bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modern changes in the educational structure of the population and regional economic development
Authors: Šolević Milorad
Published: May 2021

The aim of this paper is to point out the importance of population education and the high correlative influence of the educational structure of the population of Serbia on economic development, as well as on certain socio-economic processes. Appropriate scientific methods were applied in the paper, namely: methods of analysis and synthesis, comparative method, statistical method and method of document content analysis. The result achieved by quality education of the population and the implementation of acquired knowledge in the economy has extremely significant implications for productivity growth, wage growth and overall economic development of the country. Sublimation of numerous works of other researchers, as well as the results of this research, leads to the conclusion that education of the population has an extremely positive impact on long-term economic growth and development. Therefore, Serbia needs education reform that would include the introduction of modern curricula, improvement of working conditions and harmonization with real economic needs, as a strong stimulus for young people to acquire appropriate knowledge and skills and thus motivate and retain the highest quality staff and enable zealous regional development. Economic development based on the education of the population, as well as the creation of conditions for the acquired knowledge to be practically applied in the realization of economic and business tasks, is set as an educational and developmental imperative.
About the voice /h/ in one idiolect from the municipality of Novi Pazar
Authors: Novakov Dragana , Petrović Veselin
Published: May 2021

This paper gives a brief overview of the basic characteristics of the voice [h] in the speech of an informant from the village of Janča in municipality of Novi Pazar - with special reference to the dorp of Janačko Polje, that is the place of residence of said informant who is a member of the oldest generation of inhabitants of the surveyed area. Therefore, given her age, she can be considered an adequate representative of the speech of this village (and its surroundings), since her speech preserves the traditional features of the local vernacular in more and better way than that of her descendants (members of the younger generations of this area).
Complications after hip disarticulation and hemipelvectomy
Authors: Rajković Stanislav , Mandić Nikica , Lujić Nenad , Vučinić Zoran , Jeremić Danilo
Published: May 2021

Introduction: Hip disarticulation and hemipelvectomy are surgical procedures with a high rate of local complications: swollen scrotum/labia, superficial necrosis, infection, and wound dehiscence. Aim: We present local complications in our series. Material and methods: 17 patients were included in the study, there were 16 cases of malignant tumors and one case of osteomyelitis. Twelve of the tumors were soft tissue tumors, and four were malignant bone tumors. The descriptive statistical methods and methods for hypothesis testing used were the following: mean value, standard deviation, and absolute numbers as structure indicators, the t-test, and Fisher's exact test. Results: Local complications were observed in ten patients. Scrotum/labia edema was observed in five, superficial necrosis in four, wound infection in six, and wound dehiscence in seven cases. A single complication was observed in three patients; two and three complications were observed in three cases, each; and four complications were observed in one patient. No significant statistical difference was found between male and female patients (p=1.000). Patients with complications were significantly older (p=0.008). The correlation was found only between wound infection and dehiscence (p=0.001). Staphylococcus aureus was found in three cases, Enterococcus faecalis in one, Pseudomonas aeruginosa in three, Proteus mirabilis in two, and Acinetobacter spp. in one. Two patients had a single agent infection, the remaining four had polymicrobial infection. The complication rate was 58.8%, with wound infection being the most common one. Age was found as a possible predictor. This might be in relation to the condition of the blood vessels, but also with the general condition of the patient. Conclusion: Complications in hip disarticulation/hemipelvectomy vary from insignificant to life-threatening, prolonging recovery and rehabilitation.
The personal effects of professor Smilja Kostić-Joksić, PhD within the dr. Aleksandar Kostić legacy in Grocka
Authors: Atić Zorica
Published: May 2021

The Republic of Serbia was, after World War II, amongst the countries whose population underwent intensive BCG immunization, and the doctor who immensely contributed to the widespread application of the BCG vaccine in the territory of Yugoslavia (FPRY) was awarded the Legion of Honor in 1952. It was only in 2020. that the public learned that this doctor was Dr. Smilja Kostić-Joksić, renowned pediatrician, Professor at the Faculty of Medicine in Belgrade, scientist, honorary member of the Serbian Medical Society and the Association of Pneumophthisiologists of Yugoslavia, member of the Association of Pediatricians in Paris, the first woman to become an assistant professor at the Faculty of Medicine in Belgrade, wife of the well-known scientist, Professor Aleksandar Đ. Kostić, and the mother of eminent composer and gastronome Vojislav Voki Kostić. During her successful career, in addition to her efforts in teaching pediatrics, she also worked as Chief Physician at the outpatient department of the Children's Hospital and as a doctor at the Counselling Center for Infants. She published over 120 papers in Serbian and French, in national and international journals, amongst them a large number of popular articles in the field of pediatrics. Half a century after her removal from the Faculty of Medicine and 20 years after her death, she was posthumously morally exonerated in 2001. The public was reminded of the importance of Dr. Kostić-Joksić and her work when work started on her husband's bequest. In 2018, the Dr. Aleksandar Kostić Legacy in the Municipality of Grocka was presented as a part of the newly restored heritage site Gročanska čaršija, within a gallery space adapted for this purpose at the Ilija GarašaninLibrary, where, just like in life, Dr. Smiljka Kostić found her place alongside her distinguished husband. Some of her few remaining personal belongings are on display, amongst them handbooks and other clinical laboratory diagnostics titles published in Serbia, as well as photo documentation that was compiled during her clinical work on tuberculosis issues in children.
Psychological science from 'publish or perish' to 'trust but verify'
Authors: Keljanović Anđela
Published: May 2021

At the time when social psychologists believed they could be proud of their discipline, there was the devastating news that Diederik Stapel had committed a major scientific fraud. This event coincided with the start of the discussion on trust in psychological findings. It was soon followed by the report of a series of nine studies that failed to replicate the 'professor's study'. These replication results were astounding due to earlier reports of successful replications. Due to the crisis of confidence in the results of field research, the Open Science Collaboration subsequently replicated 100 correlation and experimental studies published in 2008 in Psychological Science, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, and Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. Of the 97% of the original studies that had a positive effect, 36% were replicated. However, their findings have also been called into question by calculating the Bayesian factor. In addition to fraud, questionable research practices resulting from publication bias that results in false positives undermine confidence in the validity of psychological research findings. Perhaps the most costly mistake of false-positive findings is to erroneously reject the null hypothesis. However, that Stapel (2011) confirmed the null hypothesis, or that Bargh (1996) found that admission of participants did not affect walking speed, or that Dijksterhuis and van Knipenberg (1998) reported that participants received with the word 'professor' did not improve their performance on task, no one would be interested in their findings. Zero findings are only interesting if they contradict the main hypothesis derived from the theory or contradict a number of previous studies. The fact that good experimental research is usually conducted in order to test theories, researchers can never be sure whether they have chosen the optimal operationalization of a given construct. As researchers can never be sure that they have properly operationalized the theoretical constructs they are evaluating and whether they have been successful in controlling the third variables that may be responsible for their results, the theory can never be proven true.
European politics and historical revisionism
Authors: Deletić Zdravko
Published: May 2021

The radical change of politics and ideology in the post-Communist states in the Yugoslav area caused a revaluation of national histories. The production of desirable history has the political support of the current authorities in the states that emerged from the break-up of Yugoslavia. The features of revaluing the past and writing desirable history are: anti-communism, anti-Yugoslavism and radical nationalism. At the same time, the engaged attitude towards anti-fascism as a national phenomenon is evident. Partisan anti-fascism is diminished or denied, the partisan movement and Communist ideology are criminalized by insisting on real and imagined crimes, retaliation and repression against ideological opponents. Communism is completely declared a totalitarianism and a nationally harmful ideology. On the other hand, the ideology and practice of the subjects of collaboration are being relativized and efforts are being made to relativize responsibility, to present collaboration as a national need. Through a series of resolutions and recommendations from 1996 to 2019, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe obliged the former socialist states to reconsider their past, to "dismantle" communism and remove the consequences of Communist rule, to rehabilitate victims of punishment for ideological conflicts. Everything is at the level of theory and anti-communist ideology. Procedures are not standardized, as the re-examination of the Communist-socialist past should be performed by the proposed subjects who can competently revise history and eliminate the consequences of totalitarian rule. History is being re-examined by whoever wants it, and rehabilitation without guilt is being done by local courts. There are no clear statements that revisionist practice is conditioned by European resolutions and declarations, but the character and content of revisionist journalism is in line with the adopted requirements.
The spread and importance of iatric cults in the antiquity with special reference to the cult of Asclepius and his veneration in Naissus
Authors: Ljubomirović Irena , Radulović Nenad
Published: May 2021

Iatric cults were spread in Hellas, and in the Hellenistic period were also venerated in Roman Empire. The most famous were Asclepius and his daughter Hygeia. Asclepius was famous Greek physician whose divine nature helped to heal the patients, which is why he was very popular among people. That's why he was popular among people. Asclepius was the only Greek deity to be accepted in the Temple of Westphalia in Rome, which means that the Romans thoroughly accepted him as very important deity in the Roman religion. He was considered to be the guardian of the individuals as well as the whole families, in addition, the protector of soldiers and even emperors. Sanctuaries were built in his honor, but he was also revered in sanctuaries of other gods. The healing power of Asclepius was associated with hot and cold water springs for use of water in the healing process which was very respected since the water was used in healing processes. It is assumed that one shrine was placed in imperial villa in Mediana, due to near hot water source in Niška banja. The veneration of cult of Asclepius in Mediana is traced back to the Roman emperor Julian and his restoration to paganism. Although Julian ruled for a short period of time, the statues of Asclepius and Hygeia remained in the villa in Mediana for decoration, only to be destroyed during the Hun devastation of Nais in 378. The need to prevent and cure people form deadly infectious diseases, which took many lives, had caused the respect of the cult of Asclepius in the territory of Hellas, Asia Minor and most part of Roman Empire in the period from the 16th century BC until the 6th century AD. From ancient time, people felt the need to take care of their own health, and when there was no other way to be cured, Asclepius helped with his supernatural power. His ability and readiness to provide help to everyone who needed it, made him the most widespread and respected cult of healing.
The Restoration of A VEL
Authors: Poston Clark
Published: May 2021

Avel is a fine example of early yacht construction; fitting into the evolution of boatbuilding practices found in the pilot cutters and other working craft being built in the late 1800's in the British Isles. She was even built with similar materials: English white oak and elm, Ameri­can long leaf yellow pine, and wrought iron drifts. Her salon paneling of teak and long-leaf yellow pine could have been found on Rene B, a pilot cutter from Barry. Chief differences would have been her teak topsides, non­ferrous plank fastenings, and perhaps her wrought iron floors, hanging, and lodging knees. This paper with it's complimentary slide show is a thorough description of Avel's restoration, in which approximately 70% of the original fabric of her hull and interior were kept intact.
Hydroelastic Modeling of Wet Deck Slamming on Multihull Vessels
Authors: Kvalsvold Jan , Faltinsen Odd M.
Published: May 2021

Slamming against the wet deck of a multihull vessel in head sea waves is studied analytically and numerically. The theoretical slamming model is a two-dimensional, asymptotic method valid for small local angles between the undisturbed water surface and the wet deck in the impact region. The disturbance of the water surface as well as the local hydroelastic effects in the slamming area are accounted for. The elastic deflections of the wet deck are expressed in terms of "dry" normal modes. The structural formu­lation accounts for the shear deformations and the rotatory inertia effects in the wet deck. The findings show that the slamming loads on the wet deck and the resulting elastic stresses in the wet deck are strongly influenced by the elasticity of the wet deck structure.
Photoacoustic lymphangiography before and after lymphaticovenular anastomosis
Authors: Oh Anna , Kajita Hiroki , Matoba Eri , Okabe Keisuke , Sakuma Hisashi , Imanishi Nobuaki , Takatsume Yoshifumi , Kono Hikaru , Asao Yasufumi , Yagi Takayuki , Aiso Sadakazu , Kishi Kazuo
Published: May 2021

Background

Lymphaticovenular anastomosis (LVA) is a minimally invasive surgical procedure used to treat lymphedema. Volumetric measurements and quality-of-life assessments are often performed to assess the effectiveness of LVA, but there is no method that provides information regarding postoperative morphological changes in lymphatic vessels and veins after LVA. Photoacoustic lymphangiography (PAL) is an optical imaging technique that visualizes the distribution of light-absorbing molecules, such as hemoglobin or indocyanine green (ICG), and provides three-dimensional images of superficial lymphatic vessels and the venous system simultaneously. In this study, we performed PAL in lymphedema patients before and after LVA and compared the images to evaluate the effect of LVA.

Methods

PAL was performed using the PAI-05 system in three patients (one man, two women) with lymphedema, including one primary case and two secondary cases, before LVA. ICG fluorescence lymphography was performed in all cases before PAL. Follow-up PAL was performed between 5 days and 5 months after LVA.

Results

PAL enabled the simultaneous visualization of clear lymphatic vessels that could not be accurately seen with ICG fluorescence lymphography and veins. We were also able to observe and analyze morphological changes such as the width and the number of lymphatic vessels and veins during the follow-up PAL after LVA.

Conclusions

By comparing preoperative and postoperative PAL images, it was possible to analyze the morphological changes in lymphatic vessels and veins that occurred after LVA. Our study suggests that PAL would be useful when assessing the effect of LVA surgery.
Twitch, del 'gaming' a la política: ¿cómo captar el voto joven?
Authors: Roca Trenchs Núria
Published: May 2021

La clase política se va haciendo espacio, poco a poco, en Twitch. Las plataformas digitales ofrecen la posibilidad de establecer diálogo, crear comunidad y convertirse en un altavoz mucho más potente que los canales comunicativos tradicionales. Es evidente que los políticos deben tener presencia digital, siempre que sea con una estrategia predefinida. Y, ahora, en Twitch, encuentran otro incentivo: la juventud, el gran abstencionista electoral.
From logos to image: the trends in transformation of modern culture
Authors: Sytykh Olga Leonidovna
Published: May 2021

The subject of this study is the transformation of modern culture associated with the visual turn. Using the dialectical method and systemic analysis, the author determines the trends in transformation of modern culture. The goal of article is to demonstrate the essence such changes, their vector and impact upon individual and society. The factors of transformation, its manifestations, and consequences are revealed. The works of the representatives of philosophy, culturology, sociology, history, etc. comprise the theoretical framework for this research. The empirical base contains the results of sociological survey conducted 2020 on the premises of two universities in the Altai Krai. The novelty consists in identification of the trends of cultural transformation under the influence of visual turn, their positive and negative consequences for individual and society, as well as generalization of numerous manifestations of these trends. The main conclusion of this study is the author's position about serious and contradictory transformations in society under the influence of visual rotation. The impact of visual rotation has both positive and negative development trends and their consequences. Among the positive effects of the visual turn, the author highlights stimulation of the development of visual thinking, which depends on functioning of the right brain. The author also indicates negative consequences of the visual transformation of culture. Perception through images weans people from thinking. Receiving information through images, rather than through speech, increases the clipping nature of consciousness. This entails the possibility of formation of an individual subject to manipulation. The presentation of images on the Internet and arrangement of visual series develops the habit of expecting “the solution of your problems by someone else” in the situation of choice. Another consequence of the transition from logos to image is the formation of prerequisites for “easy” submersion into virtual situations.
Cell-scale biophysical determinants of cell competition in epithelia
Authors: Gradeci Daniel , Bove Anna , Vallardi Giulia , Lowe Alan R , Banerjee Shiladitya , Charras Guillaume
Published: May 2021

How cells with different genetic makeups compete in tissues is an outstanding question in developmental biology and cancer research. Studies in recent years have revealed that cell competition can either be driven by short-range biochemical signalling or by long-range mechanical stresses in the tissue. To date, cell competition has generally been characterised at the population scale, leaving the single-cell-level mechanisms of competition elusive. Here, we use high time-resolution experimental data to construct a multi-scale agent-based model for epithelial cell competition and use it to gain a conceptual understanding of the cellular factors that governs competition in cell populations within tissues. We find that a key determinant of mechanical competition is the difference in homeostatic density between winners and losers, while differences in growth rates and tissue organisation do not affect competition end result. In contrast, the outcome and kinetics of biochemical competition is strongly influenced by local tissue organisation. Indeed, when loser cells are homogenously mixed with winners at the onset of competition, they are eradicated; however, when they are spatially separated, winner and loser cells coexist for long times. These findings suggest distinct biophysical origins for mechanical and biochemical modes of cell competition.
Conformational specificity of opioid receptors is determined by subcellular location irrespective of agonist
Authors: Crilly Stephanie E , Ko Wooree , Weinberg Zara Y , Puthenveedu Manojkumar A
Published: May 2021

The prevailing model for the variety in drug responses is that different drugs stabilize distinct active states of their G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) targets, allowing coupling to different effectors. However, whether the same ligand generates different GPCR active states based on the immediate environment of receptors is not known. Here we address this question using spatially resolved imaging of conformational biosensors that read out distinct active conformations of the δ-opioid receptor (DOR), a physiologically relevant GPCR localized to Golgi and the surface in neuronal cells. We have shown that Golgi and surface pools of DOR both inhibit cAMP, but engage distinct conformational biosensors in response to the same ligand in rat neuroendocrine cells. Further, DOR recruits arrestins on the surface but not on the Golgi. Our results suggest that the local environment determines the active states of receptors for any given drug, allowing GPCRs to couple to different effectors at different subcellular locations.
Introduction
Authors: Hart D. G.
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on how Roman Catholics became prominent players in conservative circles and provides an understanding on the affinity and tension between national and Roman Catholic traditions and ideals. It describes John F. Kennedy's kind of Roman Catholicism, which Americans and the press found acceptable. It also mentions John Courtney Murray, who was considered a potential breakthrough for Roman Catholicism that harmonizes church teaching with national ideals, unlike Kennedy whose electoral victory was an example of religious indifference. The chapter talks about Pope Leo XIII's 1899 condemnation of Americanism or adjustment of the church to freedom, democracy, and popular sovereignty as Roman Catholics were still laboring under papal opposition to modernity in the 1950s. It refers to John T. Noonan, Jr., who authored important books about the church's evolving moral theology.
Americanism Revived
Authors: Hart D. G.
Published: May 2021

This chapter cites conservatives that regard Watergate and Richard Nixon's subsequent resignation as catastrophic. It discusses how the hopes for fusing American ideas of small government and personal liberty with traditional Christianity looked less than promising by 1975. It also refers to the mainline Protestant churches that, in the 1960s, came to terms with the mix of political reform and moral indifference in ways that were more radical than traditional. The chapter emphasizes how Protestants had yet to emerge as an identifiable political constituency as their concerns were generally too pious and moral for the urbane and worldly ethos of movement conservatives. It describes how the Roman Catholic Church was in the midst of sorting out the reforms of the Second Vatican Council while defending the papal teaching on sex and contraception.
Americanism Redux
Authors: Hart D. G.
Published: May 2021

This chapter investigates the use of Americanism to appropriate Roman Catholicism for the good of a nation. It recounts older Roman Catholic heresy claimed that the American political system was not at odds with church teaching, even though the United States seemed to stand for most of the social and political realities that nineteenth-century popes had condemned. It also talks about the Americanists in the nineteenth-century who argued that Vatican officials misread the United States, stating that the nation was far friendlier to Roman Catholicism than Europeans imagined. The chapter details how Americanists urged the church to update its polity to the nation's political sensibilities, a strategy that would make Roman Catholicism look less odd in the United States. It also highlights ways Americanists adapt Roman Catholicism to life in a secular, constitutional republic.
Access to Healthy Food and Promoting Healthy Lives
Authors: Rakow Donald A. , Gough Meghan Z. , Lee Sharon A.
Published: May 2021

This chapter talks about community gardens that serve as sites for both food production and community education. The Bronx Green-up (BGU) is an initiative of the New York Botanical Garden. The BGU provides the technical support and materials needed for community gardens to succeed. The Green Corps, run by the Cleveland Botanical Garden, introduces at-risk youth to organic farming methods and provides them with opportunities to learn about gardening, nutrition, and environmental issues. The Growing to Green program, from the Franklin Park Conservatory and Botanical Gardens, has helped start, strengthen, and sustain approximately three hundred community or school gardens in Ohio. The Sankofa Farm at Batram's Garden involves the youth to enable them to get to college. Reflecting on the case studies in the chapter, it is clear that moving a community from a failing to a healthy state requires the participation of multiple entities: municipal agencies, social service organizations, community activists, for-profit organizations, and cultural and religious institutions. Each can play a role in making fresh produce more available and more appealing to those living in food deserts. By involving low-income residents in growing their own food, such initiatives will also enable them to feel in control of their diet and not at the mercy of what is available at the corner store. As gardens spring up in previously underserved neighborhoods, communities experience the ripple effects of reduced vandalism, trash, petty crime, and loitering.
The Spark of the Greek Fire
Authors: Santelli Maureen Connors
Published: May 2021

This introductory chapter presents an overview of the Greek Revolution and the “The Greek Fire,” a label used by early American newspapers for the national outpouring of sympathy and support for the Greek cause. The elements of the American Greek Fire consisted of enthusiasm for the Greek cause, driven by the belief that democratic ideals bound early Americans to Greece's ancient past. When the Greek Revolution began, American merchants, missionaries, and reformers had a presence in the Ottoman Empire and desired to increase their influence in the region. These American non-state actors both indirectly and directly steered the early course of American foreign affairs in the eastern Mediterranean. At times, they worked at cross-purposes and jeopardized one another's goals in the region. The chapter then looks at Greek classicism, the classical tradition in American politics, and the origins of the American philhellenic movement.
Americans, Greeks, and Ottomans before 1821
Authors: Santelli Maureen Connors
Published: May 2021

This chapter provides context for the years leading up to the Greek War of Independence, tracing how early Americans came to know Greece and the Ottoman Empire. Early American interest in Greece was varied, inspiring merchants, Christian missionaries, politicians, intellectuals, and adventure seekers alike to take notice of the evolving situation within the Ottoman Empire. With Greece perceived as the intellectual and political ancestor of the American Republic, each of these groups at times disagreed but also worked together toward advancing an American presence in Greece and Western Asia. American perceptions of Greece were at first molded by European and American prejudices against the Ottoman Turks. While early Americans saw themselves as having a unique and particular interest in Greece and the Ottoman Empire as a result of their own revolution, the origins of American philhellenism should be understood as being part of a global conversation concerning commerce, diplomacy, and humanitarianism. Existing conflict within the Ottoman Empire combined with European and American interest in the region played an important role in the outbreak of the Greek Revolution and influenced how an American audience came to perceive the war.
Philhellenism Joins with American Benevolence
Authors: Santelli Maureen Connors
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores the evolution of the American philhellenic movement and its emergence as distinct from the European movement. An important aspect of this transition concerns the way the American philhellenic movement became an extension of benevolent organizations directed toward assisting Greek women and children instead of Greek soldiers. Benevolent societies and community charity groups frequently centered around local churches were popular especially among elite and middle-class Protestant women in both the Northern and Southern states by the early nineteenth century. The chapter traces popular support for the Greek cause and illustrates how this support became more solidified through the activism of Lord Byron and the lack of official support from the U.S. government. Ultimately, while early Americans donated time, money, and supplies to aid the Greek cause, the goal was to provide relief to a Christian population and effect an independent Greek republic.
The Legacy of American Philhellenism
Authors: Santelli Maureen Connors
Published: May 2021

This concluding chapter evaluates the legacy of American philhellenism. Early Americans of the 1820s believed they were imparting wisdom and humanitarian relief to the Greek population. At the same time, their experiences in the Greek War of Independence had a profound impact on American culture that reverberated within politics and reform for decades to come. Indeed, although the Greek Fire initially aimed at helping the Greeks as an extension of philanthropic relief abroad, ironically, in the end, it transformed American society. Both the rhetoric of the Greek cause and participation in the movement influenced the participants, inspiring them to bring attention to abolition and women's rights through a global lens. Though the consensus among philhellenic organizations of the early 1820s was short-lived and not all supporters went on to become radical advocates of abolition and women's rights, the memory of the Greek cause continued to play a pivotal role in American reform through the nineteenth and into the early twentieth centuries.
Containment Reappraised
Authors: Thies Wallace J.
Published: May 2021

This chapter reviews the relative merits of the two theories of victory — containment and the Bush Doctrine — based on evidence drawn from the five case studies and the Cold War too. The case studies covered in the earlier chapters suggest that deterrence has become very much a one-way street. When a superpower like the United States confronts a regional power like Libya, Iraq, or Iran, the superpower can make very credible threats to take military action against the regional power, but not vice versa. Containment, as practiced by the United States during the Cold War, often tried to slow the pace of events in order to reduce the risk of being swept up into an unwanted conflict spiral referred to as the Sarajevo Syndrome. The goal of the policy was to lessen the risk of repeating the errors that preceded the outbreak of the First World War.
Of Silo Dreams and Deviant Houses
Authors: Tulke Julia
Published: May 2021

This chapter describes the interior of Marine A, one of Buffalo's many disused grain elevators that is saturated with visual interventions animating the barren space. It talks about small graffiti tags that occupy concrete walls and rusty metal chutes, spray-painted portraits of fantastical creatures wrap around columns, and a sculptural constellation of cogwheels is suspended from the ceiling of a silo shaft. It also mentions a series of chalk drawings depicting a landscape of miniature grain elevators that is connected to the ground by a dense networks of roots. The chapter examines epithets that have been assigned to Buffalo in past eras, which gesture toward Buffalo's economic prowess at the beginning of the twentieth century and later to its state of industrial decline. It captures the poetic melancholia of Buffalo's postindustrial landscape of decay and abandonment.
Lake Effect
Authors: Saab A. Joan
Published: May 2021

This chapter talks about Buffalo as a once booming industrial city that enjoyed a prolonged modernist golden age, beginning with the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825. It describes that the Erie Canal was midway en route between New York City and Detroit and linked the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes, which brought an influx of new opportunities to the region and earning Buffalo the moniker of “the Queen City.” It also cites the 1901 Pan-American Exposition that placed Buffalo in the international eye. The chapter explains how Buffalo had become the butt of jokes in the opening monologues of late-night comedians by the 1970s after the opening of the Saint Lawrence Seaway in 1959 made the Erie Canal system obsolete for moving freight. It mentions that the National Endowment for the Arts and the New York State Council on the Arts provided funds for the expansion of the massive neoclassical Albright-Knox complex.
Life as Will (Nietzsche)
Authors: Gailus Andreas
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses Friedrich Nietzsche and how he views like as will. In contrast to the Idealist notion of the human imposition of value upon life, Nietzsche makes life not only the highest value but understands it as a process of valuation. Moreover, since valuation is conceived as the assertion of self against the assertion of countless other selves, Nietzsche's vitalism is intrinsically antagonistic and heterogeneous. For Nietzsche, life is a struggle down to the smallest cell, and formation (Bildung) is also deformation and overcoming, including the overcoming of previous forms of self. Under the rubric of the will-to-power, Nietzsche thus thinks of life as a force that both produces and exceeds all conceptual distinctions and oppositions; life becomes a problem and task that is at once biological and political, aesthetic and ethical, theoretical and practical.
The Infinite Specificity of Life (Musil)
Authors: Gailus Andreas
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses Musil. Robert Musil's unfinished magnum opus, The Man Without Qualities, analyzes the petrification of the classical model of Bildung under conditions of a heightened biopolitical modernity. Where Goethe presented social forms as stabilizing human life, Musil depicts a world in which calculative reason has absorbed all singularity into statistical patterns of norm and deviation, splitting language and culture into impersonal scientific knowledge on the one hand and vacuous, dilettante chatter on the other. Musil's unfinished novel examines the violent fallout of the resulting inexpressibility of life (nationalism, madness, hypermasculinity) and explores, in its second part, new forms of speaking, thinking, and desiring capable of restoring life to experience and existence.
Teen Spirit
Authors: Howe Paul
Published: May 2021

This book offers a novel and provocative perspective on how we came to be living in an age of political immaturity and social turmoil. The book argues it's because a teenage mentality has slowly gripped the adult world. It contends that many features of how we live today — some regrettable, others beneficial — can be traced to the emergence of a more defined adolescent stage of life in the early twentieth century, when young people started spending their formative, developmental years with peers, particularly in formal school settings. The book shows how adolescent qualities have slowly seeped upward, where they have gradually reshaped the norms and habits of adulthood. The effects over the long haul, the book contends, have been profound, in both the private realm and in the public arena of political, economic, and social interaction. Our teenage traits remain part of us as we move into adulthood, so much so that some now need instruction manuals for adulting. This book challenges our assumptions about the boundaries between adolescence and adulthood. Yet despite a cultural system that seems to be built on the ethos of Generation Me, it's not all bad. In fact, there has been an equally impressive rise in creativity, diversity, and tolerance within society: all traits stemming from core components of the adolescent character. The book helps make sense of the impulsivity driving society and encourages us to think anew about civic reengagement.
A Century of Change
Authors: Howe Paul
Published: May 2021

This chapter evaluates how it was in the early years of the twentieth century, as adolescence emerged as a defined life stage marked by intensive peer interaction, that adolescent qualities started to overflow the boundaries of adolescence proper, seeping upward into the adult world. Demonstrating the rise of the adolescent character over this long stretch of time involves various methods and sources of information. For the earlier years, systematic studies of personality and character traits were uncommon; evidence of the growing salience of adolescent attributes must rest primarily on a blend of historical and anecdotal evidence along with hints of emergent trends from scattered polling results. After the war, social science research flourished, and systematic, large-scale studies became more common, providing the foundation for more rigorous trend analysis. This mixed bag of evidence points to a steady rise of adolescent qualities over the decades, incubating first in the intimate circles of the adolescent realm and gradually moving outward and upward to find a home in society at large.
Bucking The Trend
Authors: Howe Paul
Published: May 2021

This chapter describes how the evolution of the adolescent society is not a simple one-way street where adolescent qualities become ever more prevalent and influential in the adult population over time. More than a decade into the new millennium there are important counter-trends, evident for some time now, that cry out for some acknowledgment and explanation. These developments are embodied in the attitudes and values of today's younger generation, a group that has been given various labels, most commonly “generation Y” or the “millennials.” A number of observers have suggested there is something quite different about today's young adults and teenagers. These new cohorts are bucking trends — undesirable trends for the most part — that had been moving steadily in the wrong direction for a great many years. The chapter contends that the “millennials” are those coming of age after the adolescent society was in full flight — roughly, those born from the late 1960s onward, the decade when adolescent norms and traits became fully manifest. In other words, millennial qualities have emerged gradually rather than abruptly, and paradoxically from within the very citadel of the adolescent society.
Centering Bukhara
Authors: Pickett James
Published: May 2021

This chapter traces the history of the ascent of Bukhara by focusing both on investments in physical religious infrastructure and on textual mythologization, whereby Bukhara was discursively centered within the larger Perso-Islamic cosmopolis. These mutually reinforcing efforts had roots in the deep past, reemerged in the sixteenth century, and reached a crescendo in the nineteenth century. The early modern chapter of this story, particularly urban construction of religious infrastructure under the Shibanid and Ashtarkhanid dynasties, has received scholarly attention. The nineteenth century, however, is better known for colonial defeat and stagnation. The chapter argues that the Manghit era marked the city's cultural apex, inheriting all of the prestige and infrastructure from previous eras, and building on them substantially. By tying the universal and abstract to the immediate and concrete, Bukhara's mythologization project exemplifies an understudied process with parallels throughout the preindustrial world.
Introduction
Authors: Pickett James
Published: May 2021

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the Islamic scholars of Bukhara during the long nineteenth century. Islamic scholars were among the most influential individuals in their society, and that power rested on their mastery of diverse forms of knowledge rather than birthright. Instead of imagining those varied competencies and practices as embodied by separate professions, this book conceptualizes them as distinct practices and disciplines mastered by a single milieu. Instead of imagining stratified castes of “ulama” as against “sufis” as against “poets,” there is a unified social group of multitalented polymaths selectively performing sharia, asceticism, and poetry as circumstances dictated. These polymaths of Islam were the custodians of the only form of institutionalized high culture on offer in Central Asia. Their authoritative command over many different forms of knowledge — from medicine to law to epistolography and beyond — allowed them to accumulate substantial power and to establish enduring family dynasties. The Turkic military elite relied on these scholars to administer the state, but the ulama possessed an independent source of authority rooted in learning, which created tension between these two elite groups with profound ramifications for the region's history.
The Intimate Life of the Nation
Authors: Coffin Judith G.
Published: May 2021

This chapter reconstructs how the public was introduced to The Second Sex, Simone de Beauvoir's most famous work, and considers its critical reception. It mentions reviewers and critics who saw themselves as custodians of literary standards and public taste, and held very firm and contrasting views on the broader reading public. It elaborates how the reviewers and critics' views provide new ways to understand Beauvoir's arguments and the expectations that took shape around her. The chapter describes The Second Sex as an eight-hundred-page manuscript that challenges philosophical argument, literary criticism, history, and social science, as well as provide a detailed description of sexual and bodily experience. It points out how The Second Sex was considered ahead-of-its time with its narrative of the philosophical reconsideration of the female condition or situation.
Haunted Empire
Authors: Sobol Valeria
Published: May 2021

This book shows that Gothic elements in Russian literature frequently expressed deep-set anxieties about the Russian imperial and national identity. The book argues that the persistent Gothic tropes in the literature of the Russian Empire enact deep historical and cultural tensions arising from Russia's idiosyncratic imperial experience. It brings together theories of empire and colonialism with close readings of canonical and less-studied literary texts as the book explores how Gothic horror arises from the threatening ambiguity of Russia's own past and present, producing the effect Sobol terms “the imperial uncanny.” Focusing on two spaces of “the imperial uncanny” — the Baltic “North”/Finland and the Ukrainian “South” — the book reconstructs a powerful discursive tradition that reveals the mechanisms of the Russian imperial imagination that are still at work today.
Introduction
Authors: Sobol Valeria
Published: May 2021

This chapter talks about the Gothic tradition, the Russian Empire, and the geography of the Russian Gothic. It begins by talking about Mikhail Lermontov's novel A Hero of our Time to set an example to show the recognizable tropes of Gothic literature. It defines “the imperial uncanny” as the instability in the categories of one's own and the foreign, the familiar and the strange, self and other, a confusion resulting from the threatening ambiguity of the Russian imperial space. The chapter gives a history of the Gothic tradition, how it manifested in the literature of the Russian Empire, and its reception.
In Search of the Russian Middle Ages
Authors: Sobol Valeria
Published: May 2021

This chapter analyzes the Livonian tales of the 1820s penned by future Decembrists and set in medieval times in what would later become the Baltic provinces of the Russian Empire. This setting provided the Russian Romantics of a liberal political leaning with “access” to the European Middle Ages. It also allowed them to explore the bloody legacy of feudalism, which they were intent on fighting at home. Despite their subtle critique of contemporary Russia in these tales, the Decembrists' imperial imagination fully justifies the Russian expansion in the region by contrasting the Baltics' “dark” and “savage” medieval past to their benign present in the Russian Empire, by emphasizing historical ties between the then German-dominated Livonia and its East Slavic neighbors, and, in some cases, by reclaiming the Baltics as an originally “Russian” domain.
Conclusion
Authors: Charbonneau Oliver
Published: May 2021

This chapter mentions Arthur S. Pier, who wrote American Apostles to the Philippines that celebrated many of the men responsible for colonial development in the Muslim South, such as Leonard Wood and John Pershing. It highlights tales of heroic civilizing feats in the book that were accomplished in the face of local resistance and anti-imperialist naysaying. It also mentions the book “The Brethren” that makes a case for U.S. extraterritorial power, which includes an essay exploring U.S. colonialism relative to other empires. The chapter explains how the United States borrowed from and bettered upon European models. It refers to authors that contended trusteeship and decolonization were natural outcomes of a four-decade march toward freedom in the Philippines.
From Senator McCarthy’s Darlings to Marxist Maryknollers
Authors: Keeley Theresa
Published: May 2021

This chapter points out how Maryknollers' evolving sense of mission and experiences in Latin America transformed them from allies in the 1950s to critics of the U.S. Cold War policy in the late 1960s and 1970s. It looks at the new church teachings from Vatican II and Medellín, the effects of U.S. policy, and living in Right-wing military dictatorships that influenced the Maryknollers' shift. It also identifies missioners located in Guatemala and Chile that found themselves in conflict with Latin American governments and conservative U.S. Catholics. The chapter focuses on Maryknoll's shift that challenged the meaning of U.S. Catholic missionary activity. It details how Maryknoll revisited the model that saw evangelization as missionaries' purpose and communism as the primary adversary after the Vatican II.
Introduction
Authors: Hodge Thomas P.
Published: May 2021

This chapter talks about Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev who is known for his renowned ability to describe the natural world. It discusses the three basic, interconnected Russian terms for “nature”: natura, estestvo, and priroda. Natura is the “trait, characteristic, attribute, feature; way of life, that which is natural or inborn.” Estestvo — derived from the Russian word for “is” (est') — meant “all that is; priroda, natura and its order or laws; essence.” Priroda, the dominant term today and for Turgenev, refers to the kind of “nature” that we would readily associate in English with a “nature writer.” In his fiction and nonfiction, Turgenev employed priroda and its forms frequently. The chapter discusses Turgenev's arrest and exile to his country estate in the spring of 1852 that steeped Turgenev in hunting and Aksakovian nature writing.