bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phosphorylation regulates proteasomal-mediated degradation and solubility of TAR DNA binding protein-43 C-terminal fragments
Authors: Zhang Yong-Jie , Gendron Tania F , Xu Ya-Fei , Ko Li-Wen , Yen Shu-Hui , Petrucelli Leonard
Published: August 2010

Background

Inclusions of TAR DNA binding protein-43 (TDP-43) are the defining histopathological feature of several neurodegenerative diseases collectively referred to as TDP-43 proteinopathies. These diseases are characterized by the presence of cellular aggregates composed of abnormally phosphorylated, N-terminally truncated and ubiquitinated TDP-43 in the spinal cord and/or brain. Recent studies indicate that C-terminal fragments of TDP-43 are aggregation-prone and induce cytotoxicity. However, little is known regarding the pathways responsible for the degradation of these fragments and how their phosphorylation contributes to the pathogenesis of disease.

Results

Herein, we established a human neuroblastoma cell line (M17D3) that conditionally expresses an enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged caspase-cleaved C-terminal TDP-43 fragment (GFP-TDP220-414). We report that expression of this fragment within cells leads to a time-dependent formation of inclusions that are immunoreactive for both ubiquitin and phosphorylated TDP-43, thus recapitulating pathological hallmarks of TDP-43 proteinopathies. Phosphorylation of GFP-TDP220-414 renders it resistant to degradation and enhances its accumulation into insoluble aggregates. Nonetheless, GFP-TDP220-414 inclusions are reversible and can be cleared through the ubiquitin proteasome system. Moreover, both Hsp70 and Hsp90 bind to GFP-TDP220-414 and regulate its degradation.

Conclusions

Our data indicates that inclusions formed from TDP-43 C-terminal fragments are reversible. Given that TDP-43 inclusions have been shown to confer toxicity, our findings have important therapeutic implications and suggest that modulating the phosphorylation state of TDP-43 C-terminal fragments may be a promising therapeutic strategy to clear TDP-43 inclusions.
Kaposi's Sarcoma Associated-Herpes Virus (KSHV) Seroprevalence in Pregnant Women in South Africa
Authors: Malope-Kgokong Babatyi I , MacPhail Patrick , Mbisa Georgina , Ratshikhopha Edith , Maskew Mhairi , Stein Lara , Sitas Freddy , Whitby Denise
Published: August 2010

Background

Factors previously associated with Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) transmission in Africa include sexual, familial, and proximity to river water. We measured the seroprevalence of KSHV in relation to HIV, syphilis, and demographic factors among pregnant women attending public antenatal clinics in the Gauteng province of South Africa.

Methods

We tested for antibodies to KSHV lytic K8.1 and latent Orf73 antigens in 1740 pregnant women attending antenatal clinics who contributed blood to the "National HIV and Syphilis Sero-Prevalence Survey - South Africa, 2001". Information on HIV and syphilis serology, age, education, residential area, gravidity, and parity was anonymously linked to evaluate risk factors for KSHV seropositivity. Clinics were grouped by municipality regions and their proximity to the two main river catchments defined.

Results

KSHV seropositivity (reactive to either lytic K8.1 and latent Orf73) was nearly twice that of HIV (44.6% vs. 23.1%). HIV and syphilis seropositivity was 12.7% and 14.9% in women without KSHV, and 36.1% and 19.9% respectively in those with KSHV. Women who are KSHV seropositive were 4 times more likely to be HIV positive than those who were KSHV seronegative (AOR 4.1 95%CI: 3.4 - 5.7). Although, women with HIV infection were more likely to be syphilis seropositive (AOR 1.8 95%CI: 1.3 - 2.4), no association between KSHV and syphilis seropositivity was observed. Those with higher levels of education had lower levels of KSHV seropositivity compared to those with lower education levels. KSHV seropositivity showed a heterogeneous pattern of prevalence in some localities.

Conclusions

The association between KSHV and HIV seropositivity and a lack of common association with syphilis, suggests that KSHV transmission may involve geographical and cultural factors other than sexual transmission.
High anorectal malformation in a five-month-old boy: a case report
Authors: Pandey Anand , Gangopadhyay Ajay N , Kumar Vijayendra , Sharma Shiv P
Published: August 2010

Introduction

Anorectal malformation, one of the most common congenital defects, may present with a wide spectrum of defects. Almost all male patients present within first few days of life.

Case presentation

A five-month-old baby boy of Indian origin and nationality presented with anal atresia and associated rectourethral prostatic fistula. The anatomy of the malformation and our patient's good condition permitted a primary definitive repair of the anomaly. A brief review of the relevant literature is included.

Conclusion

Delayed presentation of a patient with high anorectal malformation is rare. The appropriate treatment can be rewarding.
Anti-tumor effects of CIK combined with oxaliplatin in human oxaliplatin-resistant gastric cancer cells in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Zhao Qun , Zhang Hui , Li Yong , Liu Jun , Hu Xiaojie , Fan Liqiao
Published: August 2010

Background

Drug resistance remains a great challenge in the treatment of gastric cancer. The goal of this study was to explore the anti-tumor effects and mechanism of cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cell combined with oxaliplatin (L-OHP) in human oxaliplatin-resistant gastric cancer cells.

Methods

After producing oxaliplatin-resistant gastric cancer cells, cell morphology, growth and doubling time were observed, followed by detection of cell cycle distribution and apoptosis, drug sensitivity (e.g., L-OHP) and expression of P-gp and livin. MTT assay, in vivo pharmacodynamics and pathomorphology experiments were used to detect killing activities of CIK combined with L-OHP.

Results

Compared with parental gastric cancer cells, oxaliplatin-resistant gastric cancer cells in S phase were reduced and cell apoptosis rate was increased (P < 0.05), the inhibition rate of 10 chemotherapeutics on oxaliplatin-resistant gastric cancer cells was significantly lower and the expression of P-gp was significantly higher (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in livin expression between parental gastric cancer cells and oxaliplatin-resistant gastric cancer cells (P > 0.05). The in vitro killing activity of CIK combined with L-OHP on parental cells and oxaliplatin-resistant cells were significantly enhanced compared with L-OHP or CIK alone. And it showed greater synergetic effects against oxaliplatin-resistant cells compared with parental cells (P < 0.05). In addition, survival rate, abdominal circumference and pathomorphology results revealed stronger in vivo anti-tumor effects when the two therapies were combined.

Conclusions

The mechanism of oxaliplatin-resistant cell secondary multidrug resistance was correlated with the variation of cell cycle distribution, extension of doubling time and upregulation of P-gp expression. The synergistic effect of CIK in combination with L-OHP on killing activity against oxaliplatin-resistant cells was shown in vivo and in vitro.
Are probiotics a feasible intervention for prevention of diarrhoea in the developing world?
Authors: Hajela Neerja , Nair Gopinath B , Ganguly Nirmal K
Published: August 2010

With more than 1.4 million of the 9 million child deaths being attributed to diarrhoea in 2008 and 49% of them occurring in five countries namely, India, Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Pakistan and China, there is an urgent need for intervention to prevent and control diarrhoeal diseases. Of the various interventions, probiotics offer immense potential. The past decade has witnessed the validation of their utility for the prevention, treatment and management of a variety of infective and non infective disorders. The most investigated field continues to remain infectious diarrhoea and compelling evidence comes from randomized placebo controlled trials. While results from these studies are encouraging most of them reflect the outcomes of the developed world. Developing countries like India continue to struggle with nutritional and health challenges and bear the greatest burden of diarrhoea. A paucity of data from the developing countries limits the definite recommendation of probiotics. In these countries curd, often confused for a probiotic, is practiced as an integral part of the culture. While the nutritional benefits of these products cannot be understated, it is still uncertain whether these products can be classified as a probiotic. The emergence of probiotic foods which are scientifically validated for their efficacy and impart defined health benefits offer an excellent opportunity to improve public health. A recent randomized controlled trial conducted by the National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases in Kolkata, India demonstrated a protective efficacy of 14% in preventing diarrhoea among children who received a probiotic. For the developing world however the vision for probiotics would mean a fundamental change in perception and developing a well planned strategy to allow interventions like probiotics to permeate to impoverished settings, where the assault of micro organisms is on a daily basis. This would mean that probiotics are ingrained into the public health system without being seen as a medicine.
Editorial: Genital epithelial cells: foot soldiers or fashion leaders?
Authors: Kaul R , Hirbod T
Published: August 2010

The study by Ochiel and colleagues demonstrates that genital epithelial cells may play a primary role in determining the mucosal immune microenvironment.
The borehole-fluid effect in electrical resistivity imaging
Authors: Doetsch Joseph A. , Coscia Ilaria , Greenhalgh Stewart , Linde Niklas , Green Alan , Günther Thomas
Published: August 2010

Fluid that fills boreholes in crosswell electrical resistivity investigations provides the necessary electrical contact between the electrodes and the rock formation but it is also the source of image artifacts in standard inversions that do not account for the effects of the boreholes. The image distortions can be severe for large resistivity contrasts between the rock formation and borehole fluid and for large borehole diameters. We have carried out 3D finite-element modeling using an unstructured-grid approach to quantify the magnitude of borehole effects for different resistivity contrasts, borehole diameters, and electrode configurations. Relatively common resistivity contrasts of 100:1 and borehole diameters of 10 and [Formula: see text] yielded, for a bipole length of [Formula: see text], apparent resistivity underestimates of approximately 12% and 32% when using AB-MN configurations and apparent resistivity overestimates of approximately 24% and 95% when usingAM-BN configurations. Effects are generally more severe at shorter bipole spacings. We report the results obtained by either including or ignoring the boreholes in inversions of 3D field data from a test site in Switzerland, where approximately 10,000 crosswell resistivity-tomography measurements were made across six acquisition planes among four boreholes. Inversions of raw data that ignored the boreholes filled with low-resistivity fluid paradoxically produced high-resistivity artifacts around the boreholes. Including correction factors based on the modeling results for a 1D model with and without the boreholes did not markedly improve the images. The only satisfactory approach was to use a 3D inversion code that explicitly incorporated the boreholes in the actual inversion. This new approach yielded an electrical resistivity image that was devoid of artifacts around the boreholes and that correlated well with coincident crosswell radar images.
Testing for illicit drug use in mental health services
Authors: Abraham Abu , Luty Jason
Published: August 2010

Testing for illicit drug use is used in pre-employment checks, the criminal justice system, sports medicine and for screening and confirmatory purposes in patients with physical and mental illnesses. The types of drugs tested for and the methods used vary depending on the indication. This article focuses primarily on blood, urine and oral fluids, which are specimens more commonly used in mental health settings, although hair and sweat are increasingly used in medico-legal cases and in child protection issues. The main drugs and their metabolism are discussed to gain a better understanding of the methods used and for accurate interpretation. Methods to ensure validity during sample collection are explored. False-positive and false-negative tests are common and possible confounders are discussed.
Efficacy of antidepressants in treating the negative symptoms of chronic schizophrenia: meta-analysis
Authors: Singh Surendra P. , Singh Vidhi , Kar Nilamadhab , Chan Kelvin
Published: August 2010

Background

Treatment of negative symptoms in chronic schizophrenia continues to be a major clinical issue.

Aims

To analyse the efficacy of add-on antidepressants for the treatment of negative symptoms of chronic schizophrenia.

Method

Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials comparing the effect of antidepressants and placebo on the negative symptoms of chronic schizophrenia, measured through standardised rating scales. Outcome was measured as standardised mean difference between end-of-trial and baseline scores of negative symptoms.

Results

There were 23 trials from 22 publications (n = 819). The antidepressants involved were selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, mirtazapine, reboxetine, mianserin, trazodone and ritanserin; trials on other antidepressants were not available. The overall standardised mean difference was moderate (–0.48) in favour of antidepressants and subgroup analysis revealed significant responses for fluoxetine, trazodone and ritanserin.

Conclusions

Antidepressants along with antipsychotics are more effective in treating the negative symptoms of schizophrenia than antipsychotics alone.
Psychotic symptoms in the general population – an evolutionary perspective
Authors: Kelleher Ian , Jenner Jack A. , Cannon Mary
Published: August 2010

Our ideas about the intrinsically pathological nature of hallucinations and delusions are being challenged by findings from epidemiology, neuroimaging and clinical research. Population-based studies using both self-report and interview surveys show that the prevalence of psychotic symptoms is far greater than had been previously considered, prompting us to re-evaluate these psychotic symptoms and their meaning in an evolutionary context. This non-clinical phenotype may hold the key to understanding the persistence of psychosis in the population. From a neuroscientific point of view, detailed investigation of the non-clinical psychosis phenotype should provide novel leads for research into the aetiology, nosology and treatment of psychosis.
Awareness of the cost of psychotropic medication among doctors: a service evaluation
Authors: Singh Dhananjay Kumar , Khawaja Shakil , Pala Ishaq , Khaja Jaleel , Krishnanu Ray , Walker Heather , Bustin Julian
Published: August 2010

Aims and method

Cost-effective prescribing is an increasingly important aspect of our practice. A service evaluation was carried out to assess the level of awareness and knowledge of different aspects of cost-effective prescribing among doctors working in the North East London Foundation Trust. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to benchmark knowledge against six standards.

Results

The survey was completed by 71% of doctors working in adult or old age psychiatry. A total of 2% of doctors stated that they should always take into consideration the price of the drug when prescribing and only 5% of doctors claimed to know the price of medications they prescribe most frequently.

Clinical implications

Strategies to improve the poor level of knowledge and awareness in this area of clinical practice would be of benefit in making the best use of limited financial resources without any detriment to patient care.
Thinking about cost – undermining trust
Authors: Oyebode Femi
Published: August 2010

This commentary argues that decisions about the distribution of resources in a healthcare system paid out of taxation such as the NHS is best dealt with at arm's length from the doctor-patient encounter within the clinic. Thus, the role of the National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellent (NICE) that is to take a population perspective is appropriate, whereas any attempt by individual doctors to be influenced by costs and to base their judgements on the relative costs of interventions is likely to undermine the trust that exists within the doctor-patient relationship.
Multivitamin Use Is Not Associated With Cancer Recurrence or Survival in Patients With Stage III Colon Cancer: Findings From CALGB 89803
Authors: Ng Kimmie , Meyerhardt Jeffrey A. , Chan Jennifer A. , Niedzwiecki Donna , Hollis Donna R. , Saltz Leonard B. , Mayer Robert J. , Benson Al B. , Schaefer Paul L. , Whittom Renaud , Hantel Alexander , Goldberg Richard M. , Fuchs Charles S.
Published: August 2010

Purpose

Multivitamin use is widespread in the United States, especially among patients with cancer. However, the influence of multivitamin supplementation on cancer recurrence and death after a curative resection of colon cancer is unknown.

Patients and Methods

We conducted a prospective, observational study of 1,038 patients with stage III colon cancer enrolled in a randomized adjuvant chemotherapy trial. Patients reported on multivitamin use during and 6 months after adjuvant chemotherapy. Patients were observed until March 2009 for disease recurrence and death. To minimize bias by occult recurrence, we excluded patients who recurred or died within 90 days of their multivitamin assessment.

Results

Among 1,038 patients, 518 (49.9%) reported multivitamin use during adjuvant chemotherapy. Compared with nonusers, the multivariate hazard ratio (HR) for disease-free survival was 0.94 (95% CI, 0.77 to 1.15) for patients who used multivitamins. Similarly, multivitamin use during adjuvant chemotherapy was not significantly associated with recurrence-free survival (multivariate HR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.75 to 1.15) or overall survival (multivariate HR 0.92; 95% CI, 0.74 to 1.16). Multivitamin use reported 6 months after completion of adjuvant chemotherapy was also not associated with improved patient outcome, and consistent use both during and following adjuvant therapy conferred no benefit. Neither an increasing number of tablets nor increasing duration of use before cancer diagnosis was associated with cancer recurrence or mortality. Multivitamin use also did not improve the rates of grade 3 and higher GI toxicity.

Conclusion

Multivitamin use during and after adjuvant chemotherapy was not significantly associated with improved outcomes in patients with stage III colon cancer.
Time Constants of Cardiac Function and Their Calculations
Authors: Bai Xufang , Wang Quan
Published: August 2010

Left ventricular diastolic time constant, Tau, is the most established index to describe left ventricular diastolic function. However, the lack of a practical method for the measurement of Tau has been an uncomfortable reality which formerly kept all but a few researchers from making use of it. Recently, the non invasive calculation of Tau in an echo lab was accomplished through formulas developed by universal mathematical method. Tau was first suggested by the fact that left ventricular diastole is an active process, and we can therefore predict that there must be some other time constants which can be used to describe other active movement of ventricular muscles during isovolumic period. Similar mathematical manipulation was employed to develop formulas for “the other Tau(s)”. Such Tau(s) represent new sets of indexes useful for the description of cardiac function. They are expected to be the most established indices given the fact Tau is revealing the power of ventricular muscles without interference from either preload or afterload.
Anaemia and Long Term Mortality in Heart Failure Patients: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Charlot Mette , Torp-Pedersen Christian , Valeur Nana , Seibæk Marie , Weeke Peter , Køber Lars
Published: August 2010

Background:

Anaemia has been demonstrated as a risk factor in patients with heart failure over periods of a few years, but long term data are not available. We examined the long-term risk of anaemia in heart failure patients during 15 years of follow-up.

Methods:

We evaluated survival data for 1518 patients with heart failure randomized into the Danish Investigations of Arrhythmia and Mortality on Dofetilide (DIAMOND) trial. The follow-up time was from 13 to 15 years. After 15 years 11.5% of the patients were still alive.

Results:

Anaemia was present in 34% of the patients. 264 (17%) had mild, 152 (10%) had moderate and 98 (7%) had severe anaemia. Hazard ratio of death for patients with mild anaemia compared with patients with no anaemia was 1.27 (1.11-1.45, p<0.001), for moderate anaemia 1.48 (1.24-1.77, p<0.001) and for severe anaemia 1.82 (1.47-2.24, p<0.001), respectively. In multivariable analyses anaemia was still associated with increased mortality with hazard ratios of 1.19 (1.04–1.37, p=0.014) for mild anaemia, 1.23 (1.03–1.48, p=0.024) for moderate anaemia and 1.33 (1.07–1.66, p=0.010) for severe anaemia, respectively. In landmark analysis the increased mortality for mild anaemia was only significant during the first 2 years, while moderate anaemia remained significant for at least 5 years. There were too few patients left with severe anaemia after 5 years to evaluate the importance on mortality beyond this time.

Conclusion:

Anaemia at the time of diagnosis of heart failure is an independent factor for mortality during the following years but loses its influence on mortality over time.
Full Mouth Rehabilitation with Implant-Supported Prostheses for Severe Periodontitis: A Case Report
Authors: Bencharit Sompop , Schardt-Sacco Debra , Border Michael B , Barbaro Colin P
Published: August 2010

Oral rehabilitation for a patient with severe loss of alveolar bone and soft tissue resulting from severe periodontitis presents a challenge to clinicians. Replacing loosening natural teeth with fixed prostheses supported by dental implants often requires either gingival surgery or bone grafting. The outcome of the bone grafting is sometimes unpredictable and requires longer healing time and/ or multiple surgeries. The presence of periodontal inflammation and periapical lesions often delay the placement of bone grafts as well as dental implants. Here we present a clinical case of a patient undergone full mouth reconstruction with implant-supported fixed prostheses. We demonstrated that early placement of implants (three weeks after extractions) with minimal bone grafting may be an alternative to conventional bone grafting followed by implant placement. We believe that primary stability during implant placement may contribute to our success. In addition, composite resin gingival material may be indicated in cases of large fixed implant prostheses as an alternative to pink porcelain.
Protein Secondary Structure Prediction Using RT-RICO: A Rule-Based Approach
Authors: Lee Leong , Leopold Jennifer L. , Kandoth Cyriac , Frank Ronald L.
Published: August 2010

Protein structure prediction has always been an important research area in biochemistry. In particular, the prediction of protein secondary structure has been a well-studied research topic. The experimental methods currently used to determine protein structure are accurate, yet costly both in terms of equipment and time. Despite the recent breakthrough of combining multiple sequence alignment information and artificial intelligence algorithms to predict protein secondary structure, the Q3 accuracy of various computational prediction methods rarely has exceeded 75%. In this paper, a newly developed rule-based data-mining approach called RT-RICO (Relaxed Threshold Rule Induction from Coverings) is presented. This method identifies dependencies between amino acids in a protein sequence and generates rules that can be used to predict secondary structure. RT-RICO achieved a Q3 score of 81.75% on the standard test dataset RS126 and a Q3 score of 79.19% on the standard test dataset CB396, an improvement over comparable computational methods.
The Role of NaCl or KCl Act on Precipitation Rate and Some Properties of Mung Bean Starch
Authors: Yan Shuqin , Liu Cheng , Li Shifeng , Shen Qun
Published: August 2010

Mung bean starch has been manufactured by sour liquid processing for hundreds of years in China. Ions in sour liquid will impact the starch properties and vermicelli quality. To understand the role of the ions act on the processing and starch quality, different concentrations of NaCl or KCl effect on precipitation rate of starch slurry, starch properties and the potential quality of vermicelli were studied. Results showed that starch slurry took a shorter time to start precipitating when NaCl or KCl concentration increased from 0.027mol/L to 0.088 mol/L. Light transmittance, swelling power and peak viscosity of mung bean starch was significantly decreased from 0.02mol/L to 0.10mol/L NaCl or KCl. Increasing To, Tp, Tc and Tc-To was noticed from 0.02mol/L to 0.10 mol/L NaCl or 0.04mol/L to 0.08mol/L KCl. These changes would be helpful for improving vermicelli quality. However increasing solubility at test concentrations of NaCl and KCl was not good for vermicelli quality.
Synthesis and bioactivity of erythro-nordihydroguaiaretic acid, threo-(-)-saururenin and their analogues
Authors: Xia Yamu , Zhang Yuanyuan , Wang Wei , Ding Yining , He Rui
Published: August 2010

Full details of the total syntheses of erythro-nordihydroguaiaretic acid,
threo-(-)-saururenin and their analogues are presented. The syntheses were
based on a unified synthetic strategy involving the Stobbe Reaction,
alkylation to construct the skeleton of lignans and resolution of the threo-
and erythro-isomers. The syntheses were achieved in eight to nine steps from
simple aromatic precursors, and by this route 13 lignans were obtained. Among
the synthesized lignans, seven lignans were natural products; moreover three
of the seven natural products were synthesized for the first time. The effect
of 13 lignans was examined on HIV Tat transactivation in human epithelial
cells, HSV-1 gene and human leukemic, liver, prostate, stomach and breast
cancer cell. Bioactivity results indicated that one product showed activity
against the HIV gene and five compounds exhibited anti-HSV activity.
Diabetic Neuropathy
Authors: Gibbons Christopher H. , Freeman Roy , Veves Aristidis
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE

To determine the relationships among large, small, and autonomic fiber neurophysiological measures in a cross-sectional study of patients with diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We assessed 130 individuals: 25 healthy subjects and 105 subjects with diabetes. Subjects were classified by the presence or absence of neuropathy by physical examination. All subjects underwent autonomic testing, nerve conduction studies, quantitative sensory testing, and nerve-axon reflex vasodilation in addition to quantifiable neurological examination and symptom scores. Correlation and cluster analysis were used to determine relationships between and among different neurophysiological testing parameters.

RESULTS

Results of neurophysiological tests were abnormal in patients with clinical evidence of diabetic neuropathy compared with results in healthy control subjects and in those without neuropathy (P < 0.01, all tests). The correlations among individual tests varied widely, both within (r range <0.5–>0.9, NS to <0.001) and between test groups (r range <0.2–>0.5, NS to <0.01). A two-step hierarchical cluster analysis revealed that neurophysiological tests do not aggregate by typical “small,” “large,” or “autonomic” nerve fiber subtypes.

CONCLUSIONS

The modest correlation coefficients seen between the different testing modalities suggest that these techniques measure different neurophysiological parameters and are therefore not interchangeable. However, the data suggest that only a small number of neurophysiological tests are actually required to clinically differentiate individuals with neuropathy from those without. The natural clustering of both patients and healthy control subjects suggests that variations in the population will need to be considered in future studies of diabetic neuropathy.
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Association of Fasting Glucose–Associated Genomic Loci With Fasting Glucose, HOMA-B, and Impaired Fasting Glucose in the U.S. Adult Population
Authors: Yang Quanhe , Liu Tiebin , Shrader Peter , Yesupriya Ajay , Chang Man-huei , Dowling Nicole F. , Ned Renée M. , Dupuis Josée , Florez Jose C. , Khoury Muin J. , Meigs James B. ,   the MAGIC Investigators
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE

To estimate allele frequencies and the marginal and combined effects of novel fasting glucose (FG)-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on FG levels and on risk of impaired FG (IFG) among non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and Mexican Americans.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

DNA samples from 3,024 adult fasting participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III (1991–1994) were genotyped for 16 novel FG-associated SNPs in multiple genes. We determined the allele frequencies and influence of these SNPs alone and in a weighted genetic risk score on FG, homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function (HOMA-B), and IFG by race/ethnicity, while adjusting for age and sex.

RESULTS

All allele frequencies varied significantly by race/ethnicity. A weighted genetic risk score, based on 16 SNPs, was associated with a 0.022 mmol/l (95% CI 0.009–0.035), 0.036 mmol/l (0.019–0.052), and 0.033 mmol/l (0.020–0.046) increase in FG levels per risk allele among non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks, and Mexican Americans, respectively. Adjusted odds ratios for IFG were 1.78 for non-Hispanic whites (95% CI 1.00–3.17), 2.40 for non-Hispanic blacks (1.07–5.37), and 2.39 for Mexican Americans (1.37–4.14) when we compared the highest with the lowest quintiles of genetic risk score (P = 0.365 for testing heterogeneity of effect across race/ethnicity).

CONCLUSIONS

We conclude that allele frequencies of 16 novel FG-associated SNPs vary significantly by race/ethnicity, but the influence of these SNPs on FG levels, HOMA-B, and IFG were generally consistent across all racial/ethnic groups.
Toxic effects of nanoparticles - differences and similarities with fine particles
Authors: Martinsone Žanna , Baķe Mārīte
Published: August 2010

Toxic effects of nanoparticles - differences and similarities with fine particles

There is increasing recognition that nanoparticles may pose a risk to human health. Toxicology studies have indicated that specific properties of nanoparticles drive their toxicity. These properties include surface area and chemistry, size and shape of particles, as well as charge and number, but to a lesser extent, mass. Nanoparticles can influence human health by occupational exposure and by environmental contacts. Uptake of nanoparticles may occur by inhalation, transdermal means and by ingestion. After inhalation, oral administration or parenteral administration, nanoparticles reach the lungs, gastrointestinal tract and brain. It is important to understand the similar and dissimilar features of nanoparticles and fine particles regarding impact on health. The general picture that emerges from experimental animal studies is that, on a mass dose basis, pulmonary toxicity is enhanced when particle size is reduced from the micrometre to the nanometre range. The increase in toxicity appears to be related to the increase in particle surface area. However, different existing materials in the nanometre size exhibit different degrees of toxicity on the respiratory tract. It is not possible to reach generic conclusions about toxicity based on consideration of size alone; the potential toxicity of each individual nanoparticulate material needs to be considered on a case-by-case basis. There is a clear lack of information on the potential health effects of nanoparticles produced for nanotechnologies. These uncertainties arise because of gaps in knowledge about the factors that are essential for predicting health risks — factors such as routes of exposure, translocation of materials once they enter the body, and interaction of the materials with the body's biological systems.
Environmental quality assessment and modelling in high-risk industrial sites in Latvia
Authors: Maurāns Andris , Prindulis Jānis , Mačs Dainis
Published: August 2010

Environmental quality assessment and modelling in high-risk industrial sites in Latvia

The industrial risk situation during the past 20 years in 50 high-risk industrial sites in Latvia was investigated. Overall, the study results show that the level of industrial risk within Latvia's high-risk companies has fallen significantly. Modernisation of equipment and automation of process management were deemed to be the most effective risk reduction measures. A great deal of experience has accumulated in Latvia in the field of quantitative risk assessment. However, the comparability of the results of the work carried out is limited, because different input data and assumptions have been utilised in the calculations by various specialists. Computer modelling of the harmful impact zones resulting from accidents should be consolidated in risk assessments so that as far as possible the harmful effects on human health and the environment arising from accidents can be assessed more comprehensively and diversely. There is a need to develop common methods for probabilistic risk assessment. The study also shows that, in contrast to many European countries, acceptable risk norms are yet to be ratified in Latvia which is hindering the formulation and implementation of targeted risk reduction policy by executive governmental institutions.
Health disorders of the employees exposed to organic solvents at work
Authors: Veide Artūrs , Eglīte Maija , Baķe Mārīte , Čurbakova Elvīra
Published: August 2010

Health disorders of the employees exposed to organic solvents at work

The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of exposure of organic solvents at work on related health disorders in Latvia. Two surveys were carried out with a total number of 2520 respondents. Retrospective analysis of incidence of occupational diseases caused by organic solvents was performed. 21.4% of employees indicated absorption of chemical substances through skin. The incidence of occupational diseases caused by organic solvents has a stable trend to decrease from year 2003. 58.8% of employees believe that their long-term health disorders are related to their work environment or work conditions. While organic solvents remain an essential working risk problem in Latvia, the data on exposed persons and their health disorders caused by organic solvents are not sufficient enough. Biological monitoring could facilitate early diagnostics of non-specific health disorders caused by organic solvents.
Work conditions and health risks of persons employed in construction in Latvia
Authors: Farbtuha Tatjana , Martinsone Žanna , Vanadziņš Ivars , Dundurs Jānis , Mārtiņsone Inese , Piķe Anita
Published: August 2010

Work conditions and health risks of persons employed in construction in Latvia

The health effects of the work condition in construction were the focus for this study. The construction sector involves numerous risk factors, which can essentially endanger employee health and safety by causing accidents, occupational diseases and work-related diseases. The aim of this study was to examine the work condition, identity risk factors in the workplace, analyse the morbidity and accidents in the construction sector. According to the data of the State Revenue Service, the number of persons employed in construction in Latvia is growing each year. In the construction sector the number of accidents per 100 000 employees has tended to fall between 2003 and 2005, but the number of serious accidents has risen 1.3 times. Employees in construction companies are not sufficiently informed about the work environment risk factors and their influence on health and safety.
Possible hazards of work environment in metal processing industry in Latvia
Authors: Mārtiņsone Inese , Baķe Mārīte-Ārija , Martinsone Žanna , Eglīte Maija
Published: August 2010

Possible hazards of work environment in metal processing industry in Latvia

The aim of this study was to investigate risk factors in the work environment of Latvian metal processing industry using the database of the Laboratory of Hygiene and Occupational Diseases of the Institute of Occupational Safety and Environmental Health, Rīga Stradiņš University. During the period between 1996 and 2005, 703 measurements were made in metalworking enterprises. In Latvia, approximately 2.4% of the workforce is involved in the metal processing industry. Physical (noise, lighting, vibration) and chemical (abrasive dust, welding aerosol and contained metals) risk factors were analysed. In the assessed metalworking workplaces, the work environment was estimated to be of poor quality, because occupational exposure limits or recommended values were exceeded in 42% (n = 294) of cases. Noise, manganese and welding aerosols most often exceeded the occupational exposure limits or recommended values, the significance was P < 0.001, P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively.
Teaching Pragmatics to L2 Learners for the Workplace: The Job Interview
Authors: Louw Kerry J. , Derwing Tracey M. , Abbott Marilyn L.
Published: August 2010

This article reports on a pedagogical tool developed to facilitate effective inter-cultural communication in the workplace. We created pre- and post-instruction videos of a native speaker (NS) and non-native speakers (NNSs) in simulated job interviews. Initial interviews were examined for pragmatic difficulties, and one of the researchers also conducted pre- and post-interviews with the recruiters and the NNSs to obtain reactions to the interviews. Their initial videos and post-interview reactions were used to instruct the NNSs in the pragmatics of a job interview. A panel of three expert instructors also watched the pre- and post-instruction videos and rated all interviews on an inventory of specific pragmatic skills. Their ratings were analyzed to determine the candidates' progress and patterns of pragmatic difficulties. Candidates showed marked improvement in their second interviews, demonstrating that the pedagogical intervention used promoted the development of pragmatic competence. Implications for ESL programs, instructors, TESL, and EWP are discussed.
Micropropagation of Marsdenia brunoniana Wight & Arn. - A rare antidiabetic plant
Authors: Ugraiah A. , Karuppusamy S. , Pullaiah T.
Published: August 2010

Shoot multiplication of M. brunoniana Wight & Arn. was achieved from the nodal explants of mature plants using MS with different concentrations and combina-tions of growth regulators. Maximum explant response and highest number of shoots per explant was obtained on MS medium fortified with 1.0 mg/l BAP. The highest degree of shoot proliferation was found to be 90%. The combination of BAP and Kn was also found to be effective for regeneration. The regenerated shoots were successfully rooted on MS supplemented with 0.5 mg/l NAA, after sequential hardening; survival rate was 90%.  Key words: Marsdenia brunoniana, Medinal plant, Micropropagation, Conservation D. O.I. 10.3329/ptcb.v20i1.5958 Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 20(1): 7-12, 2010 (June)
Rapid in vitro Regeneration and Clonal Propagation of the Fastest Growing Leguminous Tree Albizia falcataria (L.) Fosberg using Leaflet Explant
Authors: Ghosh Nabarun , Smith Don W. , Das A. B. , Chatterjee A.
Published: August 2010

Young leaflets were used as the explants for in vitro regeneration of Albizia falcataria (L.) Fosberg without callus intervention. The leaf explants produced in vitro adventitious shoot buds directly on culturing with MS supplemented with BA, IBA (4.0/0.05 mg/l) and 10% coconut milk (v/v). Addition of casein hydrolysate and coconut milk increased the production of shoot buds. The buds produced shoots and roots and showed 66% survival in a field trial. This technique offers an effective way by which large number of genetically stable plants can be produced, maintained, multiplied and transported as disease free propagules or regenerants, safely and economically. Key words: Albizia falcataria, Leaf explant, Clonal propagation, Cytology D.O.I. 10.3329/ptcb.v20i1.5966 Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 20(1): 63-72, 2010 (June)
The Influence of Atorvastatin on Tendon Healing: An Experimental Study on Rabbits
Authors: Esenkaya Irfan , Sakarya Bulent , Unay Koray , Elmali Nurzat , Aydin Nasuhi Engin
Published: August 2010

Hyperlipidemia is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease. The most commonly used antihyperlipidemic drugs are 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins), of which atorvastatin is one of the most widely used. Little is known about the relationship between tendinopathy and HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) or the effects of atorvastatin use on tendon healing following surgical repair of tendon rupture. We hypothesized that atorvastatin negatively affects this healing process.

The Achilles tendons of 16 New Zealand rabbits were ruptured surgically and repaired with sutures. Eight of the rabbits were given oral atorvastatin. The other 8 served as a surgical control group. Six weeks postoperatively, all the rabbits were sacrificed, and the repaired tendons were removed. After standard histological preparation, fibroblastic activity, revascularization, collagenization, collagen construction, and inflammatory-cell infiltration were evaluated. On comparing the atorvastatin and surgical control groups, we observed no difference in fibroblastic activity. Although it did not reach statistical significance in our study, a difference was noted in revascularization, collagenization, and inflammatory cell infiltration; and a statistical difference was observed in collagen construction.

Doubt remains about the adverse effect of atorvastatin use during tendon healing. Further investigations in animal and human models are needed on the effects of tendon healing when atorvastatin is administered for a longer time frame prior to the injury.
Hip Hemiarthroplasty After Displaced Femoral Neck Fracture: A Survivorship Analysis
Authors: Tanous Thomas , Stephenson Kelly W. , Grecula Michael J.
Published: August 2010

The standard of care for displaced femoral neck fractures is not clear. We reviewed all patients 65 years or older with displaced femoral neck fracture who underwent hip hemiarthroplasty at our institution between 1997 and 2006. Women accounted for 70% of the patients. Mean patient age was 78 years, and most of the patients were community ambulators.

Complete operative information was available for 226 (79%) of 285 patients. Follow-up was available for 126 patients (mean, 15.8 months; range, 1–97 months). Total mortality rate was 58%. Mean University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) scores were 8.3 for pain, 6.7 for walking, 5.6 for function, and 3.5 for activity. Two patients had acetabular wear on radiography, but symptoms were not severe enough to warrant revision. Three patients (1.3%) underwent revision, 1 with acetabular wear and 2 for infection.

Despite the limited follow-up, the rate of conversion to total hip arthroplasty (THA) was low. Longer, prospective studies are needed to delineate which patients will benefit from THA.
Comparison of Early Fixation and Delayed Reconstruction After Displacement in Previously Nondisplaced Acromion Fractures
Authors: Kim Doo-Sup , Yoon Yeo-Seung , Kang Dong-Hyun
Published: August 2010

Scapular fractures account for approximately 1% of all fractures, and 8% to 10% are acromion fractures. We compared the results of early and delayed treatment for non-displaced and type III acromion fractures, respectively, to investigate an early treatment method for nondisplaced acromion fractures.

Patients treated between March 1999 and March 2006 with 2-year follow-up were selected for the study. The early fixation group comprised 16 patients, and the delayed reconstruction group comprised 18 patients. Moreover, the delayed reconstruction group was further divided into 2 additional groups: delayed group B and delayed group N. Delayed group B comprised 7 cases receiving bone graft, and delayed group N comprised 11 cases not receiving bone graft. Mean Constant scores were significantly greater for the early fixation group (92±6.6; range, 64–98) than for both delayed groups N (86±7.8; range, 54–96) and B (81±9.4; range, 58–92) (
P
=.042 and .024, respectively). Mean pain score was 14±4.8 (range, 5–15) in the early fixation group, 12±7.4 (range, 5–15) in delayed group N, and 9±8.8 (range, 5-15) in delayed group B (
P
=.052 and .018, respectively). Mean daily activity score was also significantly greater in the early fixation group (19±6.4; range, 16–20) than in both delayed group N (14±6.2; range, 10–18) and delayed group B (10±4.4; range, 8–18) (
P
=.048 and .021, respectively). The
P
values for Constant, pain, and daily activity scores between delayed groups N and B were .048, .038, and .052, respectively.

In cases of young patients with type IC acromion fractures at the time of injury, a high activity level, and the early need for crutches or a walker, early surgical treatment should be considered.
Subdeltoid Lipoma: A Case With Symptoms Mimicking Glenohumeral Instability and Subacromial Impingement
Authors: Ui Michimasa , Ogawa Kiyohisa
Published: August 2010

Lipoma is the most frequently occurring benign soft tissue tumor in the shoulder and the axillary region in middle-aged and older persons, yet few such lipoma cases have been associated with clinical symptoms. A 38-year-old right-handed man presented with an enlarged feeling and a painful back-and-forth popping in his left shoulder. Although moderate tenderness of the subacromial bursa and bicipital groove existed, an obvious impingement sign was absent. Also not evidenced were signs of neurological deficits, limited range of motion, or any physical findings suggestive of instability. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a homogenous tumor in the subdeltoid that was isointense relative to the subcutaneous fat and fluid collection in the hypertrophic subacromial bursa. As the tumor was considered from the clinical and imaging findings to be attributable to all clinical symptoms, it was resected en bloc with a satisfactory result. Histopathologically, the tumor showed typical features of a simple lipoma.

To our knowledge, the present case is the first of a subdeltoid intermuscular lipoma of which mechanism developing symptoms was preoperatively surmised from imaging. The symptom-mimicking shoulder instability was assumed to be produced by the back-and-forth snapping of the lipoma beneath the deltoid muscle. The mechanism for developing the subacromial impingement-like symptom was surmised to derive from the middle deltoid fibers pressuring the lipoma to push up into the subacromial space. This case is presented to emphasize the careful reading of imaging in considering the pathomechanism of the attributing symptoms.