bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modern Means of Evidence Collection and their Effects on the Accused Privacy: The US Law
Authors: Abdelhameed Adam Mohamed Ahmed , Hassan Kamal Halili
Published: February 2019

The objective of this article is to discuss modern means of evidence collection by the enforcement agencies and their effects on the accused privacy under the United States’ law. Focus of this article is on the modern means of evidence collection such as electronic surveillance, wiretapping and technology eavesdropping, among others. In the age of modern technology, the objective of revealing the truth and instituting justice has encouraged those with an interest in matters of criminal justice to use modern means beside or instead of the conventional means of evidence collection. Resorting to modern means is premised on the need for criminal proceedings to reflect the circumstances and level of progress of the society where it has been taken. The main problem here however is that there is a possibility of the law enforcement interest in prosecution to be favored and the accused rights to be underrated. We found that at the US federal level, the accused’s privacy right is one of the rights included in the Bill of Rights in 1791 (Fourth Amendment) and supported by many case-law. The article adopts a legal analysis approach which is an accepted form of a qualitative method in social science research.
State Responsibility and the Question of Expropriation: A Preliminary to the “Land Expropriation without Compensation” Policy in South Africa
Authors: Kwarteng Abdul Hamid , Botchway Thomas Prehi
Published: February 2019

Expropriation is a right granted to States under international law; however this right does not guarantee States to abuse their power to unlawfully seize properties without following due process or paying the right compensation. In August 2018, the president of South Africa proposed a bill that would allow the government to expropriate land without compensation and this bill has attracted the attention of both scholars of international law and foreign investors.

With a qualitative approach and a cross sectional analysis of data, this article seeks to analyze the nature of this bill to determine whether it infringes on the principles and practice of international law, as well as the likely consequences that the bill could have on the global image of South Africa and foreign direct investment in the country. The research approach allowed the authors to analyze important literature while making inferences to cases of expropriation in different parts of the world and juxtaposing them with South Africa’s intended policy.

The article concludes that one of the main critical issues for determining the lawful nature of expropriation is that it should be accompanied by an appropriate, adequate, effective, and prompt compensation, and as such not only does this bill constitute to a breach of international law but it will also damage the economy by scaring foreign investors away. In addition, the State would be compelled to spend millions of the already limited resources of the country in defending itself against international lawsuits that will be filed by affected individuals. It is thus suggested that a much better approach for land reform should be adopted by the government in its quest for development.
Design, Synthesis, and Spectroscopic Study of 7-Azaindolyl Hydrazones with Anti-Breast Cancer Activity
Authors: Dongare Sakharam B. , Bandgar Babasaheb P. , Bhale Pravin S. , Shringare Sadanand N. , Chavan Hemant V.
Published: February 2019

A series of 7-azaindolyl hydrazones were prepared by reacting of hydrazides of 7-azaindole-3-acetic acids with aromatic aldehydes and N-substituted indolyl-3-carboxyaldehydes. Structure of all the synthesized compounds were satisfactorily correlated by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectroscopic evidences. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their possible anticancer potential against MCF-7 induced breast carcinoma. It is worth mentioning that most of the compounds were considerably active against MCF-7 cell line with GI50 values ranging from 22.3–81.0 μM. The hydrazones of N-1-substituted indole-3-carboxyaldehydes 9f, 9g, 9h, 9c, and 9j were active against MCF-7 cell line with GI50 values less than 40 μM (GI50 = 22.3 and 24.9, 29.6, 30.2 and 37.8 μM respectively) with moderate TGI values (TGI = 56.6, 59.5, 65.5, 70.7 and 94.6 μM respectively). The active compounds were also screened against the normal Vero monkey cell line, which showed moderate selectivity against inhibition of cancer cells.
Patient attitudes toward novel glaucoma drug delivery approaches
Authors: Wang Benjamin B. , Lin Michael M. , Nguyen Thuan , Turalba Angela V.
Published: February 2019

PurposeUnderstanding patients’ attitudes toward novel therapeutic options can help guide providers in personalizing treatment regimens for glaucoma patients. This study aimed to determine factors associated with acceptance of new drug delivery options among glaucoma patients.

MethodsA total of 199 patient volunteers participated in an interviewer-administered survey from June to August 2016 at the Glaucoma Service of Massachusetts Eye and Ear. The questionnaire was designed to determine acceptance of 6 drug delivery approaches: (1) triple combination eye drop, (2) microdose eye spray, (3) drug-eluting contact lens, (4) drug-eluting periocular ring insert, (5) injectable subconjunctival drug insert, and (6) injectable anterior chamber implant. Other factors analyzed included self-reported demographics, disease severity, and prior ocular history.

ResultsThe average respondent age was 63.2 ± 15.1 years; 48% were female. For approaches 1-6 listed above, overall acceptance rates were, respectively, 85%, 54%, 31%, 43%, 32%, and 30%. Patients with greater disease severity and prior incisional glaucoma surgery were more likely to pursue alternatives to traditional eye drops.

ConclusionsThere is limited acceptance of alternatives to traditional eye drop medications among glaucoma patients. Understanding motivating factors and potential barriers to patient acceptance of novel drug delivery approaches is important in how providers will incorporate these glaucoma treatment options into practice.
Irrational beliefs
Authors: Žeželj Iris , Lazarević Ljiljana B.
Published: February 2019

Irrational beliefs are often used as an umbrella term that comprises a variety of psychological constructs: from specific cognitive biases to a wider class of epistemologically suspect beliefs (superstitions, paranormal and pseudoscientific beliefs, conspiracy theories etc.) or cognitive styles (analytical versus intuitive thinking), but also unsubstantiated self-related beliefs. This collection of papers illustrates this diversity well. Apart from the descriptive portion of the data, which has merit on its own, the authors provide important methodological innovations in the way these beliefs are measured, but also look deeper in their functionality and consequences.
La famille élargie, incontournable chez les Innus
Authors: Guay Christiane , Grammond Sébastien , Delisle-L'Heureux Catherine
Published: February 2019

La famille est au coeur du tissu social des communautés autochtones. Or, contrairement aux sociétés occidentales, les Autochtones ont une conception élargie de la famille. En se fondant sur des récits biographiques de membres de la communauté innue d’Uashat mak Mani-Utenam, le présent texte explore plusieurs facettes du concept de famille élargie. Pour les Innus, la famille élargie donne lieu à un ensemble de devoirs et d’obligations. La cohabitation et la garde coutumière constituent des exemples de formes spécifiques de relations qui découlent du concept de famille élargie. On peut concevoir celle-ci comme un ensemble de cercles concentriques, avec l’enfant au centre, qui définissent des rôles spécifiques. Les allochtones qui interviennent auprès des Innus doivent nécessairement tenir compte de ces spécificités de la famille élargie.
A short history of plant transformation
Authors: Somssich Marc
Published: February 2019

The 1977 discovery that Agrobacterium tumefaciens inserts a specific piece of DNA into the plant cell genome triggered a race towards the first transgenic plant. Three groups were initially involved in the race, a fourth group entered later on. This race ended in 1983 with four labs publishing their own transgenic plant cell lines. This scientific breakthrough triggered the plant-biotechnology industry, and advanced the field of plant science like hardly any other. Who won the race? Here’s 'A Short History of Plant Transformation'.
Fish nursery value of algae habitats in temperate coastal reefs
Authors: Hinz Hilmar , Reñones Olga , Gouraguine Adam , Johnson Andrew F , Moranta Joan
Published: February 2019

The nursery function of coastal habitats is one of the most frequently mentioned and recognized ecosystem services in the valuation of coastal ecosystems. Despite its importance our understanding of the precise habitat parameters and mechanisms that make a habitat important as a nursery area is still limited for many species. The study aimed to establish the importance of different algae morphotypes in providing shelter and food for juvenile coastal fish during the main settlement peaks in early spring and late summer in littoral rocky reef systems in the Northwestern Mediterranean. The results of our study showed strong seasonal differences in algae cover, composition and height between the two sampling periods. Overall, during spring the algae were well developed, while in late summer, both density and height, of most algae decreased considerably. Equally, prey biomass, in form of suitable sized invertebrate fauna associated to the algae, decreased. Accordingly, the shelter and food for the fish settling in this habitat during late summer were less abundant, indicating a mismatch between the observed presence of juvenile fish and optimal habitat conditions. Differences in prey densities were detected between algae morphotypes, with structurally more complex algae, such as Cystoseira spp. and Halopteris spp consistently contain more prey independent of season compared to simpler structured morphotypes such as many Dictoytales. The study furthermore related juvenile fish density to habitats dominated by different algae morphotypes. Out of the three-study species (Diplodus vulgaris, Symphodus ocellatus, Coris julis) only S. ocellatus showed a significant association with an algae habitat. S. ocellatus related positively to habitats dominated by Dictoytales which provided the highest cover during late summer but had the lowest prey densities. A strong association of this species with Cystoseira as reported by other studies could not be confirmed. Cystoseira was abundant within the study area but in a state of dieback showing loss and reduced height of foliage, typical for the time of year within the study area. It is therefore likely that algae-fish associations are context dependent and that several algae species may fulfil similar functions. We also discovered that prey biomass did not appear to have an important effect on juvenile abundances. Nevertheless, the availability of prey may influence juvenile fish condition, growth performance and ultimately long-term survival. We therefore suggest that future studies on habitat quality should also include, besides abundance, indicators related to the condition and growth of juveniles.
Membrane bridging by Munc13-1 is crucial for neurotransmitter release
Authors: Quade Bradley , Camacho Marcial , Zhao Xiaowei , Orlando Marta , Trimbuch Thorsten , Xu Junjie , Li Wei , Nicastro Daniela , Rosenmund Christian , Rizo Josep
Published: February 2019

Munc13-1 plays a crucial role in neurotransmitter release. We recently proposed that the C-terminal region encompassing the C1, C2B, MUN and C2C domains of Munc13-1 (C1C2BMUNC2C) bridges the synaptic vesicle and plasma membranes through interactions involving the C2C domain and the C1-C2B region. However, the physiological relevance of this model has not been demonstrated. Here we show that C1C2BMUNC2C bridges membranes through opposite ends of its elongated structure. Mutations in putative membrane-binding sites of the C2C domain disrupt the ability of C1C2BMUNC2C to bridge liposomes and to mediate liposome fusion in vitro. These mutations lead to corresponding disruptive effects on synaptic vesicle docking, priming, and Ca2+-triggered neurotransmitter release in mouse neurons. Remarkably, these effects include an almost complete abrogation of release by a single residue substitution in this 200 kDa protein. These results show that bridging the synaptic vesicle and plasma membranes is a central function of Munc13-1.
The Norwegian Historical Data Centre as a National Infrastructure
Authors: Thorvaldsen Gunnar
Published: February 2019

Presentation given at UiT Digital Humanities Conference 2017
Quantitative heterodonty in Crocodylia: assessing size and shape across modern and extinct taxa
Authors: D’Amore Domenic C. , Harmon Megan , Drumheller Stephanie K. , Testin Jason J.
Published: February 2019

Heterodonty in Crocodylia and closely related taxa has not been defined quantitatively, as the teeth rarely have been measured. This has resulted in a range of qualitative descriptors, with little consensus on the condition of dental morphology in the clade. The purpose of this study is to present a method for the quantification of both size- and shape-heterodonty in members of Crocodylia. Data were collected from dry skeletal and fossil specimens of 34 crown crocodylians and one crocodyliform, resulting in 21 species total. Digital photographs were taken of each tooth and the skull, and the margins of both were converted into landmarks and semilandmarks. We expressed heterodonty through Foote’s morphological disparity, and a principal components analysis quantified shape variance. All specimens sampled were heterodont to varying degrees, with the majority of the shape variance represented by a ‘caniniform’ to ‘molariform’ transition. Heterodonty varied significantly between positions; size undulated whereas shape was significantly linear from mesial to distal. Size and shape appeared to be primarily decoupled. Skull shape correlated significantly with tooth shape. High size-heterodonty often correlated with relatively large caniniform teeth, reflecting a prioritization of securing prey. Large, highly molariform, distal teeth may be a consequence of high-frequency durophagy combined with prey size. The slender-snouted skull shape correlated with a caniniform arcade with low heterodonty. This was reminiscent of other underwater-feeding tetrapods, as they often focus on small prey that requires minimal processing. Several extinct taxa were very molariform, which was associated with low heterodonty. The terrestrial peirosaurid shared similarities with large modern crocodylian taxa, but may have processed prey differently. Disparity measures can be inflated or deflated if certain teeth are absent from the tooth row, and regression analysis may not best apply to strongly slender-snouted taxa. Nevertheless, when these methods are used in tandem they can give a complete picture of crocodylian heterodonty. Future researchers may apply our proposed method to most crocodylian specimens with an intact enough tooth row regardless of age, species, or rearing conditions, as this will add rigor to many life history studies of the clade.
Whole Brain Teaching: Approach for Improving the Memorization Skills of Learners with Mild Intellectual Disability (MID)
Authors: Mugot Maridel Rebollido
Published: February 2019

Remembering information can be difficult, especially for a learner with Mild Intellectual Disability. One classroom instruction approach which maximizes students' engagement, focuses on the way the brain is intended to learn and addresses the difficulty in memorizing is Whole Brain Teaching. This study was conducted to determine the effects of WBT as an approach to improve the memorization skills of learners with Mild Intellectual Disability at City Central School - Special Education Center. Quasi-experimental research design was employed in the study. Eight (8) learners who were diagnosed with MID were randomly selected and assigned as experimental and control groups. Pretest and post-test were used in measuring the academic performance of the learners. The experimental group was taught using the WBT approach and the control group was taught using the conventional approach. The results revealed that the academic performance in both groups increased significantly after subjecting them to WBT approach and conventional approach respectively. However, the results of the post-test comparison of both groups showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the academic performance of the experimental and control groups in favor of the experimental group. Thus, WBT has positive impact on the improvement of the memorization skills of learners with MID.
Perceived Personality Traits of Deaf Students of Cagayan de Oro National High School: Basis for Intervention
Authors: Faelden Jelvett Mynne
Published: February 2019

Deafness is one of the factors which affects social, emotional, intellectual, and even the psychological aspect of a person. In general, it affects the person holistically and, thus, affects personality. Deaf students pose many challenges in their lives, difficulty in hearing, inability to express themselves and to communicate the people that surround them. The core problem is communication difficulties which are the clear barrier in the social relationships with their peers. The study was conducted to describe the perceived personality traits-related problems of the deaf students of Cagayan de Oro National High School (CNHS), Cagayan de Oro City. The study utilized the descriptive research design and survey questionnaires were given to the deaf students, parents, and teachers. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics as frequency, percentage, t-test, and ANOVA. Deaf students were neutral in four dominant personalities, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and neuroticism. Further, the teachers were more committed than parents in the development of the deaf students' personality traits related problems.
Comunicação on-line e off-line para marca-país: um estudo exploratório sobre a Marca Brasil
Authors: Kanazawa Flávio Notomi , Giraldi Janaina de Moura Engracia , Oliveira Jorge Henrique Caldeira
Published: February 2019

A acirrada competição internacional entre destinos turísticos força seus gestores a oferecer a seus públicos propostas de valor únicas, buscando melhorar suas imagens e destacando seus diferenciais e experiências turísticas exclusivas. Nesse processo, a adequada gestão e comunicação de uma marca-país se torna ainda mais relevante. O número cada vez maior de pessoas que utilizam a internet para planejar suas viagens gera nos gestores de marcas-país a preocupação de construir uma sólida atuação digital para suas marcas. Diante desse cenário, este artigo buscou compreender as práticas de gestão e comunicação desenvolvidas para a Marca Brasil e sua forma de atuação na internet. Para tal, foi feita uma pesquisa qualitativa e exploratória que realizou entrevis-tas em profundidade conduzidas de forma semiestruturada com os profissionais da Embratur responsáveis pela gestão da Marca Brasil e sua atuação online. Os resultados deste artigo descrevem os objetivos centrais da marca, suas aplicações e atividades desenvolvidas para atingi-los, dando ênfase às suas atuações através do website Visit Brasil e suas páginas em mídias sociais.
Os signos e símbolos do patrimônio nas ações do marketing, uma relação possível? Reflexões a partir das campanhas da Feira Nacional do Doce (Fenadoce) de Pelotas/RS, Brasil
Authors: Berselli Cristiane , Tricárico Luciano Torres , Rossini Diva de Mello
Published: February 2019

Este estudo surgiu da necessidade de compreender se o marketing, pautado pela estra-tégia mercadológica, considera os signos e signos patrimoniais para a construção da marca e imagem no turismo. Na busca por responder este questionamento, a metodolo-gia utilizada foi a investigação exploratória de caráter qualitativa, desenvolvido por meio de análise de conteúdo (Bardin, 2011). Foram identificadas as categorias identi-dade, patrimônio e marketing e suas subcategorias a partir da literatura levantada no referencial teórico. Feito isso, foram analisadas as campanhas utilizadas pela Feira Nacional do Doce - Fenadoce, para reconhecer como a identidade e o patrimônio ima-terial da cultura doceira de Pelotas (RS), Brasil, estão sendo inseridos pelos gestores de marketing. Todas as categorias e subcategorias foram encontradas no conteúdo das mensagens, estando mais ou menos explícitas nas cinco campanhas analisadas. Con-clui-se que a relação entre patrimônio e marketing somente será possível se a primeira categoria estiver inserida na segunda. Além de contribuições gerenciais, as categorias e subcategorias encontradas contribuem para pesquisas futuras similares.
Analysis of Backyard Chicken Farmers Socio-Economic and Management Practices in District Quetta, Balochistan
Authors: Achakzai Kamran Baseer , Shah Muhammad Abbas , Achakzai Ramla
Published: February 2019

Socio-economic profile of backyard poultry farmers beside the prevailing management practices and flock profile was studied in nine union councils of District Quetta Balochistan; from November, 2016 to March, 2017. Primary data was collected from 99 households randomly selected from study area by using semi-structured questionnaire, while descriptive statistics were used to conclude the data. Study revealed that women were the only prevailing gender (100%) involved in rearing of backyard chicken in the area. Maximum (53%) number of respondents were in the age group of > 40 years, while more than half (58%) of poultry keepers were illiterate. Backyard poultry farming was much popular (79%) in house wives, whereas 75% of them were responsible for primary support of their household. Pashtoon ethnicity was the major (40%) group of respondents. 58% of the respondents reported a family with 10–20 members. 90% of the farmers provided shelter to their birds, made from mud and thatch (kacha). 80% of these birds were fed on kitchen waste and bread remnants. Average flock size was 27 birds, having 48% Desi (Indigenous chicken), 27% Fayoumi, 12 % Rhode Island Red (RIR) and 13% cross bred birds. Flocks were comprised of adult hen (71%), cock (15%) and chicks (14%). Annual egg production was 4190±171 eggs with 217±2.4 eggs produced per bird, whereas the average number of eggs consumed per family was 1314±48 eggs. Backyard poultry rearing offers a real opportunity to alleviate poverty and gender empowerment. The farmers should be further trained to improve the current feeding and management practices of these birds.
Functional and Esthetic Management of Grossly Mutilated Carious Teeth with Collapsed Dentition: A Case of Full Mouth Rehabilitation
Authors: Bhagat Kanchan , Goel Munish , Bhagat Neeru
Published: February 2019

Full mouth reconstruction, full mouth rehabilitation and full mouth restoration are terms often used interchangeably to describe the process of rebuilding or simultaneously restoring all of the teeth in both the upper and lower jaws. Full mouth rehabilitation creates smile that is not only esthetic but also functionally comfortable. A systematic and organized approach is essential in order to evaluate, diagnose, and resolve esthetic and functional problems predictably in a complex restorative case. This clinical report discusses the oral rehabilitation of a 25-year-old man with multiple carious teeth and missing upper and lower back region teeth. The aim of this treatment was to restore esthetics and masticatory function which further improved and strengthened the self- esteem of the patient.
Reconstructive Surgery in Soft Tissue Sarcomas—Long-Term Outcome and Quality of Life
Authors: Wirbel Reiner , Weber Steffen , Olinger Angela , Mutschler Wolf , Pohlemann Tim
Published: February 2019

The long-term oncological and functional outcome including quality of life should be evaluated in soft tissue sarcomas (STS). The need for reconstructive surgery with possible influence on the results should also be analyzed. Tumor stage mainly influences the prognosis of STS. Advances in reconstructive surgery mostly allow limb salvage. Limited information exists about functional outcome and life quality. A total of 86 patients (51 men, 35 women, mean age 50.5 years) with a minimum follow-up of 10 years were analyzed. We determined the oncological outcome (local recurrences, metastases, overall survival) of tumors at varying stages: stage I (n = 30), stage II (n = 52), and stage III (n = 4). Functional outcome and quality of life of the survivors were measured using the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) criteria and the EORTC-QLQ-C-30 (European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer-Quality of Life-Questionnaire-Core-30 module) questionnaire. Tumor stage influenced the survival and the development of metastases. Survival rates were 89.5 and 88% after 5 and 10 years in stage I, and 56.5 and 49% in stage II tumors. Surgical margin influenced the development of local recurrence. Reconstructive procedures were necessary in 27 patients. After a median follow-up of 144 months, 36 patients were dead: 29 of their malignancy and 7 of other diseases. Fifty long-term survivors presented good results for MSTS (mean score: 82.4) and EORTC-QLQ-C-30 (mean score: 79.8), the results were independent on the need of reconstructive surgery. In stage II STS, the survival drops even after 5 years. The surgical treatment of STS requires the knowledge of different reconstructive techniques; functional results and quality of life are not compromised by the need for reconstructive surgery.
Treatment Efficacy of Different Surgical Procedures for Postoperative Residual Rectourethral Fistula Following Anoplasty
Authors: Zhang Tingchong , Chen Wei , Pang Wenbo , Peng Chunhui , Chen Yajun , Zhang Jinzhe
Published: February 2019

Background/Purpose:

This study summarizes the surgical treatment options and their clinical efficacy for postoperative residual rectourethral fistula following anoplasty in patients treated in our department from July 2005 to July 2012.

Methods:

For 38 cases of postoperative residual rectourethral fistula following anoplasty, according to differences in anal appearance and functionality, either an anterior sagittal or a posterior sagittal surgical rectourethral fistula repair procedure was performed.

Results:

The residual rectourethral fistula following anoplasty was an obvious tube-like structure with a length of 0.9 ± 0.4 cm. Healing after the 1-stage operation was achieved in 37 cases. Among these cases, 35 were followed up and showed no urethral stricture and no diverticulum. The clinical score for anal function was excellent in 31 cases and good in 4 cases, with significant differences compared with the scores before surgery (P < 0.05). The respective operative times for the 2 surgical procedures were 74.6 ± 10.1 minutes and 105.6 ± 14.6 minutes (P < 0.05).

Conclusions:

The appropriate choice of surgical procedure was dependent on the patients' anal appearance and functionality. Posterior sagittal anorectoplasty was suitable in cases with a severely disordered perineal appearance, and it was a relatively difficult operation. In contrast, anterior sagittal anorectoplasty was best applied in patients with minor alteration in perineal appearance, and it had a clear surgical field and was easy to perform. In this study, the repair of cases of residual rectourethral fistula following anoplasty using anterior sagittal or posterior sagittal anorectoplasty showed high success rates, and anal function was significantly improved.
Molybdenum Dioxide in Carbon Nanoreactors as a Catalytic Nanosponge for the Efficient Desulfurization of Liquid Fuels
Authors: Astle Maxwell A. , Rance Graham A. , Loughlin Hannah J. , Peters Thomas D. , Khlobystov Andrei N.
Published: February 2019

The principle of a “catalytic nanosponge” that combines the catalysis of organosulfur oxidation and sequestration of the products from reaction mixtures is demonstrated. Group VI metal oxide nanoparticles (CrOx, MoOx, WOx) are embedded within hollow graphitized carbon nanofibers (GNFs), which act as nanoscale reaction vessels for oxidation reactions used in the decontamination of fuel. When immersed in a model liquid alkane fuel contaminated with organosulfur compounds (benzothiophene, dibenzothiophene, dimethyldibenzothiophene), it is found that MoO2@GNF nanoreactors, comprising 30 nm molybdenum dioxide nanoparticles grown within the channel of GNFs, show superior abilities toward oxidative desulfurization (ODS), affording over 98% sulfur removal at only 5.9 mol% catalyst loading. The role of the carbon nanoreactor in MoO2@GNF is to enhance the activity and stability of catalytic centers over at least 5 cycles. Surprisingly, the nanotube cavity can selectively absorb and remove the ODS products (sulfoxides and sulfones) from several model fuel systems. This effect is related to an adsorptive desulfurization (ADS) mechanism, which in combination with ODS within the same material, yields a “catalytic nanosponge” MoO2@GNF. This innovative ODS and ADS synergistic functionality negates the need for a solvent extraction step in fuel desulfurization and produces ultralow sulfur fuel.
Transient Negative Capacitance Effect in Atomic‐Layer‐Deposited Al2O3/Hf0.3Zr0.7O2 Bilayer Thin Film
Authors: Kim Keum Do , Kim Yu Jin , Park Min Hyuk , Park Hyeon Woo , Kwon Young Jae , Lee Yong Bin , Kim Han Joon , Moon Taehwan , Lee Young Hwan , Hyun Seung Dam , Kim Baek Su , Hwang Cheol Seong
Published: February 2019

The negative capacitance (NC) effect is now attracting a great deal of attention in work towards low‐power operation of field effect transistors and extremely large capacitance density in dynamic random access memory. However, to date, observation of the NC effect in dielectric/ferroelectric bilayer capacitors has been limited to the use of epitaxial ferroelectric thin films based on perovskite crystal structures, such as Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 and BaTiO3, which is not compatible with current complementary metal oxide semiconductor technology. This work, therefore, reports on the transient NC effect in amorphous‐Al2O3/polycrystalline‐Hf0.3Zr0.7O2 bilayer systems prepared using atomic layer deposition. The thin film processing conditions are carefully tuned to achieve the appropriate ferroelectric performances that are a prerequisite for the examination of the transient NC effect. Capacitance enhancement is observed in a wide voltage range in 5–10 nm thick Al2O3/Hf0.3Zr0.7O2 bilayer thin films. It is found that the capacitance of the dielectric layer plays a critical role in the determination of additional charge density induced by the NC effect. In addition, inhibition of the leakage current is important for stabilization of nonhysteretic charge–discharge behavior of the bilayers. The mean‐field approximation combined with classical Landau formalism precisely reproduces the experimental results.
Tessellation of Chiral‐Nematic Cellulose Nanocrystal Films by Microtemplating
Authors: Tardy Blaise L. , Mattos Bruno D. , Greca Luiz G. , Kämäräinen Tero , Klockars Konrad W. , Rojas Orlando J.
Published: February 2019

In biological architectures, material properties are optimized by the hierarchical structuring of components with a multiscaled order, from the nano‐ to the macroscales. Such designs enable, for instance, programmed yield points that maximize toughness. However, research efforts in biomimetic materials have focused on the assembly of nano‐ or macrostructures individually. In this study, high strength cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), assembled into chiral‐nematically ordered structures, are tiled into a higher level, macro‐sized, architecture by topographical templating. As templates, two meshed architectures with distinct feature sizes are evaluated, and the optomechanical properties of the resulting films are compared to featureless, flat, CNC films. Controlling capillary stresses arising during CNC assembly is shown to enable control over the orientation of the chiral‐nematic director across the topography of the template. Tuning the specific reflections and multiscaled fracture propagation is demonstrated for the microtemplated CNC films. The latter phenomenon contributed to enhancing the toughness of the material through a high tortuosity of fracture propagation in all (x, y, z) directions. The presented findings are expected to pave the way towards the incorporation of current research in cellular metamaterials with the research focusing on the generation of nanoscaled biomimetic constructs.
Collectively Exhaustive Electrodes Based on Covalent Organic Framework and Antagonistic Co‐Doping for Electroactive Ionic Artificial Muscles
Authors: Roy Sandipan , Kim Jaehwan , Kotal Moumita , Tabassian Rassoul , Kim Kwang J. , Oh Il‐Kwon
Published: February 2019

In this study, high‐performance ionic soft actuators are developed for the first time using collectively exhaustive boron and sulfur co‐doped porous carbon electrodes (BS‐COF‐Cs), derived from thiophene‐based boronate‐linked covalent organic framework (T‐COF) as a template. The one‐electron deficiency of boron compared to carbon leads to the generation of hole charge carriers, while sulfur, owing to its high electron density, creates electron carriers in BS‐COF‐C electrodes. This antagonistic functionality of BS‐COF‐C electrodes assists the charge‐transfer rate, leading to fast charge separation in the developed ionic soft actuator under alternating current input signals. Furthermore, the hierarchical porosity, high surface area, and synergistic effect of co‐doping of the BS‐COF‐Cs play crucial roles in offering effective interaction of BS‐COF‐Cs with poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), leading to the generation of high electro‐chemo‐mechanical performance of the corresponding composite electrodes. Finally, the developed ionic soft actuator based on the BS‐COF‐C electrode exhibits large bending strain (0.62%), excellent durability (90% retention for 6 hours under operation), and 2.7 times higher bending displacement than PEDOT:PSS under extremely low harmonic input of 0.5 V. This study reveals that the antagonistic functionality of heteroatom co‐doped electrodes plays a crucial role in accelerating the actuation performance of ionic artificial muscles.
Tuning Chiral Nematic Pitch of Bioresourced Photonic Films via Coupling Organic Acid Hydrolysis
Authors: Cheng Zheng , Ye Huilin , Cheng Feng , Li Hongyan , Ma Yi , Zhang Qing , Natan Avi , Mukhopadhyay Alolika , Jiao Yucong , Li Ying , Liu Yongmin , Zhu Hongli
Published: February 2019

Controlling the iridescent photonic film generated by self‐assembly of colorless cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) from the nanoscale to macroscale is challenging. This study combines experimental and computational approaches to systematically investigate the correlation between electrostatic interactions and chiral nematic structures. The chiral nematic order of the CNC colloidal is preserved in solid films after the evaporation of water. The cross‐sections of the iridescent film show a clear left‐handed helical arrangement of nanocrystals. The helical structure with the aid of acrylic acid exhibits longer organized patterns. This work reveals that compared to CNC prepared by pure sulfuric acid (zeta potential −37.1 mV), the CNC prepared using coupled mineral sulfuric and organic acrylic acid has a higher zeta potential (−67.2 mV), which induces the increase of helical pitch of the cholesteric nematic phase from 312 to 409 nm and a red shift of the iridescent film. Consequently, the tuning of reflected light wavelength lies in the variation of chiral nematic pitch inside the layered structure, which gives rise to different iridescent colors. The bioresourced photonic film is appealing to both academia and industry where optical and photonic components are essential.
What Will Come After V‐NAND—Vertical Resistive Switching Memory?
Authors: Yoon Kyung Jean , Kim Yumin , Hwang Cheol Seong
Published: February 2019

The NAND flash memory serves as the key enabler of the flourishing of portable handheld information devices, such as the cellular phone. The recent upsurge in the sales of vertical NAND flash memory (V‐NAND) entails a further increase in the available information capacity at the edge devices and the servers with higher performance and lower power consumption compared with the magnetic hard‐disc drives. Nonetheless, there will certainly be an upper limit for the number of stacked layers, which will be the point at which further memory density increase will stop. While V‐NAND is a supreme outcome of semiconductor memory technologies, it still relies on conventional Si‐based materials. The newly explored memory materials and concepts, such as the resistance‐based memories, can therefore be an appealing contender to or successor of V‐NAND. In this review, the current state of V‐NAND is first briefly looked into, and then the eventual limitation of memory density increase and performance boost are discussed. Most importantly, the possible strategies of integrating the resistance‐based memories into the vertical architecture are then discussed. Finally, the outlook for such resistance‐based vertical memories is presented.
A High‐Power Na3V2(PO4)3‐Bi Sodium‐Ion Full Battery in a Wide Temperature Range
Authors: Wang Chenchen , Du Dongfeng , Song Mingming , Wang Yunhai , Li Fujun
Published: February 2019

Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) that operate in a wide temperature range are in high demand for practical large‐scale electric energy storage. Herein, a novel full SIB is composed of a bulk Bi anode, a Na3V2(PO4)3/carbon nanotubes composite (NVP‐CNTs) cathode and a NaPF6‐diglyme electrolyte. The Bi anode gradually evolves into a porous network in the ether‐based electrolyte during initial cycles, and in the NVP‐CNTs cathode the NVP is cross linked by CNTs to show large exchange current density. These unique features merit the full SIB of Bi//NVP‐CNTs with high Na+ diffusion coefficient and low reaction activation energy, and hence fast Na+ transport and facile redox reaction kinetics. The resultant full SIB presents high power density of 2354.6 W kg−1 and energy density of 150 Wh kg−1 and superior cycling stability in a wide temperature range from −15 to 45 °C. This will shed light on battery design, and promote their development for practical applications in various weather conditions.
Cesarean birth and the growth of Yucatec Maya and Toba/Qom children
Authors: Veile Amanda , Valeggia Claudia , Kramer Karen L.
Published: February 2019

Objective

Cesarean delivery is often epidemiologically associated with childhood obesity. However, little attention is paid to post‐birth modulatory environments, and most studies are conducted in settings where obesity arises for a number of reasons in addition to birth mode. We therefore assess population differences in the relationship between birth mode and childhood growth using data from rural and peri‐urban Latin American indigenous populations, and test predictions developed using life history theory.

Methods

Child height and weight were measured monthly in 80 Yucatec Maya and 58 Toba/Qom children aged 1‐48 months (2007‐2014, 3812 observations). Random‐effects linear mixed models were used to compare children's growth by population, sex, and birth mode, accounting for potential confounders.

Results

Cesarean delivery rates were 47% (Toba/Qom) and 20% (Yucatec Maya). Childhood obesity and overweight rates were low in both populations. Cesarean‐delivered children had significantly greater weight gain (but similar height grain) compared to vaginally‐delivered children. By age 4, cesarean delivered Yucatec Maya girls and boys, and Toba/Qom boys (not girls), had significantly higher weight‐for‐age compared to vaginally‐delivered children from their own sex and population.

Conclusions

This provides one of the first attempts to document differences in children's growth patterns according to mode of birth in modernizing indigenous populations. Cesarean delivery is associated with young children's growth patterns, even in the absence of many obesity‐inducing factors. There are also population, age, and sex differences in the relationship between birth mode and childhood weight trajectories that warrant future investigation.
Identification of a novel homozygous variant confirms ITPA as a developmental and epileptic encephalopathy gene
Authors: Kaur Parneet , Neethukrishna Kausthubham , Kumble Ali , Girisha Katta M. , Shukla Anju
Published: February 2019

ITPA related epileptic encephalopathy (epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 35) is a rare inborn error of metabolism. All reported individuals with this condition, including the present case manifest global developmental delay, seizures, progressive postnatal microcephaly, hypotonia, thin corpus callosum, cerebral atrophy, delayed myelination and white matter changes in posterior limb of internal capsule. Cataract and dilated cardiomyopathy are other characteristic findings. Currently, a single publication describes this condition in four families. Three truncating and two missense variants in ITPA have been identified in these families. We hereby report another family with ITPA related disorder and review the genotype and phenotype of the reported subjects.
Practical Route to Neokotalanol and Its Natural Analogues: Sulfonium Sugars with Antidiabetic Activities
Authors: Huang Yuhao , Gao Yunlong , He Weigang , Wang Zihao , Li Wei , Lin Aijun , Xu Jinyi , Tanabe Genzoh , Muraoka Osamu , Wu Xiaoming , Xie Weijia
Published: February 2019

An efficient and divergent approach toward the synthesis of all four de‐O‐sulfonated sulfonium type α‐glucosidase inhibitors, originally isolated from plants of genus Salacia, is reported for the first time. The key strategy features a coupling reaction between thiol derivatives and a diiodide counterpart. The newly designed thiol coupling partner presents high chemical stability, while the diiodide partner could be easily obtained with increased overall yields compared with conventional routes. The intermolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction followed by a diastereoselective intramolecular cyclization provided the target five‐member sulfonium salt structure, which was connected in an α‐orientation to a polyhydroxylated side‐chain moiety.
Anomalous coordination behaviour of 6‐methyl‐2‐oxo‐1,2‐dihydroquinoline‐3‐carboxaldehyde‐4(N)‐substituted Schiff bases in Cu(II) complexes: Studies of structure, biomolecular interactions and cytotoxicity
Authors: Elamathi C. , Butcher Ray , Prabhakaran R.
Published: February 2019

A series of copper(II) complexes containing 6‐methyl‐2‐oxo‐1,2‐dihydroquinoline‐3‐carboxaldehyde‐derived Schiff bases have been synthesized and characterised using various analytical and spectroscopic techniques. X‐ray crystallographic analysis confirmed the true coordinating nature of ligands with copper ion. The ligands exhibited ONS tridentate neutral and monobasic coordination. The spectroscopic results evidenced the interaction of the ligands and their copper(II) complexes with nucleic acid/serum albumin. Further, the complexes showed significant activity against human skin cancer cell line (A431) and less toxicity against human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT). Acridine orange/propidium iodide dual staining studies indicated that the major cause of A431 cell death was through necrosis. By comparing the biological activity of all the ligands, Cu(II) complexes and standard (cisplatin), complex [Cu(H‐6MOQtsc‐Ph)(H2O)]⋅NO3 (4) exhibited better activity than others, the activity being arranged as follows: 4 > 1 > cisplatin > 3 > 2.
Back to Basics: Minimally Invasive Surgery
Authors: Spruce Lisa
Published: February 2019

In the past 20 to 30 years, minimally invasive surgery (MIS) has become commonplace in almost all surgical specialties. The needs of the perioperative team and patients are different during MIS than during traditional open surgery. The equipment and instrumentation required to perform MIS are extensive and continue to evolve as new techniques are developed. As advances in MIS occur and more procedures are completed using this method, some surgeons are conducting research studies related to the efficacy of certain longstanding MIS protocols. Perioperative nurses are challenged to stay current on the available technology and results of research studies so that they can provide safe patient care. This Back to Basics article will provide basic strategies for perioperative nurses to ensure successful MIS outcomes for patients.
Perioperative Do‐Not‐Resuscitate Suspension: The Patient's Perspective
Authors: Hiestand Debbie , Beaman Margaret
Published: February 2019

Hospitalized patients with do‐not‐resuscitate (DNR) orders commonly require surgical procedures. When this occurs, the usual practice in our medical center is to suspend the DNR order during the perioperative period. Few studies provide the patient perspective regarding automatic DNR suspension. The research team used a mixed‐method, nonexperimental qualitative study design to conduct audio‐recorded interviews with 17 nonsurgical patients who had DNR orders. We studied the patients' understanding of DNR status and their expectations regarding the changing of this status if surgery were required. The patients in the study expected a discussion regarding any change in their DNR status before the day of surgery and thought they should have the option to maintain their DNR status.
Modeled changes to the Great Plains low‐level jet under a realistic irrigation application
Authors: Arcand S. , Luo L. , Zhong S. , Pei L. , Bian X. , Winkler J.A.
Published: February 2019

Low‐level jets (LLJs) are relatively fast‐moving streams of air that form in the lower troposphere and are a common phenomenon across the Great Plains (GP) of the United States. LLJs play an important role in moisture transport and the development of nocturnal convection in the spring and summer. Alterations to surface moisture and energy fluxes can influence the planetary boundary layer (PBL) development and thus LLJs. One important anthropogenic process that has been shown to affect the surface energy budget is irrigation. In this study, we investigate the effects of irrigation on LLJ development across the GP by incorporating a dynamic and realistic irrigation scheme into the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. WRF simulations were conducted with and without the irrigation scheme for the exceptionally dry summer of 2012 over the GP. The results show irrigation‐introduced changes to LLJ features both over and downstream of the most heavily irrigated regions in the GP. There were statistically significant increases to LLJ speeds in the simulation with the irrigation parameterization. Decreases to the mean jet core height on the order of 50 m during the overnight hours were also simulated when irrigation was on. The overall frequency of jet occurrences increased over the irrigated regions by 5–10%; however, these differences were not statistically significant. These changes were weaker than those reported in earlier studies based on simple representations of irrigation that unrealistically saturate the soil columns over large areas over a long period of time, which highlights the importance and necessity to represent human activity more accurately in modeling studies.