bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of microwave and electrical characteristics of Co–Zr substituted M-type Ba–Sr hexagonal ferrite
Authors: Singh Lovdeep , Malhotra Jagjeet , Singh Charanjeet , Narang S. Bindra , Chandra Madhu
Published: July 2015

Microwave characteristics of M-type hexagonal ferrite, Ba0.5Sr0.5CoxZrxFe(12-2x)O19 (x = 0.0 to 1.0 in steps of 0.2), have been investigated as a function of frequency and substitution at X-band. The microwave absorption has been investigated using absorber testing device method. The static I-V characteristics have been studied as a function of substitution. The results show maximum microwave absorption at higher substitution. The static current exhibits ohmic behavior from 0 to 3 V and exponential trend from 3 to 4.8 V. The microstructure influences both microwave and electrical properties. The ferrite compositions for different electromagnetic applications are also suggested by measuring the microwave absorbed, transmitted and reflected power.
Numerical model of the nanoindentation test based on the digital material representation of the Ti/TiN multilayers
Authors: Perzyński Konrad , Wiatr Radosław , Madej Łukasz
Published: July 2015

The developed numerical model of a local nanoindentation test, based on the digital material representation (DMR) concept, has been presented within the paper. First, an efficient algorithm describing the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) process was proposed to realistically recreate the specific morphology of a nanolayered material in an explicit manner. The nanolayered Ti/TiN composite was selected for the investigation. Details of the developed cellular automata model of the PLD process were presented and discussed. Then, the Ti/TiN DMR was incorporated into the finite element software and numerical model of the nanoindentation test was established. Finally, examples of obtained results presenting capabilities of the proposed approach were highlighted.
Young’s modulus and creep compliance of GaAs and Ga1-xMnxAs ferromagnetic thin films under thermal stress at varied manganese doping levels
Authors: Kemei S.K. , Kirui M.S.K. , Ndiritu F.G. , Ngumbu R.G. , Odhiambo P.M. , Leite D.M.G. , Pereira A.L.J. , Da Silva J.H. Dias
Published: July 2015

Dynamical mechanical analysis yields information about the mechanical properties of a material as a function of deforming factors, such as temperature, oscillating stress and strain amplitudes. GaAs and Mn-doped GaAs at varied levels, used in making electronic devices, suffer from damage due to changes in environmental temperatures. This is a defective factor experienced during winter and summer seasons. Hence, there was a need to establish the best amount of manganese to be doped in GaAs so as to obtain a mechanically stable spin injector material to make electronic devices. Mechanical properties of Ga1-xMnxAs spin injector were studied in relation to temperatures above room temperature (25 °C). Here, creep compliance, Young’s moduli and creep recovery for all studied samples with different manganese doping levels (MDLs) were determined using DMA 2980 Instrument from TA instruments Inc. The study was conducted using displace-recover programme on DMA creep mode with a single cantilever clamp. The samples were prepared using RF sputtering techniques. From the creep compliance study it was found that MDL of 10 % was appropriate at 30 °C and 40 °C. The data obtained can be useful to the spintronic and electronic device engineers in designing the appropriate devices to use at 30 °C and above or equal to 40 °C.
Growth of intermetallic compound between indium-based thermal interface material and copper substrate: molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Falat Tomasz , Platek Bartosz
Published: July 2015

The diffusion phenomenon occurring between copper and indium was investigated by molecular dynamics simulations. The calculations were carried out in various temperatures in aging domain with the use of the commercially available Materials Studio v.6. software. The results showed that the intermetallic compound (IMC) growth followed the parabolic law, which indicated this growth to be mainly controlled by volume diffusion. The growth activation energy was estimated at 7.48 kJ · mol-1.
Investigations of electrical and optical properties of functional TCO thin films
Authors: Domaradzki Jarosław , Kaczmarek Danuta , Drabczyk Kazimierz , Panek Piotr
Published: July 2015

Transparent conducting oxide (TCO) films of indium-tin-oxide were evaporated on the surface of silicon wafers after phosphorous diffusion and on the reference glass substrates. The influence of deposition process parameters (electron beam current, oxygen flow and the substrate temperature) on optical and electrical properties of evaporated thin films were investigated by means of resistivity measurements and optical spectrophotometry. The performance of prepared thin films was judged by calculated figure of merit and the best result was obtained for the sample deposited on the substrate heated to the 100 °C and then removed from the deposition chamber and annealed in an air for 5 minutes at 400 °C. Refractive index and extinction coefficient were evaluated based on measured transmission spectra and used for designing of antireflection coating for solar cell. The obtained results showed that prepared TCO thin films are promising as a part of counter electrode in crystalline silicon solar cell construction.
Study of Small-signal Model of Simple CMOS Amplifier with Instability Compensation of Positive Feedback Loop
Authors: Sotner R. , Jerabek J. , Herencsar N. , Vrba K. , Lahiri A. , Dostal T.
Published: July 2015

The paper deals with precise analysis of simple AC variable gain CMOS amplifier. The circuit can be used as a simple voltage follower (6 MOS transistors are required) or amplifier. The main attention of this work is focused on a small-signal model of the proposed block and effects of additional passive network leading to compensation of its instability. The continuous gain adjusting in range from 1.1 to 10 (0.8 – 20 dB and with bandwidth 4.9 - 90 MHz at 5 pF load capacitance) is possible and the proposed amplifier is suitable for implementation in systems, where lower range of gain adjusting and large dynamical range is required. Theoretical analyses are supported by PSpice simulations (TSMC 0.18 um technological models) and experimental measurements with commercially available CMOS transistor fields (ALD1106/7) also confirm the discussed behavior of the amplifier.
Crystal structure of tetrakis(µ2-formiato-κ2O:O')bis(4-methylpyridine-κN) dirhodium(II) (Rh–Rh), C16H18N2O8Rh2
Authors: Ye Qing-Song , Yu Juan , Li Xiao-Nian , Chang Qiao-Wen , Jiang Jing , Yan Cai-Xian , Liu Wei-Ping
Published: July 2015

C16H18N2O8Rh2, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 10.635(2) Å, b = 11.375(3) Å, c = 7.854(2) Å, β = 90.634(3)°, V = 950.0 Å3, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.0373, wRref(F2) = 0.0930, T = 100 K.
Crystal structure of 6-(phenylsulfanyl)-5-propylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)- dione, C13H14N2O2S
Authors: Al-Omary Fatmah A. M. , Ghabbour Hazem A. , Attia Mohamed I. , Fun Hoong-Kun , El-Emam Ali A.
Published: July 2015

C13H14N2O2S, triclinic, P1̅ (no. 2), a = 10.0414(5) Å, b = 11.0866(6) Å, c = 12.6400(7) Å, α = 96.149(2)°, β = 105.602(2)°, γ = 110.432(2)°, V = 1238.2 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0553, wRref(F2) = 0.1105, T = 150 K.
A new spurless Habenella species (Orchidaceae) from Nepal
Authors: Kolanowska Marta , Kras Marta , Szlachetko Dariusz L.
Published: July 2015

A new species of the genus Habenella Small is described based on material collected in Nepal. The novelty resembles H. anomaliflora Kurzweil & Chantanaorr., from which it differs by the presence of a single leaf, oblong-lanceolate lip, ovate lateral sepals with a somewhat oblique base, and oblong-lanceolate petals. An identification key for representatives of Habenaria s.l. reported from Nepal is included.
The genus Bryoerythrophyllum (Musci, Pottiaceae) in Antarctica
Authors: Sollman Philip
Published: July 2015

Antarctic material of the genus Bryoerythrophyllum P. C. Chen was studied from all specimens present in KRAM. Bryoerythrophyllum recurvirostrum (Hedw.) P. C. Chen var. antarcticum L. I. Savicz & Smirnova is treated as a distinct species: B. antarcticum (L. I. Savicz & Smirnova) P. Sollman, stat. nov. Three species are now known in the Antarctic region: B. antarcticum, B. recurvirostrum and B. rubrum (Jur. ex Geh.) P. C. Chen. Bryoerythrophyllum rubrum is reported for the first time from the Antarctic. It is a bipolar species. A key to the taxa is given. These species are described and briefly discussed, with notes on illustrations, reproduction, habitat, world range, distribution and elevation in Antarctica.
Utricularia bremii (Lentibulariaceae) in Poland
Authors: Krajewski Łukasz , Płachno Bartosz J.
Published: July 2015

Utricularia bremii Heer ex Kölliker has been found in a former sand quarry in Dąbrowa Górnicza (Silesia-Cracow Upland, S Poland). This subatlantic species is very rarely reported from Western and Southern Europe, and extremely rarely from Central Europe. Some localities were reported from Poland, mainly in the first half of the 20th century, but none of them are considered reliable and the species is not included in the flora of Poland. In the newly discovered locality the species forms a very abundant population in shallow, nutrient-poor ditches and pools. The origin of the population is uncertain, but before sand exploitation started the area was covered by extensive fens.
Labels on the maps of the Third Military Survey of Austria-Hungary and on the survey maps of the Military Geographical Institute (Wojskowy Instytut Geograficzny) in Warsaw in the light of survey manuals*
Authors: Włoskowicz Wojciech
Published: July 2015

Materials from topographic surveys had a serious impact on the labels on the maps that were based on these surveys. Collecting toponyms and information that were to be placed as labels on a final map, was an additional duty the survey officers were tasked with. Regulations concerning labels were included in survey manuals issued by the Austro-Hungarian Militärgeographisches Institut in Vienna and the Polish Wojskowy Instytut Geograficzny in Warsaw.

The analyzed Austro-Hungarian regulations date from the years 1875, 1887, 1894, 1903 (2nd ed.). The oldest manual was issued during the Third Military Survey of Austria-Hungary (1:25,000) and regulated the way it was conducted (it is to be supposed that the issued manual was mainly a collection of regulations issued prior to the survey launch). The Third Survey was the basis for the 1:75,000 Spezialkarte map. The other manuals regulated the field revisions of the survey. The analyzed Polish manuals date from the years 1925, 1936, and 1937.

The properties of the labels resulted from the military purpose of the maps. The geographical names’ function was to facilitate land navigation whereas other labels were meant to provide a military map user with information that could not be otherwise transmitted with standard map symbols. A concern for not overloading the maps with labels is to be observed in the manuals: a survey officer was supposed to conduct a preliminary generalization of geographical names.

During a survey both an Austro-Hungarian and a Polish survey officer marked labels on a separate “label sheet”. The most important difference between the procedures in the two institutes was that in the last stage of work an Austro-Hungarian officer transferred the labels (that were to be placed on a printed map) from the “label sheet” to the hand-drawn survey map, which made a cartographer not responsible for placing them in the right places. In the case of the Polish institute the labels remained only on the “label sheets”.
Heroes and Villains in Uruguayan Soccer (2010-2014): A discursive Approach
Authors: Maneiro Cristian , Marchi Wanderley
Published: July 2015

This paper proposes to discuss, through an individual case study of four athletes, the mechanisms used by the Uruguayan sports press in the discursive construction of national soccer heroes and villains in the 2010-2014 period.

The article begins with a theoretically founded introduction to the processes of media construction of sports heroes and their importance in the socialization process individuals go through in any given society.

Afterwards, a brief case study of the selected athletes is developed in light of this theoretical framework, focusing on the mechanisms used for discursively constructing heroes and their transformations into villains.

Finally, the selected cases are summarized, underlying the media atribution of certain values and features considered socially desirable by Uruguayan society.
Assessing the Local Environmental Performance in Western Moldavia (Romania)
Authors: Sandu Alexandra , Bănică Alexandru
Published: July 2015

The environmental performance is a result of measurable characteristics emerging from the functionality of integrated environmental management systems based on various sustainable development policies at different administrative levels. This paper aims to quantify some dimensions of environmental performance in terms of outcomes and administrative efficiency for Western Moldavia region, using the latest available data. The obtained results demonstrate the territorial heterogeneity of environmental state, pressure and spatial resilience by highlighting the importance of ecosystems viability (forest cover, land degradation), sustainable local governance (environmental expenditure), energy, water quality, sanitation and environmental health (sanitation services, access to water and sewage, use of renewable energy). If completed in future by integrating other local environmental performance indicators the outcome of this research could become a viable tool for local and regional system of government in establishing policies in order to effectively preserve the environment.
The Physico-Mechanical Characteristics of the Clays in and After Doping With Metal Oxide Al2O3 in the Region of Fez (Morocco)
Authors: Mesrar Laila , Akdim Mariam , Lakrim Mohamed , Aroussi Omar El , Akhrif Iatimad , Jabrane Raouf
Published: July 2015

Miocene marl is one of the widespread geological substrates in Fez vicinity (Central Morocco). In this study we proceed by a physicochemical characterization of the marl after doping with metal oxides, by various analytical techniques, namely the X-ray fluorescence, the mineralogical analysis, and dielectric property. The doping of these marl was conducted by solid oxides of Al2O3 at different percentages (5%, 10% and 15%). The results of chemical analysis showed the Al2O3 increase during doping. So, the mineralogical analysis of doped clays shows peaks' increases for kaolin. The marl doped acquired the property of their good electrical conductor compared to crass marl.
Elements of Climate Evolution in yhe Area Between Prut and Dniester Rivers. Landscape and Pedogenetic Implications
Authors: Jigău Gheorghe , Apostol Liviu , Barsan Ana , Tofan Elena
Published: July 2015

Component part of the Carpathian-Danubian-Pontic space, the interfluve area between Prut and Dniester is subject to the regional process of climate evolution and change. In what regards the concept of human-influenced pedogenesis, the role of the biological factor is significantly reduced. As a consequence the direction and intensity of the elementary landscape and pedogenetic processes are determined by the relations between climate and the geomorphological factor. In the conditions of a relative stability of the geomorphological factor, the determining role is held by climate. To this is added soil vulnerability to the implications of climate changes, determined by the degree of soil physical degradation but also by a series of intrinsic and external (drainage) factors. This implies the idea of the control and management of the landscape and pedogenetic implications of climate changes by improving soil physical characteristics.
Action Research – A New Approach for Environmental RD&I
Authors: Danubianu Mirela , Teodorescu Cristian
Published: July 2015

High efficiency research, development and innovation (RD&I) constitute an answer to the ever growing importance that EU states give to knowledge-based development (a central idea in the Europe 2020 Strategy), directed toward finding comprehensive solutions to concerns connected to the Europe’s resource depletion, energy future, climate changes, etc. The "Action Research" paradigm appeared in the late 1940s but its systematic application is the attribute of recent years. It keeps researchers in the real world, requires teamwork, collaboration with communities and other stakeholders. Action Research is especially suitable in projects for reducing anthropic footprint / environmental aggression and in waste management. In essence, Action Research (for the first time systematically applied in Romania) is the research approach that lets the problem studied to conduct the analysis and generate appropriate solutions; it constitutes a flexible, versatile technique to generate new knowledge through iterative interaction with the domain studied - namely the environment - researchers and communities.

The paper presents the application of Action Research in a Norwegian-financed, Industrial Symbiosis Project in Romania. Details of the Action Research as a tool for training young researchers are presented. Solutions generated during the application of Action Research dealt with the identification of new ways to turn waste into valuable resources, assessing the merits of multiple alternatives and picking up the optimal one form the triple bottom line (economic, environmental, social) characteristic to sustainable development.

The paper examines the issues of multi-disciplinary ways, how Action Research can be integrated into academic curricula, giving practical results which make it more accessible to students. When compared to the traditional way of training researchers and scientific research approach, Action Research is clearly a better approach, widening the horizon offered by accountability, improving the effectiveness and efficiency of knowledge generation processes.
Granting the Right to a Quality Environment - A Premise of Sustainable Development
Authors: Durac Gheorghe
Published: July 2015

In the dynamics of national and international regulations, an important threshold has been crossed - the recognition and granting of the fundamental right to environment. The applicable international documents formulate the idea of an individual right to a specific quality of the environment.

Certain documents consecrate yet another minimalistic perspective, according to which the right to environment is only infringed when the right to life itself is threatened, considering that only significant degradations of environmental quality may endanger the vital biological needs for the survival of mankind.

We must nevertheless stress that although there is no direct and unanimous recognition of a right to environment per se, an indirect acknowledgement of it can still be seen in the connection established between the fundamental human rights (the right to life, the right to health, the right to freedom, etc.) and the quality to the environmental factors, which underlines the fact that the compliance with the environmental dispositions is a prerequisite for insuring optimal life conditions.

We must also note that there has been a reversal of the environment - development relation. Thus, if in the beginning the environment could not be understood without development, it was later stipulated that sustainable development cannot exist without the existence of a quality environment
The Actual Stage of Potential Development Regarding the Tourism in Slănic Moldova Resort, Bacău County
Authors: Popa Ovidiu Cristian
Published: July 2015

This article illustrates the concept of tourism potential, which includes all natural and human tourism resources which generate various forms of tourism. Slănic Moldova town is in a great development, being sustained by the glorious oldtime image: ”Moldova‟s Pearl”. The recent accomplishments, the implementation projects and the short and medium time investment programs aim not only to affirm the resort at a regional level, but to transform it in to an authentic “Romanian tourism pearl”. Developing Slănic Moldova town will aim to develop its natural resources. For the years to come, it is willing to sustain a long-lasting economy especially based on touristic services at a European level, but also on diversifying the local economic activities, in respect for the nature and permanent environment preoccupation. In order to reach certain values the contribution of all factors that can determine the town‟s socio-economic development are needed: the local community and the local‟s support, keeping the environment intact and not the least increasing the number of tourists. Slănic Moldova will be one of the main touristic balneoclimatheric mountain destinations in Romania having a diverse and attractive touristic offer during the entire year, high quality touristic services, in an exceptional, pollution free, natural environment. Slănic Moldova will pass through an essential stage of its development, in which the national and external touristic context will be redefined. Being guided by the reputation of „Moldova‟s Pearl”, Slănic Moldova will develop its mineral waters and great natural environment extraordinary potential, thus becoming the great „pearl of Romanian tourism”.
Thermal Hazards in Cold Semester of the Year in the Mountain Area of Moldova River (Sector Between Vama and the Springs of Moldova River)
Authors: Apostol Liviu , Ilie Nicolae
Published: July 2015

During the cold semester , most representative of climate risks are the thermal ones, specifically, on the base of a depression area, apprearance of thermal inversions. Amid this feature mentioned, the coldest temperatures were recorded in the lowlands,in the hearth's depression,as the municipe Câmpulung Moldovenesc, here being registered and the lowest temperature from the area studied,-31.7°C. All these thermal inversions that occur in transitional periods (spring and autumn) are producing the early frosts,late respectively, these being the most damaging for local agriculture. This stability of the atmosphere, in conjunction with cold air, which is garrisoned on the’s hearth depression, leads to atmospheric pollution with pollutants, resulting from transport and heating, because we are talking about an area in woodland, and consequently, wood is the main source of heating, especially in outlying areas of the city Câmpulung Moldovenesc,where court houses predominate, with their own heating systems.
The Physical and Biochemical Peculiarities of Representative Soils in Giurgeu Mountains
Authors: Lupașcu Angela , Chelariu Daniela
Published: July 2015

The analyses for the description of physic-chemical and humus fractional characteristics have been determined for two soil subtypes, respectively four soil profiles, that are representative for the lower altitudes area of Giurgeu Mountains. The analysis has been based on: one Andi-Eutric Cambisols (EC an- 920 m alt.) and three Cambic Andosols (AN ca) situated at different altitudes: 1120-1140 m, 1197 m and 1310 m. The purpose of the research is to indentify some quantitative and qualitative differences in regards to some organic and inorganic components from the soil. Have come into prominence the sum of exchangeable bases, the total acidity exchange, the degree of base saturation and other aspects related to organic accumulation (the highest in Cambic Andosols: 1120-1140 m alt.), degree of humification (higher for the same Andosol and variable for the one from 1310 m alt.), the distribution curve on the profile of chemical and biochemical humic components. In terms of quality, there are differences in regard to the humification degree of organic matter, the dynamic on the profile of the main humus fractions (humic acids, fulvic acids, non-extractable material) forming the horizons of accumulation for some of the fractions.
Evolution Of The Results Of 1500 Liver Transplantations Performed In The Department Of General, Transplant And Liver Surgery Medical University Of Warsaw
Authors: Krawczyk Marek , Grąt Michał , Grąt Karolina , Wronka Karolina , Krasnodębski Maciej , Stypułkowski Jan , Masior Łukasz , Hołówko Wacław , Ligocka Joanna , Nyckowski Paweł , Wróblewski Tadeusz , Paluszkiewicz Rafał , Patkowski Waldemar , Zieniewicz Krzysztof , Pączek Leszek , Milkiewicz Piotr , Ołdakowska-Jedynak Urszula , Najnigier Bogusław , Dudek Krzysztof , Remiszewski Piotr , Grzelak Ireneusz , Kornasiewicz Oskar , Kotulski Marcin , Smoter Piotr , Grodzicki Mariusz , Korba Michał , Kalinowski Piotr , Skalski Michał , Zając Krzysztof , Stankiewicz Rafał , Przybysz Marta , Cieślak Bartosz , Nazarewski Łukasz , Nowosad Małgorzata , Kobryń Konrad , Wasilewicz Michał , Raszeja-Wyszomirska Joanna , Piwowarska Jolanta , Giercuszkiewicz Dorota , Sańko-Resmer Joanna , Rejowski Sławomir , Szydłowska-Jakimiuk Monika , Górnicka Barbara , Wróblewska-Ziarkiewicz Bogna , Mazurkiewicz Michał , Niewiński Grzegorz , Pawlak Jacek , Pacho Ryszard
Published: July 2015

Liver transplantation is a well-established treatment of patients with end-stage liver disease and selected liver tumors. Remarkable progress has been made over the last years concerning nearly all of its aspects.

was to evaluate the evolution of long-term outcomes after liver transplantations performed in the Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery (Medical University of Warsaw).

Data of 1500 liver transplantations performed between 1989 and 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. Transplantations were divided into 3 groups: group 1 including first 500 operations, group 2 including subsequent 500, and group 3 comprising the most recent 500. Five year overall and graft survival were set as outcome measures.

Increased number of transplantations performed at the site was associated with increased age of the recipients (p<0.001) and donors (p<0.001), increased rate of male recipients (p<0.001), and increased rate of piggyback operations (p<0.001), and decreased MELD (p<0.001), as well as decreased blood (p=0.006) and plasma (p<0.001) transfusions. Overall survival was 71.6% at 5 years in group 1, 74.5% at 5 years in group 2, and 85% at 2.9 years in group 3 (p=0.008). Improvement of overall survival was particularly observed for primary transplantations (p=0.004). Increased graft survival rates did not reach the level of significance (p=0.136).

Long-term outcomes after liver transplantations performed in the Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery are comparable to those achieved in the largest transplant centers worldwide and are continuously improving despite increasing recipient age and wider utilization of organs procured from older donors.
Gall-Stone Ileus – Own Patients And Literature Review
Authors: Kozieł Sławomir , Papaj Piotr , Dobija-Kubica Katarzyna , Śleziński Przemysław , Wróbel Józef
Published: July 2015

Cholelithiasis is diagnosed in 10% of the population of the USA and Western Europe. A rare but serious complication of cholelithiasis is the obstruction of the digestive tract caused by a gall-stone (Bernard syndrome). It can add up to 1-4% of the mechanical obstructions of a small intestine among the general population but it can result in nonstriangulational mechanical obstructions of a small intestine in 25% cases among the patients over the age of 65.

5 patients have undergone an operation due to a small intestine gall-stone ileus in years 2011-2013 (within 27 months) in the General Surgery Ward of the Beskid Oncology Center - Municipal Hospital. In 4 patients simple enterotomy with a gall-stone extraction was performed. In the fifth patient enterolitotomy was conducted together with cholecystectomy and fistulotomy.
Biomechanical study in vitro on the use of self-designed external fixator in diaphyseal III metacarpal fractures in horses
Authors: Turek B. , Potyński A. , Wajler C. , Szara T. , Czopowicz M. , Drewnowska O.
Published: July 2015

Diaphyseal fractures of the III metacarpal bone represent 22% of all fractures of the long bones in horses. Treatment of such cases is difficult. The most popular solution used in these types of fractures is two plates applied directly to the bone surface, but they are not applicable on contaminated and infected fractures.

External fixators are quite commonly used in human medicine, although in veterinary practice there is no typical stabilizer designed for the treatment of diaphyseal fractures of the III metacarpal bone so far. In this study, an external semicircular fixator of our own design was used and in vitro strength tests were conducted to determine the maximum force which would lead to the destruction of non-fractured bone and fractured bone treated with the stabilizer.

On the basis of the strength tests, we can conclude that the stabilizer can be strong enough to allow the horse to stand up after surgery. It also has many favorable features which make it easy to assemble and to take care of a wound, while being safe enough for the animal at the same time.
Zearalenone-induced changes in the lymphoid tissue and mucosal nerve fibers in the porcine ileum
Authors: Obremski K. , Gonkowski S. , Wojtacha P.
Published: July 2015

This is the first study to examine zearalenone-(ZEN) induced changes in the immune system of the ileum and substance P-(SP-) and vasoactive intestinal peptide-(VIP-) immunoreactive nerve fibers in the mucosa, which participate in the regulation of intestinal functions under physiological conditions and during pathological processes. The aim of this study was also to identify potential relationships between selected immune and neural elements in ileal Peyer’s patches in pigs that were and were not exposed to ZEN. The experiment was performed on 10 prepubertal gilts divided into two groups: the experimental group (n=5) where ZEN was administered at 0.1 mg kg−1 feed day−1 for 42 days, and the control group (n=5) which was administered a placebo. The tissue levels of cytokines were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay which revealed elevated concentrations of IL-12/23 40p and IL-1 β in animals exposed to ZEN. Flow cytometry revealed a lower percentage of CD21+ lymphocytes in pigs exposed to ZEN in comparison with control animals. The tissue levels of neuropeptides were evaluated in the dot blot procedure which demonstrated higher concentrations of VIP and SP in experimental pigs. In experimental animals, numerous VIP-like immunoreactive processes were observed, and SP-immunoreactive nerve fibers formed a very dense network. Our results demonstrate for the first time that ZEN can modify the chemical coding of nerve structures in the gastrointestinal system. Those modifications can be attributed to ZEN’s impact on estrogen receptors or its pro-inflammatory properties, and they reflect changes that take place in the nervous system at the transcriptional, translational and metabolic level.
Gait analysis after neurorrhaphy in the brachial plexus
Authors: Reichert P. , Kiełbowicz Z. , Kuryszko J. , Bocheńska A.
Published: July 2015

The gait is a form of human and animal locomotion on land by using limbs. The study assessed functional recovery after end to side and side to side neurorrhaphy the ventral branches of the C5 and C6 spinal nerves to the C7 spinal nerve on the rabbit brachial plexus. Gait statistical analysis showed significant differences between the control group versus the end-to-side and side to side neurorrhaphy groups, in opposite to the comparison between the two experimentals groups. Gait analysis results corresponded with the histomorphometric results. The results indicate the potential use of gait analysis for the assessment of the recovery of nerve function.
A comparison of the efficacy and pharmacokinetics of ivermectin after spring and autumn treatments against Cyathostominae in horses
Authors: Sokół R. , Raś-Noryńska M. , Michalczyk M. , Jasiecka A. , Ziółkowski H. , Jaroszewski J.
Published: July 2015

The aim of the present study was to determine the efficacy of ivermectin against Cyathostominae infections and to describe the drug’s pharmacokinetic parameters during two seasonal deworming treatments in horses. The study was performed on warm-blooded mares aged 3-12 years weighing 450-550 kg. A single bolus of an oral paste formulation of ivermectin was administered at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg BW in spring and autumn. Fecal samples were tested before treatment and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75 days after treatment. Ivermectin concentrations in blood samples collected before treatment, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours after treatment, and 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 75 days after drug administration were determined by high pressure liquid chromatography. Drug absorption was significantly (p<0.05) slower (tmax: 21.89±11.43 h) in autumn than in spring (tmax: 9.78±8.97 h). Maximum concentrations (Cmax) of ivermectin in the blood plasma of individual horses (8.40-43.08 ng/ml) were observed 2-24 h after drug administration during the spring treatment and 2-36 h (6.43-24.86 ng/ml) after administration during the autumn treatment. Significantly higher (p<0.05) ivermectin concentrations were found during the first 4 hours after administration in spring in comparison with those determined after the autumn treatment.

The administration of the recommended dose of ivermectin resulted in 100% elimination of parasitic eggs from feces in spring and autumn treatment.
Verapamil – L type voltage gated calcium channel inhibitor diminishes aggressive behavior in male Siamese fighting fish
Authors: Kania B.F. , Dębski B. , Wrońska D. , Zawadzka E.
Published: July 2015

Verapamil is a L-type voltage gated calcium channels inhibitor (VGCCI), which is a highly prescribed drug used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, cardiac arrhythmia and cluster headaches. Its common use caused its appearance in water environment. VGCC inhibit epinephrine release and cause many neuro-hormonal changes influencing also fish behavior. Siamese fighting fish was chosen to study the influence of verapamil given to the water on the beginning of experiment in 3 different concentrations of 0 (control), 8 and 160 μg · L−1, on aggressive behavior in these fish. The experimental fish were placed in individual glass containers for 3 weeks and the mirror test was used. The highest concentration led to a significant modulation of fish behavior after 1 week and the lower dose caused statistically significant behavioral changes after 2 weeks of verapamil treatment. Siamese fighting fish males exposed to verapamil had longer latencies to the first chase – 12.6 s (8 μg · L−1 of verapamil) and 18.8 s (160 μg · L−1 of verapamil) compared to 5.6 s in the control group, decreased attack frequency and shorter duration of these attacks. The number of attacks within 10 min was decreased from 38.3 in the control group to 27.1 and 16.1, respectively. Also the total duration of these attacks decreased from 354.8 (control) to 326.4 (decrease statistically insignificant) and to 194.8 s in verapamil treated groups. It was shown, that even relatively low concentrations of verapamil in water may have adverse effects on fish and probably other living organisms.
The influence of non-specific anti-pruritus treatment with cyclosporine A on transepidermal water loss (TEWL) in natural atopic dermatitis in dogs
Authors: Zając M. , Szczepanik M. , Wilkołek P. , Adamek Ł. , Pomorski Z.
Published: July 2015

Atopic dermatitis is a common allergic skin disease in dogs. Monitoring the progress of treatment and the assessment of the severity of disease symptoms are crucial elements of the treatment procedure. One of the common means of assessing the severity of the clinical signs of the disease is the CADESI 03. Research studies have pointed to a possibility of assessing the severity of skin lesions by means of measuring biophysical skin parameters such as TEWL, skin hydration and erythema intensity. The aim of the study was the assessment of changes in TEWL and CADESI values measured in ten different body regions during non-specific anti-pruritus treatment. The examination was performed on ten dogs with atopic dermatitis (age from 2.5 years to 7 years, mean age 3.8 years). The measurements were performed in the following body regions: the lumbar region, the right axillary fossa, the right inguinal region, the ventral abdominal region, the right lateral thorax region, the internal surface of the auricle, interdigital region of the right forelimb, cheek, bridge of nose and the lateral site of antebrachum. A statistically significant decrease in CADESI values was reported starting from the second week of treatment. In the case of the mean TEWL values, a fall was observed after one week of treatment in the ventral abdominal region and the interdigital region, after two weeks of treatment in the axillary fossa and the inguinal region, and after three weeks in the cheek and the lateral thorax region. There was no statistically significant decrease in TEWL values in the course of treatment in four other regions.
Effect of dialysis of dog semen on sperm characteristics and some biochemical components of seminal plasma
Authors: Strzeżek R. , Koziorowska-Gilun M. , Kiełczewski K. , Kordan W.
Published: July 2015

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dog semen dialysis on sperm characteristics and some biochemical components of seminal plasma. Whole ejaculates were dialyzed against Tris-citrate-fructose extender for a 5 h period at room temperature (using semi-permeable cellulose tubing of 12-14 kDa molecular weight cut-off). It has been demonstrated that the long-term dialysis of dog semen causes a significant decrease in sperm quality parameters and disrupts the biochemical properties of seminal plasma. This procedure requires further improvement.
Developmental Trajectory of Audiovisual Speech Integration in Early Infancy. A Review of Studies Using the McGurk Paradigm
Authors: Tomalski Przemysław
Published: July 2015

Apart from their remarkable phonological skills young infants prior to their first birthday show ability to match the mouth articulation they see with the speech sounds they hear. They are able to detect the audiovisual conflict of speech and to selectively attend to articulating mouth depending on audiovisual congruency. Early audiovisual speech processing is an important aspect of language development, related not only to phonological knowledge, but also to language production during subsequent years. Th is article reviews recent experimental work delineating the complex developmental trajectory of audiovisual mismatch detection. Th e central issue is the role of age-related changes in visual scanning of audiovisual speech and the corresponding changes in neural signatures of audiovisual speech processing in the second half of the first year of life. Th is phenomenon is discussed in the context of recent theories of perceptual development and existing data on the neural organisation of the infant ‘social brain’.
Accuracy Of The GPS Positioning System In The Context Of Increasing The Number Of Satellites In The Constellation
Authors: Specht Cezary , Mania Mateusz , Skóra Marcin , Specht Mariusz
Published: July 2015

A possibility of utilising the GPS system for navigation and transport are fundamentally dependent on the accuracy in positioning. Two fundamental factors decisive for its value are the values of the User Range Error (URE) and Dilution of Precision (DOP), strictly related to the number of satellites forming the constellation. The nominal constellation of GPS satellites consists of 24 units which gives a possibility of identification of coordinates all over the globe. In the last few years, however, the nominal number of satellites in the constellation was much higher, and the URE value has been constantly increasing.

The authors of the paper try to estimate the impact of the changing number of GPS satellites on accuracy of position coordinates with a variable URE value. Mathematical model for estimating geometrical indicators’ value, utilising data derived from the almanac files has been presented. Following a drawn-up algorithm and calculations made with Mathcad software, the authors carried out a comparative analysis of mean daily values of DOP indicators for a variable number of satellites included in the GPS constellation in the years 2001-2013. Then, the authors have established representative values of Two Distance Root Mean Square Error (2drms) 2D and 3D, and calculated a percentage increase of accuracy in the period under discussion.
A Proposal Of Simulation Model Of A Wind-Steering System For Sailing Yachts, Based On Single-Stage Servo-Pendulum Coupled With Main Rudder
Authors: Piętak Andrzej , Mikulski Maciej , Melzacki Marek , Czerwiński Kamil
Published: July 2015

The aim of this study was to investigate possible application of fast design prototyping methods for wind-steering systems used in offshore sailing yachts. The development of such methods would help to speed up the construction work and reduce the scope of necessary experimental research, prior to implementation of the system. In the present work, based on an analysis of existing designs of windvane systems, a preliminary selection of the system configuration has been undertaken, in terms of a compromise between efficiency, performance, and design complexity. Construction design of a single-stage, servo – pendulum system, has been developed by using the Autodesk Inventor design package. Next, based on the design data, a simulation model of the system, has been produced by using Matlab - Simulink software and SimMechanics library. The model was further verified in terms of kinematics mapping with the use of Matlab visualization tools.
Problems Of Determination Of Welding Angular Distortions Of T - Fillet Joints In Ship Hull Structures
Authors: Kozak Janusz , Kowalski Jakub
Published: July 2015

Ship hull structure elements are usually joined by welding. Welding distortions may cause many problems during manufacturing process. In the literature a wide spectrum of suggestions has been proposed for correct estimation of welding deformation, particularly angular ones, in the fillet welded T-joints. In this work a verification of certain methods selected from the literature is presented basing upon the results of the laboratory measurements. To this end, values determined on the basis of engineering hypotheses have been compared with those obtained from the laboratory tests.
Controlling a demographic wave in defined contribution pension systems
Authors: Angrisani Massimo , di Palo Cinzia
Published: July 2015

In several developed countries, the baby boomers will come to retire in the next decades. This problem will threaten the sustainability and the intergenerational equity of mandatory pay-as-you-go pension systems because they will have to drain the “demographic wave” of retirees with a relatively small number of contributors. In this paper, we give the operating method developed on the basis of a general principle, which a defined contribution pension system, in a state of stable sustainability, should adopt to control these issues in the presence of a demographic wave. In the theoretical profile, our approach breaks and overcomes the classical juxtaposition between funded and pay-as-you-go pension schemes, carrying out the integration of the two financial methods.
Comparison of hybrid volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) technique and double arc VMAT technique in the treatment of prostate cancer
Authors: Amaloo Christopher , Nazareth Daryl P. , Kumaraswamy Lalith K.
Published: July 2015

Background. Volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) has quickly become accepted as standard of care for the treatment of prostate cancer based on studies showing it is able to provide faster delivery with adequate target coverage and reduced monitor units while maintaining organ at risk (OAR) sparing. This study aims to demonstrate the potential to increase dose conformality with increased planner control and OAR sparing using a hybrid treatment technique compared to VMAT.

Methods. Eleven patients having been previously treated for prostate cancer with VMAT techniques were replanned with a hybrid technique on Varian Treatment Planning System. Multiple static IMRT fields (2 to 3) were planned initially based on critical OAR to reduce dose but provide some planning treatment volume (PTV) coverage. This was used as a base dose plan to provide 30-35% coverage for a single arc VMAT plan.

Results. The clinical VMAT plan was used as a control for the purposes of comparison. Average of all OAR sparing between the hybrid technique and VMAT showed the hybrid plan delivering less dose in almost all cases except for V80 of the bladder and maximum dose to right femoral head. PTV coverage was superior with the VMAT technique. Monitor unit differences varied, with the hybrid plan able to deliver fewer units 37% of the time, similar results 18% of the time, and higher units 45% of the time. On average, the hybrid plan delivered 10% more monitor units.

Conclusions. The hybrid plan can be delivered in a single gantry rotation combining aspects of VMAT with regions of dynamic intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) within the treatment arc.
On how Happy Polish Advanced EFL Learners Are With HappY-Tensing
Authors: Oleander Adam , Sypiańska Jolanta
Published: July 2015

This paper aims at investigating the production of happY vowel by advanced Polish learners of English. Although happY tensing has become a regular feature of mainstream RP, it is not explicitly taught at English philologies in Poland. There are few studies that deal with the analysis of the phonetic quality of happY by native speakers of English (Fabricius, 2002; Harrington, 2006), and we know of no published studies aimed at EFL learners. The study presented in this paper included 34 Polish students of English philology. Spectral and durational data on FLEECE, KIT and happY in three contexts (prevocalic, preconsonatal and prepausal) were obtained. The results showed that Polish advanced EFL learners produced happY that is spectrally similar to FLEECE in the prevocalic and prepausal contexts but not in the preconsonantal one. Moreover, the participants did not use duration to make up for the spectral properties of happY. Preconsonantal and prevocalic happY were shorter than FLEECE, whereas prepausal happY was longer than FLEECE due to phrase-final lengthening effects.
Capability and limitations in laboratory determination of stiffness parameters of soils
Authors: Lipiński Mirosław J. , Wdowska Małgorzata K.
Published: July 2015

The paper concerns laboratory methods for determination of soil stiffness. Major criterion for selection of analysed equipment is range of strain in which stiffness can be reliably determined. Substantially, various configurations of triaxial apparatus are referred to i.e. with standard cell and with the modified one. Additional system for internal measurement of strain is described and rational (based on test results) for use of it is presented. As to shear wave velocity measurement as a mean to obtain initial stiffness, requirements for proper measurement and interpretation was given. Finally, an approach to determine Poisson’s ratio on the basis of combined results of cyclic triaxial and resonant column tests was presented.