bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Family Structure, Parent‐Child Communication, and Adolescent Participation in Family Consumer Tasks and Decisions
Authors: Lachance Marie J. , Legault Frédéric , Bujold Nérée
Published: March 2007

From the theoretical perspective of consumer socialization, this exploratory study examined the single‐parent family context with respect to adolescent participation in family consumer activities. Specifically, the relationships between family structure, parent‐child communication as related to consumer issues, and adolescent participation in family consumer tasks and decisions were studied. Findings confirmed that family structure is related to parent‐child communication and to adolescent participation in tasks and decisions. Social style of parent‐child communication acts as a moderating variable in the relationship between family structure and adolescent participation in family consumer decisions.
Adolescent Clothing and Adjustment
Authors: Drake Mary Frances , Ford Imogene M.
Published: March 2007

The major objectives of this research were to explore two basic general questions: (1) does race, sex, or grade influence clothing and social and personal adjustment variables, and (2) what are the relationships among clothing attitudes and adjustment variables? The subjects were 213 fe males and males (age range 14–19), Blacks and Whites, ninth and tenth grade, in a city high school. Demographic facts of race, sex, and grade were transcribed from school records. A question naire was designed in three sections to collect data for clothing attitudes and social and personal adjustment variables.

Differences in race, sex, and grade were tested by analysis of variance. Chi‐square statistics were computed to test that the coefficients of correlation were from the same population.

Race, sex, and grade did not have an effect on the clothing attitude, dressing for self. Sex had an effect on feelings of clothing deprivation, with females experiencing more deprivation than males. The effect of sex on dressing for others indicated that females more than males were likely to dress for others. The white subjects regarded dressing for others as more important than the black subjects. Tenth grade subjects regarded dressing for others as more important than 9th grade sub jects. Self‐acceptance was affected by sex. Females had lower self‐acceptance than the males, with black 10th graders having the lowest self‐acceptance. Black subjects accepted Blacks socially, and Whites accepted Whites.
A Home Production Activity Model
Authors: Beutler Ivan F. , Owen Alma J.
Published: March 2007

The basic theoretical framework for a home production activity model is developed here. This model provides a unified context in which to view production activities, especially within the home. A rationale for the widely held concept of utility is explained, thereby integrating social, psychological, and economic theory in a single theoretical construct. Such an inter disciplinary approach facilitates the understanding and explanation of the processes by which the family carries out its diverse functions.

Production activities are examined in an input‐output model and are differentiated accord ing to a classification of household, market, or home production. Output is defined in such a manner as to specifically expand the recently developed characteristic approach to consumer decision‐ making. This process allows us to view a broad range of family activities and place them on a continuum extending from production to consumption. Such a perspective pro vides a framework for analyzing home management and family development decisions of re source allocation with respect to human capital, material capital, time, consumption, and production.
Dress Style Variation Related To Perceived Economic Risk
Authors: Winakor Geitel , Lubner‐Rupert Jacqueline
Published: March 2007

What kinds of clothing styles do people see as having greater or lesser economic risk? What are the dimensions of this risk? Female university students responded to drawings of three dress styles (shirtwaist, chemise, softly fitted), each shown in four variations, by using selected polar adjectives describing economic risk, other types of perceived risk, and certain characteristics of the dresses. Data were examined by analysis of variance, graphing, and correlation. The three economic word pairs differentiated among styles and variations. Inexpensive‐costly seemed to measure primarily money risk. Luxury‐necessity was associated with performance and overall risk. Rich–poor functioned least well of the eco nomic word pairs. Of the three styles, the shirtwaist was seen as lowest in economic risk; variations having larger amounts of fabric were seen as higher in economic risk, but this risk was related to general impressions of formality and drama, rather than directly to amount of fabric. Economic risk did not seem to be related to texture of fabric.
Husband‐Wife Differences In Coping With Product Malfunctions
Authors: Mayer Robert N.
Published: March 2007

The subject of this paper is how households divide the labor of dealing with product mal functions. To date, this question has been treated only obliquely in studies of overall division of household work or consumer complaining behavior. Comparing data from both husband and wife in each of 457 households, substantial differences in the attitudes, knowledge, and behavior of spouses toward product malfunctions are found. The most important finding is that even when one controls for gender differences in the attitudes and types of knowledge which assist consumers in handling product breakdowns, husbands are consistently assigned the role of handling malfunctions. This pattern is so strong that it persists even in house holds where wives have superior resources with which to cope with product malfunctions.
Attraction Toward A Stranger As A Linear Function Of Similarity In Dress
Authors: Buckley Hilda Mayer
Published: March 2007

A study was conducted to specify the mathematical relationship between similarity in dress and attraction. Two hundred undergraduate subjects judged, on a seven‐point scale, ten stimulus persons who were strangers to them. Each stranger wore a different form of dress. Judgments regarding the strangers dealt with the similarity between the dress worn by the stimulus person and the students' own usual dress, and two measures of attraction: the extent to which subjects would probably like the stranger, and would enjoy working with the stranger on schoolwork. Similarity in dress was found to be positively associated with attraction. A linear function was discovered whereby the most similar forms of dress were associated with the most attraction. This research serves to expand current conclusions regarding interpersonal attraction by including similarity in dress as a variable that influ ences it. This research also makes it possible to predict interpersonal attraction if the level of similarity in dress is known. Some practical applications are given for this research as well as suggested topics for future study regarding the relationship between interpersonal attraction and dress.
Dissemination of Information from Home Economics Research
Authors: Johnson Janet M.
Published: March 2007

The dissemination of home economics research results is vital for the transfer of knowledge from the laboratory or survey to home economics practitioners. The delivery of home economics research results follows the conceptual framework of some communication theories. A foundation for dissemination of knowledge from home economics research was made through Federal legislation. Tradition ally, scholarly publications and bulletins have been used for the transmission of home economics research results. New communication technologies offer future possibilities of instant and accessible transmission of research findings for home economists. Popular media co‐authored by journalists and home economics professionals is another method of dissemination of research findings. For future dissemination of research findings, recommendations are made to: (1) study the effectiveness of methods of dissemination of results, (2) consider the popular media for dissemination of results, (3) plan for dissemination of results at the inception of the project, (4) define a network for dissemination of results in the research proposal, and (5) follow effective communication models for the dis semination of results.
The Role of Theory in Research: Implications for Home Economics
Authors: McCullers John C.
Published: March 2007

A philosophical and epistemological analysis of the nature of scientific enquiry reveals that theory, in either a formal or informal sense, is centrally involved in every step of the investigative process from initial premise to final interpretation of the data. Given this, and the long‐standing recognition of the importance of theory in home economics, the paper concludes with an analysis and discussion of some of the reasons for a general absence of theory from home economics research, some possible benefits to be derived from greater attention to theory, and some suggested ways to enhance the role of theory in home economics research.
Pattern As A Design Aspect: Visual Perception of Its Properties
Authors: Camacho Joyce Marie , Laughlin Joan
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this research was to determine the dimensions of nonnaturalistic all‐over pattern and to organize these properties into a framework from which a definition of pattern could evolve. Eighty‐four female underclass, upperclass, and graduate students were the subjects. Each completed a response form in which she rated the similarity and dissimilarity of pairs of pattern samples. The samples were nonnaturalistic all‐over patterns that appeared on the surface of pliant wall coverings. Of the 36 total stimulus‐objects, 12 were straight geometric, 12 were straight and curved geometric, and 12 were geometric and abstract. Each respon dent evaluated 66 paired comparisons of pattern. The Multidimensional Scaling program (OSIRIS III) analyzed matrices of data to establish configurations in two‐ dimensional space. Orthogonal axes revealed both qualitative and quantitative dimensions. Qualitative components were line direction, type of formation, type of line, balance, repeat, and type of formation outline. Quantitative properties were quantity of directions, quantity of contrasts, quantity of formations, size of formations, and quantity of formation variations. A framework of pattern was structured. Pattern was defined as the repetition of qualitative and quantitative elements in an artistic arrangement. When the pattern components of straight geometric patterns were plotted, a circular relationship was noted. Attributes of pattern were identified as direction, shape, and complexity.
Food Use in Households in Three Work‐Shift Categories
Authors: Pearson Joanne M. , Capps Oral , Axelson Julein
Published: March 2007

This study was designed to determine the effect of work shift on the money value, quantity in pounds, and nutritive value of convenience and nonconven ience foods used at home as well as to describe selected food‐related practices of households classified by shift status (day, afternoon, or night). Data from 1,325 housekeeping households for whom shift status could be determined from the spring quarter of the 1977–78 USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey were analyzed. The statistical procedures used included Chi‐square and analysis of variance. No significant differences among households classified by shift were found for the family food practices studied, the total amount of money spent for food at home per household member per day, the total pounds of food used per household member per day, or the nutritive value of that food on a house hold nutrition unit basis. The findings suggest that the time of day when one or more of the adults in a household is employed does not affect household food purchasing and food preparation practices, nor the amount of money spent on convenience and nonconvenience foods at home, the pounds of food used, or the nutritive value of those foods per household member per day.
Women's Motivations For Participation In Arts/Design Programs: Differences and Effects
Authors: Dohr Joy H.
Published: March 2007

Adult learners' motivations for participating in continuing education programs vary from job‐related reasons to social and general learning goals (Houle 1961; Scheffield 1964; Boshier 1971, 1977, 1978). Knowledge about how motivational orientations differ with specific user groups and content areas and how motiva tions might affect learning outcomes is essential for those interested in planning educational programs. This study adapted and tested a participation inventory instrument in six art and design programs for women (N = 85). Ratings were used to construct individual factor scores providing a weighted profile and dis tribution of women's motivations. Pre‐ and postmeasures of creative attitude and problem‐solving were used to compare learning among the motivational orientations. Results exhibit continuity with existing motivational theory and give empirical support to a motivational continuum construct. Women's reasons for participating in art and design programs were content‐specific, social, personal‐ need activity, general learning‐curiosity, and a composite of the four. A signif icant difference was found among the five orientations when measured for change in creative attitude. Condescriptive analysis showed women with general learning‐curiosity and composite orientations scored highest. No significant dif ference was observed when compared on problem‐solving measures.
Effect of Coating Type on Yield, Fry Time and Composition of Broiler Parts Prepared in a Household Fryer
Authors: Lane Ralph H. , Jones Sharman W. , Abdel‐Ghany Mohamed
Published: March 2007

Like parts from each of eight broilers were coated by either dredging in flour (home preparation) or breaded by a commercial procedure. The coated parts of each broiler were then fried in a household deep‐fat fryer to an internal tempera ture of 93°C (200°F). Fry time, yield, and composition were compared for like parts coated by the two methods. Generally, fry time was longer for pieces breaded by the commercial procedure. Breaded breasts and thighs produced greater yield than the floured parts. Moisture and protein percentages were lower for all breaded parts and fat percentage was higher for breaded wings and drumsticks. These data suggest that, generally, commercial coatings with increased coating weight extend fry time, increase fat absorption, and decrease moisture and pro tein percentages.
Correlates of Food Patterns Between Preschool Children and their Mothers In Two Income Groups
Authors: Paguio Ligaya P. , Resurreccion Anna V. A.
Published: March 2007

Forty‐four mothers of preschool children representing low and middle income groups were studied to determine the correlations between food patterns of their children and selected family variables namely: family income, mother's educa tion, and mother's eating patterns. The mothers completed a questionnaire con taining family inventory questions, food and nutrition practices, and frequency of food consumption by mother and child. Results reflect significant differences in the frequency of consumption of certain foods between the low and middle in come mothers and their children. Family income, mother's education, and mother's eating patterns were significantly correlated with their children's diet. Understanding the dietary patterns of low and middle income mothers and their influence on their children's diet is helpful to educators in making recommenda tions to upgrade the quality of diets of young children.
Factors Influencing Enrollment in a Vocationally Oriented Course: Perceptions of Students and Teachers
Authors: Johnson Faye C. Stucy
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to test hypotheses set forth in the Social Learning Theory of Career Selection regarding the importance of various factors on stu dents' decision to enroll in a food‐service‐related course. Seventy‐five instructors and 1,097 students throughout California completed the 33‐point questionnaires which queried demographic characteristics and, on a five‐point Likert‐type scale, the importance of the factors. A 69 percent completion rate was attained. Anal ysis of variance (p < 0.05) and Least Significant Differences test were utilized to analyze the data. Findings indicate (a) interests and persons close to students were most influential, (b) teachers and students perceived similarly the order but not degree of importance of factors, (c) teachers considered school‐related factors to be influential, (d) nonwhite populations were receptive to influences, and (e) females perceived little influence from expected wages. These findings will allow individuals involved with career guidance of students to increase their effectiveness by better understanding the factors that motivate students to enroll.
Fiber Content And Cost Of Selected Vegetables And Fruits
Authors: English Cathy , Ross Jane K. , Schlenker Eleanor D. , Perlmutter Carol A.
Published: March 2007

Selected vegetables and fruits in fresh and processed forms were analyzed for dietary fiber (neutral detergent fiber plus pectin) and cost. Dietary fiber was cal culated as grams dietary fiber per ½ cup serving and cost was determined per ½ cup serving. In grams of dietary fiber per ½ cup serving, carrots contained the most dietary fiber followed by green beans, tomatoes, and potatoes. Tomatoes cost more per ½ cup serving than other vegetables. In this study, the dietary fiber content of fresh and processed vegetables did not differ significantly. Canned strawberries had more dietary fiber per ½ cup serving than fresh strawberries. Strawberries cost the most per ½ cup serving followed by peaches, apples, and oranges. Although consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables, frozen vegetables and fruit juice has increased, this study does not support reduced cost as a reason for this practice. Of the foods studied, apples, oranges, and carrots ap pear to be the most economical sources of dietary fiber.
Home Economics Deans' and Department Chairpersons' Perceptions of Journals and the Importance of Faculty Publishing
Authors: Goldsmith Elizabeth B. , Thoresen Robert J. , Goldsmith Ronald E.
Published: March 2007

Seventy‐five administrators of home economics programs rated 18 journals for familiarity and perceived quality. The Journals to which the most subscribed were the Journal of Home Economics (92%) and the Home Economics Research Journal (82%). The administrators rated the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition highest in quality. Almost all administrators stated that publishing is becoming more important in their evaluations of faculty. Data were collected on administrators' specializations and on the characteristics of responding administrators' institu tions. The growing stress on faculty publishing is evidenced at both small and large institutions, although in the past it was less emphasized at smaller colleges. Institution size is a factor in actual publishing productivity in that larger schools tend to have more prolific authors.
The Decline in Expenditures for Clothing Relative to Total Consumer Spending, 1929–1986
Authors: Winakor Geitel
Published: March 2007

Although total expenditures for clothing and shoes (CSX) have increased greatly since 1929, they have declined as a share of total personal consumption expen ditures (PCE) in nominal dollars, particularly since the end of World War II. Anal yses of time series data indicate that, in real dollars, per‐person CSX is a function of the previous year's CSX and the year‐to‐year change in PCE; the levels of total PCE and clothing inventory seem to have less effect on CSX than in the past. Meanwhile, based on survey data, the slope of the Engel curve relating clothing expenditures to total personal consumption expenditures at a given time has not changed. Hypotheses about why CSX/PCE has declined in nominal dollars in clude changes in the relative price and quality of clothing, relationships among clothing and other commodities, fashion change, demographic factors, and struc tural changes in the economy.
The Reciprocal Relationship Between Work and Home Satisfaction for Home Economics Teachers
Authors: Burge Penny L. , Culver Steven M.
Published: March 2007

The primary purpose of this study was to test a structural equation model of the reciprocal relationship between work satisfaction and home satisfaction. To test the model, a random sample (n = 132) of home economics teachers in Virginia was surveyed to examine dimensions of work and home satisfaction. The all‐ female sample was mostly white, married, and of relatively high income levels. From responses to the survey, four home satisfaction factors and four work sat isfaction factors were identified. These factors were hypothesized as the manifest indicators of their respective latent satisfactions. Using Linear Structural Relation ship (LISREL) analysis, resulting maximum likelihood estimates suggest that the model was appropriate for the data, that the relationship between home satisfac tion and work satisfaction was significant, and that home satisfaction had a greater effect on work satisfaction than the reverse. Implications for teacher ed ucation and further research are discussed.
Teachers' Perceptions of Instructional Planning Skills: Development of a Scale
Authors: Martin Ruth E. , Chaudhary Rita
Published: March 2007

This study reports on the development of the Teachers' Perceptions of Planning Skills Scale. The 34‐item scale is designed for use with either preservice or inser vice teachers. This factor‐analytic study suggests the existence of five empirically verified dimensions of planning skills (preactive and postactive thoughts, imple mentation, pre‐interactive thoughts, student needs, and teachers' theories and beliefs). Internal consistency of the scale was high (Cronbach's alpha = 0.89). This instrument can be used to contribute to the research base on teachers' thought processes associated with instructional planning.
Effect of Fiber‐Content Information on Perception of Fabric Characteristics
Authors: Johnson Kim K. P. , Workman Jane E.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was, first, to investigate whether listing a small amount of a natural fiber altered perceptions of a fabric made primarily of a synthetic fiber; second, to investigate whether listing a small amount of a natural fiber increased the likelihood of purchasing a garment made of primarily synthetic fiber content; third, to investigate whether the presence or absence of a fabric swatch interacted with fiber‐content information to alter perceptions of a fabric; and fourth, to investigate the perceived importance of fiber‐content information to subjects in their selection of clothing. Two hundred and twenty‐two undergraduates served as subjects (212 females and 10 males). The study used a 2 × 4 between‐subjects factorial design with two levels of fabric (fabric/no fabric) and four levels of fiber content (100% silk; 90% polyester/10% silk; 95% polyester/5% silk; and 100% polyester). In large‐group settings, subjects recorded their perceptions on an 18‐item scale using a 7‐point Likert format. Analysis of variance revealed that subjects' perceptions of a fabric were influenced significantly by the fiber‐content information, but not by the presence or absence of a fabric swatch. Results suggest that adding a small percentage of a natural fiber to a synthetic is an effective way to alter perceptions of a synthetic fabric.
Integrating International Issues With Home Economics Subject Matter
Authors: Hertzler Ann A. , Newman Jacqueline M.
Published: March 2007

Sixty‐one food and nutrition professionals were surveyed regarding constructs in nutrition education relative to these professionals' food and nutrition program ming with various cultural groups. Six constructs were tested to identify factors associated with the delivery of programs targeted to improve food and nutrition choices of cultural groups: cultural food experiences, subject content, program evaluation, cultural group characteristics, cultural barriers, and cultural receptiv ity. Two dimensions emerged relative to working with groups similar to or differ ent from those of the food and nutrition professionals: (a) awareness of food experiences of other cultural groups, and (b) sensitivity to more culture‐specific food ways, problems, needs, and resources in the family and the community.
Health Care Use by Preschool Children: Effects of Maternal Occupation and Household Structure
Authors: Hong Gong‐Soog , White‐Means Shelley I.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the effects of a mother's occupation and the presence or absence of a father figure at home on the use of pediatric services by 5,611 preschool children. The children with the lowest number of physician visits are those whose mothers are employed in traditionally female‐specific occupations and who live in a household where afatherfigure is present. Health insurance, Medicaid, age and gender of child, number of siblings, mother's education, and health condition of child also were found to be important factors associated with the use of physician services by preschool children.
The Quality of Qualitative Data: Two Strategies for Analyzing Medical Interviews
Authors: Clavarino Alexandra M. , Najman Jake M. , Silverman David
Published: March 2007

Researchers are familiar with claims that, for various reasons, many conceptions of reliability and validity are inappropriate to the analysis of qualitative data. Using transcripts drawn from doctor-patient consultations, the authors examine two methods of assessing the reliability of data and the validity of their interpretations. First, the method of intercoder agreement is used and assessed. Second, the methods of conversation analysis are applied. Both methods stress the need for quality control procedures as an integral and systematic component of the analysis of qualitative data. These analyses also reinforce the observation that the strategy ofanalysis chosen can influence the results obtained. By taking seriously some quantitative critiques about the reliability of quali tative data, a position opposed to the "paradigm war" in social science is maintained.
What the Controversies Over the Health Effects of Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke Tell Us About the Debates Between Objectivists and Social Constructionists
Authors: Lieberman Bernhardt
Published: March 2007

Some social analyses of scientific knowledge are based on objectivist assumptions, whereas others assume that scientific knowledge is socially constructed. The condemna tion of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) by the antismoking movement affects the life of virtually every American and uncounted millions of others throughout the world. Investigators who argue that ETS causes lung cancer claim the influence, objectivity, and authority of scientific mquiry, whereas critics of the results of the investigations argue that the conclusion that ETS causes lung cancer is unwarranted. The present study uses this fascinating and important sociotechnical controversy to shed light on the debate between objectivists and social constructionists and reaches the conclusion that the condemnation of ETS is a deliberate social construction of an elite social movement that mixes advocacy with alleged objective inquiry. The tobacco industry has moved the dispute into the federal courts, and so the "truth" of the matter will be decided ultimately not by technical debate but by judicial rulings and political processes.
From Interview to Story: Writing Abbie's Life
Authors: Kiesinger Christine Elizabeth
Published: March 2007

This article highlights the processes, challenges, and difficulties of writing about lived, emotional experiences. This article explores the emotional issues confronted and the practical steps taken to write "Abbie's Life"—an evocative narrative about one woman's struggle with bulimia and obesity. This article tacks back and forth between Abbie's story and the author's as the author attempts to reflexively connect their experiences. She shows how she makes use of Abbie's story to deepen her understanding of her own life and how the author calls on her own experience to heighten her comprehension of Abbey's.
New Directions in Planning Theory
Authors: Fainstein Susan S.
Published: March 2007

The author examines three approaches to planning theory: the communicative model, the new urbanism, and the just city. The first type emphasizes the planner’s role in mediating among “stakeholders,” the second paints a physical picture of a desirable planned city, and the third presents a model of spatial relations based on equity. Differences among the types reflect an enduring tension between a focus on the planning process and an emphasis on desirable outcomes. The author defends the continued use of the just-city model and a modified form of the political economy mode of analysis that underlies it.
The Reclamation of Industrial Building Vacancies
Authors: Christian Charles M. , Bennett Sari J.
Published: March 2007

This research concerns the extent to which previously vacated industrial building space in Chicago's black community has been reclaimed by industrial and other uses. It encompasses a survey of 209 documented vacancies. Findings reveal that about one-half of the surveyed industrial building vacancies were reclaimed for some specific use, and the balance remained vacant or were demolished. The majority of all reclamations were reclaimed by non-industrial uses. Less intensive use of building space was common in both industrial and non-industrial reclamations. Churches, eating and drinking estab lishments, auto parts, furniture, and upholstery stores dominated non-industrial recla mations (service establishments presumably oriented to the local black population); industrial reclamations were primarily fabricated metals, construction, printing and publishing, and miscellaneous repair services.
Urban Political Movements and Revolutionary Change in the Third World
Authors: Walton John
Published: March 2007

This article considers two theoretical approaches to the question of effectual political participation in the urban policies of Third World societies; the radical and instrumental perspectives. It is suggested that this formulation improves on the vagaries of earlier evidence. It is generally concluded that important changes can stem from instrumental strategies, although fundamental attacks on urban problems require some form of revo lutionary reorganization in the larger society. While redressing many of the characteristic features of urban underdevelopment in the Third World, revolutionary regimes may introduce new forms of inequality suggesting that the achievement of some balance in productivity and egalitarianism presents equally complex problems for socialist and capitalist economies.
Sociology and the Land-Use Problem
Authors: Guterbock Thomas M.
Published: March 2007

The discipline of sociology can make a distinctive contribution to the development of solutions to land-use issues. Sociology is distinguished from other social science disci plines by its stress on people's moral and emotional motivations and by its concern with criteria of equity and community viability. The effects of land-use patterns on community viability are not as great as is claimed by critics of urban sprawl, and the relationship between exclusionary control of land use and lack of equity in metropolitan areas is ques tionable. There are four analytical approaches for understanding how disagreements over land use are caused and how they may be resolved. It is possible and necessary to choose the approach best suited to a given land-use issue, and the insights of sociology are vital to making such choices.
Property Taxes and Community Political Structures
Authors: Slovak Jeffrey S.
Published: March 2007

Survey findings from three American communities on citizens' willingness to support public programs through local property tax increases are examined to shed further light on the contemporary "taxpayers' revolt." The analysis discovers that distinctly different dynamics characterize the politics of local property tax proposals. Discrete proposals generate different patterns of community cleavage, which may or may not preclude passage; however, a structural bias in favor of tax revolters is discovered in all three of the study sites.
Interest Group Politics From a Comparative Perspective
Authors: Galaskiewicz Joseph
Published: March 2007

Two models of interest group behavior are outlined and discussed. The cooptation model finds organized interest groups establishing informal contacts with city officials and achieving political favors through these informal channels. The petition model finds interest groups confronting public officials in the public arena securing favors from city government by threatening to use their resources to build oppositional coalitions. Our goal was to see if structural conditions in a community make one or the other strategy more successful. Our findings suggest that cooptation is more common in cities with less complex economic and social structures, but petition is more common in cities with more complex structures. Furthermore, in cities with weaker city governments cooptation is more common, while petition is more common with strong city governments. Finally, we found an interaction effect that cooptation occurs in complex systems but only if city government is weak.
Polarized Development and Urban Change in New York's Chinatown
Authors: Lin Jan
Published: March 2007

The economy of Chinatown, New York, is polarized into two circuits of development. This is comparable with patterns found in Third World cities, as well as in New York's recent emergence as a world city. The lower circuit is an avenue of immigrant labor and petty capitalist incorporation into the city. The upper circuit is a route for the reinvestment of transnational surplus and flight capital in finance and property development. Conflicts and negotiations between the two circuits in the context of Chinatown land-use planning provide some instructive experiences for city managers and urban planners.
Small Businesses Appear to Benefit from State or Local Government's Economic Development Assistance
Authors: Bates Timothy
Published: March 2007

This analysis reveals traits of small businesses that received state and local governmental assistance. Among firms owned by nonminorities, the larger small businesses receive aid, and those aided by state or local governments are more likely than unassisted firms to remain in operation, even when one controls for various firm and owner characteristics. These patterns did not typify minority-owned firms. State and local governmental aid flows disproportionately to women-owned businesses and to firm owners who have also received federal governmental assistance. No evidence was found indicating targeting of assistance to specific industry groups.
Housing Vouchers and Certificates as a Vehicle for Deconcentrating the Poor
Authors: Hartung John M. , Henig Jeffrey R.
Published: March 2007

The authors analyze the census tract location of over 11,000 certificate and voucher households in Washington, D.C., and its suburbs, and compare those to the distribution of public housing and various other project-based subsidized housing developments such as Section 236. They find evidence that household mobility programs may be succeeding in the goal of dispersing affordable housing opportunities beyond the central-city boundary, but they also find evidence that market forces and personal choices may lead toward reconcentration of suburban voucher and certificate holders in neighborhoods with lower socioeconomic status and higher proportions of minorities.
Fringe Banking in Milwaukee
Authors: Squires Gregory D. , O'Connor Sally
Published: March 2007

Check-cashing businesses constitute a growing industry, particularly in low-income and non-white neighborhoods. This case study of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, finds that check-cashing businesses are concentrated in the central city while conventional banks are concentrated in outlying city and suburban communities. These services are growing, despite relatively high fees, primarily because of their convenient hours and locations for central-city residents, exclusionary behavior by conventional institutions, and financial problems of area households. More effective marketing by conventional banks and more aggressive enforcement of community reinvestment requirements by regulatory agencies would blunt development of two-tiered banking and facilitate revitalization of distressed communities.
Economic Restructuring of Cities, Suburbs, and Nonmetropolitan Areas, 1977-1992
Authors: Steinacker Annette
Published: March 2007

Earlier research on the impact of national economic restructuring on central-city economies suffered from several problems, including excessive aggregation of the data and reliance on absolute change in economic activity to measure growth. When these factors are corrected, one sees that central cities frequently attracted more new firms than other locations (absolute growth), but their growth rate was below that in suburbs and nonmetropolitan areas (relative growth) as well as the national rate. These below-average rates occurred in many of the 13 economic sectors studied, including low-skill and high-skill services, in which central cities were expected to perform well. The few bright spots—central cities in the South and West, which initially outperformed all other locations in those regions—have faded as well.
Changes in Central-City Representation and Influence in Congress Since the 1960s
Authors: Wolman Harold , Marckini Lisa
Published: March 2007

The authors examine changes in representation by place (central city, suburbs, nonmetropolitan areas) in the U.S. House of Representatives between 1963 and 1994, focusing on change in the representation and influence of central cities. Using a newly constructed data set, this study presents changes in central-city representation in aggregate as well as by region and metropolitan-area population size. The authors then explore the implications of these changes for the influence of central cities in the House over this time period. After examining change in the control of positions of authority-committee and subcommittee chairs and leadership positions-by central-city representatives, changes in central-city influence with respect to votes on the House floor are assessed.
Central-City/Suburban Inequality and Metropolitan Political Fragmentation
Authors: Morgan David R. , Mareschal Patrice
Published: March 2007

To test the proposition that metropolitan governmental structure has social, economic, and racial consequences, the authors assume that the proliferation of local governments in a metropolitan area and the boundary constraints imposed on the central city have adverse effects, especially on the core city. Analyzing 97 large U.S. metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs), they found only limited support for this proposition. Of three measures of fragmentation, only two were of any consequence, one in the opposite direction predicted. The lower the central city’s share of MSA population, the higher the level of fiscal health for the inner city. Also, municipal boundaries have racial consequences.
Nursing Informatics: Opportunities for Administrators, Clinicians, Educators, and Researchers
Authors: Walker Patricia Hinton , Walker John M.
Published: March 2007

Nursing informatics combines computer science, information science, and nursing science into a new specialty that offers opportunities and challenges for all nurses. In the information age, nurses will need to build their knowledge and skills to famil iarize themselves with the technology, resources such as the Internet, and software for databases, spreadsheets, projects, and graphics. Nurses must be able to partici pate actively when institutions choose information systems so that nursing's inter ests will be considered. (J AM PSYCHIATR NURSES Assoc [1995]. 1, 22-29)
Manufacturing Discord:
Authors: Entman Robert M.
Published: March 2007

Depictions of intense conflict between African-Americans and whites have framed the news media's coverage of the public debate over affirmative action. The conflict frame doubly misleads. First, it does not describe the complicated, ambivalent state of white opinion as registered by the (admittedly imperfect) mechanism of sample surveys. Second, it misrepresents any substantive clash of interests created by affirmative action policies—a clash of interests that does not arise exclusively or even mainly between whites and African-Americans and that in the long run may not exist at all. This article documents the emphases and shortcomings of the news coverage and explores its implications for race relations and media theory.
On Extension and Torsion of a Compressible Elastic Circular Cylinder
Authors: Kirkinis E. , Ogden R. W.
Published: March 2007

In this paper we examine the combined extension and torsion of a compressible isotropic elastic cylinder of finite extent. The equilibrium equations are formulated in terms of the principal stretches and then applied to the special case of pure torsion superimposed on a uniform extension (an isochoric deformation). Explicit necessary and sufficient conditions on the strain-energy function for the material to support this deformation with vanishing traction on the lateral surfaces of the cylinder are obtained. Some strain-energy functions satisfying these conditions are considered, existing results are recovered as special cases and new results are obtained. We also point out how the strain-energy functions generated from the considered isochoric deformation considered (of a compressible material) can be used to generate energy functions and corresponding solutions for the incompressible theory.
Swelling and Mechanical Stretching of Elastomeric Materials
Authors: Boyce Mary C. , Arruda Ellen M.
Published: March 2007

The equilibrium stress-stretch behavior of elastomeric materials can be captured by statistical mechanics treatments of rubber elasticity. Gaussian statistics is known to capture the essence of the stress-strain behavior; however, discrepancies between Gaussian theory and experiment are recognized to occur at both small to moderate stretch levels and at large stretch levels. These discrepancies are further amplified in studies of the effects of swelling on stress-stretch behavior. A brief review of the various approaches used to represent the stress-stretch behavior of elastomers and the effect of swelling on this behavior is given. Then, hybrid constitutive model composed of the Flory-Erman constrained chain model and the Arruda-Boyce non-Gaussian eight-chain model is presented and found to capture the stress-stretch behavior from small to large stretch levels. Furthermore, the Flory-Erman/Arruda-Boyce hybrid model is also found to successfully predict the effect of swelling on the stress-stretch behavior from small to large stretches using only three material constants.
Inflating a Rubber Balloon
Authors: Müller Ingo , Struchtrup Henning
Published: March 2007

A spherical balloon has a non-monotonic pressure-radius characteristic. This fact leads to interesting stability properties when two balloons of different radii are interconnected, see [1, 2, 3]. Here, however, we investigate what happens when a single balloon is inflated, say, by mouth. We simulate that process and show how the maximum of the pressure-radius characteristic is overcome by the pressure in the lungs and how the downward sloping part of the characteristic is ‘bridged’ while the lung pressure relaxes.
An Elasto-Plastic Analytical Solution for the Shrink-Fit Problem with a Thin Strain-Hardening Hub and an Elastic Solid Shaft
Authors: Gao Xin-Lin , Atluri Satya N.
Published: March 2007

An analytical solution is obtained in this article for the axisymmetric shrink fit problem with a thin strain hardening hub and an elastic solid shaft. The solution is based on the deformation theory of Hencky, the yield criterion of von Mises, and the assumption of infinitesimal deformations. An elastic power law plastic material model is employed to represent the stressstrain relation of the hub material, with the compressibility of material being included. The solution is derived by using a stress formulation and with the help of a modified Nadai's auxiliary variable method and the extended Michell theorem. All expressions for the stress, strain, and displacement components are derived in explicit forms in terms of an auxiliary variable and four constant parameters that are determined from given boundary conditions by an iterative process. Three specific solutions are presented as limiting cases of the solution. Numerical results are also provided to show quantitatively applications of the solution. This solution, together with the related specific solutions and numerical results, furnishes a new theoretical basis for the mechanical design of shrink-fit sets.
Dynamic Behavior of a Ferroelectric Actuator
Authors: Deng Bo , Jiang Qing
Published: March 2007

The authors study the effect of polarization switching on the dynamic behavior of a model ferroelectric actuator using the system dynamics approach. The analysis indicates that the stress resulting from polarization switching always oscillates at a frequency slightly lower than the system resonance frequency if the applied electric field is harmonic and is of a frequency lower than one-half of the system resonance frequency, and that the oscillating frequency is determined by the intrinsic properties of the system. In the case that the frequency of the applied electric field is larger than one-half of the system resonance frequency, the stress oscillates at twice the frequency of the applied electric field. Furthermore, the oscillating stress resulting from polarization switching has a larger amplitude than the stress occurring in the absence of polarization switching. The authors relate these results to the experimental observations that the fatigue life of ferroelectric ceramics is shortened substantially when polarization switching takes place.
A guide through the maze of viral hepatitis
Authors: Embry Freda C.
Published: March 2007

Viral hepatitis poses a threat to the health of persons living in the United States. While there are clinical similarities, it is important to understand the different etiologic agents and methods of transmission in order to understand the needs of infected individuals and caregivers. This article provides an overview of the hepatitis viruses most common in this country and the activities rec ommended to prevent transmission.
An Innovative Approach to Home Health Education: The Critical Path to Self-Care for Adults with Diabetes
Authors: Watson Marilyn K. , McDaniel Janet L. , Gibson Mary Hope
Published: March 2007

A retrospective chart audit of home health care clients with the primary diagnosis of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) revealed that the average number of visits for care exceeded the average number of visits for teaching. Using Orem's Self-Care Deficit Theory of Nursing, a critical pathway was designed to extend the number of visits incorporating teaching and to sequence teaching so that the client/caregiver would not be overwhelmed with instruction at the beginning of care. Physiologic needs and safety are addressed first on the pathway, followed by health promotion and disease prevention. A flexible method for documentation minimizes variance.