bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ensemble analysis of complex network properties—an MCMC approach
Authors: Pfeffer Oskar , Molkenthin Nora , Hellmann Frank
Published: December 2022

What do generic networks that have certain properties look like? We use relative canonical network ensembles as the ensembles that realize a property R while being as indistinguishable as possible from a background network ensemble. This allows us to study the most generic features of the networks giving rise to the property under investigation. To test the approach we apply it to study properties thought to characterize ‘small-world networks’. We consider two different defining properties, the ‘small-world-ness’ of Humphries and Gurney, as well as a geometric variant. Studying them in the context of Erdős-Rényi and Watts–Strogatz ensembles we find that all ensembles studied exhibit phase transitions to systems with large hubs and in some cases cliques. Such features are not present in common examples of small-world networks, indicating that these properties do not robustly capture the notion of small-world networks. We expect the overall approach to have wide applicability for understanding network properties of real world interest, such as optimal ride-sharing designs, the vulnerability of networks to cascades, the performance of communication topologies in coordinating fluctuation response or the ability of social distancing measures to suppress disease spreading.
Evolution dynamics with the switching strategy of punishment and expulsion in the spatial public goods game
Authors: Zhuo Siqing , Liu Jie , Ren Tianyu , Sun Jiayi
Published: December 2022

Punishment and expulsion are two different strategies to promote cooperation with altruistic sanctions. Of them, expulsion is usually considered more severe and effective than punishment as a strategy to expel a traitor from the field directly. However, frequent expulsions will reduce the number of neighbours around the expellers, with no one left to play subsequent games. Inspired by the fact that people usually accept more tolerant punishment measures for most violators, we introduced a switching strategy of punishing most betrayers and expelling a few betrayers in the spatial public goods game. Unlike the traditional expulsion mechanism, the switching strategy allows switching strategists to balance the relationship between quickly promoting cooperation and maintaining group stability. Our simulation proves that the switching strategy based on the number of defectors can significantly promote cooperation; when the difficulty intensity is minimal, in particular, it can stimulate the emergence of cooperation. In addition, we also determine the optimal switching threshold and the optimal population density under this mechanism. Our work provides a more realistic perspective on the choice of punishment and expulsion, which may help to deepen the understanding of the choice of punishment measures when the number of defectors is high or low.
Gradient continuum model of nonlocal metamaterials with long-range interactions
Authors: Yang Leiyu , Wang Lifeng
Published: December 2022

Compared with classical metamaterials, nonlocal metamaterials have distributed long-range interactions. In this paper, a gradient continuum model is developed to properly predict the dispersive behaviour of a one-dimensional nonlocal metamaterial with long-range interactions. First, a discrete monoatomic model is reconstructed into a supercell model. Then, a Taylor expansion based on supercell model is applied to the continuous displacement field, resulting in a gradient continuum model. The dispersive relation of the gradient continuum model is obtained and compared with discrete supercell model to evaluate its suitability. The proposed gradient continuum model with the eighth-order truncation is found to be enough to capture the dispersion behaviours all over the first Brillouin zone. The results indicate that the proposed gradient continuum model can predict the dispersion behaviour of the one-dimensional nonlocal system very well. Furthermore, the gradient continuous model of two mass-in-mass system with long-range interactions are verified.
Theoretical study of [36]adamanzane (36Adz) based alkalides with remarkable non-linear optical properties
Authors: Rasool Alvina , Zahid Saba , Elmushyakhi Abraham , Ans Muhammad , Shawky Ahmed M. , Ayub Khurshid , Iqbal Javed
Published: December 2022

Herein, a series of 36Adamanzane (stable C–N bond) based alkalides possessing alkaline Earth metal cation complexed by the 36Adz cage has been designed and studied with theoretical tools. All suggested complexes are within the range of effective NLO materials such as red-shifted λ
max (1080–1241 nm), narrowed Eg (1.74 to 2.31 eV), lowered Eopt (0.9945–1.1485 eV), enhanced

Δ
μ

(5.3873–6.2544 au), ameliorated

α

O

(454.20–1400.34 au) and

β

0

(801301.48–819800.06 au) as compared to pure 36Adz (Eg = 10.2 eV, λ
max = 179 nm, Eopt = 6.9217,

α

O

= 241.64 and

β

0

= 0.02 au). All of the aimed complexes have substantially large

α

O

as well as

β

0

values. NBO charges investigations reveal that one of the s-electrons has migrated from the inside metal atom to the outer one, resulting in not only alkalide characteristics but also significant NLO responses for the targeted compounds. This research is useful in the development of new types of excess electron compounds. The findings presented in this study may have implications for future research on high-performance NLO materials, as well as give important references for future research on various alkalides including non-alkali cations.
Charged Taub-NUT-de Sitter spacetime in DGP braneworld and its thermodynamics*
Authors: Siahaan Haryanto M.
Published: December 2022

We study a charged Taub-NUT spacetime solution in the Dvali-Gabadadze-Porrati (DGP) brane. We show that the Reissner-Nordstrom-Taub-NUT-de Sitter solution of Einstein-Maxwell gravity solves the corresponding equations of motion, where the cosmological constant is related to the cross-over scale in the DGP model. Following the approach by Teitelboim in discussing the thermodynamics of de Sitter spacetime and the proposal by Wu et al. for a conserved charge associated with the NUT parameter, we obtain the generalized Smarr mass formula and the first law of thermodynamics of the spacetime.
Hydrogen isotope plasma-driven permeation through RAFM steel: isotope exchange and helium irradiation effect
Authors: Xu Yue , Yang Kai , Xu Yun-Feng , Luo Lai-Ma , Ni Jun-Jie , Wu Yu-Cheng
Published: December 2022

Hydrogen isotope exchange in China low activation martensitic (CLAM) steel was investigated by plasma-driven permeation (PDP) measurements in the temperature range of ∼670–920 K. It was found that as H was introduced into D plasma, the permeation flux of HD increased while that of D2 decreased. The total D permeation flux, however, remained almost unchanged. Such a result allowed the analysis of isotope replacement and showed that the reduction of D2 is balanced by the rise of HD. In addition, the formation of HD was found to be closely related to the H and D content in plasma. Hydrogen isotopic effects on H and D plasma dissociation/ionization rate and on incident flux were evaluated by measuring plasma parameters including electron temperature and electron density using a triple Langmuir probe. The correlation between isotope effects on ionization rate in the plasma and isotope effects in the permeation flux was discussed. He plasma pre-irradiation and seeding during D PDP were also conducted to investigate the He effects on D diffusion. The total D permeation flux was found to be reduced by He seeding. Data analysis of Langmuir probe showed that ionization rate of D plasma was influenced by He seeding. Besides, under simultaneous D + He irradiation, He atoms were preferentially trapped at the defects resulting in a shallower D concentration gradient that described the observed decrease in D permeation rate. He plasma pre-irradiation was found to reduce D permeation flux with a much slower breakthrough to reach steady-state. The amount of D trapped at He-induced defects was derived quantitatively from the transient permeation curves. It is believed that He bubbles formed at the near surface act as trapping sites of D atoms, leading to a less effective diffusion coefficient and an enhanced retention in the material.
Analysis of the ECH effect on EPM/AE stability in Heliotron J plasma using a Landau closure model
Authors: Varela J. , Nagasaki K. , Kobayashi S. , Nagaoka K. , Adulsiriswad P. , Cappa A. , Yamamoto S. , Watanabe K.Y. , Spong D.A. , Garcia L. , Ghai Y. , Ortiz J.
Published: December 2022

The aim of the present study is to analyze the effect of the electron cyclotron heating (ECH) on the linear stability of Alfvén eigenmodes (AEs) and energetic particle modes (EPMs) triggered by energetic ions in Heliotron J plasma. The analysis is performed using the FAR3d code that solves a reduced MHD model to describe the thermal plasma coupled with a gyrofluid model for the energetic particle (EP) species. The simulations reproduce the AE/EPM stability trends observed in the experiments as the electron temperature (T

e
) increases, modifying the thermal plasma β, EP β and EP slowing-down time. Particularly, the

n

/

m
=
1

/

2

EPM and

2

/

4

Global AE are stabilized in the low-bumpiness (LB) configuration due to an enhancement of the continuum, finite Larmor radius and e-i Landau damping effects as the thermal β increases. On the other hand, a larger ECH injection power cannot stabilize the AE/EPM in medium-bumpiness and high-bumpiness (HB) configurations because the damping effects are weaker compared to the LB case, unable to balance the further destabilization induced by an enhanced EP resonance as the EP slowing-down time and EP β increases with T

e
.
Exact renormalization group equation for lattice Ginzburg–Landau models adapted to the solution in the local potential approximation
Authors: Tokar V I
Published: December 2022

The Wilson Green’s function approach and, alternatively, Feynman’s diffusion equation and the Hori representation have been used to derive an exact functional RG equation (EFRGE) that in the course of the RG flow interpolates between the interaction part of the lattice Ginzburg–Landau Hamiltonian and the logarithm of the generating functional of the S-matrix. Because the S-matrix vertices are the amputated correlation functions of the fluctuating field, it has been suggested that in the critical region the amputation of the long-range tails makes the S-matrix functional more localized and thus more amenable to the local potential approximation (LPA) than the renormalized free energy functional used in Wilson’s EFRGE. By means of a functional Legendre transform the S-matrix EFRGE has been converted into an EFRGE for the effective action (EA). It has been found that the field-dependent part of EA predicted by the equation is the same as calculated within the known EA EFRGE approaches but in addition it is accurately accounts for the field-independent terms. These are indispensable in calculation of such important quantities as the specific heat, the latent heat, etc. With the use of the derived EFRGE a closed expression for the renormalization counterterm has been obtained which when subtracted from the divergent solution of the Wetterich equation would lead to a finite exact expression for the EA thus making two approaches formally equivalent. The S-matrix equation has been found to be simply connected with a generalized functional Burgers’ equation which establishes a direct correspondence between the first order phase transitions and the shock wave solutions of the RG equation. The transparent semi-group structure of the S-matrix RG equation makes possible the use of different RG techniques at different stages of the RG flow in order to improve the LPA solution.
Weight distributions of American domestic passenger air transportation networks
Authors: Sun Long-Long , Hu Ya-Peng , Zhu Chen-Ping , Roshani Farinaz
Published: December 2022

The scale-free features widely concerned by previous weighted network models seemed to not be the best choice to describe the link weight distributions of passenger air transportation networks. In this paper, by introducing an exponent α to the weight evolution rule of the earliest weighted model, and considering the spatial constraints of two-dimensional distances on linking probability, we have conducted rigorous analyses leading to the exponentially truncated power-law distribution for weights:

P
(
w
)
=
A
⋅

w

−
α

⋅

e

−
B

w

1
−
α

, where A and B are parameters, α 

<

 1. The theoretical expression is consistent with the empirical results of the American domestic passenger flight records from 1995 to 2020. The model would be applicable to different air transportation systems and to problems in other fields.
Orthogonal run-and-tumble walks
Authors: Angelani Luca
Published: December 2022

Planar run-and-tumble walks with orthogonal directions of motion are considered. After formulating the problem with generic transition probabilities among the orientational states, we focus on the symmetric case, giving general expressions of the probability distribution function (in the Laplace–Fourier domain), the mean-square displacement and the effective diffusion constant in terms of transition rate parameters. As case studies we treat and discuss two classes of motion, alternate/forward and isotropic/backward, obtaining, when possible, analytic expressions of probability distribution functions in the space-time domain. We discuss at the end also the case of cyclic motion. Reduced (enhanced) effective diffusivity, with respect to the standard 2D active motion, is observed in the cyclic and backward (forward) cases.
Operation and Performance of Belle II Aerogel RICH Counter
Authors: Nishida Shohei
Published: December 2022

The Belle II experiment at the SuperKEKB aims at collecting 50 times more data than its predecessor Belle. One of the key components in the experiment is the particle identification (PID), especially the separation of kaons and pions. In the Belle II spectrometer, a proximity focusing ring imaging Cherenkov detector using aerogel as a radiator (ARICH) is equipped for the PID at the forward endcap. In this counter, a total of 420 of hybrid avalanche photo-detectors (HAPDs) with 144 channels are used as position-sensitive photon detectors that work inside a 1.5 T magnetic field. Belle II started the physics run with full detectors from 2019. We report on the operation of ARICH, including the fraction of dead channels, stability of HAPDs, and encountered problems. We also report the PID performance of ARICH estimated with using

D

*
+

→

D
0

π

slow

+

, D
0 → K
−
π
+ control sample with the initial data.
Studies of charging up in THGEMs
Authors: Roy P. , Kumar V. , Bhattacharya P. , Das P. , Mukhopadhyay S. , Majumdar N. , Sarkar S.
Published: December 2022

The time-dependent variation of detector response in MPGDs, especially THGEMs, is a challenging problem that has been attributed to the charging up and charging down processes of insulating materials present in these detector. Experimental studies of stabilization of gain with time due to these phenomena under various experimental conditions are presented in this paper. Effects of sources with varying irradiation rates on the gain saturation process have been studied. Low-rate source shows two-step gain stabilization phenomena, one short-term saturated gain, another long-term saturated gain, whereas high-rate source shows a single-step gain saturation. While this two-step stabilization has been attributed to the charging up of the rim by earlier studies, its effect seems to be subdued for high-rate irradiation according to the observations presented here.
Initial performance of the GlueX DIRC detector
Authors: Ali A , Barbosa F , Bessuille J , Chudakov E , Dzhygadlo R , Fanelli C , Frye J , Hardin J , Hurley A , Ihloff E , Kalicy G , Kelsey J , Li W B , Patsyuk M , Schwiening J , Shepherd M , Stevens J R , Whitlatch T , Williams M , Yang Y
Published: December 2022

The GlueX experiment at Jefferson Laboratory aims to perform quantitative tests of non-perturbative QCD by studying the spectrum of light-quark mesons and baryons. A Detector of Internally Reflected Cherenkov light (DIRC) was installed to enhance the particle identification (PID) capability of the GlueX experiment by providing clean π/K separation up to 3.7 GeV/c momentum in the forward region (θ < 11°), which will allow the study of hybrid mesons decaying into kaon final states with significantly higher efficiency and purity. The new PID system is constructed with radiators from the decommissioned BaBar DIRC counter, combined with new compact photon cameras based on the SuperB FDIRC concept. The full system was successfully installed and commissioned with beam during 2019/2020. The initial PID performance of the system was evaluated and compared to one from Geant4 simulation.
The PANDA EDD prototype in Giessen Cosmic Station
Authors: Koseoglu Ilknur
Published: December 2022

The PANDA detector at the future Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) is currently being constructed in Darmstadt, Germany. It contains a fixed proton target and an antiproton beam with a momentum range between 1.5 GeV/c to 15 GeV/c. Two Cherenkov detectors are used to identify charged hadrons. The Disc DIRC (EDD) covers polar angles between 5° to 22° in the endcap region. In order to test the performance of the EDD prototype, the experimental setup driven by cosmic muons was built at the JLU in Giessen. It is called the Giessen Cosmic Station (GCS) and contains four tracking boxes for tracking muons, two trigger plates, and a lead absorber. The prototype of the EDD detector is integrated to the GCS setup to reconstruct the Cherenkov angle of each muon tracked by the GCS hodoscope.

This work covers the technical design of the GCS and the performance tests of the EDD prototype in the GCS.
The status and future plan of BESIII experiment
Authors: Song Weimin
Published: December 2022

BESIII experiment has been working for more than 10 years, and the BESIII Collaboration has published more than 300 physics results about charmed hadron, exotic hadron states, τ lepton and light hadrons. In this paper, the current performance of the detector will be mentioned, including the tracking system, particle identification system, and calorimeter system. The experiment will run for another 10 years, and the future plan of the experiment will be mentioned also.
The HIBEAM/NNBAR Calorimeter Prototype
Authors: Dunne K , Meirose B , Milstead D , Oskarsson A , Santoro V , Silverstein S , Yiu S-C
Published: December 2022

The HIBEAM/NNBAR experiment is a free-neutron search for n → sterile n and n →

n
¯

oscillations planned to be installed at the European Spallation Source under construction in Lund, Sweden. A key component in the experiment is the detector to identify n –

n
¯

annihilation events, which will produce on average four pions with a final state invariant mass of two nucleons, around 1.9 GeV. The beamline and experiment are shielded from magnetic fields which would suppress n →

n
¯

transitions, thus no momentum measurement will be possible. Additionally, calorimetry for particles with kinetic energies below 600 MeV is challenging, as traditional sampling calorimeters used in HEP would suffer from poor shower statistics. A design study is underway to use a novel approach of a hadronic range measurement in multiple plastic scintillator layers, followed by EM calorimetery with lead glass. A prototype calorimeter system is being built, and will eventually be installed at an ESS test beam line for in situ neutron background studies.
Status and Plans for the CMS High Granularity Calorimeter Upgrade Project
Authors: Quast Thorben
Published: December 2022

The CMS Collaboration is preparing to build replacement endcap calorimeters for the HL-LHC era. The new high-granularity calorimeter (HGCAL) is, as the name implies, a highly-granular sampling calorimeter with approximately six million silicon sensor channels (≈1.1cm2 or 0.5 cm2 cells) and about 250 thousand channels of scintillator tiles readout with on-tile silicon photomultipliers. The calorimeter is designed to operate in the harsh radiation environment at the HL-LHC, where the average number of interactions per bunch crossing is expected to exceed 140. Besides measuring energy and position of the energy deposits, the electronics is also designed to measure the time of their arrival with a precision in the order of 50 ps. This paper summarises the reasoning and ideas behind the HGCAL, describes the current status of the project, and highlights some of the challenges ahead.
Calorimetry with Extremely Fine Spatial Segmentation
Authors: Bilki B. , Guler Y. , Onel Y. , Repond J. , Xia L.
Published: December 2022

Particle Flow Algorithms (PFAs) attempt to measure each particle in a hadronic jet individually, using the detector subsystem that provides the best energy/momentum resolution. Calorimeters that can exploit the power of PFAs emphasize spatial granularity over single particle energy resolution. In this context, the CALICE Collaboration developed the Digital Hadron Calorimeter (DHCAL). The DHCAL uses Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs) as active media and is read out with 1 × 1 cm2 pads and digital (1-bit) resolution. In order to obtain a unique dataset of electromagnetic and hadronic interactions with unprecedented spatial resolution, the DHCAL went through a broad test beam program. In addition to conventional calorimetry, the DHCAL offers detailed measurements of event shapes, rigorous tests of simulation models and various analytical tools to improve calorimetric performance. Here we report on the results from the analysis of DHCAL data and comparisons with the Monte Carlo simulations.
Commissioning of new FHCal at BM@N experiment
Authors: Izvestnyy A , Golubeva M , Guber F , Ivashkin A , Karpushkin N , Morozov S , Petukhov O
Published: December 2022

The BM@N (Baryonic Matter at Nuclotron) is the fixed target experiment at NICA-Nuclotron (JINR, Dubna, Russia) accelerator complex. The main goal of the experiment is studying the properties of dense nuclear matter produced in ion-ion collisions at the energies of up to 4 AGeV. New Forward Hadron Calorimeter (FHCal) with modular structure and a beam hole in the center has been developed and constructed to measure the collision centrality after the BM@N upgrade. The transverse and longitudinal segmentation of the FHCal allows to perform calibration of the calorimeter with cosmic muons.

FHCal modules have lead/scintillator sampling structure with longitudinal segmentation. Light signals from the sections are collected with MPPCs, amplified and read-out by ADC boards. Fast analog signals are collected for trigger system.

The status of development and construction of the new FHCal calorimeter for the BM@N experiment is presented. Performance of FHCal front-end and readout systems is discussed.
Low background control of the PandaX-4T dark matter experiment
Authors: Qian Zhicheng
Published: December 2022

The PandaX-4T is a dark matter direct search experiment with a dual-phase xenon detector. It is located at Jinping underground laboratory in Sichuan, China. In 2.8-ton fiducial mass and energy region of interest (range from 1 to 10 keV), the total electron recoil and nuclear recoil backgrounds are estimated to be (4.9±0.5) × 10−2 mDRU and (2.8±0.5) × 10−4 mDRU. With an exposure of 5.6 ton-years, the expected sensitivity of PandaX-4T could reach a spin-independent dark matter-nucleon cross section of 6 × 10−48 cm2 at a dark matter mass of 40 GeV/c2. An overview of detector design, background control and current status will be presented in this paper.
Latest results of the R2D2 project
Authors: Meregaglia Anselmo
Published: December 2022

The search for neutrinoless double beta decay (0𝜈𝜈β) could cast light on one critical piece missing in our knowledge i.e. the nature of the neutrino mass. Its observation is indeed the most sensitive experimental way to prove that neutrino is a Majorana particle. The observation of such a potentially rare process demands a detector with an excellent energy resolution, an extremely low radioactivity and a large mass of emitter isotope. Nowadays many techniques are pursued but none of them meets all the requirements at the same time. R2D2 is an R&D project aiming to prove that a spherical high pressure gas TPC filled with xenon could meet all the requirements and provide an ideal detector for the 0𝜈ββ decay search. An excellent energy resolution has been demonstrated in argon with a first prototype, meeting the expectations. Furthermore the energy resolution has been proved to be independent on the particle track’s length. In the presented talk the latest R2D2 results are discussed as well as the preliminary results on the scintillation light detection which could serve as trigger for a better position reconstruction. The project roadmap and future developments are also discussed.
Irradiation studies at the Bern cyclotron for the ATLAS ITk upgrade
Authors: Halser Lea
Published: December 2022

At the high-luminosity LHC, the radiation levels for participating experiments will increase by over one order of magnitude in total ionising dose compared to current levels. Therefore, components and materials installed closest to the interaction points, such as the new ATLAS Inner Tracker (ITk), have to be tested for their durability in high-radiation environments. The variety and multitude of materials and components require a large number of irradiation campaigns. For this purpose, the irradiation facility at the Bern medical cyclotron, an 18MeV proton accelerator, can be utilised. The laboratory setup allows for studies of radiation hardness of different samples, such as cables, connectors, electronics, and shielding materials. Two campaigns were completed with the conclusion that the materials do not significantly worsen their performance, while the third campaign presented here is still ongoing.
New Beam Position Detectors for NA61/SHINE experiment
Authors: Makhnev A. , Guber F. , Serebryakov D. , Pulawski S. , Kowalski S.
Published: December 2022

The NA61/SHINE experiment at the CERN SPS is undergoing a major upgrade during the CERN Long Shutdown 2 period (2019-2021). The upgrade is essential to fulfill the requirements of the new open charm and neutrino programs. In these programs the NA61/SHINE will operate with the data acquisition rate increased by a factor of 10, which requires an upgrade of current Beam Position Detectors (BPDs). New detectors should monitor beam particle positions with a frequency up to 105 Hz.

This paper presents an overview of the new BPD design, as well as discusses current state of development and prototype production of BPD, including: mechanical design, front-end electronics design and integration with experiment’s data aquisition system.
The novel, truly cylindrical, ultra-thin silicon detector for the ALICE Inner Tracker System
Authors: Mager Magnus
Published: December 2022

The ALICE collaboration is planning to replace its innermost tracking layers during the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Long Shutdown 3 with a novel detector that will be as close as 18 mm to the interaction point and as thin as <0.05%X
0 per layer. To achieve these numbers, a wafer-scale Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor (MAPS) in 65 nm technology is being developed. This sensor, fabricated on 300 mm wafers, will reach dimensions of up to 280 mm by 94 mm. Sensors are subsequently thinned down to values between 20 μm to 40 μm, where they become flexible and are bent into truly cylindrical half-barrels.

Following the publication of a Letter of Intent by ALICE and the endorsement by the Large Hadron Collider Committee (LHCC) end of 2019, a very active research and development programme on bent silicon detectors has started.

This contribution reviews the detector concept, the physics motivations, and lays out the R&D path. Mechanical integration tests with ultra-thin silicon wafers as well as electrical test of bent MAPS, including beam test results, will be shown and demonstrate the feasibility of this new class of tracking detectors.
Cosmic results with the final Micromegas sectors for the ATLAS Muon upgrade
Authors: Maniatis I.M
Published: December 2022

With the upgraded beam luminosity in LHC Run 3, the detector technology for the innermost end-cap muon station (small wheel) of the ATLAS detector needs to be upgraded. The new technology should be able to meet the demands of spatial resolution, high efficiency as well as fast response of the present system at the expected higher background rate, up to 20 kHz/cm2. The detectors which perform precision tracking and triggering in the New Small Wheel (NSW) are Micromegas (MM) and small-strip Thin Gas Chamber (sTGC) respectively. The detectors are also complementary to each other. The Micromegas quadruplets are delivered to CERN from the different construction sites. Two Micromegas quadruplets are integrated to build a double wedge. After the electronic integration, the double wedges are tested with cosmic muons at the cosmic stand at CERN. The final high voltage configuration is verified and various parameters like the efficiency, cluster size, strip multiplicity per readout layer are measured. The double wedge of the Micromegas sector is qualified for the final integration with the sTGC wedges before mounting on the NSW. The procedure and the cosmic test results of the final validation of Micromegas double wedges is presented.
Status and prospects of TPC prototype using the UV laser mimic tracks
Authors: Yue Chang , Qi Huirong , Yuan Zhiyang , Dai Hongliang , Yu Liwen , Zhang Jian , Mao Yingyu , Chen Yuanbo , Zhang Hongyu
Published: December 2022

To meet the high precision physical goals in the future e
+
e
− circular collider (CEPC), the high resolution tracker detector for the particle track reconstruction (¡100μ m) and particle identification are required. Time Projection Chamber (TPC) is one of the main concept option of the central tracker detector. On behalf of the track detector subgroup in CEPC, the status and update R&D results of TPC module and prototype for the specific requirements will be presented in this article. TPC module will could suppress the ions in chamber continuously running in the different gains (2000-5000) and T2K mixture gases, and TPC prototype with Micro-pattern Gaseous Detector (MPGD) detector module integrated the narrow laser mimic tracks system. the update results of the spatial resolution, particles identified (dE/dx) were been investigated. In this TPC prototype, the precision drift time of the different laser mimic tracks ionized primary electrons in the specific operation working gases were recorded. Some considerations of the low power consumption readout requirements will be given according to the pad TPC detector operating at the high luminosity Z pole at CEPC.
System-level performance study and commissioning of TGC front-end electronics for Phase-2 upgrade of LHC-ATLAS
Authors: Tanaka Aoto
Published: December 2022

The Thin Gap Chamber (TGC) of the ATLAS experiment at the LHC are responsible to provide muons trigger segments in the endcap region at the hardware trigger stage. The front-end electronics system of the TGC will be upgraded for the HL-LHC to send binary hit-map at every bunch crossing (BC) to the back-end system. Such an operation poses lots of unique challenges: hit BC identification with high efficiency, fine-tuned clock distribution, robustness for SEU, and capability of timing calibration. Accommodating these requirements, the primary processor board (PS Board) is in charge of data processing and reception of control signals from the back-end. An independent control module (JATHub) will take responsibility for FPGA configuration and clock phase monitoring of the PS Boards with an SoC-based design. Prototyping and system-level demonstration with the prototypes have been performed. This experience validates our operation and commissioning strategy of the TGC electronics system for the HL-LHC.
The HL-LHC Upgrade of the ATLAS hadronic Tile Calorimeter
Authors: Silverstein S.
Published: December 2022

The High-Luminosity phase of LHC, scheduled to begin in late 2027, will deliver up to ten times the LHC nominal instantaneous luminosity to the experiments. To ensure sound performance under the higher pile-up and radiation conditions, the ATLAS hadronic Tile Calorimeter (TileCal) will replace both the on- and off- detector electronics systems during the LHC long shutdown 3 (2025-2027). The upgraded front-end system will continuously digitize and read out shaped photomultiplier tube (PMT) signals from every TileCal cell at a rate of 40 MHz, transmitting them over high-speed fiber links to the new back-end electronics to be stored in latency pipelines and digitally summed to produce improved trigger tower data for the Level-1 trigger. The front-end electronics are based on radiation-qualified commercial components, and use extensive redundancy to minimize single point failures. The Tile upgrade program has undergone extensive R&D and beam tests, and a “demonstrator” module was installed on ATLAS in 2019 for integration and testing in the actual detector environment.
Development of FPGA based 128-Channel TDC for Time Projection Chambers
Authors: Yuvaraj E , Upadhya S S , Saraf M N , John Jim , Satyanarayana B , Majumder Gobinda , Chithra
Published: December 2022

Time Projection Chamber (TPC) is a gaseous detector used for tracking charged particles. These detectors comprise of a sensitive gas volumes applied with high electric field between the end plates. When a charged particle traverses the TPC volume, it ionizes the gas atoms along its trajectory. The free electrons produced move towards anode with a speed depending on the gas mixture and the applied field. Arrival times and hit channel information are used to track the particle. In order to measure accurately, the arrival times of these slow-moving electrons at the anode, an FPGA-based start-Stop type TDC is designed. The TDC starts on trigger and stops on the arrival of electrons at each anode channel. Dynamic range of 160us and least count of 2.5 ns are obtained, which cover the entire particle trajectory. Also, another useful feature of this TDC is its multi-hit capability of up to 4 hits. Design features and preliminary test results of the TDC will be presented.
Hog (HDL on git): a collaborative HDL management tool
Authors: Gonnella Francesco
Published: December 2022

Coordinating firmware development among many international collaborators is becoming a very widespread problem in high-energy physics. Guaranteeing firmware synthesis reproducibility and assuring traceability of binary files is paramount. We devised Hog (HDL on git), a set of Tcl scripts (no external tool or library is needed) that tackles these issues and is deeply integrated with FPGA IDEs (Xilinx Vivado Design Suite/ISE PlanAhead, Intel Quartus Prime). Hog assures absolute control of HDL source files, constraint files, Vivado/Quartus settings and guarantees traceability by automatically embedding the git commit SHA and a numeric version into the binary file which is automatically renamed to reflect its version. Hog allows the IDE GUI to be used normally, so developers can get quickly up to speed: clone the repository, run the Hog script, and work in your IDE. Hog works on Windows and Linux, supports IPbus, Sigasi and provides pre-made yml files to set up a working CI on Gitlab with no additional effort.
Performance and Integration Results of a High Resolution Time-to-Digital Converter Designed for INO ICAL Experiment
Authors: Yuvaraj E , Chithra  , Upadhya S S , Saraf M N , Krishnapura Nagendra , Satyanarayana B , Majumder Gobinda
Published: December 2022

INO ICAL Experiment emphasis on studying various properties of atmospheric neutrinos. A 50 kton Iron Calorimeter and Resistive plate Chamber (RPC) in stacked geometry will be used to track neutrinos. Position and directional information are to be used to identify particle energies. RPC detector signal of rise time less than 1ns is amplified-discriminated and given to Digital Front End (RPC-DAQ). To measure these fast pulses, we designed a low power, compact multi-channel Delay Chain based time-to-digital converter (TDC) in a 0.13μm CMOS process which will be integrated with the RPC-DAQ module. This TDC is capable of handling multiple hits per channel with a single-shot precision better than 65.34 ps. A 4-line or 11-line serial peripheral interface (SPI) is used for readout and configuration. This paper presents the performance and integration results of this TDC.
Measurement of Light Yield, Timing and Radiation Damage and Recovery of Common Plastic Scintillators
Authors: Onel Y , Wetzel J , Bilki B , Bostan N , Koseyan O , Tiras E , Winn D
Published: December 2022

PEN and PET (polyethylene naphthalate and teraphthalate) are common plastics used for drink bottles and plastic food containers. They are also good scintillators. Their ubiquity has made them of interest for high energy physics applications, as generally plastic scintillators can be very expensive. However, detailed studies on the performance of the scintillators has not yet been performed.

At various tests, we measured the light yield and timing properties of PEN and PET with Fermilab and CERN test beams. We also irradiated several samples to varying gamma doses and investigated their recovery mechanisms. Here we report on the measurements performed over the past few years in order to characterize the scintillation properties of PEN and PET and discuss possible future implementations.
High-quality aerogel Cherenkov radiators recently developed in Japan
Authors: Tabata Makoto
Published: December 2022

Around 1980, Japan’s High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, also known as the KEK laboratory, began developing silica aerogels as a Cherenkov radiator. In 1996, the high energy physics group at Chiba University, Japan, began aerogel research and development in collaborating with KEK. The design of state-of-the-art Cherenkov detectors is enabled by improving aerogel transparency. Simultaneously, ultrahigh- and ultralow-refractive-index aerogels were developed to bridge the gap in the available indices for identifying low- and high-momentum particles, respectively. These are and will be employed in ongoing and future particle physics experiments all over the world. We report the latest results from the aerogel development and applications to threshold-type and ring-imaging Cherenkov detectors.
Characterisation of Hamamatsu SiPM for cosmic muon veto detector at IICHEP
Authors: Jangra Mamta , Saraf Mandar N , Majumder Gobinda , Satyanarayana B. , Upadhya Suresh S
Published: December 2022

A test setup is built to characterise the SiPM and to measure muon detection efficiency of an extruded plastic scintillator detector. In the setup, light from the scintillator is readout by SiPMs using two embedded Wavelength Shifting Fibres (WLS) fibres. The SiPM was calibrated using LED source, but alternate calibration procedures using radio-active source as well as noise data were also established. The SiPM is studied at various over voltages (V
ov
) and determined the operating V
ov
by optimising the muon detection efficiency and noise rate. The muon position along the length of the scintillator is measured using timing information from both sides of the fibres. Results from our characterisation studies of SiPM (2mm × 2mm, Model S1330-2050VE), e.g. after pulse, cross-talk, recovery time etc. will be discussed in this paper.
The R&D of the Ultra-Fast MCP-PMTs for High Energy Physics
Authors: Qian Sen , Wu Qi , Ma Lishuang , Huang Guorui , Zhu Yao , Ren Ling , Sun Jianning , Yan Min , Si Shuguang , Zhang Lingfeng , Peng Shuo , Liu Shulin , Wang Xingchao , Wu Kai
Published: December 2022

Micro-channel plate photomultiplier tube (MCP-PMT) is a kind of photosensitive device with single photon detection capability and great time resolution, which is also called Fast-PMT (FPMT). The characteristic of MCP makes the MCP-PMT capable of reaching great spatial resolution with multi-anodes. With the experience of successfully R&D of the 20-inch MCP-PMT, the researchers in IHEP are now developing the multi-anodes FPMT with great time resolution and spatial resolution. By now, the single-anode, 2×2 anodes, 4×4 anodes and 8×8 anodes FPMT prototypes have been successfully produced. With the fast-timing test system, the performance of these prototypes has been tested. The best TTS can reach 76 ps for single photoelectron and 15 ps for multi photoelectrons.
Performance of semi-insulating metal-semiconductor-metal GaN prototype devices as ionizing radiation detector
Authors: George Elizabeth , Sarin Pradeep , Singh Ravindra , Laha Apurba
Published: December 2022

We describe the fabrication and characterization of semi-insulating GaN devices for the detection of ionizing radiation with applications in high radiation environment. We present the DC characterization and the signal response of such devices from Am-241 α-source. The detector prototypes show up to 80% charge collection efficiency with bias voltages as low as -40V. Wide band gap semiconductors like synthetic diamond, GaN, SiC have gained immense importance in the field of charged particle detection due to their low intrinsic noise and high radiation tolerance. The ability of suppressing the thermal noise generated by intrinsic carriers, makes the fabrication of these devices simpler when compared to the multi-step lithography required for doping of traditional silicon-based solid-state detectors. We have made interdigitated metal-semiconductor-metal(MSM) device on a 3μm in thick GaN epitaxial layer grown on sapphire substrate by MOCVD technique. We employed Ni/Pt/Au metal stack for Schottky contact with finger width of 4μm, spacing of 8μm and finger length of 120μm. Details of the experimental set-up for fabrication and characterization will be presented.
Micromegas with high-granularity readout: stability and performance at high particle rates
Authors: Franchellucci S. , Alviggi M. , Camerlingo M. T. , Canale V. , Pietra M. Della , Di Donato C. , Di Nardo R. , Iengo P. , Iodice M. , Petrucci F. , Sekhniaidze G.
Published: December 2022

The new generation of particle physics experiments at current and future colliders demands more and more robust detectors. A proposed solution to the stringent requirements are the Small-pad Resistive Micormegas. This technology is being developed during recent years, in the framework of the new R&D project RHUM. Different resistive schemes have been implemented. The different behaviours of the embedded resistor layout and the Diamond-Like Carbon (DLC) uniform layers scheme have been studied. Results at very high rate are shown. HV stability studies with two different gases are reported.
Employment of nanodiamond photocathodes on MPGD-based HEP detector at the future EIC
Authors: Brunbauer F M , Chatterjee C , Cicala G , Cicuttin A , Ciliberti P , Crespo M L , D’Ago D , Torre S Dalla , Dasgupta S , Gregori M , Ligonzo T , Levorato S , Lisowska M , Menon G , Tessarotto F , Ropelewski L , Triloki T , Valentini A , Velardi L , Zhao Y X
Published: December 2022

In high momenta range, the construction of a Ring Imaging CHerenkov (RICH) detector for the particle identification at the future Electron Ion Collider (EIC) is a complicated task. A compact collider setup imposes to construct a RICH with a short radiator length, hence limiting the number of photons. The number of photons can be increase by choosing to work in far UV region. However, as standard fused-silica windows are opaque below 165 nm, therefore, a windowless RICH approach could be a possible choice. In the far UV range, CsI is a widely used photo-cathode (PC) to detect photons, but because of its hygroscopic nature, it is very delicate to handle. Its Quantum Efficiency (QE) degrades in high intensity ion fluxes. These are the key reasons to search a novel, less delicate PC with sensitivity in the far UV region. Hydrogenated nanodiamond films are proposed as an alternative PC material and shown to have promising characteristics. The performance of nanodiamond PC coupled to THGEM-based detectors is the objects of our ongoing R & D.

The first phase of these studies includes the characterization of THGEMs coated with nanodiamont PC, the comparison of the effective QE in vacuum and in gaseous atmospheres, the hardness respect to the PC bombardment by ions from the multiplication process. The approach is described in detail as well as all the results obtained so far with these exploratory studies.
Development of high-rate capable and ultra-low mass Resistive Plate Chamber with Diamond-Like Carbon
Authors: Oya Atsushi , Ieki Kei , Ochi Atsuhiko , Onda Rina , Ootani Wataru , Yamamoto Kensuke
Published: December 2022

A new type of resistive plate chamber (RPC) is under development using thin-film resistive electrodes based on diamond-like carbon (DLC). Planned to be put on the path of high-intensity low-momentum muon beam of the MEG II experiment, this detector is required to be high-rate capable and ultra-low mass. Using a prototype detector with 2 cm × 2 cm size and 0.1% X
0 material budget, performance studies were conducted for MIP detection efficiency, timing resolution and high rate capability in low-momentum muon beam. In this paper, the measured performance is presented including the result with low-momentum muon beam at rate up to 1 MHz/cm2. Based on the result, the expected performance of the full-scale detector in the MEG II experiment is also discussed.
Studies on impurities and F-radicals production in gaseous detectors operated with Fluorinated gas mixtures at LHC Experiments
Authors: Corbetta M , Guida R , Mandelli B , Rigoletti G
Published: December 2022

At the CERN LHC experiments several gaseous detectors are operated with gas mixtures based on Fluorinated gases. CF4 is used for wire chambers and Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) detectors while C2H2F4 and SF6 for Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs). Under the effects of electric field and radiation, these gases undergo radiolytic dissociation producing new molecules and radicals, which could be detrimental to detector long term operation. During LHC Run 2 several gas analyses were performed on the gas mixtures of RPCs and GEMs operated in ALICE, CMS and LHCb experiments. It was observed that several impurities and F-radicals are created inside the detectors and their concentration depends on several factors. Systematic studies on F-production in RPC and GEM detectors have been performed at CERN GIF++ with high background radiation. Correlations between impurities, gas flow, integrated charge, rate and detector currents were established. A comprehensive overview of the obtained results is presented.
New studies on the rate capability of resistive gaseous detectors
Authors: Abbrescia Marcello
Published: December 2022

The introduction of resistive elements in gaseous detectors was a real breakthrough, since it provided these devices with spark protection and long term stability. Though, it added a limitation on the maximum flux of particles that can be measured without efficiency loss, and this is of major relevance both for the operation of the experiments at the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider, and for the design of the detection systems at the next generation of accelerators. Therefore, in this context, understanding how to optimize rate capability without losing other benefits will be of paramount importance. Here, a mathematical model able to describe the complex processes taking place in gaseous detectors operating at high rate is described, and compared with some results about rate capability. Also the implications of the insights gained during this study on the design of the future generation experiments featuring gaseous detectors will be discussed.