bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Climate Finance for Developing Countries
Authors: Bermeo Sarah Blodgett
Published: June 2018

This chapter analyzes whether the desire of industrialized states to enhance their own well-being through development abroad influences the allocation of resources in areas such as climate finance, where development is not the primary stated purpose of funds. An examination of the early years of climate finance suggests that mitigation and adaptation funds are being diverted to areas where they can provide development benefits to the donor states, rather than being spent where adaptation assistance is most needed or where mitigation resources can most efficiently combat climate change. This targeting helps explain the preference of industrialized states to channel their climate finance bilaterally rather than through newly created multilateral institutions, such as the Green Climate Fund, ostensibly tasked with the distribution of such funds.
After Injury
Authors: Rushdy Ashraf H.A.
Published: June 2018

After Injury explores the practices of forgiveness, resentment, and apology in three key moments when they were undergoing a dramatic change: early Christian history (for forgiveness), the shift from British eighteenth-century to Continental nineteenth-century philosophers (for resentment), and the moment in the 1950s postwar world in which ordinary language philosophers and sociologists of everyday life theorized what it means to express or perform an apology. The debates in those key moments have largely defined the contemporary study of these practices. The first premise of this book is that because these three practices are interlinked—forgiveness is commonly defined as a forswearing of resentment in response to an apology—it makes sense to study these practices together. The second premise is that each practice has a different historical evolution. It thus makes sense to identify a key moment to examine what is arguably the most important mutation in the evolution of each practice. After looking at the debates in those three key moments, After Injury takes up the important contemporary questions about each of the practices. For the practice of forgiveness, those questions center on whether forgiveness is possible, and what place it occupies in relation to retribution. For resentment, the questions involve the value and risks of holding on to what is admittedly the disabling emotion of resentment in order to affirm the injustice of the past. For the practice of apology, a key question is what to make of a shift from personal to collective, from private to public apologies.
Introduction
Authors: Rushdy Ashraf H.A.
Published: June 2018

This chapter argues that the sequence of moral practices that follow in the wake of an injury—resentment at injury, apology for injury, and forgiveness of injury—can be best understood in a work that treats all three practices as an ensemble. It also argues that we can appreciate the contemporary debates over these practices by identifying important historical moments in each of their evolutions and discerning what those moments reveal about the practice in question. Instead of attempting to define the practices by identifying what are the restrictive conditions it must meet, philosophers might examine the historical development of each practice and see what dialectic tensions were in place in a key moment of contestation about its meaning.
The British Moral Tradition
Authors: Rushdy Ashraf H.A.
Published: June 2018

This chapter argues that British moralist philosophers of the eighteenth century—especially Joseph Butler and Adam Smith—developed a model of what resentment as a response to injury was, what it meant, what possibilities for moral behavior it bore, and what dangers to moral degradation it contained. The British tradition of philosophy about resentment focused on the emotion as one that could stimulate important social passions (especially the desire for justice) or one that could likewise become a brooding illness. What the British tradition implicitly assumed is that resentment could be expressed in and through individuals as a result of either personal injury to the self or public injury to others.
Jonas of Bobbio and the Legacy of Columbanus
Authors: O'Hara Alexander
Published: June 2018

Jonas of Bobbio, writing in the mid-seventh century, was not only a major Latin monastic author but also a historic figure in his own right. Born in the ancient Roman town of Susa in the foothills of the Italian Alps, he became a monk of Bobbio, the monastery founded by the Irish abbot Columbanus, soon after the saint’s death. He became archivist and personal assistant to successive Bobbio abbots, traveled to Rome to obtain the first papal privilege of immunity, and served as a missionary on the northern borderlands of the Frankish kingdom, where he wrote his Vita Columbani, one of the most influential works of early medieval hagiography. As abbot of a community in the far north of the Frankish kingdom, Jonas was part of an extensive monastic network that stretched from the English Channel to the Italian Apennines. By the time of Jonas’s death toward the end of the seventh century, the monastic landscape of this region had been transformed. This was the result of a socioreligious revolution, initiated by Columbanus (d. 615) and continued by his Frankish disciples in the decades after his death. Columbanus established a cluster of monasteries in the Vosges forests of Burgundy in the last decade of the sixth century, chief among them Luxeuil. During the seventh century, Luxeuil, its abbots, and the Merovingian royal court in Paris spearheaded an unprecedented monastic movement in Merovingian Gaul that would transform the interrelationship between religious and secular authorities in the Early Middle Ages.
Conflicting Visions of Community: The Legacy of Columbanus
Authors: O'Hara Alexander
Published: June 2018

This chapter approaches Columbanus’s writings and monastic philosophy as a source for Jonas. Jonas remained silent on some issues that were important to Columbanus—calculating the date of Easter, tensions in the early community, the Three Chapters Schism—which reveal key aspects of Jonas’s work. Columbanus’s writings illustrate his monastic philosophy and how it was shaped by his experience of ascetic exile (peregrinatio). It explores whether the Regula Columbani, mentioned by Jonas, referred to the rules written by Columbanus or to a more general process linked to the founding of monasteries by Frankish aristocrats. Could the unsystematic Rules of Columbanus have been programmatic texts for the monastic network developing in Merovingian Gaul during the seventh century? Or did the Vita Columbani function as the normative text for this network? The chapter argues that Columbanus’s rules had a normative function and that the VC was not written to regulate the monastic life.
New Rules: The Agrestius Affair and the Regula Benedicti
Authors: O'Hara Alexander
Published: June 2018

This chapter considers changes in Columbanian monastic practices that arose with growth and expansion. Agrestius, a renegade monk, accused the deceased Columbanus and his practices of being heretical, provoking the Synod of Mâcon in 626/627. While Agrestius’s attempt failed, the synod led to a modification in Columbanian practices. The severity of Columbanus’s legislation was modified by incorporating the Regula Benedicti with Columbanian practices. Through this “mixed rule,” the Regula Benedicti—the foundational text for Western monasticism—was disseminated throughout Merovingian Gaul. These modifications, initiated by the Frankish communities, marked a fundamental break with the monastic vision of Columbanus. Columbanus is seen as an autocratic abbot with a definite idea of how monastic life was to be regulated. The Regula Benedicti and the mixed rule are seen in the context of an attempt to modify the punitive nature of Columbanus’s monasticism. In response to this crisis, Jonas wrote his Vita Columbani.
Nonconscious States
Authors: Mendelovici Angela
Published: June 2018

Nonconscious states, like standing beliefs and nonconscious states involved in early visual processing, pose a challenge for PIT: They seem to be intentional but not phenomenal. This chapter addresses this challenge. It begins by considering versions of PIT that take nonconscious states to have derived intentionality, arguing that none of the suggested derivation mechanisms is up to the task of generating new instances of intentionality. This chapter then recommends an alternative treatment of nonconscious states on which neither standing states nor most nonconscious occurrent states are genuinely intentional, though the self-ascriptivist view described in Chapter 7 might be extended to accommodate some standing state contents, and perhaps even standing states in their entirety. This chapter also suggests that some nonconscious occurrent states might have phenomenal properties we are not aware of and so might have phenomenal intentionality we are also not aware of.
Introduction
Authors: Pak G. Sujin
Published: June 2018

This introduction surveys views of the prophet and prophecy from patristic and early medieval teachings to the eve of the Protestant reformations. Christian leaders across the church’s history simultaneously affirmed understandings of prophecy as foretelling and prophecy as interpretation of Scripture, with a growing emphasis on the latter and a continued emphasis on the role of revelation in both forms. Whereas Augustine’s teachings concerning prophecy tended to restrain apocalyptic expectation, the teachings of Joachim of Fiore introduced a radical shift in connecting biblical prophecy directly with human history. Consequently, on the eve of the Protestant reformations, late medieval conceptions of prophecy paved the way for increasing expectation of a figure who would usher in a new age. All the while early-modern Catholic leaders continued to affirm the ongoing contemporary function of prophecy, even as they sought to constrain such apocalyptic fervor.
Prophecy and the Radicals
Authors: Pak G. Sujin
Published: June 2018

Several radical groups—particularly Anabaptists and Spiritualists—in Wittenberg, Zurich, and Strasbourg proffered different performances of prophecy that emphasized its visionary, ecstatic forms and even affirmed the possibility of new revelation above and beyond Scripture. Luther, Zwingli, and Bucer responded to Andreas Karlstadt, Gabriel Zwilling, the Zwickau Prophets, Thomas Müntzer, Swiss Anabaptists, Melchior Hoffman, Balthasar Hubmaier, Hans Denck, Caspar Schwenckfeld, and Pilgram Marpeck by casting many of them as false prophets and often lumped them together under their most extreme forms rather than recognizing the variations among them. Radical groups differed on the topic of prophecy: some prioritized Scripture, while others prioritized the Spirit. Luther and Zwingli reframed their view of the prophet and prophecy in direct response to these radical threats to tighten the parameters of lay participation and identify the prophet more closely with the Protestant pastoral office.
Agency, Time, and Sociality
Authors: Bratman Michael E.
Published: June 2018

Our planning capacities are a fundamental ground of our capacities for temporally extended agency, shared intentional activity, and self-governance. This is the fecundity of planning agency. This essay explores relations between our planning capacities and this further trio of basic capacities. In particular, a defense of this connection to self-governance involves a development of a Frankfurtian model of self-governance, one that draws on resources from the planning theory of our agency. This connection with self-governance, both at a time and over time, helps explain the normative force of the rationality norms involved in our planning agency. This leads to a sketch of a defense of a norm of intention stability over time, a norm that involves a kind of practical conservatism.
Temptation and the Agent’s Standpoint
Authors: Bratman Michael E.
Published: June 2018

This essay aims to understand how it might be rational to follow through with a prior resolution in the face of anticipated temptation that comes in the form of a shift in evaluative assessment. In order to explain this possibility of rational willpower, it appeals to a kind of practical sensitivity to relevant cross-temporal organization, where that can include sensitivity to anticipated future regret. The idea is that this sensitivity is built into the practical standpoint of a planning agent at the time of the temptation. (These ideas are adjusted somewhat in essays 1, 10, and 11.)
Why a Theory of Moral Progress Is Needed
Authors: Buchanan Allen
Published: June 2018

The Introduction considers several hypotheses to explain the virtual disappearance of the idea of moral progress from liberal moral and political thought. None of these explanations shows that systematic thinking about moral progress is useless or too risky to pursue. The view that modernity has produced overall moral decline is refuted and the need for a theory of moral progress explained. Next, a distinction between global and local moral progress assessments is drawn: the former are judgments that there has been moral progress overall (in all dimensions), while the latter are more limited in their claims. Local assessments are shown to be much less epistemologically problematic, and the case is made that a theory of moral progress can be valuable even if it declines to make global assessments. The idea of a naturalistic theory of moral progress is developed and the deficiencies of earlier, insufficiently naturalistic theories are identified.
A Pluralistic, Dynamic Conception of Moral Progress
Authors: Buchanan Allen
Published: June 2018

This chapter defends a new conception of moral progress that is both pluralistic, in that it does not attempt to reduce all cases of moral progress to one type (e.g., to norm compliance or functional performance), and dynamic, in that it is explicitly open-ended and provisional and thus allows for improvements in our understanding of what morality requires and in how moral progress itself is conceived. This chapter also articulates a concept of “meta-moral progress,” which refers to moral progress in the means by which moral progress is achieved. For example, if moral progress is achieved with lesser costs in terms of violence to humans or other moral costs, that is a morally progressive development.
Human Rights Naturalized
Authors: Buchanan Allen
Published: June 2018

This chapter helps to confirm the explanatory power of the naturalistic theory of moral progress outlined in previous chapters by making two main points. First, it shows that the theory helps to explain how and why the modern human rights movement arose when it did. Second, it shows that the advances in inclusiveness achieved by the modern human rights movement depended upon the fortunate coincidence of a constellation of contingent cultural and economic conditions—and that it is therefore a dangerous mistake to assume that continued progress must occur, or even that the status quo will not substantially deteriorate. This chapter also helps to explain a disturbing period of regression (in terms of the recognition of equal basic status) that occurred between the success of British abolitionism and the founding of the modern human rights movement at the end of World War II.
Moving Pictures, Still Lives
Authors: Tweedie James
Published: June 2018

Moving Pictures, Still Lives revisits the cinematic and intellectual atmosphere of the late twentieth century, exploring the work of artists and philosophers who complicated the usual association between the past and tradition or the future and modernity. The book retraces the “archaeomodern turn” in media and theory that viewed the past as a repository of abandoned but potentially transformative modern experiments. Three theoretical chapters consider key figuresWalter Benjamin, Gilles Deleuze, and Serge Daney—who grappled with the late twentieth century’s characteristic concerns, including history, memory, and belatedness. It reframes this theoretical work on film as a mourning play for revolutions past and a means of reviving the possibilities of the modern age (and its paradigmatic medium, cinema) during periods of political and cultural retrenchment. Like Daney, the book emphasizes the value of looking at cinema and the century in the “rear—view mirror,” at the aging of a quintessentially modern art like film, and at the phantoms that remain after the passage into the era of new media. The second part of the manuscript, titled “The Cinema of Painters,” is structured around a series of interactions among media, filmmakers, and national traditions. It examines late twentieth—century filmmakers who systematically adopt strategies normally associated with other visual media or art forms, especially painting. Focusing on Alain Cavalier, Terence Davies, Jean—Luc Godard, Peter Greenaway, Derek Jarman, and AgnèVarda, the book concentrates on films that fill the frame with a succession of tableaux vivants, still lifes, illuminated manuscripts, and landscapes.
Serge Daney, Zapper
Authors: Tweedie James
Published: June 2018

This chapter considers Serge Daney’s transition from a film critic schooled in New Wave cinephilia to a television critic fascinated with the possibilities of the small screen and status of cinema as an old medium. Daney challenges foundational film theory and introduces the language of belatedness, aging, and delay into his writing on the “adult art” of film. In the 1980s he chronicled the experience of watching cinema on television and engaged in a process of “archaeology” focused on absent or damaged images rather than the imaginary plenitude of the screen. Daney’s work at the threshold between media provides a key reference point for film studies in the late twentieth century because it questions both the modernist euphoria of theory produced decades before and the enthusiasm surrounding new media. Daney instead constructs a retrospective theory of film that reveals its diminution over time and the persistence of its utopian ambitions.
Ideal Theory and Historical Complexity
Authors: McLennan Rebecca M.
Published: June 2018

After summarizing Fassin’s arguments, McLennan urges attention to five related questions. The first addresses the intersection between philosophy and the social sciences, specifically how, if at all, utilitarian, Kantian, and other ideal theories of punishment might usefully inform the study of past and present penal practices. Second, McLennan asks what in American history explains the particular brutality of state punishment in the U.S.—what she calls “delegated sadism”—notwithstanding many common features between French and American penal institutions. Building on this theme, she invites Fassin to reflect more on the nonlinearity of the history of penal policy in the U.S. and the ways in which penal welfarism and the slave plantation provided competing models for punishment in both North and South. Responding to Fassin’s call for the study of “penal theology,” McLennan suggests that nineteenth- and twentieth-century Christian theologies have not only fostered certain penal practices but generated radical critiques of incarceration and its effects. Finally, turning to mass incarceration’s more recent history, McLennan calls our attention to the gendered character of penal policy, especially in light of the fact that incarceration rates for women have risen much faster than for men.
Behavioral Law and Economics
Authors: Zamir Eyal , Teichman Doron
Published: June 2018

In the past few decades, economic analysis of law has been challenged by a growing body of experimental and empirical studies that attest to prevalent and systematic deviations from the assumptions of economic rationality. While the findings on bounded rationality and heuristics and biases were initially perceived as antithetical to standard economic and legal-economic analysis, over time they have been largely integrated into mainstream economic analysis, including economic analysis of law. Moreover, the impact of behavioral insights has long since transcended purely economic analysis of law: in recent years, the behavioral movement has become one of the most influential developments in legal scholarship in general. Behavioral Law and Economics offers a state-of-the-art overview of the field. The book surveys the entire body of psychological research underpinning behavioral analysis of law, and critically evaluates the core methodological questions of this area of research. The book then discusses the fundamental normative questions stemming from the psychological findings on bounded rationality, and explores their implications for establishing the aims of legislation, and the means of attaining them. This is followed by a systematic and critical examination of the contributions of behavioral studies to all major fields of law—property, contracts, consumer protection, torts, corporate, securities regulation, antitrust, administrative, constitutional, international, criminal, and evidence law—as well as to the behavior of key players in the legal arena: litigants and judicial decision-makers.
Imaginative Content
Authors: Noordhof Paul
Published: June 2018

Sensuous imaginative content presents a problem for unitary accounts of phenomenal character (or content) such as relationism, representationalism, or qualia theory. Four features of imaginative content are at the heart of the issue: its perspectival nature, the similarity with corresponding perceptual experiences, the multiple use thesis, and its non-presentational character. This chapter rejects appeals to the dependency thesis to account for these features and explains how a representationalist approach can be developed to accommodate them. The author defends the multiple use thesis against Kathleen Stock’s objections but separates the putative non-presentational character of imaginative content into two elements. Loss of presentation is accounted for by the reduced representations involved in imagination and lack of potential response-dependent representational properties. Absence of commitment to reality is accounted for by representational properties characterized in terms of the absence of a certain kind of aetiology.
Justification by Imagination
Authors: Jackson Magdalena Balcerak
Published: June 2018

The goal of this chapter is to argue that perceptual imaginings are a source of justification. The widespread scepticism about a justificatory role for imaginings stems mainly from the observation that what we imagine, unlike what we perceptually experience, is up to us. This chapter argues that understanding the recreative nature of imaginings provides us with an explanation of why what we imagine is not completely up to us, but is systematically constrained by the general structure of perceptual experience. And, it shows how on this basis imaginings justify us in interesting beliefs about the structure of our perceptual experience and in beliefs about the structure of the world.
Yogācāra
Authors: Westerhoff Jan
Published: June 2018

This chapter is divided into six sections. The first examines five stages in the development of Yogācāra: the early Yogācāra sūtras, the Yogācāra works of Maitreya, Asaṅga, Vasubandhu, and later development of Yogācāra. The second section concerns Yogācāra proofs of Buddhist doctrines (rebirth, momentariness, the existence of other minds). A discussion of key Yogācāra concepts follows: cittamātra, ālayavinjñāna, trisvabhāva, svasaṃvedana, the three turnings, and tathāgatagarbha. After a discussion of factors that shaped Yogācāra philosophy the fifth section turns to the relation of Yogācāra to other schools of Buddhist philosophy, with a particular focus on its relation to Madhyamaka and Śāntarakṣita’s view of the relation of the two schools. The final sixth section examines the relation between Yogācāra and Vedānta.
Introduction: The Life and Death of the Post-War Novel
Authors: Boxall Peter , Cheyette Bryan
Published: June 2018

OUR history begins with the ‘death of the novel’ and ends with the ‘future of the novel’. This may give the impression that the volume is constructed around a redemptive narrative; out of the ashes of the post-war British and Irish novel arose a revitalized contemporary novel which is newer and more ‘novel’ than ever. But it is precisely this kind of sanguine linearity which we are at pains to avoid. In fact, it could be argued that the very conception of the ‘death of the novel’, in the post-war period, has been elided with a lost ideal of linear progress which, in an English context at least (and we will see below a marked difference in Ireland, Scotland, and Wales), took a global form in relation to the waning empire. As has long been recognized, in every decade in the twentieth century the novel has been perceived as an irretrievably exhausted and dying genre (...
Judging the Distance: Fiction with Europe in Mind
Authors: Mengham Rod
Published: June 2018

This chapter focuses on the way in which a settlement of differences between English language fiction and foreign fiction is always changing. During the Second World War, there were special reasons and motivations for literary allegiance that went beyond individual taste and circumstance. An economy of scarcity, both of materials and of the means of communication, prompted a marshalling of resources by editors and publishers to maintain existing links and forge new ones. The urgency of this literary war effort was meant to consolidate morale but must have also exposed the imagination’s vulnerability to attack. With the closing of the shipping lanes and the shrinking of the usual means of maintaining overseas contacts, British editors became keenly aware of the threat to literary relations.
The Novel as History
Authors: Brannigan John
Published: June 2018

This chapter discusses the historiographic nature of postmodern novels. The predominance of the historiographic in postmodern fiction is in marked contrast to modernism. Here, postmodernism is distinguished in fiction by its preoccupation with the past. The most striking feature of postmodern fiction is its reinvention of the historical novel. The postmodern historical novel prefers narratives of catastrophe and exhaustion to revolutionary progress or national awakening. Yet as much as it seemed to coincide with the currency of a facile notion of ‘the end of history’, the emergence of ‘historiographic metafiction’ signalled instead the revival of a critical sense of historicity, in which the fabulous and the unbelievable could make ‘history’ credible again.
Novel, Novella, Short Story
Authors: Hunter Adrian
Published: June 2018

This chapter considers shorter forms of fiction. It looks at some prominent arguments on the case for brevity and the modern subject. Some commentators such as Frank O’Connor, H. E. Bates, and Elizabeth Bowen — all fine practitioners of the short story and its most astute critics at mid-century — suggested that short forms, by dint of their shortness, had a unique capacity to represent the lived condition of modernity. All these commentators appear to argue the same thing: that short stories are better adapted to the cultural moment of technological modernity than are long ones. They also predict great things for them.
A Plurinational Literature? Nationalism in British and Northern Irish Literature since 1970
Authors: Hart Matthew
Published: June 2018

This chapter surveys the character and quality of national and nationalist feeling in fiction from Britain and Northern Ireland either side of 1997, when a majority of Scots voted to re-establish a Scottish Parliament with tax-raising powers. First, the chapter considers that, if there is some sort of correlation between constitutional change and cultural politics, then we should expect to see strong signs of nationalist feeling in the novel after 1970. Second, just as there are marked differences of competency and make-up between the three devolved assemblies, we should not expect these nationalisms, and the novelistic forms in which they are expressed, to be homogenous. Nor should we be surprised if they overlap. Finally, we should not mistake the absence of constitutional reform in England as a sign that nationalism exists, or is important, everywhere but England.
From Nature to Grounding
Authors: Jago Mark
Published: June 2018

Grounding is a powerful metaphysical concept; yet there is widespread scepticism about the intelligibility of the notion. This paper proposes an account of an entity’s nature or essence, which is then used to provide grounding conditions for that entity. It is claimed that an understanding of an entity’s nature, together with an account of how logically complex entities are grounded, provides all we need to understand how that entity is grounded. This approach not only allows us to say what grounds what, but it also sheds light on the formal features of the grounding relation. It provides a principled argument for the orthodox view that grounding is irreflexive, asymmetrical, and transitive, but it allows that it may not be well-founded. The resulting approach gives us a powerful framework for understanding nature, grounding, and the relationship between them.
Grounding in Mathematical Structuralism
Authors: Wigglesworth John
Published: June 2018

The grounding relation is thought to have certain structural properties: irreflexivity, asymmetry, transitivity, and well-foundedness. This paper examines a putative case of grounding that serves as a counterexample to almost all of these properties. The example comes from non-eliminative mathematical structuralism, some versions of which argue that mathematical objects depend in some sense on the structure to which they belong, and on the other objects in that structure. Such claims generate prima facie cases of symmetric, reflexive, and non-well-founded dependence. The paper argues that this dependence constitutes a grounding relation in the structuralist case. It then argues that these dependence claims can be given a modal interpretation, and that under this interpretation the dependence claims, and therefore the associated grounding claims, are true. It follows that these cases from mathematical structuralism constitute genuine counterexamples to many of the structural properties traditionally thought to hold of the grounding relation.
Extended Cognition, Trust and Glue, and Knowledge
Authors: Aizawa Kenneth
Published: June 2018

This chapter has two goals: one clarificatory and the other cautionary. The first clarificatory point is to draw attention to the way in which Clark’s conditions of trust and glue have figured into some of the arguments epistemologists have given for the implications of the hypothesis of extended cognition (HEC). The second cautionary point is to provide some new reasons for thinking that the conditions of trust and glue do not provide a plausible account of when cognitive processes extend. Also addressed are externalism, the philosophy of mind, and the work of such thinkers as Palermos, Carter, Kallestrup, and Pritchard.
Extending Epistemic Virtue
Authors: Battaly Heather
Published: June 2018

What would happen if extended cognition (EC) and virtue-responsibilism (VR) were to meet? Are they compatible, or incompatible? Do they have projects in common? Would they, as it were, end their meeting early, or stick around but run out of things to say? Or, would they hit it off? This chapter suggests that VR and EC are not obviously incompatible, and that each might fruitfully contribute to the other. Although there has been an explosion of recent work at the intersection of virtue epistemology and EC, this work has focused almost exclusively on the reliabilist side of virtue epistemology. Little has been said about the intersection of VR and EC. This chapter takes initial steps toward filling that gap.
Emerging Digital Technologies
Authors: Smart Paul
Published: June 2018

This chapter explores the cognitive and epistemic implications of emerging digital technologies from the standpoint of two philosophical positions: active externalism and virtue reliabilism. Emerging digital technologies (especially those associated with the Internet and World Wide Web) are important because they help to highlight issues that are not so easily revealed by the rather mundane and technologically low-grade examples favored by the philosophical community. The present analysis suggests that the general thrust of technology design is largely consistent with the criteria that have been used to evaluate putative cases of cognitive extension. In addition, the present analysis suggests that active externalism and virtue reliabilism are broadly compatible when it comes to the notion of extended knowledge. Despite this, a consideration of both the properties of emerging digital technologies and the requirements for extended knowledge reveals something of an unexpected tension between our prospective status as extended cognizers and extended knowers.
Seeing Depicted Space (Or Not)
Authors: Pettersson Mikael
Published: June 2018

What is it to see something in a picture? Most accounts of pictorial experience—or, to use Richard Wollheim's term, ‘seeing-in’—seek, in various ways, to explain it in terms of how pictures somehow display the looks of things. However, some ‘things’ that we apparently see in pictures do not display any ‘look’. In particular, most pictures depict empty space, but empty space does not seem to display any ‘look’—at least not in the way material objects do. How do we see it in pictures, if we do? This chapter offers an account of pictorial perception of empty space by elaborating on Wollheim's claim that ‘seeing-in’ is permeable to thought. It ends by pointing to the aesthetic relevance of seeing—or not seeing—empty space in pictures.
The modern context of volunteering
Authors: Howlett Steven
Published: June 2018

Volunteering extends into almost every facet of life but the circumstances in which it takes place are subject to almost constant change. Historical roots of altruistic, charitable, and campaigning behaviours are still evident, but the importance of different motivations maybe be altering. Organizations involving volunteers seek to understand volunteer motivations and to find better ways to manage volunteers. And yet there is still disagreement as to how far management techniques from paid work are suitable for volunteers. Meanwhile, the reach of government seems ever stronger as volunteering continues to offer ways to affirm what it means to be a participatory citizen and to provide a considerable resource to stretched welfare budgets. This chapter looks at these points with a view to introducing how these challenges shape the chapters that follow.
Volunteering in hospice and palliative care in the United Kingdom
Authors: Scott Ros
Published: June 2018

This chapter explores the history of volunteers in the founding and development of United Kingdom (UK) hospice services. It considers the changing role and influences of volunteering on services at different stages of development. Evidence suggests that voluntary sector hospice and palliative care services are dependent on volunteers for the range and quality of services delivered. Within such services, volunteer trustees carry significant responsibility for the strategic direction of the organiszation. Others are engaged in diverse roles ranging from the direct support of patient and families to public education and fundraising. The scope of these different roles is explored before considering the range of management models and approaches to training. This chapter also considers the direct and indirect impact on volunteering of changing palliative care, societal, political, and legislative contexts. It concludes by exploring how and why the sector is changing in the UK and considering the growing autonomy of volunteers within the sector.
Volunteering in hospice and palliative care in Poland and Eastern Europe
Authors: Krakowiak Piotr , Pawłowski Leszek
Published: June 2018

Hospice and palliative care in Central and Eastern European countries benefits from volunteers involved in a variety of services. The variety of volunteering across the region reflects diverse political, economic, and legal situations in post-communist countries. Poland led palliative care in the 1980s with other countries following in the 1990s. Polish palliative care started with volunteers, the Catholic Church and the country’s first non-governmental organizations running home centres with care incorporated into health care systems after the democratic changes of 1989. That brought financing from the national health insurance with a greater role for paid staff. Poland has played a leading role in the Central and Eastern Europe in the development of palliative care and hospice volunteering. Volunteers across the region now work together with paid staff in various forms of hospice and palliative care centres providing patient care, psychosocial support, and are engaged in charity work, fundraising, and education.
Pulling it all together
Authors: Howlett Steven , Scott Ros
Published: June 2018

In approaching this book, we set out to gather accounts from different countries of the changing landscape of volunteering in hospice and palliative care. We sought to understand volunteering within the changing contexts of both palliative care and of volunteering. The book, therefore, explores volunteering through a number of lenses. Authors also recount the challenges of supporting and managing volunteers through change and describe community models of volunteering whether initiated by organizations or by the community itself in response to local need. Most powerful of all was hearing from volunteers themselves, how they experience what they do, and what it means to them to volunteer in hospice and palliative care. The aim of this final chapter, therefore, is to give a brief overview of a few of the editors’ impressions, ending with some thoughts on what lies ahead for volunteering in this sector.
The Mind in Motion
Authors: Boehmer Elleke
Published: June 2018

Drawing on insights from relevance theory, the chapter explores how W.B. Yeats’s late poem ‘Long-legged Fly’ creates an exemplary occasion for reflecting first on cognition and then on the ways in which cognition might be made manifest in poetic language; in particular, here, in a dominant simile that repeats as a refrain through the poem. Processing the three stanzas’ different inferential, sensorimotor, and intertextual effects, we as readers at one and the same time contemplate in each case a body in thought, and we contemplate ourselves thinking. The poem in this sense repeatedly performs how a history-changing reflective moment holds a range of creative energies in dynamic tension. Relevance theory’s ‘loose’ sifting of literal and other meanings, in Deirdre Wilson’s words, allows us to become aware of these two processes unfolding at the same time, and in relation to each other, as is demonstrated in this close reading.
The Lingering of the Literal in Some Poems of Emily Dickinson
Authors: Chesters Timothy
Published: June 2018

Dickinson is known for her adventurous metaphors (‘Risk is the hair that holds the tun’, ‘Hope is the thing with feathers’), but also—and one might think paradoxically—for her attachment to the literal, to the thing that remains stubbornly itself (in this refusal of transcendence critics sometimes contrast her with Emerson, for whom the whole world is ‘emblematic’). This chapter seeks to account for this apparent paradox from the perspective of relevance theory’s so-called ‘deflationary’ account of metaphors. That account is briefly introduced, along with Robyn Carston’s recent refinement of it, according to which under certain circumstances the literal or encyclopaedic component used to produce an ad hoc concept ‘lingers’ beyond its interpretive resolution. A close reading of four Dickinson poems reveals them to be rich in ‘the lingering of the literal’, though in each case the literal vestige takes a different—and sometimes surprising—form.
Relevance Theory and Literary Interpretation
Authors: Wilson Deirdre
Published: June 2018

This concluding chapter reflects in general terms on some aspects of relevance theory that have been fruitfully used in the analyses in this volume, and on some aspects of literary communication that have been seen by both supporters and critics of relevance theory as showing the need for modifications to the inferential mechanisms it proposes. After distinguishing comprehension (identifying the intended import of a communicative act) from interpretation (going beyond the intended import to draw one’s own conclusions), it discusses a range of stylistic and rhetorical effects—typically created by departures from expected syntax, lexis, or prosody—which provide tentative cues to ostension and therefore create greater expectations of relevance. It ends by considering how relevance theory might deal with the ‘non-propositional effects’ associated with images, emotions, and sensorimotor processes while remaining within the bounds of a properly inferential theory.
Aesthetics in Three Dimensions
Authors: Lopes Dominic McIver
Published: June 2018

This chapter begins with a historical overview of aesthetics and the philosophy of art before turning to a discussion of how the philosophy of art bears upon human culture. It then considers the methods used in attacking problems in aesthetics and the philosophy of art by highlighting the distinctions between pure and applied philosophy, between internal and external perspectives on aesthetic and artistic phenomena, and between first-order and second-order methods. It also examines how aesthetics and the philosophy of art are affected as the arts evolve and as empirical studies of aesthetic and artistic phenomena become well established in the social and behavioural sciences as well as the humanities.
Art Media and the Sense Modalities
Authors: Lopes Dominic McIver
Published: June 2018

According to a core doctrine in aesthetics, the arts comprise a collection of art media, each characteristically perceived through a different sense modality. This doctrine depends on a doctrine in the theory of perception according to which it is possible to distinguish the senses in certain ways. Thus the view that pictures are essentially visual depends on the view that the content of vision is uniquely perspectival; pictures are visual because they are perspectival. However, raised-line drawings made by congenitally blind people cast both views in doubt. The chapter considers the implications of this conclusion for aesthetics and for theories of vision.
In the Eye of the Beholder
Authors: Lopes Dominic McIver
Published: June 2018

According to a core tenet of contemporary philosophy, aesthetic properties are primarily represented in experiences. Obviously, however, the tenet does not apply in any straightforward manner to many items that nevertheless seem to have aesthetic properties. Examples include literary works, mathematical objects, scientific ideas, and works of conceptual art. Aesthetic properties need not be represented in perceptual experiences, but what is an experience if not a perceptual state? This paper adapts Fred Dretske’s distinction between analogue and digital representation to develop a broad conception of a kind of state that is an experience but need not be perceptual. Aesthetic properties are primarily represented in states so conceived.
Directive Pictures
Authors: Lopes Dominic McIver
Published: June 2018

Pictures are principally descriptive. Advertising images highlight features of potential purchases; cartoons open portals to scenes in fictional worlds; snapshots in the family photo album remind us of our past selves and landmark events in our personal histories; works of pictorial art express thoughts or feelings about depicted scenes. In addition, pictures serve a directive or action-guiding function that, though not taken into account by theorists, deserves no less attention than their descriptive one. Theories of depiction and the appreciation of pictures stand to benefit by taking ‘directive pictures’ into account, as do theories of representation in general and mental representation in particular.
Illuminated History Books in the Anglo-Norman World, 1066-1272
Authors: Cleaver Laura
Published: June 2018

During the twelfth and thirteenth centuries texts about the recent and more distant past were produced in remarkable numbers in the lands controlled by the kings of England. This may be seen, in part, as a response to changing social and political circumstances in the wake of the Norman conquest of England in 1066. The names of many of the twelfth- and thirteenth-century historians are well known, and they include Orderic Vitalis, William of Malmesbury, John of Worcester, Henry of Huntingdon, Gerald of Wales, and Matthew Paris. Yet the manuscripts in which these works survive are also evidence for the involvement of many other people in the production of history, as patrons, scribes, and artists. This study focuses on history books of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries to examine what they reveal about the creation, circulation, and reception of history in this period. In particular, this research concentrates on illuminated manuscripts. These volumes represent an additional investment of time, labour, and resources, and combinations of text and imagery shed light on engagements with the past as manuscripts were copied at specific times and places. Imagery could be used to reproduce the features of older sources, but it was also used to call attention to particular elements of a text, and to impose frameworks onto the past. As a result the study of illuminated history books has the potential to change the way in which we see the medieval past and its historians.
Unbinding Jewish Philosophical Theology
Authors: Diamond James A.
Published: June 2018

The voluminous corpus of the rabbinic genre known as midrash and aggadah involves not just law (halakhah), but also a prolific repository of unrefined philosophical theology. The aggadic and midrashic style encompasses narrative, allegory, and a deeply intimate exegetical engagement with every syllable of the biblical text. It may not correspond neatly to the kinds of systematic treatises, largely identified with the Christian tradition, through which theology is traditionally delivered. The philosophy and theology that inhere in the midrashic genre are, at the very least, of equal profundity and complexity. One needs only to be attuned to its manner and style of communication, consisting of an unrelenting intricate weave of ciphers and cross-references to its biblical antecedents, to hear a literal barrage of philosophical theology.
Biblical Questioning
Authors: Diamond James A.
Published: June 2018

Questions posed by God and biblical characters in the Hebrew Bible are often philosophically empowering moments. They transpire from the very inception of human history, according to the Bible’s own reconstructed version of it. Rather than divinely imposed law, biblical questioning is a vital tool initiating the decisive biblical way toward truth through independent investigation. Questions then recur throughout various biblical narratives, revealing the Bible’s philosophical dimension. As such, they may indicate the Bible’s conception of the essential expression of humanity, or where the Bible locates the beginning of serious thought, and how it suggests proceeding in the search for truth and the highest good. This chapter explores specific episodes where questions are posed, beginning with the Garden of Eden and ending with the book of Job.