bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The influences of gasoline and diesel fuel additive types
Authors: UYAROĞLU Ayhan , ÜNALDI Mahmut
Published: December 2021

The increasing world population and the level of prosperity have led to an increase in the need for transportation. In the historical process, the increase of the speed of transportation vehicles has been possible with the invention of internal combustion engines. Internal combustion engines are heat engines and use different fuels as an energy source. While combustion of fuel chemical energy transforms to the useful work and is obtained engine power and torque. To increase engine power and torque some innovations have been made for internal combustion engines such as electronic ignition system, fuel injection system, valve timing system and increasing compression ratio etc. On the one hand, these developments lead to increasing engine power and torque, emission regulations obstruct these outputs. Fuel additives are chemical compounds that can help to optimize between emissions and engine power and torque. Moreover, fuel additives are mixed with raw fuel, in order to get improving combustion efficiency, lower fuel consumption, decreasing engine wear, preventing failures, and better running in cold weather. Over and above the types and amounts of fuel additives may alterable depends on the fuel type, fuel producer and climatic factors.
Nowy paradygmat studiów teologicznych według konstytucji "Veritatis gaudium" papieża Franciszka
Authors: Żmudziński Marek Andrzej
Published: December 2021

Pontyfikat papieża Franciszka, zarówno w ogłaszanych dokumentach, jak i w praktyce ma charakter duszpasterski, z podkreśleniem wymiaru ewangelizacyjnego. W encyklice Veritatis gaudium również misja edukacyjna i akademicka Kościoła została przedstawiona pod tym kątem. Artykuł jest prezentacją postulatów papieża rozumianych jako nowy paradygmat szkolnictwa kościelnego, wynikający z nowego kontekstu kulturowego i społecznego. Projekt Franciszka osadzony jest w ponad pięćdziesięcioletniej perspektywie reform Soboru Watykańskiego II, w szczególności dokumentu Sapientia christiana, który od 1979 regulował działalność fakultetów teologicznych. Wskazane są cztery kryteria, którymi powinny charakteryzować się studia kościelne: a) chrystocentrycznie ukształtowany kerygmat, budujący wspólnotę eklezjalną, z opcją na rzecz ubogich, b) spotkanie i dialog, chrakteryzujące się autentycznym współdziałaniem na poziomie religii i kultur, c) inter- i transdyscyplinarność, które są narzędziem łączenia dorobu nauki we wszystkich dyscyplinach, w perspektywie transcendentnego objawienia chrześcijańskiego, d) integracja ośrodków akademickich, które uprawiają studia kościelne oraz ich współpraca z instytucjami o różnych tradycjach religijnych i kulturowych, w celu adekwatnej diagnozy globalnych problemów świata i ich rozwiązywanie.
Construcción social en los huertos de agricultura urbana y la sustentabilidad en la Ciudad de México
Authors: Muñoz Cadena Cecilia Esther
Published: December 2021

La agricultura urbana en América Latina puede ser determinante para la seguridad alimentaria de los sectores pobres de la sociedad. En la Ciudad de México, esta práctica es aún incipiente, debido a fuertes presiones poblacionales, comerciales y culturales; sin embargo, hay miembros de la sociedad civil que la impulsan a través de la construcción social (CS) que generan en sus espacios. Se parte del supuesto de que la sustentabilidad del entorno comienza como una CS de los actores sociales involucrados. Para probar esta hipótesis, se evaluaron valores, creencias y comportamientos de los actores sociales en huertos de agricultura urbana (HAU) de diferentes alcaldías de la ciudad. Por medio de indicadores de sustentabilidad urbana, se determinó la relación entre los elementos de la CS y la sustentabilidad de su entorno. La alcaldía Coyoacán obtuvo los valores más altos, seguida por Cuauhtémoc, Iztapalapa e Iztacalco. La alcaldía Gustavo A. Madero obtuvo los valores más bajos. Se busca contribuir al conocimiento y probable establecimiento de políticas públicas en materia de sustentabilidad ambiental que favorezcan el enfoque de esfuerzos en la intensificación de programas de este tipo, en las jurisdicciones que así lo requieran.
Determination of The Ujrah of Gold Paid Goods at Mandiri Sharia Bank (BSM) Batusangkar
Authors: Elimartati Elimartati , Sakti Muhammad Rizky Prima , Utamy Hebby Rahmatul , Rifmadani Utari Aulia
Published: December 2021

This study analyzes the cost determination for a gold pawn ujrah at the branch of Banque Syariah Mandiri Batusangkar. This type of research is field research with qualitative methods. The analysis technique is based on the Fatwa DSN and the theory advanced by Rozalinda. The research results explain that the implementation of the gold pledge at the branch of Bank Syariah Mandiri Batusangkar in accordance with the Standar Operasional Prosedur (SOP) that have been set by the Bank. The costs of administration, maintenance and storage of the pledged goods are determined according to the amount of the customer's loan, the level of fees also depends on the amount of customer loans. So this is not in line with Fatwa DSN No. 25/DSN-MUI/III/2002 regarding Rahn, in point four, stated that maintenance and storage charges should not be based on loan amount. It is also not in line with the theory advanced by Rozalinda that the administration of administrative costs is based on the weight of the gold, the cost of maintaining and storing or renting the premises according to the content of the gold.
Identification and Analysis of Active Carotenoid Compounds From Entawak Fruit (Artocarpus Anisophyllus)
Authors: Ratnawaty Gervacia Jenny , Indrawati Ratih , Syari Jajar Pramata
Published: December 2021

â€” Isolation and identification of active compounds from mentawak fruit (Artocarpus Anisophyllus) used a plant determination test to determine the plant content. Furthermore, the extraction process was carried out to obtain a crude extract of carotenoid pigments by maceration method using n-hexane as solvent. Furthermore, the obtained macerate was carried out by phytochemical tests to determine the content of the active compounds. The TLC test was carried out to confirm the presence of a positive group of compounds on phytochemical screening, and to determine the chromatographic profile of the extract. Â The identification results showed that the phytochemicals showed that the active compounds contained in macerate were alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and saponins. The KLT test results obtained an Rf value of 0.875. While the total carotenoid content using a spectrophotometer UV-Vis is 958 Âµg/ml.
Effects of refraction and axial length on the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy
Authors:   Ufa Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Ufa, Russian Federation, Bikbov M.M. , Orenburkina O.I. ,   Ufa Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Ufa, Russian Federation, Babushkin A.E. ,   Ufa Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Ufa, Russian Federation, Fakhretdinova A.A. ,   Ufa Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Ufa, Russian Federation
Published: December 2021

Eye disorders have a special place in diabetes since visual impairment has a significant effect on the quality of life. Therefore, determining risk factors and prognostic criteria for disease course are essential for developing strategies for early prevention of diabetic retinopathy (DR). This paper addresses studies on various aspects of DR in patients with myopia. It was demonstrated that DR arises, develops, and progresses in different ways under various axial lengths (AL). Thus, many authors report that DR barely occurs in high myopia. Some of them account for this phenomenon for poor blood circulation in a long myopic eye. Others refer to a significantly lower vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) concentration in longer eyes or eyes with myopic refraction. The third authors argue a focal disintegration of retinal pigment epithelium to eliminate metabolic end products through the choroid and sclera. As a result, neither acidosis nor venous congestion develops, and endothelial barrier function remains unaffected Keywords: diabetic retinopathy, myopia, axial length, vascular endothelial growth factor, emmetropia, hyperopia, diabetes. For citation: Bikbov M.M., Orenburkina O.I., Babushkin A.E., Fakhretdinova A.A. Effects of refraction and axial length on the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy. Russian Journal of Clinical Ophthalmology. 2021;21(4):205–209 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2311-7729- 2021-21-4-205-209.
Current multimodal diagnostic tools for diabetic macular edema to select a management strategy
Authors:   Khabarovsk Branch of the S. Fedorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution, Khabarovsk, Russian Federation, Pshenichnov M.V.
Published: December 2021

Diabetes is a severe chronic disease that significantly affects the quality of life of individuals, their families, and society worldwide. Diabetic retinopathy, particularly diabetic macular edema (DME), is the leading cause of blindness and low vision among adults of working age in developed countries and Russia. A recent multimodal approach to diagnose DME resulted in new classifications of this disorder and slightly modified earlier views. The analysis of DME biomarkers allows for selecting management strategies for each patient, prescribing adequate medical treatment, and predicting potential treatment response. This paper aimed to analyze published data and up-to-date diagnostic approaches to DME. These tools provide a correct therapeutic strategy based on the DME pattern. Keywords: diabetic macular edema, optical coherence tomography, anti-VEGF treatment. For citation: Pshenichnov M.V. Current multimodal diagnostic tools for diabetic macular edema to select a management strategy. Russian Journal of Clinical Ophthalmology. 2021;21(4):210–214 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2311-7729-2021-21-4-210-214.
Implementation of an Energy Management System in Colombian Manufacturing - A Methodological Approach
Authors: Marín García Juan David , Marin Jimenez Juan David , Carvajal Quintero Sandra Ximena
Published: December 2021

This paper aims to analyze mechanisms such as the Energy management systems approach in industry 4.0. The paper is a review of techniques for optimizing energy consumption with energy efficiency, advanced metering infrastructure and rational and efficient use of energy to reduce the pollution as well as to strengthen Industry 4.0 models and the monitoring and management opportunities that exist with the implementation of this models in Colombia.
Forage Testing
Authors: Vendramini Joao M. , Silveira Maria L. , Arthington John D. , Blount Ann R.
Published: December 2021

Revised! SS-AGR-63, a 4-page fact sheet by J. M. Vendramini, M. S. Silveira, J. D. Arthington, and A. R. Blount, provides basic information about forage testing procedures at the UF/IFAS Forage Extension Testing Laboratory, where to send samples, how to interpret the testing results, and how to collect a sample. Includes references. Published by the UF Department of Agronomy, February 2009.
SS-AGR-63/AA192: Forage Testing (ufl.edu)
'Cranberry Star' - A New University of Florida Caladium Variety
Authors: Deng Zhanao
Published: December 2021

ENH1105, a 4-page illustrated fact sheet by Zhanao Deng, describes this unique new caladium variety with bright white leaves, green veins, and bright purple spots — its origin, description, tuber production, container forcing, landscape performance, and availability. Includes references. Published by the UF Department of Environmental Horticulture, November 2008.
ENH1105/EP369: 'Cranberry Star' Caladium (ufl.edu)
How to Properly Read Your Irrigation Water Analysis for Turf and Landscape
Authors: Schiavon Marco , Moore Kimberly K.
Published: December 2021

Because water characteristics can affect soil and plant status, it is important to check water quality periodically. However, water analysis reports are often confusing and cumbersome to read, focused primarily on monitoring sodium contents and little else. This new 3-page publication reviews several important water quality properties that need to be assessed when water samples are sent for analysis. Written by Marco Schiavon and Kimberly Moore.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ep616
Forest Management in the Interface: Wildlife
Authors: Parkhurst Jim , Monroe Martha C.
Published: December 2021

Revised! FOR-182, a 7-page illustrated fact sheet by Jim Parkhurst and Martha Monroe, highlights key wildlife management issues in interface forests and provides background information on potential conflicts. Includes references. Published by the UF School of Forest Resources and Conservation, October 2008.
Structure and Composition of Tampa’s Urban Forest
Authors: Andreu Michael G. , Friedman Melissa H. , Northrop Robert J.
Published: December 2021

FOR-209, a 4-page illustrated fact sheet by Michael G. Andreu, Melissa H. Friedman, and Robert J. Northrop, presents the information gained about the distribution of vegetation and variety of species in Tampa’s urban forest from an urban ecological assessment conducted in the city of Tampa. Includes references. Published by the UF School of Forest Resources and Conservation, February 2009. Reviewed February 2012.
Stinging Nettles of Florida: Cnidoscolus
Authors: Zomlefer Wendy B.
Published: December 2021

Revised! HB003, a 2-page illustrated fact sheet by Wendy B. Zomlefer, describes this perennial herb with stinging hairs, milky sap, and tuberous roots — its classification, description, similar species, and toxicity. Includes references. Published by the UF Herbarium, October 2008.
HB003/HB003: Stinging Nettles of Florida: Cnidoscolus (ufl.edu)
Soils and Fertlilizers for Master Gardeners: Soil Fertility
Authors: Shober Amy L.
Published: December 2021

Revised! SL-267, a 2-page fact sheet by Amy L. Shober, explains the chemical properties of the soil that influence soil fertility and discusses the fertility of Florida’s soils. It is part of a series entitled Soils and Fertilizers for Master Gardeners. Includes references. Published by the UF Department of Soil and Water Science, January 2009.
Citrus Foliar Fungal Diseases
Authors: Dewdney Megan M. , Burrow (Yates) Jamie D.
Published: December 2021

PP261, a 2-page illustrated identification sheet by Megan M. Dewdney and Jamie D. Yates, can be used to identify four fungal diseases in citrus: Alternaria Brown Spot, Citrus Scab, Greasy Spot, and Melanose. Published by the UF Department of Plant Pathology, March 2009.
PP261/PP261: Citrus Foliar Fungal Diseases for the Dooryard (ufl.edu)
Weed Management in Pastures and Rangeland - 2009
Authors: Sellers Brent A. , Ferrell Jason A. , Ducar J. Tredaway
Published: December 2021

Revised! SS-AGR-08, a 13-page fact sheet by B.A. Sellers and J.A. Ferrell, describes mechanical control, sanitation, chemical control, postemergence applications, and precautions to take when using phenoxy or benzoic acid herbicides. Published by the UF Department of Agronomy, January 2009.
SS-AGR-08/WG006: Weed Management in Pastures and Rangeland—2020 (ufl.edu)
Frequently Asked Questions about Landscape Irrigation for Florida-Friendly Landscaping Ordinances
Authors: Dukes Michael D. , Trenholm Laurie E. , Gilman Ed , Martinez Chris , Cisar John L. , Yeager Thomas H.
Published: December 2021

Revised! ENH-1114, an 8-page fact sheet by Michael D. Dukes, Laurie E. Trenholm, Ed Gilman, Chris J. Martinez, John L. Cisar, and Thomas H. Yeager, was created to help guide local government officials in developing local regulations based on science. It uses a question and answer format to address common concerns related to water, irrigation, and landscapes and their maintenance. Includes references. Published by the UF Department of Environmental Horticulture, January 2009.
ENH1114/WQ142: Frequently Asked Questions about Landscape Irrigation for Florida-Friendly Landscaping Ordinances (ufl.edu)
Menumbuhkan Filantropi Antar Sesama
Authors: Tajudin Tajudin , Zulfikar Gilang , Putri Mas Fierna , Amrizal Amrizal , Hardi Rulli
Published: December 2021

Saat ini kedermawanan yang dilandasi dengan kasih sayang terhadap sesama adalah sebagai makna filantropi. Filantropi dapat diusung menjadi salah satu penawar degradasi moral yang terjadi dalam masyarakat. Permasalahannya adalah tidak semua masyarakat Indonesia memahami pentingnya filantropi dalam menghadapi persoalan sosial dan lingkungan di Indonesia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini agar masyrakat lebih memahami makna filantropi dan peranannya yaitu untuk kesejahteraan masyarakat terutama dibidang ekonomi. Filantropi ini didasarkan pada hal dimana asumsi masyrakat yang memilki dan menganut agama mengajarakan kedermawanan, tidak saja dalam agama namun social juga. Saling tolong menolong adalah fenomena social dan saling membantu antar sesame merupakan salah satu ciri dari kedermawanan. Pada kegiatan PKM ini menggunakan metode penyuluhan Filantropi dan pemberian santunan-santunan. Kegiatan penyuluhan filantropi ini memberikan pemahaman terkait pentingnya filantropi dengan memberi bantuan kepada pihak yang membutuhkan sebagai eksperesi ketaatan menjalankan perintah agama. Hasilnya adalah adanya kesadaran pada masyarakat sekitar tentang pentingnya menyebarkan nilainilai kedermawanan sebagai bentuk ekspresi rasa cinta terhadap sesama. demikian, metode ini direkomendasikan untuk diterapkan dan dikombinasikan dalam kegiatan gotongroyong peduli terhadap sesama agar terciptanya keadilan bagi rakyat.
Penyuluhan Motivasi Minat Siswa Untuk Melanjutkan Pendidikan Ke Perguruan Tinggi - SMK FAJAR Ciseeng Bogor
Authors: Mulyanto Edi , Jumino Jumino
Published: December 2021

Dari hasil investigasi lapangan di SMK FAJAR – Ciseeng Bogor, diketahui sebagian besar siswa yang berada di SMK Kelas 12 (yang akan lulus di tahun 2021),  mereka belum memiliki wacana atau alternatif untuk melanjutkan ke Perguruan Tinggi. Hal ini terdapat beberapa faktor,   : kondisi ekonomi orang tua dan  lingkungan. Faktor lingkungan dan pergaulan teman sebaya merupakan faktor yang dominan, karena setelah lulus SLTA langsung bekerjagai Supermarket,  Pertokoan dan Restauran  yang tersebar di wilayah Bogor  dan sekitarnya,  jika fenomena ini  dibiarkan  akan menjadi  tradisi  yang turun temurun.  PKM ( Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat )  ini bertujuan untuk merubah paradigma  pada siswa  dengan  memberikan motivasi  dan dobrakan perubahan, diharapkan   dimasa yang akan datang  khususnya di wilayah Ciseeng – Bogor tidak  hanya lulus SLTA namun dapat melanjutkan ke Perguruan Tinggi, dengan  metode yang digunakan  yaitu penyuluhan  dan   berdiskusi  dengan para peserta. Kegiatan berjalan  dengan lancar dan mendapat tanggapan  positif dari Pimpinan SMK FAJAR dan terlihat bahwa siswa-siswi mengikuti dengan baik dan mereka nampak begitu antausias. Kegiatan ini dapat menjadi informasi berharga bagi siswa-siswi yang ternyata selama ini belum mereka dapatkan. Diharapkan kegiatan ini akan dapat merangsang mereka setelah lulus, untuk melanjutkan pendidikan ke jenjang pendidikan tinggi
Euforia Pemilu Legislatif, Pilpres Dan Pemilukada Serentak Di Indonesia
Authors: Orien Effendi
Published: December 2021

Euphoria of the Legislative Election, Presidential Election and Regional Head Election Simultaneously in Indonesia. Since the collapse of the New Order government in 1998, the enthusiasm of the Indonesian people in welcoming the atmosphere of the birth of the first democratic system by holding direct elections has been great. Through direct elections at that time began the election of the president and vice president elected by the people for the first time. The direct election by the people also applies to elections at the regional level which include the election of regional heads. Meanwhile, in the course of history, legislative elections have been held long before starting in 1955, so that it is recorded that legislative elections have been held 12 (twelve) times since they were held for the first time until their implementation in 2019. Along the way, the legislative, presidential and post-conflict local elections showed high enthusiasm in facing various challenges in each election period. So that the Indonesian people continue to learn from history and improve all deficiencies which then produce maturity in democracy. By reviewing the literature, this paper tries to review events related to the spirit or euphoria of the election.
A gépi érzelmek a fegyveres erőknél és az autonóm rendszerekben
Authors: Fehér András Tibor , Négyesi Imre
Published: December 2021

A mesterséges intelligencia terjedésével egyre nagyobb az igény olyan gépekre, amelyek a mostaniaknál „emberibben” képesek működni. Ehhez elengedhetetlen az érzelmek gépi érzékelése és utánzása. Az alábbiakban először bemutatjuk, hogy egy gép mennyiben képes kezelni az érzelmeket, valamint a terület fejlődését és többféle felhasználási lehetőséget a különféle fegyveres erők számára. A szélesebb áttekintést végül a gépi autonómiára szűkítjük, ahol bizonyítani igyekszünk hipotéziseinket, miszerint a mesterséges érzelmek alkalmazása lehetővé tenné a gépek erkölcsi érzékének kialakítását, valamint növelné az autonóm rendszerek hatékonyságát.
Building NATO Collective Defence Capabilities in Northeastern Europe I
Authors: Boroš Goran
Published: December 2021

The basis of NATO’s existence is the collective defence of Allies, its population and borders. Assurance and deterrence measures and activities implemented in Northeast Europe aim to build NATO’s common defence potential and deter potential aggression against NATO members. Assurance activities began in 2014, defined at the NATO Summit in Wales. They respond to the changed security situation on NATO’s eastern borders with Russian activities, the illegal annexation of Crimea, destabilisation activities and military involvement in eastern Ukraine. Increasing military activities and concentration of Russian military forces near NATO’s eastern borders, accompanied by hybrid warfare activities against the Northeastern European NATO members, followed. After the NATO Summits in Warsaw (2016) and Brussels (2018), NATO assurance and deterrence measures have been launched as a response to perceived threat. They aim to strengthen the Eastern Allies’ defence and deter and prevent any potential aggression while building Allied collective defence capabilities.
Fısıldaşan Şehirler: 17. Yüzyılda İstanbul, Londra ve Paris Arasında Bilgi Akışı, John-Paul Ghobrial (Çev. Kahraman Şakul, 2020)
Authors: Bilgin Salih
Published: December 2021

Avrupa ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu toplumlarının birbirleri hakkında ne bildikleri ve bu bilgileri hangi yollardan sağladıkları tarihin pek çok alt disiplinini ilgilendiren mühim konulardır. Konu hakkında yapılan makro ölçekli çalışmalar, kullanılan yöntemin bir yansıması olarak tarihsel aktörleri basitleştirme eğiliminde olabilirler. Mikro tarih çalışmalar ise ölçeği daraltarak bireyler ve bireysel ilişkiler üzerinden daha derinlemesine analiz yapma imkânına sahiptir. John-Paul Ghobrial’in Fısıldaşan Şehirler: 17. Yüzyılda İstanbul, Londra ve Paris Arasında Bilgi Akışı isimli eseri, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ve Avrupa arasındaki bilgi akışına belli bir odak noktası üzerinden örnek sunmaya yönelik bir mikro tarih çalışması olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Eser, The Whispers of Cities: Information Flows in Istanbul, London, and Paris in the Age of William Trumbull adıyla 2013 yılında İngilizce olarak yayımlanmış ve 2020 yılında çevirisi yayımlanarak Türkçe literatüre kazandırılmıştır.
The Role of Specific Viral Genes and Gene Products in Potyviral Pathogenicity, Host Range and Aphid Transmission
Authors: Shaw John , Rosner Arieh , Pirone Thomas , Raccah Benjamin , Antignus Yehezkiel
Published: December 2021

In this research we have studied the molecular biology of carotenoid biosynthesis in tomato. The investigations focused on the genes Pds and Psy, encoding desaturase and phytoene synthase, respectively, which are key enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway of lycopene and b-carotene. In addition, we have investigated the genes for lycopene cyclase. We have cloned from tomato and characterized the cDNA of CrtL-e, which encodes the lycopene e-cyclase, and analyzed its expression during fruit development. The results establish a paradigm for the regulation of carotenoid pigment biosynthesis during the ripening process of fruits. It is concluded that transcriptional regulation of genes that encode carotenoid-biosynthesis enzymes is the major mechanism that governs specific pigment accumulation. During the ripening of tomato fruits transcription of the genes encoding the enzymes phytoene synthase and phytoene desaturase is up-regulated, while the transcription of the genes for both lycopene cyclases decreases and thus the conversion of lycopene to subsequent carotenoids is inhibited. These findings support the working hypothesis of the molecular approach to manipulating carotenogenesis by altering gene expression in transgenic plants, and offer obvious strategies to future application in agriculture. The molecular and physiological knowledge on carotenogenesis gained in this project, suggest a concept for manipulating gene expression that will alter carotenoid composition in fruits and flowers.
Molecular Engineering of Pediocin A to Establish Structure/Function Relationships for Mechanistic Control of Foodborne Pathogens
Authors: Montville Thomas J. , Shapira Roni
Published: December 2021

This project relates the structure of the bacteriocin molecule (which is genetically determined) to its antimicrobial function. We have sequenced the 19,542 bp pediocin plasmid pMD136 and developed a genetic transfer system for pediococci. The pediocin A operon is complex, containing putative structural, immunity, processing, and transport genes. The deduced sequence of the pediocin A molecule contains 44 amino acids and has a predicted PI of 9.45. Mechanistic studies compared the interaction of pediocin PA-1 and nisin with Listeria monocytgenes cells and model lipid systems. While significant nisin-induced intracellular ATP depletion is caused by efflux, pediocin-induced depletion is caused exclusively by hydrolysis. Liposomes derived from L. monocytogenes phospholipids were used to study the physical chemistry of pediocin and nisin interactions with lipids. Their different pH optima are the results of different specific ionizable amino acids. We generated a predicted 3-D structural model for pediocin PA-1 and used a variety of mutant pediocins to demonstrate that the "positive patch" at residues 11 and 12 (and not the YGNGV consensus sequence) is responsible for the binding step of pediocin action. This structure/function understanding gained here provides necessary prerequisites to the more efficacious use of bacteriocins to control foodborne pathogens.
Effect of Rumen Available Protein, Amimo Acids and Carbohydrates on Microbial Protein Synthesis, Amino Acid Flow and Performance of High Yielding Cows
Authors: Varga Gabriella A. , Arieli Amichai , Muller Lawrence D. , Tagari Haim , Bruckental Israel , Aharoni Yair
Published: December 2021

The effect of rumen available protein amino acids and carbohydrates on microbial protein synthesis, amino acid flow and performance of high yielding dairy cows was studied. A significant relationship between the effective degradabilities of OM in feedstuffs and the in vivo ruminal OM degradation of diets of dairy cows was found. The in situ method enabled the prediction of ruminal nutrients degradability response to processing of energy and nitragenous supplements. The AA profile of the rumen undegradable protein was modified by the processing method. In a continuous culture study total N and postruminal AA flows, and bacterial efficiency, is maximal at rumen degradable levels of 65% of the CP. Responses to rumen degradable non carbohydrate (NSC) were linear up to at least 27% of DM. Higher CP flow in the abomasum was found for cows fed high ruminally degradable OM and low ruminally degradable CP diet. It appeared that in dairy cows diets, the ratio of rumen degradable OM to rumenally degradable CP should be at least 5:1 in order to maximize postruminal CP flow. The efficiency of microbial CP synthesis was higher for diets supplemented with 33% of rumen undegradable protein, with greater amounts of bacterial AA reaching the abomasum. Increase in ruminal carbohydrate availability by using high moisture corn increased proportions of propionate, postruminal nutrients flow, postruminal starch digestibility, ruminal availability of NSC, uptake of energy substrates by the mammory gland. These modifications resulted with improvement in the utilization of nonessential AA for milk protein synthesis, in higher milk protein yield. Higher postruminal NSC digestibility and higher efficiency of milk protein production were recorded in cows fed extruded corn. Increasing feeding frequency increased flow of N from the rumen to the blood, reduced diurnal variation in ruminal and ammonia, and of plasma urea and improved postruminal NSC and CIP digestibility and total tract digestibilities. Milk and constituent yield increased with more frequent feeding. In a study performed in a commercial dairy herd, changes in energy and nitrogenous substrates level suggested that increasing feeding frequency may improve dietary nitrogen utilization and may shift metabolism toward more glucogenesis. It was concluded that efficiency of milk protein yield in high producing cows might be improved by an optimization of ruminal and post-ruminal supplies of energy and nitrogenous substrates. Such an optimization can be achieved by processing of energy and nitrogenous feedstuffs, and by increasing feeding frequency. In situ data may provide means for elucidation of the optimal processing conditions.
Evaluation of Strategies and Implementation of Biological Control of Fire Blight
Authors: Lindow Steven E. , Manulis Shulamit , Zutra Dan , Gaash Dan
Published: December 2021

The main objective of this study was to develop data that would facilitate a consistently effective method of biological control of fire blight disease to be developed and to enable its implementation for disease control by ensuring its compatibility with variations in the biological, environmental, and chemical conditions present in pear orchards. As considerable information on the pathogen and biological control of fire blight was already gathered from studies in California and elsewhere, an emphasis was placed on investigating the genetics and ecology of Erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight in Israel. Studies of plasmid profile, virulence on several host, serological characteristics, as well as DNA fingerprints with selected primers all revealed E. amylovora strains in Israel to be homogeneous. Strains did vary in their resistance to streptomycin, with those from more northern locations being resistant while those in the southern costal plain were all sensitive to streptomycin. Resistance appeared to be conferred by chromosomal mutations as in streptomycin-resistant strains in California. The biological control agent Pseudomonas fluorescens strain A506 colonized flowers of both the Costia and Spodona pear cultivars in Israel as well as Bartlett pear in California. Flowers that were open at the time of spray inoculation of trees subsequently harbored from 105 to 107 cells of strain A506 per flower, while those that opened subsequent to spraying developed population sizes of about 105 cells/flower within 5 days. The incidence of fire blight infections were reduced about 3-fold in several trials in which moderate amounts of disease occurred in the plot areas; this degree of biological control is similar to that observed in California and elsewhere. On two occasions warm and moist weather that favored disease led to epidemics in which nearly all flowers became infected and which was so severe that neither P. fluorescens strain A506 nor chemical bactericides reduced disease incidence. A novel method for identifying antagonistic microorganisms for biological control of fire blight and other diseases was developed. A bacterial ice nucleation gene was introduced into E. amylovora to confer an Ice+ phenotype and the population sizes of this modified pathogen on flowers that had been pre-treated with potential control agents was estimated by measuring the freezing temperature of colonized flowers. Antagonistic strains that prevented the growth of E. amylovora in flowers were readily detected as those in which flowers froze at a low temperature. The method is both rapid and unbiased and several bacterial strains with substantial biological control potential have been identified using this method.
Prestorage Heat Treatment to Inhibit Chilling Injury and Delay Ripening in Tomato Fruits
Authors: Lurie Susan , Dilley David R. , Klein Joshua D. , Wilson Ian D.
Published: December 2021

The research had two specific goals; (1) to develop and optimize a postharvest heat treatment and characterize the response of tomato to the heat and subsequent cold storage, and (2) to investigate the involvement of heat shock proteins (HSP) in resistance to chilling injury. For the first goal we have investigated many time-temperature treatments using dry heat and found that 48 h at 38oC is optimum for Israeli cultivars, while 48 h at 42oC worked better for American cultivars in preventing chilling injury. We have also compared hot water to hot air and found hot water to be effective, but less so than hot air. Membrane lipid composition in relation to chilling injury was investigated after hot water and hot air treatments. Investigation of fruit ripening found that mRNAs of ripening-related genes were inhibited by high temperature, but recovered during the subsequent storage period and allowed normal ripening to proceed. Sensory studies showed no difference in the taste of heated or nonheated fruit. Following the production of HSP in heated and stored fruit allowed us to determine that during low temperature storage the HSP remained present in the fruit tissue, and their presence was correlated with resistance to chilling injury. HSP clones have been isolated by both differential screening of a cDNA library of heated and chilled tomatoes (Israel) and by mRNA differential display (United States). These clones are being characterized.
Molecular Analysis of Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Plants: Characterizing the Genes Psy, Pds and CrtL-e
Authors: Hirschberg Joseph , Moore Gloria A.
Published: December 2021

In this research we have studied the molecular biology of carotenoid biosynthesis in tomato. The investigations focused on the genes Pds and Psy, encoding desaturase and phytoene synthase, respectively, which are key enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway of lycopene and b-carotene. In addition, we have investigated the genes for lycopene cyclase. We have cloned from tomato and characterized the cDNA of CrtL-e, which encodes the lycopene e-cyclase, and analyzed its expression during fruit development. The results establish a paradigm for the regulation of carotenoid pigment biosynthesis during the ripening process of fruits. It is concluded that transcriptional regulation of genes that encode carotenoid-biosynthesis enzymes is the major mechanism that governs specific pigment accumulation. During the ripening of tomato fruits transcription of the genes encoding the enzymes phytoene synthase and phytoene desaturase is up-regulated, while the transcription of the genes for both lycopene cyclases decreases and thus the conversion of lycopene to subsequent carotenoids is inhibited. These findings support the working hypothesis of the molecular approach to manipulating carotenogenesis by altering gene expression in transgenic plants, and offer obvious strategies to future application in agriculture. The molecular and physiological knowledge on carotenogenesis gained in this project, suggest a concept for manipulating gene expression that will alter carotenoid composition in fruits and flowers.
Adaptive Sorting of Fresh Produce
Authors: Searcy Stephen W. , Peleg Kalman
Published: December 2021

This project includes two main parts: Development of a “Selective Wavelength Imaging Sensor” and an “Adaptive Classifiery System” for adaptive imaging and sorting of agricultural products respectively. Three different technologies were investigated for building a selectable wavelength imaging sensor: diffraction gratings, tunable filters and linear variable filters. Each technology was analyzed and evaluated as the basis for implementing the adaptive sensor. Acousto optic tunable filters were found to be most suitable for the selective wavelength imaging sensor. Consequently, a selectable wavelength imaging sensor was constructed and tested using the selected technology. The sensor was tested and algorithms for multispectral image acquisition were developed. A high speed inspection system for fresh-market carrots was built and tested. It was shown that a combination of efficient parallel processing of a DSP and a PC based host CPU in conjunction with a hierarchical classification system, yielded an inspection system capable of handling 2 carrots per second with a classification accuracy of more than 90%. The adaptive sorting technique was extensively investigated and conclusively demonstrated to reduce misclassification rates in comparison to conventional non-adaptive sorting. The adaptive classifier algorithm was modeled and reduced to a series of modules that can be added to any existing produce sorting machine. A simulation of the entire process was created in Matlab using a graphical user interface technique to promote the accessibility of the difficult theoretical subjects. Typical Grade classifiers based on k-Nearest Neighbor techniques and linear discriminants were implemented. The sample histogram, estimating the cumulative distribution function (CDF), was chosen as a characterizing feature of prototype populations, whereby the Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic was employed as a population classifier. Simulations were run on artificial data with two-dimensions, four populations and three classes. A quantitative analysis of the adaptive classifier's dependence on population separation, training set size, and stack length determined optimal values for the different parameters involved. The technique was also applied to a real produce sorting problem, e.g. an automatic machine for sorting dates by machine vision in an Israeli date packinghouse. Extensive simulations were run on actual sorting data of dates collected over a 4 month period. In all cases, the results showed a clear reduction in classification error by using the adaptive technique versus non-adaptive sorting.
Manipulation of Gene Expression in the Chloroplast: Control of mRNA Stability and Transcription Termination
Authors: Stern David B. , Schuster Gadi
Published: December 2021

Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis and of other essential biosynthetic activities in plant cells. Chloroplasts are semi-autonomous organelles, since they contain their own genomes and protein biosynthetic machinery, but depend on the coordinate expression of nuclear genes to assemble macromolecular complexes. The bioeingineering of plants requires manipulation of chloroplast gene expression, and thus a knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that modulate mRNA and protein production. In this proposal the heterotrophic green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has been used as a model system to understand the control and interrelationships between transcription termination, mRNA 3' end processing and mRNA stability in chloroplasts. Chlamydomonas is a unique and ideal system in which to address these issues, because the chloroplast can be easily manipulated by genetic transformation techniques. This research uncovered new and important information on chloroplast mRNA 3' end formation and mRNA stability. In particular, the 3' untranslated regions of chloroplast mRNAs were shown not to be efficient transcription terminators. The endonucleolytic site in the 3' untranslated region was characterized by site directed mutagensis and the role of several 3' untranslated regions in modulating RNA stability and translation has been studied. This information will allow us to experimentally manipulate the expression of chloroplast genes in vivo by post-transcriptional mechanisms, and should be widely applicable to other higher plant systems.
Sustained Suppression of Pythium Diseases: Interactions between Compost Maturity and Nutritional Requirements of Biocontrol Agents
Authors: Hoitink Harry A.J. , Hadar Yitzhak , Madden Laurence V. , Chen Yona
Published: December 2021

Several procedures were developed that predict maturity (stability) of composts prepared from municipal solid wastes (MSW). A respirometry procedure, based O2 uptake by compost, predicted (R2=0.90) the growth response of ryegrass in composts and an acceptable level of maturity. Spectroscopic methods (CPMAS13-NMR and DRIFT spectroscopy) showed that the stabilizing compost contained increasing levels of aromatic structures. All procedures predicted acceptable plant growth after approximately 110 days of composting. MSW compost suppressed diseases caused by a broad spectrum of plant pathogens including Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium aphanidermatum and Fusarium oxysporum. A strain of Pantoea agglomerans was identified that caused lysis of hyphae of R. solani. Evidence was obtained, suggesting that thermophilic biocontrol agents also might play a role in suppression. 13C-NMR spectra revealed that the longevity of the suppressive effect against Pythium root rot was determined by the concentration of readily biodegradable carbohydrate in the substrate, mostly present as cellulose. Bacterial species capable of inducing biocontrol were replaced by those not effective as suppression was lost. The rate of uptake of 14C-acetate into microbial biomass in the conducive substrate was not significantly different from that in the suppressive substrate although specific activity was higher. The suppressive composts induced systemic acquired resistance in cucumjber roots to Pythium root rot and to anthracnose in the foliage. Composts also increased peroxidase activity in plants by the conducive substrate did not have these effects. In summary, the composition of the organic fraction determined bacterial species composition and activity in the substrate, which in turn regulated plant gene expression relative to biological control.
Development of a Multivalent ISCOM Vaccine against Anaplasmosis
Authors: Palmer Guy H. , Pipano Eugene , McElwain Terry F. , Shkap Varda , Knowles, Jr. Donald P.
Published: December 2021

Anaplasmosis is an arthropod+borne disease of cattle caused by the rickettsia Anaplasma marginale and an impediment to efficient production of healthy livestock in both Israel and the United States. Our research focuses on development of a recombinant membrane surface protein (MSP) immunogen to replace current vaccines derived from the blood of infected cattle. The risk of widespread transmission of both known and newly emergent pathogens has prevented licensure of live blood-based vaccines in the U.S. and is a major concern for their continued use in Israel. Briefly, we accomplished the following in our BARD supported research: i) characterization of the intramolecular and intermolecular relationships of the native Major Surface Proteins (MSP) in the outer membrane; ii) expression, purification, and epitope characterization of the recombinant MSP-2, MSP-3, MSP-4, and MSP-5 proteins required to construct the recombinant ISCOM; iii) demonstration that the outer membrane-Quil A induces CD4+ T lymphocytes specific for the outer membrane polypeptides; iv) identification of CD4+ T lymphocytes that recognize outer membrane polypeptide epitopes conserved among other wise antigenically distinct strains; v) determination that immunization with the outer membrane-Quil A construct does not affect the ability of ticks to acquire or transmit A. marginale; and vi) demonstration that the outer membrane-Quil A construct induces complete protection against rickettsemia upon homologous challenge and significant protection against challenge with antigenically distinct strains, including tick transmission. Importantly, the level of protection against homologous challenge in the MSP vaccinates was comparable to that induced by live blood-based vaccines and demonstrates that development of a new generation of vaccines is feasible.
Breeding for Quality in Vegetable Maize Using Linked Molecular Markers
Authors: Juvik John A. , Bar Zur Avri , Rocheford Torbert R.
Published: December 2021

Recently, the vegetable corn industry has shifted from the use of traditional cultivars with the sugary1 (su1) endosperm mutation to newer hybrids homozygous for the shrunken2 (sh2) or sugary enhancer1 (se1) genes. With greater kernel sucrose content, these hybrids are preferred by consumers and retain sugar for longer post harvest periods, providing the industry with more time to marker products with superior quality. Commercialization has been hindered, however, by reduced field emergence, and the establishment of stands with heterogeneous uniformity and maturities. This investigation was conducted to identify key biochemical and physiological characteristics in sh2 and se1 maize kernels associated with improved emergence, and stand establishment; and in immature ears at fresh harvest maturity, properties associated with eating quality. The location of genes or QTL controlling these kernel characteristics and other traits were then mapped to specific chromosomal regions by their linkage to molecular markers using two segregating F2:3 populations. This database was used to compare the efficiency of marker-assisted selection of key alleles with phenotypic selection for trait improvement. A model designed to uncover and quantify digenic interaction was applied to the datasets to evaluate the role of epistasis in the inheritance of quantitative traits.
Aspects of Sugar Metabolism in Melon Fruit as Determinants of Fruit Quality
Authors: Schaffer Arthur A. , Pharr D. Mason , Burger Joseph , Burton James D. , Zamski Eliezer
Published: December 2021

The cucurbit family, including melon, translocates the galactosyl-sucrose oligosaccharides, raffinose and stachyose, in addition to sucrose, from the source leaves to the fruit sink. The metabolism of these photoassimilates in the fruit sink controls fruit growth and development, including the horticulturally important phenomenon of sucrose accumulation, which determines melon fruit sweetness. During this research project we have characterized the complete pathway of galactosyl sucrose metabolism in developing fruit, from before anthesis until maturity. We have also compared the metabolic pathway in scurose accumulating genotypes, as compared to non-accumulating genotypes. Furthermore, we studied the pathway in different fruit tissues, in response to pollination, and also analyzed the response of the individual steps of the pathway to perturbations such as low temperature and leaf removal. The results of our studies have led to the conclusion that generally galactosyl-sucrose metabolism functions as a coordinately controlled pathway. In one case, as an immediate response to the absence of pollination, the activity of a single enzyme, UDPglu pyrophosphorylase, was drastically reduced. However, during young fruit development, sucrose accumulation, and in response to perturbations of the system, groups of enzymes, rather than single enzymes, respond in a concerted manner. Our research has characterized in detail the initial enzymes of galactosyl-sucrose metabolism, including the galactosidases, galactokinase and the UDPgal- and UDPglu pyrophosphorylases. We have discovered a novel alkaline a-galactoside which hydrolyzes both stachyose and reaffinose and thereby may have solved the dilemma of cytosolic-sucrose metabolism, since prior to this research there was no known alkaline a-galactosidase capable of hydrolyzing raffinose.