bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determining 3D seismic characteristics of the conduit system of the Changchang sag, Qiongdongnan Basin
Authors: Li Yufeng , Pu Renhai , Zhang Gongcheng , Han Qiang , Yuan Chao , Zhao Xueqin
Published: December 2020

Although some giant gas fields found in the deepwater area of the Qiongdongnan Basin (QDNB), China, are often associated with mud diapirs and/or gas chimneys, no comprehensive 3D work has been undertaken to characterize them. We have conducted a 3D seismic investigation using the root-mean square, coherence, and instantaneous frequency attributes to provide a better understanding of the conduit systems in the QDNB. The results show that the conduit system that we investigated can be separated vertically into four zones in the following order: (1) a structurally diapiric weak zone at the base, followed by (2) an injected or reinjected sandstones zone, (3) a gas chimney zone, and (4) a mud volcanic zone at the top. The morphology of the structurally weak zone is elliptical, formed by the intersection of northwest–southeast- and nearly east–west-trending tectonic faults. We infer that this zone provides pathways for the ascent of the diapiric mud that was probably sourced by the underlying overpressured mudstones. The injected or reinjected sandstones zone is characterized by high amplitude anomalies, and it was probably fed by the lobes of underlying submarine fans. The gas chimney zone, which is characterized by low frequencies and weak amplitudes, is probably composed of a mixture of uprising mud and free gas formed from the underlying overpressured mudstones, whereas the mud volcano with a Christmas-tree pattern and is composed of a central crater, the southern flank of which is a mudflow, formed when the uprising mud migrating upward through faults got to the paleo seafloor. Finally, we have developed schematic illustrations that would aid in understanding the different stages of the formation and internal architecture of this conduit system.
Public behaviour in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: understanding the role of group processes
Authors: Drury John , Carter Holly , Ntontis Evangelos , Guven Selin Tekin
Published: December 2020

Background

In the absence of a vaccine, behaviour by the public is key to the response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Yet, as with other types of crises and emergencies, there have been doubts about the extent to which the public are able to engage effectively with the required behaviour. These doubts are based on outdated models of group psychology.

Aims and argument

We analyse the role of group processes in the COVID-19 pandemic in three domains: recognition of threat, adherence by the public to the required public health behaviours (and the factors that increase such adherence) and actions of the many community mutual aid groups that arose during lockdown. In each case, we draw upon the accumulated research on behaviour in emergencies and disasters, as well as the latest findings in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic, to show that explanations in terms of social identity processes make better sense of the patterns of evidence than alternative explanations.

Conclusions

If behaviour in the pandemic is a function of mutable group processes rather than fixed tendencies, then behavioural change is possible. There was evidence of significant change in behaviour from the public, particularly in the early days of the pandemic. Understanding the role of group processes means we can help design more effective interventions to support collective resilience in the public in the face of the pandemic and other threats. We draw out from the evidence a set of recommendations on facilitating the public response to COVID-19 by harnessing group processes.
TrkB deubiquitylation by USP8 regulates receptor levels and BDNF-dependent neuronal differentiation
Authors: Martín-Rodríguez Carlos , Song Minseok , Anta Begoña , González-Calvo Francisco J. , Deogracias Rubén , Jing Deqiang , Lee Francis S. , Arevalo Juan Carlos
Published: December 2020

Ubiquitylation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) regulates both the levels and functions of these receptors. The neurotrophin receptor TrkB (also known as NTRK2), a RTK, is ubiquitylated upon activation by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) binding. Although TrkB ubiquitylation has been demonstrated, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the precise repertoire of proteins that regulates TrkB ubiquitylation. Here, we provide mechanistic evidence indicating that ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 8 (USP8) modulates BDNF- and TrkB-dependent neuronal differentiation. USP8 binds to the C-terminus of TrkB using its microtubule-interacting domain (MIT). Immunopurified USP8 deubiquitylates TrkB in vitro, whereas knockdown of USP8 results in enhanced ubiquitylation of TrkB upon BDNF treatment in neurons. As a consequence of USP8 depletion, TrkB levels and its activation are reduced. Moreover, USP8 protein regulates the differentiation and correct BDNF-dependent dendritic formation of hippocampal neurons in vitro and in vivo. We conclude that USP8 positively regulates the levels and activation of TrkB, modulating BDNF-dependent neuronal differentiation.

This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
The association of Plk1 with the astrin–kinastrin complex promotes formation and maintenance of a metaphase plate
Authors: Geraghty Zoë , Barnard Christina , Uluocak Pelin , Gruneberg Ulrike
Published: December 2020

Errors in mitotic chromosome segregation can lead to DNA damage and aneuploidy, both hallmarks of cancer. To achieve synchronous error-free segregation, mitotic chromosomes must align at the metaphase plate with stable amphitelic attachments to microtubules emanating from opposing spindle poles. The astrin–kinastrin (astrin is also known as SPAG5 and kinastrin as SKAP) complex, also containing DYNLL1 and MYCBP, is a spindle and kinetochore protein complex with important roles in bipolar spindle formation, chromosome alignment and microtubule–kinetochore attachment. However, the molecular mechanisms by which astrin–kinastrin fulfils these diverse roles are not fully understood. Here, we characterise a direct interaction between astrin and the mitotic kinase Plk1. We identify the Plk1-binding site on astrin as well as four Plk1 phosphorylation sites on astrin. Regulation of astrin by Plk1 is dispensable for bipolar spindle formation and bulk chromosome congression, but promotes stable microtubule–kinetochore attachments and metaphase plate maintenance. It is known that Plk1 activity is required for effective microtubule–kinetochore attachment formation, and we suggest that astrin phosphorylation by Plk1 contributes to this process.
Η περιβαλλοντική εκπαίδευση στην εποχή της εξ αποστάσεως μάθησης
Authors: Πούλιος Ιωάννης
Published: December 2020

Σύμφωνα με την UNESCO, τους τελευταίους 2 μήνες πάνω από 1.3 δισεκατομμύρια μαθητών/τριών δεν έχουν πρόσβαση σε υπηρεσίες εκπαίδευσης λόγω των περιοριστικών μέτρων που εκατοντάδες κράτη έχουν αποφασίσει. Η τεχνολογία μπορεί να βελτιώσει την πρόσβαση και την ποιότητα της εκπαίδευσης και να προσφέρει ευελιξία σε μαθητές και εκπαιδευτικούς, δίχως χωροχρονικούς περιορισμούς. Η εξ Αποστάσεως Εκπαίδευση αποτελεί ένα πεδίο που καθώς μπορεί να μετατραπεί σε μια διαδραστική εμπειρία μάθησης, μπορεί να καλύψει κάποια από τα μαθησιακά κενά που δημιούργησε το κλείσιμο των σχολείων. Η διακοπή της πρόσβασης των μαθητών όλων των βαθμίδων στις εκπαιδευτικές δομές δημιούργησε σύνθετα προβλήματα πρωτοφανούς κλίμακας, τα οποία εξακολουθούν να δοκιμάζουν τις αντοχές κάθε εκπαιδευτικού συστήματος. Σημαντική πτυχή των προβλημάτων αυτών αποτελεί η αναστολή πολλών περιβαλλοντικών προγραμμάτων και δράσεων. Στο πλαίσιο του παραπάνω προβληματισμού, οι Έλληνες εκπαιδευτικοί κλήθηκαν τους τελευταίους μήνες να αξιοποιήσουν τα εργαλεία της εξ αποστάσεως εκπαίδευσης για να επικοινωνήσουν και να αλληλοεπιδράσουν με τους μαθητές τους, οργανώνοντας σύγχρονες και ασύγχρονες εξ αποστάσεως εκπαιδευτικές δράσεις. Στο παρόν άρθρο περιγράφονται μια σειρά από εκπαιδευτικές δράσεις περιβαλλοντικής εκπαίδευσης που προτάθηκαν στους εκπαιδευτικούς από τον συγγραφέα του άρθρου, υπεύθυνο σχολικών δραστηριοτήτων. Οι δράσεις αξιοποιούν ψηφιακά εργαλεία και το διαδίκτυο και χρησιμοποιούν ποικίλα και ελκυστικά εργαλεία με σκοπό να καλλιεργήσουν την κριτική σκέψη των μαθητών και τη δημιουργική τους έκφραση, αναπτύσσοντας παράλληλα τον ψηφιακό τους αλφαβητισμό και καλλιεργώντας την περιβαλλοντική τους ευαισθητοποίηση.
OXIS contact areas of primary molars – a two center cross-sectional study
Authors: Walia Tarun , Kirthiga M , Brigi Carel , Muthu M S , Odeh Ruba , Pakash Mathur Vijay , Rodrigues Steven
Published: December 2020

Background: Contact areas in primary teeth are known to be broader, flatter and situated farther gingivally than permanent teeth. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of OXIS contact areas between primary molars using die models of children from two different ethnic populations. The research question of the present study is “What is the prevalence OXIS contact areas of primary molars in the populations studied?”.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was planned in a representative sample of 200 caries-free contact areas among children aged 3-6 years in two centers, Ajman and Puducherry. Data collection was performed from sectional or full-arch die stone models. The contacts were assessed according to OXIS classification by a single calibrated examiner at Center 2. Prevalence was expressed as numbers and percentages. The Chi-square test was applied to determine the association of OXIS contacts across genders and arches.

Results: The prevalence of O, X, I, and S contacts were 19%, 22.5%, 53%, and 5.5% in Center 1 and 6%, 1.5%, 75.5%, and 17% in Center 2, respectively. Significant results (p=0.005) were obtained in Center 1 when inter-arch comparison was performed and between the centers with respect to type of contact. No significant difference was obtained with respect to gender and OXIS contact areas.

Conclusions: The present study confirmed OXIS contacts in both the centers. The ‘O’ and ‘X’ types of contacts were observed more in Center 1, whereas ‘I’ and ‘S’ contacts were observed more in Center 2.
MethylDetectR: a software for methylation-based health profiling
Authors: Hillary Robert F. , Marioni Riccardo E.
Published: December 2020

DNA methylation is an important biological process which involves the reversible addition of chemical tags called methyl groups to DNA and affects whether genes are active or inactive. Individual methylation profiles are determined by both genetic and environmental influences. Inter-individual variation in DNA methylation profiles can be exploited to estimate or predict a wide variety of human characteristics and disease risk profiles. Indeed, a number of methylation-based predictors of human traits have been developed and linked to important health outcomes. However, there is an unmet need to communicate the applicability and limitations of state-of-the-art methylation-based predictors to the wider community. To address this, we created a secure, web-based interactive platform called ‘MethylDetectR’ which calculates estimated values or scores for a variety of human traits using blood methylation data. These traits include age, lifestyle traits, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the levels of 27 blood proteins related to inflammatory and neurological processes and disease. Methylation-based predictors often return scores on arbitrary scales. To provide meaning to these scores, users can interactively view how estimated trait scores for a given individual compare against other individuals in the sample. Users can optionally upload binary phenotypes and investigate how estimated traits vary according to case vs. control status for these phenotypes. Users can also view how different methylation-based predictors correlate with one another, and with phenotypic values for corresponding traits in a large reference sample (n = 4,450; Generation Scotland). The ‘MethylDetectR’ platform allows for the fast and secure calculation of DNA methylation-derived estimates for many human traits. This platform also helps to show the correlations between methylation-based scores and corresponding traits at the level of a sample, report estimated health profiles at an individual level, demonstrate how scores relate to important binary outcomes of interest and highlight the current limitations of molecular health predictors.
MODELING AN EFFECTIVE SOLUTION FOR THE UTILIZATION OF SECONDARY ENERGY RESOURCES OF CCGT UNIT ON THE EXAMPLE OF CCGT-420T CHPP-16
Authors: Antipov Yuriy , Shatalov Ivan , Shkarin Kirill , Polischuk Georgiy , Danilov Igor , Barybina Anna , Ogneva Yana , Morozov Pavel
Published: December 2020

Nowadays, improving the efficiency of power plants by utilizing secondary energy resources is gaining more attention in the energy sector. In this paper, the combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT-420T) was considered, where exhaust heat from the main and auxiliary equipment is utilized, and sent to a water supply system through a closed-circuit heat exchanger, as a result, the heat transferred (Q = 6.4 MW) is rejected into the environment through a cooling tower. Moreover, an effective modelling method for utilizing heat in a closed cycle, using a steam compressing heat pump unit (HPU) is proposed. In addition, a calculation of the effectiveness of utilizing secondary energy resources depending on the number of HPU stages.
CALCULATION OF FORCES AND MEANS WHEN SIMULATING FIRES
Authors: Zvyaginceva Alla , Sazonova Svetlana , Zaycev A.
Published: December 2020

The object of research is OJSC «Severnaya» oil depot of the Lipetsk region. For the protected object, an analysis of the situation at the fire was carried out taking into account weather conditions. The calculations take into account the presence and number of forces and means of extinguishing, the capabilities of the available fire fighting equipment and the time of its concentration, as well as the need to call additional forces and means. One of the main and important sections of the work is the section on the development of options for extinguishing a possible fire in a group of tanks, both using traditional methods and using new developments. The effectiveness of the use of the UKTP «Purga» is clearly shown. Forecasting the development of a possible fire and the organization of its extinguishing are considered.
ESTIMATED STRENGTH OF THE FRONT BRAKE DISC
Authors: Al'meev Ruslan , Savel'ev Vladimir , Danilov Igor , Polischuk Georgiy , Asoyan Artur
Published: December 2020

Road safety issues, including road transport, are always given special attention. As an object of research, the mechanism of the front brake of front-wheel drive LADA cars is considered. Possible operational defects of the ventilated front brake disc are described, and a map of its defects is compiled. Statistical data of working surfaces wear of the disk as a leading defect is considered. The dependence of the total disk wear on the car mileage is obtained. A mathematical calculation of the braking torque in the front braking mechanism is performed, and the strength of the brake disc is estimated on its basis by the finite element method. The critical section of the disk are determined in case of critical wear of the working surfaces. A mathematical calculation of the braking torque in the front brake mechanism is performed.
Failing to Learn from Failure: How Optimism Impedes Entrepreneurial Innovation
Authors: Amore Mario Daniele , Garofalo Orsola , Martin-Sanchez Victor
Published: December 2020

Extant research shows that entrepreneurs are typically overly optimistic about their ventures’ prospects and that such optimism hampers performance. We analyze how dispositional optimism affects the adjustments to entrepreneurs’ expectations after they receive negative feedback on their task performance. We then explore the relationship between optimism and the effectiveness of innovation. Exploiting unique firm-level data and a laboratory experiment involving 205 entrepreneurs, we find that dispositional optimism is negatively associated with both the likelihood and extent of belief updating in response to negative feedback. Furthermore, dispositional optimism triggers a discrepancy—between innovation inputs and outputs—that reduces a firm’s innovation effectiveness.
Real-time range gate control of a satellite laser ranging system based the on heterogeneous processor architecture
Authors: Yang Wenbo , Zhao Yan , Fan Cunbo , Kang Zhe , Liu Peiyu
Published: December 2020

The range gate generator (RGG) is a key device in kilohertz (kHz) satellite laser ranging systems. The RGG at Changchun station is an integrated circuit composed of discrete components. Using this RGG at high repetition rates can result in the loss of data, and the low resolution of internal time can lead to inaccurate data points. In this paper, starting from the principle of noise suppression by range gate control, we propose a method of range gate control with high repetition rates, high accuracy, and strong universality, and we implement a RGG based on the heterogeneous system architecture of a field-programmable gate array plus a digital signal processor. The average of the intervals between the internal time of the embedded RGG and the external standard time is 48.268 ns, and the accuracy of the range gate time is less than 1.5 ns. The test results indicate that the embedded RGG can satisfy the demand for centimeter-level accuracy with satellite laser ranging. Compared with the original RGG at Changchun station, the embedded RGG has significantly improved time resolution, repetition rate of laser ranging, and system upgrade and maintenance. At present, Changchun station is carrying out a short-term stability test on the embedded RGG.
Slotted photonic crystal fiber-based plasmonic biosensor
Authors: Sarker Hasan , Faisal Mohammad , Mollah Md. Aslam
Published: December 2020

An optical fiber having the properties of photonic crystal and offering new diversity and features beyond a conventional optical fiber is the photonic crystal fiber (PCF). In this paper, a simplified version of a highly sensitive plasmonic sensor, called a “slotted PCF based plasmonic biosensor,” is studied numerically with asymmetric air holes using the finite element method. From numerical records through the interrogation method, the maximum obtained wavelength sensitivity and amplitude sensitivity are 22000 nm/RIU and

1782.56

R
I
U

−
1

, respectively, with a maximum wavelength resolution of

4.54
×

10

−
6

R
I
U

−
1

RIU for the

y

-polarized mode. Finally, optimization of the sensor performance is scrutinized, and the effect of different parameters is studied with proper resonance wavelength curve fitting. The design structure of the fiber is simple, symmetrical, easy to fabricate, and cost effective and has higher sensitivity than other PCF based sensors. Having a symmetric orientation of air holes, classic geometric structure, and higher sensitivity, it has the capability to be used in sensing applications, refractive index detection, and identification of biochemicals, biomolecules, and other analytes.
Design of radiative cooler based on porous TiO2 for
improving solar cells’ performance
Authors: Zahir Mounir , Benlattar Mourad
Published: December 2020

It is widely known that the conversion efficiency and lifetime of solar
cell modules decrease with higher operating temperatures. To maximize
both efficiency and reliability, solar cell modules benefit greatly
from the use of daytime passive radiative cooling techniques. In this
study, we introduce a simple, low-cost, double-layer coating based on
porous

T
i
O

2

as a daytime passive radiative
cooling system to achieve sub-ambient operating temperatures in a
solar cell module. The top and bottom layers of the implemented design
are porous

T
i
O

2

and BK7 (glass), respectively. This
solar cell/radiative cooling hybrid design is capable of achieving
both high solar absorption in the photovoltaic conversion band
0.3–1.1 µm and high emissivity over 0.96 in the atmospheric
transparency window 8–13 µm, while rejecting parasitic solar
absorption. At

800

W

/

m

2

solar heating power, we found that
adding the proposed cooling design on top of mono-crystalline silicon
(m-Si), the solar cell panel lowered its operating temperature by
18.04°C, leading to a relative (effective) efficiency advantage of
21.56%. Additionally, at steady-state temperature (325 K), the power
conversion efficiency of our radiative-cooler-coated m-Si solar cell
is estimated to reach 20.46%, in contrast to 16.83% for an uncoated
silicon solar cell. When compared with an uncoated silicon solar cell,
optoelectronic simulations of our coated silicon solar cell show a
short-circuit current density

J

s
c

as high as

5.07

m
A

/

c
m

2

, and the open circuit voltage

V

o
c

increased from 771.78 to
776.3 mV.
Simulation and experimental results of a high-gain two-stage and double-pass off-axis Nd:YVO4 picosecond laser amplifier
Authors: Shi Bingnan , He Guanbai , Mao Jiajia , Wang Feifei , Yang Kejian , Zhang Baitao , He Jingliang
Published: December 2020

A high-gain two-stage double-pass off-axis

N
d

:

Y
V
O

4

picosecond laser amplifier has been developed. The comprehensive influence of crystal doping concentration and pump beam quality on the small-signal gain of the

N
d

:

Y
V
O

4

amplifier is theoretically analyzed with a model developed by considering energy transfer upconversion and pump light absorption saturation effect. The thermal effect of

N
d

:

Y
V
O

4

crystal with different doping concentrations, undoped end cap lengths, and pump beam quality is investigated as well. Based on the theoretical analysis, a high-gain two-stage and double-pass off-axis

N
d

:

Y
V
O

4

amplifier based on picosecond fiber seed source is realized by choosing long-composite low-doping

N
d

:

Y
V
O

4

crystal and with high brightness laser diode pumping, delivering a gain of 28 dB and an output pulse energy of 67.5 µJ at a repetition rate of 200 kHz.
General mirror formula for adaptive optics
Authors: González-Acuña Rafael G. , Chaparro-Romo Héctor A.
Published: December 2020

We present the general formula to design a mirror such that it reflects the light of a given arbitrary wavefront as a plane wave for two and three dimensions. The formula is fully analytical and close-form. We test the mentioned equations with ray tracing techniques. The results were as expected. We do not use any paraxial concepts or numerical approximations during its derivation.
Systematic analysis of video-based pulse measurement from compressed videos
Authors: Nowara Ewa M. , McDuff Daniel , Veeraraghavan Ashok
Published: December 2020

Camera-based physiological measurement enables vital signs to be captured unobtrusively without contact with the body. Remote, or imaging, photoplethysmography involves recovering peripheral blood flow from subtle variations in video pixel intensities. While the pulse signal might be easy to obtain from high quality uncompressed videos, the signal-to-noise ratio drops dramatically with video bitrate. Uncompressed videos incur large file storage and data transfer costs, making analysis, manipulation and sharing challenging. To help address these challenges, we use compression specific supervised models to mitigate the effect of temporal video compression on heart rate estimates. We perform a systematic evaluation of the performance of state-of-the-art algorithms across different levels, and formats, of compression. We demonstrate that networks trained on compressed videos consistently outperform other benchmark methods, both on stationary videos and videos with significant rigid head motions. By training on videos with the same, or higher compression factor than test videos, we achieve improvements in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of up to 3 dB and mean absolute error (MAE) of up to 6 beats per minute (BPM).
Tripartite entanglement in a Laguerre–Gaussian rotational-cavity system with an yttrium iron garnet sphere
Authors: Cheng Hao-Jie , Zhou Shu-Jie , Peng Jia-Xin , Kundu Akash , Li Hong-Xue , Jin Lei , Feng Xun-Li
Published: December 2020

We propose a scheme that can realize the tripartite entanglement between the Laguerre–Gaussian (L–G) cavity mode, magnon mode, and phonon (rotating) mode in a hybrid rotating cavity optomechanical system with an yttrium iron garnet sphere inside the cavity. The excited magnon mode and the L–G cavity mode are related through the magnetic dipole interaction, and the L–G cavity mode can exchange orbital angular momentum (OAM) with the rotating mirror. In this way, the magnon mode and the rotating mirror are connected through the L–G cavity mode. Our results show that physical parameters such as OAM of the L–G cavity mode, detuning of the magnon mode, and effective detuning of the cavity mode play different roles in establishing entanglements.
Light-driven diffraction grating based on a photothermal actuator incorporating femtosecond laser-induced GO/rGO
Authors: Jiang Shiru , Park Chul-Soon , Lee Woo-Bin , Zhou Changyi , Lee Sang-Shin
Published: December 2020

A light-driven diffraction grating incorporating two grating patterns
with different pitches atop a photothermal actuator (PTA) has been
proposed. It is based on graphene oxide/reduced graphene oxide
(GO/rGO) induced via femtosecond laser direct writing (FsLDW). The
rGO, its controllable linewidth, and transmission support the
formation of grating patterns; its noticeably small coefficient of
thermal expansion (CTE), good flexibility, and thermal conductivity
enable the fabrication of a PTA consisting of a polydimethylsiloxane
layer with a relatively large CTE. Under different intensities of
light stimuli, diffraction patterns can be efficiently tailored
according to different gratings, which are selectively addressed by
incident light beam hinging on the bending of the PTA. This is the
first demonstration of combining gratings and PTA, wherein the GO
plays the role of a bridge. The light-driven mechanism enables the
contactless operation of the proposed device, which can be efficiently
induced via FsLDW. The diffraction angle could be changed between
2° and 6° horizontally, and the deviation of side lobes
from the main lobe could be altered vertically in a continuous range.
The proposed device may provide powerful support for activating
dynamic diffraction devices in photothermally contactless schemes.
Dielectric layer thickness insensitive EVA/Ag-coated hollow fiber temperature sensor based on long-range surface plasmon resonance
Authors: Tang Yi-Xiao , Zhang Xian , Zhu Xiao-Song , Shi Yi-Wei
Published: December 2020

A novel hollow fiber temperature sensor (HFTS) based on long-range surface plasmon resonance is presented. The HFTS consists of a dielectric/Ag-coated hollow fiber filled with the thermosensitive liquid and two multimode fibers connected at both ends. By measuring the transmission spectra under different temperatures, the performances, including sensitivity and figure of merit (FOM) of the sensors with different structural parameters, such as thermosensitive liquid property, ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) and silver layer thicknesses, were investigated experimentally. The results shows that the sensitivity of the optimized HFTS is 1.60nm/°C to 5.21nm/°C in the range from 20°C to 60°C, and the FOM is up to 0.0453°C−1. Both performances are higher than most reported optical fiber temperature sensors based on surface plasmon resonance. Moreover, the performance of the HFTS is not sensitive to the dielectric layer thickness, which greatly reduces the difficulty of fabrication.
Photonic analog-to-digital converter powered by a generalized and robust convolutional recurrent autoencoder
Authors: Zou Xiuting , Xu Shaofu , Deng Anyi , Qian Na , Wang Rui , Zou Weiwen
Published: December 2020

We propose a convolutional recurrent autoencoder (CRAE) to compensate for time mismatches in a photonic analog-to-digital converter (PADC). In contrast of other neural networks, the proposed CRAE is generalized to untrained mismatches and untrained category of signals while remaining robust to system states. We train the CRAE using mismatched linear frequency modulated (LFM) signals with mismatches of 35 ps and 57 ps under one system state. It can effectively compensate for mismatches of both LFM and Costas frequency modulated signals with mismatches ranging from 35 ps to 137 ps under another system state. When the spur-free dynamic range (SFDR) of the unpowered PADC decreases from 10.2 dBc to -3.0 dBc, the SFDR of the CRAE-powered PADC is over 31.6 dBc.
Broadband silicon nitride nanophotonic phased arrays for wide-angle beam steering
Authors: Wang Hongjie , Chen Zhenmin , Sun Caiming , Deng Shupeng , Tang Xinke , Zhang Long , Jiang Rui , Shi Wu , Chen Zhen , Li Zhongyi , Zhang Aidong
Published: December 2020

In this Letter, the broadband operation in wavelengths from 520 nm to 980 nm is demonstrated on silicon nitride nanophotonic phased arrays. The widest beam steering angle of 65° on a silicon nitride phased array is achieved. The optical radiation efficiency of the main grating lobe in a broad wavelength range is measured and analyzed theoretically. The optical spots radiated from the phased array chip are studied at different wavelengths of lasers. The nanophotonic phased array is excited by a supercontinuum laser source for a wide range of beam steering for the first time to the best of our knowledge. It paves the way to tune the wavelength from visible to near infrared range for silicon nitride nanophotonic phased arrays.
Random laser emission from whole blood as the active medium
Authors: Mendicuti E. , Käferlein O. , García-Segundo C.
Published: December 2020

We introduce a proof of concept for multimode random laser (RL) emission with fresh whole blood (WB) as the active medium. The experimental principle is adapted from RL emission using rhodamine 6G (R6G). We achieved conditions for fresh WB to fluoresce with stochastic amplification of stimulated emission of radiation. The random conditions are placed with

S
i
O

2

particles, suspended in isotonic solvent. The results we report are for: (1) R6G-RL, with 2 nm bandwidth centered at 567 nm, and (2) RL emission for WB at 969 nm and 437 nm, of sub-3 nm bandwidth. For validation purposes, we show that the pumping energy threshold for RL emission from blood is consistent with R6G-RL.
Compact polarimetric heterodyning DBR fiber laser sensor with high temperature resistance
Authors: Xu Zhiyuan , Xiao Peng , Liang Yizhi , Jin Long , Ran Yang , Guan Bai-Ou
Published: December 2020

We report on a short-cavity polarization beat-frequency distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) fiber laser that can operate in an unprecedentedly wide range of temperatures from

to 500°C. The beat-frequency signal inherited by the intrinsic fiber birefringence enables implementation of the laser as an eligible temperature or hydrostatic pressure sensor. Furthermore, type-IIa Bragg reflectors allow the annealing of high temperature on the laser cavity to suppress the phase noise of the lasing signal effectively. This research will guide future attempts to achieve high-precision sensing and high-performance signal generation using polarized beat-frequency DBR fiber lasers in harsh environments.
Electrical and optical properties linked to laser damage behavior in conductive thin film materials
Authors: Steinecke Morten , Naran Tank Ankit , Keppler Nils Christian , Behrens Peter , Jensen Lars , Jupé Marco , Ristau Detlev
Published: December 2020

Epsilon-near-zero-materials (ENZ-materials) and their unique properties are key to the successful integration and miniaturization of optical components. Novel concepts, which promise significant progress in this field of research, such as optical switches and thin film electro-optical modulators, are possible when the electrical and optical properties of ENZ-materials are carefully exploited. To achieve a greater understanding of these properties, in this paper the electrical conductivity, optical transmittance, as well as absorption of thin indium tin oxide films, are investigated and linked to their laser-induced damage threshold in the ultra-short pulse regime. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first concise study linking the electrical properties of indium tin oxide to its properties regarding high-power laser applications.
Diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection is associated with reduced HIV viral load and lower risk for opportunistic infections in people living with HIV
Authors: Kusejko Katharina , Günthard Huldrych F. , Olson Gregory S. , Zens Kyra , Darling Katharine , Khanna Nina , Furrer Hansjakob , Vetter Pauline , Bernasconi Enos , Vernazza Pietro , Hoffmann Matthias , Kouyos Roger D. , Nemeth Johannes ,   the Swiss HIV Cohort Study
Published: December 2020

Approximately 28% of the human population have been exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), with the overwhelming majority of infected individuals not developing disease (latent TB infection (LTBI)). While it is known that uncontrolled HIV infection is a major risk factor for the development of TB, the effect of underlying LTBI on HIV disease progression is less well characterized, in part because longitudinal data are lacking. We sorted all participants of the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS) with at least 1 documented MTB test into one of the 3 groups: MTB uninfected, LTBI, or active TB. To detect differences in the HIV set point viral load (SPVL), linear regression was used; the frequency of the most common opportunistic infections (OIs) in the SHCS between MTB uninfected patients, patients with LTBI, and patients with active TB were compared using logistic regression and time-to-event analyses. In adjusted models, we corrected for baseline demographic characteristics, i.e., HIV transmission risk group and gender, geographic region, year of HIV diagnosis, and CD4 nadir. A total of 13,943 SHCS patients had at least 1 MTB test documented, of whom 840 (6.0%) had LTBI and 770 (5.5%) developed active TB. Compared to MTB uninfected patients, LTBI was associated with a 0.24 decreased log HIV SPVL in the adjusted model (p < 0.0001). Patients with LTBI had lower odds of having candida stomatitis (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.68, p = 0.0035) and oral hairy leukoplakia (adjusted OR = 0.67, p = 0.033) when compared to MTB uninfected patients. The association of LTBI with a reduced HIV set point virus load and fewer unrelated infections in HIV/TB coinfected patients suggests a more complex interaction between LTBI and HIV than previously assumed.
Generalizable brain network markers of major depressive disorder across multiple imaging sites
Authors: Yamashita Ayumu , Sakai Yuki , Yamada Takashi , Yahata Noriaki , Kunimatsu Akira , Okada Naohiro , Itahashi Takashi , Hashimoto Ryuichiro , Mizuta Hiroto , Ichikawa Naho , Takamura Masahiro , Okada Go , Yamagata Hirotaka , Harada Kenichiro , Matsuo Koji , Tanaka Saori C. , Kawato Mitsuo , Kasai Kiyoto , Kato Nobumasa , Takahashi Hidehiko , Okamoto Yasumasa , Yamashita Okito , Imamizu Hiroshi
Published: December 2020

Many studies have highlighted the difficulty inherent to the clinical application of fundamental neuroscience knowledge based on machine learning techniques. It is difficult to generalize machine learning brain markers to the data acquired from independent imaging sites, mainly due to large site differences in functional magnetic resonance imaging. We address the difficulty of finding a generalizable marker of major depressive disorder (MDD) that would distinguish patients from healthy controls based on resting-state functional connectivity patterns. For the discovery dataset with 713 participants from 4 imaging sites, we removed site differences using our recently developed harmonization method and developed a machine learning MDD classifier. The classifier achieved an approximately 70% generalization accuracy for an independent validation dataset with 521 participants from 5 different imaging sites. The successful generalization to a perfectly independent dataset acquired from multiple imaging sites is novel and ensures scientific reproducibility and clinical applicability.
Corallopyronin A for short-course anti-wolbachial, macrofilaricidal treatment of filarial infections
Authors: Schiefer Andrea , Hübner Marc P. , Krome Anna , Lämmer Christine , Ehrens Alexandra , Aden Tilman , Koschel Marianne , Neufeld Helene , Chaverra-Muñoz Lillibeth , Jansen Rolf , Kehraus Stefan , König Gabriele M. , Pogorevc Domen , Müller Rolf , Stadler Marc , Hüttel Stephan , Hesterkamp Thomas , Wagner Karl , Pfarr Kenneth , Hoerauf Achim
Published: December 2020

Current efforts to eliminate the neglected tropical diseases onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis, caused by the filarial nematodes Onchocerca volvulus and Wuchereria bancrofti or Brugia spp., respectively, are hampered by lack of a short-course macrofilaricidal–adult-worm killing–treatment. Anti-wolbachial antibiotics, e.g. doxycycline, target the essential Wolbachia endosymbionts of filariae and are a safe prototype adult-worm-sterilizing and macrofilaricidal regimen, in contrast to standard treatments with ivermectin or diethylcarbamazine, which mainly target the microfilariae. However, treatment regimens of 4–5 weeks necessary for doxycycline and contraindications limit its use. Therefore, we tested the preclinical anti-Wolbachia drug candidate Corallopyronin A (CorA) for in vivo efficacy during initial and chronic filarial infections in the Litomosoides sigmodontis rodent model. CorA treatment for 14 days beginning immediately after infection cleared >90% of Wolbachia endosymbionts from filariae and prevented development into adult worms. CorA treatment of patently infected microfilaremic gerbils for 14 days with 30 mg/kg twice a day (BID) achieved a sustained reduction of >99% of Wolbachia endosymbionts from adult filariae and microfilariae, followed by complete inhibition of filarial embryogenesis resulting in clearance of microfilariae. Combined treatment of CorA and albendazole, a drug currently co-administered during mass drug administrations and previously shown to enhance efficacy of anti-Wolbachia drugs, achieved microfilarial clearance after 7 days of treatment at a lower BID dose of 10 mg/kg CorA, a Human Equivalent Dose of 1.4 mg/kg. Importantly, this combination led to a significant reduction in the adult worm burden, which has not yet been published with other anti-Wolbachia candidates tested in this model. In summary, CorA is a preclinical candidate for filariasis, which significantly reduces treatment times required to achieve sustained Wolbachia depletion, clearance of microfilariae, and inhibition of embryogenesis. In combination with albendazole, CorA is robustly macrofilaricidal after 7 days of treatment and fulfills the Target Product Profile for a macrofilaricidal drug.
The prevalence of scabies in Monrovia, Liberia: A population-based survey
Authors: Collinson Shelui , Timothy Joseph , Zayzay Samuel K. , Kollie Karsor K. , Lebas Eglantine , Candy Neima , Halliday Katherine E. , Pullan Rachel , Fallah Mosoka , Walker Stephen L. , Marks Michael
Published: December 2020

Scabies is known to be a public health problem in many settings but the majority of recent data is from rural settings in the Pacific. There is a need for high quality data from sub-Saharan Africa and peri-urban settings to inform scale up of scabies control efforts. There have been anecdotal reports of scabies being a public health problem in Liberia but robust data are lacking. We conducted a cross-sectional cluster-randomised prevalence survey for scabies in a peri-urban community in Monrovia, Liberia in February-March 2020. Participants underwent a standardised examination conducted by trained local health care workers. Health related quality of life (HRQoL) was assessed using age-appropriate versions of the dermatology life quality index (DLQI). Prevalence estimates were calculated accounting for clustering at community and household levels and associations with key demographic variables assessed through multivariable random-effects logistic regression. 1,318 participants from 477 households were surveyed. The prevalence of scabies was 9.3% (95% CI: 6.5–13.2%), across 75 (19.7%) households; impetigo or infected scabies prevalence was 0.8% (95% CI: 0.4–1.9%). The majority (52%) of scabies cases were classified as severe. Scabies prevalence was lower in females and higher in the youngest age group; no associations were found with other collected demographic or socio-economic variables. DLQI scores indicated a very or extremely large effect on HRQoL in 29% of adults and 18% of children diagnosed with scabies. Our study indicates a substantial burden of scabies in this peri-urban population in Liberia. This was associated with significant impact on quality of life, highlighting the need for action to control scabies in this population. Further work is needed to assess the impact of interventions in this context on both the prevalence of scabies and quality of life.
Assessment of antimalarial drug resistant markers in asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections after 4 years of indoor residual spraying in Northern Ghana
Authors: Myers-Hansen James L. , Abuaku Benjamin , Oyebola Muyiwa K. , Mensah Benedicta A. , Ahorlu Collins , Wilson Michael D. , Awandare Gordon , Koram Kwadwo A. , Ngwa Alfred Amambua , Ghansah Anita
Published: December 2020

Background

Drug resistance remains a concern for malaria control and elimination. The effect of interventions on its prevalence needs to be monitored to pre-empt further selection. We assessed the prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum gene mutations associated with resistance to the antimalarial drugs: sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP), chloroquine (CQ) and artemisinin combination therapy (ACTs) after the scale-up of a vector control activity that reduced transmission.

Methods

A total of 400 P. falciparum isolates from children under five years were genotyped for seventeen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in pfcrt, pfmdr1, pfdhfr, pfdhps and pfk13 genes using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and high resolution melting (HRM) analysis. These included 80 isolates, each randomly selected from cross-sectional surveys of asymptomatic infections across 2010 (baseline), 2011, 2012, 2013 (midline: post-IRS) and 2014 (endline: post-IRS) during the peak transmission season, when IRS intervention was rolled out in Bunkpurugu Yunyoo (BY) District, Ghana. The proportions of isolates with drug resistant alleles were assessed over this period.

Results

There were significant decreases in the prevalence of pfdhfr- I51R59N108 haplotype from 2010 to 2014, while the decline in pfdhfr/pfdhps- I51R59N108G437 during the same period was not significant. The prevalence of lumefantrine (LM), mefloquine (MQ) and amodiaquine (AQ) resistance-associated haplotypes pfmdr1-N86F184D1246 and pfmdr1-Y86Y184Y1246 showed decreasing trends (z = -2.86, P = 0.004 and z = -2.71, P = 0.007, respectively). Each of pfcrt-T76 and pfmdr1-Y86 mutant alleles also showed a declining trend in the asymptomatic reservoir, after the IRS rollout in 2014 (z = -2.87, P = 0.004 and z = -2.65, P = 0.008, respectively). Similarly, Pyrimethamine resistance mediating polymorphisms pfdhfr-N108, pfdhfr-I51 and pfdhfr-R59 also declined (z = -2.03, P = 0.042, z = -3.54, P<0.001 and z = -4.63, P<0.001, respectively), but not the sulphadoxine resistance mediating pfdhps-G437 and pfdhps-F436 (z = -0.36, P = 0.715 and z = 0.41, P = 0.684, respectively). No mutant pfk13-Y580 were detected during the study period.

Conclusion

The study demonstrated declining trends in the prevalence of drug resistant mutations in asymptomatic P. falciparum infections following transmission reduction after an enhanced IRS intervention in Northern Ghana.
Predicting the 10-year risk of death from other causes in men with localized prostate cancer using patient-reported factors: Development of a tool
Authors: Frendl Daniel M. , FitzGerald Gordon , Epstein Mara M. , Allison Jeroan J. , Sokoloff Mitchell H. , Ware John E.
Published: December 2020

Objective

To develop a tool for estimating the 10-year risk of death from other causes in men with localized prostate cancer.

Subjects and methods

We identified 2,425 patients from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results—Medicare Health Outcomes Survey database, age <80, newly diagnosed with clinical stage T1-T3a prostate cancer from 1/1/1998-12/31/2009, with follow-up through 2/28/2013. We developed a Fine and Gray competing-risks model for 10-year other cause mortality considering age, patient-reported comorbid medical conditions, component scores and items of the SF-36 Health Survey, activities of daily living, and sociodemographic characteristics. Model discrimination and calibration were compared to predictions from Social Security life table mortality risk estimates.

Results

Over a median follow-up of 7.7 years, 76 men died of prostate-specific causes and 465 died of other causes. The strongest predictors of 10-year other cause mortality risk included increasing age at diagnosis, higher approximated Charlson Comorbidity Index score, worse patient-reported general health (fair or poor vs. excellent-good), smoking at diagnosis, and marital status (all other vs. married) (all p<0.05). Model discrimination improved over Social Security life tables (c-index of 0.70 vs. 0.59, respectively). Predictions were more accurate than predictions from the Social Security life tables, which overestimated risk in our population.

Conclusions

We provide a tool for estimating the 10-year risk of dying from other causes when making decisions about treating prostate cancer using pre-treatment patient-reported characteristics.