bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differential modulation of gonadotropin responses to kisspeptin by aminoacidergic, peptidergic, and nitric oxide neurotransmission
Authors: García-Galiano David , Pineda Rafael , Roa Juan , Ruiz-Pino Francisco , Sánchez-Garrido Miguel A. , Castellano Juan M. , Aguilar Enrique , Navarro Víctor M. , Pinilla Leonor , Tena-Sempere Manuel
Published: September 2012

Kisspeptins (Kp), products of the Kiss1 gene, have emerged as essential elements in the control of GnRH neurons and gonadotropic secretion. However, despite considerable progress in the field, to date limited attention has been paid to elucidate the potential interactions of Kp with other neurotransmitters known to centrally regulate the gonadotropic axis. We characterize herein the impact of manipulations of key aminoacidergic (glutamate and GABA), peptidergic (NKB, Dyn, and MCH), and gaseous [nitric oxide (NO)] neurotransmission on gonadotropin responses to Kp-10 in male rats. Blockade of ionotropic glutamate receptors (of the NMDA and non-NMDA type) variably decreased LH responses to Kp-10, whereas activation of both ionotropic and metabotropic receptors, which enhanced LH and FSH release per se, failed to further increase gonadotropin responses to Kp-10. In fact, coactivation of metabotropic receptors attenuated LH and FSH responses to Kp-10. Selective activation of GABAA receptors decreased Kp-induced gonadotropin secretion, whereas their blockade elicited robust LH and FSH bursts and protracted responses to Kp-10 when combined with GABAB receptor inhibition. Blockade of Dyn signaling (at κ-opioid receptors) enhanced LH responses to Kp-10, whereas activation of Dyn and NKB signaling modestly reduced Kp-induced LH and FSH release. Finally, MCH decreased basal LH secretion and modestly reduced FSH responses to Kp-10, whereas LH responses to Kp-10 were protracted after inhibition of NO synthesis. In summary, we present herein evidence for the putative roles of glutamate, GABA, Dyn, NKB, MCH, and NO in modulating gonadotropic responses to Kp in male rats. Our pharmacological data will help to characterize the central interactions and putative hierarchy of key neuroendocrine pathways involved in the control of the gonadotropic axis.
A phenomenological model for circadian and sleep allostatic modulation of plasma cortisol concentration
Authors: Thorsley David , Leproult Rachel , Spiegel Karine , Reifman Jaques
Published: September 2012

Both circadian rhythmicity and sleep play significant roles in the regulation of plasma cortisol concentration by the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Numerous studies have found links between sleep and changes in cortisol concentration, but the implications of these results have remained largely qualitative. In this article, we present a quantitative phenomenological model to describe the effects of different sleep durations on cortisol concentration. We constructed the proposed model by incorporating the circadian and sleep allostatic effects on cortisol concentration, the pulsatile nature of cortisol secretion, and cortisol's negative autoregulation of its own production and validated its performance on three study groups that experienced four distinct sleep durations. The model captured many disparate effects of sleep on cortisol dynamics, such as the inhibition of cortisol secretion after the wake-to-sleep transition and the rapid rise of cortisol concentration before morning awakening. Notably, the model reconciled the seemingly contradictory findings between studies that report an increase in cortisol concentration following total sleep deprivation and studies that report no change in concentration. This work provides a biomathematical approach to combine the results on the effects of sleep on cortisol concentration into a unified framework and predict the impact of varying sleep durations on the cortisol profile.
The Experience of a Multidisciplinary Clinic in the Management of Early-Stage Breast Cancer Patients Receiving Trastuzumab Therapy: An Observational Study
Authors: Dent Susan , Hopkins Sean , Graham Nadine , Johnson Christopher , Law Angeline , Campbell Michelle , Crawley Freya , Allen Kathleen , Turek Michele
Published: September 2012

Background. We established a dedicated cardiac oncology clinic in 2008 for the rapid diagnosis and treatment of cardiotoxicity related to cancer therapy. In this retrospective observational study, we report on clinical outcomes in women with early-stage breast cancer (EBC) referred to this clinic.Methods. Patients with EBC treated with chemotherapy/trastuzumab and referred between October 2008 and December 2010. Data included patient demographics, staging, cancer treatment/completion, dose delays, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and cardiac treatment.Results. Forty eight patients: median age 55.5 years, stage I/II disease (77%) and HER-2 positive (98%). The majority of women (n=32) were referred for decreases in LVEF (from baseline). Overall, 37 (77%) patients experienced at least one drop in LVEF while on treatment, of which 22 patients (59%) experienced a ≥10 percentage point drop. The majority of patients (30/37; 81%) experienced declines in LVEF while on trastuzumab. Interventions included trastuzumab delays (n=16/48; 33%) and cardiac medication (12/48: 25%). A total of 81% of patients completed ≥90% of trastuzumab therapy and 15% of patients discontinued therapy due to cardiotoxicity.Conclusion. The majority of patients referred to our clinic completed therapy. Further studies are needed to determine the impact of this multidisciplinary approach on treatment completion and cardiac outcomes.
Trypanosoma cruzi Infection in an Indigenous Kariña Community in Eastern Venezuela
Authors: Berrizbeitia Mariolga , Moreno Dairene , Ward Brian J. , Gómez Erika , Jorquera Alicia , Rodríguez Jessicca , García Norys , Herrera Melfran , Marcano Mercedes , Ndao Momar
Published: September 2012

We investigated the seroprevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in an indigenous Kariña population in eastern Venezuela. A total of 175 serum samples were collected in the community of Piñantal during February 2009. Interviews targeting socioeconomic and environmental factors associated with the T. cruzi transmission were also conducted. Samples were evaluated using trypomastigote excreted/secreted antigens (TESAs) in an ELISA format. TESA-ELISA positive samples were confirmed by indirect haemagglutination (HAI) (Wiener). A nonsystematic collection of vectors was also undertaken. T. cruzi seroprevalence was 7.43% according to both assays, and the mean age of infected patients was 48.61±10.40 years (range 34 to 73 years). The vector infection rate was 20.00% (2/10). T. cruzi seropositivity was associated with a history of triatomine bites, the ability to recognize the vector and poor knowledge about Chagas disease, but no associations were found with gender, house type, knowledge of how the disease is transmitted, or the presence of vectors or animals inside dwellings. To our knowledge, this is the first study of the seroprevalence of T. cruzi in an indigenous population in eastern Venezuela. All of the epidemiological variables required for the establishment of active vectorial transmission of T. cruzi were present in this community.
The Antitumor Activity ofAntrodia camphoratain Melanoma Cells: Modulation of Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathways
Authors: Hseu You-Cheng , Tsou Hsiao-Tung , Kumar K. J. Senthil , Lin Kai-Yuan , Chang Hsueh-Wei , Yang Hsin-Ling
Published: September 2012

Antrodia camphorata(AC) is well known in Taiwan as a traditional Chinese medicine. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a fermented culture broth of AC could inhibit melanoma proliferation and progressionviasuppression of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. In this study, we observed that AC treatment resulted in decreased cell viability and disturbed Wnt/β-catenin cascade in B16F10 and/or B16F1 melanoma cells. This result was accompanied by a decrease in the expression of Wnt/β-catenin transcriptional targets, including c-Myc and survivin. Furthermore, treatment of melanoma cells with AC resulted in a significant increase in apoptosis, which was associated with DNA fragmentation, cytochrome c release, caspase-9 and -3 activation, PARP degradation, Bcl-2/Bax dysregulation, and p53 expression. We also observed that AC caused G1phase arrest mediated by a downregulation of cyclin D1 and CDK4 and increased p21 and p27 expression. In addition, we demonstrated that non- and subcytotoxic concentrations of AC markedly inhibited migration and invasion of highly metastatic B16F10 cells. The antimetastatic effect of AC was further confirmed by reductions in the levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, and VEGF expression. These results suggest thatAntrodia camphoratamay exert antitumor activity by downregulating the Wnt/β-catenin pathways.
Association betweenIL17Polymorphisms and Risk of Cervical Cancer in Chinese Women
Authors: Quan Yi , Zhou Bin , Wang Yanyun , Duan Ruiqi , Wang Kana , Gao Qianqian , Shi Shaoqing , Song Yaping , Zhang Lin , Xi Mingrong
Published: September 2012

Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is a proinflammatory cytokine that is associated with inflammation, autoimmune disorders, and even tumors. Previous studies revealed that a large group of human malignant tumors have abnormally high IL-17 expression. In the present study, we analyzed two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in theIL17A(rs2275913) andIL17F(rs763780) in 311 cervical cancer patients and 463 controls using TaqMan assays. Our results indicated that the frequencies of AA genotype and A allele of rs2275913 were significantly different between the cervical cancer patients and controls (P=0.008, OR = 1.32, 95% CI, 1.07–1.62). Stratified analyses revealed that the polymorphism of rs2275913 was also associated with positive peritumor intravascular cancer emboli and high clinical stage. The genotype and allele frequencies of rs763780 did not show any difference between patients and controls or relate to patient clinical characteristics. Collectively, these findings suggested thatIL17gene polymorphism rs2275913 was associated with the susceptibility as well as positive peritumor intravascular cancer emboli and high clinical stage of cervical cancer in Chinese women.
Evaluation of Physical Symptoms in Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis
Authors: Figueiredo Ana Elizabeth , Goodlad Cate , Clemenger Michelle , Haddoub San San , McGrory Jacqueline , Pryde Kim , Tonkins Emma , Hisole Nora , Brown Edwina Anne
Published: September 2012

Introduction. Little is known about physical symptoms in peritoneal dialysis (PD) Patients. This study aims to determine the prevalence of symptoms (general and abdominal) in PD patients.Methods. A cross-sectional study, with subsequent followup, using an author-designed 21 symptoms questionnaire (15 nonabdominal and 6 abdominal). Each symptom was assessed on a scale 0–3 for severity (none–severe) and frequency (never–every day).Results. We studied 41 patients, mean age years, 56% male, 19.5% diabetics, and 51.5% on APD. Mean number of symptoms was and total symptoms score was with abdominal scores of . Most frequent symptoms were lack of energy, itching, cramps, poor sleep, and loss of appetite. A second evaluation in 20 patients disclosed no statistical difference between the first and second assessments, or between subgroups. Cramps were the only symptoms which decreased over time (). Lack of energy did not correlate with haemoglobin, neither did itching with phosphate level.Conclusions. Physical symptoms are frequent and troublesome; they relate to advanced kidney disease and not specifically to PD. Symptoms remain stable over time and do not appear to relate to dialysis parameter markers.
Effect of High-Dose Oral Rabeprazole on Recurrent Bleeding after Endoscopic Treatment of Bleeding Peptic Ulcers
Authors: Kim Hyung-Keun , Kim Jin-Soo , Kim Tae-Ho , Kim Chang-Whan , Cho Young-Seok , Kim Sung-Soo , Chae Hiun-Suk , Han Sok-Won , Park Yong-Wan , Son Hye-Suk , Min Jeong-Yo , Cho Guen-Jong , Bag Jung-Sun , Choi Son-Ook
Published: September 2012

Background. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of high-dose oral rabeprazole versus high-dose IV PPI on rebleeding after endoscopic treatment of bleeding peptic ulcers.Methods. This was a two-center, prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Patients with a high-risk bleeding peptic ulcer had endoscopic hemostasis and were randomly assigned to the high-dose oral rabeprazole group (20 mg twice daily for 72 hours) or the high-dose IV omeprazole group (80 mg as a bolus injection followed by continuous infusion at 8 mg/h for 72 hours).Results. The study was stopped because of slow enrollment (totaln=106). The rebleeding rates within 3 days were 3.7% (2 of 54 patients) given oral rabeprazole and 1.9% (1 of 52 patients) given IV omeprazole (P=1.000). The rebleeding rates after 3 days were 1.9% and 0% (P=1.000), respectively. The surgical intervention rates were 3.7% and 0% (P=0.495), and the mortality rates were 1.9% and 0% (P=1.000), respectively.Conclusions. The effect of high-dose oral rabeprazole did not differ significantly from that of high-dose IV omeprazole on rebleeding, surgical intervention, or mortality after endoscopic treatment of bleeding peptic ulcers, but this requires further evaluation.
Time-Course Analysis of Main Markers of Primary Infection in Cats with the Feline Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Ribba B. , El Garch H. , Brunet S. , Grenier E. , Castiglione F. , Poulet H. , Vanhems P.
Published: September 2012

Studies of the response of the immune system to feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) during primary infection have shown that a subpopulation ofCD8+T-cells with an activated phenotype and reduced expression of the CD8βchain (denoted CD8βlowT cells) expands to reach up to 80% of the totalCD8+T cell count. The expansion of this subpopulation is considered to be a signature of FIV and an indicator of immune system alteration. We use a simple mathematical formalism to study the relationships over time between the dose of infection, the size of the CD8βlowpopulation, and the circulating viral load in cats infected with FIV. Viremia profiles are described using a combination of two exponential laws, whereas the CD8βlowpercentage (out of the totalCD8+population) is represented by a Gompertz law including an expansion phase and a saturation phase. Model parameters are estimated with a population approach using data from 102 experimentally infected cats. We examine the dose of infection as a potential covariate of parameters. We find that the rates of increase of viral load and of CD8βlowpercentage are both correlated with the dose of infection. Cats that develop strong acute viremia also show the largest degree of CD8βlowexpansion. The two simple models are robust tools for analysing the time course of CD8βlowpercentage and circulating viral load in FIV-infected cats and may be useful for generating new insights on the disease and on the design of therapeutic strategies, potentially applicable to HIV infection.
Multiple Bounded Positive Solutions to Integral Type BVPs for Singular Second Order ODEs on the Whole Line
Authors: Liu Yuji
Published: September 2012

This paper is concerned with the integral type boundary value problems of the second order differential equations with one‐dimensional p‐Laplacian on the whole line. By constructing a suitable Banach space and a operator equation, sufficient conditions to guarantee the existence of at least three positive solutions of the BVPs are established. An example is presented to illustrate the main results. The emphasis is put on the one‐dimensional p‐Laplacian term [ρ(t)Φ(x’(t))]’ involved with the function ρ, which makes the solutions un‐concave.
Burkitt Lymphoma Presenting as Unilateral Deafness in an Immunocompetent Patient
Authors: Pinto Andre , Ikpatt Offiong Francis , Chapman-Fredericks Jennifer
Published: September 2012

A 55-year-old HIV-negative white male presented with right ear deafness, right axillary lymphadenopathy, and weight loss. Laboratory findings included anemia, marked leukocytosis, and thrombocytopenia. Examination of the peripheral smear demonstrated the presence of increased circulating blast-like cells of intermediate size, with basophilic cytoplasm and nuclei with open chromatin. MRI of the brain was compatible with hemorrhagic labyrinthitis. Excisional biopsy of the axillary mass revealed an enlarged lymph node with effaced architecture and “starry sky” appearance. The cells expressed CD20, CD10, BCL6, and surface kappa immunoglobulin light chain, with a high proliferative index by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Subsequent bone marrow biopsy was hypercellular (approximately 95%), with blast-like cells virtually replacing all hematopoietic elements. Routine karyotype as well as FISH analysis of bone marrow cells demonstrated rearrangement of the MYC gene at chromosome 8q24 region, IGH/MYC fusion, and additional signal for IGH gene. We present herein a case of sporadic Burkitt lymphoma occurring in a previously healthy HIV-negative male. The unusual clinical findings in this case include the relatively older age at presentation (55 years), an immunocompetent patient who had nodal involvement and leukemic phase of Burkitt, coupled with partial deafness. A brief educational review of this neoplasm is made.
On the Exact Analytical and Numerical Solutions of Nano Boundary‐Layer Fluid Flows
Authors: Aly Emad H. , Ebaid Abdelhalim
Published: September 2012

The nonlinear boundary value problem describing the nanoboundary‐layer flow with linear
Navier boundary condition is investigated theoretically and numerically in this paper. The
G′/G‐expansion method is applied to search for the all possible exact solutions, and its results are
then validated by the Chebyshev pseudospectral differentiation matrix (ChPDM) approach which
has been recently introduced and successfully used. This numerical technique is firstly
applied and, on comparing with the other recent work, it is found that the results are very accurate
and effective to deal with the current problem. It is then used to examine and validate the present
analytical analysis. Although the G′/G‐expansion method has been used widely to solve nonlinear wave equations, its application for nonlinear boundary value problems has not been discussed yet, and the present paper may be the first to address this point. It is clarified that the exact solutions obtained via the G′/G‐expansion method cannot be obtained by using some of the other methods. In addition, the domain of the physical parameters involved in the current boundary value problem is also discussed. Furthermore, the convex, vicinity of zero, and asymptotic solutions are deduced.
FOLDNA, a Web Server for Self-Assembled DNA Nanostructure Autoscaffolds and Autostaples
Authors: Zhou Chensheng , Luo Heng , Feng Xiaolu , Li Xingwang , Zhu Jie , He Lin , Li Can
Published: September 2012

DNA self-assembly is a nanotechnology that folds DNA into desired shapes. Self-assembled DNA nanostructures, also known as origami, are increasingly valuable in nanomaterial and biosensing applications. Two ways to use DNA nanostructures in medicine are to form nanoarrays, and to work as vehicles in drug delivery. The DNA nanostructures perform well as a biomaterial in these areas because they have spatially addressable and size controllable properties. However, manually designing complementary DNA sequences for self-assembly is a technically demanding and time consuming task, which makes it advantageous for computers to do this job instead. We have developed a web server, FOLDNA, which can automatically design 2D self-assembled DNA nanostructures according to custom pictures and scaffold sequences provided by the users. It is the first web server to provide an entirely automatic design of self-assembled DNA nanostructure, and it takes merely a second to generate comprehensive information for molecular experiments including: scaffold DNA pathways, staple DNA directions, and staple DNA sequences. This program could save as much as several hours in the designing step for each DNA nanostructure. We randomly selected some shapes and corresponding outputs from our server and validated its performance in molecular experiments.
Prevalence of Successful Aging in the Elderly in Western Mexico
Authors: Arias-Merino Elva Dolores , Mendoza-Ruvalcaba Neyda Ma. , Arias-Merino Martha Judith , Cueva-Contreras Jazmín , Vazquez Arias Carlos
Published: September 2012

Objectives. The aim of this paper is to estimate the prevalence of successful aging in the elderly in Western Mexico and to analyze its variability by age, sex, education, marital status, and pension.Methods. This study employs data from the Health, Wellbeing, and Aging Study (SABE) in Jalisco and Colima, Mexico. Successful aging was operationalized in accordance with no important disease, no disability, physical functioning, cognitive functioning, and being actively. There were a total of 3116 elderly.Results. 12.6% of older adults were “successful” aging. The old-old is a lower proportion of successful aging people; it ranges from 18.9% among people aged 60–69 years to 3.9% in the 80–89 years and up to 1% in people 90 and older. There were also differences according to sex(P=.000), with a higher proportion of successful aging men (18.4% compared with 9.2% of women). There were differences in educational level(P=.000); those higher with education were found to be more successful aging, and also there were differences in marital status for married people(P=.000).Discussion. A small number of older adults meet the criteria definition of successful aging, suggesting the need to analyze in depth the concept and the indicators.
Maternal Plasma Phosphatidylcholine Fatty Acids and Atopy and Wheeze in the Offspring at Age of 6 Years
Authors: Pike Katharine C. , Calder Philip C. , Inskip Hazel M. , Robinson Sian M. , Roberts Graham C. , Cooper Cyrus , Godfrey Keith M. , Lucas Jane S. A.
Published: September 2012

Variation in exposure to polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) might influence the development of atopy, asthma, and wheeze. This study aimed to determine whether differences in PUFA concentrations in maternal plasma phosphatidylcholine are associated with the risk of childhood wheeze or atopy. For 865 term-born children, we measured phosphatidylcholine fatty acid composition in maternal plasma collected at 34 weeks’ gestation. Wheezing was classified using questionnaires at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months and 6 years. At age of 6 years, the children underwent skin prick testing, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) measurement, and spirometry. Maternaln-6 fatty acids and the ratio ofn-3 ton-6 fatty acids were not associated with childhood wheeze. However, higher maternal eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and totaln-3 fatty acids were associated with reduced risk of non-atopic persistent/late wheeze (RR 0.57, 0.67 and 0.69, resp.P=0.01, 0.015, and 0.021, resp.). Maternal arachidonic acid was positively associated with FENO (P=0.024). A higher ratio of linoleic acid to its unsaturated metabolic products was associated with reduced risk of skin sensitisation (RR 0.82,P=0.013). These associations provide some support for the hypothesis that variation in exposure ton-6 andn-3 fatty acids during pregnancy influences the risk of childhood wheeze and atopy.
Genetics of Myasthenia Gravis: A Case-Control Association Study in the Hellenic Population
Authors: Zagoriti Zoi , Georgitsi Marianthi , Giannakopoulou Olga , Ntellos Fotios , Tzartos Socrates J. , Patrinos George P. , Poulas Konstantinos
Published: September 2012

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an heterogeneous autoimmune disease characterized by the production of autoantibodies against proteins of the postsynaptic membrane, in the neuromuscular junction. The contribution of genetic factors to MG susceptibility has been evaluated through family and twin studies however, the precise genetic background of the disease remains elusive. We conducted a case-control association study in 101 unrelated MG patients of Hellenic origin and 101 healthy volunteers in order to assess the involvement of common genetic variants in susceptibility to MG. We focused on three candidate genes which have been clearly associated with several autoimmune diseases, aiming to investigate their potential implication in MG pathogenesis. These are interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF-5), TNFα-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3), also known as A20, and interleukin-10 (IL-10), key molecules in the regulation of immune function. A statistical trend of association (P=0.068) betweenIL-10promoter single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the subgroups of early and late-onset MG patients was revealed. No statistically significant differences were observed in the rest of the variants examined. As far as we are aware, this is the first worldwide attempt to address the possible association betweenIRF-5andTNFAIP3common genetic variants and the genetic basis of MG.
Orientation of One‐Dimensional Silicon Polymer Films Studied by X‐Ray Absorption Spectroscopy
Authors: Mannan Md. Abdul , Baba Yuji , Sekiguchi Tetsuhiro , Shimoyama Iwao , Hirao Norie , Nagano Masamitsu , Noguchi Hideyuki
Published: September 2012

Molecular orientations for thin films of one‐dimensional silicon polymers grown by vacuum evaporation have been assigned by near‐edge X‐ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) using linearly polarized synchrotron radiation. The polymer investigated was polydimethylsilane (PDMS) which is the simplest stable silicon polymer, and one of the candidate materials for one‐dimensional molecular wire. For PDMS films deposited on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), four resonance peaks have been identified in the Si K‐edge NEXAFS spectra. Among these peaks, the intensities of the two peaks lower‐energy at 1842.0 eV and 1843.2 eV were found to be strongly polarization dependent. The peaks are assigned to the resonance excitations from the Si 1s to σ∗ pyz and σ∗ px orbitals localized at the Si–C and Si–Si bonds, respectively. Quantitative evaluation of the polarization dependence of the NEXAFS spectra revealed that the molecules are self‐assembled on HOPG surface, and the backbones of the PDMS are oriented nearly parallel to the surface. The observed orientation is opposite to the previously observed results for PDMS on the other surfaces such as oxide (indium tin oxide) and metal (polycrystalline copper). The flat‐lying feature of PDMS observed only on HOPG surface is attributed to the interaction between CH bonds in PDMS and π orbitals in HOPG surface.
Comparison of the Minimental State Examination Scale and the International HIV Dementia Scale in Assessing Cognitive Function in Nigerian HIV Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Oshinaike O. Olajumoke , Akinbami A. Akinsegun , Ojo O. Oluwadamilola , Ojini I. Frank , Okubadejo U. Njideka , Danesi A. Mustapha
Published: September 2012

Introduction. HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) remains common despite the availability of antiretroviral therapy. Routine screening will improve early detections.Objective. To compare the performance of the minimental state examination (MMSE) and international HIV dementia scale (IHDS) in assessing neurocognitive function in HIV/AIDS patients on antiretroviral therapy.Methods. A case-control study of 208 HIV-positive and 121 HIV-negative individuals. Baseline demographic data were documented and cognitive function assessed using the two instruments. CD4 cell counts were recorded.Results. Cases comprised 137 females and 71 males. Controls were 86 females and 35 males. Mean MMSE score of cases was27.7±1.8compared to27.8±1.3in controls (P=0.54). Mean IHDS score in cases was8.36±3.1compared to10.7±0.9in controls (P<0.001). Using the MMSE scale, 6 cases but no controls had HAND (P=0.09). Using the IHDS, 113 (54.3%) had HAND compared with 10 (8.3%) controls (P<0.0001). Using IHDS, 56.5% cases with CD4 count > 200 had HAND compared with 92.5% with CD4 count < 200 (P<0.001).Conclusion. These findings indicate that the IHDS detects higher rates of HAND and may identify HIV/AIDS patients who require further cognitive assessment using more robust assessment batteries.
Noninvasive Brain Stimulation for Motor Recovery after Stroke: Mechanisms and Future Views
Authors: Takeuchi Naoyuki , Izumi Shin-Ichi
Published: September 2012

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation are noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques that can alter excitability of the human cortex. Considering the interhemispheric competition occurring after stroke, improvement in motor deficits can be achieved by increasing the excitability of the affected hemisphere or decreasing the excitability of the unaffected hemisphere. Many reports have shown that NIBS application improves motor function in stroke patients by using their physiological peculiarity. For continuous motor improvement, it is important to impart additional motor training while NIBS modulates the neural network between both hemispheres and remodels the disturbed network in the affected hemisphere. NIBS can be an adjuvant therapy for developed neurorehabilitation strategies for stroke patients. Moreover, recent studies have reported that bilateral NIBS can more effectively facilitate neural plasticity and induce motor recovery after stroke. However, the best NIBS pattern has not been established, and clinicians should select the type of NIBS by considering the NIBS mechanism. Here, we review the underlying mechanisms and future views of NIBS therapy and propose rehabilitation approaches for appropriate cortical reorganization.
A Synthetic Route to Quaternary Pyridinium Salt-Functionalized Silsesquioxanes
Authors: Kostenko Nataliya , Gottfriedsen Jochen , Hilfert Liane , Edelmann Frank T.
Published: September 2012

A synthetic route to potentially biocidal silsesquioxanes functionalized by quaternary pyridinium functionalities has been developed.N-Alkylation reactions of the precursor compounds 4-(2-(trimethoxysilyl)ethyl)-pyridine (5) and 4-(2-trichloro-silylethyl)pyridine (6) with iodomethane,n-hexylbromide, andn-hexadecylbromide cleanly afforded the correspondingN-alkylpyridinium salts (7–10). The synthesis of a 4-(2-ethyl)pyridine POSS derivative (2) was achieved by capping of the silsesquioxane trisilanol Cy7Si7O9(OH)3(1) via two different preparative routes. Attempts to use compound2as precursor for quaternary pyridinium salt-functionalized POSS derivatives were met with only partial success. Only the reaction with iodomethane cleanly afforded the newN-methylpyridinium salt12in high yield, whereasn-hexylbromide andn-hexadecylbromide failed to react with2even under forcing conditions.
Associations between Resident Perceptions of the Local Residential Environment and Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Baldock Katherine , Paquet Catherine , Howard Natasha , Coffee Neil , Hugo Graeme , Taylor Anne , Adams Robert , Daniel Mark
Published: September 2012

A substantial body of research has arisen concerning the relationships between objective residential area features, particularly area-level socioeconomic status and cardiometabolic outcomes. Little research has explored residents’ perceptions of such features and how these might relate to cardiometabolic outcomes. Perceptions of environments are influenced by individual and societal factors, and may not correspond to objective reality. Understanding relations between environmental perceptions and health is important for the development of environment interventions. This study evaluated associations between perceptions of local built and social environmental attributes and metabolic syndrome, and tested whether walking behaviour mediated these associations. Individual-level data were drawn from a population-based biomedical cohort study of adults in Adelaide, South Australia (North West Adelaide Health Study). Participants’ local-area perceptions were analysed in cross-sectional associations with metabolic syndrome using multilevel regression models (n=1,324). A nonparametric bootstrapping procedure evaluated whether walking mediated these associations. Metabolic syndrome was negatively associated with greaterlocal land-use mix, positiveaesthetics, and greaterinfrastructure for walking, and was positively associated with greater perceivedcrimeandbarriers to walking. Walking partially mediated associations between metabolic syndrome and perceived environmental features. Initiatives targeting residents’ perceptions of local areas may enhance the utility of environmental interventions to improve population health.
Numerical Solution of Nonlinear Volterra Integral Equations System Using Simpson’s 3/8 Rule
Authors: Kılıçman Adem , Kargaran Dehkordi L. , Tavassoli Kajani M.
Published: September 2012

The Simpson’s 3/8 rule is used to solve the nonlinear Volterra integral equations system. Using this rule the system is converted to a nonlinear block system and then by solving this nonlinear system we find approximate solution of nonlinear Volterra integral equations system. One of the advantages of the proposed method is its simplicity in application. Further, we investigate the convergence of the proposed method and it is shown that its convergence is of order O(h4). Numerical examples are given to show abilities of the proposed method for solving linear as well as nonlinear systems. Our results show that the proposed method is simple and effective.
Selective Thallium (I) Ion Sensor Based on Functionalised ZnO Nanorods
Authors: Ibupoto Z. H. , Ali Syed M. Usman , Khun K. , Willander Magnus
Published: September 2012

Well controlled in length and highly aligned ZnO nanorods were grown on the gold-coated glass substrate by hydrothermal growth method. ZnO nanorods were functionalised with selective thallium (I) ion ionophore dibenzyldiaza-18-crown-6 (DBzDA18C6). The thallium ion sensor showed wide linear potentiometric response to thallium (I) ion concentrations ( M to  M) with high sensitivity of 36.87 ± 1.49 mV/decade. Moreover, thallium (I) ion demonstrated fast response time of less than 5 s, high selectivity, reproducibility, storage stability, and negligible response to common interferents. The proposed thallium (I) ion-sensor electrode was also used as an indicator electrode in the potentiometric titration, and it has shown good stoichiometric response for the determination of thallium (I) ion.
A Survey on Extremal Problems of Eigenvalues
Authors: Yan Ping , Zhang Meirong
Published: September 2012

Given an integrable potential q ∈ L1([0, 1], ℝ), the Dirichlet and the Neumann eigenvalues (q) and (q) of the Sturm‐Liouville operator with the potential q are defined in an implicit way. In recent years, the authors and their collaborators have solved some basic extremal problems concerning these eigenvalues when the L1 metric for q is given; . Note that the L1 spheres and L1 balls are nonsmooth, noncompact domains of the Lebesgue space . To solve these extremal problems, we will reveal some deep results on the dependence of eigenvalues on potentials. Moreover, the variational method for the approximating extremal problems on the balls of the spaces Lα([0, 1], ℝ), 1 < α < ∞ will be used. Then the L1 problems will be solved by passing α ↓ 1. Corresponding extremal problems for eigenvalues of the one‐dimensional p‐Laplacian with integrable potentials have also been solved. The results can yield optimal lower and upper bounds for these eigenvalues. This paper will review the most important ideas and techniques in solving these difficult and interesting extremal problems. Some open problems will also be imposed.
Left-Deviating Prism Adaptation in Left Neglect Patient: Reflexions on a Negative Result
Authors: Luauté Jacques , Jacquin-Courtois Sophie , O'Shea Jacinta , Christophe Laure , Rode Gilles , Boisson Dominique , Rossetti Yves
Published: September 2012

Adaptation to right-deviating prisms is a promising intervention for the rehabilitation of patients with left spatial neglect. In order to test the lateral specificity of prism adaptation on left neglect, the present study evaluated the effect of left-deviating prism on straight-ahead pointing movements and on several classical neuropsychological tests in a group of five right brain-damaged patients with left spatial neglect. A group of healthy subjects was also included for comparison purposes. After a single session of exposing simple manual pointing to left-deviating prisms, contrary to healthy controls, none of the patients showed a reliable change of the straight-ahead pointing movement in the dark. No significant modification of attentional paper-and-pencil tasks was either observed immediately or 2 hours after prism adaptation. These results suggest that the therapeutic effect of prism adaptation on left spatial neglect relies on a specific lateralized mechanism. Evidence for a directional effect for prism adaptation both in terms of the side of the visuomanual adaptation and therefore possibly in terms of the side of brain affected by the stimulation is discussed.
Changes in Alcohol Behaviour among Adolescents in North-West Russia between 1995 and 2004
Authors: Verho Anastasiya , Laatikainen Tiina , Vartiainen Erkki , Puska Pekka
Published: September 2012

Background. Among Russian adults, alcohol consumption with binge drinking was high and increased during past decades. Little is known regarding adolescents’ drinking. The present study investigates changes in alcohol-related behaviour among Russian youth between 1995 and 2004.Methods. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among the 15-year-old youths from all schools in Pitkäranta, Republic of Karelia, Russia. In 1995, 385 students participated (response 95%), in 2004—395 (response 85%).Results. The proportion of abstainers decreased: boys from 26% to 13% (P=0.002), girls from 23% to 12% (P=0.007). The age of first alcohol consumption decreased among both genders. First alcohol drinking with friends increased among boys from 65% to 79% (P=0.031), among girls from 49% to 70% (P=0.001). Weekly drinking increased: boys from 13% to 28% (P<0.001), girls from 6% to 15% (P=0.001). The prevalence on inebriation increased among girls from 45% to 60% (P=0.012), beer consumption from 8% to 21% (P=0.006) by 2004. Gender differences were less prominent in 2004.Conclusion. Negative changes: early drinking initiation and more frequent alcohol consumption were observed among Russian youth by 2004. Regular monitoring, effective policy measures, and health education are necessary to prevent further increase in alcohol consumption and subsequent burden of alcohol-related diseases in Russia.
Power-Management Techniques for Wireless Sensor Networks and Similar Low-Power Communication Devices Based on Nonrechargeable Batteries
Authors: Silva Agnelo , Liu Mingyan , Moghaddam Mahta
Published: September 2012

Despite the well-known advantages of communication solutions based on energy harvesting, there are scenarios where the absence of batteries (supercapacitor only) or the use of rechargeable batteries is not a realistic option. Therefore, the alternative is to extend as much as possible the lifetime of primary cells (nonrechargeable batteries). By assuming low duty-cycle applications, three power-management techniques are combined in a novel way to provide an efficient energy solution for wireless sensor networks nodes or similar communication devices powered by primary cells. Accordingly, a customized node is designed and long-term experiments in laboratory and outdoors are realized. Simulated and empirical results show that the battery lifetime can be drastically enhanced. However, two trade-offs are identified: a significant increase of both data latency and hardware/software complexity. Unattended nodes deployed in outdoors under extreme temperatures, buried sensors (underground communication), and nodes embedded in the structure of buildings, bridges, and roads are some of the target scenarios for this work. Part of the provided guidelines can be used to extend the battery lifetime of communication devices in general.
Multiple-ASSR Interactions in Adults with Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Authors: Ishida Ieda M. , Stapells David R.
Published: September 2012

The multiple auditory steady-state response (multiple-ASSR) technique, where thresholds for up to 8 frequencies (4 in each ear) are obtained simultaneously, is currently of great interest for audiometric assessment of infants. Although threshold estimates using the multiple-ASSR appear to be reasonably accurate, it is not currently known whether it is more efficient to use multiple stimuli or single stimuli when testing individuals with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). The current study investigated the effect of single versus multiple simultaneous stimuli on the 80- and 40-Hz ASSRs in adults with normal hearing or SNHL. Results showed significant interactions (i.e., decreased amplitudes) for both ASSRs going from single to multiple stimuli in one ear. Going from multiple one ear to multiple two ears did not further reduce the amplitude of the 80-Hz ASSR. At the 40-Hz rate, however, there was a further amplitude decrease going from one-ear multiple to two-ear multiple stimuli. Importantly, these interactions did not differ between the normal-hearing and SNHL groups. Although supportive of the multiple-ASSR technique, there are likely situations where it is more efficient to use single stimuli. Future studies are required to assess these interactions in infants with varying degrees and configurations of hearing loss.
Generalized Monotone Iterative Technique for Caputo Fractional Differential Equation with Periodic Boundary Condition via Initial Value Problem
Authors: Ramírez J. D. , Vatsala A. S.
Published: September 2012

We develop a generalized monotone method using coupled lower and upper solutions for Caputo fractional differential equations with periodic boundary conditions of order , where . We develop results which provide natural monotone sequences or intertwined monotone sequences which converge uniformly and monotonically to coupled minimal and maximal periodic solutions. However, these monotone iterates are solutions of linear initial value problems which are easier to compute.
Improving Total-Cholesterol/HDL-Cholesterol Ratio Results in an Endothelial Dysfunction Recovery in Peripheral Artery Disease Patients
Authors: Bleda Silvia , de Haro Joaquín , Varela César , Esparza Leticia , Rodriguez Javier , Acin Francisco
Published: September 2012

Aims. To evaluate the effects of variations of total-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio and the effects of the atorvastatin on endothelial function in peripheral artery disease (PAD).Material and Methods. A prospective, randomised controlled study was carried out in 150 PAD patients. Patients randomized to the control group () were treated with antiplatelet drugs, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors and cardiovascular-risk-factor control. Experimental group () also received treatment with atorvastatin for a month. It was determined baseline nitrite plasma levels and total-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio and after one month of treatment in both groups. It was also analysed the correlation between the gradient of nitrite levels and the differential of total-cholesterol/HDL ratio in treatment group.Results. After a month, a reduction in nitrite levels was detected in treatment group ( μM versus 5.7 ± 1.8 μM, ). It was shown a higher decrease in nitrite plasma levels in the atorvastatin group finding lower levels assessments (5.7 ± 1.8 μM versus 13.1 ± 9.1 μM, resp., ). A significant reduction in total-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio was observed in statin group after treatment (). A strong correlation was found between the gradient of nitrite levels and the differential of total-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio in atorvastatin group (; ).Conclusions. Improvement of nitrite levels are associated with decreased total cholesterol/HDL ratio values in PAD patients treated with atorvastatin.
The Equivalence of Convergence Results of Modified Mann and Ishikawa Iterations with Errors without Bounded Range Assumption
Authors: Xue Zhiqun , Wang Yaning , Zhou Haiyun
Published: September 2012

Let E be an arbitrary uniformly smooth real Banach space, let D be a nonempty closed convex subset of E, and let T : D → D be a uniformly generalized Lipschitz generalized asymptotically Φ‐strongly pseudocontractive mapping with q ∈ F(T) ≠ ∅. Let {an}, {bn}, {cn}, {dn} be four real sequences in [0,1] and satisfy the conditions: (i) an + cn ≤ 1, bn + dn ≤ 1; (ii) an, bn, dn → 0 as n → ∞ and cn = o(an); (iii) . For some x0, z0 ∈ D, let {un}, {vn}, {wn} be any bounded sequences in D, and let {xn}, {zn} be the modified Ishikawa and Mann iterative sequences with errors, respectively. Then the convergence of {xn} is equivalent to that of {zn}.
Statistical Uncertainty Estimation Using Random Forests and Its Application to Drought Forecast
Authors: Chen Junfei , Li Ming , Wang Weiguang
Published: September 2012

Drought is part of natural climate variability and ranks the first natural disaster in the world. Drought forecasting plays an important role in mitigating impacts on agriculture and water resources. In this study, a drought forecast model based on the random forest method is proposed to predict the time series of monthly standardized precipitation index (SPI). We demonstrate model application by four stations in the Haihe river basin, China. The random‐forest‐ (RF‐) based forecast model has consistently shown better predictive skills than the ARIMA model for both long and short drought forecasting. The confidence intervals derived from the proposed model generally have good coverage, but still tend to be conservative to predict some extreme drought events.
Initial Experience in Single-Incision Transumbilical Laparoscopic Liver Resection: Indications, Potential Benefits, and Limitations
Authors: Dapri Giovanni , DiMarco Livia , Cadière Guy-Bernard , Donckier Vincent
Published: September 2012

Background. Single-incision transumbilical laparoscopic liver resection (SITLLR) has been recently described in limited series. We report our experience in SITLLR and discuss the future of this approach in terms of indications, potential benefits, and limitations, with a special reference to laparoscopic liver resection (LLR). Patients and Methods. Six patients underwent SITLLR. Indications were biliary cysts (3 cases), hydatid cysts (2), and colorectal liver metastasis (1). Procedures consisted in cysts unroofing, left lateral lobectomy, pericystectomy, and wedge resection. SITLLR was performed with 11 mm reusable trocar, 10 or 5 mm 30° scopes, 10 mm ultrasound probe, curved reusable instruments, and straight disposable bipolar shears. Results. Neither conversion to open surgery nor insertion of supplementary trocars was necessary. Median laparoscopic time was 105.5 minutes and median blood loss 275 mL. Median final umbilical scar length was 1.5 cm, and median length of stay was 4 days. No early or late complications occurred. Conclusion. SITLLR remains a challenging procedure. It is feasible in highly selected patients, requiring experience in hepatobiliary and laparoscopic surgery and skills in single-incision laparoscopy. Apart from cosmetic benefit, our experience and literature review did not show significant advantages if compared with multiport LLR, underlying that specific indications remain to be established.