bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performance of hydroxyapatite coatings electrodeposited on micro-arc oxidized magnesium alloys using a static magnetic field
Authors: Xu Quan , Liu Yao , Liu Chuangwei , Tian Ang , Shi Xiaoguo , Dong Chenbo , Zhou Ying , Zhou Hongjun
Published: January 2015

Fabrication and investigation of the biocompatibility of hydroxyapatite coating electrodeposited on micro-arc oxidized magnesium alloys via a static magnetic field.
Generalized method calculating the effective diffusion coefficient in periodic channels
Authors: Kalinay Pavol
Published: January 2015

The method calculating the effective diffusion coefficient in an arbitrary periodic two-dimensional channel, presented in our previous paper [P. Kalinay, J. Chem. Phys. 141, 144101 (2014)], is generalized to 3D channels of cylindrical symmetry, as well as to 2D or 3D channels with particles driven by a constant longitudinal external driving force. The next possible extensions are also indicated. The former calculation was based on calculus in the complex plane, suitable for the stationary diffusion in 2D domains. The method is reformulated here using standard tools of functional analysis, enabling the generalization.
Chain end mobilities in polymer melts—A computational study
Authors: Diddens Diddo , Heuer Andreas
Published: January 2015

The Rouse model can be regarded as the standard model to describe the dynamics of a short polymer chain under melt conditions. In this contribution, we explicitly check one of the fundamental assumptions of this model, namely, that of a uniform friction coefficient for all monomers, on the basis of MD simulation data of a poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) melt. This question immediately arises from the fact that in a real polymer melt, the terminal monomers have on average more intermolecular neighbors than the central monomers, and one would expect that exactly these details affect the precise value of the friction coefficient. The mobilities are determined by our recently developed statistical method, which provides detailed insights into the local polymer dynamics. Moreover, it yields complementary information to that obtained from the mean square displacement (MSD) or the Rouse mode analysis. It turns out that the Rouse assumption of a uniform mobility is fulfilled to a good approximation for the PEO melt. However, a more detailed analysis reveals that the underlying microscopic dynamics are highly affected by different contributions from intra- and intermolecular excluded volume interactions, which cannot be taken into account by a modified friction coefficient. Minor deviations occur only for the terminal monomers on larger time scales, which can be attributed to the presence of two different escape mechanisms from their first coordination sphere. These effects remain elusive when studying the dynamics with the MSD only.
Ligand- and oxygen-isotope-exchange pathways of geochemical interest
Authors: Casey William H.
Published: January 2015

Environmental context
Most chemical processes in water are either ligand- or electron-exchange reactions. Here the general reactivity trends for ligand-exchange reactions in aqueous solutions are reviewed and it is shown that simple rules dominate the chemistry. These simple rules shed light on most molecular processes in water, including the uptake and degradation of pesticides, the sequestration of toxic metals and the corrosion of minerals.

Abstract
It is through ligand-exchange kinetics that environmental geochemists establish an understanding of molecular processes, particularly for insulating oxides where there are not explicit electron exchanges. The substitution of ligands for terminal functional groups is relatively insensitive to small changes in structure but are sensitive to bond strengths and acid–base chemistry. Ligand exchanges involving chelating organic molecules are separable into two classes: (i) ligand substitutions that are enhanced by the presence of the chelating ligand, called a ‘spectator’ ligand and (ii) chelation reactions themselves, which are controlled by the Lewis basicity of the attacking functional group and the rates of ring closure. In contrast to this relatively simple chemistry at terminal functional groups, substitutions at bridging oxygens are exquisitely sensitive to details of structure. Included in this class are oxygen-isotope exchange and mineral-dissolution reactions. In large nanometer-sized ions, metastable structures form as intermediates by detachment of a surface metal atom, often from a underlying, highly coordinated oxygen, such as μ4-oxo, by solvation forces. A metastable equilibrium is then established by concerted motion of many atoms in the structure. The newly undercoordinated metal in the intermediate adds a water or ligand from solution, and protons transfer to other oxygens in the metastable structure, giving rise to a characteristic broad amphoteric chemistry. These metastable structures have an appreciable lifetime and require charge separation, which is why counterions affect the rates. The number and character of these intermediate structures reflect the symmetry of the starting structure.
Advanced training for primary care and general practice nurses: enablers and outcomes of postgraduate education
Authors: Hallinan Christine M. , Hegarty Kelsey L.
Published: January 2015

The aims of the present study were to understand enablers to participation in postgraduate education for primary care nurses (PCNs), and to explore how postgraduate education has advanced their nursing practice. Cross-sectional questionnaires were mailed out in April 2012 to current and past students undertaking postgraduate studies in primary care nursing at The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Questionnaires were returned by 100 out of 243 nurses (response rate 41%). Ninety-one per cent (91/100) of the respondents were first registered as nurses in Australia. Fifty-seven per cent were hospital trained and 43% were university educated to attain their initial nurse qualification. The respondents reported opportunities to expand scope of practice (99%; 97/98), improve clinical practice (98%; 97/99), increase work satisfaction (93%; 91/98) and increase practice autonomy (92%; 89/97) as factors that most influenced participation in postgraduate education in primary care nursing. Major enablers for postgraduate studies were scholarship access (75%; 71/95) and access to distance education (74%; 72/98). Many respondents reported an increased scope of practice (98%; 95/97) and increased job satisfaction (71%; 70/98) as an education outcome. Only 29% (28/97) cited an increase in pay-rate as an outcome. Of the 73 PCNs currently working in general practice, many anticipated an increase in time spent on the preparation of chronic disease management plans (63%; 45/72), multidisciplinary care plans (56%; 40/72) and adult health checks (56%; 40/72) in the preceding 12 months. Recommendations emerging from findings include: (1) increased access to scholarships for nurses undertaking postgraduate education in primary care nursing is imperative; (2) alternative modes of course delivery need to be embedded in primary care nursing education; (3) the development of Australian primary care policy, including policy on funding models, needs to more accurately reflect the educational level of PCNs, PCN role expansion and the extent of interprofessional collaboration that is evident from research undertaken to date. Nurses with postgraduate education have the potential to increase their scope of practice, take on a greater teaching role and provide more preventive and chronic disease services in primary care. Policies aimed at increasing access to education for nurses working in primary care would strengthen the primary care nursing profession, and enhance the delivery of primary health care services in Australia.
Modulation of folding energy landscape by charge–charge interactions: Linking experiments with computational modeling
Authors: Tzul Franco O. , Schweiker Katrina L. , Makhatadze George I.
Published: January 2015

Significance

Quantitative understanding of how individual interactions contribute to the kinetics and thermodynamics of protein folding is critical for deciphering the underlying molecular mechanisms that define the energy folding landscape. We applied a structure-based model that explicitly accounts for the interactions between charges, to folding–unfolding of four different protein pairs: rationally stabilized, via optimization of surface charge–charge interactions, variants, and respective wild types. First, we established that the models predict both thermodynamic and kinetic differences observed experimentally for all four studied protein pairs. Second, we used the results of the computational modeling to provide a molecular level explanation of how optimization of charge–charge interactions leads to an increase in the folding rates of designed variants, without changes in the unfolding rates.
Examination of HER3 targeting in cancer using monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Gaborit Nadège , Abdul-Hai Ali , Mancini Maicol , Lindzen Moshit , Lavi Sara , Leitner Orith , Mounier Lucile , Chentouf Myriam , Dunoyer Sai , Ghosh Manjusha , Larbouret Christel , Chardès Thierry , Bazin Hervé , Pèlegrin André , Sela Michael , Yarden Yosef
Published: January 2015

Significance

The human EGF receptor (EGFR/HER) family plays critical roles in tumor progression. Therefore, several therapies intercepting these receptors were developed and clinically approved. Importantly, patients treated with such therapeutics often develop resistance, and in some cases this resistance has been associated with activation of HER3. Potentially, HER3 blockade might overcome patient resistance. Hence, antibodies to HER3 have been developed by us and other researchers. However, it has remained unclear which antibody attributes are required for effective tumor inhibition. To address this issue, we generated several monoclonal antibodies, which were tested in vitro and in tumor-bearing animals. Our results suggest that anti-HER3 antibodies able to intercept stroma–tumor interactions, as well as accelerate HER3 degradation, might inhibit tumor growth better than other antibodies.
Philosophical perspectives on school effectiveness and school improvement
Authors: White John
Published: January 2015

Research on school effectiveness and on school improvement has become more important in recent years as politicians and other policy‐makers have made use of the findings. It is argued here that there are a number of flaws in the design of such research (for example, if factors and outcomes are logically related, then empirical investigation becomes irrelevant). Furthermore, the sidelining of long‐term goals of education by researchers in these fields has the effect of marginalizing what is central to any discussion of educational practice (even if these goals cannot be measured). The article concludes with a plea both for more reflection on these aims and closer collaboration with philosophers of education.
The field of photographic education
Authors: Newbury Darren
Published: January 2015

This paper uses Bourdieu's concept of the field as a method of analysis of contemporary developments in photographic education. The paper begins by sketching the outline and some of the contradictions of contemporary photographic educational practice. A visual model of photographic education as a field is offered and its benefits and limitations considered. The paper then considers in more detail two contemporary developments: the debate over the content and purpose of higher education in photography; and the run‐up to the introduction of National Vocational Qualifications in photography. In conclusion it is argued that the forces that are currently holding photographic education together are coming under considerable pressure from new developments in visual and media education, and that a reconfiguration of the field is both likely and desirable.
The Roman Emperor and the Imperial Family
Authors: Hurlet Frédéric
Published: January 2015

The foundation of the Principate under Augustus coincided with the expansion of Roman epigraphic culture. Given the sheer number of surviving inscriptions, imperial epigraphy provides all sorts of information about the power of the Roman emperor: its nature, its juridical basis, its modes of self-representation, including imperial titulature, and the means whereby the emperor controlled the Empire and communicated with its communities. These texts also provide evidence for the central place that the imperial family occupied in Roman society and the consensus of support that the emperors enjoyed in Rome and throughout the Empire. This chapter analyzes the texts of the imperial period, for instance key inscriptions such as the Res Gestae Divi Augusti.
Local Elites in Italy and the Western Provinces
Authors: Mouritsen Henrik
Published: January 2015

Local elites represented the backbone of the Roman Empire. Our knowledge of them relies overwhelmingly on epigraphic evidence, not least from Pompeii. This chapter analyzes the epigraphic evidence dealing with this sector of the population, which is rarely represented in the literary sources. It focuses on the institutional structures of local municipalities in Italy and the western provinces, above all local magistrates and town councils, the Augustales, and the internal composition of the ruling elites, as attested in inscriptions from Italy and the western provinces .
Roman Government and Administration
Authors: Bruun Christer
Published: January 2015

This chapter outlines how critical inscriptions are for our understanding of the functioning of the administrative structures of Roman government. The author discusses the best methodology for using epigraphic texts to reconstruct Roman administration, showing how even short texts can provide critical pieces of evidence, especially during the imperial period. Knowing how to use arguments from silence is shown to be a crucial element in the modern study of Roman government .
The Roman State
Authors: Rowe Gregory
Published: January 2015

This chapter examines juridical epigraphy, that is, normative texts involving officials and organs of the Roman state (“sources of law”) and private legal documents, such as wills, commercial and financial instruments, and judicial documents. This material complements the legal sources surviving in the literary tradition. The chapter analyzes collective resolutions, sacred laws and pronouncements by emperors and officials, and private documents, concluding with a brief discussion of the unity of judicial epigraphy .
Late Antiquity
Authors: Salway Benet
Published: January 2015

Late antique epigraphy differs in several respects from that of the High Empire, reflecting the changed political, economic, and cultural circumstances. This chapter focuses on the epigraphic habit of that fluctuating portion of the late antique world that remained Roman. Despite the emergence of inscriptions in additional languages, such as Syriac and Coptic, Latin and Greek retained their hegemony as the two main epigraphic languages of the Roman world. The establishment of an imperial court, with its attendant bureaucratic and military retinue, in major centres of the Greek East from the last decades of the third century coincided with a new flowering of Latin inscriptions in the region.
Social Life in Town and Country
Authors: Fagan Garrett G.
Published: January 2015

Epigraphy reveals important aspects of the social life of ordinary people and slaves in the Roman world, habitually overlooked by elite literary authors. Inscriptions dealing with the lower orders might appear to have no overt social filter but are often influenced by the epigraphic culture of the elite. The chapter argues that through public documents, such as the statutes of collegia, the commemoration of benefactions, gravestones, and graffiti, some commoners gain a voice. Inscriptions give scholars a better understanding of life in the countryside and among the urban plebs .
Economic Life in the Roman Empire
Authors: Edmondson Jonathan
Published: January 2015

Many types of inscriptions throw light on numerous aspects of economic production, distribution, and consumption in the Roman Empire. This chapter concentrates on agriculture, animal husbandry and pastoralism, and the production and exchange of cash-crops such as wine, olive-oil, and fish sauces. It also illuminates the interaction between private individuals and the Roman state in mining operations, as well as the administrative and legal issues related to such activities .
Local Languages in Italy and the West
Authors: Clackson James
Published: January 2015

This chapter investigates how epigraphy informs our understanding of the linguistic landscape of Italy and the Roman West. While Greek and Roman writers identify some of the different languages spoken around the Mediterranean, for most languages, epigraphy provides the only concrete evidence that they ever existed, since the advent of Latin and Roman expansion led to the widespread extinction of all previous spoken varieties. Although it is incomplete, the epigraphic record provides evidence for a wide diversity of languages in Italy, including the islands, the Iberian Peninsula, Gaul, and North Africa, both before and during Roman expansion.
Indigenous Feminisms
Authors: Barker Joanne
Published: January 2015

Feminism occupies a rich and meaningful, albeit uncomfortable, history in Indigenous communities in the United States. This chapter examines that history in relation to the women’s suffrage and civil rights movements. It argues that in deflection and invitation of feminist politics during these movements, Indigenous scholars, activists, and artists (not necessarily mutually exclusive) demonstrate the primacy of sovereignty and self-determination in their understandings of how feminism is or is not relevant to them, clarifying the constitutive role of US imperialism, racism, and sexism in how feminism has been (dis)articulated. At the same time, it argues that Indigenous feminism has asserted the polity of the Indigenous: the unique governance, territory, and culture of an Indigenous people in a system of (non)human relationships and responsibilities to one another. In doing so, Indigenous feminisms rearticulate the futurity of indigeneity in political coalition with non-Indigenous peoples against the ongoing social forces of US imperialism, racism, and sexism.
The Discourse of Clinical Ethics and the Maladies of the Soul
Authors: Amos Claire , Gillett Grant
Published: January 2015

Discursive ethics focuses on the positioning of people in situations that validate certain constructions (such as mental disorder, individual dysfunction, the biological basis of psychiatric conditions). The soul (or psyche) results from disciplines that have shaped a person’s experience and are inscribed in their body, thought and behavior in terms of such constructions. A discursive critique examines the relationship between such constructions, a marginalized or suffering soul, and the clinical situations into which they enter. Psychiatric narratives begin with “detection” pathways shaped by the biomedical model. They create “docile bodies,” the workings of which are considered to be evident to experts as the patient and their clinical journey become subject to disciplines that may be alien to their own politico-aesthetic project, creating discursive situations that can all-too-easily silence the voice of suffering and what it is trying to say. However, patients and clinicians can work together within a responsive mode of ethics - one which generates a powerful, co-constructed conception of health, ethical truth, and justification.
Ethical Issues in Evidence-Based Psychiatry
Authors: Gupta Mona
Published: January 2015

First appearing in the published medical literature in 1992, evidence-based medicine (EBM) promotes a seemingly irrefutable principle: that clinical decision-making should be based, as much as possible, on the most up-to-date research findings. Nowhere has this idea been more welcome than in psychiatry, a field whose practices continue to be dogged by a legacy of controversial clinical interventions. For advocates, anchoring psychiatric practice in research data makes psychiatry more scientifically valid (meaning more accurate and value-neutral) and, as a result, more ethically legitimate. But because EBM makes certain assumptions about the nature of disease and treatment that may not apply to psychiatric disorders, it has also provoked vigorous debate in the field. This debate illustrates that rather than being value-neutral, EBM brings its own ethical values into practice. Are these the right values for psychiatry? The goal of this chapter is to stimulate reflection about this question.
Ethical Problems Concerning the Use of Animals in Psychiatric Research
Authors: Ferdowsian Hope
Published: January 2015

A central dilemma in psychiatric research with nonhuman animals involves the recognition that they are capable of subjective experiences, including fear, distress, suffering, and some forms of psychopathology. These characteristics typically confer a high degree of moral protection since they seriously compromise an organism’s well-being. However, although intentionally inducing serious psychological harms in humans would be considered ethically impermissible, there is less attention to the scope and magnitude of harms imposed on nonhuman animals during the process of experimental justification. There are unresolved questions about how to weigh harms and benefits to humans and nonhuman animals. Despite advancements in understanding the emotional and cognitive capacities of nonhuman animals, these ethical problems are as relevant today as they were historically.
The Psychiatrist as Community Member
Authors: Wehrly Rebecca , Brenner Adam
Published: January 2015

We consider the ethical aspects of the relationship of the psychiatrist to the community. We initially use the framework of a “social contract” to explore psychiatrists’ and communities’ reciprocal expectations for one another. We then argue that the concept of an “alliance” between the psychiatrist and community provides a more accurate, productive lens for psychiatrists to advocate and change in their communities. We apply this framework to the following ethical challenges that may arise when psychiatrists become active in their communities: (1) disagreements with allies about public policy; (2) difficulties separating professional expertise and personal values; (3) boundary tensions arising from patient contact outside the usual framework of treatment; and (4) the loss of the psychiatrist’s monopoly on cultural authority.
Psychological Testing and Assessment
Authors: Whitfill Travis , Rossetti Heidi , Gottlieb Michael C.
Published: January 2015

Psychological evaluations are commonly conducted within psychiatric settings with the goal of informing treatment decisions that are intended to benefit the patient. In addition to a clinical interview and review of records, the evaluation includes the selection, administration, scoring, and interpretation of psychological testing. Guided by the question(s) from the referring party, this multifaceted process occurs within a setting of existing care that requires clarification of the roles/duties of the professionals and organizations relative to each other and the patient. Additionally, psychological testing involves unique ethical considerations (e.g., psychometrics) not typically encountered during psychotherapy or psychiatric care. A variety of standards, provided in the form of rules that require or prohibit specific behaviors, has been created by governing organizations in order to inform the ethical decision-making process while conducting psychological assessments. These standards are understood within the broader framework of aspirational principles of ethics (e.g., nonmaleficence) universal to biomedical practice.
The Life of the Soviet Worker
Authors: Smith Mark B.
Published: January 2015

The Soviet Union was the workers’ state and worker culture, broadly defined, coloured the whole of the Soviet experience. At the centre of the most transformative Soviet project of all, Stalin’s industrial revolution of 1928–41, workers benefited from specific privileges and from affirmative action, though they also suffered the misery of rapid industrial change. After 1953, they enjoyed a heyday of modest material advances and moral certainties, marked by the sense that society respected at least some of their values and would do so forever. But this sense was not shared by all Soviet workers, and lifestyles varied by industry, skill level, and region. And the heyday faded as shortages became increasingly difficult to endure, and then ended, as Gorbachev’s reforms destroyed the comforts that remained. A positive worker identity, but not a coherent class consciousness, survived through to perestroika, and helped to sustain the dynamic of Soviet history.
Pregnancy, Personhood, and the Making of the Fetus
Authors: Samerksi Silja
Published: January 2015

In Western societies, practices and notions of childbearing and personhood center around a newfangled subject that in former times and in other cultures was unknown: the fetus. Here, pregnancy denotes an individual with interests, rights, and needs, residing in a woman’s interior. This article discusses the feminist criticism and theories on pregnancy and (fetal) personhood along three lines. First, sociologists and anthropologists have critically analyzed the politics and practices that produce the fetal subject and thereby shed new light on the contemporary making of “human life,” individuality, and personhood as well as on their social impact. Second, historians and anthropologists have given voice to pregnant women from other periods of history and non-Western cultures and carved out the historical and cultural uniqueness of the modern fetus. Third, philosophers have suggested feminist theories of personhood that do not reiterate individualism and biologism but hinge on relationality, contextuality, and experience.
Prison
Authors: Pemberton Sarah X.
Published: January 2015

This chapter discusses theories of the prison from the 1930s to the present and the contribution of feminist scholarship to understanding power relations in criminal punishment. The central issue in this literature is how imprisonment shapes identities and inequalities, including gender, class, and race. Feminist scholars show that prison regimes impose restrictive gender norms that encourage normative gender expression and disadvantage those who do not comply. The penal system is also shaped by gender stereotypes about crime. Women are often seen as in need of protection from male criminals by the state-legitimated violence of male police and prison guards, which can further subordinate women while reinforcing violent forms of masculinity. Intersectional feminist analysis also demonstrates that prisons uphold class and racial hierarchy, which particularly harms women of color. This literature raises questions about how effectively prison systems protect women, and suggests that prisons may reinforce male dominance.
Reproduction
Authors: Browner Carole H.
Published: January 2015

While societies necessarily have stakes in their own perpetuation, the extent to which their female members have managed to control their bodily integrity and reproduction has varied throughout history. This chapter discusses the circumstances under which women have succeeded in retaining authority over their bodily integrity and reproduction, and when this control has been conceptualized as a “right.” It offers an analysis of the impact of official population policies, biopower, biopolitics, and neoliberalism in enabling or deterring women from exercising reproductive autonomy. The chapter also reflects upon global challenges to reproductive autonomy and asks whether the more comprehensive notion of reproductive justice provides a superior framework to that of a rights-based paradigm for understanding the broad range of threats to women’s reproductive freedom today.
Children as Victims
Authors: Swenson Cynthia Cupit , Logan Sarah L.
Published: January 2015

Child maltreatment is a significant global public health problem that impacts children’s health and mental health while young but also can follow them into adulthood, potentially carrying forward patterns of abusive parenting. To effectively manage and eliminate child maltreatment, a uniform definition of abuse and neglect must be developed for proper monitoring of prevalence. Reporting laws and protection of children should be followed with care, and evidence-based prevention strategies and interventions should be disseminated widely. At present, research on treatment of abuse and neglect has produced several models that are scientifically supported and rated as evidence based. Sufficient research has been conducted for the field to practice within the bounds of science. However, further research is needed on implementation of evidence-based treatments.
Contemporary Concepts and Practices of Choral Singing
Authors: Geisler Ursula , Johansson Karin
Published: January 2015

Choir singing is becoming increasingly important as a meeting point for cultural practices and for transcending national and cultural boundaries. This introductory chapter discusses the collective choral voice as both a musical and a societal phenomenon. As such, it is a complex field of research that motivates a multitude of theoretical and methodological approaches in different disciplines. Studies of choral music-making may be divided into perspectives that focus upon, respectively, the context, the process, and the artistic products of choral music-making. The network Choir in Focus aims at being a platform for such interdisciplinary investigations and interactions between practice-based, pedagogical, and historical approaches. Contemporary trends are presented and suggestions for future research topics are given. In conclusion, choral research is seen as a field of possibilities for creating new knowledge and new opportunities for interaction between researchers and practitioners.
Axis Imperialism in the Second World War
Authors: Baranowski Shelley
Published: January 2015

Common characteristics and objectives united the Axis alliance, composed of Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, and imperial Japan. All three were ‘latecomers’ to the great power rivalries of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and all attacked the Wilsonian-inspired global order enshrined after the First World War. Hostile to liberalism, ‘open door’ capitalism, socialism, and communism, the Axis championed authoritarianism, autarky, and a variant of capitalism that integrated state management and investment. Finally, Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, and imperial Japan sought empires as essential to eliminating social divisions. Although wary of the power of their enemies, they accepted that only war would accomplish that aim. Unable to match the resources of the Allies, the Axis powers resorted to murderous occupation practices that contributed to their defeat.
Rhetoric and Fiction
Authors: Webb Ruth
Published: January 2015

This chapter examines various types of interconnection between rhetoric and fiction in the Roman Imperial period. On the simplest level, the results of the intense training in rhetorical technique are visible in Greek and Latin novels in courtroom scenes and speeches but also in the broader techniques of storytelling, particularly character portrayal (ethopoēia) and vivid narration (enargeia). These have the effect of drawing readers into the world depicted and increasing its likeness to truth (verisimilitude). As this suggests, there is a deeper connection between rhetoric and fiction in that both aim to depict coherent worlds, and it is in the domain of rhetoric that reflections about verisimilitude in narrative are to be found. In the Roman world, these affinities between rhetoric and fiction were developed further through the exercise of declamation. This chapter analyses some passages from ancient novels, including those by Apuleius and Petronius, to see how rhetoric is used not only as an aid to composition but also as a means of exploring the very notion of fiction and its relation to reality.
Rhetoric and Early Modern Politics
Authors: Gowland Angus
Published: January 2015

This chapter examines the relationship between rhetoric and politics in early modern Europe, focusing on the impact and legacy of Renaissance humanism. After summarizing the background from which politically orientated humanist rhetoric emerged in the city-states of late-medieval Italy, it discusses the role of rhetoric and public speech in the works of two influential proponents of republican political thought: Leonardo Bruni and Niccolò Machiavelli; for both authors, civic rhetoric is both the lifeblood and the potential undoing of republics. It then presents the ways in which rhetoric was incorporated into humanistic theories of princely government, especially in exhortations to virtue and discussions of counsel. Finally, turning to the works of Jean Bodin and Thomas Hobbes, it illustrates the reconsideration—and the downgrading—of the political status of rhetoric in the era of monarchical absolutism.
Rhetoric and the Visual Arts
Authors: van Eck Caroline
Published: January 2015

This chapter explores the roles played by rhetoric in the practice and theory of visual persuasion in the visual arts in Europe during the early modern period, particularly in providing terms to discuss the arts and strategies of visual persuasion and the basis for the first modern theories about art. It shows that rhetoric gave importance to visual means of persuasion that in turn facilitated its role in the arts. The chapter first considers rhetoric as a source of terms and concepts to discuss the arts, as well as the various strategies offered by rhetoric for persuasive design. It then discusses the concepts and competences informed by rhetoric that viewers brought to the analysis of art such as painting, particularly the concept of style. Finally, it examines how the use of rhetoric in the arts influences spectatorship.
Rhetoric and Semiotics
Authors: van Leeuwen Theo
Published: January 2015

This chapter explores the relation between rhetoric and semiotics, with particular reference to Paris school structuralist semiotics and Sydney school social semiotics. The Paris school, following the lead of Roland Barthes, engaged extensively with rhetoric, focusing mostly on figuration (elocutio), and applying it to visual communication. The Sydney school made less explicit reference to rhetoric, but its genre theory can be interpreted as a modern theory of dispositio. It also engaged with elocutio through the concept of grammatical metaphor, but without the emphasis on rhetorical figures as signifiers of ideology that had characterized Barthes’s work. The chapter attempts to make the rhetorical aspect of social semiotics a little more explicit, looking in particular at the theory of genre as a theory of arrangement (dispositio).
Rhetoric and Environment
Authors: McMurry Andrew
Published: January 2015

This chapter explores the vexing relationship between rhetorical studies and the environmental problematic. On one hand, rhetorical analyses of environmental exigencies and debates are salutary, fostering the bases for reconciliations of competing positions about the value of the natural world. On the other hand, rhetoric fails to account for the epistemological consequences of its own anthropocentrism. The latter obliges rhetoric to frame all biophysical urgencies into matters of human (mis)communication. Rhetoric, in effect, leaves the actual environment outside of its considerations, recasting environmental emergencies as rhetorical ones. The article argues for a thoroughgoing rhetorical critique of anthropocentrism, a more capacious notion of nonhuman rhetorical agency, and a theorization of the environmental conditioning of all rhetorical situations.
Rhetoric and Digital Media
Authors: Bogost Ian , Losh Elizabeth
Published: January 2015

The digital computer has been an influential feature of contemporary work and culture since before World War II, but rhetoricians have only formed theories of and approaches to digital or computational rhetoric since the 1980s, when the rise of the personal computer made these devices a part of everyday life. This chapter traces the history of rhetoric and computation in information theory, cybernetics, computer science, and media theory, in addition to outlining the variety of contemporary approaches to digital and computational rhetoric. By digging deeper into the computational foundations of software and hardware systems and elucidating those systems as participants in meaning creation as much as engineering practice, rhetoric has the potential to offer a complement or “counterpart” (antistrophos) to computer science and engineering.
The Curious Incident of Fidelio and the Censors
Authors: Wallace Robin
Published: January 2015

This chapter revisits “the curious incident” involving Beethoven’s opera Fidelio and attempts to solve mysteries regarding its reception and political significance. The chapter examines the delay in the first performance of Fidelio, after librettist Joseph Sonnleithner was informed that the opera could be performed if the “harshest scenes” were altered. It reviews the context in which the Austrian police tried to censor Fidelio in 1805; whether the revised version of the opera confirmed the conservative goals of the Congress of Vienna and reinforced the role of traditional monarchy; and how Wilhelmine Schröder-Devrient, who first sang the role of Leonore in 1822, neutralized Fidelio’s revolutionary politics by focusing on the secondary theme of marital love. The chapter also examines how the episode has influenced the prevailing interpretation of Fidelio as a political opera.
Miguel Ángel Estrella
Authors: Hess Carol A.
Published: January 2015

This chapter examines the place of Argentine pianist Miguel Ángel Estrella in the politics of Latin American music, focusing on the Dirty War, the wave of repression and violence by military regimes during the 1960s and 1970s. It begins with Estrella’s recital in September 1987 as a tribute to Nadia Boulanger, who died in October 1979 and was one protagonist in Estrella’s story. It then considers Estrella’s political activities in Argentina and his being formally charged with subversion, sedition, and terrorist activities, as well as his promotion of the masterworks of the Western canon. It also contextualizes Estrella’s experience in light of a number of broader issues, relating Estrella and his traditionalist repertory to the ongoing debate among composers and critics over socially engaged music (música comprometida); the historical antecedents of this debate and how they inform present-day reactions to the status of either the avant-garde or the Western canon in música comprometida; and how scholars in the United States might understand Estrella’s story.
Curb that Enticing Tone
Authors: Yang Hon-Lun
Published: January 2015

This chapter examines music censorship in the People’s Republic of China and its relationship to socialist ideology. After assessing the ideology of socialist music in the PRC, the chapter provides some examples of music censorship during the country’s history. It then highlights some of the intricacies and complexities in present-day music censorship in the PRC, including censorship on the Internet. It considers the musical genres that were taken out of the PRC’s soundscape, including Shanghai pop, and the return of pop-style songs after the Cultural Revolution following the adoption of the Reform and Open Policy. It analyzes the factors that explain why rock and roll never quite overcame its marginalized status in the PRC and has always been treated with caution by the state. The chapter concludes by focusing on music censors and censored music in the PRC.
Music and Censorship in Vietnam since 1954
Authors: Norton Barley
Published: January 2015

This chapter traces the history of music censorship in Vietnam since 1954 with reference to a broad range of music genres. It discusses music censorship from 1954 to 1975, when Vietnam was divided into North and South. The tight ideological control established by the Vietnamese Communist Party in the North is compared with music movements linked to antiwar protests in the South. The chapter then examines the period of severe censorship following the end of the Vietnamese-American war in 1975 and considers how the cultural climate changed in the reform era after 1986. It highlights the limits of cultural freedom in the reform era and discusses how music censorship has become intertwined with concerns about the effects of globalization on morality and national identity. Finally, the chapter addresses the impact of technology since the late 1990s, paying particular attention to Vietnamese rap and the potential for musicians to use the Internet to bypass conventional systems of state censorship.
Aphasia Syndromes and Information Processing Models: A Historical Perspective
Authors: Heilman Kenneth M.
Published: January 2015

This historical overview of aphasia represents the evolution in thought that has occurred over more than a century of studies of individuals with aphasia. The legacy of Broca and Wernicke live on in the syndromes that bear their names. We review the Wernicke–Lichtheim model that was used to predict several additional aphasia syndromes. We propose a model that encompasses modern perspectives on the Wernicke–Lichtheim models of aphasia. The aphasia syndromes that emanate from breakdown in that model also seem to be represented in recent studies of primary progressive aphasia. The framework continues to be an influential perspective for both theoretical and clinical activities to modern times.
Aphasia Assessment
Authors: Patterson Janet P.
Published: January 2015

Theoretically grounded aphasia assessment that matches clinical practice settings is critical to planning intervention and assisting individuals with aphasia and their family members. This chapter begins with an overview of aphasia assessment in three historical periods: clinical description prior to 1935, standardized testing into the 1960s, and the postmodern era of multifaceted assessment. Topics in this section include aphasia classification; screening; assessing specific linguistic ability, functional communication, and quality of life; and assessment within cognitive neuropsychological and information-processing models. The second section describes contemporary assessment practices including the purpose and models of assessment, personal and environmental factors influencing assessment decisions, assessing conversation and connected speech, and related assessment areas such as cognition, executive function, and emotional state. Finally, emerging trends in assessment are discussed including evidence-based practice, treatment candidacy and prognosis, psychosocial models of assessment, and telehealth. Successful aphasia assessment should be a principled, systematic, and dynamic component of managing and living with aphasia.
World Englishes, Second Language Acquisition, and Language Contact
Authors: Mesthrie Rajend
Published: January 2015

Although areas of potential overlap between the fields of Second Language Acquisition (SLA) and World Englishes (WE) may seem obvious, they developed historically in isolation from each other. SLA had a psycholinguistic emphasis, studying the ways in which individuals progressed towards acquisition of a target language. WE studies initially developed a sociolinguistic focus, describing varieties that arose as second languages in former British colonies. This chapter explores the way in which each field could benefit from the other. The SLA emphasis on routes of development, overgeneralization, universals of SLA, and transfer in the interlanguage has relevance to characterizing sub-varieties of WEs. Conversely, the socio-political dimension of early WE studies and the notion of macro- or group acquisition fills a gap in SLA studies which sometimes failed to acknowledge that the goal of second language learners was to become bilingual in ways that were socially meaningful within their societies.
Everyday Musical Ethnicity and Roma (Gypsies) in Hungarian Pentecostalism
Authors: Lange Barbara Rose
Published: January 2015

This chapter explores the musical negotiation of the ethnic inequalities between Roma and Magyar that characterize secular life in Hungary among Pentecostal believers from both groups. The ethos of “spiritual brotherhood” within Hungarian Pentecostalism was the theological ground for these negotiations. During the communist period the believers mostly sang gospel hymns and a Christian variant of popular music that was meaningful to local Roma. Both ethnic communities modified their musical performance styles to participate in common “brotherhood,” though the secular inequalities between the ethnicities meant that these changes were not equally made (or equally easily demanded) by both groups. Christian contemporary music, renewed Western missionization, and new inequalities came with the postcommunist era.
Russian Church Music, Conundrums of Style, and the Politics of Preservation in the Emigre Diaspora of New York
Authors: Zelensky Natalie K.
Published: January 2015

This chapter explores the long process by which musical meanings are made in the choral repertoire of a Russian diasporic church, the ROCOR Russian Orthodox church, in its mid-Atlantic U.S. diaspora. Its point of departure is not meanings held in common by these church members, but instead the disjunctive meanings assigned to musical practice (and the consequent differences in preferred musical practice) by multiple generations of Russian immigrants. Common meanings emerge from this process through the reconstruction of a Russian diasporic identity that both draws on the symbolic resources of musical institutions characterizing different factions of Russian church musicians and on the positionality of being “Russian abroad” that unifies members by a common idea of preserving prerevolutionary Russian culture.
Mainline Protestantism and Contemporary versus Traditional Worship Music
Authors: Justice Deborah
Published: January 2015

This chapter explores the ways American mainline pastors, musicians, and laypeople navigate the divergent media economies of hymnody and popular music and accommodate both by creating multiple worship services—shared by a single congregation—that reflect the aesthetics and symbolic resonances of each repertoire. It does so using an ethnographic case study of a congregation in Nashville, Tennessee. The chapter argues that studies of the “worship wars” need to take into account these newly dominant ways of organizing multiple genre systems in a single congregation—characterized here as a kind of “cosmopolitanism”—particularly as they are practiced by churches in mainline denominations.
Electronic Dance Music in the Dubstep Era
Authors: D’Errico Mike
Published: January 2015

The first decade of the 2000s witnessed the transnational proliferation of dubstep, an electronic dance music style that quickly became ubiquitous across media platforms and audiences. This article traces the history of dubstep, from its origins in the underground clubs of south London to its presence on the silver screen of Hollywood films. First, the transnational musical relationship between England and the United States is interrogated, in an effort to highlight the significance of “local” scenes in light of increasing globalization. Second, the article examines the use of dubstep across media platforms, positing the more general cultural practice of technological mediation in electronic music as a gendered practice.