bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lectotypification of Ruiz and Pavón’s names in Solanum (Solanaceae)
Authors: Knapp Sandra
Published: December 2008

Lectotypes or neotypes are confirmed or designated here for the 41 names coined by Hipólito Ruiz and José Pavón in the Flora peruviana et chilensis that were either described, or today recognised as, members of the large genus Solanum (Solanaceae): Solanum acuminatum, S. acutifolium, S. anceps, S. angulatum, S. angustifolium, S. asperolanatum, S. biformifolium, S. calygnaphalum, S. conicum, S. crispum, S. cymosum, S. dichotomum, S. diffusum, S. filiforme, S. foetidum, S. glandulosum, S. grandiflorum, S. incanum, S. incarceratum, S. incurvum, S. laciniatum, S. lanceolatum, S. lineatum, S. mite, S. multifidum, S. nitidum, S. nutans. S. obliquum, S. oblongum, S. oppositifolium, S. pendulum, S. pinnatifidum, S. pubescens, S. runcinatum, S. scabrum, S. sericeum, S. sessile, S. stellatum, S. ternatum, S. variegatum and S. viridiflorum. A introduction assesses the importance of Ruiz and Pavón to the botany of their time, and identifies difficulties in lectotypifying names coined by them. The currently accepted name for each taxon is given. Each typification is accompanied by a discussion of the reasoning behind the choice of specimen, and all types are illustrated.
Araracuara, the new genera of the Rhamnaceae from Colombian Amazon
Authors: Fernández-Alonso José Luis , Arbeláez María Victoria
Published: December 2008

Araracuara Fern. Alonso, a new genus of Rhamnaceae only known from the sandstone plateaus of the Colombian Amazon, is described and illustrated. Its possible affinities are discussed and it is proposed that this is a relictual genus related to the pantropical Colubrina and to a lesser degree with the Amazonian Ampelozizyphus. Also included are both a key to the Colombian genera of Rhamnaceae and a list of representative specimens of the genera studied (some of which have been poorly documented in Colombia).
Plant endemics to Sierra de Gredos (central Spain): taxonomic, distributional, and evolutionary aspects
Authors: Vargas Pablo , García Bernardo
Published: December 2008

Causes related to a low number of endemics to Sierra de Gredos (central Iberian Peninsula) are poorly understood. Taxonomic, distributional and genetic aspects of the 12 endemic taxa (species and subspecies) are herein discussed. New populations found in the last years provide new chorological reports and taxa to science. As a result, we extend the distribution range of Pseudomisopates rivas-martinezii and describe a new subspecies (Teucrium oxylepis subsp. Gredense). Genetic variation was investigated by sequencing the ITS (Internal Transcribed Sequence) region, which is a widespread nuclear DNA region used to detect significant sequence divergence at the species and population levels. At the species level, only eight endemics to this large mountain range (c. 4,800 km2) indicates both limited speciation events coupled with their persistence, despite the high species richness of the flora of Sierra de Gredos (>2,500). According to the levels of ITS sequence divergence, significant isolation processes may have predated the Quaternary in Sierra de Gredos to account for divergence of the monotypic genus Pseudomisopates from its closest relatives (Misopates, Acanthorrhinum). Isolation of the other seven endemic species from their closest relatives has been a more recent process, as revealed by the limited ITS sequence variation obtained in this study. At the population level, no net nucleotide substitutions were observed between distant populations of the endemic species: Antirrhinum grosii, Astragalus devesae, Centaurea avilae, Dianthus gredensis, Echinospartum barnadesii, Pseudomisopates rivas-martinezii, Santolina oblongifolia. In contrast, the three populations of Sedum lagascae displayed a relatively high number (4) of nucleotide substitutions. These results, together with limited morphological differentiation, may reflect insufficient population isolation of seven of the eight endemic species of Sierra de Gredos in the Quaternary. Recurrent population contacts or relatively recent range expansion of populations are the two most plausible interpretations in phylogeography of most taxa. Massive extinctions after glacial episodes may have been, in part, responsible for a limited number of endemics and genetic differentiation in Sierra de Gredos, which contrasts with high levels of endemicity in other areas (hotspots) of the Mediterranean floristic region.
Warionia (Asteraceae): a relict genus of Cichorieae?
Authors: Katinas Liliana , Tellería María Cristina , Susanna Alfonso , Ortiz Santiago
Published: December 2008

The genus Warionia, with its only species W. saharae, is endemic to the northwestern edge of the African Sahara desert. This is a somewhat thistle-like aromatic plant, with white latex, and fleshy, pinnately- partite leaves. Warionia is in many respects so different from any other genus of Asteraceae, that it has been tentatively placed in the tribes Cardueae, Cichorieae, Gundelieae, and Mutisieae. Until now, a comprehensive study of Warionia to have a complete context for discussing its taxonomic position is lacking. The general morphology, anatomy, palynology and chromosome number of W. saharae are investigated here, and the species is described and illustrated. Laticifers in leaves and stems indicate a relationship with Cichorieae, and are associated with the phloem, in contact with it or with the surrounding sclerenchyma sheath. The pollen features indicate a strong relation with Cardueae, namely the structure with Anthemoid pattern where the columellae are joined to the foot layer, the ectosexine with thin columellae, the endosexine with stout and ramified columellae, the conspicuous spines with globose bases and conspicuous apical channels, and the tectum surface very perforate. Chromosomal counts resulted in 2n = 34. The morphological and palynological evidence positions Warionia between the tribes Cardueae and Cichorieae suggesting that it could be a remnant of the ancestral stock that gave rise to both tribes.
CYTOTOXIC ASSESSMENT OF L-ASCORBIC ACID/MONTMORILLONITE UPON HUMAN DERMAL FIBROBLASTS IN VITRO: MTT ACTIVITY ASSAY
Authors: Lee Yuan-Haun , Chen Bor-Yann , Lin Feng-Huei , Lin Kun-Yu , Lin King-Fu
Published: December 2008

This first-attempt study tended to inspect the cytotoxic effects of montmorillonite (MMT) or 0.01 N phosphoric acid treated MMT supplemented with L-ascorbic acid (LAA) upon human dermal fibroblasts for possible applications. Light micrographs of human dermal fibroblast cell cultures revealed that more dense black spots in larger sizes were observed when higher levels of MMT were supplemented into the fibroblast culture, indicating that more dermal fibroblasts were covered by MMT particles. Compared with the supplementation of LAA alone, this study selected mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity (MTT) assay as an indicator bioreaction to show possible cytotoxic (or allergic) responses upon human dermal fibroblasts in vitro when LAA/acid-treated MMT composites were added. Statistical analysis showed that LAA augmented with either MMT or 0.01 N phosphoric-acid-treated MMT provoked insignificant cytotoxic responses to human dermal fibroblasts. Thus, an augmentation of MMT or 0.01 N phosphoric-acid-treated MMT to LAA should be biologically feasible for possible skin applications according to this human dermal fibroblasts model.
DESIGN AND APPLICATION OF AN INTERACTIVE WHEELCHAIR TRAINING SYSTEM
Authors: Lin Chern-Sheng , Chang Chia-Chang , Chen Wei-Lung
Published: December 2008

In this paper we constructed an interactive wheelchair rehabilitation training platform. The roller wheel on the platform is driven mainly by turning the wheelchair, and then the relative position of wheelchair on the screen can be adjusted based on the rotation speed of left and right wheels on the platform. Comparing the digital logic function when two wheels rotate at the same time and judging the variance in digital logic, the steering direction of wheels can be known and be controlled forward or backward. Additionally, the standard digital logic function could be individually judged when left wheel rotates and vice versa, so as to control the steering. Through judging three digital logic functions, the initial time of left wheel, next signal selecting time of left wheel, initial time of right wheel, and next signal selecting time of right wheel could be obtained, then the system can achieve the required direction control function through the judgment formula. The direction control function is indicated by standard digital logic function, so that the user can operate smoothly in the interactive situation software and make an interaction with the computer 3D simulation scene, the patient would have rehabilitation training through various 3D simulation real exteriors. This study not only provides basic trainings but also records the service behavior of wheelchair users, so that the rehabilitation consultant would have reference for the future diagnosis.
AUTOMATIC DIAGNOSIS OF INTRACRANIAL HEMATOMA ON BRAIN CT USING KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY TECHNIQUES: IS FINER RESOLUTION BETTER?
Authors: Xiao Furen , Liao Chun-Chih , Wong Jau-Min , Chiang I-Jen
Published: December 2008

Computed tomography (CT) of the brain is the study of choice for neurological emergencies. Physicians use CT to diagnose various types of intracranial hematomas, including epidural, subdural, and intracerebral hematomas according to their locations and shapes. We have proposed a novel method that can automatically diagnose intracranial hematomas by combining machine vision and knowledge discovery techniques. In this paper, we attempted segmentation of intracranial hematomas in multiple resolutions using image pyramids. The features of the segmented hematoma and the diagnoses made by physicians were used by C4.5 algorithm to construct a decision tree. The algorithm was evaluated on 48 pathological images treated in a single institute. The two discovered rules in all resolutions closely resembled those used by human experts, and were able to make correct diagnoses in all cases. Results of tenfold cross-validation were also satisfactory.
Outcomes of the Main Residency Match for Applicants With Disability
Authors: Nguyen Mytien , Meeks Lisa M. , Sheets Zoie C. , Betchkal Rylee , Pereira-Lima Karina , Moreland Christopher J. , Boatright Dowin H.
Published: April 2024

This cohort study assesses match rates of US applicants with and without disability into specialty residence programs.
Measures of Referral vs Receipt of Social Services Among Patients With Health-Related Social Needs
Authors: Johnson Fred S. , McPeek Hinz Eugenia R. , Regan David , Nohria Raman , Moon Gene , Spratt Susan E.
Published: April 2024

This cohort study compares measures of referral vs receipt in evaluating social resource platform outcomes among patients with health-related social needs.
Anti‐Smudge Organic Afterglow Panels
Authors: Zhai Xiangxiang , Mo Zhe , Yan Qianqian , Zhao Yongliang , Wang Biaobing , Zhang Kaka
Published: April 2024

Organic afterglow panels show promising applications in display and information anti‐counterfeiting. Like other panels, organic afterglow panels are susceptible to contamination when used, which can affect their aesthetics and clarity. Here, a kind of visible‐light‐excitable anti‐smudge organic afterglow panels based on a dopant‐matrix strategy and easily prepared through the UV light‐curing method is reported. The phosphorescence lifetime of the panel is up to 9.45 s with an afterglow duration longer than 100 s. Moreover, the transparent panels with low dynamic friction (0.129), large water contact angle (108°) and oleic acid contact angle (77°), display high performance of anti‐smudge, water and oil repellency, and removability of fingerprints, avoiding the influence of ink or sewage on its aesthetics and clarity. This study will expand the pathways for practical applications of afterglow materials.
Field‐Free Memristive Spin–Orbit Torque Switching in A1 CoPt Single Layer for Image Edge Detection
Authors: Yang Liu , Li Wendi , Zuo Chao , Tao Ying , Jin Fang , Li Huihui , Tang RuJun , Dong Kaifeng
Published: April 2024

While spin–orbit torque (SOT) devices are extensively investigated due to their potential for use in neural network computation, it remains challenging to explore the hardware for neural networks. In this paper, the field‐free memristive SOT switching of the CoPt single layer is used to propose a neuromorphic hardware circuit for detecting edges in images. Owing to its threefold symmetry of inversion, the polarity of SOT switching can be reversed by rotating the current by 60°. Moreover, the process of current‐induced SOT switching exhibits stable multi‐state magnetic switching behavior, and can be controllably tuned by using the pulse of the current. As the slope of the applied ramp pulse current increased, the wave of the anomalous Hall resistance changed from a curve with normally memristive property to trigonometric, and finally to cosine. The design of the hardware circuit for a single SOT device is subsequently formulated to detect the edges in images. The results of experiments verified the capability of this device to detect the edge lines in images with high accuracy, which confirms its potential for use in the hardware of neuromorphic computing platforms. The work here provides guidance for the application of SOT‐based devices to neuromorphic hardware.
Photoinduced Alkenylation of Alkenyl Sulfones with EDA Complexes between NHPI Esters and HE
Authors: Xu Mingli , Zhao Chenyue , Huang Yongxiang , Hu Shuo , Cheng Dongping , Xu Xiaoliang
Published: April 2024

A novel alkenylation reaction between N‐hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) esters and alkenyl sulfones is reported. It undergoes the formation of electron donor‐acceptor (EDA) complex and a series of alkenes are obtained in good to excellent yields. It has the advantages of simple operation, mild reaction conditions, and metal‐free.
Verknüpfung von Hochdruck‐Synthesegas‐Metallkatalyse und Biokatalyse in Tandem‐Eintopf‐Verfahren für die Synthese nicht‐chiraler und chiraler Alkohole aus Alkenen in Wasser
Authors: Bork Hannah , Naße Kim E. , Vorholt Andreas J. , Gröger Harald
Published: April 2024

Während simultan ablaufende Reaktionen zu den faszinierendsten Merkmalen der Biosynthese gehören, bietet dieses Konzept der Tandemprozesse auch ein großes Potenzial für die chemische Industrie im Hinblick auf eine geringere Abfallproduktion und eine verbesserte Prozesseffizienz und Nachhaltigkeit. Obwohl es Beispiele für chemoenzymatische Eintopf‐Synthesen gibt, ist die Kombination völlig unterschiedlicher Reaktionstypen zugleich selten. In diesem Beitrag zeigen wir, dass extreme „Antipoden“ der „Katalyse‐Welten“ wie die Synthesegas‐basierte Hochdruck‐Hydroformylierung und die biokatalytische Reduktion, welche beide als einzelne Reaktionen eine herausragende Rolle spielen, in einem Tandem‐artigen Eintopf‐Verfahren in Wasser kombiniert werden können. Hierbei wurde sowohl für den Biokatalysator als auch den Chemokatalysator keine signifikante Deaktivierung festgestellt. Ein Nachweis für die Machbarkeit eines solchen Eintopf‐Prozesses ausgehend von 1‐Octen wurde durch einen Umsatz von >99 % und einer isolierten Ausbeute von 80 % der gewünschten Alkoholisomere erbracht. Alle erforderlichen Komponenten für die Hydroformylierung und die Biokatalyse wurden von Anfang an im Reaktor vorgelegt. Dieses Konzept wurde mit der Durchführung der Hydroformylierung von Styrol und einer enzymatischen dynamisch‐kinetischen Racematspaltung im Tandem‐Modus auf die enantioselektive Synthese chiraler Produkte ausgeweitet, wobei dies zu einem exzellenten Umsatz von >99 % und einem Enantiomerenverhältnis von 91 : 9 für (S)‐2‐Phenylpropanol führte. Der gesamte Prozess verläuft in Wasser unter milden und energiesparenden Bedingungen sowie ohne die Erfordernis zur Isolierung von Zwischenprodukten.
One‐step preparation of highly conductive eutectogel for a flexible strain sensor
Authors: Fan Kaiqi , Peng Jiwei , Yang Wentong , Wang Xiaobo , Liu Sen , Cao Luxin , Sun Haijun , Zhang Xiaojing
Published: April 2024

Gels with excellent ionic conductivity and resilience to temperature extremes are sought in practical applications due to their potential for building flexible and wearable soft electronics. In this work, highly conductive eutectogels are fabricated by one‐step polymerization of (3‐acrylamidopropyl) trimethyl ammonium chloride in deep eutectic solvents (DESs). Owing to the ion‐conductive polymer networks facilitating ion conduction, these eutectogels exhibit a significant enhancement in ionic conductivity (27.1 mS cm−1), demonstrating an order of magnitude higher than that of pure DES. Furthermore, due to several unique properties of DES, these eutectogels exhibit excellent stretchability (>1000%), good adhesion, as well as nonflammability performance over a wide temperature range (−40 to 100°C). Moreover, the strain sensor based on the eutectogel shows a highly sensitive response (gauge factor = 6.92) to a broad strain range (from 450% to 550%), enabling the accurate and reliable detection of various human movements. Additionally, our findings reveal that the eutectogel‐based sensor displays a comparable pattern of response curves with negligible signal deterioration, even at extreme temperatures of −20 and 60°C. The results of this work will promote novel applications in the construction of flexible and safe devices.
Artificial neural networks for the accurate prediction of the thickness of fiber membranes prepared by airflow‐assisted electrostatic spinning
Authors: Ma Zhenfeng , Zheng Zhaoguang , Zeng Jun , Feng Guodong , Huang Yihua , Luo Wenhui , He Minyou , Cui Jiaming , Liang Yi‐Jun
Published: April 2024

The practical application of fiber membranes prepared by electrostatic spinning requires a uniform thickness. However, the parameters involved in the spinning process are highly complex, particularly when it comes to precise control over membrane thickness. Hence, achieving a consistent and homogeneous thickness for fiber membranes has posed significant challenges thus far. To accurately predict membrane thickness during the spinning process and ensure consistent outcomes, this study employed polyvinylidene fluoride as the raw material and optimized electrostatic spinning preparation using an innovative airflow‐assisted strategy. The as‐proposed preparation strategy effectively enhances the volatilization of solvents within the jet, also promotes jet stretching through assistance from airflow, resulting in a more stable and homogeneous fiber diameter. Additionally, COMSOL simulations were utilized to provide rational explanations for these findings. By collecting multiple process parameters, including positive voltage, liquid supply speed, winding speed, and solution concentration, this study has successfully developed an artificial neural network (ANN) that exhibits reliable predictive capabilities for membrane thickness. Notably, the model demonstrates a remarkable goodness‐of‐fit with an R2 value of 0.9981. Through the integration of ANN with electrostatic spinning technology, significant advancements have been achieved in accurately predicting and controlling the uniformity of electrostatically spun polymer fiber membranes.
New 2‐nitroimidazole‐N‐acylhydrazones, analogs of benznidazole, as anti‐Trypanosoma cruzi agents
Authors: Pitombeira Marcelly C. S. R. , Júnior Policarpo A. S. , Murta Silvane Maria Fonseca , Romanha Alvaro , Luccas Pedro H. , Nonato M. Cristina , Rocha Rafael E. O. , Ferreira Rafaela S. , da Silveira Flávia F. , Castelo‐Branco Frederico S. , Carvalho Alcione S. , Boechat Nubia
Published: April 2024

Chagas disease is a neglected tropical parasitic disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. Worldwide, an estimated 8 million people are infected with T. cruzi, causing more than 10,000 deaths per year. Currently, only two drugs, nifurtimox and benznidazole (BNZ), are approved for its treatment. However, both are ineffective during the chronic phase, show toxicity, and produce serious side effects. This work aimed to obtain and evaluate novel 2‐nitroimidazole‐N‐acylhydrazone derivatives analogous to BNZ. The design of these compounds used the two important pharmacophoric subunits of the BNZ prototype, the 2‐nitroimidazole nucleus and the benzene ring, and the bioisosterism among the amide group of BNZ and N‐acylhydrazone. The 27 compounds were obtained by a three‐step route in 57%–98% yields. The biological results demonstrated the potential of this new class of compounds, since eight compounds were potent and selective in the in vitro assay against T. cruzi amastigotes and trypomastigotes using a drug‐susceptible strain of T. cruzi (Tulahuen) (IC50 = 4.3–6.25 µM) and proved to be highly selective with low cytotoxicity on L929 cells. The type I nitroreductase (TcNTR) assay suggests that the new compounds may act as substrates for this enzyme.
Efficient production of l‐glutathione by whole‐cell catalysis with ATP regeneration from adenosine
Authors: Zuo Siqi , Zhao Jiarun , Zhang Pengfei , Liu Wenqian , Bi Ke , Wei Peilian , Lian Jiazhang , Xu Zhinan
Published: April 2024

l‐glutathione (GSH) is an important tripeptide compound with extensive applications in medicine, food additives, and cosmetics industries. In this work, an innovative whole‐cell catalytic strategy was developed to enhance GSH production by combining metabolic engineering of GSH biosynthetic pathways with an adenosine‐based adenosine triphosphate (ATP) regeneration system in Escherichia coli. Concretely, to enhance GSH production in E. coli, several genes associated with GSH and 
l‐cysteine degradation, as well as the branched metabolic flow, were deleted. Additionally, the GSH bifunctional synthase (GshFSA) and GSH ATP‐binding cassette exporter (CydDC) were overexpressed. Moreover, an adenosine‐based ATP regeneration system was first introduced into E. coli to enhance GSH biosynthesis without exogenous ATP additions. Through the optimization of whole‐cell catalytic conditions, the engineered strain GSH17‐FDC achieved an impressive GSH titer of 24.19 g/L only after 2 h reaction, with a nearly 100% (98.39%) conversion rate from the added 
l‐Cys. This work not only unveils a new platform for GSH production but also provides valuable insights for the production of other high‐value metabolites that rely on ATP consumption.
Sulfhydryl‐functionalized COF‐based electrolyte strengthens chemical affinity toward polysulfides in quasi‐solid‐state Li‐S batteries
Authors: Bi Linnan , Xiao Jie , Song Yaochen , Sun Tianrui , Luo Mingkai , Wang Yi , Dong Peng , Zhang Yingjie , Yao Yao , Liao Jiaxuan , Wang Sizhe , Chou Shulei
Published: April 2024

For lithium‐sulfur batteries (Li‐S batteries), a high‐content electrolyte typically can exacerbate the shuttle effect, while a lean electrolyte may lead to decreased Li‐ion conductivity and reduced catalytic conversion efficiency, so achieving an appropriate electrolyte‐to‐sulfur ratio (E/S ratio) is essential for improving the battery cycling efficiency. A quasi‐solid electrolyte (COF‐SH@PVDF‐HFP) with strong adsorption and high catalytic conversion was constructed for in situ covalent organic framework (COF) growth on highly polarized polyvinylidene fluoride‐hexafluoropropylene (PVDF‐HFP) fibers. COF‐SH@PVDF‐HFP enables efficient Li‐ion conductivity with low‐content liquid electrolyte and effectively suppresses the shuttle effect. The results based on in situ Fourier‐transform infrared, in situ Raman, UV–Vis, X‐ray photoelectron, and density functional theory calculations confirmed the high catalytic conversion of COF‐SH layer containing sulfhydryl and imine groups for the lithium polysulfides. Lithium plating/stripping tests based on Li/COF‐SH@PVDF‐HFP/Li show excellent lithium compatibility (5 mAh cm−2 for 1400 h). The assembled Li‐S battery exhibits excellent rate (2 C 688.7 mAh g−1) and cycle performance (at 2 C of 568.8 mAh g−1 with a capacity retention of 77.3% after 800 cycles). This is the first report to improve the cycling stability of quasi‐solid‐state Li‐S batteries by reducing both the E/S ratio and the designing strategy of sulfhydryl‐functionalized COF for quasi‐solid electrolytes. This process opens up the possibility of the high performance of solid‐state Li‐S batteries.
Redox‐Active Dihydrophenazine‐Based Macrocycle: Synthesis, Conformation‐Adaptive Behavior and Host‐Guest Complexation with Tetracyanoquinodimethane
Authors: Hong Qiong‐Yan , Huang Bin , Wu Meng‐Xiang , Xu Lin , Zhao Xiao‐Li , Shi Xueliang , Yang Hai‐Bo
Published: April 2024

Comprehensive Summary

A novel macrocycle based on conformation‐adaptive and electron‐rich dihydrophenazine was designed and synthesized. On the one hand, the macrocycle showed host‐guest interactions with tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) driving by charge transfer interaction between them. Meanwhile, host‐guest complexation was accompanied by fluorescence quenching and conformational change of the macrocycle. On the other hand, the oxidation of the macrocycle resulted in its diradical cation analogue and induced the release of the guest molecule TCNQ, thereby accomplishing reversible binding dynamics. Therefore, this work well illustrates the chemical and structural versatility of dihydrophenazine in the synthesis of macrocycles and their host‐guest chemistry.
Electrochemical Cascade Annulation for the Synthesis of 3‐Sulfanylquinoline Derivatives Under Mild Conditions
Authors: Li Ke , Guo Ming‐Zhong , Chen Zhuo , Li Hao‐Ran , Guo Weisi , Li Ming , Zhang Lin‐Bao
Published: April 2024

Comprehensive Summary

An efficient electrochemical approach has been developed for the construction of 3‐sulfanylquinoline derivatives by treating phenylethynylbenzoxazinanones with disulfides in an undivided cell. The protocol provided a convenient route to functionalized quinolines with good functional group tolerance. Moreover, it does not require any metal catalysts or additives, furnishing a series of biological quinolines in moderate to good yields.
Russell Mechanism‐Mediated Cancer Therapy: A Minireview
Authors: Zhang Rufeng , Liu Xiaoyang , Wu Fu‐Gen
Published: April 2024

The Russell mechanism, proposed by Russell, is a cyclic mechanism for the formation of linear tetroxide intermediates, which can spontaneously produce cytotoxic singlet oxygen (1O2) independent of oxygen, suggesting its anticancer potential. Compared with other mainstream anticancer strategies, the Russell mechanism employed for killing cancer cells does not require external energy input, harsh pH condition, and sufficient oxygen. However, up till now, the applications of Russell mechanism in antitumor therapy have been relatively rare, and there is almost no summary of the Russell mechanism in the cancer therapy field. This minireview introduces the different metal elements‐based Russell mechanisms and the relevant research progress in Russell mechanism‐based cancer therapy in recent years. At the same time, we briefly discussed the current challenges and future development regarding the applications of Russell mechanism. It is hoped that this review can further expand the research of Russell Mechanism in the biomedical field, and inspire researchers to extend its application fields to antibacterial, antiinflammatory, and wound healing uses.
Safety and efficacy of belantamab mafodotin with pembrolizumab in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma
Authors: Suvannasankha Attaya , Bahlis Nizar , Trudel Suzanne , Weisel Katja , Koenecke Christian , Oriol Albert , Voorhees Peter M. , Alonso Aranzazu A. , Callander Natalie S. , Mateos María‐Victoria , Reddy Nishitha , Hakim Shawn , LaMacchia John , Patel Nashita , Williams Danaé , Jewell Roxanne C. , Zhou Xiangdong , Gupta Ira , Opalinska Joanna , Nooka Ajay K.
Published: April 2024

Background

Belantamab mafodotin (belamaf) has shown promising antimyeloma activity in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) as a single agent. It was hypothesized that its multimodal activity may be enhanced by programmed cell death protein 1 pathway inhibition and activation of T cell–mediated antitumor responses. This study investigated the efficacy and safety of belamaf with pembrolizumab in patients with RRMM.

Methods

DREAMM‐4 (NCT03848845) was an open‐label, single‐arm, phase 1/2 study divided into dose‐escalation (part 1) and dose‐expansion (part 2) phases. Patients were ≥18 years old with ≥3 prior lines of therapy including a proteasome inhibitor, an immunomodulatory drug, and an anti‐CD38 agent. Patients received belamaf (2.5 or 3.4 mg/kg, part 1; 2.5 mg/kg, part 2) and 200 mg pembrolizumab for ≤35 cycles.

Results

Of 41 enrolled patients, 34 (n = 6 part 1, n = 28 part 2) who received 2.5 mg/kg belamaf plus pembrolizumab were included in this final analysis. Sixteen patients (47%) achieved an overall response. Minimal residual disease negativity was achieved in three of 10 patients who had very good partial response or better. Five of eight patients who had prior anti–B‐cell maturation antigen therapy achieved partial response or better, including two who had B‐cell maturation antigen–refractory disease. Common grade ≥3 adverse events were keratopathy (38%) and thrombocytopenia (29%). Despite belamaf‐related ocular events, quality‐of‐life measures remained stable over time. No new safety signals were observed.

Conclusions

The results of DREAMM‐4 demonstrated clinical activity and a favorable safety profile of belamaf plus pembrolizumab in patients with RRMM. This trial is registered at www.ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT03848845.
Outcome prioritization and preferences among older adults with cancer starting chemotherapy in a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Soto‐Perez‐de‐Celis Enrique , Dale William , Katheria Vani , Kim Heeyoung , Fakih Marwan , Chung Vincent M. , Lim Dean , Mortimer Joanne , Cabrera Chien Leana , Charles Kemeberly , Roberts Elsa , Vazquez Jessica , Moreno Jeanine , Lee Ty , Fernandes Dos Santos Hughes Simone , Sedrak Mina S. , Sun Can‐Lan , Li Daneng
Published: April 2024

Introduction

Older adults with cancer facing competing treatments must prioritize between various outcomes. This study assessed health outcome prioritization among older adults with cancer starting chemotherapy.

Methods

Secondary analysis of a randomized trial addressing vulnerabilities in older adults with cancer. Patients completed three validated outcome prioritization tools: 1) Health Outcomes Tool: prioritizes outcomes (survival, independence, symptoms) using a visual analog scale; 2) Now vs. Later Tool: rates the importance of quality of life at three times—today versus 1 or 5 years in the future; and 3) Attitude Scale: rates agreement with outcome‐related statements. The authors measured the proportion of patients prioritizing various outcomes and evaluated their characteristics.

Results

A total of 219 patients (median [range] age 71 [65–88], 68% with metastatic disease) were included. On the Health Outcomes Tool, 60.7% prioritized survival over other outcomes. Having localized disease was associated with choosing survival as top priority. On the Now vs. Later Tool, 50% gave equal importance to current versus future quality of life. On the Attitude Scale, 53.4% disagreed with the statement “the most important thing to me is living as long as I can, no matter what my quality of life is”; and 82.2% agreed with the statement “it is more important to me to maintain my thinking ability than to live as long as possible”.

Conclusion

Although survival was the top priority for most participants, some older individuals with cancer prioritize other outcomes, such as cognition and function. Clinicians should elicit patient‐defined priorities and include them in decision‐making.
Psammomatoid ossifying fibroma in the frontal sinus: An intriguing clinical encounter—A detailed case report
Authors: Babaheidarian Pegah , Mokhles Parisa , Mohebbi Saleh , Shahnazari Razieh , Karimi Nasser , Ghazinia Donya , Karaji Sina , Shirzadi Shahriar
Published: April 2024

Background

Psammomatoid ossifying fibroma (POF) is a rare craniofacial neoplasm, primarily affecting the maxillofacial region, and typically observed in adolescents and young adults. This case report presents a unique occurrence of POF in a 50‐year‐old male, defying the conventional age range and exhibiting an unusual anatomical location within the frontal sinus.

Case

A 50‐year‐old male with a prior history of cecal adenocarcinoma and colectomy presented with left eye proptosis and new‐onset headaches. Imaging revealed a well‐defined calcified mass in the left frontal sinus, leading to a diagnosis of POF. Open surgical resection was performed to remove the tumor, and histopathological evaluation confirmed its diagnosis as psammomatoid ossifying fibroma. The patient exhibited no postoperative complications or signs of recurrence.

Conclusion

This case underscores the diverse clinical presentations and diagnostic challenges associated with POF, emphasizing the importance of accurate diagnosis and multidisciplinary collaboration. Further research is needed to explore the genetic underpinnings and optimal management strategies for this intriguing condition.
Extrapleural pneumonectomy for sarcoma: Outcomes of adult patients at a specialized center
Authors: Zhang Betty Y. , Wilson‐Smith Ashley R. , Connolly Elizabeth A. , Strach Madeleine C. , Ussher Nathan , Yan Tristan , Bhadri Vivek A.
Published: April 2024

Background

Extrapleural pneumonectomy (EPP) is a complex surgical procedure involving en‐bloc resection of the parietal and visceral pleura, lung, pericardium, and ipsilateral diaphragm. Small case series of pleural‐based sarcoma of predominantly pediatric patients suggest EPP may be a life‐prolonging surgical option. We aimed to describe the characteristics and outcomes of adults who underwent EPP at a specialized sarcoma center.

Methods

Clinicopathologic variables, surgical details, and follow‐up information were extracted for patients undergoing EPP for pleural‐based sarcoma between August 2017 and December 2020. Primary outcomes were event‐free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) from the date of EPP. Secondary outcomes were disease‐free interval (DFI) prior to EPP, and early and late postoperative complications.

Results

Eight patients were identified, seven with soft tissue sarcoma and one with bone sarcoma. Patients had either localized disease with a primary thoracic sarcoma, sarcoma recurrent to the thorax, or de novo metastatic disease. All patients underwent resection of their pleural‐based sarcoma by an experienced cardiothoracic surgeon, and some patients had pre or postoperative treatment. The perioperative morbidity was comparable with previously published reports of EPP performed in mesothelioma patients. At median follow‐up of 22.5 months, median EFS was 6.0 months and OS was 20.7 months. Six patients (75%) had disease recurrence; five (62.5%) died of progressive disease. Two patients (25%) had not recurred: one died of a radiation‐related esophageal rupture, and one was alive with no evidence of disease at 37.0 months. Characteristics of those with the longest EFS included low‐grade histology and achieving a metabolic response to preoperative chemotherapy.

Conclusions

In adults with pleural‐based sarcoma, EPP is rarely curative but appears to be a feasible salvage procedure when performed at specialized centers. Patient selection is critical with strong consideration given to multimodal therapy to optimize patient outcomes. In the absence of a confirmed response to neoadjuvant treatment, long term survival is poor and EPP should not be recommended.
Pan‐cancer analyses of immunogenic cell death‐derived gene signatures: Potential biomarkers for prognosis and immunotherapy
Authors: Han Xiaodan , Song Di , Cui Yongliang , Shi Yonggang , Gu Xiaobin
Published: April 2024

Background

Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a type of regulated cell death that is capable of initiating an adaptive immune response. Induction of ICD may be a potential treatment strategy, as it has been demonstrated to activate the tumor‐specific immune response.

Aims

The biomarkers of ICD and their relationships with the tumor microenvironment, clinical features, and immunotherapy response are not fully understood in a clinical context. Therefore, we conducted pan‐cancer analyses of ICD gene signatures across 33 cancer types from The Cancer Genome Atlas database.

Methods and Results

We identified key genes that had strong relationships with survival and the tumor microenvironment, contributing to a better understanding of the role of ICD genes in cancer therapy. In addition, we predicted therapeutic agents that target ICD genes and explored the potential mechanisms by which gemcitabine induce ICD. Moreover, we developed an ICD score based on the ICD genes and found it to be associated with patient prognosis, clinical features, tumor microenvironment, radiotherapy access, and immunotherapy response. A high ICD score was linked to the immune‐hot phenotype, while a low ICD score was linked to the immune‐cold phenotype.

Conclusion

We uncovered the potential of ICD gene signatures as comprehensive biomarkers for ICD in pan‐cancer. Our research provides novel insights into immuno‐phenotypic assessment and cancer therapeutic strategies, which could help to broaden the application of immunotherapy to benefit more patients.
CO Oxidation Mechanism of Silver‐Substituted Mo/Cu CO‐Dehydrogenase – Analogies and Differences to the Native Enzyme
Authors: Rovaletti Anna , Moro Giorgio , Cosentino Ugo , Ryde Ulf , Greco Claudio
Published: April 2024

The aerobic oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide is catalysed by the Mo/Cu‐containing CO‐dehydrogenase enzyme in the soil bacterium Oligotropha carboxidovorans, enabling the organism to grow on the small gas molecule as carbon and energy source. It was shown experimentally that silver can be substituted for copper in the active site of Mo/Cu CODH to yield a functional enzyme. In this study, we employed QM/MM calculations to investigate whether the reaction mechanism of the silver‐substituted enzyme is similar to that of the native enzyme. Our results suggest that the Ag‐substituted enzyme can oxidize CO and release CO2 following the same reaction steps as the native enzyme, with a computed rate‐limiting step of 10.4 kcal/mol, consistent with experimental findings. Surprisingly, lower activation energies for C−O bond formation have been found in the presence of silver. Furthermore, comparison of rate constants for reduction of copper‐ and silver‐containing enzymes suggests a discrepancy in the transition state stabilization upon silver substitution. We also evaluated the effects that differences in the water‐active site interaction may exert on the overall energy profile of catalysis. Finally, the formation of a thiocarbonate intermediate along the catalytic pathway was found to be energetically unfavorable for the Ag‐substituted enzyme. This finding aligns with the hypothesis proposed for the wild‐type form, suggesting that the creation of such species may not be necessary for the enzymatic catalysis of CO oxidation.
Ethics in Mental Health Research with Haitian Migrants: Lessons from a Community‐Based Study in Santiago, Chile
Authors: McLaren Francesca , Mercado Mercedes , Montalva Nicolás , Watkins Loreto , Antipichun Andy , Cheristil Judeline , Rocha‐Jiménez Teresita
Published: April 2024

Migration research poses several unique challenges and opportunities. Conducting ethical global health practice, especially when studying migrant mental health, is of particular concern. This article explores seven challenges and lessons learned in our mixed‐methods study conducted to assess the impact of the migration experience on Haitian migrants’ mental health in Santiago, Chile. The primary challenges were recruiting in a highly mobile population, building trust and community participation, overcoming language barriers, safety considerations during the Covid‐19 pandemic, mitigating potential negative impacts of research on the community, providing psychological support, and finding meaningful ways to benefit the community. We propose moving toward a better and more ethical migrant research practice by ensuring language accessibility, hiring community members for the study team, working with local institutions and nongovernmental organizations, and maintaining sustainable connections.
Use of a mobile plant identification application and the out‐of‐school learning method in biodiversity education
Authors: Coşkunserçe Ozan
Published: April 2024

Today, many students are no longer able to identify plants and researchers use the term “plant blindness” to describe students' ignorance of plant species. Knowledge of plant species is among the factors that best support an interest in and understanding of environmental issues, biodiversity, and a sustainable lifestyle. With the help of mobile technologies, it is thought that the knowledge level of students about herb and tree varieties can be increased outside of class hours and in outdoor education. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the use of the PlantNet mobile application and the out‐of‐school learning method on the knowledge levels of 5th‐grade students about the plant species in their environment and their behaviors demonstrating an understanding of biodiversity. For this purpose, at the beginning of the study, a plant species questionnaire and a biodiversity behavior questionnaire were applied to the students. Afterward, the students were asked to examine the plant species around them using the PlantNet mobile application. At the end of the activities, the data collection tools applied at the beginning of the study were applied again. It was determined that the students who participated in the activities displayed more biodiversity‐related behaviors than before they participated in the activities, and that the students were able to write down more herb and tree species at the end of the activities. In addition, as a result of the activities, a positive and high‐level relationship was found between the students' biodiversity‐related behaviors and the total number of plant species they knew.
The origin, connectivity, and individual specialization of island wolves after deer extirpation
Authors: Eriksson Charlotte E. , Roffler Gretchen H. , Allen Jennifer M. , Lewis Alex , Levi Taal
Published: April 2024

Wolves are assumed to be ungulate obligates, however, a recently described pack on Pleasant Island, Alaska USA, is persisting on sea otters and other marine resources without ungulate prey, violating this long‐held assumption. We address questions about these wolves regarding their origin and fate, degree of isolation, risk of inbreeding depression, and diet specialization by individual and sex. We applied DNA metabarcoding and genotyping by amplicon sequencing using 957 scats collected from 2016 to 2022, and reduced representation sequencing of tissue samples to establish a detailed understanding of Pleasant Island wolf ecology and compare them with adjacent mainland wolves. Dietary overlap was higher among individual wolves on Pleasant Island (Pianka's index mean 0.95 ± 0.03) compared to mainland wolves (0.70 ± 0.21). The individual diets of island wolves were dominated by sea otter, ranging from 40.6% to 63.2% weighted percent of occurrence (wPOO) (mean 55.5 ± 8.7). In contrast, individual mainland wolves primarily fed on ungulates (42.2 ± 21.3) or voles during a population outbreak (31.2 ± 23.2). We traced the origin of the Pleasant Island pack to a mainland pair that colonized around 2013 and produced several litters. After this breeding pair was killed, their female offspring and an immigrant male became the new breeders in 2019. We detected 20 individuals of which 8 (40%) were trapped and killed while two died of natural causes during the 6‐year study. Except for the new breeding male, the pedigree analysis and genotype results showed no additional movement to or from the island, indicating limited dispersal but no evidence of inbreeding. Our findings suggest wolves exhibit more flexible foraging behavior than previously believed, and hunting strategies can substantially differ between individuals within or between packs. Nevertheless, anthropogenic and natural mortality combined with limited connectivity to the mainland may inhibit the continued persistence of Pleasant Island wolves.
The impact of SOX4‐activated CTHRC1 transcriptional activity regulating DNA damage repair on cisplatin resistance in lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Ai Cheng , Huang Zhenhao , Rong Tenghao , Shen Wang , Yang Fuyu , Li Qiang , Bi Lei , Li Wen
Published: April 2024

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the predominant subtype within the spectrum of lung malignancies. CTHRC1 has a pro‐oncogenic role in various cancers. Here, we observed the upregulation of CTHRC1 in LUAD, but its role in cisplatin resistance in LUAD remains unclear. Bioinformatics analysis was employed to detect CTHRC1 and SRY‐related HMG‐box 4 (SOX4) expression in LUAD. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis predicted the enriched pathways related to CTHRC1. JASPAR and MotifMap databases predicted upstream transcription factors of CTHRC1. Pearson analysis was conducted to analyze the correlation between genes of interest. The interaction and binding relationship between CTHRC1 and SOX4 were validated through dual‐luciferase and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction determined the expression of CTHRC1 and SOX4 genes. CCK‐8 was performed to assess cell viability and calculate IC50 value. Flow cytometry examined the cell cycle. Comet assay and western blot assessed DNA damage. CTHRC1 and SOX4 were upregulated in LUAD. CTHRC1 exhibited higher expression in cisplatin‐resistant A549 cells compared to cisplatin‐sensitive A549 cells. Knockdown of CTHRC1 enhanced DNA damage during cisplatin treatment and increased the sensitivity of LUAD cells to cisplatin. Additionally, SOX4 modulated DNA damage repair (DDR) by activating CTHRC1 transcriptional activity, promoting cisplatin resistance in LUAD cells. SOX4 regulated DDR by activating CTHRC1, thereby enhancing cisplatin resistance in LUAD cells. The finding provides a novel approach to address clinical cisplatin resistance in LUAD, with CTHRC1 possibly serving as a candidate for targeted therapies in addressing cisplatin resistance within LUAD.
Onboard Miniature Jet Fuel Desulfurizer for Mobile Fuel Cell Power Systems
Authors: Panthi Dhruba , Du Yanhai , Feng Hai , Sahu Sulata , Soliman Ibrahim
Published: April 2024

Owing to its high energy density and wide availability, jet fuel is a promising fuel for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) power systems. However, fuel‐reforming catalysts and SOFC anodes are easily poisoned by sulfur compounds present in the jet fuel. Therefore, effective removal of sulfur from the jet fuel is essential before its feeding to the SOFC system. Herein, a novel adsorptive desulfurization reactor for onboard desulfurization of jet fuel in mobile SOFC systems is developed. A laser‐based 3D printing method is used to fabricate the one‐piece stainless steel reactor that significantly simplifies the assembly and reduces the overall weight. The desulfurization performance of the reactor is evaluated using a regenerable nickel‐based sorbent under varying operating conditions. A strong influence of temperature and fuel flow rate on the desulfurization performance is observed. The results confirm that the developed desulfurization system is capable of reducing the sulfur content in jet fuel to a few ppm to sub‐ppm level. The proposed desulfurization system offers unique advantages in terms of geometric design flexibility, space optimization, scalability, and modularity for any onboard and/or on‐demand deep desulfurization needs in addition to fuel cell power systems for transport and portable applications.