bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Liturgy
Authors: Flegg Columba Graham
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the liturgy of the Catholic Apostolic Church. It describes the nature of the church's liturgical worship, the symbols used in liturgical worship, its offices of morning and evening prayer, and its Doctrine of the Real Presence. This chapter concludes that the Catholic Apostolics developed comparatively early on a high sacramental and an advanced ritual. Their sacramental theology and practices were designed in anticipation of the corresponding developments which were to take place in certain sections of the Church of England as a result of the Tractarian Movement.
Man
Authors: HARRISON CAROL
Published: October 2011

This chapter looks at man in the image of God. The doctrine of man in the image of God, of man bearing the form (forma) or beauty of God, might be said to colour every aspect of Augustine's theology. Detailed examination of it presents a very different picture of man's fall and redemption and the place of aesthetics in this scheme relative to that portrayed by OʼConnell in his exposition of the doctrine of man as a pre-existent fallen soul. The second section of the chapter considers God in man, describing man in the context of time and history; his fall and the consequent deformation of the image. The third section looks at his gradual reformation towards God.
Stars and the Resurrection Body
Authors: SCOTT ALAN
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines Origen's understanding of the resurrected human soul. It is one of the most appropriate of speculations on the life of the heavens. He attempted to steer a middle course between the views of Christians that the resurrected body was no different from the physical body and the beliefs of a number of groups accused of heresy who had a purely spiritual or figurative interpretation of this doctrine. Instead, he suggested that what would be raised on the resurrection at the Last Day would not be the physical body, but its form or principle. This principle is the content of the soul, and it is this and not the body which is both made in the image of God and granted eternal life.
Conclusion
Authors: SCOTT ALAN
Published: October 2011

Examination of the starry heavens is usually regarded as an impractical use of the intellect. But the study of the impractical has far-reaching implications and the astronomical advances of a few Ionians had a profound philosophical and religious impact in their day. Plato recognized that their astronomical discoveries had been a source of intellectual and social chaos. The impact of this approach on subsequent Greek philosophy and religion was enormous, and lasted down to Origen's day. Origen's assessment of the stars' proper place in the world was complicated by his interest in traditions outside of the traditional Hellenistic schools. While agreeing with pagan thought that the stars had a significant impact on terrestrial life, he limited his influence to the regulation of the natural order. The modern age no longer believes that the stars have souls, but astronomical progress has not robbed them of their power.
Theism, Atheism, and Big Bang Cosmology
Authors: Craig William Lane , Smith Quentin
Published: October 2011

Contemporary science presents us with the remarkable theory that the universe began to exist about fifteen billion years ago with a cataclysmic explosion called ‘the Big Bang’. The question of whether Big Bang cosmology supports theism or atheism has long been a matter of discussion among the general public and in popular science books, but has received scant attention from philosophers. This book sets out to fill this gap by means of a sustained debate between two philosophers, William Lane Craig and Quentin Smith, who defend opposing positions. Craig argues that the Big Bang that began the universe was created by God, while Smith argues that the Big Bang has no cause. The book consists of alternating chapters by Craig and Smith, with each chapter being either a criticism of a preceding chapter or being criticized by a subsequent chapter. Part One consists of Craig's arguments that the past is necessarily finite and that God created the Big Bang, and Smith's criticisms of these arguments. Part Two presents Smith's arguments that Big Bang cosmology is inconsistent with theism and Craig's criticisms of Smith's argument. The authors' arguments are based on Einstein's theory of relativity, and there is also a discussion of Stephen Hawking's new quantum cosmology.
Theism and Big Bang Cosmology
Authors: Craig William Lane
Published: October 2011

This chapter provides counter-arguments against Quentin Smith's atheistic interpretation of the Big Bang cosmology. It suggests that Smith's position is untenable because it lacks consistency, does not have a positive argument to commend it, and fails to escape the charge of metaphysical absurdity against it. It also explains that the Big Bang cosmological model does appear to constitute a powerful argument for the existence of a Creator of the universe.
The Prelapsarian Covenant as Proposed by Zacharias Ursinus
Authors: Weir David A.
Published: October 2011

The idea of a prelapsarian covenant is not an absolute novelty in the history of Christian doctrine, but it was not utilised extensively in Reformed theology until the second half of the 16th century. There is no evidence of its use during the early Reformation. Zacharias Ursinus is the theologian who first utilized the idea of a prelapsarian covenant to any great extent in the 16th century. This chapter explores Ursinus's doctrine of the covenant, particularly the prelapsarian covenant, and examines it within the context of his doctrine of predestination. Ursinus's Opera theologica were published in 1612. The editor, Quirinus Reuter, arranged the works in three volumes. The chapter examines the treatises that are significant in Ursinus's discussion of the covenant.
The Second Stage in the Development of the Federal Theology
Authors: Weir David A.
Published: October 2011

Zacharias Ursinus's colleagues continued to develop the covenant theme in Reformed theology after his death. One of the most important was Caspar Olevianus, who by 1584 was teaching at the Herborn Academy. In 1585 he published his De substantia. A careful examination of the De substantia shows that the idea of a prelapsarian covenant is mentioned six times, but that all the references are scattered; the theme is not developed in any specific way or place. The result is that the prelapsarian covenant idea does not have a specific place in Olevianus's theological system; for Olevianus it is still a locus communis — a commonplace of theology to be developed and worked into a theological system. Thus, it is important to understand Protestant theological methodology of the late 16th century.
Origen: Goodness and Freedom
Authors: LYMAN J. REBECCA
Published: October 2011

Origen's Christian commitment was unquestionable, but his theological conclusions stimulated passionate apologetic or repudiation; he was too right to be wrong, or too attractively wrong to be ignored. It begins by presenting Origen as a teacher. His connection to the Christian community lay in the independence of a didaskalos rather than in the ordered ecclesiastical hierarchy. His passionate search for conceptual clarity and spiritual advance was grounded in his devotion to study as a means of communication and relation to the Logos. As a teacher and a theologian, Origen wished, for intellectual and religious satisfaction, to describe the saving God revealed in Jesus and in Scripture. In addition, his description of divine will and nature reflects the tension for a Christian in philosophical and theological concerns. In general, Origen's cosmology reflects the varied experience of his community and his own personal engagement with the spiritual development of Christians, by emphasizing the slow transformation through discipline and instruction of various souls on their particular journey toward God.
Sufism and Islamic Reform in Egypt
Authors: Johansen Julian
Published: October 2011

One of the most important sects in the Islamic world, Sufism has had a long and active history. Yet it has been no stranger to controversy. This has been particularly pronounced in modern times, as radical Islamic groups and modernist reformers have sought to identify Sufism as a source of either unwelcome innovation or reactionary superstition. This book focuses on the efforts of the Sūfīs of Egypt, expressed in the writings of one of the order's sheikhs, to meet the critical challenge. The sheikh offers a vigorous defence of Sufism in the context of controversial issues such as festivals, processions, congregational invocation, and the principle of guidance by the sheikh. He also touches on broader issues such as the metaphysical status of the Prophet and the question of miracles, considering these in a characteristically Sūfī light. However, he also downplays or reworks certain key elements of Sūfī belief and practice in an attempt to forestall hostile criticism. This book discusses these ideas and places them in a broader context, basing his analysis on material recorded at Sūfī gatherings in Cairo between 1988 and 1990, as well as published and unpublished texts.
Sufism and Reform
Authors: Johansen Julian
Published: October 2011

This chapter briefly outlines the history of reformist thought in Egypt. It provides the necessary intellectual background against which to examine present-day concerns in a more specific context. Whatever the verdict on al-Afghānī's orthodoxy and the sincerity of his motives, it is certain that his efforts brought Western Europeans and Muslims each into closer contact with the intellectual heritage of the other. 'Abduh seems to have been the first to formulate an intellectual combination of traditional and modern approaches to Islam without incurring the wrath of traditional authorities. Al-Bakrī's eclectic approach to writing and his uncompromisingly traditionalist attitude to Sufism provoked hostile criticism from another contemporary. It is seen that the British had an interest in reform as a means to control religious institutions, whilst Egyptian reformers were anxious to eradicate those practices which they felt rendered Egypt and Islam vulnerable to foreign criticism.
Ideal and Image of Orthodoxy
Authors: Johansen Julian
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the extent of the connection between intellectual formulations and the etiquette (adab) of public religious life in Islam. The Ṣa'īdī was evidently shocked at the criticism, and took it as an accusation of shirk. Next, it describes some of the more controversial considerations connected to ziyāra and the kind of motives and attitudes which are held to be most appropriate in the visitor. It then relates these to prevalent opinion in the Muṭammadiyya Shādhiliyya in order to explore the extent of continuity between them. The ‘exchanges’ between Dr 'Umar and Dr Abū Farṭa go some way towards indicating the complexity of the issues of ziyāra and mawlids. Furthermore, it shows some of this complexity with a contemporary case-study in order to situate and amplify some of the opinions expressed in the two interviews examined.
The Alphabet of Sufism
Authors: Johansen Julian
Published: October 2011

This chapter focuses once more on the works of Sheikh Muṭammad Zakī Ibrāhīm. The work under consideration is presented to the reader as the ‘last word’ on the subject of Sufism, as is clear from its title, ‘The Alphabet of Islamic Sufism’. The presentation of the more controversial aspects of the religious discourse highlights the role of Sheikh Muṭammad as the defender of Ṣūfī tradition, and suggests the vindication of sanctity and learning in debate. The preface, introduction, questions and answers of Abjadiyya are shown. A discussion on Khiṭāb Ṣūfī jāmi' is provided. Sheikh Muṭammad's definitive statement on the enemies of Sufism is also considered.
The Hebrew Verb in Classical BH Narrative
Authors: Goldfajn Tal
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the use of the Hebrew verb in classical biblical Hebrew (BH) narrative. It analyses the text of chapters 18 and 19 of the second Book of Kings and the passage about David and Bathsheba in chapters 11 and 12 of the book of Samuel. It aims to determine whether the result of the analyses of these texts are consistent with the findings in Chapter 7 and to provide a better understanding of the role of the Hebrew verbs in the temporal structuring of the biblical text.
Data and Interpretation
Authors: Evans T. V.
Published: October 2011

This chapter supplies a statistical analysis of the MT formal matches for all 18,953 instances of verbal forms in the Greek Pentateuch. Interpretation of the data follows, focusing on the key features of independent Greek usage and Hebrew influence. The results are in general consistent with the findings of other scholars for small portions of the same material or for other parts of the LXX. But an advantage of this analysis is that it provides precise coverage of the evidence from a very large sample of text and embraces the entire verbal system. Because of this broad scope, this study demonstrates the formal matches with the MT more comprehensively than any previous analysis of the verbal system in translation Greek. It can be seen that some noteworthy patterns of usage emerge from so large a body of evidence.
Uncertain Belief
Authors: Bartholomew David J.
Published: October 2011

The certainties which underpinned Christian belief have crumbled in a world where science sets the standard of what is true. A rational case for belief must therefore be constructed out of uncertainties. Probability theory provides the tools for measuring and combining uncertainties and is thus the key to progress. This book examines four much debated topics where the logic of uncertain reference can be brought to bear. These are: miracles, the paranormal, God's existence, and the Bible. Given the great diversity of evidence, it is not surprising that opposite conclusions have been drawn by supposedly rational people. An assessment of the state of the argument from a probabilistic perspective is overdue. In this book the author examines and refutes some of the more extravagant claims, evaluates the weight of some of the quantitative evidence, and provides an answer to the fundamental question: can a rational person be a Christian?
Questions of Rights
Authors: Miller William L. , Timpson Annis May , Lessnoff Michael
Published: October 2011

This chapter begins by setting out the purpose of the book, which is to take a wide-ranging look at British views of the proper relationships between government and citizens, and between one citizen and another. The study is based primarily on the British Rights Survey which was carried out in 1992. Rights and obligations, categories of rights, and specific rights and specific survey questions are discussed.
The Governing Perspective
Authors: Miller William L. , Timpson Annis May , Lessnoff Michael
Published: October 2011

How do the views of politicians compare with those of the people? To answer this question a sample of 1,244 politicians were interviewed simultaneously with the survey of the public, asking them all the questions put to the public plus a few extra questions about their role and experience in politics. Researchers set out to interview the leader of each political group on each local government council throughout Britain-including the leaders of Independent groups as well as those who led Conservative, Labour, Liberal, Nationalist, and other party groups. Some findings significantly strengthened the conclusions of the earliest US studies of democratic elitism, because they reveal differences between politicians and the public even on questions of principle. On principles of respect for authority and traditional values, wealth creation, tolerance, limited government, free speech, and self-reliance, politicians were substantially more liberal than the public — though on egalitarian principles politicians hardly differed from the public. Other findings seriously undermine the theory of democratic elitism. In particular, it was found that politicians were significantly less liberal than the public on the principles of protest and rebellion — and that reverses the conclusions of those early US studies.
National Institutions, Differences, Stability, and Change
Authors: Thatcher Mark
Published: October 2011

This chapter sets out an analytical ‘national institutionalist’ framework together with the ways in which it is to be tested in the present study. It examines general institutionalist approaches to national policy making and then relates them to change.
The Impacts of Institutional Change and Divergence on Policy Making: The Network Operators in Britain and France during the 1980s
Authors: Thatcher Mark
Published: October 2011

The 1980s offers an excellent opportunity to study the impact of national institutions on telecommunications policy making. This chapter shows that policy differences between the two countries continued in the network operation subsector, and indeed became more marked after 1984. It argues that the dissimilarities found were influenced by the institutional contrasts between the two countries, and shows how specific institutional features impacted policy making in each country, resulting in differing national policy patterns. Moreover, it demonstrates how institutional reforms in Britain in 1984 led to a significant break with the previous features of policy making.
National Institutions, Policy, and Change
Authors: Thatcher Mark
Published: October 2011

This chapter summarizes the findings of the book. It relates the empirical findings of the case study to the claims made for national institutions and to national institutionalist analyses of policy making examined in Chapter 1. It argues that several central tenets of ‘national institutionalism’ are supported by the evidence of the case of telecommunication in Britain and France between 1969 and 1997, notably by the existence of different institutional arrangements in the face of powerful and common technological and economic developments, and the importance of these arrangements for patterns of policy making. However, the ability of policy-makers to alter institutions, the occurrence of innovation in the content of policy, and the existence of similar economic outcomes despite dissimilar institutions suggest weaknesses in ‘national institutionalism’ and limits the role of national institutions.
Introduction
Authors: BURNS TOM , STALKER G. M.
Published: October 2011

This book is a contribution to the study of problems related to the exploitation of scientific discovery by industry in peacetime conditions. It is based on information about what has happened in fifteen firms which have invested in electronics development and five others, four of which had research and development interests in other fields. It analyses the situation within each individual firm and the focus of its interest is on management itself. This book also examines the general structure and functioning of the organizations by observing how people deal with each other.
Gender and Status Inequalities in Yemen: Honour, Economics., and Politics
Authors: Carapico Sheila
Published: October 2011

Aside from the theory of Islam and the segmentation theory, this chapter states that the ‘harem theory’ is one of the three ‘theoretical metonyms’ used to describe the situation of women in anthropological studies of Arab countries. Because tribes are perceived to be male dominated, the stereotypical roles of Arab women entail power and individualism only within the ‘harem’ because of sexual modesty and theories of patriarchy. On the other hand, women are included in the study of women-in-development (WID) that looks into how modernization affects the lives of women, particularly in Arab and Islamic cultures in the Middle East. This chapter includes a national case study that aims to examine feminine roles within Islamic and tribal settings across various historical social strata. It then identifyies the impacts of political and economic changes experienced within the past thirty years.
Industrialization and Women’s Subordination: A Reappraisal
Authors: Pearson Ruth
Published: October 2011

In Third World countries, the involvement of females in the workforce plays no small part in the development of export manufacturing industries. Although there have already been earlier analyses regarding industrialization and how women have participated in work opportunities in industrialized settings, there is also a need to extend such an analysis beyond the notion of factory employment since women's work may be analyzed over a multitude of various experiences. This chapter attempts to examine the relations between productive and reproductive work that women are involved in and the gendering of the workforce, the patterns of global industrialization that are being modified over time, and other such issues regarding gender relations. Generally, the chapter attempts to examine how gender is associated with capital accumulation.
Cumulative Disadvantage? Women Industrial Workers in Malaysia and the Philippines
Authors: Standing Guy
Published: October 2011

Because of the existence of divisions that are brought about by religious, demographic, and ethnic differences, some groups are subject to labour-force stratification and are thus being assigned to jobs of both low status and low payment that provide little potential for development. Reducing incidences of stratification is therefore a goal of every society since such brings about adverse effects and veers away from principles of equity. In coming up with the appropriate policies to address such problems, however, it is important not just to consider socio-cultural roots and segregation since identifying the main points of discrimination is important as well. Discriminatory hindrances are faced by women workers at various phases of their lives. Through exploring the results from the Philippines Labour Flexibility Survey and the Malaysian Labour Flexibility Survey, this chapter attempts to provide a comparative analysis about the situations faced by women workers in industrial employment in the Philippines and in Malaysia.
How Should International Greenhouse Gas Agreements Be Designed?
Authors: Hoel Michael
Published: October 2011

The chapter states that one of the most serious environmental problems in the next century may be climatic changes caused by the greenhouse effect. The chapter defines the greenhouse problem as a typical global environmental problem: climatic changes throughout the world depend on world-wide aggregate emissions of climate gases, and not how these emissions are distributed between countries. It is also stated that global environment problems are difficult to solve and that these problems need coordinated action between countries. One must have an international agreement for such coordinated action to take place. The chapter also discusses the cooperative and the non-cooperative outcomes, the agreements on the equal percentage reductions of emissions, a carbon dioxide tax, tradable emission permits, the distribution of tax revenue or initial emission permits, a carbon dioxide tax or tradable quotas in a world with more complex objective functions, and other greenhouse gasses.
The International Protection of the Environment: Voluntary Agreements among Sovereign Countries
Authors: Carraro Carlo , Siniscalco Domenico
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the details of the international protection of the environment, citing the voluntary agreements among the different sovereign countries. The chapter states that a large quantity of pollutants is discharged into the environment as a result of human activity in each country. Also, the transportation of pollutants in the environmental media is a source of substantial interdependence among countries: each country benefits from using the environment as a receptacle for emissions and is also damaged by environmental degradation. The chapter presents a general framework with which to analyze the profitability and stability of international agreements to protect the environment in the presence of trans-frontier or global pollution. The chapter also discusses the profitability and stability of the countries and explains the main results and the policy implications.
Why are National Minorities a Subject of European International Relations?
Authors: PREECE JENNIFER JACKSON
Published: October 2011

This chapter explores why national minorities should be a subject of international relations when this field is primarily concerned with states and not groups or individuals within a state’s domestic jurisdiction. If statesmen and stateswomen demonstrated no concern for such groups in their foreign policies, then national minorities certainly would not be an appropriate subject for a book on international politics, though they would still be suitable for studies of domestic governance or constitutional law or political sociology, among others. However, such international indifference towards minorities does not exist: in practice, the foreign relations of many countries both today and in the past have been concerned with national minorities. This is because although the modern theory of state sovereignty postulates a neat fit between international boundaries and politically significant identities, in reality the two rarely coincide.
Minority Rights from Westphalia to Berlin (1648–1878)
Authors: PREECE JENNIFER JACKSON
Published: October 2011

Far from being a post-Cold War development, international relations that have to do with the position of minorities in Europe possess an identifiable history not only in the twentieth century but from the 1640s onwards. By examining treaties and other elements of international law and diplomacy, this chapter identifies and summarises the most historically significant trends in international minority protection prior to 1919. Minority rights in their earliest political formulation were freedoms of worship bestowed by the sovereign upon nonconformist religious communities in territories newly acquired from another prince. As nationalism slowly replaced religion in determining European loyalties and identities, this initial formulation began to change. Already, in the 1815 Final Act of the Congress of Vienna, minorities were being defined as national groups and the rights granted to them included civil and political liberties as well as religious freedoms. By 1878, this new, national formulation had completely replaced the older, religious formulation of minority rights, and the problem of minorities was linked to the rise of new nation-states.
The League of Nations System of Minority Guarantees (1919–1939)
Authors: PREECE JENNIFER JACKSON
Published: October 2011

The great powers’ response to the events of 1875–1878 established a standard of treatment that was later applied to those new nation-states which emerged out of the defeated Ottoman Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, and Prussian Kingdom in Central and Eastern Europe after 1919. These successor states were unavoidably ethnographically diverse despite the fact that national self-determination was publicly avowed as the wellspring of their legitimacy. This chapter examines the League of Nations system of minority guarantees as a precursor of post-Cold War efforts to protect national minorities in Central and Eastern Europe, focusing on the origins of this inter-war system, the content of its national minority guarantees, the manner in which the League’s guarantee functioned, the attitude of treaty-bund states, great powers, and the minorities themselves to this system, and its overall efficacy in protecting them.
Optimal Taxation and Government Finance
Authors: Mirrlees James A.
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the two issues that arise in government budgetary decisions and looks at these issues from the standpoint of optimal tax theory, which is a thoroughly microeconomic way of analysing public policy. The first topic discussed is the central issue of budget balance, while the second is the question of assessing the cost of funds that are raised through taxes.
The Optimal Structure of Incent ives and Authority within an Organization
Authors: Mirrlees James A.
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses a number of models that can help explain the distribution of incomes within the firm, and to explain the existence of authoritative relationships. These models also help derive a hierarchical structure and investigate its effects on production. One of the assumptions of these models is that workers are able to predict their own activity and rewards within the organization.
Optimum Saving with Economies of Scale
Authors: Mirrlees James A. , Dixit Avinash , Stern Nicholas
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses a model that was originally motivated by a number of examples related to fixed costs or where there are economies of scale. Some of the limitations of this model include timing and the size of new centres, which are also discussed in detail. Previous literature is also included in the chapter and a growth model with economies of scale in the production of output using capital but no labour is presented.
Macroeconomic Wage Coordination
Authors: Traxler Franz , Blaschke Sabine , Kittel Bernhard
Published: October 2011

Macroeconomic coordination refers to the coordination of pay negotiations adopted by a country's bargaining units across the economy. As long as the bargaining units are willing and able to modify their policy to achieve a common goal then there is macroeconomic coordination regardless of how differentiated and decentralized bargaining systems are. A corporatist approach lies on the notion of centralized interest intermediation. Centralized bargaining implies that market discipline can be achieved only with a negotiated and voluntarily established government. This chapter points out how inconsistencies concerning centralization and its implications can be attributed to the contrast of low degrees or bargaining centralization with corporatist practices. This chapter also relates the implications of centralization with such concepts such as internationalization, coordination, and embedding arrangements.
The Organization of Interests
Authors: Traxler Franz , Blaschke Sabine , Kittel Bernhard
Published: October 2011

The organization of interests gives rise to several issues. Because interest organizations are believed to reduce efficiency, a fully competitive market is seen as preferable. Since this is not possible, the second-best solution would be to encompass domains. This makes associations adopt a ‘responsible’ policy line that internalizes externalities while taking the interests of outsiders into account. Another issue of concern is how centralization is hypothesized as a precondition for wage moderation since associational control over pay-fixing must be ensured. The last issue involves how membership strength, whether at the primary or secondary base of associational power, affects performance. This chapter separately discusses the three distinct organizational issues: representational domains, associational centralization, and associational power.
Collective Action and Bargaining in Internationalized Markets
Authors: Traxler Franz , Blaschke Sabine , Kittel Bernhard
Published: October 2011

Because employers have pre-associational powers and restrictions on the strategies of their associations, employers are likely to prefer individual relations to engaging in collective exchange with labour. The desirability of collective exchange challenged thus their ability to associate and the need to do so must be differentiated. Employers played a key role in shaping the bargaining process as they have an individual and collective option. Also, market-led opportunism posed an unintentional threat from the shift to self-interested ‘short-terminism’ and a deliberate threat from employer disorganization. Unions and employer associations underwent reforms to economize resources and activities and to adapt to the interdependencies of issues and interests.
The Agriculture Disputes
Authors: Rugman Alan , Kirton John , Soloway Julie
Published: October 2011

As shown in the WTO Appellate Body's 1998 decision regarding Beef Hormones, industry protection, trade, and food safety may constitute fundamental issues on the global trade policy agenda. In this particular case, the WTO panel and the appeal body found that the EU enforced unjustifiable trade restrictions and that they veered away from the trading obligations established by the WTO. The fundamental problem lies in how the domestic administration of the measures imposed by the WTO SPS Committee can be influenced by domestic producers who attempt to obtain shelter against more competitive imports. As fresh food products are sensitive to deterioration, barriers to entry may come about, since foreign producers are unlikely to receive fair treatment. In this chapter, we explore the agricultural case in which the discriminatory application of sanitary and phytosanitary standards restricted trade in North America.
Mediators of Knowledge Supply
Authors: Burton-Jones Alan
Published: October 2011

Although mediated services are likely to be low on firm-specific knowledge, the level of knowledge supplied is enough to deal with many different aspects. Large firms therefore tend to find sourcing arrangements that can manage both people and solutions. The growth and diversity of the mediated services targets individuals who prefer an independent work style. This chapter gives a discussion regarding the market for mediated knowledge supply and how this affects the performance and process management of the firm and its stakeholders. This chapter also presents the industry, occupational, and demographic trends and developments in both staffing services and in outsourcing services.
Introduction
Authors: Kolodko Grzegorz W.
Published: October 2011

Over thirty countries from Europe and Asia have revolutionised their global economy through the application of postsocialism. Implications do not only take effect for the involved practitioners, but can also create ripple effects in neighbouring nations and in the whole world. A crucial element of the market transformation is the intrusion and the involvement of previously socialist institutions in international trade and relations. Such changes do not swipe away the beneficial historical and social contributions of communism, but the abandonment of excessive interventions performed by government officials. Prioritised here are the dominant emergence of private organisations and the proliferation of the notion of ‘invisible hand’. Hence, this institutional transition requires the identification of totally new arrangements in replacement to the old system.
Transition from Socialism: Where to?
Authors: Kolodko Grzegorz W.
Published: October 2011

Government-proposed mechanisms and strictly regulated activities prompted the shift from a centrally planned economy to a postsocialist system, which is viewed to be the major source of growth. Expansion in all aspects of the government and society leads to overall progress and improvement. While there are states that classify such circumstances as the main causes of social and political turmoil and instability, there are still nations that operate in the realization of the optimal potential of these methods. This statement only implicates that there is no such thing as the fall of communism, but open-mindedness toward the alternatives that pursue sound economic decisions, organizational harmony and coordination, price stability, effective and efficient governance, and excellent management of physical and human resources. These expected outcomes of market-driven reforms, though only to a limited amount, have yielded increased growth rates and global competence.
The Washington Consensus Revisited
Authors: Kolodko Grzegorz W.
Published: October 2011

During the latter part of the 1980s and the start of the 1990s, policymakers formulated the so-called ‘Washington consensus,’ which is derived from ten agreed fields by powerful financial institutions, administrative policymaking authorities, and academic professionals. This proposal asserted that a strongly grounded financial policy together with the absence of government intervention (which eradicates the regulations that prohibit healthy competition in the market) and the promotion of free trade, will diminish economic stagnation. Even if such restructuration originally addressed the difficulties of Latin America, these were used by several states to deal with their structural dilemmas. Despite the positive impact of this policy reform in the introduction, incorporation, and general acceptance of postsocialist thought, lack of essential elements are classified in this chapter.
From Recovery to Sustained Growth
Authors: Kolodko Grzegorz W.
Published: October 2011

Policies referring to the transition from government intervention to a free market system and from stabilisation to sustained growth can never come into being without the help of adequate state involvement. Although markets have the natural capacity to move toward equilibrium, some imperfections and crisis tend to be unmanageable. Due to this, the importance of government interference is reviewed in this chapter, including its equity, growth potential, and capacity. However, there are two concerns that must be addressed about the government's further engagement in the economy. First, the chapter looks at the dependable approach to maintain long-term development with the occurrence of trivial external shocks. And second, if crisis happen due to externalities, then an automatic mechanism that brings distortions into their normal set-ups must be employed.
A voice for the voiceless
Authors: Saunders Dame Cicely
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses briefly the difficulty nurses, doctors, and other medical professionals experience when the time comes to deliver bad news to a patient. This difficulty is best shown in the author's encounter with a terminally ill patient. The chapter also includes several accounts of the author's encounters with terminally ill or severely disabled patients.
Quality issues in palliative and supportive care
Authors: Ahmedzai Sam H. , Hunt John
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the quality issues found in palliative and supportive care. It distinguishes the two main areas that are important for palliative care: ‘quality of life’ of patients and their carers and ‘quality of care’ delivered by services. Some of the issues of quality discussed in this chapter include the theoretical considerations on measuring quality and the aspects of quality that are considered ‘right’.
Education in palliative care
Authors: Davie Emma , Noble Bill
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses education in palliative care and the need to include the patients. It looks at the user involvement in interprofessional learning and in a communication skills course, as well as including bereaved people as users. The chapter discusses the different experiences of loss and reflects on involving users as part of palliative care education. It shows that the relationship between patients, students, and their teachers is potentially one of equal partnership, because the students and teachers need the patients as much as the patients need the doctors, nurses, and other trained health workers.
Bereavement care
Authors: Relf Marilyn
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses bereavement care, which is composed mostly of providing support to family members after bereavement. One important factor in the delivery of bereavement care is the ability to listen accurately to what people say about their experiences. The chapter looks at a number of other factors which influence the way that people hear and respond to the voices of bereaved people. It also argues that listening to other people is not a neutral activity, and what people say is filtered through lenses provided by conceptual frameworks, personal experiences of loss, and the quality of communication skills.
Conclusion: thoughts of a palliative care user
Authors: Broughton Fiona
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the views of a palliative care user. It presents her thoughts on becoming a palliative care user and provides a firsthand experience of palliative care. It is important to note that the view expressed in the chapter are merely one of many, and that the things the palliative care user in question considers important or relevant may be different to another user.
Roots, traditions, and philosophy
Authors: Randall Fiona
Published: October 2011

This chapter aims to stimulate the members of the palliative care profession to think and reconsider its celebrated thoughts and insights, including the weaknesses of palliative care in terms of its philosophy and patient care. It offers criticisms and reconstructive points for the improvement of the future of palliative care in the twentieth century, and suggests directions in which palliative care should evolve while retaining its nature as a distinct specialty. The chapter aims to return the now intrusive palliative care into its original simplicity and philosophy as they was formulated by Cicely Saunders. Discussion in the first section of the chapter focuses on the general framework, roots, and traditions of palliative care. It critically considers the main concepts of palliative care, such as quality of life, dignity, autonomy, and human rights. The second section discusses the main types of intervention in palliative care, such as life-prolonging and symptom-control treatments, spiritual and psychosocial care, and resuscitation and advanced statements. The last section summarizes the positive points discussed in the previous sections and builds on them, in order to construct a positive philosophy that may be used for the improvement of the future of palliative care.
Quality of life
Authors: Randall Fiona
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines whether the concept of quality of life has been helpful in the field of palliative care, evaluating whether there exists a shared and common concept of quality of life between physicians, patients, and their families. It discusses the possible means of assessing the quality of life through measurement or through the provisions of qualitative information on specific treatments, and also discusses whether the improvement of life in the palliative setting affects the manner of decision making of the individuals and patients involved. The chapter also considers the capacity of palliative care to improve the quality of life more than the conventional services and alternative models of treatment it offers. It also evaluates the alternative aim of palliative care if quality of life is rejected as the main objective of palliation.
Critique and reconstruction: some suggestions for a better way
Authors: Randall Fiona
Published: October 2011

This chapter aims to summarize the positive suggestions discussed in the previous chapters. It also aims to develop some suggestions, to illustrate how palliative care can enhance and improve other specialties, and to suggest a short philosophy statement that can counter the weaknesses of the WHO statement. The chapter begins with a discussion on palliative care as a specialty. Other topics and issues discussed herein include: the Asklepian model of holistic care, Asklepian acceptance and spirituality, hope and truth-telling, patient–professional relationship, and professional development.
Basic Assumptions of German Historiography
Authors: Eley Geoff
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the so-called German exceptionalism, focusing on the view that German history is different from the rest of Western Europe. It explains that most German historians believed that the exceptionalism argument is linked to the supposed failure or absence of bourgeois revolution in German history and its consequences for the country's future political development. It suggests that the bourgeoisie's failure to conquer the pre-industrial traditions of authoritarianism has left Germany vulnerable to the future, particularly the internal strains of a modernizing society.
Introduction
Authors: Canals Jordi
Published: October 2011

This section discusses the factors that contribute to the changes experienced by the European banking industry, such as disintermediation, economic instability in international markets, deregulation in industrialized countries, and the creation of the European market in 1992. It considers the gradual integration of Eastern Europe into the economic system of the European Community as another factor of considerable interest. The chapter emphasizes that this book aims to describe the principal forces of change in the European banking industry and analyse the strategies of the more influential enterprises operating in this sector. It points out that the behaviour of 25 commercial banks in five European countries has been studied to achieve this objective and reports that the analysis is based mainly on information obtained from interviews with bank directors and documentation made public by the banks themselves.
The German Banking Industry
Authors: Canals Jordi
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the core of the German financial system and analyses the performance of German banks by looking at the Deutsche Bundesbank, the German central bank whose prudence in managing monetary policy and financial deregulation has fostered financial innovation in West Germany. It explains that it is possible to distinguish between two large groups of banks – the first is the group of universal banks which make up three-quarters of the sector's total business and includes three types of firms: commercial banks, savings banks, and credit cooperatives; the second group consists of those banks that offer more specialized services: mortgage banks, specialized banks, and postal-banking services. The chapter shows the dominance of universal banks over specialized banks, from the point of view of credit investment and shareholder assets, and adds that the comparative number of branches also confirms this.
The British Banking Industry
Authors: Canals Jordi
Published: October 2011

This chapter provides a structural overview of the British financial system. It notes that the UK has a long tradition as a premier financial centre and that this is a result not only of British political leadership at the international level in the nineteenth century, but also of the liberal approach to financial regulation. However, the chapter notes that the downturn of the economy and the rise of other international financial centres have caused London to lose some of its prominence. It indicates that the financial industry's importance to the British economy is the financial institutions' contribution to foreign exchange revenue in the balance of payments, and points out that the strong presence of foreign firms has unquestionably contributed to London's role as an international financial centre.
The Value-Creation Process in Banking
Authors: Canals Jordi
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the consequences of the determinant forces that have affected the evolution of the banking industry at the firm level. It explains that, in effect, the greater degree of rivalry in the sector, deregulation, and the increasing power of suppliers and buyers of funds, have significant consequences with regard to banks's results, and influence in one way or another their strategic choices. Thus, a decline in the margin of intermediation should be compensated by either an increase in other income from non-financial products, a reduction of capital costs, or a higher level of lending to maintain or improve profitability.