bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Einsteins Äquivalenzprinzip im quantenmechanischen Test
Authors: Schlippert Dennis , Rasel Ernst M.
Published: September 2014

Trotz größter Bemühungen ist es bis heute nicht gelungen, Quantenmechanik und Allgemeine Relativitätstheorie zu einer geschlossenen Theorie der Quantengravitation zu vereinigen. Moderne Ansätze schließen eine Verletzung des Äquivalenzprinzips nicht mehr aus. Eines der bekanntesten Postulate dieses Prinzips ist die Universalität des freien Falls, wonach alle Körper unabhängig von ihrer Zusammensetzung in einem Gravitationsfeld gleich schnell fallen. Kürzlich ist es unserer Gruppe gelungen, dieses Prinzip mit einem Materiewellen‐Interferometer bis auf weniger als 6·10–7 zu bestätigen.
Wie sich aus Musik Energie gewinnen lässt
Authors: Knappmann Stephan
Published: September 2014

Der Begriff Energy Harvesting beschreibt Module, die Energie aus der Umwelt “ernten” können. Seit Kurzem gibt es ein handliches Gerät, das die Energiegewinnung aus Schwingungen vermittelt. Dieses Energy Harvesting Kit vermittelt Kenntnisse in den Bereichen resonante Schwingungen und Elektromagnetismus und ermöglicht, den Unterricht im Bereich Naturwissenschaft und Technik durch aktuelle Themen aufzulockern und gleichzeitig vom Lehrplan vorgesehene Themen abzuarbeiten.
Weichmacher Wasser
Authors: Vilgis Thomas
Published: September 2014

“Lätschige” Kartoffelchips sind kein Vergnügen. Sie krachen nicht mehr, ihre Textur ist weich und unappetitlich. Ursache ist der Wassergehalt der Chips, präziser die Wasseraktivität. Sie ist eine texturbestimmende Größe. Polare Wassermoleküle wirken dabei als “Weichmacher” in partiell getrockneten Lebensmitteln.
Nordihydroguaiaretic acid activates hTRPA1 and modulates behavioral responses to noxious cold in mice
Authors: Redmond William John , Camo Maxime , Mitchell Vanessa , Vaughan Christopher Walter , Connor Mark
Published: September 2014

Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) is a major biologically active component of the creosote bush, Larrea tridentate, widely used in unregulated therapies. NDGA is a lipoxygenase inhibitor while a derivative, terameprocol, has been trialed as a chemotherapeutic agent. When investigating fatty acid activation of the human transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A, member 1 (hTRPA1), we found that NDGA activated the channel. Here we investigate the actions of NDGA and terameprocol at hTRPA1 and the consequences of this for noxious cold sensitivity in mice. hTRPA1 was stably expressed in HEK 293 cells (HEK 293‐TRPA1) and channel activity examined by measuring changes in intracellular calcium ([Ca]i) using a fluorescent dye and activation of membrane currents using patch clamp electrophysiology. The effects of local NDGA and terameprocol application on acetone‐induced paw flinching were examined in mice. NDGA (pEC50 of 5.4 ± 0.1, maximum change in fluorescence of 385 ± 30%) and terameprocol (pEC50 4.5 ± 0.2, maximum 550 ± 75%) increased [Ca]i in HEK 293‐hTRPA1 cells. NDGA also induced an increase in membrane conductance in HEK 293‐hTRPA1 cells. These effects were prevented by the TRPA1 antagonist HC‐030031, and were dependent on the presence of Cys621, Cys 641, and Cys 665 in hTRPA1. Neither NDGA nor terameprocol alone produced spontaneous pain behaviors in mice after hind paw injection, but both enhanced responses to acetone. NDGA and terameprocol are efficacious activators of TRPA1. NDGA should be used with care to probe lipoxygenase involvement in nociception while TRPA1 activity should be considered when considering use of these drugs in humans.
Modulation of CYP3a expression and activity in mice models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes
Authors: Patoine Dany , Petit Michaël , Pilote Sylvie , Picard Frédéric , Drolet Benoit , Simard Chantale
Published: September 2014

CYP3A4, the most abundant cytochrome P450 enzyme in the human liver and small intestine, is responsible for the metabolism of about 50% of all marketed drugs. Numerous pathophysiological factors, such as diabetes and obesity, were shown to affect CYP3A activity. Evidences suggest that drug disposition is altered in type 1 (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). The objective was to evaluate the effect of T1D and T2D on hepatic and intestinal CYP3a drug‐metabolizing activity/expression in mice. Hepatic and intestinal microsomes were prepared from streptozotocin‐induced T1D, db/db T2D and control mice. Domperidone was selected as a probe substrate for CYP3a and formation of five of its metabolites was evaluated using high performance liquid chromatography. Hepatic CYP3a protein and mRNA expression were assessed by Western blot and reverse‐transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction respectively. Hepatic microsomal CYP3a activity was significantly increased in both T1D and T2D groups versus control group. Intestinal CYP3a activity was also significantly increased in both T1D and T2D groups. Moreover, significant increases of both hepatic CYP3a mRNAs and protein expression were observed in both T1D and T2D groups versus control group. Additional experiments with testosterone further validated the increased activity of CYP3a under the effect of both T1D and T2D. Although differences exist in the pathophysiological insults associated with T1D and T2D, our results suggest that these two distinct diseases may have the same modulating effect on the regulation of CYP3a, ultimately leading to variability in drug response, ranging from lack of effect to life‐threatening toxicity.
Self‐ordering of iron oxide nanoparticles covered by graphene
Authors: Valeš Václav , Vejpravová Jana , Pacáková Barbara , Holý Václav , Bernstorff Sigrid , Kalbáč Martin
Published: September 2014

We report on arrangement of iron oxide nanoparticles deposited on flat substrate, on and below graphene, respectively. We combined grazing incidence small angle X‐ray scattering (GISAXS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to obtain the mean size of the particles and the mean inter‐particle distance. While GISAXS provides statistically relevant information averaged over large area, AFM serves to support and clarify the results of GISAXS observations by inspection of the representative area of the sample.
Imaging with biomolecular ions generated by massive cluster impact in a time‐of‐flight secondary ion microscope
Authors: Zhang Jitao , Franzreb Klaus , Williams Peter
Published: September 2014

RATIONALE

Imaging mass spectrometry can allow the correlation of molecular identification and spatial organization in biological samples. A useful technique would rapidly generate, from untreated samples, images of lipids, peptides and small proteins with intracellular spatial resolution. We describe the use of massive, highly charged glycerol cluster impact to produce images using ionized, intact biomolecules, with few‐micrometer lateral resolution and few‐minute acquisition times.

METHODS

An electrospray primary ion source generating massive clusters of electrolyte‐doped glycerol was coupled with a microscope‐imaging time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometer. A continuous stream of primary cluster ions ejected secondary ions from the sample surface. The secondary ion stream was pulsed in the secondary column and either time‐of‐flight mass spectra or mass‐selected ion images were projected onto a position‐sensitive ion detector. The image acquisition times were a few minutes.

RESULTS

Ionized intact molecules of some common lipids, peptides and small proteins have been detected. A lateral image resolution of ~3 µm has been measured for a bradykinin ion image.

CONCLUSIONS

Massive cluster impact (MCI) combined with microscope‐mode ion imaging allows rapid imaging using ionized intact biomolecules, with a lateral resolution acceptable for applications with biological samples. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sulforaphane interaction with amyloid beta 1‐40 peptide studied by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Nagaveni V. , Lakshmi V. V. S. , Prabhakar S.
Published: September 2014

RATIONALE

Aggregation of amyloid beta 1‐40 (Aβ) in the brain causes Alzheimer's disease (AD) and several small molecules are known to inhibit the aggregation process. Sulforaphane (SFN) is a natural isothiocyanate which is known to prevent various neurodegenerative processes. However, its interaction with Aβ is yet to be explored. Such studies could provide new mechanistic insights for its neuroprotective properties.

METHODS

Liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC/ESI‐MS) and in‐source fragmentation experiments were performed on an Orbitrap mass spectrometer. The solution of Aβ and SFN was incubated and analyzed by mass spectrometry. Isotopic distribution patterns, accurate mass values and theoretical product ions were used to analyze the mass spectrometry data. The nature of binding of SFN and its binding sites with Aβ were evaluated by LC/MS and trypsin digestion experiments.

RESULTS

ESI‐MS analysis of the incubated solution of Aβ and SFN showed a 1:1 complex of [Aβ+SFN]. LC/MS analysis revealed that the solution contains three different [Aβ+SFN] complexes due to covalent binding of SFN to Aβ at three different sites. The in‐source fragmentation experiments revealed that SFN is binding to free NH2 groups (N‐terminal amino acid and lysines) in Aβ. Trypsin digestion experiments further confirmed the SFN binding sites in Aβ.

CONCLUSIONS

The interaction of SFN, an anticancer agent, with Aβ was studied using ESI‐MS. SFN is found to bind covalently and specifically with the free NH2 group of N‐terminal aspartic acid and the ε‐amino group of lysine at positions 16 and 28. Aggregation assay studies showed a lesser inclination of Aβ to aggregate when SFN is present. Hence the present study helps in understanding the mechanism of the action of SFN on the Aβ peptide. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of branched fructans produced in vitro with 13C‐labeled substrates
Authors: Verspreet Joran , Holmgaard Hansen Anders , Dornez Emmie , Delcour Jan A. , Harrison Scott J. , Courtin Christophe M.
Published: September 2014

RATIONALE

Fructans are carbohydrates predominantly based on fructose which are generally considered to be soluble dietary fibers with health‐promoting properties. It is known that the nutritional properties of fructans are affected by their structure. This study focused on structural determination of branched fructans, as the most important dietary fructans are branched graminan‐type fructans.

METHODS

Branched fructans were synthesized enzymatically by incubation of a heterologously expressed sucrose:fructan 6‐fructosyltransferase (6‐SFT) from Pachysandra terminalis with native or 13C‐labeled substrates. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) was used for the structural identification of branched fructans. The MS2 fragmentation of these compounds is described for the first time. Analytes were charged by electrospray ionization in negative mode and a quadrupole mass analyzer was used for MS2 analysis.

RESULTS

The MS2 fragmentation patterns of branched and linear fructans were shown to differ and distinctive ion formation allowed differentiation between all branched fructan isomers formed. P. terminalis 6‐SFT preferred extending the existing fructan branch rather than creating a new branch.

CONCLUSIONS

The MS2 fragmentation patterns described in the current paper now allow rapid screening of large sample sets for the presence of branched, graminan‐type fructans. Furthermore, the data enables the characterization of fructan‐metabolizing enzymes by identification of the fructan structures produced by in vitro reactions as described here for P. terminalis 6‐SFT. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High strength steel in seismic resistant building frames
Authors: Dubina Dan , Stratan Aurel , Vulcu Cristian , Ciutina Adrian
Published: September 2014

Seismic resistant building frames designed as dissipative structures, must allow for plastic deformations to develop in specific members, whose behaviour is expected to be predicted and controlled by proper calculation and detailing. Members designed to remain elastic during earthquake, such as columns, are characterized by high strength demands. Dual‐steel structural systems, optimized according to a Performance Based Design (PBD) philosophy, in which High Strength Steel (HSS) is used in predominantly “elastic” members, while Mild Carbon Steel (MCS) is used in dissipative members, can be very reliable and cost efficient. Because present seismic design codes do not cover this specific configuration, an extensive European research project [1], HSS‐SERF − High Strength Steel in Seismic Resistant Building Frames, was carried out with the aim to investigate and evaluate the seismic performance of dual‐steel building frames. On this purpose, and based on a large numerical and experimental program, the following objectives have been focused into the project:

1. to find reliable structural typologies and joint/connection detailing for dual‐steel building frames, (e. g. of HSS and MCS members), and to validate them by tests and advanced numerical simulations,

2. to develop design criteria and performance based design methodology for dual‐steel structures using high strength steel,

3. to recommend relevant design parameters (i. e. behaviour factor q, overstrength factor Ω) to be implemented in further versions of the seismic design code, EN 1998‐1 [1], in order to apply capacity design approach for dual‐steel framing typologies,

4. to evaluate technical and economic benefit of dual‐steel approach involving HSS.
Tests of cold‐formed steel portal frames with slender sections
Authors: Zhang Xi , Rasmussen Kim
Published: September 2014

Cold‐formed steel sections are widely used in many applications such as structural frames, scaffolding systems, purlins and storage racks. In particular, cold‐formed steel portal frames can be an alternative to conventional hot‐rolled steel portal frames for industrial, rural and residential low rise buildings. The advantages of using cold‐formed steels include a higher strength‐to‐weight ratio and reduced material, erection and transportation costs.

Over the past two decades a number of researchers [1] to [3] have undertaken tests on cold‐formed steel portal frames. The tests mainly focused on the behaviour of joints, and employed relatively stocky sections. Hence, they provided little insight into the effects of cross‐sectional instability on the overall stability of the frame.

In this paper, three portal frame tests are described, the main purpose of which was to study the effect of cross‐sectional instability on the two‐dimensional sway failure of cold‐formed steel. The tests demonstrated significant local and distortional buckling before reaching the ultimate load. Finite element models were calibrated against the tests. The calibrated models therefore can be used for a parametric study to investigate the significance of the additional second‐order effects caused by local/distortional bucking. The paper details the tests and the numerical simulations.
Building system for a composite steel‐timber structure
Authors: Fujita Masanori , Sakai Junpei , Oda Hirotaka , Iwata Mamoru
Published: September 2014

In order to address global environmental issues, there is an urgent need for the building structure field to use as much timber as possible to contribute to reforestation, as well as to research and develop a building system that does not diminish the structure’s functionality and safety [1]. The building structure field is required to actively use this wood as timber, but the timber is too weak to use for large buildings. Research and development of an appropriate building system that can utilize such timber is necessary.

This study examines the possibility of developing a building system for a composite steel‐timber structure utilizing the authors’ wealth of expertise in steel structure construction. Different types of composite steel‐timber structure building systems are categorized, and their features are described. Furthermore, the individual types are evaluated for the performance requirements needed to develop a building system.
Three‐phase EU orthogonal‐core variable inductor
Authors: Xianmin Mu , Guanlin Li , Fengchun Liu
Published: September 2014

The conventional orthogonal‐core variable inductor works in a saturation state using direct current, thus increasing the harmonics of the alternating current. This paper presents an orthogonal‐core variable inductor that consisted of one E core and one U core. The three‐phase variable inductor reduces the harmonic components because of its unique magnetic circuit topology. It does not include the third‐harmonic components in its output current. Some basic characteristics are verified through simulation and experimental results. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Tadpole nutritional ecology and digestive physiology: Implications for captive rearing of larval anurans
Authors: Pryor Gregory S.
Published: September 2014

The adaptive tadpole stage allows anurans to exploit food resources in two vastly different environments, and the transition from aquatic larvae to terrestrial carnivores is both dramatic and complex. As seen in many other members of the freshwater aquatic community, the nutritional requirements and characteristic feeding strategies of anuran larvae (tadpoles) are extremely diverse, ranging from herbivory to carnivory and including predation and cannibalism, oophagy, coprophagy, filter‐feeding, and hindgut microbial fermentation. Whereas tadpoles as a group are commonly considered herbivorous or omnivorous, many are specialists; understanding species‐specific dietary habits is critical for captive rearing projects in zoos and amphibian habitat conservation efforts. Practical applications of this review also encompass studies of amphibian declines, herpetoculture, ecology and evolution, and comparative gastrointestinal morphology and physiology. Zoo Biol. 33:502–507, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals Inc.
Customer Value Co-Creation within Partnership Models of Health Care: An Examination of the New Zealand Midwifery Partnership Model
Authors: Krisjanous Jayne , Maude Robyn
Published: September 2014

This exploratory work proposes that partnership models of health care provide a context for customer value co-creation as premised within the framework of Service-Dominant Logic (S-D logic). The main objective of this research is to explore the phenomenon of customer value co-creation within a partnership model of health care and classify the nature of activities clients engage in that might be considered customer value co-creation oriented. The context for this study is the New Zealand midwifery service which delivers health care within a partnership model known as the Midwifery Partnership Model (MPM). The study uses a subjective personal introspection (SPI) approach. Reflection and discussion finds a partnership health care model such as the MPM is facilitative of customer value co-creation. However, models predicated only on a partnership practice style may need broadening in order to be more comprehensive of additional potential value co-creation practice styles within a targeted health market. Our study contributes to the field of customer value co-creation in health by addressing calls for more work in the area. In particular this article focuses on a context where partnership is an underlying premise for service design.
Influence of Gender on Tourette Syndrome Beyond Adolescence
Authors: Lichter D.G. , Finnegan S.G.
Published: September 2014

Although boys are disproportionately affected by tics in Tourette syndrome (TS), this gender bias is attenuated in adulthood and a recent study has suggested that women may experience greater functional interference from tics than men. The authors assessed the gender distribution of adults in a tertiary University-based TS clinic population and the relative influence of gender and other variables on adult tic severity (YGTSS score) and psychosocial functioning (GAF score). We also determined retrospectively the influence of gender on change in global tic severity and overall TS impairment (YGTSS) since adolescence. Females were over-represented in relation to previously published epidemiologic surveys of both TS children and adults. Female gender was associated with a greater likelihood of tic worsening as opposed to tic improvement in adulthood; a greater likelihood of expansion as opposed to contraction of motor tic distribution; and with increased current motor tic severity and tic-related impairment. However, gender explained only a small percentage of the variance of the YGTSS global severity score and none of the variance of the GAF scale score. Psychosocial functioning was influenced most strongly by tic severity but also by a variety of comorbid neuropsychiatric disorders.
Vital registration and under‐reporting of maternal mortality in Jamaica
Authors: McCaw‐Binns Affette M. , Mullings Jasneth A. , Holder Yvette
Published: September 2014

Objective

To identify why vital registration under‐reports maternal deaths in Jamaica.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was undertaken to identify all maternal deaths (during pregnancy or ≤ 42 days after pregnancy ended) occurring in 2008. Data sources included vital registration, hospital records, forensic pathology records, and an independent maternal mortality surveillance system. Potential cases were cross‐referenced to registered live births and stillbirths, and hospital records to confirm pregnancy status, when the pregnancy ended, and registration. Medical certificates were inspected for certification, transcription, and coding errors. Maternal mortality ratios (MMRs) for registered and/or unregistered deaths were calculated.

Results

Of 50 maternal deaths identified, 10 (20%) were unregistered. Eight unregistered deaths were coroners’ cases. Among 40 registered deaths, pregnancy was undocumented in 4 (10%). Among the other 36, 24 (67%) had been misclassified (59% direct and 89% indirect deaths). Therefore, only 12 (30%) registered maternal deaths had been coded as maternal deaths, yielding an MMR of 28.3 per 100 000 live births (95% confidence interval [CI] 12.3–48.3), which was 76% lower than the actual MMR of 117.8 (95% CI 85.2–150.4).

Conclusion

Under‐reporting of maternal deaths in Jamaica in 2008 was attributable to delayed registration of coroners’ cases and misclassification. Timely registration of coroners’ cases and training of nosologists to recognize and code maternal deaths is needed.
Ecological Assessment of Executive Functions: A New Virtual Reality Paradigm
Authors: Jansari Ashok S. , Devlin Alex , Agnew Rob , Akesson Katarina , Murphy Lesley , Leadbetter Tony
Published: September 2014

Acquired brain injury (ABI) can lead to a constellation of higher-order executive problems, which can impact significantly on everyday behaviour. While some neuropsychological assessments are able to measure these impairments objectively, increasingly, clinicians are finding that a subset of their patients passes these tests while still exhibiting difficulties in day-to-day living. Calls have therefore been made to develop assessments that are more sensitive and that are more ecologically valid. In this study, in Experiment 1, a multiple errands task (MET) based around a business office was created to assess concurrently nine aspects of executive functioning (planning, prioritisation, selective-thinking, creative-thinking, adaptive-thinking, multi-tasking, action-based prospective memory (PM), event-based PM and time-based PM). This new paradigm, the Jansari assessment of Executive Functions (JEF©) showed a significant difference between six individuals with ABI and matched healthy controls; further, it showed that across the nine constructs there was a range of performance. In Experiment 2, JEF©was recreated in a virtual environment resembling a computer game, and it was found that this version significantly differentiated between 17 individuals with ABI and 30 healthy controls. These results suggest that the virtual version of JEF©could be used as a new assessment of executive function. The profile of performance across the nine constructs for each individual provides a wealth of objective information that could potentially inform targeted rehabilitation.
Numerical investigation of tandem-cylinder noise reduction using plasma-based flow control
Authors: Eltaweel Ahmed , Wang Meng , Kim Dongjoo , Thomas Flint O. , Kozlov Alexey V.
Published: September 2014

The noise of flow over tandem cylinders at $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}{\mathit{Re}}_D= 22\, 000$ and its reduction using single dielectric barrier discharge (SDBD) plasma actuators are simulated numerically both to confirm and extend experimental results. The numerical approach is based on large-eddy simulation (LES) for the turbulent flow field, a semi-empirical plasma actuation model, and Lighthill’s theory for acoustic calculation. Excellent agreement between LES and experimental results is obtained for both the baseline flow and flow with plasma control in terms of wake velocity profiles, turbulence intensity, and frequency spectra of pressure fluctuations on the downstream cylinder. The validated flow-field results allow an accurate acoustic analysis based on Lighthill’s equation, which is solved using a boundary-element method. The effectiveness of plasma actuators for reducing noise is clearly demonstrated. In the baseline flow, the acoustic field is dominated by the interaction between the downstream cylinder and the upstream wake. Through suppression of vortex shedding from the upstream cylinder, the interaction noise is reduced drastically by the plasma flow control, and the vortex-shedding noise from the downstream cylinder becomes equally important. At a free-stream Mach number of 0.2, the peak sound pressure level is reduced by approximately 16 dB. This suggests the viability of plasma actuation for active aeroacoustic control of airframe noise.
Evolution of a turbulent cloud under rotation
Authors: Ranjan A. , Davidson P. A.
Published: September 2014

Localized patches of turbulence frequently occur in geophysics, such as in the atmosphere and oceans. The effect of rotation, $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}\boldsymbol{\Omega}$, on such a region (a ‘turbulent cloud’) is governed by inhomogeneous dynamics. In contrast, most investigations of rotating turbulence deal with the homogeneous case, although inhomogeneous turbulence is more common in practice. In this paper, we describe the results of $512^3$ direct numerical simulations (DNS) of a turbulent cloud under rotation at three Rossby numbers ($\mathit{Ro}$), namely 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5. Using a spatial filter, fully developed homogeneous turbulence is vertically confined to the centre of a periodic box before the rotation is turned on. Energy isosurfaces show that columnar structures emerge from the cloud and grow into the adjacent quiescent fluid. Helicity is used as a diagnostic and confirms that these structures are formed by inertial waves. In particular, it is observed that structures growing parallel to the rotation axis (upwards) have negative helicity and those moving antiparallel (downwards) to the axis have positive helicity, a characteristic typical of inertial waves. Two-dimensional energy spectra of horizontal wavenumbers, $k_{\perp }$, versus dimensionless time, $2 \varOmega t$, confirm that these columnar structures are wavepackets which travel at the group velocities of inertial waves. The kinetic energy transferred from the turbulent cloud to the waves is estimated using Lagrangian particle tracking to distinguish between turbulent and ‘wave-only’ regions of space. The amount of energy transferred to waves is 40 % of the initial at $\mathit{Ro}=0.1$, while it is 16 % at $\mathit{Ro}=0.5$. In both cases the bulk of the energy eventually resides in the waves. It is evident from this observation that inertial waves can carry a significant portion of the energy away from a localized turbulent source and are therefore an efficient mechanism of energy dispersion.
Growth promotion in broilers by both oxytetracycline andMacleaya cordataextract is based on their anti-inflammatory properties
Authors: Khadem Alireza , Soler Laura , Everaert Nadia , Niewold Theo A.
Published: September 2014

The non-antibiotic anti-inflammatory theory of antimicrobial growth promoters (AGP) predicts that alternatives can be selected by simplein vitrotests.In vitro, the known AGP oxytetracycline (OTC) and aMacleaya cordataextract (MCE) had an anti-inflammatory effect with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 88 and 132 mg/l, respectively.In vivo, chickens received three different concentrations of MCE in drinking-water, OTC in feed and a control. Body weight (BW), feed intake (FI) and gain:feed (G:F) ratio were determined on days 14, 21 and 35. On day 35, body composition was determined. Plasma α1-acid glycoprotein (α1-AG) concentration was measured on days 21 and 35, and the expression of several jejunal inflammatory genes was determined on day 35. OTC-fed chickens showed a significantly higher BW, FI and G:F ratio compared with the control group at all time points. MCE had a significant linear effect on BW on days 21 and 35, and the G:F ratio was improved only over the whole period, whereas FI was not different. Only MCE but not OTC decreased the percentage of abdominal fat. Plasma α1-AG concentration increased from day 21 to 35, with the values being lower in the treatment groups. Both OTC and MCE significantly reduced the jejunal mucosal expression of inducible NO synthase. For most parameters measured, there was a clear linear dose–response to treatment with MCE. In conclusion, the results are consistent with the anti-inflammatory theory of growth promotion in production animals.
Effects of an energy-restricted diet rich in plant-derived α-linolenic acid on systemic inflammation and endothelial function in overweight-to-obese patients with metabolic syndrome traits
Authors: Egert Sarah , Baxheinrich Andrea , Lee-Barkey Young Hee , Tschoepe Diethelm , Wahrburg Ursel , Stratmann Bernd
Published: September 2014

Plant-derived α-linolenic acid (ALA) may reduce the risk of CVD, possibly by decreasing systemic inflammation and improving endothelial function. In the present study, the effects of a hypoenergetic diet rich in ALA (3·4 g/d) on the biomarkers of systemic inflammation and vascular function were investigated in eighty-one overweight-to-obese patients with metabolic syndrome traits in comparison with a hypoenergetic diet low in ALA (0·9 g/d, control). After a 6-month dietary intervention, there were significant decreases in the serum concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), TNF-α, IL-6, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), soluble endothelial selectin (sE-selectin) and asymmetric dimethylarginine in both dietary groups. However, no inter-group differences were observed for all these changes. The serum concentration of YKL-40 (human cartilage glycoprotein 39 or chitinase-3-like protein 1) decreased after the ALA diet when compared with the control diet (P< 0·05 for time × treatment interaction). Plasma concentrations of fibrinogen did not significantly change in the two dietary groups. The decreases in the serum concentrations of sICAM-1, sE-selectin, CRP and YKL-40 were significantly correlated with the decreases in body fat mass. In conclusion, the present study indicates that in overweight-to-obese patients with metabolic syndrome traits, both vascular function and inflammation are improved during body-weight loss. The high ALA intake led to a more pronounced reduction in the serum concentration of YKL-40 compared with the intake of the low-ALA control diet, indicating the existence of independent favourable physiological effects of ALA during weight loss.
Phosphorus balance and use efficiency on 21 intensive grass-based dairy farms in the South of Ireland
Authors: MIHAILESCU E. , MURPHY P. N. C. , RYAN W. , CASEY I. A. , HUMPHREYS J.
Published: September 2014

Given the finite nature of global phosphorus (P) resources, there is an increasing concern about balancing agronomic and environmental impacts from P usage on dairy farms. Data from a 3-year (2009–2011) survey were used to assess farm-gate P balances and P use efficiency (PUE) on 21 intensive grass-based dairy farms operating under the good agricultural practice (GAP) regulations in Ireland. Mean stocking rate (SR) was 2·06 livestock units (LU)/ha, mean P surplus was 5·09 kg/ha, or 0·004 kg P/kg milk solids (MS), and mean PUE was 0·70. Phosphorus imports were dominated by inorganic fertilizer (7·61 kg P/ha) and feeds (7·62 kg P/ha), while exports were dominated by milk (6·66 kg P/ha) and livestock (5·10 kg P/ha). Comparison to similar studies carried out before the introduction of the GAP regulations in 2006 indicated that P surplus, both per ha and per kg MS, has significantly decreased (by 74 and 81%, respectively) and PUE increased (by 48%), mostly due to decreased inorganic fertilizer P import and improvements in P management. There has been a notable shift towards spring application of organic manures, indicating improved awareness of the fertilizer value of organic manures and good compliance with the GAP regulations regarding fertilizer application timing. These results suggested a positive impact of the GAP regulations on dairy farm P surplus and PUE, indicating an improvement in both environmental and economic sustainability of dairy production through improved resource use efficiencies. Such improvements will be necessary to achieve national targets of improved water quality and increased dairy production. Results suggest that optimizing fertilizer and feed P imports combined with improved on-farm P recycling are the most effective way to increase PUE. Equally, continued monitoring of soil test P (STP) and P management will be necessary to ensure that adequate soil P fertility is maintained. Mean P surplus was lower and PUE was much higher than the overall mean surplus (15·92 kg P/ha) and PUE (0·47) from three studies of continental and English dairy farms, largely due to the low import system that is more typical in Ireland, with seasonal milk production (compact spring calving), low use of imported feeds and high use of grazed grass.
What determines continuing grey matter changes in first-episode schizophrenia and affective psychosis?
Authors: Rosa P. G. P. , Zanetti M. V. , Duran F. L. S. , Santos L. C. , Menezes P. R. , Scazufca M. , Murray R. M. , Busatto G. F. , Schaufelberger M. S.
Published: September 2014

Background.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have shown that brain abnormalities in psychosis might be progressive during the first years of illness. We sought to determine whether first-episode psychosis (FEP) subjects show progressive regional grey matter (GM) changes compared with controls, and whether those changes are associated with diagnosis, illness course or antipsychotic (AP) use.

Method.

Thirty-two subjects with first-episode schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (FESZ), 24 patients with first-episode affective psychoses (FEAP) and 34 controls recruited using a population-based design underwent structural MRI scanning at baseline and at a 5-year follow-up. Regional GM volumes were assessed with voxel-based morphometry (VBM). Patients were treated at community settings, and about half of them remained mainly untreated.

Results.

No significant progressive changes in GM regional volumes were observed in either the FESZ or FEAP group overall. However, FESZ subjects with a non-remitting course showed GM decrements in the left superior temporal gyrus (STG) and insula relative to remitted FESZ subjects. Non-remitted FEAP subjects exhibited a GM decrease in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) bilaterally in comparison to remitted FEAP subjects. Among FESZ subjects, AP use was associated with regional GM decrements in the right insula and increments in the cerebellum.

Conclusions.

Our results suggest that the progression of brain abnormalities in FEP subjects is restricted to those with a poor outcome and differs between diagnosis subgroups. AP intake is associated with a different pattern of GM reductions over time.
A Qualitative Study to Explore Patients’, Carers’ and Health Professionals’ Views to Culturally Adapt CBT for Psychosis (CBTp) in Pakistan
Authors: Naeem Farooq , Habib Nazish , Gul Mirrat , Khalid Mehwish , Saeed Sofiya , Farooq Saeed , Munshi Tariq , Gobbi Mary , Husain Nusrat , Ayub Muhammad , Kingdon David
Published: September 2014

Background:Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) has an established evidence base and is recommended by the national organizations in United Kingdom and the United States. CBT remains under utilized in low and middle income countries. CBT was developed in the west and it has been suggested that it is underpinned by western values. It therefore follows that to make CBT accessible for non western clients, it needs adapting into a given culture.Aims:Our aim was to develop guidelines for adapting CBT for psychosis in Pakistan by incorporating the views of the patients, their carers and mental health professionals.Method:We conducted a series of qualitative studies in Pakistan to adapt CBT for psychosis (a total of 92 interviews). The data were analyzed by systematic content and question analysis. Analysis started by identifying emerging themes and categories. Themes emerging from the analyses of interviews by each interviewer were compared and contrasted with others interviewers constantly. Triangulation of themes and concepts was undertaken to further compare and contrast the data from the different participating groups.Results:The results of these studies highlighted the barriers in therapy as well as strengths while working with this patient group. Patients and their carers in Pakistan use a bio-psycho-spiritual-social model of illness. They seek help from various sources. Therapists make minor adjustments in therapy.Conclusions:The findings from this study will help therapists working with this client group using CBT for psychosis in Pakistan. These results need to be tested through controlled trials.
Near-field microwave microscopy for the characterization of dielectric materials
Authors: Rammal Jamal , Tantot Olivier , Delhote Nicolas , Verdeyme Serge
Published: September 2014

In this paper, we present a near-field microwave microscopy method for the characterization of dielectric materials samples in the Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band. The system proposed is composed of a probe coupled to a dielectric resonator (DR) operating in the TE011mode. Latter this is used to fix the resonance frequency of the resonator at 2.45 GHz. This system is used for the characterization of dielectric samples with accuracy and high spatial resolution, knowing that they do not have predetermined forms, but a small plane surface.The same device is used for a multi-frequency characterization (4–20 GHz) using resonance frequencies of the cavity instead of one resonance frequency of the DR.
Nitrotoga-like bacteria are previously unrecognized key nitrite oxidizers in full-scale wastewater treatment plants
Authors: Lücker Sebastian , Schwarz Jasmin , Gruber-Dorninger Christiane , Spieck Eva , Wagner Michael , Daims Holger
Published: September 2014

Numerous past studies have shown members of the genus Nitrospira to be the predominant nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) in nitrifying wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Only recently, the novel NOB ‘Candidatus Nitrotoga arctica’ was identified in permafrost soil and a close relative was enriched from activated sludge. Still, little is known about diversity, distribution and functional importance of Nitrotoga in natural and engineered ecosystems. Here we developed Nitrotoga 16S rRNA-specific PCR primers and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) probes, which were applied to screen activated sludge samples from 20 full-scale WWTPs. Nitrotoga-like bacteria were detected by PCR in 11 samples and reached abundances detectable by FISH in seven sludges. They coexisted with Nitrospira in most of these WWTPs, but constituted the only detectable NOB in two systems. Quantitative FISH revealed that Nitrotoga accounted for nearly 2% of the total bacterial community in one of these plants, a number comparable to Nitrospira abundances in other WWTPs. Spatial statistics revealed that Nitrotoga coaggregated with ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, strongly supporting a functional role in nitrite oxidation. This activity was confirmed by FISH in combination with microradiography, which revealed nitrite-dependent autotrophic carbon fixation by Nitrotoga in situ. Correlation of the presence or absence with WWTP operational parameters indicated low temperatures as a main factor supporting high Nitrotoga abundances, although in incubation experiments these NOB remained active over an unexpected range of temperatures, and also at different ambient nitrite concentrations. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that Nitrotoga can be functionally important nitrite oxidizers in WWTPs and can even represent the only known NOB in engineered systems.
Bacterial assembly and temporal dynamics in activated sludge of a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant
Authors: Ju Feng , Zhang Tong
Published: September 2014

Understanding environmental and biological influences on the dynamics of microbial communities has received great attention in microbial ecology. Here, utilizing large time-series 16S rRNA gene data, we show that in activated sludge of an environmentally important municipal wastewater treatment plant, 5-year temporal dynamics of bacterial community shows no significant seasonal succession, but is consistent with deterministic assemblage by taxonomic relatedness. Biological interactions are dominant drivers in determining the bacterial community assembly, whereas environmental conditions (mainly sludge retention time and inorganic nitrogen) partially explain phylogenetic and quantitative variances and indirectly influence bacterial assembly. We demonstrate a correlation-based statistical method to integrate bacterial association networks with their taxonomic affiliations to predict community-wide co-occurrence and co-exclusion patterns. The results show that although taxonomically closely related bacteria tend to positively co-occur (for example, out of a cooperative relationship), negative co-excluding correlations are deterministically observed between taxonomically less related species, probably implicating roles of competition in determining bacterial assembly. Overall, disclosures of the positive and negative species–species relations will improve our understanding of ecological niches occupied by unknown species and help to predict their biological functions in ecosystems.
4E-BPs require non-canonical 4E-binding motifs and a lateral surface of eIF4E to repress translation
Authors: Igreja Cátia , Peter Daniel , Weiler Catrin , Izaurralde Elisa
Published: September 2014

eIF4E-binding proteins (4E-BPs) are a widespread class of translational regulators that share a canonical (C) eIF4E-binding motif (4E-BM) with eIF4G. Consequently, 4E-BPs compete with eIF4G for binding to the dorsal surface on eIF4E to inhibit translation initiation. Some 4E-BPs contain non-canonical 4E-BMs (NC 4E-BMs), but the contribution of these motifs to the repressive mechanism—and whether these motifs are present in all 4E-BPs—remains unknown. Here, we show that the three annotated Drosophila melanogaster 4E-BPs contain NC 4E-BMs. These motifs bind to a lateral surface on eIF4E that is not used by eIF4G. This distinct molecular recognition mode is exploited by 4E-BPs to dock onto eIF4E–eIF4G complexes and effectively displace eIF4G from the dorsal surface of eIF4E. Our data reveal a hitherto unrecognized role for the NC4E-BMs and the lateral surface of eIF4E in 4E-BP-mediated translational repression, and suggest that bipartite 4E-BP mimics might represent efficient therapeutic tools to dampen translation during oncogenic transformation.
Fabrication of Graphene-isolated-Au-nanocrystal Nanostructures for Multimodal Cell Imaging and Photothermal-enhanced Chemotherapy
Authors: Bian Xia , Song Zhi-Ling , Qian Yu , Gao Wei , Cheng Zhen-Qian , Chen Long , Liang Hao , Ding Ding , Nie Xiang-Kun , Chen Zhuo , Tan Weihong
Published: September 2014

Using nanomaterials to develop multimodal systems has generated cutting-edge biomedical functions. Herein, we develop a simple chemical-vapor-deposition method to fabricate graphene-isolated-Au-nanocrystal (GIAN) nanostructures. A thin layer of graphene is precisely deposited on the surfaces of gold nanocrystals to enable unique capabilities. First, as surface-enhanced-Raman-scattering substrates, GIANs quench background fluorescence and reduce photocarbonization or photobleaching of analytes. Second, GIANs can be used for multimodal cell imaging by both Raman scattering and near-infrared (NIR) two-photon luminescence. Third, GIANs provide a platform for loading anticancer drugs such as doxorubicin (DOX) for therapy. Finally, their NIR absorption properties give GIANs photothermal therapeutic capability in combination with chemotherapy. Controlled release of DOX molecules from GIANs is achieved through NIR heating, significantly reducing the possibility of side effects in chemotherapy. The GIANs have high surface areas and stable thin shells, as well as unique optical and photothermal properties, making them promising nanostructures for biomedical applications.
Attractive particle interaction forces and packing density of fine glass powders
Authors: Parteli Eric J. R. , Schmidt Jochen , Blümel Christina , Wirth Karl-Ernst , Peukert Wolfgang , Pöschel Thorsten
Published: September 2014

We study the packing of fine glass powders of mean particle diameter in the range (4–52) μm both experimentally and by numerical DEM simulations. We obtain quantitative agreement between the experimental and numerical results, if both types of attractive forces of particle interaction, adhesion and non-bonded van der Waals forces are taken into account. Our results suggest that considering only viscoelastic and adhesive forces in DEM simulations may lead to incorrect numerical predictions of the behavior of fine powders. Based on the results from simulations and experiments, we propose a mathematical expression to estimate the packing fraction of fine polydisperse powders as a function of the average particle size.
Magnetic nanostructuring and overcoming Brown's paradox to realize extraordinary high-temperature energy products
Authors: Balasubramanian Balamurugan , Mukherjee Pinaki , Skomski Ralph , Manchanda Priyanka , Das Bhaskar , Sellmyer David J.
Published: September 2014

Nanoscience has been one of the outstanding driving forces in technology recently, arguably more so in magnetism than in any other branch of science and technology. Due to nanoscale bit size, a single computer hard disk is now able to store the text of 3,000,000 average-size books and today's high-performance permanent magnets—found in hybrid cars, wind turbines and disk drives—are nanostructured to a large degree. The nanostructures ideally are designed from Co- and Fe-rich building blocks without critical rare-earth elements and often are required to exhibit high coercivity and magnetization at elevated temperatures of typically up to 180 °C for many important permanent-magnet applications. Here we achieve this goal in exchange-coupled hard-soft composite films by effective nanostructuring of high-anisotropy HfCo7nanoparticles with a high-magnetization Fe65Co35phase. An analysis based on a model structure shows that the soft-phase addition improves the performance of the hard-magnetic material by mitigating Brown's paradox in magnetism, a substantial reduction of coercivity from the anisotropy field. The nanostructures exhibit a high room-temperature energy product of about 20.3 MGOe (161.5 kJ/m3), which is a record for a rare earth- or Pt-free magnetic material and retain values as high as 17.1 MGOe (136.1 kJ/m3) at 180°C.