bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The increasing number of subsidiaries and stock price crash risk: evidence from the Chinese stock market
Authors: Li Saisai , Lei Qianhua , Ren Liuyang
Published: August 2022

Purpose

With the development of the economy, an increasing number of listed companies form subsidiaries in China. Though the increase in the number of subsidiaries affects the hierarchical structure and risk of conglomerates, few studies relate the hierarchical relationship between the parent company and its subsidiaries to its capital market performance at the conglomerate level. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the relationship between the number of subsidiaries and crash risk.

Design/methodology/approach

Using a sample of all the A-share companies in the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets from 2007 to 2015, this study conducts multivariate regression analyses between the number of subsidiaries and the stock price crash risk.

Findings

This study finds an inversed U relationship between the number of subsidiaries and the stock price crash risk, and the above inversed U relationship is steeper in conglomerates with stronger managerial power and less finance distress.

Originality/value

This research has an incremental contribution to the agency problem and governance effect of the parent–subsidiary system in conglomerates. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to show a significant quadratic relationship between the future crash risk and the number of subsidiaries. This paper provides new evidence that the number of subsidiaries has an incremental ability to predict future firm-specific crash risk above other predictors identified by previous research.
Engaging the age-diverse workforce: the interplay between personal and contextual resources
Authors: Kopperud Karoline Hofslett , Nerstad Christina G.L. , Buch Robert
Published: August 2022

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to advance research on work-related well-being and age by using a life-span approach to investigate the relationship between mastery goal orientation and work engagement during various age periods. The authors further tested whether a perceived motivational climate moderated the proposed relationships, and whether the nature of the moderation differed between age groups.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors utilized a two-wave, web-based questionnaire survey and collected data from 838 employees in the financial sector in Norway. Multiple regressions and PROCESS macro were used to test these hypotheses.

Findings

The authors found that both work engagement and mastery goal orientation differed across age groups and that the relationship between mastery goal orientation and work engagement was stronger for older than for younger ages. The results further support the moderating role of a motivational climate. Whereas a perceived mastery climate moderated the relationship between mastery goal orientation and work engagement for older workers, a perceived performance climate moderated the suggested relationship for younger workers.

Originality/value

The study extends research on work engagement in an age-diverse workforce by applying a life-span approach to the interplay between person and contextual elements in fostering work engagement. Furthermore, the study involved investigating factors that may inhibit or enhance the link between mastery orientation and work engagement for various age groups, which is important given work engagement’s link to central work outcomes.
Synthesis and characterisation of modified antibacterial styrene-acrylate emulsions for polymer cement waterproof coatings
Authors: Hu Jianqing , He Hongjun , Dai Feiliang , Gong Xingyu , Huang Haowei
Published: August 2022

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to develop the efficiency of styrene-acrylate (SA) emulsions for polymer cement waterproof coatings with improved bacteria resistance and mechanical properties.

Design/methodology/approach

For effective bacteria resistance and excellent mechanical properties, various concentrations of methacryloxyethylhexadecyl dimethylammonium bromide (MHDB) were synthesised and incorporated into SA emulsions. The properties of SA emulsions modified with MHDB were characterised and compared with those of unmodified ones according to the formulations of polymer cement waterproof coatings.

Findings

The SA emulsions modified with MHDB exhibited significant enhancement of bacteria resistance and mechanical properties over the unmodified ones. The positive quaternary nitrogen and long-chain alkyl groups of MHDB in SA emulsions could attract phospholipid head groups of bacterial and insert them into the cell wall, which results in biomass leak and bactericidal effect. Moreover, MHDB as a softened monomer was beneficial to the synthesis of SA copolymer with low glass-transition temperature (Tg), then the copolymer and cement would form a more compact film which was the main reason for the enhancement of mechanical properties.

Research limitations/implications

The modifier MHDB was synthesised from diethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DEAM) and 1-bromohexadecane. Besides, the congeners of MHDB could be synthesised from DEAM and 1-bromododecane, 1-tetradecyl dromide, 1-octadecyl bromide, etc. In addition, the efficiency of other modifications into SA emulsions for antibacterial polymer cement waterproof coatings could be studied as well.

Practical implications

The method provided a practical solution for the improvement of water-based antibacterial acrylate polymer cement waterproof coatings.

Originality/value

The method for enhancing bacteria resistance and mechanical properties of the waterproof coating was novel and valuable.
An integrated service recovery process for service failures: insights from systematic review
Authors: Anwar Sohail , Ozuem Wilson
Published: August 2022

Purpose

This research conceptualizes service recovery process (SRPs) within pre-recovery, recovery and post-recovery. This study aims to provide a summary of factors and strategies with respect to SRPs. Also, this research highlights different responses by organizations to SRPs. These responses are synthesized in this research in the context of SRPs.

Design/methodology/approach

This study provides a systemic literature review that considers only studies that have been published within the past 11 years to highlight the different response options used today. This study only selected papers that are included in a rigorous review process such that they explicitly contribute towards practice, theory and policy.

Findings

The pre-recovery is about the awareness of the problem whereby communication between the customer and organization is initiated to resolve the issue, and it provides a critical foundation for the recovery expectations. The recovery phase concluded with either a satisfactory resolution of the problem or when the customer gives up on his/her query due to another failure of the organization. Post-recovery encompasses the period in which the recovery efforts have concluded, and the customers have now started to evaluate their experience of preceding phases. A major contribution of this study is that it provides a summary of factors and strategies with respect to SRPs.

Research limitations/implications

The managers of service-providing organization can use this synthesis to evaluate the response of their organization to different instances of service failures along SRPs. They can then modify their responses. Managers can also use this synthesis as part of an employee training programme to ensure wide coverage of potential responses of the organization following a failure of service.

Originality/value

This research then highlights different questions that can be explored in future studies regarding the various phases involved in SRPs. Finally, this research outlines the recommendations for businesses looking to benefit from adopting SRPs by also considering the related managerial implications. This study will provide a conceptual framework as to the future direction of the overall study through highlighting gaps of understanding related to SRPs.
Illuminative knitted textiles: machine knitting with polymeric optical fibres (POFs)
Authors: Lam Ngan Yi Kitty , Tan Jeanne , Toomey Anne , Cheuk Ka Chun Jimmy
Published: August 2022

Purpose

This paper aims to investigate how different knitted structures affect the illuminative effect of polymeric optical fibres (POFs).

Design/methodology/approach

Knit prototypes were constructed using a 7-gauge industrial hand flat knitting machine. The textile prototype swatches developed in this study tested POF illumination in three types of knitting structures: intervallic knit and float stitch structures; POF inlaid into double plain and full cardigan structures; and double plain and partial knitting structures. The illuminative effects of the POFs in seven prototype swatches were analysed and compared.

Findings

It is possible to use an industrial hand flat knitting machine to knit POFs. Longer floats expose more POFs, which boosts illumination but limits the textile’s horizontal stretchability. The openness of the full cardigan structure maximises POF exposure and contributes to even illumination. The partial knitting in different sections achieves the most complete physical integration of POFs into the knitted textiles but constrains the horizontal stretchability of the textiles.

Practical implications

The integration of POFs into knitted textiles provides a functional illuminative effect. Applications include but are not limited to fashion, architecture and interior design.

Originality/value

This study is novel, as it investigates new POF knitted textiles with different loop structures. This study examines how knit stitches affect POFs in intervallic knit and float stitch, inlaid POF double knit, double plain and partial knit and the illuminative effects of the knitted textile.
Federated networks in England and Australia cricket: a model of economic dependency and financial insecurity
Authors: Millar Robbie , Plumley Daniel , Wilson Rob , Dickson Geoff
Published: August 2022

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to critically examine the financial health and performance of the English and Australian cricket networks. This includes the county cricket clubs (CCC) and state and territory cricket associations (STCA) affiliated to the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) and Cricket Australia (CA) respectively, as well as the ECB and CA themselves. The authors apply resource dependency theory to understand if there are any financial dependencies within the networks of cricket in England and Australia.

Design/methodology/approach

The data for this research was obtained from the financial statements of the ECB, the 18 affiliated CCCs, CA and the six affiliated STCAs. This sample covers the last 5 years of financial information (2014–2019) for all the organisations at the time of writing. Ratio analysis was conducted on all organisations within the sample to assess financial health and performance.

Findings

Both CCCs and STCAs show signs of poor financial health. There is a clear dependence on the financial support they receive from the ECB and CA respectively and this dependence appears more prominent in Australia. The ECB and CA have better financial health which ultimately allows them to financially support the CCCs and STCAs.

Originality/value

The ECB and CA are facing difficult financial decisions to remain financially secure themselves due to the impact of COVID-19 but also to support their affiliated clubs. The affiliated clubs do not generate sufficient revenues and must diversity their revenue streams if they are to become financially self-sustaining. This financial structure and distribution mechanism will be vital in safeguarding the future of some of England’s and Australia’s most important cricket organisations.
Estimation of travel time variation caused by transport infrastructure development
Authors: Saadullah Muhammad , Zhang Zhipeng , Hu Hao
Published: August 2022

Purpose

The expected benefits of newly developed transportation infrastructures are the saving of travel time and further promoted transport economics. There is a need for a methodology of travel time estimation with acceptable robustness and practicability. Macroscopic fundamental diagram (MFD) represents the overall traffic performance at a network level by linking average flow, speed and density. MFD can be used to estimate network state and to describe various traffic management strategies. This study aims to describe the effect of new infrastructure development on the network performance using the MFD framework.

Design/methodology/approach

The scenarios of Islamabad Road network before and after the infrastructure construction were simulated, in which the floating car data set (FCD) for multiple modes was extracted. MFD has been formed for the whole region and partitioned region, which was divided on the basis of infrastructural changes. Moreover, this study has been extended to calculate travel time for multiple modes using the MFD results and the Bureau of Public Roads (BPR) function at a neighborhood level.

Findings

MFD results for the whole network showed that the speed of traffic improves after the construction of new infrastructure. The travel time estimates using MFD results were dependent on the speed estimates, whereas the estimates obtained using the BPR function were found to be dependent on the traffic volume variation during different intervals of the day. By using the FCD for multiple modes, travel time estimates for multiple modes were obtained. The BPR function method was found valid for estimating travel time of traffic stream only.

Originality/value

This paper innovatively investigates the change in network performance for pre-construction and post-construction scenarios using the MFD framework. In practice, the approach presented can be used by transportation agencies to evaluate the effect of different traffic management strategies and infrastructural changes.
Family involvement in psychiatry: Beyond implementing family interventions
Authors: De Corte Kim G. P. , Van Parys Hanna , Pauwels Greet , Aendekerk Veerle , Steeman Kim , Van Lierde Elke , Jespers Ine , Vandewiele Hanne , Lemmens Gilbert M. D.
Published: August 2022

Enhancing family involvement in a department of psychiatry, requires more than guidelines or interventions implemented by professional caregivers. This paper describes the development of multi‐party dialogue between inpatients, family caregivers, professional caregivers and family organisations and applied change management strategies evolving to an effective family participation model. Phase 1 considers pre‐existing practices and collaborations. Phase 2 initiates a change management process and multi‐party dialogue. Phase 3 is future work. A shift in culture re‐focuses attention towards family caregivers on all levels of the ‘Family Reflex’, which refers to a multidisciplinary family policy with clear guidelines.

Practitioner points

Services should go beyond specialised systemic family interventions to create family‐friendly psychiatry.

Initiating change management processes should involve a collaboration between stakeholders – in this case, inpatients, family caregivers, professional caregivers and family organisations.

We describe change management processes towards a more family‐friendly psychiatric care model.

We reflect upon the implications for systemic therapists and mental healthcare services.
Does gender matter? The trickle‐down effect of voluntary green behavior in organizations
Authors: Shao Xiaojing , Jiang Yuan , Yang Liyan , Zhang Li
Published: August 2022

Despite numerous evidence for the leader's role in facilitating employees' green behavior, few studies have delved into the intervening mechanisms of the trickle‐down effect transmitting green behavior from leaders to their subordinates. Drawing on social learning theory, we explicate a trickle‐down process for voluntary green behavior from leaders to subordinates through leaders' green role model influence and employees' green self‐efficacy, with leader gender as a moderator. Analysis of 70 leaders and 190 employees revealed that leaders' green role model influence and employees' green self‐efficacy sequentially mediated the relationship between voluntary green behavior of leaders and that of employees. Moreover, both the direct and indirect effects were moderated by leader gender: While the direct effect was stronger for male leaders, the sequential mediating effect was stronger for female leaders. Overall, our study confirms the utility of social learning theory in explaining the trickle‐down effect of voluntary green behavior at work.
Effects of neonicotinoid seed treatments on wild bee populations in soybean and corn fields in eastern Ontario
Authors: Gaudreault Emma S. , Naujokaitis‐Lewis Ilona , Lapen David R. , Sargent Risa D.
Published: August 2022

Neonicotinoid‐coated corn and soybean seeds are a common crop in Canada and the US. A growing body of research is demonstrating that, through various exposure routes, neonicotinoids can impact a suite of nontarget organisms including beneficial insects such as bees. However, to date, only a few studies have examined the effects of neonicotinoids in field settings.

We assessed the relationship between agricultural crop soil neonicotinoid levels and wild bee abundance and diversity at 16 agricultural sites representing different soil neonicotinoid levels. We detected clothianidin at 11 sites, thiamethoxam at three sites; imidacloprid was not detected.

Hedgerow and crop soils were consistent in terms of where clothianidin was detected; thiamethoxan was not detected in hedgerow soils. Based on model outcomes, fields with higher levels of soil neonicotinoids exhibited significantly lower wild bee abundance and diversity than those with low or no neonicotinoids detected.

Crop soil neonicotinoid level, hedgerow floral resource abundance and crop type were consistent predictors of bee abundance across models; only neonicotinoid level and crop type were significant predictors of diversity.

Our results are consistent with recent findings in the midwestern US, and underscore the potential risk of soil neonicotinoids to wild bee populations across regions and crop systems.
PMM2 and NARFL are paternally imprinted genes in bovines
Authors: Dong Yanqiu , Zhang Cui , Jin Lanjie , Li Dongjie , Chen Weina , Huo Haonan , Li Shijie
Published: August 2022

In mammals, imprinted genes are required for both fetal development and postnatal growth. A novel candidate imprinted locus was found on human chromosome 16, and maternal uniparental disomy of this locus can cause a lethal developmental lung disease in human newborns. The PMM2 and NARFL genes are located in this region and its homologous region in cattle is on chromosome 25. Currently, there is no report on the genomic imprinting of the PMM2 and NARFL genes. In this study, we demonstrated that PMM2 and NARFL are two paternally imprinted genes in bovines using an SNP‐based method. In addition, two differentially methylated regions of paternal methylation were found in the promoter region and the third intron of the bovine NARFL gene, which may be involved in regulating its imprinted expression. However, we did not find differential methylation in the promoter region or the seventh intron of the bovine PMM2 gene.
Extravillous trophoblast invasion and decidualization in cesarean scar pregnancies
Authors: Gao Lufen , Chen Hui , Liu Jing , Wang Minghua , Lin Fangfang , Yang Guang , Lash Gendie E. , Li Ping
Published: August 2022

Introduction

The increasing cesarean section rate has led to an increase in the number of subsequent pregnancies resulting in a cesarean scar pregnancy. There appears to be preferential attachment of the blastocyst to the scar site, which may be associated with defective decidua in that region, resulting in abnormal implantation, which can in turn negatively affect the success of the pregnancy. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the extravillous trophoblast, decidua, and myometrium in scar and adjacent non‐scar regions of the implantation site of a cesarean scar pregnancy.

Material and Methods

Samples containing a gestational mass were obtained by laparoscopic excision from patients with a cesarean scar pregnancy at 6–11 weeks of gestation as diagnosed by transvaginal or transabdominal ultrasound (n = 8 type II cesarean scar pregnancy). Cesarean scar pregnancy tissues were separated into scar and non‐scar regions, and the scar regions were sub‐separated into non‐implantation and implantation sites. Serial sections were histologically examined after hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome and immunochemical staining, and changes in the myometrium, extravillous trophoblast, and decidua were evaluated.

Results

In cesarean scar pregnancy, compared with scars not in the implantation site, scars in the implantation site displayed increased fibrosis, and had disrupted myometrium, which was related to varying patterns of E‐cadherin expression as a response to extravillous trophoblast invasion. In addition, local decidua was found at the non‐scar implantation sites, with multinucleated trophoblast giant cell accumulation and shallow invasion. These features were not evident in the scar implantation sites.

Conclusions

This study emphasizes that the decidua drives multinucleated trophoblast giant cell differentiation, limiting the degree of invasion. Better characterization of this differentiation process may be helpful for better management and avoidance of the consequences of cesarean scar pregnancy.
Regulatory T cells in inflammation and resolution of acute lung injury
Authors: Wang Linlin , Jiang Weipeng , Wang Xiaocen , Tong Lin , Song Yuanlin
Published: August 2022

Introduction

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by hypoxemia and increased lung permeability and would result in acute respiratory failure and with high mortality. In patients who survive from acute lung injury (ALI)/ARDS, it is an active process of the transition from injury to resolution depending on the coordinated immune system. The roles of regulatory CD4+T cells (Tregs) are now gradually being clarified during inflammation and resolution of ARDS. However, clear conclusions about roles of Tregs in ALI/ARDS are only a few.

Objective

This review provides an overview of phenotype, differentiation, and suppressive mechanisms of Tregs and focuses on keys of biology of Tregs in alveolar space during the inflammatory response and resolution of ALI/ARDS.

Data Source

Literature search of Web of Science, PubMed, and EMBASE was made to find relative articles about Tregs in ALI/ARDS. We used the following search terms: Tregs, ALI, ARDS, inflammation, and resolution.

Conclusion

More and more studies have indicated Tregs involved in the processes of inflammation and resolution of ALI/ARDS. A deep understanding of the roles of Tregs may indicate new treatments for patients of ARDS. Therapies aimed at expansion or adaptive transfer of Tregs could be an effective therapy to ARDS patients.
Association between betamethasone levels and respiratory distress syndrome in preterm births: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Zafran Noah , Massalha Manal , Suleiman Abeer , Massalha Refaat , Mahagna Lila , Weiner Scott A. , Romano Shabtai , Shalev Eliezer , Salim Raed
Published: August 2022

The recommended fixed dosage of betamethasone for pregnancies at risk of preterm birth was determined in the 1970s, regardless of gestational age (GA), number of fetuses, and maternal weight. We aimed to examine the association between maternal and neonatal betamethasone serum levels and neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and to examine whether levels correlate with maternal weight, GA, or number of fetuses. A prospective study was conducted at a single academic medical center between August 2016 and February 2019. Women received betamethasone and delivered between 28+0 and 34+6 weeks were included. Maternal serum levels (MSLs), and neonatal serum levels (NSLs) of betamethasone at delivery were analyzed using Corticosteroid enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay kit. RDS was diagnosed according to clinical and radiographic findings. We assumed that the sensitivity of NSLs to detect RDS is 95%; hence, 150 neonates were needed (power 80%, alpha 0.05). Overall, 124 women were included; including 96 (77.4%) singletons, 26 (21.0%) twins, and 2 (1.6%) triplets, corresponding to 154 neonates. RDS was diagnosed in 35 neonates (22.7%). After adjusting for GA, time elapsed from the last dose, and number of doses, NSLs were associated with RDS (relative risk: 0.97, 95% confidence interval: 0.94–0.99, p = 0.011). A level of 6.00 ng/ml predicted RDS with a sensitivity of 80.0% and specificity of 64.7%. Adjusted MSLs were not associated with RDS. Both maternal and neonatal serum levels were not associated with the number of fetuses and maternal weight. In conclusion, NSLs are associated with RDS whereas MSLs are not.
Do monkeys use sex toys? Evidence of stone tool‐assisted masturbation in free‐ranging long‐tailed macaques
Authors: Cenni Camilla , Christie Jessica B. A. , Van der Pant Yanni , Gunst Noëlle , Vasey Paul L. , Wandia I Nengah , Leca Jean‐Baptiste
Published: August 2022

Recent reports on tool use in nonforaging contexts have led researchers to reconsider the proximate drivers of instrumental object manipulation. In this study, we explore the physiological and behavioral correlates of two stone‐directed and seemingly playful actions, the repetitive tapping and rubbing of stones onto the genital and inguinal area, respectively, that may have been co‐opted into self‐directed tool‐assisted masturbation in long‐tailed macaques (i.e., “Sex Toy” hypothesis). We predicted that genital and inguinal stone‐tapping and rubbing would be more closely temporally associated with physiological responses (e.g., estrus in females, penile erection in males) and behavior patterns (e.g., sexual mounts and other mating interactions) that are sexually motivated than other stone‐directed play. We also predicted that the stones selected to perform genital and inguinal stone‐tapping and rubbing actions would be less variable in number, size, and texture than the stones typically used during other stone‐directed playful actions. Overall, our data partly supported the “Sex Toy” hypothesis indicating that stone‐directed tapping and rubbing onto the genital and inguinal area are sexually motivated behaviors. Our research suggests that instrumental behaviors of questionably adaptive value may be maintained over evolutionary time through pleasurable/self‐rewarding mechanisms, such as those underlying playful and sexual activities.
Adolescents' experiences of a theory‐based behavioural intervention for improved oral hygiene: A qualitative interview study
Authors: Dimenäs Sandra L. , Östberg Anna‐Lena , Lundin Mona , Lundgren Jesper , Abrahamsson Kajsa H.
Published: August 2022

Objectives

Adequate oral hygiene, that is self‐performed infection control, is crucial to prevent periodontal disease. Epidemiological studies reveal poor oral hygiene conditions among Swedish adolescents and indicate a need for more effective prevention programs. The aim of the current study was to analyse adolescents' experiences of a person‐centred, theory‐based, oral health education program for improved oral hygiene.

Methods

Data were obtained by interviewing 19 adolescents treated by dental hygienists in accord with the person‐centred education program in a preceding clinical field study (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02906098). Study participants were selected to reflect a variation of male and female adolescents, treated at clinics in areas with various socio‐demographic profiles within Region Västra Götaland, Sweden. Interviews were audio‐taped, transcribed verbatim and analysed with qualitative content analysis.

Results

A main theme was identified: ‘Adolescents on a guided and challenging journey towards beneficial oral hygiene behavior’. The results elucidate the importance of a person‐centred approach in therapy. The adolescents described insight on a personal level about the importance of improved oral hygiene as fundamental for behavioural change. Planning and monitoring of the behaviour, with guidance and support by the dental hygienist, was considered to facilitate change and encouraged further behavioural efforts. However, the adolescents expressed a need of reminders and support to keep up oral hygiene routines over time.

Conclusions

The study brings knowledge on factors of importance in educational interventions to increase beneficial health behaviours among adolescents and emphasize areas for further improvements of such interventions.
Prevalence of halitosis among young adults in Dunedin, New Zealand
Authors: Yu Wing Wan , Goh Rayner , Cheong Esther , Guan Guangzhao , Jin Carrol , Cannon Richard D. , Farella Mauro , Mei Li
Published: August 2022

Objectives

To investigate the prevalence of halitosis in young adults.

Methods

Young adults (n = 372; mean age = 21.0 ± 2.6 years old, range = 18–30 years) in Dunedin, New Zealand, were recruited into the cross sectional study after providing informed consent. The prevalence of halitosis was determined using both objective measurements (parts per billion [ppb] volatile sulphur compounds [VSCs] in the exhaled air) and subjective measurements (self‐reported halitosis questionnaire, tongue coating index, and organoleptic assessment).

Results

Volatile sulphur compounds measurements indicated that the prevalence of halitosis (values ≥140 ppb) was 31.2%; 25.6% of participants self‐reported halitosis. The organoleptic assessment revealed that 14.3% of the participants had a score of ≥2. A positive correlation was found between the VSC measurements and organoleptic assessment (p < 0.05). No significant relationship was found between self‐reported halitosis and either organoleptic assessment or VSC measurements. Self‐reported dry mouth, smoking, oral hygiene index, DMFT index, and tongue coating score were significantly associated with the organoleptic assessment (p < 0.05). The self‐reported dry mouth, mouth breathing and tongue coating score were significantly associated with the VSC scores (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Halitosis, as represented by VSC, was found in 31.2% of the participants. VSC scores and organoleptic assessment were positively correlated. There was no significant relationship between self‐reported halitosis and either organoleptic assessment or VSC measurements.
Transient fetal atrioventricular block: A series of four cases and approach to management
Authors: Kikano Sandra D. , Killen Stacy A. S.
Published: August 2022

Introduction

Fetal atrioventricular block (AVB) is a failure of conduction from atria to ventricles. Immune‐ and nonimmune‐mediated forms occur, especially in association with congenital heart disease. Second‐degree (2°) AVB may be reversible with dexamethasone and intravenous immunoglobulin in immune‐mediated disease. However, once third‐degree AVB develops, it is deemed irreversible with need for a pacemaker and risk for cardiomyopathy. Rarely, 2° AVB is a transient, benign phenomenon in the immature conduction system. Few case series of transient AVB have been reported, but a management approach has not been defined.

Methods/Results/Conclusion

We report four patients with self‐resolving, nonimmune fetal AVB and outline a management strategy.
ECG‐I phenotyping of persistent AF based on driver burden and distribution to predict response to pulmonary vein isolation (PHENOTYPE‐AF)
Authors: Dhillon Gurpreet S. , Honarbakhsh Shohreh , Graham Adam , Abbass Hakam , Welch Sophie , Daw Holly , Sporton Simon , Providencia Rui , Chow Anthony , Earley Mark J. , Lowe Martin , Lambiase Pier D. , Schilling Richard J. , Hunter Ross J.
Published: August 2022

Background

This prospective trial sought to phenotype persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) based on AF mechanisms using electrocardiographic imaging (ECGI) mapping to determine whether this would predict long‐term freedom from arrhythmia after pulmonary vein isolation (PVI).

Methods

Patients with persistent AF of <2 years duration underwent cryoballoon PVI. ECGI mapping was performed before PVI to determine potential drivers (PDs) defined as rotational activations completing ≥1.5 revolutions or focal activations. The coprimary endpoint was the association between (1) PD burden (defined as the number of PD occurrences) and (2) PD distribution (defined as the number of segments on an 18‐segment model of the atria harboring PDs) with freedom from arrhythmia at 1‐year follow up.

Results

Of 100 patients, 97 completed follow up and 52 (53.6%) remained in sinus rhythm off antiarrhythmic drugs. Neither PD burden nor PD distribution predicted freedom from arrhythmia (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.01, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.99–1.03, p = .164; and HR: 1.04, 95% CI: 0.91–1.17, p = .591, respectively). Otherwise, the burden of rotational PDs, rotational stability, and the burden of PDs occurring at the pulmonary veins and posterior wall all failed to predict arrhythmia recurrence (all p > .10).

Conclusions

AF mechanisms as determined using ECGI mapping do not predict outcomes after PVI for persistent AF. Further studies using different methodologies to characterize AF mechanisms are warranted (NCT03394404).
Visual filtering in time and space among persons with Down syndrome
Authors: Matsuba E. S. M. , Russo N. , McKernan E. , Curl R. , Dawkins T. , Flores H. , Miseros M. , Stewart J. , Loebus A. , Brodeur D. A. , Burack J. A.
Published: August 2022

Background

Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) appear to perform at a level that is commensurate with developmental expectations on simple tasks of selective attention. In this study, we examine how their selective attention is impacted by target changes that unfold over both time and space. This increased complexity reflects an attempt at greater ecological validity in an experimental task, as a steppingstone for better understanding attention among persons with DS in real‐world environments.

Methods

A modified flanker task was used to assess visual temporal and spatial filtering among persons with DS (n = 14) and typically developing individuals (n = 14) matched on non‐verbal mental age (mental age = 8.5 years). Experimental conditions included varying the stimulus onset asynchronies between the onset of the target and flankers, the distances between the target and flankers, and the similarity of the target and flankers.

Results

Both the participants with DS and the typically developing participants showed slower reaction times and lower accuracy rates when the flankers appeared closer in time and/or space to the target.

Conclusion

No group differences were found on a broad level, but the findings suggest that dynamic stimuli may be processed differently by those with DS. Implications of the findings are discussed in relation to the developmental approach to intellectual disability originally articulated by Ed Zigler.
Lifting the midface using a hyaluronic acid filler with lidocaine: A randomized multi‐center study in a Chinese population
Authors: Wang Xiaojun , Wu Yan , Li Bi , Mu Xiongzheng , Li Li
Published: August 2022

Background

Soft‐tissue augmentation of the midface is increasingly requested by patients, and hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers are frequently used in treatment.

Aims

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of treatment of midface volume/contour deficit with a firm HA filler including lidocaine (HARL).

Patients/Methods

This was a 12‐month, randomized, evaluator‐blinded, controlled study. Chinese adults with mild to substantial volume loss were randomly assigned in a 3:1 ratio to treatment or untreated control groups.

Results

A total of 148 subjects were enrolled. The primary objective was met; results of the midface volume scale (MMVS) rated by a blinded evaluator were in favor of HARL at Month 6 (p < 0.0001 vs. the untreated control group). Similar to the MMVS improvement, improved midface fullness and aesthetic appearance was observed based on the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS) up to 12 months by both treating investigators and subjects (at least 96% at Week 4 and 65% at Month 12). Subject satisfaction was high, and the majority of subjects considered the results to look natural (>97%). The study product was well tolerated.

Conclusions

Midfacial treatment using HARL was effective, well tolerated, and led to high levels of satisfaction in a Chinese population for up to 12 months.

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier

NCT03097783
Chronic cerebral infarctions and white matter lesions link to long‐term survival after a first ischemic event: A cohort study
Authors: Schilter Marina , Epstein Alessandra , Vynckier Jan , Mujanovic Adnan , Belachew Nebiyat Filate , Beyeler Morin , Siepen Bernhard , Goeldlin Martina , Scutelnic Adrian , Seiffge David Julian , Jung Simon , Gralla Jan , Dobrocky Tomas , Arnold Marcel , Kaesmacher Johannes , Fischer Urs , Meinel Thomas Raphael
Published: August 2022

Background and Purpose

To investigate the association of different phenotypes, count, and locations of chronic covert brain infarctions (CBI) with long‐term mortality in patients with first‐ever manifest acute ischemic stroke (AIS) or transient ischemic attack (TIA). Additionally, to analyze their potential interaction with white matter hyperintensities (WMH) and predictive value in addition to established mortality scores.

Methods

Single‐center cohort study including consecutive patients with first‐ever AIS or TIA with available MRI imaging from January 2015 to December 2017. Blinded raters adjudicated CBI phenotypes and WMH (age‐related white matter changes score) according to established definitions. We compared Cox regression models including prespecified established predictors of mortality using Harrell's C and likelihood ratio tests.

Results

A total of 2236 patients (median [interquartile range] age: 71 [59‐80] years, 43% female, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale: 2 [1‐6], median follow‐up: 1436 days, 21% death during follow‐up) were included. Increasing WMH (per point adjusted Hazard Ratio [aHR] = 1.29 [1.14‐1.45]), but not CBI (aHR = 1.21 [0.99‐1.49]), were independently associated with mortality. Neither CBI phenotype, count, nor location was associated with mortality and there was no multiplicative interaction between CBI and WMH (p > .1). As compared to patients without CBI or WMH, patients with moderate or severe WMH and additional CBI had the highest hazards of death (aHR = 1.62 [1.23‐2.13]). The Cox regression model including CBI and WMH had a small but significant increment in Harrell's C when compared to the model including 14 clinical variables (0.831 vs. 0.827, p < .001).

Discussion

WMH represent a strong surrogate biomarker of long‐term mortality in first‐ever manifest AIS or TIA patients. CBI phenotypes, count, and location seem less relevant. Incorporation of CBI and WMH slightly improves predictive capacity of established risk scores.
Fracture strength of monolithic and glass‐soldered ceramic subcomponents of 5‐unit fixed dental prosthesis
Authors: Sass Jan‐Oliver , Burmeister Ulrike , Ganz Cornelia , Mitrovic Aurica , Lang Hermann , Bader Rainer , Vogel Danny
Published: August 2022

Purpose

Zirconium dioxide ceramic has been successfully introduced as a framework material for fixed dental prostheses. To reduce manufacturing constraints, joining of subcomponents could be a promising approach to increase the mechanical performance of long‐span fixed dental prostheses. In this experimental study, the biomechanical behavior of monolithic and soldered framework specimens for fixed dental prostheses made of Y‐TZP was investigated.

Materials and methods

Framework specimens (n = 80) of 5‐unit fixed dental prostheses made of Y‐TZP were prepared and divided into 10 equal groups. The specimens were monolithic or composed of subcomponents, which were joined using a silicate‐based glass solder. Thereby, three joint geometries (diagonal, vertical with an occlusal cap, and dental attachment‐based) were investigated. Moreover, the groups differed based on the mechanical test (static vs. dynamic) and further processing (veneered vs. unveneered). The framework specimens were cemented on alumina‐based jaw models, where the canine and second molar were acting as abutments before a point‐load was applied. In addition, µCT scans and microscopic fractography were used to evaluate the quality of soldered joints and to determine the causes of fracture.

Results

The determined fracture loads of the different unveneered framework specimens in static testing did not vary significantly (p = 1). Adding a veneering layer significantly increased the mechanical strength for monolithic framework specimens from 1196.29 ± 203.79 N to 1606.85 ± 128.49 N (p = 0.008). In case of soldered specimens with a dental attachment‐based geometry, the mechanical strength increased from 1159.42 ± 85.65 N to 1249.53 ± 191.55 N (p = 1). Within the dynamic testing, no differences were observed between monolithic and soldered framework specimens. µCT scans and fractography proved that the dental attachment‐based joining geometry offers the highest quality.

Conclusion

Using glass soldering technology, subcomponents of 5‐unit framework specimens made of Y‐TZP could be joined with mechanical properties comparable to those of monolithic frameworks.
When WE See Us: Commentary on Black Adolescent Research by Black Male Youth Activists
Authors: Turner David C. , Casimir Amir , Jackson Jacob “Blacc” , Karunwi Emmanuel , Miles Kevin
Published: August 2022

Research viewed exclusively through the lenses of adults, even good‐meaning adults, in some respects can strip young people of their agency to create knowledge about their world and their conditions. Given this reality, this commentary departs from traditional forms of research about adolescents to make spaces for Black male adolescents and young men to make sense of, and highlight their own connection to, research. It is our hope that scholars and practitioners who are interested in supporting Black youth will gather insights from our experiences, and hopefully use them to elevate the agency of Black youth in their schools and communities.
Inhibition of polyploidization in Pten‐deficient livers reduces steatosis
Authors: Moreno Eva , Matondo Augustine B. , Bongiovanni Laura , van de Lest Chris H. A. , Molenaar Martijn R. , Toussaint Mathilda J. M. , van Essen Saskia C. , Houweling Martin , Helms J. Bernd , Westendorp Bart , de Bruin Alain
Published: August 2022

The tumour suppressor PTEN is a negative regulator of the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway. Liver‐specific deletion of Pten in mice results in the hyper‐activation PI3K/AKT signalling accompanied by enhanced genome duplication (polyploidization), marked lipid accumulation (steatosis) and formation of hepatocellular carcinomas. However, it is unknown whether polyploidization in this model has an impact on the development of steatosis and the progression towards liver cancer. Here, we used a liver‐specific conditional knockout approach to delete Pten in combination with deletion of E2f7/8, known key inducers of polyploidization. As expected, Pten deletion caused severe steatosis and liver tumours accompanied by enhanced polyploidization. Additional deletion of E2f7/8 inhibited polyploidization, alleviated Pten‐induced steatosis without affecting lipid species composition and accelerated liver tumour progression. Global transcriptomic analysis showed that inhibition of polyploidization in Pten‐deficient livers resulted in reduced expression of genes involved in energy metabolism, including PPAR‐gamma signalling. However, we find no evidence that deregulated genes in Pten‐deficient livers are direct transcriptional targets of E2F7/8, supporting that reduction in steatosis and progression towards liver cancer are likely consequences of inhibiting polyploidization. Lastly, flow cytometry and image analysis on isolated primary wildtype mouse hepatocytes provided further support that polyploid cells can accumulate more lipid droplets than diploid hepatocytes. Collectively, we show that polyploidization promotes steatosis and function as an important barrier against liver tumour progression in Pten‐deficient livers.
Changes in trait covariance along an orographic moisture gradient reveal the relative importance of light‐ and moisture‐driven trade‐offs in subtropical rainforest communities
Authors: Brown Alison , Butler Donald W. , Radford‐Smith Julian , Dwyer John M.
Published: August 2022

A range of functional trait‐based approaches have been developed to investigate community assembly processes, but most ignore how traits covary within communities.

We combined existing approaches – community‐weighted means (CWMs) and functional dispersion (FDis) – with a metric of trait covariance to examine assembly processes in five angiosperm assemblages along a moisture gradient in Australia's subtropics. In addition to testing hypotheses about habitat filtering along the gradient, we hypothesized that trait covariance would be strongest at both ends of the moisture gradient and weakest in the middle, reflecting trade‐offs associated with light capture in productive sites and moisture stress in dry sites.

CWMs revealed evidence of climatic filtering, but FDis patterns were less clear. As hypothesized, trait covariance was weakest in the middle of the gradient but unexpectedly peaked at the second driest site due to the emergence of a clear drought tolerance–drought avoidance spectrum. At the driest site, the same spectrum was truncated at the ‘avoider’ end, revealing important information about habitat filtering in this system.

Our focus on trait covariance revealed the nature and strength of trade‐offs imposed by light and moisture availability, complementing insights gained about community assembly from existing trait‐based approaches.
Oral active matrix metalloproteinase‐8 immunotest may be less accurate in haemato‐oncologic patients
Authors: Mauramo Matti , Uutela Pauliina , Sorsa Timo , Tervahartiala Taina , Bornstein Michael M. , Waltimo Tuomas
Published: August 2022

Objectives

This study examines the associations of active matrix metalloproteinase‐8 (aMMP‐8) point‐of‐care immunotest (Periosafe) outcomes with oral health of patients with haemato‐oncologic diseases.

Methods

Adult patients diagnosed with haematological diseases aimed to be treated with haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) between 2018 and 2019 were included in the study. Clinical and radiological dental examination were taken immediately prior to transplantation. The presence of oral foci of infections, caries or periodontitis was examined and compared with the outcomes of aMMP‐8 immunotest.

Results

Acute oral infection foci were present in 11.9%, chronic in 44.1% and periodontitis in 42.0% of the 143 subjects. aMMP‐8 immunotest was positive in 13.3% of all the 143 subjects. Among subjects with periodontitis (n = 60), the aMMP‐8 immunotest was also positive in 13.3% of these subjects. However, the subjects with positive aMMP‐8 immunotest (n = 19) had more often acute or chronic infection foci and more than one of the examined dental treatment needs compared with subjects with negative immunotest (all p < 0.05). There were no differences in age, sex, hyposalivation, DMFT‐index values nor with plasma levels of leukocytes, neutrophils or C‐reactive protein between subjects with positive or negative aMMP‐8 immunotest.

Conclusions

aMMP‐8 immunotest accuracy might be reduced, in relation to periodontitis, in haemato‐oncologic patients.