bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Asymmetric recognition of HIV-1 Envelope trimer by V1V2 loop-targeting antibodies
Authors: Wang Haoqing , Gristick Harry B , Scharf Louise , West Anthony P , Galimidi Rachel P , Seaman Michael S , Freund Natalia T , Nussenzweig Michel C , Bjorkman Pamela J
Published: May 2017

The HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoprotein binds to host cell receptors to mediate membrane fusion. The prefusion Env trimer is stabilized by V1V2 loops that interact at the trimer apex. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against V1V2 loops, exemplified by PG9, bind asymmetrically as a single Fab to the apex of the symmetric Env trimer using a protruding CDRH3 to penetrate the Env glycan shield. Here we characterized a distinct mode of V1V2 epitope recognition by the new bNAb BG1 in which two Fabs bind asymmetrically per Env trimer using a compact CDRH3. Comparisons between cryo-EM structures of Env trimer complexed with BG1 (6.2 Å resolution) and PG9 (11.5 Å resolution) revealed a new V1V2-targeting strategy by BG1. Analyses of the EM structures provided information relevant to vaccine design including molecular details for different modes of asymmetric recognition of Env trimer and a binding model for BG1 recognition of V1V2 involving glycan flexibility.
Predicting genome‐wide tissue‐specific enhancers via combinatorial transcription factor genomic occupancy analysis
Authors: Shireen Huma , Batool Fatima , Khatoon Hizran , Parveen Nazia , Sehar Noor Us , Hussain Irfan , Ali Shahid , Abbasi Amir Ali
Published: October 2024

Enhancers are non‐coding cis‐regulatory elements crucial for transcriptional regulation. Mutations in enhancers can disrupt gene regulation, leading to disease phenotypes. Identifying enhancers and their tissue‐specific activity is challenging due to their lack of stereotyped sequences. This study presents a sequence‐based computational model that uses combinatorial transcription factor (TF) genomic occupancy to predict tissue‐specific enhancers. Trained on diverse datasets, including ENCODE and Vista enhancer browser data, the model predicted 25 000 forebrain‐specific cis‐regulatory modules (CRMs) in the human genome. Validation using biochemical features, disease‐associated SNPs, and in vivo zebrafish analysis confirmed its effectiveness. This model aids in predicting enhancers lacking well‐characterized chromatin features, complementing experimental approaches in tissue‐specific enhancer discovery.
Innovations in Silicone Hydrogels: Achieving High Oxygen Permeability with Maintained Equilibrium Water Content
Authors: Liu Bo‐Tau , Chang You‐Kai , Lee Rong‐Ho , Mizota Isao , Sun Kai‐Ting , Lu Yi‐Ting
Published: October 2024

Silicone hydrogels are pivotal materials used in contact lenses, biomedicine, and electronic devices, where oxygen permeability and equilibrium water content (EWC) are essential attributes. Generally, an increase in silicone content boosts oxygen permeability but diminishes EWC, presenting a notable trade‐off challenge. In this study, a solvent incorporation method that significantly elevates oxygen permeability without markedly affecting EWC is introduced. Among various solvents, isopropanol incorporation notably enhances oxygen permeability (101 barrer) while maintaining an EWC of 56.0%. This improvement is attributed to enhanced connectivity within the silicone network. Additionally, it is discovered that incorporating siloxane nanoparticles (SNPs) further increases the connectivity of the silicone network, offering a more pronounced improvement in oxygen permeability than solvent alone. However, excessive SNP addition can lead to large phase separation, resulting in decreased transmittance, lower EWC, and increased mechanical strength. Optimizing a transmittance of over 99%, SNP addition achieves a silicone hydrogel with an oxygen permeability of 125 barrer and an EWC of 49.5%, surpassing many advancements reported in the literature.
Effect of Electric Pulse‐Assisted Extrusion on the Dynamic Recrystallization and Mechanical Properties of AZ31 Alloy
Authors: Shi Jiahao , Fan Jianfeng , Zhang Qiang , Li Weiguo , Dong Hongbiao , Xu Guang
Published: October 2024

AZ31 Mg alloy with homogeneous refined microstructure and exceptional mechanical properties is obtained by electric pulse‐assisted extrusion in this article. The effect of the electric pulse on the recrystallization behavior of AZ31 alloy extruded at 423K is studied. The results show the recrystallization degree increases with increasing the current density, frequency, and pulse duration, respectively. Compared to the conventional extrusion samples at the same temperature, 423K, the DRX degree of the EPAE‐3 sample is increased from 11.3% to 80%, the corresponding yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and tensile elongation to falur are improved from 322 MPa, 375 MPa, and 11.5% to 338 MPa, 404 MPa, and 16.8%, respectively. The dynamic recrystallization (DRX) and grain refinement mechanism of the electric pulse‐assisted extrusion is discussed, and the athermal effect of the electric pulse is considered to play a dominant role by increasing the nucleation rate and the vacancy diffusion flux.
Effect of Powder Spreading Parameters on Laser Absorption Behavior and Processability of High‐Strength Aluminum Alloy Fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion
Authors: Qi Shiwen , Li Linxuan , Sun Jingjia , Yang Biqi , Song Bingke , Zhang Han , Gu Dongdong
Published: October 2024

Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) of rare‐earth‐modified high‐strength aluminum alloys presents a novel approach for manufacturing complex components with enhanced structural performance, particularly in aerospace applications. This study fabricates Al–Mg–Sc–Zr specimens using various powder spreading parameters to explore their impact on laser processability. The investigation reveals that varying the powder layer thickness from 30 to 70 μm yields the smallest irradiation diameter of 135 μm at an optimal thickness of 50 μm, attributable to effective multiple reflections, high laser absorption rates, and stability. With an optimal laser power of 400 W, a scanning speed of 600 mm s−1, and a hatching spacing of 60 μm, the sample produced at 50 μm layer thickness achieves a relative density of 99.23%, a top surface roughness of 15.42 μm, and a refined grain size of 1.67 μm. Following aging at 325 °C for 4 h, this sample exhibits a tensile strength of 518 MPa and an elongation of 15.6%. The findings establish a theoretical basis for controlling the morphology and properties of high‐strength aluminum alloys in laser additive manufacturing.
Advanced Sensors and Sensing Systems for Structural Health Monitoring in Aerospace Composites
Authors: Ogunleye Raphael Olabanji , Rusnáková Soňa , Javořík Jakub , Žaludek Milan , Kotlánová Barbora
Published: October 2024

This review examines the state‐of‐the‐art sensors and sensing technologies employed for structural health monitoring (SHM) in aerospace composites, highlighting the shift from conventional nondestructive evaluation techniques to real‐time monitoring systems. The review discusses the challenges associated with composite materials, such as their anisotropic nature and susceptibility to invisible damage, and how these challenges have driven the improvement of SHM techniques. Fiber‐optic sensors, including interferometric, distributed, and grating‐based sensors, are analyzed for their high sensitivity and multiplexing capabilities, making them suitable for distributed sensing applications. Piezoelectric sensors are evaluated for their effectiveness in both active and passive damage detection methods. At the same time, piezoresistive self‐sensing systems are explored for their potential to integrate sensing directly into composite materials. The review also addresses the challenges encountered in implementing SHM systems. It suggests solutions like protective coatings, advanced data processing algorithms, and modular system design to overcome these challenges. In conclusion, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the current SHM technologies for aerospace composites, underscoring the need for sustained research and development to improve sensor technology, expand data processing capabilities, and ensure seamless integration with aircraft systems, thus contributing to the safety and efficiency of aerospace operations.
ICAM‐1‐Expressing Extracellular Vesicles Enable Sequential Delivery Barrier‐Breaking and Microenvironment Modulating for Glioblastoma Stem Cell Inhibition
Authors: Liang Fuming , You Qing , Wang Huayi , Liu Jingyi , Yang Qiwei , Lu Di , Ma Xiaopeng , Wang Chen , He Zhaohui , Yang Yanlian , Zhu Ling
Published: October 2024

Glioma stem‐like cell (GSC) inhibition is a promising strategy for glioblastoma therapy. However, it is hampered by two main obstacles: first, delivery barriers, including the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and deep tumor‐penetrating obstacles, hinder sufficient drug accumulation in GSCs that often reside in hypoxic niches deep in glioblastoma; second, hypoxia and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) limit the therapeutic responses of GSC inhibition strategies. An intercellular cell adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM‐1)‐expressing M1 macrophage‐derived small extracellular vesicles loaded with a complex of bovine serum albumin, MnO2, and the small‐molecule inhibitor PTC209 (IsEV‐BMP) is constructed to achieve sequential barrier‐breaking delivery and simultaneous TME modulation to boost GSC inhibition. ICAM‐1 facilitates endothelial transcytosis‐mediated BBB crossing, microglial transcytosis‐mediated deep tumor penetration, and internalization of IsEV‐BMPs in GSCs. Hypoxia alleviation inhibits the binding of hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α (HIF‐1α) to hypoxia‐responsive elements on the gene promoters of cancer stem cell‐related markers and CD47 in GSCs, thereby improving PTC209 sensitivity and immune phagocytosis of GSCs. IsEV‐BMP achieves simultaneous microglial polarity transition and immuno‐microenvironmental modulation during microglial transcytosis‐mediated deep tumor penetration. This study provides a strategy to overcome the sequential delivery barrier for effective glioblastoma treatment.
Detecting and Imaging of Magnons at Nanoscale with van der Waals Quantum Sensor
Authors: Zang Han‐Xiang , Jiang Wang , Guo Nai‐Jie , Liu Yong , Ma Meng‐Qi , Liu Zhi‐Wei , Shan Long‐Kun , Dong Yang , Zhang Shao‐Chun , Tang Jian‐Shun , Chen Xiang‐Dong , Guo Guang‐Can , Sun Fang‐Wen
Published: October 2024

Magnonic devices are extensively studied for energy‐efficient information processing. High spatial resolution and high accuracy measurement is required to characterize the excitation and distribution of magnons. Here, sensing and imaging of magnons in the magnetic insulator (YIG) is realized with negatively charged boron vacancy () spin defects in 2D hexagonal boron nitride (hBN). Thermal magnon noise is studied through spin relaxometry, illustrating the nanometers proximity of the 2D quantum sensor over a large area. The small probe‐sample standoff distance helps to detect weak signals with diffraction‐limited spatial resolution. The uniform out‐of‐plane symmetry axis of is further utilized to study perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA). It effectively extracts the stray field of microwave‐excited magnons from the direct stripline field. The distributions of propagating and localized magnons in different structures are subsequently imaged and analyzed. The work provides the strategy for utilizing the distinctive advantages of the van der Waals quantum sensor in magnetic imaging. The results will promote the development of magnonic devices for diverse applications.
High‐Throughput Computational Screening‐Driven Porous Material Discovery for Benchmark Propylene/Propane Separation
Authors: Zhang Tao , Lv Jin‐Jie , Dang Yu , Gao Zheng , Wang Hui , Cao Jian‐Wei , Zhang Guan‐Hua , Rao Heng , Pan Fu‐Ping , Chen Kai‐Jie
Published: October 2024

Separating propylene (C3H6) from propylene/propane (C3H6/C3H8) mixture using energy‐efficient adsorption is industrially important, but due to the lack of universal pore features, the rational selection of a suitable adsorbent in the ocean of porous materials is a tough task. In this study, a comprehensive work on the discovery of high‐performance C3H6/C3H8 separation adsorbents is carried out by utilizing the advantages of high‐throughput computational screening (HTCS). First, based on the HTCS data mining in the CoRE MOF 2019 and Tobacco 3.0 database, the target material, Cd‐HFDPA, is screened out. Second, the pore electrostatic potential (ESP) analysis shows that Cd‐HFDPA has obvious pore characteristics and high affinity for C3H6 according to ESP matching, which is further confirmed by adsorption isotherms, Ideal Adsorbed Solution Theory selectivity, adsorption enthalpy analyses, and breakthrough experiments. Finally, an industrial two‐bed pressure swing adsorption process for Cd‐HFDPA adsorbent is proposed and its productivity and energy consumption are compared with other benchmark materials.
Origin of Enhanced Dielectric Tunability in Antiferroelectric Ceramic Systems
Authors: Jurečič Vida , Rojac Tadej , Bobnar Vid , Novak Nikola
Published: October 2024

Antiferroelectric ceramics are considered as highly promising materials for the development of novel DC‐link, snubber, and filter capacitors used in high‐power and high‐speed electronics for electromotive and renewable energy applications, medical equipment, and weapons platforms. In particular, the increase of the dielectric permittivity with bias electric field, i.e., the dielectric tunability, is one of the most interesting and still not fully understood properties of antiferroelectric materials. The in situ dielectric measurements and thermometry of Pb0.99Nb0.02[(Zr0.57Sn0.43)0.92Ti0.08]0.9803 ceramics reveal that the dielectric response increases with bias electric field in the antiferroelectric phase due to the non‐linear contributions, most likely originating in the irreversible domain wall motions. Furthermore, extraordinarily high values of the dielectric tunability (≈375%) and the figure of merit (≈1680%) are determined at the temperature of the triple point. The minimization of the domain size near the triple point is proposed to be responsible for the enhanced dielectric tunability. The proposed mechanism is supported by the enhanced irreversible Rayleigh coefficient and via observation of minimized domains by piezoresponse force microscopy. The exploration of the role of the domain structure in antiferroelectrics contributes to a better understanding of their unique dielectric properties and opens a new possibility for the development of high‐performance capacitors.
Rational Design of Cu3Si Interphase for 3D Micron‐Sized SiOC‐based Anode to Enable Long‐Term Cycling of Lithium‐Ion Battery
Authors: Wang Juan , Jin Siwen , He Zhengqiu , Kong Debin , Hu Han , Feng Xiang , Chen De
Published: October 2024

The low effective capacity, inferior initial Coulombic efficiency, and unstable solid electrolyte interface (SEI) of silicon oxycarbide (SiOC) materials in lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) pose significant challenges for the widespread application. Herein, to circumvent these issues, a micron‐sized SiOC‐based anode with 3D structure is constructed by Si and Cu co‐doping using solvent‐free ball milling for high‐performance LIBs. The Cu3Si alloy is formed in situ as an intermediate that is anchored to the surface of Si within the SiOC matrix. The unique 3D SiOC‐based anode with Cu3Si interphase provides fast electron conductivity and high mechanical strength, while facilitating the formation of a robust and LiF‐rich SEI. Specifically, the SiOC‐based anode delivers excellent cyclic stability and rate capability (750.0 mAh g−1 for 1000 cycles at 1 A g−1). Notably, the full cells equipped with an NCM811 cathode maintain this cyclic stability, achieving a 93.0% capacity retention after 150 cycles. This work provides insights into the rational fabrication of a 3D micron‐sized SiOC‐based anode with an in situ generated Cu3Si interphase for advanced LIBs and beyond.
A Multi‐Site Synergistic Effect in High‐Entropy Alloy for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Wan Yi , Wei Wenrui , Ding Shengqi , Wu Liang , Qin Haiying , Yuan Xianxia
Published: October 2024

Unraveling the mechanism driven by electronegativity‐dominated electronic configuration is crucial for developing high‐entropy alloys as efficient catalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). In this work, different atoms with diverse electronegativities are explored to regulate the electrocatalytic activity of PtFeCoNi@HCS toward HER, resulting in PtFeCoNiCuCr@HCS with an overpotential of 29 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and enhanced durability surpassing that of commercial 20% Pt/C in KOH environment. Based on various physicochemical and electrochemical techniques as well as density functional theory calculations, a multi‐site synergistic effect within PtFeCoNiCuCr@HCS material is elucidated in terms of both structural composition and electrocatalytic process. Briefly, Pt and Cu serve as the fundamental elements to form face‐centered cubic crystal framework, Cr primarily functions as an electron donor to regulate the electronic configuration, Co serves as the main active site for water dissociation, and the produced hydrogen species prefer to transfer toward Pt, Fe, and Cu sites for hydrogen formation. This work offers an in‐depth insight on the synergistic mechanism in high entropy alloys and is helpful for designing efficient electrocatalysts.
Data Mining Evoking Scintillators Auto‐Discovery for Low‐LoD High‐Resolution Deep‐Penetrating X‐Ray Imaging of Portable Digital Radiography
Authors: Zhang Shaoan , Li Zhenzhang , Ye Huacong , An Ximei , Xu Jialong , Chen Zhishan , Chen Yiqing , Fang Zaijin , Sun Shilian , Qiu Jianrong , Li Yang
Published: October 2024

The advancement of portable X‐ray digital radiography devices is currently hindered by the limited penetration depth, limit of detection (LoD), and spatial resolution of commercially available scintillators for X‐ray imaging. In this study, data mining engineering is proposed to boom X‐ray imaging quality via the auto‐discovery of potentially overlooked inorganic scintillators. This mining criteria encompassed the comprehensive set of screening parameters, including equivalent substitution, structural rigidity, effective atomic number, and material density. Among 27 389 potential candidates identified in this analysis, Lu2WO6:Eu3+ scintillator is successfully mined with the feature of light yield at ≈27 600 photons/MeV. This scintillator exhibits a low LoD of ≈8.5 nGyair s−1‐ significantly lower than the standard dosage typically employed in X‐ray diagnostics. It also demonstrats exceptional reliability in terms of penetration depth and spatial resolution for X‐ray imaging at distances of 51.9 mm and line pairs per millimeter values of 18.2, respectively. The peripheral X‐ray leakage dose of the portable DR device is restricted to only 682 uSv h−1, thus ensuring safe usage without necessitating additional protective measures while enabling various applications such as indoor or outdoor high‐voltage wire damage detection and field first aid.
Cognate Cobalt Core‐Shell Structure Decorated Nitrogen‐Doped Hollow Carbon Bowls Triggering Advanced Zinc‐Air Battery
Authors: Wang Fengbo , Wang Lu , Wang Bin , Jing Zhongxin , Ding Dong , Yang Xiaofan , Kong Yueyue , Dou Jianmin , Mamoor Muhammad , Xu Liqiang
Published: October 2024

It is of paramount importance but challenging to construct interface structure in metals with good interfacial compatibility and high conductivity to yield superior bifunctional oxygen electrocatalyst for rechargeable Zn‐air battery (ZAB). In this work, bowl‐like hybrid structures have been designed and fabricated by decorating cognate cobalt core‐shell structure on the N‐doped hollow porous carbon bowls. Such a unique design not only can systematically boost the advantages of hollow porous bowl‐like structure but also demonstrate the universality of synthetic strategy. The experimental and density functional theory calculations elucidate that the excellent bifunctional electrocatalytic activity (ΔE = 0.71 V) of the hybrid catalyst is attributed to the spontaneous integration of a conductive Co metal core with cognate active Co3O4 shell (≈ 4 nm). The core‐shell configuration facilitates the optimization of the desorption/adsorption energy barriers for oxygen‐containing intermediates through efficient electron transfer mediated by the heterogeneous structure. As a flexible ZAB cathode, the cognate cobalt catalyst exhibits long‐term durability (60 h at 1 mA cm−2) and excellent bendable stability, demonstrating its promising potential in practical applications.
Effective Surface Engineering for Defect Passivation and Reduction of Water Oxidation Overpotential in Benchmark 2D 𝛼‐SnWO4 Nanoplate Photoanodes
Authors: Anand Anitesh , Raj Aditya , Mondal Debayan , Maity Dipanjan , Ganesha Mukhesh K. , Singh Ashutosh K. , De Debasis , Khan Gobinda Gopal
Published: October 2024

Stannous tungstate (α‐SnWO4) is a highly anticipated next‐generation metal oxide photoanode for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water oxidation because of its narrow bandgap (1.9 eV) and favorable band edge positions. Despite its high theoretical photocurrent density, its practical applicability is constrained because of poor charge transfer ability and severe surface charge recombination due to the surface states leading to slow water oxidation kinetics. Here, the effective nanoarchitectural design and surface Cl‐modification of solvothermally fabricated (121) facet 2D α‐SnWO4 nanoplates arrays for PEC water splitting are demonstrated. The Cl:α‐SnWO4 photoanode delivers the benchmarking photocurrent density of 1.9 mA. cm−2 at 1.23 VRHE under AM1.5G radiation (100 mW cm−2). Surface Cl‐modification improves the visible light harvesting performance and reduces nonradiative photocarrier recombination through surface defect passivation. The DFT studies confirm the favorable tuning of electronic structure and increased delocalization of the surface Sn orbital due to Cl‐doping in SnWO4 boosting the photogenerated hole mobility and injection at the interface. DFT simulations reveal that the surface Cl‐doping also reduces the water oxidation overpotential, increasing the OER kinetics of the Cl‐SnWO4 photoanode. This study establishes practical and straightforward strategies to empower the water‐splitting performance of the α‐SnWO4 photoanode through nanoscale architecture, facet, and surface engineering.
Picometer‐Level In Situ Manipulation of Ferroelectric Polarization in Van der Waals layered InSe
Authors: Gao Hanbin , Liu Ziyuan , Gong Yue , Ke Changming , Guo Ning , Wu Juanxia , Zeng Xin , Guo Jianfeng , Li Songyang , Cheng Zhihai , Li Jiawei , Zhu Hongwei , Zhang Li‐Zhi , Liu Xinfeng , Liu Shi , Xie Liming , Zheng Qiang
Published: October 2024

Ferroelectric 2D van der Waals (vdW) layered materials are attracting increasing attention due to their potential applications in next‐generation nanoelectronics and in‐memory computing with polarization‐dependent functionalities. Despite the critical role of polarization in governing ferroelectricity behaviors, its origin and relation with local structures in 2D vdW layered materials have not been fully elucidated so far. Here, intralayer sliding of approximately six degrees within each quadruple‐layer of the prototype 2D vdW ferroelectrics InSe is directly observed and manipulated using sub‐angstrom resolution imaging and in situ biasing in an aberration‐corrected scanning transmission electron microscope. The in situ electric manipulation further indicates that the reversal of intralayer sliding can be achieved by altering the electric field direction. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the reversible picometer‐level intralayer sliding is responsible for switchable out‐of‐plane polarization. The observation and manipulation of intralayer sliding demonstrate the structural origin of ferroelectricity in InSe and establish a dynamic structural variation model for future investigations on more 2D ferroelectric materials.
NixB/Mo0.8B3 Nanorods Encapsulated by a Boron‐Rich Amorphous Layer for Universal pH Water Splitting at the Ampere Level
Authors: Rafiq Madiha , Harrath Karim , Feng Meijun , Li Rui , Woldu Abebe Reda , Chu Paul K. , Hu Liangsheng , Lu Fushen , Yao Xiangdong
Published: October 2024

Heterostructured interfaces are crucial to electrocatalysts for water splitting. Herein, coral‐like multiheterostructured NixB/Mo0.8B3 (NMB) nanorods encapsulated by a boron‐rich amorphous layer are prepared for water splitting. Density‐functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that the NMB interface adjusts the d‐band center and electronic structure of the molybdenum sites. Owing to the strong electronic coupling between Ni, Mo, and B at the heterojunction, large number of exposed catalytic active sites, as well as the special hydrophilic characteristics endowed by the surrounding amorphous layer, the NMB catalyst exhibits remarkable universal‐pH hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity with low overpotentials (η) of 15, 26, and 83 mV to deliver 10 mA cm−2 in basic, acid, and neutral media, respectively, and outstanding oxygen evolution reaction (OER) characteristics in the basic medium with η10 and η500 of 170 and 420 mV, respectively. The unique self‐supporting 3D hierarchical interconnected structure facilitates mass transport thus leading to high mechanical stability for 450 and 200 h in HER and OER at ≈1000 mA cm−2. More importantly, the NMB exhibits excellent performance toward overall‐water electrolysis as a bifunctional catalyst with ultralow cell voltages of 1.45/1.56/1.85 V @ 10/100/1000 mA cm−2, demonstrating the large potential in industrial water splitting applications.
Disordered Order Enables High Out‐of‐Plane ZT in PbSnS2 Crystals
Authors: Zhan Shaoping , Wen Yi , Qin Bingchao , Bai Shulin , Qiu Yuting , Wang Siqi , Hong Tao , Liu Dongrui , Zheng Lei , Gao Xiang , Zhu Yingcai , Tan Qing , Zhao Li‐Dong
Published: October 2024

High‐performance thermoelectric materials enable waste heat recovery, providing an effective avenue for sustainable development. The concept of “phonon‐glass electron‐crystal” is considered as an ideal approach to achieve high‐performance thermoelectric materials. However, achieving this perfect state remains a significant challenge due to the coupled transport parameters. In this work, long‐range order and short‐range disorder (disordered order) in n‐type PbSnS2 crystals are successfully realized through alloying Se, which enable the synergistic optimization of electron and phonon transport. The improvement of crystal symmetry weakens the distortion of the average long‐range order, leading to a high carrier mobility and promoted electrical transport performance. Meanwhile, the local structure analyzed by X‐ray absorption fine structure spectra reveals a strengthened short‐range disorder, resulting in the enhanced phonon scattering and thus ultralow lattice thermal conductivity. As a result, the disordered order enables a high ZT ≈ 1.7 in PbSnS2‐Cl‐30%Se crystal at 733 K along the out‐of‐plane direction. Moreover, the single‐leg device fabricated using this crystal produces a power generation efficiency of ≈7.2% at temperature difference of 378 K. This work demonstrates the realistic feasibility of disordered order to fulfill the ideal “phonon‐glass electron‐crystal” thermoelectric material, which opens up new avenues for performance optimization.
Examining the effect of soil organic carbon on major Canadian Prairie crop yields with predictive soil mapping
Authors: Sorenson P. T. , Shirtliffe S. , Bedard‐Haughn A. K.
Published: October 2024

Maintaining soil organic carbon (SOC) is critical for global food security as it is essential for soil functions that sustain crop yields. There has been an increase in predictive soil mapping, which when combined with extensive crop yield datasets, enables a better understanding of crop yield and SOC relationships. This study focused on updating maps of SOC content in Saskatchewan using recently digitized historical SOC datasets and predictive soil mapping, and using the maps to examine the relationship between SOC and crop yield. A database of 5014 SOC values was used to map SOC contents using a Random Forest model and a range of environmental covariates. The final SOC model had a R2 of 0.48, root mean square error of 0.98%, concordance correlation coefficient of 0.67, and a bias of 0.12%. The relationship between mapped SOC values and crop yield data, with 100,000–200,000 records depending on crop type, was then assessed using a linear mixed effects model after normalizing the data by rural municipality to remove broad‐scale climate effects. Overall, an increase in SOC by 1% led to an increase on average of 263 kg ha−1 for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), 293 kg ha−1 for barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), 133 kg ha−1 for canola (Brassica napus L.), and 135 kg ha−1 for field peas (Pisum sativum L.). These results show that increasing SOC was associated with greater yields for four major crops in Saskatchewan, with the largest gains occurring when the initial SOC contents are lower.
Interactive effects of nitrogen and genotype on maize rough dwarf disease
Authors: Xu Junping , Mu Xiaohuan , Chen Zhe , Liang Jiaxing , Yuan Lixing , Mi Guohua , Ren Wei , Pan Qingchun , Chen Fanjun
Published: October 2024

Nitrogen and genotype play vital roles in modulating plant disease resistance. Maize (Zea mays L.) rough dwarf disease (MRDD) is a global viral disease that has caused serious yield losses. However, it is not clear how nitrogen and genotype interact to affect MRDD. We conducted field experiments in 2011 and 2013 to investigate the MRDD incidence, yield, and yield loss rate of 59 maize hybrids under high nitrogen (HN) and low nitrogen (LN). Compared with HN, the MRDD incidence and yield loss rate of S‐sensitive hybrids (nitrogen significantly influenced MRDD incidence in susceptible genotypes) could be significantly reduced by 50.6% and 35.5%, respectively, in LN without compromising maize yield. In contrast, R‐insensitive types (resistant hybrids in which MRDD incidence was unresponsive to nitrogen treatment) could maintain high MRDD resistance and yield at HN. US hybrid 78599 and inbred line Dan340 were the main parental resources of the resistant genotypes, and inbred lines Huangzao4 and Ye478 were the main parental resources of the susceptible genotypes. The physiological mechanism leading to increased MRDD incidence was thought to be higher nitrogen concentrations in the stalks. This study provided theoretical support for using reasonable nitrogen management to control MRDD and breeding MRDD‐resistant maize hybrids.
S100A9 induces tissue remodeling of human nasal epithelium in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyp
Authors: Ahn Sang Hyeon , Oh Jun Taek , Kim Dae Hyun , Lee Eun Jung , Rha Min‐Seok , Cho Hyung‐Ju , Kim Chang‐Hoon
Published: October 2024

Background

Chronic inflammation triggers tissue remodeling in human nasal epithelial (HNE) cells. S100A9, a protein secreted by inflammatory cells, exhibits potent proinflammatory activity. However, its effect on HNE cell remodeling, such as squamous metaplasia, remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects and underlying pathways of S100A9 on HNE cell remodeling and investigate its clinical implications in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS).

Methods

Cultured HNE cells were treated with S100A9. Bulk RNA sequencing was performed to analyze gene ontology (GO). Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were also analyzed. Additionally, immunohistochemistry and multiplex immunofluorescence were performed on tissue samples obtained from 60 patients, whose clinical informations were also reviewed.

Results

GO enrichment analysis indicated that S100A9 induced tissue remodeling in HNE cells toward squamous metaplasia. IPA and KEGG commonly showed that S100A9 affected HNE cells associated with the IL‐17 signaling pathway, including target molecules such as matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1) and small proline‐rich protein 2A (SPRR2A). Squamous metaplasia with a marked expression of S100A9 was observed in 50% of CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNPs). In addition, in multiplex immunofluorescence, the S100A9 in sub‐epithelium was co‐expressed with myeloperoxidase, a neutrophil marker, and MMP1 and SPRR2A were strongly expressed in epithelial remodeling. Clinically, the expression of S100A9 correlated with sino‐nasal outcome test‐22 (r = 0.294, p = 0.022) and Lund–Mackay scores (r = 0.348, p = 0.006).

Conclusion

S100A9 induces tissue remodeling in HNE cells. Its increased expression in CRSwNP, particularly squamous epithelium, correlates with disease severity. This suggests the clinical potential of S100A9 as a biomarker for CRS severity.
Neuronal hypofunction and network dysfunction in a mouse model at an early stage of tauopathy
Authors: Ji Changyi , Yang Xiaofeng , Eleish Mohamed , Jiang Yixiang , Tetlow Amber M. , Song Soomin C. , Martín‐Ávila Alejandro , Wu Qian , Zhou Yanmei , Gan Wenbiao , Lin Yan , Sigurdsson Einar M.
Published: October 2024

INTRODUCTION

It is unclear how early neuronal deficits occur in tauopathies, if these are associated with changes in neuronal network activity, and if they can be alleviated with therapies.

METHODS

To address this, we performed in vivo two‐photon Ca2+ imaging in tauopathy mice at 6 versus 12 months, compared to controls, and treated the younger animals with a tau antibody.

RESULTS

Neuronal function was impaired at 6 months but did not deteriorate further at 12 months, presumably because cortical tau burden was comparable at these ages. At 6 months, neurons were mostly hypoactive, with enhanced neuronal synchrony, and had dysregulated responses to stimulus. Ex vivo, electrophysiology revealed altered synaptic transmission and enhanced excitability of motor cortical neurons, which likely explains the altered network activity. Acute tau antibody treatment reduced pathological tau and gliosis and partially restored neuronal function.

DISCUSSION

Tauopathies are associated with early neuronal deficits that can be attenuated with tau antibody therapy.

Highlights

Neuronal hypofunction in awake and behaving mice in early stages of tauopathy.

Altered network activity disrupted local circuitry engagement in tauopathy mice.

Enhanced neuronal excitability and altered synaptic transmission in tauopathy mice.

Tau antibody acutely reduced soluble phospho‐tau and improved neuronal function.
Asymmetric Modification of Carbazole Based Self‐Assembled Monolayers by Hybrid Strategy for Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Huang Youle , Tao Mingquan , Zhang Yijing , Wang Zhihui , Sun Zhe , Zhang Wenfeng , Xiong Yonglian , Zong Xueping , Wang Yang , Liang Mao
Published: October 2024

Carbazole‐based self‐assembled molecules (SAMs) are widely applied in inverted perovskite solar cells (iPSCs) due to their unique molecular properties. However, the symmetrical structure of the carbazole‐based SAMs makes it difficult to finely regulate their performance, which impedes the further enhancement of the efficiency and stability of iPSCs. This work demonstrates that by constructing an asymmetric carbazole core, 9H‐thieno[2′,3′ : 4,5]thieno[3,2‐b]indole) (TTID), the key properties of SAM molecules can be effectively regulated. It has been confirmed that the hybrid thieno[2,3‐b]thiophene unit of this asymmetric core governs the energy level, the surface wettability, and the defect passivation capability of the SAMs, while the substituent of core has a greater impact on the molecular dipole and device stability. The synergistic effects from thieno[2,3‐b]thiophene and fluorine lead to the KF‐derived iPSC demonstrating a certified power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.17 % and excellent operational stability. This hybrid design concept offers a promising approach for the further structural modification of SAMs in iPSCs.
Dyotropic Rearrangement of β‐Lactams: Reaction Development, Mechanistic Study, and Application to the Total Syntheses of Tricyclic Marine Alkaloids
Authors: Li Yunshan , Zhang Jingyang , Chen Yi , Pang Jiahua , Chen Yuejie , Tang Yefeng
Published: October 2024

An unprecedented dyotropic rearrangement of β‐lactams has been developed, which provides an enabling tool for the synthesis of structurally diverse γ‐butyrolactams. Unlike the well‐established dyotropic rearrangements of β‐lactones, the present reaction probably proceeds through a dual‐activation mode, and thus displays unusual reactivity and chemoselectivity. The combined computational and experimental results suggest that the dyotropic rearrangement of β‐lactams may proceed through different mechanisms depending on the nature of migrating groups (H, alkyl, or aryl). Hinging on a chemoselective H‐migration dyotropic rearrangement of β‐lactams, we have completed the divergent synthesis of tricyclic marine alkaloids (−)‐lepadiformine A, (+)‐cylindricine C, and (−)‐fasicularin within 11–12 longest linear steps.
Novel Eco‐Friendly Electrode: Copper Nanoparticle‐Doped MWCNTs for Green Electro‐Organic Synthesis of 1,2,3‐Triazoles With ChCl/Urea as a Solvent and Cocatalyst
Authors: Basem Ali , Sagdullaev Shomansur Sh. , Alaridhee Zaman Abdalhussein Ibadi , Altayeh Aiham O. , Jafar Nadhir N. A. , Jabir Majid S. , Majdi Hasan , Al‐Rubaye Ameer H. , Jumaah Moamel Dheyaa , Usmonova Lola M. , Ghabbour Hazem A. , Almehizia Abdulrahman A.
Published: October 2024

Meticulous electrode design is pivotal in advancing greener and more sustainable electro‐organic synthesis practices. In this research, our team designed and synthesized a copper‐doped electrode on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and characterized it using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis. Subsequently, this electrode was utilized as a catalyst at the electrode surface, serving as a cathode in electro‐oxidation reactions in the presence of phenylacetylene, sodium azide (NaN3), and benzyl halide for the production of 1,2,3‐triazole derivatives under ambient temperature, within a 30‐min reaction time, and at atmospheric pressure, achieving an efficiency level ranging from good to excellent, specifically between 88% and 96%. The synthesized 1,2,3‐triazole derivatives were identified using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy, CHN elemental analysis, and melting point. In this paper, choline chloride/urea deep eutectic solvents (DES) serve multiple roles in the reaction mechanism. They function as solvents and co‐catalysts, generate weak bases, and provide numerous advantages in green chemistry. These advantages include low toxicity, reduced environmental risks, improved atom economy, and non‐volatility, making them safer alternatives to traditional organic solvents.
Investigating mechanoreceptor variability and morphometric proxies in Rhesus Macaques: Implications for primate precision touch studies
Authors: Covarrubias Brandon Vera , Kamminga Jordan M. , Muchlinski M. N. , Munds R. A. , Villero Núñez V. , Bauman Surratt S. ,   Cayo Biobank Research Unit, Martinez M. I. , Montague M. J. , Higham J. P. , Melin A. D. , Veilleux C. C.
Published: October 2024

The origin of primates has long been associated with an increased emphasis on manual grasping and touch. Precision touch, facilitated by specialized mechanoreceptors in glabrous skin, provides critical sensory feedback for grasping‐related tasks and perception of ecologically‐relevant stimuli. Despite its importance, studies of mechanoreceptors in primate hands are limited, in part due to challenges of sample availability and histological methods. Dermatoglyphs have been proposed as alternative proxies of mechanoreceptor density. We investigated the relationships between mechanoreceptors (Meissner and Pacinian corpuscles), dermatoglyphs, and demography in the apical finger pads of 15 juvenile to adult rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) from a free‐ranging population at Cayo Santiago Primate Field Station (Puerto Rico). Our results indicate substantial interindividual variation in mechanoreceptor density (Meissner corpuscles: 11.9–43.3 corpuscles/mm2; Pacinian corpuscles: 0–4.5 corpuscles/mm2). While sex and digit were generally not associated with variation, there was strong evidence of a developmental effect. Specifically, apical pad length, Meissner corpuscle size, and Pacinian corpuscle depth increased while mechanoreceptor densities decreased throughout juvenescence, suggesting that primate mechanoreceptors change as fingers grow during adolescence and then stabilize at physical maturity. We also found Meissner corpuscle density was significantly associated with dermatoglyph ridge width and spacing, such that density predicted by a dermatoglyph model was strongly correlated with observed values. Dermatoglyphs thus offer a useful proxy of relative Meissner corpuscle density in primates, which opens exciting avenues of noninvasive research. Finally, our results underscore the importance of considering demographic factors and methodology in comparative studies of primate touch.
Evaluation of the effect of carvedilol orodispersible tablets on ischemia–reperfusion injury and flap viability in rats: An in vivo study
Authors: Tokgonul Serkan , Ozyilmaz Emine Dilek , Comoglu Tansel , Gürbüz Manolya Müjgan , Doğan Topal Burcu , Kocak Fatma Emel , Ozakpinar Hülda Rıfat
Published: October 2024

Flap surgery is an integral part of plastic surgery, and ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury significantly affects the viability of the flap. Carvedilol (CRV), a nonselective beta‐blocker with alpha‐1 blocking and antioxidant properties, and known for its potential in reducing I/R damage, was chosen as the active substance for our study. The aim of this study was to investigate the vasodilator and antioxidant effects of CRV on rat inferior epigastric artery skin flap using orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs). The optimized ODT formulation was subjected to in vivo experiments using Sprague–Dawley female rats (n = 24) divided into three groups: Group I (control, I/R), Group II (treatment, I/R + CRV), and Group III (treatment, I/R), I/R + CRV ODT). Reperfusion was then observed following the release of the microclamp from the pedicle, and the flap was then re‐adapted to its original position. Control rats were given oral isotonic solution via gavage and were subjected to 8 h of ischemia and 12 h of reperfusion. Group II was given 2 mg/kg CRV oral tablets for 7 days before and after surgery. Group III was given 2 mg/kg/day CRV ODT for the same period. Biopsies were taken from the flap and histopathological and biochemical analyses including superoxide dismutase, glutathionenitric oxide, malondialdehyde, paraoxonase 1, total oxidant, and total antioxidant capacities were performed. This study demonstrates that CRV ODTs significantly increased flap viability by approximately 25% compared to the control group, highlighting their promising therapeutic potential.
Cultivating the imagination: Caregiver input during pretend play with toddlers at elevated likelihood for autism
Authors: Altman Kathryn B. , Plate Samantha N. , Britsch Emily Roemer , Iverson Jana M.
Published: October 2024

Toddlers with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may exhibit less pretend play than their neurotypical counterparts. Previous research suggests that caregivers' input during play influences children's play behavior, and children's behavior may in turn prompt caregivers of differently developing children to talk about play in different ways. Caregiver input about pretend play during toy play at home was examined at 18‐ and 36‐months in toddlers with an older sibling with ASD, who are at elevated likelihood (EL) for ASD (n = 40), and toddlers with typical likelihood (TL) for ASD (n = 12). EL toddlers were classified into three outcome groups: EL‐ASD (n = 10), EL‐no diagnosis (EL‐ND; n = 14), or EL‐language delays (EL‐LD, n = 16). Caregiver utterances were categorized according to the types of pretend and non‐pretend play suggested (e.g., pretending with inanimate objects vs. using objects for their intended function). Pretend utterances were further categorized as related or unrelated to the child's own actions. All caregivers produced proportionately more utterances about complex types of pretend play over time. At 36 months, caregivers of autistic toddlers produced proportionately fewer pretend play utterances, and proportionately fewer pretend play utterances were related to EL‐ASD toddlers' actions compared to their neurotypical peers. These findings highlight bidirectional effects between caregivers and toddlers during play. While EL‐ASD toddlers may provide less frequent opportunities for caregivers to talk about complex types of pretend play, the current study highlights caregivers' high levels of attunement to their toddlers' play skills.
Mitochondrial dysfunction, cause or consequence in neurodegenerative diseases?
Authors: Van Acker Zoë P. , Leroy Thomas , Annaert Wim
Published: October 2024

Neurodegenerative diseases encompass a spectrum of conditions characterized by the gradual deterioration of neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system. While their origins are multifaceted, emerging data underscore the pivotal role of impaired mitochondrial functions and endolysosomal homeostasis to the onset and progression of pathology. This article explores whether mitochondrial dysfunctions act as causal factors or are intricately linked to the decline in endolysosomal function. As research delves deeper into the genetics of neurodegenerative diseases, an increasing number of risk loci and genes associated with the regulation of endolysosomal and autophagy functions are being identified, arguing for a downstream impact on mitochondrial health. Our hypothesis centers on the notion that disturbances in endolysosomal processes may propagate to other organelles, including mitochondria, through disrupted inter‐organellar communication. We discuss these views in the context of major neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and their relevance to potential therapeutic avenues.
Program evaluation of a specialized treatment home for adults with severe challenging behavior
Authors: Thillainathan Thurka , Linder Bruce , Cox Alison D.
Published: October 2024

Individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities who engage in severe challenging behavior may comprise 5%–10% of the clinical population. Unfortunately, challenging behavior literature tends to underrepresent adult participants and emphasize efficacy (Does the intervention work?) more often than effectiveness (Does the intervention work in real world settings?). We conducted a systematic program evaluation to examine the effectiveness of a comprehensive behavioral treatment package using a hybrid quasi‐experimental consecutive case series design featuring eight adults who experienced the treatment package. The results depicted a substantial decrease in challenging behavior and increase in adaptive behavior across sessions for most participants. Impressive treatment integrity outcomes (M = 84%, range, 82%–90%) showcased that the intervention was implemented as intended. Social validity surveys administered to participants, caregivers, and case managers provide support for the acceptability of the treatment package. Project limitations, clinical considerations, and future directions are discussed.