bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sensor Network Optimization for a Passive Sensing Impact Detection Technique
Authors: Markmiller Johannes F. C. , Chang Fu-Kuo
Published: September 2009

An investigation was performed to develop a sensor placement method to maximize the performance of a structural health monitoring (SHM) system with a minimal number of sensors for detection of impact in structures, particularly for structures made of fiber-reinforced composite materials. The performance of the SHM system is evaluated based on the probability of detection (POD). This optimization problem was formulated to maximize the POD through selection of optimal sensor locations for a given sensor network. A genetic algorithm was adopted and integrated with the SHM system to perform the optimization process. Numerical simulations on two composite panels showed that the selection of sensor network configuration is crucial for the performance of the SHM system. For a targeted POD, the proposed method can be used to configure an SHM system with a minimal number of sensors to identify impact forces that are greater than a pre-defined critical value.
Identification of novel regulators of hematopoietic stem cell development through refinement of stem cell localization and expression profiling
Authors: Mascarenhas Maria I. , Parker Aimée , Dzierzak Elaine , Ottersbach Katrin
Published: September 2009

The first adult-repopulating hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are detected starting at day 10.5 of gestation in the aorta-gonads-mesonephros (AGM) region of the mouse embryo. Despite the importance of the AGM in initiating HSC production, very little is currently known about the regulators that control HSC emergence in this region. We have therefore further defined the location of HSCs in the AGM and incorporated this information into a spatial and temporal comparative gene expression analysis of the AGM. The comparisons included gene expression profiling (1) in the newly identified HSC-containing region compared with the region devoid of HSCs, (2) before and after HSC emergence in the AGM microenvironment, and (3) on populations enriched for HSCs and their putative precursors. Two genes found to be up-regulated at the time and place where HSCs are first detected, the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p57Kip2/Cdkn1c and the insulin-like growth factor 2, were chosen for further analysis. We demonstrate here that they play a novel role in AGM hematopoiesis. Interestingly, many genes involved in the development of the tissues surrounding the dorsal aorta are also up-regulated during HSC emergence, suggesting that the regulation of HSC generation occurs in coordination with the development of other organs.
Chemoresistance acquisition induces a global shift of expression of aniogenesis-associated genes and increased pro-angogenic activity in neuroblastoma cells
Authors: Michaelis Martin , Klassert Denise , Barth Susanne , Suhan Tatyana , Breitling Rainer , Mayer Bernd , Hinsch Nora , Doerr Hans W , Cinatl Jaroslav , Cinatl Jindrich
Published: September 2009

Background

Chemoresistance acquisition may influence cancer cell biology. Here, bioinformatics analysis of gene expression data was used to identify chemoresistance-associated changes in neuroblastoma biology.

Results

Bioinformatics analysis of gene expression data revealed that expression of angiogenesis-associated genes significantly differs between chemosensitive and chemoresistant neuroblastoma cells. A subsequent systematic analysis of a panel of 14 chemosensitive and chemoresistant neuroblastoma cell lines in vitro and in animal experiments indicated a consistent shift to a more pro-angiogenic phenotype in chemoresistant neuroblastoma cells. The molecular mechanims underlying increased pro-angiogenic activity of neuroblastoma cells are individual and differ between the investigated chemoresistant cell lines. Treatment of animals carrying doxorubicin-resistant neuroblastoma xenografts with doxorubicin, a cytotoxic drug known to exert anti-angiogenic activity, resulted in decreased tumour vessel formation and growth indicating chemoresistance-associated enhanced pro-angiogenic activity to be relevant for tumour progression and to represent a potential therapeutic target.

Conclusion

A bioinformatics approach allowed to identify a relevant chemoresistance-associated shift in neuroblastoma cell biology. The chemoresistance-associated enhanced pro-angiogenic activity observed in neuroblastoma cells is relevant for tumour progression and represents a potential therapeutic target.
Mental health research priorities in low- and middle-income countries of Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Sharan P. , Gallo C. , Gureje O. , Lamberte E. , Mari J. J. , Mazzotti G. , Patel V. , Swartz L. , Olifson S. , Levav I. , de Francisco A. , Saxena S. ,   for the World Health Organization–Global Forum for Health Research – Mental Health Research Mapping Project Group
Published: September 2009

Background

Studies suggest a paucity of and lack of prioritisation in mental health research from low- and middle-income (LAMI) countries.

Aims

To investigate research priorities in mental health among researchers and other stakeholders in LAMI countries.

Method

We used a two-stage design that included identification, through literature searches and snowball technique, of researchers and stakeholders in 114 countries of Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean; and a mail survey on priorities in research.

Results

The study identified broad agreement between researchers and stakeholders and across regions regarding research priorities. Epidemiology (burden and risk factors), health systems and social science ranked highest for type of research. Depression/anxiety, substance use disorders and psychoses; and children and adolescents, women, and people exposed to violence/trauma were prioritised among the disorders and population groups respectively. Important criteria for prioritising research were burden of disease, social justice, and availability of funds. Stakeholder groups differed in the importance they gave to the personal interest of researchers as a criterion for prioritising research. Researchers' and stakeholders' priorities were consistent with burden of disease estimates, however suicide was underprioritised compared with its burden. Researchers' and stakeholders' priorities were also largely congruent with the researchers' projects.

Conclusions

The results of this first ever conducted survey of researchers and stakeholders regarding research priorities in mental health suggest that it should be possible to develop consensus at regional and international levels regarding the research agenda that is necessary to support health system objectives in LAMI countries.
Trends in admissions to an intellectual disability hospital
Authors: Ganguly Sarojit , Gore Sameer , Marston Geoff , Roy Ashok
Published: September 2009

Aims and Method

Long-term admission trends in a large specialist National Health Service (NHS) hospital were examined over a 3-year period. These were compared with three earlier 3-year periods. the medical records were examined for admission numbers, source of admissions, length of stay, legal status, reason for admission and readmission rate.

Results

The percentage of patients admitted from home decreased over time, whereas the admissions from group homes increased threefold. Long-stay admissions decreased in the second and third periods followed by an increase in the fourth period. There was a progressive increase in formal admissions and a decrease in informal ones. There was an increase in admissions of people with psychiatric illness and a decrease in admissions because of social difficulties. the percentage of first admissions gradually increased and the percentages of readmissions gradually decreased.

Clinical Implications

People with intellectual disability are more likely to be admitted for psychiatric reasons and to be detained under the Mental Health Act than in the 1970s. There should be a much greater interaction between hospital and community services to facilitate shorter stays and early discharge. Out-of-area placements need to be taken account of while commissioning for the total need in a geographical area.
Specialist mental healthcare for children with epilepsy: child and adolescent mental health service liaison with neuroscience
Authors: Johnstone Ross J. , Morton Michael J. S.
Published: September 2009

Aims and Method

To describe services used by children with epilepsy seen by a liaison psychiatry team in Scotland and to examine existing guidance. Case notes of all patients with epilepsy were systematically reviewed to determine service involvement.

Results

The majority of patients attended joint psychiatry and neurology clinics. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) recommendations for the psychosocial management of children with epilepsy were met. Most patients were assessed by a clinical psychologist and received educational psychology input, individual and family treatment approaches. Half had social work involvement.

Clinical Implications

A liaison model is presented for the management of children with more complex epilepsy and psychiatric disorders.
Aetiology of depression and schizophrenia: current views of British psychiatrists
Authors: Baillie Dave , McCabe Rosemarie , Priebe Stefan
Published: September 2009

Aims and Method

A postal survey assessed current views of a random sample of 154 British psychiatrists on aetiological factors in depression and schizophrenia.

Results

Genetics, biochemical abnormalities and substance misuse were considered important factors in both illnesses. Beyond that, psychiatrists varied widely in their views. Depression was viewed as a more multifactorial condition with psychological/social factors more important, whereas biological factors were considered more important in schizophrenia. Aetiological factors were thought to vary more in depression than in schizophrenia and discussing them was seen as more important in patients with depression.

Clinical Implications

Psychiatrists' attitudes are likely to influence treatment. Patients may encounter different views depending on their illness and on the particular psychiatrist's views.
Uncertainty among Scottish psychiatrists over NHS continuing care guidance
Authors: Stevenson Gary S. , Philipson Agnieszka , McLaren Gordon
Published: September 2009

Aims and Method

To examine knowledge among Scottish psychiatrists of the 1996 guidance on National Health Service (NHS) responsibility for continuing healthcare, a postal questionnaire was devised and sent to the 132 consultants and specialist registrars in the South-East Scotland Deanery in May 2007.

Results

Two-thirds of the clinicians (67%, n= 88) responded, 88% of whom had in-patient responsibilities. Only 24% responded positively to an awareness of the current Scottish guidance. There was a strong association between awareness of the guidance and psychiatric speciality, and greater awareness among clinicians with previous experience of a relevant complaint or appeal.

Clinical Implications

Uncertainty about NHS continuing healthcare guidance among practising psychiatrists suggests a need for increased awareness of the issues, with training implications for the new guidance on NHS continuing healthcare in Scotland which became effective in February 2008.
Hypogonadism Risk in Men Treated for Childhood Cancer
Authors: Romerius Patrik , Ståhl Olof , Moëll Christian , Relander Thomas , Cavallin-Ståhl Eva , Wiebe Thomas , Giwercman Yvonne Lundberg , Giwercman Aleksander
Published: September 2009

Context: Pediatric cancer treatment may imply an increased risk of hypogonadism, leading to metabolic disorders and osteoporosis. Such complications are potentially preventable.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess diagnosis- and treatment-dependent risk of hypogonadism in male childhood cancer survivors (CCS).

Design: Male CCS who were treated during the period 1970–2002 and who in 2004 were 18–45 yr of age were eligible.

Setting: The study was conducted in a university hospital clinic.

Patients: A consecutive group of CCS treated at Lund University Hospital was selected for the study, of whom 151 (38%) agreed to participate. Furthermore, 141 healthy fertile men served as controls.

Interventions: We measured serum levels of free and total testosterone, SHBG, and LH.

Main Outcome Measures: Odds ratios (OR) for biochemical hypogonadism, defined as total testosterone less than 10 nmol/liter and/or LH above 10 IU/liter, were calculated and related to type of cancer, treatment received, as well as testicular volume.

Results: Hypogonadism was more commonly detected in CCS than in controls (OR, 6.7; 95% CI, 2.7, 17). The increased presence of hypogonadism was noted in the following treatment groups: brain surgery, chemotherapy (with and without radiotherapy), and testicular irradiation. Low total testicular volume (≤24 ml) was associated with a high risk of hypogonadism (OR, 31; 95% CI, 11, 92).

Conclusion: Adult male survivors of childhood cancer are at risk of hypogonadism, which should be acknowledged in the long-term follow-up of these men.

Adult male survivors of childhood cancer are at risk of hypogonadism, which should be acknowledged in the long-term follow up of these men.
The Humean Theory of Motivation Reformulated and Defended
Authors: Sinhababu Neil
Published: September 2009

This essay defends a strong version of the Humean theory of motivation on which desire is necessary both for motivation and for reasoning that changes our desires. Those who hold that moral judgments are beliefs with intrinsic motivational force need to oppose this view, and many of them have proposed counterexamples to it. Using a novel account of desire, this essay handles the proposed counterexamples in a way that shows the superiority of the Humean theory. The essay addresses the classic objection that the Humean theory cannot explain the feeling of obligation, Stephen Darwall's example of motivationally potent reasoning that is not based on preexisting desires, Thomas Scanlon's criticism that the Humean theory fails to account for the structure and phenomenology of deliberation, and the phenomenon of akrasia as discussed by John Searle. In each case a Humean account explains the data at least as thoroughly as opposing views can, while fitting within a simpler total account of how we deliberate and act.
Tyrosine phosphorylation of nuclear-membrane protein emerin by Src, Abl and other kinases
Authors: Tifft Kathryn E. , Bradbury Katherine A. , Wilson Katherine L.
Published: September 2009

X-linked recessive Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) is caused by loss of emerin, a nuclear-membrane protein with roles in nuclear architecture, gene regulation and signaling. Phosphoproteomic studies have identified 13 sites of tyrosine phosphorylation in emerin. We validated one study, confirming that emerin is hyper-tyrosine-phosphorylated in Her2-overexpressing cells. We discovered that non-receptor tyrosine kinases Src and Abl each phosphorylate emerin and a related protein, LAP2β, directly. Src phosphorylated emerin specifically at Y59, Y74 and Y95; the corresponding triple Y-to-F (`FFF') mutation reduced tyrosine phosphorylation by ∼70% in vitro and in vivo. Substitutions that removed a single hydroxyl moiety either decreased (Y19F, Y34, Y161F) or increased (Y4F) emerin binding to BAF in cells. Y19F, Y34F, Y161F and the FFF mutant also reduced recombinant emerin binding to BAF from HeLa lysates, demonstrating the involvement of both LEM-domain and distal phosphorylatable tyrosines in binding BAF. We conclude that emerin function is regulated by multiple tyrosine kinases, including Her2, Src and Abl, two of which (Her2, Src) regulate striated muscle. These findings suggest roles for emerin as a downstream effector and `signal integrator' for tyrosine kinase signaling pathway(s) at the nuclear envelope.
RNA nuclear export is blocked by poliovirus 2A protease and is concomitant with nucleoporin cleavage
Authors: Castelló Alfredo , Izquierdo José M. , Welnowska Ewelina , Carrasco Luis
Published: September 2009

Cytopathic viruses have developed successful strategies to block or, at least, to attenuate host interference with their replication. Here, we have analyzed the effects of poliovirus 2A protease on RNA nuclear export. 2A protease interferes with trafficking of mRNAs, rRNAs and U snRNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, without any apparent effect on tRNA transport. Traffic of newly produced mRNAs is more strongly affected than traffic of other mRNAs over-represented in the cytoplasm, such as mRNA encoding β-actin. Inhibition of RNA nuclear export in HeLa cells expressing 2A protease is concomitant with the cleavage of Nup98, Nup153, Nup62 and their subsequent subcellular redistribution. The expression of an inactive 2A protease failed to interfere with RNA nuclear export. In addition, other related proteases, such as poliovirus 3C or foot and mouth disease virus Lpro did not affect mRNA distribution or Nup98 integrity. Treatment of HeLa cells with interferon (IFN)-γ increased the relative amount of Nup98. Under such conditions, the cleavage of Nup98 induced by 2A protease is partial, and thus IFN-γ prevents the inhibition of RNA nuclear export. Taken together, these results are consistent with a specific proteolysis of Nup98 by 2A protease to prevent de novo mRNA traffic in poliovirus-infected cells.
Effect of Non-Uniform Solar Temperature Field on Cable-Net Structure of Reflector of Large Radio Telescope-FAST
Authors: Fan Feng , Jin Xiao-Fei , Shen Shi-Zhao
Published: September 2009

The effect of a non-uniform solar temperature field on the cable-net structure of the reflector of a five-hundred-meter aperture spherical radio telescope-FAST was analyzed using the thermal analysis module of ANSYS. The integral parametric finite element model of the reflector structure with its measured landform was built, and the boundary conditions of periodic air temperature, solar radiation, long-wave radiation and shadows of surrounding environment, etc, were computed at intervals of half an hour under a cloudless sky on a summer day, as one of the worst-case climate conditions. The transient structural temperatures were then analyzed under sunshine which lasted for several days with a rational initial structural temperature distribution until the whole set of structural temperatures converged to the results obtained the day before. The corresponding structural analysis was then carried out. The results indicate that the highest local temperature difference goes up to 11° and the maximum r.m.s. error of fitting of the reflector geometry is about 2.2mm.
Semi-Active Direct Velocity Control Method of Dynamic Response of Spatial Reticulated Structures Based on MR Dampers
Authors: Bao Yan , Huang Cheng , Zhou Dai , Zhao Yao-Jun
Published: September 2009

In this paper, a semi-active optimal control strategy for spatial reticulated structures (SRS) with MR dampers subjected to dynamic actions was proposed. The motion equation of SRS embedded with MR dampers was set up. The performance function of the optimal control strategy including both the structural responses and the control efforts was constituted for the optimization of feedback gain and MR damper placement in SRS, and an integrated method of genetic-gradient based algorithm was developed to solve this optimization problem. The clipped-optimal semi-active control strategy in the conjunction of velocity output feedback was applied to compute the desired control force from the MR dampers. Finally, a numerical example of SRS dealing with optimal placement of MR dampers and feedback gains of control system demonstrates the validity of the present semi-active optimal control strategy.
Development of a Generation Method of Artificial Vehicle Wheel Load to Analyze Dynamic Behavior of Bridges
Authors: Kim Sang-Hyo , Cho Kwang-Il , Choi Moon-Seock , Lim Ji-Young
Published: September 2009

In this study, artificial wheel loads are proposed which reflect the dynamic effects of running vehicles and road roughness to overcome shortcomings of vehicle modeling methods. To derive a suitable artificial load from the moving vehicle model, a parametric study is conducted regarding span lengths, types of bridges, road roughnesses, vehicle speeds and consecutive vehicles. After that, Power Spectral Density (PSD) analyses of wheel loads are performed using Maximum Entropy Method (MEM). Based on the result, a representative PSD function is proposed considering the cumulative energy distribution and the area of the PSD curve. The artificial wheel loads are generated based on this PSD function. Also, dynamic analyses of a bridge are performed using the artificial wheel loads. The probabilistic characteristics of dynamic responses are evaluated by comparing the results with the existing moving vehicle model. The results show that the dynamic responses through the proposed method are slightly overestimated. It is concluded that the proposed method is a simple and reliable procedure for engineers to perform a dynamic analysis in practical design.
P-Δ Effects on Seismic Force Modification Factors for Modified-Clough and EPP Hysteretic Models
Authors: Tong Genshu , Zhao Yongfeng
Published: September 2009

Based on the elastic-plastic time-history analysis of SDOF(single degree of freedom) systems for the Modified-Clough(MC) model and the elastic perfectly-plastic (EPP) model, this paper carried out a study of the seismic force modification factors Rμ (SFMF) both when the P-Δ effects are not allowed for ( Rμ) and when they are allowed for ( R'μ). 370 earthquake records from 4 site & soil conditions, 74 to 106 records for each site, were used to calculate the structural response. The structural periods varied from 0.1 to 6sec and the ductilities were taken to be 2,3,4,5 and 6. The stability index θ were varied from 0.025 to 0.1. The ratio spectra S of Rμ to R'μ were constructed to analyze the influence of P-Δ effects on the SFMF. It is found that the spectral values of S depend on the ductility, the stability index and the normalized period T / TgR. The results indicate that the influence of P-Δ effect is different for the two hysteretic models. The increase in strength demand to maintain constant ductility in the presence of P-Δ effects using the EPP model is greater than that given by the modified- Clough model.
Investigation of the Applicability of AASHTO LRFD Live Load Distribution Equations for Integral Bridge Substructures
Authors: Erhan Semih , Dicleli Murat
Published: September 2009

In this study, applicability of the AASHTO LRFD girder live load distribution equations (LLDEs) for integral bridge (IB) abutments and piles is investigated. For this purpose, numerous 3-D and corresponding 2-D structural models of typical IBs are built and analyzed under AASHTO LRFD live load. In the analyses, the effect of various superstructure properties such as span length, slab thickness, girder spacing and stiffness are considered. The results from the 2-D and 3-D analyses are then used to calculate the live load distribution factors (LLDFs) for the abutments and piles of IBs as a function of the above mentioned properties. The analyses results revealed that using AASHTO LRFD LLDEs result in generally unconservative estimates of live load moment in the abutments. However, AASHTO LRFD LLDEs are found to produce exceedingly conservative estimates of live load shear in the abutments as well as live load shear and moment in the piles.
Acceleration Thresholds of Vertical Floor Vibrations According to Human Perception Levels in Korea
Authors: Han Sang Whan , Lee Min-Jung , Moon Ki-Hoon
Published: September 2009

Vertical floor vibrations in residential buildings are typically induced by the movements of jumping and walking of occupants, which often annoy other occupants. To help control such floor vibrations, several criteria have been developed mostly based on human perception tests. The objective of this study is to propose acceleration thresholds of appropriate vertical floor vibration due to heel impacts and walking activities. Four different perception levels are considered appropriate criteria for Korean residential buildings; imperceptible, slightly perceptible, distinctly perceptible, and strongly perceptible. Shaking table tests were conducted simulating heel impact induced- and walking induced-vertical vibrations for various combinations of frequencies, damping ratios and acceleration amplitudes. Twenty Korean test subjects were used. It is observed that test subjects are more sensitive to walking-induced vibrations than those induced by heel impacts having the same peak accelerations. This study also shows that the acceleration thresholds proposed as a result of this study using Korean testing subjects are lower than those proposed by other researchers in different countries.
Inelastic Second-Order Analysis of Frame Structures Using the Stability-Based Beam-Column Element
Authors: Kim Seung-Eock , Park Jung-Woong
Published: September 2009

In this study, the stability-based beam-column element has been proposed to consider the geometric second-order effects and material inelasticity, and to take advantage of the computational efficiency of the second-order analysis. A new force interpolation function matrix is developed to consider a moment magnification due to the axial force and lateral displacement. The constitutive behaviour of the cross-section is formulated by integration of the uniaxial stress-strain response of fibres to model the material inelasticity. The generalized displacement control (GDC) method incorporating the incremental secant stiffness method is applied to solve the nonlinear equilibrium equations with multiple limit points. Evaluation of the results of this study shows that the proposed method consistently predicts well the nonlinear inelastic behaviour of steel and composite structures, and gives good efficiency.
Does arthroscopic acromioplasty provide any additional value in the treatment of shoulder impingement syndrome?
Authors: Ketola S. , Lehtinen J. , Arnala I. , Nissinen M. , Westenius H. , Sintonen H. , Aronen P. , Konttinen Y. T. , Malmivaara A. , Rousi T.
Published: September 2009

We report a randomised controlled trial to examine the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of arthroscopic acromioplasty in the treatment of stage II shoulder impingement syndrome. A total of 140 patients were randomly divided into two treatment groups: supervised exercise programme (n = 70, exercise group) and arthroscopic acromioplasty followed by a similar exercise programme (n = 70, combined treatment group). The main outcome measure was self-reported pain on a visual analogue scale of 0 to 10 at 24 months, measured on the 134 patients (66 in the exercise group and 68 in the combined treatment group) for whom endpoint data were available.

An intention-to-treat analysis disclosed an improvement in both groups but without statistically significant difference in outcome between the groups (p = 0.65). The combined treatment was considerably more costly.

Arthroscopic acromioplasty provides no clinically important effects over a structured and supervised exercise programme alone in terms of subjective outcome or cost-effectiveness when measured at 24 months. Structured exercise treatment should be the basis for treatment of shoulder impingement syndrome, with operative treatment offered judiciously until its true merit is proven.
Shelf acetabuloplasty for children with Perthes’ disease and reducible subluxation of the hip
Authors: Yoo W. J. , Choi I. H. , Cho T.-J. , Chung C. Y. , Shin Y.-W. , Shin S. J.
Published: September 2009

We evaluated radiological hip remodelling after shelf acetabuloplasty and sought to identify prognostic factors in 25 patients with a mean age of 8.9 years (7.0 to 12.3) who had unilateral Perthes’ disease with reducible subluxation of the hip in the fragmentation stage.

At a mean follow-up of 6.7 years (3.2 to 9.0), satisfactory remodelling was observed in 18 hips (72%). The type of labrum in hip abduction, as determined by intra-operative dynamic arthrography, was found to be a statistically significant prognostic factor (p = 0.012).

Shelf acetabuloplasty as containment surgery seems to be best indicated for hips in which there is not marked collapse of the epiphysis and in which the extruded epiphyseal segment slips easily underneath the labrum on abduction, without imposing undue pressure on the lateral edge of the acetabulum.
Early management of complex proximal humeral fractures using the Aequalis fracture prosthesis
Authors: Kontakis G. M. , Tosounidis T. I. , Christoforakis Z. , Hadjipavlou A. G.
Published: September 2009

We reviewed the outcome of 28 patients who had been treated using the Aequalis fracture prosthesis for an acute fracture of the proximal humerus at a mean follow-up of 39.3 months (24 to 63). The mean age of the patients at the time of the fracture was 66.3 years (38 to 80). The mean Constant score was 68.2 (37 to 84) for the operated shoulder, which represented 89.5% of the mean score for the uninjured side (p < 0.001). The quality of the reconstruction as shown on the immediate post-operative radiographs was categorised into three types, anatomical, acceptable, and unacceptable, depending on the position of the tuberosities relative to the prosthetic head and the humeral shaft. Anatomical reconstruction was associated with a higher mean Constant score as well as higher mean values of anterior forward elevation, abduction and external rotation than the other types, but the differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.231).

A total of 18 patients had active anterior elevation ≥150°. Their mean active abduction and external rotation were 163.6° and 31.3°, respectively. In seven of the 28 patients, the mean active anterior elevation, abduction and external rotation were 130.7°, 129.2° and 22.8°, respectively. In all, 12 patients were very satisfied with the results, 12 were satisfied, two were dissatisfied and two were disappointed; 26 reported no or only mild pain while only two had moderate pain. In five patients proximal migration of the humeral head was shown on the anteroposterior radiographs of the shoulder. No evidence of loosening was found in any prosthesis.
Bilateral idiopathic avascular necrosis of the scaphoid
Authors: Imam S. , Aldridge C. , Lyall H.
Published: September 2009

Whereas avascular necrosis of the scaphoid after a fracture is well-documented, idiopathic avascular necrosis of the scaphoid (Preiser’s disease) is rare. Little is known of the aetiology of the condition and even less about the best course of management. We describe a rare case of bilateral Preiser’s disease. Possible aetiological factors and a summary of the current concepts of management are discussed.
Total hip replacement in active advanced tuberculous arthritis
Authors: Sidhu A. S. , Singh A. P. , Singh A. P.
Published: September 2009

We describe the results of cemented total hip replacement in 23 patients (23 hips) with active tuberculous arthritis of the hip with a mean follow-up of 4.7 years (4 to 7). In two patients the diagnosis was proved by pre-operative biopsy, whereas all others were diagnosed on a clinicoradiological basis with confirmation obtained by histopathological examination and polymerase chain reaction of tissue samples taken at the time of surgery. All patients received chemotherapy for at least three months before surgery and treatment was continued for a total of 18 months. Post-operative dislocation occurred in one patient and was managed successfully by closed reduction. No reactivation of the infection or loosening of the implant was recorded and function of the hip improved in all patients.

Total hip replacement in the presence of active tuberculous arthritis of the hip is a safe procedure when pre-operative chemotherapy is commenced and continued for an extended period after operation.
Femoral torsion in patients with Blount’s disease
Authors: Aird J. J. , Hogg A. , Rollinson P.
Published: September 2009

In 1937 Blount described a series of 28 patients with ‘Tibia vara’. Since then, a number of deformities in the tibia and the femur have been described in association with this condition.

We analysed 14 children with Blount’s disease who were entered into a cross-sectional study. Their mean age was 10 (2 to 18). They underwent a clinical assessment of the rotational profile of their legs and a CT assessment of the angle of anteversion of their hips (femoral version). We compared our results to previously published controls. A statistically significant increase in femoral anteversion was noted in the affected legs, with on average the femurs in patients with Blount’s disease being 26° more anteverted than those in previously published controls.

We believe this to be a previously unrecognised component of Blount’s disease, and that the marked intoeing seen in the disease may be partly caused by internal femoral version, in addition to the well-recognised internal tibial version.
Osteotomy of the head of the radius for partial articular malunion
Authors: Rosenblatt Y. , Young C. , MacDermid J. C. , King G. J. W.
Published: September 2009

Between 1995 and 2006, five intra-articular osteotomies of the head of the radius were performed in patients with symptomatic healed displaced articular fractures. Pre-operatively, all patients complained of persistent painful clicking on movement. Only patients with mild or no degenerative changes of the radial head and capitellum were considered for osteotomy. The operations were performed at a mean of 8.2 months (4 to 13) after injury and the patients were reviewed at a mean of 5.5 years (15 months to 12 years) after the osteotomy.

The average Mayo Elbow Performance Index Score improved significantly from 74 before to 88 after operation, with four patients rated as good or excellent (p < 0.05). The subjective patient satisfaction score was 8.4 on a ten-point scale. All osteotomies healed and there were no complications.

In this small series intra-articular osteotomy of the head of the radius was a safe and effective treatment for symptomatic intra-articular malunion without advanced degenerative changes.
Patient-reported outcome at 62 to 67 years of age in 83 patients treated for congenital clubfoot
Authors: Wallander H. , Larsson S. , Bjönness T. , Hansson G.
Published: September 2009

The outcome in 83 patients with congenital clubfoot was evaluated at a mean age of 64 years using three validated questionnaires assessing both quality of life (short-form (SF)-36 and EQ-5D) and foot and ankle function (American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) Foot and Ankle questionnaire). In SF-36, male patients scored significantly better than male norms in seven of the eight domains, whereas female patients scored significantly worse than female norms in two of the eight. Male patients scored better than male norms in both the EQ-5D index (p = 0.027) and visual analogue scale (VAS) (p = 0.013), whereas female patients scored worse than female norms in the VAS (p < 0.001). Both male and female patients had a significantly worse outcome on the AAOS Core Scale than did norms. There was a significant correlation for both genders between the SF-36 Physical Component Summary Score and the AAOS Core Scale.

The influence on activities of daily life was limited to foot and ankle problems in all patients, and in females there was an adverse effect in physical aspects of quality of life.
Proportion of third‐level variation in multi‐level studies: A note on an interval estimation procedure
Authors: Raykov Tenko
Published: September 2009

An interval estimation procedure is outlined that can be used for evaluating the proportion of observed variance in a response variable, which is due to the third level of nesting in a hierarchical design. The approach is also useful when it is of concern to address the necessity of including a third level in analyses of data from a multi‐level study, relative to an alternative of proceeding with two‐level modelling. The proposed method is illustrated with an empirical example.
How leaders stimulate employee learning: A leader–member exchange approach
Authors: Bezuijen Xander M. , van Dam Karen , van den Berg Peter T. , Thierry Henk
Published: September 2009

This study investigated how leader–member exchange (LMX), goal setting, and feedback are related to employee engagement in learning activities. Two different mechanisms were proposed: a mediating mechanism holding that LMX elicits specific leader behaviours (i.e., goal setting and feedback) which would mediate the LMX‐learning relationship, and a moderating mechanism, holding that LMX would strengthen the effect of these leader behaviours. A sample of 1,112 employees from 7 organizations completed questionnaires that measured LMX, goal specificity, feedback, and self‐reports of employee engagement in learning activities. The 233 direct leaders of these employees completed questionnaires that measured goal difficulty and leader ratings of employee engagement in learning activities. Multi‐level analysis showed that goal difficulty and goal specificity mediated the relationship between LMX and employee engagement in learning activities, and that LMX moderated the relationship of goal difficulty with employee engagement in learning activities. With these findings, the present study contributes to the literatures on LMX, goal setting, and employee development.
Prevalence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Older People With Intellectual Disability
Authors: de Winter Channa F. , Magilsen Karla W. , van Alfen J. Claudia , Penning Corine , Evenhuis Heleen M.
Published: September 2009

The prevalence and correlates of cardiovascular risk factors in older adults with intellectual disability was examined. We conducted a cross-sectional study with 50- to 90-year-old clients (N  =  470) of three Dutch intellectual disability care providing organizations and found that healthy behavior was low, with 98.9% of the participants having an unhealthy diet and 68.3%, a lack of exercise. Smoking (13.6%) and alcohol abuse (0.3%) were relatively minor problems. Abdominal overweight (70.4%), diabetes (8.7%), hypertension (36.8%), and hypercholesterolemia (31.8%) were highly prevalent. These profiles have important implications in determining the risk of cardiovascular disease in people with intellectual disability. Campaigns to promote health should be focused on education and the introduction of preventive screening programs.
Caregiver Reports of Sleep Problems on a Convenience Sample of Children With Fragile X Syndrome
Authors: Kronk Rebecca , Dahl Ronald , Noll Robert
Published: September 2009

Caregivers reported on sleep in a convenience sample of 90 children with fragile X syndrome utilizing a standardized assessment tool, the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ), and a 14-day sleep diary. CSHQ data indicated that 47% of participants had sleep problems at a level that suggested referral and further evaluation. Sleep diary data indicated high rates of several sleep problems. These problems did not appear to follow a typical developmental trajectory and were not related to gender or demographic variables. Nineteen percent of the sample was currently receiving medication to improve sleep; however, there were no significant differences between those receiving medications and those not receiving medications.
Explaining the Relation between Religiousness and Reduced Suicidal Behavior: Social Support Rather Than Specific Beliefs
Authors: Robins Alee , Fiske Amy
Published: September 2009

Religiousness has been associated with decreased risk of suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and completed suicide, but the mechanisms underlying these associations are not well characterized. The present study examined the roles of religious beliefs and social support in that relation. A survey measuring religiousness, social support, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts was administered to 454 undergraduate students. Involvement in public, but not private, religious practices was associated with lower levels of both suicidal ideation and history of suicide attempts. Social support mediated these relations but religious beliefs did not. Results highlight the importance of social support provided by religious communities.
Physical Disability and Suicidal Ideation: A Community‐Based Study of Risk/Protective Factors for Suicidal Thoughts
Authors: Russell David , Turner R. Jay , Joiner Thomas E.
Published: September 2009

Although the significance of poor physical health for suicide risk is well established, the potential relevance of physical disability, as distinct from diseases and traumas that give rise to disability, has received little attention. Prior evidence suggests the possible utility of the stress process theoretical model for understanding variations in risk for suicide ideation and the contribution of physical disability to such risk. In this article, we examine the independent and joint explanatory significance of physical disability and components of the stress process model for risk of suicide ideation. Data from an ethnically diverse and representative sample of disabled and nondisabled adults (n = 1,768) reveal that physical disability is associated with a greater risk of lifetime suicidal ideation.
Spontaneous Bursting Activity in the Developing Entorhinal Cortex
Authors: Sheroziya Maxim G. , von Bohlen und Halbach Oliver , Unsicker Klaus , Egorov Alexei V.
Published: September 2009

Periodic spontaneous activity represents an important attribute of the developing nervous system. The entorhinal cortex (EC) is a crucial component of the medial temporal lobe memory system. Yet, little is known about spontaneous activity in the immature EC. Here, we investigated spontaneous field potential (fp) activity and intrinsic firing patterns of medial EC layer III principal neurons in brain slices obtained from rats at the first two postnatal weeks. A fraction of immature layer III neurons spontaneously generated prolonged (2–20 s) voltage-dependent intrinsic bursting activity. Prolonged bursts were dependent on the extracellular concentration of Ca2+([Ca2+]o). Thus, reduction of [Ca2+]oincreased the fraction of neurons with prolonged bursting by inducing intrinsic bursts in regularly firing neurons. In 1 mm[Ca2+]o, the percentages of neurons showing prolonged bursts were 53%, 81%, and 29% at postnatal day 5 (P5)–P7, P8–P10, and P11–P13, respectively. Prolonged intrinsic bursting activity was blocked by buffering intracellular Ca2+with BAPTA, and by Cd2+, flufenamic acid (FFA), or TTX, and was suppressed by nifedipine and riluzole, suggesting that the Ca2+-sensitive nonspecific cationic current (ICAN) and the persistent Na+current (INap) underlie this effect. Indeed, a 0.2–1 s suprathreshold current step stimulus elicited a terminated plateau potential in these neurons. fp recordings at P5–P7 showed periodic spontaneous glutamate receptor-mediated events (sharp fp events or prolonged fp bursts) which were blocked by FFA. Slow-wave network oscillations become a dominant pattern at P11–P13. We conclude that prolonged intrinsic bursting activity is a characteristic feature of developing medial EC layer III neurons that might be involved in neuronal and network maturation.
Nasal Airflow Rate Affects the Sensitivity and Pattern of Glomerular Odorant Responses in the Mouse Olfactory Bulb
Authors: Oka Yuki , Takai Yoshiki , Touhara Kazushige
Published: September 2009

Sniffing is a characteristic odor sampling behavior in various mammalian species, which is associated with an increase in both nasal airflow rate and breathing frequency. Although the importance of sniffing in olfaction is well recognized, it has been challenging to separate the effect of airflow rate and sniffing frequencyin vivo. In this study, we examined the individual effects of airflow rate and frequency on odorant responses of glomeruli in the mouse olfactory bulb (OB) using calcium imaging techniques and an artificial sniffing system. We found that nasal airflow rate, but not sniffing frequency, affected the apparent glomerular responses. When measured using OB imaging, apparent sensitivity for some of the odorants was significantly greater at the high nasal flow rates, while other odorants exhibited the opposite effect. In a single defined glomerulus, the sensitivity shift caused by changes in flow rate varied between odorants, suggesting that the flow rate effect is dependent on the chemical properties of an odorant rather than on the specific characteristics of the expressed olfactory receptor. Using natural flavors containing a variety of odorants, different glomerular activation patterns were observed between breathing and sniffing condition, likely due to odorant-dependent flow rate effects. Our results provide important information onin vivoodorant recognition and suggest that odor representation in the OB is not fixed but rather varies significantly depending on the respiratory state.
When Errors Are Rewarding
Authors: de Bruijn Ellen R. A. , de Lange Floris P. , von Cramon D. Yves , Ullsperger Markus
Published: September 2009

For social beings like humans, detecting one's own and others' errors is essential for efficient goal-directed behavior. Although one's own errors are always negative events, errors from other persons may be negative or positive depending on the social context. We used neuroimaging to disentangle brain activations related to error and reward processing, by manipulating the social context (cooperation or competition). Activation in posterior medial frontal cortex (pMFC) was increased for all errors, independent of who made the error or the reward outcome. Conversely, activity in striatum was modulated by reward, independent of whether the action was erroneous or not. The results demonstrate a clear distinction between error and reward processing in the human brain. Importantly, the current study indicates that error detection in pMFC is independent of reward and generalizes beyond our own actions, highlighting its role in optimizing performance in both individual and joint action.
Involvement of Actin Rearrangements within the Amygdala and the Dorsal Hippocampus in Aversive Memories of Drug Withdrawal in Acute Morphine-Dependent Rats
Authors: Hou Yuan-Yuan , Lu Bin , Li Mu , Liu Yao , Chen Jie , Chi Zhi-Qiang , Liu Jing-Gen
Published: September 2009

Aversive memories of drug withdrawal can generate a motivational state leading to compulsive drug taking. Changes in synaptic plasticity may be involved in the formation of aversive memories. Dynamic rearrangement of the cytoskeletal actin, a major structural component of the dendritic spine, regulates synaptic plasticity. Here, the potential involvement of actin rearrangements in the induction of aversive memories of morphine withdrawal was examined. We found that lesions of the amygdala or dorsal hippocampus (DH) but not nucleus accumbens (NAc) impaired conditioned place aversion (CPA) of acute morphine-dependent rats. Accordingly, conditioned morphine withdrawal induced actin rearrangements in the amygdala and the DH but not in the NAc. In addition, we found that conditioned morphine withdrawal also increased activity-regulated cytoskeletal-associated protein (Arc) expression in the amygdala but not in the DH, although actin rearrangements were observed in both areas. We further found that inhibition of actin rearrangements by intra-amygdala or intra-DH injections of latrunculin A, an inhibitor of actin polymerization, significantly attenuated CPA. Furthermore, we found that manipulation of amygdala β-adrenoceptor activity by its antagonist propranolol and agonist clenbuterol differentially altered actin rearrangements in the DH. Therefore, our findings reveal that actin rearrangements in the amygdala and the DH are required for the acquisition and consolidation of the aversive memories of drug withdrawal and that the β-noradrenergic system within the amygdala modulates aversive memory consolidation by regulating actin rearrangements but not Arc protein expression in the DH, which is distinct from its role in modulation of inhibitory avoidance memory.