bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rethinking the salience of not-for-profit and for-profit stakeholders of a firm
Authors: Khurram Shahzad , Pestre Florent
Published: May 2017

Purpose

Although Mitchellet al.(1997) recognize salience attributes as variables, the salience framework based on a dichotomous representation of salience attributes does not explain why, in some instances, a latent stakeholder is assigned more salience than a definitive stakeholder. This paper explains this riddle by bringing the debate to the organizational population level and suggests a new perspective for understanding the process of stakeholder identification and prioritization.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors compare two organizational populations, i.e. “for-profit and not-for-profit” which are distinguishable from one another based on the dominant institutional logic that each endorses. The authors, therefore, mobilize the institutional theory and bring the debate of the stakeholder salience to the organizational population level.

Findings

The authors propose that members of an organizational population endorsing similar institutional logic develop salience attributes of similar potential values, which are radically different from those of the members of other organizational populations; these potential values act as precursors that determine the perceived values of salience attributes for a manager; and dominant and recessive salience attributes work, at the organizational population level, to determine stakeholder prioritization.

Originality/value

The original model of Mitchellet al.(1997) has been cited more than 9,000 times, but the process of stakeholder evaluation remains a black box (Bundyet al., 2013; Tashman and Raelin, 2013). This paper contributes to the debate and suggests a change in the level of analysis (to the organizational population) and a focus on the institutional logic perspective.
Resistance strategies in distribution channels: a view from the French book trade
Authors: Poirel Carole , Paché Gilles
Published: May 2017

Purpose

This paper aims to focus on resistance strategies in distribution channels. The concept of resistance has received much attention in organization theory, but it has been rather neglected in corporate strategy. Only a few works dedicated to distribution channels explicitly use the notion of resistance strategy. These works provide a view of resistance as an inter-organizational phenomenon between companies (i.e. buyers and suppliers) but limit resistance strategies to merely confrontation strategies between channel members. This paper studies resistance strategies in a more open perspective considering that resistance can coexist with collaborative relationships, as part of a specific societal reality.

Design/methodology/approach

To capture the deep variety of resistance strategies, from the most active to the most passive, a qualitative research was carried out in France in the context of the book trade, based on 15 semi-structured interviews. The discourse analysis provides insights into the social reality of an organization and also the reality of changes in inter-organizational relationships. The interviews were conducted with 15 different companies representing a significant share of the French market.

Findings

The paper shows that channel members successfully develop resistance strategies of logistical nature, based on the efficient monitoring of flows, both inside the company (logistics rationalization) and within the supply chain (control of interfaces). Channel members who implement a logistics rationalization and a control of interfaces succeed not only in containing the power of their powerful partners but also in benefitting from new sources of profitability and improvement of customer service.

Originality/value

The French book trade is an illustration of the role played by logistical aspects in the power exercised by a supplier and resistance strategies that buyers develop in response as part of buyer-supplier relationships. Indeed, it is because they have a strong logistical expertise that dominant actors are capable, step by step, to place dominated actors in a situation of strong dependency, by using for that purpose their logistical means. In turn, dominated actors seek to develop logistical responses to rebalance the buyer-supplier relationships in their favor.
‘Generation Rent’ and The Fallacy of Choice
Authors: Mckee Kim , Moore Tom , Soaita Adriana , Crawford Joe
Published: May 2017

The now widely used term ‘Generation Rent’ reflects the growing phenomenon in the UK of young people living in the private rental sector for longer periods of their lives. Given the importance of leaving home in youth transitions to adulthood, this is a significant change. It is further critical given the rapid expansion of the private rented sector in the UK over recent decades and the more limited rights that private tenants have. This article draws on qualitative evidence to highlight the impact this has on young people's lives, and broader patterns of social‐spatial inequality. Our research highlights that, whilst young people retain long‐term preferences for homeownership, they nonetheless deconstruct this normalized ideal as a ‘fallacy of choice', given its unachievability in reality. Influenced by the work of Foucault, Bourdieu and Bauman, we emphasize how these dominant norms of housing consumption are in tension with objective reality, since young people's ability to become ‘responsible homeowners' is tempered by their material resources and the local housing opportunities available to them. Nonetheless, this does not exempt them from the ‘moral distinctions' being made, wherein renting is problematized and constructed as ‘flawed consumption'. These conceptual arguments advance international scholarly debates about the governance of consumption, offering a novel theoretical lens through which to examine the difficulties facing ‘Generation Rent’.
Essential Oil Bioactive Fibrous Membranes Prepared via Coaxial Electrospinning
Authors: Yao Zhi‐Cheng , Chen Si‐Cong , Ahmad Zeeshan , Huang Jie , Chang Ming‐Wei , Li Jing‐Song
Published: May 2017

A novel antimicrobial composite material was prepared by encapsulating orange essential oil (OEO) in zein prolamine (ZP) via the coaxial electrospinning (ES) technique. By manipulating process parameters, the morphological features of ZP/OEO fibers were modulated. Fine fibers with diameters ranging from 0.7 to 2.3 μm were obtained by regulating ZP solution concentration and process parameters during the ES process. Optimal loading capacity (LC) and encapsulation efficiency (EE) of OEO in fibrous ZP mats were determined to be 22.28% and 53.68%, respectively, and were achieved using a 35 w/v% ZP ES solution. The encapsulation of OEO was found to be reliant on ZP solution concentration (the enveloping medium). SEM analysis indicates the surface morphology of ZP/OEO electrospun fibers is dependent on ZP solution loading volume, with lower ZP concentrations yielding defective fibrous structures (for example, beaded and spindled‐string like morphologies). Furthermore, this loading volume also influences OEO LC, EE, mat water contact angle and oil retention. CCK‐8 assay and cell morphology assessment (HEK293T cells) indicate no significant change with electrospun ZP and ZP/OEO fibrous membranes over an 8 h period. Antimicrobial activity assessment using Escherichia coli, suggests composite nonwovens possess sterilization properties; elucidating potential application in active food packaging, food preservation and therefore sustainability.
Nonlinear partitioning of biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning
Authors: Baert Jan M. , Jaspers Stijn , Janssen Colin R. , De Laender Frederik , Aerts Marc
Published: May 2017

Assessing the consequences of biodiversity changes for ecosystem functioning requires separating the net effect of biodiversity from potential confounding effects such as the identity of the gained or lost species. Additive partitioning methods allow factoring out these species identify effects by comparing species’ functional contributions against the predictions of a null model under which functional contributions are independent of biodiversity.

Classic additive partitioning methods quantify biodiversity effects based on a linear relationship between species deviations from the null model and their functional traits. However, based on ecological theory, nonlinear relationships are also possible.

Here, we demonstrate how additive‐partitioning methods can be extended to describe such nonlinear relationships, and explain how nonlinear biodiversity effects can be interpreted.

We apply both linear and nonlinear partitioning methods to the Cedar Creek Biodiversity II experiment. Nonlinear relationships were detected in the majority of plots, and increased with diversity. Nonlinear partitioning thereby identified a convex relationship between species functional traits and their deviations from the null model, driven by strong positive effects of both species with low and high functional trait values trait values on ecosystem functioning.

The presented nonlinear extension of additive partitioning methods is therefore essential for revealing more complex biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning, that are likely to occur in biodiversity experiments.
Vascular endothelial growth factor‐A gene polymorphism is associated with congenital renal lesions in children with urinary tract infections
Authors: Bimpaki Eirini , Bitsori Maria , Choulaki Christiana , Galanakis Emmanouil
Published: May 2017

Aim

This study investigated the relationship between vascular endothelial growth factor‐A (VEGF‐A)‐460C/T functional gene polymorphism and renal parenchymal lesions, vesicoureteral reflux and other urinary tract abnormalities in children with a urinary tract infection (UTI).

Methods

VEGF‐A‐460C/T gene polymorphism was investigated with restriction length polymorphism analysis in 76 children with their first UTI and in 63 controls without infections. Genotype and allele frequencies were compared between children with UTIs and controls and between different groups with UTIs.

Results

The VEGF‐A‐460C/T genotype frequencies differed significantly between those with and without renal parenchymal lesions in the UTI cohort. Allele C homozygosity was significantly more common in those with renal parenchymal lesions (36.6% versus 8.7%, p = 0.007). A separate analysis showed that allele C was associated with lesions compatible with hypodysplasia, rather than with focal ones associated with infections, with an odds ratio of 11.55 and 95% confidence interval of 3.03–43.9 (p = 0.0001). No significant differences in genotypes or allele frequencies were found between children with and without reflux or other urinary tract anomalies.

Conclusion

In children with UTIs, C allele polymorphism of the VEGF‐A gene was associated with hypodysplastic renal parenchymal lesions, which were possibly congenital and existed before the infection.
Cohort study shows that peripheral dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry is of limited epidemiologic use in prepubertal children
Authors: Martins Ana , Monjardino Teresa , Canhão Helena , Lucas Raquel
Published: May 2017

Aim

Peripheral methods are increasingly used to assess bone health, despite little evidence on their predictive ability. We aimed to evaluate the usefulness of forearm dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry in prepubertal children, by estimating the agreement between peripheral and central measures and the ability to predict fracture history.

Methods

In 2012/2014, we assessed 1177 seven‐year‐old children from the Generation XXI cohort who were recruited at birth in all five public hospitals with maternity wards in Porto, Portugal. Subtotal and lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) and content, left‐arm BMD and peripheral forearm BMD were measured. Parents reported the child's lifetime fracture history. We estimated agreement using Bland–Altman's method and Cohen's kappa. Fracture prediction ability was calculated using area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC‐AUC).

Results

The limits of agreement were very wide, ranging from −2.20/2.20 to −1.87/1.87 standard deviations for the comparison between peripheral and central measures. Categorical agreement was also poor, with all kappa values below 0.40. In addition, none of the measures predicted fractures, because all the ROC‐AUCs were close to 0.50.

Conclusion

This study suggests that forearm BMD has limited use for bone health research or as a basis for clinical decisions in prepubertal children.
ARL6IP1 mutation causes congenital insensitivity to pain, acromutilation and spastic paraplegia
Authors: Nizon M. , Küry S. , Péréon Y. , Besnard T. , Quinquis D. , Boisseau P. , Marsaud T. , Magot A. , Mussini J.‐M. , Mayrargue E. , Barbarot S. , Bézieau S. , Isidor B.
Published: May 2017

Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies (HSAN) type II are characterized by autosomal recessive inheritance, onset at birth and self‐mutilating behavior. Here, we described a new patient with congenital insensitivity to pain, sensory neuropathy, acromutilation, and spastic paraplegia. Whole‐exome sequencing showed a homozygous frameshift variant c.[577_580del], p.(Lys193Phefs*37) in ARL6IP1. The protein harbors reticulon‐like short hairpin transmembrane domains and has a role in endoplasmic reticulum shaping. The variant causes an additional C‐terminus hydrophobic domain which could disrupt its function. ARL6IP1 interacts with atlastin‐1 responsible for SPG3A and HSAN type ID. This report highlights the role of ARL6IP1 in the pathophysiology of insensitivity to pain and spastic paraplegia.
Gene expression in peri‐implant crevicular fluid of smokers and nonsmokers. 1. The early phase of osseointegration
Authors: Sayardoust Shariel , Omar Omar , Thomsen Peter
Published: May 2017

Background

Smoking is a risk factor for dental implants. The mechanisms behind the impact of smoking on osseointegration are not fully understood.

Purpose

To investigate the initial molecular and clinical course of osseointegration of different titanium implants in smokers and nonsmokers.

Materials and Methods

Smoker (n = 16) and nonsmoker (n = 16) patients were included. Each patient received three implant types: machined, oxidized and laser‐modified surfaces. After 1, 7, 14, and 28 days, the peri‐implant crevicular fluid (PICF) was sampled for gene expression analysis of selected factors involved in early processes of osseointegration. Furthermore, pain‐score (VAS), resonance frequency analysis (RFA) and baseline clinical assessments were performed.

Results

Early failure of osseointegration, associated with a high and sustained perception of pain, was encountered in 3/32 patients. In general, high pain scores were reported during the first days after implantation, irrespective to smoking habit, which correlated to high levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines during the first days after implantation. Higher ISQ values were found in smokers compared to nonsmokers. In smokers exclusively, ISQ values correlated to harder and less atrophic bone quality and quantity, respectively. Smokers displayed a higher expression of osteocalcin (OC), but later peak and lower expression of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP‐2) (at 7 days) compared to nonsmokers. In comparison to machined implants, surface‐modified implants were associated with higher expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and cathepsin K (CatK) at 28 days in nonsmokers.

Conclusions

During the early phase of osseointegration, postoperative pain is linked to the inflammatory cell response and, may tentatively serve as an indicator of biological complication and implant loss. The present study suggests that smokers have an altered bone composition and (ultra)structure based on the observations that ISQ values are higher and correlate to recipient bone quality and quantity in smokers.
Elevated donor hemoglobin A1c does not impair early survival in cardiac transplant recipients
Authors: Joseph Jeremy T. , Mulvihill Michael S. , Yerokun Babatunde A. , Bell Sadé M. , Milano Carmelo A. , Hartwig Matthew G.
Published: May 2017

Background

Orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT) is the gold‐standard therapy for end‐stage heart failure. An increasing deficit between suitable allograft availability and clinical demand for OHT exists. The role of donor diabetes mellitus (DM) on post‐transplant recipient outcomes in OHT is controversial. The purpose of this study was to examine donor hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels to identify the impact of donor glycemic control on recipient survival.

Methods

Adult OHT recipients with donor HbA1c data were identified in the UNOS database from 2010 to 2015. Recipients were stratified on the basis of donor glycemic status: Hyperglycemic‐donor and euglycemic‐donor cohorts were defined as HbA1c levels ≥6.5% and <6.5%, respectively. Outcomes were compared between unadjusted and propensity‐matched hyperglycemic versus euglycemic donors. Primary end point was three‐year survival.

Results

Of 5342 OHT recipients, 208 (3.89%) received an allograft from a hyperglycemic donor and 5134 (96.1%) received an allograft from a euglycemic donor. There was no significant difference in survival in the hyperglycemic group before (P=.87) or after (P=.78) propensity matching.

Conclusions

No difference in four‐year survival was noted in recipients who received allografts from hyperglycemic donors. These results suggest that recent cumulative donor glycemic status alone may not be an important predictor of recipient outcomes.
Relative deprivation and episodes of drunkenness among French and Canadian adolescents
Authors: Sentenac Mariane , Ehlinger Virginie , Napoletano Anthony , Spilka Stanislas , Gariepy Geneviève , Godeau Emmanuelle , Elgar Frank J.
Published: May 2017

Introduction and Aims. Studies link socio‐economic deprivation to alcohol consumption in adolescents, but the role of relative deprivation has been understudied and may be equally important. This study investigates the association between relative deprivation and episodes of drunkenness among adolescents in France and Canada. Design and Methods. We used data from the 2014 Health Behaviours in School‐aged Children study collected from 15‐year‐olds in Canada (n = 4276) and France (n = 1625). Students reported the number of times they had ever been drunk. The degree of relative deprivation was quantified through the student's rank in the deprivation distribution, measured through the Family Affluence Scale, within school and the extent of the inequality. Random intercept logistic regression models were used to examine the association between relative deprivation and drunkenness. Results. Canadian adolescents were more likely to have experienced drunkenness more than once in their lifetime compared with French adolescents (21.6% vs. 16.2%). Adolescents with high relative deprivation were not more likely to report episodes of drunkenness in Canada and were less likely to report episodes of drunkenness in France compared with those with low relative deprivation. Discussion and Conclusions. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that adolescents who experienced greater relative deprivation are more likely to report drunkenness. They suggest that policies and interventions on alcohol use should target adolescents across all levels of deprivation in Canada and particularly those that are relatively more affluent in France. The context of countries appears to matter to the socio‐economic distribution of drinking behaviour in youth. [Sentenac M, Ehlinger V, Napoletano A, Spilka S, Gariepy G, Godeau E, Elgar FJ. Relative deprivation and episodes of drunkenness among French and Canadian adolescents.
Recall bias across 7 days in self‐reported alcohol consumption prior to injury among emergency department patients
Authors: Cherpitel Cheryl J. , Ye Yu , Stockwell Tim , Vallance Kate , Chow Clifton
Published: May 2017

Introduction and Aims

Recall bias is a concern in self‐reported alcohol consumption, potentially accounting for varying risk estimates for injury in emergency department (ED) studies. The likelihood of reporting drinking for the same 6‐h period each day of the week for a full week preceding the injury event is analysed among injured ED patients.

Design and Methods

Probability samples of patients 18 years old and older were interviewed in two ED sites in Vancouver and one in Victoria, BC (n = 1191). Generalized estimating equation modelling was used to predict the likelihood of reporting drinking for the same 6‐h period prior to the injury event for each day of the week, compared to day 7 as the reference recall day, for a full week preceding the event. Recall by frequency of drinking and frequency of heavy drinking was analysed.

Results

Drinking was significantly more likely to be reported for each of the first 3 days of recall compared to 7‐day recall and highest for 1‐day recall (odds ration 1.55; = 0.002). Patients who reported ≥ weekly drinking and 5+ drinking < monthly were significantly more likely to report drinking for each of the first 3 days of recall (compared to 7‐day recall).

Discussion

Findings suggest the first 3 days prior to injury may be a less biased multiple‐matched control period than longer periods of recall in case‐crossover studies.

Conclusion

Length of accurate recall may be important to consider in case‐crossover analysis and other study designs that rely on patient self‐report such as the Timeline Followback. [Cherpitel CJ, Ye Y, Stockwell T, Vallance K, Chow C. Recall bias across 7 days in self‐reported alcohol consumption prior to injury among emergency department patients.
Behavioural ecology of defence in a risky environment: caterpillarsversusants in aNeotropical savanna
Authors: SENDOYA SEBASTIÁN F. , OLIVEIRA PAULO S.
Published: May 2017

1. Predatory ants may reduce infestation by herbivorous insects, and slow‐movingLepidopteran larvae are often vulnerable on foliage. We investigate whether caterpillars with morphological or behavioural defences have decreased risk of falling prey to ants, and if defence traits mediate host plant use in ant‐rich cerrado savanna.

2. Caterpillars were surveyed in four cerrado localities in southeastBrazil (70–460 km apart). The efficacy of caterpillar defensive traits against predation by two common ant species (Camponotus crassus,C. renggeri) was assessed through experimental trials using caterpillars of different species and captive ant colonies.

3. Although ant presence can reduce caterpillar infestation, the ants' predatory effects depend on caterpillar defence traits. Shelter construction and morphological defences can prevent ant attacks (primary defence), but once exposed or discovered by ants, caterpillars rely on their size and/or behaviour to survive (secondary defence).

4. Defence efficiency depends on ant identity:C. renggeri was more aggressive and lethal to caterpillars thanC. crassus. Caterpillars without morphological defences or inside open shelters were found on plants with decreased ant numbers. No unsheltered caterpillar was found on plants with extrafloral nectaries (EFNs). Caterpillars usingEFN‐bearing plants lived in closed shelters or presented morphological defences (hairs, spines), and were less frequently attacked by ants during trials.

5. The efficiency of defences against ants is thus crucial for caterpillar survival and determines host plant use by lepidopterans in cerrado. Our study highlights the effect ofEFN‐mediated ant‐plant interactions on host plant use by insect herbivores, emphasizing the importance of a tritrophic viewpoint in risky environments.
Revisiting the Employment Effects of Minimum Wages in Europe
Authors: Christl Michael , Köppl-Turyna Monika , Kucsera Dénes
Published: May 2017

The aim of this study is to estimate the relationship between the minimum wage and the employment rate of young individuals, taking into account potential non-linearity. In a cross-country setup of European countries, we find a significant nonlinear relationship between the minimum wages and employment rate of young individuals. Theoretically, while low minimum wages can indeed be positively associated with employment, after a certain level of the minimum wage, the relationship turns negative. This implies that there is an optimal level of minimum wages that maximizes the employment rate of young individuals. We additionally show that the negative relationship between minimum wages and employment of young workers is stronger if labor markets are otherwise strictly regulated and when workers are relatively unproductive. Using these results, we are able to calculate country-specific turning points and show that some European countries in our sample might in fact contribute to high unemployment rates among young individuals by setting minimum wages too high. However, in other European countries, especially the Eastern European countries, an increase in minimum wages (up to a certain level) might even lead to higher employment rates of young individuals.
Role of red blood cells in the anemia‐associated bleeding under high shear conditions
Authors: Yaoi H. , Shida Y. , Ogiwara K. , Hosokawa K. , Shima M. , Nogami K.
Published: May 2017

Background

Red blood cells (RBCs) contribute to hemostasis under blood‐flow, and anemia might contribute to a hemorrhagic diathesis. The majority of current laboratory techniques to assess hemostasis do not consider the effects of RBCs. An assay to determine the role of RBCs in hemostasis could be beneficial for clinical management.

Objectives

To investigate the influence of RBCs in hemostasis.

Methods

Hemostasis was investigated using a novel microchip flow‐chamber system (T‐TAS®) in an anemic patient with von Willebrand disease. Subsequently, the effects of RBCs in total thrombus analysis system (T‐TAS) were examined using reconstituted whole blood at various hematocrit levels.

Results

In vivo: When the patient was anemic and demonstrated persisted hemorrhagic symptoms despite the maintained adequate von Willebrand factor ristocetin cofactor activity levels, thrombus formation determined by T‐TAS was delayed. However, transfusions of RBCs resolved bleeding symptom and, accordingly, the thrombus formation in T‐TAS improved. In vitro: Thrombus formation determined by T‐TAS at 1000 s−1 was dose‐dependent on hematocrit (the time to reach 10 kPa (T10): 10.0 ± 0, 9.5 ± 1.4, 6.7 ± 2.4, 2.8 ± 1.6 min at hematocrits of 0%, 12.5%, 25% and 50%, respectively). Markedly defective thrombus formation (T10 >10 min) was confirmed at a hematocrit <25% at 2000 s−1.

Conclusion

Red blood cells play an essential role in hemostasis under high shear, and RBC transfusions could be effective for refractory bleeding in patients with anemia. T‐TAS measurements appear to reflect the hemostatic consequences of diminished red cell numbers under blood‐flow, and could provide a valuable means for monitoring patients.
Using super‐high resolution satellite imagery to census threatened albatrosses
Authors: Fretwell Peter T. , Scofield Paul , Phillips Richard A.
Published: May 2017

This study is the first to utilize 30‐cm resolution imagery from the WorldView‐3 (WV‐3) satellite to count wildlife directly. We test the accuracy of the satellite method for directly counting individuals at a well‐studied colony of Wandering Albatross Diomedea exulans at South Georgia, and then apply it to the closely related Northern Royal Albatross Diomedea sanfordi, which is near‐endemic to the Chatham Islands and of unknown recent population status due to the remoteness and limited accessibility of the colonies. At South Georgia, satellite‐based counts were comparable to ground‐based counts of Wandering Albatross nests, with a slight over‐estimation due to the presence of non‐breeding birds. In the Chatham Islands, satellite‐based counts of Northern Royal Albatross in the 2015/2016 season were similar to ground‐based counts undertaken on the Forty‐Fours islands in 2009/2010, but much lower than ground‐based counts undertaken on The Sisters islands in 2009/2010, which is of major conservation concern for this endangered albatross species. We conclude that the ground‐breaking resolution of the newly available WV‐3 satellite will provide a step change in our ability to count albatrosses and other large birds directly from space without disturbance, at potentially lower cost and with minimal logistical effort.
Zirconium oxide and niobium oxide used as radiopacifiers in a calcium silicate‐based material stimulate fibroblast proliferation and collagen formation
Authors: Silva G. F. , Guerreiro‐Tanomaru J. M. , da Fonseca T. S. , Bernardi M. I. B. , Sasso‐Cerri E. , Tanomaru‐Filho M. , Cerri P. S.
Published: May 2017

Aim

To evaluate the influence of the addition of microparticulate (micro) and nanoparticulate (nano) zirconium oxide (ZrO2) and niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5) to a calcium silicate‐based cement (CS) on the subcutaneous healing process in rats compared with MTA Angelus™.

Methodology

In each rat, two polyethylene tubes filled with the following materials: (i) MTA; (ii) CS + ZrO2micro; (iii) CS + ZrO2nano; (iv) CS + Nb2O5micro or (v) CS + Nb2O5nano were implanted subcutaneously; empty polyethylene tubes were used in the Control group. After 7, 15, 30 and 60 days, the specimens (n = 5 per group in each period) were fixed and embedded in paraffin. Masson's trichrome sections were used to obtain the volume density of the inflammatory cells (VvIC) and fibroblasts (VvFb). The sections were also stained with Picrosirius‐red to calculate the birefringent collagen content. Fibroblast growth factor‐1 (FGF‐1) was detected by immunohistochemistry, and the number of immunolabelled cells was obtained. The data were subjected to two‐way anova followed by Tukey's test (P ≤ 0.05).

Results

At all periods, the VvIC was significantly lower (P < 0.001) in all the CS and Control groups than in the MTA group. At all periods, the VvFb was reduced significantly (P = 0.023) in the MTA group in comparison with the other groups. In addition, the number of immunolabelled cells in the capsules of the CS groups was significantly higher (P < 0.001) than in the MTA group at all time‐points.

Conclusions

The experimental materials (CS + ZrO2 and CS + Nb2O5) induced fibroblast proliferation and accelerated the regression of the inflammatory reaction. However, the addition of nanoparticulate radiopacifiers did not improve the biological properties of a calcium silicate‐based cement when compared to microparticulate agents.
Disentangling multi‐scale environmental effects on stream microbial communities
Authors: Jyrkänkallio‐Mikkola Jenny , Meier Sandra , Heino Jani , Laamanen Tiina , Pajunen Virpi , Tolonen Kimmo T. , Tolkkinen Mikko , Soininen Janne
Published: May 2017

Aim

Climate change and anthropogenic environmental deterioration strongly affect aquatic microbial communities. Although microbes have irreplaceable roles in various ecosystems, the spatial variation in microbial communities has received less attention in comparison to macro‐organisms. Studies aiming to disentangle the effects of local environmental, catchment and climatic variables on microbial communities are also rare. Here, we disentangled the effects of local, catchment, spatial and climatic variables on boreal stream diatom and bacterial communities.

Location

Western Finland

Methods

We sampled 21 boreal river basins comprising 105 study sites spanning 520 km in north‐south direction and 330 km in east‐west direction in western Finland. We used principal coordinates of neighbour matrix analysis (PCNM), redundancy analyses (RDA), variation partitioning, boosted regression trees (BRT) and regression analyses to examine variation in community composition and species richness.

Results

Water chemistry and physical variables had significant effects on the community composition of both microbial groups. Catchment level variables explained a slightly larger amount of variation in diatom community composition than local level variables. Agriculture was the most significant determinant of variation in diatom community composition among catchment level variables and was also related with variation in the richness of both groups. Of spatial and climatic variables, growing degree days (GDD) and spatial variables were the most significant drivers determining diatom community composition. GDD was also positively associated with the richness of diatoms and bacteria. Unique effects of spatial and climate variables accounted for the largest amount of variation in the community composition of both diatoms and bacteria.

Main conclusions

Our results highlight that aquatic microbial communities can exhibit biogeographical variation at regional scales due to the joint influence of local, catchment and climatic variables, and possibly because of dispersal limitation. Catchment properties, especially agriculture, can be used as a proxy for the effects of landscape alteration on aquatic microbial communities.
Use of patient safety culture instruments in operating rooms: A systematic literature review
Authors: Zhao Pujng , Li Yaqin , Li Zhi , Jia Pengli , Zhang Longhao , Zhang Mingming
Published: May 2017

Objective

To identify and qualitatively describe, in a literature review, how the instruments were used to evaluate patient safety culture in the operating rooms of published studies.

Methods

Systematic searches of the literature were conducted using the major database including MEDLINE, EMbase, The Cochrane Library, and four Chinese databases including Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM), Wanfang Data, Chinese Scientific Journal Database (VIP), and Chinese Journals Full‐text Database (CNKI) for studies published up to March 2016. We summarized and analyzed the country scope, the instrument utilized in the study, the year when the instrument was used, and fields of operating rooms. Study populations, study settings, and the time span between baseline and follow‐up phase were evaluated according to the study design.

Results

We identified 1025 references, of which 99 were obtained for full‐text assessment; 47 of these studies were deemed relevant and included in the literature review. Most of the studies were from the USA. The most commonly used patient safety culture instrument was Safety Attitude Questionnaire. All identified instruments were used after 2002 and across many fields. Most included studies on patient safety culture were conducted in teaching hospitals or university hospitals. The study population in the cross‐sectional studies was much more than that in the before‐after studies. The time span between baseline and follow‐up phase of before‐after studies were almost over three months.

Conclusion

Although patient safety culture is considered important in health care and patient safety, the number of studies in which patient safety culture has been estimated using the instruments in operating rooms, is fairly small.
Bipolar disorder research 2.0: Web technologies for research capacity and knowledge translation
Authors: Michalak Erin E. , McBride Sally , Barnes Steven J. , Wood Chanel S. , Khatri Nasreen , Balram Elliott Nusha , Parikh Sagar V. ,   And the Collaborative RESearch Team to study psychosocial in Bipolar Disorder (CREST.BD)
Published: May 2017

Rationale, aims and objectives

Current Web technologies offer bipolar disorder (BD) researchers many untapped opportunities for conducting research and for promoting knowledge exchange. In the present paper, we document our experiences with a variety of Web 2.0 technologies in the context of an international BD research network: The Collaborative RESearch Team to Study psychosocial issues in BD (CREST.BD).

Methods

Three technologies were used as tools for enabling research within CREST.BD and for encouraging the dissemination of the results of our research: (1) the crestbd.ca website, (2) social networking tools (ie, Facebook, Twitter), and (3) several sorts of file sharing (ie YouTube, FileShare). For each Web technology, we collected quantitative assessments of their effectiveness (in reach, exposure, and engagement) over a 6‐year timeframe (2010‐2016).

Results

In general, many of our strategies were deemed successful for promoting knowledge exchange and other network goals. We discuss how we applied our Web analytics to inform adaptations and refinements of our Web 2.0 platforms to maximise knowledge exchange with people with BD, their supporters, and health care providers.

Conclusions

We conclude with some general recommendations for other mental health researchers and research networks interested in pursuing Web 2.0 strategies.
Squid predation by slender sunfish Ranzania laevis (Molidae)
Authors: Nyegaard M. , Loneragan N. , Santos M. B.
Published: May 2017

In addition to crustaceans, remains from 17 individual squid were found in the stomach of a 58 cm slender sunfish Ranzania laevis from Australia, adding a new prey item to their little studied diet. Taken together with existing data from the literature, crustaceans appear to be a common prey item, with larger R. laevis (26–65 cm) also taking small fish and squid. Along with new documentation on breaching, the unexpected finding of squid in the stomach confirms that these fish are fast and agile predators.
Physicians Report Sleep Apnea Infrequently in Older and Older Vulnerable Adults
Authors: Namen Andrew M. , Forest Daniel J. , Huang Karen E. , Feldman Steven R. , Hazzard William R. , Peters Stephen P. , Haponik Edward F.
Published: May 2017

Objectives

To determine how often outpatient physician visits detect sleep apnea (SA) in older persons in the United States.

Design

Retrospective Analysis.

Setting

US non hospital and hospital based clinics.

Participants

US physicians.

Measurements

National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey data from 1993 to 2011 were used to assess the frequency of physicians' coding diagnoses of SA in persons aged 65 and older. Which specialties are most likely to report SA, the most‐common comorbid conditions reported with SA, and the likelihood of reporting SA in patient visits for dementia and preoperative care were assessed.

Results

From 1993 to 2011, physicians reported SA in 0.3% of all office visits in persons aged 65 and older. SA reported in visits increased from 130,000 in 1993 to 2,070,000 in 2011, with an annual per capita visit reporting rate of 0.07% to 0.74%. In older populations, the proportion of documented SA visits by specialists rose, and that of primary care providers decreased. Older adults with a diagnosis of SA had higher average number of comorbidities than those without SA (1.8 vs 1.3). Reporting SA was low in visits with a diagnosis of dementia and classified as a preoperative visits.

Conclusion

In two nationwide surveys, SA reporting by physicians in elderly adults was 16 as greater in 2001 as in 1993, although reporting of SA remains infrequent (<1% of visits) even in vulnerable populations.
Potentials and Barriers for Tantalum Recovery from Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment
Authors: Ueberschaar Maximilian , Dariusch Jalalpoor Daniel , Korf Nathalie , Rotter Vera Susanne
Published: May 2017

Circular economy approaches aim to close material cycles along the value chain. As such, the circular economy can be a long‐term strategy to mitigate the risks of critical raw material (CRM) supply. Tantalum, with a current end‐of‐life recycling rate of less than 1%, has been intermittently discussed as critical. Even though the specificity of tantalum applications and high‐mass fractions of tantalum in relevant components provide good boundary conditions, recycling barriers hinder the successful implementation of recycling technologies. With this case study, we identify potentials and barriers for implementing the recovery of CRM, using the example of tantalum. To this end, information about visually identifiable tantalum capacitors (VICs) and printed circuit boards (PCBs) in various equipment types was obtained by disassembly campaigns for mobile phones, smartphones, tablets, notebooks, desktop personal computers, flat screen monitors, servers, etc., and the chemical analyses of resulting fractions. Results show great differences in the application of tantalum in various equipment types. Because of this, the tantalum potential of put‐on‐market (POM) or of waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) devices differs between products and regions. Worldwide, the highest POM tantalum flows originate from desktop computers, but in Germany they originate from notebooks. A focus on particular products leads to higher yields in recycling and supports circular economy approaches. Recycling of tantalum from WEEE is generally possible. But an accurate separation of tantalum from PCBs is not feasible solely by separation of VICs. This process also leads to the loss of silver. Further, this study reveals potential miniaturization trends, decreasing the use of VICs, with an anticipated substitution of tantalum with niobium. These barriers impede long‐term recycling strategies for tantalum aimed at establishing a circular economy.
Energy Consumption Modeling of Stereolithography‐Based Additive Manufacturing Toward Environmental Sustainability
Authors: Yang Yiran , Li Lin , Pan Yayue , Sun Zeyi
Published: May 2017

Additive manufacturing (AM), also referred as three‐dimensional printing or rapid prototyping, has been implemented in various areas as one of the most promising new manufacturing technologies in the past three decades. In addition to the growing public interest in developing AM into a potential mainstream manufacturing approach, increasing concerns on environmental sustainability, especially on energy consumption, have been presented. To date, research efforts have been dedicated to quantitatively measuring and analyzing the energy consumption of AM processes. Such efforts only covered partial types of AM processes and explored inadequate factors that might influence the energy consumption. In addition, energy consumption modeling for AM processes has not been comprehensively studied. To fill the research gap, this article presents a mathematical model for the energy consumption of stereolithography (SLA)‐based processes. To validate the mathematical model, experiments are conducted to measure the real energy consumption from an SLA‐based AM machine. The design of experiments method is adopted to examine the impacts of different parameters and their potential interactions on the overall energy consumption. For the purpose of minimization of the total energy consumption, a response optimization method is used to identify the optimal combination of parameters. The surface quality of the product built using a set of optimal parameters is obtained and compared with parts built with different parameter combinations. The comparison results show that the overall energy consumption from SLA‐based AM processes can be significantly reduced through optimal parameter setting, without observable product quality decay.
Noninvasive imaging systems for gametes and embryo selection in IVF programs: a review
Authors: OMIDI MARJAN , FARAMARZI AZITA , AGHARAHIMI AZAM , KHALILI MOHAMMAD ALI
Published: May 2017

Optimizing the efficiency of the in vitro fertilization procedure by improving pregnancy rates and reducing the risks of multiple pregnancies simultaneously are the primary goals of the current assisted reproductive technology program. With the move to single embryo transfers, the need for more cost‐effective and noninvasive methods for embryo selection prior to transfer is paramount. These aims require advancement in a more acquire gametes/embryo testing and selection procedures using high‐tech devices. Therefore, the aim of the present review is to evaluate the efficacy of noninvasive imaging systems in the current literatures, focusing on the potential clinical application in infertile patients undergoing assisted reproductive technology treatments. In this regards, three advanced imaging systems of motile sperm organelle morphology examination, polarization microscopy and time‐lapse monitoring for the best selection of the gametes and preimplantation embryos are introduced in full.
The Religious and Political Origins of Evangelical Protestants’ Opposition to Environmental Spending
Authors: Schwadel Philip , Johnson Erik
Published: May 2017

Evangelical Protestants are less likely than most other Americans to support environmental policies and spending to protect the natural environment. We use almost three decades of repeated cross‐sectional data to examine the factors that promote evangelicals’ opposition to environmental spending. Mediation models with bootstrapped standard errors show that affiliation with the Republican Party, biblical literalism, and religious service attendance mediate differences in support for environmental spending between evangelical Protestants and other Americans. The importance of these mediating variables, however, varies over time and by the group evangelicals are being compared to. Differences in support for environmental spending between evangelical and mainline Protestants, for example, are primarily due to views of the Bible, but not at all to Republican identification. The results shed light on the causal effects of religion on views of the environment, temporal changes in the social and political implications of religiosity, the persistence of divisive issues that support the continued existence of culture wars, and the future of government spending on environmental problems in a social context where scientific evidence is filtered through political and religious ideology.
The Question of Cultural Change in the Social Scientific Study of Religion: Notes from the Emerging Church
Authors: Bielo James S.
Published: May 2017

This article explores how anthropological models of cultural change bolster the social scientific study of the Emerging Church movement. A distinction is drawn between market‐oriented approaches to change that measure institutional growth and decline and cultural‐oriented approaches that address broader effects on sociocultural systems. Emphasis is placed on models that emphasize change occurring internal to cultural systems and that recognize the co‐occurrence of cultural durability and transformation. This theoretical exploration is grounded in more than three years of ethnographic fieldwork conducted among Emerging evangelical communities in the midwestern United States.
A proposed minimum data set for international primary care optometry: a modified Delphi study
Authors: Davey Christopher J. , Slade Sarah V. , Shickle Darren
Published: May 2017

Purpose

To identify a minimum list of metrics of international relevance to public health, research and service development which can be extracted from practice management systems and electronic patient records in primary optometric practice.

Methods

A two stage modified Delphi technique was used. Stage 1 categorised metrics that may be recorded as being part of a primary eye examination by their importance to research using the results from a previous survey of 40 vision science and public health academics. Delphi stage 2 then gauged the opinion of a panel of seven vision science academics and achieved consensus on contentious metrics and methods of grading/classification.

Results

A consensus regarding inclusion and response categories was achieved for nearly all metrics. A recommendation was made of 53 metrics which would be appropriate in a minimum data set.

Conclusions

This minimum data set should be easily integrated into clinical practice yet allow vital data to be collected internationally from primary care optometry. It should not be mistaken for a clinical guideline and should not add workload to the optometrist. A pilot study incorporating an additional Delphi stage prior to implementation is advisable to refine some response categories.