bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Temporal regulation of Dpp signaling output in the Drosophila wing
Authors: O'Keefe David D. , Thomas Sean , Edgar Bruce A. , Buttitta Laura
Published: March 2014

Background: The Decapentaplegic (Dpp) signaling pathway is used in many developmental and homeostatic contexts, each time resulting in cellular responses particular to that biological niche. The flexibility of Dpp signaling is clearly evident in epithelial cells of the Drosophila wing imaginal disc. During larval stages of development, Dpp functions as a morphogen, patterning the wing developmental field and stimulating tissue growth. A short time later, however, as wing‐epithelial cells exit the cell cycle and begin to differentiate, Dpp is a critical determinant of vein‐cell fate. It is likely that the Dpp signaling pathway regulates different sets of target genes at these two developmental time points. Results: To identify mechanisms that temporally control the transcriptional output of Dpp signaling in this system, we have taken a gene expression profiling approach. We identified genes affected by Dpp signaling at late larval or early pupal developmental time points, thereby identifying patterning‐ and differentiation‐specific downstream targets, respectively. Conclusions: Analysis of target genes and transcription factor binding sites associated with these groups of genes revealed potential mechanisms by which target‐gene specificity of the Dpp signaling pathway is temporally regulated. In addition, this approach revealed novel mechanisms by which Dpp affects the cellular differentiation of wing‐veins. Developmental Dynamics 243:818–832, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The myosin ID pathway and left–right asymmetry in Drosophila
Authors: Géminard Charles , González‐Morales Nicanor , Coutelis Jean‐Baptiste , Noselli Stéphane
Published: March 2014

Drosophila is a classical model to study body patterning, however left‐right (L/R) asymmetry had remained unexplored, until recently. The discovery of the conserved myosin ID gene as a major determinant of L/R asymmetry has revealed a novel L/R pathway involving the actin cytoskeleton and the adherens junction. In this process, the HOX gene Abdominal‐B plays a major role through the control of myosin ID expression and therefore symmetry breaking. In this review, we present organs and markers showing L/R asymmetry in Drosophila and discuss our current understanding of the underlying molecular genetic mechanisms. Drosophila represents a valuable model system revealing novel strategies to establish L/R asymmetry in invertebrates and providing an evolutionary perspective to the problem of laterality in bilateria. genesis 52:471–480, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Inducible transient expression of Smpd3 prevents early lethality in fro/fro mice
Authors: Alebrahim Sharifa , Khavandgar Zohreh , Marulanda Juliana , Murshed Monzur
Published: March 2014

Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 3 (SMPD3) is a pleiotropic lipid metabolizing enzyme involved in multiple physiological processes. A deletion mutation in the murine Smpd3 gene called fragilitas ossium (fro) leads to severe skeletal abnormalities in the developing fro/fro embryos. Although fro/fro mice can be useful to study many different aspects of SMPD3 functions, their perinatal lethality makes it difficult to generate a sufficient number of mice for controlled studies. In fact, on the C57BL/6 genetic background, none of the fro/fro mice survive beyond the perinatal stage. In this study, we used the “Tet‐On” inducible gene expression system to express Smpd3 transiently in fro/fro;ROSA‐rtTA;TRE‐Smpd3 embryos on the C57BL/6 background. This induced Smpd3 expression corrected all the skeletal abnormalities in these embryos and prevented their early death. However, induction of Smpd3 expression in the adolescent fro/fro;ROSA‐rtTA;TRE‐Smpd3 mice was not sufficient to correct the defects in trabecular bone mineralization and the impaired growth of the long bones. This novel mouse model will be a useful tool to study SMPD3 biology in vivo. genesis 52:408–416, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Zic2 gene directs the formation and function of node cilia to control cardiac situs
Authors: Barratt Kristen S. , Glanville‐Jones Hannah C. , Arkell Ruth M.
Published: March 2014

The first molecular herald of organ asymmetry during murine embryogenesis is found at the periphery of the node in early‐somite stage embryos. Asymmetric gene expression and calcium accumulation at the node occurs in response to a left‐ward flow of extracellular fluid across the node, generated by motile cilia within the pit of the node and likely sensed by immotile cilia in the periphery of the node. The ciliation of node cells is controlled by a cascade of node‐restricted transcription factor activity during mid‐late gastrulation. Mutation of the murine Zic2 transcription factor is associated with random cardiac situs and a loss of asymmetric gene expression at the early‐somite node and in the lateral plate. Zic2 is not expressed in these regions but is transiently expressed in the mid‐late gastrula node at the time of ciliogenesis. The cilia of the node are overtly abnormal in Zic2 mutant embryos being dysmorphic and short relative to wild‐type littermates. The expression of the Noto, Rfx3, and Foxj1 transcription factors known to regulate ciliogenesis is greatly depleted in the mid‐gastrula node of mutants, as is the expression of the Pkd1l1 gene required for cilia function. Zic2 appears to be a component of the gene regulatory network that drives ciliation of node cells during gastrulation. genesis 52:626–635, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fostering self‐endorsed motivation to change in patients with an eating disorder: The role of perceived autonomy support and psychological need satisfaction
Authors: van der Kaap‐Deeder Jolene , Vansteenkiste Maarten , Soenens Bart , Verstuyf Joke , Boone Liesbet , Smets Jos
Published: March 2014

Objective

Although several studies have established the beneficial effects of self‐endorsed forms of motivation for lasting therapeutic change, the way patients with an eating disorder can be encouraged to volitionally pursue change has received less attention. On the basis of Self‐Determination Theory, this longitudinal study addressed the role of an autonomy‐supportive environment and psychological need satisfaction in fostering self‐endorsed motivation for change and subsequent weight gain.

Method

Female inpatients (n = 84) with mainly anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa filled out questionnaires at the onset of, during, and at the end of treatment regarding their perceived autonomy support from parents, staff members, and fellow patients, their psychological need satisfaction, and their reasons for undertaking change. Furthermore, the body mass index (BMI) of the patients at the onset and end of treatment was assessed by the staff. Path analyses were used to investigate the relations between these constructs.

Results

At the start of treatment, perceived parental autonomy support related positively to self‐endorsed motivation through psychological need satisfaction. Perceived staff and fellow patients autonomy support related to changes in self‐endorsed motivation over the course of treatment through fostering change in psychological need satisfaction. Finally, relative increases in self‐endorsed motivation related to relative increases in BMI throughout treatment in a subgroup of patients with anorexia nervosa.

Discussion

These results point to the importance of an autonomy‐supportive context for facilitating self‐endorsed motivation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2014; 47:585–600)
Long‐term prognostic impact of therapeutic strategies in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: changing mortality over the last 30 years
Authors: Merlo Marco , Pivetta Alberto , Pinamonti Bruno , Stolfo Davide , Zecchin Massimo , Barbati Giulia , Di Lenarda Andrea , Sinagra Gianfranco
Published: March 2014

Aims

ACE‐inhibitors, β‐blockers, implantable cardioverter–defibrillator (ICD) and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) improved prognosis of heart failure. We sought to analyse the long‐term prognostic impact of evidence‐based integrated therapeutic strategies in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDCM).

Methods and results

From 1978 to 2007, 853 IDCM patients (45 ± 15 years, 72% males) were enrolled and classified as follows: Group 1, 110 patients (12.8%) enrolled during 1978–1987; Group 2, 376 patients (44.1%) enrolled during 1988–1997; Group 3, 367 patients (43.1%) enrolled during 1998–2007. ACE‐inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers were administered in 34%, 93%, and 93% (P <0.001), and β‐blockers in 11%, 82%, and 86% (P <0.001) in Groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively; ICDs were implanted in 2%, 14%, and 13% (P = 0.005); mean time to device implantation was lower in Group 3. At 8 years, heart transplant (HTx)‐free survival rates were 55%, 71%, and 87% in Groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively (P <0.001). Similar progressive improvement was found for pump‐failure death (DHF)/HTx, while survival free from sudden death (SD) was significantly improved only in Group 3. Multivariable models considering competing risk indicated early diagnosis (i.e. a baseline less advanced disease stage) and tailored medical therapy (HR 0.44, CI 95% 0.19–0.98) as independent protectors against DHF/HTx. Concerning SD, lower left ventricular ejection fraction emerged as a predictor, while ICD was the only therapy with a protective role (HR 0.08, CI 95% 0.01–0.61). Treatment with digitalis emerged as a predictor of both DHF/HTx and SD.

Conclusions

An effective management and evidence‐based integrated therapeutic approach progressively and significantly improved the long‐term prognosis of IDCM during the last three decades.
Improvement of cardiac function with device‐based diaphragmatic stimulation in chronic heart failure patients: the randomized, open‐label, crossover Epiphrenic II Pilot Trial
Authors: Beeler Remo , Schoenenberger Andreas W. , Bauer Peter , Kobza Richard , Bergner Michael , Mueller Xavier , Schlaepfer Reinhard , Zuber Michel , Erne Susanne , Erne Paul
Published: March 2014

Aims

Device‐based pacing‐induced diaphragmatic stimulation (PIDS) may have therapeutic potential for chronic heart failure (HF) patients. We studied the effects of PIDS on cardiac function and functional outcomes.

Methods and results

In 24 chronic HF patients with CRT, an additional electrode was attached to the left diaphragm. Randomized into two groups, patients received the following PIDS modes for 3 weeks in a different sequence: (i) PIDS off (control group); (ii) PIDS 0 ms mode (PIDS simultaneously with ventricular CRT pulse); or (iii) PIDS optimized mode (PIDS with optimized delay to ventricular CRT pulse). For PIDS optimization, acoustic cardiography was used. Effects of each PIDS mode on dyspnoea, power during exercise testing, and LVEF were assessed. Dyspnoea improved with the PIDS 0 ms mode (P = 0.057) and the PIDS optimized mode (P = 0.034) as compared with the control group. Maximal power increased from median 100.5 W in the control group to 104.0 W in the PIDS 0 ms mode (P = 0.092) and 109.5 W in the PIDS optimized mode (P = 0.022). Median LVEF was 33.5% in the control group, 33.0% in the PIDS 0 ms mode, and 37.0% in the PIDS optimized mode (P = 0.763 and P = 0.009 as compared with the control group, respectively). PIDS was asymptomatic in all patients.

Conclusion

PIDS improves dyspnoea, working capacity, and LVEF in chronic HF patients over a 3 week period in addition to CRT. This pilot study demonstrates proof of principle of an innovative technology which should be confirmed in a larger sample.

Trial registration

NCT00769678.
EURObservational Research Programme: a worldwide registry on peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) in conjunction with the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on PPCM
Authors: Sliwa Karen , Hilfiker‐Kleiner Denise , Mebazaa Alexandre , Petrie Mark C. , Maggioni Aldo P. , Regitz‐Zagrosek Vera , Schaufelberger Maria , Tavazzi Luigi , van Veldhuisen Dirk J. , Roos‐Hesslink Jolien W. , Shah Ajay J. , Seferovic Petar M. , Elkayam Uri , van Spaendonck‐Zwarts Karin , Bachelier‐Walenta Katrin , Mouquet Frederic , Kraigher‐Krainer Elisabeth , Hall Roger , Ponikowski Piotr , McMurray John J. V. , Pieske Burkert
Published: March 2014

Background

The EURObservational Research Programme is a rolling programme of cardiovascular registries and surveys of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). These registries will provide information on the nature of cardiovascular disease and its management. This manuscript provides an update on new literature on peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM), published since the 2010 Position Statement from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on PPCM, and describes a new registry on this under‐recognized condition. Peripartum cardiomyopathy is an idiopathic cardiomyopathy presenting with heart failure secondary to left ventricular systolic dysfunction towards the end of the pregnancy, or in the months following delivery, where no other cause for heart failure is found.

Aims

The PPCM Registry aims to describe disease presentation, comorbidities, diagnostic and therapeutic management of patients with PPCM, as well as information on their offspring. Centres not only from ESC and ESC‐affiliated countries, but from around the world, are encouraged to participate.

Methods

A prospective registry on patients presenting with PPCM. At the time of writing, approximately 100 patients have been enrolled from 20 countries. All data entry is online via secure passwords and is supported by well‐trained information technology personnel.

Conclusion

The EURObservational Research Programme will allow a comparison of women from around the world, from different ethnic backgrounds, presenting with PPCM and will report on their 6 month and 12 month outcomes. The study aims to include 1000 patients and follow them for 1 year. New centres volunteering to participate in the study will be welcomed.
Effects of chitosan on the protein profile of grape cell culture subcellular fractions
Authors: Ferri Maura , Franceschetti Marina , Naldrett Michael J. , Saalbach Gerhard , Tassoni Annalisa
Published: March 2014

Grapevine is a large source of healthy polyphenols for human diet, and red table‐grapes and wines are the main source of stilbenes. These compounds are important both in the plant defence system and for human health. In the present study, Vitis vinifera cv. Barbera cell cultures were treated with 50 μg/mL chitosan and proteomic analyses on soluble and membrane subcellular fractions were performed against suitable controls. Three soluble stilbene synthase protein spots, four stilbene synthase spots in the microsomal fraction and four spots of membrane ATPase subunits were identified, the accumulation of which was modulated in response to chitosan treatment. Present proteomic and immunolocalisation data seem to provide evidence supporting the hypothesis that a stilbene biosynthetic multi‐enzyme complex is associated with the intracellular membrane. In addition, proteomic analyses showed a general decrease in the accumulation of proteins belonging to different primary metabolism pathways, both in the soluble and membrane fractions. In particular, energy, sugar and amino acid metabolisms were down‐regulated as a consequence of chitosan and acetic acid treatments. These metabolic modifications could lead to a consistent change in the profile and amount of metabolites stored in grape berries, with consequent effects on taste, flavour, organoleptic and nutraceutical properties of derived food products.
Application of Three‐Vapor Recompression Heat‐Pump Concepts to a Dimethylformamide–Water Distillation Column for Energy Savings
Authors: Gao Xiaoxin , Ma Zhengfei , Ma Jiangquan , Yang Limin
Published: March 2014

An N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF)/water mixture was selected to analyze several distillation‐assisted mechanical vapor‐recompression (MVR) heat‐pump processes compared to conventional distillation. Four distillation processes (i.e., conventional, a single MVR, MVR‐conventional, and two‐stage MVR‐double‐column heat pumps) were simulated by using the Aspen software platform to determine the energy savings and best alternative. The research results showed that a single MVR heat‐pump distillation can save 21.4 % of the energy consumption as compared to conventional distillation; the MVR‐conventional heat‐pump distillation and the two‐stage MVR‐double‐column heat‐pump distillation can save 71.1 % and 74.6 % of the energy load, respectively.
Large‐Scale Separators Based on Blends of Aromatic Polyethers with PEO for Li‐Ion Batteries: Improving Thermal Shrinkage and Wettability Behavior
Authors: Deimede Valadoula , Voege Andrea , Lainioti Georgia , Elmasides Costas , Kallitsis Joannis K.
Published: March 2014

The development of large‐scale separators with tuned microporous structures and surface areas up to 0.56 m2 are demonstrated for application to Li‐ion batteries. The different separators developed are based on blends composed of aromatic polyethers containing different functional groups that can interact with lithium cations and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). The porous structures that are prepared after the partial removal of PEO by water treatment can be fine‐tuned by manipulating the blend composition and aromatic polyether structure. In particular, the miscibility effect on pore formation is thoroughly studied. The prepared separators are highly porous (38–63 %), show good air permeability (comparable Gurley values to commercially available polyolefin separators), and increased wettability to conventional liquid electrolytes. In addition, these separators show improved thermal shrinkage behavior and high thermal stability compared to the commercially available polyolefin separators. LiFePO4/C cells using the novel separators show good performance and retain 93 % of their initial discharge capacity after 166 cycles, thus offering excellent stability for long‐term operation. The aromatic‐polyether‐based chemistry of the prepared separators plays a key role in providing the separator with the aforementioned advantageous characteristics, enabling them to be an interesting alternative to conventional polyolefin‐based separators.
The feasibility of using constructed wetlands plants to produce bioethanol
Authors: He Ming‐xiong , Hu Qichun , Zhu Qili , Pan Ke , Li Qing
Published: March 2014

The feasibility of using different constructed wetlands (CWs) plants for production of ethanol was investigated. Pretreatment of different dried materials with 1% (wt/vol) NaOH was followed by solid–liquid separation and enzymatic hydrolysis, then fermentated with Pichia stipitis. Five type of sugar were detected in the hydrolysis, including glucose, xylose, and other three unknown sugars. Aspidistra elatior showed the highest total sugar yield (86.60%), and Thalia dealbata showed the lowest yield (23.65%). The highest ethanol production was 8.27, 6.47, and 5.97 g/100 g dry mass from Iris pseudacorus Linn, Zantedeschia aethiopica Spreng, and Eichhornia crassipes, respectively. And the theoretical ethanol yield was 53.78%, 90.78%, and 80.65%. A satisfactory value in comparison to the data from corn stover (7.92 g/100 g dry mass and 49.17% theoretical ethanol yield). However, Nephrolepis auriculata and Veronica undulata Wall couldn't produce ethanol in our work. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 34: 276–281, 2015
A two‐step direct method for estimating the seismic response of nonlinear structures equipped with nonlinear viscous dampers
Authors: Landi Luca , Fabbri Omar , Diotallevi Pier Paolo
Published: March 2014

The insertion of fluid viscous dampers in building structures is an innovative technology that can improve significantly the seismic response. These devices could be very useful also in the retrofit of existing buildings. The effect of this typology of damping system is usually identified with an equivalent supplemental damping ratio, which depends on the maximum displacement of the structure, so that iterative procedures are required. In this paper, a simplified direct assessment method for nonlinear structures equipped with nonlinear fluid viscous dampers is proposed. The method proposed in this study is composed by two steps. The first one yields the direct estimate of the supplemental damping ratio provided by nonlinear viscous dampers in presence of a linear elastic structural response. The second step extends the procedure to structures with nonlinear behavior. Both graphical and analytical approaches have been developed. The proposed method has then been verified through several applications and comparisons with nonlinear dynamic analyses. Moreover, an investigation has been performed with regard to the influence of the relations that define the damping reduction factor and the hysteretic damping. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Option‐Implied Preference with Model Uncertainty
Authors: Kang Byung Jin , Kim Tong Suk , Lee Hyo Seob
Published: March 2014

We present a theoretical model of option‐implied preferences with model uncertainty. An option‐implied risk aversion function with model uncertainty has a higher and a steeper level of risk aversion than an investor without model uncertainty. Based on the theoretical model, we try to extract empirical option‐implied risk aversion functions with S&P 500 index options. Our empirical option‐implied risk aversion with model uncertainty and option‐implied uncertainty premium show a decreasing and a smirk pattern across wealth. After subprime crisis, the shape of option‐implied risk aversion function with model uncertainty is not quite different, and both the level of option‐implied risk aversion function and the option‐implied uncertainty premium become slightly lowered. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 34:498–515, 2014
Consistent SMARCB1 homozygous deletions in epithelioid sarcoma and in a subset of myoepithelial carcinomas can be reliably detected by FISH in archival material
Authors: Le Loarer Francois , Zhang Lei , Fletcher Christopher D. , Ribeiro Agnes , Singer Samuel , Italiano Antoine , Neuville Agnes , Houlier Aurélie , Chibon Frederic , Coindre Jean‐Michel , Antonescu Cristina R.
Published: March 2014

Epithelioid sarcomas (ES) are mesenchymal neoplasms subclassified into distal and proximal subtypes based on their distinct clinical presentations and histologic features. Consistent loss of SMARCB1 nuclear expression has been considered as the hallmark abnormality for both subtypes, a feature shared with atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor of infancy (ATRT). While virtually all ATRTs harbor underlying SMARCB1 somatic or germline alterations, mechanisms of SMARCB1 inactivation in ES are less well defined. To further define mechanisms of SMARCB1 inactivation a detailed molecular analysis was performed on 40 ES (25 proximal and 15 distal ES, with classic morphology and negative SMARCB1 expression) for their genomic status of SMARCB1 and related genes encoding the SWI/SNF subunits (PBRM1, BRG1, BRM, SMARCC1/2 and ARID1A) by FISH using custom BAC probes. An additional control group was included spanning a variety of 41 soft tissue neoplasms with either rhabdoid/epithelioid features or selected histotypes previously shown to lack SMARCB1 by IHC. Furthermore, 12 ES were studied by array CGH (aCGH) and an independent TMA containing 50 additional ES cases was screened for Aurora Kinase A (AURKA) and cyclin D1 immunoexpression. Homozygous SMARCB1 deletions were found by FISH in 36/40 ES (21/25 proximal‐type). One of the distal‐type ES displayed homozygous SMARCB1 deletion in the tumor cells, along with a heterozygous deletion within normal tissue, finding confirmed by array CGH. None of the proximal ES lacking homozygous SMARCB1 deletions displayed alterations in other SWI/SNF subunits gene members. Among controls, only the SMARCB1‐immunonegative myoepithelial carcinomas displayed SMARCB1 homozygous deletions in 3/5 cases, while no gene specific abnormalities were seen among all other histologic subtypes of sarcomas tested regardless of the SMARCB1 protein status. There was no consistent pattern of AURKA and Cyclin D1 expression. The array CGH was successful in 9/12 ES, confirming the SMARCB1 and other SWI/SNF genes copy numbers detected by FISH. Our study confirms the shared pathogenesis of proximal and distal ES, showing consistent SMARCB1 homozygous deletions. Additionally we report the first ES case associated with a SMARCB1 constitutional deletion, establishing a previously undocumented link with ATRT. Alternative mechanisms of SMARCB1 inactivation in SMARCB1‐disomic ES remain to be identified, but appear unrelated to large genomic abnormalities in other SWI/SNF subunits. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modelling the shear strength of overconsolidated clays with a Hvorslev surface
Authors: Schädlich Bert , Schweiger Helmut F.
Published: March 2014

The modelling of highly overconsolidated clays with a so‐called Hvorslev yield surface is discussed in this paper. After a brief review of the mechanical behaviour of clays, the mathematical relationships of the Hvorslev surface based on critical state soil mechanics are presented. The Hvorslev surface is implemented in a multilaminate constitutive model; hence, an introduction to this type of model is provided. The model is validated by comparing model predictions with the experimental undrained stress paths, peak shear strengths and excess pore pressures of two overconsolidated clays.

Zur Modellierung der Scherfestigkeit von überkonsolidierten Tonböden mit einer Hvorslev‐Fließfläche Dieser Beitrag behandelt die Modellierung des Verhaltens von stark überkonsolidierten Tonböden mit einer sogenannten Hvorslev‐Fließfläche. Nach einem kurzen Überblick über das mechanische Verhalten dieser Böden werden die mathematischen Zusammenhänge zur Beschreibung der Hvorslev‐Fließfläche auf der Basis von Critical State Soil Mechanics erläutert. Die Hvorslev‐Fließfläche wurde in einem multilaminaten Stoffmodell implementiert, weshalb die Grundzüge dieses Modelltyps vorgestellt werden. Das Modell wird validiert durch den Vergleich mit experimentell ermittelten undrainierten Spannungspfaden, maximalen Scherfestigkeiten und Porenwasserdruckentwicklungen von zwei überkonsoliderten Tonböden.
Experimentelle Bestimmung der thermischen Leitfähigkeit von Böden
Authors: Schwiteilo Erik , Männer Jörg , Herle Ivo
Published: March 2014

Die thermische Leitfähigkeit ist eine Bodeneigenschaft, die zunehmend an Bedeutung gewinnt. Immer öfter werden präzise Kenntnisse der Wärmeausbreitung im Boden nötig, um die aktuellen Anwendungen, z.B. bei geothermischen Anlagen oder bei Bodenvereisungen, zu optimieren und neue Möglichkeiten zu schaffen. Eine wichtige Eigenschaft bei der Wärmeausbreitung ist die thermische Leitfähigkeit. Zur Bestimmung dieser sind einige Verfahren bekannt, welche sich nicht alle für Untersuchungen an Bodenproben eignen.

Es wird ein Verfahren zur Bestimmung der thermischen Leitfähigkeit beschrieben, mit welchem es möglich ist, die thermische Leitfähigkeit von Böden zu analysieren. Im weiteren Verlauf wird ein Versuchsaufbau erläutert, mit dessen Hilfe verschiedene Einflussfaktoren untersucht werden können. Es wird unter anderen auf den Einfluss des Bodenmaterials, der Bodendichte sowie des Sättigungsgrads eingegangen.

Experimental determination of the thermal conductivity of soils. Thermal conductivity is one of the soil parameters which becomes more and more important. Precise knowledge of the heat propagation in soil is necessary to optimise and develop applications like geothermal energy or soil freezing. Thermal conductivity is an important characteristic of heat propagation. Several methods are being used for the determination of thermal conductivity, but not all of them are suitable for soil testing.

One appropriate method to determine the thermal conductivity of soils is described. An experimental set‐up to analyze different factors influencing the thermal conductivity is introduced. Among others the influence of soil type, dry density and degree of saturation is analyzed.
What is microglia neurotoxicity (Not)?
Authors: Biber Knut , Owens Trevor , Boddeke Erik
Published: March 2014

Microglia most likely appeared early in evolution as they are not only present in vertebrates, but are also found in nervous systems of various nonvertebrate organisms. Mammalian microglia are derived from a specific embryonic, self‐renewable myeloid cell population that is throughout lifetime not replaced by peripheral myeloid cells. These phylogenic and ontogenic features suggest that microglia serve vital functions. Yet, microglia often are described as neurotoxic cells, that actively kill (healthy) neurons. Since it is from an evolutionary point of view difficult to understand why an important and vulnerable organ like the brain should host numerous potential killers, we here review the concept of microglia neurotoxicity. On one hand it is discussed that most of our understanding about how microglia kill neurons is based on in vitro experiments or correlative staining studies that suffer from the difficulty to discriminate microglia and peripheral myeloid cells in the diseased brain. On the other hand it is described that a more functional approach by mutating, inactivating or deleting microglia is seldom associated with a beneficial outcome in an acute injury situation, suggesting that microglia are normally important protective elements in the brain. This might change in chronic disease or the aged brain, where; however, it remains to be established whether microglia simply lose their protective capacities or whether microglia become truly neurotoxic cells. GLIA 2014;62:841–854
Efficiency of weak brain connections support general cognitive functioning
Authors: Santarnecchi Emiliano , Galli Giulia , Polizzotto Nicola Riccardo , Rossi Alessandro , Rossi Simone
Published: March 2014

Brain network topology provides valuable information on healthy and pathological brain functioning. Novel approaches for brain network analysis have shown an association between topological properties and cognitive functioning. Under the assumption that “stronger is better”, the exploration of brain properties has generally focused on the connectivity patterns of the most strongly correlated regions, whereas the role of weaker brain connections has remained obscure for years. Here, we assessed whether the different strength of connections between brain regions may explain individual differences in intelligence. We analyzed‐functional connectivity at rest in ninety‐eight healthy individuals of different age, and correlated several connectivity measures with full scale, verbal, and performance Intelligent Quotients (IQs). Our results showed that the variance in IQ levels was mostly explained by the distributed communication efficiency of brain networks built using moderately weak, long‐distance connections, with only a smaller contribution of stronger connections. The variability in individual IQs was associated with the global efficiency of a pool of regions in the prefrontal lobes, hippocampus, temporal pole, and postcentral gyrus. These findings challenge the traditional view of a prominent role of strong functional brain connections in brain topology, and highlight the importance of both strong and weak connections in determining the functional architecture responsible for human intelligence variability. Hum Brain Mapp 35:4566–4582, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Review of Rodent Models of Type 2 Diabetic Skeletal Fragility
Authors: Fajardo Roberto J , Karim Lamya , Calley Virginia I , Bouxsein Mary L
Published: March 2014

Evidence indicating that adult type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with increased fracture risk continues to mount. Unlike osteoporosis, diabetic fractures are associated with obesity and normal to high bone mineral density, two factors that are typically associated with reduced fracture risk. Animal models will likely play a critical role in efforts to identify the underlying mechanisms of skeletal fragility in T2D and to develop preventative treatments. In this review we critically examine the ability of current rodent models of T2D to mimic the skeletal characteristics of human T2D. We report that although there are numerous rodent models of T2D, few have undergone thorough assessments of bone metabolism and strength. Further, we find that many of the available rodent models of T2D have limitations for studies of skeletal fragility in T2D because the onset of diabetes is often prior to skeletal maturation and bone mass is low, in contrast to what is seen in adult humans. There is an urgent need to characterize the skeletal phenotype of existing models of T2D, and to develop new models that more closely mimic the skeletal effects seen in adult-onset T2D in humans. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Inhibition of Cathepsin K Increases Modeling-Based Bone Formation, and Improves Cortical Dimension and Strength in Adult Ovariectomized Monkeys
Authors: Pennypacker Brenda L , Chen Charles M , Zheng Helen , Shih Mei-Shu , Belfast Mary , Samadfam Rana , Duong Le T
Published: March 2014

Treatment with the cathepsin K (CatK) inhibitor odanacatib (ODN) protects against bone loss and maintains normal biomechanical properties in the spine and hip of ovariectomized (OVX) preclinical models. Here, we characterized the effects of ODN on the dynamics of cortical modeling and remodeling, and dimension and strength of the central femur in adult OVX-rhesus monkeys. Animals were treated with vehicle or ODN (6 or 30 mg/kg, once per day [q.d., p.o.]) in prevention mode for 21 months. Calcein and tetracycline double-labeling were given at 12 and 21 months, and the femoral cross-sections were subjected to dynamic histomorphometric and cement line analyses. ODN treatment significantly increased periosteal and endocortical bone formation (BFR/BS), accompanied with an increase in endocortical mineralizing surface (102%, p < 0.01) with the 6 mg/kg dose. ODN at both doses reduced remodeling hemiosteon numbers by 51% and 66% (p < 0.05), respectively, and ODN 30 mg/kg numerically reduced activation frequency without affecting wall thickness. On the same endocortical surface, ODN increased all modeling-based parameters, while reducing intracortical remodeling, consistent with the observed no treatment effects on cortical porosity. ODN 30 mg/kg markedly increased cortical thickness (CtTh, p < 0.001) and reduced marrow area (p < 0.01). Lastly, ODN treatment increased femoral structural strength (p < 0.001). Peak load was positively correlated with the increases in bone mineral content (BMC) (r2 = 0.9057, p < 0.0001) and CtTh (r2 = 0.6866, p < 0.0001). Taken together, by reducing cortical remodeling-based and stimulating modeling-based bone formation, ODN significantly improved cortical dimension and strength in OVX monkeys. This novel mechanism of CatK inhibition in stimulating cortical formation suggests that ODN represents a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of osteoporosis. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Exercise During Growth and Young Adulthood Is Independently Associated With Cortical Bone Size and Strength in Old Swedish Men
Authors: Nilsson Martin , Sundh Daniel , Ohlsson Claes , Karlsson Magnus , Mellström Dan , Lorentzon Mattias
Published: March 2014

Previous studies have reported an association between exercise during youth and increased areal bone mineral density at old age. The primary aim of this study was to investigate if exercise during growth was independently associated with greater cortical bone size and whole bone strength in weight-bearing bone in old men. The tibia and radius were measured using both peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) (XCT-2000; Stratec) at the diaphysis and high-resolution pQCT (HR-pQCT) (XtremeCT; Scanco) at the metaphysis to obtain cortical bone geometry and finite element–derived bone strength in distal tibia and radius, in 597 men, 79.9 ± 3.4 (mean ± SD) years old. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information about previous and current physical activity. In order to determine whether level of exercise during growth and young adulthood or level of current physical activity were independently associated with bone parameters in both tibia and radius, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) analyses were used. Adjusting for covariates and current physical activity, we found that men in the group with the highest level of exercise early in life (regular exercise at a competitive level) had higher tibial cortical cross-sectional area (CSA; 6.3%, p < 0.001) and periosteal circumference (PC; 1.6%, p = 0.011) at the diaphysis, and higher estimated bone strength (failure load: 7.5%, p < 0.001; and stiffness: 7.8%, p < 0.001) at the metaphysis than men in the subgroup with the lowest level of exercise during growth and young adulthood. Subjects in the group with the highest level of current physical activity had smaller tibial endosteal circumference (EC; 3.6%, p = 0.012) at the diaphysis than subjects with a lower current physical activity, when adjusting for covariates and level of exercise during growth and young adulthood. These findings indicate that exercise during growth can increase the cortical bone size via periosteal expansion, whereas exercise at old age may decrease endosteal bone loss in weight-bearing bone in old men. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
A Novel Osteogenic Oxysterol Compound for Therapeutic Development to Promote Bone Growth: Activation of Hedgehog Signaling and Osteogenesis Through Smoothened Binding
Authors: Montgomery Scott R , Nargizyan Taya , Meliton Vicente , Nachtergaele Sigrid , Rohatgi Rajat , Stappenbeck Frank , Jung Michael E , Johnson Jared S , Aghdasi Bayan , Tian Haijun , Weintraub Gil , Inoue Hirokazu , Atti Elisa , Tetradis Sotirios , Pereira Renata C , Hokugo Akishige , Alobaidaan Raed , Tan Yanlin , Hahn Theodor J , Wang Jeffrey C , Parhami Farhad
Published: March 2014

Osteogenic factors are often used in orthopedics to promote bone growth, improve fracture healing, and induce spine fusion. Osteogenic oxysterols are naturally occurring molecules that were shown to induce osteogenic differentiation in vitro and promote spine fusion in vivo. The purpose of this study was to identify an osteogenic oxysterol more suitable for clinical development than those previously reported, and evaluate its ability to promote osteogenesis in vitro and spine fusion in rats in vivo. Among more than 100 oxysterol analogues synthesized, Oxy133 induced significant expression of osteogenic markers Runx2, osterix (OSX), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bone sialoprotein (BSP), and osteocalcin (OCN) in C3H10T1/2 mouse embryonic fibroblasts and in M2-10B4 mouse marrow stromal cells. Oxy133-induced activation of an 8X-Gli luciferase reporter, its direct binding to Smoothened, and the inhibition of Oxy133-induced osteogenic effects by the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway inhibitor, cyclopamine, demonstrated the role of Hh pathway in mediating osteogenic responses to Oxy133. Oxy133 did not stimulate osteogenesis via BMP or Wnt signaling. Oxy133 induced the expression of OSX, BSP, and OCN, and stimulated robust mineralization in primary human mesenchymal stem cells. In vivo, bilateral spine fusion occurred through endochondral ossification and was observed in animals treated with Oxy133 at the fusion site on X-ray after 4 weeks and confirmed with manual assessment, micro-CT (µCT), and histology after 8 weeks, with equal efficiency to recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2). Unlike rhBMP-2, Oxy133 did not induce adipogenesis in the fusion mass and resulted in denser bone evidenced by greater bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV) ratio and smaller trabecular separation. Findings here suggest that Oxy133 has significant potential as an osteogenic molecule with greater ease of synthesis and improved time to fusion compared to previously studied oxysterols. Small molecule osteogenic oxysterols may serve as the next generation of bone anabolic agents for therapeutic development. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Electrokinetic remediation of soil containing Cr(VI) by photovoltaic solar panels and a DC‐DC converter
Authors: Zhang Shunxi , Zhang Jian , Cheng Xianzhong , Mei Yunjun , Hu Chun , Wang Mei , Li JianFen
Published: March 2014

BACKGROUND

In China, soil pollution is becoming more and more serious with the national economy rapidly developing. How to remedy soil containing heavy metals in an effective and low cost way is increasingly becoming an urgent problem. Utilization of renewable photovoltaic energy in the environmental protection field brings forward a solution.

RESULTS

Cr(VI) removal from soil using an electrokinetic remediation process powered by photovoltaic solar modules and a DC–DC converter was studied. The results show that under solar irradiation intensity of 650 ± 20 W m−2 and 9 V output voltage of the converter, Cr(VI) removal efficiency of an iron electrode can increase to 99.8% in 30 min. For output voltage in the range 3–11.5 V, voltage has a significant effect on Cr(VI) removal efficiency. When initial Cr(VI) concentration is increased from 200 mg kg−1 to 450 mg kg−1, Cr(VI) removal efficiency and removal rate decrease. Total Cr concentrations and XRD analysis show that chromium in soil is accumulated near the anodic zone after electrokinetic remediation. For the highest voltage of 11.5 V, although sunlight utilization efficiency is the highest, electric energy consumption is the largest, and EPV and EPM are 249.4 kWh kg−1 and 156.1 kWh m−3, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The process used for removal of Cr(VI) from soil is feasible. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Degradation of carbamazepine and toxicity evaluation using the UV/persulfate process in aqueous solution
Authors: Zhang Qin , Chen Jiabin , Dai Chaomeng , Zhang Yalei , Zhou Xuefei
Published: March 2014

BACKGROUND

Using persulfate in an advanced oxidation process to degrade organic pollutants has gained more attention in recent years. In this study, an ultraviolet activated persulfate oxidation process used to degrade carbamazepine (CBZ) in aqueous solution was investigated. The effect of persulfate dosage, pH, inorganic anions and humic acid on the degradation of CBZ was determined. In addition, the transformation intermediates produced during the process were identified using gas chromatograph–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). Photobacteria were used to evaluate the toxicity of the transformation products.

RESULTS

The results showed that the degradation efficiency increased with increasing persulfate dosage but decreased with the addition of Cl− and NO3−. Acidic conditions were more suitable for the treatment. Sulfate radical was identified to be the predominant radical in the oxidation process when the solution pH was not adjusted. Several compounds including 10, 11‐epoxycarbamazepine, acridine‐9‐carbaldehyde, acridine and other low molecular compounds were identified. A possible degradation pathway was also proposed. Acute toxicity tests indicated that the inhibition ratio decreased from 100% to 65% in 60 min, illustrating that the toxicity significantly decreased with the degradation of CBZ.

CONCLUSION

Considering all of the factors, UV/persulfate may be a promising option for CBZ treatment. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Boron removal from aqueous solutions using alginate gel beads in fixed‐bed systems
Authors: Demey‐Cedeño Hary , Ruiz Montserrat , Barron‐Zambrano Jesús Alberto , Sastre Ana Maria
Published: March 2014

BACKGROUND

A column sorption study was carried out using calcium alginate gel beads as adsorbent for the removal of boron from aqueous solutions. The breakthrough curve was obtained as a function of pH, initial concentration of boron, feed flow rate, adsorbent mass and column diameter. The breakthrough capacity values and adsorption percentage of calcium alginate gel for boron were calculated. Column data obtained at different conditions were described using the Adams–Bohart model and bed‐depth service time (BDST), derived from the Adams–Bohart equation to predict breakthrough curves and to determine the characteristic column parameters required for process design.

RESULTS

The maximum adsorption percentage of boron on calcium alginate gel beads using an initial concentration of boron of 50 mg L−1 at pH 11 and room temperature (20±1°C) was calculated to be 55.14%.

CONCLUSION

The results indicated that calcium alginate can be used in a continuous packed‐bed column for boron adsorption. The optimal conditions for boron adsorption were obtained at high pH, higher initial boron concentration, increased column depth and lower flow velocity. © 2014 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Cranial sonography in extremely preterm infants
Authors: Pekcevik Yeliz , Ozer Esra Arun , Guleryuz Handan
Published: March 2014

Survival rates of extremely preterm infants have risen dramatically, paralleling improvements in prenatal and neonatal care. Cranial sonography is the primary imaging technique for the evaluation of brain injury in these patients. Extremely preterm infants have some unique features related to ongoing maturation, and associated findings on cranial sonography should be considered for accurate and early diagnosis. The aim of this pictorial essay is to illustrate normal anatomy, normal variants, and pitfalls that lead to misinterpretation of cranial sonography in extremely preterm infants. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 42:283–290, 2014
Investigation of glutamine and GABA levels in patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsy using MEGAPRESS
Authors: Chowdhury Fahmida A. , O'Gorman Ruth L. , Nashef Lina , Elwes Robert D. , Edden Richard A. , Murdoch James B. , Barker Gareth J. , Richardson Mark P.
Published: March 2014

Purpose

Idiopathic generalized epilepsies (IGE) comprise a group of clinical syndromes associated with spike wave discharges, putatively linked to alterations in neurotransmission. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether patients with IGE have altered glutamine and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels indicative of altered excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission in frontal regions.

Materials and Methods

Single‐voxel MEGA‐edited PRESS magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) spectra were acquired from a 30‐mL voxel in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in 13 patients with IGE (8 female) and 16 controls (9 female) at 3T. Metabolite concentrations were derived using LCModel. Differences between groups were investigated using an unpaired t‐test.

Results

Patients with IGE were found to have significantly higher glutamine than controls (P = 0.02). GABA levels were also elevated in patients with IGE (P = 0.03).

Conclusion

Patients with IGE have increased frontal glutamine and GABA compared with controls. Since glutamine has been suggested to act as a surrogate for metabolically active glutamate, it may represent a marker for excitatory neurotransmission. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;41:694–699. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.