bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prediction of Aircraft Arrival Runway Occupancy Time Based on Machine Learning
Authors: Gao Haoran , Xie Yubing , Yuan Changjiang , He Xin , Niu Tiantian
Published: September 2023

Wake re-categorization (RECAT) has been implemented to improve runway capacity, and consequently, aircraft arrival runway occupancy time has become a crucial factor influencing runway capacity. Accurate prediction of the runway occupancy time can assist controllers in determining aircraft separation, thereby enhancing the operational efficiency of the runway. In this study, the GA–PSO algorithm is utilized to optimize the Back Propagation neural network prediction model using Quick access recorder data from various domestic airports, achieving high-precision prediction. Additionally, the SHapley Additive explanation model is applied to quantify the effect of each characteristic parameter on the arrival runway occupancy time, resulting in the prediction of aircraft arrival runway occupancy time. This model can provide a foundation for improving runway operation efficiency and technical support for the design of airport runway and taxiway structure.
Measures of spatial planning in the port areas at China’s border
Authors: Wen Xiaoyi , Lyu Zhengyin , Liu Tingting
Published: September 2023

The spatial planning for border port areas often requires consideration to the influence of cross-border bilateral exchanges and cross-border natural habitat ecosystems on territorial spaces, and implementation of national initiatives such as the “Community with a Shared Future” and the “Belt and Road Initiative”. The existing research on spatial planning focuses more on the administrative areas within a country and less on the cross-border regional connections. Also, existing literature regarding border port areas as typological research focuses more on economic and spatial development modes and less on the influence of ‘networks and flow’ on the territorial spaces. The author, based on the work practices in the land border areas in Yunnan and Jilin provinces as well as combining the theoretical concept ‘network and flow’ of Michael Batty, describes the features of cross-border flow network by use of border effect framework, researches the key considerations for the spatial planning for cross-border areas in the new era of spatial planning system construction, and initially provides optimization measures exampled by specific cases, which can be used as reference for the spatial planning for cross-border areas at all levels.
Turning Over a New Leaf: Experimental Investigations into the Role of Developmental Plasticity in the Domestication of Goosefoot (Chenopodium berlandieri) in Eastern North America
Authors: Belcher Megan E. , Williams Daniel , Mueller Natalie G.
Published: September 2023

In eastern North America, Indigenous peoples domesticated several crops that are now extinct. We present experimental data that alters our understanding of the domestication of one of these—goosefoot (Chenopodium berlandieri). Ancient domesticated goosefoot has been recognized on the basis of seed morphology, especially a decrease in the thickness of the seed coat (testa). Nondomesticated goosefoot also sometimes produces seeds that look similar or even identical to domesticated ones, but researchers believed that such seeds were rare (1%–3%). We conducted a common garden experiment and a series of carbonization experiments to better understand the determinants of seed polymorphism in archaeobotanical assemblages. We found that goosefoot produces much higher percentages of thin-testa seeds (mean 50% in our experiment, 15%–34% in free-living parent populations) than previously reported. We also found that cultivated plants produce more thin-testa seeds than their free-living parents, demonstrating that this trait is plastic in response to a garden environment. The carbonization experiments suggest that thin-testa seeds preserve under a larger window of conditions than thick-testa seeds, contrary to our expectations. These results suggest that (1) carbonized, phenotypically mixed assemblages should be interpreted cautiously, and (2) developmental plasticity and genetic assimilation played a role in the domestication of goosefoot.
Minimizing the risk of Clostridioides difficile infection as an early complication of autologous stem cell transplantation
Authors: Van Galen Joseph , Maldonado Samuel , Grose Kyle , Bagley Francis , Olivier Rachele , Van Hoose Jenna , Keng Michael , Volodin Leonid
Published: September 2023

This quality improvement project aimed to reduce institutional incidence of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) following autologous stem cell transplantation. CDI incidence per transplant was .17 in a baseline period and .09 following the implementation of postdischarge ultraviolet room cleaning (χ2 = 2.11, p = .15).
Particle segregation within bidisperse turbidity current evolution
Authors: Xie Jiafeng , Zhu Chenlin , Hu Peng , Yu Zhaosheng , Pan Dingyi
Published: September 2023

Multigrain/polydispersity has a significant impact on turbidity current (TC). Despite the fact that several researches have looked into this effect, the impact of the fluid–particle interactions is not fully understood. Motivated by this, we employ the Eulerian–Lagrangian computational fluid dynamics–discrete element method model to investigate the dynamics of the bidisperse lock-exchange TC. Results show that, because the coarse particles will settle faster and stop moving forward, the two phases of bidisperse transport and fine component transport can be distinguished in the evolution of the bidisperse TC. During the bidisperse transport stage, the upper interface of each component is primarily determined by their own settling and transport characteristics and does not strongly depend on the relative fine particle volume fraction

$\phi _F$

. Fine particles are primarily responsible for the vortical structures near the upper interface of the TC head, and the increase of

$\phi _F$

promotes their streamwise development. In comparison, fragmented vortical coherent structures are closely related to the presence of coarse particles, which can be seen in the lower layers. Bidisperse segregation alters the collision process between dispersed phases, which differs from monodisperse TC. The collisions and segregation-induced flow establish interconnections between the two dispersed phases. In the latter stage, the transport of fine particles is inhibited by both the lift force and the contact force produced by the collision with the deposited materials. As

$\phi _F$

rises, the negative contact force weakens, and its change is essentially balanced by the rise in negative lift force.
JULIAN THE APOSTATE AND THE ΠΙΣΤΙΣ OF ABRAHAM
Authors: Boswell Brad
Published: September 2023

In his brief comments on the Abraham-episodes of Genesis 15:1–11, Emperor Julian the Apostate indirectly attacks the apostle Paul's interpretation that Abraham exhibited πίστις as a justifying ‘faith’. Through a close reading of the biblical text, he interprets Abraham as, rather, receiving a divine πίστις—a ‘pledge’ or ‘confirming sign’—during two theurgical rituals. Although modern scholars have overlooked Julian's subtle argument, Cyril of Alexandria recognized Julian's strategy and responded directly. Attention to Julian's and Cyril's competing accounts shows that different conceptual grammars, tied to rival traditional narratives, lay behind their incompatible claims to Abraham and his πίστις.
A study of the effect of number of children on depression among rural older women: empirical evidence from China
Authors: Zhang Shuo , Yang Hualei , Li Zhiyun , Zhang Siqing , Wu Yuanyang
Published: September 2023

The association between early reproductive events and health status in later life has always been of interest across disciplines. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there was an association between the number of children born in the early years of elderly women and their depression in later life based on a sample of older women aged 65 years and above with at least one child in rural China. Data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey in 2018, this study used the ordinary least square method to conduct empirical research. This study has found a significant correlation between an increase in the number of children and depression in older rural women. When considering the sex of the child, the number of daughters had a greater and more significant impact on depression. Number of children may exacerbate depression of older women through declining self-rated health and reduced social activity, while increased inter-generational support alleviated depression. The association between number of children born and depression also existed in urban older women, though not significant. Therefore, it is suggested to accelerate the improvement of supporting policies related to childbirth, developing a healthy and scientific fertility culture, and improving rural maternal and child health services. Women should be assisted in balancing their roles in the family and in society, and in particular in sharing the burden of caring for children. Targeted efforts to increase old-age protection for older people.
Long-Run Labor Costs of Housing Booms and Busts
Authors: Begley Taylor , Haslag Peter , Weagley Daniel
Published: September 2023

We show large flows of workers into the real estate agent (REA) occupation during the early 2000s from virtually all parts of the skill, wage, and education spectrums. We find those entering REA in Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) with house price bubbles end up in occupations paying significantly less in the long-run as compared to similar REA entrants in non-bubble areas. Even in 2017, when house prices and employment return to their pre-crisis levels, REA entrants in Bubble MSAs are in occupations earning about 6% less. These results point to lasting effects of labor allocation decisions in response to distorted price signals.
Choosing Investment Managers
Authors: Goyal Amit , Wahal Sunil , Yavuz M. D.
Published: September 2023

Investment managers connected to plans sponsors are more likely to be hired than not-connected managers. The magnitude of the selection effect is comparable to that of prior performance. Ex post, connections do not result in higher post-hiring returns. Relationships are thus conducive to asset gathering by investment managers but do not generate commensurate pecuniary benefits for plan sponsors.
The Nexus between Protest and Electoral Participation: Explaining Chile's Exceptionalism
Authors: Medel Rodrigo M. , Somma Nicolás M. , Donoso Sofía
Published: September 2023

The literature on political participation has consistently found that protest positively and significantly correlates with voting. However, Chile can be considered a deviant case to this pattern. During the last decade, Chileans who participated in street demonstrations were unlikely to participate in elections. What explains this anomaly? We argue that this rupture between participation in protest and in elections results from an effective distancing between social-movement organisations (SMOs) and institutional politics. However, this distancing of SMOs from party politics has not been homogeneous. To examine this heterogeneity, we conduct a comparative design of two cases: the labour and student movements. Based on a mixed-methods study that combines interviews with movement leaders and surveys of protest participants in marches, we seek to highlight the mediating role of SMOs in the promotion of different forms of political participation.
Nonlinear saturation of resistive tearing modes in a cylindrical tokamak with and without solving the dynamics
Authors: Loizu J. , Bonfiglio D.
Published: September 2023

We show that the saturation of resistive tearing modes in a cylindrical tokamak, as well as the corresponding island width, can be directly calculated with a magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) equilibrium code without solving the dynamics and without considering resistivity. The results are compared with initial-value resistive MHD simulations and to an analytical nonlinear theory. For small enough islands, the agreement is remarkable. For sufficiently large islands, the equilibrium calculations, which assume a flat current profile inside the island, overestimate the saturation amplitude. On the other hand, excellent agreement between nonlinear resistive MHD simulations and nonlinear theory is observed for all the considered tearing unstable equilibria.
Non-specular ion reflection at quasiperpendicular collisionless shock front
Authors: Sharma Prachi , Gedalin Michael
Published: September 2023

The structure of a collisionless shock affects ion motion in the shock front and is affected by the formed ion distribution. In high-Mach-number shocks, a significant fraction of incident ions are reflected by the macroscopic electric and magnetic fields in the shock front. Ions are non-specularly reflected by the combined electric deceleration and magnetic deflection. Here, a first analytical description of the non-specular reflection is presented. The contribution of the increasing magnetic field is evaluated and shown to enhance reflection. The distribution of non-specularly reflected ions ahead of the ramp is calculated and their velocities at the re-entry to the shock are found numerically. Dependence on the angle between the shock normal and the upstream magnetic field vector is illustrated.
Apocalypticism and imperial criticism: (re)reading the Dürr-i meknūn (The Hidden Pearl, 1472–73) in the context of Ottoman–Akkoyunlu imperial confrontation
Authors: Turan Ebru
Published: September 2023

The Dürr-i meknūn (The Hidden Pearl) is one of the most fascinating and enigmatic works of fifteenth-century Ottoman literature. It consists of a digest of Islamic cosmology and cosmography engaging with a wide array of subjects, beginning with the Creation and concluding with the Last Judgement. The Dürr-i meknūn has long been attributed to the mystic and scholar Ahmed Bīcān and has accordingly been dated to between 1453 and 1466. However, building on the most recent research, which shows that Ahmed Bīcān could not possibly have penned the Dürr and that the text is in fact anonymous, this article provides a critical reading and new dating of the text by focusing on the apocalyptic prophecies found in Chapter 16. Using a novel methodology that integrates contextual and historical reading, with computations of Arabic gematria, my analysis demonstrates that the Dürr was composed in 1472–73, in anticipation of the Ottoman–Akkoyunlu confrontation at the Battle of Başkent, when fears were running high that the end of Ottoman rule was at hand.
Waiting to Die? Old Age in the Late Imperial Russian Village
Authors: Badcock Sarah
Published: September 2023

What was daily life like for old people in Russian villages at the turn of the twentieth century? Elderly people feature as an integral part of Russian rural family life in literary and in scholarly accounts, and are predominantly framed as able, skilled, omniscient community members. This article suggests that constructions of old age that see the elderly retaining physical prowess and community leadership overlook the lived realities of ageing. As elderly people lost physical and mental capacity, they slipped out of view in the Russian village, desexed, unseen and unremarked. The experience of the frail elderly allows us to explore the values accorded individuals within rural communities, and the extent to which families, communities and legal structures could and did intervene in the private sphere.
Special feature: introduction
Authors: Xu Zhichang
Published: September 2023

Over the years, scholars in the field of world Englishes and other relevant areas of research and practice refer to ‘Chinese English’, assuming that it exists, by a number of different names, e.g., Chinese English, China English, Chinglish, New Chinglish, Chinese Pidgin English, and Chinese Englishes, to list just a few. There are underlying ideologies and perspectives to these names: e.g., whether Chinese English is conceptualized as a variety of English, an interlanguage, a lingua franca, or a constituent of a multilingual repertoire for intercultural communication involving Chinese speakers of English.
China's English
Authors: Proshina Zoya G.
Published: September 2023

Naming varieties of the Expanding Circle is a very controversial and much debatable issue (see Nelson & Proshina, 2020); therefore, it is a high-priority, pressing question, brought up for timely discussion by the English Today journal. Those who are negative or hesitant about the legitimacy of these varieties, prefer speaking about English in a country – for example, English in China. However, this naming proves to be deficient as it is ambiguous and, in a way, exclusive. Its ambiguity lies in the fact that this naming can embrace speakers of any variety, i.e., of all three Circles (see Kachru, 1985), who happen to be in China. On the other hand, it excludes those Chinese speakers of English who have left China, either as emigrants or temporarily, though they use English while abroad. This means that the descriptive phrase English in China lacks its terminological nature.
On the combined imperfect repair process
Authors: Cha Ji Hwan , Finkelstein Maxim
Published: September 2023

In this paper, a new point process is introduced. It combines the nonhomogeneous Poisson process with the generalized Polya process (GPP) studied in recent literature. In reliability interpretation, each event (failure) from this process is minimally repaired with a given probability and GPP-repaired with the complementary probability. Characterization of the new process via the corresponding bivariate point process is presented. The mean numbers of events for marginal processes are obtained via the corresponding rates, which are used for considering an optimal replacement problem as an application.
Registered Practical Nurses’ Experiences of the Moral Habitability of Long-Term Care Environments during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Peter Elizabeth , Mohammed Shan , Boakye Priscilla , Rose Donald , Killackey Tieghan
Published: September 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a deleterious impact on the lives of nurses who work in long-term care; however, the moral conditions of their work have been largely unexamined. The purpose of this qualitative study, therefore, was to explore registered practical nurses’ (RPNs) experiences of the moral habitability of long-term care environments in Ontario, Canada during the COVID-19 pandemic. Four themes were identified: (1) Striving to meet responsibilities in a failed system; (2) bearing the moral and emotional weight of residents’ isolation and dying in a context of strict public health measures; (3) knowing the realities of the work, yet failing to be heard, recognized, or supported by management; and (4) struggling to find a means of preservation for themselves and the profession. Attention to the moral habitability of RPNs’ work environments is necessary to achieve a high-quality, ethically attuned, and sustainable nursing workforce in long-term care.
Factors associated with urinary diversion and fatality of hospitalised acute pyelonephritis patients in France: a national cross-sectional study (FUrTIHF-2)
Authors: Grammatico-Guillon Leslie , Laurent Emeline , Fuhrman Joseph , Gaborit Christophe , Vallée Maxime , Dinh Aurélien , Sotto Albert , Bruyere Franck
Published: September 2023

Acute pyelonephritis (AP) epidemiology has been sparsely described. This study aimed to describe the evolution of AP patients hospitalised in France and identify the factors associated with urinary diversion and fatality, in a cross-sectional study over the 2014–2019 period. Adult patients hospitalised for AP were selected by algorithms of ICD-10 codes (PPV 90.1%) and urinary diversion procedure codes (PPV 100%). 527,671 AP patients were included (76.5% female: mean age 66.1, 48.0% Escherichia coli), with 5.9% of hospital deaths. In 2019, the AP incidence was 19.2/10,000, slightly increasing over the period (17.3/10,000 in 2014). 69,313 urinary diversions (13.1%) were performed (fatality rate 6.7%), mainly in males, increasing over the period (11.7% to 14.9%). Urolithiasis (OR [95% CI] =33.1 [32.3–34.0]), sepsis (1.73 [1.69–1.77]) and a Charlson index ≥3 (1.32 [1.29–1.35]) were significantly associated with urinary diversion, whereas E. coli (0.75 [0.74–0.77]) was less likely associated. The same factors were significantly associated with fatality, plus old age and cancer (2.38 [2.32–2.45]). This nationwide study showed an increase in urolithiasis and identified, for the first time, factors associated with urinary diversion in AP along with death risk factors, which may aid urologists in clinical decision-making.
Conservative
Authors: Murray Alex
Published: September 2023

The conservative—as both a philosophy and a political ideology—was radically unstable in the Victorian period, and so too were its manifestations in the literary sphere. However, as one of the keynotes of Victorian politics, life, and literature, it raises some serious questions about the consequences for our scholarship that it remains relatively neglected and undertheorized. We should train ourselves to read for the conservative alongside the liberal, to see how conservative aesthetics shape writers and texts in myriad ways.
Piracy
Authors: Cohen Monica
Published: September 2023

Nineteenth-century piracy expressed a winking attitude toward many widespread forms of unauthorized reuse and thus conditioned the emergence of vast, innovative, and dynamic pan-media and transnational networks of aesthetic communications.
Grammar
Authors: Stern Kimberly J.
Published: September 2023

Although grammar is often associated with schematic approaches to education, it was a hotly contested subject in the nineteenth century. Considering nineteenth-century grammar texts, as well as the recent turn to “grammar” as a theoretical lens in nineteenth-century studies, this keywords entry proposes that grammar, far from reflecting fixed and incontrovertible precepts, serves as a powerful tool for querying and renegotiating disciplinary structures.
Autonomy
Authors: Friedman Dustin
Published: September 2023

In Studies in the History of the Renaissance (1873), Walter Pater asks if “modern art” can “represent men and women in these bewildering toils so as to give the spirit at least an equivalent for the sense of freedom?” I discuss how the notions of both subjective and aesthetic autonomy that Pater refers to here have gotten a bad rap for the past century or so for helping facilitate the liberal, capitalist, and imperialist projects of the nineteenth century. I then argue, however, that the version of autonomy described in the writings of Pater and other Victorian aesthetes and decadents is actually quite different from the bourgeois, Enlightenment notion of sovereign subjectivity that has been rightfully critiqued by postmodernists and poststructuralists. I end by suggesting that aestheticist and decadent versions of autonomy, which affirm humanity's capacity to unmake and remake ourselves and our society via the aesthetic, might serve as a resource for countering the racist Western myth Sylvia Wynter refers to as “biocentricity”: the notion that humankind,and thus the hierarchies that justify the uneven distributions of power, is wholly and intractably in thrall to natural laws beyond our control.
Sugar
Authors: Eastlake Laura
Published: September 2023

Sugar is in the bloodstream of our modern world. We crave it as a treat and fear it as an increasingly urgent health risk. Although sugar had been used for centuries in small quantities as a spice, a medicine, and a foodstuff, it was only in the nineteenth century that it became the omnipresent, mass-produced, habit-forming, and health-impacting commodity we recognize today. This article charts the staggering increase in sugar production in the Victorian period—from 572,000 tons in 1830 to 6.1 million tons by 1890—to suggest that sugar, and acts of consuming it, acquired figurative and culturally contingent meanings that Victorian writers could use to represent and respond to some of the most pressing cultural questions of their day. For scholars of the nineteenth century, sugar affords us a lens for viewing Victorian cultural change and for interrogating the stories that Britain continues to tell itself today about the physical, economic, and moral health of the nation.
Environmentalism
Authors: Denisoff Dennis
Published: September 2023

In the mid-twentieth century, the term environmentalism became commonly used to refer to efforts to protect the natural environment from human abuse and disrespect. Attitudes to safeguarding the environment, however, had already been taking shape for some time, based on interpretive practices that affirmed the values, needs, and desires of some people and not others, and rarely those of nonhuman animals. Changing perceptions of species, race, gender, class, and wealth influenced who had the privilege, knowledge, and opportunity to recognize abuses of nature, envision environmentalist possibilities, and act on them. Philip P. Morgan observes, for example, in a study of Caribbean ecology across centuries, that global capitalism, extractivism, and ecological dispossession have skewed which parts of the human population and the natural world have been recognized as worthy of attention and the forms this attention has taken.
Life-Size
Authors: Gilmore Dehn
Published: September 2023

This entry posits the life-size as a form of “technology” for collapsing time and space and closes by suggesting some ways in which literary authors were inspired by the proliferation of life-size forms in culture.
Abstraction
Authors: Men Chunlin
Published: September 2023

This essay focuses on “abstraction” as an underresearched keyword in Victorian studies. I argue that the productive ambiguity of abstraction indexes contradictions and tensions in capitalist modernity, statistical thinking, and interdisciplinary mediations that trace significant parts of their histories to the nineteenth century and still heavily inform our current Victorian scholarships.
Meaning/fulness
Authors: Hack Daniel
Published: September 2023

Talk of meaning and meaningfulness, ubiquitous today, only emerges in the nineteenth century. This emergence remains to be explained and calls into question accounts of modernity that treat “meaning” as a stable, timeless concept.
Experience
Authors: Pinch Adela
Published: September 2023

This essay argues that “experience” is an essential keyword for Victorian studies. The concept spiked in interest in the latter half of the nineteenth century. Causes for this spike include the division of humanistic knowledge into the modern disciplines, and the pressure that idealist philosophy put on British empiricist thought. Shadworth Hodgson's 1898 The Metaphysic of Experience is featured both as a text exemplifying the paradoxes of Victorian experience-talk and as an invitation to further study.
Fat
Authors: Huff Joyce L.
Published: September 2023

The nineteenth century was pivotal in shaping contemporary Western attitudes toward fat. Victorian representations of fatness participated in the construction of knowledge about bodies in general, intersecting with economic, medical, gendered, and racial discourses. Fatness was thought to make manifest those hidden consumer appetites lurking within all bodies. It thus provided a visual grounding for the impetus toward bourgeois self-management. At the same time, representations of fatness were complicated by intersecting discourses of class, gender, and race. This essay argues for the adoption of new directions for research that foreground the role played by perceptions of body size in the construction of Victorian bodies. Fattening Victorian studies requires an interrogation of the ways in which the normative ideologies and practices associated with bourgeois body management have structured a society that was, and remains, hostile to fat bodies.
Historicity
Authors: O'Dell Benjamin D.
Published: September 2023

Historicity—that is, a cultural and aesthetic engagement with historical movement—is a crucial term for analyzing and evaluating what we commonly call “realist” fiction. In The Historical Novel (1939), Georg Lukács famously associated literature's historicity with the realist novel's ability to capture historical movement through typical characters, a feature he tied to Walter Scott's historical romances. For Lukács, Scott's “faithfulness” to history does not imply “a chronicle-like, naturalistic reproduction of language, mode of thought, and feeling of the past.” Rather, it comes from the way Scott uses “necessary anachronism” to portray the past “as the necessary prehistory of the present,” primarily through his protagonists’ symbolic movement between warring camps. Although historical romances remained popular in British literature after Scott's death, Victorian historical romances differed from the Waverley novels in important ways. This brief keyword essay considers the nature of those differences and their effect on literature's historicity more generally.
Translation
Authors: Brorby Joshua
Published: September 2023

Translations are often imagined, through spatial metaphors, to expand fields of interest, to broaden national literatures, or to bridge diverse cultural traditions. This essay considers a few nineteenth-century views on translation to show how intellectual expansions are indelibly linked to material ones, and to suggest a more complex critical perspective on the layers of historicity and self-interest involved in translations.
Liberal
Authors: Kohlmann Benjamin
Published: September 2023

This short keyword essay begins by turning to the socially progressive “New Liberalism” of the decades around 1900 in order to think about the eclipse of certain traditions of liberal thought from the Cold War onward (this part of the essay takes its cue from Sam Moyn's recent Carlyle lectures on Cold War liberalism). The piece then considers how the (literary, political, social) legacies of this reconstituted liberalism might speak to our own current (“neoliberal” rather than “New Liberal”) moment when, in Bonnie Honig's words, “efficiency is no longer one value among others. . . . It has become rationality itself, and it is the standard by which everything is assessed.”
Secular
Authors: Lecourt Sebastian
Published: September 2023

This essay argues that secular is an important keyword for Victorian studies because it foregrounds the particularity of universal concepts. Victorian narratives of secularization and colonial regimes of religious toleration can all be shown to have roots in the Protestant conception of religion as private individual belief and voluntary association. They therefore raise the question of how and whether such political conceptions might transcend their particularist origins. To make this point I begin by exploring the difference between secularism and secularization as critical terms. I then suggest how the recent wave of work on secularism has illuminated the link between the two—namely, by showing how attempts to imagine a secular world in fact depend upon specific ideas of what religion is and where it belongs.
Ottoman Empire
Authors: Ünlüönen Sezen
Published: September 2023

In the nineteenth century, Britain had intense political, economic, and cultural relations with the Ottoman Empire: they were political allies during the Crimean War; for several decades, British creditors ran the Ottoman economy via Ottoman Public Debt Administration; many Ottoman cultural institutions, such as the Imperial Museum, were modeled after their British counterparts. Given this interconnected history, this essay argues that the Ottoman Empire could provide a rich field of inquiry for the Victorian studies as the field tries to “undiscipline” itself.
Disaster
Authors: Briefel Aviva
Published: September 2023

I examine the temporality of disaster through a condition that I term “retroactive hopefulness”: looking back at a time when we could still hope that we would be exempt from imminent catastrophe. I discuss this condition in relation to our current Covid moment and to H. G. Wells's dystopic novel The War of the Worlds (1898).
Vegetable
Authors: Jochem Sophia C.
Published: September 2023

Human life under Queen Victoria was built on—or, more accurately, with—vegetables, from sugarcane, tea, and spices to cotton and indigo, tobacco and opium poppies. While the intricate and multiple economies of some of these vegetable staples have been explored in considerable detail, the highly uneven power dynamics of the Victorians’ complex, drawn-out encounters with the vegetable world mostly continue to be glossed over in simplistic terms of human appropriation and control. This essay proposes “vegetable” as a heuristic for critically engaging plants and other nonanimal growy things as sources of action in Victorianist scholarship. Drawing on thinking from the interdisciplinary field of critical plant studies, I argue that human life and ideas cannot be thought apart from vegetable materialities, especially during the Victorian period. The high degree to which human history was entangled in the vegetable world, I suggest, renders a “vegetable” heuristic indispensable to Victorianist scholarship, especially in the struggle to come to terms with its imperial inheritance.
Extraction
Authors: Miller Elizabeth Carolyn
Published: September 2023

In Victorian studies, the term “extraction” helps us express the nineteenth-century emergence of a society fully reliant on finite underground materials and thereby describe the material and value relations at the heart of imperialism and at the heart of the provincial-metropole dynamic. Much of the recent attention to extraction in Victorian studies and beyond returns us to the sites of removal, to the extraction zones or sacrifice zones left behind when commodities of value are withdrawn, tallied, and sold. In Victorian literature, England's coal mines, copper mines, quarries, and other sites of extraction left a hefty footprint, but so did the British extractive industry that was increasingly moving to the colonial frontier. Written in the aftermath of the emergence of the first fossil-fuel-based society, Victorian literature is a crucial archive for understanding extractivism and how it was both normalized and challenged across the British imperial world.
Repertoire
Authors: Hofer-Robinson Joanna
Published: September 2023

This keywords entry proposes that critical infrastructure studies allows us to better understand the cultural lives of nineteenth-century theatrical repertoires and asks: How would conceptualizing theatrical repertoire as an imaginative infrastructure help us understand its cultural legacies in our own day? Nineteenth-century theatrical repertoires functioned in analogous ways to material-technical infrastructure: on one hand, providing routine and taken-for-granted conditions of performance; on the other, encoding asymmetric patterns of belonging and inclusion, proximity and distance, that we see reinforced by infrastructure. Repertoire is thus recast as a means of actively communicating and managing meaning on an enormous scale.
Ta‘āruf
Authors: Sarlati Niloofar
Published: September 2023

Most readers of this journal will not have seen this word before. How, then, can it claim a spot in this Keyword issue of Victorian Literature and Culture? How can a non-English word—not even a loan word in English—become an English keyword? Ta‘āruf’s presence here can be justified through the now less-familiar definition of the term “keyword” itself: “a word that serves as the key to a cipher or code.” A loan word from Arabic, in Persian ta‘āruf means pleasantries, greetings, and hospitality, on one hand, and gift-giving on the other. Conjoining a sense of linguistic surplus and gift-exchange, ta‘āruf, I argue, serves as a key to decipher some complications at the intersection of economic and linguistic exchange in Victorian literature and culture. As such, it also establishes that “Victorian” culture emerges out of transnational bargains of exchange and translation.
Informal Empire
Authors: Reeder Jessie
Published: September 2023

Informal empire is less a settled concept than a vexing category. Scholars disagree on the complicity of individuals, the extent of government oversight, and even whether informal empire is in fact imperial. I argue that informal empire is best approached through the lens of paradox. It is a system with no centralized authority yet which gave Britain a powerful role in the formation of Latin America. It relied on the continuing independence of Latin American nations and yet compromised their sovereignty. It often fostered the economic progress of the new nations and yet strangled their development. It grew out of the labor of thousands of individual migrants and travelers, and yet many of these people had no sense that they were involved in something called empire. What informal empire means is still very much up for debate. However, what it does for scholars of the nineteenth century is quite clear: it calls us to the study of imperialism in new ways, asking us to expand our gaze beyond the usual sites, to more openly conceptualize power relations, and—using all the particular powers of literary study we possess—to be attuned to the strangeness and paradox of imperialism.
Diagnosis
Authors: Kennedy Meegan
Published: September 2023

The trope of critical reading as diagnosis draws on health humanities scholarship to enable responsive, collaborative readings that pair attention to form (symptoms and signs) with a meticulous address to how author, publisher, text, and reader co-create diverse strands of meaning within different settings. This model can assess how most Victorian texts feature a spectrum of overlapping literary genres, and how these genres are formed in the working partnerships that texts and readers create across changing contexts. The text itself becomes not an inert object to be cataloged but a living, changing organism. Diagnostic reading can address both the ostensible meanings of a passage and other possibilities latent within the text or new meanings that arise as texts circulate to new audiences. It also insists that texts and readers are both embodied, thus bridging literary scholarship and print culture studies by reminding us that readers know texts as cognitive, affective, and physical interlocutors. Medical diagnosis usefully addresses not just disease but many human conformations, and—as with readers and texts—it opens up a relationship between caregiver and patient that evolves as conditions change. Overall, the diagnostic model encourages a more versatile and inclusive understanding of scholarly work.
Care
Authors: Schaffer Talia
Published: September 2023

This keyword introduces readers to the theory of ethics of care, arguing that it is both a historically appropriate metric for Victorian studies and a theoretical form grounded in the experience of marginalized subjects. Moreover, care is a way of thinking that encourages us to interrogate our own scholarship.
Tau Prolog: A Prolog Interpreter for the Web
Authors: RIAZA JOSÉ A.
Published: September 2023

Tau Prolog is a client-side Prolog interpreter fully implemented in JavaScript, which aims at implementing the ISO Prolog Standard. Tau Prolog has been developed to be used with either Node.js or a browser seamlessly, and therefore, it has been developed following a non-blocking, callback-based approach to avoid blocking web browsers. Taking the best from JavaScript and Prolog, Tau Prolog allows the programmer to handle browser events and manipulate the Document Object Model (DOM) of a web using Prolog predicates. In this paper we describe the architecture of Tau Prolog and its main packages for interacting with the Web, and we present its programming environment.
Entwicklung eines Fragebogens zur ökonomischen Erfassung technikbezogener Einstellungen und Selbstwahrnehmungen
Authors: Hahnel Carolin , Stemmann Jennifer
Published: September 2023

Zusammenfassung: Der Beitrag präsentiert die Entwicklung einer Kurzskala zur Erfassung technikbezogener Einstellungen sowie Selbstwahrnehmungen im Kontext der Nutzung von Alltagstechnik. Zur Validierung der Interpretation der resultierenden Testwerte wurden die interne Struktur der Skala, Beziehungen zu Drittvariablen sowie die Annahme geprüft, dass diese Facetten die Performanz im Umgang mit alltagstechnischen Geräten erklären. Zur Untersuchung wurden Daten von 296 Studierenden (71 % weiblich, M = 23.1 Jahre) ausgewertet. CFA-Analysen unterstützen die angenommene fünffaktorielle Struktur (d. h. eine Facette der allgemeinen Einstellung gegenüber Technik, zwei Facetten der kognitiven und zwei Facetten der affektiven Selbstwahrnehmung). Kognitive Selbstwahrnehmungen und positive Affekte gegenüber technischen Geräten hingen positiv mit allgemeinen Selbstwirksamkeitserwartungen, Intelligenz und einer höheren Performanz im Umgang mit Alltagstechnik zusammen. Negative Affekte gegenüber Technik waren wahrscheinlicher bei Personen mit niedrigeren allgemeinen Selbstwirksamkeitserwartungen, ausgeprägteren externen Kontrollüberzeugungen, geringerer Intelligenz und geringeren Fähigkeiten im Umgang mit Alltagsgeräten. Die Ergebnisse stützen die intendierten Testwertinterpretationen teilweise und zeigen konkrete Weiterentwicklungsbedarfe des Instruments auf.
A New Technique for Resolving Benthic Solute Fluxes: Evaluation of Conditional Sampling Using Aquatic Relaxed Eddy Accumulation
Authors: Calabro‐Souza Guilherme , Lorke Andreas , Noss Christian , Dubois Philippe , Saad Mohamed , Ramos‐Sanchez Celia , Vinçon‐Leite Brigitte , Moilleron Régis , Jodeau Magali , Lemaire Bruno J.
Published: September 2023

Solute exchange between the sediment and the water column strongly influences water quality in aquatic ecosystems. Among the techniques available for in situ observation, only aquatic eddy covariance (AEC) can resolve the hourly dynamics of benthic fluxes, but only for few substances like oxygen. In micrometeorology, relaxed eddy accumulation (REA), a technique based on high‐frequency sampling conditioned by current direction, overcomes this limitation. We developed a portable prototype instrumentation platform to transfer REA to the sediment‐water interface of shallow aquatic ecosystems. In order to evaluate the sampling system, we configured the prototype for measuring oxygen fluxes and comparing them to simultaneous AEC measurements. In a river and two artificial lakes, at depths 1–3 m and 0.2 m above the sediment, we measured 15 oxygen flux pairs in fully developed turbulence during 8–15 min periods, ranging from −150 to 50 mmol m−2 day−1. The good agreement between REA and AEC fluxes (R2 = 0.94) shows the reliability of the conditional sampling system. REA represents a promising technique for exploring the sediment contribution to biogeochemical cycles in aquatic ecosystems.
Experts consensus on the procedure of dental operative microscope in endodontics and operative dentistry
Authors: Liu Bin , Zhou Xuedong , Yue Lin , Hou Benxiang , Yu Qing , Fan Bing , Wei Xi , Qiu Lihong , Huang Zhengwei , Xia Wenwei , Sun Zhe , Wang Hanguo , Meng Liuyan , Peng Bin , Zhang Chen , Deng Shuli , Lu Zhaojie , Yang Deqin , Hou Tiezhou , Jiang Qianzhou , Xie Xiaoli , Liu Xuejun , Li Jiyao , Wang Zuhua , Lyu Haipeng , Xue Ming , Ge Jiuyu , Du Yi , Zhao Jin , Liang Jingping
Published: September 2023

The dental operative microscope has been widely employed in the field of dentistry, particularly in endodontics and operative dentistry, resulting in significant advancements in the effectiveness of root canal therapy, endodontic surgery, and dental restoration. However, the improper use of this microscope continues to be common in clinical settings, primarily due to operators’ insufficient understanding and proficiency in both the features and established operating procedures of this equipment. In October 2019, Professor Jingping Liang, Vice Chairman of the Society of Cariology and Endodontology, Chinese Stomatological Association, organized a consensus meeting with Chinese experts in endodontics and operative dentistry. The objective of this meeting was to establish a standard operation procedure for the dental operative microscope. Subsequently, a consensus was reached and officially issued. Over the span of about four years, the content of this consensus has been further developed and improved through practical experience.
Porphyromonas gingivalis, a periodontal pathogen, impairs post-infarcted myocardium by inhibiting autophagosome–lysosome fusion
Authors: Shiheido-Watanabe Yuka , Maejima Yasuhiro , Nakagama Shun , Fan Qintao , Tamura Natsuko , Sasano Tetsuo
Published: September 2023

While several previous studies have indicated the link between periodontal disease (PD) and myocardial infarction (MI), the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Autophagy, a cellular quality control process that is activated in several diseases, including heart failure, can be suppressed by Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g.). However, it is uncertain whether autophagy impairment by periodontal pathogens stimulates the development of cardiac dysfunction after MI. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between PD and the development of MI while focusing on the role of autophagy. Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) and MI model mice were inoculated with wild-type P.g. or gingipain-deficient P.g. to assess the effect of autophagy inhibition by P.g. Wild-type P.g.-inoculated NRCMs had lower cell viability than those inoculated with gingipain-deficient P.g. This study also revealed that gingipains can cleave vesicle-associated membrane protein 8 (VAMP8), a protein involved in lysosomal sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs), at the 47th lysine residue, thereby inhibiting autophagy. Wild-type P.g.-inoculated MI model mice were more susceptible to cardiac rupture, with lower survival rates and autophagy activity than gingipain-deficient P.g.-inoculated MI model mice. After inoculating genetically modified MI model mice (VAMP8-K47A) with wild-type P.g., they exhibited significantly increased autophagy activation compared with the MI model mice inoculated with wild-type P.g., which suppressed cardiac rupture and enhanced overall survival rates. These findings suggest that gingipains, which are virulence factors of P.g., impair the infarcted myocardium by cleaving VAMP8 and disrupting autophagy. This study confirms the strong association between PD and MI and provides new insights into the potential role of autophagy in this relationship.