bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alcohol dehydrogenase–specific T-cell responses are associated with alcohol consumption in patients with alcohol-related cirrhosis
Authors: Lin Fang , Taylor Nicholas J. , Su Haibin , Huang Xiaohong , Hussain Munther J. , Abeles Robin Daniel , Blackmore Laura , Zhou Yunyun , Ikbal Mohammad Mashfick , Heaton Nigel , Jassem Wayel , Shawcross Debbie L. , Vergani Diego , Ma Yun
Published: February 2013

Patients with alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) have antibodies directed to alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), anti-ADH titers being associated with disease severity and active alcohol consumption. ADH-specific T-cell responses have not been characterized. We aimed to define anti-ADH cellular immune responses and their association with active alcohol consumption and disease severity. Using cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 25 patients with alcohol-related cirrhosis (ARC; 12 were actively drinking or abstinent for <6 months, and 13 were abstinent for >6 months) and hepatic mononuclear cells (HMCs) from 14 patients with ARC who were undergoing transplantation, we investigated T-cell reactivity to 25 overlapping peptides representing the full human ADH protein (beta 1 subunit). ADH-specific peripheral T-cell responses were assessed by the quantification of T-cell proliferation and cytokine production and were correlated with the clinical course. In active alcohol consumers, proliferative T-cell responses targeted ADH31-95 and other discontinuous sequences in the ADH peptide, whereas only one sequence was targeted in abstinents. ADH peptides induced the production of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-4 (IL-4), and IL-17. IL-4 production was lower in active drinkers versus abstinents, and IL-17 production was higher. Peptides inducing IFN-γ production outnumbered those inducing T-cell proliferation. The intensity of the predominantly T helper 1 (Th1) responses directly correlated with disease severity. Similar to PBMCs in abstinents, ADH peptides induced weak T-cell proliferation and a similar level of IL-4 production in HMCs but less vigorous Th1 and T helper 17 responses. Conclusion: This suggests that Th1 responses to ADH in ARC are induced by alcohol consumption. A Th1/T helper 2 imbalance characterizes T-cell responses in active drinkers with ARC, whereas IL-4 production prevails in abstinents. This identifies new targets for immunoregulatory therapies in ALD patients for halting detrimental effector T-cell responses, which may encourage liver fibrogenesis and progression to end-stage liver disease. (HEPATOLOGY 2013)
Evolution of the sewage treatment plant model SimpleTreat: Applicability domain and data requirements
Authors: Franco Antonio , Struijs Jaap , Gouin Todd , Price Oliver R
Published: February 2013

SimpleTreat 3.1 is the sewage treatment plant (STP) model implemented in the European Union (EU) framework for the environmental risk assessment of chemicals. The model was originally designed for neutral hydrophobic chemicals, whereas many substances currently under regulatory scrutiny, are ionizable at environmental pH. Although the model has been adapted to describe ionization (SimpleTreat 3.1), the fate of organic ions is limited to the unbound aqueous phase, which seriously restricts the applicability domain. New regressions were implemented to estimate the sludge–water partition coefficient normalized to organic carbon (KOC) of monovalent acids and bases from the octanol–water partition coefficient (KOW), the dissociation constant (pKa) and the pH. We evaluated the updated model (SimpleTreat 3.2) with 10 test chemicals by comparing predictions with monitoring data collected from the literature. Test chemicals were specifically selected to challenge the applicability domain and to cover a wide range of functionality and physical–chemical properties. Although predicted effluent concentrations are generally conservative, SimpleTreat 3.2 provides reasonable estimates for use in lower-tier risk assessment for neutral and monovalent ionizable chemicals. The accuracy of the new KOC regressions is acceptable for monovalent acid but is lower for bases, for which measured sludge KOC is highly recommended. Measured KOC are also recommended for ionic surfactants and necessary for organic ligands, which may limit the applicability of SimpleTreat using a basic input data set. The conservative nature of model estimates reflects the default worst case, non-numerical parameterization of biodegradation rates and the assumption that biodegradation is limited to the unbound aqueous phase. The potential of refining the description of biodegradation using higher tier simulation tests is explored in a parallel article (Franco et al. this issue). Integr Environ Assess Manag 2013;9:560–568. © 2013 SETAC
Dynamic Combinatorial Chemistry in Chemical Catalysis
Authors: Dydio Paweł , Breuil Pierre‐Alain R. , Reek Joost N. H.
Published: February 2013

Despite the progress in the field of dynamic combinatorial chemistry (DCC), dynamic combinatorial catalysis has received considerably less attention. Some first studies, however, have provided proof of principle and demonstrated that DCC‐based approaches are also applicable in catalyst development. This provides interesting new tools that are complementary to rational catalyst design and traditional combinatorial strategies. As such, DCC may become highly valuable in the field of dynamic combinatorial catalysis, due also to the practical importance of catalysis. In this review we focus on the principles of dynamic combinatorial catalysis and provide an overview by the introduction of different concepts related to the development of libraries and selection procedures in catalysis.
Reverse Aggregates as Adaptive Self‐Assembled Systems for Selective Liquid‐Liquid Cation Extraction
Authors: Zemb Thomas , Duvail Magali , Dufrêche Jean‐François
Published: February 2013

Separation of metals in the cationic form is the basis of hydrometallurgy. Ion‐specific separation is achieved via selective transfer between liquid phases that have been emulsified in order to be in “close” contact. We show here how the organization of water‐in‐oil (w/o) “reverse” aggregates in the solvent phase controls the free energy of transfer of cations in the form of neutral salts between phases. Indeed, all known efficient ion separation mechanisms rely on complex fluids in the Winsor II regime, i.e. when a concentrated mixed salt solution is in equilibrium with a solvent phase containing self‐assembled aggregates. Here, we point out that, in the general case of water‐poor complex fluids containing extractant molecules, long‐range interactions linked to w/o interface curvature participate in the selectivity of any multivalent ion extraction process. The free energy related to ion transfer between phases, i.e. the extraction free energy, is different from the complexation free energy. This difference is the key to the selectivity of the separation process. We give here general expressions linking complexation free energy and transfer free energy as derived from known adsorption isotherms, taking into account interfacial curvature, considered as a generalized scalar related to the packing near the interface.
Modulation of the Selectivity of Schiff Base Formation in Mixtures of Two NH2 Compounds and One Aldehyde or of Two Aldehydes and One Amine
Authors: Stadler Adrian‐Mihail
Published: February 2013

Mixtures containing two NH2 compounds and one aldehyde, or two aldehydes and one amine, are investigated. In particular, the selectivity of the process of Schiff base formation is explored, as well as additives (acid, metal ions) that can modulate this selectivity.
LONG‐TERM EFFECTIVENESS OF LINING TERTIARY CANALS IN THE INDUS BASIN OF PAKISTAN
Authors: Raza Ali , Latif Muhammad , Shakir Abdul Sattar
Published: February 2013

This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of lining tertiary canals with respect to their lining age. Twenty partially lined canals (1–25 years of lining age) were randomly selected and these were classified into five age groups with a class interval of 5 years. The flow rate of each selected channel was measured at the head and tail of the lined sections, and in the unlined sections at a distance equal to the length of the lined sections. The conveyance losses varied from 0.76 to 1.31 l s‐1 per 100 m length. The lowest losses were observed in the newly lined canals (1– 5 years old) while the highest losses were observed in the case of group IV, having a lining age of between 16 and 20 years. The conveyance losses were reduced by 47 and 30% respectively in groups I and V. Thus, these results clearly demonstrate that the effectiveness of lining decreases with its age. A significant amount of water is saved by the newly lined canals; however, this benefit decreases as the lining become older. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Visualisation of methacrylate‐embedded human bone sections by infrared nanoscopy
Authors: Geith Tobias , Amarie Sergiu , Milz Stefan , Bamberg Fabian , Keilmann Fritz
Published: February 2013

A recently developed ultra‐resolving near‐field infrared nanoscope is applied to investigate methyl methacrylate embedded, un‐decalcified human bone sections. Results show detail at a resolution of 30 nm. Specific contrasting of mineral components is enabled by choosing an appropriate infrared wavelength, here 9.47 μm, in the phosphate vibrational band. The method is surface‐sensitive, probing to a depth of about 30 nm into the surface. The obtained infrared images are presented in direct comparison with optical and electron micrographs of the identical specimen. Lamellar bone organization, peri‐cellular mineral deposition, and regional differences in mineral content are clearly detectable. Individual fibrils are resolved. – Infrared nanoscopy requires just standard hard tissue preparation techniques combined with section surface polishing. It can be integrated into existing laboratory environments without impeding subsequent routine staining and evaluation methods. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Vascular access in therapeutic apheresis: Update 2013
Authors: Golestaneh Ladan , Mokrzycki Michele H.
Published: February 2013

This review addresses the types of vascular access available for patients who need therapeutic apheresis (TA). As in hemodialysis, vascular access for TA is chosen based on type of procedure prescribed, the patient's vascular anatomy, the acuity, frequency and duration of treatment, and the underlying disease state. The types of access available include peripheral vein cannulation, central venous catheters: including nontunneled and tunneled catheters, arterio‐venous grafts and arterio‐venous fistulas. Peripheral veins and central venous catheters are most frequently utilized for the acute administration of TA, and may be used over a period of weeks to months. Arterio‐venous grafts and fistulas are not commonly used in TA procedures, but are an option in patients with an anticipated long course of TA, usually for a period of several months or years. The types and frequency of complications associated with various types of vascular access, including: access dysfunction and infections are reviewed, and strategies for their prevention and management are offered. J. Clin. Apheresis 28:64–72, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cost Management in an Age of Prevailing Crisis
Authors: Edwards James B.
Published: February 2013

How can companies manage costs in an age of constant crisis? This is not a question that occurs to executives when times are good. But it seems very relevant lately, as we have faced one crisis after another. What's the best way to handle uncertainty? © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
SEC's Last Say on IFRS Work Plan: They're Not Saying
Authors: Ciesielski Jack T. , Weirich Thomas R.
Published: February 2013

For the past five years, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has toiled away on a thorny issue: Is the United States ready for the widespread use of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)? This project has been plagued with delays. But on July 13, 2012, the Office of the Chief Ac‐countant (OCA) released its hotly anticipated “final report” on the work plan for consideration of IFRS in U.S. financial reporting. However, the report was not what many expected: a recommendation on whether IFRS should be an integral part of U.S. capital markets. But the final report did highlight the big issues that still need to be resolved before the SEC ever makes its determination. For that reason alone, say the authors of this article, it's worth digging into the final report‐and also to find clues about where the whole process may be going. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Detection of Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli Using a Two‐System Multiplex‐PCR Protocol
Authors: Fialho Octaviana Baccin , de Souza Emanuel Maltempi , de Borba Dallagassa Cibelle , de Oliveira Pedrosa Fábio , Klassen Giseli , Irino Kinue , Paludo Katia Sabrina , de Assis Flávia Emanoelli Araújo , Surek Monica , de Souza Santos Farah Sônia Maria , Fadel‐Picheth Cyntia Maria Telles
Published: February 2013

Background

Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) strains are important causes of diarrhea. However, they cannot be distinguished from E. coli of the intestinal microbiota by conventional microbiological tests.

Methods

This work presents a two‐system multiplex PCR for detection of DEC. Primers for 16S rRNA gene were added as internal amplification control to validate negative reactions. The multiplex‐PCR system 1 contains primers for detection of Shiga toxin producing E. coli (STEC; stx1, stx2), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC; eae, bfpA), atypical enteropathogenic E. coli (aEPEc; eae), enteroinvasive E. coli (ETEC; lt, st), enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC; ial), and the internal amplification control 16S rRNA. The system 2 contains primers for EIEC (ipaH), enteroaggregative E. coli (CVD432), diffusely adherent E. coli (daaE), and 16S rRNA. The protocol was tested with E. coli reference strains, and also with cultures of fecal specimens of people with diarrhea and healthy controls.

Results

The protocol correctly identified the DEC reference strains. No DEC marker was amplified for negative controls; these results were validated by the amplification of a fragment of the 16S rRNA gene. The frequency of DEC was 7.6% for both patients and healthy controls; two Shigella sonnei strains were detected in the group with diarrhea. The identity of the amplicons was confirmed by DNA sequencing.

Conclusion

The protocol is specific for DEC Shigella and is suitable for clinical laboratories. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 27:155–161, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Impact of IGF‐I Gene Polymorphisms on Coronary Artery Disease Susceptibility
Authors: Lin Hsiu‐Ling , Ueng Kwo‐Chang , Wang Hsiang‐Ling , Chen Tsung‐Po , Yang Shun‐Fa , Chu Shu‐Chen , Hsieh Yih‐Shou
Published: February 2013

Background

Coronary artery disease (CAD) was the second leading cause of death for the past 3 years in Taiwan. The insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) system is considered a new risk factor of CAD because investigations show that the levels and bioactivity of IGF‐I and IGFBP‐3 (where IGFBP is insulin‐like growth factor‐binding protein) may be involved in elevating the risk of CAD. This study investigated the relationships among IGF‐I +1770, IGF‐I +6093, and IGFBP‐3 ‐202 genetic polymorphisms and CAD in the Taiwanese population.

Methods

A total of 581 subjects, including 390 non‐CAD controls and 191 patients with CAD, were recruited and the isolated DNA was subjected to real‐time polymerase chain to evaluate the effects of these three polymorphic variants on CAD.

Results

Our results showed a significant association between the IGF‐I +1770 gene polymorphism and increased risk of CAD. Furthermore, CAD patients with a minimum of one mutant C allele, T/C or C/C, in IGF‐I +1770 gene polymorphism had significantly high blood pressure including systolic blood pressure (SBP; P = 0.025) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP; P = 0.004), compared to CAD patients with T/T homozygotes. Moreover, CAD patients with a minimum of one mutant A allele, G/A or A/A, in the IGF‐I +6093 gene polymorphism had a 1.695‐fold elevated risk of congestive heart failure (CHF), compared to CAD patients with the G/G homozygote.

Conclusions

Polymorphism of IGF‐I +1770 was associated with increased CAD risk. In CAD patients, the contributions of IGF‐I +1770 and +6093 could be through the effect on blood pressure in CAD patients. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 27:162–169, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
MRI evaluation of acute appendicitis in pregnancy
Authors: Dewhurst Catherine , Beddy Peter , Pedrosa Ivan
Published: February 2013

In recent years, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become a valuable diagnostic tool for evaluation of acute abdominal pain in pregnancy. MRI offers an opportunity to identify the normal or inflamed appendix as well as a variety of other pathologic conditions that can masquerade clinically as acute appendicitis in pregnant women. Visualization of the normal appendix by MRI virtually excludes the diagnosis of acute appendicitis and may help reduce the negative laparotomy rate in this patient population. Here we discuss a comprehensive MRI protocol for evaluation of pregnant women with abdominal pain, focusing on the appearance and location of the normal and diseased appendix, and we describe an approach to diagnosing acute appendicitis and other conditions with MRI. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;37:566–575. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Postoperative magnetic resonance imaging of the foot and ankle
Authors: Sofka Carolyn M.
Published: February 2013

Foot and ankle procedures are commonly performed most often in the setting of trauma or for realignment such as hallux valgus or acquired adult flatfoot deformity correction. Complications of these procedures occur not infrequently and therefore diagnostic imaging of the postoperative foot and ankle is often needed. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is ideal for imaging the postoperative foot and ankle, as it can evaluate both osseous and soft‐tissue pathology. Using tailored MR pulse sequences to reduce metal artifact helps to increase diagnostic yield and evaluation of the regional anatomic structures. This review discusses suggested MRI protocols for evaluating the postoperative foot and ankle as well as the MRI appearance of commonly performed procedures in the foot and ankle such as internal fixation for fractures, forefoot and flatfoot realignment surgeries, and cartilage restorative procedures, as well as some of the more commonly encountered postoperative complications. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;37:556–565. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Increasing Students' Scientific Creativity: The “Learn to Think” Intervention Program
Authors: Hu Weiping , Wu Baojun , Jia Xiaojuan , Yi Xinfa , Duan Chunyan , Meyer Winter , Kaufman James C.
Published: February 2013

The “Learn to Think” (LTT) Intervention Program was developed for raising thinking abilities of primary and secondary school students. It has been implemented in more than 300 schools, and more than 200,000 students took part in the experiment over a 10‐year span. Several longitudinal intervention studies showed thatLTTcould promote the development of students' thinking ability, learning motivation, and learning strategy as well as raise academic performance in primary schools. This article describes a study of the influence and the delayed effects ofLTTon the scientific creativity of secondary school students. One hundred and seven students were selected from a secondary school, 54 of them participated in theLTTevery 2 weeks and the rest had not. The intervention lasted 2 years, and the delayed effect was explored half a year after terminating the intervention. The Scientific Creativity Test for Secondary School Students was used four times from pre‐test to delayed post‐test. The results indicated that theLTTdid promote the development of scientific creativity of secondary school students, and the effects on the scientific creativity were not necessarily immediate, but tended to be long‐lasting.
Effect of the residual silanol group protection on the liquid chromatographic resolution of α‐amino acids and proton pump inhibitors on a ligand exchange chiral stationary phase
Authors: Ma Dong Hee , Jin Jong Sung , Jeong Euh Duck , Hyun Myung Ho
Published: February 2013

A new ligand exchange chiral stationary phase (new CSP) containing residual silanol group‐protecting n‐octyl groups on the silica surface was prepared by treating a ligand exchange CSP (original CSP) based on sodium N‐[(R)‐2‐hydroxy‐1‐phenylethyl]‐N‐undecylaminoacetate bonded to silica gel with excess n‐octyltriethoxysilane. The new and original CSPs containing an identical amount of chiral selector were applied to the resolution of α‐amino acids and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) including omeprazole, pantoprazole, lansoprazole, and rabeprazole. The separation factors (α) and resolutions (RS) were greater on the new CSP than on the original CSP except for the resolution of asparagine. The trends of the retention factors (k1) for the resolution of α‐amino acids on the new and original CSPs with the variation of the organic modifier content in aqueous mobile phase were opposite to those for the resolution of PPIs. Removal of the nonenantioselective interactions between the residual silanol groups and the analytes and the improved lipophilicity of the new CSP were proposed to be responsible for the improved chiral recognition ability of the new CSP and the different retention behaviors of the enantiomers between the new and original CSPs.
Oil debris and viscosity monitoring using ultrasonic and capacitance/inductance measurements
Authors: Appleby Matthew , Choy Fred K. , Du Li , Zhe Jiang
Published: February 2013

This paper aims at the development of a comprehensive procedure for detecting oil debris contents, as well as analysing other physical parameters associated with lubricating oil degradation, using a combination of ultrasonic, capacitance and inductance‐based measurements. Brief explanations, accompanied by the derivation of closed‐form expressions that demonstrate the physical sensing mechanisms utilised in this study, are presented. This is followed by a description of the experimental techniques and procedures that were devised to investigate the capability of detecting and differentiating ferrous, non‐ferrous and non‐metallic particles in oil. This study also found that certain sensing methods exhibited promise in characterising fluctuations in oil viscosity and acid/water content in oil. Finally, the possibility of using such fundamental apparatus in concert for use in oil degradation characterisation and machine health‐monitoring applications is discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
EPR Study into Cross‐Termination and Fragmentation with the Phenylethyl–Phenylethyl Dithiobenzoate RAFT Model System
Authors: Meiser Wibke , Buback Michael , Ries Oliver , Ducho Christian , Sidoruk Alana
Published: February 2013

The reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) equilibrium constant of the phenylethyl–1‐phenylethyl dithiobenzoate model system is deduced via EPR spectroscopy to be 31 ± 4 L mol−1 at 110 °C. The difference in activation energies of addition and fragmentation, Ea(kad) – Ea(kβ) ≈ −45.6 kJ mol−1, is close to that of the polystyryl–polystyryl dithiobenzoate system. Significant amounts of products from cross‐termination and from “missing step” reaction of the cross‐termination product with the phenylethyl radical demonstrate that intermediate radical termination, rather than slow fragmentation of the RAFT intermediate radical, is responsible for the rate retardation in the dithiobenzoate‐mediated styrene polymerization.

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Extensional Flow and Relaxation of Semi‐dilute Solutions of Schizophyllan
Authors: De Dier Raf , Mathues Wouter , Clasen Christian
Published: February 2013

Capillary thinning experiments of semi‐dilute solutions of schizophyllan in water and DMSO are performed to determine the relaxation behavior in extensional flows as experienced, for example, in the flow through porous media in enhanced oil recovery. The extensional relaxation timeλEis found to scale with concentration following a dissimilar power‐law dependency for the two solvents,λE ∝ c1.52in water andλE ∝ c0.90in DMSO. It is shown that the extensional flow fields are strong enough to break, and prevent the rebuilding of, intermolecular structures, due to hydrogen bonding that was observed to alter the viscoelastic response in shearing flows of aqueous schizophyllan solutions.

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Assessment of a semi‐automated protocol for multiplex analysis of sepsis‐causing bacteria with spiked whole blood samples
Authors: Laakso Sanna , Mäki Minna
Published: February 2013

Sepsis is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. Rapid and reliable diagnostic methods are needed for efficient and evidence‐based treatment of septic patients. Recently, new molecular tools have emerged to complement the conventional culture‐based diagnostic methods. In this study, we used spiked whole blood samples to evaluate together two ready‐to‐use molecular solutions for the detection of sepsis‐causing bacteria. We spiked whole blood with bacterial species relevant in sepsis and extracted bacterial DNA with the NorDiag Arrow device, using the SelectNA Blood pathogen DNA isolation kit. DNA extracts were analyzed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐ and microarray‐based Prove‐it™ Bone and Joint assay, resulting in correctly identified bacterial species with detection limits of 11–600 colony‐forming unit/mL (CFU/mL). To understand the recovery losses of bacterial DNA during the sample preparation step and the capability of the PCR‐ and microarray‐based platform to respond to the sensitivity requirements, we also determined the analytical sensitivity of the PCR and microarray platform to be 1–21 genome equivalents for the tested bacterial species. In addition, the inclusivity of the Prove‐it™ Bone and Joint assay was demonstrated with methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clones carrying SCCmec types I, II, IV, or V and a nontypable SCCmec type. The proof‐of‐concept for accurate multiplex pathogen and antibacterial resistance marker detection from spiked whole blood samples was demonstrated by the selective bacterial DNA extraction method combined with the high‐throughput PCR‐ and microarray‐based platform. Further investigations are needed to study the promising potential of the concept for sensitive, semi‐automated identification of sepsis‐causing pathogens directly from whole blood.
A multi‐mechanism constitutive model for plastic adaption under cyclic loading
Authors: di Prisco Claudio , Mortara Giuseppe
Published: February 2013

As is well known, granular soils under cyclic loading dissipate a large amount of energy and accumulate large irreversible strains. Usually, with time, this second effect reduces and the accumulation rate decreases with the number of cycles until obtaining a sort of ideal stationary cyclic state at which ratcheting disappears. In this paper, only this ideal state is taken into consideration and simulated by means of a multi‐mechanism constitutive model for plastic adaptation. For this purpose, the concept of cycle is discussed, many different categories of cyclic stress/strain paths are considered and some theoretical issues concerning both the flow and the strain‐hardening rules are tackled. Even though the paper focuses on soil behaviour, the conclusions can be extended to all materials exhibiting ratcheting due to volumetric behaviour.Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical value of a patient‐reported goal‐attainment measure: the global development of self‐assessment goal achievement (SAGA) questionnaire for patients with lower urinary tract symptoms
Authors: Khullar Vik , Espuna‐Pons Monserrat , Marschall‐Kehrel Daniela , Fianu‐Jonasson Aino , Kelleher Con J. , Brubaker Linda , Beach James , Piault Elisabeth , Trocio Jeffrey
Published: February 2013

Aims

To discuss the importance of patients' treatment goals and perceived goal attainment to better address expectations in the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), including overactive bladder (OAB).

Methods

The development of the Self‐Assessment Goal Achievement (SAGA) questionnaire was driven by measurement principles from the field of qualitative and psychometric research adapted to elicit patients' treatment goals. At baseline, SAGA solicits individualized responses of patient's treatment expectations and goals, and at follow‐up SAGA uses a goal‐attainment scale (GAS) to document goal achievement.

Results

The SAGA questionnaire provides a basis for the patient and physician to discuss realistic treatment expectations and to measure the alignment between patients' expectations and treatment outcomes in terms of improvement in symptoms and impact on function. Therefore, incorporating the SAGA questionnaire into clinical trials may provide an additional dimension of treatment efficacy by incorporating data on treatment satisfaction from the patient's perspective.

Conclusions

The SAGA questionnaire is a useful tool for patient‐centered discussions about the treatment and management of LUTS, including OAB, and assisting physicians in tracking progress and managing patient expectations during therapy. Neurourol. Urodynam. 33:90–94, 2014. Copyright © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Women's expectations of prolapse surgery: A retrospective qualitative study
Authors: Baskayne Kathryn , Willars Janet , Pitchforth Emma , Tincello Douglas G.
Published: February 2013

Aims

To explore the expectations of prolapse surgery held by women before that surgery and to examine reasons why such expectations were met, or not met.

Methods

Qualitative study using one‐to‐one interviews with women who had undergone prolapse surgery in a large UK teaching hospital. Interviews were conducted by a third party, trained interviewer using a piloted interview guide, but women were encouraged to speak freely. Transcripts were analyzed based on the constant comparative method and interviews continued until no new themes emerged.

Results

Fifty‐two women were contacted; 32 took part. Twenty‐eight women's interviews were used for analysis, after pilot interviews with four women. Median age was 58 (32–86), 19 were Caucasian, nine of South Indian ethnicity. Anticipated benefits of surgery included global themes of cure without specific definitions, focusing on physical symptoms. A few women anticipated psychological benefit. Most women had expectations of a permanent cure. After surgery, most women considered their surgery a success, for physical symptom improvement. Some women had modified their prior expectations (downwards) and success was interpreted in this light. Provision of information about recovery and symptom resolution was felt to be inadequate by the majority.

Conclusions

In this study, resolution of physical symptoms was the prevalent expectation, along with restoration of “normality.” Normality was often redefined during recovery, indicating the complexity of assessing fulfillment of expectations, and that specific goal‐setting may be inadequate. A chronic illness framework for prolapse may be helpful. Information exchange, especially in the post‐operative period can be improved. Neurourol. Urodynam. 33:85–89, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anteroposterior perfusion heterogeneity in human hippocampus measured by arterial spin labeling MRI
Authors: Li Xiufeng , Sarkar Subhendra N. , Purdy David E. , Spence Jeffrey S. , Haley Robert W. , Briggs Richard W.
Published: February 2013

Measurements of blood flow in the human hippocampus are complicated by its relatively small size, unusual anatomy and patterns of blood supply. Only a handful of arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI articles have reported regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) values for the human hippocampus. Numerous reports have found heterogeneity in a number of other physiological and biochemical parameters along the longitudinal hippocampal axis. There is, however, only one ASL study of perfusion properties as a function of anteroposterior location in the hippocampus, reporting that rCBF is lower and the arterial transit time (ATT) is longer in the anterior hippocampus than in the posterior hippocampus of the rat brain. The purpose of this article was to measure ATT and rCBF in anterior, middle and posterior normal adult human hippocampus. To better distinguish anteroposterior perfusion heterogeneity in the hippocampus, a modified ASL method, called Orthogonally Positioned Tagging Imaging Method for Arterial Labeling with Flow‐sensitive Alternating Inversion Recovery (OPTIMAL FAIR), was developed that provides high in‐plane resolution with oblique coronal imaging slices perpendicular to the long axis of the hippocampus to minimize partial volume effects. Perfusion studies performed with this modified FAIR method at 3 T indicated that anterior, middle and posterior human hippocampus segments have unique transit time and rCBF values. Of these three longitudinal hippocampal regions, the middle hippocampus has the highest perfusion and the shortest transit time and the anterior hippocampus has the lowest perfusion and the longest transit time. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In Brief: cell senescence
Authors: Coates Philip J
Published: February 2013

Cellular senescence is a key process that limits cancer development. The basics of our current understanding of the process are presented, including the genetic and epigenetic events that lead to the senescent phenotype. In addition to limiting replicative lifespan, senescence appears to act as a potent signal to activate immune clearance and alter the microenvironment. Finally, senescence induction is an area for anti‐cancer therapeutic development, but will require the development of appropriate assays to identify the relevant target(s) in individual tumours. Copyright © 2013 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
50 Jahre amerikanische Physik
Authors: Hull Gordon F.
Published: February 2013

Es ist ein erstaunliches Schauspiel, wie sich die amerikanische Physik etwa seit der Jahrhundertwende aus bescheidenen Anfängen zur heutigen Weltstellung entwickelt hat. Nicht ohne Genugtuung schätzt man heute in Amerika den eigenen Anteil an den laufenden internationalen Forschungsarbeiten auf 60 Prozent. — Ein Vortrag, den Dr. G. F. Hull, Professor am Dartmouth Kollege in Hannover, N. H., am 27. 4. 46 bei einer Tagung der Amerikanischen Physikalischen Gesellschaft in Cambridge, Massachusetts, hielt, befaßte sich unter dem Titel „Fifty Years of Physics in America — A Study in Contrasts”︁ mlt dieser stürmischen Entwicklung in den letzten 5 Dekaden. Die Unterlagen zu dem hier veröffentlichten Auszug wurden den Phys. Bl. von der Information Control Division zur alleinigen Verwendung freundlicherweise zur Verfügung gestellt.
Akustische Eigenschaften von Geigen
Authors: Meinel H.
Published: February 2013

Im Anschluß an den Beitrag von Dr. Lottermoser in den PHYS. BL. 4 (1948) S. 103, in dem die Eigenschaften der Orgeln behandelt wurden, soll nun die Geige der Diskussion unterzogen werden. Dr. Meinel, ebenso Geigenbauer wie Akustiker, führt seit 1931 Untersuchungen an Geigen durch, vor allem darüber, welche Unterschiede zwischen neuen u. altitalienischen Meistergeigen bestehen und welches die physikalischen und geigenbautechnischen Ursachen dieser Unterschiede sind. Im Jahre 1936 erhielt Dr. Meinel den Preis der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften für seine systematischen Untersuchungen, die gezeigt haben, daß die alten Geigenbauer das Optimum des Möglichen erreicht hatten. Seine Untersuchungen, die für den Geigenbauer von entscheidender Wichtigkeit. sind, stellen ein schönes Beispiel dafür dar, wie ein handwerklich zu hohem Stande gebrachtes Gerät, das vom Physiker verstanden wird, nun in hoher Qualität reproduzierbar gebaut werden kann.
Die Entwicklung von technischen Verfahren zur Isotopentrennung in Deutschland
Authors: Groth W.
Published: February 2013

In den Phys. Bl. 3 (1947) S. 371 berichtete Prof. K. Wirtz (Göttingen) über „Historisches zu den Uranarbeiten in Deutschland in den Jahren 1940 .bis 1945”︁. Diesen Arbeiten lief die Entwicklung von Verfahren zur Isotopen‐Trennung parallel, die neben der Gewinnung von schwerem Wasser vor allem die Abtrennung des leichten Uranisotops zum Ziele hatte.
Mehrfachreflex‐Interferometrie an Oberflächen und Schichten
Authors: Tolansky S.
Published: February 2013

Die Arbeit, die Prof. S. Tolansky, Univ. of London auf der Göttinger Physiker‐Tagung Herbst 1947 vortrug, war besonders eindrucksvoll durch die interessante Methode und die schönen Bilder. Sie gibt ein Beispiel, wie ein Standard‐Experiment des Anfänger‐Praktikums, die Newton'schen Ringe, auch heute noch einer unerwarteten und erstaunlichen Verfeinerung fähig ist. Tolansky gelingt es mit seiner Methode, molekulare Dimensionen sichtbar zu machen. — Die Verfahren und Ergebnisse, die der Verfasser ausgearbeitet und gefunden hat, sind in seinem neu erschienenen Buch dargestellt: „Multiple Beam Interferometry of Surfaces and Films”︁, Clarendon Press, Oxford, England; darin finden sich viele weitere Anwendungsgebiete und Beispiele. Vier Bilder dieses Artikels sind dem Buch entnommen; der Verfasser und die Phys. Bl. danken dem Verlag für die Erlaubnis zur Wiedergabe dieser Bilder.
Der Massenspektrograph und seine Anwendungen
Authors: Ewald H. , Hintenberger H.
Published: February 2013

Vor fast vier Jahrzehnten hat J. J. Thomson als Erster geladene Atome auf ihrem Flug durch elektrische und magnetische Felder der Masse nach sortiert. Mit seiner Parabelmethode beginnt eine Reihe von immer weiter verfeinerten Anordnungen mit größerer‐Auflösungsschärfe und Genauigkeit. Die beiden Verfasser aus der Schule Mattauchs geben eine Darstellung dieser eigenartigen Ballistik, bei der die atomaren Projektile trotz Streuung nach Geschwindigkeit und Ausgangsrichtung den Zielpunkt exakt erreichen, die ihrer Masse entsprechen.
Betrachtungen zur Rheologie
Authors: Prandtl L.
Published: February 2013

Die Anregung zu diesen Ausführungen ist mir durch die Herren Westphal und Brüche zugegangen. Ich bin ihr gern nachgekommen, da sie mir die Gelegenheit bot, eine Gedankenreihe, die mich von 1905 an bis jetzt immer wieder beschäftigt hat, den Physikern nahe zu bringen.
Kybernetik
Authors: Wiener N.
Published: February 2013

Norbert Wiener, Professor für Mathematik am Massachusetts Institute of Technology hat letztes Jahr ein Buch mit dem Titel „Cybernetics”︁ veröffentlicht (John Wiley u. Sons, New York 1948), das Ansätze zu einer allgemeinen Theorie komplexer Steuerungs‐ und Kontrollmechanismen gibt. Der hier wiedergegebene Artikel bringt eine Einführung zu dem Buch. Er erschien in der Zeitschrift SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN 179, S. 14 (Nov. 1948).
Über die Hypothesen, welche der Geometrie zu Grunde liegen
Authors: Riemann Bernhard
Published: February 2013

Vor 100 Jahren, am 11. Juni 1854, hielt Bernhard Riemann, 28‐jährig, vor der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Göttingen seine Habilitationsvorlesung „Über die Hypothesen, welche der Geometrie zu Grunde liegen”︁. Diese Vorlesung, welche vor allem auf den anwesenden Gauß ob der Fülle und Tiefe ihrer neuen Gesichtspunkte starken Eindruck machte, hat der modernen Mathematik die neue, weite Provinz der Rieman n'schen Geometrie erschlossen; darüber hinaus aber hat sie sich, in diesem Belange erst nach Jahrzehnten begriffen, als eine divinatorische Vorausahnung von Zusammenhängen zwischen Geometrie und Physik erwiesen, deren Wesen erst 60 Jahre später Albert Einstein in seiner allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie enthüllt hat, übrigens unabhängig von den naturphilosophischen Gedanken Riemanns.

Diese doppelte Bedeutung der Riemann'schen Habilitationsvorlesung rechtfertigt hier den (teilweise gekürzten) Abdruck.
Die Physik des Brechens II
Authors: Steverding B. , Lehnigk S. H.
Published: February 2013

In Teil I des Beitrags (Phys. Bl. 27, 351, 1971) wurde auf eine neuartige Betrachtung der Bruchphysik eingegangen. Die amerikanischen Autoren stellten die Dynamik in den Vordergrund. Es wurden die Bewegungs‐ und die Stabilitäts‐Bedingungen für Risse, auf die Spannungsimpulse einwirken, aus den Grundprinzipien der Mechanik hergeleitet.

Um einen Riß in Bewegung zu setzen, muß die Welle eine bestimmte minimale Wirkung haben, die mit der Planckschen Konstante zusammenhängt. Alle Eigentümlichkeiten der Rißausbreitung können aus der Bewegungsgleichung verstanden werden, z. B. die konstante Endgeschwindigkeit, die unabhängig von der Amplitude der Welle ist. Es wird eine kritische Inkubationszeit bestimmt, die als ein Eigenwert der Bewegung auftritt. Von hier aus kann man dem Stabilitätskriterium auch eine quantenmechanische Bedeutung geben. Einige Anwendungen der Theorie werden skizziert: Brechen durch Stoßwellen und Scherwellen, dynamische scale‐up Gesetze und die Bestimmung eines Wirkungsquerschnittes.

Das Interessanteste an der Arbeit — und wohl auch das Hauptanliegen der Autoren — dürfte sein, daß ein altes Problem der klassischen Mechanik mit dem Denken in der modernen Physik in Zusammenhang gebracht werden kann oder muß. Quantenmechanik und Relativitätstheorie dringen in praktisches, ingenieurmäßiges Denken ein.
Die Matrix‐Isolations‐Spektroskopie
Authors: Hallam H. E.
Published: February 2013

Dieser Beitrag aus dem Phys.‐Chem. Inst. der U Marburg basiert auf Gastvorlesungen, die Prof. H. E. Hallam, Depart. of Chemistry, Univ. College of Swansea, Singleton‐Park, Swansea Wales gehalten hat. Die Übersetzung aus dem Englischen besorgte Dr. B. Mann von demselben Institut.

Der Verfasser dankt Prof. Dr. W. Luck und den Mitarbeitern des Phys.‐Chem. Instituts für ihre Gastfreundschaft, Hilfe und anregenden Diskussionen. Er dankt ferner der U Marburg für die Gastprofessur und für die ausgezeichnete Unterbringung in dem Gästehaus sowie seiner eigenen Universität für die Beurlaubung zur Durchführung der Arbeit.
Wie haben die Physiker die Chemie verstanden?
Authors: Hund F.
Published: February 2013

Die Arbeit behandelt die Wechselwirkung von Atomphysik und Chemie. Im ersten Teil wird gezeigt, wie das Bohrsche Atommodell ein tieferes Verständnis des Periodensystems der Elemente ermöglichte. Die Quantenmechanik erlaubte sodann auch ein tieferes Eindringen in die „chemische Kraft”︁ und ihre Rückführung auf physikalisch Bekanntes.
Naturwissenschaftliche und religiöse Wahrheit
Authors: Heisenberg Werner
Published: February 2013

Festvortrag vor der Katholischen Akademie in Bayern anläßlich der Entgegennahme des Romano‐Guardini‐Preises in München am 23. März 1973. Zunächst wird der Gegensatz zwischen unmittelbarer Erfahrung (Aristoteles) und der Suche nach tieferen, aber einfachen Zusammenhängen (Plato) geschildert. Die Ambivalenz der aus letzterer Grundhaltung hervorgegangenen modernen Wissenschaft zwingt zu einer Neubesinnung auf die durch die Religion bestimmte geistige Gestalt menschlicher Gemeinschaften. In der Gestalt Galileis stießen die unterschiedlichen Auffassungen aufeinander. Ein neues Verständnis der religiösen Sprache, der Sprache der Bilder und Gleichnisse, überbrückt den Gegensatz.
Astrophysik in der Hamburger Sternwarte
Authors: Wendker Heinrich J.
Published: February 2013

Der erste Teil des Aufsatzes schildert die Entstehungsgeschichte und die derzeitige instrumentelle Ausrüstung der Hamburger Sternwarte in Hamburg‐Bergedorf. Es folgen 4 Kurzberichte von Mitarbeitern der Hamburger Sternwarte über die folgenden Themen:

John Hazlehurst u. Sjur Refsdal: Entwicklung von engen Doppelsternen. Da — im Gegensatz zu Einzelsternen, bei denen nur 1 Parameter, die Masse, die Entwicklung wesentlich bestimmt — bei Doppelsternen 3 Parameter maßgeblich sind (neben den beiden Einzelmassen noch der Gesamtdrehimpuls), sind Doppelsterne besonders interessante Forschungsobjekte.

Rolf Schröder: Optische Polarisationsmessungen und galaktische Magnetfelder. Ausgedehnte Polarisationsmessungen des Lichtes zahlreicher Sterne beider Halbkugeln haben zu erheblich umfangreicheren und genaueren Vorstellungen über die Struktur des Magnetfeldes in der Umgebung des Sonnensystems bis zu Entfernungen von 500 pc geführt.

Ekmar Lohsen: Optische Beobachtungen des Krebspulsars. Die Arbeit schildert theoretische Überlegungen zur stetigen und zu sprunghaften änderungen der Rotationsperiode des Pulsars PSR 0531 +21.

Heinrich Wendker: Radiosterne. Es werden Forschungsergebnisse an den bekannten 4 Gruppen von Radiosternen geschildert, d. s. solche Radioquellen, bei denen es gelungen ist, sie mit einem optisch sichtbaren Stern zu identifizieren.
50 Jahre Hanle‐Effekt: Rückblick und Vorblick
Authors: Kastler Alfred
Published: February 2013

Im Jahre 1924 legte Wilhelm Hanle seine Doktorarbeit vor über „Magnetische Beeinflussung der Polarisation der Resonanzfluoreszenz”︁. Anläßlich der fünfzigsten Wiederkehr dieses Datums schildert der Verfasser den damaligen Hergang sowie die weitere, auch heute noch keineswegs abgeschlossene Entwicklung. Inhalt: Einleitung, das Hanle‐Experiment, seine theoretische Deutung, Hanle‐Effekt als Kohärenzerscheinung und seine quantenmechanische Deutung, Verallgemeinerung des Hanle‐Effektes, Kaskaden und Kohärenzeffekte höherer Ordnung, Level‐crossing, Hanle‐Effekt bei Molekülen.
Steuerung von Elektronen‐strömen im Festkörper (Teil I)
Authors: Weiß Herbert
Published: February 2013

Die Anfänge der Halbleiterphysik reichen bis in die späten 20er und frühen 30er Jahre zurück. Der hier wiedergegebene Festvortrag zu Heinrich Welkers 60. Geburtstag im Jahre 1972 gibt vor allem wieder, wie Welker schon sehr früh die entscheidenden Beziehungen fand für die Steuerung von Elektronenströmen im Festkörper durch ein elektrisches Feld im bipolaren Transistor. Dieser erste Teil schildert weiterhin die Steuerung durch ein magnetisches Feld in der magnetischen Sperrschicht und in der Feldplatte.
Studienabschluß Diplom‐Ingenieur (Physik)
Authors: Hilf Eberhard
Published: February 2013

Neuer Physikstudiengang an der TH Darmstadt ab WS 1976/77
Marslandung und erste Ergebnisse von Viking 1
Authors: Köhler Horst W.
Published: February 2013

Inhalt: Letzte Flugphase: Umlenkung in den Marsorbit — Suche nach dem Landeplatz — Die Landung — Erste Ergebnisse: Atmosphäre, Meteorologie am Landeplatz, Oberflächenmaterial — Viking 2.
Optische Kavitation
Authors: Lauterborn Werner
Published: February 2013

Plenarvortrag 40. Physikertagung 1976 in Bonn (Physikpreis 1976): Einleitung, Blasenbildung in Flüssigkeiten durch Fokussierung von Laserlicht, Flüssigkeitsstrahlbildung, Dreidimensionale
Blasenkonfigurationen.
Carl Friedrich Gauß zum 200. Geburtstag
Authors: Strubecker Karl
Published: February 2013

Aus Anlaß des 200. Geburtstages von Carl Friedrich Gauß (30. 4. 1777–23. 2. 1855) beschäftigt sich dieser Aufsatz mit Gauß' Beitrag zur Entwicklung der nichteuklidischen Geometrie, die auch für die moderne Physik große Bedeutung erlangt hat. Inhalt: Euklids Parallelensatz — Axiom oder beweisbarer Satz? — Bemühungen in Deutschland und Frankreich — Durchbruch bei Gauß — Bedeutung der nichteuklidischen Geometrie.
Flüssigkeitsgrenzflächen in Theorie und Anwendungstechnik
Authors: Rabel Wolfgang
Published: February 2013

Inhalt: Einführung — Grenzflächenenergie von Flüssigkeitstropfen — Randwinkel und Benetzung — Oberflächenrauhigkeit und Randwinkelhysterese — Experimentelle Benetzungsprüfung — Theoretische Ansätze (Wechselwirkungsparameter; polare und unpolare Wechselwirkungen an Phasengrenzen) — Benetzungsvorgänge in der Technik (Vorbehandlung von Oberflächen für den Druckprozeß; Benetzung und Verklebung; Molekülorientierung an Oberflächen; autophobe Systeme; Umnetzung: Flotation und Waschprozeß; Benetzungsprobleme bei Verpackungssystemen).
Die GSI in Darmstadt (I): Ein Laboratorium für die Schwerionenforschung
Authors: Blasche K. , Prange H.
Published: February 2013

Ein Laboratorium für die Schwerionenforschung. Der erste Teil dieses Aufsatzes beschreibt die experimentellen Einrichtungen des 1974 in Betrieb genommenen Laboratoriums der Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) in Darmstadt, unterteilt nach der Injektoranlage, den einzelnen Beschleunigerabschnitten des Unilac und den Experimentieranlagen.