bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE DISTRIBUTION OF INTRAVENOUSLY INJECTED PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES IN THE MOUSE
Authors: Roser B
Published: December 2007

Mouse peritoneal macrophages were labelled in vivo with radioactive colloidal gold (198Au) and the distribution of these cells, after intravenous injection into isologous strain mice, was determined at various time intervals up to 72 hours after injection. Their distribution was compared with that of heatl killed macrophages.

After a brief initial period of pulmonary sequestration, living peritoneal nacrophages localised specifically and virtually exclusively in the liver and spleen, with the spleen containing five times as many cells us the liver per milligram of tissue. Labelled cells were demonstrable in radioautographs of these organs. In the liver they were found in the sinusoids where they resembled Kupffer cells. In the spleen they were found only in the red pulp.

Heat killed macrophages were retained within the lungs for a much longer period than living cells, and the eventual redistribution of radioactivity to liver and spleen differed quantitatively and qualitatively from that occurring with living cells.
ESTIMATION OF PLASMA NON‐ESTERIFIED FATTY ACIDS AND TRIGLYCERIDE FATTY ACIDS BY THIN‐LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY AND COLORIMETRY
Authors: Sheath June
Published: December 2007

A method for the estimation of plasma non‐esterified fatty acids and triglyceride fatty acids is described. Plasma is extracted with heptane‐isopropyl alcohol‐sulphuric acid and the lipid extract subjected to thin‐layer chromato‐graphy for separation of the relevant fractions which are readily eluted from the chromatogram by means of a new device. Non‐esterified fatty acids and fatty acids liberated from triglycerides on saponification arc estimated colorimetrically by formation of a copper complex.
THYMIC, LYMPHOID AND MARROW INOCULA IN CYTOGENETIC REPOPULATION STUDIES OF IRRADIATED MICE
Authors: Ilbery PLT
Published: December 2007

The incidence of lymphoma was lowered from 62 per cent to 27 per cent by post‐irradiation bone marrow grafting, and there was an inverse relationship between the “take” of chromosomally labelled donor cells of bone marrow and lymph node origin and the incidence of lymphoma. The postulate that inhibition of lymphoma is due to colonization of the host's tissues by unirradiated graft cells (with suppression of activity of the host's own radiation damaged cells) appears only partly true, for even the cells of donor origin which had successfully colonized the irradiated hosts' tissues were subject themselves to malignant transformation.

The inability of lymphocytes to protect against the supervention of lymphoma is reflected in their inability, observed cytogenetically, to penetrate the thymus. When equal numbers of haemopoietic cells and lymphoid cells have been given intravenously to lethally irradiated mice the same thymic barrier effect has been seen. Combining the cytogenetic data and the information from mitotic rates in bone marrow and thymus, it was apparent that it was a cell derived from the recolonized haemopoietic stores which gained entry to the thymus.

No contrast was shown between chimacras resuscitated with foetal haemopoietic cells, and supplemented with adult or newborn lymphocytes, or thymocytes in the restoration of the blood count and the lymphocyte/neutrophil ratio. It must be assumed, in the absence of cytogenetic evidence to the contrary, that consequent upon failure of lymphoid material to colonize the thymus the circulating lymphocytes were derived from the grafted haemopoietic elements. It appeared that they were immunologically competent.
THE EFFECT OF EXPERIMENTAL HAEMORRHAGE ON THE LEVELS OF HAEMOGLOBIN, PLASMA IRON AND TOTAL IRON‐BINDING CAPACITY IN DAIRY CALVES
Authors: Bremner KC , Ronalds JA
Published: December 2007

When healthy dairy calves were subjected to a single blood withdrawal of 10, 20 or 30 ml./kg. body weight, levels of plasma total iron‐binding capacity increased. Plasma iron concentrations also increased significantly after bleeding at the two highest levels, but were unaffected by a blood loss of 10 ml./kg. The bleeding of calves daily for two weeks at rates of 2, 4 or 6 ml./kg./day similarly caused significant increases in plasma total iron‐binding capacity. Blood losses of 2 or 4 ml./kg./day resulted in an elevation of plasma iron concentration. However, phlebotomies of 6 ml./kg./day eventually caused a marked depression of plasma iron levels, but, when the bleedings were terminated, plasma iron concentrations increased to abnormally high values. It is suggested that the increased plasma iron levels were due to an increased absorption of dietary iron. Labile iron reserves in the experimental calves were estimated to lie within the range of 1·0‐1·4 g., and were associated with liver concentrations of non‐haem iron of about 30 μg./g. of wet liver. In calves, levels of non‐haem iron in liver tissue of less than 20 μg./g. appear to be indicative of iron deficiency.
THE SYNTHESIS OF MACROGLOBULIN ANTIBODY TO A BACTERIAL ANTIGEN IN MICE AFTER TREATMENT WITH THOROTRAST
Authors: Jenkin CR , Auzins Ieva , Reade PC
Published: December 2007

It has been found that mice pretreated with thorotrast and then given antigen respond with a prolonged macroglobulin response. Further, if thorotrast is given following antigen stimulation, similar results may be obtained. Various parameters of the system have been investigated and are given below.
LOCALIZATION OF PARTICULATE CARBON IN METAPHYSEAL VESSELS OF GROWING RATS
Authors: Ham Kathryn N , Hurley JV , Ryan GB , Storey E
Published: December 2007

Intravenously injected carbon particles localize selectively adjacent to blood vessels in the metaphysis of long bones of young rats. Deposition is greatest in rapidly growing animals, and decreases as the growth rate slows in older animals.

Similar deposition cannot be detected in relation to growing vessels in either granulation tissue or recent tumour implants.

Electron microscopic examination shows that the growing ends of metaphyseal blood vessels consist only of attenuated endothelium containing numerous wide gaps. At deeper levels in the metaphysis the vascular wall is much thicker, and resembles actively growing vessels seen in other tissues. Occasional gaps in the endothelium occur here, and neither a basement membrane nor peri‐endothelial cell layer is present.

It appears that carbon deposition in the metaphysis is due to the peculiar structure of its small blood vessels, and does not indicate a temporary change associated with an increase in vascular permeability to protein as it does in most other tissues.
A SIMPLE ISOLATED NERVE‐BLOOD VESSEL PREPARATION
Authors: de la Lande IS , Rand MJ
Published: December 2007

Observations have been made on the effects of nerve stimulation and drugs on an isolated perfused segment of the central artery of the rabbit ear.

Stimulation applied transmurally, peri‐arterially or to the ventral auricular nerve caused vascoconstriction.

The vascoconstrictor response to peri‐arterial stimulation was due to excitation of nerve fibres arising from the superior cervical ganglion. The response was enhanced after cocaine, and abolished or greatly reduced after guanethidine, procaine and dibenyline.

Noradrenaline produced vascoconstrictor responses which were enhanced after ganglionectomy and after cocaine, and abolished by dibenyline.

Acetyl choline caused dilatation, but only when the tone of the artery was raised by sympathetic stimulation. The effect of acetyl choline was greatly reduced after atropine.

Histamine caused vasoconstriction which was abolished after mepyramine.

5‐hydroxytryptamine had only weak vasoconstrictor activity, but it markedly potentiated the action of noradrenaline and sympathetic nerve stimulation.

Angiotensin has weak vasoconstrictor activity.
EFFECTS OF HYPERKALAEMIA UPON THE GENERAL AND CORONARY HAEMODYNAMICS OF THE DOG
Authors: Maxwell GM
Published: December 2007

Vascular pressures, cardiac output (Fick) and coronary flow (N2O Fick) were measured before and after the production of hyperkalaemia in intact dogs. Respiratory exchange and heart rate increased; vascular pressures and cardiac output did not vary. There was no significant change in coronary flow, but cardiac oxygen extraction and metabolism increased.
PARTIAL PURIFICATION OF THE “PROTECTIVE” ANTIGEN OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM AND ITS DISTRIBUTION AMONGST VARIOUS STRAINS OF BACTERIA
Authors: Jenkin CR , Rowley D
Published: December 2007

A study has been made of the distribution of the heat labile protective antigen of Salmonella typhinurium amongst other strains of apparently unrelated gram‐negative bacteria. Evidence is presented to show that this antigen is possessed by a number of different species of bacteria. Results obtained on the protective effect of various antigens from Salmonella typhimurum suggest that only certain antibodies are effective in promoting killing by phagocytic cells, though all may’ enhance phagocytosis.
THE USE OF 131I‐ALBUMIN IN ASSAYS OF DRUGS THAT INCREASE VASCULAR PERMEABILITY IN THE SKIN OF GUINEA‐PIGS
Authors: Garlick DG
Published: December 2007

The measurement of radioactivity of skin pieces excised from guinea‐pigs with circulating 131I‐albumin provided a useful means of relating increased exudation of the protein to the dose of permeability‐increasing drugs, injected intradermally. Intravenous injection of Evans blue dye, given at the same time as 131I‐albumin, permitted visual identification of skin areas with increased vascular permeability, due to the exudation of dye‐albumin complex. After establishing a suitable experimental procedure, linear log dose‐response curves were obtained for three drugs, viz. histamine, bradykinin and compound 48/80.

The use of two‐way restraints of Latin and Youden squares for injection patterns meant that the effect of sites of injections, as well as differences between animals, could be determined. Their effects were frequently found to be significant. A 6 × 5 Youden square, divided between two guinea‐pigs, provided a convenient plan for a comparative dilution assay. The linear regressions for histamine and for the polypeptide, bradykinin, were significantly different. The linear regressions for histamine and for the histamine‐liberator, compound 48/80, were significantly parallel. At an equipment level, the dose of compound 48/80 was approximately 27‐fold greater than that for histamine; or 5·6‐fold greater in the comparison of their molar concentrations.
THE SKEWNESS OF VOLUME DISTRIBUTION CURVES OF ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: Winter H , Shieard RP
Published: December 2007

Volume distribution curves of erythrocytes, obtained by automatic cell counting, are skew, the right side being flatter than the left one, indicating a greater than normal population of larger cells. This is in contrast to the familiar Price‐Jones curves which show a more symmetrically bell‐shaped distribution, as expected from a normal homogenous population. So far the skewness has been attributed to presence of white cells, mathematical distortion due to change from linear to cubic scale, and to coincidence, when two cells are counted as one larger one.

The present investigation has shown that white cells and change of scale do not cause skewness, while coincidence is only a relatively small contributing factor. After excluding the possibility of inherent bias of the celluscope, the skewness has been attributed to younger, and therefore larger, erythrocytes superimposed on a population of normally distributed, more mature cells. These cells, being relatively thicker than the fully nature erythroeytes, have a greater volume than indicated by their diameters. As automatic cell counters are sensitive to volumes and not merely to diameters, the curves obtained give a more accurate picture of cell size distribution. Accuracy is also Improved by the increased number of points on the curves compared with Price‐Jones technique, where the diameter of 1000 × the enlarged cells can be measured only In the nearest half millimetre.
THE SYNTHESIS BY FOETAL CHICKS AND RATS OF SERUM PROTEINS HAVING SOME PROPERTIES OF THE IMMUNOGLOBULINS
Authors: Reade PC , Jenkin CR , Turner KJ
Published: December 2007

The rates of synthesis of serum proteins have been studied in foetal chicks and rats at various stages in their development. It has been shown that, at all ages studied, these foetuses are capable of synthesizing proteins which have the electrophoretic and aritigenic properties of immunoglobulins.
THE INFLUENCE OF DEGREE OF EXCITATION ON CERTAIN BLOOD CONSTITUENTS IN BEEF CATTLE
Authors: Gartner RJW , Ryley JW , Beattie AW
Published: December 2007

The effect of varying degrees of excitation, administration of chlopromazine hydrochloride, and splenectomy on a number of blood constituents was examined in cattle.

The mean values obtained for most blood constituents in the tranquillized animal were significantly lower than those obtained in the non‐tranquillized animal, In the intact animal and in the splenectomized, non‐tranquillized animal, the values obtained at rest for haemoglobin, haematocrit, and red cell count were significantly lower than those recorded following standard bleeding procedure. The differences were much less in the splenectomized than in the intact animals. It was only in splenectomized animals which had been tranquillized that there were no significant changes in most blood constituents following either excitement or exercise.

The resting levels of plasma potassium, blood and plasma phosphorus, and serum total protein, albumin, and globulin in both intact and splenectomized animals were significantly lower than those obtained at venipuncture. Levels increased above the resting value as the degree of stimulation increased. The degree of excitation had little effect on the calcium and magnesium levels in serum, and there was no consistent pattern in the changes recorded for plasma chloride and sodium.

For any degree of excitation, values were higher in intact compared with splenectomized animals in blood and plasma inorganic phosphorus, plasma chloride, and sodium, and serum calcium, magnesium, and globulin, whereas values for serum albumin were consistently lower.
STONEFISH VENOM: SOME BIOCHEMICAL AND CHEMICAL OBSERVATIONS
Authors: Austin L , Gillis RG , Youatt G
Published: December 2007

Stonefish venom has been fractionated on carboxymethyl cellulose and Sephadex columns; of the fractions obtained only one was toxic to rats. The active fraction contained a relatively high proportion of aromatic amino acids. Whole venom was examined for enzyme activity and enzyme inhibition; the only significant activity found was that of hyaluronidase. The venom also caused a marked increase in capillary permeability. Ultracentrifuge measurements suggest that the toxic material has a molecular weight of the order of 150,000.
THE EFFECT OF DRUGS ON THE OXYGEN UPTAKE OF CELLS FROM PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC GRANULOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA
Authors: Antonas KN , Onesti P , Woodliff HJ
Published: December 2007

The oxygen uptake of leucocytes from ten patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia was measured on seventeen occasions. The mean oxygen uptake from all seventeen experiments was 0·30 ± 0·04 μ μl./cell/hour.

The effects of various drugs on this parameter were studied and the in vitro and in vivo responses compared.
RELATED ANTIGENS IN MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE AND MYCOPLASMA MYCOIDES VAR. MYCODES
Authors: Lemcke Ruth M , Shaw Elizabeth J , Marmion BP
Published: December 2007

Serological cross‐reactions have been observed between Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma mycoides in tests with convalescent‐phase sera From human begins with atypical pneumonia, with sera from rabbits hyper‐immunised with one or other of the two strains, and with post‐infection sera from cattle experimentally inoculated with M. mycoides.

The cross‐reactions were most pronounced in complement‐fixation tests, less by immunofluorescence und least by growth inhibition. An ethanol extract (Dafaalla B fraction) and a semi‐purified polysaceharide (galactan) from M. mycoides reacted in gel‐diffusion and haemagglutination with antisera to M. pneumoniae. It is possible, therefore, that more than one antigenic component may be shared between the two mycoplasmas.
HYPNOTIC‐ANALEPTIC INTERACTION AT DIFFERENT NEURAL LEVELS IN CATS AND RABBITS
Authors: Laycock Glenda M , Shulman A , Wright RD
Published: December 2007

The antagonism of the analeptics bemegride, β‐spirocyclopentane‐gluttarimide, pentylenetetrazol and picrotixin to the hypnotic action of pentobarbitone sodium has been measured in intact and decerebrate rabbits and decerebrate and decapitate cats. Hypnotic‐analeptic interaction is not confined to localized segments of the central nervous system, and in all preparations the analeptic activities of the four drugs are in the same rank order; analeptic activity is least in the decapitate cat preparation.

The findings are consistent with actions of pentobarbitone sodium and the four anuleptics at common sites in the central nervous system.
STUDIES ON A SKIN CALCIFYING SYSTEM
Authors: Cousins FB , Smillie AG
Published: December 2007

Histological changes and the accretion of calcium and phosphorus in an experimentally induced calcification of rat skin (“topical calciphylaxis”) have been described. The appearance of mineral deposits was rapid and mild injury (epilation or light squeezing) was sufficient stimulus to cause a sparse, restricted mineralisation which, with prior treatment of the animal with an hypercalcaemic agent, progressed to give a grossly mineralised skin area. The initial mineralisation was restricted to the hair follicle, and the deposition of hydroxyapatite crystallites within cells of the inner root sheath of the follicle and within the cortex of the hair was demonstrated by electron microscopy. This preferential mineralisation of the follicle was not associated with obvious degenerative changes and the follicle remained functional. The low‐level calcification was not species restricted and could also be demonstrated in rachitic rats in which a full “calciphylactic” response could not be elicited.

The implications of keratin mineralisation are discussed, and the findings of this study are considered in relation to current concepts on the calcification mechanism.
ANTIGENS IN IMMUNITY
Authors: Ada GL , Nossal GJV , Pye J
Published: December 2007

Rats were rendered tolerant to the bacterial antigen Salmonella adelaide flagellin by intraperitoneal antigen injections in the newborn period. Some rats received a single injection of 100 μg. of flagellin on the day of birth; others a course of twice‐weekly injections for the first 12‐16 weeks of life, the dose per injection usually being 10 μg. At 12 weeks of age, challenge injections of 125I‐labelled flagellin or flagella were given, the purpose being to compare the pattern of antigen localization in lymph nodes or spleen with that observed in non‐tolerant control animals.

The results showed that most tolerant animals handled the labelled antigen no differently from the controls. Some animals given the twice‐weekly injection course showed enhanced follicutar localization of the antigen. As prior active or passive immunization also causes enhanced follicular localization of antigens, this suggested that in these animals the tolerant state had not been complete, and that traces of antibody directed to minor antigenic components might have exerted an opsonic effect.

The theoretical significance of the essentially normal “recognition of foreignness” exhibited by most tolerant animals is discussed.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF GENETIC FACTORS IN MALARIA ANTIBODIES AS DETERMINED BY A FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TEST
Authors: Curtain CC , Baumgarten A
Published: December 2007

The malaria antibody of 5 out of 34 Melanesian Gm (a+ b+) donors was found to possess no Gm (a+) or Gm (b+) specificity. In three others the malaria antibody possessed Gm (a+) specificity only and in 1 Gm (b+) specificity only. Eighteen of the 34 donors were Inv (a+) and the malaria antibody possessed no Inv (a+) specificity. It was suggested that phenotypic restriction of the malaria antibody might occur if the individual's initial experience of malaria in infancy occurred before all of the gamma globulin allotypes had developed.
THE FINE STRUCTURE OF NORMAL RABBIT INFERIOR VENA CAVA
Authors: Tedder Elizabeth , Shorey CD
Published: December 2007

Normal rabbit inferior vena cava has been examined with the electron microscope. Endothelium forms a continuous coating without pores or basement membrane. Occasional small vessels are present in the intima. Beneath the endothelium is a connective tissue space containing fibrils and amorphous ground substance. There is an internal elastic layer which is fenestrated and branching and rough on both endothelial and medial surfaces. With specific staining the vesicular structure of elastin is seen. The smooth muscle cells of the media are distinct entities; there is no conclusive evidence of their regular attachment either to the elastic lamina or to each other. The smooth muscle cells do not have a prominent basement membrane and are surrounded by an intercellular connective tissue space containing collagen fibrils and occasional small patches of elastin. The adventitia contains collagen fibres, blood vessels and nerve fibres.
THE GROWTH AND NEUTRALIZATION OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS IN BHK21 TISSUE CULTURES
Authors: French EL , ST George TD
Published: December 2007

The virulent Australian strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) multiplied in BHK21 cells grown in Hanks’ medium with lamb scrum. In this tissue culture, infectivity of the virus was titrated and its growth was detected by means of haemadsorption of guinea‐pig crythrocytes.

A serum neutralization test, using egg‐adapted NDV, was developed. Analysis of the data obtained over a wide range of virus concentrations and serum dilutions allowed the construction of a standard curve relating 50 per cent point of neutralization to virus concentration. This standard curve was fitted to the observed data as a polynomial regression with tenns up to the third degree.

After 43 serial passages which included two (41st and 42nd) at limit dilutions, growth curves were determined for both the egg and tissue culture adapted viruses. Tlie titre reached in the maintenance medium at 60 hours’ incubation of infected tissue cultures was 108 TC ID50/ml. with the adapted virus and 106 TC ID50/ml. with the parent virus.

The infectivity titre of the tissue culture adapted virus was the same when determined by haemagglutinin production in chick embryos or haemadsorption of guinea‐pig erythrocytes in tissue culture. This comparison was true also of the parent virus.
CONTRASTING ABNORMALITIES IN THE THYMUS IN SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS AND MYASTHENIA GRAVIS: A QUANTITATIVE HISTOLOCICAL STUDY
Authors: Goldstein Gideon , Mackay Ian R
Published: December 2007

The thymus was examined microscopically in two autoimmune diseases, systemic lupus erythematosus (9 cases) and myasthenia gravis (9 cases), and in control patients matched for age (14 cases). A quantitative method was developed for recording and comparing histological abnormalities.

When compared with our controls the significant changes in systemic lupus erythematosus included total cortical atrophy, spindle epithelial cell aggregates in the medulla, increased cystic and scanty epithelial Hassall's corpuscles, and increased plasma cells: two of the nine thymuses contained germinal centres. The features in myasthenia gravis included preservation of the cortex and numerous germinal centres in the medulla. Thus the thymic pathology differs markedly in these two presumed autoimmune diseases.

Thymic changes in these two diseases could reflect the result of an immuunological attack — humoral or cellular — against a vulnerable target organ—the thymus — or alternatively may indicate that a derangement of the thymus is a primary cause of autoimmune disease.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF NEURAMINIC ACID, SERINE AND THREONINE FOR A GLYCOPROTEIN INHIBITING INFLUENZA VIRUS HAEMAGGLUTINATION
Authors: Gottschalk Alfred
Published: December 2007

A short review is given of the impact which Sir Macfarlane Burnet's observations, on the influenza virus enzyme and RDE and on the influenza virus haemagglutinin inhibitors, has had on the development of the chemistry of glycoproteins in general and on the elucidation of the molecular structure of neuraminic acid in particular.

The structure of the ovine submaxillary (OSM) glycoprotein, prepared from sheep submaxillary glands, is described and its potency as influenza virus haemagglutinin inhibitor discussed in terms of multiple carbohydrate groups, each terminated by a neuraminic acid residue.

Evidence is presented that in OSM (from three‐year‐old sheep) the predominant linkage of carbohydrate to protein is an O‐glycosidic linkage to the hydroxyl group of serine and threonine residues. This linkage is easily split by dilute alkali, most probably by the mechanism of ß‐elimination.
COOMBS TEST CONVERSION IN YOUNG NZB MICE INDUCED BY TRANSFER OF LYMPHOID CELLS FROM COOMBS POSITIVE DONORS
Authors: Holmes Margaret C
Published: December 2007

Inoculation of spleen cells from old NZB mice with a positive Coombs antiglobulin test induced a positive Coombs test in normal young NZB mice after one to three weeks. Inoculation of cell suspensions from lymph nodes, thymus, bone marrow or buffy coat prepared from the same donors failed to induce a positive Coombs test in the recipients. Recipients which became Coombs positive, when examined four weeks after transfer of spleen cells, showed splenic enlargement and histological changes in the spleen and thymus.
PATTERNS OF CELLULAR DIFFERENTIATION IN SPONTANEOUS AND TRANSPLANTED LYMPHOMATA IN MICE
Authors: Metcalf D , Nakamura K , Wiadrowski Margaret
Published: December 2007

A cytological survey was made of thymic lymphoma tissue in AKR, (AKRxC3H)F1 and C3H mice with advanced spontaneous lymphoid leukaemia. In all strains, lyniphoma tissue contained a higher percentage of primitive lymphoid cells (large and medium lymphoma cells) than in the corresponding normal thymus. As a group, C3H and (AKRx C3H)F1 lymphomata were more highly differentiated than AKR lymphomata. Lymphomata in individual mice showed wide variations in the percentage distribution of the three types of lymphoma cells, but in any one animal the pattern of differentiation was the same in the thymus and lymph node lymphoma tissues. First generation thigh transplants of lymphoma tissue in AKR mice maintained the differentiation pattern of the original AKR thymic lymphoma tissue. It is concluded that in individual mice with lymphoid leukaemia a constant pattern of differentiation of the lymphoma tissue is maintained for the major portion of the duration of the disease.
LUNG CANCER: AN EVOLUTIONARY APPROACH
Authors: Stevens KM
Published: December 2007

Lung cancer is presented as an example of somatic mutation. In contrast to previous theories the following are defined: (a) the major growth controlling mechanism; (b) the mutation found in cancer; and (c) the environmental changes in the lungs of patients who smoke cigarettes which: can select this mutant.
THE CELLULAR TRANSFER OF IMMUNITY TO TRICHOSTRONGYLUS COLUBRIFORMIS IN AN ISOGENIC STRAIN OF GUINEA‐PIG
Authors: Wagland BM , Dineen JK
Published: December 2007

The mechanism of resistance of guinea‐pigs to infection with Trichostrongylus colubrifomis was investigated by transferring serum and mesenteric lymph nodes from resistant guinea‐pigs to susceptible guinea‐pigs of the same inbred strain. Inbred guinea‐pigs were used in these studies to avoid destruc tion of the transferred tissues by a homograft reaction.

It was shown that the transfer of mesenteric lymph nodes prevented a primary infection from reaching patency in recipient guinea‐pigs, whereas a single injection of serum from resistant donors did not have any observable effect on the development of primary infection.

It is concluded that the failure of susceptible guinea‐pigs to become infected with T. colubriformis was due to an immunological reaction in which cellular factors were more important than humoral antibodies. It is suggested that control of T. colubriformis and other helminth parasites with all stages confined to the alimentary tract may be mediated by a delayed type of hypersensitive reaction.
THE IMMUNOLOGICAL ROLE OF DIFFERENT LYMPHOID ORGANS IN THE CHICKEN
Authors: Warner NL
Published: December 2007

Cell suspensions prepared from the avian thymus and bursa of Fabricius were tested for immunological competence by their ability to give graft versus host reactions, as assessed by the production of lesions on the chorioallantoic membrane of chick embryos. Thymic cell suspensions were more active than bursal cells by a mean factor of six.

Bursal cell suspensions contained more plasma cells, and bursal extracts contained higher titres of a natural haemagglutinin than did thymic extracts.

There was a greater uptake of the radioisotope 32P by bursal cells than by thymic cells, both in vivo and in vitro. After incubation in vitro with 3H‐thymidine, 20 per cent of bursal cells and 9 per cent of thymic cells were labelled.

Transfusion of labelled bursal and thymic cells into young normal recipient chicks showed that more thymic cells “homed” to the spleen.

The results are discussed in relation to the concept of a dissociation of immunological responsiveness in the chicken.
IgG AND IgM ANTIBODIES IN FOWL SERUM
Authors: Szenberg A , Lind Patricia , Clarke K
Published: December 2007

Antibody production in mammals in response to a variety of antigens has been extensively investigated. An early appearance of IgM antibodies was usually followed by IgG antibodies (Bauer, Mathies and Stavitsky, 1963). The activity of IgM antibodies was destroyed by treatment with 0·1 M 2‐mercaptoethanol (ME) (Deutsch and Morton, 1957), whilst the titre of IgG antibodies was not diminished. In the fowl a similar pattern of antibody response has been described (Uhr, Finkelstein and Franklin. 1962; Benedict. Brown and Hirsch, 1963; Drecsman, Larson, Pinckard, Groydon and Benedict, 1965). Rosenquist and Gilden (1963), however, found no IgM antibodies in fowl serum in response to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and the antibody titre in the IgG fraction was destroyed by incubation with ME.

The results presented in this communication are concerned with (1) the susceptibility of fowl IgG antibodies to ME treatment; and (2) the production of IgM antibodies by the fowl.
THE FINE STRUCTURE OF RABBIT INFERIOR VENA CAVA IN PARTIAL OBSTRUCTION
Authors: Tedder Elizabeth , Shorey CD
Published: December 2007

The electron microscopic changes in rabbit inferior vena cava in partial obstruction resemble the ultra‐structural vascular response to other types of alteration in cellular environment. First there is an appearance of hyperactivity and metabolic stimulation with deposition of elastin and collagen fibres and reversion of cells of intima and media to a more primitive type. Later, following subsidence of activity, there is apparent cellular degeneration and tissue simplification.
THE EFFECT OF COLCHICINE ON THE ABSORPTION OF WATER AND ELECTROLYTES BY RAT JEJUNUM
Authors: Goulston Kerry J , Skyring Alan
Published: December 2007

Colchicine given parenterally to rats in a dose of 80 μg./100 g. produced atrophic changes in the jejunal mucosa which differed in many respects from those seen in human idiopathic steatorrhoea. Perfusion studies performed in vivo on the third day showed a significant reduction in the rates of absorption of water, sodium and potassium. Both bi‐directional fluxes of sodium were greatly reduced.
FATTY ACIDS AND IN VITRO PLATELET AGGREGATION
Authors: Ardlie NG , Kinlough Raelene L , Glew G , Schwartz CJ
Published: December 2007

Platelet aggregation was assessed photometrically. Stearic acid at a final concentration of 0·83 × 10−4 M was the only fatty acid found to enhance the clumping activity produced by the combined effect of adrenaline and adenosine triphosphate. None of the five fatty acids tested, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic or linolenic, produced any effect when added to platelet‐rich plasma alone nor did they effect the platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate. The significance of this property of stearic acid awaits further experiment.
THE FORMATION OF MEMBRANES AROUND MICRO‐ORGANISMS AND PARTICLES INJECTED INTO AMOEBAE: SUPPORT FOR THE “RETICULOSOME” CONCEPT
Authors: Casley‐Smith JR , Savanat T
Published: December 2007

Spores, bacteria, polystyrene and carbon particles were injected into Amoeba protons and the results followed with electron microscope. The particles initially lay free in the cytoplasm, but after two hours they became surrounded by a shell of granules morphologically resembling ribosomes, but they were not attacked by ribonnclease. These bodies appeared to be transformed gradually into membranes. It is considered that they may represent preformed portions of membrane, the reticulosomes of Pollak. If the amoebae were incubated at 4° in place of 20° the particles still surrounded the injected material, but membranes were not formed. The bacteria and the interiors of the spores were digested, and it was considered that numerous vesicles carrying moderately electron‐dense materials contributed to this digestion. Acid phosphatase was demonstrated in the vesicles and in the vacuoles.
AGGREGATION AND ACTIVATION OF HUMAN BLOOD PLATELETS
Authors: Fantl P , Sweet B
Published: December 2007

Venous blood was taken with the least trauma and contact before addition of citrate. Optical density was a measure of platelet changes in plasma after the addition of varying amounts of adenosine‐diphosphate (ADP) and during the initial stages of the clotting process.

Reduction of optical density of platelet‐containing plasma is due to aggregation. This is reversible at low concentrations of ADP. Activation is defined as irreversible reduction of optical density and of shortening of plasma clotting time. Before aggregation a slight increase in optical density occurred in platelet‐containing plasma obtained from blood citrated after up to 10 min. following venesection; this is followed by a reduction of optical density and finally activation of the clotting process. Normal blood collected in glass can be stored approximately 6 min. and storage in siliconised tubes can be extended to 20 min. before reduction in optical density is noticed. Platelet‐containing plasma from a patient with von Willebrand's disease behaved normally, and platelet‐containing plasma from a patient with congenital factor XII deficiency (Hageman trait) behaved as normal blood stored in siliconised containers. Aggregation and activation occur in close, association with the clotting process. Platelets ruptured by freezing of platelet‐containing plasma and also thrombin deflbrinated plasma release only a small fraction of aggregating material.

Response of platelets to ADP and also in the clotting process vary greatly despite precautions taken to obtain undamaged platelets.
THE EFFECT OF VASOPRESSIN UPON THE DISTRIBUTION OF SERUM ALBUMIN IN THE RAT KIDNEY
Authors: Cross RB , Sherrington LA , Thornton WM
Published: December 2007

The effect of small closes of vasopressin (100 μU) upon the distribution of I131 labelled serum albumin in the rat kidney was studied.

In all animals the papilla took up more serum albumin than did the medulla or the cortex.

The uptake of albumin into the papilla of rats given vasopressin was significantly more variable than the uptake into the papilla of control rats. In some experimental animals the uptake of isotope was less than that of the controls, while in others the uptake was greater than in the control animals.
RUPTURE OF SMALL DUCTS AND ACINI IN THE PANCREAS OF THE RAT AND GUINEA PIG FOLLOWING MAJOR DUCT OBSTRUCTION
Authors: Herriott BA , Palmer AA
Published: December 2007

Obstruction of the pancreatic duct system in the rat and the guinea pig leads to the rupture of pancreatic acini and ductules, consistently demonstrable by the periodic acid‐Schiff (PAS) technique.

In the rat with pancreaticobiliary obstruction ruptured acini and ducts can also be revealed by interposing an ink‐filled tube between the hepatic and common ducts.

A study has been made of the time course of pancreatic histological changes following pancreatic duct obstruction in the rat with and without common‐channel biliary obstruction. The addition of common‐channel biliary obstruction only slightly modified the picture causing haemorrhage in the wall of the common duct and more frequent and severe fat necrosis in the first 18 hr.

Preliminary studies in the dog suggest that the periodic acid‐Schiff (PAS) technique may be useful in detecting ruptured acini in that species also.

The occurrence and significance of increased mucus concentration within the obstructed pancreatic duct system is discussed.
THE EFFECT OF DIURETICS ON ELECTROLYTE DISTRIBUTION IN THE RAT KIDNEY
Authors: Cross RR , Thornton WM
Published: December 2007

The effect of diuretics on the distribution of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) in the kidney was studied in alcohol anaesthetized rats during osmotic diuresis. As previously reported, these rats had a small gradient from cortex to papilla in the sodium concentration of renal tissue. Vasopressin increased this gradient by increasing the concentration of sodium in the medulla and papilla.

When either mercaptomerin or hydrochlorothiazide was administered in therapeutic doses, the concentrations of sodium in the papilla were initially high and were further increased by vasopressin. These results were very similar to those obtained when infusions containing high levels of sodium chloride (NaCl) were administered to normal rats.

Prior administration of ethacrynic acid caused very high concentrations of sodium in the papilla which were not significantly increased after vasopressin. Ethacrynie acid did not prevent the conscious rat from producing a concentrated urine when deprived of water.

This suggests that these drugs do not exert their diuretic effect by decreasing the extra tubular osmotic pressure around the collecting ducts.
LOCAL PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODY BY THE LACTATING MAMMARY GLAND FOLLOWING ANTIGENIC STIMULATION
Authors: Lascelles AK , Outteridge PM , Mackenzie DDS
Published: December 2007

Experiments have been carried out to determine whether the infusion of antigens into the dry mammary glands of pregnant ewes gives rise to a sustained local immunity. One side of the udder was infused with killed Salmonella typhi “O” organisms and the other with a similar dose of killed Brucella abortus organisms. Infusions were given to 6 pregnant ewes about 1 month before parturition.

Although the anti‐Salmonella and anti‐Brucella titres in the colostrum from both sides were higher than those in plasma, the titres of specific antibody in colostrum from the sides receiving corresponding specific antigen were usually higher than in the colostrum from the opposite side. These results indicated that both local synthesis and active transfer of antibody were occurring at this time.

There was a rapid fall in the antibody titres of milk within the first week of lactation. However, the ratio of the titres of specific antibody in the samples from the sides receiving corresponding specific antigen to those in plasma were usually well above unity throughout lactation. On the other hand, the milk: plasma ratios computed from the anti‐Salmonella and anti‐Brucella titres in plasma and in whey samples collected from the sides which were not infused with corresponding antigens rapidly decreased within 2 weeks after parturition to values which varied between 0·03–0·25. These results indicated that during lactation most of the specific antibody in milk was of local origin.

The anti‐Salmonella and anti‐Brucella titres in the mammary lymph from the sides infused with Salmonella and Brucella respectively were lower than those in the milk from the same side. In view of the relative impermeability of the glandular epithelium of the mammary gland to γ‐globulin molecules, this finding suggests that the cells responsible for local synthesis of antibody are in close proximity to the glandular epithelium.
TRANSFER OF CIRCULATING γ‐GLOBULIN INTO MILK AND EFFERENT MAMMARY LYMPH DURING EXPERIMENTAL MASTITIS
Authors: Mackenzie DDS , Outteridge PM , Lascelles AK
Published: December 2007

Experiments were carried out on 9 lactating ewes to study the changes in 131I 7S γ‐globulin content of mammary lymph and of whey during the course of experimentally induced staphylococcal mastitis. In 4 of the ewes the efferent lymphatic duct draining one side of the udder was cannulated prior to an intravenous injection of 131I 7S γ‐globulin. The specific activities of the globulin in plasma and in lymph were followed until they had become equal at approximately 30–40 hr. after injection. The side in which the lymphatic duct had been cannulated was then infected by infusing virulent staphylococci into the teat cistern. In the other 5 ewes, the radioactivity in whey and plasma was followed for 20–47 hr. after the injection, and then one side of the udder was infected.

There was a 3–4‐fold increase in the lymph flow, and an almost 2‐fold increase in the concentration of radioactivity in lymph 6–12 hr. after infection, which indicated a greater capillary permeability during mastitis. The increases in lymph flow and radioactivity in lymph were greater and persisted for longer periods in the more severe cases of mastitis.

The molecular site and electrophoretic mobility of the radioactivity bound to protein, in whey samples collected from both normal and infected sides, were found to be similar to those for 7S γ‐globulin of serum. The concentration of radioactivity bound to protein in whey increased slowly after infection, and did not reach peak levels until at least 24 hr. later. Since the milk production decreased as the concentration of radioactivity increased, there was little change in the total amount of radioactivity bound to protein in whey secreted after infection. The results have been discussed in relation to the mechanism of transfer of γ‐globulin from plasma into milk before and during mastitis.
CONTRIBUTION OF THE TRANSVERSE TUBULAR SYSTEM TO THE MEMBRANE CAPACITANCE OF STRIATED MUSCLE OF THE TOAD (BUFO MARINUS)
Authors: Pugsley ID
Published: December 2007

Sine‐wave techniques have been used to analyse the “input characteristics” of toad skeletal muscle fibres to show that, unlike the frog, there is no measurable difference between the admittance of a small section of membrane and that of a parallel circuit containing one resistance and one capacitance. Falk and Fatt's (1964) three‐path model for the frog, containing a small series resistance with part of the capacitance, remains valid, but in the toad it is undistinguishable from a simple two‐path model. It is postulated that the site of the additional resistance is at the entrance of the tubular system, and the difference between frog and toad is ascribed to a difference of the membrane across the tubules at the sarcolemma. Since the method limits the maximum measuring frequency to about 1000 c/s, it is concluded that the small series resistance for the toad tubular‐system capacitance is less than 4 Ω cm.2, which is not measurable. The absence of the late after‐potential in toad muscle is explained on this basis.
ACUTE LIVER INJURY DUE TO ALBITOCIN
Authors: Kerr JFR , Pound AW
Published: December 2007

Albitocin, a triterpenoid glycoside extracted from the bark of Albizia gummifera, produced liver damage when injected into mice and rats. The milder forms of the lesion comprised nuclear enlargement and cytoplasmic fatty infiltration which was maximal in the outer parts of the lobules. In severely affected animals cells in the peripheral and intermediate zones underwent necrosis, and there was often marked dilatation of sinusoids. Periodic acid Schiff (P.A.S.)‐positive, spherical bodies were common in the cytoplasm of the injured cells. These were rich in acid phosphatase and esterase, and correspond to the large lysosomes described in other forms of liver cell injury. Promethazine hydrochloride, in the dose used, afforded no protection from death or liver necrosis.
THE LOSS OF RADIOACTIVITY DURING THE PREPARATION OF AUTORADIOGRAPHS FROM RATS INJECTED WITH IODINE‐LABELLED ANTIGENS
Authors: Mitchell Judith
Published: December 2007

The loss of radioactivity from labelled tissues during the fixation and dehydration procedures in preparation for autoradiography has been studied in rats injected with radioiodinated protein antigens. The extent of these losses has been shown to depend upon many factors, including the age of the animal, the tissue studied, the molecular size and immunological character of the antigen, the length of time between injection of the antigen and removal of the tissue and on the dose of protein given.

Gross losses of radioactivity from the lymph nodes and spleen of adult rats were relatively small, and insignificant amounts of macromolecular material, antigenie in an immune precipitation test, were lost.

The tissues of neonatally injected rats lost very large proportions of their radioactivity during the fixation and dehydration for normal autoradiography. Here, dependence on the type of antigen, time after injection, etc., were not so important. In the range of antigen doses studied all the tissues examined (except thyroid) lost up to 90% of their label during fixation. Much of this labelled material was of high molecular weight and was antigenic in the immune precipitation test. Such gross losses of antigen must seriously affect the quantitative assessment of autoradiographs. The losses did not, however, appear to alter the qualitative appearance of antigen distribution in the spleen.
THE RETICULOCYTE RESPONSE IN CALVES MADE ANAEMIC BY PHLEBOTOMY
Authors: Bremner KC
Published: December 2007

Daily reticulocyte counts were made on healthy calves subjected to acute and chronic experimental bleedings. Considerable variation in the maximum reticulocyte response was found from calves of the same age in which similar degrees of anaemia had been induced. However, the mean maximum reticulocyte count of groups of calves of the same age, bled at different levels, increased with the severity of the blood loss. Older calves displayed a much greater reticulocyte response to blood loss than did young calves bled at the same rate. It is concluded that the reticulocyte count can be used as an index of the rate of erythropoiesis for comparative purposes only if experimental calves are of similar age.
THE GROWTH OF MOUSE BONE MARROW CELLS IN VITRO
Authors: Bradley TR , Metcalf D
Published: December 2007

A simple in vitro technique is described for the growth of colonies from single cell suspensions of mouse bone marrow. The system involves the plating of marrow cells in agar on feeder layers of other cells, those from 8‐day‐old mouse kidney and 17th day mouse embryo being shown to be the most efficient types of feeder layers.

Approximalely 400 colonies per 1 × 106 nucleated marrow cells were grown, using kidney cell feeder layers. A linear relationship between the number of cells plated and the number of colonies developing was demonstrated.

In comparison with the marrow cells, lymph node or thymus cells did not form colonies, but a small number of colonies was formed using spleen cells.

Early in the development of the colonies the dominant cell type was a large mononuclear cell with cytoplasm filled with granules staining metachromatically with toluidine blue. With growth of the colony, cells with ring or horseshoe‐shaped nuclei appeared, and a progression with further colony growth to smaller cells with segmented nuclei similar to polymorphonuclear blood cells was observed.