bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Monte Carlo Simulation of Olefin Polymerization in Stopped‐Flow Reactors
Authors: Soares João B. P. , Nguyen Tuan
Published: January 2008

Stopped‐flow reactors are very useful to estimate olefin polymerization rate constants and to investigate particle morphology development. Because the residence time in these reactors is comparable to the life time of the polymer chains, very narrow molecular weight distributions are obtained and the number average molecular weight is proportional to reactor residence time. In this case, traditional models for olefin polymerization in industrial reactors can not be applied. In this contribution, we derived analytical solutions and performed Monte Carlo simulations to describe the time evolution of the molecular weight distribution of polyolefins made with single‐ and multiple‐site catalysts in stopped‐flow reactors.
Bilateral pedunculopontine nuclei strokes presenting as freezing of gait
Authors: Kuo Sheng‐Han , Kenney Christopher , Jankovic Joseph
Published: January 2008

The penduculopontine nucleus (PPN) has been suggested to play an important role in locomotion, based on animal studies, but its function in humans has not been well defined. Autopsy studies have suggested that PPN pathology correlates with gait dysfunction in Parkinson's disease and in progressive supranuclear palsy but direct clinical evidence is lacking. We report a patient with bilateral PPN infarcts whose dominant clinical feature was freezing of gait, thus providing evidence that PPN is involved in human locomotion and that damage to the PPN may lead to abnormal gait. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
The long‐term impact of adolescent gestational weight gain
Authors: Groth Susan W.
Published: January 2008

This study involved 330 primiparous Black adolescents. The purpose of the study was to examine predictors of body mass index (BMI) change in Black adolescents 6 and 9 years after they gave birth. Predictors were gestational weight gain, pre‐pregnant BMI, and age (p < .001). For older adolescents (ages 18–19), gestational weight gain was the only predictor of BMI change (p = .008). Regardless of pre‐pregnant BMI category, adolescents whose gestational weight gain exceeded Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommendations were 4.6 times more likely to be obese than those whose weight gain was within recommendations. Excessive gestational weight gain and pre‐pregnant overweight contribute to adolescent obesity. These findings have implications from both a clinical and public health perspective. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 31:108–118, 2008
Analysis of the hysteretic behavior of silicon nanowire transistors
Authors: Fahem Z. , Csaba G. , Erlen C. M. , Lugli P. , Weber W. M. , Geelhaar L. , Riechert H.
Published: January 2008

We present a combined experimental and theoretical analysis of the transport properties of silicon nanowire (NW) transistors. The NWs are grown by catalytic chemical vapour deposition and are later deposited on pre‐patterned oxidized silicon substrates that provide the device source and drain electrodes. A back gate configuration is used for our study. Through a controlled nickel diffusion, parts of the nominally undoped NWs are turned into nickel silicide NWs, thus pro‐ viding a direct metallic nanolead to the semiconducting wire. The transistors obtained with NWs of 10‐30 nm diameters display p‐type behaviour, current densities up to 0.8 MA/cm2, and on/off current ratios of up to 107. The subthreshold characteristics show a strong hysteresis. The simulation based on a drift‐diffusion approach indicates that traps at the interface between the NWs and SiO2 are responsible for such behaviour. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Full counting statistics for electron number in quantum dots
Authors: Utsumi Yasuhiro , Golubev Dmitri S. , Schön Gerd
Published: January 2008

Measurements of the average current and its fluctuations (noise) have been powerful tools to study the quantumtransport in mesoscopic systems. Recently it became possible to measure the probability distribution of current, ‘full counting statistics’ (FCS), by using quantum point‐contact charge‐detectors. Motivated by recent experiments, we developed the FCS theory for the joint probability distribution of the current and the electron number inside quantum dots (QDs).

We show that a non‐Gaussian exponential distribution appears when there is no dot state close to the lead chemical potentials. We show that the measurement of the joint probability distribution of current and electron number would reveal nontrivial correlations, which reflect the asymmetry of tunnel barriers.We also show that for increasing strength of tunneling, the quantum fluctuations of charge qualitatively change the probability distribution of the electron number. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Editorial: phys. stat. sol. (c) 5/1
Authors: Stutzmann Martin
Published: January 2008

How do you find the scientific information and the manuscript reference you need? The answer to this basic but very important question for every active scientist has changed significantly over the last 30 years. When I was a Ph.D. student or a young postdoc, I would venture regularly to a strange and quiet place called a “library”, where all important journals in my field could be easily identified already from the amount of the shelve space they filled. To find a spe‐cific reference and to preserve it for future use was limited by the physical exercise to carry a stack of heavy volumes to the copy machine and to press a “copy” button for each page I really wanted to keep. On the way, sometimes I actually found another interesting paper just by browsing through the latest issue of Journal X, and I copied this one, too. And in most cases, I even read what I copied.

Today, things are much better! All relevant information is available online in electronic form, so I do not have to leave my office anymore to find out what's new. The impact factors of journals and the h ‐factors of authors help me to distinguish good from bad, or at least that is the hope. Whenever I search for a specific topic, anyhow I will get more hits than I can digest in a realistic time. Fortunately, printers by now are so fast and powerful that I can transfer the rest to a printout which I will, most likely, never use again in the foreseeable future.

But seriously, although the way to make use of and to deal with scientific information has changed drastically in the last couple of decades, the basic needs of active scientists for reliable, up‐to‐date, and easily accessible information exchange with their international colleagues worldwide has basically remained the same. We at physica status solidi, therefore, for more than 45 years have been and are dedicated to provide exactly that service to our authors and readers, whether they make use of the pss hard‐copies in the library or whether they browse the online files of physica status solidi. Last year, more than 2500 articles have been published after strict peer review and careful editing, which makes physica status solidi (nomen est omen) the second largest journal series in solid state physics. The journal has more than doubled in volume since the year 2000, but the Impact Factor also has increased by a factor of two since 1995, showing that we did not trade in quantity for quality. And, last but not least, the visibility of the journal series as meas‐ured by the number of full text downloads has in‐creased by a similar factor of two in the last 24 months alone.

In October 2007, more than 40000 full text downloads of physica status solidi articles have been registered by the Wiley Interscience data base. Unfortunately, we have no idea how many of these articles have actually been read …

In the name of the entire pss‐team, I thank all of you for your continued support of and interest in physica status solidi and wish you a successful year 2008!
Quo Vadis Nanoelectronics?
Authors: Ferry D. K.
Published: January 2008

The cover picture of this issue of physica status solidi (c) has been taken from the article [1].
Ring signatures for benzenoids with up to seven rings, Part 2: Pericondensed systems
Authors: Balaban Alexandru T. , Randić Milan
Published: January 2008

An array of integers pij indicate in how many of the K resonance structures one finds 6 > i > 0 π‐electrons in the corresponding ring (which is labeled with capital letters A through a subsequent letter up to G). The index j for the rows indicates the ring type, denoted by capital letters (that is, j = 1 stands for A, j = 2 stands for B, etc.). Row sums lead to π‐electron ring partitions after division by the number K of resonance structures. Column sums lead to a sequence of seven integers (Ri sequence) which after division by K affords the ri sequence; this is finally converted into the signature of the benzenoid si sequence). The analysis of signatures for pericondensed benzenoids with h = 4 through 7 benzenoid rings has revealed interesting regularities and correlations with structure, and has also allowed a confirmation of Clar's theory by investigating five isomeric dibenzopyrenes. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
Au/N‐type Si Schottky‐barrier contact and oxidation kinetics in Au‐contaminated and thermally oxidized N‐type Si (001) surfaces
Authors: Shimizu H. , Wakashima H. , Shimada S. , Ishikawa T. , Ikeda M.
Published: January 2008

Anomalous Au locations in SiO2/Si system of Au‐contaminated and thermally oxidized n‐type Si(001) have been investigated using XPS and alternating current surface photovoltage (AC SPV) techniques. On the basis of XPS analyses, in Au‐contaminated (2 × 1015 atoms/cm2) and thermally oxidized Si surfaces between 823 and 973 K, the Au existed both on the top of the SiO2 and the SiO2/Si interface as a cluster that did not make bonds with other elements such as O and H. The resulting Au/n‐type Si Schottky barrier causes an occurrence of frequency‐dependent AC SPV, demonstrating that the Si surface was depleted and/or weakly inverted. This result indicates that the Au/n‐type Si Schottky barrier (calculated to be 0.70 eV) survived at the SiO2/Si interface even after the thermal oxidation. As the temperature increased higher than 1023 K, the Au at the SiO2/Si interface diffused into bulk Si, resulting in drastic reduction of AC SPV. On oxidation kinetics between 1023 and 1173 K, Au is thought to act as a catalyst and to promote the SiO2 growth at the Si surface, resulting in enhanced oxidation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transmission power and duration‐aware playout control for packetized media streaming over wireless links
Authors: Li Yan , Bambos Nicholas
Published: January 2008

We investigate joint transmission power control and playout buffer control for packetized media streaming over wireless links. We propose a novel model formulation that tracks the play/freeze duration and play/freeze switch jitter to control the transmission power and playout rate (1 or 0, i.e., play or rebuffer). The model is especially appropriate for audio/music streaming. The optimal joint control is obtained using a Dynamic Programming approach to balance the average power used against achieved quality of service (QoS), reflecting play/freeze duration and jitter frequency. We also investigate two key special cases, where either only power control or rebuffer control is exercised; we obtain certain useful provable structural properties of these individual side controls. Based on those, we also design a low‐complexity heuristic control that ‘mimics’ the obtained structural properties of the optimal ones. Through simulation we see that the developed controls can achieve substantially higher performance over standard benchmark schemes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the proof of concept of a ‘Smart’ wind turbine rotor blade for load alleviation
Authors: van Wingerden J. W. , Hulskamp A. W. , Barlas T. , Marrant B. , van Kuik G. A. M. , Molenaar D.‐P. , Verhaegen M.
Published: January 2008

The trend with offshore wind turbines is to increase the rotor diameter as much as possible to decrease the costs per kilowatt‐hour. The increasing dimensions have led to the relative increase of the loads on the wind turbine structure. Because of the increasing rotor size and the spatial load variations along the blade, it is necessary to react to turbulence in a more detailed way; each blade separately and at several separate radial distances. In this paper, a proof of concept study is performed to show the feasibility of the load alleviation abilities of a ‘Smart’ blade, i.e. a blade equipped with a number of control devices that locally change the lift profile on the blade, combined with appropriate sensors and feedback controllers. Theoretical and experimental models are developed of a scaled non‐rotating rotor blade which is equipped with two trailing edge flaps and strain sensors to facilitate feedback control. A pitch actuator is used to induce disturbances with a similar character as a gust or turbulence. A feedback controller based on classical loop shaping is designed that minimizes the root bending moment in the flapping direction. We show that with appropriate control techniques, the loads for periodic disturbances and for turbulence generated disturbances can be reduced up to 90 and 55%, respectively. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low‐dose erythropoietin improves cardiac function in experimental heart failure without increasing haematocrit
Authors: Lipšic Erik , Westenbrink B. Daan , van der Meer Peter , van der Harst Pim , Voors Adriaan A. , van Veldhuisen Dirk J. , Schoemaker Regien G. , van Gilst Wiek H.
Published: January 2008

Background:

Erythropoietin (EPO) may improve cardiac function and induce neovascularisation in experimental models of chronic heart failure (CHF). However, the increased haematocrit associated with EPO treatment might exert concomitant deleterious effects.

Aim:

To investigate the haematocrit independent effects of EPO on cardiac function.

Methods and results:

Rats underwent permanent coronary artery ligation to induce myocardial infarction (MI) or sham surgery. Three weeks after MI, rats were randomly allocated to treatment with vehicle (MI) or the long‐acting EPO analogue darbepoetin alfa administered in a high (40 μg/kg/3 weeks, MI‐EPO‐high) or a low‐dose (0.4 μg/kg/3 weeks, MI‐EPO‐low). After 9 weeks, haemodynamic parameters, myocardial histology and Myosin Heavy Chain (MHC) isoforms were determined. High‐dose EPO resulted in a significant increase in haematocrit (p<0.01) while low‐dose EPO had no effect on haematocrit levels. EPO significantly improved cardiac function in both EPO groups, reflected by increased left ventricular (LV)‐developed pressure and improved contractility (dP/dtmax) and relaxation (dP/dtmin) indices of the LV at 9‐weeks (all p<0.05 compared to MI). The improved cardiac function was associated with increased capillary growth (38% in MI‐EPO‐high (p<0.01) and 27% in MI‐EPO‐low (p<0.05)) and an attenuated switch to slow β‐MHC isoforms in both EPO groups.

Conclusions:

EPO improves cardiac function and induces neovascularisation at a dose that does not increase haematocrit, thereby circumventing the possible deleterious effects of increased erythropoiesis.
Ile164 variant of β2‐adrenoceptor does not influence outcome in heart failure but may interact with β blocker treatment
Authors: Littlejohn Mathew D. , Palmer Barry R. , Richards A. Mark , Frampton Chris M. , Pilbrow Anna P. , Troughton Richard W. , Cameron Vicky A. , Kennedy Martin A.
Published: January 2008

Background:

The Ile164 variant of the β2‐adrenoceptor has been shown to alter cardiovascular phenotypes and adversely affect survival in heart failure patients.

Aims:

We aimed to replicate this observation by genotyping a cohort of 451 heart failure patients for the Ile164 polymorphism.

Methods:

Patient outcome was recorded over a median follow‐up period of 3.09 years, and genotypes were derived by multiplex amplification refractory mutation system PCR.

Results:

Genotypes were obtained for 443 patients, and 3.2% of these (14 patients) were heterozygous for the Ile164 SNP. Demographic data, cardiac function and neurohormonal profiles did not differ between genotype groups. Ile164 genotype did not significantly affect survival in this cohort (Thr164 homozygotes 48.9%, Ile164 heterozygous 42.9%, p=0.66), although multivariate analysis suggested that β‐blocker treatment may negatively impact survival in the heterozygote group.

Conclusion:

This study suggests that the Ile164 polymorphism of the β2‐adrenoceptor does not have a major impact on outcome in individuals with heart failure, although it's potential interaction with β‐blockers requires further examination.
Attenuation of senescence‐induced oxidative exacerbations in aged rat brain by (−)‐epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate
Authors: Srividhya Ravichandran , Jyothilakshmi Vasavan , Arulmathi Karpagavinayagam , Senthilkumaran Vadivel , Kalaiselvi Periandavan
Published: January 2008

Aging is a complex biological phenomenon which involves free radicals and oxidative stress. Brain is more susceptible and vulnerable to oxidative damage due to its high‐polyunsaturated fatty acid content and high rate of aerobic metabolism. Since the antioxidant defense system is diminished during aging, antioxidant supplementation might be a protective strategy against age‐associated oxidative damage. The present study evaluates the antioxidant potential of (−)‐epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG), a major polyphenol present in green tea against age‐associated oxidative damage in rat brain. Male albino rats of Wistar strain were used in the study. Group I (young) and Group II (aged) rats received saline alone orally for 30 days. Group III (young) and Group IV (aged) rats received EGCG (2 mg/kg body weight/day) orally for 30 days. Antioxidant status and oxidative damage were assessed. EGCG brought about an augmentation in the activities of enzymic antioxidants like superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase and improved the non‐enzymic antioxidants like tocopherol, ascorbic acid and glutathione. EGCG ameliorated the malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl levels. Thus, EGCG has emerged out as a good antioxidant neutraceutical and a neuroprotective agent in alleviating the age‐associated oxidative damage in aged rat brain.
Tsunami in Südostasien – Katastropheneinsatz in Banda Aceh
Authors: Streuli Rolf A.
Published: January 2008

Am 26. Dezember 2004 ereignete sich in Südostasien das zweitstärkste Erdbeben, welches je mit einem Seismographen registriert wurde. Es hatte auf der Richterskala eine Magnitude von 9,3 und sein Epizentrum lag 160 km westlich von Banda Aceh, der Hauptstadt der Provinz Aceh auf der indonesischen Insel Sumatra. Der durch das Beben verursachte Tsunami führte zu einer fast vollständigen Zerstörung der Stadt Banda Aceh und kostete in ganz Sumatra 168 000 Menschen das Leben. Das Schweizerische Korps für humanitäre Hilfe war mit einem Vorausdetachement wenige Tage nach dem Beben vor Ort und evaluierte den Bedarf an Material und Personal. In enger Zusammenarbeit mit Hilfskräften der australischen Armee wurde wirksam erste medizinische und technische Hilfe geleistet. Die prävalenten medizinischen Probleme waren: 1. Aspirationspneumonien; 2. Infizierte Wunden der unteren Extremitäten; 3. Offene Frakturen der unteren Extremitäten und 4. Tetanus.
Ärztliches Vademekum für Großereignisse, besondere und außerordentliche Lagen
Authors: Wälchli Peter
Published: January 2008

Bei Großereignissen, in besonderen und außerordentlichen Lagen müssen Ärztinnen* damit rechnen, in ungwohnter Umgebung zu arbeiten. Selbstschutz hat in solchen Fällen Priorität. Ersteintreffenden fällt die Aufgabe zu, die Unfallstelle zu sichern, sich einen Überblick zu schaffen und die Rettungsdienste zu alarmieren (in der Schweiz: Telefon 144). Erst anschließend darf mit der Behandlung von Patienten begonnen werden. Sind bereits Einsatzkräfte vor Ort, stelle man sich beim Einsatzleiter mit Name, Funktion und eigenen Möglichkeiten (materiell und personell) vor. Bei Großereignissen und in besonderen und außerordentlichen Lagen sind oft andere Fachbereiche wichtiger als die Medizin. Ärztinnen können jedoch auch außerhalb ihres Faches wertvolle Hilfe leisten. Wichtig ist, dass von der zugewiesenen Arbeit nicht abgewichen wird. Bei großem Patientenanfall sollen durch organisatorische Maßnahmen Morbidität und Mortalität trotz Missverhältnis zwischen Patientenzahl und vorhandenen Mitteln möglichst tief gehalten werden. Dazu dient die Triage: Die erfahrenste Ärztin legt die Behandlungs- und Transportprioritäten unter Berücksichtigung der aktuell zur Verfügung stehenden Mittel fest. In der Schweiz ist der Bereich Sanität in der Einsatzleitung durch die dazu ausgebildete leitende Notärztin und den Einsatzleiter Sanität vertreten.
Wichtige Prinzipien der Kriegs- und Katastrophenchirurgie
Authors: Stettbacher Andreas
Published: January 2008

Die aktuellen Verhältnisse in der Chirurgieausbildung erlauben es kaum mehr, sich intensiv mit dem Gebiet der Kriegs- und Katastrophenchirurgie auseinander zu setzen. Das Know-how in diesen Gebieten droht in der Schweiz verloren zu gehen. Bei der gegenwärtigen Urbanisierung der Gewalt und zunehmendem Risiko für technische und Naturkatastrophen sind solche Kenntnisse zwingend für die erfolgreiche Bewältigung unter optimaler Nutzung der vorhandenen Ressourcen.
Steigende Bedeutung des Koordinierten Sanitätsdienstes
Authors: Bärtschi Esther , Junker Rudolf , Lupi Gianpiero A.
Published: January 2008

Abnehmende Ressourcen und steigende Risiken bedingen mehr denn je eine optimale Koordination aller sanitätsdienstlichen Mittel unter den verschiedenen Partnern, damit alle Patienten in allen Lagen bestmöglich sanitätsdienstlich versorgt werden können. Die Bedeutung des Koordinierten Sanitätsdienstes (KSD) ist mit der am 1.6.2005 in Kraft getretenen neuen Verordnung unterstrichen worden.
Flüchtlingsschicksale in Zeiten von Krieg und politischen Unruhen in der Kaukasus-Region
Authors: Schiffmann Annamarie
Published: January 2008

Ein großer Teil des therapeutischen Prozesses bei kriegstraumatisierten Asylsuchenden aus dem Kaukasus (Tschetschenien, Kabardino-Balkarien...) besteht im zwanglosen Erzählenkönnen der Ereignisse, die zur psychischen Traumatisierung geführt haben. Dieses Erzählen geht meist nur in Schüben vor sich, da zuviele schmerzhafte Erinnerungen auf einmal für den Patienten nicht verkraftbar sind. Authentische Schilderungen geben einen Einblick in die schwierigen Situationen solcher Menschen.
Sind Katastrophen heute schlimmer als früher? Eine Chronik von Apokalypsen, Verwüstungen und Leid
Authors: Exadaktylos Aristomenis , Zimmermann Heinz
Published: January 2008

Als wir angefragt wurden, einen Artikel über die Geschichte großer Katastrophen zu verfassen, wurde relativ schnell klar, dass an sich jedes einzelne Thema in Buchformat hätte abgehandelt werden können. Da dies kaum möglich ist und wir Mediziner auch nur Gäste auf dem Gebiet der Meteorologie, Seismologie und Politikwissenschaften sind, reflektiert diese Arbeit viel mehr unsere eigene Sichtweise der Dinge. Aber wie Heraklit schon sagte: «Ta Panta rhei.» «Alles fließt, nichts bleibt, noch bleibt es je dasselbe.» So wie die Welt, so ist auch die Sichtweise auf Katastrophen immer einer Entwicklung unterworfen. Sie wird von vielen Faktoren beeinflusst, wie wir auch als einzelne Individuen, mitsamt unseres Denkens und unserer Emotionen. Nur in der Zukunft wird man sagen können, wie schlimm es im Heute und in der Vergangenheit wirklich war.
Besondere Bedürfnisse von Frauen und Kindern nach Katastrophen
Authors: Henley Robert , Müller Mario
Published: January 2008

Katastrophen können auf ganze Gemeinschaften verheerende Auswirkungen haben, besonders aber auf die Verwundbarsten in unseren Gesellschaften: Frauen und Kinder. Dieser Beitrag beleuchtet, auf welche Art und Weise Frauen und Kinder betroffen sein können und erarbeitet praktische Ansätze für die bedürfnisorientierte Betreuung von Frauen und Kindern nach einer Katastrophe. Speziell gemeindenahe, psychosoziale Maßnahmen werden fokussiert, welche die gesunde psychologische Entwicklung von Frauen und Kindern verbessern können. Dies kann zum Beispiel durch Förderung von Schutzfaktoren erreicht werden, die den «Resilienzprozess» stärken. Dabei handelt es sich um einen neuen Ansatz zur Betreuung von Personen, die aufgrund einer Katastrophe besonderem Stress ausgesetzt waren oder ein traumatisches Erlebnis hatten. Dieser Ansatz bietet psychosoziale Methoden, die entweder alternativ oder in Kooperation mit gängigen medizinisch-psychotherapeutischen Ansätzen auf nützliche und effiziente Weise dort angewendet werden können, wo zahlreiche Frauen und Kinder betroffen sind. Insbesondere für Personen aus anderen Kulturkreisen, denen westliche therapeutische Konzepte oder Interventionen unbekannt sind, beziehungsweise wegen Unverständnis nur unzureichend greifen, ergibt sich ein pragmatisches Behandlungselement. Die beleuchteten Maßnahmen und Erwägungen zur Förderung des Resilienzprozesses bei betroffenen Frauen und Kindern werden von Überlegungen zu deren möglichen Anwendung in der Schweiz gefolgt.
Dimensional Models of Personality: A Framework for Systematic Clinical Assessment1
Authors: Matthews Gerald , Saklofske Donald H. , Costa Paul T. , Deary Ian J. , Zeidner Moshe
Published: January 2008

Personality research has made considerable progress in developing dimensional models. This article reviews the application of these trait models to clinical theory and practice. Assessment of traits is useful for understanding the individual client, for diagnosis and therapy, and for tailoring the clinical interview to the needs of the patient. Dimensional models have been applied to several areas of pathology. Neuroticism and a variety of other traits are implicated in subclinical stress reactions. At the process level, the effects of traits such as neuroticism may be mediated by maladaptive coping strategies. Traits such as neuroticism may also have a causal effect on more severe mood and anxiety disorders, although it is likely that there are reciprocal linkages between personality and pathology. As with subclinical stress, traits may influence depression and anxiety through abnormality of cognitive processes, the clinical significance of which should be assessed in the light of the individual's trait characteristics. A further area of application is personality disorder: Dimensional models capture and clarify the principal clinical features of conditions such as schizoid and antisocial disorders. It is concluded that the dimensional approach provides a framework for the systematic understanding of clinical expressions of abnormality in personality and their implications for diagnosis and treatment.
Treatment Selection: What Do We Know?
Authors: Vervaeke Geert A.C. , Emmelkamp Paul M.G.
Published: January 2008

In this article we review the main findings in psychotherapy research that can contribute to the two goals of the treatment-selection process: (1) facilitating the first phase of therapy and (2) enhancement of final outcome of therapy. Psychotherapy research that contributes directly to treatment selection is scarce since treatment selection as such is seldom the topic of study. Further, guidelines for the practitioner concerning treatment selection have rarely been formulated. In this review we make the explicit attempt to reformulate research findings into suggestions for the clinician for treatment selection.
Psychometric Definition of Rorschach Determinant Component Structure
Authors: Costello Raymond M.
Published: January 2008

This is an empirical examination of Experienced Stimulation (es) and Experience Actual (EA) from Exner's Comprehensive System (CS) for Rorschach's Test, spurred by Kleiger's theoretical critique. Principal components analysis, Cronbach's α, and inter-item correlational analyses were used to test whether 13 determinants used to code Rorschach responses (M, FM, m, CF+C, YF+Y, C'F+C', TF+T, VF+V, FC, FC', FV, FY, FT) are best represented as a one, two, or more-dimensional construct. The 13 determinants appear to reflect three dimensions, a “lower order” sensori-motor dimension (m + CF+C + YF+Y + C'F+C' + TF+T + VF+V) with a suggested label of Modified Experienced Stimulation (MES), a “higher order” sensori-motor dimension (FM + FV + FY + FT) with a suggested label of Modified Experience Potential (MEP), and a third sensori-motor dimension (M+FC+FC') for which the label of Modified Experience Actual (MEA) is suggested. These findings are consistent with Kleiger's arguments and could lead to a refinement of CS constructs by aggregating determinants along lines more theoretically congruous and more internally consistent. A RAMONA model with parameters specified was presented for replication attempts which use confirmatory factor analytic techniques.
Psychometric Properties of a Learning Potential Test for Reading: The Picture Word Game
Authors: Calero M. Dolores , Márquez José
Published: January 2008

This paper focuses on the adaptation and analysis of the psychometric properties of a learning potential test, called “Picture Word Game” (PWG, Corman & Budoff, 1974), which was tested on a sample of 205 Spanish prereaders. The test examines their capacity for symbolization and addresses reading-specific abilities, particularly those attributing a concept or meaning to a visual arrangement or symbol. The paper aims to confirm the reliability and satisfactory concurrent and predictive validity of this adapted version of the PWG.
Utility of Facet Descriptions in the Prediction of Global Job Satisfaction
Authors: Jackson Chris J. , Potter Amanda , Dale Sue
Published: January 2008

In this study, the immediate utility of facet descriptions was assessed over several global criteria directly and indirectly related to global job satisfaction. Nearly 20 000 subjects from a large military, organization were used. Meaningful and significant correlations of between 0.20 to 0.43 were obtained. Convergent and divergent validity was found since facet descriptions were more predictive of global criteria directly related to global job satisfaction (Enjoyment of the job and Organizational enjoyment) than indirect measures of job satisfaction (Enjoyment of off-duty life, Likelihood of leaving the service early and Likelihood of further service). Correlations were also generally consistent over time, and the factor structure was interpretable in a straightforward manner. It was concluded that facet descriptions seem to be simple and adequate measures of overall job satisfaction.
Assessment of Cognitive-Behavioral Skills and Depression Among Female Prison Inmates
Authors: Varese Thomas , Pelowski Susan , Riedel Helmut , Heiby Elaine M.
Published: January 2008

This study examined assessment of differences in self-reported cognitive-behavioral skills among 64 female prison inmates reporting either high or low levels of depressive symptomatology. This population was chosen for its exposure to negative life events inherent to a prison environment. Sixty-six percent of the sample could be classified as at least mildly depressed on the basis of Beck Depression Inventory scores. MANOVA results showed that participants with high depressive symptomatology had significantly higher mean scores on measures of aggression and dysfunctional attitudes, as well as significantly lower mean scores on measures of assertion and self-reinforcement. Results were interpreted in favor of a multivariate approach to assessment of depression and other responses to negative life circumstances.
The Development and Validation of the Arabic Obsessive Compulsive Scale
Authors: Abdel-Khalek Ahmed M.
Published: January 2008

Ten empirical studies served to develop and validate the Arabic Obsessive Compulsive Scale (AOCS). Its final form includes 32 yes/no statements. The scale has good face validity. Test-retest reliability reached 0.85, while α was 0.80. Its criterion-related validity was 0.71 and 0.69 for males and females, respectively. Seven meaningful factors were extracted for the AOCS: obsessive doubts, orderliness and discipline, slowness and hesitation, rumination and compulsion, meticulousness and repetition, checking, and obsessive thoughts. The AOCS was positively correlated with neuroticism, trait anxiety, fear, depression, and sleep disorders, while it was negatively correlated with extraversion and lie. The scale was administered to 11 Egyptian subsamples comprising 1550 subjects, M and SD of whom were computed. A short version of the AOCS (i. e., 16 items) was also prepared, an English version of the scale is available as well.
Variations in National Patterns of Testing and Test Use: The ITC/EFPPA International Survey
Authors: Bartram Dave , Coyne Iain
Published: January 2008

This study examined a range of issues relating to testing and test use in 36 countries. It also explored attitudes towards issues relating to competence in test use. Respondents included representatives of professional psychological associations, test publishers, and other groups with a national perspective on testing. For the purposes of the study, the domain of testing was divided into four areas: Educational, Clinical, Forensic, and Organizational. While detailed reports on the overall results of the survey have been reported elsewhere ( Bartram & Coyne, 1998a , 1998b ), the present paper focuses on patterns of similarity and difference between countries. Cluster analysis was used to examine patterns of consistency in responses between countries. The results indicate that the clustering of countries is, for the most part, not attributable to either geographical proximity or to common cultural or language factors. In reviewing these patterns, however, one should note that there is, overall, more consistency between countries within each subdomain, or area, of test use, than there is between subdomains within countries.
Synchrotron X‐ray microtomography and interfacial partitioning tracer test measurements of NAPL‐water interfacial areas
Authors: Brusseau Mark L. , Janousek Hilary , Murao Asami , Schnaar Gregory
Published: January 2008

Interfacial areas between an immiscible organic liquid (NAPL), and water were measured for two natural porous media using two methods, aqueous‐phase interfacial partitioning tracer tests and synchrotron X‐ray microtomography. The interfacial areas measured with the tracer tests were similar to previously reported values obtained with the method. The values were, however, significantly larger than those obtained from microtomography. Analysis of microtomography data collected before and after introduction of the interfacial tracer solution indicated that the surfactant tracer had minimal impact on fluid‐phase configuration and interfacial areas under conditions associated with typical laboratory application. The disparity between the tracer test and microtomography values is attributed primarily to the inability of the microtomography method to resolve interfacial area associated with microscopic surface heterogeneity. This hypothesis is consistent with results recently reported for a comparison of microtomographic analysis and interfacial tracer tests conducted for an air‐water system. The tracer test method provides a measure of effective, total (capillary and film) interfacial area, whereas microtomography can be used to determine separately both capillary‐associated and film‐associated interfacial areas. Both methods appear to provide useful information for given applications. A key to their effective use is recognizing the specific nature of the information provided by each, as well as associated limitations.
Atmospheric circulation features associated to Argentinean Andean rivers discharge variability
Authors: Araneo Diego C. , Compagnucci Rosa H.
Published: January 2008

Winter atmospheric circulation patterns and their relationship to runoff variability in the Atuel and Chubut rivers of Argentina are analyzed. The most important atmospheric low levels condition associated with high (low) Atuel discharges is the weakening (strengthening) of the mean atmospheric flow, while the same feature is displaced 5° southward for Chubut. At high levels, results suggest the existence of a NW‐SE direction wave pattern extending from Australia to the South Atlantic, favoring positive (negative) pressure anomalies West of the Drake Passage, which deflect the storm tracks northward (southward) and hence increase (decrease) precipitations and subsequent Atuel discharges. In contrast, Chubut discharges are mainly controlled by a shorter wave pattern along the subtropical Pacific, which zonally crosses South America. This pattern helps to maintain low (high) pressure anomalies off the Chilean coast at the upper‐river basin latitude for high (low) Chubut runoffs.
Comparison of Global Ultraviolet Imager limb and disk observations of column O/N2 during a geomagnetic storm
Authors: Stephan A. W. , Meier R. R. , Paxton L. J.
Published: January 2008

We compare column O/N2 values obtained from the analysis of limb profiles of oxygen 135.6 nm and N2 Lyman‐Birge‐Hopfield emissions with those obtained from nadir disk images of these same FUV dayglow features. This study represents the first direct comparison of the same metric using these two different techniques and thus is a means to compare the fidelity of each. Both data sets were measured by the Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI) on the NASA Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics satellite during a series of geomagnetic storm events in late July 2004. We present daily maps obtained during the geomagnetically quiet time prior to the storm onset as well as similar maps obtained during the peak storm activity. These images show a strong reduction in column O/N2 at high latitudes and a corresponding lower‐latitude enhancement during the peak of the storm. Although the general morphology of these observations is expected and reflected in the NRLMSISE‐00 neutral atmosphere model, the strength of the storm‐induced changes is underrepresented. The similarity of the GUVI results obtained from both the limb‐ and disk‐imaging techniques and their dissimilarities from current model outputs is strong confirmation of the quantitative results of each. The airglow data show a 40% increase in O/N2 compared to NRLMSISE‐00 near the geomagnetic equator near 1200 UT on 27 July. The peak impact of the storm at these latitudes also occurs at an earlier time than predicted by the model.
Electronic properties of liquid ammonia: A sequential molecular dynamics/quantum mechanics approach
Authors: Almeida Tânia S. , Coutinho Kaline , Costa Cabral Benedito J. , Canuto Sylvio
Published: January 2008

The electronic properties of liquid ammonia are investigated by a sequential molecular dynamics/quantum mechanics approach. Quantum mechanics calculations for the liquid phase are based on a reparametrized hybrid exchange-correlation functional that reproduces the electronic properties of ammonia clusters [(NH3)n; n=1–5]. For these small clusters, electron binding energies based on Green’s function or electron propagator theory, coupled cluster with single, double, and perturbative triple excitations, and density functional theory (DFT) are compared. Reparametrized DFT results for the dipole moment, electron binding energies, and electronic density of states of liquid ammonia are reported. The calculated average dipole moment of liquid ammonia (2.05±0.09D) corresponds to an increase of 27% compared to the gas phase value and it is 0.23D above a prediction based on a polarizable model of liquid ammonia [Deng et al., J. Chem. Phys. 100, 7590 (1994)]. Our estimate for the ionization potential of liquid ammonia is 9.74±0.73eV, which is approximately 1.0eV below the gas phase value for the isolated molecule. The theoretical vertical electron affinity of liquid ammonia is predicted as 0.16±0.22eV, in good agreement with the experimental result for the location of the bottom of the conduction band (−V0=0.2eV). Vertical ionization potentials and electron affinities correlate with the total dipole moment of ammonia aggregates.
Quantum dynamical study of the O(D1)+HCl reaction employing three electronic state potential energy surfaces
Authors: Yang Huan , Han Ke-Li , Nanbu Shinkoh , Nakamura Hiroki , Balint-Kurti Gabriel G. , Zhang Hong , Smith Sean C. , Hankel Marlies
Published: January 2008

Quantum dynamical calculations are reported for the title reaction, for both product arrangement channels and using potential energy surfaces corresponding to the three electronic states, 1A′1, 2A′1, and 1A″1, which correlate with both reactants and products. The calculations have been performed for J=0 using the time-dependent real wavepacket approach by Gray and Balint-Kurti [J. Chem. Phys. 108, 950 (1998)]. Reaction probabilities for both product arrangement channels on all three potential energy surfaces are presented for total energies between 0.1 and 1.1eV. Product vibrational state distributions at two total energies, 0.522 and 0.722eV, are also presented for both channels and all three electronic states. Product rotational quantum state distributions are presented for both product arrangement channels and all three electronic states for the first six product vibrational states.
Materials characteristics and surface morphology of a cesium iodide coated carbon velvet cathode
Authors: Shiffler Don , Heidger Susan , Cartwright Keith , Vaia Rich , Liptak David , Price Gary , LaCour Matthew , Golby Ken
Published: January 2008

Cesium iodide (CsI) coated carbon fiber cathodes have shown promise as a cold cathode for microwave and x-ray devices. In particular, the cathodes have demonstrated over 1 000 000 shots lifetime at operating voltages at or in excess of 165 kV and current densities greater than 25A/cm2. While the vacuum emission characteristics have been well studied, the materials characteristics of the cathodes themselves, particularly after operation, have received little attention. Furthermore, while researchers at University of Wisconsin have demonstrated a reduction in work function of carbon due to the CsI coating, the details of the emission mechanism remain poorly understood. This article gives results of a series of materials diagnostics investigating the cathode surface morphology as well as the changes in the carbon fiber structure with cathode shot history. We demonstrate that the cathode surface undergoes several changes in relation to the bond line along the fiber-substrate interface as well as at the fiber tips. While the exact mechanisms leading to these changes have not been determined, we offer several possible explanations for the changes, as well as the means by which these mechanisms can be ascertained.
Tungsten oxide/tungsten nanocrystals for nonvolatile memory devices
Authors: Chen C. H. , Chang T. C. , Liao I. H. , Xi P. B. , Hsieh Joe , Chen Jason , Huang Tensor , Sze S. M. , Chen U. S. , Chen J. R.
Published: January 2008

In this work, the fabrication of WO3∕W nanocrystals for nonvolatile memory devices has been achieved via rapid thermal oxidation of tungsten silicide. Amorphous Si and WSix (x=2.7) layers were deposited onto the tunneling oxide and sequentially oxidized to form well-shaped WO3∕W nanocrystals. The mean size of WO3∕W nanocrystals is ∼8.4nm, while density is ∼1.57×1011cm−2. Moreover, the nonvolatile memory device for WO3∕W nanocrystals exhibits ∼0.53V threshold voltage shift under 1V∕(−5V) operation. The sample without capping a-Si layer was also fabricated for comparison. By material analyses, reasonable formation mechanisms are proposed in this letter.
A high pressure cell for dynamic light scattering up to 2kbars with conservation of plane of polarization
Authors: Meier G. , Kriegs H.
Published: January 2008

We report on a high pressure cell with six optical windows which can be used up to 2kbars for laser light scattering applications at scattering angles of 45°, 90°, and 135° of liquid samples in a temperature range between −20 and 150°C. The pressure transmitting medium is compressed nitrogen. The window material used is SF57 NSK, a glass with an extremely low stress optical coefficient in the order of about 10−5 which allows thus to maintain the plane of polarization even under the action of high pressure. In order to demonstrate the functioning of the cell we show Rayleigh-Brillouin spectra of poly(methylphenylsiloxane) at different polarizations and pressures.
Linear and nonlinear conductance of ballistic quantum wires with hybrid confinement
Authors: Kothari H. , Ramamoorthy A. , Akis R. , Goodnick S. M. , Ferry D. K. , Reno J. L. , Bird J. P.
Published: January 2008

We characterize the linear and nonlinear electron transport in quantum point contacts (QPCs) realized by a hybrid combination of etching and gating. We demonstrate that the strong electron confinement generated through this hybrid QPC process results in quantized subbands with a large energy separation, leading to the observation of robust one-dimensional quantum-transport effects. Measurements of the nonlinear differential conductance reveal an unexpected bunching of curves at 0.20−0.25×2e2/h, rather than at the expected value of 0.5×2e2/h. Application of a simple analytical model indicates that this bunching is associated with the highly asymmetric manner in which the source-drain voltage is dropped across the QPC near pinch-off and under nonequilibrium conditions.
Estimation of the Lyman-α line intensity in a lithium-based discharge-produced plasma source
Authors: Masnavi Majid , Nakajima Mitsuo , Hotta Eiki , Horioka Kazuhiko
Published: January 2008

Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) discharge-based lamps for EUV lithography need to generate extremely high power in the narrow spectrum band of 13.5±0.135 nm. A simplified time-dependent collisional-radiative model and radiative transfer solution were utilized to investigate the wavelength-integrated Lyman-α line light outputs in a hydrogen-like lithium ion. The study reveals in particular that a steady-state or magnetically confined lithium plasma radiates in the desired spectrum band not less than 1 kW in 2π sr even at an ion density region as low as 1017 cm−3.
Radiation from a space charge dominated linear electron beam
Authors: Biswas Debabrata
Published: January 2008

It is commonly known that radiation loss in linear beam transport is largely unimportant. For a space charge dominated linear beam, however, radiation power loss can be an appreciable fraction of the injected beam power [Biswas, Kumar, and Puri, Phys. Plasmas 14, 094702 (2007)]. Exploring this further, the electromagnetic nature of radiation due to the passage of a space charge dominated electron beam in a “closed” drift tube is explicitly demonstrated by identifying the cavity modes where none existed prior to beam injection. It is further shown that even in an “open” drift tube from which radiation may leak, the modes that escape contribute to the time variation of the electric and magnetic fields in the transient phase. As the window opening increases, the oscillatory transient phase disappears altogether. However, the “bouncing ball” modes survive and can be observed between the injection and collection plates.