bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of weather on maize yields and the efficiency of fertilization
Authors: Huzsvay L. , Nagy J.
Published: October 2005

The yield of maize is primarily influenced by sunlight, temperature, available plant nutrients and water supply. Since plants take up water through their roots, the most decisive factor is not precipitation but the quantity of water available in the soil. In this study, a simple, easy-to-reproduce, capacitive model was elaborated to determine the available moisture content for maize. During the calculations, based on the balance method, the available moisture content in the top 110 cm soil layer was determined, taking daily weather data into account. The examinations were carried out on a medium heavy chernozem soil with lime deposits, in a multifactorial experiment at the Látókép Experimental Station of the Center of Agricultural Sciences, Debrecen University, between 1990 and 2004. Annual yield fluctuation is primarily determined by the soil moisture content in the month of July and the water supplies in May, according to regression analysis. The maize yields in the past 15 years could be calculated with an accuracy of 570 kg/ha, an error limit of below 10% and an r value of 0.805, using a regression line and the data of monthly moisture supplies. However, the yields of fertilized plots can only be estimated with an accuracy of 1 t/ha on average. Fertilizer utilization is influenced by the moisture content of the soil, so it makes sense to include this in the analysis instead of the other environmental factors. Water is required for nutrient utilization. In years with poor or medium water supplies, moderate fertilizer rates are more effective, compared to higher rates in years with better water supplies. Efficient fertilization in maize production can only be achieved by harmonizing soil moisture content and the applied fertilizer rate.
Evaluation of soil tillage systems in maize production
Authors: Rátonyi T. , Huzsvai L. , Nagy J. , Megyes A.
Published: October 2005

The cultivation technologies for the dominant crops in Hungary need to be improved both in the interests of environmental protection and to reduce cultivation costs. A long-term research project was initiated in order to determine the feasibility of conservation tillage systems. The aim of the experiments was to evaluate conservation farming systems in Hungary in order to achieve more economical and more environment-friendly agricultural land use. Four tillage systems, namely conventional tillage (mouldboard plough), conservation tillage I (primary tillage with a J.D. Disk Ripper), conservation tillage II (primary tillage with a J.D. Mulch Finisher) and no tillage (direct drilling), were compared on a clay loam meadow soil (Vertisol). The physical condition of the experimental soils was evaluated using a hand-operated static cone penetrometer. Parallel with the measurement of penetration resistance, the moisture content of the soil was also determined. The grain yield of maize hybrids (Kincs SC [1999], Occitán SC [2000], Pr 37M34 SC [2001], DeKalb 471 SC [2002]) was measured using a plot combine-harvester. The analysis of soil conditions confirmed that if the cultivation depth and intensity are reduced the compaction of soil layers close to the surface can be expected. The decrease in yields (8-33%) in direct drilling (NT) and shallow, spring cultivated (MF) treatments, despite the higher available water content, can be explained partly by the compacted status of the 15-25 cm soil layer.
Comparing Modalities: Cognates as a Case in Point
Authors: Shlesinger Miriam , Malkiel Brenda
Published: October 2005

Because interpreting affords only limited opportunity for restatement or corrections, it can be seen as the practitioner's default version, with written translation representing a more polished rendition. Thus, a comparison of the target texts of interpreting and translation can shed light not only on the differences between the two modalities as such, but on the processes involved in each of the two as well. In this case, target texts from interpreting and translation were used to investigate cognate status, performance on false cognates, and cognate processing. In the first stage of this experiment, seven professional translators/interpreters interpreted an English text into their L1, Hebrew; four years later, they rendered the same ST in writing. The source text contained 51 words for which Hebrew offered true cognates and 10 for which it offered false cognates. The data show that: (a) cognate status is most often consistent across modalities; (b) noncognate synonyms are more prevalent in translation than in interpreting; (c) when a participant produces a noncognate translation in one modality and a cognate translation in the other, the noncognate is much likelier to be produced in translation, and (d) performance on false cognates is far superior in translation.
GENETICS, PHYSIOLOGY AND CYTOLOGY OF YEAST-MYCELIAL DIMORPHISM IN FISSION YEASTS
Authors: Grallert Ágnes , Bozsik Anikó , Szilágyi Z. , Sipiczki M. , Zilahi Erika , Miklós Ida
Published: October 2005

The orderSchizosaccharomycetalescontains a dimorphic and two yeast species.Sch. japonicuscan form both yeast cells and mycelium, depending on the substrate and the culturing conditions.Sch. pombeis a strictly unicellular organism, but it can be forced to form mycelial cell chains by inactivating members of thesepgene family. The mutations in most of thesepgenes confer pleitropic phenotypes indicating functional involvement in MAP-kinase-mediated signalling pathways. Two of them were found to encode transcription factor homologues of other eukaryotes.
INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGISTS IN THE AREA OF MICROFUNGI
Authors: Szentirmai A.
Published: October 2005

The microbial fermentation industry employs microorganisms to produce different desired valuable products. A number of commercial products – including antibiotics, organic acids, steroids, vitamins, enzymes – are made by fungi. Many of these products can be produced both microbially and by chemical synthesis. The choice of which process to employ generally depends on economics. (The decision is dictated by variable costs.)
FUNGAL SYMBIOSES
Authors: Jakucs Erzsébet
Published: October 2005

Demonstrating different types of biotrophy fungi are outstanding within eukaryotes. All types of symbioses sensu deBary [1] (parasitism, mutualism, amensalism, commensalism, neutralism, antagonism) and all possible transient forms of these are represented by them. Furtherly the word „symbiosis” will be used, as commonly, in the strict concept as mutualistic symbiosis.
FROM EDIBLE TO USEFUL MUSHROOMS — AN ATTEMPT FOR THE NEW ECONOMICAL ASSESSMENT OF LARGE FUNGI
Authors: I. Lelley J.
Published: October 2005

According to the stand of the modern applied mycological research the most commonly used term „edible mushroom” does not express all significant aspects large fungi can be used for. Additionally to bioconversion for food and animal feed production there are at least three other fields where large fungi may also get economical relevance: for establishing of ectomycorrhiza, for medical application and for soil decontamination including environmental engineering. This new situation justifies the introduction of a new, all-embracing designation for large fungi. The term „useful mushroom” will be suggested. The various options of the use of mushrooms will be introduced and briefly discussed in this paper.
A Piso-per tanulságai
Authors: Borzsák István
Published: October 2005

Calpurnius Crassust, Tacitus kalandos sorsú kortársát („the perpetual conspirator”), R. Syme több alkalommal is említi monumentális Tacitus-monográfiájában, de „viszontagságait”(vicissitudes) sajnálatos módon érdemben nem tárgyalja. Ezt pótolta a III. Saalburg-kollokvium aktáiban D. Henning, aki fölöttébb tanulságosan ismertette a nyughatatlan (a szakirodalomban hol egzaltáltnak, hol fanatikusnak, megrögzött felforgatónak bélyegzett) Crassus-ivadék hányatott sorsát a „Vierkaiserjahr”-t követő zűrzavarok utáni évtizedekben, egészen az állítólag iniussu Hadrianitörtént likvidálásáig. Mi megpróbáltuk a kortárs Tacitus párhuzamos pályáját követni, illetőleg magyarázni: Crassus is, az ifj. Plinius is, meg még sokan asszisztáltak Domitianus „zsarnoki tombolása”mellett; és Tacitus? Nevéhez méltóan hallgatott,akárcsak a nyilvánosság előtt annak idején Cicero (tacendo et latendo),és így - az emberiség szerencséjére, okulásul - a maga módján megörökíthette a viharos század történéseit.
Attikától Narcéig - via Ischia
Authors: Szilágyi János György
Published: October 2005

Az ókorkutatás legfontosabb feladatai közé tartozik, hogy korunk aktuális problémáinak megoldásához adjon segítséget. Az egyik ezek közül az akkulturációé, vagyis annak a vizsgálata, hogyan viselkednek az egymással érintkező, különböző hagyományokra épülő kultúrák e találkozás során. Egy másik az a kérdés, mit nyújthat a kortárs művészet megértéséhez az antik művészetek hagyatékának tanulmányozása, és ennek másik oldala: miben segítheti a modern művészet jelenségeinek ismerete az antik művészetek egyes vonásainak jobb megértését. A tanulmány a Szépművészeti Múzeum egy eddig közöletlen Kr. e. 700 körül készült etruszk vázájának formáját és díszítését elemezve kísérel meg legalább részlegesen választ adni a két kérdésre, és ennek során egy Veiiben dolgozó vázafestőnek műveiből kirajzolódó portréját próbálja meg felvázolni.
Theokritos Hylas-idillje
Authors: Domány Judit
Published: October 2005

Theokritos 13. idillje Nikiashoz címzett vigasztalás: maga a „Hylas-történet” paradeigma, mely a közösség (az Argó) célratörő, fegyelmezett rendjét és az érzéki, pusztító erőket állítja szembe egymással. A hősi magatartásra egyrészt a meghatározott cél felé tartó mozgás (Argó), másrészt a mozdulatlanság jellemző (Telamón; a hős Héraklés). A Hylast kereső Héraklés az Argótól elszakadva görbe vonalú pályán jut el Kolchisba, de közben nem hagyja el a halandók szféráját. Hylas a racionális cselekvés szférájából kilépve, a körtáncot lejtő - egy képzeletbeli középpont körül forgó - Nymphák szenvedélyének tárgyaként lép át az irracionális szférába, a föld alatti világba, és halála után az égi (isteni) szférába jut fel.
Új római feliratos kőemlékek a Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum adattárából
Authors: Prohászka Péter
Published: October 2005

Az MNM Adattárában számos olyan kôemlékre van utalás, rendszerint még a 19. századból, amelyek a nagy corpusokból (CIL, RIU) kimaradtak, máig közöletlenek, ráadásul azóta elvesztek. Jelen munkában a szerzôk négy új feliratot adnak közre Bölcskéről, Madocsáról, Visegrádról, illetve Veszprém megye területéről. Ezek közül a bölcskei a legjelentősebb, amely töredék a Commodus kori burgus és praesidium építésifeliratok sorozatának 17. darabja, ezek közül is a legdélebbi lelőhelyû. Minden valószínűség szerint a bölcskei későrómai hídfőállással hozható kapcsolatba.
A „Rossz Anyag” problémája Mednyánszky László Naplójában
Authors: Király Erzsébet
Published: October 2005

Az alábbi tanulmány kísérlet a kiváló magyar festő, Mednyánszky László (1852-1919) új kiadású írásos hagyatékának interpretatív megközelítésére. A művésznaplók különös dokumentumai egy intellektuális tájékozódásban eltelt életnek: görög betűkkel írt - talán szándékosan kódolt - magyar, illetve német nyelvű gondolattöredékek. A szerző képeivel egyszerre született szövegek tehát, amelyek történeti szempontú feltárásra és befogadásra várnak. A művész „töprengéseinek” konstans tárgyai felfoghatók egy tematikus belső beszéd elemeiként. A feljegyzések tartalmi centrumában a XIX. század végi magyar társadalom kataklizmájának, erkölcsi-biológiai romlásának problémája áll. Festőnk e romlás hordozó alapját, magát a Rosszat is megnevezi. Ez pedig nem más, mint a kortársi anyagelvűség, sőt az ontológiai értelemben vett Anyag maga. Ellentéte a naplókban a Lélek, az örök Jó princípiuma, abban az értelem-összefüggésben, ahogyan az a görög idealista hagyományból ránk maradt. A mulandóságnak kitett érzékvilág, a kárhozatos test és a tiszta eszményiség nyelvileg kimutatható toposzai olvastán felvetjük egy platonikus-gnósztikus alapú dualizmus szerepét Mednyánszky világképében.
EXTERNAL FINANCE IN TRANSITION ECONOMIES: CGE MODELS APPLIED TO POLAND AND HUNGARY
Authors: Cohen S. I.
Published: October 2005

The transition economies of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union have implemented at the eve of the transition public measures to promote economic growth and income protection. The success of the policies is very much dependent on the availability of external finance. By calibrating for a country like Poland CGE models for 1987 and 1990 and simulating such measures it is possible to explore likely changes over these years and the effects of these measures on the sectoral and total levels of production, prices, as well as factor remuneration and use. The analysis is complemented with applications for Hungary in 1988 and 1990. The results show commonalties but also differences between the two countries in their dependence on foreign financial resources necessary for the transition.
Foreign Capital and Economic Development in Hungary
Authors: Szekeres V.
Published: October 2005

In economics literature, a number of authors emphasize the need to study both domestic and foreign enterprises in order to properly grasp the effect of foreign direct investment on the local economy. Differences between foreign and domestic enterprises stem from the fact that multinational enterprises operate in a global network extending into many countries, which most certainly exerts influence on all aspects of their production activity. This paper presents a comparative analysis of performance of domestic and three types of foreign enterprises in Hungary. Total-factor pro- ductivity, factor intensity, wages, export intensity, profitability, as well as the effective rate of tax are examined by the combined tools of comparison, regression analysis and Wilcoxon test for data of the whole economy of Hungary. While foreign firms are found to contribute to the revitalization of the economy as far as capital intensity, productivity, export performance and level of wages are concerned, they do not yet seem to produce profitably.
BOOK REVIEWS+OBITUARY
Authors: Halmai Péter , Csaba László , Földi Tamás
Published: October 2005

Tangermann, S. and Banse, M. (eds): Central and Eastern European Agriculture in an Expanding European Union, New York: CAB International, Wellingford, 2000, 210 pp.; Leipold, H. and Pies, I. (eds): Ordnungstheorie und Ordnungspolitik (Konzeptionen und Entwicklungsperspektiven) Stuttgart: Lucius & Lucius, 2000, 456 pp.; At age 81 passed away György Hajdu translator and copy editor of this journal from the very beginning until the early nineties.;
Adopting the Euro: a path to fiscal sustainability
Authors: Győrffy Dóra
Published: October 2005

Following their accession to the European Union, new member states are now facing the next step in the integration process: the adoption of the common currency. While there is a relative agreement about the overall benefits of joining the European Monetary Union (EMU), the timing of entry has been subject to significant controversy. A gradual path of accession is often suggested since the contractionary effects of fulfilling the fiscal criterion of the Maastricht Treaty might contradict the objective of real convergence. The author argues against this position by showing that even without EMU entry it is the self-interest of the new member states to pursue policies in accordance with its rules, considerations of competitiveness make the usual options of financing further deficits (inflation, accumulation of debt, or increasing taxes) very costly in terms of long-term growth prospects. Slovenia and the Baltic countries have already recognised this and have achieved a virtuous circle of low deficit, low debt and high growth rates. In contrast, the Visegrád countries are struggling with the fiscal criteria. In their case accession into the euro-zone opens a window of opportunity to introduce reforms, which are conducive to the long-term sustainability of their finances.
Physical capital stock, technological upgrading and modernisation in Hungary
Authors: Szalavetz Andrea
Published: October 2005

This paper discusses the relation between the quality and quantity indicators of physical capital and modernisation. While international academic literature emphasises the role of intangible factors enabling technology generation and absorption rather than that of physical capital accumulation, this paper argues that the quantity and quality of physical capital are important modernisation factors, particularly in the case of small, undercapitalised countries that recently integrated into the world economy. The paper shows that in Hungary, as opposed to developed countries, the technological upgrading of capital assets was not necessarily accompanied by the upgrading of human capital i.e. the thesis of capital skill complementarity did not apply to the first decade of transformation and capital accumulation in Hungary. Finally, the paper shows that there are large differences between the average technological levels of individual industries. The dualism of the Hungarian economy, which is also manifest in terms of differences in the size of individual industries' technological gaps, is a disadvantage from the point of view of competitiveness. The increasing differences in the size of the technological gaps can be explained not only with industry-specific factors, but also with the weakness of technology and regional development policies, as well as with institutional deficiencies.
Embryonic Toxicity of Insecticide Sumithion 50 Ec and Herbicide Fusilade S in Pheasants After Individual or Combined Administration
Authors: Varga T. , Hlubik I. , Várnagy L. , Budai P. , Molnár E.
Published: October 2005

The purpose of this work was to determine the individual and combined effects of insecticide Sumithion 50 EC (50% fenitrothion) and herbicide Fusilade S (12.5% fluazifop-P-butyl) on the development of pheasant embryos. Eggs were treated by injection of various concentrations of pesticides into the air space on day 12 of incubation. Pathological examination of embryos was carried out on day 23 of the hatching period. Mortality rate, body weight data and morphological alterations were evaluated after the macroscopic examination. The skeletal staining method was used to detect deformities. The two pesticides used in combination moderated the toxic/teratogenic effects of individual treatment.
Effect of large dietary doses of ß-carotene on plasma retinoid AND ß-carotene levels and ON progesterone production in the granulosa cells of Japanese quail
Authors: Ágota Gabriella , Bárdos L. , Pusztai A.
Published: October 2005

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of large-dose (-carotene supplementation on blood retinoid and (-carotene levels as well as on the progesterone secretion of the granulosa cells in Japanese quail. Laying quails were assigned to three dietary groups. The control group (Group C) received the basal diet (laying feed containing 9000 IU vitamin A/kg). In the treated groups (Groups BC1 and BC2) the basal diet was supplemented with 102and 103mg/kg (-carotene (BC), respectively. At the end of the two-week feeding period, 10 birds from each group were euthanised. Blood samples were analysed for retinol, retinyl palmitate and (-carotene concentrations. Granulosa cells were isolated from ovarian follicles (F1and F2), and PMSG-inducedin vitroprogesterone (P4) secretion was measured. Similar retinol concentrations were found in both (-carotene supplemented groups, indicating saturation of the retinol-transporting system. (-carotene supplementation was accompanied by hypercarotenaemia, but did not increase the retinyl palmitate levels in the blood. PMSG-induced P4production of the granulosa cells decreased significantly in Groups BC1 and BC2 in a dose-dependent manner.
A new, Modern, COST-Saving micro/macro method for the determination of serum fructosamine
Authors: Oppel Klára , Bárdos L. , Ferencz A. , Lakner Hajnalka , Simon Judit , Temesváry Kriszta , Karchesz Krisztina , Kulcsár Margit
Published: October 2005

Serum/plasma fructosamine (SeFa) concentration is a reliable indicator used in human diabetic control. Tests for monitoring the carbohydrate/energy metabolism of (farm) animals are less commonly performed in veterinary laboratories, since most of the reliable determinations, both automated and manual, are relatively expensive. The aim of this study was to develop a precise, money- (and time-) saving automated micro method for measuring SeFa. ELISA microplates (20 µL samples and 200 µL reagents) and an automatic microplate autoreader were used. The classical nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) stain reagent solution of Johnson et al. (1982) was modified using a SIGMA reagent to render it stable for up to one year. SeFa concentrations measured by the new method in 30 human blood plasma samples were compared with values obtained by the standard (generally used) LaRoche kit procedure. Fifteen cow, 13 dog and 18 chicken plasma samples were assayed by the new automated ‘micro’ method as well as by the manual test tube ‘macro’ method commonly used earlier. The modified reagent was applied for both methods. The coefficient of correlation (r) between the results obtained by the two methods was consistently between 0.94 and 0.98 (p < 0.001).
Diszkalkulia (Dyscalculia - DC)*és a figyelemzavar-hiperaktivitás szindróma (Attention Deficit with Hyperactivity - ADHD)
Authors: Márkus Attila , Tomasovszki László , Barczi Judit
Published: October 2005

A Figyelemzavar-hiperaktivitás szindróma (Attention Deficit with Hyperactivity Disorder - ADHD) gyakran társul tanulási zavarral, elsősorban diszkalkuliával (Dyscalculia - DC). Mindkét zavarnak különböző formái és súlyossági fokozatai vannak. Az elmúlt három év alatt úgynevezett „Hiperaktív” rendelésünkön 160 gyermeket vizsgáltunk meg s kezeltünk, illetve kezelünk. Közülük választottuk ki a 9-12 éves korosztályú gyerekeket (26 fő: 22 fiú, 4 leány), akiknél részletes vizsgálatokat végeztünk a számolási képességük felmérése céljából. Pszicholó- giai, neuropszichológiai tesztvizsgálatokon túl az általunk összeállított aritmetikai teszttel mértük fel számolási képességeiket. Mindegyik gyermeknél észleltünk különböző mértékű hiányosságokat. Kilenc gyermeknél a számolási zavar súlyossága elérte a DC fokát. A részletes vizsgálat azt a célt tűzte ki maga elé, hogy azonosítsa azokat a jellemzőket, illetve mutatókat, amelyek a DC-vel összefüggésben állnak vagy állhatnak akkor, ha az ADHD-val társul.
„Ne gondolj a fehér medvére!” Az emlékezeti gátlás neuropszichológiája
Authors: Racsmány Mihály , Szendi István
Published: October 2005

A tanulmány áttekinti a végrehajtó funkciók vizsgálata során felmerülő elméleti problémákat és kísérletet tesz annak felvázolására, hogy milyen lehetséges szerepet játszik az emlékezeti gátlás a flexibilis tervezésben és feladatmegoldásban. Részletesen tárgyalja a kísérleti emlékezetkutatásban széles körben használt emlékezeti gátló paradigmákat, az irányított felejtést, a gondolatelnyomást, az előhívás kiváltotta gátlást, és bemutatja, hogyan hasznosíthatóak ezek az eljárások a kognitív neuropszichológiai vizsgálatoknál. Tanulmányunkban bemutatjuk, milyen patológiás következménye lehet az emlékezeti gátlás károsodásának depresszióban, poszttraumás zavarban és pánikrohamban szenvedő betegeknél. Végül pedig az automatikus emlékezeti gátló folyamatok épsége mellett az intencionális emlékezeti gátlás zavarát demonstráljuk szkizofrén személyeknél.
Frontális diszfunkcióra utaló eseményhez kötött agyi potenciál változások magassági hipoxiában
Authors: Balázs László , Czigler István , Grósz Andor , Karmos György , Szabó Sándor , Tótka Zsolt
Published: October 2005

Háromezer méter feletti magasságokban az oxigén parciális nyomásának csökkenése következtében a szervezet oxigénellátása elégtelenné válik. A hegyibetegségként is ismert szindróma a legveszélyesebb velejárója az agyi hipoxia következményeként létrejövő funkciózavar. A reakciók lassulásával és szenzoros deficitekkel együtt jelentkezik az ítéletalkotás romlása. Ez utóbbi tünet megakadályozhatja, hogy a veszélybe került ember adekvát módon védekezzen. Kísérleteinkben 5500 méteres szimulált magasságban vizsgáltuk az eseményhez kötött agyi potenciálokat (EKP). A célingerekre adott motoros válaszok reakcióideje hipoxiás körülmények között sem különbözött a tengerszintnek megfelelő kontrollértékektől. Jelentősen csökkent azonban hipoxiában a célingerek által kiváltott P3 komponens frontális összetevője és az újdonságingerek által kiváltott P3 komponens is. Egy kontrollkísérletben azt vizsgáltuk, hogy adott teljesítmény szinten tartásához szükséges, megnövelt erőfeszítés is eredményezhet-e hasonló változásokat. Az erőfeszítés hatása a P3-ra különbözött a hipoxia során tapasztalt változásoktól. A megfigyelt EKP-változások téri eloszlása, az újdonság P3 hullámnak frontális patológiákban leírt csökkenése és más irodalmi adatok alapján feltételezzük, hogy a magassági hipoxiában éppen a frontális végrehajtó funkció korán jelentkező deficitje lehet felelős az ítéletalkotás és cselekvőképesség veszélyes romlásáért.
Beérkezett könyvek
Authors: Pléh Csaba
Published: October 2005

Ádám György: A rejtozködo elme. Egy fiziológus széljegyzetei Carpendale, J. I. M. és Müller, U. (eds): Social interaction and the development of knowledge Cloninger, R. C.: Feeling good. The science of well being Dunbar, Robin, Barrett, Louise, Lycett, John: Evolutionary psychology Dunbar, Robin: The human story. A new history of makind's evolution Geary, D. C.: The origin of mind. Evolution of brain, cognition and general intelligence Gedeon Péter, Pál Eszter, Sárkány Mihály, Somlai Péter: Az evolúció elméletei és metaforái a társadalomtudományokban Harré, Rom: Cognitive science: A philosophical introduction Horváth György: Pedagógiai pszichológia Marcus, G.: The birth of the mind. How a tiny number of genes creates the complexities of human thought Solso, R. D.: The psychology of art and the evolution of the conscious brain Wray, A. (ed.): The transition to language
Nekrológ
Authors: Bagdy Emőke , Dulin Jenő
Published: October 2005

Moussong-Kovács Erzsébet (1921-2004) Bartha Lajos (1927-2004)
Impacts of the EU-Accession on Trade Positions
Authors: Kutasi Gábor
Published: October 2005

The study presents a comparison between EU-member countries that once or at present attempt(ed) to catch up to the current EU-average (Ireland, Portugal, Spain, Greece, Finland, Hungary). The aim of the paper is to analyse their trade competitiveness. The study seeks response to the questions: How different were the starting positions of these countries? What effects have prevailed already and what can be expected? What were the effects of customs abolishment related to EU-accession? How did the competitiveness of export, the import demand, the structure of foreign trade and the trade balance develop? What are the sources of the trade effects?
ON A CLASS OF TOPOLOGICAL SPACES
Authors: Császár Ákos
Published: October 2005

Let a topological s ace X be said to be rarophile i .each rare set is a .nite intersection of semi-o en sets (in the sense that A is semi-o en i .A .cl(int(A))).Various characteri- zations for raro hile spaces,examples of rarophile and non-rarophile spaces,ro erties of raro hile spaces are given and some o en roblems formulated.
ON THE QUANTIFICATION OF UNIFORM PROPERTIES.PART 2
Authors: Windels B.
Published: October 2005

In 1930 Kuratowski introduced the measure of non-compactness for complete metric spaces in order to measure the discrepancy a set may have from being compact.Since then several variants and generalizations concerning quanti .cation of topological and uniform properties have been studied.The introduction of approach uniform spaces,establishes a unifying setting which allows for a canonical quanti .cation of uniform concepts,such as completeness,which is the subject of this article.
A FINITE AXIOMATIZATION OF LOCALLY SQUARE CYLINDRIC-RELATIVIZED SET ALGEBRAS
Authors: Andréka Hajnalka
Published: October 2005

We give a finite set of equations axiomatizing the class Gn of locally square cylindricrelativized set algebras of dimension n, if n is finite. For infinite n, we give an axiomatization of the equational theory of Gn. HereGn denotes the class of all cylindric-relativized set algebras of dimension n with unit a union of Cartesian spaces.
A modular version of the Erdős– Szekeres theorem
Authors: Károlyi Gy. , Pach J. , Tóth G.
Published: October 2005

Bialostocki, Dierker, and Voxman proved that for any n = p +2, there is an integer B(n; p) with the following property. Every set of B(n; p) points in general position in the plane has n points in convex position such that the number of points in the interior of their convex hull is 0 mod p. They conjectured that the same is true for all pairs n = 3, p =2. In this note, we show that every su&ciently large point set determining no triangle with more than one point in its interior has n elements that form the vertex set of an empty convex n-gon. As a consequence, we show that the above conjecture is true for all n =5p=6+O(1).
Partially one-sided polynomial approxi- mation on the real line
Authors: Szabados József , Mastroianni G.
Published: October 2005

We generalize a theorem of Freud and Szabados [3] on one-sided polynomial approxi- mation in five different directions: we allow functions with exponential growth at infinity, Lp-metric, Freud-type weights instead of Hermite weights, functions with bounded deriva- tives instead of bounded variation, and include the momentum in the error estimate.
Semisimple classes containing no trivial near- rings
Authors: Mlitz R. , Wiegandt R.
Published: October 2005

Beside near-rings with zero-multiplication or constant multiplication also other near- rings can be considered as near-rings with trivial multiplication. From a structure theoret- ical point of view it is reasonable to consider Kurosh{Amitsur radical classes which contain all near-rings with trivial multiplication. In the present note, continuing the investigations of [2], [4] and [5], we shall characterize the semisimple classes of such radical classes. Our characterizations look clumsier than those in [2], [4] and [5], but we exhibit that exact analogues of the mentioned characterizations cannot be achieved.
Clustering of the critical branching process on the plane
Authors: Révész Pál
Published: October 2005

Let be a Poisson random field in R d . Attimet= 0 a critical branching Wiener process is startingfrom eachP 2. It turns out that after a time the particles will be located in dense, small clusters and between these clusters empty domains are located.
Orthogonal polynomials based on varying Jacobi-type weights
Authors: Vértesi Péter
Published: October 2005

We obtain some “best possible in order” estimations for orthogonal polynomials based on varying Jacobi-type weights.
A note on Sylvester’s four-point problem
Authors: Bárány I.
Published: October 2005

Let p(n; K) be the probability that a random sample of n points, chosen uniformly from a convex body K ⊂ R d is in convex position. In this paper the order of magnitude of p(n; K) is determined as n goes to infinity.
Central limit theorems for logarithmic averages
Authors: Berkes I. , Horváth L. , Chen X.
Published: October 2005

We prove central limit theorems and related asymptotic results for where W is a Wiener process and Sk are partial sums of i.i.d. random variables with mean 0 and variance 1. The integrability and smoothness conditions made on f are optimal in a number of important cases.
A new type of coding problem
Authors: Brightwell G. , Katona Gyula
Published: October 2005

Let X be an n-element finite set, and 0 Let X be an n-element finite set, and are pairs of disjoint k-element subsets of X (that is, {A1  =  B1} = {A2  =  B2} = k, A1 \ B1 = A2 \ B2 = Define the distance between these pairs by d(f A1;B1 g; f A2; B2 g)=min fj A1 - A2 j +  B1 - B2 j; j A1 - B2 j + j B1 - A2 jg . Itisknown ([2]) that the family of all k-element subsets of X can be paired (with one exception if their number is odd) in such a way that the distance between any two pairs is at least k. Here we answer questions arising for distances larger than k.
On the relative distances of six points in a plane convex body
Authors: Böröczky Károly , Lángi Zsolt
Published: October 2005

Let C be a convex body in the Euclidean plane. By the relative distance of points p and q we mean the ratio of the Euclidean distance of p and q to the half of the Euclidean length of a longest chord of C parallel to pq. In this note we find the least upper bound of the minimum pairwise relative distance of six points in a plane convex body.
Sharp probes of varying acuity: Instrumented indentation and fracture behavior
Authors: Morris Dylan J. , Myers Sasha B. , Cook Robert F.
Published: October 2005

The fracture and instrumented indentation behavior of a range of materials subjected to indentation by four sharp probes varying in acuity from the Berkovich to the cube-corner was studied. Quantities derived from load, displacement, and continuous stiffness measurements were evaluated for their ability to detect “pop-in”—sudden displacement excursions associated with fracture. It was found that gross unloading character was sensitive to the presence of fracture, even when no pop-in was detected. This may be useful in the development of fracture toughness estimation models that do not rely on the imaging of cracks.
Investigation of slip transmission behavior across grain boundaries in polycrystalline Ni3Al using nanoindentation
Authors: Wo P.C. , Ngan A.H.W.
Published: October 2005

The influence of grain boundaries on material deformation in Ni3Al was investigated by relating the material pile-up at grain boundaries and the propagation of slip across grain boundaries to the misorientation between the corresponding grains. Indentation tests were carried out using micro- and nanoindentation at distances shorter than the radius of indent size from a grain boundary on Ni3Al. The indents were observed using scanning electron microscopy and non-contact-mode atomic force microscopy. Repeated experimentation did not reveal a rising trend of hardness near grain boundaries, indicating that hardness is not a sensitive parameter to measure grain boundary strengthening effects. However, it was observed that the slip transfer behavior across a grain boundary has a strong dependence on a local misorientation factor m′ relating the misorientation of slip planes and slip directions on either side of the grain boundary. This result agrees with the fundamental assumption in the physical explanation of the Hall–Petch effect.
Fracture and deformation in brittle solids: A perspective on the issue of scale
Authors: Lawn Brian R.
Published: October 2005

A perspective on the issue of scale in the fracture and deformation properties of ordinarily brittle covalent–ionic solids (ceramics) is presented. Characteristic scaling dimensions for nanomechanical properties of this class of solids are identified—specimen size or layer thickness, microstructural scale, and contact dimension. Transitions in mechanical damage processes occur as the characteristic dimensions diminish from the macroscale to the submicroscale. Such transitions generally preclude unconditional extrapolations of macroscopic-scale fracture and deformation laws into the nanomechanics region. Strength of brittle solids tends to increase while toughness tends to decrease as the scaling dimensions diminish. The nature of flaws that control strength in the submicroscale region also undergoes fundamental changes—even flaws without well-developed microcracks can be deleterious to strength.
Nanoscale repetitive impact testing of polymer films
Authors: Beake Ben D. , Goodes Stephen R. , Smith James F. , Gao Fengge
Published: October 2005

The deformation of polymer films under repetitive contact at high strain rates was investigated using nanoscale impact testing. Four systems were studied: (i) rubber-modified acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) (0–25 wt% rubber), (ii) uniaxially and biaxially drawn poly(ethylene terephthalate) film; (iii) poly(ethylene oxide)–clay nanocomposites, and (iv) nylon 6–organoclay nanocomposites. The initial results suggest that the technique has much potential in evaluating the fatigue behavior of thinner polymer films and coatings that are unsuitable for conventional methods designed for bulk samples. The extent of impact-induced deformation may be used as a measure of ductility because ductile failures are associated with significant plastic deformation before failure whereas brittle failures usually involve little plastic deformation. The nano-impact technique provides valuable highly localized information about deformation under high strain rate, which is complementary to low strain rate tests such as nanoindentation and nano-scratch. The technique has been shown to be sensitive to nano-/microstructural variations in ABS–rubber film when Berkovich indenters and low impact forces were used. The impact behavior of the nanocomposites is only significantly worse than that of the virgin polymers at the highest clay loading studied (15 wt%). This could be a factor when assessing the suitability of novel nanocomposite materials for applications where toughness is important. On ABS film, there is only an approximate correlation between the plastic work function determined from nanoindentation and the rubber loading in the film while the correlation between the rubber loading and nano-impact data is clear, suggesting that the dynamic test is a more useful predictor of thin polymer film toughness than the slow-loading quasi-static indentation test.
Direct measurement of indentation frame compliance
Authors: Van Vliet Krystyn J. , Prchlik Lubos , Smith James F.
Published: October 2005

Accurate determination of frame compliance is an essential component of instrumented micro- and nanoindentation experiments. In load frames of finite stiffness, the load applied via the indenter induces displacement in both the sample and the load frame. Frame compliance must be identified and subtracted from the total indenter displacement to account properly for sample deformation. Current experimental procedures, in which the frame compliance is inferred from the elastic unloading indentation response of a reference sample, are based on several assumptions and simplifications that can propagate significant uncertainty with respect to subsequent analyses of mechanical behavior of the sample. We outline a new procedure that measures the compliance of the load frame, and identify the effects of load, loading direction, and loading rate on the measured compliance, as well as several possible sources of uncertainty in other available methods of frame compliance determination.
Mechanical properties of ion-implanted amorphous silicon
Authors: Follstaedt D.M. , Knapp J.A. , Myers S.M.
Published: October 2005

We used nanoindentation coupled with finite element modeling to determine the mechanical properties of amorphous Si layers formed by self-ion implantation of crystalline Si at approximately 100 K. When the effects of the harder substrate on the response of the layers to indentation were accounted for, the amorphous phase was found to have a Young’s modulus of 136 ± 9 GPa and a hardness of 10.9 ± 0.9 GPa, which were 19% and 10% lower than the corresponding values for crystalline Si. The hardness agrees well with the pressure known to induce a phase transition in amorphous Si to the denser β–Sn-type structure of Si. This transition controls the yielding of amorphous Si under compressive stress during indentation, just as it does in crystalline Si. After annealing 1 h at 500 °C to relax the amorphous structure, the corresponding values increase slightly to 146 ± 9 GPa and 11.6 ± 1.0 GPa. Because hardness and elastic modulus are only moderately reduced with respect to crystalline Si, amorphous Si may be a useful alternative material for components in Si-based microelectromechanical systems if other improved properties are needed, such as increased fracture toughness.
Matrix strength evaluation of ultra-fine grained steel by nanoindentation
Authors: Ohmura T. , Tsuzaki K. , Tsuji N. , Kamikawa N.
Published: October 2005

Nanoindentation was performed to evaluate the matrix strength of the ultra-fine grained steel produced by accumulative roll-bonding and subsequently annealed. The nanohardness, associated with the matrix strength, decreases with increasing annealing temperature. Because the matrix strength corresponds to the first term σ0 of the Hall–Petch relation, this result suggests that the σ0 might not be constant for these steels between various grain sizes. Therefore, it is suggested that the change of the macroscopic strength during annealing is dominated by not only the grain coarsening leading to a reduction of grain refinement strengthening, but also the softening of the matrix strength.
A high-temperature displacement-sensitive indenter for studying mechanical properties of thermal barrier coatings
Authors: Kim Chang-Hoon , Heuer Arthur H.
Published: October 2005

Electron beam physical-vapor-deposited Y2O3-stabilized ZrO2 thermal barrier coating (TBC) samples were indented from room temperature to 900 °C using an instrumented high-temperature vacuum displacement-sensitive indenter. Hardness and elastic modulus were determined from the load–displacement curves recorded during indentation. Both the hardness and the elastic modulus of the TBCs were much lower than those of dense ceramics of a similar composition; this is attributed to the increased compliance that results from the porous columnar microstructure of the TBCs. In addition, the TBCs showed an unusual absence of elastic recovery at the residual indents compared to the dense ceramics.
Nanoindentation creep of quartz, with implications for rate- and state-variable friction laws relevant to earthquake mechanics
Authors: Goldsby David L. , Rar Andrei , Pharr George M. , Tullis Terry E.
Published: October 2005

The frictional behavior of rocks in the laboratory is reasonably well described by rate- and state-variable friction laws, which reproduce a rich variety of natural phenomena when used in models of earthquakes. Despite the widespread adoption of the rate and state formalism in earthquake mechanics, the physical mechanisms that occur at microscopic contacting asperities on the sliding surface, which give rise to the observed rate and state effects, are still poorly understood. In an attempt to identify these underlying mechanisms, a series of nanoindentation experiments on quartz, an abundant mineral in the earth’s crust, was conducted. These experiments demonstrate the utility of using continuous stiffness measurements as a means of obtaining reliable indentation creep data on hard materials like quartz at room temperature. The projected area of indentation in quartz increases linearly with the logarithm of the time of indentation, in agreement with the increase in real area of contact with log time inferred from slide-hold-slide friction experiments on quartz rocks. However, the increase in fractional area with time in the indentation tests was larger than that inferred from friction experiments by a factor of 1.7. Differences between the rates of fractional area increase in the two tests may indicate that the increase in contact area during the hold portion of slide-hold-slide tests was modulated by slip that occurs during reloading after the hold, as was observed for other materials. The nanoindentation results suggest that the increase in frictional strength (i.e., the increase of state in the rate- and state-variable friction laws) during slide-hold-slide friction experiments was caused by creep of the highly stressed asperity contacts.
Progress toward Système International d'Unités traceable force metrology for nanomechanics
Authors: Pratt Jon R. , Smith Douglas T. , Newell David B. , Kramar John A. , Whitenton Eric
Published: October 2005

Recent experiments with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Electrostatic Force Balance (EFB) have achieved agreement between an electrostatic force and a gravitational force of 10−5N to within a few hundred pN/μN. This result suggests that a force derived from measurements of length, capacitance, and voltage provides a viable small force standard consistent with the Système International d’Unités. In this paper, we have measured the force sensitivity of a piezoresistive microcantilever by directly probing the NIST EFB. These measurements were linear and repeatable at a relative standard uncertainty of 0.8%. We then used the calibrated cantilever as a secondary force standard to transfer the unit of force to an optical lever–based sensor mounted in an atomic force microscope. This experiment was perhaps the first ever force calibration of an atomic force microscope to preserve an unbroken traceability chain to appropriate national standards. We estimate the relative standard uncertainty of the force sensitivity at 5%, but caution that a simple model of the contact mechanics suggests errors may arise due to friction.
Pop-in events induced by spherical indentation in compound semiconductors
Authors: Bradby J.E. , Williams J.S. , Swain M.V.
Published: October 2005

Details of the elastic–plastic transitions in crystalline compound semiconductors have been examined using spherical indentation. Two cubic (InP and GaAs) and two hexagonally structured semiconductors (ZnO and GaN) have been studied. A series of indentations have been made in each material at a number of different loads. The resulting load–penetration curves exhibited one or more discontinuities on loading (so called pop-in events). The load at which the initial pop-in event occurred has been measured along with the corresponding indenter extension. The elastic and elastic–plastic response of each material to spherical indentation has been calculated and compared with the experiment. By taking the difference between the elastic and elastic–plastic penetration depths, it has been found that the pop-in extension at each load could be predicted for each material. The detailed deformation behavior of each of the materials during indentation has also been discussed.
Deformation microstructure under microindents in single-crystal Cu using three-dimensional x-ray structural microscopy
Authors: Yang Wenge , Larson B.C. , Pharr G.M. , Ice G.E. , Budai J.D. , Tischler J.Z. , Liu Wenjun
Published: October 2005

The use of three-dimensional x-ray structural microscopy for nondestructive investigations of the deformation microstructure under microindents was demonstrated. Point to point, micrometer-resolution x-ray microbeam measurements of local lattice rotations were made for selected positions under 100-mN Berkovich and conical indents in single-crystal copper. Local lattice orientation measurements were used to extract micrometer by micrometer lattice misorientations and rotation axes along x-ray microbeams. Measurements of the deformation microstructure in symmetry and off-symmetry geometries are reported and discussed in terms of their potential for fundamental deformation investigations.
Master curves for Hertzian indentation on coating/substrate systems
Authors: Hsueh Chun-Hway , Miranda Pedro
Published: October 2005

An analytical model was developed to derive an approximate closed-form solution for indenter displacement when a rigid spherical indenter is pressed onto a coating/substrate system. Finite element analyses were also performed to verify the analytical solution. The results showed that the solution could be obtained from the analytical expression for Hertzian indentation on a homogeneous semi-infinite elastic medium multiplied by a modification term. This modification term is a function of two ratios: (i) Young’s modulus ratio between the coating and the substrate and (ii) the ratio between the coating thickness and the contact radius. Based on this modification term, master curves for Hertzian indentation on coating/substrate systems were plotted.