bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE THEORY OF PATRIARCHY:
Authors: Goldberg Steven
Published: February 2008

It is arguable that the central questions requiring explanation by the behavioural and social sciences are those falling under the rubric “nature vs. nurture”. To be sure, the issue is oversimplified when stated so simply; there are both physiological and environmental elements in the causation of behaviour, as well as feedback through which each alters the other. Moreover, discussions of this dichotomy can often be seen to be sterile arguments about definition, rather than answers to the empirical question of what is, in fact, happening. What matters is not “nature” or “nurture” in the abstract, but the roles physiology, environment, and the interaction of the two play in generating specific behaviour.
“DESERT”, “NEED”, THE SOCIAL THEORY OF THE POOR LAW RE‐PORT OF 1834, AND JOHN STUART MILL.
Authors: Offer John
Published: February 2008

The Poor Law Report of 1834 occupies an important, perhaps pre‐eminent place in attempts to understand changes in the distribution of power, social relations, and social provision in the nineteenth century. Few other documents have set in progress such a multitide of far‐reaching changes. This is true even though the Poor Law Amendment Act of the same year, very closely related to the Report, diluted considerably its recommendations for policy ‐ as the Checklands say in the Introduction to their edition of the Report, “The Government, with the understandable intention of making things easier for itself and harder for its opponents, produced a Bill that was much less explicit than the Report” (1974, p. 42). The innovations flowing from the Report included: a specialist body at central level in London (the Poor Law Commissioners, given extensive powers to set in being general rules covering poor re‐lief); nationwide units of “local government”, the union, bringing into control as boards of guardians many new people, who gained their position through elections; more systematic construction of workhouses, which often dwarfed the other buildings in their towns or villages; and a circumscribing of the power in the hands of the Justices of the Peace, stalwarts of a less formal, more paternalistic and discretionary attitude to poor relief.
THE TRADUCTION OF THE TRADITIONAL: Sociology and the study of Complex Pre‐Industrial Societies.
Authors: Carlton Eric
Published: February 2008

It could be argued that sociology is part of the secular dogmata of industrialised systems. Its concerns are now almost entirely confined to theoretical analyses of the institutional and normative structures of modem societies. As a discipline, its interests are purportedly reformative as well as being disinterestedly academic. In the “trade”, there is a praise‐worthy emphasis on relevance and an increasing predisposition towards the practicalities of policy and decision‐making processes. It is absorbed by the problems that derive from industrialisation: the encroachments of the new technology and economic uncertainty; the expansion of the new colonialism and political instability; crime, terrorism and the anonymity of the urban situation ‐ in short, the mounting pressures of living in the contemporary world. All these provide sociology with its current, rather formidable, field of enquiry.
STRUCTURAL ACCOUNTS OF SERVICES
Authors: Cooperman David , Plummer Paul
Published: February 2008

It is quite possible to use the cluster of conventional service terms without further specification, (service jobs, service sectors, service economy), as long as no rigorous empirical theories are intended and as long as data aggregated under that category is likewise not mobilised on behalf of explanation claims. Hence, data published by any number of sources classifies economic activity with reference to agriculture, manufacturing and services, in which services is a residual category. However, the researcher using such data comparatively is at risk since the residuals included in “services” are apt to be the least standardised of all the grossly aggregated data. Where “services” is used as an empty nominal term to stand for other itemised subcategories of service, the term is redundant. Hence, in a recent semi‐popular article, after noting that the term may indeed be so broad as to signify “anything sold in trade that could not be dropped on your foot”, a specification of sub‐categories is given which includes financial services, communication and transportation services, and distribution and retail networks, “among others”, which latter then becomes a rather sizable, unspecified residual itself. (Quinn, Baruch, Paquette 1987).
SERVICE FOR PROFIT
Authors: Nelson Joel. I.
Published: February 2008

The course and development of capitalism is a central issue in socio‐logical analysis (Marx, 1936; Harrington, 1976; Bernstein, 1985; Badham, 1984; Baran and Sweezy, 1977; Dahrendorf, 1959; Mandel, 1976). Though there is little agreement on the destiny of capitalism, there is general recognition that capitalism has been altered by recent social change. These changes have been widely discussed around ideas pertaining to the regulation of economic actors, legal constraints on wages and the general increase of welfare programmes. Of these developments, welfare and social services have been the most carefully monitored in the sociological literature. Since welfare programmes provide goods and services without regard to social and economic status, welfare has been correctly interpreted as a significant modification of capitalism.
THE SERVICE SOCIETY AND UNIVERSITY FACULTY AUTONOMY
Authors: Lewis Lionel S.
Published: February 2008

American society has undergone many changes since World War II. Perhaps the most notable of these has been its transformation from an industrial to a post‐industrial society, a society that is no longer primarily goods‐producing but one that has increasingly been providing a greater variety of services.
THE DECLINE OF ORANGE COUNTY'S SUBURBAN OASIS:
Authors: Wright Talmadge , Riave Corinne
Published: February 2008

For the past ten years the United States has experienced intensive industrial restructuring as the economy moved from one based on heavy manufacturing to one of services (Bluestone & Harrison 1982; Kuttner 1983; Thurow 1984). This national transformation has had clear implications for housing, employment, and transportation. Economic growth has not been uniform but has focussed on both the East (Shank 1985) and the West Coast leaving the Midwest sweltering in a sharp recession (Rennert 1986). Massive intervention in the economy through high levels of military spending has produced a boom in such areas as Southern California and the Northeast.
MANAGEMENT PROCESSES, MANAGEMENT DIVISIONS OF LABOUR AND MANAGERIAL WORK: TOWARDS A SYNTHESIS
Authors: Hales Colin
Published: February 2008

Over the past thirty years or so, a body, albeit a somewhat disarticulated body, of evidence on the work of managers has accumulated. The field of study which has given rise to this evidence is, from time to time, subject to ‘internal’ criticisms by some of its own practitioners (Luthans and Davis 1980, Marples 1967, Mintzberg 1973, Stewart 1983) whose main contention, predictably, is that the studies do not, methodologically or analytically, always live up to their self‐imposed project. The studies in short are upbraided for what they have imperfectly done. In an earlier paper (Hales 1986) I sought to extend and add to these criticisms of studies of managers' work. I argued that the studies fail to distinguish, within the vague term ‘managerial work’, between: first, ‘management’ as a process and ‘managers’ as a particular category of agents; second, managerial work as a totality and managerial jobs as clusters of that (and other) work; third, what managers are required to do (role definition) and what they actually do (role performance) and fourth, the outputs and purpose of managerial work (managerial tasks and responsibilities) versus the inputs and practice of managerial work (managers' behaviour and activities). These ambiguities are, I suggested, symptomatic of a rather narrow empiricist approach and failure adequately to theorise the ‘management’ which managers are, apparently, doing. In this way, I wanted to arrive at, rather than merely assert, the proposition that the activities of managers cannot be adequately understood without setting them, empirically and theoretically, in a wider context.
TECHNOLOGICAL LEADERS, FOLLOWERS AND MANAGERIAL WORK PROCESSES
Authors: Woiceshyn Janna
Published: February 2008

Based on a comparative case study of nine firms in the Canadian graphic arts industry in 1964–86, this paper suggests that managerial conduct plays a significant role in technological change. There were clear differences in managerial conduct between technological leaders and followers, and managerial conduct was influenced by firm performance, managerial capacities and attitudes and contextual conditions. These four elements, managerial conduct, firm performance, managerial capacities and attitudes, and contextual conditions, constituted feedback cycles of technological change. Firm performance induced managerial conduct that was influenced by managerial capacities and attitudes and by contextual conditions and led to technological change, depending on the intensity and extent of conduct, and technological change further affected firm performance. The paper focuses on managerial work processes as they cause differences in technological change in technological leaders and followers, but other elements of the feedback cycles are considered as well. Technological change has increased productivity growth and standard of living, but technological development also “destroys the economic viability of certain industries, firms, and jobs, as it creates new ones” (Nelson, 1981: 1054). This kind of impact has created a need to predict and control technological change, and thereby to understand the phenomenon better. Despite the fact that technological change takes place in firms (Moss, 1981: 51–53), most of the economics research explains technological development at the aggregate level (see Kamien & Schwartz, 1982 for a review), and the majority of the so called innovation studies concentrate on individual adoption behaviour (see Rogers, 1983 for a review). However, in order to understand the process of technological change, we must go inside the firms where the change takes place. A useful starting point seems to be a comparison between firms that are technological leaders and followers (Schumpeter, 1934; Porter, 1983). This would increase understanding of the factors facilitating and preventing technological change. Technology can be defined as the tangible production process of converting inputs to outputs (Shen, 1981), and it is often embodied in physical capital (Nelson, 1981). Changes in production processes via production equipment are the main concern here. The central question of this paper is: Why do some firms become technological leaders while others are followers? And more specifically: How does managerial conduct differ between technological leaders and followers? The answers were sought through a comparative case study of Canadian graphic arts firms. The results indicate that the crucial factor determining leadership and followership was managerial conduct, shaped by firm performance and by the context of the firm. The role of managerial conduct in technological leadership and followership is focused on in this report.
MANAGERIAL WORK IN CORPORATE INNOVATION: FIELDS OF WORK AND FRONTIERS OF CONTROL
Authors: Räsänen Keijo , Kivisaari Sirkku
Published: February 2008

In modern corporations, internal R&D is considered an important source of new products and, therefore, a major mechanism of new business generation. Innovation studies report, however, that only a small fraction of all R&D projects are successful. They recognise that the quality of management is a key factor in predicting the outcome of innovation processes. In spite of this consensus, only a few empirical studies have described how managers from various organisational positions jointly produce certain innovative outcomes in certain industries and corporate contexts (Maidique 1980, Burgelman & Sayles 1986).
IN SEARCH OF INSTITUTIONAL MANAGEMENT: THE FINNISH FOREST SECTOR CASE
Authors: Tainio Risto , Ollonqvist Pekka , Korhonen Marja
Published: February 2008

This article attempts to understand the dynamics of institutional management processes. This concept is defined here as managerial action vis‐a‐vis emerging political and infra‐structural conditions for business in the nation‐state arena. For this purpose the emerging patterns of relationships between business and politics in the Finnish forest sector are described and analysed. Our focus is on the impact of the four most societally loaded changes in political and infra‐structural conditions of the forest sector: its position in the core of the Finnish economy, the ownership of the key resources, the use of timber as the basic source of welfare, and the logging and transportation infrastructure. These changes become the key issues for the level of institutional management in the forest sector. They have remained significant over the studied long‐term period, but the efforts of their moulding have changed over time. These dynamics of institutional management are found to follow a cycle, divided in seven phases, coined as: (1) offensive confrontation, (2) operational co‐operation, (3) differentiation of institutional management, (4) exploitation of a core position, (5) justification of expansion and growth, (6) legitimation of decline, and (7) defensive confrontation. The authors provide examples and evidence of these changing patterns of institutional management, and offer a proposition about the underlying dynamics of the cycle.
PARENTS AND PRESCHOOL SERVICES: ISSUES OF PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT
Authors: Scott Gill
Published: February 2008

The debates on welfare provision in Britain are both familiar and well documented. (Loney, Boswell & Clarke 1984, Mishra 1984). It has been pointed out, however, by recent analysts (Barrett & Mcintosh 1982, Dale & Foster 1986) that quite different analyses of the deficiencies of the present system share common assumptions regarding the family. It will be argued here that this is particularly clear in current debates concerning parental involvement in pre school provision. Parental involvement has become a political catchphrase in the 1980's. It has been taken up by right and left, by community activists and central government. Much of the discussion, however, is underpinned by a particular view of the family. For the New Right the family is a focal point for much that is wrong in contemporary British society (Fitzgerald 1983). Parental involvement, here, is seen as a right and a duty for parents as well as a way to offset the reduction in individual responsibilities that have occurred with an invasive welfare state. The Left has also tended to view families in individualistic ways but has sought to redistribute educational opportunities through supporting parents to understand, use and make demands on overly centralised educational system e.g. Plowden 1967, Strathclyde Regional Council 1985. Parental involvement becomes a right and away to improve parents resources. The difficulties with these prescriptions, from Left and Right, is that their conceptualisation of the family ignores the realities of families and childcare, particularly in relation to women (David 1985, Wilson 1983). Thus they fail to take into account how these realities affect the way in which parents use and respond to parental involvement strategies.
DEEP ECOLOGY: GROUNDING A CONTEMPORARY ARGUMENT FIELD
Authors: Wexler Mark N.
Published: February 2008

To those concerned with challenges and challengers to conventional wisdom, the entirely credible perception of ours as a planet in the midst of a deep environmental crisis offers fruitful grounds for analysis. Crises stimulate those who have, in the existence of the crisis, firm proof that the wisdom which girds the status quo is deficient and/or those who apply it are. This is particularly true when the crisis is perceived to be grave and dread‐laden. Skin cancer due to the depletion of the ozone layer is on the increase. Large, at times devastating, climate changes are loose upon the planet. Whether given quasi‐ scientific names like the “greenhouse effect” or lumped together in a melange of “acid rain”, “toxic waste” and “industrial cancers”, the result is the same. Rational citizens of the everyday‐person‐on‐the‐street sort feel threatened. The threat is given shape and substance by the mass media. The environmental crisis is a credible crisis. One need not list radical political activism as one's vocation to list the environmental crisis as one of one's fears as we enter the 1990's.
WILL LACK OF COMMITMENT TO FUNDAMENTAL SOCIAL RIGHTS PERSIST IN EUROPE AFTER 1992?
Authors: de Kok Adrian C.M.
Published: February 2008

The incorporation of fundamental social rights in the new Netherlands constitution was dismissed as “a cosmetic operation” in the nineteen‐seventies. This is an interesting comment for two reasons.
RELIGION AND HEALTH: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
Authors: Mullen Kenneth
Published: February 2008

There has been a recent tendency for medical sociology to ignore the possible influence that religion may have on health. For example, religion as a social variable is now no longer routinely collected in large scale social surveys dealing with health or mortality. As Vaux speaking of America stated: “The U.S. Public Health Service, in its extensive and comprehensive analysis of health in its etiological and epidemiological dimensions, has chosen to systematically ignore the variable religion” (1,p.524). Such an attitude has been justified by recourse to arguments about the secularisation of society and in particular to the decline in the membership of the traditional churches. In this article I wish to re‐open this area for discussion by again asking the question: does religion influence health? The medical literature, from both national and ad hoc studies, considering the evidence of health effects under the headings of mortality, and physical and psychological morbidity will be reviewed. Religion however, when dealt with as a social science variable does have its problems; if correlations between religion and health are found how are they to be accounted for? I will, therefore, also look at the various types of causal mechanisms which have been put forward by researchers. Further, why certain diseases have greater prominence in the literature than others, and why certain religious groups have received greater attention than others will be considered. Finally the article concludes by outlining avenues of future research in the area and how any such work could avoid the theoretical bias of past studies.
THREATS AND OPPORTUNITIES IN COMMUNITY SERVICE ORGANISATIONS — LESSONS FROM THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE
Authors: Schmid Hillel
Published: February 2008

The aim of this article is to analyse potential threats and opportunities encountered by Community Service Organisations (CSO's) as a group of human service organisations. The discussion will focus on the Israeli case, in an attempt to draw conclusions about community organisations elsewhere.
THE SCHOLASTIC APTITUDE TESTS (S.A.T.'s): A LOGICAL ANALYSIS. DO THE S.A.T.'s PREDICT; DO THEY DISCRIMINATE; ARE THEY IQ TESTS
Authors: Goldberg Steven
Published: February 2008

The true measure of the ability of Scholastic Aptitude Tests, high‐school grades, and other variables (and combinations of variables) to predict college performance would be this: a college would select its students at random, ail selected students would attend the college, and the correlations of the variables with performance at the college would be determined.
CAN PARTIES TURN HOUSING POLICY AROUND?
Authors: Shidlo Gil
Published: February 2008

This article sets out to explore whether right wing parties have made a difference to the way housing policy was formulated in the UK and Israel. Both countries provide similar examples of national approaches to housing policy. We shall review two policy developments, rent control and improving housing conditions in the inner cities.
Unemployment, Crime and Offenders
Authors: Crow Iain , Richardson Paul , Riddington Carol , Simon Frances , Fineman Stephen
Published: February 2008

This book has been produced by a research team from NACRO (National Association for the Care and Resettlement of Offenders). Readers familiar with NACRO publications will feel a bit cheated because a large part of its solid empirical centre has been published elsewhere (Unemployment and Magistrates' Courts, NACRO, 1987) — in a more user‐friendly, and much less‐expensive, form.
COMPUTERIZATION: A PRECONDITION FOR, OR A PRODUCT OF, RESPONSIBLE SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE
Authors: Markus Elliot J.
Published: February 2008

The march of time is relentless; it brings with it ever increasing technological innovations that cannot bypass or skip over the delivery of personal social services. Within these services, the computer has already found its way to management and research personnel. They itch to put it to use to crunch out the kind of data that they feel they need in order to deliver more cost‐effective services to higher priority targets. The fly in the ointment is the practitioners; they just cannot or will not produce reliable data of the type needed for the number crunchers.
COMPUTERS IN HUMAN SERVICES: INHERENT SOCIAL VALUES AND USER INVOLVEMENT
Authors: Qvortrup Lars
Published: February 2008

Arriving at England in 1830 and being confronted with the newest technology of early industrialism, the Danish philosopher and historian, Bishop N.F.S. Grundtvig, realised at once that technology is something more than “speechless nature”. Technology is also the incarnation of human and social nature, which you don't need to be a technician to be able to appreciate. Actually it is tempting to say that almost the reverse is true — the more you let yourself be blinded by technology as a piece of mindless matter, the more blind you become to its social significance and purpose.
PERSONAL COMPUTERS AND SOCIAL ADMINISTRATION
Authors: Hartmann Helmut
Published: February 2008

This contribution is focussing its interest on a specific section of social services and social administration in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). An important part of the German Social Security System is represented by the Social Assistance, based on the Federal Social Assistance Act of 1961. All persons living in the FRG are entitled to receive social assistance (financial payments, payments in kind, personal advice), if their income is less than a certain minimum standard and no other sources (e.g. other social security schemes, family) are able to provide financial support. The number of persons receiving social assistance in the FRG increased since the beginning of the 80s rapidly (in 1986 about 2.2 million persons received income maintenance payments); among the recipients of social assistance long‐term unemployed persons, single‐parent families and the elderly are representing the major part of clients. Social assistance is provided by local social administration. One of the characteristics of the social assistance is the fact that the local administration is required to offer financial support as well as personal advice to the clients. This implicates that the assistance provided by the local administration is a rather complex process, including various types of administrative work as well as social help.
USING A CLIENT DATA BASE: THE HELSINKI EXPERIENCE
Authors: Rosenholm Marja‐Liisa
Published: February 2008

There are about 500,000 inhabitants in Helsinki. There are over 100,000 clients and over 300,000 client visits in Helsinki social welfare agencies per year. There are seven social welfare agencies in Helsinki, and this paper is based upon activities in the northeast social agency, consisting of 38 social workers and 15 clerks. Each social worker has about 150–200 clients per year.
COMPUTERIZED INFORMATION SYSTEM OF REHABILITATION SERVICES IN ISRAEL
Authors: Bendel Judith
Published: February 2008

In recent years the diagnostic, treatment, educational, and counselling services in the field of rehabilitation in Israel have expanded. As a result, the need arose to centralize information about the services so that it would be possible to provide correct and up‐to‐date information to the professionals, the service planners, the policymakers, and those in need.
THE USE OF COMPUTERS IN SPECIAL EDUCATION: THE EXAMPLE OF FRENCH‐SPEAKING SWITZERLAND
Authors: Grandguillot Sylvie , Murmann Armin
Published: February 2008

This contribution is intended for the participants in a meeting of experts on the theme: The Use of Computers in Social Work.
TELEWORK: NEW OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE HANDICAPPED UNEMPLOYED WORKERS
Authors: Woelders Henk J.
Published: February 2008

Now that all over the western world the Welfare State is presenting the bill, the social security system as we know it begins to weigh down more and more heavily on our national economies. And this pressure has af‐fected our attitude towards it, and even the way we talk about it. Terms like ‘disability’ and ‘unemployment’ are no longer primarily associated with human suffering: they have become matters of facts and figures. The days are long past when the position of the disabled arid the unem‐ployed belonged to the domain of the social worker only; his concern is now shared by the economist and the politician, though perhaps not for quite the same reasons.
COMPUTERIZED THERAPEUTIC GAMES WITHIN THE SOCIAL WORK ARENA
Authors: Sherer Moshe
Published: February 2008

Games were used in social work, especially in group work, for many years (Abels & Abels, 1985; Zayas & Lewis, 1986). Games are recognized as a necessary part of human development and thus have many applications in professional life (Dromi & Krampf, 1986). Computers became a growing source of help in our profession. Among their new applications they are used as games machines for educational or therapeutic purposes (Resnick & Sherer, 1989). This article deals with computerized games in social work. We will focus our attention on the current state of this art, analyze its potential applications in various fields of social work, and as an example introduce one such game and discuss its potential use.
ON THE USE OF COMPUTERS IN SOCIAL WORK EDUCATION AND PRACTICE IN THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY
Authors: Dringenberg Rainer
Published: February 2008

This paper should give an idea of the slow but irreversible introduction process of personal computers into social work services and agencies, but its major part shall deal with social schools' response to this challenge. The author's college/curriculum shall be used as an example.
COMPUTER USE IN SOCIAL WORK: PIONEERS AND INNOVATORS
Authors: de Graaf Hein
Published: February 2008

There are not many people left who deny the potential use of compu‐ters in Social Work practice. In almost every country Social Work implies exchange of information, giving help and advice to clients and thereby using external or internal sources of information. For this kind of activities computer technology is a very useful tool.
Life Experiences of Normal Young Adult Siblings of Persons With a Mental Handicap — An Exploratory Study
Authors: Altman Yochanan
Published: February 2008

The last decade saw a major shift in the management of the mentally handicapped and their place in society. The dual influences of the movements for human rights, emphasising the rights of minority groups; matched by an increasing tendency to replace institutionalisation with community based care (often under the banner of economy), have had an impact on the liminal positioning of the mentally handicapped in Western society.
Athletes: Why Blacks Are Better Than Whites
Authors: Goldberg Steven
Published: February 2008

Suppose, for argument's sake, that I am a racist. Suppose that my psychology, my economics, and my politics are predicated on an irrational hatred of Oriental peoples. Finally, suppose that, in the service of my psychological, economic, and political needs, I claim that the peoples of the Orient are shorter than the people of the United States and that they are so for genetic reasons. Would the irrationality of my needs cast doubt on the correctness of my claim?
THE MEANING OF UNEMPLOYMENT AND THE RIGHT TO WORK
Authors: Berglind Hans
Published: February 2008

This article has several purposes. One is to give some rather elementary facts about both the concept and scope of unemployment for those readers that are not specialists in the field. Another purpose is to discuss some related concepts that could be of use in understanding the development and trends of the labour market. Finally, I will discuss the meaning of the “right to work”, and some possible scenarios for the future. My main focus will be the industrialised nations, while the problems of the so‐called developing countries will be touched upon only very briefly.
UNEMPLOYMENT IS NOT A FATE
Authors: Bothmer Jo
Published: February 2008

The policy of the 80's was based on the “no‐nonsense” rule. Everyone focused on the Reagan administration's conservative policy and its solutions were copied elsewhere. In this way the situation of the unemployed — and we are talking about millions of human beings — got worse instead of improving.
ONE TYPE OF YOUTH EMPLOYMENT SERVICE: NON‐MILITARY SERVICE IN CANADA AND MEXICO
Authors: Sherraden Michael , Sherrard Sherraden Margaret
Published: February 2008

Non‐military service, sometimes called national service, refers to organised programmes in which young people engage in a period of service to the community or to the nation. Over the past twenty‐five years, there have been a number of major studies in the United States which have recommended large‐scale voluntary non‐military service (Eberly, 1966; Carnegie Council on Policy Studies in Higher Education, 1979; Committee for the Study of National Service, 1979; Sherraden and Eberly, 1982; Danzig and Szanton, 1986; Moskos, 1988; Eberly and Sherraden, 1990).
PERSISTING UNEMPLOYMENT AND THE CRISIS OF WORLD PARADIGM SHIFT
Authors: Collins Sheila D.
Published: February 2008

As a beneficiary of what media, economic and political elites called “the longest economic expansion in the peacetime history of the United States”, George Bush was elected to the presidency in 1988. Less than a year later, as communism came apart at the seams, American political and economic pundits trumpeted the final triumph of laissez‐faire capitalism, and some even rushed to announce the “end of history”. The millenium had arrived.
FULL EMPLOYMENT AND SOCIAL WELFARE POLICY
Authors: Sherraden Michael
Published: February 2008

With the ups and downs of the economy, unemployment comes and goes as a public policy issue. As of November 1990, the official US unemployment rate stood at 5.9 percent, above the 16 year low of 5.0 percent that had been reached earlier in the year. Around the 5 percent level of unemployment, a majority of economists say that the labour market is near the “natural rate of unemployment”, the rate at which labour shortages lead to wage increases, pushing inflation higher. At this level, few people talk about unemployment as an economic or a political problem. Unemployment has not been a major issue in recent US election campaigns. Indeed, there has been far more public discussion about the possibility of labour shortages in the United States during the coming years. Although a US recession has probably arrived, the Federal Reserve Board and most economists are more worried about inflation than about unemployment. Assuredly, however, as the recession deepens, unemployment will rise and will again be in the spotlight. Politicans will give speeches. Makeshift legislation will be enacted. And then, just as assuredly, with the next economic recovery, unemployment will fade once again from the political agenda.
EDUCATION AND MARRIAGE PATTERNS IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Hayes Bernadette C. , Jones F.L
Published: February 2008

A number of major studies of social stratification have been conducted since the Second World War. Focusing on societal openness, or equality of opportunity, these studies have ranged from investigations of individual status attainment and mobility processes to the analysis of class closure and class conflict among groups. What these studies have mostly in common, however, is that the form of stratification within which mobility or class closure is considered is occupational. Also, they have almost entirely concentrated on the male population. Openness, or equality of opportunity, is usually assessed in terms of the association between fathers' and sons' occupations, or the relative chances a son has to inherit his father's class or status position (Dale et al, 1985). Low rates of inheritance, or a lack of association in class position across generations, are interpreted as indicating weak tendencies towards social closure between strata and classes. Strong associations, or low rates of class interchange, are taken as evidence of greater structuration.
ARE MALES BETTER AT MATHEMATIC REASONING AND IF SO, WHY?
Authors: Goldberg Steven
Published: February 2008

There is today a widely‐accepted environmentalist argument denying a physiologically‐rooted male mathematical advantage
HEGEL, MARX, NIETZSCHE, AND THE FUTURE OF SELF‐ALIENATION
Authors: Schacht Richard
Published: February 2008

Politics has been defined as “the art of the possible.” But where possibilities are concerned, choices must be made; and this leads us directly to value theory, as do both educational theory and critical social theory. Indeed, they all lead not only to value theory, but to “quality of life” theory — and this in turn raises what might be called the question of a normative philosophical anthropology, concerned with the interpretation and assessment of human life, not only in its general contours but also in its variability. It too deals with human possibilities; and it might be argued to be concerned with issues that are fundamental to any “critical social theory” — political, cultural or educational.
OBSOLESCENCE OF THE PRODUCTION PARADIGM?
Authors: Nagl Ludwig
Published: February 2008

Introduction: Jürgen Habermas's Critique of the Alienation/De‐alienation Scheme Revisited
SYSTEMS, SITUATIONS AND THE INDIVIDUAL: AN INTEGRATED VIEW OF ALIENATION AS RELATED TO MIGRANTS
Authors: Kalekin‐Fishman Devorah
Published: February 2008

Statistics of migration are gross indicators of the extent to which governments have persistently initiated and enabled (or prevented) in‐ and out‐migration (Castles, 1984; International Labour Office, 1969; 1989; Lucassen, 1987). In the sociological literature, people who move are summarily described as ‘strangers,’ ‘sojourners,’ ‘marginal persons,’ ‘guest workers,’ ‘asylum‐seekers,’ ‘resettlers,’ or ‘refugees’ (Emminghaus, 1989; Siu, 1952; Wolff, 1950). Alienation is attributed to all of these. Government programs are often planned with a view to easing alienation. Yet, few of the programs have been derived from a comprehensive theoretical perspective or based on valid research. In order to determine what kinds of policies and programs can and should be effected, it will be useful to look at diverse meanings of alienation, the types of research that are implied by these meanings, and the likely effects of alienation on human lives.
ALIENATION AS THE DENIAL OF AESTHETIC EXPERIENCE
Authors: Schwalbe Michael L.
Published: February 2008

Marx's analysis of alienated labor still explains much about how the capitalist labor process shapes the thoughts and feelings of direct producers. But Marx's analysis fares less well in explaining how the work people actually do with their hands and minds leads to specific psychological consequences. This weakness stems from an inadequate social psychology. The purpose of this article is to provide Marx with this needed social psychology by drawing on the work of G.H. Mead. Specifically, Mead's philosophy of the act and his concept of aesthetic experience will be used to show how alienated labor leads to a reified mode of consciousness and a dislike of work itself. This synthesis of Marx and Mead makes good theoretical sense when we consider, first, the remarkable similarity of their respective philosophical anthropologies.
WORKERS‘ PARTICIPATION IN A SOCIALIST COUNTRY
Authors: Morawski Witold
Published: February 2008

Any discussion of the place of workers’ participation in a socialist country must simultaneously consider a few different dimensions:
ALIENATION AND THE LIMITS OF DEMOCRACY: THE CASE OF ARGENTINA
Authors: Gimenez Martha E.
Published: February 2008

Over the years Latin American countries have had to endure harsh right wing dictatorships bent on preserving the status quo, while presumably “protecting” them from left wing totalitarianism until they became “ready” for democracy. In Argentina, a democratic civilian government became possible in 1983, after the collapse of the most ruthless military regime the country had known. And, on July 8th 1989, for the first time in sixty years, a democratically elected president succeeded another elected president from a different political party. I was in the country at the time and lived through the chaotic weeks that followed; I talked with people, read the papers and tried to decipher the new political discourse.
BEYOND ALIENATION AND ANOMIE: THE EMANCIPATORY EFFICACY OF LIBERATION IDEOLOGIES IN SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: Orkin Mark
Published: February 2008

The Soweto revolt of 1976 was mounted by black students in South Africa mobilized under the banner of the Black Consciousness (BC) ideology. However, when thousands of these youths were driven into exile by state repression, they joined the African National Congress (ANC) or its military wing. When hundreds of them returned as guerrillas after 1978, some were arrested and tried, while others were involved in spectacular shootouts with the police. The resulting press coverage began to revive ANC ideology in popular consciousness. With further publicity in 1980 from a Free Mandela campaign, and from luridly successful sabotage attacks, popular support for the ANC soared, shaping political events for the rest of the decade. The only other noteworthy tendency among blacks was the Zulu‐based Inkatha movement led by Chief Gatsha Buthelezi, whose support among young people was slight because of his hostile stance to both BC and the ANC.
RECENT TRENDS IN TRADE UNION MEMBERSHIP IN CANADA
Authors: Jackson Michael P.
Published: February 2008

In many countries trade unions faced major problems in the 1970s and 1980s. Total membership declined as did the proportion of the working population unionised. This picture is by no means universal and, as Kelly has argued, if the figures are considered carefully, then the problems may be less significant than often imagined. One of the countries where unions appear to have been able to escape almost unscathed is Canada. They have done so, despite facing many of the problems that have been largely responsible for creating the difficult environment in which unions have had to operate in other countries. In particular, they had to face difficult economic conditions and shifts in the make‐up of the labour force with an increasing emphasis on service sector employment. The apparent success of Canadian unions is even more interesting when it is recalled that over the same period union membership in the USA has declined sharply and to some extent the same unions organise in both the USA and Canada. This paper seeks to examine the recent trends in trade union membership in Canada and reviews possible explanations.
THE SUDDEN DECLINE IN A COMMUNITY SERVICE ORDER PROGRAMME: A CRITIQUE OF THE PANOPTICAN THESIS
Authors: Phyne John
Published: February 2008

Recently, the panoptican interpretation of social control has dominated discussions on decarceration. In particular, despite the dispersal of social control, community service order programmes administered within private correctional agencies have been interpreted as a contribution to state surveillance.
THE HEALTH OF TWO NATIONS; NATIONAL STRATEGIES FOR PUBLIC HEALTH AND HEALTH PROMOTION IN ENGLAND AND SWEDEN
Authors: Gustafsson Ulla
Published: February 2008

There has been a tradition of comparative research into the health services of England and Sweden. This has focused mainly on health care financing, organisational structures and health inequalities (Anderson 1972; Helco 1974; Heidenheimer and Elvander 1980; Ham 1988; Ham et al 1990). Less attention however has been paid to the policies on, and philosophies of, public health and health promotion in the two countries. This may of course be because it is only comparatively recently that such policies have come to the fore on the political agenda in both countries. It is on these areas that we focus our attention. Consequently this paper will do three things. First, describe the current policies on public health and health promotion at national level in both countries. Second, draw attention to the differences and similarities which are manifest in the policies of these two countries and develop a summary of the two national strategies. Third, we will consider some possible reasons and explanations for the contemporary emergence of public health.
PROFESSIONS WITHOUT FRONTIERS? THE “EUROPEAN PROJECT” AND UK PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS
Authors: Todd Frankie , Neale Pauline
Published: February 2008

The target date for the completion of the Single European market at the end of 1992 will see the achievement of a complex series of measures designed to promote the free movement of goods, capital, services and people between the twelve countries of the European Community (EC) (Department of Trade and Industry, 1989a). Members of the UK occupational groups to which the term “professionals” is often applied are among the people who will be able to offer their services elsewhere in the EC. By the same token, European professionals will be able to establish themselves as service providers in the UK. This essentially simple potential for free movement of professionals (a simplicity achieved, however, through complicated negotiations amongst European policy makers) brings with it a number of questions of interest to “profession watchers” in the UK. How will UK professionals, and their institutions, respond to the challenges and opportunities that accompany this EC‐wide extension to their own rights of establishment? How will they respond to incoming migrant professionals from elsewhere in the EC? What policies and practices will UK professional institutions adopt in relation to their counterparts in other EC member states? What links will they forge with them and to what extent will these contacts lead to joint initiatives at a community‐wide level? This article reports on the first phase of a study designed to consider such questions during the run up to the completion of the single market and in its immediate aftermath.
ON THE ATTITUDES TO AND WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION
Authors: Cameron Samuel , Welford Richard
Published: February 2008

Technological innovation has opened up the possibility of reproduction through non‐traditional methods. Once it was only possible to have children through direct sexual intercourse. Those seeking to bear children would therefore adhere to a traditional form of the family or would form a one‐off contract or liaison with some person who abdicates responsibly for the child after birth. The latter method could be used simply for the sake of having children but appears to function as a means of providing children where there is a problem with conception in a traditional family. The available alternatives involve the artificial bringing together of reproductive elements without direct human contact. In the traditional family structure, depending on the problems faced, artificial insemination by partner (Al) or artificial insemination by donor (AID) can be used. In the United Kingdom AID is provided administratively rather than through the market and the normal expectation is that it is a means of sustaining the traditional family. Donors of sperm receive a small fixed fee and there is an attempt to match their physical characteristics with those of the would be father they are deputising for.
NEW ROLES FOR OLD: THE NEED FOR CHANGE IN NURSE SOCIALISATION
Authors: Startup Richard , Wilson Ann
Published: February 2008

In 1984 the United Kingdom Central Council for Nurses, Midwifery and Health Visiting (UKCC) convened a project group whose terms of reference were to examine the professional preparation of nurses, to consider possible modifications of the nurse's role in the light of the anticipated health needs of the 1990's and through into the next century and to make recommendations for changes in nurse education to prepare nurses better for their future role. Following consultation the UKCC summarised its proposals in the document Project 2000: A New Preparation for Practice (1986), which analysed future health needs and set out twenty‐five recommendations for the reform of professional practice. Since that time, given the progressive implementation of many of these recommendations, general nurse training has experienced considerable change, a central theme being the way in which existing roles in hospital settings have been modified and new roles introduced. This article is based on a sociological study of nurse socialisation in three Welsh nurse education centres which was undertaken with the aim of addressing issues in role theory while also analysing the problem areas which will need to be tackled if the objectives of Project 2000 are to be fully and successfully achieved.
EUROPEAN INTEGRATION AND SOCIO‐SPATIAL RESTRUCTURING: ACTUAL CHANGES AND THEORETICAL RESPONSE
Authors: Mlinar Zdravko
Published: February 2008

This is an attempt to outline a sociological, and in particular a theoretical response to the challenge of European integration and its associated socio‐spatial restructuring.
DIFFERENCES IN POLITICAL PARTICIPATION AND VALUE ORIENTATIONS AMONG GREEK MEN AND WOMEN
Authors: Dobratz Betty A.
Published: February 2008

It is, of course, Aristotle who pointed out that “Man is by nature a political animal” (quotation taken from Lipset, 1981:vii). One could of course speculate whether he meant only the male half of the human species were political animals. It is, however, the case that men tend to participate more in politics than women. This particular study focuses upon men and women's political participation in Greece, the place many regard as the birthplace of democracy.
THE MILITARY IN A DIVIDED SOCIETY; THE OCCUPATIONAL CULTURE OF SOLDIERS IN NORTHERN IRELAND
Authors: Mapstone Richard
Published: February 2008

This article describes the occupational culture of soldiers who live and work in Northern Ireland. The analysis proceeds from the recognition that work communities are not simply random aggregates of individual workers; the interpretation and meanings that individual soldiers give to their work are critically dependent upon the social and cultural context within which the work has developed.
SOCIOLOGY AND PUBLIC POLICY: THE DEBATE ON VALUE‐FREE SOCIAL SCIENCE
Authors: Hewa Soma
Published: February 2008

In a recent essay entitled “Value‐relevant Sociology”, David Gray (1983:405–416) argues that if sociology has to be socially relevant, “it is essential that sociology becomes consciously value‐relevant, not value‐free.” He maintains that sociologists cannot analyse the consequences of social structure, forces, and change in a value‐free context if their works are to be relevant for social policies. He then goes on to say, “Between the extremes of value‐free, non‐relevant, sometimes trivial, sociology on the one hand, and immediate response to pressing socioeconomic problems and prevailing political winds on the other, where does the significant sociology lie?” (1983:406). For Gray, both extremes are inappropriate for a worthy academic discipline.