bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Naturally Occurring Human Immune Complexes on Monocyte Movement in vitro
Authors: Batten S. , Aggarwal R. , Cockerell R. , Tanner A.R.
Published: August 2009

The influence of naturally occurring immune complexes (IC) on monocyte motility has been investigated. Both chemokinesis and chemotaxis have been measured, using modified Boyden chambers, in response to sera containing IC and to the same sera depleted of IC with 2% polyethylene glycol. Chemokinetic activity was markedly increased in the presence of IC-containing sera, and this increased activity was largely abolished, following IC depletion. The chemotactic activity of the IC-containing sera was largely independent of the IC content, since IC depletion only resulted in a modest decrease in stimulated movement. The chemotactic response to a standard chemoattractant (zymosan-treated sera) was significantly increased with the cells in the presence of IC-containing sera, and this effect was abolished following IC depletion. There was no relationship between the total IC concentration and changes in monocyte movement. These results indicate that circulating IC may markedly alter monocyte locomotion in such a way that more cells may be attracted more rapidly to an inflammatory focus.
Histamine Release from Mast Cells of the Rat
Authors: West G.B.
Published: August 2009

The relative activities of 12 agents inducing anaphylactoid oedema in the paws of two types of genetically different rats have been compared with those inducing histamine release from isolated peritoneal cells. Four groups were identified – group 1 where activities were much higher in R rats than in NR rats, doses in vivo being in all cases much lower than those required in vitro; group 2 where activities were similar in the two types of rat, doses in vivo again being relatively much lower; group 3 where activities were similar in both types of rat though doses in vivo were relatively high; group 4 where activities were similar in both types of rat, but doses in vivo were relatively extremely high. Only the activities of releasers in groups 1, 2 and 3 (represented by dextran, concanavalin A and antigen) required calcium ions in vitro and were potentiated by phosphatidyl serine; they were potentiated in vivo by insulin and inhibited by glucose.
Differentiation of Ovine Immature B Cells upon Exposure to Phorbol Myristate Acetate
Authors: Miyasaka M. , Dudler L.
Published: August 2009

Immature B cells obtained from the ileal Peyer’s patches (IPPs) of sheep, upon exposure to phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), expressed 20–30 times more sIgM per cell than nonstimulated IPP cells, and the sIgM level was the same as that of peripheral B cells. The exposure of IPP cells to PMA also induced IgM secretion. Macrophages were not required for the terminal differentiation of IPP cells in vitro.
A Method for Measuring Changes in Tracheal Mucus Gel Layer Thickness as an Indication of an Immediate Hypersensitivity Response
Authors: Yanni J.M. , Smith W.L. , Callaham E.M. , Foxwell M.H. , Alphin R.S.
Published: August 2009

A visual method for measuring increase in tracheal mucus gel layer thickness as an indication of an immediate hypersensitivity response, using a Zeiss slitlamp and pachymeter is described. Mucus gel layer thickening is antigen dose dependent. Antigen challenge of nonsensitized rats does not cause significant increases in gel thickness dispelling the notion that changes in the gel layer result from nonspecific irritation. Cromolyn sodium, cimetidine, and FPL-55712 inhibit increases in gel layer thickness following antigen challenge of actively sensitized rats, while atropine, pyrilamine, and methysergide do not.
Demonstration of Long-Lived Memory T Suppressor Cells in the IgE Response
Authors: HayGlass Kent T. , Strejan Gill H.
Published: August 2009

Administration to mice of repeated small doses of glutaraldehyde-polymerized ovalbumin (OA-POL) results in drastic suppression of the IgE antibody response. The high anamnestic IgE antibody responses usually obtained after 2 injections of native OA in alum were completely abrogated when OA-POL was administered between the 2 immunizations. Treatment with OA-POL prior to a primary immunization with 2 μg DNP-OA in alum induced a profound suppression of both anti-DNP and anticarrier IgE responses. The suppression, which was detectable for at least 7 months, was antigen-specific, selective for the IgE class and was sensitive to treatment of spleen cells with anti-Thy-1.2 antibody and complement. Adoptive transfer of spleen cells from donors treated with OA-POL 200 days, 16 days or 200 and 16 days prior to transfer, resulted in different kinetics of suppression in the recipient. The results are consistent with the presence of long-lived IgE-selective T suppressor cell memory. The possibility that separate Ts and Ts memory cell populations are generated is discussed.
Defective Concanavalin A-Induced Suppressor Cell Activity in Lupus Nephritis
Authors: Matsumoto Koichi , Osakabe Kotaro , Katayama Hisashi , Okano Kikuo , Yoshizawa Nobuyuki , Ohi Hiroyuki , Hatano Michinobu
Published: August 2009

To determine whether patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and active nephritis have more profound defects in suppressor cell activity, we studied concanavalin A (Con A)-induced suppressor cell activity (SCA) in 12 patients with lupus nephritis (LN) and 11 patients with chronic mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (CGN) without renal insufficiency. The levels of Con A-induced SCA were decreased in patients with LN compared with those in normal controls and those in CGN patients and lower in LN patients with the nephrotic syndrome (NS) than in those without NS. In contrast, the mean responses of Con A-induced SCA in CGN patients with or without NS did not differ from normal subjects. These findings may lend further insight into the understanding of the immunoregulatory defect in LN.
Immunoglobulin E Response during Measles
Authors: Shalit M. , Ackerman Z. , Wollner S. , Morag A. , Levo Y.
Published: August 2009

Serum IgE levels were determined in 41 patients with measles infection. 23 patients (56%) had an increased level (> 20%) during the acute phase of the disease in comparison with the recovery phase. 14 showed no change, and decreased levels were observed in 4 patients only. In contrast, both IgG and IgA levels decreased or remained unchanged in the majority of the patients during disease activity. The changes in the pattern of serum immunoglobulins during measles might be attributed to selective depletion of T-cell subpopulations.
Influence of Breast Feeding on the Development of Cow’s Milk Protein Antibodies and the IgE Level
Authors: Fällström S.P. , Ahlstedt S. , Carlsson B. , Wettergren B. , Hanson L.Å.
Published: August 2009

In 48 infants unselected with regard to atopic heredity, the levels of serum IgG, IgA and IgM antibodies against native cow’s milk proteins and IgG antibodies against β-lactoglobulin were measured with ELISA and the total serum IgE concentration with Phadebas PRIST®. Using multiple regression analysis the level of each type of antibody was related to the age at weaning, at first exposure to cow’s milk and at sampling. The longer the infants were exposed to cow’s milk protein without concomitant breast feeding and the younger they were at the introduction of cow’s milk formula, the higher were the IgG antibody levels against native cow’s milk proteins. The investigated variables explained only 17% of the variation of the antibody level, however. The IgG antibodies against β-lactoglobulin showed significant negative correlations to the age at weaning and the age at first cow’s milk exposure, explaining 8% of the variation. Specific IgA and IgM antibody levels an those of total serum IgE did not show any significant relation to the investigated independent variables.
Enhancement of Contact Sensitization in Mice Fed a Diet Enriched in Vitamin A Acetate
Authors: Miller Klara , Maisey Joanne , Malkovský Miroslav
Published: August 2009

Various methods have been used to enhance the ability of laboratory animals to develop contact sensitivity to so-called weak sensitizers. The present studies have examined whether diets supplemented with vitamin A acetate (VAA) could enhance induction and elicitation of contact sensitivity to oxazolone in the mouse. Application of 0.3% oxazolone to VAA-fed mice resulted in increased DNA synthesis in the draining lymph nodes and increased ear thickness after challenge, in comparison with mice on a stock (standard) diet. Moreover, VAA-fed (but not control) mice were sensitized to 0.03% oxazolone as shown by DNA synthesis, increased arrival of syngeneic 51Cr-labelled lymphocytes in the draining lymph nodes, and ear swelling after challenge. These findings demonstrate that vitamin A enhances delayed hypersensitivity responses, and point to a role for vitamin A in developing an animal model capable of detecting weak contact sensitizers after topical application.
Suppressor Cells in Antithymocyte Globulin-Induced Transplantation Tolerance in the Adult Rat
Authors: Olausson M. , Mjörnstedt L. , Lindholm L. , Brynger H.
Published: August 2009

A rat heart allograft model, for induction of transplantation tolerance by a single dose of antithymocyte globulin, was studied. Experiments were made to transfer the tolerance to syngeneic recipients, either by spleen cells or sera obtained from tolerant rats. Different doses of tolerant spleen cells caused long-term surviving (LTS) allografts when transferred to sublethally irradiated recipients. Spleen cell transfer to untreated recipients resulted in prolonged allograft survival but no LTS grafts. The results indicate the presence of a cell-mediated suppressor mechanism in the tolerant animals.
A Monoclonal Antibody Inhibiting Human Placental Fcγ-Receptor Activity
Authors: Matre Roald , Haaheim Lars R. , Tönder Olav
Published: August 2009

Fcγ receptor (FcR) from human placenta was solubilized using EDTA and 2-mercaptoethanol and purified by affinity chromatography on human IgG-coated Sepharose 4B. BALB/C mice were immunized with FcR and monoclonal antibodies were obtained by growing hybridoma cells following fusion of spleen cells with P3 × 63Ag8 myeloma cells. Using an immunofluorescence technique, the IgG1 monoclonal antibody secreted by clone B1D6 stained the FcR-positive areas in sections of placental tissue. The endothelium of the foetal stem vessels stained more strongly than did the trophoblasts. The antibody also inhibited the haemadsorption to placental tissue of erythrocytes (E) sensitized with IgG antibodies (A), (EA), and inhibited the agglutination of EA by FcR. The data indicate that the monoclonal antibody reacts with the placental FcR at the binding site for IgG, or with an epitope close to the binding site. Apparently, the FcR in different anatomical areas in the placenta have a common antigenic determinant.
The Comparative Bronchodilator Properties of Alkyl Quaternary Salts of Promethazine
Authors: Lewis Alan J. , Dervinis Alphonse , Rosenthale Marvin E. , Santilli Arthur A. , Buzby, Jr. George C.
Published: August 2009

Several salts of thiazinamium, a quaternary analogue of promethazine, administered by aerosol, possessed equipotent anticholinergic activity in anesthetized guinea pigs but the duration of this effect differed somewhat. N-Butyl substitution in the side chain, but not the corresponding ethyl or n-propyl substitutions, reduced the aerosol anticholinergic potency and duration. There was also a tendency for a corresponding reduction in antihistaminic activity with different alkyl substitutions and for a greatly reduced duration of this effect.
Viability of Cultured Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Atopic Individuals
Authors: Strannegård Ö. , Strannegård I.-L.
Published: August 2009

The viability of cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNC) from atopic children was found to be subnormal. After 3 days of culture, less than 5% of cells from nonatopic children had died as judged by trypan blue exclusion tests, whereas more than 4 times as many dead cells were observed in cultures of cells from atopies with high IgE levels (> 400 units/ml). MNC from atopies with low or moderately increased IgE levels did not display any significantly decreased viability. Low cell viability was observed primarily in cultures from patients with atopic dermatitis, but also in cases with respiratory allergy with high IgE levels but without concomitant atopic dermatitis, there was a decreased viability. There was no evidence that low cell viability was causally related to occurrence of cytotoxic serum factors. Results of experiments where dibutyryl cyclic AMP or theophylline was included in the cultures suggested that a possible explanation for the decreased viability might be altered sensitivity of the cells to inactivation by cyclic AMP promoting substances.
Adjuvant Properties of Hydrophobic Derivatives Prepared from L-Tyrosine
Authors: Wheeler A.W. , Whittall N. , Spackman V. , Moran D.M.
Published: August 2009

The capacity of various N-acyl, O-acyl, amide and ester derivatives of L-tyrosine to promote the induction of antibodies to grass pollen extracts has been studied in guinea pigs. Antibody production was generally found to be enhanced when these derivatised materials were used as adsorbate vehicles compared with either L-tyrosine or simple aqueous presentations. Increases in alkyl chain length were found to parallel increased adjuvant activity. Unlike L-tyrosine, however, these hydrophobic materials tended to produce tissue lesions in experimental animals at concentrations which displayed apparent adjuvant advantages.
Standardization of Allergens
Authors: Tovey E.R. , Baldo B.A.
Published: August 2009

Components of an extract of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus were electrophoretically separated, transferred to nitrocellulose membranes, and then probed with a variety of antibodies and lectins. Using miteallergic human sera as the first antibody source, IgE-binding components were identified. Binding patterns by monoclonal and heterologous sera were also obtained. The method is suitable for the qualitative, and ultimately the quantitative, characterization of allergen extracts. The electroblotting procedure employing specific probes, therefore, promises to be a valuable aid for allergen standardization.
Adjuvant Effects of Aluminum Silicate on IgE and IgG1 Antibody Production in Mice
Authors: Fujimaki Hidekazu , Ozawa Masashi , Imai Toru , Kubota Kentaro , Watanabe Naohiro
Published: August 2009

The adjuvant effects of aluminum silicate on IgE and IgG1 antibody production were investigated. BALB/c mice were immunized intraperitoneally with 10 μg ovalbumin (OA) adsorbed on 0.2, 2, or 20 mg aluminum silicate. The enhancement of anti-OA IgE antibody production was observed, in the mice injected with aluminum silicate and antigen compared with the mice injected with antigen alone. Anti-OA IgE antibody production with 2 and 20 mg aluminum silicate was greater than that with aluminum hydroxide (alum) as an adjuvant. Similar adjuvant effects with 2 mg aluminum silicate or alum were observed in AKR and C57BL/6 mice using 10 μg OA, and in BALB/c mice using 2 μg DNP-KLH (dinitrophenyl keyhole limpet hemocyanin): IgE antibody production induced by aluminum silicate adjuvant persisted for weeks in these experiments. The enhancement of IgG1 antibody production to OA mixed with aluminum silicate was also demonstrated. However, no difference between aluminum silicate and alum was observed on the IgG1 antibody production.
Suppression of IgE Antibody Production after Exposure to Ozone in Mice
Authors: Ozawa Masashi , Fujimaki Hidekazu , Imai Tom , Honda Yoshio , Watanabe Naohiro
Published: August 2009

The effect of ozone exposure on IgE antibody production with aerosolized ovalbumin (OA) administration was investigated in Balb/c mice. Mice were continuously exposed to 0.8 ppm ozone for 1, 2, or 4 weeks, respectively, and subsequently aerosolized OA was administered through the respiratory tract for 6 min with a nebulizer. The mice were then immunized intraperitoneally 1 week later with OA. IgE antibody production was suppressed in ozone-exposed mice. However, no significant difference in the primary IgE antibody production by intraperitoneal immunization alone with OA was observed between ozone-exposed mice and nonexposed mice. In order to elucidate the suppressive mechanism of IgE antibody production, hapten-carrier antigenic system was used. It is shown that the induction of helper T cell function was suppressed if the aerosolized carrier protein was administered before intraperitoneal immunization in the mice exposed to ozone. These results suggest that ozone exposure has the effect on the stage of administration of inhaled antigen and the quite insignificant effect on the IgE antibody production after intraperitoneal immunization with OA.
Intestinal Absorption of Bacterial Antigens in Normal Adult Mice
Authors: Lim P.L. , Rowley D.
Published: August 2009

Marked differences were seen in the oral absorption of Boivin antigen (BA) and flagellin (FLA) using antigens labelled by 3H-dinitrophenylation. Thus, after feeding 3H-DNP-FLA, a large proportion of the label was rapidly absorbed, concentrated and degraded by the liver so that no antigenic material could be recovered from the circulation. In contrast, the absorption of 3H-DNP-BA was low and slow; the absorbed material appeared stable and not readily taken up by the liver, so that 8–20% of the non-dialysable radioactivity found in the plasma was precipitable by specific antibodies. Such observations could not be made when 125I-labelled antigens were used: deiodination readily occurred in vivo, and there was re-utilization of the released label. On the other hand, using everted gut sacs, it was possible to recover 125I-labelled antigenic material after transport. A technique of measuring unlabelled antigen absorbed in the intact animal is also described, which detects antigen by combination with radioiodinated antibodies injected intravenously into the animal.
Immune Response to a Thymus-Independent Antigen (DNP-Ficoll) in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Drössler K. , Parker Darien , Turk J.L.
Published: August 2009

Guinea pigs immunized with DNP30-Ficoll produced IgM antibody only. No IgG1, IgG2, IgE antibodies or delayed hypersensitivity were detected in these animals. However, Arthus reactions, induced by the hapten coupled to a foreign carrier or the whole antigen, were found. The time course of the IgM response was limited and the response to reinjection of the antigen reduced. Cyclophosphamide (CY), given 3 days before primary immunization, prolonged the IgM response. Given on the day of immunization or 3 days after CY reduced this response. CY given on days +3 or +7 after primary immunization completely suppressed the response to antigen reinjected 42 days later. Arthus reactions were totally suppressed by CY given on the day of immunization, or 3 or 7 days later.
Inhibition of Anaphylaxis by Inactivated Lymphocyte Clone with Radiolabelled Antigen
Authors: Csaba B. , Ölveti Éva , Deseõ G. , Csongor J. , Buris L.
Published: August 2009

125I-labelled ovalbumin (OVA) antigen did not sensitize guinea-pigs and anaphylaxis did not develop after native OVA challenge. The radiolabelled antigen was fixed by lymphocytes with highly specific receptors for 125I-OVA and this condition produced a continuous radiation damage leading to inactivation of the cells. As the proliferative response of lymphocytes did not occur, no antibody production was detected. This was demonstrated by passive haemagglutination techniques. However, the immune response to a simultaneously given non-radioactive antigen remained intact. It is supposed that radiation damage depended on specific activity of antigen destroying the antigen-specific lymphocyte clone selectively. The mechanism and the practical importance of the in vivo ‘antigen suicide’ is discussed.
Effect of Skin Pigmentation on the Response to Intradermal Histamine
Authors: Van Niekerk C.H. , Prinsloo A.E.M.
Published: August 2009

The effects of injecting histamine phosphate, in serial 10-fold dilutions ranging from 0.0001 to 0.1 mg/ml histamine base, intradermally into three groups of nonatopic healthy volunteers with varying degrees of skin pigmentation were studied. The wheal sizes in the 30 Negroid subjects with darkly pigmented skins were consistently greater than those in both the 30 Caucasian subjects with light skin pigmentation and the 15 mixed Caucasian/Negroid subjects with light brown skins. The overall wheal response was the smallest in the Caucasian subjects. The differences in wheal sizes were greatest between the Negroid and Caucasian subjects for all dilutions, and these differences were statistically significant (p < 0.005).From this study it appears that skin pigmentation has a profound effect on the wheal response to intradermally injected histamine. It is speculated that this difference in response may be related to the melanin pigment in the skin.
Characteristics of the Anti-Sheep Red Blood Cell Heterophile Antibodies Produced during Schistosoma japonicum Infection in Mice
Authors: Asahi Hiroko , Kawabata Masato , Sendo Fujiro , Naiki Masaharu , Kobayakawa Takatoshi
Published: August 2009

Heterophile antibodies (Ab) against sheep red blood cells were shown to have developed in mice experimentally infected with Schistosoma japonicum (SJ). Incidence of the elevated Ab levels was markedly high in the period of 6–10 weeks following infection. By means of absorption tests, the heterophile Ab could be distinguished from classical human heterophile Ab of Paul-Bunnell, Hanganutzui-Deicher, and Forssman types. Antigen(s) cross-reactive with the heterophile Ab was found only in goat red blood cells (RBC) but absent on RBC of other species, in various tissue homogenates of syngeneic mice, or in SJ parasites and their eggs. The Ab activity seems to be mainly localized in immunoglobulin classes other than IgM.
The Topical Effects of Wy-41.195 [2-cyano-3-(methylamino)phenylamino]oxoacetic Acid, Sodium Salt and Disodium Cromoglycate in the Rat Passive Eyelid Anaphylaxis
Authors: Carlson Richard P. , O’Neill-Davis Lynn , Lewis Alan J.
Published: August 2009

Wy-41,195 demonstrated significant inhibitory effects (54–60%) when administerd topically at 0.25–2% concentrations in a rat passive eyelid anaphylaxis assay. In contrast, topically applied disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) showed non significant inhibition at these concentrations. The potency of Wy-41,195 was more than 8 times greater than DSCG, and this compound may be an effective topical agent in man in preventing allergic and associated conditions.
Occurrence of IgA Subclasses (IgA1 and IgA2) in the Human Nervous System
Authors: Budka H. , Bernheimer H. , Haaijman J.J. , Radl J.
Published: August 2009

The occurrence of IgA subclasses in pathological conditions of the nervous system was studied by means of monoclonal antibodies and an indirect immunofluorescence technique. IgA1- and/or IgA2-positive lymphoid (plasma) cells were found in demyelinating diseases comprising multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and adrenoleukodystrophy, in various inflammatory diseases, and in tumors, some of which exhibited labeling of tumor cells. Demyelinating and inflammatory diseases with chronic course displayed some prevalence of IgA2-, and tumors some prevalence of IgA1-positive cells. This is the first demonstration of IgA1 and IgA2 in the nervous system.
Changes of Serum Antibody Activities to Various Dietary Antigens Related to Gluten Withdrawal or Challenge in Children with Coeliac Disease
Authors: Scott H. , Ek J. , Brandtzaeg P.
Published: August 2009

IgG, IgA, and IgM serum antibody activities to gluten, a gluten fraction called glyc-gli, and antigens from egg and cow’s milk were monitored by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in children with coeliac disease during treatment and gluten challenge. The IgA activity to gluten antigens showed in most patients a rapid and significant reduction after gluten withdrawal, whereas the IgG activity decreased more slowly. During gluten challenge, both these activities rose significantly, and the increases could usually be detected several months before overt clinical relapse. Such determinations, therefore, represent a valuable adjunct in the follow-up of children with coeliac disease. IgA activities to egg and cow’s milk antigens likewise tended to decrease after gluten withdrawal and increase during challenge, but the changes were less consistent for individual antigens. Nevertheless, monitoring of IgA activities to a selection of dietary antigens other than gluten may be particularly valuable when it comes to evaluation of intestinal responses in patients on a glutenfree diet.
Standardization of Allergenic Extracts of Aspergillus fumigatus
Authors: Kauffman H.F. , van der Heide S. , van der Laan S. , Hovenga H. , Beaumont F. , de Vries K.
Published: August 2009

During cultivation of Aspergillus fumigatus a rapid liberation of IgE-binding components was found reaching maximum values during the logarithmic phase of growth (phase I). After a fall in IgE-binding titers during phase II, appearance of additional IgE-binding components was noted during the period of lysis of the microorganism (phase III). These latter allergenic components are different from the phase I IgE-binding components, as was shown by crossed-inhibition studies. The number of precipitating antigenic components was not related with the corresponding IgE-binding titers and showed an increase during all phases of growth. The rapid changes in both IgE- and IgG-binding properties and the discrepancies between precipitating properties and IgE binding are discussed in relation to standardization and quality control of aspergillus extracts.
Studies on Immunity in Hybridoma-Bearing Mice. B. Immunity against the Hybridoma
Authors: Maekawa Soichiro , Hirano Takao , Kitagawa Hiroshi , Ovary Zoltan
Published: August 2009

Anti-dinitrophenyl IgE secreting hybridoma B 53 cells may be rejected when injected subcutaneously in BALB/c mice. These mice are immune as they withstand without any ill effect the intraperitoneal injection of LD100 B 53 cells. Sera from mice which rejected the tumor have cytotoxic antibodies against the hybridoma, as shown by in vitro tests, but serum cannot transfer immunity to naive BALB/c mice against hybridoma B 53. Spleen cells from mice which have rejected the tumor might transfer immunity against B 53 hybridoma, and with Winn tests it has been shown that these spleen cells are very effective against the B 53 cells and also against the myeloma cells which were used for the fusion to construct the B 53 hybridoma. Subcutaneously injected B 53 cells not only produce anti-DNP IgE secreting tumors, but often also metastasize to spleen, and they are sometimes detected in the circulating blood. Mice with splenic metastasis or with detectable circulating B 53 cells generally die. However, we did observe one mouse with splenic metastasis which successfully rejected the tumor and became immune to B 53 cells.
Effect of Splenectomy on the Development of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Rats with Different Genetic Background
Authors: Källén Bengt , Nilsson Olle
Published: August 2009

We studied the effect of total or partial splenectomy on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) development in rats with different genetic background after immunization with guinea pig basic encephalitogenic protein in Freund’s complete adjuvant. The operations did not affect some strains with a high susceptibility to EAE but may have reduced the EAE development in the Fischer strain, which shows only a weak susceptibility. In some hybrids and backcrosses, but not in others, splenectomy resulted in a clear-cut reduction of neurological signs of EAE. This effect may be ascribed to the elimination of contrasuppressive cell populations.
Evidence for Circulating Complexes Containing IgE in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis
Authors: Swainson Jennifer A. , Wilson P.B. , Doré P. , Pumphrey R.S.H.
Published: August 2009

18 out of 34 patients with atopic dermatitis were shown to have 5–32% of their serum IgE present in a high molecular weight (HMW) form (470,000 daltons). There was no simple correlation between the amount of HMW and the total serum IgE. The HMW peak was not affected by freezing and thawing the serum, but the complexes could be split by lowering the pH of serum fractionation. Some patients were tested sequentially on different occasions and although their clinical status may have altered during this time, there was no marked alteration of the HMW fraction. Results are compared with patients with raised IgE due to parasitic infections. Anti-IgE antibodies have been demonstrated in the HMW fraction.
Sézary’s Syndrome: A Case with Blood T-Lymphocytes of Helper Phenotype, Elevated IgE Levels and Circulating Immune Complexes
Authors: Spinozzi Fabrizio , Cernetti Cristina , Gerli Roberto , Bertotto Alberto , Rambotti Pietro
Published: August 2009

A patient with Sézary’s syndrome is described. Surface marker analysis of her peripheral blood lymphocytes exhibit a phenotype characteristic of mature helper T cells (OKT3+, OKT4+, OKT8––, OKT6––). Serological studies revealed a polyclonal hyperimmunoglobulinemia with large amounts of IgE and IgA and circulating immune complexes that activate the complementary system via alternative pathway. The patient’s cells showed a helper activity on normal B cell differentiation after a 7-day co-culture with pokeweed mitogen. The relevance of this helper phenotype and the function on in vivo polyclonal B cell activation is discussed.
Immune Responses to Polyethylene Glycol Modified L-Asparaginase in Mice
Authors: Kawamura Kenichi , Igarashi Tsuyoshi , Fujii Takashi , Kamisaki Yoshinori , Wada Hiroshi , Kishimoto Susumu
Published: August 2009

Suppression of anti-L-asparaginase (anti-A-ase) IgG and IgE antibody responses was achieved in Balb/c mice with polyethylene glycol (PEG, MW, 5,000) conjugated Escherichia coli A-ase. Following the administration of the mixture of A-ase and PEG-A-ase, antibody production to A-ase was reduced. PEG-A-ase administration prior to A-ase suppressed the primary and secondary responses to A-ase antibody. The suppression could be transferred to normal mice with spleen cells from A-ase tolerant mice. The cell transfer experiment showed that the suppression was caused by suppressor T cells. Since PEG-A-ase administration failed to suppress antibody response to ovalbumin, the suppression seemed to be A-ase specific. PEG-A-ase administration also suppressed the delayed type hypersensitivity reaction. IgG and IgE antibodies to PEG or PEG-A-ase were not detected in mice immunized with PEG or PEG-A-ase in the presence of Freund’s complete adjuvant or Al(OH)3, respectively.
Immune Response to Pneumococcal Vaccine in Mothers to Infants with Group B Streptococcal Septicemia: Evidence for a Divergent IgG/IgM Ratio
Authors: Christensen Karen Kvist , Christensen Poul , Faxelius Gerd , Henrichsen Jørgen , Pedersen Freddy Karup
Published: August 2009

Eight women who had given birth to infants contracting neonatal septicemia with group B streptococci (GBS) were immunized with a 14-valent penumococcal vaccine (Pneumovax®). Type-specific IgM and IgG antibodies against 6 pneumococcal types were determined before and after vaccination. Ten healthy age-matched women were also vaccinated and served as controls. The study group showed significantly higher preimmune IgM levels against 3 of the 6 pneumococcal antigens, and lower IgG levels against 1 antigen. However, 6 weeks as well as 1½ years after the immunization, no significant differences in IgG or IgM antibody levels could be demonstrated between the 2 groups. Before vaccination, significantly more study group women showed an arbitrary IgG/IgM ratio below 10 against pneumococcal types 1, 6A, 7F, 14 and 23F. Six weeks later, this ratio remained significantly low in the study group for antibodies against types 14 and 23F. 1½ years after vaccination, the ratio was significantly lower for antibodies against 2 other types, 6A and 7F. We suggest, as a working hypothesis, that mothers of GBS-infected infants differ in their capacity to switch from IgM to IgG production.
Binding of ssDNA-Antibody Complexes to Thioglycollate-Induced Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages in the Presence of Serum
Authors: Weliky Norman , Hodge Elsa T. , Teplitz Raymond L.
Published: August 2009

The binding of DNA-antibody complexes to thioglycollate-induced mouse peritoneal macrophages is inhibited by fresh but not by decomplemented normal mouse serum. Binding to macrophage complement receptors was not observed.
Living with Lymphocytes
Authors: Paul William E.
Published: August 2009

One of the most important topics in contemporary research on specific immune responses is the delineation of the mechanisms regulating the excitation, proliferation, and differentiation of lymphocytes whose specific receptors have bound antigen. Specific B cell activation may proceed through two major pathways. One of these, referred to as factor-dependent B cell activation, involves the excitation of the cell through the cross linkage of its membrane immunoglobulin (Ig) and the stepwise action on these cells of a number of stimulatory factors which leads to their proliferation and subsequent differentiation into high-rate IgM secreting cells. The properties of one of these soluble factors, B cell stimulatory factor (BSF-1; formerly designated B cell growth factor) is described in detail. The means through which it acts, together with differentiation factors, to cause the cell to enter an IgM secretory state is also discussed.
Regulation of Human IgE Response by T Cells and Their Products
Authors: Suemura Masaki , Kishimoto Tadamitsu
Published: August 2009

An in vitro experimental system for the induction of human IgE production has been established with human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). For the assessment of IgE produced in vitro, a sensitive ELISA method has been developed by employing monoclonal anti-IgE antibodies. The stimulation of PBL with pokeweed mitogen plus Staphylococcus aureus strain Cowan I induced polyclonal IgE response. T cells from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, after activation with purified protein derivative and/or IgE, suppressed selectively IgE response, and the suppressive activity was found to be mediated by IgE-specific suppressor factor with affinity for IgE molecules. The suppressive activity was effective both on spontaneous IgE production as well as on mitogen- or antigen-induced IgE response in the PBL culture from atopic patients. The affinity of the suppressor factor for IgE was suggested to be due to the structural similarity with FceR on B cells. Absorption experiment suggest that the factor may bear class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, although its effect was not MHC-restricted.
Persistent IgE-Secreting Cells which Are Refractory to T-Cell Control
Authors: Holt Patrick G. , Turner Keven J.
Published: August 2009

High IgE-responder rats and mice manifesting ‘persistent’ IgE responses following parenteral immunization, were shown to contain x-irradiation resistant and T suppressor cell resistant IgE-secreting cells. Employing the ELISA-plaque technique, these cells were shown to be localized in the bone marrow and the lymph nodes draining the original site of antigenic challenge. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the results of recent studies on in vitro regulation of IgE synthesis by human cells.
Mediator Release after Allergic and Physical Nasal Challenges
Authors: Norman Philip S. , Naclerio Robert M. , Creticos Peter S. , Togias Alkis , Lichtenstein Lawrence M.
Published: August 2009

Intranasal challenge of allergic subjects with the allergen to which they are sensitive rapidly produces sneezing, rhinorrhea, and airway obstruction. Nasal washings during the response reveal increased amounts of histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandin D2 (PgD2), kinins and TAME-esterase in secretions. Although appearance of these mediators ceases shortly after challenge, many patients have a recrudescence of symptoms 3–11 h later, with a reappearance of the same mediators with the notable exception of PgD2. Subjects who respond to exposure to cold with rhinorrhea and nasal stuffiness were subjected to a 15-min nasal challenge with cold (––3–10 °C) dry (10% relative humidity) air and also responded with typical symptoms and the appearance of histamine, PgD2, TAME-esterase and leukotrienes. Nasal challenge with ragweed pollen by patients on immunotherapy showed that the threshold for response was greater and the amount of mediator found was less after treatment.
The Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS): An Update
Authors: Fauci Anthony S. , Lane Clifford
Published: August 2009

The acquired immunodeficieny syndrome (AIDS) is a disease which is characterized by a profound defect in cell-mediated immunity leading to opportunistic infections and unusual neoplasms such as Kaposi’s sarcoma. It is caused by a retrovirus of the human T cell leukemia/lymphoma virus family and has been termed HTLV-III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus. The virus selectively infects the T4 helper/inducer subset of T cells, accounting for the profound defects in immunity noted in AIDS patients. AIDS is transmitted sexually, and by blood and blood products, accounting for its relative confinement to specific risk groups. The disease is now seen worldwide, and as of September 1984, approximately 6,000 cases have been reported in the USA alone. There is no effective treatment for the disease at present, and the mortality of the full-blown syndrome approaches 100%. Hopefully, with the recent isolation of the causative agent of the syndrome, effective therapies and vaccinations will be forthcoming.
New Functions for Platelets and Their Pathological Implications
Authors: Capron A. , Ameisen J.C. , Joseph M. , Auriault C. , Tonnel A.B. , Caen J.
Published: August 2009

We have recently demonstrated in Schistosoma mansoni infection that rat and human platelets could very efficiently kill parasite larvae, both in vivo and in vitro. The study of this IgE-dependent platelet effector function has led us to several subsequent findings. They concern: (1) the existence of a specific receptor for IgE on the platelet surface; (2) its close association with a platelet membrane glycoprotein of essential functional importance, the GPIIb-IIIa complex; (3) the observation, in extrinsic allergic asthma, of an allergen-specific IgE-dependent platelet activation; (4) the identification, in aspirin-sensitive asthma, of a similar, but non-IgE-dependent, platelet activation selectively induced by cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors, and prevented by salicylate. Beyond their implication in anti-parasite immunity, these findings provide a basis for new insights on the participation of platelets in disease.
Unique Features of Human Basophilic Granulocytes Developed in in vitro Culture
Authors: Ishizaka Teruko , Conrad Daniel H. , Huff Thomas F. , Metcalfe Dean D. , Stevens Richard L. , Lewis Robert A.
Published: August 2009

Human basophilic granulocytes were obtained in suspension culture of mononuclear cells from umbilical cord blood. Precursors of basophils in the cord blood are nonadherent cells and bear neither surface Ig nor T cell marker. Cultured basophils contain chondroitin-4-sulfate proteoglycan, 1.74 μg histamine per 106 cells in average, and bear 120,000–380,000 IgE receptors per cell. The IgE receptor molecule has a molecular weight of approximately 64,000 daltons. Human, rat and mouse IgE bind to the receptors with comparable high affinity and passively sensitize the cells for mediator release. Challenge of sensitized basophils with anti-IgE resulted in stimulation of phospholipid methylation, 45Ca uptake, release of both histamine and free arachidonic acid, and enhancement of phosphatidylinositol (PI) turnover. Evidence was obtained that the activation of membrane-associated proteolytic enzyme and methyltransferases is involved in subsequent IgE-mediated biochemical cascades such as PI turnover, Ca2+ uptake and mediator release.
Differentiation Processes of Connective Tissue Mast Cells in Living Mice
Authors: Kitamura Yukihiko , Sonoda Takashi , Nakano Toru , Hayashi Chieko , Asai Hidekazu
Published: August 2009

Mice of mutant genotypes were used to investigate the differentiation process of connective tissue mast cells. Mast cell precursors, which are a progeny of the multipotential hematopoietic stem cell, leave the bone marrow, migrate in the bloodstream and enter into connective tissues where they proliferate and differentiate into mast cells. A portion of morphologically identifiable mast cells may function as committed and localized mast cell precursors. When local production of mast cells is demanded, the mast cells with proliferative potentiality respond first. Further demand is met by invasion and differentiation of marrow-derived precursors.
Basidiomycete Allergy: What Is the Best Source of Antigen?
Authors: Lopez M. , Butcher B.T. , Salvaggio J.E. , Olson J.A. , Reed M.A. , McCants M.L. , Lehrer S.B.
Published: August 2009

Skin prick test activity and antigenicity of extracts of in vitro growth of the Basidiomycete Pleurotus ostreatus (PO) were compared to extracts of spores from PO growing in the wild. Patients demonstrated significant differences in skin test reactivity to the PO extracts. Some reacted only to in vitro growth extracts, others only to the spore extracts and 1 patient to all extracts. Further studies analyzed antigens present in all extracts with rabbit antisera to PO. Common as well as unique antigens were present in the spore extracts as compared to those from in vitro preparations. The fact that spores contain unique antigens suggests that basidiospores may be the best source of relevant allergens for clinical studies.
Cloned Mouse Mast Cells and Normal Mouse Peritoneal Mast Cells
Authors: Weitzman Gary , Galli Stephen J. , Dvorak Ann M. , Hammel Ilan
Published: August 2009

We determined the serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5HT) content of growth factor dependent mouse mast cell lines or clones, and measured their ability to synthesize and store 3H-5HT from exogenous 5-hydroxy-[G-3H]-tryptophan (3H-5HTP) in vitro. Mast cells grown in vitro synthesized 3H-5HT from 3H-5HTP at rates equal to or greater than those of peritoneal mast cells freshly isolated from normal mice. Furthermore, under usual conditions of culture, mast cell lines or clones contained more 5HT than freshly isolated peritoneal mast cells.
Identification of Crustacea Allergens by Crossed Radioimmunoelectrophoresis
Authors: Lehrer S.B. , McCants M.L. , Salvaggio J.E.
Published: August 2009

Crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) detected 18 precipitating antigens in extracts of shrimp. Of these antigens, crossed-line immunoelectrophoresis (CLIE) of shrimp extract demonstrated that 5 cross-reacted with crawfish, 3 with lobster and 1 with crab extract. Allergens present in the shrimp CIE plates were identified by crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE) using sera from 6 study subjects who were skin-test and RAST positive to shrimp extract. Of the 7 allergens detected, 3 (precipitins 1, 3 and 6) reacted with most of the 6 sera tested from shrimp-sensitive subjects. Precipitins 1 and 6 appear to be common Crustacea allergens (present in shrimp, crawfish, lobster and crab) whereas precipitin 3 may be a specific allergen since it is present only in shrimp.
Inhibition of Human Basophil Leukotriene Release by Antiinflammatory Steroids
Authors: Schleimer Robert P. , Davidson Deborah A. , Peters Stephen P. , Lichtenstein Lawrence M.
Published: August 2009

We have previously shown that 24-hour culture of human basophils with the antiinflammatory steroid dexamethasone produces an inhibition of the IgE-dependent release of histamine. In contrast, similar treatment of purified human lung mast cells does not inhibit the subsequent release of either histamine, prostaglandin D2, or leukotriene (LT) C4. We now show that incubation of mixed leukocytes for 24 h with 10––7M dexamethasone produces an inhibition of anti-IgE-induced basophil LTC4 release as detected by radioimmunoassay. In three experiments, control (CON) and dexamethasone (10––7M; DEX)-treated cells were challenged with 0.01, 0.03 and 0.1 μg/ml of anti-IgE, and histamine and LTC4 were monitored. LTC4 release (ng LTC4/μg total cell histamine) from cells stimulated with anti-IgE was: 0.01 μg/ml anti-IgE, 6.9 ± 4, 0.3 ± 0.1 (CON, DEX); 0.03 μg/ml anti-IgE, 13.8 ± 4.7, 0.9 ± 0.5; 0.1 μg/ml anti-IgE, 19.5 ± 2.3, 4.9 ± 1.2. Histamine release was inhibited by 50–75% by treatment with DEX in these experiments. Dose-response studies (n = 4) indicate that the inhibitory actions of DEX on LTC4 release occur in the range of 10––10 to 10––7M. The concentration of DEX at which LTC4 release was inhibited by 50% (IC50) was approximately 2 × 10––9M. Another glucocorticoid (betamethasone) inhibited LTC4 release, while the nonglucocorticoids tetrahydrocortisone and β-estradiol were inactive. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis (coupled with RIA) indicated that the relative proportions of LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4 did not differ in supernatants from CON- and DEX-treated, anti-IgE-challenged cells. This suggests that DEX does not reduce immunoactive LTC4 by increasing its metabolism to LTD4 and LTE4. Since basophil-derived sulfidopeptide leukotrienes may play an important role in inflammatory diseases, the inhibition of basophil leukotriene release by steroids may be a significant part of their antiinflammatory action.
Eosinophil Membrane Antigens: Phenotypic Frequencies in Normal Individuals and Patients with the Hypereosinophilic Syndrome
Authors: Tax Po-Chun , Spry C.J.F. , Bakes D.M. , Barkans Julia R.
Published: August 2009

The membrane antigen phenotype of eosinophils from six normal individuals and eight patients with the hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) were examined to see whether subpopulations of eosinophils exist. Experiments were done with a panel of 6 monoclonal antibodies, using the fluorescent activated cell sorter, and immunocytochemistry. All six antibodies bound eosinophils and neutrophils, but not lymphocytes, monocytes, platelets or erythrocytes. The phenotypic frequencies of five of the six antibodies were increased in patients’ eosinophils (p < 0.005). This increase was associated with the intermediate-density eosinophils, while the antigen detected by antibody Eon 7 was associated with the light-density eosinophils. Normal eosinophils could be induced to increase their expression of these membrane antigens by incubation with mononuclear cell supernatants which are known to increase the cytotoxic capacities of eosinophil, ‘activation’. It was concluded that there is a single eosinophil which undergoes post-mitotic differentiation in the blood, leading to activation and degranulation. The heterogeneity seen in patients’ eosinophils reflect different stages of cell maturation and activation.
Effects of a Single Oral Dose of Dinitrochlorobenzene on T Lymphocyte Distribution and Migration in the Gut
Authors: Jeurissen S.H.M. , Schmidt E.D. , Sminia T. , Kraal G.
Published: August 2009

In the present study the effects of a large oral dose of the contact allergen dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) on the distribution of T-cell subsets in the small intestines and the emigration pattern of lymphocytes from Peyer’s patches were investigated. Apart from the inflammatory effects, DNCB administration resulted in an influx on the T-helper cells in the villi. Precise quantification of T lymphocytes showed a decrease in Peyer’s patches and an increase in mesenteric lymph node cell suspensions. However, no differences could be found in the emigration rate of T-cell subsets from Peyer’s patches into mesenteric lymph nodes, suggesting that the increase of T cells in mesenteric lymph nodes results from T-helper cells directly immigrating from the villi.