bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reproduction in the vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops): II. Annual menstrual patterns and seasonality
Authors: Else J. G. , Eley R. M. , Wangula C. , Worthman C. , Lequin R. M.
Published: June 2005

Menstrual patterns and progesterone levels were monitored for 5 years from a cohort of 28 female vervet monkeys that were individually caged indoors. Three distinct cycle types (short, normal, and prolonged) were defined according to cycle length. Mean length of the normal cycle (32.5 days) and menses duration (4.8 days) are in agreement with previous reports. Prolonged cycles (> 50 days) contributed 20% of the total, with a decreased incidence during the natural peak breeding period. Weekly progesterone measurements indicated that many prolonged cycles were associated with an extended luteal phase, while others were probably due to lack of ovulation. From these data it would appear that the vervet monkey, although not strongly seasonal, does favor a particular time of year for breeding in a colony housed indoors.
Sensory, motor, and postganglionic sympathetic neurons forming the ulnar and radial nerves of two macaque species: Macaca nemestrina and Macaca fascicularis
Authors: Leong Seng Kee , Wong Wai Chow , Tay Sam Wah
Published: June 2005

The motor, sensory, and postganglionic sympathetic neurons forming the left ulnar and right radial nerves of long‐tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) and pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) were localized by the horseradish peroxidase method of tracing neuronal connections. The ulnar and radial motoneurons formed a longitudinal column of variable extent in the lateral part of the ventral horn. In most animals, the ulnar motoneurons extended between the caudal ends of the C7 and T1 segments; the radial motoneurons extended between the rostral level of the C4 and the middle part of T1 segments. Although there were areas of overlap in the spinal distribution of ulnar and radial motoneurons, the ulnar motoneurons were located more dorsally and dorsolaterally than were the radial motoneurons. In most animals, labelled sensory neurons whose axons run with the ulnar nerve occurred in the C8–T4 dorsal root ganglia, and those whose axons run with the radial nerve occurred in the C5–T3 ganglia. The radial sympathetic neurons were distributed in stellate through T7 paravertebral sympathetic ganglia, and the ulnar sympathetic neurons were distributed in stellate through T4 paravertebral sympathetic ganglia. Though the motor, sensory, and sympathetic neurons forming the ulnar and radial nerves had wide segmental distributions, all showed peak frequencies in two segments. The cross‐sectional areas of the motor, sensory, and postganglionic sympathetic neurons forming the radial and ulnar nerves were measured in the animal that showed the greatest amount of labelling for each nerve. The ulnar and radial motoneurons had a similar range of sizes, with cross‐sectional areas between 120 and 2,160 μm2. Most were smaller than 900 μm2. The sensory neurons forming the ulnar and radial nerves also displayed a similar range of sizes, measuring between 120 and 3,360 μm2 in cross‐sectional area. Most neurons measured between 201 and 800 μm2. The ulnar sympathetic neurons measured between 120 and 840 μm2, and the radial neurons between 120 and 2,120 μm2. In both cases, most neurons measured between 120 and 600 μm2. The mean cross‐sectional area for the radial sympathetic neurons was, however, larger than that for the ulnar sympathetic neurons.
Female weight and reproductive condition in a population of olive baboons (Papio anubis)
Authors: Beicovrtch Fred B.
Published: June 2005

The study reported here tested Altmann's prediction [Baboon Mothers and Infants. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1980] that lactating female baboons endure a weight loss. Data from 64 adult female olive baboons (Papio anubis) residing in six troops in Kenya revealed that reproductive condition was related to weight. Lactating females weighed less and pregnant females weighed more than cycling females. There was a negative correlation between the weight of cycling females and the number of months postweighing to their next conception. These results indicate that lactation in wild baboons imposes energy costs that result in lost weight. It is suggested that female baboons may have to surpass a minimum weight threshold prior to resumption of postlactational cycling and that nutritional status is more influential than rank in affecting female reproductive success.
Allogrooming as a tension‐reduction mechanism: A behavioral approach
Authors: Schino Gabriele , Scucchi Stefano , Maestripieri Dario , Turillazzi Pier Giovanni
Published: June 2005

The hypothesis that allogrooming functions as a tension‐reduction mechanism was tested. Tension was measured by the frequency of displacement activities by an animal. Two adult male and 11 adult female Java (or long‐tailed) monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) that were relatively unfamiliar with each other were paired 1 hour per day for five consecutive days during the periovulatory portion of the menstrual cycle. Female allogrooming was found to reduce the frequency of male displacement activities both during the course of interaction and outside it, and this decrease was proportional to the amount of allogrooming received. Female allogrooming did not, however, exert long‐lasting effects on the frequency of female displacement activities. An increase in the frequency of male displacement activities was recorded during the 10‐second interval immediately after the end of the female allogrooming bouts. Neither postinhibitory rebound nor frustration owing to the cessation of a pleasant situation, i.e., the two advanced explanatory hypotheses, accounted for this increase. The results of the present study concur with physiological findings that support the tension‐reduction hypothesis. The social function of allogrooming appears quite important and is entirely compatible with the functional hypothesis that emphasizes hygiene.
Social factors influencing choice of food source in a captive group of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Gust Deborah A.
Published: June 2005

The influence of social factors, including social relationship, kinship, estrous cycle stage and hierarchical rank, on choice of a food source was studied in a group of 16 chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) maintained in a large, outdoor compound. The subjects chose among three feeding stations that were spatially separated and located along the periphery of the compound. One feeding station was associated with a preferred food (orange), and two stations contained a less‐preferred food (commercial chow or biscuit). A significant positive correlation was found between (a) the frequency with which one animal groomed another and the frequency with which they chose the same station during a given trial and (b) the percent of time that subjects were in close proximity and the frequency with which they chose the same station during a given trial, and this result was mediated by kinship. There was a significant difference in same‐station choice by the adult male and by a maximally tumescent female compared to the choice when that female was detumescent. Finally, there was no significant correlation between social rank and the percent of trials during which the station associated with the more highly preferred food type was chosen. This study provided quantitative data supporting postulations that factors such as social relationship, kinship, and estrous cycle stage affect the composition of groupings of chimpanzees at feeding stations, and the results are consistent with field observations.
Acute changes in social composition and agonistic behavior in male vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus)
Authors: Dillon James E. , Raleigh Michael J. , McGuire Michael T. , Pollack Deborah B.
Published: June 2005

Among nonhuman primates the composition of social groups influences the interactions of group members. We assessed the effects of acute changes in social composition on behavior among 15 adult male vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus). Subjects were observed in their basal social groups which comprised 3 adult males, 2–4 adult females, and offspring; and in two subgroups consisting of either two or three adult males.

Agonism and vigilance increased in smaller groups relative to basal conditions, while subjects in two‐male groups displayed more aggression than those in three‐male groups. These findings suggest that, among male vervet monkeys, acute disruption of stable social groups increases aggressive behavior, and that the amount of agonism is influenced by the composition of the consequent subgroups. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Secondary sex ratio and maternal dominance rank among wild yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) of Mikumi National Park, Tanzania
Authors: Rhine Ramon J. , Norton Guy W. , Rogers Jeffrey , Wasser Samuel K.
Published: June 2005

The Trivers and Willard model predicts that offspring of dominant mothers will be biased toward males and offspring of subordinate mothers towards females, whereas a local‐resource‐competition hypothesis predicts the reverse. Available data bearing upon these alternative predictions are inconsistent. It has been suggested that the local‐resource‐competition hypothesis will predominate when resources are scarce, and the Trivers‐Willard hypothesis when resources are abundant. The relationship between maternal dominance and secondary sex ratio for 214 offspring of 61 females was examined using four troops of wild yellow baboons living in Mikumi National Park, where the population was increasing in a resource‐rich habitat. For all troops combined, no significant relationship was found between offspring sex ratio and maternal rank. The four troops separately showed inconsistent trends, and in no case did the relationship reach conventional levels of statistical significance. In contrast, the local resource‐competition hypothesis was supported by a study of yellow baboons done with one troop and 80 offspring in Amboseli National Park, where a massive population decline had occurred. The contrasting Amboseli and Mikumi results may be due to differences in resource‐competition at the two study sites, or to stochastic variation. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pregnancy and early reproductive failure in the baboon
Authors: Kuehl Thomas J. , Kang Inn Soo , Siler‐Khodr Theresa M.
Published: June 2005

We documented normal pregnancy and the rate of pregnancy failure in female baboons by measuring chorionic gonadotropin (bCG) and progesterone (P) levels in 162 mated cycles of 70 baboon females on days 10, 12, and 14 postovulation. Females were mated with males during turgescene. The presence of pregnancy was defined by bCG levels >20 μg/ml by day 14 postovulation and/or documentation of a gestational sac using ultrasonography. Of the 162 cycles, 75 were fertile. Of these animals, 33 were used in other studies and thus were not included in these analyses. The analyses are based on 43 pregnancies from 91 cycles that were untreated throughout their gestations. Twenty‐six of these pregnancies had abnormal bCG and/or progesterone levels in early pregnancy. All of those pregnancies with abnormal endocrine parameters terminated with spontaneous abortion (60%). Certain abnormal bCG patterns were repeatedly observed in some animals and were correlated with repeated spontaneous abortions. Of 17 pregnancies with normal bCG and P patterns, 15 (88%) continued to term with a normal fetal outcome. In this study, a pregnancy rate per mated cycle of 47% was observed, yet 60% of untreated pregnancies abortyed spontaneously. Overall 16% of the mated cycles had continuing pregnancies with normal outcome. These studies demonstrate that a high rate of early abortions occurs in the baboon and that a single bCG determination is insufficient to define the presence of a “normal” pregnancy which might be expected to carry to term with a normal outcome.
Methods for analysis of unbalanced, longitudinal, growth data
Authors: Moses Lincoln E. , Gale Lynn C. , Altmann Jeanne
Published: June 2005

We describe an approach to analysis of growth that does not depend on assumptions about the underlying functional growth pattern and that allows for multiple observations arising from individual‐specific, irregularly spaced data. We produce estimated growth curves for predefined subject groups by using LOWESS, a nonparametric smoothing algorithm. We describe how statistical significance of curve features may be evaluated by using the “jackknife,” a sample re‐use method; this technique can be used to assess differences between subject groups. We then obtain residuals at each data point by reference to the estimated curve. Consistency of residuals is evaluated as a characteristic of individual subjects, and in the presence of individual consistency, relative size‐for‐age is then scored by the average residual for each individual. This allows study of relationships between relative size and other individual characteristics such as birth order, dominance rank, or age of maturation. Finally, we indicate flexibility of these methods and alternatives, propose uses related to other questions about growth, and suggest potential applications to variables other than body size. Appendices demonstrate application of the LOWESS and jackknife algorithms to the problem of testing sex differences in growth. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adjustments and adaptations to indoor and outdoor environments: Continuity and change in young adult rhesus monkeys
Authors: Novak Melinda A. , O'Neill Peggy , Suomi Stephen J.
Published: June 2005

Optimal environments for captive primates are assumed to be those which simulate certain ecological features and elicit a wide range of species‐typical behavior patterns. Outdoor environments are often thought to be more suitable than indoor environments in that they provide more space and potentially higher levels of stimulation. The purpose of this study was to compare the long‐term behavioral responses of several groups of animals that had been reared identically during the first two years of life and then exposed to different environments. Two groups were moved into separate “enriched” indoor pens while one group was moved to an outdoor area covering approximately 5 acres. The monkeys were observed during the first year of life and again in these different environments between the ages of 6 and 10. Although behaviorally similar during the first year of life, monkeys developed different response patterns to indoor and outdoor environments. Contrary to commonly held views, indoor monkeys were not more aggressive, nor did they show higher levels of stereotypical behavior. Instead, indoor monkeys exhibited higher levels of grooming, sexual posturing, tactile/oral exploration, and passive visual behavior than their outdoor counterparts. These differences are consistent with the reconciliation model of de Waal. Individual monkeys also showed remarkable stability in certain traits over the 5‐year period. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Styles of male social behavior and their endocrine correlates among high‐ranking wild baboons
Authors: Ray Justina C. , Sapolsky Robert M.
Published: June 2005

We have previously studied the relationship between dominance rank and physiology among male olive baboons (Papio anubis) living freely in a national park in Africa. In stable hierarchies, such males have distinctive secretory profiles of glucocorticoids and of testosterone. We find that these endocrine features are not, in fact, purely markers of social dominance; instead, they are found only among dominant males with particular stylistic traits of social behavior. One intercorrelated stylistic cluster revolved around the intensity with which the male is involved in sexual consortships (e.g., frequency of copulation, of grooming, degree to which feeding is suppressed by being in consortship). Males most involved in such consortships had the lowest basal cortisol concentrations and smaller cortisol stress‐responses. A second stylistic cluster revolved around the degree of social affiliation (e.g., rate of grooming and interacting positively with non‐estrus females and infants). Males who were highly affiliated had low basal cortisol concentrations and an attenuated cortisol stress‐response. A third cluster revolved around the degree to which males could distinguish between highly threatening interactions with rivals and neutral or mildly threatening ones. Males most adept at this had lower basal cortisol concentrations. These behavioral/endocrine clusters were independent of each other. This suggests that the same adaptive physiological feature (e.g., low basal cortisol concentrations) may arise from different and independent personality styles. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Collection and fertilization potential of sperm from the Sulawesi crested black macaque (Macaca nigra)
Authors: Thomson James A. , Iliff‐Sizemore Susan A. , Gliessman Perry M. , Wolf Don P.
Published: June 2005

In this study, semen was obtained by rectal probe electrostimulation (RPE) from the Sulawesi crested black macaque (Macaca nigra). Three experimental series were conducted. First, semen was collected from four animals anesthetized with either tiletamine‐zolazepam (Telazol®) or ket‐amine‐HCl (Vetalar®) (five collections from each animal with each drug). Because of greater muscle relaxation and analgesia, we found tiletaminezolazepam to be an attractive alternative to ketamine‐HCl as an anesthetic agent for RPE in M. nigra. Second, semen was collected from another four animals at stimulation frequencies of either 30 Hz or 60 Hz (five collections from each animal at each frequency). There were no significant differences in sperm number, in percentage of sperm with progressive motility, in the current required for sample recovery between tiletamine‐zolazepam or ketamine‐HCl anesthesia, or between a 30 Hz or 60 Hz stimulation frequency. Third, to check for retrograde sperm loss, the bladders of four animals were emptied, flushed with sterile saline, and then infused with TALP‐Hepes medium. After RPE, sperm numbers in the bladder were compared with those in the ejaculate. Although sperm were recovered from the bladder [1.6 (± 0.9) × 106] (mean ± SEM), the numbers were significantly less (P < 0.05) than those in the ejaculate [49 (± 18) × 106]. The percentage of sperm with normal morphology in these samples was high (96.8 ± 1.0%). The average sperm number in the 84 samples collected for this study was 33.8 (± 4.1) × 106. In preliminary experiments, we found that M. nigra sperm will fertilize rhesus monkey oocytes (Macaca mulatta) in vitro. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lions eat chimpanzees: The first evidence of predation by lions on wild chimpanzees
Authors: Tsukahara Takahiro
Published: June 2005

No report has confirmed predation on wild chimpanzees by lions. Recently, at least two lions visited the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania. Chimpanzee remains, including hairs, bones, and a tooth, were found in four samples of lion feces between June and September 1989. The discovery of each fecal sample, widely separated in time, combined with analyses of daily attendance records and fecal contents, suggests that at least four chimpanzees, including two adult females, an old adolescent male, and an early adolescent male, were eaten. Observed responses of chimpanzees to lions included alarm calls, whimpers, climbing into trees, and silence. Predation by lions has been neglected as a factor shaping the social structure of chimpanzees. Nevertheless, the large party size that has often been observed in savanna‐living chimpanzees, which are sympatric with lions, might be an anti‐predator response of this species. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Observations of increased activity and tool use in captive rhesus monkeys exposed to troughs of water
Authors: Parks Kathleen A. , Novak Melinda A.
Published: June 2005

This study investigated the effects of water troughs on nonhuman primates housed in a captive environment. Two groups of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were exposed to water‐filled troughs under three conditions: (1) standing water, (2) running water, and (3) a replication of standing and running water with novel objects. The effects of water exposure were assessed using a pretest phase (baseline), test phase (trough present), and posttest phase (baseline) design for each of the three conditions. Standing water produced different effects from running water. Monkeys were more active in the presence of standing water (higher levels of exploration and lower levels of social contact and grooming) than during baseline observations. In contrast, they were significantly more passive during the running water condition (higher levels of social contact) than baseline. Neither physical condition nor responses to dominance testing varied systematically over phases or between conditions. Tool use was observed during the standing water phases of Conditions 1 and 3. Three females from one group used a variety of cup‐like containers as drinking utensils. A larger number of animals used the trough to soak chow prior to ingestion, and virtually all of the animals used the trough as a drinking source. These results suggest that exposure to water sources may elicit a broad spectrum of species‐typical activity and may be a simple and inexpensive way to enrich the environment of captive rhesus monkeys. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Demographic and reproductive patterns in moustached tamarin monkeys (Saguinus mystax): Implications for reconstructing platyrrhine mating systems
Authors: Garber P. A. , Ón F. Encarnaci , Moya L. , Pruetz J. D.
Published: June 2005

In this paper we address a series of questions concerning reproductive opportunities, kinship, dispersal, and mating patterns in free‐ranging moustached tamarin monkeys (Saguinus mystax). Between 1980 and 1990 information on group size, composition, and migration patterns was collected on marked groups of moustached tamarins inhabiting Padre Isla, an island in the Amazon Basin of northeastern Peru. In 1990, 86% of 114 animals residing in 16 social groups were trapped, examined, and released. Mean group size was 7.0, including 2.2 adult males and 2.0 adult females. None of these groups was characterized by a single adult male‐female pair. In groups with more than one adult female, only the oldest female produced offspring.

An examination of dispersal patterns indicates that transfers between groups were common and fell into several categories, including immigration of individual males and females, simultaneous transfer of pairs of subadult and/or adult males (sometimes relatives) into the same social groups, and group fissioning in which males and females of the splinter group join another small social group. We have no unambiguous cases of 2 adult/subadult females migrating together into the same social group. All 6 groups for which reproductive data were available were characterized by either a polyandrous or polygynous (polygyandrous) mating pattern.

The results of this study indicate that moustached tamarins reside in small multimale multifemale groups that are likely to contain both related and unrelated adult group members. Kinship and social ties among males appear to be stronger and more longlasting than kinship and social ties among females. We contend that the modal mating system of moustached and many other tamarins is not monogamous, and offer the possibility that cooperative infant care and mating system flexibility in callitrichines evolved from a polygynous mating pattern. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On operationally defining reconciliation
Authors: Cords Marina
Published: June 2005

Post‐conflict reconciliatory behavior has been reported to occur with variable frequencies in different primate groups and species. Because different investigators have used different criteria to operationalize reconciliation, however, it is possible that the variation reported merely reflects different methods of study. To compare different groups and species in a meaningful way, an accurate operationalization of reconciliation is necessary. This study explores the correlation between operationally defined reconciliation (what observers recognize, such as friendly reunion) and functional reconciliation (behavior that restores a dyadic social relationship) in a group of captive long‐tailed macaques, using results from an experiment originally undertaken to demonstrate the function of friendly reunions in restoring dyadic tolerance after aggression. In dyads of unrelated animals, reunions were equally effective in restoring tolerance whether they involved body contact, overt friendly gestures, or mere proximity. Classification of post‐conflict reunions as “reconciliations” depends on comparisons with control observations; these comparisons have been carried out in several ways. Comparisons using the “n‐minute rule” missed functional reconciliations, whereas those based on the “post‐conflict/matched‐control rule” appeared to lead to more accurate classification of functional reconciliations. Post‐conflict reunions were equally effective in restoring tolerance whether they were initiated by the original aggressor or by the victim. An accurate operational definition of reconciliation, not a conservative one, is prerequisite to comparisons of the frequency of this behavior, and depends on empirical verification. This study suggests specific guidelines for an operational definition based on such verification. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dispersal by Propithecus verreauxi at Beza Mahafaly, Madagascar: 1984–1991
Authors: Richard A. F. , Rakotomanga P. , Schwartz M.
Published: June 2005

From 1984 to 1991, 126 males and females were marked and monitored in a wild population of Propithecus verreauxi in southwest Madagascar. Animals were assigned birth years, based on known birth date or degree of dental wear calibrated by recapture data. Twenty‐one of 27 groups identified in 1984 persisted within stable home range boundaries, 6 groups disappeared, and 6 new groups formed. Only males transferred between existing groups, although individuals of both sexes left groups to form new groups. The home range of the group into which a male transferred usually overlapped that of his group of origin. On average, 35% of males aged 3–6 years transferred each year. Older males transferred at a lower rate. Three to 6‐year‐old males were more likely than older males to transfer two or three times. Most 3–6‐year old males transferred into groups with a higher proportion and number of females, whereas older males were progressively more likely to transfer into groups with a lower proportion and number of females. New groups were formed by older males, whose mates had died or who had not been successful in joining an existing group, and by young, nulliparous females. Males have rarely been observed for more than 5 years in the same group. Dispersal by 3–6‐year‐old males appeared to be voluntary. Females helped evict non‐natal males from the group but did not prevent new males from joining. Age at first reproduction was 5 years in this population. Forced secondary dispersal may occur when maturing females cease to tolerate males who may be their fathers. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Maternal protectiveness and response to the unfamiliar in vervet monkeys
Authors: Fairbanks Lynn A. , McGuire Michael T.
Published: June 2005

Vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) show individual differences in approach‐avoidance behavior when faced with an unfamiliar and potentially threatening situation. Prior research from our colony demonstrated that juveniles who had experienced high levels of early maternal protectiveness were more cautious in response to novelty, compared to juveniles who had had less protective mothers. The research reported here was designed to verify this result in a paradigm that experimentally varied maternal protectiveness through the introduction of new breeding adult males. Mothers responded to the presence of new males by increased maternal protectiveness toward infants born in the year following the introductions. Individual differences in response to the unfamiliar were later evaluated by measuring the latency to approach within 1 m of novel food containers placed into the home enclosure of four naturally composed social groups. Infants approached with the same latency and in the same order as their mothers. Juveniles approached sooner than, and independent of, their mother's current behavior, but their latency to approach could be predicted by the experimentally induced variation in maternal protectiveness they had experienced as infants. Immatures who had been born in New Male years, when maternal protectiveness was high, were more cautious and had significantly longer latencies to approach the novel stimulus compared to immatures who had been born in Resident Male years. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Observations on effects of neonatal castration upon sexual and aggressive behavior in the male common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Dixson A. F.
Published: June 2005

The behavior of eight adult male marmosets that were bilaterally castrated during neonatal life (postnatal days 1–7), a single unilaterally castrated male, and eight age‐matched intact adult males was observed during encounter tests with unfamiliar conspecifics. When neonatally castrated (NC) males encountered ovariectomized, estradiol‐treated females, both partners were intensely aggressive and 66% of tests were terminated to avoid injuries. No mounts occurred, and females exhibited little or no sexual initiating behavior (proceptivity) towards NC males. By contrast, encounters between NC males and intact adult males were characterized by low levels of aggression and no tests were terminated. Intact males frequently mounted NC males. However, NC males initiated only 4% of these mounts by intact males and they refused or terminated 67% of mount attempts and mounts by intact males. The age‐matched intact adult males provided data which differed markedly from those obtained using NC males. The intact males were highly aggressive during encounters with other intact males, whereas they mounted and ejaculated when paired with females. The single male which had been unilaterally castrated in infancy provided similar results to the intact males. These experiments indicate that neonatal castration has profound effects upon the development of sexual and aggressive behavior in male marmosets. However, the stimulus qualities as well as the behavior of males are altered by neonatal castration, so that unfamiliar conspecifics react towards them as females during paired encounters. This finding complicates the interpretation of effects of neonatal castration upon development of sexually dimorphic behavioral patterns in male marmosets. Behavioral effects of castration later in postnatal development romain to be determined. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The stability of the vocal signature in phee calls of the common marmoset, Callithrix jacchus
Authors: Jones Bidda S. , Harris Duncan H. R. , Catchpole Clive K.
Published: June 2005

Phee calls were recorded from five captive common marmosets on three occasions. An initial recording session was followed by further sessions 1–12 days later, and finally, 12 months after the initial sample. Sonograms from the first recordings were measured using one duration and five frequency parameters, and significant differences between individuals were found for all six parameters. Discriminant function analysis was then applied to classify each call to a particular individual, witn a resulting classification accuracy of 97.27%. Analysis of the second and third recordings demonstrated accurate classification to the same caller using the measurements obtained from the initial sample. The accuracy remained high despite intra‐individual differences in acoustic structure among the three recording periods. Such differences may well reflect proximate changes in the underlying arousal state of the caller. Stability over time in the vocal signature of the phee call supports the view that this vocalization may be important in signalling individual identity over long distances, in a habitat where visual contact is limited. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A quantitative comparison of terrestrial herbaceous food consumption by Pan paniscus in the Lomako Forest, Zaire, and Pan troglodytes in the Kibale Forest, Uganda
Authors: Malenky Richard K. , Wrangham Richard W.
Published: June 2005

Differences in the social organization and dental morphology of Pan paniscus (bonobos) and Pan troglodytes (chimpanzees) have been related to differences in the spatiotemporal availability of food and its exploitation. The presence of abundant terrestrial herbaceous vegetation (THV) in the bonobo's habitat and the apparent greater reliance on herbs for food has been used to explain differences in party size and, by extension, social organization. Using fecal analysis, we assess quantitatively the amount of herbaceous foods consumed by Pan paniscus in the Lomako Forest, Zaire, compared to similar data for Pan troglodytes in the Kibale Forest, Uganda. We examine this data in the context of spatiotemporal patterns of availability of herbaceous foods and fruit, as well as their nutritional content. The results support the suggestion that bonobos consume more herbaceous food than do the Kibale chimpanzees and that these foods are more prevalent in the bonobo's habitat than in the Kibale Forest. However, temporal changes in fruit availability and herb consumption, along with nutritional analyses, suggest that chimpanzees consume herbs as a fallback source of carbohydrates, whereas bonobos consume herbs as a source of protein regardless of season or fruit abundance. Available data suggest that party size while feeding on terrestrial herbs is restricted at both sites, but a determination of the relative strength of this constraint is not possible at this time. Difficulties in methods used for data collection are discussed and areas where more information is needed are highlighted. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Personality features in vervet monkeys: The effects of sex, age, social status, and group composition
Authors: McGuire Michael T. , Raleigh Michael J. , Pollack Deborah B.
Published: June 2005

Personality ratings were completed in 97 socially living vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) ranging in age from 19 months to 14 years. Monkeys were rated on 17 distinct items on three separate occasions over a 14 month period. For each rating session, factor analysis resulted in similar factors: socially competent, playful/curious, and opportunistic, which are provisionally labeled as personality features.

Individuals' scores on the three factors were linked to the subjects' social status, age, and sex. Relative to subordinate animals, dominant individuals had higher scores on the socially competent and lower scores on the opportunistic factors. Juvenile and subadult animals scored higher on playful/curious and opportunistic factors than adults. Females had higher scores on the opportunistic factor than males. Scores on the three factors changed during maturation, which suggests that some aspects of personality are age‐ and context‐dependent.

When group composition and social status were unaltered, intraindividual differences in factor scores were as consistent over time as were the rates of social grooming, being in proximity to others, resting, and other overt behaviors. Alterations in social status, group composition, and group membership were associated with changes in factor scores among some, but not all animals.

These observations suggest that studies assessing personality can supplement ethological investigations of nonhuman primate behavior, and support the view that nonhuman Primates can serve as models for important features of human behavior. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prometaphase chromosomes of the howler monkey (Aloutta caraya): G, C, NOR, and restriction enzyme (RES) banding
Authors: Mudry M. , Ponsà M. , Borrell A. , Egozcue J. , Garcia M.
Published: June 2005

Prometaphase lymphocyte chromosomes from eight adult argentinian Alouatta caraya females were characterized using sequential G‐C banding techniques, Ag‐NOR bands and bands obtained with the restriction enzymes Hae III, Eco RI, Alu I and Sau 3A.

The cytogenetic analysis showed 2n = 52, with four, five, or six NOR chromosomes. Digestion with Hae III and Eco RI produced G‐like‐bands. Centromere regions and two interstitial C‐bands (in chromosomes number 16 and 21) showed intraindividual or interindividual heterochromatic polymorphisms. Alu I digestion produced C‐like bands with gaps in the centromere regions, and Sau 3A produced C‐like bands. The karyotypes and banding patterns of A. caraya, A. palliata, A. belzebul, and A. seniculus are compared, based on whole chromosome and whole arm homeologies. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrasound measurement of fetal growth in Macaca nemestrina
Authors: Conrad Suzanne , Ha James , Lohr Charles , Sackett Gene
Published: June 2005

Longitudinal ultrasound data were collected for 18 structures in 37 pigtailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) fetuses to 1) generate standards of normal fetal growth, 2) measure operator reliability, 3) assess the accuracy of linear and nonlinear regression models to estimate gestational age and dates of delivery, and 4) evaluate the portability of equations and absolute values derived from data at one facility (Seattle) to describe independently collected data on the same species at another facility (Medical Lake Breeding Colony). Femur length, biparietal diameter, and head area were found to be the best predictors of gestational age, as judged by maximum “explained” variance (R2) with minimum error estimates. Days to delivery could not be adequately predicted by any single fetal growth parameter or by the best combination of parameters. Operator reliability was very good: error was ⩽5% over all parameters studied. Although the form of growth curves from each facility was generally the same, variability was much greater for most parameters at Medical Lake, and both femur and humerus lengths were overestimated relative to the Seattle data. The same result was obtained for femur length when Seattle data on pigtailed macaques were compared with published data on rhesus macaques. We believe that these differences in facilities and populations may be due to the practices of the ultrasound operators. We suggest that portability of regression coefficients and absolute values for structures at a given gestational age can be accomplished only if operators are trained to use the same standard methods and receive periodic reliability checks. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Seasonal and social correlates of changes in hair, skin, and scrotal condition in vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) of Amboseli National Park, Kenya
Authors: Isbell Lynne A.
Published: June 2005

In a 20‐month study of six groups of vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) in Amboseli National Park, Kenya, I documented changes in hair loss in all individuals, and scrotal color and hyperpigmentation in all adult males. Hair loss occurred seasonally and was most pronounced in low‐ranking individuals, especially males. The mean shade of scrotal color for all males and the percentage of males with scrotal hyperpigmentation both covaried with hair loss over time. Scrotal color was strongly negatively correlated with scrotal hyperpigmentation. The underlying causes are not yet known. I present three scenarios based on nutrition, stress from competition, or a combination of the two, that might explain these patterns. Awareness of these easily observable changes may provide field‐workers with a quickly assessed visual measure of physical or emotional stress in free‐ranging vervets. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structure and gas sorption properties of an aromatic polyamide with long alkyl side chains
Authors: Takashima H. , Okamoto S. , Yoshimizu H. , Tsujita Y.
Published: June 2005

An aromatic polyamide with long alkyl side chain, A‐C12, was synthesized from the condensation of 1,4‐didodecylester of pyromellitic acid and p‐phenylenediamine to clarify the relationship between its higher order structure and gas sorption properties. A‐C12 formed a layered structure composed of alternating rigid aromatic main chain layers and flexible dodecyl side chain layers. This polyamide could be imidized by the usual imidization method. Imidized A‐C12 could not keep the layered structure of A‐C12. CO2 sorption of A‐C12 occurred only in the side chain layer region, which is almost a liquid‐like environment, and the sorption isotherms obeyed Henry's law. This result also indicates that the main chain layer is very dense and cannot sorb CO2. On the other hand, imidized A‐C12 showed a large sorption amount of CO2 and dual mode sorption, despite high density, meaning imidized A‐C12 does not contain a layered order structure but an amorphous glassy state. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 1771–1775, 2005
Ambient‐cured polyesteramide‐based anticorrosive coatings from linseed oil—A sustainable resource
Authors: Zafar Fahmina , Sharmin Eram , Ashraf S. M. , Ahmad Sharif
Published: June 2005

Ambient‐cured polyesteramide (APEA) coating resin synthesized from dihydroxy fatty amide obtained from linseed oil, a sustainable resource, and poly(styrene‐co‐maleic anhydride), a bifunctional acid component, was found to exhibit improved physicomechanical and anticorrosive properties. The structural elucidation of APEA resin has been carried out by FTIR, 1H‐NMR, and 13C‐NMR spectroscopies. The physicomechanical and chemical resistance properties were investigated by standard methods. The corrosion resistance performance was evaluated in acid, alkali, and organic solvent. The thermal behavior was studied by TGA technique. A comparative study of these properties of APEA with reported baked polyesteramide (PEA) coatings was carried out. A remarkable improvement in the drying property of APEA was observed. The APEA coatings also showed improved physicomechanical and anticorrosive properties as compared to the baked PEA coatings. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 1818–1824, 2005
A comparative study of the effect of some paraffinic oils on rheological and dynamic properties and behavior at low temperature in EPDM rubber compounds
Authors: Ibarra L. , Posadas P. , Esteban‐Martínez M.
Published: June 2005

The influence of some paraffinic oils on rheological properties, dynamic properties, and behavior at low temperature of various ethylene–propylene–diene monomer rubber (EPDM) compounds was studied. Three different types of EPDM, Dutral TER 4049, Dutral Ter 4038, and Nordel IP 4770 R, and five different paraffinic oils were used. The properties of the compounds were evaluated with reference to the oil characteristics: viscosity, composition, glass transition temperature, and solubility parameter. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 1825–1834, 2005
Infections in children and young adults with bone malignancies undergoing limb‐sparing surgery
Authors: Gaur Aditya H. , Liu Tiebin , Knapp Katherine M. , Daw Najat C. , Rao Bhaskar N. , Neel Michael D. , Rodriguez‐Galindo Carlos , Brand Diane , Adderson Elisabeth E.
Published: June 2005

BACKGROUND

The epidemiology, risk factors, and efficacy of therapy for infections complicating limb‐sparing surgery (LSS) are not understood completely.

METHODS

The authors conducted a retrospective review of children and adolescents with bone malignancies who underwent LSS.

RESULTS

One hundred three patients underwent 104 LSS procedures. Patients experienced a median of 4 infections (range, 0–13 infections), including focal bacterial infections in 67% of patients and bacteremia in 21% of patients. Infections at the LSS site occurred in 26% of patients, and 21% of patients developed orthopedic device infections (ODIs). Compared with patients without ODIs, patients who developed ODIs were more likely to be African American and to have wound infections, and they were less likely to have tumors of the femur than the tibia. In a multivariate analysis, only African‐American race and local infection at the LSS site retained a significant association with ODIs. Among survivors, patients who developed ODIs were more likely to undergo amputation (odds ratio [OR], 24.0; 95% confidence interval [95%CI], 5.1–114.0; P < 0.001) and were less likely to have good functional outcomes (OR, 0.02; 95%CI, 0.002–0.15; P < 0.001) compared with patients who did not have an ODI. Overall, only 1 of 22 patients with an ODI was treated successfully without removal of the orthopedic device or amputation.

CONCLUSIONS

Current treatment for bone malignancies is complicated by an unexpectedly high incidence of infection. ODI was the most common reason for amputation and poor functional outcomes. The identification of risk factors for ODI may allow modifications of therapy that reduce the incidence and severity of infection, but prevention of all ODIs will require novel strategies. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
A control method for the matrix converter based on virtual AC/DC/AC conversion using carrier comparison method
Authors: Itoh Jun‐Ichi , Sato Ikuya , Ohguchi Hideki , Sato Kazuhisa , Odaka Akihiro , Eguchi Naoya
Published: June 2005

This paper proposes a novel control method based on the virtual AC/DC/AC conversion for the matrix converter. The virtual AC/DC/AC conversion method is a very simple strategy to control the input current and the output voltage for the matrix converter. There are two new topics proposed in this paper. First, this paper proposes the minimum switching loss modulation on the virtual rectifier. In our proposed modulation, only two arms switching in the virtual rectifier using DC link current control by the virtual inverter can obtain clean sinusoidal input current. Second, a novel lean controlled carrier modulation on the virtual inverter is proposed. The leans of the triangle carrier are controlled by the duty ratio of the rectifier side pulse. The lean controlled carrier reduces harmonic distortion of the input current by avoiding interference between the rectifier control and the inverter control. These new proposals are confirmed by simulation and experimental results. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 152(3): 65–73, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20144
Determination of caffeine and its metabolites in urine by capillary electrophoresis‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Peri‐Okonny Unita L. , Wang Shao Xiong , Stubbs R. John , Guzman Norberto A.
Published: June 2005

The caffeine content of foods and beverages varies considerably, interfering with our ability to obtain valid interpretations in many human studies with regard to the mechanism of action(s) of caffeine and/or its metabolites. The rate of metabolism of caffeine and other xanthine drugs also varies greatly from one individual to another. Therefore, it is extremely important to develop accurate, reliable analytical methods to quantify caffeine and its metabolites in simple and complex matrixes. A simple method is described for the separation and characterization of caffeine and its major metabolites employing capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled to ultraviolet‐absorption and mass spectrometry (MS) detection. After optimization of the electrophoresis separation conditions, a reliable separation of caffeine and 11 of its major metabolites was achieved in 50 mM ammonium carbonate buffer, pH 11.0. The volatile aqueous electrolyte system used with a normal electroosmotic flow polarity also provided an optimal separation condition for the characterization of the analytes by MS. The CE method achieved baseline resolution for all 12 compounds in less than 30 min. The CE‐MS method is suitable for use as a routine procedure for the rapid separation and characterization of caffeine and its metabolites. The usefulness of this method was demonstrated by the extraction, separation, and identification of caffeine and its 11 metabolites from normal urine samples. The urine specimens were first acidified to obtain optimum binding efficiency to the sorbents of the off‐line, solid‐phase extraction procedure employed here, and an acidified eluent solvent was employed for the desorption step to maximize the recovery of the bound analytes.