bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
РЕАЛИЗАЦИЯ КРУПНЫХ ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИХ ПРОЕКТОВ В РОССИЙСКОЙ АРКТИКЕ В РАМКАХ ОСУЩЕСТВЛЕНИЯ СОВМЕСТНЫХ ИНФРАСТРУКТУРНО-ИНТЕГРАЦИОННЫХ ИНИЦИАТИВ С КИТАЕМ И ИНДИЕЙ
Authors: Зоидов Кобилжон Ходжиевич , Медков Алексей Анатольевич
Published: June 2022

Цель работы. Исследование направлено на анализ перспектив реализации крупных энергетических проектов в российской Арктике и выработку предложений по эффективному транспортно-транзитному обеспечению вывоза углеводородного сырья и других полезных ископаемых. Метод и методология работы. В исследовании использованы методы эволюционно-институциональной теории, теории производственно-технологической сбалансированности и технико-экономических укладов, моделирования неравновесных процессов, миросистемного и политико-экономического анализа, исторического подхода, аналитических и экспертных оценок. Результаты и выводы. Приведена система аргументов, доказывающих, что наиболее полное и эффективное использование энерго-ресурсного, минерально-сырьевого и транспортно-транзитного потенциала российской Арктики возможно только путём выдвижения и реализации крупных инфраструктурно-интеграционных проектов, сопряжённых с китайской Инициативой «Пояс и путь», программой Индии по развитию инновационно-индустриальных поясов транспортного коридора «Север – Юг», реализацией предложений России по формированию Большого Евразийского партнёрства. Особое внимание уделено перспективам формирования и развития Индо-Сибирско-Арктического торгового пути ХХI в. на основе внедрения и расширения применения передовых перевозочных технологий. Область применения результатов. Полученные результаты могут использоваться при анализе и корректировке на его основе государственной политики в области реализации крупных энергетических проектов в российской Арктике в рамках инициативы «Пояс и путь» и Большая Евразия.
ЗЕЛЕНЫЙ ФРАНЧАЙЗИНГ – СОВРЕМЕННЫЙ ТРЕНД УСТОЙЧИВОГО РАЗВИТИЯ
Authors: Бердин Александр Эдуардович , Бердина Марина Юрьевна
Published: June 2022

Цель работы. Целью работы является определение места зеленого франчайзинга и современных зеленых технологий в экономике, вносящих вклад в устойчивое развитие. Метод или методология проведения работы. Исследование основывается на общенаучной методологии, которая предусматривает применение системного подхода к решению проблем. Основой работы являются данные по развитию зеленой экономике в мире, по особенностям зеленого франчайзинга, а также статистические данные Международной франчайзинговой ассоциации и Всемирного совета по франчайзингу по развитию зеленого франчайзинга в мире. Результаты. За последние годы экодвижение стало настоящим трендом в жизни общества, поэтому неудивительно, что зеленая тема получает все больше отражения в реальном бизнесе. И даже несмотря на всегда добросовестное использование терминов «green», «эко», «зеленый» и применение их в качестве лишь маркетингового хода, за последние 5 лет «зеленые» концепции с действительно интересными экотехнологиями продемонстрировали рост на рынке франчайзинга. Область применения результатов. Результаты исследования могут быть использованы отечественными и зарубежными компаниями, которые уже являются участниками франчайзинговой сети или рассматривают только возможность стать ее частью (потенциальные франчайзи), стремящиеся привнести зеленые технологии в свою хозяйственную деятельность в целях внесения своей лепты в устойчивое развитие. Выводы. В экономике любого развитого государства есть различные отрасли и сферы бизнеса, эффективное развитие и модернизация которых способны вывести их на самый высокий уровень развития. Зеленый франчайзинг является одним из успешных примеров такого явления. Исходя из представленных данных о тенденциях развития зеленой экономики и франчайзинга в мировой экономике, было показано, что внедрение тех или иных зеленых технологий в свою хозяйственную деятельность позволяет компаниям, в первую очередь ведущим франчайзинговым сетям, получить еще более конкретное преимущество и повысить свой имидж в глазах как властей, так и потребителей, что было подкреплено соответствующими примерами, статистическими данными, характеризующими их работу как истинных зеленых франчайзинговх сетей.
СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЕ МЕТОДОВ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ безопасности России в условиях санкционного режима
Authors: Бабаев Диана Раифовна
Published: June 2022

Цель работы. Целью статьи является выявление перспективных направлений в обеспечении национальной безопасности России и путей ее укрепления в условиях санкционного режима, способствующей рационализации структуры российского рынка, а также совершенствование методов обеспечения национальной безопасности в долгосрочной перспективе. Метод и методология проведения работы. Исследование основывается на общенаучной методологии, которая предусматривает применение системного подхода к решению проблем. Основой данной работы являются эмпирические наблюдения автора за реальным состоянием национальной безопасности в условиях санкционного режима, подкрепленные аналитическими обобщениями доступной информации. Результаты. Аналитически определено, что экономическая безопасность страны должна обеспечиваться прежде всего эффективностью самой экономики, то есть наряду с защитными мерами, осуществляемыми государством, она должна защищать сама себя на основе высокой производительности труда, качества продукции и т. д. Выявлены и обобщены показатели экономической безопасности – наиболее значимые параметры, которые характеризуют состояние экономической системы страны, ее устойчивость, потенциал роста. Решение проблемы повышения методов обеспечения национальной безопасности России предложено рассматривать с учетом развития российского и мирового рынка. Область применения результатов. Результаты проведенного исследования могут использоваться при обосновании методов обеспечения экономической безопасности России, а также в разработке на этой основе практических рекомендаций по выбору наиболее перспективных форм и методов обеспечения национальной безопасности России в условиях санкционного режима. Выводы. Необходимо наличие политической воли государства на принятие и, что не менее важно, исполнение решений, направленных на подъем экономики, структурные преобразования, стимулирование экономического роста, повышение благосостояния народа.
ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ И ОХРАНА ЗЕМЕЛЬНЫХ РЕСУРСОВ В КИТАЕ В СВЕТЕ РАЗВИТИЯ УРБАНИЗАЦИИ
Authors: Кузьмич Наталья Павловна
Published: June 2022

Цель работы. В статье обозначены значительные проблемы развития и использования земельных ресурсов в Китае в связи с урбанизацией. Цель исследования состоит в анализе использования и охране земельных ресурсов в КНР, влиянии на этот процесс урбанизации. Метод и методология проведения работы. При написании статьи использованы методы анализа и синтеза, системный подход. Основой для проведения исследования послужили труды отечественных и зарубежных исследователей, посвященные проблемам использования и охраны земельных ресурсов в КНР. Результаты работы. Реформы и открытость, индустриализация и рост третичной промышленности способствовали быстрой урбанизации Китая. В связи с этим число региональных городов значительно увеличилось. Урбанизация дает возможность для развития регионального землепользования. При этом отмечается, что расширение многих городов – это непрерывный, неупорядоченный и незапланированный процесс изменения пространства. Городское давление вызвано ростом населения, мобильностью сельского и городского населения в Китае. Область применения результатов. Опыт использования земель и отношения к сельскохозяйственным землям в КНР будет интересен и актуален для российских специалистов в области землеустройства. Выводы. В настоящее время большинство городов КНР не уделяет достаточного внимания строительству экологической среды, что ведет к снижению ее качества. Большое количество сельскохозяйственных земель превращается в несельскохозяйственные земли. В связи с этим целесообразно анализировать разумные возможности города и развития экологической среды в городском строительстве, создавать рыночно-ориентированный механизм распределения земельных ресурсов для достижения цели устойчивого развития в городах КНР.
Riesgos y familia en la adolescencia : un estudio acerca de los comportamientos de riesgos y la familia, de los adolescentes de los colegios públicos
Authors: González Quiñones Juan Carlos
Published: June 2022

Este texto está dirigido a las orientadoras(os) y psicólogas(os) de los colegios, por ser ellas(os) las personas que enfrentan con mayor frecuencia los problemas psicosociales de los adolescentes en sus respectivos colegios. Pretende ofrecerles una información básica acerca de algunos aspectos de índole emocional, social y familiar del mundo del adolescente, buscando con ello el contribuir en algún grado en la búsqueda de soluciones.
矿山生态环境保护与治理措施探讨
Authors: 宁 杨 , 美芳 王 , 林菲 宋
Published: June 2022

在环境保护与绿色发展理念引导下，必须做好对矿山生态修复和环境保护工作。矿山生态环境恢复治理对矿产企业而言是只有支出而没有盈利的项目，所以要求政府各部门从社会效益、经济方面进行鼓励和指导。同时，为了长期维持和恢复治理矿山的生态环境，必须深入研究如何将矿山的生态环境治理这块内容市场化、经营化，并要求国家、社区、科研单位和矿产企业之间相互协同合作。论文基于当下矿山生态环境的修复处理技术展开剖析。
地下水补给估算方法——地下水位波动法
Authors: 晓雨 靳
Published: June 2022

目前，水质管理已成为当前全球范围内亟待解决的问题之一。然而随着日益增长的人口数量及环境污染，地表水资源使用受限已经愈发明显。因此，对于一些将地下水作为饮用水的地区，地下水资源管理尤为重要。由于人口增长及气候应激引发的水资源压力，未来地下水资源将变得越来越重要。而在地下水评估中，地下水补给是非常重要的因素之一。
Exploring Preclinical Medical Students’ Reflections on their Learning Experience during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Jamaludin Siti Yusrina Nadihah , Ibrahim Mohd Salami
Published: June 2022

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has posed considerable challenges to higher education. To understand how the new landscape of curriculum delivery affects learning experience, a qualitative descriptive study was conducted among preclinical medical students in Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Malaysia between March 2021 and April 2021. Data were collected using an online Padlet platform which included an open-ended question with additional guided questions whereby students wrote their reflective writings, describing their perceptions on how online learning due to the COVID-19 pandemic affected their education. All reflective writings were transcribed verbatim. Data were analysed based on an established framework of systematic, robust, and credible thematic synthesis. A total of six students provided their reflective writings. The analyses revealed four themes. ‘Adaptability and flexibility’ appeared as the prominent theme, followed by ‘reduced learning acuity’, ‘compromised tacit learning’, and ‘supports from policy and practice’. Students’ adaptability to the new educational practices is indispensable to harvest the advantage of being flexible with online-based learning. It was concluded that key strategies for quality online-based learning during the COVID-19 pandemic include educators’ training on engaging techniques, planning that avoids excessive and successive online classes, support for dedicated learning space at home, family engagement to reduce distractions, and students’ access to quality technological hardware and software. Engineering solutions for affordable and reliable Internet connectivity are the main policy issues. Finally, the study recommends long-term educational goals which should address the irreplaceable aspects of tacit learning that are lost when transitioning to online-based learning.
THE STATE OF CONIFEROUS INTRODUCERS IN THE GREEN ZONE OF NUR-SULTAN
Authors:   Timirâzevskaâ selʹskohozâjstvennaâ akademiâ, КАBANOV А. N. , КАBANOVA S. A. , КОCHEGAROV I. S. , BORTSOV V. A.
Published: June 2022

The article presents observational data on the survival, preservation and growth of introduced tree species created in the interstrip spaces of the green zone of the city of Nur-Sultan. The greatest preservation is characterized by Siberian spruce (Piceaobovata Ledeb.) (76.8%) and blue spruce (Piceapungens Engelm.) (58,9%). Black spruce (Piceamariana Mill.) and Siberian larch (Larixsibirica Ledeb.) have a preservation rate of an average of 44.5%. The lowest survival rate and preservation (16.4%) is distinguished by Siberian fi r (Abiessibirica Ledeb.). When comparing the method of planting forest crops with planting the material with an open and closed root system, it was revealed that the survival ability and preservation of seedlings with ORS was slightly higher than that of seedlings with CRS. The average survival ability of seedlings with ORS was 58.1%, for seedlings with CRS – 53.7%. Plants height corresponds to the biological characteristics of woody species. The highest average height was for Piceamariana Mill (184.1 cm), the smallest average height was for Piceaengelmannii Parry ex Engelm (143.4 cm). The most acclimatized species of woody plants – Piceaobovata Ledeb., Piceapungens Engelm. and Piceamariana Mill – have been identifi ed. These trees have a high capacity for survival, stable growth and decorative effect. These coniferous plants can be used to create green areas of settlements in Kazakhstan, similar in soil and climatic conditions to the city of Nur-Sultan.
The New Storstrøm Bridge – From Tender Requirements to Reality.
Authors: MacAulay Barbara , Hartwich Emilie
Published: June 2022

A 4 km long sea-crossing structure is rising out of Storstrømmen in Denmark.

The paper will present the overall status of the project New Storstrøm Bridge, which is currently under construction. The New Storstrøm Bridge will be the third largest bridge in Denmark. The bridge comprises a 4 km long combined rail and road bridge and will be an important part of the Trans-European Network infrastructure. The new structure will be one of the few bridges, in the world, carrying a two-track high speed railway, a two-lane road, as well as a combined footway and cycle path, on one single cross section. The new bridge will be comprising 44 viaduct spans and 2 navigational spans, where the main bridge will be a cable stay structure with a 100m tall pylon.

The paper will present opportunities and constrains in the preliminary design and thoughts of the Bridge and the requirements in the Tender material, as well as the Tender process in general. The paper will further present how a competitive dialogue in the Tender process impacted the tender documents will be presented. The paper will furthermore show some of the challenges when a Design and Build contract moves from the Tender process into the Construction phase – seen from the Employers perspective.

The Design and Build Contract was awarded in February 2018, the Detailed Design is now well on the way, with construction also in progress.

The New Storstrøm Bridge will be an outstanding landmark, replacing what was once, and for 30 years, Europe’s longest combined road and railway bridge.
Weathering Steel Bridges – the New European ECCS Design Guide
Authors: Ungermann Dieter , Hatke Peter , Rademacher Dennis
Published: June 2022

Modern bridge structures should not only be efficient in terms of planning and construction, but require also low maintenance efforts. Weathering steel is therefore the ideal material for steel and composite bridges. It does not require any corrosion protection to permanently withstand the effects of the weather. The typical renewal measures for protective paintings can be omitted, which leads to significantly lower life cycle costs and interventions in the traffic flow. When designed and detailed correctly and used in the correct environment, weathering steel performs excellently. To gather the existing experiences and recommendations from different countries and make them available to all designers, the European ECCS design guide for weathering steel bridges has been renewed and supplemented with the latest research results to an efficient tool for a good design of weathering steel bridges. This article will present a selection of extracts from the document, which was recently published.
Modular Composite Bridges with Integral Sheet Piling Abutments for a Time Efficient Construction
Authors: Tibolt Mike , Rittich Nils , Wolters Kevin , Ivanov Stoyan
Published: June 2022

Composite bridges with sheet pile abutments using modular elements proof to be both economical and ecological efficient under a holistic assessment of costs. However, a standardized solution with widespread acceptance is currently missing in practice. In the present paper, a concept of a modular connection between superstructure in steel composite construction using hot-rolled profiles and integral steel sheet pile abutments is presented: A concept applying combined sheet pile walls for bridge spans up to 30-45m and referencing the Knife Edge-Support (KES). The load paths are analysed numerically, and the influencing parameters are identified. Finally, the experimental test campaign to proof the suitability of the connections will be shown. The research work is supported technically and financially by the FOSTA (Research Association for Steel Application) with funding from Stiftung Stahlanwendungsforschung, Essen (Germany).
Gusset plate between bridge hanger and arch formed by a H rolled section – Design considerations based on numerical analysis
Authors: Zanon Riccardo , Candeias Miguel
Published: June 2022

The paper investigates the detailing of the gusset plate serving as connection of the hanger to an arch member in form of a H-shaped rolled section in the frame of a tied-arch bridge. The driver of the investigation is the fatigue resistance which is usually critical for this element. Since the rolled sections used for this application belong to the same geometrical family it is possible to define a common geometric basis for this study.

At first a variety of geometric shapes have been considered and analysed by means of FEM numerical simulations. This preliminary analysis has delivered a rating in term of sensitivity to fatigue resistance, with best grades obtained for the shapes with lower the stress peaks. Beside the rating based on structural performance, a second rating has been proposed based on easy of execution. The combined results from these two ratings have permitted to identify the most suitable gusset shape. This shape has been afterwards investigated more in detail in term of hot-spot stress peaks, in particular considering the influence of the different hanger – arch inclination. This study leads to a proposal for the most appropriate geometric detailing for the gusset plate in the case of the arch as H- rolled sections, providing the lowest possible stress peaks and at the same time an easier fabrication process.
Development of Ductile Cast Iron Components to Shorten On-site Assembly of Existing Steel Earth-Retaining Beams
Authors: Sugimoto Yuma , Shirai Yugo , Yamaguchi Takashi
Published: June 2022

Nowadays, reducing on-site construction period is a major issue in Japan. Since joining of structural members is always conducted on-site, reducing joint parts contributes to a reduction of on-site construction period. This study examines a new joint structure of Steel Earth-Retaining Beams (SERBs) used during excavation work. Many bolts are used in a connection of SERBs. To reduce the number of bolts in SERBs while reusing the existing SERBs, this study developed ductile cast iron components which are installed SERB connections with FE analysis. Particular, we proposed the shape of the ductile cast iron components to improve the joint strength performance, and clarified the applicability of the cast iron parts in the SERB connection.
Recent and future trends of onshore wind turbine foundations
Authors: Barros Jesús Armesto , Mathern Alexandre
Published: June 2022

The decarbonization of the economy and the growing need for electricity are two trends that call for greener energy sources. Wind is a growing renewable energy source, which is expected to become the first source of power in the European Union in the next decade. In particular, onshore wind energy is expected to double by then. Fundamental structural components of wind turbines are their foundations, which are large structures associated with important material consumption and many construction challenges. The dimensions of these foundations are continuously increasing as turbines with taller towers and larger rotor diameters are being built. Designing cost- and material-efficient foundations is crucial to reduce the economic and environmental impact of wind energy. An important factor to successfully address these evolving requirements in the planning and design process is to build on the experience from previous projects. The aim of this work is to investigate the evolution of onshore wind turbines and its consequences on the design and climate impact of gravity foundations by analysing data from Swedish wind farms set in operation between 2013 and 2022. The evolution of turbine size, and foundation dimensions, reinforcement layout, material types and quantities, and embodied carbon are analysed in this paper.
Improving of fatigue assessment method of stud shear connectors using experimental data from studs' test of existing road bridge
Authors: Kozak Nikolai , Bystrov Vladimir , Yaroshutin Dmitry , Daliaev Nikolai
Published: June 2022

Nowadays there are varieties of methods for fatigue assessment of stud shear connectors in bridges with steel-concrete composite superstructures. These methods can consider various parameters, such as traffic flow characteristics, asymmetry factors, etc. Bridge design codes used in Russia are quite conservative in this matter and prescribe fatigue assessment based only on the maximum stress value, taking into consideration the reduction factor, ignoring the actual traffic loads. To improve the methodology for fatigue assessment, the authors of the article performed a full-scale experiment on a reconstructed bridge on the federal highway in Russia. The purpose was to determine the actual dynamic stresses in stud shear connectors from the transport load. During the reconstruction of the bridge, strain gauges were installed on stud shear connectors, and then connected to a digital measuring system. The article provides a complete description of the methods used and the results of the experiment. Based on the obtained data analysis, authors propose recommendations for adjusting the standard impact factors. Based on the results of comparison of the damage values obtained theoretically and experimentally, the authors make a proposal on the need to adjust the design loads used.
Experimental Study of the Shallow I-Shaped Steel Beam-Column under Combined Loading
Authors: Sato Atsushi , Yamada Shunji
Published: June 2022

In this paper, the test results of the column under combined loading conditions are reported. The shallow I-shaped steel section that is typical for the column was selected for the specimen. The section’s width-thickness ratio is compact (class 1), and a ductile behaviour can be expected. The axial force level and slenderness ratio were the testing parameters, and 11 specimens were prepared. The testing found that most specimens achieved full-plastic bending moment capacity even if they did not fulfil the design requirements. On the other hand, some specimens did not reach the ductility shown in the design recommendation. Lateral torsional buckling was the dominant failure mode; however, the ultimate limit state that was determined by Pd-effects was also confirmed from the testing. Finally, a design recommendation that is not stipulated in the current design recommendation is proposed.
Short span UHPFRC railway bridge in Switzerland - from design to implementation
Authors: Trinh Ngoc Thanh , Bertola Numa Joy , García Enrique , Brühwiler Eugen
Published: June 2022

This paper presents the design and construction of the Aiguillon railway bridge in Switzerland, one of the first railway bridges completely made of Ultra-High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Cementitious Composite (UHPFRC). The length and width of the trough girder are respectively 6.6 m and 5.7 m. It is designed for a narrow-gauge track and two walkways. The trough is composed of two prefabricated elements in UHPFRC with steel reinforcement bars. These elements are first built in the plant and then are assembled on site by a longitudinal cast-in-place joint.

The challenges and the experiences in this project are discussed and analysed in view of future projects. Furthermore, the full-scale suitability tests to validate the joint between the two prefabricated elements are described. The test results of the structural resistance of the joints are in good agreement with analytical results.
Monitoring to secure the Ile-de-Ré Viaduct, France
Authors: Joye Stephane , De Witt Marcel
Published: June 2022

The Ile de Ré viaduct is cantilever bridge made of 6 independent viaducts to link the Ré island to the city of La Rochelle in France. Built in 1988 its length reach 2926m.

Unfortunately the viaduct experienced in 2018 a failure of one of its external post tensioning tendon. The Department de la Charente, owner of the bridge asked Sixense and Freyssinet to secure the structure in order to enable the replacement of the broken tendon. This securing operation consisted in 3 phases: Ultrasonic inspection of the cables anchorage zone, installation of acoustic monitoring and finally strapping of the group of cables together.

The objective of the ultrasonic inspection is to qualify the current state of degradation of the anchorage. Indeed, the cause and location of cable failure was known to be a few meter behind the anchorage head because of corrosion due to poor injection of cement grout inside the cable duct.

Once the current state is qualified, the acoustic monitoring allowed to detect remotely any future failure of wire from the tendons. Any overpassing of the maximum allowed broken wire or any acceleration of failing wire would stop the progress of the cable replacement job.

Finally once the way was secured by ultrasonic inspection and equipped with acoustic monitoring, the external post tensioning cables were strapped by group in order to prevent any whipping effect that would hurt the operator in case of cables failure. The quantity, strength, and location of straps has been carefully calculated with dynamic load cases.

Thanks to this monitoring securing of 85 anchorages, the broken cable and three additional cables in poor state were replaced between 2019 and 2020 allowing the securing of the whole viaduct.
Development of simplified Bridge-Weigh-In-Motion based on displacement evaluation using an accelerometer
Authors: Ashizawa Nanami , Takeya Kouichi , Sasaki Eiichi , Yoshida Junji
Published: June 2022

In this study, an influence line of the girder displacement of the bridge was estimated by Bridge- Weigh-In-Motion using an accelerometer. Displacement was calculated by two times of integration of the measured acceleration. The data has the problem of low sensitivity due to a single sensor, and it contains measurement noise. To compensate for these problems, two correction methods were applied to the integration result. They were the baseline correction method and the drift correction method using boundary conditions of traffic-induced vibrations. It was shown that the result of integration was improved by using these methods. A calibration process to estimate the influence line of the bridge was proposed using iterative calculation method to optimize the result using local buses. It was shown that by using this method, vehicle detection and weight estimation can be performed with high accuracy, especially for large vehicles.
Development of a 3D Finite-Element Modelling Generation System Based on Data Processing Platform and Fatigue Analysis of Full-Scale Reinforced-Concrete Bridge
Authors: Yoneda Taiju , Fang Jie , Otani Hideyuki , Tsuchiya Satoshi , Oishi Satoru , Ishida Tetsuya
Published: June 2022

This study presents a technology development for creating 3D finite-element full-scale bridge models based on a data processing platform (DPP) and explores the trial fatigue analysis to serve as an important reference for future practical applications. Until now, the model generation, validation and calculation for a large-scale model of conventional method consume huge time and money. Currently, developments in High- Performance Computing (HPC) and preparation for large parallel computers make numerical simulation operation more efficient. Moreover, through the grouping structure technique, different types of data can be linked together. In this research, a 3D finite-element full-scale bridge superstructure model was created using the DPP. A trial fatigue analysis was performed using a high-performance computer. By considering the details such as the position of each reinforcing bar, prestressed tendon, the slope, etc., the DPP model more closely captures the real structure. Therefore, it could be said that the model made by the DPP has higher analytical accuracy. This research paved the way for the implementation of large-scale fatigue analysis, which has significant engineering applications prospects.
Proposal of nonlinear buffeting analysis framework for long-span bridges using Volterra series-based non-stationary wind force model
Authors: Ali Khawaja , Saleem Aleena
Published: June 2022

This paper presents a nonlinear framework to simulate the buffeting response of long-span bridges under Typhoon winds by using a Volterra series-based wind force model. First, the non-stationary wind fields are generated around the bridge using evolutionary power spectrum of the measured wind speeds. Subsequently, the nonlinear buffeting load model is formulated in time-domain by employing the Volterra series. Then, these Volterra kernels are identified from flutter derivatives. At last, the wind forces are applied to 3D fishbone finite element model of a suspension bridge and nonlinear buffeting analysis is performed. The time history analysis results show a good agreement in the simulation of Typhoon-induced buffeting response when compared with the measurement data of bridge displacements. Also, the analysis results are compared with the simulation results obtained from the existing wind load models to show the efficacy of the proposed framework.
Replacing of a steel bridge by rotation around the longitudinal axis
Authors: Jakub Dolejš , Vojtěch Drábek , Ludvík Kolpaský , Martin Werunský , Petr Červenka , Vladimír Příbramský , Pavel Ryjáček
Published: June 2022

This paper deals with a unique replacement of three bridge spans across the Hracholusky dam in the Czech Republic. The replacement was done by a longitudinal launching of the new bridge structure to the old one, their connection to each other and subsequent rotation of the bridge system around the longitudinal axis for 180°.
System Identification and Finite Element Model Updating of a Multi- Span Railway Bridge with Uncertain Boundary Conditions
Authors: Torp Mathias , Johnsen Jakob Braaten , Erduran Emrah
Published: June 2022

This study presents the implementation of a sensitivity-based finite element model updating process on a 48.6 m long, multi-span, reinforced concrete railway bridge located in Stange, Norway. Lack of documentation and uncertainties surrounding the boundary conditions combined with unrealistic dynamic response obtained from dynamic analysis using a finite element model based on the design drawings prompted the need for monitoring of the vibrations on the bridge followed by identification of modal properties and development of an updated finite element model which can more accurately represent the as-built structure.

For this purpose, the railway bridge was instrumented and vibration data from operational conditions was collected. Using the covariance- driven stochastic subspace identification method, the modal properties of the bridge were identified from the recorded vibrations. Comparison of the identified mode shapes with those obtained from the documentation-based initial finite element model showed significant discrepancies depicting the shortcomings of the initial model. A comprehensive sensitivity analysis and iterative finite element model updating was undertaken with a specific focus on the boundary conditions to obtain a FE model that can replicate the observed behaviour. As a result, the correlation between the observed and computed mode shapes were increased to 89% from 61% and the average error in the first four natural frequencies was reduced to 10% from 23%. Comparison of the initial and updated finite element models highlighted the significance of the boundary conditions on the dynamic behaviour of the bridge.
Fatigue analysis of existing railway bridges: strengthening through geometry improvement
Authors: Pétursson Hans
Published: June 2022

Fatigue analyses of steel bridges are usually based on nominal stresses and available detail categories. Assessment of existing railway bridges often show that the theoretical service life has expired although there are no visible cracks on the bridge. This is partly because results from fatigue testing have large scatter, leading to low design values. Another explanation is that the calculation methods are simple and not very accurate and that the many conservative simplifications that are made lead to an overestimation of the actual fatigue stress range and an underestimation of fatigue strength.

To carry out better assessments, the Swedish Transport Administration has studied a structural detail that consists of a gusset plate welded to a flange. This paper will present results from fatigue test of three steel beams with details corresponding to detail number 5 in table 8.4 EN 1993-1-9 [1]. Furthermore, fatigue tests and research in literature are analysed to investigate if the detail category can be elevated from detail nr. 4 by grinding a radius that is smaller than the radius that is specified in EN 1993-1-8 for detail nr 5 in table 8.4. The results have been introduced in the Swedish codes for assessment and maintenance of bridges.
Re-using existing prefabricated prestressed concrete girders in new bridges
Authors: Vergoossen Rob , van Eck Gert-Jan , Jilissen Danny
Published: June 2022

The future of bridge and overpass design is to be fully circular. To reach that goal many innovations in construction should be made. One of the first steps is to alter the mainly existing linear construction sequence. Therefore, Royal HaskoningDHV started the innovation of re-using prefabricated concrete girders for new overpasses and bridges. In this paper the deconstruction and possible adaption processes are described. It was investigated if girders can be shortened, and their skew angle adapted. This was tested on a real girder. From this it can be concluded that adaption of existing girders is feasible. With this it is easier to re-use girders which can result in less time in storage and shorter transportation distance. Re-use for new design. It is also concluded that omitting the transverse diaphragm beams at the supports is an example of the highest principle of circularity ‘rethink the needs’ and find a non-material solution.
New possibilities with the use of automated laser- laser-hybrid welding methods for steel bridges
Authors: Veie Johannes , Dørum Cato , Askeland Tore
Published: June 2022

The development of automated laser- and laser-hybrid welding has made it possible to fabricate bridges in a new way. Traditional orthotropic decks based on steel-plates with longitudinal trapezoidal stiffeners may experience challenges with fatigue cracks developed at the welds and the edge of cut-out holes. The use of laser- and laser-hybrid can improve fatigue properties in general, but the technology also opens for new designs that improve fatigue properties with use of less material, reduced environmental impact and reduced production costs. A closed multi-box steel panel, also denoted as a steel sandwich element is a promising alternative to conventional orthotropic steel decks. The panels may also replace the concrete slab for traditional composite steel concrete box girder bridges.
Evaluation of Seismic Performance and Proposing the Reinforcement Methods for the Bridge with Rocking Piers Penetrating the Railway Platform
Authors: Giga Taiki , Nagasawa Mitsuya , Hattori Masahiro , Sugiyama Naoya , Tasaki Kenji , Tokuhashi Ryoji , Sasaki Tatsuo , Oniki Koji
Published: June 2022

Among the notable damage to the expressway in the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake is the collapse of bridges with rocking piers. If the hinges of the rocking piers are damaged by an unexpected earthquake, the entire bridge system may collapse because bridges with rocking piers don’t have structural redundancy. In this paper, a bridge with a unique rocking pier penetrating a railway platform is focused on. We evaluated the seismic performance of the bridge, verified the collapse process, and proposed seismic reinforcement methods. Based on the results, it was confirmed that the displacements of the rocking pier exceeded the allowable values for an extreme earthquake. We proposed a measure to suppress the displacements and building a new pier to support the superstructure so that the collapse of the rocking pier would not lead to a bridge collapse.
Experimental study of potential bearing uplift of cable-stayed bridges under earthquakes
Authors: Guo Wei , Shen Yu , Li Jianzhong
Published: June 2022

To investigate the potential bearing uplift of long-span cable-stayed bridges, a 1/35 scaled double- tower bridge model was tested on four shake tables at Tongji University, China. A longitudinal floating system was first applied to the test model, i.e., the unlimited longitudinal but restrained transverse movements. Then, viscous fluid dampers (VFDs) were installed as the tower-deck connections to study their effects on alleviating the issue of bearing uplift at auxiliary piers. Test results showed that: (1) though ground motions were merely longitudinally input, there was a possibility of bearing uplift due to the longitudinal vibration of the towers combined with the vertical vibration of the deck; (2) the effectiveness of the VFDs on reducing the bearing force at the auxiliary pier was related to the characteristics of earthquakes; (3) compared with the deck longitudinal displacement, the effectiveness of VFDs on controlling its vertical displacement was insignificant.
Long-term concrete strain measurements of large-scale experiments exposed to environmental effects
Authors: Bachofner Wolfgang , Kollegger Johann , Suza Dominik
Published: June 2022

Standard creep and shrinkage strain measurements of concrete are usually carried out in a laboratory on small cylinder specimens with constant temperature and humidity with a low variation. Monitoring a real construction allows the depiction of the actual developments of concrete strains. Unfortunately, the evaluation, separation of the single strain effects and interpretation of the measured values is not unproblematic, because of the different influences affecting the measured results. The idea of the Creep & Shrinkage Project was to combine the two described approaches for strain measurement creating an experimental setup which would benefit from the advantages of both procedures. The following paper presents the experimental results of almost five years and compares them to the creep and shrinkage models contained in the Eurocode and the fib Model Code 2010.
Modelling rebar-concrete interaction with an equivalent transition layer
Authors: Ye Hongning , Lu Yong
Published: June 2022

For the finite element (FE) simulation of reinforced concrete (RC) structures, concrete-steel interaction is crucial, especially under seismic loading scenarios. Typically, a desired bond stress-slip law may be defined directly into interaction elements; however, a more direct way of using perfect bond but with a transition layer method has not been discussed systematically. This paper presents an equivalent transitional layer approach to represent the interaction (bond) behaviour from a macroscopic point of view for FE analysis. The experimental “bond”- slip phenomenon is realised through the stress and shear strain in a solid layer of transitional elements with mesh-objective equivalent material properties. This equivalent “bond” scheme is then verified by FE simulation in ABAQUS in pullout test and general FE analysis of RC structures. The model can also be employed to investigate bond-sensitive behaviours in the connection regions of precast RC columns/walls.
Stainless Steel Bars as Reinforcement
Authors: Surana Vipul , Deshpande Aniruddha
Published: June 2022

The paper describes various grades of stainless steel available in India with merits & demerits when used as a reinforcement in concrete structures.
Integral VFT-RS composite bridges - Efficient standard highway overpasses
Authors: Zanon Riccardo , Rademacher Dennis , Seidl Günter , Pak Daniel
Published: June 2022

Starting from Germany, the VFT® bridge girder technology (prefabricated composite beam) has spread in several European countries in the last decades as further development of the standard steel-concrete composite solution. Its configuration fits perfectly to integral frame bridges built over existing infrastructure with the scope to minimize the traffic disturbance. In this paper a further development with the focus on cost efficiency in span ranges of 40-55 m is proposed: the VFT-RS technology. The change consists in using standard rolled sections by adapting them into the integral frame bridge configuration, further enhancing the structural efficiency with the benefits of high- steel strength. The constructive details to achieve the polygonal form have been studied to allow easy fabrication and a maximal clearance height over highway traffic lanes. The VFT-RS solution is conceived as the economic option of standard highway overpasses, with the aim of an overall construction cost reduction of 5%.
Stochastic degradation model analysis for prestressed concrete bridges
Authors: Rincon Luis F. , Muñoz Moscoso Yina F. , Matos Jose Campos , Leiva Maldonado Stefan Leonardo
Published: June 2022

Bridges in the road infrastructure represent a critical and strategic asset, due to their functionality, is vital for the economic and social development of the countries. Currently, approximately 50% of construction industry expenditures in most developed countries are associated with repairs, maintenance, and rehabilitation of existing structures, and are expected to increase in the future. In this sense, it is necessary to monitor the behaviour of bridges and obtain indicators that represent the evolution of the state of service over time.

Therefore, degradation models play a crucial role in determining asset performance that will define cost-effective and efficient planned maintenance solutions to ensure continuous and correct operation. Of these models, Markov chains stand out for being stochastic models that consider the uncertainty of complex phenomena and are the most used for structures in general due to their practicality, easy implementation, and compatibility. In this context, this research develops degradation models of a database of 414 prestressed concrete bridges continuously monitored from 2000 to 2016 in the state of Indiana, USA. Degradation models were developed from a rating system of the state of the deck, the superstructure, and the substructure. Finally, the database is identified and divided from cluster analysis, into classes that share similar deterioration trends to obtain a more accurate prediction that can facilitate the decision processes of bridge management systems.
Evaluation of Riveted Railway Bridge Using Experimental-Numerical Analyses
Authors: Hlinka Richard , Odrobiňák Jaroslav , Prokop Jozef , Vičan Josef , Kridla Ondrej , Vavák Branislav
Published: June 2022

Railway bridges represent crucial points within railways, because of its strategy meanings in transportation infrastructure. During the decades of exploitation, degradation processes and external influences attack the bridge structures. Typical 70-years old riveted railway bridge with main plate girders and the upper member deck is analysed in the paper. Load-carrying capacity, possible reserves and analysis of critical details are presented. Provisions of the new guideline for determination of load-carrying capacities of railway bridges were applied. Data needed for numerical analysis and subsequent calculation were supported by enhanced diagnostics and measurements. Actual behaviour of the whole structure and chosen members, respectively, were verified by the static and the dynamic load tests. Both the researches academics from the university and the R&D institute staff of the state railway administrator were involved in this pilot project.
Quasi-static load bearing behaviour of hybrid grouted joints
Authors: Boretzki Jakob , Albiez Matthias , Ummenhofer Thomas
Published: June 2022

In offshore applications, high-strength grout is used to connect tubular steel sections. Grouted connections rely on welded shear keys to ensure sufficient interlocking of the grout-steel interface. These shear keys lead to stress concentrations, which in turn lead to fatigue cracks, and local damage of the grout. The hybrid grouted joint is a newly developed connection that is characterised by a multi-layered composition. In contrast to state-of-the-art grouted joints, hybrid grouted joints include thin adhesive layers, which are applied on the steel surfaces prior to grouting. The new connection type is in the focus of a recently finished research project. This paper presents selected results concerning the quasi-static load-bearing capacity under axial loading. The experimental campaign aimed at identifying and quantifying various aspects that influence the connection's performance. Different adherent combinations, varying overlap lengths, load directions and systematically induced imperfections were evaluated.
Repair effect of externally bonded CFRP on propagation life of fatigue cracks initiated at in-plane welded gusset joints
Authors: Matano Atsushi , Nakamura Hitoshi , Thay Visal , Tsubokawa Takehiko , Matsui Takehiro
Published: June 2022

Focusing on fatigue cracks initiated at in-plane gusset welded joints, the delay in crack growth life due to externally bonded CFRP was experimentally verified. The results indicate that CFRP prevents the release of residual stress, subsequently delays crack growth in the compressive residual stress area.
Property Analysis of Link Slab in Steel-Concrete Composite Bridge
Authors: Xiao Liang , Su Qingtian , Wang Fuyu
Published: June 2022

Simply supported bridge has been widely used because of its low cost and clear mechanical behavior. However, there are many expansion joints, which reduce the integrity of the bridge deck and affect the driving comfort. Besides, the expansion joint is easy to be damaged due to the vehicle dynamic load. In order to overcome the above problems, the best way is to reduce or even cancel the expansion joint. The common methods are continuous structure and continuous bridge deck. The former is realized by transforming the simply supported bridge into continuous bridge or rigid frame bridge. But its construction is more complex, which reduces the prefabricated assembly rate. While the latter refers to the structure replacing expansion joint to link slab to keep decks or deck pavements of simply supported bridges continuous. It maintains the mechanical advantages of simply supported structure and can provide continuous lane for the comfort of driving. The structure with link slab has the strengths of convenient construction and low cost, so it is a bridge type worthy of promotion. In this paper, a four-span simply supported steel-concrete composite bridge with four channel girders is studied and a new type of continuous bridge deck structure is proposed. The numerical model of the whole bridge is built, and the influence of span, thickness of link slab and unbonded length of link slab on the mechanical property of continuous bridge deck structure is studied.