bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Environmental risk, sustainability discourses, and public relations
Authors: Roper Juliet
Published: January 2012

As modern societies become increasingly aware of the social and environmental costs of industrialization we are seeing significant shifts in the ways in which businesses, governments and societies think about a viable future. Traditional discourses of economic growth are meeting ascendant discourses of sustainability. This article explores the resulting struggle through analysis of discursive influences in the development of environmental policy in New Zealand at potential critical turning points over a 10-year period. The role of public relations professionals in such discursive struggles, and the implications for organizations and public relations in the long term are discussed.
A Spatial Analysis of Policy Stability in Western Democracies, I: A Society-Centered Model with Applications to Spain and Sweden
Authors: Kim Hee-Min
Published: January 2012

In this article, I suggest a new typology for the stability of a political system, differentiating policy stability from government stability. I argue that it is when a system is policy-stable that we expect to see a stable and efficacious government. Even when a government change occurs, the policy preferences of the new government are likely to be similar to those of the previous one and we don't expect to see radical policy changes. I go on to show the conditions of policy stability by building a formal model of coalition formation among social groups, assuming a society is made up of social groups with distinctive policy preferences. I show political and social conditions under which stability is likely by studying power distributions among the social groups and the preferences they have over politically salient issues under which a certain set of policies can be stably implemented. In the first part of this article, the government is assumed to have no direct control over societal resources. In the second part, I examine an alternative model in which the government holds direct control over societal resources of its own. I apply the model developed here to the examples of Spain and Sweden throughout this article.
Germany Today: Continuity and Change
Authors: Herz Dietmar
Published: January 2012

Events of recent months have changed the face of German politics. Or, to be more precise, they have shown that Germany has changed in recent years. Seen from the year 1999, these transformations have been twofold: on one hand, important fundamental conditions of German politics have changed over the past ten years; on the other hand, since last fall, a new government established new priorities. In a first step, this paper will give a short description of the internal and external state of German affairs at the end of Helmut Kohl's long reign. It will then analyse the current domestic and foreign policy situation in Germany, its new political directions, the reforms and setbacks of the new coalition of Social Democrats and Greens. In concluding, the more thoroughgoing aspects of change in Germany since unification will briefly be discussed.
French Business Culture: The End of the “Cultural Exception”?
Authors: Roesler Cedric
Published: January 2012

The French way of doing business still has some very specific features the role of “Grandes ecoles” or the way to lead a negotiation. But many exceptions seem to fading in the content of the European Union and of the globalization of economic culture. The new period of growth that France is how experiencing may actually reinforce the people's confidence in globalization, and accelerate the (normalization) of some specific habits. In this paper it will be discussed that the relation between the global business culture and  of france.
Reforming the Welfare State: German and European Experiences and Challenges
Authors: Seliger Bernhard
Published: January 2012

The rise of the welfare state has been a characteristic feature of Western European development after the second world war, despite quite different economic models in Western European countries. However, dynamic implications of the welfare state made a reform increasingly necessary. Therefore, since the 1980s the reform of the welfare state has been an important topic for Western European states. This paper describes the development of the welfare state and analyzes possible welfare reform strategies with special respect to the case of Germany. It focuses on the interdependence of political and economic aspects of welfare reform on the national as well as international level.
Beyond the IMF Medicine: Thailand's Response to the 1997 Financial Crisis
Authors: Sharma Shalendra D.
Published: January 2012

From the summer of 1997 through summer 1999, Thailand's economy took a steep plunge into recession and economic collapse. Only in the third-quarter of 1999, did the economy give signs of a fragile, if hesitant recovery. Almost immediately the International Monetary Fund(IMF) took credit, arguing that its policies and programs were finally producing results. How valid is this claim. This paper argues that the IMF policies by itself cannot explain the recovery. Indeed, if the Thai government continued to follow the IMF's orthodox prescriptions, it would have dragged the economy further into crisis. Rather, it is argued that the Chuan administration deserves much credit for the recovery. By rejecting some of the IMF's mis-guided policies and by its effective management of the crisis, the Chuan government laid the basis for a gradual and sustained recovery.
A Comparative Study of Political Newspaper Advertising in the United States and Japan
Authors: Kim Chun-Sik
Published: January 2012

This study examines the contents of political advertising between the U.S. and Japan. The population of this study was defined as all political ads appearing in major daily newspapers during the 1963–1996 presidential election campaigns in the U.S. and the House of Representatives' election campaigns in Japan. In the case of U.S., five major dailies were selected for the present study: the Atlanta Constitution, the Chicago Tribune, the LA Times, the New York Times, and the Washington Post. In the case of Japan, it has four major national dailies: the Asahi Shimbun, the Mainichi Shimbun, the Yomiuri Shimbun, and the Nihonkeizai Shimbun. A total of 396 newspaper ads were analyzed in this study. Results of this study showed that there were differences of types and valences of political advertising between the U.S. and Japan.
The Gulf Cooperation Council in Light of International Relations Theory
Authors: Legrenzi Matteo
Published: January 2012

This research attempts to supplement some of the traditional explanations for the creation of the Gulf Cooperation Council. In this regard, this study, first, expose very briefly the connection between the analysis of contemporary regionalism and three major theoretical currents in the study of international relations. Second, it describes the organization, the process by which it came about, its organizational structure and what makes it different from other subregional groupings in the Arab world. Finally, this paper makes some general considerations on the usefulness of culturalist explanations in the fields of alliance theory and security studies. Through these observations, this research concludes that explanations based on identity can supplement strategic explanations based on realist theories.
The Applicability of Sociological Theories to Ethnic Conflicts in Central Asia: The Case of Kazakhstan
Authors: Lee Chaimun
Published: January 2012

This paper tries to show how ethnic conflicts in Kazakhstan can be explained by sociological theories. In order to illustrate ethnic conflicts in Kazakhstan, three sociological theories - modernization perspective, exploitation theory and social stratification theory - were presented. As a result of contrasting these theories against the real situation in Kazakhstan to prove their utilities, these sociological theories were not quite able to fully explain the realities of ethnic antagonism in Kazakhstan. The instrumental approach, as an alternative perspective, was thus adopted to address the ethnic strife between the Kazakhs and Russians. This instrumental approach, in which ethnicity is regarded as a social construct, pointed at five factors contributing to the deterioration of ethnic relations in Kazakhstan: korenizatsiya, language issues, demographic indigenization, the role of Islam and geographical dimension.
Competition and Cooperation Policy in Motorcar Industry between Korea and China as a Global Market Strategy
Authors: Hwang Hae-Du , Kim Wobong , Kim Dae-Ho
Published: January 2012

Despite having achieved economies of scale, the Korean motorcar industry has not been so successful in procuring prestige in such areas of capital accumulation, technology catch-up, brand equity and managerial know-how. It may be vital to launch a strategic alliance with Chinese counterpart by providing production technology of Korea in exchange for the huge magnitude of emerging market of China. A substantial benefit may be accrued to both countries via mutually enhanced competitiveness if Korea transfers production technology of small or medium-cars to China and jointly pioneers the frontiers of ancillary industry. An up-surge in the retained earnings of the industry may work as a building block of accommodating a pattern of intensive growth by augmenting technological innovation and institutional changes. The implementation of cooperation in R&D with Chinese counterpart and competition in marketing activities may allow the Korean motorcar industry to capitalize such a golden opportunities to put itself on the right track of technology innovation, marketing activities and linkage effects.
A Study of Poverty and Social Security in Malaysia
Authors: Lee Hyun-Song
Published: January 2012

This paper makes a diagnosis of poverty and social security system in Malaysia. The socioeconomic gap between Malays and non-Malays, between urban dwellers and rural residents, and between Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah or Sarawak remains enormous despite government's aggressive affirmative action policies since the ethnic riot in 1969 along with the rapid economic growth. Malaysia's social security system holds institutional safety measures mainly for old age and industrial accidents, but none for sickness and unemployment. In the country the people covered by the institutional scheme of social security are limited to employed workers. About half of the total employed workers are covered by the Employment Provident Fund or related pension schemes, and those covered by the SOCSO's social insurance scheme stays at two thirds of the total workers. The rest of the populations are still not protected by any social security measures. New social insurance schemes to cope with unemployment and sickness together with a consistent effort to expand the comprehensiveness of existent measures are required for further socioeconomic development.
Korean Cultural Codes and Communication
Authors: Kim Suk-hyon
Published: January 2012

This paper, seeking to examine the aspects of Korean culture unfamiliar to foreigners, explores the relationship between Korean culture and communication. In doing so, this paper takes a look at Korean cultural codes unfamiliar to foreigners. They are categorized into: Thrift on Words, Silence and Smiling, Group-Networking(Collectivism), Chemyon, Nunchi, Kongson, Harmony of Eum and Yang, Chong and Euiri. The paper explains the relationship the above cultural codes to Korean communication styles and patterns by taking examples from the everyday life of the Koreans today. Since there are too many variations in how the cultural codes are displayed in everyday life, this paper recognizes that there may have been broad generalization and oversimplification. Nonetheless, this paper seeks to present Korean cultural codes and Korean communication in terms of current everyday life of the Korean people with the hope that foreigners can gain better insight into how Korea's cultural codes have affected its people and communication.
What Causes the difference of Human Capital across Countries?
Authors: Lim Gieyoung
Published: January 2012

The goal of this empirical research is to investigate what is crucial to determine the difference of human capital across countries. An empirical analysis is made to examine whether and how much human capital formation is related with the various fiscal and social variables. Employed for the study are educational attainment data the average years of schooling across countries from 1965 to 1985-, government policy data such as public consumption & education expenditure, and social variables. It is shown that human capital formation is significantly influenced by policy variables such as the ratio of government consumption expenditure to GDP, and the ratio of government expenditure on education to GDP. It is also made clear how and to what extent social variables such as political instability, the degree of democracy-political right and civil liberties- and the mortality rate are significantly related with the difference of human capital formation across countries.
Italian Subsidy System to Firms: Between Targets of Efficiency and Effectiveness
Authors: Losurdo Francesco
Published: January 2012

EU member states subsidise firms to varying degrees, with many more laws and measures supporting economic activity in the less developed countries of the union. A government report reveals that in Italy in 1999 there were 92 laws and measures regarding subsidies granted by central government and 373 by the regions. In 2000, when the transfer of administrative functions from Central Government to the regions really took effect with Decree 112/98, state subsidy measures and laws went down to 51, while regional subsidy measures went up by 18 to 391. This increase in measures is considered risky for firms - encouraging entrepreneurs to mistake market “signals” and predict lower or higher growth rates than is considered optimal.

When the subsidy system is not supported by good selection process, it becomes both inefficient and ineffective. Promoting the start up of firms and temporary employment in the short term, the subsidy system fails to strengthen firms in the medium to long term, as has been shown by the following survey of 18 firms in the region of Apulia, southern Italy, subsidised by law 488/92.

While increasing subsidies may be profitable and effective from a macro point of view, the problem is to reach efficiency targets from a micro point of view. Under what conditions can these different goals be achieved?
Modern Scientific Terms in East Asia: Their Births and Modifications
Authors: Park Seong-Rae
Published: January 2012

In the four countries with the Chinese character traditon-China, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam, modem scientific terms are basically Chinese-based. When the Western modem sciences were introduced into these areas after the 17th century, new words were coined first in China and Japan. And the new terms were gradually adopted by the rest of countries. With the successful rise of Japan as a modern state at the turn of the century, however, the Japanese versions seemed to have achieved the dominant position in the science-technology in the areas.

The trend toward a unity in the scientific terminology had met with the nationalistic reactions, first in China and then in other countries. With the rising nationalism particularly after the World War I, scientific expressions underwent divergence courses in the areas.

For the development of science today interchanges of ideas and informations are imperative. This trend for diversification of scientific terms will greatly hamper communications among the scientists and technologists in these four countries. Yet there seems to be no formal and systematic efforts today for the reunification of the terminology.
Factor Analysis of Post-WWII U.S. Foreign Policy
Authors: Hong Seungmo Jeff
Published: January 2012

This paper attempts to explain American foreign policy by identifying the relative importance of domestic, transnational and external factors at different levels of analysis that influence and constrain the conduct of American foreign policy. In its more contemporary context, a meaningful parallel analogy may be drawn between the current U.S. foreign policy issues and the cases examined here within.
The Impact of Political System and Culture on Political Advertising
Authors: Kim Chun-Sik
Published: January 2012

This study examines the impact of political system and culture on political advertising of the United States, Japan and Korea. The population of this study was defined as all political ads appearing in major daily newspapers during the 1963–1997 presidential election campaigns in the U.S. and Korea, and the House of Representatives' election campaigns in Japan. A total of 695 political newspaper ads were content-analyzed in this study. Results of the study showed that there were differences in types, valences and appeals of political advertising of the U.S., Japan and Korea. Also, discussions based on study results showed mixed and intertwined arguments against or for the expectations for this study.
The ROK-U.S. Combined Command and Control System and Crisis Management Procedures
Authors: Yoon Taeyoung
Published: January 2012

This article seeks to examine the development of the ROK-U.S. combined command and control system and crisis management procedures in South Korea. In particular, it explores the four crises which occurred between 1968 and 1999 in order to identify its implications for the ROK-U.S. combined crisis management. During a crisis, command and control over the armed forces are critical issues, in order to co-ordinate military movements and alert operations in the context of overall crisis objectives. Within the ROK-U.S. alliance, the ROK command and control chain of armed forces was highly integrated with the command and control chains of the UNC until 1978 and with the CFC from 1978. This CFC combined command structure has enabled the ROK to participate in the chain of operational control of its own forces and to strengthen its position in the ROK-U.S. combined crisis management procedures.

Although both co-operated closely to cope with Korean crises in the past, there were some tensions in the use of military force and in the co-ordination of the detailed operational dimension of military operations. However, it can be argued that as long as the ROK crisis objectives and strategy were achieved through a consensus of alliance crisis options, these arrangements provided an effective crisis management system for ROK to resolve Korean crises. To some extent, the combined crisis management system enabled ROK to use America's massive military and intelligence capabilities to deter North Korea and to manage crises effectively. In the face of an era of transition and transformation in the ROK-U.S. alliance relationships following the September 11 2001, the ROK and U.S. need to minimise potential negative effects on combined crisis management system and maintain coherent deterrence capability and alliance stability on the Korean peninsula.
The Rite of Passage and Folklore of Koreans
Authors: Hyoung-Jin Moon
Published: January 2012

Koreans once considered life a series of continuing codes and rituals. When it was the right time, there was always the appropriate ceremony. The Korean equivalent of a bar-mitzvah, Kwanrye, was a prerequisite for marriage, and Jerye was a ritual for the display of filial duty. Koreans performed these ceremonies at public places because they meant something only when they were recognized by others. Even a small wedding ceremony consecrated with humble food, such as a single bowl of water, had to be performed in front of the neighbors. The idea of performing these rituals in public had become an important factor in uniting and maintaining a community. However, traditional ceremonies were not always positive or constructive. Sometimes they contained merely empty and useless formalities. For instance, the practice of moaning in low voices during Sangrye, or the idea of measuring filial duty by the amount of food at Jerye, were examples of the frivolousness contained in such rituals.
The Transformation of the Labour Process in Hyundai Motor after 1987
Authors: Lee Sang-Woo
Published: January 2012

The labour process of the Hyundai Motor can be described as follows; a break from extreme Taylorist division of labour, but not necessarily from Fordism. The Fordist mass production continues to be implemented or modified in distinctive ways in a unique Korean economic environment. In other words, new forms of the labour process are invariably modifications of pre-existing ones, adopted to suit local contexts. If certain conditions or contexts are contradictory to a new form of production method, it is unlikely to survive.
Strategy: Korea's Military Cyber Security Issues and Tasks
Authors: Huh Tae-hoi , Lee Sangho , Chang Woo-Young
Published: January 2012

with rapid development of science and technology and the evolution of information revolution, International security environment is being reshaped. Important factors that determine national security competence—military operations, intelligence information on advanced weapons and enemy forces, economic activities that form the poles of national power, government's major systems—are exposed to hostile cyber attacks or accidental intrusions. Therefore, protecting information systems has emerged as an urgent national security issue. In particular, in waging wars, the concept of electronic/communications war that seek destruction of enemy command and control system, has been transformed into a more comprehensive and proactive concept of information warfare by the introduction of the cyber war doctrine. Information warfare encompasses pursuit of paralysis and destruction of a nation's all social infrastructure system and military control power. The existing concept of security strategy, which is a passive concept devised for protection of national information and information system, has been replaced by the proactive and aggressive concept of information warfare strategy. Information warfare seek early and effective victory by cyber attacks that can destroy the enemy's war capability and morale.

Korea, which is a leader in information technology as well as a country vulnerable to attacks challenging information security, should prepare for information warfare of the twenty first century. Provision of more systematic and detailed measures—new response strategies, the establishment of national information security response system, creation or reorganization of institutions, and training of human resources—to cope with changes in international information security environment is called for. In addition, the private, public, and military organizations should work together to introduce joint defense strategies and organizations. As an organic integrated defense system has to be established, the government has to establish a governmental system for systematic system for threat assessment, judgment, and response. In particular, the role and responsibilities of the NSC should be upgraded. The government has been tilted toward domestic security and social issues as it responded to cyber crimes and terrors. Such tendency should be guarded against.
One-Way Traffic or Highway to Mutual Benefit? Part 1: China and Africa in the Era of Mao Zedong
Authors: du Pisani Jacobus A. , Kim Kwang Su
Published: January 2012

The period since the People's Republic of China (PRC) launched its new Africa policy in January 2006 has not only been the period of the most intense diplomatic interaction ever between the emerging Asian giant and the African continent, but also a period in which the two-way trade between China and Africa has continued to increase at an amazing rate. In this article the development of China-Africa relations during the reign of Mao Zedong from 1949 to 1976 (the so-called ‘first wave’ of China-Africa relations) is investigated from a historical perspective. There is no doubt, when one studies the trends, patterns, continuities and discontinuities in China-Africa relations, that a solid foundation on which these relations could be built, was laid in the Mao era. To put the current relations between China and Africa in their proper historical and international relations context, it is therefore necessary to study their beginnings under Mao's leadership.

The Chinese emphasised the mutual benefits of a seemingly unequal relationship. African benefits were tangible. Projects such as the Tanzam railway brought considerable material advantages to the continent. Chinese benefits were more intangible and indirect. African friendship helped China to attain political goals. As the region of “greatest secondary importance” Africa played a major supporting role in the PRC's foreign policy (Hutchison, 1975: 4, 278, 282). Africa had come to play a crucial role in China's fight against “American imperialism” and “Soviet revisionism” and her bid for international legitimacy and power.
The Glocalization of Andong Area Studies
Authors: Bok-Rae Kim
Published: January 2012

Leadership has 1 The purpose of this study is to prepare and submit a case study for the City of Andong during the Fifth International Convention Centre of Asian Scholars (ICAS 5). Andong is home to the well-preserved Korean culture of splendid old temples, stone pagodas, traditional Confucian Academies, and homes of the nobility. Because the region is in the heart of a traditional Confucian culture region where nationally well-known academies still exist and continue to be revered, there is an extensive research effort currently underway to make the region, “Kyongbuk,” a Confucian Culture Zone during the next ten years.

As a glocal city model, we will choose Andong.

This study is divided into three parts:

• The prospective paradigm and possibility of Andong area studies (Korean Confucianism) • The contemporary meaning of Yangban (Korean aristocrats) community formation in Andong • Management of Andong cultural heritages – Tour complex planning – Andong Culture & Art Institute – Andong Cultural Park and Art Center – Globalization of Andong Mask dance Festival – Museum of Andong traditional culture Tourism in Confucian Cultural Zone – Andong spa complex – Plans registering 3 Andong cultural heritages as UNESCO world cultural treasures
BAPS as a NRI Network and it's Presence in India
Authors: Jae-sook Lee
Published: January 2012

The linkages or network for the village development through donations for village, school etc. of the Patidar migrants with their home region in Gujarat were strong when they used to live in East Africa as sujourners, but weakened in strength considerably after their subsequent migration to Britain as settlers. Along with this, their religion has changed from village level into transnational network of a Neo-Hinduism and through this network many are maintaining the links with India itself rather than their own village. So, once ‘exported’ and now ‘imported’ BAPS, a modern form of transnational Hinduism, works in India through monetary aid and volunteers from NRIs. In urban areas they are collecting people in the cultural centers and institutions inside of new, huge and stylish temple complex. So NRI style in Hinduism (big gatherings, preaching tour), consumer behaviour, mode of investment are public as well as government's interest.

A Neo-Hinduism, which has ‘universal character’ without caste and region is on the move extensionally in India. BAPS can be the touchstone of a regional hinduism, an ethnic unit, equipped with enterprising spirit in the course of globalization through migration. What is sure so far is that BAPS, a NRI network ‘from below’ is giving impact to India and this kind of process may lead transformation of the structure of indian society.
Labour Policy Reform and Labour Market after Economic Liberalization in India
Authors: Jung Dong-Hyeon , Choi Sung-Il , Cho Jun-Hyeon , Jang Ji-Yong
Published: January 2012

In 1991, Indian government initiated economic reforms as quite revolutionary. The risks of runaway inflation and default on interest payment to foreign creditors persuaded the Government to borrow from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank on condition of fiscal and economic reforms. The impact of recent economic changes due to reforms on the labour market reveal a mixed picture. While the pace of employment generation picked up after the initial years of reform, the recent years have witnessed reduction in employment growth. Even the most ardent supporter of liberalization would agree that, regardless of how well a Government manages the transition from a regulated to a liberal economy its immediate impact is bad and unjust. It is bad because it reduces economic welfare and unjust because the costs of adjustment fall disproportionately on the poor. Despite liberalization of trade, industry and finance, no law relating to labour has been amended much less repealed so far. This means that the basic material conditions of labour in India will continue to be determined primarily by the macro-economic processes rather than by worker-specific legislation.
The Desertification Narrative in China
Authors: Yang Seok-woong
Published: January 2012

Chinese officials and scholars ascribe land degradation to previous governmental regimes and local land users, particularly ethnic pastoralists, which are always criticised as ignorant, irrational, backward and uncooperative. The ethnic pastoralists are the clear losers in the desertification discourse in China, who have always been damaged by central planning, land use policy and government ideas on rangeland. There is no reliable objective data found to believe that the Grain-first campaign and land reclamation have greatly led to land degradation in China. There is skepticism about the Chinese government's recent enclosure policy on rangeland, which is thought to be effective in preventing land degradation by transforming nomadic pastoralism into sedentary livestock farming.
Comparison Study on Shareholder Wealth and Ownership Structure in China and Korea
Authors: Baek Jae-Seung , Liu Tianshu
Published: January 2012

Ownership structure which is the base of corporate governance is mainly related to two aspects, concentration of ownership and composition of ownership. Ownership structure determines concentration of ownership and roles of different share owners thereby influences economic behaviors of share owners and behavior effects. Ownership structure directly influences inter surveillance mechanisms.

In this paper, we examine the effect of governance variables and firm characteristics such as ownership structure, leverage, size on the firm value (stock return) and the determinants of the change of firm value during post-crisis down period in Korea and China. And as a result, we find that ownership structure can be the main force to the changes in firm value in emerging markets. Our results will support the relationship between corporate governance and firm value in East Asia such as China and Korea.

JEL classification: G14, G15, G21, G32, G33
A Study on the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Reinforcement in China; Focusing on Chinese Automobile Industry
Authors: We Oh Gie , Choi Byung Hun
Published: January 2012

Currently the requirement for Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is more and more growing in China. Chinese Government has tried to protect natural environment and low-income employees' right by making new laws, and requires the state own enterprises (SOEs) and multinational enterprises (MNEs) do more investments for making a practical contribution to local society development, so called a quality oriented development rather than a quantity oriented one. Therefore this paper tried to examine the CSR trend change in China and to draw out its implication. Firstly this paper organized the CSR trend of China by three stages with the passage of time since the ‘Open Door Policy’. Major approach for CSR in China has changed by the economic approach ⇉ institutional approach ⇉ strategic approach. The key issues for CSR have changed from the firm's profit maximization to the shareholders' value increase, and to the business & society integration. In addition this paper took the case analysis for Chinese automobile manufacturing industry in order to look at the recent condition of CSR activities in China. According to the result, more and more social issues of China are significantly affected by each firm's activities on value chain, and major issues of current Chinese society make much more effect on a firm's business activities than before.
Intermediate Inputs Industry and Industrial Restructuring: The Case of Mexico
Authors: Kim Chong-Sup
Published: January 2012

The questions explored in this paper are: Why GDP did not grow as much as exports? Why the structure of GDP did not change as much as that of exports after NAFTA? The reason of these was because a large part of the exports consisted of products assembled in Mexico using imported intermediate inputs. One of the products with the highest export growth rate was electric and electronic products, but because of its poorly developed parts industry, the value added in this industry did not increase so much. On the contrary, the automobile industry was not so dynamic as electronic industry in terms of exports, but its value added increased in a larger scale. This was thanks to a developed auto parts industry in Mexico. Government programs like PROSEC, which allowed a tariff free import of some intermediate inputs, and China's strong competitiveness in electronic sector and relatively weak competitiveness in automobile sector, also contributed to the different performance of Mexican electronic sector and automobile sector.
The Root and Development of Suburbanization in America in the 1950s
Authors: Joo Jeongsuk
Published: January 2012

This paper examines some of the major causes and characteristics of mass suburbanization in the U.S. during the 1950s as one of the defining features of American culture. It will first deal with the brief historical overview of cultural as well as institutional forces—the long-cherished ideal of living in suburbs and the federal government policy during the 1930s and after—which led to massive suburbanization in the postwar era. Following these, the paper also shows how home-ownership and suburbanization have interplayed and intertwined with class and racial politics in the U.S., which further reinforced the racially segregated built-in environment and suburbanization. Then, it examines the limits of suburbanization by looking at how the supposed “democratization” of American suburban ideal was largely confined within the perimeter of consumer culture, and how this functioned in the political context of the Cold War in the 1950s.
A Study on the Economic Benefits of Globalization: Focusing on the Poverty and Inequality between the Rich and the Poor
Authors: Shin Sang-Hyup
Published: January 2012

Globalization is now well recognized by many as an inescapable feature of the world today. In particular, in the middle of global economic crisis globalization is one of the hot issues drawing much attention from countries around the world.

There are contradictory perspectives on globalization. There are many sweeping statements that assert that economic globalization is increasing global poverty and inequality between the rich and the poor in the world. There are also many others who insist that the poverty and inequality issues have been resolved in some sense through globalization.

In order to find the answer to the question, firstly the meaning of globalization was fully explained. Based on the understanding of globalization, the questions such as how globalization has contributed to reduce the economic gap between the developed and the developing countries, and to reduce the poverty by analyzing the economic growth, the number of people living below the absolute poverty line and so on were analyzed. The reasons why globalization is a good opportunity for some countries while some other countries get not something from the globalization was also discussed in this research.

We found that globalization has contributed to reduce global poverty and to increase the welfare of both the developed and developing countries. However globalization has impacted different groups differently. Some have benefited enormously, while others have borne more of the costs. The developed countries could get more economic benefits from the less developed countries through globalization. This means, inequality between the rich and the poor countries still remained as a serious threat in the global economy.

And even among the developing countries globalization has impacted differently. The trends toward faster growth and poverty reduction are strongest in developing economies that have integrated with the global economy most rapidly, which supports the view that integration has been a positive force for improving the lives of people in developing countries There are two main reasons for the inequality existing between the developed and developing countries. The fist one is the difference of economic size and power between the developed countries and the developing countries started to exist from the late 18th century. The second one is the differences in the management skill in taking advantage of the globalization.
Effects on Direct-to-Consumer Advertising of Prescription Drugs in Singapore: The Moderating Role of Low Credibility
Authors: Muthaly Siva , Ha Hong-Youl , Yeo Jing Ping , Kim Nam-Yun
Published: January 2012

As consumer beliefs about direct-to-consumer (“DTC‘) advertising vary, two different types of beliefs (beliefs about DTC advertising and beliefs about quality of treatment) are associated with how consumers' beliefs affect behavioral intentions. The authors also consider how consumers' judgments of DTC advertising of prescription drugs vary with different levels of credibility. Taking a moderating effect perspective on the consumer beliefs-behavioral intentions formation, the authors theorize that the lower level of credibility is a key element in facilitating consumer activity. Data from Singaporean had been used to test a proposed model. The findings show that the effect of beliefs about quality of prescription drugs advertised on behavioral intention is more powerful than the effect of beliefs about DTC advertising. The interaction effects suggest that at a lower level of credibility on DTC advertising, consumers are likely to discuss this matter with their doctors to increase their confidence.
Assessing the Effectiveness of Brand Recall, Recognition, and Image of Sponsor and Non-Sponsor in 2008 Beijing Olympic Games: Comparisons of Pre-and Post-Games
Authors: Joo Ha In , Lee Chong Kim , Yin Xiang Lan
Published: January 2012

This paper examines the performance of assessing sponsors and non-sponsors awareness and image at the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games in Korea. Using a sample of 2,118 respondents, a survey was administered in Seoul before and after Games to compare the awareness and image that changed between two periods. The findings reveal that the effectiveness of the 2008 Beijing Olympic sponsorship has was lower than we expected. Overall, Samsung, Coca-Cola, and McDonald's were very successful in enhancing the salience of their respective brands during the games. In our study, it was found that local non-sponsors did not influence the effect of sponsorships. On the other hand, multinational non-sponsors had relatively higher the misleading the respondents into believing that they are supporting Olympics. We observed Nike ambushing Adidas, Dell ambushing Lenovo, Hyundai ambushing Volkswagen, Nestle ambushing Yili, Citi bank ambushing the bank of China. Therefore, Nike, Dell, Hyundai, Nestle, and Citi bank led to obtain the benefit and resulted in increasing consumer confusion as to who is a sponsor. To the ambushers, international well known brand well affords a competitive advantage that enables the firm to have created an environment of consumer confusion with regard to sponsorship in Korea. The paper concludes by considering some issues for sponsorship marketers.
A Primer on the Optimal Monetary Policy Rule: The Case of US*
Authors: Kim Jangryoul , Lim Gieyoung
Published: January 2012

This paper examines the optimal monetary policy rules in a business cycle model with nominal rigidities. Optimality is measured in terms of a utility-based welfare metric, and the welfare effects of the non-linear dynamics of the model are captured by a quadratic approximate solution method. The welfare maximizing rule among a class of Taylor-style rules is characterized by i) super-inertial adjustments in interest rates; ii) strong short run anti-inflation coupled with long run deflation, and iii) increasing interest rates in response to higher real output level and growth.
A Study on the Changes of China's FDI Policies after WTO: Implications for Korean Firms
Authors: Kwon Yungchul , Zhou Wenhua
Published: January 2012

China has enacted many laws and regulations governing foreign direct investment (FDI) since its open-door policy was instituted in 1978. Such laws and rules have provided a basis for inward foreign investment. In 2002, China became the world's largest FDI recipient FDI has played an important role in contributing to the country's economic development and institutional reform. The regulatory environment for FDI has improved as a result of China's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001. This study analyzes the changes in China's FDI policy as a result of accession to the WTO and provides the strategic implications for Korean firms looking to invest in China.
Security Concerns in Northeast Asia and ROK's Roles
Authors: Lee Sang-Hwan
Published: January 2012

Even though South Korea increases its military power, it clearly cannot reach the level of military forces of Japan and China. If South Korea is concerned about the military power of neighboring countries or unspecified threats in the future, it is essential to maintain the alliance with the United States. Thus, military alliance with the United States should be maintained in whatever forms. Given the size of the ROK and its economic capacity, it is obvious that it cannot compete with the powers surrounding the country. Because the United States will be engaged in Northeast Asia, so far as it has significant security interests in the region, and holds the status of world leader, keeping military alliance with it will be beneficial to South Korea.

In Northeast Asia, it is imperative to maintain a stability and peace among major powers. When an equilibrium breaks down in the region, Korea may be a victim of non-equlibrium. To deter this worst situation, maintaining a close alliance with the United States and creating a regional security regime including four major powers are essential.
Information Transparency, Lender Protection, and Credit Spread: Evidence from Chinese Debt Market
Authors: Lee Sangwhi , Park Sangsoo
Published: January 2012

We estimate a model that addresses the spread of syndicated loans originated in China, employing a sample of 144 facilities. We provide empirical evidence that information transparency and lender protection influence the Chinese' borrowing costs in the presence of bond credit rating and other control variables. First, we find that the interest rate spread on a Chinese' syndicated loan is negatively related to the proxies for information transparency. Second, we document an inverse relationship between the spread and lender protection proxies. This empirical evidence demonstrates that the degree and scope of information transparency and lender protection decreases the cost of debt capital to Chinese borrowers.
Islamic Studies in Korea
Authors: Chang Byung-Ock
Published: January 2012

Islamic Studies in Korea began with the demand for specialized knowledge about Middle Eastern countries during the oil boom after the Arab-Israeli War in the 1970s. It was then that the Korean government paid special attention to the Middle East. A pioneer of the Middle East and Islamic Studies in Korea is Hankuk University of Foreign Studies (HUFS). The university has departments of Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Malay-Indonesian and Central Asian Languages, and offers some Islamic-related curricula. The emphasis on the Middle East as pursued by Korea led to the inauguration of The Institute of the Middle East Studies (MES) at HUFS in 1976, The Korean Association of the Middle East Studies (KAMES) in 1979, and finally The Korean Association of Islamic Studies (KAIS) in 1989.

At the same time, Islamic Studies in Korea have faced many problems and challenges. One of them has been that some scholars, as well as the public, are prepossessed with simplified bad images of Islam. Rapid expansion of Islam has been incorrectly described with the phrase, “A sword in one hand, a Quran in the other hand” by the West. The misrepresenting expression on Islam as “war-like”, “terror”, and “a forced propagation” religion in Korea blocked any true understanding of Islam. That is the result that one sided reports of powerful Western mass media on the affairs of the Islamic world have penetrated into Korean society without any filtration for half a century. Islam has been widely spread as a strange religion in Korea. These facts have functioned as a barrier which prevented our society from having the right image of Islam.
Determinants of FDI Flows into Indonesia and Singapore
Authors: Mah Jai S. , Yoon Sang-Chul
Published: January 2012

This paper reveals the determinants of FDI flows into Indonesia and Singapore. The empirical evidence based on the small sample cointegration test shows that, in case of Singapore, market size appears to influence FDI inflows positively and significantly, while production factor costs are revealed not to influence those. For Indonesia, neither market size nor wage is revealed to be significant, while interest rate is revealed to have a positive and statistically significant effect on those. This result discredits the sweatshop labor argument relating to FDI flows into developing countries.
Agri-Tourism and its Internationalization Strategy
Authors: Kim Bok-rae
Published: January 2012

Korean competitiveness in rural communities and agriculture has considerably diminished due to the ‘market opening’ for agricultural products: sudden surge of imported agricultural products → oversupply of domestic agricultural products and a fall in their prices → aggravation of farm incomes → weakening of agricultural sector basis. As a result, there is a decline in rural farm income and population. Therefore, the conditions of settling in rural areas have become worse in the chain of vicious circle. As part of an increasing farm diversification to solve the crisis of the Korean agricultural sector, nowadays the agri-tourism attracts considerable public attention.