bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
España ante el arbitraje internacional por los recortes a las energías renovables: una representación en tres actos, por ahora = Spain before the international arbitration for the cut to renewable energies: a representation in three acts, for now
Authors: Fernández Masiá Enrique
Published: October 2017

Resumen: El 4 de mayo de 2017 se hizo público el tercer laudo en relación con la saga de arbitrajes contra España por las medidas en el ámbito energético. Después de dos victorias de España, el tercer laudo en el caso Eiser, ha sido el primero donde el tribunal arbitral ha concedido una indemnización a los demandantes en relación con las medidas aplicadas que suponen un recorte de los incentivos y beneficios ofrecidos para promover la inversión en el sector de energía solar fotovoltaica. La interpretación del tratamiento justo y equitativo en estos casos y, especialmente en el caso Eiser, puede tener un gran impacto en los arbitrajes que todavía están pendientes contra España por las mismas medidas.Palabras clave: arbitraje de inversiones, energías renovables, medidas legislativas, expropiación indirecta, tratamiento justo y equitativo.Abstract: On May 4, 2017 the third final award on the Spanish energy arbitration saga was unveiled. After two wins for Spain, the recent award in Eiser case has been the first where the arbitral tribunal has granted damages for the claimants, in relation to the measures applied to cut the incentives and benefits offered to promote investment in the photovoltaic solar power sector. The intepretation of the fair and equitable treatment in these cases, specially in the Eiser case, can have a great impact in the remaining arbitrations against Spain for the same measures.Keywords: investment arbitration, renewable energies, legislative measures, indirect expropriation, fair and equitable treatment.
Recurso extraordinario en el estado de origen. Comentario a la sentencia del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea, de 17 diciembre 2015, Imtech Marine, c-300/14 = Review in exceptional cases in the member state of origin. Judgment of the Court (fourth chamber) of 17 december 2015, Imtech Marine, case c-300/14
Authors: Rodríguez Rodrigo Juliana
Published: October 2017

Resumen: El artículo 19 del Reglamento 805/2004, relativo al título ejecutivo europeo, es el precepto objeto de estudio por parte del Tribunal de Justicia en esta sentencia. En este artículo, el legislador europeo regula el recurso extraordinario contra la resolución por la cual se emite el título ejecutivo europeo. En este sentido, el precepto indicado establece la necesidad de que exista esta posibilidad de revisión de la resolución, en los casos en los que el deudor haya permanecido en rebeldía forzosa durante el procedimiento que ha dado lugar a la misma, y como requisito para que pueda ser certificada como título ejecutivo europeo la mencionada resolución. En relación con este artículo 19, el Tribunal de Luxemburgo aclara, entre otras cuestiones, que no es obligatorio para los Estados miembros del Reglamento regular en sus ordenamientos el recurso al que alude el precepto. Sin embargo, en el caso de que no exista esa posibilidad de revisión conforme a la legislación del foro, la resolución no podrá ser certificada como título ejecutivo europeo. Todo lo cual no significa que aquella no pueda circular por la Unión Europea, lo puede hacer, pero siempre que se acoja a otras normas aplicables en la materia, como el Reglamento 1215/2012.Palabras clave: título ejecutivo europeo, recurso extraordinario.Abstract: Article 19 of Regulation 805/2004, creating the European Enforcement Order, is the precept studied by the European Court in this judgment. In this article, the European legislator regulates the extraordinary appeal against the decision by which the European enforcement order is issued. The indicated article establishes the need for this possibility of revision of the resolution, in cases in which the debtor has remained in forced rebellion during the procedure, and as a requirement for that the resolution may be certified as the European Enforcement Order. In relation to this article 19, the Luxembourg Court clarifies, among other things, that it is not compulsory for the Member States to regulate in their legal systems this review. However, in the event that there is no such possibility of revision under the law of the forum, the resolution can not be certified as a European Enforcement Order. In these cases, the creditor may instead choose the system of recognition and enforcement under Regulation (EC) No 1215/2012 or other European instruments.Keywords: European Enforcement Order, review in exceptional cases.
DINÂMICA DE RAMPA DE COLÚVIO NA SUPERFÍCIE DE PALMAS/ÁGUA DOCE DURANTE O QUATERNÁRIO TARDIO – BASES PARA COMPREENDER A EVOLUÇÃO DAS ENCOSTAS NO PLANALTO DAS ARAUCÁRIAS
Authors: Paisani Julio Cesar , Paisani Sani Daniela Lopes , Osterrieth Margarita Luisa , Pontelli Marga Eliz , Fujita Rafaela Harumi
Published: October 2017

O termo rampa de colúvio consiste em unidade de relevo suavemente inclinada em direção ao fundo dos vales mantida por colúvios, por vezes recobrindo terraços aluviais e reentrâncias (hollows) ou depressões em anfiteatro. O presente trabalho visou determinar a dinâmica de rampa de colúvio da superfície de Palmas/Água Doce, ao longo do Quaternário Tardio, bem como tecer considerações a respeito do ambiente de encostas em superfícies de cimeira do Planalto das Araucárias, sul do Brasil. Aplicou-se a análise pedoestratigráfica em duas seções representativas dos materiais da rampa de colúvio, bem como a geocronologia (métodos 14C e LOE), análise isotópica do carbono e fitolítica. A rampa de colúvio relevou registro pedoestratigráfico caracterizado por camadas delgadas de colúvios (horizontes Cb), por vezes pedogenizadas (horizontes Ab, ACb, CAb, Bb e BCb), com importantes lacunas e truncamentos de níveis pedológicos superficiais (paleohorizontes A). Vales de drenagem de baixa ordem vizinhos às encostas sofreram colmatação durante sucessivas fases de sedimentação. A morfogênese foi contínua no setor analisado do Último Interglacial (Estágio Isotópico Marinho 3 – EIM 3) ao Holoceno (EIM 1). Os sinais isotópicos e fitolíticos sugerem que a estabilidade ambiental favorecendo a pedogênese no Último Interestadial (EIM 3) foi em detrimento de regime climático úmido e relativamente frio. Já a morfogênese registrada no Último Máximo Glacial (EIM 2) decorreu de regime climático relativamente frio e seco, pontuada por fase de flutuação para mais úmido. Enfim, para o Holoceno (EIM 1) o clima mostrou-se no geral mais quente e seco. Do ponto de vista regional, os resultados indicam que: a) as rampas de colúvio são unidades geomórficas de trânsito de sedimentos entre colinas e fundo de vale de baixa ordem nas superfícies de cimeira do Planalto das Araucárias; b) seus registros estratigráficos são delgados em face a recorrentes lacunas (descontinuidades); c) a intensa dinâmica erosiva nas rampas inibe o acúmulo de sedimentos, por outro lado possibilita a colmatação de fundos de vales de baixa ordem vizinhos, até completa homogeneização topográfica lateral; d) nesses fundos de vales estão os principais registros estratigráficos que documentam fases de pedogênese e morfogênese tanto no ambiente de encosta quanto no ambiente fluvial de baixa ordem vinculado a rampa; e) paleohorizontes A húmicos enterrados (Ab), vinculados a fase de pedogênese do Último Máximo Glacial, podem estar preservados em ambos os ambientes.
El estigma de la persona adicta
Authors: Pascual Mollá Mireia , Pascual Pastor Francisco
Published: October 2017

Editorial del vol. 29-4.
Disaster Management in Industry: Ergonomic Perspective
Authors: Panchal R.N. , Awasare A.D. , Panchal J.R. , Jamadar V.M. , Shinde G.V. , Kumbhar H.M. , Zende A.M.
Published: October 2017

Plant layout is related with the arrangement of machines, equipment, storage vessels, materials, workplace and warehouse.  It is need to the design constraints arising from safety for humans, environment conditions, construction, maintenance, and operation of product with financial balance. Human comfort is very important because it is directly affect on human efficiency. Chemical accidents and spills can be hazardous to peoples, wildlife, and create environmental issues. The good way to reduce the harm caused by chemical accidents is to design and development of layout and plants with good safety controls that operate at lower temperature. The basic aim of paper is to create awareness and safety taring amongst operators working in the plant.
The Utility of False-Profile Radiographs for the Detection of Osteoarthritis Progression in Acetabular Dysplasia
Authors: Akiho Shunsuke , Yamamoto Takuaki , Kinoshita Koichi , Matsunaga Ayumi , Ishii Satohiro , Ishimatsu Tetsuro
Published: October 2017

Background:

Both the lateral center-edge angle and acetabular roof obliquity on anteroposterior radiographs are well-known prognostic predictors of osteoarthritis progression in patients with acetabular dysplasia. However, few studies have evaluated osteoarthritis progression on false-profile radiographs. In the present study, osteoarthritis progression was evaluated on anteroposterior and false-profile radiographs.

Methods:

We retrospectively evaluated 76 patients with acetabular dysplasia with Tönnis grade-0 or 1 osteoarthritis, from a group of 179 patients (209 hips), who had undergone unilateral periacetabular osteotomy from 1995 to 2005. We evaluated the hip joint of the contralateral, untreated side. All patients were followed for ≥10 years. Of the 76 patients, 52 patients with Tönnis grade-0 or 1 osteoarthritis at the latest follow-up were categorized into the non-progression group and the remaining 24 patients with Tönnis grade-2 or 3 osteoarthritis were categorized into the progression group. We evaluated patient characteristics as well as radiographic parameters, including the preoperative lateral center-edge angle, acetabular roof obliquity, and anterior center-edge angle.

Results:

The mean duration of follow-up was 12.6 years (range, 10 to 19 years). On univariate analysis, body weight, body mass index, and all radiographic parameters indicating the severity of acetabular dysplasia significantly differed between the 2 groups. On multivariate analysis, both the anterior center-edge angle and acetabular roof obliquity were considered to be significant predictive factors for osteoarthritis progression. On receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the cutoff values for the lateral center-edge angle, acetabular roof obliquity, and anterior center-edge angle were 15.5°, 15.5°, and 12.5°, respectively.

Conclusions:

In addition to the lateral center-edge angle and acetabular roof obliquity, we showed that the anterior center-edge angle is a possible prognostic predictor of osteoarthritis progression. These findings indicate that radiographic parameters based on the false-profile view are relevant. Additionally, patients with an anterior center-edge angle of ≤12.5° and a lateral center-edge angle of ≤15.5° seem to be at higher risk of osteoarthritis progression over a 10-year period.

Level of Evidence:

Prognostic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
A study of histological changes in the Diaphragm of male albino mice administered with aqueous extract of chamomileflowers Chamomillarecutita
Authors: Alsaffar SuraFouad A. , Alqaisy Kawkab Saleem N.
Published: October 2017

The chamomile is one of the most important medicinal plants recommended for treatment of asthma and some respiratory system diseases.
This research was designed to research the effects of aqueous extract of chamomillarecutita on histological structure of Diaphragm of albino mice.
The study included 40 male albino mice Musmusculus, their age ranged from (5-7) weeks.The mices were divided randomly to 5 groups and oral administered with 1 ml every day for 10 days:-
First Group G1: consider as control group and treated with normal saline,Second Group G2: was treated with aqueous extract of chamomile with concentration of 3 gm /100 ml D.W, Third Group G3: was treated with aqueous extract of chamomile with concentration of 5 gm /100 ml D.W.Fourth Group G4: was treated with aqueous extract of chamomile with concentration of 7 gm /100 ml D.W and the Fifth Group G5: was treated with aqueous extract of chamomile with concentration of 10 gm /100 ml D.W.
Theresults of microscopic examination of diaphragm sections of groups G3,G4 and G5 showed degenerative effects on muscular tissue in way of breaking of myofibrils differences in their sizes and degeneration of most of nuclei of muscle fiber and their migration to inside the muscle fiber , it has been found that these treatments cause an alteration in myofibril in fibrotic myofibril.
From this study we conclude that low concentration of aqueous extract of chamomile have low side effect on major respiratory muscles and could be used in beneficial treatment to contact diseases of respiratory system but without longer duration.
Kinetic and Mechanistic Studies for the Gas-phase Reaction of Ozone with 2, 3-Dimethyl-2-Butene and 1, 3-Butadiene
Authors: Mulla Ismael Abdulsatar AL
Published: October 2017

The reactions of ozone with 2,3-Dimethyl-2-Butene (CH3)2C=C(CH3)2 and 1,3-Butadiene CH2=CHCH=CH2 have been investigated under atmospheric conditions at 298±3K in air using both relative and absolute rate techniques, and the measured rate coefficients are found to be in good agreement in both techniques used. The obtained results show the addition of ozone to the double bond in these compounds and how it acts as function of the methyl group substituent situated on the double bond. The yields of all the main products have been determined using FTIR and GC-FID and the product studies of these reactions establish a very good idea for the decomposition pathways for the primary formed compounds (ozonides) and give a good information for the effect of the methyl group on the degradation pathways. The results have been discussed from the view point of their importance in the atmospheric oxidation of these pollutants.
Preparation and Characterization some New of Naproxen Drug Derivatives
Authors: Mahmood Wasan abdul Razzaq
Published: October 2017

In this research four steps of the new derivatives of Naproxen drug have been made which are known as a high medicinal effectiveness; the first step involved converting Naproxen into the corresponding ester (A) by reaction Naproxen with methanol absolute in presence H2SO4. While the second step involved treatment methyl Naproxen ester (A) with hydrazine hydrate 80% in presence of ethanol .The third reaction requires synthesis of Schiff bases (C1-C10) by condensation. of Naproxen hydrazide (B) with many substituted aromatic aldehydes . Finally, the fourth step synthesized new tetrazole derivatives ( D1- D10) by the reaction of the prepared Schiff bases (in the third step) with Sodium azide in THF as a solvent .The prepared compounds were characterized by physical properties ,(FT-IR) ,UV, and somewhat of them by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR spectroscopy.
Synthesis, Spectroscopic Studies and Biological Activities of Mixed Metal (III) Complexes of Uracil with 1, 10-Phenanthroline
Authors: Obaid Shatha M. H.
Published: October 2017

New complexes of the [M(Ura)(Phen)(OH2)Cl2]Cl.2H2O type, where (Ura) uracil ; (Phen) 1,10-phenanthroline hydrate; M (Cr+3 , Fe+3 and La+3) were synthesized from mix ligand and characterized . These complexes have been characterized by the elemental micro analysis, spectral (FT-IR., UV-Vis, 1HNMR, 13CNMR and Mass) and magnetic susceptibility as well the molar conductive mensuration. Cr+3, Fe+3 and La+3- complexes of six–coordinated were proposed for the insulated for three metal(III) complexes for molecular formulas following into uracil property and 1,10-phenanthroline hydrate present . The proposed molecular structure for all metal (III) complexes is octahedral geometries .The biological activity was tested of metal(III) salts, ligands as well as metal(III) complexes to the pathogenic bacteria as well as the antifungal activity has been studied .
WATER QUALITY and irrigation analysis reporting in western U.S. agriculture
Authors: Pier Jerome
Published: October 2017

There has recently been a surge in the number of irrigation water suitability tests performed in California. The increase is due to a regulatory focus on groundwater quality, especially nitrate pollution of drinking water. This article dives deeper into the results of a typical irrigation suitability analysis report to look at how irrigation water quality can affect crop production. Earn 1 CEU in Soil & Water Management by reading this article and taking the quiz at www.certifiedcropadviser.org/education/classroom/classes/518.
Soil Water Dynamics and Nitrate Leaching Under Corn–Soybean Rotation, Continuous Corn, and Kura Clover
Authors: Ochsner Tyson E. , Schumacher Todd W. , Venterea Rodney T. , Feyereisen Gary W. , Baker John M.
Published: October 2017

Core Ideas

Corn–soybean and continuous corn had similar soil water dynamics and N leaching.

Urea and anhydrous ammonia resulted in similar leachate nitrate concentrations.

The kura clover cropping system reduced drainage, N leaching, and fall soil N.

Improving water quantity and quality impacts of corn (Zea mays L.)‐ and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]‐based cropping systems is a key challenge for agriculture in the US Midwest. Long‐term field experiments are important for documenting those effects and exploring possible solutions. This study examines differences in soil water dynamics and nitrate‐nitrogen (N) leaching among cropping systems and N fertilizer sources in a long‐term experiment in southeastern Minnesota. Drainage and leachate concentrations were measured for 4 yr using automated equilibrium tension lysimeters installed below the root zone in replicated, large plots on a well‐drained silt loam soil. Soil water storage was monitored using water content reflectometers. Corn–soybean and continuous corn cropping systems exhibited similar soil water dynamics, drainage rates (145–202 mm yr−1), leachate nitrate N concentrations (21.3–25.6 mg L−1), and nitrate N leaching loads (30–75 kg ha−1 yr−1). Nitrate‐N concentrations in the leachate were similar whether N was added as urea (21.2 mg L−1) or anhydrous ammonia (25.7 mg L−1). A perennial kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum M. Bieb)‐based cropping system with no N fertilizer significantly altered soil water dynamics and resulted in lower (p < 0.10) drainage rates (53 mm yr−1), nitrate N concentrations (7.1 mg L−1), and nitrate N leaching loads (2–5 kg ha−1 yr−1) compared with corn–soybean or continuous corn, but also reduced corn grain yields. These impacts are generally consistent with a growing body of literature showing substantial environmental benefits of a kura clover living mulch system for corn production, but the economic viability of such a system is not yet proven.
Armas cibernéticas. Malware inteligente para ataques dirigidos
Authors: Márquez Díaz Jairo Eduardo
Published: October 2017

En este artículo se muestra un análisis sobre el malware denominado Amenaza Persistente Avanzada o APT, el cual se ha clasificado por autoridades internacionales, como una de las primeras ciberarmas que puede comprometer seriamente las infraestructuras críticas de una nación.  Esto se debe en gran parte, a los nuevos desarrollos de sistemas intrusivos más avanzados, que incorporan tecnologías y algoritmos dinámicos, que buscan integrar la inteligencia artificial y los algoritmos genéticos, entre otros, para hacer mucho más complejos y completos los programas a la hora de efectuar un escaneo de los protocolos de red y/o registros, robo de información, espionaje o ataques dirigidos, donde el sigilo y la furtividad son factores clave para ello, haciéndolos indetectables, y cuya permanencia puede ser indefinida al interior de un sistema informático o red. Dicho esto, las diversas técnicas de ataque de este tipo de malware, pone entre dicho las barreras y sistemas de protección actuales, tanto lógicas como físicas, y además, con la futura incorporación de algoritmos neuroevolutivos en sus código fuente, las herramientas, protocolos y políticas de seguridad de la información van a requerir ser revaluadas muy pronto.
The Influence of Website Quality on Online Purchase Intentions on Agoda.Com with E-Trust as a Mediator
Authors: Octavia Damayanti , Tamerlane Andes
Published: October 2017

In e-commerce market, there is no physical interaction between buyers, sellers, and payments. The confidence to buy online e-trust can raise or lower the perceived risk and security issues, so e-trust is crucial for the success of e-commerce companies, such as Agoda.com. The sorting of online businesses is vital to avoid losses when doing the online business transaction, such as by looking at the quality of the website and the company’s ability to provide e-trust. The methods used in this research were quantitative and causal. The research sample was collected using non-probability sampling method which was purposive sampling by taking 200 respondents. Data analysis techniques used SEM (Structural Equation Modeling).The conclusion shows the existence of a significant influence on the website’s quality towards e-trust, and e-trust on the online purchase intentions. Moreover, there is an insignificant impact on the quality of the site towards online purchase intentions.
Sharia Banking Support to Help IT Start-Up Development in Bina Nusantara University
Authors: Prakosa Gatot Hendro , Permana Erwin , Hartanto Hartanto , Pramudito Onggo
Published: October 2017

This research was to find the possibilities of using the sharia banking method as the funding source alternatives for students or graduated students of IT start-up in Bina Nusantara University. This research was a qualitative research. In-depth Interview method was used to get the information. The researchers interviewed several informants that were considered as the competence individuals in Sharia Banking. It is found that sharia Banks are using the fatwa of Dewan Syariah Nasional (DSN - National Sharia Council) as their operational reference, that is included the fatwa on business funding. All informants agree that IT start-up has not been discussed by the DSN, and there is no any fatwa about it. However, IT start-up has been considered as the kind of business that cannot be funded by sharia banks due to the method of the business itself, which can be considered as gharar (a business that isforbidden in Islam).
Faktor Dominan pada Indeks Inklusi Perbankan Syariah Sektor Pertanian di Indonesia
Authors: Cahyono Eko Fajar , Mardianto M. Faris Fadillah , Rusmita Sylva Alif
Published: October 2017

The importance of financial inclusion in Islamic Bank is not only affordable for business level, but also agricultural sector. Indonesian Islamic banking as one of the providers of financial services continued to grow, but its market share is still small compared with conventional banking. Therefore financial inclusion Islamic banking, especially in reaching out to the agriculture sector, need to be improved. This study aims to measure the value of financial inclusion Islamic banks in Indonesia province in reaching the agricultural sector, both provincial and district or city. Indexing method factor analysis (Principal Component Analysis) using 14 indicators that have been adapted to the concept of Financial Inclusion Index (FII). Data correlated with Islamic Financial Institution availability can be divided into two factors which are of Islamic banking (including Islamic windows of the conventional bank) and Islamic Rural Bank. The result of the analysis is indicating that the most dominant factor provided by Islamic banking (including Islamic windows of conventional Bank). The result also present the highest index score reached by West Java Province and East Java, while the lowest index score reached by East Nusa Tenggara and West Papua Province.Keuangan inklusi bagi bank syariah sangatlah penting, bukan hanya memberikan pembiayaan pada sektor bisnis namun juga untuk sektor pertanian. Bank syariah di Indonesia sebagai salah satu lembaga keuangan yang terus berkembang memiliki potensi untuk mengembangkan keuangan inklusi walaupun pangsa pasar dari bank syariah masih lebih kecil dibandingkan konvensional. Keberadaan keuangan inklusi di bank syariah khususnya pada sektor pertanian masih perlu ditingkatkan Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur nilai keuangan inklusi di bank syariah pada sektor pertanian di seluruh provinsi yang ada di Indonesia, baik pada level provinsi, kabupaten dan kota. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode index faktor analisis (analisis komponen prinsip) dengan 14 indikator yang diadaptasi dari konsep Indeks Inklusi Keuangan. Data-data berkenaan dengan lembaga keuangan Islam yang tersedia dapat dibagi menjadi dua factor, yaitu faktor yang berkaitan dengan bank syariah (termasuk unit usaha syariah) dan Bank Pembiayaan Rakyat Syariah. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa faktor yang paling dominan adalah faktor yang berkaitan dengan bank syariah dan unit usaha syariah. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa angka indeks tertinggi diraih oleh provinsi Jawa Barat dan Jawa Timur, sedangkan angka indeks terendah diraih oleh provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur dan Papua Barat.
Pengelolaan Zakat Produktif sebagai Instrumen Peningkatan Kesejahteraan Umat
Authors: Fitri Maltuf
Published: October 2017

The purpose of zakat management formally is to (1) improve the effectiveness and efficiency of services in the management of zakat, and (2) to increase the benefits of zakat to realize the welfare of society and poverty reduction. In this context, the distribution of zakat funds in addition to the consumptive purpose, can also be justified for the purpose of growing productive economic activities for mustahiq. By law, the use of zakat for productive economic activity is also not prohibited, as long as the mandatory of fulfilling the basic needs of mustahiq has been done. The use of zakat funds for productive economic activities is a conception to liberate the socio-economic life of mustahiq with a view to changing from the recipient of zakat to the payer of zakat. The implementation scheme of this concept is to build or grow a business unit in mustahiq through grant funding for business capital. Within a certain production cycle, mustahiq will also receive technical assistance and guidance from the zakat management institution in order to plan the establishment of a successful business unit and that mustahiq has a permanent source of income.Tujuan pengelolaan zakat secara formal adalah untuk meningkatkan efektifitas dan efisiensi pelayanan dalam pengelolaan zakat, dan meningkatkan manfaat zakat untuk mewujudkan kesejahteraan masyarakat dan penanggulangan kemiskinan. Dalam konteks ini, pendistribusian dana zakat selain untuk pemberian bantuan yang bersifat konsumtif, juga dapat dibenarkan untuk tujuan menumbuhkan kegiatan ekonomi produktif bagi penerima zakat (mustahik). Secara hukum, penggunaan zakat untuk kegiatan ekonomi produktif juga tidak dilarang, selama keberadaan para mustahik yang wajib dan harus dibantu sudah terpenuhi kebutuhan dasarnya. Penggunaan dana zakat untuk kegiatan ekonomi produktif adalah sebuah konsepsi untuk memandirikan penerima zakat secara sosial ekonomi dengan maksud untuk merubah dari penerima zakat menjadi pembayar zakat. Skema pelaksanaan dari konsep ini adalah membangun atau menumbuhkan unit usaha pada diri penerima zakat melalui pemberian dana hibah untuk modal usaha. Dalam satu siklus produksi tertentu, penerima zakat juga akan mendapat pendampingan dan bimbingan teknis dari lembaga pengelola zakat agar rencana membentuk unit usaha berhasil dan penerima zakat memiliki sumber pendapatan yang permanen.
An assessment of sub-standard water pressure in South African potable distribution systems
Authors: Strijdom Louis , Speight Vanessa , Jacobs Heinz Erasmus
Published: October 2017

Sub-standard residual water pressures in urban water distribution systems (WDS) are a prevalent phenomenon in developing countries – South Africa being no exception. The phenomenon of sub-standard pressure is poorly understood, with intermittent supply ultimately resulting when there is no residual pressure left in the system. This research addressed the prevalence and extent of sub-standard pressures by using hydraulic models of potable WDS for 71 South African towns, located in 17 different South African municipalities geographically spread over the country. The hydraulic models included 539,388 modelled nodes, which were analysed to determine the number of nodes with sub-standard pressure heads during peak hour flow conditions. The results show that the residual pressure head was <24 m at 16.5% of the model nodes under peak hour flow conditions, with 6.7% of the nodes having pressure heads <12 m. In contrast, the results also report relatively high pressures in certain parts of the systems, far in excess of the minimum requirement, underlining the need for better pressure management at both high and low ranges. It was also noted that the South African design criterion is relatively stringent compared with some other countries and could potentially be relaxed in future.
Comparison of evaporation rate on open water bodies: energy balance estimate versus measured pan
Authors: Yihdego Yohannes , Webb John A.
Published: October 2017

Much attention has been paid to establish accurately open water evaporation since the lake itself is the largest consumer of water. The aim of this study is to assess the discrepancy in the measured (pan evaporation) and estimated (Penman) evaporation rate, seasonally, based on the results from a 37-year energy budget analysis of Lake Burrumbeet, Australia. The detailed analysis of meteorological data showed that evaporation is fully radiation driven and that the effect of wind is minimal. Sensitivity analysis shows that evaporation estimation is more sensitive to shortwave radiation followed by relative humidity. An increase or decrease of estimated shortwave radiation by 10% could result in an increase or decrease of estimated evaporation up to 18%. The Penman combination method is relatively the least sensitive to wind speed but could bring a significant effect on the lake level fluctuation since a 10% increase of wind speed increases the estimated evaporation by 2.3%. The current analysis highlights the relative roles of radiation, temperature, humidity, and wind speed in modulating the rate of evaporation from the lake surface, by employing an inter-monthly seasonal adjustment factor to the estimated evaporation in the lake water budget analysis, with implications for the inter-monthly variability and short-term trends assessment of water resource through various meteorological parameters.
About the free-rider problem in post-industrial society
Authors: Kharevich Grigory Leonidovich
Published: October 2017

The article is devoted to the study of the free-rider problem in a postindustrial society. This problem is often always discussed from the point of view of evading by some individuals from payments in financing public goods production, which reduces the possibility of their optimal production. But the costs of individuals consist not only of such payments. And if the consumption of these benefits is possible without compensation by individuals for the financial costs of their production, then from a different kind of costs - the expenditure of personal time for their consumption (in the postindustrial society it is a rare economic resource for and individual), they cannot evade, and this can change the consequences of the free-rider problem. Therefore, when the theory, speaking of the free-rider problem, focuses attention on non-payment of taxes and losses of suppliers of goods, it should be taken into account that in post-industrial society, the stowaways themselves will suffer losses, since by their actions they increase not only the expenses of the personal time of all consumers, but also their own. Therefore, it is necessary to solve the free-rider problem not only from the point of view of evading payments, but also from the standpoint of the costs of the personal time of consumers of goods.
Trends and driving forces of ecological training and education in the context of ecological education environment of the technical university
Authors: Danilenkova Valentina Anatolyevna
Published: October 2017

Common patterns of ecological training and education in the technical university are analyzed in this article, their descriptions are defined. Driving forces of ecological training and education in the context of ecological education environment are discovered and proved. According to conducted research the author makes a proposition to point out at ecological risks as driving forces, searching for which improves the efficiency and effectiveness of ecological education environment. The researcher gives a definition of ecological risks, formulates general characteristics, explores their influence on conflicts, resilience and students’ adaptation during getting education in the technical university.
Optimization and mathematical modeling development of the recycling process of the mixture of bentonite clay and silted slurry of alumina production
Authors: Shykhaliev Kerem Sefi , Gurbanova Zumrud Ramazan kyzy
Published: October 2017

According to the authors, the major factor influencing the product yield in obtaining the mathematical model of the recycling process optimization of the mixture of bentonite clay and silted slurry of alumina production is x1 and x 2. The obtained models provide the opportunity to use the data in studying the recycling process of the mixture of bentonite clay and silted slurry.
The method of calculation of pipelines laid on supports
Authors: Benin Dmitry Mikhailovich
Published: October 2017

This article focuses on the issue of laying pipelines on supports and the method of calculation of vertical and horizontal loads acting on the support. As pipelines can be water piping systems, heat networks, oil and mazout lines, condensate lines, steam lines, etc. this article describes the calculations of supports for pipelines laid above ground, in crowded channels, premises, on racks, in impassable channels, hanging supports, etc. The paper explores recommendations for placement of the supports on the route of the pipelines, calculation of loads on rotating and stationary supports of pipelines; inspection of stresses in the metal pipe, resulting from elongation of the piping from the temperature from the thermal expansion of the metal during operation.
Gymnasium network educational resource as a form of interactive communication of a teacher and a student
Authors: Sidorova Natalia Nikolaevna , Rudenko Elena Aleksandrovna
Published: October 2017

This article presents the experience of the Surgut gymnasium «Laboratory Salahova» teachers in creating a network educational resource on various subjects. Developed course gives students and teachers an opportunity to increase the level of self-employment high-school students and to expand the distance learning in high school. The individual characteristics of every class are considered in the tasks, and this is an advantage of the course developed by the teachers of the gymnasium. The article gives examples of history lesson technological map with assignments and texts proposed for study and already-learned topic check.
Tests for educational activities as a tool to study new material
Authors: Senognoeva Natalia Anatolyevna
Published: October 2017

The article describes the tests for educational activities as a tool to study the new material. According to the author, the tests at all stages of education help a teacher to work towards achieving good results by the students laid down in the Federal State Standards.
Recent Advances in New Discovered Molecular Targets in Testicular Germ Cell Tumors
Authors: Chieffi Paolo
Published: October 2017

Background:

Testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT) is the most common solid malignancy
occurring in young men between 20 and 34 years of age, and its incidence has increased
significantly over the last decades. TGCTs can be subdivided into seminoma and nonseminoma
germ cell tumors (NSGCTs), which includes yolk sac tumor, choriocarcinoma, embryonal
cell carcinoma, and teratoma. Seminomas and NSGCTs present significant differences
in therapy, prognosis, and both show characteristics of the Primordial Germ Cells (PGCs).

Methods:

I undertook a search of bibliographic data from peer-reviewed research literature.

Results:

Seventy papers were included in the mini-review showing that a large number of new
biomarkers have given further advantages to discriminate the different histotypes and could
represent useful novel molecular targets for anticancer strategies.

Conclusion:

A deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of TGCTs is likely to significantly
improve not only our knowledge on stem cells and oncogenesis but also the disease management
with more selective tumor treatment.
MicroRNAs in Neuroblastoma: Biomarkers with Therapeutic Potential
Authors: Galardi Angela , Colletti Marta , Businaro Pietro , Quintarelli Concetta , Locatelli Franco , Di Giannatale Angela
Published: October 2017

Background:

Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor in infancy.
The majority of children have a disseminated disease at diagnosis with bone marrow as
the most common site of metastasis. Although several prognostic factors have been defined
(i.e. age, stage, histology, recurrent genetic anomalies), the identification of non-invasive
biomarkers for disease follow-up and therapy monitoring is indeed still a clinical need. Aberrant
regulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) expression has been implicated in several malignancies.

Objectives:

In this mini-review, we describe the recent findings about miRNAs in neuroblastoma,
both in the tumor and circulation, with particular focus on those involved in tumor progression
and drug resistance. Furthermore, we will discuss the use of specific miRNAs as potential
therapeutic tools in this tumor.

Results:

Several miRNAs have been identified to be down- or up-regulated in primary tumors
and have been associated with MYCN amplification, differentiation, dissemination and
chemoresistance. Little evidence is available in the literature about circulating miRNAs which
are of particular interest as potential biomarkers for liquid biopsy.

Conclusion:

Identification of body-fluid markers for non-invasive diagnosis, risk stratification,
treatment monitoring and tumor follow-up, is gaining growing interest, especially in the
pediatric field. miRNAs are suitable candidates as biomarkers in neuroblastoma but further
investigations are needed to expand knowledge regarding their role in this malignancy to design
specific approaches of miRNAs-mediated therapies.
Muscle Weakness in the Empty and Full Can Tests Cannot Differentiate Rotator Cuff Tear from Cervical Spondylotic Amyotrophy: Pain Provocation is a Useful Finding
Authors: Iwata Eiichiro , Shigematsu Hideki , Inoue Kazuya , Egawa Takuya , Sakamoto Yoshihiro , Tanaka Yasuhito
Published: October 2017

Purpose:

Rotator cuff tears and cervical spondylotic amyotrophy (CSA) are often confused as the main symptom in those with difficulty in shoulder elevation. Empty and full can tests are frequently used for the clinical diagnosis of rotator cuff tears. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the empty and full can test results can help differentiate rotator cuff tears from CSA.

Methods:

Twenty-seven consecutive patients with rotator cuff tears and 25 with CSA were enrolled. We prospectively performed empty and full can tests in patients with rotator cuff tears and CSA. The following signs were considered positive: (a) muscle weakness during the empty can test, (b) muscle weakness during the full can test, (c) pain provocation during the empty can test, and (d) pain provocation during the full can test. We calculated the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of rotator cuff tears for each positive finding.

Results:

The sensitivity and specificity of each index were as follows (sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV): (a) 77.8%, 0%, 45.7%, 0%; (b) 66.7%, 4.0%, 42.9%, 10.0%; (c) 88.9%, 96.0%, 96.0%, 88.9%; and (d) 74.1%, 96.0%, 95.2%, 77.4%. There were significant differences for each index.

Conclusion:

Muscle weakness during the empty and full can tests was not useful in differentiating rotator cuff tears from CSA because of low specificity and PPV. However, pain provocation was useful in differentiating these two conditions because of high specificity and PPV.
Diatoms of the Cymbella sensu lato species of the two different eco-regions of the Indian Mountain Rivers
Authors: Verma Jyoti , Nautiyal Prakash , Srivastava Prateek
Published: October 2017

This paper describes Cymbella sensu lato (Cymbopleura, Delicata, Encyonema, Encyonopsis and Reimeria) species from two different ecoregions of India. In the present study, twenty-six diatom taxa belonging to the genus Cymbella sensu lato were identified. In the flora nineteen species were recorded from the Vindhya region while eleven from the Himalaya. All of them were first records for the Vindhyan rivers. Seven taxa were new records for the Himalayan river.
ARTHROSCOPIC REPAIR OF LARGE AND MASSIVE ROTATOR CUFF TEARS: CLINICAL OUTCOMES AND POSTOPERATIVE MRI FINDINGS
Authors: Dokolin S. Yu. , Kuz’mina V. I. , Marchenko I. V. , Belykh O. A. , Naida D. A.
Published: October 2017

Purpose of the study – to identify incidence rate of recurrent rotator cuff (RC) tears, to evaluate outcomes of arthroscopic bone-tendon anchor suture, to determine the factors influencing arthroscopic treatment outcomes.Materials and methods. Medical history data, pre-operative x-rays and MRI of shoulder joints of 305 patients (main group) who underwent arthroscopic bone-tendon anchor suture repair of large or massive RC tears during 2010-2016 were included in the study. Follow up period ranged from 1 to 6 years postoperatively with mean value of 25,6±4,5 months. Telephone survey of patients was conducted after the surgery as well as a single examination of patients with evaluation by functional scales – UCLA, ASES, CS, VAS, DN4. Preoperative standard x-rays in AP and axial views were done in all patients. Arthropathy severity was evaluated by K.Hamada classification. Comparison of patient specific data, features of RC lesions and surgical treatment was made by Kruskal-Wallis test.Results. Good outcomes by ASES, CS and UCLA functional scales were obtained in 15 (5%) of patients, satisfactory – in 213 (69.8%), poor – in 77 (25.2%). Postoperative MRI data provided the following sub-distribution of patients: 49 (41.1%) patients with complete repair of RC tendons lesions, 38 (31.9%) patients with partial repair and 33 (27.0%) patients with recurrent tear of reconstructed tendon. Correlation analysis allowed to establish the limits for achieving good outcomes of arthroscopic bone-tendon anchor suturing for significant association with infraspinatus muscle atrophy (not exceeding 40%) and fatty infiltration of supraspinatus muscle (not exceeding 23.5%).
EFFECT OF BONE TUNNELS POSITIONING ON OUTCOMES OF TRANSTIBIAL ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RECONSTRUCTION
Authors: Bantser S. A. , Trachuk A. P. , Bogopol’sky O. E. , Tikhilov R. M. , Sushkov I. V. , Murga E. A.
Published: October 2017

Purpose of the study — to evaluate position of bone tunnels after transtibial anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) and to determine the relationship of outcomes on their localization.Material and methods. 54 patients in follow up from 25 to 57 months after transtibial ACLR with hamstring tendons. In all patients was performed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to evaluate structure of graft. Bone tunnels localization was determined by computed tomography with three-dimensional reconstruction. Subjective score evaluation was performing by scales IKDC-2000, KOOS, Lysholm. Knee laxity was measured by anterior drawer, Lachman, pivot-shift tests and with arthrometr. Patient was separated in groups depending on the localization of the femoral tunnel for lateral intercondylar ridge (1 group — center of femoral tunnel in front of the LIR, 2 group — in zone of the LIR).Results. Tibial tunnel position in both groups of patients was the same and localized in central or back third of the footprint. The center of femoral tunnel in 32 patients (59%) was localized in front of the LIR (1 group), in other 22 (41%) — in proximal part of LIR (2 group). Clinical results show statistically significant differences between groups in knee stability and IKDC-2000. In 1 group 78% patients have knee instability grade 1 or 2, while in 2 group similar symptoms was in 32% patients. IKDC-2000 grade A were attributed 19% patients from 1 group and 64% from 2 group, rest of them was grade B or C.Conclusions. Transtibial anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with hamstring tendons in most patients did not allow anatomical femoral tunnel placement. Clinical outcomes were much affected by the localization of bone tunnels.
EXPERIMENTAL APPROVAL OF COMBINED FIXATION FOR FEMUR LENGTHENING
Authors: Stepanov M. A. , Antonov N. I. , Borzunov D. Yu.
Published: October 2017

Elimination of congenital shortening of lower limb still remains a complex and unsolved orthopaedic task which requires an improved fixation technique as well as adjusted tactics of treatment and rehabilitation procedures.Purpose of the study — experimental approval of femur lengthening technique by external fixation with Ilizarov apparatus and internal fixation by plate.Materials and methods. Femur lengthening was performed in 6 mongrel dogs. Average animal age was 1,5±0,3 years, average weight — 20±5 kg, femur length — 22±2 sm. External apparatus with two supports and a titanium plate of an original design were applied under general anesthesia on the right femur of animals. Lengthening was performed manually at a rate of1 mm per day in 4 stages at a distance of 10% from initial segment length. External apparatus was removed on the last day of distraction after locking the plate. X-ray examination was done on the day of surgery, in 7, 14 and 25 days from the onset of distraction as well as in 14, 30, 60 and 90 days after completion of distraction and removal of external apparatus. Three animals were taken out of experiment in 30 days of fixation, remaining three animals — in 90 days. After euthanasia the authors performed autopsy of the organic femur complex and tissues contacting the plate.Results. The use of operated limb was not restricted during the whole distraction period. The authors observed first roentgenological signs of distraction osteogenesis on 7th day of lengthening. By the end of distraction period, at 25th day, shadows of regenerates demonstrated longitudinal striated structures in all cases. Median lucency area of 1–5 mm was located diagonally and across the regenerate or was intermittent. In 60 days of fixation X-rays demonstrated homogeneous regenerate. External fixation index was 13,9±1,5 days/sm (p≤0,05). The authors observed no cases of implants fracture or deformity during the experiment. Conclusion. Application of the developed plate in combination with external apparatus demonstrated high efficiency for femur lengthening in experiment study.