bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Churnalism
Authors: van Leuven Sarah
Published: April 2019

This entry gives an overview of the definition, context, and evolution of churnalism as an important practice in the news production process. It addresses an important tension in the use of the concept that refers to the recycling of existing content including news agency copy as well as press releases. Considering the different modes of communication in journalism and public relations, pre‐packaged content originating from these sources raises a different set of ethical concerns. In addition, this entry intends to shed light on the difficult discussion with regard to churned content in the news and its supposed increase through time. It also shows that the lack of source transparency in the news output complicates empirical efforts. Finally, considering the high pace of change in the news industry, the entry concludes with a few suggestions for future research and theory.
Public Service Role of Journalism
Authors: Painter Chad
Published: April 2019

The public service role of journalism centers on the idea that a press system ought to provide the informational needs necessary for a self‐governing republic. Social responsibility theory, as the public service role is called in media ethics, derives from republican theory. When a person assumes a professional role, the ethical responsibilities, duties, and loyalties associated with that role also are assumed. For journalists, those roles include disseminating and interpreting news and information, monitoring powerful people and institutions, facilitating dialogue and public debate, serving as a radical or adversarial voice, and collaborating with the state and communities.
Truth and Truthfulness
Authors: Ward Stephen J. A.
Published: April 2019

This entry defines journalism truth as truth in public communication, comprised of the apprehension of true beliefs and truthfulness—the virtue of desiring truth. The entry traces how journalists' views of truth changed from a commonsense realism and informal empiricism to a stricter notion of truth achieved through news objectivity. The entry examines how, in recent decades, academic studies of journalism and the digital revolution have challenged commonsense realism and news objectivity.
Codes of Ethics
Authors: Roberts Chris
Published: April 2019

Journalism codes of ethics describe the underlying values of journalism, including the minimum expectations and maximum aspirations of the craft. They trumpet the overarching abstract values of journalism and define minimum standards of practitioner behavior. There exist hundreds of codes invented by individual practitioners, individual news organizations, corporations, voluntary associations, unions, press councils, and governmental agencies. Several universal codes exist in the effort to define global journalistic standards. Most codes are contradictory among themselves and within themselves, reflecting the cultural differences among journalists and the competing values and loyalties that journalists face when making decisions.
Censorship
Authors: Birkner Thomas
Published: April 2019

The entry introduces the concept of censorship as the counterpart of free speech and free press but goes beyond that. It reveals the history of censorship from ancient Rome and the Catholic Church to government authorities and their desire to control mediated discourse in the public sphere. The Internet, especially, has raised new debates on the relationship between media and politics, from the free flow of information to governments (and corporations) on the one hand, and the possibilities for state control of citizens on the other hand.
Free Speech and Free Press
Authors: Peters Jonathan
Published: April 2019

The freedoms of speech and press protect the right to communicate information and to seek and receive it, without censorship or fear of punishment. They are recognized by a variety of legal instruments, and they are entwined with the norms that inform the development and enforcement of those instruments and with the power of private business. While not absolute, speech and press rights are a cornerstone of a democratic society, facilitating the discovery of knowledge, the achievement of a stable civil society, the fulfillment of the individual, and the accountability of government.
Data Journalism
Authors: Houston Brant
Published: April 2019

This entry provides an overview of data journalism, including its basic concepts and applications, its evolution over the past 50 years, its current status, and its potential future directions. Data journalism has been defined as the analysis and visualization of digital information for news stories, news infographics, and interactive presentations. The digital information could be structured (in columns and rows) or unstructured (text, audio, video), but the methodology for analysis has remained similar. The procedure for doing data journalism has been to acquire data, to identify and correct inaccuracies, to analyze and visualize data for meaning and for possible stories, and to verify the news story for data consistency and accuracy before publishing. While there has been continued discussion on whether data journalism is part of an evolution of methods, the term has more often been used to embrace the overall practice of using computers to analyze and visualize data.
Community and Small‐Town Journalism
Authors: Poepsel Mark
Published: April 2019

Community and small‐town journalism refers to a broad category of news including publications that focus on people who share particular cultural interests or who share residency in a limited geographical location, or both. Scholars define community and small‐town journalism broadly in part because the research often takes on an audience‐centric approach. The term “community” can be geographically bound, culturally bound, or ethnically bound. Community and small‐town news publications are engines of social capital. They connect readers to one another and, as news organizations intimately connected with their communities, they do not tend to separate themselves from their audiences in the way that larger news outlets do. This entry explores theoretical, financial, and ethical aspects of community journalism.
Development Journalism
Authors: Chattopadhyay Saayan
Published: April 2019

Over the years, the concept of development journalism has been shaped by the changing notion of development and development communication. Although there are different approaches to development journalism, it mainly refers to the kind of journalism that pays continuing attention to reporting policies, agendas, activities, and events that affect the developmental issues and are committed to the improvement of the life of the people. This approach differs from that of traditional idea of journalism and the traditional objectivity principle. More recently, scholars and practitioners made efforts to move beyond topical definitions of development journalism to include stylistic elements. This kind of journalism is also not beyond criticism and it has often been labeled as government propaganda, antithetical to a free press. However, development journalism may create a useful connection between the government and the people and it seeks to mobilize people for national development.
Indigenous Journalism
Authors: Hanusch Folker
Published: April 2019

Journalism produced by Indigenous people has expanded across many societies, aided by more benevolent attitudes from governments, as well as more affordable and new information technologies. This entry provides an overview of the key issues in this field, both in terms of journalistic practices and journalism scholarship. In particular, it engages with five key dimensions of Indigenous journalism. These include Indigenous journalism's role in empowering Indigenous communities, providing counternarratives to mainstream media discourses, contributing to language revitalization, playing a role in upholding traditional cultural values, and functioning as a watchdog of the powerful. Following this overview, key aspects for future studies in this field are explicated.
New Journalism and Gonzo
Authors: Hudson Berkley
Published: April 2019

New Journalism and its bastard cousin, Gonzo, tore fear into the hearts of the “Just‐the‐Facts, Ma'am” school of journalism in the 1960s and 1970s. These two irreverent yet in‐depth reporting and writing practices emerged in the Vietnam War era of protests when sex, drugs, and rock 'n' roll caromed into global consciousness. What once was seen as rebelliousness and hyperbole eventually became valorized by many media practitioners and audiences. By the early twenty‐first century, both approaches influenced journalism from Latin America to Australia and back again.
Watchdog Press
Authors: Nai Alessandro
Published: April 2019

Monitoring and holding the powerful accountable, as independent “watchdogs,” news media detect abuses and malpractices and bring them to light with the goal to strengthen democratic governance. Even if the role of journalists as detached watchdogs seems to be dominating in most Western countries, in many developing and authoritarian contexts the press is not yet able or willing to move away from a role of opportunistic “lapdog” at the service of the powerful. Following the “hierarchy of influences” model of journalism, a system of three embedded levels is discussed—the political and social structure, the media market, and the specific journalistic culture—that shape the quality of political journalism and the role of journalists as independent watchdogs.
Foreign Correspondents and Bureaus
Authors: Murrell Colleen
Published: April 2019

The markers of a media organization's prestige have traditionally been the number of foreign correspondents and overseas bureaus it retains. Until recently, flagship media companies would pay handsomely to locate bureaus in financial or political capitals, alongside places experiencing ongoing conflict. But the cultural capital thus accrued is expensive, and increasingly money and resources are being shifted from fixed infrastructure costs to news‐gathering budgets which finance parachuting reporters to cover breaking news stories. Today the world's major media organizations are positioning their few “hub bureaus” in strategically selected major cities, from where foreign correspondents can report in situ on their particular country or on behalf of nearby countries or wider regions. These high profile correspondents form part of a media organization's international news‐gathering portfolio, which may include news agency subscription, traveling reporters, freelancers, stringers, and local journalists.
Broadcast Journalism: Television
Authors: Maniou Theodora A. , Papadopoulou Lambrini
Published: April 2019

This entry provides a broad overview of broadcast journalism in television. Tracing the historical evolution of television reporting, this entry describes both traditional and new forms of broadcast journalism in television, its structure and content, and analyzes the ethical values and challenges facing television journalists. The aim is to thoroughly present theoretical and empirical issues regarding television journalism.
Government Coverage
Authors: Berganza Rosa
Published: April 2019

Covering information about governments is one of the main tasks of political journalism. It includes decisions and actions made by individuals and institutions of the state that have direct consequences on the daily lives of citizens. After presenting the concept and its main characteristics, this entry examines how differences in media coverage depend on the reach of the governments under consideration (local, regional, national, or supranational) and their power to make decisions. Second, we refer to six trends affecting the way media covers governments: (a) personalization; (b) infotainment; (c) negativity in the news; (d) technologies of information and communication; (e) gender bias; and (f) governmental bias. Following this overview, key aspects for future studies in this field are mentioned.
Weather Coverage
Authors: Zion Lawrie
Published: April 2019

The weather has long been a prominent media topic. But the rapid development of digital media has led to new kinds of weather coverage that take full advantage of data, graphics, video, user‐generated content, social media posts, and explainers. Meanwhile, a lot of weather information seeps into everyday life while bypassing the mainstream media through the native apps embedded on smart phones and other devices. For journalism researchers, weather may appear to be an amorphous zone, but there are rich seams to be explored.
Bylines
Authors: Jackson Jennifer R. , Holton Avery E.
Published: April 2019

This entry provides a brief overview of bylines as used by journalists. Bylines are a long‐standing journalistic practice that identifies the reporter of a news story, most frequently through text or visual cues placed at the beginning or end of a story. Bylines have been used to establish journalistic credibility and professionalism of reporting, though the digital delivery of news has challenged those norms. Journalists today may present bylines through a variety of traditional and nontraditional means, especially in social media settings, just as news organizations rely on bylines to delineate between journalist‐produced and automated journalism.
Demographics of Journalists
Authors: Weaver David H.
Published: April 2019

This entry discusses some recent studies that measure and analyze the demographics or basic characteristics of journalists in the United States and in a number of other countries around the world.
Elite versus Popular Press
Authors: Magin Melanie
Published: April 2019

“Elite press” and “popular press” appear to be self‐evident terms, but, on closer inspection, significant terminological and conceptual confusion becomes apparent, particularly in comparative research since the understanding of both terms differs cross‐nationally and changes over time, conditioned, for example, by traditions, values, cultures, and circumstances on the media market. Despite the fuzziness and fluid boundaries, however, there is a conceptual core that can be described along the following criteria: (a) target groups, audience, and societal influence; (b) format; (c) content, layout, and journalistic style; (d) reputation and ethics; (e) channel of distribution and financing; and (f) democratic function. Just recently, however, the already blurring distinctions between the elite and the popular press have begun to erode even further due to increased competition pressures on the media market induced by the Internet.
Employment in Journalism
Authors: Cokley John
Published: April 2019

In addition to employment numbers, this entry addresses the use of Big Data techniques by media organizations' human resource managers and software algorithm providers using economic dashboards. For candidates with equivalent skills, the tasks of finding, applying for, and securing journalism employment has become more
network and systems analysis and manipulation
than
networking
and
personal interaction
. These developments raise questions about the commodification of journalists, not just the commoditization of news, and journalists' ability to compete for resources at the level of organizational business cases, and are likely to influence global journalism education and training.
Freelance Journalists and Stringers
Authors: Salamon Errol
Published: April 2019

Freelancing for news organizations refers to short‐term, temporary, or contract work rather than full‐time salaried employment. While freelance journalists may enjoy the flexibility and fun of doing this type of work, they also have to deal with low pay, no social security benefits, and insecure employment relationships. Yet freelance journalists have formed labor unions and professional associations to advocate for higher pay, benefits, and labor rights. Through these labor organizations and ad hoc alternative labor organizations, freelance journalists have used digital communications tools to refuse freelance contributors' contracts and unfair company demands, attempting to translate online collective action into organizational and legal change.
Ledes and Story Structure
Authors: Vicente Paulo Nuno
Published: April 2019

As the organizational properties of a coherent narrative, story structures are fundamental devices in the social construction of reality. This entry provides an introduction to seminal concepts and techniques in journalistic storytelling, such as the inverted pyramid and the story arc, contextualizing its intellectual and occupational context, while expanding it into innovative contemporary digital narrative structures across data visualization, virtual reality, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and social media platforms.
Violence against Journalists
Authors: Brambila Julieta Alejandra , Hughes Sallie
Published: April 2019

This entry introduces the concept of violence against journalists and the press. It synthesizes multiple approaches to the phenomenon to create a comprehensive definition, reviews dimensions of violence and the occupational and individual domains in which they create harm, identifies key findings and gaps in academic and advocacy organization literature, and explores future directions for research on this phenomenon.
Publishers
Authors: Tiffen Rodney
Published: April 2019

Publishers play a pivotal role in newspaper journalism. The folklore of Anglo‐American journalism celebrates the pioneering publishers whose combined impact was to build a commercially viable and politically independent press. While the individualism of the early days has had to be constrained in the era of multiple shareholders, large bureaucracies, and multimedia empires, newspaper publishers still often pursue paths which depart from profit maximization. They still—for better and worse—impact on the organizational culture of their newspapers.
Paparazzi
Authors: Mendelson Andrew L.
Published: April 2019

The paparazzi, those mostly freelance photographers who relentlessly pursue celebrities for their images, are criticized for both the way they go about their work and for the content of their photographs. The standard way of understanding them is through a legal and ethical lens, focusing on issues of privacy. This entry provides an overview of how scholars have examined the paparazzi, including from historical, legal, and ethical perspectives, and from other perspectives that suggest alternative ways of thinking about the paparazzi.
Press Conferences
Authors: Scacco Joshua M. , Wiemer Eric C.
Published: April 2019

Press conferences are a dialectical communication practice between a group of journalists and a newsworthy individual. Press conferences serve as accountability forums for stakeholders, accessibility opportunities for official sources and journalists, and performative venues for strategic public relations. Press conference events occur in a variety of political and nonpolitical contexts, including planned interactions between journalists and the President of the United States, sports figures, and scientists. This entry reviews these official interactions while offering areas for future scholarship examining the form and content of press conferences.
Infographics and Data Visualization
Authors: Dick Murray
Published: April 2019

Infographics are everywhere today; especially in our news. They are used to express some of the most important factors that shape our lives; from income inequality to fluctuations in the rate of employment. From the late Enlightenment pioneering of William Playfair to the modernist elitism of Edward Tufte, this chapter explores different perspectives on news infographics and considers what they contribute to our news; from tasteless chartjunk to interactive forms of civic engagement.
Visual Social Media
Authors: Highfield Tim
Published: April 2019

The expansion of digital and mobile media, with devices and connectivity becoming increasingly ubiquitous (in the Western world, at least), has led to increased opportunities for such media to be employed for journalistic purposes. These extend beyond the use of popular social media like Facebook and Twitter to provide updates and reports on news stories or commentary on events as they happen. Apps and platforms, originally intended for purposes that had no clear news or political connections, are adapted by news providers, journalists, and by users to engage with events, issues, and media. Visual forms and platforms are used to make journalistic coverage accessible, relevant, and enticing to the casual reader. However, visual social media also raise challenges and opportunities that have additional significance for journalism going forward.
Human‐Like Electronic Skin‐Integrated Soft Robotic Hand
Authors: Yamaguchi Takafumi , Kashiwagi Tsutomu , Arie Takayuki , Akita Seiji , Takei Kuniharu
Published: April 2019

Human‐interactive soft robotic technologies have potential in numerous applications such as automatic home‐use robots, industrial systems, and Internet of Things (IoT) concepts. One approach to improve soft robotics is to integrate multiple soft sensors to monitor diverse information simultaneously, similar to human skin, without sacrificing mechanical flexibility and softness. This study reports multiple sensor integration, called an electronic skin (e‐skin), embedded in a pneumatic balloon‐based soft robotic hand. The sensors have good sensitivity to different stimuli but are insensitive to bending of the structure. By integrating multiple tactile force sensors (2 × 2 pixels), sliding or slipping movements of an object from a soft robotic hand can be monitored by measuring the time delay of tactile forces in the sensors as well as the tactile force generated by the pneumatic robot and external stimulus such as human contact. This information prevents the robotic hand from dropping an object by providing real‐time feedback, which is used to determine the tactile force. In addition to the fundamental characteristics, demonstration of pneumatic actuation and multiple sensing detections are successfully addressed as the first proof‐of‐concept.
A Photoinduced Cascade for the Synthesis of 1H‐Indole‐2‐Acetamide Derivatives
Authors: Borger Maribel , Callen Daniel P. , Frederich James H.
Published: April 2019

Readily prepared 3‐(2‐aminoaryl)‐6‐aminopyridazine N‐oxides undergo a photoinduced cascade transformation to furnish 1H‐indole‐2‐acetamides. The reported method uniquely proceeds via acid‐catalyzed isomerization of a 2‐aminofuran intermediate and supports modular synthetic entry to indole derivatives that would be difficult to access by any other means.
Synoptic analysis and simulation of an unusual dust event over the Atacama Desert
Authors: Reyers Mark , Hamidi Mehdi , Shao Yaping
Published: April 2019

An unusual dust event over the Atacama Desert occurred in July 2016. Here, a synoptic study of the event is carried out using the NCEP FNL analysis data and WRF‐chem simulations. The “zonalization” of a mid‐tropospheric trough leads to the formation of a horizontal convergence band over the Northern Atacama and thus downward wind below it. As the descending air masses warm adiabatically, strong temperature contrasts to the colder air over the western Andes occur and intensify the down‐valley winds, thus leading to extraordinary strong easterly winds in the Atacama. Simulations with WRF‐chem indicate that these surface winds are sufficient for large‐scale dust emission, and simulated dust plumes traveling far over the eastern South Pacific agree well with the observations. As the integrated dust load is comparable with the load observed in major dust sources of the world, our findings highlight the importance of such unusual events.
Ein Hochhaus der neuen Generation
Authors: Pfeifer Matthias
Published: April 2019

Mit seinen 190 Metern Höhe gehört der neu errichtete OMNITURM in Frankfurt am Main nicht zu den höchsten Hochhäusern im weltweiten Vergleich, nicht einmal im Vergleich mit anderen Hochhäusern in Frankfurt, seine architektonische Strahlkraft und die damit verbundenen statisch‐konstruktiven Herausforderungen machen ihn aber zu etwas ganz Besonderem. Weithin sichtbar ist das architektonische Merkmal des sogenannten „Hüftschwungs“, eine über neun Geschosse, vom 14. bis zum 23. Geschoss, reichende rotierende Verschiebung der Ebenen gegeneinander um bis zu 8,5 m gegen die Vertikale. Dies ist der sogenannte „RESI“‐Bereich, der, anders als der Rest des Gebäudes, nicht mit Büros, sondern durch hochwertige Wohnungen genutzt wird und durch die gegenseitigen Verschiebungen in jedem Stockwerk die Anordnung von Terrassen ermöglicht, von denen aus man das Flair der Stadt auch in der Dämmerung oder am Abend genießen kann. Da die äußerst schlanken Schleuderbetonstützen des Gebäudes, gefertigt aus hochfestem Beton C140 mit Sonderbewehrung SAS 670, an den äußeren Rändern der Deckenplatten angeordnet sind, folgen sie den Verschiebungen, stehen teilweise – sehr imposant aussehend – deutlich schräg, vereinigen sich sogar im unteren Drittel des RESI‐Bereich, in zwei Gebäudeecken von je zweien zu je einer Stütze, durchlaufen gekrümmt den RESI‐Bereich, um schließlich im oberen Drittel sich wieder zu entzweien und dann gerade bis zur Spitze des Turms durchzulaufen. Demgegenüber führen die Verschiebungen an den gegenüberliegenden Gebäudeecken zu immer größer werdenden Auskragungen der Decken, denen mit zusätzlichen „Rucksackstützen“ begegnet wird. In diesem Beitrag werden einige der vielen statisch‐konstruktiven Besonderheiten des Bauwerks beschrieben.
Redox‐Mediated Poly(2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanesulfonic acid)/Ammonium Molybdate Hydrogels for Highly Effective Flexible Supercapacitors
Authors: Cevik Emre , Bozkurt Ayhan , Hassan Muhammad , Gondal M. Ashraf , Qahtan Talal F.
Published: April 2019

Flexible supercapacitors were constructed by using novel redox‐mediated polymer electrolytes including poly (2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanesulfonic acid) (PAMPS) and ammonium molybdate [(NH4)2MoO4] (Mo). The gel polymer electrolytes PAMPS/Mox were prepared in different compositions, where x represents the doping ratio of Mo into PAMPS electrolyte. The structure and morphology of the electrolytes were elucidated by using various spectroscopic and microscopic methods, and then they were used in the fabrication of symmetric supercapacitors. The electrochemical performances of the devices were investigated by using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge‐discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The system containing active carbon as the electrode and PAMPS/Mo3 as the electrolyte produced a maximum specific capacitance of 530 F g−1 with a 30 % enhancement in capacitance compared to the Mo‐free supercapacitor. The energy density of the device is 73 Wh kg−1 with a power density of 580 W kg−1. The redox‐active hydrogel‐based supercapacitor exhibited an excellent performance even after 2500 charge‐discharge cycles, maintaining 92 % of its original capacitance. A flexible supercapacitor was assembled by using PAMPS/Mo3 electrolyte and successfully operated a light‐emitting diode (LED).
Efficient Hot‐Electron Transfer under Modal Strong Coupling Conditions with Sacrificial Electron Donors
Authors: Cao Yanfeng , Oshikiri Tomoya , Shi Xu , Ueno Kosei , Li Jie , Misawa Hiroaki
Published: April 2019

In this study, we investigated the hot‐electron transfer efficiency under modal strong coupling conditions by monitoring the photocurrent generated at a plasmonic photoanode. We fabricated a gold nanoparticles/titanium dioxide/gold film structure that shows a modal strong coupling between the Fabry−Pérot nanocavity mode and the localized surface plasmon and then explored the effect of the strong coupling on the incident photon‐to‐current conversion efficiency (IPCE) and internal quantum efficiency (IQE) in the presence of triethanolamine (TEOA) as a sacrificial electron donor to accelerate the surface reaction enough. The IPCEs for the upper and lower branches of the strong coupling were enhanced up to 4.5 and 4.0 times, respectively, by the addition of TEOA. Additionally, the average IQE with TEOA at wavelengths from 500 to 800 nm reached 3%. The Fermi level shifts due to the generation and consumption of hot‐carriers were also discussed by comparing the in situ spectroelectrochemical measurements with and without TEOA.
Flexible Graphene/Carbon Nanotube Electrochemical Double‐Layer Capacitors with Ultrahigh Areal Performance
Authors: Romano Valentino , Martín‐García Beatriz , Bellani Sebastiano , Marasco Luigi , Kumar Panda Jaya , Oropesa‐Nuñez Reinier , Najafi Leyla , Del Rio Castillo Antonio Esau , Prato Mirko , Mantero Elisa , Pellegrini Vittorio , D'Angelo Giovanna , Bonaccorso Francesco
Published: April 2019

The fabrication of electrochemical double‐layer capacitors (EDLCs) with high areal capacitance relies on the use of elevated mass loadings of highly porous active materials. Herein, we demonstrate a high‐throughput manufacturing of graphene/carbon nanotubes hybrid EDLCs. The wet‐jet milling (WJM) method is exploited to exfoliate the graphite into single‐few‐layer graphene flakes (WJM‐G) in industrial volumes (production rate ca. 0.5 kg/day). Commercial single‐/double‐walled carbon nanotubes (SDWCNTs) are mixed with graphene flakes in order to act as spacers between the flakes during their film formation. The WJM‐G/SDWCNTs films are obtained by one‐step vacuum filtration of the material dispersions, resulting in self‐standing, metal‐ and binder‐free flexible EDLC electrodes with high active material mass loadings up to around 30 mg cm−2. The corresponding symmetric WJM‐G/SDWCNTs EDLCs exhibit electrode energy densities of 539 μWh cm−2 at 1.3 mW cm−2 and operating power densities up to 532 mW cm−2 (outperforming most of the reported EDLC technologies). The EDCLs show excellent cycling stability and outstanding flexibility even in highly folded states (up to 180°).
Intrinsic and Catalyzed Photochemistry of Phenylvinylketone for Wavelength‐Sensitive Controlled Polymerization
Authors: Reeves Jennifer A. , De Alwis Watuthanthrige Nethmi , Boyer Cyrille , Konkolewicz Dominik
Published: April 2019

Reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) photopolymerization of phenylvinylketone (PVK) is investigated. The polymerization is investigated both in the presence of two photocatalysts (iridium tris(phenylpyridine (Ir(ppy)3) and zinc tetraphenylporphyrin (ZnTPP)). The polymerization was efficient in the absence of photocatalyst, and accelerated by Ir(ppy)3, whereas ZnTPP was found to lead to retardation of polymerization. In all cases, well‐controlled polymers were synthesized with linear growth in Mn with conversion and narrow molecular weight distributions. The observed photopolymerization kinetics were consistent with a Norrish Type 1 reaction of PVK to give two radicals. The polymerization kinetics were investigated as a function of wavelength, with the reaction rate being fastest with blue irradiation (440 nm), which is surprisingly far from the absorption maximum of PVK and Ir(ppy)3. Photodegradation of PVK was observed under UV irradiation, but the polymers were stable against visible light.
Influence of the Carbon Black Dispersing Process on the Microstructure and Performance of Li‐Ion Battery Cathodes
Authors: Mayer Julian Kristoffer , Almar Laura , Asylbekov Ermek , Haselrieder Wolfgang , Kwade Arno , Weber André , Nirschl Hermann
Published: April 2019

The influence of the dispersion process and the carbon black (CB) particle size on the resulting structure and, hence, on the properties of lithium‐ion battery cathodes is investigated. N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone‐based cathode slurries with 95.5 wt% (NCM622) and a high mass content (82.5 wt%) are processed in a planetary mixer PMH10 from NETZSCH with varying high‐speed stirrer tip speeds. Particle size analyses are carried out to measure the CB particle size at different time steps of the dispersion process. The resulting cathodes are characterized to determine mechanical and electrical properties. The microstructure of chosen electrodes is reconstructed and quantified by focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy tomography and correlated with experimental data. In addition, discrete element method simulations are used for a deeper understanding of the dispersion process and breakage of CB aggregates. Correlations between process, structure, and properties of lithium‐ion battery cathodes are revealed.
Cannabidiol protects livers against nonalcoholic steatohepatitis induced by high‐fat high cholesterol diet via regulating NF‐κB and NLRP3 inflammasome pathway
Authors: Huang Yuanling , Wan Ting , Pang Nengzhi , Zhou Yujia , Jiang Xuye , Li Bangyan , Gu Yingying , Huang Yufeng , Ye Xiaodie , Lian Hui , Zhang Zhenfeng , Yang Lili
Published: April 2019

Cannabidiol (CBD), an abundant nonpsychoactive constituent of marijuana, has been reported previously to protect against hepatic steatosis. In this study, we studied further the functions and mechanisms of CBD on liver inflammation induced by HFC diet. Mice feeding an HFC diet for 8 weeks were applied to test the protective effect of CBD on livers. RAW264.7 cells were incubated with LPS + ATP ± CBD to study the mechanisms of the effect of CBD against inflammasome activation. We found that CBD alleviated liver inflammation induced by HFC diet. CBD significantly inhibited the nuclear factor‐κappa B (NF‐κB) p65 nuclear translocation and the activation of nucleotide‐binding domain like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome both in vivo and in vitro studies, which lead to the reduction of the expression of inflammation‐related factors in our studies. In addition, Inhibitor of activation of NF‐κB partly suppressed the NLRP3 inflammasome activation, while adding CBD further inhibited NF‐κB activation and correspondingly suppressed the NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages. In conclusion, the suppression of the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome through deactivation of NF‐κB in macrophages by CBD might be one mechanism of its anti‐inflammatory function in the liver.
miRNA‐143 replacement therapy harnesses the proliferation and migration of colorectal cancer cells in vitro
Authors: Karimi Leila , Zeinali Tahereh , Hosseinahli Nayer , Mansoori Behzad , Mohammadi Ali , Yousefi Mehdi , Asadi Milad , Sadreddini Sanam , Baradaran Behzad , Shanehbandi Dariush
Published: April 2019

miR‐143 is a tumor suppressor miRNA which its downregulation is frequently reported in colorectal cancer (CRC). This miRNA is a negative regulator of K‐RAS, c‐MYC, BCL‐2, and MMP‐9 genes which are engaged in tumor growth and metastasis. In the present study, miR‐143 restoration was performed by transfection of the pCMV‐miR‐143 vector into the SW‐480 CRC cells. Subsequently, alterations in proliferative and migratory potential of the cells were investigated by the 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and wound‐healing assays, respectively. Moreover, to detect apoptosis incidence in the transfected cells, 4',6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole (DAPI) staining was used. Furthermore, mRNA levels of c‐MYC, K‐RAS, MMP‐9, and BCL‐2, as potential targets of miR‐143, were assessed by quantitative Real‐Time PCR (qRT‐PCR). Also the expression levels of c‐MYC, K‐RAS, and MMP‐9 proteins were investigated by the western blot analysis. Finally, the ratio of BAX to BCL‐2 expression, as a potential marker of the response to apoptosis stimuli, was compared between the control and test groups. Furthermore, the trypan blue test was performed to determine the cell viability in cell suspension. According to the results, a decreased viability and migratory potential was observed for the miR‐143 receiving cells. The DAPI staining also confirmed the occurrence of apoptosis. Moreover, BCL‐2, K‐RAS, MMP‐9, and c‐MYC mRNAs were significantly downregulated in the miR‐143 grafted cells. The BAX/BCL‐2 ratio also indicated a notable increase in the cells with miR‐143 overexpression. In brief, miR‐143 replacement could be considered as an effective strategy for the management of CRC and attenuating its invasive features.
Prognostic and clinicopathological significance of LOXL2 in cancers: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Zhang Xuerui , Huang Junfu , You Fan , Li Wang , Zou Zhenhong
Published: April 2019

Background

Lysyl oxidase‐like 2 (LOXL2) is an extracellular matrix (ECM)‐modifying enzyme which can regulate the tensile strength of connective tissues by crosslink of collagen and elastin. Numerous studies have claimed correlations between LOXL2 expression and prognosis or clinicopathological characteristics in various cancers. However, the validities of these claims are still in question. To address these experimental results, a meta‐analysis was done to assess the prognostic and clinicopathological significance of LOXL2 expression in various cancers.

Methods

The keywords were used for searching systematically in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Wanfang database, and CNKI. Stata SE15.0 was used for meta‐analysis. The hazard ratio (HR) and odds ratios (ORs) were pooled to assess the relationship between LOXL2 expression and overall survival (OS), disease‐free survival (DFS), and clinicopathological parameters.

Results

Seventeen studies with 3,881 patients were considered as valid studies. The results indicated that the patients who had a positive LOXL2 expression had a shorter OS (HR 1.60, 95% CI 1.26–1.94, p < 0.001) or DFS (HR 1.46, 95% CI 1.14–1.78, p < 0.001). For clinicopathological parameters, statistical significances were presented in age (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.13–1.58, p = 0.001), lymph node metastasis (OR 2.20, 95% CI 1.37–3.53, p < 0.001), tumor size (OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.15–1.85, p = 0.002), and vascular invasion (OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.33–2.48, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

The results demonstrate that positive LOXL2 expression presents poorer OS and worse clinicopathological parameters. LOXL2 may be an effective biomarker to evaluate the prognosis in different type of cancers.
A case of coronary‐pulmonary artery fistula with coronary artery aneurysm detected for Kawasaki disease remote phase
Authors: Inoue Tomohiro , Miyake Toshiharu , Mushiake Sotaro
Published: April 2019

Follow‐up echocardiography showed two coronary‐pulmonary artery fistulae and a coronary artery aneurysm in a 12‐year‐old boy who had been diagnosed with Kawasaki disease without persistent coronary artery lesion at the acute phase when he was 6‐months‐old. Left coronary arteriogram confirmed the fistulae and the 4.3 × 6.3 mm aneurysm. Results show that the fistula is associated with Kawasaki disease.
A rapid and accurate methylation‐sensitive high‐resolution melting analysis assay for the diagnosis of Prader Willi and Angelman patients
Authors: Ribeiro Ferreira Igor , Darleans dos Santos Cunha Wilton , Henrique Ferreira Gomes Leonardo , Azevedo Cintra Hiago , Lopes Cabral Guimarães Fonseca Letícia , Ferreira Bastos Elenice , Clinton Llerena Juan , Farias Meira de Vasconcelos Zilton , da Cunha Guida Letícia
Published: April 2019

Background

Prader Willi (PWS) and Angelman (AS) syndromes are rare genetic disorders characterized by deletions, uniparental disomy, and imprinting defects at chromosome 15. The loss of function of specific genes caused by genetic alterations in paternal allele causes PWS while the absence in maternal allele results AS. The laboratory diagnosis of PWS and AS is complex and demands molecular biology and cytogenetics techniques to identify the genetic mechanism related to the development of the disease. The DNA methylation analysis in chromosome 15 at the SNURF‐SNRPN locus through MS‐PCR confirms the diagnosis and distinguishes between PWS and AS. Our study aimed to establish the MS‐PCR technique associated with High‐Resolution Melting (MS‐HRM) in PWS and AS diagnostic with a single pair of primers.

Methods

We collected blood samples from 43 suspected patients to a cytogenetic and methylation analysis. The extracted DNA was treated with bisulfite to perform comparative methylation analysis.

Results

MS‐HRM and MS‐PCR agreed in 100% of cases, identifying 19(44%) PWS, 3(7%) AS, and 21(49%) Normal. FISH analysis detected four cases of PWS caused by deletions in chromosome 15.

Conclusion

The MS‐HRM showed good performance with a unique pair of primers, dispensing electrophoresis gel analysis, offering a quick and reproducible diagnostic.
Effects of SCF content, injection speed, and CF content on the morphology and tensile properties of microcellular injection‐molded CF/PP composites
Authors: Nobe Rie , Qiu Jianhui , Kudo Makoto , Ito Kazushi , Kaneko Masaki
Published: April 2019

Carbon fiber/polypropylene composite foams were prepared by microcellular injection molding using nitrogen as a foaming agent. The effects of nitrogen content, injection speed, and CF content on the morphology and tensile properties of the composite foams were investigated. A three‐layer structure was formed in the microcellular foams: the skin layer was solid, the intermediate layer contained stretched cells parallel to the flow direction, and the core layer consisted of spherical cells. The average cell diameter of the machine direction decreased from 41 to 34 μm as the nitrogen content increased from 0.5 to 1 wt%, increased from 34 to 43 μm as the injection speed increased from 50 to 150 mm/s, and decreased from 34 to 25 μm as the CF content increased from 10 to 30 wt%. Thus, the microcellular structure was improved by increasing the nitrogen and CF content and by decreasing the injection speed. Furthermore, when the CF content increased from 10 to 30 wt%, the Young's modulus of the solids and foams increased by 78% and 113%, respectively. Thus, the Young's modulus of the foams improved by 35% due to the improvement in the cellular structure. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:1371–1380 2019. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers
Extended kinetic method study of the effect of ortho‐, meta‐, and para‐chlorination on the proton affinity of phenylalanine with full entropy analysis
Authors: Shin Joong‐Won
Published: April 2019

Absolute proton affinities (PAs) of phenylalanine, ortho‐chlorophenylalanine, meta‐chlorophenylalanine, and para‐chlorophenylalanine were determined using the extended kinetic method with full entropy analysis to investigate the effect of chlorination on the PA of phenylalanine. The measured absolute PAs of the molecules are 907.9 ± 2.3, 901.9 ± 2.2, 889.0 ± 2.8, and 904.9 ± 3.1 kJ·mol−1, respectively. The decrease and variations in the PAs upon chlorination are investigated based on the electronegativity of chlorine, polarizability, dipole moment, and the substituent effect. The effect of electronegativity of chlorine fails to explain differences in the PAs of the chlorine derivatives, and the ordering of the PAs is also not in line with polarizability. However, the ordering of dipole moments and substituent effects are, in part, consistent with that of the measured PAs except for the para and ortho derivatives, respectively. Thus, while no one molecular property fully explains the decrease in the absolute PA upon chlorination and its variation depending on the chlorination site, differences in dipole moments and the field effect provide the most plausible explanation for the observed changes.
Regularity inheritance in pseudorandom graphs
Authors: Allen Peter , Böttcher Julia , Skokan Jozef , Stein Maya
Published: April 2019

Advancing the sparse regularity method, we prove one‐sided and two‐sided regularity inheritance lemmas for subgraphs of bijumbled graphs, improving on results of Conlon, Fox, and Zhao. These inheritance lemmas also imply improved H‐counting lemmas for subgraphs of bijumbled graphs, for some H.
Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Modify Lung Immunity and Improve Antibacterial Defense in Pneumosepsis Caused byKlebsiella pneumoniae
Authors: Perlee Desiree , Vos Alex F. , Scicluna Brendon P. , Mancheño Pablo , Rosa Olga , Dalemans Wilfried , Nürnberg Peter , Lombardo Eleuterio , Poll Tom
Published: April 2019

Adult mesenchymal stem cells exert immunomodulatory effects that might improve the host response during sepsis. Knowledge on the effect of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) in sepsis is limited. Klebsiella (K.) pneumoniae is a common cause of gram-negative pneumonia and sepsis. This study sought to determine the effect of human ASCs on the host response during pneumosepsis in mice. Mice were infected with K. pneumoniae via the airways to induce a gradually evolving infection in the lung culminating pneumosepsis. One or 6 hours after infection, mice were infused intravenously with ASCs or vehicle, and euthanized after 16 hours or 48 hours, respectively. The effects of freshly cultured and cryopreserved ASCs were compared, the latter formulation being more clinically relevant. Intravenously administered ASCs were visualized in lung tissue by immunostaining at 1 and 3 hours, but not at 15 hours after infusion. Although early after infection, ASCs did not or only modestly influence bacterial loads, they reduced bacterial burdens in lungs and distant organs at 48 hours. ASCs reduced the lung levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and attenuated lung pathology, but did not influence distant organ injury. ASCs strongly modified the lung transcriptome in uninfected mice and especially mice with pneumosepsis. Cryopreserved and cultured ASCs induced largely similar effects on the lung transcriptome. These data indicate that human ASCs induce profound immune modulatory effects in the lungs, resulting in reduced bacterial burdens and lung inflammation during pneumosepsis caused by a common human pathogen, suggesting that ASCs may be an adjunctive therapeutic in this condition. Stem Cells Translational Medicine  2019;8:785–796
Principles for a Responsible Integration of Mindfulness in Individual Therapy
Authors: Michalak Johannes , Crane Catherine , Germer Christopher K. , Gold Eluned , Heidenreich Thomas , Mander Johannes , Meibert Petra , Segal Zindel V.
Published: April 2019

Objectives

Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) like mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) teach mindfulness in a group-based format. Empirical research has shown that many therapists working in individual therapy integrate mindfulness practices (e.g., body scan, sitting meditation) into their treatments. However, research on this topic is in its infancy. The purpose of this paper is to present recommendations for a responsible use of mindfulness in individual therapy.

Methods

Informed by a literature review, an expert group developed guidelines for a responsible use of mindfulness in individual therapy.

Results

Recommendations for the following issues were developed: (a) different types of integration; (b) diagnoses/clinical problems for which integration of mindfulness in individual therapy could be useful; (c) qualification of therapists; (d) case formulation; (e) the inquiry process; (f) types and optimal duration of mindfulness practices in individual therapy; (g) managing difficult experiences; (h) integration of mindfulness into individual therapy training programs. Finally, we formulate important topics for research on the integration of mindfulness into individual therapy.

Conclusions

By formulating recommendations for the most important issues of the integration of mindfulness into individual therapy, we want to stimulate the discussion on a responsible use of mindfulness in this setting. Since research on this topic is scarce, our recommendations can only be tentative.