bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morphological and ultrastructural characteristics of the tongue of wild boar
Authors: Reginato Gabriela de Souza , Barbosa Gabriela Klein , Ferreira Amanda Olivotti , Vasconcelos Bruno Gomes , Rici Rose Eli Grassi , Watanabe Ii-sei , Ciena Adriano Polican
Published: May 2020

The present study aimed to describe the structural and ultrastructural morphological characteristics of the lingual epithelium and the connective tissue cores (CTCs) of wild boar (Sus scrofa). The tongues were processed for light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. In this study, we revealed the filiform, fungiform, foliate, and vallate papillae. The filiform papilla is elongated with a conical shape and its CTC has a conical shape; the fungiform papilla is rounded with a dome-shape and its CTC is flower bud; the foliate papilla is formed by four pairs of epithelial folds and irregular grooves, and its CTC is thin with adjacent conjunctive projections, and taste buds and serous glands in the epithelial layer have been evidenced; and the vallate papilla is oval surrounded by a groove with increases of epithelium surface, and the CTC is formed by numerous connective projections lined. Also noted were serous gland and taste buds on the medial wall of the vallate papilla. The epithelium has the keratinized, granular, spinous, basal, and lamina propria layers. In conclusion, we found new descriptions and shapes of the CTCs of the lingual papillae. In addition, we demonstrated the epithelium structural characteristics, the nuclear distribution between the epithelial layers, and the ultrastructural aspects of the dorsal epithelium of the tongue.
Pushforwards of pluricanonical bundles under morphisms to abelian varieties
Authors: Lombardi Luigi , Popa Mihnea , Schnell Christian
Published: May 2020

Let

f \colon X \to A

be a morphism from a smooth projective variety to an abelian variety (over the field of complex numbers). We show that the sheaves

f_{\ast} \omega_X^{\otimes m}

become globally generated after pullback by an isogeny. We use this to deduce a decomposition theorem for these sheaves when

m \ge 2

, analogous to that obtained by Chen–Jiang when

m = 1

. This is in turn applied to effective results for pluricanonical linear series on irregular varieties with canonical singularities.
ICT and its purpose in the pedagogical practice
Authors: Baez Zarabanda Diego Enrique
Published: May 2020

Information and communications technology (ICT) is currently inserted in the daily activities of a human being and has become a necessary resource, vital for their development up to the point of not conceiving activities without using these. In this sense, the education field is not the exception and has been partially including ICT as support for the teaching practice; however, there is an increasing demand from the students to implement more resources and activities supported by these technologies. A significant distance exists (the known digital divide) between the possibilities offered by different web applications that can support the pedagogical practices and the actual reality of the teaching practice, where the students realize the flaws and the necessity of strengthening the technology skills of the teachers to efficiently develop and orientate such use. In this regard, it is necessary to critically reflect on the possibilities that are offered by different web applications and their impact, their purpose in the pedagogical practice in a way that can serve as a pretext to motivate the teachers in their use and application in the development of their classes, achieving real formative processes. By doing this, students can be offered real, significant learning experiences from the technological, social, and pedagogical view, consolidating in a first instance the abilities of the teachers in the ICT area, as well as the comprehensive learning of their students, being updated on the advances that ICT offers globally, and implementing these permanently in their job as teachers, thus innovating their classes and motivating students towards learning and toward consolidating the use of ICT in the different disciplines, with the human and social component that must characterize us, accomplishing from this standpoint and reflection a pedagogical practice of quality.
The phenomenon of cyberbullying in the children and adolescents population: A scientometric analysis
Authors: Cáceres-Reche María-Pilar , Hinojo-Lucena Francisco-Javier , Ramos Navas-Parejo Magdalena , Romero-Rodríguez José-María
Published: May 2020

Cyberbullying has become a global problem; cases of violence increase and the rate of suicide by victims has skyrocketed. The purpose of this work was to analyze the scientific production published on cyberbullying in children and adolescents from its beginning until 2018. To this end, a scientific analysis was carried out in the Scopus database, determining diachronic productivity, journals, countries, and institutions with the greatest interest in the subject and articles with greater scientific impact due to the number of citations. In addition, a network map was established to highlight keywords related to cyberbullying in both populations. Among the results, it is worth noting the increase in publications in 2018 and the configuration of certain journals, institutions, countries, and authors as references in the subject. Finally, potential explanations for the findings of the study and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Bisnis Toko Online
Authors: Hendarsyah Decky
Published: May 2020

Indonesian is a large country where the population is included in one of the largest countries in the utilization of information and communication technology. The Indonesian government through the Ministry of Communications and Information committed to accelerating the development of communications infrastructure and the Internet to remote areas throughout Indonesia. This is a great opportunity for the Indonesian people to use the Internet so it can be extended to all areas of life from business, education, health and others as a form of advances in technology and information. Communities can use the Internet ranging from information in the newspaper online, make friends online, online consultation, online business and so on. In the business world, itself has been a shift from traditional business (offline) to the online business. Online business is a huge range and shape, but in this paper, focus discusses the online store. Discussion ranging from the introduction of an online business, a reason to do business online, nothing any forms of online business, how to prepare to start a business online store, how the strategy of customer service and how to shop online store business management and how to store promotion strategy online.
Penggunaan Uang Elektronik Dan Uang Virtual Sebagai Pengganti Uang Tunai Di Indonesia
Authors: Hendarsyah Decky
Published: May 2020

Teknologi informasi sangatlah pesat perkembangannya, sehingga merubah sebagian besar gaya hidup masyarakat terutama di Indonesia yang awalnya bersifat tradisional menjadi moderen. Dunia perbankan saat ini juga sudah memanfaatkan teknologi informasi dalam operasionalnya sehari-hari, dimana operasionalnya dikenal dengan Sistem Aplikasi Perbankan. Dengan pemanfaatan teknologi informasi operasional bank semakin hari semakin efektif dan efisien serta menyediakan fasilitas-fasilitas pendukung yang mempermudah transaksi keuangan bagi nasabah seperti fasilitas pembayaran non tunai. Penggunaan teknologi modern sebagai instrument pembayaran non tunai, baik secara domestik maupun secara internasional, telah berkembang pesat disertai dengan berbagai inovasi yang mengarah pada penggunaan yang semakin efisien, praktis, aman, cepat dan nyaman. Fasilitas pembayaran non tunai tersebut akhir-akhir ini muncul dalam bentuk instrument pembayaran yang dikenal dengan uang elektronik (electronic money/e-money) dan uang virtual (virtual money). Untuk itu dalam tulisan ini akan lebih membahas dan memperjelas secara mendalam tentang penggunaan uang elektronik dan uang virtual sebagai pengganti uang tunai di Indonesia. Sehingga masyarakat akan lebih mengetahui perkembangan, jenis-jenis dan manfaat serta kelebihan dan kekurangan uang elektronik dan uang virtual dibandingkan dengan uang tunai.
Keabsahan Putusan Badan Arbitrase Syariah Nasional Dalam Penyelesaian Sengketa Ekonomi Syariah Di Indonesia
Authors: Priadi Eko , Munthe Mhd Erwin
Published: May 2020

The growth of Sharia Economic accelerating in the last three decades is also affecting the increase of potential disputes on sharia economic field. For the purposes of fast, effective and efficient dispute settlement, the disputing parties tend to prefer non-litigation dispute settlement through alternative dispute resolutions (ADR), one of which is through the National Sharia Arbitration Board. The results of this study showed that the authority of the National Sharia Arbitration Board on sharia economic dispute settlement is determined by whether or not the arbitration agreement, either before a dispute arises (Pactum Compromittendo) or after the dispute arises (Acta Compromise). Thereby, the legitimacy of the authority of the National Sharia Arbitration Board on Syariah economic dispute settlement, based on the principle of Pacta Sunt Servanda and Consensual Principles contained in the Civil Code. Further, registration and execution of the National Sharia Arbitration Board verdict should be carried out by the Religious Courts, including the cancellation of the legal action on the verdict. It is based on two factors: (1) the basic legality of absolute competence of the Religious Courts in the Islamic economic dispute resolution as set out in Article 49 of Regulation No. 3/2006 on the Religious Courts; and (2) the basic relevance of the substance of Islamic law which is implemented by the National Sharia Arbitration Board.
Analisis Perbandingan Fasilitas Aplikasi Mobile Banking Bank Syariah Mandiri KCP. Bengkalis Dengan Bank Mandiri KC. Bengkalis
Authors: Miftahuddin Miftahuddin , Hendarsyah Decky
Published: May 2020

Mobile Banking is a banking service using mobile communication tools such as mobile phones by providing many facilities for banking transactions through applications on mobile phones. This research was conducted to find out the Comparison of Bank Syariah Mandiri Bengkalis Branch Office Mobile Banking Application Facilities with Bank Mandiri Bengkalis Branch Office. The research method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive method by comparing the facilities, rates, number of user customers and the security of the Mobile Banking of both banks, then how to use Mobile Banking from an Islamic perspective. After being investigated, it was found that Bank Mandiri Mobile Banking application facilities were better than Bank Syariah Mandiri. Whereas Mobile Banking in an Islamic perspective may be done because it does not cause harm but it is something that brings many benefits.
Wakaf Produktif Di Malaysia
Authors: Rahmany Sri
Published: May 2020

Wakaf dalam doktrin agama Islam merupakan salah satu bentuk ibadah yang syarat nilai, karena selainmengandung dimensi vertikal, juga berdimensi horizontal, yang dalam istilah bahasa yuridis formaldikatakan dengan kata-kata kepentingan ibadah dan keperluan umum. Sebagaimana telah diatur dalam Undang-undang No.1 Akta Pentadbiran Undang-undang Islam (Wilayah-wilayah Persekutuan) 1993 (Akta 505) Bahagian 1 Sek. 2- Tafsiranmenurut peraturan pemerintah bab amanah khairat seksyen 61 wakaf dan nazar. P.U (A) 352/85. Akta A585. Secara substantif terdapat beberapa pasal (seksyen) dalam Enakmen yang menunjukkan bagaimana seharusnya pola kerja lembaga otoritas (Majlis) dalam menangani proses-proses prosedural wakaf. Di antaranya pasal 61dan 62 Akta Pentadbiran Undang-undang Islam (Wilayah-wilayah Persekutuan) yang berbunyi:Walaupun apa-apa peruntukan yang bertentangan yang terkandung dalam mana-mana surat cara atau peristiharaan yng mengwujudkan, mengawal atau menyentuh perkara itu, Majlis hendaklah menjadi pemegang amanah yang tunggal bagi semua wakaf, samaada ‘am atau wakaf khas, semua nazar ‘am dan semua amanah dari pada segala perihal khairat bagi menyokong dan memajukan agama Islam atau bagi faedah orang-orang Islam mengikut hukum syarak setakat mana-mana harta yang tersentuh olehnya dan terletak di dalam wilayah-wilayah persekutuan dan jika pemberi harta itu atas orang lain yang mengwujudkan amanah wakaf atau nazr ‘am itu telah berdomisili di wilayah-wilayah Persekutuan setakat semua harta yang tersentuh olehnya di mana-mana jua harta itu terletak.‚ Prosedur dan langkah-langkah mewakafkan harta benda selama ini berjalan melalui tahapan-tahapan sebagai berikut: (i) Peristirahan Niyat yaitu pemberitahuan tertulis dari pihak wakif kepada Majlis. Di dalamnya harus ditulis dengan jelas maksud dan tujuan wakaf; dan juga lampiran berupa (semacam akte tanah) yang menjustifikasi bahwa tanah atau harta dimaksud milik wakif; (ii) Pemeriksaan Harta yaitu pemeriksaan harta benda yang dimaksud oleh wakif sebagai wakaf yang dilakukan oleh Majlis dengan tujuan agar ia dapat dipastikan keberadaannya, sehingga pengesahan yang dibuat dapat dipastikankeadaannya; (iii) Majlis Penyerahan Harta yaitu pengesahan yang dilakukan oleh wakif di depan Majlis dengan disaksikan dua saksi di atas kertas ‚Borang Lafadz Wakaf yang secara detail di dalamnya terpaparkan jenis harta, tujuan, dan tempat tanda tangan bagi pihak-pihak terlibat pengesahan; (iv) Proses Tukar Hakmilik Harta yaitu menulis ulang dan melengkapi surat-surat administrasi yang dilakukan oleh Baitulmal setelah Majlis menyerahkan kepadanya. Baitulmal akan mengajukan secara resmi kepada Pejabat tanah (semacam Badan Agraria) untuk mengurus akte hak milik tanah; (v) Proses Pembangunan Harta Wakaf yaitu pelaksanaan pembangunan harta wakaf sesuai dengan rencana Baitulmal dengan mengikuti tujuan yang telah ditetapkan.
Analisis Persepsi Konsumen Tentang Labelisasi Halal Pada Pembelian Produk Makanan Impor Dalam Kemasan Ditinjau Perspektif Ekonomi Syariah Di Kecamatan Bengkalis Kabupaten Bengkalis
Authors: Sutardi Iis
Published: May 2020

Labelisasi halal merupakan pencatuman tulisan atau pernyataan halal pada kemasan produk untuk menunjukkan bahwa produk yang dimaksud berstatus sebagai produk halal. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk menganalisis persepsi konsumen tentang labelisasi halal pada pembelian produk makanan impor dalam kemasan ditinjau perspektif ekonomi syariah di Kecamatan Bengkalis Kabupaten Bengkalis   dan   untuk   mengetahui   faktor-faktor   yang   menentukan   persepsi konsumen tentang labelisasi halal pada pembelian produk makanan impor dalam kemasan. Lokasi penelitian ini pada Kecamatan Bengkalis Kabupaten Bengkalis. Populasi penelitian ini berjumlah 442.211 orang dan sampel yang diperoleh sebanyak 100 orang dengan teknik sampel menggunakan rumus slovin yang kemudian diklasifikasikan dengan menggunakan simple random sampling. Pengumpulan  data  dilakukan  dengan  menyebarkan  angket  secara  langsung kepada konsumen di Kecamatan Bengkalis Kabupaten Bengkalis dengan menggunakan skala likert kemudian diberi skor. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah menggunakan deskriptif kualitatif dengan menggunakan kategori pengukuran  “Sangat  Baik”  pada  kategori  81%-100%,  “Baik”  pada  kategori 61%-80%, “Tidak Pasti” pada kategori 41%-60%, “Buruk” pada kategori 21%-40%,  dan  “Sangat  Buruk”  pada  kategori  0%-20%.  Berdasarkan  analis  data dapat diketahui analisis persepsi konsumen tentang labelisasi halal pada pembelian produk makanan impor dalam kemasan ditinjau perspektif ekonomi syariah di Kecamatan Bengkalis Kabupaten Bengkalis dikatakan “Baik” dengan persentase 74% yang berada pada 60%-80%. Adapun faktor yang menentukan persepsi  konsumen  tentang  labelisasi  halal  pada  pembelian  produk  makanan impor  dalam  kemasan  ditinjau  perspektif  ekonomi  syariah  di  Kecamatan Bengkalis Kabupaten Bengkalis yaitu faktor memilih. Dalam menentukan (mengambil  dan  sebagainya) sesuatu  yang  dianggap  sesuai  dengan  kesukaan selera dan sebagainya. Sedangkan mengatur yakni tentang kepastian hukum yang berlaku  tentang  produk  makanan  yang  berlabel  halal.  Menafsirkan  apakah produk makanan impor dalam kemasan sudah berlabel halal MUI.
Fenomenologi Ramadanomic Di Negeri Junjungan Bengkalis
Authors: Bahri Saiful
Published: May 2020

Allah SWT. tidak hanya memberi tugas kepada manusia sebagai khalifah di muka bumi melainkan juga melengkapi kebutuhan manusia itu sendiri dalam bentuk limpahan rezeki. Kesempurnaan nikmat itu telah Allah SWT. gariskan sebelum Rasulullah SAW. wafat, itu lah wahyu terakhir. Kesempurnaan nikmat itu begitu melimpah turun di bulan suci Ramadhan. Geliat ekonomi sangat jelas terlihat bahkan sebelum bulan suci itu tiba. Dialah Ar-Rahman Ar-Rahim dan Khairur Raziqin yang mencurahkan rezeki-Nya kepada bumi pertiwi dan khususnya Negeri Junjungan Bengkalis. Fenomena ekonomi di bulan suci itu pada akhirnya dikenal dengan istilah Ramadanomic yang menjadi kajian kali ini. Dengan menggunakan metode analisis deskriptif, kajian sederhana ini diharapkan memberi pencerahan meskipun hanya seperti “setetes embun pagi”.
Market Share Islamic Banking In Indonesia
Authors: Hasan Zulfikar
Published: May 2020

At the end of 2016, the Islamic banking market share stood at 356.5 trillion Indonesian rupiahs ($26.7 billion), equivalent to 5.03 per cent of the total banking sector’s assets. Islamic banking assets have risen faster year-on-year compared to conventional banking, registering a growth of 8.8 per cent in 2015 and 20.3 per cent in 2016. The performance of the Islamic banking industry in Indonesia has yet to satisfy the public’s expectations. Although with a market of more than 200 million Muslims, Islamic banks in Indonesia still face difficulties luring more customers and increasing their assets. For three consecutive years, the market share of the sharia banks in the country stood still at less than 5 per cent. According to the Global Advisors Islamic Finance Outlook Report for 2016, no Indonesian Islamic banks were ranked in the top five largest banks based on assets in Southeast Asia. This is an alarming situation for the industry and regulators. Thus, it evokes a question: Is the market becoming saturated for Islamic finance? This study aims to determine the factors that affect the market share of Islamic banks in Indonesia. With a focus on four main items, Islamic banking regulations, Islamic banking inclusion and literacy are still low from conventional banks, Islamic banking still does not have sufficient capital and the number and quality of Human Resources (HR) that are inadequate. This study uses an analytical descriptive study is to describe and analyzed data obtained based on primary and secondary data. While the method used is normative and focused on the study of literature, which is then analyzed qualitatively juridical.
Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Keberhasilan Usaha Pedagang Pasar Sukaramai Di Kecamatan Bengkalis
Authors: Mashuri Mashuri , Eryana Eryana , Ezril Ezril
Published: May 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh modal, jumlah tenaga kerja, tingkat pendidikan, pengalaman, lama jam kerja, usia para pedagang pasar terhadap tingkat keberhasilan usaha para pedagang di pasar Sukaramai kecamatan Bengkalis. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian inferensial dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan simple random sampling jumlah yang digunakan sebagai sampel sebanyak 47 orang pemilik toko (kios). Teknik pengumpulan data primer menggunakan kuesioner, wawancara serta observasi lapangan. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis regresi linier berganda. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa terdapat pengaruh positif modal terhadap pendapatan pedagang di pasar Sukaramai Bengkalis yang ditunjukan dengan nilai koefisien standar regresi sebesar 0,673. Terdapat pengaruh tenaga kerja dengan nilai koefisien standar regresi sebesar 0,295, tidak terdapat  pengaruh pendidikan (dummy variable) dan lama usaha (pengalaman) terhadap peningkatan pendapatan (keberhasilan usaha), terdapat pengaruh positif lama jam kerja dengan nilai koefisien standar regresi sebesar 0,229, dan tidak terdapat pengaruh usia terhadap keberhasilan para pedagang di pasar Sukaramai kecamatan Bengkalis. Sedangkan secara simultan yakni pengaruh modal, jumlah tenaga kerja, tingkat pendidikan, pengalaman, lama jam kerja, usia terhadap tingkat keberhasilan pedagang di pasar Sukaramai kecamatan Bengkalis sebesar 94,8% sedangkan sisanya sebesar 5,2% dijelaskan oleh variabel lain yang tidak diteliti dalam penelitian ini.
Bisnis Dalam Peradaban Islam
Authors: Mehilda Sukma
Published: May 2020

The most felt failure of modernization which is a direct result of the era of globalization is in the economic field. Modern capitalism which although finally able to prove its superiority from socialism, in fact, has given birth to various problems, especially for third world countries (including Muslim countries) which tend to be objects rather than subject to capitalism. Associated with the failure of Western capitalism in these Muslim countries, the realization that the roots of capitalism are not from Islam, then arouse the desire to reconstruct economic systems that are considered "authentic" derived from Islam. Moreover, history shows that economic thought has also been carried out by Islamic scholars, even long before Adam Smith wrote his monumental book The Wealth of Nations. In a very general sense, it can be said that the capitalist world is already very familiar with the teachings of Islam and its leaders. These conditions get the legitimacy of the verses of the Qur'an in collecting assets from a maximum effort. With so many verses of the Koran that teach the right way of business and wrong business practices even regarding very small matters, basically the position of business and commerce in Islamic civilization is very important.
Pendekatan Ekonomi Kreatif Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi
Authors: Wahyuningsih Sri , Satriani Dede
Published: May 2020

This study aims to determine how much influence the creative economy approach has on economic growth. Based on the results of the hypothesis tested the influence of the creative economy on economic growth was rejected. This has been proven from the results of simple linear regression testing which shows that the influence of the creative economy on economic growth is weak. It can be understood that the creative economy in the village of Pedekik is engaged in the business of creative industries still lacking new innovations, creativity and new inventions so that they can compete with market developments. Indeed the creative economy will slowly replace the role of commodities and natural resources as a supporter of the Indonesian economy. This study shows the results that there is no influence on the creative economy on economic growth.
Idealisme Perencanaan Keuangan Rumah Tangga Muslim
Authors: Bahri Saiful
Published: May 2020

Islamic economics is based on the piety based economy. The piety based economy is reflected in a Muslim's faith in the unseen, establishing prayers, spending part of his wealth fi sabilillah, believing in the Quran and the holy books of Allah which was revealed before the Prophet Muhammad, and believed in the afterlife. Because getting guidance from Allah, in the end, they benefit the world and the hereafter, including fortunate in planning household finances. By using descriptive analysis methods, this study will uncover and produce patterns of consumption, saving considerations, investment and final spending that are ideal for the financial planning of Muslim households.
Pengaruh Perintah Perjalanan Dinas Terhadap Peningkatan Motivasi Kerja Aparatur Sipil Negara Di Sekretariat DPRD Kabupaten Bengkalis
Authors: Tomisa Muhammad Elsa , Nadrah Nadrah
Published: May 2020

The Secretariat of the Bengkalis Regency Regional Representative Council has used official travel orders as a step to increase work motivation of its employees or employees. In this research, the author wants to examine how official travel procedures are and whether there is an effect of providing official travel with work motivation by reason of wages in addition to their income, as well as an Islamic perspective on official travel. This study uses quantitative descriptive methods. From this study, it was found that the Secretariat of the Bengkalis Regency Regional Representative Office had used procedures in accordance with the Regulations of the Regent No. 82 of 2017. Then there was a significant influence of the Official Travel Order on Work Motivation of the Civil Civil Apparatuses in the Bengkalis Regency Regional Representative Council Secretariat. Meanwhile, according to the perspective of sharia, there is nothing wrong as long as it is run according to the rules.
Pengaruh Pendapatan Margin Murabahah Terhadap Peningkatan Modal Bank Syari’ah Mandiri
Authors: Trizuan Trizuan , Andika Sandi
Published: May 2020

Murabahah financing is one of the most common types of contracts applied in Islamic banking financing activities. This is because most of the credit and financing provided by the banking sector in Indonesia relies on the consumer sector. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of murabahah margin income on the increase in capital of Bank Syari'ah Mandiri. The research method used is a simple linear regression quantitative analysis. From the results of the coefficient of determination shows that murabahah margin income to increase the capital of Bank Syari'ah Mandiri has no significant effect, only contributing 6.6% and the remaining 93.4% can be explained by other factors such as liabilities, wadi'ah demand deposits, wadi'ah savings, burdens and mudharabah savings.
Manajemen Risiko Reputasi Dalam Pasar Modal Syariah
Authors: Rahmani Sri
Published: May 2020

The application of sharia principles in the capital market certainly comes from the Qur'an and the Hadith of the Prophet Muhammad. Both of these sources made the scholars interpret later called the science of jurisprudence. One of the discussions in the science of jurisprudence is a discussion about muamalah, namely the relationship between human beings related to commerce. Based on that Islamic capital market activities are developed on the basis of muamalah fiqh. There are muamalah fiqh rules which state that basically, all forms of muamalah are permissible unless there is an argument which forbids it. This concept is the principle of the Sharia Capital Market in Indonesia. The development of the Sharia Capital Market reached a new milestone with the enactment of Law Number 19 of 2008 concerning Government Sharia Securities on May 7, 2008. This law is needed as a legal basis for the issuance of state sharia securities or state Sukuk. On August 26, 2008, for the first time, the Government of Indonesia issued the State Sharia Securities series IFR0001 and IFR0002.
Synthesis and Characterization of Tin (II) and Lead (II) Complexes with Benzylidene Aniline Ligand
Authors: Egeta Dufera Tolessa , Tafesse Sofani , Duraisamy Ramesh
Published: May 2020

The Schiff base (Benzylideneaniline molecule) and its complexes with Sn (II)
and Pb (II) have been synthesized and characterized by various spectroscopic and
electro-analytical techniques. The ligand, Benzylideneaniline has been
synthesized by condensation reaction of benzaldehyde and aniline.The metal
complexes were prepared by mixing of saturated solutions of metal salts and
ligand in 1:2 ratios in methanol and Dimethylsulfoxide solvents, followed by
their characterization using magnetic susceptibility, molar conductivity, chloride
estimation and spectral studies. It was found that titled organic ligand acts as
monodentate and in both complexes it is proposed to be interacted in metal to
ligand 1: 2 ratio with the metals to form organotin(II) and organolead (II)
complexes through the direct method. Overall experimental results show that a
diamagnetic and square planar geometry of both complexes formed.
OH level populations and accuracies of Einstein-A coefficients from hundreds of measured lines
Authors: Noll Stefan , Winkler Holger , Goussev Oleg , Proxauf Bastian
Published: May 2020

Abstract. OH airglow is an important nocturnal emission of the Earth's mesopause region.
As it is chemiluminescent radiation in a thin medium, the population
distribution over the various roto-vibrational OH energy levels of the
electronic ground state is not in local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE). In
order to better understand these non-LTE effects, we studied hundreds of OH
lines in a high-quality mean spectrum based on observations with the
high-resolution Ultraviolet and Visual Echelle Spectrograph at Cerro Paranal
in Chile. Our derived populations cover vibrational levels between v=3 and 9, rotational levels up to N=24, and individual Λ-doublet
components when resolved. As the reliability of these results critically
depends on the Einstein-A coefficients used, we tested six different sets and
found clear systematic errors in all of them, especially for Q-branch lines
and individual Λ-doublet components. In order to minimise the
deviations in the populations for the same upper level, we used the most
promising coefficients from Brooke et al. (2016) and further
improved them with an empirical correction approach. The resulting rotational
level populations show a clear bimodality for each v, which is characterised
by a probably fully thermalised cold component and a hot population where the
rotational temperature increases between v=9 and 4 from about 700 to about
7000 K, and the corresponding contribution to the total population at the
lowest N decreases by an order of magnitude. The presence of the hot
populations causes non-LTE contributions to rotational temperatures at low
N, which can be estimated quite robustly based on the two-temperature model.
The bimodality is also clearly indicated by the dependence of the populations
on changes in the effective emission height of the OH emission layer. The
degree of thermalisation decreases with increasing layer height due to a
higher fraction of the hot component. Our high-quality population data are
promising with respect to a better understanding of the OH thermalisation
process.
Physico-chemical characterization of urban aerosols from specific combustion sources in West Africa at Abidjan in Côte d'Ivoire and Cotonou in Benin in the frame of the DACCIWA program
Authors: Adon Aka Jacques , Liousse Catherine , Doumbia Elhadji Thierno , Baeza-Squiban Armelle , Cachier Hélène , Léon Jean-Francois , Yoboué Véronique , Akpo Aristique Barthel , Galy-Lacaux Corinne , Guinot Benjamin , Zouiten Cyril , Xu Hongmei , Gardrat Eric , Keita Sekou
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Urban air pollution in West Africa has yet to be well characterized. In the
frame of DACCIWA (Dynamics-Aerosol-Chemistry-Cloud Interactions in West
Africa) program, intensive measurement campaigns were performed in Abidjan
(Côte d'Ivoire) and Cotonou (Benin), in dry (January 2016 and 2017) and
wet (July 2015 and 2016) seasons, at different sites chosen to be
representative of African urban combustion sources, i.e., domestic fires
(ADF), traffic (AT) and waste burning (AWB) sources in Abidjan and traffic
source in Cotonou (CT). Both the size distribution of particulate matter
(PM) and their chemical composition including elemental carbon (EC), organic
carbon (OC), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), water-soluble inorganic
ions (WSI) and trace metals were examined. Results show very high PM
concentrations at all sites and a well-marked seasonality as well as a
strong spatial variation. The average PM2.5 mass concentrations
during the wet season are 517.3, 104.1, 90.3, and 69.1 µg m−3 at
the ADF, CT, AT, and AWB sites, respectively. In the dry season, PM2.5 concentrations decrease to 375.7 µg m−3 at the ADF site, while
they increase to 269.7, 141.3, and 175.3 µg m−3 at the CT, AT, and
AWB sites, respectively. The annual PM2.5 levels at almost all sites
are significantly higher than the WHO guideline level of 10 µg m−3. As for PM mass, (EC) and (OC) concentrations are also maximal at
the ADF site, accounting for up to 69 % of the total PM mass. Such a high content is
mainly linked to wood burning for domestic cooking and commercial food
smoking activities. Dust contributions are dominant at CT (57 %–80 %), AT
(20 %–70 %), and AWB (30 %–69 %) sites and especially in the coarse and fine-particle modes at the CT site and in the coarse fraction at the AT site, which may be
explained by the impact of long-range desert-dust transport and resuspended
particles from the roads, in addition to anthropogenic sources. The
contributions of WSI to the total PM mass, mainly driven by chloride,
nitrate, and calcium in the fine and/or large particles, are highly variable
according to the sites but remain less than 30 %. Values are generally 1–3 times higher in the wet season than in the dry season. This is due not only to
anthropogenic emissions but also to nitrate formation by reaction processes
and natural emissions. The concentrations of trace elements reflect well the
trends in dust at the traffic and AWB sites, with a predominance of Al, Na,
Ca, Fe, and K, keys markers of crustal dust. This study constitutes an
original database that characterizes specific African combustion sources.
Validation of aerosol backscatter profiles from Raman lidar and ceilometer using balloon-borne measurements
Authors: Brunamonti Simone , Martucci Giovanni , Romanens Gonzague , Poltera Yann , Wienhold Frank G. , Haefele Alexander , Navas-Guzmán Francisco
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Remote sensing measurements by light detection and ranging (lidar) instruments are fundamental for the monitoring of altitude-resolved aerosol optical properties. Here, we validate vertical profiles of aerosol backscatter coefficient (βaer) measured by two independent lidar systems using co-located balloon-borne measurements performed by Compact Optical Backscatter Aerosol Detector (COBALD) sondes. COBALD provides high-precision in-situ measurements of βaer at two wavelengths (455 and 940 nm). The two analyzed lidar systems are the research Raman Lidar for Meteorological Observations (RALMO) and the commercial CHM15K ceilometer (Lufft, Germany). We consider in total 17 RALMO and 31 CHM15K profiles, co-located with simultaneous COBALD soundings performed throughout the years 2014–2019 at the MeteoSwiss observatory of Payerne (Switzerland). The RALMO (355 nm) and CHM15K (1064 nm) measurements are converted to respectively 455 nm and 940 nm using the Angstrom exponent profiles retrieved from COBALD data. To account for the different receiver field of view (FOV) angles between the two lidars (0.01–0.02°) and COBALD (6°), we derive a custom-made correction using Mie-theory scattering simulations. Our analysis shows that both RALMO and CHM15K achieve a good agreement with COBALD measurements in the boundary layer and free troposphere, up to 6 km altitude, and including fine structures in the aerosol’s vertical distribution. For altitudes below 2 km, the mean ± standard deviation difference in βaer is + 6 % ± 40 % (+ 0.005 ± 0.319 Mm−1 sr−1) for RALMO – COBALD at 455 nm, and + 13 % ± 51 % (+ 0.038 ± 0.207 Mm−1 sr−1) for CHM15K – COBALD at 940 nm. The large standard deviations can be at least partly attributed to atmospheric variability effects, associated with the balloon’s horizontal drift with altitude (away from the lidar beam) and the different integration times of the two techniques. Combined with the high spatial and temporal variability of atmospheric aerosols, these effects often lead to a slight altitude displacement between aerosol backscatter features that are seen by both techniques. For altitudes between 2–6 km, the absolute standard deviations of both RALMO and CHM15K decrease (below 0.13 and 0.16 Mm−1sr−1, respectively), while their corresponding relative deviations increase (often exceeding 100 % COBALD of the signal). This is due to the low aerosol content (i.e. low absolute backscattered signal) in the free troposphere, and the vertically decreasing signal-to-noise ratio of the lidar measurements (especially CHM15K). Overall, we conclude that the βaer profiles measured by the RALMO and CHM15K lidar systems are in good agreement with in-situ measurements by COBALD sondes up to 6 km altitude.
Elevated levels of OH observed in haze events during wintertime in central Beijing
Authors: Slater Eloise J. , Whalley Lisa K. , Woodward-Massey Robert , Ye Chunxiang , Lee James D. , Squires Freja , Hopkins James R. , Dunmore Rachel E. , Shaw Marvin , Hamilton Jacqueline F. , Lewis Alastair C. , Crilley Leigh R. , Kramer Louisa , Bloss William , Vu Tuan , Sun Yele , Xu Weiqi , Yue Siyao , Ren Lujie , Acton W. Joe F. , Hewitt C. Nicholas , Wang Xinming , Fu Pingqing , Heard Dwayne E.
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Wintertime in situ measurements of OH, HO2 and RO2 radicals and OH reactivity were made in central Beijing during November and December 2016. Exceptionally elevated NO was observed on occasions, up to ~ 250 ppbv, believed to be the highest mole fraction for which there have then co-located radical observations. The daily maximum mixing ratios for radical species varied significantly day-to-day over the range 1–8 × 106 cm−3 (OH), 0.2–1.5 × 108 cm−3 (HO2) and 0.3–2.5 × 108 cm−3 (RO2). Averaged over the full observation period, the mean daytime peak in radicals was 2.7 × 106 cm−3, 0.39 × 108 cm−3 and 0.88 × 108 cm−3 for OH, HO2 and total RO2, respectively. The main daytime source of new radicals via initiation processes (primary production) was the photolysis of HONO (~ 83 %), and the dominant termination pathways were the reactions of OH with NO and NO2, particularly under polluted, haze conditions. The Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM) v3.3.1 operating within a box model was used to simulate the concentrations of OH, HO2 and RO2. The model underpredicted OH, HO2 and RO2, especially when NO mixing ratios were high (above 6 ppbv). The observation-to-model ratio of OH, HO2 and RO2 increased from ~ 1 (for all radicals) at 3 ppbv of NO to a factor of ~ 3, ~ 20 and ~ 91 for OH, HO2 and RO2, respectively, at ~ 200 ppbv of NO. The significant underprediction of radical concentrations by the MCM suggests a deficiency in the representation of gas-phase chemistry at high NOx. The OH concentrations were surprisingly similar (within 20 % during the day) inside and outside of haze events, despite j(O1D) decreasing by 50 % during haze periods. These observations provide strong evidence that gas-phase oxidation by OH can continue to generate secondary pollutants even under high pollution episodes, despite the reduction in photolysis rates within haze.
Impacts of Cloud Microphysics Parameterizations on Simulated
Aerosol–Cloud-Interactions for Deep Convective Clouds over Houston
Authors: Zhang Yuwei , Fan Jiwen , Li Zhanqing , Rosenfeld Daniel
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Aerosol–cloud interactions remain largely uncertain in predicting their impacts on weather and climate. Cloud microphysics parameterization is one of the factors leading to the large uncertainty. Here we investigate the impacts of anthropogenic aerosols on the convective intensity and precipitation of a thunderstorm occurring on 19 June 2013 over Houston with the Chemistry version of Weather Research and Forecast model (WRF‐Chem) using the Morrison two-moment bulk scheme and spectral-bin microphysics (SBM) scheme. We find that the SBM predicts a deep convective cloud agreeing better with observations in terms of reflectivity and precipitation compared with the Morrison bulk scheme that has been used in many weather and climate models. With the SBM scheme, we see a significant invigoration effect on convective intensity and precipitation by anthropogenic aerosols mainly through enhanced condensation latent heating (i.e., the warm-phase invigoration). Whereas such effect is absent with the Morrison two-moment bulk microphysics, mainly due to limitations of the saturation adjustment approach for droplet condensation and evaporation calculation.
Global Cloud Property Models for Real Time Triage Onboard Visible-Shortwave Infrared Spectrometers
Authors: Sandford Macey W. , Thompson David R. , Green Robert O. , Kahn Brian H. , Vitulli Raffaele , Chien Steve , Yelamanchili Amruta , Olson-Duvall Winston
Published: May 2020

Abstract. New methods for optimizing data storage and transmission are required as orbital imaging spectrometers collect ever-larger data volumes due to increases in optical efficiency and resolution. In Earth surface investigations, storage and downlink volumes are the most important bottleneck in the mission’s total data yield. Excising cloud-contaminated data onboard, during acquisition, can increase the value of downlinked data and significantly improve the overall science performance of the mission. Threshold-based screening algorithms can operate at the acquisition rate of the instrument but require accurate and comprehensive predictions of cloud and surface brightness. To date, the community lacks a comprehensive analysis of global data to provide appropriate thresholds for screening clouds or to predict performance. Moreover, prior cloud screening studies have used universal screening criteria that do not account for the unique surface and cloud properties at different locations. To address this gap, we analyzed the Hyperion imaging spectrometer’s historical archive of global Earth reflectance data. We selected a diverse subset spanning space (with tropical, midlatitude, arctic, and Antarctic latitudes), time (2005–2017), and wavelength (400–2500 nm) to assure that the distributions of cloud data are representative of all cases. We fit models of cloud reflectance properties gathered from the subset to predict locally and globally applicable thresholds. The distributions relate cloud reflectance properties to various surface types (land, water, and snow) and latitudinal zones. We find that taking location into account can significantly improve the efficiency of onboard cloud screening methods. Models based on this dataset will be used to screen clouds onboard orbital imaging spectrometers, effectively doubling the volume of usable science data per downlink. Models based on this dataset will be used to screen clouds onboard NASA's forthcoming mission, the Earth Mineral Dust Source InvesTigation (EMIT).
Variability of the Brunt-Väisälä frequency at the OH-airglow layer
height at low and mid latitudes
Authors: Wüst Sabine , Bittner Michael , Yee Jeng-Hwa , Mlynczak Martin G. , Russell III James M.
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Airglow spectrometers as they are operated within the Network for the Detection of Mesospheric Change (NDMC, https://ndmc.dlr.de, for example, allow the derivation of rotational temperatures which are equivalent to the kinetic temperature, local thermodynamic equilibrium provided. Temperature variations at the height of the airglow layer are amongst others caused by gravity waves. However, airglow spectrometers do not deliver vertically-resolved temperature information. This is an obstacle for the calculation of the density of gravity wave potential energy from these measurements. As Wüst et al. (2016) showed, the density of wave potential energy can be estimated from data of OH* airglow spectrometers if co-located TIMED-SABER (Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics Dynamics, Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry) measurements are available since they allow the calculation of the Brunt-Väisälä frequency. If co-located measurements are not available, a climatology of the Brunt-Väisälä frequency is an alternative. Based on 17 years of TIMED-SABER temperature data (2002–2018) such a climatology is provided here for the OH* airglow layer height and for a latitudinal longitudinal grid of 10° × 20° at mid and low latitudes. Additionally, climatologies of height and thickness of the OH* airglow layer are calculated.
Three Decades of Tropospheric Ozone Lidar Development at Garmisch-Partenkirchen
Authors: Trickl Thomas , Giehl Helmuth , Neidl Frank , Perfahl Matthias , Vogelmann Hannes
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Since 1988 two ozone lidar systems have been developed at IMK-IFU (Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany). A stationary system, operated at the institute, has yielded about 5000 vertical profiles of ozone from next to the ground to typically 3 km above the tropopause and has contributed data for a large number of scientific investigations. A mobile system was successfully operated in a number of field campaigns after its completion in 1996, before it was destroyed in major flooding in May 1999. Both systems combine a high data quality with high vertical resolution dynamically varied between 50 m in the lower troposphere and 250–500 m below the tropopause (stationary system). The stationary system has been gradually upgraded over the years. The noise level of the raw data has reached a level of about ±1 × 10-6 of the input range of the transient digitizers after minor smoothing. As a consequence, uncertainties of the ozone mixing ratios of 1.5 to 4 ppb have been achieved up to about 5 km. The performance in the upper troposphere, based on the wavelength pair 292 – 313-nm varies between 5 and 15 ppb, depending on the absorption of the 292-nm radiation in ozone and the solar background. In summer it is, therefore, planned to extend the measurement time for 41 s to a few minutes in order to improve the performance. For longer time series automatic data acquisition has been used. The number of measurements per year has been confined to less than 600 since fully automatic data evaluation has, still, had its limitations and some manual actions are needed.