bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
WRITING IS AN IMPORTANT BUT NEGLECTED COMMUNICATION SKILL FOR MEDICAL GRADUATES
Authors: Iqbal Tehseen
Published: July 2024

Medical students are required to communicate knowledge, understanding, interpretation, inferences, arguments, deductions and predictions by the appropriate use of clear and concise written English. The doctor who knows English is better aware of current trends in medicine, can get or continue medical education abroad, can participate in medical conferences abroad, and can work in a team with foreign specialists. English allows the doctor to have an appointment with foreign patients in clinics. Academic writing is extensively acknowledged as a key skill for students to boost their educational performance at higher education level. Assessment through essay write-up answers should be encouraged as guessing by students is eliminated in essay examination. There is no option to select from the given possible choices and they have to provide the answer rather than selecting/ticking the good response.
Pak J Physiol 2021;17(2):1–2
Absenteeism of undergraduate medical students in large class format lectures: causes, solutions and the way forward
Authors: Rehman Rehana , Zehra Tabassum , Sultan Amber Shamim , Martins Russell Seth , Ali Rahila
Published: July 2024

Despite compulsory attendance rule and strict policies, absenteeism from lectures is an ongoing phenomenon which is becoming a point of serious concern because it is associated with inadequate learning and poor academic performance of medical students. Student absenteeism  springs from a variety of contributing factors that need to be addressed promptly and collectively. This review gives an overview of some of the factors that account for absenteeism interrelated with students, faculty, curriculum and learning environment. We propose that ‘Need Based Standardized Faculty Development Programs’, ‘Innovative teaching and learning methodologies’, ‘Good governance’ and ‘Institutional commitment should aim to replace the traditional passive mode of instruction with active learning and inquiry-based approach to ensure considerable attendance of medical students. We are optimistic that the suggested measures will help to improve the quality and delivery of lectures for better attendance and a shift from traditional way of teacher centered learning, to self-directed learning.
SOCIO DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS OF PARENTAL STRESS DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC RELATED LOCKDOWN IN PAKISTAN
Authors: Bilal Ahmad , Khalid Zahida , Fatima Sana
Published: July 2024

Background: There had been recent Western studies that reported the parental stress during COVID-19 pandemic. The present study was designed with an aim to find out the socio-demographic factors of parental stress in a sample of parents in Punjab province of Pakistan. Methods: Four hundred and sixty-six (466) parents were recruited from different cities of Punjab by administering a Google form based cross-sectional survey over social media platforms including WhatsApp and Facebook. The study was conducted from March to May 2020. The Urdu standardized version of Parental Stress Scale was administered as the main measure. Each participating parent was requested to give explicit consent before enrolling for the study. The data was analysed using SPSS-25. Results: There were statistically significant differences in parental stress with respect to marital status, age, gender, and employment status of parents. On the other hand, there were no statistically significant differences in parental stress with respect to the number and age of children, and education of the parents. Conclusion: There were 7 socio-demographic factors of parental stress. Some of those factors impact parental stress while some other factors did not impact parental stress. Future studies may be conducted with participants from other provinces too and by including other parenting related variables.
FREQUENCY OF PSEUDOTHROMBOCYTOPENIA IN OUTDOOR PATIENTS: ROLE OF TRISODIUM CITRATE IN CORRECTING IT
Authors: Farid Jamila , Idris Muhammad , Khan Mumtaz Ahmad , Gul Nasreen , Moeen Shazia , Bashir Shabana
Published: July 2024

Background: Pseudothrobocytopenia (PTCP) is the name given to spuriously low platelets count given by automated haematology analyser in an otherwise normal and asymptomatic patient having normal platelets count. This may lead to unnecessary investigations and anxiety. The present study was planned to know the frequency of this condition. Methods: This cross-sectional, quantitative analytical study was conducted at a tertiary health care facility (Department of Pathology Ayub Medical College Abbottabad) in collaboration with a private sector reference laboratory and research centre for blood diseases (Abbott Clinical Laboratory) over a period of three years. Citrated blood samples of all the participants with low platelet count on CBC (EDTA blood), examination of their Giemsa stained blood film along with a detailed history and complete physical examination. Results: As much as 30/15,000 participants had PTCP on initial testing, with a frequency of 0.2%, comprising 14 males and 16 females with male to female ratio 0.875:1. Ten (10) patients had mild, 14 had moderate, and 6 had severe PTCP which was corrected with citrate in 96.66% patients initially. Conclusion: Frequency of PTCP was 0.2%, affecting all the age groups with female predominance and the differences between testing on EDTA and citrate was statistically significant (p<0.05), signifying the role of citrate in correcting it.
FREQUENCY OF DENTAL ANXIETY AMONG CHILDREN AGED 5–12 YEARS VISITING A DENTAL TEACHING HOSPITALS IN KOHAT, PAKISTAN
Authors: Khan Ariffullah , Nasir Umar , Masood Aasim , Sadiq Zeeshan , Babar Zaheer , Ahmad Ishfaq
Published: July 2024

Background: Dental anxiety in children is recognized as a public health problem in many countries. Anxiety among dental patients directly affects their oral hygiene. The objective of this study was to evaluate the level of anxiety among children 5–12 years of age visiting dental hospital in Kohat city of Pakistan. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 400 children attending the dental teaching hospital in Kohat, Pakistan. ‘Modified Child Dental Anxiety Scale’ (MCDASf) was used to assess the level of anxiety in children. Results: Out of 400 participants, only 60 (15%) children were non-anxious, 119 (29.7%) were mildly anxious, 89 (22.2%) were moderately anxious while majority of the patients (132, 33%) were severely anxious. Statistically significant differences were observed between the level of anxiety and different age groups (p<0.01). As the age increased the mean dental anxiety score decreased from 20.70 in the age group 5–8 years to 16.35 in age group 9–12 years. Conclusion: Our study confirms age differences in dental anxiety and found to be lower in older age group. Strategies like recognizing the symptoms before starting any dental treatment and managing it with counselling and other therapies would have effect in reducing anxiety in younger age group.
Pak J Physiol 2021;17(4):39–41
KNOWLEDGE OF BEDSIDE ETHICS AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION IN A PUBLIC SECTOR UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL
Authors: Shahzada Ramalah , Butt Fareeha , Zaheer Farhan , Imtiaz Fauzia , Qamar Ambreen
Published: July 2024

Background: Medical ethics have always been considered as fundamentally important and bedside ethics are challenging to teach due to lack of formal teaching sessions. This study aimed to identify the knowledge, attitude and misconceptions among medical students about bedside ethics in hospital and its implementation in their routine practice. Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted in medical students from 3rd, 4th, and 5th year from public sector medical colleges from June to August 2020. Results:  Out of 400 Medical students, 90% had knowledge about bedside ethics and 64% knew the principle of bedside ethics. Sixty-four of medical students believed that they lived in an environment that was inappropriate for an ethical evaluation of the doctor-patient relation. Three-hundred-forty-one (84%) opted to recognize the patient and address them in a sophisticated reserved manner when approaching the patient at bedside. Two-hundred eleven (52%) preferred to inform bad news to patients in front of their attendants. Two-hundred ninety-eight (73%) of medical students believed that ethics were required for moral values. Three-hundred-five (75%) selected the option to tell the patients honestly when they make a mistake while treatment. Moreover, 259 (64%) of students preferred to ask patients to expose the target body part but 131 (32%) of students preferred to do it by themselves. Conclusion: Majority of the undergraduate medical students had knowledge about bedside ethics and its principle. Inculcation of ethics as a subject into the curriculum of MBBS students is suggested.
Pak J Physiol 2021;17(4):59–62
DIETARY PATTERNS AND RISK OF BREAST CANCER AMONG WOMEN: A CASE-CONTROL STUDY
Authors: Naqeeb Huma , Din Zia ud , Siraj Sami , Iqbal Zafar , Khan Imran
Published: July 2024

Background: Epidemiological studies have shown the robust link between breast cancer and dietary pattern. This study aims to examine the association of breast cancer with dietary patterns among Pakistani women. Method: This case-control study was carried out in multiple tertiary care facilities. Newly diagnosed primary breast cancer patients were recruited as cases (n=408); age matched controls (n=408) were randomly selected from the general population. Data on required parameters were systematically collected using subjective and objective tools. Factor and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) techniques were used to extract women’s dietary patterns. Results: Four dietary patterns were identified based on eigenvalue >1; (i) veg-ovo-fish, (ii) meat-fat-sweet, (iii) mix (milk and its products, and gourds vegetables), and (iv) lentils-spices. Results of the multiple regressions were displayed as adjusted odds ratio (Adj. OR) and their respective confidence intervals (95% CI). After adjusted for potential confounders, veg-ovo-fish dietary pattern was found to be robustly associated with a lower risk of breast cancer among women (Adj. OR: 0.68, 95% CI: (0.46?0.99, p<0.01). Conclusion: Attachment to the diets majorly composed of fresh vegetables, and high quality protein sources may contribute in lowering the risk of breast cancer among women.
Pak J Physiol 2021;17(4):35–8
COMPARISON OF T WAVE ALTERNANS IN PATIENTS WITH ISCHEMIC AND NON-ISCHEMIC CARDIOMYOPATHY
Authors: Ashraf Hira , Imran Madiha , Naeem Sara , Khan Muhammad Alamgir
Published: July 2024

Background: Early detection of T-wave alternans in patients with cardiomyopathy can help in risk stratification of ventricular arrhythmias leading to sudden cardiac death. The present study was designed to compare T-wave alternans in patients with ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy. Methods: This cross-sectional comparative study was carried out at Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Armed Forces Institute of Cardiology, Rawalpindi during 2019. Thirty patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy along with equal number of non-ischemic cardiomyopathy of matched age and gender were recruited through non-probability purposive sampling. Patients with diabetes mellitus, cerebrovascular accident, heart failure, bundle branch block, systemic arterial hypertension and ongoing anti-arrhythmic therapy were excluded from the study. DMS 300-4L Holters were used to obtain ambulatory ECG recordings. Cardio Scan Premier 12 Lux software was used for analysis of T-wave alternans. Results: A total of 60 subjects were studied. The mean value of T-wave alternans was 52.73±30.76 µV and 57.47±36.54 µV for patients with ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy respectively. The difference between mean values was statistically insignificant (p=0.59). T-wave alternans was present in 8 (26.7%) patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy, while 5 (16.7%) patients with non-ischemic cardiomyopathy showed positive T-wave alternans and the difference was statistically insignificant (p=0.35). Conclusion: The mean value of T-wave alternans and frequency of patients with positive T-wave alternans is not significantly different in ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy.
Pak J Physiol 2022;18(1):9?12
PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING: AN OVERVIEW OF ITS PROCESS AND IMPACT ON LEARNING
Authors: Amir Sohail , Mehboob Usman , Sethi Ahsan , Jamil Brekhna
Published: July 2024

Problem-based learning (PBL) has a long history of advocating experience-based education. Psychological research and theory suggest that by having students learn through the experience of solving problems, they can learn both content and thinking strategies. Problem-based learning (PBL) is an instructional strategy that allows students to seek solutions to unstructured, real-world situations. PBL focuses student learning on a complicated topic with no one proper answer. Students collaborate in groups to determine what they need to know in order to solve an issue. Rather than imparting knowledge, the teacher’s role is to aid the learning process. PBL aims to help students build flexible knowledge, effective problem-solving abilities, SDL skills, effective collaboration skills, and intrinsic motivation. The process of PBL includes identification of outcome, designing a scenario, introduction of PBL, research, performance and assessment. When compared to students in a lecture-based learning environment, studies on the effectiveness of PBL tend to be mixed, but they all suggest that students who have experienced PBL acquire similar or less learning gains when it comes to short-term information acquisition. However, in terms of long-term information retention, the results strongly favour PBL.
Pak J Physiol 2022;18(1):
COMPARISON OF PORT SITE WOUND INFECTION WITH AND WITHOUT ENDOGLOVES TECHNIQUES FOR RETRIEVAL OF GALLBLADDER AFTER LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY
Authors: Akhtar Naheed , Kiyani Ziyad Afzal , Ahmed Naeem , Sabir Farzana , Imran Muhammad Nabeel , Gillani Irum
Published: July 2024

Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy decreases postoperative pain, the need for postoperative analgesia, and hospital stay from 1 week to <24 hours. Endogloves are frequently used in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. This study was conducted to compare the frequency of port site wound infection with and without endogloves techniques of retrieval of gallbladder (GB) in pouch after laparoscopic cholecystectomy for chronic calculus cholecystitis. Methods: This comparative analytical study was done at Department of General Surgery, CMH, Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir from March 2018 to March 2020, and included 260 patients in the study. Patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis but without acute onset were selected for the study. The patients were divided into two groups; one group underwent conventional laparoscopic cholecystectomy with endogloves technique and the other group without endogloves. All operations were done by the same surgical team and all patients got same preoperative and postoperative antibiotics. Port site wound infection was looked for. Data was recorded and analysed using SPSS-20. Results: The mean age of the patients in group undergoing laproscopic cholecystectomy with endogloves was 48.09±15.40 years and in group undergoing laproscopic cholecystectomy without endogloves it was 47.51±16.48 years. Male to female ratio was 1.06:1. The post-op wound infection was found in 11 (4.23%) patients (2 from with-endoglove group, 9 from without-endoglove group). Statistically significant differences were found between groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: The use of endoglove technique of retrieval of gallbladder in pouch after laparoscopic cholecystectomy for chronic calculus cholecystitis potentially reduces port site wound infection compared to retrieval without endogloves.
Pak J Physiol 2022;18(1):23?5
FREQUENCY OF MICROALBUMINURIA IN HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS WITH ACUTE ISCHEMIC STROKE
Authors: Farooq Ghulam , Shahab Khalid , Ishfaq Muhammad , Marwat Mumtaz Ali , Anwar Ghulam Rabbani , Iqbal Muhammad Shahid
Published: July 2024

Background: Stroke, and its most common variant ischemic stroke, is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Besides conventional risk factors, microalbuminuria (MA) is considered to be associated with atherosclerosis, hence ischemic stroke. Early detection of microalbuminuria may help in identifying hypertensive patients at high risk of ischemic stroke. The aim of current study was to determine the frequency of microalbuminuria in hypertensive patients with ischemic stroke. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Medicine, Hayatabad Medical Complex Peshawar, Pakistan from July 2020 to June 2021. A total of 196 hypertensive patients of either sex with ischemic stroke were included in this study. They were tested for microalbuminuria in a 24-hours urine sample using Pyrogallol Red method. Urine albumin concentration of 30–300 mg/day was considered as microalbuminuria. The frequency of microalbuminuria was stratified according to age and gender using Microsoft Excel sheet. Results: The participants were aged 30–70 years and most of them (88, 45%) were in the age group 61–70 years. Majority (122, 62%) of the patients were male. Microalbuminuria was identified in 92 (47%) patients with slight male predominance (57, 62%). Conclusion: Given the high frequency of Microalbuminuria in hypertensive patients with acute ischemic stroke, microalbuminuria is a useful and inexpensive parameter in identifying hypertensive patients at increased risk of ischemic stroke.
Pak J Physiol 2022;18(2):35?7
NOMOPHOBIA, SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND LEISURE ACTIVITIES IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS
Authors: Zeb Ayesha , Bibi Humaira , Khan Mussarat Jabeen , Awan Sumaira Naz
Published: July 2024

Background: Nomophobia is mobile phone addiction, characterized by an intense and irrational fear of being without a mobile phone, which affects the sleep and leisure activities of youth. The study examined the relationship between nomophobia, sleep deprivation, and leisure activities. It also measured the mediating role of nomophobia between sleep deprivation and leisure activities and find out demographic differences (age, gender, education, socioeconomic status) on nomophobia, sleep deprivation, and leisure activities. Methods: Conveniently selected sample of 500 adolescents and young adults from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, after informed consent, was measured on Nomophobia Questionnaire, Athens Insomnia Scale, and Pittsburg Enjoyable Activities Scale. The data were collected from March to August 2019. The sample was further divided based on age (adolescents 250) (young adults 250). Results: Nomophobia has a significant positive correlation with sleep deprivation and has a significant negative correlation with leisure activities. Nomophobia significantly mediated between sleep deprivation and leisure activities. Significant differences of age, socio-economic status, and education on nomophobia, sleep deprivation, and leisure activities were found. Furthermore, significant gender differences were found on nomophobia and leisure activities, while non-significant gender differences were concluded on sleep deprivation. Conclusion: Nomophobia and sleep deprivation are greater in adolescents who belong to lower social class, while involvement in leisure activities is higher in young adults who belong to upper social class. Females have a higher level of nomophobia and involve less in leisure activities than males.
Pak J Physiol 2022;18(3):30?4
SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF A SINGLE-ROD SUBDERMAL CONTRACEPTIVE ETONOGESTREL IMPLANT(IMPLANON): SIX MONTH FOLLOWUP EXPERIENCE IN WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE
Authors: Rafique Irum , Taimoor Alruba , Nazir Aamir , Bashir Humaira , Khan Rakhshanda Inam , Khan Safia
Published: July 2024

Background: Etonogestrel implant is an effective and healthier contraceptive method for women in developing countries because of its convenience, price, long duration, and safety of use while breastfeeding. It has high possibility of return to fertility after removal. The objective of the study was to determine the efficacy in term of frequency of compliance of etonogestrel implant and side-effects in women receiving it as reversible contraception. Methods: A descriptive case series was designed and was conducted in Family Planning Centre, Federal Government Polyclinic, Islamabad. The study was carried out in 265 women of age 15–45 years with regular menstrual cycle, normal pelvic and systemic examination, and willing for long term reversible contraception. Non-probability consecutive sampling was used for collection of subjects. After informed consent etonogestrel implant was inserted and followed for its efficacy and side effects. Data were analysed using SPSS-16. Qualitative variables like side effects, efficacy and compliance were measured as frequency and percentage. Quantitative variables like age of patient were measured as Mean±SD. Results: Mean age of the patients was 27.86±6.67 years. Compliance to, acceptance, and efficacy of etonogestrel implant as reversible contraception was found in 249 (93.96%) patients while rest of the patients had removed the etonogestrel implant due to any side-effects. Conclusion: Etonogestrel implant demonstrated excellent contraceptive efficacy and was well tolerated. The vaginal bleeding pattern was variable and was characterized by relatively few bleeding events, but proved acceptable to most subjects.
Pak J Physiol 2022;18(3):23?6
COMPARISON BETWEEN ONLINE AND ON CAMPUS CBL SESSIONS: PERCEPTIONS OF STUDENTS IN HITEC-IMS, TAXILA
Authors: Afzal Sidra , Jabeen Sidra , Ashfaq Mehvish , Razzaq Zubia
Published: July 2024

Background: Medical colleges and educational institutions around the world underwent a major shift of teaching methodology from regular classroom environments to virtual classrooms during the COVID-19 pandemic. While many instructional methodologies were easily conducted in both formats, interactive activities requiring group participation like CBLs presented a big challenge. The objective of this study was to compare Online and On-campus formats of CBL sessions through students’ feedback and identify the areas in both formats that require amelioration. Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted at HITEC-IMS, Taxila including 185 students from 1st year and 2nd year MBBS who had attended at least 4 CBL sessions online and on campus formats. The questionnaire comprised of statements evaluating 5 major constructs: Acquisition of knowledge (AK), Critical thinking (CT), Communication skills (CSKILL), Presentation skills (PS), and Physical Environment (PE). Responses were assessed on a 5-points Likert scale. Data was analysed on SPSS-28. The two formats were compared using Chi-square test, and p?0.05 was considered significant. Results: Responses for acquisition of knowledge (74.6% vs 69.2%) and critical thinking (75% vs 70%) were comparable for both formats while online format was lacking in attainment of communication skills (67% vs 80%) and presentation skills (56.8% vs 71.4%). Conclusion: Respondents perceived On-campus format as a better option for conduction of CBL.
Pak J Physiol 2022;18(3):39?43
PLATELET LYMPHOCYTE RATIO AS AN INFLAMMATORY MARKER IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Authors: Butt Nauman Ismat , Anser Aniqa , Ashfaq Fahmina , Rasheed Muhammad Bilal
Published: July 2024

Background: There is a marked difference in platelet lymphocyte ratio (PLR) between active patients of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) and controls. Our objective was to determine role of PLR as an inflammatory marker in RA. Methods: This study was conducted from Oct 2021 to Sep 2022. RA was defined according to the 2010 ACR Diagnostic Criteria for Rheumatoid Arthritis and disease severity was determined according to DAS-28 score. After approval from IRB 150 patients aged 21?80 years, diagnosed with RA were enrolled and divided into 2 groups as active disease (DAS-28 score ?3.2) and Low Disease Activity/Remission (DAS-28 score <3.2). Demographics, medical history, and clinical parameters of DAS-28 score and CBC including PLR were recorded. Results: 124 (82.7%) were female and 26 (17.3%) were male having mean age 42.8±14.4 years. Mean duration of disease was 8.5±6.9 years and mean ESR was 31.9±23.3 mm/1st hr. Mean VAS score, tender and swollen joint count, and DAS-28 score were 3.8±2.8, 4.2±4.0, 2.3±2.6 and 4.0±1.6 respectively. RA Factor was positive in 112 (74.7%) and Anti-CCP antibody was seen in 94 (62.7%). Mean haemoglobin level was 12.2±1.6 g/dl and anaemia was found in 43 (28.7%) patients. Mean platelet count and TLC were 356,560±99,102/mm3 and 8.9±2.7×109/L respectively. Mean PLR in LDA/remission group and active disease group were 149.5±82.6 and 202.8±92.8 respectively. High PLR was seen in 52 (69.3%) patients with active disease compared with 30 (40.0%) patients with LDA/remission (p<0.001). Conclusion: Raised Platelet Lymphocyte Ratio was more common in patients with active RA.
Pak J Physiol 2022;18(4):18–21
FREQUENCY OF HEPATITIS C SEROCONVERSION IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE PATIENTS ON HEMODIALYSIS
Authors: Qureshi Muhammad Nadeem , Ali Affan , Kazmi Sumera , Khan Javed Iqbal , Jalal ud Din Mir , Waheed Isma
Published: July 2024

Background: Haemodialysis increases Hepatitis-C seroconversion risk adversely affecting Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) prognosis. This study aimed to determine the frequency of Hepatitis C seroconversion in chronic kidney disease patients on haemodialysis. Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Dialysis Unit of Ayub Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad from March 2016 to January 2019. A pre-designed proforma was used for data collection. A sample of 121 patients of dialysis dependent CKD was enrolled for the study through non-probability consecutive sampling. The Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) was re-estimated from serum creatinine to confirm the diagnosis using Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study equation. Patients who were Hepatitis C virus (HCV) negative at the start of dialysis, and became positive 3 months post-dialysis were considered having undergone seroconversion. Data were analysed using SPSS-16. Results: Out of 121 participants, 80 (66.1%) were male and 41 (33.8%) were female. The mean age of the patients was 51.0±6.22 years with range from 41 to 61 years. Hepatitis C seropositivity was recorded in 40 (33.06%) of the study participants during the study period. Statistically significant (p<0.05) associations were observed between HCV seropositivity and age and gender of the patients. Conclusion: Hepatitis C infection is a common complication of haemodialysis. Rigorous screening of patients for Hepatitis C and separate machines for Hepatitis C patients can lead to a decrease in the burden of this disease.
Pak J Physiol 2023;19(2):32–5
HEPATOPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF SEA BUCKTHORN BERRY SEED OIL IN CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE-INDUCED HEPATIC TOXICITY IN BALB/c MICE
Authors: Saeed Gule Naghma , Ahsin Sadia , Sarwar Madiha
Published: July 2024

Background: Chemotherapy-induced hepatotoxicity can be mitigated by use of antioxidants, which may help the liver to recover its endogenous antioxidant mechanism. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of sea buckthorn berry seed oil (SBO) in attenuating cyclophosphamide-induced changes in liver enzymes and liver histology in BALB/c mice. Methods: This experimental study was conducted in Physiology Department of Foundation University School of Health Sciences (FUSH), in collaboration with Pathology Department, FUSH and National Institute of Health, Islamabad from Jan 2018 to Jun 2019. Thirty healthy male BALB/c mice were divided into 3 groups of 10 each.  Group-1 served as control. Group-2 received cyclophosphamide (25 mg/Kg body weight) intraperitoneally for 10 days. Group-3 was co-administered cyclophosphamide (same dose) with of sea buckthorn berry seed oil (40 mg/Kg body weight) orally for ten days. All animals were sacrificed on 11th day. Serum levels of liver enzymes as liver injury biomarkers were assayed. Liver histopathology was carried out for evidence of hepatic injury and recovery. Results: Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) increased significantly in Group-2 (p<0.05). In Group-3, the rise in hepatic injury serum markers was significantly less than Group-2 (p<0.05). Upon histological examination, Group-2 was grade 5 according to Kleiner’s scoring system for steatohepatitis, and had grade 2 sinusoidal dilatation on Rubbia-Brandt grading system. These changes were significantly less in Group-3 (p<0.05). Conclusion: Co-administration of SBO mitigated the CP-induced rise in hepatic injury biomarkers and sinusoidal injury.
Pak J Physiol 2023;19(2):20–4
CORRELATION AND PREVALENCE OF MEGALOBLASTIC ANAEMIA IN TYPE 2 DIABETIC PATIENTS USING METFORMIN
Authors: Farooq Ghulam , Humayun Sidra , Ishfaq Muhammad , Hassan Javaid , Khan Raveed , Gul Hina
Published: July 2024

Background: Metformin is the most widely used drug in the management of type 2 diabetic patients but its use is associated with vitamin B12 deficiency induced megaloblastic anaemia. However few studies in Pakistan have assessed this risk. This study was conducted to determine correlation and prevalence of megaloblastic anaemia in type 2 diabetics treated with metformin. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Medicine, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar from Dec 2021 to Nov 2022. A total of 156 type 2 diabetic patients who were taking metformin at least for the last 2 years, were included in the study. All these patients were evaluated for anaemia, raised Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) and vitamin B12 levels. Results: Out of 156 patients who participated in the study, 94 (60.25%) were male and 62 (39.75%) were female with a mean age of 57.56±8.5 years. Mean duration of diabetes was 7.37±3.61 years, whereas mean duration of metformin use was 5.85±2.9 years. Vitamin B12 deficiency was identified in 51 (32.69%) patients. These B12 deficient patients demonstrated a mean Hb of 9.8±1.4 g/dL. Hyper-segmented neutrophils and raised MCV (mean MCV 98.7±6.90 fl was also identified in them. There was a no correlation between serum B12 levels and dose and duration of metformin. Conclusion: Long term metformin use is significantly associated with B12 deficiency associated megaloblastic anaemia.
Diabetes Mellitus, Metformin, HbA1C, Vitamin B12, Megaloblastic Anaemia
Pak J Physiol 2023;19(3):23–6
CORRELATION OF STATURE WITH MAXIMUM HEAD LENGTH OF MALE ADULTS OF UPPER PUNJAB
Authors: Bibi Fozia , Butt Usman Shahid , Zain Zobia , Ahmed Anwar , Zaheen Uzma , Khattak Asghar
Published: July 2024

Background: In the field of forensic medicine, stature estimation in unknown skeletonized bodies is one of the most significant biological parameters. It is done many times when highly mutilated or decomposed bodies or fragmentary remains of skull are brought for forensic examination. The objective of this study was to correlate stature with maximum head length in male adults of 21–30 years in Upper Punjab. This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of correlation as a tool to predict relationship of stature from maximum length of head. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, quantitative study. Data was collected from the 382 males of Kharian City in Upper Punjab selected with non-probability, purposive sampling. Head measurements were taken using blunt ended spreading callipers and the stature of individual was measured standing erect in anatomical position using a stadiometer. SPSS-25 software was used for data analysis. Results: The mean stature was 170.4±6.85 Cm. Mean head length was 16.95±0.6 Cm. Prediction accuracy tests were performed which indicated that regression models of this study can estimate the height with accuracy. Conclusion: This study established a correlation between stature and maximum head length. It will help the forensic experts to estimate stature from measuring head length, especially when only head is available as a result of some natural or human caused calamity.
Pak J Physiol 2023;19(3):27–30
ACTIVE ROLE OF POTASSIUM NITRATE TOOTHPASTE FOR TREATING DENTINE HYPERSENSITIVITY AND MAINTAINING THEIR NORMAL PHYSIOLOGY
Authors: Mansoor Afsheen , Mansoor Emaan , Sana Aleeza , Javaid Muhammad Mohsin , Asghar Muhammad Salman , Hussain Khadim
Published: July 2024

Background: Prevalence of dentine hypersensitivity in individuals is increasing globally due to the intake of erosive acidic food beverages and improper brushing protocols in turn adversely affecting the tooth surfaces. Toothpastes containing various potassium salts are very effective in treating the dentine sensitivity when used properly for some time. Herein, we have investigated the association between the dentine sensitivity and 5% potassium nitrate toothpaste usage for a period of one month. Methods: For this interventional study, one hundred and forty participants with dentine sensitivity were analysed before and after using 5% potassium nitrate toothpaste. Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scoring tool was employed where sensitivity to Air among the participants was calculated by VAS-Air scoring and sensitivity to cold was tested by VAS-Cold scoring. Paired t-test was incorporated for performing the statistical analysis through the IBM SPSS-22. Results: There was a strong association between the dentine sensitivity and usage of 5% potassium nitrate toothpaste. After using the 5% potassium nitrate toothpaste for one month, the calculated VAS-Air scoring and VAS-Cold scoring reduced significantly against both the air and cold stimuli which was found to be 2.67±1.12 and 1.86±0.83 (p=0.001). Conclusions: The 5% potassium nitrate toothpaste was potent enough to reduce the dentine hypersensitivity in the participants against both the thermal and air stimuli.
Pak J Physiol 2023;19(3):39–42
PREVALENCE OF CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME IN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH DISEASE SEVERITY
Authors: Butt Nauman Ismat , Rasheed Muhammad Bilal , Ghoauri Muhammad Sohail Ajmal , Khan Faizan Ali , Ashfaq Fahmina , Anser Aniqa
Published: July 2024

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an auto-immune inflammatory arthritis globally affecting 1% of the population. This study was conducted to see prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome in patients of RA and its association with disease severity. Methods: One-hundred-fifty-four patients aged 21?80 years, of both gender, with RA were enrolled using non-probability consecutive sampling technique. Patients were divided into two groups of 77 each: active disease group (DAS-28 score >3.2) and LDA/remission group (DAS-28 score ?3.2). RA was defined according to the 2010 ACR Diagnostic Criteria for Rheumatoid Arthritis. Disease severity of RA was determined according to DAS-28 score. Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) was diagnosed clinically by specific symptoms and clinical signs. Data were analysed using SPSS-25. Results: Mean age of the patients was 43.6±13.7 years, 102 (66.3%) were female. Mean disease duration was 8.3±6.1 years, and mean DAS-28 score was 4.3±2.1. RA factor was positive in 98 (63.7%) and Anti-CCP antibody in 79 (51.3%). CTS was present in 49 (31.8%) patients. On stratification, CTS was seen in 32 (41.5%) patients with active disease compared with 17 (22.1%) patients with LDA/remission. No statistical association of CTS was seen with age, gender, disease duration, RA factor positivity, Anti-CCP antibody positivity and disease severity. Conclusion: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome was seen in about one-third patients with RA but no statistically significant association was seen with age, gender, disease duration, RA factor or Anti-CCP positivity and disease activity.
Pak J Physiol 2023;19(4):32–5
INCIDENCE OF OCULAR TRAUMA AMONG THE PATIENTS HOSPITALIZED IN THE OPHTHALMOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF AYUB TEACHING HOSPITAL
Authors: Maqsood Umer , Zafar Danish , Shahzad Hassan , Ali Zulfiquar
Published: July 2024

Background: Ocular trauma is leading cause of mono or binocular vision deterioration. This study was conducted to determine the incidence of ocular trauma in patients in our set-up. Methods: A retrospective observational study was done from Nov 2021 to Jan 2022 on all admitted patients for age, gender, occupation and activity at the time of injury, nature of injury, and traumatic agent. Data were classified into 5 groups on basis of trauma setting. Injuries were grouped in accordance with Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology System. Results: The total number of patients admitted to the Ophthalmology Department was 458. Out of these, 61 (13.31%) patients were admitted with Ocular trauma. Ocular trauma was highest in age group of 1–20 years (59%), followed by age group 21–40 years (31.1%). Ocular trauma was very frequent (39.34%) in 1st decade of life. Males were most affected (80.3%). The most common setting for ocular injuries was sports/playtime (44.26%) followed by work-related injuries (27.86%) and household/indoor injuries (16.39%). Blunt objects accounted for most trauma (50.81%) followed by sharp objects (45.9%). Wood (39.34%) was the most common traumatic agent followed by stone (24.59%). Cornea (43.47%) was the most frequently damaged tissue followed by eyelids (41.30%). Conclusion: Ocular trauma was highest during sports/playtime, especially in the first decade of life. There is a need for parents’ education regarding the risk of ocular trauma with trivial objects such as toys and utensils and the impact of ocular trauma on vision.
Pak J Physiol 2023;19(4):29–31
INTEGRIN BETA2 GENE VARIANT CAUSING LEUKOCYTE ADHESION DEFICIENCY TYPE 1 IN A PAKISTANI FAMILY
Authors: Nasir Rabea , Shabbir Sheeba , Siddique Lubna , Awais Shahida , Khalid Zara , Zahoor Ambreen , Azeem Zahid , Majeed Farzana
Published: July 2024

Background: Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1 (LAD1), an autosomal recessive condition, arises from partial or complete deficiency of CD18 expression. LAD1 patients commonly manifest recurrent skin and respiratory tract infections, delayed umbilical cord separation, and impaired wound healing due to hindered leukocyte migration. This study aims to clinically and molecularly diagnose LAD in a highly consanguineous Pakistani family, investigating a recurrent mutation within the integrin ?2 (ITGB2) gene. Methods: A comprehensive clinical and molecular diagnosis of LAD1 was made in on a patient from a consanguineous Pakistani family. Lymphocyte subset analysis was performed using a flow cytometer, followed by whole exome sequencing and DNA Sanger sequencing to identify the pathogenic mutation within the ITGB2 gene. Further to provide genetic counselling all the healthy siblings were also Sanger sequenced. Results: Flow cytometry indicated CD18 deficiency, while sequencing of the ITGB2 gene unveiled a nonsense mutation, c.186C>A, p. (Cys62*), located in exon four. This mutation segregates in an autosomal recessive pattern within the family. Conclusion: A mutation c.186C>A (Cys62*) in a patient of LAD1 was identified which is potentially pathogenic in nature.
Pak J Physiol 2024;20(1):15-8
LIMITATIONS OF HUMAN SENSORY SYSTEMS
Authors: Iqbal Tehseen
Published: July 2024

All living organisms on earth have sensory systems which help them to detect changes in their environment so that they can respond appropriately to survive, protect themselves or grow.  While our senses are incredible tools for perceiving and interacting with the world, they have limitations. Our eyes can only detect a narrow range of the electromagnetic spectrum, we have narrow field of vision and limited visual acuity. Our ears have a limited range of frequencies that they can detect, preventing us from hearing infrasound and ultrasound. We have relatively small number of olfactory receptors. Humans have around 9,000 taste buds, allowing us to detect a wide range of flavours. In contrast, cats have only around 470 taste buds, making them less sensitive to taste. Dogs, on the other hand, have around 1,700 taste buds but their sense of smell is more dominant in determining their food preferences. By understanding these limitations, and knowing about the different mechanisms for enhanced or alternative perception present in other organisms, we can develop technologies and methods to compensate for them and enhance our understanding of the world around us. Inspired by the eye of the morpho butterfly, a surgical camera is developed that connects to the goggles of a surgeon who sees infrared signals given off by tumour-binding dyes and surgeon can remove all of the cancerous tissue.
Pak J Physiol 2024;20(1):1-2
Application of an Intelligence-Based Approach in Learning Islamic Religion
Authors: Rahmana Sitto
Published: July 2024

Berdasarkan hasil observasi yang dilakukan di SMA N 1 2X11 Enam Lingkung, hasil belajar siswa masih rendah, terbukti dengan masih banyaknya siswa yang belum menyelesaikan pembelajaran agama Islam. Selain itu, aktivitas siswa dalam mengikuti proses pembelajaran masih rendah. Hal ini disebabkan karena kecerdasan intrapersonal dan kecerdasan interpersonal siswa belum berkembang dengan baik dalam pembelajaran agama Islam. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut, peneliti menerapkan “pendekatan berbasis kecerdasan dalam pembelajaran agama Islam”. Pendekatan berbasis kecerdasan merupakan pendekatan pembelajaran yang bertujuan untuk mengaktifkan kecerdasan siswa melalui metode pembelajaran yang bervariasi. Oleh karena itu, rumusan masalahnya adalah apakah hasil belajar siswa pada pendekatan berbasis kecerdasan lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan hasil belajar siswa pada pembelajaran konvensional kelas X SMA N 1 2X11 Enam Lingkung. Jenis penelitian yang dilakukan adalah penelitian eksperimen semu, dengan desain penelitian Randomized Control Group Only Design. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan teknik Purposive Sampling. Data hasil belajar siswa diperoleh dari hasil tes akhir kedua kelas sampel yaitu hasil belajar setelah diterapkan pada kelas eksperimen yang menggunakan pendekatan berbasis kecerdasan dan hasil belajar pada kelas kontrol yang menggunakan pembelajaran konvensional. Secara umum hasil penelitian menunjukkan persentase ketuntasan ulangan akhir siswa sebesar 76,12% pada pembelajaran di kelas eksperimen. Dengan demikian dapat diketahui bahwa siswa kelas X1 SMA N 1 2X11 Enam Lingkung mempunyai rata-rata hasil belajar lebih besar atau sama dengan 75 dengan menggunakan pendekatan berbasis kecerdasan. Berdasarkan penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa hasil belajar matematika siswa yang diterapkan pendekatan berbasis kecerdasan lebih tinggi dibandingkan hasil belajar konvensional di SMA N 1 2X11 Enam Lingkung.
Investigation of Compressive Strength of Concrete River Sand Together with sea sand as a constituent material for concrete
Authors: Adnan Adnan , Aris Wahyuni
Published: July 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kuat tekan beton pasir laut yang layak sebagai agregat halus perkerasan kaku (Rigit Pavement) jalan pantai. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimental dengan benda uji kuat tekan berbentuk silinder dengan diameter 150 mm dan tinggi 300 mm dengan persentase pasir laut 0%, 10%, 15%, 20% dan 25% pada umur umur 3, 7, 14, 21 dan 28 hari. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian kuat tekan beton, terjadi peningkatan kekuatan pada beton yang memakai pasir laut persentase 10%, 15%, 20% dan 25% pada saat umur 7, 14, 21 dan 28 hari. Kuat tekan terbesar terjadi pada beton dengan persentase 25% pasir laut sebesar 26,29 MPa pada umur perawatan 28 hari, sedangakn kuat tekan terendah terjadi pada umur perawatan 3 hari sebesar 16,00 MPa. Semakin lama umur perawatan beton maka semakin meningkat kuat tekan beton yang dihasilkan.
Empowering Communities: An Analysis of Extension Programs Focusing on Gift-Giving and Free Sim Card Registration in Oriental Mindoro
Authors: Binay Glenda Pacaul
Published: July 2024

Embracing the adage Sharing is Caring, Giving is Loving, Mindoro State University (MinSU) exemplifies its dedication to fostering a culture of compassion and generosity within the Mindoro province. This study evaluates the multifaceted extension programs conducted by the College of Computer Studies (CCS) at MinSU Bongabong Campus. Extension activities serve as vital endeavors that bridge academic institutions with communities, addressing diverse needs through initiatives like seminar, gift-giving, and SIM card free registrations. Through qualitative and quantitative analyses, this study evaluates the implementation status of these programs across strategic, social, and service dimensions. Findings underscore the college's commitment to community engagement and excellence, affirming its role as a catalyst for positive change. Recommendations encompass deeper community engagement and expanding collaboration and partnerships with other institutions and stakeholders to address emerging challenges effectively and ensure responsive and comprehensive solutions to community needs.
Acceso a la comunicación virtual y consumo mediático de los jóvenes
Authors: Escalante Karen
Published: July 2024

Estudio cuantitativo descriptivo que busca delimitar la situación de consumo mediático en los jóvenes del departamento de Sonsonate pos-COVID-19. Se recogió la información por medio de un cuestionario elaborado en Google Forms, que luego se analizó para realizar un análisis estadístico del mismo. En este sondeo inicial con muestra no paramétrica por conveniencia, participaron de manera voluntaria 219 jóvenes cuyas edades oscilan de 15 a 30 años. La mayoría se encuentran entre los 15 y los 20 años, con una participación mayor de mujeres que hombres. Entre los hallazgos sobresalientes se encuentra que, a pesar de proceder de zonas geográficas rurales y de ser estudiantes, el mayor número de los jóvenes tienen acceso a internet, pero no necesariamente a plataformas educativas, pues el cometido más fuerte para consultas son las redes sociales. Lo más importante es que los jóvenes se esmeran por participar en eventos de tipo educativo y cultural por medio de las redes sociales, tales como webinars, foros de discusión, tutoriales y música, dedicando un promedio de cinco horas al día en el uso de redes sociales, tales como WhatsApp,YouTube y Facebook
Desarrollo y propuesta de protocolos para proyectos de software en ciencias de computación
Authors: Campos Rosa Jorge Alberto
Published: July 2024

Cuando se construyen grandes proyectos en ingeniería civil, eléctrica o de otras ciencias, se comienza con la elaboración de los respectivos plano de construcción, los cuales determinan las características principales del proyecto. De igual forma, al desarrollar proyectos de informática se debe iniciar con la planificación y la elaboración de la documentación mínima, así como los diagramas necesarios (equivalentes a los planos de construcción) para proporcionar una visión clara de las características finales del proyecto. El presente proyecto de innovación tiene como objetivo proponer un protocolo técnico que permita establecer los parámetros, especificaciones técnicas, documentación técnica mínima requerida y las métricas a evaluar por medio de los cuales permitaa las gerencias y jefaturas de los departamentos y unidades de informática establecer de forma práctica medible la calidad del código y de construcción con la cual se desarrolla los proyectos de informática. La investigación inicia con una encuesta de diagnostico que determinará la situación actual de la aplicación de los diferentes estándares de programación y desarrollo de sistemas. A partir de los resultados de la encuesta se desarrolla la propuesta de protocolo de calidad de código, en el cual se plantean los requisitos mínimos que deben ser observados, así como el uso de software Open Source para evaluar las líneas de código que se producen para verificar su correcta construcción.