bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kajian dan Rumusan Projek Infrastruktur Jaringan pada Industri Hospitality
Authors: Juliansyah Akbar , Susilowati Dyah , Yunus Muhammad
Published: August 2019

The Hospitality industry is increasingly improving its services to be able to grow as a tourism sector grows. The indication of the growth of the industry can be seen from the rise of international chains that enter or participate in developing their business in Indonesia. In principle, the Chain Hotel is a group of Hotels that is a hotel chain with services that are equal after star hotel equivalence. For that hotel owners who will join a chain of hotels that have been formulated by the chain hotels and usually refer to standards that apply globally / globally. The terms of information technology, chain hotels have implemented standards that follow World standards. This is a technology that is leading to the information system. This is a concern of every hospital industry player to implement. Thus this research is expected to provide infrastructure standards for hotels, especially according to the appropriate ANSI / TIA / EIA standards. The Research Methodology used a continuous development improvement cycle where the cycle is formed into 4 stages, namely Research Formulation and Requirements Analysis, Problem Design and Solutions, Analysis and Discussion of Formulation of Solutions and Suggestions in Framework of Continuous Improvement. The results of this study formulate a template and the contents of a network infrastructure project document in the form of a structured caling system (SCS) and ANSITIA /EIA
PENGARUH DUKUNGAN KELUARGA TERHADAP PENERIMAAN LANSIA DALAM MENGHADAPI PERUBAHAN FISIK DAN PSIKOSOSIAL DI DUSUN SAMPANGAN WIROKERTEN BANGUNTAPAN BANTUL YOGYAKARTA
Authors: Listia Dwi Febriati Setyo Mahanani Nugroho,
Published: August 2019

Latar Belakang : Pada waktu seseorang memasuki masa lanjut usia, terjadi berbagai perubahan baik yang bersifat fisik, mental, maupun sosial. Perubahan yang bersifat fisik antara lain adalah penurunan kekuatan fisik, stamina dan penampilan. Ditambah dengan kurangnya penyesuaian diri lansia terhadap semua perubahan yang terjadi. Hal ini dapat menyebabkan beberapa orang menjadi depresif atau merasa tidak senang saat memasuki masa usia lanjut. Kurangnya dukungan keluarga dikhawatirkan dapat memperburuk keadaan psikis lansia. Penelitian ini penting dilakukan karena terkadang masih kurangnya pengaruh dukungan dari keluarga kepada lansia.Tujuan : Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pengaruh dukungan keluarga terhadap penerimaan lansiadalam menghadapi perubahan fisik dan psikososial di dusun Sampangan Wirokerten Banguntapan Bantul Yogyakarta. Metode Penelitian : Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan fenomenologi. Teknik pengumpulan data dengan menggunakan wawancara mendalam 7 responden dan 2 informan kunci. Analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah model interaktif Miles and Hubermanyang terdiri dari 4 langkah yaitu pengumpulan data, reduksi data, penyajian dan analisis data berupa penarikan kesimpulan atau verifikasi data.Hasil: Perubahan Fisik yang sering terjadi pada lansia yaitu munculnya Asam Urat, hipertensi, cepat lelah. Selain keluhan tersebut antara lain katarak dan sesak nafas. Perubahan Psikis adalah mudah sensitive dan mudah marah. Semua lansia menerima perubahan yang terjadi. Dukungan keluarga berupa dukungan informasi, dukungan instrumental.Kesimpulan : Terdapat pengaruh dukungan keluarga dengan penerimaan lansia dalam menghadapi perubahan fisik dan psikososial.Kata Kunci : Dukungan keluarga, Penerimaan lansia, Perubahan Fisik, Psikososial
FORMULASI GEL EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN JAMBU BIJI (Psidium guajava L.) DENGAN MEMBANDINGKAN BASIS HPMC DAN NATRIUM ALGINAT
Authors: Asrina Rina , Wahyuni Kristina Tri
Published: August 2019

Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai formulasi gel ekstrak etanol daun jaumbu biji (Psidium guajava L.) dengan membandingkan basis HPMC dan natrium alginat dengan tujuan membuat formulasi gel dan mengetahui basis manakah yang membentuk formulasi gel dengan mutu fisik yang baik.Penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimen, dengan menguji mutu fisik gel melalui uji organoleptis, uji homogenitas, pengukuran pH, dan uji daya sebar. Hasil penelitian yaitu pada pengujian organoleptis kedua formula memiliki warna dan aroma khas dari zat aktif. Pada uji homogenitas,sediaan gel menunjukkan susunan homogen yaitu gel dengan basis Natriumalginat. Pada pengukuran pH, kedua formula gel memenuhi persyaratan pH yaitu antara 4-7. Pada pengujian daya sebar, kedua formula gel memenuhi persyaratan, yaitu antara 5-7. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa gel dengan basis Natrium alginate pada dasarnya menghasilkan gel yang memenuhi persyaratan mutu fisik dibanding basis
Karakteristik Metode Kerja Kempa Langsung Menggunakan Pengisi Avicel pH 102 Konsentrasi 6%, 5% Dan 4% Pada Pembuatan Tablet CTM
Authors: Hasyim Muhammad Farid , Megawati Megawati , Henriani Henriani
Published: August 2019

Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai Karakteristik metode kerja Kempa Langsung menggunakan pengisi Avicel pH 102 konsentrasi 6%, 5%, 4% pada Pembuatan Tablet CTM. Jenis penelitian adalah eksperimental laboratorium dengan menggunakan metode kempa langsung pada pencetak alat single punch (tablet pressing machine) , Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya perubahan bentuk dari masing-masing tablet dengan melihat daya aliran dari tiap tablet pada konsentrasi 6% pengikat avicel 0,12g dengan diameter 7mm dengan bobot 0,70g dengan daya alir yang baik dengan melihat bentuk tablet dan kepadatan tablet, kemudian pada konsentrasi 5% pengikat avicel 0,1g diameter 7mm dengan daya alir yang kurang baik terdapat pada bentuk tablet yang retak dan pada konsentrasi 4% dengan pengikat avicel 0,08g diameter yang sama dengan bentuk tablet yang praktis sangat rapuh dilihat dari bentuk tablet yang memiliki daya alir yang buruk , maka dapat disiimpulkan bahwa metode kerja kempa langsung dengan menggunakan avicel dengan konsentrasi 6% 0,12g pada pembuatan tablet ctm dapat di gunakan.
Uji Identifikasi Senyawa Alkaloid Ekstrak Metanol Daun Kelor (Moringa oleifera Lamk) Dari Kab. Ende Nusa Tenggara Timur Secara Kromatografi Lapis Tipis
Authors: AR. Nurul Izza , Kadang Yuniharce , Permatasari Arini
Published: August 2019

Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai Identifikasi senyawa alkaloid daun kelor (Moringa oleifera) yang berasal dari Kab.Ende Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur. Penelitian ini adalah hasil observasi laboratorium. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi senyawa alkaloid yang terdapat pada daun kelor (Moringa oleifera). Identifikasi alkaloid dilakukan dengan metode maserasi dan dilanjutkan dengan KLT (Kromatografi Lapis Tipis). Hasil penelitian menunjukan daun kelor positif mengandung senyawa alkaloid. Harga Rf yang didapat 0,8.
Gambaran Pengetahuan, Sikap Dan Tindakan Akseptor Kb Terhadap Tindakan Tubektomi Di Puskesmas Kassi-Kassi Makassar Tahun 2019
Authors: Mangeto Rosnitje
Published: August 2019

Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang Gambaran Pengetahuan, Sikap Dan Tindakan Akseptor Kb Terhadap Tindakan Tubektomi Di Puskesmas Kassi-Kassi Makassar Tahun 2019. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran pengetahuan, sikap dan tindakan akseptor KB terhadap tubektomi. Penelitian ini dilakukan bulan Maret 2019 dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif, populasi adalah semua Akseptor KB di Puskesmas Kassi-kassi Makassar Tahun 2019 sebanyak 100 orang dan sampel yaitu peserta Akseptor KB aktif di Puskesmas Kassi-kassi Makassar Tahun 2016 yang memenuhi kriteria Inklusi sebanyak 80 orang dengan teknik pengambilan sampel secara purposive sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa dari 80 Akseptor KB yang menggunakan kontrasepsi berdasarkan umur 20-35 tahun yaitu 57 orang (71,25%) dan >35 tahun dan <40 tahun yaitu sebanyak 23 orang (28,75%), SD yaitu 10 orang (12,5%), SMP yaitu 14 orang (17,5%), SMA yaitu 46 orang (57,5%) dan S1 yaitu 10 orang (12,5%), IRT yaitu 55 orang (68,75%), Wiraswasta yaitu 15 orang (18,75%) dan PNS 10 orang (12,5%), Suntikan 45 orang (56,25%), PIL yaitu 30 orang (37,5%) dan Tubektomi yaitu 5 orang (6,25%) dan baik yaitu 30 orang (37,5%), kurang yaitu 50 orang (62,5%) dan positif yaitu 70 orang (87,5%), negatif yaitu 10 orang (12,5%) dan tepat yaitu 63 orang ( 78,8%), tidak tepat yaitu 17 orang (20,3%). Masyarakat perlu membentuk kelompok pengguna alat kontrasepsi tubektomi agar ibu-ibu dapat mengetahui informasi menyangkut manfaat maupun efek samping, sehingga apabila ada ketidak cocokan dari kontrasepsi tersebut dapat diantisipasi agar tidak terlalu khawatir.
Marie Baertschi-Fuster, une intellectuelle et une éducatrice au service du progrès social
Authors: Fabre Mélanie
Published: August 2019

Marie Fuster, née Baertschi, épouse Édouard Fuster le 23 août 1900. Reçue première à l’agrégation de lettres en 1899, professeure et oratrice charismatique, elle appartient à la vague de femmes lettrées formées par la Troisième République dans les nouvelles institutions nées des lois scolaires des années 1880. Républicains engagés préoccupés par la question sociale, Marie et Édouard forment en fait un véritable couple d’intellectuels dans lequel le partage de valeurs communes n’empêche pas la poursuite d’une trajectoire autonome. L’étude des engagements de Marie permet de lire, en filigrane, les combats et les paradoxes d’un couple engagé au tournant du xix e et du xx e siècle.
Médiatisation et usages socio-discursifs du « classement de Shanghai »
Authors: Barats Christine
Published: August 2019

Résumé Dans un contexte de réformes et de discours sur l’« excellence » académique, les classements d’universités se sont multipliés dans les années 2000. L’analyse de l’émergence et du traitement dans la presse française du classement dit « de Shanghai », premier classement international issu du champ académique, permet d’objectiver les caractéristiques de sa diffusion, depuis la date de sa publication en Chine, en juin 2003. L’article montre l’intensification du processus à partir de 2007 ainsi que la place de certains organes de presse et acteurs. Il met au jour l’importance du cadrage dépréciatif pour « faire événement ». Il montre également que le processus a été co-construit par différents acteurs. Le classement a été une ressource journalistique et également un argument politique justifiant les réformes ainsi qu’un outil de communication pour certains présidents d’université.
Les nouvelles conventions du travail académique ou les reconfigurations du professionnalisme universitaire
Authors: Normand Romuald , Villani Marialuisa
Published: August 2019

L’article examine les modifications les plus marquantes intervenues dans la gouvernance et l’organisation des universités en Europe et leurs effets sur le travail des universitaires. Il explique comment les principes de l’assurance qualité et la Nouvelle Gestion publique génèrent de nouvelles normes et attentes à l’encontre des enseignants-chercheurs à l’intérieur comme à l’extérieur de leur université. En présentant les traits fondamentaux de ces nouveaux dispositifs gestionnaires, et leurs conséquences sur l’enseignement et la recherche, il est possible de caractériser de nouvelles conventions du travail académique qui organisent un déplacement d’un professionnalisme de métier à un professionnalisme de l’organisation.
La mise en commun des données naturalistes : des pratiques complexes
Authors: Zucca Maxime
Published: August 2019

Après avoir rappelé les grandes lignes de l’article d’Agnès Fortier et de Pierre Alphandery, le présent article explique le fonctionnement actuel de la production et de l’échange des données naturalistes, en s’appuyant notamment sur l’exemple de l’Île-de-France. Il explore ce qui pousse les naturalistes à participer à l’échange de leurs données d’observation, les obstacles qui se posent à la circulation des données et l’importance de la standardisation, qui bénéficie autant aux scientifiques qu’aux associations, en leur permettant de produire des données robustes et d’orienter leurs actions.
Mechanism of Cementite Spheroidization from Different Initial Microstructures in Fe-0.65C-2.33Mn Alloy
Authors: Ma Li , Jia Tao , Gao Xiu Hua , Ni Run
Published: August 2019

The spheroidization mechanism from different initial microstructures during spheroidizing heat treatment was studied in Fe-0.68C-2.33Mn alloy. Two types of initial microstructures, i.e. pearlite and martensite, were obtained by varying the cooling rate. The microstructure and property evolution during spheroidizing annealing was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The DICTRA software, assuming local equilibrium conditions, was used to simulate the carburizing process of different initial microstructures through different cooling rate. The results indicate that the spheroidization mechanism of cementite was related to the initial microstructures and the smaller lamellar spacing of pearlite inhibited the coarsening of cementite, resulting in the size of cementite smaller than that of martensite as the initial structure.
Hydrogen Bonds and FTIR Peaks of Polyether Polyurethane-Urea
Authors: Zhao Xu , Qi Yu Hong , Li Ke Jiao , Zhang Zhan Ping
Published: August 2019

Various types of hydrogen bonds exist in polyether polyurethane, polyurethane-urea and polyurea (PUA) and can cause microphase separation. The morphology, properties and applications of polyether PUA are determined by the microphase separation. All kinds of hydrogen bonds make it difficult to assignments of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) peaks of ether linkage, amine and carbonyl group. This affects the calculation of the hydrogen bonding degree of the hard segments for estimating the degree of microphase separation. This paper summarized hydrogen bonding structures between proton donors and proton acceptors. By analyzing the influence of electronic effect, steric effect, various types of hydrogen bonds and the degree of order of hydrogen bonding on infrared peaks, the relationships between hydrogen bonding structures and infrared peaks are established. Lay the theoretical foundation for evaluating the degree of microphase separation by FTIR method.
Numerical Analysis of Mechanical Properties of Chopped Basalt Fiber Reinforced Concrete
Authors: Chen Wei , Zhu Zi Chong , Wang Jun , Chen Jia , Mo You
Published: August 2019

In order to study the influence of the blending of chopped basalt fiber on the mechanical properties of concrete, this paper uses basalt fiber content as a variable to simulate the basalt fiber concrete. Simulate its cubic compression, axial compression, splitting tensile, flexural test and working performance, and compare the simulation results with other people's physical and mechanical test data. The results show that the addition of basalt fiber has a great influence on the crack resistance and mechanical properties of concrete.
Research and Analysis of Design and Optimization of Magnetic Memory Material Cache Based on STT-MRAM
Authors: Liu Tian , Zhang Wei , Xu Tao , Wang Guan
Published: August 2019

This paper proposes a cache replacement algorithm based on STT-MRAM magnetic memory, which aims to make the material system based on STT-MRAM magnetic memory better used. The algorithm replaces the data blocks in the cache by considering the position of the STT-MRAM magnetic memory head and the hardware characteristics of the STT-MRAM magnetic memory. This method will be different from the traditional magnetic memory-based common cache replacement algorithm. Traditional replacement algorithms are generally designed with only the algorithm to improve the cache, and the hardware characteristics of the storage device are ignored. This method can improve the material characteristics of the STT-MRAM magnetic memory by improving the cache life and efficiency.
Giant Aggressive Forehead Tumor: A 15-Year Follow-Up
Authors: Challita Raymond , Halabi Said
Published: August 2019

Proliferating trichilemmal tumors are rare tumors that originate from adnexal structures – specifically from the outer root sheaths of hair follicles. These tumors can be benign or malignant. We report a rare case of a giant aggressive forehead trichilemmal tumor that was paradoxically benign on pathology. It was surgically excised and followed-up for 15 years.
A framework for managing the regulatory and economic capital of banks
Authors: Mynhardt Ronald H. , Marx Johan
Published: August 2019

Orientation: Banks face three primary risks, namely credit, market and operational risk. The Basel Committee on Bank Supervision (BCBS) promotes monetary and financial stability by means of their accords, which provides risk mitigation guidelines to banks under the jurisdiction of central banks that are members of the BCBS.Research purpose: The aim of this study was to develop a framework for participating African banks to enable them to determine their required regulatory capital (RC) and economic capital (EC) because neither the Basel accords nor the central banks involved in this study provided clear guidelines in this regard.Motivation for the study: During 2016, the banking associations from Kenya, Mauritius, Rwanda, Seychelles, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda and Ghana requested assistance with the determination of the EC and RC of their member banks.Research design, approach and method: The study used pragmatism as a paradigm and a qualitative methodology by using participatory action research (PAR). Directors, non-executive directors, financial officers, internal auditors, risk and compliance officers of banks participated.Main findings: The participants confirmed their challenges in determining their RC and EC, and hence the focus groups proceeded to systematically and logically develop a framework.Practical/managerial implications: The resultant framework suggests that greater clarity about the regulatory requirements in each country needs to be provided by their bank supervisors.Contribution/value-add: The framework enables banks to determine their own RC and EC requirements. However, customised methodologies and reporting structures have to be developed and followed during implementation and validation.
Speech production changes wih the use of a multichannel cochlear implant in postlingually hearing impaired adult
Authors: Cummings Sandy , Groenewald Emily , Hugo René , Müller Lida , Van der Linde Mike
Published: August 2019

Profoundly deaf cochlear implant users provide an interesting population in which to assess the role of distorted auditory feedback in speech, since their electrically stimulated hearing is significantly different from normal hearing. The aim of the study was to evaluate, by means of spectrographic and listener analyses, the speech production changes in a postlingually deafened adult with the use of a multichannel cochlear implant over time, compared to that of hearing aids as well as no-amplification. The results indicated significant improvements in the use of suprasegmental speech features as well in the production of specific segmental features of speech.
The efficacy of the Prescription of Gain/Output (POGO) in fitting hearing aids to mild and moderate sensorineural hearing losses
Authors: Thorpe Sandra , Jardine Carol
Published: August 2019

This study investigated the effectiveness of the application of the Prescription of Gain/Output (POGO) in hearing aid fittings. Six subjects were tested. Each presented with binaural mild to moderate sensorineural hearing losses and were previously fitted monaurally with behind-the-ear aids using modifications of the traditional Carhart (1946) approach. Functional gain requirements stipulated by POGO were calculated from unaided thresholds and compared to actual functional gain measurements. Five subjects, whose functional gain measures were not within prescribed limits, were referred for modification of the gain and frequency responses of their hearing aids and earmoulds. Post-modified functional gain measurements were analysed. The extent to which the required functional gain measurements were met, was investigated statistically in relation to word recognition scores and subjective ratings of perceived benefit. The conclusion reached was that the application of POGO results in improved word recognition scores and self-reported user satisfaction.
Direction of susceptance and conductance acoustic reflexes at high probe frequencies
Authors: Reynolds Louise , Morton Lucille P.
Published: August 2019

Previous investigations have shown that for low probe frequencies (220 and 660 Hz) the direction of susceptance and conductance reflexes is related to baseline transmission properties. Previously documented reflex patterns, caused by the stiffening of the ossicular chain, are characterised by decreases in both components at 220 Hz (-B-G) and increases in susceptance and decreases in conductance (+B-G) at 660 Hz. In the present study, the direction of susceptance and conductance acoustic reflexes was investigated at a probe frequency of 1000 Hz, where ears are expected to be less stiffness dominated than at the low frequencies, and for which there is little description of reflex patterns in the published literature. The pattern of ipsilateral susceptance and conductance reflexes from 30 normal ears was recorded across a wide intensity range at this probe frequency for three stimulus frequencies (0.5, 1 and 2 kHz). Reflexes were classified as either increases (+) or decreases (-) for each component, at threshold and at suprathreshold intensity levels. Ears were grouped according to transmission properties at 1000 Hz, and reflex patterns observed within each group of subjects were examined. Patterns observed in these subjects at the 1000 Hz probe frequency included: +B-G; +B+G; -B+G and -B-G. There appeared to be a relationship between baseline transmission and reflex patterns. Further, patterns appear to be consistent with theoretical models of the effect of the acoustic reflex, particularly for ears where stiffness is significant in the baseline condition. The effect of the reflex for mass dominated systems requires further investigation.
Stemprobleme by enkele groepe professionele stemgebruikers: Implikasies vir voorkoming
Authors: Van der Merwe Anita , Van Tonder Marita , Pretorius Estelle , Crous Helga
Published: August 2019

Primere voorkoming van kommunikasieafwykings word toenemend 'n belangrike beroepsfunksie van die spraak-taalterapeut. Funksionele stemhiperfunksie wat dikwels voorkom by professionele stemgebruikers kan voorkom word. In hierdie artikel word gesamentlik verslag gedoen oor drie onafhanklike ondersoeke na stemprobleme by drie groepe professionele stemgebruikers. Daar het 183 persone in onderwysprofessies, 50 predikante en 20 sangers aan die studie deelgeneem en die inligting is versamel met vraelyste. Die resultate toon aan dat stemprobleme en simptome van stemprobleme by al drie groepe voorkom, dat hulle weinig kennis oor die onderwerp het, hulself blootstel aan risikofaktore en nie hul stemme konserveer nie. Riglyne vir voorkomingsonderrig word verskaf.
Early communication functioning of infants with cleft lip and palate
Authors: Kritzinger Alta , Louw Brenda , Hugo René
Published: August 2019

This study investigated the early communication functioning and hearing abilities of 44 infants with cleft lip and palate, ages 3 to 31 months old. The results revealed that 64% of the subjects had a history of recurrent otitis media with effusion and 33% displayed associated anomalies. 26% of the subjects had mild hearing losses and middle ear pathology at the time of data collection. The subjects as a group displayed average developmental levels for perceptual-cognitive, socio-personal and receptive language skills, but a limited phonetic repertoire and a statistically significant expressive language delay. The results indicated that the subjects experienced a motor developmental delay, but this was not statistically significant. The implications for early communication intervention are to conduct regular hearing measurements and to conduct regular parent-centered therapy with individualized home programmes. Efforts should be directed towards expanding early communication intervention services to include all infants with cleft lip and palate in South Africa.
Teacher accuracy in the identification of pre-school pupils with hearing loss
Authors: Chambers Nicole , Anderson Ilona
Published: August 2019

Teachers of 110 pre-school pupils used a questionnaire to identify which children they thought would fail a hearing screening. Following screening, the data was compared to both audiometric only, and combined audiometric and tymponometric screening results. Teachers identified one out of six pupils who failed audiometric screening, and one out of seven who failed combined screening. We concluded that teachers could not accurately identify pupils with hearing problems and should not be used to detect hearing losses in pupils without prior education and training.
Strangers in the house? Communication between mothers and their hearing impaired children who sign
Authors: Joseph Lavanithum , Alant Erna
Published: August 2019

Many hearing impaired children rely on signing as a method of communication and are educated through this medium at school. While there is a paucity of information on the use of signing in the home, the impression in the literature is that these children are often unable to communicate through this medium in their homes. This has serious implications for family relationships as well as the personal well-being, educational success and social integration of the child. The present study explored the signing experience of 45 mothers of children in the junior primary phase at schools for the deaf in the Durban region of KwaZulu-Natal as a reflection of the use of signing within the home. A descriptive survey design, using two researcher administered questionnaires, was used to obtain information on the signing practice of mothers, exploring aspects related to the extent to which signing is used, the type of signing used and signing proficiency. The findings revealed mothers' signing skill to be inadequate in terms of their own assessment on rating scales and descriptions of their signing. They signed less frequently than their children did, using speech more often, and with the vast majority using simultaneous communication when they did sign. Signing ability was judged to be below that of their children, with sign vocabularies of between 0-50 words for 85% of the participants. It appears that sign learning by hearing parents of deaf children in this region needs to be actively promoted. The implications of these findings are discussed to address the communication needs of signing deaf children and their families within the South African context.
The iconicity of picture communication symbols for rural Zulu children
Authors: Haupt Lize , Alant Erna
Published: August 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the iconicity of selected Picture Communication Symbols (PCS) for rural Zulu ten-year-olds. Participants were presented with copies of a commercially available communication overlay without glosses. They were required to match a symbol with each of 36 spoken Zulu labels. With both strict and lenient scoring criteria applied, and 11.1% (respectively) of the symbols on the communication overlay emerged as iconic for participants. It was further established that the position of symbols on the overlay, the total frequency of selection of symbols, and gender did not influence results. An analysis of errors revealed that for some symbols many of the participants agreed on a single specific label, be it the target label or a non-target label; while for other symbols there were either many possible labels, or none. The term distinctiveness was coined to describe how well defined or specific were the evoked meanings triggered by a symbol in the viewers' minds. Results suggest that participants did not make maximum use of the information provided by arrows in the symbols. This finding could be ascribed to the opaqueness of arrows and participants' lack of previous experience with these conventional cues in pictures, as well as the traditional oral nature of the Zulu culture.
Genesis of self-identity as DisOther: Life histories of people who stutter
Authors: Kathard Harsha , Pillay Mershen , Samuel Michael , Reddy Vijay
Published: August 2019

This paper explores the processes shaping self-identity formation as DisOther and the actions of participants who stutter. It illuminates the experiences of adults who stutter using a biographical, narrative, life history methodology. The participants were seven South African adults of diverse racial, social and economic backgrounds from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Five males and two female were invited to participate via purposive and convenience sampling processes. Their stories of living with stuttering in their life worlds over time were constructed via biographical interviews using personal, social and temporal lenses typical of life history methodology. The interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed. The data were analysed at two levels using a combination of strategies. The first level entailed a narrative analysis that was represented as research stories for each participant. The cross-case and thematic analysis of research stories constituted the second level analysis of narratives. The findings explain the complex and interrelated personal and social processes over time which contribute to the genesis of self-identity formation as DisOther. Social inscriptions of difference occurred in immediate home, school and work contexts over time via multiple processes such as labelling, norming, judging and teasing. Personal processes included discoveries of difference via critical events, repeated reinforcement of difference, self-judgement and temporal burdening. Furthermore, the actions participants took in negotiating stuttering were examined. The implications of the findings and limitations of the study are presented.
The iconicity and ease of learning of picture communication symbols: A study with Afrikaans-speaking children
Authors: Basson Magdel , Alant Erna
Published: August 2019

Graphic symbols form an important part of most augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) users' communication systems. Studies focusing on the way different graphic symbols are learned and retained are pivotal for a better understanding of the processes involved.  The current study set out to determine how accurately typically developing urban, 6-year-old Afrikaans-speaking children could identify 16 Picture Communication Symbols™ (PCS) presented thematically on a communication overlay, and also how accurately they could recognize these symbols following exposure to a learning experience. Participants, divided into two cohorts, were presented with a 16-matrix overlay and required to match symbols with spoken Afrikaans labels.  They were then divided into two groups, one group receiving training in the meaning of the symbols and the other group receiving no training.  Finally the test-procedure was repeated.  Results indicated that the 16 PCS™  symbols had an iconicity of  12.5 % (accuracy score > 50 %), and that there was a significant improvement in both the experimental and the control groups' post-test results.
Inappropriate sexual behaviours experienced by Speech-Language Pathologists and Audiologists in South Africa
Authors: Levin Karen , Traub Loren
Published: August 2019

The experience of inappropriate sexual behaviours (ISB) by healthcare professionals has been identified internationally as a serious issue. This study investigated the extent of ISB directed towards speech-language pathologists and/or audiologists (SLP/As) in South Africa. As well as the sources and the effects of ISB, the responses of the SLP/As, and the perceptions of the SLP/As with regard to their ability to manage ISB experiences. Fifty-six qualified SLP/As and 62 student SLP/As completed a questionnaire based on similar studies conducted in Canada and New Zealand. Most of the respondents had experienced ISB, mostly of a mild to moderate nature, at some point in their careers, and some had experienced severe ISB in the workplace. ISB occurred in a variety of work contexts. The sources of ISB included clients and/or their family members, as well as colleagues and employers. A range of personal and work-related effects resulted and the respondents took the least assertive strategy' in the management of their ISB experiences. The results reflected that SLP/As in South Africa are poorly informed with regard to their legal rights and responsibilities, as well as strategies to deal with unwanted sexually related experiences. ISB ought to be recognised as a serious issue in clinical practice in South Africa by SLP/As, professional bodies as well as training institutions. The results are in line with previous research on ISB experiences by SLP/As and other healthcare professionals.
Current management for word finding difficulties by speech-language therapists in South African remedial schools
Authors: De Rauville Ingrid , Chetty Sandhya , Pahl Jenny
Published: August 2019

Word finding difficulties frequently found in learners with language learning difficulties (Casby, 1992) are an integral part of Speech-Language Therapists’ management role when working with learning disabled children. This study investigated current management for word finding difficulties by 70 Speech-Language Therapists in South African remedial schools. A descriptive survey design using a quantitative and qualitative approach was used. A questionnaire and follow-up focus group discussion were used to collect data. Results highlighted the use of the Renfrew Word Finding Scale (Renfrew, 1972, 1995) as the most frequently used formal assessment tool. Language sample analysis and discourse analysis were the most frequently used informal assessment procedures. Formal intervention programmes were generally not used. Phonetic, phonemic or phonological cueing were the most frequently used therapeutic strategies. The authors note strengths and raise concerns about current management for word finding difficulties in South African remedial schools, particularly in terms of bilingualism. Opportunities are highlighted regarding the development of assessment and intervention measures relevant to the diverse learning disabled population in South Africa.
Maintaining financial stability
Authors: George E A.J.
Published: August 2019

No abstract available.
On the meaning of central bank independence
Authors: Wessels G. M.
Published: August 2019

This article aims to clarify the meaning of the multifaceted term central bank independence. Such independence cannot be understood in an absolute sense, because the elected government in a democratic society remains the highest authority in respect of economic policy-making too. Nevertheless, central banks globally are currently endowed with strong relative independence. This may be separated into two broad categories, namely formal and informal independence. Political and economic independence are identified as elements of the former, and their various subcategories are expounded below. Informal independence is then highlighted as the more important component of independence, of which personalities, professionalism and public support are crucial. However, an ideal combination of the determinants of independence is hard to find.
South Africa: Political economy or virtual economics
Authors: Truu M. L.
Published: August 2019

In 1994 South Africa was politically transformed from an oligarchy into a democracy. How has this momentous change affected the framework of economic policy? This paper approaches the question via the virulent unemployment that is South Africa's most serious economic problem today. The apparent answer gives great cause for concern: South Africa's policy-makers seem about to leave the real world of political economy to enter the illusory world of virtual economics instead.
Komparatiewe voordeel in die landbou
Authors: Kleynhans E.
Published: August 2019

The object of this paper is to demonstrate the use of an alternative method to measure and quantify international competitiveness. The South African agricultural sector is taken as a case study. The paper builds on Bela Balassa's method (1989) of measuring comparative advantage by means of historically revealed advantage. In practice this method is easy to use, readily applicable and the necessary data are usually available. The results of this measuring excercise are interesting and support the hypotheses that a low level of labour productivity contributes significantly to the low international competitiveness of South African agriculture.
Some pair-wise classifications employed in historiography
Authors: Torr Christopher
Published: August 2019

Various pair-wise classifications have been employed in historiography, the most recent being Waterman's distinction between intellectual history and the history of economic analysis. Other dichotomies are rational reconstruction and historical reconstruction, the context of discovery and the context of justification, internal history and external history and relativist and absolutist accounts. In the 1930s Butterfield differentiated the Whig interpretation of history from the non-Whig approach. Another dichotomy which has a much older history is the distinction between text and context. Perhaps the oldest dichotomy of all is the distinction between particulars and universals. An attempt is made to show the age-old controversy between nominalism and universals provides a common thread to the dichotomies discussed in this paper.
Role of base strength, cluster structure and charge in sulfuric-acid-driven particle formation
Authors: Myllys Nanna , Kubečka Jakub , Besel Vitus , Alfaouri Dina , Olenius Tinja , Smith James Norman , Passananti Monica
Published: August 2019

Abstract. In atmospheric sulfuric-acid-driven particle formation, bases are able to stabilize the initial molecular clusters and thus enhance particle formation. The enhancing potential of a stabilizing base is affected by different factors, such as the basicity and abundance. Here we use weak (ammonia), medium strong (dimethylamine) and very strong (guanidine) bases as representative atmospheric base compounds, and we systematically investigate their ability to stabilize sulfuric acid clusters. Using quantum chemistry, we study proton transfer as well as intermolecular interactions and symmetry in clusters, of which the former is directly related to the base strength and the latter to the structural effects. Based on the theoretical cluster stabilities and cluster population kinetics modeling, we provide molecular-level mechanisms of cluster growth and show that in electrically neutral particle formation, guanidine can dominate formation events even at relatively low concentrations. However, when ions are involved, charge effects can also stabilize small clusters for weaker bases. In this case the atmospheric abundance of the bases becomes more important, and thus ammonia is likely to play a key role. The theoretical findings are validated by cluster distribution experiments, as well as comparisons to previously reported particle formation rates, showing a good agreement.
Subsiding shells and the distribution of up- and downdraughts in warm cumulus clouds over land
Authors: Mallaun Christian , Giez Andreas , Mayr Georg J. , Rotach Mathias W.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. The mass flux of air lifted within the updraughts (updraft in American English) of shallow
convection is usually thought to be compensated outside the cloud through
either large-scale subsidence or stronger downdraughts in a thin shell
surrounding the cloud. Subsiding shells were postulated based on large eddy
simulation and are experimentally tested in this study for shallow convection
over land. Isolated cumulus clouds were probed with a small research aircraft
over flat land and mountainous terrain, in different wind situations and at
different levels of the clouds. The average of the 191 cloud transects shows
the subsiding shell as a narrow downdraught region outside the cloud
boundaries. The ensemble-mean subsiding shell is narrower on the upwind side
of the cloud, while it is at least half a cloud diameter wide and more humid
on the downwind side. At least half of the upward mass transport in the cloud
is compensated within a distance of 20 % of the cloud diameter.
However, this shell is not uniform. Distinct regions of downdraughts and
updraughts with high variability in the vertical wind are frequent and randomly
distributed in the vicinity and also within the cloud. The median diameter of
the draughts directly at the cloud boundary is at least 4 times as large as
inside the clouds and in the environment. Downdraughts at the cloud boundary
are twice as frequent as updraughts. In contrast to the updraughts the major part
of the downdraughts is situated outside of the cloud. The subsiding shell
results from the distribution of these up- and downdraughts.
Rates and drivers of Red Sea plankton community metabolism
Authors: López-Sandoval Daffne C. , Rowe Katherine , Carillo-de-Albonoz Paloma , Duarte Carlos M. , Agustí Susana
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Resolving the environmental drivers shaping planktonic communities is
fundamental for understanding their variability, in the present and the
future, across the ocean. More specifically, addressing the
temperature-dependence response of planktonic communities is essential as
temperature plays a key role in regulating metabolic rates and thus potentially
defining the ecosystem functioning. Here we quantified plankton metabolic
rates along the Red Sea, a uniquely oligotrophic and warm environment, and
analysed the drivers that regulate gross primary production (GPP), community
respiration (CR), and net community production (NCP). The study was conducted
on six oceanographic surveys following a north–south transect along the
Saudi Arabian coast. Our findings revealed that GPP and CR rates increased
with increasing temperature (R2=0.41 and 0.19, respectively;
p<0.001 in both cases), with a higher activation energy (Ea) for
GPP (1.20±0.17 eV) than for CR (0.73±0.17 eV). The higher Ea
for GPP than for CR resulted in a positive relationship between NCP and
temperature. This unusual relationship is likely driven by the relatively
higher nutrient availability found towards the warmer region (i.e. southern Red Sea), which favours GPP rates above the threshold that
separates autotrophic from heterotrophic communities (1.7 mmol O2 m−3 d−1) in this region. Due to the arid nature, the basin
lacks riverine and terrestrial inputs of organic carbon to subsidise a
higher metabolic response of heterotrophic communities, thus constraining CR
rates. Our study suggests that GPP increases steeply with increasing
temperature in the warm ocean when relatively high nutrient inputs are
present.
Impact of different estimations of the background-error covariance matrix on climate reconstructions based on data assimilation
Authors: Valler Veronika , Franke Jörg , Brönnimann Stefan
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Data assimilation has been adapted in paleoclimatology to reconstruct past climate states. A key component of some assimilation systems is the background-error covariance matrix, which controls how the information from observations spreads into the model space. In ensemble-based approaches, the background-error covariance matrix can be estimated from the ensemble. Due to the usually limited ensemble size, the background-error covariance matrix is subject to the so-called sampling error. We test different methods to reduce the effect of sampling error in a published paleoclimate data assimilation setup. For this purpose, we conduct a set of experiments, where we assimilate early instrumental data and proxy records stored in trees, to investigate the effect of (1) the applied localization function and localization length scale; (2) multiplicative and additive inflation techniques; (3) temporal localization of monthly data, which applies if several time steps are estimated together in the same assimilation window. We find that the estimation of the background-error covariance matrix can be improved by additive inflation where the background-error covariance matrix is not only calculated from the sample covariance but blended with a climatological covariance matrix. Implementing a temporal localization for monthly resolved data also led to a better reconstruction.
GRACE-REC: a reconstruction of climate-driven water storage changes over the last century
Authors: Humphrey Vincent , Gudmundsson Lukas
Published: August 2019

Abstract. The amount of water stored on continents is an important constraint for
water mass and energy exchanges in the Earth system and exhibits large
inter-annual variability at both local and continental scales. From 2002 to
2017, the satellites of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment
(GRACE) mission have observed changes in terrestrial water storage (TWS) with an
unprecedented level of accuracy. In this paper, we use a statistical model
trained with GRACE observations to reconstruct past climate-driven changes
in TWS from historical and near-real-time meteorological datasets at daily
and monthly scales. Unlike most hydrological models which represent water
reservoirs individually (e.g., snow, soil moisture) and usually provide
a single model run, the presented approach directly reconstructs total TWS
changes and includes hundreds of ensemble members which can be used to
quantify predictive uncertainty. We compare these data-driven TWS estimates
with other independent evaluation datasets such as the sea level budget,
large-scale water balance from atmospheric reanalysis, and in situ streamflow
measurements. We find that the presented approach performs overall as well
or better than a set of state-of-the-art global hydrological models (Water
Resources Reanalysis version 2). We provide reconstructed TWS anomalies at a
spatial resolution of 0.5∘, at both daily and monthly scales over
the period 1901 to present, based on two different GRACE products and three
different meteorological forcing datasets, resulting in six reconstructed TWS
datasets of 100 ensemble members each. Possible user groups and applications
include hydrological modeling and model benchmarking, sea level budget
studies, assessments of long-term changes in the frequency of droughts, the
analysis of climate signals in geodetic time series, and the interpretation
of the data gap between the GRACE and GRACE Follow-On missions. The
presented dataset is published at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.7670849 (Humphrey and Gudmundsson, 2019) and updates will be
published regularly.
AtChem, an open source box-model for the Master Chemical Mechanism
Authors: Sommariva Roberto , Cox Sam , Martin Chris , Borońska Kasia , Young Jenny , Jimack Peter , Pilling Michael J. , Matthaios Vasileios N. , Newland Mike J. , Panagi Marios , Bloss William J. , Monks Paul S. , Rickard Andrew R.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. AtChem is an open source zero-dimensional box-model for atmospheric chemistry. Any general set of chemical reactions can be used with AtChem, but the model was designed specifically for use with the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM, http://mcm.york.ac.uk/). AtChem was initially developed within the EUROCHAMP project as a web application (AtChem-online, https://atchem.leeds.ac.uk/webapp/) for modelling environmental chamber experiments; it was recently upgraded and further developed into a standalone offline version (AtChem2) which allows the user to run complex and long simulations, such as those needed for modelling of intensive field campaigns, as well as to perform batch model runs for sensitivity studies. AtChem is installed, set up and configured using semi-automated scripts and simple text configuration files, making it easy to use even for non-experienced users. A key feature of AtChem is that it can easily be constrained to observational data which may have different timescales, thus retaining all the information contained in the observations. Implementation of a continuous integration workflow, coupled with a comprehensive suite of tests and version control software, makes the AtChem codebase robust, reliable and traceable. The AtChem2 code and documentation are available at https://github.com/AtChem/, under the open source MIT license.