bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Woody Debris and Its Contribution to Pool Formation in a Coastal Stream 50 Years after Logging
Authors: Andrus C. W. , Long B. A. , Froehlich H. A.
Published: August 2009

Large quantities of woody debris persisted 50 yr after logging and fire in stream channels of a small coastal Oregon watershed. Debris from the current stand represented only 14% of total debris volume and 8% of debris volume responsible for creating pools. The greatest number of pools were located in downstream sections of the watershed where gradient was reduced, discharge was increased, and streambed material was finer. Seventy percent of pools with a volume greater than 1.0 m3 were associated with woody debris in the channel. Composition of the current riparian forest varied with topography. Alder stands dominated moist terrace sites adjacent to channels, whereas slopes contained a mixture of alder and conifer. Study results indicate that riparian trees must be left to grow longer than 50 yr to ensure that an adequate, long-term supply of woody debris is available to stream channels. Debris from previous stands plays a crucial role in the interim and should not be removed from stream channels.
Shell Etching on Clams from Low-Alkalinity Ontario Lakes: A Physical or Chemical Process?
Authors: Hinch Scott G. , Green Roger H.
Published: August 2009

Elliptio complanata (Unionidae: Bivalvia) were sampled from sites of low and high water turbulence in four Ontario lakes that varied in pH (6.0–7.5) and alkalinity (22–243 μeq∙L−1). External shell etching on each clam was quantified using an image analysis digitizer system. Within-lake variation in shell etching was contrasted using a log–log analysis of covariance approach. Clams exposed to higher turbulence regimes (and large sediment particles) were significantly more etched than low-exposure clams (P < 0.05). Approximately 52% of the total shell etching variability resulted from within-lake differences between high- and low-exposure clams. The remaining variation was accounted for by differences among individual clams. Shell etching in these lakes appears to be primarily a physical process probably related to water turbulence. Etching was not related to variation in lake water chemistry and thus is likely not influenced by lake acidification.
Mitochondrial DNA Diversity among Broodstocks of the Lake Trout,Salvelinus namaycush
Authors: Grewe Peter M. , Hebert Paul D. N.
Published: August 2009

Mitochondrial DNA was purified from 151 lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) representing nine brood stocks along with an additional 30 fish from two natural populations. Eighteen restriction endonucleases were employed to analyze 126 brood stock fish. Two of these enzymes (Hind III and Bam HI) were used to examine the fish from the natural populations (Hare Island (Lake Superior) and North Knife Lake (Manitoba)) and the remaining brood stock samples from the Manitou (12 fish) and Seneca (13 fish) strains. The mitochondrial genome of the lake trout was 16 800 ± 200 base pairs in length. A single heteroplasmic individual was discovered in the Manitou strain. It contained two genomes, the less frequent of which was 20 base pairs shorter than the other. The 18 restriction enzymes resolved 13 mitochondrial clones which fell into three major groups. These clonal groups, which can be identified by their Bam HI restriction phenotypes, have a specific distribution: a western Great Lakes group, a central Great Lakes group, and an eastern Great Lakes group. Seven mitochondrial clones were unique to a particular stock. In addition there were dramatic shifts in the relative proportions of the six remaining mitochondrial clones among the brood stocks. These results indicate that mitochondrial DNA markers have great potential for the identification and management of lake trout strains.
Factors Affecting Survival and Cation Concentration in the Blackflies Prosimulium fuscum/mixtum and the Mayfly Leptophlebia cupida during Spring Snowmelt
Authors: Hall Ronald J. , Bailey R. C. , Findeis Joseph
Published: August 2009

We used a transplant experiment to examine the effects of short-term pH depressions in spring on whole-body concentrations of nine metal cations (Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Pb, Al, Mn, Cd, and Fe) and survival of two species of aquatic insects collected from two habitats with year-round differences in pH. Survival of Leptophlebia cupida and Prosimulium fuscum/mixtum was close to 100% in 4- and 10-d in situ toxicity tests prior to and during snowmelt at pH levels ranging from 6.5 to 4.2. Differences in metal concentrations (Zn, Cd, and Na) existed between mayflies collected from different streams with pH values of 6.2−5.6. Both species transplanted from pH 6.2 to 4.2 streamwater had significant decreases in whole-body concentrations of Ca, Al, and Mn. Additionally, mayflies had significant losses of Mg, Fe, and Pb, while blackflies decreased in whole-body Na and Zn concentration. Percentages of the whole-body Al concentration in the adsorbed, absorbed, and gut content fractions were 3.3, 31.7, and 65%, respectively, for L. cupida and 1.6, 56.4, and 42%, respectively, for P. fuscum/mixtum. The percent adsorbed doubled in transplanted (versus control) mayflies, but the overall whole-body Al concentration decreased.
Evidence for Indirect Effects of Fish Predation on Maternal Lipid Investment in Holopedium gibberum
Authors: Arts Michael T. , Sprules W. Gary
Published: August 2009

We examined selected aspects of the reproductive dynamics of Holopedium gibberum in 25 lakes in Algonquin Park, Ontario. Using an index based on Daphnia size, we divided the lakes into two groups characterized as high and low fish predation. Overall, egg volumes were found to be a good predictor of energy reserves in stage 1 eggs of Holopedium. However, small eggs, which were associated with small females typical of the high predation lakes, had relatively less fat than large eggs, suggesting that fish predation indirectly reduces starvation resistance of Holopedium neonates. In addition, in high-fish lakes, mean adult body size, minimum size of ovigerous females, clutch size, and fat volumes of Holopedium were smaller than in lakes characterized as low fish predation. Maternal lipid investment (MLI) into eggs of Holopedium was compared between the two lake types. We found striking differences in the seasonal pattern of absolute MLI between the two lake groups, mostly mediated through differences in body size. The greatest difference in absolute MLI between the two lake types occurred in May; females from the low-predation lakes invested 4 times as much energy reserves into reproduction as compared with females from the high-predation lakes at this time. Relative MLI (energy reserves per microgram female weight), comparing only individuals which overlapped in size, was unaffected by lake type. Thus a constant proportion of an ovigerous female's weight is invested in reproduction with a seasonal component that matches standard algal abundance for many shield lakes, suggesting that relative MLI is determined more by the exigencies of cladoceran life histories than by the presence of fish. Nevertheless, absolute energy investment is depressed in the high-predation lakes and we suggest that clonal replacement mediated by size-selective predation by the fish can account for the differences between the lake types.
Experimental Induction of Liver Tumours in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) by Contaminated Sediment from Hamilton Harbour, Ontario
Authors: Metcalfe C. D. , Cairns V. W. , Fitzsimons J. D.
Published: August 2009

Sediments from Hamilton Harbour and an uncontaminated control site were collected and extracted for organic contaminants to investigate the putative association between chemical contaminants and high incidences of fish tumours in Hamilton Harbour. Sediment extract from Hamilton Harbour had high levels of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and was mutagenic in the Ames bacterial mutagenicity assay. In two sets of experiments using a trout sac-fry microinjection route of exposure, Hamilton Harbour sediment extract induced hepatocellular carcinomas in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).
Evidence for a Hereditary Component in Homing Behavior of Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)
Authors: Mclsaac Donald O. , Quinn Thomas P.
Published: August 2009

Returns from three groups of coded wire tagged fall-run chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the Columbia River were analyzed to determine the learned and innate components of homing behavior. Homing of an experimental group produced from intercepted adults, reared and released at a hatchery 370 km downstream from the ancestral location, was compared with the homing of the ancestral stock from their natural site and with the stock native to the downriver release site. Controls from the ancestral location and release site homed to their expected destinations with high accuracy. The experimental group demonstrated an intermediate homing response: 58% returned to the release site, 5% returned to hatcheries 12–50 km upstream, 28% were accountable in an intercepting fishery 15–200 km upstream, and 9% returned to the ancestral spawning area, despite total lack of contact with this area.
Reconstruction of Harvest Rates and Stock Contribution in Gauntlet Salmon Fisheries: Application to British Columbia and Washington Sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka)
Authors: Starr Paul , Hilborn Ray
Published: August 2009

We describe a run reconstruction method in which information on migration paths and travel speeds is combined with catch and escapement data to estimate harvest rate by fishery and catch by stock for Pacific salmon. Reconstruction is shown to provide comparable estimates to direct stock identification from scales in the example given. Methods of annual reconstruction are shown to be less reliable than weekly or half-weekly period reconstructions when exploitation rates change during the season. Equations are provided for incorporating differential vulnerability of stocks, and Monte Carlo methods for calculating confidence limits on harvest rate estimates are explored.
MEASUREMENT OF CHEMICAL STATE CHANGE OF PHOSPHORUS DURING MEV-PROTON IRRADIATION BY A HIGH-RESOLUTION WAVELENGTH-DISPERSIVE PIXE SYSTEM
Authors: TADA T. , WONGLEE S. , FUKUDA H. , HASEGAWA J. , OGURI Y.
Published: August 2009

Chemical state changes of phosphorus induced by proton irradiation were measured by a high-resolution wavelength-dispersive (WD) PIXE system. Six standard samples of phosphorus with different chemical states ( Ca ( H 2 PO 4)2• H 2 O ( P 5+), CaHPO 4•2 H 2 O ( P 5+), NaH 2 PO 4 ( P 5+), CaHPO 3• H 2 O ( P 3+), Ca ( H 2 PO 2)2 ( P 1+), and NaH 2 PO 2• H 2 O ( P 1+)) were prepared for the measurements. The P - K α1 peak energy for the sample of P 3+ increased after the irradiation. The peak energy of the P 3+ sample became nearly same as that of P 5+ after irradiation with more than 2 ×107 Gy . This result indicates that P 3+ in the sample has changed to P 5+ due to proton irradiation. On the other hand, the P - K α X-ray spectra for the samples of P 5+ didn't show any interesting changes even for much higher proton dose (3.4 × 108 Gy ). Also, P - K α peaks which correspond to chemical states ( P 5+ and P 3-) other than original state were observed for the sample of P 1+ in the region of more than 107 Gy .
RUBIDIUM DISTRIBUTION IN KIDNEYS OF IMMATURE RATS
Authors: HOMMA-TAKEDA SHINO , TERADA YASUKO , ISO HIROYUKI , ISHIKAWA TAKAHIRO , OIKAWA MASAKAZU , KONISHI TERUAKI , IMASEKI HITOSHI , SHIMADA YOSHIYA
Published: August 2009

Synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence (SR-XRF) using high energy incident X-rays was combined with micro-PIXE to analyze the renal distribution of Rb and essential elements in immature rats. The Rb concentrations in the kidneys of newborn (1 week old) and young (3 weeks old) rats were 4.19 ± 0.71 and 4.13 ± 0.30 µg/g, respectively, similar to those of adult rats. Rubidium as well as Zn was detected more in the cortex than the medulla, while Fe was concentrated in the outermost areas of the medulla of newborn rats. The renal structures of young rats achieved adult zonation into the cortex, the outer medulla and the inner medulla. Rubidium was high in the outer stripe of the outer medulla. Further analysis at higher resolution revealed Rb in the proximal tubules in the innermost part of the cortex. These results indicated that Rb was distributed downstream of the proximal tubules. This profile was similar to that of potassium, an Rb congener.
THE CHANGES OF THE COMPOSITION OF ELEMENTS IN BEECH LEAVES DURING ITS GROWTH AT SHIRAKAMI-SANCHI WORLD HERITAGE AREA
Authors: SAITOH KATSUMI , SERA KOICHIRO , MATSUI KIYOSHI
Published: August 2009

Beech (Fagus crenata) leaves were collected at three sites in and near the Shirakami-Sanchi World Heritage Area (a mountainous region) during the plant growing season of year 1999. The composition and concentration of the elements were determined by the method of Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE). Thirty one elements were determined in total. Na , Mg , Si , P , S , Cl , K , Ca , Mn and Fe were found to be the most important elements in all sites. The concentrations of Na , Si and Cl in leaves were found to be increased with the growth of leaves, while those of P , S and K were to be decreased. The concentrations of other major elements did not change with respect to leaf phenology. Those analysis of the elements in the beech leaves suggested that 1) Na , Si and Cl are the key elements for judging the air pollution phenomenon, 2) P , S , K , Ca , Mn , Fe , Cu , Zn and Rb may play an important role for the metabolism of plants.
CHARACTERIZATION OF CORROSION LAYER OF CARBON STEEL BY MICRO-PIXE/RBS ANALYSIS
Authors: MATSUYAMA S. , ISHII K. , FUJIWARA M. , KIKUCHI Y. , NAKHOSTIN M. , KAWAMURA Y. , TSUBOI S. , YAMANAKA K. , WATANABE M. , OHKURA S. , HASHIMOTO Y. , FUJIKAWA M. , CATELLA G. , FUJIKI K. , HATORI Y. , HAMADA N. , TANINO S. , ABE H. , WATANABE Y. , YAMAZAKI H.
Published: August 2009

Wall thinning of piping made of carbon steel in nuclear and thermal power plants affects their life time and safety. Wall thinning results from dissolution of the oxide layer formed on the surface. To get a better understanding of this mechanism, characterization of oxide layer in localized area should be examined. We applied the simultaneous micro-PIXE/RBS analysis to characterization of the oxide layer in localized area. The oxide layer formed under the dynamic condition is not uniform over the 20 × 20 µm2 area. In this case, it is difficult to characterize layer by conventional RBS analysis. The simultaneous micro-PIXE/RBS system could characterize the layer by region analysis. Micro-PIXE analysis was applicable for segmentation of the specific area Then, RBS spectra was extracted from the area and the layer for the corresponding area was characterized. By combining micro-PIXE and micro-RBS, characterization of oxide layer could be done so as to get a better understanding of the corrosion mechanism effectively.
DETERMINATION OF MERCURY AND ARSENIC CONTENT IN A FEW INDIAN AYURVEDIC MEDICINES BY MEANS OF ENERGY DISPERSIVE X-RAY FLUORESCENCE (EDXRF)
Authors: JOSEPH DAISY , SABLE VARSHA , KOTHARI D. C.
Published: August 2009

Elemental concentrations in some herbal medical products, produced by different ayurvedic pharmacies in India, were determined using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (EDXRF). All the eight products, which were studied, contained mercury, and four out of the eight products contained arsenic in varied amounts. Daily mercury and arsenic intakes by the patients taking these products, determined from the doses prescribed by the manufacturers, exceeded the recommendations by WHO. The present work does not argue on the toxicity of heavy metals in drugs but gives information about the presence of heavy metals at levels more than the required recommendations by various health regulatory bodies. This level of As and Hg calls for caution as far as their safe intake is concerned.
DEVELOPMENT OF A SYSTEM FOR MEASURING FLUORIDE DISTRIBUTION IN TEETH USING A NUCLEAR REACTION
Authors: YAMAMOTO H. , IWAMI Y. , EBISU S. , NOMACHI M. , YASUDA K. , SAKAI T. , KAMIYA T.
Published: August 2009

Fluoride ( F ) distributions in a synthesized hydroxyl apatite ( HAp ) block of uniform structure and in teeth were measured using in-air micro-PIGE (particle induced gamma-ray emission) and micro-PIXE system, which was developed at the Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) in Takasaki. We used a nuclear reaction 19 F ( p ,αγ)16 O to measure F density. The characteristic important feature of this technique is that it can measure F quantitatively in a microscopic area of the specimen placed in air. A surface of the HAp , the enamel buccal surface of a human molar, and a class V cavity wall in dentin were applied a sodium fluoride solution ( NaF ) four times and immersed in a normal saline solution. After one month, specimens were cut longitudinally. The F distributions were measured from the surface toward the inner part of the cut surface. The F penetration into specimens following NaF application was quantitatively configured in a two-dimensional mapping form. This method is quite useful for characterizing F distribution in a microscopic area of a tooth.
EXTANT CONTENTS OF CHROMIUM, COPPER AND ARSENIC IN WASTE CCA-TREATED TIMBER
Authors: CHIBA KEIKO , UCHIDA SHINPEI , HONMA YOSHINORI , SERA KOICHIRO , SAITOH KATSUMI
Published: August 2009

The segregation and disposal of chromated copper arsenate ( CCA )-treated wood waste when recycling building waste materials is a serious issue. We examined the contents of CCA preserved cedar timber by PIXE analysis. CCA preserved timber contained large amounts of these metals both on the surface and core of the wood. The ratio of chromium, copper and arsenic contained on the surface was 1:2:1, and in contrast, the ratio in the core was 1:1:2. In other words, the arsenic content was highest in the core. Moreover, the chemical form of arsenic in both parts of the wood was only inorganic arsenic; the same form of arsenic in preservative components known as carcinogenic substances. These findings mean that the complete separation of waste CCA preserved timber from construction and demolition wood is needed.
COMPTON EFFECT IN STRONGLY MAGNETIZED PLASMA
Authors: CHISTYAKOV M. V. , RUMYANTSEV D. A.
Published: August 2009

The process of Compton scattering γe± → γe± in strongly magnetized hot and cold electron–positron plasma is considered. The analytical expressions for the partial cross-sections in rarefied plasma and the simple expressions for the photon absorption rates in degenerate plasma are obtained. The numerical estimations of the absorption rates for various scattering channels are presented taking into account of the photon dispersion and wave function renormalization in strong magnetic field and plasma. The comparison of the scattering absorption rate with photon splitting probability shows the existence of plasma parameters range where these values are comparable with each other.
SIMULATION OF A SCALAR FIELD ON A FUZZY SPHERE
Authors: FLORES FERNANDO GARCÍA , MARTIN XAVIER , O'CONNOR DENJOE
Published: August 2009

The ϕ4 real scalar field theory on a fuzzy sphere is studied numerically. We refine the phase diagram for this model where three distinct phases are known to exist: a uniformly ordered phase, a disordered phase, and a nonuniformly ordered phase where the spatial SO(3) symmetry of the round sphere is spontaneously broken and which has no classical equivalent. The three coexistence lines between these phases, which meet at a triple point, are carefully located, with particular attention paid to the one between the two ordered phases and the triple point itself. In the neighborhood of the triple point all phase boundaries are well approximated by straight lines which, surprisingly, have the same scaling. We argue that unless an extra term is added to enhance the effect of the kinetic term the infinite matrix limit of this model will not correspond to a real scalar field on the commutative sphere or plane.
BOUNCE AND WORMHOLES
Authors: PINTO-NETO N. , POULIS F. P. , SALIM J. M.
Published: August 2009

We investigate if theories yielding bouncing cosmological models also generate wormhole solutions. We show that two of them present sensible traversable static wormhole solutions, while for the third possibility such solutions are absent.
VARIATIONAL FORMULATION OF EISENHART'S UNIFIED THEORY
Authors: POPŁAWSKI NIKODEM J.
Published: August 2009

Eisenhart's classical unified field theory is based on a non-Riemannian affine connection related to the covariant derivative of the electromagnetic field tensor. The sourceless field equations of this theory arise from vanishing of the torsion trace and the symmetrized Ricci tensor. We formulate Eisenhart's theory from the metric-affine variational principle. In this formulation, a Lagrange multiplier constraining the torsion becomes the source for the Maxwell equations.
APPROXIMATE ℓ-STATE SOLUTIONS TO THE KLEIN–GORDON EQUATION FOR MODIFIED WOODS–SAXON POTENTIAL WITH POSITION DEPENDENT MASS
Authors: ARDA ALTUĞ , SEVER RAMAZAN
Published: August 2009

The radial part of the Klein–Gordon equation for the generalized Woods–Saxon potential is solved by using the Nikiforov–Uvarov method with spatially dependent mass within the new approximation scheme to the centrifugal potential term. The energy eigenvalues and corresponding normalized eigenfunctions are computed. The solutions in the case of constant mass are also obtained to check out the consistency of our new approximation scheme.
PRODUCTION OF (τ+τ-) IN ELECTRON–POSITRON COLLISIONS
Authors: MALIK A. A. , SATSUNKEVICH I. S.
Published: August 2009

(τ+τ-) is an atom of simple hydrogenlike structure similar to positronium (e-e+) and (μ+μ-). In this paper energy levels and decay widths of different decay channels of (τ+τ-) are given. Cross-section of production of this atomic system in e-e+ annihilation taking into account radiative corrections is calculated. According to our estimates 31 (τ+τ-) atoms are produced at VEPP-4M and 943 (τ+τ-) atoms may be produced at BEPCII under the present experimental conditions.
NON-PROPAGATION OF NOISE IN INTRACELLULAR METABOLIC POOLS
Authors: CHEN AIMIN , ZHANG JIAJUN , YUAN ZHANJIANG , ZHOU TIANSHOU
Published: August 2009

Intracellular metabolic pathways are highly interlinked networks. Such a network inevitably involves stochasticity due to the finite number of molecules of individual chemical species in biochemical reactions, which in turn would affect the development and function of living cells. Here, we investigate noise in the metabolic pools using linear noise approximation. By analyzing several typical motifs, we show non-propagation of noise in a clearer way in contrast to previous studies. Numerical simulation based on molecule-level Monte Carlo simulations further verifies the theoretic prediction. Our results would be helpful for understanding intracellular processes.
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF THE TRANSMISSION DYNAMICS OF SCHISTOSOMIASIS IN THE HUMAN-SNAIL HOSTS
Authors: CHIYAKA EDWARD T. , GARIRA WINSTON
Published: August 2009

The spread and persistence of schistosomiasis are some of the more complex host parasite processes to model mathematically because of the different larval forms assumed by the parasite and the requirement of two hosts during the life cycle. We construct a deterministic mathematical model to study the transmission dynamics of schistosomiasis where the miracidia and cercariae dynamics are incorporated. The model is analyzed to gain insights into the qualitative features of the equilibrium which allows the determination of the basic reproductive number. Conditions for existence of the endemic equilibrium are discussed and its local stability is determined using the Center Manifold Theory. Analytical and numerical techniques are employed to assess the conditions of containment and persistence of schistosomiasis. Our results show that control strategies that target the transmission of the disease from the snail to man will be more effective in the control of the disease than those that block the transmission from man to snail.
CONTINUOUS WAVELET ANALYSIS OF GENE EXPRESSION SIGNALS FOR CANCER CLASSIFICATION
Authors: XIE XIN-PING , DING XUAN-HAO , WANG HONG-QIANG , JIANG YING-CHUN
Published: August 2009

This paper proposes a continuous wavelet transform (CWT)-based approach for extracting gene expression patterns associated with cancer. By viewing a particular arrangement of genes as a pseudo-time series and gene expression profile of a patient as a pseud-time signal, CWT can be used to extract hidden expression patterns for cancer classification. Generally, gene expression data are highly redundant and very noisy, and hidden expression patterns play crucial roles for cancer classification rather than any single gene or a simple combination of genes. The CWT can detect consistent patterns in a time-frequency manner, and is more powerful than discrete wavelet transform (DWT) due to the availability of more detail information. Experimental results on four publicly available gene expression datasets show the effectiveness and efficiency of the CWT in extracting useful expression patterns.
MODELING AND ANALYZING THE METABOLISM OF RIBOFLAVIN PRODUCTION USING PETRI NETS
Authors: DING D.-W. , LI L. N.
Published: August 2009

A number of recent studies have focused on structural and functional analysis and simulation of biochemical pathways, and it suggested that these structure-oriented analysis methods could be greatly helpful for the understanding of the metabolism. Among several structural analysis methods, Petri nets analysis (PNA) has a visual representation that facilitates users' comprehension and thus is employed in this study. The main results in the present paper are: (1) an in silico model of the metabolism of riboflavin production in bacillus subtilis based on PNA; and (2) a study with structural analysis. The obtained invariants are analyzed and classified based on their structural and functional capabilities.
NEW DRUG R&D OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE: ROLE OF DATA MINING APPROACHES
Authors: YANG HONGJUN , CHEN JIANXIN , TANG SHIHUAN , LI ZHENKUN , ZHEN YISONG , HUANG LUQI , YI JIANQIANG
Published: August 2009

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) documented about 100,000 formulae during past 2500 years. To use and customize them by modern pharmaceutical industry, we make an interdisciplinary effort to study the activity of new drug research and development (R&D) in TCM by introducing data mining approaches to it. We used the migraine formulae as a training set to investigate the possibility of developing new prescription by means of data mining. The activity of new drug R&D of TCM consists of two steps. The first step is to discover new prescriptions (candidates for drugs) from migraine formulae. We present an unsupervised clustering approach based on data mining theory to address the problem in the first step and automatically discover ten new prescriptions from the formulae data. The second step is to develop and optimize the prescriptions discovered by current biomedical approaches. Since Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort (LCH), a kind of herb, is often used to treat migraine and appears in the new prescriptions, we use it as an example and apply supervised regression method based on data mining theory to study the drug R&D activity of TCM. We revised two linear regression methods in order to establish the nonlinear association between three chemical ingredients of LCH and corresponding pharmacological activity and used it to predict the activities. The association is validated by in vitro experiments and we found that the experimental results are consistent with the prediction. Unsupervised clustering and supervised regression cover most part of data mining theory, which means that data mining approaches play a crucial role in new drug R&D in TCM and present a better solution to establish the platform of drug R&D in TCM.
Friction Drag Reduction of External Flows with Bubble and Gas Injection
Authors: Ceccio Steven L.
Published: August 2009

The lubrication of external liquid flow with a bubbly mixture or gas layer has been the goal of engineers for many years, and this article presents the underlying principles and recent advances of this technology. It reviews the use of partial and supercavities for drag reduction of axisymmetric objects moving within a liquid. Partial cavity flows can also be used to reduce the friction drag on the nominally two-dimensional portions of a horizontal surface, and the basic flow features of two-dimensional cavities are presented. Injection of gas can lead to the creation of a bubbly mixture near the flow surface that can significantly modify the flow within the turbulent boundary layer, and there have been significant advances in the understanding of the underlying physical process of drag reduction. Moreover, with sufficient gas flux, the bubbles flowing beneath a solid surface can coalesce to form a thin drag-reducing air layer. The current applications of these techniques to underwater vehicles and surface ships are discussed.
From Laboratory Studies to the Field Applications of Advanced Oxidation Processes: A Case Study of Technology Transfer from Switzerland to Burkina Faso on the Field of Photochemical Detoxification of BiorecalcitrantChemical Pollutants in Water
Authors: Kenfack S. , Sarria V. , Wéthé J. , Cissé G. , Maïga A. H. , Klutse A. , Pulgarin C.
Published: August 2009

The Fenton and photo‐Fenton detoxification of non‐biodegradable chemical pollution in water was investigated under simulated UV light in the laboratory and under direct sunlight in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. The laboratory experiments enable one to make a systematic diagnosis among three types of wastewaters, identifying a biorecalcitrant wastewater containing the Chloro‐hydroxy‐Pryridine (CHYPR). The application of the photo‐Fenton process on effluent containing the CHYPR showed not to stimulate the generation of biodegradable by‐products. Optimal conditions for detoxification of effluent containing the CHYPR were found at pH = 2.8, [Fe2+] = 5.2 mM, initial [H2O2] = 768 mM, for an effluent concentrated at 2.2 mM of CHYPR. The application of the photochemical process on a field pilot solar photoreactor for the detoxification of water polluted with a pesticide made with Endosulfan showed very promising results, with potential biodegradable effluents obtained at the end of the photochemical treatment. Optimal conditions of the applied study were found at pH = 3. [H2O2] = 8 mM and [Fe2+] = 0.18 mM for an initial concentration of 0.36 mM of Endosulfan.
Conserved Self Pattern Recognition Algorithm with Novel Detection Strategy Applied to Breast Cancer Diagnosis
Authors: Yu Senhua , Dasgupta Dipankar
Published: August 2009

This paper presents a novel approach based on an improved Conserved Self Pattern Recognition Algorithm to analyze cytological characteristics of breast fine-needle aspirates (FNAs) for clinical breast cancer diagnosis. A novel detection strategy by coupling domain knowledge and randomized methods is proposed to resolve conflicts on anomaly detection between two types of detectors investigated in our earlier work on Conserved Self Pattern Recognition Algorithm (CSPRA). The improved CSPRA is applied to detect the malignant cases using clinical breast cancer data collected by Dr. Wolberg (1990), and the results are evaluated for performance measure (detection rate and false alarm rate). Results show that our approach has promising performance on breast cancer diagnosis and great potential in the area of clinical diagnosis. Effects of parameters setting in the CSPRA are discussed, and the experimental results are compared with the previous works.
Stigma of People with HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Literature Review
Authors: Mbonu Ngozi C. , van den Borne Bart , De Vries Nanne K.
Published: August 2009

The aim of this literature review is to elucidate what is known about HIV/AIDS and stigma in Sub-Saharan Africa. Literature about HIV/AIDS and stigma in Sub-Saharan Africa was systematically searched in Pubmed, Medscape, and Psycinfo up to March 31, 2009. No starting date limit was specified. The material was analyzed using Gilmore and Somerville's (1994) four processes of stigmatizing responses: the definition of the problem HIV/AIDS, identification of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), linking HIV/AIDS to immorality and other negative characteristics, and finally behavioural consequences of stigma (distancing, isolation, discrimination in care). It was found that the cultural construction of HIV/AIDS, based on beliefs about contamination, sexuality, and religion, plays a crucial role and contributes to the strength of distancing reactions and discrimination in society. Stigma prevents the delivery of effective social and medical care (including taking antiretroviral therapy) and also enhances the number of HIV infections. More qualitative studies on HIV/AIDS stigma including stigma in health care institutions in Sub-Saharan Africa are recommended.
Interleukin-10: A Key Cytokine in Depression?
Authors: Roque Susana , Correia-Neves Margarida , Mesquita Ana Raquel , Palha Joana Almeida , Sousa Nuno
Published: August 2009

An increasing body of evidence implicates proinflammatory cytokines in psychiatric disorders, namely, in depression. Of notice, recent studies showed that anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10, also modulate depressive-like behavior. In this article, we propose that the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 is a putative link between two of the most widely reported phenomenon observed in depressed patients: the disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the imbalanced production of cytokines. If so, IL-10 might represent a novel target for antidepressant therapy.
Imaging Multidimensional Therapeutically Relevant Circadian Relationships
Authors: Singletary Jamil , Wood Patricia A. , Du-Quiton Jovelyn , Wang Song , Yang Xiaoming , Vishnoi Shobhit , Hrushesky William J. M.
Published: August 2009

Circadian clocks gate cellular proliferation and, thereby, therapeutically target availability within proliferative pathways. This temporal coordination occurs within both cancerous and noncancerous proliferating tissues. The timing within the circadian cycle of the administration of drugs targeting proliferative pathways necessarily impacts the amount of damage done to proliferating tissues and cancers. Concurrently measuring target levels and associated key pathway components in normal and malignant tissues around the circadian clock provides a path toward a fuller understanding of the temporal relationships among the physiologic processes governing the therapeutic index of antiproliferative anticancer therapies. The temporal ordering among these relationships, paramount to determining causation, is less well understood using two‐ or three‐dimensional representations. We have created multidimensional multimedia depictions of the temporal unfolding of putatively causative and the resultant therapeutic effects of a drug that specifically targets these ordered processes at specific times of the day. The systems and methods used to create these depictions are provided, as well as three example supplementary movies.
Synthesis of Novel Iono‐ and Photochromic Spiropyrans Derived from 6,7‐Dihydroxy‐8‐Formyl‐4‐Methyl‐2H‐Chromene‐2‐One
Authors: Nikolaeva Olga G. , Tsukanov Alexey V. , Shepelenko Evgenii N. , Lukyanov Boris S. , Metelitsa Anatoly V. , Kostyrina Olga Yu. , Dubonosov Alexander D. , Bren Vladimir A. , Minkin Vladimir I.
Published: August 2009

Novel photochromic spiropyrans (SPPs) containing 6′‐hydroxy group were synthesized and their spectral properties as well as abilities for complexation with metal ions studied. In solutions they exist as equilibrium mixture of spirocyclic (A) and merocyanine (B) isomers. The largest content of merocyanine form was found for the derivative with an electron‐donating methyl group in position 5 of hetaryl fragment. The irradiation of SPPs in acetonitrile shifts the equilibrium to the B form. Similar effect causes the addition of metal cations due to formation of colored complexes with merocyanine isomers.
Derivation of ODEs and Bifurcation Analysis of a Two‐DOF Airfoil Subjected to Unsteady Incompressible Flow
Authors: Alighanbari H. , Hashemi S. M.
Published: August 2009

An airfoil subjected to two‐dimensional incompressible inviscid flow is considered.
The airfoil is supported via a translational and a torsional springs. The aeroelastic
integro‐differential equations of motion for the airfoil are reformulated into a system of
six first‐order autonomous ordinary differential equations. These are the simplest and
least number of ODEs that can present this aeroelastic system. The differential equations are then used for the bifurcation analysis of an airfoil with a structural nonlinearity in the pitch direction. Sample bifurcation diagrams
showing both stable and unstable limit cycle oscillation are presented. The types of
bifurcations are assessed by evaluating the Floquet multipliers. For a specific case, a
period doubling route to chaos was detected, and mildly chaotic behavior in a narrow
range of velocity was confirmed via the calculation of the Lyapunov exponents.
Photocatalytic Activity of TiO2‐WO3 Composites
Authors: Tryba Beata , Piszcz Michał , Morawski Antoni W.
Published: August 2009

TiO2‐WO3 photocatalysts were prepared in a vacuum evaporator by impregnation of TiO2 with WO2 dissolved in an H2O2 solution (30%) and followed by calcination at 400 and 600∘C. XRD analyses showed that at 400∘C monoclinic phase of WO3 was dominated whereas at 600∘C both monoclinic and regular phases of WO3 were present. Modification of TiO2 by WO3 caused increasing in the absorption of light to the visible range. TiO2 and photocatalysts modified with low amount of WO3
(1–5 wt.%) showed high adsorption of Acid Red (AR) on their surface and enhanced photocatalytic activity under UV irradiation. Under visible light irradiation, TiO2‐WO3 photocatalysts prepared at 400∘C were more active for AR decomposition than those prepared at 600∘C suggesting that monoclinic phase of WO3 is more active under visible light than regular WO3. Although TiO2‐WO3 photocatalysts appeared to be active under visible light for decomposition of AR, the UV irradiation was more
efficient.
Chlamydia trachomatis Alters Iron‐Regulatory Protein‐1 Binding Capacity and Modulates Cellular Iron Homeostasis in HeLa‐229 Cells
Authors: Vardhan Harsh , Bhengraj Apurb R. , Jha Rajneesh , Singh Mittal Aruna
Published: August 2009

Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is the leading cause of diseases related to reproductive health and iron plays important role in chlamydial pathogenesis. Iron homeostasis in chlamydia‐infected cells is not clear thus far. This study shows that expression of the transferrin receptor (TfR) is downregulated, whereas expression of the ferritin heavy chain is upregulated in CT‐infected HeLa‐229 cells. Expression of iron‐regulatory protein (IRP)‐1 predominates over IRP‐2 in infected cells. In infected cells, attenuated binding activity of IRP‐iron responsive elements (IREs) is observed using the electrophoretic mobility‐shift assay. These results suggest that iron homeostasis is modulated in CT‐infected HeLa cells at the interface of acquisition and commensal use of iron.
Strong Superconvergence of Finite Element Methods for Linear Parabolic Problems
Authors: Wang Kening , Li Shuang
Published: August 2009

We study the strong superconvergence of a semidiscrete finite element scheme for linear parabolic problems on Q = Ω × (0, T], where Ω is a bounded domain in ℛd  (d ≤ 4) with piecewise smooth boundary. We establish the global two order superconvergence results for the error between the approximate solution and the Ritz projection of the exact solution of our model problem in W1,p(Ω) and Lp(Q) with 2 ≤ p < ∞ and the almost two order superconvergence in W1,∞(Ω) and L∞(Q). Results of the p = ∞ case are also included in two space dimensions (d = 1 or 2). By applying the interpolated postprocessing technique, similar results are also obtained on the error between the interpolation of the approximate solution and the exact solution.
An Interactive Fuzzy Satisficing Method for Multiobjective Nonlinear Integer Programming Problems with Block-Angular Structures through Genetic Algorithms with Decomposition Procedures
Authors: Sakawa Masatoshi , Kato Kosuke
Published: August 2009

We focus on multiobjective nonlinear integer programming problems with block-angular structures which are often seen as a mathematical model of large-scale discrete systems optimization. By considering the vague nature of the decision maker's judgments, fuzzy goals of the decision maker are introduced, and the problem is interpreted as maximizing an overall degree of satisfaction with the multiple fuzzy goals. For deriving a satisficing solution for the decision maker, we develop an interactive fuzzy satisficing method. Realizing the block-angular structures that can be exploited in solving problems, we also propose genetic algorithms with decomposition procedures. Illustrative numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed method.
Efficacy of a Conservative Weight Loss Program in the Long-Term Management of Chronic Upper Airway Obstruction
Authors: Case Ryan C. , Schweinfurth John
Published: August 2009

Objective. Obesity is a significant contributor to oxygen demand and dynamic airway obstruction. The objective of the current study is to determine the long-term success of conservative measures directed toward weight reduction on airway management without respect to specific airway disease etiology.Methods. Patients with chronic airway obstruction secondary anatomic lesions or obstructive sleep apnea were recruited and followed prospectively. Demographics, initial and final weights, diagnosis, and followup information were recorded. Patients were referred to a registered dietician, provided counseling, and started on a weight-loss regimen. Outcome measures were change in body mass index (BMI) and rate of decannulation from weight loss alone.Results. Of fourteen patients, ten remained tracheostomy-dependent and four had high-grade lesions with the potential for improvement in oxygen demand and dynamic airway collapse with weight loss. The mean follow up period was 25 months. The mean change in BMI was an increase of 1.4 kg/m2per patient.Conclusions. Conservative measures alone were not effective in achieving weight reduction in the population studied. This may be due to comorbid disease and poor compliance. The promise of decannulation was an insufficient independent motivator for weight loss in this study. Although the theoretical benefits of weight loss support its continued recommendation, the long-term success rate of conservative measures is low. More aggressive facilitated interventions including pharmacotherapy or bariatric surgery should be considered early in the course of treating airway disease complicated by obesity.
On Two‐Parameter Regularized Semigroups and the Cauchy Problem
Authors: Janfada Mohammad
Published: August 2009

Suppose that X is a Banach space and C is an
injective operator in B(X), the space of all bounded linear
operators on X. In this note, a two‐parameter C‐semigroup
(regularized semigroup) of operators is introduced, and some of its
properties are discussed. As an application we show that the
existence and uniqueness of solution of the 2‐abstract Cauchy
problem (∂/(∂ti))u(t1, t2) = Hiu(t1, t2), i = 1, 2, ti > 0, u(0, 0) = x, x ∈ C(D(H1)∩D(H2)) is closely related to the two‐parameter C‐semigroups of
operators.
The Effect of UV‐Irradiation (under Short‐Circuit Condition) on Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells Sensitized with a Ru‐Complex Dye Functionalized with a (diphenylamino)Styryl‐Thiophen Group
Authors: Nonomura Kazuteru , Xu Yunhua , Marinado Tannia , Hagberg Daniel P. , Zhang Rong , Boschloo Gerrit , Sun Licheng , Hagfeldt Anders
Published: August 2009

A new ruthenium complex, cis‐di(thiocyanato)(2,2′‐bipyridine‐4,4′‐dicarboxylic acid)(4,4′‐bis(2‐(5‐(2‐(4‐diphenylaminophenyl)ethenyl)‐thiophen‐2‐yl)ethenyl)‐2,2′‐bipyridine)ruthenium(II) (named E322) has been synthesized for use in dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSCs). Higher extinction coefficient and a broader absorption compared to the standard Ru‐dye, N719, were aimed. DSCs were fabricated with E322, and the efficiency was 0.12% initially. (4.06% for N719, as reference). The efficiency was enhanced to 1.83% by exposing the cell under simulated sunlight containing UV‐irradiation at short‐circuit condition. The reasons of this enhancement are (1) enhanceing electron injection from sensitizer to TiO2 following a shift toward positive potentials of the conduction band of TiO2 by the adsorption of protons or cations from the sensitizer, or from the redox electrolyte and (2) improving the regeneration reaction of the oxidized dye by the redox electrolyte by the dissolution of aggregated dye from the surface of TiO2 following the treatment.
Study of Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells by Scanning Electron Micrograph Observation and Thickness Optimization of Porous TiO2 Electrodes
Authors: Ito Seigo , Nazeeruddin Mohammad K. , Zakeeruddin Shaik M. , Péchy Peter , Comte Pascal , Grätzel Michael , Mizuno Takaki , Tanaka Atsushi , Koyanagi Tsuguo
Published: August 2009

In order to improve the photoenergy conversion efficiency of dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSCs), it is important to optimize their porous TiO2 electrodes. This paper examines the surface and cross‐sectional views of the electrodes using scanning electron micrography. Two types of samples for cross‐sectional viewing were prepared by mechanically breaking the substrate and by using an Ar‐ion etching beam. The former displays the surface of the TiO2 particles and the latter shows the cross‐section of the TiO2 particles. We found interesting surface and cross‐sectional structures in the scattering layer containing the 400 nm diameter particles, which have an angular and horned shape. The influence of TiO2 particle size and the thickness of the nanocrystalline‐TiO2 electrode in DSCs using four kinds of sensitizing dyes (D149, K19, N719 and Z907) and two kinds of electrolytes (acetonitrile‐based and ionic‐liquid electrolytes) are discussed in regards to conversion efficiency, which this paper aims to optimize.
Microstructured and Photonic Bandgap Fibers for Applications in the Resonant Bio‐ and Chemical Sensors
Authors: Skorobogatiy Maksim
Published: August 2009

We review application of microstructured and photonic bandgap fibers for designing resonant optical sensors of changes in the value of analyte refractive index. This research subject has recently invoked much attention due to development of novel fiber types,
as well as due to development of techniques for the activation of fiber microstructure with functional materials. Particularly, we consider two sensors types.
The first sensor type employs hollow core photonic bandgap fibers where core guided mode is confined in the analyte filled core through resonant effect
in the surrounding periodic reflector. The second sensor type employs metalized microstructured or photonic bandgap waveguides and fibers, where core guided
mode is phase matched with a plasmon propagating at the fiber/analyte interface. In resonant sensors one typically employs fibers with strongly nonuniform spectral
transmission characteristics that are sensitive to changes in the real part of the analyte refractive index. Moreover, if narrow absorption lines are present in the
analyte transmission spectrum, due to Kramers‐Kronig relation this will also result in strong variation in the real part of the refractive index in the vicinity of an
absorption line. Therefore, resonant sensors allow detection of minute changes both in the real part of the analyte refractive index
(10−6–10−4 RIU), as well as in the imaginary part of the analyte refractive index in the vicinity of absorption lines. In the following we detail various resonant sensor implementations, modes of operation, as well as analysis of sensitivities for some of the common transduction mechanisms for bio‐ and chemical sensing applications. Sensor designs considered in this review span spectral operation regions from the visible to terahertz.