bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interpersonal Changes Through Immediate Feedback Approaches
Authors: Watson Eugene R.
Published: March 2007

Improvement of the quality of interpersonal behavior is an in creasing responsibility of adult educators, but the objectives and outcomes of traditional planned approaches to change in this dimension may not be adequate. Systems for immediate and direct feedback on behavior apparently are instrumental in accomplishing interpersonal change objectives. Certain programed materials and human relations laboratory training provide for immediate feedback on "live" behavior as a crucial element in behavioral improvement, but the statement of change objectives and assess ment of outcomes remain critical problems. Research on these ap proaches is discussed. Changes are reported in individual percep tion, openness, acceptance of others, extreme emotionalized tendencies, group understandings and skills, and self-confidence in interaction. The categories of changes and additional summary observations may be useful in planning for interpersonal change experiences.
A Comparison of Two Training Formats for Persons With Varying Interpersonal Needs
Authors: Smallegan Marian
Published: March 2007

A Group and Interpersonal Relations Seminar using two training formats was investigated for opinion change in democratic lead ership. The two training formats differed in their residential nature: one format had weekly, non-residential meetings for one semester; the other had approximately the same number of meet ing hours with a residential weekend for part of the seminar. Each participant responded to a pre-, post-test for opinion about democratic leadership and to FIRO-B, a questionnaire used to determine interpersonal need scores.

Analysis of the data gave little support to the hypotheses of the study, which were based on the assumption that opinion change would be greatest in situations where needs were most easily met. The data did indicate a positive opinion change over a period of time after the course was completed, little difference in opin ion change for high scorers on FIRO-B regardless of the residential nature of the course, a positive opinion change for low scorers on FIRO-B who were in the partial residential sections, and a negative opinion change for low scorers on FIRO-B who were in the non- residential section.
Evaluating Basic Education for Adults: Some Economic and Methodological Considerations
Authors: Roomkin Myron
Published: March 2007

Basic education for adults has been one of our more popular remedial treatments financed under the War on Poverty. To date, though, very little is known about the effectiveness of this treat ment upon the economic well-being of individual participants. The need for evaluation is especially relevant, since adult basic education programs must compete for a limited amount of public revenue. However, serious methodological and conceptual prob lems, as well as the problems of definition, exist inhibiting sound evaluation.

In an attempt to solve some of the difficulties associated with research in this area, this paper examines the principal benefits and costs of basic education with special emphasis on economic bene fits ; reviews some of the major methodological problems associated with the measurement of these benefits and costs; and seeks to establish the best possible research design, given these problems. Evidence will be drawn from evaluation of poverty programs which contain large remedial educational components. Particular attention is given to reporting the lessons learned from an evalu ation of ABE under the MDTA.
Motivational Orientations Re-Visited: Life-Space Motives and the Education Participation Scale
Authors: Boshier Roger
Published: March 2007

Continuing a line of motivational research that flows from Houle's three factor typology, a model which describes adult edu cation participants as life-chance (deficiency) or life-space (growth) oriented was presented. Life-chance motivation was hypothesized as being a principal determinant of the participation behavior of people from the lower socio-economic groups while life-space moti vation was said to characterize the upper socio-economic groups. Part of the model was tested with a parent population of 242 Van couver adult education participants who completed the Education Participation Scale. E.P.S. data were subject to factor analysis and orthogonal rotation. Five factors were produced for the parent population and a sub-sample of 76 participants. Factor scores were related through correlation and analysis of variance to variables such as age, previous participation, occupation, educational attain ment, subject enrolled, and place of birth. The E.P.S. factors were labelled as indicative of life-chance or life-space motivation. Sev eral hypothesized relationships were confirmed, but it was argued that further research concerning the social and psychological foun dations of motive for participation is needed.
Success and Failure in Adult Education: the Immigrant Experience 1914-1924
Authors: Seller Maxine S.
Published: March 2007

Between 1914 and 1924, fear of radicalism and political disloyalty as well as desire to help newcomers led Americans to launch a massive campaign to educate unnaturalized immigrant adults. The campaign reached only a small proportion of its target population because of inappropriate methods and materials, inadequate financing, and, most importantly, failure to meet immigrants' needs. Educators offered Americanization—English, civics, home economics—but many immigrants wanted literacy in the native language also. More important, immigrants wanted education in the entire spectrum of their cultural and intellectual interests. Therefore, they responded in large numbers to the many and varied educational oppor tunities offered by churches, unions, theaters, newspapers, and cultural, nationalist, and fraternal organizations within their ethnic communities.
Perspective Transformation
Authors: Mezirow Jack
Published: March 2007

A cardinal dimension of adult development and the learning most uniquely adult pertains to becoming aware that one is caught in one's own history and is reliving it. This leads to a process of perspective transforma tion involving a structural change in the way we see ourselves and our rela tionships. If the culture permits, we move toward perspectives which are more inclusive, discriminating and integrative of experience. We move away from uncritical, organic relationships toward contractual relation ships with others, institutions and society. Perspective transformation refor mulates the criteria for valuing and for taking action. Behavior change is often a function of such transformation. In this emerging transformation theory, adult education finds its own inherent goals and functions.
Effects of Sentence-Combining Practice On Linguistic Maturity Level of Adult Students
Authors: Mulder Joan E.M. , Braun Carl , Holliday William G.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the effect of sentence-combining practice on adult writing. It was hypothesized that those adults who practiced sentence manipulation would combine groups of short sentences and write composi tions syntactically different from those written by similar students not ex posed to such sentence-combining practice. Thirty-eight females who enrolled in an occupational training program served as the experimental and control groups. The experimental group was involved in sentence- combining activities for 12 hours over a six-week period (plus 28 hours of regular instruction) while the control group spent 40 hours on the regular curriculum. As predicted, findings indicated that the experimental group increased significantly in their ability to write more mature sentences, as evidenced by T-unit length and, secondarily, by number of sentence transformations.
Middle Age: a Review of the Literature and Its Implications for Educational Intervention
Authors: Merriam Sharan
Published: March 2007

This article reviews the research and theory related to one phase of adulthood—middle age— and suggests implications for educational practice. Contributions to the literature of mid dle age made by Buhler, Erikson, Gould, Jung, Kohlberg, Levinson, Lowenthal, Neugarten, Peck and others are reviewed within the framework of the following questions: 1) when is mid dle age?; 2) what are the psycho-social dynamics of middle age?; and 3) is there a mid-life crisis? The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of the literature for educators.
Counseling the Adult Learner: a Selective Review of the Literature
Authors: Goldberg Joan C.
Published: March 2007

This review examines selected literature on counseling the adult learner. It is organized in terms of (1) the need for counseling adult learners, (2) meeting the adult learner's specific needs, (3) the life-span developmental perspective, (4) new forms of counseling services and (5) new ap proaches and techniques for counseling adults. Despite the recent increased participation of adults in education and hence the growing demand and awareness of a need for counseling ser vices to serve them, little systematic research could be found directed toward the many problems of counseling adult learners. Much of the literature is prescriptive or hortatory, and theoretical analyses are far better developed than the data bases needed to substantiate them. The review concludes with some suggestions for needed research.
Social Revolutionary Learning: The New Social Movements As Learning Sites
Authors: Welton Michael
Published: March 2007

This paper argues that the new social movements are particularly privileged sites for emancipatory praxis. Old social movements are differientiated from new, and the new social movements are interpreted primarily as defenses of the threatened lifeworld and ecosystem. The specific nature of the learning challenges within particular movements is examined. The author hypothesizes that diverse movements may be crystallizing into a new historic movement.
An Analysis of the Educational Narratives of Reentry Black Women
Authors: Johnson-Bailey Juanita , Cervero Ronald M.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the study was to examine the educational narratives of reentry Black women in an effort to determine how the dynamics of the larger society, which often negatively impact their lives, are played out in higher education. The adult education literature portrays reentry women as a generic class and does not consider the actual cultural diversity of the group. The sample consisted of graduate and undergraduate Black women, including the author, between the ages of thirty-four and fifty-four. Narrative analysis was the methodological approach used and Black feminist thought provided the theoretical framework. Findings revealed that these Black women regularly faced issues involving power relations based on race, gender, class, and color. In responding to these systems of oppression, these women used strategies of silence, negotiation, and resistance.
On Critical Reflection
Authors: Mezirow Jack
Published: March 2007

This paper presents an analysis and clarification of the major role of critical reflection of assumptions (CRA) in adult learning. It examines the differences among types of critical reflection, the role of CRA in the Transformation Theory of adult learning, philosophical foundations of CRA, its development over the lifespan, non-cognitive aspects, its function in both tacit and explicit decision-making, and its role in the validation of beliefs and expressions of feelings through discourse. The paper includes a taxonomy of applications of CRA and discussion of educational implications of this construct.
Social Networks in Male and Female Adolescents
Authors: Fischer Judith L. , Sollie Donna L. , Morrow K. Brent
Published: March 2007

The major focus of this research is the examination of the relationships among social network variables and personality variables across time in male and female adolescents. Although a number of researchers have concluded that social ties are needed to develop positive social skills and that reciprocal and stable relationships promote both mental health and personal development, the causal direction of these effects has not been examined. In this short term longitudinal study, personality variables, relationship quality with selected network members, and network size were measured both early (time 1) and late (time 2) in the school year. Predictors of adolescent's friendships and personality varied by gender among the boys and girls in the study. The set of time 1 variables predicted time 2 self-esteem and positive quality more strongly for boys than for girls. In contrast, time 1 variables tended to more strongly predict time 2 kin size for girls than for boys.
Reassessing the Dimensions of Temperamental Individuality Across the Life Span:The Revised Dimensions of Temperament Survey (DOTS-R)
Authors: Windle Michael , Lerner Richard M.
Published: March 2007

The principal objective of this research was to identify age-continuous features of temperament, across an age span from early childhood to late adolescence/early adulthood through the construction of a new temperament measure, the Revised Dimensions of Temperament Survey (DOTS-R). Limitations of an extant temperament measure, the Dimensions of Temperament Survey (DOTS), were considered in the present scale construction research. A temperament questionnaire composed of an initial pool of 106 items was administered to three different samples-preschoolers, elementary school children, and late adolescents/early adults. The analyses included interrater agreement for content validity of items, item-total scale analyses, factor analyses, and the determination of internal consistency estimates of temperament dimensions for each sample. A nine factor model of temperament emerged for the preschool and elementary school samples, whereas a ten factor model emerged for the late adolescent/early adult sample. Supporting the factorial validity of the DOTS-R across the three age samples, results indicated high congruity for pairwise comparisons of factor loading patterns across samples, and moderate to high levels of internal consistency for each of the temperament dimensions across samples. Data supportive of the predictive validity of the DOTS-R for early and late adolescents are noted as well.
Sex-Role Attitudes of Senior High School 4-H Members Regarding Careers and Employment
Authors: Hildreth Gladys J. , Richard Sheri L. , Burts Diane C.
Published: March 2007

The study examined the factors that contribute to the formation of sex-role attitudes of high school adolescents from the Cane Belt Area in Louisiana. The sample consisted of 101 females and 65 males who were 11th and 12th grade students in the 4-H Club program. Data from the questionnaire were correlated with variables of sex, grade, mother's employment, and parental educational attainment. While both sexes displayed consistently nontraditional attitudes, females uniformly expressed less traditional attitudes than males. The variables with the exception of mother's education and grade level of respondents were shown to have a significant impact on the development of sex-role attitudes in the respondents. Data in this study also indicated females expressed a more nontraditional attitude towards employment expectations than did their male counterparts.
Analysis of the Timing of Transition to Sexual Intercourse for Black Adolescent Females
Authors: Leigh Geoffrey K. , Weddle Karen D. , Loewen Irene R.
Published: March 2007

During the past three decades, sexual intercourse has increased in preva lence and has gradually become an earlier experience for young adoles cent females. Despite the prevalence, results of previous research have appeared to be inconsistent and noncumulative. A life course perspective and a sub-sample of Black females between 15-19 years of age from the National Survey of Family Growth Cycle III survey were used to identify the relationship between significant life events and other influences on the timing of the transition to first intercourse for these adolescents. Life events, such as dating, were important influences on the timing of transi tion, as were other demographic factors, such as mother's education and family income. It is important to understand the context and develop mental sequencing in order to understand the timing of transitions, which is quite different than simply identifying an "age of coitus."
Gender Differences in Stress among Mexican Immigrant Adolescents in Los Angeles, California
Authors: Zambrana Ruth E. , Silva-Palacios Victor
Published: March 2007

Empirical studies of stress among Mexican adolescents of immigrant status are limited. Given the paucity of information in this area, the purpose of this study was to identify the stressors and level of perceived stress among immigrant Mexican adolescents and to assess gender differences among the identfied perceived stressors. In the study, 244 recent immigrant Mexican adolescents in five schools in the Los Angeles, California area were administered the Background Information Scale and the Hispanic Children Stress Inventory. The results revealed high levels of perceived stress with respect to family, language and ethnic items. Striking gender differences among items were also reported. Multivariate analyses also revealed that gender and perceived English language proficiency were significantly related to higher stress scores.
Separation-Individuation and the "New Look" at the Imaginary Audience and Personal Fable
Authors: Lapsley Daniel K. , FitzGerald David P. , Rice Kenneth G. , Jackson Sara
Published: March 2007

The relationship between the imaginary audience (IA) and the personalfable (PF), narcissism, and various dimensions of separation-individuation was examined. The subjects were 45 sixth-graders, 54 eighth-graders, 40 tenth-graders, and 30 twelfth-graders, drawn from one school district in a predominantly middle-class community. Newly developed measures of imaginary audience and the personal fable were used, as were the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and the Separation-Individuation Test of Adolescence. The results were: (a) the IA and the PF were positively correlated with narcissism: (b) the [A was positively related to object relational concerns such as engulfment, symbiosis, succorance, enmeshment, and separation anxiety; (c) the PF was positively related to dependency denial and to self-centeredness, and was negatively related to separation anxiety and engulfment; (d) males reported higher scores on measures that reflect agentic concerns, such as narcissism, personal fable, omnipotence, invulnerability, and selfcenteredness, females reported higher scores on interpersonal dimensions, such as enmeshment, symbiosis, and separation anxiety. Cross-sectional findings and sex differences are reported. The results are seen to support an integrative model of adolescent ego development.
Family Contributions to Adolescents' Attitudes toward New Technology
Authors: DeSantis James P. , Youniss James
Published: March 2007

In the first study presented in this article, 852 adolescents rated their favorableness toward new technology. When there were significant differences, males, and older adolescents tended to be more favorable toward technological issues than females or younger adolescents. In the second study, 158 mothers of adolescents from the first study said whether they had made efforts to help their adolescents develop technical skills. Adolescents' attitudes toward technology were sensitive to mothers' education and whether or not mothers helped their adolescents to develop technological skills. Mothers helping made a difference in youths whose mothers had less education; those youths whose mothers helped showed a more favorable attitude than those whose mothers did not help. Adolescents whose mothers had a college education were favorable toward technology whether or not their mothers helped. Results support the emerging view that family factors are central to adolescents'career development.
Effects of a Peer Counseling Training Intervention on Psychological Functioning of Adolescents
Authors: Silver Ellen J. , Coupey Susan M. , Bauman Laurie J. , Doctors Shelley R. , Boeck Marjorie A.
Published: March 2007

A 3-month peer counselor training program was provided to 32 inner-city adolescents, 14 to 17 years of age, 18 of whom were chronically ill. Participants completed pretests and posttests of ego development and pqychiatric symptoms and were evaluated for counseling skills by their trainer. A comparison sample (n = 28) was tested after an equivalent time periodi Mean scores on the two psychological measures did not change significantly for the comparison group or for two subgroups of graduates: (a) those who were judged adequate in counseling skills but who declined to take counseling jobs and (b) those who were not invited to become counselors after training. Only the subgroup of 14 trainees who accepted jobs exhibited improved mental health following the training experience. Chronic illness was not related to mental health outcomes for any group. Results suggested that a factor of psychological readiness may determine which adolescents can enhance their psychological maturity through participation in a counselor training intervention.
Impact of Pubertal Status, Timing, and Age on Adolescent Sexual Experience and Delinquency
Authors: Flannery Daniel J. , Rowe David C. , Gulley Bill L.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the influence ofpubertal status, pubertal timing, and chronological age on adolescent heterosexual experience and delinquency. The sample consisted of adolescent males and females primarily 10 through 16 years of age. Hierarchical regression analyses examined the linear and curvilinear effects of chronological age and pubertal status. Statistically significant age and pubertal status terms were then combined in a full model comparing their relative influence. In females, pubertal status predicted delinquency and sexual experience independently of age. In males, the evidence of independent pubertal effects was weaker. Separate analyses of pubertal timing indicated male and female early maturers reported engaging in more sexual activity and delinquent behavior than late maturers. The results are discussed in terms of apsychosocial expectations model that includes pubertal effects in explanations of adolescent behavior.
Characteristics of Adolescents Who Have Attempted to Avoid HIV and Who Have Communicated with Parents About Sex
Authors: Leland Nancy Lee , Barth Richard P.
Published: March 2007

This study examined characteristics of a cross-section of adolescents by comparing those wh1o had attempted to avoid exposure to HIV versus those who had not. In addition, characteristics of adolescents who had communicated with parents about sexuality issues were examined Data were collected from 1,033 students in 13 California schools. Most students did not think they were likely to become infected with HIV; however, a majority of sexually active students reported that they had tried to avoid e-xposure. Half of the adolescents who reported that they had attempted to avoid exposure had done so by using condoms. Other findings suggest that communication with parents may play a positive role in the healthy sexual socialization of youth. Attention to characteristics of adolescents who have attempted to avoidHIVexposure and who have discussed sexuality with parents may help target interventions toward youth at higher risk for contracting the virus.
Confronting the Challenge of AIDS among Adolescents
Authors: DiClemente Ralph J.
Published: March 2007

To effectively combat the AIDS health crisis among adolescents, future research must address three key issues: (a) the risk of disease for culturally differing adolescent populations, particularly African-American adolescents; (b) the need for empirical investigations to identify and understand the variables influencing adolescents 'adoption of HIV-preventive sexual practices; and (c) the development of more effective prevention programs to reduce adolescents' existing HIV-associated risk behaviors. This article reviews the relevance of these issues for prevention research and suggests policy recommendations. These recommendations argue for: (a) expanded funding for basic behavioral surveys to identify the prevalence of risk-taking behavior among adolescents in general, and among high-risk adolescent subgroups, for example, incarcerated and homeless adolescents; (b) encouraging more epidemiologic and ethnographic research to understand the psychosocial and cultural variables associated with high and low-risk behavior among understudied and underserved racial/ethnic populations such as African-American adolescents; and (c) urging that evaluation of HIV prevention programs include multisite trials and larger samples in ethnically and geographically diverse populations.
A Longitudinal Study of Adolescents' Perceptions of Support and Stress
Authors: Weigel Daniel J. , Devereux Paul , Leigh Geoffrey K. , Ballard-Reisch Deborah
Published: March 2007

Social support has been found to reduce adolescents' perceptions of stress and to contribute to greater well-being; however, lacking in much of the research has been the examination of changes in social support in the lives of'adolescents. Examined in this study were changes in adolescent support and stress over a 7-month period. Three-hundred fifty-two students completed a questionnaire at three points in time over 7 months. Results indicated that mothers were selected most often as the primary support person at each time. However, 42% of the adolescents changed their nomination of support provider at all three times. Perceptions of parental and fitmily support were key in discriminating adolescents who did or did not change their primary support person. Parental and family support also were instrumental in predicting adolescents'perceptions of stress. The results of this study show that parents and,faimily continue to play an important role in the lives of adolescentv.
Violence-Related Behaviors of Adolescents
Authors: Jackson Christine , Foshee Vangie A.
Published: March 2007

Examined in this study were the relations between two dimensions of parenting behavior and violence-related behaviors in a sample of 1,221 9th-and 10th-grade adolescents. The results indicated that the higher the perceived responsiveness and demandingness offathers and of mothers, the lower the likelihood that adolescents had hit peers, beat up peers, carried a weapon to school, or threatened a peer with a weapon. When compared with adolescents who perceived high levels of parental responsiveness or demandingness, adolescents who perceived relatively low levels of these dimensions were two to three times more likely to report violence-related behaviors. The results also indicated that parental responsiveness and demandingness were associated more strongly with the violence-related behaviors offemales than with those of males. Studies are needed that evaluate the effects of parenting skills training on adolescent violence and that identify gender differences in how family socialization processes influence adolescents' risks of violence-related behaviors.
Social Support
Authors: Tao Sha , Dong Qi , Pratt Michael W. , Hunsberger Bruce , Pancer S. Mark
Published: March 2007

Life transitions, such as university attendance, entail the reconstruction of relations between the individual and the environment. This study aimed to explore how perceptions of social support changed across time during the first semester of university, and how social support, coping strategies, and adjustment were interrelated among 390 first-year students in Beijing, China. Results indicated that overall levels of social support among students did not change significantly across the first term, but that support from different sources (parents, peers, teachers, siblings) showed distinctive patterns of change. Support was positively related to adjustment and to coping skills in a dynamic way, and an integrative structural equations model showed that the role of social support operated both directly in relation to adjustment and indirectly through its relations to coping styles. These findings were related both to previous research on the transition to university in the West and to unique factors within the Chinese context.
Whatever Happened to the Jock, the Brain, and the Princess?
Authors: Barber Bonnie L. , Eccles Jacquelynne S. , Stone Margaret R.
Published: March 2007

This study examined young adult sequelae of participation in high school activities and identity group for 900 participants from the Michigan Study of Life Transitions.Participation at Grade 10 in high school activities predicted later substance use, psychological adjustment, and educational and occupational outcomes.Prosocial activity participation predicted lower substance use and higher self-esteem and an increased likelihood of college graduation.Performing arts participation predicted more years of education as well as increases in drinking between ages 18 and 21 and higher rates of suicide attempts and psychologist visits by the age of 24.Sports participation predicted positive educational and occupational outcomes and lower levels of social isolation but also higher rates of drinking. Breakfast Club identity categories were predictive of both levels and longitudinal patterns in substance use, education and work outcomes, and psychological adjustment.In general, Jocks and Brains showed the most positive adjustment and Criminals the least.
Circadian Temperature Rhythms in Relation to Menstrual Cycle Phase
Authors: Lee Kathryn A.
Published: March 2007

In order to describe circadian temperature rhythms in relation to female ovulatory cycles, a study was conducted in which continuous rectal temperature was monitored in healthy women at two phases of their menstrual cycles. Results indicate that, in addition to an increase in the mesor, there is a significant dampening of the temperature amplitude during the luteal (postovulatory) phase compared to the follicular (preovulatory) phase. In comparison with studies of male subjects, the average acrophase for females may occur about 2 hr earlier. Results from this study provide descriptive normative data, controlling for menstrual cycle phase, to which female clinical populations can be compared. The use of circadian tempera ture rhythm as a possible noninvasive diagnostic indicator of ovulation is also discussed.
Chronic Clorgyline Treatment of Syrian Hamsters: An Analysis of Effects on the Circadian Pacemaker
Authors: Duncan Wallace C. , Tamarkin Lawrence , Sokolove Phillip G. , Wehr Thomas A.
Published: March 2007

Clorgyline, a type A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antidepressant properties when administered to depressed patients, is often associated with disturbances of the human sleep-wake cycle. In order to assess its effects on the mammalian circadian system, this drug was administered chronically to Syrian hamsters. It was found to affect the hamster circadian system in four specific ways. Clorgyline increased the intrinsic period of wheel-running ac tivity, altered the phase response curve to brief light pulses, altered the educed waveform of running activity in animals maintained in light-dark cycles or constant darkness, and in creased the activity-rest ratio in animals maintained in constant darkness. Our data support the interpretation that clorgyline exhibits direct or indirect input to the circadian pacemaker and alters the processing of photic information to the pacemaker.
Anticipatory Activity Rhythms under Daily Schedules of Water Access in the Rat
Authors: Mistlberger Ralph E.
Published: March 2007

Rats anticipate a fixed daily feeding time by entrainment of a component of their multioscillatory circadian system. The range of stimuli capable of entraining this component is little studied. Previous studies suggest that restricted water access is not an effective entrainment stimulus, as measured by general locomotion. The present study re-examined the issue, using two other measures of activity: wheel running and activity at a food-water delivery bin. Rats restricted to 1 hr of water each day in the middle of the light and to food in the 12-hr dark period showed no anticipation of this event in the wheel-running measure, but some rats did show anticipation in the delivery bin activity measure. Rats (bin activity measure only) restricted to 1 hr of water and 1 hr of food separated by intervals of 7, 10, or 12 hr, in either the light or the dark, showed consistent anticipation of food access time but little or no anticipation of water access time. Water access time also did not sustain food anticipatory rhythms in animals whose food-water schedules were reversed. However, deprivation of water or of both food and water for 72 or 90 hr was usually associated with specific increases in bin activity at both the usual feeding and drinking times. Water access, like food, appears to provide cues capable of entraining an anticipatory circadian mechanism. Differences in the type and amount of anticipatory activity preceding these events may reflect differences in the strengths of the two entrainment cues and/or in the activity levels or specific behavioral strategies promoted by hunger and thirst.
Behavioral Inhibition of Circadian Responses to Light
Authors: Ralph Martin R. , Mrosovsky N.
Published: March 2007

Circadian locomotor rhythms in rodents may be synchronized by either photic or nonphotic events that produce phase shifts of the rhythm. Little is known, however, about how these two types of stimuli interact to produce entrainment. The well-characterized circadian photic response of the golden hamster was examined in situations where a short light pulse and locomotor activity, a nonphotic event, occurred simultaneously. Light-induced phase advances were attenuated when animals were active during light exposure. The results show that circadian responses to light depend upon the environmental situation in which the light is given, and call into question the implicit assumption in circadian rhythm research that phase shifting and entrainment to light-dark cycles depend simply on photic activation of well-known retinofugal pathways. Moreover, since light therapy is becoming an important component in the treatment of circadian-based disorders in humans, the results emphasize the need for evaluation of the behavioral aspects of light therapy protocols.
Quantitative Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoretic Analysis of Clock-Controlled Proteins in Cultured Chick Pineal Cells: Circadian Regulation of Tryptophan Hydroxylase
Authors: Florez Jose C. , Takahashi Joseph S.
Published: March 2007

The progression of the circadian oscillator through its cycle and the circadian rhythm of melatonin production in dissociated chick pineal cultures both require daily de novo protein synthesis during defined circadian phases. To identify specific proteins involved in these two processes, we have performed a quantitative two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic screen of proteins that are synthesized at different times of the day in chick pineal cell cultures. Out of ∼700 proteins analyzed, we have identified several proteins whose levels of 35S incorporation oscillate in a light/dark cycle. One protein of 56 kDa, pI 6 (p56) undergoes a diurnal oscillation that parallels the melatonin rhythm, reaching a peak early in the night and falling to minimal levels during the day. A second protein of 22 kDa, pI 4.5 (p22) also expresses a diurnal rhythm in 35S incorporation; however, it peaks at the end of the night. The oscillations of both proteins persist, with a reduced amplitude, in constant darkness. Furthermore, the phases of the p56 and p22 rhythms are regulated by the light/dark cycle. Both p56 and p22 appear to be under direct control of the chick pineal circadian oscillator, and therefore can be described as "clock-controlled proteins." We have identified p56 as tryptophan hydroxylase by microsequencing and western blotting. Chick pineal tryptophan hydroxylase also expresses a 24-h oscillation in abundance both in vitro and in vivo. The rhythm in tryptophan hydroxylase expression represents a newly discovered level of regulation of the melatonin synthesis pathway by the circadian clock in chick pineal cells.
Towards an Ideal Polyurethane Graft for Hemodialysis
Authors: Ota Kazuo
Published: March 2007

Numerous studies have been reported in the field of vascular graft in recent years. The main interest in these studies has focused on produc ing either a small diameter arterial graft or prosthesis for veins. Polyurethane polymers are emerging because of their superior mechanical, chemically stable and biocompatible nature. Above all, the prominent blood compatibility and elasticity has attracted many investigators to investigate the material for vascular grafts with small diameter.

Although several difficulties still remain to be solved, important factors such as anti-thrombogenicity of materials, compliance in long term, porosity, sur face microstructure, and permeability are discussed on the basis of many ex perimental results.

In addition, our basic as well as clinical examination of polyurethane graft as a blood access for hemodialysis are presented along with future prospects and difficulties to overcome.
The Consequence of Taxing Land Value
Authors: Skaburskis Andrejs
Published: March 2007

The literature examining the link between the intensity of urban land use and methods of localfinance is examined. The widely held notion that the switch from a general property tax to a land value tax would increase land use efficiency, reduce urban sprawl, and help preserve the environment is challenged. The traditional view of land development holds that a tax placed on land is capitalized and leaves resource allocation unaffected. No excess burden is created because developers and landowners can do nothing to reduce their tax liability. Taxes on improvements to land, however, create burdens that can be reduced by lowering development density and causing the city to spread more than it would under neutral tax. Recent theories challenge this view and suggest that, under certain conditions, the land value tax promotes urban sprawl more than does the property tax. Variants of the land value tax as applied in special districts appear attractive, but the empirical literature is inconclusive as to the spatial consequences of land taxation.
The Determinants of Residential Property Values: Implications for Metropolitan Planning
Authors: Knaap Gerrit
Published: March 2007

To inform metropolitan land use planning, this article reviews studies that examine the determinants of residential property values. The review suggests that property values provide a sensitive index of the effects of planning and the problems planning is designed to address. Furthermore, it reveals that planning can contribute to problems of housing affordability. However, this does not represent prima facie evidence that planning has failed; nor should the potential of such effects preclude the adoption of metropolitan plans. Instead, the evidence suggests that metropolitan planning can contribute to the solution of housing affordability problems as well as to their cause.
Gender Equity Planning: Inserting Women into Local Economic Development
Authors: Blumenberg Evelyn
Published: March 2007

Although economic disparities persist between men and women, women's issues in the context of U.S. local economic development planning have received relatively little attention by scholars and practicing planners. Market forces and existing local economic development practices can reduce, but not eliminate, these disparities in economic status. Local interventions are needed to effect greater economic equality between the sexes, particularly in light of changes in national policy and the devolution of spending priorities from the federal government to states and localities.
Effect of Unemployment on Women
Authors: Jones Loring
Published: March 2007

In the context of a four-month longitudinal investigation, the reactions of a small group of women to unemployment were compared with those of a larger group of men. The hypothesis that women would be less affected by the loss of their jobs was not supported. However, it was found that only the women who experienced financial distress or who exhibited a strong satisfaction with work were negatively affected, while the mere fact of being unemployed depressed the men.
From Voluntarism to Paid Work
Authors: Martin Mary , McGrath Flagler Susan , Forney Meg , Lewis Ann D. , Murphy Mary , Shippee Elizabeth , Streitz Patty , Thorpe Mary Lou , White Mary S.
Published: March 2007

Graduates of a 1970s training program for women demonstrated that they had expanded the social change and voluntarism agenda of their earlier training to incorporate feminism and personal action in the workplace. These women were active professionals espousing personal achievement and individual voluntarism, yet they had forsworn col lective action. They mirror the oddity of American feminism in defin ing even social change in individualistic terms.
Economic Self-Sufficiency: It's Not Just Money
Authors: Gowdy Elizabeth A. , Pearlmutter Sue
Published: March 2007

Definitions of economic self-sufficiency that are used by public programs fail to recognize the reality and experiences of low-income women. An analysis of data on economic self-sufficiency, gathered from 244 low-income women at the Women's Employment Network in Kansas City, Missouri, resulted in the discovery of four factors underlying this concept: (1) autonomy and self-determination, (2) financial security and responsibility, (3) family and self well-being, and (4) basic assets for living in the community. The policy and practice implications of these findings are explored.
Women and Alcoholism: A Psychosocial Approach
Authors: Rhodes Rita , Johnson Ann D.
Published: March 2007

This article contends that the unequal allocation of resources for women alcoholics is partly a result of the failure of models of addiction to take into account the special features of alcoholism in women. It discusses the problems of the medical and moral models for women alcoholics and argues that the psychosocial model is a more robust alternative for describing the addictive process and for creating effective interventions.
Wilderness Stationery: Women's Letters and Women's Research
Authors: Matthews Carol , Callahan Marilyn
Published: March 2007

This article explores the possibilities that letters hold for documenting women's experiences and the implications for feminist research and social work practice. The authors propose that letter writing is a promising practice and research tool for feminist social workers who are attempting to build egalitarian relationships.
Empowering Female Offenders: Removing Barriers to Community-Based Practice
Authors: Wilson Martha K. , Anderson Stephen C.
Published: March 2007

More than two thirds of the female inmates of prisons in the United States are recidivists. This article presents recommendations for rein tegrating female inmates into the community on the basis of the findings of a 1993 study of female offenders in the Oklahoma correc tional system. The implementation of these recommendations is dis cussed in the context of five dimensions of an empowerment social work practice model.
In-Dependence: A Feminist Postmodern Deconstruction
Authors: East Jean E.
Published: March 2007

This article uses a feminist postmodern perspective to analyze the meanings of dependence, both psychological and economic, as they are applied to women, particularly those who are of low income. The analysis demonstrates how the term has been socially constructed and how this construction does not take into account women's experience and voice.
Intimate-Partner Assailants
Authors: CANALES-PORTALATÍN DAVID
Published: March 2007

Although a number of studies have examined arrest, prosecution, and treatment of intimate-partner assailants, a few studies have focused on those sentenced to probation. This study aims at comparing and analyzing the characteristics and interventions of intimate-partner assailants at a probation department. This research analyzed a random sample of 108 records from cases of assault and battery referred to a district court in Michigan, from January to December 1992. Major findings revealed that 76% of the cases of assault and battery occurred between male and female intimate partners. The variables of gender and deferred prosecution demonstrated to have significant relationships (p < 0.004) with the variable of intimate relationship. The results suggested that in a significant percent of cases nonintimate partner assailants received the same punishment as intimate-partner assailants.
The Relationship between Violence to Children and Violence to Animals
Authors: BOAT BARBARA W.
Published: March 2007

The association between violence to children and violence to animals remains largely unacknowledged in the child abuse/neglect arena. Several reasons justifying further exploration of this link are discussed, along with suggestions for enhancing our awareness, knowledge, and services.
Abuse-Related Attributions and Perceptions, General Attributions, and Locus of Control in Sexually Abused Girls
Authors: MANNARINO ANTHONY P. , COHEN JUDITH A.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine abuse-related attributions and perceptions, general attributions, and locus of control and their impact on psychological symptomatology in sexually abused girls. Seventy-seven abused girls ages 7 to 12 and 88 normal controls were administered the Children's Attributions and Perceptions Scale (CAPS), Children's Attributional Style Questionnaire (CASQ), and the Locus of Control Scale for children (LCSC). There were significant group differences on all of the CAPS subscales and the “bad event” factor of the CASQ, with the abused group endorsing significantly more abuse-related attributions and perceptions and general attributions than controls. Furthermore, correlational and regression analyses demonstrated that in the sexually abused group, abuse-related attributions and perceptions were the most significantly related to and predictive of self-reported psychological symptomatology. Clinical and research implications are discussed in the context of the evolving literature on those factors that effect the psychological adjustment of victimized children.
The Relationship of Maternal Adult Attachment Style and Risk of Physical Child Abuse
Authors: MONCHER FRANK J.
Published: March 2007

The present study assessed maternal adult attachment style and the specific adult attachment attitudes and behaviors of mothers as factors in physical child abuse risk. Interviews were conducted with 48 single mothers who were receiving government assistance and had a child of preschool age. Participants' child abuse risk potential was determined by their responses or performance on several instruments previously found to discriminate between abusive and adequate mothers. Mothers with an insecure adult attachment style (ambivalent or avoidant) were at significantly higher risk for child abuse than mothers with a secure attachment style. The role of several attachment-related dynamics (i.e., trust difficulties, jealousy or clinging behaviors, ambivalence in relationships, frustration with partners, and fear of abandonment) in physical child maltreatment dynamics are discussed.