bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Polychronicon Ranulphi Higden, monachi Cestrensis
Authors: Higden Ranulf
Published: August 2013

Ranulf Higden (d.1364) was a monk at the abbey of St Werburgh in Chester. His most important literary work is this universal chronicle, which survives in over a hundred Latin manuscripts, testifying to its popularity. The earliest version of it dates from 1327, but Higden continued writing until his death, expanding and updating the text. It was also continued in other monastic houses, most importantly by John Malvern of Worcester. The English translation made by John Trevisa in the 1380s was also widely circulated and is included in this work, published in nine volumes for the Rolls Series between 1865 and 1886. The chronicle shows how fourteenth-century scholars understood world history and geography. Volume 7 continues Book 6 from the mid-tenth century to 1066, also providing a history of Normandy. The first part of Book 7 covers the Norman Conquest to the reign of King Stephen.
Official Correspondence of Thomas Bekynton
Authors: Beckington Thomas
Published: August 2013

Thomas Beckington (c.1390–1465), Bishop of Bath and Wells, was hugely influential in Church affairs and government during the reign of Henry VI. He had become the king's secretary by 1438 and played an important role in an embassy appointed to negotiate peace with France in 1443. His intimacy with the king undoubtedly aided his compiling of the vast array of documents and letters - many from Beckington himself - presented in this two-volume work. It was edited for the Rolls Series in 1872 by George Williams (1814–78), a Church of England clergyman and Fellow of King's College, Cambridge, who, like Beckington, had close links to Eton College. The collection as a whole, presented in the original Latin, illuminates the foreign, diplomatic and domestic affairs of fifteenth-century England. Volume 2 also contains an appendix of illustrative documents, a glossary of rare words and a biographical index.
Über die vulkanischen Gesteine in Sicilien und Island und ihre Submarine Umbildung
Authors: Sartorius von Waltershausen Wolfgang
Published: August 2013

This mineralogical study, published in 1853 by Darwin's German contemporary Wolfgang Sartorius von Waltershausen (1809–76) illustrates the author's dedication to interdisciplinary research and his desire for greater scientific rigour in geology. Seeking to understand the formation of palagonite, a mineral commonly found in rocks produced by submarine eruptions, Waltershausen realised he would also need to understand the precise composition of another class of minerals, the feldspars, on which Robert Bunsen, also at Göttingen, was working independently. Building on his earlier fieldwork, Waltershausen here reports detailed chemical analyses of minerals from olivine to titanium-iron oxides, dividing rocks into five types according to the proportion of oxygen they contain. He compares palagonites from Iceland and Sicily, and explains the role of erupted ash in producing volcanic edifices. His investigations allow him to propose a detailed model of metamorphic processes, taking into account such factors as pressure, temperature and presence of water.
Oeuvres complètes de Niels Henrik Abel
Authors: Abel Niels Henrik
Published: August 2013

Niels Henrik Abel (1802–29) was one of the most prominent mathematicians in the first half of the nineteenth century. His pioneering work in diverse areas such as algebra, analysis, geometry and mechanics has made the adjective 'abelian' a commonplace in mathematical writing. These collected works, first published in two volumes in 1881 after careful preparation by the mathematicians Ludwig Sylow (1832–1918) and Sophus Lie (1842–99), contain some of the pillars of mathematical history. Volume 2 contains additional articles on elliptic functions and infinite series. It also includes extracts from Abel's letters, as well as detailed notes and commentary by Sylow and Lie on Abel's pioneering work.
The Collected Works of William Morris
Authors: Morris William , Morris May
Published: August 2013

A creative titan of the Victorian age, William Morris (1834–96) produced a prodigious variety of literary and artistic work in his lifetime. In addition to his achievements as a versatile designer at the forefront of the arts and crafts movement, Morris distinguished himself as a poet, translated Icelandic sagas and classical epics, wrote a series of influential prose romances, and gave lectures promoting his socialist principles. His collected works, originally published in 24 volumes between 1910 and 1915, were edited by his daughter Mary (May) Morris (1862–1938), whose introductions to each volume chart with insight and sympathy the development of her father's literary, aesthetic and political passions. Volume 5 contains the third part of The Earthly Paradise (1868–70), Morris' ambitious collection of verse tales.
Registrum epistolarum fratris Johannis Peckham, Archiepiscopi Cantuariensis
Authors: Peckham John
Published: August 2013

A Franciscan scholar and theologian, John Peckham (c.1230–92) was appointed archbishop of Canterbury by the pope in 1279. His register survives at Lambeth Palace and is the chief source for his archiepiscopacy. This three-volume edition, prepared by Charles Trice Martin (1842–1914) between 1882 and 1885, rearranges the documents from their original thematic order to a chronological one, and omits the purely formal items, published elsewhere. The text is mostly in Latin, with some Anglo-Norman documents, for which a translation is provided in Appendix 2. Volume 2 contains letters 306–561, from August 1282 to June 1284, and the table of contents provides a useful summary of each letter. Topics range from purely ecclesiastical matters, such as excommunications and indulgences, to relations between England and Wales, as well as anti-Semitic legislation. Appendix 1 contains documents relating to the priory of Great Malvern.
Rogeri de Wendover liber qui dicitur Flores Historiarum ab anno domini MCLIV annoque Henrici Anglorum Regis Secundi Primo
Authors: Roger of Wendover
Published: August 2013

A former prior of Belvoir, Roger of Wendover (d.1236) established himself as a chronicler at St Albans. This three-volume work, edited by Henry G. Hewlett (1832–97) and published between 1886 and 1889, comprises the latter part of the larger Flores opus. Volume 1 begins with Henry II's reign and covers the period 1154–1204. It marks the start of where Wendover can claim direct responsibility for the Latin text, his own observations now finding a place alongside predecessors' compilations from various earlier sources. Hewlett is critical of Wendover's indiscriminate appetite for miracles and readiness to accept rumour as fact, but commends his candour where it is not clouded by ecclesiastical bias. His true importance, however, is as a key influence on his historiographical successor, Matthew Paris, whose political outlook and interests he helped to shape.
Rogeri de Wendover liber qui dicitur Flores Historiarum ab anno domini MCLIV annoque Henrici Anglorum Regis Secundi Primo
Authors: Roger of Wendover
Published: August 2013

A former prior of Belvoir, Roger of Wendover (d.1236) established himself as a chronicler at St Albans. This three-volume work, edited by Henry G. Hewlett (1832–97) and published between 1886 and 1889, comprises the latter part of the larger Flores opus and the part of the Latin text for which Wendover can claim direct responsibility. Volume 2 concerns the years 1204–30 and covers the greater part of King John's reign and Henry III's early years on the throne. While Wendover is often criticised for his shortcomings as a historian, his candour in treating the 'abominable misrule' of John's reign is noteworthy. His true importance, however, is as a key influence on his historiographical successor, Matthew Paris, whose political outlook and interests he helped to shape.
The Metrical Chronicle of Robert of Gloucester
Authors: Robert of Gloucester
Published: August 2013

This ballad chronicle, published in two volumes in 1887, is attributed to Robert of Gloucester (fl. c.1260–c.1300), both because it is written in the Gloucestershire dialect, which makes it a valuable source for students of Middle English, and because the writer was probably an eyewitness to the contemporary events he mentions in the text, such as the siege of Gloucester Castle and the Battle of Evesham during the so-called Second Barons' War (1264–7). These are by far the most interesting portions of the poem, since much of the preceding historical narrative is derived second-hand from earlier Latin chroniclers. Volume 1, edited by the scholar William Aldis Wright (1831–1914), contains the first half of the chronicle. The poem is accompanied by exhaustive footnotes of variant readings and is prefaced by a lengthy introduction.
The Story of England by Robert Manning of Brunne, AD 1338
Authors: Manning Robert
Published: August 2013

Robert Manning (died c.1338) was a Gilbertine monk from Lincolnshire whose early English verse writings make him a notable forerunner of Chaucer. The first part of his Chronicle or Story of England translates into Middle English rhymed couplets Geoffrey of Monmouth's fabulous Latin history, as retold in the Roman de Brut of Wace, with some additions from Bede. Manning's express purpose is to let the people know which of their kings 'were fools and which were wise'. Beginning with the genealogy of the earliest British kings, he takes the story up to the death of Cadwaladr in 682. This edition, published in two volumes in 1887, was edited with an introduction and modern English side-notes by the scholar Frederick James Furnivall (1825–1910). Volume 2 also includes indexes of rhymes, names and subjects, as well as a glossary of Middle English words.
Catalogue of Books and Papers Relating to Electricity, Magnetism, the Electric Telegraph, etc
Authors: Ronalds Francis
Published: August 2013

In 1816, Sir Francis Ronalds (1788–1873) became the first physicist to demonstrate the possibility of an electric telegraph. Previously, the only telegraphs were semaphores - cumbersome signal towers capable of sending only two or three words per minute. However, his idea was dismissed by the Admiralty, where senior officials deemed any new telegraphs 'unnecessary'. Although his designs were soon to be superseded by those of the more successful Samuel Morse, Ronalds' devotion to telegraphy never waned; he spent much of his life collecting books on the subject. Upon his death, his collection was left to the Society of Telegraph Engineers, where it would become available to those most in need of it. Covering more than 13,000 titles, and including a short memoir of Ronalds, this book, first published in 1880, is a catalogue of that collection and other relevant works. It remains an invaluable resource for students in the history of science.
Reflections on the Decline of Science in England, and on Some of its Causes
Authors: Babbage Charles
Published: August 2013

The mathematician Charles Babbage (1791–1871) was one of the most original thinkers of the nineteenth century. In this influential 1830 publication, he criticises the continued failure of government to support science and scientists. In addition, he identifies the weaknesses of the then existing scientific societies, saving his most caustic remarks for the Royal Society. Asserting that the societies were operated largely by small groups of amateurs possessing only superficial interest and knowledge of science, Babbage explores the importance of the relationships between science, technology and society. Exposing the absence of a true scientific culture, he states, 'The pursuit of science does not, in England, constitute a distinct profession, as it does in other countries.' These concerns found favour with many, influencing reforms of the Royal Society and leading to the founding of the British Association.
History of Brazil
Authors: Southey Robert
Published: August 2013

Robert Southey (1774–1843), Romantic poet and friend of Coleridge, was poet laureate from 1813 to 1843. As well as being distinguished in verse, he also produced successful historical works and was a noted scholar of Portuguese. Between 1810 and 1819 he published this influential three-volume history, drawing on his extensive collection of Portuguese and Spanish books. Originally intended to be part of a larger work on the history of Portugal, this project evolved to focus on Brazil, beginning with its discovery and colonisation by the Portuguese in the sixteenth century and concluding with the relocation of the Portuguese court to Brazil during the Peninsular War. Volume 2 covers the period from 1640 to 1685 and concludes with a review of the state of affairs in Brazil in the seventeenth century. Included are details of slavery, commerce and expeditions into the interior at this time.
The Nautical Magazine for 1836
Authors: Various Authors
Published: August 2013

The Nautical Magazine first appeared in 1832, and was published monthly well into the twenty-first century. It covers a wide range of subjects, including navigation, meteorology, technology and safety. An important resource for maritime historians, it also includes reports on military and scientific expeditions and on current affairs. The 1836 volume shows gradual changes in the structure of individual issues, with 'Naval Chronicle' appearing as a section heading from July onwards, in a font closely resembling the title page of that earlier periodical (also reissued in the Cambridge Library Collection). It contains reports of the loss of a convict ship and ensuing discussion of conditions on convict and emigrant ships, and comments on a new tonnage bill affecting the registration and taxation of ships. Other topics covered include steam power, lighthouse and harbour construction, courts martial, wreckers in France and a description of the Jagannath temple in Orissa.
The Nautical Magazine and Naval Chronicle for 1841
Authors: Various Authors
Published: August 2013

The Nautical Magazine first appeared in 1832, and was published monthly well into the twenty-first century. It covers a wide range of subjects, including navigation, meteorology, technology and safety. An important resource for maritime historians, it also includes reports on military and scientific expeditions and on current affairs. The volume for 1841 was the fifth in the 'enlarged series', and the journal's structure continued to evolve. China features strongly in this volume, with coverage of the ongoing First Opium War, and there are several reports from the Beagle survey in Western Australia, and from a Niger expedition, Sumatra and the Falkland Islands. James Ross, writing from Tasmania on 7 April, describes his Antarctic voyage and the naming of Mount Erebus, a 'magnificent volcano … emitting flame and smoke in splendid profusion'. Closer to home, the magazine also outlines proposals for improvements to Bristol docks, involving a certain 'Mr Brunel'.
A British Rifle Man
Authors: Simmons George
Published: August 2013

Originally published in 1899, these writings by George Simmons (1785–1858) complement the work of other officers who served in the famous 95th Rifles between 1809 and 1815. Extremely descriptive and informative, the book covers all of the major battles and sieges of the Peninsular War and Waterloo Campaign in which Simmons' regiment was engaged during this period. Simmons himself was badly wounded at the Battle of the Côa in July 1810, but he recovered and played his part in the final years of the Peninsular War. He was also present at Waterloo in June 1815. Edited with an introduction by fellow Rifleman William Willoughby Cole Verner (1852–1922), Simmons' letters and diaries, written at the time and without the benefit of hindsight, have a tremendous immediacy. They remain of interest and relevance to military historians and students of the Napoleonic wars.
Colonial Memories
Authors: Barker Mary Anne
Published: August 2013

First published in 1904, this book is the last of Lady Mary Anne Barker's memoirs of her life in several of Britain's colonies in the nineteenth century. Barker (1831–1911) was born in Jamaica and educated in England and France. In 1865, she moved to New Zealand with her second husband, Sir Frederick Broome, and spent three years living on a sheep station. She then lived in South Africa, Mauritius, Trinidad, and Western Australia following the various political appointments of her husband. During her travels she began her successful writing career and published several memoirs and housekeeping guides. In Colonial Memories, she recounts her life as a colonial wife, detailing her experiences in far-flung locales. The book also includes chapters on birds, interviews, General Charles Gordon (whom she met in Mauritius), and her servants. Several of the chapters were initially published as articles in London magazines.
An Account of the War in Portugal between Don Pedro and Don Miguel
Authors: Napier Charles
Published: August 2013

Charles Napier (1786–1860) served in the Royal Navy for sixty years. A brave yet controversial commander, he became one of the most popular naval officers in Britain for his role in many battles during the Napoleonic, Anglo-American, Syrian and Crimean wars. He also served as an MP in Parliament. In this two-volume work, originally published in 1836, Napier gives a first-hand account of the Portuguese Civil War, in which he was a key participant. Between 1828 and 1834, a conflict of succession occurred between two brothers, the progressive constitutionalist Don Pedro and the authoritarian absolutist Don Miguel. In 1833, Napier led the Liberal fleet which defeated Don Miguel. He remained in Portugal for some time after the surrender to fight pockets of Miguelite resistance. In Volume 1, Napier explains the origins of the war and takes the story through to the victory of Don Pedro.
Historical Record of the Royal Marine Forces
Authors: Nicolas Paul Harris
Published: August 2013

Paul Harris Nicolas (1790–1860) served as a second lieutenant in the Royal Marines at the Battle of Trafalgar. Promoted to first lieutenant in 1808, he took part in the Battle of the Basque Roads in 1809. For these actions he would later be awarded the Naval General Service Medal with two clasps. After effectively retiring from military life in 1814, he picked up both paintbrush and pen, producing a notable watercolour of the scene at Trafalgar, and publishing an engaging account of the battle in 1829. His most important work, however, is this comprehensive two-volume history of the Royal Marines, based on diligent research and first published in 1845. Volume 2 continues the narrative of the Battle of Trafalgar and mainly covers the period of the Napoleonic Wars. The rest of the volume takes the story through to the end of the First Opium War in 1842.
German Immigrants, Race, and Citizenship in the Civil War Era
Authors: Efford Alison Clark
Published: August 2013

This study of Civil War-era politics explores how German immigrants influenced the rise and fall of white commitment to African-American rights. Intertwining developments in Europe and North America, Alison Clark Efford describes how the presence of naturalized citizens affected the status of former slaves and identifies 1870 as a crucial turning point. That year, the Franco-Prussian War prompted German immigrants to re-evaluate the liberal nationalism underpinning African-American suffrage. Throughout the period, the newcomers' approach to race, ethnicity, gender and political economy shaped American citizenship law.
The Makers of Venice
Authors: Oliphant Margaret
Published: August 2013

An influential and prolific Victorian author, Margaret Oliphant (1828–97) is best remembered for her Chronicles of Carlingford - novels which sketch the religious and domestic politics of a provincial community - particularly the most popular in the cycle, Miss Marjoribanks (1866), and for her many book reviews, essays and serialised fiction for Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine. Her output included ninety-eight novels, some fifty short stories, works of biography and non-fiction, and a series of cultural histories of European cities, of which this is the second. Originally published in 1887, the book paints a compelling picture of the cultural development of the great city of Venice during the middle ages and the Renaissance through biographical sketches of its key figures. They include the doge Enrico Dandolo, the explorer Marco Polo, and the artists Titian and Tintoretto. The volumes on Florence (1876) and Rome (1895) are also reissued in this series.
Memoranda, or, Chronicles of the Foundling Hospital
Authors: Brownlow John
Published: August 2013

Captain Coram's Foundling Hospital was established in 1739 for 'the maintenance and education of exposed and deserted young children'. Hogarth was a governor of the hospital - he donated several pictures, including his portrait of Coram - as was Handel, whose famous performances of his oratorio Messiah were given there from 1750 to raise funds. John Brownlow (1800–73), himself a foundling, was secretary of the hospital from 1849 until his retirement. He introduced improvements to the children's education and was a staunch defender of the hospital, countering the criticism often levelled in the nineteenth century that taking in illegitimate children simply encouraged neglect. Brownlow's Memoranda, first published in 1847, presents a valuable account of the hospital, its early supporters, and Coram, as well as descriptions of the paintings (Kneller's portrait of Handel among them) which formed the first public art gallery in London. The book also includes contemporary engravings and facsimiles of many original documents.
Discovery and Classification in Astronomy
Authors: Dick Steven J.
Published: August 2013

Astronomical discovery involves more than detecting something previously unseen. The reclassification of Pluto as a dwarf planet in 2006, and the controversy it generated, shows that discovery is a complex and ongoing process – one comprising various stages of research, interpretation and understanding. Ranging from Galileo's observation of Jupiter's satellites, Saturn's rings and star clusters, to Herschel's nebulae and the modern discovery of quasars and pulsars, Steven J. Dick's comprehensive history identifies the concept of 'extended discovery' as the engine of progress in astronomy. The text traces more than 400 years of telescopic observation, exploring how the signal discoveries of new astronomical objects relate to and inform one another, and why controversies such as Pluto's reclassification are commonplace in the field. The volume is complete with a detailed classification system for known classes of astronomical objects, offering students, researchers and amateur observers a valuable reference and guide.
The Formation of the Victorian Literary Profession
Authors: Salmon Richard
Published: August 2013

Richard Salmon provides an original account of the formation of the literary profession during the late Romantic and early Victorian periods. Focusing on the representation of authors in narrative and iconographic texts, including novels, biographies, sketches and portrait galleries, Salmon traces the emergence of authorship as a new form of professional identity from the 1820s to the 1850s. Many first-generation Victorian writers, including Carlyle, Dickens, Thackeray, Martineau and Barrett-Browning, contributed to contemporary debates on the 'Dignity of Literature', professional heroism, and the cultural visibility of the 'man of letters'. This study combines a broad mapping of the early Victorian literary field with detailed readings of major texts. The book argues that the key model of professional development within this period is embodied in the narrative form of literary apprenticeship, which inspired such celebrated works as David Copperfield and Aurora Leigh, and that its formative process is the 'disenchantment of the author'.
The Peasant in Postsocialist China
Authors: Day Alexander F.
Published: August 2013

The role of the peasant in society has been fundamental throughout China's history, posing difficult, much-debated questions for Chinese modernity. Today, as China becomes an economic superpower, the issue continues to loom large. Can the peasantry be integrated into a new Chinese capitalism, or will it form an excluded and marginalized class? Alexander F. Day's highly original appraisal explores the role of the peasantry throughout Chinese history and its importance within the development of post-socialist-era politics. Examining the various ways in which the peasant is historicized, Day shows how different perceptions of the rural lie at the heart of the divergence of contemporary political stances and of new forms of social and political activism in China. Indispensable reading for all those wishing to understand Chinese history and politics, The Peasant in Postsocialist China is a new point of departure in the debate as to the nature of tomorrow's China.
Green Retreats
Authors: Bending Stephen
Published: August 2013

Green Retreats presents a lively and beautifully illustrated account of eighteenth-century women in their gardens, in the context of the larger history of their retirement from the world – whether willed or enforced – and of their engagement with the literature of gardening. Beginning with a survey of cultural representations of the woman in the garden, Stephen Bending goes on to tell the stories, through their letters, diaries and journals, of some extraordinary eighteenth-century women including Elizabeth Montagu and the Bluestocking circle, the gardening neighbours Lady Caroline Holland and Lady Mary Coke, and Henrietta Knight, Lady Luxborough, renowned for her scandalous withdrawal from the social world. The emphasis on how gardens were used, as well as designed, allows the reader to rethink the place of women in the eighteenth century, and understand what was at stake for those who stepped beyond the flower garden and created their own landscapes.
Social Assistance in Developing Countries
Authors: Barrientos Armando
Published: August 2013

The rapid spread of large-scale and innovative social transfers in the developing world has made a key contribution to the significant reduction in global poverty over the last decade. Explaining how flagship anti-poverty programmes emerged, this book provides the first comprehensive account of the global growth of social assistance transfers in developing countries. Armando Barrientos begins by focusing on the ethical and conceptual foundations of social assistance, and he discusses the justifications for assisting those in poverty. He provides a primer on poverty analysis, and introduces readers to the theory of optimal transfers. He then shifts the focus to practice, and introduces a classification of social assistance programmes to help readers understand the diversity in approaches and design in developing countries. The book concludes with an analysis of the financing and politics of the emerging institutions and of their potential to address global poverty.
Liberty Abroad
Authors: Varouxakis Georgios
Published: August 2013

John Stuart Mill (1806–73) is widely regarded as the pre-eminent thinker of the liberal tradition; and yet because his views on international relations cannot be traced in any particular book or essay, his political thought remains largely misunderstood. Liberty Abroad is the first comprehensive, critical study which brings together all of John Stuart Mill's extensive contributions with particular attention to the historical contexts in which they were produced, as well as the political and philosophical preoccupations that prompted them, and how they were received among his contemporaries. A leading Mill scholar, Dr Georgios Varouxakis combines an extraordinary command of Mill's varied and extensive writings with a meticulous mastery of a range of Victorian controversies and thinkers to give a full, subtle evaluation of a major aspect of Mill's thought. This definitive study offers a major contribution to an area of increasing scholarly interest: the history of international political thought.
Inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis of periodontitis
Authors: Yucel-Lindberg Tülay , Båge Tove
Published: August 2013

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory condition of the periodontium involving interactions between bacterial products, numerous cell populations and inflammatory mediators. It is generally accepted that periodontitis is initiated by complex and diverse microbial biofilms which form on the teeth, i.e. dental plaque. Substances released from this biofilm such as lipopolysaccharides, antigens and other virulence factors, gain access to the gingival tissue and initiate an inflammatory and immune response, leading to the activation of host defence cells. As a result of cellular activation, inflammatory mediators, including cytokines, chemokines, arachidonic acid metabolites and proteolytic enzymes collectively contribute to tissue destruction and bone resorption. This review summarises recent studies on the pathogenesis of periodontitis, with the main focus on inflammatory mediators and their role in periodontal disease.
LC–MS/MS quantification of N-acetylneuraminic acid, N-glycolylneuraminic acid and ketodeoxynonulosonic acid levels in the urine and potential relationship with dietary sialic acid intake and disease in 3- to 5-year-old children
Authors: Chen Yue , Pan Lili , Liu Ni , Troy Frederic A. , Wang Bing
Published: August 2013

Red meat and dairy products contain high sialic acid (Sia) levels, but the metabolic fate and health impact in children remain unknown. The aims of the present study were to quantify the levels of urinary Sia N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) and ketodeoxynonulosonic acid (KDN) and to determine their relationship with dietary Sia intake. Spot urine samples were collected from 386 healthy children aged 3 (n 108), 4 (n 144) and 5 (n 134) years at 06.30–07.00, 11.30–12.00 and 16.30–17.00 hours. Food intake levels were recorded on the day of urine sample collection. Sia levels were quantified using LC–MS/MS with [13C3]Sia as an internal standard. We found that (1) total urinary Sia levels in healthy pre-school children ranged from 40 to 79 mmol Sia/mol creatinine; (2) urinary Sia levels were independent of age and consisted of conjugated Neu5Ac (approximately 70·8 %), free Neu5Ac (approximately 21·3 %), conjugated KDN (approximately 4·2 %) and free KDN (approximately 3·7 %); Neu5Gc was detected in the urine of only one 4-year-old girl; (3) total urinary Sia levels were highest in the morning and declined over time in 4- and 5-year-old children (P< 0·05), but not in 3-year-old children; (4) Sia intake levels at breakfast and lunch were approximately 2·5 and 0·16 mg Sia/kg body weight; and (5) there was no significant correlation between dietary Sia intake levels and urinary Sia levels. Urinary Sia levels varied with age and time of day, but did not correlate with Sia intake in 3- to 5-year-old children. The difference in urinary Sia levels in children of different age groups suggests that the metabolism and utilisation rates of dietary Sia are age dependent.
AS THE CENTENARY APPROACHES: THE REGENERATION OF FIRST WORLD WAR HISTORIOGRAPHY
Authors: JONES HEATHER
Published: August 2013

This historiographical review explores the impact of new interdisciplinary, comparative, and cultural approaches to studying the First World War upon the historiography, as the centenary of the conflict approaches in 2014. It assesses to what extent these approaches have led to new consensus regarding five key established historiographical questions: why did war break out; why did the Allies win; were the generals to blame for the high casualty rates; how did men endure trench warfare; and to what extent did civilian society accept and endorse the war effort? It also examines how these historiographical approaches have led to the emergence of new themes – in particular, military occupation, radicalization, race, and the wartime body – in the war's historiography. Ultimately, it concludes that how the war is understood has undergone radical revision since the 1990s as a result of these changes.
Parsing pictures: on analyzing the content of images in science
Authors: Meynell Letitia
Published: August 2013

In this paper I tackle the question of what basic form an analytical method for articulating and ultimately assessing visual representations should take. I start from the assumption that scientific images, being less prone to interpretive complication than artworks, are ideal objects from which to engage this question. I then assess a recent application of Nelson Goodman's aesthetics to the project of parsing scientific images, Laura Perini's ‘The truth in pictures’. I argue that, although her project is an important one, her Goodmanian conventionalism produces a method of analysis that is incapable of adequately parsing a certain class of pictures and her focus on truth is unnecessary. This speaks against the promise of Goodman's analytical strategy for elucidating visual content and reasoning in the sciences and elsewhere. As an alternative, I develop John Willats’ analytical method and compare it to Perini's through engaging three of her examples—a chemical diagram, a graph and an electron micrograph. Ultimately, a space remains open for a mixed system where Willats’ account provides pictorial analysis and the Goodman–Perini approach parses visual languages.
Risk factors associated with the presence and severity of food insecurity in rural Honduras
Authors: Ben-Davies Maureen E , Kinlaw Alan , Estrada del Campo Yaniré , Bentley Margaret E , Siega-Riz Anna Maria
Published: August 2013

Objective

To identify factors associated with the presence and severity of food insecurity among a sample of Honduran caregivers of young children.

Design

Cross-sectional study in which the dependent variable, household food insecurity, was measured using a fourteen-item questionnaire developed and validated in a population of similar cultural context. A predictive modelling strategy used backwards elimination in logistic regression and multinomial logit regression models to compute odds ratios and 95 % confidence intervals for food insecurity.

Setting

Rural Honduras in the department of Intibucá, between March and April 2009.

Subjects

Two-hundred and ninety-eight Honduran caregivers of children aged 6–18 months.

Results

Ninety-three per cent of households were classified as having some degree of food insecurity (mild, moderate or severe). After controlling for caregiver age and marital status, compared with caregivers with more than primary-school education, those with less than primary-school education had 3·47 (95 % CI 1·34, 8·99) times the odds of severe food insecurity and 2·29 (95 % CI 1·00, 5·25) times the odds of moderate food insecurity. Our results also found that child anthropometric status was not associated with the presence or severity of food insecurity.

Conclusions

These results show that among the sociodemographic factors assessed, food insecurity in rural Honduras is associated with maternal education. Understanding key factors associated with food insecurity that are unique to Honduras can inform the design of interventions to effectively mitigate the negative impact of food insecurity on children.
Maternal undernutrition around the time of conception and embryo number each impact on the abundance of key regulators of cardiac growth and metabolism in the fetal sheep heart
Authors: Lie S. , Sim S. M. , McMillen I. C. , Williams-Wyss O. , MacLaughlin S. M. , Kleemann D. O. , Walker S. K. , Roberts C. T. , Morrison J. L.
Published: August 2013

Poor maternal nutrition before and during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in later life. To determine the impact of maternal undernutrition during the periconceptional (PCUN: −45 days to 6 days) and preimplantation (PIUN: 0–6 days) periods on cardiac growth and metabolism, we have quantified the mRNA and protein abundance of key regulators of cardiac growth and metabolism in the left ventricle of the sheep fetus in late gestation. The cardiac protein abundance of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), phospho-acetyl CoA carboxykinase (ACC) and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4 (PDK-4) were decreased, whereas ACC was increased in singletons in the PCUN and PIUN groups. In twins, however, cardiac ACC was decreased in the PCUN and PIUN groups, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1) was increased in the PIUN group. In singletons, the cardiac abundance of insulin receptor β (IRβ) was decreased in the PCUN group, and phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDPK-1) was decreased in the PCUN and PIUN groups. In twins, however, the cardiac abundance of IRβ and phospho-Akt substrate 160kDa (pAS160) were increased in the PIUN group. The cardiac abundance of insulin-like growth factor-2 receptor (IGF-2R), protein kinase C alpha (PKCα) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) were decreased in PCUN and PIUN singletons and extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) was also decreased in the PIUN singletons. In contrast, in twins, cardiac abundance of IGF-2R and PKCα were increased in the PCUN and PIUN groups, phospho-ribosomal protein S6 (pRPS6) was increased in the PCUN group, and ERK and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) were also increased in the PIUN fetuses. In conclusion, maternal undernutrition limited to around the time of conception is sufficient to alter the abundance of key factors regulating cardiac growth and metabolism and this may increase the propensity for cardiovascular diseases in later life.
Human endonuclease V is a ribonuclease specific for inosine-containing RNA
Authors: Morita Yoko , Shibutani Toshihiro , Nakanishi Nozomi , Nishikura Kazuko , Iwai Shigenori , Kuraoka Isao
Published: August 2013

Deamination of DNA bases can create missense mutations predisposing humans to cancer and also interfere with other basic molecular genetic processes; this deamination generates deoxyinosine from deoxyadenosine. In Escherichia coli, the highly conserved endonuclease V is involved in alternative excision repair that removes deoxyinosine from DNA. However, its exact activities and roles in humans are unknown. Here we characterize the FLJ35220 protein, the human homologue of E. coli endonuclease V, hEndoV as a ribonuclease specific for inosine-containing RNA. hEndoV preferentially binds to RNA and efficiently hydrolyses the second phosphodiester bond located 3′ to the inosine in unpaired inosine-containing ssRNA regions in dsRNA. It localizes to the cytoplasm in cells. The ribonuclease activity is promoted by Tudor staphylococcal nuclease and detected on inosine-containing dsRNA created by the action of adenosine deaminases acting on RNA. These results demonstrate that hEndoV controls the fate of inosine-containing RNA in humans.
Note: Measurement for the disturbance of discharge medium in pulsed gas laser
Authors: Xu Y. Y. , Yang C. G. , Zuo D. L.
Published: August 2013

In this paper, a single-filament schlieren system equipped with a four-element photodiode was developed to investigate the disturbance in the discharge region of a pulsed gas laser. This method showed a high sensitivity in measuring weak disturbance left in the test region. Therefore, it was applied in a discharge-pumped ArF excimer laser for the acquiring of optical disturbance of the gas medium in the directions of pulsed discharge and gas flow simultaneously. Time-resolved signals of the optical disturbance were recorded for each pulse. A quantitative evaluation for the strength of residual disturbance was obtained from the differential output of the four-element photodiode, and the influence of the disturbance on the pulsed energy was also analyzed. It showed that this method can be easily applied in pulsed gas laser to study the effect of the gas non-uniformity on beam parameters.
Multi-photon UV photolysis of gaseous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Extinction spectra and dynamics
Authors: Walsh A. J. , Ruth A. A. , Gash E. W. , Mansfield M. W. D.
Published: August 2013

The extinction spectra of static naphthalene and static biphenylene vapor, each buffered with a noble gas at room temperature, were measured as a function of time in the region between 390 and 850 nm after UV multi-photon laser photolysis at 308 nm. Employing incoherent broadband cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy (IBBCEAS), the spectra were found to be unstructured with a general lack of isolated features suggesting that the extinction was not solely based on absorption but was in fact dominated by scattering from particles formed in the photolysis of the respective polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. Following UV multi-photon photolysis, the extinction dynamics of the static (unstirred) closed gas-phase system exhibits extraordinary quasi-periodic and complex oscillations with periods ranging from seconds to many minutes, persisting for up to several hours. Depending on buffer gas type and pressure, several types of dynamical responses could be generated (classified as types I, II, and III). They were studied as a function of temperature and chamber volume for different experimental conditions and possible explanations for the oscillations are discussed. A conclusive model for the observed phenomena has not been established. However, a number of key hypotheses have made based on the measurements in this publication: (a) Following the multi-photon UV photolysis of naphthalene (or biphenylene), particles are formed on a timescale not observable using IBBCEAS. (b) The observed temporal behavior cannot be described on basis of a chemical reaction scheme alone. (c) The pressure dependence of the system's responses is due to transport phenomena of particles in the chamber. (d) The size distribution and the refractive indices of particles are time dependent and evolve on a timescale of minutes to hours. The rate of particle coagulation, involving coalescent growth and particle agglomeration, affects the observed oscillations. (e) The walls of the chamber act as a sink. The wall conditions (which could not be quantitatively characterized) have a profound influence on the dynamics of the system and on its slow return to an equilibrium state.
Electronic properties of graphene-single crystal diamond heterostructures
Authors: Zhao Fang , Thuong Nguyen Thuong , Golsharifi Mohammad , Amakubo Suguru , Loh K. P. , Jackman Richard B.
Published: August 2013

Single crystal diamond has been used as a substrate to support single layer graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition methods. It is possible to chemically functionalise the diamond surface, and in the present case H-, F-, O-, and N-group have been purposefully added prior to graphene deposition. The electronic properties of the resultant heterostructures vary strongly; a p-type layer with good mobility and a band gap of ∼0.7 eV is created when H-terminated diamond layers are used, whilst a layer with more metallic-like character (high carrier density and low carrier mobility) arises when N(O)-terminations are introduced. Since it is relatively easy to pattern these functional groups on the diamond surface, this suggests that this approach may offer an exciting route to 2D device structures on single layer graphene sheets.
On the parameterization of vibronic Hamiltonians for molecular aggregates using absorption line-shapes as an input
Authors: Brüning C. , Renziehausen K. , Engel V.
Published: August 2013

Absorption line-shapes of molecular aggregates are often calculated using a simple form for a vibronic Hamiltonian. Parameters which enter into the model are usually taken from measured spectra. Here, we address the question in how far different sets of input parameters used to calculate the spectra lead to similar spectral features. Therefore, we first present analytical expressions which illustrate the relation between the various parameters such as Huang-Rhys factors, electronic coupling elements, and aggregate size. Numerical calculations show that identical peak ratios and spectra can be obtained for different sets of parameters. This illustrates the basic difficulties in extracting reliable molecular information from a comparison of calculated and measured spectra.
Improving the accuracy and efficiency of time-resolved electronic spectra calculations: Cellular dephasing representation with a prefactor
Authors: Zambrano Eduardo , Šulc Miroslav , Vaníček Jiří
Published: August 2013

Time-resolved electronic spectra can be obtained as the Fourier transform of a special type of time correlation function known as fidelity amplitude, which, in turn, can be evaluated approximately and efficiently with the dephasing representation. Here we improve both the accuracy of this approximation—with an amplitude correction derived from the phase-space propagator—and its efficiency—with an improved cellular scheme employing inverse Weierstrass transform and optimal scaling of the cell size. We demonstrate the advantages of the new methodology by computing dispersed time-resolved stimulated emission spectra in the harmonic potential, pyrazine, and the NCO molecule. In contrast, we show that in strongly chaotic systems such as the quartic oscillator the original dephasing representation is more appropriate than either the cellular or prefactor-corrected methods.
The tensor hypercontracted parametric reduced density matrix algorithm: Coupled-cluster accuracy with O(r4) scaling
Authors: Shenvi Neil , van Aggelen Helen , Yang Yang , Yang Weitao , Schwerdtfeger Christine , Mazziotti David
Published: August 2013

Tensor hypercontraction is a method that allows the representation of a high-rank tensor as a product of lower-rank tensors. In this paper, we show how tensor hypercontraction can be applied to both the electron repulsion integral tensor and the two-particle excitation amplitudes used in the parametric 2-electron reduced density matrix (p2RDM) algorithm. Because only O(r) auxiliary functions are needed in both of these approximations, our overall algorithm can be shown to scale as O(r4), where r is the number of single-particle basis functions. We apply our algorithm to several small molecules, hydrogen chains, and alkanes to demonstrate its low formal scaling and practical utility. Provided we use enough auxiliary functions, we obtain accuracy similar to that of the standard p2RDM algorithm, somewhere between that of CCSD and CCSD(T).
The role of solvation in the binding selectivity of the L-type calcium channel
Authors: Boda Dezső , Henderson Douglas , Gillespie Dirk
Published: August 2013

We present grand canonical Monte Carlo simulation results for a reduced model of the L-type calcium channel. While charged residues of the protein amino acids in the selectivity filter are treated explicitly, most of the degrees of freedom (including the rest of the protein and the solvent) are represented by their dielectric response, i.e., dielectric continua. The new aspect of this paper is that the dielectric coefficient in the channel is different from that in the baths. The ions entering the channel, thus, cross a dielectric boundary at the entrance of the channel. Simulating this case has been made possible by our recent methodological development [D. Boda, D. Henderson, B. Eisenberg, and D. Gillespie, J. Chem. Phys. 135, 064105 (2011)]10.1063/1.3622857. Our main focus is on the effect of solvation energy (represented by the Born energy) on monovalent vs. divalent ion selectivity in the channel. We find no significant change in selectivity by changing the dielectric coefficient in the channel because the larger solvation penalty is counterbalanced by the enhanced Coulomb attraction inside the channel as soon as we use the Born radii (fitted to experimental hydration energies) to compute the solvation penalty from the Born equation.