bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Future Ethics of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine: Making Sense of Collaborative Models
Authors: Gundersen Torbjørn , Bærøe Kristine
Published: April 2022

This article examines the role of medical doctors, AI designers, and other stakeholders in making applied AI and machine learning ethically acceptable on the general premises of shared decision-making in medicine. Recent policy documents such as the EU strategy on trustworthy AI and the research literature have often suggested that AI could be made ethically acceptable by increased collaboration between developers and other stakeholders. The article articulates and examines four central alternative models of how AI can be designed and applied in patient care, which we call the ordinary evidence model, the ethical design model, the collaborative model, and the public deliberation model. We argue that the collaborative model is the most promising for covering most AI technology, while the public deliberation model is called for when the technology is recognized as fundamentally transforming the conditions for ethical shared decision-making.
Telework at times of a pandemic: The role of voluntariness in the perception of disadvantages of telework
Authors: Kaluza Antonia J. , van Dick Rolf
Published: April 2022

The implications of telework are discussed controversially and research on its positive and negative effects has produced contradictory results. We explore voluntariness of employee telework as a boundary condition which may underpin these contradictory findings. Under normal circumstances, individuals who do more telework should perceive fewer disadvantages. However, during the COVID-19 pandemic, employees could no longer voluntarily choose to telecommute, as many organizations were forced to introduce telework by governmental regulations. In two studies, we examine whether the voluntary nature of telework moderates the association between the amount of telework and perceptions of disadvantage. In Study 1, we collected data before and during the COVID-19 pandemic (N = 327). Results show that pre-pandemic participants (who were more likely to voluntarily choose this form of work) reported fewer disadvantages the more telework they did, but this was not the case for employees during the COVID-19 pandemic. To validate these findings, we measured employees’ voluntariness of telework in Study 2 (N = 220). Results support the importance of voluntariness: Individuals who experience a high degree of voluntariness in choosing telework perceive fewer disadvantages the more they telework. However, the amount of telework was not related to reduced perceptions of disadvantages for those who experienced low voluntariness regarding the telecommuting arrangement. Our findings help to understand when telework is related to the perception of disadvantages and they can provide organizations with starting points for practical interventions to reduce the negative effects of telework.
Reducing childhood stunting in India: Insights from four subnational success cases
Authors: Avula Rasmi , Nguyen Phuong Hong , Tran Lan Mai , Kaur Supreet , Bhatia Neena , Sarwal Rakesh , de Wagt Arjan , Chaudhery Deepika Nayar , Menon Purnima
Published: April 2022

Global success case analyses have identified factors supporting reductions in stunting across countries; less is known about successes at the subnational levels. We studied four states in India, assessing contributors to reductions in stunting between 2006 and 2016. Using public datasets, literature review, policy analyses and stakeholder interviews, we interpreted changes in the context of policies, programs and enabling environment. Primary contributors to stunting reduction were improvements in coverage of health and nutrition interventions (ranged between 11 to 23% among different states), household conditions (22–47%), and maternal factors (15–30%). Political and bureaucratic leadership engaged civil society and development partners facilitated change. Policy and program actions to address the multidimensional determinants of stunting reduction occur in sectors addressing poverty, food security, education, health services and nutrition programs. Therefore, for stunting reduction, focus should be on implementing multisectoral actions with equity, quality, and intensity with assured convergence on the same geographies and households.
Changes in Multisensory Integration Following Brief State Induction and Longer-Term Training with Body Scan Meditation
Authors: Guthrie Tess , Matthews Julian R. , Chambers Richard , Windt Jennifer , Hohwy Jakob
Published: April 2022

Objectives

The objective was to examine the impact of state and trait mindfulness cultivated through body scan meditation, on bodily multisensory integration, in order to explore effects of increased non-judgmental/accepting attention to ambiguous bodily sensations.

Methods

Multisensory integration was operationalised through the rubber hand illusion, which was measured through subjective questionnaires, proprioceptive drift and skin conductance to perceived threat. State mindfulness was induced through a 20-min body scan meditation. Trait mindfulness was enhanced through a 14-day training programme of 10–15-min body scan meditation each day. An active control group engaged in relaxed listening. Trait mindfulness and trait bodily awareness were measured through questionnaires.

Results

The state mindfulness induction was associated with a stronger reported rubber hand illusion than relaxed listening. In contrast, both 14 days of mindfulness training and of relaxed listening were associated with a decrease in reported rubber hand illusion, with a larger decrease after mindfulness training compared to relaxed listening.

Conclusions

A state mindfulness induction increased participants’ experience of the bodily illusion, while longer-term mindfulness training dampened the illusion, suggesting state and trait mindfulness via body scan meditation may have differential relationships with bodily multisensory integration. We discuss this finding in terms of initial attention-mediated salience of ambiguous somatosensory signals, followed by acceptance.
Characterization and mode of occurrence of rare earth elements and yttrium in fly and bottom ash from coal-fired power plants in Java, Indonesia
Authors: Besari Dea Anisa Ayu , Anggara Ferian , Rosita Widya , Petrus Himawan T. B. M.
Published: April 2022

Fly and bottom ash (FABA) produced primarily from coal combustion in a coal-fired power plant consists of fine particles of the organic and inorganic mixture and trace elements. Eight FABA samples from coal-fired power plants in Java, Indonesia, had been collected for composition and rare earth element and Yttrium (REY) mode of occurrence identification. The geochemical composition of both major and trace elements was determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry/atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-MS/AES). Furthermore, the composition of FABA was identified by petrography with reflected light microscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Simultaneously, scanning electron microscope determines the mode of occurrence of REY with an energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM–EDX). The study finds that the inorganic component of FABA consists of glass, Fe–Mg spinel, mullite, quartz, Fe-oxide mineral, and K-feldspar. In contrast, the organic component is dominated by unburned coal. Glass is the most abundant component with cenospheres as major and pleiospheres as minor constituents. Trace elements analysis indicates REY concentration with heavy REY (HREY) distribution pattern. Moreover, SEM–EDX analysis results show that Yttrium (Y) occurs in glass and has a low concentration in spinel. From the mode occurrence of REY, in particular Yttrium, it can be predicted that alkaline fusion followed by acid leaching will be the most appropriate extraction method to extract REY from Indonesian FABA.
A Liquid–Solid Interface-Based Triboelectric Tactile Sensor with Ultrahigh Sensitivity of 21.48 kPa−1
Authors: Liu Jingya , Wen Zhen , Lei Hao , Gao Zhenqiu , Sun Xuhui
Published: April 2022

Traditional triboelectric tactile sensors based on solid–solid interface have illustrated promising application prospects through optimization approach. However, the poor sensitivity and reliability caused by hard contact-electrification still poses challenges for the practical applications. In this work, a liquid–solid interface ferrofluid-based triboelectric tactile sensor (FTTS) with ultrahigh sensitivity is proposed. Relying on the fluidity and magnetism of ferrofluid, the topography of microstructure can be flexibly adjusted by directly employing ferrofluid as triboelectric material and controlling the position of outward magnet. To date, an ultrahigh sensitivity of 21.48 kPa−1 for the triboelectric sensors can be achieved due to the high spike microstructure, low Young’s modulus of ferrofluid and efficient solid–liquid interface contact-electrification. The detection limit of FTTS of 1.25 Pa with a wide detection range to 390 kPa was also obtained. In addition, the oleophobic property between ferrofluid and poly-tetra-fluoro-ethylene triboelectric layer can greatly reduce the wear and tear, resulting in the great improvement of stability. Finally, a strategy for personalized password lock with high security level has been demonstrated, illustrating a great perspective for practical application in smart home, artificial intelligence, Internet of things, etc.
Evaluation of different crosslinking methods in altering the properties of extrusion-printed chitosan-based multi-material hydrogel composites
Authors: Liu Suihong , Zhang Haiguang , Ahlfeld Tilman , Kilian David , Liu Yakui , Gelinsky Michael , Hu Qingxi
Published: April 2022

Three-dimensional printing technologies exhibit tremendous potential in the advancing fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine due to the precise spatial control over depositing the biomaterial. Despite their widespread utilization and numerous advantages, the development of suitable novel biomaterials for extrusion-based 3D printing of scaffolds that support cell attachment, proliferation, and vascularization remains a challenge. Multi-material composite hydrogels present incredible potential in this field. Thus, in this work, a multi-material composite hydrogel with a promising formulation of chitosan/gelatin functionalized with egg white was developed, which provides good printability and shape fidelity. In addition, a series of comparative analyses of different crosslinking agents and processes based on tripolyphosphate (TPP), genipin (GP), and glutaraldehyde (GTA) were investigated and compared to select the ideal crosslinking strategy to enhance the physicochemical and biological properties of the fabricated scaffolds. All of the results indicate that the composite hydrogel and the resulting scaffolds utilizing TPP crosslinking have great potential in tissue engineering, especially for supporting neo-vessel growth into the scaffold and promoting angiogenesis within engineered tissues.

Graphic abstract
1.5 °C pathways for the Global Industry Classification (GICS) sectors chemicals, aluminium, and steel
Authors: Teske Sven , Niklas Sarah , Talwar Simran , Atherton Alison
Published: April 2022

To achieve the goals of the Paris Climate Agreement, decarbonization targets and benchmarks for specific industry sectors are required. This opens up a whole new research area for energy modelling because although decarbonization pathways have been developed for countries, regions, or communities, few have been developed for industry sectors. In this research, we document the development of energy scenarios for industry sectors classified under the Global Industry Classification Standard (GICS). A bottom-up energy demand analysis based on market projections for the chemical, aluminium, and steel industries forms the basis for scenario development, with the aim of completely decarbonizing the electricity and process heat supplies for these industries by 2050. We document the individual steps in the energy demand analyses based on industry-specific market projections and energy intensities. In the last step, the carbon budget is calculated. The complete decarbonization of the industries analysed seems possible based on the available technology.
Experimental analysis of flow instability detection in a centrifugal compressor using variational mode decomposition
Authors: Wang W. , Zhang H. , Yang C. , Yang C. , Hu C.
Published: April 2022

In centrifugal compressors, the identification of flow instability signals from experiments is a difficult problem owing to the nonlinear and non-stationary characteristics. Otherwise, the complicated asymmetric structure of the volute brings a huge challenge to the evolution and circumferential nonuniformity characteristics of the flow instabilities. This paper presents experimental and numerical investigations on internal flow field to understand the flow instability characteristics in a centrifugal compressor. Considering nonlinear and non-stationary signals, a method based on Fourier-transform and variational mode decomposition was introduced to analyse the flow instability characteristics. The Fourier spectrum results show that at 0.21kg/s of 80krpm, the pressure signal has a noticeable high-frequency fluctuation, which indicates that the compressor enters the flow instability state. The variational mode decomposition results show that before a surge, the compressor experiences different flow instability stages: the RI stage, the coexistence stage of RI and stall, and the stall stage. Moreover, obvious circumferential nonuniformity characteristics of flow instabilities were observed during the throttling process. RI first occurred at the 180° circumferential position and then the stall first appeared in the circumferential range of 60° to 240°. The simulation results that it is because that the asymmetric volute causes the adverse pressure gradient inside the impeller passage and a high-pressure region (120°–240°) at the upstream of the impeller inlet. Under this combined action of the two, the effect region of tip leakage vortex expands the upstream of the impeller inlet. Meanwhile, the tip leakage vortex core migrates to a lower span of blades. This study demonstrates the ability to analyse nonlinear and non-stationary signals from a centrifugal compressor via variational mode decomposition, and provides a useful guidance for the identification of flow instability signals.
More Shots in Arms: Scalable Learnings From a Continuous Improvement Effort to Deliver COVID-19 Vaccinations in Small Community-Based Clinics
Authors: Lawson Bruce , Clark Sean , Geraghty Katie , Poggetti Joanne , Stewart James , Tarling Paul
Published: April 2022

Existing mass vaccination clinic guidance calls for staffing and resource requirements that may not be achievable in smaller settings. Practical and scalable solutions to these problems were developed by a volunteer group of continuous improvement professionals, working to assist 2 non-governmental organizations engaged in coordinating refugee health services: the Somali Health Board of Seattle, WA and Community Health Services Inc. of Rochester, MN. Our shared goal was to get more shots in arms by bringing vaccines to small communities through pop-up clinics that are quick to set-up and require minimal resources. The clinics were developed using continuous improvement methods, thereby yielding a 2-minute vaccine administration time and an 8-fold improvement in productivity as a result of Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) guidance. This report details our field-tested methods and achieved results. The relevance and benefits of this approach deserve attention as pandemic response needs continue to evolve and vaccines become more globally available.
Self-similar mechanisms in wall turbulence studied using resolvent analysis
Authors: Karban U. , Martini E. , Cavalieri A.V.G. , Lesshafft L. , Jordan P.
Published: April 2022

Self-similarity of wall-attached coherent structures in a turbulent channel at

$Re_\tau =543$

is explored by means of resolvent analysis. In this modelling framework, coherent structures are understood to arise as a response of the linearised mean-flow operator to generalised frequency-dependent Reynolds stresses, considered to act as an endogenous forcing. We assess the self-similarity of both the wall-attached flow structures and the associated forcing. The former are educed from direct numerical simulation data by finding the flow field correlated with the wall shear, whereas the latter is identified using a frequency space version of extended proper orthogonal decomposition (Borée, Exp. Fluids, vol. 35, issue 2, 2003, pp. 188–192). The forcing structures identified are compared to those obtained using the resolvent-based estimation introduced by Towne et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 883, 2020, A17). The analysis reveals self-similarity of both wall-attached structures – in quantitative agreement with Townsend's hypothesis of self-similar attached eddies – and the underlying forcing, at least in certain components.
Complete nutrition drink with retrograded starch is low glycemic, and the individual glucose response to the low glycemic complete nutrition drink depends on fasting insulin levels and HOMA-IR in a randomized cross-over control trial
Authors: Wongniyomkaset Warisara , Rungraung Numphung , Muangpracha Niramol , Winuprasith Thunnalin , Trachootham Dunyaporn
Published: April 2022

Complete nutrition drinks with a low glycemic index (GI) provide nutritional support and prevent hyperglycaemia. The present study identified GI and factors predicting individual glucose response to a new complete nutrition drink. A randomised cross-over controlled trial was conducted in eighteen healthy volunteers (FPG < 100 mg/dl). Complete nutrition drinks containing retrograded starch, glucose solution and white bread were assigned in a random sequence with 14-day wash-out intervals. Plasma glucose and insulin levels were measured from baseline to 180 min after consuming each food. Results show the adjusted GIs of the drink was 48.2 ± 10.4 and 46.7 ± 12.7 with glucose and white bread as the reference, respectively. While the drink has low GI (<55), the individual glucose responses varied (GI: 7–149). Comparing characters in individual GI < 55 (n =12) and GI ≥ 55 (n =6) groups revealed significantly higher baseline insulin in the low GI group (14.86 ± 16.51 μIU/mlv. 4.9 ± 3.4 μIU/ml,P< 0·05). The correlation matrix confirms only two predictive factors for having individual GI <55 were baseline insulin (r= 0·5,P= 0·03) and HOMA-IR (r= 0·55,P= 0·02). ROC curve reveals fasting insulin above 1.6 μIU/ml and HOMA-IR above 1.05 as the cut-off values. The findings suggest that the complete nutrition drink has a low GI, but there was wide variability in individual responses partly explained by fasting insulin levels and HOMA-IR. Screening for fasting insulin and HOMA-IR may be encouraged to maximise the functional benefit of the drink.
The South American medical communities in the genesis of the tropical medicine: construction and circulation of knowledge on American leishmaniasis in the beginning of the twentieth century
Authors: Jogas Denis Guedes
Published: April 2022

This article aims to demonstrate how researchers from different South American countries took part in the process of globalisation of the tropical medicine paradigm, through research on leishmaniasis found in this region. The main objective of the present article is to highlight the role of these researchers, as well as of their scientific institutions, in a global history of tropical medicine which surpassed European borders and its imperialistic practices. At the same time, it will be identified the renewal of the tropical medicine paradigm in the South American context. During the beginning of the twentieth century, leishmaniasis became an important health issue in tropical areas, whereas the mere usage of the repertoire of the medical knowledge, produced in Europe up until that time, revealed itself as an insufficient instrument to help solve the problem. Hereupon, this matter was, above all, an open discussion, which required great skills and refined techniques of tropical medicine for its study. For this reason, it enabled the members of the regional medical communities to establish vigorous communication channels with medical centres, located in other continents, that had already been giving much deserved importance to leishmaniasis as an exciting scientific theme.
Transitional Injustice at Leipzig: Negotiating Sovereignty and International Humanitarian Law in Germany after the First World War
Authors: Graf Rüdiger
Published: April 2022

The article analyzes Allied attempts to try German war criminals after the First World War and the ensuing Leipzig trials. Historians of international law commonly describe these as the first (failed) attempt to break principles of national sovereignty by implementing principles of international humanitarian law, which were later realized at Nuremberg and The Hague. The article brackets the question of the Leipzig trials’ alleged success or failure by situating them not so much within the long-term history of international justice but, rather, within the political and intellectual culture of Weimar Germany. The article shows how the German government tried to use its limited domestic sovereignty in order to enhance its international sovereignty. By asking how German sovereignty was contested, negotiated, and reaffirmed, the article historicizes the Leipzig trials and also addresses the more general question of which conditions facilitate international war crimes trials. Drawing on the literature on transitional justice, this article suggests that contestations over German domestic and international sovereignty after the Versailles Treaty offer a more productive frame to understand the trials than measuring success according to international humanitarian law.
Sovereignty Trade-Offs between Politics and the Economy: The Deconcentration of IG Farben after 1945
Authors: Müller Philipp
Published: April 2022

The postwar deconcentration of IG Farben AG shows that the Allied military governments and their German counterparts were anything but united on the extent and form of sovereignty the Federal Republic of Germany should receive. The American plan to divide the corporate enterprise into a large number of individual companies aimed to establish a democratic state independent from the influence of domestic business. By contrast, West German government officials and the business community were convinced that the future sovereignty of the Federal Republic depended on the global competitiveness of large industrial conglomerates. To thwart the American deconcentration plans, they traded off one dimension of sovereignty against the other. Leading members of the West German government accepted delegating the negotiations over the future of IG Farben to business representatives, thereby sharing domestic sovereignty because the delegation promised to maintain a powerful German chemical industry that could support the trade balance of the future West German state. This development contributed to the emergence of a Federal Republic characterized by the close involvement of economic actors in political decision-making. It contained important elements of a post-democratic sovereignty, which is commonly used to describe the development of the late twentieth century.
“Pathological Gamblers” and “Sovereign Consumers”: National Gambling Regulation and the Challenges of European Integration and Digitization in Germany, 2004–2018
Authors: Kaiser Laura
Published: April 2022

This study examines the interrelationship between national sovereignty and individual consumer sovereignty in the age of a global liberal economy and digital markets by analyzing Germany's gambling regulations. As gambling policies were codified and liberalized from 2004 to 2018, gambling addiction quickly became the key issue in legal and political quarrels over regulation. The article will shed light on the differing interests at play in the controversy and discuss how discourses on addictive gambling behavior affected political disputes over gambling liberalization. It explores contemporary German gambling regulations in the context of European integration and the digitization of the gambling market, which posed crucial challenges to national sovereignty. I argue that Germany's claim for national autonomy over gambling regulations was deeply intertwined with the question of individual consumer sovereignty because it relied on the pathologization of certain types of gambling consumption and gamblers. The emergence of the “pathological gambler” can be understood as the manifestation of a new socioeconomic and political order in which risks emanating from liberalized markets are dealt with as individual consumer addiction issues.
Brain function mediates the association between low vitamin D and neurocognitive status in female patients with major depressive disorder
Authors: Zhao Wenming , Zhu Dao-min , Li Qian , Xu Xiaotao , Zhang Yu , Zhang Cun , Zhu Jiajia , Yu Yongqiang
Published: April 2022

Background

Vitamin D is engaged in various neural processes, with low vitamin D linked to depression and cognitive dysfunction. There are gender differences in depression and vitamin D level. However, the relationship between depression, gender, vitamin D, cognition, and brain function has yet to be determined.

Methods

One hundred and twenty-two patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 119 healthy controls underwent resting-state functional MRI and fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF) was calculated to assess brain function. Serum concentration of vitamin D (SCVD) and cognition (i.e. prospective memory and sustained attention) were also measured.

Results

We found a significant group-by-gender interaction effect on SCVD whereby MDD patients showed a reduction in SCVD relative to controls in females but not males. Concurrently, there was a female-specific association of SCVD with cognition and MDD-related fALFF alterations in widespread brain regions. Remarkably, MDD- and SCVD-related fALFF changes mediated the relation between SCVD and cognition in females.

Conclusion

Apart from providing insights into the neural mechanisms by which low vitamin D contributes to cognitive impairment in MDD in a gender-dependent manner, these findings might have clinical implications for assignment of female patients with MDD and cognitive dysfunction to adjuvant vitamin D supplementation therapy, which may ultimately advance a precision approach to personalized antidepressant choice.
Research on control method of upper limb exoskeleton based on mixed perception model
Authors: Wang WenDong , Zhang JunBo , Kong Dezhi , Su Shibin , Yuan XiaoQing , Zhao Chengzhi
Published: April 2022

As one of the research hotspots in the field of rehabilitation robotics, the upper limb exoskeleton robot has been widely used in the field of rehabilitation. However, the existing methods cannot comprehensively and accurately reflect the motion state of patients, which may lead to overtraining and secondary injury of patients in the process of rehabilitation training. In this paper, an upper limb exoskeleton control method based on mixed perception model of motion intention and intensity is proposed, which is based on the 6 degree-of-freedom upper limb rehabilitation exoskeleton in the laboratory. First, the kinematic information and heart rate information in the rehabilitation process of patients are collected, corresponding to patients’ motion intention and motion intensity, and fused to obtain the mixed perception vector. Second, the motion perception model based on long short-term memory neural network is established to realize the prediction of upper limb motion trajectory of patients and compared with back-propagation neural network to prove its effectiveness. Finally, the control system is built, and both offline and online test of the control method proposed are implemented. The experimental results show that the method can achieve comprehensive motion state perception of patients, realize real-time and accurate prediction trajectory according to human motion intention and intensity. The average prediction accuracy is 95.3%, and predicted joint angle error is less than 5 degrees. Therefore, the control method based on mixed perception model has good robustness and universality, which provides a new method for the active control of upper limb exoskeleton.
Preliminary assessment of paediatric electrophysiology cardiac implantable electronic device resources around the world
Authors: Gonzalez Corcia M Cecilia , Cohen Mitchell I , Paul Thomas , Skinner Jonathan R , Shah Maully
Published: April 2022

Background:

The Pediatric and Congenital Electrophysiology Society (PACES) is a global organisation committed to the care of children and adults with CHD and arrhythmias.

Objective:

To evaluate the global needs and potential inequities as it relates to cardiac implantable electronic devices.

Methods:

ARROW (Assessment of Rhythm Resources arOund the World) is an online survey about cardiac implantable electronic devices, sent electronically to physicians within the field of Cardiology, Pediatric Cardiology, Electrophysiology and Pediatric Electrophysiology.

Results:

ARROW received 42 responders from 28 countries, 50% from low-/middle-income regions. The main differences between low-/middle- and high-income regions include availability of expertise on paediatric electrophysiology (50% versus 93%, p < 00.5) and possibility to perform invasive procedures (35% versus 93%, p < 0.005). Implant of devices in low-income areas relies significantly on patient’s resources (71%). The follow-up of the devices is on the hands of paediatric cardiologist/electrophysiologist in higher resources centres (93% versus 50%, p < 0.05).

Conclusions:

The ARROW survey represents an initial assessment of the geographical characteristics in the field of Pediatric Electrophysiology. The next step is to make this “state of the art” more extensive to other aspects of the expertise. The relevance of collecting this data before the World Congress of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery (WCPCCS) in 2023 in Washington DC was emphasised in order to share the resulting information with the international community and set a plan of action to assist the development of arrhythmia services for children within developing regions of the world.
Verschiedene Transferformen im generalistischen Unterricht umsetzen
Authors: Schneider Kordula , Hamar Christoph
Published: April 2022

Zusammenfassung. Der klassische Dreischritt (Einstieg, Erarbeitung, Sicherung) wird seit „Unterrichtsgedenken“ um die Transferphase ergänzt, damit Lernende angeeignete Wissensgegenstände auf andere Kontexte übertragen können. Durch die generalistische Pflegeausbildung gewinnen die verschiedenen Transferformen an immenser Bedeutung, um die Stofffülle zu reduzieren. Deshalb sollten Lehrende sich mit der Vielfalt von Transferformen auseinandersetzen, um sowohl auf unterrichtlicher als auch auf curricularer Ebene von deren Potentialen zu profitieren.
Pocketcards – für Profis oder Patient_innen
Authors: Staudacher Diana
Published: April 2022

Zusammenfassung. Als handliches, übersichtliches Format eignen sich Pocketcards einerseits für Pflegefachpersonen. um Gespräche zu strukturieren. Andererseits gibt es auch Pocketcards, die Patient_innen selbst nutzen können. Personen, die auf leicht verständliche Informationen angewiesen sind, stellen eine wichtige Zielgruppe dar.
The Berlin Multi-Facet Personality Inventory
Authors: Rouco Victor , Cengia Anja , Roberts Richard , Kemper Christoph , Ziegler Matthias
Published: April 2022

Abstract. A novel personality inventory is presented in this article, named the Berlin Multi-Facet Personality Inventory. This new instrument is an adaptation of items from the International Personality Item Pool ( Goldberg, 2006 ) aimed at a more comprehensive set of Big Five facets. This tool has been developed to comprise a large number of nonredundant facets below each of the Big Five domains. Two language versions of the same inventory have been developed (English and German) and tested for measurement invariance in order to facilitate international usability. In addition to the construction of the inventory, this work presents first evidence for the psychometric quality of its scores in two different populations across two different studies. The inventory is freely available online.
Chinese Architecture Evolved with Changes in Snowfall
Authors: Kornei Katherine
Published: April 2022

Roof design in northern China changed over centuries in response to extreme snow events, new research suggests.
2‐D Analytical P‐to‐S and S‐to‐P Scattered Wave Finite Frequency Kernels
Authors: Harmon Nicholas , Rychert Catherine A. , Xie Yujiang , Bogiatzis Petros
Published: April 2022

Scattered wave imaging provides a powerful tool for understanding Earth's structure. The development of finite frequency kernels for scattered waves has the potential for improving the resolution of both the structure and magnitude of discontinuities in S‐wave velocity. Here we present a 2‐D analytical expression for teleseismic P‐to‐S and S‐to‐P scattered wave finite‐frequency kernels for a homogeneous medium. We verify the accuracy of the kernels by comparing to a spectral element method kernel calculated using SPECFEM2D. Finally, we demonstrate the ability of the kernels to recover seismic velocity discontinuities with a variety of shapes including a flat discontinuity, a discontinuity with a sharp step, a discontinuity with a smooth bump, and an undulating discontinuity. We compare the recovery using the kernel approach to expected recovery assuming the classical common conversion point (CCP) stacking approach. We find that the P‐to‐S kernel increases recovery of all discontinuity structures in comparison to CCP stacking especially for the shallowest discontinuity in the model. The S‐to‐P kernel is less successful but can be useful for recovering the curvature of shallow discontinuity undulations. Finally, although we observe some variability in the amplitude of the kernels along the discontinuities, the kernels show some potential for recovering the magnitude of the velocity contrast across a discontinuity.
Initial Response of Nightside Auroral Currents to a Sudden Commencement: Observations of Electrojet and Substorm Onset
Authors: Zhou Yun‐Liang , Lühr Hermann
Published: April 2022

Storm sudden commencements (SSC) often precede geomagnetic storms. Commonly, it takes some hours from the step‐like change that marks the SSC to the start of the magnetic storm activity. In a subset of cases, however, auroral activity starts almost instantaneously after the SSC. To the authors knowledge, the conditions that enable this rapid activation have not been investigated in detail before. Here we consider all the sudden commencements (SC) during the years 2000–2020. Our focus is on the initial response of the auroral currents on the nightside. For that purpose, we make use of the IMAGE Magnetometer Network in Fennoscandia. In about 30% of SC events an initial activation of the westward electrojet is observed. Magnetic deflections of the northward component, surpassing frequently 1,000 nT, are observed only 4 min after the SC. These intense westward currents, flowing typically in narrow channels of 1°–2° latitudinal width, last some 10 min. The electrojets are conjugate to regions in the magnetosphere near geostationary orbits. In several cases geomagnetic substorm onsets are observed about 30 min after the SC. These start typically at fairly high latitude, around 71° magnetic latitude. This is an indication for rather quiet conditions preceding the onset. The magnetic pulse of the SC seems to play an important role in initiating the strong electrojets and the substorms. These initial activities are of relevance for space weather effects because of their strong and rapid variations. This paper provides detailed observations of the initial auroral activity following some SCs.
Tree Rings Reveal a Puzzling Trend in Monsoon Intensity
Authors: Sidik Saima
Published: April 2022

Tree rings confirm that in northern Australia, the past 40 years have experienced more rain than any similar length of time in the past 600 years.
Blockade of PD-L1/PD-1 signaling promotes osteo-/odontogenic differentiation through Ras activation
Authors: Jeon So Mi , Lim Je Sun , Park Su Hwan , Kim Hyung Joon , Kim Hyung-Ryong , Lee Jong-Ho
Published: April 2022

The programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and its receptor programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) deliver inhibitory signals to regulate immunological tolerance during immune-mediated diseases. However, the role of PD-1 signaling and its blockade effect on human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) differentiation into the osteo-/odontogenic lineage remain unknown. We show here that PD-L1 expression, but not PD-1, is downregulated during osteo-/odontogenic differentiation of hDPSCs. Importantly, PD-L1/PD-1 signaling has been shown to negatively regulate the osteo-/odontogenic differentiation of hDPSCs. Mechanistically, depletion of either PD-L1 or PD-1 expression increased ERK and AKT phosphorylation levels through the upregulation of Ras enzyme activity, which plays a pivotal role during hDPSCs osteo-/odontogenic differentiation. Treatment with nivolumab (a human anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody), which targets PD-1 to prevent PD-L1 binding, successfully enhanced osteo-/odontogenic differentiation of hDPSCs through enhanced Ras activity-mediated phosphorylation of ERK and AKT. Our findings underscore that downregulation of PD-L1 expression accompanies during osteo-/odontogenic differentiation, and hDPSCs-intrinsic PD-1 signaling inhibits osteo-/odontogenic differentiation. These findings provide a significant basis that PD-1 blockade could be effective immunotherapeutic strategies in hDPSCs-mediated dental pulp regeneration.
Aβ profiles generated by Alzheimer’s disease causing PSEN1 variants determine the pathogenicity of the mutation and predict age at disease onset
Authors: Petit Dieter , Fernández Sara Gutiérrez , Zoltowska Katarzyna Marta , Enzlein Thomas , Ryan Natalie S. , O’Connor Antoinette , Szaruga Maria , Hill Elizabeth , Vandenberghe Rik , Fox Nick C. , Chávez-Gutiérrez Lucía
Published: April 2022

Familial Alzheimer’s disease (FAD), caused by mutations in Presenilin (PSEN1/2) and Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) genes, is associated with an early age at onset (AAO) of symptoms. AAO is relatively consistent within families and between carriers of the same mutations, but differs markedly between individuals carrying different mutations. Gaining a mechanistic understanding of why certain mutations manifest several decades earlier than others is extremely important in elucidating the foundations of pathogenesis and AAO. Pathogenic mutations affect the protease (PSEN/γ-secretase) and the substrate (APP) that generate amyloid β (Aβ) peptides. Altered Aβ metabolism has long been associated with AD pathogenesis, with absolute or relative increases in Aβ42 levels most commonly implicated in the disease development. However, analyses addressing the relationships between these Aβ42 increments and AAO are inconsistent. Here, we investigated this central aspect of AD pathophysiology via comprehensive analysis of 25 FAD-linked Aβ profiles. Hypothesis- and data-driven approaches demonstrate linear correlations between mutation-driven alterations in Aβ profiles and AAO. In addition, our studies show that the Aβ (37 + 38 + 40) / (42 + 43) ratio offers predictive value in the assessment of ‘unclear’ PSEN1 variants. Of note, the analysis of PSEN1 variants presenting additionally with spastic paraparesis, indicates that a different mechanism underlies the aetiology of this distinct clinical phenotype. This study thus delivers valuable assays for fundamental, clinical and genetic research as well as supports therapeutic interventions aimed at shifting Aβ profiles towards shorter Aβ peptides.
Clinical prediction models in psychiatry: a systematic review of two decades of progress and challenges
Authors: Meehan Alan J. , Lewis Stephanie J. , Fazel Seena , Fusar-Poli Paolo , Steyerberg Ewout W. , Stahl Daniel , Danese Andrea
Published: April 2022

Recent years have seen the rapid proliferation of clinical prediction models aiming to support risk stratification and individualized care within psychiatry. Despite growing interest, attempts to synthesize current evidence in the nascent field of precision psychiatry have remained scarce. This systematic review therefore sought to summarize progress towards clinical implementation of prediction modeling for psychiatric outcomes. We searched MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, and PsychINFO databases from inception to September 30, 2020, for English-language articles that developed and/or validated multivariable models to predict (at an individual level) onset, course, or treatment response for non-organic psychiatric disorders (PROSPERO: CRD42020216530). Individual prediction models were evaluated based on three key criteria: (i) mitigation of bias and overfitting; (ii) generalizability, and (iii) clinical utility. The Prediction model Risk Of Bias ASsessment Tool (PROBAST) was used to formally appraise each study’s risk of bias. 228 studies detailing 308 prediction models were ultimately eligible for inclusion. 94.5% of developed prediction models were deemed to be at high risk of bias, largely due to inadequate or inappropriate analytic decisions. Insufficient internal validation efforts (within the development sample) were also observed, while only one-fifth of models underwent external validation in an independent sample. Finally, our search identified just one published model whose potential utility in clinical practice was formally assessed. Our findings illustrated significant growth in precision psychiatry with promising progress towards real-world application. Nevertheless, these efforts have been inhibited by a preponderance of bias and overfitting, while the generalizability and clinical utility of many published models has yet to be formally established. Through improved methodological rigor during initial development, robust evaluations of reproducibility via independent validation, and evidence-based implementation frameworks, future research has the potential to generate risk prediction tools capable of enhancing clinical decision-making in psychiatric care.
The effect of menaquinone-7 supplementation on dp-ucMGP, PIVKAII, inflammatory markers, and body composition in type 2 diabetes patients: a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Karamzad Nahid , Faraji Esmaeil , Adeli Shaghayegh , Sullman Mark J. M. , Pourghassem Gargari Bahram
Published: April 2022

Background

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a common disorder that is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and chronic inflammation, which also have a reinforcing effect on each other. The present research studied the effects of menaquinone (MK-7) supplementation on serum dp-ucMGP (dephospho uncarboxylated Matrix Gla Protein), PIVKAII (Prothrombin Induced by Vitamin K Absence), inflammatory markers and body composition indices in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients.

Methods

This 12-week double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial allocated 60 T2DM patients equally into a MK-7 (200 mcg/day) group or a placebo group. All patients also received dietary advice at the beginning of study and their dietary intakes were checked using a 3-day food record. The body composition of each patient was also measured and their vitamin K status was assessed using the ELISA method to measure serum dp-ucMGP and PIVKAII. In addition, inflammatory status indices were also measured, including hsCRP (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein), IL-6 (interleukin-6) and TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor alpha). All measurements were made both before and after the intervention period.

Results

In total 45 patients completed the trial (MK-7 group = 23 and placebo group = 22). The calorie and macronutrient intake of the two groups were similar pre and post intervention. There were statistically significant increases in dietary vitamin K intake for both groups over the course of the study (p < 0.05), but the intergroup differences were not significant. The body composition indices (i.e., body fat percentage, fat mass, fat free mass, muscle mass, bone mass and total body water) were not significantly different between groups or across the trial. The serum levels of the vitamin K markers, PIVKAII and dp-ucMGP, decreased significantly in the MK-7 group over the course of the study (p < 0.05), but there was no decrease in the placebo group. However, after adjusting for the baseline levels and changes in vitamin K intake, the between group differences were only significant for PIVKAII (p < 0.05). Following the intervention, the serum levels of the inflammatory markers (hsCRP, IL-6, and TNF-α) were significantly lower in the MK-7 group (p < 0.05), but not in the placebo group. However, the between group differences in the inflammatory markers were not statistically significant.

Conclusions

Although further studies are needed, it appears that MK-7 supplementation can be effective in improving PIVKAII levels, but not for improving dp-ucMGP, inflammatory status or the body composition indices of T2DM patients.

Trial registration number

This study was prospectively registered at the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials on the 20th of May 2019 (ID: IRCT20100123003140N22).
Clinical and translational values of spatial transcriptomics
Authors: Zhang Linlin , Chen Dongsheng , Song Dongli , Liu Xiaoxia , Zhang Yanan , Xu Xun , Wang Xiangdong
Published: April 2022

The combination of spatial transcriptomics (ST) and single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) acts as a pivotal component to bridge the pathological phenomes of human tissues with molecular alterations, defining in situ intercellular molecular communications and knowledge on spatiotemporal molecular medicine. The present article overviews the development of ST and aims to evaluate clinical and translational values for understanding molecular pathogenesis and uncovering disease-specific biomarkers. We compare the advantages and disadvantages of sequencing- and imaging-based technologies and highlight opportunities and challenges of ST. We also describe the bioinformatics tools necessary on dissecting spatial patterns of gene expression and cellular interactions and the potential applications of ST in human diseases for clinical practice as one of important issues in clinical and translational medicine, including neurology, embryo development, oncology, and inflammation. Thus, clear clinical objectives, designs, optimizations of sampling procedure and protocol, repeatability of ST, as well as simplifications of analysis and interpretation are the key to translate ST from bench to clinic.