bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theatre as Religious Practice
Authors: Bansat-Boudon Lyne
Published: September 2020

What theatre and religion have in common is to be first and foremost practices: there is no religion without rites, no theatre (whether in Indian or Western conceptions) without performance; that is to say, without putting drama into production and into play. So teaches the Nāṭyaśāstra, the great founding treatise on Indian dramatic art of the second century ce, not only in the myth of origin narrated in the first five and the last two chapters but also in most of the other ones dedicated to the ‘making’ of theatre, in particular the extensive analysis of the registers of acting (abhinaya) whose highly complex theory is expounded by Bharata, the mythical author of the Treatise and first of the sūtradhāras. This chapter examines these developments and their origins.
Seneca and the Past
Authors: Dinter Martin T.
Published: September 2020

In the preface to Book 1 of his Controversiae, Seneca claims to have written out his accounts of Roman declaimers and their speeches from memory. By attributing preternatural powers of recollection to himself, Seneca highlights that rhetoricians should have a good memory. Using this passage as a starting-point, this chapter delves into the intricacies of Seneca’s relationship with the past. It explores how Seneca upholds the illusion that his testimonies derive from off-the-cuff recollections by organizing his information using ordered lists, a mnemonic technique often recommended in pedagogical texts about oratory. In addition, by presenting each declamation session as a personal memory, Seneca ‘time-travels’: he transports his present audience into past declamations and inserts his own opinions into these past speeches. When read within a cultural-memory framework, these techniques build into Seneca’s overall self-fashioning as the sole commemorator and specialist of Roman declamation.
The Rhetoric of Decline and the Rhetoric for Declamatio
Authors: van den Berg Christopher S.
Published: September 2020

As an expert observer Seneca avows the decline of declamation, and we are all too ready to believe him. Many imperial practitioners and theorists of eloquentia (‘skilled speech’) appeal to decline as they engage in projects of considerable sophistication. Yet why resort to a proposition that seems to undermine the authority and value of their literary creations? This chapter examines the topos of decline in discussions of Roman imperial rhetoric, with a specific emphasis on Seneca’s first preface, proposing that, despite its paradoxical surface, decline is of a piece with the programmatic introduction to the collection. This chapter begins by briefly surveying how first- and second-century authors rework this theme as part of a larger literary project to justify the continued role of rhetoric in Roman culture. Discussion of decline is a rhetorical strategy that situates an author in relation to contemporaries and to the Roman past, creating a sense of cultural identity and continuity. If Seneca did not invent the topos, he is our first full witness of its workings in the rhetorical tradition, to which the chapter then turns. Seneca’s encyclopedic emphasis naturally falls on memoria, one of the canonical rhetorical departments, which is contrasted with biological metaphors describing cultural growth and decay. By drawing these parallels, Seneca compares memoria—a product of natura—with senectus, thus both recalling his youth and giving new life to the world of declamation.
Laughing Is No Laughing Matter
Authors: Schneider Catherine
Published: September 2020

Seneca ends his preface to the seventh book of the Controversiae with the statement Video, quid velitis: sententias potius audire quam iocos (‘I can see what you want‚ to hear epigrams, not jokes’). However, laughter can be heard throughout Seneca’s text, not in the declamations themselves, the topics of which are rarely ever funny, but in the world of the declaimers where it is used as a very effective instrument of control: any breaking of the rules—whether aesthetic or ethical in nature—is punished by a burst of laughter or a harsh joke at the rule-breaker’s expense. By outlining instances in this category, this chapter demonstrates the seriousness with which laughter within the declamatory arena ought to be taken.
The Use of the Apostrophe and the Fictionality of Declamation
Authors: Feddern Stefan
Published: September 2020

Building on van Mal-Maeder’s work on fictionality in Roman declamation, this chapter examines the poetics of declamation in Seneca the Elder’s compilations. When read from a literary standpoint, declamatory texts consist of two key components: the fabula (‘content’) and the discours (‘means of conveying said content’). The chapter concerns itself primarily with the latter, and specifically with the rhetorical concept of apostrophe (α‎̓ποστροφη‎́́), during which speakers address the subject about whom they are declaiming in direct speech. The analysis outlines the communicative strategies involved in this rhetorical technique, along with its implications on both the intradiegetic and extradiegetic narrative planes, and determines the extent to which apostrophe and its variants can be regarded as signs for the fictionality of a given declamation.
Charles Lamb, Roast Pork, and Willow Crockery
Authors: Murray Chris
Published: September 2020

Charles Lamb’s work communicates both his frustrated wish to study classics and the Orientalist atmosphere of his employment at East India House. ‘A Dissertation upon Roast Pig’ envisions the discovery of cooking in China but—although it has correspondences with Thomas Manning’s travels—the source is Porphyry’s treatise on vegetarianism. ‘Old China’ is an ekphrastic treatment of an imaginary crockery set in the chinoiserie aesthetic, but the primary influence is Keats’s ‘Grecian Urn’. Lamb’s and Joanna Baillie’s responses to chinoiserie chart fluctuations in British opinion on China, and interrogate whether crockery was a gendered interest. Via Mark Lemon, Lamb’s writing on China has had lasting influence on narratives that arose about the Willow pattern popularized by Wedgwood and Spode. The Willow pattern imitated Chinese aesthetics, but the Willow narrative is Ovidian rather than Chinese.
‘Better Fifty Years of Europe than a Cycle of Cathay’
Authors: Murray Chris
Published: September 2020

The classical universe allows Tennyson perspective on China. While ‘Locksley Hall’ appears to endorse British progress and deride China, the metre distances the poet from modernity: Tennyson’s line has probably Persian or ancient Greek origins. Tennyson’s patriotism celebrates ancient values but is suspicious of Victorian progress. ‘Recollections of the Arabian Nights’ considers the paradox that Britain deems Asia both accomplished and stagnant. Britain was culpable for hindering China as the East India Company became increasingly reliant on the illegal opium-trade. In the ‘Lotos-Eaters’ Tennyson responds to the opium crisis in China as well as addiction in his family. Sara Coleridge wrote her own version of the ‘Lotos-Eaters’, intensifying the Chinese analogues by reference to her father’s ‘Kubla Khan’. In ‘The Ancient Sage’ Tennyson finds an alternative to Victorian progress in Laozi’s Dao De Jing, as translated by John Chalmers, although Tennyson interprets the philosopher in Augustinian terms.
Interspecific Interactions I: Predation and Parasitism
Authors: Fogarty Michael J. , Collie Jeremy S.
Published: September 2020

Predation and parasitism are dominant forms of interspecific interactions in aquatic ecosystems. Predation effects have been more commonly quantified in aquatic ecosystems than disease. Diet studies documenting predation are substantially more common that routine monitoring for disease in aquaculture systems. The simplest predator–prey models predict lagged cycles of prey and their predators. Density-dependent regulation of the prey or predator population is required for stable coexistence of predator and prey populations. Predator–prey models are extended with the incorporation of non-linear functional responses, which can result in multiple equilibria. The behavior and dynamics of natural predators hold important insights in our consideration of human predation on aquatic resource species. Disease outbreaks have wrought tremendous impacts on a very broad spectrum of aquatic species. For economically important species, these impacts include significant economic costs to fishing communities and aquaculture facilities.
Spatial Processes
Authors: Fogarty Michael J. , Collie Jeremy S.
Published: September 2020

Aquatic populations are patchily distributed. The full implications of this statement for the dynamics of these populations depend very strongly on movement and dispersal patterns. The characteristically heterogeneous distribution of exploited aquatic species is of course essential to harvesting strategies employed by fishers. It can also present important challenges to management when species distributions contract to core habitat areas and these concentrations can be readily located and exploited. The types of models described in this chapter, including metapopulation models, provide an initial framework for considering the dynamics of spatially structured populations. Dispersal can provide a stabilizing force by providing a subsidy or rescue effect for depleted populations. Realistic representation of spatial processes in models of aquatic populations is an evolving art. Quantifying movement and connectivity of aquatic species entails special challenges. Spatially explicit models should account for exchange among subpopulations in relation to their size, distance, and degree of separation.
Harvesting at the Cohort and Population Levels
Authors: Fogarty Michael J. , Collie Jeremy S.
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores dynamical behaviors that go beyond globally stable outcomes to include alternate stable states, and non-equilibrium behaviors. The possibility of multiple equilibria emerges quite readily in models with non-linear harvesting functions. In practice, most fisheries management protocols at least implicitly assume that harvested populations have well-behaved stable equilibrium properties. If this is not the case, then sudden changes (including collapse) can occur and be totally unanticipated. This chapter describes the spectrum of single-species harvesting models from biomass dynamics models that do not include age or size structure, to delay–difference models with a simple demographic structure, to full age-structured models. Dynamic-pool models combine yield per recruit and egg-per-recruit with a stock-recruitment model to obtain an equilibrium yield curve. These single-species models are used to estimate biological reference points with which to assess stock status.
Empirical Dynamic Modeling
Authors: Fogarty Michael J. , Collie Jeremy S.
Published: September 2020

Empirical Dynamic Modeling offers a flexible complement to standard mechanistic modeling approaches. Because it makes no assumptions concerning the structural form of ecological processes, it can provide an effective approach to dealing with model uncertainty. The method uses non-linear, non-parametric models. It can accommodate a wide spectrum of dynamical behaviors and makes no equilibrium assumptions. The approach is predicated on the idea that within a time series of observations of an ecological variable (e.g. population or species abundance) is encoded information on the factors that have affected that variable over time (e.g. the effects of predators or prey, competitors, environmental change, etc.). The method employs state-space reconstruction to decode this embedded information, and applies nearest-neighbor and kernel regression methods of forecasting. Forecast skill is used directly as a criterion for model selection and validation. It has been proven effective in application to fisheries forecasting problems, often outperforming standard modeling approaches.
Material and Moral Reassessments of the KZ Past
Authors: Whatmore-Thomson Helen J.
Published: September 2020

Chapter 6 assesses the fundamental changes that occurred at the three KZ locations at a time when the Holocaust became central to European understandings of the war and Nazism. It outlines the camps’ transformations from monuments to memorial institutions (KZ- Gedenkstätten), detailing the ways in which local communities were involved or were swept up into new presentations of camp history. Beyond the politics of memory and official memorialization at the new institutions, it goes on to evaluate how local communities found their own ways of reflecting on and acknowledging the burden of the past in personal, social, and municipal ways; in particular, Neuengamme’s aloofness in matters pertaining to KZ memorialization was reversed through the activities of the local pastor. It concludes by tracing through the sites’ memorial evolution into the new millennium which has seen narrative complexity embrace the specificities of local context and embed this in international and universal narratives.
Conclusion
Authors: Whatmore-Thomson Helen J.
Published: September 2020

This Conclusion brings together the three cases, underlining the importance of locality and how it is has been lastingly tainted by KZ history. Across European borders, amidst diverging national war histories, different heritages of guilt and myth, and diverse paths of national remembrance each with its own timeline and combination of motivational factors, it highlights some of the common denominators in the histories of camps and their neighbouring communities. Local populations shared the physical fate of close proximity; but they also commonly espoused stories of interaction (wartime and post-war), as well as undergoing processes of realization and recognition of being intertwined KZ history, and attempting to justify and rationalize their coexistence with a KZ. The Conclusion accounts for the different nature of local involvement in KZ commemoration across the three locations, and closes with some of the broad distinctions this reveals about KZ memory more generally.
The General Theory of Verbal Humor
Authors: Attardo Salvatore
Published: September 2020

The General Theory of Verbal Humor (GTVH) is introduced. It is also a model of humor competence based on jokes, like the SSTH, which it incorporates, but it is broader as it includes six Knowledge Resources: the Script Opposition (from the SSTH), the Logical Mechanism, which describes the resolution of the incongruity in the script opposition, the Situation, or setting of the joke, the Target, i.e., the entity being made fun of, the Narrative Strategy, i.e., how the text is organized, and the Language, i.e., how the text is worded (phonemically, morphemically, syntactically, etc.). The chapter also discusses expansion of the GTVH to cover texts other than jokes, such as short stories, poems, etc.
Verbal humor
Authors: Attardo Salvatore
Published: September 2020

This chapter deals with puns. The classification of puns is discussed and a basic definition of pun is provided: a text in which a sequence of sounds must be interpreted with a formal reference to a second sequence of sounds and two incongruous meanings are triggered by this process. Puns may come from ambiguity, or paronymy (puns that are similar in sound). The phonetic distance is the measure of how far two paronyms may differ and still be considered puns. The position of the connector (the ambiguous or paronymic element) and the disjunctor (the element in the text that triggers the recognition of the pun) are discussed. A Cratylistic motivated folk-theory of language is shown to underlie puns in the minds of speakers. Finally, a discussion of the psycholinguistics of puns completes the chapter.
The performance of humor
Authors: Attardo Salvatore
Published: September 2020

This chapter introduces the third section of the book, dedicated to the performance of humor (as opposed to competence) or using another term to the sociopragmatics of humor. It starts out with a discussion of the performance of humor (in a theatrical sense), including standup comedy. The rest of the chapter presents the Hymes-Gumperz sociolinguistic model, which will guide the remaining chapters of the book. In particular the concepts of repertoire, speech acts and events, genres, and contextualization cues are explicated. The chapter is capped by a discussion of empirical studies on markers of humor performance.
Humor and translation
Authors: Attardo Salvatore
Published: September 2020

This chapter considers the translation of humor. Several approaches to humor translation are considered, including the faithfulness approach, functional translation, Zabalbeascoa’s priority scales and solution types, Eco’s translation as negotiation, Skopos theory, and Relevance theory. Translation of particular types of texts is also addressed including audio-visual translation (dubbing subtitling, and interpreting humor) and puns.
Towards Stalemate
Authors: Parrott David
Published: September 2020

Following Bléneau, Condé returned to Paris to consolidate relations with his allies, and to open negotiations with the crown. His main army was established to the south of Paris, at Étampes. But after a devastating surprise attack, these troops were blockaded in the town by Turenne’s royalist forces, and the tide of war seemed to be flowing in the direction of the crown. However, Condé’s ability to enlist the support of Charles of Lorraine’s freebooting army to march into France and towards Étampes rendered Turenne’s blockade unsustainable. Condé’s army moved into the western suburbs of Paris, where the military situation once again weakened as Lorraine made a treaty with Mazarin to withdraw his forces from France. In a crucial miscalculation, Condé sought to reposition his army to the eastern side of Paris, and in the process ran into Turenne’s main royalist force. Trapped outside the walls of Paris in the Faubourg St-Antoine, Condé fought against heavy odds, and was saved from defeat only by the Parisian decision to open the gates to allow the remnants of his army to pass into the city. Demoralized by this snatching away of victory, the royal court’s disappointment turned to panic as it received news that Condé’s alliance with the Spanish had brought a major Spanish army into Champagne, seemingly marching on Paris. Believing that securing a settlement with Condé was now imperative, Mazarin and the crown’s ministers moved to propose a second exile for Mazarin. Mazarin left the court for the frontier on 19 August.
The Cost of Civil War
Authors: Parrott David
Published: September 2020

This chapter takes an analytical approach to the question of first how civil war undermined the earlier achievements of French foreign policy, and then how armies and their destructiveness greatly worsened the impact of the harsh climate conditions of the years since 1648. It examines in particular the impact that a winter campaign fought across France had on the established means by which troops and their commanders replenished their resources during the winter quartering of troops in the provinces. The falls of Dunkirk, Casale-Monferrato, and Barcelona are each examined in terms of growing resource scarcity, demoralization, and the inability to organize adequate relief for the besieged garrisons. The impact of successive harsh winters and wet, poor summers is then considered, showing how even without civil war the French population would have suffered intensely under the impact of three successive poor harvests. However, the destructiveness of the troops, both to secure their own survival and as a deliberate military policy to deprive enemy forces of support, hugely worsened the situation. The chapter proposes that at least 25 per cent of the population died in the areas of intense or regular military activity, and that the impact of the destruction persisted well into the subsequent decade.
Introduction
Authors: Robbeets Martine , Savelyev Alexander
Published: September 2020

The Transeurasian languages are among the most fervently debated language families in modern linguistics, their data contributing extensively to our current understanding of how genealogical and areal linguistics can complement each other as twin faces of diachronic linguistics. The term “Transeurasian” refers to a large group of geographically adjacent languages, stretching from the Pacific in the East to the Baltic, the Black Sea, and the Mediterranean in the West, that includes up to five uncontroversial linguistic families: Japonic, Koreanic, Tungusic, Mongolic, and Turkic. It is distinguished from the more traditional term “Altaic,” which we here reserve for the linguistic grouping consisting of Tungusic, Mongolic, and Turkic languages only. Figure 1 displays the distribution of the Transeurasian languages....
Amami and Okinawa, the Northern Ryukyuan languages
Authors: Niinaga Yuto
Published: September 2020

Both Amami and Okinawa belong to the Northern Ryukyuan languages. They are spoken in the southwest region in Japan, and the northern part of the Ryukyu archipelago. Both languages are descended from the same ancestral language. Thus, they have many common features, e.g. glottalized consonants, agglutinative verbal morphology, and correspondence between plural/case markers and so-called animacy hierarchy. However, they also have many different features, e.g. syllable structures (i.e. “pre-syllable” in Okinawa only), verb-final affixes (i.e. the verb-final affix -n in Amami is used in relative clauses, but it is used in main clauses in Okinawa), grammatical numbers (i.e. dual number in Amami only), and degree of grammaticalization in adjectival morphology (i.e. more grammaticalized in Okinawa). You can compare several aspects of those two languages in detail in this chapter.
Xibe and the Manchuric languages
Authors: Jang Taeho
Published: September 2020

Xibe is a language spoken by about 30,000 people in Northwestern China. Xibe is closely related to the nearly extinct Manchu language, and both languages belong to the southwestern branch of the Tungusic language family.This chapter provides a structural description of Xibe in relation to written Manchu, focusing especially on the prototypically Transeurasian features. Xibe has a distinct spoken and written register, and written Xibe is known as written Manchu. Spoken Xibe is found to have all but one of the prototypically Transeurasian features (Robbeets 2017g). The exceptional feature is the presence of tongue-root vowel harmony that is found in written Manchu. In spoken Xibe, topic marker and possessive/definite nominal suffix are found that are absent in written Manchu. Spoken Xibe also has a conjunct/disjunct contrast in the finite verbs. This last feature is not typically found in Transeurasian languages.
A comparative approach to the consonant inventory of the Transeurasian languages
Authors: Bomhard Allan R.
Published: September 2020

The purpose of this chapter is to examine the consonant inventories of the Transeurasian languages from a comparative perspective. The chapter begins with a discussion of the reconstruction of the consonant inventory of Proto-Transeurasian, the hypothetical proto-language from which the Turkic, Mongolic, Tungusic, Koreanic, and Japonic languages are descended. Two competing reconstructions for the Proto-Transeurasian consonant system are evaluated, namely one that posits a two-way voicing contrast in the series of stops and affricates and one that posits a three-way contrast. Thereafter, the individual branches are considered in turn. The chapter ends with a discussion of root-structure patterning in Proto-Transeurasian.
A comparative approach to verbal morphology in Transeurasian
Authors: Robbeets Martine
Published: September 2020

This chapter starts from a point of consensus in the Transeurasian debate, namely that common paradigmatic morphology could substantially help unravel the question. It aims at giving an overview of the verbal morphology shared by the Transeurasian languages. In addition to regular correspondences in form and function, it argues that the Transeurasian verb morphology displays a certain degree of paradigmaticity, based on relationships of grammatical patterning among different morphosyntactic subsystems. Moreover, shared irregularities such as peculiar allomorphies and functional idiosyncrasies are taken as a strong indication of affiliation of the languages concerned. The chapter concludes with an assessment of chance similarity, leading to the viewpoint that it is more sensible to attribute the correlations in the verbal morphology to inheritance than to take refuge in non-genealogical explanations.
Numerals in the Transeurasian languages
Authors: Blažek Václav
Published: September 2020

This chapter presents all relevant forms of the cardinal numerals 1‒10, 20‒90, 100, and sometimes also teens and ordinals, in all described Transeurasian languages. Besides all modern languages, where maximum accuracy in transcription is preferred, the old literary and epigraphic languages (Orkhon Runic, Old Uyghur, Karakhanid, Old Oghuz, Chaghatai; Middle Mongol, Written Mongol; Jurchen, Manchu; Middle Korean; Old and Classic Japanese), are also analyzed, including some relic languages known only fragmentarily (Kuman, Old Bulgar; Kitan; Baekje, Silla; Koguryo). On the basis of regular phonetic correspondences the related forms are projected into the partial daughter protolanguages: Turkic, Mongolic, Tungusic, and Korean. Instead of Proto-Japonic, the Old Japanese forms serve for this purpose. Applying the comparative etymological method to the final comparison between these partial protolanguages should lead to identification of inherited cognates from borrowings in agreement with phonetic rules, semantic typology, and in the perspective of possible influences of hypothetical substrata, adstrata, and superstrata.
The homelands of the individual Transeurasian proto-languages
Authors: Robbeets Martine , Janhunen Juha , Savelyev Alexander , Korovina Evgeniya
Published: September 2020

This chapter is an attempt to identify the individual homelands of the five families making up the Transeurasian grouping, i.e. the Turkic, Mongolic, Tungusic, Koreanic, and Japonic families. Combining various linguistic methods and principles such as the diversity hotspot principle, Bayesian phylolinguistics, cultural reconstruction (“linguistic paleontology”), and prehistoric contact linguistics, the chapter aims to determine the original locations and time depths of the families under discussion. Integrating an archeological perspective, we further propose that the individual speech communities were originally familiar with millet agriculture, while terms for pastoralism or wet-rice agriculture entered their vocabularies only at a later stage in history.
Language dispersals and the “Secondary Peoples’ Revolution”
Authors: Hudson Mark James
Published: September 2020

Population growth and demic diffusion help explain the early Neolithic expansions of agriculture and Transeurasian languages in Northeast Asia. By the Bronze Age, alluvial agrarian states had come to possess considerable political and economic dominance over their subjects in the civilizational centers of Eurasia. At the same time, however, Bronze Age economies offered new opportunities for trade and secondary expansion into areas outside state control. This chapter argues that the resulting population movements—here termed the “secondary peoples’ revolution”—were of great significance in the post-Neolithic dispersals of Transeurasian languages. Four examples are briefly discussed: steppe nomadic pastoralism, Sakha horse and cattle husbandry, northeast Asian hunter-gatherers, and agriculture associated with trade/piracy networks in the Ryukyu Islands.
Etymologizing the Cyclopes
Authors: Vergados Athanassios
Published: September 2020

This chapter focuses on the first explicit etymology of the Theogony, that of the Cyclopes’ collective name. This etymology is treated in two steps: first, the chapter considers how this etymology fits in the context of the Theogony; thereafter it is examined against the background of the competing traditions regarding the Cyclopes. The ensuing analysis demonstrates that Hesiod not only claims authority for his account but also positions his version of the Cyclopes in relation to other traditions concerning these characters, reflected in the Odyssey, vase painting, and later accounts. At the same time, his choice and presentation of the monsters’ individual names can lay claim to correctness as they largely reproduce the formulaic expression through which Zeus’s weapons are referred to in the Theogony. The names are correct because they correspond with the (poetic) linguistic reality.
The Powers and Limits of Etymology
Authors: Vergados Athanassios
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses several instances of Hesiodic etymology in the Theogony and the Works and Days and shows that naming and etymology fulfil a variety of purposes in Hesiod’s poetry: in the Theogony they support the poet’s didactic programme, contribute to the construction of the narrative, lend authority to Hesiod’s versions of the divine stories, function as an organizational principle, and reveal the poet’s reflection on the epic dialect. Through the etymological approach the poet sometimes aids his audience in understanding words that he (may have) coined. But it also becomes clear through the discussion of Hesiod’s treatment of Pandora’s name in the Works and Days that in the poet’s view, the powers of etymology are not unlimited: knowing a name’s constituent parts does not warrant that one knows its precise meaning and function. The relation of the constituent parts to each other, i.e. the syntax of etymology, is equally important, and in case of multiple possible combinations it is paramount to examine the context in which the etymology is uttered. The etymology of a name can thus under certain conditions reveal something substantial about the bearer’s nature. But when the various possible syntactic relations are not sufficiently unpacked, it can lead to misunderstandings and, as Epimetheus found out, disasters.
Begriffsspaltung I
Authors: Vergados Athanassios
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines Eris (‘Strife’) and Zelos (‘emulation/jealousy’), two ‘split’ abstract concepts presented programmatically at the opening of the Works and Days. It argues that what appears in the beginning as a clear-cut opposition between a good and a bad Ἔρις‎ turns out to be not so well-defined after all. The two members of the antithesis begin to resemble each other, and indeed form a unity, just like Heraclitus’ bow in fr. 48, when allowance is made for differing perspectives. What is more, the name Ἔρις‎ does not suffice in order for the audience to grasp the nature of this goddess, but its further qualification is necessary, in this case through the adjectives ἀγαθή‎ (‘good’) and σχετλίη‎ (‘evil’). This point, the idea that names (and words in general) are not fully capable of conveying the nature of the entity or thing they designate, brings Hesiod’s Erga closer to Heraclitus.
Ἔτυμα‎ and Ἀληθέα‎
Authors: Vergados Athanassios
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines one of the last days accounted for in Hesiod’s catalogue of days, the so-called triseinas (Works and Days 814–18), the correct understanding of which has been debated already in antiquity. The lack of clarity concerning the meaning of the term triseinas and the poet’s comment on the frequent errors in the designation of the day are manifestations of a problem that runs throughout both poems: the distinction between truth (ἀληθέα‎, ἐτήτυμα‎) and lies/falsehoods (ψεύδεα‎). Besides being yet another riddle, the brief entry of the triseinas-day is intimately connected to questions of truth and naming and thus leads us back to the beginning of both the Theogony (27–8) and the Works and Days (10). Therefore, beginning with a discussion of Op. 814–18 the chapter moves into a question that is central for the understanding of Hesiod’s project, namely the truth status of his poetry.
Hesiod and Early Mythography
Authors: Vergados Athanassios
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores the ways in which early mythography resonates with Hesiodic. In doing this, it goes beyond the question of whether certain narratives in Hesiod’s poetry (esp. the myth of the five human races) can be viewed as proto-historical accounts, a question posed by earlier scholarship. Rather, the focus lies on the discursive strategies shared by Hesiod and some of the fragmentary early mythographers. These strategies indicate a similarity in approach between Hesiod and the mythographers that can be attributed to the similar (or indeed sometimes identical) material with which they work. It is argued that Hesiod can be considered an exponent of historie who is epistemologically conscious and that he is a thinker who for the first time, as far as we know, raises questions and engages with material in a way that resonates with the intellectual developments brought about by Hecataeus and his peers.
The Rhetoric of Pagan Religious Identities
Authors: Johnson Aaron P.
Published: September 2020

An unfortunate omission in much modern discussion of Porphyry’s religious thought is consideration of the often taken for granted category of ‘religion’. The examination offered in this chapter seeks to address the issue by assessing the degree to which he and his first readers (Iamblichus and Eusebius) assumed a discrete conceptual category that we might identify as ‘religion’. The examination first focuses on their representations of traditional ‘paganism’ (a not necessarily felicitous label for non-Jewish, non-Christian religious domains of speech, thought, and practice) to determine whether they possessed a category that we might label ‘pagan religion’. It then analyses their adoption of labels for particular religious practitioners within the pagan religious sphere.
The Maccabees, ‘Apostasy’, and Julian’s Appropriation of Hellenismos as a Reclaimed Epithet in Christian Conversations of the Fourth Century CE
Authors: Boin Douglas
Published: September 2020

Despite the ubiquitous use of the word ‘apostate’ to malign the Emperor Julian’s religious beliefs—largely based on an uncritical reading of the writings of Gregory of Nazianzus—there has been little effort to evaluate the appropriateness of the charge. This chapter explores one moment in the literary history of the Greek word ‘apostasia’, the Maccabean period of Second Temple Judaism, to suggest that Julian’s religious identity is more nuanced than the emperor’s detractors would have us believe. Raised in a Christian household yet a protector of the Greek and Roman gods—what the emperor described as his commitment to ‘Hellenismos’—Julian, I propose, earned his infamous reputation for acts of accommodation that brought him into conflict with the more rigorous defenders of the faith. Although this development says little about pagan–Christian conflict, it casts new light on social fault lines within fourth-century Christianity.
Bodies, Books, Histories
Authors: Elm Susanna
Published: September 2020

In his City of God, Augustine intermittently discussed extra-ordinary bodies, such as persons with one eye in the centre of their forehead or only one cubit tall called pygmies. Taking his cues from Pliny the Elder and Solinus, who include such bodies to discuss the marvellous in natural history, Augustine, this chapter argues, used such bodies to discuss what history means: what do such bodies tell those who know how to read them about history, the present, and the future, especially on those occasions when the one history Augustine considers universal, Scripture, is silent? Bodies carry great heuristic weight in Augustine’s oeuvre and these extra-ordinary bodies are no exception. Indeed, the way that Augustine thinks about such bodies, those of the past, the present and the future, illuminates how he seeks to ‘create’ new bodies for a new Christian Rome.
The Rhetorical Construction of a Christian Empire in the Theodosian Code
Authors: Humphries Mark
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines the Theodosian Code as a source for the construction of religious identities in late antiquity. Traditionally, scholars attempted to use the Code as a source for the progress of Christianity in the post-Constantinian empire, but this approach has increasingly been regarded as unsatisfactory. This chapter prefers to examine the Code from the perspective of when it was compiled in the mid-fifth century, and determine the extent to which it mirrors the ideology of the empire under Theodosius II. It is argued from this perspective that the Code provides a charter for how to run an empire that is simultaneously Roman and Christian.
Rilke’s Openings
Authors: Louth Charlie
Published: September 2020

Reading meant a great deal to Rilke, and though he sometimes let himself slip into the thought that art is only of good to the artist and not to anyone else, or supposed that art was not at all concerned with having an ‘effect’, his poems contradict this in the apparent requirements they make of their readers. This introductory chapter on reading Rilke takes a cross-section of the work by focussing on the opening poems to the key collections from Larenopfer onwards. It appears from these poems that Rilke sees reading as an existential act involving risk and the exposure to change, and this is further supported by reading a handful of poems explicitly to do with reading. As well as giving interpretations of major poems such as ‘Archaïscher Torso Apollos’, this chapter thus prepares the ground for a reading of Rilke as a whole and reflects on the particular experience of reading Rilke.
Neue Gedichte
Authors: Louth Charlie
Published: September 2020

This chapter attends to the idea of ‘thing-poetry’, but less as a poetry about things than as poems which aspire to the condition of things. Rilke’s new material sense of poetic language, under the influence of Rodin, is given special attention, his deliberate efforts to come to terms with the specificity of language, his awareness of it as a medium that is ‘obstacle and vehicle’ (W. S. Graham) at once. Rilke’s use of the sonnet is important here, and a sign of Rilke’s new consciousness of poetic tradition. In this context there is a comparative reading of Rilke’s sonnet ‘Leda’ and Yeats’s ‘Leda and the Swan’. For the first time translation becomes an integral part of his work (Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s Sonnets from the Portuguese). This is looked at, along with the influence of Baudelaire, who shaped Rilke’s whole experience of Paris, and whose importance, though acknowledged, has still not been given the attention it deserves.
Duineser Elegien
Authors: Louth Charlie
Published: September 2020

Rilke regarded the Elegies as his magnum opus, and this and criticism’s readiness to adopt his judgement have not only obstructed appreciation of Rilke’s other work but made it hard to read the Elegies themselves. We need to learn to read them again, which to an extent means reading them against the grain. It is as a precarious structure, rather than as a monumental one, that they have their meaning. This chapter offers a reading of each elegy in turn, attending to the rhythms, movements, and poetic logic of the poems—in short, the language out of which they are made—more than to their ‘argument’. A focus and starting-point is the elegy itself: elegy as classical form points to art as what shapes life and attempts to give it meaning; elegy as lament points to life as what is resistant to art and in its transience always escapes its structures.
Die Sonette an Orpheus
Authors: Louth Charlie
Published: September 2020

The slightly critical treatment of the Duineser Elegien makes way for a reading of the Sonette an Orpheus as Rilke’s major work, though the intention is not simply to depose one in favour of the other. Rather it is to suggest how each enabled the other. This chapter examines the circumstances of the Sonette’s composition and its relationship to the genesis of the Elegien, and then goes on to read the Sonette as a tombeau or ‘tomb-poem’, with reference to Rilke’s translation of Mallarmé’s tombeau for Verlaine. The question the poems address is how to make a memorial for someone whose form of expression, dance, leaves no traces. Rilke’s return to the sonnet is also looked at in the light of the attempt to write a memorial. As against the Neue Gedichte, it is now the fluid living body, dance, that provides a model for poetry, rather than sculpture.
Folk Psychology and Its Ontology
Authors: Langland-Hassan Peter
Published: September 2020

The question of whether imagination can be reduced to other folk psychological states will turn, in part, on what we take those other states to be—on how we view their ontological status. There are very different views in philosophy and psychology concerning the nature of folk psychological states, ranging from eliminativism, to dispositionalism, to representationalsim. This chapter explains how those different ontological viewpoints bear on the project of explaining imagination. An important conclusion is that the explanations pursued in this book do not assume or require the existence of mental representations of any sort and thus should be of interest to theorists with quite different commitments concerning folk psychological ontology. However, in some cases, when assessing competing arguments, it will be essential to grasp the difference between “heavy-duty” (representationalist) views of folk psychological states and “light-duty” (dispositionalist) views.
Responsibility and Liability
Authors: Tadros Victor
Published: September 2020

There is a broad consensus that something like responsibility or choice impacts on a person’s liability to defensive harm. But beyond that, there is little consensus. This chapter considers several influential views about the significance of responsibility. Some, such as the luck egalitarian view, are found to be badly incomplete. Others, such as the protective value of choice, fail to explain the significance of a person’s relationship with a threat for liability. However, the chapter broadly defends the significance of choice in some cases of culpable and non-culpable threat-causing conduct.
Killing and Aggregation
Authors: Tadros Victor
Published: September 2020

One central issue in the ethics of war concerns the significance of aggregate harm across lives. This issue interacts with the question of liability. On any sensible view, how many people are killed or saved from death makes a difference to the permissibility of one’s conduct. But some people think that the number of people one kills does not matter where those people are liable to be killed. This chapter offers the most compelling explanation of this view, but also shows that it ultimately fails. When we consider the reasons why people act in a way that makes them liable to harm, we also see that their deaths retain great significance, even when they have acted culpably.
The Birth of Modern Political Satire
Authors: Hale Meredith McNeill
Published: September 2020

This book documents one of the most important moments in the history of printed political imagery, when the political print became what we would recognize as modern political satire. Contrary to conventional historical and art-historical narratives, which place the emergence of political satire in the news-driven coffee-house culture of eighteenth-century London, this study locates the birth of the genre in the late seventeenth-century Netherlands in the contentious political milieu surrounding William III’s invasion of England known as the ‘Glorious Revolution’. The satires produced between 1688 and 1690 by the Dutch printmaker Romeyn de Hooghe (1645–1708) on the events surrounding William III’s campaigns against James II and Louis XIV establish many of the qualities that define the genre to this day: the transgression of bodily boundaries; the interdependence of text and image; the centrality of dialogic text to the generation of meaning; serialized production; and the emergence of the satirist as a primary participant in political discourse. This study, the first in-depth analysis of De Hooghe’s satires since the nineteenth century, considers these prints as sites of cultural influence and negotiation, works that both reflected and helped to construct a new relationship between the government and the governed.
Introduction
Authors: Hale Meredith McNeill
Published: September 2020

The book’s introduction provides an overview of the genre of political satire, a brief biography of Romeyn de Hooghe, and a summary of the contents of the individual chapters. It considers the key characteristics of political satire, among them: its assumption of the forms of other genres, the engagement of the viewer in an unresolved moment, the promise to unveil the ‘truth’ and suggestion of moral correction, and deep imbrication in a specific historical context. A brief review of the existing literature on De Hooghe contextualizes this study and provides the necessary background for understanding the reception of the satires.
Knowledge management
Authors: Molloy Aoife
Published: September 2020

Knowledge management is the process of identifying, appraising, and synthesizing evidence to inform healthcare organization and delivery. This chapter summarizes the role and use of evidence in healthcare. Evidence identification, appraisal, and synthesis are described, and the use of evidence to inform the development of healthcare guidelines is discussed. The challenges of guideline implementation are explored and potential solutions are outlined. The future direction of knowledge management is complex and may involve individualized risk scoring and new approaches to analysing large datasets. Knowledge management should be used to guide more coherent care across healthcare systems; evidence and knowledge management must also promote appropriateness in healthcare.
Reading Max Weber's Sociology of Law
Authors: Treiber Hubert
Published: September 2020

More than a simple guide through a complicated text, this book serves both as an introduction and as a distillation of more than thirty years of reading and reflection on Max Weber's scholarship. It is a solid and comprehensive study of Weber and his main concepts. It also provides commentary in a manner informed both historically and sociologically. Drawing on recent research in the history of law, the book also presents and critiques the process by which the law was rationalized and which Weber divided into four ideal-typical stages of development. It contextualizes Weber's work in the light of current research, setting out to amend misinterpretations and misunderstandings that have prevailed from Weber's original texts. Ultimately, this volume is an important work in its own right and critical for any student of the sociology of law.
The Trial
Authors: Rendle Matthew
Published: September 2020

Chapter 4 examines the trial, the focal point of the legal process, which provided a forum for both sides to discuss their version of events; produced the punitive sentence; and provided the basis for the educational message, whether in the courtroom or when publicized later. In doing so, it was the primary means by which tribunals projected the state’s authority and ideology, and formed the main distinction between revolutionary justice and revolutionary violence. Chapter 4 pieces together the trial process, examining how cases were brought to trial, the individuals involved (judges, lawyers, and others), the location, the trial procedure, and the sentences. A quantitative analysis of sentences reveals that they were far more varied than might be expected or that the authorities encouraged, revealing differing conceptions of counter-revolution and the nature of revolutionary consciousness, and more broadly the flexibility of law over violence. The chapter finishes by charting the move towards ‘model’ and then ‘show’ trials through an analysis of the preparations for the trial of the Socialist Revolutionaries in 1922—the first ‘show’ trial—and the Bolsheviks’ management of the process itself.