bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Polymer Waveguide Coupled Surface Plasmon Refractive Index Sensor: A Theoretical Study
Authors: Ji Lanting , Yang Shuqing , Shi Rongna , Fu Yujie , Su Juan , Wu Chi
Published: June 2020

A waveguide coupled surface plasmon sensor for detection of liquid with high refractive index (RI) is designed based on polymer materials. The effects of variation of the thickness of the Au film, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) buffer, and waveguide layer on the sensing performance of the waveguide are comprehensively investigated by using the finite difference method. Numerical simulations show that a thinner gold film gives rise to a more sensitive structure, while the variation of the thickness of the PMMA buffer and waveguide layer has a little effect on the sensitivity. For liquid with high RI, the sensitivity of the sensor increases significantly. When RI of liquid to be measured increases from 1.45 to 1.52, the sensitivity is as high as 4518.14nm/RIU, and a high figure of merit of 114.07 is obtained. The waveguide coupled surface plasmon RI sensor shows potential applications in the fields of environment, industry, and agriculture sensing with the merits of compact size, low cost, and high integration density.
Microstructure and properties of 1050A/AZ31 bimetallic bars produced by explosive cladding and subsequent groove rolling process
Authors: Mróz Sebastian , Mola Renata , Szota Piotr , Stefanik Andrzej
Published: June 2020

Within the framework of this study, the 1050A/AZ31 round bimetal bars were produced by the explosive cladding method and subsequent groove rolling process. LM/SEM investigation shown that by proper selection of the explosive cladding parameters (mainly initial distance between 1050A tube and AZ31 core and detonation velocity) it is possible to produce 1050A/AZ31 feedstocks without a continuous layer of Mg–Al intermetallic phases on the interface between joined materials. The experimental tests of the groove rolling process of 1050A/AZ31 bars were supplemented with a theoretical analysis using FEM-based numerical modelling. Based on the test results obtained, it was found that the interface of the 1050A/AZ31 bar rolling at a temperature (300 °C) was characterized by the generation of a thin continuous intermetallic layer without cracks. Applying a higher rolling temperature of 400 °C, which is usually used in hot forming processes of Mg alloys, led to the production of a thicker intermetallic layer, which cracked during the rolling process as a result of deformation. Strength of the fabricated bimetal joints was high, they did not delaminate during shear tests.
The vibration suppression of solar panel based on smart structure
Authors: Ma G. , Xu M. , Tian J. , Kan X.
Published: June 2020

This paper provides a solution to the active vibration control of a microsatellite with two solar panels. At first, the microsatellite is processed as a finite element model containing a rigid body and two flexible bodies, according to the principles of mechanics, and that the dynamic characteristics are solved by modal analysis. Secondly, the equation involving vibration control is established according to the finite element calculation results. There are several actuators composed of macro fibre composite on the two solar panels for outputting control force. Furthermore, the control voltage for driving actuator is calculated by using fuzzy algorithm. It is clear that the smart structure consists of the flexible bodies and actuators. Finally, the closed-loop control simulation for suppressing harmful vibration is established. The simulation results illustrate that the responses to the external excitation are decreased significantly after adopting fuzzy control.
Protection and Response of a Tertiary Hospital in South Korea to the COVID-19 Outbreak
Authors: Shi Hye Jin , Lee Jae Back , Choi Min Kyung , Jang Young-Rock , Cho Yong-Kyun , Eom Joong Sik
Published: June 2020

Objective:

Here, we present an overview of how a tertiary hospital responded to maintain necessary activities and protect patients and staff from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak.

Methods:

Gil Medical Center, a tertiary hospital in Incheon, has operated a special response team since January 21, 2020. All visitors were assessed for body temperature and respiratory symptoms, and screened for recent overseas travel. Suspected COVID-19 patients were taken to a screening clinic. All febrile patients with or without respiratory symptoms were taken to a respiratory safety clinic. An isolation ward, which consisted of 10 negative-pressure rooms, was used to treat confirmed cases. More than 120 beds were prepared for the outbreak, and patients with pneumonia were preemptively isolated.

Results:

By May 5, 480 960 visitors were assessed at the control station, 3350 patients visited the triage center, and 1794 were treated in the respiratory safety clinic. Seventeen confirmed cases were admitted to the negative isolation ward, and 350 patients with pneumonia were preemptively isolated. A total of 2977 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) polymerase chain reaction tests were performed.

Conclusions:

While tertiary hospitals play an important role in treating both COVID-19 patients and non-COVID-19 patients, hospital staff have to protect themselves from unexpected in-hospital transmission. A multifaceted response must be undertaken to protect tertiary hospitals and their staff during the COVID-19 epidemic.
Enhancement of the laser-driven proton source at PHELIX
Authors: Hornung J. , Zobus Y. , Boller P. , Brabetz C. , Eisenbarth U. , Kühl T. , Major Zs. , Ohland J. B. , Zepf M. , Zielbauer B. , Bagnoud V.
Published: June 2020

We present a study of laser-driven ion acceleration with micrometre and sub-micrometre thick targets, which focuses on the enhancement of the maximum proton energy and the total number of accelerated particles at the PHELIX facility. Using laser pulses with a nanosecond temporal contrast of up to

$10^{-12}$

and an intensity of the order of

$10^{20}~\text{W}/\text{cm}^{2}$

, proton energies up to 93 MeV are achieved. Additionally, the conversion efficiency at

$45^{\circ }$

incidence angle was increased when changing the laser polarization to p, enabling similar proton energies and particle numbers as in the case of normal incidence and s-polarization, but reducing the debris on the last focusing optic.
A REFINEMENT OF THE RAMSEY HIERARCHY VIA INDESCRIBABILITY
Authors: CODY BRENT
Published: June 2020

We study large cardinal properties associated with Ramseyness in which homogeneous sets are demanded to satisfy various transfinite degrees of indescribability. Sharpe and Welch [25], and independently Bagaria [1], extended the notion of
$\Pi ^1_n$
-indescribability where
$n<\omega $
to that of
$\Pi ^1_\xi $
-indescribability where
$\xi \geq \omega $
. By iterating Feng’s Ramsey operator [12] on the various
$\Pi ^1_\xi $
-indescribability ideals, we obtain new large cardinal hierarchies and corresponding nonlinear increasing hierarchies of normal ideals. We provide a complete account of the containment relationships between the resulting ideals and show that the corresponding large cardinal properties yield a strict linear refinement of Feng’s original Ramsey hierarchy. We isolate Ramsey properties which provide strictly increasing hierarchies between Feng’s
$\Pi _\alpha $
-Ramsey and
$\Pi _{\alpha +1}$
-Ramsey cardinals for all odd
$\alpha <\omega $
and for all
$\omega \leq \alpha <\kappa $
. We also show that, given any ordinals
$\beta _0,\beta _1<\kappa $
the increasing chains of ideals obtained by iterating the Ramsey operator on the
$\Pi ^1_{\beta _0}$
-indescribability ideal and the
$\Pi ^1_{\beta _1}$
-indescribability ideal respectively, are eventually equal; moreover, we identify the least degree of Ramseyness at which this equality occurs. As an application of our results we show that one can characterize our new large cardinal notions and the corresponding ideals in terms of generic elementary embeddings; as a special case this yields generic embedding characterizations of
$\Pi ^1_\xi $
-indescribability and Ramseyness.
Starch in aquafeeds: the benefits of a high amylose to amylopectin ratio and resistant starch content in diets for the carnivorous fish, largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)
Authors: Li Songlin , Sang Chunyan , Turchini Giovanni M. , Wang An , Zhang Jiacan , Chen Naisong
Published: June 2020

Aquafeeds for carnivorous species face a nutritional–technological conundrum: containing sufficient starch to meet specific manufacturing requirements for binding, extrusion and expansion, but ideally containing as little starch as possible owing to their limited ability to utilise carbohydrates. The present study evaluated the effects of dietary starch with different amylose to amylopectin ratios and resistant starch contents on growth performance, hepatic glycogen accumulation and glucose metabolism of an important cultured carnivorous finfish, largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). A common starch source (α-cassava starch (CS)) was tested as is or after being enzymatically de-branched at three different inclusion levels in diets for largemouth bass. Results showed that the increased dietary starch levels compromised performance and high dietaryα-CS content led to obvious liver damage. However, the growth performances of fish fed the diets with de-branched starch (DS) were improved, and no manifest liver damages were observed even at the higher inclusion level. The increasing dietary starch contents significantly increased hepatic glycogen accumulation, but not when DS was used. High dietary starch content, without regard to starch sources, had no effect on the expression of glucose metabolism-related genes, except for down-regulation of insulin receptor expression. However, the use of dietary DS promoted the expression of genes involved in the insulin pathway and glycolysis. In conclusion, this study showed that the use of starch sources with a high amylose to amylopectin ratio and resistant starch in the feed for cultured carnivorous finfish could alleviate the hepatic glycogen deposition through regulating the insulin pathway and glycolysis.
The Spillover Effects of Hurricane Katrina on Corporate Bonds and the Choice Between Bank and Bond Financing
Authors: Massa Massimo , Zhang Lei
Published: June 2020

We use an exogenous event, namely, the spillover effects of Hurricane Katrina on corporate bonds through the liquidation of bond holdings by insurance companies, to study how companies react to temporary changes in the relative availability of bond and bank financing. We find that the negative shock on bonds induces firms to shift from bond financing to bank-based borrowing and to shorten the debt maturity. This shift in debt policy does not revert in the long term. There is no significant change in capital structure, suggesting that the substitution from bonds to bank loans is sufficient for the amount of borrowing.
n-3 PUFA and inflammation: from membrane to nucleus and from bench to bedside
Authors: Calder Philip C.
Published: June 2020

Inflammation is a normal part of the immune response and should be self-limiting. Excessive or unresolved inflammation is linked to tissue damage, pathology and ill health. Prostaglandins and leukotrienes produced from then-6 fatty acid arachidonic acid are involved in inflammation. Fatty acids may also influence inflammatory processes through mechanisms not necessarily involving lipid mediators. Then-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA possess a range of anti-inflammatory actions. Increased content of EPA and DHA in the membranes of cells involved in inflammation has effects on the physical nature of the membranes and on the formation of signalling platforms called lipid rafts. EPA and DHA interfere with arachidonic acid metabolism which yields prostaglandins and leukotrienes involved in inflammation. EPA gives rise to weak (e.g. less inflammatory) analogues and both EPA and DHA are substrates for the synthesis of specialised pro-resolving mediators. Through their effects on early signalling events in membranes and on the profile of lipid mediators produced, EPA and DHA alter both intracellular and intercellular signals. Within cells, this leads to altered patterns of gene expression and of protein production. The net result is decreased production of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, proteases and enzymes. The anti-inflammatory and inflammation-resolving effects of EPA and DHA are relevant to both prevention and treatment of human diseases that have an inflammatory component. This has been widely studied in rheumatoid arthritis where there is good evidence that high doses of EPA + DHA reduce pain and other symptoms.
The effectiveness of psychological interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder in children, adolescents and young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: John-Baptiste Bastien Rayanne , Jongsma Hannah E. , Kabadayi Melissa , Billings Jo
Published: June 2020

Background

Children and adolescents display different symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) than adults. Whilst evidence for the effectiveness of psychological interventions has been synthesised for adults, this is not directly applicable to younger people. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis synthesised studies investigating the effectiveness of psychological interventions for PTSD in children, adolescents and young adults. It provides an update to previous reviews investigating interventions in children and adolescents, whilst investigating young adults for the first time.

Methods

We searched published and grey literature to obtain randomised control trials assessing psychological interventions for PTSD in young people published between 2011 and 2019. Quality of studies was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Data were analysed using univariate random-effects meta-analysis.

Results

From 15 373 records, 27 met criteria for inclusion, and 16 were eligible for meta-analysis. There was a medium pooled effect size for all psychological interventions (d= −0.44, 95% CI −0.68 to −0.20), as well as for Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (TF-CBT) and Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) (d= −0.30, 95% CI −0.58 to −0.02);d= −0.46, 95% CI −0.81 to −0.12).

Conclusions

Some, but not all, psychological interventions commonly used to treat PTSD in adults were effective in children, adolescents and young adults. Interventions specifically adapted for younger people were also effective. Our results support the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines which suggest children and adolescents be offered TF-CBT as a first-line treatment because of a larger evidence base, despite EMDR being more effective.
Perceived neighbourhood safety and volunteerism among older adults
Authors: Grinshteyn Erin G. , Sugar Judith A.
Published: June 2020

Previous research shows the benefits of volunteerism to individuals and communities. The purpose of this study was to determine whether lower perceived neighbourhood safety is associated with reduced volunteerism and whether this association differs by sex. Data from the 2008 Health and Retirement Study in the United States of America were used (N = 13,009 adults 60 years and older). Multivariate logistic regression models were estimated to assess the association between perceived neighbourhood safety and volunteerism while controlling for potential confounders. Perceived neighbourhood safety was associated with volunteering. The odds of volunteering were higher for those rating their perceived neighbourhood safety as excellent compared with those rating their perceived neighbourhood safety as fair/poor. Those rating their perceived neighbourhood safety as very good also had greater odds of volunteering than those rating their perceived neighbourhood safety as fair/poor. Results differed somewhat by gender. Men who perceived their neighbourhood safety as excellent had increased odds of volunteering. The association of neighbourhood safety with volunteerism was significant for women rating their perceived neighbourhood safety as excellent or very good. Among men, being married was associated with increased odds of volunteering; being completely or partly retired was associated with increased odds of volunteering among women. Initiatives aimed at improving older adults’ perceptions of safety would help improve volunteerism, which is beneficial to both older adults and communities.
Design and Kinematics of a Comanipulated Robot Dedicated to Prostate Brachytherapy
Authors: Djohossou Mozert , Ben Halima Aziza , Valérie Antoine , Bert Julien , Visvikis Dimitris
Published: June 2020

In brachytherapy, the manual implantation of seeds is not accurate leading to side effects and limiting the use of new procedures. Robotics solutions have to be fully suitable for medical applications especially considering the operating room. This paper investigates a delta robot solution for improving the accuracy of the prostate brachytherapy procedure by proposing a compact and lightweight robot. In addition, the design was thought as a comanipulated robot for a better acceptability and human–machine interaction. The robot kinematics and singularities were determined and the theoretical capability in term of resolution and force feedback was evaluated. A prototype was built in order to experimentally measure the capability of this first prototype.
“Fractured Resemblances”: Contested Multinational Heritage and Soft Power
Authors: Sargent Sarah
Published: June 2020

Intangible cultural heritage elements are shared across state borders. In many instances, states join in multinational nominations to inscribe the heritage element in a way that reflects this reality. But, at times, states are unwilling or unable to cooperate in a mutual nomination that reflects the shared nature of the heritage element. The consequence of this is that heritage elements can then be nominated by individual states without any reflection of the multinational or cross-border nature of the element; thus leaving the heritage elements shorn of this aspect of their nature. The current international heritage legal regime, through the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, does not adequately acknowledge or address this problem. This article, through a case study of the successful nomination by Azerbaijan of the horseback game ofchovqan, examines the causes and consequences of these “fractured resemblances.” It analyzes the links between cultural heritage, conflict, and the use of heritage as a form of soft power. It focuses on the use of single-state inscription as a soft-power means of obtaining international prestige and support and the resultant effects on shared cultural heritage elements. From this, suggestions for changes to international heritage laws for the inscription of cultural heritage are suggested to accommodate the reality of the connection between cultural heritage, conflict, and power and to avoid the occurrence of “fractured resemblances” of heritage shared across state lines.
Treatment and preliminary outcomes of 150 acute care patients with COVID-19 in a rural health system in the Dakotas
Authors: Enzmann M. O. , Erickson M. P. , Grindeland C. J. , Lopez S. M. C. , Hoover S. E. , Leedahl D. D.
Published: June 2020

The majority of available US-published reports present populations with community spread in urban areas. The objective of this report is to describe a rural healthcare system's utilisation of therapeutic options available to treat Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and subsequent patient outcomes. A total of 150 patients were treated for COVID-19 at three hospitals in the Dakotas from 21 March 2020 to 30 April 2020. The most common pharmacological treatment regimens administered were zinc, hydroxychloroquine plus azithromycin and convalescent plasma. Adjunctive treatments included therapeutic anticoagulation, tocilizumab and corticosteroids. As of 1 June 2020, 127 patients have survived to hospital discharge, 12 patients remain hospitalised and 11 patients have expired. The efficacy of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin use has yet to be determined but was not without risks of corrected QT interval prolongation and arrhythmias in our cohort. We did not appreciate any adverse effects that appeared related to tocilizumab or convalescent plasma administration in those patient subsets. These findings may provide insight into disease severity and treatment options in the rural setting with limited resources to participate in clinical trials and encourage larger comparative studies evaluating treatment efficacy.
THE HOUSEHOLD FUNCTIONS OF OBSIDIAN TOOLS FROM THE EARLY–MIDDLE FORMATIVE VILLAGE OF ALTICA, MEXICO
Authors: Walton David P.
Published: June 2020

Functional determinations of stone tools gleaned through high-magnification usewear analysis enable archaeologists to reconstruct ancient household practices and identify diversity across regional domestic economies. A systematic obsidian usewear study with 300 specimens from the site of Altica, Mexico presented here reveals that tools from the Early–Middle Formative (1250–800 cal.b.c.) occupation were used for woodworking and subsistence-related activities. The high frequency of woodworking usewear patterns can be attributed to the construction and maintenance of the newly established settlement's households and agricultural plots. Combined with previous analyses of the site's paleoethnobotanical, osteological, and isotopic datasets, the usewear data further indicate a subsistence strategy that balanced foraging and non-intensive maize agriculture. Thanks to their proximity to the Otumba source and other sites exploiting it, Altica residents were able to employ a unifunctional tool-use approach with expedient percussion tools, which contrasts the multifunctional tool-use approaches documented at other Middle Formative sites.
A primer on artificial intelligence for the paediatric cardiologist
Authors: Gearhart Addison , Gaffar Sharib , Chang Anthony C.
Published: June 2020

The combination of pediatric cardiology being both a perceptual and a cognitive subspecialty demands a complex decision-making model which makes artificial intelligence a particularly attractive technology with great potential. The prototypical artificial intelligence system would autonomously impute patient data into a collaborative database that stores, syncs, interprets and ultimately classifies the patient’s profile to specific disease phenotypes to compare against a large aggregate of shared peer health data and outcomes, the current medical body of literature and ongoing trials to offer morbidity and mortality prediction, drug therapy options targeted to each patient’s genetic profile, tailored surgical plans and recommendations for timing of sequential imaging. The focus of this review paper is to offer a primer on artificial intelligence and paediatric cardiology by briefly discussing the history of artificial intelligence in medicine, modern and future applications in adult and paediatric cardiology across selected concentrations, and current barriers to implementation of these technologies.
Household fuelwood consumption in western rural China: ethnic minority families versus Han Chinese families
Authors: Yang Xiaojun , Li Jun , Xu Jintao , Yi Yuanyuan
Published: June 2020

This paper examines ethnic differences in fuelwood consumption in rural households, using an original survey dataset from two western Chinese provinces with large ethnic minority populations. We use a Heckman two-stage selection model to explain the quantity of fuelwood consumed conditional on a decision to use fuelwood. We find that ethnic minority families are more likely than majority Han Chinese families to use fuelwood. We also find that a household's off-farm income has a stronger negative effect on the quantity of fuelwood consumed for the ethnic minority families than for the Han Chinese families. In addition, families owning a larger area of forestland are more likely to use fuelwood. Yet the quantity of fuelwood consumed, especially in ethnic minority families, does not increase with owned forestland. Finally, we find that coal, rather than electricity, is a substitute for fuelwood for residential cooking and heating.
Grundlagen und therapeutisches Vorgehen in der Schematherapie
Authors: Zens Christine , Jacob Gitta
Published: June 2020

Zusammenfassung. Die Schematherapie wird als Weiterentwicklung der Kognitiven Verhaltenstherapie insbesondere zur Behandlung von Persönlichkeitsstörungen und weiteren chronischen Störungsbildern eingesetzt. Als integrativer psychotherapeutischer Ansatz verbindet sie kognitive, erlebnisorientierte und behaviorale Interventionstechniken sowie die Arbeit mit der therapeutischen Beziehung in flexibler Weise zu einem zielgerichteten und transparenten Vorgehen. Die Wirksamkeit der Schematherapie konnte in mehreren Studien zur Behandlung von Persönlichkeitsstörungen nachgewiesen werden. Erste positive Ergebnisse liegen zudem für die Anwendung bei verschiedenen Achse-I-Störungen, wie z.B. Essstörungen, Zwang oder Depressionen sowie im forensischen Bereich und im Gruppensetting vor.
Übersetzung und Validierung einer deutschsprachigen Version des Sport Emotion Questionnaire (SEQ)
Authors: Wetzel Änne , Weigelt Matthias , Klingsieck Katrin Birte
Published: June 2020

Zusammenfassung. Die vorliegende Studie befasst sich mit der Übersetzung und Validierung des englischsprachigen Sport Emotion Questionnaire (SEQ; Jones et al., 2005 ), der vorwettbewerblichen Emotionen von Sporttreibenden misst. In einer ersten Teilstudie wurde mittels einer Hin-Rück-Übersetzung und des Bilingual-Retest-Verfahrens ( n = 32) eine deutsche Version des SEQ (SEQ-d) erzeugt. In Studie 2 (Tennisspieler/innen, n = 116) zeigte sich jedoch eine vom Original abweichende Faktorstruktur, woraufhin der SEQ-d als dreidimensionale Kurzskala entwickelt wurde. Diese wurde in Studie 3 (Läufern/innen, n = 271) validiert. Die Kurzskala besitzt einen akzeptablen Fit (CFI = .950, RMSEA = .069, SRMR = .063) und eine interne Konsistenz von α = .84 (negative Emotionen), α = .86 (positive Emotionen), α = .87 (Anspannung). Durch Korrelationen mit anderen Emotionsmerkmalen konnte die konvergente Validität bestätigt werden. Die Kriteriumsvalidität wurde anhand wettkampf- und personenbezogener Zusatzparameter untersucht (bspw. Alter, Wettkampferfahrung…). Mit der deutschsprachigen Version des SEQ liegt ein ökonomisches und validiertes Messinstrument zur Erfassung vorwettbewerblicher Emotionen vor.
PV‐Q Perspective of Cyclogenesis and Vertical Velocity Development Downstream of the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Wu Guoxiong , Ma Tingting , Liu Yimin , Jiang Zhihong
Published: June 2020

This study reviews the development of the omega equation and the relation between omega and potential vorticity (PV) advection and considers the application of PV theory to investigate the impact of large‐scale mountains on downstream weather development. A diabatic quasi‐geostrophic omega equation is introduced to reveal the feedback of diabatic heating (Q) on PV advection and vertical velocity. A challenge therein concerning the use of the diagnostic omega equation to interpret weather system development is considered from the PV‐Q perspective based on a severe weather event that occurred downstream of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) on 17–21 January 2008. Results demonstrate that owing to PV restructuring, positive PV was generated over the eastern flank of the TP, and its eastward advection triggered development of isentropic displacement vertical velocity and cyclogenesis in the lower troposphere. A converging southeasterly wind accompanied with ascending isentropic gliding vertical velocity in the lower troposphere was induced to the east of the cyclone center, which transported not only warm moist air but also negative PV from the south, contributing to developments of both local diabatic ascent and precipitation and eastward migration of the cyclone. During the cyclone life cycle, three omega components induced by different processes interacted with each other, and diabatic heating associated with precipitation exerted considerable feedback to vertical motion as well as PV advection. It is the vertical differential PV advection and feedback from diabatic heating that control the evolution of the circulation and the associated precipitation downstream of the TP.
Comparison of Cloud‐Top Property Retrievals From Advanced Himawari Imager, MODIS, CloudSat/CPR, CALIPSO/CALIOP, and Radiosonde
Authors: Liu Chian‐Yi , Chiu Chi‐Hao , Lin Po‐Hsiung , Min Min
Published: June 2020

The information on cloud properties and microphysical characteristics is critical for environmental research and application, such as that on weather, climate, hydrology, and green energy and Earth energy budget. The launch of the new‐generation geostationary satellite, for example, the Japanese Himawari‐8, enables retrieval of cloud information through multichannel observation. To confirm the retrievals from the Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) onboard Himawari‐8 (Himawari‐8/AHI), this study accessed the cloud retrievals from AHI and compare them against those obtained from spaceborne passive and active sensors on the low Earth orbit satellites, such as NASA's CloudSat, Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO). The atmospheric thermodynamic state from in situ radiosonde provides another dimension for evaluating the retrieved cloud‐top temperature and height, which were obtained and analyzed during two research cruises over the South China Sea during monsoon onset season with large cloud variability to ensure the comprehensive intercomparisons. The findings show that the cloud‐top altitude, cloud optical thickness, and cloud effective particle radius retrieved from AHI are consistent with passive Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data. Furthermore, both spaceborne active Cloud Priofiling Radar (CPR) and Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) data confirm the low uncertainty of cloud‐top altitude, particularly when the cloud is optically thick. Large cloud‐top altitude discrepancy among these data in the optically thin cloud might be due to the limited AHI spectral channels or instrumental spatial resolutions. The cloud‐top temperature and altitudes in either liquid or ice phase cloud agree well with collocated sounding profiles, with low difference of 1 K and 170 m, respectively.
Response of In‐Stream Wood to Riparian Timber Harvesting: Field Observations and Long‐Term Projections
Authors: Reid David A. , Hassan Marwan A.
Published: June 2020

In‐stream large wood (LW) is a prominent feature of forested aquatic ecosystems worldwide, yet many questions remain regarding the response of LW patterns to riparian timber harvesting. This paper proposes a conceptual model of wood storage response to harvesting and combines a unique 45 year record of LW with output from a wood budget model to examine changes in LW characteristics and long‐term impacts from riparian logging. The wood budget model is used to predict the timing of minimum storage and assess storage recovery time scales under three scenarios representing different spatial harvest patterns and harvest severity. The impact of harvesting is reflected in the field data: Reductions in wood volume and the loss of large logjams were apparent in channel areas adjacent to logged zones, but wood volume changed less where a riparian buffer was retained. Results from the budget model indicate that impacts from timber harvesting are projected to continue beyond 150 years while riparian forests recover. Minimum modeled LW loads are projected to be nearly 50% lower than preharvest conditions, and minimums occur 50 to 80 years postharvest, depending on the influence of LW transport and proximity to harvesting. In evaluating the conceptual model, harvesting configuration and severity are not found to greatly impact time to minimum storage and recovery, but do impact the magnitude of LW losses. Similar to other studies, these findings indicate that riparian harvesting has an impact beyond the century scale, with major implications for stream channel functionality and aquatic habitat.
The Roles of Climate Forcing and Its Variability on Streamflow at Daily, Monthly, Annual, and Long‐Term Scales
Authors: Yao Lili , Libera Dominic A. , Kheimi Marwan , Sankarasubramanian A. , Wang Dingbao
Published: June 2020

The temporal variability of precipitation and potential evapotranspiration affects streamflow from daily to long‐term scales, but the relative roles of different climate variabilities on streamflow at daily, monthly, annual, and mean annual scales have not been systematically investigated in the literature. This paper developed a new daily water balance model, which provides a unified framework for water balance across timescales. The daily water balance model is driven by four climate forcing scenarios (observed daily climate and observed daily climate with its intra‐monthly, intra‐annual, and inter‐annual variability removed) and applied to 78 catchments. Daily streamflow from the water balance model is aggregated to coarser timescales. The relative roles of intra‐monthly, intra‐annual, and inter‐annual climate variability are evaluated by comparing the modeled streamflow forced with the climate forcings at two consecutive timescales. It is found that daily, monthly, and annual streamflow is primarily controlled by the climate variability at the same timescale. Intra‐monthly climate variability plays a small role in monthly and annual streamflow variability. Intra‐annual climate variability has significant effects on streamflow at all the timescales, and the relative roles of inter‐annual climate variability are also significant to the monthly and mean annual streamflow, which is often disregarded. The quantitative evaluation of the roles of climate variability reveals how climate controls streamflow across timescales.
Effects of Successive Peak Flow Events on Hyporheic Exchange and Residence Times
Authors: Singh Tanu , Gomez‐Velez Jesus D. , Wu Liwen , Wörman Anders , Hannah David M. , Krause Stefan
Published: June 2020

Hyporheic exchange is a crucial control of the type and rates of streambed biogeochemical processes, including metabolism, respiration, nutrient turnover, and the transformation of pollutants. Previous work has shown that increasing discharge during an individual peak flow event strengthens biogeochemical turnover by enhancing the exchange of water and dissolved solutes. However, due to the nonsteady nature of the exchange process, successive peak flow events do not exhibit proportional variations in residence time and turnover, and in some cases, can reduce the hyporheic zones' biogeochemical potential. Here, we used a process‐based model to explore the role of successive peak flow events on the flow and transport characteristics of bedform‐induced hyporheic exchange. We conducted a systematic analysis of the impacts of the events' magnitude, duration, and time between peaks in the hyporheic zone's fluxes, penetration, and residence times. The relative contribution of each event to the transport of solutes across the sediment‐water interface was inferred from transport simulations of a conservative solute. In addition to temporal variations in the hyporheic flow field, our results demonstrate that the separation between two events determines the temporal evolution of residence time and that event time lags longer than the memory of the system result in successive events that can be treated independently. This study highlights the importance of discharge variability in the dynamics of hyporheic exchange and its potential implications for biogeochemical transformations and fate of contaminants along river corridors.
Community Health Workers’ Role in Supporting Pediatric Asthma Management: A Review
Authors: Coutinho Maria Teresa , Subzwari Sumera S. , McQuaid Elizabeth L. , Koinis-Mitchell Daphne
Published: June 2020

Objective: Community health workers (CHWs) have been effective in improving health outcomes in vulnerable communities by providing health education and management services. We review CHW-led asthma education and management interventions for children and their families. Next, we describe the selection and training of CHWs in pediatric asthma management in the Rhode Island Asthma Integrated Response Program (RI-AIR). Method: We queried the MEDLine, Cochrane, PubMed, and EMBASE databases with keywords ( community health worker, asthma, health worker, lay worker, pediatric, child, and childhood) from inception until September 2019. Criteria for study inclusion included the following: published in English, conducted in the United States, approved with an ethics notification, published in a peer-reviewed journal, and involved CHWs as the interventionists. The initial search identified 216 articles. Fifteen studies met criteria for inclusion. Results: CHWs provide asthma management and education services, including home environmental trigger assessments, strategies to reduce environmental trigger exposure, resource linkage, and community referrals. We describe RI-AIR and its CHW-led asthma education and management interventions. Conclusions: CHWs are effective and vital supports for positive asthma outcomes. More research is needed to guide models of intervention using CHWs, specifically addressing integration in interdisciplinary teams, training, and reimbursement for CHW services.

Implications for Impact Statement

Community health workers (CHWs) are effective in helping children with asthma and their families learn to manage asthma. It is important to develop programs that prepare CHWs to work with other medical professionals and health care models to pay for their services.
Introduction to the Special Issue: Clinical Approaches to Address Health Disparities in Pediatric Psychology
Authors: McQuaid Elizabeth L. , Everhart Robin S.
Published: June 2020

The demographics of the communities that pediatric psychologists serve are rapidly becoming more diverse. This special issue focuses on clinical approaches to consider in ensuring access to and effective delivery of services for children and adolescents from racial, ethnic, and low-income backgrounds. Specifically, this special issue includes papers focused on 3 central themes: factors affecting service utilization among diverse families, strategies to engage and intervene with diverse youth and families, and the use of paraprofessionals to increase access to behavioral health services. With recent public health issues, there is perhaps no better time for our field to move beyond traditional approaches to clinical care. The work included in this special issue provides clear examples for pediatric psychologists to follow and integrate into their clinical settings. These approaches provide direction to better serve diverse and low-income children and families, improve children and adolescents’ behavioral health outcomes, and ultimately address disparities in pediatric behavioral health.

Implications for Impact Statement

This special issue depicts evolving trends in how pediatric psychologists can serve diverse and low-income families more effectively to address health disparities. Factors affecting service use, approaches to engage families and provide treatment, and strategic use of paraprofessionals to increase access to services are highlighted. Incorporating these approaches across settings has the potential to address service gaps and improve behavioral health outcomes for our most vulnerable children.
Development and Feasibility Testing of the Comfort Ability Program for Sickle Cell Pain: A Patient-Informed, Video-Based Pain Management Intervention for Adolescents With Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Wihak Tessa , Burns Maureen , Miranda Jacqueline , Windmueller Gail , Oakley Carlee , Coakley Rachael
Published: June 2020

Objective: Even with optimized medical care for the management of pain, many pediatric patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) report persistently high pain and have corresponding functional impairments. The Comfort Ability Program (CAP), a day-long pediatric pain management intervention, was adapted via a 4-phase knowledge translation process into a video-based intervention to specifically and flexibly address sickle cell pain (SCP). CAP for SCP introduces psychological and biobehavioral pain management techniques to adolescents with SCD and their parents or caregivers. A primary goal of our structured development process and feasibility testing was to ensure ease of access and delivery by addressing identified barriers to care that have historically limited widespread dissemination of evidence-based programs for patients with SCD. Method: The development of CAP for SCP was completed in 4 phases: (1) convening an expert panel to review the literature, discuss logistical and cultural barriers to care, and adapt the curriculum of a 1-day pain management workshop to a video-based format that could specifically meet the needs of a SCD population; (2) conducting a pilot testing of content with patients and parents followed by semistructured focus group discussion; (3) generating and producing the interactive video, audio materials, and corresponding workbook for intervention delivery; and (4) testing feasibility in both inpatient and outpatient clinics. Results: Results suggest that this intervention is highly acceptable to adolescents and parents and can be administered during an inpatient hospitalization or in conjunction with a routine outpatient appointment. Conclusion: CAP for SCP was created using an integrative approach to translational science and adhering to patient centered research practices. The result is a supportive, psychoeducational intervention offering an introduction to CBT skills and strategies for SCP management. Further research on CAP for SCP is needed.

Implications for Impact Statement

Pain is a primary feature of sickle cell disease (SCD) and psychologically based interventions for pain management can help to reduce pain and improve function for patients with this disease. However, because of significant disparities in care there are few psychologically based interventions available, resulting in a critical need to create equitable resources. This study highlights a knowledge translation process that addresses research identified barriers in care in an underserved population. The result, a structured adaptation of the Comfort Ability Program (CAP) to a video-based intervention for adolescents coping with sickle cell pain (SCP), was deemed feasible and acceptable.
The role of rare compound heterozygous events in autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Lin Bochao Danae , Colas Fabrice , Nijman Isaac J. , Medic Jelena , Brands William , Parr Jeremy R. , van Eijk Kristel R. , Klauck Sabine M. , Chiocchetti Andreas G. , Freitag Christine M. , Maestrini Elena , Bacchelli Elena , Coon Hilary , Vicente Astrid , Oliveira Guiomar , Pagnamenta Alistair T. , Gallagher Louise , Ennis Sean , Anney Richard , Bourgeron Thomas , Luykx Jurjen J. , Vorstman Jacob
Published: June 2020

The identification of genetic variants underlying autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) may contribute to a better understanding of their underlying biology. To examine the possible role of a specific type of compound heterozygosity in ASD, namely, the occurrence of a deletion together with a functional nucleotide variant on the remaining allele, we sequenced 550 genes in 149 individuals with ASD and their deletion-transmitting parents. This approach allowed us to identify additional sequence variants occurring in the remaining allele of the deletion. Our main goal was to compare the rate of sequence variants in remaining alleles of deleted regions between probands and the deletion-transmitting parents. We also examined the predicted functional effect of the identified variants using Combined Annotation-Dependent Depletion (CADD) scores. The single nucleotide variant-deletion co-occurrence was observed in 13.4% of probands, compared with 8.1% of parents. The cumulative burden of sequence variants (n = 68) in pooled proband sequences was higher than the burden in pooled sequences from the deletion-transmitting parents (n = 41, X2 = 6.69, p = 0.0097). After filtering for those variants predicted to be most deleterious, we observed 21 of such variants in probands versus 8 in their deletion-transmitting parents (X2 = 5.82, p = 0.016). Finally, cumulative CADD scores conferred by these variants were significantly higher in probands than in deletion-transmitting parents (burden test, β = 0.13; p = 1.0 × 10−5). Our findings suggest that the compound heterozygosity described in the current study may be one of several mechanisms explaining variable penetrance of CNVs with known pathogenicity for ASD.
Correction: Molecular subtypes of oropharyngeal cancer show distinct immune microenvironment related with immune checkpoint blockade response
Authors: Kim Min Hwan , Kim Jae-Hwan , Lee Ji Min , Choi Jae Woo , Jung Dongmin , Cho Hojin , Kang Hyundeok , Hong Min Hee , Heo Su Jin , Kim Se Heon , Choi Eun Chang , Kim Da Hee , Park Young Min , Kim Sangwoo , Yoon Sun Och , Koh Yoon Woo , Cho Byoung Chul , Kim Hye Ryun
Published: June 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Meningeal lymphatics clear erythrocytes that arise from subarachnoid hemorrhage
Authors: Chen Jinman , Wang Linmei , Xu Hao , Xing Lianping , Zhuang Zixin , Zheng Yangkang , Li Xuefei , Wang Chinyun , Chen Shaohua , Guo Zibin , Liang Qianqian , Wang Yongjun
Published: June 2020

Extravasated erythrocytes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) critically contribute to the pathogenesis of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Meningeal lymphatics have been reported to drain macromolecules and immune cells from CSF into cervical lymph nodes (CLNs). However, whether meningeal lymphatics are involved in clearing extravasated erythrocytes in CSF after SAH remains unclear. Here we show that a markedly higher number of erythrocytes are accumulated in the lymphatics of CLNs and meningeal lymphatics after SAH. When the meningeal lymphatics are depleted in a mouse model of SAH, the degree of erythrocyte aggregation in CLNs is significantly lower, while the associated neuroinflammation and the neurologic deficits are dramatically exacerbated. In addition, during SAH lymph flow is increased but without significant lymphangiogenesis and lymphangiectasia. Taken together, this work demonstrates that the meningeal lymphatics drain extravasated erythrocytes from CSF into CLNs after SAH, while suggesting that modulating this draining may offer therapeutic approaches to alleviate SAH severity.
Chimeric design of pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase/tRNA pairs and canonical synthetase/tRNA pairs for genetic code expansion
Authors: Ding Wenlong , Zhao Hongxia , Chen Yulin , Zhang Bin , Yang Yang , Zang Jia , Wu Jing , Lin Shixian
Published: June 2020

An orthogonal aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase/tRNA pair is a crucial prerequisite for site-specific incorporation of unnatural amino acids. Due to its high codon suppression efficiency and full orthogonality, the pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase/pyrrolysyl-tRNA pair is currently the ideal system for genetic code expansion in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. There is a pressing need to discover or engineer other fully orthogonal translation systems. Here, through rational chimera design by transplanting the key orthogonal components from the pyrrolysine system, we create multiple chimeric tRNA synthetase/chimeric tRNA pairs, including chimera histidine, phenylalanine, and alanine systems. We further show that these engineered chimeric systems are orthogonal and highly efficient with comparable flexibility to the pyrrolysine system. Besides, the chimera phenylalanine system can incorporate a group of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan analogues efficiently in both E. coli and mammalian cells. These aromatic amino acids analogous exhibit unique properties and characteristics, including fluorescence, post-translation modification.