bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemical weathering response to hydroclimate and soil erosion from Li isotopes in Brazilian speleothems
Authors: Wilson David , Pogge von Strandmann Philip , Strikis Nicolas , Utida Giselle , Cruz Francisco
Published: March 2024

Chemical weathering of rocks supplies nutrients to the ocean and draws down atmospheric carbon dioxide, making it a key process in the global carbon cycle. However, the response of chemical weathering to a range of climate variables is not well constrained, either for the past or the future. Obtaining better constraints on the past temporal variability in terrestrial weathering at a catchment scale could therefore help improve this understanding.Recent studies have used lithium (Li) isotopes to explore the controls on chemical weathering processes over seasonal timescales, with measurements on cave drip-waters indicating an important control of fluid residence times [1], and similar findings being obtained on river waters [2]. These studies open the way for combining Li isotopes in speleothems [3] with multi-proxy reconstructions to assess the climatic controls on past weathering processes over centennial to orbital timescales.Here, we present Li isotope records from a suite of well-characterised Late Pleistocene and Holocene speleothems from Central Eastern and Northeastern Brazil. These records allow us to assess the effects of millennial-scale precipitation changes during the deglaciation and Meghalayan soil erosion during the Holocene, which were independently reconstructed using other proxies [4,5]. Overall, a comparison of these records indicates a rapid coupling between local hydroclimate and chemical weathering processes in the overlying soils and karst, providing better constraints on the controls on weathering, as well as indicating the potential use of Li isotopes to help constrain the interpretations of other proxy records.References[1] Wilson et al. (2021) Seasonal variability in silicate weathering signatures recorded by Li isotopes in cave drip-waters. GCA 312, 194-216.[2] Zhang et al. (2022) Hydrological control of river and seawater lithium isotopes. Nature Comms. 13, 3389.[3] Pogge von Strandmann et al. (2017) Lithium isotopes in speleothems: Temperature-controlled variation in silicate weathering during glacial cycles. EPSL 469, 64-74.[4] Strikis et al. (2018) South American monsoon response to iceberg discharge in the North Atlantic. PNAS 115, 3788-3793.[5] Utida et al. (2020) Climate changes in Northeastern Brazil from deglacial to Meghalayan periods and related environmental impacts. QSR 250, 106655.
Phlegraean Fields: Mankind, Fear and New Sibyl
Authors: Zoccola Maurizio , Ascione Vincenzo , De Novellis Vincenzo
Published: March 2024

We propose a multimedia work structured with the scientific and artistic consultancy of a volcanology expert (who also plays the role of interpreter as an actor and narrator) and the creation of high-resolution visual content generated with the assistance of Artificial Intelligence (AI). Our goal is to describe science through art and simultaneously create art using the language of science. This multimedia project aims to narrate the fear of humans in the face of the dangers of a volcanic eruption, and we have chosen the location of the Phlegraean Fields with the continuously evolving phenomenon of bradyseism. The Phlegraean Fields are a land with a millennia-old history, rich in culture and mythology, and among these myths is that of the Cumaean Sibyl, to whom people turned to know their future and find answers to their problems. In this modern era, with its fears, humanity seeks answers from a new sibyl, an AI created by humans, which in our show is indeed the "NewSibyl." Scientific data on bradyseismic activity in the Phlegraean Fields have also been used for the generation of scores, sounds, and images through both traditional and non-traditional compositional processes. Furthermore, the musical component involves the fusion of sounds generated by traditional acoustic instruments, electronic instruments, and synthetic sounds generated by algorithms for sound synthesis.Finally, this multimedia work that combines past and present, mythology and technology, science, and art through an interdisciplinary approach and the creative use of technology promises to offer the audience a memorable and stimulating experience. We want to emphasize that our performance is not just a regular report of a past event but represents an authentic artistic event to which we invite participation. Moreover, the proposed event serves as an example of how it is possible to unite art and scientific dissemination simultaneously. In fact, among the objectives of our participation in the conference, we intend to seek new scientific collaborations, dissemination opportunities, and the possibility of developing new projects within the realm of this artistic-scientific form, regardless of the theme.
Assessing Wildfire Vulnerability in the absence of empirical data: the REVEAL Project
Authors: Papathoma-Koehle Maria , Echtler Pia , Fuchs Sven , Schlögl Matthias , Müller Mortimer , Vacik Harald
Published: March 2024

Changes in temperature and precipitation in the European Alps are reflected in an increasing number of wildfire events and burnt areas. Therefore, apart from conducting research on the behaviour of wildfires in regions with high fire danger, it is important to analyse the vulnerability of settlements, buildings, and infrastructure also in areas with less experience with the impacts of an increasing wildfire hazard. Studies focusing on the vulnerability of the built environment do exist, but they are mostly limited to the interaction of buildings with fire, rather than offering a tool to measure this vulnerability for planning and conducting risk reduction measures. We attempt to close this gap by assessing the physical vulnerability of elements at risk located at the Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) in several case study areas in the Austrian Alps. In the absence of empirical data and by using a co-creation approach, we engage experts from various domains (firefighters, managers, planners, and government officials) to develop a tool for wildfire risk management. The tool is based on indicators to assess the vulnerability of different characteristics of elements at risk, including residential buildings, hotels, industry, critical infrastructure, and cultural heritage. Applications in each case study area are designed to demonstrate the usability of the tool in various disaster risk reduction activities and different contexts with a high or low wildfire danger. A final workshop is planned to ensure the dissemination of the results in the entire wildfire community. The resulting REVEAL decision support tool should be applicable not only in other regions of Austria, but also in other European regions that do not have experience and empirical data related to the impacts of wildfire events on infrastructure.
Large-scale drivers of Northeast Pacific MHWs in a changing climate
Authors: Capotondi Antonietta , Newman Matthew , Xu Tongtong , Di Lorenzo Emanuele
Published: March 2024

The Northeast Pacific Ocean has experienced episodes of intense and persistent warm conditions, also known as marine heatwaves, with devastating ecological impacts. Being able to predict these extreme events a few seasons in advance is therefore very important, but has proven elusive in many cases. While the intensity of Northeast Pacific marine heatwaves has been related to local stochastic atmospheric forcing with limited predictability, their evolution and persistence may be controlled by large-scale climate influences. Here we use a multi-variate statistical approach to identify these large-scale drivers, as well as the initial states that optimally develop into a marine heatwave at a later time in this region. Results indicate that a decadal mode of variability related to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation plays a key role in creating conditions favorable to the development of Northeast Pacific marine heatwaves. This mode is also implicated in the development of Central Pacific El Niño events, which may contribute to the persistence of the Northeast Pacific warm anomalies. In addition, this mode of variability appears to be responsible for the increased Northeast Pacific sea surface temperature variance in recent decades, suggesting that changes in internal climate variability may be responsible for the enhanced MHW activity in this region during this recent period.
Geomorphological and sedimentological records of Greenland Ice Sheet advance and retreat on the continental shelf offshore of NE Greenland during the last glaciation
Authors: O'Cofaigh Colm , Roberts Dave , Callard S. Louise , Lloyd Jerry , Ware Georgia , Streuff Katharina , Jamieson Stewart , Dorschel Boris , Kanzow Torsten
Published: March 2024

Marine geophysical data combined with radiocarbon dated sediment cores provide a record of the advance and retreat of the ancestral Northeast Greenland Ice Stream (NEGIS) across the continental shelf offshore of NE Greenland during the last glaciation. Today, NEGIS is the largest ice stream to drain the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS), holding a sea-level equivalent of 1.1-1.4 m. However, the longer-term history of the ice stream, especially on the adjoining outer continental shelf has, to date, been poorly constrained. Streamlined subglacial landforms record grounded ice flow in the outer shelf section in cross shelf bathymetric troughs, with mega-scale glacial lineations recording former streaming flow towards the shelf edge. Flow transverse landforms in the form of downlow-tapering, sediment wedges occur at the shelf edge and on the outer-mid shelf of the bathymetric troughs. These landforms differ in their morphology from the classic ‘ramp-step’ form of typical grounding wedges but are similarly interpreted as a form of grounding-zone wedge in which sediment prograded and thinned away from the grounding-zone. The wedges record a shelf-edge terminating, grounded ancestral NEGIS, as well as the subsequent episodic retreat of the ice stream inshore during deglaciation. Beyond the shelf edge, glacigenic debris flows imaged on acoustic stratigraphic profiles and recovered in sediment cores document sediment delivery onto the slope; such deposits are typical of submarine slopes offshore of shelf-edge terminating palaeo-ice streams. On the outer shelf subglacial tills and grounding-zone proximal sediments overlain by deglacial stratified glacimarine sediments record ice stream advance and retreat in the troughs. Radiocarbon dates from glacimarine sediments in these cores indicate early deglaciation from the shelf edge but with relatively slow rates of subsequent ice-stream retreat across the outer shelf.
Soybean growth and nitrous oxide emissions in response to tillage and crop rotation
Authors: Adeyemi Folahanmi
Published: March 2024

Global climate change is forcing different sectors including agriculture to come up with mitigation strategies. Nitrous oxide is the most potent greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming and is mainly produced from agricultural soil management. Two mitigation strategies to potentially reduce nitrous oxide emissions while maintaining cash crop yields are (i) shifting from conventional tillage to no-till and (ii) incorporating winter rye (Secale cereale L.) into corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean (Glycine max L.) rotation as a typical production system in the Midwest, USA. We harnessed a long-term trial to evaluate soil N dynamics, moisture and temperature, soybean production, and nitrous oxide emissions during 2020 and 2022 growing seasons. Treatments were two tillage factors (no-till and conventional chisel-disk) and two cover crops (winter rye and a no-cover crop control) arranged in factorial design with three replications. Results indicated that in 2020, no-till-no-cover crop had less nitrous oxide fluxes than the winter rye treatments, however it had higher N2O-N losses than 2022.  A combination of winter rye-no-till provided similar soybean morphology, shoot biomass and grain yield compared to a tillage-based system with no cover crop but promoted soybean root biomass leading to greater carbon inputs. These results indicate the tradeoffs in benefits of winter rye in soybean cropping systems.
Causal discovery among wind-related variables in a wind farm under extreme wind speed scenarios: Comparison of results using Granger causality and interactive k-means clustering
Authors: Schindlerova (Hlavackova-Schindler) Katerina , Hoxhallari Kejsi , Caumel Morales Luis , Schicker Irene , Plant Claudia
Published: March 2024

Using the era5 meteorological reanalysis data from 2000 to 2020 [1], we investigate temporal effects of ten wind related processes in time intervals of extreme wind speed values, extracted and corrected towards wind turbine locations for a wind farm in Andau, Austria.  We approach the problem by two ways, by the Granger causal inference, namely by the heterogeneous Graphical Granger model (HMML) [2] and by clustering, namely by the interactive k-means clustering (IKM) [3].We investigate six scenarios based on the hydrological half-year, a moderate wind speed and time intervals of low or high extreme wind speed in the farm. In case of HMML, we discover causal variables and their values for each scenario.  Regarding the method IKM, it is used for three clusters (clusters for a moderate wind speed and for a low and high extreme wind speed) to find coefficient representations of each interacting variable with respect to the wind speed in each of the six scenarios.   We compare the results of both methods in terms of the values of causal variables and of the values of the coefficients of representation and evaluate the interpretability of the discovered causal connections with the expert meteorological knowledge. [1]  https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/reanalysis-era5-pressure levels?tab=overview   [2] Hlaváčková-Schindler, K., Plant, C. (2020) Heterogeneous graphical Granger causality by minimum message length, Entropy, 22(1400). pp. 1-21 ISSN 1099-4300 MDPI (2020).[3] Plant, C., Zherdin, A., Sorg, C., Meyer-Baese, A., Wohlschläger, A. M. Mining interaction patterns among brain regions by clustering. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 26(9):2237–2249, 2014.
Hydrological controls on soil carbon dynamics: from pores to cores
Authors: Patel Kaizad , Bailey Vanessa , Bond-Lamberty Ben , Fansler Sarah , Myers-Pigg Allison , Smith A. Peyton
Published: March 2024

Core-scale soil carbon fluxes are ultimately regulated by pore-scale dynamics of substrate availability and microbial access, which are strongly influenced by soil water. The global water cycle is intensifying, and moisture extremes like drought and flood are increasing in frequency and intensity. It is therefore important to understand how these changing moisture regimes will affect carbon availability and fluxes in soils. We conducted two laboratory incubation experiments to investigate how drought and flood altered soil carbon availability and mineralization. Antecedent moisture conditions were found to be an important control on soil carbon availability, as soil respiration and carbon availability showed distinct hysteresis during drying and rewetting. Additionally, when comparing impacts of drought and flood across different soils, the soil carbon response was not consistent across sites, and was influenced by site-level pedological and environmental factors such as soil texture and historic stress conditions. These studies highlight the importance of pore-scale physicochemical and biochemical properties when studying soil biogeochemical transformations at the core scale.
Hamiltonian approach to the electron resonant interaction with coherent ULF waves
Authors: Vainchtein Dmitri , Artemyev Anton , An Xin
Published: March 2024

Electron resonant interaction with ultra-low-frequency (ULF) waves is the one of the main drivers of the electron radial transport in the Earth's inner magnetosphere. Recent spacecraft observations reported a possibility for electrons to resonate nonlinearly with intense coherent ULF waves, way beyond traditional approach of a slow diffusive scattering of electrons by a broad-band ULF spectrum. In this study we propose a theoretical model describing key elements of such nonlinear resonant interactions. We adapted the Hamiltonian approach to describe equatorial electron motion in the dipole magnetic field and electric ULF wave field. We demonstrated the presence of two main regimes for ULF-electron interaction: the phase bunching and phase trapping. We discuss possible applications of the proposed theoretical approach and the importance of ULF-electron nonlinear resonance. 
Continuous, long-term monitoring of soil CO2 concentration and CO2 flux using a novel, low-cost CO2 sensor system
Authors: Nguyen Thi Thuc , Altman Ariel , Bekin Nadav , Agam Nurit , Levintal Elad
Published: March 2024

Soil respiration (Fs) datasets often exhibit low temporal-spatial resolution and spatial bias, particularly lacking observations in arid/semi-arid regions. This limitation significantly constrains our understanding of the mechanisms governing soil carbon dynamics and hinders the correct estimation of CO2 emissions at regional to global scales. Challenges in Fs estimation arise mainly from logistical constraints in manual data collection and the high costs of commercial measuring devices. To address this, we developed a low-cost, open-source, autonomous soil CO2 sensor system. The system design emphasized easy adoption and customization for non-engineer end-users, enabling the collection of high-frequency, long-term soil CO2 concentration data, and consequently, Fs estimates. A system including six low-cost CO2 sensors distributed at two soil depths (5 and 10cm) was deployed in the Negev Desert since May 2023. Fs estimates were determined from CO2 concentration gradient using Fick's law (FG) and cross-validated with Fs measured by automated chambers (FC). We found a good agreement between FG and FC both in the short term (i.e., sub-daily fluctuation) and long term (i.e., annual net CO2 emission). Our data also revealed daily and seasonal Fs patterns correlating with environmental factors like temperature and precipitation. The results demonstrate that our system, despite costing less than 10% of automated chamber systems, offers equivalent accuracy in Fs estimates, higher temporal resolution, and potential for enhanced spatial resolution if widely adopted.
Why, where, and when are there anoxic microsites in the rhizosphere – a microfluidic approach
Authors: Lacroix Emily , Ceriotti Giulia , Garrido-Sanz Daniel , Borisov Sergey , Berg Jasmine , Keel Christoph , de Anna Pietro , Keiluweit Marco
Published: March 2024

For decades, biogeochemists have speculated that roots are key drivers of anoxic microsites – anomalous volumes of oxygen depletion – in upland soils. Rhizosphere-associated anoxic microsites are hypothesized to regulate plant contaminant uptake, nutrient availability, and the fate of root-derived carbon. However, despite the potential importance of rhizosphere-associated anoxic microsites, it remains unclear why, when, and where anoxic microsites form in the rhizosphere. Here, we pair planar optical oxygen sensors with microfluidic devices mimicking a soil structure to map the distribution of oxygen in a young wheat rhizosphere. We filled microfluidic devices with i) sterile; ii) wheat symbiont-inoculated, and iii) whole-soil community-inoculated nutrient solutions. As a result, we were able to determine root oxygen consumption vs. microbial oxygen consumption over space (i.e., at different root physiological features) and time (i.e., day/night cycles). We will show that i) intense root respiration within the root tip may drive anoxic microsite formation, even in the absence of microbial respiration; ii) microbial colonization of lateral root emergence may drive localized oxygen depletion in older root sections, and iii) overall rhizosphere oxygen depletion has a predictable, diurnal cycle dictated by the plant’s photosynthetically active period. Our findings are the first to link root physiology to anoxic microsites, providing a strong basis for future studies of anoxic microsites in field soils. 
NASA GPM Mentorship Program - Educator Track
Authors: Milani Lisa , Barozzi Raffaella , Bononi Michele , Cantoresi Ennio , Ciantra Giulia , di Angelo Pancrazio , Davì Andrea , Insogna Laura , Milan Sara , Paganelli Anita , Patrizio Tania , Piccioni Ilaria , Ricci Elisabetta , Samiolo Luca , Ventura Carla , Zanella Michela , Portier Andrea , Mantas Vasco , Janney Dorian
Published: March 2024

The NASA’s Global Precipitation Measurement Mission (GPM) Mentorship Program from 2023 hosts a spin-off program dedicated to teachers and educators. During its first year this pilot effort connected a GPM expert with Italian middle- and high-school teachers to learn about the water cycle, climate change and precipitation through the lens of the GPM mission. Given the success of the first year, for the 2023-2024 school year the program has been extended to every school grade, from kindergarten to high school, involving students from 5 to 18 years old. The main focus of the project is to provide information and tools to teachers in order to be able to pass the scientific knowledge to their students. After three lectures about water cycle, weather and climate, and the GPM mission and its applications, the teachers aided by the GPM expert develop a practical project with the students. The project is multidisciplinary and focused on precipitation, from measurement using rain gauges deployed in the school yard, to data analysis comparing measured data with GPM satellite retrievals. Classroom discussions on precipitation trends and changes lead to climate change awareness and link this project to other programs on sustainability developed by the schools. This paper will provide an outline of the program and an overview of the practical projects led by the teachers. The program is in constant development, expanding into Portuguese-speaking communities and other countries such as Turkey, to develop educational material in different languages to reduce language barriers and increase exposure opportunities of Earth observation data.
Tracking baleen whale calls in the Lower St. Lawrence Seaway, Canada, using land seismometers  
Authors: Liu Yajing , Goblot Eva , Plourde Alexandre
Published: March 2024

The Lower St. Lawrence Seaway (LSLS) is part of a major marine shipping corridor in eastern Canada, and also an essential feeding ground for fin whales and blue whales. Understanding the whale migration and habitat usage in the LSLS is critical for informing conservation policies that minimize noise pollution and risk of collision to the whale populations. In this study we utilize continuous recordings of six broadband seismometers located on the north and south shores of the St. Lawrence River to characterize the frequency range, recurrence interval and duration of fin and blue whale calls. We further use the whale call detections to quantify their spatial and temporal variations along the LSLS between February 2020 and January 2022, with the caveat that the detection range at these land stations is probably limited to a few kilometers due to energy loss along the seismic wave travel paths through multiple interfaces. We identified higher whale call detection rates at stations near the northwest of St. Lawrence Gulf than the upstream Estuary, suggesting possible influences of ocean currents and ice conditions. Whale calls are detected year around, with majority in the fall/winter months (September to February), implying seasonal and annual variations that may be influenced by climate change. We are currently analyzing recordings from a temporary deployment of 48 nodal seismometers, at 10-km average spacing, along the shorelines of the LSLS between September-October 2023, to further quantify the spatial patterns of whale calls and identify possible linkages to coastal bathymetry, ocean currents and preferential diets for the baleen whales.
Time to Anoxia: Oxygen Consumption in Soils Varies Across a Coastal Gradient
Authors: Patel Kaizad , Rod Kenton , Zheng Jianqiu , Regier Peter , Machado-Silva Fausto , Kaufman Matthew , Kemner Kenneth , Megonigal J. Patrick , Ward Nicholas , Weintraub Michael , Bailey Vanessa ,   COMPASS-FME Team
Published: March 2024

The coastal terrestrial-aquatic interface (TAI) is a highly dynamic system characterized by strong physical, chemical, and biological gradients. In particular, shifting soil redox conditions, due in part to dynamic water conditions, is a strong driver of carbon availability and transformations across TAIs. However, one of the important unknowns across TAIs is how soils with different characteristics and inundation regimes respond quantitatively to water saturation and resulting shifts between oxic and anoxic subsurface conditions. We used field measurements, laboratory incubations, and model simulations to investigate oxygen consumption and redox transformations following short-lived oxygenation events under different environmental conditions. Soils were collected along a coastal gradient (upland to wetland) from the Western Lake Erie region (freshwater TAI) and the Chesapeake Bay (estuarine TAI) and incubated in microcosms for two weeks. When inundated in MilliQ water, the upland A horizon soils went anoxic in 24 hours, whereas the wetland and transitional soils went anoxic in 0.5 - 10 hours. In contrast, the upland B horizon soils did not go anoxic during the 2-week incubation. Model simulations suggested stronger abiotic controls of oxygen consumption in the wetlands vs. biotic controls in the upland soils. These simulations also suggested nutrient limitation in the subsurface soils. Subsequent incubations with glucose and acetate additions showed increased rates of oxygen consumption in the B horizon soils, suggesting that these soils were indeed carbon limited. These experiments provide insight on shifting redox conditions during flooding events, especially relevant in coastal systems that experience rapidly shifting hydrological conditions and are becoming increasingly vulnerable to sea level rise and episodic disturbances (e.g., storm surges, king tides).
Hyper-Resolution Wind Forecasting in Austral Chile combining WRF forecasting and Deep Learning techniques.
Authors: Arevalo Jorge , Ávila Andrés , Gomez Walter , Andrade Pablo , Pozo Diana , Bozkurt Deniz , Lagos Ruben , Alvial Francisco , Cordova Ana María
Published: March 2024

Near-surface wind conditions, specifically at 10 meters above ground, play a crucial role in areas with complex topography like the Austral Chilean Territory, characterized by small islands, channels, and fiords. The impact of topography and land cover on wind patterns is particularly significant. In the other hand, wind impacts local transport and, consequently, the economy and social activities. Accurate forecasting of these winds is essential for optimal planning and heightened maritime safety.While dynamic models, such as the WRF model, have proven valuable for stakeholders, their operational use is limited by the high computational cost, restricting spatial resolutions to a few kilometers. For example, the Chilean Navy Weather Service employs the WRF model with a resolution of up to 3 km in specific areas, and the Chilean Weather Office uses a 4 km resolution across the entire continental territory.This study addresses this limitation by developing an emulator for dynamic downscaling of surface wind, aiming for hyper resolutions (~300 m) over Austral Chile. Utilizing cluster analysis of ERA 5 10m-wind fields, eight wind patterns were identified. Multi-day simulations were conducted with telescopic domains reaching 100 m resolution, incorporating NASA's ASTER DEM into WRF and updating the coastline in the default 500 m land-use dataset. The consistency analysis of these results will be presented.To achieve hyper-resolution forecasting, various deep learning models, including Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN), were trained to downscale the 3 km domain to the 100 m one. The presentation will focus on the evaluation and comparison of these models, showcasing the first key results of this research. This study is part of a larger research project that aims to produce a very high-resolution wind forecasting system, based on the downscaling of WRF simulations by using Deep learning techniques (SiVAR-Austral, funded by ANID ID22I10206). Results will be valuable to stakeholders by enhancing both planning capabilities and maritime safety in the Austral Chilean Territory.
Air quality data for all: The case for air quality research in the Philippines
Authors: Hizon John Richard
Published: March 2024

Air pollution accounts for 2.2 million premature deaths in the Western Pacific Region. In the Philippines, mortality rates related to poor air quality reached 45.3 deaths for every 100,000 people in 2018. Apart from the cost to lives, pollution has cost the country US$ 1B in 2015, which accounts for 0.3% to 0.4% of the country’s gross domestic product.Despite the cost to life and associated economic burden, the current system for sampling air pollution data - both indoor and outdoor in urban areas - has not provided dense spatiotemporal distribution information to identify air pollution hotspots.While the sensor installations of the government and private sector in some parts of the country provide data on the current status of air pollution, one air quality sensor system per city - the average in the Philippines - provides very little information on how pollution is distributed and may not be able to identify hotspots that increase the exposure of the general public.To close the gap in the strategic installation of air quality sensor systems and the availability of actionable data on air quality status, the University of the Philippines’ College of Engineering proposed the UP Center on Air Quality Research in Urban Environments (UP CARE) research program for government funding. This program provides a venue for engineers, scientists, health professionals and other domain experts to solve this collective challenge on air pollution. Our talk will focus on UP CARE’s efforts to study how pollutants, both gaseous and particulate matter, are dispersed in urban environments. One key component in this program is the development of an IoT infrastructure and its online platform that connects various locally-developed wireless sensor nodes to measure air pollutants generated by vehicles traversing the streets of central business districts and determine how much of these pollutants enter homes, schools, and offices. In addition, the online platform would include mobile sensing modalities in our trains, buses, and cars plus personal measurements through wearables to complete the cycle of exposure to air pollution parameters one encounters daily. The goal is to integrate these measurements into a resilient and scalable IoT platform that will enable the development of applications that the general public could use to mitigate their personal exposure to air pollution and allow the local agencies to devise a more reliable approach/plans to decrease the risk of their constituents and stakeholders. The ever-expanding database of measurements will provide datapoints for researchers to improve dispersion and forecasting models and improve our understanding of the long-term effects of air pollution to one’s health.
On the field-aligned Poynting fluxes of plasmaspheric hiss
Authors: Zhu Hui , Chen Huicong , Lu Mingyue
Published: March 2024

In this study, we investigate Poynting fluxes of plasmaspheric hiss waves using the Van Allen Probes wave observation. The hiss waves are identified based on the number density of cold plasma, wave frequency, ellipticity, wave normal angle, and planarity. The statistical results show that on the dayside the Poynting flux magnitudes of the hiss waves are stronger than those on the nightside and their field-aligned components are much larger than the perpendicular components. We calculate the net Poynting flux direction Rs of hiss waves along field-aligned direction for different frequency ranges, under different geomagnetic activities, and in different MLT sectors, whose sign can indicate the balance between the growth and damping processes. We find that in the inner plasmasphere Rs is negative while in the outer plasmasphere Rs is positive and their transition locations significantly depend on wave frequency and geomagnetic activity. The results suggest that the local generation of hiss waves may be important in the outer plasmasphere. 
Antarctic precipitation: distributed observations during the POPE and AWACA campaigns
Authors: Berne Alexis , Ferrrone Alfonso
Published: March 2024

Although the deployment of ground-based remote sensing instruments has made possible significant progress, Antarctic precipitation remains poorly understood, in particular away from the scientific stations where most field campaigns have taken place in the past. The PEA Orographic Precipitation Experiment (POPE) campaign took place at the Princess Elisabeth Antarctica station (Queen Maud Land, East Antarctica) during the austral summer 2019-2020. In this framework, a transect of three Doppler vertically profiling precipitation radars (MRR-PRO) was deployed from 20 to 30 km away from the station, in complete autonomy in the complex terrain of the Sor Rondane Mountains. The measurements collected during this campaign highlighted the complex interactions between the terrain and a dry layer likely due to katabatic winds, modulating the occurrence of precipitation in the area.This POPE campaign also served as a test of the idea of deploying complex instruments dedicated to cloud and precipitation monitoring in complete autonomy to access relevant information away from stations, in areas poorly covered so far. This is a strong motivation for the AWACA project (ERC Synergy), which aims to study the atmospheric branch of the water cycle over Antarctica. AWACA started in September 2021 with the design and construction of autonomous observation platform units (4 in total) sheltering various sensors: surface meteorology, isotopic composition of water vapor and precipitation, and remote sensing of clouds and precipitation. The main deployment along a 1100-km transect between the Dumont d'Urville station at the coast and the Concordia station on the inner Plateau, is scheduled for the austral summer 2024-2025.In this presentation, I will summarize the main results about precipitation from the POPE campaign as well as the main objectives of the AWACA project.
Garnet as an archive of fluid flow processes during subduction metamorphism: Evidence from in situ measurement of Li isotopes
Authors: Penniston-Dorland Sarah , Cisneros de León Alejandro , Hoover William , Dragovic Besim , Piccoli Philip , Hoff Christiana
Published: March 2024

Fluids released within subduction zones affect fundamental Earth processes, including seismicity and the generation of arc magmas, the formation of continental crust, and the geochemical evolution of the mantle. However, very little is understood about processes of fluid transport within subduction zones. Bulk-rock variations in Li isotopic compositions (δ7Li) are observed in fluid-related features in subduction-related metamorphic rocks at the centimeter-scale suggesting a short duration of fluid infiltration events – weeks to centuries. These measurements capture a time-integrated record, while in situ measurements in metamorphic minerals such as garnet can record individual events experienced by the rock. In our work measuring δ7Li in situ in garnet from several exhumed subduction zone metamorphic localities, we have found variations in δ7Li occurring within crystals over a scale of a few hundred microns, including troughs of negative values of δ7Li. Variations in δ7Li are associated with evidence for fluid release and fluid-rock reaction suggesting a role for fluids fluxing through the slab. The negative δ7Li excursions suggest that diffusion played a role in the history recorded by these garnets - in some cases garnet experienced intracrystalline diffusion of Li on the scale of a few hundred microns, and in others garnet growth zones incorporated variations of δ7Li within the metamorphic fluid surrounding the garnet, caused by diffusion of Li within the intergranular fluid on at least a centimeter scale. Multiple troughs in some of the garnets record the episodicity of fluid flow. Ongoing work is focusing on investigating garnets from a wide range of natural samples to look for patterns in fluid flow episodicity. Additionally, experiments determining the diffusivity of Li within garnet are being performed in order to quantitatively constrain timescales of intracrystalline diffusion.
Investigating North Atlantic Deep-Water Ventilation Changes: Preliminary Results from IODP Expedition 397 Hole U1586A
Authors: Haygood Lauren , Riedinger Natascha , Hodell David , Abrantes Fatima , Alvarez Zarikian Carlos ,   Expedition 397 Scientific Party
Published: March 2024

Although valuable information of North Atlantic circulation paleo-reconstructions by the measurement of oxygen isotopes of benthic and planktonic foraminifera exists, it is still not well-understood how deep-water currents changed over the last ~800,000 years. Moreover, recent studies have shown that some species of microfossils can adapt to low oxygen concentrations, which consequently can impact the reliability of the paleo-reconstructions that are based on these fossils. Marine sediments off the Portuguese Margin have been shown to play a pivotal role in paleoclimate research, and studies have suggested that climate shifts at Mediterranean latitudes are interconnected to changes in deep-water circulation patterns. Changes in bottom-water oxygenation (ventilation) can provide information about changes in deep-water circulation patterns, which can be measured by the enrichment versus depletion of redox-sensitive trace metals. Here we provide the results of a low-resolution geochemical analysis of redox-sensitive trace metals (for example, molybdenum (Mo), vanadium (V), and uranium (U)) to investigate deep-water ventilation changes in the North Atlantic over the last ~800,000 years at Hole U1586A drilled during IODP Expedition 397. Sediment samples underwent a multi-acid digestion technique and were analyzed via an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) for redox-sensitive trace metals. Additionally, sequential iron (Fe) extractions were carried out to differentiate between labile versus mineral Fe phases. Preliminary results suggest minor changes in deep-water ventilation that correspond to glacial-interglacial cycles since the mid-Pleistocene. Future work will involve high-resolution geochemical analyses to better understand the interconnection of deep-water circulation and climate change.
Evaluation of errors in bulk aerodynamic parameterizations over snow-covered sea ice due to approximations of roughness length
Authors: Cox Christopher , Gallagher Michael , Persson Ola , Fairall Chris , Shupe Matthew , Bariteau Ludovic , Thompson Elizabeth , Blomquist Byron
Published: March 2024

Direct measurements using eddy covariance methodology of turbulent heat and momentum fluxes were observed from the Met City tower during MOSAiC. In models, these fluxes are parameterized using bulk aerodynamic algorithms for which the transfer coefficients must be found. In practice, the coefficients are constrained iteratively to resolve the co-dependence between Obukhov Length (necessary for calculating the coefficients) and the friction velocity, u* (an expression of the Reynold’s stress solved for by the algorithm). The aerodynamic roughness length, z0, is also needed to calculate the coefficients. For calculations over the global ocean, z0 is coupled to the atmosphere through u*. However, over sea ice the meteorological correlation is weak and the physical surface roughness is heterogeneous and decoupled from the atmosphere. This introduces a vulnerability into the calculation and necessitates assumptions about z0. At MOSAiC, the tower measurements of z0 show an evolution from early- to late-winter of nearly 2 orders of magnitude where 1 order nominally corresponds to a 30-40% differences in the derived fluxes. In this presentation we evaluate the error in bulk calculations due to the z0 assumption to assess what could be gained from a surface aware scheme.
Microbial diversity drives divergent multifunctionality in global afforestation and reforestation ecosystems
Authors: Meng Zexin , Wu Yiping
Published: March 2024

Afforestation and reforestation have emerged as optimal nature-based solutions for global climate mitigation, providing critical ecosystem services and biodiversity benefits. However, the long-term impacts of two restoration modes on multiple ecosystem functions (that is, multifunctionality) at a global scale have long been recognized. Here, we compiled data from 1247 reforestation and afforestation sites worldwide, which encompass a forestation history of up to a hundred years, to explore the long-term effects of forest recovery on ecosystem multifunctionality, including plant productivity, soil carbon accumulation, nutrient cycling, decomposition metabolism, and microbial habitats. Our findings reveal that afforested ecosystems consistently exhibit an upward trend in multifunctionality over this hundred-year span, while reforested ecosystems tend to stabilize in multifunctionality after approximately 30 years. A comprehensive analysis of biotic and abiotic factors revealed that bacterial diversity is a primary driver of increased multifunctionality in afforested ecosystems, while fungal diversity plays a critical role in the initial increase and subsequent stabilization of multifunctionality in reforested ecosystems. Additionally, changes in the soil microenvironment, such as increased soil moisture and improved soil compaction, were identified as key regulators of microbial diversity, thereby impacting ecosystem multifunctionality. Overall, our study demonstrates the substantial ecological restoration potential of both reforestation and afforestation but attention should be paid to microbial diversity in future ecological restoration efforts considering the crucial role in enhancing global ecosystem function restoration and sustainability.
Updating JTRF202
Authors: Abbondanza Claudio , Chin Toshio M , Gross Richard S , Heflin Michael B
Published: March 2024

In recent years, new determinations of the ITRF based on full-blown reanalyses of frame inputs from the four space-geodetic techniques have been produced at intervals of 3-6 years. Between frame determinations, ITRF users must rely on predictions of station positions of the reference stations included in the frame whose accuracy rapidly degrades over time, thus causing errors in the products derived from such predictions.    JTRF2020 is the most recent TRF solution computed at JPL by assimilating the frame input data submitted by  IGS, IVS, ILRS, and IDS for ITRF2020. Determined with a square-root information filter and Dyer-McReynolds smoother algorithm, JPL frame products lend themselves to being updated rather easily as long as frame inputs from the four technique centers consistent with the frame-defining data set are readily available. In this presentation, we will discuss and test SREF (Square-root Reference frame Estimation Filter) updating capabilities in relation to JTRF2020. We will upload state estimate and its covariance computed at the last step of JTRF2020, and update them by assimilating at daily intervals the extended frame inputs made available by IGS (Repro3 extension), IVS (BKG operational combined series with loading effects restored using loading information from the NASA GSFC solution), ILRS (v170 and v171), and IDS (wd20) from 2021 through the end of 2022.   Discussions will focus on the peculiarities of the extended frame inputs in relation to the data submitted for the ITRF2020 computation, and in particular on the data pre-processing and transformations we’ve applied to the extended frame inputs in order to ensure consistency with JTRF2020. We’ll also assess the quality of the JTRF2020 updates in terms of frame-defining parameters.     
The influence of faults on the development of canbonate karst reservoir in main area of tahe oilfield and its significance in petroleum geology
Authors: Zhang Xudong , Jin Qiang
Published: March 2024

The Ordovician karst fracture-cave reservoir in Tahe oilfield has strong heterogeneity, and palaeogeomorphology, fault and fracture play important roles in the development of the complexity of the fracture-cave reservoir. Based on rich geological and geophysical data, the influence of faults on the karst reservoir development in carbonatite under different palaeogeomorphic conditions are analyzed through the interpretation of faults and the activity of internal faults in carbonate rocks in different periods, combined with palaeokarst environment and karst products. The results show that there are not only strike-slip faults but also an NNE-thrust fault in the sixth and seventh districts of Tahe Oilfield, which control the direction of long-axis anticline in the center of the study area. The anticline becomes an important watershed and most of the surface gullies develop along suitable faults from the top of the anticline to lower areas. According to the karst geomorphology, water system and fracture-cave distribution, landforms are divided into three types: hoodoo-upland, karst depression and karst basin. In the hoodoo-upland, the fracture networks around the faults are dissolved and small and medium-sized fractures develop, and the reservoirs have low filling degree and good performance. In the karst depression, the landforms are transformed by strong water erosion and karst dissolution. The underground rivers and the palaeogeomorphic gullies controlled by high-angle strike-slip faults are relatively straight, while the others controlled by low-angle faults are tortuous. Unfilled caves and intergranular pores in cave fillings are the main reservoir spaces. In karst basin, the Ordovician soluble limestone is covered by stucco deposits, which greatly weakens the karstification. The fractures and caves can develop only along the faults and fractures at a very deep depth. The spatial structure, connectivity, porosity and permeability are complicated. The main reservoir types are fractures, fracture-cave and isolated caves. The filling types are fault karst breccia, giant crystal chemical filling or no filling. Therefore, faults affect the development of reservoir types and fillings under different geomorphology and karst water conditions, which has important guiding significance for the accurate exploration and development of carbonate fracture-cave reservoirs. 