bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cohen, Exploitation, and Theft
Authors: Ehring Douglas
Published: April 2010

G. A. Cohen in “More on Exploitation and the Labour Theory of Value” defends the thesis that the Marxist charge of exploitation against the capitalist cannot be supported by way of the labour theory of value. He suggests an alternative, non-labour-theoretic argument for this charge which depends on premises he takes to be more obvious than the labour theory of value. Cohen claims that his argument (which he calls the “Plain Argument”) is the only way a Marxist couldjustify attributions of “exploitation” to the capitalist, if any such justification is possible. In this paper, I will argue that, given Cohen's objections to the labour-theoretic argument, his “Plain Argument” itself retains too great a similarity to that argument. A new interpretation of the basis of the charge of exploitation is offered which requires neither the labour theory nor that which is dubious in Cohen's formulation.
La logique illocutoire de Searle et Vanderveken
Authors: Lepage François
Published: April 2010

Foundations of Illocutionary Logic (FIL) de John Searle et Daniel Vanderveken constitue, à ma connaissance, la première suggestion sérieuse d'un cadre formel destiné à l'élaboration d'une logique de l'illocutoire. Les phénomènes illocutoires sont en effet d'une telle com-plexité que, souvent, les schèmes explicatifs proposés n'ont qu'une valeur très locale et ne constituent une explication que pour quelques exemples bien précis, ceux qui justement ont servi de base empirique sur laquelle ces schèmes se sont élaborés. La prévention de FIL est tout autre. On ne saurait en aucun cas faire un reproche de provincialisme aux auteurs dont le but explicite est d'élaborer un véritable cadre théorique général à l'intérieur duquel tous les phénomènes illocutoires pourront trouver une explication.
La question des jugements analytiques et des jugements synthétiques chez Kant et chez Wittgenstein
Authors: Lanteigne Josette
Published: April 2010

La confrontation Kant/Wittgenstein qui se dessine ici n'a pas pour objectif principal de présenter les doctrines des deux auteurs. Il s'agit plutôt de marier ces pensées qui ne le désirent pas, de profiter de la confrontation pour faire avancer le débat. Quel débat? Contrairement à I'ordre historique, il tire son origine de Wittgenstein: comment faut-il comprendre les prorèmes que soulève Wittgenstein, les interdits qu'il pose (bien que la grammaire n'«interdise» rien)? Certaines de ses affirmations ne peuvent tout simplement pas être des jugements analytiques, aurait dit Kant (en admettant que Wittgenstein n'aurait jamais prétendu énoncer autre chose que des jugements analytiques). Nombre de ses «remarques grammaticales» (et déjà lesErklärungen du Tractatus) ne sont évidemment pas des tautologies (puisqu'elles rendent nécessaire une réflexion), et la question se pose au moins de savoir comment elles sont possibles comme jugements analytiques.
Struggling With Conditionals
Authors: Brown Bryson
Published: April 2010

David Sanford's If P, Then Q is an ambitious book, aimed at two difficult tasks and addressed to two audiences. It combines a survey of historical and contemporary work on-conditionals with a presentation-of, Sanford's personal views. And it is addressed to both undergraduate students, without, logical training, and professionals seriously interested in conditionals. It is marred by the impossibility of achieving both aims in a book this size, and by the strains of simultaneously addressing audiences with such different needs and interests.
Les aspects philosophiques du connexionnisme
Authors: Meunier Jean-Guy
Published: April 2010

Ce livre prèsente les actes d'une conference qui se tenait à Vancouver en 1991 sur le thème general des aspects theoriques et philosophiques du connexionnisme. Les principaux problemes theoriques du connexionnisme y sont traités et ceci dans une certaine unité conceptuelle et argumentative. Les auteurs sont en général sympathiques à ce paradigme, mais leur contribution ne met pas moins en evidence certains problemes philosophiques importants. Sauf quelques articles techniques qui portent sur des expériences concrètes d'application, l'ensemble des textes se concentrent sur des reflexions theoriques. On y traite ainsi des questions de philosophie de l'esprit, de philosophie du langage et de psychologic Compte tenu de l'ampleur et de la diversitè de ces thèmes, cette recension prendra la forme d'une presentation thèmatique des principaux debats qui traversent l'ouvrage.
Le libéralisme politique de Rawls
Authors: Bonin Pierre-Yves
Published: April 2010

Dans les premières années qui ont suivi la parution de son monumentalA Theory of Justice(1971), Rawls s'est surtout employé dans quelques articles à répondre à ses critiques, à dissiper les malentendus ainsi qu'à expliciter certains aspects de sa théorie, sans proposer de changements significatifs. À partir de la publication desDewey Lectures(1980), sous la pression des critiques ou suivant le cours naturel de sa réflexion, Rawls a graduellement procéde à d'importantes révisions. Presque essentiellement préoccupé par la signification et la justification de sa théorie, et laissant à peu prés intacts sa structure et son contenu, Rawls a successivement élaboré une conception de la personne et de la société, développé une méthodologie contextualiste et constructiviste, limité considérablement la portée de sa théorie et finalement, pour encadrer le tout, proposé une interprétation politique de la «justice en tant qu'équité». Ces changements, que d'aucuns ont perçus comme un recul ou comme un important virage, n'ont pas toujours été, selon Rawls, bien compris. Dans son dernier ouvrage,Political Liberalism, qui, est-il besoin de le dire? était depuis longtemps attendu, Rawls rassemble et raffine ses nouvelles idées, les présente de façon systématique et, somme toute, convaincante.
Adam Morton on Dilemmas
Authors: Weirich Paul
Published: April 2010

Adam Morton treats decisions that are difficult because the options available serve incomparable desires. In the first part of the book he presents principles that address these dilemmas. In the second part he formulates a theory that categorizes the principles. And in the third part he applies the principles to some issues in ethics. To illustrate, let us consider one of the principles, its assignment to a category, and its application to an ethical issue.
Bashing the Enlightenment: A Discussion of Charles Taylor's Sources of the Self
Authors: de Sousa Ronald
Published: April 2010

This is a Big Book from one of Canada's preeminent philosophers. It aims at nothing less than to define what characterizes modernity, and then to tell us what is wrong with it. Like many a Big Book, it is predictably full of interesting things, and equally predictably disappointing, not to say feeble, in some of the central theses for which it argues. But then what more, in philosophy, can we really expect? It's what we tell our students: you don't have to be right, and you don't have to make me agree with you, but you do have to produce interesting arguments and show that you have thought seriously about the issues.
Reply to Braybrooke and de Sousa
Authors: Taylor Charles
Published: April 2010

These two interesting papers raise a number of important issues. I will limit myself, however, to drawing out some of the recurring questions, in order to keep myself from wandering too much down fascinating side alleys.

I cannot resist, however, beginning with what sounds like a digression. There is a lot of misunderstanding of what I was trying to say, especially in Braybrooke's paper. My author's reflex is to blame my readers. But a moment's quiet thought makes me aware of how far from totally clear I was. More than that, some of what is at issue between us is precisely the grid within which these questions should be debated. I am dissatisfied with the accepted way of putting some of these questions, and I want to propose new terms. It was inevitable that misunderstandings arise in these circumstances.
Marx and Rights
Authors: Corlett J. Angelo
Published: April 2010

It is often either assumed or argued that political liberalism respects rights, while Marxism does not. In fact, many believe that the omission of rights in communism counts decisively against the viability of Karl Marx's social philosophy. Is there room for rights in Marx's social philosophy?

This paper examines Allen E. Buchanan's interpretation of Marx's critique of rights. Contrary to Buchanan's view, I shall argue that Marx's critique of rights is limited rather than comprehensive in scope. I shall also set forth part of a foundation of a Marxian theory of rights.
Sleigh'sLeibniz and Arnauld
Authors: Macintosh J. J.
Published: April 2010

R. C. Sleigh'sLeibniz and Arnauld: A Commentary on Their Correspondenceis a very good book: it is detailed, clearly written, well argued and attentive to the historical background. The more I read it, the more I enjoyed it and the more I learned. Not only does it offer a wide variety of interesting points for the reader to agree and disagree with, it has, also, the virtue of pretty well forcing the reader to think about the issues involved and their connection with a variety of other philosophical problems. It breaks a good deal of new ground and, as is the way with new ground-breaking, it sometimes (explicitly) only scratches the surface: it points out both the need for further, more detailed investigations and the way in which such investigations might fruitfully proceed. By and large, however, it does a great deal more than scratch the surface: its depth of discussion is such that only a comparably sized book could hope to discuss in all their ramifications the problems raised (and often solved) by Sleigh.
Pour un nouvel empirisme
Authors: Auroux Sylvain
Published: April 2010

La connaissance est traditionnellement envisagée comme un processus mettant en rapport un sujet et un objet. Le processus peut être doublement orienté selon que l'on considère la réception de l'information par l e sujet, ou la représentation de l'objet qui peut avoir différentes modalités, parmi lesquelles je compte l'assertion de quelque chose quant à l'objet. Je schématise ces deux orientations de la façon suivante:

(1) I (O,S) = K1

(2) R (S,O) = K2

Prendre connaissance d'un manuel de mathématiques, être ébloui par une lumière vive, n'est pas identique à résoudre un problème de mathématiques, ou à savoir que la voiture qui vient en face n'a pas mis ses feux de croisement. Il y a bien lieu de distinguer deux types de connaissances: K1 et K2; je ne me préoccuperai pas de la question générale de l'identité des éléments de chacune et j'utiliserai les mêmes symboles S et O.
Psychology: Autonomous or Anomalous?
Authors: Kernohan Andrew
Published: April 2010

In a recent series of papers, Donald Davidson has put forward a challenging and original philosophy of mind which he has called anomalous monism. Anomalous monism has certain similarities to another recent and deservedly popular position: functionalist cognitive psychology. Both functionalism, in its materialist versions, and anomalous monism require token-token psychophysical identities rather than type-type ones. (Token identities are identities between individual events; type identities represent a stronger claim of identities between interesting sorts of events.) Both deny that psychology can be translated into, or scientifically reduced to, neurophysiology. Both are mentalistic theories, allowing psychology to make use of intentional descriptions in its theorizing. Anomalous monism uses a belief/desire/action psychology; cognitive science makes use of information-bearing states. But these similarities must not be allowed to conceal an essential difference between the two positions. Cognitive psychology claims to be a science, making interesting, lawlike generalizations for the purpose of explaining mental activity. Anomalous monism denies that psychology is a science by denying that psychological laws can be formulated. Davidson has other ideas for psychology connected with his work on meaning and truth. Hence, the title of one of his essays on anomalous monism is “Psychology as Philosophy”.
La force illocutionnaire est-elle une composante essentielle de la signification conventionnelle?
Authors: Seymour Michel
Published: April 2010

Une hypothèse fondamentale avancée par Searle et Vanderveken dans Foundations of Illocutionary Logic est que la force illocutionnaire est un élé;ment essentiel de la signification conventionnelle. La signification conventionnelle, qui est une propriété d'énoncé, s'oppose en gros ici à la signification intentionnelle, qui est une propriété prédiquée aux locuteurs. J'aimerais questionner certaines des motivations qui sont susceptibles de nous amener à accepter ce point de vue.
Causality and Agency: A Refutation of Hume
Authors: Gerwin Martin
Published: April 2010

In Book I of theTreatise of Human Nature, Hume examines the idea of necessary connection, which, he observes, forms an indispensable part of our idea of cause and effect. He concludes:

The idea of necessity arises from some impression. There is no impression convey'd by our senses, which can give rise to that idea. It must, therefore, by deriv'd from some internal impression, or impression of reflexion. There is no internal impression which has any relation to the present business, but that propensity, which custom produces, to pass from an object to the idea of its usual attendant. This therefore is the essence of necessity. Upon the whole, necessity is something, that exists in the mind, not in objects; nor is it possible for us ever to form the most distant idea of it, consider'd as a quality in bodies. Either we have no idea of necessity, or necessity is nothing but that determination of the thought to pass from causes to effects and from effects to causes, according to their experienced union.
Bodily Feeling in Emotion
Authors: Koch Philip J.
Published: April 2010

One might imagine that this remark of James was too obvious to be denied, but in fact current philosophical orthodoxy runs against it. Since the renewal of interest in the emotions produced by Anthony Kenny's Action Emotion and Will in 1963, philosophers have focussed primarily on the cognitive aspects of emotions—the judgments, evaluations, beliefs, presuppositions which they contain. Bodily feelings have been, on the whole, slighted. Sometimes they are dismissed outright, as by Robert Solomon: “feelings no more constitute or define the emotion than an army of fleas constitutes a homeless dog. … Feeling is the ornamentation of emotion, not its essence.”; more often, as in Jerome Neu, given only rather slight attention because “thoughts are of greater importance than feelings (in the narrow sense of felt sensations) in the classification and discrimination of emotional states”.
Aesthetics in Canada: The State of the Art
Authors: Cooper W. E.
Published: April 2010

Opuscula Aesthetica Nostra is a pioneering publishing effort, blazing a trail which specialists in other philosophical fields should consider following. It purports to represent what is happening in aesthetics throughout English-speaking and French-speaking Canada today, and in consequence it is an intriguing exercise in Canadian bilingualism. It purports also to show, as co-editor Calvin Seerveld says in the Preface, that “aesthetics deserves its own bona fide place in the national market place of ideas”; so the editors have reprinted strong previously published papers, in addition to soliciting new material on the occasion of the Tenth International Congress of Aesthetics held in Montreal in 1984. The result is a satisfying pot-pourri of ideas.
Canadian Philosophy from a Cosmopolitan Point of View
Authors: Stevenson J. T.
Published: April 2010

The title of my paper may lead the reader to expect an account of the content of Canadian philosophy, as seen from outside Canada. This is not my intention. In fact, I shall say very little indeed about the content of Canadian philosophy. What I shall offer, rather, is an apology for Canadian philosophy. The apology, needless to say, will not be apologetic; it will be anapologia, a clearing of the ground for a position. And the apology itself will be cosmopolitan, having a world-wide perspective.
Two Concepts of Community or Moral Theory and Canadian Culture
Authors: Cragg Wesley
Published: April 2010

One of the striking characteristics of contemporary moral philosophy is the speed with which philosophers in the English-speaking world have jettisoned their reluctance to address concrete ethical problems and dilemmas and have plunged into the field of applied ethics. No less interesting is the impact that the work of some of the more noted of them has had outside of strictly philosophical circles. One need only to mention John Rawls or H. L. A. Hart to make the point. It is no longer difficult to prove that these same trends are deeply entrenched amongst Canadian philosophers. A further parallel is suggested by the fact that a Canadian philosopher, George Grant, has also had a substantial impact on recent Canadian thought. The appearance of a parallel, however, is illusory. For while applied ethics certainly has its practitioners in Canada today, and while it is widely recognized that both American and British philosophers have had a substantial and philosophically respectable impact on their respective societies, there seems widespread resistance to the idea that philosophical reflection has a role to play in the development of a distinctive understanding of Canadian society. And there is widespread scepticism in professional philosophical circles in Canada that the work of George Grant is of genuine philosophical interest, whatever his popular reputation.
The Faces of Reason and Its Critics
Authors: Trott Elizabeth , Armour Leslie
Published: April 2010

The Faces of Reason, though it was mostly written in peaceful surroundings in Cleveland Heights, Ohio, arose in part out of a rather tumultuous debate about Canadian culture, its nature, its background, and its prospects. It also arose partly out of a consideration of philosophy in Canada and its failure, already evident in the 1960s, to deal with questions which seemed obvious to anyone with a grasp of Canadian intellectual history, but which never seemed to occur to the young philosophers from the United States and Britain who manned the growing number of philosophy departments in English Canada.
Entre la philosophie et la science: le reconstructionnisme herméneutique de J. Habermas
Authors: Piché Claude
Published: April 2010

Au moment où, dans la postface de 1973 à son livre Erkenntnis und Interesse, Habermas dresse le bilan des principales objections quilui ont été adressées, il est amené à faire état d'une distinction cruciale qui n'avait pas été dégagée de façon suffisamment claire dans le texte. Le point six de cette postface est intitulé « Reconstruction contre autocritique », et il débute comme suit:
The Restoration and Reproduction of Works of Art
Authors: Wreen Michael
Published: April 2010

In 1972, one of Michelangelo's earliest and best-known Pietàs was attacked by an evident lunatic. Fifteen times it was struck with a ninepound hammer; the Madonna's arm was broken in several places, her nose was knocked off, and her eye and veil were badly chipped. Immediately after the assault, and before knowing precisely what was needed to be replaced, the Director of the Vatican Museum, Redig de Campos, decided that integral restoration was called for.
Utilitarianism and Cooperation
Authors: Sobel Jordan Howard
Published: April 2010

Donald Regan's book is a study of forms of utilitarian theory and of properties to which these forms may aspire. He deals exclusively with “fully objective” theories that seek to systematize and set conditions for obligations that an agent is supposed to lie under as a consequence of features of situations in which he finds himself, with no dependence on his possibly defective beliefs, attitudes, and values (except as features of his situations). Metaethical questions concerning the nature of these obligations are not raised. And practical problems that could be encountered in attempts to apply these theories receive very little attention. They are said to lie outside the main project of the book which is to explain and then to circumvent a certain apparent logical impasse that utilitarianisms ca. 1980 are supposed to confront. The book consists for the most part of abstract, often very long and difficult, arguments, and detailed elaborations of a small number of minimally specified, highly artificial cases of the sort now common in semi-formal utilitarian theory. In the present note, while leaving unquestioned and unstated the presuppositions of Regan's book, I first outline its central two-stage “argument”. Next I explain several distinctions important to issues it addresses and relate these distinctions to several of Regan's theses. I then discuss prima facie cases against his main claim, according to which the apparent impasse that utilitarianisms confront is circumvented by a new utilitarian theory designed for the task.
Taking Rorty Seriously
Authors: Nielsen Kai
Published: April 2010

Richard Rorty est souvent vu comme une sorte de clone américain de Derrida et considéré, en tant que tel, comme irresponsable à la fois au plan philosophique et au plan politique. Je soutiens que c'est là une caricature. Rorty propose à la fois une version unifiée, pénétrante et raisonnée du pragmatisme, et une métaphilosophie originale et stimulante, imprégnée de la tradition analytique et qui, tout en lui adressant un défi de taille, lui reste néanmoins tout à fait accessible. Tel est mon propos principal. J'ai deux sous-thèmes: 1) que Rorty a été caricaturé par la gauche; et 2) qu'une position comme celle de Rorty et celle du marxisme analytique peuvent être compatibles.
Antigone's Transgression: Hegel and Bataille on the Divine and the Human
Authors: Burke Victoria I.
Published: April 2010

Cet article concerne le conflit entre le domaine du divin et celui de l'humain dans la lecture hégélienne de l'Antigone de Sophocle. Je soutiens que la lecture de l'Antigone par Hegel sous-estime la négativité du sacré et que, contrairement à ce que pense Hegel, l'action d'Antigone ne peut pas être dépassée (kann nicht aufgehoben werden), parce que son telos n'est pas l'unité, mais plutôt le rétablissement de ce que Bataille appellerait la continuité, ou l'indifférencié. Le sens du récit de l'Antigone excède ainsi l'usage qu'en fait Hegel et s'accorde davantage avec la compréhension du sacré proposée par Bataille.
Dretske on Naturalizing Experience
Authors: Switankowsky Irene Sonia
Published: April 2010

Many theorists in epistemology and mind accept externalism with respect to content–namely, the claim that the conditions that individuate mental content are external to the occurrence of that content as a mental fact. Whatever it is that distinguishes a pain in the knee from a pain in the toe—or, alternatively, whatever it is that makes it possible for the subject to discriminate this pain as a pain in the knee from that pain as a pain in the toe—are factors and conditions located in the physical and external world. This much externalism seems to be required even if one is a thoroughly entrenched mentalist. This “content externalism” is captured, fairly effectively, by the more traditional distinction between concepts and percepts. What is then asserted by the mentalist is that concepts have their source or origin in the external world, but the perceptual content does not. Perceptual content can be identified in different ways which are: (1) the view that identifies the distinguishing feature of the perceptual with qualia, a position not far removed from the Lockean distinction between Primary and Secondary qualities; or, (2) the perceptual might also be characterized in terms of representationalism, where qualia are an essential part of the representational medium, but where the representational medium contains conceptual content as well. In either case, the perceptual is Type and/or Token distinct from whatever is the external physical conditions or states of affairs causally responsible for the occurrence of either the conceptual content or the perceptual content. An argument for the claim that percepts (colours, sounds, smells, touches, and so on) are essential and necessary is that, without such percepts, there can be no experience.
L'architecture a-t-elle une fonction éthique? À propos d'un livre de Karsten Harries
Authors: Lagueux Maurice
Published: April 2010

Vu l'intérêt croissant que l'on porte aux questions éthiques dans le monde contemporain, on ne s'étonne plus de voir se multiplier les travaux qui discutent la façon dont ces questions se posent dans telle ou telle discipline. Or parmi celles-ci, l'architecture occupe une place assez particulière. Dans la mesure où l'on a affaire à l'un des beaux-arts, il ne va pas de soi que l'on puisse attribuer à l'architecture une fonction éthique, tant il est vrai que l'artiste authentique est en droit de revendiquer une sorte de liberté qui se prête mal au respect inconditionnel d'impératifs d'origine morale. Toutefois, comme l'architecture est un art dont le propre est de répondre à un besoin fondamental de l'être humain, soit celui de trouver un abri et un lieu propice à l'habitation, au travail, à l'étude, au recueillement, à la détente ou à quelque autre activité jugée importante, les architectes ont rarement eu beaucoup de mal à se reconnaître une sorte de responsabilité sociale susceptible de conférer à leur travail une authentique dimension éthique.
From Berkeley to Bourbaki
Authors: Urquhart Alasdair
Published: April 2010

This has been a great century for logic and the foundations of mathematics. Ewald's excellent sourcebook is a welcome addition to the literature on the exciting developments of this and the past two centuries. The richness of the material on which Ewald is drawing is shown by the fact that he has assembled a broad and representative selection without once duplicating anything to be found in the famous sourcebooks of van Heijenoort and Benacerraf/Putnam.
Socrates of Athens, Philosopher of Religion
Authors: Hutchinson D. S.
Published: April 2010

In The Religion of Socrates, Mark McPherran offers an extended discussion of selected evidence about Socrates's philosophy of religion. Relevant passages from Plato's Euthyphro and Apology are taken to be authentic reports of Socrates's own thinking, and are commented on at considerable length. The interpretation that emerges is supplemented by evidence from other works by Plato (treated more cautiously) and from Xenophon's Memorabilia (treated more hesitantly). The ten-page bibliography is useful, and the index of passages is especially valuable. But McPherran's evidence is tendentiously selected, and so his depiction cannot be trusted as a portrayal of Socrates himself.
L'affect est-il toujours conscient?
Authors: Vachon Gérard
Published: April 2010

Dans son article de 1915 sur l'inconscient, Freud pose la question suivante: « Nous disions qu'il y avait des représentations conscientes et des représentations inconscientes; mais y a-t-il aussi des motions pulsion-nelles, des sentiments, des sensations inconscients, ou bien, dans leur cas, de telles alliances de mots sont-elles dénuées de sens?»
Externalism and Scepticism
Authors: Butler Keith
Published: April 2010

L'externalisme permet-il, de concert avec certaines thèses plausibles concernant la connaissance de soi, une réfutation a priori de certaines formes de scepticisme? Cette perspective sourit à certains, tandis que d'autres craignent que cela ne révèle le caractère trop compromettant de l'externalisme sur le plan épistémologique. Je soutiens ici qu'on peut contrer l'argument en question et bloquer la réfutation a priori du scepticisme. Au bout du compte, cependant, des tensions logiques demeurent entre l'externalisme et le scepticisme, de sorte que la menace d'limplications épistémologiques trop fortes continue de planer sur l'externalisme.
On Being Perfect and Doing the Right Thing
Authors: Isaacs Tracy
Published: April 2010

J'examine ici la plausibilité du perfectionnisme, compris comme une théorie morale dotée d'une structure conséquentialiste maximisante et du principe d'action suivant: maximise la valeur perfectionniste. Je soutiens que: 1) la structure en question ne répond pas aux préoccupations principales qui ont été responsables de l'intérêt récent pour ce type de théorie; 2) le principe d'action n'a que l'apparence de la précision; 3) nous ne pouvons promouvoir la valeur perfectionniste, vue comme une exigence morale, qu'en l'intégrant à un cadre moral pluraliste; et 4) si nous l'intégrons à un cadre moral pluraliste, alors le principe requérant sa promotion ne peut pas être un principe de maximisation.
Psychoanalysis as a Hermeneutics of the Subject: Freud, Ricoeur, Lacan
Authors: Franke William
Published: April 2010

La connaissance herméneutique est généralement définie comme un savoir engagé, par opposition au savoir détaché que produit la méthode scientifique. La tension entre ces deux modèles dans la théorie psychanalytique de Freud est ici mise en évidence avec l'aide de Ricœur: cette théorie interprète des intentions conscientes, mais explique en même temps la vie psychique d'une façon mécaniste en termes depulsions somatiques. On montre ensuite comment le développement lacanien de la psychanalyse rend l'être habituellement caché de la subjectivité—l'inconscient—accessible comme langage. Structuré comme un langage, l'inconscient est articulé et interprétable; et son interprétation est accès au langage du «réel», par-delà les limites de l'objectivité scientifique.
Searle Rediscovers What Was Not Lost
Authors: Kenyon Tim
Published: April 2010

John Searle's The Rediscovery of the Mind comprises two related projects. The first is to show that philosophy of mind since Descartes has been not merely false, but obviously false. The materialist tradition—as Searle encapsulates behaviourism, type and token identity theories, functionalism, Artificial Intelligence, and eliminativism—consists of more or less crazy positions, with a crucial shared trait: they “leave out” the mind, the very thing they were to explain. Searle's second concern is to sketch his own theory of mind, a “common-sense” view that is, he claims, obviously true, and thus is a sharp departure from the madness of the various received views of this century.
Internal Recurrence
Authors: Ross Don
Published: April 2010

Paul Churchland does not open his latest book,The Engine of Reason, the Seat of the Soul, modestly. He begins by announcing, “This book is about you. And me … More broadly still, it is about every creature that ever swam, or walked, or flew over the face of the Earth” (p. 3). A few sentences later, he says, “Fortunately, recent research into neural networks … has produced the beginnings of a real understanding of how the biological brain works—a real understanding, that is, of howyouwork, and everyone else like you” (p. 3). The implicit identification here of “me and you and everyone” with “the biological brain” might lead an uncharitable reader to view Churchland's book as “Eliminativism for the non-specialist,” that is, as an attempt to popularize the view of the mindbody problem with which, among his professional peers, Churchland has long been identified. However, I think that such a readingwouldbe uncharitable. He is, of course, frequently sceptical about the utility of folk psychology, but in this book he is much less concerned to disparage folk psychology as a failedtheory(by contrast with, for example, the arguments in Churchland 1979) than to urge the more modest view that the more we understand the brain, the better we shall be at helping those whose brains are damaged in ways that interfere seriously with the fulfilment of their lives. Hence, I am inclined to take him at his word when he says in the Preface that “The book is motivated first of all by sheer excitement over the new picture that is now emerging … [and] … also by the idea that this is information that the public needs to know” (p. xi). What excites Churchland so, at least overtly, is not the negative thesis he has defended elsewhere that folk-psychological terms fail to refer; his enthusiasm is mainly reserved for the positive thesis that minds are, essentially, interacting assemblies of recurrent neural networks. It is therefore this positive thesis, and Churchland's defence of it, that I will assess in the following discussion.
Marxism and Moralism
Authors: Simpson Evan
Published: April 2010

Moral philosophers continue to divide on the conundrum of Marx and morality — how a ferocious moral critic of nineteenth-century capitalism could also denounce morality as an ideological snare and delusion. In Marxism and the Moral Point of View, Kai Nielsen brings together many years of thought on both terms of the question, rightly seeking a balance between Marx's moralism and Marx's anti-moralism.
«La Nature, la raison, l'expérience…» ou la réfutation du matérialisme dans l'apologétique chrétienne des Lumières
Authors: Boulad-Ayoub Josiane
Published: April 2010

On sait le tollé qui entoura vers le dernier quart du XVIIIe siècle la publication du Système de la nature de d'Holbach (1770), le nombre de «réfutations» qui surgirent de toutes parts pour pourfendre le livre outrageant vite apparu comme la véritable bible du matérialisme moderne. Pourtant, parmi les critiques du Système celui qui se détache comme le champion incontestable, car le plus implacable du point de vue de la force théorique et tout aussi systématique ou virulent que son adversaire, n'est qu'un modeste abbé: l'abbé Bergier, remarquablement bien au fait des idées de la nouvelle philosophie et de ses progrès. Bergier conduit méthodiquement une réfutation des thèses ontologiques, morales et politiques de son adversaire en les sapant au niveau des principes d'abord et en dégageant ensuite leurs conséquences pernicieuses par rapport à l'ordre existant.
Descartes: la primauté du libre vouloir sur la raison
Authors: Schouls Peter
Published: April 2010

On suppose généralement que Descartes fait jouer au libre vouloir un rôle secondaire par rapport à celui de la raison. Dans ce texte, j'avan cerai que sur certains points d'importance cruciale, c'est le libre vouloir cartésien qui possède la primauté sur la raison.
Le réalisme scientifique de Feyerabend
Authors: Baertschi Bernard
Published: April 2010

Les attaques que Feyerabend a dirigées depuis un certain temps contre les conceptions dominantes de la rationalité scientifique, celles des inductivistes et de Popper principalement, sont intimement liées à sa manière d'envisager l'opposition entre le réalisme scientifique et l'instrumentalisme, c'est-à-dire entre deux thèses concernant les rapports de la rèalité et de la connaissance scientifique. C'est ce dernier point que nous aimerions aborder ici, dans le projet d'y apporter un certain nom-bre de clarifications, qui permettront aussi de montrer que les difficultés que Feyerabend a cru trouver recemment dans la position realiste, et qui ont provoqué une modification de ses conceptions, viennent de ce qu'il n'a pas vu toute l'importance de certaines distinctions.
Une solution pour le paradoxe de Goodman
Authors: Franceschi Paul
Published: April 2010

In the classical version of Goodman's Paradox, the universe where the problem takes place is ambiguous. The conditions of induction being accurately described, I define then a framework of n-universes, allowing the distinction, among the criteria of a given n-universe, between constants and variables. Within this framework, I distinguish between two versions of the problem, respectively taking place: (i) in ann-universe the variables of which are colour and time; (ii) in ann-universe the variables of which are colour, time, and space. Finally, I show that each of these versions admits a specific resolution.
Is Hume's Epistemology Internalist or Externalist?
Authors: Meeker Kevin
Published: April 2010

Les philosophes distinguent souvent entre les théories internalistes et externalistes de la connaissance. Après avoir expliqué cette distinction, je défends l'idée que la théorie de la connaissance de Hume doit préférablement être vue comme étant de type internaliste. En outre, je soutiens que la version humienne de l'internalisme consolide une interprétation sceptique de Hume plutôt qu'une interprétation naturaliste. Mon objectif n'est pas seulement d'adresser un nouveau défi aux interprétations naturalistes de Hume, mais aussi d'inviter à une étude plus approfondie de plusieurs questions qui méritent l'attention si nous devons développer une compréhension adéquate de la théorie de la connaissance de cet auteur.
Le problème de la clôture politique selon Daniel Jacques
Authors: Tanguay Daniel
Published: April 2010

L'attachement aux coutumes locales tient à tous les sentiments désintéressés, nobles et pieux. Quelle politique deplorable que celle qui en fait de la rébellion! Qu'arrive-t-il? Que dans tous les États où l'on détruit ainsi toute vie partielle, un petit État se forme au centre: dans la capitale s'agglomèrent tous les intérêts: là vont s'agiter toutes les ambitions: le reste est immobile. Les individus, perdus dans un isolement contre nature, étrangers au lieu de leur naissance, sans contact avec le passé, ne vivant que dans un présent rapide, et jetés comme des atomes sur une plaine immense et nivelée, se détachent d'une patrie qu'ils n'aperçoivent nulle part, et dont l'ensemble leur devient indifférent, parce que leur affection ne peut se reposer sur aucune de ses parties.
The Safeguarded Self
Authors: Mullin Amy
Published: April 2010

Nietzsche writes about the common temptation to take the capacity for consciousness as constituting the “kernel of man; what is abiding, eternal, ultimate, and most original in him. One takes consciousness for a determinate magnitude. One denies it growth and intermittences. One takes it for the ‘unity of the organism’.” The very description of the nature of this unified organism is indicative of reasons one might wish to believe in it. It is “abiding” and “eternal.” Nothing in the world poses a threat to its existence or survival. This temptation and Hegel's complicated response to it are the subject of this essay. In particular I will investigate the accuracy of Adorno's claims that Hegel is untrue to his own insights into the dialectical nature of the self, and that Hegel's self-betrayal is due to the the fact that “like Kant and the entire philosophical tradition including Plato, Hegel is a partisan of unity.”
Anne Conway, Henry More and their World
Authors: Loptson Peter
Published: April 2010

Marjorie Hope Nicolson's The Conway Letters is, simultaneously, a work of so many different kinds, and offers itself to so many distinct cultural and intellectual constituencies, that it is difficult to include them all, and impossible to assign them priority or precedence. It is first of all, though, a delightful and important book. It has been out of print for a great many years, the original edition of 1930 long ago sold out. So its reappearance in a new edition, with extensive revisions and additions by Sarah Hutton, is very much to be applauded and welcomed.
Les arguments de Newton concernant l'existence du mouvement, de l'espace et du temps absolus
Authors: Gagnon Maurice
Published: April 2010

Le présent essai examine d'abord les notions newtoniennes d'espace et de temps absolus en elles-mêmes et dans leurs relations réciproques, puis ensuite dans leurs rapports avec d'autres notions connexes comme celles de lieu et de mouvement, en prenant pour base le Scholium qui fait suite aux définitions formulées au début des Principia mathematica philosophiae naturalis. La seconde partie analyse les arguments et precédés utilisés par Newton pour identifier des mouvements absolus, et prouver ainsi que de tels mouvements existent. La troisième partie montre en quel sens il faut entendre que ces mouvements sont « absolus », et pourquoi on ne peut en tirer une preuve ultérieure de l'existence d'un temps et d'un espace absolus et subsistants.
Feinberg's Theory of “Preposthumous” Harm
Authors: Waluchow W. J.
Published: April 2010

In his recent book, Harm to Others, Joel Feinberg addresses the question whether a person can be harmed after his or her own death, that is, whether posthumous harm is a logical possibility. There is a very strong tendency to suppose that harm to the dead is simply inconceivable. After all, there cannot be harm without a subject to be harmed, but when death occurs it appears to obliterate the subject thus excluding the possibility of harm. On the other hand, there is an inclination to believe that harmful events can indeed occur posthumously. As Aristotle observed, “a dead man is popularly believed to be capable of having both good and ill fortune—honour and dishonour and prosperity and the loss of it among his children and descendants generally—in exactly the same way as if he were alive but unaware or unobservant of what was happening”. Feinberg sides with Aristotle on this issue and develops an intriguing theory purporting to show how posthumous harms are possible. My intention in this paper is to argue that Feinberg's account meets with such serious difficulties that we must either develop an alternative theory or agree with those who claim that death logically excludes the possibility of harm. I shall begin in §2 with a brief sketch of Feinberg's provocative theory. This will be followed in §3 by my comments and criticisms. Section 4 will close with suggestions about where Feinberg's account goes wrong and how it might be repaired.
On War and Innocence
Authors: Westra Laura
Published: April 2010

In this paper I propose to examine a notion often used in assessing the morality of war: “innocence”. Assessments of innocence within this context range from Nagel's straightforward working definition of ”currently harmless”, to Richard Wasserstrom's painstakingly legalistic assessment, to Anscombe's definition and discussion of innocence and responsibility.
On Hacking on Representing and Intervening
Authors: Van Evra James
Published: April 2010

One major part of Representing and Intervening is completely without blemish. In it we find Ian Hacking busy puncturing received opinions about science in his usual lucid and engaging style. If you think, for instance, that scientists decide what exists by passively observing the passing show, Hacking has news for you. Similarly, if you think that experiments exist just to test theories, or that science begins and ends with theories, or that within science as practised there is even any univocal rendering of the term “theory”, you are equally on the verge of surprise.
Pseudagnostus rugosusErgaliev, 1980: a key agnostoid species for intercontinental correlation of upper Furongian (Cambrian) strata
Authors: TERFELT FREDRIK , AHLBERG PER
Published: April 2010

Pseudagnostus rugosusErgaliev, 1980 is described from the FurongianCtenopyge tumidaZone at Gislövshammar, Scania, southern Sweden. This is the first record of this distinctive agnostoid in Scandinavia. The species is known previously from Malyi Karatau, Kazakhstan, and northwestern Hunan and western Zhejiang, South China, and provides a newly recognized link between middle–upper Furongian successions in Baltica, Kazakhstan and South China. The occurrences ofP. rugosusallow a correlation between theC. tumidaZone of Baltica, the lowerEolotagnostus scrobicularis–JegorovaiaZone of Kazakhstan and the lowerLotagnostus americanusZone of South China.
HIGH VISIBILITY, LOW PROFILE: THE SHIʿA IN OMAN UNDER SULTAN QABOOS
Authors: Valeri Marc
Published: April 2010

If the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003 has produced unprecedented consequences for the internal policies of Middle Eastern regimes, this is not related to the upsurge of democratization that was supposed to spread like a contagion through the neighboring countries. Rather, it is due to the increased impact of the Shiʿi issue on the national political agendas of many Arab states. Following the collapse of Saddam Hussein's regime, many observers thus drew attention to the emergence of what they regarded as a Shiʿi “revival” in the Middle East—a perception that the military success of the Lebanese Hizbullah against Israel in the summer of 2006 seemed to confirm.
MIGRATION, WAR, AND THE MAKING OF A TRANSNATIONAL LEBANESE SHIʿI COMMUNITY IN SENEGAL
Authors: Leichtman Mara A.
Published: April 2010

The July 2006 Lebanon war was an important turning point for West African Lebanese. For the first time since their formation as a community, the Lebanese in Senegal organized a demonstration in Dakar displaying solidarity with Lebanon. This protest illuminates the dynamics between global forces and local responses. Hizbullah's effectiveness in winning the international public opinion of both Sunni and Shiʿi Muslims in the war against Israel led to a surge in Lebanese diaspora identification, even among communities who had not been similarly affected by previous Lebanese wars. By analyzing the role of a Lebanese shaykh in bringing religious rituals and a Lebanese national identity to the community in Senegal, this article explores how members of the community maintain political ties to Lebanon even when they have never visited the “homeland” and sheds new light on the relationship among religion, migration, and (trans)nationalism.
NECESSARY NUDES: ḤADĀTHA AND MUʿĀṢIRA IN THE LIVES OF MODERN LEBANESE
Authors: Scheid Kirsten
Published: April 2010

In Beirut between 1920 and 1940, the fine-art nude was a necessary genre. Exhibitions of these pictures put audiences on display as much as nudes. Thus, these events enable probing the role of art at intercultural junctures and understanding the experience of self-modernizing subjects outside metropolitan locales. Al-ḥadātha and al-muʿāṣira are analyzed as complementary but noninterchangeable aspects of the modernizing project, to argue that viewing art and appreciating nudes were necessary components of an urban, modern identity for Mandate-era Beirutis. The concept of dislocation is introduced to explore why artists such as Moustapha Farroukh employed academic art formulae to intervene in representational conventions and, in doing so, dislocated common ways of seeing and relating to “Easterners.” Nude paintings evince the importance of intellectuals’ physical and aesthetic experiences in the production of modernity. Moreover, they complicate the common idea that “authenticity” opposed “modernity” in Arab and colonial settings.
ARABIC INSTRUCTION IN JEWISH SCHOOLS AND IN UNIVERSITIES IN ISRAEL: CONTRADICTIONS, SUBVERSION, AND THE POLITICS OF PEDAGOGY
Authors: Uhlmann Allon J.
Published: April 2010

Arabic instruction in Israel's Jewish sector fails to meet the desires and expectations of educators and other stakeholders. Too few study Arabic, and their subsequent command of the language is poor. This is notwithstanding the high national priority that is accorded to Arabic instruction. The article reviews the educational policies and practices that produce this result and the dynamics that make them intractable. Arabic instruction is approached as a social field of practice. The sectarian nature of Zionism—especially the de-Arabization of Jews and the pervasive segregation between Jews and Arabs—proves decisive, although contradictory and unpredictable, in shaping the field. This influence is mediated through the practice of such stakeholders as Military Intelligence, universities, teachers, parents, pupils, and principals. Also crucial are the different economic and cultural valuations of languages, the bureaucratic/institutional structure of the field, and the effects of the very structure of the Arabic language.