bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dissociation constants of substituted benzoic acids in water and in organic solvents
Authors: Ludwig Miroslav , Baron Václav , Kalfus Karel , Pytela Oldřich , Večeřa Miroslav
Published: September 2010

Potentiometric titration has been used to measure dissociation constants of 38 monosubstituted benzoic acids in water and in 6 organic solvents (methanol, ethanol, dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, sulfolane, acetone). The results have been analyzed and interpreted from the point of view of substituent and solvent effects on the dissociation of the title substrates. It has been proved that solvents affect not only the reaction constant but also the substituent constant of the Hammett equation.
The Hammett substituent constants and effects of medium
Authors: Pytela Oldřich , Ludwig Miroslav , Večeřa Miroslav
Published: September 2010

The dissociation constants measured earlier for 35 substituted benzoic acids in seven solvents (water, methanol, ethanol, dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, sulfolane, and acetone) have been submitted to the principal components analysis and the factor analysis to produce sets of the Hammett substituent constants. The solvent effects have been evaluated on the dissociation constants of the substituted benzoic acids and, hence, also on the respective substituent constants. He differences have been compared between the substituent constants determined by the principal components analysis and by the factor analysis, the latter being found to be more suitable. The obtained sets of substituent constants have been confronted with literature data, and an excellent agreement has been found between the σ constants derived from the measurements in water with the sets of primary substituent constants and some other sets.
An unusual effect of exo-endo configuration on the quantum yield Φ of photochemical rearrangement of 4-R-substituted 8-phenyl-3,5,10-trioxa-9-azabicyclo-[5,3,0]-8-decenes
Authors: Fišera Lubor , Oremus Vladimír , Timpe Hans-Joachim , Štibrányi Ladislav , Zálupský Peter
Published: September 2010

The dependence has been found of the quantum yield Φ of photochemical rearrangement of the title compounds (where R means ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, 2-furyl, 2-thienyl) on the exo(I) or endo (II) arrangement of the R substituent. The endo derivatives exhibit higher Φ values (0.020-0.041) than the exo derivatives (0.007-0.019). The photochemical rearrangement gives the derivatives of 2-R-6-phenyl-7-formyl-2,4,5,8-tetrahydro-1,3-dioxa-5-azocine as the single products in good yields. The 2-furyl derivative gives polymeric products. The title compounds have been prepared by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of benzenenitriloxide to the respective substituted 1,3-dioxep-5-enes.
Solvolytic reactions of epimeric 3-methanesulfonyloxy-7-benzoyloxy-5α,6α-cyclopropanocholestanes
Authors: Kohout Ladislav
Published: September 2010

Acetolysis of all possible configurational isomers of 3-methanesulfonyloxy-7-benzoyloxy-5α,6α-cyclopropanocholestanes is described and structure of the acetolysis products determined by spectroscopic methods. The 7-substituted derivatives show a greater propensity to elimination reactions than the 7-unsubstituted compounds.
P-V-T behaviour of hard body fluids. Theory and experiment
Authors: Boublík Tomáš , Nezbeda Ivo
Published: September 2010

All available numerical data on virial coefficients along with simulation results for the compressibility factors of hard body fluids and their mixtures have been compiled. Practically all relevant theories for these fluids (lattice theories, specific methods for discontinuous potentials, integral and integro-differential theories, expansion and resummation techniques, as well as perturbation and conformal theories) are reviewed and their results are compared with the data. The individual methods are critically assessed and their advantages and limits are discussed.
Association of benflurone in aqueous solutions studied by measuring the activity of chloride ions
Authors: Kopecký František , Vojteková Mária , Pešák Milan
Published: September 2010

The conventional activity of chloride ions was measured by an ion-selective electrode at 25 °C in aqueous solutions of benflurone, i.e. 5-(2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethoxy)-7-oxo-7H-benzo(c)fluorene hydrochloride, without or with additions of KCl. These results suggest a gradual association of benflurone; the formation of a hetero-associate, (BH+)2Cl-, followed by higher associates was evaluated in the measured range up to 0.1 mol l-1.
Mathematical modelling of salt purification by recrystallization. Countercurrent arrangement
Authors: Mayrhofer Benitto , Mayrhoferová Jana , Neužil Lubomír , Nývlt Jaroslav
Published: September 2010

The paper presents a simple model of recrystallization with countercurrent flows of the solution and the crystals being purified. The model assumes steady-state operating conditions, an equilibrium between the outlet streams of each stage, and the same equilibrium temperature and distribution coefficient for all stages. With these assumptions, the model provides the basis for analyzing the variation in the degree of purity as a function of the number of recrystallization stages. The analysis is facilitated by the use of a diagram constructed for the limiting case of perfect removal of the mother liquor from the crystals between the stages.
Chain transfer constants in the emulsion copolymerization of acrylonitrile and butyl acrylate
Authors: Capek Ignác
Published: September 2010

Chain transfer constants to monomer have been measured by an emulsion copolymerization technique at 700C. The effects of ammonium persulfate (I) and sodium dodecylphenoxybenzenedisulphonate (E) on the chain transfer mechanism in the emulsion copolymerization of acrylonitrile and butyl acrylate have been investigated. For the system with the emulsifier concentration ([E]) 7.32 . 10-2 mol dm-3 and the initiator concentration ([I]) 2.28 . 10-2 mol dm-3 (the concentrations related to water volume) the relative transfer constant to monomer is 5.7 . 10-5 for acrylonitrile polymerization and 1.05 . 10-4 for the polymerization of butyl acrylate. In the system with lower [E] 0.63 . 10-2 mol dm-3 and the same [I] as given above the relative transfer constant to monomer is 3.33 . 10-5 for both acrylonitrile and butyl acrylate polymerizations. In the system with [E] 7.32 . 10-2 mol dm-3 and [I] 1.4 . 10-2 mol dm-3 the relative transfer constant to monomer is 1.02 . 10-4 for aacrylonitrile and 1.25 . 10-4 for butyl acrylate polymerizations.
Kinetik der koksbildung bei der heptan-pyrolyse
Authors: Králíková Ulrika , Bajus Martin , Baxa Jozef
Published: September 2010

Die Arbeit ist dem Studium der kinetischen Parameter der Warmespaltung des Heptans und der Koksbildung unter Bedingungen der scharfen Pyrolyse gewidmet. Die Heptan-Spaltung erfolgt in einem Stahlrohrreaktor mit vergrossertem Verhaltnis der Oberflache zum Volumen des Reaktors (S/V = 6.66 cm-1). Die Versuche wurden bei einem Druck von 0.1 MPa im Temperaturbereich 700-820 °C und bei einer Verweilzeit 0.02-0.70 s durchgefuhrt. Auf Grund dieser Versuchsdaten stellte man fest, dass die Heptan-Spaltung eine Reaktion erster Ordnung mit einem Frequenzfaktor von 2.55 . 1014 s-1 und einer Aktivierungsenergie von 255 kJ mol-1 ist. Die Koksbildung verlauft wie eine Reaktion nullter Ordnung mit einem Frequenzfaktor von 4.44 1015 s-1 und einer Aktivierungsenergie von 307 kJ mol-1.
17O, 13C, and 29Si NMR spectra of some acyloxy- and diacetoxysilanes and acetoxygermanes
Authors: Lyčka Antonín , Holeček Jaroslav , Handlíř Karel , Pola Josef , Chvalovský Václav
Published: September 2010

The 17O, 13C, and 29Si NMR spectra of (CH3)3SiOC(O)R, CH3(XCH2)Si(OC(O)CH3)2, and R3GeOC(O)CH3 compounds are reported. In the 17O NMR spectra at 350 K the only signal is observed with the two latter series, but two well-resolved signals are displayed with the (CH3)3SiOC(O)R compounds. The equivalence of both oxygen atoms in carboxyl group on the NMR time scale is discussed from the viewpoint of a possible coordination of the oxygen atoms to the IVB group element of the periodic system.
Noncataleptic neuroleptic agents: 4-Substituted 1-(2-chloro-7-fluoro-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f]thiepin-10-yl)piperazines and related compounds
Authors: Protiva Miroslav , Jílek Jiří , Červená Irena , Pomykáček Josef , Bártl Václav , Dlabač Antonín , Valchář Martin , Metyšová Jiřina , Holubek Jiří , Svátek Emil
Published: September 2010

1-(2-Chloro-7-fluoro-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f]thiepin-10-yl)piperazine (VI) was used to prepare a new group of potential noncataleptic neuroleptic agents. Addition of acrylonitrile and acrylamide gave the nitrile VII and the amide X. Further transformations of the nitrile VII led to the phenone VIII and the amidoxime IX. Alkylations of compound VI with 2-(2-chloroethyl)-1,3-dioxolane and 2-(2-chloroethyl)-1,3-dioxane resulted in the cyclic acetals XII and XIII. Several improvements of the synthesis of compound VI are reported. Out of the compounds prepared, the amide X (methanesulfonate VňFB-15 496) proved most interesting: it has low acute toxicity, is noncataleptic and has significantly higher antidopaminergic activity than clozapine.
Reduction of quaternary benzophenanthridine alkaloids by NADH and NADPH
Authors: Kovář Jan , Stejskal Jaromír , Paulová Hana , Slavík Jiří
Published: September 2010

Spectroscopic techniques have shown that quaternary benzophenanthridine alkaloids (sanguinarine (Ia), chelerythrine (Ie), sanguilutine (If), sanguirubine (Ic), chelirubine (Ib), and chelilutine (Id)) are reduced by NADH or NADPH to their dihydro forms. The formation of the oxidized form of a coenzyme was demonstrated by HPLC. The kinetics of the reaction of sanguinarine with NADH has been studied rather in detail; the reaction was found to be reversible, its stoichiometry was 1 : 1. Reactivity of the tested alkaloids toward the coenzymes was given by reactivity of the imine bond.This was graded like pK values for the formation of the corresponding pseudobases and correlated with the energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of these compounds. The possible biological and pharmacological importance of the studied reactions is discussed.
Force field for out-of-plane vibrations of pyrazine
Authors: Arenas Juan F. , Marcos Juan I. , Lopez-Navarrete Juan T. , Otero Juan C.
Published: September 2010

A general quadratic force field has been calculated for the out-of-plane vibrations of pyrazine by the MINDO/3 method. The first derivatives of the energy were computed analytically and the second derivatives of energy numerically. The force constants so obtained have been refined to fit the observed frequencies of -h4, -d4 and cis-pyrazine-d2. The calculations proved our assignment suggested previously, though the disagreement between theory and experiment for the Au vibrations of pyrazine needs additional experimental and theoretical data for clarification.
Oxidation of triamantane
Authors: Kafka Zdeněk , Vodička Luděk
Published: September 2010

Oxidation of triamantane by various oxidation procedures was studied. Besides minor amounts of monosubstituted derivatives, the oxidation afforded mainly disubstituted derivatives, particularly hydroxytriamantanone and triamantanedione. The reactions were monitored by gas-liquid chromatography and the products were identified by mass spectrometry.
Some nucleophilic reactions of 2-isothiocyanatobenzyl bromide. A new simple synthesis of 2-substituted 4H-benzo[d][1,3]thiazines
Authors: Gonda Jozef , Kristian Pavol
Published: September 2010

N-Bromosuccinimide reacts with o-tolyl isothiocyanate to afford 2-isothiocyanatobenzyl bromide, a new type of bifunctional synthon. Nucleophiles I-, SCN-, 4-CH3C6H4SO2- and hexamethylenetetramine yield substitution products of bromine. Amines and phenols react exclusively with the NCS grouping under formation of unstable thioureas, which in turn cyclize to the corresponding 4H-benzo[d][1,3]thiazines. Structure of these compounds was corroborated by IR, 1H, 13C NMR and mass spectral data and backed by elemental analysis.
2-Isothiocyanatobenzylpyridinium bromide - An intermediate for the synthesis of 2-arylamino-4H-benzo[d][1,3]thiazines
Authors: Gonda Jozef , Kristian Pavol
Published: September 2010

2-Bromomethylphenyl isothiocyanate reacts with pyridine to yield 2-isothiocyanatobenzylpyridinium bromide, which afforded N-aryl-N'-(2-benzylpyridinium)thiourea bromides. Deprotonization of the latter with aqueous NaOH gave N-aryl-N'-(2-benzylpyridinium) thioureates; these freed pyridine upon heating to give 2-arylamino-4H-benzo[d][1,3]thiazines. Structure of these compounds was evidenced by IR, 1H, 13C NMR and mass spectral data and backed by elemental analysis.
Photochemical decomposition of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthyl hydroperoxide. Photocatalytic effects of 3d transition metal 2,4-pentanedionates
Authors: Mácová Eva , Lederer Pavel
Published: September 2010

The photochemical decomposition of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthyl hydroperoxide (THP) in benzene has been investigated. The kinetics of the formation of the main products and of the removal of THP have been measured. It has been demonstrated that the solvent participates in the overall mechanism of THP photolysis. The effects of Fe(III), Co(III), Co(II), Mn(III), Cu(II), Cr(III) and Ni(II) 2,4-pentanedionates on the kinetics of THP photolysis and the formation of the main products have been investigated. Fe(III) and Co(III) 2,4-pentanedionates act as catalysts of the photochemical decomposition of THP.
Sports injuries and illnesses during the Winter Olympic Games 2010
Authors: Engebretsen Lars , Steffen Kathrin , Alonso Juan Manuel , Aubry Mark , Dvorak Jiri , Junge Astrid , Meeuwisse Willem , Mountjoy Margo , Renström Per , Wilkinson Mike
Published: September 2010

Background

Identification of high-risk sports, including their most common and severe injuries and illnesses, will facilitate the identification of sports and athletes at risk at an early stage.

Aim

To analyse the frequencies and characteristics of injuries and illnesses during the XXI Winter Olympic Games in Vancouver 2010.

Methods

All National Olympic Committees' (NOC) head physicians were asked to report daily the occurrence (or non-occurrence) of newly sustained injuries and illnesses on a standardised reporting form. In addition, the medical centres at the Vancouver and Whistler Olympic clinics reported daily on all athletes treated for injuries and illnesses.

Results

Physicians covering 2567 athletes (1045 females, 1522 males) from 82 NOCs participated in the study. The reported 287 injuries and 185 illnesses resulted in an incidence of 111.8 injuries and 72.1 illnesses per 1000 registered athletes. In relation to the number of registered athletes, the risk of sustaining an injury was highest for bobsleigh, ice hockey, short track, alpine freestyle and snowboard cross (15–35% of registered athletes were affected in each sport). The injury risk was lowest for the Nordic skiing events (biathlon, cross country skiing, ski jumping, Nordic combined), luge, curling, speed skating and freestyle moguls (less than 5% of registered athletes). Head/cervical spine and knee were the most common injury locations. Injuries were evenly distributed between training (54.0%) and competition (46.0%; p=0.18), and 22.6% of the injuries resulted in an absence from training or competition. In skeleton, figure and speed skating, curling, snowboard cross and biathlon, every 10th athlete suffered from at least one illness. In 113 illnesses (62.8%), the respiratory system was affected.

Conclusion

At least 11% of the athletes incurred an injury during the games, and 7% of the athletes an illness. The incidence of injuries and illnesses varied substantially between sports. Analyses of injury mechanisms in high-risk Olympic winter sports are essential to better direct injury-prevention strategies.
NUMERICAL REVISIT TO A CLASS OF ONE-PREDATOR, TWO-PREY MODELS
Authors: WEI HSIU-CHUAN
Published: September 2010

Some observations are made on a class of one-predator, two-prey models via numerical analysis. The simulations are performed with the aid of an adaptive grid method for constructing bifurcation diagrams and cell-to-cell mapping for global analysis. A two-dimensional bifurcation diagram is constructed to show that regions of coexistence of all three species, which imply the balance of competitive and predatory forces, are surrounded by regions of extinction of one or two species. Two or three coexisting attractors which may have a chaotic member are found in some regions of the bifurcation diagram. Their separatrices are computed to show the domains of attraction. The bifurcation diagram also contains codimension-two bifurcation points including Bogdanov–Takens, Gavrilov–Guckenheimer, and Bautin bifurcations. The dynamics in the vicinity of these codimension-two bifurcation points are discussed. Some global bifurcations including homoclinic and heteroclinic bifurcations are investigated. They can account for the disappearance of chaotic attractors and limit cycles. Bifurcations of limit cycles such as transcritical and saddle-node bifurcations are also studied in this work. Finally, some relevant calculations of Lyapunov exponents and power spectra are included to support the chaotic properties.
ALEXANDER POLYNOMIALS OF ALTERNATING KNOTS OF GENUS TWO II
Authors: JONG IN DAE
Published: September 2010

We give a family of linear inequalities which strictly estimate relation among the coefficients of the Alexander polynomials of alternating knots of genus two. We also give such families for positive knots of genus two, and for homogeneous knots of genus two. As an application, we determine the alternating knots of genus two such that the leading coefficients of them are less than or equal to three.
ERROR ANALYSIS OF THE MINIMUM DISTANCE ENERGY OF A POLYGONAL KNOT AND THE MÖBIUS ENERGY OF AN APPROXIMATING CURVE
Authors: RAWDON ERIC J. , WORTHINGTON JOSEPH
Published: September 2010

Energy minimizing smooth knot configurations have long been approximated by finding knotted polygons that minimize discretized versions of the given energy. However, for most knot energy functionals, the question remains open on whether the minimum polygonal energies are "close" to the minimum smooth energies. In this paper, we determine an explicit bound between the Minimum-Distance Energy of a polygon and the Möbius Energy of a piecewise-C2 knot inscribed in the polygon. This bound is written in terms of the ropelength and the number of edges and can be used to determine an upper bound for the minimum Möbius Energy for different knot types.
BRAIDS AND ORDER-PRESERVING PARTIAL PERMUTATIONS
Authors: EAST JAMES
Published: September 2010

We initiate a new way to study presentations of the inverse braid monoid [Formula: see text]. Our method makes use of the monoid [Formula: see text] of all order-preserving partial permutations on an n-element chain. As an application we derive the Easdown–Lavers (2004) presentation of [Formula: see text], and we also obtain new presentations for the symmetric inverse monoid [Formula: see text] and the monoid [Formula: see text] of all order-preserving partial braids with at most n strings.
CROSSING HORIZONS: LEVERAGING CROSS-INDUSTRY INNOVATION SEARCH IN THE FRONT-END OF THE INNOVATION PROCESS
Authors: BRUNSWICKER SABINE , HUTSCHEK ULRICH
Published: September 2010

"Open innovation" and "external search" for new ideas are central topics in the recent discourse in innovation research. External search helps firms to identify new opportunities for innovation and alleviates the risks of local search. It is widely acknowledged that novel ideas regularly emerge from the combination of distant pieces of knowledge and interaction with "idea suppliers" from distant knowledge domains. However, the current discussion on open innovation has hardly touched upon the question of how firms can systematically search for cross-industry innovation inputs in the fuzzy front-end of the innovation process. This paper links relevant concepts of cognitive psychology and management theory — such as analogical problem solving and the principle of isomorphism — with open innovation in the front-end. It discusses relevant dimensions of systematic search for innovation across industries. A piloted framework is presented that assists firms in systematically and interactively searching for external innovation inputs in distant industries. This framework supports external innovation search in distant industries for a fuzzy customer problem. The results of this participatory action research indicate that a systematic and interactive search process is of practical value to innovation managers. It also points out contingencies of cross-industry innovation search.
WEARING DIFFERENT HATS: HOW ABSORPTIVE CAPACITY DIFFERS IN OPEN INNOVATION
Authors: NEWEY LANCE
Published: September 2010

Absorptive capacity is often touted as being important for the success of open innovation. Yet different absorptive capacities may be required for inbound versus outbound open innovation. Using process research of how multiple firms participated in the development of a groundbreaking anti-influenza drug, we found that firms needed to develop both supplier- and customer-types of absorptive capacity. Inbound open innovation involved customer absorptive capacity and outbound innovation required supplier absorptive capacity. In each case absorptive capacity needed to be leveraged differently. We thus extend our knowledge of how absorptive capacity benefits open innovation.
DUCTILITY DEMANDS CONTROL UNDER REPEATED EARTHQUAKES USING APPROPRIATE FORCE REDUCTION FACTORS
Authors: HATZIGEORGIOU G. D.
Published: September 2010

This paper develops a new procedure for the ductility demands control of single-degree-of freedom (SDOF) systems under multiple earthquakes. According to the proposed method, this objective can be achieved using appropriate force reduction (R) factors. In this way, the total ductility demands, and therefore the cumulative damage levels, are absolutely controlled. The influence of structural period, local site conditions, post-yield stiffness, and viscous damping is taken into account. In order to achieve a unique, simple, and effective empirical expression for the R factors, a comprehensive nonlinear regression analysis is applied. Thus, a complete statistical investigation of 3,360,000 inelastic time-history analyses are carried out to study 8400 SDOF models excited by 100 earthquake accelerogram records, under 4 cases of seismic sequence. It is found that multiple earthquakes require increased ductility demands and repeated frequent or smaller ground motions necessitate equal or smaller force reduction factors in comparison with the idealized or isolated "design earthquake." Therefore, the multiplicity of earthquakes leads to more conservative force reduction factors in comparison with the "design earthquake."
TSUNAMI HAZARD IN THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN SEA: STRONG EARTHQUAKES AND TSUNAMIS IN THE WEST HELLENIC ARC AND TRENCH SYSTEM
Authors: PAPADOPOULOS G. A. , DASKALAKI E. , FOKAEFS A. , GIRALEAS N.
Published: September 2010

The West Hellenic Arc and Trench (WHA-T) system is seismotectonically one of the most active in the European–Mediterranean region. Data on earthquake and tsunami phenomena occurring in the tectonic segment of the WHA-T from the antiquity up to the present have been updated, critically evaluated, and compiled in the standard format developed for the New European Tsunami Catalog. Most of the tsunamis documented are caused by strong earthquakes occurring in the area offshore Crete Island which is one of the most tsunamigenic areas in the entire Mediterranean Sea region. The major event of AD365 appears to be the largest ever occurred in the Mediterranean Sea at least in the last 2.5 millennia. The mean repeat time of strong tsunamis is calculated from intensity-frequency statistics and probabilistic hazard assessment is performed by assuming random temporal distribution of the events.
S WAVE VELOCITY STRUCTURE IN NONTECTONIC SE ASIA BY SEISMOGRAM ANALYSIS OF THE EARTHQUAKES IN SUMATRA–JAVA AT TATO STATION, TAIWAN
Authors: SANTOSA BAGUS JAYA
Published: September 2010

The S wave velocity structure beneath South-East Asia and South China Sea due to earthquakes in Sumatra–Java subduction zone has been investigated through seismogram analysis in time domain and three components simultaneously, using data recorded in TATO, Taiwan seismological station. The synthetic seismogram was calculated using the GEMINI method, which consists of the earth model and the CMT solution of the earthquake. A low-pass filter with corner frequency of 20 mHz is imposed to the seismograms. Response file inversion subjected on the measured seismogram will compare the measured and the synthetic seismogram in the same unit. The seismogram comparison indicated that the synthetic seismogram constructed from PREMAN earth model deviates greatly from the measured one. The deviation occurred on the arrival time of surface wave of Rayleigh and Love as well as S body waves.

The S, Love, and Rayleigh waveform deviations on arrival time or oscillation number are solved by changing the gradient of βhinto positive in the upper mantle layers, and corrections for zero-order coefficients of β speed polynomial in every earth mantle layers.

The interpretation results of seismogram analysis using waveform comparison indicate that the nontectonic South-East Asia area in front of subduction zone has strong negative correction of βvin the upper mantle and with smaller factor also at earth layers below. This result shows stronger vertical anisotropy than that indicated by the PREMAN earth model.
Modular aspect-oriented design with XPIs
Authors: Sullivan Kevin , Griswold William G. , Rajan Hridesh , Song Yuanyuan , Cai Yuanfang , Shonle Macneil , Tewari Nishit
Published: September 2010

The emergence of aspect-oriented programming (AOP) languages has provided software designers with new mechanisms and strategies for decomposing programs into modules and composing modules into systems. What we do not yet fully understand is how best to use such mechanisms consistent with common modularization objectives such as the comprehensibility of programming code, its parallel development, dependability, and ease of change. The main contribution of this work is a new form of information-hiding interface for AOP that we call the crosscut programming interface, or XPI. XPIs abstract crosscutting behaviors and make these abstractions explicit. XPIs can be used, albeit with limited enforcement of interface rules, with existing AOP languages, such as AspectJ. To evaluate our notion of XPIs, we have applied our XPI-based design methodology to a medium-sized network overlay application called Hypercast. A qualitative and quantitative analysis of existing AO design methods and XPI-based design method shows that our approach produces improvements in program comprehensibility, in opportunities for parallel development, and in the ease when code can be developed and changed.
The small-world effect
Authors: Singh Param Vir
Published: September 2010

In this study we investigate the impact of community-level networks—relationships that exist among developers in an OSS community—on the productivity of member developers. Specifically, we argue that OSS community networks characterized by
small-world
properties would positively influence the productivity of the member developers by providing them with speedy and reliable access to more quantity and variety of information and knowledge resources. Specific hypotheses are developed and tested using longitudinal data on a large panel of 4,279 projects from 15 different OSS communities hosted at Sourceforge. Our results suggest that significant variation exists in small-world properties of OSS communities at Sourceforge. After accounting for project, foundry, and time-specific observed and unobserved effects, we found a statistically significant relationship between small-world properties of a community and the technical and commercial success of the software produced by its members. In contrast to the findings of prior research, we also found the lack of a significant relationship between closeness and betweenness centralities of the project teams and their success. These results were robust to a number of controls and model specifications.
Supporting dynamic aspect-oriented features
Authors: Dyer Robert , Rajan Hridesh
Published: September 2010

Dynamic aspect-oriented (AO) features have important software engineering benefits such as allowing unanticipated software evolution and maintenance. It is thus important to efficiently support these features in language implementations. Current implementations incur unnecessary design-time and runtime overhead due to the lack of support in underlying intermediate language (IL) models. To address this problem, we present a flexible and dynamic IL model that we callNu. TheNumodel provides a higher level of abstraction compared to traditional object-oriented ILs, making it easier to efficiently support dynamic AO features. We demonstrate these benefits by providing an industrial-strength VM implementation forNu, by showing translation strategies from dynamic source-level constructs toNuand by analyzing the performance of the resulting IL code.

Nu's VM extends the Sun Hotspot VM interpreter and uses a novel caching mechanism to significantly reduce the amortized costs of join point dispatch. Our evaluation using standard benchmarks shows that the overhead of supporting a dynamic deployment model can be reduced to as little as ˜1.5%.Nuprovides an improved compilation target for dynamic deployment features, which makes it easier to support such features with corresponding software engineering benefits in software evolution and maintenance and in runtime verification.
Agricultural Labor and Migration Policy
Authors: Taylor J. Edward
Published: September 2010

Farmers in high-income countries invest in the political process to gain access to foreign workers, with potentially far-reaching social welfare ramifications both at home and abroad. This review examines the unique features of the farm labor market that result in an intimate relationship between some types of agricultural production and migration policy. A theoretical model and Monte Carlo simulations are used to illustrate the farm labor problem. The agricultural labor history of the United States and comparisons of experiences across countries reveal a diversity of policies to secure workers for farms through immigration. There are reasons, however, to question the sustainability of a labor-intensive agricultural system's dependence upon low-cost imported labor.
Innovation and Climate Policy
Authors: Popp David
Published: September 2010

Reducing emissions of the greenhouse gases that cause climate change will require dramatic changes in the way that energy is produced and consumed. The cost of technological changes such as alternative energy sources and improved energy efficiency will play a large role in determining the overall cost of combating climate change. Government policy will heavily influence the development of such technologies. Both environmental and R&D policies provide incentives encouraging the development of clean technologies. Understanding the incentives provided by these policies, and their influence on the development of new technologies, is important for understanding the ultimate effects of climate policy. This article reviews the literature on environmental innovation and diffusion, with a focus on studies relevant to the development of clean energy technologies necessary to address climate change. I discuss the implications of this literature for the development of climate policy.
Histochemical Comparison of the Hypopharyngeal Gland inApis ceranaFabricius, 1793 Workers andApis melliferaLinnaeus, 1758 Workers
Authors: Suwannapong Guntima , Chaiwongwattanakul Saichon , Benbow Mark Eric
Published: September 2010

Hypopharyngeal glands of honeybee are age-dependent structures that change with the size of acini and are correlated with various social behaviors. The histochemical structure ofApis ceranaandA. melliferaworker hypopharyngeal glands in four different developmental stages wes stained with ninhydrin Schiff's and periodic acid Schiff's reagents (PAS) for localization of proteins and carbohydrates, respectively, and examined with light microscopy. Nurse bees of both honeybee species had significantly larger glands as compared to guards and forgers, but there were no statistically significant differences between these two species after accounting for caste. Gland protein concentration increased progressively in nurse bees, and this was correlated with the appearance of enriched protein granules in the cytoplasm. In addition, the hypopharyngeal gland protein concentration ofA. melliferawas higher than that ofA. ceranaeven though gland size was not significantly different between species. However, gland size was shown to have decreased progressively in foragers and guards.
Motor Development of Premature Infants Born between 32 and 34 Weeks
Authors: Prins S. A. , von Lindern J. S. , van Dijk S. , Versteegh F. G. A.
Published: September 2010

Little is known about motor development in late preterm born infants. Our objective was to determine long-term outcome of motor skills of infants born between 32 and 34 weeks. All infants were assessed at corrected ages of 3 and 9 months, using the Alberta Infant Motor Scale. At corrected ages of 4 years, the Movement Assessment Battery for Children was done. Seventy infants were seen at 4 years of age (median of 3 assessments per infant). Abnormal assessment at 3 or 9 months of age resulted in normal outcome in almost 80% at 4 years. On the other hand, a normal outcome in the first year of life resulted in an abnormal outcome at 4 years in 10% of the infants. Our results suggest that long-term followup of these late preterm born infants is necessary, as the assessments in the first year do not predict the long-term outcome.
Therapeutic Vaccination in Chronic Hepatitis B: Preclinical Studies in the Woodchuck
Authors: Kosinska Anna D. , Zhang Ejuan , Lu Mengji , Roggendorf Michael
Published: September 2010

Recommended treatment of chronic hepatitis B with interferon-αand/or nucleos(t)ide analogues does not lead to a satisfactory result. Induction of HBV-specific T cells by therapeutic vaccination or immunotherapies may be an innovative strategy to overcome virus persistence. Vaccination with commercially available HBV vaccines in patients did not result in effective control of HBV infection, suggesting that new formulations of therapeutic vaccines are needed. The woodchuck (Marmota monax) is a useful preclinical model for developing the new therapeutic approaches in chronic hepadnaviral infections. Several innovative approaches combining antiviral treatments with nucleos(t)ide analogues, DNA vaccines, and protein vaccines were tested in the woodchuck model. In this paper we summarize the available data concerning therapeutic immunization and gene therapy using recombinant viral vectors approaches in woodchucks, which show encouraging results. In addition, we present potential innovations in immunomodulatory strategies to be evaluated in this animal model.
Retinal Fundus Image Registration via Vascular Structure Graph Matching
Authors: Deng Kexin , Tian Jie , Zheng Jian , Zhang Xing , Dai Xiaoqian , Xu Min
Published: September 2010

Motivated by the observation that a retinal fundus image may contain some unique geometric structures within its vascular trees which can be utilized for feature matching, in this paper, we proposed a graph‐based registration framework called GM‐ICP to align pairwise retinal images. First, the retinal vessels are automatically detected and represented as vascular structure graphs. A graph matching is then performed to find global correspondences between vascular bifurcations. Finally, a revised ICP algorithm incorporating with quadratic transformation model is used at fine level to register vessel shape models. In order to eliminate the incorrect matches from global correspondence set obtained via graph matching, we proposed a structure‐based sample consensus (STRUCT‐SAC) algorithm. The advantages of our approach are threefold: (1) global optimum solution can be achieved with graph matching; (2) our method is invariant to linear geometric transformations; and (3) heavy local feature descriptors are not required. The effectiveness of our method is demonstrated by the experiments with 48 pairs retinal images collected from clinical patients.
Evaluation of the Anxiolytic Activity of NR‐ANX‐C (a Polyherbal Formulation) in Ethanol Withdrawal‐Induced Anxiety Behavior in Rats
Authors: Mohan L. , Rao U. S. C. , Gopalakrishna H. N. , Nair V.
Published: September 2010

The present study investigates the anxiolytic activity of NR‐ANX‐C, a standardized polyherbal formulation containing the extracts of Withania somnifera, Ocimum sanctum, Camellia sinensis, Triphala, and Shilajit in ethanol withdrawal‐ (EW‐) induced anxiety behavior in rats. Ethanol dependence in rats was produced by substitution of drinking water with 7.5% v/v alcohol for 10 days. Then, ethanol withdrawal was induced by replacing alcohol with drinking water, 12 hours prior to experimentation. After confirming induction of withdrawal symptoms in the alcohol deprived animals, the anxiolytic activity of the test compound in graded doses (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg) was compared to the standard drug alprazolam (0.08 mg/kg) in the elevated plus maze and bright and dark arena paradigms. In our study, single and repeated dose administration of NR‐ANX‐C reduced EW‐induced anxiety in a dose‐dependent manner. Even though the anxiolytic activity was not significant at lower doses, NR‐ANX‐C at the highest dose tested (40 mg/kg) produced significant anxiolytic activity that was comparable to the standard drug alprazolam. Based on our findings we believe that NR‐ANX‐C has the potential to be used as an alternative to benzodiazepines in the treatment of EW‐induced anxiety.
Studies on 16α-Hydroxylation of Steroid Molecules and Regioselective Binding Mode in Homology-Modeled Cytochrome P450-2C11
Authors: Ali Hamed I. , Yamada Morio , Fujita Yukihisa , Maeda Mitsuko , Akaho Eiichi
Published: September 2010

We investigated the 16α-hydroxylation of steroid molecules and regioselective binding mode in homology-modeled cytochrome P450-2C11 to correlate the biological study with the computational molecular modeling. It revealed that there was a positive relationship between the observed inhibitory potencies and the binding free energies. Docking of steroid molecules into this homology-modeled CYP2C11 indicated that 16α-hydroxylation is favored with steroidal molecules possessing the following components, (1) a bent A-B ring configuration (5β-reduced), (2) C-3α-hydroxyl group, (3) C-17β-acetyl group, and (4) methyl group at both the C-18 and C-19. These respective steroid components requirements were defined as the inhibitory contribution factor. Overall studies of the male rat CYP2C11 metabolism revealed that the above-mentioned steroid components requirements were essential to induce an effective inhibition of [3H]progesterone 16α-hydroxylation. As far as docking of homology-modeled CYP2C11 against investigated steroids is concerned, they are docked at the active site superimposed with flurbiprofen. It was also found that the distance between heme iron and C16α-H was between 4 to 6 Å and that the related angle was in the range of180±45∘.
REFAME: Rain Estimation Using Forward-Adjusted Advection of Microwave Estimates
Authors: Behrangi Ali , Imam Bisher , Hsu Kuolin , Sorooshian Soroosh , Bellerby Timothy J. , Huffman George J.
Published: September 2010

A new multiplatform multisensor satellite rainfall estimation technique is proposed in which sequences of Geostationary Earth Orbit infrared (GEO-IR) images are used to advect microwave (MW)-derived precipitation estimates along cloud motion streamlines and to further adjust the rainfall rates using local cloud classification. The main objective of the Rain Estimation using Forward-Adjusted advection of Microwave Estimates (REFAME) is to investigate whether inclusion of GEO-IR information can help to improve the advected MW precipitation rate as it gets farther in time from the previous MW overpass. The technique comprises three steps. The first step incorporates a 2D cloud tracking algorithm to capture cloud motion streamlines through successive IR images. The second step classifies cloudy pixels to a number of predefined clusters using brightness temperature (Tb) gradients between successive IR images along the cloud motion streamlines in combination with IR cloud-top brightness temperatures and textural features. A mean precipitation rate for each cluster is calculated using available MW-derived precipitation estimates. In the third step, the mean cluster precipitation rates are used to adjust MW precipitation intensities advected between available MW overpasses along cloud motion streamlines. REFAME is a flexible technique, potentially capable of incorporating diverse precipitation-relevant information, such as multispectral data. Evaluated over a range of spatial and temporal scales over the conterminous United States, the performance of the full REFAME algorithm compared favorably with products incorporating either no cloud tracking or no intensity adjustment. The observed improvements in root-mean-square error and especially in correlation coefficient between REFAME outputs and ground radar observations demonstrate that the new approach is effective in reducing the uncertainties and capturing the variation of precipitation intensity along cloud advection streamlines between MW sensor overpasses. An extended REFAME algorithm combines the adjusted advected MW rainfall rates with infrared-derived precipitation rates in an attempt to capture precipitation events initiating and decaying during the interval between two consecutive MW overpasses. Evaluation statistics indicate that the extended algorithm is effective to capture the life cycle of the convective precipitation, particularly for the interval between microwave overpasses in which precipitation starts or ends.
Characteristics of Precipitating Convective Systems in the South Asian Monsoon
Authors: Romatschke Ulrike , Houze Robert A.
Published: September 2010

Eight years of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR) data show how convective systems of different types contribute to precipitation of the South Asian monsoon. The main factor determining the amount of precipitation coming from a specific system is its horizontal size. Convective intensity and/or number of embedded convective cells further enhance its precipitation production. The precipitation of the monsoon is concentrated in three mountainous regions: the Himalayas and coastal ranges of western India and Myanmar. Along the western Himalayas, precipitation falls mainly from small, but highly convective systems. Farther east along the foothills, systems are more stratiform. These small and medium systems form during the day, as the monsoon flow is forced upslope. Nighttime cooling leads to downslope flow and triggers medium-sized systems at lower elevations. At the mountainous western coasts of India and Myanmar, small and medium systems are present throughout the day, as an orographic response to the southwesterly flow, with a slight superimposed diurnal cycle. Medium systems are favored over the eastern parts of the Arabian Sea and large systems are favored over the Bay of Bengal when an enhanced midlevel cyclonic circulation occurs over the northern parts of these regions. The systems forming upstream of coastal mountains over the Bay of Bengal are larger than those over the Arabian Sea, probably because of the moister conditions over the bay. The large systems over the bay exhibit a pronounced diurnal cycle, with systems forming near midnight and maximizing in midday.
Narrowband Oscillations in the Upper Equatorial Ocean. Part II: Properties of Shear Instabilities
Authors: Smyth W. D. , Moum J. N. , Nash J. D.
Published: September 2010

Narrowband oscillations observed in the upper equatorial Pacific are interpreted in terms of a random ensemble of shear instability events. Linear perturbation analysis is applied to hourly averaged profiles of velocity and density over a 54-day interval, yielding a total of 337 unstable modes. Composite profiles of mean states and eigenfunctions surrounding the critical levels suggest that the standard hyperbolic tangent model of Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) instability is a reasonable approximation, but the symmetry of the composite perturbation is broken by the stratification and vorticity gradient of the underlying equatorial undercurrent. Unstable modes are found to occupy a range of frequencies with a peak near 1.4 mHz, consistent with the frequency content of the observed oscillations.

A probabilistic theory of random instabilities predicts this peak frequency closely. An order of magnitude estimate suggests that the peak frequency is of order N, in accord with the observations. This results not from gravity wave physics but from the balance of shear and stratification that governs shear instability in geophysical flows. More generally, it is concluded that oscillatory signals with frequency bounded by N can result from a process that has nothing to do with gravity waves.
Water Mass Structure of Warm and Cold Anticyclonic Eddies in the Western Boundary Region of the Subarctic North Pacific
Authors: Itoh Sachihiko , Yasuda Ichiro
Published: September 2010

Vertical profile data of temperature and salinity from various sources were analyzed together with satellite altimeter data to investigate the water mass characteristics of warm and cold anticyclonic eddies in the western boundary region of the subarctic North Pacific. A dense distribution of anticyclonic eddies with warm and saline core water occurred near the Kuroshio Extension, and the distribution extends northward–northeastward into the western subarctic gyre along the Japan and Kuril–Kamchatka trenches. Eddies with cold and fresh core water are found mainly around the Oyashio southward intrusions and farther north near the Kuril Islands. Based on the heat content anomaly integrated over 50–200 dbar, 85% of the anticyclonic eddies within the study area (35°–50°N, 140°–155°E) have a warm and saline core and 15% have a cold and fresh core. Warm and saline eddies around the Japan and Kuril–Kamchatka trenches have a double-core structure, with a cold and freshwater mass located below the warm core. The northward propagation of these eddies along the trench line results in a large northward heat (salinity) transport in the upper 400 dbar (250 dbar) and a negative salinity transport below 350 dbar. The lower core water is colder and fresher on isopycnal surfaces at around 26.70σθ compared with the climatology. Given that the 26.70σθ isopycnal surface does not outcrop in the open North Pacific, an alignment process is suggested to occur between the warm and saline and the cold and fresh anticyclonic eddies in the upper and intermediate layers, respectively.