Ensuring Equitable Access to Quality HIV Care for Key Populations in Complex Sociocultural Settings: Lessons from Nigeria
Authors: Salihu Abdulsamad , Jahun Ibrahim , Oyedeji David Olusegun , Fajemisin Wole , Idogho Omokhudu , Shehu Samira , Anyanti Jennifer 
Published: January 2025

Background

The HIV infection remains one of the major diseases of public health importance globally with an estimated 40.4 million deaths and 39 million people living with the virus by 2022. About 40 countries are on track to achieve a 95% reduction in AIDS-related mortality by 2030. This progress is however challenged by sub-optimal progress among key populations (KP). Society for Family Health (SFH), with about 3 decades of experiences in KP program present in this paper an account of key strategies and innovations in adapting its service provisioning efforts to rapidly changing socio-cultural and political barriers to service delivery among KP in northern Nigeria.

Methods

SFH is an indigenous nonprofit, non-political, non-governmental organization in Nigeria that has pioneered HIV interventions among KP across most parts of Nigeria. SFH has successfully tailored its interventions to the unique cultural and religious diversity of Nigeria. The predominantly Islamic-orientated population in the northern part of the country and the Christian-oriented population in the southern part, which is culturally inclined to Western orientations, have all been considered in SFH’s comprehensive approach instilling confidence in the effectiveness of its strategies. SFH implemented 3 key strategies to circumvent pervasive socio-cultural and political barriers that hindered successful KP program implementation in northern Nigeria by addressing structural barriers, systems barriers (service-provider and client-related barriers) and by deployment of innovations to optimize program performance. For the purposes of this retrospective cross-sectional study, deidentified routine aggregate program data was utilized to conduct secondary data analysis.

Results

Between 2019 – 2023, SFH tested a total of 324,391 KP of whom 30,581 were found to be HIV positives yielding overall positivity rate of 9.4%. People who inject drugs (PWID) demonstrated sustained high positivity rate over the 5 years. About 80% of those initiated on treatment were FSW and MSM contributing to 41.8% and 38.5% respectively. Year on year, the number of KP receiving ART more than doubled in 2020 and grew by 85%, 43% and 30% in 2021, 2022 and 2023 respectively. There was progressive increase in VL testing coverage between Year 1 – Year 3 across all the three KP typologies and then steady decline between Year 4 – Year 5. Between Year 1 – Year 2 the viral load suppression was at 91% with remarkable improvement to 97% in Year 3 and Year 4 and at 99% in Year 5.

Conclusion

The implementation of people-centered, evidence-driven, culturally, and religiously sensitive program enabled SFH to reach a high number of KP in northern Nigeria. This helps improve equity in access to care by KP. There are specific program areas that need continuous improvement including strategies to reach MSMs to avoid the evolution of new structural barriers; expansion of PWID programming to optimize all aspects of harm reduction; and sustained sensitization, education, and awareness creation among KP to improve uptake of PrEP and other prevention and care services.