bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF A FEW TRIMETHOXYOXOAPORPHINES
Authors: KUNITOMO J. , MURAKAMI Y. , SUGISAKON M.
Published: April 2016

Die Trimethoxyoxoaporphine (Va) und (Vb) werden auf dem skizzierten Wege mit Hilfe der Bischler‐Napieralskiund der Pschorr‐Reaktion hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND ENZYMIC DEAMINATION OF 3′‐C‐HYDROXYMETHYL‐ AND 3′‐C‐METHYL‐β‐D‐XYLOFURANOSYL‐9‐ADENINES
Authors: TRONCHET J. M. J. , TRONCHET J. F.
Published: April 2016

Ausgehend von den Zuckern (I) bzw. (VIII) werden die Titelnucleoside (VI) bzw. (XI) synthetisiert; (VI) läßt sich auch aus dem cyclischen Carbonat (VII) ‐ aber in geringerer Ausb. als aus dem Intermedi‐ ären (V) ‐ gewinnen, was darauf hinweist, daß die Carbonat‐Gruppe sich nicht so günstig wie die Acetyl‐Schutzgruppe auf den Reaktionsverlauf auswirkt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 5′‐O‐(R,S)‐(1‐AMINOETHANE‐1‐PHOSPHONYL)URIDINE AND ‐ADENOSINE
Authors: LESIAK K. , STEC W. J. , ZIELINSKI W. S.
Published: April 2016

Das Derivat der phosphorigen Säure (I) reagiert nach Schutz der Aminogruppe (Bildung von (II)) mit den Nucleosiden (III) in Gegenwart von Mesitylensulfonyltriazol (MST) zu den Ethanphosphonylnucleosiden (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: ISOCARPALACTONES A AND B, TWO UNUSUAL NATURALLY OCCURRING STEROIDS OF THE ERGOSTANE TYPE
Authors: KIRSON I. , COHEN A. , GREENBERG M. , GOTTLIEB H. E. , GLOTTER E. , VARENNE P. , ABRAHAM A.
Published: April 2016

Für die zwei neuen aus Physalis ixocarpa Bröt. (Solanaceae) isolierten Steroide sind aufgrund chemischer, photochemischer und spektroskopischer (1H‐ und 13C‐NMR) Befunde die Strukturen (I) bzw. (II) ermittelt worden.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 8‐AZA‐8,12‐SECOPROSTAGLANDIN E2
Authors: ZORETIC P. A. , SINHA N. D. , SOJA P.
Published: April 2016

Auf dem im Formelschema beschriebenen Weg wird die im Titel genannte Verbindung (IX) dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: TERT‐PHOSPHINE DIHALIDES. PREPARATIVE METHODS AND REACTIONS
Authors: MASAKI M. , FUKUI K.
Published: April 2016

Review: Preparative Methods and Reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: RECENT ADVANCES IN PETROCHEMICAL PROCESSING: NEW ROUTES
Authors: ‐ ‐
Published: April 2016

Review: Bericht′ über 1 1 Vorträge, die von verschiedenen Autoren auf dem Symposium der "Div.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND CHEMISTRY OF ACETYLENIC COMPOUNDS
Authors: ‐ ‐
Published: April 2016

Review: Bericht über 12 Vorträge, die von verschiedenen Autoren auf dem Symposium der "Div.
Bubble coalescence inhibition in volatile solutions at elevated temperatures
Authors: Shen Jianbiao , Huang Jian , Liu Chuanping , Wang Li
Published: April 2016

An experimental study on the effect of liquid temperature on coalescence of bubble pairs in volatile solutions is presented. Alcohols with low molecular mass were used as volatile additives, and the temperature investigated ranged from 25–60 °C. At low temperatures, earlier results showing increases in coalescence percentage with increasing temperature were reproduced. However, by increasing the temperature to a certain value, the coalescence percentage decreased, which is caused by the Marangoni effect induced by solute evaporation from the liquid bulk to the gas bubble. To the best of our knowledge, this phenomenon has not been previously observed. A theoretical model was derived to include the mass transfer induced Marangoni effect in the film drainage process, and the close agreement between theoretical and experimental results confirmed our suppositions. Results may be applied to various fields, especially in direct‐contact evaporators, and support developments in film drainage theory to account for interfacial mass transfer in distillation columns and boiling systems.
Development of a rapid 21‐plex autosomal STR typing system for forensic applications
Authors: Yang Meng , Yin Caiyong , Lv Yuexin , Yang Yaran , Chen Jing , Yu Zailiang , Liu Xu , Xu Meibo , Chen Feng , Wu Huijuan , Yan Jiangwei
Published: April 2016

DNA‐STR genotyping technology has been widely used in forensic investigations. Even with such success, there is a great need to reduce the analysis time. In this study, we established a new rapid 21‐plex STR typing system, including 13 CODIS loci, Penta D, Penta E, D12S391, D2S1338, D6S1043, D19S433, D2S441 and Amelogenin loci. This system could shorten the amplification time to a minimum of 90 min and does not require DNA extraction from the samples. Validation of the typing system complied with the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM) and the Chinese National Standard (GA/T815‐2009) guidelines. The results demonstrated that this 21‐plex STR typing system was a valuable tool for rapid criminal investigation.
A New Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Brayton Cycle with High Efficiency
Authors: Purjam M. , Goudarzi K. , Keshtgar M.
Published: April 2016

Designing new and efficient heat engines and increasing the efficiency of previous ones is one of the researchers’ interests in the field of thermodynamics. In this regard, what is mainly concerned is to design a cycle with the positive features of previous cycles, such as less pollution, and higher power‐to‐weight ratio and efficiency. One of these cycles is the supercritical carbon dioxide cycle (SCDC). The main goal of this research is designing a highly efficient SCDC with pessimistic and relatively optimistic efficiencies of 45% and 47%. This paper includes the complete first law analysis of the designed cycle, designing and discussion of efficiency improvement methods and comparison of SCDC with other power cycles. The sensitivity of the cycle efficiency to some important parameters has also been studied.
CD154 Induces Matrix Metalloproteinase‐9 Secretion in Human Podocytes
Authors: Rigothier Claire , Daculsi Richard , Lepreux Sébastien , Auguste Patrick , Villeneuve Julien , Dewitte Antoine , Doudnikoff Evelyne , Saleem Moin , Bourget Chantal , Combe Christian , Ripoche Jean
Published: April 2016

Matrix remodeling is a key feature of glomerulosclerosis secondary to diabetes or hypertension. Podocytes contribute to glomerular basement membrane (GBM) turnover by producing matrix components and matrix remodelling enzymes, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The CD40/CD154 signaling pathway modulates matrix remodeling through the synthesis of MMPs and tissue inhibitors of MMPs. Platelets are a primary blood reservoir of CD154. Here we studied, the impact of the CD154/CD40 pathway on MMP‐9 expression by cultured human podocytes. The role of CD40/CD154 was evaluated upon exposure of podocytes to recombinant human CD154 (rhCD154) or activated platelet supernatants from healthy human subjects. We first showed by protein and mRNA expression that CD40 was synthesized by podocytes and detectable on kidney tissue sections. CD40 expression was acquired during podocyte differentiation and enhanced upon exposure to rhCD154. In podocytes, rhCD154 induced an increase of MMP‐9 production as shown by RT‐PCR, Western blot and and gelatin zymography. Activated platelet supernatants induced MMP‐9 mRNA synthesis in podocytes, an effect reduced by anti‐CD40 antibody. Our results underscore a potential role for platelets through the CD40/CD154 signaling pathway in the control of GBM synthesis and degradation, via its regulatory role on MMP‐9 production. CD154 secretion by activated platelets may contribute to GBM alterations in proteinuric nephropathies. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 2737–2747, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Antihypertensive Therapy in Females: A Clinical Review Across the Lifespan
Authors: Marrs Joel C. , Thompson Angela M.
Published: April 2016

Hypertension affects one‐third of all females in the United States, with the prevalence increasing over a female's lifespan. The approach to treating females with hypertension varies depending on a female's age, race, comorbidities, and whether she is of child‐bearing age or pregnant. It is important to factor in the safety and effectiveness of antihypertensive medications across these populations of females. Blood pressure target goals are the same in females as in males regardless of comorbidities or stage of life, with the exception of those females who are pregnant. Recommendations for antihypertensive medication do not differ between females and males based on disease state or stage of life, with the exception of females who are pregnant, breastfeeding, or of child‐bearing age. Multiple guidelines recommend avoiding renin‐angiotensin system blockers during pregnancy and suggest balancing the risk versus benefit in females of child‐bearing age. Further, multiple guidelines provide race‐based therapy recommendations for the use of calcium channel blockers and thiazide diuretics in black versus nonblack patients, irrespective of sex. Future research is needed to evaluate whether there are sex differences relative to blood pressure and cardiovascular event‐lowering relative to specific antihypertensive medications with a focus on pharmacogenomic differences.
Poly(ether ether sulfone)s and sulfonated poly(ether ether sulfone)s derived from functionalized 1,1‐diphenylethylene derivatives
Authors: Summers Gabriel J , Kasiama M Ginette , Summers Carol A
Published: April 2016

Symmetrically disubstituted 1,1‐diphenylethylene derivatives, 1,1‐bis[4‐(t‐butyldimethylsiloxy)phenyl]ethylene and 1,1‐bis(4‐hydroxyphenyl)ethylene, were prepared by new synthesis methods and employed as functionalized monomers in the preparation of new poly(ether ether sulfone) derivatives, with the introduction of the 1,1‐diphenylethylene unit along the polymer backbone. A series of parent 1,1‐diphenylethylene based poly(ether ether sulfone)s were prepared via (a) the cesium fluoride catalysed polycondensation reactions of dihalogenated diaryl sulfones with silylated bisphenols and (b) the base catalysed aromatic nucleophilic substitution polycondensation reaction between aromatic dihalogenated diaryl sulfones with bisphenols. The post‐polymerization sulfonation reaction via the thiol‐ene addition reaction of the poly(ether ether sulfone) precursor containing the 1,1‐diphenylethylene unit along the backbone, with sodium 3‐mercapto‐1‐propane sulfonate, afforded well‐defined sulfonated poly(ether ether sulfone), with the alkyl sulfonate group introduced pendant to the polymer backbone. The organic compounds and different polymer derivatives were characterized by standard chromatography, spectroscopy, spectrometry, thermal analyses, microscopy and X‐ray diffraction measurements. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Analysis of Bone-Cartilage-Stromal Progenitor Populations in Trauma Induced and Genetic Models of Heterotopic Ossification
Authors: Agarwal Shailesh , Loder Shawn J. , Sorkin Michael , Li Shuli , Shrestha Swati , Zhao Bin , Mishina Yuji , James Aaron W. , Levi Benjamin
Published: April 2016

Heterotopic ossification (HO), the formation of extra-skeletal bone in soft tissues, is a pathologic process occurring after substantial burns or trauma, or in patients with type I bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor hyperactivating mutations. Identifying the cells responsible for de novo bone formation during adulthood is of critical importance for therapeutic and regenerative purposes. Using a model of trauma-induced HO with hind limb Achilles' tenotomy and dorsal burn injury and a genetic nontrauma HO model (Nfatc1-Cre/caAcvr1fl/wt), we demonstrate enrichment of previously defined bone-cartilage-stromal progenitor cells (BCSP: AlphaV+/CD105+/Tie2−/CD45−/Thy1−/6C3−) at the site of HO formation when compared with marrow isolated from the ipsilateral hind limb, or from tissue of the contralateral, uninjured hind limb. Upon transplantation into tenotomy sites soon after injury, BCSPs isolated from neonatal mice or developing HO incorporate into the developing lesion in cartilage and bone and express chondrogenic and osteogenic transcription factors. Additionally, BCSPs isolated from developing HO similarly incorporate into new HO lesions upon transplantation. Finally, adventitial cells, but not pericytes, appear to play a supportive role in HO formation. Our findings indicate that BCSPs contribute to de novo bone formation during adulthood and may hold substantial regenerative potential.
Preparation, standardization and in vitro safety testing of Mycobacterium nosodes (Emtact- polyvalent nosode)
Authors: Joshi Suvarna , Mukerjee Sandeepan , Vaidya Shashikant , Talele Gitanjali , Chowdhary Abhay , Shah Rajesh
Published: April 2016

Background:
Most of the nosodes in the homeopathic pharmacopeia have been sourced from obscure pathological material over a century ago; of which no scientific documentation is available.

Method:
A method for preparation and standardization of univalent and polyvalent Mycobacterium nosodes (labeled as Emtact), using different strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was developed. The committee comprising microbiologists, scientist, pharmacist, homeopaths and clinicians had reviewed and approved the method of preparation of nosode. Preparation of the nosode was based on the reference in the Homeopathy Pharmacopoeia of India (HPI), group N-IV. Strains of M. tuberculosis viz. Standard strain H37Rv, multi-drug resistant (MDR) M. tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis (BCG vaccine) and Mycobacterium avium were identified, procured and documented. Twenty billion viable cells for each strain were taken for Original Stock Nosode (OSN). The original stock was prepared by suspending the microbial cells into water for injection (WFI) (1 ml). As per the Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP) monograph, sterility testing was done for different potencies. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was performed for 30c potency for detection of any DNA material of the source organisms.

Result:
A polyvalent (multi-strain) and univalent M. tuberculosis nosodes were prepared for research and clinical use. No growth of Mycobacterium was observed in any of the samples above 5c potency. The in-vitro testing for nosode (30c) was found to be free from any organism and DNA material.

Conclusion:
Mycobacterium nosodes sourced from individual strain and polyvalent Emtact nosode in vitro testing results found to be satisfactory for its handling and utilization. The nosode seems to be safe and may be tested further in vivo to explore its therapeutic application.
Mutant p53 proteins counteract autophagic mechanism sensitizing cancer cells to mTOR inhibition
Authors: Cordani Marco , Oppici Elisa , Dando Ilaria , Butturini Elena , Dalla Pozza Elisa , Nadal-Serrano Mercedes , Oliver Jordi , Roca Pilar , Mariotto Sofia , Cellini Barbara , Blandino Giovanni , Palmieri Marta , Di Agostino Silvia , Donadelli Massimo
Published: April 2016

Mutations in TP53 gene play a pivotal role in tumorigenesis and cancer development. Here, we report that gain‐of‐function mutant p53 proteins inhibit the autophagic pathway favoring antiapoptotic effects as well as proliferation of pancreas and breast cancer cells. We found that mutant p53 significantly counteracts the formation of autophagic vesicles and their fusion with lysosomes throughout the repression of some key autophagy‐related proteins and enzymes as BECN1 (and P‐BECN1), DRAM1, ATG12, SESN1/2 and P‐AMPK with the concomitant stimulation of mTOR signaling. As a paradigm of this mechanism, we show that atg12 gene repression was mediated by the recruitment of the p50 NF‐κB/mutant p53 protein complex onto the atg12 promoter. Either mutant p53 or p50 NF‐κB depletion downregulates atg12 gene expression. We further correlated the low expression levels of autophagic genes (atg12, becn1, sesn1, and dram1) with a reduced relapse free survival (RFS) and distant metastasis free survival (DMFS) of breast cancer patients carrying TP53 gene mutations conferring a prognostic value to this mutant p53‐and autophagy‐related signature. Interestingly, the mutant p53‐driven mTOR stimulation sensitized cancer cells to the treatment with the mTOR inhibitor everolimus. All these results reveal a novel mechanism through which mutant p53 proteins promote cancer cell proliferation with the concomitant inhibition of autophagy.
The Plasmair Decontamination System Is Protective Against Invasive Aspergillosis in Neutropenic Patients
Authors: Fernandez-Gerlinger Marie-Paule , Jannot Anne-Sophie , Rigaudeau Sophie , Lambert Juliette , Eloy Odile , Mignon François , Farhat Hassan , Castaigne Sylvie , Merrer Jacques , Rousselot Philippe
Published: April 2016

OBJECTIVE

Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a rare but severe infection caused by Aspergillus spp. that often develops in immunocompromised patients. Lethality remains high in this population. Therefore, preventive strategies are of key importance. The impact of a mobile air decontamination system (Plasmair, AirInSpace, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France) on the incidence of IA in neutropenic patients was evaluated in this study.

DESIGN

Retrospective cohort study

METHODS

Patients with chemotherapy-induced neutropenia lasting 7 days or more were included over a 2-year period. Cases of IA were confirmed using the revised European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) criteria. We took advantage of a partial installation of Plasmair systems in the hematology intensive care unit during this period to compare patients treated in Plasmair-equipped versus non-equipped rooms. Patients were assigned to Plasmair-equipped or non-equipped rooms depending only on bed availability. Differences in IA incidence in both groups were compared using Fisher’s exact test, and a multivariate analysis was performed to take into account potential confounding factors.

RESULTS

Data from 156 evaluable patients were available. Both groups were homogenous in terms of age, gender, hematological diagnosis, duration of neutropenia, and prophylaxis. A total of 11 cases of probable IA were diagnosed: 10 in patients in non-equipped rooms and only 1 patient in a Plasmair-equipped room. The odds of developing IA were much lower for patients hospitalized in Plasmair-equipped rooms than for patients in non-equipped rooms (P=.02; odds ratio [OR] =0.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.00–0.84).

CONCLUSION

In this study, Plasmair demonstrated a major impact in reducing the incidence of IA in neutropenic patients with hematologic malignancies.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:845–851
Navy and black bean-based dog foods are digestible during weight loss in overweight and obese adult companion dogs
Authors: Forster Genevieve M. , Nealon Nora Jean , Hill Dale , Jensen Tracey D. , Stone Teva L. , Bauer John E. , Ryan Elizabeth P.
Published: April 2016

Common beans (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) are a nutrient-dense, low glycemic index food that supports healthy weight management in people and was examined for dogs. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and nutrient utilisation of navy (NB) and black (BB) bean-based diets in overweight or obese companion dogs undergoing a weight loss intervention. A nutritionally complete, dry extruded dog food was used as the control (CON) diet and two isocaloric, nutrient matched bean diets, containing either 25% w/w cooked BB or NB powder formed the test diets. Diets were fed to adult, overweight companion dogs for either four weeks (short-term study, n = 30) or for twenty-six weeks (long-term study, n = 15) at 60% of maintenance calories for ideal weight. Apparent weight loss increased over time in both the short- and long-term studies (p < 0.001) but was not different between the three study groups: apparent weight loss was between 4.05% – 6.14% for the short-term study and 14.0% – 17.9% in the long-term study. The ATTD was within expected ranges for all groups, whereby total dry matter and crude protein ATTD was 7–8% higher in the BB diet compared to CON (P < 0.05), crude fat ATTD was similar across all diets, and nitrogen free extract ATTD was 5–6% higher in both BB and NB compared to CON (P < 0.05). Metabolisable energy was similar for all diets, and ranged from 3,434–3,632 kcal/kg. At the end of each study period, dogs had haemoglobin levels ≥12 g/dl, packed cell volume ≥36%, albumin ≥2.4 g/dl, ALP ≤ 300 IU/l and all median values for each group were within defined limits for nutritional adequacy. This investigation demonstrated that BB and NB diets were safe, digestible, and supported weight loss in calorically restricted, overweight or obese, adult companion dogs.
Visualizing brine channel development and convective processes during artificial sea-ice growth using Schlieren optical methods
Authors: MIDDLETON C. A. , THOMAS C. , DE WIT A. , TISON J.-L.
Published: April 2016

Two non-invasive optical Schlieren methods have been adapted to visualize brine channel development and convective processes in experimentally grown sea ice obtained when a NaCl aqueous solution is cooled from above in a quasi-two-dimensional Hele–Shaw cell. The two different visualization methods, i.e. traditional and synthetic Schlieren optical imaging, produce high spatial resolution images of transport processes during ice growth, without any external perturbation. These images allow observations of the flow dynamics simultaneously within the ice layer, around the ice/water interface, and in the liquid water layer, revealing connections between the processes occurring within the two phases. Results from these methods show that desalination of the growing ice layer occurs by two concurrent, yet independent, mechanisms: (1) boundary layer convection persisting throughout the ice growth period, with short fingers present just below the ice/water interface, and (2) gravity-driven drainage from the brine channels producing deep penetrating convective streamers, which appear after a given time from the beginning of ice growth. The improved visualization and qualitative characterization of these processes show that Schlieren optical methods have exciting potential applications for future study of convective processes during sea-ice growth.
Sleep Disturbance During Smoking Cessation: Withdrawal or Side Effect of Treatment?
Authors: Ashare Rebecca L. , Lerman Caryn , Tyndale Rachel F. , Hawk Larry W. , George Tony P. , Cinciripini Paul , Schnoll Robert A.
Published: April 2016

Introduction: The nicotine–metabolite ratio (NMR) predicts treatment response and is related to treatment side effect severity. Sleep disturbance may be one important side effect, but understanding sleep disturbance effects on smoking cessation is complicated by the fact that nicotine withdrawal also produces sleep disturbance.

Aims: To evaluate the effects of withdrawal and treatment side effects on sleep disturbance.

Methods: This is a secondary analysis of data from a clinical trial (Lerman et al., 2015) of 1,136 smokers randomised to placebo (n = 363), transdermal nicotine (TN; n = 381), or varenicline (n = 392) and stratified based on NMR (559 slow metabolisers; 577 normal metabolisers). Sleep disturbance was assessed at baseline and at 1-week following the target quit date (TQD). We also examined whether sleep disturbance predicted 7-day point-prevalence abstinence at end-of-treatment (EOT).

Results: The varenicline and TN groups exhibited greater increases in sleep disturbance (vs. placebo; treatment × time interaction; p = 0.005), particularly among those who quit smoking at 1-week post-TQD. There was a main effect of NMR (p = 0.04), but no interactions with treatment. TN and varenicline attenuated withdrawal symptoms unrelated to sleep (vs. placebo). Greater baseline sleep disturbance predicted relapse at EOT (p = 0.004).

Conclusions: Existing treatments may not mitigate withdrawal-related sleep disturbance and adjunctive treatments that target sleep disturbance may improve abstinence rates.
Empirical tests of natural selection-based evolutionary accounts of ADHD: a systematic review
Authors: Thagaard Marthe S. , Faraone Stephen V. , Sonuga-Barke Edmund J. , Østergaard Søren D.
Published: April 2016

Objective

ADHD is a prevalent and highly heritable mental disorder associated with significant impairment, morbidity and increased rates of mortality. This combination of high prevalence and high morbidity/mortality seen in ADHD and other mental disorders presents a challenge to natural selection-based models of human evolution. Several hypotheses have been proposed in an attempt to resolve this apparent paradox. The aim of this study was to review the evidence for these hypotheses.

Methods

We conducted a systematic review of the literature on empirical investigations of natural selection-based evolutionary accounts for ADHD in adherence with the PRISMA guideline. The PubMed, Embase, and PsycINFO databases were screened for relevant publications, by combining search terms covering evolution/selection with search terms covering ADHD.

Results

The search identified 790 records. Of these, 15 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility, and three were included in the review. Two of these reported on the evolution of the seven-repeat allele of the ADHD-associated dopamine receptor D4 gene, and one reported on the results of a simulation study of the effect of suggested ADHD-traits on group survival. The authors of the three studies interpreted their findings as favouring the notion that ADHD-traits may have been associated with increased fitness during human evolution. However, we argue that none of the three studies really tap into the core symptoms of ADHD, and that their conclusions therefore lack validity for the disorder.

Conclusions

This review indicates that the natural selection-based accounts of ADHD have not been subjected to empirical test and therefore remain hypothetical.
Descending serotonergic and noradrenergic systems do not regulate the antipruritic effects of cannabinoids
Authors: Todurga Zeynep Gizem , Gunduz Ozgur , Karadag Cetin Hakan , Ulugol Ahmet
Published: April 2016

Background

For centuries, cannabinoids have been known to be effective in pain states. Itch and pain are two sensations sharing a lot in common.

Objective

The goal of this research was to observe whether the cannabinoid agonist WIN 55,212-2 reduces serotonin-induced scratching behaviour and whether neurotoxic destruction of descending serotonergic and noradrenergic pathways mediate the antipruritic effect of WIN 55,212-2.

Material and methods

Scratching behaviour was induced by intradermal injection of serotonin (50 µg/50 µl/mouse) to Balb/c mice. The neurotoxins 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT, 50 μg/mouse) and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA, 20 μg/mouse) are applied intrathecally to deplete serotonin and noradrenaline in the spinal cord. WIN 55,212-2 (1, 3, 10 mg/kg, i.p.) dose-dependently attenuated serotonin-induced scratches. Neurotoxic destruction of neither the serotonergic nor the noradrenergic systems by 5,7-DHT and 6-OHDA, respectively, had any effect on the antipruritic action of WIN 55,212-2.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that cannabinoids dose-dependently reduce serotonin-induced scratching behaviour and neurotoxic destruction of descending inhibitory pathways does not mediate this antipruritic effect.
Resveratrol shows neuronal and vascular-protective effects in older, obese, streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
Authors: Phyu Hnin Ei , Irwin Jordon Candice , Vella Rebecca Kate , Fenning Andrew Stuart
Published: April 2016

Diabetes-induced CVD is the most significant complication of prolonged hyperglycaemia. The aim of this study was to determine whether resveratrol, a polyphenol antioxidant compound, when administered at a dose that can be reasonably obtained through supplementation could prevent the development of cardiovascular complications in older, obese, diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced in 6-month old, obese, male Wistar rats via a single intravenous dose of streptozotocin (65 mg/kg). Randomly selected animals were administered resveratrol (2 mg/kg) via oral gavage daily for 8 weeks. Body weights, blood glucose levels, food intake and water consumption were monitored, and assessments of vascular reactivity, tactile allodynia and left ventricular function were performed. Resveratrol therapy significantly improved tactile allodynia and vascular contractile functionality in diabetic rats (P<0·05). There were no significant changes in standardised vasorelaxation responses, plasma glucose concentrations, water consumption, body weight, left ventricular hypertrophy, kidney hypertrophy, heart rate or left ventricular compliance with resveratrol administration. Resveratrol-mediated improvements in vascular and nerve function in old, obese, diabetic rats were associated with its reported antioxidant effects. Resveratrol did not improve cardiac function nor mitigate the classic clinical symptoms of diabetes mellitus (i.e. hyperglycaemia, polydypsia and a failure to thrive). This suggests that supplementation with resveratrol at a dose achievable with commercially available supplements would not produce significant cardioprotective effects in people with diabetes mellitus.
A STAGGERED MAIZE–LEGUME INTERCROP ARRANGEMENT INFLUENCES YIELD, WEED SMOTHERING AND NUTRIENT BALANCE IN THE EASTERN HIMALAYAN REGION OF INDIA
Authors: CHOUDHARY V. K. , CHOUDHURY B. U.
Published: April 2016

The effects of sole and intercropping of rainfed maize (Zea mays L.) were evaluated with soybean (Glycine max L.) and groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) on crop yield, weed smothering efficiency (WSE) and nutrient (NPK) balance at Eastern Himalayan Region (EHR), India. Grain yield of maize was highest (3886 to 4110 kg ha−1) in the solitary system followed by maize-soybean intercrops at 1:2 rows. However, system productivity as well as production efficiency was higher by 47.3-63.3% and 39.5-58.4%, respectively in intercropping with groundnut at 1:5 rows compared to solitary maize. WSE was relatively higher to solitary soybean and was comparable to maize-groundnut intercropping at 1:5 row proportions. Similarly, NPK uptake was higher in intercropping of maize-soybean systems at 1:5 row proportions. Inclusion of legumes as intercrops in predominantly solitary rainfed maize may improve the system productivity while sustaining the nutrient availability in the vast uplands of the EHR and other similar rainfed hilly ecosystems.
Knowing Achievements
Authors: Stathopoulos Alexander
Published: April 2016

Anscombe claims that whenever a subject is doing something intentionally, this subject knows that they are doing it. This essay defends Anscombe's claim from an influential set of counterexamples, due to Davidson. It argues that Davidson's counterexamples are tacit appeals to an argument, on which knowledge can't be essential to doing something intentionally, because some things that can be done intentionally require knowledge of future successes, and because such knowledge can't ever be guaranteed when someone is doing something intentionally. The essay argues that there are apparently sensible grounds for denying each of these two premises.
Romanization and Isomorphic Change in Phrygia: the Case of Private Associations
Authors: Eckhardt Benedikt
Published: April 2016

Romanization in the province of Asia did not manifest itself in linguistic or cultural changes, but is very visible in a trend towards corporate organization. In the cities of western and southern Phrygia, professional associations developed that were able to gain a prominent position alongside the civic institutions. It is possible to relate this process to incentives provided by Roman law. In the villages surrounding these cities, and especially in the rural areas of northern and eastern Phrygia, the conditions were different, but there are several indications that a new preference for formal organization and its epigraphic representation developed here as well.
Stable carbon and oxygen isotopes in tree rings show physiological responses of Pericopsis elata to precipitation in the Congo Basin
Authors: Colombaroli Daniele , Cherubini Paolo , De Ridder Maaike , Saurer Matthias , Toirambe Benjamin , Zweifel Noëmi , Beeckman Hans
Published: April 2016

In equatorial regions, where tree rings are less distinct or even absent, the response of forests to high-frequency climate variability is poorly understood. We measured stable carbon and oxygen isotopes in anatomically distinct, annual growth rings of four Pericopsis elata trees from a plantation in the Congo Basin, to assess their sensitivity to recorded changes in precipitation over the last 50 y. Our results suggest that oxygen isotopes have high common signal strength (EPS = 0.74), and respond to multi-annual precipitation variability at the regional scale, with low δ18O values (28–29‰) during wetter conditions (1960–1970). Conversely, δ13C are mostly related to growth variation, which in a light-demanding species are driven by competition for light. Differences in δ13C values between fast- and slow-growing trees (c. 2‰), result in low common signal strength (EPS = 0.37) and are driven by micro-site conditions rather than by climate. This study highlights the potential for understanding the causes of growth variation in P. elata as well as past hydroclimatic changes, in a climatically complex region characterized by a bimodal distribution in precipitation.
Using Simulation to Better Understand the Effects of Aging on Driver Visibility
Authors: Kajaks Tara , Vrkljan Brenda , MacDermid Joy , Godwin Allison
Published: April 2016

Cette étude de preuve de concept pilote a exploré une méthodologie utilisant la simulation virtuelle pour quantifier les angles non visibles des visibilités optiques, et en utilisant des avatars tirés d’une ancienne base de données (n= 100). Les logiciels Siemens Jack ont simulé les angles morts de huit avatars des conducteurs âgés (quatre femmes). Les avatars masculins et féminins ont été mis à l’échelle aux petites tailles (25ecentile) et aux grandes tailles (75ecentile), basé sur la distribution de la hauteur de la base de données des conducteurs âgés, et ils avaient l’amplitude de mouvement du cou “normal” (65 degrés) ou “anormal” 50 degrés (ROM). Un modèle virtuel d’une Volkswagen Beetle a été utilisé pour illustrer les angles morts lignes de visée à gauche et à droit pour chaque avatar. La moyenne ligne de visée entre les angles morts était de 22,3 pourcent et 10,4 pourcent dans les conditions «normales» et «anormales» de rotation du cou (ROM), respectivement. Les conducteurs âgés ayant des troubles fonctionnels affectant le cou (ROM) sont plus susceptibles d’avoir des problèmes avec l’angle mort / ligne de visée gauche. Les résultats sont discutés comme ils se rapportent à des considerations du dessein des véhicules pour les personnes agées.
Professor David Andrew Trotter 1957–2015
Authors: LODGE ANTHONY
Published: April 2016

JFLS has lost one of its most distinguished editors and friends. Rarely, in my experience, has the death of an academic caused such grief as the untimely passing, on 24th August last, of David Trotter.
Convergence et divergence sociolinguistique en français laurentien: l'alternance rien que/juste/seulement/seulement que/ne. . . que
Authors: MOUGEON RAYMOND , HALLION SANDRINE , BIGOT DAVY , PAPEN ROBERT
Published: April 2016

La présente étude est une analyse sociolinguistique de la notion de restriction exprimée par l'alternancerien que/juste/seulement/seulement que/ne. . .quedans le français parlé à Welland (Ontario), Saint-Boniface et Saint-Laurent (Manitoba) et Bonnyville (Alberta). Trois de ces communautés résultent de l'immigration francophone hors Québec, l'autre de l'appropriation du français par les Métis au 18esiècle. L'examen de l'influence des contraintes internes et externes qui pèsent sur l'emploi des variantes mentionnées ci-dessus met au jour les nombreux points communs qui unissent ces quatre variétés de français mais aussi quelques points de divergence. Ce faisant, notre étude dégage plusieurs pistes de recherche pour une étude panlectale de la convergence et de la divergence sociolinguistique au sein de la famille des variétés de français laurentiens.
Introduction: Agents of Internationalism
Authors: REINISCH JESSICA
Published: April 2016

In 2005Contemporary European Historypublished a special issue on transnationalism, edited by Patricia Clavin and Jens-Wilhelm Wessels. The articles presented six examples of ‘transnational’ connections between Europeans from different countries, focusing primarily on contacts in the political and economic realms, and documenting a multitude of ties and links between Europeans at all levels from the end of the First World War to the early 1960s.
Whose World? Internationalism, Nationalism and the Struggle over the ‘Language Question’ in the International Federation of University Women, 1919–1932
Authors: VON OERTZEN CHRISTINE
Published: April 2016

This paper focuses on how the International Federation of University Women, founded in 1919, sought to reconcile its mission of fostering internationalism with the interests of its over thirty national member organisations. Nowhere was the challenge to its internationalist ethos greater than in post–First World War Germany. Being one of the last European member associations to join the IFUW in 1926, the Germans immediately requested their language to be used alongside English and French. The article reconstructs the struggles preceding the admission of Germany to the IFUW and the subsequent disputes over the ‘language question’ to explain why and on what terms the Germans first contested and eventually agreed in 1932 to accept the new Anglo-American and French dominance as world languages.
Axis Internationalism: Spanish Health Experts and the Nazi ‘New Europe’, 1939–1945
Authors: BRYDAN DAVID
Published: April 2016

Many of the forms and practices of interwar internationalism were recreated under the auspices of the Nazi ‘New Europe’. This article will examine these forms of ‘Axis internationalism’ by looking at Spanish health experts' involvement with Nazi Germany during the Second World War. Despite the ambiguous relationship between the Franco regime and the Axis powers, a wide range of Spanish health experts formed close ties with colleagues from Nazi Germany and across Axis and occupied Europe. Many of those involved were relatively conservative figures who also worked with liberal international health organisations in the pre- and post-war eras. Despite their political differences, their opposing attitudes towards eugenics and the tensions caused by German hegemony, Spanish experts were able to rationalise their involvement with Nazi Germany as a mutually-beneficial continuation of pre-war international health cooperation amongst countries united by a shared commitment to modern, ‘totalitarian’ forms of public health. Despite the hostility of Nazi Germany and its European collaborators to both liberal and left-wing forms of internationalism, this phenomenon suggests that the ‘New Europe’ deserves to be studied as part of the wider history of internationalism in general and of international health in particular.
From Communist Internationalism to Human Rights: Gender, Violence and International Law in the Women's International Democratic Federation Mission to North Korea, 1951
Authors: DONERT CELIA
Published: April 2016

In May 1951 the Women's International Democratic Federation – a communist-sponsored non-governmental organisation – sent an all-female international commission to investigate the war crimes and atrocities allegedly committed by United Nations forces against civilians during the military occupation of North Korea in late 1950. Communist internationalism has been relatively marginalised in the recent wave of scholarship on internationalism and international organisations. This article uses the Women's International Democratic Federation mission to Korea to analyse how the shifting relationship between communist internationalism, human rights and feminism played out in the ‘Third World’ during the early Cold War.
Enlargement and the Historical Origins of the European Community's Democratic Identity, 1961–1978
Authors: DE ANGELIS EMMA , KARAMOUZI EIRINI
Published: April 2016

This article examines how and when democracy entered the discursive politics of the European Community to become one of the fundamental tenets of European political identity – and in the process influenced how decision-makers approached the question of enlargement. Building on multiple archival sources, the article traces how all three Community institutions (Commission, Council and European Parliament) legitimised the expansion and continuation of the process of European integration through the discursive construction of democracy. It focuses on the debates elicited by the attempts of southern European countries to accede to the EEC in the 1960s and 1970s.
Advances in the Neurobiology of ADHD
Authors: Biederman Joseph
Published: April 2016

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a lifelong condition that begins in childhood and continues with adult manifestations related to the core symptoms. Approximately 50% to 75% of children with ADHD continue to meet criteria for the disorder as adolescents and adults. Adults with the disorder increasingly present to primary care physicians, psychiatrists, and other practitioners for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding the diagnosis of ADHD in adults requires knowledge of age-dependent decline of symptoms over time. Retrospective recall of symptoms and impairment are valid methods of diagnosing the disorder. ADHD is also a brain disorder with a strong neurobiologic basis, complex etiology, and genetic component. Genetic and environmental vulnerabilities give rise to abnormalities in the brain and subsequent behavioral and cognitive deficits, which may produce the symptoms associated with ADHD. Magnetic resonance imaging studies of ADHD have provided evidence that abnormalities in the brain are caused by the disorder itself rather than treatment of the disorder. Psychiatric comorbidity is common among patients with ADHD and tends to complicate treatment. Acute and long-term use of long-acting stimulant formulations (methylphenidate and amphetamine compounds) have shown robust efficacy and tolerability consistent with the treatment response established in children with ADHD. Non-stimulant medications have demonstrated efficacy as well, and may be preferred in patients with tic and substance use disorders.

In this expert roundtable supplement, Timothy E. Wilens, MD, reviews the epidemiology and clinical presentation of adult ADHD. Next, Joseph Biederman, MD, provides an overview of recent advances in the neurobiology of ADHD. Thomas J. Spencer, MD, reviews stimulant treatment of adult ADHD, and Lenard A. Adler concludes with a discussion of non-stimulant trials in adult ADHD.
Analysis of Counterfeit Coated Tablets and Multi-Layer Packaging Materials Using Infrared Microspectroscopic Imaging
Authors: Winner Taryn L. , Lanzarotta Adam , Sommer André J.
Published: April 2016

An effective method for detecting and characterizing counterfeit finished dosage forms and packaging materials is described in this study. Using attenuated total internal reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic imaging, suspect tablet coating and core formulations as well as multi-layered foil safety seals, bottle labels, and cigarette tear tapes were analyzed and compared directly with those of a stored authentic product. The approach was effective for obtaining molecular information from structures as small as 6 μm.
Researchers Attribute Human Influence on Climate Back to 1930s
Authors: Lipuma Lauren
Published: April 2016

A new study finds that humans likely have triggered the last 16 record-breaking hot years on Earth, up to 2014.
Genome-wide analysis of over 106 000 individuals identifies 9 neuroticism-associated loci
Authors: Smith D J , Escott-Price V , Davies G , Bailey M E S , Colodro-Conde L , Ward J , Vedernikov A , Marioni R , Cullen B , Lyall D , Hagenaars S P , Liewald D C M , Luciano M , Gale C R , Ritchie S J , Hayward C , Nicholl B , Bulik-Sullivan B , Adams M , Couvy-Duchesne B , Graham N , Mackay D , Evans J , Smith B H , Porteous D J , Medland S E , Martin N G , Holmans P , McIntosh A M , Pell J P , Deary I J , O'Donovan M C
Published: April 2016

Neuroticism is a personality trait of fundamental importance for psychological well-being and public health. It is strongly associated with major depressive disorder (MDD) and several other psychiatric conditions. Although neuroticism is heritable, attempts to identify the alleles involved in previous studies have been limited by relatively small sample sizes. Here we report a combined meta-analysis of genome-wide association study (GWAS) of neuroticism that includes 91 370 participants from the UK Biobank cohort, 6659 participants from the Generation Scotland: Scottish Family Health Study (GS:SFHS) and 8687 participants from a QIMR (Queensland Institute of Medical Research) Berghofer Medical Research Institute (QIMR) cohort. All participants were assessed using the same neuroticism instrument, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised (EPQ-R-S) Short Form’s Neuroticism scale. We found a single-nucleotide polymorphism-based heritability estimate for neuroticism of ∼15% (s.e.=0.7%). Meta-analysis identified nine novel loci associated with neuroticism. The strongest evidence for association was at a locus on chromosome 8 (P=1.5 × 10−15) spanning 4 Mb and containing at least 36 genes. Other associated loci included interesting candidate genes on chromosome 1 (GRIK3(glutamate receptor ionotropic kainate 3)), chromosome 4 (KLHL2(Kelch-like protein 2)), chromosome 17 (CRHR1(corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1) andMAPT(microtubule-associated protein Tau)) and on chromosome 18 (CELF4(CUGBP elav-like family member 4)). We found no evidence for genetic differences in the common allelic architecture of neuroticism by sex. By comparing our findings with those of the Psychiatric Genetics Consortia, we identified a strong genetic correlation between neuroticism and MDD and a less strong but significant genetic correlation with schizophrenia, although not with bipolar disorder. Polygenic risk scores derived from the primary UK Biobank sample captured ∼1% of the variance in neuroticism in the GS:SFHS and QIMR samples, although most of the genome-wide significant alleles identified within a UK Biobank-only GWAS of neuroticism were not independently replicated within these cohorts. The identification of nine novel neuroticism-associated loci will drive forward future work on the neurobiology of neuroticism and related phenotypes.
A common theme in extracellular fluids of beetles: extracellular superoxide dismutases crucial for balancing ROS in response to microbial challenge
Authors: Gretscher René R. , Streicher Priska E. , Strauß Anja S. , Wielsch Natalie , Stock Magdalena , Wang Ding , Boland Wilhelm , Burse Antje
Published: April 2016

Extracellular Cu/Zn superoxide dismutases (SODs) are critical for balancing the level of reactive oxygen species in the extracellular matrix of eukaryotes. In the present study we have detected constitutive SOD activity in the haemolymph and defensive secretions of different leaf beetle species. Exemplarily, we have chosen the mustard leaf beetle, Phaedon cochleariae, as representative model organism to investigate the role of extracellular SODs in antimicrobial defence. Qualitative and quantitative proteome analyses resulted in the identification of two extracellular Cu/Zn SODs in the haemolymph and one in the defensive secretions of juvenile P. cochleariae. Furthermore, quantitative expression studies indicated fat body tissue and defensive glands as the main synthesis sites of these SODs. Silencing of the two SODs revealed one of them, PcSOD3.1, as the only relevant enzyme facilitating SOD activity in haemolymph and defensive secretions in vivo. Upon challenge with the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae, PcSOD3.1-deficient larvae exhibited a significantly higher mortality compared to other SOD-silenced groups. Hence, our results serve as a basis for further research on SOD regulated host-pathogen interactions. In defensive secretions PcSOD3.1-silencing affected neither deterrent production nor activity against fungal growth. Instead, we propose another antifungal mechanism based on MRJP/yellow proteins in the defensive exudates.