bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mood, Personality, and Health‐related Quality of Life in Epileptic and Psychogenic Seizure Disorders
Authors: Testa S. Marc , Schefft Bruce K. , Szaflarski Jerzy P. , Yeh Hwa‐Shain , Privitera Michael D.
Published: February 2007

Summary:  Purpose: Patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) rate their health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) more poorly than those with epileptic seizures (ES). This has been explained in part by mood state. We sought to investigate whether HRQOL differences between diagnostic groups (PNES vs. ES) can be explained by additional, perhaps chronic, aspects of mood and personality. An understanding of these relationships may inform treatment designed to improve HRQOL in ES or PNES.

Methods: One‐hundred fourteen individuals (69 ES and 45 PNES) completed the quality of life in Epilepsy‐89. The profile of mood states (POMS) and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory‐2 (MMPI‐2) were employed to measure current and chronic mood symptoms, respectively. Multiple regression analyses determined the contribution of chronic mood symptoms to HRQOL beyond the variance accounted for by current mood state and seizure diagnosis.

Results: Similar to previous reports, individuals with PNES reported poorer HRQOL than those with ES. Current mood state was strongly related to HRQOL and appeared to moderate the relationship between seizure diagnosis and HRQOL. However, when more chronic psychological symptoms, such as somatization and emotional distress, were included in a model, the moderating role of mood state was not significant.

Conclusion: Analyzed independently, mood state is related to HRQOL, but when chronic indicators of psychological symptoms are included in a model mood is related to HRQOL, but, the moderating effect of mood is no longer significant. Treatments designed to improve HRQOL among individuals with intractable seizures should also address chronic psychological distress and symptoms associated with high levels of somatization.
Rapamycin: Brain Excitability Studied in vitro
Authors: Daoud Delchad , Scheld Hans H. , Speckmann Erwin‐Josef , Gorji Ali
Published: February 2007

Summary:  Neurological complications are common in transplant recipients treated with immunosuppressant calcineurin inhibitors. Rapamycin, a macrolide antibiotic, was suggested as an alternative agent in patients who develop calcineurin inhibitor associated neurotoxicity, including seizure attacks. The aim of the present study was to test the effect of rapamycin on the bioelectrical activity and evoked field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSP) in CA1 area of hippocampal tissues and compare its effect with FK506, a calcineurin inhibitor agent. Application of rapamycin at different concentrations neither affected the bioelectrical activity nor changed fEPSP magnitude. In contrast, FK506 elicited epileptiform burst discharges and significantly enhanced fEPSP magnitude. This study supports the suggestion that rapamycin could be used as an alternative to calcineurin inhibitors in the event of neurotoxicity.
Ebselen Prevents Chronic Alcohol‐Induced Rat Hippocampal Stress and Functional Impairment
Authors: Johnsen‐Soriano Siv , Bosch‐Morell Francisco , Miranda María , Asensio Samuel , Barcia Jorge M. , Romá Joaquín , Monfort Pilar , Felipo Vicente , Romero Francisco J.
Published: February 2007

Background: Most of the previously published data suggest a role for oxidative or nitrosative stress in ethanol‐induced nervous system damage. Moreover, ethanol is able to impair learning abilities in adult mammalian brain, a process suggested to be directly related to hippocampal neurogenesis. Ebselen, a synthetic compound with antioxidant properties, is able to prevent ethanol‐induced impairment of neurogenesis in adult rats. The aim of the present work was to further demonstrate the ability of ebselen to prevent biochemical alterations, and preserve long‐term potentiation (LTP) and learning abilities, in the hippocampus of chronic alcoholic adult rats.

Methods: Biochemical markers of oxidative stress (glutathione and malondialdehyde) were assayed in hippocampi of control rats and animals fed a liquid alcoholic diet (Lieber‐De Carli) supplemented or not with ebselen. Long‐term potentiation and hippocampal‐dependent tests were studied in all animal groups.

Results: The hippocampal concentrations of glutathione and malondialdehyde were decreased and increased, respectively, in alcohol‐treated animals, and did not differ from those of the control and the alcohol+ebselen groups. Long‐term potentiation in hippocampal slices from ethanol‐treated animals was prevented, when compared with controls, and occurred with a similar profile in control animals and in the alcohol+ebselen groups. Learning ability was tested with the Morris water maze test. Escape latencies were higher in ethanol‐treated rats than in control animals or the ones treated with ethanol+ebselen.

Conclusions: The results herein strongly suggest that oxidative mechanisms may underlie the hippocampal effects of ethanol in adult rats, in view of the protective effect of ebselen.
Chronic Effects of Ethanol on Pharmacokinetics and Left Ventricular Systolic Function in Rats
Authors: Liu Jinyao , Yano Masafumi , Shimamoto Akiko , Noma Toshiyuki , Matsuzaki Masunori , Fujimiya Tatsuya
Published: February 2007

Background: Observational clinical studies have demonstrated that there is a U‐shaped relationship between ethanol consumption and all‐cause mortality or risk of ischemic stroke. Although the exact cause of the U‐shaped relationship is unclear, the pharmacokinetics of ethanol during the time course of chronic intake of ethanol may be involved, in relation to its cardiotoxic effects. The present study has assessed the cause of the U‐shaped relationship between the ethanol consumption and left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction in a pharmacokinetic way.

Methods: Male Wistar rats were paired, and either ethanol or control liquid diet was chronically administered for 7 weeks. Then, these rats were subdivided into 3 groups: control liquid‐diet‐fed rats [EtOH (−)], 3 g/dL ethanol liquid‐diet‐fed rats (3%EtOH), and 5 g/dL ethanol liquid‐diet‐fed rats (5%EtOH). Ethanol's cardiotoxicity on LV systolic function was investigated by echocardiography. Ethanol concentration in blood, ethanol pharmacokinetics, and hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity were evaluated simultaneously.

Results: The 5%EtOH group revealed LV systolic dysfunction, associated with a higher ethanol concentration in blood, and lower hepatic ADH activity than the EtOH (−) group; however, the 3%EtOH group did not show LV systolic dysfunction. During the acute ethanol stress, LV systolic dysfunction appeared in both EtOH (−) and 5%EtOH groups, with a higher ethanol concentration in blood and lower hepatic ADH activity than the 3%EtOH group. The 3%EtOH group showed a higher ethanol washout rate, less time‐integral of ethanol concentration, and shorter mean residence time of ethanol in blood than the EtOH (−) or 5%EtOH group.

Conclusions: The U‐shaped relationship between chronic ethanol consumption and LV systolic dysfunction may be closely related to the pharmacokinetic characteristics of ethanol in blood, which depends on the quantity of chronically drinking alcohol.
Effects of Phosphatidylethanol on Mouse Adipocyte Differentiation and Expression of Stearoyl‐CoA Desaturase 1
Authors: Huusko Tuija J. , Liisanantti Marja K. , Nissinen Antti E. , Kakko Sakari , Savolainen Eeva‐Riitta , Vuoristo Jussi T. , Savolainen Markku J.
Published: February 2007

Background: Phosphatidylethanol (PEth) is an aberrant phospholipid formed in vivo only in the presence of ethanol. In circulation PEth is associated with lipoproteins and is transferred from one lipoprotein to another. Lipoprotein‐associated PEth affects endothelial and smooth muscle cells of blood vessels, but its effects on other cell types have not been explored. Adipocytes have a central role in metabolic syndrome and obesity. In this study we tested whether lipoprotein‐associated PEth affects stearoyl‐CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) which plays a major role in lipid‐mediated signaling in the differentiation of adipocytes.

Methods: Mouse 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes were differentiated to adipocytes in the presence of high‐density lipoproteins (HDL) isolated from the plasma of healthy volunteers or PEth‐containing HDL modified in vitro. After incubation, fat accumulation, SCD1 mRNA expression, SCD1 protein content, and fatty acid composition of adipocytes were determined.

Results: Phosphatidylethanol‐containing HDL particles inhibited adipocyte differentiation and decreased the 18:1/18:0 ratio of cellular fatty acids by 28% compared with native HDL particles. Moreover, PEth‐containing HDL reduced the SCD1 protein content by 39%.

Conclusions: Lipoprotein‐associated PEth may mediate the effects of ethanol on SCD1 and differentiation of preadipocytes to adipocytes.
Is there genetic structure in populations of Helicoverpa armigera from Australia?
Authors: Endersby N. M. , Hoffmann A. A. , McKechnie S. W. , Weeks A. R.
Published: February 2007

Recent studies suggest that populations of the pest moth Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) may be genetically differentiated over short distances and time periods within Queensland, Australia. To test for genetic structure in another region of Australia, we characterized population differentiation in Victorian samples of H. armigera using eight microsatellite loci. We found no evidence of genetic structure among samples from different locations or among samples collected at different times. Moreover, Victorian samples were not differentiated from other samples of H. armigera from Queensland and New Zealand. All samples showed substantial deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, suggesting a high frequency of null alleles typically found in microsatellites of Lepidoptera. These results indicate that populations of H. armigera are not strongly structured among regions in south‐eastern Australia.
Propensity to excessive proinflammatory response in chronic Lyme borreliosis
Authors: KISAND KAI E. , PRÜKK TIINA , KISAND KALLE V. , LÜÜS SIIRI‐MERIKE , KALBE IRJA , UIBO RAIVO
Published: February 2007

The clinical course of Lyme borreliosis is extremely variable. However, all the clinical manifestations, acute or chronic, are characterized by strong inflammation. Borrelia burgdorferi can induce the production of several proinflammatory and anti‐inflammatory cytokines. The aim of our study was to find out whether the balance between inflammatory and regulatory mechanisms is important in determining the course of Lyme borreliosis. 13 patients with early Lyme borreliosis, 8 patients with chronic Lyme disease with neurological or joint manifestations, and 15 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls were studied. Chronic forms of Lyme borreliosis were characterized by stronger TNF‐α response by monocytes to lipopolysaccharide as well as to borrelia antigen compared to early Lyme borreliosis and the healthy state. The percentage of IL‐10‐secreting monocytes in response to borrelia lysate was lower in the Lyme borreliosis patients than in healthy controls. The percentage of CD4+ CTLA‐4+ regulatory T cells showed the highest values in early Lyme borreliosis. We conclude that chronic forms of Lyme borreliosis can evolve due to an aberrant innate proinflammatory response.
Nosocomial outbreak of CTX‐M‐15‐producing E. coli in Norway
Authors: NASEER UMAER , NATÅS OLAV B. , HALDORSEN BJØRG C. , BUE BERIT , GRUNDT HEIDI , WALSH TIMOTHY R. , SUNDSFJORD ARNFINN
Published: February 2007

Seven E. coli isolates expressing resistance to 3rd generation cephalosporins were recovered from blood (n=2), kidney and lung tissue (n=1), and urinary tract (n=4) samples from seven patients hospitalised or recently discharged from the Divisions of Geriatrics and Pulmonary Medicine, Central Hospital of Rogaland, between July and September 2004. All isolates expressed a typical ESBL‐cefotaximase profile (cefotaxime MIC>ceftazidime MIC) with clavulanic acid synergy. A blaCTX‐M‐15 genotype was confirmed in six strains that were coresistant to gentamicin, nitrofurantoin, trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin. A blaCTX‐M‐3 genotype was detected in the last strain. XbaI‐PFGE patterns of the six blaCTX‐M‐15 isolates revealed a clonal relationship. BlaCTX‐M‐15 strains were also positive for the ISEcp1‐like insertion sequences that have been shown to be involved in the mobilization of blaCTX‐M. Further analyses revealed two blaCTX‐M‐15‐positive E. coli urinary isolates clonally related to the outbreak strain from two different patients at the same divisions in January and February 2004. These patients were later re‐hospitalised and one had E. coli with an ESBL‐cefotaximase profile in sputum and nasopharyngeal specimen during the outbreak period. Clinical evaluation suggests that the CTX‐M‐producing E. coli strains contributed to death in three patients due to delayed efficient antimicrobial therapy. The outbreak emphasises the epidemic potential of multiple‐antibiotic‐resistant CTX‐M‐15‐producing E. coli also in a country with low antibiotic usage and low prevalence of antimicrobial resistance.
Somatic mutations of the β‐TrCP gene in gastric cancer
Authors: KIM CHANG JAE , SONG JAE HWI , CHO YONG GU , KIM YOUNG SILL , KIM SU YOUNG , NAM SUK WOO , YOO NAM JIN , LEE JUNG YOUNG , PARK WON SANG
Published: February 2007

Beta‐TrCP is a component of the ubiquitin ligase complex targeting β‐catenin for proteasomal degradation, and is a negative regulator of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling. To determine whether genetic alterations of the β‐TrCP gene are involved in the development or progression of gastric cancer, we analyzed its somatic mutations in 95 gastric cancers by single‐strand conformational polymorphism and sequencing. We found five missense mutations (5.3%): A99V, H342Y, H425Y, C206Y, and G260E. Tissue carrying mutations showed moderate to strong cytoplasmic and/or nuclear staining of β‐catenin by immunohistochemistry. Thus, somatic mutations of the β‐TrCP gene may contribute to the development of gastric cancer through β‐catenin stabilization.
Evaluation of photopatch test series in India
Authors: Sharma Vinod K. , Sethuraman Gomathy , Bansal Arika
Published: February 2007

Our aim was to evaluate the usefulness of TROLAB photopatch test series (supplemented with the plant extracts). 70 patients with dermatitis on photoexposed areas or dermatitis with photosensitivity were studied. Only 2 patients had photocontact allergy – 1 each to fragrance mix 8% and p‐aminobenzoic acid 10%. Photocontact allergy to parthenium was seen in 4 and photoaggravation in 6 patients. Our results suggest that the TROLAB photopatch series are not useful for Indian patients with photodematoses.
Hand dermatitis among medical students from north Queensland, Australia
Authors: Leggat Peter Adrian , Smith Derek Richard
Published: February 2007

Although hand dermatitis (HD) is a frequent occurrence for many health professionals, little is known about the prevalence of HD among medical students, particularly in Australia. A questionnaire‐based survey of HD was administered to 261 students at a medical school in tropical northern Australia during 2004 (98.9% response rate). The prevalence of HD varied by year of study, ranging from 9.7% to 20.4% (P=0.322), with an overall prevalence of 17.4%. HD prevalence was significantly higher in those with current allergic disease (P=0.012). Some students (13.8%) reported a reaction immediately after exposure to latex products, a finding which was associated with higher prevalence of HD (P=0.001). HD may be more prevalent among students of a tropical Australian medical school than among their counterparts studied elsewhere. The identification of allergy as a significant correlate again stresses the importance of allergic disease and its relationship with skin conditions.
Occupational skin diseases in Singapore 2003–2004: an epidemiologic update
Authors: Lim Yen Loo , Goon Anthony
Published: February 2007

In this 2‐year retrospective epidemiologic study of occupational skin disease in Singapore, there were 125 patients with occupational contact dermatitis. The mean age of patients was 33.8 years, with a male to female ratio of 5.3:1. Irritant contact dermatitis made up 62.4% of all cases, whereas allergic contact dermatitis constituted 37.6%. Wet work/detergents, oil/grease and solvents remained the 3 commonest irritants. There was also a significant increase in representation of workers from the food/catering industry in our study.
Relationship of patch test positivity in a general versus an eczema population
Authors: Mirshahpanah Parham , Maibach Howard I.
Published: February 2007

Using previously generated data from multicenter studies European Environmental and Contact Dermatitis Research Group (EECDRG) and North American Contact Dermatitis Group (NACDG), we compare patch test positivity of random sample and eczema populations, attempting to ascertain how one might extrapolate frequency from an eczema group to a general population. We included population‐based mathematical estimates for patch test reaction in the general population using the Multinational MONItoring of trends and determinants in Cardiovascular disease MONICA and Clinical Epidemiology and Drug‐Utilization Research (CE‐DUR) systems. Data analysis provides a ratio of eczema population:random sample population for each allergen and an overall ratio of all allergens 5:1 for actual data and 6:1 for population‐based estimates (according to the MONICA and CE‐DUR systems). If the positivity rate were the same in each population, the ratio would approximate 1. The individual allergen ratios ranged from formaldehyde at 11.6 to parabens at 1.0, with respect to the NACDG. Some differences may be explained by exposure (neomycin) being greater in patients than in random population. Materials of ubiquitous exposure – i.e. fragrance mix and nickel – had ratios closer to 1. Taken together, data obtained in eczema patients may be viewed as part of a complex biology and may eventually be of use in aiding validation of predictive dermatotoxilogic assays and in public health assessments.
Telomere length and correlation with histopathogenesis in B‐cell leukemias/lymphomas
Authors: Walsh Sarah H. , Grabowski Pawel , Berglund Mattias , Thunberg Ulf , Thorsélius Mia , Tobin Gerard , Åleskog Anna , Karlsson Karin , Sundström Christer , Laurell Anna , Enblad Gunilla , Rosenquist Richard , Roos Göran
Published: February 2007

Telomere length was recently reported to correlate with cellular origin of B‐cell malignancies in relation to the germinal center (GC). In this report, we measured telomere length by quantitative‐PCR in 223 B‐cell lymphomas/leukemias and correlated results with immunoglobulin (Ig) mutation status and immunostainings for GC/non‐GC subtypes of diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Shortest telomeres were found in Ig‐unmutated chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) [median telomere to single copy gene value (T/S) 0.33], differing significantly to Ig‐mutated CLL (0.63). Contrary to this, mantle cell lymphomas (MCLs) exhibited similar telomere lengths regardless of Ig mutation status (0.47). Telomere length differed significantly between GC‐like (0.73) and non‐GC‐like DLBCLs (0.43), and follicular lymphomas (FLs) had shorter telomeres (0.53) than GC‐DLBCL. Hairy cell leukemias, which display Ig gene intraclonal heterogeneity, had longer telomeres (0.62) than FLs and non‐GC‐DLBCL, but shorter than GC‐DLBCL. We conclude that although DLBCL and CLL subsets can be clearly distinguished, telomere length reflects many parameters and may not simply correlate with GC‐related origin.
Thalidomide–dexamethasone plus pegylated liposomal doxorubicin vs. thalidomide–dexamethasone: a case‐matched study in advanced multiple myeloma
Authors: Offidani Massimo , Bringhen Sara , Corvatta Laura , Falco Patrizia , Marconi Monica , Avonto Ilaria , Piersantelli Maria‐Novella , Polloni Claudia , Boccadoro Mario , Leoni Pietro , Palumbo Antonio
Published: February 2007

Objectives:  Nearly all patients with multiple myeloma (MM) relapse or become refractory to front‐line therapy. Several salvage therapies have been explored, but the optimal combination regimen has not been defined. We performed a case‐matched study comparing patients with relapsed/refractory MM receiving thalidomide–dexamethasone alone or the combination thalidomide–dexamethasone–liposomal pegylated doxorubicin.

Methods:  Forty‐seven patients received thalidomide (100 mg/d), dexamethasone (40 mg p.o. on days 1–4 and 9–12), and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (40 mg/m2 on day 1 every 28 d) (ThaDD). Their clinical outcome was compared with that of 47 pair mates selected from patients treated at relapse with thalidomide (100 mg/d) and dexamethasone (40 mg p.o. on days 1–4) (Thal–Dex) and matched for age, β2‐microglobulin and previous therapy.

Results and conclusions:  Overall response rate was significantly higher in ThaDD group (92% vs. 63.5%; P < 0.0001) as partial response rate (≥PR) (75.5% vs. 59.5%; P = 0.077), very good partial response rate (≥VGPR) (36% vs. 15%; P = 0.018) and near complete remission rate (≥nCR) (30% vs. 10.5%; P = 0.002). Non‐hematologic toxicity was similar in the two groups of patients whereas hematologic toxicity and infections were significantly higher in ThaDD patients. Median progression‐free survival, event‐free survival, and overall survival were significantly longer in patients receiving ThaDD than in those treated with Thal–Dex.

ThaDD regimen significantly improved response rate and overall survival in comparison with Thal–Dex. Although the frequency of hematologic toxicity and infections resulted higher in ThaDD group compared with control group, they were not particularly frequent after adequate prophylaxis was added and were easily managed when occurred.
Anti‐angiogenic effect of tetraacetyl‐phytosphingosine
Authors: Kwon Yoo Bin , Kim Chang Deok , Kim Bo Joong , Kim Min‐Young , Park Chang Seo , Yoon Tae‐Jin , Seo Young‐Joon , Suhr Ki‐Beom , Park Jang‐Kyu , Lee Jeung‐Hoon
Published: February 2007

Abstract:  In a search for the wound healing accelerators, we found that tetraacetyl‐phytosphingosine (TAPS), a sphingolipid metabolite produced by phytosphingosine acetylation, has significant inhibitory potential on healing of rabbit ear wound. As angiogenesis is fundamental to proper wound healing, we examined the effect of TAPS on angiogenesis using human umbilical vein endothelial cells cultured in vitro. TAPS markedly decreased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‐induced chemotactic migration and capillary‐like tube formation. Recognizing its inhibitory potential on angiogenesis, we further investigated the action mechanism of TAPS. TAPS significantly inhibited VEGF‐induced proteolytic enzyme production, including matrix metalloproteinase‐2, urokinase‐type plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1. TAPS also suppressed VEGF‐induced phosphorylation of p42/44 extracellular signal‐regulated kinase and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase. In addition, TAPS abolished VEGF‐induced intracellular calcium increase, measured using laser scanning confocal microscopy. Together, these results suggest that TAPS exerts its inhibitory action on angiogenesis through the inhibition of mitogen‐activated protein kinase activation and intracellular calcium increase, thereby affecting the process of wound healing negatively.
The status of Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus in Britain and Ireland
Authors: Maitland P. S. , Winfield I. J. , McCarthy I. D. , Igoe F.
Published: February 2007

Abstract –  The Arctic charr occurs in lakes across Britain and Ireland and was previously described here as 15 separate species. Most authorities now agree that all these stocks belong to a single polymorphic species complex Salvelinus alpinus (L.). This fish is given little protection in British and Irish law and there has been a steady loss of natural populations in recent years in all the countries concerned. A few new stocks have been created either intentionally or accidentally. In Scotland, only a small proportion of the 258 recorded natural populations has been studied and at least 12 of these are now extinct. There are at least four introduced populations originating from native Scottish stocks, but the fate of stocks introduced from Canada for aquaculture is uncertain. In England, there are eight extant populations in Cumbria and four others extinct. The status of introduced stocks in England is uncertain but there is probably one population surviving in Yorkshire. In Wales, eight lakes with resident Arctic charr populations have been recorded, three of these populations are natural, one is extinct and four have been introduced. In Ireland, of the 74 known populations, approximately 30% are extinct. There is no evidence to indicate that introduced stocks (some of them from Iceland) in a small number of lakes have survived there. A range of factors is involved in the extinction of populations and these include pollution, eutrophication, acidification, afforestation, engineering, exploitation, aquaculture, introductions and climate change. Much research remains to be done and unique stocks of this valuable species will continue to be lost unless positive action is taken through local conservation management backed by appropriate national legislation.
Direct detection of stereospecific soman hydrolysis by wild‐type human serum paraoxonase
Authors: Yeung David T. , Smith J. Richard , Sweeney Richard E. , Lenz David E. , Cerasoli Douglas M.
Published: February 2007

Human serum paraoxonase 1 (HuPON1; EC 3.1.8.1) is a calcium‐dependent six‐fold β‐propeller enzyme that has been shown to hydrolyze an array of substrates, including organophosphorus (OP) chemical warfare nerve agents. Although recent efforts utilizing site‐directed mutagenesis have demonstrated specific residues (such as Phe222 and His115) to be important in determining the specificity of OP substrate binding and hydrolysis, little effort has focused on the substrate stereospecificity of the enzyme; different stereoisomers of OPs can differ in their toxicity by several orders of magnitude. For example, the C±P– isomers of the chemical warfare agent soman (GD) are known to be more toxic by three orders of magnitude. In this study, the catalytic activity of HuPON1 towards each of the four chiral isomers of GD was measured simultaneously via chiral GC/MS. The catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) of the wild‐type enzyme for the various stereoisomers was determined by a simultaneous solution of hydrolysis kinetics for each isomer. Derived kcat/Km values ranged from 625 to 4130 mm−1·min−1, with isomers being hydrolyzed in the order of preference C+P+ > C–P+ > C+P– > C–P–. The results indicate that HuPON1 hydrolysis of GD is stereoselective; substrate stereospecificity should be considered in future efforts to enhance the OPase activity of this and other candidate bioscavenger enzymes.
Triterpenoid Saponins from Pulsatilla cernua (Thunb.) Bercht. et Opiz.
Authors: Xu Tun‐Hai , Xu Ya‐Juan , Han Dong , Zhao Hong‐Feng , Xie Sheng‐Xu , Xu Dong‐Ming
Published: February 2007

To investigate saponins from the roots of Pulsatilla cernua (Thunb.) Bercht. et Opiz., two new compounds together with five known triterpenoid saponins were isolated. The structures of the two new triterpenoid saponins, named cernuasides A and B, were elucidated as 3‐O‐[p‐β‐D‐xylopyranosyl(1→2)]‐[α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl(1→4)]‐α‐L‐arabinopyranosyl hederagenin 28‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl ester (compound 1) and 3‐O‐[α‐L‐arabinopyranosyl(1→3)]‐[α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl (1→2)]‐α‐L‐arabinopyranosyl hederagenin 28‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl ester (compound 2) by 1D, 2D‐NMR techniques, ESIMS analysis, as well as chemical methods.
Comparative Analysis of Codon Usage Patterns Among Mitochondrion, Chloroplast and Nuclear Genes in Triticum aestivum L.
Authors: Zhang Wen‐Juan , Zhou Jie , Li Zuo‐Feng , Wang Li , Gu Xun , Zhong Yang
Published: February 2007

In many organisms, the difference in codon usage patterns among genes reflects variation in local base compositional biases and the intensity of natural selection. In this study, a comparative analysis was performed to investigate the characteristics of codon bias and factors in shaping the codon usage patterns among mitochondrion, chloroplast and nuclear genes in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). GC contents in nuclear genes were higher than that in mitochondrion and chloroplast genes. The neutrality and correspondence analyses indicated that the codon usage in nuclear genes would be a result of relative strong mutational bias, while the codon usage patterns of mitochondrion and chloroplast genes were more conserved in GC content and influenced by translation level. The Parity Rule 2 (R2) plot analysis showed that pyrimidines were used more frequently than purines at the third codon position in the three genomes. In addition, using a new alterative strategy, 11, 12, and 24 triplets were defined as preferred codons in the mitochondrion, chloroplast and nuclear genes, respectively. These findings suggested that the mitochondrion, chloroplast and nuclear genes shared particularly different features of codon usage and evolutionary constraints.
An Overview of the Biology of Reaction Wood Formation
Authors: Du Sheng , Yamamoto Fukuju
Published: February 2007

Reaction wood possesses altered properties and performs the function of regulating a tree's form, but it is a serious defect in wood utility. Trees usually develop reaction wood in response to a gravistimulus. Reaction wood in gymnosperms is referred to as compression wood and develops on the lower side of leaning stems or branches. In arboreal, dicotyledonous angiosperms, however, it is called tension wood and is formed on the upper side of the leaning. Exploring the biology of reaction wood formation is of great value for the understanding of the wood differentiation mechanisms, cambial activity, gravitropism, and the systematics and evolution of plants. After giving an outline of the variety of wood and properties of reaction wood, this review lays emphasis on various stimuli for reaction wood induction and the extensive studies carried out so far on the roles of plant hormones in reaction wood formation. Inconsistent results have been reported for the effects of plant hormones. Both auxin and ethylene regulate the formation of compression wood in gymnosperms. However, the role of ethylene may be indirect as exogenous ethylene cannot induce compression wood formation. Tension wood formation is mainly regulated by auxin and gibberellin. Interactions among hormones and other substances may play important parts in the regulation of reaction wood formation.
Integrating the transtheoretical model into the management of overweight and obese adults
Authors: Seals Judy Gainey
Published: February 2007

Purpose: To show how the nurse practitioner (NP) can incorporate stage‐specific interventions from the transtheoretical model in the management of overweight and obese adults.

Data sources: Research articles, clinical articles, and government guidelines pertaining to the management of overweight and obesity in adults.

Conclusions: Overweight and obesity are complex and chronic conditions that require lifelong management. The NP can help clients to safely and successfully lose weight by developing stage‐specific interventions, by using an expert multidisciplinary team, and by providing ongoing monitoring and motivation.

Implications for practice: The prevalence of overweight and obesity continues to increase at an alarming rate and is a major public health concern. The NP has an important role in the assessment and management of clients with this condition.
Physical activity and physical fitness counseling patterns of adult nurse practitioners
Authors: Buchholz Susan W. , Purath Janet
Published: February 2007

Purpose: This descriptive exploratory study examined factors related to physical activity counseling practices of adult nurse practitioners (ANPs) nationwide. The purposes of this study were to (a) examine physical activity assessment and counseling practices, (b) identify barriers to physical activity counseling, (c) describe knowledge and confidence in physical activity assessment and counseling, (d) identify personal physical activity practices, and (e) describe use of objective physical fitness measures in the primary care setting.

Data sources: Participants were a randomly selected group of ANPs who are members of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners.

Conclusions: Most ANPs (95%) counsel patients on physical activity at least once a year. As for assessing physical activity, simply asking about it was the most common method (94%). The most common strategy for counseling was discussion (95%). The most common barriers to counseling were lack of time (48%) and preemption by more important concerns (47%). Of fitness measures, the most commonly used was body composition. Cardiorespiratory, strength, flexibility, and balance fitness tests were used infrequently or rarely.

Implications for practice:
NPs can use specific physical fitness measures to help assess, guide, and/or motivate physical activity in their patients.
Lymphedema diagnosis and management
Authors: Gary Dayna E.
Published: February 2007

Purpose: To provide advanced practice nurses with a greater understanding of the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management of lymphedema.

Data sources: Comprehensive literature review of the relevant clinical journals, systematic reviews, and medical textbooks.

Conclusions: Lymphedema is a poorly known and understood condition. If not properly diagnosed and promptly treated, lymphedema can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Diagnosis is based on suggestive history and characteristic findings on physical exam that ideally would be confirmed by lymphoscintigraphy. The primary goal in lymphedema treatment is the removal of excess plasma proteins from the interstitial tissues. The goals of management are to decrease the extremity size, maintain the decreased size, prevent complications, and improve function and overall sense of psychological well‐being.

Implications for practice: The ability to properly diagnose lymphedema is crucial to prevent the significant morbidity and mortality that is associated with this condition. It is imperative that patients with lymphedema are referred to specially trained healthcare professionals to ensure optimal treatment.
Blood Pressure Measurement Education and Evaluation Program improves measurement accuracy in community‐based nurses: A pilot study
Authors: Dickson Brandy K. , Hajjar Ihab
Published: February 2007

Purpose: Pilot study was developed to determine if a blood pressure measurement training program would improve guideline knowledge and technique in community‐based nurses (n= 6).

Methods: American Heart Association guidelines were used to develop the Blood Pressure Measurement Education and Evaluation Program (BEEP). Data on guideline knowledge, device quality, measurement technique, terminal digit bias, range of error, and attitude of change were collected prior and after BEEP.

Conclusions: BEEP development was feasible and acceptable. The device score was 100%. Knowledge improved but not statistically significant (p= 0.64), as did terminal digit bias. Technique prior to BEEP was poor (T= 15) but improved significantly after BEEP (T= 26 on a scale of 32, p= 0.0006). Range of error decreased but was only significant in the diastolic pressure (p= 0.02).

Implications for practice: BEEP is feasible. Baseline blood pressure measurement technique is poor in community‐based nurses. Our study suggests that this poor technique can benefit from an educational program and result in improved blood pressure measurement accuracy.
Neosporosis and hammondiosis in dogs
Authors: Reichel M. P. , Ellis J. T. , Dubey J. P.
Published: February 2007

The dog is a definitive host of the protozoan parasite Neospora caninum, and in many parts of the world, infection is relatively common as determined by serology. Reported seroprevalences usually range from 0 to 20 per cent, however, reports of clinically affected dogs are infrequent. Affected dogs are generally less than six months old and predominantly have signs of an ascending hindleg paralysis, with the associated lesions of polyradiculoneuritis and granulomatous polymyositis. Although any organ may be affected, infections are more common in the central nervous system, muscles, lungs and skin. Ante‐mortem diagnosis is difficult but serology and cytology can aid diagnosis. The diagnosis can be confirmed by histology, immunohistochemistry, the use of molecular techniques on biopsy material, or on post‐mortem examination. Neospora caninum oocysts are rarely found in faeces and must be differentiated from oocysts of related coccidians such as Hammondia heydorni and Toxoplasma gondii. Hammondia heydorni can cause diarrrhoea in immunosuppressed dogs. Neosporosis should be suspected in young pups with an ascending paralysis of the hindlegs. Treatment with clindamycin and potentiated sulphonamides may be useful in cases where muscular atrophy and fibrosis are absent. Feeding of raw meat is a potential risk factor for infection of dogs and should be discouraged.
Influence of surgical approach on the efficacy of the intervertebral disk fenestration: a cadaveric study
Authors: Morelius M. , Bergadano A. , Spreng D. , Schawalder P. , Doherr M. , Forterre F.
Published: February 2007

Objectives: To investigate the influence of different approach angles on the amount of nucleus pulposus removed during intervertebral disc fenestration in dogs.

Methods: Twenty cadavers of beagle dogs were randomly divided into four groups: a control group and three treatment groups in which intervertebral fenestration was performed using either a dorsal, dorsolateral or lateral approach between the 12th thoracic and second lumbar spaces. The volume of nucleus pulposus, the weight of the residual nucleus pulposus and the angle of the working sector were measured. The ratio of the residual nucleus pulposus weight to the nucleus pulposus volume was used to evaluate the efficacy of the performed fenestration. Data were analysed with Kruskal‐Wallis analysis of variance between groups on ranks with correction for ties and Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. Correlation between ratio and working angle was calculated using a Spearman’s rank test (P<0·05).

Results: The calculated ratio of nuclear weight to volume was significantly less in the lateral approach group than that in the other groups. The working sector was widest in the dorsolateral approach group, but this did not correlate with efficient fenestration.

Clinical Significance: Using the lateral approach for intervertebral disc fenestration may increase the efficiency of the fenestration procedure.
China's Rapid Accumulation of Foreign Exchange Reserves and Its Policy Implications
Authors: Zheng Yongnian , Yi Jingtao
Published: February 2007

In late February 2006, China surpassed Japan to become the world's largest holder of foreign exchange reserves. Beijing is now faced with the growing challenge of how to handle these vast reserves effectively. Although China's soaring foreign exchange reserves indicate that its overall strength has grown, they have created internal and external pressures on the balance of the economy, and introduced risks to the financial system. It is estimated in the present study that foreign exchange reserves of approximately US$ 400bn in 2005 would have been appropriate under circumstances of a managed floating exchange rate regime and capital control. China's actual reserves have far exceeded its normal demand. The objective of China is to maintain an optimal level that maximizes net benefits as a whole. Four main policy options are available for China to achieve its target: spending and investing foreign exchange reserves, gradual liberalization of the capital account, diversification of foreign exchange reserves and a switch in holders of foreign exchange reserves. Spending and investing in foreign exchange reserves can be undertaken in combination with liberalization in the capital account, given careful consideration of the risks involved. Liberalization should be extensive but gradual so that companies and individuals can adjust to changes in financial markets and manage portfolios while avoiding unnecessary risks.

(Edited by Xiaoming Feng)
Regional Differences in China's Energy Efficiency and Conservation Potentials
Authors: Dan Shi
Published: February 2007

This paper investigates the maximum energy efficiency level and the energy saving potentials in each region in China that can be practically attained at current economic and technological development levels. Most of the nation's energy efficient provinces are found along the coast of southeast China, while most of its least energy efficient provinces are in the hinterland that is rich in coal resources, and which depends heavily on coal consumption. China's low efficiency in energy resource allocation stems from its secondary industry, which is handicapped by the lowest energy efficiency and the most striking regional differentials. A comparison of the factors affecting the energy efficiency shows that the provinces being compared in this study differ tremendously in energy consumption structure, technological level of the secondary industry, and abundance of energy resources, and that the other factors are only adequate, rather than necessary, conditions. It is imperative to rectify the behaviors of provinces in balancing local energy allocation, to channel energy resources to energy efficient provinces, and to improve the national energy efficiency as a whole. When taking energy‐saving steps, provinces must take into full consideration both the national and local factors that affect energy efficiency. Furthermore, it is unrealistic for China to set a unified energy saving goal for different provinces.

(Edited by Xinyu Fan)
Financing Alternatives for Chinese Small and Medium Enterprises: The Case for a Small and Medium Enterprise Stock Market
Authors: Fung Hung‐gay , Liu Qingfeng , Yau Jot
Published: February 2007

Financing alternatives for small and medium enterprises in China are discussed in the present study. In particular, we analyze the significant changes and developments in China s “second board” stock market. China s extensive network of regional assets and equity exchanges, which were set up to facilitate private equity transfer, and non‐performing loan transactions seem to partially fill the void for small and medium enterprises, which cannot easily obtain approval for listing on the stock exchanges. Foreign investors can identify investment opportunities in non‐listed domestic state‐owned and private businesses through these regional assets and equity exchanges. At the same time, foreign stock markets are now attracting the young Chinese enterprises to list their stocks on their exchanges.

(Edited by Zhinan Zhang)
Evaluation of Thermal Properties of Food Materials at High Pressures Using a Dual‐Needle Line‐Heat‐Source Method
Authors: Zhu S. , Ramaswamy H. S. , Marcotte M. , Chen C. , Shao Y. , Le Bail A.
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT:  Thermal properties of food systems at high pressure (HP) are important in the design and operation of HP processing equipment. Available techniques for thermal property evaluation under HP conditions are still very limited. In this study, a dual‐needle line‐heat‐source (DNL) device was installed in an HP vessel to evaluate thermal conductivity (k), diffusivity (α), and volumetric heat capacity (CpV) of foods at high pressure. The DNL probe was calibrated using glycerin (0.1 MPa) and 2% (w/w) agar gel (0.1 to 350 MPa) at 5 and 25 °C. Calibration results showed a good correlation with the reference data of pure water: R2= 0.966 for thermal conductivity and R2= 0.837 for diffusivity, and a small standard deviation of relative error (3.18%) for the volumetric heat capacity. Fresh potato and cheddar cheese were used as test samples at 5 °C at selected pressure levels (0.1 to 350 MPa). The potato samples gave thermal properties very close to those of pure water, but much higher than those of the cheese. The k and α values of both potato and cheese increased with pressure and a 2nd‐order polynomial well fitted their pressure dependency. The volumetric heat capacity data did not show a clear pressure‐dependency trend. The experimental system worked well for the evaluation of thermal properties at pressures up to 350 MPa.
Preparation and Characterization of Protein Isolate from Fresh and Hardened Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
Authors: Morales‐de León Josefina C. , Vázquez‐Mata Norma , Torres Nimbe , Gil‐Zenteno Lidia , Bressani Ricardo
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT:  The purpose of the present work was to determine the effect of accelerated hardening of beans on yield and physicochemical, functional, and toxicological properties. Protein isolates were obtained from fresh and hardened common beans (Phaseolusvulgaris L.). Acid treatment was an effective method to produce hardened bean. Protein recovery in the isolation procedure for fresh bean isolate (FBI) was 45.5% and 36.15% for hardened bean isolate (HBI); however, the amount of protein was similar in both isolates. In general, the amino acid pattern was similar in both isolates. Electrophoresis analysis showed that the main protein (phaseolin) remained unchanged during the isolation procedure. HBI showed a decrease in the bands of 14 to 26 kDa corresponding to the phytohemagglutinin group, and this was associated with a 56.6% decrease in the concentration of the trypsin inhibitor (TI). Heat treatment of FBI reduced 89.4% of the TI and the hemagglutining activities, and it was reflected in an adequate weight gain of young animals. FBI showed better functional properties than HBI, and both isolates showed the same amount of flavonoids.
Control of Lightness and Firmness of Cold and Reheated Frankfurter‐Type Sausages Using Different Spectroscopic Methods Applied to Raw Batter
Authors: Egelandsdal B. , Dingstad G.I. , Tøgersen G. , Hildrum K.I.
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT:  Muscle types and collagen, fat, and muscle protein minus collagen were varied in cooked frankfurter‐type sausages made from beef and pork meat as well as pork backfat. The content of collagen was fixed at preset levels with pork rind. The amount of total muscle protein in the sausages varied between 5.9% and 11.9% and the fat between 16.1% and 22.1%. The collagen content varied between 1.3% and 4%. Spectroscopic measurements (near‐infrared reflectance spectra 1100 to 2500 nm; front‐face autofluorescence emission spectra 360 to 640 nm) on raw batters were used to predict the amounts of total muscle protein minus collagen, collagen, myoglobin, and fat (biochemical components), L* values from a Minolta chromameter, and firmness of cold (22 °C) and reheated sausages (60 °C). Lightness of sausages was most accurately determined from the batter data with a Minolta chromameter or the autofluorescence measurement system. Firmness of cold sausages could be described by the amounts of biochemical components plus the type of muscle used in the sausage. The 2nd‐best approach was to use the shape of the near‐infrared spectra to determine firmness. This was possible as the shape of near‐infrared spectra depended on total protein content, and total protein content largely determined the firmness of cold sausages. If the sausages were reheated to 60 °C, near‐infrared spectroscopy alone determined firmness of the sausages with a lower accuracy than a combined solution of fluorescence and near‐infrared spectroscopy. The 2 spectroscopic techniques could thus be used to estimate the amount of biochemical components in sausages. Once these components were known, firmness could be calculated from a model between the amounts of biochemical components and firmness. For reheated sausages, as opposed to cold ones, there was a need to differentiate between collagen and the other muscle proteins in order to determine firmness. This was optimally achieved by using both autofluorescence and near‐infrared spectroscopy.