bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Missouri and Martial Law
Authors: Neely Mark E
Published: October 2023

Lincoln and his cabinet proved less vigorous in dealing with the West. The president suspended the writ of habeas corpus in places as remote from the Confederacy as Massachusetts six weeks before he made a similar move in the critical border state of Missouri. Yet Missouri surely merited closer attention. Unlike New England or any other state above Maryland, it was the scene of widespread popular revolt, guerrilla violence, and military campaigns from the beginning of the war to its end. But Lincoln, preoccupied with securing the nation’s capital in the spring and with battles in Virginia in the summer, at first paid too little attention to the West.
Aggregate Productivity and Growth in an International Comparative Setting
Authors: Helliwell John F , Chung Alan
Published: October 2023

Aggregate productivity, competitiveness, and economic growth are linked in complex ways, both within and among countries. Countries or industries that have, from whatever source, higher rates of growth of output per unit of factor input are usually considered, when viewed in a microeconomic perspective, to be increasing in competitiveness, since their costs, in terms of real factor inputs, are rising less fast than are those of their competitors.
Productivity, Competitiveness, and Export Growth in Developing Countries
Authors: Adams F Gerard , Behrman Jere R , Boldin Michael
Published: October 2023

In recent decades, the developing countries have undergone varied experiences with regard to growth, productivity, and exports. The theoretical and empirical materials on economic development are suggestive about the relation between exports and growth, but much remains to be learned from a careful analysis of the statistics.
lntercountry Changes in Productivity in the Manufacturing Sector of Five OECD Countries, 1963-86
Authors: Conrad Klaus
Published: October 2023

If one measures the economic performance of an individual country, one can find that the economic performance since World War II outstrips any earlier period in the preceding half century. In the case of the United Kingdom, for instance, the postwar record through 1967 was one of success, not failure. But when one compares Britain to other Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries or to Japan, which accomplished economic miracles, the U.K. performance appears inadequate.
Productivity and International Competitiveness in Japan and the United States, 1960-85
Authors: Jorgenson Dale W , Kuroda Masahiro
Published: October 2023

The political relationship between Japan and the United States has become increasingly preoccupied with “trade frictions.” These disputes over trade issues have accompanied the massive expansion of Japanese exports to the United States. Explanations for the resulting trade imbalance must include variations in the yen-dollar exchange rate, changes in the relative prices of capital and labor in the two countries, and the relative growth of productivity in Japanese and U.S. industries.
Introduction
Authors: Entman Robert M
Published: October 2023

In theory, democracy in the United States benefits from a vigorous marketplace of ideas created by an energetic “free press.” The press is supposed to enhance democracy both by stimulating the citizenry’s political interest and by providing the specific information they need to hold government accountable. But America’s “free press” cannot he free. Restricted by the limited tastes of the audience and reliant upon political elites for most information, journalists participate in an interdependent news system, not a free market of ideas. In practice, then, the news media fall far short of the ideal vision of a free press as civic educator and guardian of democracy.
In the Maelstrom of Communal Politics
Authors: Wertheimer Jack
Published: October 2023

The encounter of Eastern and German Jews occurred within an institutional setting unique to Central Europe—the Jewish Kulturgemeinde. Created by German states to centralize local Jewish religious activities, Gemeinden embraced all Jews within their territorial authority-including foreigners. As a consequence, immigrants were compelled to join the communities of native Jews and German Jews were forced to integrate newcomers into their institutions-a state of affairs that made it impossible for native and immigrant Jews to avoid each other. Gemeinden thus be came the locus of both cooperation and conflict between German and East European Jews in the Reich.
The Posture of Organized German Jewry
Authors: Wertheimer Jack
Published: October 2023

Despite the severe social tensions dividing natives and immigrants within the Jewish community, organized German Jewry acted in behalf of East European Jews in the Reich. For while it was one thing for individual German Jews to disdain and even discriminate against foreign coreligionists, it was an entirely different matter for the organized community to accept passively governmental discrimination against immigrant Jews. The leaders of native Jewry could not ignore restrictionist proposals aimed solely at Jewish immigrants; and they could not stand by idly as state authorities and police officials treated Eastern Jews arbitrarily and harshly. With immigrant Jews under attack, the responsible leadership of German Jewry was forced to take a stance.
Introduction
Authors: Lerner Gerda
Published: October 2023

In Volume One I Described the creation of patriarchy, which took place prior to the formation of Western civilization. Patriarchal concepts are, therefore, built into all the mental constructs of that civilization in such a way as to remain largely invisible. Tracing the historical development by which patriarchy emerged as the dominant form of societal order, I have shown how it gradually institutionalized the rights of men to control and appropriate the sexual and reproductive services of women. Out of this form of dominance developed other forms of dominance, such as slavery. Once established as a functioning system of complex hierarchical relationships, patriarchy transformed sexual, social, economic relations and dominated all systems of ideas.
Self-authorization
Authors: Lerner Gerda
Published: October 2023

Far More Detrimental than the inferior training offered to women was the misogynist explanatory system that dominated Church doc­ trine and shaped ideas of gender in society in general. Beliefs in the God-given inferiority of women and in their subordinate position in society antedated Christianity but were greatly elaborated in the centuries after 300, when the Church began to consolidate into a strongly hierarchical institution dependent on a male clergy. Even then, the tradition of female disciples of Christ and the Apostles was still strong enough and the presence of holy women and anchorites pervasive enough to counteract misogynist ideas. Efforts by both Church and State during the Carolingian period to control polygamy, to end the concubinage of the clergy and to restrict or forbid divorce revived and reinforced misogynist ideas.
The Right to Learn, the Right to Teach, the Right to Define
Authors: Lerner Gerda
Published: October 2023

For Centuries, Women authorized themselves to think and write even though religion, custom and conventional wisdom informed them that these were not pursuits suitable to a woman. Each woman had to overcome her internalized sense of inferiority and empower her­ self to do what she was told was unseemly, improbable, if not impossible. Small wonder, then, that woman after thinking woman argued her way out of patriarchal confinement and constraints by asserting the intellectual equality of women. Granting men their special tasks and superior talents for leadership, courage and authority, women argued that nevertheless the capacity for reason and the intellectual potential of men and women were the same. It followed logically that the inequalities observable in society, the different rates of achievement, the different interests and activities of men and women were due to their sex-specific education.
The Search for Women’ s History
Authors: Lerner Gerda
Published: October 2023

The History Of Western civilization, it is generally believed, began at Sumer, at the start of the second millennium B.C., as a direct consequence of the development of writing, which dates nearly a thousand years earlier. History, the preservation and collection of written documents and their constant reinterpretation by succeeding generations of specialists, is dependent on the literacy of at least an elite group and has, for most of these 4000 years in Western civilization, served the interests of ruling elites. This is to distinguish it from the process of historical development, which takes place regard­ less of the existence of literacy or interpretation and in which nonelite groups participate equally or perhaps even more significantly than elites. What I am concerned with here is the written History of literate societies and the way it has affected and treated men and women differently.
Exogamous Relations: Travel Writing, the Incest Prohibition, and Hawthorne’s Transformation
Authors: Stewart Scsan
Published: October 2023

One must travel to find a mate. That is, one must not look too closely, and one must not look too far afield. This aphorism links two projects—travel writing and the prohibition of incest—that have to do with the articulation and maintenance of cultural boundaries in time and space. If we look to the notion of such a “link,” we find a rule of metaphor: that a point of comparison must be articulated within an acceptable field, yet must be novel enough to be “striking,” to make a sign of difference. Such a rule of metaphor is thereby also a rule of writing, or marking, that must be recognizable to others and meaningful to one’s kind.
Coda: Reverse Trompe L’Oeil The Eruption of the Real
Authors: Stewart Scsan
Published: October 2023

This time, I remembered I was lying in the oak closet, and I heard distinctly the gusty wind, and the driving of the snow; I heard, also, the fir-bough repeat its teasing sound, and ascribed it to the right cause; but it annoyed me so much, that I resolved to silence it, if possible; and, I thought, I rose and endeavoured to unhasp the casement. The hook was soldered into the staple, a circumstance observed by me when awake, but forgotten.
What Really Happened at Teapot Dome?
Authors: Libecap Gary
Published: October 2023

In 1921, petroleum executives E. L. Doheny and Henry Sinclair allegedly bribed Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall to obtain oil production leases for the Naval Oil Reserves at Elk Hills, California, and Teapot Dome, Wyoming. This “Teapot Dome” scandal, as it came to be called, is the most frequently cited example of the corruption of the Harding administration, and its legacy remains for many one of the darkest chapters of U.S. public lands policy. There is, however, another, possibly more important legacy of Teapot Dome. Surprisingly, Teapot Dome may have more to say about the success of future U.S. oil policy than it does for evaluating the ethics of government officials. After all, Teapot Dome was about oil, and the reasons it was so controversial, aside from the subsequent issue of bribery, tell us something about how we manage or, rather, mis-manage our precious domestic oil reserves today.
The “Rule of Reason” in Antitrust Law: Property Logic in Restraint of Competition
Authors: Peritz Rudolph j.
Published: October 2023

A strikingly different history emerges from this Article’s reformulation of legislative and judicial history. First, the legislative debates chronicle a conflict between commitments to fostering competition and commitments to protecting property rights, a tension that produced the Sherman Act of 1890. From the earliest moments of federal antitrust history, assuring competitive markets never constituted the sole concern of legislators or judges.
Molecules with Minds of Their Own
Authors: Gaddis John Lewis
Published: October 2023

There is, however, one obvious objection to my argument that at least some of the methods of the natural sciences, as currently practiced, come closer to those of historians than do those of most social scientists. It is that the so-called “hard” sciences don’t deal with self-reflective, feedback-generating, information-exchanging entities, by which I mean people.

The issue here isn’t that of consciousness, which exists in gorillas, giraffes, and presumably gerbils, even if not, as far as we know, in geraniums. What doesn’t appear within any of these species, though—allowing for as yet unproven assertions about chimpanzees who calculate, or gray parrots who contemplate—is the awareness of self: the capacity to think as an individual about one’s own situation, to determine a distinctive response, and to communicate it to others.

The behavior of animals reflects the circumstances in which they find themselves; but this reflexivity tends not to differ much from individual to individual. It is in the aggregate, therefore, fairly predictable. Schools of fish, flocks of birds, and herds of deer respond similarly, collectively, and almost instantly to predators.
Realism and Messianism in Zionism and the Yishuv
Authors: Shavit Yaacov
Published: October 2023

The concept of ‘‘messianism,’’ almost always used in conjunction with that of ‘‘utopia,’’ has accompanied the Zionist movement from its earliest days. On the one hand, messianism is seen as a kind of demiurge inspiring great changes and summoning up irrational but creative strengths. Drawing its power from the very depths of the nation’s past, it confronts the present with the challenge of a golden age. On the other hand, the messianic force is also treated as dangerous in the extreme, and the mere use of the term is often meant to serve as a warning against the seductive fascination of unrestrained fantasies and empty visions.
Recurring Ethical Issues in Nurse-Physician Relationships
Authors: Benjamin Martin , Curtis Joy
Published: October 2023

Conflicts arise when either the nurse or the physician disagrees with the other’s professional practice. In some situations the nurse believes that the physician’s orders or actions may result in poor care or be unsafe; in other instances the physician believes that the nurse’s activities are similarly wrong; in still other instances each disagrees with the other about questions of ethics or values. The following is an example of a conflict resulting from a nurse’s independent assessment of a need for immediate medical care. After working eight years as a nurse in an emergency room in a medium-sized city and in an inner-city hospital pediatric unit, Jackie Nardi presently is charge staff nurse two afternoons a week on a sixteen-bed pediatric unit in a community hospital. >Six-year-old Laurie Thoma was a new diabetic who, in Jackie’s judgment, was close to respiratory arrest. Jackie first phoned the resident on call, who happened to be new to the hospital. When he arrived, he was not only younger than Jackie but seemed to be uncertain of himself. Jackie gave him some suggestions regarding immediate medical care for Laurie, but according to her, he ‘‘lust threw it down the tubes because I’m the nurse and he’s the doctor.” Then he left, saying he’d return after dinner.
Personal Responsibility for Institutional and Public Policy
Authors: Benjamin Martin , Curtis Joy
Published: October 2023

Up to this point we have been discussing ethical issues that involve identifiable individuals; ethical inquiry, however, may lead us beyond specific individuals to social structures. For what reasons, if any, do ethical considerations require us to identify faults in social structures and then attempt to remedy them? Last weekend, staff nurse Andrea Moore, who works in ICU, felt she was not able to give patients the kind of care, including frequent enough observations, that she should provide because the unit was short-steffed. After she told the charge nurse that she had too much to do, the charge nurse called the supervisor, whose answer was to “make do.” Andrea knew then that she had to handle the situation as best she could and leave low-priority work undone. One of her patients was on a respirator and required numerous treatments, including /Vs. Another man had an aortic aneurysm and two women had had major surgery. When the physician ordered a variety of treatments and observations, including some scheduled for every fifteen minutes, the charge nurse again called the supervisor for more help and again was told to make do with the staff on duty.
Cost Containment, Justice, and Rationing
Authors: Benjamin Martin , Curtis Joy
Published: October 2023

As health care costs continue to soar, nurses find themselves pulled in contrary directions. The traditional patient-centered ethic stresses the health care professional’s commitment to particular patients, irrespective of their ability to pay or the cost of their care to society. At the same time, pressures to contain costs occasionally require health care professionals to limit treatment or even to turn away some patients who could benefit from their care. Consider, in this connection, the following case. During her twenty-seven-year career in nursing, Gail Crain, RN, has earned a reputation as one of the most committed nurses in her city. She now owns and operates a home care agency. As her own boss, she is able to provide the high-quality nursing care that she thinks her clients should receive. In the face of spiraling health care costs, however, she finds herself confronted with a difficult dilemma: she can no longer continue to accept nonpaying clients if her agency is to remain. financially solvent, yet she knows that if she were to declare a moratorium on accepting clients who could not themselves pay for her agency :S services, they would probably not find another source of home nursing care.
“To Live for Science”: Ideals and Realities at the University of Berlin
Authors: McClelland Charles E
Published: October 2023

Der Wissenschaft leben-”to live for science” or, perhaps more accurately, for scholarship-represented the ideal of Wilhelm von Humboldt, not only for himself as a wealthy, aristocratic, and learned Prussian civil servant but for his major institutional creation, the University of Berlin. Not only he but also some of the brightest lights of the German intellectual and especially neohumanist firmament, such as Fichte and Schleiermacher, were deeply involved in planning and running the young university from its founding in 1810. Many of its first professors were already illustrious scholars • borrowed from the Prussian Academy of Sciences. In the course of the nineteenth century this graft of searching intellect-what would come to be called research in a more institutionalized form-onto the pruned and rejuvenated trunk of the essentially teaching-oriented university tradition produced a new model for universities everywhere. And although Berlin was not the first university to try this experiment, it became so preeminent among German universities and had such good public relations agents that it usually got credit for being the pioneer of the “research university” model.
Facing Three Ways: City and University in New York Since World War II
Authors: Glazer Nathan
Published: October 2023

I am a graduate of the City College of New York, then a free-standing, and free, and public undergraduate institution, now part of the City University of New York, one of those huge complexes that American higher education seems to breed in its public sector. Its seal, which until recently could be seen in somewhat battered purple ceramic tile on the walls of the 137th Street Broadway subway line station (all of City College’s students arrive by sub way or other forms of public transportation, since it had and has no dormitories, and very few of its students live within walking distance) shows a three-faced Roman goddess looking backwards, toward us into the present, and into the future, and bears the Latin inscription, “Respice, Adspice, Prospice.” When I went to City College in the early 1940s most of its stu dents could probably understand the meaning of that inscription from their Latin; Latin was required for the B.A. degree.
University And Military Time (1864-1869)
Authors: Gilman Sander L
Published: October 2023

The first weeks after the abitur-exam we spent in Nietzsche’s house in Naumburg in the company of his lively, always cheerful and amusing mother, who reminded one of Frau Aja [Goethe’s mother], and his seventeen-year-old sister, in prettiest girlish bloom, around whom I was like a butterfly fluttering past pretty flowers. She made a charming impression, but I would not have believed there was so much seriousness in her as she later developed to face great tasks in life. Frau Pastor Nietzsche did not neglect to introduce us to the circle of her friends, the wives of privy councillors, who were delighted with my candor, naturalness and naivete, while I gladly believed my friend’s assurances that this was what elegant tone and elegant society were like. There were also friendly, though brief, contacts with Nietzsche’s childhood friends from Naumburg, as well as with Erwin Rohde.
At The Jena Sanatorium (1889-1890)
Authors: Gilman Sander L
Published: October 2023

It was in the year 1888-89, when I was under treatment in the nerve-clinic in Jena. What interested me most was a patient who was always quiet and secluded and held in his hand printed notes on which stood: “Professor Friedrich Nietzsche.” He said this name often every day. He had no keeper at his personal disposal. He was in the general supervision hall; at night he was usually isolated. He got up at six in the morning and washed in the general washroom. Here he had to be watched so that he would not steal an institute comb. He was most interested in an institutional hat, a so-called “progress-hat,” which he wore from morning to evening and which no one could take away from him. If Professor Otto Binswanger made his rounds and Herr Nietzsche was in a good mood then he got up and took his hat off; if he was in a bad mood, then he remained sitting. He was most annoyed when he was inspected after a walk, since stones and all kinds of things were found in his coatpockets.
The Cultural Ground
Authors: Phelps Louise Wetherbee
Published: October 2023

I will begin by developing the observation that composition awakens in the initial moment of its disciplinary project to find itself already situated, prereflectively, within a specific cultural field of meaning that of postmodern thought, with its characteristic preoccupations and world vision. To put this point another way, the problem of inventing a discipline has an ecological dimension implicit in the term “field” for a scholarly community and its activities. An ecological perspective treats entities like disciplines as systems within larger systems. An ecology is constituted through interdependence and transactions among all levels of a system, both horizontally (the relations of parts within the whole at a given level of organization) and vertically (the relations among elements at different levels).
Possibilities for a Post-Critical Rhetoric
Authors: Phelps Louise Wetherbee
Published: October 2023

Recently the question of the future of rhetoric has come into focus against the backdrop of a crisis of consciousness in contemporary thought: a “critical moment” of self-reflection, irony, paradox, and skepticism that brings discourse and indeed the very possibility of communication under a radical critique. At the least, this crisis requires us to rethink the nature of a post-critical rhetoric; to some it may appear to jeopardize the whole enterprise. In this chapter I will attempt to reveal a pattern of reciprocities and paradoxical relationships between rhetoric and the critical dimension of modern thought that emerges with peculiar force and poignancy in the writings of Paul Ricoeur. His articulation and, even more, his enactment of this pattern disclose at least one path by which rhetoric might be recuperated in a post-critical spirit.
Literacy and the Limits of the Natural Attitude
Authors: Phelps Louise Wetherbee
Published: October 2023

In the last decade a belief in the naturalness of writing has reemerged as a dominant myth in composition pedagogy, reflecting changing theoretical attitudes toward literacy in the social science disciplines. In many respects this myth violates common sense, which has always distinguished sharply between speech as natural and writing as artifice. Such a view, memorably articulated by Plato as a criticism of literacy, ironically provided a founding premise for the subsequent development of rhetoric as an art of planned discourse. However, the “natural attitude” (as I will call it here) has been a recurrent theme in rhetoric and composition studies at least since the Romantic period, and the remarkable multidisciplinary growth in our understandings of language, writing, cognition, and culture has given it renewed vitality.
The Dance of Discourse
Authors: Phelps Louise Wetherbee
Published: October 2023

Since the start of the twentieth century a new physics has radically, deeply, and indelibly changed our beliefs about physical reality and human knowledge of the physical world. Quantum mechanics and relativity describe the universe as a cosmic dance of energy patterns that is understood, and indeed constituted as we know it, through our interaction with it. This new framework for understanding the physical world invites a corresponding revolution in our concept of understanding symbolic realities, specifically the structures of meaning in written discourse. When the modern view of physical reality is extended to the symbolic realities of texts, it transforms the structure of prose into an illusion of the dance of discourse created by our participation in it.
Setting the Stage for Reform
Authors: Appelbaum Paul S
Published: October 2023

An ambitious law school graduate in the early 1960s would have been ill advised to pursue a career in the law of mental disorder. Although laws dealing with mentally ill people date back to colonial America, little attention had been paid to them since the turn of the century. By and large the principles on which mental health law was based in 1961 were the same ones that prevailed in 1881. The U.S. Supreme Court had never decided a case dealing with the treatment of mental illness, and state courts paid only slightly more attention to the area. Few lawyers specialized in legal aspects of mental disorders; those who did were involved mainly in routine guardianship cases or an occasional insanity defense. Indeed, most observers would have agreed that the field was largely moribund.
Duty to Protect Potential Victims of Patients’ Violence: Public Peril vs. Protective Privilege
Authors: Appelbaum Paul S
Published: October 2023

The pink message slip in my box had an unfamiliar name and a local number. “Please call back. Urgent. Dr. Thomas.” I punched the number and got a secretary, who put me through. Doug Thomas introduced himself. He was a local psychotherapist, sorry to take my time, sure we had not met. Could he consult with me about a very difficult case? One of his patients seemed to be on the verge of losing control. Murder was not out of the question. We agreed that he would come to see me the following day.
Power and Obligation: Social Relations in the Estate Villages After the Revolution
Authors: Baranowski Shelley
Published: October 2023

“EVERY SEAT IN God’s house was taken, the altar decorated magnificently, not only with flowers as is normal on Sunday, but also with sheaves of grain and various fruits that were placed on both sides of the altar. The singing of the choir surrounded the divine service while the parishioners appeared thankful and festive. It was the celebration of the rural folk, a celebration of the peasantry. For the country dweller it is obvious that during the harvest festival he should have a thankful heart and honor God upon whose blessings everything depends. The thoughts of this day scarcely require much effort from him to come to the surface: they are in his blood and they move his heart. For the true peasant, it is always a disgrace not to observe the harvest festival in church. This double belief, that God gave us the harvest and thus we must thank him, is for him somewhat natural.”This tribute, drawn from a Pomeranian church periodical to depict the “harvest festival” (Erntefest),the most important rite of the agricultural calendar, had two complementary purposes. First, it invoked the distinctiveness of rural life, the organic connection between rural dwellers and the land and the deity who blessed both with the harvest. At the same time, the article honored the pious peasant as the backbone of the German Volk.
Pomeranian Estate Owners, the Rural People Movement, and the Young Plan Referendum
Authors: Baranowski Shelley
Published: October 2023

ALL THOUGH POMERANIA’S LANDED elite remained unchallenged in its local environment, its economic position, like that of farmers elsewhere in Germany, grew increasingly precarious, particularly after hyperinflation and the Ruhr crisis necessitated the stabilization of the Republic’s currency Whereas previously the most heavily indebted of the agricultural enterprises could repay their obligations and modernize their production with inflated currency, stabilization demanded higher taxation and interest rates as the Republic struggled to acquire revenue to sustain the value of its money. On top of that came higher social welfare contributions and the importing of food from abroad as the artificial barriers of inflation disappeared. Immediately following stabilization, the government encouraged banks to make cheap credit available to farmers to boost agricultural production and rectify the decline of the war years. Yet the primary sector grew increasingly less attractive as an outlet for commercial investment. The mounting evidence of crippling indebtedness was such that banks would risk only short-term loans at high rates of interest.1 From there, the problems of agriculture multiplied, as did the political response to those problems.
Fluid Boundaries: Pomeranian Conservatism and the Nazi Onslaught
Authors: Baranowski Shelley
Published: October 2023

ON NOVEMBER 17, 1929, voters across Prussia elected representatives to the state, county, and municipal parliaments. Overlapping with the preparations for the Young Plan referendum, these elections gave some indication of the Nazi party’s growing appeal. Although it remained small, the Hitler movement noticeably increased its share of the electorate. In Pomerania, the party received slightly under thirty-five thousand votes as compared to the nearly thirteen thousand votes it won in the Prussian Landtag election in May 1928. Nevertheless, Pomerania ranked only seventh in the Prussian state in the percentage of voters attracted to National Socialism, as the German National People’s Party, although with difficulty, retained its leading position. The DNVP delegation to the provincial Landtag composed from the results of the elections consisted of thirty-one members. Estate owners, including prominent noblemen, comprised over forty percent, as opposed to just four representatives for the NSDAP. The SPD came in second with twenty-four delegates. To be sure, the election campaign gave the German Nationals grounds for unease, but not because of the Nazi presence. Rather, the DNVP fixated on the splinter parties, most notably the CNBLP, which it feared would enlarge its support at the German Nationals’ expense, generating more opposition to the Hugenberg course, particularly from resentful peasants.
Interaction, Face-to-Face
Authors: Duncan Starkey
Published: October 2023

The primary form of communication for humans, the one from which all other forms have developed. Both intuition and the work of investigators indicate that face-to-face interaction is essential in the development of individuals and in the maintenance and transmission of CULTURE. Interaction is generally accepted as the vehicle for such crucially important and interrelated functions as establishing the parent-infant bond, nurturing and guiding the social and cognitive development of the child, defining and sustaining cultures and subcultures, and providing a medium for transactions between individuals-the conversation, PLAY and games, religious and secular Ritual, commercial exchanges, greetings, and the like that make up everyday life. The term face-to-face interaction most immediately suggests occasions when people join together in talk or otherwise jointly sustain a single focus of attention.
Ethnography of Speaking
Authors: Sherzer Joel
Published: October 2023

An approach to the relationship among language, Culture, and society that includes both theoretical and methodological perspectives. It is a description in cultural terms of the patterned uses of language and speech in a particular group, institution, community, or society that includes native theories and practices of speaking, both as overtly articulated by individuals and as enacted by them in a range of activities, situations, and interactions. More specifically the ethnography of speaking is concerned with The sociolinguistic resources available in particular communities. Such resources include not just grammar in the conventional sense but rather a complex of linguistic potentials for social use and social meaning, among which are linguistic variables, styles, terms of reference and address, and words and word relations. The use and t:xploitation of these resources in discourse (speech acts, events, and situations) and in social interaction (agreeing, disagreeing, showing deference or respect, greeting, cajoling).
Gossip
Authors: Brenneis Donald
Published: October 2023

Talk about absent others, often talk about those very characteristics and activities they would least like having discussed. Even when its contents are not scandalous, gossip has a somewhat illicit air, as gossipers are telling someone else’s story, one to which they have no right. On the other hand, gossip also pro vides opportunities for the expression of moral values, for making sense out of aberrant or outrageous behavior, and for the creation of a clear definition of who one is by the delineation of who one is glad not to be. It is a complex communicative phenomenon, serving a range of functions, both intended and not. Gossip-or ways of speaking very much like it-is found in many communities worldwide, especially in face-to face social groups. In this apparently near universal distribution lie one of the reasons for scholarly interest in gossip and also the danger of overgeneralization from any one instance.
Song
Authors: Herndon Marcia
Published: October 2023

The term song is both elusive and enigmatic when considered cross-culturally. Birds, porpoises, and other animals have “songs”; does this mean that they are “singing”? And what of such creatures as the sirens of Greek mythology who were said to be able to lure sailors to their destruction through song? Is song, then, unlike spoken language, not a basically human activity, characteristic, and preoccupation? Do songs have to have music? There are numerous examples of books that have not one note of music in them yet are called cancioneros, chansonniers, or canzonieri. For the most part, how ever, it can be assumed that songs do have music and are usually intended to be sung. Singing can take place with or with: out instrumental accompaniment, alone or in groups, and with many different kinds of audience. See Music Performance; Performance.
Clothing
Authors: Bnninger Werner
Published: October 2023

The set of all items worn on the human body. Such issues as how clothing items (and their combinations) function as signs, how the assemblage of clothing items of a given Culture forms a signaling system, and what kinds of meaning can and cannot be conveyed through clothing are relevant for theories of communication. Clothes are worn, first of all, for temperature regulation and protection from the environment. The distribution of types of clothing in relation to different climatic zones and the variation in clothes worn with changes in weather conditions show their practical, protective function. Sun helmets, sou’westers, down filled anoraks, neoprene suits, and space suits are examples of clothing items that are primarily protective in function. However, even in identical environmental conditions, people wear different kinds of clothes. Furthermore, types of clothing vary with types of social occasions, which indicates that the wearing of clothes is also subject to sociocultural norms.
Mask
Authors: Tonkin Elizabeth
Published: October 2023

The mask is used on all the continents of the world and has a long history. The English words person and persona derive from personal, the Latin word for “mask.” Although masks are often admired as works of art in themselves, their communicative character cannot be understood without considering their use, which is generally in Performance, as part of a costume. They communicate meanings through transforming the wearer. One can dispute whether people are masked when they put on makeup, or even dark glasses, which have also come to be used in some Melanesian and African masquerades, along with ringing the eyes in contrasting pigment. Formally comparable mask ensembles can be used for very different occasions. On the other hand, an African community’s masking repertoire may include a mask that is never seen, but only heard, as an eerie cry in the night. It is possible to relate such different manifestations by comparing and contrasting the type of transformation intended and its degree of distance from ordinary humanity. Masks very often seem to present a supernatural world by appearing and being used in ways that are taken to be nonnatural.
NIH Mission and Organization
Authors: Schwartz Samuel M , Friedman Mischa E
Published: October 2023

As of the end of February, 1992 the National Institutes of Health’s “Framework for Discussion of Strategies for NIH” defined the agency’s mission, goals, and objectives in the following way:* Science in pursuit of knowledge to extend healthy life and reduce the burdens of illness and disability. To foster innovative research strategies designed to advance significantly the nation’s capacity to improve health. To provide the scientific base that will strengthen the nation’s capability to deliver more effective disease prevention and health care in order to enhance the quality of its citizens lives.
Budget and Legislation
Authors: Schwartz Samuel M , Friedman Mischa E
Published: October 2023

The legislative process which mainly affects NIH involves appropriations (budgeting funds) and authorizations (permission to carry out individual programs). Not only are these done by separate acts of Congress, but the bills are considered and recommended by separate committees of Congress. The individual components of NIH independently develop their budget requests according to previous commitments, current activities, future program plans and priorities, and resource requirements. The requests are reviewed and approved by the Office of the Director, NIH (OD/NIH), and the total NIH budget is then sent forward to the USPHS, the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health (OASH) of the DHHS, and the Office of Management and Budget (0MB). After these offices approve the request, usually with modifications, the President submits the budget to the Congress. While all the components of NIH go through this route, the current law permits the NCI to submit its request as a bypass budget directly to the President. However, in practice, the NCI joins with the other ICDs in following the traditional budget process.
Division of Research Grants Study Section Review
Authors: Schwartz Samuel M , Friedman Mischa E
Published: October 2023

The Division of Research Grants (DRG) consists of the Director’s Office, the Office of Administrative Management, and two branches, the Referral and Review Branch (RRB) and the Information Systems Branch (ISB) (Fig. 8.1). The ISB provides computer and statistical services to the USPHS related to applications and grants. The referral and assignment process and the study sections of NIH are managed by the RRB. The study sections are “regular” or permanent panels that are chartered by the NIH. Other chartered groups are Special Emphasis Panels (SEPs), the members of which are recruited on an ad hoc basis and who serve for one meeting only. Thus, there are eighty-four study sections; sixteen of the study sections have multiple subcommittees. The total number of permanent study sections and subcommittees is 102. In addition, there are seven chartered SEPs. The scientific areas assigned to these panels for review and the types of applications reviewed are listed in Appendix 4.
Seven Sins of Strategic Intelligence
Authors: Johnson Loch K
Published: October 2023

Part II of this volume begins with an introduction to seven important controversies that have plagued the course of intelligence policy in the United States. Behind each controversy lies a question of dubious conduct-”sin” for short. These sins involve distortions in the reporting and the receiving of information (Sins Nos. 1 and 2); the indiscriminate collection of information (Sin No. 3), the indiscriminate use of covert action (Sin No. 4), inadequate cover abroad (Sin No. 5), improper use of intelligence within the United States (Sin No. 6), and inadequate accountability (Sin No. 7).
The Quiet Option
Authors: Johnson Loch K
Published: October 2023

Covert action (CA), as defined in chapter 2, is a phrase used to identify the policy of secret intervention by the United States into the affairs of other countries. Few policies within the federal government are as closely held. No intelligence operations-with the important exception of domestic spying-have been so controversial. These characteristics have made covert action a subject resistant to scholarly analysis. In the face of thick veils of government secrecy, documentation becomes difficult.
Pathways to Reform
Authors: Johnson Loch K
Published: October 2023

“If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it” states a sensible adage popular in the south. Most of the CIA ain’t broke and don’t need fixen. The Agency has served the nation well, from high competence in the monitoring of Soviet weapons developments to sound appraisals of global economic trends. Sometimes its officers have risked, and lost, their lives while carrying out duties in hostile regions of the world. Yet like every organization, the CIA has also erred-grievously so in its periodic violations of American law. Regardless of how good most of the Agency’s work has been, the use of its secret power against U.S. citizens or in unauthorized ways against foreign nations is intolerable in a democracy.
Market Structure and Conduct
Authors: Sloan Frank A , Bovbjerg Randall R , Githens Penny B
Published: October 2023

Third, what explains the diver ity of ownership fonns in the insurance industry? The most notable difference in the malpractice market of the late 1980s compared with the 1970s was the relative decline of national stock insurers and the rise of physician¬ sponsored, largely state-specific insurers. ls there evidence that particular physician firms conduct their business differently? Are some forms of insurer ownership rela¬ tively efficient in the provision of medical malpractice insurance’? Do physician firms fill a niche not occupied by the traditional for-profit insurer? Answers are important for assessing the desirability of tax and regulatory policies that distinguish among organi¬ zational types.
Loss Reserving and Claims Management
Authors: Sloan Frank A , Bovbjerg Randall R , Githens Penny B
Published: October 2023

Claims management and loss reserving can seem dry, technical, and inconsequential¬ matters best left to insurance clerks in green eyeshades. At least, so it may appear to outsiders. Certainly, underwriting and premium setting appear more linked to insur¬ ance crises, antitrust and regulatory decisions, and other matters with superficially more policy relevance. But before readers skip this chapter, they should note that claims reserving vita!ly affects rate making and the timing of profits, and that loss management is in fact critical to the short-run profits and long-nm survival of any insurance company. These activities are most complicated in a line where a long claims tail and an unstable social and legal environment interact, as in medical malpractice.
Development of Premiums for Malpractice Insurance
Authors: Sloan Frank A , Bovbjerg Randall R , Githens Penny B
Published: October 2023

Rate making begins with claims data and ends with a market test. In between come actuarial science, business judgment, and regulation. How does the full process trans¬ late past claims experience into premium offered to physician insured to cover future losses? What factors most affect projections of losses and hence rates? To what extent do prospective investment earnings influence premiums? Is competition or regulation more important as a further influence on rates? Might they both contribute to insurance cycles in premiums and availability? This chapter explores such issues.
A Cuban Belle Epoque
Authors: Echevarria Roberto González
Published: October 2023

Ask a Cuban fan about the origins of baseball on the island and he will tell you that the first game was played in Matanzas, at Palmar del Junco between a team from that city and the visiting Habana Base Ball Club, in 1874. Pressed as to how there could have been a game without previous developments, he will answer that the crew of an American ship, forced to remain in Matanzas Harbor for repairs, taught Cubans the rules of the sport. The young men from Havana had learned baseball in the United States, where they had been students. If the fan is somewhat knowledgeable, he will add that many baseball players in the early years fought in the War of Independence against Spain (1895-98) and that some gave their lives for the fatherland. A few fans may even know that one of those pioneers of Cuban baseball, Emilio Sabourin, was arrested by the Spanish authorities for conspiring against the colonial regime and sent to the feared political prison in Ceuta, northern Africa, where he died.
The Revival of the Cuban League
Authors: Echevarria Roberto González
Published: October 2023

Abel Linares’ death in October 1930 left a vacuum in the promotional area of professional Cuban baseball that was filled mainly by Julio Blanco Herrera and Alejandro Pompez, aided by the likes of Tinti Molina and Emilio de Armas. Their operations, together with Colonel Jaime Marine’s Direcci6n General Nacional de Deportes, aided by a recovery of the Cuban economy from the middle thirties to the early forties, brought the Cuban League out of the doldrums into which it had sunk during the last years of Machado’s regime and the Depression. It was a very slow revival, culminating with wartime seasons that led to a revamping of the league, the move from La Tropical to the Gran Stadium, and the thrilling 1946-47 season.
Wake Up, America: Origins of Modern Patriotism
Authors: Fried Richard M
Published: October 2023

The coming of World War II reenergized patriotic activity as Americans fretted over the rise of jackbooted dictatorships abroad and the threat of “fifth-column” techniques of subversion at home. These fears stimulated efforts across the political spectrum to inculcate patriotism, animating liberals as well as conservatives. The New Deal moved many conservatives to warn that American liberties, too, might vanish. They accused FDR of straying down the “road to communism:’ In 1938 Martin Dies’s committee began to seek out unAmerican activities, which the Texas congressman ascribed mostly to Communists in New Deal agencies or CIO unions. FDR’s court packing scheme further piqued conservative fears. The 1937-39 sesquicentennial of the Constitution coincided with the war’s approach; that document became a rampart behind which both foes and adherents of FDR’s foreign policies rallied.1