bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The habitat sampling and analysis paradigm has limited value in animal conservation: A prequel
Authors: Morrison Michael L.
Published: February 2012

In this essay, I make the case that our studies of wildlife and habitat are largely decoupled from any meaningful relationship to the distribution of the study species. The field that we broadly classify as wildlife–habitat relationships is characterized by an increasing number of studies that gather additional data on phenomena that are already well studied. I offer that unless we make changes to the fundamental aspect of study design, our studies will fail to advance conservation of species. The current habitat sampling and analysis paradigm involves identification of a convenient study area, drawing samples from the usual list of parameters, conducting a series of statistical analyses, comparing findings to other studies, and justifying publication by extrapolating findings to some unspecified larger area. Recommendations for management are usually vague and are seldom tested for efficacy. Most of our habitat studies have little relevance to the target species with regard to viability. Attempts to translate the “best scientific information” into a set of management guidelines for a species produce one size fits all documents. I describe how we usually compromise our studies well before data collection by failing to establish a cogent framework for sampling from an ecologically meaningful unit of a population, but rather sample based on funding priorities and convenience. Specifying the sampling universe for a species sets the stage for properly establishing the sampling frame. Although we always have a target population, that target is often the result of personal, political, or administrative interest, but has little to do with biological reality. I review various intraspecies levels that could be a focus for study, including subspecies and especially ecotypes. Although making assumptions about our study species and habitat parameters is a necessary step, carrying forward untested assumptions from previous studies and failing to test new ones substantially negates the application of research results to meaningful management actions. I include recommendations for enhancing studies of wildlife and habitat with the intent of altering the current norm of wildlife–habitat studies. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Population dynamics of king eiders breeding in northern Alaska
Authors: Bentzen Rebecca L. , Powell Abby N.
Published: February 2012

The North American population of king eiders (Somateria spectabilis) has declined by more than 50% since the late 1970s for unknown reasons. King eiders spend most of their lives in remote areas, forcing managers to make regulatory and conservation decisions based on very little information. We incorporated available published estimates of vital rates with new estimates to build a female, stage‐based matrix population model for king eiders and examine the processes underlying population dynamics of king eiders breeding at 2 sites, Teshekpuk and Kuparuk, on the coastal plain of northern Alaska and wintering around the Bering Sea (2001–2010). We predicted a decreasing population (λ = 0.981, 95% CI: 0.978–0.985), and that population growth was most sensitive to changes in adult female survival (sensitivity = 0.92). Low duckling survival may be a bottleneck to productivity (variation in ducking survival accounted for 66% of retrospective variation inλ). Adult survival was high (0.94) and invariant (${\hat {\sigma }}^{2} $ = 0.0002, 95% CI: 0.0000–0.0007); however, catastrophic events could have a major impact and we need to consider how to mitigate and manage threats to adult survival. A hypothetical oil spill affecting breeding females in a primary spring staging area resulted in a severe population decline; although, transient population dynamics were relatively stable. However, if no catastrophic events occur, the more variable reproductive parameters (duckling and nest survival) may be more responsive to management actions. Published 2012. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Long‐term patterns of fruit production in five forest types of the South Carolina upper coastal plain
Authors: Greenberg Cathryn H. , Levey Douglas J. , Kwit Charles , Mccarty John P. , Pearson Scott F. , Sargent Sarah , Kilgo John
Published: February 2012

Fleshy fruit is a key food resource for many vertebrates and may be particularly important energy source to birds during fall migration and winter. Hence, land managers should know how fruit availability varies among forest types, seasons, and years. We quantified fleshy fruit abundance monthly for 9 years (1995–2003) in 56 0.1‐ha plots in 5 forest types of South Carolina's upper Coastal Plain, USA. Forest types were mature upland hardwood and bottomland hardwood forest, mature closed‐canopy loblolly (Pinus taeda) and longleaf pine (P. palustris) plantation, and recent clearcut regeneration harvests planted with longleaf pine seedlings. Mean annual number of fruits and dry fruit pulp mass were highest in regeneration harvests (264,592 ± 37,444 fruits; 12,009 ± 2,392 g/ha), upland hardwoods (60,769 ± 7,667 fruits; 5,079 ± 529 g/ha), and bottomland hardwoods (65,614 ± 8,351 fruits; 4,621 ± 677 g/ha), and lowest in longleaf pine (44,104 ± 8,301 fruits; 4,102 ± 877 g/ha) and loblolly (39,532 ± 5,034 fruits; 3,261 ± 492 g/ha) plantations. Fruit production was initially high in regeneration harvests and declined with stand development and canopy closure (1995–2003). Fruit availability was highest June–September and lowest in April. More species of fruit‐producing plants occurred in upland hardwoods, bottomland hardwoods, and regeneration harvests than in loblolly and longleaf pine plantations. Several species produced fruit only in 1 or 2 forest types. In sum, fruit availability varied temporally and spatially because of differences in species composition among forest types and age classes, patchy distributions of fruiting plants both within and among forest types, fruiting phenology, high inter‐annual variation in fruit crop size by some dominant fruit‐producing species, and the dynamic process of disturbance‐adapted species colonization and decline, or recovery in recently harvested stands. Land managers could enhance fruit availability for wildlife by creating and maintaining diverse forest types and age classes. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Reduced chemical kinetic mechanisms for NOx emission prediction in biomass combustion
Authors: Houshfar Ehsan , Skreiberg Øyvind , Glarborg Peter , Løvås Terese
Published: February 2012

Because of the complex composition of biomass, the chemical mechanism contains many different species and therefore a large number of reactions. Although biomass gas‐phase combustion is fairly well researched and understood, the proposed mechanisms are still complex and need very long computational time and powerful hardware resources. A reduction of the mechanism for biomass volatile oxidation has therefore been performed to avoid these difficulties. The selected detailed mechanism in this study contains 81 species and 703 elementary reactions. Necessity analysis is used to determine which species and reactions are of less importance for the predictability of the final result and, hence, can be discarded. For validation, numerical results using the derived reduced mechanism are compared with the results obtained with the original detailed mechanism. The reduced mechanism contains much fewer reactions and chemical species, that is, 35 species and 198 reactions, corresponding to 72% reduction in the number of reactions and, therefore, improving the computational time considerably. Yet, the model based on the reduced mechanism predicts correctly concentrations of NOx and CO that are essentially identical to those of the complete mechanism in the range of reaction conditions of interest, especially for the medium‐temperature range. The reduced mechanism failed to predict the concentrations in the high‐ and low‐temperature range. Therefore, two more reduced mechanisms are also proposed for the high‐ and low‐temperature range with 26 and 52 species, respectively. The modeling conditions are selected in a way to mimic values in the range of temperature 700–1400°C, excess air ratio 0.8–3.3, and four different residence times: 1, 0.1, 0.01, and 0.001 s, since these variables are the main affecting parameters on NOx emission. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 44: 219–231, 2012
On a geometrically exact theory for contact interactions
Authors: Konyukhov Alexander , Schweizerhof Karl
Published: February 2012

The focus of the contribution is on the development of the unified geometrical formulation of contact algorithms in a covariant form for various geometrical situations of contacting bodies leading to contact pairs: surface‐to‐surface, line‐to‐surface, point‐to‐surface, line‐to‐line, point‐to‐line, point‐to‐point. The computational contact algorithm will be considered in accordance with the geometry of contact bodies in a covariant form. This combination forms a geometrically exact theory of contact interaction, see [1]. (© 2011 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Remediating reading difficulties in a response to intervention model with secondary students
Authors: Pyle Nicole , Vaughn Sharon
Published: February 2012

The research on Response to Intervention (RtI) with secondary students is scant; however, a recently conducted, multiyear, large‐scale implementation of RtI with middle‐school students provides findings that inform practices and future directions for research. This article provides an overview of the findings from each of the 3 years of an intensive, tiered reading intervention with middle‐school students. In Year 1, students were provided with a Tier 1 and Tier 2 intervention. In Year 2, minimal responders were provided with another year of intervention (Tier 3), and again in Year 3, minimal responders to the 2‐year intervention were provided with a third year of intervention (Tier 4). Using students' responsiveness to intervention as a prerequisite for a subsequent year of intensive instruction, minimal responders received a total of up to 3 years of intervention. The efficacy of an enhanced primary (Tier 1), secondary (Tier 2), and tertiary (Tier 3) intervention, and an individualized, intensive reading intervention (Tier 4) are discussed, as well as the logistics of implementing an RtI model with secondary students. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modifying instruction within tiers in multitiered intervention programs
Authors: Kupzyk Sara , Daly Edward J. , Ihlo Tanya , Young Nicholas D.
Published: February 2012

Response to Intervention provides a continuum of instruction across intensity levels through multitiered intervention models. A lot of work to date has been devoted to how to configure tiers to ensure the appropriate increases in intensity. Much less work has been devoted to making adjustments within tiers to attempt to forestall the need for moving students to a more intense level of instruction when the student is not making adequate progress. This article provides a simple model for evaluating the current instruction to look for areas in which it can be adjusted before more restrictive measures are taken. The model draws from the literature on functional assessment of academic performance. Teachers and consultants are advised to check (a) the skills targeted for instruction, (b) guided practice, (c) independent practice, (d) implementation fidelity, and (e) the motivating conditions that are present during instruction. The role of each area in student learning and progress is discussed, and recommendations are made for adjustments. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Alkali‐treated semiconducting polypyrrole for infrared detection
Authors: Truong Van‐Tan , McMahon Phillip J. , Wilson Alan R.
Published: February 2012

A simple treatment of a polypyrrole (PPy) film with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions reduces the conductivity (i.e., increased the resistance) and makes the film heat sensitive in the infrared (IR) spectrum with wavelength from 2.5 to 15.4 μm. The IR sensitivity increases with increasing treatment time in NaOH solutions and increasing exposed area to the radiation. The temperature coefficient of resistance, α, quantifying the sensitivity to IR, of the NaOH‐treated PPy is comparable with that of silicon and other conventional materials. The reduction and recovery of resistance due to IR on/off exposure exhibit a tβ dependence, where t is the time and β is determined to be around 0.5. This implies that the response of the material is controlled by diffusion of heat flux into and out of the sample. It is also observed that thermal ageing of the NaOH‐treated PPy film enhances the IR sensitivity. The sensing response of the treated films is observed beyond the thermal IR region to ultraviolet–visible wavelengths. Thus, the NaOH‐treated PPy appears to be a broadband sensing material. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2012
Multi‐scale correlation functions associated with polynomials of the diffusion operator
Authors: Yaremchuk Max , Sentchev Alexei
Published: February 2012

Correlation functions associated with the inverse covariances represented by polynomials of the homogeneous diffusion operator D are obtained analytically for an arbitrary polynomial of D, constrained by the positive‐definiteness condition of the covariance operator. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Warranty Claims Data Analysis Considering Sales Delay
Authors: Akbarov Artur , Wu Shaomin
Published: February 2012

Sales delay is the time interval from the date of manufacture to the date of sale. In analysing warranty claims data, the existing research relating to the sales delay has mainly focussed on estimating the probability distribution of the sales delay. Longer sales delay may lead to more warranty claims as it can affect the post‐sale reliability of products. However, research into this problem has received little attention.

This article estimates the expected number of warranty claims under both renewing and non‐renewing warranty policies taking into account the sales delay. We consider the case with three states, the sales delay state, the operating state and the failed state. We extend the three‐state case into an n state system case, where n ⩾ 3. We then give numerical examples to demonstrate the application of the derived equations. We also present a simulation and a case study where we estimate the reliability of products with three states. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improved group key transfer protocols from the protocol of Harn et al.
Authors: Wang Zhiwei
Published: February 2012

In 2010, Harn et al. proposed an authenticated group key transfer protocol‐based secret sharing. In their protocol, for distributing a secret group key involving t group members, the key generation center (KGC) needs to broadcast a message containing (t + 1) elements to all group members, whereas each group member needs to compute a tth‐degree interpolating polynomial to recover the secret group key. Thus, the protocol of Harn et al. is only suitable for small‐size groups. We propose an improved protocol from the protocol of Harn et al. In our protocol, the size of a broadcasted message from the KGC is fixed, and each group member only needs to compute a fixed‐degree interpolating polynomial to recover the group key. Thus, our protocol can be suitable for large‐size groups. On the other hand, in the protocol of Harn et al., the KGC should be mutually trusted because it knows all group keys for every communication. If the KGC is untrustworthy, it can bring great threats to the group communications. In this paper, we also propose another improved group key transfer protocol based on untrustworthy KGC. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative intrusion intensity assessment for intrusion detection systems
Authors: Kim Dong Seong , Lee Sang Min , Kim Tae Hwan , Park Jong Sou
Published: February 2012

One of the main problems of existing approaches in anomaly detection in intrusion detection system (IDS) is that IDSs provide only binary detection result: intrusion (attack) or normal. If some attack data or normal data is belonged to boundary, they may be classified wrongly. That is a main cause of high false rates and inaccurate detection rates in IDS. We propose a new approach named Quantitative Intrusion Intensity Assessment (QIIA) that exploits proximity metrics computation so that it provides intrusion (or normal) quantitative intensity value. It is capable of representing how an instance of audit data is proximal to intrusion or normal in a numerical value. This can identify unknown intrusion and normal pattern more accurately. Prior to applying QIIA to audit data, we perform feature selection and parameter optimization of detection models to decrease the overheads to process audit data and to enhance detection rates. Random Forests is used to generate proximity metrics that represent the intrusion intensity (and normal instance intensity) in a numerical way. The numerical value is used to determine whether unknown audit data are intrusion or normal. We carry out several experiments on KDD 1999 dataset and the experimental results show the feasibility of our approach. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interference‐aware convergecast scheduling in wireless sensor/actuator networks for active airflow control applications
Authors: Dai Xuewu , Omiyi Peter E. , Bür Kaan , Yang Yang
Published: February 2012

Emerging wireless sensor/actuator network (WSAN) technology has the potential to enable semi‐autonomous airflow control to improve the aerodynamic performance of aircraft. In this paper, a WSAN comprising of multiple linear sensor clusters terminated by actuators is proposed for active airflow control with the objective of minimizing convergecast latency. Here, the convergecast delay is defined as the time required from the beginning of a sampling period to all all sensor's data of this sampling period is received by the actuator. The objective is achieved by minimizing the separation distance of concurrent data transmission so that the number of nodes sending data in the same time slot is maximized. The problem turns into a scheduling problem with a proper selection of interference separation. However, most existing work on the scheduling in linear networks use the minimum separation of two hops to avoid collisions. This paper examines the relationship between the hop separation, signal‐to‐noise ratio, and the latency to make a selection of interference separation. A new interference aware hybrid line scheduling (HLS) algorithm is proposed and its energy consumption is analyzed. Compared with other line scheduling policies, the analysis and simulation results show that, at moderately high node densities, the proposed HLS with carefully selected hop separation is able to reduce both the delay by up to 15% and the energy consumption somehow. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hepatocellular Telomere Length in Biliary Atresia Measured by Q‐FISH
Authors: Sanada Yukihiro , Aida Junko , Kawano Youichi , Nakamura Ken‐ichi , Shimomura Naotaka , Ishikawa Naoshi , Arai Tomio , Poon Steven S. S. , Yamada Naoya , Okada Noriki , Wakiya Taiichi , Hayashida Makoto , Saito Takeshi , Egami Satoshi , Hishikawa Shuji , Ihara Yoshiyuki , Urahashi Taizen , Mizuta Koichi , Yasuda Yoshikazu , Kawarasaki Hideo , Takubo Kaiyo
Published: February 2012

Background

Liver transplantation for biliary atresia is indicated whenever a Kasai portoenterostomy is considered unfeasible. However, the timing of liver transplantation in biliary atresia has not been precisely defined. Excessive shortening of hepatocellular telomeres may occur in patients with biliary atresia, and therefore, telomere length could be a predictor of hepatocellular reserve capacity.

Methods

Hepatic tissues were obtained from 20 patients with biliary atresia who underwent LT and 10 age‐matched autopsied individuals (mean age, 1.7 and 1.2 years, respectively). Telomere lengths were measured by Southern blotting and quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization using the normalized telomere‐centromere ratio. The correlation between the normalized telomere‐centromere ratio for the hepatocytes in biliary atresia and the pediatric end‐stage liver disease score was analyzed.

Results

The median terminal restriction fragment length of the hepatic tissues in biliary atresia was not significantly different from that of the control (p = 0.425), whereas the median normalized telomere‐centromere ratio of hepatocytes in biliary atresia was significantly smaller than that of the control (p < 0.001). Regression analysis demonstrated a negative correlation of the normalized telomere‐centromere ratio with the pediatric end‐stage liver disease score in biliary atresia (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Telomere length analysis using quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization could be an objective indicator of hepatocellular reserve capacity in patients with biliary atresia, and excessive telomere shortening supports the early implementation of liver transplantation.
Effect of a suspension suture in addition to a total anatomical reconstruction in robot assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy: does it help early continence?
Authors: Shah Taimur Tariq , Undre Shabnam , Adshead Jim
Published: February 2012

Introduction:

Continence post robotic assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALP) is approximately 90% and many reconstructive techniques have been described to improve early continence. We assessed whether a peri-urethral suspension stitch in addition to a total anatomical repair (TAR) improved early continence.

Materials and methods:

We describe our procedure and assessed 68 consecutive RALP’s over a two-year period. Complete data were collected on continence rates and incontinence modular questionnaire (ICIQ) scores in 55 patients.

Results:

In the “no suspension stitch” (NoSS) group continence rates at 2 weeks, 6 weeks and 3 months were 11%, 48% and 81% respectively whilst in the “suspension stitch” (SS) group continence rates were 11%, 46% and 75% respectively (lowest p-value = 0.26 seen at 2 weeks). Average ICIQ scores in the NoSS group were 9.8, 6.6 and 4.3 and in the SS group were 9.4, 6.4 and 4.8 at each time frame (lowest p-value = 0.63 at 6 weeks).

Conclusions:

No significant difference in continence or ICIQ scores was seen between the two groups. Overall our continence rates were comparable to the published literature. The addition of a suspension stitch did not add any further benefit in improving early continence when performing a total anatomical reconstruction.
Practical Fluoroscopy of the GI and GU Tracts
Authors: Levine Marc S. , Ramchandani Parvati , Rubesin Stephen E.
Published: February 2012

Practical Fluoroscopy of the GI and GU Tracts highlights the critical role of fluoroscopy in the diagnosis of luminal GI and GU diseases, presenting both the fundamentals and nuances for performing and interpreting all types of these examinations. The text presents detailed descriptions of the techniques for performing GI and GU fluoroscopic procedures in a logical, stepwise format. Practical tips, advice and solutions address the problems and pitfalls commonly encountered during these examinations. Clear, concise, yet comprehensive descriptions of the relevant clinical and radiographic findings and differential diagnoses also provide a focused approach for interpreting GI and GU studies. A plethora of carefully annotated figures illustrate the pertinent findings. Practical Fluoroscopy of the GI and GU Tracts is a must-have text for both radiology trainees and experienced radiologists and is an essential addition to the library of every radiology training program and the fluoroscopy suite of every radiology practice.
Greater Rome and Greater Britain
Authors: Lucas Sir Charles Prestwood
Published: February 2012

In later Victorian England, although classical literature had long dominated education, Roman history and politics became popular areas of study, particularly after Queen Victoria became Empress of India in 1877. Many writers on colonialism drew parallels between the Roman and British Empires, but Sir Charles Lucas' book, first published in 1912, went further in its analysis. He stresses that the causes of an empire's growth and strength are numerous, and that geography and technological development are particularly important. Like writers such as Froude, he attempts to forecast the future development of the British Empire. He also points out differences between the two empires. Roman expansion was not accompanied by widespread emigration, in the way that British colonists settled North America and Australasia, for example. British India, manifesting the military and economic domination of a much larger subject people by a tiny administrative class, bore more resemblance to Roman imperialism.
The British Navy
Authors: Brassey Thomas
Published: February 2012

Sir Thomas Brassey (1836–1918), later Earl Brassey, was a politician with a particular interest in maritime affairs. He was a keen sailor, and his wife's accounts of their many voyages (also reissued in this series) were bestsellers. He subsequently became a Lord of the Admiralty and Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, and Brassey's Naval Annual was for many years the authoritative survey of worldwide navies. This five-volume survey of the state of the British Navy was published between 1882 and 1883. Brassey was much involved with questions of the modernisation and reform of the Navy, at a time when international relations were marked by a maritime arms race. The books provide much technical detail about the different types of ship and weapons available to the Navy. Volume 5 (originally published in 1877 as British Seamen) discusses the merchant navy and the training of seamen.
The Dispatches of Field Marshal the Duke of Wellington
Authors: Wellesley Arthur
Published: February 2012

Arthur Wellesley (1769–1852), the first Duke of Wellington, was one of the most successful military figures of the early nineteenth century. After fighting in the fourth Anglo-Mysore war in India, his successes during the Peninsular War (1809–1814) and his victory at the Battle of Waterloo (1815) established his reputation as a brilliant military tactician. These volumes, first published between 1834 and 1839, contain the letters, dispatches, instructions and general military orders Wellington wrote throughout his military career. Edited by his private secretary, Colonel John Gurwood (1790–1845), they offer a wealth of fascinating details concerning Wellington's campaigns in India and Europe, from mundane administrative tasks to discussions of tactics, personnel and intelligence-gathering. These volumes are reissued from the 1844 revised edition, and provide invaluable information for the study of warfare during this period. Volume 6 covers his Peninsular campaigns between 1812 and 1813.
Central Pain Syndrome
Authors: Canavero Sergio , Bonicalzi Vincenzo
Published: February 2012

A fully updated new edition of this definitive, unrivalled, no-nonsense textbook, Central Pain Syndrome: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management provides new treatment guidelines that aid the reader in effective management. • Encyclopedic coverage of all drug and surgical therapies, including the hot field of non-invasive and invasive cortical stimulation • 26 totally rewritten chapters include expanded sections on deep brain, spinal and other forms of stimulation, and a chapter on the efficacy of alternative and complementary medicine • Critical analysis of all current competing theories, including an expanded account of the leading dynamic reverberation theory which now incorporates a cortical attractor-based model • Clear-cut indications on drug usage, with black boxes for ineffective or dangerous drugs A classic textbook widely hailed on patients' websites, this is key reading for medical specialists and trainees in pain management, neurology, neurosurgery and anesthesiology, as well as for patients
Plant Lectins
Authors: Pusztai A.
Published: February 2012

This volume surveys the chemistry, biochemistry, biosynthesis, metabolism and pharmacological properties of lectins. Lectins, which are most commonly found in plants, are widespread natural products with striking biological activities. Their specific ability to recognise and bind to simple or complex saccharides facilitates their role as effective information protein molecules. As agents of cell-to-cell recognition, lectins promote symbiosis between plants and specific nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria. As natural defensive molecules, they can protect plants against predators such as bacteria, fungi and insects. As part of our diet, lectins are powerful exogenous growth factors in the small intestine and influence our health, the digestive function and the bacterial ecology of the alimentary tract. Lectins are also important research tools in preparative biochemistry and cell science.
Infinite Electrical Networks
Authors: Zemanian Armen H.
Published: February 2012

This book presents the salient features of the general theory of infinite electrical networks in a coherent exposition. Using the basic tools of functional analysis and graph theory, the author examines the fundamental developments in the field and discusses applications to other areas of mathematics. The first half of the book presents existence and uniqueness theorems for both infinite-power and finite-power voltage-current regimes, and the second half discusses methods for solving problems in infinite cascades and grids. A notable feature is the invention of transfinite networks, roughly analogous to Cantor's extension of the natural numbers to the transfinite ordinals. The last chapter is a survey of application to exterior problems of partial differential equations, random walks on infinite graphs, and networks of operators on Hilbert spaces.
Sartre and 'Les Temps Modernes'
Authors: Davies Howard
Published: February 2012

This is a history of Jean-Paul Sartre's monthly review Les Temps Modernes, an immensely influential publication launched in 1945. The journal set out from the beginning to effect a revolutionary redefinition of psychology, sociology, political theory and anthropology, in order to assist in the socialist transformation of France and the world. Dr Davies is the first author to examine the review from a multidisciplinary viewpoint. The result is a panorama of forty years of French intellectual history, of debate and rivalry informed by and influencing the political struggles of the time - the Cold War, the Algerian revolution, the Gaullist era, May 1968, the Maoism of the 1970s. It is also an important chapter in the biography of Sartre which offers a new sense of the magnitude of his philosophical and moral aspirations and a revaluation of his work and status.
Performing Greek Comedy
Authors: Hughes Alan
Published: February 2012

Alan Hughes presents a new complete account of production methods in Greek comedy. The book summarises contemporary research and disputes, on such topics as acting techniques, theatre buildings, masks and costumes, music and the chorus. Evidence is re-interpreted and traditional doctrine overthrown. Comedy is presented as the pan-Hellenic, visual art of theatre, not as Athenian literature. Recent discoveries in visual evidence are used to stimulate significant historical revisions. The author has directly examined 350 vase scenes of comedy in performance and actor-figurines, in 75 collections, from Melbourne to St Petersburg. Their testimony is applied to acting techniques and costumes, and women's participation in comedy and mime. The chapters are arranged by topic, for convenient reference by scholars and students of theatre history, literature, classics and drama. Overall, the book provides a fresh practical insight into this continually developing subject.
Effective Treatments in Psychiatry
Authors: Tyrer Peter , Silk Kenneth R.
Published: February 2012

This is a book of psychiatry at its most practical level. It answers the sorts of questions psychiatrists ask on a daily basis. What treatments are available for the condition this patient has? What is the evidence for the effectiveness of each of these treatments? Is there any value in combinations of treatment? And, can I be sure that the evidence and recommendations are free from bias? This handy pocket reference summarises the key elements of the Cambridge Textbook of Effective Treatments in Psychiatry. The text has been revised to provide the most up-to-date evidence for treatment decisions, with an accompanying summary table for each chapter to reinforce the recommendations. It is an essential guide for mental health professionals of all disciplines as well as medical students and trainees.
The Roots of English Colonialism in Ireland
Authors: Montaño John Patrick
Published: February 2012

This 2011 book is a major study of the cultural foundations of the Tudor plantations in Ireland and of early English imperialism more generally. John Patrick Montaño traces the roots of colonialism in the key relationship of cultivation and civility in Tudor England and shows the central role this played in Tudor strategies for settling, civilising and colonising Ireland. The book ranges from the role of cartography, surveying and material culture - houses, fences, fields, roads and bridges - in manifesting the new order to the place of diet, leisure, language and hairstyles in establishing cultural differences as a site of conflict between the Irish and the imperialising state and as a justification for the civilising process. It shows that the ideologies and strategies of colonisation which would later be applied in the New World were already apparent in the practices, material culture and hardening attitude towards barbarous customs of the Tudor regime.
The Design and Construction of Harbours
Authors: Stevenson Thomas
Published: February 2012

Thomas Stevenson (1818–1887) was the son of the engineer Robert Stevenson, and father of the writer Robert Louis Stevenson. Like his brothers David and Alan, he became a lighthouse designer, being responsible for over thirty examples around Scotland. Throughout his career he was interested in the theory as well as the practice of his profession, and published over sixty articles on engineering and meteorology. He was an international expert on lighthouses and harbour engineering. This work was first published in 1864 as a development of his article on harbours in the eighth edition (1857) of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, and considerably expanded in a second edition of 1874 which is reprinted here. Stevenson studied how the wind, waves and tides would act on the coastline and man-made structures, and the design of each harbour needed to take a wide range of factors into consideration.
Three Expeditions into the Interior of Eastern Australia
Authors: Mitchell T. L.
Published: February 2012

Sir Thomas Livingstone Mitchell (1792–1855) was an acclaimed surveyor and explorer of Australia. After attending the University of Edinburgh Mitchell joined the British Army in 1811. He took part in major battles of the Peninsular War and difficult military surveys in the Pyrenees. In 1827 he was appointed Deputy Surveyor of New South Wales, and he became Surveyor General in 1828. This fascinating two-volume work, first published in 1838, contains Mitchell's illustrated account of his three expeditions into the then unexplored interior of modern eastern Victoria and southern New South Wales between 1831 and 1836, for which he received a knighthood in 1839. Drawing on Mitchell's personal journals, Volume 1 describes in vivid detail the difficulties and dangers of exploring the Kindur and Gwydir rivers, and provides valuable first-hand descriptions of the lives and society of the indigenous Australians his expedition encountered.
The Writings of Thomas Jefferson
Authors: Jefferson Thomas
Published: February 2012

Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826) was the third United States President (1801–9) and the principal author of the Declaration of Independence. An advocate of republicanism, he envisioned America as an 'Empire of Liberty' that would strive to promote freedom around the world. First published in 1853–4, this nine-volume edition of Jefferson's writings shows the breadth of his intellectual and political interests. His autobiography, letters, diaries and political memoranda reflect a life lived at the centre of pivotal events, including the French and American Revolutions, and the founding of a new nation. Through them we discover his contribution to the pursuit of world peace, the evolving relationships between the United States and the European powers, and the development of the American constitution and judicial system. Volume 4 contains letters written after Jefferson's return from Europe in 1789, and during his time as Secretary of State, Vice-President and President.
The Writings of Thomas Jefferson
Authors: Jefferson Thomas
Published: February 2012

Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826) was the third United States President (1801–9) and the principal author of the Declaration of Independence. An advocate of republicanism, he envisioned America as an 'Empire of Liberty' that would strive to promote freedom around the world. First published in 1853–4, this nine-volume edition of Jefferson's writings shows the breadth of his intellectual and political interests. His autobiography, letters, diaries and political memoranda reflect a life lived at the centre of pivotal events, including the French and American Revolutions, and the founding of a new nation. Through them we discover his contribution to the pursuit of world peace, the evolving relationships between the United States and the European powers, and the development of the American constitution and judicial system. Volume 5 contains letters written by Jefferson in the later days of his presidency, offering a vivid picture of his service to his country.
Recursion via Pascal
Authors: Rohl
Published: February 2012

This book is devoted to recursion in programming, the technique by which the solution to a problem is expressed partly in terms of the solution to a simpler version of the same problem. Ultimately the solution to the simplest version must be given explicitly. In functional programming, recursion has received its full due since it is quite often the only repetitive construct. However, the programming language used here is Pascal and the examples have been chosen accordingly. It makes an interesting contrast with the use of recursion in functional and logic programming. The early chapters consider simple linear recursion using examples such as finding the highest common factor of a pair of numbers, and processing linked lists. Subsequent chapters move up through binary recursion, with examples which include the Towers of Hanoi problem and symbolic differentiation, to general recursion. The book contains well over 100 examples.
A method for the external attachment of acoustic tags on sea stars
Authors: Chim C.K. , Tan K.S.
Published: February 2012

A method was developed to attach underwater acoustic transmitters on the knobby sea star Protoreaster nodosus. Cylindrical transmitters, each measuring 36 mm length × 13 mm diameter in size and 11 g in weight, were used in this study. Each transmitter was placed in a neoprene holder that was attached externally to the middle of one arm of P. nodosus with a nylon monofilament fishing line. Attachment was achieved by threading the monofilament line through two small perforations aborally along its mid-ridge and adorally through the ambulacral groove. Some 36 individuals were successfully tagged over a three-year period between 2007 and 2010 on an intertidal reef in Singapore using this technique. Tagging did not appear to affect survival, feeding or movement of sea stars during the period of attachment, which averaged 60 days. This method may work equally well with other types of tags, such as depth recorders and accelerometers.
Reproductive biology of the lentil bobtail squid, Rondeletiola minor (Cephalopoda: Sepiolidae) from the eastern Mediterranean
Authors: Önsoy Bahadir , Ceylan Beytullah , Salman Alp
Published: February 2012

A total of 208 Rondeletiola minor were sampled from the eastern Mediterranean with the depth contours of 150, 350 and 550 m. Body sizes of 32 mature females ranged from 11.8 to 19.5 mm dorsal mantle length (ML), that of mature males were 11.1–19.1 mm ML. Potential fecundity varied between 192 and 315 eggs in maturing females, and ripe egg sizes were 1.1–3.0 mm. Ripe egg amount did not exceed 15% of the fecundity. The average number of spermatophores was 176 with two extreme individuals that had 557 and 674 spermatophores, respectively. Spawning occurs continuously with an asynchronous ovulation pattern. Mature animals were found throughout the year with a peak in gonadosomatic index in spring. The life cycle of R. minor was estimated to be 10 months with different cohorts in reproduction depending on how temperature affects the hatching.
Changes in the small intestine ofSchistosoma mansoni-infected mice fed a high-fat diet
Authors: DE BARROS ALENCAR ALBA CRISTINA MIRANDA , NEVES RENATA HEISLER , DE OLIVEIRA ALBANITA VIANA , MACHADO-SILVA JOSÉ ROBERTO
Published: February 2012

The consumption of a high-fat diet modifies both the morphology of the small intestine and experimentally tested effects of schistosomiasis mansoni. However, whether a schistosomiasis infection associated with a high-fat diet causes injury to the small intestine has never been investigated. Mice were fed either a high-fat or a standard-fat diet for 6 months and were then infected withSchistosoma mansonicercariae. Physical characteristics of the intestinal tissue (mucosal thickness, small intestinal villi length and height, and abundance of goblet cells and enterocytes on the villous surface) and the distribution of granulomas along the intestinal segments and their developmental stage were measured at the time of sacrifice (9 or 17 weeks post-infection). The group fed a high-fat diet exhibited different granuloma stages, whereas the control group possessed only exudative granulomas. The chronically infected mice fed a high-fat diet exhibited higher granuloma and egg numbers than the acutely infected group. Exudative, exudative/exudative-productive and exudative-productive granulomas were present irrespective of diet. Computer-aided morphometric analysis confirmed that villus length, villus width, muscular height and submucosal height of the duodenal and jejunal segments were affected by diet and infection. In conclusion, a high-fat diet and infection had a significant impact on the small intestine morphology and morphometry among the animals tested.
Seasonal and biogeographical patterns of gastrointestinal parasites in large carnivores: wolves in a coastal archipelago
Authors: BRYAN HEATHER M. , DARIMONT CHRIS T. , HILL JANET E. , PAQUET PAUL C. , THOMPSON R. C. ANDREW , WAGNER BRENT , SMITS JUDIT E. G.
Published: February 2012

Parasites are increasingly recognized for their profound influences on individual, population and ecosystem health. We provide the first report of gastrointestinal parasites in gray wolves from the central and north coasts of British Columbia, Canada. Across 60 000 km2, wolf feces were collected from 34 packs in 2005–2008. At a smaller spatial scale (3300 km2), 8 packs were sampled in spring and autumn. Parasite eggs, larvae, and cysts were identified using standard flotation techniques and morphology. A subset of samples was analysed by PCR and sequencing to identify tapeworm eggs (n=9) andGiardiacysts (n=14). We detected ⩾14 parasite taxa in 1558 fecal samples.Sarcocystissporocysts occurred most frequently in feces (43·7%), followed by taeniid eggs (23·9%),Diphyllobothriumeggs (9·1%),Giardiacysts (6·8%),Toxocara caniseggs (2·1%), andCryptosporidiumoocysts (1·7%). Other parasites occurred in ⩽1% of feces. Genetic analyses revealedEchinococcus canadensisstrains G8 and G10,Taenia ovis krabbei, Diphyllobothrium nehonkaiense,andGiardia duodenalisassemblages A and B. Parasite prevalence differed between seasons and island/mainland sites. Patterns in parasite prevalence reflect seasonal and spatial resource use by wolves and wolf-salmon associations. These data provide a unique, extensive and solid baseline for monitoring parasite community structure in relation to environmental change.
Blood feeding in juvenileParagnathia formica(Isopoda: Gnathiidae): biochemical characterization of trypsin inhibitors, detection of anticoagulants, and molecular identification of fish hosts
Authors: MANSHIP B. M. , WALKER A. J. , JONES L. A. , DAVIES A. J.
Published: February 2012

The 3 post-marsupial juvenile stages of the gnathiid isopod,Paragnathia formica, are haematophagous ectoparasites of fishes that may, in heavy infestations, cause host mortality. Protein digestion in fed stage 3 juveniles is accomplished by cysteine proteinases, but what bioactive compounds attenuate host haemostatic, inflammatory and immunological responses during feeding is unknown. Trypsin inhibitory activity and anticoagulant activity were detected in crude extracts of unfedP. formicastage 1 juveniles; fractionation of stage 1 crude extracts by ion exchange chromatography resulted in 3 preparations each displaying these bioactivities. Further characterization revealed anti-thrombin activity in 2 of these preparations, whilst the third displayed the strongest anticoagulant activity that targeted a factor of the intrinsic coagulation pathway. Three trypsin inhibitors (18 kDa, 21 kDa, and 22 kDa) were also detected using reverse zymography. In parallel, homogenates of fed stage 2 and 3 juveniles were used to identify their fish hosts by amplifying the 16S mitochondrial rDNA and 18S genomic rDNA vertebrate gene regions. Blood from at least 4 fish families had been ingested by separate individuals during feeding. This study demonstrates that trypsin inhibitors and anticoagulants are present inP. formicajuveniles which could suppress host haemostatic, inflammatory and immunological responses during feeding, and that juveniles are not host specific.
Experimental assessment of the effects of gastrointestinal parasites on offspring quality in chinstrap penguins (Pygoscelis antarctica)
Authors: PALACIOS M. J. , VALERA F. , BARBOSA A.
Published: February 2012

Parasites reduce host fitness and consequently impose strong selection pressures on their hosts. It has been hypothesized that parasites are scarcer and their overall effect on hosts is weaker at higher latitudes. Although Antarctic birds have relatively low numbers of parasites, their effect on host fitness has rarely been investigated. The effect of helminth parasitism on growth rate was experimentally studied in chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) nestlings. In a total of 22 two-nestling broods, 1 nestling was treated with anthelminthics (for cestodes and nematodes) while its sibling was left as a control. Increased growth rate was predicted in de-wormed nestlings compared to their siblings. As expected, 15 days after treatment, the experimental nestlings had increased body mass more than their siblings. These results show a non-negligible negative effect of helminth parasites on nestling body condition that would presumably affect future survival and thus fitness, and it has been suggested there is a strong relationship between body mass and mortality in chinstrap penguins.