bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE CREATIVE WORK BY BIRUTĖ PALUKAITYTĖ-KASPERAVIČIENĖ, ONE OF THE FIRST LITHUANIAN URBAN PLANNERS / BIRUTĖS PALUKAITYTĖS-KASPERAVIČIENĖS, VIENOS PIRMŲJŲ LIETUVOS URBANISČIŲ, KŪRYBINĖS VEIKLOS PALIKIMAS
Authors: Lakštauskienė Violeta
Published: July 2018

The article presents Birutė Palukaitytė-Kasperavičienė, one of the first urban planners in Lithuania. The article discloses the implemented projects by the urban planner, which received the letters of honor and different awards by the Soviet government. The peculiarities of urban structures created by this author are examined. The works by the urban planner are disclosed in the context of architecture and urban planning trends that prevailed in the Soviet period. A question is raised whether today, when discussions on the Soviet heritage conservation take place, we can identify the author’s work as a valuable feature of urban structure?
Pristatoma Birutė Kasperavičienė – viena pirmųjų Lietuvos urbanisčių. Straipsnyje pateikiami įgyvendinti urbanistės projektai, tarybų valdžios įvertinti garbės raštais ir premijomis. Nagrinėjami autorės kurtų urbanistinių struktūrų savitumai. Atskleidžiama urbanistės kūryba tarybiniu laikotarpiu vyravusių architektūros ir miestų planavimo tendencijų kontekste. Keliamas klausimas, ar šiandien, vykstant sovietinio palikimo išsaugojimo diskusijoms, galime identifikuoti autorės kūrybą kaip miesto urbanistinės struktūros vertingąją savybę?
Clear and Cloudy Exoplanet Forecasts for JWST: Maps, Retrieved Composition, and Constraints on Formation with MIRI and NIRCam
Authors: Schlawin Everett , Greene Thomas P. , Line Michael , Fortney Jonathan J. , Rieke Marcia
Published: July 2018

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will measure exoplanet transmission and eclipse spectroscopy at unprecedented precisions to better understand planet structure, dynamics, chemistry, and formation. These are essential tools on the march toward biosignature searches on potentially habitable planets. We explore a range of exoplanet atmospheric conditions and forecast the expected results with JWST. We take realistic CHIMERA models that match existing Spitzer and Hubble Space Telescope results and simulate the spectra achievable with the JWST MIRI+NIRCam Guaranteed Time Observations survey, which includes observations of HD 189733 b, WASP-80 b, HAT-P-19 b, WASP-107 b, GJ 436 b, and HAT-P-26 b. We then retrieve atmospheric parameters from these spectra to estimate the precision to which the planets’ atmospheric compositions can be measured. We find that emission spectra have well-constrained unimodal solutions but transmission spectra near 10× solar abundance and solar C/O ratios can suffer from bimodal solutions. Broad wavelength coverage as well as higher-precision data can resolve bimodal solutions and provide dramatically better atmospheric parameter constraints. We find that metallicities can be measured to within 20%–170%, which approaches the precisions on solar system planets, and C/O ratios can be constrained to ∼10%–60%, assuming that observers can leverage short wavelength data to select the correct solution from the bimodal posteriors. These compositional precisions are sufficient to validate or refute predictions from disk formation models on final atmospheric abundances as long as their history is not erased by planet evolution processes. We also show the extent to which eclipse mapping with JWST is possible on our brightest system HD 189733 b.
Two-dimensional Hybrid Simulations of Filamentary Structures and Kinetic Slow Waves Downstream of a Quasi-parallel Shock
Authors: Hao Yufei , Lu Quanming , Gao Xinliang , Wang Huanyu , Wu Dejin , Wang Shui
Published: July 2018

In this paper, with two-dimensional hybrid simulations, we study the generation mechanism of filamentary structures downstream of a quasi-parallel shock. The results show that in the downstream both the amplitude of magnetic field and number density exhibit obvious filamentary structures, and the magnetic field and number density are anticorrelated. Detailed analyses find that these downstream compressive waves propagate almost perpendicular to the magnetic field, and the dominant wave number is around the inverse of the ion kinetic scale. Their parallel and perpendicular components roughly satisfy

(where

and

represent the parallel and in-plane perpendicular components of magnetic field,

is the wave number in the perpendicular direction, and ρ

i
in the ion gyroradius), and their Alfvén ratio also roughly agrees with the analytical relation

(where R

Ai
and β indicate the Alfvén ratio and plasma beta, respectively), while the corresponding cross helicity and compressibility show good agreement with previous theoretical calculations. All of these properties are consistent with those of kinetic slow waves (KSWs). Therefore, we conclude that the filamentary structures downstream of a quasi-parallel shock are produced by the excitation of KSWs.
A Light Curve Analysis of Recurrent and Very Fast Novae in Our Galaxy, Magellanic Clouds, and M31
Authors: Hachisu Izumi , Kato Mariko
Published: July 2018

We analyzed optical, UV, and X-ray light curves of 14 recurrent and very fast novae in our Galaxy, Magellanic Clouds, and M31, and obtained their distances and white dwarf (WD) masses. Among the 14 novae, we found that eight novae host very massive (≳1.35 M
☉) WDs and are candidates for Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) progenitors. We confirmed that the same timescaling law and time-stretching method as in galactic novae can be applied to extragalactic fast novae. We classify the four novae V745 Sco, T CrB, V838 Her, and V1534 Sco as V745 Sco type (rapid decline); the two novae RS Oph and V407 Cyg as RS Oph type (circumstellar matter (CSM) shock); and the two novae U Sco and CI Aql as U Sco type (normal decline). The V light curves of these novae almost overlap with each other in the same group, if we properly stretch in the time direction (timescaling law). We apply our classification method to the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), and M31 novae. YY Dor, LMC N 2009a, and SMC N 2016 belong to the normal-decline type, LMC N 2013 to the CSM-shock type, and LMC N 2012a and M31 N 2008-12a to the rapid-decline type. We obtained the distance to SMC N 2016 to be d = 20 ± 2 kpc, suggesting that SMC N 2016 is a member of our Galaxy. Rapid-decline type novae have very massive WDs of M
WD = 1.37–1.385 M
☉ and are promising candidates for SN Ia progenitors. Novae of this type are much fainter than the maximum magnitude versus rate of decline relations.
An Upper Limit on the Linear Polarization Fraction of the GW170817 Radio Continuum
Authors: Corsi Alessandra , Hallinan Gregg W. , Lazzati Davide , Mooley Kunal P. , Murphy Eric J. , Frail Dale A. , Carbone Dario , Kaplan David L. , Murphy Tara , Kulkarni Shrinivas R. , Hotokezaka Kenta
Published: July 2018

We present late-time radio observations of GW170817, the first binary neutron-star (NS) merger discovered through gravitational waves (GWs) by the advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) and Virgo detectors. Our observations, carried out with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA), were optimized to detect polarized radio emission, and thus to constrain the linear polarization fraction of GW170817. At an epoch of ≈244 days after the merger, we rule out linearly polarized emission above a fraction of ≈12% at a frequency of 2.8 GHz (99% confidence). Within the structured jet scenario (a.k.a. successful jet plus cocoon system) for GW170817, the derived upper limit on the radio continuum linear polarization fraction strongly constrains the magnetic field configuration in the shocked ejecta. We show that our results for GW170817 are compatible with the low level of linear polarization found in afterglows of cosmological long γ-ray bursts (GRBs). Finally, we discuss our findings in the context of future expectations for the study of radio counterparts of binary NS mergers identified by ground-based GW detectors.
A new cave locality for Astyanax cavefish in Sierra de El Abra, Mexico
Authors: Espinasa Luis , Legendre Laurent , Fumey Julien , Blin Maryline , Rétaux Sylvie , Espinasa Monika
Published: July 2018

The characiform fish Astyanaxmexicanus comes in two forms, a surface-dwelling morph which lives in the rivers of North and Central America and a blind, depigmented cave-dwelling morph which inhabits caves in Mexico. In recent years, this species has arguably become among the most influential model system for the study of evolutionary development and genomics in cave biology. While recent articles have analysed in great detail Astyanax genetics, development, physiology, phylogeny and behaviour, there have been comparatively few recent studies concerning its ecology and in particular its biogeography. Mitchell et al. (1977) reported the species inhabiting 29 caves in the Sierra de El Abra region. Despite the elapsing of over 40 years and the latest surge of interest in the model, not a single new cave locality had been described for the species. We describe here a new and 30th cave locality, Chiquitita Cave, inhabited by troglomorphic A.mexicanus. Their morphology, eye histology, 16S rRNA DNA sequence, and smelling capabilities are analysed. This cave represents the southernmost extension for the cave morph’s habitat within the Sierra de El Abra. Its name, Chiquitita Cave (Tiny Cave), was chosen in reference to a potential hydrologic connection to “Chica Cave” (small cave), which is among the most studied populations of Astyanax.
Un Québec uni pour les tout-petits
Authors: Brunet Élizabeth , Montiel Corentin
Published: July 2018

Le Québec accorde une importance toute particulière à la petite enfance. Elle prend plusieurs formes, que ce soit au niveau du noyau familial ou encore au niveau gouvernemental. Depuis les années 1990, cet intérêt s’est manifesté à travers des initiatives à grande échelle afin de promouvoir le bon développement des enfants. Cet article présente trois grandes initiatives qui ont marqué l’intervention en petite enfance au Québec. Ces trois initiatives ont en commun leur utilisation des données probantes et du modèle écologique comme structure de programme.
Apprend-on des adolescents ?
Authors: Lauru Didier
Published: July 2018

Cet article propose d’explorer la question sur une voie de transmission particulière : la transmission ascendante. Les sujets à l’âge adolescent acquièrent un certain nombre de connaissances, là où les adultes rencontrent souvent beaucoup de difficultés dans le même champ. Dans des situations particulières, les adolescents apprennent plus aisément que les adultes. Certains, dont les parents sont issus de l’immigration, parlent beaucoup mieux la langue de leur terre d’accueil et en connaissent beaucoup mieux la culture. Dans d’autres situations cliniques particulières, nous rencontrons des adolescents dont un ou deux parents présentent une déficience mentale ou un handicap. Dans ces cas, ils peuvent devenir en quelque sorte les parents de leurs parents. Ce qui est très délicat pour nombre d’entre eux. La transmission du symbolique peut-elle être ascendante ?
Les enjeux phénoménologiques et psychologiques de la rencontre clinique en psychothérapie avec médiations plastiques
Authors: Sens Dominique
Published: July 2018

Après avoir précisé ce qui définit la psychothérapie avec médiations, l’auteur présente les caractéristiques phénoménologiques de la rencontre en général en s’appuyant sur des exemples tirés d’œuvres littéraires, puis développe son propos sur les enjeux psychologiques de la rencontre en clinique avec médiations. L’hypothèse, de prime abord paradoxale, est que l’instauration d’une aire de rencontre interactionnelle entre le thérapeute, le patient et le médium vise à faciliter la capacité d’être seul en présence du clinicien. Cette capacité à être seul, en référence à Winnicott, est la condition nécessaire en psychothérapie avec médiations pour un travail d’élaboration psychique. En conclusion, l’auteur indique une voie de recherche relative à la valeur de l’expérience esthétique comme mode de contact et expérience relationnelle, situant celle-ci comme une disposition contre-transférentielle du thérapeute à se laisser affecter par les contenus plastiques inconscients du patient.
A’dos de cheval : délinquance juvénile et médiation équine
Authors: Lacotte Mathilde , Roques Marjorie
Published: July 2018

Dans cet article, les auteurs présentent les résultats d’une recherche de six mois se basant sur l’observation de cinq séances d’équithérapie et sur des entretiens cliniques proposés à un adolescent délinquant multirécidiviste âgé de 16 ans. La médiation par le cheval, grâce à ses caractéristiques spécifiques ( holding , handling , etc.) engage la création d’un lien avec l’animal et, en parallèle des entretiens cliniques, permet la mise en place d’un transfert avec le clinicien, encourageant l’émergence de certains processus psychiques (symbolisation), tels que décrits par les auteurs spécialistes de l’équithérapie. Cette étude de cas aura permis d’expérimenter de manière novatrice l’équithérapie auprès d’une population délinquante juvénile, et de la considérer comme alternative et complément à la prise en charge psychothérapeutique classique.
Dessiner d’après le modèle à l’Académie de Marseille
Authors: Vi-Tong Nelly
Published: July 2018

L’exposition qui s’est tenue en 2016 à Marseille a mis en relief les particularismes de l’une des plus importantes académies méridionales du xviiie siècle. Affiliée à l’Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture, l’institution phocéenne se doit, scrupuleusement, de rendre des comptes à son directeur Michel François Dandré-Bardon (1700-1785). Ce dernier noue une longue et riche relation épistolaire avec les professeurs marseillais. En 1754, Dandré-Bardon adresse à ces derniers un précieux lot d’académies dessinées. Il y joint une conférence intitulée Sur la manière de poser le modèle et de le dessiner. Cet article interroge la pratique du dessin d’après nature et le statut du modèle à Marseille, et se propose d’en souligner les spécificités par comparaison avec d’autres établissements contemporains.
Zinc and Neurodegenerative Disorders
Authors: Afolabi Olakunle Bamikole , Balogun Bose Damilola , Oloyede Omotade Ibidun , Akinyemi Ayodele Jacob
Published: July 2018

Zinc (Zn) is an essential trace element that is abundantly present in humans. Despite its importance in normal brain functions, alterations in zinc homeostasis cause various neurological pathologies such as dementia, Parkinson's disease, Prion's disease, etc. A growing body of evidence has shown that zinc might play a dual role: in which both zinc depletion and excess zinc cause severe damage and hence neurotoxicity develops. Homeostatic controls are put in place to avoid the accumulation of excess zinc or its deficiency. This cellular zinc homeostasis results from the actions of a coordinated regulation effected by different proteins involved in the uptake, excretion, and intracellular storage or trafficking of zinc. Further investigation has also shown the role of endogenous carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) in binding excess zinc. Hence, it has the ability to prevent neurotoxicity. Also, the role of a zinc-rich diet cannot be overemphasized. The authors of the chapter, however, provide an insight into the link between zinc homeostasis and neurodegenerative disorders (NDs).
Tau Pathology
Authors: Bansal Ankush , Salaria Mehul , Singh Tiratha Raj
Published: July 2018

A number of neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) are usually referred as tauopathies and characterized by the disappearance or disintegration of tau protein from microtubules. Alzheimer's disease (AD), Pick's disease (PiD), Parkinson's disease (PD) are directly or indirectly associated with tauopathy. Tau is a protein which is usually associated with microtubule. Microtubules are the backbone of neurons, and tau provides a support to microtubule stability. Hyperphosphorylation of tau leads to its separation from microtubule, consequently forming neurofibrillary tangles and resulting in a condition of dementia. Therapeutic implication on tauopathy is symptomatic as there is no exact regulation mechanism known till date. This chapter helps in the comprehensive study of biomarkers and pathways involved in tauopathy to decipher the complexity of the system, resulting in candidate drug target for the management of NDs.
Spectrum of Neurodegeneration in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Rani Kirti
Published: July 2018

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is neurodevelopmental disorder which is characterized by lack of social behaviors and impaired non-verbal interactions that start early in childhood. It can also lead to progressive neurodegeneration like schizophrenia disorder, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and dementia. Genetic studies of ASD have confirmed the mutations that interfere with neurodevelopment in mother's womb through childhood and these mutations are further involved in synaptogenesis and axon motility. Crucial role of amygdala is found to be deficit in ASD individuals whose association cognition with nucleus accumbens lead to impaired social behaviors and cognitive stimulus. Educational and behavioral treatments are considered the key steps used for its management along with pharmacological and interventional therapies. In this chapter, the author presents the etiology of ASD, proof of neurodegeneration in ASD, as well as the clinical feature and the management of ASD.
Introduction to Environmental Nanotechnology
Authors: Nazir Rabia
Published: July 2018

With the advent of industrialization, there are new technological developments going on which have triggered the new researches and fields. Nanotechnology is one such field that is marked as twenty-first century industrial revolution and led to the development of various products that have impacted life in almost every field. Among these fields, nanotechnology has contributed significantly to the environment protection and its remediation by addressing issues that have been threatening the human for long. In this regard, several nanomaterials have been synthesized and many more are still in pipeline. No doubt the field has made great contributions and has bestowed human with various amenities by enhancing atom efficiency, use of fewer chemicals, less energy and other resource, reduction in waste, providing better materials, and technology for environmental applications promising environmental sustainability, however there are certain negative impacts that still need to be explored.
Green Approaches to Environmental Sustainability
Authors: Tahir Lubna
Published: July 2018

The development of different eco-friendly technologies in material synthesis is playing its role to expand their biological applications. Nanoparticles are synthesized chemically, but because of their hazardous effects, the researchers have now turned to biological systems for inspiration. There is a growing concern about the possible results of effects of chemical synthesis of nanoparticles. Therefore, the aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of how nanomaterials can be synthesized using green route to play its role in environmental sustainability as green synthesis processes are considered to be a safe alternative to routine processes due to their cost effectiveness, easy to handle, and environmentally friendly nature. In fact, it opens a new scope for phyto-chemists by discouraging the use of toxic chemicals.
Wastewater Treatment and Role of Green Synthesized Metal Oxide Nanocomposites
Authors: Noman Durr-e-Shahwar , Owens Gary
Published: July 2018

Water pollution by metalloids is a global environmental concern. Owing to their propensity for bioaccumulation, water solubility, and interaction with environment, they are threatening both human and ecosystem health. Inherent limitations like low efficiency, sensitive operating conditions, and high capital and operating costs are associated with conventional removal methods which restricts adoption of these technologies on large scale. While adsorption is commonly recognized as both an effective and affordable remediation technology, many common adsorbents often have inherited limitations including non-renewability and high operating costs. Thus, limitations in conventional remediation technologies have headed to the rapid progression of new avenues for advanced treatment technologies for metalloid pollutant removal such as green nanotechnology. In contrast to many of the currently available adsorbents, nanoparticles often have unique properties such as tiny size, more active sites and big surface area, easy separation, and high reactivity that enhance removal efficiencies.
Groundwater Treatment via Ozonation
Authors: Akbar Nor Azliza , Matsin Zaidin Bin , Ramli Siti Fatihah Binti
Published: July 2018

Groundwater is the source of drinking water that needs to be maintained from pollution. Groundwater pollution is a major problem caused by human activities that are invaluable to human health. When high levels of organic and inorganic substances do not exceed the standard of drinking water, various studies have been made by researchers to overcome the problem. Various alternatives such as in-situ and ex-situ treatment have been carried out to eliminate pollutants from groundwater. Among the treatment, ozone becomes a major alternative because of its effectiveness in treating raw water. Ozone treatment has several advantages such as disinfectants, oxidize of organic and inorganic pollutant, and remove taste and color from groundwater. The performance of ozonation process becomes better when combined with other treatments. Therefore, application of ozone can replace chlorine because of its good potential to improve quality of groundwater effluent and comply drinking water standard adopted by World Health Organization.
Comparative Study of Advance Oxidation Processes for Treatment of Pesticide Wastewater
Authors: Affam Augustine Chioma , Chaudhuri Malay
Published: July 2018

This study compared the amount of catalyst and energy efficiency required for operation of five advanced oxidation processes (Fenton, UV photo-Fenton, solar photo-Fenton, UV/TiO2/H2O2, and FeGAC/H2O2) for degradation of the pesticides chlorpyrifos cypermethrin and chlorothalonil wastewater. Under optimum operating conditions, degradation in terms of COD and TOC removal and biodegradability (BOD5/COD ratio) index (BI) were observed to be (1) Fenton – 69.03% (COD), 55.61% (TOC), and 0.35 (BI); (2) UV photo-Fenton – 78.56% (COD), 63.76% (TOC), and 0.38 (BI); (3) solar photo-Fenton – 74.19% (COD), 58.32% (TOC), and 0.36 (BI); (4) UV/TiO2/H2O2 – 53.62% (COD), 21.54% (TOC), and 0.26 (BI); and (5) FeGAC/H2O2 – 96.19% (COD), 85.60% (TOC), and 0.40 (BI). The cost was $39.9/kg TOC (Fenton), $34.1/kg TOC (UV photo-Fenton), $30.1/kg TOC (solar photo-Fenton), $239/kg TOC (UV/TiO2/H2O2), and $0.74/kg TOC (FeGAC/H2O2). The FeGAC/H2O2 process was found to be most efficient and cost effective for pretreatment of the pesticide wastewater for biological treatment.
Application of UV-Based Advanced Oxidation Processes in Water and Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Ibrahim Nurazim , Zainal Sharifah Farah Fariza Syed , Aziz Hamidi Abdul
Published: July 2018

The presence of hazardous micropollutants in water and wastewater is one of the main concerns in water management system. This micropollutant exists in a low concentration, but there are possible hazards to humans and organisms living in the water. Moreover, its character that is recalcitrant to microbiological degradation makes it difficult to deal with. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are efficient methods to remove low concentration micropollutants. AOPs are a set of processes consisting the production of very reactive oxygen species which able to destroy a wide range of organic compounds. The main principal mechanism in UV-based radical AOP treatment processes is the use ultraviolet light to initiate generation of hydroxyl radicals used to destroy persistent organic pollutants. Therefore, this chapter presents an overview on the principle of radical oxidant species generation and degradation mechanism by various type of UV based AOP in treating contaminants present in water and wastewater. The current application and possible improvement of the technology is also presented in this chapter.
From Emotional Intelligence to Emotional Competences in Management
Authors: Barrena-Martinez Jesus
Published: July 2018

Emotions can affect the daily behavior and decisions of managers. In an international environment where the context, culture, and values can be very different among individuals, it is important to understand and interpret the different kinds of emotions. Contributions from human behavioral sciences have shed light on the extent to which the control of emotions by companies and managers is crucial to extract the best individual and collective results. This chapter examines the management of emotions from an international perspective. Specifically, the chapter analyzes the concept of emotion, its dimensions, the basic theories and framework of emotions, the use of emotional intelligence, and how its evolution has led to the development of emotional competences for managers. Finally, the chapter presents a case study, in order to discuss traditional management and the consideration of emotions as a new practical and valuable paradigm in management.
Managing Stress in an International Career
Authors: Pasamar Susana , Gallurt Paloma
Published: July 2018

Over the last few decades, companies capture talent from all over the world to increase their competitiveness. However, it is in these displacement processes that the true nature of the talent is put to the test. Why? Previous research showed how an increase in the levels of stress generated by an international assignment could have several negative outcomes for employees and, consequently, for companies. Therefore, it is critical that managers understand the need to manage these assignments well, and to try to alleviate all the tension that an international work assignment could generate. In addition, it must be considered that not only do employees become stressed in these new situations, but managers may also suffer from anxiety when they have to meet deadlines and make quick and often complex decisions. This chapter reviews these issues, providing a definition of stress and discussing the main stressors that may affect managers and employees on an international assignment. This chapter also proposes some resources and strategies for managing stress.
A Practical Approach to Managing Multinational Teams
Authors: García-Carbonell Natalia
Published: July 2018

In current organizations, managing teams is becoming more important and complex, due to the critical, practical, and strategic implications of doing so. Team composition has dramatically changed in companies, capturing new social and demographic tendencies, and making teams more diverse and multicultural. In this context, organizations should pay particular attention not only to teams and their functioning, but also to team managers and how they effectively implement practices to guide teams towards company goals.
Strategic Competences in International Business
Authors: Franco-Leal Noelia , Dianez-Gonzalez Juan Pablo
Published: July 2018

The exhibition of a series of strategic competences by managers has been frequently noted as crucial for the success of firms. In the international context, the role of such strategic competences could be even more relevant as a result of both the changing and turbulent nature of the contexts in which firms carry out their activities and the complexity associated with the management of firms that are located in different countries. Specifically, the following six strategic competences are analyzed: business overview, customer orientation, networking, interfunctional orientation, effective resource management, and negotiation. Additionally, a set of practical implications is offered in the conclusion section.
Gender Differences in Relation to Organization Sources of Power
Authors: Al-A'ali Ebtihaj , Alazali Ralla Mohammed
Published: July 2018

Women encounter more challenges than men in their attempts to reach top managerial positions. Challenges stem from proscribed social roles, employed life strategies, and/or organizational structures. The same challenges lead men and women to use organizational sources of power differently. This qualitative research examines gender differences in relation to individual and contextual issues. Individuals' issues are education, age, religion, and personal values. Contextual issues are exemplified in national culture and international culture. These issues lead interviewees to view sources of power in organizations differently. Sources of power illustrated in legitimate, reward, coercive, referent, expert, and information power are valued and ranked differently based on gender.
Gender Equality Policy, Elites and Women Empowerment in Higher Education Institutions
Authors: Mugambwa Joshua , Mwebaza Susan , Namubiru Bridget
Published: July 2018

Gender equality, and its resultant empowerment of women, is a recent phenomenon in Africa. This study examined two questions; 1) To what extent do the elites in Institutions of Higher Education practise gender equality to women empowerment? 2) What are the inhibitions of the contribution of higher education towards women empowerment? The study was qualitative and cross-sectional. Data was obtained from reports and semi-structured interviews, as well as 5 focus group discussions. Semi-structured interviews respondents included 20 academic and 20 support staff. Findings showed that there is still a gap to enable women participate on the same footing as men. Women empowerment in Education takes leadership interest, networks, meritocracy as well as women assertiveness. Limitations to gender equality policy implementation among elites in higher education are individual, social-cultural and economic. Higher education is characterised by stereotypes and retrogressive cultural beliefs which are subtly reproduced throughout the education system. The gender equality policy (2009) has been implemented in favour of men; therefore, the situation has to be improved with concerted efforts by the various stakeholders. Gender disaggregated data should be used in Higher Education to assess women empowerment as well as tracking both quantitative and qualitative women empowerment outcomes in higher education.
Crafting the Edge
Authors: Mupepi Mambo G. , Essila Jean C. , Mensah Abigail Opoku , Mupepi Sylvia C.
Published: July 2018

This chapter examines the practice of gender that underlie sexual orientation to appreciate the paradigm shift on talent and its practicality in advancing organizational effectiveness and bottom line results in successful enterprise. The discussion progresses the notion to accept the sexual identity men and women choose to progress their careers. Emotional intelligence is drawn to appreciate its impact on managerial controls and performance. Top managerial positions in enterprises have been regarded as male or female enclaves in many cultures around the globe. The trend to reflect gender as a possible social construct continues to increase in enterprises that value diversity. Change management technology is examined to how exercised by women to that of men can impact profitability and to comprehend whether there are any traits attributed to any specific gender. The perspectives are applied to model an organization acquiescent to increasing productivity in a variety of settings.
Increased Workforce Diversity by Race, Gender, and Age and Equal Employment Opportunity Laws
Authors: Carter Shani D.
Published: July 2018

This chapter reviews how the passage of United States federal Equal Employment Opportunity laws between 1960 and 2000 related to race, gender, age, and national origin led to increased diversity of the labor force in gender, race, and ethnicity, an increase which is ongoing. Data from the U.S. Departments of Labor and Census indicate these laws substantially increased the percentage of Black, Hispanic and Asian and female workers. Between 2003 and 2013, the percentage of the labor force that is women, Black, Hispanic and Asian continued to increase, with the largest gains being of Hispanic and Asian employees. The chapter demonstrates how utilizing diversity improves the research and practice of HRD. This increasing diversity requires practitioners to rethink the methods they use to deliver training and development programs. Further, researchers should examine how the increased diversity impacts all areas of HRD, such as training, mentoring, and work-life balance.
Revisioning the Engineering Profession
Authors: Gill Judith , Ayre Mary , Mills Julie
Published: July 2018

Beginning with a brief account of the value of diversity and inclusivity in a globalizing world, this chapter presents an overview of the current situation of the engineering profession in some English-speaking countries. The starting point addresses the enduring difficulty encountered by attempts to increase and diversify professional engineering. Drawing on a series of studies of engineering education, engineering workplaces and people, both in Australia and beyond, this chapter outlines barriers to entering engineering for anybody other than white mainstream males. Access and retention have long been recognized as serious impediments to increasing numbers of women in engineering. The particular breakthrough in this chapter describes the ways in which some Australian women engineers are working to sustain and enrich their professional status within the workplace by developing strategies that enable them to continue as professionals without diminishing other important features of their life worlds. The implications for all sectors of education, and employers, to emerge from this study offer a basis for redesigning engineering as a more diverse and inclusive profession.
Advocating the Woman Affirmative Action and Women Empowerment in Rural Cross River State of Nigeria
Authors: Calvain Endong Floribert Patrick
Published: July 2018

Most media initiatives (particularly radio and television programs) bordering on women empowerment and the woman affirmative action tend to give less attention to the rural woman to the advantage of her urban counterpart who, to a high extent is already abreast of the feminist concept. This more or less “accidental” discrimination is causing the grassroots women to stay somewhat in ignorance and to further be victimized by the viscous patriarchal system which prevails in traditional circles. Based on a documentary analysis and semi structured interviews with experts, this chapter explores the role of the local media and the civil society in the sensitization of the rural woman towards emancipation and socio-economic empowerment in Cross River State of Nigeria. The chapter equally assesses the effectiveness of the advocacy strategies employed by local media houses and NGOs for such purposes. It assesses civil society's use of the media for the women affirmative action in rural Cross River State of Nigeria as well as the local media potential to push this affirmative action in the grassroots.
Gender Diversity in Board of Directors
Authors: Akca Meltem , Çalışkan Burcu Özge Özaslan
Published: July 2018

Gender diversity in corporate governance is a popular topic in management environment studies. One of the most significant components of this concept is women in boards. Due to the inequalities of women in boards there are a number of academic studies on women in top management. This chapter explains gender diversification problem in boards. Furthermore, reasons for workforce diversity in decision-making levels are determined. The role and critical mass of women members in different cultures are discussed. Finally, it introduces the representation levels of women in the boards of BIST 100 companies in Turkey. Data is obtained from annual reports, websites, and related documents of companies.
Engaging Men in Women's Economic Empowerment in Butiama District, Mara Region, Tanzania
Authors: Sikira A. N. , Matekere T. , Urassa J. K.
Published: July 2018

The chapter addresses women's income poverty using men as active participants in empowering women economically. Butiama district was used as a study area, using 120 women and their husbands who were beneficiaries of the programme dealing with loan provision. As an outcome of the study, men had little participation in women's economic activities, hence, women's economic empowerment was at medium level. Unlike men, women's income was used for fulfilling basic needs of the family, therefore, had little impact on their economic empowerment. By conclusion, men as decision makers have high impact on women's economic empowerment. It is recommended that, awareness creation among men would enhance their participation in empowering women. Improvement of women's access to and control over production resources would improve their income. It is recommended that lobbying and advocacy approaches should be applied to enable women's control over the production resources.
Self-Objectification vs. African Conservative Features in the Selfies of Black African Women
Authors: Calvain Endong Floribert Patrick
Published: July 2018

Though popularly construed as a universal phenomenon, selfie taking is gendered and culturally determined. This could be evidenced by the fact that the two socio-cultural forces of conservatism and traditionalism continue to tremendously shape African women's style of taking and sharing selfies on social media. Based on a content analysis of 200 selfies generated and shared by Nigerian women on Facebook and Instagram, this chapter illustrates this reality. It argues that Nigerian women are generally more conservative than liberal in their use of selfies for self-presentation, self-imaging and self-expression in public spaces. Over 59% of their selfies have conservative features. However, despite the prevalence of conservative myths and gender related stereotypes in the Nigerian society, the phenomenon of nude or objectified selfies remains a clearly notable sub-culture among Nigerian women. Over 41% of Nigerian women's selfies contain such objectification features as suggestive postures; suggestive micro-expressions and fair/excessive nudity among others.
Does Whatsapp Use by Female Students Ruin Their Morality?
Authors: Anderson Jr. George
Published: July 2018

Many different social media platforms exist today. Some are, but not limited to Facebook, Flicker, Twitter, Instagram, Badoo, Skype, and Whatsapp. Of these applications, research has proven that majority of the world's population patronise the Whatsapp messenger more than the other apps. Secondly, students are noted to be the main patronisers. Nonetheless, since research has proven that students are the main subscribers to Whatsapp use globally, there is the need to examine the effects associated with its use. In this regard, the question the paper raises is, does Whatsapp use by JHS female students ruin their morality or moral life? The findings of the paper inform its conclusion that the use of Whatsapp by Junior High School female students negatively affects their morality/moral foundations. This is because the paper revealed that about 90% of the Junior High School female students who use Whatsapp mostly exchange pornographic materials, abusive contents and engage in unhealthy acts (e.g. phone sex) with their peers who are online. The consumption of these contents has introduced them to the practice of some social vices of which they were naïve about before their contact with the app.
Blogging Their Way Out of Disadvantage
Authors: Coleman Amelia Rose
Published: July 2018

The ways that blogs are used to improve the lot of the disenfranchised is an area that is increasingly gaining research traction. This chapter presents a literature review of the recent literature in to the ways that minority groups are using blogs to tell their story to a wide audience. It looks at the ways that human rights bloggers have used Web 2.0 platforms to express themselves. It then applies Foucault's (1988) work on self-expression to other groups who are also heavy users of blogs to express themselves in new ways. The chapter looks at poverty, at those who identify as LGBTIQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex and queer) and women. It suggests that there is much research that still needs to be undertaken to properly examine the role of blogs in the lives of increasing numbers of groups who are not able to express themselves in mainstream media, and to explore the ways that these blogs render mainstream media irrelevant in connected times.
Role of Infrastructure Development to Empower Women
Authors: Basu Indrani
Published: July 2018

A modern economy is market focused. It is held that when a woman becomes a participant in the market on her own term as a rational economic agent she is empowered in an economic sense. It does not take into account the other spectrums of empowerment viz. gender political, cultural and like. A nation's infrastructure provides the basic scaffolding for development. The differences in how men and women use infrastructure services have important implications for sector policies, investment priorities, and program designs. This chapter will analyse how the infrastructure development programme as an economic process assist women to enhance capability of them within society and how its actual impact is mutually constituted by other non-economic social processes and make it an over determined matter. Our study has shown that adequate access of the social infrastructure services has fetched benefits for women and ensures empowerment of women.
Fostering Entrepreneurship at the Spanish University
Authors: Pastor-Gosálbez Inmaculada , Blanco Ana Isabel , Rodríguez Adelina , Acosta Ana , Pontón Paloma , Belzunegui-Eraso Angel
Published: July 2018

In this chapter we discuss the policies for fostering entrepreneurship at Spanish universities and how these policies may be related with the low participation of women in university spin-offs. Using our results from the first part of the EQUASPIN project1, we also discuss the effects of the gender division of labour on the creation of freelance work within the specific framework of knowledge-transfer companies. We also present some of our findings with regard to gender differences in both the creation of spin-offs and the role of the university system in the production and reproduction of gender inequalities.
Disparity Between Boys and Girls
Authors: Islam Afsana
Published: July 2018

Gender inequality is the most eminent issue that happens to women in many ways. Perceiving gender inequality and discriminatory treatment towards women has inspired and derived to do this study. The objectives of this study were to examine the interrelation between and among gender inequality, gender stereotyping, perception - support of parents and teachers for girls' sports in the secondary level academic institutions in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods have been implied in conducting this study. Findings are such that the socio-bio- cultural constrains influence the facilities, perceptions and participation of girls in sports. Education so as Sports is powerful agents of socialization and plays influential roles in the construction of masculinity and femininity also an influential factor of empowerment.
Migration, Muslim Women, and Social Reproduction of Gender Inequality
Authors: Wahid Ishret Binte , Kamaruzzaman Mohammed
Published: July 2018

Does international migration have a role to reproduce unequal gender relation in a patriarchal society? How does it make such role? How does it further implicate people's religious as well as cultural practices? These are the questions have been addressed in this paper. It takes the case of Bangladesh, a South Asian Muslim-majority country with millions of international labour migrants to different Middle East and Gulf countries including Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Bahrain. This international migration makes very positive financial contributions to the migrants and their families at origins, mostly in rural villages. The paper makes it focus on social outcomes, especially on household level gender relations with such migration. Taking up the idea of ‘social remittances', it argues that these migrants, mostly men, experience with a range of ‘Islamic' norms and practices in destinations, and send back those to origins for religious obligations. These norms and practices largely include discouraging female household members, especially wives, to earn or go outside without purdah in line with the perceived ‘Islam'. The paper explains that such ‘social remittances' encourage the female household members to be ‘good' Muslim women along with the reproduction of gender inequality between women and men.
Engineering Education for All
Authors: Galeshi Roofia
Published: July 2018

For many men and women across the world, distance education has improved access to higher education. Distance education could potentially help bridge the gap that divides the East and the West. A group of highly motivated young men and women from the Middle-East with undergraduate degrees in electrical engineering, computer engineering, and computer science students were given an opportunity to earn a Ph.D. degree from a high ranking American university. These highly motivated men and women then were asked to participate in an online survey that aimed at comparing their perception of online education versus face-to-face education. The result indicated that there was no association between the students' degree of self-efficacy and feeling of inclusion in online versus face-to-face courses. Moreover, the result indicated that there was no association between gender and self-efficacy regardless of the medium of the choice.
The Role of Women From a Social Media Jihad Perspective
Authors: Torok Robyn
Published: July 2018

Female roles in online social media forums are continually changing and often reflect the global social and political context. In addition, the security context also plays an important part in the role of females online. Social media evidence suggests that females are very active online in terms of recruitment. This chapter looks at two case studies focusing on the roles of women as wives and warriors and the changing dynamic between the two roles. Overall, women demonstrate a high level of gender utility and can change roles as required by the security and political context.
Demographic Influences on E-Payment Services
Authors: Yaokumah Winfred , Kumah Peace , Okai Eric Saviour Aryee
Published: July 2018

This study investigated customers' preferences of payment systems and the influence of demography on the attitude of customers towards e-payment services. Survey responses were received from 558 bank customers. The t-test and the analysis of variance were employed to examine the differences in perception of security, ICT literacy, customer satisfaction, and the use of e-payment services based on customers' age, gender, and the level of education. The findings revealed no significant differences between the male and female customers in the use of e-payment services. However, the male customers had higher ICT skills, yet perceived e-payment services less secured. Moreover, there were no significant differences in satisfaction and e-payment use, though, customers with higher level of education felt less secured using the services. Also, whereas the older customers were more satisfied with e-payment services, the younger customers had more ICT skills and use the services much more. These findings are necessary for formulating strategies for marketing e-payment services.