bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Removal of Organics from Huangpu River Water by Different Coagulants
Authors: Liu Cheng , Chen Wei , Gao Nai Yuan
Published: June 2010

Jar-test experiments were performed to investigate the effectiveness of enhanced coagulation in organic removal from Huangpu river water. The results show that，For Huangpu river water, the suitable type of coagulant is ferrous chloride; the optimal pH for the removal of organics is 5.5, and the dose of FeCl3 is 30mg•L-1, at which the removal effect of the DOC ,UV254 are 42% ,56% and 60% respectively; As a matter of fact, ferric chloride and aluminum sulfate have similar removal effect to organics at ambient pH, while can gain higher efficiency at pH 5.5, (higher 12% DOC and 20% UV254), we can conclude that the main mechanism for coagulation to remove organics is the reactions between coagulants hydrolysis species and organics; Seen from the result of UV scan, the enhanced coagulation remove mainly the organics which can be adsorbed by the UV whose wavelength higher than 250 nm, which is mainly aromatic compounds and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons; Enhanced coagulation can reduce the chlorine demand of the raw water effectively, for it can remove the organics which can adsorbed by the UV at 272nm.
Effect of Wastewater Treatment Processes on the Combustion Properties of Sewage Sludge
Authors: Xie Li Ping , Wu Xia
Published: June 2010

The combustion properties of five different sewage sludges were studied by thermal gravimetric analysis in the atmosphere of “oxygen”and “nitrogen + oxygen”, respectively. The results indicate that there are not influence of wastewater treatment process and the sludges anaerobic digestion on the combustion process, but both of the “anaerobic” wastewater treatment and the sludge anaerobic digestion make the ignition temperature of sludge higher, and the temperature of anaerobic digestion sludge is the highest. The relationship among the ignition temperatures of five sludges is independent of combustion atmosphere and heating rate. However, low heating rate makes the temperature of sludge decline. The combustion reaction mechanisms have been studied with Šatava-Šesták equation. It shows that there are the same combustion reaction mechanisms for five sludges in the same atmosphere, and the heating rate hasn’t influence on them, but the combustion atmosphere has influence on them.
The Effect of Different Natural Organic Matter Fractions on the Ozonation of Micropollutants
Authors: Liu Xiao Wei , Chen Zhong Lin , Yang Lei , Zhai Xu
Published: June 2010

The aquatic NOM can be divided into different fractions in a wide range of molecular weight, which usually show different reactivity toward oxidants such as ozone. Fractioning natural organic matters (NOM) sourced from Songhua River with series of ultra membranes, the effect of each fraction on the degradation of BPA and NB by ozonation was investigated. The introduction of NOM fractions exept for NOM5K-10K and NOM3K-5K slightly decreased the removal efficiency of BPA which was highly reactive with ozone. On the contrary, for the refractory organic pollutant NB, NOM fractions especially the fractions with high molecular weight (NOM>10K、NOM5K-10K、NOM3K-5K、NOM1K-3K) promoted its degradation due to the enhancement of chain reaction which accompanied by the formation of hydroxyl radical, and the extent of promotion was dependent on the types and amounts of functional groups contained in NOM fractions. Even though this work is based on one type of NOM, the conclutions of this research are of general applicability.
Interception Ratio Optimal Selection Aided by Micro-Scope Hydraulic and Quality Simulation
Authors: Jin Xi , Jiang Ying He , Jin Jian Hua
Published: June 2010

Optimal selection of interception ratio of combined sewer systems is a problem of comparison in technical and economical aspects. Using the simulation result of SWMM, the relationship between pollutant removal efficiency and interception ratio can be quantified, so the technical index of interception ratio selection can be obtained. Regarding of pollutant removal efficiency and construction cost as functions of interception ratio, two objective functions of optimization model can be obtained. By solving this optimization model, the balance between technical and economical aspects can be realized at the result interception ratio. Tested by the case sewer system, an optimal result can be obtained by this optimization model and it’s solving methodology.
Development of Land Subsidence in Xi'an in Past 50 Years
Authors: Wan Wei Feng , Li Yun Feng , Zhang Juan Juan
Published: June 2010

Land subsidence is one of the most prominent geological disasters in Xi’an, China. A review of the occurrence and development of land subsidence in Xi’an in past 50 years is given in this article. The characteristics of land subsidence in Xi'an were analyzed from time-space distribution, the development of subsidence center and its relationship with the withdrawal of groundwater. The development and characteristics of land subsidence indicate that the withdrawal of groundwater especially the confined groundwater is the major cause of land subsidence in Xi’an. Shutting down the private wells and reducing groundwater exploitation have very apparent effect on decelerating subsidence development. Limiting the exploitation and making reasonable exploitation program of groundwater are effective measures to prevent the land subsidence.
Characterization of Novel Deep Eutectic Ionic Liquids and their Application in Green Synthesis
Authors: Liu Bao You , Wang Yuan Yuan , Wei Fu Xiang
Published: June 2010

Five novel deep eutectic ionic liquids were prepared from relatively simple quaternary ammonium salts and imidazole. All of these salts are liquids at room temperature, and are steady up to 150°C. They exhibit low viscosities and moderate conductivities at low temperature. Especially, Bu4NCl-IM is a green alternative solvent in Sonogashira reaction with good catalytic activity.
Application of Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Method in Groundwater Quality Assessment in Handan City
Authors: Jiang Xue , Xiao Chang Lai , Liang Xiu Juan , Xu Meng Yao
Published: June 2010

The fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method was applied to evaluation of groundwater quality .According to the measured data, the Brewery, Small North Castle and Weft Plant in the southeast of Handan were selected as the sampling points. Then with the actual situation, 13 kinds of evaluation factors including pH, total hardness, sulfate, chloride, volatile phenols, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia nitrogen, fluoride, cyanide, Hg, As, Cr (hexa-valend) were chosen to evaluate groundwater quality. From the aspects of weight and fuzzy matrix computing, the whole process of application of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method was introduced into groundwater quality evaluation in this paper.
Assessment on Ecosystem Service Value of the Water Tourism Resources in Heilongjiang Province, Northeast China
Authors: Tang Zi
Published: June 2010

The objective of this study is to evaluate the economic value of ecosystem services of water tourism resources in Heilongjiang Province, and to provide decision makers a theoretical support in formulation of the tourism resources conservation and development planning. Based on the market value approach, substitution engineering method, and replacement cost method, we evaluated the economic value of ecosystem services of water tourism resources in Heilongjiang Province. Results show that the total economic value of ecosystem services of water tourism resources was 97.05 billion Yuan in 2006. The ranking of various services was water storage＞water supply＞flood mitigation＞culture research＞biodiversity maintenance＞leisure entertainment＞aquatic product＞hydropower＞shipping. The results suggest that water tourism resources exert an indispensable function to support and safeguard the sustainable development, maintain the whole ecosystems health and people’s life and wealth safety in Heilongjiang Province. Therefore, a reasonable water tourism resources plan should be made with emphasis on protecting wetlands, rivers, lakes, and other water body.
Cloning of Salt-Resistance Transcription Factor Gene and Identification of Function in Soybean Plants
Authors: Qu Min , Zhang Yan Ming , Li Xin Ling , Wang Quan Wei
Published: June 2010

In order to verify the transcription factor CBF2 gene can be induced to express in plant and improve the plant salt resistance, they were cloned from the Arabidopsis thaliana by PCR according to CBF2 gene sequence published on GenBank. The plant expression vector (pBI-rd29A-CBF2) with CBF2 gene was constructed. The CBF2 gene was transformed into soybean plants via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. It approved that the CBF2 gene had been transformed and integrated into the genome of soybean by PCR and Southern blot. Through the physiological test of salt resistance, the relative electric conductivity of the transformed plants plasma membrane and the control were 36.84% and 59.35% respectively under salt stress. The content of chlorophyll of the transformed plants was 2.41 times as much as that of the control. The content of proline of the transformed plants was 2.49 times as much as that of the control. It showed that the CBF2 gene was induced to express in soybean plants. And it also indicated that the expression of the CBF2 gene increased the salt stress tolerance of the transgenic soybean plants. The results proved the CBF2 gene were functional gene.
Analysis of Multi-Stage and Dynamic Incomplete Information Game Model for EIA System in China
Authors: Pu Xiao , Wang Bi Zhe , Chen Yi Ting , Cheng Hong Guang
Published: June 2010

Environmental impact assessment (EIA) system has gradually developed in China while several problems still exist in the ecological environment protection implementation as the obstacles. This paper summarized the regular EIA process of China and picked up the stakeholders basis of case analyzing. A multi-stage and dynamic incomplete information game model was established to investigate the interactions among government, enterprises and EIA organizations and explain strategy selection of EIA participants according to perfect Bayesian equilibrium theory and scenario analysis. Furthermore, a suggestion was proposed to improve effectiveness of EIA system in China after discussing the present demerit. Results showed that in a short term, government and enterprises tended to choose evading EIA for their private benefits. But in a long run, they would be willing to take EIA because environmental deterioration would seriously affect their economic benefits. Thus they had to pursuit social benefits firstly instead. The public played a silent role as a victim in EIA system of China currently, caused by present beneficial balance of government, enterprises and EIA organizations. Some countermeasures must be brought out to develop the public participation regulation in the management system in order to break that balance and improve the effectiveness of EIA.
Effect of Environmental Conditions on Nitrate Removal from Groundwater Using Biodenitrification Supported by Biodegradable Snack Ware
Authors: Yu Xiang , Huang Bai Chun , Xing Li Jun , Xu Zhi Jun , Wang Xu Ming
Published: June 2010

Removal of nitrate from groundwater was investigated using biodegradable snack ware (BSW) as carbon source and biofilm carrier. The experimental results show that low temperatures affect significantly denitrification efficiency using BSW as carbon source. Denitrification rates at 5 0C and 10 0C were 5 % and 13 % of rates observed at 30 0C, respectively. Denitrification supported by BSW could tolerate a relatively wide range of variation of pH and DO in the influent. Nitrite concentration in the effluent had little difference when pH value ranged from 4.5 to 8.5 in the influent. When DO concentration was between 0.9 and 5.0 mg/L, NO2-N concentration in the treated water never exceeded 0.15mg/L.
The Effect of Coagulation on Preventing UF Membrane from Fouling
Authors: Chen Yan , Xiao Zi Wen , Zhang Guo Zhen
Published: June 2010

In this experiment, the effects on improve of flux and prevention of membrane from fouling was studied. The results demonstrated that after backwashing, the flux was completely recovered by addition of 4mg/L and 10mg/L（as Al）, while the flux was only 40% of initial flux without coagulation pretreatment. It was also found that whether or not prevention of fouling by coagulation was depended on the characteristics of cake layer formed on membrane surface during membrane filtration. In the presence of filtration of coagulation floc suspension, coagulation could form cake layer on membrane surface, thus prevent membrane from fouling effectively, while in the presence of filtration of supernatant, fouling was occurred due to cake layer comprising small, neutral, hydrophilic compounds, which can not removed by backwash.
Combining Boolean Model with Improved PCA for Analyzing Purified Water Security
Authors: Huang Ji Da , Wang Li Yuan , Zheng Long , Chen Wu
Published: June 2010

According to the companies' purified water testing data, this paper established a product Boolean test model and used principal component analysis for analyzing security risk of purified water, and then based on probability theory, this paper set the distribution of testing batches to help the inspection department attaining the optimal sampling plan in the limited funding inspection.
A Chaotic Prediction Method to Time Series Data
Authors: Liu Bin Sheng , Wang Ying , Hu Xue Ping
Published: June 2010

There are many ways to predict drinking water quality such as neural network, gray model, ARIMA. But the prediction precise is need to improve. This paper proposes a new forecast method according the characteristic of drinking water quality and the evidence showed that the prediction is effectively. So it is able to being used in actual prediction.
Planning for Stormwater Runoff Control: A Case Study in China
Authors: Wang Ming Ming , Bing Shou Qi , Zhou Yu Wen , Zhang Xin Xi
Published: June 2010

In order to control stormwater runoff and reduce water pollution, stormwater management planning was carried out in Futian River watershed of Shenzhen city, China. Major rain harvesting methods for different land use, including roof rainwater collection, road rainwater collection and green space rainwater infiltration were investigated. Respective harvesting methods in mountain areas and urban areas were conducted. The instantaneous unit hydrograph (IUH) method and the EPA Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) were recommended for flow routing in mountain areas and urban areas. The runoff coefficient of Futian River watershed reduces from 0.6 to 0.52 after stormwater management. The result shows Futian River watershed has great potential in rain harvesting. The planning practice has a significant effect on runoff reduction. This case of stormwater utilization planning provides useful information to stormwater managers and site designers, and can serve as example for other cities with similar situation.
Research on the Microbiologic Property of Biological Aerated Filters Biomembrane
Authors: Qiu Shan , Ma Fang , Feng Li Li , Chen Yuan , Tan Chong
Published: June 2010

The concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) and organics in biological aerated filters (BAFs) changes with the height. Due to the different microbiologic property distributions in different heights, biomass and bioactivity also vary with the height. By monitoring biomembranes at different heights in a laboratory simulation reactor, we found that owing to the decrease of organic substance concentration, biomass decreased with the change of height; bioactivity showed V shaped changes with the height, and due to the influence of intercepted suspended substance, bioactivity in the middle and lower levels were the lowest. Observation on the biomembrane biofacies showed that biomembrane became thinner along with the flow direction, i.e. from 700μm to 100μm, and the colour became lighter. Biofacies changed from lower level to higher level, forming a complete biosystem.
Excessively Wet Subgrade Improvement with 100% Industry By-Products for Heavy Traffic Pavement – II. Mechanical Behavior and Durability of Stabilized Soils
Authors: Yuan Xi Zhong , Liu Cheng Cheng , Cui Wei , Liu Fei
Published: June 2010

The workability of excessively wet subgrade can be effectively improved by using a “green materials” based entirely on industry byproduct of combination of fly ash (FA) with carbide lime (CL) and flue gas desulfurization gypsum (FGDG). This paper presents the results of a further systematic investigation on the mechanical behavior and durability of FA/CL/FGDG treated silt from Dezhou in Shandong province. FA, CL and FGDG were added at 3 levels in percentages of 8%-24%, 2%-6% and 1%-3% by dry weight of the soils, respectively. The unconfined compressive strength as well as splitting tensile strength (STS), volumetric expansion (VE), California bearing ratio (CBR), dry-wet cycles test and freeze-thaw cycles test were performed. The best strength of 0.802MPa was achieved for 24%FA/6%CL/1%FGDG treated soil, while the 16%FA/6%CL/1%FGDG treated soil also produce good strengths of 0.742MPa, after 7 days curing. STS keeps increasing with curing period in the first 8 weeks throughout the investigation. According to the VE test, a mellowing period may help prevent swelling from ettringite precipitation by letting these minerals form and hydrate before compaction. The FA/CL/FGDG treated soil has a better durability with strength loss ratio less than 15% after 10 wet-dry cycles, and the maximum weight loss around 25% after 10 freeze–thaw cycles. CBR decreases with decrease of compaction degree, but the values are still around 70 even in a poor compaction degree of 93%, meeting the general requirements of subgrade. So, if the silt subgrade is in excessively wet state and could not be compacted to the required density, the modified subgrade would still serve as a strong platform and could provide necessary support for pavement.
An Evaluation of Urban Artificial Wetland Landscape Proposal Based on AHP-TOPSIS
Authors: Zhang Yi Chuan , Qiao Li Fang , Qi An Guo , Yao Lian Fang
Published: June 2010

The urban artificial wetland is an important component of an urban green space system, and the adoption of quantitative method for studying the evaluation of urban wetland landscape proposal is of great significance to promote the construction of urban artificial wetland. In this study, the evaluation system of urban artificial wetland landscape proposal was established by selecting 6 indicators such as technology, bio-diversity, landscape function, maintenance, construction cost and artistic effect, and adopting the methods of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), and empirical evaluations of 30 urban artificial wetland landscape proposals have been conducted to verify the feasibility of the model. The results showed that: AHP-TOPSIS model was applied to the evaluation of urban artificial wetland landscape proposal with a good differentiation degree, which can be used for a comprehensive, reasonable and accurate assessment on the comprehensive quality of an urban artificial wetland landscape proposal as a simple and effective evaluation method. This method also can be applied to evaluation and classification on landscape proposals of other types of green space.
The Preparation and Performance of Biomass Cushioning Packaging Material Prepared by Sunflower Stalk Pith
Authors: Shi Jun You , Wang Gu Yue
Published: June 2010

The biomass cushioning packaging materials was prepared using sunflower stalk pith residue as raw materials. The systemic researches of the material performances were conducted by comparing the foamed polystyrene (EPS) materials according to A method of GB/T8618-1987 static compression test of the comparative study of cushioning performance. Using the material density, the adhesive selection and the foam agent modification as main factors, and the cushioning properties as index, the molding process was optimized. Meanwhile the mechanical properties were also investigated. The results showed that the material, with minimum cushioning coefficient of 3.6 and maximum modulus of rupture (MOR) of 12.56 Mpa, exhibited excellent performance of protecting, which could substitute the petrochemical products as a new type biomass cushioning packaging materials.
Study on Re-Using Media from Iron and Manganese Biological Removal Filter for Defluoridation
Authors: Ma Xing Guan , Ming Tie Shan , Cui Wei , Fu Jin Xiang , Ma Zhi Xiao , Wang Zi
Published: June 2010

The filter media from iron and manganese biological removal filter which w- as replaced by new termly can be re-used. The sand filter media was characterized u- sing the SEM and owns developed interspaces. Drying the sand filter media at 110°C, then inspect and analyse its character and mode of defluoridation。The results show as follows. Under the test condition ,the adsorption balance can come out in about 3 hou-rs , the fluoride sorption on the re-used matured filter media followed pseudo-second kinetics. The effect of defluoridation by the matured filter media will be better within the range of pH 3~7, and best at about pH 4.58. The primary mode of fluoride sorpti- on is chemism, but physical sorption is also in existence , and the adsorption isother- ms could be described by Langmuir equation. Contact-time is a vary important factor in the continuous-flow column experiment. The effect of fluoride removal is long，as the height of filter column is controlled as 40cm.The filter media from iron and manga- nese biological removal filter possess potential of perfect sorbent, space for deeply study and foreground of practical application.
The Study on Anaerobic Fermentative Biological Hydrogen Production with Organic Wastes
Authors: Liu Xiao Ye , Sun Yi , Yang Jian Yu , Li Yong Feng
Published: June 2010

This papre discussed the ability of H2-production and wastewater treatment, a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR)using a synthesized substrate with brown sugar wastewater was conducted to investigate the hydrogen yield, fermentation type of biohydrogen production, and the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal rate, respectively. The results show that when the pH value was 4.0～4.5, OLR was 24.5kg/(m3•d), oxidation-reduction potential was -350～-450mv, temperature was 34.0°C～36.0°C, hydraulic retention time was 6h～8h, the maximum yield of biogas production reached 20L/d and the maximum content of hydrogen is 70%. Detection of the end liquid product, ethanol and acetic acid are main, they are 70% ~90% of the total liquid product, so that is called ethanol-type fermentation.
A Outlier Identification and Correction Method Based on Wavelet Transform
Authors: Liu Bin Sheng , Wang Ying , Hu Xue Ping
Published: June 2010

There are many outliers in air pollution time series data for various reasons. It has a serious impact on the data analysis and use. There are three main ways to identify anomalies but they each have definite limitations, especially when identifying and correcting the first category and the second category of outlier at the same time. In order to solve this problem, this paper presents a new way to identify anomalies based on wavelet transform and identify outlier by the use of the wavelet transform modulus maxima , then pass the amendment of the outlier through inverse transform the wavelet transform coefficient. Evidence shows that this method can be used to identify and correct the two types of outlier simultaneously and the results are obvious.
Potassium Permanganate/ Ozone Combined Oxidation for Minimizing Bromate in Drinking Water
Authors: Dong Wen Yi , Dong Zi Jun , Ouyang Feng , Dong Yang
Published: June 2010

In this study, experiments were conducted to make a comparison in bromate formation between KMnO4/O3 combined oxidation and single ozonation. The effect of KMnO4 dosage, temperature, pH and NOM on bromate formation during KMnO4/O3 combined oxidation was investigated. Result shows that, bromate formation is 26% lower during the process of KMnO4/O3 combined oxidation. The optimal KMnO4 dosage is suggested to be 1mg/L considering balance between bromate inhibition and the residual manganese concentration. When KMnO4 dosage was 1.0mg/L, initial bromide concentration was lower than 80 μg/L, and temperature was below 25°C, combined oxidation can make the formation of bromate under the maximum contaminant level of 10 μg/L. Finally, the probable mechanism of the better behavior of KMnO4/O3 combined oxidation was discussed.
A Study of Ecological Water Use Based on the Improved Tennant Method
Authors: Tian Jing Huan , Yu Ling , Zheng Zhi Hong
Published: June 2010

To solve the existing problems arose in the Tennant method for estimating ecological water use in river course, a new methodology is proposed to replace the mean value by the median of runoff series in the Tenna nt formula. The motive is to eliminate the impact of some extreme values. Given runoff series of 47 years in Jiaokou reservoir of Zhangxi River, the traditional and the improved method were respectively applied to calculate the ecological water consumption in the river. The results show that the improved Tennant method is more reasonably than the traditional method.
Pricing Strategy Study on Environmental Pollution Liability Insurance in China
Authors: Zhou Ji Chang
Published: June 2010

The research discovered that the calculation pricing theory, the risk effectiveness pricing theory, the financial pricing theory is the pricing main theory basis, adopts the option pricing and in the calculation pricing union, the pricing method in the pricing technology uses one by one method and the classification unifies, adopts the corresponding pricing strategy in the practical application, only then can calculate conforms to the insurance enterprise, the insurance company, the third party wish and the benefit price.
Effect of Different Phosphorus Fertilization Treatments on the Phosphorus Transference in an Aquatic Brown Paddy Soil
Authors: Zhou Quan Lai , Zhao Mu Qiu , Lu Cai Yan , Shi Yi , Chen Xin
Published: June 2010

This study investigated the effects of different rates of phosphorus application on vertical transference of P. An aquatic brown paddy soil was filled in organic glass columns using for the leaching experiments. The results indicated that significant vertical transference was found using change of Olsen-P and CaCl2-P. The transference distance was no more than 10cm when P application rate between 200 and 800 kg P ha-1, and was more than 10cm as P application rate above 800 kg P ha-1. We obtained the threshold value of Olsen-P was 53.7 mg kg-1 by split-line model, and calculated that the threshold value of P fertilizer application rate was 382.1 kg P ha-1 by relationship of soil Olsen-P concentration and P application rate. The soil P transference increased, if P application rate was above 382.1 kg P ha-1. It would be helpful for controlling the P fertilizer amount by field to decrease P loss.
Research on Shallow Groundwater Recharge and Control in Taihang Mountain Area of North China
Authors: Cao Jian Sheng , Zhang Wan Jun
Published: June 2010

In the 21st century, diminishing water resources have become a global concern. The Taihang Mountain area plays an important role in the sustainable development of the Bohai coastal area in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei because of its special geographical location and features; but due to drought and deficiency of water, the Taihang Mountain area is faced with the dual problems of poverty and ecological vulnerability. It seems particularly important to develop and utilize the water resources in a sustainable manner as water is one of the key factors in promoting local economic development and improving the ecological environment. This paper investigates, from the perspective of water cycle and water transformation, the seepage recharge mechanism in slopes and river valleys, taking into account the hydrological features of the Taihang Mountain area and the hydro-geological features of slopes and river valleys in the area. Based on analysis of the formation process and characteristics of shallow groundwater resources, this paper puts forth the idea of “weak water consolidation” for sustainable development of water resources, and three groundwater development and utilization techniques in respect of seepage through rock-soil interfaces and weathered rock fissures in slopes and seepage in river valleys, offering a powerful support to the economic development and environmental improvement in the Taihang Mountain area.
Breakthrough the Dilemma of Ecological Metaphor-Achieve an “Economic and Ecological” Circular Economy
Authors: Zuo Xiao Li , Li Hui Ming , Tolley George S. , Li Peng Mei , Qin Zhi Hai
Published: June 2010

The Circular Economy (CE) is described as changing the traditional Linear Economy to a circular one that is practiced as the “recycle use of wastes” in most developed countries. The “dilemma of ecological metaphor,” proposed both in the practices of and in academic research of CE, enlightens a strong sense for this paper to make some research about the original birth and concept of CE, the applications of CE in China and in developed countries. The paper summarizes the discussions about CE, and points out that the focal problems is how to achieve an “economic and ecological” CE, possible solutions are finally given: (1) enhance the economic foundation of theory and method in CE research (2) use market-based incentives widely on micro-behaviors in CE practices.
Analysis of Regional Differences in Environmental Awareness and Adaptability to Environmental Changes of Chinese Urban Residents
Authors: Yan Guo Dong , Kang Jian Cheng , Wang Guo Dong , Xie Xiao Jin
Published: June 2010

Regulating the modes of production and living of urban residents in China is an important measure to cope with environmental changes, and the primary premise is to greatly improve the environmental awareness of urban residents. At present, research on resident’s environmental awareness has been carried out in many cities in China. Nevertheless, little comparative research has been carried out among cities, and there is lack of research on mutual relation and cooperation inside natural regions and the intrinsic relation in adaptability to environment. Therefore, taken the papers collected in CNKI as the data source, the paper has selected the cities in the eastern, central and western region as the objects to in-depth analysis of the present situations and the intrinsic relations between the level of environmental awareness and the adaptability to environment of the urban residents in 3 regions so as to provide reference for the government to formulate relevant management policies. As shown in the research results, the residents in the eastern cities of China have the highest overall level of environmental awareness, followed by the western cities, while that of the central cities is the lowest. In addition, the overall levels in the 3 regions differ greatly from each other. There is certain correlation between the 3 aspects of environmental awareness and 6 factors of adaptability to environmental changes. For example, Lanzhou and Inner Mongolia have the relatively lower environmental awareness with a larger population, which causes the low overall level of their environmental awareness. The educational level and energy-saving and emission-reduction level of Inner Mongolia, Jiaozuo and Suqian are relatively lower with relatively better environmental conditions, leading to relatively lower level of environmental knowledge. Urumchi and Inner Mongolia have a relatively larger population and lower economic level, which cause lower environmental awareness. The public awareness and environmental situations of Jiaozuo and Suqian are relatively better, and therefore the environmental protection there is more desirable. The fact that Shanghai has the highest education is the main reason for the highest comprehensive capacity.
Study on Treatment of Canteen Wastewater Using Rotating Biological Contactor
Authors: Su Rong Jun
Published: June 2010

Rotating biological contactor (RBC) has good effect for treating wastewater, while it is rarely reported to be used for treating canteen wastewater in frigid area as in this paper. After having cultivated the biofilm, this article studied the purification effect on disposing of sewage from dinning hall by RBC and its affecting factors such as input organic loading, stages and temperature. The results indicated that even in low ambient temperature, the COD removal rate can achieve an average value of 70% and NH4-N elimination rate is over 80% in average which displayed better effects. Microscopic observations showed that there were plenty of and varies kinds of microorganisms displayed in order in bio-discs.
The Influence of Wall Orientation and Exterior Surface Solar Absorptivity on Time Lag and Decrement Factor
Authors: Zhang Yun Xia , Sun San Xiang , Wang Tian Peng
Published: June 2010

In this work, an analysis and numerical study have been carried out in order to determine how time lag and decrement factor are affected by wall orientation and exterior surface solar absorptivity for specific climatic conditions in Budongquan station of Qinghai-Tibet railway. The model employing a dynamic thermal-network simulates heat transfer through the wall according to the measured data. The time lag and decrement factor with different wall orientation and surface absorptivity are investigated based on the hourly heat flow density from outside to inside of building wall. The results of present study are useful for reducing the energy load demands by predicting the thermal reaction of building.
The Study on the Preparation of Expanded Graphite by Fine Squama Graphite
Authors: Li Min Jie , Lai Qi , Li Yu Feng
Published: June 2010

The experiment improved the synthetic methods of preparing expanded graphite, using the mixture of H2SO4 and HNO3 as the acid, KMnO4 as oxidizing agent and adopting chemical oxidization method to prepare the expanded graphite under the conditions of different temperature. We can get the optimum conditions of preparing expanded graphite by orthogonal experiment.
Minimization of the Environmental Impact of Leather Processing: A Benign and Enzyme-Based Integrated Leather Processing Technology
Authors: Xu Wei , Hao Li Fen , An Qiu Feng , Zhou Lei
Published: June 2010

Traditional leather processing posed great threat to the environment due to its numerous do-undo procedures and use of tremendous amount of chemicals, especially toxic reagents such as sulfides, lime, ammonium salts, etc. To minimize the pollution loads and avoid using unsafe substances in leather manufacturing, an enzyme-based dehairing and fiber opening, silicate pretreating, liming-deliming-bating free chrome tanning and post-tanning integrated leather processing technology has been achieved using biocatalysts for goatskins under slight basic condition. It has been found that the extent of hair removal, opening up of fiber bundles and shrinkage temperatures of crust leather are comparable to that produced by traditional methods. Scanning electron microscopic analysis, determination of physical-mechanical properties and organoleptic evaluation further verify that performance of the leathers is on par with conventionally processed leathers. Most important is that, reductions in water consumption, wastewater discharge, COD and TS loads are in the order of 60% when compared to conventional leather processing. Thus, the developed leather manufacturing technology offers immense potential for greener production of skins and hides to leather coupled with environmental excellence.
Effect of UV-Irradiation on Surface Color and Chemical Structure of Wood
Authors: Guo Ming Hui , Guan Xin
Published: June 2010

The changes of the surface colors and chemical constituents of Mongolian Scotch pine treated by UV light were investigated by spectrophotometer and FTIR followed by acid pretreatment. The results show that the changes of the surface colors are related to carbonyl, aromatic nucleus, arone, Ar-OH, paraquinones, ortho quinine and so on in the course of UV irradiation. Acid promotes photocycloaddition and plays a hyperchromic effect.
FEM Simulation Technologies of Laser Cutting Wood Board Based on ANSYS
Authors: Shen Jian Ying , Zhao Yun
Published: June 2010

Laser cutting is an important application field of laser machining technology. It can improve machining quality and save time by using a computer to simulate the machining process to obtain the optimal process parameters. In the paper, the FEM simulation techniques for laser cutting are discussed by taking wood as an example and using the FEM software ANSYS as a simulation tool. The technologies include solid modeling, finite element meshing, loading of the moving laser source and secondary developing of APDL language. laser cutting; finite element method; simulation
The Basic Properties of Lightweight Woods and the Study of Aerogel-Type Wood
Authors: Li Jian , Qiu Jian , Liu Yi Xing , Yu Hai Peng
Published: June 2010

Based on the fast-growing and abundant lightwood as ground mass, the study applies the formation principle of aerogel, uses such low-carbon treatment technologies as sol-gel method, Lowry method and supercritical drying method, prepares and forms an environment-friendly aerogel-type wood. The result of study shows that the new type of material not only has the natural biological structure of wood, but also has some fine features of aerogel, and is easily accepted by the environment.
Ligand-Free and Regioselectivity of the Heck Reaction Catalyzed by Pd(0) Nanoparticles at Ambient Conditions under Ultrasonic Irradiation
Authors: Zhang Yan Hua , Ji E Yu , Chen Song Tao , Tian Da Min
Published: June 2010

The Heck reaction proceeded in isopropanol under ultrasonic irradiation at ambient temperature (30°C) has been reported in this report. The Heck reaction showed excellent regio- selectivity, enhanced reaction rates, high yields, and the conditions were mild and environmentally friendly. It was found that as a heterogeneous catalyst for the reaction palladium forms nano- particles in-situ, and can be recycled for many times. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis characteried the formation of stable, crystalline Pd(0) nanoparticles as catalyst for the reaction.
The Influence of New-Typed Oxygenated Fuel Blends on Combustion and Emission Performance for Diesel Engine
Authors: Zhao Jin Rui , Cai Yan Ping , He Yan Ping , Li Li Mei
Published: June 2010

A new type of oxygenated fuel blend was designed, it was diesel-fuel mixed with 15%、25% n-butoxyether(NBE) in volume. The experiments were conducted on a TY1100 single cylinder DI diesel engine. When the diesel engine rotational speed was 1400r/min and 2000r/min，the effects of the oxygenated fuel blends on engine Combustion and emission characteristics were studied. Results of experiment show that NBE has good solubility in diesel. When the diesel engine without any modification fueled with 15% ~ 25% NBE-diesel blended fuel，in comparison to original diesel engine, the diesel engine dynamic changes little, auto-ignition period is delay, and the premix combustion period increases, while the diffusive combustion period and combustion duration decreases. At high load, the peak values of cylinder pressure, pressure increase rate decrease strongly, but at low load, the peak values decrease slightly. In the same operating condition, the diesel engine fueled with 15% ~ 25% NBE-diesel blended fuel, its smoke, CO, HC and NOx emission decreases with the increasing content of NBE, can significantly reduce the smoke emission and reduce CO、HC and NOx emissions in some extent. For the largest decline amplitude, smoke emission decreases to 75%, CO emission decreases to 56%, HC emission decreases to 76.9%, and NOx emission decreases slightly, it decreases 13.1%.
Optimization Conditions of Modified Activated Carbon and the Adsorption of Phenol
Authors: Ding Chun Sheng , Ni Fang Ming , Cai Hui Ye , Zhu Qian Fen , Zou Ying Long
Published: June 2010

To optimize the conditions of modification and understand the absorption mechanism of activated carbon, the orthogonal test was used to select the best conditions of ammonia-modified activated carbon. The changes of activated carbon’s specific surface area, pore volume and surface acidic oxygen-containing functional groups were determined before and after modification by ammonia, and the equilibrium adsorption model for phenol was also explored. The results show that under the conditions of ammonia concentration of 10%, soaking time of 2h, activation time of 2.5h and activation temperature of 500°C, the best removal rate could be obtained. The specific surface area and pore volume of modified activated carbon were increased, whereas the acidic oxygen-containing groups of its surface were significantly reduced by 57.88% after modification. It means the surface polarity of carbon was decreased, and which was conducive to the adsorption of phenol, since phenol was a weakly polar substance. Both Freundlich and Langmuir model could reflect the adsorption behavior of modified activated carbon for phenol, while the Freundlich model was more properly, but for the unmodified activated carbon, Freundlich model was more suited to describe the adsorption behavior of phenol than Langmuir model.
Cleaner Dehairing Technology for Goatskins: Effects of Hydrosulfide and Peroxide on Enzyme Unhairing
Authors: Xu Wei , Hao Li Fen , Zhou Lei
Published: June 2010

Traditional lime and sulfide dehairing process is a major source of the pollution, such as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS) and toxic H2S gas, etc. Enzymatic dehairing process is known to be cleaner but its dehairing effects are unsatisfactory. Hence, an attempt has been made to solve those two unhairing methods’ disadvantages through a biochemical approach. Several commercial enzyme formulations were chosen to research effects of hydrosulfide and peroxide on its activities, and then hair-saving enzymatic unhairing experiments with those two reagents were conducted in paste and pile method more effectively and cleanly. Results show that activity of enzyme 2709 is stabilized by the addition of hydrosulfide through activity measurements; Peroxide has some activation effect on protease 3942. Hair removal is found to be complete using scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. Those two processes enjoy a significant reduction in BOD, COD, TDS and TSS. The perfromances of the experimental leathers are also comparable to that of conventional ones. Therefore, those are cleaner processing technologies that could be chosen to solve traditional method’s disadvantage.
Direct Decomposition of NO into N2 and O2 over Cu /ZSM-5 Containing Ce and Zr as Promoter
Authors: Yang Peng Fei , Zhou Ji Cheng , Wang Zhe
Published: June 2010

The Zr-Cu-Ce/ZSM-5 catalysts prepared by the simultaneous ion-exchange showed high activity for NO decomposition in the presence of O2, the highest conversion of NO was up to 75%, indicating that the Ce and Zr addition can enhance the activity of catalysts. A new highly active site, which facilitates oxygen mobilization and desorption, could be formed in the sample due to the Ce and Zr addition. In addition, the Zr addition can significantly improve the thermal stability of the catalyst.
Large-Scale Synthesis of ZnO Nanorods by a Surfactant-Free and Low-Temperature Process
Authors: Ma Zheng Xian , Zhang Ning , Liu Jiang , Yan Ping Ke
Published: June 2010

ZnO nanorods have been successfully synthesized by employing ZnCl2, NaOH as the starting materials without surfactants, template supporting and structure-directing solvent at a low temperature (room temperature – 90 °C ). X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to analyze the crystal structure and surface morphology. XRD pattern analysis showed that the ZnO clusters are single hexagonal phase of wurtzite structure with no impurity of others. Also, TEM images revealed that the size of a single ZnO nanorod is between 32 – 60 nm in diameter and 470 – 740 nm in length. Furthermore, the ZnO nanorods exhibit significant optical properties in Raman spectrum, suggesting that they could be found promising potential for opto-electronic application.
Treatment of Simulated Wastewater Containing Chlorobenzene by Iron-Carbon Micro-Electrolysis Packing
Authors: Li Meng , Zou Dong Lei , Zou Hao Chen , Fan Dong Yan
Published: June 2010

Using iron filings, activated carbon power and clay as raw materials, the granular iron-carbon micro-electrolysis packing was made by the method of calcination. The influence of initial chlorobenzene (CB) concentration, pH value and reaction temperature on the removal rate of simulated wastewater containing CB were investigated. The results showed that the reaction followed the pseudo-ﬁrst-order kinetics model and the rate constants varied at a relatively low degree at various pH. Temperature is an important parameter and an increase in temperature could signiﬁcantly raise the reaction rates. The column packed with packing was designed to remove CB in wastewater. After running for 70 days, the packing still had good performance and there was no obvious decrease on the removal rate.
Preparation of Nanoscale CuO Powders
Authors: Zhao Xi Hua , Xu Min
Published: June 2010

Cu(OH)2 precursor was synthesized by direct precipitation method and CuSO4 and NaOH were used as raw materials. Then, Cu(OH)2 precursor was calcined in muffle furnace at 400°C for 2h in order that CuO particle was obtained. Through the analysis of the factors affecting the CuO, the paper determined the optimum conditions for the synthesis of nano-CuO with the direct-precipitation method. Then the paper analyzed phase composition and crystal structure of samples using XRD and calculated the average grain size of samples by Scherrer formula, and observed and analyzed by TEM to characterize the morphology and particle size of samples. The optimum precipitation conditions are as follows: when the precipitation agent is 3.2:1, reaction time 40min and precipitant concentration 0.6mol.L-1. The average size of CuO particle prepared under the conditions is 18nm and the yield is 96%.
Performance Analysis of Ammonium Lignosulfonate/Urea Formaldehyde-Free Fiberboards
Authors: Guo Ming Hui , Wang Yong , Liu Fang Yan
Published: June 2010

The tests on physical and mechanical properties of fiberboards made of wood fiber with ammonium lignosulphonate/urea as filling material are performed according to requirement of EU standards EN 622-2-2004 "Fibreboard-Specifications Part 2: Requirements for hardboard" reveal the reaction mechanism of formaldehyde-free fiberboards with ammonium lignosulfonate /urea as filling material through analysis of characteristics of chemical reactions on ammonium lignosulfonate and urea by FTIR and the chemical reaction analysis of C atom by ESCA. The results show that physical and mechanical properties of fiberboards with ammonium lignosulphonate/urea as filling material have reached the requirement of EU standards EN 622-2-2004, the forming of furan resin, the results of reaction between urea and furfural substances is main reason for the better physical and mechanical properties of lignin-based formaldehyde-free fiberboard.
Numerical Simulation of the Formation Process of the Keyhole in Laser Deep Penetration Welding
Authors: Wang Ren Ping , Lei Yong Ping , Shi Yao Wu
Published: June 2010

In order to simulate accurately the formation process of the keyhole in laser deep penetration welding. Multiple reflection and Fresnel absorption are implemented simultaneously with the ray tracing technique in the keyhole. With all the governing equations including continuity, momentum and energy equation, the VOF method is adopted to trace the free surface of the molten pool. Simulation results are compared with the experimental ones to verify its validity.