bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mapping EK Draconis with PEPSI
Authors: Järvinen S. P. , Strassmeier K. G. , Carroll T. A. , Ilyin I. , Weber M.
Published: October 2018

Aims. We present the first temperature surface map of EK Dra from very-high-resolution spectra obtained with the Potsdam Echelle Polarimetric and Spectroscopic Instrument (PEPSI) at the Large Binocular Telescope.

Methods. Changes in spectral line profiles are inverted to a stellar surface temperature map using our iMap code. The long-term photometric record is employed to compare our map with previously published maps.

Results. Four cool spots were reconstructed, but no polar spot was seen. The temperature difference to the photosphere of the spots is between 990 and 280 K. Two spots are reconstructed with a typical solar morphology with an umbra and a penumbra. For the one isolated and relatively round spot (spot A), we determine an umbral temperature of 990 K and a penumbral temperature of 180 K below photospheric temperature. The umbra to photosphere intensity ratio of EK Dra is approximately only half of that of a comparison sunspot. A test inversion from degraded line profiles showed that the higher spectral resolution of PEPSI reconstructs the surface with a temperature difference that is on average 10% higher than before and with smaller surface areas by ~10–20%. PEPSI is therefore better suited to detecting and characterising temperature inhomogeneities. With ten more years of photometry, we also refine the spot cycle period of EK Dra to 8.9 ± 0.2 yr with a continuing long-term fading trend.

Conclusions. The temperature morphology of spot A so far appears to show the best evidence for the existence of a solar-like penumbra for a starspot. We emphasise that it is more the non-capture of the true umbral contrast rather than the detection of the weak penumbra that is the limiting factor. The relatively small line broadening of EK Dra, together with the only moderately high spectral resolutions previously available, appear to be the main contributors to the lower-than-expected spot contrasts when comparing to the Sun.
Calibrating the relation of low-frequency radio continuum to star formation rate at 1 kpc scale with LOFAR
Authors: Heesen V. , Buie II E. , Huff C. J. , Perez L. A. , Woolsey J. G. , Rafferty D. A. , Basu A. , Beck R. , Brinks E. , Horellou C. , Scannapieco E. , Brüggen M. , Dettmar R.-J. , Sendlinger K. , Nikiel-Wroczyński B. , Chyży K. T. , Best P. N. , Heald G. H. , Paladino R.
Published: October 2018

Context. Radio continuum (RC) emission in galaxies allows us to measure star formation rates (SFRs) unaffected by extinction due to dust, of which the low-frequency part is uncontaminated from thermal (free–free) emission.

Aims. We calibrate the conversion from the spatially resolved 140 MHz RC emission to the SFR surface density (ΣSFR) at 1 kpc scale. Radio spectral indices give us, by means of spectral ageing, a handle on the transport of cosmic rays using the electrons as a proxy for GeV nuclei.

Methods. We used recent observations of three galaxies (NGC 3184, 4736, and 5055) from the LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey (LoTSS), and archival LOw-Frequency ARray (LOFAR) data of NGC 5194. Maps were created with the facet calibration technique and converted to radio ΣSFR maps using the Condon relation. We compared these maps with hybrid ΣSFR maps from a combination of GALEX far-ultraviolet and Spitzer 24 μm data using plots tracing the relation at the highest angular resolution allowed by our data at 1.2 × 1.2 kpc2 resolution.

Results. The RC emission is smoothed with respect to the hybrid ΣSFR owing to the transport of cosmic-ray electrons (CREs) away from star formation sites. This results in a sublinear relation (ΣSFR)RC ∝ [(ΣSFR)hyb]a, where a = 0.59 ± 0.13 (140 MHz) and a = 0.75 ± 0.10 (1365 MHz). Both relations have a scatter of σ = 0.3 dex. If we restrict ourselves to areas of young CREs (α >  −0.65; Iν ∝ να), the relation becomes almost linear at both frequencies with a ≈ 0.9 and a reduced scatter of σ = 0.2 dex. We then simulate the effect of CRE transport by convolving the hybrid ΣSFR maps with a Gaussian kernel until the RC–SFR relation is linearised; CRE transport lengths are l = 1–5 kpc. Solving the CRE diffusion equation, assuming dominance of the synchrotron and inverse-Compton losses, we find diffusion coefficients of D = (0.13–1.5)  × 1028 cm2 s−1 at 1 GeV.

Conclusions. A RC–SFR relation at 1.4 GHz can be exploited to measure SFRs at redshift z ≈ 10 using 140 MHz observations.
HSCO+ and DSCO+: a multi-technique approach in the laboratory for the spectroscopy of interstellar ions
Authors: Lattanzi Valerio , Spezzano Silvia , Laas Jacob C. , Chantzos Johanna , Bizzocchi Luca , Lee Kin Long Kelvin , McCarthy Michael C. , Caselli Paola
Published: October 2018

Context. Protonated molecular species have been proven to be abundant in the interstellar gas. This class of molecules is also pivotal for the determination of important physical parameters for the evolution of the interstellar medium (e.g. gas ionisation fraction) or as tracers of non-polar species which are not directly observable. The identification of these molecular species through radioastronomical observations is directly linked to precise laboratory spectral characterisation.

Aims. The goal of the present work is to extend the laboratory measurements of the pure rotational spectrum of the ground electronic state of protonated carbonyl sulfide (HSCO+) and its deuterium substituted isotopomer (DSCO+). At the same time, we show how implementing different laboratory techniques allows for the determination of different spectroscopical properties of asymmetric-top protonated species.

Methods. Three different high-resolution experiments were used in conjunction to detect for the first time the b-type rotational spectrum of HSCO+, and to extend, well into the sub-millimetre region, the a-type spectrum of the same molecular species and DSCO+. The electronic ground-state of both ions was investigated in the 273–405 GHz frequency range, allowing for the detection of 60 and 50 new rotational transitions for HSCO+ and DSCO+, respectively.

Results. The combination of our new measurements with the three rotational transitions previously observed in the microwave region permits the rest frequencies of the most astronomically relevant transitions to be predicted to better than 100 kHz for both HSCO+ and DSCO+ up to 500 GHz, equivalent to better than 60 m s−1 in terms of equivalent radial velocity.

Conclusions. The present work illustrates the importance of using different laboratory techniques to spectroscopically characterise a protonated species at high frequency. Each instrument addressed a complementary part of the same spectroscopic challenge, demonstrating the potential of such an approach for future studies of similar reactive species.
Prédire correctement l’effet des chocs thermiques sur l’assemblage corps-couvercle d’un robinet
Authors: Rit Jean-François , Meunier Sébastien , Ferrari Jerôme , Hersant David , Mathieu Jean-Philippe
Published: October 2018

Préalablement à leur acquisition, les robinets installés dans les centrales nucléaires font l’objet d’une démonstration de leur aptitude à endurer des chocs thermiques d’une amplitude de 255 C, sollicitation majorante de conditions normales d’exploitation. Afin de mieux cerner la validité de démonstrations fondées sur des simulations numériques, nous confrontons l’essai en vraie grandeur d’un robinet à soupape de diamètre nominal 150 mm avec sa simulation numérique. Cet article est focalisé sur le comportement de l’assemblage boulonné du corps et du couvercle, assurant la fonction d’étanchéité, dite externe du robinet. La campagne d’essai, menée sur la boucle CYTHERE d’EDF, comprend plusieurs chocs alternés, froid puis chaud. Le robinet est équipé de 37 thermocouples distribués sur sa hauteur et dans l’épaisseur des pièces. Les douze goujons du couvercle sont équipés de jauges de déformation destinées à mesurer l’évolution de leur tension. L’essai est modélisé par des simulations multiphysiques du robinet complet en 3D, enchaînant les calculs d’écoulement, des champs de température, puis des champs de déplacement et de contraintes dans le robinet. La confrontation des résultats de calcul avec les mesures montre l’importance de la représentation des échanges thermiques résultant de l’écoulement dans les interstices laissés par les jeux fonctionnels entre les pièces internes situées sous le couvercle. Leur prise en compte est déterminante pour calculer les variations de serrage de l’assemblage lors des chocs thermiques.
Strain rate sensitivity and strain hardening response of DP1000 dual phase steel
Authors: Çavusoglu Onur , Gürün Hakan , Toros Serkan , Güral Ahmet
Published: October 2018

In this study, strain hardening and strain rate sensitivity behavior of commercial DP1000 dual phase steel have been examined in detail at temperatures of 25 °C, 100 °C, 200 °C and 300 °C, at strain rates of 0.0016 s−1and 0.16 s−1. As the strain rate has increased, the yield strength has increased but no significant change in tensile strength and strain hardening coefficient has been observed. As the temperature has increased, the yield and tensile strength has decreased in between 25 and 200 °C but it has showed an increase at 300 °C. The strain hardening coefficient has increased in parallel with temperature increase. It has been seen that the strain rate sensitivity has not been affected by temperature. No significant difference in the hardening rate has appeared in between 25 and 200 °C, but the highest value has been calculated at 300 °C. It has been determined that the fracture behavior has occurred earlier and load carrying capacity on necking has reduced with the increase of strain rate and not significantly affected by temperature.
Factors influencing melt fluidity of iron ore
Authors: Wu Shengli , Zhai Xiaobo
Published: October 2018

The melt fluidity (MF) of iron ore, which reflects the flow and bonding abilities of the melt, plays a significant role during sintering. In this study, the MF of iron ore was measured by the micro-sintering method, and the formation and flow of the melt were analyzed using Factsage 7.0. Additionally, chemical reagent simulation tests were conducted to determine the effects of chemical components and gangue mineral types on MF, and the effect of MF on sinter strength was studied by sinter pot tests. The results show that the sintering melt includes some non-miscible liquids and solids. The liquid phases of hematite and limonite ores include silico-ferrites of calcium and aluminum system (predominant) and silico-ferrites of calcium system, and those of the magnetite ores are CaO-FeO-Fe2O3-SiO2 systems. The MF of iron ore depends mainly on liquid amount and viscosity, which play opposite roles in increasing the MF. Moreover, SiO2 increases the MF, whereas Al2O3 and loss on ignition decrease the MF. Increasing the substitution proportion of quartz and gibbsite by kaolinite enhances the MF. The effect of MF of the ore blends on the shatter index of the sinter shows a trend of inverted “V”.
Opticien célèbre. Zhang Heng 张衡
Authors: Haidar Riad
Published: October 2018

Astronome, mathématicien, ingénieur et poète chinois, Zhang Heng a vécu pendant la dynastie Han qui régna sur la Chine de 206 avant J.-C. à 220 après J.-C. Il est connu pour sa connaissance étendue des engrenages et de la mécanique, et pour avoir inventé le premier sismographe, ainsi que la sphère armillaire à énergie hydraulique pour représenter les observations astronomiques. Il a également perfectionné la clepsydre, et amélioré les calculs chinois de la formule du nombre π.
Circuits intégrés photoniques silicium
Authors: Vivien Laurent , Marris-Morini Delphine , Cassan Eric , Alonso-Ramos Carlos , Baudot Charles , Bœuf Frédéric , Szelag Bertrand
Published: October 2018

La photonique silicium suit la devise : « plus petit, moins cher, plus rapide », comme la microélectronique plusieurs années auparavant, en exploitant une intégration à très grande échelle des composants et circuits intégrés de plus en plus complexes. L’incroyable évolution des systèmes communicants avec en particulier le déploiement des réseaux Internet et mobiles, des objets connectés et des capteurs a fait émerger la photonique silicium pour répondre à ces nouveaux enjeux majeurs.
Le BIM6D comme levier pour une architecture circulaire
Authors: Dautremont Charlotte , Dagnelie Charlélie , Jancart Sylvie
Published: October 2018

Pendant trente ans, l’architecture durable s’est concentrée sur les performances énergétiques des bâtiments et sur les économies d’énergies. Aujourd’hui, d’autres modèles économiques sont étudiés et le modèle linéaire va côtoyer d’ici quelques années le modèle circulaire. Pour des raisons principalement environnementales et économiques, la société retrouve de l’intérêt pour le réemploi et l’économie circulaire. Parallèlement, le processus collaboratif BIM modifie le flux de travail des acteurs de la construction. Cet article s’inscrit dans le cadre d’une recherche sur la relation entre la circularité de (et dans) l’architecture et le processus BIM. Nous voulons à travers lui dégager des pistes pour inclure ce modèle dans la pratique quotidienne des architectes grâce au BIM tout en tenant compte des freins et des leviers liés à ce dernier.
Émergence de morphologies pour l’acoustique des espaces de performance
Authors: Gros Antoine
Published: October 2018

L’acoustique est un vecteur important de qualité de l’ambiance architecturale dans un espace. Elle est aussi une contrainte forte pour le volume correspondant, dont la maîtrise des altérations pour améliorer la perception sonore n’est pas triviale. Nous proposons un outil d’aide à la décision a priori de la forme architecturale, utilisant un algorithme génétique multicritère couplé à un système de simulation acoustique et de calcul des mesures ISO. Son utilisation permet au concepteur l’émersion de morphologies innovantes et qualitatives, aptes à mettre en espace les visions contemporaines des espaces de performance.
Les dimensions de la perspective, quand les modes de représentations européennes et chinoises rencontrent l’image numérique
Authors: Lescop Laurent , Lu Yang
Published: October 2018

Les codes de représentation pour la 3D utilisée pour les visites virtuelles s’appuient sur ceux de la perspective classique telle que décrite par Brunelleschi. Est-il possible dès lors de concevoir une visite virtuelle en utilisant les codes de la perspective chinoise ? La perspective traditionnelle chinoise organise l’espace selon trois valeurs qui organisent les objets dans l’espace et le temps. La compréhension de ces différences doit permettre de construire un espace de représentation immersif dont l’expérience sera fort différente de celles proposées généralement.
Winter anomaly in NmF2 and TEC: when and where it can occur
Authors: Yasyukevich Yury V. , Yasyukevich Anna S. , Ratovsky Konstantin G. , Klimenko Maxim V. , Klimenko Vladimir V. , Chirik Nikolay V.
Published: October 2018

For the first time, by using a regression procedure, we analyzed the solar activity dependence of the winter anomaly intensity in the ionospheric F2-layer peak electron density (Nm
F2) and in the Total Electron Content (TEC) on a global scale. We used the data from global ionospheric maps for 1998–2015, from GPS radio occultation observations with COSMIC, CHAMP, and GRACE satellites for 2001–2015, and ground-based ionosonde data. The fundamental features of the winter anomaly in Nm
F2 and in TEC (spatial distribution and solar activity dependence) are similar for these parameters. We determined the regions, where the winter anomaly may be observed in principle, and the solar activity level, at which the winter anomaly may be recorded in different sectors. A growth in geomagnetic disturbance or in the solar activity level is shown to facilitate the winter anomaly intensity increase. Longitudinal variations in the winter anomaly intensity do not conform partly to the generally accepted Rishbeth theory. We consider the obtained results in the context of spatial and solar cycle variations in O/N2 ratio and thermospheric meridional wind. Additionally, we briefly discuss different definitions of the winter anomaly.
Microsurgery training with smartphone
Authors: Capkin Sercan , Cavit Ali , Kaleli Tufan
Published: October 2018

Microsurgery is widely used in experimental research models and clinical surgery. However, microsurgical applications require precise technical skills and
continuous training. Here, we proposed a low cost, practical microsurgery model, which can be easily applied using smartphones at home or at office. Test
platform was created using latex gloves, and a phone holder was then positioned at one side of a table. A smartphone with 10x magnification was secured on the
phone holder. Microsurgical device habit, stitching and knotting exercises by making cuts at different angles on the glove model were performed, which was
recorded live under the 10x magnification of the phone camera.

We believe that the practical microsurgery model presented in this study can form an important part of basic microsurgery education and also act as an
alternative training model owing to its ease of application, easy accessibility and low cost.
Mikrochirurgische Weichteilrekonstruktion bei Osteitis der unteren Extremität
Authors: Rein Susanne , Hörnig Juliane , Houschyar Khosrow Siamak , Langwald Steffen , Hofmann Gunther , Siemers Frank
Published: October 2018

Hintergrund: Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, Einflussfaktoren für den Verlust von Lappen nach plastischer Rekonstruktion von septischen
Hautweichteildefekten bei Osteitis der unteren Extremität mit freiem mikrovaskulären anterolateralen Oberschenkellappen (ALT) oder Latissimus dorsi (LD)-Lappen
zu identifizieren.

Material und Methoden: Zwischen 2004 und 2013 wurden aufgrund von septischen Hautweichteildefekten bei Osteitis der unteren Extremität 27 Patienten mit
LD-Lappen und 45 Patienten mit ALT-Lappen rekonstruiert und deren anthropometrische, prä- und intraoperative Parameter retrospektiv statistisch ausgewertet.

Ergebnisse: Die Lappen-Überlebensrate betrug für den LD 81,5 % und für den ALT 82,2 %. Major-Komplikationen resultierten sowohl bei LD-Lappen (p = 0,01)
als auch bei ALT-Lappen (p < 0,0001) signifikant häufiger im Untergang des Lappens. Weiterhin fand sich ein signifikant erhöhter Lappenverlust bei
vorbestehendem Diabetes mellitus in der LD-Gruppe (p = 0,001) und bei akuter Osteomyelitis als Ursache für den Hautweichteildefekt in der ALT-Gruppe
(p = 0,034). Unabhängig vom postoperativen Erfolg der Lappenplastik wurden LD-Lappen für signifikant größer zu rekonstruierende Hautweichteildefekte genutzt
(p = 0,001), deren Operationsdauer (p < 0,0001) und kalte Ischämiezeit (p = 0,001) signifikant länger war.

Schlussfolgerung: Das Gelingen der Lappenplastik bei Osteitis der unteren Extremität wurde trotz geringer Patientenzahl mit vorbestehenden Diabetes
mellitus, mit einer ursächlichen akuten Osteomyelitis und Major-Komplikationen beeinflusst, so dass die optimale Behandlung beider Parameter und eine präzise
mikrochirurgische Anastomosentechnik Grundvoraussetzungen für die erfolgreiche plastische Hautweichteilrekonstruktion sind.
Sonographic Evaluation of Nodules Newly Detected in the Neck After Thyroidectomy: Suture Granuloma Versus Recurrent Carcinoma
Authors: Aga Hitomi , Hirokawa Mitsuyoshi , Suzuki Ayana , Ota Hisashi , Oshita Maki , Kudo Takumi , Fukushima Mitsuhiro , Kobayashi Kaoru , Miyauchi Akira
Published: October 2018

This study aimed to clarify the sonographic features of suture granuloma and recurrent carcinoma newly detected after thyroidectomy.

We retrospectively analyzed ultrasound reports with images of 25 cases of suture granuloma and 18 cases of recurrent carcinoma that newly appeared in the resected area after thyroidectomy in our institution.

Both suture granulomas and recurrent carcinomas more frequently exhibited multiple lesions rather than solitary lesions. Suture granulomas tended to appear in the more superficial areas than the carotid artery, while recurrent carcinomas were more common between the trachea and carotid artery. A total of 10 of the 11 suture granulomas that we followed up decreased in size. Recurrent carcinomas showed irregular shape (55.6%), taller-than-wide shape (38.9%), low internal echogenicity (83.3%), and no punctate microcalcifications. By contrast, suture granulomas were fusiform in shape (56.0%) and showed linear internal echo parallel to the tissue plane on the longitudinal scan (64.0%). The vascular flow sign was mild to none in the majority of both lesions.

Fusiform shape and linear internal echoes indicate suture granuloma, while irregular shape, taller-than-wide shape, and low echogenicity indicate recurrent carcinoma. Given that the clinical management of suture granuloma differs from that of recurrent carcinoma, it is important to distinguish between these two lesions.
Aerobe Belastung bei Mundatmung verändert die Wahrnehmungsschwelle für H2S nicht
Authors: Gudziol Hilmar , Biemann Tina , Guntinas-Lichius Orlando , Seeber Hermann , Lehnich Holger , Bitter Thomas
Published: October 2018

Hintergrund Während aerober körperlicher Belastung verschlechterte sich in einer früheren Studie bei Nasenatmung die Wahrnehmungsschwelle für H2S. Die
Ursache blieb offen. Es soll in dieser Studie geprüft werden, wie sich die Wahrnehmungsschwelle bei alleiniger Mundatmung verändert.

Material und Methoden Während einer Ruhephase einer aeroben Belastung und nachfolgender Erholungsphase wurden unterschiedliche H2S-Konzentrationen mittels
eines Fluss-Olfaktometers im staircase Verfahren inspirationssynchron intranasal appliziert. Die fehlende Nasenatmung wurde online und offline objektiviert. Es
wurden die Reaktionszeiten bestimmt. Parallel sind verschiedene Vitalparameter gemessen worden.

Ergebnisse Die passiven Wahrnehmungsschwellen zwischen den Belastungs- und der Erholungsphasen differierten nicht. In der Ruhephase war die H2S Schwelle
am höchsten. Die Reaktionszeiten waren in den drei Versuchsphasen nicht different.

Schlussfolgerung Eine etwa halbstündige aerobe Belastung veränderte die passive Riechschwelle für H2S bei Mundatmung im Vergleich zur nachfolgenden
Erholungsphase nicht. Die hohe Riechschwelle in der Ruhephase wird mit anfänglichen Anpassungsschwierigkeiten an die Versuchsbedingungen erklärt.
Elements of success in multi-stakeholder deliberation platforms
Authors: Garard Jennifer , Koch Larissa , Kowarsch Martin
Published: October 2018

Deliberation platforms are an important component of the multi-actor science-policy interface within the realm of environmental governance, increasingly characterized by the engagement of a diversity of actors. Deliberation platforms provide a mechanism through which stakeholders with diverse perspectives can both discuss problems and explore potential solutions related to environmental governance, integrating scientific and other knowledge. This study employs a Qualitative Content Analysis of 16 semi-structured interviews to investigate which elements of deliberation platforms are most central to their success and how these elements interact with one another from the perspective of public engagers. This fills a gap in the literature on the qualification of knowledge and experience of public engagers regarding the organization of multi-stakeholder deliberation platforms. Elements to consider in the organization of deliberation platforms were ranked, and five central elements were identified: (1) the selection of participants relevant to the topic and conducive to positive interactions, (2) openness as an attitude in both organizers and participants, (3) facilitation of interactions and the role of the facilitator, (4) communication and transparency between organizers and participants, and (5) fostering dialog between participants through various means. Different manifestations of these five central elements which can fit best within different particular contexts and suit various objectives are also investigated based on the interview material. The discussion summarizes the lessons learned with regards to organizing deliberation platforms from the perspective of public engagers, and explores the potential for trade-offs and co-benefits between central elements as a means to improve the efficiency and efficacy of organizing such platforms. Furthermore, the links between the central elements and social learning, as a particular, overarching objective of deliberation platforms, are discussed. This study is an important step towards further analysis of deliberation platforms, necessary in order to avoid the risks of convening actors with diverse perspectives to discuss politically-relevant topics. It provides insights relevant to public engagers and to future studies analyzing these increasingly important venues for engagement in environmental governance.
Investigation of electromagnetic geodesic acoustic mode in EAST RF-heating plasma
Authors: Wang M. Y. , Zhou C. , Liu A. D. , Zhang J. , Liu Z. Y. , Feng X. , Ji J. X. , Li H. , Lan T. , Xie J. L. , Shi T. H. , Liu Y. , Ding B. J. , Ding W. X. , Mao W. Z. , Zhuang G. , Liu W. D.
Published: October 2018

The magnetic fluctuations of geodesic acoustic modes (GAMs) have been investigated using a Doppler backscattering system and Mirnov probes during ion cyclotron resonance heating and lower hybrid wave heating in the edge plasma in the experimental advanced superconducting tokamak, and the magnetic component of the GAM was observed. The frequency of the GAM has a clear relationship with the edge electron temperature, and the mode numbers of the poloidal component of the magnetic structure of the GAM are approximately m=2 (sin (2θ)) and n = 0. A more detailed investigation shows that the maximum values of the amplitude of the poloidal magnetic field fluctuations and poloidal electric field fluctuations are approximately 10−6 T and 200 V/m, respectively.
Generalized Kohn–Sham iteration on Banach spaces
Authors: Laestadius Andre , Penz Markus , Tellgren Erik I. , Ruggenthaler Michael , Kvaal Simen , Helgaker Trygve
Published: October 2018

A detailed account of the Kohn–Sham (KS) algorithm from quantum chemistry, formulated rigorously in the very general setting of convex analysis on Banach spaces, is given here. Starting from a Levy–Lieb-type functional, its convex and lower semi-continuous extension is regularized to obtain differentiability. This extra layer allows us to rigorously introduce, in contrast to the common unregularized approach, a well-defined KS iteration scheme. Convergence in a weak sense is then proven. This generalized formulation is applicable to a wide range of different density-functional theories and possibly even to models outside of quantum mechanics.
Near-surface structure of Nafion in deuterated water
Authors: Bunkin N. F. , Shkirin A. V. , Kozlov V. A. , Ninham B. W. , Uspenskaya E. V. , Gudkov S. V.
Published: October 2018

The swelling of a polymer ion-exchange membrane Nafion in water with various heavy isotope contents (D2O) was studied by photoluminescent UV spectroscopy. The photoluminescence arises because of the presence of sulfonic groups attached to the ends of the perfluorovinyl ether groups that form the tetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) backbone of Nafion. The width of the colloidal region, which is formed near the membrane surface as a result of the outgrowth of Nafion microfibers toward the bulk liquid, varies non-monotonically with D2O content, displaying a narrow maximum in the low concentration region. A significant insight into the unexpected isotopic effects revealed in swelling Nafion in deuterated water is provided. Mainly, the polymer swelling is very sensitive to small changes (on the order of several tens of parts per million) in the content of deuterium, which, for instance, can help in understanding the isotopic effects in living tissues.
Single-standard method for simultaneous pressure and temperature estimation using Sm2+:SrB4O7 fluorescence
Authors: Romanenko Alexandr V. , Rashchenko Sergey V. , Kurnosov Alexander , Dubrovinsky Leonid , Goryainov Sergey V. , Likhacheva Anna Yu. , Litasov Konstantin D.
Published: October 2018

The influence of temperature on fluorescence spectra used for pressure calibration in a diamond anvil cell (i.e., that of ruby) was always considered as an undesirable phenomenon decreasing the accuracy of pressure measurement in high-temperature experiments. Consequently, nearly temperature-independent fluorescence lines of such pressure calibrants as Sm2+:SrB4O7 and Sm3+:YAG were proposed as the best suited for pressure measurement. We analyzed pressure- and temperature-induced shifts of eight fluorescence lines in Sm2+:SrB4O7 spectrum, extending previous calibrations to 60 GPa and 580 °C, and demonstrated that both pressure and temperature in a “high-pressure + high-temperature” experiment can be reliably estimated by analysis of shifts of two fluorescence lines with different sensitivity to pressure and temperature. We tested the proposed method in an experiment with simultaneous pressure and temperature (up to 7 GPa and 400 °C) and proved that the temperature may be successfully estimated together with pressure from a single Sm2+:SrB4O7 spectrum with an e.s.d. of 8 °C.
Highly-efficient thermoelectric pn-junction device based on bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) thin films fabricated by RF magnetron sputtering technique
Authors: Kogo Gilbert , Lee Harold , Ibrahim Adem H. , Bo Xiao , Pradhan Sangram K. , Bahoura Messaoud
Published: October 2018

Layered structure bismuth telluride and molybdenum disulfide thin films were successfully deposited on different substrates using radio-frequency magnetron sputtering technique. The structural, morphological, and thermoelectric transport properties of bismuth telluride and molybdenum disulfide thin films have been investigated systematically to fabricate high-efficient thermal energy harvesting thermoelectric device. The magnitude of the Seebeck coefficient of bismuth telluride thin films decreases with increase in film thickness. Bismuth telluride grown at 350 °C for 10 min, which is approximately 120 nm, displays a maximum Seebeck coefficient of −126 μV K−1 at 435 K. The performance shows strong temperature dependence when the films were deposited at 300 °C, 350 °C, and 400 °C. The power factor increases from 0.91 × 10−3 W/mK2 at 300 K to about 1.4 × 10−3 W/mK2 at 350 K. Molybdenum disulfide films show the positive Seebeck coefficient values and their Seebeck coefficient increases with film thickness. The AFM images of bismuth telluride thin films display a root-mean-square (rms) roughness of 32.3 nm and molybdenum disulfide thin films show an rms roughness of 6.99 nm when both films were deposited at 350 °C. The open-circuit voltage of the pn-junction thermoelectric generator (TEG) device increases with increase in ΔT to about 130 mV at ΔT = 120 °C. We have demonstrated a highly efficient pn-junction TEG device for waste heat recovery applications.
Enhanced light outcoupling in microdisk lasers via Si spherical nanoantennas
Authors: Kryzhanovskaya N. , Polubavkina Yu. , Moiseev E. , Maximov M. , Zhurikhina V. , Scherbak S. , Lipovskii A. , Kulagina M. , Zadiranov Y. , Mukhin I. , Komissarenko F. , Bogdanov A. , Krasnok A. , Zhukov A.
Published: October 2018

High-index dielectric (Si) nanoantennas providing outcoupling of light from InAs/Ga(Al)As quantum dot (QD) microdisk lasers have been designed. The spatial distribution of light emitted from optically pumped QD microdisk lasers with a single Si spherical nanoantenna placed on the top surface of the microdisk was studied experimentally by confocal optical microscopy. Dependences of the emission intensity on the size and position of the Si nanoantenna were investigated. It was found that the laser mode to be outcoupled can be selected by choosing the nanosphere position with respect to the mode electromagnetic field maximum. Optimization of the Si nanoantenna parameters resulted in a 23-fold increase of the emission intensity at the location of the Si nanoantenna (whereas the total intensity enhanced 4 times) compared to the emission intensity from the initial microdisk laser without significant deterioration of the resonator quality factor.
Extended energy range analysis for angle-resolved time-of-flight photoelectron spectroscopy
Authors: Huth Michael , Trützschler Andreas , Chiang Cheng-Tien , Kamrla Robin , Schumann Frank O. , Widdra Wolf
Published: October 2018

An approximation method for electrostatic time-of-flight (ToF) spectroscopy on photoelectrons distributed over a wide energy range is presented. This method is an extension of conventional analysis and aims at specific energy and angular regions, where distinctly different emission angles and energies are mapped to the same ToF and detector position by the spectrometer. The general formulation and the systematic errors are presented, and a practical example is demonstrated for photoelectrons from Ag(001) with kinetic energies of 0.5–25 eV.
Effect of chemical functionalization on the thermal conductivity of 2D hexagonal boron nitride
Authors: Yang Nannan , Zeng Xiaoliang , Lu Jibao , Sun Rong , Wong Ching-Ping
Published: October 2018

Hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets (h-BNNSs) are excellent candidates as fillers of polymer-based thermal interface materials for electronic packaging. Chemical functionalization of h-BNNSs is necessary to improve the dispersity of the h-BNNSs and reduce the interfacial thermal resistance (ITR) in the composites. However, though studied extensively, the thermal conductivity (TC) of the chemically functionalized h-BNNS/polymer composites is still well below expectations. Among the possible reasons, the TCs of the functionalized h-BNNSs themselves need to be considered thoroughly, as it has been shown that TC of graphene could be dramatically reduced to less than 10 W m−1 K−1 by point defects. Here, we investigate the TCs of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) monolayers covalently adsorbed with -OH and -O(CH2)4CH3 groups based on equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations. The TC of the functionalized h-BN decreases monotonically with the increasing concentration of adsorbed groups and tends to saturate at high concentrations. We surprisingly find that the almost-saturated TCs of the functionalized h-BN monolayers are still over 100 W m−1 K−1, about 25% of the value of the pristine h-BN monolayer. The different functional groups have a similar effect on the TCs, which are mostly determined by the extent of distortion of the local 2D structure, and the functionalization introduces no additional anisotropy to the TC. Therefore, we conclude that the chemically functionalized h-BNs themselves are sufficiently thermally conductive as fillers of composites, and the chemical functionalization should be encouraged, with the focus on digging into how to reduce the ITR more effectively.
Shape-based separation of micro-/nanoparticles in liquid phases
Authors: Behdani Behrouz , Monjezi Saman , Carey Mason J. , Weldon Curtis G. , Zhang Jie , Wang Cheng , Park Joontaek
Published: October 2018

The production of particles with shape-specific properties is reliant upon the separation of micro-/nanoparticles of particular shapes from particle mixtures of similar volumes. However, compared to a large number of size-based particle separation methods, shape-based separation methods have not been adequately explored. We review various up-to-date approaches to shape-based separation of rigid micro-/nanoparticles in liquid phases including size exclusion chromatography, field flow fractionation, deterministic lateral displacement, inertial focusing, electrophoresis, magnetophoresis, self-assembly precipitation, and centrifugation. We discuss separation mechanisms by classifying them as either changes in surface interactions or extensions of size-based separation. The latter includes geometric restrictions and shape-dependent transport properties.
Phenotypic and genotypic signature of saponin chemical composition in Chinese wild soybean (Glycine soja): revealing genetic diversity, geographical variation and dispersal history of the species
Authors: Takahashi Yuya , Li Xiang-Hua , Tsukamoto Chigen , Wang Ke-Jing
Published: October 2018

Saponin chemical composition was phenotyped and genotyped, and saponin composition-based geographical genetic diversity and differentiation were evaluated in Chinese wild soybean (Glycine soja Sieb. & Zucc.). Thirty-two phenotypes and 34 genotypes were confirmed from 3805 wild soybean accessions. Eleven phenotypes (AaαK, AaαIK, AaαIJK, AaBcEαJ, AaBcαK, AbEαIJ, AbαK, AbαIK, AbαIJK, AbβHAb and Aβ0) were newly detected. Four genes had frequencies: Sg-1a 78.8% and Sg-1b 21.0% at the Sg-1 locus; Sg-4 30.7% and Sg-6e 13.7% at their respective loci. The north-eastern and southern populations showed high genetic diversity; the Northeast region contained more novel variants (AuAe, A0, A0Bc, αH, αI αJ, αK, and AbβHAb), and the southern populations contained high frequencies of the Sg-4 gene. Gene differentiation (Fst) analysis suggested that Sg-4 and four group-α saponin alleles or genes (Sg-6e, Sg-6h, Sg-6i, Sg-6j) were important factors influencing the genetic structure and differentiation in Chinese wild soybeans. Geographical differentiation was characterised mainly by latitudinal differences, with two primary groups (north and south) based on saponin genes. Chinese wild soybean accessions differed from Japanese and South Korean ones in genetic structure based on saponin composition, the latter two being likely to have spread from southern China in the glacial stages during the last Ice Age.
Geographic, intraspecific and sexual variation in beak morphology of purpleback flying squid (Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis) throughout its distribution range
Authors: Liu Bi Lin , Chen Xin Jun , Wang Xue Hui , Du Fei Yan , Fang Zhou , Xu Luo Liang
Published: October 2018

In this study we investigated 745 specimens of purpleback flying squid Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis across a large distribution range to investigate geographic, intraspecific and sexual variations in beak morphology. Beak morphometric variables showed significant spatial and intraspecific differences (P<0.05), with samples from the north-western Indian Pacific Ocean and the South China Sea having the largest and smallest beaks respectively. Multivariate statistical analysis indicated that the morphological characteristics of squid beaks would be useful for the identification of population structures and sex determination. Environmental conditions may be the major reason for variations in beak morphology between geographic populations throughout large distribution areas. In contrast, genetic differences may contribute to most of the intraspecific variation in beak morphology in the South China Sea. To address this clearly, further research needs to be done on morphology combined with genetic evaluation to compare methods of geographic and intraspecific population identification.
Distribution of long-horn beetles (Cerambycidae: Coleoptera) within the Fijian archipelago
Authors: Waqa-Sakiti Hilda V. F. , Hodge Simon , Winder Linton
Published: October 2018

Long-horn beetles (Family: Cerambycidae) in Fiji consist of 124 described species within 45 genera, of which 110 (88.7%) species are considered endemic. Despite their conservation value, ecological significance and cultural importance, little scientific research has been conducted on the taxonomy or ecology of Cerambycidae in Fiji. This biogeographical study surveyed Cerambycidae by Malaise trapping on ten Fijian Islands. A total of 438 individuals and 44 species of Cerambycidae were recorded. Thirty three of the species collected are endemic to Fiji; three other species are native and eight species are new records for Fiji and/or new species. Twenty seven species were recorded from only one island and 20 species were recorded only as singletons. There was an expected significant relationship between the number of species collected on an island and the number of sampling events. The highest number of species, 23, was recorded on the largest island, Viti Levu, followed by Gau with 13 species and Vanua Levu and Kadavu with 12 species each. There was a positive relationship between species richness and island size but this was lost if the effect of sample number was taken into account. The results indicate that the species-area relationship may hold for Fijian Cerambycidae, but additional collecting events, over more of the annual cycle, and involving multiple collecting methods may be required to fully catalogue the current Fijian fauna.
ATP compartmentation in plastids and cytosol of
Arabidopsis thaliana
revealed by fluorescent protein sensing
Authors: Voon Chia Pao , Guan Xiaoqian , Sun Yuzhe , Sahu Abira , Chan May Ngor , Gardeström Per , Wagner Stephan , Fuchs Philippe , Nietzel Thomas , Versaw Wayne K. , Schwarzländer Markus , Lim Boon Leong
Published: October 2018

Significance

By studying in vivo changes of ATP levels in the plastids and cytosol of
Arabidopsis thaliana
using a FRET-based ATP sensor, we show that the plastidic ATP concentrations in cotyledon, hypocotyl, and root of 10-day-old seedlings are significantly lower than the cytosolic concentrations. We show that chloroplasts consume ATP rapidly and the import of ATP into mature chloroplasts is impeded by the low density of NTT transporter. Hence, unlike in diatoms, where ATP is imported into chloroplasts to support the Calvin–Benson–Bassham (CBB) cycle, mature chloroplasts of
Arabidopsis
do not balance the ATP:NADPH ratio by importing ATP from the cytosol. Rather, chloroplasts can export surplus reducing equivalents, which can be used by the mitochondria to supply ATP to the cytosol.
Noggin rescues age-related stem cell loss in the brain of senescent mice with neurodegenerative pathology
Authors: Díaz-Moreno María , Armenteros Tomás , Gradari Simona , Hortigüela Rafael , García-Corzo Laura , Fontán-Lozano Ángela , Trejo José Luis , Mira Helena
Published: October 2018

Significance

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of age-related neurodegeneration. Damage initially occurs in the hippocampus, a neurogenic brain region essential in forming memories. Since there is no cure for AD, therapeutic strategies that may aid to slow hippocampal dysfunction are necessary. We describe the precocious hippocampal stem cell loss of a mouse model that mimics the onset of pathological AD-like neurodegeneration. The loss is due to an increase in BMP6 that limits neurogenesis. We demonstrate that blocking BMP signaling by means of Noggin administration is beneficial to the hippocampal microenvironment, restoring stem cell numbers, neurogenesis, and behavior. Our findings support further development of BMP antagonists into translatable molecules for the rescue of stem cells and neurogenesis in neurodegeneration/aging.
Ta2+-mediated ammonia synthesis from N2and H2at ambient temperature
Authors: Geng Caiyun , Li Jilai , Weiske Thomas , Schwarz Helmut
Published: October 2018

Significance

A combined experimental/computational approach provides deep mechanistic insight into an unprecedented cluster-mediated N−H coupling mimicking the industrially extremely important ammonia synthesis from N2and H2(the “Haber–Bosch” process) at room temperature. Crucial steps were identified for both the forward reactions (i.e., the activation of N2) and the backward process (i.e., the Ta2+-mediated decomposition of NH3). The central intermediate for either path corresponds to Ta2N2+, a four-membered ring with alternating Ta and N atoms. The root cause of tantalum’s ability to bring about nitrogen fixation and its coupling with H2under mild conditions has been identified by state-of-the-art quantum chemical calculations.
Weaving oneself into others
Authors: Dale Rick , Spivey Michael J.
Published: October 2018

We review a range of findings that show how eye movements (and other body movements) exhibit correlated behavior across two or more people during natural interactions. We then synthesize these different results into a more general account of how people’s cognitive, sensory and motor systems become coordinated with one another during natural dialogue. We argue that treating conversants as parts of one integrated system is a useful explanatory strategy for understanding interaction. We end by describing explicit quantitative conditions for seeking “systemhood” in human interaction. These conditions motivate future research questions on social eye movements and other behaviors.
Automatic analysis of in-the-wild mobile eye-tracking experiments using object, face and person detection
Authors: De Beugher Stijn , Brône Geert , Goedemé Toon
Published: October 2018

In this chapter, we discuss a novel method for the analysis of mobile eye-tracking data in natural environments. Mobile eye-tracking systems generate large amounts of continuous data, making manual analysis extremely time-consuming. Available solutions provided by commercially available eye-tracking systems, such as marker-based analysis, minimize the manual labor but require experimental control, making real-life experiments practically unfeasible, and generally only apply to the analysis of objects. Here, we discuss a novel method for the processing of mobile eye-tracking data, based on the integration of computer vision techniques. Using such an approach allows us to automatically detect specific objects, faces and human bodies/body parts in images captured by a mobile eye-tracker. By mapping the gaze data on top of these detections, we gain insights into the visual behavior of recorded participants. As an important step in the integration of this method in the analysis of multimodal interaction, we developed an output format that is compatible with annotation tools such as ELAN, making our software integratable with existing annotations. In this chapter we give an overview of relevant image processing techniques and their application in interaction studies. We also present a thorough comparison between manual analysis and our automatic analysis in both speed and accuracy on challenging, real-life experiments.
Gaze, addressee selection and turn-taking in three-party interaction
Authors: Auer Peter
Published: October 2018

In this paper, I argue that gaze behavior in multiparty interaction is essential for addressee selection and for next-speaker selection by current speaker. The two conversational tasks are related, but – at least in longer turns – not identical and should be distinguished analytically. In multiparty interaction, addressee selection by gaze is a non-trivial issue, as most bodily arrangements make it hard or impossible for the current speaker to look at all (intended) addressees at the same time. As a solution to this problem, current speakers alternatingly look at the co-participants they want to address. For the selection of a next speaker, only the current speaker's gaze during the last phase of the turn is relevant.
“It was two hours […] the same old thing and nothing came of it”
Authors: Ní Thuairisg Laoise
Published: October 2018

This article describes findings from a qualitative study which focused on the professional experiences of post-primary teachers working in schools in Gaeltacht areas, regions where Irish is traditionally spoken as a community language. The research aimed to provide an in-depth analysis of the personal and professional challenges and advantages associated with the role of teacher in this unique educational setting and aimed also to investigate teachers’ engagement in professional support services available to them. This paper addresses the latter question by focusing on teachers’ experiences of continuing professional development (CPD). Findings from this research indicate that teachers’ engagement and participation in CPD is low due to their dissatisfaction with current provision. According to participants, current CPD services do not address the complex sociolinguistic environment in which their professional practice is situated or their professional development needs within this context. Suggestions for policy and practice in CPD directed at Gaeltacht and immersion teachers are also considered.