possibility of regime change is averted. The chapter identifies the permissive and productive conditions that explain the failure or success of populist leaders in emerging victorious from this inflection point. The key permissive condition is voters’ support for radical institutional change. The key productive condition is the ability of populist leaders to use the state’s repressive apparatus to impose their political will. An additional productive condition is sometimes present: the organization and mobilization of low-income voters to support the populist project.
The Secret Listener
Authors: Chen Yuan-tsung
Published: December 2021

From the time she was a girl, Yuan-tsung Chen had had a literary dream, and in 1950 she embarked on a literary career, a journey filled with thrilling and dangerous adventures. She went to Beijing and got a job in the Scenario Department of the Central Film Bureau, where she found herself in a front-row seat during China’s culture wars as Mao Zedong demanded that literature and art serve the Party, while writers wanted culture to be distinguishable from propaganda. Hence she became a secret listener. Purges ensued. She narrowly escaped the Anti-Rightist Purge of 1957 by marrying Jack Chen, who, because of his connections, had avoided political trouble so far. Mao’s “class war” continued. His Great Leap Forward caused the plunge in agricultural production and the greatest famine of the twentieth century. It led to Mao’s last and most violent purge, the Cultural Revolution. His hitmen, the Red Guards, viciously attacked Jack. Yuan-tsung went secretly to ask Zhou Enlai, the prime minister, for help. Zhou tried but failed to protect them. They were sent out of Beijing and consigned to a rural backwater village, cut off from all recourse to friends. But Yuan-tsung figured out a way to get in touch, right under the noses of the Red Guards, with Jack’s American brother-in-law and asked him to arrange a speaking tour for Jack. He did, and thus Jack was able to accept an invitation to lecture on Canadian and American campuses. After a tense wait, on the prime minister’s personal order Jack and Yuan-tsung got permits to leave the country.
My Family and Myself
Authors: Chen Yuan-tsung
Published: December 2021

Yuan-tsung, meaning “First Pearl,” was born to a middle-class family in Shanghai, the Paris of the East, not rich, but well connected, and since childhood her ambitious mother had groomed her to climb the social ladder. Her father, though loving, was somewhat ineffectual. He lost his job in a scandal, and the family began to come down in the world. Because she was the eldest of three siblings, she felt obligated to reverse the family fortune. Her maiden performance as a social climber, when she met and attracted the attention of a powerful socialite, Phyllis Wu, during a grand party at the Fairy Glen Hotel, made her mother think she had great potential.
The Reverse of the Reverse: The Anti-Rightist Campaign
Authors: Chen Yuan-tsung
Published: December 2021

The Anti-Rightist Campaign continued, claiming more than half a million victims, and it was a close call for Yuan-tsung. She witnessed the fall of her immediate boss, Director Wang, at his heartbreaking last meeting with his little daughter, Oriole. She also witnessed the fall of Zeng Zhaolun and the destruction of the Democratic League, the influential “third-way” party of which Zeng was a founding member. Zeng’s wife Yu Dayin, Yuan-tsung’s best friend, was a collateral victim. It broke both her heart and her spirit to see her husband being taken away. The tragedies happening around Yuan-tsung made her think she would not be spared, but at this juncture she reunited with her ex-lover, Jack, who came back from a trip on the Silk Road.
From Black Market to Fake Bumper Harvest
Authors: Chen Yuan-tsung
Published: December 2021

Yuan-tsung blended further into village life, getting to know more villagers and their survival kit. One of them, a woman cadre named Winter Plum, initiated her into the black market, where she could get better food from a drunken butcher. Old Xu, the ever so complaisant village head, surprised her with his bitter resentment against his higher-ups and his bitterness over the loss of his family’s cohesion caused by collectivization. Wimpy Gu, the reticent and meek assistant to Old Xu, relieved himself occasionally with violent, emotional outbursts. Old Hong, renowned locally as the gloriously demobilized soldier, or Glorious Demob, amazed her with his web of deceit and lies for the sake of manufacturing a fake bumper harvest.
Intrigues in a Slum House
Authors: Chen Yuan-tsung
Published: December 2021

Zhou Enlai tried but failed to protect Jack, and so in 1969, Jack and Yuan-tsung were evicted from their apartment and forced to live in a corner room at a slum house on Sheep Market Street. Most of their neighbors came from the urban underclass; among them were a retired prostitute, a semireformed thief, a laundress who doubled as a bed playmate to her employer, and an old witch who practiced black magic. They were purveyors of gossip and became new sources of information for Yuan-tsung. A Japanese woman named Noriko, punching bag to her Chinese husband, became Yuan-tsung’s best friend and played a key role in her fight against the Red Guards.
From Aboriginal Equality to Limited and Unstable Inequality
Authors: Wisman Jon D.
Published: December 2021

During the first 97 percent of the approximately 200,000-year history of Homo sapiens, when humans existed as hunter-gatherers and early agriculturalists, they lived with little political and economic inequality, due to the ready availability of stone weapons and ability of the weaker ones to form defensive coalitions blocking bullies’ attempts to amass political power. Their egalitarian incentive structure rewarded them for sharing food, child care, and practically everything else. The slow adoption of agriculture beginning about 10,000 years ago created the material condition on which a limited degree of social hierarchy could develop. About 9,000 years ago, chiefs arose by ideologically claiming special access to celestial powers to better assure the welfare of the community. They thereby gained greater access to material goods and mates. However, their legitimacy was fragile, readily upset by poor harvests or other catastrophes that delegitimated their ideology and returned their societies to economic and political equality.
The Critical Break
Authors: Wisman Jon D.
Published: December 2021

With this chapter, the book’s major focus shifts from the whole world to Europe, where sustainable capitalist economic development first takes off. After Rome’s disintegration, due to Western Europe’s geography and level of military technology, no European state could gain a hegemony on power. The resulting intense and ever-present state competition fueled an arms race and technological innovation while keeping rulers in need of revenue. They found additional resources in the expanding commerce, manufacturing, and capitalist institutions that accompanied an emerging bourgeoisie. Consequently, uniquely in Europe a bourgeoisie sustainably managed to survive its own self-destructiveness and the hostility of a hereditary landed aristocracy. The growing muscle of the bourgeoisie expressed itself in increasingly successful demands for greater freedoms, privileges, status, and political power commensurable to their wealth. The unique sustainable success of the European bourgeoisie and capitalist institutions constitutes a historical singularity, paving the way for today’s riches and freedoms.
Theological Revolution and the Idea of Equality
Authors: Wisman Jon D.
Published: December 2021

The transition in Europe from a predominantly agricultural society dominated by a landed aristocracy to an emerging commercial one with an expanding bourgeoisie gave birth to a reformulated expression of Christianity whose doctrines could better legitimate the new institutions and practices of commercial society. Whereas Catholicism provided an ideology that justified the landlords’ capture of economic surplus, Protestantism legitimated the emerging bourgeoisie’s ability to do the same. Protestantism’s privileging of work and asceticism afforded social respectability to the bourgeoisie and ideological support for its capturing a share of society’s surplus. It gave legitimacy to the harsh social treatment of a rising class of wage workers who had been separated from any ownership, control, or ready access to the means of production. Protestantism served as a transitional religion between a traditional agricultural world dominated by Catholic doctrine and a more modern commercial one dominated by secular thought.
From American Exceptionalism to the Great Compression
Authors: Wisman Jon D.
Published: December 2021

The United States was an anomaly, beginning without clear class distinctions and with substantial egalitarian sentiment. Inexpensive land meant workers who were not enslaved were relatively free. However, as the frontier closed and industrialization took off after the Civil War, inequality soared and workers increasingly lost control over their workplaces. Worker agitation led to improved living standards, but gains were limited by the persuasiveness of the elite’s ideology. The hardships of the Great Depression, however, significantly delegitimated the elite’s ideology, resulting in substantially decreased inequality between the 1930s and 1970s. Robust economic growth following World War II and workers’ greater political power permitted unparalleled improvements in working-class living standards. By the 1960s, for the first time in history, a generation came of age without fear of dire material privation, generating among many of the young a dramatic change in values and attitudes, privileging social justice and self-realization over material concerns.
Identity
Authors: Shaver Stephen R.
Published: December 2021

This chapter focuses on the divide between Christian traditions that understand “this is my body” as true in the proper sense (what George Hunsinger calls “real predication”) and those that do not. It traces the development of this divide to the Western eucharistic controversies of the sixteenth century. The author argues that both Roman Catholics and Lutherans (on one side) and Swiss Reformers and the Radical Reformation (on the other) shared an assumption that language must be either literal or figurative, with only the former adequate for proper truth claims. The author also analyzes the eucharistic controversy between Luther, who understood “is” as an example of literal predication, and Zwingli, who saw it as a rhetorical trope and thus not properly true. The chapter concludes by arguing that a cognitive understanding of language can transcend this dichotomy since figurative language can indeed be capable of proper truth claims.
The Subtle Body
Authors: Cox Simon
Published: December 2021

How does the soul relate to the body? Through the ages many religions and intellectual movements have posed answers to this question. Many have gravitated to the notion of the subtle body, positing some kind of subtle entity that is neither soul nor body, but some mixture of the two. This book traces the history of this idea from the late Roman Empire to the present day, touching on how philosophers, wizards, scholars, occultists, psychologists, and mystics have engaged with the idea over the past two thousand years. The book begins in the late Roman Empire, moving chronologically through the Renaissance, the British project of colonial Indology, the development of theosophy and occultism in the nineteenth century, and the Euro-American counterculture of the 1960s and 1970s.
From Eranos to Esalen
Authors: Cox Simon
Published: December 2021

This chapter traces the subtle body concept from Jung’s Kundalini seminars to the early work of one of its attendees, Frederic Spiegelberg, who would wind up becoming a professor at Stanford in the 1950s after the Nazis purged German academia of Jewish faculty and staff. Spiegelberg would go on to have a huge impact on a whole generation of Stanford graduates at the very beginning of the counterculture. This chapter focuses on Michael Murphy, the founder of the Esalen Institute in Big Sur, California, which would go on to become a countercultural and later New Age mecca during the 1960s and 1970s. The chapter focuses on the subtle body concept in the work of Spiegelberg and Murphy, zeroing in on the points of difference between the teacher and his student. It ends with the proliferation of subtle body discourses and forms of praxis that spin out of Esalen during and after the counterculture, laying the groundwork for the hyperpopularity of yoga and martial arts in 1990s American culture, which the author grew up in, leading to his interest in writing this book in the first place.
Natural Law Republicanism
Authors: Hawley Michael C.
Published: December 2021

By any metric, Cicero’s works are some of the most widely read in the history of Western thought. This book suggests that perhaps Cicero’s most lasting and significant contribution to philosophy lies in helping to inspire the development of liberalism. Individual rights, the protection of private property, and political legitimacy based on the consent of the governed are often taken to be among early modern liberalism’s unique innovations and part of its rebellion against classical thought. However, this book demonstrates that Cicero’s thought played a central role in shaping and inspiring the liberal republican project. Cicero argued that liberty for individuals could arise only in a res publica in which the claims of the people to be sovereign were somehow united with a commitment to universal moral law, which limits what the people can rightfully do. Figures such as Hugo Grotius, John Locke, and John Adams sought to work through the tensions in Cicero’s vision, laying the groundwork for a theory of politics in which the freedom of the individual and the people’s collective right to rule were mediated by natural law. This book traces the development of this intellectual tradition from Cicero’s original articulation through the American founding. It concludes by exploring how modern political ideas remain dependent on the conception of just politics first elaborated by Rome’s great philosopher-statesman.
Adams, Wilson, and the American Res Publica
Authors: Hawley Michael C.
Published: December 2021

This chapter considers the final stage of the Ciceronian tradition: the American founding. Insofar as the American founding is influenced by John Locke, it is indirectly indebted to Cicero. However, John Adams and James Wilson recognize the profoundly Ciceronian character of American liberal republicanism. Both argue that the prevailing understandings of natural law, justice, liberty, and what it means to be a republic derive from Cicero’s formulation. Moreover, Adams and Wilson see the American experiment as proving Cicero right, that a republic tethered to natural law could be realized. They also see the American Founding as contributing its own innovation to this tradition: written constitutionalism. The self-conscious writing of a regime’s constitution enables the principles of a natural law republic to be fixed and formalized in a way that Cicero’s original formulation did not provide for.
Epilogue
Authors: Hawley Michael C.
Published: December 2021

This final chapter briefly examines the fate of the Ciceronian tradition after the American founding. Philosophic movements arose to challenge the doctrines of natural law that formed one of the pillars of the tradition. At almost the same time, scholarly appreciation of Roman thought declined in favor of the Greeks. Yet, the impact of the tradition remains as salient as ever, forming the foundation of many contemporary institutions and values. The tension between voluntarist notions of legitimacy and moral objectivism continues to animate current discourse around liberal democracy. This chapter thus also considers the ways in which a better understanding of Cicero’s legacy might help us to make progress in those debates.
Comparing Baseline and Intervention Phases
Authors: Auerbach Charles
Published: December 2021

In this chapter readers will learn about methodological issues to consider in analyzing the success of the intervention and how to conduct visual analysis. The chapter begins with a discussion of descriptive statistics that can aid the visual analysis of findings by summarizing patterns of data across phases. An example data set is used to illustrate the use of specific graphs, including box plots, standard deviation band graphs, and line charts showing the mean, median, and trimmed mean that can used to compare any two phases. SSD for R provides three standard methods for computing effect size, which are discussed in detail. Additionally, four methods of evaluating effect size using non-overlap methods are examined. The use of the goal line is discussed. The chapter concludes with a discussion of autocorrelation in the intervention phase and how to consider dealing with this issue.
Using RMarkdown to Present Your Findings
Authors: Auerbach Charles
Published: December 2021

This chapter covers how to utilize RMarkdown to present SSD for R findings in a well-ordered and reproducible manner. RMarkdown is a plain text formatting syntax that makes writing research reports simple. The language provides a simple syntax that formats text such as headers, lists, boldface, and so on. This language is popular, and you will find many apps that are compatible with it. For example, combined with other packages, like SSD for R, users can easily create tables and graphics to present their research findings. Another important feature of this markdown language is that it will make your findings reproducible in that all of your files are connected. Thus, if there are changes to your data, rerunning the analysis is simple.
Building Support for Practice Research
Authors: Auerbach Charles
Published: December 2021

This chapter was designed to provide readers a broad understanding of factors that should be considered when attempting to implement research in a practice environment. Common obstacles to conducting research in practice settings are discussed in this chapter and include administrative factors, work demands placed on practitioners, the availability of research knowledge and skills, and the research tradition of some professions. To address these, recommendations have been developed to remediate these barriers. These involve building support and demand for practice research by increasing its value to stakeholders, the development of and/or accessibility to research skills, and providing the infrastructure necessary to conduct practice research. The importance of including practitioners in the process of building research capacity is discussed. In order to increase the chances of success, capacity building must be collaborative. All activities should include representation from all employee groups that will either participate in the research process or be consumers of research.
Introduction to Environmental Biodynamics
Authors: Arora Manish , Curtin Paul , Curtin Austen , Austin Christine , Giuliani Alessandro
Published: December 2021

Chapter 1 outlines the axioms of the biodynamic interface conjecture, each of which are detailed in subsequent chapters. It is shown that in order to properly identify and characterize any dynamic system, it is necessary to identify more than a few isolated “things” making up the pattern. Rather, one must know the sequence of events and the organization of the system in order to understand and recognize its function in both space and time. In essence, Environmental Biodynamics seeks to understand how the environment and human physiology interact through a focus on functional interfaces; specifically the focus is on the patterns that emerge in the integration of the environment into human physiology rather than on isolated “snapshots” taken in passing.
The Lens of “Thingness”
Authors: Arora Manish , Curtin Paul , Curtin Austen , Austin Christine , Giuliani Alessandro
Published: December 2021

Environmental medicine and related fields have developed from a structural perspective that assigns a static, anatomical “thingness” to our physiology and our environment. This viewpoint arises from a reductionist school of thought and foundational biomedical discoveries such as the discovery that human organs are made up of cells organized as tissues or that our DNA is the source “code” for the building blocks of life. As a consequence of these discoveries and their perceived importance, medical sciences have organized the study of the human body into the study of component parts. Attempts to incorporate time into existing structural perspectives have often taken the form of multiple structural analyses laced together as a circuit operating in a series of connections. Such approaches ignore that humans and their environment are temporally dynamic processes. Environmental Biodynamics argues for a functional perspective that rejects the reductionist view of human physiology and the human environment. In stark contrast to the prevalent structural paradigms, this approach places temporal dynamics at its core.
The Shape of Change
Authors: Arora Manish , Curtin Paul , Curtin Austen , Austin Christine , Giuliani Alessandro
Published: December 2021

Chapter 3 introduce the first central principle of Environmental Biodynamics—that complex systems cannot interact directly, nor exist in isolation. It also introduces the corollary principle that although the interface is composed of constant change (i.e., processes) it retains a quantifiable topography—the shape of change—driven by stochastic, deterministic, or chaotic processes. The implication of this, from the perspective of environmental medicine, is that the environment and human physiology are integrated via an interface. An interface emerges wherever the measurement of one system’s state intrinsically includes inputs from another system. And thus, to understand how the environment influences us, and vice versa, environmental medicine must adopt a functional perspective that focuses on the organization of system dynamics and complexity. This is achieved by characterizing the deterministic, stochastic, and chaotic processes that shape environmental homeostasis.
The Layers of Life
Authors: Arora Manish , Curtin Paul , Curtin Austen , Austin Christine , Giuliani Alessandro
Published: December 2021

Chapter 6 summarizes the work described in the book. It places Environmental Biodynamics in context of the broader field of general systems theory. It argues that to realize the full potential of Environmental Biodynamics, environmental medicine must refocus the examination of the interaction of environment and health from an emphasis on measuring physiological “moments” (i.e., static measures of environmental factors, infrequent anthropometry, momentary health indicators) to studying dynamic human–environment interfaces, physiological states, and the processes that constrain to those states. To this end, Chapter 6 provides a set of endeavors that must be undertaken to capitalize on and formally test the biodynamic interface paradigm. First, focus scientific inquiry on interfaces that connect biological and environmental systems; second, develop theoretical frameworks that focus on the identification and interpretation of constraints in biological–environmental interfaces; and third, develop laboratory, clinical, and epidemiological methods to relate the complexity characterized at the level of biodynamic interfaces to human health.
Wars of Revelation
Authors: Lissner Rebecca
Published: December 2021

More than seventy-five years since the end of World War II, military interventions—rather than major wars—have emerged as a defining feature of contemporary geopolitics. Yet, for all the fierce policy debates over interventions and their lessons, scholars have largely ignored the systematic linkages between these smaller-scale wars and transformations in the grand strategies of states that prosecute them. Wars of Revelation develops a new theory—the informational theory of strategic adjustment—to explain why military interventions can be crucibles of grand strategy. It argues that, by prosecuting a military intervention, states glean rich and rare information about adversaries’ capabilities and intentions, as well as their own military power and cost tolerance. The uniquely costly nature of warfighting renders this data particularly credible. Amidst background conditions of intense interstate competition and pervasive uncertainty, states face strong incentives to reassess their grand strategies in light of this new information. This process of grand-strategic updating begins with a reassessment of the strategic assumptions directly tested on the battlefield, but it doesn’t end there. Indeed, the grand strategic effects of military interventions are far-reaching because information conveyed via warfighting is widely extrapolated to related strategic assessments. Wars of Revelation demonstrates the plausibility of the informational theory of strategic adjustment in three historically detailed case studies that trace the evolution of American grand strategy over the course of the Cold War and into the early post-Cold War era: the Korean, Vietnam, and First Gulf Wars.
“A Transformation in the Nature of Power”
Authors: Lissner Rebecca
Published: December 2021

This chapter examines the Vietnam War. Prior to President Lyndon Johnson’s decision to commit the United States to war in Indochina, the United States was avowedly committed to “pay any price, bear any burden,” in the famous words of President Kennedy’s inaugural address, to stop the spread of Communism around the world. Practically, this commitment required military capabilities that spanned the conflict spectrum, from enhanced counterinsurgency to flexible nuclear options, to check Communist aggression wherever it might occur. Yet warfighting in Vietnam revealed the unsustainability of this approach, prompting a far more limited international role for the U.S. military as local partners were expected to more equitably share the burdens of their own defense and Washington pursued détente with the Soviet Union alongside rapprochement with China.
“Beyond Containment”
Authors: Lissner Rebecca
Published: December 2021

This chapter studies the Persian Gulf War. Prior to the Persian Gulf War, the United States was focused primarily on Europe, where rapid changes to the regional security order provided early signals of the nation’s dawning preeminence, but few indications of what a “new world order” would entail. Beyond the Soviet Union, there were no clear threats to U.S. global interests, and emergent American grand strategy envisioned a world where economic and diplomatic power would predominate, resulting in some measure of multipolarity. Yet the shock and awe of the war revealed that the United States stood alone as the world’s sole superpower, backed by international political support—including from a surprisingly deferential Russia—as well as unprecedented military preponderance. Washington therefore moved toward a more militarily assertive form of hegemony, characterized by the discretionary use of force to enforce the terms of the “new world order.” The war also inaugurated the preoccupation with Iraq and nonproliferation as central focuses of post–Cold War foreign policy.
The Forgotten Reign of the Emperor Jovian (363-364)
Authors: Drijvers Jan Willem
Published: December 2021

This book is the first modern scholarly monograph on the emperor Jovian (363–364). It offers a new assessment of his reign and argues that Jovian’s reign was of more importance than assumed by most (ancient and modern) historians. This study argues that Jovian restored the Roman Empire after the failed reign of Julian by returning to the policies of Constantius II and Constantine the Great. Jovian’s general strategies were directed to getting the Roman Empire back on its feet militarily, administratively, and religiously after the failed reign of his predecessor Julian (361–363), as well as to establish more peaceful relations with the Sassanid Empire. For an emperor who ruled only eight months, Jovian had an unexpected and surprising afterlife. The rarely studied and largely unknown Syriac Julian Romance offers a surprising and different perspective on person and reign of Jovian. In the Romance, Jovian is presented as the ideal Christian emperor and a new Constantine. But the Romance is also an important source for Roman–Persian relations and the positioning of Syriac Christianity in the late antique world of Christendom.
The Jovian Narrative
Authors: Drijvers Jan Willem
Published: December 2021

The Jovian Narrative is by far the longest of the three parts of the Julian Romance. It offers an exclusively Christian perspective on the reign of Jovian. This chapter discusses a variety of elements and characteristics of the Jovian Narrative with the purpose of analyzing the literary images of both Julian and Jovian sketched in the text. It deals with relations between the various protagonists in the text; the role of cities (Constantinople, Antioch, Harran, Nisibis, and Edessa) as scenes for the various episodes of the narrative; the anti-Jewish aspects of the text; Jovian’s rise to power and his peace treaty with the Persians; Jovian’s eastern connections and his good relations with Shapur II and his second-in-command Arimihr; and his presentation as a new Constantine.
Introduction
Authors: Stamm Laura
Published: December 2021

The Introduction chapter lays out the book’s key arguments, historical and theoretical background, and methodology. By arguing that queer biographical films are biopics, this book asserts that media studies scholars and film critics have failed to appreciate the biopic’s rich queer legacy. The chapter includes discussions of the biopic’s biomedical history and use as a teaching tool in public school classrooms before demonstrating why the biopic might be attractive to queer filmmakers and audiences during the AIDS era and emergence of New Queer Cinema. Through understanding the queer biopic as a biopic, this book reorients the way we understand the biopic genre itself.
The Desire to See and Be Seen
Authors: Stamm Laura
Published: December 2021

Chapter 1 interrogates Bruce LaBruce’s, Todd Haynes’s, and John Greyson’s respective approaches to community and belonging in the midst of the pandemic. By turning to the biopic genre, these filmmakers sought to challenge how dominant culture sees and represents pathologized bodies. Queer filmmakers’ use of the biopic draws on the genre’s history of creating an imagined community, national and otherwise, to represent alternative social relations constructed in the image of different (queer) individuals. Moreover, the chapter gives sustained consideration to films like Zero Patience (Greyson, 1993) to explore constructions of queer (or gay and lesbian) community—who they include, who they exclude, what they produce, and how they affect queer embodiment.
Suspended in History
Authors: Stamm Laura
Published: December 2021

This chapter explores cinema as a place to learn about one’s origins and make sense of one’s position in the world; it opens up an existential problematic by reorienting queer understandings of kinship and genealogy. The past becomes a place for identification and the biopic its cinematic form. Queer filmmakers’ returns to the past are also conditioned by longings for community and lineage. Matthew Mishory’s Delphinium: A Childhood Portrait of Derek Jarman (2009) conditions this chapter’s re-reading of Derek Jarman’s films as taking part in a project of queer genealogy. Mishory, Jarman, and Ken Russell form a lineage of queer filmmakers who look to queers of the past to reimagine that past differently, to re-present it queerly.
The Expansion of Life
Authors: Harold Franklin M.
Published: December 2021

The story of life tells of relentless expansion from obscure beginnings to smother the earth in organized biochemistry. First came the prokaryotes, Bacteria and Archaea, followed some two billion years later by eukaryotic microbes. The latter pattern of organization underpins the rise of multicellular organisms, and their spectacular proliferation over the past 600 million years. There have been no fundamentally new kinds of organisms since, but the rise of mind culminating in humanity may signal a new phase in life’s history. Life has expanded in both quantity and quality, a gyre of mounting size, complexity, and functional capacity; in some elusive sense evolution is progressive. Multicellularity, the key invention, is not singular but happened multiple times in several eukaryotic lineages. The proliferation of higher organisms was probably enabled by increased energy flow, and dependent on the increase in atmospheric oxygen. It is studded with innovations in structure, physiology, and behavior, whose origin is a recurrent theme in evolutionary biology. Novelty is rooted in mutational events at the gene level, supplemented by the acquisition of genes from the outside by both gene transfer and symbiosis, and possibly by other avenues. Chance events were scrutinized and culled by natural selection. There appears to be no intrinsic progressive drive, but natural selection generally favors the more functional and better organized.
The Outer Banks of Order
Authors: Harold Franklin M.
Published: December 2021

The story of life reads as a widening gyre of complexity and functional organization. This chapter rambles along its margins with the focus on mind, particularly human minds, whose productions are even now transforming the entire biosphere. Mind is not a wholly material phenomenon, but neither is it divorced from matter; and it is quite certainly a product of prolonged evolution. Genes have a role to play, but mental activities grow out of a much higher level of organization, where cells (neurons) rather than genes construct elaborate networks of communication. Just how mind (memory, judgment, feelings) emerges from the firings and couplings of neurons is largely unknown, a topic for continued reflection and debate. It has even been argued that our materialistic conception of the world is altogether false. In the meantime we can usefully consider how the human lineage, the primary carriers of mind, evolved its fateful characteristics. And we can speculate about the cosmos: is it a garden buzzing with exotic creatures, or a sterile desert sprinkled with a few pinpoints of life?
Introduction
Authors: Elgat Guy
Published: December 2021

The history of German philosophy’s thinking about guilt deserves our attention for: (i) German philosophy was more consistently interested in guilt than other European philosophical traditions; (ii) it presents different approaches to the phenomenon of guilt and thus provides an opportunity to survey the phenomenon from three distinct perspectives, metaphysical (Kant, Schelling, Schopenhauer), naturalist (Rée, Nietzsche), and phenomenological-existential (Heidegger); (iii) no sustained examination of the history of the philosophy of guilt with special emphasis on the German tradition has appeared. A main claim is formulated in this introductory chapter the examination of the history of German philosophy reveals that the different approaches to guilt embodied by the three perspectives follow upon each other in dialectical fashion. Some conceptual clarifications and methodological reflections are presented. Of central importance is the distinction between empirical or factical guilt (guilt for specific misdeeds) and ontological guilt (guilt in one’s very being).
Conclusion
Authors: Elgat Guy
Published: December 2021

The concluding chapter addresses an apparent aporia: on the one hand, we have the Nietzschean argument that one must be causa sui for guilt to be justified, but on the other hand, we have the Heideggerian argument that not being causa sui is a necessary condition for guilt to be possible. The conclusion explains why this is only an apparent aporia. An alternative conception of guilt is sketched, one that rejects Nietzsche’s view of guilt as a form of self-punishment but retains Heidegger’s view that guilt expresses our normative commitments. This conception shows how guilt might nevertheless be justified.
Awakening Artistry
Authors: Pinzino Mary Ellen
Published: December 2021

Chapter 1 offers the gateway to artistry in every child. It presents the musical mind, distinguishing it from the thinking mind, with the musical mind’s native language of rhythm, melody, and movement rather than words. It addresses the power of meter and tonality over the musical mind, how the musical mind develops a sense of meter and a sense of tonality, and how to teach to the musical mind. The journey unfolds seamlessly, taking the musical mind into the choral art and drawing artistry out of every child. This chapter lays the groundwork for subsequent chapters, rooting artistry in the process of music learning, and presenting the foundation for children’s artistry in both the music classroom and children’s chorus. Understanding gained from this chapter can be applied to singers of all ages and stages, and practices can be implemented with any methodology.
Eliciting Artistry
Authors: Pinzino Mary Ellen
Published: December 2021

Chapter 4 addresses teaching techniques that draw artistry out of children. It describes the tender yet robust nature of children’s artistry and advises that how teachers prompt artistry can draw it out of children or send it into its shell. It identifies aspects of the musical context that are necessary for children’s artistry to thrive and encourages teachers to create the emotional as well as musical context within which children’s artistry can flourish. It also offers techniques for prompting the musical mind so that teachers can most effectively communicate with a developing sense of meter and sense of tonality, directing children’s mindset musically as well as emotionally for developing artistry. This chapter facilitates the application of concepts from previous chapters and builds on the motivation generated throughout this book, empowering teachers to uncover the artistry in their own classrooms and children’s choruses, and to champion children’s artistry in the field of music education.
Etudes
Authors: Pinzino Mary Ellen
Published: December 2021

You are about to embark on an exciting journey, whatever level you teach, and whatever your preferred methodology. These Etudes can help you on that journey. They are designed to support you in the practice of giving voice to children’s artistry. They provide a multitude of materials with guidance for direct implementation in the music classroom and children’s chorus. They also provide professional development with tonalities and meters, movement, and song. Use these Etudes as needed to enhance your own growth, to amplify the material presented earlier, and to develop children’s artistry....
Usul al-Fiqh and Ijtihad in Shi‘ism
Authors: Takim Liyakat
Published: December 2021

The second chapter traces the genesis and development of both ijtihad (reasoning) and usul al-fiqh (legal theory) in Shi‘i intellectual history. It argues that the concern for knowledge and certitude, which characterized much of Shi‘i juristic literature in its formative period, was displaced with a recognition and acceptance of doubt as an inalienable feature of the law. The chapter also demonstrates that in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, Shi‘i scholars elaborated and developed a specific Shi‘i theory of ijtihad. After discussing the Usuli–Akhbari dispute and its impact on legal theory, the chapter shows that Murtada Ansari constructed and methodically explored the epistemological categories of certainty, speculation, and doubt. This was important to Shi‘i legal history because it empowered jurists to issue rulings on many spheres of law that had hitherto remained beyond their realm, broadening, in the process, the scope of Islamic law and the possibilities of its revision.
Conclusion
Authors: Takim Liyakat
Published: December 2021

The conclusion summarizes the basic thesis of the book. It argues that there is a necessity to revisit and recast the epistemological foundations of Shi‘i legal theory. This study has illustrated that some of the doctrines that are supposedly “Islamic” emerged in the past as a result of human interpretive endeavors and need not be binding for all times. It also suggests that contemporary jurists need to retrieve core values from the Qur’an and the sacred sources so that their juridical edicts accord with the objectives and moral injunctions of the Qur’an. Muslim reformers need to also engage their communities and to explain to them that, for a text to be relevant, there is a need for a revision or reinterpretation of the traditional exegesis. Furthermore, reforms are possible only if Muslims are free to express themselves and discuss matters candidly without fear of intimidation or reprisals.
Introduction
Authors: Martin Christopher
Published: December 2021

This chapter provides an overview of the book’s central claim: that in a free and open society, higher education ought to be a right. It argues that prevailing anxiety about the distributive unfairness of higher education systems shifts needed attention away from a serious consideration of this possibility. However, that chapter also shows how justifying higher education as a right faces conceptual challenges, as well. First, arguments that set out to establish the importance of higher education often end up looking more like an argument in favour of what should be offered to all citizens on a compulsory basis. Second, arguments that set out to establish the general value of a higher education can end up making paternalistic conclusions about what is in citizens’ best interests. Meeting these two challenges, argues the author, can point the way toward a better understanding of why liberal societies should treat higher education as a right as opposed to a mere privilege.
Values and Aims of Higher Education
Authors: Martin Christopher
Published: December 2021

This chapter makes the case for a philosophical reconsideration of the fundamental values and purposes of higher education. First, it shows that contemporary conceptions of higher education are built on foundational assumptions about the public and political interests that it is responsible for securing on behalf of citizens. These assumptions take the form of de facto educational interests that structure the provision of higher education. Second, the chapter shows why these foundational assumptions are likely to be misconceived or, at the very least, require a stronger justification, and also how these misconceptions have come to hold undue sway over the way in which we often reason about justice in higher education.
The Right to Higher Education and the Problem of Unequal Benefits
Authors: Martin Christopher
Published: December 2021

This chapter turns to the question of who should pay for an education system founded on the right to higher education. First, it explains how moral intuitions about fair funding can challenge the claim that higher education should be allocated as an entitlement or primary good. Second, its show how these intuitions are conventionally justified in terms of a distribution’s effects on socioeconomic equality. Third, it argues that there are also liberty-based reasons for the public to fund higher education. Finally, it shows why these liberty-based reasons take on a special significance in the context of the right to higher education, warranting full public funding so long as two other distributive conditions (non-exclusivity and support for diverse conceptions of the good) are satisfied.
Hobbes’s Materialism
Authors: Duncan Stewart
Published: December 2021

This chapter looks at Hobbes’s materialism. The chapter begins by presenting his materialist account of human psychology, focusing on the account in the Elements of Law. The chapter then considers three arguments that Hobbes offers for his materialism, which draw on his nominalism and his views about the workings of language. The chapter then turns to Hobbes’s views about God. It considers his earlier view that we can only think of God as the first cause of things, as well as his later view that God is a corporeal spirit, before asking when Hobbes changed his mind about this issue.
More and Cudworth against Hobbes
Authors: Duncan Stewart
Published: December 2021

This chapter considers the criticisms of Hobbes made by two Cambridge Platonists, Henry More and Ralph Cudworth. The first half looks at their criticisms of Hobbes’s arguments: More’s replies to Hobbes’s arguments for materialism, and Cudworth’s replies to (what he took to be) Hobbes’s arguments for atheism. The second half of the chapter then looks at how More and Cudworth argued for the existence of immaterial beings that control the workings of the material world (the spirit of nature or plastic natures). These arguments imply that Hobbes’s materialist ontology is radically inadequate to explain the actual phenomena of the natural world.
Locke on Substance, Spirit, and the Idea of God
Authors: Duncan Stewart
Published: December 2021

This chapter considers Locke’s discussion of ideas of substance in Essay 2.23. Locke’s discussion is examined in the light of More’s discussions in The Immortality of the Soul. The chapter first argues that Locke is proposing a view about how one thinks about substances (not a view about their metaphysical structure) and that this view involves the idea of a so-called bare substratum. An argument against bare substratum readings (given by Michael Ayers and Robert Pasnau) is opposed, using evidence from the comparison with More. The chapter then considers arguments about the ideas of matter and spirit, arguing that Locke gives basically the same argument for the coherence of the idea of spirit that More gave against Hobbes. Finally, the chapter considers Locke’s account of the origin of the idea of God.