bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estimation of variance of random effect in small area model with Spatial Empirical Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (SEBLUP)
Authors: Siswantining T , Naima M G , Soemartojo S M
Published: January 2020

Survey sampling is one of the sampling methods of an object to provide information estimation of population parameters that became the focus of research. One of the methods that used to estimate population parameters is direct estimation method. However, when the direct estimation is used it will cause a large standard error. To handle that problem in small area we add information about the same parameters in other small areas which has similar character, or the value of the variables that are related to the variables being observed, this method is known as the small area estimation (SAE). In this mini thesis, small area method that we use consider spatial correlation between area, spatial Empirical Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (EBLUP). The estimator of spatial EBLUP depends on the variance component and spatial correlation, but in practice they are unknown. Therefore, to get the spatial EBLUP estimator it is necessary to first estimate the variance of random effect and correlations between area. In this mini thesis we use maximum likelihood method and scoring algorithm to estimate the variance of random effect and correlations between area.
Effect of cobalt supported on the hierarchical Ni/HZSM-5 catalyst in hydrocracking of Sunan candlenut oil (Reutealis trisperma (Blanco) airy shaw)
Authors: Marlinda L , Al-Muttaqii M , Roesyadi A , Prajitno D H
Published: January 2020

The effect of cobalt supported on the hierarchical Ni/HZSM-5 on conversion, n-paraffin/aromatic selectivity, the degree of hydrocracking and polymerization in hydrocracking of Sunan candlenut oil was investigated. The hierarchical HZSM-5 was obtained through desilication with 0.2 M NaOH solution. The cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni) and Co-Ni supported on hierarchical HZSM-5 catalysts were prepared by incipient wetness impregnation. Desilication and metal impregnation did not change the crystalline structure of HZSM-5 catalyst. Hydrocracking of Sunan candlenut oil into gasoil-range hydrocarbon was tested with the catalysts at a temperature of 400 °C, and a reactor pressure of 15 bar for 2 h under initial hydrogen pressure in a pressured batch reactor. All catalysts reached conversion almost 100 %. Non-catalytic hydrocracking contained large amounts of undesired compounds (50 %), N-containing compounds around 1 area% and a small amount of compound containing oxygen including ketone (2-heptadecanone) and alcohol (<1%). The addition of cobalt supported on the hierarchical Ni/HZSM-5 improved C15/C16 ratio up to 11, the n-paraffin selectivity up to 78% and decreased polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (2-3.7 %). Then, N-containing compounds were not detected. The degree of hydrocracking decreased from 0.28 to 0.23. These results indicated that cobalt could control hydrogenation ability of nickel. The presence of cobalt in the hierarchical Co-Ni/HZSM-5 catalyst increased catalytic activity in decarboxylation route to produce the most abundant n-paraffin, i.e. pentadecane (n-C15) and heptadecane (n-C17). Overall, the monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons selectivity produced for hierarchical pore structure based HZSM-5 catalyst were 15-18 %.
Investigation of metalloporphyrin in maltenes phase of crude oil Duri
Authors: Suwarno A C , Yulizar Y , Haerudin H , Kurniawaty I , Apriandanu D O B
Published: January 2020

The presence of metals and organometals in heavy crude oil is interesting research to study. The most abundant heavy metals and undesirable presence of heavy metals in crude oil are nickel and vanadium. Organometals such as metalloporphyrin can inhibit the catalyst performance in cracking process. Crude oil is classified into asphaltenes and maltenes phases. In this study, isolation of metalloporphyrin in maltenes was perfomed by column chromatography using eluent of n-heptane: ethyl acetate (8.5:1.5) (v/v). The isolated metalloporphyrin was characterized using Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry, FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared), and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS). UV-Vis spectrophotometry characterization showed the presence of metalloporphyrin at the maximum wavelength of 480–700 nm. FTIR characterization showed the existence of pyrrole rings vibration, which described as porphyrin compound at the wavenumber of 800 cm−1. LC-MS characterization showed the presence of vanadium bound at porphyrin in maltenes with the molecular formula of C39H36N4VOS.
Discovery of novel drug candidates based on herbaric acid derivates as potential inhibitors of the hedgehog signaling pathway in cervical cancer therapeutics
Authors: Nasution M A F , Parikesit A A , Tambunan U S F
Published: January 2020

Cervical cancer ranks as the second most deadly cancer in women worldwide and as the most deadly in developing countries. However, there is currently no effective treatment for this disease. Therefore, it is necessary to find improved drugs for cervical cancer treatment. Cervical cancer is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, which has E6 and E7 proteins that may activate the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway and regulate the proliferation, survival, and migration of cervical cancer cells. In this study, a novel series of herbaric acid derivates were designed and developed as potential inhibitor candidates of the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway. All of the potential inhibitors were analyzed and compared with Shh inhibitors, such as robotnikinin, through molecular docking simulations. Molecular docking simulations of 6310 ligands were performed using the Accelrys Discovery Studio 2.5 software according to the LibDock method. After the analysis of the ligand–Shh protein complex interaction in the docking simulation, it was found that Sd32, Sa32, and Wc34 ligands were best at inhibiting the Sonic hedgehog protein.
Preparation of nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanotube deposited with gold nanoparticles for photocatalytic phenol degradation under visible light
Authors: Hadiputra R , Gunlazuardi J
Published: January 2020

One of the many functions of TiO2 photocatalysts is degrading organic compounds. TiO2 photocatalysts have a band gap of 3.2 eV, which is equivalent to the energy of ultraviolet (UV) photons with a wavelength of 388 nm and allows them to be effectively activated only by UV light. However, they are less effective under visible (Vis) light. Researchers have developed many ways to use the photocatalytic properties of TiO2 under visible light via nitrogen doping. Further, the photocatalytic activity of N-doped TiO2 can be improved via surface plasmon resonance. In this study, N-doped TiO2 nanotubes (N-TiO2 NTs) are prepared and deposited with Au nanoparticles (Au/N–TiO2 NTs) via electrodeposition. The TiO2 NTs and Au/N-TiO2 NTs are characterized using UV-VIS spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). The photocatalytic test under tungsten lamp illumination of a 20-ppm phenol solution in a batch reactor shows a phenol degradation of 60 %, whereas a 20-ppm bisphenol A (BPA) solution is degraded by 40 %.
Polymerization of the tannin extract from the leave of Acacia mangium and its application as an adsorbent for the removal of lead
Authors: Laksmi M P , Nurani D A , Rahayu D U C
Published: January 2020

Pollution of heavy metal ions in water is a hazardous environmental problem that requires specific methods for handling lead ion contamination. One of these methods involves the use of tannin adsorbent. Tannin adsorbents exhibit renewability, biodegradability, and natural abundance. In this study, the extract from the leaves of Acacia mangium was used as the raw material for the adsorbent. The tannin extract was polymerized by the addition of concentrated H2SO4 because the adsorbent was insoluble in water. The resin obtained from the polymerization of the tannin extract (hereafter referred to as PET) was characterized qualitatively by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and quantitatively by total organic carbon measurements. To determine its ability as an adsorbent, we estimated the adsorption parameters of PET. The optimum adsorption capacity of PET was 5.261 mg/g at a pH of 7 and a contact time of 120 min.
Development of nitric-oxide-sensor-based gold (Au) and platinum (Pt) metals on screen-printed electrode modified graphene
Authors: Nurkhasanah S , Setiasih S , Wibowo R
Published: January 2020

Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in physiological processes. NO measurement accuracy is important to understand the essential functions of NO but attaining these levels of accuracy is difficult due to NO’s short half-life. NO concentrations can be determined using an analytical method that has fast response and high sensitivity and is simple and practical. In this study, gold and platinum metals are deposited onto a screen-printed electrode (SPE) surface in a solution mixture of HAuCl4 in 0.05 M H2SO4 and K2PtCl6, in 0.05 M H2SO4, which has been modified with graphene to detect NO. Experiments that varied the deposition concentrations of the Au/Pt onto the G/SPE are conducted to obtain an optimal deposit concentration ratio between AuPt and G/SPE. NO detection tests are conducted at +0.878 V against Ag/AgCl. Deposits of AuPt/G/SPE that have 1:1 concentrations form high-performance sensors due to its high sensitivity at 23029.92 μA mM−1 cm−2, a low detection limit of 2.2 × 10−3 mM, and the best linearity, R2 = 0.9943. No is detected using the Griess Saltzman method. Based on the linearity results from the NO detection measurements, we observe that the electrochemical method provides significant improvements over the Griess Saltzman method.
The growth of Synechococcus sp RDB001 at temperature of 30 ± 5 °C and 50 ± 5 °C: a comparison study of cell density and chlorophyll content
Authors: Prihantini N B , Anggriary R D , Kusmadji L R
Published: January 2020

Research on comparison of cell density and chlorophyll content of Synechococcus sp. RDB001 grown at a temperature of 30 ± 5 °C and 50 ± 5 °C has been carried out. Synechococcus sp. RDB001 was isolated from hot spring water samples in the area of Rawa Danau-Banten with a water temperature of 50 °C which grown in MA medium (pH 6). The research aims to determine the comparison of the average cell density and chlorophyll content of Synechococcus sp. RDB001 grown at a temperature of 30 ± 5 °C and 50 ± 5 °C in incubation cabinets. The research results are useful for understanding the physiological tolerance limits and adaptation of Synechococcus sp. RDB001 ex-situ. Culturing of Synechococcus sp. RDB001 was carried out in cabinets with the incubation temperature of 30 ± 5 °C and 50 ± 5 °C for 16 days, from day 0 (t0) until day 16 (t16). Each treatment was done in 16 replicates. Non-parametric statistical analysis using the Mann Whitney test (α = 0.05) and the Spearman test (α = 0,01). The results showed there were significant differences (α = 0.05) in cell density of Synechococcus sp. RDB001 grown at a temperature of 30 ± 5 °C and 50 ± 5 °C. The highest average of cell density of Synechococcus sp. RDB001 at a temperature of 30 ± 5 °C occurred at t12, (24.2075 ± 5.33926 x 106 cells.mL−1), while at a temperature of 50 ± 5 °C occurred at t14 (1.21313 ± 2.92573 x 106 cells.mL−1). There was no correlation (α = 0.01) between cell density and chlorophyll content of Synechococcus sp. RDB001 grown at a temperature of 30 ± 5 °C and 50 ± 5 °C. The research showed that increasing the cell density of Synechococcus sp. RDB001 is not always followed by an increase in chlorophyll content of Synechococcus sp. RDB001.
Seasonal effect on the spatial distribution of macro debris in Tunda Island, Banten
Authors: Maharani A , Yuliadi L P S , Syamsuddin M L , Ismail M R
Published: January 2020

The small island coast is an area that is vulnerable to environmental problems. Debris problems occur in some areas of Tunda Island with low human activity, due to current and wind factors that can distribute the debris. The speed and direction of wind and currents in Indonesia are influenced by the seasons, so the seasons have an influence on the accumulation of debris in a place. This study aims to determine the effect of the season on the distribution of debris and potential sources that influence the presence of debris on the coast of Tunda Island, Banten. This study uses MIKE 21 software to determine current and wind patterns and movement of macro debris particles. Based on season research, it influences the pattern of macro debris distribution in this area. In the east season, the increase in the litter is 9 kg from the weight of the debris in the west season. Also, there is an increase in debris in several categories including the most likely to find items, fishing gear, packaging material, small pieces trash, and base wood materials. The potential source that affects the presence of debris on the coast of Tunda Island, Banten is Muara Ciujung.
Effect of regional oceanographic processes to the distribution of radionuclides in the coasts of Kalimantan
Authors: Prihatiningsih W R , Suseno H , Makmur M , Muslim M , Yahya M N
Published: January 2020

The present status of marine radioecology condition at the coastal of Kalimantan was determined based on monitoring of the radionuclides concentration in marine compartment of West, South and East Kalimantan. The characteristicof Pacific Ocean contribute to the distribution of radionuclide in Kalimantan from the Indonesian Through Flow (ITF) that passes through the Makassar Strait. The aim of this research is to determine the concentration of radionuclides and regional oceanographic effects on the distribution of radionuclides in the coasts of Kalimantan. Gamma radionuclides activity concentration were measured using High Purity Spetrometer Gamma Detector (HPGe) that is integrated with Genie 2000 software analysis. Modelling processes and field observation from previous study become reflelction of Kalimantan regional sea characteristic. The result of this research shows that the baseline data that represented natural and antrophogenic radionuclides are comparable with other regions in Indonesia. The concentration of natural radionuclides in the sediments showed that there are no contamination of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) and 137Cs.
Variation of seawater properties on tidal-scale in the entrance of Padangbai Lombok Strait Indonesia
Authors: Suteja Y , Atmadipoera A S , Natih M N , Wattimena M , Masoleh V , Pranoto Y , Adhyatma D , Widiastuti P , Deswanti S R , Triwahyuni A , Watari H , Hastuti A W , Mamun A , Vladoiu A , Chonnaniyah
Published: January 2020

During Marine Science Summer Course 2017, a continuous 24-h conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) “yoyo” measurement has been carried out at the entrance of Padangbai Lombok Strait to investigate seawater properties variations on semidiurnal tidal-scale which is dominant in the strait. The SBE CTD 19 plus is equipped with optional sensors such as pH, turbidity and chlorophyll-a derived-fluoro. During 24-h field observation, 15 CTD casts from sea surface to about 60 m depth have been acquired. It is shown that observed seawater properties fluctuate strongly four times a day, following semidiurnal-tide period with two flood-tide and two ebb-tide conditions. During flood-tide, water mass is derived from open strait with colder, saltier, denser and low dissolved oxygen characteristics. In contrast, during ebb-tide, local water mass is recirculated back from the inner bay to the open strait. It is interesting to note that fluctuation of chlorophyll-a indicates a diurnal signal. In addition, fluctuation of pH, turbidity and dissolved oxygen showed a weak semidiurnal signal.
Indonesian short fin eel Anguilla bicolor (Mclelland, 1844) swim bladder as important organ for reflecting acoustic wave
Authors: Hananya A , Pujiyati S , Hasbi S M , Retnoaji B
Published: January 2020

Indonesian shortfin eel, Anguilla bicolor (McClelland, 1844) is one of fish that have swim bladder to assist swim and doing migration. Every fish has different shape, gas volume, dimension, and length ratio of swim bladder, which can play role in the difference in backscattering of acoustic energy. This study aims to determine the shape, dimensions and ratio of Anguilla bicolor’s swim bladder and their effect on target strength (TS) values. The research was conducted in two places, in the Acoustic lab, Department of Marine Science and Technology, Bogor University and Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada. Retrieving data using the EK-15, Frequency 200 KHz tool and also the X-ray photo. The results show the shape of the swim bladder of Anguilla bicolor is elongated and consists of 1 room which is generally called a closed swim bladder. Acoustic detection results show that fish with large swim bladder volumes have large TS values and conversely fish with small swim bladder volumes have a small TS value.
Freshwater intrusion during ebb and flood tide in the Balikpapan Bay
Authors: Benita I , Naulita Y , Nurjaya I W
Published: January 2020

The Balikpapan Bay waters is influenced by freshwater discharge from many rivers and its distribution is affected by tidal current. This study aims to estimate seawater intrusion during flood and ebb tides, using the box model and freshwater fraction methods. The data used in this study for calculating freshwater fraction and its transport volume were 45 conductivity- temperature-depth CTD casts and single moored ADCP current measurement, carried out between 17 and 25 May 2018. The budget of the box model system is calculated using evaporation and precipitation data. The results show that estimated freshwater fraction and transport volume during flood tide vary between 16.92 and 36.26%, and between 2.048 and 9.661x109 m3day−1, respectively. Near the entrance of the bay, seawater flux urges freshwater westward with surface salinity budget of -95.352x106 psu.m3day−1. Furthermore, during ebb tide, freshwater fraction and transport volume are estimated to be 19.33 – 34.5% and 2.048–9.661x109 m3day−1, respectively. Near the mouth of estuary, freshwater pushes seawater toward east side of the bay with salinity budget of -186.187x106 psu.m3day−1. During flood tide (ebb tide) estimated surface salinity budget in transect 5 that came out from the system is about -135.512x106 psu.m3day−1 (-143.794x106 psu.m3day−1) toward the southern bay.
Coral disease at Mansuar Island, Raja Ampat, Indonesia
Authors: Subhan B , Arafat D , Rahmawati F , Dasmasela YH , Royhan Q M , Madduppa H , Santoso P , Prabowo B
Published: January 2020

Coral reef has been facing rapid destruction nowadays. Raja Ampat Islands in Papua has one of the highest coral reef diversities and is located within the Coral Triangle area. The coral condition in Raja Ampat is still categorized as healthy. However, it started to show some of the habitat degrading signs. Coral disease is one of the main causes in coral reef ecosystem decline. This study aims to measure the level of coral disease based on coral disease category prevalence observation at Mansuar Island in Raja Ampat, Papua. The method used in data sampling is by using 5 x 50 m Belt Transect. The results show that as many as 28 coral genera were found from all of the observation sites with Fungia being the most abundant. There are 7 coral health categories, dominated by Tissue Discoloration Non-White. There are 5 coral diseases found namely Yellow Band Disease, White Syndrome, Brown Band Disease, Atramentous Necrosis, and Ulcerative White Spots.
Ocean wave measurement and wave energy calculation using overtopping power plant scheme
Authors: Vidura A , Nurjaya I W , Iqbal M , Jaya I
Published: January 2020

Indonesian seas have not been used as a source of electricity yet. One of the potential and abundant sources of energy from the sea is ocean waves. This study describes the measurement of the wave characteristics and calculates its spatial and temporal energy in Pari Island which can be utilized as electrical energy using overtopping ocean wave power plants scheme. The energy that can be harvested from ocean waves is calculated by wave energy converter using the Wave Dragon WEC. This converter is the terminator type. Sea waves on the Pari Island are classified as the smooth sea with 0.16-0.51 meters significant wave height and 2–4 seconds period. The calculated WEC can produce energy up to 28 Mega Joules and power up to 6 Mega Watts. Based on this calculation, Wave Dragon which is an overtopping WEC is able to meet the electricity needs on Pari Island with two options, The first one is using 35 units of WD 1 on the Pari Island Coast with a 500 m distance from the settlement, or the second one is using 6 units of WD 2 which is located in the northeast region of Pari Island waters with 18 Km distance from the settlement of Pari Island.
Ecological status of target fishes inside and outside marine conservation area of Batbitim, Misool, Raja Ampat
Authors: Sala R , Marsaoly D , Dasmasela H Y , Parenden D , Orisu D , Tarigan R B
Published: January 2020

Batbitim marine conservation area (MCA) of Misool, Raja Ampat has been set as an area that is prohibited for fishing activities since 2005. The only activities allowed in that area are tourism and research activities. The difference in the management status between area inside the Batbitim MCA and outside the MCA might affect ecosystem components such as fish and coral reef in the respective area. The present study aims to investigate the ecological status of target fishes in the two areas. Data were collected by using an underwater visual census at 5 sites, in which at each site 3 transects were placed. Collected data are then used to assess ecological indices for the target fishes. It is found that there were 38 species of target fish belonging to 13 families. The diversity index of Shannon was found to be in the range between 0.99 (inside MCA) to 1.67 (outside MCA) and dominance index ranged between 0.26 (outside MCA) and 0.61(inside MCA). The abundance of individual target fish in each location varies between 960 ind ha−1 (outside MCA) and 9413 ind.ha−1 (inside MCA). Those results indicate that there is a discrepancy between the ecological status of the target fish at locations inside and outside the MCA.
Monitoring Methods on Evaluating the Water-related Green Infrastructure Performance
Authors: Tang Ruoying , Zhang Shuqin , Cheng Ziqing
Published: January 2020

Green Infrastructure (GI) theoretically can provide multiple ecosystem services, but its performance is uncertain and dynamic which will vary under the different environmental conditions, time and others. In different scenarios, it will probably provide optimal ecosystem service while also probably provide extremely less ecosystem service. This paper mainly focuses on exploring how to use implementable but simple monitoring methods to evaluate the performance of water-related green infrastructure, and discussing that the performance monitor is an indispensable part of GI’s design and practice. The process of “design-practice-monitor-feedback-adjustment”, effectively enhances the local GI’s design, construction, maintenance as well as the policy development level, and helps to achieve good ecological, economic and social benefits in the subsequent process.
The razor in the waterfall: using longitudinal data to sharpen the analysis of cascading disaster risk
Authors: Huggins T. J. , Chen K. , Gong W. , Yang L.
Published: January 2020

Cascading disasters progress from a triggering disaster event to a diverse range of consequent disasters. Disasters following the Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011 highlight how these cascades also progress to multiple geographical locations. However, the very low frequency of these events means their analysis has usually excluded base-rate data. This common practice risks overestimating future likelihoods. A simplified approach to base-rates for less catastrophic cascades, following the rule of Occam’s razor, may help develop more accurate predictions of future likelihoods. The current research hypothesized that an intuitively relevant (0.05) probability of cascading flood-related disasters could be derived from a large, generic register of disaster events. A threshold-based analysis of transitions between phases of a hydrologic flood-related cascade was performed using ten years of data from the USA state of Florida. This analysis identified a 0.05 probability of flood-related cascading disasters. The same analytical methods were reliable when applied to subsequent data, from the year 2000. Similar approaches to information extraction and probability analysis can be applied to climatic data collected at more regular intervals. This will improve the usefulness of analytical results, which can then be added to expert analyses of more contemporary events and scenarios.
Molecular Diagnosis of a Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Causing an Outbreak of Pneumonia
Authors: Chu Daniel K W , Pan Yang , Cheng Samuel M S , Hui Kenrie P Y , Krishnan Pavithra , Liu Yingzhi , Ng Daisy Y M , Wan Carrie K C , Yang Peng , Wang Quanyi , Peiris Malik , Poon Leo L M
Published: January 2020

Background

A novel coronavirus of zoonotic origin (2019-nCoV) has recently been identified in patients with acute respiratory disease. This virus is genetically similar to SARS coronavirus and bat SARS-like coronaviruses. The outbreak was initially detected in Wuhan, a major city of China, but has subsequently been detected in other provinces of China. Travel-associated cases have also been reported in a few other countries. Outbreaks in health care workers indicate human-to-human transmission. Molecular tests for rapid detection of this virus are urgently needed for early identification of infected patients.

Methods

We developed two 1-step quantitative real-time reverse-transcription PCR assays to detect two different regions (ORF1b and N) of the viral genome. The primer and probe sets were designed to react with this novel coronavirus and its closely related viruses, such as SARS coronavirus. These assays were evaluated using a panel of positive and negative controls. In addition, respiratory specimens from two 2019-nCoV-infected patients were tested.

Results

Using RNA extracted from cells infected by SARS coronavirus as a positive control, these assays were shown to have a dynamic range of at least seven orders of magnitude (2x10−4-2000 TCID50/reaction). Using DNA plasmids as positive standards, the detection limits of these assays were found to be below 10 copies per reaction. All negative control samples were negative in the assays. Samples from two 2019-nCoV-infected patients were positive in the tests.

Conclusions

The established assays can achieve a rapid detection of 2019n-CoV in human samples, thereby allowing early identification of patients.
Promise of autologous CD34+ stem/progenitor cell therapy for treatment of cardiovascular disease
Authors: Prasad Megha , Corban Michel T , Henry Timothy D , Dietz Allan B , Lerman Lilach O , Lerman Amir
Published: January 2020

CD34+ cells are haematopoietic stem cells used therapeutically in patients undergoing radiation or chemotherapy due to their regenerative potential and ability to restore the haematopoietic system. In animal models, CD34+ cells have been associated with therapeutic angiogenesis in response to ischaemia. Several trials have shown the potential safety and efficacy of CD34+ cell delivery in various cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, Phase III trials have now begun to explore the potential role of CD34+ cells in treatment of both myocardial and peripheral ischaemia. CD34+ cells have been shown to be safe and well-tolerated in the acute myocardial infarction (AMI), heart failure, and angina models. Several studies have suggested potential benefit of CD34+ cell therapy in patients with coronary microvascular disease as well. In this review, we will discuss the therapeutic potential of CD34+ cells, and describe the pertinent trials that have used autologous CD34+ cells in no-options refractory angina, AMI, and heart failure. Lastly, we will review the potential utility of autologous CD34+ cells in coronary endothelial and microvascular dysfunction.
How Does Daddy at Home Affect Marital Stability?
Authors: Olafsson Arna , Steingrimsdottir Herdis
Published: January 2020

We investigate whether paying fathers to stay at home with their newborn child affects marital stability. Our empirical analysis is based on a reform in Iceland that offered one month of parental leave earmarked to fathers with a child born on or after January 2001. This reform created substantial economic incentives for fathers to be more involved in caring for their children during their first months of life, and the take-up rate in the first year was 82.4%. We apply a regression discontinuity framework to assess the effect of this reform on the probability of separation among couples and find that parents who are entitled to paternity leave are less likely to separate. The effect persists throughout the first 15 years after the child is born. Interestingly, paternity leave has the strongest impact among couples where the mother has higher, or equal, educational attainment to that of the father.
I (Don’t) Like You! But Who Cares? Gender Differences in Same-Sex and Mixed-Sex Teams
Authors: Gerhards Leonie , Kosfeld Michael
Published: January 2020

We study the effect of likeability on women’s and men’s team behaviour in a lab experiment. Extending a two-player public goods game and a minimum effort game by an additional pre-play stage that informs team members about their mutual likeability, we find that female teams lower their contribution to the public good in the event of low likeability, while male teams achieve high levels of co-operation irrespective of the level of mutual likeability. In mixed-sex teams, both women’s and men’s contributions depend on mutual likeability. Similar results are found in the minimum effort game. Our results offer a new perspective on gender differences in labour market outcomes: mutual dislikeability impedes team behaviour, except in all-male teams.
Evolutionary consequences of feedbacks between within-host competition and disease control
Authors: Greischar Megan A , Alexander Helen K , Bashey Farrah , Bento Ana I , Bhattacharya Amrita , Bushman Mary , Childs Lauren M , Daversa David R , Day Troy , Faust Christina L , Gallagher Molly E , Gandon Sylvain , Glidden Caroline K , Halliday Fletcher W , Hanley Kathryn A , Kamiya Tsukushi , Read Andrew F , Schwabl Philipp , Sweeny Amy R , Tate Ann T , Thompson Robin N , Wale Nina , Wearing Helen J , Yeh Pamela J , Mideo Nicole
Published: January 2020

Lay Summary: Competition often occurs among diverse parasites within a single host, but control efforts could change its strength. We examined how the interplay between competition and control could shape the evolution of parasite traits like drug resistance and disease severity.
Do you need to pay for quality care? Associations between bribes and out-of-pocket expenditures on quality of care during childbirth in India
Authors: Landrian Amanda , Phillips Beth S , Singhal Shreya , Mishra Shambhavi , Kajal Fnu , Sudhinaraset May
Published: January 2020

While it is mandated that reproductive and child health services be provided for free at public facilities in India, qualitative evidence suggests it is common for facilities to request bribes and other informal payments for medicines, medical tests or equipment. This article examines the prevalence of bribe requests, total out-of-pocket expenditures (OOPEs) and associations between bribe requests and total OOPEs on the experience of quality of care and maternal complications during childbirth. Women who delivered in public facilities in Uttar Pradesh, India were administered a survey on sociodemographic characteristics, bribe requests, total OOPEs, types of health checks received and experience of maternal complications. Data were analysed using descriptive, bivariate and multivariate statistics. Among the 2018 women who completed the survey, 43% were asked to pay a bribe and 73% incurred OOPEs. Bribe requests were associated with lower odds of receiving all health checks upon arrival to the facility (aOR = 0.49; 95% CI: 0.24–0.98) and during labour and delivery (aOR = 0.44; 95% CI: 0.25–0.76), lower odds of receiving most or all health checks after delivery (aOR = 0.44; 95% CI: 0.31–0.62) and higher odds of experiencing maternal complications (aOR = 1.45; 95% CI: 1.13–1.87). Although it is mandated that maternity care be provided for free in public facilities in India, these findings suggest that OOPEs are high, and bribes/tips contribute significantly. Interventions centred on improving person-centred care (particularly guidelines around bribes), health system conditions and women’s expectations of care are needed.
2. The rise of modern international order
Authors: Lawson George
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines the rise of modern international order. It begins with a discussion of international orders before the modern period, focusing on how trade and transport helped to link diverse parts of the world. It then considers debates about the 1648 Peace of Westphalia, along with nineteenth-century developments such as industrialization and imperialism. It also explores the main ideas that underpinned modern international order, the ‘shrinking of the planet’ that arose from the advent of new technologies, the emergence of intergovernmental organizations and international non-governmental organizations, and the advent of a radically unequal international order. The chapter concludes with an analysis of the significance of nineteenth-century developments for twentieth- and twenty-first-century international relations.
6. Liberal internationalism
Authors: Dunne Tim
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines the core assumptions of liberalism regarding world politics. It explores why liberals believe in progress, what explains the ascendancy of liberal ideas in world politics since 1945, and whether liberal solutions to global problems are hard to achieve and difficult to sustain. The chapter also considers central ideas in liberal thinking on international relations, including internationalism, idealism, and institutionalism. It concludes with an assessment of the challenges confronting liberalism. Two case studies are presented: one dealing with imperialism and internationalism in nineteenth-century Britain, and the other with the 1990–1991 Gulf War and its implications for collective security. There is also an Opposing Opinions box that asks whether liberal internationalist governments have a responsibility to protect other people from atrocity crimes.
7. Marxist theories of international relations
Authors: Hobden Stephen , Jones Richard Wyn
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines the contribution of Marxism to the study of international relations. It first considers whether globalization is a new phenomenon or a long-standing feature of capitalist development, and whether ‘crisis’ is an inevitable feature of capitalism, and if so, whether capitalism contains the seeds of its own destruction. The chapter proceeds by discussing a number of core features common to Marxist approaches as well as the internationalization of Karl Marx's ideas by Vladimir Lenin and subsequently by writers in the world-system framework. It also explains how Frankfurt School critical theory, and Antonio Gramsci and his various followers, introduced an analysis of culture into Marxist analysis as well as the more recent ‘return to Marx’. Two case studies are presented, one relating to the Naxalite movement in India and the other focusing on the recent experience of Greece. There is also an Opposing Opinions box that asks whether the global economy is the prime determinant of the character of world politics.
12. Social constructivism
Authors: Barnett Michael
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines constructivist approaches to international relations theory. It explores whether there is a possibility of moral progress in world politics, whether some cultures and countries are more (or less) inherently violent, and whether states are motivated by power or by ideas. The chapter also discusses the rise of constructivism and some key concepts of constructivism, including the agent–structure problem, holism, idealism, individualism, materialism, and rational choice. It concludes with an analysis of constructivist assumptions about global change. Two case studies are presented, one relating to social construction of refugees and the 2015 European migration crisis, and the other to the ‘human rights revolution’ and torture. There is also an Opposing Opinions box that asks whether the laws of war have made war less horrific.
14. War and world politics
Authors: Barkawi Tarak
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines how war fits into the study of international relations and the ways it affects world politics. It begins with an analysis of the work of the leading philosopher of war, Carl von Clausewitz, to highlight the essential nature of war, the main types of war, and the idea of strategy. It then considers some important developments in the history of warfare, both in the West and elsewhere, with particular emphasis on interrelationships between the modern state, armed force, and war in the West and in the global South. Two case studies are presented, one focusing on war and Eurocentrism during the Second World War, and the other on the impact of war on society by looking at France, Vietnam, and the United States. There is also an Opposing Opinions box that asks whether democracy creates peace among states.
18. Race in world politics
Authors: Shilliam Robbie
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines the ways in which race can been understood as a fundamental ordering principle of world politics. It explores how the histories of European imperialism and colonialism are crucial for understanding the global impact of race, and whether contemporary world politics is less racist than it was in the past. It also considers the relationship between race, biology, and culture. The chapter concludes by discussing the historical processes that gave rise to race, some key debates around the conceptualization of race, and how race continues to order world politics. Two case studies are presented: the first is about the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL) and the second is about caste and Dalits in India. There is also an Opposing Opinions box that asks whether racism emerged as a consequence of the slave trade.
21. The United Nations
Authors: Curtis Devon E. A. , Taylor Paul
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines the development of the United Nations and the changes and challenges that it has faced since it was founded in 1945. It opens with three framing questions: Does the UN succeed in reconciling traditions of great power politics and traditions of universalism? Why has the UN become more involved in matters within states and what are the limits to this involvement? What are the UN's biggest successes and challenges in its efforts to prevent and resolve conflict and to promote sustainable development? The chapter proceeds by providing a brief history of the UN and its principal organs. It also considers the UN's role in the maintenance of international peace and security, and how the UN addresses issues relating to economic and social development. Two case studies are presented: the first is about UN peacekeeping in the Congo and the second is about the 2003 intervention in Iraq.
22. NGOs in world politics
Authors: Joachim Jutta
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines the role of transnational non-governmental organizations (TNGOs) in world politics. It considers what distinguishes TNGOs from other actors in international politics, what types of influence NGOs exert in international relations, and whether TNGOs contribute to more democratic policy-making at the international level. The chapter also discusses the growing importance of TNGOs and presents two case studies that illustrate how they contribute to the emergence of new norms through their engagement with international governmental organizations (IGOs), provide assistance to those in need, but also highlight the diversity that exists among the organizations. The first is about the adoption of United Nations Security Council resolution 1325 ‘Women, Peace, and Security’ to which TNGOs contributed in a significant manner, while the second is about the search and rescue missions of migrants which TNGOs undertake in the Mediterranean Sea. There is also an Opposing Opinions box that asks whether TNGOs contribute to more democracy at the international level.
25. Refugees and forced migration
Authors: Estévez Ariadna
Published: January 2020

This chapter is concerned with the international politics of refugees and forced migration. It shows how they are produced and managed in the context of contemporary globalization. Forced migration, the chapter defines, is the compulsory mobility of people due to existing and potential threats, mostly in the Global South and East. The chapter explains that these threats are related to a variety of international issues, and highlights the fact that there is debate concerning the underlying causes, including on-going colonial legacies and existing power relations. In order to discuss forced migration, with an emphasis on the international politics of refugee legislation and law, the chapter locates the subject within the field of international relations (IR). It goes on to provide an overview of the conceptual debate, presenting a critical discussion of new ways of characterizing forced migration, along with their analytical and policy implications. It then considers how policy-makers classify various types of forced migration. Finally, it describes the institutions informing the international regime that governs refugees, their specific definitions of the term, and subsidiary categories.
26. Poverty, hunger, and development
Authors: Evans Tony , Thomas Caroline
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines the contested nature of three important concepts in world politics: poverty, hunger, and development. It explores whether the poor must always be with us, why so many children die of malnutrition, and whether development should be understood as an economic issue. It also considers orthodox and alternative approaches to development as solutions for poverty and hunger. Two case studies are presented: first, Haiti’s rice production crisis; second, multidimensional poverty alleviation in Himachal Pradesh. There is also an Opposing Opinions box that asks whether the neoliberal world order will ultimately deliver on its promise of development and the abolition of poverty and hunger worldwide. One argument in favour of neoliberalism is that it places human freedom at its centre, while one criticism is that declining state social and welfare provision have damaging effects.
27. Global trade and global finance
Authors: Watson Matthew
Published: January 2020

This chapter explores important issues in the conduct of global trade and global finance. It asks why the global economy is so good at allowing some people to own untold riches while many others have too little money to meet basic subsistence needs, and whether the world would be better or worse off without the institutions of global economic governance. After discussing the globalization of trade and finance, the chapter considers the regulation of global trade and global finance. Two case studies are presented, one dealing with the ongoing trade war between the US and China and the other with the effect of tax havens on overseas aid budgets. There is also an Opposing Opinions box that addresses the question of how far the institutions of global economic governance currently go to work specifically to the benefit of developing countries.
29. Proliferation of weapons of mass destruction
Authors: Greitens Sheena Chestnut
Published: January 2020

This chapter focuses on the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD). It examines the patterns that can be observed in the spread and use/non-use of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons since 1945, how nuclear weapons have changed world politics, and whether non-proliferation efforts have been successful. The chapter first provides an overview of WMD technology and its spread before discussing biological and chemical weapons. It then considers theoretical debates about nuclear proliferation and the evolution of non-proliferation efforts. Two case studies are presented, one dealing with the Fukushima nuclear disaster and the other with the nuclear programmes of North Korea and Iran. There is also an Opposing Opinions box that asks whether the use of chemical weapons in 2013 should have been a red line triggering international intervention in Syria.
30. Nationalism, national self-determination, and international relations
Authors: Breuilly John
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines the role of nationalism and national self-determination (NSD) in shaping the major institution of modern international relations: the nation-state. It considers different types of nationalism and how they vary from one another, whether the commonly accepted sequence of nation > nationalism > nation-state is actually the reverse of the normal historical sequence, and whether the principle of NSD is compatible with that of state sovereignty. The chapter also explores the contribution of nationalism to the globalization of world politics and the changing meanings of NSD since 1918. Four case studies of nationalism are presented: Kurdistan, Germany, India, and Yugoslavia. There is also an Opposing Opinions box that asks whether the principle of NSD threatens stable international relations.
Clandestine Lutheranism in the eighteenth-century Dutch Cape Colony*
Authors: Witmer Olga
Published: January 2020

This article examines the survival strategies of Lutheran dissenters in the eighteenth-century Dutch Cape Colony. The Cape Colony was officially a Reformed settlement during the rule of the Dutch East India Company (V.O.C.) but also had a significant Lutheran community. Until the Lutherans received recognition in 1780, part of the community chose to uphold their faith in secret. The survival of Lutheranism in the Cape Colony was due to the efforts of a group of Cape Lutheran activists and the support network they established with ministers of the Danish-Halle Mission, the Francke Foundations, the Moravian Church and the Lutheran Church in Amsterdam.