bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hérnia de Garengeot com apendicite: relato de caso
Authors: Stangler Lucas Tadeu Barrak , Mori Marcos Alexandre Kojima , Chinarelli Ricardo Lobato , Ribeiro Mauricio Alves , Santos Albert Salviano dos , Diniz Tiago Bezerra de Freitas , Hernai Bruno De Lucia , Parreira José Gustavo , Assef José Cesar
Published: August 2018

O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar um caso pouco frequente de hérnia femoral associada a apendicite aguda no conteúdo herniário, diagnóstico e tratamento, de paciente atendida no serviço de emergência da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo no ano de 2017. As informações foram obtidas através de revisão de prontuário médico, entrevista com a paciente, registro fotográfico dos métodos diagnósticos e cirúrgico, e revisão da literatura.  A hérnia de Garengeot consite no achado do apêndice cecal no interior de uma hérnia femoral  e ocorre em 0,5 a 5% dos casos. A sua apresentação associada a um quadro de apendicite aguda é ainda mais rara, ocorrendo em cerca de 0,08 a 0,13%. A Tomografia Computadorizada (TC) continua sendo o melhor de exame de imagem a ser solicitado em casos de dúvida diagnóstica, podendo auxiliar no planejamento cirúrgico. O tratamento para a hérnia de Garengeot não possui uma padronização definida, existindo diversas abordagens. Em geral, por se tratar de uma urgência cirúrgica, é realizado apendicectomia e reparo da hérnia com a técnica de McVay. O caso relatado e as publicações levantadas trazem à luz a discussão de terapêutica e diagnóstico de uma condição rara que é a hérnia de Garengeot  associada à apendicite aguda e evidenciam que quando diagnosticada e tratada adequadamente é capaz de levar a resultados satisfatórios, considerando o alívio sintomático, a resolução de um quadro potencialmente grave como a apendicite aguda e redução nos riscos de novos eventos relacionados ao encarceramento e estrangulamento herniário.Descritores: Hérnia femoral, Apendicite
Dientamoeba fragilis: um parasito enigmático
Authors: Chieffi Pedro Paulo , Santos Sergio Vieira dos
Published: August 2018

Foram abordados os principais aspectos relativos à morfologia, biologia, epidemiologia e possível patogenicidade de Dientamoeba fragilis, protozoário intestinal atualmente classificado como pertencente à ordem Trichomonadida.Descritores: Dientamoeba, Dientamebíase, Trichomonadida, Infecções por protozoários, Enteropatias parasitárias
Conhecimento de enfermeiros de Unidades de Terapia Intensiva acerca da notificação de eventos adversos
Authors: Stellute Giuliano , Devezas Acácia Maria Lima Oliveira , Santos Luciana Soares Costa , Souza Graziela Ramos Barbosa de , Kröger Márcia Mariano de Araújo
Published: August 2018

Objetivo: Verificar o conhecimento de enfermeiros de Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) adulto sobre a ocorrência e notificação de eventos adversos (EA). Método: Pesquisa de campo, exploratória, descritiva, de natureza quantitativa, realizada entre treze (13) enfermeiros intensivistas. Os dados foram coletados por meio de um questionário semiestruturado, aplicado em duas UTIs de um Hospital geral e público da cidade de São Paulo, após aprovação pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da instituição (sob número 797188). Resultados: Conceitualmente, os enfermeiros descreveram EA como erros, não conformidades ou eventos inesperados, causados ao paciente pela equipe médica ou de Enfermagem, direta ou indiretamente, cujas complicações oferecem algum tipo de risco ou dano. A ocorrência de dano real ou potencial à vida do paciente foi percebida por todos os enfermeiros. Especificamente nas UTIs pesquisadas, todos citaram que os EA ocorrem com frequência e que realizam a notificação dos mesmos. Quanto ao tipo, o EA mais comum é a perda de dispositivos terapêuticos. Para oferecer uma assistência de Enfermagem segura ao paciente é essencial que o enfermeiro que atua em UTI amplie seu repertório de conhecimentos técnico-científicos relacionados aos EA e torne-se capaz de identificar tanto os fatores de risco predisponentes ou existentes no ambiente de cuidado quanto valorize a notificação dos mesmos, para rastrear causas e efeitos, planejar e implementar sistemas para prevenir, corrigir ou mitigar acidentes, lesões ou outras ocorrências que envolvam pacientes, familiares, profissionais e a estrutura assistencial. Também, é fundamental estabelecer não uma cultura punitiva frente à ocorrência de EA, mas uma cultura que estimule a reflexão e aprendizado a partir destes eventos.Descritores: Segurança do Paciente, Unidades de Terapia Intensiva, Educação em Enfermagem, Gestão da Segurança
INVESTIGATING THE APPLICABILITY OF SUSTAINABLE URBAN FORM AND DESIGN TO TRADITIONAL CITIES, CASE STUDY: THE OLD CITY OF SANA'A
Authors: Ali Hikmat H , Al-Hashimi Imad A , Al-Samman Fua’ad
Published: August 2018

This research compared the traditional urban form of old Sana'a with the modern by applying three main basic principles of sustainability; 1. Form and density, 2. Walkability and connectivity and 3. Building energy. The method of inquiry was based on qualitative and quantitative methods and analysis using GIS, ECOTECT and Space Syntax modelling. The findings show that traditional form with its higher building density and compactness is a good model with regards to sustainable principles. Similarly, as to walkability index, traditional layout has higher rates of intersections and connected nodes and least angular changes with higher rates of integrations and choices in terms of Space Syntax properties than new layouts. Finally, the result of applying ECOTECT for urban solar analysis to confirm that the traditional pattern achieved sufficient values of solar access, exposure and shadows over different periods of the year. The overall results indicate that the traditional urban layout is more sustainable in terms of form and density, walkability and connectivity and urban solar energy than the new layouts.
DESIGN APPROACH TO REHABILITATION: DEVELOPING THERAPY ASSISTIVE PRODUCTS FOR CHILDREN WITH HEMIPLEGIC CEREBRAL PALSY
Authors: Perera G.Y.A. Shanya I. , Ranasinghe W.M.N. Dilshani
Published: August 2018

Therapy plays an important role in rehabilitation of children suffering from physical disabilities. Disability conditions like Hemiplegic Cerebral Palsy require vigorous therapy measures, which could be unappealing to children. Using therapy assistive products for rehabilitation can make therapy activities engaging and appealing to children and yield effective outcomes. However, there is limited availability of context based therapy assistive products, which are engaging, and appealing to children suffering from Hemiplegic Cerebral Palsy. This study explores how design methodology can be used to develop therapy assistive products for rehabilitation of children with disability. The study is based on developing a set of therapy assistive products to improve the hand-skills of children with Hemiplegic Cerebral Palsy. Developing therapy assistive products require comprehensive understanding of therapeutic aspects, design aspects and careful integration of the two disciplines. Hence, practicing multidisciplinary and participatory design approaches in the design process is imperative. Usability of therapy assistive products are highly impactive in nature, and therefore an iterative process of prototyping, testing, receiving constructive feedback and developing the products based on feedback should be adopted to achieve feasible and  functional outcomes.
Budidaya Tanaman Akar Wangi (Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash) dalam Wadah: Pengaruh Jenis Media Tanam dan Jumlah Bibit
Authors: Septyani Resti Putri , Ardie Sintho Wahyuning , Susanto Slamet
Published: August 2018

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh komposisi media tanam dan jumlah bibit dalam budidaya tanaman akar wangi (Vetiveria zizanioides) secara hidroponik menggunakan polybag terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman akar wangi varietas Verina 2. Penelitian dilakukan di rumah kaca Kebun Percobaan Cikabayan Bawah, IPB dengan elevasi 240 m di atas permukaan laut (dpl) mulai dari bulan November 2012 hingga Juli 2013. Penelitian disusun berdasarkan rancangan kelompok lengkap teracak (RKLT) dengan dua faktor dan lima ulangan. Faktor pertama adalah komposisi media tanam (v/v) yang terdiri atas tiga taraf, yaitu 100% arang sekam, arang sekam : styrofoam (2:1), dan arang sekam : styrofoam (1:1). Faktor kedua adalah jumlah bibit dalam satu polybag yang terdiri atas dua taraf yaitu satu bibit dan dua bibit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa interaksi antara komposisi media tanam dan jumlah bibit per polybag tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman dan pertumbuhan akar tanaman akar wangi. Tanaman yang ditanam pada media arang sekam : styrofoam (1:1) memiliki jumlah daun, jumlah anakan, jumlah akar, panjang akar, kandungan klorofil, dan karotenoid yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan tanaman yang ditanam pada media lainnya. Penanaman dua bibit per polybag menghasilkan jumlah daun, jumlah anakan, bobot basah dan kering tajuk, dan jumlah akar yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan satu bibit per polybag. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa penanaman dua bibit per polybag pada media                    arang sekam : styrofoam (1:1) menghasilkan pertumbuhan vegetatif dan pertumbuhan akar terbaik pada tanaman akar wangi.
Pertumbuhan dan Produksi Padi Varietas Jatiluhur dan IR64 pada Sistem Budidaya Gogo dan Sawah
Authors: Yunanda Andes Prayuda , Fauzi Ahmad Rifqi , Junaedi Ahmad
Published: August 2018

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pertumbuhan dan produksi dari dua varietas padi yang berbeda, yaitu IR64 sebagai varietas padi sawah dan Jatiluhur sebagai varietas padi gogo yang dibudidayakan secara sawah dan gogo. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dari bulan Februari hingga Juni 2012 di rumah plastik Kebun Percobaan Sawah Baru, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan percobaan petak terbagi dengan tiga ulangan. Sistem budidaya yang digunakan yaitu sawah dan gogo yang ditempatkan sebagai petak utama; sedangkan varietas IR64 dan Jatiluhur ditempatkan sebagai anak petak. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan sistem budidaya berpengaruh nyata terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksi padi. Perlakuan varietas berpengaruh nyata terhadap pertumbuhan padi, namun tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap produksi. Interaksi perlakuan sistem budidaya dan varietas secara umum berpengaruh nyata terhadap pertumbuhan, namun tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap produksi padi. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa varietas padi gogo dapat ditanam secara budidaya sawah dengan hasil yang tidak berbeda dengan varietas padi sawah.
Penambahan Bahan Organik pada Media Pertumbuhan Krisan (Dendrathema grandiflora Tzvelve) secara In Vitro
Authors: Rahayu Megayani Sri , Prayogi Hasrat Enggal
Published: August 2018

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari  pengaruh dari penambahan berbagai bahan organik terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman krisan secara in vitro, dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Kultur Jaringan Tanaman, Departemen Agronomi dan Hortikultura. Hasil penelitian diolah menggunakan metode Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan dua faktor. Faktor pertama adalah perlakuan media bahan organik terdiri atas tujuh taraf (MS0 tanpa penambahan bahan organik, kulit pisang 50 g/l + ½ MS (½ konsentrasi hara makro, mikro dan vitamin), kulit pisang 100 g/l + ½ MS, kulit pisang 150 g/l + ½ MS, ubi jalar ungu 50 g/l + ½ MS, ubi jalar ungu 100 g/l + ½ MS dan ubi jalar ungu 150 g/l + ½ MS). Faktor kedua adalah perlakuan varietas krisan dengan dua jenis (Puspita Nusantara dan Puspita Pelangi). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan bahan organik dalam media kultur jaringan krisan memberikan pengaruh terhadap tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, jumlah akar, dan panjang akar. Varietas krisan memberikan pengaruh pada tinggi tanaman dan  jumlah daun tanaman krisan. Interaksi antara media bahan organik dan varietas krisan terjadi pada tinggi tanaman umur 4–10 MSK.
Public Service Broadcasting: The challenge of representing ethnic minority audiences
Authors: Aujla-Sidhu Gurvinder
Published: August 2018

This paper examines the problems the BBC has in engaging and representing minority audiences. The Director General of the BBC, Tony Hall, has claimed that he wants the future BBC to “represent every family and community in the UK” (June 2014). Not an easy feat when the BBC’s own research indicates that it is failing to attract ethnic minority audiences (BBC Service Review 2012). Critics such as Hall (1990) have suggested the problem is the media construction of “race” as an issue and its definitions. The paper will focus on the BBC Asian Network, a radio station which was almost closed down in 2010, ostensibly because it was the most expensive BBC radio service to operate, and had very low listener figures. Producers and Editors explain the issues they face in attracting and retaining the target audience.
The 2011 Egyptian Revolution: Its effects on the Egyptian community in the UK in terms of political participation, media use, belonging, and Egyptian identity
Authors: Al-Sheikh Rua
Published: August 2018

This research seeks to examine the role played by the Egyptian Diaspora living in the UK during the 2011 Egyptian revolution and the extent to which they participated in it. The aim is to detangle the factors impacting the UK Egyptian community in terms of identity and belonging, and discuss whether the 2011 uprising had increased their political involvement through mass media or not. The assumption that diasporic communities are politically apathetic is considered. Little research has been conducted in this area of Diaspora, and a qualitative approach has been used to explore this. Preliminary findings indicate that Egyptians in the UK are more involved in political activities with regard to Egypt since 2011 uprising. When the Egyptian revolution broke out, some Egyptians living in the UK engaged in the revolution by voicing their opinions over the Internet and social media, while others travelled to Egypt to participate in the uprising.
Assessing the freedom of expression of Syrian refugee media outlets
Authors: Assaf Maria Juliana
Published: August 2018

Syrian post-uprising media outlets arose during the peaceful phase of the Syrian uprising in early 2011 (Salazar-Ferro, CPJ, 2014). Fewer than 30 of these outlets, funded by Western countries, survived and gradually moved to Turkey, escaping censorship and deteriorating security in Syria. In Turkey, they still face challenges such as security threats and an uncertain legal status. This article focuses on the challenges that threaten refugee reporters' freedom of expression. Its aim is also to bring an understanding of the techniques refugee journalists use to mitigate these challenges, which can inform other reporters in similar conditions. This research was carried out utilising a case-studies framework and speaking to seven editors in chief of post-uprising media outlets in Istanbul. It concludes that Syrian post-uprising media face severe restrictions to their freedom of expression, but survive through a mixture of collaboration, creativity and resourcefulness.
PROPOSTA PEDAGÓGICA COMPLEXOS DE ESTUDO
Authors: Soldá Maristela
Published: August 2018

A Proposta Pedagógica Complexos de Estudo organizada pelas escolas de assentamento e acampamento da Reforma Agrária no Paraná, ébaseada nos Complexos de Estudo dos pensadores russos.Tem como categoria central o Trabalho desenvolvido como princípio educativo, com valor pedagógico, realizado dentro e fora da escola, potencializando a auto-organização dos educandos e reorganizando os tempos escolares,a partir da relação do homem com a realidade que o cerca, baseado no método materialista histórico dialético. As referências principais são: Shulguin, que aponta o vínculo da escola com a vida, a realidade como o local de experimento dos saberes escolares, discute o trabalho como princípio educativo; Pistrak, que descreve as formas de organizar as atividades pedagógicas na escola. Caldart, que destaca as tendências de transformação da escola nas reflexões pedagógicas e o confronto e as contradições da Educação do Campo.
CARTOGRAFIAS DA EDUCAMPO
Authors: Labrea Valéria Da Cruz Viana , Dornelles Denise Freitas , Kiekow Pedro Eduardo
Published: August 2018

Este artigo trata da descrição e reflexão sobre as estratégias desenvolvidas pelos educandos e educandas do Curso de Licenciatura em Educação do Campo (EduCampo) para conciliar trabalho e estudo e assim evitar a evasão do curso. Essas estratégias passam pelo estudo e compreensão das diferentes possibilidades educativas oferecidas pela Pedagogia da Alternância na Educação do Campo, como ela aparece no Projeto Pedagógico do Curso e os deslocamentos possíveis, a fim de atender efetivamente a demanda e o perfil desses educandos e educandas.
India's Development Experience.—By Tarlok Singh. MacMillan 1974.
pp.458.
Authors: Qureshi Sarfraz K.
Published: August 2018

Perhaps no person is better qualified to present an insight
into India's development experience than the author of this book who was
most intimately connected with the preparation of the first four five
year plans. The scope of the book is broad and comprehensive as it
presents a lucid and objective account of the main goals, constraints,
successes and failures of planning in India during the period,
1950-1971. The book also attempts to draw lessons for the future planner
in India. The evaluation of different plans is mostly in economic terms.
However, this economic evaluation is supplemented with a useful account
of the social, political and administrative aspects of the develop¬ment
process in India.
Sectoral Investment and Credit Policies
Authors: Fry Maxwell J.
Published: August 2018

The phenomenon of administrative controls designed to segment
credit markets is not only widespread in less developed countries, but
is prevalent in highly sophisticated forms in most Soviet-type
economies.1 The rationale behind these controls lies in the fact that in
planned or semi-planned economies investment programmes are prepared as
disaggregated sectoral totals, usually broken down further by projects.
Monetary policy can be of little assistance in realizing these sectoral
plans, but some form of financial planning which relies on segmented
credit markets is available for such a task. In particular, manipulation
of the financial system by direct controls can be employed in order to
direct funds into the planned investment projects and to prevent them
from being used to finance unplanned investments. A common way of doing
this is to set maximum interest rates below market equilibrium levels
and then to ration credit on the basis of the planned priorities.
Differential rediscount rates and other incentives can be used to
encourage private financial insti¬tutions to lend in accordance with
these planning objectives.
The Paradox of Poverty: Socio-Economic Aspects of Population
Growth.— By T. Scarlett Epstein and Darrell Jackson. The Macmillan of
India Limited Delhi, 1975. pp.127.
Authors: Zaki M. Javed Akbar
Published: August 2018

To many social theoreticians, the population explosion,
particularly in the developing nations presents a crippling threat to
their developmental pro¬cesses. Their argument's validity rests mainly
on the assumption that expected economic progress is swallowed up by
unbalanced rise of numbers in the population. The book being reviewed
deals mainly with this subject matter and is divided into two parts,
each containing three articles contributed by various researchers. Part
one, 'The Social context of Fertility Decision' is focused on analyzing
the role of factors affecting fertility at the micro-level decision
making process. The first article 'Fertility decision in rural India' by
Vinod Jainath, examines the applicability to rural India of various
models of the process of fertility decision making and finds most of
these wanting with respect to the Indian social situation. While
analyzing the fertility patterns of Rural India, he points out the
positive need for larger families among the poor small farmers mainly
due to labour supply considerations. The author argues that unemployment
and under¬employment actually motivate the poor to have more children as
it better ensures their economic security in their old age. As the
chances of gaining employ¬ment for their offspring diminish, they are
induced to increase the total number of children in order that atleast
one will be able to support them. Thus a vicious circle of poverty
arises in large families because of each of the parents wanting to
increase their children's chances of employment by ultimately reducing
the overall employment opportunities even further and exacerbating their
poverty.
An Annual Money Demand Function for Pakistan: Some Further
Results
Authors: Mangla I. U.
Published: August 2018

The paper highlights the main issues involved in the
theoretical and empirical estimation of the money demand function in
Pakistan. Much of the recent empirical work on money demand has used
income as a scale variable. Our work seeks to assess the relevant
importance of the permanent income as an argument of the demand function
for money. The results of our estimation indicate that a stable money
demand function exists using permanent income.
Calculating Shadow Prices in Pakistan (Reflections on the Paper
by Squire, Little and Durdag)
Authors: Guisinger Stephen
Published: August 2018

The Paper, "Shadow Pricing and Macroeconomic Analysis: Some
illustrations from Pakistan ,,1 by Lyn Squire, I. M. D. little and M.
Durdag (henceforth simply SLD) is an important contribution for two
reasons. Firstly, it represents the first major step by the World Bank
to provide a comprehensive set of shadow prices for Pakistan using a,
methodology [7] that while not as yet officially adopted by the Bank
seems likely to have a pervasive influence on all future attempts to
define and estimate shadow prices in the Bank's economic work. The
Bank's methodology is a lineal descendant of the famous Project
Appraisal and Planning for the Developing Countries by I. M. D. Little
and J. Mirrlees [6]. Thus, in the SLD paper, two of the leading
"shapers" of shadow price technology take Pakistan as one of the first
test cases for the practical application of their theories.
Estimation of Shadow Prices for Project Evaluation in
Pakistan
Authors: Khan Muhammad Zubair
Published: August 2018

The purpose of this paper1 is to estimate shadow prices of
capital and labour for use in the social evaluation ofprojects.2 The
Harberger approach (7) has been used here to estimate the shadow
discount rale. Apart from being one of the few demonstrations of the
empirical estimation by this approach in 'literature this is the correct
method of .estimating the shadow discount rate where the marginal social
value is not equal to the marginal social cost of funds at market
equilibrium due to the presence of various distortions. The estimation,
in this paper, of the shadow wage rate of unskilled labour of Pakistan
improves upon other attempts by taking account of a number of factors
not considered hitherto. Firstly, it takes account of the different
flows of rural-urban migration to the various industrial cities to
estimate more accurately the opportunity cost of employing labour in
each city. Secondly, the estimate takes account of the changes in social
cost brought about by changes in the consumption bundle of the immigrant
labour and the physical relocation of labour. In addition the estimates
have been derived under alternative assumptions regarding the marginal
productivity of labour in the agriculture stack season.
Rural-Urban Fertility Differentials: 1975
Authors: Sathar Zeba A.
Published: August 2018

This paper is concerned with identifying differentials in
levels and patterns of urban and rural fertility in Pakistan, based on
Pakistan Fertility Survey data. Findings show that there are marginal
differences in the over-all levels of fertility in the two areas.
However, younger urban women are reproducing at a higher rate than rural
counterparts, whereas older urban women use relatively more
contraception and have lower fertility than older rural women.
Inflationary Expectations and Monetary Adjustment in Nigeria:
1960-1978
Authors: Shahi M. A. , Sheikh I. H.
Published: August 2018

Short-run money demand functions are estimated and
elasticities of price expectations and real cash balance adjustment arc
determined. By examining the hypothesis that inflation m Nigeria is
self-generating, the study concludes that explanations for the rise in
price level should be sought in factors other than money supply alone.
The Demand for Money in Pakistan: Some Further Results
Authors: Khan Ashfaque H.
Published: August 2018

This paper thoroughly analyses the demand aspect of the money
market and examines the determinants of the demand for money in Pakistan
over the period extending from 1959-60 to 1977-78. Besides income and
rate of interest on time deposits, the expected rate of inflation and
degree of monetization appear to be the most Important explanatory
variables in the demand for money in Pakistan. The estimated function
did not exhibit marked instability and can, therefore, be I1IOd for
forecasting the money stock.
Relative Efficiency by Farm Size and the Green Revolution in
Pakistan
Authors: Khan Mahmood H. , Maki Dennis R.
Published: August 2018

Using the "unit output price" profit function, the study
analyses the relative efficiency of (a) old versus new seeds, and (b)
large versus small farms in the production of new varieties of wheat and
rice in the Indus Basin of Pakistan. It is found that whereas farm .size
has no effect on efficiency, high-yielding seeds are more efficient than
seeds of old varieties. The study also finds that labour demand
elasticities with respect to both land and capital are rather
low.
A Development Strategy for Afghanistan: Lessons of an Employment
Policy Mission
Authors: Bhatiy I. Z. , Berouti L.
Published: August 2018

This article has addressed itself to the delicate problem of
evolving a development and employment strategy for a country still at
its early stages of development and with traditional socio-economic
structures. To modernise these structures and thus assist in achieving
fuller and more productive employment, in reducing poverty and income
inequality and in satisfying the basic needs of the mass of the
population, the article based on the conclusions and recommendations of
an ILO Mission has recommended a fourpronged attack: (1) a particular
stress on rural development; (2) an urban strategy aiming at increasing
the potential of the informal sector and at stimulating the rapid
development of the industrial sector; (3) appropriate education,
training and labour market policies; (4) finally, reforms in development
planning and administration.
Intrafamily Interaction and Desired Additional Fertility in
Pakistan: A Simultaneous-Equation Model with Dichotomous Dependent
Variables
Authors: Khan M. All , Sirageldln Ismail
Published: August 2018

In this paper we present a methodology for incorporating
intrafamily interaction in the desire for additional children. The
latter is formalized as a dichotomous dependent variable. Our
methodology involves a generalization of the partial-adjustment
hypothesis and an application of the two-stage estimators proposed by
Ma11ar[31; 32] and Heckman [20; 21]. We present empirical estimates
based on 1968 data from Pakistan.
Farm Tractorization, Fertilizer Use and Productivity of Mexican
Wheat in Pakistan
Authors: Salam Abdul
Published: August 2018

Using survey data the impact of tractorization on wheat
productivity is examined in this paper. A comparative analysis of yield
data indicates that wheat yields on tractor farms are significantly
higher than those on bullock farms. It is also found that tractor farms
use higher amounts of chemical fertilizers on their wheat crop. The
results of production function analysis also confirm the significant
contribution of tractorization in achieving higher wheat
yields.
Ismail Sirageldin (ed.). Research in Human Capital land
Development. Vol. 1. Greenwich, Connecticut: JAI Press Inc. 1979. pp.
xiii + 258.
Authors: Rukanuddin A. Razzaque
Published: August 2018

Research in Human Capital land Development (RHCD) is a
"Research Annual" which aims at investigating "the relationship between
the development and utilization of human capital and the process of
economic and social change" (p. vii). This series will consist of
interdisciplinary studies which are typically longer than a journal
article and shorter than a monograph and will be specifically addressed
to "fertility, health, education and manpower, migration and the
triangle of equity, distribution and efficiency" (p. vii). Edited by
Professor Ismail Sirageldin, this first volume of RHCD has touched on
most of these areas. Part I of this volume has three articles under the
heading "Health and Fertility". Part II contains five articles under the
title "Education and Manpower" and Part III has only one article on
"Distribution and Equity"
Growth and Fluctuations in the Output of Major Crops in Pakistan,
1950-51 to 1979-80
Authors: Khan Mahmood Hasan , Siddiqui Ahmad Saeed
Published: August 2018

Since the crop environment in Pakistan is still greatly
influenced by the vagaries of Nature, it is important to separate this
effect from The true process of crop growth. Attempts to capture the
large random fluctuations from the trend line by using a single variable
for weather arc not fruitful at all. In the absence of a composite index
of weather, the indirect method used in this study allows identification
of normal and abnormal years, which can then be used for forecasting or
even insurance {planning} purposes.
An Analysis of Consumption Pattern in Pakistan
Authors: Siddiqui Rehana
Published: August 2018

The paper aims at testing the validity of Engel's law with
data on Pakistan. Consumption functions for urban and rural areas have
been estimated separately. These functions are shown to be determined by
total expenditure and household size. Engel's law is confirmed for some
commodity groups but not for all. Following tests of urban-rural
homogeneity and of stability of urban and rural consumption functions,
demand growth rates for different food and non-food items have been
calculated, assuming different growth rates of total expenditure and
household size.
Household Demand for Money in an Underdeveloped Economy : A Case
Study of India
Authors: Laumas Prem S. , Williams Martin
Published: August 2018

The paper tries to overcome some of the empirical problems
that are associated with the estimation of demand-for-money function in
an underdeveloped economy. It deals explicitly with the choice of
functional form and inclusion of interest rate as an explanatory
variable to serve as opportunity cost of holding money in the money
demand function using both narrow and broad definitions of money. The
paper concludes that short- or long-period interest rates serve as an
opportunity cost of holding money in India only when a narrow definition
of money is used. Time deposits were found to be sensitive to the
maturity structure of financial instruments. As regards the choice of
functional form, the paper holds that it makes no difference whether the
function is estimated by linear form or by log-linear form. The paper
also confirms for India the results of Friedman's seminal study for the
United States.
Classes and Agrarian Transition in Pakistan
Authors: Khan Mahmood Hasan
Published: August 2018

This is a study of class formation and agrarian transition in
Pakistan. The process of class differentiation under way is a
manifestation of capitalist development. The agrarian transition in
Pakistan is reflected by the disintegration of the peasant and feudal
systems. The approach adopted in this paper demystifies the process of
agricultural development in an underdeveloped country where, with the
expansion of forces of production, the precapitalist relations of
production are slowly dissolving. It should also help in discovering the
mechanism by which agricultural surplus is extracted from direct
producers and rural poverty is perpetuated.
A Different Perspective of Pakistan's Economy: The Structure of
Expenditures and Prices, 1975-81
Authors: Heston Alan
Published: August 2018

This paper presents comparisons of the purchasing power of the
Pakistani rupee in 1975 with those of the currency units of 33 other
countries in the same year, based on the UN International Comparison
Project and examines relative price structure in Pakistan compared to
those in other countries. Pakistan's price level and structure are
similar to those of many developing countries, although the prices of
investment goods were unusually high. The paper also updates the results
to 1982 and finds that the decline in the purchasing power of the rupee
is fairly consistent with relative inflation rates.
Some Issues in Middle Eastern International Migration
Authors: Sirageldin Ismail
Published: August 2018

Recent Middle Eastern migration has created new challenges to
both labour-importing and labour-exporting countries. A main concern of
the labour importing countries is demo-economic in nature: how to
achieve a desired rate of economic growth without creating an adverse
balance between expatriate and national populations. The first part of
the paper attempts to provide a conceptual frame for such policy
analysis illustrated by the case of Kuwait. The second part examines
some negative externalities of recent farmers' emigration for Egyptian
agricultural productivity.
"Inflationary Expectations and Monetary Adjustment in Nigeria:
1960- 1978": Some Comments
Authors: Mutambuka Pierre
Published: August 2018

In the Winter 1979 issue of the Pakistan Development Review,
Shahi and Sheikh presented some empirical results on inflationary
expectations and monetary adjustment in Nigeria [9, pp.333 -339]. In
this note we intend to offer some comments on the above article. In
doing so, we concentrate on four main grounds. In the first place, we
give a general information intended for a public that is not familiar
with the Nigerian academic scene. Secondly, we look at their model
specification after which we abundantly show that their article is a
duplication of another one published five years earlier. Finally, we
offer our doubts about their results within the framework of their
article.
Possibilities of Regional Trade Expansion: A Link Model for
Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka
Authors: Naqvi Syed Nawab Haider , Ahmed Ather Maqsood , Khan Ashfaque H.
Published: August 2018

Econometric models are generally constructed for a specific
country on the assumption that national economies are independent. In
reality, this is not the case. In this paper, we have constructed
prototype linkage econometric models for Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and
Sri Lanka, These models are linked to each other through foreign-trade
equations to explore possibilities of fruitful economic cooperation
among these four countries Policy simulations, carried out to highlight
the pay-off of specific policies in terms of the stated objective, show
that, given the resolve of these countries to extend the area of
collaboration, the prospects are by no means dim. There is also the
extra bonus that the growth of GNP in the region will also be helped by
mutual economic co-operation. The need for conscious policy decisions to
this effect has been underscored.
Inaugural Address
Authors: Khan Ghulam Ishaq
Published: August 2018

Mr. Chairman, Distinguished Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen. It
gives me great pleasure to inaugurate the First Annual General Meeting
of the Pakistan Society of Development Economists. Based in the Pakistan
Institute of Development Economics, the Society is intended to play a
key role in disseminating information on pressing economic problems and
in providing a permanent forum for a free and dispassionate exchange of
ideas among professional economists and policy-makers. I am confident
that the Society will set in motion a process of interplay between the
ideas produced by the economists and the pragmatic application of these
ideas by the policy-makers in the world of reality, thereby engendering
efficiently functioning models of growth and development. Economics is a
living and practical science which must draw its inspiration from and
determine the parameters of its theories on the basis of actual
organisation of economic life around us and the nature of economic
problems faced at a particular stage of development. Theories and
models, in turn, must stand the test of practical application in the
market-place. A dialogue between the economists and the policy-makers,
if they have to be at all placed into separate categories as a part of
product discrimination, would represent the most desirable synthesis of
professional energy, and for such a dialogue this Society, I am sure,
will provide an ideal forum.
Income Inequality in Pakistan: An Analysis of Existing Evidence
Authors: Mahmood Zafar
Published: August 2018

To study the consequences of an economic change on income
distribution we rank distributions of income at different points in time
and quantify the degree of income inequalities. Changes in income
distribution can be ascertained either through drawing the Lorenz curves
or through estimating different inequality indices, such as Gini
Coefficient, coefficient of variation, standard deviation of logs of in•
comes, Theil's Index and Atkinson's Index. Ranking the distributions of
income through Lorenz curves is, of course, possible only as long as
they do not intersect. Moreover, when Lorenz curves do not intersect
each other, all inequality measures rank income distributions uniformly.
However, if the Lorenz curves do intersect each other. different
inequality measures may rank income distributions differently and thus
the direction of change cannot be determined unambiguously. For this
reason , the use of a single measure would be misleading. Accordingly ,
the use of a 'package' of inequality measures becomes essential.
John Adams and Sabiha Iqbal. Exports, Politics and Economic
Development. Boulder,Colorado: Westview Press, 1983.
Authors: Nelson Douglas
Published: August 2018

Political economy is the systematic study of the interaction
between the political and the economic. As such, political economy
imposes a heavy burden on it s practitioners: conscious attention to the
very real advances of political science and economics. Political economy
should not be treated as an open invitation to bad analysis in the name
of cross-disciplinary effort. Sadly, it is often taken for just such an
invitation and the book under review here is a good example. Adams and
Iqbal propose to present a political- economic analysis of Pakistan's
economic development with particular emphasis on export policy. Such a
study may have two rather different constituencies: country specialists
and/or development and political economy generalists. The former is
clearly not the case. The political analysis derives almost entirely
from existing secondary sources and the economic discussion is
theoretical, ad hoc and based on readily available data. Thus we may
presume that the contribution is to be found in the particular
theoretical or methodological app roach and, therefore, of interest to
generalists as well as specialists.
The Marginal Productivity of Inputs and Agricultural Production
in Nepal
Authors: Belbase Krishna , Grabowski Richard , Sanchez Onesimo
Published: August 2018

In Nepal, agricultural technology has been relatively stagnant
and farmers have been forced to apply more and more of their traditional
inputs to production on the land. Since there are few alternative
economic opportunities, it is possible that the marginal products of
these inputs may be zero. A modified form of a VES production function
is applied to cross-sectional data on Nepalese farmers in order to test
this proposition.
V.K .R.V. Rao, India's National II/come 1950 1980. All Analysis
of Economic Growth and Change. Sage Publications India Pvt . Ltd., New
Delhi, 1983, pp.xv + 208, Tables (text) 146 + (appendix) 6, Appendices,
Index; Price (hardbound edition) Rupees (Indian) 125.00.
Authors: Malik Sohail J.
Published: August 2018

The history of Indian national income estimates goes back to
1876 when Dadabhai Naoroji made the first crude estimates for the year
1867-68. However, these estimates and most of the work that followed was
tainted by the political biases of t he researchers. The main purpose of
national income statisticians including Naoroji, uptil 1934, was to
point out the stark poverty and sub-marginal conditions of an average
Indian as a direct result of an alien rule. In 1934 V.K.R.V. Rao
published "an Essay on India's National Income, 1925- 29", which IS
widely regarded as the first authentic academic exercise into the
estimation of the national income of India. In 1949 the Government of
India, realizing the need for reliable estimates of national income for
policy purposes appointed the National Income Committee under the
chairmanship of Professor Mahalanobis. The Committee had two members,
Professor Gadgil of the Gokhale Institute lt Poona and Professor Rao,
the then head of the Delhi School of Economics. This Committee was
responsible for putting the national accounts estimation of India on a
modern footing.
Size - Productivity Relationship in Pakistan's Agriculture in the
Seventies
Authors: Chaudhry M. Ghaffar , Gill Manzoor A. , Chaudhry Ghulam Mustafa
Published: August 2018

A large majority of the less developed countries, including
Pakistan, suffer from low levels of productivity in agriculture. In view
of the scarcity of farm land and the limitations of intensive margins of
cultivation, the importance of raising these levels may not be
underestimated in terms of a more judicious use of labour force, rapid
growth of agricultural production and increased availability of funds
for industrial development. Productivity gains favouring well-to-do
farmers, however, may produce undesirable results such as deterioration
of income inequalities, political instability and social unrest, and
must be avoided as far as possible. It is in this context that the
distribution of productivity gains among various size groups should be
taken to be as important as the aggregate growth of farm productivity,
if not more.
Structure of Rural Income in Pakistan: Some Preliminary
Estimates
Authors: Mohammad Faiz , Badar Ghulam
Published: August 2018

The main objective of this paper is to study the rural income
distribution in Pakistan by determining income accruing to farm and
non-farm households from various assets held by them. Most of the
existing literature on income distribution in Pakistan [3; 4; 8; 10; 12;
14; 17] focuses either on aggregate income or only on income from crops
and classifies rural households by their income level. It ignores the
internal structure of income as well as one of the main distinguishing
features of rural households, namely their relation to land. In a
developing country, however, the internal structure of income is likely
to change with changes in the level of income. It is therefore important
to assess the contribution of an individual factor (asset) to the
overall income of a household and its impact on income inequality.
Moreover in the case of Pakistan where land is becoming increasingly
scarce for small farmers [7; II] it should be interesting to know how
these farmers are trying to "fight back" the pressure on their land with
alternative sources of income.
Who Bears the Burden of Federal Taxes in Pakistan?
Authors: Malik Muhammad Hussain , Saqib Najam-Us-
Published: August 2018

The main objective of the tax system of a country is to
generate enough revenue for the government, and it is always desired
that taxes should be such that there is less burden on the poor and more
on the rich. Such an attribute of the tax system becomes even more
desirable for a country like Pakistan where the present distribution of
resources is highly unequal and a large proportion of the population is
living at the subsistence level. As in many other developing countries,
in Pakistan also indirect taxes dominate in terms of their contribution
to total tax revenue. It is argued that indirect taxes arc generally
regressive since they arc levied on consumption, and people in the
lower-income classes devote relatively greater proportion of their
incomes to consumption. In this study, we have tried to estimate the
incidence of the federal taxes on households in different income groups.
We accomplished this by calculating effective tax rates (percentage of
income contributed to taxes) for them.
Energy Policy: An Optimal Allocation Approach
Authors: Riaz Tariq
Published: August 2018

Any system of ideas which underlies economic policy
recommendations needs to be made explicit so that its doctrinal premise
may be examined and debated. Section I of this paper, therefore,
explicitly states the philosophical under -pinning of this study.
Section 2 presents the central energy problem in a general mathematical
form whereas the solution of the specific energy problem for the
Pakistani economy is presented in Section 3, in which policy guidelines
for obtaining the desired solution have also been discussed. Finally,
Section 4 briefly presents our concluding remarks.
Literacy Transition and Female Nuptiality: Implications for
Fertility in Pakistan
Authors: Mahmood Naushin , Khan Zubeda
Published: August 2018

As societies modernize, they move from a relatively
homogeneous state to one of greater diversity in several spheres. Among
those, changes in educational structure and marital patterns are of
great demographic importance, particularly in countries experiencing a
high tempo of fertility. Increased education is supposed to result in
non-familial aspirations and a greater understanding of the process and
ways of controlling fertility. Similarly, marriage postponement tends to
shorten the period of exposure to childbearing and results in a lower
fertility than is experienced by those marrying earlier, particularly in
societies where fertility is confined to marriage and is rarely
controlled. However, it is not clear whether there is a threshold at
which education or age at marriage becomes important in determining
changes in fertility behaviour. Thresholds of fertility decline due to a
given level of education have been identified for specific countries at
a given point in time, but results vary considerably from country to
country. In places where illiteracy is high, the move from illiteracy to
literacy seems significant, while in some other societies, the crucial
point is the completion of primary or higher education.
The Demand for Heterogeneous Capital and Labour Inputs in a
Developing Economy
Authors: Laumas Prem S. , Williams Martin
Published: August 2018

By using translog cost function this paper examines the
structure of production of India's manufacturing sector when
heterogeneous labour and capital are employed. It concludes that (a)
machinery, equipment and structures are substitutable for different
types of labour; (b) non-production workers work more intensively with
machines and equipment than production workers in most of the
manufacturing industries; (c) non-production workers are substitutable
for production workers; and (d) non-production and production workers
must be treated as separate labour inputs in production, and machinery
and equipment and structures should be treated as separate capital
inputs.