bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chlorinated pesticide residues in meat and fat from animals raised in iran
Authors: Hashemy‐Tonkabony S. E. , Afshar A. , Ghazisaidi K. , Assadi‐Langaroodi F. , Messchi M. , Ahmadi Z.
Published: July 2007

Meat and fat samples (310) from carcasses of cattle, sheep, goats and camels from different regions of Iran were analyzed to determine concentrations of chlorinated pesticide residues. DDT, DDE, TDE, lindane, dieldrin and endrin were detected in the adipose tissues and meat of all species. Incidence as well as concentration of most pesticide residues were lowest in the camel and highest in the sheep. External fat samples were satisfactory for pesticide monitoring. The concentration of DDT did not exceed the World Health Organization (WHO) maximum limit for meat and fat.
Functions and requirements of fats and emulsifiers in prepared cake mixes
Authors: Painter K. A.
Published: July 2007

Accompanying demands for product changes in formulation, recipe preparation and processing of prepared cake mixes have been modifications in the shortening and emulsifier system. Shortenings and emulsifiers are a major consideration in cake mix formulation and can provide the formulator with new opportunities. This research investigates the development of a shortening for a dry cake mix system with consideration given to three major factors. First, the type of fat used—its source, its crystalline structure, its ability to aerate and its physical form. Secondly, the type and amount of emulsifiers—mono‐ and diglycerides, polyglycerol esters, propylene glycol monoesters and glycerol lacto esters are reported. Third, the processing of the dry mix and its effect on the fat.
Associative structures of polyglycerol esters in food emulsions
Authors: Hemker W.
Published: July 2007

Liquid crystalline types and the crystalline gel state of the commercially available tri‐ and octaglycerol esters are identified. The behavior of crystalline and liquid crystalline forms of these polyglycerol esters were studied in water dispersions, soybean oil and water emulsions, and in food emulsions. Triglycerol monoesters, primarily a mixed ester composition of palmitate and oleate, show hexagonal liquid crystalline activity as well as limited regions of stable α crystalline gels. Octaglycerol monostearate and monooleate primarily exhibit hexagonal liquid crystalline behavior which (below their Krafft point) form stable α‐gels. A relationship between the associative structures and functional performance of these polyglycerol esters in food emulsions is presented.
A new method of detoxification of cottonseed by means of mixed solvent extraction
Authors: Liu Fu‐Kuang , Jou S. Y. , Jung L. Y.
Published: July 2007

For several decades, scientists in the field of vegetable oils tried unsuccessfully to detoxify cottonseed by a practical method. By using 20‐30% (by wt) of ethyl alcohol (90% in vol) with commercial hexane as a mixed solvent, we were able to extract effectively both gossypol and oil from cottonseed prepressed cake or flakes. Free gossypol in meal was reduced to ca. 0.013‐0.04%; total gossypol was reduced to 0.32‐0.55%; residual oil was reduced to ca. 0.5% or less. Any aflatoxin present also can be eliminated by this process. The detoxified cottonseed meal can be used as animal feed. Cottonseed protein can be used to substitute for soy protein. The extracted oil is of better quality than that obtained by the usual hexane extraction method, and gossypol is a valuable byproduct.
Detergent enzymes: Developments during the last decade
Authors: Starace C. A.
Published: July 2007

The decade of the seventies saw dramatic changes in the formulation of heavy duty laundry detergents. The reduction in the STPP content in laundry product formulations was a notable example. During the early 1970s, heavy duty liquid laundry detergents were introduced and today represent an estimated 20% of the heavy duty laundry detergent market. A significant trend during this decade toward lower wash temperatures also appeared. These developments in home laundry products and washing trends have been followed by collateral developments in detergent enzyme technology. During the 1970s, a new generation of high alkaline, active detergent enzymes were developed. This new group of alkaline proteases were characterized by greater activity and stability under conditions of alkalinity between pH 10.5 to near 12, thus favoring phosphate‐free detergent formulations. These enzymes also were found to exhibit superior stability in nonbuilt liquid laundry detergent systems. Safety considerations at the plant operation level have resulted in a continual improvement in the quality of coated and encapsulated detergent enzyme granulates. During the past 10 years, detergent enzymes have passed through three generations of physical forms, from the powders to prills to encapsulates. The decade of the 1980s offers exciting possibilities for enzymatic laundry products. The trend toward lower wash temperatures, caused initially by the popularity of synthetic fabrics, is being compounded by a radical reappraisal of household energy consumption patterns. In this new atmosphere of energy conservation, detergent enzymes will offer energy‐saving options in an assortment of laundry products. Finally, as we start this decade of the 1980s, the spiralling cost of petrochemical feedstocks will cause us to rethink laundry product formulations and here again, detergent enzymes offer an important alternative for the future.
Detergent builders
Authors: Schweiker George C.
Published: July 2007

A highlight summary of the chemistry of commercial manufacturing processes, relative effectiveness, economic comparison and present uses of the various detergent builders of industrial significance to the soap and detergent industry are presented and reviewed. Builders discussed include the inorganic phosphates, silicates, carbonates, zeolites, and the organic citrates and other polycarboxylate salts (NTA, CMOS and “Builder M”).
Update on surfactants: What do we have to work with?
Authors: Bluestein B. R. , Cowell R. D. , Mausner M. L.
Published: July 2007

The number of commercially available surfactants continues to grow, but at a slower pace than in the past decade. Low‐cost raw material continues to guide the market. Several surfactants, such as AOS, have yet to reach their potential volumes. The class, structure and chemistry of the major and developing surfactants are reviewed and some unique application examples are described.
Determination of the fully saturated triglyceride composition of fats
Authors: Aneja R. , Bhati A. , Hamilton R. J. , Padley F. B. , Steven D. A.
Published: July 2007

A method is described for the quantitative determination of the fully saturated triglyceride composition of fats. The method involves a quantitative oxidation of the unsaturated triglycerides in the fat to a mixture of α ketol and dihydroxy compounds, using aqueous alkaline potassium permanganate and a phase transfer catalyst in a two phase reaction. The fully saturated triglycerides are fractionated from the oxidation products by column chromatography on silicic acid and their composition is quantified by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) using a flame ionization detector. Analyses of samples of lard, cocoa butter, olive oil, soybean oil, crude palm oil (ex Malaysia) and the stearin fraction from palm oil are given as examples of the method.
Preparation of some fatty glycolic acid derivatives and screening for antimicrobial activity
Authors: Bailey A. V. , Boudreaux G. J. , Sumrell G.
Published: July 2007

Nine glycolic acid derivatives were prepared and screened as primary plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and for antimicrobial activity. Two types of compounds were represented: (a) those with a methyl or ethyl ester grouping at the carboxyl function of glycolic acid and a fatty acyl group at the hydroxyl function; and (b) those with three acyl groups attached at the hydroxyl functions of the amide, resulting from the reaction of glycolic acid and diethanolamine. None of the compounds was compatible with PVC at the 35% level of incorporation, and the compounds were not further evaluated as plasticizers. They were screened for antimicrobial activity against a gram‐positive bacterium,Staphylococcus aureus; a gram‐negative bacterium,Escherichia coli; a yeast,Candida utilis; and a mold,Penicillium sp. Six of the compounds inhibited two or more of the test organisms suggesting some of these materials merit further testing as biostatic agents.
Gearing surfactants for use in consumer products
Authors: Cellura R. P.
Published: July 2007

Surfactants are created for consumer products because the wants and needs of consumers and their suppliers are thoroughly analyzed and judged to provide a business opportunity that is in line with the strategic direction of a surfactant supplier. Entering the surfactant market for a consumer product is based on six key steps which are (1) market definition and target selection, (2) definition of consumer and supplier wants and needs within the target market, (3) determining the feasibility of meeting these wants and needs and making a go/no go decision, (4) developing and fine tuning the product, (5) a market introduction program and (6) continued support once the product is successfully commercial. This paper discusses each of these steps.
Fatty acids and sterols in oils from canola screenings
Authors: Ackman R. G. , Sebedio J‐L.
Published: July 2007

One sample of canola seed (variety Tower) and five samples of screenings were commercially processed to yield first an “expeller oil” and subsequently an “extractor oil” by the hexane extraction of the residue. The screening samples contained 25–50% intact or broken canola seed. The balance included 21–31% weed seeds (especially lambsquarter and stinkweed), hulls, fragments of the embryo, and chaff. All the oil samples were analyzed for sterol and fatty acid composition. The extractor screening samples had slightly higher sterol contents than the corresponding expeller samples, while the Tower samples gave the lowest values. The averages (in mg/g oil or extract) for the extractor screening samples were: brassicasterol, 1.0; campesterol, 4.1; and β‐sitosterol, 7.3. For expeller screening samples the average were: 0.9, 3.6 and 6.2 and for the Tower oils they were, respectively, 0.9, 3.8, 5.3 and 0.9, 3.5, 4.7. The fatty acid compositions of the screening samples for both extractor and expeller oils were similar to that of the Tower oil except for the higher proportions of docosenoic acid (22:1) and eicosenoic acid (20:1) and the more obvious presence of three C18 conjugated dienes totalling up to 0.6% of one screening oil sample. The docosenoic acid level (mainly erucic acid) ranged from 3.0 to 7.0% for the extractor oils and from 2.5 to 8.0% for the expeller samples, compared to 0.1% for the two Tower oils. The oil contents of the screenings ranged from 20 to 30%, and the fatty acids and sterols appear to be nutritionally useful and innocuous in all respects.
Model experiments about the formation of volatile carbonyl compounds
Authors: Schieberle P. , Grosch W.
Published: July 2007

Autoxidation of linoleic acid, 9‐hydroperoxy‐10, 12‐octadecadienoic acid (9‐HPOD), 13‐hydroperoxy‐9, 11‐octadecadienoic acid (13‐HPOD), 2‐octenal and 2,4‐decadienal at 38 C were investigated with respect to the formation of volatile carbonyl compounds. The 13‐HPOD and all compounds having a double bond in ω‐6‐position produce hexanal. After initiating by small amounts of alkoxy radicals, both hexanal and 2,4‐decadienal autoxideize further. While, individually, hexanal reacts somewhat faster than 2,4‐decadienal, forming the corresponding acid, in a mixture of the two aldehydes, hexanal is protected to a certain extent by the unsaturated aldehyde against autoxidation. This explains the predominance of hexanal among the volatile carbonyl compounds resulting from linoleic acid autoxidation. Small amounts of 2‐octenal originate from both the 9‐HPOD and the 2,4‐decadienal as a result of oxidation of the ω‐8‐double bond of these compounds. Aside from its acid as main autoxidation product, 2‐octenal yields heptanal and hexanal as volatile compounds.
A new method for glyceride composition determination by colorimetry
Authors: Dasgupta J. , Bhattacharyya D. , Chakrabarty M. M. , Adhikari S.
Published: July 2007

A new method was devised for determination of glyceride composition of fats by oxidation, fractionation of the derived azeleoglycerides by thin layer chromatography and quantitation of the fractions obtained by colorimetry. The method was first standardized with standard triglyceride mixtures and was then applied to wegetable oils and their interesterified mixtures. It appeared to work very well in all cases, including directed interesterified mixtures where the lipase hydrolysis method of glyceride estimation is unsuitable.
Determination of the solid‐liquid ratio of fats by wide‐line nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Haighton A. J. , Vermaas L. F. , den Hollander C.
Published: July 2007

The Newport Quantity Analyzer is suitable for the determination of the solid‐liquid ratio in fats provided an accurate and rapidly reacting temperature control for the sample between the magnets is used. Hydrogen content and relaxation times determine the NMR signals. The hydrogen content can be calculated from the iodine value and the saponification value. In order to obtain a reliable “liquidline ” for a given sample, the NMR read out is measured at 60 C (completely molten state) and this value is multiplied by fixed factors for each temperature. With the Newport instrument, these conversion factors are still slightly dependent on the hydrogen content. Determinations of the solids content of various margarine blends, shortenings and hydrogenated oils were made. The relation between dilatometry and NMR results is temperature dependent. The correlations were especially good at low temperature, but poor at > 30 C.
Determination of oil in aqueous emulsions by wide‐line NMR
Authors: Shanbhag Sudhakar , Steinberg M. P. , Nelson A. I.
Published: July 2007

The radio frequency (r‐f) saturation method was shown valid for determination of four edible oils in aqueous emulsions but not in commercial margarine. The interference in case of margarine was shown to be due to nonfat solids. The signal from water at low RF level was eliminated by converting to water of crystallization. Of three anhydrous salts studied for this purpose, only magnesium perchlorate was satisfactory. The method could be made quantitative for oil in margarine only by addition of carbon tetrachloride to the margarine before addition of magnesium perchlorate.
The determination of polysorbate 60 in foods
Authors: Smullin C. F. , Wetterau F. P. , Olsanski V. L.
Published: July 2007

Analytical methods have been developed for the determination of polysorbate 60 (Tween 60, Atlas Chemical Industries, Inc.) in several food products including baked bread and cake, cake mix, yeastraised doughnuts, shortening, foam‐mat dried tomato paste and citrus fruit juices, dressings for salad, and potato flakes. Most of the methods involve extraction of the polysorbate 60 from the sample with a suitable solvent. In all cases the polysorbate polyol moiety is recovered, desalted by ion exchange and measured gravimetrically as the barium phosphomolybdate complex. The polysorbate 60 content of the sample is calculated using a gravimetric factor obtained by subjecting known amounts of polysorbate 60 to the same analytical procedure. Each method is designed to eliminate interferences from other constituents of the food so that blank samples are unnecessary.
Soil removal in relation to total work input: Calorimetric investigation in full‐size washers
Authors: Loeb L. , Shuck R. O.
Published: July 2007

A simple, straightforward method, utilizing the concepts of classical adiabatic calorimetry, is described for the direct measurement of total energy delivery to a functional wash system. For this work a full‐sized vertical axis automatic washer was modified for utilization as a calorimeter. The application of this equipment, and the rationale of this approach in studying the energetics of soil removal are discussed. To illustrate this technique, the effects of agitation frequency and detergent concentration on power consumption by the wash system are considered.
Surface active block copolymers: I. The preparation and some surface active properties of block copolymers of tetrahydrofuran and ethylene oxide
Authors: Kuwamura Tsunehiko , Takahashi Hideo , Hatori Toichiro
Published: July 2007

A new type of surface active block copolymer (TE type) having the general formula HO(C2H4O)x(CH2. CH2CH2CH2O)y‐(C2H4O)zH, was obtained by addition of ethylene oxide to polyoxytetramethylene glycols with molecular weight of 1000‐3400. TE types in which the polyoxyethylene sections comprised more than 20–25% of the total weight are soluble in water, and the relation between cloud point and oxyethylene content for TE types was similar to that for propylene oxide‐ethylene oxide block copolymers (Pluronics). Some surface active properties of TE types were examined in comparison with those of Pluronics and some other surfactants. The surface tension, foaming and antifoaming properties of TE types were comparable to those of Pluronics. Although the wetting power of TE types was poor, their suspending power (for carbon black) was superior to that of Pluronics in both aqueous and nonaqeuous media. The addition of TE types to some conventional detergents enhanced significantly their detergency. TE types showed a remarkable demulsifying action, on addition to some W/O emulsions.
Sulfated diglycolamides
Authors: Weil J. K. , Parris N. , Stirton A. J.
Published: July 2007

Pure sulfated diglycolamides were prepared by the sulfation of products from the alkali‐catalyzed reaction of diglycolamide with fatty methyl esters. Products containing 70% of methyl‐substituted diglycolamides were obtained by the addition of 1 mole of propylene oxide to a mole of hydroxyethylamide under alkaline catalysis. Sulfated monooxypropylated hydroxyethylstearamide C17H35 CONHC2H4OCH2CH(GH3)OSO3Na, and sulfated diglycolstearamide, C17H35CONH (C2H4O)2‐SO Na, have good solubility, lime soap dispersing power and detergency.
Practical considerations in commercial utilization of oilseeds
Authors: Smith Allan K.
Published: July 2007

In the past 40 years oilseeds have gained a dominant position in the U.S. agriculture. Soybeans have made more rapid progress in the feed and food industries than other oilseeds because of the low cost in their production, easy adaptability to solvent processing, and importance to the feed and food industries. The foreign markets have been a great asset to the soybean industry. However, each of the other oilseeds is finding its special place in the industry through modification of the seed by plant breeding, the development of new techniques in oil mill processing and other technical modifications. Even geographical location of a crop can be a deciding factor in the economics of successful operation. Production and processing of oilseeds in other countries often presents economic and food acceptance problems that are entirely different than those in the U.S. Both the favorable and unfavorable factors involved in production, composition, processing and conversion of the protein concentrates into acceptable foods are discussed. The recent oilseed research and development which holds promise for increasing utilization of oilseed in foods is reviewed. This includes progress in the breeding of high protein soybeans, new centrifugal techniques for reducing the gossypol in cottonseed meal, progress in the development and production of glandless cottonseed, processing new varieties of sunflower seed, the potential for new and improved oil solvents, the advantages of extrusion processing of oilseed meals, and other techniques which might be expected to improve the color, flavor, texture and other properties of oilseed proteins for foods.
Economics of the soybean industry
Authors: Fiedler R. E.
Published: July 2007

The soybean, an immigrant from China, has risen from the bottom of the U.S. agricultural crop ladder over the past 40 years to its position today of being number two. Only mighty corn is still ahead of the soybean in cash value to the American farmer. Behind this unprecedented growth of an agricultural crop were two attricutes of the soybean seed: a high content of excellent protein and a moderate content of oil useful for edible and industrial uses. Although soybean oil does not quite measure up in quality to peanut, cotton, corn and some other vegetable oils, research has modified these deficiencies to such an extent that over 50% of all the fats and oils consumed in the U.S. are soy based. The soybean has resulted in the development of a worldwide marketing and processing technology covering the seeds and its two main products. Today, soybean and its products are the most exported agricultural goods reaching, from the U.S. alone, the billion dollar level in recent years. So important has the soybean become to the American scene that it receives the active attention of almost every facet of private and public agribusiness. And the end is not in sight as the meal and oil fractions are finding their way into more and more highly sophisticated applications for human use.
Deliberate biodegradation in a closed system cooling tower
Authors: Holt E. K. , Brown A.
Published: July 2007

A series of experiments was made on an experimental cooling tower with a 30 gpm circulation rate and with a feed of make‐up water consisting of the mixed and settled effluents from an edible oil plant and a fatty acids distillation plant. Summer conditions were simulated by heating the circulating water to 105 F, thus permitting a 20 F temperature drop through the tower. Almost immediately some aerobic degradation of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) was observed. It was suggested that the biota be fed by the addition of nitrogen and phosphorus while the pH was maintained at neutral. This increased the rate of biodegradation about fourfold, the tower leveling off with 6% blow‐down relative to the rate of feed with BODs and CODs substantially equal to, or lower than, their level in this feed. Thus, overall biodegradation of 94% was realized, attributed to: (a) aeration in the tower; (b) high water temperature of 85 F ; (c) feeding of nitrogen; (d) feeding of phosphorus, and (e) pH adjustment. Similar results were obtained in tests on a larger cooling tower used for handling the total effluent water from the barometric system of a single edible oil batch deodorizer. All of the water was recirculated for a period of three months with no blow‐down whatever. In this test the COD and BOD leveled off at about 1730 and 360 ppm respectively. The obvious benefits of a biological cooling tower are water conservation and elimination of waste treatment and disposal.
Improved dye method for estimating protein
Authors: Udy Doyle C.
Published: July 2007

Several improvements and extensions of the Udy dye method for estimating protein content in natural products are discussed. The many outstanding physical and chemical properties of the monosulfonic azo dye, acid orange 12, are presented. This dye is used in a stablizing pH 2 buffer system to react with the protein’s basic groups that originate from the basic amino acids (BAA) histidine, arginine and lysine. A complete analysis requires less than 5 min. The ionic reaction rate is limited to the exposure rate of each binding site. Regression equations relating nitrogen content and bound dye are presented for several oilseeds, grains, legumes and animal products. Random mixtures of products, having wide dif‐ferences in dye‐binding capacity, are not amenable to this method of protein estimation. Because nonpro‐tein nitrogen is not measured, and the critically essential amino acid, lysine, is measured only when it is nutritionally available, it is suggested that the amount of dye bound by the protein’s BAA offers a better nutritional index than conventional nitrogen procedures.
Explosive gas detection and applications
Authors: De Laune S. D. , Schirm F. J.
Published: July 2007

Industry is becoming more aware of the hazards to life and property that accompany the use of flammabl gases and vapors. These problems are becoming so complex that specialized knowledge is necessary to guarantee proper selection of equipment and to maintain the equipment after installation. The selection and use of explosive gas detection equipment should be a coordinated effort between the Safety Engineering and Instrument Engineering Departments. Combustible gas analyzers using the principles of catalytic combusion exhibit the simplicity, flexibility and stability of operation which are the ideal requirements for solvent extraction installations.
Soaps and detergents: North American trends
Authors: Brenner T. E.
Published: July 2007

North America, the U.S. and Canada, produces nearly one third of the world supply of soaps, detergents, and cleaners, primarily for household consumption. The U.S. contributes 95% of North American production. Cleaning product demand is steady and expected to remain so, but new demographic trends affecting households and living arrangements will probably stimulate consumer needs for more convenience‐oriented products. Environmental considerations and government actions in recent years have caused drastic changes in detergent composition, especially affecting laundry detergents. Government involvement in business decision‐making has expanded enormously with no prospects of reduction because legislators perceive government regulation of industry to be necessary for the attainment of broad social goals.
Trends in the soap and detergent industry in Asia/Japan
Authors: Tokiwa F.
Published: July 2007

In Asia, except in a few countries where the soap and detergent industry is well developed, the production and consumption of soaps and detergents are low as compared with those in Western Europe and North America, and the ratio of detergent to soap is also low. But there are opportunities for future development and expansion of the industry. The course of future development, however, may differ from country to country depending on the national situation and the standard of living. The development of soaps and detergents in Asia should be made by closely relating their forms and formulas to the way of washing, the lifestyle, and customs in each country. As for the trend and situation in Japan, the problems confronted by soap and detergent makers are essentially the same as those faced by makers in Europe and America.
Soaps and detergents — The inorganic components
Authors: Lowe E. J. , Adair W. D. , Johnston E.
Published: July 2007

The detergent industry uses about $2 billion of inorganic chemicals a year. Two products—sodium tripolyphosphate, with almost $1.5 billion sales, and sodium perborate, with around .3 billion salesdominate the field. They represent some 30% of a detergent powder raw material cost in the U.S. and 55% in Europe. Interest is developing in one new product, the zeolites, which in view of environmental considerations, may find a place in the formulator’s pallet but which have still to prove their merits and show an attractiveness to potential manufacturers.
Sodium silicates and sodium aluminosilicates
Authors: Schweiker G. C.
Published: July 2007

A highlight summary of the chemistry and commercial manufacturing processes involved in making sodium silicates and sodium aluminosilicates (zeolites) is presented. Some relative and current raw material costs and energy needs, and overall qualitative economic comparisons of the various processes are discussed. Estimated world market consumption of both silicates and zeolites, by geographical areas and by major applications, is reviewed. Market volume projections into the near future are ventured on a worldwide basis, indicating substantial growth. Capacity to supply silicates in North America to 1983 is presently in place, but most other geographical areas of the world will require increased manufacturing capabilities to keep in balance with the projected market growth. It is suggested that zeolite production in the world will increase over fivefold by 1981, due principally to the expected rapid growth of its use in detergent formulations.
AOS — An anionic surfactant system: Its manufacture, composition, properties, and potential application
Authors: Tuvell M. E. , Kuehnhanss G. O. , Heidebrecht G. D. , Hu P. C. , Zielinski A. D.
Published: July 2007

Several sulfonation parameters, believed to be critical to the manufacture of good quality a‐olefin sulfonate (AOS), are related to product color and conversion. The interfacial properties for single carbon number AOS and the major components comprising AOS are investigated. Results, based on surface activity, indicate that AOS in the molecular weight range from C14 through C18 should be of value in formulating efficient cleaning agents. The data show that AOS is more effective for lowering Crisco®/solution interfacial energy than the more commonly used surfactants. The alkene‐1‐sulfonate component of AOS was found to be most effective in lowering interfacial energy with the hydroxyalkane‐1‐sulfonate component being significantly less effective but still more effective than alcohol ether sulfate or linear alkylbenzene sulfonate of comparable molecular weight. Hand dishwashing efficacy was found greatest for the hydroxyalkane‐1‐sulfonate component of AOS, but combinations of hydroxyalkane‐1‐sulfonates and alkene‐1‐sulfonates were shown to be synergistic for laundering applications. The presence of the ‐OH group in the hydroxyalkane sulfonate structure was shown to increase solubility and lower surface activity significantly more than the presence of unsaturation in the alkene sulfonate. Long, single branching in the a‐olefin sulfonate and random internal olefin sulfonate are shown to reduce drastically the surface activity. The hydroxyalkane and alkene‐1‐sulfonates were rapidly biodegraded. Disulfonates and long, singly branched sulfonate were more slowly degraded. Both 1,3‐sultones and 1,4‐sultones were found to biodegrade rapidly.
Nonionic surfactants
Authors: McKenzie D. A.
Published: July 2007

Over one billion pounds of nonionic surface‐active agents are produced per year in the U.S. alone. The oxyethylene derivatives of alcohols and alkylphenols account for 71% of this production. Methods of making these surfactants, along with descriptions of their properties and main uses in various detergents, are described.
Antiredeposition additives face new opportunities
Authors: Greminger G. K. , Teot A. S. , Sarkar N.
Published: July 2007

Recent trends in fabric composition, choice of raw materials, and government regulations are placing new demands on the use and utility of antiredeposition additives.
Processing and packaging sulfonation and sulfation technology
Authors: Lanteri A.
Published: July 2007

The paper will summarize the sulfonation/sulfation process used in the detergent industry, with particular emphasis on the modern techniques involving the use of diluted gaseous SO3 as a sulfonating agent. The outstanding features of the commercially available SO3‐air processes will be described, and the Ballestra, Berol, Allied, Chemithon, and Mazzoni reactors will be shown graphically in figures. The particular aspects of processing the various feedstocks, decomposition of the by‐product anhydrides in sulfonation of alkylbenzene, hydrolysis of the sultones formed in sulfonation of alpha olefins, and their implication on the integrated sulfonation processes are also considered.
Bar soap finishing — new trends in soap processing line designs and layouts
Authors: Herrick A. B.
Published: July 2007

Bar soap finishing lines are available in a number of configurations; depending on the nature of the product mix, either a high‐speed 3‐ or 4‐plodder system or a versatile specialty line is indicated. We describe some examples of each type, with emphasis on the use of a soap pilot‐plant line to assist in the selection.
Bar soap packaging
Authors: Spitz L.
Published: July 2007

Bar soap shapes have been classified into two main types and four categories or a total of eight possible variations. Bar soap packages were divided into mass market and specialty types each in single and multipack variations and in turn, each category having different styles. An update summary of bar soap transfers, soap wrappers, and soap cartoners completes the description. Finally, for the present and immediate future, one can assume that high speed lines will gain steady acceptance as the new packaging machines become more popular. Specialty soap packaging machines should be made faster and new models are much needed since hand wrapping or manual and semi‐automatic machines are the norm today. New wrapping materials, foam polypropylene, pearlescent coated papers, foil laminates will be used more, and new cartons with special protective inner coatings will be offered more widely. Very close cooperation and development work between the finishing line supplier (specifically the soap press supplier), the packaging machine, and packaging material suppliers and the customer should increase. This long overdue cooperation has been seen lately and more of it will play a key role to an active and progressive bar soap industry.
Guidelines for the comparative testing of detergent products
Authors: de Jong A. L.
Published: July 2007

Comparative testing of the performance of detergent products requires a flexible approach which takes full account of the actual conditions of use of these products by consumers. The AIS has developed guidelines for such a flexible approach, which after the normal international consultations, are now available as ISO standard No. 4319. The large differences in consumers’ practices between countries and the continuing changes in all countries do not allow development of international standard procedures for comparative testing of detergents, nor does it seem relevant to use test results from one country in another country. There is, of course, one consolation in all this complexity. If consumers occasionally pick a detergent less suitable for the purpose in mind, it will not cause damage, it will not cost much money, and let’s face it, consumers do like to do some comparative product testing themselves.
Management of man‐made eutrophication: The swedish concept
Authors: Bouveng H. O.
Published: July 2007

The Swedish approach for the control of man‐made eutrophication is described as simple, pragmatic, and effective. It was founded on a combination of an agreed definition of the problem, appropriate management instruments, adequate technology, available funds, and participation by concerned parties.
Health and the factory environment: The medical contribution
Authors: Juniper C.
Published: July 2007

Today’s awareness of the ill‐health potential of airborne particulate matter requires vigilance on the part of management and a continuing medical and hygiene program. Introduction of enzymes to detergent formulations in the late 1960s presented a health problem. New techniques for environmental monitoring, allied to high standards of individual and group medical surveillance with sophisticated analyses of the data were required. The multidisciplinary approach is described together with an assessment of the resource required and a summary of the medical results. Allied to the undoubted and accepted responsibility of management to safeguard the health of the workforce there is now legislation, already in existence in some countries, to reinforce this requirement. The key areas of the United Kingdom Health and Safety At Work Act are described to illustrate this.
Human health effects: Importance of chronic and genetic evaluation on new large volume chemicals disposed into the environment with potential entry into the food chain
Authors: Golberg L.
Published: July 2007

In the process of benefit‐risk assessment, it is the responsibility of the scientist to provide qualitative and quantitative estimates of risk associated with human and environmental exposure to a compound. In order to do this, a systematic approach to safety evaluation is proposed. The need is stressed to take account of the current revolution in toxicological thought and practice. Particular emphasis is laid on the early introduction of studies on metabolism and pharmacokinetics, the results of which act as a guide to the determination of doses and duration of subchronic and long term studies. Chronic and genetic evaluations are regarded as the superstructure resting on well laid foundations. Consideration of tests for genetic effects emphasizes the useful but limited role of microbial assays of mutagenic potential, in contrast to the very real value of using mammalian systems in vitro or in vivo. All have a long way to go in terms of standardization, validation, and exploration of a wider range of chemical classes. Long term toxicity tests are intended to delineate the dose‐response relationships of adverse effects, including carcinogenicity. Without exception, all such relationships are subject to mathematical analysis to provide risk estimates that can be used in conjunction with data concerning anticipated human and environmental exposures. Risk estimates should also be applied to the potential for entry into the food chain, taking into account all factors relating to this phenomenon.
On the composition of Iranian olive oil
Authors: Paganuzzi V. , Leoni E.
Published: July 2007

Two samples of virgin olive oil and one sample of hexane‐extracted husk oil coming from Iran were examined. The analyses included physical and chemical characteristics, the composition of total fatty acids and fatty acids at the glyceride 2‐position by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) of methyl esters, the triglycerides composition calculation according to Vander Wal theory, the separation of the alcoholic fractions (sterols, 4‐methylsterols, triterpene alcohols, triterpene dialcohols and aliphatic alcohols) of the unsaponifiable matter by thin layer chromatography (TLC), the quantitation and the composition of these fractions by GLC of TMS derivatives. The results were in line with data from literature for olive oils of different origin, with the exception of: a high content of unsaponifiable matter (1.75 and 1.95% for virgin oils, 5.33% for husk oil); a high amount of sterols for husk oil (562 mg/100 g oil); a low content of SE 30 apparent β‐sitosterol for husk oil (91.1%); a low amount of triterpene dialcohols (1 mg/100 g oil) and triterpene alcohols (78 and 91 mg/100 g oil) for virgin oils; a content of cycloartenol (60.2–66.9%) higher than the 24‐methylenecycloartanol one (22.8–26.6%; a content of C24 linear saturated alcohol (33.9–38.0%) slightly higher than the C26 alcohol one (29.3–32.8%).
Quantitative analysis of food fatty acids by capillary gas chromatography
Authors: Slover H. T. , Lanza E.
Published: July 2007

The superior efficiency of capillary columns is desirable for the gas chromatographic analysis of complex mixtures of fatty acids, but there have been some reservations regarding quantitation and reproducibility. This paper discusses the use of wall‐coated glass capillary columns in a semiautomated system for the determination of food fatty acids. Glass columns coated with SP2340 were used for extended periods at temperatures up to 200 C without appreciable deterioration. Up to 1900 samples were analyzed on a single column over an 11‐month period, with only minor changes in retention ratios, response factors and column efficiency. Quantitative precision of results, calculated either as normalized weight percentage or as absolute amounts, based on the use of an internal standard, were typically within 2% relative deviation. Difficulties encountered in obtaining acceptable chromatograms and reproducible data are discussed, and typical analyses of the fatty acids from foods presented.
A simple, graphic procedure for authentication of commercial fats and oil based on fatty acid compositions in codex standards
Authors: Spencer G. F. , Kwolek W. F. , Princen L. H.
Published: July 2007

It is likely that fatty acid compositions as derived by gas liquid chromatography will soon become one of the mandatory criteria for authentication of individual (unmodified) commercial fats and oils in the standards of the Food and Agriculture Organization/ World Health Organization's Codex Alimentarius Committee on Fats and Oils. A simple graphical procedure for using the Codex Committee's fatty acid composition standards to identify fats and oils has been devised and tested. Except for one sample, the fatty acid‐based standards have not been found to conflict with some presently accepted mandatory standards (i.e, iodine value, refractive index, and saponification value).
Copper catalysts in the selective hydrogenation of soybean and rapeseed oils: II. The effect of a hydrogen flow over copper chromite catalyst
Authors: Johansson L. E. , Lundin S. T.
Published: July 2007

Time required for hydrogenation of soybean and rapeseed oils to 1–2% linolenate content with a copper chromite catalyst is reduced 40–60% if the dead‐end system is replaced with a procedure using a flow of hydrogen through the reactor. The effect is ascribed to the removal of oxidation products, acting as catalyst poisons and the water which is formed during reduction of the catalyst. Selectivity towards the linolenate compound is nearly unchanged.
The sterol composition of freshly harvested compared to stored seeds of rape, sunflower and poppy
Authors: Johansson A. , Appelqvist L. ‐Å.
Published: July 2007

The composition of the free sterols and the sterol esters of freshly harvested seeds of rape, sunflower and poppy was compared to that of stored seeds. The sterol composition of rapeseed was not changed during storage, whereas in sunflower seed the free sterols had less of Δ5‐avenasterol and Δ7‐stigmastenol in ten‐month‐old seeds compared to fresh seeds. The greatest relative changes were observed for esterified sterols in poppy seed, with a drop in the percentage of Δ5‐avenasterol from 25.3% in freshly harvested to 16.9% in seeds stored for 10 months.
A comparison of different pulse sequences in the nondestructive estimation of seed oil by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance technique
Authors: Srinivasan V. T.
Published: July 2007

Three basic pulse sequences,viz., Free Induction Decay (FID), Spin Echo (SE) and Carr‐Purcell‐Meiboom‐Gill (CPMG), available in the pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance technique have been used to estimate the relative oil content in single as well as bulk samples of oil‐bearing seeds. Conclusive evidence has been presented to show that the CPMG sequence is vastly superior to the other two as far as the effects of seed orientation and moisture content are concerned.
Composition of fatty acids and structure of triglycerides in medium and low erucic acid rapeseed
Authors: Zadernowski R. , Sosulski F.
Published: July 2007

Total triglycerides in medium (MEAR) and low (LEAR) erucic acid cultivars of rapeseed were fractionated by argentation chromatography into twelve and ten fractions, respectively. Gas liquid chromatography of the fatty acids in the triglyceride fractions and their 2‐monoglycerides was used to evaluate the structural characteristics of the individual fractions. Fractionation occurred on the basis of degree of unsaturation, molecular weight and positional characteristics. The most mobile fractions contained 34–50% of saturated fatty acids while the less mobile had 59–65% of polyunsaturated fatty acids. In the medium erucic acid oil, long chain fatty acids (C20–C22) were found in all fractions, but four fractions of low erucic acid oil were essentially free of long chain acids. Two of these fractions in the latter oil, which represented 44% of the total triglycerides, were glycerol trioleate and dioleoyllinoleoylglycerol. The majority of the 2‐positions were occupied by unsaturated C18 fatty acids, generally in the order of linoleic ≥linolenic> oleic acids. The saturated and long chain fatty acids occurred predominantly in the 1‐and 3‐positions. The various fractions of medium and low erucic acid oils were similar in structural composition except that eicosenoic and erucic acids substituted for oleic acid in some external positions. Erucic acid did not appear to substitute directly for oleic acid in the 2‐position.
Computer modeling for stabilities and structural relationships of n‐hydrocarbons
Authors: Hagemann J. W. , Rothfus J. A.
Published: July 2007

Atom‐atom spatial interactions were calculated for the four crystal packings known to exist in n‐alkanes. Expression of end‐group or mid‐chain interactions as fractions of overall intermolecular interactions did not require use of the classical sixth power Lennard‐Jones potential, yet allowed estimation of melting points within a given structural series and accurate prediction of the melting point of polyethylene. The calculations also provide a basis for explanation of structural relationships and stabilities among the four different n‐paraffin forms.
Simultaneous determination of oil and water contents in different oilseeds by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Rubel Guy
Published: July 2007

Routine analysis of oil and water contents in different oilseeds with the Bruker Minispec pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyzer (Bruker Analytische Mestechnik, Rheinstetten, Germany) is rapid (16 s measurements), precise, accurate and nondestructive. In 1991, subcommittee SC2 (oil seeds) of the Technical Committee Number 34 [organized by the International Standards Organization (ISO), Geneva, Switzerland] organized an international collaborative study for pulsed NMR analysis of oil content in whole rapessed. An additional study was performed in 1993 to extend the method to sunflower, linseed and soy seeds. The Draft International Standard ISO DIS/10565 (Draft International Standards, International Standards Organization, Geneva, 1993) describes the procedure of the pulsed NMR method for determination of oil content in rapeseed and presents the interlaboratory comparison results based on the calculations described in the Normative ISO 5725 (Draft International Standards, International Standards Organization, Geneva, 1993). The standard was approved in 1992 and will be published in 1993. The interlaboratory collaborative studies showed that the analyses of oil and moisture by pulsed NMR were either comparable or more repeatable than measurements done by the traditional methods. No statistical differences between determinations by the traditional and pulsed NMR methods were found. Simultaneous determination of percent moisture and percent oil content in whole seeds is possible with pulsed NMR by the spin‐echo method. In addition, multiple components of the oil can be detected and quantitated by T2 analysis from the Carr‐Purcell‐Meiboom‐Gill pulse sequence. The instrument is easy to calibrate with whole oilseeds, and the calibration can be checked periodically with the same seeds because the measurement is nondestructive. Pulsed NMR provides a rapid alternative to the long, laborious, traditional methods of analysis and offers substantial long‐term savings of both time and money. Minimal operator training is required once the technique has been established for routine use.