bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Treatment of Bovine and Equine Ocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Radiofrequency Hyperthermia
Authors: Grier R. L. , Brewer W. G. , Paul S. R. , Theilen G. H.
Published: February 2025

Forty-five ocular squamous cell carcinomas (scc) in 17 cattle and 8 horses were treated by radiofrequency hyperthermia, resulting in 80% complete regression and 16% partial regression. Tumors were histologically diagnosed as scc; 50% of the tumors were recurrent, having been treated previously by surgery, cryosurgery, radiation, or immunotherapy. After hyperthermic treatment, most animals were available for tumor measurement at 4 to 6 weeks and at 8 to 16 weeks, with a final observation period of 2 to 10 months for all. Complete regression occurred in 8 of 12 tumors given a sccond hyperthermic treatment. It was concluded that hyperthermia is an effective and easily applied treatment modality for ocular scc in cattle and horses; however, it cannot be recommended for large tumors (≥ 5 cm diameter) that have deep eyelid or conjunctival penetration.
Colonic Perforation Following Neurosurgical Procedures and Corticosteroid Therapy in Four Dogs
Authors: Toombs James P. , Caywood Dennis D. , Lipowitz Alan J. , Stevens Jerry B.
Published: February 2025

Perforation of the proximal descending colon occurred in four Dachshund dogs, each of which died 5 to 10 days following neurosurgical procedures. The complication was believed to be associated with parenteral use of dexamethasone.

Correct antemortem diagnosis was made in only one of the four cases, probably because signs of a perforated viscus were so modified by the antiphlogistic effects of corticosteroids as to prevent early detection of the complication.
Urinary Protein Excretion and Immunopathologic Findings in Dogs with Glomerular Disease
Authors: DiBartola S. P. , Spaulding G. L. , Chew D. J. , Lewis R. M.
Published: February 2025

Clinical and histopathologic findings in 21 dogs with glomerular disease were reviewed. Diagnoses included amyloidosis, glomerulonephritis, and secondary glomerular atrophy.

Dogs with amyloidosis excreted the largest amount of urinary protein per day, and 5 of 6 so affected had clinical signs of advanced renal disease at the time of examination. Dogs with glomerulonephritis excreted significantly less urinary protein per day, and none had clinical signs of advanced renal disease at the time of examination. The magnitude of proteinuria was correlated more with the nature of the glomerular lesion than with the stage of renal disease.
Serum Thyroxine Content Before and After Thyrotropin Stimulation in Dogs with Suspected Hypothyroidism
Authors: Lorenz Michael D. , Stiff Marilyn E.
Published: February 2025

Thyroid function in 39 dogs was studied, utilizing serum thyroxine (T-4) analysis before and 10 hours after thyroid-stimulating hormone (tsh) stimulation. All dogs were treated with pharmacologic doses of l-thyroxine or liothyronine, and the dogs' responses to these treatments were documented. Failure to double control T-4 values after tsh administration was associated with a good response to thyroid medication, whereas a doubling of the control values after tsh administration was associated with negative responses to thyroid medication. Significant difference was not found in the control T-4 values of the various groups, whereas the post-tsh values were significantly different. The study substantiated the value of tsh-response tests in the presumptive diagnosis of canine hypothyroidism.
Public Health Aspects of Toxic Heavy Metals in Animal Feeds
Authors: Sharma Raghubir P. , Street Joseph C.
Published: February 2025

Studies involving animals of three species (dairy cattle, growing swine, and laying chickens) indicated that residues of lead and cadmium do not increase appreciably in major food products obtained from the animals during long-term exposure to sub-toxic dietary concentrations of these heavy metals. Human risk would not be expected by the consumption of milk, meat, or eggs from animals similarly exposed. Both metals accumulate in liver and kidney, and lead accumulates in bone. A moderate intake of liver and kidney from lead-exposed animals appears to present little or no health hazard. Utilization of these organs from cadmium-exposed animals, however, should be avoided.
Canine Brucellosis: Comparison of Clinical Manifestations with Serologic Test Results
Authors: Hubbert Nancy L. , Bech-Nielsen Steen , Barta Ota
Published: February 2025

Slide agglutination and mercaptoethanol tube agglutination tests for canine brucellosis were performed on 158 dogs. Clinical status was compared with the serologic test results. Sera were from 56 clinically normal dogs, 63 dogs with reproductive disorders, and 39 dogs with various nonreproductive disorders that could be associated with canine brucellosis. Ten of 21 (48%) aborting bitches and 2 of 9 (22%) bitches with other reproductive disorders were seropositive for brucellosis. Enlarged testicles, orchitis, and epididymitis were the main clinical disorders associated with positive (33%) or suspect (20%) serologic reactions in 15 male dogs. In 13 dogs of both sexes, diskospondylitis and osteomyelitis were the most common nonreproductive disorders associated with seropositive status for canine brucellosis (46%). Of 138 stray dogs, 17 were seropositive for canine brucellosis. Treatment of seropositive animals with antibiotics gave variable results.

Of the 296 serum samples tested, 43 (14.5%) gave a positive reaction by the slide agglutination test but were negative by the mercaptoethanol tube agglutination test. Correlation was not found between serologic results and sex or breed.
Arterial Hypertension and Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteopathy Associated with Aortic Valvular Endocarditis in a Dog
Authors: Vulgamott Jim C. , Clark R. Gary
Published: February 2025

A 5-year-old spayed female Doberman Pinscher was referred for clinical evaluation following two acute episodes of lameness, lethargy, and respiratory dyspnea. The femoral pulse had a bounding “water-hammer” quality. Arterial blood pressures were 280 mm of Hg to greater than 300 mm of Hg during systole and approximately 40 mm of Hg during diastole. Systolic blood pressure was lowered to 210 mm of Hg, using prazosin. Radiography revealed extensive pulmonary interstitial markings and smooth subperiosteal expansions of the long bones indicative of hypertrophic pulmonary osteopathy. Despite symptomatic treatment, the dog's health gradually deteriorated, and it died 9 days after referral. Necropsy revealed vegetative endocarditis of the aortic valve. Insufficiency of the aortic valve was believed to be responsible for the systolic hypertension and the hypertrophic pulmonary osteopathy.
Multicentric Periarticular Calcinosis in a Pup
Authors: Ellison Gary W. , Norrdin Robert W.
Published: February 2025

A 12 week-old pup was examined because of a bizarre periarticular joint condition. Physical, radiographic, and histopathologic findings indicated synovial and periarticular calcinosis that involved virtually all of the diarthrodial joints to varying degrees. History, laboratory data, and postmortem findings tended to eliminate a nutritional, neoplastic, or infectious cause, but a genetic, endocrine, or metabolic derangement could not be ruled out.
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia in the Dog
Authors: Hodgkins E. M. , Zinkl J. G. , Madewell B. R.
Published: February 2025

Lethargy and weight loss were associated with chronic lymphocytosis in a dog. The bone marrow was infiltrated with large numbers of small lymphocytes, similar to those appearing in blood. Clinical and laboratory examinations led to a diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Four other cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia were evaluated retrospectively.
Parvovirus Infection in Translocated Raccoons
Authors: Nettles Victor F. , Pearson James E. , Gustafson Gary A. , Blue Jack L.
Published: February 2025

Severe enteritis attributed to parvovirus infection was diagnosed in raccoons (Procyon lotor) purchased from a commercial animal dealer for interstate translocation. Intestinal lesions included edema, hyperemia, and focal mucosal necrosis. Microscopically, intestinal villi were reduced markedly, and there was necrosis of the glandular crypts. Intranuclear inclusions were seen in many crypt cells. A parvovirus that was infective for Crandell feline kidney cells and primary canine kidney cells was isolated from the spleen of a sick raccoon. The raccoon virus was distinguished from feline panleukopenia virus by the former’s ability to hemag-glutinate swine erythrocytes at a pH of 7.2. Serum neutralization testing of infected raccoons indicated that the raccoon isolate differed from feline panleukopenia virus and may have been canine parvovirus.
Fatal Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Infection in Captive Bushbabies
Authors: Chang Jerjang , Wagner Joseph L. , Kornegay Robert W.
Published: February 2025

Fatal Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection was diagnosed in 3 bushbabies (Galago crassicaudatus) in a large prosimian colony. The clinical signs were diarrhea, dyspnea, hyperthermia, dehydration, and lethargy. Histologically, the disease was characterized by lesions of ulcerative enterocolitis, necrotizing hepatitis, splenitis, lymphadenitis, and nonsuppurative pneumonitis.
Tuberculosis in Fennec Foxes
Authors: Himes Elmer Μ. , Luchsinger Donald W. , Jarnagin Jerald L. , Thoen Charles O. , Hood Howell B. , Ferrin David A.
Published: February 2025

Fennec foxes (Fennecus zerda) in 2 zoos were found on necropsy to have lesions typical of those found in canine tuberculosis. Histologic examination revealed numerous acid-fast bacilli in lesions of liver, portal lymph node, spleen, kidney, and lung. Mycobacterium bovis isolated from tissues was identified by biochemical methods and by pathogenicity tests in guinea pigs and rabbits.
Evaluation of Xylazine in Camels
Authors: Peshin P. K. , Nigam J. Μ. , Singh S. C. , Robinson B. A.
Published: February 2025

When xylazine was given intramuscularly to 12 apparently healthy adult camels (Camelus dromedarius) at the rate of 0.4 mg/kg of body weight, mean values for onset of weak time, down time, and time until recovery were 8.6±1.1, 10.5±0.6, and 150±56.9 minutes, respectively. Mild salivation, drooping of lower lips, and relaxation of neck were observed at mean times of 15.3±4.9, 11.0±1.7, and 22.7±3.9 minutes, respectively. Analgesic effects remained for 60 to 90 minutes. Hemocytologic changes were not statistically significant. Marked hyperglycemia was observed at 30 minutes after xylazine administration. Hypotension from 30 to 60 minutes after xylazine administration was not correlated with elevated central venous pressure or with bradycardia. Electrocardiography revealed 1st-degree atrioventricular block, sinoatrial block, sinus arrhythmia, and wandering pacemaker in sinoatrial node, which were attributed to vagal stimulation. Primary T-wave changes and ST segment elevation also were observed.

When xylazine was used at the same dosage in 13 clinical cases involving surgery of short duration, it proved to be a satisfactory sedative, analgesic, and muscle relaxant.
Spinal Decompression in a Black Bear
Authors: Nichols James B. , Dulisch Mary L. , Sikarskie James G. , McNamara Μ. A.
Published: February 2025

A 17-year-old black bear was examined because of posterior paralysis. Radiography revealed a narrowed disk space at T10–11, indicating a ruptured intervertebral disk. Subsequently, a dorsolateral hemilaminectomy was performed. Recovery from paralysis was slow because of the size of the animal (127 kg) and lack of appropriate physical therapy. When evaluated more than 1 year later, however, the bear had no signs of neurologic deficits.
Recurrent Coxofemoral Luxation in Fifteen Dogs and One Cat
Authors: Hammer Douglas L.
Published: February 2025

Trochanteric transposition and joint capsule restoration were used in the repair of recurrent coxofermoral luxations. Reduction was successful in 12 of the 16 operated limbs. The angle of inclination of the femoral head was measured in 10 dogs and found to be within normal limits. It was concluded that, in terms of successful reduction, this method of repair compares favorably with other commonly used methods.
Simultaneous Evaluation of Pancreatic Exocrine Function and Intestinal Absorptive Function in Dogs with Chronic Diarrhea
Authors: Rogers W. A. , Stradley R. P. , Sherding R. G. , Powers J. , Cole C. R.
Published: February 2025

The N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-p-aminobenzoic acid (bt-paba):xylose test was evaluated in 5 clinically normal dogs, 5 dogs with pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (pei), and 7 dogs with intestinal malabsorption. A solution of bt-paba (1 g/100 ml) and d-xylose (10 g/100 ml) was given orally (5 ml/kg of body weight) to dogs in each group. Plasma p-aminobenzoic acid (paba) curves were decreased in dogs with pei and intestinal malabsorption (P<0.05) but were the lowest in dogs with pei, compared with clinically normal dogs.

Xylose values in dogs with malabsorption were decreased (P < 0.05), compared with clinically normal dogs. Dogs with pei had plasma xylose values that were intermediate to values in clinically normal dogs and dogs with intestinal malabsorption.

Results of bt-paba:xylose testing were compared with results of sodium paba:xylose testing, to determine whether decreased paba values obtained by the bt-paba:xylose test were caused by free paba malabsorption or by maldigestion of bt-paba. The sodium paba:xylose test was performed in dogs from each group by oral administration of a solution (5 ml/kg) of sodium paba (0.372 g/100 ml) and d-xylose (10.0 g/100 ml). Plasma paba values obtained by the sodium paba:xylose test were similar in each group. Thus, different paba values obtained by the bt-paba:xylose test were not caused by paba malabsorption. Xylose values were similar to values obtained by the bt-paba:xylose test.

It was concluded that: (1) the bt-paba:xylose test is a practical test for detecting maldigestion or malabsorption in the dog; (2) dogs with intestinal malabsorption may have functional pei; and (3) decreased paba plasma values obtained by bt-paba: xylose testing are not caused by malabsorption of free paba.
Isolation of a Paramyxovirus from the Cerebrospinal Fluid of a Dog with Posterior Paresis
Authors: Evermann J. F. , Lincoln J. D. , McKiernan A. J.
Published: February 2025

A paramyxovirus was isolated from cerebrospinal fluid of a dog with a history of incoordination and posterior paresis. The virus apparently was not related to canine distemper virus (cdv), considering the lack of virus neutralization with cdv-specific antibody, negative immunofluorescence with cdv-specific conjugate, and avirulence for ferrets. The virus was antigenically related to a prototype strain of canine parainfluenza virus, as determined by positive immunofluorescence with canine parainfluenza virus-specific conjugate and virus neutralization tests.
Diagnosis and Management of Concurrent Diabetes Mellitus and Hyperadrenocorticism in Thirty Dogs
Authors: Peterson Mark E. , Nesbitt Gene H. , Schaer Michael
Published: February 2025

Concurrent diabetes mellitus and hyperadrenocorticism were diagnosed in 30 dogs over a 2-year period. Clinical signs included polyuria, hepatomegaly, polyphagia, abdominal distension, truncal alopecia, anorexia, and vomiting. Because of the similar clinical and laboratory findings for hyperadrenocorticism and diabetes mellitus, hyperadrenocorticism was initially overlooked in some dogs. Insulin resistance, characterized by high daily insulin requirements, developed in the diabetic dogs with untreated hyperadrenocorticism. Therapy with o,p′-DDD resulted in precipitous declines in insulin requirements. By lowering the dosage of o,p′-DDD and supplementing with glucocorticoids during the o,p′-DDD loading period, serious hypoglycemia was avoided. Control of coexisting hyperadrenocorticism lessened the severity of the diabetes mellitus, but insulin therapy remained a necessity in all dogs.
Medical Records and the Law
Authors: Rumore James J. , Al-Bagdadi Fahri K. , Titkemeyer Charles
Published: February 2025

Practitioners involved in the diagnosis and treatment of health-related conditions are vulnerable to litigation. Courts of law frequently award large settlements to plaintiffs who can convince a jury that the quality of service was less than could be reasonably expected. Court judgments are based on evidence supported by hard facts. Practitioners should maintain an accurate accounting of each case, not only as good business practice but also as evidence in case of litigation. The medical record is an excellent source of such evidence.
Eye Worms in Cattle in Indiana
Authors: Ladouceur Cynthia A. , Kazacos Kevin R.
Published: February 2025

Of 320 Indiana cattle examined for eye worms between Aug 31, 1977 and July 12, 1979, 88 (28%) were found to be infected with Thelazia gulosa and Thelazia skrjabini. Seventeen cattle had eye worms in both eyes and 65 cattle had them in a single eye (worms from 6 cattle were pooled, thus not included). From 1 to 28 eye worms (mean, 6) were found per infected animal. Breed predilection was not evident, and 3-year-old cattle had the highest proportion of infection.
Bone Marrow Hypoplasia in Eight Dogs with Sertoli Cell Tumor
Authors: Sherding Robert G. , Wilson George P. , Kociba Gary J.
Published: February 2025

Eight male dogs with Sertoli cell tumor had pancytopenia and bone marrow hypoplasia attributed to endogenous estrogen myelotoxicosis. Clinical signs were hemorrhage caused by thrombocytopenia, anemia caused by blood loss or diminished erythrocyte production, and infection and fever associated with granulocytopenia. Other signs attributed to hyperestrogenism were feminization and prostatic disease. Two dogs recovered after castration and supportive treatment, but 5 other similarly treated dogs died of hematopoietic failure. One dog wag euthanatized.
Relationship of Neonatal Mortality in Lambs to Serologic Status of the Ewe for Toxoplasma gondii
Authors: Huffman E. M. , Kirk J. H. , Winward L. , Gorham J. R.
Published: February 2025

The indirect hemagglutination method was used to determine the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in a random sample (250) of lambing ewes from a large (4,226 ewes) western range flock. Agglutination (≥2 + ) at the 1:64 serum dilution was considered a positive reaction; the seroprevalence was 20.8%. The neonatal mortality for lambs born to seropositive ewes was 30.7%, which was significantly greater than that for seronegative ewes (13.6%). The average age at death for lambs born to seropositive ewes was 24.8 hours, which was significantly less than that for lambs born to seronegative ewes (31.2 hours).
Suppurative Abomasitis Associated with Clostridium septicum Infection
Authors: Eustis S. L. , Bergeland M. E.
Published: February 2025

A 1-week-old calf and two 1-month-old lambs from different farms in eastern South Dakota had severe abomasitis characterized by diffuse suppurative inflammation, edema, and emphysema. Clostridium septicum in the abomasal wall of each was identified by immunofluorescence and isolation. The lesions and microbiologic findings established the disease as braxy, a condition infrequently reported in the United States and thought to affect sheep only.
Urinary Tract Infection Resulting from Catheterization in Healthy Adult Dogs
Authors: Biertuempfel Pamela H. , Ling Gerald V. , Ling Gordon A.
Published: February 2025

The urinary bladders of 70 clinically normal adult dogs of both sexes and a variety of breeds were catheterized after a urine specimen was taken from each dog by antepubic cystocentesis. All of the specimens were negative for bacterial growth after 72 hours’ incubation at 37 C. Three days later, a 2nd urine specimen was taken from each dog by cystocentesis. All 35 specimens collected from male dogs at this time were culture-negative, whereas 7 of 35 (20%) specimens collected from female dogs were culture-positive. It was concluded that urinary bladder catheterization in female dogs is associated with substantial risk and should be used only when alternate methods of urine collection are not available.
Mannitol Agar for Microbiologic Diagnosis of Bovine Mastitis
Authors: Ward G. E. , Madl J. E. , Lyon R. H.
Published: February 2025

A medium containing mannitol (mannitol agar) was developed and evaluated as a tool for the microbiologic diagnosis of bovine mastitis. Mannitol agar supported growth of all important bacterial mastitis pathogens (staphylococci, streptococci, coliforms, and pseudomonads) except Corynebacterium pyogenes. Color change around colonies in the agar permitted the differentiation of pathogenic from nonpathogenic staphylococci. Most Staphylococcus aureus strains and some Staphylococcus epidermidis strains produced yellow zones. These yellow zone-producing strains (mannitol fermenters) of staphylococci were obtained from quarters with significantly elevated (P<0.05) somatic cell counts (scc) in the milk, as compared with uninfected quarters and, therefore, would be considered pathogens. Mannitol-negative strains of S epidermidis (those with red zones) were obtained from quarters with scc similar to those of uninfected quarters.

The streptococci could be divided into 2 groups on the basis of color change around the colonies: Streptococcus agalactiae, Str dysgalactiae, and group G streptococci produced red zones; Str uberis, Str bovis, and enterococci produced yellow zones. Pathogenic streptococci (Str agalactiae, Str dysgalactiae, Str uberis, and group G streptococci) were obtained from quarters with scc significantly higher (P<0.01) than those of uninfected quarters. Streptococcus bovis and enterococci were obtained from quarters with scc similar to those of uninfected quarters and were considered nonpathogenic. Pathogenic streptococci were found in much higher concentration than nonpathogenic streptococci and could be differentiated on that basis.
Mineral Composition of Urinary Calculi from Miniature Schnauzer Dogs
Authors: Klausner J. S. , Osborne C. A. , Clinton C. W. , Stevens J. B. , Griffith D. P.
Published: February 2025

The mineral composition of 150 calculi from the urinary tracts of Miniature Schnauzer dogs was determined by qualitative and quantitative methods. Struvite was the predominant mineral in 92% of the calculi. Other calculi contained predominantly apatite, calcium oxalate, ammonium urate, or silica.

Most calculi were from the urinary bladder or urethra, or both. Four were from the renal pelves. Struvite calculi were more frequently encountered in females than males. The mean age of the dogs at the time of detection of calculi was 4.8 years.

Qualitative analysis failed to detect some minerals that were identified by quantitative analysis.
Ischiadic Nerve Entrapment
Authors: Walker T. L.
Published: February 2025

In 3 cases of ischiadic nerve entrapment secondary to trauma (2 dogs, 1 cat), nerve conduction studies revealed a delayed latency when the ischiadic nerve was stimulated proximal to the lesion and a normal latency distal to the entrapped segment of the nerve. The techniques of external neurolysis and long digital extensor tendon transfer were utilized in the management and ultimate recovery from the paralysis.
Cardiomyopathy of English Cocker Spaniels
Authors: Staaden Ross V.
Published: February 2025

In an English Cocker Spaniel kennel in which the adult population varied between 20 and 30, 11 dogs had evidence of cardiomyopathy over a 5-year period. Three of the affected dogs were found dead, with cardiac enlargement and pulmonary edema found at necropsy. In the other affected dogs, dyspnea and other signs of congestive heart failure developed; 5 of these died. Necropsies were performed on 4 dogs, all of which had cardiac enlargement and pulmonary edema. In 3 dogs, the dyspnea abated with treatment. Four of the 11 affected dogs were less than 5 years old. Chronic valvular disease was discounted because some dogs had no murmurs and, at necropsy, valve leaflets were only slightly thickened. Heart weight ranged from 1.21%–1.56% of body weight.
Multiple Cardiac Anomalies in a Family of Saluki Dogs
Authors: Ogburn Phillip N. , Peterson Mark , Jeraj Karim
Published: February 2025

Clinical studies of a family of Saluki dogs demonstrated a spectrum of cardiac malformations, which ranged from mild thickening of a pulmonic valve leaflet to a complex condition composed of tricuspid valve insufficiency, pulmonic stenosis, patent ductus arteriosus, and mitral valve insufficiency. All affected dogs had patent ductus arteriosus or ductus diverticulum, which is an incomplete or atypical form of patent ductus arteriosus. The clinical findings varied with the type of cardiac lesion(s) found. Pedigree evaluation suggested a genetic cause, though environmental factors could not be excluded.
Bone Sarcomas Associated with Multifocal Medullary Bone Infarction in Dogs
Authors: Dubielzig Richard. R. , Biery Darryl N. , Brodey Robert S.
Published: February 2025

Nine dogs with primary osteosarcoma also had concurrent bone infarctions. The median weight of the 9 dogs was less than 12 kg, and the median age was 10 years. Radiographically and histologically, bone infarctions were apparent in the limb bones and the cranium. Radiographically, there were multiple, irregular intramedullary densities, particularly in the limb bones. Histologically, there was widespread necrosis of the medullary soft tissue and bone, with proliferative new bone formation on medullary trabeculae. Collagen deposition throughout the vessel walls leading to occlusion was seen only in the intramedullary arteries.
Acute Hemolytic Anemia, Methemoglobinemia, and Heinz Body Formation Associated with Ingestion of Red Maple Leaves by Horses
Authors: Tennant B. , Dill S. G. , Glickman L. T. , Mirro E. J. , King J. M. , Polak D. M. , Smith M. C. , Kradel D. C.
Published: February 2025

From June 1975 through June 1979, acute hemolytic anemia developed in 11 horses from 7 New York farms. Of the 7 horses that died, 6 had methemoglobinemia. In the 4 horses that recovered, methemoglobinemia was not observed, but Heinz body formation was seen in 3 of the 4. On 2 of the premises involved, frank methemoglobinemia was observed concurrently with Heinz body formation, suggesting a relationship between the pathogenesis of methemoglobinemia and Heinz body formation in the hemolytic process. In addition to the 11 cases described, 22 clinically similar cases were reported to us during the period of this investigation by practicing veterinarians from New York, Pennsylvania, and the New England states.

All 33 cases of hemolytic anemia occurred between June and October of each year, and affected horses had access to outside paddocks or fields containing a variety of native grasses, weeds, and trees. On 2 farms, hemolytic anemia developed after the horses were observed browsing fallen branches of red maple trees (Acer rubrum). Red maple leaves and bark were obtained from 1 of these farms, and approximately 1 kg of a leaf and bark mixture was fed to each of 2 ponies. Within 48 hours, both ponies became ill. The syndrome was indistinguishable from that observed in clinical patients and was characterized by methemoglobinemia and intravascular hemolysis. The ponies died 5 and 6 days after ingestion of the suspected poisonous material, at which time the packed cell volumes were 6% and 7%, respectively.

It was concluded that many cases of hemolytic anemia in horses in northeastern states may be related to ingestion of leaves or bark from red maple trees. The studies did not, however, define the factors that predispose to poisoning and did not exclude the possibility that other environmental toxins may have been involved.
Effectiveness of a Topical Antifungal Agent (Clotrimazole) in Dogs
Authors: McCurdy H. D. , Hepler D. I. , Larson K. A.
Published: February 2025

An infection of Trichophyton mentagrophytes was induced in 13 dogs, and of Microsporum canis, in 9 dogs. After the lesions became established, they were assigned to a group for clotrimazole treatment, miconazole treatment, or no treatment. Treatments were applied once daily for 28 days, using a double-blind method. The lesions were evaluated by daily scoring of severity and by semiweekly culturing throughout the treatment period.

Compared with untreated controls, the response to clotrimazole was significantly better from day 11 until the end of the study. The response to clotrimazole equaled or occasionally exceeded that to miconazole.
Distal Intertarsal and Tarsometatarsal Joints in the Horse: Communication and Injection Sites
Authors: Sack W. O. , Orsini P. G.
Published: February 2025

One hundred three equine hocks, obtained from the postmortem room, were used to study the communication and injection of material into the distal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joints. Excluding the hocks with fused central and 3rd tarsal bones, in 8.3% of hocks injected with low (clinical) pressure and in 23.8% injected with high pressure, the distal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joints communicated by dissection of the material through 2 internal spaces: the tarsal canal and the space between the combined tarsal bones 1 and 2 and tarsal bone 3. A “pop” sometimes felt when high pressure was used did not necessarily indicate that a communication between the 2 joints had been established. The distal intertarsal joint was best punctured medially through the proximal part of the gap between the combined tarsal bones 1 and 2, tarsal bone 3, and the central tarsal bone. The tarsometatarsal joint was most reliably punctured plantarolaterally between the head of the 4th metatarsal and 4th tarsal bones.
Acute Idiopathic Polyneuropathy in the Dog
Authors: Northington J. W. , Brown M. J. , Farnbach G. C. , Steinberg S. A.
Published: February 2025

From among a large group of dogs with acute tetraparesis, we identified 10 dogs with a distinct peripheral nerve disorder. Prior to the onset of signs, all of the dogs had been healthy, and none was known to have been exposed to a neurotoxin or raccoon bite. Weakness, with hypoactive or absent segmental reflexes, became progressively worse for 1 to 21 days. Results of electromyography and nerve conduction studies invariably were compatible with a diagnosis of polyneuropathy that predominantly affected proximal nerve segments. Appearance of nerve biopsy specimens and the short time course for functional recovery suggested a demyelinative component to the disorder. The extent of recovery was variable but often rapid and complete in dogs that did not succumb to complications in the early period. Corticosteroid therapy did not demonstrably influence the outcome. This acute idiopathic polyneuropathy in the dog shares many clinical and pathologic features with idiopathic polyradiculoneuritis (Coonhound paralysis).
Inheritance of a Neuromuscular Disorder of Labrador Retriever Dogs
Authors: Kramer John W. , Hegreberg G. A. , Hamilton Mary Jo
Published: February 2025

A heritable neuromuscular disorder of Labrador Retrievers was demonstrated to be transmitted by a simple autosomal recessive mode. The pathologic changes were confined to affected dogs, and a method for identifying the unaffected carrier was not found. The disorder was first recognized in 4 litters submitted for clinical examination; then was studied in 6 additional litters to determine the mode of inheritance. Although the disorder appeared widespread, its prevalence was thought to be low.
Induced African Swine Fever in Feral Pigs
Authors: McVicar John W. , Mebus Charles A. , Becker M. Neil , Belden Robert C. , Gibbs E. P. J.
Published: February 2025

Feral pigs trapped in Florida were exposed by intranasal/oral inoculation or contact to African swine fever virus isolants from the Iberian peninsula and the Dominican Republic. All exposed pigs became sick and died or were killed after becoming moribund. Necropsy revealed lesions typical of African swine fever, but several pigs had marked hemorrhage surrounding the kidneys or rectum or in the gastric, hepatic, or ventral abdominal region that, in the field, might have suggested trauma or poisoning as a cause of death. Most pigs had severe lesions associated with kidney worms. Virus was detected in the blood and selected tissues of each pig, using the hemadsorption reaction in porcine monocyte cultures; direct or indirect immunofluorescence was used to confirm the diagnosis.
Habronemic Blepharoconjunctivitis in Horses
Authors: Rebhun W. C. , Mirro E. J. , Georgi M. E. , Kern T. J.
Published: February 2025

Habronemic blepharoconjunctivitis was characterized clinically by raised yellow gritty plaques in the palpebral and bulbar conjunctivae. Lid granulomas and blepharitis were observed in some cases. On histologic examination, mast cells, eosinophils, and collagenolysis were found in most sections, but if only one section was examined an erroneous diagnosis of mastocytosis could have been made. Treatment consisted of larvicidal mixtures for lid lesions and organophosphate ophthalmic drops along with corticosteroids for the conjunctivitis. If the cornea was damaged by the gritty conjunctival plaques, healing was more prolonged because corticosteroids were then contraindicated.
Prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis and Dipetalonema reconditum Infections in Missouri Dogs
Authors: Pratt Sara E. , Convin Robert M. , Selby Lloyd A. , Rhoades John D.
Published: February 2025

The prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis and Dipetalonema reconditum infections in Missouri dogs was investigated by means of a statewide veterinary mail survey and a study of shelter dogs from central Missouri and Mississippi River communities. The veterinary survey revealed microfilariae of D immitis in 447 of 11,823 (3.8 %) dogs, microfilariae of D reconditum in 14 (0.1 %), and microfilariae of both species in 8 (< 0.1%). Of 493 shelter dogs examined, using the modified Knott test, 23 (4.7%) were positive for D immitis, 23 (4.7 %) for D reconditum, and 2 (0.4%) for both helminths. The prevalence of infection with both D immitis (9.4%) and D reconditum (6.3%) was higher in shelter dogs from the Mississippi River communities than in those from central Missouri (1.7% for D immitis, 3.7% for D reconditum). The microfilariae of D immitis in shelter dogs ranged in length from 255 to 343 μm (mean, 314 μm) and in width from 5.0 to 7.5 μm (mean, 6.5 μm); those of D reconditum ranged in length from 238 to 295 μm (mean, 257 μm) and in width from 3.2 to 6.5 μm (mean, 4.9 μm). Buttonhook tails were seen in 41 % of D reconditum. In the final analysis, the shape of the anterior end was considered the most reliable criterion for differentiation.
Equine Carpal Surgery: A Review of 89 Cases and Evaluation of Return to Function
Authors: Lindsay W. A. , Horney F. D.
Published: February 2025

During a 6-year period, carpal arthrotomies were performed on 89 horses with carpal fractures. Fifty-two percent of the fractures involved the left forelimb; the 3rd carpal bone was most often involved (42%), followed by the radial carpal bone (30%). The effect of surgery on the performance of a subgroup of 48 Thoroughbreds was evaluated by comparing the number of starts, level of racing (claiming value), and earnings for the 12 months of racing preceding and following arthrotomy. The data indicated that carpal arthrotomy in the Thoroughbred carries with it a favorable prognosis inasmuch as 80% of the patients in this study returned to competition.
Relationship Between Serum Immunoglobulin Values and Incidence of Respiratory Disease in Calves
Authors: Davidson J. N. , Yancey S. P. , Campbell S. G. , Warner R. G.
Published: February 2025

Severe respiratory disease, with high morbidity and high mortality, occurred in 2 groups of bull calves (14 to 64 days old) raised in the same facility. Necropsy findings included lesions of acute or chronic bronchopneumonia. Serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) values were determined for all calves at 3 to 6 days of age. Calves that died of respiratory disease had an average IgG value of 1,267 mg/100 ml, whereas calves that lived had an average IgG value of 2,698 mg/100 ml. Calves with low serum IgG values had higher morbidity, had to be treated earlier in life, and had to be treated more frequently per day, when compared with calves that had high serum IgG values.
Effect of Acetazolamide on Blood Acid-Base and Electrolyte Values in Dogs
Authors: Haskins Steve C. , Munger Robert J. , Helphrey Marvin G. , Gilroy Beverly A. , Patz John D. , Steele Mark D. , Shapiro Wayne
Published: February 2025

The effects of acetazolamide administration on arterial blood acid-base equilibrium and electrolyte concentrations were evaluated in 13 clinical patients and in a 4-week experiment in 6 conditioned mixed-breed dogs. Findings included persistent acidemia characterized by hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, elevated partial pressure of oxygen, and mild depletion of potassium. Changes in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide were variable, and there was no change in plasma sodium concentration or osmolality.

Measured disturbances were apparent within 12 hours of the commencement of acetazolamide administration, peaked at between 1.5 and 5.0 days, and thereafter stabilized. Abnormalities were restored to normal within 1.5 days following termination of drug administration.
Public Health Implications of Plague in Domestic Cats
Authors: Kaufmann Arnold F. , Mann Jonathan M. , Gardiner Ted M. , Heaton Fred , Poland Jack D. , Barnes Allan M. , Maupin Gary O.
Published: February 2025

Bubonic plague was diagnosed in a 6-year-old boy who lived in a plague-endemic area of New Mexico. His illness resulted from being scratched and bitten by a Yersinia pestis-infected cat. Three other human plague cases in western United States and 2 in South Africa also resulted from exposure to Y pestis-infected cats.
Laryngeal Paralysis in Three Cats
Authors: Hardie Elizabeth M. , Kolata Ronald J. , Stone Elizabeth A. , Steiss Janet E.
Published: February 2025

Acute laryngeal paralysis was diagnosed in 3 cats with signs of upper airway obstruction. In each case, the diagnosis was made by direct laryngoscopy. In 2 cases, the diagnosis was confirmed by electromyography of the larynx. Treatment consisted of partial laryngectomy, using an oral approach.
Raccoon Ascarid Larvae as a Cause of Fatal Central Nervous System Disease in Subhuman Primates
Authors: Kazacos Kevin R. , Wirtz Wendy L. , Burger Paul P. , Christmas Cathy S.
Published: February 2025

To assess the danger of Baylisascaris procyonis (the common roundworm of raccoons) to subhuman primates, as well as the zoonotic potential of the parasite, 4 squirrel monkeys were inoculated by stomach tube with 5,000 or 10,500 infective B procyonis eggs. Fulminating severe cns disease developed at 10-15 days after inoculation, and the monkeys died or were euthanatized at 12-19 days. At necropsy, numerous hemorrhagic migration tracks were visible in coronal brain slices. Histologically, numerous migration tracks and larvae were seen in the brain as well as the spinal cord. Larvae measured 60-65μm in midbody diameter. Migration tracks averaged 508μm × 354μm in cross section and consisted of foci of malacia and micro-cavitation, with an influx of macrophages and leukocytes, and various degrees of hemorrhage. Also seen were extensive perivascular cuffing, gliosis, astrocytosis, and a mixed inflammatory cell infiltrate. Numerous larval granulomas were seen grossly and microscopically throughout the body; they were particularly abundant in the tissues of the head, neck, and thorax. It was concluded that B procyonis should be considered a threat to the health of subhuman primates and an important potential zoonosis in situations wherein infection of monkeys or human beings could take place.
Experimental Infection of Opossums with Brucella abortus
Authors: Moore Cheryl Garby , Schnurrenberger Paul R.
Published: February 2025

Thirteen opossums (Didelphis virginiana) trapped in east central Alabama were fed approximately 1.5 × 109 Brucella abortus colony forming units. Serologic responses to at least 1 of 3 tests developed in 8 of the 13 opossums. Brucella abortus was recovered from 18 of 159 blood samples from 4 of the 13 opossums and from 7 of 159 fecal samples from 6 of them. All culture-positive feces had been excreted within 4 days after exposure. Sixty-four urine, 123 saliva, and 78 vaginal samples were culture-negative. Eleven baby opossums, in their mothers' pouches at the time of capture, were culture-negative. Brucella abortus was isolated from 10 of 13 adult opossums.

Ten additional opossums were trapped and tested for brucellosis. One had a tube agglutination titer of 1:25, and B abortus was isolated from the liver and spleen. Brucella abortus was isolated from lung and spleen of 8 seronegative opossums. The remaining 8 opossums were negative to all tests.
Seroepidemiology of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo in Colorado Antelope and Cattle
Authors: Collins M. T. , Gallegos T. A. , Reif J. S. , Adrian W. T.
Published: February 2025

A seroepidemiologic study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo infection in Colorado cattle and antelope. Sera were tested by the microscopic agglutination test, using a standard battery of 12 antigens as well as 4 additional serovars of the Hebdo-madis serogroup: hardjo, szwajizak, sejroe, and balcanica.

Sera from 1,856 cattle and 544 antelope were tested. In both populations, the predominant serovar detected was hardjo; hardjo titers ≥1:400 were found in 3.2% of the cattle and 3.6% of antelope. A positive correlation was found to exist between serologic evidence of infection in cattle and the presence of antelope. In counties with presumably infected antelope, 5.6% of cattle sera reacted to hardjo; in counties with uninfected antelope, 2.6% of cattle tested were seropositive for hardjo; where no antelope existed, titers of ≥1:400 were not detected.
Glutaraldehyde Coagulation Test for Detection of Hypogammaglobulinemia in Neonatal Nondomestic Ruminants
Authors: O'Rourke Katherine I. , Satterfield William C.
Published: February 2025

Sera were collected from 103 individuals of 26 species of nondomestic ruminant animals in 2 zoological collections. Eighteen were presumed not to have absorbed colostral proteins (group 1), 32 had consumed colostrum at least 12 hours before testing (group 2), and 53 were healthy adults (group 3). The γ-globulin concentration, as determined by zone electrophoresis, was ≤0.4 g/dl in 16 of 18 samples from the group 1 animals, and > 0.4 g/dl in 31 of 32 group 2 animals. The glutaraldehyde coagulation test was performed on each serum sample. The results were negative in 15 of 17 samples, with γ-globulin concentration ≤0.4 g/dl, and positive in 85 of 86 samples, with γ-globulin concentration >0.4 g/dl. The glutaraldehyde coagulation test appeared to be a practical field test for determining failure of passive transfer of maternal antibody in newborn nondomestic ruminant animals in zoological collections.
Viral Hepatitis (Adenovirus) in a California Sea Lion
Authors: Dierauf Leslie A. , Lowenstine Linda J. , Jerome Chris
Published: February 2025

A juvenile California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) died 28 days after admission to the California Marine Mammal Center. Necropsy revealed hemorrhagic fluid in the stomach and hepatomegaly. Histologically, there was evidence of multifocal necrotizing hepatitis and acute suppurative bronchopneumonia. Amphophilic intranuclear inclusions were found, and electron microscopy revealed virions morphologically classifiable as adenovirus.
Iatrogenic Salt Poisoning in Captive Sandhill Cranes
Authors: Franson J. Christian , Sileo L. , Fleming W. James
Published: February 2025

Salt poisoning developed in captive sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis) when sea salt was added to normal drinking water to produce a sodium chloride concentration of 1%. Two of 18 cranes died and 2 were euthanatized when moribund. Muscle weakness, paresis, dyspnea, and depression were observed. Brain and serum sodium, serum uric acid, and plasma osmolality values were abnormally high. Lesions were those of visceral gout, renal tubular necrosis, nephrosis, and skeletal muscle necrosis.
Avian Pox in Blue-Fronted Amazon Parrots
Authors: McDonald Scott E. , Lowenstine Linda J. , Ardans Alex A.
Published: February 2025

During a 1-month period at a quarantine station, an epornitic of avian pox occurred in blue-fronted Amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva). Clinical signs included conjunctivitis, blepharitis, and varying degrees of anorexia and respiratory distress. Lesions included periocular ulcerations and scabs and necrotic plaques in the oral cavity. Histologically, the lesions consisted of epithelial hyperplasia, secondary inflammatory changes, and eosinophilic inclusions which, by electron microscopy, were shown to contain poxvirus. When chicken embryos were inoculated with material from eyelid scabs and pharyngeal plaques, lesions of avian pox developed on the chorioallantoic membrane. The death rate of infected birds was high because of secondary bacterial and fungal infections, but uncomplicated cases were usually self-limiting. Periocular lesions also developed in 2 other species of psittacine birds housed in the same facility.
Bovine Mastitis: Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns
Authors: Davidson J. N. , Babish J. G. , Dunny G. M.
Published: February 2025

Resistance to 15 antimicrobials was determined for Klebsiella spp, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus in 302, 370, and 344 samples, respectively, from cases of bovine mastitis. The degree of association of resistance for all 2-way combinations of antimicrobials was calculated for each organism. Significantly high and low associations were reported. An association greater than 1 indicated an increased probability of resistance to the 2nd antimicrobial of a 2-way combination, whereas an association less than 1 indicated a low probability of resistance to the 2nd antimicrobial.
Pedal bone rotation as a prognostic sign in laminitis of horses
Authors: Stick John A. , Jann Henry W. , Scott Edward A. , Robinson N. Edward
Published: February 2025

We reviewed 91 cases of laminitis in horses admitted to the Michigan State University Veterinary Clinical Center between Jan 1, 1973 and Dec. 30, 1978. From information in the case records and from the results of a telephone questionnaire, cases were classified into 4 categories on the basis of return to athletic function. The degree of pedal bone rotation was inversely correlated with return to athletic performance. Horses with less than 5.5 degrees rotation returned to former athletic function, whereas horses with more than 11.5 degrees rotation lost their use as performance animals. Ponies had significantly more pedal bone rotation, when compared with horses.
Osseous cystlike lesions of the medial femoral condyle in the horse
Authors: Stewart Barbara , Reid Charles F.
Published: February 2025

Osseous cystlike lesions of the medial femoral condyle were found in 32 horses admitted to the University of Pennsylvania between 1971 and 1978. Sex or breed predilection was not found. In 12 horses, osseous cysts were found in both hindlimbs. Of the 25 horses on which follow-up information was obtained, 16 became sound and useful between 4 months and 1 year after diagnosis. Horses that became lame before 3 years of age had a better chance for later soundness. Horses that became sound had significantly smaller cysts than those that remained lame.
Fibrinous pericarditis in the horse
Authors: Dill S. G. , Simoncini D. C. , Bolton G. R. , Rendano V. T. , Crissman J. W. , King J. M. , Tennant B. C.
Published: February 2025

During a period of 18 months, between July 1978 and January 1980, 4 adult horses were referred to the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine with evidence of congestive heart failure. Characteristic clinical abnormalities included marked muffling of heart sounds, tachycardia, jugular vein distention, and peripheral edema. Treatment with antibiotics, diuretics, and anti-inflammatory drugs was unsuccessful, and all four died or were euthanatized and necropsied. At necropsy, there was marked distention of the pericardial sac with fluid, and thick layers of fibrin were deposited uniformly over the epicardium. In 3 cases, attempts to isolate bacteria and viruses from pericardial fluid were unsuccessful; in the 4th case, Actinobacillus equuli was isolated on culture of the pericardial fluid.