bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chromosome variation and species relationships in the scale-leaved triggerplants (Stylidium section Squamosae)
Authors: Coates DJ
Published: December 2005

Karyotypes for 15 of the 16 species in the scale-leaved triggerplants (Stylidium section Squamosae) are
reported. Extensive changes in chromosome structure and number have occurred in association with the
evolution of species in this section. Distribution patterns and ecological data demonstrate that in most cases speciation can also be associated with restriction to quite specific eco-geographic regions in the south-west of Western Australia. Parapatric or sympatric species which are known on morphological criteria to be very closely related generally have different chromosome numbers. Breeding system studies show that 10 of the 11 species investigated in the section have lethal factors which eliminate the products.of self pollination, the exception being S. sp. 1 in the Stylidium caricifolium species complex.
Mating system and cross-compatibility of races of Epacris impressa
Authors: Fripp YJ
Published: December 2005

The mating system and cross-compatibility of races of Epacris impressa Labill. were examined by a series of selfings, outcrosses between plants of the same race from the same and different populations, and outcrosses between plants of different races. The percentage of pollinations which gave capsules and the number of seeds present per capsule for these four types of crosses, and whether the seeds germinated, were scored. The results indicate that E. impressa is an outcrossing species with a self-incompatibility mechanism to keep selfing at a low level, the races cross freely and the hybrid seed is viable. The means over all races for the above four types of crosses were 8.7 (selfing), 62.3, 62.5 and 65.5 for the percentage of pollinations that were successful and 8.4 (selfing), 43.5, 41.2 and 39.0 for the number of seeds per capsule. The results of a limited number of crosses between Epacris impressa and other epacrid species are also given.
The Distribution of Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands at Two Sites in Southern Western Australia and at Durras in South-Eastern New South Wales.
Authors: Blowes WM , Heather WA , Malajczuk N , Shea SR
Published: December 2005

Native forest at Durras in south-eastern New South Wales and Jarrahdale in south-western Western Australia was examined for the presence of Phytophthora cinnamomi by two sampling and isolation techniques. With the lupin seeding baiting technique, randomly selected samples of soil and fine roots collected from the New South Wales site yielded P. cinnamomi when baited, while similar baiting of comparable samples from Western Australia failed. Direct plating of samples of upper roots and root collars of recently dead Banksia grandis from Western Australian sites yielded P. cinnamomi, while this organism was not isolated from comparable samples of chlorotic Macrozamia communis collected at the New South Wales site. The results suggest that the form of occurrence of P. cinnamomi and its association with disease in Australia vary in different situations. Viewing each situation independently might ensure the adoption of control/prevention strategies appropriate to all.
Root Formation by Stems of Eucalyptus botryoides Sm. In Natural Stands
Authors: Lacey CJ , Gillison AN , Whitecross MI
Published: December 2005

The production of new shoots from dormant bud strands in eucalypt stems is a well documented and
important adaptive trait of most species. The production of roots by stems of naturally occurring eucalypts
and the associated adaptive significance of this phenomenon are poorly documented.
This paper reports both field and glasshouse observations on the production of roots by coppice and
lignotuber stems and fallen main stems of Eucalyptus botryoides Sm. Transverse sectioning of stems at sites
of root initiation showed that the area immediately surrounding the root was comprised of aerenchyma
tissue.
The production of new shoots and roots by the various types of E. botryoides stems constitutes a mode of
vegetative reproduction that may be vital for the persistence of this species in the harsher parts of its
environmental range.
A summary is provided of the taxonomic groupings of all eucalypts that have produced roots from stems
under a range of field environments.
Effect of Weighting and the Size of the Attribute Set in Numerical Classification
Authors: Johnson RW
Published: December 2005

Three generations of plants from seed of 50 individuals of three annual species of wild oats (Avena spp.) were
grown in a glasshouse during 1975-77. More than 50 characters, some morphological, some agronomic,
were measured on duplicate plants. The morphological attributes were used to classify the individuals and
their progeny by various numerical taxonomic strategies.
The effectiveness of the various strategies was assessed by the number of mixed species groups and the
degree of amalgamation of duplicates in the final classification. The divisive polythetic method was found to
be unsatisfactory. Both the agglomerative polythetic method and the method incorporating initial divisive
monothetic splitting followed by maximum likelihood reallocation performed better, particularly when the
more random attributes were removed from the data set.
The soundest classification was obtained with the agglomerative polythetic method incorporating
individual attribute weighting. Weighting was objective and based on the variability of characters between
and within duplicate pairs.
Invasion by Pittosporum undulatum of the Forests of Central Victoria. II. Dispersal, Germination and Establishment
Authors: Gleadow RM
Published: December 2005

Invading Pittosporum undulaturn tends to be clumped around the butts of established trees. This is due to the
preferential deposition of seeds in these sites by the European blackbird (Turdus merula) which is believed to
be the main vector of dispersal. Native silvereyes (Zosterops lateralis) eat some seed but are not considered
important in dispersal. The high mortality of seedlings in exposedsites reinforces the patchy pattern
originally dictated by seed dispersal. Seeds may germinate after seed fall in spring but most seeds germinate
in autumn. No seeds germinate during summer because of the low rainfall and high temperatures, the
optimum germination temperature being 18-21°C . After 16 months' storage at moderate temperatures and
humidities, 80% of seed was still viable but viability was reduced to 30% at very low humidities. Seedlings of
P. undulatum have three growth stages. The juvenile and transitional stages last 6-12 months and have
alternate leaves. In the adult phase a terminal vegetative bud forms at the stem apex. Bud burst may occur
several times a year in seedlings and twice a year in fruiting adults. The seedling root habit varies with soil
type. The seedlings are able to coppice if the shoot is removed P. undulatum is an aggressive invader of
eucalypt forests despite the poor survival of the initial colonizers. The formation of a regeneration niche
ensures the survival of succeeding generations. Consequently, P. undulatum is a permanent threat to the
Victorian vegetation.
Polymorphism for Cyanogenesis in Lotus australis Andr. Populations at Greenough Front Flats, Western Australia
Authors: Foulds W
Published: December 2005

In populations of Lotus australis growing on a sand dune system south of Geraldton: Western Australia, the
seedling stage was polymorphic at the coastal and inland sites, both populations containing about 15% of
acyanogenic phenotypes.
All but 2% of these acyanogenic seedlings were developmentally flexible and in moist productive
conditions eventually metabolized both glucoside and enzyme. This developmental inhibition of glucoside
and enzyme may be a response to severe soil moisture stress, salt stress or trampling by sheep. All the adult
plants were cyanogenic (under natural conditions) on the coastal dunes but the inland dunes retained a
relatively high proportion (12%) of acyanogenic individuals.
The Nutrition of Fruits of Two Proteaceous Shrubs, Grevillea wilsonii and Hakea undulata, From South-Western Australia
Authors: Hocking PJ
Published: December 2005

The accumulation of nutrients by fruits of Grevillea wilsonii was studied throughout their development, and the distribution of nutrients between fruit parts is described for G. wilsonii and Hakea undulata. Fruits of G. wilsonii required 9 weeks from anthesis to maturity, those of H. undulata 25 weeks. Losses of nutrients from the follicle of G. wilsonii during fruit ripening were 87% (P), 67% (Zn) and 28% (N and Cu), and could have provided from 11 to 15% of these nutrients accumulated by mature seeds. Dry matter and K, S, Ca, Mg, Na, Cl, Fe and Mn were not withdrawn from follicles. Seeds of G. wilsonii contained most of the mature fruit's N, P, S, Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn and Cu but less than 35% of its K, Na, Cl and Fe. Seeds of H. undulata contained over 50% of the P, N, S and Zn despite their small contribution to fruit dry matter (2.4%) but only 0.4-3.5% of the fruit's K, Cl and Na. Seeds contained higher levels of all nutrients except Na and Cl than the follicle or capsule. Nutrients were less concentrated in seeds of G. wilsonii than in H. undulata. In G. wilsonii, 46% of the fruits had one aborted seed. The intake of many nutrients into fruit parts of G. wilsonii was out of phase with dry matter acquisition. The K:Ca ratio of seeds of both species was low and the reverse of that found in seeds of other fruits. It was concluded that some Proteaceae have evolved strategies to ensure that plants set a few fruits with at least one viable seed that has high levels of nutrients.
Biology of Australian seagrasses: Floral development and morphology in Amphibolis (Cymodoceaceae)
Authors: McConchie CA , Ducker SC , Knox RB
Published: December 2005

Floral development of male and female flowers in Amphibolis antarctica and A. griffithii was followed from the initiation of the floral meristem to the mature flower. In A. antarctica the flowers form on lateral branches, while in A. griffithii they may also develop terminally on an upright branch from the rhizome. A. griffithii and. to a lesser extent, A. antarctica, show sympodial branching from the floral axis. The female flower develops from a pair of primordia; in A. griffithii these primordia each develop three stigmas, which in A. antarctica subsequently may form secondary branches. The. ovary wall bears the initials of the future grappling apparatus, comprising four comb initials in A. grijjjthii and a further inner set of horns in A. antarctica. The female flowers of Amphibolis are unique amongst the members of the Cymodoceaceae in being subtended by a bract or perianth, similar to the male flowers. Differences between the floral vasculature and intravaginal squamulae are presented for both species.
Biomass and Nutrient Accumulation in a Planted E. globulus (Labill.) Fertilizer Trial
Authors: Cromer RN , Williams ER
Published: December 2005

The above ground biomass of Eucalyptus globulus was estimated four times during 9.5 years in a plantation treated with four levels of fertilizer. A linear relationship between biomass components and tree basal
area was appropriate up to 4 years of age but the allometric relationship was more suitable in subsequent
years. A biomass of 3 kg m-2 took 9 . 5 years to accumulate in unfertilized plots compared with 4 years in
heavily fertilized plots. Net primary production reached 1 , 5 kg m-2 year-1 in the heavily fertilized plots
between 6 and 9.5 years of age.
Nitrogen accumulation in heavily fertilized plots reached a peak of 2.6 g m-2 year-1 before 2 years of
age compared with a plateau of 0.8 g m-2 year-1 in unfertilized plots. Maximum accumulation of
phosphorus in heavily fertilized and unfertilized trees was 0.25 and 0.10 g m-2 year-1 respectively. The
effect of fertilizer on nutrient accumulation disappeared during the period from 6 to 9.5 years.
Effect of Microorganisms on the Formation and Activity of Proteoid Roots of Lupinus albus L
Authors: Gardner WK , Barber DA , Parbery DG
Published: December 2005

Proteoid roots of Lupinus albus can develop under aseptic conditions, but many more are produced when
microorganisms are present. The roots appear to be the source of the hydrogen ions. reductants and
chelating agents observed in their vicinity. The activity of these secretions is reduced in the presence of
microorganisms which presumably use them as sources of energy.
Taxonomy of Dacrydium Sol. Ex Lamb. Emend. De Laub. (Podocarpaceae)
Authors: Quinn CJ
Published: December 2005

Dacrydium Sol. ex Lamb. emend. de Laub. is redefined to include only those species belonging to section B
(Florin 1931; de Laubenfels 1969). The remaining species are assigned to Lepidothamnus Phil. (two species
from New Zealand, one from Chile). Lagarostrobos gen. nov. (one species from New Zealand. one from
Tasmania) and Halocarpus gen. nov. (three species from New Zealand). Ovule orientation, one of the main
character-states used to define Dacrydium s.l., is reexamined and shown to be in accord with the new
taxonomic arrangement. Lepidothamnus fonkii Phil. is reinstated and seven new combinations are made, viz.
Lepidotharnnus intermedius (T. Kirk) C. J. Quinn, L. laxifolius (Hook. f.) C. J. Quinn, Halocarpus bidwillii
(Hook. f. exT. Kirk) C. J. Quinn, H. biformis (Hook.) C. J . Quinn, H. kirkii (F. Muell. ex Parl.) C. J. Quinn,
Lagarostrobos colensoi (Hook.) C. J . Quinn and L. franklinii (Hook. f.) C. J. Quinn. A key to the genera in
the Podocarpaceae is also given.
Southern Australian speceis of Hypoglossum (Delesseriaceae, Rhodophyta)
Authors: Womersley HBS , Shepley EA
Published: December 2005

Six species of Hypoglossum are recognized on southern Australian coasts and a key and detailed descriptions are provided. Following study also of the type species, H. woodwardii, from Britain, the generic description is broadened to include species where (I) not all second-order cells produce third-order cell rows although all third-order cell rows reach the thallus margin. (2) the carposporangia develop sequentially at the apex of branches of the carposporophyte, 1-3 being mature or almost so at one time; and (3) tetrasporangia are produced from cells of the second- and third-order rows and in some species (but not all) from cortical cells, and separate cover cells do not seem to occur.
Invasion by Pittosporum undulatum of the Forests of Central Victoria. III. Effects of Temperature and Light on Growth and Drought Resistance
Authors: Gleadow RM , Rowan KS
Published: December 2005

The clumping of invading seedlings of Pittosporum undulatum Vent. around the butts of established trees is
due partly to the site-dependent survival of seedlings. particularly during summer. P. undulatum seedlings
were very drought-tolerant when grown at moderately low temperatures (21.4°C day/17.8°C night
compared with 27.4°C day/23.9°C night) and in deep shade. Plants droughted at 5°C higher temperatures
and higher photon flux densities stopped transpiring and wilted 10-13 days earlier than those droughted
under cooler, densely shaded conditions. Well watered seedlings had higher relative growth rates and net
assimilation rates when grown under higher temperatures and photon flux densities. Control seedlings were
more leafy when grown under low light. as reflected by the specific leaf area, leaf area ratio and root/shoot
ratios. The adverse effects of higher photon flux densities and temperatures on the drought tolerance of P.
undulatum seedlings support the hypothesis that survlval of invading seedlings in their first year is dependent
on the microclimate.
A Revision of the Genus Sarcomelicope (Rutaceae)
Authors: Hartley TG
Published: December 2005

The rain forest genus Sarcomelicope Engler consists of six species, five endemic to New Caledonia and one.
with three subspecies, distributed from eastern Australia to Fiji. The genus is described and its taxonomic
history and apparent ancestry are discussed. The species are keyed, described and their apparent
relationships are outlined. Two species. S. glauca and S. dogniensis. are described as new, and new
combinations are made for the names of four taxa, S. leiocarpa. S. simplicfolia, S. sirnplicfolia subsp. neo-
scotica and S . Simplicifolia subsp. petiolaris. all of which were recently placed in the genus Bauerella Borzi
(Rutaceae).
Dormancy and Germination of Seed of Eight Populations of Themeda australis
Authors: Groves RH , Hagon MW , Ramakrishnan PS
Published: December 2005

Seed of eight populations of Themeda australis (R.Br.) Stapf from sites nith the widest range of climates
in Australia and Papua New Guinea (P.N.G.) was tested for its dormancy status and germination
responses to different temperature and moisture regimes. The populations were from Lae. P.N.G..
Katherine. N.T.. Mundubbera. Qld. Alice Springs. N.T.. Tantangara. N.S.W.. Adelaide Hills. S.A..
Bunbury, W.A. and Hobart. Tas.
Dormancy of fresh seed was negligible in Lae and Mundubbera populations. considerable in the Alice
Springs population and intermediate in populations from Katherine and all temperate sites. Addition of
gibberellic acid hastened the release from dormancy of seed from Katherine and Bunbury. Exposure of
plants to three different temperature regimes during seed formation had an effect on dormancy of the
Katherine population. Stratification at 4°C and high alternating daily temperatures (45 20°C) hastened
the loss of dormancy of fresh seeds of some populations.
Germination of non-dormant seed of the different populations was relatively unaffected b)
temperatures between 20 and 40°C. Germination of the Alice Springs population was the most sensitive
to increasing water stress and that from Lae the least sensitive. Radicle elongation of seedlings from Alice
Springs was significantly greater than that of most other populations at a water potential of - I .0 MPa.
The differences reported for seed dormancy and germination characteristics of T. australis populations
do not reflect a strong physiological adaptation to the climatic characteristics of the sites from which they
were collected.
Changes in Water Relations Associated With Infection by Phytophthora cinnamomi
Authors: Dawson P , Weste G
Published: December 2005

Changes in water relations associated with infection by Phytophthora cinnamomi were measured for three native species from the Brisbane Ranges forest. Measurements included leaf conductance, stomatal aperture, transpiration, water potential and relative water content in container-grown plants of Isopogon ceratophyllus (highly susceptible), Eucalyptus macrorhyncha (field-susceptible) and E. goniocalyx (field-resistant) maintained in a glasshouse. I. Ceratophyllus showed a large and highly significant difference in water relations between infected and control plants. Infection was associated with stomatal closure, reduced transpiration, reduced relative water content and leaf water potential. These reactions to infection were not observed for either of the glasshouse-reared Eucalyptus species. In the forest diseased E. macrorhyncha showed significant differences in leaf conductance compared with healthy trees, whereas E. goniocalyx forest trees showed less infection-associated variation. This variation in leaf conductance was not associated with water stress.
River Water Salinity and the Distribution of Mangrove Species Along Several Rivers in North Queensland
Authors: Bunt JS , Williams WT , Clay HJ
Published: December 2005

It is well recognized that salinity is one of the major factors influencing the vegetation of mangrove swamps.
Nonetheless, knowledge of the limits of salinity tolerance is limited to a relatively few species. Accordingly,
observations were undertaken of the distributions of a number of mangrove species in a set of tidal rivers in
northern Queensland. River water salinity measurements were used as the frame of reference to the
observations. To the extent that generalizations are possible, tolerance of or adaptation to sea water
appeared to lie in a series as follows: Rhizophora stylosa; R . apiculata; Sonneratia alba; Ceriops tagal >
Aegiceras corniculatum; Bruguiera parviflora > Excoecaria agallocha; Rhizophora mucronata > Acrostichum
sp.; Heritiera littoralis; Nypa fruticans > Barringtonia sp.; Bruguiera sexangula; Sonneratia caseolaris;
(Hibiscus tiliaceus).
A review of the genus Tristania R. Br. (Myrtaceae): a heterogeneous assemblage of five genera
Authors: Wilson PG , Waterhouse J.T.
Published: December 2005

The genus Tristania is reviewed, with particular emphasis on the Australian species, on the basis of morphological and anatomical evidence and, as a result, divided into five genera. The genus Tristania R.Br. em. Schott is monotypic, the genera Welchiodendron and Ristantia are newly described and Lophostemon Schott and Tristaniopsis Brongn. & Gris are reinstated from synonymy. One new species, Tristaniopsis collina, is described and 33 new combinations made: Welchiodendron longivalve, Ristantia pachysperma, Lophostemon confertus, L. grandijlorus ssp. grandiflorus and ssp. riparius, L. Iactifluus, L. suaveolens, Tristaniopsis anomala, T. beccarii, T. bilocularis, T. burmanica, T. clementis, T. decorticata, T. elliptica, T. exiliflora, T. ferruginea, T.fruticosa, T. grandifolia, T. laurina, T. littoralis, T. macrosperma, T. merguensis, T. micrantha, T. oblongifolia, T. obovata, T. oreophila, T.pentandra, T. polyandra, T.pontianensis, T. razakiana, T. rufescens, T, stellata and T. whiteana. Two further species, Tristania psidioides and Tristania umbrosa, are transferred to Xanthostemon.
Comparative Anatomy of Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizas Formed on Subterranean Clover
Authors: Abbott LK
Published: December 2005

The anatomy of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas formed by 10 species from the Endogonaceae within
subterranean clover roots was compared using light microscopy. In pot cultures of single species of fungi,
each fungus formed a characteristic infection pattern within roots of subterranean clover. Fungi from the
genera Glomus (excluding G. tenuis), Acaulospora and Gigaspora were readily distinguished from each other.
Within each genus, species varied in the extent to which they formed hyphae or vesicles with dissimilar
morphology. Differences among genera were always greater than those among species within genera. This
emphasizes a role for infection morphology in taxonomic descriptions of the fungi which are usually limited
to features of spores. A key is provided to the characteristics useful for distinguishing among these 10 species
of fungi within roots of subterranean clover.
Effect of spring wild fires on Iseilema (Flinders grass) populations in the Mitchell grass region of north-western Queensland
Authors: Scanlan JC , O'Rourke PK
Published: December 2005

The effect of spring wildfires and consequent ashbeds on the emergence and survival of the annual Iseilema spp. (Flinders grass) was studied in field and pot experiments during favourable growing conditions between December 1976 and April 1977. Emergence of Iseilema seedlings was lower on burnt than unburnt treatments when the amount of litter present at burning was 100 g m-2 or more. Litter had a major influence on emergence in unburnt areas. Initially there was a rapid increase in emergence with increasing litter followed by decreased emergence with a further increase in litter. Microtopography had no effect on emergence in unburnt treatments but there were significantly more seedlings in depressions (750 m-2) than on flats or rises (240 m-2) in burnt areas. The number of tillers per plant was greater in burnt areas than in unburnt areas at the same density, especially when the density was lower than 500 m-2. At higher densities, the number of tillers per plant decreased in both treatments. Seedling survival was greater in burnt areas in the early stages of establishment but, by maturity, survival was highest in the unburnt areas.
Establishment of small-seeded perennial grasses on black clay soils in north-western New South Wales.
Authors: Watt LA , Whalley RDB
Published: December 2005

A range of native and exotic perennial grasses was examined for relationships between seed and seedling features and establishment success on cracking black clay soils of the north-westem slopes of New South Wales. The features examined included the effect of temperature on the speed of germination and cumulative total germination, the effect of the duration of water availability in the seedbed on seedling emergence and the rates of seedling extension. Seedbed temperatures were also monitored during the spring at the Inverell Research Centre. No single seed or seedling feature was consistently associated with establishment success. The two species with the highest rating for establishment, Dichanthium sericeum (R.Br.) A. Camus and Bothriochloa macra (Steud.) S. T. Blake, gave good seedling emergence with only 3 days of seedbed watering, had early and rapid seed germination, germinated well over a wide range of temperatures and had fast root and shoot extension rates. Chloris gayana Kunth, with the lowest establishment rating, had low ratings for all characteristics examined except that it had a moderate speed of germination. Advantageous features at one stage of the sequence from seed to established plant can compensate for weaknesses at another stage, e.g, the fast root and shoot growth rate of Panicum decompositum R. Br. compensates for slow speed of germination, to give a good establishment rating overall.
Floristics and Fire Regimes of a Vegetation Sequence From Sedgeland-Heath to Rainforest at Bathurst Harbour, Tasmania
Authors: Brown MJ , Podger FD
Published: December 2005

The floristic differences found in vegetation ranging from sedgeland-heath to rainforest were sampled by the placement of 80 quadrats in an area 2 km2 near Bathurst Harbour, Tasmania. A direct gradient analysis using the time since last fire as the major axis of variation suggests that the changing species composition of sites is both gradational and fire-related. This interpretation is supported by a point- centred quarter analysis of the forested communities and by Principal Coordinates and Detrended Correspondence Analyses of the entire vegetation sequence. Previous descriptive models based on correlations between he frequency and structural formations are confirmed by this study. A broad correlation between fire frequency and floristic associations within non-forested vegetation is also demonstrated. However, explanation of detailed patterns requires consideration of the total fire regime (including duration and intensity of fire) and its interaction with edaphic factors. For example, fires which burn in peat lead to hysteresis in the successional pathways.
The Genesis of Form in Oleander (Nerium oleander L.)
Authors: Williams RF , Metcalf RA , Gust LW
Published: December 2005

With the aid of three-dimensional scale drawings, the development of the shoot apex of Nerium
oleander and its transition from decussate to whorled phyllotaxis are described. Normally there are
whorls of three leaves, but vigorous seedlings can change from the decussate condition to whorls of
four leaves in a single step. Axillary buds produce two leaves at their bases but switch immediately
to whorls of three.
A study of the growth in volume of young primordia led to the conclusion that the bare apical
surface was growing very slowly and was subject to considerable physical constraint by the whorls
of massive leaf bases that are coplanar with it. Under circumstances as yet undefined the apex can
become convex and the phyllotaxis change to a Fibonacci spiral system.
Massive glandular trichomes are produced in the axils of the leaves and of the cotyledons. They
appear to obstruct the early growth of leaf primordia and may be a factor governing apical dominance
in vegetative shoots of Nerium.
Germination, Growth and Mineral Ion Concentrations of Casuarina Species under Saline Conditions
Authors: Hyland BPM
Published: December 2005

The response of 11 Casuarina species to salinity (NaCl) at germination (0, 20, 50, 200, 400 mM)
and/or as seedlings (0, 75, 150 mM) was studied. Both the final germination percentage and germination
rate were reduced in all species by increasing salinity. Treatment of seedlings tended to depress growth,
increase the concentrations of Na and Cl in the woody stem and shoot tip and decrease K
concentrations in the root and shoot. The species exhibited a wide range of responses to salinity, with
some (e.g. C. equisetifolia) showing little growth reduction and no visible injury symptoms, and others
(e.g. C. inophloia) showing greatly reduced growth accompanied by shoot tip chlorosis and/or death
at 150 mM NaCl. Na and C1 concentrations in the shoot tip in sensitive species treated at 150 mM
NaCl were 6-10 times higher than those of controls. In the more resistant species estimated shoot
tip concentrations of these ions in plants treated at 150 mM NaCl were approximately the same as
or less than those of the external medium. Na and C1 concentrations in the root were higher in these
species than in the more sensitive species.
Note on Paper 'Growth Rings and Rainfall Correlations in a Mangrove Tree of the Genus Diospyros (Ebenaceae)', by N.C. Duke et al
Authors: Ash J
Published: December 2005

The paper by Duke et al. [Aust. J. Bot. (1981) 29, 135-421 on growth rings in a mangrove tree of
Diospyros is discussed. The authors seek to demonstrate a relationship between annual rainfall, annual
growth and growth rings but both the techniques they employ and the close dependence of growth
upon annual rainfall seem dubious. An alternative interpretation of the data is presented using climatic
growth indices.
Chlorosis in a Tree Fern (Cyathea cooperi) Induced by Brief Heat Stress
Authors: Doley D
Published: December 2005

Chlorosis occurred in a frond of Cyathea cooperi (Hook. ex F. Muell.) Domin exposed briefly to air
temperatures up to 41.2°C during expansion. Pinnule anatomy and cellular organization were generally unaffected, but chloroplast development was impaired. Chlorophyll concentration was reduced to less
than 5% of normal, and grana were few in number and attenuated. Stroma thylakoids were almost
completely absent, starch grains did not develop and membrane-bound vesicles were numerous and
sometimes large. Previously matured fronds were not injured visibly by high temperatures.
Cladistic and Phenetic Analyses of Phylogenetic Relationships Among Populations of Eucalyptus caesia
Authors: Hopper SD , Burgman MA
Published: December 2005

Numerical cladistic and phenetic analyses were undertaken on allozyme and morphometric data from
11 populations of the south-western Australian granite rock mallee Eucalyptus caesia. Differing
minimum-length Wagner networks were obtained from both the continuous and binary coded allozyme
and morphometric data sets. Pooling the continuous allozyme and morphometric data sets, or analysing
the morphometric data set alone, gave the most biogeographically parsimonious networks. These
analyses suggest that, of the two subspecies of E. caesia, magna is monophyletic while caesia is
paraphyletic. Magna probably was derived from an ancestral population of caesia to which the extant
Yanneymooning Hill caesia population shares the closest phylogenetic relationship. The most western
caesia population bears the closest affinity to the putative ancestor of the species as a whole, and a
sequence of increasingly derived caesia populations occurs eastwards, as does the derived subspecies
magna.
In most cases, equally plausible and largely congruent phylogenetic reconstructions were obtained
using either cladistic or phenetic analyses of the same data sets in E. caesia. The possible occurrence
of interpopulational hybridization between neighbouring populations and of differential rates of
allozyme and morphometric character state changes may have introduced errors in the phylogenetic
reconstructions obtained by cladistic and phenetic methods.
A new taxonomy for Monascus species based on cultural and microscopical characters
Authors: Hawksworth DL , Pitt JI
Published: December 2005

The taxonomy of Monascus van Tieghem (Ascomycotina) is revised as a result of an investigation of cultural and microscopic characters of type and numerous other isolates. Three species are recognized: M. pilosus K. Sato ex D. Hawksw. & Pitt sp. nov.: M. purpureus Went; M. ruber van Tieghem. Keys to the species, comprehensive descriptions and lists of material studied are presented. These fungi are of special interest because of their use in the production of a range of oriental fermented foods.
The Subgeneric Composition of Eucalypt Forest Stands in a Region of South-Eastern Australia
Authors: Austin MP , Cunningham RB , Wood JT
Published: December 2005

Pryor's rule that mixed stands of eucalypt forest consist of species from different subgeneric groups was tested statistically using data from a vegetation survey of part of the South Coast of New South Wales. The plot data were stratified by environmental regions, and expressed in terms of the subgeneric combinations of the two most abundant tree species. The categories recognized were the eucalypt subgenera Monocalyptus, Symphyomyrtus and Corymbia, plus Angophora and others. The results suggest that: (a) subgenera are characteristic of certain environmental regions; (b) combinations of subgenera are not random; (c) a modification of Pryor's rule is applicable to three of the four regions studied; and (d) in addition, certain combinations of subgenera occur more frequently than expected by chance, e.g. Monocalyptus occurs as the most abundant species, with Symphomyrtus as subordinate, more frequently than the reverse situation. The results accord with recent reviews of eucalypt forest ecology but there are many plots with a composition of three species from the same subgenus. Biological explanations for Pryor's rule must also take account of these exceptions and the tendency for Symphyomyrtus species to be subdominant to Monocalyptus in the coastal region.
Morphological and chemical variation in populations of Richea scoparia and R. angustifolia (Epacridaceae)
Authors: Menadue Y , Crowden RK
Published: December 2005

A morphometric and chemical study was made of 24 populations of Richea scoparia and R. angustifolia from widespread locations in Tasmania. The analyses failed to demonstrate any clear-cut discontinuities between the two species. R. angustifolia should be submerged taxonomically within R. scoparia as it is encompassed by the latter's wider variation. The data are interpreted in terms of a cline of a highly variable species, with morphs disposed according to trends in alpine climates from south-west to north-east Tasmania. Superimposed on this cline is a grouping of populations into two sets related to geological substrates. These sets do not correspond to the taxonomic 'species'.
Storage reserves of the seed-like, aestivating organs of Geophytes inhabiting granite outcrops in south-western Australia.
Authors: Dixon KW , Kuo J , Pate JS
Published: December 2005

Storage reserves of the aestivating corms of Isoetes muelleri (Isoetaceae, Pteridophyta), stem tubers of Phylloglossum drummondii (Lycopodiaceae, Pteridophyta) and corms of Stylidium petiolare (Stylidiaceae, Dicotyledoneae) and Philydrella pygmaea (Philydraceae, Monocotyledoneae) were examined by chemical analysis, microscopy and scanning X-ray microanalysis. Concentrations of mineral elements (P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn) in corm or stem tuber dry matter were similar to those recorded earlier for other bulbous, cormous and tuberous species, but levels of total N (31-32 mg/g dry matter) and protein (15-17% of corm fresh weight) were exceptionally high. Accumulation of mineral elements in developing replacement corms of S. petiolare showed precocious uptake of K, accumulation of Zn closely parallel to increases in dry weight, and most rapid accumulation of N, Mg and P during late corm filling, when tissues were dehydrating most rapidly. The dormant corms or stem tubers resembled seeds in small size (2-11 mg fresh weight), low water content (1-5% H20 in fresh weight) and the presence of closely packed starch grains (some species), lipid droplets and protein bodies in their storage parenchyma. Protein bodies contained 'soft', cluster-like (P. drummondii) or globoid-type (other three species) inclusions whose structure was often obscured due to leaching or dislodgement during specimen preparation. Point (0.5 �m2) microanalysis of protein bodies containing apparently intact inclusions indicated the latter to be especially rich in P, Ca, Mg, Zn and Mn (S. petiolare) or P, K, Ca and Zn (P. pygmaea). Storage reserves of seeds of S. petiolare (cotyledon tissue) and P. pygmaea (aleurone of endosperm) showed ultrastructural features closely similar to those of their respective corms.
Seed Proteinase Inhibitors of Pulchellae, Acacia mitchellii Benth. And A. alata R. Br.: Exclusion of A. mitchellii From Pulchellae
Authors: Murray DR , Weder JKP
Published: December 2005

Seed trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitory activities (as mg enzyme inhibited per g of seed meal) and the electrophoretic patterns of trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors (TI and CTI respectively) have been studied in representatives of Pulchellae and in Acacia alata R. Br., a species incorporated into the broad group 'Pulchelloidea' Vassal. The value of TI obtained for Acacia mitchellii Benth. (9.4) is one of the highest recorded for an Australian acacia, and compares with a range of values from 0.9 to 3.8 for Pulchellae s. str. The value of CTI measured for A. mitchellii (3 , 1) is also well above the range of 0.6 -1.9 obtained from Pulchellae s. str. The exclusion of A. mitchellii from Pulchellae is further supported by its possession of a type A electrophoretic pattern, in which the main bands of TI activity lack detectable CTI activity. By comparison, all members of Pulchellae s. str. so far examined display type B patterns, in which the mobilities of the CTI bands are both equal to and greater than the mobilities of the main bands of TI activity. Although A. alata displayed a type A rather than a type B pattern, its TI and CTI activities (1.8 and 1.6 respectively) were within the ranges displayed by Pulchellae s. str. and its electrophoretic profile of seed proteins resembled those of members of the A. browniana subgroup of Pulchellae s. str.
Embryo Development and Anatomy in Araucaria Juss
Authors: Haines RJ
Published: December 2005

Embryo development following suspensor elongation was studied in three species of Araucaria: A.
cunninghamii, A. heterophylla and A. bidwillii. The mature embryos of these species were compared
with those of A. hunsteinii and species for which published data are available.
In general outline, the embryogeny of Araucaria resembles that described for a number of other
conifers.
Differences are evident among species of Araucaria with respect to the following features of the
mature embryo: overall size; relative lengths of the cotyledons, hypocotyl and root cap; cotyledon
number; the presence of stomates; the extent and arrangement of the vascular and secretory tissues;
and the state of differentiation of the vascular tissue. Consideration of all these features lends some
support to the generally recognized division of the genus into four sections, although there is some
evidence to suggest a relationship between the Eutacta and Intermedia species, on one hand, and the
Columbea and Bunya species, on the other.
Nutrient Cycling in a Stand of Acacia holosericea A. Cunn. Ex G. Don. III. Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium and Potassium.
Authors: NP.J . , Dalling MJ
Published: December 2005

Nutrient cycling by a 3-year-old Acacia holosericea plantation (1111 trees ha-1) was studied over a 13-month period. The gross accumulation of each nutrient in the various above-ground organs was calculated from the net increase over the study period plus the amounts lost by leaching and litterfall. Gross accumulation was greatest for calcium (22.4 kg ha-1), and potassium (18.8 kg ha-1), sodium (6.8 kg ha-1), followed by magnesium (5.2 kg ha-1). Biochemical recycling was greatest for calcium (10%) magnesium (8%), sodium (3%) and potassium (2%); however, this may be an overestimate as some of the apparent mobilization was undoubtedly due to leaching. Litter return accounted for 14% of the gross accumulation for potassium, 11% of magnesium, 10% of sodium and 9% of calcium. Litterfall accounted for 90% of the return of calcium to the soil and 75% of the return of magnesium. On the other hand, transfer in solution (leaching, surface wash) accounted for 88% of the return of sodium from the canopy to the soil and 59% of the return of potassium. Over the period 1 January 1979 to 28 February 1980 (total rainfall 2261 mm), the addition of nutrients in area precipitation was greatest for sodium (23.6 kg ha-1), followed by potassium (11.2 kg ha-1), calcium (6.8 kg ha-1) and magnesium (1.8 kg ha-1). Throughfall and stemflow increased the concentration of nutrients, such that the total nutrient addition to the soil was greatest for sodium (28.8 kg ha-1) followed by potassium (15.0 kg ha-1), calcium (7.0 kg ha-1) and magnesium (2.0 kg ha-1). These additions to the soil are significant in
relation to the gross accumulation of these elements by Acacia holosericea.
Invasion by Pittosporum undulatum of the forests of central Victoria. IV. Shade tolerance
Authors: Gleadow RM , Rowan KS , Ashton DH
Published: December 2005

Seedlings of Pittosporum undulatum were grown under shade screens for 16 days at four flux densities: 97.8, 18.2, 3.4 and 0.4% full daylight, i.e. c. 420, 78, 14 and 2 W m-2. Seedlings showed moderate tolerance of shade: the growth compensation point for light was 1 .6% daylight, the leaf area ratio in full daylight was low (48.96 cm2 g-1) and when plants grown at 0.4% were compared with those grown at 97.8% full daylight and there was a fourfold increase in chlorophyll concentration. Leaves were thinner at the lowest flux density because the cells were deflated and there appeared to be only one row of palisade mesophyll cells. On the other hand, there was no large increase in leaf area ratio with shading, no alteration in the chlorophyll a/b ratio and no depression of net assimilation rate in full daylight. P. undulatum can endure shade but has a higher growth rate when grown at higher photon flux densities. P. undulatum is found predominantly in shade owing to the uneven dispersal of seed and the site-dependent survival of seedlings and not because shade is required for maximum growth.
Hybridization Between Eucalyptus obliqua L'hérit. And E. pulchella Desf
Authors: Potts BM , Reid JB
Published: December 2005

The present study provides the first evidence for the occurrence of natural hybrids between the wide- ranging species E. obliqua (series Obliquae) and the restricted Tasmanian endemic E. pulchella (series Piperitae). The progeny from one putative hybrid is shown to be intermediate between the progeny from the two parental species for virtually all characters examined. Principal component and likelihood analyses support this intermediacy of the hybrid progeny and suggest that no other species are involved in this hybrid system. The hybrid progeny shows greater variability than progeny from either parental species. Further, the hybrid tree has a lower seed output per capsule than trees of either parental species and therefore the hybrid tree appears to be at an evolutionary disadvantage. The two adult hybrids were found on the edge of shallow gullies on E. pulchella-dominated, north- facing slopes away from pure stands of E. obliqua. Some natural saplings outside the phenotypic range of either species were also found in the gullies. These results are most easily interpreted as suggesting that the intermediate trees examined originated from recent hybridization (possibly F1) following the migration of E. obliqua pollen into the range of E. pulchella. It is suggested that long-distance pollen migration of this type may be of evolutionary importance in allowing the colonization of suitable sites (in this case, small gullies) by advantageous genes or gene combinations from a distant species. The gene combinations of the pollen parent may be reselected from a segregating hybrid swarm.
The Phosphorus Response of Eucalyptus Seedlings Grown in a Pallid Zone Clay Treated With Three Levels of Lime
Authors: Dell B , Loneragan JF , Plaskett D
Published: December 2005

The responses of five Eucalyptus species (E. calophylla, E. globulus, E. maculata, E. marginata and E. resinifera) to four levels of calcium phosphate and three levels of lime (CaCO3) on a granitic pallid zone clay of pH 4.0 from a jarrah forest soil were examined in a glasshouse trial. In the presence of a complete fertilizer, except for lime and phosphate, seedlings made poor growth and had weak root systems with few fine roots. Application of calcium phosphate promoted shoot and root growth in all species. Application of lime had no effect on plant growth except at very high levels (7.1 g per kg soil), where it induced iron deficiency chlorosis in some species. All species achieved maximum yield with an application of calcium phosphate of between 30 and 300 mg per kg soil. Phosphorus concentrations in individual leaves and shoots were low (0.1-0.3%) and responded weakly to phosphate treatments. Phosphorus concentrations in stems responded strongly to increasing phosphate applications over the whole range of phosphate supply. We suggest that stem
tissues may be used to indicate the phosphorus status of eucalypts.
Development of Phytophthora cinnamomi Infection in Roots of Eucalypt Species Growing in a Soil That Suppresses Phytophthora Root Disease
Authors: Marks GC , Smith IW
Published: December 2005

When Eucalyptus sieberi was grown in either a steamed or unsteamed krasnozem that suppressed Phytophthora cinnamomi root rot and repotted when either 6 or 12 weeks old in a larger container
of inoculated sandy loam, seedling survival was significantly greater in the unsteamed treatments.
By varying the treatments in the inner core soil and outer inoculum jacket, substituting a biologically
inert coarse sand in place of the krasnozem in the core, and using eucalypt species of varying disease
tolerance while maintaining very strict hygiene conditions throughout these experiments, it was possible
to either demonstrate or deduce that: (a) the seedlings were killed when infection spread into the
major roots, root collar and lower stem; (b) the microflora in the unsteamed krasnozem appeared to
slow down the decay process within the root, possibly when the fungus was attempting to establish
itself within the root; (c) the phenotypic resistance of a seedling to root disease depended, inter alia,
on its genetic resistance and on the microflora in the surrounding soil; (d) once the fungus was
established in the suberized tissues the microflora in the external environment had no influence on
disease.
Seed Development in Araucaria Juss
Authors: Haines RJ
Published: December 2005

The development of the seed coat, seed wing and food reserve tissue of the female gametophyte was
studied in four species of Araucaria: A. cunninghamii, A, heterophylla, A. bidwillii and A. hunsteinii.
The means of seed dispersal in each of these species were also recorded. Comparisons were made
among these species and others for which published data are available.
The species differed with respect to the thickness of the seed coat and anatomical characteristics
of the component layers; the thickness and nature of the nucellar layer; the relative degree of
enlargement of non-fertilized ovules; the composition of the food reserves; the presence and nature
of the seed wing; and the seed dispersal mechanism. The distribution of these features among the
species of Araucaria for which data are available is consistent with the generally followed division
of the genus into four sections.
Growth Rings in Agathis robusta and Araucaria cunninghamii From Tropical Australia
Authors: Ash J
Published: December 2005

Agathis robusta and Araucaria cunninghamii trees growing in a seasonal tropical climate in north
Queensland produce late wood during cooler and drier periods. Vascular cambium growth rates
fluctuate, and slow-growing trees may temporarily have inactive cambium around parts of the trunk
so no growth ring is formed. Radiocarbon dates on old Agathis trees indicate that the frequency of
ring formation is less than annual.