bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Existence Results for Fractional Neutral Functional Differential Equations with Random Impulses
Authors: Anguraj Annamalai , Ranjini Mullarithodi , Rivero Margarita , Trujillo Juan
Published: January 2015

In this paper, we investigate the existence of solutions for the fractional neutral differential equations with random impulses. The results are obtained by using Krasnoselskii’s fixed point theorem. Examples are added to show applications of the main results.
Identification of the Abundant Hydroxyproline-Rich Glycoproteins in the Root Walls of Wild-Type Arabidopsis, an ext3 Mutant Line, and Its Phenotypic Revertant
Authors: Chen Yuning , Ye Dening , Held Michael , Cannon Maura , Ray Tui , Saha Prasenjit , Frye Alexandra , Mort Andrew , Kieliszewski Marcia
Published: January 2015

Extensins are members of the cell wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (HRGP) superfamily that form covalently cross-linked networks in primary cell walls. A knockout mutation in EXT3 (AT1G21310), the gene coding EXTENSIN 3 (EXT3) in Arabidopsis Landsberg erecta resulted in a lethal phenotype, although about 20% of the knockout plants have an apparently normal phenotype (ANP). In this study the root cell wall HRGP components of wild-type, ANP and the ext3 mutant seedlings were characterized by peptide fractionation of trypsin digested anhydrous hydrogen fluoride deglycosylated wall residues and by sequencing using LC-MS/MS. Several HRGPs, including EXT3, were identified in the wild-type root walls but not in walls of the ANP and lethal mutant. Indeed the ANP walls and walls of mutants displaying the lethal phenotype possessed HRGPs, but the profiles suggest that changes in the amount and perhaps type may account for the corresponding phenotypes.
A Time Series Based Sequence Prediction Algorithm to Detect Activities of Daily Living in Smart Home
Authors: Reaz M. B. I. , Ali M. A. M. , Rahman L. F. , Marufuzzaman M.
Published: January 2015

Objectives: The goal of smart homes is to create an intelligent environment adapting the inhabitants need and assisting the person who needs special care and safety in their daily life. This can be reached by collecting the ADL (activities of daily living) data and further analysis within existing computing elements. In this research, a very recent algorithm named sequence prediction via enhanced episode discovery (SPEED) is modified and in order to improve accuracy time component is included.

Methods: The modified SPEED or M-SPEED is a sequence prediction algorithm, which modified the previous SPEED algorithm by using time duration of appliance’s ON-OFF states to decide the next state. M-SPEED discovered periodic episodes of inhabitant behavior, trained it with learned episodes, and made decisions based on the obtained knowledge.

Results: The results showed that M-SPEED achieves 96.8% prediction accuracy, which is better than other time prediction algorithms like PUBS, ALZ with temporal rules and the previous SPEED.

Conclusions: Since human behavior shows natural temporal patterns, duration times can be used to predict future events more accurately. This inhabitant activity prediction system will certainly improve the smart homes by ensuring safety and better care for elderly and handicapped people.
Accumulation and precipitation of magnesium, calcium, and sulfur in two Acacia (Leguminosae; Mimosoideae) species grown in different substrates proposed for mine‐site rehabilitation
Authors: He Honghua , Kirilak Yaowanuj , Kuo John , Lambers Hans
Published: January 2015

• Premise of the study: Few studies have investigated the effects of substrates on the accumulation and precipitation of magnesium, calcium, and sulfur in plants. Acacia stipuligera and A. robeorum growing in their natural habitats with different substrates show different accumulation and precipitation patterns of these elements. Here, we compared the accumulation and precipitation of magnesium, calcium, and sulfur in A. stipuligera and A. robeorum grown in different substrates proposed for mine‐site rehabilitation and expected the differences in substrates to have significant effects on the accumulation and precipitation of these elements in the two species.

• Methods: Saplings were grown in sandy topsoil or in a topsoil–siltstone mixture in a glasshouse. Phyllode magnesium, calcium, and sulfur concentrations of 25‐wk‐old plants were measured. Precipitation of these elements in phyllodes and branchlets was investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy.

• Key results: Phyllode magnesium, calcium, and sulfur concentrations were generally significantly greater in A. robeorum than in A. stipuligera. The two species responded in unique ways to the substrate, with A. stipuligera having similar phyllode magnesium and calcium concentrations in both substrates, but greater sulfur concentration in the topsoil–siltstone mixture, while A. robeorum showed lower phyllode magnesium, calcium, and sulfur concentrations in the topsoil–siltstone mixture. For both substrates, mineral precipitates were observed in both species, with A. robeorum having more mineral precipitates containing magnesium, calcium, and sulfur in its phyllodes than A. stipuligera did.

• Conclusions: The accumulation and precipitation patterns of magnesium, calcium, and sulfur are more species‐specific than substrate‐affected.
Tailoring the ligand shell for the control of cellular uptake and optical properties of nanocrystals
Authors: Ostermann Johannes , Schmidtke Christian , Wolter Christopher , Merkl Jan-Philip , Kloust Hauke , Weller Horst
Published: January 2015

In this short review, the main challenges in the use of hydrophobic nanoparticles in biomedical application are addressed. It is shown how to overcome the different issues by the use of a polymeric encapsulation system, based on an amphiphilic polyisoprene-block-poly(ethylene glycol) diblock copolymer. On the basis of this simple molecule, the development of a versatile and powerful phase transfer strategy is summarized, focusing on the main advantages like the adjustable size, the retained properties, the excellent shielding and the diverse functionalization properties of the encapsulated nanoparticles. Finally, the extraordinary properties of these encapsulated nanoparticles in terms of toxicity and specificity in a broad in vitro test is demonstrated.
Formation of nanoparticles by cooperative inclusion between (S)-camptothecin-modified dextrans and β-cyclodextrin polymers
Authors: Nielsen Thorbjørn Terndrup , Amiel Catherine , Duroux Laurent , Larsen Kim Lambertsen , Städe Lars Wagner , Wimmer Reinhard , Wintgens Véronique
Published: January 2015

Novel (S)-camptothecin–dextran polymers were obtained by “click” grafting of azide-modified (S)-camptothecin and alkyne-modified dextrans. Two series based on 10 kDa and 70 kDa dextrans were prepared with a degree of substitution of (S)-camptothecin between 3.1 and 10.2%. The binding properties with β-cyclodextrin and β-cyclodextrin polymers were measured by isothermal titration calorimetry and fluorescence spectroscopy, showing no binding with β-cyclodextrin but high binding with β-cyclodextrin polymers. In aqueous solution nanoparticles were formed from association between the (S)-camptothecin–dextran polymers and the β-cyclodextrin polymers.
Using Performance-Based Funding to Incentivize Change
Authors:   RTI International, Klein Steven
Published: January 2015

Performance-based funding is a resource distribution strategy used in education to reward service providers for the outcomes they achieve. Institutions that produce above-average results earn additional financing, while those that fall short may face funding reductions and may be targeted for technical assistance to address their performance shortcomings. Efforts to introduce performance-based funding in education frequently encounter resistance from program administrators and their staff, who, among other objections, fear the application of competitive funding may unfairly penalize programs serving low-performing students. This paper describes how performance-based funding systems can be incorporated into state education resource distribution formulas to incentivize improvements in educational services, and presents a seven-step process that RTI has developed to build stakeholder support for system adoption. It draws on RTI’s years of experience working with state education administrators to create funding formulas that allocate federal and state funds—equitably and objectively—to the most effective service providers.
Le Grand Chantier du Blayais en perspective : nucléaire et aménagement du territoire en France, des années 1960 aux années 1990
Authors: Cardarelly Sébastien
Published: January 2015

La question énergétique a largement influencé l’aménagement régional du territoire français. Le programme électronucléaire est un investissement public, qui a entraîné le développement d’un important secteur d’activité. Dans quelle mesure fut-il un enjeu et un outil d'aménagement ? Une réponse est avancée à travers l'étude du cas du "Grand Chantier" de la centrale du Blayais.
Sur la figure du « consomma(c)teur » d'électricité dans les années 1970 et 1980
Authors: Mosgalik Inès
Published: January 2015

Dans le contexte actuel de l’adoption des politiques de transition énergétique et de l’achèvement du marché intérieur de l’énergie, la figure du « consomma (c) teur » est souvent mobilisée. Ce dernier est présenté comme un acteur clé des nouveaux marchés de l’énergie. Dans le souci d'apporter à ces importants débats d’actualité une perspective historique, cet article se concentre sur la période de 1970 à 1980. Le dépouillement du magazine La Vie électrique , édité par EDF depuis 1956, a permis de nourrir cette réflexion.
L'aménagement hydroélectrique de Marèges, histoire du site et importance patrimoniale
Authors: Barbin Céline
Published: January 2015

Construit de 1929 à 1935 pour alimenter en électricité la ligne du chemin de fer, l’aménagement hydroélectrique de Marèges, dans la vallée de la Dordogne, a été l'occasion d'introduire de nombreuses innovations, sous l’impulsion d’André Coyne. Le prestige du site est par ailleurs renforcé par l’attention portée aux questions esthétique et architecturale lors de la construction.
« Hutu » et « Tutsi » : des mots pour quoi dire ?
Authors: Saur Léon
Published: January 2015

Impossible de s’intéresser au Rwanda sans buter sur le couple des termes « Hutu » et « Tutsi ». Pourtant, celui qui négligerait leur capacité performative et les réduirait à la seule définition ethnique qu’on retient généralement aujourd’hui s’ôterait toute possibilité de comprendre véritablement l’histoire du Rwanda. La déconstruction de ces vocables, unis pour le meilleur et pour le pire, est un passage obligé pour qui étudie les causes lointaines du génocide des « Tutsi » et du massacre des « Hutu » modérés en 1994.
Les transformations des conflits du travail en France
Authors: Béroud Sophie
Published: January 2015

Appréhendée du point de vue des conflits du travail, la France est le siège d’un curieux paradoxe. Tandis que les médias évoquent régulièrement une culture persistante de la grève, les données du ministère du Travail montrent que, tendanciellement, le nombre de journées individuelles non travaillées a diminué au cours de ces dernières décennies. Pour aller au-delà de ces diagnostics trop sommaires, il convient non seulement de distinguer les mouvements interprofessionnels des conflits localisés, mais également de prendre acte de l’émergence de nouvelles formes de conflictualité qui engagent les salariés statutaires, tout comme les précaires.
La transnationalisation du monde productif et l'internationalisation de l'action syndicale
Authors: Hennebert Marc-Antonin
Published: January 2015

La transnationalisation du monde productif et la montée en puissance des entreprises multinationales ont drastiquement modifié l’environnement dans lequel évoluaient les organisations syndicales. Le scénario le plus souvent évoqué à cet égard suggère que ces phénomènes auraient conduit à un affaiblissement inéluctable du pouvoir des syndicats et incidemment à leur capacité de mobilisation et de résistance. Les recherches empiriques menées sur le sujet au cours des dernières années témoignent toutefois d’une réalité plus complexe. Si les transformations en cours ont parfois poussé certains acteurs syndicaux vers un repli sur soi et affaibli les forces traditionnelles de l’action collective, d’autres expérimentent aujourd’hui de nouvelles stratégies revendicatives et investissent de nouveaux espaces d’action venant ainsi définir des formes inédites de conflictualité et de résistance.
Consentir et résister à la domination ordinaire dans le monde des boutiques
Authors: Bouchareb Rachid
Published: January 2015

Le regard sociologique porté sur la domination au travail tend parfois à minimiser l’importance des résistances, ou bien même à tenir pour improbable la lutte sociale, en particulier dans les secteurs des services où la précarité est importante. Une enquête de terrain menée dans le commerce montre que les conflits du travail sont certes marginaux en apparence et plus individualisés qu’ailleurs. Ils n’en sont pas moins significatifs d’une volonté de contestation de la domination ordinaire dans le travail.
Les attentes des éducateurs sur la scolarité des enfants placés en France et en Angleterre. Une estimation des possibles a minima
Authors: Denecheau Benjamin , Blaya Catherine
Published: January 2015

Lorsqu’un enfant est placé dans le cadre de la protection de l’enfance, les actes éducatifs usuels et le suivi de la scolarité sont partagés entre les parents et les suppléants familiaux. La littérature britannique a identifié des attentes faibles ou inadéquates de la part de ces professionnels envers ces enfants, ceci ayant un poids important sur leur scolarité. Nous nous appuyons sur une recherche comparative entre la France et l’Angleterre pour étudier les attentes des professionnels travaillant auprès de jeunes placés en foyer. Cet article s’appuie sur l’analyse de 61 entretiens individuels menés auprès de professionnels, travaillant auprès de 81 jeunes de 8-17 ans. Il met au jour des éléments participant à la constitution de ces faibles attentes, tels que les capacités des jeunes qui sont estimées par les professionnels. Nous identifions également les effets de ces faibles attentes, elles contribuent à réduire l’accompagnement scolaire des jeunes et entretiennent leur marginalisation scolaire et sociale.
Racine
Authors: Gaillard Françoise
Published: January 2015

Sous le titre Sur Racine , Roland Barthes avait réuni en 1963 trois courts essais. Jugé iconoclaste par l’Université en la personne de Raymond Picard, cet ouvrage donna lieu à une querelle qui occupa longtemps les pages culturelles des grands quotidiens.
Cyrano
Authors: Soriano Paul
Published: January 2015

Produits et agents d’un caractère forgé par une politique constante, nos écrivains nationaux ont les idées courtes mais fortes. Et du panache.
Le cadenas d'amour
Authors: Godin Christian
Published: January 2015

La mode mondialisée du « cadenas d’amour » peut s’interpréter comme la transmission urbi et orbi d’un gène, ou d’un même. Une contagion proprement culturelle riche d’enseignements.
Iconomie et innervation
Authors: Szendy Peter
Published: January 2015

Iconomie est un mot-valise dans lequel on entend d’une part l’icône ( eikôn , c’était l’un des noms grecs pour l’image) et d’autre part l’économie, cette oikonomia qui désignait la bonne gestion des échanges. Mais l’iconomie dont il sera question ici s’inscrit dans ce que, après et d’après Marx, il faut bien décrire comme un supermarché esthétique , en y repérant ce que Walter Benjamin nous a aidé à concevoir comme une sensibilité innervée .
Que sang valeurs fleurissent
Authors: Moulier-Boutang Yann
Published: January 2015

On a raison de moquer l’éva(rt)luation comme une maladie artistiquement transmissible et éminemment virale. Maintenant que le dieu Valeur est mort, il faut se donner trois principes pour évaluer l’évaluation : d’abord, admettre que l’évaluation artistique est un genre , comme le paysage est un genre en peinture ; ensuite chercher l’esprit, non le corps ou la lettre, de l’évaluation  ; enfin constituer un espace de fuite , un ermitage extérieur dans l’espace sauvage, matrice d’abord, puis dans un jardin en ville qui capture au loin les montagnes, l’infini.
Questionnements autour de la Gestation pour Autrui
Authors: Bréhaux Karine , Delépine-Panisset Béatrice
Published: January 2015

Qu’en est-il éthiquement et philosophiquement du droit à naître ? Deux options antagonistes apparaissent, l’une déontologique, l’autre téléologique. Les principes d’inviolabilité de la personne et de non-commercialisation du corps sont en péril. Les indications médicales légitimant une GPA sont très rares. Les indications non-médicales pourraient être étendues suite à l’autorisation d’accès à tout type d’AMP pour les couples de femmes. De multiples inconnues surgissent quant à la « générosité » invoquée du recours à la GPA, ne serait-ce que la question de l’équilibre psychoaffectif de l’enfant. La filiation risque d’être bricolée marginalement entre un droit objectif et un droit subjectif. Les pressions sociales sont énormes en ce domaine. Le récent rapport d’Irène Théry plaide pour un meilleur accueil des pluriparentalités. Le détour par la philosophie semble indispensable à travers la question de l’identité personnelle.
Delivering Clinical Trials and Observational Studies in Child Eye Health: A Nationwide Survey in the United Kingdom
Authors: Banteka Marina , Tailor Vijay , Dahlmann-Noor Annegret
Published: January 2015

Purpose:

Evidence-based medicine requires primary results from randomized controlled trials and high-quality observational studies; however, in pediatric medicine it can be difficult to enroll sufficient numbers of children to reach sample sizes required for statistical significance. The experience of clinicians and researchers with the practicalities of recruitment has not been explored, but could potentially inform best practice and lead to the development of successful research networks. Perceived barriers and facilitators to recruitment in child eye health in the United Kingdom, where adoption of trials and studies onto a central database has created a register of high quality projects, were investigated.

Methods:

Studies and trials in child eye health from the United Kingdom Clinical Research Network portfolio database were identified and the named researchers contacted. Based on a validated tool, an electronic survey was created to ask about recruitment experience to identify facilitators and barriers.

Results:

There were 46 trials and studies recruiting children, and 51 completed questionnaires from researchers were received. Children’s eye research activity is mainly based at tertiary referral centers. Although most studies recruit to target, many researchers report difficulties. Availability of dedicated research teams in clinics and good communication between research team, clinical team, and families are strong facilitators. Administrative difficulties and the burden of research to clinical teams and families are strong barriers.

Conclusions:

Support for investigators in the form of dedicated research and administrative staff and good communication enhance recruitment to studies in child eye health.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus.
2015;52(2):106–112.]
Cataract Surgery in Children With Uveitis: Retrospective Analysis of Intraocular Lens Implantation With Anterior Optic Capture
Authors: Kemp Pavlina S. , Longmuir Susannah Q. , Gertsch Kevin R. , Larson Scott A. , Olson Richard J. , Langguth Anne M. , Syed Nasreen , Oetting Thomas A.
Published: January 2015

Purpose:

To present experience with cataract extraction in 9 eyes of 7 pediatric patients with chronic uveitis and compare the technique of anterior optic capture in 5 eyes that underwent cataract extraction without optic capture of the intraocular lens (IOL) or were left aphakic.

Methods:

A retrospective review of pediatric patients with chronic uveitis undergoing cataract surgery was performed, examining the preoperative and postoperative visual acuity, immunosuppressive therapy, surgical technique, complications, subsequent procedures, and need for escalation of systemic immunosuppressive therapy. The technique of anterior optic capture is described in detail.

Results:

Of the 9 eyes, 5 underwent cataract extraction with IOL placement with the haptics in the capsular bag and optic prolapsed through the anterior capsulorhexis. One eye underwent cataract extraction with IOL implantation in the bag. Three eyes had lensectomy without IOL placement. The eyes with anterior optic capture had no adverse outcomes and uveitis flares were controlled with topical medications and systemic immunosuppressants; the eye with IOL placement without optic capture had recurrent membranes and uveitis flares, necessitating increased systemic immunosuppression. All eyes achieved best-corrected visual acuity of 20/60 or better by 6 months following surgery and 20/30 or better at the most recent follow-up.

Conclusions:

The technique of cataract extraction with IOL placement and anterior prolapse of the optic through the anterior capsulorhexis shows promise to be a safe and viable option for pediatric patients with chronic uveitis treated with systemic immunotherapy.

[J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus.
2015;52(2):119–125.]
Synthesis of LC-Oscillators Using Rival Multi-Objective Multi-Constraint Optimization Kernels
Authors: Póvoa Ricardo , Lourenço Ricardo , Lourenço Nuno , Canelas António , Martins Ricardo , Horta Nuno
Published: January 2015

This chapter presents a state-of-the-art multi-objective/multi-constraint design automation approach applied to the design of an LC-Voltage Controlled Oscillator and an LC-Oscillator for a 130 nm technology node and leading to sets of design solutions showing figures-of-merit around -192 dBc/Hz and -186 dBc/Hz, respectively. The proposed approach, implemented in AIDA-C, guarantees accuracy by using commercial circuit simulators (HSPICE® and ELDO®) to evaluate the performance of the tentative circuit solutions, where the number of time-consuming circuit simulations is efficiently pruned by the optimization kernel. Three multi-objective optimization algorithms, the NSGA-II, the MOPSO, and the MOSA, are experimented with in the synthesis of the quoted oscillators and compared in terms of performance using statistical results obtained from multiple synthesis runs for each one of the oscillators. The performance of the optimized oscillators is then compared to other state-of-the-art results, showing the benefits of the presented multi-objective design approach.
Reliability Aware AMS/RF Performance Optimization
Authors: Ferreira Pietro M. , Cai Hao , Naviner Lirida
Published: January 2015

Reliability has become an important issue in the continuously CMOS technology scaling down. The exploration of the technology limits using classic performance optimization techniques and leads to the best trade-off for the area, power consumption, and speed. Nevertheless, such key characteristics have been degraded in a context of continuous use and stressful environment. Thus, circuit reliability emerges as a design criterion for AMS/RF performance optimization. Aiming a design for reliability, this chapter presents an overview of CMOS unreliable phenomena. Reliability-aware methodologies for circuit design, simulation, and optimization are reviewed. The authors focus in particular on large and complex systems, providing circuit design insights to achieve a reliability specification from system-level to transistor-level. They highlight the more sensitive building blocks in CT S? modulator and demonstrate how performance is affected by unreliable phenomena. A system-level direct-conversion RF front-end design is described in top-down approach. Electrical simulations are presented with 65 nm CMOS technology.
Digitally Assisted Performance Tuning of Analog/RF Circuits with an On-Chip FFT Engine
Authors: Onabajo Marvin , Kim Yong-Bin , Choi Yongsuk , Chauhan Hari , Chang Chun-hsiang , Jung In-Seok
Published: January 2015

A serious drawback associated with systems-on-a-chip integration and CMOS technology scaling trends is the increasing susceptibility to manufacturing process variations and aging effects. Consequently, it is critical to improve on-chip measurement and self-calibration capabilities as well as the testability of single-chip systems. This chapter describes a robust design methodology for enhanced reliability of analog front-end circuits in mixed-signal chips. The system under development is comprised of small blocks close to high-frequency analog circuits under test to down-convert signals to low frequencies such that they can be routed to an on-chip analog-to-digital converter architecture for built-in testing applications. An efficient Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) engine is used to calculate the frequency spectrum of the signal with significantly less chip area compared to existing FFT engines. The self-contained system provides the measurement results in digital form to support digital calibration approaches, particularly those that involve digitally assisted analog blocks.
Performance Analysis of Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Based on Carbon Nanomaterials Used in AMS/RF IC Design
Authors: Vargas-Bernal Rafael
Published: January 2015

Integrated circuits are a source of electromagnetic interference whose energy is radiated significantly to other objects around them. Different techniques have been used to avoid such electromagnetic radiation, which can modify the operation of other circuits, such as the use of coatings to produce electromagnetic interference shielding. With the introduction of nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes and graphene embedded in polymeric matrices, it is possible to increase the efficiency of the shielding to very high frequencies. This chapter presents a performance analysis of the carbon nanomaterials as materials used to produce electromagnetic interference shielding in AMS/RF IC design.
HEMT for RF Circuits
Authors: Raj Balwant , Narang Sukhleen Bindra
Published: January 2015

In this chapter, III-V compound semiconductors MESFET, HBT, and HEMT are described, including papers which report major achievements of the HEMT technologies in the fields of microwave, millimeter-wave, and digital Integrated Circuits (ICs). The important aspects of device physics, small-signal equivalent circuits for GaAs, and GaN-based HEMT are discussed. The authors present a comparative analysis of different analytical modeling techniques and show that the differences reflect the physical and technology differences of the tested microwave transistors. The purpose of this chapter is to facilitate the choice of the most appropriate strategy for each particular case. For that, the authors present a brief but thorough comparative study of analytical techniques developed for modeling different types of advanced microwave transistors: GaAs HEMTs, GaN HEMTs. The chapter shows that a crucial step for a successful modeling is to adapt accurately the small-signal equivalent circuit topology.
Lycopsida from the lower Westphalian (Middle Pennsylvanian) of the Maritime Provinces, Canada
Authors: Álvarez-Vázquez Carmen , Wagner Robert H.
Published: January 2015

A taxonomic revision of lycopsids is presented as part of a reassesment of lower to middle Westphalian adpression floras from the Maritime Provinces of Canada. Being elements of the swamp flora their record reflects sedimentary bias. Systematic collecting from the “Fern Ledges” at Saint John (New Brunswick) has yielded only a few lycopsid remains as a result of the allochthonous facies. Most records (mainly by W.A. Bell in the twentieth century) correspond to sporadic collecting by Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) personnel. Their specimens are kept in GSC Ottawa. Additional remains are in museums at Montréal (Quebec), Joggins (Nova Scotia) and Saint John (New Brunswick). We introduce a new species (Lepidodendron bellii), and reinstate another (Diaphorodendron decurtatum) described by Dawson in the 19th century. Altogether, 26 taxa are described, including stem and branch remains as well as roots, leaves, strobili and sporophylls. Three specimens are illustrated from localities outside Canada so as to clarify specific characters. A copy of Lindley and Hutton’s illustration of the type of Lepidodendron dilatatum (here recorded as Bergeria dilatata) is figured in the context of a redefinition of the genus Bergeria for stem remains with false leaf scars. Problems surrounding the morphological interpretation of arborescent lycopsids of Pennsylvanian age are discussed, and the stratigraphic and paleogeographic distribution are recorded for the different taxa. The identity of the Pennsylvanian flora of the Canadian Maritimes with that of the British Isles and western Europe in general is emphasized by the synonymies discussed. Paleogeographic proximity and a similar paleolatitude justify the identity of floras.
Observations and analysis of organic aerosol evolution in some prescribed fire smoke plumes
Authors: May A. A. , Lee T. , McMeeking G. R. , Akagi S. , Sullivan A. P. , Urbanski S. , Yokelson R. J. , Kreidenweis S. M.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Open biomass burning is a significant source of primary air pollutants such as particulate matter and non-methane organic gases. However, the physical and chemical atmospheric processing of these emissions during transport is poorly understood. Atmospheric transformations of biomass burning emissions have been investigated in environmental chambers, but there have been limited opportunities to investigate these transformations in the atmosphere. In this study, we deployed a suite of real-time instrumentation on a Twin Otter aircraft to sample smoke from prescribed fires in South Carolina, conducting measurements at both the source and downwind to characterize smoke evolution with atmospheric aging. Organic aerosol (OA) within the smoke plumes was quantified using an Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS), along with refractory black carbon (rBC) using a Single Particle Soot Photometer and carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) using a Cavity Ring-Down Spectrometer. During the two fires for which we were able to obtain aerosol aging data, normalized excess mixing ratios and "export factors" of conserved species (rBC, CO, CO2) were unchanged with increasing sample age. Investigation of AMS mass fragments indicated that the in-plume fractional contribution (fm/z) to OA of the primary fragment (m/z 60) decreased downwind, while the fractional contribution of the secondary fragment (m/z 44) increased. Increases in f44 are typically interpreted as indicating chemical production of secondary OA (SOA). Likewise, we observed an increase in the O : C elemental ratio downwind, which is usually associated with aerosol aging. However, the rapid mixing of these plumes into the background air suggests that these chemical transformations may be attributable to the different volatilities of the compounds that fragment to these m/z in the AMS. The gas-particle partitioning behavior of the bulk OA observed during the study was consistent with the predictions from a parameterization developed for open biomass burning emissions in the laboratory. Furthermore, we observed no statistically-significant increase in total organic mass with atmospheric transport. Hence, our results suggest that dilution-driven evaporation likely dominated over chemical production of SOA within our smoke plumes, likely due to the fast dilution and limited aging times (
Consequences of artificial deepwater ventilation in the Bornholm Basin for oxygen conditions, cod reproduction and benthic biomass – a model study
Authors: Stigebrandt A. , Rosenberg R. , Råman Vinnå L. , Ödalen M.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. We develop and use a circulation model to estimate hydrographical and ecological changes in the isolated basin water of the Bornholm Basin. By pumping well-oxygenated so-called winter water to the greatest depth, where it is forced to mix with the resident water, the rate of deepwater density reduction increases as well as the frequency of intrusions of new oxygen-rich deepwater. We show that pumping 1000 m3 s−1 should increase the rates of water exchange and oxygen supply by 2.5 and 3 times, respectively. The CRV (cod reproduction volume), the volume of water in the isolated basin meeting the requirements for successful cod reproduction (S > 11, O2 > 2 mL L−1), should every year be greater than 54 km3, which is an immense improvement, since it has been much less in certain years. Anoxic bottoms should no longer occur in the basin, and hypoxic events will become rare. This should permit extensive colonization of fauna on the earlier periodically anoxic bottoms. Increased biomass of benthic fauna should also mean increased food supply to economically valuable demersal fish like cod and flatfish. In addition, re-oxygenation of the sediments should lead to increased phosphorus retention by the sediments.
Precedent, Compliance, and Change in Customary International Law: An Explanatory Theory
Authors: Verdier Pierre-Hugues , Voeten Erik
Published: January 2015

Customary international law (CIL) is widely recognized as a fundamental source of international law. While its continued significance in the age of treaties was once contested, it is now generally accepted that CIL remains a vital element of the international legal order. Yet CIL is also plagued with conceptual and practical difficulties, which have led critics to challenge its coherence and legitimacy. In particular, critics of CIL have argued that it does not meaningfully affect state behavior. Traditional CIL scholarship is ill equipped to answer such criticism because its objectives are doctrinal or normative—namely, to identify, interpret, and apply CIL rules, or to argue for desirable changes in CIL. For the most part, that scholarship does not propose an explanatory theory in the social scientific sense, which would articulate how CIL works, why states comply, and why and how rules change.
The OPCW’s Arrangements for Missed Destruction Deadlines Under the Chemical Weapons Convention: An Informal Noncompliance Procedure
Authors: Asada Masahiko
Published: January 2015

The Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction of 1993, or Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), represented a major (and at the time, not uncontroversial) innovation in global treaty making. Covering a whole class of weapons of mass destruction, it mandated an immediate and comprehensive ban on use and acquisition, coupled with phased destruction and buttressed by an extensive and intrusive verification system administered by a substantial and specialized international organization. The goal was the total elimination of this particular type of weapon.
Cambios en la intensidad y el calendario durante la transición de la fecundidad: estudio de tres cohortes de mujeres mexicanas
Authors: Govea Basch Julián
Published: January 2015

En este documento se estudia el cambio en la intensidad y el calendario de la paridez en tres cohortes de mujeres mexicanas, las nacidas entre 1936- 1938; 1951-1953 y 1966-1968 mediante la técnica de historia de eventos aplicada a una encuesta demográfica retrospectiva. Se hallaron importantes cambios en ambas dimensiones para la cohorte más joven en relación con las anteriores, disminuye la proporción de mujeres con al menos tres hijos y se retrasa el calendario de su fecundidad, signos inequívocos de la difusión del control natal que la sociedad mexicana experimenta desde mediados de la década de 1970. Este cambio generacional se relaciona con otra serie de transiciones vitales que experimentaron las cohortes transicionales en lo personal y también en lo familiar. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/pdac.v10i0.1735 Revista Población y Desarrollo: Argonautas y Caminantes, Vol. 10, 2014: 23-31
Characterizing Hydrologic Response at Multiple Time Scales for Tarim River Basin Headstreams
Authors: Lyu Jiqiang , Shen Bing , Li Huaien
Published: January 2015

The long‐term hydrologic response for the headstreams of the Tarim River basin was analyzed on the basis of major hydroclimatic data collected at 10 weather stations and seven gauge stations between 1962 and 2007. A nonparametric trend test at the basin scale for annual data showed an increasing trend of air temperature and precipitation since 1984 for this region. A quantitative assessment revealed that since 1972, local human activity has led to a decrease in the water volume diverted into the main stream of the river basin, a trend that intensified in 1992. A scale‐based decomposition method, the empirical mode decomposition, was also applied to the total natural runoff and total runoff time series. The correlation between the intrinsic mode functions (IMF) from the runoff time series demonstrated a strong correlation among the larger‐scale IMF modes, which indicated that both runoff series are controlled by the same climate events. Scaling range and intermittent fluctuations of IMF modes and phenomena over the range of scales were found to be less than 12 years and were likely caused by local anthropogenic activities. The results obtained in this study can provide information for planning and managing the limited water resources in the study area.
Os extremos do niilismo europeu
Authors: Araldi Clademir
Published: January 2015

Pretende-se neste artigo analisar a importância do escrito “O niilismo europeu”, no contexto do pensamento tardio de Nietzsche. A partir da reconstrução da história da recepção desse “fragmento” e da situação existencial do fi¬lósofo solitário nessa época, busca-se um fio condutor no movimento de posição e desvalorização dos valores morais. A vontade de poder e o eterno retorno do mesmo, em sua dinâmica afirmativa e negativa, configuram os extremos do niilismo europeu. A questão consiste, enfim, em estabelecer quem seriam “os mais fortes” para desencadear o contramovimento à vontade de nada.
A superação do ressentimento na filosofia de Nietzsche
Authors: Paschoal Antonio Edmilson
Published: January 2015

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar algumas possibilidades que permi¬tem ao indivíduo colocar-se para além do ressentimento. Não se trata de pressupor que existiria um estado normal de saúde ou que seria possível ao homem viver sem experimentar a interiorização de sentimentos como o rancor e o ódio decorrentes de vivências desagradáveis. Antes, partindo da premissa de que não existe uma saída final e definitiva para o problema do ressentimento, uma vez que ele é um problema inerente ao processo de sociabilização do homem, esta análise considera possibilidades de um enfrentamento do problema de tal forma que o ressentimento não se torne o elemento determinante das ações do homem. Para tanto considera: a necessidade de um fortalecimento fisiológico como a primeira condição para se resistir ao ressentimento; algumas regras de etiqueta bem como uma espécie de higiene necessária para enfrentar o problema e; por fim, alguns aspectos de um tipo de homem que pode ser tomado como um caso peculiar de se colocar para além do ressentimento, o tipo Jesus, especialmente no modo como é apresentado por Nietzsche em O Anticristo.
Nietzsche entre Tristão e Carmen
Authors: D’Iório Paolo
Published: January 2015

“Não se trata apenas de pura maldade se, neste escrito, elogio Bizet à custa de Wagner”; assim Nietzsche abre O caso Wagner, seu panfleto de 1888. Com efeito, não se trata de pura maldade, uma vez que, por meio de Wagner, Nietzsche trata, em geral, mais da questão da decadência europeia. Mas também porque o gosto musical refinado de Nietzsche tinha reconhecido imediatamente a beleza da obra-prima de Bizet desde sua primeira audição, em 27 de novembro de 1881, no Teatro Paganini, de Gênova, quando o filósofo ficou fascinado. Alguns dias depois, ele comprou a partitura de Carmem e a encheu de anotações à margem, enviando-as a Veneza, ao seu amigo Peter Gast. A análise dessas notas marginais nos permite esclarecer certos aspectos do contraste, esboçado por Nietzsche, entre a força da definição psicológica de Carmem e a filosofia metafísica de Tristão e Isolda, de Wagner.
Responsabilidade ilimitada: Nietzsche e Levinas
Authors: Pfeuffer Silvio
Published: January 2015

O artigo compara as desconstruções nietzscheana e levinasiana do pensamento greco-europeu e da moral nele contida. Ao destacarmos os motivos de suas respectivas críticas e a posição excepcional delas no discurso filosófico, e ao compararmos, em seguida, as alternativas oferecidas por Nietzsche e por Levinas aos valores morais gerais, objetivamos esclarecer as compatibilidades e incompatibilidades destas alternativas, as quais conduzem a uma noção de responsabilidade individual que é, por princípio, ilimitada.
Oceanic responses to Hurricane Igor over the Grand Banks: A modeling study
Authors: Ma Zhimin , Han Guoqi , de Young Brad
Published: January 2015

A three‐dimensional (3‐D) baroclinic finite‐volume ocean model (FVCOM) was developed to examine the oceanic response to Hurricane Igor over the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. Hurricane Igor generated a storm surge of almost 1 m at St. John's and about 0.8 m at three nearby coastal tide gauge stations (Bonavista, Argentia and St. Lawrence). The surge magnitude from the 3‐D baroclinic model agrees approximately with tide‐gauge observations at all four stations, slightly better than that from an alternative 3‐D barotropic case. The sudden drop of sea surface temperature caused by the storm, approximately
as observed by buoys, is well simulated by the baroclinic model with a k‐ε turbulence closure. A sensitivity simulation with the Mellor‐Yamada turbulence closure significantly underestimates sea surface cooling. It is shown that the sea surface cooling is mainly associated with turbulent mixing, and to a lesser degree with Ekman upwelling. The model solution shows that the largest surge occurred between Bonavista and St. John's. Further analysis suggests the generation of a free continental shelf wave after the storm made landfall, with the peak surge propagating from St. John's to St. Lawrence.
Hydro‐acoustic and tsunami waves generated by the 2012 Haida Gwaii earthquake: Modeling and in situ measurements
Authors: Abdolali Ali , Cecioni Claudia , Bellotti Giorgio , Kirby James T.
Published: January 2015

Detection of low‐frequency hydro‐acoustic waves as precursor components of destructive tsunamis can enhance the promptness and the accuracy of Tsunami Early Warning Systems (TEWS). We reconstruct the hydro‐acoustic wave field generated by the 2012 Haida Gwaii tsunamigenic earthquake using a 2‐D horizontal numerical model based on the integration over the depth of the compressible fluid wave equation and considering a mild sloped rigid seabed. Spectral analysis of the wave field obtained at different water depths and distances from the source revealed the frequency range of low‐frequency elastic oscillations of sea water. The resulting 2‐D numerical model gave us the opportunity to study the hydro‐acoustic wave propagation in a large‐scale domain with available computers and to support the idea of deep‐sea observatory and data interpretation. The model provides satisfactory results, compared with in situ measurements, in the reproduction of the long‐gravitational waves. Differences between numerical results and field data are probably due to the lack of exact knowledge of sea bottom motion and to the rigid seabed approximation, indicating the need for further study of poro‐elastic bottom effects.
The carbon dioxide system on the Mississippi River‐dominated continental shelf in the northern Gulf of Mexico: 1. Distribution and air‐sea CO2 flux
Authors: Huang Wei‐Jen , Cai Wei‐Jun , Wang Yongchen , Lohrenz Steven E. , Murrell Michael C.
Published: January 2015

River‐dominated continental shelf environments are active sites of air‐sea CO2 exchange. We conducted 13 cruises in the northern Gulf of Mexico, a region strongly influenced by fresh water and nutrients delivered from the Mississippi and Atchafalaya River system. The sea surface partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) was measured, and the air‐sea CO2 flux was calculated. Results show that CO2 exchange exhibited a distinct seasonality: the study area was a net sink of atmospheric CO2 during spring and early summer, and it was neutral or a weak source of CO2 to the atmosphere during midsummer, fall, and winter. Along the salinity gradient, across the shelf, the sea surface shifted from a source of CO2 in low‐salinity zones (0≤S<17) to a strong CO2 sink in the middle‐to‐high‐salinity zones (17≤S<33), and finally was a near‐neutral state in the high‐salinity areas (33≤S<35) and in the open gulf (S≥35). High pCO2 values were only observed in narrow regions near freshwater sources, and the distribution of undersaturated pCO2 generally reflected the influence of freshwater inputs along the shelf. Systematic analyses of pCO2 variation demonstrated the importance of riverine nitrogen export; that is, riverine nitrogen‐enhanced biological removal, along with mixing processes, dominated pCO2 variation along the salinity gradient. In addition, extreme or unusual weather events were observed to alter the alongshore pCO2 distribution and to affect regional air‐sea CO2 flux estimates. Overall, the study region acted as a net CO2 sink of 0.96 ± 3.7 mol m−2 yr−1 (1.15 ± 4.4 Tg C yr−1).
An approach to estimate the freshwater contribution from glacial melt and precipitation in East Greenland shelf waters using colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM)
Authors: Stedmon Colin A. , Granskog Mats A. , Dodd Paul A.
Published: January 2015

Changes in the supply and storage of freshwater in the Arctic Ocean and its subsequent export to the North Atlantic can potentially influence ocean circulation and climate. In order to understand how the Arctic freshwater budget is changing and the potential impacts, it is important to develop and refine empirical approaches for tracing freshwater contributions. This in turn can help develop and validate model simulations. Arctic rivers are an important source of freshwater and stable oxygen isotope measurements are used to separate contributions from meteoric water (river, glacial, and precipitation) and sea ice melt. We develop this approach further and investigate the use of an additional tracer, colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), which is largely specific to freshwater originating from Arctic rivers. A robust relationship between the freshwater contribution from meteoric water and CDOM is derived from 4 years of measurements in Fram Strait (2009–2012), combined with measurements from the East Greenland shelf and Dijmpha Sound (NE Greenland). Results confirm a high contribution of riverine CDOM in Arctic halocline waters with salinities >31.5 and indicate the importance of shelf processes (riverine input and sea ice formation), while previously, these waters where thought to be derived from open sea processes (cooling and sea ice formation) in the northern Barents and Kara Seas. In Greenlandic coastal waters the meteoric water contribution is influenced by Greenland ice sheet meltwater and deviations from the CDOM‐meteoric water relationships found are applied to quantify meltwater contribution along the East Greenland shelf waters (0–13%).