bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diseño y cooperación en Senegal
Authors: Design for Development DEXDE
Published: May 2017

"Diseñar para el mundo real", el libro de Papanek, inspiración para muchos estudiantes de diseño, es también una fuente de inspiración en la creación de la ONG DEXDE Design for Development, fundada en 2014 por Jordi Alberola, Inma Bailén y Pilar Alberola. Dos diseñadores y una periodista que, después de un voluntariado en Senegal, con mujeres artesanas con diversidad funcional, decidieron continuar con lo que habían empezado y formalizar el proyecto.
Pharmacognostical and Histochemical Studies on Apakva Kadali (Unripe Banana Fruit)
Authors: Ramasheshan Shantha T , Maramreddy Prathapa R , Pitchaiah Patchaimal , Ramakrishana Kishore K , Bharti Vandana , Gaddam Venkateshwarlu , Tewari Devesh , Mangal Anupam K , Srikanth Narayanam , Dhiman Kartar S
Published: May 2017

The unripe fruit of Musa × paradisiaca L., classically known as apakva kadali, belonging to the family Musaceae, is used as pa- thya in atisara (diarrhea), in grahani (irritable bowel syndrome), and agnimandya (loss of appetite). The unripe fruits are considered to be helpful in the management of diabetes mellitus. Being an important medicinal plant, the present investigation is an attempt to explore the pharmacognostical analysis and thin-layer chromatography fingerprint studies on the widely used Musa. × paradisiaca L. The studies revealed that unripe banana fruit showed the presence of small outer protrusion of papillae on the epidermis, abundant tannin-containing cells in the epicarp and mesocarp. Elongated air-spaced cells are surrounded by the parenchyma cells in the epicarp, abundant starch grains in the mesocarp portion, and acicular crystals of calcium oxalate in raphide bundles. To detect the location of various constituents of the drug, sections of unripe fruits were treated with various reagents, and studies showed the presence of phenols, protein, calcium oxalate, magnesium, starch, cellulose, calcium pectate, lignin, sulfated mucopolysaccharides, tannin, and silica contents. Phytochemical studies showed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, phenols, proteins, starch, tannins, steroids, and saponins.
Microscopical and Preliminary Physicochemical Studies of Two Important Endangered Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants Kutki and Trayamana to establish their Identity
Authors: Mangal Anupam K , Rath Chinmay , Tewari Devesh , Dutta Sreya , Srikanth Narayanam , Dhiman Kartar S
Published: May 2017

Kutki is an important Ayurvedic drug native to the Himalayan region, and its official source is Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth., belonging to the family Scrophulariaceae. The plant is a small, hairy perennial herb with creeping and woody rhizome and used in various Ayurvedic medicines. It is useful as a laxative, liver- stimulant, galactogouge, and appetite-stimulant and is beneficial in bronchial asthma. Due to its high demand, the plant is often adulterated/substituted with the roots of Trayamana (Gentiana kurroo Royle), as one of the source of the Kutki. The present study has focused to establish the identity of Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth through microscopical investigations and comparison of the genuine drug with its substitute Gentiana kurroo Royle. Powder of the rhizomes of Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth. and roots of Gentiana kurroo Royle were subjected to microscopic characterization and physicochemical analysis, which would not only serve in the identification of both the drugs, but also contribute toward establishing pharmacopoeial standards.
Concept of Stability Study of Churna Kalpana
Authors: Neetu  , Singhal Harish K , Sharma Khem Chand
Published: May 2017

A common myth exists among people that Ayurvedic medicines do not have an expiry date, but it is not true. Concept behind expiry means that after a certain period, the substance that is used as medicine undergoes changes, which make it ineffective. That period is known as expiry date or shelf life in modern system of medicine. This concept was described in 14th century by Acharya Sharangdhar as Saviryata Awadhi in his textbook Sharangdhar Samhita. Recent development in the field of Ayurvedic pharma industries has reestablished old principles through evidences. Among the description of all five primary dosage forms, Churna (powder) has been considered in this study. There are numerous factors that affect its shelf life, which have been discussed in this study. Based on that, we conclude that by improving storage conditions, adding additives and preservatives, degradation of Churna can be checked.
Utilization of Some Important Herbs used as “Śāaka” (Vegetable) in Ayurveda by Tribal People of Raigarh District, Chhattisgarh State, India
Authors: Lale Sanjeev Kumar , Gaur Sugriv Kumar
Published: May 2017

There are a large number of classical Ayurvedic plants that are used as vegetables by tribal communities of Raigarh district. These plants profusely grow on wastelands that are free of insecticides/pesticides and give new relish vegetables. These vegetables are not popular among common people or they feel inferior to accept these vegetables in their diet. The consumption of such important plant resources should be popularized as they could be beneficial resource for prevention, management, and treatment of chronic diseases. The present study deals with the medicobotanical survey work of Dharmajaygarh and Raigarh forest divisions of Raigarh district, Chhattisgarh, India. These vegetables are arranged in their useful part, e.g., leaf, fruit, tuber, etc., their Ayurvedic name, local name, botanical name, family, and part used followed by their Ayurvedic and local uses. The study revealed the utilization of 31 classical Ayurvedic vegetables (sāka) by tribal people of Raigarh district. Vegetables like Enhydra fluctuans Lour., Corchorus capsularis L., Leucas cephalotes (Roth) Spreng., Boerhavia diffusa L., Senna tora (L.) Roxb., Ceiosia argentea L., Lathyrus sativus L., Centella asiatica (L.) Urb., Tamilnadia uliginosa (Retz.) Tirveng. & Sastre, Dioscorea alata L., etc., are unique in this area. The study suggests that the inclusion of these herbs in the regular diet of common people helps in prevention and management of various ailments.
Electrospray-Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (ES-SERS) for probing surface chemical compositions of atmospherically relevant particles
Authors: Gen Masao , Chan Chak K.
Published: May 2017

Abstract. We present electrospray-surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (ES-SERS) as a new approach to measuring the surface chemical compositions of atmospherically relevant particles. The surface-sensitive SERS is realized by electrospraying Ag nanoparticle aerosols over analyte particles. Spectral features at v(SO42−), v(C-H) and v(O-H) modes were observed from the normal Raman and SERS measurements of laboratory-generated supermicron particles of ammonium sulfate (AS), AS mixed with succinic acid (AS/SA) and AS mixed with sucrose (AS/sucrose). SERS measurements showed strong interaction (or chemisorption) between Ag nanoparticles and surface aqueous sulfate [SO42−] with [SO42−]AS/sucrose > [SO42−]AS/SA > [SO42−]AS. Enhanced spectra of the solid AS and AS/SA particles revealed the formation of surface-adsorbed water on their surfaces at 60 % relative humidity. These observations of surface aqueous sulfate and adsorbed water demonstrate a possible role of surface-adsorbed water in facilitating the dissolution of sulfate from the bulk phase into its water layer(s). Submicron ambient aerosol particles collected in Hong Kong exhibited non-enhanced features of black carbon and enhanced features of sulfate and organic matter (carbonyl group), indicating an enrichment of sulfate and organic matter on the particle surface.
The Role of 1D and 3D Radiative Heating on the Organization of Shallow Cumulus Convection and the Formation of Cloud Streets
Authors: Jakub Fabian , Mayer Bernhard
Published: May 2017

Abstract. The formation of shallow cumulus cloud streets was historically attributed primarily to dynamics. Here, we focus on the interaction between radiatively induced surface heterogeneities and the resulting patterns in the flow. Our results suggest that solar radiative heating has the potential to organize clouds perpendicular to the sun's incidence angle. To quantify the extent of organization, we performed a high resolution LES parameter study. We varied the horizontal wind speed, the surface heat capacity, the solar zenith and azimuth angles, as well as radiative transfer parameterizations (1D and 3D). As a quantitative measure we introduce a simple algorithm that provides a scalar quantity for the degree of organization and the alignment. We find that, in the absence of a horizontal wind, 3D radiative transfer produces cloud streets perpendicular to the sun's incident direction, whereas the 1D approximation or constant surface fluxes produce circular, randomly positioned, clouds. Our reasoning for the enhancement or reduction of organization is the geometric position of the cloud's shadow and the corresponding surface fluxes. Furthermore, when increasing horizontal wind speeds to 5 or 10 m s−1, we observe the development of dynamically induced cloud streets. If in addition, solar radiation illuminates the surface beneath the cloud, i.e. when the sun is positioned orthogonal to the mean wind field and the solar zenith angle is larger than 20°, the cloud-radiative feedback has the potential to significantly enhance the tendency to organize in cloud streets. In contrast, in the case of the 1D approximation (or overhead sun), the tendency to organize is weaker or even prohibited because the shadow is cast directly beneath the cloud. The radiative feedback on surface heterogeneities is generally diminished for large surface heat capacities. We therefore expect radiative feedbacks to be strongest over land surfaces and weaker over the ocean. Given the results of this study we expect that simulations including shallow cumulus convection will have difficulties producing cloud streets if they employ 1D radiative transfer solvers or may need unrealistically high wind speeds to excite cloud street organization.
Improvements to the WRF-Chem model for quasi-hemispheric simulations of aerosols and ozone in the Arctic
Authors: Marelle Louis , Raut Jean-Christophe , Law Kathy S. , Berg Larry K. , Fast Jerome D. , Easter Richard C. , Shrivastava Manish , Thomas Jennie L.
Published: May 2017

Abstract. In this study, the WRF-Chem regional model is updated to improve simulated short-lived pollutants (aerosols, ozone) in the Arctic. Specifically, we include in WRF-Chem 3.5.1 (with SAPRC-99 gas-phase chemistry and MOSAIC aerosols) (1) a correction to the sedimentation of aerosols, (2) dimethylsulfide (DMS) oceanic emissions and gas-phase chemistry, (3) an improved representation of the dry deposition of trace gases over seasonal snow, (4) an UV-albedo dependence on snow and ice cover for photolysis calculations. We also (5) correct the representation of surface temperatures over melting ice in the Noah Land Surface Model and (6) couple and further test the recent KF-CuP (Kain-Fritsch + Cumulus Potential) cumulus parameterization that includes the effect of cumulus clouds on aerosols and trace gases. The updated model is used to perform quasi-hemispheric simulations of aerosols and ozone, which are evaluated against surface measurements of black carbon (BC), sulfate, and ozone, and airborne measurements of BC in the Arctic. The updated model shows significant improvements in terms of seasonal aerosol cycles at the surface, root mean square errors (RMSE) for surface ozone and aerosols and BC aloft, compared to the base version of the model and to previous large-scale evaluations of WRF-Chem in the Arctic. These improvements are mostly due to the inclusion of cumulus effects on aerosols and trace gases in KF-CuP (improved RMSE for surface BC and BC profiles, surface sulfate and surface ozone), the improved surface temperatures over sea ice (surface ozone, BC, and sulfate), and the updated trace gas deposition and UV-albedo over snow and ice (improved RMSE and correlation for surface ozone). DMS emissions and chemistry improve surface sulfate at all Arctic sites except Zeppelin, and correcting aerosol sedimentation has little influence on aerosols except in the upper troposphere.
Element-by-element parallel spectral-element methods for 3-D acoustic-wave-equation-based teleseismic wave modeling
Authors: Liu Shaolin , Yang Dinghui , Dong Xingpeng , Liu Qiancheng , Zheng Yongchang
Published: May 2017

Abstract. The increasing demand for the high-resolution imaging of deep lithosphere structures requires the utilization of a teleseismic dataset for waveform inversion. The construction of an efficient algorithm for the teleseismic wavefield modeling is valuable for the calculation of misfit kernels or Fréchet derivatives when the teleseismic waveform is used for adjoint tomography. Here, we introduce an element-by-element parallel spectral-element method (EBE-SEM) for the efficient modeling of teleseismic wavefield propagation in a localized geology model. Under the assumption of the plane wave, the frequency-wavenumber (FK) technique is implemented to compute the boundary wavefield used for constructing the boundary condition of the teleseismic wave incidence. To reduce the memory required for the storage of the boundary wavefield for the incidence boundary condition, an economical strategy is introduced to store the boundary wavefield on the model boundary. The perfectly matched layers absorbing boundary condition (PML ABC) is formulated by the EBE-SEM to absorb the scattered wavefield from the model interior. The misfit kernel (derivatives of the waveform misfit with respect to model parameters) can be easily constructed without extra computational effort for the calculation of the element stiffness matrix per time step during the calculation of the adjoint wavefield. Three synthetic examples demonstrate the validity of EBE-SEM for use in teleseismic wavefield modeling and the misfit kernel calculation.
Romper el espejo: la mujer y la trasgresión de código en la literatura rumana
Authors: Dragotă Lavinia-Alexandra
Published: May 2017

El objetivo de este trabajo es el estudio de la imagen de la mujer en la literatura rumana, especialmente durante la Segunda guerra Mundial, teniéndose en cuenta la escasez de estudios sobre el tema y el interés que presenta. Para ello, averiguamos cómo describe la literatura de esta época las relaciones entre hombres y mujeres, cómo presenta y representa ambos géneros y, en especial, cuál es el papel de los personajes femeninos, qué funciones ejercen, de qué manera son mostrados y mirados. A través de los personajes femeninos de la novela de Cella Serghi, Cartea Mironei (El Libro de Mirona) realizamos un análisis de la imagen de la mujer con el fin de visibilizar su evolución en la literatura y, por consecuencia, en la sociedad rumana de la Segunda guerra Mundial.
Los juegos bélicos de Roberto Bolaño
Authors: Kovačević Petrović Bojana
Published: May 2017

En este trabajo investigaremos la presencia de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, las deformaciones del nazismo y la estrategia bélica como temas obsesivos de Roberto Bolaño desde los principios de su carrera literaria hasta las novelas publicadas tras su muerte. Prestando atención a sus juegos literarios y haciendo un análisis detallado de La literatura nazi en América (1996) y El Tercer Reich (la novela empezada en los años ochenta bajo el título La Estrategia Mediterránea pero publicada en 2010, siete años después del fallecimiento del escritor), consultando los artículos escritos por Roberto Bolaño y sobre él, las entrevistas y otros testimonios disponibles, intentaremos mostrar el impacto de la guerra tanto en su vigor literario como en su vida privada, e identificaremos los juegos de guerra como metáfora de la literatura y la vida del escritor chileno, aficionado a los wargames y propietario de una gran colección de ellos.
The Effects of Information Communication Technology on Stock Market Capitalization: A Panel Data Analysis
Authors: Lee Sang , Alford Matthew , Cresson John , Gardner Lara
Published: May 2017

The level of investment in information communication technologies (ICT) that may affect stock market capitalization varies substantially across countries. Using data on 81 countries from 1998 to 2014, we use a country-fixed effects model to estimate the relationship between ICTs and stock market capitalization. Our empirical model is built on the premise that (1) increased deployment of ICT allows financial market participants to make more informed decisions at reduced inherent risks associated with deficient information or uncertainty in financial markets; and (2) increased access to and use of information communication technologies is expected to improve a country's economic fundamentals. The empirical results support our hypothesis that ICT expansions are positively associated with stock market capitalization.
25 anys de recerca en didàctica de la llengua
Authors: Camps i Mundó Anna
Published: May 2017

L’article es deriva de la conferència inaugural del Màster de Recerca en Educació, dictada el 19 de gener de 2017 a la Facultat de Ciències de l’Educació, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, en el marc de les celebracions pel 25 aniversari de la creació d’aquesta facultat.
Implicações do neoliberalismo para a educação infantil: um relato de experiência
Authors: Queiróz Luciano Barbosa de , Barbosa Jeorge Luis Aguiar , Campos Lucas Cândido , Santos Ida Celine Gonçalves , Souza Amanda Pereira Borges de
Published: May 2017

Este artigo é um relato de experiência acerca de um Curso de Formação exclusivamente destinado às auxiliares de atividades educativas da Rede Municipal de Educação (RME) de Goiânia e desenvolvido por estagiários de Licenciatura em Psicologia, sob supervisão. Dentro de uma concepção crítica e transformadora de estágio, foram aplicadas duas fichas, uma de identificação e outra de avaliação, em alunas do curso. Os dados sugeriram, após análise, que estratégias de contenção de gastos e “enxugamento” da máquina pública através da contratação temporária se somam ao atual contexto de grave crise econômica e fiscal, resultando em piores condições de trabalho, a perda de sua qualidade e o desvirtuamento das orientações para a Educação Infantil no município.
Editorial – Revista Educação
Authors: Salva Sueli , Pereira Marcelo De Andrade , Berni Clenio Perlin
Published: May 2017

Editorial
L’étrangeté de la poésie
Authors: Dumont François
Published: May 2017

Dans son oeuvre critique, Gilles Marcotte revient constamment sur la question de l’étrangeté de la poésie. À la suite d’un débat sur l’identité canadienne-française, au début des années 1950, il fait l’éloge de l’hermétisme en poésie pour promouvoir une nécessaire ouverture à ce qui dépasse les définitions. Dans Une littérature qui se fait, son premier livre de critique, paru en 1962, l’étrangeté prend la forme d’une aliénation et le motif de « l’exil » permet d’esquisser une histoire en cours de la littérature canadienne-française. Cette description est développée, en 1969, dans Le temps des poètes, qui porte surtout sur la poésie publiée par les Éditions de l’Hexagone, maison dont Marcotte suit de près l’évolution à partir de sa fondation en 1953. L’« aventure » de l’Hexagone témoigne selon Marcotte d’un affranchissement de l’aliénation par la parole. Sous cet angle, l’étrangeté de la poésie paraît désigner ce qui doit être combattu. Or Marcotte retrouve rapidement sa perspective de départ en valorisant ce qui échappe aux réponses : il fait valoir la part négative de la modernité poétique, qu’il étudie plus particulièrement, d’un point de vue sociocritique, chez Rimbaud, et à laquelle il rattache notamment l’oeuvre romanesque de Réjean Ducharme. Marcotte revient souvent sur la figure de Saint-Denys Garneau, d’Une littérature qui se fait jusqu’à son dernier livre, La littérature est inutile, paru en 2009. L’une des questions que soulève la poésie de Garneau est celle de la distinction entre l’étrangeté poétique et le mystère religieux. Se penchant sur l’oeuvre de plusieurs autres poètes, Marcotte refuse de quitter le terrain littéraire et fait du principe de contradiction le lieu d’une étrangeté essentielle qu’il s’agirait de préserver.
Functional mapping of yeast genomes by saturated transposition
Authors: Michel Agnès H , Hatakeyama Riko , Kimmig Philipp , Arter Meret , Peter Matthias , Matos Joao , De Virgilio Claudio , Kornmann Benoît
Published: May 2017

Yeast is a powerful model for systems genetics. We present a versatile, time- and labor-efficient method to functionally explore the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome using saturated transposon mutagenesis coupled to high-throughput sequencing. SAturated Transposon Analysis in Yeast (SATAY) allows one-step mapping of all genetic loci in which transposons can insert without disrupting essential functions. SATAY is particularly suited to discover loci important for growth under various conditions. SATAY (1) reveals positive and negative genetic interactions in single and multiple mutant strains, (2) can identify drug targets, (3) detects not only essential genes, but also essential protein domains, (4) generates both null and other informative alleles. In a SATAY screen for rapamycin-resistant mutants, we identify Pib2 (PhosphoInositide-Binding 2) as a master regulator of TORC1. We describe two antagonistic TORC1-activating and -inhibiting activities located on opposite ends of Pib2. Thus, SATAY allows to easily explore the yeast genome at unprecedented resolution and throughput.
Learning multiple variable-speed sequences in striatum via cortical tutoring
Authors: Murray James M , Escola G Sean
Published: May 2017

Sparse, sequential patterns of neural activity have been observed in numerous brain areas during timekeeping and motor sequence tasks. Inspired by such observations, we construct a model of the striatum, an all-inhibitory circuit where sequential activity patterns are prominent, addressing the following key challenges: (i) obtaining control over temporal rescaling of the sequence speed, with the ability to generalize to new speeds; (ii) facilitating flexible expression of distinct sequences via selective activation, concatenation, and recycling of specific subsequences; and (iii) enabling the biologically plausible learning of sequences, consistent with the decoupling of learning and execution suggested by lesion studies showing that cortical circuits are necessary for learning, but that subcortical circuits are sufficient to drive learned behaviors. The same mechanisms that we describe can also be applied to circuits with both excitatory and inhibitory populations, and hence may underlie general features of sequential neural activity pattern generation in the brain.
LIBERTAD RELIGIOSA Y ACOMODACIÓN RAZONABLE EN BRASIL
Authors:   Pontifícia Universidad Católica de Rio de Janeiro (Brasil), Carvalho Leite Fábio
Published: May 2017

Este artículo tiene como propósito hacer un análisis de la adopción de la idea de acomodación razonable por motivos religiosos en Brasil. El artículo presenta algunos casos concretos (los más frecuentes) y apunta algunas dificultades y resistencias al concepto de acomodación en el pensamiento jurídico brasileño.
Inferring hydraulic properties of alpine aquifers from the propagation of diurnal snowmelt signals
Authors: Kurylyk Barret L. , Hayashi Masaki
Published: May 2017

Alpine watersheds source major rivers throughout the world and supply essential water for irrigation, human consumption, and hydroelectricity. Coarse depositional units in alpine watersheds can store and transmit significant volumes of groundwater and thus augment stream discharge during the dry season. These environments are typically data scarce, which has limited the application of physically based models to investigate hydrologic sensitivity to environmental change. This study focuses on a coarse alpine talus unit within the Lake O'Hara watershed in the Canadian Rockies. We investigate processes controlling the hydrologic functioning of the talus unit using field observations and a numerical groundwater flow model driven with a distributed snowmelt model. The model hydraulic parameters are adjusted to investigate how these properties influence the propagation of snowmelt‐induced diurnal signals. The model results expectedly demonstrate that diurnal signals at the talus outlet are progressively damped and lagged with lower hydraulic conductivity and higher specific yield. The simulations further indicate that the lag can be primarily controlled by a higher hydraulic conductivity upper layer, whereas the damping can be strongly influenced by a lower hydraulic conductivity layer along the base of the talus. The simulations specifically suggest that the talus slope can be represented as a two layer system with a high conductivity zone (0.02 m s−1) overlying a 10 cm thick lower conductivity zone (0.002 m s−1). This study demonstrates that diurnal signals can be used to elucidate the hydrologic functioning and hydraulic properties of shallow aquifers and thus aid in the parameterization of hydrological models.
Effects of spatially distributed sectoral water management on the redistribution of water resources in an integrated water model
Authors: Voisin Nathalie , Hejazi Mohamad I. , Leung L. Ruby , Liu Lu , Huang Maoyi , Li Hong‐Yi , Tesfa Teklu
Published: May 2017

Realistic representations of sectoral water withdrawals and consumptive demands and their allocation to surface and groundwater sources are important for improving modeling of the integrated water cycle. To inform future model development, we enhance the representation of water management in a regional Earth system (ES) model with a spatially distributed allocation of sectoral water demands simulated by a regional integrated assessment (IA) model to surface and groundwater systems. The integrated modeling framework (IA‐ES) is evaluated by analyzing the simulated regulated flow and sectoral supply deficit in major hydrologic regions of the conterminous U.S, which differ from ES studies looking at water storage variations. Decreases in historical supply deficit are used as metrics to evaluate IA‐ES model improvement in representating the complex sectoral human activities for assessing future adaptation and mitigation strategies. We also assess the spatial changes in both regulated flow and unmet demands, for irrigation and nonirrigation sectors, resulting from the individual and combined additions of groundwater and return flow modules. Results show that groundwater use has a pronounced regional and sectoral effect by reducing water supply deficit. The effects of sectoral return flow exhibit a clear east‐west contrast in the hydrologic patterns, so the return flow component combined with the IA sectoral demands is a major driver for spatial redistribution of water resources and water deficits in the US. Our analysis highlights the need for spatially distributed sectoral representation of water management to capture the regional differences in interbasin redistribution of water resources and deficits.
Trajectories toward the 1.5°C Paris target: Modulation by the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation
Authors: Henley Benjamin J. , King Andrew D.
Published: May 2017

Global temperature is rapidly approaching the 1.5°C Paris target. In the absence of external cooling influences, such as volcanic eruptions, temperature projections are centered on a breaching of the 1.5°C target, relative to 1850–1900, before 2029. The phase of the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) will regulate the rate at which mean temperature approaches the 1.5°C level. A transition to the positive phase of the IPO would lead to a projected exceedance of the target centered around 2026. If the Pacific Ocean remains in its negative decadal phase, the target will be reached around 5 years later, in 2031. Given the temporary slowdown in global warming between 2000 and 2014, and recent initialized decadal predictions suggestive of a turnaround in the IPO, a sustained period of rapid temperature rise might be underway. In that case, the world will reach the 1.5°C level of warming several years sooner than if the negative IPO phase persists.
Processes governing arsenic retardation on Pleistocene sediments: Adsorption experiments and model‐based analysis
Authors: Rathi Bhasker , Neidhardt Harald , Berg Michael , Siade Adam , Prommer Henning
Published: May 2017

In many countries of south/south‐east Asia, reliance on Pleistocene aquifers for the supply of low‐arsenic groundwater has created the risk of inducing migration of high‐arsenic groundwater from adjacent Holocene aquifers. Adsorption of arsenic onto mineral surfaces of Pleistocene sediments is an effective attenuation mechanism. However, little is known about the sorption under anoxic conditions, in particular the behavior of arsenite. We report the results of anoxic batch experiments investigating arsenite (1–25 µmol/L) adsorption onto Pleistocene sediments under a range of field‐relevant conditions. The sorption of arsenite was nonlinear and decreased with increasing phosphate concentrations (3–60 µmol/L) while pH (range 6–8) had no effect on total arsenic sorption. To simulate the sorption experiments, we developed surface complexation models of varying complexity. The simulated concentrations of arsenite, arsenate, and phosphate were in good agreement for the isotherm and phosphate experiments while secondary geochemical processes affected the pH experiments. For the latter, the model‐based analysis suggests that the formation of solution complexes between organic buffers and Mn(II) ions promoted the oxidation of arsenite involving naturally occurring Mn‐oxides. Upscaling the batch experiment model to a reactive transport model for Pleistocene aquifers demonstrates strong arsenic retardation and could have useful implications in the management of arsenic‐free Pleistocene aquifers.
Nitride, Zirconia, Alumina, and Carbide Coatings on Ti6Al4V Femoral Heads: Effect of Deposition Techniques on Mechanical and Tribological Properties
Authors: Ege Duygu , Duru İlayda , Kamali Ali Reza , Boccaccini Aldo R.
Published: May 2017

Ti6Al4V has been extensively studied in orthopedic applications because of its biocompatibility, desirable mechanical strength, and fatigue resistance. A wide range of bioinert ceramics have been investigated to further develop the tribological and mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V for the production of potential femoral heads. However, an analysis of the literature indicates that the performance of the coatings produced has been inconsistent. In this review, for the first‐time deposition techniques of the most widely studied bioinert ceramics namely nitrides, carbides, zirconia, and alumina on Ti6Al4V substrates and their relevant mechanical and tribological performance have been analyzed. Finally, graphene has also been suggested for use together with bioinert ceramics due to its excellent mechanical and physical properties for coating Ti6Al4V femoral heads.
Self‐Targeting, Immune Transparent Plasma Protein Coated Nanocomplex for Noninvasive Photothermal Anticancer Therapy
Authors: Mi Fwu‐Long , Burnouf Thierry , Lu Shih‐Yuan , Lu Yu‐Jen , Lu Kun‐Ying , Ho Yi‐Cheng , Kuo Chang‐Yi , Chuang Er‐Yuan
Published: May 2017

Cancer cells exhibit specific physiological differences compared to normal cells. Most surface membranes of cancer cells are characterized by high expression of given protein receptors, such as albumin, transferrin, and growth factors that are also present in the plasma of patients themselves, but are lacking on the surface of normal cells. These distinct features between cancer and normal cells can serve as a niche for developing specific treatment strategies. Near‐infrared (NIR)‐light‐triggered therapy platforms are an interesting novel avenue for use in clinical nanomedicine. As a photothermal agent, conducting polymer nanoparticles, such as polypyrrole (PPy), of great NIR light photothermal effects and good biocompatibility, show promising applications in cancer treatments through the hyperthermia mechanism. Autologous plasma proteins coated PPy nanoparticles for hyperthermia therapy as a novel core technology platform to treat cancers through secreted protein acid and rich in cysteine targeting are developed here. This approach can provide unique features of specific targeting toward cancer cell surface markers and immune transparency to avoid recognition and attack by defense cells and achieve prolonged circulation half‐life. This technology platform unveils new clinical options for treatment of cancer patients, supporting the emergence of innovative clinical products.
Indium‐Free Perovskite Solar Cells Enabled by Impermeable Tin‐Oxide Electron Extraction Layers
Authors: Hu Ting , Becker Tim , Pourdavoud Neda , Zhao Jie , Brinkmann Kai Oliver , Heiderhoff Ralf , Gahlmann Tobias , Huang Zengqi , Olthof Selina , Meerholz Klaus , Többens Daniel , Cheng Baochang , Chen Yiwang , Riedl Thomas
Published: May 2017

Corrosive precursors used for the preparation of organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite photoactive layers prevent the application of ultrathin metal layers as semitransparent bottom electrodes in perovskite solar cells (PVSCs). This study introduces tin‐oxide (SnOx) grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD), whose outstanding permeation barrier properties enable the design of an indium‐tin‐oxide (ITO)‐free semitransparent bottom electrode (SnOx/Ag or Cu/SnOx), in which the metal is efficiently protected against corrosion. Simultaneously, SnOx functions as an electron extraction layer. We unravel the spontaneous formation of a PbI2 interfacial layer between SnOx and the CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite. An interface dipole between SnOx and this PbI2 layer is found, which depends on the oxidant (water, ozone, or oxygen plasma) used for the ALD growth of SnOx. An electron extraction barrier between perovskite and PbI2 is identified, which is the lowest in devices based on SnOx grown with ozone. The resulting PVSCs are hysteresis‐free with a stable power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.3% and a remarkably high open circuit voltage of 1.17 V. The ITO‐free analogues still achieve a high PCE of 11%.
Robust GQDs Modified Thermally Reduced Graphene Oxide Membranes for Ultrafast and Long‐Term Purification of Dye‐Wasted Water
Authors: Ying Yulong , He Peng , Wei Mingjie , Ding Guqiao , Peng Xinsheng
Published: May 2017

Graphene‐related membranes have shown promising potential for water purification. However, both high stability and efficient separation performance of graphene‐related membranes for long‐term operation are urgently requested for their real applications. Here, a robust graphene quantum dots (GQDs) modified thermally reduced graphene oxide (TRG) (GQDs‐TRG) membrane is assembled from GQDs modified TRG aqueous dispersion. The GQDs‐TRG membrane demonstrates an excellent long‐term continuous separation performance in cross‐flow module, with a water permeance of 2000 ± 70 L per hour per square meter per bar (LHM bar−1) and 96 ± 0.2% rejection of Evans Blue (EB). The water permeance is 27 times higher than that of graphene oxide membrane and about two orders of magnitude higher than those of commercial filtration membranes with similar rejection. The gravity‐driven separation experiments on a dead‐end setup and nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulation further confirm the surface cross flow is beneficial to enhancing the durability of GQDs‐TRG membrane on cross‐flow system. On gravity‐driven separation system, under 10 cm liquid column, the GQDs‐TRG membrane (2.34 µm thickness and 12.56 cm2 effective area) exhibits a water permeance of 800 ± 30 LHM bar−1, EB rejection above 95 ± 0.4%, and durability more than 7 month operation. These GQDs‐TRG membranes show the great potential for the long‐term purification of dye‐wasted water with high stability and suitability.
Bidirectional Perfect Absorber Using Free Substrate Plasmonic Metasurfaces
Authors: Li Jianxiong , Yu Ping , Tang Chengchun , Cheng Hua , Li Junjie , Chen Shuqi , Tian Jianguo
Published: May 2017

Much effort has been made to achieve metasurface absorbers with polarization‐insensitive, wide‐angle, multiband, or broadband performance from gigahertz to terahertz to optical ranges. However, there are well‐known challenges in optimizing the performance of metasurface absorbers, due to the existence of a theoretical limit. It is urgent to extend and improve the optical properties of metasurface absorbers to satisfy the requirements for practical applications. Here, a novel free substrate metasurface absorber is demonstrated that has high spatial frequencies on the surface and can prevent light transmission and reflection by transforming free‐space incident waves into evanescent waves. Experimental and simulation results show that the proposed metasurface absorber can realize bidirectional perfect absorption and that the absorption of the light incident on one side of the metasurface is independent of the light incident on the other. Hence, the bidirectional perfect absorption does not depend on coherence of the beams. The proposed metasurface provides new degrees of freedom to realize a perfect absorber with twice the absorption capacity. It could have a wide range of applications and profound implications in photodetection, solar light harvesting, and sensing.
Expanding the phenotypic spectrum of truncating POGZ mutations: Association with CNS malformations, skeletal abnormalities, and distinctive facial dysmorphism
Authors: Dentici Maria Lisa , Niceta Marcello , Pantaleoni Francesca , Barresi Sabina , Bencivenga Paola , Dallapiccola Bruno , Digilio Maria Cristina , Tartaglia Marco
Published: May 2017

Exome sequencing has led to the comprehension of the molecular bases of several forms of neurodevelopmental disorders, a clinically heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by intellectual disability (ID) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). De novo mutations in POGZ has been causally linked to isolated ASD and syndromic ID, only recently. Here we report on a 15 year‐old girl in whom exome sequencing allowed to identify a de novo POGZ truncating mutation as the molecular cause underlying a complex phenotype apparently not fitting any recognized syndrome. We describe the evolution of her clinical features with age, and review published clinical data of patients with POGZ mutations to systematically analyze the clinical spectrum associated with mutations. Our finding expands the clinical and molecular spectrum of POGZ mutations. Revision of the literature indicate that moderate to severe ID, microcephaly, variable CNS malformations, reduced growth, brachytelephalangy, and facial dysmorphism represent recurrent features associated with POGZ mutations.
Use of balloon sinuplasty in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis in the United States
Authors: Chaaban Mohamad R. , Baillargeon Jacques G. , Baillargeon Gwen , Resto Vicente , Kuo Yong‐Fang
Published: May 2017

Background

Over the past decade, the use of balloon sinuplasty has increased widely in the United States. Since its introduction, no nationally representative, population‐based study has examined its use among chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) patients.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients diagnosed with CRS between 2011 and 2014, and compared the prevalence of conventional functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS), balloon sinuplasty, and hybrid sinus surgery according to surgical site and calendar year.

Results

Out of 11 million to 11.4 million enrollees per year, a total of 661,738 patients with the diagnosis of CRS were included in the analyses. There was an increase in the use of balloon sinuplasty as a stand‐alone procedure from 5% in 2011 to 22.5% in 2014. Conventional FESS continued to be the most commonly performed sinus procedure over the study period. Multinomial logistic regression analyses showed a linear increase in balloon sinuplasty and hybrid procedures from 2011 to 2014. Compared to patients over 60 years, patients younger than 30 years had lower odds of having a balloon sinuplasty as a stand‐alone procedure compared to FESS. Compared to patients in the West, patients in the South, Northeast, and Midwest were significantly more likely to have balloon sinuplasty as a stand‐alone procedure. Assessment of the sinus surgery site showed that patients with additional frontal sinus surgery were more likely to have a balloon‐only procedure (odds ratio [OR], 4.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.21 to 5.17) or a hybrid procedure (OR, 8.69; 95% CI, 7.48 to 10.11) than conventional FESS when compared to patients with conventional maxillary surgery only.

Conclusion

From 2011 to 2014 there was an increase in the use of balloon sinuplasty and a modest decrease in the use of conventional FESS in the United States. Patients with frontal or sphenoid sinus surgical sites were more likely to have a balloon or hybrid procedure.
Chiral Selective Transport of Proteins by Cysteine‐Enantiomer‐Modified Nanopores
Authors: Zhang Fan , Sun Yue , Tian Demei , Li Haibing
Published: May 2017

Chirality is an intriguing and intrinsic feature of life and is highly associated with many significant biological processes. However, whether it influences the translocation behavior of proteins remains unclear. Herein, based on biomimetic strategies, we made chiral nanopores modified with cysteine enantiomers, and studied the chirality gating effects on protein transport. The results show that protein is preferentially transported through nanopores modified with l‐cysteine because of chiral interaction, indicating chirality strongly influences protein transport process. This study presents a new method for better understanding the role of chirality in selective protein transport processes and provides a convenient approach for studying protein chiral separation and targeted treatments.
Selective and Reversible Fluoride Complexation from Water by a Cyclic Tri(phosphonio)methanide Dication
Authors: Yogendra Sivathmeehan , Hennersdorf Felix , Bauzá Antonio , Frontera Antonio , Fischer Roland , Weigand Jan J.
Published: May 2017

Tri(phosphonio)methanide dication 32+, prepared from a trifluoromethylsulfanylphosphonium dication (12+) via an intramolecular electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction, is an unexpected P‐based, water‐resistant Lewis acid that is capable to selectively and reversibly bind fluoride ions from organic/aqueous biphasic solution. The formed complex is an unusual fluorophosphorane ([3‐F]OTf). The multiple donor–acceptor interactions of 32+ that are crucial for the fluoride fixation have been elucidated by quantum chemical calculation. Compound [3‐F]OTf can also be used as a convenient anhydrous fluoride ion source and was probed as a suitable catalyst of the silylotrifluoromethylation of various aldehydes.
Silylene–Nickel Promoted Cleavage of B−O Bonds: From Catechol Borane to the Hydroborylene Ligand
Authors: Hadlington Terrance J. , Szilvási Tibor , Driess Matthias
Published: May 2017

The first 16 valence electron [bis(NHC)](silylene)Ni0 complex 1, [(TMSL)ClSi:→Ni(NHC)2], bearing the acyclic amido‐chlorosilylene (TMSL)ClSi: (TMSL=N(SiMe3)Dipp; Dipp=2,6‐Pri2C6H4) and two NHC ligands (N‐heterocyclic carbene=:C[(Pri)NC(Me)]2) was synthesized in high yield and structurally characterized. Compound 1 is capable of facile dihydrogen activation under ambient conditions to give the corresponding HSi‐NiH complex 2. Most notably, 1 reacts with catechol borane to afford the unprecedented hydroborylene‐coordinated (chloro)(silyl)nickel(II) complex 3, {[cat(TMSL)Si](Cl)Ni←:BH(NHC)2}, via the cleavage of two B−O bonds and simultaneous formation of two Si−O bonds. The mechanism for the formation of 3 was rationalized by means of DFT calculations, which highlight the powerful synergistic effects of the Si:→Ni moiety in the breaking of incredibly strong B−O bonds.
Synthesis of Structurally Complex Silicon Frameworks through the First Sila‐Aldol Reaction
Authors: Leypold Mario , Schuh Lukas , Fischer Roland , Torvisco Ana , Flock Michaela , Stueger Harald , Haas Michael
Published: May 2017

Herein, we report on the first sila‐aldol reaction, which emphasizes the tight connection between silicon and carbon chemistry. This novel synthetic method provides straightforward access to 2‐oxahexasilabicyclo[3.2.1]octan‐8‐ide, a structurally complex silicon framework, in quantitative yield. Its structure was confirmed by NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray crystallography, and it displays a distinctive charge‐transfer transition. The complete mechanism of this highly selective rearrangement cascade is outlined and supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, which highlight the thermodynamic driving force and the low activation barriers of this powerful silicon–carbon bond‐forming strategy.
Combined effects of polymer/surfactant mixtures on dynamic interfacial properties
Authors: Dong Zhihao , Gao Ruitong , Sun Dejun , Wu Tao , Li Yujiang
Published: May 2017

The present study investigated dynamic interfacial properties of similarly charged and oppositely charged polymer/surfactant mixtures at the oil–water interface. Partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM), sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS), and dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) were used to prepare polymer/surfactant mixtures. The effects of the molecular weight and concentration of the polymer, surface charge and concentration of the surfactant, pH, and ionic strength on the interfacial behavior of polymer/surfactant mixtures at the interface have been investigated. HPAM‐1 exhibited a higher interfacial activity than HPAM‐2. Strong binding interactions were observed between anionic HPAM and cationic DTAB. HPAM had a strong tendency to form more hydrophobic and interfacial activity complexes with DTAB. These complexes could remarkably affect the interfacial properties of polymer/surfactant mixtures at the interface. The adsorption kinetics of polymer/surfactant mixtures were controlled not only by the diffusion occurring between the bulk phase and the interface but also by the energetic and steric barriers generated by the electrostatic interactions and already formed adsorption layers. In addition, the dilational viscoelasticity of polymer/surfactant mixtures was significantly affected by the pH and ionic strength. The HPAM/DTAB mixtures with the addition of salts have higher E values than those of salt‐free systems and HPAM/SDBS mixtures. Copyright © 2017 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Epoxy–carbon black composite foams with tunable electrical conductivity and mechanical properties: Foaming improves the conductivity
Authors: Yue Jia , Xu Yu , Bao Jianjun
Published: May 2017

In this study, conductive epoxy foams with different carbon black (CB) contents were fabricated with expandable microspheres as foaming agents. The effect of the CB content, microsphere concentration, precuring time, and foaming temperature on the electrical conductivity and compressive properties of the obtained foams were investigated systematically. The differential scanning calorimeter and rheological tests confirmed that the CB accelerated the curing reaction, increased the onset viscosity of the epoxy blend during foaming, and affected the foaming process. In addition, all of the parameters, including the CB content, microsphere concentration, precuring time, and foaming temperature, were confirmed to change the foam structures and further change the conductivity and mechanical properties. The electrical properties test revealed that the foaming process improved the conductivity of the composites. On the basis of the electrical properties test results and scanning electron microscope images, a flow‐induced CB aggregation mechanism is presented, in which the thermally triggered microsphere expansion pushed the resins away, squeezed the CB together, and changed the CB distribution throughout the foams. This made more conductivity paths. The obtained foam could just be used as an antistatic material, but it gave us an example for exploring lightweight and low‐cost conductive epoxy foams with other applications, for example, electromagnetic shielding. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45071.