bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A prospective study of work related factors and physical exercise as predictors of shoulder pain
Authors: Miranda H , Viikari-Juntura E , Martikainen R , Takala E-P , Riihimäki H
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the effects of work related and individual factors as well as physical activity and sports on the incidence and persistence of shoulder pain among forestry workers.

METHODS

Workers in a large Finnish forestry company replied to a questionnaire (a modified version of the Nordic questionnaire) on musculoskeletal pain and its possible risk factors for 4 consecutive years 1992–5. This 1 year follow up study covers the time 1994–5. Year 1994 was chosen as baseline because in that year the questionnaire contained for the first time more detailed questions about different sports. The response rate in 1995 was 90%. The effects of the predictors on 1 year incidence and persistence of shoulder pain were studied with multivariate logistic regression modelling.

RESULTS

At baseline, 2094 subjects had been free of shoulder pain during the preceding 12 months. After 1 year, 14% (n=285) reported having mild or severe shoulder pain. Higher age, obesity, and mental stress as well as physically strenuous work and working with trunk forward flexed or with a hand above shoulder level increased the risk of incident shoulder pain. Of the different sports activities, dancing increased the risk of incident pain whereas jogging decreased the risk significantly. Of those 419 workers who had severe shoulder pain at baseline, 55% (n=230) still had severe pain 1 year later. Higher age, overload at work, and working with a hand above shoulder level increased the risk of persistent severe shoulder pain whereas cross country skiing and general sports activity decreased the risk.

CONCLUSION

Our results support the current view that shoulder pain is the result of many factors, including occupational and individual factors. In this longitudinal study, physical work with a heavy load, awkward work postures, mental stress, and obesity were the risk factors at which preventive measures could be aimed. As a new finding, physical exercise had more protective than impairing effects on the shoulders.
Recovery of 1-year-old loblolly pine seedlings from simulated browse damage
Authors: Shelton Michael G , Cain Michael D
Published: July 2002

Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings are frequently browsed by a wide variety of animals during the first few years of their development. Although anecdotal observations indicate that the potential for seedling recovery is good, there is little quantitative information on the factors affecting the recovery process. Thus, we conducted a study to evaluate the effects of the extent and season of simulated browse damage on the recovery of 1-year-old loblolly pine seedlings under controlled conditions. Seedlings were clipped at five positions: at the midpoint between the root collar and cotyledons and so that 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the height between the cotyledons and the terminal remained after clipping. Clipping treatments were applied in two seasons: winter and spring. All seedlings clipped below the cotyledons died, confirming that dormant buds or lateral shoots are required for recovery. Survival of seedlings clipped above the cotyledons was 97% for winter clipping and 96% for spring clipping. Most of the seedling mortality (73%) was for seedlings with only 25% of their height remaining. Regression analysis revealed that second-year seedling size was positively affected by first-year size and percentage of remaining height after clipping and that seedlings clipped in winter were larger at 2 years than those clipped during spring. Logistic regression indicated a higher probability of multiple stems resulting from the more severe clipping treatments. Clipping season and severity also significantly affected the probability for tip moth (Rhyacionia spp.) damage, which occurred more frequently in the larger seedlings. Results suggest that planting seedlings deep, with the cotyledons just below ground level, may be an advantage in areas where browse damage is common.
Probing $$|V_{td}|$$ in single-top production at $$pe^{\mp }$$ colliders
Authors: Paredes Cruz Edier , Bouzas Antonio O. , Larios F.
Published: February 2025

We study the consequences for top-quark physics of having electron and positron beams available at the LHeC and FCC-he, as was the case in HERA. We show that the asymmetry between top production in

$$pe^+$$

p

e
+

collisions and antitop production in

$$pe^-$$

p

e
-

reactions is sensitive to

$$|V_{td}|$$

|

V

td

|

. By means of detailed parton-level Monte Carlo simulations of single t and

$$\bar{t}$$

t

¯

production and its backgrounds, we parametrize the asymmetry dependence on

$$|V_{td}|$$

|

V

td

|

and estimate its uncertainties. Our analysis includes realistic phase-space cuts and machine-learning binary classifiers for background rejection. We thus obtain limits on

$$|V_{td}|$$

|

V

td

|

that are substantially stronger than current ones and also smaller than current projections for the HL-LHC. We have

$$|V_{td}| < 1.6\times |V_{td}^{\textrm{PDG}}|$$

|

V

td

|
<
1.6
×
|

V

td

PDG

|

at the LHeC, at 68% C.L. with

$$L_{\textrm{int}}=2$$

L
int

=
2

/ab.
DEFORMATIONS OF ALGEBRAS OF OBSERVABLES AND THE CLASSICAL LIMIT OF QUANTUM MECHANICS
Authors: LANDSMAN N. P.
Published: July 2002

The quantum algebra of observables of a particle moving on a homogeneous configuration space Q = G/H, the transformation group C*-algebra C* (G, G/H), is deformed into its classical counterpart C0 ((T*G)/H). The Poisson structure of the latter is obtained as the classical limit of the quantum commutator. The superselection sectors of both algebras describe the particle moving in an external Yang–Mills field. Analytical aspects of deformation theory, such as the nature of the limit ħ → 0, are studied in detail. A physically motivated convergence criterion in ħ is introduced. The Weyl–Moyal quantization formalism, and the associated use of Wigner distribution functions, is generalized from flat phase spaces T*ℝn to Poisson manifolds of the form (T*G)/H.

The classical limit of quantum states as well as of superselection sectors is investigated. The former is handled by introducing the notion of a classical germ, generalizing coherent states. The latter is analyzed by studying the Jacobson topology on the primitive ideal space of a certain continuous field of C*-algebras, constructed from the classical and the quantum algebras of observables. The symplectic leaves of (T*G)/H are confirmed to be the correct classical analogue of the quantum superselection sectors of C*(G, G/H).
S-MATRIX ELEMENTS IN EUCLIDEAN LATTICE THEORIES
Authors: BARATA JOÃO C. A.
Published: July 2002

Expressions for S-matrix elements involving Euclidean expectations are presented.
Z-Graded Extensions of Poisson Brackets
Authors: Grabowski Janusz
Published: July 2002

A Z-graded Lie bracket { , }P on the exterior algebra Ω(M) of differential forms, which is an extension of the Poisson bracket of functions on a Poisson manifold (M,P), is found. This bracket is simultaneously graded skew-symmetric and satisfies the graded Jacobi identity. It is a kind of an 'integral' of the Koszul–Schouten bracket [ , ]P of differential forms in the sense that the exterior derivative is a bracket homomorphism: [dμ, dν]P=d{μ, ν}P. A naturally defined generalized Hamiltonian map is proved to be a homomorphism between { , }P and the Frölicher–Nijenhuis bracket of vector valued forms. Also relations of this graded Poisson bracket to the Schouten–Nijenhuis bracket and an extension of { , }P to a graded bracket on certain multivector fields, being an 'integral' of the Schouten–Nijenhuis bracket, are studied. All these constructions are generalized to tensor fields associated with an arbitrary Lie algebroid.
METRIC COMPACTIFICATIONS OF LOCALLY SYMMETRIC SPACES
Authors: JI LIZHEN
Published: July 2002

We introduce hyperbolic and asymptotic compactifications of metric spaces and apply them to locally symmetric spaces Γ\X. We show that the reductive Borel–Serre compactification [Formula: see text] is hyperbolic and, as a corollary, get a result of Borel, and Kobayashi–Ochiai that the Baily–Borel compactification [Formula: see text] is hyperbolic. We prove that the hyperbolic reduction of the toroidal compactifications [Formula: see text] is equal to [Formula: see text] and use it to derive a result of Kiernan–Kobayashi on extensions of holomorphic maps from Γ\ X to the compactification [Formula: see text]. We also show that the Tits compactification [Formula: see text] is an asymptotic compactification while the asymptotic reduction of both [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] is equal to the end compactification Γ\ X, and prove a conjecture of Siegel on some metric properties of Siegel sets.
ON THE DYNAMICS OF A MULTI-CONNECTED NETWORK
Authors: BERNARDES AMÉRICO T. , DOS SANTOS RITA MARIA ZORZENON
Published: July 2002

In this paper, we study the dynamics of a multi-connected network which has been used recently to simulate the evolution of the immune repertoire. In particular, we used this model to reproduce experimental results about immunization and aging performed with mice. Here, we investigate the main features which are responsible for those effects by obtaining the cluster size and the activation time distributions. We observe a power law behavior for the activation time distribution below and at the critical region whereas the cluster size distribution exhibits a characteristic length scale in the biologically relevant region of the parameter space. Only at the transition, we obtain a power law behavior for this distribution. The characteristic cluster size is responsible for the loss of plasticity during the time evolution of the system, leading to aging effects, while the absence of a characteristic time scale in the activation time is associated with memory effects.
SORNETTE–IDE MODEL FOR MARKETS: TRADER EXPECTATIONS AS IMAGINARY PART
Authors: SCHULZE CHRISTIAN
Published: July 2002

A nonlinear differential equation of Sornette–Ide type with noise, for a complex variable, yields endogenous crashes, preceded by roughly log-periodic oscillations in the real part, and a strong increase in the imaginary part. The latter is interpreted as the trader expectation.
WILSON RENORMALIZATION GROUP FOR GAUGE THEORIES
Authors: BONINI MARISA
Published: July 2002

The Wilson renormalization group formulation of gauge theories is reviewed. In particular, the fine tuning procedure needed to recover the gauge invariance broken by the infrared cutoff is discussed. When the cutoff is larger than any physical scale, this procedure determines the finite non-invariant couplings of the ultraviolet action. These couplings are used to build up a local field transformation which allows to write a BRS invariant ultraviolet action.
EFFECTIVE AVERAGE ACTION IN STATISTICAL PHYSICS AND QUANTUM FIELD THEORY
Authors: WETTERICH CHRISTOF
Published: July 2002

An exact renormalization group equation describes the dependence of the free energy on an infrared cutoff for the quantum or thermal fluctuations. It interpolates between the microphysical laws and the complex macroscopic phenomena. We present a simple unified description of critical phenomena for O(N)-symmetric scalar models in two, three or four dimensions, including essential scaling for the Kosterlitz-Thouless transition.
D-BRANE GAUGE THEORY AND TORIC SINGULARITIES
Authors: He Yang-Hui
Published: July 2002

We develop a general algorithm, based on the standard method of partial resolution of Abelian orbifolds, to extract a consistent set of gauge theory data for an arbitrary toric variety whose singularity a D-brane probes. The discussions are based on the work: "D-Brane Gauge Theories from Toric Singularities and Toric Duality (hep-th/0003085)" with collaborators B. Feng and A. Hanany.
EARLY RESULTS FROM THE HIGH-RESOLUTION FLY's EYE
Authors: BELZ JOHN
Published: July 2002

The High-Resolution Fly's Eye cosmic ray observatory has been operating in monocular (stereo) mode for about three years (one year), during which time we have observed extensive airshowers with an integrated aperture of ~ 1500 km2-sr-yr (~ 400 km-sr-yr) at 5×1019 eV. We describe the HiRes experiment and the nitrogen fluorescence technique, and present data taken in both monocular and stereo modes including preliminary energy spectra.
RECENT EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DEVELOPMENTS ON THE RESISTIVE PLATE CHAMBERS FOR THE CMS EXPERIMENT
Authors: ALTIERI S. , BELLI G. , BRUNO G. , GUIDA R. , MERLO M. , RATTI S. P. , RICCARDI C. , TORRE P. , VITULO P. , ABBRESCIA M. , COLALEO A. , IASELLI G. , LODDO F. , MAGGI M. , MARANGELLI B. , NATALI S. , NUZZO S. , PUGLIESE G. , RANIERI A. , ROMANO F.
Published: July 2002

Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC) have been chosen as dedicated trigger detectors for the CMS experiment at the LHC. The expected severe operating conditions have required an intense research and development activity on these detectors over the past years. Experimental results on overall performance of large chambers, rate capability, ageing and photon sensitity are reviewed. In all of these tests the detector has proven to achieve good enough performance for successful use at the LHC.
HIGGS MECHANISM IN THE PRESENCE OF A TOPOLOGICAL TERM
Authors: ODA ICHIRO
Published: July 2002

In cases of both Abelian and non-Abelian gauge groups, we study the Higgs mechanism in the topologically massive gauge theories in an arbitrary space–time dimension. We show that when the conventional Higgs potential coexists with a topological term, gauge fields become massive by "eating" simultaneously both the Nambu–Goldstone boson and a higher-rank tensor field and instead a new massless scalar field is "vomitted" in the physical spectrum. Because of the appearance of this new massless field, the number of the physical degrees of freedom remains unchanged before and after the spontaneous symmetry breakdown. Moreover, the fact that the new field is a physical and positive norm state is rigorously proved by performing the manifestly covariant quantization of the model in three and four dimensions. In the mechanism at hand, the presence of a topological term makes it possible to shift the mass of gauge fields in a nontrivial manner compared to the conventional value.
THERMAL STIMULATION OF GRAVITATIONAL WAVE ANTENNAS
Authors: BRAUTTI GIULIO , PICCA DOMENICO
Published: July 2002

This paper shows that the Brownian motion of GW antennas may enhance the energy exchange of the antennas by several orders of magnitude, in comparison to the accepted theoretical predictions. This is particularly true for the antennas at room temperature, as were the antennas in operation during the supernova explosion SN1987A. The experimental evidence collected in 1987 is re-examined within the frame of the corrected theory, which confirms the claimed detection of GW by two antennas.
TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF JOSEPHSON PLASMA MODES IN Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ NEAR Tc
Authors: KADOWAKI KAZUO , KAKEYA ITSUHIRO , WAKABAYASHI TETSU , NAKAMURA RYO , TAKAHASHI SABURO
Published: July 2002

A strong temperature dependent phenomenon of the Josephson plasma resonance mode has been found in high-Tc superconductor Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+δ in a microwave frequency region between 9 and 50 GHz. The longitudinal plasma frequency sharply decreases and disappears just below Tc. The extrapolated plasma energy is estimated to be ℏω p (0)=2.59× 10-4 eV . Since the plasma frequency, ω p , is determined by the Anderson-Higgs–Kibble mechanism and it is expected to be temperature independent, this phenomenon can not be accounted for by the conventional underst and ing of the plasma mode in superconductors. Experimental results are discussed in terms of the two fluid model, in which the intrinsic Josephson nature of the coupling restricting the tunneling probability of quasiparticles between layers is considered to be as a dumping mechanism of the quasiparticles in this system.
LOCAL DISTORTIONS IN Ba1-xKxBiO3 OBSERVED IN LOW FREQUENCY PHONON RAMAN SCATTERING
Authors: PASHKEVICH Yu. G. , GNEZDILOV V. P. , EREMENKO A. V. , LEMMENS P. , GÜNTHERODT G. , REICHARDT W. , BRADEN M. , SHIRYAEV S. V. , BARILO S. N. , SOLDATOV A. G.
Published: July 2002

High quality single crystals of Ba 1-x K x BiO 3 ( x =0; 0.15, 0.2, 0.33, 0.42) have been investigated by Raman light scattering in the 5-300 K temperature range. All spectra are interpreted as phonon states that are introduced in Raman scattering by folding back of modes from different points of the zone boundary due to structural distortions. Direct comparison of our spectra with inelastic neutron scattering data provides clear evidence for the existence of local R-type tilt and breathing distortions together with some additional distortion possibly related to the M-point.
LOW TEMPERATURE MAGNETIC ORDER AND THE INSULATOR TO METAL TRANSITION IN THE Y1-xCaxBa2[Cu0.99257Fe0.008]3O6.1 SYSTEM STUDIED BY MÖSSBAUER SPECTROSCOPY
Authors: STAROWICZ P. , SZYTULA A. , ZUKROWSKI J.
Published: July 2002

Deoxygenated Y 1- x Ca x Ba 2[ Cu 0.99257 Fe 0.008]3 O 6.1 compounds with calcium content of x =0.05, 0.08, 0.12, 0.16, 0.2, 0.26 were prepared by the standard ceramic method. The system exhibit insulator to metal transition. The onset of superconductivity is detected in the sample with x =0.26. The influence of doped holes on low temperature antiferromagnetic order has been investigated. Low temperature Mössbauer spectra consist of two sextets with relative ratio changing with hole concentration. The sextets are broadened, their shape and temperature dependence indicate the existence of magnetic order fluctuations with the relaxation time slightly higher than the observation time of the method ~10-7 s .
QUANTUM PHASE PUMPING
Authors: ZHOU FEI
Published: July 2002

In this Letter we consider the adiabatic charge transport through a normal mesoscopic sample sandwiched by superconductors without modulation of local chemical potentials. The deformation of coherent quasiparticles in the normal metal in the presence of periodically changing phases in the superconductors leads to a charge transport. Both the magnitude and the phase dependence of the charge transferred per period through the sample strongly depend on temperature.
GREEN FUNCTION APPROACH FOR THE ONE-DIMENSION FERRIMAGNETIC CHAIN WITH ALTERNATING SPINS 1 AND 1/2
Authors: XIE GANG , CHEN BIN , HAN RUSHAN
Published: July 2002

We present Green Function's decoupling approximate approach for the ferrimagnetic spin chain with alternating spins 1 and 1/2, and a numerical method for solving two transcendental equations. And we compare some of our results with those from other theoretical approaches, such as the dependence of χT on T, where χ denotes susceptibility and T temperature. Moreover, we discuss some physical properties of our results.
CORRELATIONS AND REALISTIC INTERACTIONS IN DOUBLY CLOSED SHELL NUCLEI
Authors: FABROCINI A. , DE SAAVEDRA F. ARIAS , CO' G. P.
Published: July 2002

We review the latest variational calculations of the ground state properties of doubly closed shell nuclei, from 12 C to 208 Pb , with semirealistic and realistic two- and three-nucleon interactions. The studies are carried on within the framework of the correlated basis function theory and integral equations technique, with state dependent correlations having central and tensor components. We report results for the ground-estate energy, one- and two-body densities and static structure functions. For 16 O and 40 Ca we use modern interactions and find that the accuracy of the method is comparable to that attained in nuclear matter with similar hamiltonians, giving nuclei underbound by ~2 MeV/A. The computed Coulomb sums are in complete agreement with the latest analysis of the experimental data.
SEPARABILITY AND STABILITY OF SOLUTIONS OF THE 1-DIMENSIONAL NLSE WITH RESPECT TO EXTENSION INTO 2 AND 3 DIMENSIONS, AND TO INITIAL PERTURBATION BY WHITE NOISE
Authors: REINHARDT WILLIAM P. , LEUNG MARY ANN , CARR LINCOLN D.
Published: July 2002

Stationary states of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) found analytically in previous work are extended into 2 and 3 dimensions by the simplest possible ansatz: namely, it is assumed that the direct product of one dimensional solutions for each dimension will yield a stationary state. The solutions considered mimic the dynamics of a repulsive Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) in a trap of high aspect ratio. This assumption of separability, as established by direct numerical integration of the NLSE via variable step 4th order Runge-Kutta using a pseudo spectral basis, is found to work well for both ground and excited states for box transverse confinement, and for either box or periodic boundary conditions along the longest trap axis. Addition of white noise at t = 0, followed by similar numerical propagation in either 2 or 3 dimensions, is found to lead to instability once the transverse confining dimension are greater than approximately 6 healing lengths. Such instabilites eventually manifest themselves as vortices fathered by the well known snake instability of the NLSE solitons in dimensionalities higher than 1. The dynamics of interacting solitons may become chaotic as the solitons themselves become unstable in the presence of noise.
MEAN-FIELD APPROACH TO CHARGE, ORBITAL, AND SPIN ORDERING IN MANGANITES
Authors: YARLAGADDA SUDHAKAR , TING C. S.
Published: July 2002

We present a mean-field theory of charge, orbital, and spin ordering in manganites at 50% and 0% dopings by considering Jahn–Teller interaction, nearest-neighbor repulsion, and no single-site double occupancy. For spinless fermions, we show that Jahn–Teller distortion and charge-orbital ordering occur simultaneously. In our two-dimensional model at 50% doping, for small nearest-neighbor repulsion the system is orbitally polarized while for larger repulsion the system undergoes CE type ordering. As for the 0% doping case, the ground state is orbitally antiferromagnetic. Upon including spin degree of freedom, at both 50% and 0% dopings the ordering remains the same at small antiferromagnetic coupling between adjacent core spins.
LATTICE-RELAXATION AND ENERGY-TRANSFER OF FRENKEL AND CHARGE-TRANSFER EXCITONS IN MOLECULAR CRYSTALS
Authors: Masato SUZUKI
Published: July 2002

We investigate the lattice-relaxation processes and the energy-transfer of excitons in crystalline C 60, so as to clarify natures of the photoinduced polymerization process in this crystals. We calculate the adiabatic potential energies for Frenkel and charge-transfer (CT) excitons individually, relevant to the photoinduced dimerization processes occurring in a face centered cubic crystal of C 60. The potential surfaces of the Frenkel excitons lead to the conclusion that structural defects are expected to exist at low temperatures even in the single crystal as an intrinsic property of this crystal. From the analysis of the potential surfaces of the CT excitons, it is confirmed that the CT exciton relaxes down to its self-trapped state, wherein the adjacent two molecules get close together. This implies that the CT between adjacent two molecules is one of mechanisms that triggers the photodimerization or the photopolymerization in crystalline C 60.
SUCCESSIVE STRUCTURAL CHANGES AND THEIR DYNAMICS IN MULTI-STEPWISED POTENTIAL-CROSSINGS SYSTEMS VIA MULTI-PHOTOEXCITATIONS
Authors: Shin'i Masato , Suzuki Masato
Published: July 2002

We investigate the dynamical nature in multi-stepwised potential-crossing systems which are proposed as an elementary process of the structural phase transition in the strongly coupled electron-phonon systems, in order to clarify the effects of multi-photoexcitations and lattice relaxations on the successive stuctural changes in this system. We calculate the time-developments of the density operator of this system both for the diabatic and adiabatic cases using an unified model Hamiltonian. It is concluded from calculated results that in the both cases the system develops from the lowest-energy potential state to the higher ones by the effects of the multi-photoexcitation together with the lattice relaxation. In the diabatic case, the photoexcitation is essential for the successive structural changes, because the structural change is not expected only by the weak electronic interaction between potentials. In the adiabatic case, on the other hand, the system changes from the lowest to the higher potential states going up through the adiabatic potential surface of the ground state with the help of the multi-photoexcitations.
INTEGRABLE COUPLING IN A MODEL FOR JOSEPHSON TUNNELING BETWEEN NON-IDENTICAL BCS SYSTEMS
Authors: LINKS JON , HIBBERD KATRINA E.
Published: July 2002

We extend a recent construction for an integrable model describing Josephson tunneling between identical BCS systems to the case where the BCS systems have different single particle energy levels. The exact solution of this generalized model is obtained through the Bethe ansatz.
NOVEL ELECTRON GAS SYSTEMS
Authors: SENATORE GAETANO , RAPISARDA F. , CONTI S.
Published: July 2002

We review recent progress on the physics of electrons in the bilayered electron gas, relevant to coupled quantum wells in GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures. First, we focus on the phase diagram of a symmetric bilayer at T=B=0, obtained by diffusion Monte Carlo simulations. It is found that inter–layer correlations stabilize crystalline structures at intermediate inter–layer separation, while favouring a liquid phase at smaller distance. Also, the available DMC evidence is in contrast with the recently (Hartree–Fock) predicted total charge transfer (TCT), whereby all the electron spontaneously jump in one layer. In fact, one can show that such a TCT state is never stable in the ideal bilayer with no tunneling. We finally comment on ongoing DMC investigations on the electron-hole bilayer, where excitonic condensation is expected to take place.
Properties of TBCCO 2212 Thin Films for Electronic Applications
Authors: Andreone A. , Cassinese A. , Palomba F. , Pica G. , Salluzzo M. , Malandrino G. , Ancarani V. , Fragalà I. L.
Published: July 2002

We report on the synthesis and structural and electrical characterization of high quality Tl 2 Ba 2 Ca 1 Cu 2 O x superconducting thin films. The samples have been prepared ex-situ by a combined approach of Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) and thallium vapor diffusion. The films have been grown on 10×10 mm 2 (100) LaAlO 3 substrates. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray analyses (EDX) have investigated the morphological and compositional nature of the films. The transport properties have been measured using both a four-probes and an inductive method. The highest critical temperature and critical current density are 104 K and 1 × 106A/cm2 respectively. The microwave response of two samples has been studied using a microstrip resonator technique. The best surface resistance values are below 200 μΩ at 1.2 GHz and 4.2 K. Measurements of the field dependence of the surface resistance have been performed.
RESONANT RAMAN SCATTERING OF QUANTUM WIRE IN STRONG MAGNETIC FIELD
Authors: LEE HYUN C.
Published: July 2002

The resonant Raman scattering of a quantum wire in a strong magnetic field is studied, focused on the effect of long range Coulomb interaction and the spin–charge separation. The energy–momentum dispersions of charge and spin excitation obtained from Raman cross-section show the characteristc cross-over behaviour induced by inter-edge Coulomb interaction. The "SPE" peak near resonance in polarized spectra becomes broad due to the momentum dependence of charge velocity. The broad peak in the depolarized spectra is shown to originate from the disparity between charge and spin excitation velocity.
EXISTENCE OF FOUR DISTINCT PHASES IN ONE DIMENSIONAL MANY-BODY SYSTEMS WITH LONG-RANGE INTERACTION: QUANTUM KOSTERLITZ–THOULESS TRANSITIONS
Authors: IGUCHI KAZUMOTO
Published: July 2002

We conceptually study the existence of four distinct quantum phases: the Luttinger liquid, the Wigner crystal, the Coulomb plasma and the molecular crystal in one-dimensional many-body systems with long-range interaction. We show that the anomaly of the ground state wavefunction indicates a quantum Kosterlitz–Thouless transition at zero temperature, which separates into two regimes of the Luttinger liquid and the Wigner crystal. We also postulate a scaling theory which discriminate the four phases using the Kosterlitz–Thouless scaling theory.
COMPLEMENTARY TECHNIQUES TO HIGH ENERGY ION BEAM ANALYSIS
Authors: METSON J. B. , GUSTAFSSON M. J.
Published: July 2002

Ion beam analysis methods generally rely on either the scattering of a high energy primary particle, or secondary process arising from the stopping of this particle in the substrate. The information typically obtained is the identification and quantitation of elements present, often resolved in terms of their depth distribution. However, there are a variety of techniques which offer complementary information on the structure composition and chemistry of a surface. These are typified by rather softer interactions with the surface, typified by low energy (kV) ion beams or photons, which interact with the surface in rather more complex manner than higher energy ion beams. The combination of energy and momentum transfer for the ion beams, makes these methods less quantitative, but opens up the potential for more chemically detailed information on the nature of the surface.

Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), both static and dynamic, and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) will be discussed in some detail. SIMS offers excellent compositional depth profiling capability, but offers poor quantitation, while XPS offers unparalleled chemical detail, but limited lateral and depth resolution. The underlying processes which dictate the strengths and limitations of these techniques are discussed, along with a number of typical applications to the analysis of oxide films and polymeric materials.
To Critical Dynamics Near Structural Phase Transitions in Ferroelectrics: Central-Mode And Soft-Mode Behavior
Authors: Kokshenev V. B. , Silva P. R.
Published: July 2002

We analyze the critical dynamics of the order-disorder phase transition through the pseudo-spin quantum and classical Ising models. The findings derived by the Green-function equation-motion method and realized through Tyablikov's and Tserkovnikov's schemes, on the one hand, and the Thompson–Silva renormalization group approach, on the other hand are discussed. The slowing-down Δ and the dynamical z critical exponents are predicted for the relaxation (Δ=5/4, z=2) and resonant (Δ=5/16, z=1/2) motion regimes for three-dimensional Ising models. The results obtained give support to the idea that the classical and quantum d=2, 3 Ising models at nonzero critical temperature belong to the same universality class.
A Phase Diagram for the Ice VI–VII–VIII Transitions
Authors: Yurtseven H. , Salihoğlu S.
Published: July 2002

In this study we obtain the P–T phase diagram for the ice VI–VII–VIII phase transitions by means of the mean field model developed here. We have fitted the experimentally measured P–T data to our phase line equations. Our calculated phase diagram describes adequately the observed behavior of the ice VI–VII–VIII phase transitions.
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND SEMANTIC UNERSTANDING FOR OFFLINE MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS
Authors: CHEN YUN , OKADA MINORU
Published: July 2002

As the Internet has been widely applied and the digital library developed, recognition and understanding for mathematical expressions that are included in scientific papers have become a significant research area. Here, we put forward a method to recognize and understand mathematical expressions based on a rule base and an overall design for this system. We enumerate some ambiguous problems in expression understanding based on the existing mathematical expressions found in some published books. Because understanding for the mathematical expression ambiguity has certain connections with people's sense and experience, we introduce mathematical rules, sense-based and experience-based dictionaries into the rule base. We take advantage of the parser based on mathematical rules in the rule base to understand expressions without ambiguity and utilize a combination strength function to understand expressions with ambiguity. As experimental results, layout and semantic trees for mathematical expressions are produced by making use of mathematical rules after we have decomposed two-dimensional expression structure notations into one-dimensional expressions. At the same time, some expressions with ambiguity are understood by computing and comparing combination strength among various symbols in the expressions.
A PARAMETER-BASED COMBINED CLASSIFIER FOR INVARIANT FACIAL EXPRESSION AND GENDER RECOGNITION
Authors: KHUWAJA G. A. , LAGHARI M. S.
Published: July 2002

In this paper an learning vector quantization network architecture based on varying parameters and eliminating blind neurons28 is developed that learns the correlation of gender patterns and recognizes facial expressions of human faces. The network is developed to classify the 1 — neutral, 2 — smile or happiness, 3 — anger and 4 — scream or fear expressions. A peak accuracy rate of (a) 100% on the expression recognition task and (b) 100% on the gender recognition task for random training and test samples is achieved. The computer execution time for the recognition is about 0.004 seconds per face image for the latex expression classification task and 0.02 for the gender recognition task on an IBM PC. It is demonstrated that the proposed architecture is capable of achieving better recognition results with both good generalization performance and a fast training-time on a variety of test problems. The developed system showed potential for real life application domains.
CONDITIONS FOR IMPULSIVE SYNCHRONIZATION OF CHAOTIC AND HYPERCHAOTIC SYSTEMS
Authors: ITOH MAKOTO , YANG TAO , CHUA LEON O.
Published: July 2002

Experimental results show that chaotic and hyperchaotic systems can be synchronized by impulses sampled from one or two state variables. In this paper, we study the conditions under which chaotic and hyperchaotic systems can be synchronized by impulses sampled from a part of their state variables. By calculating the Lyapunov exponents of variational synchronization error systems, we show that this kind of impulsive synchronization can be applied to almost all hyperchaotic systems. We also study the selective synchronization of chaotic systems. In a selective synchronization scheme, the synchronizing signal is chosen in the time periods when the Lyapunov exponents of variational synchronization error systems are negative. Since only driving signals during the time periods when synchronization error can be reduced are applied to reduce the synchronization error, and no signal is applied during the time periods when synchronization error can be increased, selective synchronization scheme can be used to achieve synchronization even in the case when continuous synchronization schemes fail to work.
MULTIPLE PARAMETER CONTINUATION: COMPUTING IMPLICITLY DEFINED k-MANIFOLDS
Authors: HENDERSON MICHAEL E.
Published: July 2002

We present a new continuation method for computing implicitly defined manifolds. The manifold is represented as a set of overlapping neighborhoods, and extended by an added neighborhood of a boundary point. The boundary point is found using an expression for the boundary in terms of the vertices of a set of finite, convex polyhedra. The resulting algorithm is quite simple, allows adaptive spacing of the computed points, and deals with the problems of local and global overlap in a natural way. The algorithm is robust (the new points need only be near the boundary), and is well suited to problems with large embedding dimension, and small to moderate dimension.
TORI BREAKDOWN IN COUPLED MAP LATTICES
Authors: GIBERTI CLAUDIO , VERNIA CECILIA
Published: July 2002

In this paper we present a numerical study of invariant tori in a lattice of coupled logistic maps. In particular, we are interested in bifurcations leading to chaos. Here we consider six different examples of tori breakdown: two of them completely confirm the theory of Afraimovich and Shilnikov, while the others appear peculiar to the model.
EVALUATING THEORIES FOR MANAGING IMPERFECT KNOWLEDGE IN HUMAN-CENTRIC DATABASE REENGINEERING ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: JAHNKE JENS H. , WALENSTEIN ANDREW
Published: July 2002

Modernizing heavily evolved and poorly documented information systems is a central software engineering problem in our current IT industry. It is often necessary to reverse engineer the design documentation of such legacy systems. Several interactive CASE tools have been developed to support this human-intensive process. However, practical experience indicates that their applicability is limited because they do not adequately handle imperfect knowledge about legacy systems. In this paper, we investigate the applicability of several major theories of imperfect knowledge management in the area of soft computing and approximate reasoning. The theories are evaluated with respect to how well they meet requirements for generating effective human-centred reverse engineering environments. The requirements were elicited with help from practical case studies in the area of database reverse engineering. A particular theory called "possibilistic logic" was found to best meet these requirements most comprehensively. This evaluation highlights important challenges to the designers of knowledge management techniques, and should help reverse engineering tool implementers select appropriate technologies.
BILINEAR OPTIMAL CONTROL FOR A WAVE EQUATION
Authors: LIANG MIN
Published: July 2002

We consider the problem of optimal control of a wave equation. A bilinear control is used to bring the state solutions close to a desired profile under a quadratic cost of control. We establish the existence of solutions of the underlying initial boundary-value problem and of an optimal control that minimizes the cost functional. We derive an optimality system by formally differentiating the cost functional with respect to the control and evaluating the result at an optimal control. We establish existence and uniqueness of the solution of the optimality system and thus determine the unique optimal control in terms of the solution of the optimality system.
A GRID OF TYPE p × q WITH gcd {p, q}=6 UNKNOTS
Authors: ASKITAS N. A.
Published: July 2002

The purpose of this paper is to prove the statement contained in its title: A grid local move of type p × q with gcd {p,q}=6 is an unknotting operation if pq≠0 mod 8. If pq=0 mod 8 then it respects only the Arf invariant. This means that it reduces every knot with Arf invariant 0 (resp. 1) to the unknot (resp. trefoil). The proof is combinatorial in nature and in fact pictorial in its execution. It extends techniques developed in the author's earlier work.
REIDEMEISTER MOVES ON 1-MANIFOLDS IN R×D2
Authors: WINTERS BOBBY NEAL
Published: July 2002

In this paper we aim to set forth a notion of equivalence for 1-manifolds that are properly embedded in the space R×D2 and prove that this is the same as ambient isotopy.
ON MARKOV'S THEOREM
Authors: BIRMAN JOAN S. , MENASCO WILLIAM W.
Published: July 2002

Let χ be an oriented link type in the oriented 3-sphere S3 or ℝ3 = S3 - {∞}. A representative X ∈ χ is said to be a closed braid if there is an unknotted curve A ⊂ S3 - X (the axis) and a choice of fibration ℋ of the open solid torus S3 - A by meridian discs {Hθ : θ ∈ [0, 2 π]}, such that whenever X meets a fiber Hθ the intersection is transverse.

Closed braid representations of χ are not unique, and Markov's well-known theorem asserts that any two are related by a finite sequence of elementary moves. The main result in this paper is to give a new proof of Markov's theorem. We hope that our new proof will be of interest because it gives new insight into the geometry.
QUANTUM ZENO EFFECT AND THE DETECTION OF GRAVITOMAGNETISM
Authors: CAMACHO A.
Published: July 2002

In this work we introduce two experimental proposals that could shed some light upon the inertial properties of intrinsic spin. In particular we will analyze the role that the gravitomagnetic field of the Earth could have on a quantum system with spin 1/2. We will deduce the expression for Rabi transitions, which depend, explicitly, on the coupling between the spin of the quantum system and the gravitomagnetic field of the Earth. Afterwards, the continuous measurement of the energy of the spin-1/2 system is considered, and an expression for the emerging quantum Zeno effect is obtained. Thus, it will be proved that gravitomagnetism, in connection with spin-1/2 systems, could induce not only Rabi transitions but also a quantum Zeno effect.
DECOHERENCE-INDUCED VIOLATIONS OF EINSTEIN EQUIVALENCE PRINCIPLE
Authors: CAMACHO A.
Published: July 2002

In this essay it will be shown that Decoherence Model and Einstein Equivalence Principle are conceptually incompatible. In other words, assuming only the validity of the Weak Equivalence Principle the present work concludes that we face two possibilities: (i) if Decoherence Model provides a correct description of nature at quantum level, then there are systems which violate Local Position Invariance, or, (ii) if all the postulates behind Einstein Equivalence Principle are valid, even on quantum realm, then Decoherence Model breaks down in curved spacetimes. Finally, the present results are confronted against Schiff's conjecture.
INCLUSIVE ELECTRON NEUTRINO REACTIONS IN NUCLEI AND THE NEUTRON NUMBER
Authors: MINTZ S. L.
Published: July 2002

We compare the inclusive electron neutrino cross sections, νe+Ni→X + e-, averaged over the Michel spectrum for 12 C , 13 C , 56 Fe and 127 I . We choose these nuclei because terrestrial measurements at LSND and KARMEN have been undertaken for them and these measurements are in reasonable agreement with calculated values. We show that the cross sections increase linearly with neutron number for these nuclei and discuss what this might imply.
SOME ESTIMATIONS OF THE ATOMIC FRICTION COEFFICIENT BY SCANNING OF THE AFM TIP ALONG A CONSTANT FORCE SURFACE
Authors: BEZERRA V. B. , BLAGOV E. V. , KLIMCHITSKAYA G. L.
Published: July 2002

The adiabatic potential is constructed for use in the description of atomic friction in scanning of the AFM tip above a close-packed lattice in contact operation mode. Comparison is made with the first term of Fourier expansion of the function of two variables possessing the translational symmetry of the lattice. Phenomenological estimation of the value of the friction coefficient is given.
NONEMPIRICAL SIMULATIONS OF Σ3< 111> TUNGSTEN GRAIN BOUNDARY WITH BORON ATOMS
Authors: FUKS DAVID , MUNDIM KLEBER , LIUBICH VLAD , DORFMAN SIMON
Published: July 2002

We perform the atomistic simulations of the properties of the Σ3< 111> grain boundary in W and demonstrate the influence of boron additive on the resistance of the grain boundary with respect to different shifts. The interatomic potentials used in these simulations are obtained from ab initio total energy calculations. These calculations are carried out in the framework of density functional theory in the coherent potential approximation. The recursion procedure to extract A–B type interatomic potentials is suggested.
LUNATE PLASTY FOR KIENBÖ4'S DISEASE: USE OF A PEDICLED VASCULARISED RADIAL BONE GRAFT COMBINED WITH SHORTENING OF THE CAPITATE AND RADIUS
Authors: Kakinoki R. , Matsumoto T. , Suzuki T. , Funakoshi N. , Okamoto T. , Nakamura T.
Published: July 2002

We treated eight patients with Kienböck's disease (two patients each with stage 1, 2, 3a and 3b disease by Lichtman's classification) by removing a pedicled, vascularised bone segment from the dorsal aspect of the distal radius and engrafting it into the lunate. Additional shortening of the radius was performed in patients with the ulna-minus or null variant. Shortening of the capitate and capito-hamate fusion were also performed in patients with stage 3 disease. All patients were relieved of their wrist pain at rest and during movement, and the mean grip strength increased from 37% of that in the contralateral hand before surgery to 80% after surgery. The mean post-operative range of motion in the affected wrist was 92% of that in the opposite wrist in patients with stage 1 and 2 disease, and 53% in patients with stage 3 disease. Post-operative assessment revealed that four patients had excellent results, three had good results, and one had a fair result.
RECURRENT DISLOCATION OF THE ECU TENDON IN A GOLF PLAYER: RELEASE OF THE EXTENSOR RETINACULUM AND PARTIAL RESECTION OF THE ULNO-DORSAL RIDGE OF THE ULNAR HEAD
Authors: Oka Yoshinori , Handa Akiyoshi
Published: July 2002

A 20-year-old golf player who developed recurrent dislocation of the extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) tendon is reported. The patient was successfully treated by release of the extensor retinaculum and partial resection of the ulno-dorsal ridge of the ulnar head, because the methods caused no redislocation and required only a brief period of rehabilitation.
Management Appraisal at Attock Refinery Limited (A) and (B)
Authors: Tirmizi Syed Aqeel , Imtiaz Faiza
Published: July 2002

In early 1999, the management of Attock Refinery Ltd. (ARL) was evaluating its performance appraisal system which was criticized for its subjectivity, inadequacy in differentiating between high performances and low performances, and weak linkage to organization's compensation system and strategy. Mr. Adil Khattak, Assistant General Manager Human Resources and his team in this HR department must take steps to address these concerns and at the same time consider the implications of a changing business environment. The first case examines and identifies the issues related to performance appraisal systems in the face of changes in the environment and corporate strategies. The second case presents a new appraisal system and allows case analysts to assess the improvements and fit of the new system with current situations.
INCOMPLETE MARKETS AND SHORT-SALES CONSTRAINTS: AN EQUILIBRIUM APPROACH
Authors: BIZID A. , JOUINI E.
Published: July 2002

We consider a general discrete-time dynamic financial market with three assets: a riskless bond, a security and a derivative. The market is incomplete (a priori) and at equilibrium. We assume also that the agents of the economy have short-sales constraints on the stock and that the payoff at the expiry of the derivative asset is a monotone function of the underlying security price. The derivative price process is not identified ex ante. This leads the agents to act as if there were no market for this asset at the intermediary dates. Using some nice properties of the pricing probabilities, which are admissible at the equilibrium, we prove that it suffices to consider the subset of the risk-neutral probabilities that overestimate the low values of the security and underestimate its high values with respect to the true probability. This approach greatly reduces the interval of admissible prices for the derivative asset with respect to no-arbitrage, as showed numerically.
STATIONARY STRATEGIES IN ZERO-SUM STOCHASTIC GAMES
Authors: FLESCH J. , THUIJSMAN F. , VRIEZE O. J.
Published: July 2002

We deal with zero-sum stochastic games. We demonstrate the importance of stationary strategies by showing that stationary strategies are better (in terms of the rewards they guarantee for a player, against any strategy of his opponent) than (1) pure strategies (even history-dependent ones), (2) strategies which may use only a finite number of different mixed actions in any state, and (3) strategies with finite recall. Examples are given to clarify the issues.