bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DIRECT PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY OF SOLUBLE COMPOUNDS IN SMALL SAMPLES OF TISSUE ADHERING TO THE PAPER
Authors: Bidwell R. G. S.
Published: October 2017

A technique is described by which samples of tissue weighing from 1 to 10 mg can be frozen and ground and then stuck to paper chromatograms and the soluble compounds separated by normal solvent development. The advantages and special applications of this technique are discussed.
AN ENZYMATIC METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF PYRUVATE PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE, 2- AND 3-PHOSPHOGLYCERIC ACIDS
Authors: Nigam Vijai N.
Published: October 2017

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FURTHER STUDIES ON SWELLING OF BRAIN SLICES
Authors: Pappius Hanna M. , Klatzo Igor , Elliott K. A. C.
Published: October 2017

The fluid in incubated brain tissue slices which is permeable by inulin from the surrounding medium, the "inulin space", consists mostly of fluid taken up in swelling but also of a little of the initial water. Unless the tissue is kept cold until aerobic conditions have been fully established, some fluid is taken up which is not penetrated by inulin and is therefore intracellular. Inulin and sucrose, previously absorbed by slices incubated aerobically in their presence, diffuse quickly from slices when these are placed in inulin-free or sucrose-free medium. This indicates that pinocytosis is not involved in the uptake of swelling fluid by incubated slices. When protein labelled with a fluorescent dye is present in the incubation medium, its distribution in the water of tissue slices is similar to that of inulin. This makes possible microscopic visualization of the water compartment in question. Freezedried preparations of slices of grey or white matter that had been incubated with labelled protein revealed under the fluorescent microscope an area of intense fluorescence in the margins. This indicates that the protein space and, by inference, the inulin space represent a damaged region of the slice and are not a measure of definite extracellular or intracellular compartments. This finding is in agreement with the electron-microscopic evidence for the absence of extensive extracellular space in brain. However, the demonstration that the uptake of the greater part of the swelling fluid is in damaged peripheral areas of the slice is in disagreement with conclusions, drawn from electron-microscopic observations, that swelling occurs exclusively in glial cells. Swollen glial cells may account for a small but significant intracellular swelling in incubated slices. Present studies on effects of fixation of cerebral cortex slices indicate that the swelling which we observe by weighing unfixed tissue should also be observable by electron microscopy.
MUSCLE PROTEINS OF PACIFIC SALMON (ONCORHYNCHUS): II. AN INVESTIGATION OF MUSCLE PROTEIN AND OTHER SUBSTANCES SOLUBLE IN SALT SOLUTIONS OF LOW IONIC STRENGTH BY COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY
Authors: Tsuyuki H. , Roberts E. , Gadd R. E. A.
Published: October 2017

The muscle myogens and other components of the spring salmon (O. tshawytscha), chum salmon (O. keta), coho salmon (O. kisutch), and sockeye salmon (O. nerka), as well as the lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus), were separated by the use of diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) cellulose columns. Significant amounts of slowly dialyzable inosine and inosinic acid which may lead to spurious peaks in moving-boundary electrophoretic separations have been shown to be present in the muscle myogen preparations. The basic differences in the muscle myogen components of the Pacific salmon and the lingcod are compared.
ENZYMATIC AND METABOLIC ADAPTATIONS: II. CHANGES IN ADRENALECTOMIZED RATS SUBJECTED TO DIETARY MODIFICATIONS
Authors: Willmer J. S. , Foster T. S.
Published: October 2017

Changes in the activity of five liver enzymes in adrenalectomized rats were observed during adaptation to three experimental diets. Considerable differences were observed between these results and those obtained from intact rats, some of the changes being attributable to limitations of caloric intake. Differences between adrenalectomized and unoperated animals were also demonstrated in the rates of oxidation of glucose-1-C14and glucose-6-C14.Partial restoration of normal adaptive enzyme patterns was accomplished by treatment with individual adrenal cortical steroids. Hydrocortisone was found to be the most effective steroid used in this respect.
SOME PROPERTIES OF APOFERRITIN ISOLATED FROM GUINEA PIG LIVER
Authors: Friedberg Felix
Published: October 2017

Apoferritin isolated from livers of guinea pigs and characterized by a s°w,20of 17.7 and a pI of 4.8 (in acetate buffer Γ/2 0.1) was hydrolyzed with 5.7 N HCl for 22 and 44 hours and its amino acid composition determined. The protein appears rich in dicarboxylic acids and in leucine. The content of sulphur-containing amino acids is fairly small.
LIPID SYNTHESIS IN RAT LIVER PARTICLES: DIVERSION OF SYNTHESIS FROM TRIGLYCERIDE TO LECITHIN BY THE IN VITRO ADDITION OF CYTIDINE DIPHOSPHATE CHOLINE
Authors: Strickland K. P. , Rossiter R. J.
Published: October 2017

When particle preparations from rat or chicken liver were incubated in a suitable medium containing α-glycerophosphate-C14, radioactivity was recovered from lecithin, phosphatidyl inositol, phosphatidic acid, and triglyceride. Whole homogenate and various particle preparations catalyzed the dephosphorylation of a number of phosphatidic acids, with the liberation of inorganic P.It is currently believed that liver preparations are capable of catalyzing the esterification of L-α-glycerophosphate, with the formation of L-α-phosphatidic acid, which subsequently may be dephosphorylated to form D-α,β-diglyceride. The diglyceride so formed may then give rise either to lecithin, by combining with phosphorylcholine from cytidine diphosphate choline, or to triglyceride, by combining with fatty acid from fatty acyl coenzyme A. If these reactions occur in liver particle preparations, it should be possible, by the addition in vitro of unlabelled cytidine diphosphate choline, to divert the synthesis of lipid from the formation of triglyceride to the formation of lecithin. In experiments designed to put this hypothesis to the experimental test, such a diversion of lipid synthesis was achieved.
POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF RIBOFLAVIN DEFICIENCY ON ADRENAL CORTICAL FUNCTION IN THE RAT
Authors: Jamdar S. C. , Mookerjea Sailen
Published: October 2017

In rats showing impaired growth and liver enlargement from riboflavin deficiency there was a decrease in the weights of thymus and spleen and a slight increase in the weight of adrenals, but these were also shown by control rats with the same degree of growth impairment from inanition. There was no effect upon the ascorbic acid content of the adrenals, and a questionable effect upon their cholesterol content. There was some decrease in the number of circulating lymphocytes. There was a decrease in the catalase activity of the liver, but this was complicated by a relationship to the amount of dietary protein. These observations oppose the concept that in riboflavin deficiency adrenal cortical function is impaired, and suggest that it is slightly stimulated.
LIVER TRANSAMINASE ACTIVITY IN RIBOFLAVIN-DEFICIENT RATS
Authors: Mookerjea Sailen , Jamdar S. C.
Published: October 2017

Rats were deprived of riboflavin until there was established impairment of growth, hepatomegaly, and depletion of flavin–adenine dinucleotide and of catalase in the liver. Under these conditions there were increased concentrations of glutamic–aspartic and glutamic–alanine transaminases in the liver. With dietary depletion and repletion of protein the transaminase levels followed changes in liver size. Since the protein concentration in the liver was not affected, the level of transaminase was directly associated with the degree of anabolism. The changes in the glutamic–alanine transaminase were the more pronounced.
THE EFFECT OF DIETARY LIPIDS ON THE SERUM CHOLESTEROL OF RATS
Authors: Wilkens J. A. , Wit H. de
Published: October 2017

Experimental conditions were devised under which the effect of dietary triglyceride oils on the serum cholesterol concentration of rats resembled the effect of these oils on man. No artificial additives were used in the diet. By the use of this technique, the hypocholesterolemic activity of sunflower seed oil was studied. The feeding of fractions prepared by chemical and physical means showed that the unsaponifiable matter was responsible for a substantial part of the hypocholesterolemic action of the unmodified oil. Several fractions with similar fatty acid compositions were prepared which had different effects on the serum cholesterol level. Some known compounds of the unsaponifiable matter were next fed, dissolved in coconut oil. β-Sitosterol and squalene had little effect but a combination of these with α-tocopherol and β-carotene produced a significant depressing effect. The administration of cholesterol with a fat-free diet did not raise the serum cholesterol level unless the sterol was given dissolved in oil. Increasing quantities of sterol of up to 6%, dissolved in oil, produced increasing serum levels. Larger quantities caused no further rise. The possibility that only dissolved cholesterol is absorbed is discussed.
CATECHOLAMINE CONTENT OF SPINAL CORD
Authors: McGeer E. G. , McGeer P. L.
Published: October 2017

Values for the catecholamine content of spinal cords of rats, rabbits, cats, humans, hogs, and oxen were obtained. The catecholamine content tended to decrease with increasing size of the species. Dopamine averaged 1.0 micrograms/g of wet tissue in the rat, and 0.2 micrograms/g in the ox; noradrenaline averaged 0.15 micrograms/g in the rat, and 0.10 micrograms/g in the ox. Adrenaline could not be detected with certainty. The catecholamine content of gray matter was much greater than that of white and seemed greater in the posterior than in the anterior part of cord. No segmental distribution was apparent. Dopamine and noradrenaline were both found in the free and bound state. Modifications to previous methods of catecholamine determinations are described. Recoveries in the analyses were determined by using radioactive tracers in preference to the usual method of doing parallel analyses. No deterioration in catecholamine content of tissues was apparent for the first 3 hours after death, but thereafter deterioration was evident.
THE SEPARATION AND ESTIMATION OF RIBOFLAVIN AND ITS DERIVATIVES IN MIXTURES
Authors: Travis James , Robinson A. D.
Published: October 2017

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A NOTE ON METABOLIC EFFECTS OF SUSTAINED HYPOTHERMIA IN RATS
Authors: Haynes J. W. , Maur J. M.
Published: October 2017

Hypothermia was induced in non-fasted, female rats by placing animals in individual, cylindrical screen cages under crushed ice until a rectal temperature of 15 °C was attained. No anaesthetic or artificial ventilation was provided. Hypothermic animals were sacrificed after 0, 30, and 60 minutes' maintenance at this rectal temperature and metabolites were measured in blood and liver. It was observed that, as previously reported, hypothermia caused increases in blood packed cell volume, glucose and lactic acid levels, and plasma levels of inorganic phosphorus and total ketones. Maintenance of hypothermia for 30 or 60 minutes either caused no further change or accentuated the changes observed initially in these metabolites. Liver glycogen level decreased significantly after 30 minutes but returned to an almost normal level at 60 minutes. From these observations it is concluded that attainment of a "steady state" condition of hypothermia in non-fasted rats does not alter the pattern of metabolic changes observed in acute hypothermia of short duration.
THE RATE OF PASSAGE OF FEED THROUGH THE DIGESTIVE TRACT OF THE MINK
Authors: Sibbald I. R. , Sinclair D. G. , Evans E. V. , Smith D. L. T.
Published: October 2017

The time required for carmine-dyed rations to pass through the digestive tracts of mink in the late stages of growth was observed in four separate experiments with the same nine groups of animals, all of which were involved in a nutritional study. Each group received a different ration; five of the rations were based on conventional moist ingredients and four were composed of dry ingredients. In a total of 502 observations the mean time of passage was 142 minutes with a range from 62 minutes to 215 minutes. No consistent sex or diet differences in passage time were demonstrated.
UTILIZATION BY THE RAT OF LARGE LIVER RESERVES OR OF A SMALL DAILY INTAKE OF VITAMIN A
Authors: Murray T. K.
Published: October 2017

Weanling female rats were given a massive dose of vitamin A and thereafter fed a vitamin A free diet while similar rats were provided with the same diet plus a small daily intake of vitamin A for the entire period. Some of the rats from each group were bred to normal males. There were no differences in the growth rate, the number of young produced and weaned, nor in the weight of the young. Somewhat more vitamin A was transferred to the liver and kidney of the young by mothers with large liver stores but these differences had disappeared by weaning age. It was concluded that sufficient vitamin A could be given a rat at weaning to allow normal development and the production of at least one normal litter.
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN HYPOTHERMIC RATS AND HAMSTERS
Authors: Maur J. M. , McComiskey D. M. , Haynes J. W. , Beaton J. R.
Published: October 2017

Unanesthetized female animals were cooled without artifical ventilation in cylindrical screen cages under ice until the desired rectal temperature was attained. When fasted rats are cooled 15 minutes after the intraperitoneal administration of either glucose or sodium pyruvate, there is an impaired utilization of the glucose but not of the pyruvate. Rate of decrease of liver glycogen formed from administered glucose was not affected. The elevated level of blood lactic acid typical of hypothermic rats was further elevated by administration of pyruvate but not of glucose, suggesting increased production of lactic acid via pyruvic acid. Glucose utilization patterns of hamsters (hibernators) and rats (non-hibernators) were similar during hypothermia. In non-fasted rats rendered hypothermic there is a progressive increase in blood level of glucose accompanied by an initial decrease in liver glycogen level. Subsequent to this decrease in liver glycogen level, there is a marked increase in the plasma level of ketone bodies. It is concluded that although in hypothermia there is an impairment in glucose utilization, this probably represents decreased oxidative metabolism of carbohydrate, there being no apparent decrease in the formation of lactic acid via pyruvic acid. From the results of experiments with insulin- and alloxan-treated rats, it is concluded that metabolic alterations of hypothermia in rats may be modified in degree but are not eliminated by a prior state of diabetes or by prior administration of insulin.
UPTAKE OF 5-HYDROXYTRYPTOPHAN-3-C14AND ITS METABOLISM IN RAT BRAIN CORTEX SLICES
Authors: Wartburg J. P. von
Published: October 2017

Rat brain cortex slices were incubated with 5-hydroxytryptophan-3-C14. A method for determination of 5-hydroxytryptamine-C14and 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid-C14formed in brain slices is described. Effects of inhibitors of 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase and monoamine oxidase on the metabolic pathway of 5-hydroxytryptophan-3-C14were measured. α-Methyl dopa (0.33 mM) decreased the level of 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid to a greater amount than that of 5-hydroxytryptamine. Iproniazid (3.3 mM) resulted in an accumulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine and a decrease of 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid formation of 65%. Pheniprazine (0.1 mM) exerted an inhibitory effect on both 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase and monoamine oxidase. Chlorpromazine (0.5 mM) decreased the level of 5-hydroxytryptamine 60% and had a synergistic effect with the inhibition on respiration of brain slices and 5-hydroxytryptophan transport exerted by 0.2 M n-propanol.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF MUSTARD OIL GLUCOSIDES: I. ADMINISTRATION OF C14-LABELLED COMPOUNDS TO HORSERADISH, NASTURTIUM, AND WATERCRESS
Authors: Underhill E. W. , Chisholm M. D. , Wetter L. R.
Published: October 2017

Biosynthetic investigations with C14-labelled compounds indicate that the aromatic isothiocyanate moieties of mustard oil glucosides obtained from garden nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus L.) and watercress (Nasturtium officinale R.Br.) are derived from phenylalanine. Similar investigations on sinigrin, the mustard oil glucoside isolated from horseradish (Armoracia lapathifolia Gilib.) demonstrate that glycine is incorporated into allyl isothiocyanate. The methyl carbon of acetate was readily incorporated into sinigrin and gluconasturtium and was found almost exclusively in the 'isothiocyanate carbon'; on the other hand the carboxyl carbon is a poor precursor of sinigrin.
EFFECTS OF X-RADIATION AND OF METABOLIC INHIBITORS ON RAT THYMOCYTES IN VITRO
Authors: Myers D. K. , DeWolfe Donna E. , Araki Kimiko
Published: October 2017

The survival of X-irradiated thymocytes in vitro was studied after incubation for various periods of time and at different pH values as well as at different temperatures. Death at 25 °C following exposure to high doses of X-radiation may be due to the liberation of destructive enzymes. The effects of high doses could be largely prevented by addition of nicotinamide after irradiation.The cause of cell death at 37 °C following exposure to low doses of X-radiation is still uncertain. Some metabolic inhibitors also showed a considerable difference in their toxicity to thymocytes at 37 °C and at 25 °C. Dinitrophenol, for example, was highly toxic at 37 °C but almost ineffective in killing cells at 25 °C, even though it produced similar decreases in ATP levels at both temperatures. The marked difference in survival of irradiated thymocytes at 37 °C and at 25 °C could therefore be explained if low doses of X-radiation interfered with the normal cell metabolism. However, low doses of radiation, unlike dinitrophenol, did not produce any immediate decrease either in ATP levels or in oxygen consumption of thymocyte suspensions.
AMINO ACID TRANSPORT IN BRAIN CORTEX SLICES: I. THE RELATION BETWEEN ENERGY PRODUCTION AND THE GLUCOSE-DEPENDENT TRANSPORT OF GLYCINE
Authors: Abadom P. N. , Scholefield P. G.
Published: October 2017

Incubation of rat brain cortex slices with glycine in the presence of glucose leads to an accumulation of glycine in the slice. The extent of the accumulation is proportional to the level of adenosine triphosphate in the slice under a wide variety of experimental conditions which lead to changes in this level. Such conditions include change in the glucose concentration in the incubation medium, the presence of metabolic inhibitors, addition of uncoupling agents, alteration of the ionic composition of the medium, incubation under anaerobic conditions, addition of glutamate, X-irradiation, the use of rats of various ages, and the presence of adenosine in the incubation medium. The proportionality is apparent from the constancy of a factor, termed the transport quotient, which is obtained by dividing the extent of uptake of glycine by the observed level of nucleotide pyrophosphate present in the slices.
INHIBITION DE LA PHOSPHATASE ALCALINE INTESTINALE
Authors: Lazdunski Michel , Ouellet Ludovic
Published: October 2017

not available
EFFECT OF SEVERE COLD (−5 °C) ON THE ENDOCRINE FUNCTION OF THE TESTIS IN THE ALBINO RAT
Authors: Perrault M. J. , Dugal L. P.
Published: October 2017

Cryptorchism, caused surgically, and cold exposure have been studied separately and in combination: the morphological characteristics, organ weights, and histological appearance of the testes and of the main sexual accessories have been evaluated. Physiological information derived from morphological data reveals that the effect of cold is twofold: (a) somatic or non-endocrine and (b) purely endocrine; the two effects are superimposed and additive, but distinct. Thus, the gonadal response of the male rat to cold, within the time limit of the present investigation, assumes the appearance of a "physiological castration".
THE ISOLATION OF 6β-HYDROXYCORTICOSTERONE AND ITS 11-DEHYDRO DERIVATIVE FROM THE ADRENAL GLAND, ADRENAL ADENOMA, AND URINE OF A PATIENT WITH PRIMARY HYPERALDOSTERONISM
Authors: Nowaczynski Wojciech , Koiw Erich , Genest Jacques
Published: October 2017

Isolation of large amounts of 6β-hydroxycorticosterone from incubates of human hyperplastic and adenomatous adrenal tissue from a patient with primary hyperaldosteronism is described for the first time.(1) Isolation of 11β-hydroxy-Δ4-androstene-3,17-dione from the incubates of the same adenoma is reported.(3) From urines of the above patient and urines of a second case of primary hyperaldosteronism, 6β-hydroxycorticosterone and 6β-hydroxy-11-dehydrocorticosterone were isolated.
PURIFICATION OF THE GAMMA GLOBULIN CHARACTERISTIC OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
Authors: MacPherson Catherine F. C.
Published: October 2017

Experiments are described which have led to the standardization of a procedure for the purification of the γcglobulin characteristic of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The procedure involves the stepwise elution of three chromatographic fractions from a DEAE column by TRIS–HCl buffers at pH 8.5. The composition of the fractions will vary with the relative concentration of the γcglobulin in the CSF applied to the column. From an average CSF pool the first fraction, F1, eluted by 0.002 M TRIS–HCl will usually contain only the γcglobulin. The second fraction F2, eluted by 0.02 M TRIS-HCl, will contain a mixture of the γc, γs, and βcglobulins. The third fraction F3, eluted by 0.08 M TRIS–HCl, will contain chiefly γsglobulin as well as traces of the γcand βcglobulins. Most of the γcglobulin from pooled CSF may then be obtained in purified form by rechromatographing the F2's from several runs. Almost all of the γcglobulin applied will be found in F1. The γsand βcglobulins will be eluted in the other two fractions.
VITAMIN ABSORPTION. III. A NOTE ON THE ABSORPTION AND UTILIZATION OF THIAMINE-S35
Authors: Middleton E. J. , Morrison A. B.
Published: October 2017

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CONJUGATED TESTOSTERONE IN THE BLOOD AND TESTES OF SPAWNED FRASER RIVER SOCKEYE SALMON (ONCORHYNCHUS NERKA)
Authors: Grajcer Dov , Idler D. R.
Published: October 2017

Testosterone was isolated from the conjugated steroid fractions of both plasma and testes of spawning male sockeye salmon. The structure of the steroid was confirmed by several criteria including infrared spectra. Glucuronoside conjugation was indicated by the use of a specific glucuronidase inhibitor, glucosaccharo-1, 4-lactone, and the inability of the enzyme to hydrolyze testosterone sulphate.
MEASUREMENT OF HUMAN BONE FORMATION BY MEANS OF TETRACYCLINE LABELLING
Authors: Frost Harold M.
Published: October 2017

Chalkley's method combined with fluorescence microscopy was used to measure the amount of bone formed in a known time in a known amount of bone in 57 patients in whom the frontier line of bone formation was labelled by the administration of tetracycline. Calculated mean values for the years required to form an amount of new bone equal to the original amount are 2.2 years for a 5-year age group, 28.4 years for a 26-year age group, 37 years for a 47.8-year age group, and 37.6 years for a 67.4-year age group.These values are termed the formation times.
SEPARATION OF BILE ACID CONJUGATES BY ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
Authors: Gordon B. A. , Kuksis A. , Beveridge J. M. R.
Published: October 2017

A simple and reliable method for the separation of bile acid conjugates in quantities ranging from a few milligrams to several grams has been developed utilizing ion exchange resins. The bile acid conjugates were absorbed from an aqueous 25% ethanol solution on a Dowex-1 anion exchange column (acetate form). After the column was washed with aqueous 25% ethanol, the glycine conjugates were eluted with 0.05 N HCl in 25% ethanol and the taurine conjugates with 0.5 N HCl in 25% ethanol. The method permitted a complete resolution of the glycine and taurine conjugates. In addition, there was an effective though not complete separation of the tri- and di-hydroxy cholanic acid derivatives within each conjugate group. Using this method satisfactory fractionations have been performed on gallbladder bile from dog, ox, and man.
THE ABSENCE OF THIAMINE PHOSPHATES FROM CEREALS
Authors: Sen N. P. , Robinson A. D.
Published: October 2017

A method was devised for the separation and estimation of thiamine and its mono- and di-phosphates in cereals by extraction with perchloric acid, separation on a column of Decalso, elution with a strong solution of potassium chloride, and anion exchange chromatography with Dowex-1. Estimation was based on the thiochrome method with and without prior enzymic digestion. Analyses of two varieties of each of stored wheat, barley, and oats showed that each contained both free and bound thiamine but that none of the latter was in the form of phosphates.
THE DURATION OF THE EFFECT OF ISOLOGOUS PITUITARY IMPLANTS ON THE ESTROUS CYCLES IN THE INTACT MOUSE
Authors: Hagen E. Odette , Rawlinson H. E.
Published: October 2017

Implantations of pituitary isografts into intact female mice cause marked irregularity and lengthening in estrous cycles. This phenomenon can be produced by a single implantation of two pituitaries. The effect is still apparent 10 to 12 months later. It can be produced although in reduced degree by implantations into animals a year old. The basic mechanism is considered to be a more sustained production of prolactin by the graft. The effects of such transplants are maintained for several months.
UTILIZATION OF LIPIDS BY FISH: I. FATTY ACID OXIDATION BY TISSUE SLICES FROM DARK AND WHITE MUSCLE OF RAINBOW TROUT (SALMO GAIRDNERII)
Authors: Bilinski E.
Published: October 2017

The ability of the muscular tissue of fish to oxidize fatty acids has been studied on rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii). The rate of oxidation of Na hexanoate-1-C14, K octanoate-1-C14, and K myristate-1-C14by tissue slices from the lateral dark muscle and from the dorsal white muscle was determined at 25 °C by measuring the formation of C14O2. This transformation can be demonstrated in both the white and dark muscle; however, quantitatively a very pronounced difference exists between the two tissues, the dark muscle being more active.
GLYCINE METHYLTRANSFERASE
Authors: Blumenstein J. , Williams G. R.
Published: October 2017

The supernatant fraction of liver homogenate brings about the methylation of glycine by S-adenosylmethionine. The secondary amine formed in the reaction appears to be sarcosine. This conclusion is based on (I) the stoichiometry of the reaction, and (II) radioautography of chromatograms of the incubation products. The enzyme, glycine N-methyltransferase, was purified 80-fold, and certain of its characteristics are reported. The possible role of the enzyme in the biological oxidation of the methyl group of methionine is discussed.
THE SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION OF VI AND O ANTIGENS OF S. TYPHI USING A COLUMN PRECIPITATION TECHNIQUE
Authors: Griffiths B. W. , Diena B. B. , Greenberg L.
Published: October 2017

Vi and O antigen fractions have been obtained in purified as well as separated forms from a crude extract of Salmonella typhi Ty-2 strain. The method applied the use of alcohol fractionation as well as salt fractionation of the material on an inorganic column bed. Alcohol fractionation alone neither separated nor purified the antigens significantly. When cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPC) was maintained in constant concentration in the elution solvents, the Vi and O serologically active materials could not be eluted by the usual alcohol–water solvents, but could be removed in separated and purified forms by salt solvents (MgCl2). The essential requirement of CPC in the fractionation is discussed.
A STUDY OF THE PROTECTIVE ACTION OF SEROTONIN (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE) AGAINST WHOLE-BODY X-IRRADIATION IN MICE WITH THE AID OF CHROMIUM 51
Authors: Vittorio P. V. , Wight E. W. , Sinnott B. E.
Published: October 2017

Studies were carried out to determine the effect of X-irradiation on the uptake of chromium 51 in different organs in the mouse. Experiments were also carried out to determine whether the initial radiation effect, if any, was lessened or the return to normal chromium 51 uptake accelerated when the animal was treated with a specific radioprotective agent (serotonin) prior to exposure to X-irradiation. If the assumption is made that early disturbances in Cr51content in different organs are a measure of the effect of various treatments and the return to normal Cr51content a measure of recovery, the results obtained could be indicative of changes caused by X-irradiation and those prevented or caused by serotonin.
VITAMIN A AND CAROTENE UTILIZATION IN PROTEIN-DEPRIVED RATS
Authors: Mathews J. , Beaton G. H.
Published: October 2017

Maintenance of rats on a protein-free, but not a 4% casein, diet produced a significant lowering of serum vitamin A. This effect was seen in rats deprived of vitamin A or provided with 90 μg of the vitamin twice weekly. In a separate study, rats maintained on 4% and 20% casein diets were depleted of vitamin A. They were then given 6 or 12 μg of vitamin A or 24 μg of carotene per day. The blood vitamin A response to administered vitamin A was not affected. Rats fed the low-protein diet exhibited only about one half of the serum vitamin A response to administered carotene as did those fed the 20% casein diet. Carotene failed to maintain liver vitamin A content in rats fed the low-protein diet. The results suggested that the absorption/conversion of β-carotene is impaired in rats maintained on a 4% protein diet. When rats were fed a protein-free diet the mobilization of vitamin A from the liver, or transport of the vitamin was also impaired.
THE INFLUENCE OF RESPIRATORY AND RENAL FACTORS ON CARDIAC ACTIVITY DURING DEEP HYPOTHERMIA
Authors: Hunter J. , Hurley D. A.
Published: October 2017

In this study evidence is presented which supports the thesis that the maintenance of blood pressure, and a physiological heart capable of maintaining this blood pressure, is dependent upon the maintenance of a renal cortical circulation. In this context a physiological heart is capable of a forceful contraction, and the S.A. node is the dominant pacemaker. By inference it is concluded that the kidneys are the source of some substance which on release into the systemic circulation is responsible for cardiac activity. This evidence is as follows: The fall in blood pressure associated with a fall in body temperature can be altered and maintained by selectively warming the kidneys during general hypothermia. The final drop in blood pressure during deep hypothermia can be associated with complete renal shut-down. The gradual fall in blood pressure preceding the final debility of the heart is associated with partial renal circulatory shut-down which culminates in complete cessation of renal cortical blood flow. In these experiments the renal circulatory impairment precedes any serious fall in blood pressure. Deep hypothermia is ultimately equivalent to the isolation of the kidneys by tying off the renal vessels. This latter procedure has been carried out and it duplicates the results obtained by hypothermia. Any possible adrenal contribution to the results obtained is dismissed on the evidence that the results obtained with a warmed kidney preparation, adrenalectomized before the hypothermic procedure, are equivalent to the results obtained during similar treatment with adrenals intact. The infusion of renin or angiotensin II is effective in maintaining the blood pressure of animals in which the kidneys were isolated from the circulation at 33 °C by tying off the renal vessels. The results obtained with both renin and angiotensin II approach those obtained with the artificially warmed kidneys – ventilated preparation, and both these agents appear to substitute for the deficiency which is associated with renal circulatory impairment during deep hypothermia. Epinephrine and norepinephrine infused under the same conditions were much less effective than renin or angiotensin in maintaining the systemic circulation.
STUDIES OF LIGNIN BIOSYNTHESIS USING ISOTOPIC CARBON: XIII. THE PHENYLPROPANOID SYSTEM IN LIGNIFICATION
Authors: Higuchi Takayoshi , Brown Stewart A.
Published: October 2017

Techniques of isotope competition and trapping were used to study the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway in lignifying wheat plants. The results in general confirm earlier findings that phenyllactic acid (PLA), p-hydroxyphenyllactic acid (HPLA), phenylpyruvic, cinnamic, caffeic, ferulic, and sinapic acids can participate in lignification. L-Phenylalanine and L-tyrosine were converted to PLA and HPLA, respectively, but there was much less conversion of cinnamic acid to PLA, or p-hydroxycinnamic acid to HPLA. A pathway from phenylalanine to cinnamic acid via PLA, and an analogous pathway involving tyrosine thus remain as possible alternatives to the established routes involving deamination of these amino acids by phenylalanine deaminase or tyrase. Feeding of non-radioactive coniferyl alcohol with ferulic acid-C14results in the formation of both coniferyl- and sinapyl-type lignin residues having lower specific radioactivities than were obtained after the feeding of ferulic acid-C14alone. After a 5-hour metabolic period in the presence of ferulic acid-C14, both coniferyl aldehyde and coniferyl alcohol became labelled, and the radioactivity of the aldehyde was much higher than that of the alcohol. There was no evidence of coniferin formation. These findings indicate that coniferyl alcohol is formed from ferulic acid through coniferyl aldehyde, and that coniferin is probably unnecessary for lignification, at least in species other than conifers.
THE IN VITRO BIOSYNTHESIS OF ESTRADIOL-17β-4-C14BY SURVIVING NORMAL AND STEIN–LEVENTHAL-TYPE OVARIAN SLICES
Authors: Chapdelaine Alcide , Sandor Thomas , Lanthier André
Published: October 2017

The biological aromatization of androstenedione-4-C14, testosterone-4-C14, and dehydroepiandrosterone-4-C14by surviving human normal and Stein–Leventhal-type ovarian slices was investigated. The precursors were incubated with the tissue slices in a Krebs–Ringer–phosphate–glucose medium (pH 7.4) in an O2atmosphere at 37 °C for 6 and (or) 24 hours. As a cofactor, 1000 I.U. of human chorionic gonadotrophin was added to each incubation vessel. Both normal and polymicrocystic ovarian slices transformed the precursors partially to estradiol-17β. This compound was identified by isotopic dilution techniques and by the constancy of specific activities of its chemical derivatives. There was no significant qualitative or quantitative difference in the aromatization capacity of the two kinds of tissue. In addition, biosynthetic androstenedione-4-C14and testo-sterone-4-C14were positively identified. These experiments seem to indicate that under the experimental conditions used, the aromatization mechanism is functioning normally in Stein–Leventhal-type ovaries.
AUTOTROPHIC ENZYME SYSTEMS: I. ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEMS CONCERNED WITH HYDROXYLAMINE OXIDATION IN NITROSOMONAS
Authors: Aleem M. I. H. , Lees H.
Published: October 2017

Intact cells or cell-free extracts of Nitrosomonas catalyze the rapid and stoichiometric conversion of nitrohydroxylamine to nitrite at rates comparable to the oxidation of ammonium ion or hydroxylamine to nitrite. Cell-free extracts possess a powerful hydroxylamine – cytochrome c reductase activating hydroxylamine to donate electrons to the cytochrome systems comprising b, c, and a type components. The partially purified enzyme complex is sensitive to low concentrations of cyanide and inhibitors of the flavoproteins. The possible mechanism of the formation and oxidation of the new intermediate "nitrohydroxylamine" in the reaction sequence is discussed.
THE ACTIVATION OF PURIFIED HUMAN PLASMINOGEN IN SOLUTIONS OF ETHYLENE GLYCOLS
Authors: Roberts Phyllis S.
Published: October 2017

Ethylene glycols have been found to allow activation of purified preparations of human plasminogen. The activity of the enzyme formed, plasmin, was measured using TAMe (p-toluene-sulphonyl-L-arginine methyl ester) as a substrate. In 50% (v/v) solutions of these compounds at pH 7.6 and 30 °C, plasmin accumulated faster in diethylene and triethylene glycols than in glycerol, but in ethylene glycol no plasmin was found. When lower concentrations of ethylene glycol (from zero to 50%) and shorter times of incubation were used, plasmin was found. With equimolar solutions (4.3 M) of glycerol and the three glycols, only diethylene glycol showed a fast rate of accumulation of plasmin. A 50% triethylene glycol solution partially inhibited the rate of spontaneous activation but stabilized the plasmin formed and therefore enzyme accumulated. At room temperature more plasmin accumulated than at higher temperatures when plasminogen was incubated in 50% triethylene glycol solution, and no plasmin was found when plasminogen was incubated at pH 7.6, 30 °C, in 50% solutions of propylene glycols, several ethers of the ethylene glycols, several polymers of various glycols, and dioxane.
RAT INTESTINAL SUCRASE: I. INTESTINAL DISTRIBUTION AND REACTION KINETICS
Authors: Blair D. G. R. , Tuba J.
Published: October 2017

A study of the distribution of sucrase (invertase) activity in the small intestine of the rat and of sucrase reaction kinetics was conducted. Sucrase activity was measured in water homogenates of 10-cm sections of the intestine. The sucrase activity of normal adult male rats was associated mainly with the first half of the small intestine (measured from the pylorus) and decreased to negligible amounts at the ileocolic end. A trace of sucrase activity was found in the colon, but other rat tissues examined lacked the enzyme.The third 10-cm section of the small intestine (measured from the pylorus) was used as a source of enzyme for studies of reaction kinetics. The optimum pH for intestinal sucrase was 6.25 under the conditions used. The optimum substrate concentration was 0.12 M (4.1%) to 0.5 M (17.1%) sucrose, and the Kmwas 0.0128 M. At the sucrose concentration used for routine assays (0.161 M) the enzyme action was zero order for a period of at least 20 minutes. Sucrase action followed the Arrhenius equation at temperatures between 5° and 37 °C, and an activation energy of 10,100 calories per mole was calculated.
IDENTIFICATION OF CHLOROGENIC ACID IN CASTOR BEAN AND ORANGES
Authors: Siddiqi Azra I. , Freedman Samuel O.
Published: October 2017

Chlorogenic acid was identified as a constituent of castor bean pomace and of orange pulp by paper chromatography, by infrared and ultraviolet spectrophotometry, and by an immunological cross-neutralization technique. A new extraction and concentration procedure is described which facilitates the identification of small amounts of chlorogenic acid in plant materials. The significance of the results is discussed in relation to the known allergenic activity of chlorogenic acid.
PARTICIPATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE AND KIDNEY DURING NONSHIVERING THERMOGENESIS IN COLD-ACCLIMATED RATS
Authors: Jansky L. , Hart J. S.
Published: October 2017

The oxygen consumption of the partly isolated leg muscles and of the kidney was measured in situ in cold-acclimated rats before and during exposure to cold or during noradrenaline infusion. All rats had been anesthetized with sodium barbital and those exposed to cold had been fully curarized to prevent muscle activity. During cold exposure and noradrenaline infusion oxygen consumption of the rats was approximately doubled, and the oxygen consumption of leg muscles was approximately doubled without increase in blood flow. No increase in oxygen consumption was observed in the kidney during exposure to cold or noradrenaline infusion in spite of an increase of 75% in the oxygen consumption of the whole animal. Direct evidence for significant participation of striated muscles in non-shivering thermogenesis has thus been obtained. However, it appears unlikely that the maximal potential increase in oxygen consumption of cold-acclimated rats at very low temperatures could be attributed solely to the metabolic activity of skeletal muscles.
THE EFFECTS OF SIALIDASE ON PSEUDOCHOLINESTERASE TYPES
Authors: Ecobichon D. J. , Kalow W.
Published: October 2017

Hereditary variants of human serum cholinesterase were exposed to the action of sialidase. The removal of the sialic acid residues had no effect on the kinetic properties of the esterases but greatly affected the electrophoretic mobility. In starch gel, there were no differences between the pseudocholinesterase types whether sialidase-treated or untreated. This observation permits two conclusions: first, the differences between the esterase types must reside in the protein cores, and second, the different variants must possess equal amounts of sialic acid per protein molecule. According to Liddell et al. there is a charge difference between esterase molecules of different type; since this cannot be accounted for by sialic acid content, the distinguishing characteristics are likely due to differences of amino acid composition.
GLUCOSE AND RIBOSE OXIDATION BY PSEUDOMONAS FRAGI
Authors: Leroux M. , Tarr H. L. A.
Published: October 2017

The action of soluble and particulate fractions of sonically disrupted cells of Pseudomonas fragi on glucose and ribose was investigated. It was shown that ribose is oxidized by the particulate fraction to ribono-γ-lactone, but not further, thus verifying previous work. Evidence is presented in support of the fact that oxidation of both glucose and ribose is carried out by a single dehydrogenase enzyme, and that this enzyme is largely present in the particulate fraction. The soluble fraction possessed a lactonase enzyme which was purified slightly. This enzyme hydrolyzed glucono-δ-lactone but not glucono-γ-lactone. The washed particulate possessed no such lactonase activity. The soluble fraction possessed only about 4% of the dehydrogenase activity of the particulate fraction. Both the dehydrogenase and lactonase specific activities were similar when the organism was cultured in glucose or ribose-containing medium. Attempts to show that glucose was degraded by a phosphorolytic mechanism or that gluconic acid was degraded further failed. These findings are consistent with the fact that P. fragi oxidizes glucose to glucono-δ-lactone, and that this lactone is hydrolyzed to gluconic acid by a lactonase enzyme. No serious attempt was made to study the specificity of these enzymes, but it was observed that crude unwashed particulate fractions oxidized both galactose and mannose.
DISTRIBUTION OF WATER, SODIUM, AND POTASSIUM IN RESTING AND STIMULATED MAMMALIAN MUSCLE
Authors: Sréter Frank A.
Published: October 2017

Potassium and sodium concentration and inulin space were measured in samples of rat gastrocnemius after direct or indirect stimulation in situ for [Formula: see text], 1, 3, or 6 hours. The muscles in each case were cut into three pieces: (1) close to the bony origin (proximal), (2) about the middle part, and (3) close to the tendinous insertion (distal). During the first hour of stimulation the percentage change in intrafiber [Na] and [K] was marked and identical in all parts of the muscle. However, after prolonged stimulation at a rate of 10/second, the intrafiber Na and K distribution was not uniform along the muscle fiber, with K depletion and Na accumulation being significantly greater in the middle than in either the distal or proximal parts of the muscle. In about 75% of the nearly fatigued muscles changes in intrafiber [Na] and [K] were extreme, although the glycogen content was still adequate (over 200 mg%). When the muscles were stimulated more slowly over a prolonged period (6 hours, 2/second) either isotonically or isometrically, the final cationic distributions of the proximal and middle parts of the muscle were almost identical. The distal portion, however, exhibited the most marked cationic "debt". The Na–K exchange phenomenon is evidently not exclusively related to the excitation process, but may play a role in the contractile process itself. The data support the idea of a relation between fatigue and "ionic debt" in muscle, and also cast some doubt on the uniform distribution of potassium in the muscle fibers.
PURIFICATION AND SOME PROPERTIES OF AUTOPROTHROMBIN C
Authors: Seegers Walter H. , Cole Edmond R. , Harmison Charles R. , Marciniak Ewa
Published: October 2017

Methods were developed for the isolation of autoprothrombin C, which is the second enzyme obtained from purified bovine prothrombin. In the presence of lipids and standardized conditions 0.35 μg of the purified autoprothrombin C were sufficient for clotting recalcified plasma in 15 seconds. Some physicochemical properties are as follows: S20, wis 2.27S, the diffusion constant 8.4 × 10−7 cm2/second, and the partial specific volume 0.695. The molecular weight from physicochemical measurements was 21,500. All amino acids were found, but only 1 molecule of methionine. On the basis of amino acid composition the molecular weight was found to be 27,000, giving an average of 24,200 for our two determinations. Prothrombin contains sufficient of each amino acid residue to supply autoprothrombin C and thrombin. Autoprothrombin II, however, has only sufficient amino acids for either autoprothrombin C or thrombin, but not both. The purified autoprothrombin C contained 7% carbohydrate (orcinol) and 3.8% hexosamine. It was stable at pH 7.2 for more than a week at room temperature, and longer in subzero glycerol solution. Autoprothrombin C was used to obtain a single precipitin band in agar diffusion plates with antibody to prothrombin. The band also identified with a single plasma antibody.
GLYCYL-RNA SYNTHETASE OF RAT LIVER: PARTIAL PURIFICATION AND EFFECTS OF SOME METAL IONS ON ITS ACTIVITY
Authors: Fraser M. J.
Published: October 2017

Glycyl-RNA synthetase has been purified 40-fold from a 105,000 × g supernatant of an homogenate of rat liver by successive precipitation at pH = 5.0, heat treatment at 55 °C for 3.0 minutes in the presence of 1.0 mM ATP, and ammonium sulphate fractionation. The purified fractions catalyzed glycine-dependent ATP-32PP exchange. The effect of some metal ions on glycine activation was studied. Activation occurred in the presence of either Mg++or Mn++. The apparent stimulation of glycine activation by Co++was found to be an artifact.
SEASONAL ADJUSTMENTS IN CAPTURED WILD NORWAY RATS: III. PRODUCTION OF ADRENAL STEROIDS IN VITRO
Authors: Willmer J. S. , Héroux O.
Published: October 2017

The in vitro adrenal steroid secretion of wild Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) captured during the winter differed in quantity, but not in quality, from that of similar rats captured during the summer. Whereas there was no evident seasonal effect on adrenal weight either in males or in females, adrenals of both sexes secreted at a faster rate during the winter than during the summer, this increase involving the four groups of steroids characterized chromatographically during both seasons and in both sexes; the predominant steroid secreted was corticosterone. This seasonal adjustment in adrenal activity is similar to that observed in white rats kept in group cages exposed outdoors to the natural summer and winter environmental conditions, but it differs from that found in white rats cold-acclimated in the laboratory, in which adrenal activity is lower than normal after cold acclimation.
A GENERAL METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF TRANSAMINASE ACTIVITY: EFFECTS OF HYPOGLYCIN A
Authors: Patrick S. J.
Published: October 2017

A general micromethod for the determination of transaminase activities in tissue homogenates is described. Hypoglycin A has been found to be a competitive inhibitor for various liver transaminases, the greatest inhibition being found with L-leucine transamination.