bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Cooperative Movement in Nicaragua: Empowerment and Accompaniment of Severely Disadvantaged Peasants
Authors: Kroeker Caroline J.
Published: September 2010

This article is based on over seven months of participant observation in an agricultural cooperative in Nicaragua in 1989, a literature review and interviews in other coops. The article presents an overview of the broader grassroots movement of Nicaraguan cooperative formation (over 3300 agricultural coops were formed in the 1980s). This movement was affected by the coop participants, as they struggled for control, and in turn affected the national social and economic situation. The coops and the broader national coop movement are shown to be empowering of the participants. However, while some factors enhanced the possibility of empowerment, other complex interrelated factors impeded its development. Autocratic leadership was prevalent, intermingled with apprehension about leadership and fears of failure. Outside service providers, although seemingly helpful, also impeded empowerment through subtle condescension and distance. The most effective mutual exchange occurred when outsiders integrated as insiders. Lessons are drawn for service to the grassroots coop movement through “accompaniment” or processes of participant action research.
Effects of a Supplemental Vocabulary Intervention on the Word Knowledge of Kindergarten Students At Risk for Language and Literacy Difficulties
Authors: Loftus Susan M. , Coyne Michael D. , McCoach D. Betsy , Zipoli Richard , Pullen Paige C.
Published: September 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a vocabulary intervention designed to supplement research‐based classroom vocabulary instruction, implemented with students who may be at risk for language and learning difficulties. Participants included 43 kindergarten students who received research‐based classroom vocabulary instruction. Students with the 20 lowest scores on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test‐III administered at pretest received additional small‐group supplemental vocabulary intervention. Results of within‐subjects comparisons indicated that, overall, at‐risk students made greater gains in word knowledge on target words that received the supplemental intervention as compared to words that received only classroom‐based instruction. In addition, at‐risk students who received the supplemental intervention demonstrated word‐learning gains that approached those of their peers who received classroom instruction alone. Implications along with limitations of the current study and directions for future research are discussed.
Somatic frameshift mutations of bone morphogenic protein receptor 2 gene in gastric and colorectal cancers with microsatellite instability
Authors: PARK SANG WOOK , HUR SOO YOUNG , YOO NAM JIN , LEE SUG HYUNG
Published: September 2010

Park SW, Hur SY, Yoo NJ, Lee SH. Somatic frameshift mutations of bone morphogenic protein receptor 2 gene in gastric and colorectal cancers with microsatellite instability. APMIS 2010; 118: 824–9.

Mounting evidence exists that perturbation of bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signaling is involved in cancer development, especially in gastrointestinal cancers. However, somatic mutations of the genes encoding BMP and BMP receptors have not yet been discovered in human cancer tissues. By analyzing a public database, we found that BMP receptor 2 (BMPR2) and BMP1 genes had mononucleotide repeats in their coding sequences that could be mutation targets in cancers with microsatellite instability (MSI). In this study, we analyzed the mutation of BMPR2 and BMP1 genes in gastric (GC) and colorectal cancers (CRC) with MSI [31 GC with high MSI (MSI‐H), 13 GC with low MSI (MSI‐L), 38 CRC with MSI‐H and 15 CRC with MSI‐L] by single‐strand conformation polymorphism analysis and DNA sequencing. Overall, we found seven frameshift mutations in the BMPR2 gene, but not in the BMP1 gene. The mutations were an identical deletion mutation of one base in the repeats (c.1748delA) that would result in premature stops of the amino acid synthesis (p.Asn583ThrfsX44). The BMPR2 mutations were detected in 6.5% of GC and 13.2% of CRC with MSI‐H. All the cancers with the BMPR2 mutation showed loss of BMPR2 expression. Our data indicate that frameshift mutation of BMPR2 gene occurs in GC and CRC with MSI‐H, and suggest that the BMPR2 mutation might contribute to cancer pathogenesis by inactivating BMPR2‐mediated BMP signaling.
Do we need a booster of Hib vaccine after primary vaccination? A study on anti‐Hib seroprevalence in Sweden 5 and 15 years after the introduction of universal Hib vaccination related to notifications of invasive disease
Authors: HALLANDER HANS O. , LEPP TIIA , LJUNGMAN MARGARETHA , NETTERLID EVA , ANDERSSON MIKAEL
Published: September 2010

Hallander HO, Lepp T, Ljungman M, Netterlid E, Andersson M. Do we need a booster of Hib vaccine after primary vaccination? A study on anti‐Hib seroprevalence in Sweden 5 and 15 years after the introduction of universal Hib vaccination related to notifications of invasive disease. APMIS 2010; 118: 878–87.

The prevalence of IgG ELISA antibodies against Haemophilus influenzae polyribosyl ribitol phosphate (anti‐Hib) was studied in two Swedish seroepidemiologic materials. One study was performed in 1997 5 years after the introduction of universal Hib vaccination (N = 3320). Ten years later, a similar study was carried out to analyze the effect of vaccination on anti‐Hib prevalence (N = 2383). The median values of anti‐Hib concentrations (EU/mL) were almost identical in the two materials. The antigenic pressure including vaccination, natural infections and possible cross‐immunizations was thus assumed to be constant. The joint median was 0.50 EU/mL (95% confidence interval: 0.46, 0.56). However, there were also indications of reduced exposure to ‘Hib‐antigens’ over a 10‐year period. The proportion above the cut‐off point for protection, 0.15 EU/mL, decreased significantly for children aged 2–19 years from 78% in 1997 to 74% in 2007 (p = 0.034), and there was a significant increase in values below the minimal level of detection for adults from 17% in 1997 to 20% in 2007 (p = 0.009). In the 2007 material no specific age group could be identified with a lower immune profile than other age groups older than 3 years and there was a significant downward trend of invasive infections caused by Hib according to notification data for the period 1997–2008. Therefore, the conclusion is that presently there is no need for a booster dose of Hib vaccine in Sweden after primary vaccination but the situation should be carefully monitored.
Unique properties of memory B cells of different isotypes
Authors: Kurosaki Tomohiro , Aiba Yuichi , Kometani Kohei , Moriyama Saya , Takahashi Yoshimasa
Published: September 2010

Summary:  Memory antibody responses are typically seen to T‐cell‐dependent antigens and are characterized by the rapid production of high titers of high‐affinity antigen‐specific antibody. The hallmark of T‐cell‐dependent memory B cells is their expression of a somatically mutated, isotype‐switched B‐cell antigen receptor, features that are mainly generated in germinal centers. Classical studies have focused on isotype‐switched memory B cells (mainly IgG isotype) and demonstrated their unique intrinsic properties in terms of localization and responsiveness to antigen re‐exposure. However, recent advances in monitoring antigen‐experienced B cells have revealed the considerable heterogeneity of memory B cells, which include unswitched IgM+ and/or unmutated memory B cells. The IgM and IgG type memory B cells reside in distinct locations and appear to possess distinct origins and effector functions, together orchestrating humoral memory responses.
Salivary blood group antigens and microbial flora
Authors: Tabasum ST , Nayak RP
Published: September 2010

To cite this article:
 
Int J Dent Hygiene
9, 2011; 117–121 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601‐5037.2010.00451.x Tabasum ST, Nayak RP. Salivary blood group antigens and microbial flora.

Abstract:  Objective:  Secretor is an individual with ability to produce blood group reactive substances in the exocrine glands and to secrete these substances in the body fluids such as saliva. In saliva the blood reactive antigens are found primarily on mucins which exhibit microheterogenicity and different subtypes of these molecules. This study was done to find out if the salivary blood group antigens have any role in the adherence of certain selected microorganism in the oral cavity.

Methods:  Unstimulated whole saliva and sub gingival plaque samples were collected from subjects with clinically healthy gingival, chronic gingivitis and chronic periodontitis with probing pocket depth ≥4 mm and attachment loss ≥1 mm. Secretor status was determined by using Haemagglutination Inhibition Assay. Unstimulated whole saliva and sub gingival plaque samples were collected to culture and isolate the selected microorganisms. The clinical scores, secretor status and the presence or absence of selected microorganisms were compared within the groups using Chi‐square test and students unpaired t‐test.

Results:  The numbers of secretors were more in the healthy group (22.2%) and non secretors were more in the chronic periodontitis group (22.2%). The clinical scores were higher in the in non secretors compared to the secretors in all the three groups. P intermedia and P gingivalis were prevalent among non secretors in chronic gingivitis group. (P = 0.075 and P = 0.032) and chronic periodontitis group (P = 0.068 and P = 0.009).
Training rural women to improve access to oral health awareness programmes in remote villages in Nepal
Authors: Knevel RJM
Published: September 2010

To cite this article:
 
Int J Dent Hygiene 8, 2010; 286–293 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601‐5037.2010.00481.x. Knevel RJM. Training rural women to improve access to oral health awareness programmes in remote villages in Nepal.

Abstract:  Objectives:  Description of experiences and results of training rural women in Nepal to recognize basic oral health problems and to perform basic oral health promotion activities.

Methods:  Rural women from different districts of Nepal were trained in a 1‐day course in oral health promotion as part of a 4‐month vocational skills programme targeted at them. Their knowledge about preventive oral care, their recognition of basic oral health problems and their ability to perform basic oral health education were assessed qualitatively and quantitatively before and after the course.

Results:  From 2006 to 2009, 141 women from 30 mostly rural districts were trained. Following the educational intervention, an overall trend towards improvement of their oral health awareness and their knowledge was documented. They proved to be competent in oral health promotion activities, in demonstrating oral hygiene techniques and in recognizing basic oral health problems. They were able to organize oral health awareness programmes in their villages and acted as advocates for the benefits of fluoridated toothpaste. After 3 years, they educated 2100 other community members, with at least 4000 children participating in their oral health awareness programmes.

Conclusion:  A community‐oriented educational intervention programme for rural women in basic oral health promotion activities could be a successful culturally sensitive means to support access to oral health awareness programmes for Nepalese people in remote areas.
Effect of accelerated ageing and surface sealing on the permanent deformation of auto‐polymerising soft linings
Authors: da Silva Joaquim , Takahashi Jessica , Nuňez Juliana , Consani Rafael , Mesquita Marcelo
Published: September 2010

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2010.00419.x
 
Effect of accelerated ageing and surface sealing on the permanent deformation of auto‐polymerising soft linings

Purpose:  To compare the effects of different ageing methods on the permanent deformation of two permanent soft liners.

Materials and methods:  The materials selected were auto‐polymerising acrylic resin and silicone‐based reliners. Sealer coating was also evaluated. Sixty specimens of each reliner were manufactured (12.7 mm diameter and 19 mm length). Specimens were randomly distributed into 12 groups (n = 10) and submitted to one of the accelerated ageing processes. Permanent deformation tests were conducted with a mechanical device described within the American Dental Association specification number 18 with a compressive load of 750 gf applied for 30 s. All data were submitted for statistical analysis. Mann–Whitney test compared the effect of the surface sealer on each material and the permanent deformation of the materials in the same ageing group (p = 0.05). Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn tests compared all ageing groups of each material (p = 0.05).

Results:  The silicone‐based reliner presented a lower permanent deformation than the acrylic resin‐based reliner, regardless of the ageing procedure. The surface sealer coating was effective only for the thermocycled silicone group and the accelerated ageing processes affected only the permanent deformation of the acrylic resin‐based material.

Conclusion:  The silicone‐based reliner presented superior elastic properties and the thermocycling was more effective in ageing the materials.
Research Article: Asymmetric Hydrophosphylation of Chiral N‐Phosphonyl Imines Provides an Efficient Approach to Chiral α‐Amino Phosphonates
Authors: Kaur Parminder , Wever Walter , Rajale Trideep , Li Guigen
Published: September 2010

Chiral N‐phosphonylimines were found to react with lithium phosphites to provide various substituted chiral α‐amino phosphonates in excellent yields (94–97%) and diastereoselectivities (93:7–99:1). The types of bases utilized for generating the nucleophile are crucial for the effectiveness of asymmetric induction. In addition, N,N‐isopropyl group on chiral N‐phosphonylimine auxilliary was proven to be superior to other protecting groups in controlling diastereoselectivity. The absolute configuration was unambiguously determined by converting a chiral α‐amino phosphonate into its authentic N‐Cbz derivative.
Research Article: Insights into the Molecular Requirements for the Anti‐obesity Activity of a Series of CB1 Ligands
Authors: Weber Karen C. , De Lima Emmanuela F. , De Mello Paula H. , Da Silva Albérico B. F. , Honório Káthia M.
Published: September 2010

Two‐dimensional and 3D quantitative structure–activity relationships studies were performed on a series of diarylpyridines that acts as cannabinoid receptor ligands by means of hologram quantitative structure–activity relationships and comparative molecular field analysis methods. The quantitative structure–activity relationships models were built using a data set of 52 CB1 ligands that can be used as anti‐obesity agents. Significant correlation coefficients (hologram quantitative structure–activity relationships:r 2 = 0.91,q 2 = 0.78; comparative molecular field analysis:r 2 = 0.98,q 2 = 0.77) were obtained, indicating the potential of these 2D and 3D models for untested compounds. The models were then used to predict the potency of an external test set, and the predicted (calculated) values are in good agreement with the experimental results. The final quantitative structure–activity relationships models, along with the information obtained from 2D contribution maps and 3D contour maps, obtained in this study are useful tools for the design of novel CB1 ligands with improved anti‐obesity potency.
Correlation between sealer penetration and microleakage following the use of MTAD as a final irrigant
Authors: Ghoddusi Jamileh , Dibaji Fatemeh , Marandi Sara
Published: September 2010

The relationship between sealer penetration and apical microleakage following the use of MTAD as an irrigant in root canal procedures was evaluated. A collection of 120 human teeth was divided into three groups of 40 in each group. The final rinse was varied as follows: group 1 – the final rinse was saline solution, group 2 – ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid and for group 3 – MTAD. Each group was then divided into two subgroups (20 teeth) and filled with gutta percha and either AH Plus or Dorifill sealer. Half of the teeth were selected for dye penetration testing and the sealer penetration in the remaining teeth was evaluated using scanning electron microscope. There were no significant differences between the three irrigants, but there was less dye penetration in teeth sealed with AH Plus than Dorifill. Penetration of the sealer was better in the MTAD and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid groups than in the saline group. Statistically, there was no significant difference between the sealer penetration into the dentinal tubules and the dye penetration.
Multifunctional and specialized spinal interneurons for turtle limb movements
Authors: Berkowitz Ari
Published: September 2010

The turtle spinal cord can help reveal how vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) circuits select and generate an appropriate limb movement in each circumstance. Both multifunctional and specialized spinal interneurons contribute to the motor patterns for the three forms of scratching, forward swimming, and flexion reflex. Multifunctional interneurons, activated during all of these motor patterns, can have axon terminal arborizations in the ventral horn, where they likely contribute to limb motor output. Specialized interneurons can be specialized for a behavior, as opposed to a phase or motor synergy. Interneurons specialized for scratching can be hyperpolarized throughout swimming. Interneurons specialized for flexion reflex can be hyperpolarized throughout scratching and swimming. Some structure–function correlations have been revealed: flexion reflex‐selective interneurons had somata exclusively in the dorsal horn, in contrast to scratch‐activated interneurons. Transverse interneurons, defined by quantitative morphological criteria, had higher peak firing rates, narrower action potentials, briefer afterhyperpolarizations, and larger membrane potential oscillations than scratch‐activated interneurons with different dendritic morphologies. Future investigations will focus on how multifunctional and specialized spinal interneurons interact to generate each motor output.
Spinal plasticity following intermittent hypoxia: implications for spinal injury
Authors: Dale‐Nagle Erica A. , Hoffman Michael S. , MacFarlane Peter M. , Satriotomo Irawan , Lovett‐Barr Mary Rachael , Vinit Stéphane , Mitchell Gordon S.
Published: September 2010

Plasticity is a fundamental property of the neural system controlling breathing. One frequently studied model of respiratory plasticity is long‐term facilitation of phrenic motor output (pLTF) following acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH). pLTF arises from spinal plasticity, increasing respiratory motor output through a mechanism that requires new synthesis of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor, activation of its high‐affinity receptor, tropomyosin‐related kinase B, and extracellular‐related kinase mitogen‐activated protein kinase signaling in or near phrenic motor neurons. Because intermittent hypoxia induces spinal plasticity, we are exploring the potential to harness repetitive AIH as a means of inducing functional recovery in conditions causing respiratory insufficiency, such as cervical spinal injury. Because repetitive AIH induces phenotypic plasticity in respiratory motor neurons, it may restore respiratory motor function in patients with incomplete spinal injury.
How spinalized rats can walk: biomechanics, cortex, and hindlimb muscle scaling—implications for rehabilitation
Authors: Giszter Simon F. , Hockensmith Greg , Ramakrishnan Arun , Udoekwere Ubong Ime
Published: September 2010

Neonatal spinalized (NST) rats can achieve autonomous weight‐supported locomotion never seen after adult injury. Mechanisms that support function in NST rats include increased importance of cortical trunk control and altered biomechanical control strategies for stance and locomotion. Hindlimbs are isolated from perturbations in quiet stance and act in opposition to forelimbs in locomotion in NST rats. Control of roll and yaw of the hindlimbs is crucial in their locomotion. The biomechanics of the hind limbs of NST rats are also likely crucial. We present new data showing the whole leg musculature scales proportional to normal rat musculature in NST rats, regardless of function. This scaling is a prerequisite for the NST rats to most effectively use pattern generation mechanisms and motor patterns that are similar to those present in intact rats. Pattern generation may be built into the lumbar spinal cord by evolution and matched to the limb biomechanics, so preserved muscle scaling may be essential to the NST function observed.
Perceived Creaminess and Viscosity of Aggregated Particles of Casein Micelles and κ‐Carrageenan
Authors: Flett Kelly L. , Duizer Lisa M. , Goff H. Douglas
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  Creaminess, in terms of sensory science, is a very complex and multifaceted term. It is a descriptor often reserved for fat‐containing dairy emulsions, however, has also been used to describe nondairy food emulsions. In the food industry, it is a great challenge to decrease fat content while maintaining the original quality and sensory characteristics of a food product. An aggregated particle consisting of casein micelles and κ‐carrageenan has the potential to enhance the perceived creaminess of a low‐fat food product, due to its colloidal size. In this study, these aggregates were incorporated into nonfat dairy beverages and subjected to sensory studies. In the 1st sensory study, the aggregates, either as a powdered ingredient or a fresh ingredient, were added to thickened dairy beverages and compared to similar beverages containing skim milk powder and either no fat or 2% dairy fat. The panelists found the aggregate‐containing beverages to be creamier and more viscous in comparison to the control beverages. In the 2nd sensory study, fresh and powdered aggregates, at 2 concentrations, were added to a sweetened nonfat dairy beverage and compared to a similar beverage containing 2% dairy fat. The results of this panel showed that aggregates, especially at increased concentrations, were perceived as more creamy than the fat‐containing beverage. Panelists described the creaminess of the aggregates as more thick and viscous while the dairy fat was described more in terms of mouth‐coating. Thus, we have developed a nonfat milk ingredient that can contribute creaminess to a food product.

Practical Application:  This study shows potential applications of aggregates of casein micelles and κ‐carrageenan as a fat‐mimetic or creaminess‐enhancing ingredient. These particles may be produced as either fresh aggregates directly formed in a dairy product or as powdered aggregates added to dairy or nondairy products.
Flow Properties of Acetylated Chickpea Protein Dispersions
Authors: Liu Li H. , Hung Tran V.
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  Chickpea protein concentrate was acetylated with acetic anhydride at 5 levels. Acetylated chickpea protein (ACP) dispersions at 3 levels (6%, 45%, and 49%) were chosen for this flow property study. Effects of protein concentration, temperature, concentrations of salt addition and particularly, degree of acetylation on these properties were examined. Compared with native chickpea proteins, the ACP dispersions exhibited a strong shear thinning behavior. Within measured temperature range (15 to 55 °C), the apparent viscosities of native chickpea protein dispersions were temperature independent; those of ACP dispersions were thermally affected. The flow index (n), consistency coefficient (m), apparent yield stress, and apparent viscosities of ACP dispersions increased progressively up to 45% acetylation but decreased at 49% acetylation level. Conformational studies by gel filtration suggested that chickpea proteins were associated or polymerized at up to 45% acetylation but the associated subunits gradually dissociated to smaller units at higher levels (49%) of acetylation.

Practical Application:  The results of this study should be useful for chickpea protein application in food systems to make high protein functional food products.
Effect of Curd Washing Level on Proteolysis and Functionality of Low‐Moisture Mozzarella Cheese Made with Galactose‐Fermenting Culture
Authors: Osaili Tareq M. , Ayyash Mutamed M. , Al‐Nabulsi Anas A. , Shaker Reyad R. , Shah Nagendra P.
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  The effect of curd washing on functional properties of low‐moisture mozzarella cheese made with galactose‐fermenting culture was investigated. A total of 4 curd washing levels (0%, 10%, 25%, 50% wt/wt) were used during low‐moisture mozzarella cheese manufacture, and cheeses were stored for 63 d at 4 °C and the influence of curd washing on proteolysis and functionality of low‐moisture mozzarella cheese were examined. Curd washing had a significant effect on moisture and ash contents. In general, moisture contents increased and ash contents decreased with increased curd washing levels. Low‐moisture mozzarella cheese made with 10% curd washing levels showed higher proteolysis, meltability, and stretchability during storage than other experimental cheeses. In general, galactose contents decreased during storage; however, cheeses made with 25% and 50% curd washing levels had lower galactose contents than those with control or 10%. L*‐values (browning) decreased and proteolysis increased in low‐moisture mozzarella cheeses during storage.
Stability and Antimicrobial Activity of Allyl Isothiocyanate during Long‐Term Storage in an Oil‐in‐Water Emulsion
Authors: Liu Tai‐Ti , Yang Tsung‐Shi
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  This study investigated the stability and antimicrobial activity of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) in medium chain triglyceride (MCT) or soybean oil (SBO) dispersed in an oil‐in‐water (o/w) system during long‐term storage. Oil type, content, and oxidative stability affect the stability and antimicrobial activity of AITC during storage. High oil content is favorable for AITC stability in the emulsion. Notably, AITC with MCT is more stable than AITC with SBO with the same oil content. Consequently, AITC with MCT is more effective than AITC with SBO in inhibiting G(−) bacteria (E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus) and G(+) bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes).
Effect of High‐Pressure Homogenization on the Physical and Antioxidant Properties of Quercus resinosa Infusions Encapsulated by Spray‐Drying
Authors: Rocha‐Guzmán Nuria Elizabeth , Gallegos‐Infante José Alberto , González‐Laredo Rubén Francisco , Harte Federico , Medina‐Torres Luis , Ochoa‐Martínez Luz Araceli , Soto‐García Marcela
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  Quercus resinosa leaves are used in northern Mexico as a refreshing beverage rich in polyphenolic compounds. These leaves show astringency and hence need taste masking for incorporating in a food product. They also interact with many other food components and are not very stable to food processing environments, thus it is important to protect them and a common way is by encapsulation. In the present study the use of encapsulation by spray‐drying of Quercus resinosa leaves infusions was evaluated. Q. resinosa leaves were collected, air dried, and milled prior to infusion preparation. Lactose–sodium caseinate blends at 3 different proportions (11 : 4%, 9 : 6%, and 7 : 8%) were dispersed with a constant amount of lyophilized infusion (0.075%) and processed under high‐pressure homogenization (0, 100, 200, 300 MPa). Total phenolic content, DPPH* kinetic analysis, deoxy‐D‐ribose oxidation inhibition, rheological evaluation, and particle size analysis were performed to evaluate the obtained capsules. High antioxidant activity was shown by capsules despite their very low concentration when inhibiting deoxy‐D‐ribose oxidation. Chain breaking rate was related to polyphenolic concentration in capsules. Using lactose‐caseinate blends produces capsules of submicron to nanometer size that retain the good antioxidant capacities of original infusions.
Quantitative Evaluation of Microstructural Changes and their Relations with Some Physical Characteristics of Food during Drying
Authors: Sansiribhan Sansanee , Devahastin Sakamon , Soponronnarit Somchart
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  Drying is known to affect various quality attributes of a food product, especially its physical properties. However, changes of physical properties or characteristics are generally due to changes of the product microstructure. Nevertheless, not much quantitative information, as opposed to abundant qualitative information, is available to describe in detail relationships between microstructural and physical changes of food undergoing drying. The present study, thus, aimed at studying quantitative relationships between microstructural and selected physical changes of a test material, that is, carrot, undergoing hot air drying at 60 and 80 °C. The microstructural changes were represented quantitatively in terms of the normalized changes of the fractal dimension (ΔFD/FD0) of microstructural images of the samples as well as the normalized changes of the sample average cell diameter , while the physical changes of interest were shrinkage and hardness. The results showed that during an earlier period of drying ΔFD/FD0 as well as tended to increase with decreasing moisture content; deformation of the microstructures (represented either in terms of ΔFD/FD0 or ) led to increased shrinkage and hardness. On the other hand, deformation of the microstructures existed, while the moisture content did not change much during the final stage of drying. The relationships between ΔFD/FD0 and both physical changes were quite well established; were also found to correlate well with the physical changes. Either ΔFD/FD0 or could thus be used as a tool to monitor the apparent physical changes (shrinkage and hardness) of a sample during drying.

Practical Application: Either the normalized changes of the fractal dimension of microstructural images of a sample or the normalized changes of the sample average cell diameter can be a useful tool in monitoring the drying process by 1st assessing the product volumetric shrinkage, which can be assessed easily on‐line and on a real‐time basis by such techniques as image analysis, and then relating the obtained results through microstructural changes to other apparent physical changes, including the product texture.
Production of Crude Xylanase from Thermoascus Aurantiacus CBMAI 756 Aiming the Baking Process
Authors: Oliveira Denise S. , Meherb‐Dini Carolina , Franco Célia M.L. , Gomes Eleni , Da‐Silva Roberto
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  In recent years, the baking industry has focused its attention on substituting several chemical compounds with enzymes. Enzymes that hydrolyze nonstarch polysaccharides, such as xylanase, lead to the improvement of rheological properties of dough, loaf specific volume, and crumb firmness. The purpose of this study was to find a better solid‐state fermentation substrate to produce high levels of xylanase and low levels of protease and amylase, which are enzymes involved in bread quality, from Thermoascus aurantiacus CBMAI 756. Wheat bran, corncob, and corn straw were used as energy sources. The enzyme extract of corncob showed high xylanase activity (130 U/mL) and low amylase and protease activity (<1 and 15 U/mL, respectively). This enzyme profile may be more profitable for the baking industry, because it results in a slower degradation of gluten. Our results confirm this finding, because the enzyme obtained by fermentation in corncob resulted in a gluten with a higher specific volume than all the other substrates that were tested. The crude xylanase presented maximum activity at a pH of 5, and the optimum temperature was 75 °C. It was stable up to 70 °C for an hour and at a pH range from 4 to 10.
Use of Lactobacillus plantarum and Glucose to Control the Fermentation of “Bella di Cerignola” Table Olives, a Traditional Variety of Apulian Region (Southern Italy)
Authors: Perricone Marianne , Bevilacqua Antonio , Corbo Maria Rosaria , Sinigaglia Milena
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of Lactobacillus plantarum, isolated from table olives “Bella di Cerignola,” a traditional variety of Apulian region (Southern Italy), as a starter for this kind of food. We focused on the interaction of the starter with the natural occurring microflora, the quantitative/qualitative composition of yeast population, the decrease of pH, and the content of organic acids. After a preliminary characterization, 3 strains of Lb. plantarum, selected for their probiotic and technological performances, were used as a multiple‐strain starter and inoculated (approximately 2%) in olives, processed according to Spanish style, brined at 8% and 10% of NaCl and added with 0.5% of glucose. The combination of the starter and glucose assured a correct fermentation course, decreasing the pH up to a safe value (4.3 to 4.5) and controlled the growth of yeasts. The concentrations of both L‐ and D‐lactic acids increased throughout the fermentation, while citric and malic acids (both the isomers D and L) remained at low levels (0.2 to 0.4 g/L). Concerning yeast species, Candida guilliermondii was mainly isolated at the beginning (7 to 14 d), while C. famata prevailed at the end of fermentation.

Practical Applications: To the question “How to standardize and maintain quality of “Bella di Cerignola” olives (Southern Italy)” we can suggest the following answer: use Lb. plantarum and a low amount of glucose (0.5%). The result is a decrease of the pH below the safety break point.
CASE REPORT AND CLINICAL REVIEW: Acute lameness associated with osseous metastasis of a peri‐renal carcinoma in a horse
Authors: Young AC , Hoffmann KL , Begg AP , Major DA
Published: September 2010

We present a case of aggressive metastatic carcinoma in a horse that was initially presented for shoulder lameness. Although radiography and scintigraphy were useful for localising a lesion in the proximal humerus, subsequent development of non‐specific signs of systemic disease prompted further evaluation. Haematology and blood biochemistry, urinalysis and ultrasonography were all instrumental in identifying renal involvement. A diagnosis of a peri‐renal mass causing secondary renal failure prompted euthanasia of the horse because of the poor prognosis. Antemortem findings were supported by necropsy, with secondary lesions also identified in the spleen, liver, 8th left rib and proximal humerus. Histological examination yielded a diagnosis of undifferentiated metastatic carcinoma.
Relevance of Norepinephrine–Dopamine Interactions in the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder
Authors: El Mansari Mostafa , Guiard Bruno P. , Chernoloz Olga , Ghanbari Ramez , Katz Noam , Blier Pierre
Published: September 2010

Central dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems play essential roles in controlling several forebrain functions. Consequently, perturbations of these neurotransmissions may contribute to the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders. For many years, there was a focus on the serotonin (5‐HT) system because of the efficacy of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), the most prescribed antidepressants in the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). Given the interconnectivity within the monoaminergic network, any action on one system may reverberate in the other systems. Analysis of this network and its dysfunctions suggests that drugs with selective or multiple modes of action on dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) may have robust therapeutic effects. This review focuses on NE‐DA interactions as demonstrated in electrophysiological and neurochemical studies, as well as on the mechanisms of action of agents with either selective or dual actions on DA and NE. Understanding the mode of action of drugs targeting these catecholaminergic neurotransmitters can improve their utilization in monotherapy and in combination with other compounds particularly the SSRIs. The elucidation of such relationships can help design new treatment strategies for MDD, especially treatment‐resistant depression.
Muji: A Japanese Brand Meets the UK
Authors: Sato Noriji
Published: September 2010

LIKE MANY THINGS Japanese, the Muji brand is supported by a philosophy. Muji designs are chaste and functional. Materials are attractive, but borrow from an industrial palate. This is quality at a reasonable price. In Japan, this strategy appeals to the middle class. In Southeast Asia, it failed. In the UK, it attracts affluent consumers. What Noriji Sato makes clear is that being global isn't about the search for a universal solution, but about using design and other resources to build relationships that respond to the unique attributes of individual markets.
Electron stimulated desorption from bare and nonevaporable getter coated stainless steels
Authors: Malyshev O. B. , Smith A. P. , Valizadeh R. , Hannah A.
Published: September 2010

An installation for investigation of the electron stimulated desorption (ESD) from both pumping and nonpumping tubular samples was designed and built. This installation allows studying ESD and sample sticking probability as a function of electron dose up to about 1023 e−/m2, electron energy in the range 10 eV–6.5 keV, and sampling temperature in the range 0–80 °C. Two samples were investigated: bare and Ti–Zr–V coated stainless steels. The ESD yields were measured as a function of electron accumulated dose, electron energy, and different NEG coating activation temperatures. The effect of electron stimulated pumping of CO saturated NEG coating was demonstrated for the first time and is in a good agreement with the effect of photon stimulated NEG activation measured earlier.
Controlling the work function of a diamond-like carbon surface by fluorination with XeF2
Authors: Tarditi Ana , Kondratyuk Petro , Wong Pak Kin , Gellman Andrew J.
Published: September 2010

Thin diamond-like carbon films were subjected to fluorination with gaseous XeF2 under ultrahigh vacuum conditions in order to increase the work function of the diamond-like carbon surface. Changes in the work function and surface composition were monitored with UV photoemission spectroscopy and x-ray photoemission spectroscopy, respectively. Successive XeF2 exposures raised the work function by as much as 1.55 eV. Surprisingly, approximately half of the increase in the work function occurred while the coverage of fluorine remained below 0.02 monolayers (ML). This suggests that initial doses of XeF2 remove extrinsic adsorbates from the diamond-like carbon film and that fluorine desorbs with the reaction products. Increasing the exposure of the diamond-like carbon to XeF2 leads to the expected covalent fluorination of the surface, which saturates at fluorine coverages of 6 F atoms/nm2 (∼0.3 ML). Annealing of the diamond-like carbon to temperatures above 850 K was required to reduce the surface fluorine concentration to undetectable levels. This did not, however, cause the work function to return to its original, prefluorination value.
Observing Supernova 1987A with the Refurbished Hubble Space Telescope
Authors: France Kevin , McCray Richard , Heng Kevin , Kirshner Robert P. , Challis Peter , Bouchet Patrice , Crotts Arlin , Dwek Eli , Fransson Claes , Garnavich Peter M. , Larsson Josefin , Lawrence Stephen S. , Lundqvist Peter , Panagia Nino , Pun Chun S. J. , Smith Nathan , Sollerman Jesper , Sonneborn George , Stocke John T. , Wang Lifan , Wheeler J. Craig
Published: September 2010

Let Me See Your Supernova

As the matter expelled from a supernova travels through and interacts with the interstellar medium, it creates a radiating structure called a supernova remnant. In 1987, astronomers detected a bright supernova in our galaxy, SN 1987A, the remains of which are now expanding into and interacting with a dense ring of gas and dust that surrounds the explosion site.

France
et al.

(p.
1624
, published online 2 September; see the Perspective by

Laming

) obtained spectroscopic data of the ring surrounding SN 1987A and compared it with similar data acquired in 2004. Because SN 1987A is so close to us, the explosion was visible to the naked eye and the results provide a glimpse into the hydro dynamics and kinetics of fast astrophysical shocks in a young supernova remnant.
Piezo1 and Piezo2 Are Essential Components of Distinct Mechanically Activated Cation Channels
Authors: Coste Bertrand , Mathur Jayanti , Schmidt Manuela , Earley Taryn J. , Ranade Sanjeev , Petrus Matt J. , Dubin Adrienne E. , Patapoutian Ardem
Published: September 2010

Mechanical Responders Identified

Although many cells appear to respond to mechanical stimulation through increased conductance of ion channels in the plasma membrane, the actual channels that mediate these effects—which are important in diverse processes from hearing and touch to control of blood pressure—have remained elusive.

Coste
et al.

(p.
55
, published online 2 September) used RNA interference to decrease expression of candidate genes systematically in a mouse neuroblastoma cell line and identified two genes that encode proteins, Piezo1 and Piezo2, which are required for mechanically stimulated cation conductance in these cells and in cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons. Similar proteins are expressed in a range of species from protozoa to vertebrates. The proteins are not similar to known pore-forming proteins and thus could be unusual channels or regulatory components of a channel complex.
The problem of ‘thick in status, thin in content’ in Beauchamp and Childress' principlism
Authors: Lee Marvin J H
Published: September 2010

For many, Thomas Beauchamp and James Childress have elaborated moral reasoning by using the four principles whereby all substantive problems of medical ethics (and of ethics more generally) can be properly analysed and cogent philosophical solutions for the problems can be found. It seems that their ‘principlism’ gets updated, with better features being added during the course of the six editions ofPrinciples of Biomedical Ethics. Nonetheless, Beauchamp and Childress seem to have been losing their way when it comes to the common-morality justification, which is the epistemological (and perhaps metaphysical) backbone of their method, and this is shown more vividly in their most recent (2009) edition ofPrinciples of Biomedical Ethics. The author points out what he calls the problem of ‘thick in status, thin in content’ in principlism. The problem exists because principlism cannot adequately explain how the prescriptive sense of common morality it supports is consistent with the existence of what Beauchamp and Childress call the ‘legitimate moral diversity in the world’. Because of this problem, first, the practical end that principlism allegedly accomplishes (ie, providing practical moral guidelines in a relatively ‘thick’ content, based on common morality) is frustrated, and, second, principlism makes itself the method of common morality de jure and of moral pluralism de facto.
The potential impact of an opt-out system for organ donation in the UK
Authors: Rieu Romelie
Published: September 2010

The recent report of the UK government's Organ Donation Taskforce is in favour of continuing with the current organ donation system rather than changing to an opt-out system where people are assumed to be willing to donate. How did it reach this decision and is it correct?
Diet and resource use among Greenland sharks (Somniosus microcephalus) and teleosts sampled in Icelandic waters, using δ13C, δ15N, and mercury
Authors: McMeans Bailey C. , Svavarsson Jörundur , Dennard Susan , Fisk Aaron T.
Published: September 2010

Stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotopes and total mercury (Hg) were used to investigate diet and resource use among Greenland sharks ( Somniosus microcephalus ) and 14 teleosts inhabiting Icelandic waters. Greenland shark stomachs contained 11 of the teleosts sampled, along with other fishes and marine mammal tissues. Teleost resource use ranged from pelagic (e.g., Argentina silus ) to benthic (e.g., Anarhichas lupus ) based on δ13C, and relative trophic positions (TP, based on δ15N) ranged from 3.0 ( Mallotus villosus ) to 3.8 (e.g., Brosme brosme ). Greenland shark δ13C indicated feeding on benthic and pelagic resources, with a high input of pelagic carbon, and δ15N indicated a relative TP of 4.3. Log[Hg] increased with δ15N (i.e., TP) from teleosts to Greenland sharks and was higher in offshore vs. inshore teleosts. Linear regressions revealed that log[Hg] was better described by both δ15N and δ13C-assigned resource use than by δ15N alone. Hg was useful for supporting the TPs suggested by δ15N, and the higher Hg in offshore fishes could help explain the high Hg of Greenland sharks. Results from this study demonstrated the potential use of Hg as a dietary tracer in marine fishes.
The effect of a supplementation program on the genetic and life history characteristics of an Oncorhynchus mykiss population
Authors: Van Doornik Donald M. , Berejikian Barry A. , Campbell Lance A. , Volk Eric C.
Published: September 2010

Conservation hatcheries, which supplement natural populations by removing adults or embryos from the natural environment and rearing and releasing parr, smolts, or adults back into their natal or ancestral streams, are increasingly being used to avoid extinction of localized populations of Pacific salmonids. We collected data before and during a steelhead ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) supplementation program to investigate the effect that the program has had on the population’s genetic diversity and effective population size and any changes to an important life history trait (residency or anadromy). We found that supplementation did not cause substantial changes in the genetic diversity or effective size of the population, most likely because a large proportion of all of the steelhead redds in the river each year were sampled to create the supplementation broodstock. Our data also showed that the captively reared fish released as adults successfully produced parr. Furthermore, we found that during supplementation, there was an increase in the proportion of O. mykiss with anadromous ancestry vs. resident ancestry.
Direct ultrasound-assisted methylation of fatty acids in serum for free fatty acid determinations
Authors: Liu Liyan , Li Ying , Feng Rennan , Sun Changhao
Published: September 2010

A method for simultaneous determination of 16 free fatty acids (FFAs) in serum is described. The method involves conversion of FFAs to fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) using the heat of ultrasonic waves followed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis. Optimum levels of the variables affecting the yield of FAMEs were investigated. The results indicate that the optimal levels are 55 °C, 60 W, 10% H2SO4/CH3OH, and 50 min. Recoveries ranged from 85.32% to 112.11%, with a detection limit ranging from 0.03 to 0.08 μg mL–1. The linearity, using the linear correlation coefficient, was higher than 0.9914.
Preparation of aromatic amines by copper-catalyzed coupling of boronic acids with aqueous ammonia
Authors: Jiang Zhaoqiong , Wu Zhiqing , Wang Lixia , Wu Di , Zhou Xiangge
Published: September 2010

A simple, highly efficient, and environmentally friendly protocol for the synthesis of primary aromatic amines by catalytic coupling of aromatic boronic acids with aqueous ammonia has been developed by using commercial and inexpensive CuSO4·5H2O as catalyst without addition of other solvents under mild reaction conditions.