bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The interplay between drug resistance and fitness in malaria parasites
Authors: Rosenthal Philip J.
Published: July 2013

Controlling the spread of antimalarial drug resistance, especially resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to artemisinin‐based combination therapies, is a high priority. Available data indicate that, as with other microorganisms, the spread of drug‐resistant malaria parasites is limited by fitness costs that frequently accompany resistance. Resistance‐mediating polymorphisms in malaria parasites have been identified in putative drug transporters and in target enzymes. The impacts of these polymorphisms on parasite fitness have been characterized in vitro and in animal models. Additional insights have come from analyses of samples from clinical studies, both evaluating parasites under different selective pressures and determining the clinical consequences of infection with different parasites. With some exceptions, resistance‐mediating polymorphisms lead to malaria parasites that, compared with wild type, grow less well in culture and in animals, and are replaced by wild type when drug pressure diminishes in the clinical setting. In some cases, the fitness costs of resistance may be offset by compensatory mutations that increase virulence or changes that enhance malaria transmission. However, not enough is known about effects of resistance mediators on parasite fitness. A better appreciation of the costs of fitness‐mediating mutations will facilitate the development of optimal guidelines for the treatment and prevention of malaria.
The Chinese wild grapevine (Vitis pseudoreticulata) E3 ubiquitin ligase Erysiphe necator‐induced RING finger protein 1 (EIRP1) activates plant defense responses by inducing proteolysis of the VpWRKY11 transcription factor
Authors: Yu Yihe , Xu Weirong , Wang Jie , Wang Lei , Yao Wenkong , Yang Yazhou , Xu Yan , Ma Fuli , Du Yangjian , Wang Yuejin
Published: July 2013

Ubiquitin‐mediated regulation responds rapidly to specific stimuli; this rapidity is particularly important for defense responses to pathogen attack. Here, we investigated the role of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Erysiphe necator‐induced RING finger protein 1 (EIRP1) in the defense response of Chinese wild grapevine Vitis pseudoreticulata.

The regulatory function of E3 ubiquitin ligase EIRP1 was investigated using molecular, genetic and biochemical approaches.

EIRP1 encodes a C3HC4‐type Really Interesting New Gene (RING) finger protein that harbors E3 ligase activity. This activity requires the conserved RING domain, and VpWRKY11 also interacts with EIRP1 through the RING domain. VpWRKY11 localizes to the nucleus and activates W‐box‐dependent transcription in planta. EIRP1 targeted VpWRKY11 in vivo, resulting in VpWRKY11 degradation. The expression of EIRP1 and VpWRKY11 responds rapidly to powdery mildew in Vitis pseudoreticulata grapevine; also, overexpression of EIRP1 in Arabidopsis confers enhanced resistance to the pathogens Golovinomyces cichoracearum and Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000.

Our data suggest that the EIRP1 E3 ligase positively regulates plant disease resistance by mediating proteolysis of the negative regulator VpWRKY11 via degradation by the 26S proteasome.
The natural course of sensitization and allergic diseases from childhood to adulthood
Authors: Nissen Susanne P. , Kjær Henrik F. , Høst Arne , Nielsen Jan , Halken Susanne
Published: July 2013

Background

Longitudinal prospective population‐based birth cohort studies of the natural history of sensitization and allergic diseases from childhood to adulthood are few. The aim of the present prospective study was to investigate the natural course of sensitization and allergic diseases in a random population‐based sample of 276 children from a 1‐year birth cohort of unselected Danish children followed from birth to 26 years of age.

Methods

Questionnaire‐based interviews, physical examination, skin prick tests, specific IgE testing, and from 10 years also spirometry, were carried out at 1.5, 5, 10, 15 and 26 years of age. Predefined diagnostic criteria were used.

Results

Follow‐up rates were high, 193 (70%) attended the 26‐year follow‐up. The prevalence of current eczema was stable during childhood; 13% (1.5 yrs.), 9.2% (5 yrs.), 10.8% (10 yrs.), and 9.8% (15 yrs.), and 5.7% at 26 yrs. From birth to 26 years the cumulative prevalence of eczema, food allergy, asthma, and rhinoconjunctivitis was 23.5%, 13.8%, 17%, and 27.9% respectively. More than half of the participants had one or more allergic disease in the period between birth and 26 years of age. The rates of sensitization (S‐IgE = 0.35 kU/l) were 8%, 23%, 26%, 32%, and 31% at 1.5, 5, 10, 15, and 26 years of age, respectively. Sensitization to food allergens was most prevalent in early infancy, whereas sensitization to inhalant allergens dominated later on.

Conclusion

The results support the concept of the allergic march. Allergic diseases are not only occurring in childhood but persist into adulthood.
The Current International Legal Setting for the Protection of the Outer Space Environment: The Precautionary Principle Avant La Lettre
Authors: Cinelli Claudia , Pogorzelska Katarzyna
Published: July 2013

Over the last decades, space‐based technologies have significantly contributed to the socio‐economic advancement of humankind. While reliance on outer space has increased, the security of the space assets enabling the benefits has significantly decreased due to a laissez‐faire approach in the exploitation and exploration of outer space and the subsequent proliferation of space debris. The problematic issue of space debris is getting to the point where it should be treated with precaution. The precautionary principle, broadly applied in the protection of the terrestrial environment, may also have the potential to enhance the regime for environmental protection of outer space. This article analyzes the current legal regime, at international and European levels, for the protection of the near‐Earth outer space environment, focusing on the issue of space debris. The article examines the rationale behind an avant la lettre application of the precautionary principle to the protection of the outer space environment.
International Organizations and Nanotechnologies: The Challenge of Coordination
Authors: Mbengue Makane Moïse , Charles Margaux
Published: July 2013

International organizations have been debating and monitoring the issue of nanotechnologies for several years. Five international organizations have been quite active in this respect: the Food and Agriculture Organization, the International Labour Organization, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, and the World Health Organization. Nevertheless, due to their different mandates, the actions of these international organizations have been rather fragmented. In particular, they have been unable to agree on whether a universal regulatory framework is necessary in order to better address the uncertain risks that may derive from nanotechnologies. Furthermore, they have not yet clearly identified the principles of international environmental law (e.g., sustainable development, precautionary principle) that should govern any action in the field of nanotechnologies. Despite this fragmentation, there are international efforts to foster coordination between international organizations, with the establishment of two important fora: the Inter‐organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals and the Inter‐governmental Forum on Chemical Safety.
Long term effects of recreational SCUBA diving on higher cognitive function
Authors: Hemelryck W. , Germonpré P. , Papadopoulou V. , Rozloznik M. , Balestra C.
Published: July 2013

We investigated long‐term effects of SCUBA diving on cognitive function using a battery of neuropsychometric tests: the Simple Reaction Time (REA), Symbol Digit Substitution (SDS), Digit Span Backwards (DSB), and Hand‐Eye Coordination tests (EYE). A group (n = 44) of experienced SCUBA divers with no history of decompression sickness was compared to non‐diving control subjects (n = 37), as well as to professional boxers (n = 24), who are considered at higher risk of long term neurological damage. The REA was significantly shorter in SCUBA divers compared to the control subjects, and also more stable over the time course of the test. In contrast, the number of digits correctly memorized and reordered (DSB) was significantly lower for SCUBA divers compared to the control group. The results also showed that boxers performed significantly worse than the control group in three out of four tests (REA, DSB, EYE). While it may be concluded that accident‐free SCUBA diving may have some long‐term adverse effects on short‐term memory, there is however, no evidence of general higher cognitive function deficiency.
Assessment of red blood cell transfusion and transfusion duration on cerebral and mesenteric oxygenation using near‐infrared spectroscopy in preterm infants with symptomatic anemia
Authors: Sandal Gonca , Oguz Serife S. , Erdeve Omer , Akar Melek , Uras Nurdan , Dilmen Ugur
Published: July 2013

Background

The aim of red blood cell (RBC) transfusion is to improve tissue oxygenation and relieve anemia‐related symptoms in preterm infants. We sought to assess regional cerebral (rSO2C) and mesenteric (rSO2M) tissue oxygenation using a near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) method and vital signs (heart rate, arterial oxygen saturation, mean arterial blood pressure) in symptomatic preterm infants with anemia who received RBC transfusions.

Study Design and Methods

Twenty‐three symptomatic patients with anemia who were at least 1 month old, whose gestational age was less than 30 weeks, and whose hematocrit level was not more than 27% were involved in the transfusion group. The control group consisted of preterm infants (Hct ≥ 32) matched for gestational age and postnatal days. The transfusion group was divided into two subgroups based on transfusion duration (2 or 4 hr). Both study groups were monitored for vital signs and rSO2C, rSO2M, and mesenteric‐cerebral oxygenation ratio (MCOR) via NIRS for 24 hours simultaneously and compared with the control group. NIRS variables and vital signs obtained before, during, and after transfusion were compared both within and between 2‐ and 4‐hour groups.

Results

rSO2C, rSO2S, and MCOR increased during and after transfusions, while cerebral fractional oxygen extraction (FOEC) and mesenteric fractional oxygen extraction (FOEM) decreased. No significant difference was found between subgroups for NIRS measurements and vital signs. A weak correlation between hemoglobin concentration and FOEC and FOEM was found.

Conclusion

RBC transfusion improved cerebral‐mesenteric oxygenation and MCOR in symptomatic infants with anemia, independent of the transfusion duration.
Microhemodynamic aberrations created by transfusion of stored blood
Authors: Yalcin Ozlem , Ortiz Daniel , Tsai Amy G. , Johnson Paul C. , Cabrales Pedro
Published: July 2013

Background

Human red blood cells (RBCs) can be stored for up to 42 days under controlled conditions. Physical and chemical changes occur during RBC storage, altering their function. This study links stored cell mechanical changes with hemodynamic functional alterations upon transfusion.

Study Design and Methods

Mechanical properties of fresh and stored RBCs were evaluated in vitro. Their transfusion effects were evaluated in vivo using intravital microscopy of the rat's cremaster muscle preparation. Rats were hemodiluted to 30% hematocrit, to mimic an anemic state before transfusion, and then exchange‐transfused with fresh or stored cells.

Results

In vitro studies on rheology and oxygen affinity of stored cells confirmed previously published results. Storage was found to modify static and dynamic RBC mechanic behavior. After transfusion, systemic hemodynamics were similar for fresh and stored cells; however, microvascular hemodynamics were drastically affected by stored cells. Stored cells reduced blood flow and oxygen delivery. Additionally, the presence of stored cells in circulation affected cell‐to‐cell and cell‐to‐wall interactions and affected cell hydrodynamics. Stored cells disrupted the RBC cell‐free layer and wall shear stress signals.

Conclusion

The reduced cell deformability due to RBC “storage lesions” caused pathologic changes in microvascular hemodynamics, endothelial cell mechanotransduction, and RBC dynamics. Thus, the mechanical changes of blood‐banked cells can limit transfusion ability to achieve its intended goal.
Wireless Underground Sensor Networks: System in Support of Future Agriculture
Authors: Vuran Mehmet C. , Dong Xin , Preston Kurt
Published: July 2013

World population growth results in a grand challenge to develop new and more sustainable agricultural methods. Wireless underground sensor networks (WUSN) are an example of how nano and microsensors may be used in the future to monitor and optimize agricultural production. This short communication examines the recent advancements toward the realization of wireless underground sensor networks and a few key challenges that can be addressed by the improvements in nanotechnology.
Buckling Mode Jump at Very Close Load Values in Unattached Flat-End Columns: Theory and Experiment
Authors: Kalathur H. , Hoang T. M. , Lakes R. S. , Drugan W. J.
Published: July 2013

Buckling of compressed flat-end columns loaded by unattached flat platens is shown, theoretically and experimentally, to occur first at the critical load and associated mode shape of a built-in column, followed extremely closely by a second critical load and different mode shape characterized by column end tilt. The theoretical critical load for secondary or end tilt buckling for a column geometry tested is shown to be only 0.13% greater than the critical load for primary buckling, in which the ends are in full contact with the compression platens. The experimental value is consistent with this theoretical one. Interestingly, under displacement control, the first buckling instability is characterized by a smoothly increasing applied load, whereas the closely following second instability causes an abrupt and large load drop (and hence exhibits incremental negative stiffness). The end tilt buckling gives rise to large hysteresis that can be useful in structural damping but that is nonconservative and potentially catastrophic in the context of design of structural support columns.
Comparison of Strain Rate Calculation Methods for Environmental Fatigue Correction Evaluation
Authors: Asada Seiji
Published: July 2013

A Code Case for procedure to determine strain rate and Fen for environmental fatigue evaluation is under preparation in the ASME BPV Committee on Construction of Nuclear Facility Components (III). The draft Code Case is to incorporate two methods for strain rate calculation. One is based on NB-3216.1 “Constant Principal Stress Direction” that comes from the JSME Environmental Fatigue Evaluation Method. The other is based on NB-3216.2 “Varying Principal Stress Direction” that was proposed by M. Gray et al. In this paper, both methods are explained and compared by using a sample problem.
Section III, Division 5: Development and Future Directions
Authors: Morton D. K. , Jetter R. I. , Nestell James E. , Burchell T. D. , Sham T.-L. (Sam)
Published: July 2013

This paper provides commentary on a new division under Section III of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel (BPV) Code. This new Division 5 has an issuance date of November 1, 2011 and is part of the 2011 Addenda to the 2010 Edition of the BPV Code. The new Division covers the rules for the design, fabrication, inspection and testing of components for high temperature nuclear reactors. Information is provided on the scope and need for Division 5, the structure of Division 5, where the rules originated, the various changes made in finalizing Division 5, and the future near-term and long-term expectations for Division 5 development. Portions of this paper were based on Chapter 17 of the Companion Guide to the ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code, Fourth Edition, © ASME, 2012, Reference [1].
A Direct Method on the Evaluation of Cyclic Behaviour With Creep Effect
Authors: Chen Haofeng , Chen Weihang , Ure James
Published: July 2013

This paper describes a new Linear Matching Method (LMM) technique for the direct evaluation of cyclic behaviour with creep effects of structures subjected to a general load condition in the steady cyclic state. The creep strain and plastic strain range for use in creep damage and fatigue assessments, respectively, are obtained. A benchmark example of a Bree cylinder subjected to cyclic thermal load and constant mechanical load is analysed to verify the applicability of the new LMM to deal with the creep fatigue damage. The cyclic responses for different loading conditions and dwell time periods within the Bree boundary are obtained. To demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the method for more complex structures, a 3D holed plate subjected to cyclic thermal loads and constant axial tension is analysed. The results of both examples show that with the presence of creep the cyclic responses change significantly. The new LMM procedure provides a general purpose technique for the evaluation of cyclic behaviour, the plastic strain range and creep strain for the creep fatigue damage assessment with creep fatigue interaction.
Elevated Temperature Primary Load Design Method Using Pseudo Elastic-Perfectly Plastic Model
Authors: Carter Peter , Sham T.-L. (Sam) , Jetter R. I.
Published: July 2013

A new primary load design method for elevated temperature service has been developed. Codification of the procedure in an ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section III Code Case is being pursued. The proposed primary load design method is intended to provide the same margins on creep rupture, yielding and creep deformation for a component or structure that are implicit in the allowable stress data. It provides a methodology that does not require stress classification and is also applicable to a full range of temperature above and below the creep regime. Use of elastic-perfectly plastic analysis based on allowable stress with corrections for constraint, steady state stress and creep ductility is described. This approach is intended to ensure that traditional primary stresses are the basis for design, taking into account ductility limits to stress re-distribution and multiaxial rupture criteria.
Understanding Equivalent Margins Analysis for Required Upper Shelf Energy
Authors: Benson Michael , Stevens Gary L. , Kirk Mark , Cipolla Russell , Scarth Douglas
Published: July 2013

Equivalent Margins Analysis (EMA) involves the calculation of an alternative minimum reactor pressure vessel (RPV) upper shelf energy (USE) when the projected value falls below current limits codified in Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 50 (10 CFR 50), Appendix G. One set of calculation methodologies for performing the analysis are provided in the Nuclear Regulatory Commission’s (NRC’s) Regulatory Guide (RG) 1.161 and American Society of Mechanical Engineers Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code (ASME Code), Section XI, nonmandatory Appendix K. Careful application of fracture mechanics principles is necessary in order to properly carry out the evaluation. This is particularly the case for demonstrating compliance with the ductile crack growth stability criterion. This paper discusses robust implementation of EMA calculations and identifies recommended changes to RG 1.161 and ASME Code, Section XI, nonmandatory Appendix K.
Cracking Failure Analysis of Ethylene Oxide Evaporator
Authors: Du Chen-yang , Wang Hui
Published: July 2013

The cracking reason of ethylene oxide evaporator in one petrochemical company was studied by means of metallographic examination, fracture analysis of the failure samples, energy spectrum analysis of the corrosion product and so on. The results showed that the microstructure near the welding heat affected zone was sensitized due to the welding process, which led to the precipitation of chromium carbide along grain boundary and the lack of Cr precipitation near grain boundary. Furthermore, under the combined action of the stress and corrosive medium, the intergranular stress corrosion cracking took place in welding heat affected zone of ethylene oxide evaporator.
Technical Basis for Case N-766-1 Nickel Alloy Reactor Coolant Inlay and Onlay for Mitigation of PWR Full Penetration Circumferential Nickel Alloy Welds in Class 1 Items
Authors: Marlette S. E. , Weicks J. G. , Bamford W. , Glunt N. L. , Udyawar A. , Ng C. K.
Published: July 2013

Primary Water Stress Corrosion Cracking (PWSCC) has been observed in pressurized water reactor (PWR) coolant system pressure boundary components. This type of cracking has been observed in Alloy 82/182 butt welds. Various repair and mitigation methods have been proposed and employed to address PWSCC. Case N-766 was developed as an alternative method for PWSCC mitigation. It is especially useful for applications in PWSCC susceptible regions where accessibility to the outer surfaces required for the other PWSCC mitigation processes is difficult or impractical. The method in Case N-766 involves isolating the PWSCC susceptible material from the primary water environment, thereby eliminating one of the three conditions that must exist for PWSCC to occur.

Inlays provide a means for PWSCC mitigation or repair of existing PWSCC flaws while maintaining the inside surface contour essentially in its original configuration, without flow path restriction. Onlays, which do not require an excavation into the pipe ID, permit maintaining the inside surface contour essentially in its original configuration, or allow for weld buildup on the inside surface with a negligible change to the inner pipe diameter.

The technical basis for the design, fabrication, and inspection requirements for inlays and onlays was documented in ASME Pressure Vessel and Piping Division Conference paper PVP2010-26164. Subsequently, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) has submitted comments on Code Case N-766. Changes were proposed to the Code Case to address the NRC’s comments and it was suggested that a bounding PWSCC crack growth evaluation be added to the technical basis to demonstrate that a flaw which might have been missed by surface examination would not grow through the inlay or onlay before the next inspection. The purpose of this paper is to augment the existing technical basis for Code Case N-766 to support the changes proposed.
Fatigue Crack Initiation of 304L Stainless Steel in Simulated PWR Primary Environment: Relative Effect of Strain Rate
Authors: Huin Nicolas , Tsutsumi Kazuya , Legras Laurent , Couvant Thierry , Loisnard Dominique , Henaff Gilbert , Mendez Jose
Published: July 2013

The French Regulatory Commission insisted on a survey justifying the assumed mechanical behavior of components exposed to Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) water under cyclic loading without taking into account its effect. In the US and Japan, the fatigue life correlation factors, so called Fen, are formulated and standardized on the basis of laboratory data to take into account the effect on fatigue life evaluation.

However, the current fatigue codification, suffers from a lack of understanding of environmental effects on the fatigue lives of stainless steels in simulated hydrogenated PWR environments. Samples tested in a recent study were analyzed to highlight the strain rate effect (within a range 0.4%/s to 0.004%/s) at the early stage of fatigue life in PWR primary environment for a 304L stainless steel. The deleterious effect of PWR primary environment on fatigue crack initiation was observed with a quantitative microscopic approach. Multi scale observations of oxide morphology and microstructure were carried out from common optical microscopy using recent technologies such as 3D oxide reconstruction, and DualBeam observations.
Guided Wave Testing: Maximizing Buried Pipe Corrosion Knowledge From Each Excavation
Authors: Crompton Andy , Royer Roger , Tallon Mark , Biagiotti Stephen F.
Published: July 2013

Excavation and Direct Examination of buried piping using conventional non-destructive examination (NDE) has been the traditional inspection approach for decades and remains the only quantitative method for piping evaluations in plants when internal in-line inspection tools cannot be used due to geometry or other constraints. This “difficult to assess” piping presents many challenges, including limited effectiveness of traditional indirect inspection tools, high cost and operational concerns associated with excavations, and the ability to evaluate only a small sampling of a piping system. Many inspection technologies exist for buried pipe assessments; however, no indirect techniques provide the ability to yield quantitative wall loss values suitable for ASME fitness for service calculations beyond what’s exposed in the excavation. An evolving technology, guided wave testing (GWT), has many applications including the ability to provide assessment information beyond the excavation.

In this paper, the application of GWT for buried piping inspection will be discussed. We will review: principles behind its operation; the competitive technologies on the market; challenges for the technology; management of data within the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) industry standard buried pipe database (BPWorks™ 2.0); trending; case histories showing how GWT can be used to extend the knowledge gained during an excavation by screening adjacent areas for more significant corrosion than observed in the excavated and exposed area; coupling GWT results with other inspection technologies to gain an enhanced interpretation of the overall condition of the line; and how to incorporate this data into an effective structural and/or leakage integrity program as part of the reasonable assurance process.
Probabilistic Models of Reliability of Cast Austenitic Stainless Steel Piping
Authors: Qian Haiyang , Harris David , Griesbach Timothy J.
Published: July 2013

The concern of toughness reduction due to thermal embrittlement of cast austenitic stainless steel (CASS) piping is increasing as nuclear power plants age. Because of the large and variable grain size of the CASS materials, the ultrasonic inspection (UT) difficulties of the CASS components increases concerns regarding their reliability. Another added concern is the presence of potential defects introduced during the casting fabrication process. The possible presence of defects and difficulty of inspection complicate the development of programs to manage the risk contributed by these potentially degraded components.

Experiments have been performed in the past to evaluate the effect of thermal embrittlement on tensile properties and fracture toughness as functions of time, temperature, composition, and delta ferrite content, but considerable scatter has been shown in the results among the important variables. A probabilistic approach is proposed for the evaluation of the aging effect based on the scatter in material correlations, difficulty of inspection and presence of initial defects. The purpose of this study is to describe a probabilistic fracture mechanics analysis approach for the determination of the maximum allowable flaw sizes in CASS piping components in commercial power reactors, using Monte Carlo simulation. Attention is focused on fully embrittled CF8M material, and the probability of failure for a given crack size, load and composition is predicted considering scatter in tensile properties and fracture toughness (fracture toughness is expressed as a crack growth resistance relation in terms of J-Δa). The correlation between the reduced toughness and increased tensile properties due to thermal embrittlement is also included in the analysis. This paper presents results for CF8M to demonstrate the sensitivity of key input variables on the most severely embrittled material. The output of this study is the flaw size (length and depth) that will fail with a given probability as a function of load and geometry.
Weight Function Method With Segment-Wise Polynomial Interpolation to Calculate Stress Intensity Factors for Complicated Stress Distributions
Authors: Li Yinsheng , Itoh Hiroto , Hasegawa Kunio , Xu Steven X. , Scarth Douglas A.
Published: July 2013

Many solutions of the stress intensity factor have been proposed in recent years. However, most of them take only third or fourth-order polynomial stress distributions into account. For complicated stress distributions which are difficult to be represented as third or fourth-order polynomial equations over the stress distribution area such as residual stress distributions or thermal stress distributions in dissimilar materials, it is important to further improve the accuracy of the stress intensity factor.

In this study, a weight function method with segment-wise polynomial interpolation is proposed to calculate solutions of the stress intensity factor for complicated stress distributions. By using this method, solutions of the stress intensity factor can be obtained without employing finite element analysis or difficult calculations. It is therefore easy to use in engineering applications. In this method, the stress distribution area is firstly divided into several segments and the stress distribution in each segment is curve fitted to segment-wise polynomial equation. The stress intensity factor is then calculated based on the weight function method and the fitted stress distribution in each segment. Some example solutions for both infinite length cracks and semi-elliptical cracks are compared with the results from finite element analysis. In conclusion, it is confirmed that this method is applicable with high accuracy to the calculation of the stress intensity factor taking actual complicated stress distributions into consideration.
Breaking a Vicious Cycle
Authors: Hayes Daniel F. , Allen Jeff , Compton Carolyn , Gustavsen Gary , Leonard Debra G. B. , McCormack Robert , Newcomer Lee , Pothier Kristin , Ransohoff David , Schilsky Richard L. , Sigal Ellen , Taube Sheila E. , Tunis Sean R.
Published: July 2013

New tumor-biomarker diagnostics will emerge along with changes in regulation, development, reimbursement, and investment practices.
Non-fatal injuries resulting in activity limitations in Estonia—risk factors and association with the incidence of chronic conditions and quality of life: a retrospective study among the population aged 20–79
Authors: Puur Allan , Altmets Katre , Saava Astrid , Uusküla Anneli , Sakkeus Luule
Published: July 2013

Objectives

Evidence about the health and quality-of-life outcomes of injuries is obtained mainly from follow-up studies of surviving trauma patients; population-based studies are rarer, in particular for countries in Eastern Europe. This study examines the incidence, prevalence and social variation in non-fatal injuries resulting in activity limitations and outcomes of injuries in Estonia.

Design

A retrospective population-based study.

Setting

Estonia.

Participants

7855 respondents of the face-to-face interviews of the second round of the Estonian Family and Fertility Survey conducted between 2004 and 2005 based on the nationally representative probability sample (n=11 192) of the resident population of Estonia aged 20–79.

Primary and secondary outcome measures

The cumulative incidence and prevalence of injuries leading to activity limitations was estimated. Survival models were applied to analyse variations in the injury risk across sociodemographic groups. The association between injuries and the development of chronic conditions and quality of life was examined using survival and logistic regression models.

Results

10% (95% CI 9.4 to 10.7) of the population aged 20–79 had experienced injuries leading to activity limitations; the prevalence of activity limitations due to injuries was 4.4% (95% CI 3.9% to 4.9%). Significant differences in injury risk were associated with gender, education, employment, marital status and nativity. Limiting injury was associated with a doubling of the likelihood of having chronic conditions (adjusted HR 1.97, 95% CI 1.58 to 2.46). Injury exhibited a statistically significant negative association with most quality-of-life measures. Although reduced, these effects persisted after recovery from activity limitations.

Conclusions

Substantial variation in injury risk across population groups suggests potential for prevention. Men and workers in manual occupations constitute major target groups for injury prevention in Estonia. The association of injury with the development of chronic conditions and reduced quality of life warrants further investigation.
Risk perception of sexually transmitted infections and HIV in Nigerian commercial sex workers living in Barcelona: a study protocol
Authors: Coma Auli Núria , Mejía-Lancheros Cília , Berenguera Anna , Mayans Martí Vall , Lasagabaster Maider Arando , Pujol-Ribera Enriqueta
Published: July 2013

Introduction

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV are a serious global public health issue. These diseases are largely preventable, as they are directly and indirectly associated with potentially modifiable factors, including socioeconomic conditions. Sexual transmission is responsible for over 75% of new HIV infections worldwide. Moreover, commercial sex workers and their clients are two of the groups at the highest risk of acquiring and transmitting these infectious diseases, due to an extensive number of sexual encounters and the various factors related to commercial sex situations. This qualitative study aims to deepen the understanding of the risk perception of STIs and HIV and their associated factors in Nigerian commercial sex workers in the city of Barcelona.

Methods and analysis

This is a qualitative, descriptive, interpretive study based on a social constructivist and phenomenological perspective conducted on a saturated sample of Nigerian commercial sex workers in the city of Barcelona. Data will be collected through semistructured individual and triangular group interviews. Information will be examined using a sociological discourse analysis, allowing us to understand the social and individual factors related to the risk perception of STIs and HIV in commercial sex workers.

Discussion

Qualitative studies are an important element in identifying individual, social and contextual factors directly or indirectly related to the health/disease process. This qualitative study will provide essential knowledge to improve health promotion, prevention strategies and effective management of STIs both for commercial sex workers and their clients.

Ethics

This study has been approved by the clinical research ethics committee (CEIC) of IDIAP Jordi Gol in Barcelona, 2012.
Organic and organometallic derivatives of pentaphenylbenzene, C6Ph5X: correlation of peripheral phenyl ring orientations with the steric bulk of “X”
Authors: Brydges Stacey , Gildea Brendan , Grealis John P. , Müller-Bunz Helge , Stradiotto Mark , Casey Michael , McGlinchey Michael J.
Published: July 2013

A series of C6Ph5X compounds, including X = H, Br, CO2H, CO2R, C[Formula: see text]CPh, cis-BrC=C(Br)Ph, 2-bornenyl, and ferrocenyl, have been characterized by use of X-ray crystallography. Also, the first organometallic complexes of pentaphenylbenzene have been prepared by reaction with chromium hexacarbonyl to yield (η6-C6Ph5H)Cr(CO)3 complexes in which the metal tripod is attached either to an ortho peripheral ring or to the central ring. Crystalline pentaphenylbenzoic acid exists as a hydrogen-bonded dimer; however, the steric bulk of the substituents does not allow the carboxylic acid moieties to be linked directly but instead via two bridging methanol molecules. In the solid state, the orientation of the peripheral rings in bulky C6Ph5X systems is very sensitive to the size of the “X” substituents, such that the twist angle of the para ring responds inversely with increasing bulk of “X”, which drives the ortho rings farther out of the plane of the central ring. The relevance of these observations to correlated motion in molecular propellers, and ultimately to molecular machines, is discussed.
CHARACTERIZATION OF BACKBENDING IN EVEN–EVEN ISOTOPES OF 164–174Hf AND 154–164Dy NUCLEI BY A MODIFIED PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODEL
Authors: NAJIM L. A. , KHEDER MALEK. H.
Published: July 2013

A modified phenomenological model is used to calculate nuclear energy levels and describe successfully the backbending of the moment of inertia for the ground state bands in even–even isotopes of Hf and Dy nuclei. The model is a combination of the Myers and Swiatecki model with variable moment inertia (VMI) model. Since the Myers and Swiatecki model has a deviation from experimental energies in which it takes into account pairing effect with constant moment of inertia, in the rotation of nuclei, the Coriolis force acts to de-pair the nucleons pair and align their angular momentum with nuclei total angular momentum, thus Coriolis force increasing and decrease the rotational energy. So, the moment of inertia varies with the angular momentum. Therefore, we modified this model by adding a term to make the moment of inertia vary with angular momentum in the same manner of the VMI model which has a term added to the rotational energy equation. The modified model fits remarkably with the experimental observation and other models in many cases with the use of few parameters especially in rotational nuclei regions similar to Hf and Dy nuclei.
SPATIAL-TEMPORAL OSCILLATIONS OF THE ORDER PARAMETER IN CONFINED DIBLOCK COPOLYMER MIXTURES
Authors: KRASNYUK IGOR B.
Published: July 2013

The mathematical model describing the evolution of the order parameter in confined polymer melts is under consideration. The corresponding equation is derived from a special energy functional introduced by Fredrickson and Binder to describe the behavior of polymer chains in block copolymer melts. This equation is modified to take into account the "memory" of correlated blends. The resulting hyperbolic partial differential equation is of order six in space variable. The Puri–Binder dynamical boundary conditions with "feedback" describe processes of cyclic surface crystallization and melting. Two types of polymer mixtures (ideal and non-ideal) are studied. In the case of the ideal mixture, the attractor of the boundary problem consists of asymptotically periodic piecewise constant functions with finite or infinite number of discontinuities per period (spatial-temporal structures of relaxation or turbulent type). In the non-ideal case, the attractor contains quasi-periodic functions or it is so-called strange chaotic or strange non-chaotic. The bifurcation diagram is constructed.
Sedimentary processes in two different polar periglacial environments: Examples from Schirmacher Oasis and Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica
Authors: Asthana Rajesh , Shrivastava Prakash K. , Beg M. Javed , Swain Ashit K. , Dharwadkar Amit , Roy Sandip K. , Srivastava Hari B.
Published: July 2013

Schirmacher Oasis and Bharati Promontory in Larsemann Hills of East Antarctica are currently ice-free coastal areas exposed in physiographically different polar periglacial environments. Schirmacher Oasis is bound by the presence of a vast stretch of ice shelf in the north and the polar ice sheet in the south. It exhibits well-developed patterned ground, abundant till deposition, block-fields, episodic development of curvilinear morainic ridges, extensive outwash plains and erratics. In contrast, the occurrence of such depositional features is sparse on Bharati Promontory, where landmass is directly in contact with the ocean. The sedimentary processes vary in their magnitude owing to different physiographic settings in these two geographically separated locations. Scanning electron microscopy of quartz grains shows subsequent reworking under glaciofluvial environment and final deposition of material in glacially scoured basins. The fluvial action is more pronounced in the Schirmacher Oasis than on Bharati Promontory. The transport of sediment by polar ice is mainly through englacial pathways with a minor contribution from the supraglacial component. Discharge of all sizes of sediments ranging from large boulders to glacially abraded rock-flour in varying proportions takes place at the ice–bedrock interface. Granulometric analysis also shows turbulence of transporting media and reworking of sediments before final deposition.
Palaeoshoreline records of glacial isostatic adjustment in the Dry Valleys region, Antarctica
Authors: Konfal Stephanie A. , Wilson T. J. , Hall B. L.
Published: July 2013

We present a new record of crustal deformation for the Dry Valleys and surrounding region of Antarctica. Values of crustal tilt resulting from the differential uplift of lacustrine strandlines are derived and linked with age data to provide a history of solid earth deformation since deglaciation. We present tilt directions and gradients for 13 strandlines formed
c.
18 100–2100 cal yr BP. Derived gradient magnitudes increase exponentially with age and indicate an ongoing response to deglaciation since the Last Glacial Maximum. Azimuths of crustal tilting are consistently down to the SE towards West Antarctica. This tilt pattern is opposite to that predicted by models of glacial isostatic adjustment for Antarctica. Tilt magnitudes are significantly larger than tilted strandlines documented elsewhere in the world, suggesting an influence from thin crust and weak mantle underlying the region. This study presents the first use of lacustrine strandline tilts to document crustal deformation due to glacial unloading in Antarctica and provides an important new datum for constraining glacial isostatic adjustment models.
Mapping and confirmation of a major left ventricular mass QTL on rat chromosome 1 by contrasting SHRSP and F344 rats
Authors: Grabowski Katja , Koplin Gerold , Aliu Bujar , Schulte Leonard , Schulz Angela , Kreutz Reinhold
Published: July 2013

An abnormal increase in left ventricular (LV) mass, i.e., LV hypertrophy (LVH), represents an important target organ damage in arterial hypertension and has been associated with poor clinical outcome. Genetic factors are contributing to variation in LV mass in addition to blood pressure and other factors such as dietary salt intake. We set out to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) for LV mass by comparing the spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone (SHRSP) rat with LVH and normotensive Fischer rats (F344) with contrasting low LV mass. To this end we performed a genome-wide QTL mapping analysis in 232 F2 animals derived from SHRSP and F344 exposed to high-salt (4% in chow) intake for 8 wk. We mapped one major QTL for LV mass on rat chromosome 1 (RNO1) that demonstrated strong linkage (peak logarithm of odds score 8.4) to relative LV weight (RLVW) and accounted for ∼19% of the variance of this phenotype in F2 rats. We therefore generated a consomic SHRSP-1F344 strain in which RNO1 from F344 was introgressed into the SHRSP background. Consomic and SHRSP animals showed similar blood pressures during conventional intra-arterial measurements, while RLVW was already significantly lower (−17.7%, P < 0.05) in SHRSP-1F344 in response to a normal-salt diet; a similar significant reduction of LV mass was also observed in consomic rats after high-salt intake ( P < 0.05 vs. SHRSP). Thus, a major QTL on RNO1 was confirmed with significant impact on LV mass in the hypertensive background of SHRSP.
Universal Approximation of a Class of Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Neural Networks in Nonlinear Identification
Authors: Castillo Oscar , Castro Juan R. , Melin Patricia , Rodriguez-Diaz Antonio
Published: July 2013

Neural networks (NNs), type-1 fuzzy logic systems (T1FLSs), and interval type-2 fuzzy logic systems (IT2FLSs) have been shown to be universal approximators, which means that they can approximate any nonlinear continuous function. Recent research shows that embedding an IT2FLS on an NN can be very effective for a wide number of nonlinear complex systems, especially when handling imperfect or incomplete information. In this paper we show, based on the Stone-Weierstrass theorem, that an interval type-2 fuzzy neural network (IT2FNN) is a universal approximator, which uses a set of rules and interval type-2 membership functions (IT2MFs) for this purpose. Simulation results of nonlinear function identification using the IT2FNN for one and three variables and for the Mackey-Glass chaotic time series prediction are presented to illustrate the concept of universal approximation.
Spectroscopic, Thermal, Electrochemical, and Antimicrobial Studies of Mononuclear Manganese(II) Ditolyldithiophosphates
Authors: Khajuria Ruchi , Syed Atiya , Kumar Sandeep , Pandey Sushil K.
Published: July 2013

New complexes of manganese(II) corresponding to [{(ArO)2PS2}2Mn] and [{(ArO)2PS2}2Mn.nL] (Ar=o-,m-,p-CH3C6H4andp-Cl-m-CH3C6H3;n=1, L = N2C12H8, N2C10H8;n=2, L = NC5H5, P(C6H5)3) have been synthesized and characterized by microelemental analyses (C, H, and N), magnetic susceptibility, molar conductance, thermogravimetric, cyclic voltammetry, and spectral analyses including ESI mass spectrometry, IR, and UV-visible. The presence of a four-and-six coordinated Mn atoms has been established in the complexes and adducts, respectively. Antimicrobial screening of the complexes against gram negative bacteriaE. coli,K. pneumonia,andP. aeruginosaand fungusS. rolfsiihas shown potential bioactivity.
A Kind of Infinite-Dimensional Novikov Algebras and Its Realizations
Authors: Chen Liangyun
Published: July 2013

We construct a kind of infinite-dimensional Novikov algebras and give its realization by hyperbolic sine functions and hyperbolic cosine functions.
Expression of Stem Cell Markers in Primo Vessel of Rat
Authors: Park Eun Seok , Lee Jeong Hoon , Kim Won Jin , Heo Jinbeom , Shin Dong Myung , Leem Chae Hun
Published: July 2013

Accumulating line of evidence support that adult tissues contain a rare population of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), which differentiate into all types of cells in our body. Bonghan microcell (primo microcells (PMCs)) discovered in 1960s was reported to have a pluripotency like a stem cellin vivoas well asin vitrocondition. Here, we describe the detailed morphology and molecular features of PMCs. PMCs reside in Bonghan duct (primo vessel (PV)) reported as a corresponding structure of acupuncture points and meridian system. We found that PMCs were frequently observed in the liver surface of the rat between 300 g and 400 g from April to June, suggesting that the their detection frequency depends on the weight, the season, and the organ of rat. As reported, PMCs freshly isolated from PVs were spherical ~1-2 μm microsized cells. In contrast, a unique bithread or budding-shaped PMCs emerged during tissue culture around 8 days. RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that PVs-derived cells express theOct4, the most important PSCs gene, in addition to several PSCs markers (Sox2,Stella,Rex1, andKlf4). Thus, we for the first time provide the evidence about Oct4-expressing stem-like characteristics for cells resident in PVs, a possible novel stem cell enriched niche.
A New Fractional Subequation Method and Its Applications for Space-Time Fractional Partial Differential Equations
Authors: Meng Fanwei , Feng Qinghua
Published: July 2013

A new fractional subequation method is proposed for finding exact solutions for fractional partial differential equations (FPDEs). The fractional derivative is defined in the sense of modified Riemann-Liouville derivative. As applications, abundant exact solutions including solitary wave solutions as well as periodic wave solutions for the space-time fractional generalized Hirota-Satsuma coupled KdV equations are obtained by using this method.