bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sustainable Development in Healthcare
Authors: Gerali Maria , Paikopoulou Dimitra , Servitzoglou Marina
Published: August 2015

The implementation of the concept of sustainable development in the establishment of “Green Hospital” is attracting growing interest. The health sector and, in particular, a hospital may affect the environment and the economy in the a) maximization of energy consumption b) waste of natural resources c) difficulty in waste management due to their rapidly increasing volume d) construction of non-friendly for people and environment buildings e) growing demand for funds to cover operating expenses. Moreover, it seems that the strategic planning of a Green Hospital can cause significant changes to: a) Energy saving – Green development – Environment protection; b) Building reconstruction; c) Improvement of provided services to citizens; d) Saving of financial resources. Therefore, efforts should be made to save energy and money in the hospitals through sustainable development projects. Finally, the Green Hospital has the potential to provide improved therapeutic results for patients and more pleasant and comfortable working environment for employees.
Experimental Analysis of a Solar still with Reflectors and Sensible Heat Storage Mediums
Authors: Prakash P. , Velmurugan V.
Published: August 2015

Basin type solar stills with top and bottom reflectors are presented and analysed experimentally for three days (23.03.14, 24.03.14, 25.03.14) at Anna University, Thoothukudi campus (80 481 N and 780 071 E), Tamil Nadu, India. Experiments were done simultaneously on four stills with different depths of water. The readings were taken from still with reflectors, still with reflectors and gravel, still with reflectors and pebbles and compared with the conventional still. The reflectors were inclined backwards at an angle of 450. The results indicated that the productivity of the still with reflectors, still with reflectors and gravel and still with reflectors and pebbles was 29.92 %, 38.68 % and 41.60 % more than the conventional still. Also, it was found that the productivity of the still was highest with the minimum depth of water.
Review on Performance Enhancement Studies on Solar Dryer
Authors: Ramana A.S. , Ashokumaar T.V. , Vignesh K.
Published: August 2015

Abundant availability of solar energy and fast depleting fossil fuel reserves have necessitated deployment of large scale solar thermal systems for meeting the space heating, process heating and drying requirements. Researchers worldwide have focused on developing energy efficient dryer capable of enhancing product quality, reduced drying time, high throughput, minimal pre-treatments prior to drying with less energy loss in cost effective way. The present paper surveys literature on performance enhancement studies on solar dryer with a thrust on energy efficiency improvements in solar air collector and a multipurpose solar drying system. The effect of adoption of absorber plate with different types of fins, design modifications, CFD based optimization techniques and incorporation of storage materials have been reviewed. A dual-purpose solar water heating and drying system with phase change material (PCM) is suggested for effective harnessing of solar energy.
Effect of Circular Fins on Latent Heat Storage to Enhance Solar Water Heater, an Experimental Study
Authors: Murali G. , Mayilsamy K.
Published: August 2015

In natural circulation solar water heating, the efficiency of energy storage and solar collector can be improved if the water tank is stratified. Employing Phase Change Material (PCM) in the top of the tank will improve the stratification of the energy storage tank. Current paper studies the use of circular fins around PCM geometry with high surface to volume ratio to improve the efficiency of solar water heater. Heating and cooling tests have been performed in a domestic water heater with flat plate collector under real working conditions. Eventually the temperature distribution along the height of the storage tank, charging energy efficiency, collector efficiency have been calculated and compared. Tests have been simulated in CFD software for validating results. Addition of circular fins around PCM produces up to 5% and 36.48% improvement in tank charging energy efficiency, collector efficiency respectively because of improved heat transfer between PCM and water.
An Approach for Real Time Plastic Waste Segregation
Authors: Subin R.P. , Jeyanthi S. , Rajesh S.
Published: August 2015

Plastic has found an irreplaceable part in human life. Human produces plastic wastes continually which results in pollution. In this paper GLCM (Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix) technique is used for plastic segregation. Plastic segregation is necessary for recycling; hence they have to be segregated from other wastes. Manufacturing plastics from recycled plastic products uses only two-third of the energy used to make plastics from virgin materials. By the variation in intensity levels of reflected light from the plastic wastes it is segregated. This type of waste management gains attention in recent days due to enormous increase in the wastes generated. Robotic arm controlled using vision system that uses GLCM technique is used for segregation. The GLCM property of contrast is calculated for the given sample and it is compared with the stored pre-defined value. On successful comparison with the given condition a signal is sent through the serial port to the 8051 microcontroller using USART (Universal Synchronous/Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter) feature. On receipt of this signal, the microcontroller provides movement of the robotic arm by controlling the servo motors.
CFD Analysis of Heat Transfer Characteristics of Helical Coil Heat Exchangers
Authors: Maradona R. , Rajkumar S.
Published: August 2015

The applications of heat exchangers are vast and the enhancement of heat transfer and compact size are the key factors for designing the heat exchangers in order to achieve energy savings. In the field of tubular heat exchangers one of the possible ways for reducing the space occupied by the exchanger is by bending tube axis in helical shape. This option is particularly suitable when construction simplicity is needed and the geometry of the place in which the exchanger has to be housed is the cylindrical one. In this paper, an attempt is made to enhance the heat transfer rate without application of any external power. This is achieved by providing the helical tube in tubes. The parameters influencing the nature of flow in a helical coil heat exchanger are the tube geometry namely pitch coil diameter, pitch and tube diameter. CFD analysis is carried out to study these geometry effects on heat transfer and hydraulic characteristics by varying Reynolds number (hot fluid). The CFD results of velocity and temperature distribution in the heat exchanger are used to estimate the Nusselt number and heat transfer coefficient. This helps to arrive at an optimum value of Reynolds number and Nusselt number for the corresponding tube-to-coil diameter ratios.
Design and Fabrication of Riot Shield from E-Waste Printed Circuit Board
Authors: Ganesh Kumar A.G. , Ranganath G. , Mani Varmaa S.N. , Jose S. Shylin H. , Sakthivel M.
Published: August 2015

Recycling of Printed Circuit Boards (PCB) has been carried out by powdering it into granular size of less than 10 microns. The properties of PCB reveal that it possesses density of 1.3 g/cm3 and Tensile Strength of 310 MPa which is comparatively high when compared to the Polycarbonate material which is normally used in the fabrication of Riot shield. The PCB material was subjected to SEM and EDAX analysis for determining their structure, porosity and material composition. Riot shield fabricated from PCB reduces the environmental effects of E-waste PCBs by the recycling technique, improves the material strength and reduces the weight and cost to a larger extent.
Carbon Footprint Analysis of an Educational Institution
Authors: Sivaram P.M. , Gowdhaman N. , Ebin Davis D.Y. , Subramanian M.
Published: August 2015

Global warming and climate change are the foremost environmental challenges facing the world today. It is our responsibility to minimize the consumption of energy and hence reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases. Companies choose ‘Carbon Footprint’ as a tool to calculate the greenhouse gas emission to show the impact of their activities on the environment. In this working paper, we assess the carbon foot print of an educational institution and suggest suitable measures for reducing it. Greenhouse gas emitting protocol for an academic institution in terms of tones of equivalent CO2 per year is projected using three basic steps includes planning (assessment of data’s), calculation and estimation of CO2 emitted. The estimation of carbon foot print is calculated by accounting direct emission from sources owned/controlled by the educational institution and from indirect emission i.e. purchased electricity, electricity produced by diesel Generator (DG), transport, cooking (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) and other outsourced distribution. The CO2 absorbed by trees are also accounted. Some of the options are identified in order to reduce CO2 level. The information of corporate carbon footprint helps us identifying the Green House Gases (GHG) emission “hot spots” and identifies where the greatest capacity exists in order to reduce the GHG emissions. The main prioritization goes to transport and then followed by DG, cooking and then electricity. The per capita CO2 emission and the total CO2 emission for a typical educational institution are estimated.
Experimental Study on Thermal Efficiency of Parabolic Trough Collector (PTC) Using Al2O3/H2O Nanofluid
Authors: Siva Reddy E. , Meenakshi Reddy R. , Krishna Reddy K.
Published: August 2015

Dispersing small amounts of solid nano particles into base-fluid has a significant impact on the thermo-physical properties of the base-fluid. These properties are utilized for effective capture and transportation of solar energy. This paper attempts key idea for harvesting solar energy by using alumina nanofluid in concentrating parabolic trough collectors. An experimental study is carried out to investigate the performance of a parabolic trough collector using Al2O3-H2O based nanofluid. Results clearly indicate that at same ambient, inlet temperatures, flow rate, concentration ratio etc. hike in thermal efficiency is around 5-10 % compared to the conventional Parabolic Trough Collector (PTC). Further, the effect of various parameters such as concentration ratio, receiver length, fluid velocity, volume fraction of nano particles has been studied. The different flow rates employed in the experiment are 2 ml/s, 4 ml/s and 6 ml/s. Volumetric concentration of 0.02%, 0.04% and 0.06% has been studied in the experiment. Surfactants are not introduced to avoid bubble formation. Tracking mode of parabolic trough collector is manual. Results also reveal that Al2O3-H2O based nanofluid has higher efficiency at higher flow rates.
Performance Investigation of an Eco-Friendly Refrigerant Mixture as an Alternative to R290/R600a
Authors: Karthick M. , Senthil Kumar K.
Published: August 2015

R134a is the most widely used refrigerant in domestic refrigerators. It must be phased out soon according to Kyoto protocol due to its high global warming potential (GWP) of 1300. It has been proposed that by previous experimental investigations, R290/R600a is the best alternate ozone friendly refrigerant mixture for R134a. But due to its high flammability this mixture is not completely substituted as an alternate working fluid in our country. In the present work, performance investigation has been made with eco-friendly refrigerant mixture (composed of R123 and R290 in the ratio of 70:30 by weight) in a refrigerator. This mixture has a very low ozone depletion potential (ODP) and has zero GWP value. Also this mixture has low flammability index when compared with R290/R600a. Continuous running tests were performed under different ambient temperatures (23°C, 28°C, 32°C and 36°C).The ON OFF and DOOR OPEN test results showed that ON TIME percentage of the compressor for the mixture (HCFC123/HC290) is less than that for HCM (R290/R600a). Also the power consumed by mixture (HCFC123/HC290) is lesser by 15% than that of R290/R600a and due to its low flammability property it can be a valuable replacement for the R290/R600a refrigerant mixture.
Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer Performance of Different Nanofluids Using Automobile Radiator
Authors: Senthilraja S. , Vijayakumar K.C.K. , Gangadevi R.
Published: August 2015

TIn this present study, the forced convection heat transfer performance of different fluids, namely, Al2O3-water, and CuO-water nanofluid has been studied experimentally in an automobile radiator. Three different concentration of nanofluid in the range of 0-1.0 vol.% have been prepared by addition of Al2O3 and CuO nanoparticles into water. The test fluid flow rate can be varied in the range of 2 l/min to 5 l/min to have a fully turbulent regime. Obtained results demonstrate that the fluid circulating rate can improve the heat transfer performance. The heat transfer performance of CuO-water nanofluid was found better than the other heat transfer fluids. Furthermore, the Nusselt number is found to increase with the increase in the nanoparticle concentration and nanofluid velocity.
Wind Turbine Aerodynamic Braking System Analysis Using Chord Wise Spacing
Authors: Navin Kumar B. , Parammasivam K.M.
Published: August 2015

Wind energy is one of the most significant renewable energy sources in the world. It is the only promising renewable energy resource that only can satisfy the nation’s energy requirements over the growing demand for electricity. Wind turbines have been installed all over the wind potential areas to generate electricity. The wind turbines are designed to operate at a rated wind velocity. When the wind turbines are exposed to extreme wind velocities such as storm or hurricane, the wind turbine rotates at a higher speed that affects the structural stability of the entire system and may topple the system. Mechanical braking systems and Aerodynamic braking systems have been currently used to control the over speeding of the wind turbine at extreme wind velocity. As a novel approach, it is attempted to control the over speeding of the wind turbine by aerodynamic braking system by providing the chord wise spacing (opening). The turbine blade with chord wise spacing alters the pressure distribution over the turbine blade that brings down the rotational speed of the wind turbine within the allowable limit. In this approach, the over speeding of the wind turbine blades are effectively controlled without affecting the power production. In this paper the different parameters of the chord wise spacing such as position of the spacing, shape of the spacing, width of the spacing and impact on power generation are analyzed and the spacing parameters are experimentally optimized.
Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) for a Solar Photovoltaic System: A Review
Authors: Arun Shravan L.A. , Ebenezer D.
Published: August 2015

In recent years there has been a growing attention towards use of solar energy. Advantages of photovoltaic (PV) systems employed for harnessing solar energy are reduction of greenhouse gas emission, low maintenance costs, fewer limitations with regard to site of installation and absence of mechanical noise arising from moving parts. However, PV systems suffer from relatively low conversion efficiency. Therefore, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for the solar array is essential in a PV system. The nonlinear behaviour of PV systems as well as variations of the maximum power point with solar irradiance level and temperature complicates the tracking of the maximum power point. This paper reviews various MPPT methods based on three categories: offline, online and hybrid methods. Design of a PV system in a encoding environment has also been reviewed here. Furthermore, different MPPT methods are discussed in terms of the dynamic response of the PV system to variations in temperature and irradiance, attainable efficiency, and implementation considerations.
Numerical Studies on the Effect of Cambered Airfoil Blades on Self-Starting of Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Part 2: NACA 0018 and NACA 63415
Authors: Seralathan Sivamani , Micha Premkumar T. , Thangavel S. , Pradeep G.P.
Published: August 2015

NACA 0012 and NACA 4415 were discussed in Part 1 of the paper to study the capabilities of the airfoil blades by considering the effect of cambered airfoil blade on self-starting of vertical axis wind turbine. The numerical studies are carried out to identify self-starting capability of the airfoil using CFD analysis by studying the flow field over the vertical axis wind turbine blades. In this Part 2 paper, detailed numerical results of asymmetrical NACA 0018 and cambered airfoil NACA 63415 are presented. The lift force generated and the rotor torque induced varies with angle of attack. Based on the contours of static pressure and velocity distribution as well as based on the torque induced in the flow field over blade profiles, NACA 0018 is found to be better compared to cambered airfoil. Even though the lift force for cambered airfoils are higher, based on the rotor torque values, the wind turbine with asymmetrical airfoil blades NACA 0012 is better by 9.80% compared with NACA 4415 and 21.73% compared with NACA 63415. Self-starting issue can be addressed by proper selection of NACA blade profiles. By comparing the four airfoil blades in Part 1 and Part 2 of the papers, the asymmetrical NACA 0012 is found to be most suitable airfoil for self-starting the vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT).
Numerical Studies on the Effect of Cambered Airfoil Blades on Self-Starting of Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Part 1: NACA 0012 and NACA 4415
Authors: Micha Premkumar T. , Seralathan Sivamani , Mohan T. , Saran Reddy N.N.P.
Published: August 2015

This is Part-1 of the two-part paper in considering the effect of cambered airfoil blades on self-starting of vertical axis wind turbine. Part 1 reports the numerical studies on self-starting of vertical axis wind turbine with comparative studies involving NACA 0012 and cambered airfoil NACA 4415. Part 2 of the paper deals with numerical studies of NACA 0018 and cambered air foil NACA 63415. Darrieus type VAWT is attracting many researchers attention for its inherent advantages and its diversified applications. However, a disadvantage is when the rotor is stationary, no net rotational forces arises, even at high-wind speed. The principal advantage of the vertical axis format is their ability to accept wind from any direction without yawing mechanism. However, self-starting capability is the major drawbacks. Moreover, literatures based on computational analysis involving the cambered airfoil are few only. The objective of this present study is to select the suitable airfoil blades on self-starting of VAWT at low-Reynolds number. The numerical studies are carried out to identify self-starting capability of the airfoil using CFD analysis by studying the flow field over the vertical axis wind turbine blades. The commercial CFD code, ANSYS CFX 13.0© was used for the present studies. Initially, the flow over NACA 0012 was simulated and analyzed for different angles of attacks and similarly carried out for NACA 4415. The contours of static pressure distribution and velocity as well as the force and torque were obtained. Even though the lift force for cambered airfoil NACA 4415 is higher, based on the torque values of the above blade profiles, asymmetrical airfoil NACA 0012 is found to be appropriate for self-starring of VAWT.
Fuzzy Based Optimization of Thrust Force and Torque during Drilling of Natural Hybrid Composites
Authors: Vinayagamoorthy R. , Rajeswari N. , Sivanarasimha S. , Balasubramanian K.
Published: August 2015

This investigation was done to study machinability during drilling on sandwichlaminates. Vetiver and jute were used as natural fibers and glass was used as synthetic fibers in vinyl ester matrixin the form oflaminatesby varying the fiber content in each laminate.The laminateswere drilled during which spindle speed, spindle feed rate, tool point angle and sample laminate weremodified using D-optimal design technique. During drilling of each hole, thrust force impressed and torque developedwere noted as outputs.The outputswere optimized to observe best drilling conditions.A fuzzy model was created and its predictions for trialconditionswere noted. A comparison between trial values, regression values and fuzzy values was made. Confirmatory trialswere madefor optimumset of runs and outputswere again noted.The percentage of error between the model, confirmatory trials and fuzzy were found to be meagre and hence concluded that the optimization was satisfactory.
Finite Element Modelling and Simulation of Train Car Body Structure Using LS-Dyna®
Authors: Deepak S. , Vasanthanathan A. , Nagaraj P.
Published: August 2015

This article emphasizes on finite element modeling and simulation of train car body structure in order to ensure a crashworthy structure. Crashworthiness is a principal parameter to be considered to be taken into account in case of design of train car body structure. The present paper deals with the development of virtual prototype with energy absorption capabilities. The train car body structure with trapezoidal core has been modeled using SOLIDWORKS® software. The entire crash simulation in the present study was done by using LS-Dyna® Explicit finite element software. The crash analysis of train car body over a rigid concrete wall was numerically simulated at three different speeds viz. 60 km/hr, 90 km/hr, 120 km/hr. In every crash analysis, the stress plot and history of deformation from the developed virtual prototype. The simulation of the rail vehicle collision presented in this article is based upon the standard specified in crashworthy section of Technical Standards of interoperability. The dynamic numerical simulation of two train car bodies with equal velocities has also performed using LS-Dyna®.
Numerical Simulation on Effect of Impact Velocity and Target Thickness in Magnesium Alloy AZ31B
Authors: Ezhil Vendhan B. , Harikrishna K. L. , Lakshminarayanan A.K.
Published: August 2015

Recent research works indicate that magnesium alloy can be used for constructing light weight armor because of its density, which is 35% lower than aluminium and 77% lower than steel and also it exhibits superior vibration damping and better failure mechanisms than the contemporary ballistic materials. In this study, numerical simulations were carried out in a monolithic magnesium AZ31B plate using AUTODYN software to understand the effect of Impact velocity and plate thickness on the deformation of target plates. The projectiles are normally impacted on target plates of varying thickness plates at different velocities. Lagrangian solver was used for meshing, in which the grid developed by the solver distorts with the material helps in eliminating the inaccuracies caused by the cell growth due to the shear force of the bullet impact. The simulation results are verified with the experimental data available in the literature.
Fabrication of Core-Shell Structured TiO2/MgO Electrodes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Karuppuchamy S. , Brundha C.
Published: August 2015

We demonstrated the construction and performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) based on nanoparticles of TiO2 coated with thin shells of MgO by simple solution growth technique. The XRD patterns confirm the presence of both TiO2 and MgO in the core-shell structure. The effect of varied shell thickness on the photovoltaic performance of the core-shell structured electrode is also investigated. We found that MgO shells of all thicknesses perform as barriers that improve open-circuit voltage (Voc) of the DSCs only at the expense of a larger decrease in short-circuit current density (Jsc). The energy conversion efficiency was greatly dependent on the thickness of MgO on TiO2 film, and the highest efficiency of 4.1% was achieved at the optimum MgO shell layer.
Experimental Analysis of Newly Designed Solar Assisted Single Effect Absorption Cooling System of 5.25 kW Cooling Capacity for Domestic Use
Authors: Raja V.Boopathi , Shanmugam V.
Published: August 2015

Many research studies have been carried out to develop small capacity absorption cooling systems as an alternative to conventional vapour compression refrigeration (VCR) systems with respect to performance and economic aspects. The aim of this work is to design a solar assisted single effect absorption cooling system of 5.25 kW cooling capacity to cool a room having floor area of 15 m2. Based on the design, an experimental setup is constructed and operated by supplying heat to the generator using solar energy. The performance analysis of the cooling system is carried out by measuring the various operational parameters. The minimum cooling temperature of 16°C is observed in the evaporator and maximum COP of 0.9 is obtained when the hot water storage tank reaches 90°C. As per this new design, the operational cost is minimized and the COP obtained is slightly higher when compared to that of earlier similar works.
Fatigue Behaviour of Friction Stir Welded AZ31B Magnesium Alloy Joints
Authors: Venkatesan S. , Rajamani G.P. , Balasubramanian V. , Padmanaban G.
Published: August 2015

Friction stir welding (FSW) is a relatively better joining technique particularly for magnesium and aluminum alloys that are difficult to weld by fusion welding techniques. Fusion welding of these alloys is not preferable due to hot cracking, formation of porosity, etc. However solid state welding techniques, such as, friction sitr welding are found to offer solution to the above problems. Many research papers available in open literature focusing tensile properties, microstructural characteristics, and corrosion behaviour of friction stir welded AZ31B magnesium alloys but fatigue behaviour of these welds are not yet investigated. Hence, in this investigation, an attempt has been made to evaluate fatigue behaviour of friction stir welded rolled plates of AZ31B magnesium alloys.Fatigue experiment was conducted using servo hydraulic controlled fatigue testing machine. Fatigue strength, fatigue notch factor and notch sensitivity factor were evaluated. It is found that the fatigue strength of AZ31B welded joints is 46 MPa at 2x106 cycles which is approximately 34 % lower than that of the base metal fatigue strength.
Experimental Investigation of Machining Parameters during Turning of AISI 316L Stainless Steel Using Nano Cutting Environment
Authors: Rajmohan T. , Sathishkumar S.D. , Palanikumar K.
Published: August 2015

In modern machining processes, there are continuous cost pressures and high quality expectations in the product. Hence, it is required to explore the techniques that can reduce the cost and also increase the quality of the product. In the present work, machining performance of AISI 316L SS is assessed by the performing turning operation under nano cutting environment. Experiments have been carried out by plain turning of 48mm diameter and 600mm long rod of AISI 316L stainless steel on all geared lathe at different cutting velocities and feeds under wet machining with and without Carbon nano Tubes (CNT) inclusions using carbide inserts. The effect of cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut on tool chip interface temperature and surface roughness are analysed using Taguchi method. Furthermore, using analysis of variance method, significant contributions of process parameters have been determined. Experimental results reveal that feed rate and cutting speed are the dominant variables on responses.
Electric Discharge Machining of Cryo-Treated NiTi Alloys
Authors: Gaikwad Vaibhav , Jatti Vijaykumar S. , Singh T.P.
Published: August 2015

NiTi alloys possess superior material properties such as high specific strength, high corrosion resistance, high wear resistance and high anti-fatigue property. Due to these properties it is difficult to machine these alloys using conventional machining process. Nowadays non-conventional machining processes are widely used for machining such adavanced materials. Electrical Discharge machining (EDM) is one such non-conventional process, which can machine electrically conductive materials of any hardness values. Present study aims at drilling mesoscale 3 mm square holes on NiTi alloy by varying the electrical parameters namely, gap current, pulse on time and pulse off time. Additional, the present work includes finding out the effect of cryogenic treatment of NiTi work material on electrical discharge machining performance measures namely material removal rate (MRR) and tool wear rate (TWR). Based on experiments conducted, it can be concluded that with increase in current both material removal rate and tool wear rate increases. It is also noted that cryo-treatment of workpiece material improves MRR with respect to gap current. Similarly there is an increase in MRR with respect to pulse on time and pulse off time for cryo-treated workpiece material. There is a slight improvement of TWR with respect to gap current, pulse on time and pulse off time for cryo-treated workpiece material.
Machinability Study of Beryllium Copper by Powder Mixed Electric Discharge Machining
Authors: Bagane Shivraj , Jatti Vijaykumar S. , Singh T.P.
Published: August 2015

To Acompany the novel technology advancement demands for advance materials. Beryllium copper is such solitary material which has conspicuous material properties, to be pricise good wear resistance, corrosion resistance and high fatigue strength. But the concern with this is machining by treditional machining processes. To defeat this problem Powder Mixed Electric Discharge Machining(PMEDM) is a surrogate technology, which is acquiring much importance in machining such materials. As compared to convenctional electric discharge machining the powder mixed electric discharge machining has delivered much efficiency because of the addition of fine powder particles in dielectric media. It increases the steadiness and concentrated sparking on the work piece material. This study aims at machining beryllium copper alloys using powder mixed electric discharge machining. The electric parameters namely pulse on time, pulse off time, and gap voltage are retained constant throughout the experimentation. Copper electrode of 3 mm square tip was used for machining of beryllium copper work piece. Gap current is varied as 8 A, 10 A, 12 A and 14 A whereas powder concentration is varied as 2 gm/litre, 4 gm/litre and 6 gm/litre. Material removal rate (MRR) and tool wear rate (TWR) were considered as electric discharge machining output measures for the study. It was observed that the efficiency of powder mixed electric discharge machining improved by using powder mixed dielectric. It was found that the MRR improves as the gap current is increased by the increament of 2A. One more obeservation found was the improvement in the both MRR and TWR with the increase in the powder concentration . Tool wear rate increases due to the truth that as the depth of machining increases the efficiency of flushing reduces hence leading to higher tool wear rate.
Improvement of Wear Performance of High Speed Steel Tool Using Physical Vapour Deposition Coating Process
Authors: Malarvannan R. Ravi Raja , Moorthy T.V. , Ravi Samraj
Published: August 2015

Manufacturing industries are presently using many tool materials, such as high speed steel, carbide tool and diamond tools etc. The most widely and commonly used tool in the engineering industries is high speed steel (HSS). The HSS tools are the cheapest and reliable for medium and small scale industries. In this work, the HSS single point cutting tool is taken as substrate material and coated with two different combinations of TiAlN composite coating using Physical vapour deposition (PVD) technique. Also, Tool life was calculated and compared with uncoated HSS tool. The hardness and surface roughness value for both the tools have been taken under same condition. The loss of weight in the tool after machining has been weighed using standard equipments. The differences have been closely observed with sufficient trials and find out the loss in weight in both the tools. The weight loss percentage was calculated after proper machining trials. The tool life of the Titanium Aluminium Nitride (Ti 70%, Al 25%) coated tool has been increased by 3.74 times than that of uncoated tool. The surface finish for TiAlN (Ti 70%, Al 25%) coating is better than the uncoated tool. The PVD coated tools having better performance comparing with uncoated HSS tool.
Nano Graphite Powder Assisted Electric Discharge Machining Characteristics of ZM21 Magnesium Alloy
Authors: Santosh S. , Javed Syed Ibrahim S. , Saravanamuthukumar P. , Rajkumar K. , Harikrishna K. L.
Published: August 2015

Magnesium alloys are used in many applications, particularly in orthopaedic implants are very difficult to machine by conventional processes because of their complex 3D structure and limited slip system at room temperature. Hence there is an inherent need for alternative processes for machining such intricate profiles. Electric Discharge Machining is growing rapidly in tool rooms, die shops and even in general shop floors of modern industries to facilitate complex machining for difficult-to-machine materials and provide better surface integrity. Therefore, the use of electric discharge machining on ZM21 magnesium alloy is attempted in this paper. Nanographite powder is added for machining zone to enhance the electrical conductivity of EDM oil by way it improves the machining performance. Machining parameters such as the current, pulse on time and pulse off time were process parameters to explore their effects on the material removal rate and tool wear rate. It is observed that, an increased material removal rate was due to the enhanced electrical and thermal conductivity of the EDM oil.
Experimental Investigation and Performance Characteristics Study of Electrolyte in Micro Electrochemical Machining
Authors: Prakash J. , Gopalakannan S.
Published: August 2015

Many advanced machining processes have higher initial investment, maintenance and tooling costs. In these circumstances micro electrochemical machining [µECM] processes meet the requirements with better efficiency and economy. The micro electrochemical machining process parameter such as electrolyte concentration, machine voltage, and pulse on time and duty factor are optimized with considerations of the multiple performance characteristics such as material removal rate (MRR) and overcut. Increase in electrolyte concentration considerably improves MRR but yields a poorer over cut. Increased machine voltage serves to increase both MRR and over cut significantly. Increased pulse on time and duty factor did not have notable impact on MRR and overcut. Less concentration of sodium chloride [NaCl] is sufficient for machining compared with sodium nitrate [NaNO3]. Higher MRR and better over cut are achieved with sodium chloride and moreover it is more economical than sodium nitrate.
Corrosion Resistance of Friction Stir Processed AZ91D Magnesium Alloy under a Salt Fog Environment
Authors: Jolly Jason Christopher , Srinivas V. Karthik , Lakshminarayanan A.K.
Published: August 2015

Magnesium alloys are widely used in applications where weight reduction is of primary importance. MgAZ91D is an Mg-Al-Zn alloy and its application in the automotive sector is limited by its poor corrosion resistance. Recent advances in solid state processing techniques have made it easier to modify the mechanical and corrosion characteristics of various alloys. Friction stir processing (FSP) is such a solid-state process for surface and sub-surface modification, which increases the microstructural densification, thereby producing fine and equiaxed grains. Through this work, an attempt was made to analyse the effect of friction stir processing on the corrosion resistance of the alloy in an enclosed salt spray chamber. Micro-analysis tools like FESEM and EDS are used to supplement our results. It is seen that, FSP significantly contributes to the increase in the corrosion resistance by homogenising the distribution of α and β phases and hence making the use of the alloy more practical in moisture rich environments.
Determination of Material Parameters during Superplastic Forming of AZ31B Magnesium Alloy at Elevated Temperatures in Uniaxial Tensile Test
Authors: Babu S. Ramesh , Shah Vijul , Shyam M.P.
Published: August 2015

Superplasticity is the ability of the material to produce neck free elongations within a material before fracture. For the past three decades superplastic forming has gained a major development in many industries to produce complex shapes. To perform the superplastic forming at elevated temperatures, the material parameters such as strain rate and strain rate sensitivity index has to be determined. These parameters affect the formability in such a way that higher the strain rate during deformation, lesser will be the percentage elongation and which in turn increases the flow stress of the material there by limiting the formability. Similarly, the strain rate sensitivity index is a measure of resistance to neck formation during deformation. Lesser the strain rate sensitivity value, more will be the neck formation thereby limiting the formability. Hence in this work, an experimental setup is designed to perform the uniaxial tensile testing at elevated temperatures to determine the flow stress, percentage elongation, strain rate and strain rate sensitivity. The determination of these parameters will be helpful in executing the forming at certain temperature and pressure to attain maximum formability. Also the SEM photographs of the fractured specimen were analysed to determine at what temperature and strain rate, the cavitation density increases.
Assessment of Microstructure and Wear Resistance of Friction Stir Processed Cast Mg-Al-Zn Magnesium Alloy
Authors: Jayaraman R. , Balusamy T. , Lakshminarayanan A.K.
Published: August 2015

Microstructure, micro hardness and wear resistance of friction stir processed cast magnesium alloy are investigated in this work. Image analysis is used to differentiate the amount of phases present in the base metal and friction stir processed regions. Hardness mapping indicates that the frictions stir processed region has 64 % increase in microhardness compared to the base metal. Wear resistance was evaluated using pin-on-disc testing and it is found that the friction stir processed region has superior wear resistance compared to the base metal. Fine grains with uniformly distributed second phase particles are the reasons for improved microhardness and wear resistance of friction stir processed region.
A Parametric Optimization on Cutting Force during Laser Assisted Machining of Inconel 718 Alloy
Authors: Vignesh M. , Venkatesan K. , Ramanujam R. , Kuppan P.
Published: August 2015

Inconel 718, a nickel based alloys, addressed as difficult to cut material because of hard carbide particle, hardness, work hardening and low thermal conductivity. Improving the machinability characteristics of nickel based alloys is a major anxiety in aircraft, space vehicle and other manufacturing fields. This paper presents an experimental investigation in Laser assisted turning of Inconel 718 to determine the effects of laser cutting parameters on cutting temperature and cutting forces. This nickel alloy has a material hardness at 48 HRC and machined with TICN/Al2O3/TiN tool. This is employed for the manufacture of helicopter rotor blades and cryogenic storage tanks. The experiments were conducted at One-Factor-at-a-Time.The effects of laser cutting parameters, namely cutting speed, feed rate, laser power and laser to work piece angle, on the cutting temperature and cutting force components, are critically analysed and the results are compared with unassisted machining of this alloy. The experiments are conducted by varying the cutting speed at three levels (50, 75, 100 m/min), feed rate (0.05, 0.075 0.1 mm/rev), laser power (1.25 kW, 1.5 kW, 1.75 kW) and at two level laser to work piece angle (60, 75°). At the optimal parametric combinationof laser power 1.5 kW with cutting speed of 75m/min, feed rate of 0.075 mm/min and laser to work piece angle 60°, the benefit of LAM was shown by 18%, 25% and 24% decrease in feed force (Fx), thrust force (Fy) and cutting force (Fz) as compared to those of the conventional machining. Examination of the machined surface hardness profiles showed no change under LAM and conventional machining.
Influence of Cooling Rate on Fatigue Behaviour of Eutectic Al-Si (A413) Alloy Casting
Authors: Mohandass M. , Venkatesan Jamuna , Nallusamy N.
Published: August 2015

In this research work, the effect of cooling rate on fatigue behaviour of eutectic A413 Al-Si cast alloy is investigated. Castings produced by two different cooling rates, water-cooled and air-cooled are studied. The structural morphology of alloy castings was characterized using Inverted Trinocular Metallurgical Optical Microscopy. A Comprehensive tension–tension fatigue test was carried out with a stress ratio of R=0.5, and a sinusoidal waveform under three different mean stress conditions (25%, 50% & 75% of UTS) at room temperature (32°C). The microstructural evaluations show that the eutectic script size is smaller for water-cooled casting than the air-cooled casting. It is also observed that the fatigue life of the water-cooled cast alloy is greater than that of cast alloy produced with conventional air-cooled method.
Effect of Diffusion Bonding Temperature on Mechanical and Microstructure Characteristics of Cp Titanium and High Strength Aluminium Dissimilar Joints
Authors: Dheenadayalan K. , Rajakumar S. , Balasubramanian V.
Published: August 2015

In this investigation, Commercially Pure (Cp) titanium was diffusion bonded to AA7075-T6 aluminium alloy at various temperatures of 450, 475, 500, 525 and 5500 C, bonding pressure of 17, MPa and holding time of 40 minutes was applied during the diffusion bonding. The effects of reaction temperature, Bonding time and atmosphere on the diffusion welding characteristics of titanium and aluminum have been studied. The maximum Lap shear strength was found to be 89 MPa for the specimen bonded at the temperature of 525°C, Bonding Pressure 17 MPa and Holding time for 40 min.
Identification of Optimized Welding Conditions for Pulsed Current Gas Metal Arc Welding of AISI 904 Super Austenitic Stainless Steel
Authors: Manavalan P. , Ravi S. , Kesavan R.
Published: August 2015

The present investigation is aimed to study the effect of pulsed current gas metal arc welding on the tensile strength of AISI 904L super austenitic stainless steel joint 1.2 mm diameter solid wire of same composition. The joints were fabricated using pulsed current gas metal arc welding and by varying five factors such as peak current, pulse on time, pulse on frequency, background current and welding speed at five different levels. Design matrix based on central composite rotatable design was selected to conduct the experiment and an attempt is made to maximize the tensile strength by optimizing the factors using graphical and numerical optimization techniques. Results were correlated with weld metal microstructures.
Numerical Investigation of Mass Flow Distribution in Wavy Microchannel Heat Sink
Authors: Satheeshkumar M. , Thansekhar M.R. , Anbu Meenakshi C.
Published: August 2015

In order to cope with ever increasing demands from the electronic, automotive and aerospace industries, cooling devices have to be small in size, light-weight and of high performance.The search for a more efficient cooling technology becomes one of the bottle neck problems of the further development of the electronic and automotive industry. Microchannel liquid cooling is one of the candidates for this purpose. The most important parameter in the microchannel is the distribution of the coolant inside the channel. A uniform flow in the microchannel leads to uniform heat transfer.A numerical simulation is carried out to minimize the flow maldistribution inside the microchannel. The microchannel was made as wavy shaped channel. There are six channels with hydraulic diameter of 1mm each. Header is the major part in the microchannel which supplies fluid into different channels. In this work, five different shapes of the header were considered namely circular, frustum conical, rectangular, triangular and trapezoidal. From the simulation results it was found that the mal-distribution is significantly affected by flow rate and shape of the header.
Development and Mechanical Testing of Filament Wound FRP Composite Components
Authors: Kannan M. , Kani Kalaichelvan , Sornakumar T.
Published: August 2015

Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic composites are used for pipes, high pressure vessels, aircrafts, automobiles, sport goods and Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic composites are used for pipes, high pressure vessels, aircrafts, automobiles, sport goods and structural applications due to their high corrosion resistance, high specific strength, low density, low coefficient of thermal expansion, durability, low maintenance and low cost. This paper presents the development and mechanical testing of filament wound Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic composite hollow cylindrical components. In this present work, Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic composite hollow cylindrical components were manufactured by helical filament winding process. ASTM: D2584 standard test method for ignition loss of cured reinforced resins was conducted on the specimen to determine the fiber to resin ratio. The tensile test was conducted as per ASTM: D638 standard. The three point flexural test was conducted as per ASTM: D790 standard. The hoop tensile strength test was conducted as per ASTM: D2290 standard. The external loading characteristics were determined by conducting the ASTM: D2412 standard test. The tensile strength and flexural strength in the axial direction are 50.76 MPa and 425.46 MPa respectively. The hoop tensile strength and the parallel-plate loading (Compression) stiffness are 156.33 MPa and 2750 N/mm respectively.
Mechanical Properties of Copper-TiC In Situ Metal Matrix Composite
Authors: Harish S. , Keshavamurthy R.
Published: August 2015

Copper based TiC reinforced in-situ metal matrix composite was synthesized by melting copper, hexaflurotitanate and graphite powder in appropriate proportion at a temperature of 1100 °C using stir casting technique. Both copper matrix and copper-TiC composite were subjected to microstructure studies, x-ray diffraction analysis, hardness and tensile test. Optical micrograph shows fine and uniform distribution of TiC particles throughout the matrix. X-ray diffraction analysis confirms the formation of Titanium carbide particles. Developed composite exhibit a significant improvement in hardness and ultimate tensile strength compared with unreinforced copper.
Mechanical Characteristics of Hot Forged Al6061-Al2O3 Composite
Authors: Shivananda Murthy K.V. , Keshavamurthy R. , Girish D.P.
Published: August 2015

Commercially available Al6061 alloy added with 5wt% of alumina particles was developed by liquid metallurgy route. Cast aluminum alloy and composite were hot forged. Microstructure, hardness and strength behavior of forged alloy and composite were investigated. Optical micrograph examination confirms the homogeneity in the dispersion of alumina particles. Addition of alumina particles increased the hardness and tensile strength by 21% and 18% respectively.