bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of single mode cavity at 1.5 GHz for the third harmonic RF-system in PETRA IV
Authors: Karau S , Bousonville M , Hülsmann P , Choroba S
Published: January 2024

The PETRA IV storage ring currently under development at DESY will require a third harmonic 1.5 GHz RF-system to prevent negative effects on both, lifetime and emittance, caused by Touschek effect and Intrabeam scattering. These cavities lengthen the bunches and thereby reduce their charge density. For this 3rd harmonic system, a one-cell single-mode cavity with a simple mechanical and electrical structure is under design that should also reduce Higher Order Modes (HOMs) to a quality factor less than 100. Therefore, the well-known approach of the Choke Mode Cavity was chosen, that use a radial line damper to attenuate the HOMs and a radial choke that traps the acceleration mode. The general behaviour of the choke mode structure was simulated, discussed and optimized for the requirements of a one-cell cavity with high effective shunt impedance, high-quality factor and simple manufacturing.
Bayesian optimization of the dynamic aperture in UVSOR-IV design study
Authors: Salehi E. , Katoh M.
Published: January 2024

A lattice of a storage ring for the future plan of UVSOR synchrotron facility, UVSOR-IV, is designed at 1 GeV electron energy. The lattice of 12 compact double achromat cells conducts to an emittance of 4.2 nm at 1 GeV electron energy and 2.3 nm at 750 MeV electron energy in achromat condition, 82.5 m circumference, and six straight sections of 4 m long and six of 1.5 m long. The lattice requires strong sextupole magnets to compensate the natural chromaticity. To help deal with the challenge of dynamic aperture associated with the strong nonlinearities, we examined improving the dynamic aperture by optimizing the sextupole arrangement based on the Bayesian method. We have demonstrated optimizing the harmonic sextupole strength of four families with 100 iterations of running particle tracking simulation that is much faster than traditional methods such as complete parameter survey.
Beam Injection Using a Nonlinear Kicker for the HLS-II Storage Ring
Authors: Wang Zhe , Wang Guanliang , Chen Kemin , Yu Yongbo , Hosaka Masahito , Xu Wei
Published: January 2024

The single nonlinear kicker (NLK) injection has been adopted by several synchrotron radiation light source facilities or their upgrades. The injected beam receives a kick from an NLK and goes into the acceptance of the storage ring while the stored beam passes through the center of the NLK where the magnetic field is almost zero. Compared with the local-bump injection, NLK injection requires less space for kickers and causes less disturbance to the stored beam during injection. Currently, a conventional local bump injection including four pulsed dipole kicker magnets is adopted in the HLS-II storage ring. In this paper, we propose an NLK injection scheme by only replacing one kicker with a pulsed NLK for HLS-II. The simulation result is also presented.
Photon Diagnostics for the High-Gain THz FEL at PITZ
Authors: Boonpornprasert P , Aftab N , Amirkhanyan Z , Georgiev G , Gross M , Hoffmann A , Kongmon E , Krasilnikov M , Li X-K , Lueangaramwong A , Müller F , Niemczyk R , Richard C , Schneidmiller E , Stephan F , Vashchenko G , Weilbach T , Yurkov M
Published: January 2024

Research and development of an accelerator-based THz source prototype for pump-probe experiments at the European XFEL are ongoing at the Photo Injector Test Facility at DESY in Zeuthen (PITZ). Proof-of-principle experiments have been performed to generate a high-gain THz Free-electron Laser (FEL) based on the Self-Amplified Spontaneous Emission scheme. The FEL radiation pulses with a central wavelength of about 100 μm (3 THz) and single pulse energy of several tens μm can be generated. In this paper, we present and discuss the photon diagnostic setup for the THz FEL together with examples of diagnostic results, including pulse energy and an FEL gain curve. The upgraded photon diagnostic setup, capable of measuring pulse energy, transverse distribution, and spectral distribution, is expected to be operational in the spring of 2023.
3D Polarisation of a Structured Laser Beam and Prospects for its Application to Charged Particle Acceleration
Authors: Polak K. , Gayde J.-C. , Sulc M.
Published: January 2024

A Structured Laser Beam (SLB) is a type of optical beam with spatially inhomogeneous 3D polarisation structures. Generating SLBs from vector beams allows the creation of Hollow Structured Laser Beams (HSLB) with a dark central core. In this way, atypical electric and magnetic field vectors, which are purely longitudinally polarized in the dark zones of the beam, are obtained. The SLB spatial distribution can also include regions with both the electric and magnetic fields longitudinally polarized and oriented in the same or opposite directions. The SLB has a transverse distribution similar to that of a Bessel beam but can theoretically propagate to infinity, therefore giving the potential to generate strong, longitudinally oriented electric fields over long distances, which could possibly allow the acceleration of charged particles. The results of the study of this phenomenon, including simulations of the spatial distribution of the electromagnetic field components, are presented in this paper.
Study of the transfer and matching line for a PWFA-driven FEL
Authors: Iovine P , Bacci A , Biagioni A , Chiadroni E , Crincoli L , Del Dotto A , Ferrario M , Giribono A , Pompili R , Romeo S , Rossetti Conti M , Vaccarezza C
Published: January 2024

The development of compact accelerator facilities providing high-brightness beams is one of the most challenging tasks in the field of next-generation compact and cost affordable particle accelerators. Recent results obtained at SPARC_LAB show evidence of the FEL laser by a compact (3 cm) particle driven plasma-based accelerator. This work is carried out in the framework of the SPARC_LAB activities concerning the R&D on plasma wakefield accelerators for the realization of new compact plasma based facilities, i.e EuPRAXIA@SPARC_LAB. The work here presented is a theoretical study demonstrating a possible scheme concerning the implementation of an innovative array of discharge capillaries, operating as active-plasma lenses, and one collimator to build an unconventional transport line for bunches outgoing from plasma accelerating module. Taking advantage of the symmetric and linear focusing provided by an active-plasma lens, the witness is captured and transported along the array without affecting its quality at the exit of the plasma module. At the same time the driver, being over-focused in the same array, can be removed by means of a collimator.
Characterisation of a Cs–Implanted Cu Photocathode
Authors: Soomary L.A.J. , Welsch C.P. , Jones L.B. , Valizadeh R. , Noakes T.C.Q.
Published: January 2024

The generation of high-brightness electron beams is a crucial area of particle accelerator research and development. Photocathodes which offer high levels of quantum efficiency when illuminated at visible wavelengths are attractive as the drive laser technology is greatly simplified. The higher laser power levels available at longer wavelengths create headroom allowing use of manipulation techniques to optimise the longitudinal and transverse beam profiles, and so minimise electron beam emittance. Bi–alkali photocathodes which offer quantum efficiency ∼ 10 % under illumination at 532 nm are an example of this. Another solution is the use of modified photoemissive surfaces. Caesium has a low work function and readily photoemits when illuminated at green wavelengths (∼532nm). Caesium oxide has an even lower work function and emits at red wavelengths (∼635nm). We present data on our work to create a hybrid copper photocathode surface modified by implantation of caesium ions, measuring the surface roughness and probing its structure using MEIS. We measure the energy spread of photoemitted electrons, the QE as a function of illumination wavelength, and the practicality of this surface as a photocathode by assessing its lifetime on exposure to oxygen.
Longitudinal splitting of bunches with variable energies in synchrotron
Authors: Li Yan , Yao Hongjuan , Zheng Shuxin , Xing Qingzi , Wang Xuewu
Published: January 2024

The ever-enriching beam application has put for-ward more demands on accelerators. If multiple bunches of different energies can be extracted for FLASH point scanning in a short time (< 500 ms), the spatial dose distribution advantage of proton Bragg peak can be combined with the temporal effect ad-vantage of FLASH. This paper provides three methods for generating short bunches in synchrotron. By adjusting the pulse parameters of the barrier voltages in the induction synchrotron, the short bunches can be easily generated. The short bunches can be kicked out of the beam reference orbit by kickers. When the pro-cess is repeated for many times, and the energy-changing process is added to the time interval during which the short bunches are continuously generated, the short bunches of multiple energies can be extracted in one working cycle. By finely controlling the changes of rectangular pulses, the number of particles in the short bunches can be better controlled, making an important contribution to further enriching the application of synchrotron.
Design of synchrotron for proton FLASH radiotherapy
Authors: Li Yan , Yao Hongjuan , Zheng Shuxin , Xiong Yang , Wang Zejiang , Liu Xiaoyu , Xing Qingzi , Wang Xuewu
Published: January 2024

Proton FLASH, which combines the advantages of a better spatial dose distribution of protons with the unique temporal effect of FLASH radiotherapy, is currently a hot topic of international research. In this study, a series of innovative methods are proposed to manipulate the beam with the longitudinal dynamics and to extract particles from the synchrotron, thus meeting the dose rate requirements for proton FLASH point scanning radiotherapy in a 1L volume in the target area.
Beam based alignment of focusing solenoids at ARES
Authors: Yamin S. , Assmann R. , Burkart F. , Dinter H. , Jaster-Merz S. , Kellermeier M. , Kuropka W. , Mayet F. , Vinatier T.
Published: January 2024

ARES is an electron linear accelerator at the SINBAD facility at DESY. It aims to deliver reliable high-brightness beams with an energy in the range of 50 MeV to 150 MeV with fs to sub-fs bunch lengths. This is ideal for injection into novel high-gradient acceleration devices, such as dielectric laser accelerators (DLA), accelerator components R&D and medical applications. The ARES linac has been recently commissioned. Here we report the results of beam based alignment of focusing solenoids of ARES. The alignment is an important part of commissioning and is crucial for the beam quality.
Simulation study on the slow extraction for the improvement of the beam shill structure at J-PARC Main Ring
Authors: Muto R , Kimura T , Murasugi S , Okamura K , Shirakabe Y , Tomizawa M , Yanaoka E , Numai K , Matsumura A
Published: January 2024

J-PARC Main Ring (MR) delivers a slow extracted 30 GeV proton beam to the Hadron Experimental Facility using third-order resonance. One of the critical properties required for the proton beam is the flatness of the time structure of the extracted beam (spill structure). We performed a simple beam simulation of the MR slow beam extraction to investigate the effect of the current ripples of the main magnet power supplies on the beam spill structure. In addition, we investigated in the simulation the effects of the feedback control system on the betatron tune using fast Q magnets and the transverse RF system to improve the spill structure. The simulation qualitatively reproduced the measured spill structures. Now the attempts to optimize their parameters for better spill structure are ongoing.
Nonlinear optics from hybrid dispersive orbits
Authors: Li Yongjun , Xu Derong , Smaluk Victor , Rainer Robert
Published: January 2024

In this paper we present an expansion of the technique of characterizing nonlinear optics from off-energy orbits (NOECO) [1] to cover harmonic sextupoles in storage rings. The existing NOECO technique has been successfully used to correct the chromatic sextupole errors on the MAX-IV machine, however, it doesn’t account for harmonic sextupoles, which are widely used on many other machines. Through generating vertical dispersion with chromatic skew quadrupoles, a measurable dependence of nonlinear optics on harmonic sextupoles can be observed from hybrid horizontal and vertical dispersive orbits. Proof of concept of our expanded technique was accomplished by simulations and beam measurements on the National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II) storage ring.
Impact of two-dimensional decoherence on the measurement of resonance driving terms
Authors: Hofer M. , Tomás R.
Published: January 2024

In the presence of a tune spread induced by chromaticity or amplitude detuning, decoherence will lead to the damping of the beam centroid motion after a single transverse excitation. This in turn has implications for the analysis of turn-by-turn based optics measurements, as it affects the precision of the spectral analysis. In the past, it has been shown how the effect of decoherence on spectral lines in a single plane can be accounted for. In this paper, this work will be extended to include the effect from both transverse planes.
Studies of FCC-ee Single Bunch Instabilities with an Updated Impedance Model
Authors: Migliorati M. , Behtouei M. , Carideo E. , Rajabi A. , Zhang Y. , Zobov M.
Published: January 2024

The design of the FCC-ee collider is ongoing with the goal of optimizing beam parameters and developing various accelerator systems. As a result, the modelling of coupling impedance is continuously evolving to take into account the design of the collider vacuum chamber and hardware components. Concurrently, estimates of collective effects and instabilities are being continually updated and refined. This paper presents the current FCC-ee impedance model and reports the findings of the single-bunch instability studies. Additionally, some potential mitigation techniques for these instabilities are discussed.
Simulation of shot noise effects in the EIC strong hadron cooling accelerator using real number of electrons
Authors: Qiang Ji , Wang Erdong
Published: January 2024

In the electron ion collider design, in order to achieve the peak luminosity 1034/cm
2/s with a reasonable lifetime, an efficient coherent electron cooling scheme was proposed to reduce the hadron beam emittance growth. Such a cooling scheme requires a good electron beam quality with a small energy spread. However, the shot noise in the electron beam through the accelerator might be amplified due to the microbunching instability and degrades the electron beam quality in the modulator section of the strong hadron cooling channel and correspondingly cooling rate. In this study, we report on self-consistent simulations of these effects using a real number of electrons to capture the details of shot noise and analysis of the shot noise growth through the accelerator.
Impact of the neutral molecule trapping on beam lifetime and beam profile
Authors: Franchetti G. , Zimmermann F.
Published: January 2024

Recent investigations have shown that neutral molecules may be trapped by the electromagnetic field of a charged particle beam. This effect changes the residual gas distribution according to a characteristic temperature of the system consisting of beam and residual gas. Here, we investigate the effect of the modified gas density profile on the beam lifetime.
The SPES target ion source automated storage system
Authors: Lilli G , Andrighetto A , Centofante L , Manzolaro M , Monetti A , Oboe R
Published: January 2024

At the SPES (Selective Production of Exotic Species) facility, intense Radioactive Ion Beams (RIBs) are produced by the interaction of a 40 MeV proton beam with a multi-foil uranium carbide target employing the Isotope Separation On-Line (ISOL) technique. The Target Ion Source (TIS) unit constitutes the core of the isotope production process. TIS units are replaced on a periodic basis during operation to maintain high performance. An automated storage system has been designed to accept highly radioactive TIS units and house them during a cooling period prior to decommissioning. The system is conceived to meet strict functional and safety requirements. Its peculiar design allows for improved reliability and availability during critical operations, as well as minimization of staff exposure to ionizing radiation during maintenance tasks. This contribution describes the design and control architecture of the Temporary Storage System (TSS). The equipment is part of a structured framework of remote manipulation, consisting of various machines interlocked with the Access Control System (ACS) and the Machine Protection System (MPS).
Numerical calculation of the Lorentz force detuning and the pressure sensitivity for the HL-LHC crab cavity
Authors: Guillén-Hernández T , Artoos K , Calaga R , Cano-Pleite E , Capatina O , Carra F , Dassa L , Turaj K , Valverde-Alonso N
Published: January 2024

Crab cavities are fundamental components of the HL-LHC upgrade project. These Radio Frequency cavities, operated at the appropriate frequency, ‘tilt’ the proton bunches to increase the luminosity at the collision points IP1 (ATLAS) and IP5 (CMS). Two different superconducting crab cavities were developed: RF Dipole (RFD) for horizontal deflection and Double Quarter Wave (DQW) for vertical deflection. During operation, the cavity walls are deformed due to the loading conditions. This deformation changes the electro-magnetic field inside the cavity and consequently its RF frequency. In the present study, the numerical evaluation of the Lorentz Force Detuning (LFD) and the Pressure Sensitivity (PS) of the DQW cavity, using COMSOL Multiphysics, is presented. The LFD is the fundamental frequency change of the cavity due to the electro-magnetic forces acting on its walls, while the PS is the frequency shift when the cavity is subjected to pressure fluctuations of the helium bath. Finally, a comparison with the results measured during the cold test of the manufactured cavities, and with the previous simulations results obtained for the RFD cavity is done.
Finite element simulation of fast corrector magnets for PETRA IV
Authors: Christmann J , De Gersem H , von Tresckow M , Aloev A , Mirza S H , Pfeiffer S , Schlarb H
Published: January 2024

The new synchrotron light source PETRA IV at DESY will use a fast orbit feedback system with hundreds of fast corrector magnets to meet stringent orbit stability requirements. These magnets are operated at high frequencies, creating strong eddy currents that result in Joule losses and a time delay between applied voltage and aperture field. User experiments impose challenging requirements on beam operation to preserve the point of the radiation source. To meet the demanding feedback requirements, finite element simulations are needed to understand the characteristics of the corrector magnet. However, due to the small skin depths at high frequencies and the laminated structure of the yoke, these simulations need a very fine mesh and are thus very costly. Therefore, we homogenize the laminated yoke which reduces the computational effort but captures the eddy current effects accurately. The reduction of simulation times from several hours to a few minutes allows us to conduct extensive studies of the eddy current losses and the field quality of the magnets.
Magnets for a Muon Collider
Authors: Fabbri S. , Bottura L. , Quettier L. , Statera M. , Boattini F. , Mariotto S. , Caiffi B.
Published: January 2024

The renewed interest for a muon collider has motivated a thorough analysis of the accelerator technology required for this collider option at the energy frontier. Magnets, both normal and superconducting, are among the crucial technologies throughout the accelerator complex, from production, through acceleration and collision. In this paper we initiate a catalog of magnet specifications for a muon collider at 10TeV center-of-mass. We take the wealth of work performed within the scope of the US-DOE Muon Accelerator Program as a starting point, update it with present demands for the increased energy reach, and focus on the magnet types and variants with the most demanding performance. These represent well the envelope of issues and challenges to be addressed by future design and development. We finally give a first and indicative selection of suitable magnet technology, taking into account both established practices as well as the perspective evolution in the field of accelerator magnets.
Analysis of the bi-bridge topology and power device circuit of the TPS booster dipole power supply
Authors: Liu C Y , Wang B S , Wong Y S , Huang J C , Liu K B
Published: January 2024

This study primarily discusses a unique topology for constructing a double full bridge circuit. The study establishes a push-pull inverter model and analyses the balance circuit in its architecture. This allows the power supply to initiate the balance circuit and ensures the TPS (Taiwan Photon Source) booster magnet power supply operates smoothly in a safe and balanced voltage region when magnet energy is recovered. We employ the approach of adding Y circuits to mitigate the impact of common mode (CM) noise. Adding a Y circuit effectively suppresses the common-mode noise generation, improving the quality of the output current of the TPS dipole magnet power supply at low currents state and ramping the beam current energy from 150 MeV to 3 GeV. Furthermore, the reproducibility and stability of the injection point can enhance the injection efficiency of the TPS booster magnet power supply. This study presents the results obtained from these efforts.
CERN-MEDICIS: Operational indicators to support the production of new medical radionuclides by mass-separation
Authors: Stora T , Duchemin C , Andreazza W , Aubert E , Bernerd C , Cocolios T , Deschamps M , Dorsival A , Duraffourg M , Fedosseev V , Somoza J Ferreira , Gilardoni S , Grenard J L , Heinke R , Johnson J , Koliatos A , Khan Q , Lambert L , Mamis E , Marsh B , Marzari S , Mitifiot C , Pozzi F , Prvakova S , Rinchet J Y , Rodriguez J Rodriguez , Roesler S , Rossel R , Rothe S , Vollaire J , Widorski M
Published: January 2024

CERN-MEDICIS is an isotope mass separation facility dedicated to biomedical research located in a type A work sector, receiving on average 50% of the 1.4 GeV protons delivered by the Proton Synchrotron Booster (PSB). It was commissioned with Radioactive Ion Beams (RIB’s) in 2017. MEDICIS has operated for the past 5 years in batch mode, with targets irradiated in a station located at the HRS beam dump, and with external sources provided by MEDICIS cyclotrons and nuclear reactors partners, notably during the Long Shutdown (LS2). Additional features of the facility include the MELISSA laser ion source, radiochemistry on implanted radionuclides and an online gamma-ray spectroscopy implantation monitoring. In 2022, we introduced Key Performance Indicators (KPI’s) to monitor the operation of the facility for collected efficiencies, the optimisation of the radiological risks and evaluate impact of possible modifications of the station, paralleling for instance LHC’s integrated luminosity. Defined KPI’s cover aspects in the operation cycle, e.g. planning in CERN schedule, target irradiations, duration of the process, radiological risk mitigation, facility up-time, developments and maintenance. MEDICIS KPI’s can help distinguish which of the operation and infrastructure life cycle requires immediate intervention, developments or consolidation. Those are related to the irradiation stations and irradiation possibilities, the beamlines (parallel collections), target and ion sources (reliability), robot handling and infrastructure, or the separation process itself.
FELICIA - A probe to survey the RHIC magnet beampipe diameter for EIC beam screen insertion
Authors: Micolon F , Bellon J , Gallagher B , Hetzel C , Holmes D , Ptitsyn V , Tuozzolo J , Verdú-Andrés S
Published: January 2024

The Electron Ion Collider (EIC) Hadron Storage Ring (HSR) will reuse many of the existing superconducting (SC) magnets of the RHIC storage rings. To comply with the beamline vacuum requirements in more demanding operational scenarios, the beampipe of the RHIC SC magnets will be equipped with low surface impedance, low secondary electron yield (SEY) beam screens. The installation of these beam screens will be done with the SC magnets as installed today, thus making it a critical operation for a timely EIC installation. The beam screen inner dimensions must be maximized to retain enough aperture to the beam. On the other hand, keeping enough clearance between the screen and the beampipe is critical to ensure a smooth beam screen installation. A survey probe was designed and built to measure the inner diameter of several RHIC SC magnets in-situ and provide critical data for the beam screen design optimization. This paper reports on the design of the probe and the results from the survey campaign.
Respiratory protective equipment fit tests for researchers at the national synchrotron radiation research center
Authors: Wen P J , Kao S P , Lin Y C , Lin S Y , Chang M H
Published: January 2024

Researchers at the National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center should use respiratory protective equipment to prevent respiratory damage caused by gases, steam, solvents, chemicals, materials containing toxic substances, and oxygen-deficient environments. Those working with organic matter and certain chemical substances and those exposed to occupation dust should use respiratory protective gear to ensure their health. This study conducted qualitative and quantitative fit tests for various mask brands and sizes, namely 3M-9042, N95-9211, P95-8576, and 3M-6200 masks. The gear worn by all 18 participants in the qualitative fit test passed. By contrast, the gear worn by 12 of the 15 participants in the quantitative test passed; the failure of the remaining gear was due to differences in face shape. The N95-9211 mask can be used in three-piece protective gear because it exhibited a tight fit. Additionally, the 3M-6200 negative-pressure half-face mask exhibited the most satisfactory fit and can be used in protective gear.
IRIS - The Italian research infrastructure on Applied Superconductivity for Particle Accelerators and Societal Applications
Authors: Rossi L , Balconi L , Campana P , Felis S Maffezzoli , Sorti S , Statera M
Published: January 2024

The Italian Minister for University and Research has recently funded a large program for an Innovative Research Infrastructure on applied Superconductivity (IRIS) in Italy. Based on the LASA laboratory in Milan, it is a partnership, in the form of a strongly coordinated work, of existing laboratories of various institutes: INFN (leader, participating with 4 labs: Frascati, Genoa, Milan, Salerno); CNR (SPIN institute in Genoa, Naples and Salerno); five Universities: Genoa, Milan, Naples, Salento and Salerno. IRIS will be an upgrade of existing infrastructures, with new state-of-the-art instruments, reinforcing the capability of Italy in the domain of superconductivity aimed to accelerators. IRIS foresees a strong coordination of the activity of the participating laboratories until 2035, at least, thus enhancing the participation of Italian laboratories to future projects requiring advanced superconducting technology, like FCC or the Muon-Collider, and also for developing societal applications of technologies, pursued for high-energy accelerators, especially for the energy domain and the medical sector. In this paper, we present the two novel demonstrators, part of the initial IRIS program: 1) a green superconducting line, 130 m long and designed for 40 kA current capability at 25 kV; 2) a 1 m long HTS dipole magnet with some characteristics similar to LHC dipoles: 10 T, 50 mm × 80 mm bore, but operating at 20 K rather than 1.9 K.
Challenging students into developing accelerator-based innovations to protect the environment
Authors: Delerue N. , Burrows P.N. , Castelle M. , Holland B. , Rinolfi L. , Métral E. , Vretenar M. , Starovoitova V.
Published: January 2024

The I.FAST CBI is an immersive challenge-based innovation program funded by the H2020 I.FAST project. The 10-day face-to-face challenge brings together students of different disciplines from all over Europe to work together on innovative projects using accelerator technology applied to environmental challenges. We report on the first edition of the I.FAST CBI, the proposed projects and feedback from the students.
Geogebra supporting materials for introductory physics university courses
Authors: Richterek L , Říha J , Hrouzková T , Pucholt Z
Published: January 2024

In this contribution, we present a set of Geogebra activities used in several introductory courses on Classical mechanics, Special relativity, Introductory course to cosmology and within the courses for non-physics majors (Physics for chemists, Physics for biologists). Examples include various oscillations, curvilinear coordinates, solutions of equations of motion, basic types of Minkowski spacetime diagrams and the effective potential for the dynamic of basic cosmological models. All the activities include basic interactivity and the possibility to play with selected parameters. They are used within the classrooms and shared with the students via links in the Moodle LMS platform together with other supporting materials.
The CMS HGCAL trigger data receiver
Authors: Shukla R. ,   the CMS collaboration
Published: January 2024

As part of the CMS Phase-2 upgrade, a prototype receiver for the HGCAL endcap front end has been implemented using the Serenity ATCA platform. The receiver firmware was developed to test the unpacking of data from the front-end endcap trigger concentrator ASIC (ECON-T) and measure its performance and stability. The firmware was integrated with prototype DAQ firmware as well as ancillary blocks to generate a trigger using ECON-T data, process scintillator trigger and timing distribution system, to evaluate the complete HGCAL vertical slice. The data was read out using custom 10G UDP links and upgraded to CMS DTH system at 25 Gbps. The system successfully achieved prototype TPG Stage-1 and DAQ path readout using generated beam triggers and delivered ~20 TB of data containing physics events at an average trigger rate of about 100 kHz.
Design and performance of the front-end electronics of the charged particle detectors of PADME experiment
Authors: Bertelli S. , Bossi F. , Ceravolo S. , Corradi G. , Di Giulio C. , Di Meco E. , Dimitrova K. , De Sangro R. , Domenici D. , Frankenthal A. , Ferrarotto F. , Finocchiaro G. , Foggetta L.G. , Garattini M. , Georgiev G. , Gianotti P. , Ivanov S. , Ivanov Sv. , Kozhuharov V. , Leonardi E. , Long E. , Mancini M. , Oceano I. , Oliva F. , Organtini G.C. , Piperno G. , Raggi M. , Sarra I. , Simeonov R. , Spadaro T. , Spiriti E. , Tagnani D. , Taruggi C. , Vilucchi E. , Valente P. , Variola A. ,   the PADME collaboration
Published: January 2024

The PADME experiment at LNF-INFN employs positron-on-target-annihilation
to search for new light particles. Crucial parts of the experiment are the charged
particle detectors, composed of plastic scintillator bars with light transmitted
by wavelength shifting fibers to silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs). The location of
the detector — close to a turbomolecular pump, inside a vacuum tank, and exposed
to 0.5 T magnetic field — has driven the design of custom modular SiPM front-end
and power supply electronics. The design of the system and its performance, confirming
the desired sub-ns resolution on the reconstructed particle flying times, is shown
and discussed.
Biomass Waste Conversion Technologies for its Utilization and Energy Generation in India: A Perspective
Authors: Juneja Puneet
Published: January 2024

The speedy reduction of fossil fuels and its analogous environmental issues make it necessary for attention to energy generation from alternative fuels. Biomass seems to be one of the likely sources of renewable energy and the computation of waste materials into an appropriate kind of energy, like fuel or electricity, can be completed in several multifarious feasible ways. Utilizing biomass for energy production offers several advantages, including cost-effectiveness, lower sulfur content, and reduced greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to improved environmental sustainability in energy generation processes. This paper takes stock of exploring various biomass conversion technologies for its utilization that can facilitate power generation from biomass waste. It is important to note that biomass utilization extends beyond traditional combustion methods. Latest conversion technologies, including thermal, chemical, and biological processes, have proven to be efficient methods that can replace fossil fuels for producing energy from high-grade sources.
Power Optimization of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Assisted Future Wireless Communication Using Hybrid Beamforming Technique in Disaster Management
Authors: Sharma Rahul , Chopra Shakti Raj , Gupta Akhil
Published: January 2024

Several established procedures are required to be followed when responding to disasters. Although most of them have so far been successful, they pose their own set of difficulties. The primary factor is response time, which is crucial for disaster management. The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for wireless communication not only increases response time but also is energy efficient. However, UAVs have limited power capacities, which makes their use in wireless communication challenging. In wireless communication, hybrid beamforming is a technique for optimizing the battery consumption of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Massive MIMO technology facilitates hybrid beamforming by deploying antenna arrays, efficiently directing transmitted energy to intended receivers, and minimizing power waste. Beamforming relies heavily on accurate Channel State Information (CSI). Advanced channel estimation and tracking techniques optimize power allocation based on real-time channel conditions, thereby minimizing energy consumption and ensuring connection reliability. Hybrid beamforming combines the advantages of digital and analog beamforming to reduce power consumption while maintaining communication performance. This paper proposes a power optimization technique for UAV-based wireless communication using hybrid beamforming to maximize spectral efficiency and increase the battery life of UAVs.
Thermo-hydraulic Analysis of Fluid Flowing Through Circular Pipe with Wire Mesh Inserts having Varying Mesh Porosity
Authors: Shrirao Pankaj , Jagtap Hanumant , Magade Pramod , Gadhave Pitambar , Kamble Dnyaneshwar
Published: January 2024

The experimental investigation was made to analysis the rate of heat transfer of fluid flowing through a heat exchanger with varying wire-mesh porosity inserts. The Nusselt number (Nu), friction factor (f), and overall heat transfer rate (Q) were evaluated using experiments. Three different wire mesh inserts of square, hexagonal and diamond porosity were examined. The SS 316 stainless wire mesh with a porosity of 9 pores per inch (PPI) were inserted normal to the flow field with a pitch distance of 5 cm for each shape of wire mesh. The experiments were conducted on test rig with air as a working fluid for turbulent flow regime having Reynolds number ranging from 6,000 to 16,000. Experiments were performed on computerized test rig with heated air flowed in one direction through inner pipe and counter flow cold water flowing through the outer concentric pipe. The circular inner pipe of 40 cm long having 4 cm inner diameter (Di), and 3 mm thick was used for experimentation. The experimental results showed that Nusselt number (Nu) increases with decrease in friction factor (f) with increase in Reynolds number (Re). Also, it is observed that the hexagonal porosity shape of wire mesh insert provides higher material contact and gain more energy absorption from hot air resulted in improvement in heat transfer coefficient as compared to diagonal and square porosity shapes of wire mesh inserts, under similar operating conditions. The friction factor and pressure drop for square porosity shape of wire mesh insert is higher as compared to hexagonal and diagonal porosity shapes of wire mesh inserts respectively. This is due to the fact that square porosity wire mesh provides more obstruction in the flow field compared with hexagonal and diagonal porosity shapes of wire mesh inserts. The hexagonal porosity shape of wire mesh insert provides better option for heat exchange applications.
Analysis and Interpretation of Gravity data to modelling ‘PB’ Geothermal Field
Authors: Lase Fanzly Togap Zisochi , Widiatmoro Tony , Sumintadireja Prihadi , Pratama Angga Bakti
Published: January 2024

The ‘PB’ field is located on the island of Sumatra which is related to the volcanic activity of Kaba hill which still retains residual heat from the magma. One of the geophysical methods used in this case is the gravity method where this method can be applied to determine the location of reservoirs, possible locations for reservoirs, and even to examine geological features and heat sources. In this paper, gravity data is used to interpret the structure and possibility of modelling the heat source in the ‘PB’ geothermal field. The gravity data was analyzed using integrated gradient interpretation techniques such as Horizontal Gradient (HG) and Euler Deconvolution (ED) methods. The CBA map produced shows two dominants high Bouguer anomalies underlying the ‘PB’ geothermal field associated with the presence of dacite and andesitic rocks. Analysis of fault structure based on geological data, HG and ED enhancement data on gravity anomalies was used as a reference for the initial model of subsurface conditions in the inversion model. The 2-D modelling results reflected high-density rocks associated with active ‘PB’ mountain volcanism. The conclusion obtained from the analysis and interpretation of the ‘PB’ geothermal system is that this area still has active volcanism, which is a heat source, with the presence of diatreme found through 2D gravity inversion modeling. The conceptual model results obtained by combining the integration of each reference and existing research show that the upflow zone is at the top of Kaba Hill and the outflow zone is at Babakan Bogor hot spring and Suban hot spring. Thus, these results can provide comprehensive information in analyzing and interpreting as well as the use of enhancement data gravity HG, ED and 2D slice inversion in the description of structures and modelling in the Geothermal ‘PB’ field.
Trace maps in motivic homotopy and local terms
Authors: Jin Fangzhou
Published: January 2024

We define a trace map for every cohomological correspondence in the motivic stable homotopy category over a general base scheme, which takes values in the twisted bivariant groups. Local contributions to the trace map give rise to quadratic refinements of the classical local terms, and some

A

1

\mathbb {A}^1

-enumerative invariants, such as the local

A

1

\mathbb {A}^1

-Brouwer degree and the Euler class with support, can be interpreted as local terms. We prove an analogue of a theorem of Varshavsky, which states that for a contracting correspondence, the local terms agree with the naive local terms.
Functions of perturbed noncommuting unbounded selfadjoint operators
Authors: Aleksandrov A. , Peller V.
Published: January 2024

Let

f
f

be a function on

R

2

\mathbb {R}^2

in the inhomogeneous Besov space

{\text \textit {\Russian {B}}}_{\infty ,1}^{1}(\mathbb {R}^2). For a pair

(
A
,
B
)

(A,B)

of not necessarily bounded and not necessarily commuting self-adjoint operators, the function

f
(
A
,
B
)

f(A,B)

of

A
A

and

B
B

is introduced as a densely defined linear operator. It is shown that if

1
≤
p
≤
2

1\le p\le 2

,

(

A
1

,

B
1

)

(A_1,B_1)

and

(

A
2

,

B
2

)

(A_2,B_2)

are pairs of not necessarily bounded and not necessarily commuting selfadjoint operators such that both

A
1

−

A
2

A_1-A_2

and

B
1

−

B
2

B_1-B_2

belong to the Schatten–von Neumann class

S

p

{\boldsymbol {S}}_p

and

f\in {\text \textit {\Russian {B}}} _{\infty ,1}^{1}(\mathbb {R}^2), then the following Lipschitz type estimate holds:

\begin{equation*} \|f(A_1,B_1)-f(A_2,B_2)\|_{{\boldsymbol {S}}_p} \le \operatorname {const}\|f\|_{\text \textit {\Russian {B}}_{\infty ,1}^{1}}\max \big \{\|A_1-A_2\|_{{\boldsymbol {S}}_p},\|B_1-B_2\|_{{\boldsymbol {S}}_p}\big \}. \end{equation*}
Legal Repression in Russia
Authors: Tertytchnaya Katerina , Tiratsoo Madeleine
Published: January 2024

Contemporary authoritarian regimes use the law in order to stifle their rivals’ ability and willingness to challenge the state. Research has investigated the conditions that make legal repression more likely in electoral autocracies and advanced our understanding of the ways in which legislation may be used for repressive ends in these settings. To a lesser extent, studies have also explored the consequences of legal repression in nondemocracies, focusing on its impact on dissent, opposition leaders, protesters, and civil society.

This article discusses how, in Vladimir Putin’s Russia, the law has been used to exercise political power vis-à-vis the opposition. Since the early 2000s, the Russian authorities have used legislative channels to adopt and refine laws and regulations aimed at hindering protest and inhibiting the development of an independent civil society. The discussion of the Russian case contributes to comparative research on legal repression and authoritarian politics in various ways. First, it offers important insights into the direct and indirect consequences of legal repression on dissent, the development of civil society, and public opinion toward groups targeted by legal repression. Second, the study of Russia illustrates how institutional capture and power consolidation facilitate the adoption and implementation of repressive legislation. Finally, the Russian case advances our understanding of the dynamic nature of legal repression. Reforms to laws regulating protest and civil society in Russia showcase how domestic and external events may cause legal repression to escalate. The article concludes by identifying fruitful avenues for future research on legal repression.
Russian Legal System and Use of Law
Authors: Hendley Katheryn
Published: January 2024

The Russian legal system has a spotty reputation, both domestically and internationally. The distrust stems from well-publicized cases involving enemies of political or economic elites in which the outcome in favor of the elites is obviously predetermined. Coexisting with such cases are millions of mundane cases in which judges adhere scrupulously to the statutory law. This sort of legal dualism is not uncommon under authoritarianism.

Russia’s constitution reflects this dualism. Its relevance to daily life and its capacity to constrain arbitrary state actions is questionable. Adopted in 1993, it proclaims Russia to be a state governed by the rule of law and includes a chapter with a comprehensive list of rights guaranteed to citizens which cannot be changed without convening a constitutional assembly. The constitutional court, which is a post-Soviet institutional innovation, is charged with ensuring compliance with the constitution. Amending the constitution requires consent from both the national legislature and two-thirds of the regional legislatures. The electoral dominance of the political party associated with Vladimir Putin has made this seemingly high threshold for amendments easily achievable. He has bent the constitution to his political will with multiple amendments, culminating in a set of over 100 amendments approved in 2020.

The use of courts by Russian citizens and businesses has increased steadily during the post-Soviet period. As a rule, disputes are handled quickly and inexpensively. Even so, litigating is not the preferred option; Russians typically end up in court only when informal negotiations fail. As a rule, they go to court to solve practical problems rather than to advance issues of principle. The courts’ dockets are dominated by civil claims, such as family law disputes and various forms of debt collection. The straightforward nature of the procedural rules allows many litigants to represent themselves. In criminal cases, which are fewer, defendants are required to be represented by a licensed attorney (advokat). The state covers the cost of legal representation for the poor. Litigants who are dissatisfied with the outcomes of their cases can pursue appeals, culminating in the Russian Supreme Court. Citizens who believe that officials have violated their rights can pursue their claims in the stand-alone constitutional court, whose decisions serve as binding precedent.

The post-Soviet era has witnessed wide ranging reforms to the legal system. Some were aimed at depoliticizing the courts. Judges are selected by a professional council dominated by judges that assesses candidates’ knowledge of law and appropriateness for the bench. They enjoy life tenure, subject to removal for cause—a process that is occasionally hijacked to remove judges who fail to toe the line in political cases. The reforms also sought to ease the heavy workload of judges by introducing a form of plea bargaining in criminal cases and opening the door to a type of summary judgment in civil cases in which defendants have conceded their culpability.
Woman-to-Woman Marriage in West Africa
Authors: Alozie Bright
Published: January 2024

Extensive research has been conducted on the significance of marriage in African cultural traditions, particularly the rites and sociocultural intricacies associated with it. One specific practice that is woman-marriage, also known as female husbandry or woman-to-woman marriage. In this unique African institution, a woman pays the bride price and marries another woman as her husband. This union is legally, socially, and symbolically recognized as a marriage, with the expectation that the woman who pays the bride price will provide for her wife and that the wife will bear children. Woman-marriages have been a part of customary marriage rites in West Africa for centuries. Despite being ignored and condemned by European officials during colonial times and overlooked in earlier accounts of African history, it continues to be practiced in certain parts of West Africa. This article provides a comprehensive understanding of woman-marriage, its cultural implications, and its prevalence in historical and contemporary West Africa by examining various instances from West African societies. It argues that woman marriages, which are different from homoerotic same-sex practices, serve to establish or reinforce women’s autonomy and kinship structures. The practice not only highlights the flexibility of African gender systems by allowing women to take on male roles, but also challenges the traditional roles of women in marriages and society, deviating from the patriarchal framework of marriage. By granting women a degree of social, economic, and political autonomy, this form of marriage allows women to leverage the opportunities it provides to safeguard their interests.