bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND EMPLOYMENT SKILLS: ROLE OF NATIONAL EDUCATION POLICY (NEP) 2020
Authors:   Ramanujan College (University of Delhi), Kalkaji, New Delhi-110019., Jeet Singh Kanwal , Gunasekaran Vembanan ,   Ramanujan College (University of Delhi), Kalkaji, New Delhi-110019.
Published: August 2023

The National Policy on Education 1968, 1986, the Plan of Action 1992 and National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 are the policies initiatives by the Government of India which governs the education system in India. These policies have striven to empower the human resources and also played an effective role in bridging social hierarchies. The paper analyses these educational policies to highlight the importance of vocational education and the various initiates promoted by the government to increase the employability and entrepreneur skills of the human resources. The National Education Policy 2020 is discussed in the paper with special focus on the vocational education at the school and higher education level. The Skill Enhancement Course introduced in University of Delhi in the academic year 2022-23 is discussed in the paper to show the endeavour of the NEP 2020 to promote and streamline vocational education with the mainstream education. The paper argues that the policy initiatives of government have continuously promoted vocational education and made various efforts to mainstream it with other academic disciplines.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE USE OF A CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETER AND A CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETER PERIPHERAL INSERTION: ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES AND RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH EACH PROCEDURE
Authors: Baia Fonseca Marcus , Tedesco Totola Leonardo , Bianchi Soares Giani , Peixoto Costa Vivian , Freire Nasser Barbosa da Silva Sangia Feucht , Almeida Carvalho Monique , Santos GuilhermeIglezia , Tiago Martins Malaquias Delio , Favareto Prezotto Elisa , Gabriel Rabello Dixini Pietro , Eduardo de Souza Macie Carlos , Beatriz Uta Ramos Ana , Leite Aragao Pereira Georgia , da Silva Regilane , Leite dos Santos Rogerio , Augusto Rochetti Bezerra Thiago
Published: August 2023

Central venous access is a frequent procedure in intensive care units. The peripherally inserted central venous catheter (PICC) is an intravenous device, made of soft and flexible material (polyurethane or carbonane). its disadvantages, and the risks associated with each procedure. Material and Methods: This article is a systematic review, based on the PRISMA methodology (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). Central Venous Catheter: Some complications result from its use, such as infection, obstruction, infiltration or extravasation, among others. Some of these events can be handled, but device removal cannot always be avoided. The peripherally inserted central venous catheter (PICC) is an intravenous device, made of soft and flexible material (polyurethane or carbonane), introduced through a superficial or deep vein of the arm, which progresses to the superior vena cava located in the thorax. In this sense, the PICC is the first choice for central venous access after umbilical catheterization, standing out over the conventional central venous catheter. Final Considerations: It is emphasized that serious complications are associated with the use of CVC and PICC, which may result in death. Therefore, correctly performing the technique of handling these devices, avoiding infections and obstructions, as well as knowing how to identify, prevent and treat possible complications, should be considered good clinical practices that contribute to a better useful life of the device and quality of life for its user.
Why non-Muslims choose Islamic banking. Extended theory of planned behavior: a moderating factor of Islamic bank knowledge
Authors: El Ashfahany Afief , Ayu Siti Mutmainah Dinda , Isman
Published: August 2023

This study aims to explore the intention of non-Muslims to become Islamic bank customers using an extended theory of planned behavior with Islamic Bank knowledge as a moderating variable. The partial least square structural equation modelling technique was employed for data and hypothesis testing. Using a probability sampling method, this analysis involved 200 non-Muslim Christians as the majority of respondents, representing the majority of non-Muslims in Indonesia. The results of this study show that attitude (ß = 5.390, p = 0.000), subjective norm (ß = 5.488, p = 0.000), and perceived behavioral control (ß = 2.104, p = 0.036) have a positive relationship with intention. Surprisingly, the relationship between Islamic Bank knowledge and intention is indirect, which is mediated through attitude. In addition, the Islamic Bank knowledge amplifies the relation between perceived behavioral control and intention. This study confirmed that Islamic Bank knowledge plays an important role in increasing intention. Thus, Islamic banks should consider educating more non-Muslims about what an Islamic bank is.
Grafit ve Poli-Tetra-Flor-Etilen Katkılı Poliamid-imid Polimer Kompozitin Tribolojik Performansına Kayma Hızının Etkisi
Authors: MASLAVİ Ahmet , ÜNAL Hüseyin , KAŞTAN Alim
Published: August 2023

Makine, gıda, tekstil ve uçak/uzay sanayi gibi endüstriyel alanlarda makine elemanı olarak, rulman kafeslerinde, keçe, conta ve dişlilerde son yıllarda çok farklı polimer ve/veya polimer esaslı kompozit malzemeler kullanılmaktadır. Bu malzemelerden birisi de grafit ve poli-tetra-flor-etilen (PTFE) katkılı poliamid-imid (PAI) polimer kompozitidir. Düşük genleşme katsayısı, yüksek mukavemet, 275 oC gibi yüksek ısıl direnç ve kimyasal direnç özellikleriyle geleneksel poliamid, polioksimetilen, poli-eter-eter-keton gibi malzemelere alternatif olabilecek özelliktedir. Bu çalışmada grafit ve poli-tetra-flor-etilen (PTFE) katkılı poliamid-imidin aşınma ve sürtünme davranışları incelenmiştir. Aşınma ve sürtünme deneyleri pim-disk test cihazında yapılmıştır. Deneyler 1.06 MPa sabit basınç altında ve dört farklı hızda (1.0, 2.0, 3.0 ve 4.0 m/s) gerçekleştirilmiştir. Deneyler sonucunda grafit ve PTFE katkılı PAI kompozitin (PAI-Grafit/PTFE) aşınma oranı, sürtünme katsayısı, pim ve çelik disk yüzey sıcaklığı tespit edilmiştir. Uygulanan hızın artırılması ile kompozitin spesifik aşınma oranı artarken sürtünme katsayısı azalmıştır. Buna ilave olarak kompozit pim ve çelik disk yüzey sıcaklıkları yaklaşık 46,8 oC sıcaklığa kadar artmıştır. Kompozitin en düşük aşınma oranı 2.69x10-15 m2/N olarak tespit edilirken en yüksek aşınma oranı 9,2x10-15 m2/N olarak belirlenmiştir. PAI esaslı kompozitin sürtünme katsayısı ise en düşük 0.31 ve en yüksek 0.36 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca kompozitin aşınma yüzeyleri incelemeleri optik ve taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM) ile incelenmiştir.
Hızlı Yiyecek Olarak Tüketilen Ürünlerin Ambalaj Malzemelerinde Ağır Metal Tayini ve Metot Validasyonu
Authors: KILIÇ Murat
Published: August 2023

Antalya ilinde hızlı yiyecek olarak tüketilen gıdaların paketlenmesi için kullanılan renkli ve renksiz plastik ile renkli kâğıt kökenli 20 adet ambalaj malzemelerinde bulunmasından şüphe duyulan ağır metallerin konsantrasyonlarının belirlenmesi için bir Perkin Elmer ICP Kütle Dedektörlü Elan DRC-e (ICP-MS) model sistem kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Uygulanan ön hazırlık ve cihaz metotlarının güvenirlik çalışmaları ile analiz sırasında karşılaşılan sorunlar ve çözümleri ele alınarak literatüre katkı sunması hedeflenmiştir. Gıda ambalajı olarak kullanılan bu materyallerin bünyelerinde barındırdıklarından şüphe duyulan As, Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu ve Ni elementlerinin konsantrasyon tayin çalışmalarında kullanılmak üzere matrikse spike yöntemi ile geri kazanım çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Ayrıca yöntem performansı doğrusallık açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Algılama ve niceleme sınırı, doğruluk, geri kazanım kesinlik verilerinin elde edilmesi ve yöntemi doğrulamak için (Enviro Mat Drinking Water) Sertifikalı Referans Maddenin (SRM) konsantrasyonu için elde edilen geri kazanım sonuçları kullanılmıştır. Şeffaf olarak kullanılan plastik ambalaj ürünlerinde boyalı olan ürünlere göre daha düşük konsantrasyonlar tespit edilmiştir. İzlenen tüm izotoplar için kalibrasyon grafikleri 0,9996'dan daha iyi bir korelasyon katsayısına sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Araştırılan tüm elementler için yöntem saptama limitleri 0.08 ve 0.15 μg/L aralığında bulunmuştur. Toplanan numuneler üç gruba ayrılarak Anova testi uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen veriler değerlendirildiğinde çalışılan numunelerin renkli olmasından çok ambalaj materyalinin daha önemli olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Numune konsantrasyonları incelendiğinde ise As ve Ni elementlerine rastlanılmamıştır. Renkli polipropilen numunelerde Cr ve Pb konsantrasyonları, renksiz numunelere göre daha yüksek konsantrasyonlarda olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Çalışılan numunelerde Cd, Cr ve Pb konsantrasyonlarının kirlilik kaynağının ürünlerde kullanılan pigmentlerin önemli bileşenler olarak eklenmesi ile ilgili olabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.
Rubik Küpün Çözümlenmesinde Hiper Grup Teori Uygulamaları
Authors: NİŞANCI TÜRKMEN Burcu , KUKUŞ Gamze Ela
Published: August 2023

Rubik küpünün çözümünün hiper gruplar yardımıyla literatürde var olan grup cebirsel yapısından farklı bir cebirsel yapıyla tasarımı sağlanmıştır. Rubik küp çözümünün stratejisinin gelişim kaydedeceği yöntem olarak genelleştirilmiş permütasyon hiper grup kavramı benimsenmiş olup; grup teoride uygulanan yöntemlerin geliştirilmesi ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Soyut cebir çalışmalarının uygulama bulması konusunda tüm dünyada yetersizlikler mevcut olmasına rağmen bu çalışma ile Rubik küpün hiper gruplar yardımıyla çözümleme esası elde edilmiş; böylece ulusal ve uluslararası akademik araştırmalara, ülkemizdeki soyut cebir alanında yürütülen çalışmaların uygulaması olması hususunda katkı sunulmuştur. Dolayısıyla Rubik küp yardımıyla literatürde var olan cebir çalışmalarının uygulamaya dönüştürülebilir olduğu kanıtlanmıştır.
Reproductive Toxicity of Nanoparticles: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Ramezani Mohammad , Giesy John P. , Sahebkar Amirhossein , Mohammadi Elaheh , Behnam Behzad , Mokhtarzadeh Ahad , Rezaee Ramin , Abiri Ardavan
Published: August 2023

The unique characteristics of nanoparticles (NPs) have captivated scientists in various fields of research. However, their safety profile has not been fully scrutinized. In this regard, the effects of NPs on the reproductive system of animals and humankind have been a matter of concern. In this article, we will review the potential reproductive toxicity of various types of NPs, including carbon nanomaterials, dendrimers, quantum dots, silica, gold, and magnetic nanoparticles, reported in the literature. We also mention some notable cases where NPs have elicited beneficial effects on the reproductive system. This review provides extensive insight into the effects of various NPs on sperm and ovum and the outcomes of their passage through blood-testis and placental barriers and accumulation in the reproductive organs.
In-silico Identification of Dexamethasone-similar Compounds Against
SARS-Cov-2 Spike Protein: A Drug Repurposing Approach
Authors: Pathak Yamini , Tripathi Vishwas , Camps Ihosvany , Qais Faizan Abul , Mishra Amaresh
Published: August 2023

To identify potential drug candidates for the treatment of COVID-19 using a computational
method. The recent pandemic of COVID-19 is observed as not less than a natural calamity of humankind
and raised serious concerns for its immediate management. The continued spread of coronavirus
disease across the globe poses a significant threat to human health. Out of this, the application of Dexamethasone
has been correlated with reduced mortality in COVID-19 cases. This study sheds new
light on the pharmacological potential of Dexamethasone and similar compounds in mitigating SARSCoV2
infection.

:

In this study, we explored Dexamethasone-similar compounds, which can modulate the binding of
SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to the host and TH17 programming in the host using a computer-aided
drug repurposing method. The docking studies indicate that Desoximetasone can bind to the spike
proteins of SARS-CoV-2, which are crucial for viral attachment and entry into host cells. By competing
with these spike proteins, Desoximetasone may interfere with the virus's ability to attach to and
enter host cells, potentially inhibiting viral replication and spread. The results from molecular dynamic
simulation analysis further support this notion by demonstrating that Desoximetasone has a strong
interaction with the binding sites of the spike protein. Experimental validation through in vitro studies
and clinical trials is needed to evaluate its potential as a treatment option for COVID-19. Together,
these findings revealed the underlying mechanism of how Desoximetasone can influence the fate of
the virus in the host and advocated its anti-viral potential.
Computing the Energy of Certain Graphs based on Vertex Status
Authors: Khurshid Asim , Salman Muhammad
Published: August 2023

Background:

The concept of Hückel molecular orbital theory is used to compute the graph energy numerically and graphically on the base of the status of a vertex.

Objective:

Our aim is to explore the graph energy of various graph families on the base of the status adjacency matrix and its Laplacian version.

Methods:

We opt for the technique of finding eigenvalues of adjacency and Laplacian matrices constructed on the base of the status of vertices.

Results:

We explore the exact status sum and Laplacian status sum energies of a complete graph, complete bipartite graph, star graphs, bistar graphs, barbell graphs and graphs of two thorny rings. We also compared the obtained results of energy numerically and graphically.

Conclusion:

In this article, we extended the study of graph spectrum and energy by introducing the new concept of the status sum adjacency matrix and the Laplacian status sum adjacency matrix of a graph. We investigated and visualized these newly defined spectrums and energies of well-known graphs, such as complete graphs, complete bi-graphs, star graphs, friendship graphs, bistar graphs, barbell graphs, and thorny graphs with 3 and 4 cycles.
Evaluating the Antidepressant-like Properties of Melatonin and Vitamin
D3 Combination in Mice Subjected to Restraint Stress: Investigating the
Involvement of Oxidative Stress
Authors: Mehrzadi Saeed , Hosseini Asieh , Hassani Shokoufeh , Azimirad Fahime , Hosseinzadeh Azam
Published: August 2023

Background:

Increased levels of oxidative stress are connected with depression. Due to the
melatonin's antioxidant effects and Vitamin D3 (Vit D3)'s regulatory effect on the biosynthesis of neurotransmitters
and neurotrophic factors, the present study investigated the possible protective effect of
melatonin and Vit D3 combination on restraint stress-induced depression-like behaviors in mice.

Methods:

After being subjected to restraint stress, mice were divided into six groups using a randomization
process. These groups included non-stressed and stressed vehicle-treated groups, as well as
groups treated with Vit D3 (25 μg/kg/day), melatonin (10 mg/kg) or fluoxetine. A group also received
a combination of both melatonin and Vit D3. The Forced Swimming Test (FST), and Open Field Test
(OFT) were conducted to evaluate behavioural changes. The Malondialdehyde (MDA) level and Catalase
(CAT), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) activity, and ADP/ATP ratio were evaluated in the hippocampus
of mice.

Results:

Restraint stress lengthened the immobility period in FST, while melatonin, Vit D3, and their
combination all significantly reversed this impact. Co-administration of melatonin and Vit D3 was
more effective than melatonin or Vit D3 administration alone at reducing immobility time. The exposure
of mice to restraint stress has been linked to an elevation in the ADP/ATP ratio and oxidative
stress in their hippocampus; however, these effects are reversed by the administration of melatonin
and Vit D3 (10 mg/kg) alone or in combination. Melatonin and Vit D3 combination increased the hippocampus
CAT activity compared with melatonin and Vit D3 alone.

Conclusion:

The current study's findings suggested that Vit D3 may enhance melatonin's potential as
an antidepressant in FST.
Sitagliptin with Piperine Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Studies in Normal and Diabetic Rabbits
Authors: Pamu Sagar , Patyar Sazal , Thakkalapally Lakshmi
Published: August 2023

Background:

Food-drug interactions caused by dietary alkaloids like piperine may significantly
impact medication metabolism and excretion. In this study, we studied piperine's effect on
sitagliptin's PD and PK.

Methods:

The research assessed the food-drug interaction in normal and diabetic rabbits to demonstrate
how piperine affects the PD and PK of sitagliptin. Piperine, sitagliptin, and sitagliptin plus piperine
treatment were administered to normal and diabetic rabbits. Blood samples were taken from the
treated rabbits at predetermined intervals on days 1, 3, 7, and 21. Plasma was extracted from the obtained
blood samples, and glucose levels were measured by the GOD-POD technique and insulin levels
by ELISA. The extracted plasma samples collected on days 1 & 21 at predetermined intervals were
exposed to HPLC analysis for estimation of PK parameters of sitagliptin. In both normal and diabetic
rabbits, statistically comparisons were done between PK/PD of sitagliptin alone and in combination
with piperine.

Results:

Piperine plus sitagliptin has no significant difference in glucose levels, percent blood glucose
reductions, and insulin levels on 0, 1, 3, 7, 14 & 21st days in normal rabbits as compared with
sitagliptin alone, and this may be because sitagliptin has no hypoglycemic effect. In diabetic rabbits,
sitagliptin plus piperine significantly reduced blood glucose levels, raised the percent blood glucose
reductions, and increased insulin levels on days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21, compared with sitagliptin alone,
demonstrating antihyperglycemic efficacy. Antihyperglycemic efficacy results indicate that sitagliptin
with piperine has an additive effect on releasing more insulin, which is considered a PD interaction. In
the PK study, sitagliptin plus piperine significantly raised the AUC0-∞, AUC0-t, AUMC0-∞, and
AUMC0-t and lowered the CL of sitagliptin compared to sitagliptin alone on days 1 and 21 in normal
and diabetic rabbits. Furthermore, the Tmax of sitagliptin did not change significantly, and the Ke, t1/2,
and MRT varied non-significantly when piperine was administered concurrently. Additionally, Vd
was also non-significantly altered in normal rabbits. This study's results suggest that piperine inhibits
the CYP3A4 metabolic enzyme and P-gp (P-glycoprotein) substrate of sitagliptin in normal and diabetic
rabbits, indicating a food-drug interaction.

Conclusion:

In normal rabbits, this study found no PD interaction. A PD interaction between piperine
and sitagliptin showed the additive effect in diabetic rabbits by showing an antihyperglycemic activity.
As per study findings, in normal and diabetic rabbits, piperine significantly increased the bioavailability
of sitagliptin. However, the anticipated clinical response in humans cannot always be predicted
from animal studies, so further research is required to evaluate drug interaction in humans.
Quality of Life of Mothers and Fathers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Jordan
Authors: Ahmed Eiman A. , Alkhaldi Sireen M. , Alduraidi Hamza , Albsoul Rania A. , Alhamdan Mohammad Z.
Published: August 2023

Background:

Parenting children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is widely identified to be associated with life-long impairment in parents’ quality of life (QoL). However, there has been little information on the QoL of parents of children with ASD in the Jordanian context.

Objective:

This study aimed to assess the QoL among mothers and fathers who have children with ASD in Jordan and to identify factors associated with it.

Methods:

In this cross-sectional study, respondents were mothers and fathers of children with ASD attending autism rehabilitation centers in Amman. Data were collected from 206 participants using a validated questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, T-test, ANOVA and logistic regression, were applied.

Results:

Overall quality of life was low (mean= 2.32). The physical dimension scored the highest (mean =2.79), and the environmental dimension scored the lowest (mean= 2.06). Results indicated that fathers and parents with low education reported significantly lower QoL scores (p = .024 and 0.001, respectively).

Conclusion:

Among parents of children with ASD, parents at risk for low QoL were recognized. Our results can be utilized to design interventions to support mothers and fathers at risk in Jordan to enhance their QoL.
Burnout among Brazilian Dentists during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Silva Juliane Kely F. , Carvalho Fernando M. , Azevedo Carolina F. , Silva Marcos Vinicius S. , Lima Arthur Igor C. , Lins-Kusterer Liliane
Published: August 2023

Background:

This article identifies the factors associated with burnout among dentists in the state of Bahia, Brazil, during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods:

A cross-sectional study, conducted between November 2020 and February 2021, of 251 dentists, selected by snowball sampling. Sociodemographic, occupational, and epidemiological information was collected in an electronic form. Burnout was evaluated through the Maslach Burnout Inventory; anxiety through the Beck Anxiety Inventory; and quality of life through the WHOQol-BREF questionnaire. Multiple linear regression was used to identify factors associated with variations in levels of the three burnout dimensions.

Results:

The mean levels of the burnout dimensions were: Emotional Exhaustion: 28.9 ± 8.9 (SD); Depersonalization = 8.2 ± 6.3; and Personal Accomplishment: 28.0 ± 6.2. The proportion of professionals with high Emotional Exhaustion (≥ 30 cut-off score), high Depersonalization (≥ 12 cut-off score), and low Personal Accomplishment (≤ 33 cut-off score) were 43.4%, 26.3% and 81.3%, respectively. Burnout components were associated with high anxiety; lower levels of the physical, psychological, social relations, and environmental dimensions of quality of life; less time working as a dentist; increased alcohol consumption during the pandemic, feeling safe when using personal protective equipment, and support from work fellows.

Conclusion:

The dentists investigated showed moderate levels of Emotional Exhaustion and Depersonalization, and very low levels of Personal Accomplishment. The prevention and mitigation of burnout syndrome among dentists during a pandemic should consider several factors, such as quality of life, amount of time in the profession, use of personal protective equipment, support from fellow dentists, and alcohol consumption.
Venetoclax Synergizes Sunitinib in Renal Cell Carcincoma through Inhibition of
Bcl-2
Authors: Tang Yuanjia , Song Tao , Gao Liangkui , Mao Fei
Published: August 2023

Aims:

More effective treatment options for patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) are needed, in particular
advanced RCC.

Background:

Sunitinib, a multitarget tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is a first-line treatment of metastatic RCC. However, the
management of sunitinib-induced adverse events and resistance is complex. In hematological malignancies, effective targeting
of anti-apoptotic proteins such as Bcl-2 has been achieved, but limited progress has been made in solid tumors.

Objective:

This work systematically investigated the therapeutic potential of the combination of sunitinib and venetoclax,
a Bcl-2 inhibitor, in preclinical RCC models.

Methods:

Quantitative analysis of drug interactions was performed. Cell viability was examined after drug treatment or
Bcl-2 siRNA depletion. RCC xenograft mouse model was applied to validate the efficacy of sunitinib and venetoclax.

Results:

A strong synergistic interaction between sunitinib and venetoclax was observed across a range of different dose
levels in all tested RCC cell lines. Sequential treatment studies show that the sequential addition of venetoclax and then
sunitinib is superior to concurrent treatment and the sequential addition of sunitinib and then venetoclax in decreasing
RCC cell viability. The sensitivity of RCC cell lines to venetoclax treatment negatively correlates with their Bcl-2
levels. Specific depletion of Bcl-2 mimics the synergistic effects of venetoclax with sunitinib. Treatment of mice implanted
with high Bcl-2-expressing RCC cells reveals that a combination of venetoclax and sunitinib at a non-toxic
dose displays complete regression of tumor growth throughout the whole duration of treatment.

Conclusion:

Our work demonstrates that inhibiting Bcl-2 by venetoclax synergistically enhances sunitinib’s efficacy in
RCC. Venetoclax holds great potential as a viable option for clinical use.
Country-"Policey": Norms in Early Modern Agrarian Societies.
Authors: Wüst Wolfgang Bernhard
Published: August 2023

The collection of sources on “good” policeyhas, so far, illustrated and interpreted the characteristics of early modernregulatory policy with territorial or urban examples. This was examined for aperiod which, as the saddle period of modernity, was responsible for setting acourse that can hardly be overestimated, according to which rights and duties,public and ecclesiastical order, social peace, honour, happiness, health andprosperity are partly derived to this day. This temporal framework remained inthis essay, but the social perspective changed. While many publications onordinances were tailored to the role of the nobility and the courts, themunicipal councillors, the imperial ecclesiastical chancelleries or theexecutive offices in the Reichskreise (Imperial Circles), the focus isnow on their social reflections. The perspective from “below” becomes moreeffective. The rural area, village cooperatives, agrarian forms of trade andaction remote from capitals and centres are the new, undoubtedly no lessinteresting focus. 
Критерии убегания электронов в газовом диоде с игольчатым катодом
Authors: Зубарев Н.М. , Зубарева О.В. , Яландин М.И.
Published: August 2023

The conditions of electron runaway in a gas diode with a cathode in the form of a needle are studied theoretically. It is shown that the runaway conditions are qualitatively different for needles with relatively large and small tip radii, i.e., in fact, for different degrees of electric field inhomogeneity. In a weakly inhomogeneous field, the transition of electrons to the runaway regime is determined by the local distribution of the field near the place of their start – the tip of the needle. In a strongly inhomogeneous field, the runaway condition has a nonlocal character: it is determined by the behavior of electrons in the near-anode region. This difference leads to a nonmonotonic dependence of the threshold runaway voltage on the tip radius.
Effects of Virtual Reality Exercises on Chronic Low Back Pain: Quasi-Experimental Study
Authors: Afzal M Waqar , Ahmad Ashfaq , Hanif Hafiz Muhammad Bilal , Chaudhary Nauman , Gilani Syed Amir
Published: August 2023

Background

Low back pain is a common health problem globally. Based on the duration of pain, it is classified as acute, subacute, or chronic low back pain. Different treatment strategies are available to reduce chronic low back pain. Virtual reality (VR) is a novel approach in back pain rehabilitation.

Objective

This study aimed to compare the effects of VR games on chronic low back pain.

Methods

This quasi-experimental study was conducted among 40 patients with chronic low back pain. The data were collected using a nonprobability, convenient sampling technique. Patients visiting the Department of Physiotherapy, Government Services Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan, were recruited and equally divided into 4 groups. Group A received the Reflex Ridge game; group B received the Body Ball game; group C combined the 2 games without back-strengthening exercises; and group D combined the 2 games with back-strengthening exercises. The participants received 8 treatment sessions, with 3 sessions/wk. The outcomes were pre- and posttest measurements of pain intensity, low back disability, and lumbar range of motion. The repeated measurement ANOVA was used for inter- and intragroup comparison, with significance at P≤.05.

Results

The study comprised a sample of 40 patients with low back pain; 12 (40%) were female and 28 (60%) were male, with a mean age of 37.85 (SD 12.15) years. The pre- and posttest mean pain scores were 7.60 (SD 1.84) and 4.20 (SD 1.62) in group A, 6.60 (SD 1.776) and 5.90 (SD 1.73) in group B, 6.90 (SD 1.73) and 5.40 (SD 1.07) in group C, and 7.10 (SD 1.53) and 3.60 (SD 0.97) in group D, respectively. The mean pain score differences of group D (combining the Reflex Ridge and Body Ball games with back-strengthening exercises) compared to groups A, B, and C were –.60 (P=.76), –2.30 (P<.001), and –1.80 (P=.03), respectively. Regarding the range of motion, the forward lumbar flexion mean differences of group D compared to groups A, B, and C were 3.80 (P=.21), 4.80 (P=.07), and 7.40 (P<.001), respectively. Similarly, the right lateral lumbar flexion mean differences of group D compared to groups A, B, and C were 2.80 (P=.04), 5.20 (P<.001), and 4.80 (P<.001), respectively. The left lateral lumbar flexion mean differences of group D compared to groups A, B, and C were 2.80 (P<.001), 4.80 (P=.02), and 2.20 (P<.001). respectively, showing significant pre- and posttreatment effects.

Conclusions

VR exercises had statistically significant effects on improving pain, low back disability, and range of motion in all groups, but the combination of Reflex Ridge and Body Ball games with back-strengthening exercises had dominant effects compared to the other groups.

Trial Registration

Iranian Registry of Clinical Trial IRCT20200330046895N1; https://en.irct.ir/trial/46916
Users’ Concerns About Endometriosis on Social Media: Sentiment Analysis and Topic Modeling Study
Authors: Goel Rahul , Modhukur Vijayachitra , Täär Katrin , Salumets Andres , Sharma Rajesh , Peters Maire
Published: August 2023

Background

Endometriosis is a debilitating and difficult-to-diagnose gynecological disease. Owing to limited information and awareness, women often rely on social media platforms as a support system to engage in discussions regarding their disease-related concerns.

Objective

This study aimed to apply computational techniques to social media posts to identify discussion topics about endometriosis and to identify themes that require more attention from health care professionals and researchers. We also aimed to explore whether, amid the challenging nature of the disease, there are themes within the endometriosis community that gather posts with positive sentiments.

Methods

We retrospectively extracted posts from the subreddits r/Endo and r/endometriosis from January 2011 to April 2022. We analyzed 45,693 Reddit posts using sentiment analysis and topic modeling–based methods in machine learning.

Results

Since 2011, the number of posts and comments has increased steadily. The posts were categorized into 11 categories, and the highest number of posts were related to either asking for information (Question); sharing the experiences (Rant/Vent); or diagnosing and treating endometriosis, especially surgery (Surgery related). Sentiment analysis revealed that 92.09% (42,077/45,693) of posts were associated with negative sentiments, only 2.3% (1053/45,693) expressed positive feelings, and there were no categories with more positive than negative posts. Topic modeling revealed 27 major topics, and the most popular topics were Surgery, Questions/Advice, Diagnosis, and Pain. The Survey/Research topic, which brought together most research-related posts, was the last in terms of posts.

Conclusions

Our study shows that posts on social media platforms can provide insights into the concerns of women with endometriosis symptoms. The analysis of the posts confirmed that women with endometriosis have to face negative emotions and pain daily. The large number of posts related to asking questions shows that women do not receive sufficient information from physicians and need community support to cope with the disease. Health care professionals should pay more attention to the symptoms and diagnosis of endometriosis, discuss these topics with patients to reduce their dissatisfaction with doctors, and contribute more to the overall well-being of women with endometriosis. Researchers should also become more involved in social media and share new science-based knowledge regarding endometriosis.
Relationship Factors in Internet-Delivered Psychological Interventions for Veterans Experiencing Postpartum Depression: Qualitative Analysis
Authors: Solness Cara L , Holdefer Paul J , Hsu Ti , Thomas Emily B K , O'Hara Michael W
Published: August 2023

Background

Internet-delivered psychological interventions (IPIs) have been shown to be effective for a variety of psychological concerns, including postpartum depression. Human-supported programs produce better adherence and larger effect sizes than unsupported programs; however, what it is about support that affects outcomes is not well understood. Therapeutic alliance is one possibility that has been found to contribute to outcomes; however, the specific mechanism is not well understood. Participant perspectives and qualitative methodology are nearly absent from the IPI alliance research and may help provide new directions.

Objective

In this study, we aimed to provide participant perspectives on engagement with an IPI for postpartum depression to help inform alliance research, development of new IPIs, and inform resource allocation.

Methods

A qualitative methodology was used to explore participant perspectives of veteran women’s engagement with the MomMoodBooster program, a human-supported internet-delivered intervention for postpartum depression. Participants were asked 4 open-ended questions with the 3-month postintervention survey, “In what ways did you find the MomMoodBooster most helpful?” “How do you think the MomMoodBooster could have been improved?” “In what ways did you find the personal coach calls to be helpful?” and “How do you think the personal coach calls could have been improved?”

Results

Data were collected from 184 participants who responded to at least 1 of the open-ended questions. These were analyzed using thematic analysis and a process of reaching a consensus among coders. The results suggest that not only the engagement with the support person is perceived as a significant contributor to participant experiences while using the MomMoodBooster content but also the relationship factors are particularly meaningful. The results provide insights into the specific qualities of the support person that were perceived as most impactful, such as warmth, empathy and genuineness, and feeling normalized and supported. In addition, the results provide insight into the specific change processes that can be targeted through support interactions, such as encouraging self-reflection and self-care and challenging negative thinking.

Conclusions

These data emphasize the importance of relationship factors between support persons and an IPI program for postpartum depression. The findings suggest that focusing on specific aspects of the alliance and the therapeutic relationship could yield fruitful directions for the training of support personnel and for future alliance-based research of internet-delivered treatments.
Mucocutaneous Manifestations Among HIV-Infected Patients in Madagascar: Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Sendrasoa Fandresena Arilala , Falimiarintsoa Volatiana Mercia , Ramarozatovo Lala Soavina , Rapelanoro Rabenja Fahafahantsoa
Published: August 2023

Background

More than 90% of HIV-infected patients present with at least one mucocutaneous manifestation during the course of their disease. Insufficient data are available regarding dermatologic findings among HIV-infected patients in Madagascar.

Objective

This study aimed at evaluating the spectrum of mucocutaneous manifestations and their relationship with CD4 cell counts in HIV-infected patients in Madagascar.

Methods

A cross-sectional study on HIV-positive patients attending the Department of Infectious Diseases in the University Hospital of Antananarivo in Madagascar was conducted from January 2013 to March 2020. HIV-positive patients older than 18 years and receiving antiretroviral therapy as well as those awaiting antiretroviral therapy commencement were included.

Results

Among 328 patients enrolled in this study, 167 (51%) presented with at least one type of mucocutaneous lesion. Oral candidiasis was the most common presentation, followed by seborrheic dermatitis and Kaposi sarcoma. Decreases in CD4 cell counts were substantially correlated with oral candidiasis, syphilis, and condyloma acuminatum.

Conclusions

According to our findings, oral candidiasis, syphilis, and condyloma acuminatum may serve as clinical indicators for predicting the immune status of patients. As HIV infection progressed and immune function declined, an increase in cutaneous manifestations was observed.
Skin-Lightening Product Use Among South Asian Americans: Cross-Sectional Survey Study
Authors: Banala Manisha , Mamidipaka Anusha , Ogunleye Temitayo
Published: August 2023

Background

Despite their potential for adverse health effects, skin-lightening products remain popular among South Asian Americans.

Objective

This study investigates attitudes toward skin tone and the prevalence and adverse effects of skin-lightening product use among South Asian Americans.

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional study, recruiting and surveying 175 women or nonbinary individuals meeting the following inclusion criteria: (1) lived in the United States, (2) identified as South Asian, and (3) were raised by parents born in South Asian countries.

Results

Of the 175 participants, 55 (31%) respondents used a skin-lightening product before. Parental pressure to use skin-lightening products and decreased time spent in the United States were significantly associated with skin-lightening product use (odds ratio [OR] 8.51, 95% CI 3.33-21.78, P<.001, and OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.52-0.96, P=.03, respectively). Although only 6 of the 55 (11%) users reported being aware of the potential side effects of skin-lightening products, 33 (60%) reported adverse effects, with acne, skin sensitivity, and dry skin being the most common. Users and nonusers equally endorsed statements associating lighter skin with increased attractiveness (P=.31), marriageability (P=.94), social status (P=.98), self-esteem (P=.73), and respect received from others (P=.74).

Conclusions

The use of skin-lightening products among South Asian Americans is common and linked to social and psychological factors. Parental pressure and cultural beauty standards may play a significant role in perpetuating this practice. This study highlights the need for educational campaigns about the potential health risks associated with skin-lightening and increased efforts to challenge harmful beauty standards.
Association of Catastrophic Health Expenditure With the Risk of Depression in Chinese Adults: Population-Based Cohort Study (Preprint)
Authors: Wang Yaping , Liang Wannian , Liu Min , Liu Jue
Published: August 2023

BACKGROUND

Depression is one of the most common mental illnesses, and it may have a lasting effect on one’s whole life. As a form of financial hardship, catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) may be associated with depression. However, current evidence about the relationship between CHE and the risk of depression is insufficient.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to explore the relationship between CHE and the risk of depression among Chinese adults.

METHODS

In this study, we used 3 waves of the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) from 2012, 2016, and 2018. The CFPS are a nationally representative study covering 25 of 31 provinces in Chinese mainland and representing nearly 94.5% of the total population. We selected eligible household heads as participants, divided them into 2 groups by CHE events at baseline (exposed group: with CHE; unexposed group: without CHE), and followed them up. Households with CHE were defined as having out-of-pocket medical expenditures exceeding 40% of the total household nonfood expenditure, and people with depression were identified by the 8-item Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). We first described the baseline characteristics and used logistical regression to estimate their effects on CHE events. Then, we used Cox proportional hazard models to estimate adjusted hazard ratios and 95% CIs of depression among participants with CHE compared with those without CHE. Finally, we analyzed the subgroup difference in the association between CHE and depression.

RESULTS

Of a total of 13,315 households, 9629 were eligible for analysis. Among them, 6824 (70.9%) were men. The mean age was 50.15 (SD 12.84) years. Only 987 (10.3%) participants had no medical insurance. The prevalence of CHE at baseline was 12.9% (1393/9629). Participants with a higher family economic level (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.15, 95% CI 1.02-1.31) and with the highest socioeconomic development level (aOR 1.18, 95% CI 1.04-1.34) had a higher prevalence of CHE than reference groups. During a median of 71 (IQR 69-72) person-months of follow-up, the depression incidence of participants with CHE (1.41 per 1000 person-months) was higher than those without CHE (0.73 per 1000 person-months). Multivariable models revealed that the adjusted hazard ratio for the incidence of depression in participants with CHE was 1.33 (95% CI 1.08-1.64), and this association appeared to be greater in participants without outpatient services (for interaction, P=.048).

CONCLUSIONS

CHE was significantly associated with increased risk of depression among Chinese adults. Concentrated work should be done to monitor CHE, and more efforts to ensure financial protection need to be made to prevent depression, especially for people with high health care needs.
Gender Affirmation–Related Information-Seeking Behaviors in a Diverse Sample of Transgender and Gender-Diverse Young Adults: Survey Study (Preprint)
Authors: Boskey Elizabeth R , Quint Meg , Xu Rena , Kremen Jessica , Estrada Carlos , Tham Regina , Kane Kaiden , Reisner Sari L
Published: August 2023

BACKGROUND

Of the 1.6 million transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) people in the United States, approximately 700,000 are youth aged 13-24 years. Many factors make it difficult for TGD young people to identify resources for support and information related to gender identity and medical transition. These range from lack of knowledge to concerns about personal safety in the setting of increased antitransgender violence and legislative limitations on transgender rights. Web-based resources may be able to address some of the barriers to finding information and support, but youth may have difficulty finding relevant content or have concerns about the quality and content of information they find on the internet.

OBJECTIVE

We aim to understand ways TGD young adults look for web-based information about gender and health.

METHODS

In August 2022, 102 young adults completed a 1-time survey including closed- and open-ended responses. Individuals were recruited through the Prolific platform. Eligibility was restricted to people between the ages of 18-25 years who identified as transgender and were residents of the United States. The initial goal was to recruit 50 White individuals and 50 individuals who identified as Black, indigenous, or people of color. In total, 102 people were eventually enrolled.

RESULTS

Young adults reported looking on the internet for information about a broad range of topics related to both medical- and social-gender affirmation. Most participants preferred to obtain information via personal stories. Participants expressed a strong preference for obtaining information from other trans people.

CONCLUSIONS

There is a need for accessible, expert-informed information for TGD youth, particularly more information generated for the transgender community by members of the community.
Relationship Factors in Internet-Delivered Psychological Interventions for Veterans Experiencing Postpartum Depression: Qualitative Analysis (Preprint)
Authors: Solness Cara L , Holdefer Paul J , Hsu Ti , Thomas Emily B K , O'Hara Michael W
Published: August 2023

BACKGROUND

Internet-delivered psychological interventions (IPIs) have been shown to be effective for a variety of psychological concerns, including postpartum depression. Human-supported programs produce better adherence and larger effect sizes than unsupported programs; however, what it is about support that affects outcomes is not well understood. Therapeutic alliance is one possibility that has been found to contribute to outcomes; however, the specific mechanism is not well understood. Participant perspectives and qualitative methodology are nearly absent from the IPI alliance research and may help provide new directions.

OBJECTIVE

In this study, we aimed to provide participant perspectives on engagement with an IPI for postpartum depression to help inform alliance research, development of new IPIs, and inform resource allocation.

METHODS

A qualitative methodology was used to explore participant perspectives of veteran women’s engagement with the MomMoodBooster program, a human-supported internet-delivered intervention for postpartum depression. Participants were asked 4 open-ended questions with the 3-month postintervention survey, “In what ways did you find the MomMoodBooster most helpful?” “How do you think the MomMoodBooster could have been improved?” “In what ways did you find the personal coach calls to be helpful?” and “How do you think the personal coach calls could have been improved?”

RESULTS

Data were collected from 184 participants who responded to at least 1 of the open-ended questions. These were analyzed using thematic analysis and a process of reaching a consensus among coders. The results suggest that not only the engagement with the support person is perceived as a significant contributor to participant experiences while using the MomMoodBooster content but also the relationship factors are particularly meaningful. The results provide insights into the specific qualities of the support person that were perceived as most impactful, such as warmth, empathy and genuineness, and feeling normalized and supported. In addition, the results provide insight into the specific change processes that can be targeted through support interactions, such as encouraging self-reflection and self-care and challenging negative thinking.

CONCLUSIONS

These data emphasize the importance of relationship factors between support persons and an IPI program for postpartum depression. The findings suggest that focusing on specific aspects of the alliance and the therapeutic relationship could yield fruitful directions for the training of support personnel and for future alliance-based research of internet-delivered treatments.

CLINICALTRIAL