bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Proteomic analysis of rice (Oryza sativa) seeds during germination
Authors: Yang Pingfang , Li Xiaojuan , Wang Xiaoqin , Chen Hui , Chen Fan , Shen Shihua
Published: September 2007

Although seed germination is a major subject in plant physiological research, there is still a long way to go to elucidate the mechanism of seed germination. Recently, functional genomic strategies have been applied to study the germination of plant seeds. Here, we conducted a proteomic analysis of seed germination in rice (Oryza sativa indica cv. 9311) – a model monocot. Comparison of 2‐DE maps showed that there were 148 proteins displayed differently in the germination process of rice seeds. Among the changed proteins, 63 were down‐regulated, 69 were up‐regulated (including 20 induced proteins). The down‐regulated proteins were mainly storage proteins, such as globulin and glutelin, and proteins associated with seed maturation, such as “early embryogenesis protein” and “late embryogenesis abundant protein”, and proteins related to desiccation, such as “abscisic acid‐induced protein” and “cold‐regulated protein”. The degradation of storage proteins mainly happened at the late stage of germination phase II (48 h imbibition), while that of seed maturation and desiccation associated proteins occurred at the early stage of phase II (24 h imbibition). In addition to α‐amylase, the up‐regulated proteins were mainly those involved in glycolysis such as UDP‐glucose dehydrogenase, fructokinase, phosphoglucomutase, and pyruvate decarboxylase. The results reflected the possible biochemical and physiological processes of germination of rice seeds.
Novel identification of expressed genes and functional classification of hypothetical proteins from Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A
Authors: Bernardini Giulia , Arena Simona , Braconi Daniela , Scaloni Andrea , Santucci Annalisa
Published: September 2007

To implement the 2‐DE database of serogroup A Neisseria meningitidis (MenA) and improve its potential of investigation in bacterial biology, cell extracts were separated by tricine‐SDS‐PAGE and 131 novel proteins were identified by μLC‐ESI‐IT‐MS/MS. These identifications extended to 404, the number of MenA gene expression products characterized at the proteome level, approximately covering 20% of the total ORFs predicted from genome sequence. This technical approach was particularly useful in ascertaining expression of ribosomal as well as hypothetical proteins. Particular attention was paid to functional characterization of hypothetical proteins by means of software analyses and database searches.
Radical copolymerization of alkyl 2‐norbornene‐2‐carboxylate with alkyl acrylates: Facile incorporation of norbornane framework into poly(alkyl acrylate)s
Authors: Ihara Eiji , Honjyo Shingo , Itoh Tomomichi , Inoue Kenzo , Nodono Mitsufumi
Published: September 2007

Radical copolymerization of alkyl 2‐norbornene‐2‐carboxylates (alkyl = Me 1a, nBu 1b) with alkyl acrylates (alkyl = ethyl, methyl, and n‐butyl) was investigated. Copolymerization of 1a,b with the alkyl acrylates initiated by 1,1′‐azobis (cyclohexane‐1‐carbonitrile) at 85 °C proceeded to give random copolymers, although the homopolymerization of 1a,b did not proceed efficiently under the same conditions. Typically, bulk copolymerization of 1a with ethyl acrylate in a feed ratio of 1:3 ([1a]:[EA]) afforded a copolymer with Mn = 33,300 containing 19.4 mol % of 1a unit in the composition. An increase of Tg derived from the incorporation of the rigid norbornane framework was observed, although the extent of the temperature rise was rather moderate. The ternary radical copolymerization of 1a,b/alkyl acrylate/N‐phenylmaleimide proceeded to give copolymers with the three repeating units in the main chain. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4597–4605, 2007
Condensation routes to polyaniline and its analogs
Authors: Hall, H. K. , Padias Anne B. , Boone Harold W.
Published: September 2007

To obtain polyanilines which are more structurally perfect than those obtainable by the oxidation of anilines, polycondensation procedures were investigated. Model reactions gave extensive information about yields and about the physical properties of the putative structural polymer units. Condensation of anthraquinones with aromatic diamines using titanium tetrachloride and the unique base, 1,4‐diazabicyclo‐[2.2.2]‐octane Dabco, gave high molecular weight orange polyquinonimines. Alkoxy groups on the anthraquinone ring aided solubility and molecular weight, and appropriately positioned alkoxy groups afforded stereoregular polymers. A bisthiophene benzoquinone also polymerized successfully. Application of the same procedure to 2,5‐dimethyl‐p‐benzoquinone gave stereoregular poly(arylene benzoquinonimines), close analogs of pernigrani line. The factors causing problems in achieving high yields and high molecular weight were identified. Recent synthetic developments in this field are discussed. Reduction of the obtained polyquinonimines proceeded smoothly to the leucoemeraldine analogs. Unlike the results from pernigraniline obtained by oxidative polymerization, no evidence for the formation of the electrically conductive emeraldine form was obtained. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4751–4763, 2007
Posttraumatic stress disorder among parents of children on cancer treatment: a longitudinal study
Authors: Pöder Ulrika , Ljungman Gustaf , von Essen Louise
Published: September 2007

The main aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of cancer‐related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among parents of children on cancer treatment. A longitudinal design with assessments at one week (T1), two (T2), and four (T3) months after the child's diagnosis was used. Two hundred and fourteen parents (107 mothers, 107 fathers) participated at T1–T3. The PTSD Checklist Civilian (PCL‐C), a self‐report screening instrument for PTSD, was answered by parents over the telephone. According to the PCL‐C symptom criteria method 33%, more mothers than fathers, score as potential cases of acute stress disorder (ASD) at T1, whereas 28% as potential cases of PTSD at T2 and 22% at T3. The levels of acute‐ and posttraumatic stress symptoms show a linear, descending pattern, and mothers report higher levels than fathers. Half of the parents who score as potential cases of ASD a week after the child's diagnosis score as potential cases of PTSD four months later. The findings illustrate that a group of parents of children with cancer experience serious psychological distress related to their child's disease. A traumatic stress perspective on childhood cancer should be applied to paediatric oncology care and appropriate psychosocial interventions should be offered to parents when needed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A pilot study on disseminating physical activity promotion among cancer survivors: a brief report
Authors: Pinto Bernardine M. , Rabin Carolyn , Abdow Susan , Papandonatos George D.
Published: September 2007

There is growing evidence that physical activity (PA) can improve quality of life (QOL) and reduce fatigue in cancer survivors. Research staff or healthcare providers have delivered PA interventions to cancer populations. As a first step to dissemination of a previously tested PA intervention, seven American Cancer Society Reach to Recovery volunteers (mean age = 57.4 years) were trained to deliver the telephone‐based intervention to 25 breast cancer survivors (mean age = 52.9 years, 56% Stage 2 cancer, mean of 3.3 years since diagnosis). A single group design was used. The theory‐based intervention consisted of 12 weekly calls to encourage participants to adopt moderate‐intensity PA. Participants' PA, QOL, mood, and fatigue were assessed at baseline, 12, and 24 weeks. Data on intervention feasibility and preliminary effects were collected. The intervention was feasible (mean of 10.7 out of 12 calls were delivered) and acceptable to the volunteers. At 12 weeks, there were significant increases in participants' PA and improvements in fatigue, QOL, and vigor. Effects were maintained at 24 weeks. This pilot study demonstrated that it was feasible for trained volunteers to deliver a telephone‐based PA intervention to breast cancer survivors, and there were positive effects on survivors' PA behavior and psychological outcomes. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plasmabromination – the Selective Way to Monotype Functionalized Polymer Surfaces
Authors: Wettmarshausen Sascha , Kühn Gerhard , Hidde Gundula , Mittmann Hans‐Ulrich , Friedrich Jörg F.
Published: September 2007

In contrast to other plasma modification processes of polymer surfaces, the bromination is very selective and shows a high yield in CBr groups. The most convenient bromination process was found using bromoform, which was thus preferred to elemental bromine, allyl bromide, vinyl bromide or tert‐butylbromide. The bromoform process give yields in CBr up to 40 CBr or more, with only 2–3% co‐introduction of O‐functionalities whereas allyl bromide results in yields of about 20 CBr and more, but in more than 10% oxygen‐containing by‐products. CBr groups serve as anchoring points for grafting of molecules, oligomers and pre‐polymers of diole or diamine character.
Application of ground‐penetrating radar imagery for three‐dimensional visualisation of near‐surface structures in ice‐rich permafrost, Barrow, Alaska
Authors: Munroe Jeffrey S. , Doolittle Jim A. , Kanevskiy Mikhail Z. , Hinkel Kenneth M. , Nelson Frederick E. , Jones Benjamin M. , Shur Yuri , Kimble John M.
Published: September 2007

Three‐dimensional ground‐penetrating radar (3D GPR) was used to investigate the subsurface structure of ice‐wedge polygons and other features of the frozen active layer and near‐surface permafrost near Barrow, Alaska. Surveys were conducted at three sites located on landscapes of different geomorphic age. At each site, sediment cores were collected and characterised to aid interpretation of GPR data. At two sites, 3D GPR was able to delineate subsurface ice‐wedge networks with high fidelity. Three‐dimensional GPR data also revealed a fundamental difference in ice‐wedge morphology between these two sites that is consistent with differences in landscape age. At a third site, the combination of two‐dimensional and 3D GPR revealed the location of an active frost boil with ataxitic cryostructure. When supplemented by analysis of soil cores, 3D GPR offers considerable potential for imaging, interpreting and 3D mapping of near‐surface soil and ice structures in permafrost environments. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative analysis of myofilament protein phosphorylation in small cardiac biopsies
Authors: Zaremba Ruud , Merkus Daphne , Hamdani Nazha , Lamers Jos M. J. , Paulus Walter J. , dos Remedios Cris , Duncker Dirk J. , Stienen Ger J. M. , van der Velden Jolanda
Published: September 2007

Phosphorylation of cardiac myofilament proteins represents one of the main post‐translational mechanisms that regulate cardiac pump function. Human studies are often limited by the amount of available tissue as biopsies taken during cardiac catheterization weigh only 1 mg (dry weight). Similarly, investigation of time‐ (or dose‐) dependent changes in protein phosphorylation in animal studies is often hampered by tissue availability. The present study describes quantitative analysis of phosphorylation status of multiple myofilament proteins by 2‐DE and Pro‐Q® Diamond stained gradient gels using minor amounts (˜0.5 mg dry weight) of human and pig cardiac tissue.
Differentially expressed nuclear proteins in human CCRF‐CEM, HL‐60, MEC‐1 and Raji cells correlate with cellular properties
Authors: Henrich Silke , Crossett Ben , Christopherson Richard I.
Published: September 2007

The human cell lines CCRF‐CEM (T‐cell acute lymphocytic leukemia), HL‐60 (acute myeloid leukemia), MEC‐1 (B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia) and Raji (Burkitt's B‐cell lymphoma) have been analysed for differences in their nuclear proteomes. Using 2‐D DIGE, 55 nuclear proteins have been identified that are differentially expressed (p<0.025) between the four cell lines, including proteins associated with transcription, proliferation, DNA repair and apoptosis. Of these 55 proteins, 22 were over‐expressed in just one cell line, and four were down‐regulated in one cell line. Proteins uniquely over‐expressed between myeloid and lymphoid cell lines include those that may have use as markers for diagnosis, disease progression and B‐cell maturation and differentiation. Expression of various proliferation‐associated nuclear proteins correlated with relative growth rates of the cell lines, giving these proteins potential diagnostic applications for distinction of chronic versus acute subtypes of haematological malignancies. Identification of these differentially expressed nuclear proteins should facilitate elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying leukocyte differentiation and transformation to leukemias and lymphomas. The nuclear expression profiles should enable classification of subtypes of leukemia, and identify potential nuclear protein targets for development of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
Proteomic analysis of the response of the human neutrophil‐like cell line NB‐4 after exposure to anthrax lethal toxin
Authors: Wheeler Jun X. , Whiting Gail , Rijpkema Sjoerd
Published: September 2007

We used 2‐D DIGE to analyze the early response of NB‐4 cells, a human promyelotic leukemia cell line, exposed to lethal toxin from Bacillus anthracis at the proteome level. After a 2 h exposure, cells were still viable and 43% of spots (n = 1042) showed a significant change in protein level. We identified 59 spots whose expression had changed significantly, and these reflected cytoskeleton damage, mitochondrial lysis and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Actin filament assembly was disrupted as evidenced by an increase in both actin subunits and phosphorylated cofilin, whilst levels of tropomyosin, tropomodulin and actin related protein 2/3 complex subunit decreased. Lower levels of ATP synthase subunits and mitochondrial inner membrane protein were identified as markers of mitochondrial lysis. Levels of various stress response proteins rose and, uniquely, levels of Ca2+ binding proteins such as translationally controlled tumor protein rose and hippocalcin‐like protein 1 decreased. This response may have mitigated effects brought about by mitochondrial lysis and endoplasmic reticulum stress, and delayed or prevented apoptosis in NB‐4 cells. These results resemble findings of similar proteomics studies in murine macrophages, although quantitative differences were observed.
Abnormal pathways in the genu of the corpus callosum in schizophrenia pathogenesis: a proteome study
Authors: Sivagnanasundaram Sinthuja , Crossett Ben , Dedova Irina , Cordwell Stuart , Matsumoto Izuru
Published: September 2007

Abnormalities within the corpus callosum (CC) have been identified in schizophrenia brains and are thought to affect inter‐hemispheric communication, which in‐turn is postulated to underlie some schizophrenia symptoms. Furthermore, hemisphere asymmetry of fractional anisotropy, detected by diffusion tensor imaging, left‐higher‐than‐right‐ has been observed in normal individuals in the CC genu. This asymmetry is significantly reduced in the left CC genu of first‐episode and chronic schizophrenia subjects. We examined the protein expression profile of the CC genu, including the profiles from the left and right hemisphere, in schizophrenia brains compared to controls using two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry techniques. Proteins involved in cytoskeletal structure and function, neuroprotective function and energy metabolism were identified as differentially expressed, suggesting these proteins may underlie abnormal CC genu structure and function. Proteins in these functional categories also displayed different expression levels in the left CC genu compared to the right in both control and schizophrenia brains and therefore may be involved in normal CC asymmetry and reduced asymmetry in schizophrenia individuals. This initial pool of protein candidates and abnormal functional pathways opens up avenues for further investigation of molecular mechanisms involving the CC in schizophrenia pathogenesis and symptoms.
Effectiveness of a home exercise programme in low back pain: a randomized five‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Kuukkanen Tiina , Mälkiä Esko , Kautiainen Hannu , Pohjolainen Timo
Published: September 2007

Background and Purpose. Therapeutic exercise has been shown to be beneficial in decreasing pain and in increasing functioning in patients with chronic low back pain. However, longitudinal follow‐up studies are small in number, and often limited in the numbers of subjects due to drop‐outs. In addition there is a shortage of real control groups in most cases. The purpose of the present study was to describe long‐term changes in intensity of low back pain and in functioning for two study groups five years after undertaking a home exercise programme.Method. This was a randomized follow‐up study over five years. Fifty‐seven subjects were reassessed with questionnaires five years after their initial recruitment for an intervention study. A home exercise group (n= 29), with training once a day, and a control group (n= 28), without exercise, were included in the present study protocol. The primary outcome measurements included a questionnaire on the intensity of low back pain (Borg CR‐10 scale) and on functioning (Oswestry Disability Index; ODI). The confounding physical activity was controlled with metabolic unit (MET) values.Results. The CR‐10 and ODI scores decreased during the first three months in both study groups. During the follow‐ups, the corresponding indicators of the home exercise group remained below baseline values. The CR‐10 score was significantly lower in the home exercise group (p= 0.01) during the last five‐year follow‐up session compared with the control group. Overall physical activity decreased slightly during the five‐year follow‐up, but there were no differences between the two study groups.Conclusions. The present randomized study indicates that supervised, controlled home exercises lead to reduced low back pain, and that positive effects were preserved over five years. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low temperature dependence of elastic moduli and internal friction for the glassy alloy Zr55Cu30Al10Ni5
Authors: Fukuhara Mikio , Wang Xinmin , Inoue Akihisa , Yin Fuxing
Published: September 2007

Longitudinal and transverse wave velocities, eight kinds of elastic parameters, and dilational and shear internal frictions of Zr55Cu30Al10Ni5 glassy alloy were simultaneously measured as a function of temperature in the range from 77 to 373 K, using an ultrasonic pulse method. The inflections at around 150 K for wave velocities, anisotropy factor and Poisson's ratio, and the 150 K peak of shear friction seem to correspond to one topological change (pseudo‐transition) associated with an interatomic readjustment or vacancy rearrangements. The behaviors from 77 to 125 K and 125 to 373 K are due to thermal relaxation of squeezed free volumes and entropy elasticity associated with vibrational motions of clusters, respectively, accompanied by an increase in atomic distance. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Formation of mismatched layers in pentagonal nanorods
Authors: Kolesnikova A. L. , Romanov A. E.
Published: September 2007

A new mechanism is presented to model the relaxation phenomena in pentagonal nanorods (PNRs) – elongated multiple twinned crystals. It is demonstrated that a shell possessing crystal mismatch with respect to the PNR core region will reduce the internal energy of the PNR associated with wedge disclinations of strength 7°20′ lying along the PNR axis. We predict the existence of an optimal magnitude for core/shell crystal lattice mismatch and an optimal shell thickness providing maximum energy release for this mechanism of mechanical stress relaxation. The considered relaxation mechanism can be realized by the diffusion of impurities in the shell region without change of the PNR radius or by growth of a thin mismatched shell layer with the corresponding thickening of PNR. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Simple permutations mix even better
Authors: Brodsky Alex , Hoory Shlomo
Published: September 2007

We study the composition of random permutations drawn from a small family of O(n3) simple permutations on {0,1}n. Specifically, we ask how many randomly selected simple permutations need be composed to yield a permutation that is close to k‐wise independent. We improve on the results of Gowers (Combin Probab Comput 5 (1996) 119–130) and Hoory et al. (Presented at 31st ICALP 2004) and show that it suffices to compose min(O(n3k2),Õ(n2k2)) random permutations from this family for any n ≥ 3 and k ≤ 2n − 2. The Õ notation suppresses a polylogarithmic factor in k and n. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2008
Static TOF‐SIMS. A VAMAS interlaboratory study. Part II — accuracy of the mass scale and G‐SIMS compatibility
Authors: Gilmore I. S. , Green F. M. , Seah M. P.
Published: September 2007

An interlaboratory study involving 32 time‐of‐flight static SIMS instruments from 13 countries has been conducted. In Part I of the analysis of data, we showed that 84% of instruments have excellent repeatabilities of better than 1.9% and that a relative instrument spectral response (RISR) can be used to evaluate variations between different generic types of instrument. Use of the RISR improves comparability between instruments by a factor of 33. Here, in Part II, we study the accuracy of the mass scale calibration in TOF‐SIMS and evaluate instrument compatibility with G‐SIMS. We show that the accuracy of calibration of the mass scale is much poorer than generally expected (−60 ppm for peaks <200 u and −150 ppm for a large molecular peak at 647 u). This is a major issue for analysts. Elsewhere, we have developed a detailed study of the factors affecting the mass calibration and have developed a generic protocol that improves accuracy by a factor of 5. Here, this framework of understanding is used to interpret the results presented. Furthermore, we show that eight out of the ten participants submitting data for G‐SIMS could use operating conditions that generated G‐SIMS spectra of the PC reference material. This demonstrates that G‐SIMS may be conducted with a wide variety of instrument designs. © Crown Copyright 2007. Reproduced by permission of the Controller of HMSO. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Symmetry Partition Sort
Authors: Chen Jing‐Chao
Published: September 2007

In this paper, we propose a useful replacement for quicksort‐style utility functions. The replacement is called Symmetry Partition Sort, the principle of which is similar to that of Proportion Extend Sort. The main characteristic of the new algorithm is that it always places partially sorted inputs (used as a basis for proportional extensions) at each end of an array when entering the partitioning routine. This is advantageous in speeding up the processing for partitioning. The library function we developed based on the new algorithm is more attractive than the Psort library function introduced in 2004 because of its simple implementation mechanism, clearer source code, and faster operation with a performance guarantee of O(n log n). Increased robustness and adaptivity also make it highly competitive as a library function. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding the science experiences of successful women of color: Science identity as an analytic lens
Authors: Carlone Heidi B. , Johnson Angela
Published: September 2007

In this study, we develop a model of science identity to make sense of the science experiences of 15 successful women of color over the course of their undergraduate and graduate studies in science and into science‐related careers. In our view, science identity accounts both for how women make meaning of science experiences and how society structures possible meanings. Primary data included ethnographic interviews during students' undergraduate careers, follow‐up interviews 6 years later, and ongoing member‐checking. Our results highlight the importance of recognition by others for women in the three science identity trajectories: research scientist; altruistic scientist; and disrupted scientist. The women with research scientist identities were passionate about science and recognized themselves and were recognized by science faculty as science people. The women with altruistic scientist identities regarded science as a vehicle for altruism and created innovative meanings of “science,” “recognition by others,” and “woman of color in science.” The women with disrupted scientist identities sought, but did not often receive, recognition by meaningful scientific others. Although they were ultimately successful, their trajectories were more difficult because, in part, their bids for recognition were disrupted by the interaction with gendered, ethnic, and racial factors. This study clarifies theoretical conceptions of science identity, promotes a rethinking of recruitment and retention efforts, and illuminates various ways women of color experience, make meaning of, and negotiate the culture of science. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 44: 1187–1218, 2007
Splenic Trauma in Scotland: Demographics and Outcomes
Authors: Brady Richard R. W. , Bandari Mark , Kerssens Jan J. , Paterson‐Brown Simon , Parks Rowan W.
Published: September 2007

Background

Splenic trauma is a common organ injury following blunt abdominal trauma. In order to establish the contemporary epidemiology of blunt splenic trauma in Scotland and to detect risk factors associated with patient outcomes, analysis of a multi‐center database of trauma patients was performed.

Methods

The study used data from a prospectively collated multicenter trauma database containing the details of 52,215 trauma patients admitted to participating Scottish hospitals over an 11‐year period.

Results

672 (1.3%) patients (530 males, 142 females) with splenic trauma were identified; of them, 579 (86.2%) had blunt trauma and 93 (13.8%) had penetrating trauma. The mean age of patients with blunt splenic trauma was 35.7 years (33.8 years for males, 42.0 years for females). Increasing age and female sex was significantly associated with mortality. The most common mechanism for injury was road traffic accidents (71%). In the series, 93.8% of patients had concomitant injuries including head injuries (46.5%), thoracic injuries (37.7%) and liver injuries (30%). A total of 299 (51.6%) patients proceeded to laparotomy, and 256 (44.2%) patients required ICU support. The overall mortality was 33.5%, and the median Injury Severity Score was 48 in patients who died, compared to 22 in those who survived. Increased mortality was associated with concomitant aortic, cardiac, or abdominal injuries. A number of independent risk factors were associated with increased risk of mortality, including concomitant injuries, increased age, and increased Injury Severity Score.

Conclusions

The incidence of splenic trauma is low, but it accounts for significant mortality. Outcome in the present study was worse in those with advanced age and associated injuries.
Proposal for the prevention of osteoporosis in paediatric patients with classical galactosaemia
Authors: Panis B. , van Kroonenburgh M. J. P. G. , Rubio‐Gozalbo M. E.
Published: September 2007

Decreased bone mass in early childhood is an increasingly recognized problem in classical galactosaemia as in many other chronic diseases. Peak bone mass is reached in late adolescence; thus, increasing peak bone mass in childhood can prevent osteoporosis. Regular bone mass measurements and preventive treatment should begin in childhood. In the absence of evidence‐based guidelines for identification and treatment of decreased bone mass in children, we provide a proposal based on our experience and the available literature. Dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) should be used for bone mass assessment. Because cooperation is required, measurements can usually be performed from the age of 4 years. Interpretation of bone mass measurements is crucial for the diagnosis of osteopenia or osteoporosis. In children and adolescents, total body bone mineral content (BMC) as well as lean tissue mass (LTM) should be measured. Comparison of BMC corrected for LTM of the patient with the BMC corrected for LTM of healthy controls allows correction for the confounding effect of bone size. DXA should be repeated every two years in case of normal BMC, as this is the time window in which abnormalities become measurable. If BMC is between 0 and −ISD, lifestyle factors such as physical activity, intake of calcium and vitamins K and D and oestrogen supplementation (in girls) should be optimized. If BMC is below −ISD, we advise to start with supplementation of calcium, vitamin K1 and vitamin D3. DXA should be repeated yearly in case of BMC below 0 SD in order to identify deteriorations and improvements early.
Failure to detect Fabry patients in a cohort of prematurely atherosclerotic males
Authors: Vedder A. C. , Gerdes V. E. A. , Poorthuis B. J. H. M. , Helmond M. , Trip M. D. , Aerts J. M. F. G. , Hollak C. E. M.
Published: September 2007

Fabry disease, or α‐galactosidase A (α‐Gal A) deficiency, is a lysosomal storage disorder in which accumulation of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) is thought to be responsible for the development of renal, cardiac and cerebral complications. The availability of enzyme replacement therapy has led to an increased awareness and the screening of patients suffering from complications that may be associated with Fabry disease. An association between α‐Gal A deficiency and atherosclerosis has been suggested, although there is controversy. We therefore studied the prevalence of Fabry disease in a Dutch cohort of prematurely atherosclerotic males. Measurement of α‐Gal A activity was performed in plasma of 440 Dutch male patients with premature atherosclerosis. Patients were included if they were under the age of 50 years and had proven coronary and/or peripheral artery disease. Analysis revealed a mean α‐Gal A activity of 7.75 ±3.48 nmol/h per ml (range 0.55–34.36). In 425 patients (96.5%) α‐Gal A activity was within the reference range (3.2–14.3 nmol/h per ml, based on historical controls); 13 patients (3%) had values above and 2 patients (0.5%) below the reference range. Additional analysis of α‐Gal A activity in leukocytes and fresh plasma in these two patients revealed normal values (53 and 47 nmol/h per mg (reference range: 32–40 nmol/h per mg) and 31.1 and 14.2 nmol/h per ml, respectively). Thus Fabry disease was not detected, leading to an overall prevalence of 0% (95CI 0–0.68). In conclusion, screening for Fabry disease in prematurely atherosclerotic patients seems not to be very useful, although a slightly increased prevalence is not excluded.
Surface Morphology Evolution of GaAs by Low Energy Ion Sputtering
Authors: Wang Y , Yoon SF , Ngo CY , Ahn J
Published: September 2007

Low energy Ar+ion sputtering, typically below 1,200 eV, of GaAs at normal beam incident angle is investigated. Surface morphology development with respect to varying energy is analyzed and discussed. Dot-like patterns in the nanometer scale are obtained above 600 eV. As the energy approaches upper eV range regular dots have evolved. The energy dependent dot evolution is evaluated based on solutions of the isotropic Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation. The results are in agreement with the theoretical model which describes a power law dependency of the characteristic wavelength on ion energy in the ion-induced diffusion regime.
Attenuated adrenergic responses to exercise in women with fibromyalgia – A controlled study
Authors: Giske Liv , Vøllestad Nina Køpke , Mengshoel Anne Marit , Jensen Jørgen , Knardahl Stein , Røe Cecilie
Published: September 2007

The pathogenesis of widespread pain and fibromyalgia (FM) is unknown. Altered responses from the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis, sympathetic nervous system and muscular system have been suggested as being of importance. The present study was undertaken to determine: (i) whether the sympathoadrenal response to repetitive isometric contractions until exhaustion is altered in patients with FM, and (ii) whether sympathoadrenal responses are associated with muscle fatigue and pain during exercise.

Nineteen women with FM, and 19 healthy women matched for age, smoking and self‐reported physical activity, participated. Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), repetitive isometric contractions (6s contraction and 4s resting phases) were performed with both quadriceps muscles at 30% of MVC until exhaustion. Muscle activity was recorded from the quadriceps muscles by surface electromyography (EMG). Plasma adrenalin (Adr), noradrenalin (NAdr) and cortisol were measured and perceived exertion and pain reported during exercise.

Attenuated Adr responses (p<0.001) with normal plasma NAdr and cortisol (p>0.19) responses were found during exercise in the FM group compared with the control group. Significantly higher EMG amplitude (%EMGmax) during the contraction phases (p=0.001) was found in the FM than in the control group. Perceived exertion and pain responses to exercise were higher in the FM group than in the controls (p<0.001), without relationship to the sympathoadrenal responses.

In conclusion; the exercise was perceived as being more painful and strenuous in the FM group. Muscle performance was altered with increased muscle activity during the exercise. Women with FM showed an attenuated Adr response to repetitive isometric exercise.
Glial responses to neonatal hypoxic–ischemic injury in the rat cerebral cortex
Authors: Sizonenko Stéphane V. , Camm Emily J. , Dayer Alexandre , Kiss Jozsef Z.
Published: September 2007

Neurogenesis is nearly completed after birth, whereas gliogenic activities remain intense during the postnatal period in the developing rat cortex. These include involution of radial glia, proliferation of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes and myelin formation. Little is known about the effects of hypoxic–ischemic (HI) injury on these critical postnatal processes. Here we explored the glial reactions to mild HI injury of the neonatal rat cerebral cortex at P3. We show that the HI lesion results in disruption of the normal radial glia architecture, which was paralleled by an increase in GFAP immunopositive reactive astrocytes. The morphology of these latter cells and the fact that they were immunolabelled for both nestin and GFAP suggest an accelerated transformation of radial glia into astrocytes. In addition, BrdU/GFAP immunostaining revealed a significant increase of double‐labelled cells indicating an acute proliferation of astrocytes after HI. This enhanced proliferative activity of astrocytes persisted for several weeks. We found an elevated number and increased mitotic activity of both NG2‐positive oligodendrocyte progenitors and RIP‐positive oligodendrocytes after injury. These findings imply that glial responses are central to cortical tissue remodelling following neonatal ischemia and represent a potential target for therapeutic approaches.
Rapid NMDA receptor phosphorylation and oxidative stress precede striatal neurodegeneration after hypoxic ischemia in newborn piglets and are attenuated with hypothermia
Authors: Mueller‐Burke Dawn , Koehler Raymond C. , Martin Lee J.
Published: September 2007

The basal ganglia of newborns are extremely vulnerable to hypoxic ischemia (HI). Striatal neurons undergo prominent necrosis after HI. The mechanisms for this degeneration are not well understood. Postasphyxic hypothermia ameliorates the striatal necrosis, but the mechanisms of hypothermia‐induced neuroprotection are not known. We used a newborn piglet model of hypoxic‐asphyxic cardiac arrest to test the hypotheses that N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor activation and free radical damage coexist, prior to neurodegeneration, early after resuscitation, and that these changes are attenuated with hypothermia. Piglets were subjected to 30 min of hypoxia followed by 7 min of airway occlusion, causing asphyxic cardiac arrest, and then were resuscitated and survived normothermically for 5 min, 3 h, or 6 h, or hypothermically for 3 h. By 6 h of normothermic recovery, 50% of neurons in putamen showed ischemic cytopathology. Striatal tissue was fractionated into membrane or soluble proteins and was assayed by immunoblotting for carbonyl modification, phosphorylation of the N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor subunit NR1, and neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Significant accumulation of soluble protein carbonyls was present at 3 h (196% of control) and 6 h (142% of control). Phosphorylation of serine‐897 of NR1 was increased significantly at 5 min (161% of control) and 3 h (226% of control) after HI. Phosphorylation of serine‐890 of NR1 was also increased after HI. Membrane‐associated neuronal nitric oxide synthase was increased by 35% at 5 min. Hypothermia attenuated the oxidative damage and the NR1 phosphorylation in striatum. We conclude that neuronal death signaling in newborn striatum after HI is engaged rapidly through N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor activation, neuronal nitric oxide synthase recruitment, and oxidative stress. Postasphyxic, mild whole body hypothermia provides neuroprotection by suppressing N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor phosphorylation and protein oxidation.
The observatory, the land-based ship and the crusades: earth sciences in European context, 1830–50
Authors: LOCHER FABIEN
Published: September 2007

The 1830s and 1840s witnessed a European movement to accumulate data about the terrestrial environment, enterprises including the German and British geomagnetic crusades. This movement was not limited to geomagnetic studies but notably included an important meteorological component. By focusing on observation practices in sedentary and expeditionary contexts, this paper shows how the developing fields of geomagnetism and meteorology were then intimately interlinked. It analyses the circulation and cross-connections of the practices and discourses shared by these two research fields. Departing from a Humboldtian historiography, the paper especially stresses the role of Adolphe Quetelet, director of the Brussels Observatory, whose importance in the development of the earth sciences has until now been largely neglected. It reassesses the involvement of the French scientific community in the British and German geomagnetic crusades, moving beyond the well-known account of Arago's opposition to these undertakings. It is hoped thereby to contribute to a better historical understanding of the renewal of the earth sciences in the second quarter of the nineteenth century.
The spinosaurid dinosaurBaryonyx(Saurischia, Theropoda) in the Early Cretaceous of Portugal
Authors: BUFFETAUT ERIC
Published: September 2007

Jaw fragments bearing teeth from the Barremian of Boca do Chapim (Lisboa e Setubal Province, Portugal), originally considered as crocodilian and identified asSuchosaurus girardiby Sauvage, are redescribed and referred to the spinosaurid dinosaurBaryonyx, on the basis of comparison withBaryonyx walkeri, from the Barremian of England. This extends the geographical distribution of this unusual theropod genus to Portugal.

Baryonyxappears to have been a frequent component of Early Cretaceous dinosaur assemblages in the Iberian region, which may have formed a biogeographical ‘stepping-stone’ for baryonychine dispersal between Europe and Africa.
Experimental infection and adaptation ofRodentolepis nanato the Mongolian jirdMeriones unguiculatus
Authors: Vianna Gustavo José Caldas , de Melo Alan Lane
Published: September 2007

A mouse-derived strain ofRodentolepis( = Hymenolepis)nanawas transferred to the Mongolian jirdMeriones unguiculatus. It was found thatM. unguiculatushas low susceptibility toR. nanamouse isolates. Likewise, adaptation of the parasite to jird hosts, in the absence of dexamethasone treatment, was not demonstrable, at least during ten-passage trials. Nevertheless, the parasite was able to establish, grow and develop to gravid adults inM. unguiculatustreated daily with dexamethasone. Prepatent periods in dexamethasone-treated jirds in ten-passage series ranged from 10 to 17 days post-infection (DPI), the average being 12 days, and the patent periods lasted from 18 to 30 DPI, with an average of 25 days. The population pattern of faecal egg output in immunosuppressed jirds suggests that under a daily dexamethasone treatment protocol, the parasite is able to maintain egg production as long as treatment is sustained.
Helminth infections in faecal samples of wolvesCanis lupusL. from the western Beskidy Mountains in southern Poland
Authors: Popiołek Marcin , Szczęsna Justyna , Nowak Sabina , Mysłajek Robert W.
Published: September 2007

Eighty-nine samples of grey wolf (Canis lupusL.) faeces were collected between 2002 and 2004 from two areas in the western Beskidy Mts (south Poland). Helminth eggs were observed in 56.2% of faeces examined. These included:Alaria alata(2.2%), taeniid eggs (11.2%),Toxocara canis(5.6%),Toxascaris leonina(1.1%),Eucoleus aerophilus(14.6%),Ancylostoma caninum(12.3%),Uncinaria stenocephala(37%) and unidentified roundworm eggs of the family Strongyloididae (1.1%).Eucoleus aerophilusis recorded for the first time from Poland. The results are compared with the helminth fauna of other wolf populations in Europe.
‘La cantante delle passioni’: Giuditta Pasta and the idea of operatic performance
Authors: RUTHERFORD SUSAN
Published: September 2007

This essay explores the artistry of the nineteenth-century Italian singer Giuditta Pasta within the broad context of an ‘artwork’ (Goehr) and ideas of ‘presence’ (Gumbrecht). Pasta was the acknowledged diva del mondo during the 1820s, famed not only for an extraordinary if flawed voice, but also for the physicality of her performance modes. Her innovative practices contributed to the development and reconceptualisation of opera’s dramatic potential on the early Romantic stage. Making her reputation in roles such as Medea (Mayr) and Semiramide (Rossini), Pasta later inspired the composition of three of the most striking operatic heroines of the period: Amina in La sonnambula (Bellini) and the title-roles of Norma (again Bellini) and Anna Bolena (Donizetti). Focusing on her performance as Norma, I consider a polemical debate in 1835 in the Italian periodicals Il Figaro and Il corriere delle dame that illuminates aspects of Pasta’s gestural style in relation to those of her younger colleague and rival, Maria Malibran, and ultimately raises questions about the ‘authenticity’ of performance in the emerging economy of the operatic marketplace.
The opera of the film? Eugen d’Albert’s Der Golem
Authors: GOOSE BENJAMIN
Published: September 2007

Although Eugen d’Albert’s later works were a staple of new opera during the Weimar Republic, they have since been considered at best partially successful attempts to adapt his earlier and more successful ‘verismo’ idiom to the new post-war aesthetics. His 1926 opera Der Golem, however, helps to challenge this reputation. Its similarities to one of the most famous early German films, Robert Wegener’s 1920 Der Golem, wie er in die Welt kam, point to an intriguing relationship with one of musical modernism’s most controversial nemeses: the cinema. An analysis of critical responses to d’Albert’s opera, read in the context of characteristic early twentieth-century debates about popularity, shows how Der Golem encouraged more complex responses to mass appeal than the clear rejection often attributed to better known figures of modernism. Although the opera both flirts with and problematises different modes of audience appeal – most notably in an early scene, which has a direct parallel in Wegener’s film – its reception avoids easy alignment with mass culture. Der Golem’s unmistakeable debt to its modernist context suggests that narratives of modernism should be able to account for d’Albert’s post-war works, rather than treating them as a throwback to the nineteenth century.
‘A sort of guerrilla’: Che at the opera
Authors: ADLINGTON ROBERT
Published: September 2007

The undoubted cause célèbre of the 1969 Holland Festival was the large-scale music theatre piece Reconstructie, jointly authored by a team of five young composers and two librettists. The work, which took as its subject ‘the struggle against US imperialism in Latin America’, and revolved around the figure of Che Guevara, embodied the authors’ dual commitment to political engagement and artistic experiment. My account examines the work through the lens of recent scholarship that stresses the politically reactionary function of avant-garde experimentation within the cultural Cold War. In the process, attention is given to broader factors affecting the work’s production and reception: these include contemporaneous debates about cultural popularising and the Holland Festival; the complex motives of the work’s governmental patrons; and the influence upon the authors of Cuba, Castro and Guevara himself.
Wahrnehmung und Bewertung von emotionalen Gesichtsausdrücken bei weiblichen Jugendlichen mit einer Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstörung
Authors: v. Ceumern-Lindenstjerna Ina-Alexandra , Brunner Romuald , Parzer Peter , Frey Mirja , Fiedler Peter , Resch Franz
Published: September 2007

Zusammenfassung: Fragestellung: Untersuchung der Wahrnehmung von emotionalen und neutralen Gesichtsausdrücken bei weiblichen Jugendlichen mit einer Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstörung (BPS). Methodik: Bei 30 Jugendlichen mit der Diagnose einer BPS, 29 Jugendlichen mit anderen psychischen Störungen sowie 30 psychisch gesunden Jugendlichen wurden emotionale und neutrale Gesichtsausdrücke aus dem Bildersatz von Ekman und Friesen (1976) vorgelegt. Sämtliche Studienteilnehmer waren weiblichen Geschlechts. Mit Hilfe eines selbst konstruierten Fragebogens zur Wahrnehmung von Emotionen in Gesichtsausdrücken sollten die Jugendlichen die Art der dargestellten Emotion benennen sowie Einschätzungen über die wahrgenommene Intensität, Bedrohlichkeit und Positivität vornehmen. Ergebnisse: Jugendliche Patientinnen mit der Diagnose einer BPS zeigten keine Schwierigkeiten bei der Benennung der dargestellten Emotionen sowie bei der subjektiven Einschätzung negativ emotionaler und neutraler Gesichtsausdrücke. In der Wahrnehmung positiv emotionaler Gesichtsausdrücke zeigte sich allerdings, dass Jugendliche mit der Diagnose einer BPS die Positivität und Intensität positiver Gesichtsausdrücke geringer und die Bedrohlichkeit höher einschätzten als die beiden Kontrollgruppen. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Verarbeitung positiver Reize und deren Rolle bei der Emotionsregulation bei Jugendlichen mit einer BPS sollte Gegenstand weiterer Forschung sein. Aufgrund der dysfunktionalen Interpretation positiv emotionaler Stimuli könnte es gewinnbringend sein, differenziert auf die möglichen Wahrnehmungsverzerrungen der Patienten im Therapieprozess einzugehen.