bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HOW KNOWING IS KNOWING RECEIPT?
Authors: Nolan Richard
Published: July 2002

DIRECTORS of BCCI (Overseas) Ltd. deliberately applied its funds in breach of their duties, and Chief Akindele received those funds. Later, the company, acting by its liquidator, sued Chief Akindele both for knowing receipt of the misapplied funds and for dishonestly assisting their misapplication. The High Court dismissed the claim for dishonest assistance: the company could not prove that Chief Akindele had been dishonest. There was no appeal against this ruling. So at the very beginning of his judgment in BCCI (Overseas) Ltd. v. Akindele [2000] 4 All E.R. 221, which was the only reasoned judgment given in the Court of Appeal, Nourse L.J. stated the key remaining question about the claim for knowing receipt: “What must be the recipient’s state of knowledge? Must he be dishonest?”
A NEW SYSTEM OF CIVIL APPEALS AND A NEW SET OF PROBLEMS
Authors: Andrews N.H.
Published: July 2002

THE decision itself in Tanfern Ltd. v. Cameron-MacDonald [2000] 1 W.L.R. 1311 (C.A.) hardly merits attention (held: the court lacked jurisdiction to hear the instant appeal). But Brooke L.J.’s judgment, endorsed by his colleagues, contains an analysis of the new system of civil appeals which took effect on 2 May 2000. He rightly describes these as “the most significant changes in the arrangements for appeals in civil proceedings in this country for over 125 years”.
“NAME THIS CHILD”
Authors: HERRING JONATHAN
Published: July 2002

Names are used to identify and categorise, and hence the power to name is significant. In three recent cases the courts have been faced with disputes over the naming of children (two in the Court of Appeal: Dawson v. Wearmouth [1997] 2 F.L.R. 629; Re P (Parental Responsibility) [1997] 2 F.L.R. 722 and one in the Family Division: Re PC (Change of Surname) [1997] 2 F.L.R. 730). The law following these decisions seems, in outline, to be as follows.
ON ℚ-DERIVED POLYNOMIALS
Authors: Flynn E. V.
Published: July 2002

It is known that ℚ-derived univariate polynomials (polynomials defined over ℚ, with the property that they and all their derivatives have all their roots in ℚ) can be completely classified subject to two conjectures: that no quartic with four distinct roots is ℚ-derived, and that no quintic with a triple root and two other distinct roots is ℚ-derived. We prove the second of these conjectures.

AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 11G30
TILLAGE SYSTEMS AND STUBBLE MANAGEMENT IN A MEDITERRANEAN-TYPE ENVIRONMENT IN RELATION TO CROP YIELD AND SOIL MOISTURE
Authors: PALA M. , HARRIS H. C. , RYAN J. , MAKBOUL R. , DOZOM S.
Published: July 2002

The effect of tillage and crop rotations can only be seen over many crop years. Crop yield and soil results are evaluated from two long-term trials, established in 1978–79 and 1985–86 to investigate various forms of tillage and the timing of such operations in various wheat (Triticum aestivum)-based rotations on a Calcixerollic Xerochrept in northern Syria. In a tillage systems trial involving two wheat–legume–watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) rotations, deep tillage showed no advantage over a shallow sweep-tillage system, either for soil moisture storage or yield increase of any crop. The zero-till system suited legume crops but gave lower productivity in wheat due to a build up of grassy weeds, and was not suitable for watermelon. Minimum tillage, with its higher energy-use efficiency and yield levels equal to or even slightly above those of deep-tillage systems, appears promising for the lowland areas of West Asia and North Africa. In a tillage timing trial, wheat in a wheat–lentil (Lens culinaris) rotation yielded best after conventional deep disc-plough tillage, but lentil yields were higher in a zero-till system.
PREDICTING NURSERY GROWTH AND TRANSPLANTING SHOCK IN RICE
Authors: SALAM MOIN U. , JONES JAMES W. , KOBAYASHI KAZUHIKO
Published: July 2002

Seedling growth in the nursery and the magnitude of shock experienced by the seedlings after transplanting can affect subsequent growth and development of transplanted rice (Oryza sativa). These two processes have not been adequately represented by rice growth simulation models. In this study, seedling growth in the nursery was described with respect to endosperm mobilization, dry matter (DM) distribution and seed size. In addition, the transplanting shock process was represented describing the crop development and growth in relation to seedling age at transplanting. These relationships, as two sub-models, were incorporated into CERES-Rice, a rice growth model, and their performances compared with independent field data. The nursery growth sub-model was also evaluated with another model, RIBHAB. Results of the comparison showed that the nursery growth sub-model, either with CERES-Rice or RIBHAB, closely predicted observed seedling growth. On the other hand, CERES-Rice overestimated root and leaf DM and underestimated culm DM, while RIBHAB underestimated all the growth traits considered in the evaluation. Transplanting shock period predicted by the sub-model closely mimicked observation, whereas CERES-Rice highly overestimated it. It is concluded that the developed nursery growth and transplanting shock sub-models can be incorporated into CERES-Rice and other rice growth models for better simulation of those growth processes.
DETERMINANTS OF IMPROVING PRODUCTIVITY OF DRY-SEEDED RICE IN RAINFED LOWLANDS
Authors: LANTICAN M. A. , LAMPAYAN R. M. , BHUIYAN S. I. , YADAV M. K.
Published: July 2002

Land and crop management practices were studied to determine yield stability and feasible measures to improve productivity of dry-seeded rice. Variability of yields among farms that had grown dry-seeded rice on the entire farm every season during the period 1991–95 was lower than among farms that had consistently grown transplanted rice during the same period. Weed control is a major challenge for dry-seeded rice and almost all farmers used herbicides to control weeds. Farmers who grew a non-rice crop before the rice season had better weed control than those who did not. Ploughing intensity and the type of implement used for land preparation were not significant factors for weed control. Field bund management was one determinant of productivity differences among farmers. The use of cross-bunds or periphery- and cross-bunds improved the efficiency of rainwater conservation and input use, and increased yields. Fields with higher levelling precision had lower water stress and produced better yields. On average, a farmer lost 0.93 t ha−1 yield due to land-levelling deficiency. The division of large and medium farms into a number of smaller plots improved levelling precision and water control, resulting in higher yields.
Unusual inheritance of the AxinFu mutation in mice is associated with widespread rearrangements in the proximal region of chromosome 17
Authors: RUVINSKY ANATOLY , FLOOD WARREN D. , ZHANG TONG , COSTANTINI FRANK
Published: July 2002

AxinFu is a mutation in mice that causes fused tails and other developmental abnormalities as a
result of insertion of an intracisternal-A particle (IAP), a murine retrotransposon, into intron 6. In
a small percentage of offspring we found that the mutant allele reverts to wild-type through loss of
the insertion with concomitant disappearance of the mutant phenotype. Investigation of a series of
microsatellite loci in the proximal region of chromosome 17 revealed novel alleles which arise
simultaneously with disappearance of IAP from AxinFu. These novel microsatellite variants are
distinct from the parental alleles and those so far discovered are organized into two haplotypes.
Both haplotypes demonstrate stable Mendelian inheritance. Results show that these
rearrangements, which are involved in the production of the new haplotypes, exceed millions of
base pairs.
Historic large earthquake-induced soft sediment deformation
features in the Sub-Himalayan Doon valley
Authors: MOHINDRA RAKESH , THAKUR V. C.
Published: July 2002

Well-preserved soft sediment deformation structures were observed
at
six sites along the course
of the Baldi Nadi in the Doon valley of the Garhwal Himalaya. These deformed

structures lie in mid- and
side-channel bars of the braided Baldi stream. The deformed sediments are

composed of unconsolidated
alternations of mud, silt and very fine sand with ripple lamination.
Deformation is restricted to a single
stratigraphic layer bounded by undeformed beds, suggesting synsedimentary

deformation. These features
can be traced laterally along the course of the braided Baldi Nadi,
over a distance of 7 km in isolated bar
deposits at one stratigraphic level, 1.5–2 m above the lean season

water level. The deformed features display
over-steepening of sedimentary strata, folding, graben-type faulting,
plume-like intrusion, flame structure,
slumping related to disrupted bedding and pear-drop structure. The
style and type of deformation vary considerably
in the different segments within a single bed, while the intensity may
be same at one site. The
deformation features of the Baldi Nadi are interpreted to be the
product of liquefaction and fluidization of
unconsolidated mud and silt during historic earthquake(s), related
to the past seismic activity of the Main
Boundary Thrust (MBT) and the Himalayan Frontal Fault (HFF) or blind
thrust. The intensity of deformation
provides an opportunity to reconstruct the felt area magnitude of
large historic earthquake(s) and helps
in tracing the palaeoearthquake epicentre. The observed earthquake-induced

soft sediment deformation features
indicate that in addition to the 1905 ‘great’ earthquake, the
Doon valley
was also affected by historic
earthquake(s) of magnitude ∼7, possibly corresponding to those of 1803

and/or 1720, if not older.
SELECTING THE GRAND JURY: A TRACT BY JOHN LOCKE
Authors: MILTON J. R. , MILTON PHILIP
Published: July 2002

On 2 July 1681 the earl of Shaftesbury was arrested and sent

to the Tower, charged

with high treason. As a peer he was entitled to be tried by his

fellow peers, but before

this could happen he would have to be indicted by a grand jury of commoners.
Since

an indictment could only be presented by a jury from the county in which
the alleged

offence had been committed, this meant that unless evidence from elsewhere
were

forthcoming the bill would have to be preferred in London. This created
severe

problems for the prosecution, because the London sheriffs were

intransigent whigs who

had flagrantly been packing the jury panels with like-minded supporters.

Shaftesbury's

fate would depend on whether the judges were entitled to remove such persons
and

replace them with others of a different persuasion.
ORDER AND DISORDER IN EUROPE: PARLIAMENTARY AGENTS AND

ROYALIST THUGS 1649–1650
Authors: PEACEY JASON T.
Published: July 2002

After the execution of Charles I in 1649 a series of daring and

desperate attempts were

made on the lives of agents and ambassadors dispatched to continental Europe
by

the fledgling republic.

This essay explores the evidence relating to these plots, and to the murders
of

Isaac Dorislaus and

Anthony Ascham, in an attempt to show that the royalists responsible were

not merely desperadoes

seeking revenge for the murder of their king, but the employees and

emissaries of prominent exiled

courtiers. The complicity of Montrose, Cottington and Hyde in such

conspiracy can be both

documented and explained, in the context of the struggle for diplomatic

recognition and financial

assistance in the months of shock, outrage and uncertainty after the

regicide. The concerns of

diplomacy and high politics which lay behind these plots also helped to

determine the reaction of

European leaders, as it gradually became clear on whose side fortune

smiled in Britain.
HOBBISM IN THE LATER 1660s: DANIEL
SCARGILL AND SAMUEL PARKER
Authors: PARKIN JON
Published: July 2002

Daniel Scargill and Samuel Parker have both been regarded as isolated
and eccentric
disciples of Thomas Hobbes. However, a detailed examination of their views
reveals a more
complicated relationship with the notorious philosopher. Far from being
simple ‘Hobbists’, Scargill
and Parker developed ideas close to those of ‘latitudinarian’
clergymen. In the polarizing political
circumstances of the later 1660s, the hostile identification of their views
with the doctrines of the
Leviathan led to public discussion of latitudinarianism and its
relationship to Hobbism. In response,
writers with latitudinarian sympathies used criticism of Hobbes as a means
of reconsidering and
redefining their own position. Such criticism accepted some of Hobbes's
political conclusions, while at
the same time rejecting his controversial methodology. Discussion of Hobbism
and criticism of Hobbes
were thus important means by which Hobbes's political insights were
absorbed by Restoration political
thinkers.
THE 1895 GENERAL ELECTION AND POLITICAL CHANGE IN LATE
VICTORIAN BRITAIN
Authors: READMAN PAUL A.
Published: July 2002

Since the 1960s, the politics of the period 1860 to 1906 have received much attention,
particularly by historians of the Conservative party. On the whole, it has been argued that Conservative
electoral success during this period was a ‘negative’ achievement. Through an examination of the
election of 1895 this article questions this argument. It suggests that both the nature of the Unionists'
appeal and the factors behind their performance in general elections in this period have to an extent been
oversimplified since the pioneering quantitative work of James Cornford. A content analysis of Liberal
and Unionist candidates' election addresses is presented in order to make sense of the issues of the
campaign, full details of which can be found in the appendix to this article. The Liberal message is
shown to be more coherent, and that of the Unionists more positive, than is usually assumed. Cornford's
methodology is also challenged, and an alternative (and simpler) approach is suggested. It is argued
that in 1895 there was in general no inverse correlation between Conservative vote and turnout, or
between Conservative vote and changes to the electoral registers. And although party organization was
very important to the Unionists' success there seems little evidence of any over-arching plan to keep both
turnout and the number of registered electors down.
REFORM AND INERTIA: THE POLITICS OF
CHANGE IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY
GERMANY
Authors: GREEN ABIGAIL
Published: July 2002

Restaurationssystem und Reformpolitik: Süddeutschland und
Preußen im Vergleich. Edited by
Hans-Peter Ullmann and Clemens Zimmermann. Munich: R. Oldenbourg, 1996.
Pp. 272. ISBN: 3-486-168-5. DM 98.

Von Wien nach Königgrätz: die Sicherheitspolitik des Deutschen
Bundes im europäischen Gleichgewicht, 1815–1816. By Jürgen
Angelow. Munich: R. Oldenbourg, 1996. Pp. 418.
ISBN 3-486-56143-X. DM 88.

Stadt und Bürgertum in Frankfurt am Main. Ein besonderer
Weg von der ständischen zur modernen Bürgergesellschaft, 1760–1914.
By Ralf Roth. Munich: R. Oldenbourg, 1996. Pp. 804.
ISBN 3-486-56188-X. DM 128.
M. IZZI DIEN, The Theory and the Practice of Market Law in Medieval Islam: A Study of Kitab Nisab al-Ihtisab of⊂Umar b. Muhammad al-Sunami (Cambridge: Gibb Memorial Trust, 1997), Pp. 254. $99 cloth.
Authors: Hallaq Wael B.
Published: July 2002

This is a confused and confusing book. The subtitle clearly suggests that the monograph is a study of Nisab al-Ihtisab, a treatise on hisba written by the subcontinental Hanafite jurist Sunami. It turns out, however, that the monograph is for the most part a disappointing translation, with an even more disappointing short Introduction, which hardly constitutes a study. The first and longest section (eight pages of the Introduction) raises a number of questions about authorship, all of which are answered in a cursory and far less than satisfactory manner. The sections that follow, all of which are very short, deal with Sunami's education, social milieu, and presentation of the text. Thereafter, in the space of no more than two pages, the “value of the work” is considered, and this is followed by a chronological list of “known hisba treatises.” The issue of theory and practice, implicitly raised in the title, is addressed in fewer than two pages, and poorly at that, considering how fundamental an issue this is. In sum, little in this Introduction constitutes, properly speaking, a study of the text. At best, it provides background information about the treatise and its author, although it does so in a not altogether organized, thorough, or systematic fashion.
ARTHUR F. BUEHLER, Sufi Heirs of the Prophet: The Indian Naqshbandiyya and the Rise of the Mediating Sufi Shaykh (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1998). Pp. 339. Price not available.
Authors: Renard John
Published: July 2002

Islamicists interested in Sufism have benefited from a growing number of worthwhile publications in recent years. Studies of South Asian Sufism in particular have broadened scholarly horizons by increasing the range of materials with which to reconstruct a complex history. One aspect of the history of Sufism that has been getting significant attention in various contexts lately is the role of authority in the person of the shaykh. Arthur Buehler offers in his study of South Asia's Naqshbandis something of a parallel to what Vincent Cornell has produced in his work on the role of the shaykh among North Africa's Shadhilis. He argues that Naqshbandi Sufism has witnessed an important shift in the role of the shaykh, from one of hands-on mystical tutelage to one of intercession. Buehler sets his chief argument in the context of evidence that major transformations occurred in the nature of Sufi spiritual authority beginning in the 9th through 11th centuries. In his first two chapters, Buehler lays out the general historical background. Before Sufism had been fully institutionalized into discrete orders, the “teaching shaykh” (shaykh at-ta⊂l―im) instructed all comers in the growing body of Sufi tradition. Imparting the wisdom of already legendary characters, they equipped their students with a working knowledge of the essentials of Sufism. They and their pupils were often quite mobile, and the teacher-student relationship remained relatively informal and distant. Beginning in the late 9th century, that relationship began to change. Over the next 200 years or so, a new kind of shaykh emerged as the normative type of Sufi authority. From a fixed abode, the “directing shaykh” (shaykh al-tarbiyya) provided increasingly proprietary instruction on the actual pursuit of the spiritual path to a select few disciples who pledged their sole allegiance to one spiritual guide. Now the shaykh imparted not merely generalized instructions on spiritual etiquette, but also soul-challenging advice and do-it-or-depart requirements for advancement on the mystical path. Regarded as virtually infallible, the directing shaykh initiated followers into a lineage, bestowed the khirqa, and generally exercised total authority over the disciple's daily affairs.
THE KINGS OF BUGANDA Kingship and State: The Buganda Dynasty. By

CHRISTOPHER WRIGLEY. Cambridge: Cambridge University

Press, 1996. Pp. xv + 293. £40.00; $64.95 (ISBN

0-521-47370-5).
Authors: WILKS IVOR
Published: July 2002

Apolo Kagwa was katikiro or chief minister of Buganda

from 1889 to 1926. His career well exemplifies the thesis that, in the

context of colonial intrusion, collaboration could be the most

effective form of resistance. His co-operation with the British

probably saved the Ganda monarchy, while earning him a knighthood. Not

least among the achievements of this remarkable man was the

publication, in 1901, of his Bakabaka b'e Buganda,

‘The Kings of Buganda’. Over half the book is a

compilation of oral history, based on what Wrigley calls ‘the

five generations of primary and secondary reminiscence’ (p. 12)

: that is, the span of memory from ego's

grandfather/grandmother to ego's grandson/granddaughter.

It reaches back to about the middle of the eighteenth century. The

remainder of the book is Kagwa's recension of oral tradition

having to do with the more distant Ganda past. Wrigley tells us that

Kingship and State is ‘an extended commentary’ on

Kagwa's work, but warns us that it is ‘at least as much

about tradition as it is about Buganda’ (p. 7). It is, and

unfortunately so, for Wrigley locks his inquiry into the unprofitable

debates of the 1970s about the nature of African tradition.
The influence of selected sulfonylurea herbicides including chlorsulfuron mixtures and seed treatment with Baytan Universal on the incidence of net blotch (Drechslera teres) of barley (Hordeum sativum)
Authors: ALADESANWA R. D.
Published: July 2002

A 2-year split-plot field experiment investigated the influence of selected sulfonylurea herbicides including chlorsulfuron mixtures and presowing seed treatment using triadimenol/imazalil/fuberidazole (Baytan Universal 19·5 WP) on the incidence of naturally occurring net blotch (Drechslera teres (Sacc.)) Shoem of barley. All the herbicides examined provided effective and season-long weed control at a similar level that no significant differences in weed density and weed dry weight were found amongst herbicide treatments. Significant (P<0·05) increases in disease prevalence over the weedy check were recorded in herbicide treated plots throughout the evaluation period, but disease severity remained unaffected. Presowing seed treatment with Baytan Universal provided significant control of net blotch of barley compared with the control throughout the evaluation period. No phytotoxicity was observed in any of the treatments.
Comparative assessment of soil water balance under
wheat in a subtropical environment with simplified models
Authors: ARORA V. K. , SINGH CHARANJIT , SINGH KULDEEP
Published: July 2002

Water balance components under wheat were assessed by employing two
simple models, differing in
their structure and data requirements, namely the
soil-plant–atmosphere–water (SPAW) model of
Saxton (1989) and the water balance model (WBM) of Arora et al. (1987).
A few modifications based
on the SPAW model procedure for the estimation of green canopy were used in
a modified WBM and
its performance was also tested. Soil water loss (the sum of interception
evaporation, soil evaporation,
plant transpiration and deep drainage) from sowing to harvest, simulated
with the WBM, modified
WBM and the SPAW model, had a close correspondence with the measured sum
of profile water
depletion, rainfall and irrigation for values ranging between
18·3 and 42·7 cm. Estimates of drainage
with the WBM and modified WBM using empirical coefficients were greater
than those calculated
using the SPAW model for situations where the upward flow of water into
the root-zone was
negligible. Estimates of soil water evaporation using the WBM and modified
WBM were invariably
smaller than those using the SPAW model. A comparison of simulated and
measured soil water
storage and a correlation analysis of simulated transpiration with
measured biomass at harvest
showed that the performance of the WBM was the most realistic of the
three models. However, it
requires the input of leaf area index values to infer green canopy for
each water supply regime. In the
absence of this information, the modified WBM and SPAW models are more
useful for assessing water balance components in cropped soils.
An evaluation of the potential benefits and costs of
autumn-sown sugarbeet in NW Europe
Authors: JAGGARD K. W. , WERKER A. R.
Published: July 2002

In NW Europe a major limitation to the yield of sugarbeet is development of the foliage canopy in
May and June, too late to capture much of the available solar energy. This problem could be solved
if the crop was sown during autumn so that the seedlings survived the winter and developed a large
leaf canopy in early spring. This has led to a search for mechanisms to control flowering so that plants
remain vegetative after the winter. However, there has been no serious attempt to estimate the effect
of advanced canopy development on the likelihood of water stress. This study has used a combination
of modelling of growth to predict yield of rainfed crops and an analysis of the literature to examine
the likely consequences for pest and disease incidence if autumn sowing could be achieved without
bolters. Compared to spring sowing, a potential yield advantage averaging 26% could be achieved,
but this is likely to be overturned by any one of several beet-specific pathogens. For example, beet
yellows virus would become more difficult to control and this has the potential to halve yield. Downy
and powdery mildew and beet cyst nematode would be more expensive to control. The change from
spring to autumn sowing would not allow harvest to be significantly earlier; this would be prevented
by dry, strong soil conditions. Nevertheless, the increased emphasis on autumn work on arable farms
would be costly.
Fate and recovery of 15N-labelled fertilizer urea
applied to winter wheat in spring in the Canterbury
region of New Zealand
Authors: HAYNES R. J.
Published: July 2002

15N-labelled fertilizer urea was applied at increasing rates (0–200 kg N/ha), in spring, to winter wheat
crops in the Canterbury region of New Zealand in three successive seasons (1993/94, 1994/95 and
1995/96). Recovery of fertilizer N by the crop (grain, chaff, straw and roots) ranged from 43–58%
(mean 48%). The quantity of fertilizer N retained in the soil (0–40 cm), at harvest, ranged from
26–42%. Of the labelled N present in the soil, over 95% was present in organic form and 60–80%
was retained in the surface 0–10 cm layer. Since soil organic matter represents a substantial sink for
fertilizer N there is a need to characterize the nature of this organic pool of N more fully. The quantity
of inorganic N present in the soil profile at harvest ranged from 20–46 kg N/ha and labelled fertilizer-derived N contributed less than 16% (mean 9·2%) to this inorganic pool. Loss of fertilizer N from
the crop/soil system (i.e., labelled N not recovered in the crop or soil at harvest) varied from 12–26%
(mean 18%). Losses were attributed mainly to denitrification since conditions were not conducive for
ammonia volatilization or leaching of nitrate. In agreement with European research, it was concluded
that almost all of the N at risk of leaching over the winter originates from mineralization of soil
organic N and not from unused fertilizer-N applied in spring.
Notes and Comments On C. Vann Woodward
Authors: POLE JACK
Published: July 2002

C. Vann Woodward, who is ninety on 13 November 1998, is the author
of
perhaps the most famous work of history every to have rocked the Southern

United States. The Strange Career of Jim Crow, first presented
as the James W.
Richard lectures at the University of Virginia, appeared in 1955: only
one year
after the Supreme Court's celebrated decision in Brown v. Board
of Education, that
racially segregated schools violated the equal protection clause of the
Fourteenth
Amendment because separate facilities were “inherently unequal.”
White
Southern publicists and politicians stormed and raged that racial separation
was
in the order of nature, the segregation laws were from time immemorial,
and that
Chief Justice Warren ought to be impeached; and now came a soft-spoken,

professionally respected historian, himself from Arkansas, to tell them,
and,
worse, to tell the world, that the South's universal segregation or
“Jim Crow”
laws in fact dated at most only from the 1890s – well within the
lifetime of many
who were still expressing their opinions.

The controversy was intense and prolonged. And it came to involve less

politically motivated questions of historical interpretation because Woodward

was often taken to have been referring more generally to the substance
of race
relations as well as the segregation laws. He accepted that some of his

formulations required reconsideration, and the book, in constant demand,
went
through several revisions and four editions, the last appearing in 1974.
But the
core of the argument has survived to leave an enduring legacy in Southern

historiography.
TRENDS IN CONSANGUINITY IN SOUTH INDIA
Authors: KRISHNAMOORTHY S. , AUDINARAYANA N.
Published: July 2002

This study uses data from the 1992–93 National Family Health Survey to assess trends in consanguinity in the South Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. In Kerala, the frequency of consanguineous marriages is very low and one type of preferred marriage of the Dravidian marriage system – uncle–niece marriage – is conspicuously absent. In the other states of South India, consanguinity and the coefficient of inbreeding are high. While no change in consanguinity is observed during the past three to four decades in Karnataka, a definite decline is observed in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Due to recent changes in the demographic and social situation in these states, this decline in consanguinity is likely to continue.
Concentrated bovine colostral whey proteins from Streptococcus
mutans/Strep. sobrinus immunized cows inhibit the adherence
of
Strep. mutans and promote the aggregation of mutans streptococci
Authors: LOIMARANTA VUOKKO , CARLÉN ANETTE , OLSSON JAN , TENOVUO JORMA , SYVÄOJA EEVA-LIISA , KORHONEN HANNU
Published: July 2002

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of bovine colostral
whey
proteins from cows immunized with Streptococcus
mutans/Strep. sobrinus on the
adherence and aggregation of caries-inducing bacteria, i.e. mutans streptococci.
Both
adherence and aggregation are important phenomena in the bacterial colonization
of
the human oral cavity. In all adherence experiments there was a significant
difference between treatments by immune product (IP; from immunized cows)
and a
control product (CP; a similar product from non-immunized cows). The adherence
of
35S-labelled Strep. mutans cells (serotype c)
to parotid saliva-coated hydroxyapatite
(SHA) was dose-dependently inhibited by both IP and CP if SHA was coated
with
either product before exposure to bacteria, but markedly lower concentrations
of IP
than CP were effective. When instead of SHA the bacterial cells were pretreated
with
IP or CP, only IP strongly and dose-dependently inhibited streptococcal
adherence.
When bacteria, IP or CP, and SHA were incubated simultaneously, a significant
difference between IP and CP treatments was again found. Further, IP effectively
aggregated both Strep. mutans and Strep.
sobrinus cells, whereas hardly any effect
was seen with CP. Both IP and CP aggregated the control bacterium Strep.
sanguis,
which affected the adherence of the pretreated bacteria.
Structural instability of the bifurcation diagram for two-dimensional flow
in a channel with a sudden expansion
Authors: MIZUSHIMA J. , SHIOTANI Y.
Published: July 2002

Flow in a symmetric channel with a sudden expansion makes a transition from a symmetric flow to an asymmetric one due to a symmetry-breaking pitchfork bifurcation
on a gradual increase of the Reynolds number if the system is perfectly symmetric.
However, an unavoidable infinitesimal imperfection of the system may render the
pitchfork bifurcation imperfect. A weakly nonlinear stability analysis is proposed to
investigate the structural instability of the bifurcation for such a flow. As a result, an
amplitude equation for a disturbance is derived by including the effect of the imperfection of the system, and its coefficients are evaluated numerically. The equilibrium
amplitude of the disturbance is calculated from the amplitude equation and compared
with the experimental results for the flow in a channel that is presumed symmetric
and also with the numerical solution of the full nonlinear equations for the flow in a slightly asymmetric channel.
Experimental study of magnetohydrodynamic flows
in electrically coupled bends
Authors: STIEGLITZ R. , MOLOKOV S.
Published: July 2002

An experimental study of a magnetohydrodynamic flow in a system of
n (n[les ]5) U-bends is presented.
The bends are electrically coupled via common electrically
conducting walls parallel to the external magnetic field. In the
test section the fluid
flows perpendicular–parallel–perpendicular to the magnetic field.
The Hartmann number M varies in the range
6×102[les ]M[les ]2.4×103,
and the interaction parameter N in the range
102[les ]N[les ]4.3×104. The
experimental data for the wall electric
potentials and the pressure have been compared with the theoretical
asymptotic values calculated for N[Gt ]M3/2[Gt ]1.
This assumption in theory ensures the inertialess nature
of the flow. For n=1 the agreement between the theory and
the experiment is good.
With increasing number of bends quantitative (for n=3)
and then qualitative (for
n=5) disagreement appears. For the first time in strong-field
magnetohydrodynamics
this disagreement has been observed on the Hartmann walls, i.e. walls perpendicular
to the field. The experimental results for the wall potential indicate
that for n=5 in
some of the ducts parallel to the field qualitatively different flow patterns are
established than those predicted by the asymptotic inertialess
theory. The flow in the
core depends on N, i.e. is of inertial nature.
In the whole range of N investigated there
is only a slight tendency of the wall potential to approach
theoretical values. This
demonstrates the stability of the new flow pattern and that even
such high values of N as 4.3×104
are insufficient for the core flow to be inertialess. A strong dependence of
the pressure drop on N has been observed in all the flow
configurations investigated.
The dependence of the inertial part of the pressure drop in each bend scales
with N−1/3,
as long as N−1/3[Lt ]1. This is
characteristic of electromagnetic–inertia interaction in the
boundary and internal layers parallel to the field. A linear
increase of the pressure drop
with the number of coupled bends has been observed, confirming
qualitatively previous
theoretical results. The effects of magnetic field inclination and different flow
distribution between bends have also been studied.
The stability of rotating-disc boundary-layer

flow over a compliant wall. Part 2. Absolute instability
Authors: COOPER A. J. , CARPENTER PETER W.
Published: July 2002

A numerical study has been undertaken of the influence of a

compliant boundary on

absolute instability. In a certain parameter range absolute instability

occurs in the boundary layer on a rotating disc, thereby instigating rapid

transition to turbulence.

The conventional use of wall compliance as a laminar-flow control technique
has

been to lower growth rates of convective instabilities. This has the

effect of reducing amplification of disturbances as they propagate downstream.
For

absolute instability,

however, only the suppression of its onset would be a significant gain.
This paper

addresses the question of whether passive wall compliance can be advantageous
when

absolute instability exists in a boundary layer.

A theoretical model of a single-layer viscoelastic compliant wall was
used in

conjunction with the sixth-order system of differential equations which
govern the

stability of the boundary-layer flow over a rotating disc.

The absolute/convective

nature of the flow was ascertained by using a spatio-temporal analysis.
Pinch-point

singularities of the dispersion relation and a point of zero group velocity
identify

the presence of absolute instability. It was found that only a low level
of wall

compliance was enough to delay the appearance of absolute instability to
higher

Reynolds numbers. Beyond a critical level of wall compliance results suggest
that

complete suppression of absolute instability is possible. This would then
remove a

major route to transition in the rotating-disc boundary layer.
Effects of the Coriolis force on the stability of

Stuart vortices
Authors: LEBLANC STÉPHANE , CAMBON CLAUDE
Published: July 2002

A detailed investigation of the effects of the Coriolis

force on the three-dimensional

linear instabilities of Stuart vortices is proposed. This exact

inviscid solution describes

an array of co-rotating vortices embedded in a shear flow.

When the axis of rotation

is perpendicular to the plane of the basic flow, the

stability analysis consists of

an eigenvalue problem for non-parallel versions of the coupled

Orr–Sommerfeld and

Squire equations, which is solved numerically by a spectral

method. The Coriolis force

acts on instabilities as a ‘tuner’, when compared

to the non-rotating case. A weak

anticyclonic rotation is destabilizing: three-dimensional

Floquet modes are promoted,

and at large spanwise wavenumber their behaviour is predicted

by a ‘pressureless’

analysis. This latter analysis, which has been extensively

discussed for simple flows in

a recent paper (Leblanc & Cambon 1997) is shown to be

relevant to the present study.

The basic mechanism of short-wave breakdown is a competition

between instabilities generated by the elliptical cores of

the vortices and by the hyperbolic stagnation

points in the braids, in accordance with predictions from

the ‘geometrical optics’

stability theory. On the other hand, cyclonic or stronger

anticyclonic rotation kills

three-dimensional instabilities by a cut-off in the spanwise

wavenumber. Under rapid rotation, the Stuart vortices are

stabilized, whereas inertial waves propagate.
Droplet–turbulence interactions in low-Mach-number homogeneous

shear two-phase flows
Authors: MASHAYEK FARZAD
Published: July 2002

Several important issues pertaining to dispersion and polydispersity
of droplets in
turbulent flows are investigated via direct numerical simulation (DNS).
The carrier
phase is considered in the Eulerian context, the dispersed phase is tracked
in the
Lagrangian frame and the interactions between the phases are taken into
account
in a realistic two-way (coupled) formulation. The resulting scheme is applied
for
extensive DNS of low-Mach-number, homogeneous shear turbulent flows laden
with
droplets. Several cases with one- and two-way couplings are considered
for both
non-evaporating and evaporating droplets. The effects of the mass loading
ratio, the droplet
time constant, and thermodynamic parameters, such as the droplet specific
heat, the
droplet latent heat of evaporation, and the boiling temperature, on the
turbulence and
the droplets are investigated. The effects of the initial droplet temperature
and the
initial vapour mass fraction in the carrier phase are also studied. The
gravity effects
are not considered as the numerical methodology is only applicable in the
absence of
gravity. The evolution of the turbulence kinetic energy and the mean internal
energy
of both phases is studied by analysing various terms in their transport
equations.
The results for the non-evaporating droplets show that the presence of
the droplets
decreases the turbulence kinetic energy of the carrier phase while increasing
the level
of anisotropy of the flow. The droplet streamwise velocity variance is
larger than
that of the fluid, and the ratio of the two increases with the increase
of the droplet
time constant. Evaporation increases both the turbulence kinetic energy
and the
mean internal energy of the carrier phase by mass transfer. In general,
evaporation
is controlled by the vapour mass fraction gradient around the droplet when
the
initial temperature difference between the phases is negligible. In cases
with small
initial droplet temperature, on the other hand, the convective heat transfer
is more
important in the evaporation process. At long times, the evaporation rate
approaches
asymptotic values depending on the values of various parameters. It is
shown that
the evaporation rate is larger for droplets residing in high-strain-rate
regions of the
flow, mainly due to larger droplet Reynolds numbers in these regions. For
both the
evaporating and the non-evaporating droplets, the root mean square (r.m.s.)
of the
temperature fluctuations of both phases becomes independent of the initial
droplet
temperature at long times. Some issues relevant to modelling of turbulent
flows laden
with droplets are also discussed.
Miscible porous media displacements in the quarter five-spot configuration.

Part 1. The homogeneous case
Authors: CHEN CHING-YAO , MEIBURG ECKART
Published: July 2002

A detailed two-part computational investigation is conducted into
the dynamical
evolution of two-dimensional miscible porous media flows in the quarter
five-spot
arrangement of injection and production wells. High-accuracy direct numerical
simulations
are performed that reproduce all dynamically relevant length scales in
solving
the vorticity–streamfunction formulation of Darcy's law. The
accuracy of the method
is demonstrated by a comparison of simulation data with linear stability
results for
radial source flow.

Within this part, Part 1 of the present investigation, a series of simulations
is
discussed that demonstrate how the mobility ratio and the dimensionless
flow rate denoted
by the Péclet number Pe affect both local and integral
features of homogeneous
displacement processes. Mobility ratios up to 150 and Pe-values

up to 2000 are investigated.
For sufficiently large Pe-values, the flow near the injection
well gives rise to a
vigorous viscous fingering instability. As the unstable concentration front
approaches
the central region of the domain, nonlinear interactions between the fingers
similar to
those known from unidirectional flows are observed, such as merging, partial
merging,
and shielding, along with secondary tip-splitting and side-branching instabilities.
At
large Pe-values, several of these fingers compete for long times,
before one of them
accelerates ahead of the others and leads to the breakthrough of the front.

In contrast to unidirectional flows, the quarter five-spot geometry
imposes both an
external length scale and a time scale on the flow. The resulting spatial
non-uniformity
of the potential base flow is observed to lead to a clear separation in
space and time
of large and small scales in the flow. Small scales occur predominantly
during the
early stages near the injection well, and at late times near the production
well. The
central domain is dominated by larger scales.

Taken together, the results of the simulations demonstrate that both
the mobility
ratio and Pe strongly affect the dynamics of the flow. While some
integral measures,
such as the recovery at breakthrough, may show only a weak dependence on
Pe for
large Pe-values, the local fingering dynamics continue to change
with Pe.

The increased susceptibility of the flow to perturbations during the
early stages
provides the motivation to formulate an optimization problem that attempts
to
maximize recovery, for a constant overall process time, by employing a
time-dependent
flow rate. Within the present framework, which accounts for molecular diffusion
but
not for velocity-dependent dispersion, simulation results indeed indicate
the potential
to increase recovery by reducing the flow rate at early times, and then
increasing it
during the later stages.
Kinematic dynamo action in a network
of screw motions; application to the core
of a fast breeder reactor
Authors: PLUNIAN F. , MARTY P. , ALEMANY A.
Published: July 2002

Most of the studies concerning the dynamo effect are motivated
by astrophysical and
geophysical applications. The dynamo effect is also the subject of some
experimental
studies in fast breeder reactors (FBR) for they contain liquid sodium in
motion with
magnetic Reynolds numbers larger than unity. In this paper, we are concerned
with
the flow of sodium inside the core of an FBR, characterized by a strong
helicity. The
sodium in the core flows through a network of vertical cylinders. In each
cylinder
assembly, the flow can be approximated by a smooth upwards helical motion
with
no-slip conditions at the boundary. As the core contains a large number
of assemblies,
the global flow is considered to be two-dimensionally periodic. We investigate
the
self-excitation of a two-dimensionally periodic magnetic field using an
instability
analysis of the induction equation which leads to an eigenvalue problem.
Advantage
is taken of the flow symmetries to reduce the size of the problem. The
growth
rate of the magnetic field is found as a function of the flow pitch, the
magnetic
Reynolds number (Rm) and the vertical magnetic wavenumber
(k). An α-effect is
shown to operate for moderate values of Rm, supporting a mean
magnetic field.
The large-Rm limit is investigated numerically.
It is found that α=O(Rm−2/3),

which can be explained through appropriate dynamo mechanisms. Either a
smooth
Ponomarenko or a Roberts type of dynamo is operating in each periodic cell,
depending on
k. The standard power regime of an industrial FPBR is found to
be subcritical.
Multiple gravity–capillary wave forms near the
minimum phase speed
Authors: RASMUSSEN JØRGEN H. , STIASSNIE MICHAEL
Published: July 2002

The existence of solitary waves near the minimum phase speed for
waves in the
gravity–capillary regime triggered our search for additional wave
forms. We show
that the governing Schrödinger-type equation also has a rich family
of periodic
solutions, and a preliminary study of these solutions is the objective
of the present
note.
The development of a bubble rising in a viscous liquid
Authors: CHEN LI , GARIMELLA SURESH V. , REIZES JOHN A. , LEONARDI EDDIE
Published: July 2002

The rise and deformation of a gas bubble in an otherwise stationary liquid contained in
a closed, right vertical cylinder is investigated using a modified volume-of-fluid (VOF)
method incorporating surface tension stresses. Starting from a perfectly spherical
bubble which is initially at rest, the upward motion of the bubble in a gravitational
field is studied by tracking the liquid–gas interface. The gas in the bubble can be
treated as incompressible. The problem is simulated using primitive variables in a
control-volume formulation in conjunction with a pressure–velocity coupling based
on the SIMPLE algorithm. The modified VOF method used in this study is able to
identify and physically treat features such as bubble deformation, cusp formation,
breakup and joining. Results in a two-dimensional as well as a three-dimensional
coordinate framework are presented. The bubble deformation and its motion are
characterized by the Reynolds number, the Bond number, the density ratio, and the
viscosity ratio. The effects of these parameters on the bubble rise are demonstrated.
Physical mechanisms are discussed for the computational results obtained, especially
the formation of a toroidal bubble. The results agree with experiments reported in
the literature.
Instabilities of exact, time-periodic solutions of
the incompressible Euler equations
Authors: BIELLO JOSEPH A. , SALDANHA KENNETH I. , LEBOVITZ NORMAN R.
Published: July 2002

We consider the linear stability of exact, temporally periodic solutions of the Euler
equations of incompressible, inviscid flow in an ellipsoidal domain. The problem of
linear stability is reduced, without approximation, to a hierarchy of finite-dimensional
Floquet problems governing fluid-dynamical perturbations of differing spatial scales
and symmetries. We study two of these Floquet problems in detail, emphasizing
parameter regimes of special physical significance. One of these regimes includes
periodic flows differing only slightly from steady flows. Another includes long-period
flows representing the nonlinear outcome of an instability of steady flows. In both
cases much of the parameter space corresponds to instability, excepting a region
adjacent to the spherical configuration. In the second case, even if the ellipsoid
departs only moderately from a sphere, there are filamentary regions of instability in
the parameter space. We relate this and other features of our results to properties of
reversible and Hamiltonian systems, and compare our results with related studies of
periodic flows.