bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on Organ Specificity
Authors: Rose Noel R. , Witebsky Ernest
Published: January 2023

Thyroid autoantibodies of four different species-namely: rabbit, dog, guinea pig, and human- were examined for organ specificity by different serologic techniques. Each of the four types of antisera cross-reacted with the thyroid extracts of the other species, but in general reacted more strongly with its homologous antigen when tested by means of tanned erythrocytes coated with the various thyroid extracts. The method of complement-fixation when applied to the rabbit thyroid autoantibody gave principally the same results as the tanned cell hemagglutination test. Considerable cross-reaction was observable in this case with hog and horse thyroid extracts but little or no cross-reaction occurred with thyroid extracts of other animals. Using gel double diffusion precipitation tests in tubes, sera containing thyroid autoantibodies could be shown to precipitate the thyroid extracts of certain other species. The agglutination by a rabbit thyroid autoantibody of tanned erythrocytes coated with rabbit thyroid extract could be completely inhibited by very small amounts of the homologous antigen, rabbit thyroid extract. None of the other thyroid extracts, even the greatest concentrations available, would completely inhibit this agglutination. The agglutination by a rabbit thyroid autoantibody of tanned erythrocytes coated with hog thyroid extract could be inhibited equally well by hog thyroid extract and rabbit thyroid extract. The existence and predominant significance of a species-specific (i.e., non-cross-reacting) thyroid autoantibody is further underlined by the failure of thyroid extract of different species to influence the straight line of precipitation formed by the interaction of the homologous thyroid extract and its corresponding autoantibody in gel diffusion precipitation tests in plates. Thyroid autoantibodies, although specific for the thyroid, cross-react with thyroid extracts of certain other species. Absorption with the heterologous thyroid extract removes the heterologous reactions but does not remove the homologous reaction. These findings suggest the presence of a spectrum of autoantibodies all specific for thyroid extract, and presumably for thyroglobulin.
Effect of Bacterial Endotoxin on Resistance of Mice to Viral Encephalitides
Authors: Wagner Robert R. , Snyder Ruth M. , Hook Edward W. , Luttrell Charles N.
Published: January 2023

Purified endotoxin prepared from Salmonella abortus equi enhanced the resistance of mice to infection with the viruses of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) and encephalomyocarditis (EMC). The protective effects were manifested by a moderate reduction in incidence of death and slight, but definite, prolongation of survival time. Increased resistance could be demonstrated in infections initiated by either the intracerebral or intraperitoneal route. A single dose of endotoxin administered i.p., i.v. or i.c. 24 hours before challenge was often effective. However, combined i.p. and i.c. injections of endotoxin further augmented resistance to i.p. infection with EEE or EMC virus, and the most pronounced effect was evident in mice given repeated i.p. doses of endotoxin. In contrast to previous studies of “nonspecific” resistance to bacterial infection or viral toxicity, a favorable outcome was also demonstrable when endotoxin was administered concomitantly with challenge virus or when a course of treatment was begun 6 hr after i.p. infection with EEE virus.

Endotoxin-induced resistance to the lethal action of EEE virus was accompanied by moderate inhibition of virus multiplication in brain. Endotoxin had no effect on multiplication of EEE virus in tissue culture, nor could it be shown to stimulate the production of an antiviral substance in brain.

Certain differences were noted between endotoxin-induced resistance to viral encephalitis and the viral interference phenomenon. Intracerebral injection of influenza virus caused striking resistance to infection with EEE virus and marked inhibition of virus multiplication in brain. Although the capacity of influenza virus to protect mice against infection with EMC virus was slightly greater than that of bacterial endotoxin, no effect could be demonstrated unless the interfering virus was injected directly into the brain. Unlike bacterial endotoxin, influenza virus effectively suppressed multiplication of EEE virus in tissue cultures of chicken embryo fibroblasts.
The Antigen-Antibody Reaction
Authors: Aladjem Frederick , Jaross Robert W. , Paldino Rita L. , Lackner J. A.
Published: January 2023

Some aspects of the antigen-antibody reaction in agar diffusion plates were studied. A method was developed that permits the prediction of whether a zone of precipitation will form for given initial amounts of antigen and antibody. Calculated values were found to agree with experimental observations. An expression was obtained for the relation between the location of the zone of precipitation between antigen and antibody reservoirs and the time required for the appearance of the zone. Calculated values were found to agree with experimental observations. The relationship between diffusion coefficients of antigen and antibody and the curvature of the zone of precipitation was determined. Theoretical derivations of expressions for the determination of diffusion coefficients of antigens and antibodies are presented. Diffusion coefficients of human serum albumin, bovine plasma albumin and chicken ovalbumin and homologous rabbit antibodies were determined. Values were found to be in reasonable agreement with diffusion coefficients of antigens and antibodies determined by other methods. The outstanding property of this method for the determination of diffusion coefficients is its experimental simplicity.
Quantitative Studies of Repeated Cutaneous Anaphylaxis at Sites Sensitized with a Single Injection of Antibody
Authors: Rosenberg Leon T. , Chandler Marion H. , Fischel Edward E.
Published: January 2023

Repeated cutaneous anaphylaxis may be elicited in guinea pigs at skin sites passively sensitized with a single injection of guinea pig antibody. Relatively large amounts of antigen are required to block succeeding reactions. When small amounts of antigen are used in challenging injections, at least two strong reactions may be elicited at a sensitized site.
Studies on the Immobilization Antigens of Paramecium
Authors: Preer John R.
Published: January 2023

Each serotype of syngen 4 of Paramecium aurelia has a specific serotype-correlated antigen (antigen 4) measurable by gel diffusion. These antigens are the well known immobilization antigens studied by earlier workers. They may be assayed quantitatively by an absorption technique and also by specific precipitation in gel.
Studies on the Serology of Visceral Larva Migrans
Authors: Kagan Irving G. , Norman Lois , Allain Dorothy S.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The following antigens were tested for specificity in the tannic acid hemagglutination and bentonite flocculation tests: a) Ascaris whole worm and tissue saline extracts; b) polysacharide whole worm and tissue antigens prepared by ethanol precipitation, and by extraction with formamide; c) a protein antigen prepared by the method of Melcher. Utilizing these two serologic tests antisera prepared against ascarid antigens in rabbits, and toxocarid antigens in rabbits, monkeys and a dog, as well as sera from children presumably infected with visceral larva migrans (Toxocariasis) were used to evaluate the specificity of antigens. All but 2 of 14 antigens were serologically active, but no specificity was demonstrated by the antigens employed.
Staphylococcal Enterotoxin
Authors: Bergdoll M. S. , Surgalla M. J. , Dack G. M.
Published: January 2023

A specific precipitate band obtained by the gel diffusion technique has been identified as the enterotoxin-antienterotoxin band. A monovalent serum specific for enterotoxin produced by staphylococcus strain S-6 was prepared. Highly potent enterotoxin from thirteen food poisoning stains of Staphylococcus cross reacted with this serum; whereas the enterotoxin from another strain, 196E, did not cross react. The equivalence ratio for enterotoxin calculated by the Oudin technique was 2–3 times the equivalence ratio determined from neutralization studies with enterotoxin given orally to monkeys.
Studies on the Immobilization Antigens of Paramecium
Authors: Preer John R.
Published: January 2023

Good yields of immobilization antigen have been obtained by extracting paramecia in a dilute salt solution containing 15% alcohol for 1 hr at 2°C. The extract is purified by low pH treatment followed by fractional precipitation with ammonium sulfate. Data on solubility, electrophoresis, ultracentrifugation, along with serologic criteria indicate that the material is relatively pure immobilization antigen.
Differences in Stability of Antigen-Antibody Complexes Formed with Poliovirus and Acute and Convalescent Phase Human Sera
Authors: Brunner K. T. , Ward R.
Published: January 2023

The relative stability of antibody-poliovirus complexes was studied, comparing acute and convalescent phase human sera. At pH 7.5, the rate of reactivation of virus upon dilution of serum-virus mixtures was found to be higher with acute phase sera than with convalescent phase antibody. At pH 4.0, the rate is increased, allowing in 1 hr at 37°C for up to 99% reactivation with acute and up to 23% with convalescent type sera.
The Agglutination of L Cells by Vaccinia Virus
Authors: Mayyasi Sami A. , Schuurmans David M. , Brown Arthur
Published: January 2023

Each of the three strains of vaccinia virus investigated agglutinated L cells. The observation that the agglutination was induced by the virus and not by the soluble hemagglutinin permitted the development of methods for the titration of the virus and agglutination-inhibiting antibody. By means of the agglutination titer, virus infectivity may be accurately estimated in samples containing more than 105 mouse LD50/ml. The test for antibody is somewhat more sensitive and reproducible than the pock-neutralization test, and far more sensitive and accurate than the mouse IC neutralization test. The tests may be performed and read within 24 hr, and are convenient and economical to use.
Differences in Primary and Secondary Immunizability of Inbred Mice Strains
Authors: Ipsen Johnnes
Published: January 2023

Immunizability is defined in terms of amount of a given antigen that is necessary to confer a defined degree of immunity.

Pure inbred mice strains were found to differ up to 10-fold in respect to primary immunizability, referring to immunity after one dose of tetanus toxoid. The same strains were tested with two doses of toxoid separated by various time intervals. Whatever the time interval, the strains differed in respect to the amount of the first dose necessary to confer immunity, and the order of immunizability found after two doses correlated with the primary immunizability.

Although the regression of response on the first dose increased with time interval and was independent of strains, the regression of response on the secondary dose was independent of time—the flatter, the better immunizable the strain. Mean responses for the same set of doses showed a regular linear increase over three weeks.

The results are interpreted in the light of current hypotheses on antibody production. Differences in immunizability are explained as differences in the ease and speed with which cells are first matured into specific antibody production cells whereas the rate of multiplication of these cells bears little or no relation to immunizability.
Anaphylaxis in Bordetella Pertussis-Treated Mice
Authors: Munoz J. , Anacker R. L.
Published: January 2023

Fatal passive anaphylaxis can be induced in Bordetella pertussis-treated mice with as little as 6–7 μg of mouse Ab N. Anaphylactic symptoms can be observed in these animals sensitized intraperitoneally with 2.3 μg of mouse Ab N. No significant difference was found between the amount of antibody required to sensitize B. pertussis-treated mice by the intravenous and by the intraperitoneal route. Normal mice can be sensitized to fatal anaphylaxis with mouse antibody, but a greater amount is required than for B. pertussis-treated mice. No latent period was observed after the intravenous injection of antibody since mice could be shocked 5–10 sec after administration of antibody. B. pertussis-treated mice could be fatally shocked at least 6 days after injection of 20 μg Ab N. Symptoms were observed 13, but not 21 days after the administration of antibody.
Persistent Infection of HeLa Cells with Meningopneumonitis Virus
Authors: Manire G. P. , Galasso G. J.
Published: January 2023

Meningopneumonitis virus has been adapted to growth in HeLa cells by incubating the cell-virus system for long periods of time.

The adapted virus causes a persistent type of infection of such cultures in which cell growth and virus production are balanced.

Two infected cultures have been maintained for periods of almost 1 year, during which time more than 100 harvests averaging 108 virus particles/ml have been made.

Virus obtained from these cultures is more infectious for eggs and mice than virus grown in the allantoic cavity, on a particle basis.
Immunochemistry of Synthetic Polypeptides and Polypeptidyl Proteins
Authors: Buchanan-Davidson Dorothy J. , Stahmann Mark A. , Dellert Eva E.
Published: January 2023

One polyglutamic acid, a polylysine, and a multichain polypeptide caused the formation of antibodies in rabbits which would not precipitate the homologous polypeptide but did form precipitates with bovine albumin, fibrinogen, and a few other naturally occurring proteins. The reactions between the modified proteins and antibodies appeared to be especially sensitive to salt concentration—precipitation being more easily inhibited by high salt concentration than the precipitins of many natural proteins. With a few other polyglutamic acid preparations, specific precipitates were formed with their antisera when the ionic strength was lowered to 0.05, suggesting that physiologic saline may have prevented the precipitin formation. The rabbit antisera to polyglutamic acid and the multichain polypeptide caused only a weak anaphylactic reaction in guinea pigs when the challenging antigen was the homologous or similar polypeptide and caused a moderate to fatal anaphylactic shock in guinea pigs challenged with bovine albumin or polyglutamyl bovine albumin. The synthetic polypeptides did not inhibit the reactions between their antisera and the proteins when tested by inhibition of precipitation techniques and passive anaphylaxis. No evidence of a strong reaction between the polypeptides and antisera to similarly modified proteins was found in inhibition of precipitation methods and passive anaphylaxis. Incomplete antibodies were not detected in antisera to polyglutamic acids which did not contain precipitating antibodies. A complex between the multichain polypeptide and its antiserum was not detected in electrophoresis and ultracentrifugal experiments.
Some Aspects of Intracellular Infections
Authors: Smadel Joseph E.
Published: January 2023

As many of the problems connected with the infectious diseases of man have been solved, a number of investigators have turned their attention to the course of infection in the individual cell. This contrasts with the interest of earlier workers who were primarily concerned with the course of disease in individual patients or in human populations. The trend toward the study of smaller and simpler universes has been hastened, no doubt, by the recognition of our inability to explain the cause of failures in studies involving such complexities as man. Similar trends toward microcosms are evident in many fields of biology and medicine, as well as in the physical sciences. Today I wish to discuss the use of the infected cell as a model for the study of problems associated with the chemotherapy of the carrier state in man.

One of the phenomena about which too little is known is the carrier state and the role of intracellular infection in maintaining this state.
Mixed Bacterial Infections in Relation to Antibiotic Activities
Authors: Friedman Dvora Rakover , Halbert Seymour P.
Published: January 2023

In mixed peritoneal Shigella paradysenteriae-Escherichia coli infections of adult mice it has been shown that an antibiotically active E. coli will cause a reduction in the shigellae concomitantly with the in vivo secretion of antibiotic. When the E. coli partner of the mixed infection was nonantibiotic, both the shigellae and the E. coli flourished in the peritoneal cavity. In contrast to this finding, in the oral infection of newborn mice with a lethally virulent E. coli strain, there was no apparent difference in the slightly reduced mortality rates obtained when the pathogen was given in combination with an antibiotically active or a nonactive E. coli strain. This failure of the antibiotic E. coli to clearly protect against enteric infection in the second experimental model, was observed in spite of the fact that implantation of this strain (534) in the intestinal tract of newborn mice was demonstrated to be quite overwhelming Newborn animals of two mouse strains (CF1 and CFW) were found to differ significantly in their susceptibility to lethal enteric infection with an enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strain (18A10).
Studies of Aggregated γ-Globulin
Authors: Christian Charles L.
Published: January 2023

Molecular aggregation occurs when solutions of γ-globulin are heated to 56°C. Aggregated γ-globulin, when concentrated by salt fractionation, demonstrated marked anticomplementary properties. Preliminary C′ studies suggested that absorption of guinea pig serum with solid γ-globulin resulted in C′ component destruction that resembled C′ inactivation by immune systems.
Physical and Chemical Analysis of Endotoxin from Salmonella Enteritidis
Authors: Ribi Edgar , Hoyer Bill H. , Milner Kelsey C. , Perrine Theodore D. , Larson Carl L. , Goode Granville
Published: January 2023

Some physical and chemical properties of the aqueous ether extract from Salmonella enteritidis (grown in synthetic medium) possessing the biologic properties of a Boivin-type antigen are described. The crude extract refined by dialysis or precipitation with ethanol contained polysaccharide and protein in proportions typical for endotoxin compounds, but had an exceptionally low lipid content. The polysaccharide contained rhamnose, mannose, galactose, and glucose. Major portions of the protein moiety could be removed without alteration of toxic and antigenic activities. Nonhydrolytic removal of at least one-half of firmly bound lipid was achieved. Preparations containing only 1–4% bound lipid were as toxic as Salmonella endotoxins containing 15–30% bound lipid and induced in mice specific resistance to challenge with virulent Salmonella enteritidis, whereas a fraction comparable to Westphal's “lipid A” was inactive. Sedimentation studies demonstrated the complex behavior of the endotoxin in solution. Fractions with reduced lipid content were homogeneous and had low sedimentation rates.
Purification of Rabies Antibodies in Horse Serum and Diagnostic Importance of the Fluorescent Antibody Technique
Authors: Etchebarne M. , Bernal P. G. , Leyton G. R.
Published: January 2023

Purified horse rabies antibody has been prepared by the isoelectric fractional alcohol precipitation method of Nichol and Deutsch, with a yield of 54%. Neutralizing antibody in the final preparation is found mainly in the γ-2-G fraction. Modifications of the method of Coons were used for conjugating the purified antirabies horse antibody with fluorescein isocyanate. Staining of brain smears from rabies-infected dogs and mice with fluorescent antibody showed the diagnostic usefulness of this method in a type of communicable disease in which prompt information is most urgent.
The Effect of Iodination on Antibody Activity
Authors: Johnson Alonza , Day Eugene D. , Pressman David
Published: January 2023

The effect of extent of iodination on antibody activity was studied in the following systems: a) the specific precipitation of antiovalbumin and of antibovine serum albumin, b) the localizing activity of antikidney antibody c) the binding activity of antierythrocyte antibody. In each system the antibody activity is decreased rapidly with iodination; 30-iodine atoms per antibody molecule essentially destroy activity. The destruction is interpreted as being due to preferential iodination of a particular group, probably tyrosine, in the antibody specific site. Iodination below 2 atoms/molecule does not affect antibody activity of antibodies requiring only one site for activity, i.e., localizing, binding, or hemolytic antibodies.
The Antibody Response of Roosters to Poliomyelitis Virus
Authors: Furesz John
Published: January 2023

Six- to twelve-month-old roosters showed an excellent antibody response to injections of infective or inactivated preparations of the three types of poliovirus. Although in no instance were antibodies detected in the preinoculation sera of the roosters, cross neutralization in the post-inoculation sera for the heterologous types was observed. Antigenic crossings between Type I and II as well as between Type II and III viruses are described.

Preliminary results suggest that roosters may be used instead of monkeys in the laboratory control of the antigenic potency of Salk vaccine.
Concerning the Mechanism of Complement Action
Authors: Becker Elmer L.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

In confirmation of previous work it has been found that C′1 can bind to the sensitized red cell in an hemolytically active form in the absence of the other components. The attachment of C′1 and its subsequent removal leaves a sensitized cell which does not differ from a cell which never had been in contact with C′1 in its susceptibility to hemolysis by whole complement or in its ability to again bind C′1.

The attachment of C′1 is necessary for the binding of C′4 activity, however, C′1 can then be removed and the cell will still retain C′4 activity. The presence of both C′1 and C′4 activity is required for the uptake of C′2 activity. However, once C′2 activity is attached C′1 is no longer required; its function has been performed. C′1 can be removed and the cell will still be able to lyse in the presence of C′3 as long as C′2 activity remains on the cell.

These facts lead to the view that with regard to immune hemolysis C′1 does nothing more to the sensitized cell than attach itself. Once on the cell C′1 acts upon C′4 and C′2 preparing and allowing their activities to bind to the sensitized cell. C′1 on the cell inactivated by diisopropyl-fluorophosphonate (DFP) is no longer capable of binding C′4 or C′2. This leads to the inference that it is the enzymatic action of C′1 on C′4 and C′2 which leads to their being bound. C′1 does not play a role in the decay of C′2 on the cell.
Typing of Viruses by Combinations of Antiserum Pools. Application to Typing of Enteroviruses (Coxsackie and Echo)
Authors: Lim K. A. , Benyesh-Melnick Matilda
Published: January 2023

Individual tests of a virus antigen against an array of typing sera can be replaced by tests against a small number of pools of these sera. The serum pools yield combinations of results specific for each type according to the distribution of the sera in the pools. The procedure for constructing such “combination pools” is described.

Typing sera for 24 enteroviruses (18 ECHO and 6 Coxsackie) were distributed by this procedure into seven pools of sera. Prototype viruses tested by a single neutralization test against these seven pools gave results specific for each type. The results obtained by using these pools in typing new virus isolates are presented.

The method has been successfully applied to the typing of new virus isolates.
The Effect of Heat on the Immunochemical and Biologic Properties of Rabbit Antisera
Authors: Maurer Paul H. , Thorpe Richard M.
Published: January 2023

Exposure of rabbit antisera to increased temperatures (70–80°C) has been shown to affect a progressive decrease in the precipitating ability of the antibody. Some sera which no longer precipitate with antigen still fix complement well, coprecipitate with unheated antisera and retain some biologic properties as measured by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) and passive systemic anaphylaxis (PSA). The above activities of the antibody (γ-globulin) are present even when the globulin is complexed with albumin.

Reversed PCA reactions were obtained with antirabbit γ-globulin (anti-RGG) sera obtained from bovine, sheep, chicken and guinea pig and RGG present both in heated and unheated sera.
A Fluorescent Antibody Study of the Simian Foamy Agent
Authors: Carski Theodore R.
Published: January 2023

The fluorescent antibody technique has been used to observe antigen localization during the progressive development of foamy degeneration in naturally infected monkey kidney tissue cultures and in inoculated tissue cultures of several types. The indirect fluorescent antibody technique has been useful as an antibody screening procedure and has allowed the selection of monkeys free of foamy agent from the colony for use in the preparation of tissue cultures.
Retention of Antigen in Tissues of Serologically Suppressed Chickens
Authors: Hirata Arthur A. , Garvey Justine S. , Campbell Dan H.
Published: January 2023

Newly hatched chickens were injected intraperitoneally with 20, 60 and 180 mg of S35-labeled BSA, and the retention of the antigen in various tissues as well as their antibody response to BSA and HGG was determined several weeks later. The amount of antigen retained in the whole chick was estimated to be approximately 0.3% of the originally injected dose when determined 63 days after hatching. The smallness of the amount of antigen retention suggests that the suppression of antibody response is not due to “absorbing out” of the antibody produced. The larger the injection dose at hatching, the larger was the amount of retention, and the larger the amount of retention, the greater was the degree of suppression of antibody response. This relationship suggests that excess antigen retention in antibody forming cells results in suppression of antibody formation. Injection of S35-BSA at hatching did not affect the subsequent antibody response to HGG.
A Variant of Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus Attenuated for Mice and Monkeys
Authors: Hearn Henry J.
Published: January 2023

Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus obtained from chronically infected L cell cultures showed a marked loss in virulence upon peripheral inoculation into mice and monkeys compared to parent virus strains. The new avirulent strain elicited high levels of neutralizing antibody in monkeys and protected both mice and monkeys against an intracerebral challenge inoculation of 105 and 105.3 LD50 respectively. The successful immunization resulted after the administration of one small dose of attenuated virus given by peripheral routes.
Immunization of Rabbits with Purified Blood Group A and B Substances
Authors: Baer Harold , Rasmussen Ursula
Published: January 2023

Purified blood group A and B substances have been shown to be antigenic in the rabbit, leading to the production of agglutinating antibody of high titer and precipitating antibody. There in a wide variation among rabbits in their response to both antigens, a variation not related to the breed of the animals, nor to the method of isolation of the A and B substances.
Studies on Tolerance of the Y Chromosome Antigen in Mice
Authors: Billingham R. E. , Silvers Willys K.
Published: January 2023

The principle of immunologic tolerance has been employed to study the isoantigen—usually referred to as the Y-factor—that is responsible for the rejection of male skin isografts by female mice of many different inbred strains. Various lines of evidence are presented that lend strong support to the view that this antigen is determined by a locus on the Y chromosome and that it behaves in all respects like the tissue transplantation antigens responsible for the destruction of tissue homografts. Tolerance of male skin isografts, like tolerance of skin homografts, can be abolished by transfer of normal or sensitized lymphoid cells from a genetically appropriate donor.

Exactly the same Y antigen appears to be present in all male mice, irrespective of their strain of origin, as evidenced by the fact that C57 female mice could be made tolerant of subsequent male skin isografts by inoculation at birth with male cells derived from any one of four different and unrelated donor strains.

The tolerance-responsive period of C57 female mice to this fairly weak antigen was found to be of the order of 17 days.

Because of the very high degree of toleranceresponsiveness of C57 females to the Y antigen, this simple tolerance system has been employed to investigate several fundamental aspects of transplantation immunology. For example, it has been found possible to render female mice tolerant of male skin isografts by repeated inoculations with high dosages of a cell-free extract of male lymphoid cells. Highly suggestive evidence has also been obtained that persistence of tolerance of the Y antigen does not require persistence of the antigen.
Experimental Production of Antinuclear Antibodies
Authors: Miescher Peter , Cooper Norman S. , Benacerraf Baruj
Published: January 2023

Nuclcoproteins were found to be weak antigens for rabbits and guinea pigs and to give rise to various antibodies, reacting with nucleoprotein and/or DNA and histone. There was interspecies cross reactivity. Clear-cut and strongly positive lupus erythematosus (LE) phenomena were not observed. One guinea pig immunized with nuclei showed a weak LE like phenomenon. The serologic pattern of antinucleoprotein-antibodies in these experimental animals is strikingly similar to that in SLE. In none of the animals were pathologic changes observed which are pathognomonic of SLE. The pathogenetic significance of the anti-nucleoprotein antibodies has not been defined by the present study.
The Behavior of Different Strains of Poliomyelitis Virus in the Complement Fixation Reaction
Authors: Schmidt Nathalie J. , Lennette Edwin H. , Dennis Juanita , Hagens Shirley J.
Published: January 2023

Discussion and Summary

These studies did not reveal any strains of poliomyelitis virus which were superior to other strains of the same immunologic type for the production of complement fixing antigens, but they established the fact that the strains currently employed in this laboratory for this purpose (Mahoney type 1, Statler type 2 and McMullen type 3), as well as the MEF-1 type 2 and Saukett type 3 strains used by many other laboratories, are as satisfactory as any other strains studied for the production of antigens. All of the strains of each type, with the exception of the LSc type 1 strain, were similar in their capacity to produce complement fixing antigens in HeLa cell cultures.

It is interesting to note that antigens from the several type 1 strains (with the exception of the LSc strain, which is an attenuated derivative of the Mahoney strain) had similar titers against the type 1 monkey immune serum produced with the Mahoney strain; the antigens from various type 2 strains displayed similar titers against immune serum produced with the MEF-1 strain; and the antigens from different type 3 strains had similar titers against monkey immune serum produced with the Saukett type 3 strain.

The studies described herein indicate that the potency of complement fixing antigens produced in HeLa cell cultures is more dependent upon the condition and number of host cells infected than upon the virus strain from which the antigen is derived, as replicate antigens produced from a single strain of each poliomyelitis virus type showed approximately the same range of titers as antigens produced in parallel from different strains of the three types.

Concerning the complement fixing antigens derived from the three attenuated strains, the P-712 attenuated type 2 and the Leon attenuated type 3 strains produced antigens comparable in potency to those derived from the nonattenuated strains of these poliomyelitis virus types and, although the LSc type 1 attenuated strain did not give rise to antigens as potent as those derived from nonattenuated type 1 strains, they were, nevertheless, of sufficient potency to permit the use of two antigenic units in a complement fixation test. Previous studies have indicated that complement fixing antigens derived from the attenuated type 2 and type 3 strains compare favorably with those from nonattenuated strains from the standpoint of sensitivity and specificity (2). The LSc strain was previously found to be as specific as nonattenuated type 1 strains in the complement fixation reaction (2), but the strain was not available to us at the time studies on the sensitivity of antigens from type 1 strains were conducted. It has not been determined whether passage of the attenuated strains in HeLa cells to produce complement fixing antigens has caused an increase in virulence, but this should be ascertained before it can be assumed that the handling of such antigens does not involve a hazard.
Biologic Activity of Aggregated γ-Globulin
Authors: Ishizaka Kimishige , Ishizaka Teruko
Published: January 2023

Aggregated human and rabbit γ-globulin fixed complement and induced skin reactions in normal guinea pigs. The aggregated γ-globulin and soluble antigen-antibody complexes were comparable on a weight basis with respect to these biologic activities. The complement fixing properties of the aggregated γ-globulin were independent of the method for aggregation, i.e., heating, mercaptoethanol-urea or coupling by bis-diazotized benzidine, but were dependent on the species from which the γ-globulin was derived. Aggregated bovine or chicken γ-globulin did not fix complement. Horse γ-globulin showed a slight increase in its anticomplementary activity on aggregation with bis-diazotized benzidine. Combination of aggregated γ-globulin with tissue constituents of the guinea pig skin was probably one of the necessary processes in the skin reaction. The mechanism for the induction of the biologic activities by the formation of aggregated γ-globulin and of antigen-antibody complexes was discussed.
Precipitin Production in Chickens
Authors: Mueller August P. , Wolfe Harold R. , Meyer Roland K.
Published: January 2023

Injection of 0.63 mg 19-nortestosterone into eggs prevents differentiation of the bursa Fabricii. Chickens resulting from such treatment were unable to produce precipitins when challenged with a single intravenous injection of BSA at 6 or 22 weeks of age. Chickens surgically bursectomized at 1 and 2 weeks of age along with intact controls were challenged with BSA at 6 and 12 weeks of age. Antibody response of the bursectomized groups was significantly lower than the control group. The responses of age did not differ from one another. Chickens bursectomized at 1, 5 and 10 weeks of age were injected with BSA at 22 weeks of age and were reinjected at 34 weeks of age. The response of chickens bursectomized at 1 week of age was significantly less than the control response, whereas bursectomy at 10 weeks of age had little or no effect on the response at 22 or 34 weeks of age. Bursectomy at 5 weeks appeared to decrease antibody production at 22 weeks but was without apparent effect at 34 weeks. Surgical bursectomy had no effect on body weight. The hormonal injection of the incubating eggs produced birds weighing less than the controls and in generally poor health. Mortality in the hormone treated birds was high.
Purification of Q Fever Rickettsiae by Density-Gradient Sedimentation
Authors: Ribi Edgar , Hoyer Bill H.
Published: January 2023

A rapid method for isolation and purification of Q fever rickettsiae is described. It consists of differential centrifugation of homogenates of infected yolk sacs or chick embryo tissue in M/1 KCl followed by sedimentation in continuous linear sucrose or glycerin gradients. Adequate yields of electron microscopically pure rickettsiae were obtained.
Some Immunologic Properties of Papain Digest Fragments of Multiple Myeloma Proteins
Authors: Stiehm E. R. , Morton Jane I. , Deutsch H. F.
Published: January 2023

Papain digestion products of myeloma serum proteins which are in the size range of Bence-Jones proteins have been separated and their immunologic properties studied. These fractions, although antigenically discrete, possess some of the specific antigenic structures of the parent molecule. They likewise possess antigenic similarities to both homologous and heterologous Bence-Jones protein and to heterologous myeloma serum proteins.
Phagocytosis of Microorganisms by Hela Cells
Authors: Shepard Charles C.
Published: January 2023

Bovine fetal serum promotes the uptake of mycobacteria by HeLa cells and has been found superior to horse serum and chicken serum in infection medium. There has been little variation between lots. When bovine fetal serum has been used in the infection medium the subsequent intracellular growth rate of tubercle bacilli is faster than it is when horse or chicken serum is used in the infection medium. The time required to “fill” the cells with tubercle bacilli is shortened by about 20%. The phagocytosis of staphylococci and streptococci is also promoted by bovine fetal serum and by horse serum. Absorption with Zymosan of the bovine fetal serum before its inclusion in infection medium leads to more rapid intracellular growth of these organisms. Dilution of these organisms in broth, rather than salt solution, also increases the rate of their subsequent intracellular growth. A combination of two purified proteins, bovine fetuin and human albumin, also promotes the uptake of mycobacteria, staphylococci, and group A streptococci. A medium containing these two proteins appears to be the preferable infection medium for the growth of these organisms in HeLa cells.
Demonstration of a Normal Serum Macroglobulin Coprecipitating with the Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)-Chicken Anti-BSA Precipitate
Authors: Makinodan Takashi , Gengozian Nazareth , Canning Robert E.
Published: January 2023

A normal serum protein is shown to coprecipitate with the BSA-chicken anti-BSA aggregate in 1.5 M NaCl regardless of the zones of precipitin reaction and the age of the antiserum. This protein is shown to be a macroglobulin with S20,w20, and with the mobility and salting-out properties of a β- or γ-globulin. In 0.15 M NaCl, however, coprecipitation occurs with aged antiserum but not with fresh antiserum. Associated with aging is the formation of a flocculating or a gelatinous material.
The Effects of Riboflavin Deficiency on Phagocytosis and Susceptibility to Infection
Authors: Wertman Kenneth F. , Sypherd Paul S.
Published: January 2023

Male white rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain were maintained on a well defined diet deficient in riboflavin, and a) the phagocytic activity of the leukocytes and b) the susceptibility of the deficient animal to bacterial infection were studied. Adequate numbers of inanition and ad libitum control animals were included.

The following observations were made from these studies: Riboflavin deficiency had a marked effect on the capacity of the leukocytes to phagocytize Diplococcus pneumoniae. The percentage of neutrophils actively engaged in phagocytosis was considerably less in the deficient animals than in the controls. The phagocytic activity of the leukocytes of the inanition and ad libitum control animals was comparable. The average number of organisms phagocytized by the active neutrophils of the deficient animals was considerably less than by the cells of either the ad libitum or inanition control rats. The cells of the inanition animals engulfed fewer organisms than did those of the ad libitum animals; however, on an average, they engulfed a great deal more than did those of the riboflavin deficient animals.Riboflavin deficient animals were highly susceptible to D. pneumoniae. However, the group of riboflavin deficient animals that received 60 μg of riboflavin daily for 7 days had a much lower percentage of fatality. There were no fatalities due to the extension of riboflavin deficiency for the total period of the experiment. The rats fed the ad libitum and inanition diets were less susceptible to the challenge dose of virulent type I D. pneumoniae than were those maintained on the riboflavin deficient diet.
Agglutination in Rheumatoid Arthritis Serum of Sheep Cells Sensitized with Hemolysin and Infectious Mononucleosis Agglutinins
Authors: Pike Robert M. , Schulze Mary Louise
Published: January 2023

The reported failure of the sheep cell agglutination in infectious mononucleosis to be enhanced by rheumatoid arthritis serum has been confirmed. The nonreactivity of infectious mononucleosis agglutinins with rheumatoid factor was further demonstrated by the fact that sheep cells sensitized with the infectious mononucleosis antibody did not absorb rheumatoid factor. Precipitation of the agglutinins with sodium and ammonium sulfate and heating at 63°C did not alter their behavior in rheumatoid arthritis serum. Most rheumatoid arthritis sera did not enhance the agglutination of sheep cells by the serum of a guinea pig immunized with boiled beef cells. One rheumatoid serum, however, was strongly reactive in this respect.

In anion exchange cellulose (DEAE) chromatography of infectious mononucleosis serum the sheep cell agglutinins were found in fractions eluted with 0.10–0.15 M phosphate. Similar fractionation of rabbit antisheep cell serum revealed the major portion of the agglutinins in fractions eluted with 0.01 M phosphate. Some agglutinating activity was found, however, in fractions eluted with higher phosphate molarity. These latter agglutinins resembled those of infectious mononucleosis in that their activity was not enhanced by rheumatoid arthritis serum.
Transient Appearance of “Autoimmune” Antibodies During Prophylactic Immunization
Authors: Hackett Earle , Beech Margaret
Published: January 2023

A transient positive “autoimmune complement fixation” reaction has been found in the sera of two out of seven girls undergoing a routine schedule of prophylactic immunization.

Various explanations are considered. It is thought that the phenomenon might be explained in terms of the temporary proliferation of one of the “forbidden clones” postulated by Burnet.
The Properdin System and Immunity
Authors: Hinz Carl F. , Wedgwood Ralph J. , Todd Earl W. , Pillemer Louis
Published: January 2023

Partially purified human properdin was injected intravenously into rabbits. In one series of animals there was a marked rise in serum properdin level. In a subsequent series no consistent change was observed. Antibodies to several constituents of human serum appeared following the initial course of injections. Antibodies to properdin did not appear after the initial injections, but did develop after restimulation. The antibody to properdin interfered with the properties of human serum requiring the properdin system. These included inactivation of C′3 by Zymosan, hemolysis of PNH erythrocytes, lysis of certain bacteria, and inhibition of some viruses. The antibody to properdin reacted with properdin as a single line by agar diffusion which was distinct from the other antibodies to human serum which appeared. Properdin could be distinguished from antibodies to 7S and 19S γ-globulins. The evidence supports the hypothesis that properdin is a single substance with multiple biologic properties.
Studies of Blood Group Antibodies
Authors: Rawson Arnold J. , Abelson Neva M.
Published: January 2023

By a combination of chromatography and ultracentrifugation, isohemagglutinins and isohemolysins have been separated into various molecular types. Isohemagglutinins are associated with S7, γ2-globulins, S7, γ1-globulins and S19, γ1-globulins. The possibility that the antibody spectrum also includes β- and α2-globulins cannot be excluded. In general, the isohemagglutinins of the S7 class show maximal activity in the presence of anti-human globulin serum, whereas the S19 isohemagglutinins are maximally active in sodium chloride solution. Isohemolysins are found associated with S7, γ2-globulins, and with S19, γ1-globulins.
A Biologic Comparison of Two Strains of Herpesvirus Hominis
Authors: Scott T. F. McN. , McLeod D. L. , Tokumaru T.
Published: January 2023

Two strains of Herpesvirus hominis which differ primarily in the cytopathic effects they induce in various host cells in tissue culture have been described. One strain (GC) causes the formation of syncytial giant cells, whereas the other strain (P) produces rounding and piling up of the cells with a few small giant cells but no syncytia. A number of other characteristics of these two strains were studied. Each was able to grow to the same titer in several lines of cultured cells. Their rates of multiplication were similar and new virus appeared in the medium between 5 and 7 hr after inoculation. Each was similarly inactivated by heat, the half life being 1 hr and 30 min at 37°C and 3 hr and 48 min at 30–31°C. Each was inactivated by u.v. light at the same rate with a half life of 7 sec. There was no difference in the rate of adsorption or penetration, 87% and 91% being adsorbed and 100% and 88% of the adsorbed P and GC strains, respectively, having penetrated within 2 hr at 37°C. Both strains were equally infective for mice and rabbits. They did not differ in antigenicity. The electronmicroscope showed particles of identical size (medians 154 mμ and 157 mμ respectively). G6P dehydrogenase and hexokinase activities in cells infected with either strain were increased over controls at 12 hr after inoculation, indicating increased permeability of cell membranes. At 3 and 6 hr after inoculation the hexokinase activity in GC infected cells differed from that in P infected cells. Some observations have been made on the toxic effect of neutral red on RK cells.
Specific Anion Effects with Antibenzoate Antibody
Authors: Pressman David , Nisonoff Alfred , Radzimski Gerald
Published: January 2023

Inorganic salts affect the binding of p-iodobenzoate by anti-p-azobenzoate antibody. The effects observed were due to the anion whereas the nature of the cation was unimportant. Except for fluoride, univalent anions decreased binding of p-iodobenzoate whereas nearly all of the polyvalent anions increased binding. The magnitude of the decrease for univalent anions was in the order CNS- > NO3- > I- > Br- > Cl-. It appears that the anions at high concentration compete with p-iodobenzoate for the antibody site if they are small enough to be accommodated in the site.

It is proposed that the increase observed with polyvalent anions is due to increased ionic strength, which tends to decrease electrostatic repulsion between the negatively charged hapten and antibody; and that, in the case of univalent anions, this effect of ionic strength is more than overcome by direct competition with hapten for the antibody site.

Further evidence for the presence of a positive charge in the antibody site of anti-p-azobenzoate antibody is given.

The heat of reaction of p-iodobenzoate with antibody was determined from the temperature variation of the binding equilibrium constant to give a value of ΔH° = -4.1 ± 0.4 kcal/mole.
Studies on Hemagglutination with Herpes Simplex Virus
Authors: Felton Frances G. , Scott L. Vernon
Published: January 2023

Factors affecting the herpes simplex hemagglutination test were examined to show the range and optimal requirements necessary for the proper performance of the test. Factors investigated were: a) the size of the test tube employed in the test, b) the time and temperature of incubation of the test, c) the concentration of tannic acid used to treat the erythrocytes, d) the pH of the saline applied in the sensitization of the cells with virus, e) the time required for this sensitization, f) the utilization of erythrocytes from different species, g) the type of serum used for the serum diluent, and h) various methods of preparation and preservation of the viral antigen.