bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The partition of radiated energy betweenPandSwaves
Authors: Boatwright John , Fletcher Jon B.
Published: July 2021

Seventy-three digitally recorded body waves from nine multiply recorded small earthquakes in Monticello, South Carolina, are analyzed to estimate the energy radiated in P and S waves. Assuming Qα = Qβ = 300, the body-wave spectra are corrected for attenuation in the frequency domain, and the velocity power spectra are integrated over frequency to estimate the radiated energy flux. Focal mechanisms determined for the events by fitting the observed displacement pulse areas are used to correct for the radiation patterns. Averaging the results from the nine events gives 27.3 ± 3.3 for the ratio of the S-wave energy to the P-wave energy using 0.5 〈Fi〉 as a lower bound for the radiation pattern corrections, and 23.7 ± 3.0 using no correction for the focal mechanisms. The average shift between the P-wave corner frequency and the S-wave corner frequency, 1.24 ± 0.22, gives the ratio 13.7 ± 7.3. The substantially higher values obtained from the integral technique implies that the P waves in this data set are depleted in energy relative to the S waves. Cursory inspection of the body-wave arrivals suggests that this enervation results from an anomalous site response at two of the stations. Using the ratio of the P-wave moments to the S-wave moments to correct the two integral estimates gives 16.7 and 14.4 for the ratio of the S-wave energy to the P-wave energy.
The 4 September 1981 Santa Barbara Island, California, earthquake: Interpretation of strong motion data
Authors: Anderson John G.
Published: July 2021

Seven timed strong motion accelerograms were recorded between the distances of 45 and 80 km from the Santa Barbara Island earthquake. From the accelerograms, the average estimate for ML is 6.0, compared to an average of ML = 5.5 from more distant recordings. When ML is estimated from accelerograph data using the distance correction to the ML scale proposed by Luco (1982), an average of 5.3 is obtained. This suggests that the correction slightly overcompensates in this magnitude and distance range, in which Luco lacked data, at least for this earthquake.

S-wave spectra, from three accelerograms which recorded the complete S wave, imply a seismic moment of 1.5 × 1024 dyne-cm and, by the method of Brune (1970), a source radius of 2 km and a stress drop of 90 bars. If the displacement spectrum is assumed to be approximated by two asymptotes, f0 at frequencies less than the corner frequency and f−2 at frequencies greater than the corner frequency, the level of the f−2 asymptote can be constrained by rms acceleration (Hanks, 1979). This leads to a smaller estimated source radius and a higher stress drop.

In the process of matching these spectra, an average value of Q can be inferred to be consistent with the spectra at high frequencies. This value is between 300 and 500 for the assumed spectral shapes.

One accelerograph, located on a ridge, recorded an anomalously high amplitude ringing at 2 Hz on the transverse component only. Subsurface geological structure is the most likely cause of the amplification.
Source parameters of twoML∼ 5 earthquakes near Anza, California, and a comparison with an Imperial Valley aftershock
Authors: Frankel Arthur
Published: July 2021

Strong-motion records were used to determine the seismic moments, source dimensions, and stress drops for two earthquakes near the proposed Anza seismic gap (Thatcher et al., 1975) along the San Jacinto fault: the 25 February 1980 (ML 5.5) event and the shock of 15 June 1982 (ML 4.8). Seismic moments determined for the two events were 2.5 × 1023 and 1.1 × 1023 dyne cm, respectively. The source radii were estimated from the displacement pulse widths using the source model of Madariaga (1976). Static stress drops for the 1980 and 1982 earthquakes were calculated as 110 and 100 bars, respectively. Stress drops determined from the rms accelerations using the method of Hanks and McGuire (1981) were 220 bars for the 1980 earthquake and 180 bars for the 1982 event. The long-period seismic moments for these events, derived from regional recordings of 30- to 40-sec Love waves, were a factor of two to three greater than the moments estimated from the strong-motion records.

As a comparison to the Anza events, source parameters were also determined from strong-motion records for an immediate aftershock (ML 5.0) of the 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake. The seismic moment of this aftershock was calculated as 4.2 × 1023 dyne-cm, and its static stress drop was 130 bars. Static stress drops calculated from the displacement pulse shapes for the three events studied in this paper, as well as for an aftershock of the Oroville earthquake reported by Fletcher et al. (1980), exhibit a relatively narrow range between about 100 and 180 bars. This result indicates that the stress drops of the two main shocks near Anza were not unusually high, relative to those of certain aftershocks in other tectonic settings in California.
A comparative ground response study near Los Angeles using recordings of Nevada nuclear tests and the 1971 San Fernando earthquake
Authors: Rogers A. M. , Borcherdt R. D. , Covington P. A. , Perkins D. M.
Published: July 2021

A comparative ground response study at sites in the Los Angeles region is based on the extensive strong-motion data set recorded in the 1971 San Fernando earthquake and 159 three-component recordings of distant nuclear tests in Nevada. Amplitude spectral ratios computed for the nuclear test data over those frequency bands for which there is an adequate signal-to-noise ratio provide statistically stable estimates of the local ground response related to the type of local geologic conditions. Comparison of the strong-motion data recorded from the 1971 San Fernando earthquake with that recorded at 28 of the same sites for the nuclear tests show that the corresponding amplitude spectral ratios are statistically equivalent for most sites, provided reference stations are chosen to minimize effects on the earthquake data of azimuthal source variations and crustal propagation path. Statistical equivalence of the spectral ratios for the two types of data sources suggests that amplitude spectral ratios computed with respect to the appropriate reference station provide a first-order estimate of local ground response.
Use of ray theory to calculate high-frequency radiation from earthquake sources having spatially variable rupture velocity and stress drop
Authors: Spudich Paul , Frazer L. Neil
Published: July 2021

We analyze the problem of calculating high-frequency ground motions (>1 Hz) caused by earthquakes having arbitrary spatial variations of rupture velocity and slip velocity (or stress drop) over the fault. We approximate the elastic wave Green's functions by far-field body waves, which we calculate using geometric ray theory. However, we do not make the traditional Fraunhofer approximation, so our method may be used close to large faults. The method is confined to high frequencies (greater than about 1 Hz) due to the omisson of near-field terms, and must be used at source-observer distances less than a few source depths, due to the omission of surface waves. It is easily used in laterally varying velocity structures. Assuming a simple parameterization of the slip function, the computational problem collapses to the evaluation of a series of line integrals over the fault, with one line integral per each time ti in the observer seismogram. The path of integration corresponding to observation time ti consists of only those points on the fault which radiate body waves arriving at the observer at exactly time ti. This path is an isochron of the arrival time function. An isochron velocity may be defined that depends on rupture velocity and resembles the usual directivity function. Observed ground motions are directly dependent upon this isochron velocity. Ground velocity is proportional to isochron velocity and ground acceleration is proportional to isochron acceleration in dislocation models of rupture. Ground acceleration may also be related to spatial variations of slip velocity on the fault, using the square of isochron velocity as a constant of proportionality. We show two rupture models, one with variable slip velocity and the other with variable rupture velocity, that cause the same ground acceleration at a single observer. The computational method is shown to produce reasonably accurate synthetic seismograms, compared to a method using complete Green's functions, and requires about 0.5 per cent of the computer time. It may be very effective in calculating ground motions in the frequency band 1 to 10 Hz at observers within a few source depths of large earthquakes, where most of the high-frequency motions may be caused by direct P and S waves. We suggest a possible method for inverting ground motions for both slip velocity and rupture velocity over the fault.
On strong ground motion estimates based on models of the radiated spectrum
Authors: Luco J. Enrique
Published: July 2021

Estimates for peak ground acceleration and velocity were obtained by use of the approach of Hanks and McGuire (1981) and Boore (1983) for a model of the radiated spectrum corresponding to Brune's ω−2 source model modified by an exponentially decreasing function of frequency. This modification was suggested by the work of Anderson and Hough (1984) on spectral amplitudes. For this spectral model, it was found that it is not possible to determine a value for the stress drop parameter such that agreement with data is obtained for both peak accelerations and velocities. This finding contrasts with that of Boore (1983) who found good agreement with data by introducing an artificial cut-off frequency of 15 Hz.
El incidente de nulidad de actuaciones
Authors: Rodríguez-Zapata Pérez Jorge
Published: July 2021

El objetivo de este trabajo es realizar un estudio crítico del incidente de nulidad de actuaciones establecido en el art. 241 de la Ley Orgánica del Poder Judicial y en el art. 228 de la Ley de Enjuiciamiento Civil al objeto de plantear un balance de su efectividad.
Cuarenta años de jurisprudencia constitucional en España: derecho a un recurso efectivo en relación con la declaración del estado de alarma como limitadora de derechos fundamentales
Authors: Tenorio Sánchez Pedro
Published: July 2021

El presente trabajo intenta dilucidar si el ciudadano español ha dispuesto de un recurso real y efectivo para discutir la constitucionalidad o legalidad del Real Decreto 463/2020, de 14 de marzo, por el que se declara el estado de alarma y los reales decretos de prórroga del estado de alarma decretado. La jurisprudencia del Tribunal Supremo y del Tribunal Constitucional podrían conducir a la imposibilidad de controlar jurídicamente la declaración del estado de alarma. Es una exigencia del Estado de derecho y del principio de recurso efectivo entender que, a la vista de la regulación del estado de alarma que realizaron el Real Decreto 463/2020 y los que acordaron la prórroga del mismo, la posible vulneración de derechos fundamentales de modo directo por los mencionados reales decretos hubiera sido susceptible de ser planteada en recurso de amparo ante el Tribunal Constitucional.
Effect of Annealing at High Temperatures on Microstructural Formation of 15Cr-25Ni Austenitic Stainless Steel Cast
Authors: Syahbuddin - , Parikin - , Dani Mohammad , Mustofa Salim , Insani Andon , Basuki Eddy Agus , Huang Ching An
Published: July 2021

Microstructure of 15Cr-25Ni Austenite stainless steel (ASS) cast formed at various high temperatures has been investigated in this study. The steel was synthesized from scrap materials containing Cr and Ni elements, respectively, about 15 and 25 wt.%. This steel designed to have high corrosion resistance or high-temperature oxidation is a steel candidate for evaporator materials in a waste incinerator, and their operating temperature is used for annealing temperatures in this study. The variation of annealing temperatures was carried out at temperatures of 400, 600, 800, 950, and 1078°C for a time of 30 minutes. The ASS as-cast and annealed have a similar microstructure dominated by the dendritic structure of Î³-FeNi austenite with the crystal structure of the face-centered cubic interdendritic region of a eutectic structure containing free particle zone and (Fe, Cr)7C3 island compounds. The short dendritic arm spacings for ASS after annealing at temperatures of 400, 600, and 800°C were measured to have about 61.71, 62.11, and 57.85 mm, respectively.  By contrast, the longer dendritic arm spacings were obtained after annealing at temperatures of 950 and 1078°C about 70.29 and 197.04 Î¼m, respectively.  In addition to higher micro-strains, the short dendritic arm spacings formed after annealing at 400-800° C lead in a relatively higher hardness profile, whereas the longer dendritic arm spacings obtained after annealing at 950 and 1078°C result in a low hardness profile in the ASS.
Spatial Delineation of Rice Yield and Production by the Combination of Rice Crop Modelling and Remote Sensing: A Case Study in Soc Trang Province, Vietnam
Authors: Minh Vo Quang , Quang Truong Chi , Du Thai Thanh , Hien Tran Thi
Published: July 2021

Vietnam's economy mainly depends on the growth of agricultural production. The forecasting yields to consolidate information to assure food security, monitoring, and mapping rice accurately are essential. The study is aimed to (i) delineate the rice distribution status; (ii) simulate the rice yield by using the AQUACROP model; (iii) integrate maps and rice yield to delineate the rice production extent in Soc Trang province. The method involves combining MODIS remote sensing data (MOD13Q1, MOD13A1 at 250m resolution, eight-day intervals) with the AQUACROP rice yield prediction results at 9 study sites within the area. The study delineated three primary rice cropping seasons (Winter-Spring, Spring-Autumn, Autumn-Summer), separated into eight specific rice cropping seasons, depending on the date or rice sowing/transplanting and harvesting. Besides, the difference in rice sowing time of the three main rice cropping seasons was identified and delineated. The simulated rice yield always higher observed rice yields at all seasons, from -8.65 to 22.20% in the Winter-Spring season, 5 to 28.6% in Spring-Summer season, and -1 to 49% in Summer-Autumn. The results were validated by comparing with the government statistical results, which was a very close correlation. The results suggested that we can use the MODIS satellite image for delineating rice cropping status. The rice yield and production can be simulated and delineated by the combination with the rice crop model.
Immunomodulatory Potentials of Winged Bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) Bioactive Compounds on Human Lymphocyte Proliferation
Authors: Nirbaya Arindra , Zakaria Fransiska Rungkat , Wijaya Hendra , Erniati -
Published: July 2021

Winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) has been reported to consist of many bioactive compounds that can improve the human immune system. Food preparation using heat treatment applied typically can change the bioactive properties of the bean. These studies' main aims were to analyze antioxidants activity and immunomodulatory effect of young winged bean pods and mature winged beans, boiled or canned on human lymphocytes, representing the immune system. The samples were extracted using three-stage maceration methods with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water. The extracts were cultured with lymphocyte cells using various concentrations representing normal consumption. IL-2 representing cell proliferation was analyzed using ELISA. Cell marker proteins CD4+, CD8+, CD3+, CD19, and CD16/56 were analyzed using a flowcytometer. The highest antioxidants activity was on the water extract of raw mature bean (7.2175±0.4794 mg AAE/g). The boiling process increased young winged bean anti-oxidant activity (P<0.05), but decreases the anti-oxidant activity of the mature bean (P<0.05). The highest proliferation indexes were obtained from water extracts of both boiled (2.13) and canned mature bean (2.12). Water extracts of all samples increased expressions of IL-2, CD4+, CD8+, CD3+, CD19 and CD16/56 on the cell surface. Boiled young winged bean pods have the best activity in increasing CD19 marker. Canned mature bean was effective in increasing CD16/56 expression. Boiling and canning of both young and mature winged beans can increase the immune system as shown by the immune parameter analyzed.
Comparison of JSON and XML Data Formats in Document Stored NoSql Database Replication Processes
Authors: Rianto - , Rifansyah Muhamad Arsyad , Gunawan Rohmat , Darmawan Irfan , Rahmatulloh Alam
Published: July 2021

The current trend of solutions in storing large amounts of data is using the NoSQL Database. A document stored is one type of NoSQL database that uses the JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) and eXtensible Markup Language (XML) data formats in data storage. High Availability database is significant to support cloud-based applications and services. Replication is one solution to maintain the consistency of source data and target data. This study aims to determine the performance of JSON and XML data formats in the document stored NoSQL Database replication process. In this study, ArangoDB, RethinkDB, and MongoDB were chosen for use in the trial process of replication from master-server to slave-server with two different data formats, JSON and XML. Data transfer, CPU usage, memory usage, and execution time are measured in each trial. Based on research and experiments that have been carried out, the JSON data format consumes bandwidth with an average value smaller than the XML data format; this occurs in MongoDB, CouchDB, and RethinkDB. In CPU usage, JSON data format, on average, consumes less CPU compared to the XML data format. This is the case with MongoDB. While on CouchDB and RethinkDB, the average CPU usage for XML and JSON data formats does not show a significant difference. The average memory usage for the JSON data format is smaller than the XML data format. The average execution time of the XML data format a little faster than the JSON data format.
Anaerobic Digestion of Industrial Tempeh Wastewater with Sludge from Cow Manure Biogas Digester as Inoculum: Effect of F/M Ratio on the Methane Production
Authors: Fransiscus Yunus , Simangunsong Tuani L.
Published: July 2021

Industrial tempeh wastewater contains high organic compounds that will negatively affect the water ecosystem's quality whenever discharged without proper treatments. Biological treatment, in particular, anaerobic digestion, is the potential to be an effective solution for eliminating that contaminant. Considering its advantages, especially to produce methane gas, a study to evaluate the anaerobic digestion process's performance to reduce the organic substances in industrial tempeh wastewater was conducted. Sludge from cow manure biogas digester was used as inoculum to foster an anaerobic decomposition process. Hence the particular focus was given to elaborate the effect of F/M ratio on methane production. With a practical volume of 4L each, controlled batch reactors were employed with several operational parameters (pH, COD, VFAs) to be monitored to understand the process. Results elucidated that methane production was closely related to the composition of the substrate to microorganism. The maximum methane production (8720 mL) followed by the highest organic reduction (67.7%) were found in F/M = 1.12. The measured operational parameters informed a sequence of the process involved in the complete anaerobic decomposition. Accumulation of VFAs, because of higher substrate loading, tended to hamper methanogens metabolism resulted in low methane production. In addition to that, inoculum from biogas digester of cow manure was proved to play a significant role in the anaerobic decomposition for industrial tempeh wastewater. This finding is essential for arranging an effective yet low-cost wastewater treatment for tempeh producers, which is a basis for further study.
Effect of Blanching and Drying Process on Physicochemical and Microbiological Characteristics of Dried Chili
Authors: Marwati Tri , Wanita Yeyen Prestyaning , Djaafar Titiek F. , Hatmi Retno Utami , Apriyati Erni , Indrasari Siti Dewi
Published: July 2021

Fresh red chili has a short shelf life, so it is processed into dry chili. However, the quality of dry chili may not meet the requirement of consumers. Pre-treatment (blanching) and drying can be used to maintain the quality of dried chilies. This research aims to determine the physical, chemical, and microbiological characteristics of the dried red chili with blanching and drying treatments. In this study, we compared three blanching treatments of chili (water; 0.2 % vitamin C (w/v); and 0.2% Sodium metabisulfite solution (w/v)) for 10 minutes at 90 °C, with three drying methods (sun-drying, sun-drying with plastic shade, and cabinet drying at 50-60 °C). Chili was obtained from the Panjatan sub-district, Kulon Progo district, Yogyakarta Special Region Province, Indonesia, with a 90% maturity level. We found that the yield of dried chilies was 20% in all treatments. The moisture content of all blanching and drying treatments requires the Indonesian National Standard (INS No. 01-3389-1994) for dried chili (<11%). In all blanching treatments, sun-drying with plastic shade treatment produced the highest levels of vitamin C. The highest beta-carotene content was produced by blanching with 0.2% sodium metabisulfite solution and plastic shaded sun-drying (2.24%), and the lowest Total Plate Count (TPC) was produced by cabinet drying at all blanching treatments (<10 - 4.101 CFU/g). The dried chili processing is expected to increase the shelf life and value-added of chili.
The Verification Significant Wave Height Technique in Indonesian Waters and Analysis of Low Air Pressure
Authors: Supriyadi Eko , Rahayu Sri Puji
Published: July 2021

A limited number of marine meteorological instruments for making observations in Indonesian waters are problems in verifying the BMKG-OFS model. The satellite altimetry was selected as a verification tool due to its wide measurement range. The verification was carried out by adjusting the coordinates, time, and grid of SWH obtained and orbit of the satellite path from the satellite altimetry to the model and overlaying the models' results as a pattern analysis in July 2018 - June 2019. The next step was a statistical analysis to determine the performance of the model. The analysis obtained 43% maximum SWH formed due to the low-pressure centers in the Pacific Ocean. The remaining spreads across the South China Sea, Indian Ocean, Andaman Sea and the Gulf of Australia. This study revealed that the SWH values from satellites were higher than the model. On every three hourly and monthly bases, the SWH of the bias, RMSE, and correlation coefficient were equivalent. The lowest bias of 0.26 occurred at 9.00 UTC, the lowest RMSE of 0.48 occurred at 21:00 UTC, and the maximum correlation coefficient of 0.82 occurred at 18:00 UTC. Whereas on a monthly scale, the lowest bias and RMSE, and the maximum correlation coefficient occurred in November. Based on these results, the BMKG-OFS model can be used to predict SWH in Indonesian waters. Besides, this verification technique can be an alternative as a new tool to verify maritime weather in the operational of BMKG.
Evaluations of Software Developed as Research Tools to Analyze Trends of Educational Videogames Characters
Authors: Solorzano Alcivar Nayeth I. , Sornoza Quijije Lissenia I. , Carrera Gallego Diego A.
Published: July 2021

Children's use of educational videogames is a growing at-home trend and has become a relevant classroom supporting tool in the teaching-learning process. The increased attachment to video games has hastened the creation of "learning through play" applications. The development of these applications requires the creative production of content using characters (avatars) playing distinct roles to engage people with the game. Evaluation tools need to be designed to understand and improve this engagement. This study aims to explain the design and development structure of research tools such as online personalized questionnaires and dashboard platforms used to populate data in a cloud for evaluating games' usability and avatars' preferences. The paper revises the applicability of three research tools tested to analyze five different graphic lines games series and the archetype of their designed avatars. The MIDI-AM educational videogames series for mobile applications is the case study examined. The need to evaluate the avatar preferences before or after playing the games to find correlations with the usability trends is present. Comparative results between the three designed research tools will help solve issues about different viewpoints between designers and producers concerning graphic lines used in educational games production and the correlation with game use preferences. The research is relevant for graphic designers, producers, and creative experts to develop well-informed styles and avatars for children's digital games. Also, the practicality of using the proposed research tools to analyze videogame and characters' preferences is confirmed.
The Effect of Heavy Metal Lead (Pb) on the Growth of Ammonia-Degrading Bacteria and Physical Changes of Eichhornia crassipes in Groundwater Phytoremediation
Authors: Fahruddin Fahruddin , Samawi Muhammad Farid , Tuwo Mustika , Tanjung Ramlan Efendi
Published: July 2021

Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) has been extensively used for heavy metal phytoremediation and stimulating microorganism growth in the effort to break down organic pollutants by the exudate secreted by the plant. This study aims to figure out the growth of the ammonia-degrading bacteria population and figure out the physical changes occurring in water hyacinth during the Pb phytoremediation process. The phytoremediation method was performed under the batch system with the treatments: P1 with water hyacinth for groundwater with 2 ppm of Pb; P2 with water hyacinth for groundwater with 4 ppm Pb; and P0 with no water hyacinth and Pb addition. Observations include the growth of ammonia-degrading bacteria, ammonia concentration, Pb analysis, observation of physical changes, and measurement of biomass of the water hyacinth. Results show that the nitrifying bacteria population growth rate was higher in the 2 ppm Pb treatment than in the 4 ppm Pb treatment. The implication was that there occurred a higher ammonia concentration decrease in P1 by 0.43 mg/L from the initial concentration of 1.21 mg/L. As for the water hyacinth's physical changes, a lower growth rate happened to the 4 ppm Pb treatment, resulted in lower biomass of 75.46 g in the said treatment than in the 2 ppm Pb (79.00 g). The use of water hyacinth in phytoremediation also prompted the bacterial growth to break down organic waste, but high concentrations of heavy metals will influence the growth of the aquatic plant, water hyacinth.
Development of Chemiluminescence Resonance Test System Using SiPM Front-end ASIC to Detect Na and K Ions in Urine
Authors: Chang Hojong , Choi KyungDon , Han Byunghun , Kim Hyunduk , Ko Jaeho , Cho Gyuseong
Published: July 2021

The importance of measure and control dietary salinity arises to prevent and control the disease. There are several methods to measure the dietary salinities from blood or urine. The blood test is an accurate but inconvenient method because patients need to be at hospitals and wait for a longer time. Urine can be collected at home, and the test is more convenient. A 24-hour urine test is more accurate than random urine (RU) may cause more human errors. For this reason, testing RU accuracy for application will increase the convenience of patients. A SiPM sensor system to measure Guanine-based chemiluminescence resonance test light was developed. An ASIC system was developed and packaged to a chip. A test board for the packaged chip was developed. In parallel, the layout of an ASIC chip was assembled with SiPM and tested in the dark chamber to understand the functionality. The ASIC chip was tested in various frequencies with the test board. At the target frequency, the ASIC chip achieved 870 gain, which is exceeding the goal of 100. The SiPM system was measured with an oscilloscope, and the output signal was as expected. The performance test was done at a very high frequency (100MHz) and achieved 80.5% detection compared to the original light source signal. The ASIC chip development was successful, and SiPM matched the specification of the target operation.
Preliminary Study of Ozonated Water to Preserve the Quality of Tofu: The Effect of Exposure Time and Replacement of Ozonated Water
Authors: Karamah Eva Fathul , Zahirsyah Muhammad Zaki , Najeges Rana Rezeki
Published: July 2021

Tofu is a very popular source of vegetable protein in Indonesia. However, tofu is a very perishable food type because its water content is also very high and high in protein. Ozonated water is one of many solutions to preserve the quality of tofu. Ozone is an anti-microbial agent and is already recognized as safe to be contacted with food. This research aims to see the effect of exposure time and replacement of ozonated water in preserving tofu’s quality. The quality parameters that are observed in this research are total mesophilic aerobic bacteria (TMAB), pH, and protein level. The tofu is exposed to ozonated water (0.32 mg O3/L) for 40, 80, and 120 minutes. For water replacement, tofu is exposed to ozonated water (0.32 mg O3/L) for 120 minutes, and the water replacement occurred every 40 and 60 minutes (unreplaced water is observed as well). One hundred twenty minutes exposure can disinfect 51% TMAB and suppress the rate of change in pH and protein level in tofu. Moreover, water replacement every 40 minutes can disinfect 96% TMAB and suppress the rate of change of pH and protein level. This research shows that replacing ozonated water every 40 minutes is the most effective treatment among others in preserving the quality of tofu.
Carrier RNA (cRNA) Enhances dsDNA Recovery Extracted from Small Volume Spent Embryo Culture Medium
Authors: Sundari Ayu Mulia , Iffanolida Pritta Ameilia , Mutia Kresna , Muna Naylah , Mansyur Eliza , Hestiantoro Andon , Wiweko Budi , Fauzi Muhammad , Bowolaksono Anom
Published: July 2021

Embryo spent culture medium has been intensively investigated, considering its promising feature for non-invasive bioanalytical techniques in in-vitro fertilization (IVF). Despite, isolating DNA from such samples is quite challenging due to its small volume. Carrier RNA is reported to exhibit DNA retrieval effects and commonly employed in various limited biological samples, but there are no reports regarding its benefit on embryo media. Therefore, we aim to evaluate the competence of cRNA on isolated DNA from embryo medium and analyzed its optimal volume as there are also no records respecting its ideal volume to obtain decent outcomes. Results showed that cRNA significantly increases DNA amounts in the cRNA treated group (p<0.001), but the D-4/D-5 medium yielded similar (p=0.684). Pearson test demonstrated no correlation between cRNA volume vs. total retrieved DNA (r=0.760, p=0.80), and Whole Genome Amplification (WGA) was shown to increase DNA in the treated group (p=0.022), but not in the untreated group (p=0.128). Additionally, electrophoresis successfully resulting in a thick and thin band of TH01 locus signifies the cRNA competence. In conclusion, our study suggests that cRNA addition is essential in embryo medium extraction as it increases initial DNA that crucial for downstream application. However, the optimal volume could not be determined in the current study since the initial amount of DNA in the medium is unknown. Obtained findings are expected to be a new input for subsequent research on DNA extraction.
A Comparative Survey of Coding, Multiplexing, and Equalization Techniques Used in Coherent Optical Fiber Communications
Authors: Ladrido John Martin , Trinidad Emmanuel , Molina James Agustin , Materum Lawrence
Published: July 2021

As the world advances into 5G networks, significant scientific research accomplishments are being conducted for a communication system that could further enhance the current limit of data transmission capacity. Currently, the communication systems with the highest data rate are optical fiber systems. Due to the recent advancement of coherent optical fiber communications by exploiting time, wavelength, phase, amplitude, polarization, and space, optical engineering can break the petabit barrier data rate. Thus, coherent optical fiber communications is a hot topic due to its very high data rate that could be applied or a requirement in 5G and big data analytics. This paper focuses on a comparative survey of the current applied fundamental techniques in fiber communication channels. These fundamental techniques that could be further studied and exploited to increase the bandwidth performance, decrease the error rate and energy consumption are coding, multiplexing, and equalization. At the end of this paper, a comparative result is discussed to explain the difference among the current techniques in the literature for the optical engineering community to improve collective coding, multiplexing, and equalization in coherent fiber systems.
A Conceptual Framework for Flood Impact Mitigation Through Transboundary River Management
Authors: Clegg Georgina , Haigh Richard , Amaratunga Dilanthi , Rahayu Harkunti , Karunarathna Harshinie , Septiadi Deni
Published: July 2021

It is acknowledged that for successful mitigation of flood risk there is a need for an integrated, basin-wide approach. This is particularly important in transboundary river basins that cross administrative borders where the actions of multiple stakeholders must be coordinated from source to mouth. The Ciliwung River, Indonesia, presents an example of a complex urban basin that crosses multiple administrative borders. The increasing frequency and severity of floods in the downstream capital city of Jakarta has highlighted the urgent need for more effective governance arrangements to tackle flooding. However, it is not clear what form these arrangements should take to be effective. In order to understand how transboundary river management arrangements can be improved to mitigate flood hazard impacts, it is first important to identify the nature of the existing management arrangements and how they relate and interact with the flood hazard. To do this, a conceptual framework was developed. The framework firstly outlines the flood hazard itself in terms of drivers and impacts. It then goes on to establish the associated transboundary governance and river management arrangements and seeks to identify any interdependencies. Key concepts were drawn from a review of the literature, conducted using online databases and search engines. The review included published journal and conference papers as well as reports published by organisations which were identified through online searches. The framework highlights multiple interrelated drivers of flood risk, both human and physical. There are also a range of governance issues related to capacities, coordination of institutions and fragmentation of plans and policies identified within the river basin, which need to be overcome. Due to the complexities of flood risk and river management, this conceptual framework provides much needed clarity to facilitate future research on transboundary management in relation to flood risk in urban and peri-urban river basins. It sets a framework for the development of improved transboundary management arrangements in the Ciliwung River Basin.
Remote Pressure Water Valve Control System Based on PLC
Authors: Widhiada W. , Widiyarta I. M. , Antara I.N.G. , Budiarsa I.N. , Karohika I.M.G.
Published: July 2021

Currently, valve operations use manual processes to safeguard water pressure and distribution to the Regional Water Company. Conventional systems are still used upon operations in opening and closing the valve. This method requires operators to rotate the valve by hand to maintain the distribution and water pressure's stability to the Regional Water Company. It would be more efficient if operators can maintain the distribution and water pressure stability without going to the location where the valve is located. A PLC and Android-based distribution valve remote control system design is planned to be produced from this research. Control commands are done via HMI display on Android to the PLC via PC and server to control the gearbox motor located on the valve. The pressure analysis shows that there are differences before the control system is installed. The pressure tends to be under 4 bar and is less stable. However, after the control system is installed, it tends to be more stable, between 4 bar and 4.5 bar. The data flow results show a difference in the flow before the control system is installed. The distributed flow tends to be below the number 180 l / s and is less stable. After installing the control system, the flow is more stable and increased from originally at an average of 144.4 l/s to 171.2 l/s, a difference of 26.8 l/s.
Multi-Hazard Early Warning System (MHEWS) Assessment Methodology for Schools
Authors: Jarder Samantha Louise N , Macabare Raniel Cris L , Oleivar Salvador G. , Carandang Abraham Matthew S. , Ngo Patrick Shaun N. , De Jesus Richard M. , Garciano Lessandro Estelito O. , Oreta Andres Winston C.
Published: July 2021

Schools play an important role in any community because children spend most of their time in schools for their education. Unfortunately, schools are exposed to natural hazards such as earthquakes, typhoons, and floods like other structures. However, implementing an effective Early Warning System (EWS) can help school administrators, occupants, and communities prepare against these hazards. EWS is an essential component of a disaster risk reduction management (DRRM) plan. Its purpose is to generate and disseminate timely and meaningful information of possible extreme events to administrators and eventually to the students. However, it is difficult to ascertain the quality of a school’s EWS to address any upcoming hazards. With this, the authors designed a workshop with toolkits to guide school administrators in evaluating their organizational structure within the context of DRR. The toolkits assessed the soft and hard measures of the school, particularly its DRRM and EWS. A method was developed to measure the EWS in schools based on the toolkits. A radar scoring system was used to measure the school’s key elements: Risk Knowledge, Monitoring and Warning Services, Dissemination and Communication, Response Capabilities. Indices for each element and EWS as a whole were obtained. Modes of warning and communication were ranked. In Lipa City’s case, the results showed that the schools have an average of 74.050 EWS index, meaning the EWS is of good quality but can still be improved. This method can be applied to other schools to assess their EWS.
Different Drying Duration of Corncobs Powders and Its Effects on Physical, Nutritional and Phytochemical
Authors: Haslina - , Nazir Novizar , Sampurno Adi
Published: July 2021

Corncobs are one of the agricultural wastes that have nutritional and functional content. The advantages of processing corn cobs into powder include durability, a smaller volume, and lighter weight, making it easier to pack and transport. One of the important steps in making corn cobs powder is drying to determine the durability and quality of the corn cobs powder. This study aimed to determine different drying durations of corncobs powders and their effect on physical, nutritional, and phytochemical properties as an alternative to functional food and foodstuffs. The experimental design used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), consisting of one factor with four treatments: 4;5;6;7; and 8 hours and four replications. The results showed that different drying times had significant (p<0.05) physical, nutritional, and phytochemical properties. Corncobs powder with a drying duration of 7 hours has the best physical properties (water absorption at 1.34 ml/g, solubility at 26.76%, whiteness at 66.62%, and bulk density at 0.64 g/cm3), nutritional contents (water content at 10.26%, ash content at 3.73%, protein content at 2.20%, fat content at 0.77%, carbohydrate content at 83.04%, and crude fiber at 35.77%), and phytochemical content (total phenol at 113.30 mg/100 mg, antioxidant activity at 21.28%, and tannins at 1.46 mg/L).The implication of this result can be developed as a source of nutrients and bioactive compounds to convert corncobs waste into value-added corn products.
A Comprehensive Review on Big Data-Based Potential Applications in Marine Shipping Management
Authors: Bui Viet Duc , Nguyen Hoang Phuong
Published: July 2021

Shipping is becoming a spearhead economic sector in sea countries. Over 90% of goods and raw materials are transported globally by marine shipping. However, the requests from the advanced transport ship generations include much more modern facilities, larger cargo space, faster moving, and flexible controlling cargo from inland with a shorter time. As a result, the demand for digitalization of maritime is increasing in a flexible virtual environment and under pressure to reduce costs. Big Data plays an extremely important role in marine shipping. Big Data helps determine what is traditional and non-traditional data to reap profits. Shipping companies often collect extremely large amounts of data from various sources such as frequent reports from ships, sensors, GPS devices, RFID tags, and traffic management systems. This way can boost forecasting and/or avoiding risks as well as saving the cost of transport. This article focuses on assessing the challenges and opportunities of Big data in marine shipping before comprehensively analyzing its applications in maritime transport including online vessel decision support, vessel performance optimization, fleet operation optimization, and predictive analysis. This review has gathered, provided, and highlighted the rich ways and vast opportunities to improve big data-driven shipping processes and operations of the shipping industry. The results achieved can provide a good direction for authorities and shipping companies to formulate and implement effective policies to cope with the growing pressures of a highly competitive shipping market.
UMA EXPERIÊNCIA EM SAÚDE, LÍNGUA E HUMANIZAÇÃO NO CONTATO ENTRE MÉDICOS CUBANOS E PACIENTES BRASILEIROS NA AMAZÔNIA PARAENSE
Authors: Silva Danielle Pinto , Silva Tabita Fernandes da
Published: July 2021

Este artigo traz o recorte de um estudo mais amplo da dissertação intitulada “Médicos cubanos e comunidade bragantina: notas sobre o contato linguístico espanhol/português em terras brasileiras” que teve como objetivo apresentar alguns aspectos da situação do contato linguístico que se estabeleceu entre médicos cubanos e parte da comunidade bragantina no âmbito do Programa Mais Médicos, nos anos de 2015 a 2017, no município de Bragança-PA. Neste recorte, apresentamos algumas questões de natureza linguística que emergiram desse contato linguístico nas práticas de saúde entre os médicos cubanos e pacientes bragantinos, em que ambos estavam interessados em entender e se fazerem entendidos em seus relatos verbais. Dessa forma, a pesquisa consistiu em analisar os impasses impostos pelas diferenças linguísticas dos dois grupos bem como sobre as estratégias desenvolvidas, por ambos, para atingirem os propósitos prioritários das consultas médicas no contexto em que se encontravam. Assim, os resultados evidenciaram que o esforço mútuo e a cooperação na aceitação das estratégias e esforços de tradução propostos no contexto garantiram o sucesso das interpretações dos sintomas da enfermidade e de seus diagnósticos, culminado em uma experiência integrativa entre saúde, língua e humanização na Amazônia paraense. O caminho metodológico da pesquisa constituiu-se em uma abordagem hermenêutica e, para isso, foram realizadas entrevistas, aplicação de questionários e observações, bem como foram adotados princípios teóricos das áreas Línguas em Contato Weinreich (1953) e Thomason (2001), da Sociolinguística Labov (2008) e Calvet (2004), Bortoni- Ricardo (2005) e da Tradução cultural Jakobson (1995).
SEXO É SÓ PARA QUEM PODE PAGAR: UM DIÁLOGO COM O COTIDIANO DA PROSTITUIÇÃO NO PARÁ
Authors: Figueiredo Augusto César Pinto
Published: July 2021

O presente artigo é o resultado do primeiro ano de pesquisa de campo desenvolvida para a tese de doutorado intitulada: “A história da prostituição em áreas de barragens na Amazônia: O lado sombrio do grande capital”, e das discussões gestas na disciplina “Sociobiodiversidade e trabalho”. No presente artigo abordamos diversos aspectos como perfil das profissionais do sexo, perfil dos clientes, valor dos programas, abordamos brevemente os motivos que levam essas pessoas a ingressarem no mercado do sexo. Falaremos sobre metodologia de pesquisa de campo, os desafios de fazer pesquisa de campo durante o período de pandemia, apresentamos a transcrição de diálogos que foram coletados ao longo do ano de 2020 com cerca de 50 profissionais do sexo. As perguntas inicialmente eram abertas, mas tão logo as entrevistadas se sentiam à vontade, as perguntas abertas davam espaço a narrativas de vida e trajetórias que iam do histórico familiar até o momento que as levou a “escolha” do mercado da prestação de serviços sexuais. Os dados coletados resultaram numa tabela que apresentamos as características físicas, faixa etária, os tipos de programas e os cachês médios cobrados por programa.
Desafios para a inserção de produtos orgânicos e agroecológicos na alimentação escolar em pequenos e médios municípios
Authors: Ferraz Mônia Theodoro Machado , Macedo André De Camargo , Antunes Junior Wolney Felippe , Borsatto Ricardo Serra , Souza-Esquerdo Vanilde Ferreira de
Published: July 2021

No Brasil, o direito do educando à alimentação escolar, via Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE), se trata de uma garantia constitucional. Atualmente, há um emergente ativismo alimentar que chama a atenção para a necessidade de a alimentação escolar ser elaborada a partir de produtos saudáveis, culturalmente apropriados e provenientes de sistemas produtivos mais sustentáveis. Diante disso, o nosso objetivo é identificar quais são os fatores que limitam ou fomentam a adição de produtos orgânicos e/ou agroecológicos na alimentação escolar. Esta pesquisa se trata de um estudo descritivo e exploratório, realizada em seis pequenos e médios municípios do estado de São Paulo. Utilizamos como instrumento de coleta de dados a entrevista semiestruturada, realizada com diferentes agentes envolvidos na execução do PNAE. Nossos resultados indicam que a presença de agricultores familiares, nos municípios, que já produzem alimentos orgânicos e que são capazes atender as demandas das chamadas públicas, associada à presença de nutricionistas engajados na alimentação saudável, é a principal conjuntura que favorece a inserção destes produtos na alimentação escolar. Como um possível caminho a ser trilhado para avançarmos na compreensão desta problemática, indicamos a abordagemteórico-analítica da burocracia de nível de rua (Street-Level Bureaucracy). Palavras chavesAgricultura Familiar; Compras Públicas; Orgânicos; PNAE; Burocracia de Nível de Rua.