bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FALL GROWTH AND STAND PERSISTENCE OF ALFALFA IN INTERIOR BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: STOUT DARRYL G.
Published: March 2010

Stand persistence of eight alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars in the Interior of British Columbia was correlated to fall growth. A similar relationship has been reported for alfalfa winter survival and fall growth in other parts of North America. One alfalfa cultivar, Anik, did not fit this relationship, since it had little fall growth and low stand persistence. Although the relationship between fall growth and stand persistence appears useful for predicting cultivar stand persistence, major exceptions can occur.Key words: Winter injury, Medicago sativa, low temperature growth
CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF COLD HARDINESS IN APPLE TREES IN EASTERN CANADA
Authors: COLEMAN WARREN K. , ESTABROOKS E. N.
Published: March 2010

In conjunction with a brief historical study of probable timing and critical environmental factors associated with winter injury of apple trees in New Brunswick, we evaluated the effects of Alar-85® and Dupont surfactant WK® on seasonal changes in cold hardiness and dormancy intensity of Spur Mac/M.111. An examination of historical winter injury patterns in New Brunswick revealed that there was, on average, a severe occurrence once every 6 yr. These events appeared to be associated with late winter/early spring shoot damage when the shoots are non-dormant and deacclimating. Alar-85® and Dupont surfactant WK® reduced freezing injury although these effects were not consistent from year to year.Key words: Malus × domestica, apple, cold hardiness, Alar-85®, surfactant WK®
WINTER INJURY TO GRAVENSTEIN APPLE STRAINS AS INFLUENCED BY TRUNK SCORING
Authors: EMBREE C. G. , CROWE A. D.
Published: March 2010

Eleven Gravenstein apple strains (Malus domestica) in an 8-yr-old field trial were trunk scored 4 wk after bloom prior to and following the 1980–1981 test winter that injured many trees in Eastern Canadian orchards. Regression analysis revealed that scores which healed poorly and initial light cropping reduced lower trunk hardiness while growth had no effect. The incidence of injury was greatest below the score but always above the graft union and fruit size was negatively correlated with trunk damage.Key words: Winter injury, Gravenstein apple, trunk scoring, healing, yield, growth
ISOZYME CHARACTERIZATION OF KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS CULTIVARS
Authors: WEEDEN N. F. , EMMO A. C.
Published: March 2010

Twenty-two cultivars of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) were examined for their glucose phosphate isomerase, triose phosphate isomerase, phosphoglucomutase, malate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and alpha-naphthyl esterase phenotypes. Polymorphism was observed in each isozyme system, and the first four systems were characterized for variation among and within the cultivars. Sixteen of the 22 cultivars could be uniquely identified by selecting isozymes which displayed clearly resolved bands and exhibited little or no intracultivar polymorphism. Analysis could be performed on single plants, permitting estimation of percent contamination should seed from different cultivars be mixed. Thus horizontal starch gel electrophoresis in combination with specific isozyme assays appears to offer a simple system for cultivar identification of Kentucky bluegrass seed.Key words: Cultivar identification, electrophoresis, isozymes, bluegrass (Kentucky)
HERBICIDES FOR SOD-SEEDING LEGUMES ON SHALLOW SOIL PASTURES
Authors: BELANGER G. , WINCH J. E.
Published: March 2010

At two shallow pasture sites in southern Ontario, glyphosate, paraquat and dalapon were evaluated for the control of the indigenous vegetation in the establishment of four sod-seeded legume species. The relative efficiency of herbicides in the control of vegetation decreased in the order given above and was evident in the establishment of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and in the present cover of legumes in the first production year. Mefluidide and fluazifop-butyl had little effect upon the control of vegetation and did not improve legume establishment. Crown vetch (Coronilla varia L.) and cicer milkvetch (Astralagus cicer L.) failed to establish in the seedling year. A twofold to threefold increase in total dry matter production was obtained in the first production year by fertilizing and sod-seeding after control of vegetation.Key words: Herbicides, sod-seeding, legumes, pasture renovation
MONOPOL WINTER WHEAT
Authors: NASS H. G. , PRIDHAM E. D. , MELLISH D. , LANGILLE J. E. , WALKER D. W.
Published: March 2010

Monopol is a bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) with medium winter-hardiness primarily adapted to the Annapolis Valley region of Nova Scotia. Breeder seed will be maintained by Firlbeck, West Germany and distributed in Canada through Minas Seed Cooperative Ltd.Key words: Wheat (winter), cultivar description
ONTARIO TWO HUNDRED GERANIUM
Authors: HARNEY PATRICIA M.
Published: March 2010

Ontario Two Hundred geranium (Pelargonium × hortorum Bailey) is a new cultivar with lightly zoned leaves and attractive semi-double, deep scarlet, nonshattering flowers held well above the foliage. The plants are extremely vigorous and floriferous.Key words: Geranium, Pelargonium × hortorum, cultivar description
Accuracy and Role of Surgeon-performed Intraoperative Ultrasound in Minimally Invasive Open Parathyroidectomy
Authors: Kiriakopoulos Andreas , Linos Dimitrios
Published: March 2010

Background

Assessment of the accuracy and the role of surgeon-performed ultrasound in comparison to expert radiology-performed ultrasound, sestamibi scanning and histologic findings.

Methods

From January 2006 to December 2007 we prospectively evaluated forty-two consecutive patients undergoing parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism. One surgeon who was unaware of the preoperative imaging studies did all ultrasound examinations just prior to skin incision. The correlations between surgeon-performed ultrasound, radiology-expert ultrasound, sestamibi scanning and histologic findings were assessed.

Results

There were thirty-eight females (mean age: 55.9 years, range: 13-83) and four males (mean age: 41 years, range: 42-77) with biochemical evidence of primary hyperparathyroidism. Single gland disease (SGD) was histologically confirmed in thirty-six cases (85.7%) and multigland disease (MGD) in six cases (14.3%). Concordant preoperative U/S and sestamibi findings were found in thirty- four cases in SGD patients: surgeon performed U/S and expert radiology U/S were equally correct in all of these cases. In the rest two discordant cases in SGD patients, radiologist U/S was wrong in both cases, whereas sestamibi and surgeon U/S had no false results. Multigland disease had been predicted by negative findings in preoperative U/S and sestamibi in four patients and by finding more than one enlarged parathyroid glands in two patients. Surgeon U/S gave one false result in the former subgroup of MGD patients, although correctly identified multiple gland enlargements in the latter subgroup.

Conclusions

This study shows that surgeon-performed ultrasound compares favourably and even exceeds radiology U/S. Since this positive predictive result applies especially in SGD, intraoperative U/S had been added in the standards of care of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism in our institution
Minimally Invasive Video-assisted Thyroidectomy and Parathyroidectomy
Authors: Materazzi Gabriele , Berti Piero , Miccoli Paolo
Published: March 2010

The history of endoscopic endocrine surgery of the neck started in 1992 with the first endoscopic parathyroidectomy. Less simple procedures were proposed after this preliminary experience, some still involving gas insufflation and some not involving it at all, better defined as video-assisted parathyroidectomy.

Not much later also thyroid gland started to be operated endoscopically although thyroid diseases quite soon proved to constitute a big limit in the diffusion of these techniques because of the large size typical of most goiters and/or tumors which represent the most common indication for thyroid surgery. All these procedures though are largely utilized and certainly have heavily stimulated all surgeons to reduce the length of their incision and consequently the invasiveness of both thyroidectomy and parathyroidectomy. Furthermore, in spite of the scepticism existing among endocrine surgeons, some significant advantages offered by these techniques have been reported in prospective studies even though they involved a scarce number of patients.

It must be stressed that endoscopic or video-assisted parathyroidectomy is at present much more widespread than thyroidectomy to the point that it must be considered a valid option for most of the cases of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) and in some centers it is regarded as the first option.
Multiple Insulinomas, a Rare Clinical Problem, Possible Case of Occult MEN I
Authors: Fernando R , Bandara DMSM , Sancheav S , Renuka MDS
Published: March 2010

A 22 years old under graduate with recurrent hypoglycemia was found to have an insulinoma after investigations. Diagnosis of insulinoma had been made by elevated C-peptide and insulin concentration with simultaneous hypoglycemia with blood glucose 35 mg/dl. Preoperative computed tomography localized a single tumor (7 mm x 7 mm x 7 mm) in the body of pancreas. On surgical exploration with intraoperative ultrasound localization a tumor was found in the body of pancreas and enucleated. Repeat intraoperative ultrasonography showed no residual disease, but palpation localized a second lesion in the body of pancreas and that was enucleated. Patient made a complete recovery. Screening for MEN I indicated that patient has several features of MEN I which remains occult at present. This case highlights a rare clinical problem of multiple insulinomas and also importance of intraoperative palpation.
Asymmetric Synthesis of 2,3,4‐Trisubstituted Functionalised Tetrahydrofurans via an Organocatalytic Michael Addition as Key Step
Authors: Enders Dieter , Wang Chuan , Greb Andreas
Published: March 2010

The organocatalytic Michael addition of various aldehydes to (2E,4E)‐ethyl 5‐nitropenta‐2,4‐dienoate has been achieved under the catalysis of diphenylprolinol trimethylsilyl ether furnishing the products in good to excellent yields (61–94%) and high stereoselectivities (dr up to >98:2, ee=97 to >99%). Starting from these Michael adducts, 2,3,4‐trisubstituted functionalized tetrahydrofurans are available in two steps by reduction of the aldehyde followed by an intramolecular oxa‐Michael addition in good yields (54–76%) and stereoselectivities (dr up to >95:5, ee=97 to >99%).
Severe mental retardation, seizures, and hypotonia due to deletions of MEF2C
Authors: Nowakowska Beata A. , Obersztyn Ewa , Szymańska Krystyna , Bekiesińska‐Figatowska Monika , Xia Zhilian , Ricks Christian B. , Bocian Ewa , Stockton David W. , Szczałuba Krzysztof , Nawara Magdalena , Patel Ankita , Scott Daryl A. , Cheung Sau Wai , Bohan Timothy P. , Stankiewicz Paweł
Published: March 2010

We present four patients, in whom we identified overlapping deletions in 5q14.3 involving MEF2C using a clinical oligonucleotide array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA). In case 1, CMA revealed an ∼140 kb deletion encompassing the first three exons of MEF2C in a 3‐year‐old patient with severe psychomotor retardation, periodic tremor, and an abnormal motor pattern with mirror movement of the upper limbs observed during infancy, hypotonia, abnormal EEG, epilepsy, absence of speech, autistic behavior, bruxism, and mild dysmorphic features. MRI of the brain showed mild thinning of the corpus callosum and delay of white matter myelination in the occipital lobes. In case 2, an ∼1.8 Mb deletion of TMEM161B and MEF2C was found in a child with severe developmental delay, hypotonia, and seizures. Patient 3 had epilepsy, hypotonia, thinning of the corpus callosum, and developmental delay associated with a de novo ∼2.4 Mb deletion in 5q14.3 including MEF2C and five other genes. In case 4, a de novo ∼5.7 Mb deletion of MEF2C and five other genes was found in a child with truncal hypotonia, intractable seizures, profound developmental delay, and shortening of the corpus callosum on brain MRI. These deletions further support that haploinsufficiency of MEF2C is responsible for severe mental retardation, seizures, and hypotonia. Our results, in combination with previous reports, imply that exon‐targeted oligo array CGH, which is more efficient in identifying exonic copy number variants, should improve the detection of clinically significant deletions and duplications over arrays with probes spaced evenly throughout the genome. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence for three loci modifying age‐at‐onset of Alzheimer's disease in early‐onset PSEN2 families
Authors: Marchani Elizabeth E. , Bird Thomas D. , Steinbart Ellen J. , Rosenthal Elisabeth , Yu Chang‐En , Schellenberg Gerard D. , Wijsman Ellen M.
Published: March 2010

Families with early‐onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) sharing a single PSEN2 mutation exhibit a wide range of age‐at‐onset, suggesting that modifier loci segregate within these families. While APOE is known to be an age‐at‐onset modifier, it does not explain all of this variation. We performed a genome scan within nine such families for loci influencing age‐at‐onset, while simultaneously controlling for variation in the primary PSEN2 mutation (N141I) and APOE. We found significant evidence of linkage between age‐at‐onset and chromosome 1q23.3 (P < 0.001) when analysis included all families, and to chromosomes 1q23.3 (P < 0.001), 17p13.2 (P = 0.0002), 7q33 (P = 0.017), and 11p14.2 (P = 0.017) in a single large pedigree. Simultaneous analysis of these four chromosomes maintained strong evidence of linkage to chromosomes 1q23.3 and 17p13.2 when all families were analyzed, and to chromosomes 1q23.3, 7q33, and 17p13.2 within the same single pedigree. Inclusion of major gene covariates proved essential to detect these linkage signals, as all linkage signals dissipated when PSEN2 and APOE were excluded from the model. The four chromosomal regions with evidence of linkage all coincide with previous linkage signals, associated SNPs, and/or candidate genes identified in independent AD study populations. This study establishes several candidate regions for further analysis and is consistent with an oligogenic model of AD risk and age‐at‐onset. More generally, this study also demonstrates the value of searching for modifier loci in existing datasets previously used to identify primary causal variants for complex disease traits. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new susceptibility locus for bipolar affective disorder in PAR1 on Xp22.3/Yp11.3
Authors: Flaquer Antònia , Jamra Rami Abou , Etterer Karolin , Díaz Guillermo Orozco , Rivas Fabio , Rietschel Marcella , Cichon Sven , Nöthen Markus M. , Strauch Konstantin
Published: March 2010

We present the findings of a linkage study of bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) that involve the pseudoautosomal region 1 of the human sex chromosomes. We analyzed a substantial subset of pedigrees (89 families of German and Spanish origin; 661 participants; 298 affected individuals) from the large collection of BPAD‐affected families with which a genomewide linkage analysis was previously performed and where the pseudoautosomal regions were poorly covered. Nonparametric linkage (Zlr) scores were calculated. The highest Zlr scores were obtained on Xp22.3/Yp11.3 in the Spanish subsample (DXS1071; Zlr = 3.54, Pempirical = 0.0009 for the broad definition of affection sttuts; Zlr = 2.63, Pempirical = 0.0129 for the medium definition of affection status; Zlr = 2.12, Pempirical = 0.0429 for the narrow definition of affection status). Empirical P‐values are adjusted using the Bonferroni correction to account for the testing of three affection status definitions. This region has not drawn much attention in previous linkage studies of BPAD. On the basis of these results, Xp22.3/Yp11.3 should now be considered a candidate region for BPAD. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A longitudinal study of urinary dipstick parameters in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: Leendertz Siv Aina J. , Metzger Sonja , Skjerve Eystein , Deschner Tobias , Boesch Christophe , Riedel Julia , Leendertz Fabian H.
Published: March 2010

We performed 796 dip‐stick tests on urine from 100 wild West African chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) from 4 habituated groups in the tropical rain forest of Taï National Park, Cote d'Ivoire, to establish reference values for health monitoring. Specific gravity was also measured on 359 urine samples from 62 chimpanzees. The effect of age, sex, group, month, estrus, pregnancy, meat consumption, and acute respiratory disease on pH, leucocytes, protein, blood, hemoglobin, and glucose was examined using ordinal logistic regression. The presence of nitrite, ketones, bilirubin, and urobilinogen in urine was also recorded. Outbreak of acute respiratory disease did not influence any of the urinary parameters. Thirty‐seven percent of the samples had a pH <7 and the whole range of pH was found through the year, in all age groups, and in both sexes. Meat consumption lowered the urinary pH. Our results show that all pH levels must be considered normal for the West African chimpanzee subspecies P. troglodytes verus living in the rainforest. We also found a cluster of glucose‐positive samples at a specific point in time which was not attributed to diabetes mellitus. These findings highlight that there are differences in normal physiological parameters among wild chimpanzees living in different habitats. Am. J. Primatol. 72:689–698, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Violence and weapon‐related trauma at Puruchuco‐Huaquerones, Peru
Authors: Murphy Melissa S. , Gaither Catherine , Goycochea Elena , Verano John W. , Cock Guillermo
Published: March 2010

Conquest of indigenous peoples in North America is understood primarily through ethnohistorical documents, archaeological evidence, and osteological analyses. However, in the Central Andes, the colonial enterprise and its effects are understood only from postcontact historical and ethnohistorical sources. Few archaeological and bioarchaeological studies have investigated Spanish Conquest and colonialism in the Andean region [for exceptions see Klaus and Tam: Am J Phys Anthropol 138 (2009) 356–368; Wernke, in press; and Quilter, in press]. Here we describe bioarchaeological evidence of violence from the cemeteries of Huaquerones and 57AS03 within the archaeological zone of Puruchuco‐Huaquerones, Peru (circa A.D. 1470–1540). A total of 258 individuals greater than 15 years of age were analyzed for evidence of traumatic injuries. Individuals were examined macroscopically and evidence of traumatic injuries was analyzed according to the skeletal element involved, the location of the injury on the skeletal element, and any additional complications of the injury. This study examines and compares the evidence of perimortem injuries on skeletonized individuals from the two cemeteries and focuses specifically on the interpretation of weapon‐related perimortem injuries. Evidence of perimortem trauma is present in both cemeteries (18.6%, 48/258); however, the frequency of injuries in 57AS03 is greater than that in Huaquerones (25.0% vs. 13.0%). Several injuries from 57AS03 are consistent with documented cases of injuries from firearms and 16th Century European weapons. We believe that the nature and high frequency of perimortem trauma at 57AS03 provide evidence of the violence that occurred with Spanish Conquest of the Inca Empire. Am J Phys Anthropol 142:636–649, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phosphoramidite: privilegierte Liganden in der asymmetrischen Katalyse
Authors: Teichert Johannes F. , Feringa Ben L.
Published: March 2010

Die asymmetrische Katalyse mit Übergangsmetallkomplexen ist die Grundlage unzähliger stereoselektiver Umwandlungen und hat damit das Bild der modernen Synthesechemie gewandelt. Der Schlüssel zum Erfolg war die Entwicklung chiraler Liganden zur Kontrolle der Regio‐, Diastereo‐ und Enantioselektivität. Dabei haben sich Phosphoramidite als eine äußerst vielseitige und leicht zugängliche Klasse von chiralen Liganden erwiesen. Ihre modulare Struktur ermöglicht die Herstellung von Ligandenbibliotheken und erleichtert die Feinabstimmung für eine bestimmte katalytische Reaktion. Phosphoramidite bewirken oft außerordentlich hohe Stereoselektivitäten, und ihre einzähnige Natur ist in der kombinatorischen Katalyse, die gemischte Liganden verwendet, unverzichtbar. In diesem Aufsatz werden neue Entwicklungen in der asymmetrischen Katalyse mit Phosphoramiditen diskutiert, wobei der Schwerpunkt auf der Bildung von Kohlenstoff‐ Kohlenstoff‐ und Kohlenstoff‐Heteroatom‐Bindungen liegt.
Naturstoffe und ihre biologischen Angriffsziele: proteomische und metabolomische Markierungsstrategien
Authors: Böttcher Thomas , Pitscheider Maximilian , Sieber Stephan A.
Published: March 2010

Das aktivitätsbasierte Protein‐Profiling (ABPP) hat sich zu einer ausgereiften Standardmethode für die schnelle, empfindliche und selektive Identifizierung von Enzymaktivitäten und Inhibitoren in Proteomen entwickelt. Mit naturstoffbasierenden Sonden lassen sich die Angriffsziele (targets) vieler bislang uncharakterisierter Moleküle leicht in komplexen Proteomen aufklären und so ihre genaue Funktion und der Wirkmechanismus verstehen. Zum anderen dienen Naturstoffsonden und ihre Derivate als pharmakologische Leitstrukturen, die essenzielle Komponenten in der Zelle hemmen und in biologischen Assays ihre Wirksamkeit zeigen. Da die komplexen regulatorischen Prozesse einer Zelle mehr umfassen als nur Transkription, Translation und Aktivierung, ist es entscheidend, auch die Produkte des aktiven Proteoms – die Metaboliten und Bindungspartner einzelner Enzyme und Proteine – zu identifizieren. Dabei sind Methoden nötig, mit denen sich das chemisch komplexe Metabolom charakterisieren lässt. In den letzten Jahren gab es hierzu eine Reihe interessanter Ansätze, mit denen eine globale Untersuchung von Enzym‐Metabolit‐Paaren jetzt zum ersten Mal möglich ist.
Phosphoramidites: Privileged Ligands in Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Teichert Johannes F. , Feringa Ben L.
Published: March 2010

Asymmetric catalysis with transition‐metal complexes is the basis for a vast array of stereoselective transformations and has changed the face of modern synthetic chemistry. Key to this success has been the design of chiral ligands to control the regio‐, diastereo‐, and enantioselectivity. Phosphoramidites have emerged as a highly versatile and readily accessible class of chiral ligands. Their modular structure enables the formation of ligand libraries and easy fine‐tuning for a specific catalytic reaction. Phosphoramidites frequently show exceptional levels of stereocontrol, and their monodentate nature is essential in combinatorial catalysis, where a ligand‐mixture approach is used. In this Review, recent developments in asymmetric catalysis with phosphoramidites used as ligands are discussed, with a focus on the formation of carbon–carbon and carbon–heteroatom bonds.
Natural Products and Their Biological Targets: Proteomic and Metabolomic Labeling Strategies
Authors: Böttcher Thomas , Pitscheider Maximilian , Sieber Stephan A.
Published: March 2010

Activity‐based protein profiling (ABPP) has matured into a standard method for the fast, sensitive, and selective identification of enzyme activity and inhibitors in proteomes. By using natural product based probes, the targets of many uncharacterized molecules can be easily identified in complex proteomes, and their exact function and mechanism of action understood. Natural products and their derivatives can also serve as pharmaceutical lead structures that impede essential components in the cell and their effects can be studied in biological assays. Since the complex regulatory processes in a cell go beyond mere transcription, translation, and activation, it is imperative to also identify the products of the active proteome—the metabolites and binding partners of individual enzymes and proteins. Therefore, methods by which the chemically complex metabolome can be characterized are necessary. A series of interesting approaches have become available in recent years that enable the global investigation of enzyme–metabolite pairs.
Silicon‐Based Cross‐Coupling Reactions in the Total Synthesis of Natural Products
Authors: Denmark Scott E. , Liu Jack H.‐C.
Published: March 2010

Unlike other variants of transition‐metal‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions, those based on organosilicon donors have not been used extensively in natural product synthesis. However, recent advances such as: 1) the development of mild reaction conditions, 2) the expansion of substrate scope, 3) the development of methods to stereoselectively and efficiently introduce the silicon‐containing moiety, 4) the development of a large number of sequential processes, and 5) the advent of bifunctional bis(silyl) linchpin reagents, signify the coming of age of silicon‐based cross‐coupling reactions. The following case studies illustrate how silicon‐based cross‐coupling reactions play a strategic role in constructing carbon–carbon bonds in selected target molecules.
Mechanical properties of mica‐filled PBT/ABAS composites
Authors: Tomar Neetu , Maiti S. N.
Published: March 2010

Tensile properties and Izod impact strength of mica‐filled composites of poly(butylene terephthlate) (PBT)/polyacrylonitrile‐butyl acrylate‐styrene (ABAS) were studied at mica concentration range 0 to 0.14 volume fraction, (ϕf). Tensile properties such as tensile modulus, strength, and breaking strain were normalized by dividing the data with the crystallinity (%) of the major component PBT in the composites and the matrix blends. The normalized relative tensile properties were compared with simple models to evaluate the interphase interactions between the matrix (i.e. PBT/ABAS blend) and the dispersed phase mica. Mica reinforced the blend increasing the tensile modulus and strength with mica concentration while the strain‐at‐break was increased marginally up to ϕf = 0.04 and decreased beyond this ϕf. The impact strength, however, decreased with increase in ϕf due to enhanced matrix stiffening and lack of plastic deformation of the matrix. Scanning electron microscopic studies revealed good dispersion of mica in the composites. The effect of surface treatment with a zirconate coupling agent, NZ‐97, on the above properties has also been examined. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Ethynyl aromatic siliconhybridized resin: Synthesis, characterizations, and thermal properties
Authors: Yang Ming , Shi Song , Wang Mingcun , Wang Yuhui , Luo Zhenhua , Feng Zhihai , Zhao Tong
Published: March 2010

A novel silicon‐containing resin (ESA resin) was successfully synthesized by the condensation reaction of lithium arylacetylide with chlorosilane in high yields. The resin was characterized by the techniques of FTIR, 1H‐NMR, 29Si‐NMR, and gel permeation chromatography. Thermal cure process was monitored by DSC and FTIR methods. This resin could melt at around 100°C and thermally cured at 200–250°C with low exothermal enthalpy. Owing to the high aryl groups containing and the complete crosslinking of ethynyl groups, the cured ESA resin exhibited excellent thermal stability and high char yield. The decomposition temperature
$T_{d_5}$
of the cured resin was at 510°C, and the residue yield at 900°C was 82.9% in N2. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Modes of collaboration in modern science: Beyond power laws and preferential attachment
Authors: Milojević Staša
Published: March 2010

The goal of the study was to determine the underlying processes leading to the observed collaborator distribution in modern scientific fields, with special attention to nonpower‐law behavior. Nanoscience is used as a case study of a modern interdisciplinary field and its coauthorship network for 2000–2004 period is constructed from the NanoBank database. We find three collaboration modes that correspond to three distinct ranges in the distribution of collaborators: (1) for authors with fewer than 20 collaborators (the majority) preferential attachment does not hold and they form a log‐normal “hook” instead of a power law; (2) authors with more than 20 collaborators benefit from preferential attachment and form a power law tail; and (3) authors with between 250 and 800 collaborators are more frequent than expected because of the hyperauthorship practices in certain subfields.
Current issues of selenium in cancer chemoprevention
Authors: Jung Hwa Jin , Seo Young R.
Published: March 2010

The element selenium (Se) was identified, nearly 40 years ago, as being essential in the nutrition of animals and humans. In addition, antitumorigenic effects of Se compounds have been described in a variety of in vitro and animal models, suggesting that supplemental Se in human diets may reduce cancer risk. Apparent mechanisms underlying the potential of Se compounds as cancer chemopreventive agents have been suggested. Some recent clinical trials, however, have shed doubt on the anticancer effects of Se. The contradictory findings and consequent controversy might be due to the lack of understanding of the mechanisms underlying Se biology. This article reviews current knowledge on this topic and addresses the disparate viewpoints on the chemopreventive effects of Se, the human populations.
Zinc deficiency and neurodevelopment: The case of neurons
Authors: Adamo Ana M. , Oteiza Patricia I.
Published: March 2010

Zinc is essential for normal brain development. Gestational severe zinc deficiency can lead to overt fetal brain malformations. Although not teratogenic, suboptimal zinc nutrition during gestation can have long‐term effects on the offspring's nervous system. This article will review current knowledge on the role of zinc in modulating neurogenesis and neuronal apoptosis as well as the proposed underlying mechanisms. A decrease in neuronal zinc causes cell cycle arrest, which in part involves a deregulation of select signals (ERK1/2, p53, and NF‐κB). Zinc deficiency also induces apoptotic neuronal death through the intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathway, which can be triggered by the activation of the zinc‐regulated enzyme caspase‐3, and as a consequence of abnormal regulation of prosurvival signals (ERK1/2 and NF‐κB). Alterations in the finely tuned processes of neurogenesis, neuronal migration, differentiation, and apoptosis, which involve the developmental shaping of the nervous system, could have a long‐term impact on brain health. Zinc deficiency during gestation, even at the marginal levels observed in human populations, could increase the risk for behavioral/neurological disorders in infancy, adolescence, and adulthood.
Contemporary principles of coronary chronic total occlusion recanalization
Authors: Weisz Giora , Moses Jeffrey W.
Published: March 2010

Successful recanalization and percutaneous revascularization of coronary arteries with chronic total occlusion (CTO) is one of the “last frontiers” in coronary interventions. Conquering this objective may enable complete percutaneous revascularization in an increasing number of patients. Revascularization of CTOs carries multiple theoretical advantages such as improvement in wall motion abnormalities and left ventricular function, and ultimately, increased long‐term survival. In the long term, when coronary disease progresses, having an open artery may increase the tolerance to future coronary events. The contemporary principles of the recanalization technique are reviewed. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hybrid myocardial revascularization: An integrated approach to coronary revascularization
Authors: Popma Jeffrey J. , Nathan Senthil , Hagberg Robert C. , Khabbaz Kamal R.
Published: March 2010

Coronary artery bypass surgery is beneficial in patients with complex coronary artery disease. The longevity of the left internal mammary artery (LIMA) placed to the left anterior descending (LAD) artery (LIMA‐LAD) is between 92–99% at 15 years, and contributes substantially to the survival advantage in patients treated with surgical revascularization. The long‐term patency of saphenous vein grafts (SVGs), commonly used (>95%) in surgical revascularization procedures, is less well‐established, with up to 26% of SVGs failing in the first year. In selected patients, particularly in those patients with vessels poorly suited to SVGs, hybrid myocardial revascularization (HMR) has been used, combining a minimally invasive approach to the LIMA‐LAD with drug‐eluting stent placement of the non‐LAD vessels. The advantages and disadvantages of hybrid myocardial revascularization are reviewed in this report. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mass and Energy Flow Analysis Supports Process Improvement
Authors: Thißen N.
Published: March 2010

Successful process development and improvement in chemical and pharmaceutical production requires the preparation of detailed information relating to relevant parameters in order to determine the impact on production costs, product quality, and yield. Mass and energy flow analysis was further developed to incorporate any resource such as raw materials, utilities, manpower, plant, and handling equipment which may have an impact on the result of the process. Process improvement, cost reduction, de‐bottlenecking, and capacity increase are the main objectives of this analysis. Two cases from production processes in the chemical industry demonstrate the effectiveness of this procedure: a process of a more environmentally friendly plastic additive and substitution of the primary energy of a boiler with waste solvent.
Energy Saving by Optimal Energy Recovery in Chemical Process Technology
Authors: Kleemann G. , Paul W.
Published: March 2010

At a time when energy resources and raw materials are becoming scarcer and more expensive, cost‐effective energy management becomes not only an economic but also an ecological necessity. It is vital to promote energy saving by improving the efficiency of existing chemical engineering processes systematically and holistically by examining energy and material flows. The PINCH method is recommended for the systematic processing of energy recovery projects. It permits energy analysis of systems and allows the available energy recovery potential to be calculated. The method is tried and tested and has already been used successfully by large companies. The situation is different in small and medium‐sized companies. These are either unaware of the method or do not apply it due to the lack of qualified staff. Accordingly, substantial potential energy saving opportunities are not being exploited. This article briefly discusses the procedure involved with the PINCH method. With the aid of one simple and one complex example, it is shown that appropriately structured heat transfer systems can achieve considerable energy savings. The need to install additional heat exchangers becomes apparent. The method is not only applicable for planning new installations since the general project plan for step‐by‐step realization of energy recovery measures can also be developed with this method in reconstruction projects. It is demonstrated that the PINCH method is easy to use and can be applied with simple tools. In addition, small and medium‐sized companies can also achieve excellent results in energy recovery with this method.
Comparison of Two Alternative Routes to an Enantiomerically Pure β‐Amino Acid
Authors: Eissen M. , Weiß M. , Brinkmann T. , Steinigeweg S.
Published: March 2010

Enantiomerically pure β‐amino acids are key building blocks for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals. Special consideration will be given to the production of (S)‐3‐aminobutanoic acid. Mass balancing is encouraged and highlighted to support the decision‐making process in early stages of synthesis design when alternative routes are available. Though the overall yield of a chemical approach is twice as good as a chemoenzymatic route, the latter is more convincing regarding raw material consumption and costs as well as health issues. The energy flow analysis in early process development could not yet be carried out but principles concerning the modeling of energy demand were briefly exemplified by a comparative study of two processes with respect to decanoic acid methyl ester.
Pyrazino[2.3‐g]quinoxaline‐Bridged Indole‐Based Building Blocks: Design, Synthesis, Anion‐Binding Properties, and Phosphate‐Directed Assembly in the Solid State
Authors: Wang Ting , Yan Xiu‐Ping
Published: March 2010

Strategies for exploring anionic templates to direct sophisticated supramolecular assembly have attracted attention. Herein, a series of new anion receptors 1–3 containing two indole‐based binding sites bridged by linking spacer pyrazino[2.3‐g]quinoxaline (PQ) have been rationally designed and prepared from the precursors 2,3‐diindol‐3′‐yl quinoxaline (DIQ) and 5,6‐dihydrodiindolo[3,2‐a:2′,3′‐c]phenazine (DIPZ). X‐ray analyses showed a self‐connected network and dimeric packing through hydrogen bonding and π–π stacking interaction in the solid state in the structures of 1 and 2, respectively. All three receptors exhibited a series of prominent absorption bands from the expanded π system. The indole‐based expanded receptors were found to strongly and selectively bind F−, AcO−, and H2PO4− among the tested anions (F−, Cl−, Br−, AcO−, H2PO4−, HSO4−, NO3−, and ClO4−), and operated as efficient colorimetric sensors for naked‐eye detection of fluoride anions in DMSO. These tailored building blocks captured two anions located at far‐spaced binding sites, and adopted noninterfering anion‐binding processes to guarantee the anion‐binding affinity, topology, and dimensionality. Solid‐state studies elucidated that the neutral 1–3 interacted with the tetrahedral dihydrogen phosphate anion in proper proportions and designed topologies, thus leading to the formation of a series of multidimensional networks by self‐assembly in the solid state. The observations showed a well‐characterized phosphate‐directed assembly of multidimensional metal‐free coordination polymers in the solid state, in which the formed phosphate aggregates, including dimer encapsulated in an indole‐mediated hydrogen‐bonded pocket and an infinite chain, behaved as anionic templates to direct the self‐assembly. However, no evidence proved the presence of such phosphate‐directed infinite coordination polymers in solution.
5‐Iodo‐3‐Ethoxypyrazoles: An Entry Point to New Chemical Entities
Authors: Guillou Sandrine , Janin Yves L.
Published: March 2010

Our program, which has focused on the preparation of new pyrazole derivatives, has led us to report here an original and simplified preparation of ethyl 3‐ethoxy‐1H‐pyrazole‐4‐carboxylate. This is based on the reaction of hydrazine monohydrochloride and diethyl 2‐(ethoxymethylene)malonate. Further transformations of this key compound allowed the preparation of the two possible iodinated isomers, namely, 3‐ethoxy‐4‐iodo‐ and 3‐ethoxy‐5‐iodo‐1H‐pyrazole. These compounds have opened the way to a quick access to many original pyrazole series. As an illustration, we report here on the selectivity of N‐arylation, by using the Lam and Cham method, the C4‐ and C5‐arylation of some of these 3‐ethoxypyrazole derivatives by using the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction, and C5‐benzylation reactions by means of the Negishi reaction. This was followed by hydrolysis of the ethoxy group, which led to the corresponding pyrazol‐3‐one derivatives. As a conclusion of this work, we conducted an investigation into the regiochemistry of the condensation between diethyl 2‐(ethoxymethylene)malonate and the hydrochloride salts of methyl, benzyl, or phenyl hydrazine.
Encoding the frequency dependence in MRI contrast media: the emerging class of CEST agents
Authors: Terreno Enzo , Castelli Daniela Delli , Aime Silvio
Published: March 2010

CEST agents represent a very promising class of MRI contrast media as they encode a frequency dependence that is not like the classical relaxation‐based agents. This peculiar property enables novel applications such as the detection of more than one agent in the same MR image as well as the set‐up of ratiometric methods for the quantitative assessment of physico‐chemical and biological parameters that characterize the micro‐environment in which they are distributed. This survey is aimed at providing the reader with the basic properties and the potential of these compounds. Fundamental aspects, such as the theoretical basis of the saturation transfer via chemical exchange, the generation of the CEST contrast, the classification and sensitivity of CEST agents, and some representative examples displaying their potential in the field of MR‐molecular imaging, are presented and discussed in detail. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of analytical mathematical approaches for identifying key nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy biomarkers in the diagnosis and assessment of clinical change of diseases
Authors: Nikas Jason B. , Keene C.Dirk , Low Walter C.
Published: March 2010

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a rapidly emerging technology that can be used to assess tissue metabolic profile in the living animal. At the present time, no approach has been developed 1) to systematically identify profiles of key chemical alterations that can be used as biomarkers to diagnose diseases and to monitor disease progression; and 2) to assess mathematically the diagnostic power of potential biomarkers. To address this issue, we have evaluated mathematical approaches that employ receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, linear discriminant analysis, and logistic regression analysis to systematically identify key biomarkers from NMR spectra that have excellent diagnostic power and can be used accurately for disease diagnosis and monitoring. To validate our mathematical approaches, we studied the striatal concentrations of 17 metabolites of 13 R6/2 transgenic mice with Huntington's disease, as well as those of 17 wild‐type (WT) mice, which were obtained via in vivo proton NMR spectroscopy (9.4 Tesla). We developed diagnostic biomarker models and clinical change assessment models based on our three aforementioned mathematical approaches, and we tested all of them, first, with the 30 original mice and, then, with 31 unknown mice. Their prediction results were compared with genotyping—the gold standard. All models correctly diagnosed all of the 30 original mice (17 WT and 13 R6/2) and all of the 31 unknown mice (20 WT and 11 R6/2), with a positive likelihood ratio approximating infinity [1/0 (→ ∞)], and with a negative likelihood ratio equal to zero [0/1 = 0]. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:4091–4112, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of cerebellin2 in chick and its preferential expression by subsets of developing sensory neurons and their targets in the dorsal horn
Authors: Yang Mao , Cagle Michael C. , Honig Marcia G.
Published: March 2010

The cerebellins are a family of four secreted proteins, two of which, Cbln1 and Cbln3, play an important role in the formation and maintenance of parallel fiber‐Purkinje cell synapses. We have identified the chicken homologue of Cbln2 and, through the use of in situ hybridization, shown that it is expressed by specific subsets of neurons in the dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) and spinal cord starting shortly after those neurons are generated. In the developing spinal cord, Cbln2 is highly expressed by dI1, dI3, dI5, and dILB dorsal interneurons and to a lesser extent by dI2, dI4, dI6, and dILA dorsal interneurons, but not by ventral (v0–v3) interneurons. After the spinal cord has matured and neurons have migrated to their final destinations, Cbln2 is abundant in the dorsal horn. In the DRGs, Cbln2 is expressed by TrkB+ and TrkC+ sensory neurons, but not by TrkA+ sensory neurons. Interestingly, regions of the spinal cord where TrkB+ and TrkC+ afferents terminate (i.e., laminae II, III, IV, and VI) exhibit the highest levels of Cbln2 expression. Cbln2 is also expressed by preganglionic sympathetic neurons and their targets in the sympathetic chain ganglia. Thus, the results show that Cbln2 is frequently expressed by synaptically connected neuronal populations. This, in turn, raises the possibility that if Cbln2, like Cbln1, plays a role in the formation and maintenance of synapses, it may somehow mediate bi‐directional communication between discrete populations of neurons and their appropriate neuronal targets. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:2818–2840, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nuclear‐cytoplasmic localization of acetyl coenzyme a synthetase‐1 in the rat brain
Authors: Ariyannur Prasanth S. , Moffett John R. , Madhavarao Chikkathur N. , Arun Peethambaran , Vishnu Nisha , Jacobowitz David M. , Hallows William C. , Denu John M. , Namboodiri Aryan M.A.
Published: March 2010

Acetyl coenzyme A synthetase‐1 (AceCS1) catalyzes the synthesis of acetyl coenzyme A from acetate and coenzyme A and is thought to play diverse roles ranging from fatty acid synthesis to gene regulation. By using an affinity‐purified antibody generated against an 18‐mer peptide sequence of AceCS1 and a polyclonal antibody directed against recombinant AceCS1 protein, we examined the expression of AceCS1 in the rat brain. AceCS1 immunoreactivity in the adult rat brain was present predominantly in cell nuclei, with only light to moderate cytoplasmic staining in some neurons, axons, and oligodendrocytes. Some nonneuronal cell nuclei were very strongly immunoreactive, including those of some oligodendrocytes, whereas neuronal nuclei ranged from unstained to moderately stained. Both antibodies stained some neuronal cell bodies and axons, especially in the hindbrain. AceCS1 immunoreactivity was stronger and more widespread in the brains of 18‐day‐old rats than in adults, with increased expression in oligodendrocytes and neurons, including cortical pyramidal cells. Expression of AceCS1 was substantially up‐regulated in neurons throughout the brain after controlled cortical impact injury. The strong AceCS1 expression observed in the nuclei of CNS cells during brain development and after injury is consistent with a role in nuclear histone acetylation and therefore the regulation of chromatin structure and gene expression. The cytoplasmic staining observed in some oligodendrocytes, especially during postnatal brain development, suggests an additional role in CNS lipid synthesis and myelination. Neuronal and axonal localization implicates AceCS1 in cytoplasmic acetylation reactions in some neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:2952–2977, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nonhomogeneous distribution of filamentous actin in the presynaptic terminals on the spinal motoneurons
Authors: Li Yan‐Chao , Bai Wan‐Zhu , Zhou Li , Sun Lian‐Kun , Hashikawa Tsutomu
Published: March 2010

Although actin is known to play important roles in synapses, immunocytochemical and structural studies on synaptic actin have resulted in conflicting data, and the presence and precise localization of filamentous actin (F‐actin) in the synapses have still not been well clarified. We recently described a phalloidin‐based antifluorescein isothiocyanate system, which has been successfully developed for ultrastructural investigations of F‐actin in the ependymal microvilli. By this technique, the present study has demonstrated the presence of F‐actin in both the pre‐ and the postsynaptic regions in the synapses of spinal motoneurons. In the presynaptic terminal, F‐actin was localized predominantly in the active zones and the adjacent synaptic vesicle clusters, including the vesicles docked at the active zones and a population of recycling vesicles. By contrast, the proximally located vesicle pool was much less intensely stained. In the postsynaptic region, F‐actin was concentrated at the postsynaptic densities and stretched some way into the surrounding cytoplasm. Insofar as the axonal terminals analyzed in this study touched on either the cell body or the dendritic shaft, where the postsynaptic regions did not form spine‐like specializations, our results cannot shed any light on the distribution of F‐actin within spines. However, the present study has provided a hitherto unreported ultrastructural view of the subcellular distribution of F‐actin in the synapse, which is thought to be helpful for understanding the roles of the synaptic actin cytoskeleton. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:3184–3192, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.