bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early Prediction of Cerebral Computed Tomography under Intelligent Segmentation Algorithm Combined with Serological Indexes for Hematoma Enlargement after Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Xu Wenting , Tang Weizhou , Wu Liangqun , Jiang Qianzhu , Tian Qiyuan , Wang Ce , Lu Lina , Kong Ying
Published: June 2022

The aim of this study was to explore the application value of brain computed tomography (CT) images under intelligent segmentation algorithm and serological indexes in the early prediction of hematoma enlargement in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Fuzzy

C

-means (FCM) intelligence segmentation algorithm was introduced, and 150 patients with early ICH were selected as the research objects. Patient cerebral CT images were intelligently segmented to assess the diagnostic value of this algorithm. According to different hematoma volumes during CT examination, patients were divided into observation group (hematoma enlargement occurred,

n
=
48

) and control group (no hematoma enlargement occurred,

n
=
102

). The predicative value of hematoma enlargement after ICH was investigated by assessing CT image quality and measuring intracerebral edema, hematoma volume, and serological indicators of the patients of the two groups. The results demonstrated that the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of CT images processed by intelligence segmentation algorithm amounted to 0.894, 0.898, and 0.930, respectively. Besides, early edema enlargement and hematoma of patients in the observation group were more significant than those of patients in the control group. Relative edema volume was 0.912, which was apparently lower than that in the control group (1.017) (

P
<
0.05

). In terms of CT signs of ICH patients, the incidence of blend sign, low density sign, and stroke of the observation group was evidently higher than those of the control group (

P
<
0.05

). Besides, absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) and hemoglobin (HGB) concentration of the patients in the observation group were

6.23
×
109

/L and

6.29
×
109

/L, respectively, both of which were higher than those of the control group (

6.08
×
109

/L and

4.25
×
109

/L). Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was

0.99
×
109

/L, which was apparently lower than that in the control group (

1.43
×
109

/L) (

P
<
0.05

). To sum up, cerebral CT images processed by FCM algorithm showed good diagnostic effect on ICH and high clinical values in the early prediction of hematoma among ICH patients.
Inducing Silver Nanoparticles on Supramolecular Functionalized Boron Nitride Nanosheets for Photocatalytic Removal of Reactive Blue Dyes
Authors: Muhabie Adem Ali , Muhammed Beshir Legas , Seid Mohammed Hussen , Cheng Chih-Chia
Published: June 2022

A new hybrid nanomaterial has been developed by inducing catalytic silver nanoparticle on supramolecular BN nanosheets using supramolecular polymer as hybrid coordinator for photocatalytic removal of reactive blue dye (RB 221) from aqueous solution. In this study, adenine‐bifunctionalized polypropylene glycol diacrylate (APPG) polymer was used for exfoliation and modification of BNNSs to decorate Ag nanoparticles that are prepared by sonication‐assisted liquid phase exfoliation techniques. The synthesized materials are systematically characterized by various techniques such as FT‐IR, UV‐visible spectroscopy, Raman, FE‐SEM, and HR‐TEM. The layered structure of supramolecular polymer was observed over the exfoliated few layered BNNSs (2.0 to 3.5 nm). HR‐TEM show that the silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were successfully decorated on supramolecular functionalized BN nanosheets. The significance of functionalization is that the adenine moieties induce the high amount of Ag NPs through Ag/adenine moiety coordination, thereby increasing the effectiveness of catalyst towards removal of RB 221 dye. The RB 221 dye removal efficiency of new synthesized nanomaterials such as BN/APPG/Ag (1 : 2.5), BN/APPG/Ag (1 : 1), APPG/Ag, and BN/Ag were 84.60 ± 1.26%, 70.13 ± 0.034, 65.60 ± 0.052, and 35.0 ± 0.45%, respectively. The photocatalytic dye degradation performance of catalyst increases with high amount of supramolecular polymer in the composites. Reusability of analysis revealed that regenerated BN/APPG/Ag catalyst could be tested in at least three consecutive cycles in which proving efficiency removal of the RB 221 was found to be 83.7 ± 0.8, 63.8 ± 0.51, and 54.60 ± 0.78% after the first, second, and third cycles of reuse, respectively. In addition, the absorption peaks of the RB 221 in solutions undergo upshifts relative to the free dye indicating the reduction of RB 221 dye for only BNNSs containing composite catalysts. Overall, the findings of this work are promising and therefore propose that BN/APPG/Ag could be applicable for the removal of dyes repeatedly for wastewater treatment in environment as result of their reusability and versatility.
Interval Oscillation Theorems for the Weighted
p
-Sub-Laplacian Equation in the Heisenberg Group
Authors: Wu Duan , Niu Pengcheng
Published: June 2022

In this paper, we derive a Riccati-type inequality in the Heisenberg group

H

n

. Based on it, some oscillation criteria are established for the weighted

p

-sub-Laplacian equations in

H

n

. Our results generalize the oscillation theorems for

p

-sub-Laplacian equations in

R

n

to ones in

H

n

.
Changing Positive Academic Emotions of Art Students Utilizing Computer Information Technology Based on the Perspective of Teaching
Authors: Sun Yihong
Published: June 2022

This study is aimed at exploring the influencing factors on the altering academic mood of art students. With the assistance of computer information technology, the survey utilizing a questionnaire is conducted to explore the influence of different coping styles on the academic moods of art students when the influence of demographic variables is under consideration. It is concluded that the condition of being the only child of art students has a positive and high arousal emotional score of 80.93, which is significantly higher than that of not being an only-child art student of 78.61. Art students are more inclined to take a positive coping style. The scores of negative and high arousal academic emotions are found to be 79.3, 80, and 96.83, respectively, when the grade changes from 1 through 3. The general trend is that the scores of negative and high arousal academic emotions increase when grades go up. Art students experience more negative academic emotions than positive academic emotions when the general characteristics of art students’ academic emotions are under consideration. Because females are more sensitive and delicate, they experience more negative academic emotions. Besides, while a positive coping style can positively predict art students’ positive academic mood, a negative coping style can positively estimate the negative academic mood. It is concluded that the outcomes could provide a reference for the prediction of academic mood changes in art students.
Smart Transportation in Developing Countries: An Internet-of-Things-Based Conceptual Framework for Traffic Control
Authors: Farman Haleem , Khan Zahid , Jan Bilal , Boulila Wadii , Habib Shabana , Koubaa Anis
Published: June 2022

In recent years, an exponential increase has been witnessed in the population of the urban area worldwide, causing a significant increase in the use of transportation services. The traditional transportation system in metropolitan cities is overwhelmed, leading to many challenges. The Internet-of-Things- (IoT-) based technology has the potential to optimize transportation services in several ways. This paper highlights the challenges and consequences of an existing transportation system in Peshawar, Pakistan, in response to the rapid growth in population. Apart from the common issues, some areas in Peshawar are highly vulnerable to massive traffic jams. For this purpose, we have proposed an IoT-based framework for busy traffic junctions. The proposed framework considers the route selection problem as a game of two players, where Nash Equilibrium (NE) sets traffic for each route so that no individual can improve its performance by changing its strategy. NE calculates the traffic density from a roadside unit (RSU) collected data, which later detects and avoids traffic congestion by an alternate route selection. The framework in this paper provides a platform for the academia and transport department to convert the existing transportation system to IoT-based intelligent transportation in Peshawar, Pakistan.
Sports Facilities Investment Based on Multi-objective Optimization and Attribute Decision-Making
Authors: Guo Dahai
Published: June 2022

With the development of the social spiritual civilization, people pay more and more attention to physical health. The construction of sports facilities is an important way to improve the national physical quality, which helps to promote the national exercise. So, the demands of sports facilities around the world are in the climax. The blind and crazy expansion of sports facilities can alleviate people’s demand for physical exercise to a certain extent, but there are also risks of environmental damage and economic waste. At present, there is still a lack of scientific guiding theory for the investment decision-making of sports design. In order to improve the quality and efficiency of the sports facility’s construction, its investment decision-making research was combed. According to the requirements, construction goal, and the restriction of the sports facility’s construction, the method of multi-objective optimization and attribute decision was studied and adopted to provide guidance for sports facilities investment decisions-making in this article. And sports facilities construction plan in a given area was taken as a study example to verify the effectiveness of the results studied in this paper. The results showed that the application of multi-objective optimization and attribute decision-making methods to guide the investment and construction of sports facilities can improve its economy and reduce environmental pollution.
Monte Carlo Noise Reduction Algorithm Based on Deep Neural Network in Efficient Indoor Scene Rendering System
Authors: Chen Xiwen , Shen Jianfei
Published: June 2022

Because of its flexibility and universality, Monte Carlo integral has become the preferred algorithm of most realistic image synthesis. However, the quality of rendered images is often affected by the estimated variance, which is mainly reflected in image noise visually. To reduce the variance, Monte Carlo rendering systems often require extensive sampling, which also causes a lot of time spent trying to render noiseless images. For this problem, we propose a Monte Carlo noise reduction algorithm based on deep neural networks and apply it to the efficient rendering of an indoor scene. The algorithm can reduce noise in real time. In order to solve the gradient disappearance problem of deep convolutional neural network, the residual structure of the network is added to the original convolutional network. The proposed algorithm can achieve better noise reduction quality in the real-time guarantee.
Optimization of Fuel Cell Stack Consistency Based on Multi-Model
Authors: Zeng Yijin , Huang Jian , Wang Zhiliang , Li Junxiong , Yi Yahui
Published: June 2022

With the proposal of cloud computing, fog computing, and edge computing, various simulation operations are greatly guaranteed, which benefits the multi-model operations of Matlab and CFD. This paper established the 1-D flow network model and 12 cm ∗ 8 cm 3-steady-state PEMFC model. Based on the experiment, the intake flow distribution of the cathode anode of 80 cells is simulated to obtain the maximum and minimum intake flow cell. The 3-D and steady-state single-cell model is used to calculate the cell’s performance, and the performance difference between the two cells is improved by optimizing the size structure of the single cell. The results show that the best version of the cell was obtained when the values of the width and depth were 1.1  mm and 0.8  mm, and the power density difference between the two cells decreased from 5.7% to 2.1%. The voltage difference at 1000 mA·cm−2 current density decreases from 0.065 to 0.035 V after optimization. The intake flow extreme difference of the reactor improved significantly, and

C

v

was reduced by 48.7%.
Chemical Synthesis Data Modeling Based on Mathematical Optimization
Authors: Wang Tianyou , Lin Yongtai , Liang Yinglan , Yang Tao , Li Yuhan
Published: June 2022

As one of the most important high value-added raw materials in the chemical industry, the synthesis of C4 Olefin by ethanol coupling was of great significance in the field of the chemical industry. Different catalysts and various conditions have different effects on the chemical reaction. This paper is based on the relevant data set. Firstly, Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficient method and corresponding hypothesis test are used to get the influence of different catalysts on the chemical reaction. Ethanol conversion and C4 Olefin selectivity are positively correlated with temperature. Secondly, a multivariate linear regression model with significant core variables is constructed to investigate the effects of catalyst combination and temperature on ethanol conversion and C4 Olefin selectivity. It can be concluded that the ethanol concentration is greatly affected by temperature and CO loading, and there is a positive and negative correlation between ethanol concentration and CO loading. The selectivity of C4 Olefin is affected by temperature and is positively correlated with the charge ratio of CO/SiO2 and HAP. Finally, by using a multiple regression equation and simulated annealing model, it can be obtained that when the loading of CO is 4.75 wt%, the loading ratio of CO/SiO2 and HAP is 1 : 1.4242, the concentration of ethanol is 0.3658 ml/min, and the temperature is 448.21°C, the loading ratio of CO/SiO2 and HAP is 1 : 1.4242, the concentration of ethanol is 0.3658 ml/min, and the temperature is 448.21°C, the yield of C4 Olefin can reach a higher value.
Construction and Validation of a Necroptosis-Related Gene Signature for Predicting Prognosis and Tumor Microenvironment of Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Ding Cheng , Yu ZhangPing , Zhu JiQiao , Li XianLiang , Dai MengHua , QiangHe
Published: June 2022

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is notorious for its parallel morbidity and mortality rates. Recently, necroptosis, a form of programmed cell necrosis, has gained popularity for its role in tumorigenesis and metastasis. In this study, we explored the expression of necroptosis-related genes in PC and normal pancreatic tissues and identified 52 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The Cox regression analysis was applied to construct the prognostic risk model, which divided patients into high- and low-risk groups. PC patients in the low-risk group showed a significantly better overall survival (OS) than those in the high-risk group. We further validated the prognostic role in ICGC cohort. Further, Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), and tumor microenvironment (TME) analysis were used to explore the underlying mechanisms. Notably, based on the gene signature, we revealed that the risk score was strongly related to the sensitivity of chemotherapy. In conclusion, necroptosis-related genes serve as an important immune mediator, and the risk model could be used to predict the survival and to guide the development of precision drugs for patients with PC.
Proliferation of the Fallopian Tube Fimbriae and Cortical Inclusion Cysts: Effects of the Menstrual Cycle and the Levonorgestrel Intrauterine Contraceptive System
Authors: Park Kay J. , Broach Vance , Chi Dennis S. , Linkov Irina , Stanczyk Frank Z. , Patel Prusha , Jotwani Anjali , Pearce Celeste Leigh , Pike Malcolm C. , Kauff Noah D.
Published: June 2022

Background:

The objectives of this study were (i) to explore whether differences in cell proliferation may help explain why most high-grade serous ovarian cancers (HGSOC) arise in the fallopian tube fimbriae (FTF) rather than in ovarian cortical inclusion cysts (CIC); (ii) to compare premenopausal and postmenopausal FTF proliferation as a reason why the age incidence of HGSOC increases at a slower rate after menopause; and (iii) to compare FTF proliferation in cycling women and women using the levonorgestrel intrauterine contraceptive system (Lng-IUS) to see whether proliferation on the Lng-IUS was lower.

Methods

We studied 60 women undergoing a salpingo-oophorectomy. We used Ki67, paired-box gene 8 (PAX8, Müllerian marker), and calretinin (mesothelial marker) to study FTF and CIC proliferation.

Results:

FTF Ki67%+ was greater in the follicular than in the luteal phase (4.9% vs. 1.5%; P = 0.003); postmenopausal Ki67%+ was 1.7%. Ki67%+ in PAX8 negative (PAX8−) CICs was extremely low. Proliferation in PAX8+ CICs did not vary by menstrual phase or menopausal status. Follicular Ki67%+ was 2.6-fold higher in FTF than PAX8+ CICs. FTF Ki67%+ from 10 women using the Lng-IUS was not lower than in cycling women.

Conclusions:

Overall FTF Ki67%+ is greater than overall CIC Ki67%+. Overall FTF Ki67%+ in postmenopausal women is lower than in premenopausal women. The Lng-IUS is not associated with lower FTF Ki67%+.

Impact:

Ki67%+ provides an explanation of the preponderance of FTF-derived HGSOCs, and of the slower increase of HGSOCs after menopause. The Lng-IUS may not be associated with a protective effect against HGSOCs.
Depletion of Mannose Receptor–Positive Tumor-associated Macrophages via a Peptide-targeted Star-shaped Polyglutamate Inhibits Breast Cancer Progression in Mice
Authors: Lepland Anni , Malfanti Alessio , Haljasorg Uku , Asciutto Eliana K. , Pickholz Monica , Bringas Mauro , Đorđević Snežana , Salumäe Liis , Peterson Pärt , Teesalu Tambet , Vicent María J. , Scodeller Pablo
Published: June 2022

Although many studies have explored the depletion of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) as a therapeutic strategy for solid tumors, currently available compounds suffer from poor efficacy and dose-limiting side effects. Here, we developed a novel TAM-depleting agent (“OximUNO”) that specifically targets CD206+ TAMs and demonstrated efficacy in a triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) mouse model. OximUNO comprises a star-shaped polyglutamate (St-PGA) decorated with the CD206-targeting peptide mUNO that carries the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin (DOX). In the TNBC model, a fluorescently labeled mUNO-decorated St-PGA homed to CD206+ TAMs within primary lesions and metastases. OximUNO exhibited no acute liver or kidney toxicity in vivo. Treatment with OximUNO reduced the progression of primary tumor lesions and pulmonary metastases, significantly diminished the number of CD206+ TAMs and increased the CD8/FOXP3 expression ratio (indicating immunomodulation). Our findings suggest the potential benefit of OximUNO as a TAM-depleting agent for TNBC treatment. Importantly, our studies also represent a novel design of a peptide-targeted St-PGA as a targeted therapeutic nanoconjugate.

Significance:

A peptide-targeted nanoformulation of DOX exclusively eliminates mannose receptor+ TAMs in breast cancer models, generating response without off-target effects (a drawback of many TAM-depleting agents under clinical study).
Delving into the Genetic Causes of Language Impairment in a Case of Partial Deletion of NRXN1
Authors: Benítez-Burraco Antonio , Jiménez-Romero M. Salud , Fernández-Urquiza Maite
Published: June 2022

Introduction: Copy-number variations (CNVs) impacting on small DNA stretches and associated with language deficits provide a unique window to the role played by specific genes in language function. Methods: We report in detail on the cognitive, language, and genetic features of a girl bearing a small deletion (0.186 Mb) in the 2p16.3 region, arr[hg19] 2p16.3(50761778_50947729)×1, affecting exons 3–7 of NRXN1, a neurexin-coding gene previously related to schizophrenia, autism (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), mood disorder, and intellectual disability (ID). Results: The proband exhibits many of the features commonly found in subjects with deletions of NRXN1, like ASD-like traits (including ritualized behaviors, disordered sensory aspects, social disturbances, and impaired theory of mind), ADHD symptoms, moderate ID, and impaired speech and language. Regarding this latter aspect, we observed altered speech production, underdeveloped phonological awareness, minimal syntax, serious shortage of active vocabulary, impaired receptive language, and inappropriate pragmatic behavior (including lack of metapragmatic awareness and communicative use of gaze). Microarray analyses point to the dysregulation of several genes important for language function in the girl compared to her healthy parents. Discussion: Although some basic cognitive deficit – such as the impairment of executive function – might contribute to the language problems exhibited by the proband, molecular evidence suggests that they might result, to a great extent, from the abnormal expression of genes directly related to language.
An Unexpected Cause of Severe Hypertension and Bradycardia: The Role of Hemodynamic Assessment by Echocardiography
Authors: Myrmel Gard M.S. , Ali Abukar , Lunde Torbjørn , Mancia Giuseppe , Saeed Sahrai
Published: June 2022

Severe hypertension has numerous etiologies. When accompanied by bradycardia, the spectrum of differential diagnoses is greatly narrowed and is commonly seen in patients with increased intracranial pressure. However, other etiologies such as bradycardia-induced hypertension are rarely mentioned. Here we report the case of a 73-year-old woman presenting with symptoms of heart failure, severe hypertension, and bradycardia with a 2:1 atrioventricular block. Echocardiography demonstrated increased left ventricular filling secondary to bradycardia and prolonged diastole, leading to greater ventricular stretch, increased contractile force and greater stroke volume (Frank-Starling mechanism), which subsequently caused elevated systolic blood pressure (BP), low diastolic BP and a wide pulse pressure. Treating the bradycardia by pacing led to an immediate and substantial BP reduction, although complete BP normalization had a slower time course and was probably due to the concomitant effect of the antihypertensive treatment initiation. This pathophysiological mechanism has received little attention in the literature. Further, stimulation of sympathetic afferents located in the heart by distension of the cardiac walls as well as the role of vagally innervated cardiopulmonary receptors due to the increased pressure in the heart and the pulmonary artery should also be kept in mind as alternative hypotheses.
Effects of Menstrual Cycle on Various Morphologies of High-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions in SurePath™ Liquid-Based Cervical Cytology
Authors: Okodo Mitsuaki , Okayama Kaori , Tsukakoshi Natsuko , Misawa Yukimi , Tanabe Kazumasa , Teruya Koji , Ito Chieko , Ishii Yasuyoshi , Fujii Masahiko , Oda Mizue
Published: June 2022

Introduction: The morphology of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) on Papanicolaou (Pap) smears widely varied, including syncytial aggregates, sheets, and scattered single cells, and no particular cellular pattern is consistently observed. Therefore, this study aimed to determine whether the menstrual cycle affects the cellular pattern of HSILs, an effort to avoid false negatives due to the oversight of scattered small single HSIL cells in the cytological triage of human papillomavirus-positive women. Methods: A total of 147 HSIL samples of liquid-based cytology (LBC) in patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or 3 were obtained, and then, the relationship between cellular patterns, such as single-cell-like and syncytial aggregates, and menstrual cycles classified into six phases was analyzed. If a syncytial aggregate was present, the number of cells constituting the aggregate was visually counted under the microscope. Results: HSILs in scattered single cells and small sheets of <6 on LBC samples accounted for 43% (23/54) during the late proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle. A moderately strong statistically significant association was observed between cellular patterns and menstrual cycles (χ2 [3] = 9.423, p < 0.05) (Cramer’s V = 0.253). The value of adjusted residuals showed a statistically significant increased proportion of single-cell-like patterns during the late proliferative phase (p < 0.01). Conclusions: The present study demonstrated that HSIL cells in Pap smears in the late proliferation phase have a high frequency of single-cell-like patterns. In human papillomavirus-positive Pap smears with a clean background and predominantly superficial cells, careful microscopic observation by targeting single HSIL cells can potentially reduce false negatives.
Moderate‐ and High‐Intensity Exercise Improves Lipoprotein Profile and Cholesterol Efflux Capacity in Healthy Young Men
Authors: Stanton Kelly M. , Kienzle Vivian , Dinnes Donna Lee M. , Kotchetkov Irina , Jessup Wendy , Kritharides Leonard , Celermajer David S. , Rye Kerry‐Anne
Published: June 2022

Background

Exercise is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. Increased high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) levels are thought to contribute to these benefits, but much of the research in this area has been limited by lack of well‐controlled subject selection and exercise interventions. We sought to study the effect of moderate and high‐intensity exercise on HDL function, lipid/lipoprotein profile, and other cardiometabolic parameters in a homogeneous population where exercise, daily routine, sleep patterns, and living conditions were carefully controlled.

Methods and Results

Male Army recruits (n=115, age 22±0.3 years) completed a 12‐week moderate‐intensity exercise program. A subset of 51 subsequently completed a 15‐week high‐intensity exercise program. Fitness increased and body fat decreased after moderate‐ and high‐intensity exercise (
P
<0.001). Moderate‐intensity exercise increased HDL‐C and apolipoprotein A‐I levels (6.6%, 11.6% respectively), and decreased low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B levels (7.2%, 4.9% respectively) (all
P
<0.01). HDL‐C and apolipoprotein A‐I levels further increased by 8.2% (
P
<0.001) and 6.3% (
P
<0.05) after high‐intensity exercise. Moderate‐intensity exercise increased ABCA‐1 (ATP‐binding cassette transporter A1) mediated cholesterol efflux by 13.5% (
P
<0.001), which was sustained after high‐intensity exercise. In a selected subset the ability of HDLs to inhibit ICAM‐1 (intercellular adhesion molecule‐1) expression decreased after the high (
P
<0.001) but not the moderate‐intensity exercise program.

Conclusions

When controlling for exercise patterns, diet, and sleep, moderate‐intensity exercise improved HDL function, lipid/lipoprotein profile, fitness, and body composition. A sequential moderate followed by high‐intensity exercise program showed sustained or incremental benefits in these parameters. Improved HDL function may be part of the mechanism by which exercise reduces cardiovascular disease risk.
Development and Validation of 3‐Year Atrial Fibrillation Prediction Models Using Electronic Health Record With or Without Standardized Electrocardiogram Diagnosis and a Performance Comparison Among Models
Authors: Yum Yunjin , Shin Seung Yong , Yoo Hakje , Kim Yong Hyun , Kim Eung Ju , Lip Gregory Y. H. , Joo Hyung Joon
Published: June 2022

Background

Improved prediction of atrial fibrillation (AF) may allow for earlier interventions for stroke prevention, as well as mortality and morbidity from other AF‐related complications. We developed a clinically feasible and accurate AF prediction model using electronic health records and computerized ECG interpretation.

Methods and Results

A total of 671 318 patients were screened from 3 tertiary hospitals. After careful exclusion of cases with missing values and a prior AF diagnosis, AF prediction models were developed from the derivation cohort of 25 584 patients without AF at baseline. In the internal/external validation cohort of 117 523 patients, the model using 6 clinical features and 5 ECG diagnoses showed the highest performance for 3‐year new‐onset AF prediction (C‐statistic, 0.796 [95% CI, 0.785–0.806]). A more simplified model using age, sex, and 5 ECG diagnoses (atrioventricular block, fusion beats, marked sinus arrhythmia, supraventricular premature complex, and wide QRS complex) had comparable predictive power (C‐statistic, 0.777 [95% CI, 0.766–0.788]). The simplified model showed a similar or better predictive performance than the previous models.

In the subgroup analysis, the models performed relatively better in patients without risk factors. Specifically, the predictive power was lower in patients with heart failure or decreased renal function.

Conclusions

Although the 3‐year AF prediction model using both clinical and ECG variables showed the highest performance, the simplified model using age, sex, and 5 ECG diagnoses also had a comparable prediction power with broad applicability for incident AF.
Low‐Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Attributable Cardiovascular Disease Risk Is Sex Specific
Authors: Cupido Arjen J. , Asselbergs Folkert W. , Schmidt A. Floriaan , Hovingh G. Kees
Published: June 2022

Background

Epidemiological studies show that women are generally at lower risk for cardiovascular disease than men. Here, we investigated the sex‐specific differential effect of genetically increased low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) on cardiovascular disease (CVD) and other lipid‐associated diseases.

Methods and Results

This is a 2‐sample Mendelian randomization study that uses individual participant data from 425 043 participants from the UK Biobank, including 229 279 female participants. An 80‐variant LDL‐C weighted genetic score was generated. Linear and logistic regression models with interactions were used to identify differences between sex‐specific LDL‐C effects on lipids, carotid‐intima media thickness, and multiple cardiovascular outcomes such as CVD, ischemic heart disease, peripheral artery disease, heart failure, aortic valve disease, type 2 diabetes, atrial fibrillation, and aortic aneurysm and dissection. After correction for multiple testing, we observed that the genetically increased LDL‐C effect on CVD events was sex specific: per SD genetically increased LDL‐C, female participants had a higher LDL‐C increase but an attenuated CVD risk increase compared with male participants (LDL‐C: female participants 0.71 mmol/L, 95% CI, 0.70–0.72 and male participants 0.57 mmol/L, 95% CI, 0.56–0.59.
P
for interaction: 5.03×10
−60
; CVD: female participants: odds ratio [OR], 1.32; 95% CI 1.24–1.40 and male participants: OR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.46–1.58.
P
for interaction: 9.88×10
−5
). We also observed attenuated risks for ischemic heart disease and (nominally for) heart failure in female participants, and genetically increased LDL‐C results in higher risk for aortic valve disease in female participants compared with male participants. Genetically increased LDL‐C was also associated with an attenuated carotid‐intima media thickness increase in female participants. We did not observe other significant attenuations. Sensitivity analyses with an unweighted genetic score and sex‐specific weighted genetic scores showed similar results.

Conclusions

We found that genetically increased LDL‐C has a sex‐specific differential effect on the risk for cardiovascular disease, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, and aortic valve stenosis. Our observations provide evidence that LDL‐C might be a less important determinant of CVD in women compared with men, suggesting that male patients might benefit more from LDL‐C targeted therapies for CVD management than female patients and warranting investigations into the sex‐specific relative contribution of risk factors for CVD.
Characterization of “ICU‐30”: A Binary Composite Outcome for Neonates With Critical Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Gardner Monique M. , Keim Garrett , Hsia Jill , Mai Anh D. , William Gaynor J. , Glatz Andrew C. , Yehya Nadir
Published: June 2022

Background

Neonates with heart disease requiring cardiopulmonary bypass surgery are at high risk for mortality and morbidity. As it is rare, short‐term mortality is difficult to use as a primary outcome for clinical studies. We proposed “ICU‐30” as a binary composite “poor” outcome consisting of: (1) mortality within 30 days, (2) intensive care unit (ICU) admission ≥30 days, or (3) ICU readmission before day 30. To measure the utility of this composite, we assessed its prognostic properties for 6‐ and 12‐month mortality.

Methods and Results

This was a retrospective single‐center cohort study of neonates requiring cardiopulmonary bypass between 2013 and 2020. Mortality among patients with and without the ICU‐30 outcome was compared using log‐rank tests and Cox regression. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves assessed the ability of the composite to predict 12‐month mortality. In 887 neonates, 232 (26.2%) experienced the ICU‐30 outcome, with more prolonged ICU stays and readmissions (both ≥9%) than 30‐day mortality (4.2%). ICU‐30 was associated with higher rates of 6‐ and 12‐month mortality (log‐rank
P
<0.001) and predicted 12‐month mortality with area under the receiver operating characteristic of 0.81 (95% CI, 0.77–0.85). In 30‐day survivors, both prolonged ICU stay (hazard ratio, 12.3; 95% CI, 6.70–22.7;
P
<0.001) and ICU readmission (hazard ratio, 2.99; 95% CI, 1.17–7.63;
P
=0.02) were associated with 12‐month mortality.

Conclusions

ICU‐30, a composite outcome of mortality, ICU length of stay, or ICU readmission by 30 days was associated with 6‐ and 12‐month mortality in neonates requiring cardiopulmonary bypass. ICU‐30 is captured in routine data collection and appears to be a valid binary patient‐centered outcome.
The apparent prevalence, the true prevalence
Authors: Habibzadeh Farrokh , Habibzadeh Parham , Yadollahie Mahboobeh
Published: June 2022

Serologic tests are important for conducting seroepidemiologic and prevalence studies. However, the tests used are typically imperfect and produce false-positive and false-negative results. This is why the seropositive rate (apparent prevalence) does not typically reflect the true prevalence of the disease or condition of interest. Herein, we discuss the way the true prevalence could be derived from the apparent prevalence and test sensitivity and specificity. A computer simulation based on the Monte-Carlo algorithm was also used to further examine a situation where the measured test sensitivity and specificity are also uncertain. We then complete our review with a real example. The apparent prevalence observed in many prevalence studies published in medical literature is a biased estimation and cannot be interpreted correctly unless we correct the value.
Lipoproteins and cholesterol homeostasis in paediatric nephrotic syndrome patients
Authors: Spasojević-Kalimanovska Vesna , Mihajlović Marija , Stefanović Aleksandra , Paripović Dušan , Peco-Antić Amira , Simachew Yonas Mulat , Antonić Tamara , Gojković Tamara , Vladimirov Sandra , Vujčić Sanja , Miloševski-Lomić Gordana , Vekić Jelena , Zeljković Aleksandra
Published: June 2022

The aim of this study was to investigate lipoprotein particle distributions and the likelihood of achieving cholesterol homeostasis in the remission phase of nephrotic syndrome (NS) in paediatric patients. We hypothesized that lipoprotein particle distributions moved toward less atherogenic profile and that cholesterol homeostasis was achieved.
Thirty-three children, 2 to 9 years old with NS were recruited. Blood sampling took place both in the acute phase and during remission. Serum low-density lipoprotein particles (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein particles (HDL) were separated using non-denaturing polyacrylamide gradient gel (3-31%) electrophoresis. Serum non-cholesterols sterols (NCSs), desmosterol, lathosterol, 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC), campesterol and β-sitosterol were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS).
All patients had desirable serum HDL cholesterol concentrations during remission. The dominant lipoprotein diameters and LDL subclass distribution did not change significantly during follow-up. In contrast, HDL lipoprotein particle distribution shifted towards larger particles. The absolute concentration of desmosterol was significantly lower during remission (P = 0.023). β-sitosterol concentration markedly increased during remission (P = 0.005). Desmosterol/β-sitosterol (P < 0.001) and 7-DHC/β-sitosterol (P = 0.005) ratios significantly declined during disease remission.
Favourable changes in the serum lipid profiles, HDL particle subclass distribution and cholesterol metabolism in paediatric patients with NS during remission took place. For the first time, we found that cholesterol homeostasis changed in favour of increased cholesterol absorption during disease remission. Nevertheless, complete cholesterol homeostasis was not achieved during disease remission.
Establishment of gender- and age-specific reference intervals for serum liver function tests among the elderly population in northeast China
Authors: Sun Zeyu , Chai Jiatong , Zhou Qi , Xu Jiancheng
Published: June 2022

Reference intervals (RIs) for younger population may not apply to the elderly population. The aim of this study was to establish gender- and age-specific RIs for serum liver function tests among the elderly population and to compare with younger population RIs currently used in China and other countries.
This was a retrospective study, and subjects (≥ 18 year-old) were recruited from the laboratory information system (LIS) at the First Hospital of Jilin University between April 2020 and April 2021. The following parameters were collected: aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), total bilirubin (TBIL), and direct bilirubin (DBIL). The Tukey method was used to eliminate outliers. Reference intervals were established by the nonparametric method.
A total of 23,597 healthy individuals were enrolled in the study. From all parameters AST, ALT, TP and ALB required no gender partition, while ALT, GGT, TP, ALB and DBIL required different partitions for age. Activities and concentrations of ALT, ALB, and TP showed a downward trend in the elderly aged 60-89. In contrast, DBIL showed a gradual upward trend.
The RIs for liver function tests among healthy elderly population were different from those among young population in China. There were apparent gender and age differences in the RIs of liver function for elderly and significant differences compared with national standards and RIs in other countries. Therefore, it is necessary to establish gender- and age-specific RIs for serum liver function tests among the elderly population.
Use of biochemical parameters for non-invasive screening of oesophageal varices in comparison to elastography-based approach in patients with compensated advanced chronic liver disease
Authors: Lucijanic Marko , Madir Anita , Grgurevic Ivica , Derek Lovorka , Unic Adriana , Mustapic Sanda , Zelenika Marko , Bokun Tomislav , Pastrovic Frane , Podrug Kristian
Published: June 2022

Oesophageal varices are routinely diagnosed by esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), and their bleeding has high mortality. We aimed to evaluate diagnostic performance of biochemical tests in comparison to elastography-based approaches, as non-invasive alternatives to EGD, for ruling-out high risk oesophageal varices (HRV).
Retrospective analysis of patients (N = 861) who underwent liver stiffness measurement (LSM) by transient elastography (TE) in a single centre over 5-year period, with available results of EGD (within 3 months from LSM). Only patients with suspicion of compensated advanced chronic liver disease (cACLD) defined by LSM ≥ 10 kPa were included comprising the final cohort of 73 subjects. Original and expanded Baveno VI criteria (B6C), controlled attenuation parameter (CAP), platelet count (PLT), aspartate aminotransferase to PLT ratio index (APRI), Fibrosis-4 index (FIB4), model for end stage liver disease (MELD) score were evaluated against the results of EGD that served as the reference method.
Analysed patients had median age 62 years, 59/73 (0.81) were males, 54/73 (0.74) had alcoholic/non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and 21/73 (0.29) had HRV. In multivariate logistic regression analysis only LSM and PLT were independently associated with HRV. The best performing tests for ruling-out HRV (% of spared EGD; % of missed HRV) were respectively: LSM < 20 kPa (53.4%; 0%), B6C (38%; 0%), Expanded B6C (47.9%; 4.8%); PLT > 214x109/L (21.9%; 0%); FIB4 ≤ 1.8 (21.4%; 0%), APRI ≤ 0.34 (12.3%; 0%). CAP, MELD = 6 alone or combined with PLT > 150(x109/L) did not show acceptable performance.
The best performing biochemical tests for ruling-out HRV in our cohort of patients were PLT and FIB-4, but they were still outperformed by elastography-based approaches.
Assay validity of point-of-care platelet function tests in thrombocytopenic blood samples
Authors: Quehenberger Peter , Löffler Markus W. , Wiegele Marion , Schaden Eva , Lacom Conrad , Tolios Alexander , Eichelberger Beate
Published: June 2022

Point-of-care (POC) platelet function tests are faster and easier to perform than in-depth assessment by flow cytometry. At low platelet counts, however, POC tests are prone to assess platelet function incorrectly. Lower limits of platelet count required to obtain valid test results were defined and a testing method to facilitate comparability between different tests was established.
We assessed platelet function in whole blood samples of healthy volunteers at decreasing platelet counts (> 100, 80-100, 50-80, 30-50 and < 30 x109/L) using two POC tests: impedance aggregometry and in-vitro bleeding time. Flow cytometry served as the gold standard. The number of platelets needed to reach 50% of the maximum function (ED50) and the lower reference limit (EDref) were calculated to define limits of test validity.
The minimal platelet count required for reliable test results was 100 x109/L for impedance aggregometry and in-vitro bleeding time but only 30 x109/L for flow cytometry. Comparison of ED50 and EDref showed significantly lower values for flow cytometry than either POC test (P value < 0.05) but no difference between POC tests nor between the used platelet agonists within a test method.
Calculating the ED50 and EDref provides an effective way to compare values from different platelet function assays. Flow cytometry enables correct platelet function testing as long as platelet count is > 30 x109/L whereas impedance aggregometry and in-vitro bleeding time are inconsistent unless platelet count is > 100 x109/L.
Hobbes and Mathematical Method
Authors: Jesseph Douglas M.
Published: June 2022

This article examines Hobbes’s conception of mathematical method, situating his methodological writings in the context of disputed mathematical issues of the seventeenth century. After a brief exposition of the Hobbesian philosophy of mathematics, it investigates Hobbes’s attempts to resolve three important mathematical controversies of the seventeenth century: the debates over the status of analytic geometry, disputes over the nature of ratios, and the problem of the “angle of contact” between a curve and tangent. In the course of these investigations, Hobbes’s account of mathematics and its method is contrasted with the those of Descartes, Isaac Barrow, John Wallis, and Christopher Clavius.
Prediction and Theory Evaluation: Cosmic Microwaves and the Revival
of the Big Bang
Authors: Brush Stephen G.
Published: June 2022

Are theories judged on the basis of empirical tests of their predictions, as proposed by Karl Popper and others, or are new theories adopted by younger scientists while old theories fade away when their advocates die, as Max Planck suggested? A famous historical episode, the rejection of steady state cosmology and the revival of the big bang cosmology following the 1965 discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation, is examined to determine whether the scientific community followed Popper’s or Planck’s principle. It is found that by 1975 almost all supporters of the steady state had either switched to the big bang or stopped publishing on cosmology (although a few of them later tried to revive the steady state). This case therefore seems to exemplify Popper’s principle, although it should be noted that two of the founders of steady state cosmology had strongly proclaimed their adherence to that principle. The case does not support the Popperian claim that successful novel predictions provide better evidence for a theory than deductions of known facts.
Artificialcanopy bridge use by primates and other arboreal mammals in a fragmented tropical forest of northeast Bangladesh
Authors: Maria Marjan , Al-Razi Hassan , Akbar Ali , Muzaffar Sabir Bin , Nekaris K.A.I.
Published: June 2022

Forest fragmentation has resulted in a breakdown in connectivity for arboreal species. Effects of fragmentation are particularly acute in forest patches in densely populated countries, resulting in high mortality in many species attempting to cross roads to travel between forest patches. We evaluated the use of three, single-line artificial canopy bridges made of polypropylene ropes in a forest patch in northeastern Bangladesh. Camera traps were used to determine the extent of bridge use by different species. A total of 1060 events of bridge use by mammals were observed using our artificial canopy bridges over the 157 camera trap days. Eight mammal species, including five primate species, two squirrel species and one palm civet species were recorded using the bridges at varying levels of frequency. The location of the bridge and season influenced bridge use. We did not observe mortality of mammals from road accidents or electrocution during the study period. We suggest that artificial canopy bridges increased connectivity between forest patches and reduced mortality from road accidents and electrocution. We strongly recommend the use of this and other, simple canopy bridges to prevent mortality of arboreal mammals.