bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of obesity in the United States
Authors: Baskin M. L. , Ard J. , Franklin F. , Allison D. B.
Published: January 2005

Obesity is a major public health problem in the United States. Data on measured heights and weights indicates that the prevalence of obesity has significantly increased among the US population over the past 30 years. Data collected from 1999 to 2002 estimates that nearly 1/3 of adults are obese (27.6% of men and 33.2% of women) and one in six children and adolescents is overweight. Increased prevalence of excessive weight is noted among all age, gender and racial/ethnic groups; however, disparities exist. There is a need for further research to better understand why these increases have occurred, why the observed disparities exist and how to reverse these trends.
Prevalence of obesity in Turkey
Authors: Yumuk V. D.
Published: January 2005

Obesity and overweight are increasing in Turkey according to the field surveys that were carried out a decade apart (TEKHARF 1990 and 2000). The overall prevalence of obesity in adults was 18.6% in the year 1990. Ten years later in 2000, the prevalence was 21.9%, which shows a relative increase rate of 17.7%. As it is true for most of the countries, overweight is more common in men and obesity is more prevalent among women in Turkey.
Nurr1 co‐localizes with EphB1 receptors in the developing ventral midbrain, and its expression is enhanced by the EphB1 ligand, ephrinB2
Authors: Calò Laura , Spillantini MariaGrazia , Nicoletti F. , Allen Nicholas D.
Published: January 2005

Both ephrins and the transcription factor, Nurr1, are critically involved in CNS development and, particularly, in the ontogenesis of the nigro‐striatal system. Here we examined whether the ephrin receptor, EphB1, and Nurr1 share a similar expression pattern in the embryonic brain and whether expression of Nurr1 is under the control of EphB1 activation. The transcripts of EphB1 receptor and Nurr1 showed a similar pattern of expression in the ventral midbrain of mice at early stages of embryonic development (E11.5 and E12.5). At later stages (E15.5), only Nurr1 mRNA could still be detected in significant amounts in the A9–A10 regions of the ventral midbrain, whereas the two transcripts still showed a similar pattern of expression in discrete regions of the hindbrain. To examine whether activation of EphB1 receptor could induce the expression of Nurr1 in the ventral midbrain, we applied the EphB1 ligand, ephrinB2, to explants of embryonic mouse ventral midbrain. Low concentrations of clustered ephrinB2 (0.25 µg/mL) enhanced Nurr1 mRNA and protein levels, whereas higher concentrations were inactive. We conclude that activation of EphB1 receptors by appropriate concentrations of its ligand ephrinB2 might contribute to the acquisition of a dopaminergic fate in developing midbrain ventral neurones.
Diminished Akt phosphorylation in neurons lacking glutathione peroxidase‐1 (Gpx1) leads to increased susceptibility to oxidative stress‐induced cell death
Authors: Taylor Juliet M. , Ali Uǧur , Iannello Rocco C. , Hertzog Paul , Crack Peter J.
Published: January 2005

We have previously identified an increased susceptibility of glutathione peroxidase‐1 (Gpx1)–/– mice to neuronal apoptosis following mid‐cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. This study was designed to elucidate the mechanisms involved in elevated neuronal cell death arising from an altered endogenous oxidant state. This was addressed in both an in vitro and in vivo model of oxidative stress in the form of exogenous H2O2 and cerebral ischaemia, respectively. Increased levels of cell death were detected in primary neurons lacking Gpx1 following the addition of exogenous H2O2. This increased apoptosis correlated with a down‐regulation in the activation of the phospho‐inositide 3‐kinase [PI(3)K]–Akt survival pathway. The importance of this pathway in protecting against H2O2‐induced cell death was highlighted by the increased susceptibility of wildtype neurons to apoptosis when treated with the PI(3)K inhibitor, LY294002. The Gpx1–/– mice also demonstrated elevated neuronal cell death following MCA occlusion. Although Akt phosphorylation was detected in the Gpx1–/– brains, activation was not seen in later reperfusion events, as demonstrated in wildtype brains. Previous studies have highlighted the importance of Akt phosphorylation in protecting against neuronal cell death following cerebral ischaemia–reperfusion. Our results suggest that the increased susceptibility of Gpx1–/– neurons to H2O2‐induced apoptosis and neuronal cell death in vivo following cerebral ischaemia–reperfusion injury can be attributed in part to diminished activation of Akt. Perturbations in key anti‐apoptotic mechanisms as a result of an altered redox state may have implications in the study of oxidative stress‐mediated neuropathologies.
Brain response to traumatic brain injury in wild‐type and interleukin‐6 knockout mice: a microarray analysis
Authors: Poulsen Christian Bjørn , Penkowa Milena , Borup Rehannah , Nielsen Finn Cilius , Cáceres Mario , Quintana Albert , Molinero Amalia , Carrasco Javier , Giralt Mercedes , Hidalgo Juan
Published: January 2005

Traumatic injury to the brain is one of the leading causes of injury‐related death or disability. Brain response to injury is orchestrated by cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)‐6, but the full repertoire of responses involved is not well known. We here report the results obtained with microarrays in wild‐type and IL‐6 knockout mice subjected to a cryolesion of the somatosensorial cortex and killed at 0, 1, 4, 8 and 16 days post‐lesion. Overall gene expression was analyzed by using Affymetrix genechips/oligonucleotide arrays with ∼12 400 probe sets corresponding to ∼10 000 different murine genes (MG_U74Av2). A robust, conventional statistical method (two‐way anova) was employed to select the genes significantly affected. An orderly pattern of gene responses was clearly detected, with genes being up‐ or down‐regulated at specific timings consistent with the processes involved in the initial tissue injury and later regeneration of the parenchyma. IL‐6 deficiency showed a dramatic effect in the expression of many genes, especially in the 1 day post‐lesion timing, which presumably underlies the poor capacity of IL‐6 knockout mice to cope with brain damage. The results highlight the importance of IL‐6 controlling the response of the brain to injury as well as the suitability of microarrays for identifying specific targets worthy of further study.
Neuronal precursor‐specific activity of a human doublecortin regulatory sequence
Authors: Karl Claudia , Couillard‐Despres Sebastien , Prang Peter , Munding Matthias , Kilb Werner , Brigadski Tanja , Plötz Sonja , Mages Wolfgang , Luhmann Heiko , Winkler Jürgen , Bogdahn Ulrich , Aigner Ludwig
Published: January 2005

The doublecortin (DCX) gene encodes a 40‐kDa microtubule‐associated protein specifically expressed in neuronal precursors of the developing and adult CNS. Due to its specific expression pattern, attention was drawn to DCX as a marker for neuronal precursors and neurogenesis, thereby underscoring the importance of its promoter identification and promoter analysis. Here, we analysed the human DCX regulatory sequence and confined it to a 3.5‐kb fragment upstream of the ATG start codon. We demonstrate by transient transfection experiments that this fragment is sufficient and specific to drive expression of reporter genes in embryonic and adult neuronal precursors. The activity of this regulatory fragment overlapped with the expression of endogenous DCX and with the young neuronal markers class III β‐tubulin isotype and microtubule‐associated protein Map2ab but not with glial or oligodendroglial markers. Electrophysiological data further confirmed the immature neuronal nature of these cells. Deletions within the 3.5‐kb region demonstrated the relevance of specific regions containing transcription factor‐binding sites. Moreover, application of neurogenesis‐related growth factors in the neuronal precursor cultures suggested the lack of direct signalling of these factors on the DCX promoter construct.
Neuroadaptations of total levels of adenylate cyclase, protein kinase A, tyrosine hydroxylase, cdk5 and neurofilaments in the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area do not correlate with expression of sensitized or tolerant locomotor responses to cocaine
Authors: Hope B. T. , Crombag H. S. , Jedynak J. P. , Wise R. A.
Published: January 2005

Neuroadaptations induced by high‐dose cocaine treatment have been hypothesized to persist after the cessation of drug treatment and mediate the expression of sensitization and tolerance to cocaine. We looked for evidence of these neuroadaptations in rats receiving more modest behaviorally effective cocaine treatments. Rats were exposed to either a sensitizing regimen of seven once‐daily injections of 15 mg/kg cocaine or a tolerance‐producing regimen involving a continuous infusion of the same daily dose. We assessed enzyme activity levels of protein kinase A and adenylate cyclase, and protein levels of tyrosine hydroxylase, cdk5 and neurofilaments in the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area. Only protein kinase A activity levels were altered by cocaine treatment, but this alteration persisted for only 7 days, whereas a sensitized locomotor response was still evident at 21 days. Although behavioral tolerance to cocaine was seen the day after the termination of treatment, none of the molecular measures was altered on this or any other day. Thus, although increased protein kinase A activity can temporarily modulate sensitized responses to cocaine, alterations in total levels of the molecules assessed in our study do not correlate with the expression of sensitized or tolerant locomotor responses to cocaine.
The role of tissue plasminogen activator in methamphetamine‐related reward and sensitization
Authors: Nagai Taku , Noda Yukihiro , Ishikawa Kazuhiro , Miyamoto Yoshiaki , Yoshimura Masako , Ito Mina , Takayanagi Masanori , Takuma Kazuhiro , Yamada Kiyofumi , Nabeshima Toshitaka
Published: January 2005

In the central nervous system, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) plays a role in synaptic plasticity and remodeling. Our recent study has suggested that tPA participates in the rewarding effects of morphine by regulating dopamine release. In this study, we investigated the role of tPA in methamphetamine (METH)‐related reward and sensitization. Repeated METH treatment dose‐dependently induced tPA mRNA expression in the frontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, striatum and hippocampus, whereas single METH treatment did not affect tPA mRNA expression in these brain areas. The METH‐induced increase in tPA mRNA expression in the nucleus accumbens was completely inhibited by pre‐treatment with R(+)‐SCH23390 and raclopride, dopamine D1 and D2 receptor antagonists, respectively. In addition, repeated METH treatment increased tPA activity in the nucleus accumbens. There was no difference in METH‐induced hyperlocomotion between wild‐type and tPA‐deficient (tPA–/–) mice. On the other hand, METH‐induced conditioned place preference and behavioral sensitization after repeated METH treatment were significantly reduced in tPA–/– mice compared with wild‐type mice. The defect of behavioral sensitization in tPA–/– mice was reversed by microinjections of exogenous tPA into the nucleus accumbens. Our findings suggest that tPA is involved in the rewarding effects as well as the sensitization of the locomotor‐stimulating effect of METH.
The Impact of E‐Replenishment Strategy on Make‐to‐Order Supply Chain Performance
Authors: Robinson E. Powell , Sahin Funda , Gao Li‐Lian
Published: January 2005

This research investigates the impact of electronic replenishment strategy on the operational activities and performance of a two‐stage make‐to‐order supply chain. We develop simulation‐based rolling schedule procedures that link the replenishment processes of the channel members and apply them in an experimental analysis to study manual, semi‐automated, and fully automated e‐replenishment strategies in decentralized and coordinated decision‐making supply chain structures. The average operational cost reductions for moving from a manual‐based system to a fully automated system are 19.6, 29.5, and 12.5%, respectively, for traditional decentralized, decentralized with information sharing, and coordinated supply chain structures. The savings are neither equally distributed among participants, nor consistent across supply chain structures. As expected, for the fully coordinated system, total costs monotonically decrease with higher levels of automation. However, for the two decentralized structures, under which most firms operate today, counter‐intuitive findings reveal that the unilateral application of e‐procurement technology by the buyer may lower his purchasing costs, but increase the seller's and system's costs. The exact nature of the relationship is determined by the channel's operational flexibility. Broader results indicate that while the potential economic benefit of e‐replenishment in a decentralized system is substantial, greater operational improvements maybe possible through supply chain coordination.
Dynamic Changes in the QT–R‐R Relationship during Head‐Up Tilt Test in Patients with Vasovagal Syncope
Authors: Mizumaki Koichi , Fujiki Akira , Sakabe Masao , Nishida Kunihiro , Sugao Masataka , Tsuneda Takayuki , Nagasawa Hidehiko , Inoue Hiroshi
Published: January 2005

Background: QT interval is influenced by preceding R‐R intervals and autonomic nervous tone. Changes in QT intervals during vasovagal reflex might reflect autonomic modulation of ventricular repolarization; however, this issue has not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to evaluate dynamic response of QT interval to transient changes in R‐R interval during vasovagal syncope (VVS) induced by head‐up tilt test.

Methods: Eighteen patients with VVS and 18 age‐and sex‐matched controls were studied. All patients with VVS had a positive mixed‐type response to head‐up tilt and all controls had a negative response. CM5‐lead digital electrocardiogram (ECG) was recorded and QT intervals were analyzed using Holter ECG analyzer. Using scatter plots of consecutive QT and the preceding R‐R intervals, QT–R‐R relations during tilt‐up and tilt‐back or during vasovagal reflex were independently fitted to an exponential curve: QT (second) = A + B × exp[k × R‐R (second)].

Results: During the tilt‐up, A, B, and k did not differ between patients with VVS and controls. During the tilt back, k showed equivalent positive value compared to the tilt‐up (4.1 ± 1.3 vs −4.6 ± 0.9) in controls. However, k remained negative (−1.3 ± 1.5) during vasovagal reflex in patients with VVS. In six patients, in whom metoprolol was effective in eliminating VVS, QT–R‐R relationship during the tilt‐back became similar to that in controls.

Conclusions: In patients with VVS, hysteresis of the QT–R‐R relation is similarly shown during tilt‐up as in controls, whereas this hysteresis is no longer evident and failure of QT prolongation is observed during VVS.
Microarray gene expression profiling of cell lines from primary and metastatic tongue squamous cell carcinoma: possible insights from emerging technology
Authors: Vigneswaran Nadarajah , Wu Jean , Sacks Peter , Gilcrease Michael , Zacharias Wolfgang
Published: January 2005

Background:  To identify common gene expression patterns among two uniquely matched pairs of primary and metastatic oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines derived from the same two patient donors.

Methods:  Two pairs of cell lines derived from the primary tumors and lymph node metastases of the same two patients were used to obtain microarray‐based gene expression profiles. Reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry were used to confirm observed changes for some of the candidate genes.

Results:  Approximately 50% of the genes profiled were expressed in all four cell lines. Cluster analysis identified a group of 17 genes whose expression correlated inversely with metastatic progression. Only 10 common genes were differentially expressed in both pairs of primary and metastatic cells. A group of 28 highly expressed genes was common for both metastatic cell lines, among them some of the known metastasis‐related genes such as laminin receptor, thymosin β‐4 and β‐10 and metallopanstimulin.

Conclusions:  Groups of presumed metastasis‐related genes are highly heterogeneous and vary significantly between the two patients. Thus, it is unlikely that the metastatic phenotype of these OSCC cells is acquired by de‐regulation of a single gene or a group of few genes. Most likely, multiple combinations of differentially expressed genes are involved in facilitating metastatic spread of these oral carcinoma cell lines.
Cytoplasmic expression of E‐cadherin and β‐Catenin correlated with LOH and hypermethylation of the APC gene in oral squamous cell carcinomas
Authors: Gao Shan , Eiberg Hans , Krogdahl Annelise , Liu Chung‐Ji , Sørensen Jens Ahm
Published: January 2005

Background:  Inactivation of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene results in accumulation and translocation of β‐Catenin, which are important for malignant development. The aim of the present study is to investigate the possible role of APC/β‐Catenin pathway in oral squamous cell carcinomas.

Methods:  The DNA from 34 patients was examined for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at two markers surrounding the APC, and for hypermethylation of the APC promoter by using methylation‐specific polymerase chain reaction (MS‐PCR). Fifteen of 34 samples were stained immunohistochemically to show the expression of E‐cadherin and β‐Catenin.

Results:  We found that cytoplasmic rather than membrane staining of E‐cadherin and β‐Catenin was a prominent aberrant tumour‐related alteration, and that this expression was mainly present in moderately and poorly differentiated tumours. LOH and hypermethylation of the APC promoter was found in four of 31 and five of 34 carcinoma samples, respectively. Four of five cases presenting LOH/hypermethylation showed cytoplasmic expression of E‐cadherin and β‐Catenin by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining.

Conclusion:  The present results indicate that LOH at the APC locus or hypermethylation of the APC promoter 1a may lead to free β‐Catenin accumulation in cytoplasm of oral carcinoma cells and thereby to oral malignant progression.
Influences of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis on cancerous invasion in experimentally induced tongue carcinoma
Authors: Nakaya Hiromitsu , Kawashiri Shuichi , Tanaka Akira , Noguchi Natsuyo , Kato Koroku , Hase Takashi , Yamamoto Etsuhide
Published: January 2005

Background:  Although it is clear that dissemination via the blood system involves angiogenesis, it is uncertain whether tumors also induce lymphangiogenesis or simply invade existing peritumoral vessels. The purpose of this study was to elucidate changes in tumor blood and lymph vessels in cases involving the invasion of squamous cell carcinoma in the oral cavity, and its significance. Blood and lymph vessels densities in tongue carcinomas induced in hamsters were investigated.

Methods:  Tongue cancer was induced by abrading the right margin of the tongue of each hamster with an endodontic barbed broach and subsequently applying 1.0% 9,10‐dimenthl‐1,2‐benzanthracene (DMBA) dissolved in acetone, three times a week, at the same site. Fresh frozen sections were prepared and blood vessels stained blue by perfusion with Coomassie Brilliant Blue and lymph vessels stained brown for 5′‐nucleotidase. The effects on the blood vessels and lymph vessels were observed.

Results:  The results showed that blood and lymph vessel densities were greater in the advanced carcinoma tissues than in normal tissue. These were compared in terms of the mode of cancer invasion. As tumor invasion progressed, the blood vessel density decreased but lymph vessel density tended to be higher in high‐degree tumor invasion than in low‐degree tumor invasion. The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor‐C was seen more frequently as tumor invasion progressed.

Conclusions:  The present findings indicated that angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis are affected by cancerous invasion.
Raised keratinocyte growth factor‐1 expression in oral submucous fibrosis in vivo and upregulated by arecoline in human buccal mucosal fibroblasts in vitro
Authors: Tsai Chung‐Hung , Yang Shun‐Fa , Chen Yi‐Juai , Chou Ming‐Yung , Chang Yu‐Chao
Published: January 2005

Background:  Keratinocyte growth factor‐1 (KGF‐1) is the seventh member of the fibroblast growth factor family. KGF‐1 is produced by mesenchymal cells such as fibroblasts and upregulated in a variety of hyperplastic tissues. Currently, there is limited information about the regulation of KGF‐1 expression in areca quid‐associated oral submucous fibrosis (OSF). The aim of the study was to compare KGF‐1 expression in normal human buccal mucosa and OSF specimens and further to explore the potential mechanism that may lead to induce KGF‐1 expression.

Methods:  The expression of KGF‐1 from fibroblasts cultured from OSF and normal buccal mucosa were using reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, arecoline, a major areca nut alkaloid, was challenged to normal buccal mucosa fibroblasts (BMFs) to elucidate whether KGF‐1 expression could affect by arecoline. Furthermore, 25 OSF specimens and six normal buccal mucosa specimens were examined by immunohistochemistry.

Results:  Fibroblasts derived from OSF were found to exhibit higher KGF‐1 expression than BMFs both in mRNA and protein levels (P < 0.05). In addition, upregulation of KGF‐1 mRNA gene and protein expression were found in BMFs stimulated by arecoline (P < 0.05). From the results of immunohistochemistry, KGF‐1 expression was significantly higher in OSF specimens and expressed mainly by fibroblasts, endothelial cells, inflammatory cells, and epithelial cells.

Conclusions:  Taken together, these results suggest that KGF‐1 expression is significantly upregulated in OSF tissues from areca quid chewers and arecoline may be responsible for the enhanced KGF‐1 expression in vivo.
Sentinel lymph nodes in cancer of the oral cavity – isolated tumour cells
Authors: Thomsen Jørn Bo , Sørensen Jens Ahm , Krogdahl Annelise
Published: January 2005

Background:  Sentinel lymph node biopsy, step sectioning and immunohistochemistry have changed detection of tumour deposits. Isolated tumour cells (ITC) are detected more frequently than earlier because of a changed level of detection.

Methods:  A total of 108 sentinel lymph nodes from 30 patients with T1/T2 cN0 oral cancer were re‐classified histologically to find possible ITC and to describe technical pitfalls.

Results:  Primarily we found metastatic spread in 12 of 108 sentinel lymph nodes: five macrometastasis and seven micrometastasis. After re‐classification, we found seven lymph nodes with macrometastasis, five with micrometastasis and two with ITC.

Conclusion:  The ITC are probably precursors of micrometastasis waiting to grow and should be treated as such. Benign inclusions and dendritic cells did not cause problems, but can mimic ITC.
High resolution charge‐coupled device sensor vs. medium resolution photostimulable phosphor plate digital receptors for detection of root fractures in vitro
Authors: Wenzel Ann , Kirkevang Lise‐Lotte
Published: January 2005

Abstract –  The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of a high resolution charge‐coupled device (CCD) sensor and a medium resolution photostimulable phosphor (PSP) plate for detecting experimentally induced root fractures and further, to evaluate differences between images taken with various horizontal and vertical angles. Forty‐seven extracted single‐rooted human teeth mounted in a dry human skull were used in the experiment. The teeth were radiographed, before and after root fractures were induced, with two digital receptors: the Digora® PSP system (approx. 8 lp mm−1) and the RVG‐uiTM, a CCD sensor with a high‐resolution mode (15–20 lp mm−1). Four images were taken with each of the receptors of each tooth: one orthogonal exposure (O‐images), one exposure with a vertical angle of 15° by which the root was imaged elongated (L‐images), and two eccentric exposures with a horizontal angle of 15° mesially and distally. Three observers marked a fracture line if detected, in each image. Three sessions were held, one assessing the O‐images, one the L‐images, and one in which all four images of the same tooth were displayed simultaneously (X‐images). The RVG‐uiTM images obtained higher sensitivities than the Digora® PSP images (P < 0.05). Sensitivity was statistically significantly higher for the X‐images than for both the O‐images and the L‐images (P < 0.05). Based on the observed means, specificities were significantly different neither between the angles, nor between the images from the two digital systems taken with the same angle (P > 0.05). It may be speculated that the difference in spatial resolution between the two digital systems accounts for the differences in their sensitivity.
Have the causes of maxillofacial fractures changed over the last 16 years in Finland? An epidemiological study of 725 fractures
Authors: Kontio Risto , Suuronen Riitta , Ponkkonen Heikki , Lindqvist Christian , Laine Pekka
Published: January 2005

Abstract –  A retrospective study was undertaken to assess causes of maxillofacial fractures in Helsinki in 1981 and 1997. Hospital records of 725 patients were analyzed according to several factors including age, sex, cause of fracture and time of the injury. The time intervals between the accident and hospital examination were also evaluated. Number of maxillofacial fractures was 318 in 1981 and 407 in 1997 (27.9% increase) and most patients were men. The male to female ratio was 2.8:1 in 1981, 3:1 in 1997. In 1981, most affected patients were in the age group of 31–40 years (33.2% of men, 28.9% of women). Sixteen years later the most affected age group was 41–50 years (23.3% of men, 30.4% of women). Assault was the cause of the injury in 42% of patients followed by traffic accidents (26%) and fall (17%). During the study period violence had become more severe in nature. Kicking as the cause of maxillofacial fracture increased by 7.3% and use of a weapon by 5.7% between the years studied. Bicycle accidents increased by 19.3% but motor vehicle accidents decreased by 31.6% between the years. Falls, and bicycle and pedestrian accidents were the causes that accounted for most of the increase in maxillofacial fracture. In 1997, maxillofacial fractures were slightly more common from June to August and from Friday to Sunday than at other times (45.2 and 50%, respectively).
Conservative treatment of paediatric mandibular fracture by the use of orthodontic appliance and rubber elastics: report of a case
Authors: Gawelin Petter J. E. , Thor Andreas L. I.
Published: January 2005

Abstract –  Treatment principles of paediatric mandibular fractures may differ from the treatment of the adult population in that a conservative approach is in most cases advocated before the use of internal rigid fixation with plates and screws. This is because of a relative high risk of disturbed facial skeletal growth and risk of damaging unerupted teeth. Knowledge of conservative treatment options is essential in order to minimize these risks and one option is presented in this paper.

This case report describes a 5‐year‐old girl that sustained an open fracture of the mandible and who was successfully treated by the means of applying orthodontic brackets and an arch bar combined with ligatures and rubber elastics.
Dental trauma and mouthguard usage among ice hockey players in Turkey premier league
Authors: Çaglar Esber , Kargul Betul , Tanboga Ilknur
Published: January 2005

Abstract –  An epidemiological survey was carried out among the ice hockey players of Turkish Premier Ice Hockey League. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of dental trauma in youth and adult ice hockey players, as well as to check if the players were aware of mouthguards and had used any. The players were interviewed to determine the occurrence of dental trauma during ice hockey and mouthguard usage level. Results revealed that awareness of Turkish ice hockey players to dental trauma is neglected while the majority of players also demonstrated limited utilization of mouthguard.
Possible application of transmitted laser light for the assessment of human pulp vitality. Part 2. Increased laser power for enhanced detection of pulpal blood flow
Authors: Sasano Takashi , Onodera Dai , Hashimoto Kenji , Iikubo Masahiro , Satoh‐Kuriwada Shizuko , Shoji Noriaki , Miyahara Takaaki
Published: January 2005

Abstract –  The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of an increase in laser power on the transmitted laser signals from vital and non‐vital teeth, in the hope of achieving a better assessment of human pulp vitality with the transmitted laser‐light flowmeter. The experiments were carried out on total of 61 vital teeth with no restoration (19 upper central incisors, 16 upper lateral incisors, 16 upper canines, and 10 first premolars) and five non‐vital upper central incisors (the root canals of which were filled with gutta‐percha) in 15 subjects aged 22–28 years. For use with transmitted laser light, the fibers within the probe of a conventional laser Doppler flowmeter (LDF) apparatus were used, one for transmitting light onto the labial surface, the other for receiving it at the palatal surface of the same tooth, as reported previously. Laser output power was set at the original 2 mW and also at 5, 7, and 10 mW. The number of vital teeth displaying a blood flow (BF) signal at each laser power setting was: 1) 12/19 central incisors at 2 mW, 19/19 at 5, 7, and 10 mW, 2) 19/19 lateral incisors at 2, 5, 7, and 10 mW, 3) 0/16 canines at 2 mW, but eight, 12, and 14 at 5, 7, and 10 mW, 4) 0/10 first premolars at 2, 5, 7, and 10 mW. Thus, an increase in laser power increased BF detection from the thicker teeth (but not from premolars). In addition, clearer BF signals synchronized with heart rate, and greater passive BF changes secondary to blood pressure (BP) changes were observed at higher laser settings. In non‐vital teeth, no signals synchronized with heart rate or BP changes were observed, indicating that no BF signal of non‐pulpal origin was ever monitored with this ballistic light even when the laser power was increased. These results indicate that high‐powered transmitted laser light could be a useful tool both for monitoring pulpal BF and for the assessment of tooth‐pulp vitality.
Factors related to oral hygiene in persons with scleroderma
Authors: Poole JL , Brewer C , Rossie K , Good CC , Conte C , Steen V
Published: January 2005

Objectives:  The purpose of this study was to assess potential risk factors for the development of poor oral hygiene and increased dental caries in individuals with scleroderma.

Methods:  Twenty‐two subjects with scleroderma participated in this study. All subjects were examined with the Patient Hygiene Performance (PHP) Index, which assesses the extent of plaque and debris over a tooth surface. In addition, oral aperature, xerostomia and dominant upper extremity strength, motion, skin thickness, and dexterity were measured.

Results:  None of the subjects had good or excellent hygiene. Fifteen subjects had fair oral hygiene and seven subjects had poor oral hygiene as measured by the PHP Index. Significant differences were seen between these two groups for oral aperture, percentage of teeth with caries, skin thickness, dexterity and finger flexion. Dexterity and joint motion correlated significantly with the number of decayed surfaces and number of caries. Oral aperture correlated with the PHP Index and the number of dental caries.

Conclusions:  Subjects with poor oral hygiene required more time to complete manual dexterity task and had decreased hand strength and joint motion. Moreover, these same subjects had more contractures, scars, ulcers, and higher skin scores (more disease activity) than subjects in the fair hygiene group. In addition to frequent dental exam and routine cleaning, dental personnel may want to consider exercises to increase oral aperature and investigate toothbrush and dental floss selection used by persons with scleroderma.
Behavioural science in dentistry. The role of the dental hygienist in prevention and treatment of the fearful dental patient
Authors: Skaret E , Soevdsnes E‐K
Published: January 2005

The prevalence of dental anxiety in the general population seems to be fairly stable, and the incidence is not reduced in spite of more modern treatment methods. Intensive fear often leads to avoidance of care and consequences like poor oral health, psychosocial problems and reduced quality of life. The aetiology of dental anxiety is complex, but is often associated with direct traumatic dental experiences during childhood. These negative experiences are reported as painful/unpleasant and are influenced by the patient's perception of lack of coping and control. The theory of latent inhibition indicates that several positive dental appointments before any invasive or painful treatment sessions may act as a barrier to these perceptions of lack of coping. This paper is presenting a short overview of behavioural science in dentistry and discussing the role of the dental hygienists as potential key personnel in prevention and treatment of dental anxiety.
Atomistic simulations of Ar+-ion-assisted etching of silicon by fluorine and chlorine
Authors: Humbird David , Graves David B.
Published: January 2005

We present simulations of Si etching with F and Cl radicals in the presence of inert ion bombardment. Si etch yields predicted by the simulation are in good agreement with experiments. The atomic-scale mechanisms of ion-enhanced etching are classified as enhanced spontaneous etching, chemically enhanced physical sputtering, and chemical sputtering. The primary effects of ions are to increase the local surface coverage of etchant species by increasing the sticking coefficient of arriving radicals and by mediating diffusion of etchant into the subsurface during impact, and create volatile products by inducing chemical reactions within the halogenated surface layer. Ion-assisted effects are most pronounced at low neutral-to-ion ratio and decline as this ratio increases. Explicit ion enhancements to the etch yield are greater for Cl than for F.
Outgassing of lower hybrid antenna modules during high-power long-pulse transmission
Authors: Goniche M. , Kazarian F. , Bibet P. , Maebara S. , Seki M. , Ikeda Y. , Imai T.
Published: January 2005

During high-power, long-pulse transmission from lower-hybrid-range-of-frequency (LHRF) antennas, the waveguide walls outgas as a result of rf-loss-induced heating. If the resulting pressure rise is too high, power transmission will be adversely affected and additional pumping may be required to maintain the pressure at a low enough value. The outgassing rates of waveguides made of various materials (oxygen-free high-conductivity copper, dispersoid copper, copper-coated carbon fiber composite, copper-coated graphite) were measured during rf injection at high power density (50–200MW∕m2) for a duration in the range 100–4700 s. The experiments were performed on a test-bed facility equipped with a 3.7 GHz klystron on multiwaveguide (2 to 18) mock-ups. The effect of the main parameters, namely, the waveguide surface temperature and the initial wall gas loading (“conditioning”), are analyzed in detail. It is concluded that an outgassing rate of 1×10−5(5×10−5)Pam3s−1m−2 at 300 °C (400 °C) can be considered for most materials. The requirement, in terms of additional pumping, for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor LHRF antenna is finally discussed.
Influence of processing variables on the properties of dc magnetron sputtered NiAl coatings containing Hf additions
Authors: Ning B. , Shamsuzzoha M. , Weaver M. L.
Published: January 2005

In this study a series of NiAl–0.1Hf coatings were deposited onto Ni-base superalloy (CMSX-4) substrates at various substrate temperatures and working gas pressures, using direct current (dc) magnetron sputtering. Postdeposition microstructural and chemical analyses using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and electron probe microanalysis techniques showed the as-deposited coatings to consist of single phase columnar NiAl grains. It was additionally observed that the structural morphology of the coatings could be altered by changing the substrate temperature and Ar pressure. The general trends were in accord with the structure zone model proposed by Thornton [J. A. Thornton, Annu. Rev. Mater Sci. 2, 239 (1977)], however the temperature ranges for each microstructure occurred at lower temperatures. Annealing in argon at 1273K for 1h resulted in some grain growth and in the formation of a small interdiffusion zone between the coating and substrate. After oxidation at 1323K, the β phase gradually transformed to γ′ due to Al depletion caused by oxidation and interdiffusion. Coatings deposited at higher substrate temperatures were observed to have larger grains and to exhibit higher resistance to oxidation. This improvement is attributed to a lower volume fraction of grain boundaries in those coatings.
Diagnosis of hydrogen anions (H−,H3−) from the near-electrode region of dielectric-barrier-discharge plasmas
Authors: Wang Wenchun , Xu Yong , Wang Weiguo , Zhu Aimin
Published: January 2005

Hydrogen anions (H−,H3−) from the near-ground-electrode region in dielectric barrier discharge hydrogen plasmas were characterized using a molecular-beam mass spectrometer under the pressure of 1.5–60Torr. The measured H− current is more than one to a few orders of magnitude greater than that of H3− at pressure of 1.5–7.6Torr with a peak-to-peak voltage of 40kV and a 35kHz ac power source. At the gas pressure range of 7.6–60Torr, only the H− ionic signal is observed. The hydrogen-ion currents rise with the increasing of discharge voltage and ac frequency, but exhibit a maximum over the H2 pressure range studied. The dominant formation mechanism for the H− and H3− anions in the alternative and temporary cathode sheath near the discharge electrode has been discussed. The dependence of the mean energy of H− and H3− anions on H2 pressure has been also obtained.
Roads to ultrathin silicon oxides
Authors: Morgen P. , Bahari A. , Robenhagen U. , Andersen J. F. , Hansen J.-K. , Pedersen K. , Rao M. G. , Li Z. S.
Published: January 2005

Ultrathin gate dielectrics for complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) devices, with suitable structural and electrical properties, are crucial for the further development of silicon based microelectronics. The effective (SiO2-equivalent) thickness of 10 Å or below needed in the next generations of CMOS devices has been found too low to prevent tunneling, and leakage, with current processes for SiO2 based gate insulators. Before abandoning SiO2 completely, however, there are good reasons to look for improved procedures or alternative processes to grow or form ultrathin SiO2 films on silicon, and possible improvements through the controlled addition of nitrogen. The present article initially describes an attempt to grow ultrathin oxides in a furnace, but this was limited to 50-Å-thick layers or above. It then unveils some particularly simple, easily controlled, low-thermal budget, low-pressure based processes for thinner oxide layers, which have not been met earlier. These later processes are all done in an ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) based environment, starting from a clean and perfectly ordered Si surface. Thus we formed the thinnest possible (≈4Å) uniformly covering oxide layers on the Si(111) and Si(001) surfaces. They are made very simply from cycles of oxygen adsorption at room temperature and short anneals, and are self-saturating at this thickness. Following these processes we explored isothermal methods in UHV at low temperatures and pressures. Such processes, at low pressures, were found to lead to a universal, self-limiting growth of an approximately 7-Å-thick oxide at a range of temperatures between 300 and 700 °C. Further, up to about 10 Å oxides are grown in a series of steps, in each of which a layer of freshly deposited Cs on top of already grown oxide is retaining oxygen on this otherwise passivated surface. The Cs layer also catalyzes oxidation during a subsequent rapid annealing step. Higher thicknesses (up to 50 Å) are obtained by using a precursor layer of Cs–oxide formed in alternating Cs and oxygen dosing processes, which is converted into SiO2 by heating. The present investigations are focused on structural properties of the systems studied with the use of electron spectroscopy, mainly photoemission with synchrotron radiation, in UHV.
Corrected Late Triassic Latitudes for Continents Adjacent to the North Atlantic
Authors: Kent Dennis V. , Tauxe Lisa
Published: January 2005

We use a method based on a statistical geomagnetic field model to recognize and correct for inclination error in sedimentary rocks from early Mesozoic rift basins in North America, Greenland, and Europe. The congruence of the corrected sedimentary results and independent data from igneous rocks on a regional scale indicates that a geocentric axial dipole field operated in the Late Triassic. The corrected paleolatitudes indicate a faster poleward drift of ∼0.6 degrees per million years for this part of Pangea and suggest that the equatorial humid belt in the Late Triassic was about as wide as it is today.
Global Circumnavigations: Tracking Year-Round Ranges of Nonbreeding Albatrosses
Authors: Croxall John P. , Silk Janet R. D. , Phillips Richard A. , Afanasyev Vsevolod , Briggs Dirk R.
Published: January 2005

Although albatrosses are paradigms of oceanic specialization, their foraging areas and migration routes when not breeding remain essentially unknown. Our continuous remote tracking of 22 adult gray-headed albatrosses for over 30 bird-years reveals three distinct strategies: (i) Stay in breeding home range; (ii) make return migrations to a specific area of the southwest Indian Ocean; and (iii) make one or more global circumnavigations (the fastest in just 46 days). The consistencies in patterns, routes, and timings offer the first hope of identifying areas of critical habitat for nonbreeding albatrosses, wherein appropriate management of longline fisheries might alleviate the plight of the world's most threatened family of birds.
CD69 Expression on CD4+T Lymphocytes after In Vitro Stimulation with Tuberculin Is an Indicator of Immune Sensitization againstMycobacterium tuberculosisAntigens
Authors: Avgustin Bojana , Kotnik Vladimir , Škoberne Mojca , Malovrh Tadej , Skralovnik-Stern Aleksandra , Terčelj Marjeta
Published: January 2005

The expression of the CD69 antigen on CD4 T lymphocytes after in vitro stimulation with purified protein derivative (2 tuberculin units) was used to evaluate the tuberculin reactivities of 52 individuals from four experimental groups:Mycobacterium bovisBCG-vaccinated healthy individuals with a negative tuberculin skin test (TST) result (group A), BCG-vaccinated healthy individuals with a positive TST result (group B), patients with active tuberculosis (TB) before treatment (group C), and individuals with clinically inactive TB who had previously completed a prescribed course of chemotherapy (group D). The expression of CD69 on CD4 T lymphocytes was significantly higher in patients with active TB (16.2% ± 7.3%), individuals with clinically inactive TB (10.5% ± 7.4%), and healthy individuals with a positive TST result (15.5% ± 7.2%) than in healthy individuals with a negative TST result (3.8% ± 4.3%) (P< 0.005). We confirmed the correlation between CD69 antigen expression on T lymphocytes after stimulation with tuberculin and the TST induration diameter (Spearman rho = 0.783;P< 0.001), an assay for gamma interferon (the Quantiferon-TB assay; Spearman rho = 0.613;P< 0.001), and the lymphocyte BLAST transformation test (Spearman rho = 0.537;P< 0.001). Our results demonstrate the usefulness of the determination of CD69 on CD4 T lymphocytes after in vitro stimulation with tuberculin as a rapid indicator of immune sensitization againstMycobacterium tuberculosis.
Improved Serological Differentiation between Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Mixed Connective Tissue Disease by Use of an SmD3 Peptide-Based Immunoassay
Authors: Mahler M. , Stinton L. M. , Fritzler M. J.
Published: January 2005

Autoantibodies to the Sm antigens are specifically found in 5 to 30% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) depending on the detection system and the patient group. Several immunoassays designed for research and diagnostic laboratory use have been developed. The autoantigens employed in these tests include purified native proteins, recombinant polypeptides, and synthetic peptides. In the present study, we compared the clinical accuracy of anti-Sm autoantibody assays from commercial suppliers including different conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) systems based on purified Sm antigens, an addressable laser bead assay and a newly developed anti-Sm peptide assay. Although the clinical sensitivity of all assays under investigation was comparable, relatively poor correlations and significant differences in specificity were found with a patient cohort of 150 patients. The sensitivity and specificity were 10 and 94%, respectively, for the anti-Sm ELISA from Euroimmun, 10 and 90%, respectively, for the QuantaLite Sm (INOVA), 12 and 88%, respectively, for the Sm assay in the Varelisa ReCombi ANA profile (Pharmacia Diagnostics), 10 and 94%, respectively, for the QuantaPlex Sm (INOVA), and 12 and 100%, respectively, for the new SmD3 peptide-based ELISA (Varelisa Sm Antibodies). The majority of positive test results within the control groups were found in patients with mixed connective tissue disease. Based on the results, we conclude that the detection of anti-Sm antibodies strongly depends both on the nature of the antigen and on the detection system. Finally, we conclude that the recently identified SmD peptide containing a symmetrical dimethylarginine at position 112 of D3 represents a promising tool for the detection of a highly specific subpopulation of anti-Sm antibodies.
Identification of Another B-Cell Epitope in the Type-Specific Region of Equine Herpesvirus 4 Glycoprotein G
Authors: Maeda Ken , Mizukoshi Fuminori , Hamano Masataka , Kai Kazushige , Kondo Takashi , Matsumura Tomio
Published: January 2005

Recently, a novel 12-mer B-cell epitope, MKNNPIYSEGSL, in the type-specific region of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) glycoprotein G (gG) was identified and used as an antigen for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Maeda et al., J. Clin. Microbiol.
42:
1095-1098, 2004). Although our prototype strain, TH20p, possesses two repeat sequences containing the B-cell epitope, the EHV-4 NS80567 strain has two repeat sequences that are not identical. One repeat sequence stretch contained the B-cell epitope, while the other contained the 11-mer, MKNNP

V

YSESL (underlining indicates a different amino acid). In this study, heterogeneity of the type-specific region was compared among Japanese EHV-4 isolates. The 11-mer peptide, MKNNP

V

YSESL, specifically reacted with sera from horses naturally infected with EHV-4 but not with sera from horses experimentally infected with EHV-4 TH20p. The 11-mer peptide may be another B-cell epitope in the type-specific region.