bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BIOLOGY OF PACHYLOBIUS PICIVORUS (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) IN THE GEORGIA PIEDMONT
Authors: Franklin Rudolph T. , Taylor John W.
Published: December 2009

Pachylobius picivorus (Germar) is one of the weevils which is assuming increased importance as a pest of natural and planted pine seedlings. Brood development requires from 100 to 128 days during the summer. Weevils are long lived, with oviposition occurring at a rate of approximately 0.7 eggs per day per female for the life of the insect. There are two population peaks during the year in the Georgia Piedmont. These peaks reflect the response of the weevils to temperature and to developmental cycles.
MAJOR FACTORS IN SURVIVAL OF THE IMMATURE STAGES OF FENUSA PUSILLA IN SOUTHWESTERN QUEBEC
Authors: Cheng H. H. , LeRoux E. J.
Published: December 2009

Intensive studies on the population dynamics of the birch leaf miner, Fenusa pusilla (Lepeletier), were carried out in two stands of blue birch at the Morgan Arboretum, Macdonald College, Que., from 1964 to 1966. Life tables for nine and two generations, respectively, showed that mortality of the immature stages was lower on 3- to 5-year-old trees than on 9-year-old trees. The analysis of successive age-interval survivals in relation to generation survival revealed that predation during the late larval stages was the key factor in generation survival of the insect on the younger trees. Desiccation of the leaf during the early larval stages along with predation were key factors on the older trees.
PTEROTHORACIC MUSCULATURE OF THE ADULT MALE SPRUCE BUDWORM,CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA(LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Mitchell B. K. , Seabrook W. D.
Published: December 2009

The musculature of the pterothorax of the adult maleChoristoneura fumiferana(Clem.) is described in detail and the arrangement of muscles is shown to correspond closely to other lepidopterans. A comparison with the general plan of the alate segment is also attempted.
RECONSIDERATION OF THE METHOD TO MEASURE THE LARVAL INSTARS BY USE OF THE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF HEAD-CAPSULE WIDTHS OR LENGTHS
Authors: Kishi Yoichi
Published: December 2009

The number of molted head capsules of Pissodes nitidus is four, but the frequency distribution of the head-capsule widths and lengths of the weevil larvae do not always show four clear separations. It is necessary for more reliable determination about larval instars to count the molted head capsules in the larval gallery.
THE IMMATURE STAGES OF SCOLYTIDAE: THE GENUS CONOPHTHORUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Thomas J. B.
Published: December 2009

An anatomical description of the larval and pupal stages of the genus Conophthorus Hopkins is given and illustrated. The description is based on larvae of nine species and pupae of eight, but the strong similarity in all anatomical details suggests that the description will probably cover the remaining species. The most recent addition to the genus, C. banksianae McPherson, is referred to particularly, and the need for a complete revision of the genus is suggested.
NEMATODE OCCURRENCE IN ONTARIO EARWIGS (NEMATODA: DERMAPTERA)
Authors: Wilson W. A.
Published: December 2009

Earwig (Forficula auricularia L.) populations infested by the nematode Mermis subnigrescens Cobb were collected from the Ayton area of Ontario, Canada, in 1968 and 1969. Parasitism levels in earwigs from this area ranged from 10.9 to 63% and appeared to be a factor in population control. It is suggested that M. subnigrescens could be used to effect population reduction of earwigs by release of infested earwigs or by distribution of nematode eggs.
POPULATION DYNAMICS OF LEPTINOTARSA DECEMLINEATA (SAY) IN EASTERN ONTARIO: III. MAJOR POPULATION PROCESSES
Authors: Harcourt D. G.
Published: December 2009

An appraisal of population processes in the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), on its principal host plant showed that the insect has no natural agents that act in a manner that prevent it from overshooting its food supply. It is little affected by weather conditions or predators, and its only parasite, the tachinid Doryphorophaga doryphorae (Riley), is inversely density dependent in its action. Once the beetle has exploited its food resource, the larvae starve and the adults emigrate in quest of other hosts.The analysis of age interval survivals showed that populations are both regulated and disturbed by the principal key factor, adult migration, which is density dependent but overcompensating. A predictive model based on density relationships explained 94% of the variance in population trend.
TUBERCULATUS SPICULATUS, A NEW APHID FROM MEXICO (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Richards W. R.
Published: December 2009

Tuberculatus spiculatus is described and illustrated. It is a Quercus-infesting aphid that is known only from Mexico.
NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN APHIDS (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) FROM EASTERN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Quednau F. W.
Published: December 2009

Seven aphid species, Longistigma chantali from Fagus grandifolia, Diphyllaphis microtrema from Quercus rubra, Hoplochaitophorus heterotrichus from Quercus prinus, Calaphis leonardi from Betula populifolia, Calaphis neobetulella from Betula nigra, Monellia hispida from Carya glabra, and Iziphya mackaueri from Carex sp., are described as new. Neosymydobius quercihabitus Miller and Calaphis betulaecolens (Fitch) are redescribed.
THE SALIVARY SYRINGE OF THE LEAFHOPPER MACROSTELES FASCIFRONS (HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE) AND THE OCCURRENCE OF MYCOPLASMA-LIKE ORGANISMS IN ITS DUCTS
Authors: Raine J. , Forbes A. R.
Published: December 2009

The morphology and fine structure of the salivary syringe and its associated ducts of the six-spotted leafhopper, Macrosteles fascifrons (Stål), are described and illustrated from sections studied in the light and electron microscopes. Mycoplasma-like organisms (MLOs) were found in both the afferent and efferent ducts of the salivary syringe in insects transmitting aster yellows and in insects not transmitting the disease. The occurrence of MLOs proximal to the valve in the afferent duct proves that they were from the salivary glands and were not regurgitated from the gut or drawn in from outside the insect.
SUN POSITION AS A POSSIBLE FACTOR IN THE DISORIENTATION OF HONEY BEES (APIS MELLIFERA) (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE)
Authors: Jay S. C.
Published: December 2009

Rows of hives were arranged in squares with their entrances facing outwards (N, S, E, W) within the temperate zone (at 49°38′ N., 97°09′ W.) and within the tropical zone (at 18°00′, 76°45′ W.). Bees tended to move southward along east and west facing rows in the temperate zone during July and August but not in the tropical zone during the time when the path of the sun passed through the zenith at midday (2 August 1969). Bees, in rows facing north or south, showed a greater tendency to move westward in the tropical than in the temperate zone. It is suggested that sun position may influence this movement of bees.
ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING BY NEMERITIS CANESCENS (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE)
Authors: Arthur A. P.
Published: December 2009

Females of Nemeritis canescens (Grav.) were conditioned to associate the odour of geraniol with the presence of hosts. Females conditioned for 10 days retained the conditioned response for 6 days. Associative learning in N. canescens, an oligophagous parasite, is less strong than in Itoplectis conquisitor (Say), a polyphagous parasite. This finding may reveal a general difference between oligophagous and polyphagous parasites.
TEMPERATURE TOLERANCE OF PRONYMPHS AND PUPAE OF THE LARCH SAWFLY,PRISTIPHORA ERICHSONII(HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE)
Authors: Heron R. J.
Published: December 2009

The effects of temperature on survival during postdiapause development of the pre-imaginal stages of the larch sawfly,Pristiphora erichsonii(Hartig), were investigated in the laboratory using Manitoba material. Pronymph mortality increased progressively between 10° and 30 °C. Developmental arrest occurred in pronymphs exposed to 35 °C for periods up to 10 days prior to their transfer to 15 °C for completion of development. Pupae were more tolerant of high temperatures than were pronymphs.The results are discussed in relation to the possible physiological mechanism involved and the ecological implications for survival in the field.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF DIORYCTRIA (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) FROM INDIA
Authors: Mutuura Akira
Published: December 2009

Dioryctria assamensis boring in shoots of Pinus khasya (labeled P. insularis) in Shillong, Assam, and Dioryctria raoi boring in shoots of Pinus roxburghii and Pinus sp. in north India are described as new species.
ON THE TYPE OF AGRIA, WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW NEARCTIC SPECIES (DIPTERA: SARCOPHAGIDAE)
Authors: Shewell G. E.
Published: December 2009

The history of Agria Robineau-Desvoidy (1830) and its relationship to Pseudosarcophaga Kramer (1908) are briefly reviewed. The original descriptions of Musca affinis Fallen 1817 (type of Pseudosarcophaga) and of the closely related Musca latifrons Fallén and Musca ruralis Fallén, are analyzed by comparison with each other and with authentic material, and the results of this analysis are applied to the original descriptions of Desvoidy’s species of Agria in an attempt to identify the type, Agria punctata R.-D., in the absence of a type specimen. It is concluded that Agria punctata has been identified correctly with Musca affinis and incorrectly with Musca latifrons.Agria affinis (Fall.) is replaced in the Nearctic Region by a sibling species, Agria housei n. sp., described herein. The relationship of Agria and related genera with the rest of the Sarcophaga complex is summarized with reference to the main literature sources.
THE "PHENOLOGICAL DATE" AS AN INDICATOR OF THE FLIGHT PERIOD OF NOCTUID MOTHS
Authors: Hardwick D. F.
Published: December 2009

Climatic factors which may control the time of occurrence of seasonal phenomena are discussed, and in particular the role of temperature in initiating periodic cycles in animals in continental North America. The seasonal flight periods of nine species of noctuid moths at two localities in western North America are considered in terms of the lengths of the summer season at these localities. Among the species discussed, those that are in flight prior to midsummer fly earlier, and those that are in flight after midsummer fly later, in the area with a long summer than in the area with a short summer. A factor termed the "phenological date," which is based on the number of days above 42°F in a given area, is proposed as a measure of seasonal development. The factors of photoperiod and temperature that may have a controlling influence on periodic events are discussed. Variance analysis suggests that the phenological date has greater predictive value in estimating the periods of flight of the species considered than have the other factors.
PHYSICAL AND BIOTIC FACTORS AFFECTING EUXOA SPECIES ABUNDANCE IN WESTERN NORTH AMERICA: A REGRESSION ANALYSIS
Authors: Hardwick D. F. , Lefkovitch L. P.
Published: December 2009

In an attempt to evaluate the importance of physical and biotic factors affecting the distribution of species of the cutworm genus Euxoa, a multivariate regression analysis, as based on a light-trapping survey in western North America, has been conducted. The possible contributory factors have been grouped into four major categories relating to geography, habitat, period of flight, and sample size. Sample size is a composite value reflecting both suitability of habitat and suitability of weather conditions at the time the sample was taken. Geographic factors considered were latitude, altitude, and longitude; habitat factors were mean annual temperature, mean July temperature, mean January temperature, mean annual rainfall and plantform; factors relating to period of flight were calendar date, mean temperature on date of sample, photoperiod, and the phenological date. Except for photoperiod, the variables listed were considered in a quadratic as well as a natural function in the regression analysis. With the number of species of Euxoa as the dependent variable and the factors listed above as the independent variables a total reduction of 76.0% in the residual variance was obtained. When only four variables, sample size, mean annual temperature, mean annual rainfall, and phenological date were employed in a similar regression analysis, however, a reduction of 68.7% in the residual variance was obtained. On the basis of present evidence, it appears that temperature and rainfall are primary factors governing the abundance of species of Euxoa in a given habitat.
NOTES ON GENERAL MORPHOLOGY AND TERMINOLOGY OF THE CHIRONOMIDAE (DIPTERA)
Authors: Saether Ole A.
Published: December 2009

Some morphological terms and characters of Chironomidae are discussed. The proposed terminology of the head chaetotaxy is more in accordance with that of other Diptera. The term flagellomere is preferred instead of flagellar segment. The morphology and terminology of tentorium, cibarial pump, maxillary palp, ocelli, and thorax including humeral pit are given special attention. Suggested terminology for the male hypopygium is as follows:gonocoxiteandgonostylusfor the major genital claspers,volsellae(consisting ofclaspetteandendomere) for the appendices,phallapodeme,sternapodeme, andcoxapodemefor the endoskeleton andaedeagal lobefor the "Dritte Spange". The term seta is preferred to such terms as hair, bristle, etc. It is suggested that in the larvae the name premandible be retained for the moment. There seems to be strong evidence for applying the termmentuminstead of "hypostomial plate", "hypochilum", or "labial plate". The mentum seems to consist of two plates for which the termsventromentumanddorsomentumare proposed. The "paralabial plates" are parts of the ventromentum and can be termedventromental plates. A more correct name for the "glossa" seems to beligula.
BIOSYSTEMATICS OF THE TINGID PARASITE HOLDAWAYELLA IN ONTARIO (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE, EUPHORINAE)
Authors: Loan C. C. , Gerber G. H. , Reid D. G.
Published: December 2009

Holdawayella juglandis Loan, a new species, and some aspects of the anatomy of the final-instar larva of the only other known species of this genus, H. tingiphaga Loan, are described. Host records and field data are reported for both species for Ontario. Though the adults of the two species are very similar morphologically, H. juglandis lacks parthenogenesis, is restricted to the tingid Corythucha juglandis Fitch that breeds only on species of Juglans L., and has specific phenological characteristics. In both species, the head sclerites of the final-instar larva are typically euphorine, and the abdomen bears 3 unpaired, medial, teat-like appendages on segments 5, 6, and 7 whose function is unknown and which do not seem to have homologues in other insect larvae. Both species are single-brooded, lay their eggs in late-instar nymphs and possibly also teneral adults of Corythucha, overwinter as first-instar larvae in adults of these tingids, and complete their endoparasitic and cocoon development in about 90 days during the following spring and summer so that adults of H. tingiphaga begin to emerge from the soil about mid-July and those of H. juglandis about 8 days later. New host records for H. tingiphaga are C. coryli O. & D., C. heidmanni Drake, and C. ulmi O. & D.
A SAMPLING DESIGN FOR THE EGG AND FIRST INSTAR LARVAL POPULATIONS OF THE WESTERN PINE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS BREVICOMIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Dudley Cornell O.
Published: December 2009

The distributions of attack, gallery length, eggs, and first instar larvae of an endemic population of the western pine beetle in ponderosa pine are described.

Mean gallery length (GL) and larval (L) densities of mature populations are significantly correlated with attack (A) density. The associations are adequately described by the simple linear regressions

The ratios E/GL and L/GL are stable over a wide range of gallery length densities and consequently egg-gallery length and larval-gallery length correlations are highly significant. The regression equations are

All four equations predict values within 10% of observed values.An 88 cm2 sampling unit is satisfactory for sampling either egg or first instar larval populations. Taking four paired sampling units, evenly spaced along the infested bole, from each of four trees per generation, provided a sampling precision of 15%. Increasing the number of paired units to 10 and the number of trees sampled per generation to 9 improved the precision to 10%. If the trees are sampled before oviposition is complete, the number of sampled trees per generation should be increased by 1 for each level of precision.
PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS IN THE FORCIPOMYIINAE (DIPTERA: CERATOPOGONIDAE)
Authors: Chan K. L. , LeRoux E. J.
Published: December 2009

The phylogenetic relationships between species groups and subgenera in the Forcipomyiinae are presented for the first time, from a consideration primarily of male genitalic structures and comparative morphology of all stages. A dendrogram showing the phylogenetic relationships within the subfamily and a figure showing the evolutionary trends in claspette development in the subfamily are given.The genitalia of Atrichopogon are considered as plesiomorphic and the genus a possible living prototype of all Ceratopogonidae.
XYSTICUS ARCHAEOPALPUS (ARACHNIDA: THOMISIDAE), A NEW SPECIES OF CRAB SPIDER FROM PLIOCENE SEDIMENTS IN WESTERN ALASKA
Authors: Leech Robin , Matthews John V.
Published: December 2009

The palpus of a fossil crab spider, Xysticus archaeopalpus new species, is described. It was found in peat beds of the Lava Camp Mine near Deering, Alaska. This species belongs in the loculpes group, and is closely related to the extant species, Xysticus britcheri Gertsch. The peats are overlaid by basalt dating 5.7 million years old by the K/Ar method. Regional and local paleo-environmental conditions, based on evidence provided by plant and insect fossils, are discussed.
A MICROENVIRONMENT CABINET FOR TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES
Authors: Timbers G. E. , Hocking R. P. , Batth S. S.
Published: December 2009

A small microenvironment cabinet was constructed to facilitate studies on the influence of temperature, humidity, and light on the efficacy of chemical pesticides. The semi-jacketed system operated in the ranges of 4°–36 °C, 20–90% relative humidity, and 0–180 ft-c.
AN ELECTRICAL CAUTERIZER FOR INSECT LARVAE
Authors: Syme Paul D. , Bodley C. L.
Published: December 2009

When Rhyacionia buoliana larvae were confined with adults of the parasite Hyssopus thymus in gelatin capsules, the larvae regurgitated on the parasites and/or chewed out of the capsules. Instructions for constructing and using an electrical device for cauterizing the mouthparts of the larvae and a suction accessory for holding them are given.
SEQUENTIAL EGG-BAND SAMPLING AND PROBABILITY METHODS OF PREDICTING DEFOLIATION BY MALACOSOMA DISSTRIA (LASIOCAMPIDAE: LEPIDOPTERA)
Authors: Shepherd R. F. , Brown C. E.
Published: December 2009

A sequential egg-band sampling system for predicting defoliation of aspen by the forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria Hbn.) is described and its accuracy assessed. A probability method of predicting defoliation from the stage of the outbreak in each local area is also established. A third method, which promises to be the most accurate and consistent, is proposed. In this last system, egg-mass density is established and related to defoliation levels which are adjusted depending upon age of outbreak.
GENETIC INSECT CONTROL METHODS INVOLVING THE RELEASE OF RELATIVELY FEW LABORATORY-REARED INSECTS
Authors: Wehrhahn C. F. , Klassen W.
Published: December 2009

Several genetic insect control methods are currently available, but they are practicable only when population densities are low.In this paper we describe ways of increasing the frequencies of dominant conditional lethal genes in populations. The proposed methods should be particularly valuable for the eradication of major agricultural pests controlled at present by frequent applications of insecticide.Eradication of boll weevil populations could be accomplished by the release of relatively small numbers of artificially reared insects. The number required can be less than it is for other proposed methods by a factor of 100 or more¡¡
THE TRACHEAL SYSTEM OF THE LARVAE OF HYPODERMA (DIPTERA: OESTRIDAE) LINEATUM AND H. BOVIS
Authors: Murray V. I. E.
Published: December 2009

The tracheal system of all three larval instars of Hypoderma is metapneustic. The arrangement generally resembles that in the Cyclorrhapha except for reduction of the dorsal anastomoses, lateral, longitudinal, and spiracular tracheae and the apparent absence of ventral cervical tracheae. The transverse connectives consist mainly of secondary and tertiary branches, but the dorsal anastomoses have only secondary branches, if any. The transverse connectives extend to the ventral and lateral somatic musculature and to the alimentary canal. The dorsal anastomoses supply mainly the heart and dorsal somatic musculature.
UNDERSTORY VEGETATION ASSOCIATED WITH SARATOGA SPITTLEBUG DAMAGE IN MICHIGAN RED PINE PLANTATIONS
Authors: Kennedy Patrick C. , Wilson Louis F.
Published: December 2009

The amount of sweet-fern was significantly related to the degree of Saratoga spittlebug adult injury to red pine on study plots in Lower Michigan. Other host plants supporting spittlebugs must be extremely abundant before populations increase enough to cause heavy injury. A spittlebug risk-rating device is presented that specifies hazard in a red pine stand by plotting per cent sweet-fern against per cent other suitable hosts.
ON CAPRIC ACID AND POTASSIUM CAPRICATE AS MOSQUITO LARVICIDES IN LABORATORY AND FIELD
Authors: Maw M. G. , House H. L.
Published: December 2009

For 100% mortality, concentrations of potassium capricate, 0.0009 to 0.005 M, are very effective insecticides against Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus), particularly larvae, in the laboratory (23.00° ± 0.1 °C) within 1 to 5 days. And likewise potassium capricate, 0.001 to 0.002 M, and variously applied capric acid per se are effective against native mosquitoes in water pools in the field (5°–16 °C). With dosage–mortality tests of potassium capricate in the laboratory, larval mortality in A. aegypti was directly dependent on concentration, time, and age, tolerance increasing with age of the larvae. Although pupae seemed little affected, about 60% of the adults formed died during eclosion in 0.003 to 0.005 M mostly within 3 days. Admittedly these substances kill fish, crustaceans, and other insects, but in the field, treated pools soon regained living inhabitants. Some evidence shows that capric acid may be the least liable to endanger fish. Advantageous properties of these long-recognized insecticides include that both kill mosquitoes, both are easily biodegraded to harmless simple components, and both are readily metabolized by mammals.
INSECT PESTS OF CARROTS IN ORGANIC SOILS OF SOUTHWESTERN QUEBEC WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE CARROT WEEVIL, LISTRONOTUS OREGONENSIS (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Perron J. P.
Published: December 2009

A survey of the insect pests of carrots was conducted in the organic soils of southwestern Quebec with a view to establishing the presence of the carrot weevil, Listronotus oregonensis (Lec.), in this province as well as to confirm the importance of other pests damaging carrot crops. Four different methods were used to capture adults, and the root sampling method was used for establishing larval populations.The carrot weevil was captured by light trap for the first time in Quebec on 1 June 1967, but was neither recognized nor identified until June 1970 when a few specimens were obtained again by light trap set at Ste. Clotilde and by colour traps placed in the experimental fields used for the survey in 1970. Damage caused by this new pest on carrots ranged from 2.0% to 22.0% root injuries throughout the carrot growing areas of the organic soil regions of Sherrington, St. Michel, and Ste. Clotilde representing several thousands of acres. The carrot rust fly, Psila rosae (F.), was the only other carrot pest captured, but has been found to be of no importance in these areas.
FIVE UNUSUAL GENERA OF NEW WORLD SCARABAEIDAE (COLEOPTERA)
Authors: Howden H. F.
Published: December 2009

Five genera, Annegialia new genus, Bdelyropsis Pereira, Vulcano, and Martinez, Callosides new genus, Fossocarus Howden, and Scarabaeinus Silvestri, are discussed. Four are monotypic, Annegialia ataeniformis n. sp. from the western United States, Callosides campbelli n. sp. from Colombia, Fossocarus creoleorum Howden from the southern United States, and Scarabaeinus termitophilus Silvestri from Brazil. In the last two genera, the male of Fossocarus is described for the first time, and in Scarabaeinus information on the range and host is given. A second species of Bdelyropsis, newtoni n. sp., is described from Veracruz, Mexico, and a brief discussion of B. bowditchi (Paulian) is included.
AN APPRAISAL OF INDIGENOUS ANTS AS LIMITING AGENTS OF FOREST PESTS IN QUEBEC
Authors: Finnegan R. J.
Published: December 2009

Criteria is presented for selecting ant species as predators of insect pests, and a comparison is made between species occurring in Quebec and central Europe. In conclusion it is stated that none of the ants found in Quebec are promising as control agents against forest pests.
ASSOCIATION OF DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) WITH BLUE STAIN FUNGI AND YEASTS DURING BROOD DEVELOPMENT IN LODGEPOLE PINE
Authors: Whitney H. S.
Published: December 2009

The physical association between Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk. and its associated blue stain fungi Ceratocystis montia Rumb. and Europhium clavigerum Robinson and Davidson and the yeasts Pichia pini (Holst) Phaff, Hansenula capsulata Wickerham, and H. holstii Wickerham is described in single broods reared in bolts of lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm. Eggs just prior to hatch and first-instar larvae were always in contact with the microorganisms whereas newly laid eggs, second-, third-, and fourth-instar larvae were not. During pupation, blue stain fungi and yeasts colonized pupal chamber walls. Transfer of these microorganisms to the new generation of insects was ensured when tenerals contacted the microorganisms lining the pupal chamber. Ensured physical contact between these organisms supports the hypothesis of a symbiosis between them.
AN INDIAN AGRIOTYPUS (HYMENOPTERA: AGRIOTYPIDAE)
Authors: Mason W. R. M.
Published: December 2009

A striking new species, Agriotypus himalensis, is described from Assam (India) at 7200 ft in the Himalayas. The family Agriotypidae is maintained as distinct because of the structure of the adult abdomen and larval head.
REVISION OF THE CHIGGER-LIKE LARVAE OF THE GENERANEOTROMBIDIUMLEONARDI ANDMONUNGUISWHARTON, WITH A REDEFINITION OF THE SUBFAMILY NEOTROMBIDIINAE FEIDER IN THE TROMBIDIIDAE (ACARINA: PROSTIGMATA)
Authors: Lindquist E. E. , Vercammen-Grandjean P. H.
Published: December 2009

The trombidiid subfamily Neotrombidiinae Feider is re-established and redefined, based primarily on larval characters but also on adult characters. It is closely related to the trombidiid Trombellinae on the one hand and to the Leeuwenhoekidae on the other. It consists of two genera, namelyMonunguisWharton, which is monobasic and known only from the larva, andNeotrombidiumLeonardi, with 13 described species of which 7 are known from the larva and 8 from the adult (the larva and adult of 2 species are correlated by rearings).The history of the family-level placement of this group, and the controversy over whether or not to recognize two genera, are reviewed. The characters that justify the separate recognition ofMonunguisandNeotrombidiumare enumerated.The larva of each of the following species of Neotrombidiinae is described, illustrated and keyed:Monunguis streblidaWharton from the Caribbean area,Neotrombidium barringunenseHirst from Australia,N.tricuspidumBorland from North America,N.tenuipes(Womersley) from Malaya,N.samsinaki(Daniel) new combination from central Europe,N.anuroporumnew species from Central America,N.bengalensenew species from India, andN.tenebrionenew species from eastern North America. Six other species of this group, known only from the adult, are listed separately but are not treated taxonomically here.The larvae of Neotrombidiinae parasitize adult insects: those ofMonunguisare hyperparasites on streblid flies whereas those ofNeotrombidiumare ectoparasites of cerambycid, clerid, elaterid, and tenebrionid beetles that pass part of their life history under the bark of trees.In the Microtrombidiinae,CamerotrombidiumThor is noted as the valid replacement name for the preoccupiedOttoniaKramer.
SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT OF ATTACKS BY THE MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE), ON LODGEPOLE PINE: APPENDIX: STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE "HOLE-PAIRS" EXPERIMENT
Authors: Safranyik L. , Vithayasai C.
Published: December 2009

Evidence is given in support of the hypothesis that the spatial arrangement of attacks by the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk.) on its host, lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.), is largely determined by the pattern of bark niches suitable for attack initiation. Density of attack sites and bark thickness are important in determining the attack-harbouring potential of the bark and in determining the upper limit of attacks, thus, the potential area available for attack on the bark surface of lodgepole pine trees. At fixed levels on the clear bole of naturally infested trees, attack pattern tends to be regular owing to the regular spatial pattern of suitable attack sites. The regularity of the attack pattern is disturbed by the presence of an attack-density gradient around the stem circumference. The vertical attack-density gradient over the host is well described in terms of a relation between attack density and bark thickness. This relation is asymptotic and rests on the assumption that the density of bark niches suitable for attack initiation approaches an upper limit with increasing bark thickness on lodgepole pine trees.
THE IDENTITY OF SOME HOLARCTIC AND OLD WORLD SPECIES OF SPHAEROPHORIA (DIPTERA: SYRPHIDAE)
Authors: Vockeroth J. R.
Published: December 2009

Notes are given on type material of 25 nominal species either referable to the genus Sphaerophoria or described in that genus and referable to the genus Ischiodon. Lectotypes are designated for 15 of these species. New synonymy is indicated for 13 nominal species on the basis of examination of type material and for three other nominal species on the basis of published figures of male terminalia of type material. One species frequently referred to the genus Sphaerophoria is transferred to the genus Allograpta.
HISTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF THE NEUROSECRETORY CELLS IN THE ADULT BRAIN OFTRIPHAENA PRONUBA(LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Hinks C. F.
Published: December 2009

Four major categories of neurosecretory cells (A, B, C, D) were distinguished in the brain ofTriphaena pronubaL. by staining sections with paraldehyde fuchsin and counterstains. These comprised nine types of cells, seven of which were recognizable for analysis of their secretory products. Histochemical tests indicate that the lepidopteron brain has a multiplicity of neurosecretory cells, each type producing chemically different secretions.
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF THE ALFALFA WEEVIL HYPERA POSTICA (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) IN NEW YORK
Authors: Richardson R. Larry , Nelson Dean E. , York Alan C. , Gyrisco George G.
Published: December 2009

Two hymenopterous parasites Bathyplectes curculionis (Thomson) and Tetrastichus incertus (Ratzeburg) parasitized 16.5% of their principal host the alfalfa weevil Hypera postica (Gyllenhal) in 1970. A total of 2703 parasites was reared and released in localities where their activity was reported low or non-existent prior to this study. Maximum parasitism by T. incertus and B. curculionis occurred later than periods of peak weevil larvae activity; however, T. incertus emerged earlier in several areas possibly as a natural adjustment of its life cycle, and B. curculionis persisted in multiple non-diapausing generations until late fall. The braconid parasite Microtonus aethiops (Nees) shows promise in becoming a very effective control agent through its ability to prevent weevil oviposition now that it is rapidly dispersing throughout New York. Having parasites established statewide through both releases and natural dispersal has lowered weevil populations below critical levels, and will increase parasite effectiveness in dealing with future alfalfa weevil generations.
A NEW SOLDIER FLY FROM CANADIAN AMBER (DIPTERA: STRATIOMYIDAE)
Authors: Teskey H. J.
Published: December 2009

Cretaceogaster pygmaeus n. gen., n. sp. found in Canadian amber of Upper Cretaceous age from Cedar Lake, Man., is described and assigned to the subfamily Pachygastrinae of the Stratiomyidae. This is the first pre-tertiary record of this family.
THE APPLICATION OF SPLIT-SCREEN TELEVISION RECORDING AND ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT TO THE STUDY OF FEEDING IN A BLOOD-SUCKING INSECT (RHODNIUS PROLIXUS)
Authors: Smith J. J. B. , Friend W. G.
Published: December 2009

A method is described for observing, photographing, and video-taping the mouthparts ofRhodnius prolixusStal., a blood-feeding insect, as it feeds on an artificial diet. This method was combined with another for recording the electrical resistance between the haemolymph of a feeding insect and its diet. By using a split-screen television technique simultaneous recordings were made of the changes in electrical resistance and feeding events such as mouthpart movements, salivation, and ingestion. Slow speed and stop-frame playback allowed accurate analysis and correlation of rapid events. The techniques described could be applied to many other types of investigation.
HOST SELECTION BY THE FIR ENGRAVER, SCOLYTUS VENTRALIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE): PRELIMINARY FIELD STUDIES
Authors: Ferrell George T.
Published: December 2009

Daily emergence of Scolytus ventralis Lec. from infested white fir bolts was highest in early afternoon (1200–1600 hours, P.D.S.T.) and limited to periods when air temperature exceeded 21 °C. More females than males emerged each day; the ratio in the total emergence was 1.9:1 and as high as 2.8:1 on warmest days. Flight occurred from mid-July to mid-September, with peak flight in mid-August. The intensity of flight activity was positively associated with varying temperatures above 24 °C (threshold).Visitation rates on lower boles of white firs were 10 times higher than those on Jeffrey pines. Two to three times as many beetles were trapped near girdled or severed white firs as about uninjured firs. Severed trees under attack by S. ventralis attracted three to seven times as many beetles as uninjured firs. When attack density reached 10 to 13 mines per sq. ft, the large number of beetles attracted in flight did not initiate mines in the trees already attacked but attacked surrounding host trees. Sex ratios of beetles trapped at experimental and control trees did not differ from that at emergence.
STUDIES OF PHYSIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE ARTHROPOD SECRETIONS: IX. MORPHOLOGY AND HISTOLOGY OF THE PHEROMONE-PRODUCING GLANDS OF SOME FEMALE LEPIDOPTERA
Authors: Percy J. E. , Weatherston J.
Published: December 2009

The morphology and histology of the sex pheromone-producing gland in the females ofChoristoneura fumiferana(Clemens),C.pinus(Freeman) (Tortricidae), andMalacosoma disstria(Hubner) (Lasiocampidae) is reported. A review of the literature relevant to such a study is presented in tabular form.
STUDIES OF PHYSIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE ARTHROPOD SECRETIONS: X. SEX PHEROMONE OF THE EASTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Weatherston J. , Roelofs W. , Comeau A. , Sanders C. J.
Published: December 2009

The sex pheromone of the female eastern spruce budworm was identified as trans-11-tetradecenal by a combination of electroantennogram techniques, laboratory bioassays, and chemical analysis. Subsequent field trapping showed that this compound is a potent attractant for both male Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) and C. occidentalis Free, thus supporting its identification as a sex pheromone of the eastern spruce budworm and suggesting that it is also a major component in the pheromone system of C. occidentalis.
THIOTEPA AS AN EFFECTIVE AGENT FOR MASS STERILIZING THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Retnakaran Arthur
Published: December 2009

Topical application of thiotepa on the adult male spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens, at a concentration of 10 μg/insect resulted in 100% sterility. Unlike metepa, thiotepa did not have any apparent adverse effects on the competency of the sperms. Large numbers of male moths can be sterilized by allowing them to walk for 30 min on filter paper treated with a 2.5% solution of thiotepa in a 3:1 mixture of acetone and diffusion pump oil.
REVISION OF THE TRIBE QUEDIINI OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE). SUPPLEMENTUM
Authors: Smetana Aleš
Published: December 2009

The following new taxa of Quediini (Staphylinidae) are described: Heterothops arizonicus spec. nov. (Arizona), H. aeneiventris spec. nov. (Huachuca Mts. in Arizona), H. marmotae spec. nov. (Ontario), Quedius leechi neomexicanus subsp. nov. (Sacramento Mts. and Sierra Blanca in New Mexico), and Q. leechi chiricahuensis subsp. nov. (Chiricahua Mts. in Arizona).
THE INTRODUCED AMAUROBIIDAE OF NORTH AMERICA, ANDCALLOBIUS HOKKAIDON. SP. FROM JAPAN (ARACHNIDA: ARANEIDA)
Authors: Leech Robin
Published: December 2009

Four species of the spider family Amaurobiidae introduced to North America are described and figured. They areIxeuticus martius(Simon),Metaltella simoni(Keyserling),Amaurobius similis(Blackwall), andAmaurobius ferox(Walckenaer).Callobius hokkaidon. sp. from Japan is described and figured.
FACTORS AFFECTING DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES OF IPS SPP. BARK BEETLES IN VIRGINIA (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Berisford C. W. , Kulman H. M. , Pienkowski R. L. , Heikkenen H. J.
Published: December 2009

Eighteen new host records were established among 12 species of parasites and 4 species of Ips beetles. Large numbers of Ips spp. and their associates were secured by mass rearing in specially constructed rearing drums. Confirmation of parasitism was accomplished by individual rearing of parasites in gelatin capsules from Ips larvae and pupae taken from logs. Some parasites were typically associated with a particular tree host, but it was not determined if it was due to tree host, Ips host, or the physiographic province. Parasitism was highest in the upper bole, especially in loblolly pine, but no correlation with bark thickness was established. The density of Ips attack and the time during which Ips infestations were maintained at one location also did not appear to affect the rate of parasitism. Parasitism was highest in the overwintering broods of Ips.
THE INFLUENCE OF SOME FUNGI IN FLOUR, AND HUMIDITY ON THE SURVIVAL AND DEVELOPMENT OF CRYPTOLESTES TURCICUS (COLEOPTERA: CUCUJIDAE)
Authors: Chang S. S. , Loschiavo S. R.
Published: December 2009

The flour mill insect, Cyrptolestes turcicus (Grouvelle), was reared on seven diets at 28 ± 1 °C and at relative humidities of 90% and 60% as follows: flour from a mill previously infested with C. turcicus, commercial flour sterilized with propylene oxide, unenriched commercial flour, and four laboratory-prepared diets each containing a different concentration of fungi isolated from the previously-infested flour.

At 90% relative humidity, larvae developed fastest on the infested flour and on the prepared flour–fungi diets, and slowest in sterilized flour. Fungal concentration and rate of larval development were inversely correlated. The highest survival of larvae occurred on the flour–fungi diets and the highest mortality on the flour from the infested mill. There was no clear relationship between rate of pupal development and concentration of fungus. Of the prepared diets, that with the largest concentration of fungus promoted the fastest rate of pupal development. Survival of pupae was about 20% higher on the flour–fungi diets than on the sterilized flour. At 60% relative humidity about 50% of larvae and pupae survived and completed development on the flour–fungi diet containing 1% by weight of fungi, and on the flour from the infested mill but none survived on any of the other diets. Sixty per cent of larvae and 83% of pupae survived and developed on the flour from the infested mill. None of the larvae survived on any of the other diets.
WINTER SURVIVAL OF THE RYE JOINTWORM, HARMOLITA SECALE (HYMENOPTERA: EURYTOMIDAE)
Authors: Salt R. W.
Published: December 2009

Winter survival of the rye jointworm depends upon the intensity and duration of subzero temperatures, depth of snow cover, and the height at which the larvae hibernate in the stem.
THE DIEL DRIFT OF CHIRONOMIDAE IN AN ARTIFICIAL STREAM AND ITS RELATION TO THE DIET OF COHO SALMON FRY, ONCORHYNCHUS KISUTCH (WAULBAUM)
Authors: Mundie J. H.
Published: December 2009

The diel pattern of drifting adults, pupae, pupal exuviae, and larvae of Chironomidae in a stream was established. Emergence was trimodal for the common species (Cricotopus sp. and Psectrocladius sp.), and larval drift-rates increased almost two-fold in darkness. The concurrent diel consumption of Chironomidae by coho fry was examined. The fish appeared not to make use of the peak drift-rates of larvae. Closest temporal correspondence between drift and diet was shown by adults. Forage ratios demonstrated greater consumption of chironomids than would be expected from their proportions in the drift. The order of acceptance was pupae, adults, larvae, and exuviae. High degree of utilization of an item is attributed to flotation and visibility. The major determinants of how much food is taken from the stream are identified as: marginal residence of the fish, the occupation by the fish of slow-water feeding stations, and the visibility of food items.
THE TEMPORAL PROGRAMMING OF DEVELOPMENT IN THE INTERTIDAL CHIRONOMID CLUNIO MARINUS (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE)
Authors: Neumann Dietrich
Published: December 2009

The emergence times of most European Clunio populations are correlated with certain conditions of low tide and time of day which occur together only every 15 days. This temporal programming of development is determined by the combination of two different endogenous rhythms: a semilunar rhythm which controls the beginning of pupation and a circadian rhythm which controls the diurnal emergence time. The paper summarizes the known characteristics of these two physiological clocks and their adaptation to different tidal and photoperiodic conditions in the field.
ECOLOGY OF LARVAE OF CHIRONOMUS TENTANS (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE) IN SALINE LAKES IN CENTRAL BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Topping Milton S.
Published: December 2009

The occurrence and abundance of larvae of Chironomus tentans Fabricius in saline lakes in central British Columbia were studied with respect to: (1) physico-chemical properties of the lakes, (2) physical composition of the bottom muds, (3) food availability, and (4) co-occurrence with other species of chironomids. The study was done to determine the ranges of environmental conditions to which the larvae are adapted and to identify specific environmental factors which might be of particular significance to natural selection. Abundance was significantly correlated with the amount of food available; the numbers of individuals of other Chironomus present; the percentage of mud particles in the 0.59–0.83 mm range; pH; conductivity; and the concentrations of potassium, magnesium, chloride, sulfate, and dissolved oxygen. In general, occurrence was affected by the same factors which affect abundance. Additionally, larvae did not occur when hydrogen sulfide was greater than 0.3 p.p.m. The ecological data are particularly relevant since they provide a basis for studying the evolutionary significance of ecological adaptation in C. tentans.
THE OCCURRENCE OF CHARACTERISTIC DEFORMITIES IN THE CHIRONOMID LARVAE OF SEVERAL CANADIAN LAKES
Authors: Hamilton Andrew L. , Saether Ole A.
Published: December 2009

Severely deformed chironomid larvae have been collected in Lake Erie and two lakes in the Okanagan valley of British Columbia. Deformed larvae had very aberrant mouthparts and the head capsules were usually heavily pigmented. In most cases both the head capsule and body wall were many times thicker than in normal specimens. These deformities are apparently caused by pollutants and it is speculated that agricultural and/or industrial chemicals may be responsible.
MALE AND FEMALE HETEROGAMETY IN POPULATIONS OF CHIRONOMUS TENTANS (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE)
Authors: Thompson Peter E.
Published: December 2009

Populations of Chironomus tentans from Iowa and Wisconsin show consistent polymorphisms for inversion sequences of chromosome 1 which are associated with sex. Male larvae from Iowa populations are invariably heterozygous for a sequence of the left arm which is never present in females. In a Wisconsin population, however, females are consistently heterozygous for a dominant sex factor, female determiner (Fd), linked to but not inseparable from an inversion sequence of the right arm. Two primary loci for sex determination appear to have evolved different dominance relations in these races.
A CONSPECTUS OF THE MACROPELOPIINI AND PENTANEURINI (TANYPODINAE: CHIRONOMIDAE) OF AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA
Authors: Harrison A. D.
Published: December 2009

This preliminary report on a revision of the Tanypodinae of Africa south of the Sahara is based mainly on the collection of imagines in the British Museum (Natural History). It has been possible to re-examine most known species, in addition to studying new species, and to classify them according to the scheme proposed by E. J. Fittkau. Most species fit into his genera but a few new ones will have to be erected. The distribution of species is discussed.
THE CHIRONOMIDAE (DIPTERA) OF THE PHILIP L. BOYD DEEP CANYON DESERT RESEARCH CENTER, RIVERSIDE CO., CALIFORNIA
Authors: Frommer Saul I. , Sublette James E.
Published: December 2009

Collections of chironomids have been made in Deep Canyon, a part of the Colorado Desert in Southern California, since 1963. Of the 73 species collected 40 were species new to science. These will be described in later publications. Adults emerged during all months of the year with maximum number of species occurring in June. The fauna is dominated by the Orthocladiinae with 34 species with the Chironominae a close second with 26 species. Of those subfamilies known from North America only the Diamesinae was not represented.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION OF CERTAIN TAXONOMIC CHARACTERS IN NATURAL POPULATIONS OF TANYTARSUS HEUSDENSIS (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE) IN FINLAND
Authors: Rosenberg Tellervo
Published: December 2009

The variation in several morphological characters of adults and pupal exuviae of Tanytarsus heusdensis Goetgh. sensu auctorum (Tanytarsus usmaënsis Pagast according to Reiss, pers. comm.) in populations from some lakes and from brackish water in Finland was studied in order to check the homogeneity of the material. Significant differences were found in LRI, wing length, AR, and LRIII of males. In pupal exuviae the number of hairs on the anal lobes shows considerable variation in both sexes, and the average length of the spine comb on dorsal tergites III–VI differs in different populations. Nevertheless, from mathematical analysis of the data it is concluded that the differences observed do not indicate the existence of more than one species in the material studied.