bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based screening for protein kinase C ligands using 6-methoxynaphthalene-labeled 1,2-diacylglycerol-lactones
Authors: Tsuji Kohei , Ishii Takahiro , Kobayakawa Takuya , Ohashi Nami , Nomura Wataru , Tamamura Hirokazu
Published: July 2021

A FRET-based PKC binding assay usingsn-2 6MN-type DAG-lactone (2) as a donor molecule and Fl-δC1b as an acceptor molecule was developed. This is superior to our previous assay usingsn-2 DEAC-type DAG-lactone (1).
Combining CROP and ATRP to synthesize pH-responsive poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline-b-4-vinylpyridine) block copolymers
Authors: Menezes Rafael Natal Lima de , Felisberti Maria Isabel
Published: July 2021

Herein, we present the synthesis and characterization of block copolymers based on the biocompatible and stealth polymer poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) and the polydentate ligand and pH-responsive poly(4-vinylpyridine).
An albumin-binding Gd-HPDO3A contrast agent for improved intravascular retention
Authors: Tear Louise R. , Carrera Carla , Dhakan Chetan B. , Cavallari Eleonora , Travagin Fabio , Calcagno Claudia , Aime Silvio , Gianolio Eliana
Published: July 2021

A new Gd-HPDO3A derivative with improved MR contrast enhancing efficiency, demonstrated in a murine tumor model and in mouse models for stable and vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques, due to increased intravascular retention.
Switchable supramolecular ensemble for anion binding with ditopic hydrogen-bonded macrocycles
Authors: Liu Zejiang , Kang Kang , Zhou Yidan , Liu Rui , Cai Yimin , Feng Wen , Yuan Lihua
Published: July 2021

A novel supramolecular strategy has been proposed by using a ditopic H-bonded amide macrocycle that is capable of controlling the binding process in response to external stimulus due to its assembly-and-disassembly-induced anion binding.
High pressure polymorphism of LiBH4 and of NaBH4
Authors: Marizy Adrien , Geneste Grégory , Garbarino Gaston , Loubeyre Paul
Published: July 2021

Diamond anvil cell experiments are used along with density functional theory calculations to extend the phase diagram of LiBH4 & NaBH4 and explore new NaBH4(H2)x compounds at Mbar pressures.
Combined mass spectrometry-guided genome mining and virtual screening for acaricidal activity in secondary metabolites of Bacillus velezensis W1
Authors: Li Xingyu , Munir Shahzad , Xu Yan , Wang Yuehu , He Yueqiu
Published: July 2021

A comprehensive analytic strategy was performed to study the acaricidal activity ingredients of Bacillus velezensis W1, a strain for biological control of Tetranychus urticae.
Study on the graft modification mechanism of macroporous silica gel surface based on silane coupling agent vinyl triethoxysilane
Authors: Wang Zheng , Liu Mei-chen , Chang Zhi-yuan , Li Hui-bo
Published: July 2021

Study on the mechanism of the alkylation reaction on the surface of porous silica gel.
MALDI-MS-based biomarker analysis of extracellular vesicles from human lung carcinoma cells
Authors: Yu Zitong , Zhao Chao , Hu Shi , Zhang Huitao , Li Wenbo , Zhang Renjie , Luo Qian , Yang Hui
Published: July 2021

The protein profile of extracellular vesicles isolated from human lung carcinoma cells has been detected by MALDI-TOF MS, which is essential for rapid discovery of cancer-related biomarkers.
Green synthesis of carbon dots and their applications
Authors: Chahal Shawninder , Macairan Jun-Ray , Yousefi Nariman , Tufenkji Nathalie , Naccache Rafik
Published: July 2021

A review of the green carbon dot synthesis literature outlining the various precursors used, synthesis and purification methods employed, the resulting physicochemical properties of the carbon dots, and their applications.
DNAzyme- and light-induced dissipative and gated DNA networks
Authors: Wang Jianbang , Li Zhenzhen , Zhou Zhixin , Ouyang Yu , Zhang Junji , Ma Xiang , Tian He , Willner Itamar
Published: July 2021

Functional DNA modules are triggered in the presence of appropriate inhibitors to yield transient gated catalytic functions, and a photoresponsive DNA module leads to “waste-free” operation of transient, dissipative dynamic transitions.
Chirality memory of α-methylene-π-allyl iridium species
Authors: Cui Yifan , Zhai Yizhan , Xiao Junzhe , Li Can , Zheng Wei-Feng , Huang Chaofan , Wu Guolin , Qin Anni , Lin Jie , Liu Qi , Wang Huanan , Wu Penglin , Xu Haibo , Zheng Yangguangyan , Ma Shengming
Published: July 2021

Chirality is one of the most important types of steric information in nature.
Accurate heteronuclear distance measurements at all magic-angle spinning frequencies in solid-state NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Liang Lixin , Ji Yi , Zhao Zhenchao , Quinn Caitlin M. , Han Xiuwen , Bao Xinhe , Polenova Tatyana , Hou Guangjin
Published: July 2021

A new and robust technique dubbed phase modulated rotary resonance (PMRR) was proposed for the accurate determination of heteronuclear dipolar coupling under a broad range of MAS conditions in solid-state NMR spectroscopy.
Monitoring phagocytic uptake of amyloid β into glial cell lysosomes in real time
Authors: Prakash Priya , Jethava Krupal P. , Korte Nils , Izquierdo Pablo , Favuzzi Emilia , Rose Indigo V. L. , Guttenplan Kevin A. , Manchanda Palak , Dutta Sayan , Rochet Jean-Christophe , Fishell Gord , Liddelow Shane A. , Attwell David , Chopra Gaurav
Published: July 2021

Glial cell phagocytosis of pH-dependent amyloid-β, AβpH, in live and fixed cultures, brain tissue sections, retina, cortex and in live animals useful for studying function in health and disease.
Crystal polarity discrimination in GaN nanowires on graphene
Authors: Pavlov Alexander , Mozharov Alexey , Berdnikov Yury , Barbier Camille , Harmand Jean-Christophe , Tchernycheva Maria , Polozkov Roman , Mukhin Ivan
Published: July 2021

We present experimental data and computational analysis of the formation of GaN nanowires on graphene virtual substrates.
Increasing resonance energy transfer upon dilution: a counterintuitive observation in CTAB micelles
Authors: Delledonne Andrea , Morla-Folch Judit , Anzola Mattia , Bertocchi Francesco , Vargas-Nadal Guillem , Köber Mariana , Sissa Cristina , Ventosa Nora , Painelli Anna
Published: July 2021

Stable CTAB micelles loaded with DiI and DiD are prepared, showing RET. Remarkably, the RET efficiency increases upon diluting the sample below the critical micellar concentration, as the dyes cluster around CTAB.
Exploration of the molecular targets and mechanisms of suxiao xintong dropping pills for myocardial infarction by network pharmacology method
Authors: Chen Daqiu , Wu Yanqing , Chen Yixing , Chen Qiaoxing , Ye Xianhua , Xu Shanghua , Luo Shunxiang
Published: July 2021

Background: Suxiao Xintong dropping pills (SXXTDP), a traditional Chinese medicine, is widely applied for treating myocardial infarction (MI). However, its therapy mechanisms are still unclear. Therefore, this research is designed to explore the molecular mechanisms of SXXTDP in treating MI.

Methods: The active ingredients of SXXTDP and their corresponding genes of the active ingredients were retrieved from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) database. MI-related genes were identified via analyzing the expression profiling data (accession number: GSE97320). Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were performed to study the shared genes of drug and disease. Through protein–protein interaction (PPI) network and the Cytoscape plugin cytoHubba, the hub genes were screened out. The compounds and hub targets binding were simulated through molecular docking method.

Results: We obtained 21 active compounds and 253 corresponding target genes from TCMSP database. 1833 MI-related genes were identified according to P<0.05 and |log2FC| ≥ 0.5. 27 overlapping genes between drug and disease were acquired. GO analysis indicated that overlapping genes were mainly enriched in MAP kinase activity and antioxidant activity. KEGG analysis indicated that overlapping genes were mainly enriched in IL-17 signaling pathway and TNF signaling pathway. We obtained 10 hub genes via cytoHubba plugin. Six of the 10 hub genes, including PTGS2, MAPK14, MMP9, MAPK1, NFKBIA, and CASP8, were acted on molecular docking verification with their corresponding compounds of SXXTDP.

Conclusion: SXXTDP may exert cardioprotection effect through regulating multiple targets and multiple pathways in MI.
The Hitchhiker's guide to glycoproteomics
Authors: Oliveira Tiago , Thaysen-Andersen Morten , Packer Nicolle H. , Kolarich Daniel
Published: July 2021

Protein glycosylation is one of the most common post-translational modifications that are essential for cell function across all domains of life. Changes in glycosylation are considered a hallmark of many diseases, thus making glycoproteins important diagnostic and prognostic biomarker candidates and therapeutic targets. Glycoproteomics, the study of glycans and their carrier proteins in a system-wide context, is becoming a powerful tool in glycobiology that enables the functional analysis of protein glycosylation. This ‘Hitchhiker's guide to glycoproteomics’ is intended as a starting point for anyone who wants to explore the emerging world of glycoproteomics. The review moves from the techniques that have been developed for the characterisation of single glycoproteins to technologies that may be used for a successful complex glycoproteome characterisation. Examples of the variety of approaches, methodologies, and technologies currently used in the field are given. This review introduces the common strategies to capture glycoprotein-specific and system-wide glycoproteome data from tissues, body fluids, or cells, and a perspective on how integration into a multi-omics workflow enables a deep identification and characterisation of glycoproteins — a class of biomolecules essential in regulating cell function.
Graduate Students' Perspectives Toward Telepractice at the COVID-19 Global Pandemic Onset
Authors: McGill Megann , Dennard Qiana
Published: July 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this article was to describe a cross-sectional research study exploring the perceived knowledge, skills, and attitudes of telepractice service delivery use among speech-language pathology graduate students during the onset of the COVID-19 global pandemic.

Method

Students' perceived knowledge, skills, and attitudes toward telepractice were examined through an online questionnaire that contained 23 questions, including five demographic questions and 18 Likert scale questions. Participants were 189 graduate students (96% female, 60% first-year graduate students) currently enrolled in speech-language pathology graduate programs. Statistical analyses on students' responses, including independent-samples
t
tests and correlations, were conducted.

Results

Only 20% of respondents stated they had provided services via telepractice. Most participants reported slightly more confidence in their perceived skills related to telepractice as compared to their perceived knowledge of telepractice. Students who had prior experience with telepractice were more likely to provide higher ratings compared to those with no experience. Higher ratings of perceived telepractice knowledge and skills were observed for second-year and third-year graduate students compared to first-year students. Positive correlations were observed between students' higher confidence in perceived knowledge and skills related to telepractice and their attitudes toward the service delivery model. Despite positive responses related to perceived telepractice knowledge and skills, the majority of participants reported preferring in-person services over telepractice.

Conclusions

Taken together, results of this study demonstrate there is an ongoing need for additional telepractice training programs in speech-language pathology focusing on areas in which students feel least comfortable. Telepractice clinical implications and graduate program training recommendations are discussed.
A Review of Mindfulness and Communication Sciences and Disorders Students
Authors: Beck Ann R.
Published: July 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this review article was to define mindfulness and discuss its use with college students, students majoring in clinical programs, and communication sciences and disorders (CSD) students in particular.

Method

Literature was reviewed regarding mindfulness, stress, perfectionism, and self-compassion. Furthermore, how these issues relate to college students in general, students in clinically related majors, and specifically to CSD students was discussed. Research using a mindfulness practice with CSD students was reviewed and two methods of incorporating a mindfulness practice into an ongoing CSD curriculum (i.e., as part of a graduate course on counseling and as part of an undergraduate course on the graduate application process) were discussed.

Results

A short mindfulness practice has been found to decrease the perceived and biological stress levels of CSD undergraduate and graduate students. Participation in this practice has also been found to help CSD students ameliorate negative aspects of perfectionism and to increase self-compassion. Use of the mindfulness practice within the curriculum was accepted by students.

Conclusion

The use of a short mindfulness practice can successfully be incorporated into an ongoing CSD curriculum and appears to be an effective method of improving students' overall well-being.
Linearised three‐phase optimal power flow for coordinated optimisation of residential solid‐state power substations
Authors: Liu Guodong , Moorthy Radha S. , Choi Jongchan , Chinthavali Madhu S.
Published: July 2021

With the increasing integration of single‐phase resources, for example, PV, batteries and solid‐state power substations (SSPSs), in residential distribution networks, voltage regulation and phase balancing of distribution feeders are facing growing challenges. To solve these challenges, a linearised three‐phase optimal power flow (OPF) model is proposed to coordinate the operation of residential solid‐state power substations for voltage regulation and phase balancing of distribution feeders. The proposed three‐phase OPF model schedules both real and reactive power of each components in the SSPSs with the purpose of minimising the total operating cost as well as improving the grid performance, for example, voltage regulation and phase balancing. Results of case studies validate the accuracy of the proposed three‐phase OPF model. In addition, the effectiveness of coordinating multiple SSPSs for voltage regulation and phase balancing has been demonstrated.
Magnetic microswimmers with infrared‐induced shape transformation
Authors: Yang Runhuai , Zhu Shilu , Zhang Lijiu , Niu Fuzhou , Liu Shuang
Published: July 2021

Soft untethered microswimmers have recently been demonstrated to be capable of transporting and delivering cargos by external control while maintaining biocompatibility and safety. However, such microswimmers still suffer from complex and inconvenient fabrication processes and control methods, which impedes their clinical translation. In this paper, an easy‐to‐fabricate, magnetic‐driven and IR‐induced shape transformative microswimmer is presented. This microswimmer can be fabricated in a fast, low‐cost and high‐throughput manner. Besides, the soft body of the microswimmer can provide an inherent friendly contact with the biological environment, and its components are biocompatible and biodegradable. Being magnetically‐drivable allows the microswimmer to provide untethered movement and targeted therapy in the human body, and its IR‐induced shape transformability enables penetrable regulation of the movement and function. Furthermore, the shape of the untethered microswimmer can be transformed due to its combination of low melting behaviours and multi‐response materials, suggesting that other materials with similar properties can also be adopted in a similar method. The proposed method validates the feasibility to integrate polymers for fabricating magnetic‐driven, infrared‐responsive and shape transformative microswimmers.
Extending the horizontal transmission range of an inductive wireless power transfer system using passive elliptical resonators
Authors: Alexandru Cristina A. , Zhu Dibin
Published: July 2021

This paper investigates the development of a passive elliptical planar coil for extending the horizontal transmission distance in an inductive transmitter‐receiver wireless‐power transfer system (WPT). The passive base coil partially overlaps the transmitter coil and extends the horizontal wireless link between the transmitter and receiver. The base coil models investigated are divided into three categories based on their length. Moreover, for each length category, the optimum number of turns is determined. All proposed models are analysed through the electromagnetic simulation (EMF) software Ansys–Maxwell and Simplorer as well as validated experimentally. For the entire analysis, the maximum efficiency principle is followed in this system. Therefore, impedance matching networks are used across all three terminals in order to tune the system to the operating frequency of 200 kHz to achieve maximum efficiency. The maximum achievable efficiency is determined for each coil prototype (in both simulation and experiment) and the results are compared. The extent to which the EMF software is a valuable tool in developing a planar passive base for an inductive WPT system is discussed. Overall, the proposed concept behind the passive base coil is proved to be successful in extending the horizontal distance between the transmitter and receiver.
Constraining bright optical counterparts of fast radio bursts
Authors: Núñez C. , Tejos N. , Pignata G. , Kilpatrick C. D. , Prochaska J. X. , Heintz K. E. , Bannister K. W. , Bhandari S. , Day C. K. , Deller A. T. , Flynn C. , Mahony E. K. , Majewski D. , Marnoch L. , Qiu H. , Ryder S. D. , Shannon R. M.
Published: July 2021

Context.Fast radio bursts (FRBs) are extremely energetic pulses of millisecond duration and unknown origin. To understand the phenomenon that emits these pulses, targeted and un-targeted searches have been performed for multiwavelength counterparts, including the optical.

Aims.The objective of this work is to search for optical transients at the positions of eight well-localized (< 1″) FRBs after the arrival of the burst on different timescales (typically at one day, several months, and one year after FRB detection). We then compare this with known optical light curves to constrain progenitor models.

Methods.We used the Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope (LCOGT) network to promptly take images with its network of 23 telescopes working around the world. We used a template subtraction technique to analyze all the images collected at differing epochs. We have divided the difference images into two groups: In one group we use the image of the last epoch as a template, and in the other group we use the image of the first epoch as a template. We then searched for optical transients at the localizations of the FRBs in the template subtracted images.

Results.We have found no optical transients and have therefore set limiting magnitudes to the optical counterparts. Typical limits in apparent and absolute magnitudes for our LCOGT data are ∼22 and −19 mag in therband, respectively. We have compared our limiting magnitudes with light curves of super-luminous supernovae (SLSNe), Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia), supernovae associated with gamma-ray bursts (GRB-SNe), a kilonova, and tidal disruption events (TDEs).

Conclusions.Assuming that the FRB emission coincides with the time of explosion of these transients, we rule out associations with SLSNe (at the ∼99.9% confidence level) and the brightest subtypes of SNe Ia, GRB-SNe, and TDEs (at a similar confidence level). However, we cannot exclude scenarios where FRBs are directly associated with the faintest of these subtypes or with kilonovae.
Bindungsförderung
Authors: Krahl Astrid
Published: July 2021

Was Frauen und Eltern beim Umgang mit dem Neugeborenen und beim Bindungsaufbau unterstützt

Wie können wir Mütter und Eltern beim Bindungsaufbau unterstützen? Dieser Frage gehen die Autorinnen der Schwerpunktartikel der vorliegenden Ausgabe nach.
„Stillförderung braucht eine starke Lobby!“ – Die Arbeitsgemeinschaft freier Stillgruppen (AFS)
Authors: Kerlen-Petri Katharina
Published: July 2021

Stillen ist die natürlichste Form der Säuglingsernährung. Was in der Theorie einfach und einleuchtend erscheint, kann in der Praxis schwierig und manchmal unmöglich sein. Je nach Situation hilft bei einem schweren Stillstart nicht nur Ausdauer und Ruhe, sondern auch kompetente Unterstützung. Die Arbeitsgemeinschaft freier Stillgruppen (AFS) vermittelt diese Unterstützung in Gestalt von ehrenamtlichen Stilberaterinnen in Wohnortnähe.
Ein schwieriger Start ist nicht das Ende – wie Bindung trotz widriger Umstände gelingen kann
Authors: Maute Monique , Hofstätter Carla
Published: July 2021

Der Aufbau der Eltern-Kind-Bindung ist nicht nur auf die erste Zeit nach der Geburt beschränkt. Trotz ungünstiger Startbedingungen kann Bindung durch einfache körperorientierte Maßnahmen gefördert werden und gelingen. Der Einfluss dieser Maßnahmen wird in der Praxis noch immer unterschätzt. Studien zeigen aber, dass durch Praktiken wie Babymassage, das tägliche Tragen des Kindes am Körper oder Co-Sleeping physiologische Prozesse bei Eltern und deren Kindern angeregt werden, um Bindung aufzubauen.
On kinetic electrostatic plasma waves carrying orbital angular momentum
Authors: Khan S. A. , Fukuyama A.
Published: July 2021

A kinetic description of electron plasma waves carrying orbital angular momentum is revisited by introducing a variable transformation, which confirms a more natural representation of wave propagation in electron–ion plasma extendable to an electron–positron plasma. Specifically, the twisted Landau resonance condition is expressed in a consistent way, which expands the resonance region, and hence modifies the usual assumption of decomposition of the susceptibility in axial and poloidal components involving two separate poles. The present formulation is recommended by numerical analysis and comparison with typical results and illustrations.
Magnetization switching and deterministic nucleation in Co/Ni multilayered disks induced by spin–orbit torques
Authors: Figueiredo-Prestes N. , Krishnia S. , Collin S. , Roussigné Y. , Belmeguenai M. , Chérif S. M. , Zarpellon J. , Mosca D. H. , Jaffrès H. , Vila L. , Reyren N. , George J.-M.
Published: July 2021

We present experimental and numerical results on the magnetization reversal induced by spin–orbit torques of micronic disks of a ferromagnetic multilayer with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy on top of a Pt track: Pt (6 nm)/[Co(0.2 nm)/Ni(0.6 nm)] × 5/Al(5 nm). The current induced magnetization switching process is probed by anomalous Hall effect measurements and Kerr microscopy. The electrical characterization reveals the critical current for the complete reversal to be about 3×1011 A/m2, and Kerr microscopy uncovers a deterministic nucleation that depends on current and field polarity. Through the use of experimental switching phase diagrams coupled to micromagnetic simulations, we evaluated the field-like to damping-like torque ratio to be 0.73 ± 0.05, which is in good agreement with experimental values observed by second harmonic measurements. These measurements emphasize an unexpectedly large field-like contribution in this relatively thick Co/Ni multilayer (4 nm). In light of these experiments and simulations, we discuss the key parameters needed to understand the magnetization reversal, namely, the field and damping-like torques and the Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction.
Kinetic simulation study of magnetized collisionless shock formation on a terawatt laser system
Authors: Zhang Yu , Davies Jonathan R. , Heuer Peter V. , Ren Chuang
Published: July 2021

Perpendicular, magnetized, collisionless shocks in hydrogen and neon plasmas are studied with 2D particle-in-cell simulations for parameters accessible to experiments on OMEGA EP [Maywar et al., J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 112, 032007 (2008)]. The simulations are performed with realistic ion-electron mass ratios by which the relative importance of different micro-instabilities can be accurately captured. The dispersion relation of the modified two-stream instability (MTSI), the main dissipation mechanism for these shocks, is used to find suitable parameters for upcoming experiments. Simulations show that magnetized collisionless shocks can be readily formed within a few tenths of an ion gyro-period in both hydrogen and neon gases, with a background magnetic field of 50 T, achievable using the magneto-inertial fusion electrical discharge system [Barnak et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 89, 033501 (2018)]. A portion of the ions are reflected to the upstream region and accelerated in both shock normal and tangential directions, indicating the formation of a supercritical shock. Shock front reformation is seen in longer time 1D simulations. The results show that the formation time and width of these shocks are determined by MTSI.
Temperature-dependent x-ray fluorescent response from thermographic phosphors under x-ray excitation
Authors: Westphal Eric R. , Brown Alex D. , Quintana Enrico C. , Kastengren Alan L. , Son Steven F. , Meyer Terrence R. , Hoffmeister Kathryn N. G.
Published: July 2021

Phosphor thermometry has been successfully applied within several challenging environments. Typically, the thermographic phosphors are excited by an ultraviolet light source, and the temperature-dependent spectral or temporal response is measured. However, this is challenging or impossible in optically thick environments. In addition, emission from other sources (e.g., a flame) may interfere with the optical phosphor emission. A temperature dependent x-ray excitation/emission could alleviate these issues as x-rays could penetrate obscurants with no interference from flame luminosity. In addition, x-ray emission could allow for thermometry within solids while simultaneously x-ray imaging the structural evolution. In this study, select thermographic phosphors were excited via x-ray radiation, and their x-ray emission characteristics were measured at various temperatures. Several of the phosphors showed varying levels of temperature dependence with the strongest sensitivity occurring for YAG:Dy and ZnGa2O4:Mn. This approach opens a path for less intrusive temperature measurements, particularly in optically opaque multiphase and solid phase combustion environments.
Analysis of zonal flow pattern formation and the modification of staircase states by electron dynamics in gyrokinetic near marginal turbulence
Authors: Rath F. , Peeters A. G. , Weikl A.
Published: July 2021

Microturbulence close to marginality with inclusion of electron dynamics and in the electrostatic limit [A. Weikl et al., Phys. Plasmas 25, 072305 (2018)] is revisited. In such states the E × B shearing rate ωE×B, i.e., the second radial derivative of the zonal electrostatic potential, a quantity often applied to study zonal flow structure formation, has been found to be dominated by radial fine scale features. Those features are significantly different from the mesoscale E × B staircase structures [G. Dif-Pradalier et al., Phys. Rev. E 82, 025401(R) (2010)] normally occurring close to the threshold. Instead of the E × B shearing rate, here, zonal flow structure formation is studied through the zonal flow shear induced tilt of turbulent structures, which is measured by director field methods. In contrast to dominant fine scale features in ωE×B, mesoscale zonal flow pattern formation on two disparate scales is identified: (i) A zonal flow with radial scale of the boxsize develops, (ii) superposed by zonal flow corrugations in form of shear layers emerging in the vicinity of lowest order rational layers. This mesoscale zonal flow pattern exhibits properties of E × B staircases: (i) A shearing rate of ∼10−1 vth,i/R0 (vth,i is the ion thermal velocity and R0 is the major radius), comparable to typical growth rates, can be attributed to both components of the mesoscale pattern. (ii) Avalanche-like turbulent transport events organize spatially on the same mesoscales. (iii) Shear stabilization by a background E × B shear flow requires values of the background shearing rate exceeding those connected to the mesoscale pattern. In conclusion, this work demonstrates that E × B staircases do develop, even when the E × B shearing rate ωE×B is dominated by radial fine scale features. The E × B shearing rate ωE×B, therefore, fails to estimate the shear provided by zonal flows when fine scale structures dominate its radial profile.
Conventional tagging of sharks in Western Australia: the main commercial species exhibit contrasting movement patterns
Authors: Bartes Saia , Simpfendorfer Colin , Walker Terence I. , King Carissa , Loneragan Neil , Braccini Matías
Published: July 2021

Understanding movement patterns underlies effective management and conservation measures. The current study summarises the main findings from a tagging program of Western Australian sharks to provide insights into the movement patterns of the main commercial shark species: dusky (Carcharhinus obscurus), sandbar (C. plumbeus), gummy (Mustelus antarcticus) and whiskery (Furgaleus macki) sharks. Between 1993 and 2020, >12 000 individuals from 52 taxonomic groups were implanted with conventional tags in Western Australia, of which 8.5% were recaptured. Most of the tagged (74.5%) and recaptured (95.8%) individuals belong to the four main commercial shark species. Recaptured individuals of these species, as well as tiger (Galeocerdo cuvier) and bronze whaler (C. brachyurus) sharks showed displacements of >1000 km and rates of movement (ROMs) of >10 km day–1, with the exception of whiskery sharks, which showed much slower ROMs (<3 km day–1). Despite tagged dusky and sandbar sharks being predominately small individuals and gummy and whiskery sharks being large individuals, dusky and sandbar sharks had faster ROMs and a greater proportion of recaptures outside the release zone. Our study provided the information required for estimating movement rates across different fishing zones and therefore defining the spatial scale for managing these shark species.
Experience Design for the Dutch Fort, Batticaloa, Sri Lanka
Authors: Pathirana Madura , Scott Noel
Published: July 2021

The Batticaloa Dutch Fort is over 400 years old and has been occupied by the Portuguese, Dutch, British and Sri Lankan governments. The local government wants to develop the fort as a cultural heritage tourist attraction, displaying the history and traditional culture of the Batticaloa region. Attracting international and domestic visitors requires designing an activity that is of interest to these visitors. Develop a proposal for a 1–2-hour experiential activity at the fort.

Information

© CAB International 2021
Exploring the Case Solar Technology Lowers the Noise Level in the Waters Surrounding Bora Bora
Authors: Ward-Perkins David
Published: July 2021

Introduction

The management of coastal and marine environments is of interest to all professionals and students of tourism. Such environments are particularly attractive to tourists; indeed, they have in many cases been ‘loved to death’ – damaged beyond repair by tourist activity. There is an evident link between protection from tourist activity and the biodiversity and ecological health of the waters that tourists swim in, and from which are caught the fish and crustaceans they dine on.

It is therefore encouraging to read about technical solutions that can assist in this protection. In this Exploring the Case, we make reference to the Soel Yachts Case Study but also to an article by Douglas McCauley, a professor of marine biology who has written about the use of tracking technologies, such as by satellite.

These two sources are a good starting point for research into the protection of ocean environments.
Specific KIF1A–adaptor interactions control selective cargo recognition
Authors: Hummel Jessica J.A. , Hoogenraad Casper C.
Published: July 2021

Intracellular transport in neurons is driven by molecular motors that carry many different cargos along cytoskeletal tracks in axons and dendrites. Identifying how motors interact with specific types of transport vesicles has been challenging. Here, we use engineered motors and cargo adaptors to systematically investigate the selectivity and regulation of kinesin-3 family member KIF1A–driven transport of dense core vesicles (DCVs), lysosomes, and synaptic vesicles (SVs). We dissect the role of KIF1A domains in motor activity and show that CC1 regulates autoinhibition, CC2 regulates motor dimerization, and CC3 and PH mediate cargo binding. Furthermore, we identify that phosphorylation of KIF1A is critical for binding to vesicles. Cargo specificity is achieved by specific KIF1A adaptors; MADD/Rab3GEP links KIF1A to SVs, and Arf-like GTPase Arl8A mediates interactions with DCVs and lysosomes. We propose a model where motor dimerization, posttranslational modifications, and specific adaptors regulate selective KIF1A cargo trafficking.
Simulating the evolution of bipedalism and the absence of static bipedal hexapods
Authors: Rong Chunyan , Zhu Jiahui , Giardina Fabio , Rosendo Andre
Published: July 2021

In nature, very few animals locomote on two legs. Static bipedalism can be found in four limbed and five limbed animals like dogs, cats, birds, monkeys and kangaroos, but it cannot be seen in hexapods or other multi-limbed animals. In this paper, we present a simulation with a novel perspective on the evolution of static bipedalism, with a virtual creature evolving its body and controllers, and we apply an evolutionary algorithm to explore the locomotion transition from octapods to bipods. We find that the presence of four limbs in the evolutionary trajectory of the creature scaffolds a parametric jump that enables bipedalism, and shows that hexapods, without undergoing such transformation, struggle to evolve into bipeds. An analysis of the transitional parameters points to the role of a shorter femur length in helping maintain the stability of the body, and the tibia length is responsible for improving the forward speed.
Improved modelling of soil NO
x
emissions in a high temperature agricultural region: role of background emissions on NO2 trend over the US
Authors: Wang Yi , Ge Cui , Castro Garcia Lorena , Jenerette G Darrel , Oikawa Patty Y , Wang Jun
Published: July 2021

EPA reports a steady decline of US anthropogenic NO
x
emissions in 2005–2019 summers, while NO2 vertical column densities (VCDs) from the OMI satellite over large spatial domains have flattened since 2009. To better understand the contributing factors to a flattening of the OMI NO2 trends, we investigate the role of soil and lightning NOx emissions on this apparent disagreement. We improve soil NO
x
emissions estimates using a new observation-based temperature response, which increases the linear correlation coefficient between GEOS-Chem simulated and OMI NO2 VCDs by 0.05–0.2 over the Central US. Multivariate trend analysis reveals that soil and lightning NO
x
combined emissions trends change from −3.95% a−1 during 2005–2009 to 0.60% a−1 from 2009 to 2019, thereby rendering the abrupt slowdown of total NO
x
emissions reduction. Non-linear inter-annual variations explain 6.6% of the variance of total NO
x
emissions. As background emissions become relatively larger with uncertain inter-annual variations, the NO2 VCDs alone at the national scale, especially in the regions with vast rural areas, will be insufficient to discern the trend of anthropogenic emissions.
Habeas Corpus: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Tyler Amanda L.
Published: July 2021

For nearly eight hundred years, the writ of habeas corpus has limited the executive in the Anglo-American legal tradition from imprisoning persons with impunity. Writing in the eighteenth century, William Blackstone declared the writ a “bulwark” of personal liberty. Across the Atlantic, in the lead up to the American Revolution, the Continental Congress declared that the habeas privilege and the right to jury trial were among the most important rights in a free society. This Very Short Introduction chronicles the storied writ of habeas corpus and how it spread from England throughout the British Empire and beyond, witnessing its use today all around the world. Beginning with the English origins of the writ, the book traces its historical development as a part of the common law and as grounded in the English Habeas Corpus Act of 1679, a statute that dramatically limited the executive's power to detain and that Blackstone called no less than a “second Magna Carta.” The book then takes the story forward to explore how the writ has functioned in the centuries since, including its controversial suspension by President Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War. It also explores the role of habeas corpus during World War II and the War on Terror. The story told in these pages reveals the immense challenges that the habeas privilege faces today and suggests that in confronting them, we would do well to remember how the habeas privilege brought even the king of England to his knees before the law.
Civil war and suspension
Authors: Tyler Amanda L.
Published: July 2021

This chapter details the American Civil War and President Abraham Lincoln’s role in acting quickly—and controversially—to protect critical areas in the North by claiming the unilateral power to suspend habeas. As is explored in the chapter, Lincoln proclaimed suspensions on his own and without congressional approval for some two years until the US Congress finally enacted suspension legislation. Along the way, Lincoln’s actions provoked a rebuke from the Chief Justice of the United States in Ex parte Merryman and raised important separation of powers questions. The chapter also explores how after the war, the Supreme Court held in Ex parte Milligan that the laws of war could not be applied to “citizens in states which have upheld the authority of the government, and where the courts are open and their process unobstructed.” Finally, the chapter discusses the precedent established by Lincoln’s actions.
Reconstruction and expansion of the writ
Authors: Tyler Amanda L.
Published: July 2021

This chapter explores the Reconstruction of the United States as one country following the Civil War. As explored, the Reconstruction Amendments to the US Constitution met dramatic resistance in many of the states that had once comprised the Confederacy from, in particular, the Ku Klux Klan. As detailed in the chapter, to try and put down the Klan and advance the new civil rights of the newly freed slaves, Congress authorized President Ulysses Grant to suspend habeas, which he did in portions of South Carolina. The chapter explores this episode as well as the expansion of habeas in the US during this period to permit review of state criminal convictions, noting how this new vision for habeas was predicated upon the writ’s history as a vehicle in times past for freeing slaves and how it has led to pathbreaking criminal justice decisions and more recently, retreat from this habeas model.
Diplomatic History: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Siracusa Joseph M.
Published: July 2021

Diplomacy: A Very Short Introduction introduces the subject of diplomatic history, the critical study of the management of relations between nation-states. Based on significant historical case studies—the diplomacy of the American Revolution, the diplomatic origins of the Great War and its aftermath Versailles, the personal summitry behind the night Stalin and Churchill divided Europe, George W. Bush and the coming of the Iraq War, and diplomacy in the age of globalization—there are concrete examples of diplomacy in action while locating the universal role of negotiations. Through these examples we can see what the key element of success is. The lessons learned provide a road map to navigating the challenges of 21st-century diplomacy.
Amphibians: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Kemp T. S.
Published: July 2021

Amphibians: A Very Short Introduction discusses amphibian evolution, adaptations, and biology. From frogs, toads, newts, and salamanders, to the lesser-known caecilians, there are over 8,000 species of amphibians alive today. Characterized by their moist, naked skin and the tadpole phase of their lives, they are uniquely adapted to occupy the interphase habitat between freshwater and land. This VSI explores topics from their complex courtship behaviour to how their permeable skin enables them to thrive in their habitat and it covers the whole history of amphibians, from their origins 360 million years ago, to the extinction threat they face from humans today.
5. How amphibians feed
Authors: Kemp T. S.
Published: July 2021

‘How amphibians feed’ studies how amphibians feed. Adult amphibians are all carnivores, mostly eating invertebrates. The most effective way for an amphibian to feed when it is under water is to get as close to its prey as possible, then open its mouth suddenly and widely to suck the food in with a stream of water. However, this kind of suction feeding is no use on land. Amphibians feeding on land must use an alternative method. The most common is to have a sticky tongue that can be protruded from the mouth to capture the prey. Another alternative method is to have strong jaws that can grasp the prey directly.
8. Horizontal and vertical agreements
Authors: Ezrachi Ariel
Published: July 2021

‘Horizontal and vertical agreements’ explores the application of US and EU competition laws to horizontal and vertical agreements. Horizontal collaborations and agreements take place between companies at the same level of manufacturing, distribution, or retail. A horizontal cooperation agreement may include restrictions on companies’ freedom to compete on their operation, or may include provisions which facilitate exchange of sensitive information. It is worth considering information exchange agreements. Meanwhile, vertical agreements are agreements between companies operating at different levels of the production or distribution chain. Exclusive distribution agreements and most-favoured-nation clauses (MFN) illustrate the possible anti-competitive effects of vertical agreements.
Final reflections
Authors: Ezrachi Ariel
Published: July 2021

‘Final reflections’ explains that as the understanding of markets and economic theory evolves, so does the application of competition law. With changing market and socio-political realities, these challenges become apparent. We need to consider the rise of digital markets and the threat of climate change, and assess the effect they have on the enforcement of competition and antitrust laws. What is the right formulation of competition policy? The key to effective competition law enforcement lies not in the pretence of purity or certainty, but in an open and informed debate on the law and economics, and the society to which we aspire.
XOmiVAE: an interpretable deep learning model for cancer classification using high-dimensional omics data
Authors: Withnell Eloise , Zhang Xiaoyu , Sun Kai , Guo Yike
Published: July 2021

The lack of explainability is one of the most prominent disadvantages of deep learning applications in omics. This ‘black box’ problem can undermine the credibility and limit the practical implementation of biomedical deep learning models. Here we present XOmiVAE, a variational autoencoder (VAE)-based interpretable deep learning model for cancer classification using high-dimensional omics data. XOmiVAE is capable of revealing the contribution of each gene and latent dimension for each classification prediction and the correlation between each gene and each latent dimension. It is also demonstrated that XOmiVAE can explain not only the supervised classification but also the unsupervised clustering results from the deep learning network. To the best of our knowledge, XOmiVAE is one of the first activation level-based interpretable deep learning models explaining novel clusters generated by VAE. The explainable results generated by XOmiVAE were validated by both the performance of downstream tasks and the biomedical knowledge. In our experiments, XOmiVAE explanations of deep learning-based cancer classification and clustering aligned with current domain knowledge including biological annotation and academic literature, which shows great potential for novel biomedical knowledge discovery from deep learning models.
Effects of Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 With Convalescent Plasma in 25 B-Cell–Depleted Patients
Authors: Gharbharan Arvind , GeurtsvanKessel Corine H , Jordans Carlijn C E , Blaauw Marc , van der Klift Marjolein , Hassing Robert-Jan , Smits-Zwinkels Marijn , Meertens Maaike , van den Hout Ella C , de Man Anne Marie , Hageman Ilse , Bogers Susanne , van der Schoot C Ellen , Swaneveld Francis , Anas Adam A , Rokx Casper , Rijnders Bart J A
Published: July 2021

Twenty-five B-cell–depleted patients (24 following anti-CD19/20 therapy) diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 had been symptomatic for a median of 26 days but remained antibody negative. All were treated with convalescent plasma with high neutralizing antibody titers. Twenty-one (84%) recovered, indicating the potential therapeutic effects of this therapy in this particular population.
Keynes’s user cost and its implication for the real rate of interest
Authors: Takayama Hiroyuki
Published: July 2021

Keynes’s user cost in the General Theory is a two-dimensional concept. While its role as a national income accounting device to avoid double counting has arguably been subsumed under the current national income accounting practices, its significance in the context of the theory of value, specifically how user cost links the current prices of goods and services with their expected future prices, may not have been fully appreciated. This paper elaborates and develops the measurement of user cost along the lines indicated by Keynes and shows that user cost is an expectation-dependent component of prime cost that constitutes the conduit for future price expectations to feed into the current prices. It is argued that user cost plays the role of anchoring the current prices of goods and services to their expected future prices and that this has an implication that raises a serious question about the theoretical usefulness of the real rate of interest as an ex ante concept.