bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Space, place and purpose in designing Australian schools
Authors: McLeod Julie
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to canvass debates arising from encounters between architectural and educational history and to introduce a themed section of four papers exploring aspects of the history of school design and the spatial arrangements of Australian schooling across the twentieth century.

Design/methodology/approach –

This is an interpretive introductory essay that characterizes trends in historical and sociological studies of school space and materialities, and synthesizes the arguments and contributions of the four companion papers.

Findings

– A case is made for greater exchange among educational, architectural and social historians and key insights and findings from the four papers concerning school space, design and educational ideas are summarized. Themes of community, citizenship and progressive education are highlighted.

Originality/value

– The value of the paper lies in introducing the context and scholarly debates framing a collection of four papers that seek to open up new avenues for investigating the history of modern schooling through studying intersections between school space and design and educational purposes and aspiration.
The social purpose of Rev. Richard Dawes who taught the philosophy of common things
Authors: Theodore Bottomley David
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to consider why Richard Dawes (1793-1867) academic, college business manager and Church of England priest developed a curriculum in a nineteenth century English village school with which he sought to modify differences in social class and achieved outstanding results in student engagement and educational attainment.

Design/methodology/approach

– The approach is documentary. It uses books and internet scans of original documents. It locates Dawes's work in the social movements of early nineteenth century Britain and associates Dawes's activities with those of Kay-Shuttleworth who was administrator of the British government's first move to provide education for poor children.

Findings

– Dawes emphasised tolerance and secular teaching within a school system devoted to instilling Church of England doctrine. He based classroom teaching on things familiar to children and integrated subject content. He used science to encourage parents of “that class immediately above that of labourers” to send their children to his school to overcome class differences. For his system to be widely adopted he needed science teachers trained in his practical teaching methods. Initial government support for science in elementary schools was eroded by Church of England opposition to state intervention in education.

Originality/value

– Dawes's pedagogic achievements are well known in the history of science education; his secular teaching in a church school and his valiant attempt to use science as an instrument of social change, perhaps less so.
Resilient organizations turning challenges into opportunities
Authors: Megele Claudia
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to argue that what divides winning and losing firms is their capacity for resilience – especially when facing economic challenges and reveals how to build organizational resilience.

Design/methodology/approach

– This paper explains that successful organizations use the need for substantial change to drive reforms that position them well to meet existing and future challenges.

Findings

– The positive potential of change and the importance of good communications in bringing it about have been explored. The need to invest in measures to increase the organization’s resilience even when the economic climate is unfavorable has been underlined.

Practical implications

– This paper advances the view that organizations should seek to invest in areas that reposition them in their new business and market environment while creating a separate disruptive business to develop the innovations that can become the source of future growth.

Social implications

– Some of the major economic and social changes to which successful organizations must react have been examined.

Originality/value

– This paper reveals how, by changing challenges to opportunities, organizations can prepare themselves for a successful future.
Tumor‐to‐bone distance of invasive subungual melanoma: An analysis of 30 cases
Authors: Nakamura Yasuhiro , Fujisawa Yasuhiro , Teramoto Yukiko , Sato Sayuri , Yamada Katsuhiro , Sekine Koyumi , Fujimoto Manabu , Otsuka Fujio , Yamamoto Akifumi
Published: October 2014

Subungual melanoma (SUM) is rare and represents approximately 2–3% and 20% of all cutaneous melanomas in Caucasians and Asians, respectively. Amputation has usually been performed for invasive SUM; however, not all invasive SUMs invade or attach to the distal phalanx. To investigate the possibility of non‐amputative surgery for patients with invasive SUM, the distances between the deepest base of the melanoma cells and the bony surface in the surgical specimens of invasive SUM were measured. Thirty surgical specimens of invasive SUM were retrospectively reviewed. The contents of the specimens were as follows: 14 first toes, 10 thumbs, three second fingers, two third fingers, and one fifth finger. Four specimens showed bone invasion, and the tumor was attached to the bone in four specimens. The tumor‐to‐bone distance exceeded 0.9 mm in all the specimens with thicknesses <4 mm. In the non‐ulcerated SUMs (nine specimens), only one SUM specimen showed bone attachment. There was a higher likelihood of bone attachment or invasion when tumor thickness (TT) exceeded 4 mm (Pearson chi‐square test, P = 0.009; Fisher exact test, P = 0.004; student t test, 0.033). Univariate and multivariate analysis also revealed that thick TT had a statistically significant affect (odds ratio 1.807 and 1.865, 95% CI 1.11–3.01 and 1.11–3.13, P = 0.023 and 0.018). Non‐amputative surgery may be possible for SUM tumors that are of intermediate‐thickness. However, there has been little evidence demonstrating survival with non‐amputative surgery for invasive SUM. A large, randomized, prospective clinical study is required to address this issue.
Was All Irish Politics Local? The Portarlington Election of 1832 and the Structure of Politics in 19th‐Century Ireland
Authors: Kanter Douglas
Published: October 2014

Historians have often characterised 19th‐century Irish elections as insular, inward‐looking affairs. This article, however, offers a reconsideration of the role played by national and imperial events in Irish elections through a close analysis of the Portarlington contest of 1832. While acknowledging the importance of local concerns in the campaign, it argues that the Portarlington election cannot be understood in exclusively parochial terms. Candidates, voters, and opinion‐makers all situated the contest in national and imperial, as well as provincial, contexts, and they behaved as if larger political issues might affect the ultimate outcome of the campaign. An examination of the election suggests that the dichotomy between the local and the national, while analytically useful, can also be misleading: the Portarlington contest exhibited a complex interplay between local, national, and imperial affairs. This article concludes, consequently, that national and imperial issues were integrated into the structure of Irish politics after the Reform Act of 1832.
Black Rod and the Office of Usher of the Parliament Chamber
Authors: Sainty J.C.
Published: October 2014

The gentleman usher of the black rod has long been acknowledged as an officer of the house of lords. Yet he was in origin an officer of the order of the Garter with no necessary connection with parliament. This note aims to throw light on the process whereby this association came about. By 1509, the house of lords had the services of an usher of the parliament chamber, a post always held in conjunction with an office in the royal household. By 1558, this post was being exercised by one of the gentlemen ushers daily waiters, who had been granted the office of black rod as an additional perquisite in 1554. From this point it became customary for the offices of black rod, daily waiter and usher of the parliament chamber to be held by one man. This association was broken in 1620, when the then usher relinquished the office of daily waiter but retained his parliamentary functions together with the office of black rod. In 1631, a decree was promulgated annexing the office of black rod to that of one of the gentlemen ushers daily waiters but it was only from 1660 that this became fully effective.
The HANDDS Program: A Systematic Approach for Addressing Disparities in the Provision of Bystander Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Authors: Sasson Comilla , Haukoos Jason S. , Eigel Brian , Magid David J.
Published: October 2014

The current paradigm of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) blankets a community with training. Recently, the authors have found that high‐risk neighborhoods can be identified, and CPR training can be targeted in the neighborhoods in which it is most needed. This article presents a novel method and pilot implementation trial for the HANDDS (identifying High Arrest Neighborhoods to Decrease Disparities in Survival) program. The authors also seek to describe example methods in which the HANDDS program is being implemented in Denver, Colorado. The HANDDS program uses a simple three‐step approach: identify, implement, and evaluate. This systematic conceptual framework uses qualitative and quantitative methods to 1) identify high‐risk neighborhoods, 2) understand common barriers to learning and performing CPR in these neighborhoods, and 3) implement and evaluate a train‐the‐trainer CPR Anytime intervention designed to improve CPR training in these neighborhoods. The HANDDS program is a systematic approach to implementing a community‐based CPR training program. Further research is currently being conducted in four large metropolitan U.S. cities to examine whether the results from the HANDDS program can be successfully replicated in other locations.
Ultrasound Assistance for Central Venous Catheter Placement in a Pediatric Emergency Department Improves Placement Success Rates
Authors: Gallagher Rachel A. , Levy Jason , Vieira Rebecca L. , Monuteaux Michael C. , Stack Anne M.
Published: October 2014

Objectives

The use of ultrasound (US) has been shown to improve success rates and reduce complications of central venous catheter (CVC) placement in adult emergency department (ED) patients. The authors sought to determine if US assistance for CVC placement is associated with an increased success rate in pediatric ED patients.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study of CVC placement in a pediatric ED from January 2003 to October 2011. Data were extracted from a procedure log created to record details entered by physicians at the time of CVC placement, including indication, location, complications, and information regarding use of US. All femoral vein and internal jugular vein CVC placement attempts performed by, assisted with, or directly supervised by pediatric emergency physicians (EPs) were included. Characteristics of procedures performed with and without US assistance were compared, controlling for patient and physician factors. The primary outcome was the success rate of CVC placement.

Results

There were 168 patients undergoing CVC placement attempts. The proportion of successful placement attempts was significantly higher when using US assistance (96 of 98) compared to those without (55 of 70; 98% vs. 79%, odds ratio [OR] = 13.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.9 to 59.4). When controlling for patient‐ and physician‐specific factors, success rates remained significantly higher.

Conclusions

Ultrasound assistance was associated with greater likelihood of success in CVC placement in a pediatric ED.
Prehospital Noninvasive Ventilation for Acute Respiratory Failure: Systematic Review, Network Meta‐analysis, and Individual Patient Data Meta‐analysis
Authors: Goodacre Steve , Stevens John W. , Pandor Abdullah , Poku Edith , Ren Shijie , Cantrell Anna , Bounes Vincent , Mas Arantxa , Payen Didier , Petrie David , Roessler Markus Soeren , Weitz Gunther , Ducros Laurent , Plaisance Patrick
Published: October 2014

Objectives

This meta‐analysis aimed to determine the effectiveness of prehospital continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or bilevel inspiratory positive airway pressure (BiPAP) in acute respiratory failure.

Methods

Fourteen electronic databases and research registers were searched from inception to August 2013. Randomized or quasi‐randomized controlled trials that reported mortality or intubation rate for prehospital CPAP or BiPAP were selected and compared to a relevant comparator in patients with acute respiratory failure. An aggregate data network meta‐analysis was used to jointly estimate intervention effects relative to standard care. A network meta‐analysis using a mixture of individual patient‐level data and aggregate data was carried out to assess potential treatment effect modifiers.

Results

Eight randomized and two quasi‐randomized controlled trials (six CPAP, four BiPAP, sample sizes 23 to 207) were identified. The aggregate data network meta‐analysis suggested that CPAP was the most effective treatment in terms of mortality (probability = 0.989) and intubation rate (probability = 0.639) and reduced both mortality (odds ratio [OR] = 0.41; 95% credible interval [CrI] = 0.20 to 0.77) and intubation rate (OR = 0.32; 95% CrI = 0.17 to 0.62), compared to standard care. The effect of BiPAP on mortality (OR = 1.94; 95% CrI = 0.65 to 6.14) and intubation rate (OR = 0.40; 95% CrI = 0.14 to 1.16) was uncertain. The network meta‐analysis using individual patient‐level data and aggregate data suggested that sex was a modifier of the effect of treatment on mortality.

Conclusions

Prehospital CPAP can reduce mortality and intubation rates compared to standard care, while the effectiveness of prehospital BiPAP is uncertain.
The extensibility of the endowment effect to others is mediated by degree of intimacy
Authors: Zhao Weihua , Feng Tingyong , Kazinka Rebecca
Published: October 2014

Recent studies have suggested that the endowment effect may actually be a type of self‐referent cognitive bias due to the mere ownership of an object. However, it is not adequately understood how the ownership of an object affects the endowment effect. The current research is the first to explore if the endowment effect could be extended to different ownerships. The results suggest that the endowment effect extends to goods owned by their mothers, romantic partners and close friends, but not acquaintances. Furthermore, the level of intimacy between individuals and mothers/romantic partners/close friends/acquaintances mediates the relationship between the effect of ownership and the extensibility of the endowment effect. These findings are consistent with the mere ownership effect that ownership increases valuation by enhancing the salience of the self.
Systematic literature review of the risk factors, comorbidities, and consequences of hypogonadism in men
Authors: Zarotsky V. , Huang M.‐Y. , Carman W. , Morgentaler A. , Singhal P. K. , Coffin D. , Jones T. H.
Published: October 2014

The objective of this review was to summarize the literature on the risk factors, comorbidities, and consequences of male hypogonadism, which is defined as a syndrome complex that includes biochemical confirmation of low testosterone (T) and the consistent symptoms and signs associated with low T. A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library for articles published in the last 10 years on risk factors, comorbidities, and consequences of male hypogonadism. Of the 53 relevant studies identified, nine examined potential risk factors, 14 examined potential comorbidities, and 30 examined potential consequences of male hypogonadism. Based on studies conducted in Asia, Australia, Europe, and North & South America, the important factors that predicted and correlated with hypogonadism were advanced age, obesity, a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome (MetS), and a poor general health status. Diabetes mellitus was correlated with hypogonadism in most studies, but was not established as a risk factor. Although diseases, such as coronary heart disease, hypertension, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease did not predict hypogonadism, they did correlate with incident low T. The data reviewed on potential consequences suggest that low T levels may be linked to earlier all‐cause and cardiovascular related mortality among men. This literature review suggests that men with certain factors, such as advanced age, obesity, MetS, and poor general health, are more likely to have and develop hypogonadism. Low levels of T may have important long‐term negative health consequences.
Seminal plasma concentrations of Anti‐Müllerian hormone and inhibin B predict motile sperm recovery from cryopreserved semen in asthenozoospermic men: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Nery S. F. , Vieira M. A. F. , Dela Cruz C. , Lobach V. N. M. , Del Puerto H. L. , Torres P. B. , Rocha A. L. L. , Reis A. B. , Reis F. M.
Published: October 2014

The rate of motile sperm recovery after cryopreservation is very variable and difficult to predict. Anti‐Müllerian hormone (AMH) and inhibin B are produced by Sertoli cells and released into the seminal plasma, where they could be functional markers of spermatogenesis and sperm resistance to thermal stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether seminal plasma levels of AMH and inhibin B predict sperm recovery after cryopreservation. The study included 153 men enrolled prospectively during a semen analysis. The cohort was stratified by the fresh semen characteristics into: normal (n = 52), high sperm count (n = 55), asthenozoospermia (n = 23), and oligozoospermia (n = 23). The main outcome measure was motile sperm recovery rate, defined as post‐thaw total motile sperm count × 100/pre‐freezing total motile sperm count. In men with asthenozoospermia there was a significant correlation between motile sperm recovery rate and the pre‐freezing concentrations of AMH (r = 0.522, p < 0.05) and inhibin B (0.471, p < 0.05). In this group, the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves of AMH and inhibin B for prediction of ≥50% motile sperm recovery after cryopreservation were, respectively, 0.808 and 0.638. AMH was particularly useful, with sensitivity of 0.85, specificity of 0.80, positive predictive value of 0.84 and negative predictive value of 0.80. The sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predictive values of inhibin B for the same outcome were, respectively, 0.62, 0.60, 0.67, and 0.55. The median motile sperm recovery rate was 83% when seminal plasma AMH concentration was ≥0.84 ng/mL, vs. 27% when AMH concentration was <0.84 ng/mL (p < 0.05). In other patient groups, there was no correlation between the two hormone levels in seminal plasma and the motile sperm recovery rate. In conclusion, seminal plasma AMH and inhibin B concentrations correlate with and can be used to predict motile sperm recovery after semen cryopreservation in asthenozoospermic men.
The Value Relevance of Accounting Numbers Under International Financial Reporting Standards
Authors: Martínez Juana Aledo , Martínez Diego Abellán , Lin Henghsiu
Published: October 2014

We study the market reaction to the mandatory adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in Spain by examining the value relevance of the information contained in the IFRS reconciliation adjustments in relation to the local generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). The two‐staged IFRS disclosure in the transition period is specific to Spain: the aggregated numbers of accounting differences are disclosed in stage 1, and the IFRS individual adjustments on book value of equity and earnings are disclosed in stage 2. This unique reporting timeline provides an opportunity for the market both to assess the impact of those new accounting policies adopted by firms and to assess differences when compared to the previous GAAP. We find no evidence of increased value relevance after IFRS adoption. However, our results from the incremental value relevance test show that investors consider the individual reconciliation adjustments in the second stage to be valuable and significant, specifically in relation to marked‐to‐market adjustment to financial instruments, adjustments to intangibles, provisions and impairment adjustments to property, plant and equipment, adjustments to inventories, and adjustments to pension benefits. Moreover, the results are significantly higher for low leverage firms. Our findings indicate that the market prices the informativeness of the reconciliation adjustments once the transition to IFRS disclosure cycle is complete.
New Canadian Accounting Standards for Private Enterprises and the Adoption Timing Decision
Authors: Durocher Sylvain , Fortin Anne
Published: October 2014

Prior research into the adoption timing decision of organisations in relation to newly promulgated accounting standards has focused exclusively on public enterprises and used economic cost–benefit frameworks as a main method of analysis. The current study examines the impact of a broader range of factors, including cost–benefit considerations, on the adoption timing decision of private firms with respect to the new set of Canadian accounting standards for private enterprises released in 2009. These factors were organised into a coherent framework using the theory of planned behaviour. The survey findings reveal that several items related to attitudes towards the behaviour, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control play a significant role in managers’ adoption behaviour. This study provides relevant insights for private enterprise managers, financial statement users, standard setters and academics.
On the Relationship between the Causal-Inference and Meta-Analytic Paradigms for the Validation of Surrogate Endpoints
Authors: Alonso Ariel , Van der Elst Wim , Molenberghs Geert , Buyse Marc , Burzykowski Tomasz
Published: October 2014

The increasing cost of drug development has raised the demand for surrogate endpoints when evaluating new drugs in clinical trials. However, over the years, it has become clear that surrogate endpoints need to be statistically evaluated and deemed valid, before they can be used as substitutes of “true” endpoints in clinical studies. Nowadays, two paradigms, based on causal-inference and meta-analysis, dominate the scene. Nonetheless, although the literature emanating from these paradigms is wide, till now the relationship between them has largely been left unexplored. In the present work, we discuss the conceptual framework underlying both approaches and study the relationship between them using theoretical elements and the analysis of a real case study. Furthermore, we show that the meta-analytic approach can be embedded within a causal-inference framework on the one hand and that it can be heuristically justified why surrogate endpoints successfully evaluated using this approach will often be appealing from a causal-inference perspective as well, on the other. A newly developed and user friendly R package Surrogate is provided to carry out the evaluation exercise.
Aspergillus fumigatus proteases, Asp f 5 and Asp f 13, are essential for airway inflammation and remodelling in a murine inhalation model
Authors: Namvar S. , Warn P. , Farnell E. , Bromley M. , Fraczek M. , Bowyer P. , Herrick S.
Published: October 2014

Background

In susceptible individuals, exposure to Aspergillus fumigatus can lead to the development of atopic lung diseases such as allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) and severe asthma with fungal sensitization (SAFS). Protease allergens including Asp f 5 and Asp f 13 from Aspergillus fumigatus are thought to be important for initiation and progression of allergic asthma.

Objective

To assess the importance of secreted protease allergens Asp f 5 (matrix metalloprotease) and Asp f 13 (serine protease) in Aspergillus fumigatus‐induced inflammation, airway hyperactivity, atopy and airway wall remodelling in a murine model following chronic exposure to secreted allergens.

Methods

BALB/c mice were repeatedly intranasally dosed over the course of 5 weeks with culture filtrate from wild‐type (WT), Asp f 5 null (∆5) or Asp f 13 null (∆13) strains of Aspergillus fumigatus. Airway hyper‐reactivity was measured by non‐invasive whole‐body plethysmography, Th2 response and airway inflammation by ELISA and cell counts, whilst airway remodelling was assessed by histological analysis.

Results

Parent WT and ∆5 culture filtrates showed high protease activity, whilst protease activity in ∆13 culture filtrate was low. Chronic intranasal exposure to the three different filtrates led to comparable airway hyper‐reactivity and Th2 response. However, protease allergen deleted strains, in particular ∆13 culture filtrate, induced significantly less airway inflammation and remodelling compared to WT culture filtrate.

Conclusion

Aspergillus fumigatus‐secreted allergen proteases, Asp f 5 and Asp f 13, are important for recruitment of inflammatory cells and remodelling of the airways in this murine model. However, deletion of a single allergen protease fails to alleviate airway hyper‐reactivity and allergic immune response. Targeting protease activity of Aspergillus fumigatus in conditions such as SAFS or ABPA may have beneficial effects in preventing key aspects of airway pathology.
How rhinovirus infections cause exacerbations of asthma
Authors: Gern J. E.
Published: October 2014

Rhinovirus (RV) infections are closely linked to exacerbations of asthma, and yet most RV infections of patients with asthma cause only upper respiratory symptoms. These findings suggest that RV and other viral infections contribute to the causation of acute exacerbations of asthma, but that additional cofactors are generally required. In fact, factors related to the host, virus, and environment have been identified that affect the severity of RV infections, and propensity to develop lower respiratory tract symptoms. This review will discuss these factors and how their effects may act alone or in combination to increase the probability of RV‐induced exacerbations of asthma.
Phylogeny of theNorthAmerican vaejovid scorpion subfamilySyntropinae Kraepelin, 1905, based on morphology, mitochondrial and nuclearDNA
Authors: González‐Santillán Edmundo , Prendini Lorenzo
Published: October 2014

The first rigorous analysis of the phylogeny of the North American vaejovid scorpion subfamily Syntropinae is presented. The analysis is based on 250 morphological characters and 4221 alignedDNAnucleotides from three mitochondrial and two nuclear gene markers, for 145 terminal taxa, representing 47 species in 11 ingroup genera, and 15 species in eight outgroup genera. The monophyly and composition of Syntropinae and its component genera, as proposed by Soleglad and Fet, are tested. The following taxa are demonstrated to be para‐ or polyphyletic: Smeringurinae; Syntropinae; Vaejovinae; Stahnkeini; Syntropini; Syntropina; Thorelliina;Hoffmannius;Kochius; andThorellius. The spinose (hooked or toothed) margin of the distal barb of the sclerotized hemi‐mating plug is demonstrated to be a unique, unambiguous synapomorphy for Syntropinae, uniting taxa previously assigned to different subfamilies. Results of the analysis demonstrate a novel phylogenetic relationship for the subfamily, comprising six major clades and 11 genera, justify the establishment of six new genera, and they offer new insights about the systematics and historical biogeography of the subfamily, and the information content of morphological character systems.
Degeneration and Regeneration of GABAergic Interneurons in the Dentate Gyrus of Adult Mice in Experimental Models of Epilepsy
Authors: Wei Dong , Yang Fang , Wang Ying , Yang Feng , Wu Chen , Wu Sheng‐Xi , Jiang Wen
Published: October 2014

Aims

Mounting evidence showed that GABAergic interneurons play an important role in the generation of seizures by regulating excitatory/inhibitory balance in the hippocampus; however, there is a continuous debate regarding the alteration in the number of hippocampal GABAergic interneurons during epileptogenesis. Here, we investigated the degeneration and regeneration of GABAergic interneurons in the dentate gyrus during epileptogenesis using glutamic acid decarboxylase‐green fluorescence protein (GAD67‐GFP) knock‐in mice.

Methods and Results

Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)‐induced chronic kindling model and lithium–pilocarpine‐induced status epilepticus (SE) model were used in this study. We found a progressive loss of GABAergic interneurons in the dentate gyrus during post‐SE epileptogenesis rather than PTZ kindling. Both types of epileptogenic insults significantly promoted the proliferation of neural progenitor cells in the dentate gyrus; however, compared to 80% neuronal differentiation ratio in the control group, there was a remarkable decrease in PTZ kindling and pilocarpine models, that is 58% and 29%, respectively. Double/triple immunofluorescence labeling revealed no newborn neurons colabeled with GFP in both intact and epileptic dentate gyrus. In addition, valproate (a first‐line antiepileptic drug) treatment prevented the loss of GABAergic interneurons but still failed to induce the regeneration of GAD67‐positive interneurons in the dentate gyrus during post‐SE epileptogenesis.

Conclusions

These results indicate that degeneration of GABAergic interneurons may depend on the type of epileptogenic insult and that no newborn GABAergic interneurons occur in the adult dentate gyrus during epileptogenesis.
The permeability of active subduction plate boundary faults
Authors: Saffer D. M.
Published: October 2014

At subduction zones, continuous influx of fluids drives a dynamic system in which fault slip, fluid flow, and advective transport are tightly coupled. Field and numerical modeling studies have provided insight into the nature and rates of flow in these systems and illustrate that active subduction faults, including the master décollement and splay faults cutting the upper plate, are important conduits. Observations of in situ fracture dilation, modeling studies, and direct measurements documenting strong pressure dependence of fault permeability collectively suggest that permeability varies in time, perhaps due to pore pressure cycling. However, mechanical and fluid budget considerations dictate that increased fault permeability cannot be sustained, nor can it be present across the entire fault surface at a given time. The emerging conceptual model is that permeable patches or channels occupy only a fraction of the fault surface and shift transiently. Fault zone permeabilities obtained by several approaches are consistent between margins, with time‐averaged values of approximately 10−15 to 10−14 m2, several orders of magnitude higher than for the sediment matrix. Higher, transiently increased values of approximately 10−13 to 10−11 m2 are required to explain geochemical and thermal signals and observed focused flow rates. Although faults accommodate significant fluid fluxes from dewatering of the surrounding sediment, they have little effect on pore pressures within the wall rock, where drainage is limited by low matrix permeability. However, fault permeability is a key control on the transport and preservation of localized geochemical and thermal anomalies from depths where temperatures are higher and low‐temperature metamorphic reactions are underway. Despite significant recent progress, several key aspects of hydrologic behavior in these active faults remain incompletely understood, including the nature and timescale of transience, the causes of permeability enhancement and its relationship to fault slip and pore pressure fluctuations, and the depths and distances from which deeply sourced fluids are captured, mixed, and transported up‐dip.
Apple pomace in gluten‐free formulations: effect on rheology and product quality
Authors: Rocha Parra Andrés F. , Ribotta Pablo D. , Ferrero Cristina
Published: October 2014

The objective of the present work was to formulate a gluten‐free (GF) baked product based on a cassava starch, rice flour and egg white mixture and enriched with apple pomace with minimum processing as source of fibre. Effects of apple pomace and water amount on batters and product quality were analysed by response surface methodology (RSM). Dynamic moduli of batters, specific volume and crumb texture were highly dependent on both apple pomace and water. Higher levels of fibre rendered less cohesive and less resilient crumbs and diminished specific volumes. A suitable balance between amounts of apple pomace and water led to products with enough specific volume and sponginess. Up to 12.5 g apple pomace and water ranging from 115 to 150 g (each 100 g mixture), specific volumes were maintained higher than 2 cm3 g−1; if apple pomace was increased up to 20 g, water amounts higher than 140 g were necessary to obtain similar results.
Comparative evaluation of atmospheric and vacuum microwave‐assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from fresh and dried Centella asiatica L. leaves
Authors: Hiranvarachat Bhudsawan , Devahastin Sakamon , Soponronnarit Somchart
Published: October 2014

Microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) involves extraction under higher‐temperature and oxygen‐rich environment, which may cause degradation of bioactive compounds being extracted. Reducing the extraction temperature by reducing the system pressure is thus of interest. Nevertheless, information is lacking on the kinetics of vacuum microwave‐assisted extraction (VMAE) at various pressures. Detailed temperature evolution of a material–solvent mixture during VMAE is also not available. This study investigated the extraction kinetics of triterpene saponins and phenolics from both fresh and dried Centella leaves during MAE and VMAE at various pressures. In the case of fresh leaves, the maximum contents of triterpene saponins were reached when VMAE was performed at 60 kPa, whereas the maximum total phenolics content (TPC) was achieved when the extraction was performed at atmospheric condition. In the case of dried leaves, the maximum triterpene saponins contents as well as TPC were achieved when extraction was performed at atmospheric condition.
A montage of the qualities of the registered nurse
Authors: Wilkes L. , Cowin L. , Johnson M. , Zheng X.
Published: October 2014

Aim

This study aimed to gain undergraduate nursing students' perceptions of the essential qualities of the professional nurse.

Background

An essential component of undergraduate nursing programmes is to educate the student to become qualified as a professional/registered nurse. These characteristics will determine curricula and students' perceptions. No qualitative studies of the essential qualities of nurses are evident in recent literature.

Methods

A descriptive survey method was used to gather participants' perceptions of the qualities of a registered nurse over each year of their bachelor of nursing course at the largest programme in Australia.

Findings

Six concepts occurred most frequently in the students' responses. Caring was the most common followed by knowledge/understanding, empathy, work, communication and skills.

Discussion

A montage was developed with an interlacing of the qualities rather than any one concept predominating any year. Each quality was seen as essential and used to varying degrees as the nurse becomes a professional. These qualities form part of the education of nurses and have implications for nursing and/or health policy. This study has implications in the development of nursing curricula, which should include both the science and art of nursing with an emphasis on technical and communication skills.

Conclusion

This study has shown that students in Australia hold similar perceptions to their contemporaries in other international western countries.

Implications for Nursing and Health Policy

Caring is emphasized as a critical component of nursing delivery; however, opportunities must be presented to students to integrate skills such as caring, knowledge/understanding, empathy and communication.
Reproductive biology of the Caribbean brooding octocoral Antillogorgia hystrix
Authors: Coelho Márcio A.G. , Lasker Howard R.
Published: October 2014

The reproductive biology of the Caribbean gorgonian Antillogorgia hystrix was studied in the shallow‐water reefs of Cross Harbour, Great Abaco (The Bahamas) from 2009 to 2010. Antillogorgia hystrix is an internal brooder that reproduces annually. The population at Cross Harbour was gonochoric and the sex ratio was skewed toward females (~3:1). Oogenesis precedes spermatogenesis by several months, and lasts at least 9 months, with oocytes >100 μm in diameter first becoming visible in dissections of samples from February; mature oocytes are present in late October–November. The size of mature oocytes (400–900 μm in diameter) was greater than that of the spermaries, which were rarely larger than 400 μm. Brooded planulae were observed in polyps from early November to mid‐December, and planula release was observed in aquaria in December 2009, which suggests that planulation occurs continuously over this period. Planulae of A. hystrix contained dinoflagellate symbionts, presumably acquired during embryogenesis and/or by mature planulae while they were in the gastrovascular cavity of the polyp. Brooding is an uncommon reproductive strategy among Caribbean gorgonians and this is the first report of internal brooding in the genus Antillogorgia. The genus contains a number of sympatric species with different modes of reproduction, and knowledge of their reproductive biology is critical to understand their ecology and evolution.
The secret to a successful relationship: lasting chemistry between ascidians and their symbiotic bacteria
Authors: Schmidt Eric W.
Published: October 2014

Bioactive secondary metabolites are common components of marine animals. In many cases, symbiotic bacteria, and not the animals themselves, synthesize the compounds. Among marine animals, ascidians are good models for understanding these symbioses. Ascidians often contain potently bioactive secondary metabolites as their major extractable components. Strong evidence shows that ~8% of the known secondary metabolites from ascidians are made by symbiotic bacteria, and indirect evidence implicates bacteria in the synthesis of many more. Far from being “secondary” to the animals, secondary metabolites are essential components of the interaction between host animals and their symbiotic bacteria. These interactions have complex underlying biology, but the chemistry is clearly ascidian species‐specific. The chemical interactions are ancient in at least some cases, and they are widespread among ascidians. Ascidians maintain secondary metabolic symbioses with bacteria that are phylogenetically diverse, indicating convergent solutions to obtaining secondary metabolites and reinforcing the importance of secondary metabolism in animal survival.
Dielectric Relaxations in Rutile TiO2
Authors: Wang Chunchang , Zhang Nan , Li Qiuju , Yu Yi , Zhang Jian , Li Yide , Wang Hong
Published: October 2014

Dielectric properties of high‐purity (4N degree) rutile TiO2 ceramics were investigated over a wide temperature (100–1073 K) and frequency (20 Hz–10 MHz) ranges. X‐ray photoemission spectroscopy measurement revealed the sample possesses mixed‐valent states of Ti3+/Ti4+. Four thermally activated relaxations were observed. The lowest temperature relaxation (R1) features two Arrhenius segments with activation energy of 30 and 80 meV for the low‐ and high‐temperature segments, respectively. This relaxation was argued to be a polaron relaxation due to electrons hopping between Ti3+ and Ti4+ ions. The second relaxation (R2) appears around room temperature showing activation energy of 0.68 eV is believed to be a Maxwell‐Wagner relaxation. The high‐temperature relaxations R3 and R4 with activation energy of 0.84 and 1.26 eV were ascribed to the conduction process due to the hopping motions of singly and doubly charged oxygen vacancies, respectively.
The Impact of Heat Treatment on the Domain Configuration and Strain Behavior in Pb[Zr,Ti]O3 Ferroelectrics
Authors: Schmitt Ljubomira Ana , Kungl Hans , Hinterstein Manuel , Riekehr Lars , Kleebe Hans‐Joachim , Hoffmann Michael J. , Eichel Rüdiger‐A. , Fuess Hartmut
Published: October 2014

The influence of heat treatment in lead zirconate titanate Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) ferroelectrics on the domain structure and strain behavior has been investigated. Temperature‐induced changes in the domain configuration, for example, appearance of nanodomains within microdomains, were observed by in situ hot‐stage transmission electron microscopy. During the transient post annealing state the strain behavior under electric field differed from that of the nonheat‐treated ferroelectrics. Directly after cooling the difference was most pronounced and decreased as a function of time. The enhanced response to an electric field of 4 kV/mm resulted in qualitatively different effects on strain for PZT from the tetragonal side and from the rhombohedral side of the morphotropic phase boundary.
Stability and CMAS Resistance of Ytterbium‐Silicate/Hafnate EBCs/TBC for SiC Composites
Authors: Poerschke David L. , Hass Derek D. , Eustis Susie , Seward Gareth G.E. , Van Sluytman Jason S. , Levi Carlos G.
Published: October 2014

Multilayer ytterbium‐hafnate/silicate coatings deposited by directed vapor deposition and designed to protect SiC‐based ceramic matrix composites were assessed to determine their thermochemical stability and resistance to attack by molten silicate deposits (CMAS). The study revealed that reactions occurring at the interface between Yb2Si2O7 and Yb4Hf3O12 layers promote coating delamination following isothermal annealing for 100 h/1500°C while coating architectures involving Yb2SiO5 in contact with Yb4Hf3O12 do not experience similar degradation. The outer Yb4Hf3O12 layers, segmented for compliance, were only moderately effective in mitigating CMAS infiltration at 1300°C and 1500°C. The results indicate that the reaction between the melt and coating forms large volumes of a silicate garnet phase at 1300°C, or a cuspidine‐type aluminosilicate at 1500°C, in addition to the apatite and reprecipitated fluorite phases observed in related systems.
Investigating the underlying mechanisms of temperature‐related skin diseases in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., as measured by quantitative histology, skin transcriptomics and composition
Authors: Jensen L B , Boltana S , Obach A , McGurk C , Waagbø R , MacKenzie S
Published: October 2014

Skin integrity is recognized as of vital consideration for both animal welfare and final product quality of farmed fish. This study examines the effects of three different rearing temperatures (4, 10 and 16 °C) on the skin of healthy Atlantic salmon post‐smolts. Changes in skin condition were assessed by the means of skin composition analyses, quantitative histology assessments and transcriptome analysis. Level of protein, vitamin C and vitamin E was significantly higher at 16 °C compared with 4 °C. Quantitative histology measurements showed that the epidermal thickness decreased from low to high temperature, whereas the epidermal area comprising mucous cells increased. The difference was only significant between 4 and 16 °C. Both high and low temperature exhibited significant changes in the skin transcriptome. A number of immune‐related transcripts responded at both temperatures. Contrary to well‐described immunosuppressive effects of low water temperature on systemic immunity, a subtle increase in skin‐mediated immunity was observed, suggesting a pre‐activation of the mucosal system at 4 °C. Upregulation of a number of heat‐shock proteins correlating with a decrease in epidermal thickness suggested a stress response in the skin at high temperature. The results demonstrate distinctive temperature‐related effects on the skin of Atlantic salmon.
Astrocytes mediate HIV‐1 Tat‐induced neuronal damage via ligand‐gated ion channel P2X7R
Authors: Tewari Manju , Monika   , Varghese Rebu K , Menon Malini , Seth Pankaj
Published: October 2014

During human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐1 infection, perturbations in neuron–glia interactions may culminate in neuronal damage. Recently, purinergic receptors have been implicated in the promotion of virus‐induced neurotoxicity and supporting the viral life cycle at multiple stages. The astrocytes robustly express purinergic receptors. We therefore sought to examine if P2X7R, a P2X receptor subtype, can mediate HIV‐1 Tat‐induced neuronal apoptosis. Tat augmented the expression of P2X7R in astrocytes. Our data reveal the involvement of P2X7R in Tat‐mediated release of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP‐1) /chemokine (C‐C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) from the astrocytes. P2X7R antagonists, such as the oxidized ATP, A438079, brilliant blue G, and broad spectrum P2 receptor antagonist suramin, attenuated Tat‐induced CCL2 release in a calcium‐ and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK)1/2‐dependent manner. Calcium chelators, (1,2‐bis(o‐aminophenoxy) ethane‐N,N,N',N'‐tetraacetic acid) acetoxymethyl ester and EGTA, and ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126 abolished chemokine (C‐C motif) ligand 2 release from astrocytes. Furthermore, in human neuronal cultures, we demonstrated P2X7R involvement in Tat‐mediated neuronal death. Importantly, in the TUNEL assay, the application of P2X7R‐specific antagonists or the knockdown of P2X7R in human astrocytes reduced HIV‐Tat‐induced neuronal death significantly, underlining the critical role of P2X7R in Tat‐mediated neurotoxicity. Our study provides novel insights into astrocyte‐mediated neuropathogenesis in HIV‐1 infection and a novel target for therapeutic management of neuroAIDS.

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We investigated the role of P2X7R in Tat‐mediated neuroinflammation and neuronal damage. We proposed the following cascade for Tat‐mediated CCL2 release from astrocytes: Tat mediates increase in P2X7R expression, which on activation evokes increase in intracellular calcium, which further leads to phosphorylation of ERK1/2 followed by the release of CCL2 from astrocytes. Tat also leads to direct and indirect (mediated via astrocytes) neuronal death that can be abrogated by inhibiting P2X7R. We believe that these finding should provide new insights into the role of astrocytes in HIV‐1 Tat‐mediated neurotoxicity.
The utility of the morphological variation of pollen for resolving the evolutionary history ofBillia(subfam. Hippocastanoideae, Sapindaceae)
Authors: Harris AJ , Lutz Sue , Acevedo Pedro , Wen Jun
Published: October 2014

In this study, we examined the utility of pollen morphology for resolving questions about the evolutionary history ofBillia, which is a poorly known genus of Neotropical trees.Billiahas been traditionally circumscribed with two species and treated as sister toAesculusL. However, the number of species inBilliais uncertain, because the genus exhibits abundant morphological diversity but little discontinuous variation. Therefore,Billiamay be monotypic and highly polymorphic, or it may have two species with blurred boundaries due to incipient speciation and/or hybridization. Moreover, one recent molecular phylogenetic study showsBillianested withinAesculus. Our work sought to address the following questions: (i) Are there discontinuities in the pollen ofBilliathat may suggest species boundaries? (ii) Does the pollen ofBilliashow evidence for inter‐specific hybridization? (iii) Do the exine morphology and size of pollen inBilliadiffer from those inAesculus? Our results from scanning electron microscopy showed that pollen exine morphology is not taxonomically informative inBilliabut that there are significant differences in pollen size between red‐ and white‐flowered individuals. Thus, our pollen data support the utility of flower color inBilliafor species delimitation. Our assessments of pollen viability do not support hybridization in the genus, but cannot be used to rule it out. Finally, pollen exine morphology may lend some support to an evolutionary origin ofBilliawithin eastern North AmericanAesculus. In contrast, data on pollen size suggest thatBilliamay belong in a topological position outside ofAesculus.