bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sumoylation of a meiosis‐specific RecA homolog, Lim15/Dmc1, via interaction with the small ubiquitin‐related modifier (SUMO)‐conjugating enzyme Ubc9
Authors: Koshiyama Akiyo , Hamada Fumika N. , Namekawa Satoshi H. , Iwabata Kazuki , Sugawara Hiroko , Sakamoto Aiko , Ishizaki Takashi , Sakaguchi Kengo
Published: August 2006

Sumoylation is a post‐translational modification system that covalently attaches the small ubiquitin‐related modifier (SUMO) to target proteins. Ubc9 is required as the E2‐type enzyme for SUMO‐1 conjugation to targets. Here, we show that Ubc9 interacts with the meiosis‐specific RecA homolog, Lim15/Dmc1 in the basidiomycete Coprinus cinereus (CcLim15), and mediates sumoylation of CcLim15 during meiosis. In vitro protein–protein interaction assays revealed that CcUbc9 interacts with CcLim15 and binds to the C‐terminus (amino acids 105–347) of CcLim15, which includes the ATPase domain. Immunocytochemistry demonstrates that CcUbc9 and CcLim15 colocalize in the nuclei from the leptotene stage to the early pachytene stage during meiotic prophase I. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments indicate that CcUbc9 interacts with CcLim15 in vivo during meiotic prophase I. Furthermore, we show that CcLim15 is a target protein of sumoylation both in vivo and in vitro, and identify the C‐terminus (amino acids 105–347) of CcLim15 as the site of sumoylation in vitro. These results suggest that sumoylation is a candidate modulator of meiotic recombination via interaction between Ubc9 and Lim15/Dmc1.
ULTRASOUND ASSISTED DIAGNOSIS OF THE PAINFUL CALF
Authors: Dudkiewicz Israel , Heim Michael , Blankstein Alexander
Published: August 2006

The efficiency of ultrasound usage in the diagnosis of the painful calf has been discussed in previous reports. We report our experience with the use of this modality as an accurate diagnostic tool for calf pain in young adults. Twenty-nine patients (16 males, 13 females) underwent dynamic ultrasonographic examination due to calf pain. Nine patients had tears of the gastrocnemius medial head, 2 had an intramuscular haematoma, 2 had distal fibula fractures, 3 had peroneal muscle herniation and 2 had herniation of the gastrocnemius medial head. One patient had cellulitis, one polymyositis and one dermatomyositis. Two patients had myositis ossificans, 2 patients had haemangiomas, and 4 patients had lipomas. All the diagnoses were confirmed by other imaging modalities and/or histological evaluation. We found ultrasound, as a very helpful tool to achieve a correct diagnosis of the painful calf.
Some Evolutionary Consequences of Being a Tree
Authors: Petit Rémy J. , Hampe Arndt
Published: August 2006

Trees do not form a natural group but share attributes such as great size, longevity, and high reproductive output that affect their mode and tempo of evolution. In particular, trees are unique in that they maintain high levels of diversity while accumulating new mutations only slowly. They are also capable of rapid local adaptation and can evolve quickly from nontree ancestors, but most existing tree lineages typically experience low speciation and extinction rates. We discuss why the tree growth habit should lead to these seemingly paradoxical features.
Idiosyncratic Drug Reactions: Current Understanding
Authors: Uetrecht Jack
Published: August 2006

Clinical characteristics and circumstantial evidence suggest that idiosyncratic drug reactions are caused by reactive metabolites and are immune-mediated; however, there are few definitive data and there are likely exceptions. There are three principal hypotheses for how reactive metabolites might induce an immune-mediated idiosyncratic reaction: the hapten hypothesis, the danger hypothesis, and the PI hypothesis. It has been proposed that some idiosyncratic reactions, especially those involving the liver, represent metabolic idiosyncrasy; however, there are even less data to support this hypothesis. The unpredictable nature of these reactions makes mechanistic studies difficult. There is a very strong association with specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes for certain reactions, but this has only been demonstrated for very few drugs. Animal models represent a very powerful tool for mechanistic studies, but the number of valid models is also limited. There may be biomarkers of risk; however, much more work needs to be done.
AMP-Activated Protein Kinase as a Drug Target
Authors: Hardie D. Grahame
Published: August 2006

The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) system is a regulator of energy balance at both the cellular and whole-body levels that, once activated by low energy status, effects a switch from ATP-consuming anabolic pathways to ATP-producing catabolic pathways. It now appears to be the major target for two existing classes of drug used to treat type 2 diabetes, i.e., the biguanides and thiazolidinediones. However, in both cases these activate AMPK indirectly, and an interesting question concerns whether a drug that directly activated AMPK would retain the therapeutic benefits of the existing drugs while eliminating unwanted side effects. AMPK activators also now have potential as anticancer drugs.
Cell Signaling and Neuronal Death
Authors: Hara Makoto R. , Snyder Solomon H.
Published: August 2006

The past few decades have revealed that cell death can be precisely programmed with two principal forms, apoptosis and necrosis. Besides pathophysiological alterations, physiologic processes, such as the pruning of neurons during normal development and the involution of the thymus, involve apoptosis. This review focuses on the role of inter- and intracellular signaling systems in cell death, especially in the nervous system. Among neurotransmitters, glutamate and nitric oxide have been most extensively characterized and contribute to cell death in excitotoxic damage, especially in stroke and possibly in neurodegenerative diseases. Within cells, calcium, the most prominent of all intracellular messengers, mediates diverse forms of cell death with actions modulated by many proteins, including IP3 receptors, calcineurin, calpain, and cytochrome c.
Un vandalisme d'État en Extrême-Orient? Les destructions de lieux de culte dans l'histoire de la Chine et du Japon
Authors: Kouamé Nathalie , Goossaert Vincent
Published: August 2006

Throughout Chinese and Japanese history, state initiatives have led to the physical destruction of buildings of worship, for a large variety of reasons. The authors, historians of Japan and China respectively, attempt to analyse the whole breadth of such cases of destruction, asking how and why physical violence can be part of a religious policy. The notion of 'vandalism', created during the French Revolution to label the revolutionary state's destruction of church property and other symbols of the past, seems a stimulating way of thinking about this kind of violence that should not be taken for granted or as inevitable consequences of state control over religion. Far from incidental, the authors argue, destroying temples was often a purposeful, well thought out choice within a larger repertoire of ways to deal with religious institutions.The first part of the article sketches a typology of destruction according to context and motivation, ranging from an authoritarian reorganization of space (destruction might then be mitigated by reconstruction elsewhere) to targeted retaliation, to comprehensive repression. While not all types of 'vandalism' are attested in both China and Japan, cultural-political influences between the two areas, and some shared religious culture, make the comparison illuminating. The second part of the article deals with the symbolical-political meanings of the destructive praxis.
Relationships, Layoffs, and Organizational Resilience
Authors: Gittell Jody Hoffer , Cameron Kim , Lim Sandy , Rivas Victor
Published: August 2006

The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, affected the U.S. airline industry more than almost any other industry. Certain airlines emerged successful and demonstrated remarkable resilience while others languished. This investigation identifies reasons why some airline companies recovered successfully after the attacks while others struggled. Evidence is provided that layoffs after the crisis, although intended to foster recovery, instead inhibited recovery throughout the 4 years after the crisis. But, layoffs after the crisis were strongly correlated with lack of financial reserves and lack of a viable business model prior to the crisis. Digging deeper, the authors find that having a viable business model itself depended on the development and preservation of relational reserves over time. Our model shows that the maintenance of adequate financial reserves enables the preservation of relational reserves and vice versa, contributing to organizational resilience in times of crisis.
Comanagement of Natural Resources
Authors: Tipa Gail , Welch Richard
Published: August 2006

The beliefs and practices of indigenous groups are increasingly recognized as being of value for resource management. But engagement in comanagement has proved problematic for indigenous communities. The authors argue that this results from different interpretations of what is meant by comanagement. Three interpretations are proffered, presenting different perspectives on the state-community duality: cooperative management, collaboration in management, and management by community. Referring to a New Zealand study of the potential for joint management of freshwater resources, the authors argue collaboration between state and indigenous people (and mutual engagement of their knowledges) promises to maximize indigenous input into resource management decision making. Negotiation of such collaborative arrangements is made difficult however by the need for the state to (a) differentiate between traditional resource management knowledge and nonindigenous community-based knowledge and (b) incorporate the latter within a state perspective on resource management while specifically identifying and engaging with the former.
Dueling Schemata
Authors: Foldy Erica Gabrielle
Published: August 2006

Recent scholarship has shown that, despite the broad representation of women in the workplace, gender inequities in organizations remain widespread. Because gender schemas—embedded ways of thinking about men and women—contribute to this phenomenon, addressing such mental models should be a part of gender equity initiatives. This article provides data that suggest that some individuals hold within themselves quite contradictory schemas of men and of women. It then illustrates how individuals can use these internal inconsistencies to push through superficial understandings of gender to more complex ones. By facilitating this learning process in training and other kinds of organizational events, change agents can strengthen organizational efforts to achieve gender equity.
Fighting Corporate Swine
Authors: Williams Heather
Published: August 2006

Much as developing countries have been saddled with unwanted incinerators, refineries, waste dumps, or dangerous assembly sectors in an era of global outsourcing, a great many U.S. rural communities have in the last decade and a half found themselves face-to-face with massive industrial livestock complexes. This article examines the alliances that emerged in opposition to corporate livestock complexes including farm and rural community associations and environmental organizations. This study of anti-factory farm campaigns in Kansas, Oklahoma, and Missouri examines the circumstances under which broad-based coalitions opposing powerful corporate interests emerge, and what such alliances do and do not achieve under given institutional circumstances.
The People’s Library and the Electronic Workshop: Comparing Swedish and British Social Democracy
Authors: Andersson Jenny
Published: August 2006

This article explores the role of ideological heritages—ideologies past—in the political discourse of the Third Way and points to the divergence between social democratic parties in their interpretation of change. The cases are New Labour and the Swedish SAP, cases that display important differences in interpretations of the knowledge economy and its implications for social change. The people’s library and the electronic workshop, as the metaphors the parties use to describe the knowledge economy, contain different future visions, and echo politics of the past. The people’s library plays on the historical Swedish notion of a people’s home, whereas the electronic workshop draws on a British past of industrial progress and capitalist entrepreneurship, values that have been placed at the heart of New Labour debates on welfare state change. These metaphors serve as the point of departure for the discussion.
Flying High or Crashing Down
Authors: Barnett Lynn A.
Published: August 2006

Largely absent from the literature on adolescent girls'extracurricular activities is exploration of the process and effects of vying for entry to extracurricular activities that are competitive and selective. This qualitative study contrasted the immediate and longer term effects of auditioning for two high school extracurricular activities (cheerleading, dance) on 18 girls who won admission and 18 who did not. One-on-one interviews collected immediately and 2 months following the selection decision reflected the significant impact of the decision on personal, social, and school identity. The findings supported the positive effects for those who were successful and illustrated the devastating and extended effects of not being selected on personal, social, and school identity.
The Ethnic Identity, Other-Group Attitudes, and Psychosocial Functioning of Asian American Emerging Adults From Two Contexts
Authors: Juang Linda P. , Nguyen Huong H. , Lin Yunghui
Published: August 2006

Drawing from two samples of Asian American emerging adults, one in an ethnicallyconcentrated context ( n = 108) and the other in an ethnically-dispersed, mainly White context ( n = 153), we examined (a) how ethnic identity and other-group attitudes were related to psychosocial functioning (i.e., depression, self-esteem, and connectedness to parents) and (b) how these relations were moderated by context. Results (direct effects) indicated that ethnic identity predicted more positive functioning in terms of self-esteem and connectedness to parents, whereas other-group attitudes predicted more positive functioning in terms of self-esteem and depression. Furthermore, moderated effects indicated that the links with other-group attitudes did not vary with context but that the links with ethnic identity did. Ethnic identity was linked to more positive functioning in terms of depression and connectedness to parents only for those in the ethnically-concentrated context. These findings demonstrate how different types of functioning are differentially influenced by ethnic identity and other-group attitudes and by the contexts in which these identities and attitudes are embedded.
Dementia—Epidemiological Considerations, Nomenclature, and a Tacit Consensus Definition
Authors: Breitner John C. S.
Published: August 2006

Epidemiologic inquiry requires the definition of a “case.” Dementia may be defined clinically or alternatively by inference of irreversible brain pathology. Several iterations of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and International Classification of Diseases have skirted this issue by using criteria that are at once syndromic and neuropathological. The limitations of this compromise are revealed by large discrepancies in case identification when the various published criteria are strictly applied. Despite this problem, neuroepidemiologists have produced convergent estimates of the prevalence and incidence of dementia and its association with risk factors. This progress has reflected the tacit reliance of investigators on a simple definition of dementia as the syndrome of substantial global cognitive decline not attributable to alteration in level of consciousness. Beyond this description, our knowledge of pathology and, ultimately, the etiology of individual cases is extremely variable. Whatever its antecedents, syndromically defined dementia presents a looming public health crisis. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2006;19:129-136)
Diagnostic Criteria in Dementia: A Comparison of Current Criteria, Research Challenges, and Implications for DSM-V
Authors: Reisberg Barry
Published: August 2006

Planning is being initiated for the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th ed. ( DSM-V). Therefore, the dementia diagnosis criteria in the American Psychiatric Association’s DSM-IVTR (4th ed, text revision, 2000) have been compared with the World Health Organization’s International Classification of Diseases (10th revision, 1992). Critiques are based primarily on ( a) internal consistency and validity of the classification, ( b) historical development of the field, ( c) conclusions of consensus conferences, and ( d) current knowledge and practice. It is suggested that (1) the entire category be labeled “cognitive disorders,” to better characterize this group of disorders, (2) there is no longer any scientific basis for the presenile versus senile dementia dichotomy at age 65, (3) Alzheimer’s disease no longer should have unique status as a “diagnosis of exclusion,” (4) future manuals should incorporate knowledge regarding the clinical manifestation and course of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias, and (5) the classification “Pick’s disease” should be broadened to “frontotemporal dementias.” DSM-V should incorporate continuing advances in the neuroscience knowledge base and understanding of these disorders. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2006;19:137-146)
“Skimming the Cream”
Authors: West Anne , Ingram Dabney , Hind Audrey
Published: August 2006

This article focuses on student admissions to charter schools in the United States and to autonomous (foundation and voluntary-aided) secondary schools in England. Analyses of the admissions criteria used by autonomous and nonautonomous secondary schools in England revealed that more autonomous than nonautonomous schools reported using potentially selective criteria. Examination results were higher in autonomous than nonautonomous schools and even higher in those that used potentially selective admissions criteria. Fewer students with special educational needs attended autonomous schools. The similarities between the admissions practices used by certain charter schools and the published admissions criteria used by certain autonomous schools in England are discussed. The evidence is suggestive of both “cream skimming” and “cropping off” educational provision to particular groups of students. It is concluded that the introduction of market oriented reforms into public school systems requires monitoring and effective regulation to ensure that autonomous schools do not act in their own self-interest.
Examining the Impact of Proposition 48 on Graduation Rates in Division 1A Football and Program Recruiting Behavior
Authors: Heck Ronald H. , Takahashi Robin
Published: August 2006

The intersection of athletics and academics is legitimized through eligibility rules, which provide standards that bind commercial athletics to the educational purposes of higher education. To compete in intercollegiate athletics, freshman student athletes must meet the initial academic eligibility criteria set by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) membership. Proposition 48 crystallized many of the calls for reform regarding inadequate academic standards in the public and postsecondary institutions that occurred during the early 1980s. In this article, the authors propose and test a time series structural equation model to investigate Proposition 48's impact on raising Division IA freshman student athletes' graduation rates in football and its impact in changing football programs' recruiting practices regarding freshman and junior college student athletes.
Retrospective Assessment of Childhood Sexual and Physical Abuse
Authors: DiLillo David , Fortier Michelle A. , Hayes Sarah A. , Trask Emily , Perry Andrea R. , Messman-Moore Terri , Fauchier Angèle , Nash Cindy
Published: August 2006

This study compared retrospective reports of childhood sexual and physical abuse as assessed by two measures: the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), which uses a Likert-type scaling approach, and the Computer Assisted Maltreatment Inventory (CAMI), which employs a behaviorally specific means of assessment. Participants included 1,195 undergraduate students recruited from three geographically diverse universities. Agreement was high across the two measures in the classification of victim status (92% and 80% for sexual and physical abuse, respectively). However, the CTQ classified more participants as sexually abused than did the CAMI, whereas the opposite trend was found for physical abuse. For child physical abuse, many participants reporting abusive acts on the CAMI scored below the cut-point for physical abuse on the CTQ. Classification differences for both types of abuse were largely unrelated to demographic factors, socially desirable responding, or self-reported withholding of information. The implications of these results are discussed in light of future research using retrospective methods of assessing childhood abuse.
Predicting Aggressive and Disruptive Behavior in Referred 6- to 12-Year-Old Boys
Authors: Enebrink Pia , Långström Niklas , Gumpert Clara H.
Published: August 2006

The authors investigated the predictive and incremental validity of the Early Assessment Risk List for boys (EARL-20B; Augimeri, Koegl, Webster, & Levene, 2001), a structured clinical checklist designed for the professional judgment of risk for aggressive and disruptive behaviors and risk/needs factor-based management of this risk. Seventy-six boys consecutively referred to child psychiatric outpatient clinics in mid-Sweden were evaluated according to the EARL-20B and with independent (not EARL-20B-based) clinical evaluations. The participants were prospectively followed after 6 and 30 months. EARL- 20B-based assessments were positively and moderately associated with aggressive (reactive and proactive aggression) and disruptive behavior (conduct problems and DSM-IV Conduct Disorder) at both subsequent evaluations. Clinical evaluations made without the instrument were not as consistently associated with outcome. Incremental predictive validity over unstructured clinical evaluations and Conduct Disorder at baseline suggested promising clinical utility. The checklist might be used to support clinical decision making for referred boys at risk for continued antisocial behavior.
Assessment of Interpersonal Aggression and Violence
Authors: Edens John F. , Douglas Kevin S.
Published: August 2006

Violence and interpersonal aggression are considered major public health problems throughout the world. Yet there is considerable variability in how these terms are operationalized, measured, and studied in the social sciences, which can lead to ambiguity and confusion in the field. In this introduction to the special issue, the authors highlight some of the difficulties inherent in studying interpersonal aggression and violence and briefly review the heterogeneous nature of the research conducted in this area. The authors conclude with a summary of the key findings of the articles that appear in this special issue.
Material flow in FSW of AA7075–T6 butt joints: Numerical simulations and experimental verifications
Authors: Fratini L. , Buffa G. , Palmeri D. , Hua J. , Shivpuri R.
Published: August 2006

Friction stir welding (FSW) has reached a large interest in the scientific community and in the recent years also in the industrial environment, owing to the advantages of such solid state welding process with respect to the classic ones. Advanced finite element method tools are needed in order to develop an effective engineering of the processes; quantitative results can be acquired from numerical simulations once the basic information such as the material flow is certain. A 3D Lagrangian implicit coupled rigid viscoplastic model has already been developed by the authors to simulate FSW of butt joints. In the present paper the material flow in the FSW of AA7075–T6 butt joints is investigated on the varying of the most relevant technological and geometrical parameters with numerical simulations and experiments. In particular to investigate the metal flow a wide campaign of experimental tests and observations has been developed utilising a thin foil of copper as marker.
Effects of vibratory weld conditioning on residual stresses and transverse contraction distortions in multipass welding
Authors: Xu J. J. , Chen L. G. , Ni C. Z.
Published: August 2006

For the full welded valve, the last procedure is welding, therefore, it is important to control the residual stresses and distortions in order to ensure spool rotation, valve watertightness, the stress corrosion resistance and non-deformability in active service. In the present study, effects of vibratory weld conditioning (VWC) on the residual stresses and transverse contraction distortions compared with normal welding were studied in submerged arc multipass welding. The results show that VWC can relieve the residual stresses greatly and make the distribution of residual stresses uniform. Moreover, VWC can also reduce transverse contraction distortions greatly. According to the analysis of microstructure and dynamic mechanical properties test, the reasons that VWC reduces the residual stresses and transverse contraction distortions were discussed.
Effect of oxide fluxes on activation mechanisms of tungsten inert gas process
Authors: Leconte S. , Paillard P. , Chapelle P. , Henrion G. , Saindrenan J.
Published: August 2006

Activated tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding, which involves the deposition of an inorganic powder on the metal surface prior welding, improves TIG welding performances in terms of weld bead penetration. Most common commercial fluxes contain halides and oxides. The present paper focuses on fluxes made of oxides. It appears that oxides have two different effects: one on the fusion zone chemistry and the other on the electric arc behaviour. First, oxygen reverses the Marangoni convection movements that become centripetal, contributing thus to increase ‘D’ penetration. On the other hand, oxides may cause an increase in the energy flux density transferred by the arc to the metal. The characterisation of the arc plasma by optical emission spectroscopy suggests that oxides do not increase the arc temperature. It is established that the oxide effects by Marangoni convection appear for a critical value of the welding energy, whereas the oxide effects on the electrical arc exist irrespective of the welding energy value.
Microcracking in multipass weld metal of alloy 690 Part 2 – Microcracking mechanism in reheated weld metal
Authors: Nishimoto K. , Saida K. , Okauchi H. , Ohta K.
Published: August 2006

To elucidate the microcracking (ductility dip cracking) mechanism in the multipass weld metal of alloy 690, the hot ductility of the reheated weld metal was evaluated using three different filler metals with varying contents of impurity elements such as P and S. Hot ductility of the weld metal decreased at temperatures over 1400 K, and the weld metal containing a low quantity of impurity elements showed much higher ductility than that containing a high quantity of impurity elements. Local deformability at high temperature of the alloy 690 reheated weld metal was compared with that of Invar alloy. Grain boundary sliding in alloy 690 occurred not in the intermediate temperature range (800–1000 K), where grain boundary sliding was activated in Invar alloy, but at high temperatures just below the melting temperature of alloy 690. The computer simulation of microsegregation suggested that the deterioration of hot ductility is caused by the grain boundary segregation of impurity elements during the multiple thermal cycling. The ductility dip cracking in the reheated weld metal resulted predominantly from the embrittlement of grain boundaries due to the imbalance between intergranular strength and intragranular strength at high temperature.
Cryptogenic organising pneumonia
Authors: Cordier J-F.
Published: August 2006

Organising pneumonia is defined histopathologically by intra-alveolar buds of granulation tissue, consisting of intermixed myofibroblasts and connective tissue. Although nonspecific, this histopathological pattern, together with characteristic clinical and imaging features, defines cryptogenic organising pneumonia when no cause or peculiar underlying context is found. Rapid clinical and imaging improvement is obtained with corticosteroid treatment, but relapses are common after stopping treatment.
Relative Reliability Risk Assessment Applied to Original Designs During Conceptual Design Phase
Authors: Mamtani G , Green G , McDonald S
Published: August 2006

Systematic evaluations of concept designs involve consideration of a range of criteria. Interaction with industry supports the view that reliability is a major criterion during product design. Although there are a few methods to predict reliability in the initial phases of design most of them are only applicable to adaptive designs. In this paper, the concept of relative reliability risk assessment for original designs is introduced, where information availability is less, to calculate reliability. The function structures of the product under consideration are considered and analytic hierarchy process is applied using verbal assessments for relative measurements. The weight assigning technique used is the entropy method. A final value of R3I (relative reliability risk index) is calculated and the idea of concept functionality graphs is presented. This method is applied to an example of a seat suspension for an off-highway vehicle and the results are discussed. For validation, an industry example of transmission design is considered for one of the product models of a truck produced by Terex in Scotland. The results show that the method helps to highlight the concepts that are relatively stronger in terms of reliability. The method is also confirmed by the validation example.
Improving Tool-Grinding Conditions by Variation in Process Kinematics
Authors: Movla-zade V , Mamedov A , Aliyev R , Tirfie S
Published: August 2006

At present, dry tool grinding is one of the most discussed research topics in modern manufacturing technology. There are several developments for grinding wheels and methods for determining optimum grinding parameters which enable good surface properties to be obtained. Another potential to achieve better surface quality for dry grinding is the intentional change in process kinematics. This change makes it possible to carry out the task of cooling, namely lubrication of the contact area, and cooling and evacuation of the chips.

This paper proposes innovative face-grinding kinematics in order to improve the surface properties for tool grinding. First, the principles of the new grinding kinematics are described and, second, a method for optimization of the process parameters is presented in order to assure the given surface requirements for the face grinding of inserts with high productivity.
Plastic Deformation of Steel Surface Due to Laser Shock Processing
Authors: Yilbas B S , Arif A F M , Gondal M A
Published: August 2006

Laser shock processing improves the properties of metallic surfaces, such as microhardness, through increased dislocation density. In the present study, laser shock processing of steel surfaces is considered. The recoil pressure developed across the vapour-solid interface is formulated and the temporal and spatial distributions of recoil pressure are computed. The stress wave generated owing to impacting force of recoil pressure and the plastic deformation in the substrate materials are computed. An experiment, in which an Nd:YAG laser is employed to irradiate the workpiece surface, is conducted to compare the predictions. Morphological and metallurgical changes in the laserprocessed regions are examined using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. It is found that the hardness of surfaces improved considerably after the shock processing owing to enhanced dislocation sites in the surface region of the substrate material. The predicted recoil pressure agreed well with the results of previous formulations. The prediction of the depth of plastic region agrees well with the experimental results.
Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis to Predict the Effects of Shielded Metal Arc Welding Process Parameters on Temperature Distributions and Weldment Zones in Butt and One-Sided Fillet Welds
Authors: Mahapatra M M , Datta G L , Pradhan B
Published: August 2006

Temperature distribution patterns in any welding process control the microstructure, residual stress, and distortion. Welding process parameters can be optimized to obtain the desired microstructure and depth of penetration. In the present work, a three-dimensional finite element analysis was made to predict the different zones of microstructures for bead-on-plate and one-sided fillet welded joints using the shielded metal arc welding process. Some experiments were conducted to verify the model indirectly. Effects of welding process parameters such as electrode diameter, speed of travel, current, and voltage were considered in the finite element analysis. Various zones in the weldment were theoretically predicted from the finite element analysis and compared with the experimentally measured values.
Developing a Methodology for Aligning Supply Chains from a Relationships Perspective
Authors: Dani S S , Burns N D , Backhouse C J
Published: August 2006

The research presented in this paper has focussed on exploring buyer—supplier relationships from a human perspective. The research has been successful in exploring issues affecting buyer—supplier relationships. A methodology for aligning supply chains by taking into account human issues has been proposed. The methodology consists of a relationship framework that is used for studying buyer—supplier relationships on a macro-level based on the levels of satisfaction that the entities have with each other. Since high levels of dissatisfaction lead to various change—inducing transactions or game-like behaviour between the entities, the framework identifies the status of the relationship, and can be used to gauge what is going to happen to it, once the transaction is over. The concepts of transactional analysis and the tools associated with it, namely drama triangle analysis and structural modelling, are useful in studying the dynamics of the transactions from the human perspective and also from a psychological perspective.
Negotiation-Based Task Allocation in an Open Supply Chain Environment
Authors: Lou P , Zhou Z D , Chen Y P , Fuh J Y H , Zhang Y F
Published: August 2006

A supply chain is a complicated network for linking suppliers, manufacturers, and distributors. How to allocate the tasks efficiently is a key issue in supply chain management. The forming of a supply chain is dynamic in nature owing to the frequent changes of demand. This paper focuses on task allocation in the open supply chain environment. The aim is to develop a task allocation method for autonomous and self-interested agents, which have incomplete information about the open environment. The proposed mechanism is based on an automatic negotiation approach, which is used to allocate tasks by negotiating among the manager-to-bidder and bidder-to-bidder. The modification of contract net protocol (CNP) for manager-bidder and the protocol of the stochastic offer are introduced, and the relevant negotiation algorithms are also presented. The proposed method is a dynamic method for task allocation, which is applicable to the open environment without a central authority and permits some degree of reconfiguration. Reconfiguration is useful in dispatching new tasks or handling resource failures.
Local Mechanical and Morphological Characterization of Friction Stir-Welded Butt Joints
Authors: Barletta M , Buffa G , Casamichele L , Fratini L
Published: August 2006

In this paper the results of an experimental investigation into the local mechanical and morphological characterization of AA6082-T6 friction stir-welded (FSW) butt joints are illustrated. The softening effects of the welding process are highlighted through the use of micro-indentation tests on the top surface of the specimens. The effect of post-welding heat treatments was investigated, also.
Rapid Calculation of the Pressures and Clearances in Rough, Elastohydrodynamically Lubricated Contacts Under Pure Rolling. Part 2: General Roughness
Authors: Hooke C J , Li K Y
Published: August 2006

The preceding part of this paper derived expressions for the effect of low amplitude, sinusoidal roughness in rolling, elastohydrodynamic contacts. This part outlines how these can be used to estimate the pressures and clearances in general rough conjunctions. Results for a variety of surface roughnesses are compared with published experimental results and with results from elastohydrodynamically lubricated solvers.
Design Optimization of Rotary-Wing Micro Air Vehicles
Authors: Ng T T H , Leng G S B
Published: August 2006

In this paper, a new design methodology is introduced to automate the configuration layout design and geometric sizing of rotary-wing micro air vehicles (MAV). The objective of this design-optimization problem is to organize a given set of components and payloads such that the resulting flight vehicle has the most compact overall size and still fulfils the given physical and control constraints. Genetic algorithm (GA) is chosen as the optimization engine because of its proven robust performance. A detailed discussion is presented to explain how the rotary-wing MAV design problem can be formulated as a GA optimization problem. From the case study performed, it is demonstrated that the proposed methodology is able to achieve the design goal.
Three-Dimensional Finite-Element Modelling of Deformation in Weld-Based Rapid Prototyping
Authors: Mughal M P , Fawad H , Mufti R A
Published: August 2006

Residual stress-induced deformations are a major cause of tolerance loss in solid freeform fabrication process employing direct metal deposition. In this article, a three-dimensional finite-element (FE) thermo-mechanical model is presented to predict the residual stress-induced deformations with application to processes where material is added using a distributed moving heat source, e.g. gas metal arc welding (GMAW). A sequentially coupled thermo-mechanical analysis is performed simulating buildup of a single layer on a bolted rectangular substrate. The material used in the present study is mild steel, with temperature-dependent material properties and the material modelled as elastic perfectly plastic. The numerical results are compared with experimental data by manufacturing plate-shaped single-layered specimen, using an indigenously developed semi-automatic deposition system. The fusion zone and temperatures predicted by numerical model show good agreement with experimental data, and the deformations of the substrate in bolted and unbolted conditions are also in good agreement. It has been observed that the heat transfer conditions vary during deposition; therefore, any assumption of thermal symmetry is not valid. Thermal cycling during deposition is the main cause of deformations. The effect of bolting is also very important.
Mechanical Design Pitfalls
Authors: Arafa H A
Published: August 2006

Design pitfalls are defined as those obscure mistakes that can be attributed to negligence or ignorance of particular details and characteristics of the design and, in some cases, the manufacturing processes. This paper presents ten actual cases where a designer could be tempted or misled into design pitfalls that would create weird encounters during assembling or operating mechanical equipment. The pitfalls could have immediate, embarrassing consequences, or eventually lead to hazardous situations and failure in unexpected modes. The consequences of these pitfalls and their remedies are also discussed. The design examples lie in various areas such as gearing and planetary systems, bearings, and fluid power. They are classified under generic headings, some of which are seen to qualify, and are therefore suggested, as design principles, to be added to the repertory. It is deemed that this paper will stimulate further investigations leading to the identification of design pitfalls in these and other areas.
Virtual Coriolis Flow Meter: A Tool for Simulation and Design
Authors: Wang S , Clark C , Cheesewright R
Published: August 2006

A modelling tool has been developed, which has enabled significant new findings in relation to rapid dynamic response measurements of time-dependent flows using Coriolis meters. The tool comprises a finite element modelling capability that simulates the meter flow tube in motion and allows the generation of pseudo-data at points on the tube corresponding to sensor locations. Combined with this, a suite of signal processing algorithms then enables the representation of an indicated flow time history output by a Coriolis meter in response to a prescribed input flow. The aims were then to investigate meter response to flow steps, ramps, and pulsations. Methods of increasing speed of response are of particular importance, for example, in fast batch-filling applications. Flow steps introduce one or more inevitable noise components in the meter sensor signals, and modelling results suggest that for a given meter geometry, the corresponding noise amplitude in the meter-indicated flow is a constant fraction of the step height. The virtual Coriolis meter has also demonstrated the potential for a substantial contribution to meter design by enabling the development of new meters with specifications matched to selected requirements to meet a wide range of applications.
Measurement of Vibrational Energy and Point Mobility of a Beam Subjected to Moment Excitation Using a Finite-Difference Approximation
Authors: Eck T , Walsh S J , Horner J L
Published: August 2006

Moment excitation is often neglected in structural vibration analysis because of difficulties in measuring the applied moment and the resulting wave motion in the structure. Further, it is often assumed that moment-induced vibrational energy is significant only in the high frequency region. However, recent studies have shown that moment excitation should be included in vibrational analysis at all frequencies, when the source location is in close proximity to a structural discontinuity.

In this article, a novel method is presented to measure the point mobility and resulting vibrational energy of a beam subjected to moment excitation. The proposed method utilizes a finite-difference approximation to calculate the rotational motion of the beam at the point of excitation. Moment excitation is induced by a specially designed impact rig which applies two equal and opposite forces on two moment arms that are perpendicularly attached to the beam. It is shown that, using the newly developed technique, the measured point mobility follows the trend of the equivalent theoretical structure. The technique also showed good agreement over a wide frequency range between the measured input energy and the measured transmitted flexural wave energy along the beam.
Review of evolution of compressor design process and future perspectives
Authors: Molinari M , Dawes W N
Published: August 2006

Having virtually reached the asymptote of the technology development in turbomachinery design, the challenge is now to find and implement new design methodologies and tools, capable of applying the current technology more quickly and reliably. This article first reviews the different approaches historically used in turbomachinery design, with the aim of understanding what has triggered improvements in the design up to the present day and how the trend can be maintained and accelerated. By recognizing the problems encountered in turbomachinery design, the aim is to identify the features of a new design process, which designers should follow to meet the objectives set by the Advisory Council of Aeronautical Research in Europe - to generate innovative and affordable solutions and, fundamentally, to break the asymptote for the current generation of large civil jet engines. In particular, it is believed that computational fluid dynamic tools should be more highly integrated in the design process by making them fully available from the preliminary analysis.
A First Principles Study of Ultra-Thin (AIO)n Nanorods: Mechanical Behaviour Under Tension and Compression
Authors: Song X , Ge Q , Yen S. C. , Ching H-K
Published: August 2006

A first principles approach based on the density functional theory (DFT) was used to study the mechanical behaviour of the linear (Al-O) n nanorods with n spanned 1 to 10. The minimum-energy configurations for the nanostructures are first found by fully relaxing the coordinates of the atoms. Virtual tension and compression tests were then conducted by applying a series of tensile/compressive deformations to the relaxed structures and calculating the corresponding forces required to maintain the equilibrium of the deformed nanorods. A force-strain curve is then obtained for all the nanorods from these virtual tests. The mechanical response of the two shortest nanorods is similar to that of the ductile aluminium, but the longer nanorods deform in a similar manner to the brittle aluminium oxide. All the nanorods demonstrate a much higher compressive strength than tensile strength.
Comparison of Tribological Performances of Nano- and Micro-Textured Surfaces
Authors: Zou Min , Seale W , Wang Hengyu
Published: August 2006

This paper presents a comparison study on the tribological performances, including adhesion and friction, of nano-and micro-textured surfaces (MTSs). The textured surfaces were produced by spin coating colloidal silica nanoparticle solution on smooth silicon substrates. Adhesion and friction studies were conducted using a TriboIndenter employing a diamond tip with a 100μ nominal radius of curvature. It was found that both types of textured surface significantly reduced the adhesion forces and the coefficients of friction (COFs) compared with baseline smooth surfaces, with up to 98 per cent reduction in adhesion force and 88 per cent reduction in COF demonstrated for the nano-textured surface (NTS). Furthermore, the adhesion forces and the COFs of the NTS are much smaller than those of the MTSs owing to the much smaller radii of curvature of the nano-textures.
The Replacement Time Distribution in System Reliability Using a Threshold
Authors: Ansell J. I. , Phillips M. J.
Published: August 2006

The modelling and analysis of systems reliability are critical in many industries. The costs associated with failure and its consequences provide a need for a clear description of the system in terms of a mathematical model that adequately reflects the nature of the system. As well as modelling systems it is necessary to consider the analysis of data from a system to assess the overall rate of the system failure. A smoothing approach is described to assess the overall performance of the system. Such methods lead to consideration of the time to the replacement of the system. This is determined by when the rate of occurrence of failures exceeds a certain threshold. The distribution of replacement times based on use of threshold values is investigated. The identification of the distributional family of the replacement time enables interval estimates to be obtained.
Deuterium Isotope Effects on Aromatic C-13 NMR Chemical Shifts. IV. Can the Isotope Shifts Be Correlated with Bond Lengths?
Authors: Nakashima Yasuki , Kanada Hiroyuki , Fukunaga Moritaka , Suzuki Keiko , Takahashi Kensuke
Published: August 2006

The deuterium isotope effects on the 13C NMR chemical shifts of the ring carbons of aromatic heterocycles were investigated. One-bond shifts are correlated with the C–H bond lengths calculated by the MNDO MO method. Two-bond shifts are dependent on the nature of the observed sites. On the other hand, three-bond shifts are controlled by the hetero atoms existing in the pathway.