bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Storytellers
Authors: Nathanson Mitchell
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the significance of the storytellers. Through them, the baseball creed, the elevated national status of baseball, the tale of Branch Rickey and the desegregation of the game, the power and benevolence of the owners, and the uniquely American glory of the underdog all received confirmation as the righteousness of these tales seeped into the national consciousness. For more than a century baseball has been sold to the American public as much more than simply an athletic contest. For this, MLB and the media that have covered it—from Henry Chadwick to the present—deserve much of the credit. Together they have spun tales of baseball as America that are believable not so much because they are true, but because they are reaffirming.
Chicago in the Age of Capital
Authors: Jentz John B. , Schneirov Richard
Published: May 2017

This book, a sweeping interpretive history of mid-nineteenth-century Chicago, traces the evolution of a modern social order. Combining historical and political detail with a theoretical frame, the book examines the dramatic capitalist transition in Chicago during the critical decades from the 1850s through the 1870s, a period that saw the rise of a permanent wage worker class and the formation of an industrial upper class. The book demonstrates how a new political economy, based on wage labor and capital accumulation in manufacturing, superseded an older mercantile economy that relied on speculative trading and artisan production. The new social movements that arose in this era—labor, socialism, urban populism, businessmen's municipal reform, Protestant revivalism, and women's activism—constituted the substance of a new post-bellum democratic politics that took shape in the 1860s and 1970s. When the Depression of 1873 brought increased crime and financial panic, Chicago's new upper class developed municipal reform in an attempt to reassert its leadership. Setting local detail against a national canvas of partisan ideology and the seismic structural shifts of Reconstruction, this book vividly depicts the upheavals integral to building capitalism.
Liberalism in the Postwar City
Authors: Cohen Lizabeth
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores how the postwar reality is complicated, and a major aspect of that complexity was the different balance, in different places and moments of time, between public and private power and resources. Although there was little escaping the necessity of involving private investment in urban redevelopment, the authority of the public realm over private sector activity varied and made a difference. The chapter follows the evolution of the liberal city-building project over the postwar period, with particular attention to the shifting balance of power between the public and private realms, its implications, and, through this case, the historical evolution of postwar liberalism.
Bill Stepp
Authors: Wade Stephen
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Kentuckian Bill Stepp, who worked as a logger in his younger days, then later turned his energies to fiddling for neighborhood hoedowns. Stepp is the creative source of an American anthem. In 1942 his rendition of the tune “Bonaparte's Retreat” became incorporated, nearly note for note, in the score of Rodeo, Aaron Copland's acclaimed modern ballet. By the early 1970s it appeared as “Hoedown,” an FM radio hit for Emerson, Lake, and Palmer, a symphonically oriented English rock band. Later, it formed the soundtrack for the beef growers' commercial, and finally, in this, an example of its continuing presence in American life, it recurs in the music piped down the hallways of a modern airport.
Introduction
Authors: Wade Stephen
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter first describes the artists featured in this volume. These twelve musicians, singers, and groups recorded between 1934 and 1942—seven black and five white—provide a baker's dozen of folksongs and traditional tunes. Apart from their surpassing artistic gifts, these individuals illuminate an America rich with local creativity. They resided in such places as Salyersville, Kentucky; Byhalia, Mississippi; and Salem, Virginia. They also confined their music making largely to their own communities. Sometimes they sang on playgrounds, sometimes while chopping cotton, and sometimes from behind bars. The remainder of the chapter discusses sociologist and a leading figure in the Harlem Renaissance, Charles S. Johnson; the origins of the present volume; and the author's recollections of the wonderful, frustrating, frightening, and transporting moments with the songs and singers that comprised the present volume.
Fathering Orphans
Authors: Ramey Jessie B.
Published: May 2017

This chapter begins with the James Caldwell story, which brings the experience of fathers into sharp relief—a significant, and all but forgotten, aspect of orphanage history—as well as the broader history of child care, in the United States. While many orphanage children had living fathers, the institutional managers constructed “orphans” as fatherless, perpetuating a gendered and racialized logic of dependency. Yet for those men using the orphanages as a form of child care, their experiences as widowers differed from those of solo women with children. Furthermore, the experiences of African American and white working-class men were also quite different. Ultimately, the orphanages help reveal the extent to which each group of men was involved with the care of their children, as well as the connection between their breadwinning role and family life.
Rebels and Runaways
Authors: Rivers Larry Eugene
Published: May 2017

This gripping study examines slave resistance and protest in antebellum Florida and its local and national impact from 1821 to 1865. Using a variety of sources, the book discusses Florida′s unique historical significance as a runaway slave haven dating back to the seventeenth century and explains Florida′s unique history of slave resistance and protest. In moving detail, the book illustrates what life was like for enslaved blacks whose families were pulled asunder as they relocated and how they fought back any way they could to control small parts of their own lives. Against a backdrop of violence, the book analyzes the various degrees of slave resistance, from the perspectives of both slave and master, and how they differed in various regions of antebellum Florida. In particular, the book demonstrates how the Atlantic world view of some enslaved blacks successfully aided their escape to freedom, a path that did not always lead North but sometimes farther South to the Bahama Islands and Caribbean. Identifying slave rebellions such as the Stono, Louisiana, Denmark (Telemaque) Vesey, Gabriel, and the Nat Turner insurrections, the book argues persuasively that the size, scope, and intensity of black resistance in the Second Seminole War makes it the largest sustained slave insurrection in American history.
Day-to-Day Resistance
Authors: Rivers Larry Eugene
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the various forms of conservative resistance used by slaves in Florida and often elsewhere within the slave empire of the United States. William Dusinberre called these types of actions or inactions nonviolent “dissidence.” Indeed, bondservants actively, though discreetly, resisted their owners on a day-to-day basis. In doing so, many slaves believed that they could either get away with their recalcitrance or use it to negotiate concessions from their masters. Since enslaved blacks knew that violent attacks could mean immediate death, they naturally and intelligently sought other means of expressing their discontent concerning plantation or farm regimens. Sometimes they made life uncomfortable for their masters, and sometimes, in the process, they made life uncomfortable for themselves.
Stepping Up the Degrees of Resistance
Authors: Rivers Larry Eugene
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at how on the plantations and farms of nineteenth-century Florida, enslaved people, like their counterparts throughout the South, rarely rose up in rebellion against their masters. In their daily dissidence, slaves—as Gerald W. Mullin noted for eighteenth-century slaves in Virginia—more commonly used inward or non-threatening forms of rebellion that did not undermine Florida′s slave society in any profound manner. These could involve work stoppages and feigned illnesses, among other things. Yet, enslaved Florida blacks often did not bite their tongues when expressing thoughts about their work routines. These tactics could have proven self-destructive and even fatal in a violent Florida frontier area, but slaves still used these token forms of rebellion to wrest concessions from their masters as they strove to create, preserve, and protect family and community.
Political Writings
Authors: Beauvoir Simone de
Published: May 2017

This book offers an abundance of newly translated essays by the author that demonstrate a heretofore unknown side of her political philosophy. The book documents and contextualizes the author’s thinking, writing, public statements, and activities in the services of causes like French divorce law reform and the rights of women in the Iranian Revolution. It traces nearly three decades of her leftist political engagement, from exposés of conditions in fascist Spain and Portugal in 1945 and hard-hitting attacks on right-wing French intellectuals in the 1950s, to the 1962 defense of an Algerian freedom fighter, Djamila Boupacha, and a 1975 article arguing for what is now called the “two-state solution” in Israel. Together these texts prefigure the author’s later feminist activism and provide a new interpretive context for reading her multi-volume autobiography, while also shedding new light on French intellectual history during the turbulent era of decolonization. The book provides new insights into the author’s complex thinking and illuminates her historic role in linking the movements for sexual freedom, sexual equality, homosexual rights, and women’s rights in France.
Introduction
Authors: Bergoffen Debra
Published: May 2017

Published in 1951–52, five years after The Ethics of Ambiguity, and two years after The Second Sex, Simone de Beauvoir’s essay “Must We Burn Sade?” may be read as a corrective sequel to The Ethics of Ambiguity and as an afterword to The Second Sex...
Must we burn sade?
Authors: de Beauvoir Simone , Guilmette Lauren
Published: May 2017

“Imperious, wrathful, headstrong, extreme in all things, with an unbridled imagination on behavior unparalleled in this lifetime, an atheist to the point of fanaticism. In a few words this is what I am, so kill me with another blow or take me as I am because I will not change.”...
Syria and its Prisoners
Authors: de Beauvoir Simone , Artime Michael
Published: May 2017

There is war, and then there is peace, or at least a respite, a truce. Weapons are silenced. The two sides bury their dead, care for their wounded, and the prisoners return home. Beyond the bloody confrontations, peoples reestablish a human reciprocity between themselves. This ancient tradition was established as international law by the Geneva Convention....
Preface to Shoah
Authors: de Beauvoir Simone , Artime Michael
Published: May 2017

Shoah is not an easy film to talk about.1 There is magic in this film, and magic can not be explained. After the war, we read so many testimonies about the ghettos and the extermination camps, and were shaken by them. But today, when we watch this extraordinary film by Claude Lanzmann, we see that we have understood nothing....
Strides Forward in Times of Crisis in the 1930s and 1940s
Authors: Gallagher Julie A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the strides African American women made in government work and electoral politics during the Great Depression and World War II. While the economic crisis wreaked havoc on Harlem, it also created the space for college-educated women to find employment in the city's New Deal agencies. In addition to gaining useful experience, these women now had access to potentially influential arenas from which to pursue their ideas about economic fairness, human rights, and civil equality. Yet other women turned to electoral politics during the 1930s and 1940s, and by the time the economy stabilized and World War II ended, black women in New York City had attained significant political experience.
Conclusion
Authors: Gallagher Julie A.
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter recounts the great strides made by African American women in the United States between the 1910s and the 1970s and discusses their progress in more recent years, such as the breaking down of racialized and gendered barriers to political power. At the same time it returns to Chisholm's story and her wistful assertion that “Someday the country will be ready” for an individual who was both black and a woman to run for the presidency. Moreover, the chapter discusses how the history of black women's political activism between the 1910s and the 1970s offers some complicated lessons for activists in more current times, and suggests that, while improvements have been made over the decades, there are still many issues that need to be addressed today—not just in politics, but in other aspects of black women's lives.
Placed Bodies
Authors: Weiner Marli F. , Hough Mazie
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how physicians developed the concept of place to reconcile the complexities of race and sex when defining bodies and their health and sicknesses. In the increasingly contested political arena of the antebellum years, southern physicians knew that their work would most likely be received favorably if it reinforced the region's distinctiveness. Awareness that some places were inherently unhealthy and that some people were more likely to get sick in them was part of the anecdotal medical lore that informed physicians' thinking about bodies as placed. Doctors were well aware that southerners fell victim to different diseases and had to be treated differently from people elsewhere in the nation. Thus, doctors argued that a specifically southern medical theory and practice was necessary. This chapter explores how nineteenth-century physicians seeking to understand the consequences of placed bodies invoked the South's climate and the concept of acclimation to explain disease. It shows that laypeople shared physicians' convictions that medicine was specific to place and that bodies were shaped by their environment.
The Diseased Body
Authors: Weiner Marli F. , Hough Mazie
Published: May 2017

This chapter shows that laypeople's views about bodies were important to physicians because they defined the parameters of what was possible within the daily practice of medicine. Members of both races and sexes sought ways to be healthy and to find meaning in the suffering of their bodies. For whites, the meaning of their bodies was expressed as commonsense truisms that linked body and mind in a web of responsibility for health and sickness. Slaves believed that they were less personally responsible for the state of their health and instead recognized the importance of the physical conditions imposed upon them by their owners. This chapter examines how physicians tried to reconcile sex and race as they sought to understand their patients' bodies and minds, in part by obtaining consent from them. It also considers how physicians claimed for themselves the responsibility of defining the mind–body connection as well as health and disease for everyone in the South.
The “Red Monday” Decisions, Jencks, and a Crescendo of Anti-Court Attacks
Authors: Lichtman Robert M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the U.S. Supreme Court’s decisions during its October 1956 term. The Court’s level of resistance to repressive McCarthy-era government action reached its zenith in the 1956 term. The Court issued eleven signed decisions in “Communist” cases, and the government lost them all. Four were issued the same day, June 17, 1957, a day critics called “Red Monday.” Two other significant cases were decided in per curiam opinions, again adversely to the government. The decisions, spanning the spectrum of anti-“subversive” actions, seemed to indicate diminished concern by the Court for adverse reaction. Among several decisions relating to Smith Act prosecutions, one, Yates v. United States, not only reversed the convictions of fourteen Community Party of America officials but also made it more difficult for the government to secure future Smith Act conspiracy convictions.
Vietnam War Decisions and Some Observations
Authors: Lichtman Robert M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the Court’s decisions during the Vietnam War, which represent a high-water mark in the protection of First Amendment freedoms in wartime. The cases showed graphically the changes in the mode of dissent that occurred in the 1960s. In one group of decisions, the Court reviewed the criminal convictions of three individuals who mocked sacrosanct patriotic symbols—the flag, the military uniform—in conveying their antiwar message. However, the icing on the cake for supporters of a robust First Amendment was the adoption in 1969 of a new formula to replace the altered clear-and-present danger standard announced by the Court in Dennis nearly two decades earlier. The chapter also reviews the Court’s McCarthy-era decisions.
Political Repression and Court-Curbing
Authors: Lichtman Robert M.
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book’s main themes. This book is about the situation faced by Supreme Court justices in the McCarthy era, obliged in scores of cases over more than a decade to decide the lawfulness of executive and legislative action directed at alleged Communists and “subversives.” The events demonstrate the Court’s vulnerability in a time of political repression, when a refusal to acquiesce in the repressive actions demanded by popular opinion may lead to harsh attacks in the press and in the Congress, and may result in legislation to curb the Court and limit its independence. The attacks and political pressures deepened existing divisions and rivalries among the justices. The Court’s retreat was accomplished almost entirely in 5–4 decisions. The book’s primary focus is the decisions themselves, which provide the best evidence of the justices’ constitutional views and their responses to the severe pressures under which they labored.
Maria Bach
Authors: Porter Cecelia Hopkins
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks into the life of Baroness Maria Bach (1896–1978), her promising professional future, and her lifelong struggle to attract renown and respect as a “serious” woman composer. Born into Austria's late-nineteenth-century privileged “aristocracy”—the affluent upper middle class—the Viennese composer and pianist prided herself on her intellectual and artistic heritage. Her birth in 1896 set her solidly within the imperial capital's golden age—that brilliant constellation of the arts known as Viennese modernism. From the last decade of the nineteenth century to World War I, fin-de-siècle Vienna was a cultural mecca unequaled anywhere else in central Europe.
Horace Cayton
Authors: Bailey David T.
Published: May 2017

This chapter situates the black intellectual Horace Cayton into the vibrant community of Chicago's South Side during the Depression and World War II era. It details the research projects undertaken by Cayton in Chicago, including his labor scholarship and journalism, Cayton-Warner and WPA projects, and ultimately his crowning achievement: the coauthored 1945 Black Metropolis. In charting this flurry of activity, the chapter shows how Cayton never felt satisfied with his position in the black elite and the Chicago School of Sociology. To broaden his activities among working people and artists, Cayton managed the Parkway Community House that he fashioned into a central hub for the black arts movement. The programs, protest meetings, and cultural events at the Parkway House reflected the personality of Cayton, who crossed boundaries of class, race, and respectability.
“Who Are You America but Me?”
Authors: Helgeson Jeffrey
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers the 1940 American Negro Exposition in Chicago, the first black-organized world's fair that sought to showcase African American artists on a national stage. It delineates the diversity of voices and competing visions of racial progress that defined the character of the Black Chicago Renaissance. Historians have described the exposition as a failure; the event did not attract mass audiences, and it did not create a broader public debate about the meanings of black identity, legacies of slavery, or contemporary discrimination in the United States. Yet, by examining the exposition as presented, rather than what it failed to be, the chapter uncovers important and sometimes surprising influences on the fair's messages.
“Let’s Do Away with Walls!”
Authors: Austin Allan W.
Published: May 2017

This chapter illustrates the American Friends Service Committee's (AFSC) early efforts to promote interracial relations, thereby setting the stage for later AFSC activism. Connecting interracial activism to pacifism while working in a highly charged atmosphere of nativism and racism (both in the wider society and among Friends themselves), AFSC staffers believed that the Inner Light—the belief that each individual has “that of God within”—created the potential to educate and thus reform individuals through carefully engineered intercultural connections designed to “do away with walls!” Such efforts would encourage Quakers to understand that international and interracial relationships are a vital part of religious life and thus move them to give active support to the practical, political measures which put peace principles into practice.
“Intelligent Leadership in the Cause of Racial Brotherhood”
Authors: Austin Allan W.
Published: May 2017

This chapter introduces the annual Institute of Race Relations (IRR). The institute recruited many prominent scholars of race and ethnicity, offering individual students, both Quakers and non-Quakers, the opportunity to study race in the classroom and then apply their newfound understandings outside it. While the first two institutes had a secular orientation, by the mid-1930s Friends consciously attempted to make the scholarly work of the institute theologically relevant for themselves. While earlier AFSC projects had attacked racism as an individual problem, Quakers in the Service Committee emerged from the Institute of Race Relations with a broader understanding of systemic problems that had to be engaged, too.
The Haymarket Conspiracy
Authors: Messer-Kruse Timothy
Published: May 2017

This book traces the evolution of revolutionary anarchist ideas in Europe and their migration to the United States in the 1880s. A new history of the transatlantic origins of American anarchism, this study thoroughly debunks the dominant narrative through which most historians interpret the Haymarket Bombing and Trial of 1886–87. Challenging the view that there was no evidence connecting the eight convicted workers to the bomb throwing at the Haymarket rally, this book examines police investigations and trial proceedings that reveal the hidden transatlantic networks, the violent subculture, and the misunderstood beliefs of Gilded Age anarchists. The book documents how, in the 1880s, radicals on both sides of the Atlantic came to celebrate armed struggle as the one true way forward and began to prepare seriously for conflict. Within this milieu, the book suggests the possibility of a “Haymarket conspiracy:” a coordinated plan of attack in which the oft-martyred Haymarket radicals in fact posed a real threat to public order and safety. Drawing on new, never-before published historical evidence, the book provides a new means of understanding the revolutionary anarchist movement on its own terms rather than in the romantic ways in which its agents have been eulogized.
Orpheus in Tennis Sneakers
Authors: Hicks Michael , Asplund Christian
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes Wolff's childhood and formative years in the world of music. Born to cellist Kurt Wolff and his wife Helen in 1934, Christian Wolff grew up during an era of political unrest, which later culminated in the Second World War. Though born in France to German parents, Wolff would spend a significant part of his life in the United States, where he had begun an informal education in music, and where he would eventually study under his mentor John Cage, from whom Wolff would draw the fundamental ideas, habits, and relationships that would guide the rest of his compositional career. Here, the chapter shows how Wolff's early opus—which set the pattern for all his subsequent compositional periods—were formed and influenced through Cage's instruction. Yet the chapter shows that this influence proved reciprocal, with Wolff likewise leaving his own lasting impacts upon Cage's compositional career.
Not to Do Something I’ve Already Done: 1982–1999
Authors: Hicks Michael , Asplund Christian
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at what is arguably Wolff's last style period, which encompassed a large body of pieces for diverse players, from solos (from flute to contrabass) to works for chamber groups of many sizes and combinations, though almost no “standard” ensembles. What defined the style of this large body of works was perhaps its most important—if seemingly superficial—trait: almost every score differs in its design and layout from every other. One finds in Wolff's late style a seemingly endless nonredundancy, an avid attempt to keep remixing notational styles and instructions. In addition, the chapter turns to the other, more recent developments in Wolff's personal life, such as the deaths of Cage and Tudor.
Denise Levertov
Authors: Greene Dana
Published: May 2017

Kenneth Rexroth called Denise Levertov (1923–1997) “the most subtly skillful poet of her generation, the most profound, ... and the most moving.” Author of twenty-four volumes of poetry, four books of essays, and several translations, Levertov became a lauded and honored poet. Born in England, she published her first book of poems at age twenty-three, but it was not until she married and came to the United States in 1948 that she found her poetic voice, helped by the likes of William Carlos Williams, Robert Duncan, and Robert Creeley. Shortly before her death in 1997, the woman who claimed no country as home was nominated to be America's poet laureate. This book examines Levertov's interviews, essays, and self-revelatory poetry to discern the conflict and torment she both endured and created in her attempts to deal with her own psyche, her relationships with family, friends, lovers, colleagues, and the times in which she lived. This book is the first complete biography of Levertov, a woman who claimed she did not want a biography, insisting that it was her work that she hoped would endure. And yet she confessed that her poetry in its various forms—lyric, political, natural, and religious—derived from her life experience. Although a substantial body of criticism has established Levertov as a major poet of the later twentieth century, the book represents the first attempt to set her poetry within the framework of her often tumultuous life.
“Staying Alive”
Authors: Greene Dana
Published: May 2017

This chapter details the life and career of Denise Levertov from 1968 to 1971. As “poet in the world,” Levertov's writing reflected the great social upheaval in American society in the late 1960s. But that upheaval, focused as it was on the Vietnam War, did not explain her sense of personal anxiety. Overwrought, fretful, and needy, she contemplated an accidental suicide. Her pain was exacerbated by the fact that she did not know its source or how to cure it. Now in her midforties, she had come to the surprising realization that there was something “green & undeveloped” in her. On the national level the events that galvanized Levertov were the war, and the assassinations of Martin Luther King and Robert Kennedy.
Endings
Authors: Greene Dana
Published: May 2017

This chapter details the life and career of Denise Levertov from 1972 to 1975. This period was marked by critical endings for Levertov, an extraordinary time of emotional turmoil and confusion. Three centrifugal forces—the end of the Vietnam War, her break with mentor Robert Duncan, and her divorce from Mitch—could have overwhelmed her. In the end they did not. She survived, and haltingly searched for a new life. Two books of poetry appeared. Footprints (1972) and The Freeing of the Dust (1975) both attested to her longing for freedom and desire to leave the past behind, and a collection of essays, The Poet in the World (1973), established her preeminence in poetics. As she groped toward the future, Levertov carried a talisman with her, a new understanding of her name Denise. Previously she assumed Denise derived from the Greek “Dionysus.” Now to her delight she discovered that in Hebrew its origin was in “Daleth,” meaning “door,” “entrance, exit/way through of/giving and receiving.” Obliquely she began to live into this new self-understanding.
Coming to a New Country
Authors: Greene Dana
Published: May 2017

This chapter details the life and career of Denise Levertov from 1976 to 1981. The trauma of the last few years, while not over, seemed to be abating for Levertov. The war had ended; her friendship with Robert Duncan waned dramatically, although there was episodic contact between them; and her divorce ensured a different relationship with Mitch. Gradually her attention shifted, and by early 1978 she clearly felt she had entered some new phase in her life. Her divorce from Mitch allowed her to explore her erotic desires even more than before. Her relationships with younger men gave her sexual pleasure and affirmed a youthfulness that she had felt slipping away as she aged. Divorce also allowed Levertov greater freedom to travel and more solitude; it did not alter her financial situation. She continued to earn money through poetry readings, and from 1976 to 1978 she served as poetry editor of the new progressive magazine, Mother Jones. But her chief means of support came from her employment at Tufts University.
“The Thread”
Authors: Greene Dana
Published: May 2017

This chapter details the life and career of Denise Levertov from 1982 to 1984. “The Thread,” a poem of the 1960s, reflected Levertov's ongoing awareness of her vocation. In the early 1980s at age sixty, the tug was there again. In this case it was a silent ineluctable shift from the doubt that grounded her lifelong agnosticism toward a tentative religious faith. This resulted not from some dramatic conversion but from “faithful attention” to living out her vocation as a poet. Levertov came to religion tentatively, doubting, embarrassed. Occasionally, she would attend a religious service, something she had generally eschewed since adolescence. The gradual realignment of doubt and faith expressed itself in her poetry. In fact it was in the process of writing poetry that she first experienced this shift.
The Borderland
Authors: Greene Dana
Published: May 2017

This chapter details the life and career of Denise Levertov from 1989 to 1992. Levertov was a peripatetic who changed residence more than twenty times, not including shuttling from Somerville to Stanford for eight years, fifteen years of summering in Maine, and numerous trips to Mexico to tend to her mother. She traveled abroad often, visiting more than sixteen countries, and was frequently on the road with poetry readings and lecturing. In January 1989, she made the decision to move to Seattle. This was also a time of personal happiness and public acclaim. She received the Jerome Shestack Prize from the American Poetry Review and a coveted fellowship from the Rockefeller Foundation, which provided five weeks in Italy. Her political activism diminished, but it never completely ended. She continued to write and lecture about justice issues.
Epilogue
Authors: Greene Dana
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers the legacy of Denise Levertov. Levertov wanted to be remembered for her poetry, the “autonomous structures” that would be appreciated on their own terms and would last. In comparison to her art, she considered her life fleeting and insignificant. As a consequence she was suspicious of biography and insisted that if a poet's biography were to be written, it had to focus on the work itself. Even then she was leery of the genre and recoiled from it. Nonetheless, she claimed repeatedly that her poems emerged from her life experience. While she rejected confessional or self-referential writing, her poems, “testimonies of lived life,” reflect her dialogical engagement with the world around her.
Advertising at War
Authors: Stole Inger L.
Published: May 2017

This book challenges the notion that advertising disappeared as a political issue in the United States in 1938 with the passage of the Wheeler-Lea Amendment to the Federal Trade Commission Act, the result of more than a decade of campaigning to regulate the advertising industry. The book suggests that the war experience (World War II), even more than the legislative battles of the 1930s, defined the role of advertising in U.S. postwar political economy and the nation’s cultural firmament. Using archival sources, newspapers accounts, and trade publications, the book demonstrates that the postwar climate of political intolerance and reverence for free enterprise quashed critical investigations into the advertising industry. While advertising could be criticized or lampooned, the institution itself became inviolable. During the war, there were ongoing tensions between advertisers, regulators, and consumer activists. It was advertisers who turned a situation, that should have been disadvantageous to them, into an opportunity to cement their place in a postwar society defined by advertising and the consumer products it promoted. The book aims to uncover the significant political and economic forces that shaped the industry and the use of advertising to bolster the corporate system behind the products.
The NBA Becomes “Major League”
Authors: Surdam David George
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter summarizes the NBA's troubled history and its eventual prosperity. It discusses how a series of events and decisions helped improve the league's prospects. The BAA/NBA struggled with many things in its first decade, from concerns over stadium capacities to lack of consumer demands for pro basketball games to racial integration and the rise of technology. Yet the owners' decisions to absorb NBL teams, ruthlessly pare weak teams, tamper with playing rules, introduce African American players, relocate to larger cities, and develop a relationship with television all proved beneficial, although sometimes with a lag. The league's survival, frequently precarious, was a testimony to a group of owners' determination and their willingness to absorb losses.
Introduction
Authors: Williams Carol
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter first maps the logic for the unconventional inclusions of Faye HeavyShield's creamy, multipaged, glass-bead book entitled hours and Beth Piatote's short fictional story, “Beading Lesson”, as the cover and finale of the present volume, respectively. It then provides an overview of the extraordinary set of essays nesting between the covers of HeavyShield and Piatote by sampling some key concerns for a transnational history of indigenous women's labor. Although not clearly scored between chapters nor among sectors of work, the book is organized both chronologically and relative to various sectors of labor discussed by the respective authors. Starting with examinations of women's resources or manual labor, the analysis moves to variations on rural, agricultural- or land-based labor; turns to reproductive and/or domestic “service” or labor within arenas such as women's social networks or “clubs”; focuses on entrepreneurial and creative initiatives and the professional opportunities that evolve according to external market demands; and concludes by looking at women's labor and their compounding social capital as they transition into advocacy, activism, education, or administration.
From “Superabundance” to Dependency
Authors: Friday Chris
Published: May 2017

Agricultural cultivation was an integral cultural and economic feature of Indian peoples' lives in the greater Puget Sound. Exactly when potatoes became deeply embedded in these cultivation practices is unclear, but by the late 1820s they were common fare throughout the region. With the onset of the inland fur trade in the 1820s and the establishment of a European American settler society (circa 1850s), potato production expanded. This chapter shows that Lummi women in northwest Washington state were the primary cultivators of potato agriculture and yet their roles in such production was effectively eclipsed as the heteronormative determinations of Indian agents characterized potato cultivation as exclusively masculine.
The Creative Process in Music from Mozart to Kurtág
Authors: Kinderman William
Published: May 2017

This book opens the door to the composer's workshop, investigating not just the final outcome but the process of creative endeavor in music. Focusing on the stages of composition, the book maintains that the most rigorous basis for the study of artistic creativity comes not from anecdotal or autobiographical reports, but from original handwritten sketches, drafts, revised manuscripts, and corrected proof sheets. It explores works of major composers from the eighteenth century to the present, from Mozart's piano music and Beethoven's Piano Trio in F to Kurtág's Kafka Fragments and Hommage à R. Sch. Other chapters examine Robert Schumann's Fantasie in C, Mahler's Fifth Symphony, and Bartók's Dance Suite. Revealing the diversity of sources, rejected passages and movements, fragmentary unfinished works, and aborted projects that were absorbed into finished compositions, the book illustrates the wealth of insight that can be gained through studying the creative process.
Schumann, Beethoven, and the “Distant Beloved”
Authors: Kinderman William
Published: May 2017

This chapter turns to Robert Schumann's Fantasie in C Major, op. 17, a piece that lies at the center of his innovative cluster of piano works from the 1830s and that was conceived in 1836 at the stressful nadir of his struggle for the hand of Clara Wieck, the brilliant young pianist who became his wife four years later. As originally conceived, the composition in question was an offering to Beethoven, who had died almost a decade earlier, in 1827. To better illustrate Schumann's approach to the piece, this chapter considers not only his compositional preoccupations and ongoing engagement with Beethoven's music but also Beethoven's own treatment of the theme of a distant beloved in several works—pieces that in turn became sources of inspiration for Robert Schumann and Clara Wieck during their difficult periods of separation in the later 1830s.
Folklore Transformed in Bartók’s Dance Suite
Authors: Kinderman William
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Bartók's Dance Suite from 1923, a sometimes underestimated piece that displays a provocative relation to the political circumstances of its composition. Drawing from certain sources as well as an analysis of the work and its genesis, the chapter argues that the Dance Suite appears as an ambitious and original work, embodying what Bartók himself once described as an “Integritäts-Idee” (idea of integrity), a term alluding at once to a quality of unbroken wholeness and to a state of uprightness or unimpaired soundness. Moreover, this chapter contends that the Dance Suite shows a political attitude different from what had earlier been characteristic of Bartók.
Introduction
Authors: Kinderman William
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter presents the “genetic criticism,” or critique génétique, as an approach to the study of the creative process. The term itself relates to the genesis of cultural works, as regarded in a broad and inclusive manner. The chapter applies this approach by examining how conditions for the production and reception of artworks can be regarded as “intensely ideological formations” in late nineteenth-century works by two influential composers from the European musical tradition: Brahms and Wagner. It first considers the conditions for the production of Brahms's pieces by taking note of his engagement with Beethoven's music and sketchbooks. In Wagner's case, the chapter focuses on issues of reception, particularly how his final drama, Parsifal, was promoted at Bayreuth after his death. The chapter concludes with a brief overview of the succeeding chapters and the scope of the sources which this study draws from.
Introduction
Authors: Thomas Damion L.
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter examines the politicizing effects of American popular culture during the Cold War era. The U.S. government tried to show that American policies were supportive of the liberation and rise of all people of color worldwide via the use of popular culture. By overemphasizing the extent to which social mobility was achievable for African Americans, the State Department sought to influence diasporic political alignments during the Cold War by sending African American athletes on goodwill tours, placing sports at the forefront of American propaganda efforts. Yet as these athletes become increasingly politicized, they soon sought to produce a counternarrative to the State Department's story of racial progress. Rather than celebrating the suggestion that sports were at the forefront of racial advance, the athletes increasingly came to assert that sports were tied to a racist, oppressive system.
Getting Started: How to Surf the Pathways Project
Authors: Foley John Miles
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents further terminologies unique to the Pathways Project book and website, and furthermore discusses options for how the contents of both media can be read. For both modes of presentation, the chapter introduces an extended version of web-speak to describe words, pathways, and other phenomena across the three agoras. Thus oral words will be oWords, electronic pathways will be ePathways, textual agoraphobia will be tAgoraphobia, and so forth. In addition, this chapter provides overviews of the Pathways Project wiki and homepage, as well as that of the succeeding chapters of this book. Finally, it discusses the limitations of the book—the “brick-and-mortar” aspect of the Pathways Project—as well as a few additional reminders for proper navigation of the tAgora.
Book versus Website
Authors: Foley John Miles
Published: May 2017

This chapter explains the differences between the Pathways Project website and book, and lays out the advantages of each medium in engaging with the project itself. To read Oral Tradition and the Internet is to engage in the tried-and-true commerce of the tAgora. Although as a morphing book it supports and reflects some online-like activities (Morphing Book), its primary value derives from textual dynamics. You have room to navigate to a degree, but you're also provided a single, direct route—at least within each node—through the shorter, guided, brick-and-mortar presentation. To surf the Pathways Project wiki-website on the other hand is to take advantage of the emerging technology of the eAgora. Its contents are more copious as well as interactive and non-predetermined, so you can formulate your own experience to a radically greater extent. Navigation means cocreation, as the network licenses (and requires) your ongoing participation.
Nodes in Alphabetical Order
Authors: Foley John Miles
Published: May 2017

This chapter contains the core of the oral tradition/Internet technology discussions, listed in alphabetical order albeit the reader is free to create their own node-sequences as they please. The myriad topics here cover various areas of the three agoras and can range from anecdotal insights into verbal marketplaces to more comprehensive definitions of the terms and concepts used in the Pathways Project to discussions and divergences of networking among the three Agoras to reintroductions of familiar topics cast in a new light. Alongside these are further articles relating to the Pathways Project and its website proper. It must be noted, however, that, as a previous chapter has indicated, the nodes here are subject to the limitations of the tAgora, and that the website contains further and continually updated information for those who have exhausted the insights presented in this chapter.
Doing Justice
Authors: Cavender Gray , Jurik Nancy C.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Prime Suspect's treatment of justice issues. The main question is the degree to which the series fits within the corpus of a feminist crime genre and embodies a commitment to the tenets of a progressive moral fiction. The chapter considers Jane Tennison's role as a justice provocateur. Do the series and its chief protagonist merely reinforce restoration of the status quo, or do they convey a sense of the limits of law and the criminal justice system, of the fissures in societal and police organizational power structures? And to what extent, if any, is Prime Suspect imagery empowering with regard to individual or collective opportunities for promoting social justice or social transformation? The chapter also presents examples of action and dialogue that exemplify Jane Tennison as a justice provocateur. It then discusses the limitations of the doing of justice by Jane Tennison and in the series as a whole.
Private Troubles and Public Issues
Authors: Cavender Gray , Jurik Nancy C.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses Prime Suspect's treatment of social problems and socially marginalized individuals. First, it briefly addresses the history of social problems and social realism film and television, and then notes the departure from such formats in British television of the 1970s onward as well as the general avoidance of social issue programming in US television throughout the years. It then analyzes Prime Suspect's treatment of social issues, in particular, how moments within episodes offer insights into the experiences of socially marginalized persons. Although the series often disrupts the binary between good and evil and destabilizes the white male dominance of the genre, it does not offer comprehensive, modernist policy solutions to social problems.
Introduction
Authors: Hellier Ruth
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter discusses the conceptual and methodological issues regarding the study of women's music-making, including vocality, subjectivity, individuals, theorization, contextualization, feminist theory and politics, understandings of woman and gender, identity politics, and authoring. The analysis is varied in terms of musical genres, geographical areas, and the role of singing in the life of the singer. The chapter develops its ideas around the proposition that the current understandings of what and how music means could be expanded by more flexible and socially based notions of “selves” as locally articulated in specific contexts. In mapping these occurrences, the chapter encompasses major events, life markers, moments of decisions, and elements of vocality, all placed in a broadly chronological life-story framework.
Introduction
Authors: Marsh Leslie L.
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the role of women in the Brazilian film industry during the twentieth century. Brazilian women have been channeling their visions of politics and society through cinema throughout the twentieth century. From the beginnings of sound cinema to the close of the studio era, pioneer Brazilian women filmmakers sought out their own opportunities from within the structures of the film industry. They often began as actresses who learned the craft of filmmaking and influenced a film's production while on set. Others relied on their personal finances to produce their own films, referred to as cavação—a staple of production practices in Brazil during the early twentieth century. However, it was on the heels of the international success of Cinema Novo that women began gaining a more solid foothold in filmmaking in Brazil.