bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An inferentialist account of students’ collaboration in mathematics education
Authors: Seidouvy Abdel , Schindler Maike
Published: May 2019

Collaboration is an increasingly popular topic in mathematics education due to its potential to foster students’ learning. The purpose of this article is to draw attention to the semantic philosophical theory of inferentialism and its value for investigating students’ collaboration. We suggest that Brandom’s inferentialism can serve as a valuable theoretical resource to overcome certain issues of existing theoretical viewpoints on student collaboration. In particular, we argue that inferentialism may help to understand the individual and social nature of collaboration as intertwined. We illustrate our inferentialist approach using data from two scenes taken from video-recorded group work sessions from a fifth and seventh grade primary school class in Sweden. The topic in both classes was data generation in statistics.
Plasma amyloid β 40/42 ratio predicts cerebral amyloidosis in cognitively normal individuals at risk for Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Vergallo Andrea , Mégret Lucile , Lista Simone , Cavedo Enrica , Zetterberg Henrik , Blennow Kaj , Vanmechelen Eugeen , De Vos Ann , Habert Marie‐Odile , Potier Marie‐Claude , Dubois Bruno , Neri Christian , Hampel Harald ,   and the INSIGHT‐preAD study group,   for the Alzheimer Precision Medicine Initiative (APMI)
Published: May 2019

Introduction

Blood‐based biomarkers of pathophysiological brain amyloid β (Aβ) accumulation, particularly for preclinical target and large‐scale interventions, are warranted to effectively enrich Alzheimer's disease clinical trials and management.

Methods

We investigated whether plasma concentrations of the Aβ1–40/Aβ1–42 ratio, assessed using the single‐molecule array (Simoa) immunoassay, may predict brain Aβ positron emission tomography status in a large‐scale longitudinal monocentric cohort (N = 276) of older individuals with subjective memory complaints. We performed a hypothesis‐driven investigation followed by a no‐a‐priori hypothesis study using machine learning.

Results

The receiver operating characteristic curve and machine learning showed a balanced accuracy of 76.5% and 81%, respectively, for the plasma Aβ1–40/Aβ1–42 ratio. The accuracy is not affected by the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele, sex, or age.

Discussion

Our results encourage an independent validation cohort study to confirm the indication that the plasma Aβ1–40/Aβ1–42 ratio, assessed via Simoa, may improve future standard of care and clinical trial design.
Kidnaping by Government Order: A Follow-up
Authors: Lowenfeld Andreas F.
Published: May 2019

In my full-length article U.S. Law Enforcement Abroad, I argued that government-sponsored abduction from foreign countries was not only distasteful, but contrary to international law and U.S. constitutional law. Though I acknowledged that the reported decisions here and abroad did not, on the whole, support my argument, I suggested that these decisions were out of step with contemporary international law and current American views of due process of law. I expressed skepticism about many of the defenses of the practice that had been raised by American officials and had too often, in my judgment, been accepted by American courts. In particular, I urged that no great faith be placed in assertions by the U.S. Government that abduction of persons who ended up in American custody were carried out solely by the police of the foreign country, that the United States had no knowledge of or participation in torture, or that the foreign country really consented to the operation, though it could not say so publicly.
Case Of Víctor Velásquez Reyes
Authors: Riesenfeld Stefan A.
Published: May 2019

The judgment of the Supreme Court of Colombia, rendered upon the petition by a citizen to declare Law 20 of 1974, approving the concordat between the Holy See and Colombia, to be unconstitutional, deals with one of the most controversial aspects of the interface between international law and constitutional law under many modern constitutions. In most contemporary constitutional systems, the conclusion of international agreements requires parliamentary participation. In the United States only one house—the Senate—must give its advice and consent, but in the majority of states with bicameral systems, including Colombia, the approval must be given by both houses, usually in the form of a statute, the so-called ratification law. According to Article 120, subsection 20, of the Constitution of Colombia,

it is the task of the President, as head of the state and highest administrative authority, to conduct the diplomatic and commercial relations with the other nations and entities under international law … and to conclude with other nations and entities under international law treaties and conventions, which are to be subject to approval by Congress.
The Three “Matthean” Aphorisms in theDialogue of the Savior53
Authors: Hills Julian V.
Published: May 2019

TheDialogue of the Savior(NHC 3, 5) is a literary dialogue between “the Savior” and a group of disciples, among whom three are named and have speeches attributed to them (Matthew, Judas, and Mary). Originally written—or better, compiled—in Greek, perhaps early in the second century CE, the writing is preserved only in a Coptic translation made before the end of the fourth century. Only recently has a critical edition been published; hence scholarship on this important document is in its infancy.
“The Future Golden Day of the Race”: Millennialism and Black Americans in the Nadir, 1877–1901
Authors: Fulop Timothy E.
Published: May 2019

At the turn of the century, Edward W. Blyden, resident of Liberia and former Presbyterian missionary from America, read to some African natives the following description from the New YorkIndependentof the burning of a black man in Georgia:

Sam Hose was burned on Sunday afternoon in the presence of thousands of people. Before the fire had been kindled the mob amused themselves by cutting off the ears, fingers, toes, etc. to carry away as mementos. After the burning, and before the body was cool, it was cut to pieces, the heart and liver being especially cut up and sold. Small pieces of bone brought 25 cents, and “a bit of liver, crisply cooked, sold for 10 cents.” So eager were the crowd to obtain souvenirs that a rush for the stake was made, and those near the body were forced against and had to fight for their escape.
The Printing of Parliamentary Speeches November 1640–July 1642
Authors: Cromartie A. D. T.
Published: May 2019

‘No member of this House’, proclaimed Bulstrode Whitelocke in February 1642 ‘ought to publish any speech or passage of this House, though it be very frequent.’ Very frequent it was; by this stage of the Long Parliament more than 100 purported speeches of named members were in printed circulation. Orations attributed to 45 M.P.s had been published, at a time when only ‘75 M.P.s made the motions, spoke to the issues, and delivered the reports of conferences and committees’. Printed speeches must have become a familiar genre to the customers of London booksellers. Invariably they were quarto in format; typically a pamphlet consisted of a single address, between three and eight sides in length and carelessly printed. Titles were informative and unpretentious: Mr. Thomas Pury his Speech upon the clause, the which concerns Deans and Chapters is a representative example. Most gave the date, or alleged date, of delivery, and the name of the printer responsible. There was nothing surreptitious, in other words, about the phenomenon. The chronological Thomason catalogue shows that speeches were significantly more numerous than any other kind of ephemeral tract, at least until March 1642, and that during the first session they were the only source of printed information about parliamentary debates. After March 1642 the flow of publication dried up. Large-scale publication of individual parliamentary speeches is therefore unique to a particular fifteen month period. Their importance, as historical sources, hardly needs stressing. The purpose of this article is primarily to explain the nature, and limitations, of the evidence this material can provide.
The City of London and the Controversy over Immigration, 1660–1722
Authors: Statt Daniel
Published: May 2019

From the Restoration of Charles II in 1660 to the middle of the eighteenth century a protracted controversy took place over whether foreigners ought to be encouraged to come to settle in England. The debate was usually couched in terms of whether aliens should be offered naturalization in England. The word naturalize was sometimes used not in a technical legal sense, but in the first sense given in Johnson's Dictionary: ‘to adopt into a community’. In its stricter sense, the question was whether a cheap and convenient way should be offered to immigrants to acquire the rights of native-born English subjects. It was thought by both its advocates and its enemies that such an offer, by means of an act of general naturalization, would encourage a large influx of foreign protestants. The issue was debated repeatedly in parliament. Over a dozen attempts were made to pass an act for a general naturalization between the Restoration and the final passage of such an act in 1709. The act of 1709 was repealed only three years after its passage, but several more bills for a similar statute were introduced towards the middle of the century. The naturalization controversy is more easily followed, however, in the pages of the tracts, pamphlets, treatises, and broadsides, both in favour of and in opposition to a general naturalization, that tumbled from the presses throughout the period, and most profusely in the 1680s, 1690s, and 1700s. The debate aroused the interest especially of the growing ranks of those who, after the Restoration, interested themselves in trade matters.
The Conventional Weapons Convention: A modest but useful treaty
Authors: Fenrick W. J.
Published: May 2019

The author commenced an earlier study of the 1980 United Nations Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons (Conventional Weapons Convention) by quoting the late Sir Hersch Lauterpacht's remark: “If international law is, in some ways, the vanishing point of law, the law of war is, perhaps even more conspicuously, at the vanishing point of international law”. He then carried Lauterpacht's statement one stage further to suggest that the vanishing point of the law of war was most likely to be found in the body of law restricting the use of weapons. Shortly after writing these words, the author discovered that a colleague had also used the remarks of Sir Hersch and asserted that the vanishing point of the law of war was the law of air warfare. More recently, the author read a paper by a younger colleague in which Sir Hersch was quoted once again, but this time it was asserted that the vanishing point of the law of war was to be found in the body of law regulating nuclear weapons. The two lessons one might derive from this brief tale are that serious students of the law of war rarely have grandiose expectations for their discipline and that a good quotation is always reusable.
The 1980 Convention on Conventional Weapons and the applicability of rules governing means of combat in a non-international armed conflict
Authors: Plattner Denise
Published: May 2019

Having reached the tenth anniversary of the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to have Indiscriminate Effects, adopted on 10 October 1980 (hereinafter referred to as the 1980 Convention), we can measure the progress brought about by the treaty within the limits which the law sets for the suffering caused by war. Paradoxically, however, we are witnessing an increasing number of situations which, in form at least, fall outside the scope of application of the 1980 Convention, namely non-international armed conflicts.

Yet international humanitarian law on methods and means of combat includes general rules applicable to all armed conflict, and hence to non-international armed conflicts too. The provisions of the 1980 Convention are an application of those general rules to the means of combat which the treaty is intended to regulate. The question thus arises whether some of the rules of conduct laid down in the 1980 Convention are applicable to all armed conflicts, whether international or non-international. In the present study, we shall attempt to reply at least to some extent to that question.
Arthur J. Goldberg — In Memoriam
Authors: Cohn Haim H.
Published: May 2019

The “Jewish Seat” on the Supreme Court of the United States of America, which had been occupied by Justices Brandeis, Cardozo and Frankfurter, was after the tatter's retirement in 1962 offered to Arthur Joseph Goldberg. He was not the only Jewish candidate whom President Kennedy considered for nomination: the other was Paul Freund, Frankfurter's successor on the faculty of Harvard Law School and his intimate friend. Opinions were divided whether Freund's candidature was eliminated because of Goldberg's superior merit, or because the President nourished a grudge against him for having twice refused appointment as solicitor-general, or perhaps because there were already two many Harvard men in high office — a fact which had aroused criticism in some quarters. Goldberg had, for about one year, been Secretary of Labor in Kennedy's cabinet: though his actual successes in ameliorating strike-ridden labor relations were (to say the least) doubtful, the President and his aides at any rate had ample opportunity to acquaint themselves with his personal and professional qualities; and if an assumption of mutuality is in order, Goldberg on his part admired and revered the President well nigh unreservedly. Goldberg's reputation also outside the White House must have been well established: he was the only Jewish candidate for the Supreme Court whose nomination was unopposed and approved after a perfunctory hearing. The opposition to previous Jewish nominations, even to that of Cardozo who was otherwise uncontested, had always had antisemitic undertones which were absent (or suppressed) in Goldberg's case. It was suggested that had Kennedy survived there might have been yet another Jewish appointment to the Supreme Court: not so much because being himself the first Catholic to be elected President, he was particularly sensitive to religious discrimination, as because of his celebrated meritocracy, determined to recruit the best man available for every office.
From Expropriations to Development Agreements: Developer Obligations for Public Services in Israel
Authors: Alterman Rachelle
Published: May 2019

If the term “developer obligations” seems unfamiliar, the policies which it denotes are familiar to anyone who deals with planning law: developer obligation s are requirements placed by planning authorities on developers to supply some public facility or amenity as a condition for granting a development permit. Developer obligations come in many forms: land dedication, payment of a fee, construction of a public facility, or supply of a public service. These requirements are known by varying names in many countries: in the U.S.A. they have come to be known as “exactions”, in Britain as “planning gain”, and in France as participation. Other countries may have many terms to indicate each separate tool, or no specific term at all. The term “developer obligations” is here proposed as an international term that, hopefully, has fewer culture-specific connotations than the other terms mentioned. I will use “developer obligations” in the broadest sense, to include some indirect mechanisms for financing public services, such as the land betterment tax, while “exactions” will be used to indicate the methods directly focused at financing such services.
Market Overt in the Sale of Goods: Israeli Law in a Comparative Perspective
Authors: Zamir Eyal
Published: May 2019

Market overt deals with the conflict between thebona fidepurchaser of a chattel and the person whose rights in the property are injured by the sale. Schematically there are three people involved in this situation: the original owner, the seller and the purchaser. The most simple illustration is the case in which A steals goods belonging to B and sells them to C, who does not know of their origin. On the common assumption that A disappears or is insolvent (and even on the assumption that his whereabouts are known and it is possible to file a claim against him) the question arises, who is entitled to the goods, B or C, and who must bear the loss. In the absence of special circumstances, one is unable to say which of the two has a more “just” claim to title — both have an absolutely valid claim. The layman and the legalist are confounded by this situation, and are without even a clear intuition of whom to favour.

The large variety of solutions to this dilemma offered by different legal systems is testimony to this conundrum. As in other questions, the Israeli legislature did not adopt a solution drafted by any particular foreign system, but drafted an original and independent rule. Elements of this rule are similar to the constituent elements in comparative rules in other systems, but the compilation of all these constituents is unique and different from all other rules.
Foundations of Rights Jurisprudence in Israel: Chief Justice Agranat's Legacy
Authors: Lahav Pnina
Published: May 2019

“Liberty of the individual is a thing of the past, or the future, in Palestine”, wrote Bernard Joseph, a distinguished member of Israel's “government in the making” in 1948, shortly before Israel was inaugurated as a sovereign state. Joseph's “present” was the dusk of British rule in Palestine. Draconian Defence (Emergency) Regulations suspended conventional liberties ordinary westerners were accustomed to expect and turned Palestine into a police state.

Precisely what “liberty of the individual” the esteemed jurist, who held degrees from both McGill University and the University of London, had in mind when he invoked the past of Palestine is not entirely clear. He could not have possibly meant liberty under the Ottoman regime which prevailed until 1918. Ottoman rule in Palestine was authoritarian, feudal and corrupt.
Parallel Importation of Trademarked Goods: Recent Developments in American and Israeli Law
Authors: Dorot Avigdor
Published: May 2019

The United States Supreme Court has recently defined the phrase “gray-market good” as: “a foreign-manufactured good, bearing a valid United States trademark, that is imported without the consent of the U.S. trademark holder”. The importation of genuine goods by someone other than the designated exclusive importers, which is usually referred to as “parallel importation”, is not a new phenomenon. Nevertheless, in the last ten years the volume of gray market goods has increased dramatically and the issue has received considerable attention from the courts, the news media and numerous legal commentators. The imports are “parallel” in the sense that they are made by the same manufacturer who makes the domestic trademark owner's goods. They are “gray-market” goods since they are legitimately sold abroad, but are not authorized by the domestic trademark owner for sale in the domestic market. The goods are also “genuine” in the sense that tney are manufactured by the same source as the domestic owner's goods. The problem of parallel importation is a worldwide one which has been solved through case law in most countries. This article reviews recent developments in the United States and Israel concerning parallel importation.
Forty Years of Public Law
Authors: Kretzmer David
Published: May 2019

It would be impossible in a short lecture to give a comprehensive survey of all the changes that have occurred in the last forty years in that branch of law known as “Israel common law”. I will not, therefore, try to do so. Instead, I wish to single out the most distinctive phenomenon in this area of law. I refer to the conceptual/intellectual revolution in the outlook of the court regarding the nature of its judicial function. The original view, according to which the sole function of the court in the area of public law is to decide disputes between citizens and public authorities, has been abandoned and replaced by an outlook that views the court as an institution responsible for the legality of public administration, or, as the court itself is accustomed to defining the matter, for the rule of law.

I shall divide my discussion into two parts. In the first part I will briefly discuss the prominent changes that have occurred in the judicial decisions regarding public law in recent years, and the judicial philosophy underlying these changes.
Administrative Law: Revolution or Evolution?
Authors: Zamir Itzhak
Published: May 2019

Professor David Kretzmer has reviewed the development of administrative law in Israel and reached the conclusion that a revolution has occurred. The revolution manifests itself in the substantial widening of the scope of judicial review over administrative acts. For example, the Supreme Court is now willing to review the legality of parliamentary proceedings. This revolution, in his opinion, reflects a change in the conception of the Court's function in this realm. In the past the Court saw itself as limited to the function of deciding controversies between two opposing parties. Today, it is as if another function has been added, and the Court perceives itself as the guardian of the rule of law. Therefore, it is likely to become actively engaged in protecting the rule of law and to invalidate a governmental decision even absent a controversy in the traditional sense. The Court acts in this manner without explaining the basis or the reason for the role that it has assumed. Thus, the question may well arise whether this revolution is legitimate. On the basis of Professor Kretzmer's comments one may ask if indeed the Court, in the struggle over the rule of law, has taken on a function not its own, and in doing so itself infringed upon the rule of law.
Developments in Constitutional Law: Selected Topics
Authors: Shetreet Shimon
Published: May 2019

The first forty years of the State of Israel witnessed significant changes in the relative status of the various branches of government. The executive was quite powerful during the early decades of the State's existence, thanks to the strong leadership of the first Prime Minister and founding father, David Ben Gurion. Accordingly, the status of the Supreme Court during that period was weak in comparison to the Executive Branch, i.e. the Government. Subsequently, the government's position weakened as the judiciary gained strength. This phenomenon was expressed in the increasing recourse to the courts to consider issues that had previously been the exclusive domain of the government. The judiciary's broader role and enhanced position vis-à-vis the executive did not bring about commensurate constitutional protection of the judicial system. In fact, we may observe a certain decline in this respect that hopefully, will be rectified when the Constitution of the State of Israel is completed with the enactment of Basic Laws on Human and Civil Rights coupled with legislation that will provide the requisite constitutional protection.
Israeli Law and Jewish Law — Interaction and Independence
Authors: Lifshitz Brahyahu
Published: May 2019

Jewish law is an independent legal system embracing most of the subjects to be found in any system of positive law. The hopes and efforts of many people notwithstanding, Israeli law is not identical to Jewish law, nor does it constitute one of its branches. The generally accepted view is that Jewish law is not influenced, nor affected in any way, by the acts of the Israeli legislature or judiciary. There is, however, little doubt that to a certain extent, Israeli law is influenced by Jewish law. It is therefore a legitimate exercise to discuss the nature of the relationship between the two systems from the point of view of Israeli law. We may also comment upon the amount of satisfaction or disappointment which may legitimately be felt, on the one hand, by those in favour of reinforcing the relationship between the two systems and making it stronger and more active and, on the other, by those opposed to such a relationship. It should also be observed that the interrelationship between Israeli and Jewish law is not only to be perceived from the standpoint of pure law. Any discussion of this question involves issues of a political, religious and social nature; a study focussing on the bare legal facts alone would provide a necessarily distorted picture.
Family Law in Israel: The Struggle Between Religious and Secular Law
Authors: Shifman Pinhas
Published: May 2019

When our Sages searched for an analogy to a situation in which a compromise or balance had to be found between two opposing forces pulling in opposite directions, they invoked the picturesque image of the “muleteer and the camel driver”. The muleteer runs behind the animal and prods him with the stick in his hand, whereas whoever drives the camel must walk in front of him, tugging gently at the halter. A person who has been charged with driving both a mule and a camel at the same time must, therefore, walk between the two and accustom himself to a middle way of walking which will more or less suit both beasts.

This analogy came to mind when I was asked to review the main trends in family law in Israel. Here we have a system afflicted with legal schizophrenia, for within it, two different juridical systems — that of religious law (or laws) and that of secular law — are struggling and pulling in opposite directions. To find a balance or compromise between these two is the major part of the task with which the legislator, and also the judge, is charged, and it is a mission which is not always successfully accomplished.
Israel Civil Courts and Rabbinical Courts Under One Roof
Authors: Frimer Dov I.
Published: May 2019

There can be no quarrel with Prof. Pinhas Shifman's essential thesis. The attempt to have two kings rule the same kingdom at one and the same time has undoubtedly failed. The “mixed marriage” between two legal systems, having different — and at times contradictory — philosophies of law, world outlooks and social goals, has given birth to a child which neither parent is eager to acknowledge. As is usually the case in failed marriages, here too each side blames the other for the failure; the civil system points an accusing finger at the religious system, and the Rabbinical Courts blame the civil courts. Prof. Shifman is certainly correct in his claim that the complexity of this situation has given rise to a certain tendentiousness among both the civil and the Rabbinical Court judges, with each group zealously seeking to enlarge its own kingdom.

Although I do not find fault with the general picture sketched by Prof. Shifman, I cannot agree with some of the finer details; in particular, with certain examples cited by Prof. Shifman in support of his conclusions, which are correct in and of themselves.
Forty Years of Criminal Law: Developments in Case Law Re The Requirement of Fault
Authors: Gur-Arye Miriam
Published: May 2019

In the field of criminal law there is as yet no fully original Israeli code. The Penal Law, 1977, is a new version of the Criminal Code Ordinance, 1936, combined with the various amendments thereto introduced by the Knesset since the establishment of the State. Most legislative changes affect specific offences. The intervention of the Israeli legislator in the general part of the Law, has been most limited. The only context in which the Israeli legislator has laid down his own arrangements is in the application of the criminal law. Under the Criminal Code Ordinance (sections 6-7) its scope was territorial. However, in 1955 the Penal Law Revision (Offences Committed Abroad) Law, 1955 was passed by the Knesset, and this extended the provisions of the Ordinance to certain offences committed outside the territory of the State. In the course of the years, the extra-territorial scope of the criminal law has expanded.
Criminal Procedure and Evidence
Authors: Harnon Eliahu
Published: May 2019

Once upon a time there was a lawyer who was most familiar with the rules of criminal procedure and of evidence in force in mandatory Palestine in May 1948. One day in June 1948, the lawyer disappeared. Some say he fell into a deep sleep for many years. Only after the passage of forty years he awoke.

Turning to and fro, he will immediately recognize the Ottoman building that houses the courts in Jerusalem's Russian Compound. He will also feel at home with the basic hierarchy of the judiciary: two courts of first instance—magistrates' and district—and no intermediate court of appeal between the district level and the Supreme Court.
Issues in the Law of Torts
Authors: Gilead Israel
Published: May 2019

In a recent article, Prof. Izhak Englard reviewed the salient developments in tort law over the last decade. These developments are:

(a) Deciding the question of the internal structure of the Civil Wrongs Ordinance as regards the relationship between the general and the specific torts.

(b) Extension of tortious liability for negligence, and the crystallization of the conceptual framework of that tort.

(c) Expanding the scope of the tort of breach of a statutory duty by allowing the unimpeded inclusion of statutory duties within the scope of the Civil Wrongs Ordinance.

(d) Removal of the umbrella erected by the case law in order to shield the State and its agencies from liability for negligence and the breach of a statutory duty, and the equation of the position of the State to that of other tortfeasors.
Forty Years of Contract Law
Authors: Shalev Gabriela
Published: May 2019

With the establishment of the State of Israel and the enactment of sec. 11 of the Law and Administration Ordinance, 1948, Israeli law absorbed the Mandatory law which had applied prior to independence. Israeli contract law of forty years ago was comprised of two main components: Ottoman law and English law.

The component of Ottoman law consisted primarily of theMejelleand of the substantive provisions of the Ottoman Code of Civil Procedure. Some of the books of theMejelleregulated important contractual transactions, such as sale and lease. The Ottoman Code of Civil Procedure included provisions concerning compensation for damage, but the most important and significant provision was sec. 64, which established, in our law, the principle of freedom of contract. By virtue of this section, validity was conferred upon all contracts made in Israel, except those contrary to statutory law, to morality or to public order, and the power of the parties to a contract to contract out of the provisions of theMejellewas accorded recognition.
Trends in Labour Law — Forty Years of Israeli Law
Authors: Raday Frances
Published: May 2019

Two contradictory trends can be discerned in the development of labour law in Israel. On the one hand, there is the socio-philosophical approach which guided those who fashioned labour law in its early stages of development. This ideological, even doctrinaire, approach lay behind a long series of laws, especially between the years 1948-1964, and guided the Labour Courts since their establishment in 1969. The second trend, and one that is becoming more marked, is pragmatism. Especially since the early 1970s, labour laws have been characterized by pragmatism and by a retreat from the ideology-doctrinaire approach. The pragmatic approach is characterized by legislative and executive intervention in autonomous labour relations, by ad hoc decisions, and by a desire to achieve short-term, immediate economic and political objectives, even at the cost of harming important long-term principles. In some cases, it would have been possible to achieve these same objectives by alternative methods that would not have undermined the impressive structure of Israeli labour law principles.
Labour Law
Authors: Eliasoff Itzhak
Published: May 2019

Anyone wishing to survey and evaluate the principal developments in Israeli labour law since the establishment of the State must relate both to the whole range of labour legislation, including legislation in the area of social security, and to the case law which has grown up alongside this legislation, which has interpreted it, and has completed and developed norms lacking in the legislation.

Labour legislation in Israel, particularly in its initial stages, as Prof. Raday mentioned, was the outcome of a planned initiative. The legislation was designed to express the political and social independence of the State, to adopt the accepted international norms in this area, and to integrate Israel into the international community.
Forty Years of Corporation Law
Authors: Procaccia Uriel
Published: May 2019

A reform of any body of law necessitates adopting new legal groundrules designed to improve the current situation. A reform is judged significant when the new rules have a major impact on society's daily life. In this respect, the last major reform in corporation law did not take place in the last forty years at all, but rather some 140 years ago, upon the implementation of the “limited liability” concept in England.

In the first chapter, I analyze the term “significant reform” in the context of corporation law. I clarify why the concept of limited liability can be characterized as such a reform. In addition, we will note several other legal subjects that could have been construed as significant reforms.
Forty Years of Corporation Law
Authors: Yoran Aharon
Published: May 2019

The principal thesis expressed by Professor Procaccia is that when establishing rules, their economic and political significance should be considered. Accordingly, the agency problem would be solved by developing a collective enforcement mechanism (the derivative action), and by creating rules that would enable the market for corporate control to function. Under his system, it is unimportant which specific rules of liability are set by the legislature since, in any case, the market mechanism will correct the rules. It is pointless, therefore, to “waste energy” on laying down primary principles of liability.

The author has made a valuable contribution in presenting new approaches and their consequences: the previous school, the economic analysis of law, and the new school, critical legal studies. However, when he applies the implications of analysis in terms of these new concepts to corporation law in Israel, Prof. Procaccia fails to examine the question of the relevance and applicability of the models. The economic analysis of law model becomes irrelevant when the market fails. In such a case, the market mechanism does not work to correct the primary rules.
Forty Years of Tax Law in Israel
Authors: Yoran Aharon
Published: May 2019

In order to determine what major developments have taken place in tax law in Israel over the last 40 years, it is first necessary to formulate criteria with which to estimate the importance or centrality of changes in tax legislation. The emphasis here is on legal developments (in legislation and case law) rather than on changes in the tax system and tax policy. In the field of taxation, legal, economic and social questions are, however, interlinked; and it is moreover, a legal tool — legislation — that determines the tax system and its composition of various tax bases.
Forty Years of Tax Law in Israel
Authors: Flomin Yehezkel
Published: May 2019

1.1 No discussion has taken place at governmental level about long-term taxation policy, the distribution of the tax burden, whether to distribute it between direct and indirect tax, or about the problems of tax incentives.

1.2 The absence of a central tax authority, together with the neutralization of, and the erosion in, the standing of the department for state income, has led to the existence of three systems - income tax, customs and value added tax, and national insurance. National insurance lost its uniqueness a long time ago and has become, perhaps unknowingly, a fiscal, financial instrument, something that was never coordinated, at a national level, with the other tax systems.

1.3 The lack of an integrated, comprehensive taxation concept has meant the existence of different tax laws, and a variety of contradictory definitions. These laws create contradictions, and provide a multitude of weird sources of tax planning, methods of assessment, collection, and enforcement.
The conservation of loggerhead turtles in Zakynthos, Greece
Authors: Warren Lynda M. , Antonopoulou Eleni
Published: May 2019

The population of loggerhead turtles Caretta caretta nesting on the island of Zakynthos, Greece, the largest known rookery in the Mediterranean, is in danger of dying out because of the effects of human interference. Tourism is a prime factor in causing problems, which include direct disturbance of nesting females, compaction of the sand and obstruction of access, photic pollution affecting the hatchlings and accidental damage to adults from speed boats. Attempts are being made to conserve the turtles, and a recent Ministerial Decision should be of help, but implementation of conservation measures is difficult to achieve. This is because the local economy is highly dependent on the tourist industry and there is an understandable reluctance to see this curtailed in any way just to protect the turtles.
Black rhinos and African elephants: lessons for conservation funding
Authors: Leader-Williams N.
Published: May 2019

In theory, large reserves or parks reduce the risk of extinctions because they contain sizeable populations of endangered species of plants and animals. In practice, however, most developing countries do not have the resources to protect large areas and economically valuable species from illegal exploitation. This paper, modified from one published elsewhere (Leader-Williams and Albon, 1988) shows that the rates of decline of black rhinos Diceros bicornis and African elephants Loxodonta africana are related directly to conservation effort and spending. The author concludes that, if local extinctions are to be avioded, conservation schemes must be funded adequately or resources must be concentrated in small parts of large reserves.
Northern Europe's most important bat hibernation site
Authors: Urbanczyk Zbigniew
Published: May 2019

In western Poland an underground fortification dating from the 1930s is the winter quarters for the largest aggregation of hibernating bats in northern Europe. Although a major threat has been averted, the bats remain vulnerable to disturbance. The author has been studying these animals since the mid-1970s and, with others, has been pressing for improved protection.
Trypanosoma congolense:appearance and distribution of variable antigen types during metacyclic differentiationin vitro
Authors: Prain C. J. , Ross C. A.
Published: May 2019

Differentiation of epimastigotes and production of infective metacyclic forms ofTrypanosoma congolensewere examined in a culture system which enabled manipulation of the population density of insect forms. Scanning electron microscopy of cultures revealed the attachment sites of epimastigotes in detail, showing them to be attached as ‘clusters’ or ‘bundles’ and having associated fibrillar structures. Dividing epimastigotes were observed either within individual bundles or in association with two bundles. Metacyclic forms were detected by an immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) using metacyclic variable-antigen type (M-VAT) specific monoclonal antibodies, by day 7 after seeding cultures. Trypanosomes expressing M-VATs appeared singly in bundles, observed by both IFAT and an immunogold labelling method. Statistical analysis using Poisson calculations suggested that, in general, the distribution of metacyclics expressing individual M-VATs was random throughout cultures.
Effect of Temperature on Picloram Absorption and Translocation in Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula)
Authors: Lym Rodney G. , Messersmith Calvin G.
Published: May 2019

Temperature changes prior to picloram application affects its activity in leafy spurge. Absorption of14C picloram was directly correlated with temperature changes; each 1 C increase in air temperature 24 h before treatment resulted in a 1% increase of14C-picloram absorption in leafy spurge and vice versa. The greatest14C-picloram absorption averaged 47% of applied14C when the temperature increased from 18 C to 24 or 30 C 24 h before treatment compared to 33% when temperatures were constant. Translocation of14C picloram was more sensitive than absorption to temperature changes with 4.3 and 1% of applied14C-picloram translocated to the roots when the plants were maintained at 12 and 30 C, respectively. Even though absorption increased directly with temperature,14C-picloram translocation to the root system declined as temperature increased.
Diclofop Resistance in Wild Oat (Avena fatua)
Authors: Joseph Olufunmilayo O. , Hobbs Shaun L.A. , Jana Sakti
Published: May 2019

The differences in tolerance, morphology, and physiological response of diclofop-resistant and -susceptible wild oat biotypes collected from fields in Saskatchewan, Canada, were investigated under growth room and field conditions. Under herbicide-free conditions the resistant biotype had more upright leaves with about 12% less leaf area and 50% less leaf width than the susceptible biotype. A marked difference in the level of tolerance to diclofop was observed. Photosynthesis was initially significantly reduced in both biotypes after treatment with diclofop at the rate of 0.70 kg ai ha−1, but the resistant biotype was able to recover. Injury to the susceptible biotype was reduced by coating the seeds with 1,8-naphthalic anhydride. Differential foliar retention was not an important factor in selectivity of diclofop among the two biotypes.
Absorption, Translocation, and Phytotoxicity of Glyphosate in Bulbous Oatgrass (Arrhenatherum elatiusvar.bulbosum)
Authors: Tanphiphat Karin , Appleby Arnold P.
Published: May 2019

Efficacy of glyphosate on bulbous oatgrass, a creeping perennial grass, was investigated in greenhouse and growth chamber studies. Glyphosate at 1.2 and 2.5 kg ae ha−1significantly reduced corm formation and corm viability. Glyphosate controlled bulbous oatgrass when applied at the 4- to 5- or 6- to 7-leaf stage. With 2.5 kg ha−1, a 24-h period between glyphosate application and removal of the shoots was sufficient to cause maximum reduction in regrowth. Total amount of14C translocated out of leaves treated with radiolabeled glyphosate (1.0 kg ha−1total glyphosate) did not differ among growth stages, but more14C accumulated in the dormant corms when glyphosate was applied at the 2- to 3-leaf stage than at the 4- to 5- or 6- to 7-leaf stages. Lack of correlation between maximum plant injury and glyphosate accumulation in corms is not understood but may be related to differences in application method in the two studies.
Herbicide Cross-Resistance in Slender Foxtail (Alopecurus myosuroides)
Authors: Moss Stephen R.
Published: May 2019

The resistance of four populations of slender foxtail from England to chlorotoluron, pendimethalin, and the methyl ester of diclofop was studied in whole-plant spray assays. Two populations showed cross-resistance to all three herbicides while a third showed resistance to chlorotoluron only. Resistance, although not absolute, was sufficient to cause substantial reductions in herbicide performance at recommended field doses. Resistant (Peldon) and susceptible (Rothamsted) populations also were assessed for resistance to six dinitroaniline herbicides in a petri dish test in which the effects on shoot development were measured. The degree of resistance of the Peldon population varied considerably among herbicides, with greatest resistance to pendimethalin, whereas sensitivity to ethalfluralin, isopropalin, and trifluralin was similar to that of the Rothamsted standard. Differential response to butralin and oryzalin was smaller than to pendimethalin. The large difference between populations in their response to pendimethalin and trifluralin was confirmed in a pot experiment.
Wild Poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla) Control in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)
Authors: Moore J. David , Banks Philip A. , Pinnell-Alison Carol L.
Published: May 2019

Wild poinsettia control in peanut was evaluated following various preplant-incorporated and postemergence herbicide applications. The addition of vernolate or alachlor to a preplant-incorporated treatment of benefin improved wild poinsettia control obtained with treatments of lactofen or paraquat plus alachlor applied at the time of peanut emergence. Lactofen applied postemergence following lactofen plus alachlor applied at the time of peanut emergence provided ≥92% wild poinsettia control and peanut yields equivalent to the handweeded control. Treatments of paraquat plus alachlor applied at the time of peanut emergence followed by acifluorfen (applied once or twice) or paraquat followed by acifluorfen provided good (74 to 100%) wild poinsettia control for up to 12 weeks after planting and peanut yields not different from the handweeded plots. Treatments that did not provide at least 92% wild poinsettia control when evaluated 5 weeks after planting resulted in significant peanut yield reduction compared to the handweeded control.
Integrating Reduced Rates of Postemergence Herbicides and Cultivation for Broadleaf Weed Control in Soybeans (Glycine max)
Authors: Steckel Lawrence E. , Defelice Michael S. , Sims Barry D.
Published: May 2019

The interaction of reduced rates of bentazon, chlorimuron, imazaquin, and imazethapyr with cultivation for broadleaf weed control in soybeans was investigated in field experiments conducted at three sites in Missouri in 1987 and 1988. Single reduced-rate herbicide applications provided soybean yields equal to full rates although visual weed control was slightly lower. Sequential applications of all four herbicides at reduced rates provided weed control and soybean yields equal to full-rate applications. The number of velvetleaf plants m−2and seeds plant−1were not influenced by herbicide, herbicide rate, or application timing. Cultivation improved weed control and soybean yield and decreased late-season weed populations and seed production.
Performance and Soil Persistence of Chlorsulfuron when Used for Wheat Production in Spain
Authors: Royuela Mercedes , Muñoz-Rueda Alberto , Gonzalez-Murua Carmen
Published: May 2019

Chlorsulfuron was preemergence applied in field trials at La Coruña, Spain, at rates from 5 to 30 g ai ha−1(1987–88) and from 5 to 100 g ai ha−1(1988–89) for weed control in winter and spring wheat. Excellent control of broadleaf weeds was obtained in both; however, narrowleaf control at the last evaluation (heading) was poor. Chlorsulfuron at 30 g ha−1did not cause a residual problem in 1987–88, with only 0.24 μg kg−1of dry soil recovered after both a winter and spring wheat cropping season. However, chlorsulfuron persistence at the same rate was very high in the dry year 1988–89, with 0.43 μg kg−1and 0.53 μg kg−1recovered in winter and spring wheat, respectively. ‘Cardeno’ spring wheat showed no phytotoxic symptom at any rate of chlorsulfuron from 5 to 100 g ha−1. Its yield and yield components (spikes m−2, grain number spike−1, grain weight) were greater with all chlorsulfuron rates, but not in ‘Fiel’ winter wheat for rates of 30 g ha−1or higher.