bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Temporal and Spatial Variations in Microplastic Concentrations in Small Headwater Basins in the Southern Blue Ridge Mountains, North Carolina, USA
Authors: Miller Jerry , Barrett Nathaniel , Love Jason , Gray Austin , Youker Robert , Hall Chloe , Meiri Noa , Gaesser Megan , Randall Georgeanna , Jarrett Reagan , Spafford Juliet
Published: October 2024

Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous contaminants of emerging concern that require additional study in freshwater streams. We examined the spatial-temporal variations in MP concentrations and characteristics within two headwater basins in the Southern Appalachian Mountains of western North Carolina over ~1 year. Atmospheric samples were also collected to determine the significance of atmospheric MP deposition to these relatively small streams. MP concentrations in both basins were within the upper quartile of those reported globally, reaching maximum values of 65.1 MPs/L. Approximately 90% of MPs were fibers. MP composition was dominated by polystyrene, polyamides, and polyethylene terephthalate. Spatially, concentrations were highly variable and increased with development, indicating anthropogenic inputs from urbanized areas. MP concentrations were also elevated in forested tributary subbasins with limited anthropogenic activity, suggesting atmospheric deposition was an important MPs source. Significant atmospheric inputs are supported by high atmospheric depositional rates (ranging between 7.6 and 449.8 MPs/m2/day across our study sites) and similarities in morphology, color, and composition between atmospheric and water samples. Temporally, MP concentrations during storm events increased, decreased, or remained the same in comparison to base flows, depending on the site. The observed spatial and temporal variations in concentrations appear to be related to the complex interplay between precipitation and runoff intensities, channel transport characteristics, and MP source locations and contributions.
Spatiotemporal Changes in Vegetation Cover and Soil Moisture in the Lower Reaches of the Heihe River Under Climate Change
Authors: Mao Lei , Pei Xiaolong , He Chunhui , Bian Peng , Song Dongyang , Fang Mengyang , Wu Wenyin , Zhan Huasi , Zhou Wenhui , Tian Guanghao
Published: October 2024

As global climate change intensifies, arid land ecosystems face increasing challenges. Vegetation, a key indicator of climate variation, is highly responsive to meteorological factors such as temperature (Tem), precipitation (Pre), and soil moisture (SM). Understanding how fractional vegetation cover (FVC) responds to climate change in arid regions is critical for mitigating its impacts. This study utilizes MOD13Q1-NDVI data from 2000 to 2022, alongside corresponding Tem, Pre, and SM data, to explore the dynamics and underlying mechanisms of SM and FVC in the context of climate change. The results reveal that both climate change and human activities exacerbate vegetation degradation, underscoring its vulnerability. A strong correlation between FVC and both Tem and Pre suggests that these factors significantly influence FVC variability. In conclusion, FVC in the lower reaches of the Heihe River is shaped by a complex interplay of Tem, Pre, SM, and human activities. The findings provide a scientific basis and decision-making support for ecological conservation and water resource management in the lower reaches of the Heihe River, aiding in the development of more effective strategies to address future climate challenges.
Tree Height–Diameter Model of Natural Coniferous and Broad-Leaved Mixed Forests Based on Random Forest Method and Nonlinear Mixed-Effects Method in Jilin Province, China
Authors: Xu Qigang , Yang Fan , Hu Sheng , He Xiao , Hong Yifeng
Published: October 2024

Objective: The purpose of this article was to use the Random Forest method and nonlinear mixed-effects method to develop a model for determining tree height–diameter at breast height (DBH) for a natural coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest in Jilin Province and to compare the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods to provide a basis for forest management practice. Method: Based on the Chinese national forest inventory data, the Random Forest method and nonlinear mixed-effects method were used to develop a tree height–DBH model for a natural coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest in Jilin Province. Results: The Random Forest method performed well on both the fitting set and validation set, with an R2 of 0.970, MAE of 0.605, and RMSE of 0.796 for the fitting set and R2 of 0.801, MAE of 1.44 m, and RMSE of 1.881 m for the validation set. Compared with the nonlinear mixed-effects method, the Random Forest model improved R2 by 33.83%, while the MAE and RMSE decreased by 67.74% and 66.44%, respectively, in the fitting set; the Random Forest model improved R2 by 9.88%, while the MAE and RMSE decreased by 14.38% and 12.05%, respectively, in the validation set. Conclusions: The tree height–DBH model constructed based on the Random Forest method had higher prediction accuracy for a natural coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest in Jilin Province and had stronger adaptability for higher-dimensional data, which can be used for tree height prediction in the study area.
Editorial for the Special Issue on Moving Towards 6G Wireless Technologies
Authors: Raschella Alessandro , Mackay Michael
Published: October 2024

Fifth-generation (5G) wireless networks have been a key enabler for information societies over the last few years [...]
Lightweight Digit Recognition in Smart Metering System Using Narrowband Internet of Things and Federated Learning
Authors: Nikić Vladimir , Bortnik Dušan , Lukić Milan , Vukobratović Dejan , Mezei Ivan
Published: October 2024

Replacing mechanical utility meters with digital ones is crucial due to the numerous benefits they offer, including increased time resolution in measuring consumption, remote monitoring capabilities for operational efficiency, real-time data for informed decision-making, support for time-of-use billing, and integration with smart grids, leading to enhanced customer service, reduced energy waste, and progress towards environmental sustainability goals. However, the cost associated with replacing mechanical meters with their digital counterparts is a key factor contributing to the relatively slow roll-out of such devices. In this paper, we present a low-cost and power-efficient solution for retrofitting the existing metering infrastructure, based on state-of-the-art communication and artificial intelligence technologies. The edge device we developed contains a camera for capturing images of a dial meter, a 32-bit microcontroller capable of running the digit recognition algorithm, and an NB-IoT module with (E)GPRS fallback, which enables nearly ubiquitous connectivity even in difficult radio conditions. Our digit recognition methodology, based on the on-device training and inference, augmented with federated learning, achieves a high level of accuracy (97.01%) while minimizing the energy consumption and associated communication overhead (87 μWh per day on average).
Hereditary Neuromuscular Disorders in Reproductive Medicine
Authors: Luglio Agnese , Maggi Elena , Riviello Francesco Nicola , Conforti Alessandro , Sorrentino Ugo , Zuccarello Daniela
Published: October 2024

Neuromuscular disorders (NMDs) encompass a broad range of hereditary and acquired conditions that affect motor units, significantly impacting patients’ quality of life and reproductive health. This narrative review aims to explore in detail the reproductive challenges associated with major hereditary NMDs, including Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease (CMT), dystrophinopathies, Myotonic Dystrophy (DM), Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy (FSHD), Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA), Limb–Girdle Muscular Dystrophy (LGMD), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Specifically, it discusses the stages of diagnosis and genetic testing, recurrence risk estimation, options for preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) and prenatal diagnosis (PND), the reciprocal influence between pregnancy and disease, potential obstetric complications, and risks to the newborn.
Comparison of the Complete Chloroplast Genomes of Astilbe: Two Korean Endemic Plant Species
Authors: Kim Sang-Chul , Park Beom Kyun , Kim Hyuk-Jin
Published: October 2024

Background: Astilbe, consisting of about 18 species, is distributed throughout East Asia and Northeastern America, and most Astilbe species are widely cultivated as ornamental plants. A total of four species of Astilbe have been confirmed to be distributed throughout Korea, two of which are endemic to Korea. Methods: In this study, we sequenced and assembled the complete chloroplast genomes of two endemic Korean plants using Illumina sequencing technology, identified simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and repetitive sequences, and compared them with three previously reported chloroplast genomes. Results: The chloroplast genomes of the two species were 156,968 and 57,142 bp in length and had a four-part circular structure. They consisted of a large single-copy region of 87,223 and 87,272 bp and a small single-copy region of 18,167 and 18,138 bp, separated by a pair of inverted repeats (IRa and IRb, 25,789 and 25,866 bp). The genomes contained 130 genes, 49 SSRs, and 49 long repetitive sequences. Comparative analysis with the chloroplast genomes of five Astilbe species indicated that A. uljinensis was closely related to A. chinensis and A. taquetii to A. koreana. Conclusions: This study provides valuable references for the identification of two endemic Korean Astilbe species and contributes to a deeper understanding of the phylogeny and evolution of the genus Astilbe.
A 3D Bioprinting Approach to Studying Retinal Müller Cells
Authors: Vecchiotti Davide , Di Vito Nolfi Mauro , Veglianti Francesca , Dall’Aglio Francesca , Khan Hafiz Nadeem , Flati Irene , Verzella Daniela , Capece Daria , Alesse Edoardo , Angelucci Adriano , Zazzeroni Francesca
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: Bioprinting is an innovative technology in tissue engineering, enabling the creation of complex biological structures. This study aims to develop a three-dimensional (3D) bioprinted model of Müller cells (MCs) to enhance our understanding of their physiological and pathological roles in the retina. Methods: We investigated two different hydrogels for their ability to support the viability and differentiation of rMC-1 cells, an immortalized retinal cell line. Using 3D bioprinting technology, we assessed cell viability, differentiation, and functional characteristics through various assays, including live/dead assays and western blot analysis. Results: The collagen-based hydrogel significantly improved the viability of rMC-1 cells and facilitated the formation of spheroid aggregates, more accurately mimicking in vivo conditions compared to traditional two-dimensional (2D) culture systems. Moreover, 3D bioprinted MCs exhibited reduced markers of gliosis and oxidative stress compared to 2D cultures. Molecular analysis revealed decreased expression of GFAP and phosphorylated ERK in the 3D setting, indicating a less stressed cellular phenotype. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that 3D bioprinting technologies provide a more predictive platform for studying the biology of retinal MCs, which can help in the development of targeted therapeutic strategies for retinal diseases.
Comparison of Molecularly Identified Resistant and Susceptible Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense L.) Populations at ALS Gene, in the Absence and Presence of Field Crops
Authors: Papapanagiotou Aristeidis P. , Anthimidou Eleni A. , Eleftherohorinos Ilias G. , Giantsis Ioannis A.
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) is an erect tetraploid, perennial, C4 grass weed species categorized among the world’s most noxious weeds due to its high competitive ability against crops and the increased number of field-evolved herbicide-resistant populations. The aim of the present study was to assess the growth rate and performance of resistant (R) johnsongrass genotypes hosting Trp574Leu target-site cross-resistance at ALS gene, inhibiting various herbicides, compared to susceptible (S) conspecific weeds, in the absence and presence of corn or sunflower antagonism. Methods: The aboveground biomass, tiller, and rhizome production ability of one S and one R johnsongrass population with a Trp574-Leu substitution conferring cross-resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides were compared under non-competitive conditions. Furthermore, the competitive ability of these two johnsongrass populations against corn or sunflower was determined in a target-neighborhood design. Results: The S and R johnsongrass populations displayed similar growth rates concerning aboveground biomass and tiller number, whereas the R population displayed a slightly greater growth rate for rhizome production compared to the S population. Both populations grown with corn produced more aboveground biomass than the ones grown with sunflowers. The aboveground biomass of corn was reduced to a greater extent than sunflower by the presence of both johnsongrass populations, while both crops were affected more by the S than by the R population. Conclusions: Although the inheritance and the genetic background of plant materls were not addressed, the findings of this study indicate clearly that the growth rate and competitive ability of the ALS-resistant johnsongrass population are not associated with the resistance mechanism involved.
Interferon Regulatory Factors (IRF1, IRF4, IRF5, IRF7 and IRF9) in Sichuan taimen (Hucho bleekeri): Identification and Functional Characterization
Authors: Chen Yeyu , Yang Huanchao , Wu Xiaoyun , Liu Zhao , Chen Yanling , Wei Qinyao , Lin Jue , Yu Yi , Tu Quanyu , Li Hua
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are multifunctional transcription factors that play important roles in the transcriptional regulation of interferons and in the immune response to pathogens. Therefore, studying the interferon system in fish is highly relevant in the prevention and treatment of viral diseases. Methods: In this study, five IRF genes (IRF1, IRF4, IRF5, IRF7 and IRF9) were identified and characterized in Hucho bleekeri, and their expression profiles were determined after LPS and Poly(I:C) treatment. Results: These IRFs have typical DNA-binding domains and IRF-association domains. Amino acid sequence comparison revealed high homology between these IRFs and those of other vertebrates, with the highest homology being with other salmonid fish. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these IRFs are divided into four subfamilies (IRF1, IRF3, IRF4 and IRF5), with both IRF4 and IRF9 belonging to the IRF4 subfamily. IRF genes were widely expressed in all of the tested tissues, with IRF1, IRF4 and IRF9 being highly expressed in the spleen and kidney and IRF5 and IRF7 highly expressed in the gonads. IRF1, IRF4 and IRF5 expression was induced at different time points post-LPS challenge. IRF7 and IRF9 expression in the spleen and head kidney was not significantly altered by LPS induction. Poly(I:C) treatment altered IRF expression more significantly than LPS treatment. Poly(I:C) significantly altered the spleen and head kidney expression of all five IRFs. Conclusions: These findings reveal the potential role of IRFs in the antiviral response of H. bleekeri and provide a reference for examining signal transduction pathways in the interferon system in fish.
Evolutionary Analysis and Catalytic Function of LOG Proteins in Plants
Authors: Zhao Chunjie , Yin Huanran , Li Yuqi , Zhou Jiacheng , Bi Siteng , Yan Wenhao , Li Yunzhen
Published: October 2024

Background: The plant hormone cytokinin is a conserved regulator of plant development. LONELY GUY (LOG) proteins are pivotal in cytokinin biosynthesis. However, their origin, evolutionary history, and enzymatic characteristics remain largely uncharacterized. Methods: To elucidate LOG family evolution history and protein motif composition, we conducted phylogenetic and motif analyses encompassing representative species across the whole green plant lineage. Catalytic activity and structure analysis were conducted to thoroughly characterize the LOG proteins. Results: Our phylogeny showed that LOG proteins could be divided into five groups and revealed three major duplication events giving rise to four distinct groups of vascular LOG proteins. LOG proteins share a conserved structure characterized by a canonical motif arrangement comprising motifs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. Two significant changes in LOG motif composition occurred during the transition to land plants: the emergence of motif 3 in charophyte LOG sequences and the subsequent acquisition of motif 8 at the C-terminus of LOG proteins. Enzymatic assays demonstrated that LOG proteins can be classified into two groups based on their enzyme activity. One group act as cytokinin riboside 5′-monophosphate phosphoribohydrolase and primarily convert iPRMP to iP, while the other group act as 5′-ribonucleotide phosphohydrolase, and preferentially produce iPR from the same substrates. TaLOG5-4A1, TaLOG5-4A2, TaLOG5-5B2, and TaLOG5-D1 shared conserved residues in the critical motif and were predicted to have similar protein structures, but displayed distinct enzymatic activities. Conclusions: Our findings provide a comprehensive overview of LOG protein phylogeny and lay a foundation for further investigations into their functional diversification.
Genome-Wide Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Charybdis feriata (Crustacea, Decapoda, and Portunidae) Along the Southeast Coast of China Inferred from Genotyping-by-Sequencing (GBS) Approach
Authors: He Jie , Wu Jialin , Wan Litao , Xu Wenjun , Yang Tianyan
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: The swimming crab Charybdis feriata is an important commercial fishery species and a major economic contributor to the southeast coastal fishing communities in China. Under the scenario of resource decline and shortage in the market over recent years, it has become more urgent and necessary to explore the fine-scale population genetic characteristics of C. feriata. Methods: In this study, the genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) method was used to estimate the genome-wide genetic variation in and population differentiation pattern of C. feriata collected from four geographical locations (Zhoushan, Quanzhou, Yangjiang, and Qinzhou) along the southeast coast of China. Results: A total of 18,815 high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified and the results revealed the existence of high genetic diversity and low genetic divergence among the populations of C. feriata. Floating eggs and larvae transported by alongshore currents during the reproductive season might enhance the interpopulation genetic exchange. Principal component analysis (PCA) and a phylogenetic tree showed a high genetic connectivity of C. feriata across the southeast coast of China, but C. feriata distributed in the Zhoushan Archipelago might possess some genetic distinctiveness and diversification. Conclusions: The results supplemented basic genetic information of C. feriata at the genome level and also provided specific knowledge that could lead to the improved spatial management of fishery resources.
Genome-Wide Association Studies and Runs of Homozygosity Reveals Genetic Markers Associated with Reproductive Performance in Korean Duroc, Landrace, and Yorkshire Breeds
Authors: Mekonnen Kefala Taye , Lee Dong-Hui , Cho Young-Gyu , Son Ah-Yeong , Seo Kang-Seok
Published: October 2024

Background: Reproductive performance is critical in the pig industry, and improved sow performance could lead to increased economic benefits. GWAS and ROH analyses based on SNP array data were conducted to identify the breed-specific genetic architecture underlying the variation in NBA and TNB. Methods: A total of 7488 breeding pigs with phenotypic data from 1586 Duroc, 2256 Landrace, and 3646 Yorkshire breeds, along with 76,756 SNP markers from Korean grand-grand-parent (GGP) breeding farms, were used. Results: In the Duroc breeds, SNPs on SSC 9 and 17 were found to be associated with the SIDT2 and TGM2 genes, respectively. In the Landrace breed, PPP1R9A, LMTK2, and GTF2H3 on SSCs 9, 3, and 14, respectively, were associated with both TNB and NBA. With the Yorkshire breed genome, GRID1, DLGAP2, ZZEF1, PARG, RNF17, and NDUFAF5 in SSCs 14, 15, 12, 14, 11, and 17, respectively, were associated with NBA and TNB traits. These genes have distinct functions, ranging from synaptic transmission and cytoskeletal organization to DNA repair and cellular energy production. In the Duroc breed, six genes identified in the ROH islands were associated with various biological pathways, molecular functions, and cellular components. NT5DC1 was associated with metaphyseal chondrodysplasia, CRTAC1 with ion binding, CFAP43 with spermatogenic failure, CASC3 with intracellular mRNA localization, ERC2 with cellular component organization, and FOCAD with Focadhesin. In the Landrace and Yorkshire breeds, PDE6D was associated with GTPase inhibitor activity. Conclusions: Through GWAS and ROH analyses, we identified breed-specific SNP markers associated with NBA and TNB in three breed genotypes, providing insights for improving reproductive performance efficiency and contributing to future breeding strategies.
Genome-Wide Characterization of Shi-Related Sequence Gene Family and Its Roles in Response to Zn2+ Stress in Cucumber
Authors: Zhang Xinhui , Ahmad Bilal , Zeng Shuang , Lan Yuhan , Hu Xin , Fu Lingling , Hu Tian , Li Jinhua , Zhang Xingguo , Pan Yu , Du Dan
Published: October 2024

Shi-related sequence (SRS) proteins, which consist of the RING-like zinc finger domain and IGGH domain, are plant-specific transcription factors that have been well-studied in several plant species. However, information about SRS genes and their roles in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is limited. Therefore, we performed detailed bioinformatic analysis of the SRS gene family, including gene numbers and positions, genes structures, conserved motif distribution patterns, phylogenetic analysis, and promoter cis-element analysis. Eight SRS genes were identified in cucumber and distributed on all seven cucumber chromosomes. SRS genes are conserved in plants and divided into two groups in cucumber based on their protein sequence. In silico analysis predicted that most genes may function in response to abiotic stresses and phytohormones. Gene ontology analysis predicted the possible involvement of genes in development and reproduction, and DNA and protein binding on a molecular level. Furthermore, the differential expression pattern of SRS genes in leaf, stem and root under the condition of Zn2+ stress suggested their roles in response to Zn2+ stress. Furthermore, our metal tolerance assay suggested that CsSRS2 and CsSRS5 mediated enhanced tolerance to Zn2+ stress in Escherichia coli cells. Our study provides a foundation for the functional study of SRS genes in cucumber.
The Association Between Adult Attachment Patterns, Attachment to Group and Mental Health in Israel Following the October 7th Attack: The Role of Emotion Regulation Strategies
Authors: Alfasi Yitshak , Besser Avi
Published: October 2024

We examined the associations between attachment anxiety, attachment avoidance, and attachment to group (to Israel) and mental health scores. The study used a community sample of 434 participants in response to the October 7th attack on Israel. Additionally, we explored the potential mechanisms linking these attachment patterns to mental health scores. We focused on emotion regulation strategies, such as task-focused, emotion-focused, and distance-focused strategies, as potential mediators. The results indicated that the negative direct association between attachment anxiety and mental health is fully mediated by a high emotion-focused strategy and a low task-focused strategy. Attachment avoidance did not have a significant direct association with mental health scores. However, it had significant negative indirect associations through a high emotion-focused strategy and a low task-focused strategy. Attachment to the group (to Israel) showed both direct and indirect positive associations with mental health through a low emotion-focused strategy and a high task-focused strategy. The discussion highlights the role of internal representations of insecure attachment, group attachment, and emotion regulation strategies (especially emotion- and task-focused strategies) in how highly stressful external situations affect mental health.
Determination of the Quality of Groundwater in Mankweng, Limpopo Province, South Africa, Using the Water Quality Index
Authors: Maliehe Tsolanku Sidney , Mavingo Nelisiwe , Selepe Tlou Nelson , Masoko Peter , Mashao Frederick Mokibelo , Nyamutswa Neville
Published: October 2024

There is a lack of groundwater quality monitoring, especially in developing countries like South Africa. This study aimed to evaluate borehole water quality. Groundwater was analysed for pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDSs), turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrogen (N), sulphate (SO42−), fluoride (F−), chloride (Cl−), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), potassium (K+), and sodium (Na+) using a multi-parameter device, spectrophotometer, turbidity meter, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrophotometer. Total coliforms and Escherichia coli were quantified using the Colilert system. The water quality index (WQI) was calculated using the arithmetic weighting method. The parameters ranged as follows: pH (6.71–7.94), DO (2.19–7.79 mg/L), EC (379.67–1317.33 µS/cm), TDSs (190–659 mg/L), temperature (16.75–22.31 °C), turbidity (0.17–3.21 NTU), COD (9–50 mg/L), F− (0.17–2.09 mg/L), Cl− (36.1–184.55 mg/L), N (0.64–28.56 mg/L), SO42− (27.18–112.13 mg/L), K+ (1.71–21.77 mg/L), Ca2+ (29.59–134.59 mg/L), Mg2+ (16.72–110.78 mg/L), and Na+ (38.52–170.63 mg/L). One borehole was polluted with E. coli (9 MPN/100 mL) and 25% were contaminated with coliforms beyond 10 MPN/100 mL. The WQI ranged from 50.430 to 190.220. The results underscore the importance of regular monitoring of groundwater.
Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes Are Among the Main Underlying Causes of Death in Twenty Healthcare Facilities Across Two Cities in the Democratic Republic of Congo
Authors: Angendu Karl B. , Akilimali Pierre Z. , Mwamba Dieudonné K. , Komakech Allan , Magne Julien
Published: October 2024

Introduction: The mortality rates associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes exhibit disparities by region, with Central Africa ranking fourth globally in terms of mortality rate. The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) does not possess mortality data pertaining to these specific underlying causes of death. This study aimed to determine the death rate attributable to CVD and diabetes in two cities in the DRC. Methodology: The data on CVD and diabetes utilized in this study were obtained from a pilot project and were registered in the National Health Information System (NHIS). Data quality was initially evaluated using an automated Digital Open Rule Integrated Selection (DORIS), followed by an assessment conducted manually by three assessors. Descriptive and comparative analyses were carried out to determine the proportion of mortality related to CVD and diabetes. Results: CVD accounted for 20.4% (95%CI: 17.7–23.4%) of deaths in the two cities (Kinshasa and Matadi), whereas diabetes accounted for 5.4% (95%CI: 3.9–7.2%). After adjusting for age and city, the proportional mortality from CVD and diabetes was higher for women than men and increased with age. This study recorded 4.4% of deaths among men and 7.0% among women as the proportional mortality from diabetes. Conclusions: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) continue to be a major cause of death, and CVD and diabetes are among the leading causes of early mortality in adults in urban areas. The proportional mortality related to CVD and diabetes appears to be higher in women than in men. Special emphasis should be placed on women, particularly during adulthood, to ensure the prompt detection of diabetes and cardiovascular conditions.
SMI-Capsular Fibrosis and Biofilm Dynamics: Molecular Mechanisms, Clinical Implications, and Antimicrobial Approaches
Authors: Schoberleitner Ines , Lackner Michaela , Coraça-Huber Débora C. , Augustin Angela , Imsirovic Anja , Sigl Stephan , Wolfram Dolores
Published: October 2024

Silicone mammary implants (SMIs) frequently result in capsular fibrosis, which is marked by the overproduction of fibrous tissue surrounding the implant. This review provides a detailed examination of the molecular and immunological mechanisms driving capsular fibrosis, focusing on the role of foreign body responses (FBRs) and microbial biofilm formation. We investigate how microbial adhesion to implant surfaces and biofilm development contribute to persistent inflammation and fibrotic responses. The review critically evaluates antimicrobial strategies, including preoperative antiseptic protocols and antimicrobial-impregnated materials, designed to mitigate infection and biofilm-related complications. Additionally, advancements in material science, such as surface modifications and antibiotic-impregnated meshes, are discussed for their potential to reduce capsular fibrosis and prevent contracture of the capsule. By integrating molecular insights with clinical applications, this review aims to elucidate the current understanding of SMI-related fibrotic responses and highlight knowledge gaps. The synthesis of these findings aims to guide future research directions of improved antimicrobial interventions and implant materials, ultimately advancing the management of capsular fibrosis and enhancing patient outcomes.
IL-32γ Induced Autophagy Through Suppression of MET and mTOR Pathways in Liver Tumor Growth Inhibition
Authors: Seo Ji-Won , Lee Yong-Sun , Jeon In-Sook , Yu Ji-Eun , Yoo Jun-Sang , Koo Ja-Keun , Son Dong-Ju , Yoon Jae-Suk , Han Sang-Bae , Yoon Do-Young , Roh Yoon-Seok , Hong Jin-Tae , Shim Jung-Hyun
Published: October 2024

Interleukin-32γ (IL-32γ) has diverse functions in various malignancies. In this study, we investigated the role of IL-32γ in autophagy induction in liver cancer cells and delineated the underlying mechanisms. We found that the increased IL-32γ expression inhibited the growth, cell cycle progression, and migration of HepG2 and Hep3B cell lines; it also decreased the expression of related proteins. Furthermore, the IL-32γ overexpression induced autophagy, as indicated by the number of puncta, the expression of LC3, and the expression of autophagy-related markers. The expression levels of LAMP1, a protein essential for autophagosome formation, and colocalization with LC3 also increased. Big data analysis revealed that the expression of MET, a well-known target of autophagy, and the expression of mTOR and mTOR-related proteins were decreased by the IL-32γ overexpression. The combination treatment of MET inhibitor, cabozantinib (2 µM), and IL-32γ overexpression further increased the number of puncta, the colocalization of LC3 and LAMP1, and the expression of autophagy-related proteins. In vivo, liver tumor growth was suppressed in the IL-32γ-overexpressing mouse model, and autophagy induction was confirmed by the increased expression of LC3 and LAMP1 and the decreased expression of autophagy pathway markers (MET and mTOR). Autophagy was also decreased in the liver tumor sample of human patients. ROC curve and spearman analysis revealed that the expression levels of LC3 and IL-32γ were significantly correlated in human tumor serum and tissues. Therefore, IL-32γ overexpression induced autophagy in liver tumors through the suppression of MET and mTOR pathways critical for tumor growth inhibition.
The Spleen Modulates the Balance of Natural and Pathological Autoantibodies in a Mouse Model of Autoimmune Arthritis
Authors: Olasz Katalin , Gál Szonja , Khanfar Esam , Balogh Péter , Németh Péter , Berki Tímea , Boldizsár Ferenc
Published: October 2024

Natural autoantibodies (natAAbs) react with evolutionarily conserved antigens but they do not lead to pathological tissue destruction, contrary to pathological autoantibodies (pathAAbs). NatAAbs usually belong to the IgM isotype, and their network, also known as the “immunological homunculus”, is thought to play a role in immunological tolerance. NatAAbs are produced by B1 cells found mostly on the serosa surfaces or the spleen. The exact relation between natAAbs and pathAAbs is still not completely understood. The recombinant human proteoglycan (PG) aggrecan G1 domain (rhG1)-induced arthritis (GIA) is an excellent mouse model for rheumatoid arthritis because it represents most of the clinical, immunological and laboratory parameters of the corresponding human pathology. Recently, we studied the role of the spleen in GIA, and found that a splenectomy modified the development of autoimmunity. To further characterize the possible role of the nAAb levels in tolerance and autoimmunity, in the present study, we set out to measure the nat- and pathAAb levels in GIA. We analyzed the natAAb levels in the serum against cartilage PG aggrecan, Hsp60 and Hsp70, and the mitochondrial citrate synthase (CS) antigens in healthy control and arthritic mice. Furthermore, we studied whether the splenectomy influenced the production of nat- and pathAAbs in mice with GIA. Our results show that the natAAb levels against PG aggrecan, Hsp60, Hsp70 and CS showed age-related variations in healthy BALB/c mice. The induction of autoimmune arthritis did not change the levels of the measured natAAbs significantly. Splenectomy, on the other hand, clearly decreased the levels of all the measured natAAbs. Interestingly, the levels of the pathAAbs showed the opposite change: they were higher in the splenectomized group than in the control arthritic mice. Based on these results, we conclude that the spleen plays a role in setting the balance between nat- and pathAAbs in autoimmune arthritis.
GdVO4:Eu3+ and LaVO4:Eu3+ Nanoparticles Exacerbate Oxidative Stress in L929 Cells: Potential Implications for Cancer Therapy
Authors: Kot Yuriy , Klochkov Vladimir , Prokopiuk Volodymyr , Sedyh Olha , Tryfonyuk Liliya , Grygorova Ganna , Karpenko Nina , Tomchuk Oleksandr , Kot Kateryna , Onishchenko Anatolii , Yefimova Svetlana , Tkachenko Anton
Published: October 2024

The therapeutic potential of redox-active nanoscale materials as antioxidant- or reactive oxygen species (ROS)-inducing agents was intensely studied. Herein, we demonstrate that the synthesized and characterized GdVO4:Eu3+ and LaVO4:Eu3+ nanoparticles, which have been already shown to have redox-active, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and wound healing properties, both in vitro and in vivo, worsen oxidative stress of L929 cells triggered by hydrogen peroxide or tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBuOOH) at the concentrations that are safe for intact L929 cells. This effect was observed upon internalization of the investigated nanosized materials and is associated with the cleavage of caspase-3 and caspase-9 without recruitment of caspase-8. Such changes in the caspase cascade indicate activation of the intrinsic caspase-9-dependent mitochondrial but not the extrinsic death, receptor-mediated, and caspase-8-dependent apoptotic pathway. The GdVO4:Eu3+ and LaVO4:Eu3+ nanoparticle-induced apoptosis of oxidatively compromised L929 cells is mediated by ROS overgeneration, Ca2+ overload, endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase), and DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 (DDIT3). Our findings demonstrate that GdVO4:Eu3+ and LaVO4:Eu3+ nanoparticles aggravate the oxidative stress-induced damage to L929 cells, indicating that they might potentially be applied as anti-cancer agents.
Survival Distinctions for Cases Representing Immunologically Cold Tumors via Intrinsic Disorder Assessments for Blood-Sourced TRB Variable Regions
Authors: Sahoo Arpan , Gozlan Etienne C. , Song Joanna J. , Angelakakis George , Yeagley Michelle , Chobrutskiy Boris I. , Huda Taha I. , Blanck George
Published: October 2024

T cell receptor beta (TRB) sequences were recovered from the Cancer Genome Atlas Uveal Melanoma blood exome files. Intrinsic disorder scores for amino acid (AA) sequences of the entire TRB variable region were obtained and evaluated as potentially representative of overall survival (OS) distinctions, i.e., for cases representing the upper and lower 50th percentiles for intrinsic disorder scores. Analyses using four intrinsic disorder assessment tools indicated that a lower intrinsic disorder of the blood-sourced TRB variable regions, including continuous AA sequences of the V-gene segment, the complementarity-determining region-3, and the J-gene segment, was associated with a better OS probability (with log-rank p-values ranging from 0.002 to 0.014). We further determined that intrinsic disorder assessments could be used for OS stratification for a second, immunologically cold cancer: MYCN amplified neuroblastoma. Thus, intrinsic disorder assessments of blood-sourced, full TRB variable regions may provide a novel patient stratification approach for patients with immunologically cold cancers.
Characterization of Cytoskeletal Profilin Genes in Plasticity Elongation of Mesocotyl and Coleoptile of Maize Under Diverse Abiotic Stresses
Authors: Zhao Xiaoqiang , Sun Siqi , Shi Zhenzhen , He Fuqiang , Qi Guoxiang , Li Xin , Niu Yining
Published: October 2024

The plasticity elongation of mesocotyl (MES) and coleoptile (COL) largely determines the morphology of maize seedlings under abiotic stresses. The profilin (PRF) proteins play a pivotal role in cytoskeleton dynamics and plant development via regulating actin polymerization. However, little is known about whether and how the expression of the ZmPRF gene family regulates MES and COL elongation in maize under adverse abiotic stresses. Here, a total of eight ZmPRF gene members were identified in the maize genome. They were mainly located in the cytoplasm, chloroplast, and mitochondrion, and clearly divided into four classes, based on phylogenetic analysis. Segmental duplication was the main driver for the expansion of ZmPRF genes. Ka/Ks analysis indicated that most ZmPRF genes were intensely purified and selected. Promoter cis-element analysis suggested their potential roles in response to growth and development, stress adaption, hormone response, and light response. The protein–protein interaction network and two independent RNA-sequencing analyses revealed that eight ZmPRF genes and their thirty-seven interacting genes showed varied expression patterns in MES and COL of three maize genotypes under different sowing depths, 24-epibrassinolide application, and light spectral-quality treatments, of which ZmPRF3.3 was a potential core conserved gene for breeding application. Moreover, the quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) verified that the relative expression levels of most ZmPRF genes in MES and COL under above treatments were significantly correlated with the plasticity elongation of MES and COL in maize. Therefore, these results perform a comprehensive overview of the ZmPRF family and will provide valuable information for the validation of the function of ZmPRF genes in maize development under diverse abiotic stress.
HSP90 Enhances Mitophagy to Improve the Resistance of Car-Diomyocytes to Heat Stress in Wenchang Chickens
Authors: Shi Jiachen , Ji Zeping , Yao Xu , Yao Yujie , Li Chengyun , Liang Qijun , Zhang Xiaohui
Published: October 2024

Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is recognized for its protective effects against heat stress damage; however, the specific functions and underlying molecular mechanisms of HSP90 in heat-stressed cardiomyocytes remain largely unexplored, particularly in tropical species. In our study, Wenchang chickens (WCCs) were classified into two groups: the heat stress survival (HSS) group and the heat stress death (HSD) group, based on their survival following exposure to heat stress. Heat stress resulted in significant cardiomyocyte damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis in the HSD group, while the damage was less pronounced in the HSS group. We further validated these findings in primary cardiomyocytes derived from Wenchang chickens (PCWs). Additionally, heat stress was found to upregulate Pink1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy, which was accompanied by an increase in HSP90 expression in both cardiomyocytes and PCWs. Our results demonstrated that HSP90 overexpression enhances PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy, ultimately inhibiting apoptosis and oxidative stress in heat-stressed PCWs. However, the application of Geldanamycin (GA) reversed these effects. Notably, we discovered that HSP90 interacts with Beclin-1 through mitochondrial translocation and directly regulates mitophagy levels in PCWs. In summary, we have elucidated a novel role for HSP90 and mitophagy in regulating heat stress-induced acute cardiomyocyte injury.
Insights into the Epigenetic Basis of Plant Salt Tolerance
Authors: Zhang Dongyu , Zhang Duoqian , Zhang Yaobin , Li Guanlin , Sun Dehao , Zhou Bo , Li Jingrui
Published: October 2024

The increasing salinity of agricultural lands highlights the urgent need to improve salt tolerance in crops, a critical factor for ensuring food security. Epigenetic mechanisms are pivotal in plant adaptation to salt stress. This review elucidates the complex roles of DNA methylation, histone modifications, histone variants, and non-coding RNAs in the fine-tuning of gene expression in response to salt stress. It emphasizes how heritable changes, which do not alter the DNA sequence but significantly impact plant phenotype, contribute to this adaptation. DNA methylation is notably prevalent under high-salinity conditions and is associated with changes in gene expression that enhance plant resilience to salt. Modifications in histones, including both methylation and acetylation, are directly linked to the regulation of salt-tolerance genes. The presence of histone variants, such as H2A.Z, is altered under salt stress, promoting plant adaptation to high-salinity environments. Additionally, non-coding RNAs, such as miRNAs and lncRNAs, contribute to the intricate gene regulatory network under salt stress. This review also underscores the importance of understanding these epigenetic changes in developing plant stress memory and enhancing stress tolerance.
Replacing Hydrolyzed Soybean Meal with Recombinant β-Glucosidase Enhances Resistance to Clostridium perfringens in Broilers Through Immune Modulation
Authors: Huang Jingxi , Hou Qihang , Yang Ying
Published: October 2024

Aglycone soy isoflavones have notable immune-regulatory bioactivity, while glycosidic forms in soybean meal pose challenges for absorption. β-Glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) catalyzes the non-reducing terminal β-d-glucosidic bonds, releasing β-d-glucan and aglycones. This study evaluated the impact of enzymatically hydrolyzed soybean meal (ESM) using recombinant β-glucosidase from Aspergillus niger on the growth performance and intestinal immune function of broilers under Clostridium perfringens infection. Prior to the feeding trial, soybean meal was enzymatically digested with recombinant β-glucosidase, ensuring almost complete conversion of glycosides to aglycones. After a week of pre-feeding, a total 180 healthy AA broilers were randomly assigned to three groups—control, semi-replacement of ESM (50% ESM), and full-replacement of ESM (100% ESM)—with 6 replicates of 10 chickens, and the trial lasted 28 days. On the 36th day, broilers were challenged with 1 mL of 1 × 1010 CFU/mL Clostridium perfringens (Cp) via gavage for 3 days. The results showed that the substitution of ESM had no effect on the body weight gain of broilers but significantly reduced the feed consumption and feed-to-gain ratio (p < 0.01). The study revealed that Cp significantly disrupted jejunal morphology, while ESM significantly mitigated this damage (p < 0.05). Real-time PCR results demonstrated that compared to the Cp group, ESM restored Cp-induced intestinal barrier impairments (e.g., Occludin, Claudin-1, Muc2), normalized aberrant cellular proliferation (PCNA) and apoptosis (Caspase-1 and Caspase-3), and upregulated the expression of anti-inflammatory factor Il-10 while suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines (Il-1β, Il-6, and Il-8) (p < 0.05). Moreover, flow cytometry analyses demonstrated that ESM promoted Treg cell-derived Il-10, which alleviated macrophage-derived inflammation. Substituting conventional soybean meal with β-glucosidase, enzymatically treated, significantly reduced feed consumption and alleviated the intestinal damage and immune dysfunctions induced by Clostridium perfringens infection in broilers.
Serum Lipoprotein Profiling by NMR Spectroscopy Reveals Alterations in HDL-1 and HDL-2 Apo-A2 Subfractions in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Mortensen Jonas Ellegaard , Andreassen Trygve , Olsen Dorte Aalund , Vestergaard Karsten , Madsen Jonna Skov , Kristensen Søren Risom , Pedersen Shona
Published: October 2024

Identifying biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is crucial, due to its complex pathology, which involves dysfunction in lipid transport, contributing to neuroinflammation, synaptic loss, and impaired amyloid-β clearance. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is able to quantify and stratify lipoproteins. The study investigated lipoproteins in blood from AD patients, aiming to evaluate their diagnostic potential. Serum and plasma were collected from AD patients (n = 25) and healthy individuals (n = 25). We conducted a comprehensive lipoprotein profiling on serum samples using NMR spectroscopy, analysing 112 lipoprotein subfractions. In plasma, we measured unspecific markers of neuronal damage and AD hallmark proteins using single molecule array technology. Additionally, clinical data and cerebrospinal fluid biomarker levels were also collected to enrich our data. Our findings, after adjusting for age and sex differences, highlight significant alterations in two specific lipoproteins; high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-1 Apo-A2 (H1A2) and HDL-2 Apo-A2 (H2A2), both with area under the curve (AUC) values of 0.67, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.52–0.82). These results indicate that these lipoprotein subfractions may have potential as indicators of AD-related metabolic changes.
Utilization of miRNAs as Biomarkers for the Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Metastasis in Gynecological Malignancies
Authors: Lazaridis Alexandros , Katifelis Hector , Kalampokas Emmanouil , Lambropoulou Dimitra , Aravantinos Gerasimos , Gazouli Maria , Vlahos Nikos F.
Published: October 2024

Gynecological cancer is a term referring to malignancies that typically involve ovarian, cervical, uterine, vaginal, and vulvar cancer. Combined, these cancers represent major causes of morbidity and mortality in women with a heavy socioeconomic impact. MiRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that are intensively studied in the field of cancer and changes in them have been linked to a variety of processes involved in cancer that range from tumorigenesis to prognosis and metastatic potential. This review aims to summarize the existing literature that has linked miRNAs with each of the female malignancies as potential biomarkers in diagnosis (circulating miRNAs), in tumor histology and prognosis (as tissue biomarkers), and for local (lymph node) and distant metastatic disease.