bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Problèmes humains posés et déséquilibres économiques entraînés par l'expansion touristique
Authors: Planque Vincent , Dacharry Monique , Baretje René
Published: March 2008

Comme pour les années précédentes, on voudra bien considérer que la participation au Congrès de l'AIEST des Experts Français s'inscrit dans la perspective d'une réflexion en commun à propos du thème choisi.
Regionale Probleme des neuzeitlichen Fremdenverkehrs, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Bodenseeregion
Authors: Hunziker W.
Published: March 2008

Es unterliegt gar keinem Zweifel, dass, wie in mancher anderen Hinsicht, so auch in der standörtlichen Konzeption des Fremdenverkehrs ein starker Wandel eintrat. Natürlich war er nichts anderes als ein Ausfluss der tatsächlichen Entwicklung, die es deshalb unter diesem Gesichtspunkte vorweg zu kennzeichnen gilt.
Quelques réflexions au sujet des problèmes d'expansion du tourisme
Authors: Labeau Professeur G.
Published: March 2008

I Afin de fixer un cadre préalable aux considérations, il convient de définir deux éléments de la notion d'expansion, la notion de tourisme.
Le phénomène de la concentration des saisons touristiques
Authors: Hunziker Walter
Published: March 2008

Le problème de la concentration — partant, de rallongement et de l'étalement des saisons touristiques constitue un des plus importants et en même temps des plus cruciaux qui intéressent les milieux liés directement ou indirectement au mouvement touristique.
Hotel training for emergent nations
Authors: Fuller John
Published: March 2008

Before turning to factors affecting hotel training in emergent countries it would, I think, be useful briefly to discuss fundamentals in hotel training and education wherever these may take place.
Aspetti economici ed umani del turismo
Authors: Giuseppe Carone Dott.
Published: March 2008

Èfuori dubbio che di mano in mano che l'economia di un Paese raggiunge determinati livelli di sviluppo, si fanno sempre più marcate le tendenze alla contrazione del settore primario inentre evolve il settore secondario; e poiché ciò produce più elevati livelli di reddito ed una maggiore capacità di consuino, si sviluppa il settore terziario e più precisamente tutti quei servizi atti a soddisfare le condizioni poste da una domanda motivata dall'accresciuta capacità di spesa; in grado cioè di indirizzare scelte verso consumi più selezionati e l'utilizzo di servizi di varia natura che tutta la organizzazione economica, con il concorso dei progressi della tecnica, è in grado di apprestare.
El turismo como motor de desarrollo económico en la América Latina
Authors: de Arespacochaga Juan
Published: March 2008

Cada día resulta más evidente la necesidad de promover el desarrollo económico de aquellos países que ofrecen bajos niveles de renta. Como consecuenciä de esta toma de conciencia universal ante los problemas de los países en desarrollo, las naciones más adelantadas tienen la obligación inexcusable de ayudar y facilitar el crecimiento de los rendimientos de los países menos dotados de medios productivos.
Aspetti economici ed umani del turismo
Authors: Giuseppe Carone Dott.
Published: March 2008

Quasi in parallelo con l'agricoltura, altro rapporto diretto scaturisce dalla posizione e dalla funzione che l'artigianato esercita in particolare nelle zone ad economia agricola e che evolvono verso forme di economia di scambio.
Touristische Regionalplanung in Peru
Authors: Schneider Reto J.
Published: March 2008

Der Verfasser des nachstehenden Artikels weilte von Mitte 1966 bis Ende 1967 in Peru, wo er sich als betriebs‐ und volkwirtschaftlicher Berater von staatlichen Fremdenverkehrsinstitutionell vor allem mit Fragen der touristischen Entwicklungsplanung auseinanderzusetzen hatte. In dieser Eigenschaft arbeitete er auch mit einer peruanischen UNESCO‐Kommission zusammen, die es sich zur Aufgabe gesetzt hatte, die archäologisch wie landschaftlich äusserst interessante Region Machu Picchu‐Cuzco‐Puno im peruanischen Andenhochland touristisch zu entwickeln. Der Autor fand Gelegenheit, sich in praktischer Arbeit mit den Problemen einer regionalen touristischen Planung vertraut zu machen. Seine dabei gesammelten Erfahrungen seien im nachstehenden Bericht erläutert.
Turkey's 1968 Tourism Programme
Authors: Akoglu Tunay
Published: March 2008

Parallel to the developments in the international tourism activities, significant advancements have also been recorded in the tourism of Turkey. However, these developments have fallen short of the Plan and Programme targets and certain bottlenecks do exist in the sector.
L'emploi de méthodes comptables modernes en hôtellerie
Authors: Molas Pujol E.
Published: March 2008

I. La préoccupation constante de l'hôtellerie industrielle — comme celle de l'exploitation commerciale d'une industrie, quelle qu'elle soit — est de connaître le rythme de l'affaire sous toutes ses faces, de tâter régulièrement le pouls de l'exploitation tant pour en rectifier à temps la gestion que pour en faire valoir les aspirations légitimes. On le sait déjà, mais il convient de le dire une fois de plus.
Tourism sector in the second five year development plan of Turkey (1968–1972)
Authors: Akoglu Tunay
Published: March 2008

The basic principles of the tourism policy to be followed in the Second Five Year Plan are as follows:
Les facteurs des variations saisonnières du phénomène touristique
Authors: Planina Janez
Published: March 2008

Les variations saisonnières sont une des caractéristiques principales du tourisme moderne. Par son changement constant et régulier dans le domaine de la quantité de l'offre et de la demande au cours d'une année, le tourisme se distingue essentiellement des autres activités économiques. Ce sont justement les variations saisonnières de la fréquence qui provoquent dans l'économie touristique les problèmes spécifiques qui se manifestent ici avec plus d'acuité qu'ailleurs.
Les facteurs des variations saisonnières du phénomène touristique
Authors: Planina Janez
Published: March 2008

Les biens naturels constituent une partie de l'offre touristique primaire. En conséquence, il est caractéristique qu'ils ne sont pas le produit du travail de l'homme, qu'ils n'ont pas de valeur propre et, dans la règle, qu'ils ne sont pas soumis à un prix sur le marché. L'offre primaire se distingue de l'offre touristique secondaire par le fait qu'il n'est pas possible de produire ces biens ou que l'homme ne peut plus les produire dans la même qualité, ce qui est le cas par exemple pour les monuments et les curiosités culturo‐historiques.
La formazione professionale alberghiera: carattere, importanza, problemi d'organizzazione
Authors: Hunziker Professore Dott. W.
Published: March 2008

L'istruzione professionale nell'industria alberghiera si trova oggi in piena trasformazione. Le forme finora praticate non sono più sufficienti. Si devono trovare e seguire nuove vie. Il tempo preme. Si devono prendere rapidamente nuove misure se non si vuole che si formino lacune pericolose.
New food developments in Europe
Authors: Fuller John
Published: March 2008

“Europe has never existed” according to Jean Monnet, quoted in The New Europeans (1). “It is not the addition of national sovereignities in a conclave which creates an entity. One must genuinely create Europe.” This observation was a political one but it indicates also the difficulty of identifying developments in Europe as a whole. Some food service cohesion may be anticipated through European agencies. For example, the 18 member countries of the Council of Europe are being asked to adopt clean food rules (2) for restaurants as well as shops and markets. In considering food service in the European context, I emphasise at the outset, however, that I can only refer to trends of which I know. Equally that I must ignore many parts of Europe from ignorance or where development of hotels and food service seem to me less significant.
Caractéristiques d'un nouveau type d'institut de formation touristique et hôtelière
Authors: Gehri B.
Published: March 2008

Le problème de la formation professionnelle mais également celui de l'éducation et de la formation culturelle ne sauraient échapper à l'emprise de la société dans laquelle nous vivons actuellement. L'Institut International de Glion, fondé il y a maintenant plus de 6 ans, s'est spécialement attaché à la création d'un type d'enseignement qui tiendrait largement compte de ces éléments, eux‐mêmes rattachés aux changements structurels et quantitatifs qu'a fait subir l'évolution du tourisme à toutes les formes d'hébergement. C'est une des raisons pour lesquelles l'enseignement proposé à Glion se différencie, dans de très nombreux secteurs, de la formule qui semblerait classique et qui est celle que nous rencontrons dans les écoles professionnelles hôtelières de la plupart des pays européens et du monde.
Die Konzentrationsbewegung im modernen Fremdenverkehr aus der Sicht Österreichs
Authors: Syndikus  , Prünster Josef
Published: March 2008

Der Grad der Unternehmenskonzentration ist in der österreichischen Fremdenverkehrswirt‐schaft sehr gering. Es besteht vielmehr eine kleinbetriebliche Struktur mit einem sehr grossen Anteil an Familienbetrieben. Vom österreichischen Gast‐, Schank‐ und Beherbergungsgewerbe können beispielsweise allein 90% als Klein‐ und Familienbetriebe bezeichnet werden.
La formazione professionale alberghiera: Carattere, importanza, problemi d'organizzazione
Authors: Hunziker Professore Dott. W.
Published: March 2008

Certo questo genere d'istruzione è abbastanza elevato, ma non eccessivamente. L'industria alberghiera, come ripeto ancora una volta, è divenuta un ramo economico talmente importante che una formazione non perfetta del suo personale dirigente e degli istruttori non può più essere tollerata. Un miglioramento è assolutamente necessario e chi ne deve prendere l'iniziativa sono, in primo luogo, le organizzazioni alberghiere. Certo, esse hanno già fatto molto nel campo dell'istruzione del personale, ma occorre che molitiplichino i loro sforzi. A tal fine, devono contribuire anche — più di quanto è awenuto finora — le Autorità, poichè esse hanno tutto l'intéresse ad un'industria alberghiera dotata di personale qualificato, la quale è, non solo per l'economia nazionale, ma soprattutto anche per il fisco, una sorgente d'introiti di primo ordine.
Les entreprises touristiques et la concurrence internationale
Authors: Sessa Albert
Published: March 2008

Le mouvement de concentration, qu'il soit vertical ou horizontal, ne date certainement pas de ces dernières années. Depuis ses débuts, depuis ses manifestations les plus évidentes, il existe des caractéristiques fixes qui sont à l'origine de son accélération plus rapide au cours de la période d'après‐guerre.
The training of catering managers of the future
Authors: Gladwell D.C.
Published: March 2008

Before talking about how to train the managers of the future, we must try to foresee what kind of work they will he doing. I therefore propose to start a discussion on the way in which catering may develop in the future, rather than to go into any details about training programmes.
Dreissig Jahre Schweizer Reisekasse
Authors: Hunziker W.
Published: March 2008

Ziemlich genau vor dreissig Jahren, am 22. Juni 1939, erfolgte in Bern die Gründung der Schweizer Reisekasse. Deren Werdegang, Bedeutung und Problematik haben durch eine grosse Zahl von Vorträgen, Artikeln in Zeitungen und Zeitschriften der Tages‐ und Fachpresse, ebenso in Monographien, selbst solchen wissenschaftlichen Charakters, ihre Darstellung gefunden. Dies geschah namentlich anlässlich des Jubiläums zum fünfundzwanzigjährigen Bestehen der Reisekasse. Es ist deshalb überflüssig, schon oft Gesagtes und Geschriebenes bei Anlass des Jubiläums zum dreissigjährigen Bestehen zu wiederholen, und zwar um so mehr, als sich in den dazwischen liegenden fünf Jahren nur wenig grundlegend Neues ereignet hat. Andererseits wäre es auch ungerecht, das dreissigjährige Bestehen der Reisekasse mit Stillschweigen zu honorieren und zur Tagesordnung überzugehen. Vielmehr erscheint es doch angezeigt, etwas Einkehr zu halten und einige Betrachtungen über die Gründe anzustellen, die dazu beigetragen haben, dass sich die Reisekasse nicht allein bewährt, sondern in einem Ausmasse entwickelt hat, wie es nicht vorausgesehen wurde. Dies soll nunmehr geschehen.
Desarrollo turistico de grandes zonas
Authors: de Arespacochaga Juan
Published: March 2008

Es bien conocido el hecho de que el turismo favorece de modo especial el desarrollo de grandes regiones y aun de todo un país cuando puede contar con recursos potenciales suficientes.
Probleme und Methoden der Investitionsrechnung bei Hotel‐ und Fremdenverkehrsprojekten
Authors: Schneider Reto J. , Bietschacher Dipl.‐Volkswirt P.A.
Published: March 2008

Mehr als andere Märkte ist der Markt des Tourismus von Emotionen abhängig. Dies zeigt sich nicht nur an der überproportionalen Konjunktur‐Reagibilität der Nachfrager; auch die Angehotsseite neigt offensichtlich zu einer gewissen Hektik. Zur Zeit ist in alten und neuen Zentren des europäischen Urlaubs‐ und Geschäftsreiseverkehrs ein Investitionsboom zu verzeichnen, der nur schwerlich mit technologischen Umwälzungen oder Gewinnaussichten allein erklärt werden kann.
International conferences‐potential target for Egypt's tourism
Authors: Hussein Shawki
Published: March 2008

Within the past 10 years, the world has been witnessing a tremendous progress in all phases of human activity. This deemed it necessary to get together with the fellow‐men of other countries to exchange views and technical know‐how, and to further cooperation towards the same objectives.
Il Turismo nello sviluppo economico della Turchia
Authors: Tunay Akoglu Dott.
Published: March 2008

Secondo Troisi, il patrimonio turistico di un Paese si può definire come «il complesso di tutti i beni turistici naturali (liberi, privati e pubblici o collettivi) e artificiali, che attrae i forestieri». (1) Questa definizione ci ricorda la nozione del «luogo turistico» (Fremdenverkehrsort) che da tempo ha il suo posto nella dottrina turistica. (2) Un «luogo turistico» è un centro con una caratteristica propria, una località che ha attrattive naturali (elementi naturali, artistici, archeologici, climatici ed igienici) come pure con delle attrattive «derivate» (elementi artificiali, organizzazione alberghiera, fattori della politica turistica).
Les services spéciaux en fonction des types de tourisme— Tourisme individuel et tourisme organisé
Authors: Claude Kaspar Professeur
Published: March 2008

«Nous vivons de plus en plus une «économie de service», plutôt qu'une économie de fournitures matérielles. Parmi ces services, le tourisme s'est élevé à un niveau qui le met au nombre des grandes industries de l'époque, à l'encontre de ce qu'il était jadis.»
Tendances concentrationistes dans le tourisme national et international
Authors: Walter Hunziker Professeur
Published: March 2008

Le mot concentration est devenu un terme ailé. Il correspond à une apparition qui s'est manifestée d'une manière toujours plus sensible. Cette apparition a pris un caractère généralisé et trahit partout sa présence. On parle d'une concentration des efforts, des forces et des moyens dans les domaines les plus divers et dans d'innombrables directions. Aujourd'hui, tragiquement, elle se manifeste tout particulièrement sur le plan militaire où, depuis toujours, c'est—à—dire depuis que des groupes de combattants se sont fait face, elle a acquis une importance décisive. Dans le cas présent, il sera exclusivement question de concentration économique, et spécialement de la concentration dans l'économie touristique.
Le mouvement de concentration dans le tourisme moderne
Authors: René Baretje Professeur
Published: March 2008

Allemagne: l'expérience TOUROPA Amorcée dès 1932 par le Docteur Vegetier de Berlin, l'expérience de voyages collectifs fut reprise et développée dès la fin de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale. A cette fin fut créée, en 1948, la société TOUROPA. Au départ, le capital était constitué de la manière suivante:
Wesen und Ziel von Werbe‐ und Verkaufsförderungsaktionen im Fremdenverkehr
Authors: Kaspar C.
Published: March 2008

Mit der Veröffentlichung der provisorischen und geschätzten Ergebnisse der touristischen Entwicklung im Jahre 1971 hat die Weltorganisation des Fremdenverkehrs UIOOT in Genf erneut dargetan, dass der Fremdenverkehr die Bezeichnung «Wachstumsbranche Nummer 1» beansprucht. Auch wenn die registrierte elfprozentige Erhöhung der Einnahmen aus dem internationalen Fremdenverkehr den sechzehnprozentigen Zuwachs im Vorjahr nicht erreichte, haben die Einnahmen des vergangenen Jahres immerhin die Höchstzahl von 19,9 Milliarden Dollar erreicht, bei 181 Millionen Ankünften ausländischer Touristen.
Organisation des Congrès en pays en Voie de Développement
Authors: Delestrée Hubert
Published: March 2008

L'organisation de Congrès en pays en voie de développement est certes une source de profits et un stimulant pour l'équipement en locaux d'accueil et en capacité d'hébergement de qualité. Sous ces divers aspects doivent être étudiées les causes et les conditions d'organisation.
Zur Ökonometrie des touristischen Konsums: Ein ökonometrisches Modell des schweizerischen touristischen Konsums der Jahre 1929 bis 1959
Authors: Menges Günter
Published: March 2008

Es ist mir eine ausserordentliche Freude, an dieser Stelle, wo die Wiege der modernen Fremdenverkehrswissenschaft stand, zu Ihnen sprechen zu dürfen. So danke ich aufrichtig meinem Freund und Kollegen Kurt Krapf dafür, dass er mir diese Gelegenheit eines Vortrages gegeben hat. Obgleich ich ein enges, allerdings «voreheliches» Verhältnis zur Fremdenverkehrswissenschaft aufzuweisen habe, werden Sie es mir nicht verdenken, wenn ich auf meine gegenwärtig legale Beziehung, nämlich zur Ökonometrie, mich stärker als auf jene frühere stütze: Mein Vortrag wird mehr von der Ökonometrie als von der touristischen Wissenschaft, welche kaum mehr als ein Exempel liefert, handeln.
The shifting pattern of cause‐specific mortality in a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus‐infected and non‐infected injecting drug users
Authors: Ferreros Inmaculada , Lumbreras Blanca , Hurtado Isabel , Pérez‐Hoyos Santiago , Hernández‐Aguado Ildefonso
Published: March 2008

Aims  To monitor changes in cause‐specific mortality before and after 1997 according to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) serological status in a cohort of injecting drug users (IDUs) observed for a 17‐year period (1987–2004).

Design  Community‐based prospective cohort study of IDUs recruited in three acquired immunodeficiency virus (AIDS) prevention centres (1987–96) and followed‐up until to 2004.

Methods  We obtained annual overall mortality rates and mortality rates by specific causes according to HIV status. Poisson regression models were adjusted to compare mortality rates between calendar periods. Significant changes in slope trends were evaluated by join‐point regression. Disease‐specific mortality rates were estimated using competing risk models.

Findings  From 7186 IDUs recruited (80 677.218 person‐years), 1589 deaths were observed with an overall mortality rate of 19.7 per 1000 person‐years (95% CI, 18.8–20.7). This rate decreased from 22.9 per 1000 (95% CI, 21.4–24.7) before 1997 to 17.4 per 1000 (95% CI, 16.3–18.6) after 1997 [relative risk (RR) 0.83; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.75–0.92]. Risk of death for HIV‐positive was four times higher than for HIV‐negative (RR 4.08; 95% CI, 3.63–4.58). Among HIV‐positive individuals a significantly decreased change point in trend was found in 1997 for both total and AIDS mortality. HIV‐negative individuals showed a similar pattern for drug overdose, suicide and accident mortality. Both groups showed an increase in proportional mortality by liver‐related causes, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Furthermore, a progressively increasing trend was observed for the three causes. However, there were no significant differences according to serological groups.

Conclusions  Cardiovascular and cancer mortality are increasing among IDUs, but the increases are not related to HIV infection. We have not found a link between highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) introduction and increases in mortality for specific causes.
Acute myeloid leukaemia blast cells with a tyrosine kinase domain mutation of FLT3 are less sensitive to lestaurtinib than those with a FLT3 internal tandem duplication
Authors: Mead Adam J. , Gale Rosemary E. , Kottaridis Panagiotis D. , Matsuda Satomi , Khwaja Asim , Linch David C.
Published: March 2008

FLT3 tyrosine kinase domain mutations (FLT3/TKDs) are associated with a favourable prognosis in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), unlike FLT3 internal tandem duplications (FLT3/ITDs) that have a poor prognosis. Whilst FLT3/ITD+ cells are more susceptible to the cytotoxic effects of FLT3 inhibitors than wild type (WT) cells, the sensitivity of FLT3/TKD+ cells to therapeutic agents is unclear, as is the importance of the mutant level. We therefore studied the effect of cytarabine and the FLT3 inhibitor lestaurtinib, either alone or in combination, on in vitro survival of blast cells from 36 cases of AML (14 FLT3/WT, 11 FLT3/ITD+ and 11 FLT3/TKD+). All three groups showed similar sensitivity to the cytotoxic effects of cytarabine but FLT3/ITD mutant level was inversely correlated with cytarabine cytotoxicity (P = 0·04) whereas FLT3/TKD mutant level had no impact. FLT3/TKD+ cells showed a similar response to lestaurtinib as FLT3/WT cells, whereas FLT3/ITD+ cells were more sensitive (P = 0·004). There was no correlation between mutant level and lestaurtinib sensitivity for either FLT3/ITD+ or FLT3/TKD+ cells. Synergistic cytotoxicity of lestaurtinib plus cytarabine was demonstrated in all three groups. These results suggest that FLT3/TKD+ and FLT3/WT cases should not be differentiated when considering patients for treatment with FLT3 inhibitors.
Significant inverse relationship between serum free T4 concentration and body mass index in euthyroid subjects: differences between smokers and nonsmokers
Authors: Makepeace Ashley E. , Bremner Alexandra P. , O’Leary Peter , Leedman Peter J. , Feddema Peter , Michelangeli Valdo , Walsh John P.
Published: March 2008

Objective  There are conflicting data regarding the relationship between thyroid function and body mass index (BMI) in euthyroid subjects, and it is uncertain whether tobacco smoking modifies this relationship. The objective of this study was to examine the relationships between thyroid function, BMI and smoking in euthyroid subjects.

Design  Linear regression models were used to examine the relationships between serum free T4, serum TSH, BMI and smoking in a cross‐sectional, community‐based sample of 1853 euthyroid subjects in Busselton, Western Australia.

Results  There was a significant negative relationship between free T4 and BMI: after adjustment for age and sex, each 1 pmol/l increase in free T4 was associated with a decrease in BMI of 0·12 kg/m2 (95% CI 0·06, 0·18; P < 0·001). The mean BMI ± SD of subjects in the highest quintile of free T4 concentration was 24·4 ± 3·5 kg/m2, compared with 26·1 ± 3·8 kg/m2 for the lowest quintile. The relationship between free T4 and BMI was statistically significant (adjusted for age and sex) in subjects who had never smoked (P = 0·001) and former smokers (P = 0·011), but not in current smokers (P = 0·77). There was no significant relationship between TSH and BMI: after adjustment for age and sex, each 1 mU/l increase in TSH was associated with an increase in BMI of 0·08 kg/m2 (95% CI –0·16, 0·32; P = 0·53).

Conclusions  In euthyroid subjects, small differences in free T4 are associated with differences in BMI. This relationship is not present in current smokers. We speculate that this may be relevant to weight changes associated with smoking cessation.
Effect of xylitol and xylitol–fluoride lozenges on approximal caries development in high‐caries‐risk children
Authors: STECKSÉN‐BLICKS CHRISTINA , HOLGERSON PERNILLA LIF , TWETMAN SVANTE
Published: March 2008

Aim.  To evaluate the effect of xylitol‐ and xylitol/fluoride‐containing lozenges on approximal caries development in young adolescents with high caries risk.

Study design.  A 2‐year double‐blind trial with two parallel arms and a nonrandomized reference group.

Material and methods.  One hundred and sixty healthy 10‐ to 12‐year‐old children with high caries risk were selected. After informed consent, they were randomly assigned into a xylitol and a xylitol/fluoride group. They were instructed to take two tablets three times a day (total xylitol and fluoride dose 2.5 g and 1.5 mg, respectively). The compliance was checked continuously and scored as good, fair, or poor. A reference no‐tablet group was also selected (n = 70) for group comparison. The outcome measure was approximal caries incidence.

Results.  The dropout rate was 28%, and 41% exhibited a good compliance with the study protocol. No statistically significant differences in caries incidence could be found between the study groups (P > 0.05). Among a subgroup of children who demonstrated good compliance, the mean ΔDMFSa value was significantly lower in the xylitol/fluoride group compared to the xylitol group, 1.0 ± 2.3 vs. 3.3 ± 4.6 (P < 0.05), while no difference could be displayed between any of the study groups and the reference group (P > 0.05).

Conclusion.  The results from this 2‐year trial did not support a self‐administered regimen of xylitol‐ or xylitol/fluoride‐containing lozenges for the prevention of approximal caries in young adolescents with high caries risk.
Acoustic behaviour of both sexes of the speckled bush cricket Leptophyes punctatissima
Authors: HARTLEY J. C. , ROBINSON D. J.
Published: March 2008

As in other phaneropterine bush‐crickets, both male and female Leptophyes punctatissima can stridulate. Stridulation in the female, which had previously been overlooked, occurs in response to the male call. The main frequency of the very brief chirps is around 40 kHz. The male is stimulated to chirp more frequently by receiving response chirps from the female. Unlike most Tettigoniidae the male moves toward the female and is thus dependant on her response signal. Communication can occur over distances of at least 5 m. Some structures involved in stridulation in the female differ from that described in other phaneropterines.

The insects used in these experiments were all reared in the laboratory from wild‐caught parents. Between forty and fifty different insects were used at various times for laboratory studies on the song, and four different males and three females were used on the field communication experiments. The sexes were kept separate from the moult to adult or for at least 10 days before experiments.
Song modification in the Orthoptera I. Proclamation songs of Platycleis spp. (Tettigoniidae)
Authors: SAMWAYS MICHAEL J.
Published: March 2008

Orthopteran song terminology is briefly reviewed taking into account new proposals concerning the term ‘chirp’ by Broughton (1976). The song of Platycleis intermedia is analysed in detail. Synchronous or unison singing between conspecifics of this species is maintained, despite ambient temperature differences, by the individual at the lower temperature instantaneously extending its echeme interval. The normal songs of P.afinis, P.falx, P.sabulosa and P.albopunctata are described and compared with each other and with the song of P.intermedia. The songs of all five species are similar at the syllable level but different at the echeme level. It appears to be these similarities and differences that are responsible for song modification on the part of P.intermedia when it hears the song of one of the other four species.
Walking and take‐off in Aphis fabae.
Authors: BINNS E. S.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. A walking aphid ready to emigrate is directed by light, gravity and mechanical stimuli to the upper and outer parts of the plant. There, the new conditions enhance the probability of take‐off, as a kinetic response, but the precise moment at which the aphid stops walking and takes flight does not depend on any new external (‘releasing’) stimulus. The probability of take‐off, then, appears to depend partly on substrate stimuli received during walking. Aphids were tested either when suspended by the thorax (and carrying and walking on spheres or paper bands) or when walking on a treadmill with a variable surface structure and aspect relative to gravity. A variety of situations that stimulated faster walking (e.g. a ‘cat‐walk’), also delayed take‐off. Other situations that retarded walking (e.g. being upside‐down), similarly delayed taking off, and tended as well to induce probing of the surface. A common feature of these latter situations appeared to be that they elicited traction movements of the legs on the surface: a flexor reflex opposed to the leg extension that regularly precedes a take‐off.
Age‐related changes in the response to adipokinetic hormone in Locusta migratoria
Authors: MWANGI R. W. , GOLDSWORTHY G. J.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. In fifth instar nymphs of Locusta there is only a feeble adipokinetic response to extracts of corpora cardiaca. In fledglings, this poor response persists for a few days but then increases dramatically to reach a plateau by day 8. The response declines to almost zero as the locusts age beyond 35 days of adult life. This pattern of change in response is similar in both males and females but there are some differences in magnitude depending upon whether the response is measured as changes in haemolymph total lipid (vanillin‐positive material) or total diglyceride (gas liquid chromatography). The poor response to adipokinetic hormone in nymphs and newly fledged locusts is not a result of shortage of stored lipid in the fat body and cannot be improved by injection of extra hormone.
The effect of enforced virginity and subsequent mating on the activity of the corpus allatum of Periplaneta americana measured in vitro, as related to changes in the rate of ovarian maturation
Authors: WEAVER ROBERT J. , PRATT GRAHAME E.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Female P. americana, reared with males from the time of adult emergence, mated on the 4th–5th day after metamorphosis, produced the first ootheca on the 8th or 9th day, and then produced successive oothecae at intervals of 3.0 days, whereas, only 50% of virgin females had produced their first ootheca by the 28th day after adult emergence. Examination of the ovaries indicated that oocyte development is normal in virgins until shortly after the time when they first become receptive to males. When mating was not allowed there was a dramatic reduction in the rate of vitellogenic growth of the terminal batch of oocytes which persisted until mating was allowed, and was often accompanied by resorption of a percentage of the oocytes.

Short‐term, in vitro, radiochemical assay of juvenile hormone (JH III) biosynthesis by corpora allata (CA) showed that, in females reared with males, the cycles of ovarian development are accompanied by regular pulses of CA activity. There is a small, possibly preparatory peak of JH III biosynthesis before vitellogenesis of the first wave of oocytes, followed by a larger peak of JH III production during vitellogenesis of this batch of eggs and one peak of CA activity between ovulation of each subsequent wave of oocytes. Activities as low as 0.25 pmol C16JH/CA pair/h and as high as 48.38 pmol/CA pair/h were observed in CA from mated females after the onset of cyclic activity.

Stimuli received during mating are somehow responsible for the cyclic activity of the CA, for when females were subjected to enforced virginity the first small peak was normal but the second peak was not fully realized and there was then a gradual decline in CA activity until approximately 2 weeks post‐emergence. Thereafter the glands exhibited a more or less constant rate of JH biosynthesis (mean = 3.45 ± 0.32 pmol/CA pair/h.) When females were mated after 21 days of enforced virginity the activity of the CA was enhanced. By 48 h after mating the mean glandular activity was at least four times that found in virgins of the same age, and by 72 h rates as high as 40 pmol/CA pair/h were observed. This was followed by normal cyclic activity of the CA. The increase in rate of JH biosynthesis appears to result in a recommencement of oocyte development in these ‘delayed‐mated’ females.
The respiratory metabolism of tsetse flies, Glossina spp., in relation to temperature, blood‐meal size and pregnancy cycle
Authors: TAYLOR PAUL
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. The respiratory metabolism of laboratory‐reared and wild‐caught Glossina morsitans and wild‐caught G. pallidipes males is described in relation to temperature. A common Q10 response to differences in temperature was shown by all groups. The effect of in utero larval development on the respiration of G. morsitans females was measured. Pregnancy caused a considerable rise in respiration at the L1 stage, and this high level was maintained until larviposition. Continuous respiration measurements of G. morsitans for several days after a blood‐meal (using a continuously recording respirometer) suggest a higher energy cost of digestion than previously reported, and a direct relationship between blood‐meal size and respiration.
Walking and take‐off in Aphis fabae.
Authors: BINNS E. S.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Illumination either from one side or alternating between the two sides induced aphids to turn towards the light and also delayed their take‐off as compared with illumination from the front. Illumination from in front or from both sides simultaneously delayed take‐off as compared with dorsal illumination and also increased the rate of walking. Take‐off was frequently induced by a change from frontal to dorsal illumination but not from lateral or ventral to dorsal. Ventral illumination delayed take‐off as compared with dorsal, but appeared to inhibit walking.

In frontal illumination, rate of walking and time to take‐off were positively correlated when aphids walked on a cat‐walk, but negatively correlated on a smooth surface. Thus the two locomotory acts, walking and flight, could interact either as ‘allies’ or as ‘antagonists’, either one hastening or deferring the other in different conditions. Take‐off from a plant is discussed in terms of the interaction between these two locomotory responses, and ‘settling’ responses.
The mandibular gland secretion of the ant, Myrmica scabrinodis
Authors: MORGAN E. D. , INWOOD M. R. , CAMMAERTS M.‐C.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. The volatile secretion of the mandibular gland of the common elbowed red ant, Myrmica scabrinodis Nyl., is shown to consist of ethanal, ethanol, acetone, 3‐hexanone, 3‐hexanol, 3‐heptanone, 3‐heptanol, 3‐octanone, 3‐octanol, 6‐methyl‐3‐octanone, 6‐methyl‐3‐octanol, 3‐nonanone, 3‐nonanol, 3‐decanone and 3‐undecanone. The electroantennographic response to the major components was recorded and compared with some related compounds. Behavioural tests were carried out on the major constituents, showing that 3‐octanol is an attractant for workers, that 3‐octanone increases the effect of 3‐octanol, and 3‐nonanone augments the linear speed of the ants.
Mating behaviour in Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas): effects of diet, photoperiod, juvenoids and precocene II
Authors: WALKER WILLIAM F.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. When adults of the large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas) were starved or fed non‐host seeds, their mating activity during the 30 days following emergence was reduced by c. 50%. Topical applications of a juvenoid to adults fed non‐host seeds usually increased mating activity, sometimes to near the level of milkweed‐fed controls. An optimal juvenoid dose applied to adults reared and fed on sunflower seeds increased mating activity by only 9% to 28% from that of controls reared and fed on milkweed. Rearing and maintenance of the sexes on separate diets before pairing indicated that both the juvenoid‐restored and non‐restored milkweed stimulatory effects on mating probably acted exclusively on the males. Topical application of the anti‐allatotropic agent precocene II to milkweed‐fed males reduced mating activity by 75%. Simultaneous juvenoid treatment prevented most, but not all, of the precocene II effect. Juvenoid treatment completely prevented the depressed mating activity under short days. Rearing and maintenance of the sexes under different photo‐periods before pairing under short days showed that photoperiod acted solely on the males. It is postulated that JH and one or more photosensitive and diet‐sensitive factors in males regulate mating activity, JH being stimulatory but nonessential. A partial dietary control over mating may optimize male activity according to the population density and female reproductive activity.
Quantitative aspects of proline utilization during flight in tsetse flies
Authors: BURSELL E.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. The proline concentration of the haemolymph in resting tsetse flies provides a reasonable indication of their total proline content. Estimates of pre‐flight proline content obtained on this basis were compared with the proline content of flies that had been flown for different durations to provide an estimate of the rate of proline consumption at different stages of flight. The results indicate that the apparent ability of tsetse flies to continue flight after their proline reserves have been exhausted is an artefact of experimental procedure. It is concluded that the flight capacity of tsetse flies is effectively limited by the magnitude of their proline reserve, although this reserve is capable of being supplemented to some extent by the limited synthetic capacity of the fat body.
Aggression and Gause's law in ants
Authors: VROEY CLAUDINE DE
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Myrmica rubra societies were faced with intruders of the following species: M.rubra, M.sabuleti, Tetramorium caespitum, Lasius flavus and L.niger. The aggression of the resident workers was quantified by frequencies of mandible openings, seizings and gaster flexings. Intraspecific aggression was lower than interspecific, and it is suggested that this might be due to the polygynous behaviour of M.rubra. There was no simple relationship between the intensity of aggression and the taxonomic remoteness of the intruder species. Differences in the levels of the aggressive response need to be better understood by analysis of the eco‐ethological interrelations of the species concerned.
Arthropod orientation in choice chambers as a Markov chain
Authors: HAVUKKALA ILKKA
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. A Markov model of arthropod locomotor behaviour in choice chambers is presented. In the model, the compartments of the choice chamber and the movements of the animals from one compartment to another are treated as the states and the state transitions of a Markov chain, respectively. The model allows one to calculate the transition probabilities and the equilibrium distribution of animals in a choice chamber from direct measurements of displacement speeds and boundary turning reactions in each compartment. The compartment preferences (i.e. the proportion of time spent in each compartment) in two‐compartment choice chambers were found to be strongly correlated with the predictions of the model. Klinokinesis is suggested to have negligible significance in some of the experiments reviewed. An equation is given to evaluate quantitatively the relative strength of kinetic and tactic components in the overall preference in the choice chamber; this assessment has not previously been possible.
Localization of short‐term memory in the brain of the bee, Apis mellifera
Authors: ERBER J. , MASUHR TH. , MENZEL R.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Fixed honey‐bees were conditioned to a scent in a one‐trial learning paradigm. In contrast to free‐flying colour‐conditioned bees, fixed scent‐conditioned bees do not show a biphasic time dependence of the conditioned response. Small metal probes were used to cool localized areas of the antennal lobes, alpha‐lobes, and calyces of the mushroom bodies of the brain at various times after conditioning. Localized cooling impaired the formation of memory in all three structures. The susceptibility to impairment after conditioning lasted approximately 3 min in the antennal lobes, 7 min in the alpha‐lobes, and 10 min in the calyx area. It was possible to determine the influence of the contralateral hemisphere (relative to the learning antenna) by conditioning bees with only one antenna. No contralateral impairment was found in the antennal lobes; there were minor effects in the alphalobes; contralateral cooling led to reductions of the conditioned response only in the calyx area. The temperature dependence of memory impairment was different for the antennal lobes and the mushroom bodies (alpha‐lobes and calyces). The latter were most sensitive to cooling at 5°C. No correlation between cooling duration and impairment of memory was found in the antennal lobes, but there was a linear relation between impairment and cooling duration in the alpha‐lobes. Brief cooling (5 or 10 s) resulted in significant impairment of memory formation only in the calyx area. A series of control experiments proved that the impairment of memory is due to a reversible block of neural activity. It was possible to show that the impairment is specific for the three neural structures analysed, by cooling the lobula of the optic system at various times after conditioning. Lesions of the brain or application of KCl also resulted in time‐dependent reductions of the conditioned response. Cooling the entire animal at various times after conditioning led to similar memory impairment to that resulting from localized cooling of the alphalobes.
Reversible reproductive diapause and intermediate states between diapause and full reproductive activity in male Oedipoda miniata grasshoppers
Authors: PENER M. P. , ORSHAN L.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Previous publications have shown that aestival reproductive diapause is reversible in Oedipoda miniata (Pall.) males. Short days and/or relatively low temperatures terminate diapause, whereas long days and/or high temperatures maintain or reinduce it. The previous studies proved, however, only the effect of the temperature, or of the daylength—temperature combinations, and employed only male mating behaviour as an indicator of the state of diapause. The present work demonstrates that diapause can be maintained, terminated, or reinduced, solely by changes in the daylength. At a constant 27°C, diapause was terminated under LD 10.5:13.5, whereas it was maintained or reinduced under LD 18:6. The reproductive accessory glands were small in diapausing males and large in post‐diapause ones, but their size decreased again with diapause reinduction, thus, they exhibited at least partially reversible changes. An intermediate state between full diapause and full reproductive activity was obtained under intermediate conditions of daylength and temperatures (LD 12:12; photophase (TP) at 38°C, scotophase (TS) at 27°C). In this state males showed consistently mild mating activity and intermediate size of the accessory glands, regardless of whether they had previously been in diapause or in post‐diapause states. Under another combination of intermediate conditions (LD 16:8; TP = 26°C, TS = 13°C), another intermediate state with consistently little mating activity was observed. The ‘all or none’ principle does not apply to this diapause, rather the state of diapause may take any stable intermediate level between full diapause and full reproductive activity. The physiological and ecological implications of these findings are discussed.
Fine‐scale structure of odour plumes in relation to insect orientation to distant pheromone and other attractant sources
Authors: MURLIS J. , JONES C. D.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. This paper describes an experimental method for simulating an odour plume in the field so that its fine‐scale characteristics may be determined. It was found that the ‘odour’ arrived at a series of fixed points up to 15 m from the source in a series of discrete bursts, which were widely distributed in time but were typically 0.1 s long and 0.5 s apart. The strengths of the bursts were also found to be widely distributed and some contained considerable fluctuations. Thus an odour plume is not continuous, but intermittent, and appears at a fixed point downwind of the odour source as a series of bursts of odour which are variable in strength and duration. The distribution of the length of bursts and the time between them does not greatly vary with distance from source. Although concentration does decay with distance from source, instantaneous measurement would not be a reliable guide to the mean concentration and hence to position relative to source. To obtain reliable positional information from the odour plume an insect would have to average received stimuli over many seconds. More information is therefore required about the dynamics of insects' olfactory responses.
The precision of auditory lateralization in the cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus
Authors: RHEINLAENDER JÜRGEN , BLÄTGEN GABRIELE
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. The precision of auditory lateralization was determined behaviourally for the cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus L. A forced‐choice Y‐maze test was devised in which the cricket, on entering the test arena, could not — in contrast to free phonotactic approaches — change its walking direction until after it had passed through a narrow wire‐mesh tunnel. For a sound frequency of 4.7 kHz, matching the species' calling frequency, the minimum audible angle for correct side discrimination was 15°. For stimulus angles smaller than 15° from the longitudinal body axis, the crickets walked randomly to either side; stimulus angles greater than 25° resulted in all crickets turning correctly. These data reveal a sharply tuned lateral sensitivity for the auditory pathway of crickets, with an optimum at the species' calling frequency of 4.7 kHz (when compared with 3.5 and 6.0 kHz). The results for the forced‐choice test are compared with the walking pattern during free phonotactic approaches, in order to determine the possible strategy underlying the acoustic orientation behaviour of the cricket.
Feeding behaviour in response to blood fractions and chemical phagostimulants in the black‐fly, Simulium venustum
Authors: SMITH J. J. B. , FRIEND W. G.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Wild‐caught black‐flies (Simulium venustum Say complex) were presented with diets at 37°C in an artificial feeding apparatus. Washed human red cells resuspended 1:1 in Ringer solution were potent phagostimulants, causing 89% of flies to gorge. Whole plasma was more potent (32% gorging) than platelet‐poor plasma (2%). The ED50 for red cells was 3.5%. Although ADP, contained in high‐concentration in platelets, was confirmed as a more potent phagostimulant than ATP (ED50 of 5πM V. 12μM), red cells were clearly more phagostimulatory than platelets, and with a potency more than adequate to trigger gorging in vivo. A high response to the ATP analogues, β, γ‐methylene ATP and adenine phosphosulphate, supports the view that the phosphate chain is relatively unimportant in determining nucleotide potency to simuliids. The compounds phytic acid and 2,3‐disphosphoglycerate, potent stimulants to Rhodnius prolixus, produced only moderate and no response, respectively at 1 mM; 5‐hydroxytryptamine, another major constituent of platelets, also produced only a moderate response. Only flies caught while showing a characteristic probing behaviour would subsequently probe and feed in vitro; this ‘blood‐feeding mode’ rapidly disappeared in the absence of stimuli eliciting actual probing, but for flies in this state a small temperature rise was sufficient stimulus for probing.
Elimination of protein‐food ingested into the crop, and failure of ovarian development in female mosquitoes, Culex pipiens pollens.
Authors: UCHIDA KEIKICHI , SUZUKI KATSUHIKO
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Sugar‐free egg albumin solution was ‘force fed’ to female C.pipiens pallens Coquillett, by first stimulating their labella briefly with 1.0 M sucrose, so that they then took the protein meal into the crop. This protein‐food was nevertheless easily eliminated by the females, totally undigested, so that it failed to activate oogenesis, just as sugared albumin fails to do so also.