bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Community‐Based Participatory Research as a Tool for Policy Change: A Case Study of the Southern California Environmental Justice Collaborative
Authors: Petersen Dana , Minkler Meredith , Vásquez Victoria Breckwich , Baden Andrea Corage
Published: April 2006

In 2000, a regional rule governing maximum individual cancer risk from stationary facilities in Southern California was dramatically altered, reducing allowable risk levels by 75%. This article uses a case study approach to explore the role of a community‐based participatory research (CBPR) partnership, the Southern California Environmental Justice Collaborative, in producing research and helping spearhead policy advocacy leading to this policy change. It also highlights the role of the collaborative in helping to change the framing of the issue from individual to cumulative risk assessment, so that the regulatory agencies began to reflect this broader thinking in their policymaking.

The collaborative's structure and methodology, regional focus, relationships with key decision makers, and its reputation as an important source of both credible science and “people power” were seen as contributing to its effectiveness. The role of contextual factors including a recovering and more regulation‐friendly economy also is highlighted, as are key barriers faced. Implications for other community–academic partnerships working to address regional and statewide public policy are discussed.
Efficiency Measurement in Spanish Local Government: The Case of Municipal Water Services
Authors: García‐Sánchez Isabel M.
Published: April 2006

In this work, we established a procedure for evaluation of the efficiency of the water supply. This procedure has allowed us to find that the proposed indicators have a discriminating capability in the analysis of the service, and to reject criticisms traditionally assigned to the sensitivity of the data envelopment analysis (DEA) technique in relation to degrees of freedom. The results obtained show that the population density, as a factor that defines one of the particular characteristics of the surroundings of each municipality, has a statistically significant impact on the indexes of efficiency, this affirmation not being extended to the public or private ownership of the service. The scale inefficiency is higher than the technical inefficiency. These typologies of efficiency are, principally, motivated by the supply side of the service, which is specially linked with the necessary infrastructure. The demand of the citizens is satisfied with a behavior close to optimal.
Hofferbert in Transit: A Dynamic Stages Model of the Urban Policy Process
Authors: Eger Robert J. , Marlowe Justin
Published: April 2006

This article presents a reformulation and empirical test ofHofferbert's (1974) “stages” heuristic, a model that fell largely out of favor due to criticisms that it does not effectively account for (1) feedback loops, or the possibility that policymakers learn from past experiences, and (2) the importance of intergovernmental relations. We update this model and apply it in the context of urban transit policymaking, using revenue flows to and from the government as an indicator of both recursive behavior and intergovernmental influence. The results suggest that these modifications reestablish the explanatory power of the stages model.
Not Just Another Determinants Piece: Path Dependency and Local Tax Abatements
Authors: Reese Laura A.
Published: April 2006

Although there is a large body of research attempting to identify the correlates of tax abatements, the question of why cities abate taxes at widely differing rates—or indeed, not at all despite state enabling legislation allowing them—has never been completely answered. Based on an examination of tax abatement data representing the history of abatements in Michigan, the article concludes that abatement patterns can be best understood when past abatement behaviors and the nature of the local employment base are included in the analysis. In the case of the number of abatements granted, it appears that both these forces—along with the general economy, governmental structural and process factors—are important in understanding abatement behavior. When the total value of abatements is considered, industrial mix appears most critical. Once municipalities start giving tax abatements they continue to do so. And, having concentrations of transportation‐related industries and food/consumer products are traits that appear to lead to that initial push for abatements.
Electron microscopic observations of the so‐called granuloma glutaeale infantum
Authors: Uyeda Kehchi , Nakayasu Kiyoshi , Takaishi Yoshitsugu , Sotomatsu Shigetaro
Published: April 2006

Electron microscopic observation of the so‐called granuloma glutaeale infantum revealed that the granulomatous lesion was composed of neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, plasma cells, mast cells, histocytes, giant cells, and newly‐formed microvasculatures. The giant cells were classified into three types: in the first type the cells had widely enlarged endoplasmic reticulum: in the second type, the cells phagocytized erythrocytes; in the third type, the cells had vesicles and granules and were similar to histiocytes. Some newly‐formed microvasculatures lacked basal lamina and their lining by endothelial cells was sometimes incomplete.
Microscopic features of pustule formation in experimental impetigo of guinea pig
Authors: Jordan William E. , Montes Leopoldo F. , Pittillo Robert F.
Published: April 2006

This paper describes the sequence of microscopic events associated with the development in guinea pigs of an infection induced by inoculation of intact skin with Streptococcus zooepidemicus. A striking similarity of this infection to human impetigo was noted.
Acanthosis nigricans and hypovitaminosis A. Response to topical vitamin A acid
Authors: Montes Leopoldo F. , Hirschowitz Bash. I. , Krumdieck Carlos
Published: April 2006

The pathogenetic mechanisms in acanthosis nigricans are not well known. Hirschowitz et al. (1971) described a new syndrome which included complete nerve deafness, progressive peripheral sensory nerve demyelinization, loss of gastric antral motility, multiple diverticula of ileum and lower jejunum, steatorrhea and unusually extensive acanthosis nigricans. Dramatic clinical and histological response of the dermatosis to topical vitamin A acid treatment led to search and demonstration of severe hypovitaminosis A. The trifluoroacetic acid method of Neeld & Pearson (1963), repeatedly used with serum samples, either failed to detect β‐carotene and/or vitamin A or showed levels below the normal range. These findings indicate that vitamin A deficiency may be a factor in the pathogenesis of acanthosis nigricans.
Isolation of Microsporum Distortum from a Dog in the Southwestern United States
Authors: Robertstad Gordon W. , Bennett Betty , Ajello Libero
Published: April 2006

Microsporum distortum from a mixed‐breed dog residing in Tularosa. New Mexico, was isolated. Efforts to establish an association between this infected dog and New World monkeys, and to demonstrate that the organism is indigenous in the animal population of the Southwest U.S.A. were unsuccessful.
Marchesani Syndrome
Authors: Nabai Hossein , Mehregan Amir
Published: April 2006

This paper describes a case of Marchesani syndrome. Special attention has been paid to the clinico‐pathologic manifestations of the skin and the x‐ray findings.
On the Pathogenesis of Pseudoepitheliomatous Hyperplasia
Authors: Freeman Robert G.
Published: April 2006

Examples of acanthosis of epithelium of skin appendages are illustrated and a concept of pathogenesis of some instances of pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia from acanthotic appendages is presented.
Pigmented Epidermal Cyst
Authors: Fieselman David W. , Reed Richard J. , Ichinose Herbert
Published: April 2006

The pigmented epidermal cyst (black keratinous cyst) is peculiar to the Negro race. Ninety‐seven % of our cases occurred in Negroes. Thirty‐seven % of the epidermal cysts in Negroes were heavily pigmented. A relationship between the black keratinous cyst and hemochromatosis has been proposed. A change in the degree of pigmentation is more significant than the histologic demonstration of melanin pigment.
Resident and Transient Bacteria of the Skin
Authors: Somerville‐Millar Dorothy A. , Noble W. C.
Published: April 2006

Although essential to a good understanding of human cutaneous infections, studies on long term carriage of skin bacteria are rare, perhaps because there are few adequate typing schemes with which to identify organisms accurately. A seven month qualitative study of two individuals showed that three groups of organisms – residents, “nomads” and transients – could be identified. Quantitative study of 12 individuals suggested that while the standard deviation of the mean count in a series of residents may reach 25% of the mean count, in transients it may be far higher. Statistical methods might therefore be employed in determining the status of cutaneous bacteria.
Langerhans Cells in Actinic Reticuloid
Authors: Schnitzler L. , Verret J. L. , Schubert B. , Picard M. D.
Published: April 2006

Actinic reticuloid was observed in a patient following the development of porphyria cutanea tarda. A cutaneous lymphoma‐like infiltrate was found histologically and at the ultra‐structural level. In the infiltrate, the main population was histiocytic, with some mast cells and mononuclear cells. Most of the histiocytic cells contained numerous typical Langerhans granules and worm‐like structures. Crystalloid cytoplasmic inclusions were occasionally detected.
Modulation of Dermal Cell Activity During Hair Growth in the Rat
Authors: Pierard G. E. , de la Brassinne M.
Published: April 2006

Interaction between connective tissue cells and hair growth in the rat has been studied by radioautography after in vivo and in vitro pulse labelling with thymidine, uridine, histidine, leucine and proline. The connective tissue, which surrounds and integrates the hair bulbs as a unit, contains cells of various types which have a cyclic metabolic activity. This cyclic activity is coordinated with the hair growth cycle. The number of nuclei which actively synthesize DNA in the dermal cells, mainly those of endothelial and migratory cells, significantly increases during the short and transient anagen 4 substage. RNA and protein synthesizing activities are also present in all cell types and seem modulated by the hair cycle although to a lesser degree. This data provides an important basis for the interpretation of similar studies in alopecia areata.
Lobomycosis
Authors: Bhawan Jag , Bain Robert Walker , Purtilo David T. , Gomez Neri , Dewan Charles , Whelan C. F. , Dolorum M. , Edelstein Lee
Published: April 2006

A 73‐year‐old woman from Guyana had nodular keloidal lesions on her face which had persisted for 56 years. A biopsy of the lesion revealed lobomycosis, a rare fungal infection. Microscopically, numerous fungi were seen in giant cells and macrophages. The macrophages had abundant pink reticulated cytoplasm. These macrophages in lobomycosis, considered by some in the past to be granular myoblastoma cells, were rich in glycoproteins and appeared to be “Gaucher‐like cells” in electromicrographs. Further, a transition of macrophages containing organisms to Gaucher‐like cells was noted. Antibodies to the fungus were demonstrated in the patient's serum by counter immunoelectrophoresis and indirect immunofluorescence studies. We postulate that the Gaucher‐like cells formed because of the inability of host macrophages to digest glycoproteins in the capsule of this unusual fungus.
Ultrastructure of Pustules in Impetigo Herpetiformis
Authors: Yamada Mizuho , Yoshinaga Hanako
Published: April 2006

Typical pustular lesions of impetigo herpetiformis were examined by electron microscopy. In the upper layers of the epidermis degenerated keratinocytes and neutrophils lay close together and amorphous substances were seen within and outside the keratinocytes. Neutrophiles were not observed within the keratinocytes. The spongiform pustules of Kogoj observed with light microscopy were made up of a large number of neutrophils in a network of degenerated and stretched‐out keratinocytes. Amorphous masses of high electron density which seemed to represent highly degenerated keratinocytes were observed among neutrophils.
Subepidermal Calcified Nodule
Authors: Allen Weigand Dennis
Published: April 2006

A subepidermal calcified nodule occurred on the face of a 15‐year‐old Negro boy. Histo‐logical examination revealed its apparent origin in mature and immature hair follicles. Previous reports suggest that subepidermal calcified nodules may arise in nevi or in sweat glands. An additional finding in this case was transepidermal elimination of calcium.
Cell Renewal in Discoid Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: de la Brassinne Michel F. , Pierard Gerald E.
Published: April 2006

Cell proliferation has been evaluated in four patients with discoid lupus erythematosus after in vivo incorporation of tritiated thymidine. Numerous epidermal cells are in S phase or in mitosis. The acceleration of cell renewal is paralleled by a shortening of the transit time of completely differentiating keratinocytes. Remodellings of the vascular belt are evidenced by the labeling of many endothelial cells. There is no sign of lymphoblastic transformation in the dermis since the mononuclear infiltrate remains unlabeled.
Report of the Eighth Colombian Case and Review of the Literature
Authors: Jarmillo Diego , Cortes Alonso , Restrepo Angela , Builes Miguel , Robledo Mario
Published: April 2006

The eighth Colombian case of lobomycosis and the one hundredth in the world literature is reported here. The patient was a 38‐year‐old female who showed a bilobed mass on the left forearm which had appeared at the site from where a similar lesion had been excised 19 years previously. She had always lived in a rural area, located in the humid subtropical forest. The tissue reactions to the fungus as well as the fruitless attempts to culture it are described. An analysis of the relevant literature is made and suggestions for experimental animal models are given in the text.
Giant and “Granular Melanosomes” in Leopard Syndrome: An Ultrastructural Study
Authors: Bhawan Jag , Purtilo David T. , Riordan John A. , Saxena Varun K. , Edelstein Lee
Published: April 2006

Electron microscopy of lentigines was performed to study the pigmentation abnormality in two children with LEOPARD syndrome. Giant melanosomes similar to those seen in café‐au‐lait spots of neurofibromatosis and nevus spilus were found in a lentigine from one of our cases. Our results show that „spherical granular melanosomes” described in neurofibromatosis, are lysosomal‐like structures associated with the development of complex melanin granules. Our study also demonstrates that immature melanosomes are present in some keratinocytes of LEOPARD syndrome. This finding is in contrast to the prevailing concept that only mature melanosomes are transferred to keratinocytes. The occurrence of individual melanosomes of normal size and shape in keratinocytes of skin in whites with LEOPARD syndrome, suggests that neither the size of melanosomes, nor the racial differences are the factors determining the distribution of melanosomes in keratinocytes.
Transfollicular Extrusion of Sebaceous Glands: Natural Phenomenon or Artifact? A Case Report
Authors: Weigand Dennis Allen
Published: April 2006

A sebaceous gland tumor on the back of a 28‐year‐old man underwent periodic exudation of yellowish material in association with local irritation. Pathological examination revealed entire sebaceous gland lobes lying subcorneally in the orifices of sebaceous follicles. This case appears to represent transfollicular extrusion of sebaceous gland lobes as a natural phenomenon rather than as an artifact.
Dermatorynchus Geneae
Authors: Drut Ricardo , Barletta Leonardo
Published: April 2006

A peculiar branchiogenic malformation of the face producing a 2 × 1 cm excrescence on the left cheek of a 1‐month‐old girl is reported. The tumor was composed of normal skin with epidermal appendages and an axis with longitudinal and circular striated muscle fibers. There was also a mature cartilage nodule and cartilage and bone‐forming groups of cells. To the best of our knowledge, only one similar case has been previously reported.
Trichoadenoma of Nikolowski
Authors: RAHBARI H. , MEHREGAN A. , PINKUS H.
Published: April 2006

Trichoadenoma of Nikolowski is a rare benign tumor of the skin with hair follicle‐like direction of differentiation. This tumor is less mature than trichofolliculoma and more differentized than tri‐choepithelioma. Probably because of its rarity it has not been a well recognized tumor. We are reporting on eight cases of trichoadenoma to further define this benign growth.
Sebaceous Carcinoma of the Eyelid with Pagetoid Involvement of the Bulbar and Palpebral Conjunctiva
Authors: LEE SIONG CHUAN , ROTH LAWRENCE M.
Published: April 2006

A case of sebaceous carcinoma with pagetoid involvement of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctival epithelium was studied by light and electron microscopy. Ultrastructurally, the neoplastic cells within the conjunctival epithelium were identical to those in the underlying invasive sebaceous carcinoma. Evidence of gradual transformation of conjunctival epithelial cells to the neoplastic sebaceous cells or transitional forms between conjunctival epithelial cells and sebaceous cells was not encountered. The evidence thus supports the theory that the neoplastic cells in the conjunctival epithelium are the result of secondary invasion by the underlying sebaceous carcinoma.
A Topical Treatment Program for Psoriasis with Low Anthralin Concentrations
Authors: BRODY ISSER , JOHANSSON ALVAR
Published: April 2006

A treatment program for psoriasis in which 0.01–0.05% anthralin was used has been clinically evaluated. In such low concentrations it is possible to use anthralin if one simultaneously avoids exposing the skin to unnecessary external mechanical trauma, including the mechanical removal of the scales from the lesions. Applied in this fashion, anthralin then also becomes most suitable for use in ambulatory therapy. In these low concentrations it does not irritate either the involved or the non‐involved psoriatic skin. No discoloration of the clothes, the skin, the hair or the nails was observed.
Multiple Glomus Tumors
Authors: PEPPER MARGOT C. , LAUBENHEIMER ROGER , CRIPPS DEREK J.
Published: April 2006

A man had widespread, slowly evolving vascular lesions since infancy suggestive of the Blue Rubber Bleb Nevus Syndrome. His son had two painless lesions typical of Multiple Glomus Tumors. Many of the man's nodular lesions were painful. Post‐excision recurrences were noted. Histologic studies of asymptomatic tumors from both cases showed irregular, dilated, vascular channels surrounded by narrow mantles of glomus cells, whereas a painful tumor had large foci of glomus cells with wider mantles around the flattened channels. Electron microscopy showed the glomus cells to be modified smooth muscle cells. The anatomy and pathology of glomus tumors are reviewed. Differentiation from other syndromes of multiple hemangiomata, particularly the Blue Rubber Bleb Nevus Syndrome is stressed. It is suggested that Multiple Glomus Tumors may be derived from simple cutaneous vessels and not the Sucquet‐Hoyer canal of the normal cutaneous glomus body described by Masson in 1924.
A Pathological Basis for the Cutaneous Papules of Mucopolysaccharidosis II (The Hunter Syndrome)
Authors: FREEMAN ROBERT G.
Published: April 2006

Cutaneous papules of two patients with the Hunter syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis II) were compared with their normal appearing skin by light and electron microscopic techniques. While most fibrocytes of normal and papular skin contained metachromatic cytoplasmic material and characteristic vacuoles, only the papules had extracellular accumulation of metachromatic material and evidence of coalescence and rupture of vacuoles. Alcohol fixation provides better preservation of the mucosubstances.
Hidroacanthoma Simplex with in situ Porocarcinoma
Authors: BARDACH HARALD
Published: April 2006

A case of hidroacanthoma simplex, suggesting malignant transformation into porocarcinoma in situ is reported. It represents further evidence that epidermotropic eccrine carcinoma may originate from the acrosyringium. This lesion demonstrates that the upper portion of the dermal eccrine duct may participate in the oncogenesis of hidroacanthoma simplex. It may also provide the missing link in the chain of evolution of benign eccrine poroacanthoma into porocarcinoma.
The Histopathology of Diaper Dermatitis
Authors: MONTES LEOPOLDO F.
Published: April 2006

The precise pathogenesis of one of the most common cutaneous disorders, diaper dermatitis, has not yet been completely established, perhaps in part because relatively little histopathological knowledge has been obtained. This paper summarizes the available information in this field, mostly obtained by early investigators.
Eccrine Sweat Gland Involvement in GM1 Gangliosidosis
Authors: DRUT RICARDO
Published: April 2006

This report describes eccrine sweat gland involvement in a patient with GM1 gangliosidosis. A striking vacuolization was noticed in cells of the acrosyringium and of the secretory coils. The diagnostic value of a skin biopsy in this condition is emphasized.
Subcutaneous Fat Necrosis of the Newborn
Authors: OSWALT G. COLEMAN , MONES LEOPOLDO F. , CASSADY GEORGE
Published: April 2006

Subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn (SFNN) developed in a 1‐week‐old black boy. His mother had received numerous medications for eclampsia. Birth was by Caesarean section and complicated by meconium aspiration. There were numerous nodules over the back, buttocks and extremities that yielded a caseous‐like material. Microscopically, these nodules showed crystallization and necrosis of the fat. Hypoglycemia, pneumonia, oliguria, thrombocytopenia, seizures and urinary infection were associated with the cutaneous problem and led to a fatal outcome 2 weeks after birth.
Skin Storage in Liquid Nitrogen
Authors: BIAGINI GRAZIELLA , POPPI VITTORIO , COCCHIA DOMENICO , RUBOLI GIANNI , DAMIANI ROBERTO , LASCHI RENZO
Published: April 2006

The problem of cell survival as well as the biochemical and histological effects on skin of low temperature storage in liquid nitrogen has already received attention. However, little is known of the submicroscopic alterations induced by such treatment. Our study shows that rapid or slow freezing, direct or mediate contact with the liquid nitrogen, pretreatment before freezing, type and concentration of cryoprotectants, all have various effects on the fine morphology of epidermal cells. Glycerol is shown as having better cryoprotective activity than DMSO at concentrations of 15% or less. Our data are examined taking into account all available reports on the problem of cryopreservation and the use of cryoprotectants.
The Dermal Component in Melanosis Naeviformis Becker
Authors: HANEKE E.
Published: April 2006

Histological investigations were performed in 11 subjects suffering from melanosis naeviformis Becker. Apart from the well‐known epidermal alterations such as basal hyperpigmentation, slight acanthosis and growth of coarse hair, dermal changes were found in each case. The dermis was considerably thickened and contained numerous small and/or large bundles of smooth muscle without relation to cutaneous adnexa. Thus, melanosis naeviformis Becker can be considered an organoid nevus with epidermal, melanocytic and dermal components.
Febrile Ulceronecrotic Mucha‐Habermann's Disease with Interstitial Pneumonitis
Authors: AUSTER BARRY I. , SANTA CRUZ DANIEL J. , EISEN ARTHUR Z.
Published: April 2006

A case of febrile ulceronecrotic Mucha‐Habermann's is presented. This disorder is a severe form of pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta (PLEVA) characterized by the sudden eruption of diffuse coalescent ulcerations associated with high fever. In the present case the disease was preceded by the milder typical form of PLEVA. Histologically a leukocytoclastic vasculitis was seen in addition to the usual lymphocytic perivascular and lichenoid infiltrate. During the course of the disease the patient developed an interstitial pneumonitis which resolved concomitantly with the cutaneous lesions. Adenovirus type II recovered at the height of the illness from the patient's urine may have etiologic implications in the pathogenesis of the disease.
Basal Cell Carcinoma‐Signet Ring Type
Authors: SEO IN SOOK , WARNER T.F.C.S. , PRIEST J.B.
Published: April 2006

Light microscopic examination of a basalioma (basal cell carcinoma) revealed unusual keratinizing cells resembling signet ring cells with pink cytoplasmic inclusions. Ultrastructurally the inclusions consisted of filamentous masses encircled by abundant tonofilaments giving a striking picture of abnormal individual tumor cell keratinization.
Pagetoid Reticulosis
Authors: WOOD W. S. , KILLBY V. A. A. , STEWART Wm. D.
Published: April 2006

Two patients with solitary lesions of pagetoid reticulosis are presented. A third case with disseminated lesions and similar microscopic detail is also reported. Light microscopic findings include an abnormal cell infiltrate confined to the epidermis and distributed diffusely in a pagetoid pattern. In ultrathin sections, the abnormal cells are seen to have an abundant cytoplasm with numerous organelles and a convoluted nucleus, often with a prominent nucleolus. The nature of the abnormal cells is discussed. The infiltrate is differentiated from that of mycosis fungoides.
Ultrastructure of the Fibrous Substance in the Keratinocytes of the Epidermis in Healthy Individuals
Authors: BRODY ISSER
Published: April 2006

The present findings in the epidermis of healthy individuals suggest that the fibrous substance in the keratinocytes is subjected to an individual differentiation as the cells move from stratum basale through strata spinosum and intermedium to stratum coreum. In the basal cells the fibrous substance consists of opaque tonofilaments, mostly aggregated in dense tonofibrils, but also occurring randomly scattered and in loose tonofibrils (fibrous substance of basal‐cell type). In most cells the fibrous substance undergoes differentiation: a) in stratum spinosum into compact tonofibrils with no individual tonofilaments visible (fibrous substance of spinous‐cell type), b) in stratum intermedium into compact tonofibrils with intensely stained regions or keratohyalin (fibrous substance of intermediate‐cell type), and c) in stratum corneum into tonofibrils with a keratin pattern (fibrous substance of horny‐cell type). There are also keratinocytes in which the fibrous substance undergoes only an incomplete differentiation, with the appearance of horny cells with a fibrous substance of spinous‐cell type, intermediate‐cell type or horny‐cell type with keratohyalin. Finally, there are keratinocytes in which the fibrous substance does not undergo any differentiation at all, but which display a fibrous substance of basal‐cell type throughout the entire epidermis.
Target Role of Langerhans Cells in Mycosis Fungoides: Transmission and Immuno‐Electron Microscopic Studies
Authors: ROWDEN G. , PHILLIPS T. M. , LEWIS M. G. , WILKINSON R. D.
Published: April 2006

Langerhans cells of the epidermis are “special” macrophages, as indicated by their expression of Fc and C, receptors and la antigen. Functionally, they can replace macrophages in presentation of antigens to T cells and in the MLR. Ultrastructural and immunologic studies were carried out on epidermal samples of mycosis fungoides. As in contact allergy, apposition of lymphocytes to Langerhans cells was noted. Destruction of Langerhans cells appeared to act as the focus for the development of Pautrier microabscesses. This destruction was accompanied by ingress of histocytic cells, probably related to the stem cell population for Langerhans cells. The target cell role of Langerhans cells appears to be similar in contact allergy and mycosis fungoides.
Seborrheic Keratoses and Trichostasis Spinulosa
Authors: KOSSARD STEVEN , BERMAN ALEXANDER , WINKELMANN R. K.
Published: April 2006

In 54 of 325 seborrheic keratoses, trichostasis spinulosa was found within the keratinous cysts and between papillomatous surface keratin, in addition to being present in contiguous hair follicles. Trichostasis in seborrheic keratoses and trichostasis spinulosa are both more frequent in older age groups. Trichostasis spinulosa represents a marker of vellus hair follicles and indicates that some seborrheic keratoses incorporate and may be partially derived from the cells of the infundibular portion of the follicle.
Furuncle
Authors: PINKUS HERMANN
Published: April 2006

Microscopic pictures of furuncles are rare in dermatologic literature. This report illustrates features of a furuncle that was completely excised. There was destruction of the epidermis, remnants of the involved hair follicle within an area of tissue necrosis, a large abscess with many polymorphonuclear leukocytes and small clusters of Staphylococci. The contrast with an univolved hair follicle observed in the vicinity of the furuncle was striking.
Adnexal Participation in Formation of Cutaneous Tumors following Topical Application of 9, 10‐Dimethyl‐Benzanthracene
Authors: STENBÄCK FREJ
Published: April 2006

The response of the hair follicle apparatus to topical 9, 10‐dimethyl‐benzanthracene applications was studied in several strains of mice and rats. Early follicular destruction in mice was associated with subsequent formation of large number of epithelial tumors. Preserved follicular structures in rats proliferated with the formation of low incidence of adenomas and trichoepitheliomas. Hair nevi, hairfollicle nevi and trichofolliculomas, unrelated to treatment, were observed in several animal strains.
Autoantibodies to Basement Membrane Collagen: Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex versus Bullous Pemphigoid
Authors: GAY STEFFEN , WARD WILLIAM Q. , GAY RENATE E. , MILLER EDWARD J.
Published: April 2006

As judged by passive hemagglutination and hemagglutination‐inhibition assays, sera from six patients in one family with dominant epidermolysis bullosa contain clearly demonstrable titers of antibodies against the collagen C chain which is derived from basement membrane structures. Moreover, the circulating antibodies observed in these patients are apparently specific for the C chain as no titers were observed when using four additional well‐characterized collagen chains in the indicated assays. In contrast to the results with sera from epidermolysis bullosa patients, sera from a series of age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls, as well as from a group of patients with bullous pemphigoid, did not contain antibodies to any of the test antigens. These results thus clearly differentiate the autoimmune response to basement membranes observed in bullous pemphigoid from that observed in epidermolysis bullosa simplex.
Ultrastructuctural Characterization of the Extramammary Paget Cell Plasma Membrane: A Freeze – Fracture Study
Authors: KITAJIMA YASUO , MORI SHUNJI
Published: April 2006

The plasma membrane ultrastructure of the extramammary Paget cells was characterized by freeze‐fracture electron microscopy, which was first employed for the study of Paget cells. The Paget cell plasma membrane revealed a flat fractured plane with much fewer and smaller desmo‐some‐particle aggregations than those of the keratinocyte. No gap junctions were detected. Many intramembranous particle‐free vesicles were seen in the intercellular spaces. Particle‐free blebs projecting from the plasma membranes were seen on some cell surfaces. These features greatly differed from those of keratinocytes. On the other hand, an increase of gap junctions was noticed on the keratinocytes around or in the Paget's disease lesions.
Sebaceous Trichofolliculoma
Authors: PLEWIG GERD
Published: April 2006

Sebaceous trichofolliculoma, a hitherto unrecognized variant of trichofolliculoma, is a clinically and histologically easily recognizable tumor of higher than usual differentiation. Clinical features, histology, differential diagnosis and therapy are presented, using as a basis three patients (all male, ages 21, 36, and 51). Clinically, sebaceous trichofolliculomas occur in sebaceous follicle‐rich areas (in all three cases here, the nose). They are skin‐colored, centrally depressed lesions of 4–12 mm in diameter. Lateral borders and depth of hamartoma cannot be sharply delineated. Thick terminal hairs, vellus‐hairs and occasional trichoids protrude from a fistula‐like opening. No connecting tract to paranasal sinus and no bony destruction were found using radiopaque techniques. Histologically, the sebaceous trichofolliculoma has a characteristic pattern. It is a hamartomatous growth, with a rather large central cavity or sinus and with secondary branches, all keratinizing. The cavity is filled with loose epidermoid corneocytes, trichilemmal‐like cellular debris, and hairs. Many strikingly large sebaceous follicles (unlike the picture in sebaceous hyperplasia) connect to the sinus. These contain differentiated acini, sebaceous ducts, follicular infundibula, and hair‐follicle units. Terminal hair‐follicles and vellus hair‐follicles are found in various stages of the hair growth‐cycle. There is usually no inflammation. Differential clinical diagnosis includes dermoid cysts and congenital fistulas (which may have widespread cords, sacs or ducts to the paranasal structures). Histological differentiation should include trichofolliculoma, pilar sheath acanthoma, dilated pore, circumscribed sebaceous gland hyperplasia, and steatocystoma multiplex. Therapy consists of surgical excision.
Cutaneous Manifestations in Rats with Advanced Vitamin A Deficiency*
Authors: KLEIN‐SZANTO A. J. P. , MARTIN D. H. , PINE A. H.
Published: April 2006

Specific‐pathogen‐free rats kept on a vitamin A‐deficient diet for approximately 5 months developed cutaneous alterations, especially in the periorbital and eyelid skin. These lesions were characterized grossly by erythema, partial alopecia, and crusting, and histologically by hyperorthokeratinization, acanthosis, and a three‐fold increase in incorporation of labeled DNA precursors into the epidermal basal layer. Electron microscopy showed an increased number of Langerhans cells with and without Birbeck granules, as well as the presence of cytoplasmic dense bodies of probable lipid nature in keratinocytes of all epidermal strata. The similarities of these ultrastructural alterations with some features of vitamin A‐sensitive human dermatoses point to probable common mechanisms in the pathogenesis of these skin diseases.
Pagetoid Reticulosis and Solitary Mycosis Fungoides
Authors: Jones R. Russell , Chu A.
Published: April 2006

The two cases reported in this paper allow the differentiation pagetoid reticulosis from solitary lesions of mycosis on the basis of clinical, histological ultrustructural immunohistochemical and enzyme histochemical studies. The first patient presented with a slowly growing asymptomatic scaly plaque of 30 years duration Histology of the lesion was typical of pagetoid reticulosis. Immunohistochemical studies showed that the abnormal cells present in the cutaneous infiltrate were not T lymphocytes and ultrastructural studies suggested these were of histocytic origin. The second patient presented with a poikilodermatous lesion present for 14 years with the histology of plaque stage mycosis fungoides. Enzyme and immunohistochemistry showed the predominant T cell nature of the cutaneous infiltrate and electron microscopy showed numerous mycosis fungoides cells. In contrast to generalized forms of mycosis fungoides, no peripheral blood monocyte chemotactic defect was found in either case. Both lesions responded to radiotherapy.
Perforating Lichen Nitidus
Authors: Bardach H.
Published: April 2006

A skin biopsy from an 8‐year‐old boy with generalized lichen nitidus revealed a transepidermal perforating lesion never observed before in this disorder. A disturbance in dermo‐epidermal interaction with alterations of epidermal cell kinetics could explain this finding in a disease which, curiously, shows many histologic features conducive to transepidermal perforation. A clear distinction should be made between primary and secondary perforating dermatoses, since perforation per sc is a non‐specific cutaneous reaction pattern occurring in the course of many unrelated disorders.
Ultrastructure of Trichoepithelioma Papulosum Multiplex
Authors: Ueda Keiichi , Komori Yasushi , Maruo Mitsuru , Kusaba Kenji
Published: April 2006

The following features of trichoepithelioma papulosum multiplex (TPM) were revealed by electron microscopy: 1. Proliferation of basaloid cells similar to that in basal cell epithelioma (BCE). 2. Abortive hair shafts and hair papillae. 3. Keratinous cysts surrounded by flat keratinocytes, the cytoplasm of which had small‐sized keratohyalin and Odland's bodies. 4. Glycogen deposition near the nuclei, vacuoles filled with amorphous materials and lipid droplets in the cytoplasm of tumor cells. 5. Extracellular compartments, in which fibrous materials, cell fragments, and mucinous substance were found. 6. Melanocytes containing melanosomes in stage 11, Langerhans cells involving Birbeck's granules, Merkel cells and other dendritic cells.
Adenoma sebaceum of Pringle: A clinicopathologic review, with a discussion of related pathologic entities
Authors: Sanchez Nestor P. , Wick Mark R. , Perry Harold O.
Published: April 2006

“Adenoma sebaceum of Pringle” (ASP) is a misnomer. The tumor is not an adenoma and is not derived from sebaceous glands. The lesion is characterized by dermal fibrosis and associated vascular proliferation and dilatation. Changes in contiguous sebaceous glands and other adnexal structures are merely secondary. Thus, “angiofibroma” would be a more appropriate name. The histologic changes in ASP (and in related pathologic lesions) suggest that it is a hamartoma rather than a true neoplasm. However, the embryologic tissue of its origin is not definitively known.
Plastic embedding of cutaneous specimens: an important diagnostic aid in mycosis fungoides
Authors: Barr Ronald J. , Valdes Emilita R. , Buck Janis E.
Published: April 2006

A technique for primary plastic embedding for light microscopy was utilized in evaluating plaque lesions in four patients with mycosis fungoides and compared to tissues from the same patients embedded in paraffin. Standard 3 mm punch biopsies were utilized. Specimens were fixed in B‐5 and embedded in araldite epoxy resin. In specimens from all four patients, the cytological details of the mycosis cells were superior in the plastic embedded tissues. This practical and relatively inexpensive method may prove to be a sensitive indicator of mycosis cells in early lesions. This technique also permits the use of a variety of special stains, immunoperoxidase and electron microscopic analyses.
Vascular spindle cell lipoma
Authors: Warkel Raphael L. , Rehme Christopher G. , Thompson Wayne H.
Published: April 2006

Spindle cell lipoma is a neoplasm of adipose tissue that primarily affects posterior necks and shoulders of men in their fifth to seventh decades. It consists of a mixture of adipose tissue and spindle‐shaped cells that could be misinterpreted as sarcoma. A clinical and pathological study of two patients, both men, with vascular variants of spindle cell lipoma is presented. These tumors were unusual clinically, in that one caused pain on motion and the other was painful to palpation. On microscopic examination, their vascularity was augmented over previously described examples of spindle cell lipoma.
Sulphhydryl crosslinking in cutaneous apoptosis: A review
Authors: Danno Kiichiro , Horio Takeshi
Published: April 2006

Histochemical findings of cutaneous apoptosis are reviewed with special reference to the sulphhydryl groups. Using stain techniques with the new fluorescent thiol reagent, N‐(7–dimethylamino‐4–methylcoumarinyl) maleimide (DACM), it was shown that sulphhydryl crosslinking occurs in colloid bodies and sunburn cells and also participates, at least in part, in amyloid formation. As the DACM staining clearly demonstrated the localization of sulphhydryl and disulphide groups in the epidermis, this technique can be of help dealing with the problem of the origin of cutaneous apoptotic bodies.
Light and electron microscopy of psoriatic skin before and during retinoid (Ro 10–9359) and retinoid‐PUVA treatment
Authors: Kanerva Lasse , Lauharanta Jorma , Niemi Kirsti‐Maria , Lassus Allan
Published: April 2006

High patients with psoriasis (pustular, erythrodermic or severe plaque type) were treated sucessfully with retinoid (Ro 10‐9359) or with retinoid followed by PUVA (RePUVA). The histological changes in recovering skin were examined during 14 weeks. Treatment resulted in normalization of keratinocyte differentiation with fine structural changes suggesting decreased metabolic activity and a reduction of mitoses. There was an increase in the number of keratohyalin granules and of tonofilaments and desmosomes and a decrease in leukocytes in the epidermis. The different cell organelles were studied in detail, but the exact mechanism of retinoid action remains unsolved. Although the treatments were clinically highly effective, total normalization of the histological and electron microscopical picture was not achieved.
Immunohistological localization of three basement membrane components in various forms of epidermolysis bullosa
Authors: Kero M. , Peltonen L. , Foidart J. M. , Savolainen E.‐R.
Published: April 2006

The skin biopsies of eight epidermolysis bullosa (EB) patients, representing epidermolytic, junctional and dermolytic forms of the disease were studied immunohistochemically using antibodies against collagen Types IV and V and a proteoglycan. All these molecules arc either basement membrane components or closely associated substances. In two types of EB simplex (subtype of the epidermolytic form) the splicing took place above the basement membrane, whereas the staining with all three antibodies remained localized to the floor of the blister The herpetiform variant of EB simplex proved to be junctional, i.e. the separation occurred within the lamina lucida. One patient clinically classified as belonging to the junctional EB group, was found to have the epidermolytic form of the disease In this case all antibodies were localized only on the floor of the blister. In the patients with the dermolytic form of EB, all the antibodies stained the roof of the blister. The immunofluorescence techniques are rapid and easy to perform and are therefore proposed as useful for routine clinical diagnosis.
Benign cutaneous cystic teratoma
Authors: Camacho F.
Published: April 2006

Cutaneous teratomas, arising from 3 germinal layers, are extremely rare and must be distinguished from dermoid cysts and other dysembryoplasias. An exceptional case of cutaneous cystic teratoma is described in which respiratory epithelium and thyroid, muscle and nervous tissues were noteworthy features. After discussing the differential diagnosis, and based on the presence of multiple cystic cavities, well‐differentiated tissues, the congenital onset, the localization and evolution, it is concluded that the tumor was benign in nature.
The Histogenesis of malignant melanoma in relation to pre‐existing pigmented lesions
Authors: Crucioli V. , Stilwell J.
Published: April 2006

One hundred and twenty‐nine eases of malignant melanoma seen at Bangour General Hospital over an eleven year period were reviewed clinically and histologically. In 51 patients (39.5%) there was a history of pre‐existing pigmented lesion at the site of the melanoma. In 14 cases (10.8%) histology confirmed traces of a benign melanocytic naevus. The relationships between naevus cells and malignant melanocytes are described. The patterns most frequently observed were those of intradermal nevus cells in the deeper part of an invasive melanoma and of a compound naevus undergoing malignant change in its junctional component. From these histological observations a histogenetic sequence of events is postulated. In the 37 patients with a positive history of a preceding pigmented lesion but no histological traces of a naevus, the percentage incidence of Lentigo Maligna (LM) and Superficial Spreading Melanoma (SSM), as compared with the 78 patients with a negative clinical history, was significantly higher than the incidence of nodular melanoma (NM). Although LM and SSM are thought to have separate histogenesis and aetiology, they share an important clinical and histological factor, i.e. in both, the radial growth phase is preceded by a, more or less, prolonged stage of intraepidermal horizontal growth. It is postulated that this pre‐existing lesion of atypical melanocytic proliferation rather than a hypothetical benign naevus is in most cases the precursor of an invasive melanoma.
Pigmented follicular cysts
Authors: Mehregan A. H. , Medenica M.
Published: April 2006

This report deals with seven examples of an epithelial cyst for which we have found no proper designation in the classification of epithelial skin cysts. Clinically, the lesion is often hyperpigmented, located in mid‐dermis and shows epidermoid keratinization. The cyst contains laminated keratin, many pigmented hair shafts and the cyst wall displays one or two growing hair follicles.
Sebaceous metaplasia of rat oral epithelium during chemical carcinogenesis
Authors: Fisker A. V. , Philipsen H. P.
Published: April 2006

Application of the carcinogen 4‐nitroquinoline N‐oxide (4NOO) thrice weekly to rat oral mucosa led to development of free sebaceous glands in 91% of all carcinogen‐treated animals. The palatal epithelium was the area of predilection. The entire process from the transformation of single basal cells to the formation of the multi‐alveoli sebaceous glands could be followed in detail. Solvent‐treated animals demonstrated only a few sebaceous glands in the gingiva of the maxillary first molars whereas control animals seemed devoid of these structures. It is suggested that de novo formation of free oral sebaceous glands is caused by a metaplastic process due to local irritants among which the carcinogen 4NQO seems particularly powerful. A correlation between sebaceous metaplasia and carcinogenesis could not be demonstrated.
Intranuclear tonofilament‐like filaments in skin carcinoma
Authors: Thiele B. , Mahrle G.
Published: April 2006

Electron microscopical investigations of untreated solar keratosis, squamous cell carcinoma, and Bowen carcinoma showed intranuclear bundles of intermediate filaments in suprabasal keratinocytes. We found evidence that the filaments are incorporated into the nucleus during atypical mitosis.
Cutaneous manifestations of malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis
Authors: Van Der Rhee H. J. , van Vloten W. A. , Scheffer E. , Zwartendijk J.
Published: April 2006

A rare case of cutaneous invasion of a malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis is described in a 86‐year‐old man. There was no anamnestic evidence of asbestos exposure.
Melanocyte‐lymphocyte interaction in human graft‐versus‐host disease
Authors: Claudy A. L. , Schmiit D. , Freycon F. , Boucheron S.
Published: April 2006

Pigmentary disorders in chronic human GvHD comprise reticular or diffuse hyper‐and hypopigmentation and seem to result from an interaction between lymphocytes and melanocytes. This interaction could be visualized by standard microscopy with a specific staining for melanin. The main ultrastructural findings were, in hyperpigmented areas: broad contact between melanocytes and lymphocytes, numerous and packed melanosomes, presence of cytoplasmic lipid droplets; in hypopigmented areas: disintegrating melanocytes with large intercellular spaces, small melanosomes, numerous lipid droplets, vacuolated organelles, as well as condensed and convoluted nuclei. Different hypotheses to explain the dysfunction of melanocytes are presented.