bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dopamine‐1 Receptor Agonist: Renal Effects and Its Potential Role in the Management of Radiocontrast‐Induced Nephropathy
Authors: Asif Arif , Epstein David L. , Epstein Murray
Published: November 2004

Radiocontrast‐induced nephropathy remains the third leading cause of hospital‐acquired acute renal failure. Once established, this syndrome is associated with increased morbidity and mortality as well as increased health care costs. Recently, studies have been initiated to evaluate the potential of a selective dopamine‐1 receptor agonist (fenoldopam) in ameliorating radiocontrast‐induced renal failure. Selective dopamine‐1 receptor agonists exhibit many desirable renal effects that support their use for the prophylaxis of radiocontrast‐induced nephropathy, including decreases in renal vascular resistance and increases in renal blood flow, glomerular filtration, and sodium and water excretion. Several reports have documented a beneficial effect of fenoldopam administration in attenuating radiocontrast‐induced nephropathy. In contrast, a recent multicenter, randomized study did not demonstrate a renoprotective effect of fenoldopam against radiocontrast‐induced nephropathy. The presence of multiple confounders, however, precludes a definitive conclusion regarding the ability of fenoldopam to protect against radiocontrast‐induced nephropathy. Additional studies are needed to properly evaluate the role of fenoldopam in radiocontrast‐induced nephropathy prophylaxis.
Metabolism by N‐Acetyltransferase 1 In Vitro and in Healthy Volunteers: A Prototype for Targeted Inhibition
Authors: Cantilena Louis R. , Katki Aspandiar G. , Klecker Raymond W. , Collins Jerry M.
Published: November 2004

Inhibition of drug metabolism is generally avoided but can be useful in limited circumstances, such as reducing the formation of toxic metabolites. Acetylation is a major pathway for drug elimination that can also convert substrates into toxic species, including carcinogens. Sulfamethoxazole, a widely used antibiotic, is metabolized via arylamine N‐acetyltransferase 1. p‐Aminosalicylate, used for antitubercular treatment, is also metabolized by N‐acetyltransferase 1 and could potentially inhibit sulfamethoxazole metabolism. Human hepatocytes from 4 donors were incubated in vitro with sulfamethoxazole and p‐aminosalicylate at clinically achievable concentrations. p‐Aminosalicylate competitively reduced the acetylation of sulfamethoxazole in vitro by 61% to 83% at 200 μM. Four healthy volunteers were studied following doses of 500 mg sulfamethoxazole either alone or during administration of p‐aminosalicylate (4 g ter in die). Plasma concentrations of p‐aminosalicylate exceeded 100 μM. With each subject as his or her own control, p‐aminosalicylate reduced by 5‐fold the ratio of plasma concentrations of acetylsulfamethoxazole relative to parent drug (P <.001). Metabolic drug‐drug interaction studies in vitro successfully predicted inhibition of acetylation via N‐acetyltransferase 1 in vivo. Although no specific toxic species was investigated in this work, the potential was demonstrated for improving the therapeutic index of drugs that have toxic metabolites.
In Situ Ligand Synthesis for a Novel 1-D Mn Coordination Polymer
Authors: Weng Ding , Wang Yude , Yu Ranbo , Wang Ruji , Wang Dan , Cai Qiang , Li Hengde , Yao Youwei
Published: November 2004

A novel manganiferous coordination polymer, [Mn(II)(HL)2]n (H2L = 4-hydroxynicotinic acid) (1) was hydrothermally synthesized. Interestingly, an in situ ligand synthesis for HL from 3,4-pyridinedicarboxylic acid precursor was observed. Structure analysis indicates 1 is built up from building blocks of Mn(II)-centered octahedron and HL ligand. The μ3-HL ligand plays dual roles for the formation of 1-D framework: chelate and bridge.
Preparation and Photocurrent Generation of Nanostructured SnO2 Films Chemically Modified with Mono-substituted C60-Malonic Acid
Authors: Ohkita Hideo , Shimazaki Yuta , Ohoka Masataka , Ito Shinzaburo
Published: November 2004

Mono-substituted C60-malonic acid (C60C(COOH)2) was chemically adsorbed on nanostructured SnO2 electrodes prepared by spincoating ITO substrates with a SnO2 colloidal suspension followed by thermal annealing at 673 K for 1 h. The photocurrent of the film in a redox electrolyte (I3−/I−) was observed under visible light irradiation or simulated AM1.5G solar irradiation.
Ligeti in Fluxus
Authors: Drott Eric
Published: November 2004

During a brief period in the early 1960s, Fluxus, a neo-avant-garde group active in the United States, Europe, and Japan, engaged the unlikely participation of Gyorgy Ligeti. Ligeti's three contributions to Fluxus publications-the Trois Bagatelles for David Tudor (1961), Die Zukunft der Musik-eine kollektive Komposition (1961), and Poème Symphonique for 100 metronomes (1962)-proved both compatible with and divergent from the general ideology and aesthetic of Fluxus. Central to the consideration of Ligeti's Fluxus pieces is the contentious relationship that existed between experimental and modernist branches of new music at the time. Ligeti's flirtation with more experimental forms of composition not only reflects the general dynamic of this relationship but also illuminates how Ligeti positioned himself within the field of European contemporary music ca. 1960 and in subsequent years.
Franz Schubert and the Sea of Eternity
Authors: Lambert Sterling
Published: November 2004

The sea, in its seemingly limitless expanse, symbolized the concept of eternity to a number of important artists of the early 19th century, including Coleridge, Friedrich, and Goethe, who struggled to come to terms with this difficult concept through revision of their initial thoughts and ideas. Goethe's poem Meerestille was set by both Beethoven and Schubert within weeks of one another, and Schubert's two settings, written in the space of only two days, demonstrate the young composer's increasing ability to grasp the existential notion of timelessness as he grappled with Goethe's text. Schubert's musical reading and subsequent re-reading of the poem show how his use of the tritone as a musical symbol of the infinite underwent significant refinement in his second setting.
Analgesic and Hemodynamic Effects of a Single 7.5‐mg Intravenous Dose of Morphine in Patients with Moderate‐to‐Severe Postoperative Pain
Authors: Larijani Ghassem E. , Goldberg Michael E. , Gratz Irwin , Warshal David P.
Published: November 2004

Study Objectives. To evaluate the analgesic and hemodynamic effects of a single dose of intravenous morphine 7.5 mg in patients experiencing moderate‐to‐severe postoperative pain, and to determine any gender differences in analgesic response.

Design. Randomized, double‐blind, parallel‐group, multicenter study.

Setting. Postanesthesia care unit of a university teaching hospital.

Patients. Eighty‐eight patients who underwent total abdominal hysterectomy or prostatectomy.

Intervention. Thirty‐seven patients received a single dose of morphine sulfate 7.5 mg and 51 patients received placebo, both administered intravenously for 1 minute.

Measurements and Main Results. Overall, morphine had no significant effect on systolic or diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation, or respiratory rate. Compared with baseline, morphine significantly reduced pain intensity at 2, 5, and 10 minutes after administration (p<0.05). The difference in pain intensity between patients who received morphine and those who received placebo, however, was significant only at the 5‐minute time point (p<0.02). Patients receiving morphine also reported mild pain relief at 2 and 5 minutes after its administration. Peak analgesic effect was reported 2 minutes after its administration in three quarters of the patients. Significant gender differences also were observed in response to analgesic effect. In women, no significant differences in pain intensity were seen at any time between the morphine and placebo groups, whereas in men receiving morphine, pain intensity was significantly less at 2, 5, and 10 minutes compared with baseline and that seen in the placebo group. Women were generally more satisfied with their pain treatment than were men.

Conclusion. A single 7.5‐mg intravenous bolus dose of morphine did not appear to provide adequate reduction in perceived pain intensity in patients with moderate‐to‐severe postoperative pain. In addition, in contrast to the findings of other experimental pain studies, our data suggest that women are more tolerant of postoperative pain than are men.
Atazanavir for the Treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Authors: Busti Anthony J. , Hall Ronald G. , Margolis David M.
Published: November 2004

Atazanavir is the first once‐daily protease inhibitor for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and should be used only in combination therapy, as part of a highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimen. In addition to being the most potent protease inhibitor in vitro, atazanavir has a distinct cross‐resistance profile that does not confer resistance to other protease inhibitors. However, resistance to other protease inhibitors often confers clinically relevant resistance to atazanavir. Currently, atazanavir is not a preferred protease inhibitor for initial HAART regimens. In treatment‐naïve patients, atazanavir can be given as 400 mg/day. However, atazanavir should be pharmacologically boosted with ritonavir in treatment‐experienced patients or when coadministered with either tenofovir or efavirenz. Patients who receive atazanavir experience similar rates of adverse events compared with patients receiving comparator regimens. An exception is an increased risk of asymptomatic hyperbilirubinemia, which is due to competitive inhibition of uridine diphosphate‐glucuronosyltransferase 1A1. Although hyperbilirubinemia is a common adverse drug reaction of atazanavir therapy (22–47%), fewer than 2% of patients discontinue atazanavir therapy because of this adverse effect. Common adverse effects reported with atazanavir include infection, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, headache, peripheral neuropathy, and rash. Of significance, fewer abnormalities have been observed in plasma lipid profiles in patients treated with atazanavir compared with other protease inhibitor–containing regimens. As with other protease inhibitors, atazanavir is also a substrate and moderate inhibitor of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) system, in particular CYP3A4 and CYP2C9. Clinically significant drug interactions include (but are not limited to) antacids, proton pump inhibitors, histamine type 2 receptor antagonists, tenofovir, diltiazem, irinotecan, simvastatin, lovastatin, St. John's wort, and warfarin. We conclude that atazanavir is a distinctively characteristic protease inhibitor owing to its in vitro potency, once‐daily dosing, distinct initial resistance pattern, and infrequent association with metabolic abnormalities.
Malnutrition in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis: Is Intradialytic Parenteral Nutrition the Answer?
Authors: How Priscilla P. , Lau Alan H.
Published: November 2004

Patients with end‐stage renal disease often experience malnutrition as a result of decreased dietary intake; inadequate dialysis; loss of nutrients into the dialysate; abnormal protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism; and concomitant diseases, which may contribute to an increase in morbidity and mortality. Intradialytic parenteral nutrition (IDPN) is being used to improve nutritional status, in conjunction with other methods of nutritional supplementation. The biggest advantage of IDPN is probably its convenience since it is administered during dialysis treatment and thus does not require additional clinic visits or prolonged dialysis time. Although IDPN has several disadvantages, its ability to improve nutritional status and reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with end‐stage renal disease is promising. Well‐designed, large‐scale, prospective studies are required to confirm its beneficial effects.
Implications for Atypical Antipsychotics in the Treatment of Schizophrenia: Neurocognition Effects and a Neuroprotective Hypothesis
Authors: Jann Michael W.
Published: November 2004

Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia occurs in the early phases of the disease and remains throughout its course. The basis for cognition lies in two main brain regions: the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Positron emission tomography, functional magnetic resonance imaging, and proton magnetic spectroscopy studies have shown that prefrontal cortex and hippocampus activity and cell density are lower in patients with schizophrenia than in healthy controls. Dopamine remains the fundamental neurotransmitter involved with schizophrenia. Catechol‐O‐methyltransferase accounts for about 60% of dopamine metabolism in the prefrontal cortex. Functional polymorphism for the catechol‐O‐methyltransferase genotypes has been identified in patients with schizophrenia. Those with the valine‐valine genotype demonstrate rapid inactivation of dopamine, and performance in cognitive testing in patients is poorer with this allele than with other genotypes. N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate and α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionate acid receptors are also strongly associated with cognitive impairment. Changes occur in apolipoproteins D and E, cholinesterase enzyme activity, neurotensin, and neural growth factors, leading to a possible neurodegenerative process and cognitive impairment in patients with schizophrenia. A fundamental link between psychosis and neurocognition probably arises from complex interactions between these systems at the intracellular secondary messenger system and with protein phosphorylation. Atypical antipsychotics evaluated in receptor models, cell cultures, and animal behavior paradigms indicate that these agents may provide neuroprotective effects. Clinical studies with atypical antipsychotics have consistently demonstrated improvement in cognitive symptoms, and such improvement appears to be correlated with improvement of negative symptoms. A neurodevelopmental model of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia aids in understanding why atypical antipsychotics improve cognitive symptoms.
Carisoprodol Withdrawal Syndrome
Authors: Reeves Roy R. , Beddingfield John J. , Mack James E.
Published: November 2004

A 43‐year‐old man with chronic back and shoulder pain was treated with hydrocodone. He began taking excessive amounts of the drug, so his physicians stopped prescribing it. The patient then obtained the muscle relaxant carisoprodol on his own from several sources. He was consuming up to 30 or more tablets/day (≥ 10,500 mg/day) for several weeks, then abruptly stopped taking the drug. Within 48 hours he developed anxiety, tremors, muscle twitching, insomnia, auditory and visual hallucinations, and bizarre behavior. The symptoms intensified and peaked on the fourth day after carisoprodol cessation. The patient required brief treatment with olanzapine and tapering dosages of lorazepam while the symptoms gradually resolved. To our knowledge, this is the first documented case of a withdrawal syndrome with carisoprodol. The symptoms most likely resulted because of accumulation of meprobamate, the active metabolite of carisoprodol in humans. Clinicians prescribing carisoprodol should be aware of the possibility for abuse or addiction. Further, we recommend that carisoprodol be designated a controlled substance at the federal level.
A Novel Spectrophotometric Determination of Some Phenothiazines Involving Iodine monochloride from Chloramine‐T with Iodine
Authors: Gowtham Malledevarapura D. , Kumar Mysore S. Yogendra , Sathish Mahadeshwarabetta A. , Nagendrappa Giddappa
Published: November 2004

A novel, simple, sensitive spectrophotometric method is proposed for the determination of five phenothiazines. Chloramine‐T with iodine in acetic acid produces iodine monochloride which oxidizes phenothiazines to absorbing cations. Those would associate later with unreacted ICl to form an ion pair, [Ph+] [ICl–2] in hydrochloric acid medium. These appear to provide exceptional color stability to the systems. A probable mechanism along with experimental stoichiometry and stability constants of such ion pairs is indicated. The method is not only successful in stabilizing the color of the systems, but also in making a unique observation of two regions of concentration of phenothiazines adhering separately to Beer's law. The results obtained from the analyses of pure samples and their drug formulations in both regions of concentration are comparable with those obtained either with a reported titrimetric method or with a British Pharmacopoeia (B.P.) UV‐spectrophotometric method. The conditions required for the quantitative determination of phenothiazines are described and related analytical parameters are also calculated.
Synthesis, Structure, and Cytostatic Properties of New Olivacine Derivatives
Authors: Jasztold‐Howorko Ryszard , Croisy Alain , Carrez Daniele , Jaroszewicz Iwona , Nasulewicz Anna , Pełczyńska Marzena , Opolski Adam
Published: November 2004

Starting from 2‐(6‐methoxy‐1‐methyl‐9H‐carbazol‐2‐yl)ethylamine and 6‐methylpicolinic acid, 9‐methoxy‐5‐methyl‐1‐(6‐methylpyridin‐2‐yl)‐6H‐pyrido[4, 3‐b]carbazole 10 and its 6‐alkylderivatives 12 – 17 were obtained. The newly obtained compounds showed significant cytostatic activity against cultured L1210 cells and high cytotoxicity towards various human tumor cell lines.
Magnetic Phase Diagram of the Intermetallic LaMn2‐xCuxSi2 Silicides.
Authors: Kilic A. , Kervan S. , Gencer A.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Asymmetric Allylboration of Aldehydes and Ketones Using 3,3′‐Disubstitutedbinaphthol‐Modified Boronates.
Authors: Wu T. Robert , Shen Lixin , Chong J. Michael
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Dual Behavior of Masked o‐Benzoquinones in Intramolecular Diels—Alder Reactions with Acyclic Dienes: A Rapid Entry to Polyfunctionalized Bicyclo[2.2.2]oct‐5‐en‐2‐ones and cis‐Decalins.
Authors: Chen Chien‐Hsing , Peddinti Rama Krishna , Rao N. S. Kameswara , Liao Chun‐Chen
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Optimization and Metabolic Stabilization of a Class of Nonsteroidal Glucocorticoid Modulators.
Authors: Link J. T. , Sorensen Bryan K. , Patel Jyoti , Arendsen David , Li Gaoquan , Swanson Susan , Nguyen Bach , Emery Maurice , Grynfarb Marlena , Goos‐Nilsson Annika
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Stereoselective Synthesis of 3‐Alkylideneoxindoles Using Tandem In‐Mediated Carbometalation and Pd‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reaction.
Authors: Yanada Reiko , Obika Shingo , Oyama Munetaka , Takemoto Yoshiji
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 1‐(2‐Oxo‐2‐arylethyl)‐3‐arylcarbamoylpyridinium Bromides.
Authors: Khairulin A. R. , Yanchenko V. A. , Demchenko A. M.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Application of Multi‐Component Reactions to Antimalarial Drug Discovery. Part 1. Parallel Synthesis and Antiplasmodial Activity of New 4‐Aminoquinoline Ugi Adducts.
Authors: Musonda Chitalu C. , Taylor Dale , Lehman Julie , Gut Jiri , Rosenthal Philip J. , Chibale Kelly
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Reactivity of Some Imidazo‐, Triazolo‐ and Tetrazolo‐Isoquinoline Derivatives.
Authors: Deady Leslie W. , Devine Shane M.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Cyclic β‐Hydroxyallylsilanes via Sequential Allyltitanation‐Ring Closing Metathesis.
Authors: Adam Jean‐Michel , de Fays Laurence , Laguerre Michel , Ghosez Leon
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Stereodivergent Approach to Amino Acids, Amino Alcohols, or Oxazolidinones of High Enantiomeric Purity.
Authors: Spino Claude , Tremblay Marie‐Claude , Gobdout Cedrickx
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Facile Synthetic Method to Prepare Fluorescently Labeled ROMP Polymers
Authors: Roberts Kenny S. , Sampson Nicole S.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Aluminum and Gallium
Authors: Robinson G. H.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Assemblies and Self‐Assembly
Authors: Swiegers G. F.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Modification of the Peripheral Substituents in Chlorophylls a and b and Their Derivatives
Authors: Pavlov V. Yu. , Ponomarev G. V.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Heterocyclic and Open‐Chain 1,2‐Diazine Ligands
Authors: Xu Z. , Thompson L. K.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Phenanthroline Ligands
Authors: Luman C. R. , Castellano F. N.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Boron Clusters: Do They Receive the Deserved Interest?
Authors: Teixidor Francesc , Vinas Clara , Demonceau Albert , Kivekaes Raikko , Sillanpaeae Reijo , Nunez Rosario
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Superoxide Induced Deprotection of 1,3‐Dithiolanes: A Convenient Method of Dedithioacetalization.
Authors: Shukla Ajay Kumar , Verma Manjusha , Singh Krishna Nand
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Organometallic Complexes of Copper
Authors: Heaney H. , Christie S.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Systems Biology of Glycosylation
Authors: Murrell Michael P. , Yarema Kevin J. , Levchenko Andre
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Cover Picture: Synthesis of a Fluorescent Sulfatide for the Study of CD1 Antigen Binding Properties (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 23/2004)
Authors: Franchini Laura , Compostella Federica , Donda Alena , Mori Lucia , Colombo Diego , De Libero Gennaro , Matto Pamela , Ronchetti Fiamma , Panza Luigi
Published: November 2004

The cover picture shows a model of a fluorescent derivative of sulfatide superimposed on the antigen‐presenting molecule CD1a (PDB accession code 1ONQ). In spite of the presence of the fluorescent probe, this derivative maintains its ability to bind to CD1a immobilized on beads and opens the possibility of performing binding studies by flow cytometry. Details of the synthesis of this fluorogenic sulfatide are reported in the article by F. Compostella, L. Panza et al. on p. 4755 ff.
Inhibition of Ru Complex Electrochemiluminescence by Phenols and Anilines
Authors: Cui Hua , Li Feng , Shi Ming‐Juan , Pang Yong‐Qiang , Lin Xiang‐Qin
Published: November 2004

The effect of 30 phenols and anilines on typical Ru complex electrochemiluminescence (ECL) was systematically investigated under different conditions. It was found that all the tested compounds showed an ECL inhibiting signal. The magnitude of ECL inhibition was related to the position of the substituting group in the benzene ring and decreased in the following order: meta‐>ortho‐>para‐. The oxidation potential of the tested compounds, the ECL spectra and UV‐visible absorption spectra of Ru(bpy)$\rm{ {_{3}^{2+}}}$/tripropylamine (TPrA) in the presence of phenols and anilines, and the direct ECL between Ru(bpy)$\rm{ {_{3}^{2+}}}$ and phenols/aniline were studied. The mechanism of ECL inhibition has been proposed due to energy transfer from the excited state Ru(bpy)$\rm{ {_{3}^{2+}}}$$\rm{{^\cdot}}$ to a quinone or ketone or their polymer formed by electro‐oxidation of phenols and anilines. The potential of analytical application was explored by use of the inhibited ECL. The results demonstrate that numerous compounds are detectable with the detection limits in the range of 10−8–10−9 mol/L for Ru(bpy)$\rm{ {_{3}^{2+}}}$/TPrA system and in the range of 10−6–10−7 mol/L for Ru(bpy)$\rm{ {_{3}^{2+}}}$/C2O$\rm{ {_{4}^{2}}}$ system, respectively.
Bias correction of daily precipitation measurements for Mongolia
Authors: Zhang Yinsheng , Ohata T. , Yang Daqing , Davaa G.
Published: November 2004

Bias correction procedures derived from the World Meteorological Organization's solid precipitation measurement intercomparison dataset for the Tretyakov rain gauge were applied to 20 years of data from 31 meteorological stations in Mongolia. Daily corrections of precipitation biases from wind‐induced undercatch, wetting loss, and evaporation loss were made. The bias (systematic error) from wind loss dominates at stations located in prairies and forests. Evaporation loss (caused by the evaporation of precipitation in the gauge before precipitation is measured) and wetting loss of precipitation both cause significant error in regions of low precipitation. Bias corrections suggest that gauge‐measured annual precipitation was significantly underreported by 15·2 to 80·6 mm over the 20 years studied. Annual precipitation in Mongolia should be 17 to 42% higher than previously reported, particularly in forests and prairies. The correction factor (CF, corrected/gauge‐measured precipitation) varies seasonally and is greater in winter and smaller in summer, primarily because of undercatch of snowfall due to winds. There is clear seasonal variation in the absolute value of the bias correction and in each individual component of the correction. The spatial variation in the absolute correction matches the spatial distribution of gauge‐measured precipitation. The value of CF decreases as gauge‐measured annual precipitation increases, because precipitation changes occurred mostly in summer. These results will be useful for hydrologic and climatic studies of mid‐latitudes and arid/semi‐arid regions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrological regions in monsoon Asia
Authors: Kondoh Akihiko , Harto Agung Budi , Eleonora Runtunuwu , Kojiri Toshiharu
Published: November 2004

Monsoon Asia is characterized by its diversity of natural and social environments. These environments range from humid tropics to arid regions and there exist associated various hydrological phenomena. This paper attempts to characterize the hydrological regions of monsoon Asia based on the water budget calculated using grid‐based global datasets. A map of hydrological regions is created by ranking the value of water surplus and deficit. A humid zone with large water surplus extending from Southeast Asia to the Japanese archipelago, rapid transition from humid to arid environments in eastern China, and an arid region surrounded by a humid region in continental Southeast Asia are the most remarkable features in monsoon Asia. The map reveals that an essential characteristic of monsoon Asia is the proximity of the arid and humid environments. Many water problems and water management practices in a region can be easily understood by plotting them on a map. The boundaries of several large river basins are superimposed on the map, and examined for the water budget and flow regimes. The results are found to explain the regional characteristics of the seasonal runoff regimes satisfactorily. The importance of using a spatial framework for the comparative hydrological study in Monsoon Asia is highlighted. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
VP22‐mediated intercellular transport correlates with enhanced biological activity of MybEngrailed but not (HSV‐I) thymidine kinase fusion proteins in primary vascular cells following non‐viral transfection
Authors: Sheridan Paul J. , Lawrie Allan , Crossman David C. , Holt Cathy M. , Newman Christopher M.
Published: November 2004

Background

The intercellular transport properties of the herpes simplex virus (HSV) protein VP22 have been harnessed to enhance the effectiveness of viral gene transfer. We investigated the intercellular transport and biological effects of VP22 fused with the dominant negative c‐Myb chimera, MybEngrailed (MybEn) and HSV‐I thymidine kinase (TK), in primary vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) following non‐viral transfection.

Materials and methods

Porcine VSMC transfected with plasmids encoding MybEn, TK and their respective N‐ and C‐terminal VP22 fusion proteins were assayed for the extent and distribution of transgene expression (by immunohistochemistry), culture growth and apoptosis.

Results

The N‐terminal MybEn fusion with VP22 (MybEnVP22) and both TK fusions, but not VP22MybEn, exhibited intercellular spread from primary transfected to up to 200 surrounding cells. pMybEnVP22‐transfected cultures exhibited growth inhibition and apoptosis rates that were 10.6 ± 3.6 and 3.2 ± 1.0 fold higher than in pMybEn‐transfected cultures; pVP22MybEn‐transfected cultures showed no difference in these parameters. pTK‐transfected cultures underwent 60–70% cell death in the presence of ganciclovir despite <2% primary transfection, which was not increased in cultures transfected with plasmids encoding VP22‐TK fusions.

Conclusions

The close correlation between immunocytochemical and biological assays suggests that intercellular transport is crucial to the enhanced biological activity of the MybEnVP22 fusion. The ‘intrinsic’ bystander activity of TK was 4‐fold greater than was ‘engineered’ by VP22 fusion, probably reflecting the abundance of gap junctions between VSMC. VP22 fusion may enhance the efficiency of non‐viral gene delivery when combined with the appropriate therapeutic transgene, target tissue and transfection method. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman spectroscopy of highly aligned thin films of Sr2FeMoO6
Authors: Zhang T. , Branford W. R. , Trodahl H. J. , Sharma A. , Rager J. , MacManus‐Driscoll J. L. , Cohen L. F.
Published: November 2004

We report a comparative study of polarization‐resolved Raman spectra of highly aligned thin films of Sr1.9A0.1FeMoO6 (A = Sr, Ca, Ba) and undoped bulk polycrystalline Sr2FeMoO6 at room temperature. The films were fabricated by a non‐vacuum chemical deposition technique on LaAlO3 substrates. A site group analysis was performed to establish that there are five Ag and seven Bg modes, most of which have been identified, and six Eg modes, although the latter are not accessible in the c‐axis aligned films. One Bg mode shows clear evidence of an asymmetric lineshape, which is discussed in terms of an interaction between phonons and electronic excitations. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Viscosity and starch particle size effects on rehydration of freeze‐dried carrots
Authors: Marabi Alejandro , Saguy I Sam
Published: November 2004

A Correction has been published for this article in Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 85(4): 707 (2005).

Rehydration is a critical step in the utilization of dry food particulates. The effects of viscosity and average particle size of four starches, namely corn, rice, potato and pre‐gelatinized Ultra Sperse 2000 were assessed and compared with water as the control. Average starch particle size diameters determined with image analysis showed that only the native starches swelled after 5 min treatment in 85 °C water. Rehydration curves were modelled utilizing a normalized Weibull distribution. The derived Weibull β‐shape parameter indicated that water uptake followed both imbibition and Fickian diffusion. Both viscosity and starch particles size distribution influenced the rehydration kinetics and their effect could not be explained by a simple mechanism. Medium uptake during rehydration could be improved and customized by choosing the most appropriate thickening agent. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparison of sampling efficiency and storage stability on different sorbents for determination of solvents in occupational air
Authors: Gjølstad Merete , Bergemalm‐Rynell Kerstin , Ljungkvist Göran , Thorud Syvert , Molander Paal
Published: November 2004

This study describes the sampling efficiency and storage stability of compounds typically present in occupational atmospheres on the sorbents Anasorb CSC, Anasorb 747, and Chromosorb 106. The selection of compounds included in the study contained aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, esters, glycol ethers, ketones, and halogenated compounds, thus representing a wide range of chemical and physical properties. The different sorbent tubes were simultaneously exposed to the selected compounds as three different mixtures of solvent vapours in air, and storage both at room temperature and at –22°C was investigated. The sorbent tubes were stored and analyzed at two different laboratories. The sampling efficiencies of all the investigated compounds were excellent on Anasorb CSC and Anasorb 747, while Chromosorb 106 did not give such good results for the most volatile compounds under study. The room temperature storage stability on Chromosorb 106, however, was good for all compounds, although formation of artefacts was observed during storage, a disadvantage that was substantially reduced by storage at –22°C. The room temperature storage stability on Anasorb CSC was good for all compounds except some of the ketones. The room temperature storage stability of these ketones, especially cyclohexanone and 2‐butanone, was much better on Anasorb 747, which still showed the same excellent storage stability for the remaining compounds. When stored in a freezer, the storage stability of all compounds, including the ketones, was very good on all sorbents. Among the sorbents under study, Anasorb 747 appears to be the most suitable allround sorbent for monitoring volatile compounds in occupational air, with satisfactory capabilities regarding both sampling efficiency and storage stability.
Preconcentration and determination of priority pollutant phenols in waters at trace levels using a polymeric solid‐phase extraction cartridge
Authors: Sirvent Gemma , Sánchez Juan M. , Salvadó Victòria
Published: November 2004

A method to preconcentrate and analyse the EPA priority pollutant phenols from water samples is evaluated. Spe‐ed Advanta® cartridges, containing 100 mg of a polymeric matrix modified with polar groups, are used in the extraction and enrichment step. Several parameters are studied in order to find the best experimental conditions to perform a solid‐phase extraction process. Sample flow rate and pH appear as variables that could significantly affect the recoveries obtained. Water samples need a pH adjustment to values lower than 3 units and must be percolated through the cartridges with flow rates over 5 mL min–1. The highest recoveries and preconcentrations are obtained using acetonitrile as the elution solvent. Sample volumes from 100 mL to 1 L with concentrations ranging from 50 to 0.5 μg L–1 are analysed with quantitative recoveries and similar efficiencies being achieved. After establishing the best conditions, we applied the method to the analysis of spiked natural waters.
Fatigue of glass fiber reinforced injection molded plastics. II: Tensile versus flexural loading
Authors: Wyzgoski Michael G. , Krohn John A. , Novak Glen E.
Published: November 2004

A previous paper reported fatigue data for several glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic materials by measuring their S‐N, stress versus number of cycles to fail, behavior. It was demonstrated that both fiber orientation and loading mode, tensile versus flexural, strongly influence the resultant S‐N data. The orientation effects are considered real, reflecting the local fiber orientation distributions in the samples, which are determined by geometry, processing and material variables. However, the higher fatigue lives observed in flexural loading are considered an artifact. Specifically for this class of materials, it is concluded that the use of linear elastic beam bending theory equations to calculate bending stresses are inappropriate. It is shown that a plasticity‐based correction factor makes the flexural S‐N data equivalent to the tensile results. In fact this correction applies equally well to monotonic loading, not just fatigue. Although it is concluded that tensile loading is preferred, some cases where flexural loading may be advantageous are indicated. Polym. Compos. 25:569–576, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
When is a hypo not a hypo? Hypoglycaemic symptoms at normal glucose levels in poorly controlled type 2 diabetes
Authors: Chowdhury TA , Escudier VJ
Published: November 2004

Hypoglycaemia is common in patients with diabetes. Symptomatic hypoglycaemia at normal glucose levels has been previously recognised, and can pose a major challenge to improving glycaemic control. We describe two cases of patients with type 2 diabetes, who suffered from frequent symptoms of hypoglycaemia at normal glucose levels, leading to over‐compensation with carbohydrate and poor glycaemic control. We describe how recognition of this phenomenon led to significant improvements in glycaemic control. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrogen‐bond‐assisted stereocontrol in the radical polymerization of N‐isopropylacrylamide with primary alkyl phosphate: The effect of the chain length of the straight ester group
Authors: Hirano Tomohiro , Ishii Satoshi , Kitajima Hiroko , Seno Makiko , Sato Tsuneyuki
Published: November 2004

The radical polymerizations of N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) were carried out in toluene at low temperatures in the presence of phosphoric acid esters such as trimethyl phosphate, triethyl phosphate (TEP), tri‐n‐propyl phosphate, and tri‐n‐butyl phosphate (TBP). Syndiotactically rich poly(NIPAAm)s were obtained from −60 to 0 °C, and TEP provided the highest syndiotacticity (racemo dyad = 65%) at −40 °C. On the other hand, lowering the temperature reversed the stereoselectivity of the propagation reaction so that isotactically rich poly(NIPAAm)s were obtained at −80 °C. In particular, TBP exhibited the most isotactic specificity (meso dyad = 57%). Job's plots for NIPAAm–TBP mixtures revealed that NIPAAm and TBP formed a 1:1 complex at 0 °C and a predominantly 1:2 complex at −80 °C through a hydrogen‐bonding interaction. Therefore, the stereospecificity of NIPAAm polymerization should depend on the stoichiometry of the hydrogen‐bond‐assisted complex. Thus, the mechanism for this polymerization system was discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 50–62, 2005
Monitoring k‐step‐ahead Controlled Processes
Authors: Nugent Edward , Baykal‐Gürsoy Melike , Gürsoy Kemal
Published: November 2004

A dynamical system controlled by a k‐step‐ahead minimum variance controller is considered. Independent, identically distributed one‐step‐ahead process residuals are given for use in statistical process monitoring schemes. Problems encountered in the application of the monitoring schemes are discussed, particularly with respect to detecting process upsets. Upsets may occur in any of three ways, for which expressions are derived. It is shown that the mechanism by which upsets occur influences the ability of the residuals to detect the upsets. It is also shown that the effect of the disturbance on the residuals is independent of the process time delay k. The ability of the residuals to detect a change in the process dispersion is discussed. It is shown that the disturbance dynamics do not alter this ability. This information is useful in obtaining accurate estimates of control chart performance and directing the statistical process control practitioner in modifying the control chart design. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unrestricted Hartree–Fock then and now
Authors: Nesbet R. K.
Published: November 2004

The unrestricted Hartree–Fock model of interacting electrons originated as an approximation that incorporates exchange‐polarization effects for open‐shell atoms and molecules. Spontaneous symmetry‐breaking is described by this model, in particular for dissociating covalent bonds, but is limited to exchange in the Hartree–Fock context. When this model is extended to an orbital functional theory, which can include quantitative effects of electronic correlation, it becomes a widely applicable formalism for many‐body theory. This conceptual extension is discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Pain in Women's Health: A Multi‐Faceted Approach Toward Understanding
Authors: McCool William F. , Smith Tara , Aberg Christy
Published: November 2004

Pain has always been a part of women's health experiences, inherent to such physiologic processes as menstrual cramping, labor contractions, and uniquely female illnesses, such as cervical or ovarian cancer. However, the understanding of pain—its nature, its purpose, and its sometimes debatable need for removal—remains elusive. Pain's origins are in the physical realm, but it is manifested through an array of psychological, social, and cultural factors. The concept of pain is explored using an evolutionary approach to understanding the mechanisms associated with the physiologic, psychological, developmental, and sociocultural aspects of this phenomenon. The relevance of this exploratory look at pain as it relates to offering health care to women is discussed. The manner in which pain affects individuals and the methods with which it can be treated are critical elements in the provision of quality health care.
Russia and the Iraq War: was Putin’s policy a failure?
Authors: Golan Galia
Published: November 2004

Although Russian President Vladimir Putin has been faced with numerous crises since coming to office in 2000, most importantly the war in Chechnya, the Iraq War was the first major international crisis with which his administration was confronted. As in the case of Kosovo for Yeltsin, and the Gulf War for Gorbachev, the Russian President had to deal with conflicting domestic pressures and apparently still more conflicting Russian national and international interests. Indeed, one result of such a situation was a post-war accusation that Putin actually had no policy or at least no consistent policy with regard to the Iraq crisis [Golan, G., 1992. Gorbachev’s difficult time in the Gulf. Political Science Quarterly 107 (2), 213–230]. One may remember similar accusations of Gorbachev’s ‘‘zigzaging’’ in the Gulf War and claims that the Yeltsin government failed to forge a Kasovo policy altogether [Levitin, O., 2000. Inside Moscow’s Kosovo muddle. Survival 42 (1), 130]. Yet, a certain pattern did appear to repeat itself in the Iraqi crisis, namely, pre-war efforts to prevent a military conflict from breaking out, then gradual escalation of rhetoric if not actual involvement, and finally gradual but relatively rapid retreat to conciliatory posture toward the United States (in all three crises). Moreover, Putin was indeed consistent throughout the pre-crisis, crisis and post-crisis periods in his opposition to the Americans’ use of force against Iraq and in the need to remain within a United Nations framework. Actually, one might ask (and we shall below) why Putin did not abandon the first part of this policy, in order to maintain the second component, when it became certain that the U.S. was going to attack, with or without UN Security Council approval.
In vitro screening of potential probiotic activities of selected lactobacilli isolated from unpasteurized milk products for incorporation into soft cheese
Authors: Coeuret Valérie , Gueguen Micheline , Vernoux Jean Paul
Published: November 2004

The aim was to select potentially probiotic lactobacilli from 88 strains isolated from unpasteurized milk and cheese products, and to incorporate these bacteria in a viable state into a soft cheese, without changing its quality. The survival of these bacteria was assessed in acidic and bile conditions, after freezing at −80 °C. Four strains from unpasteurized Camembert – two Lactobacillus plantarum strains and two Lb. paracasei/casei strains – were identified and typed by PCR and PFGE and were found to display potentially probiotic characteristics in addition to resistance to low pH and bile. These characteristics were resistance to lysozyme, adhesion to CACO-2 cells, antimicrobial effects against common foodborne pathogens (Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli), innocuity following the ingestion of high doses by mice and appropriate antibiotic susceptibility profiles. The potential of Lb. plantarum strain UCMA 3037 for incorporation into a soft cheese (Pont-l'Eveque registered designation of origin (RDO)) was investigated. This strain grew well and survived in sufficient numbers (more than 107 cfu/g throughout the shelf-life of the product) in the cheese. This strain did not change the quality score of the product until the best before date (75 days after manufacture). Thus, unpasteurized Camembert is a natural source of potentially probiotic lactobacilli, which could be used as an additive in the development of potentially probiotic soft cheeses. Further work is required to demonstrate the persistence and efficacy of these strains in the human host upon ingestion.
Interactions of fat globule surface proteins during concentration of whole milk in a pilot-scale multiple-effect evaporator
Authors: Ye Aiqian , Singh Harjinder , Taylor Michael W , Anema Skelte G
Published: November 2004

The changes in milk fat globules and fat globule surface proteins during concentration of whole milk using a pilot-scale multiple-effect evaporator were examined. The effects of heat treatment of milk at 95 °C for 20 s, prior to evaporation, on fat globule size and the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) proteins were also determined. In both non-preheated and preheated whole milk, the size of milk fat globules decreased while the amount of total surface proteins at the fat globules increased as the milk passed through each effect of the evaporator. In non-preheated samples, the amount of caseins at the surface of fat globules increased markedly during evaporation with a relatively small increase in whey proteins. In preheated samples, both caseins and whey proteins were observed at the surface of fat globules and the amounts of these proteins increased during subsequent steps of evaporation. The major original MFGM proteins, xanthine oxidase, butyrophilin, PAS 6 and PAS 7, did not change during evaporation, however, PAS 6 and PAS 7 decreased during preheating. These results indicate that the proteins from the skim milk were adsorbed onto the fat globule surface when the milk fat globules were disrupted during evaporation.
Estimating transmission parameters of F4+ E. coli for F4-receptor-positive and -negative piglets: one-to-one transmission experiment
Authors: GEENEN P. L. , Van der MEULEN J. , BOUMA A. , De JONG M. C. M.
Published: November 2004

F4+ Escherichia coli is an important agent of post-weaning diarrhoea in piglets. Piglets that express an adhesion site for F4+ E. coli in their small intestine (F4R+) shed higher numbers of F4+ E. coli than piglets lacking this site (F4R−). We hypothesized that F4R+ piglets are more infectious and more susceptible for F4+ E. coli. This implies that in populations with F4R+ and F4R− piglets, the transmission would be dependent on the frequency of both types of animals. To quantify the difference in infectiousness and susceptibility, a one-to-one transmission experiment was performed with 20 pairs consisting of one inoculated and one contact piglet. Based on the contact infections observed, transmission parameters were estimated with generalized linear models. F4R+ piglets were infectious for other piglets and the reproduction ratio (R0) for homogeneous F4R+ populations, that is the average number of secondary infections that one F4R+ pig will cause during its entire infectious period in a population of susceptible F4R+ individuals only, was estimated as 7·1. F4R+ piglets were more susceptible than F4R− piglets and reducing the fraction of F4R+ piglets of a population will reduce transmission. It was calculated that in order to prevent major outbreaks of F4+ E. coli (R0<1), the fraction of F4R+ piglets must be lower than 0·14.