bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Two-Dimensional Spatial Frequency Content and Confusions among Dot Matrix Characters
Authors: Maddox Michael E.
Published: July 2017

A two-phase study was conducted which related the confusions among dot matrix characters to the two-dimensional spatial frequency similarity of these characters.

During the first phase of the study, subjects were shown single alphanumeric characters from four different dot matrix fonts and five matrix size/character sub-tense combinations. Data from this phase of the research were analyzed in terms of both correctness and character confusion frequencies.

The second phase of the study consisted of digitizing and analyzing all characters from two of the fonts used in the first phase. The fonts chosen represent the most and least confusable of the four, based on the performance data obtained. These characters were scanned photometrically using a computer-controlled X-Y stage and subjected to a 512 × 512 point fast Fourier transform (FFT). The Fourier coefficients were correlated for all possible character pairs within each font-matrix/character size cell. These correlations provided an objective similarity measure among characters based upon their 2-D spatial frequency spectra.

In addition to the spatial frequency similarity measure, a simple digital Phi coefficient was calculated for each character pair. The final analysis performed in this study was the correlation of observed performance (confusions) with objective similarity measures (2-D spectra and Phi coefficients).
The Use of Dynamic Mock-Ups in the Design of Advanced Systems
Authors: Gravely Michael L. , Hitchcock Lloyd
Published: July 2017

The increasing cost and time requirement for the design of advanced systems is rapidly becoming a serious problem. The cost of software products and simulations have made alternative means of preliminary design necessary. The use of dynamic mock-ups in this design phase can prove to be both efficient and cost effective. This paper describes the use of dynamic mock-ups by the USAF and US Navy in their advanced aircraft design.
A Case for Early Objective Evaluation of Candidate Display Formats
Authors: Herron Sam
Published: July 2017

Integrated electronic displays are being utilized in aircraft cockpits at an increasing rate. The design of formats for these displays is a very complex problem since information from two, three or more sources may be combined onto one display surface. If the operator is to be able to use the display efficiently, the integration of this information must be carried out with a great deal of caution. The design of formats for integrated displays is a process of problem definition, development of possible solutions, implementation of the most promising solutions and evaluation. The importance of objectively evaluating candidate symbology early in the developmental process is illustrated.
Combined Multisensor Displays
Authors: Josefowitz A.J. , North R.A. , Trimble Joel
Published: July 2017

Interest in multi-sensor combined displays has arisen from a variety of different sources. Because cockpit space is limited and mission profiles for high-performance aircraft continue to become more complex, multi-sensor combined displays provide the potential for both conserving cockpit space and reducing pilot workload demands by consolidating and integrating information from multiple sources onto one display. An experiment was conducted to compare multi-sensor display concepts against more conventional multi-display and multi-function displays. Results from the experiment were analyzed and recommendations are offered for further developmental work in this area.
A Strength and Anthropometric Comparison of Young Men and Women
Authors: Hosier W. W. , Morrow J. R.
Published: July 2017

The need for strength and anthropometric data for women is becoming increasingly important. The purpose of the research reported here was to explore basic strength and anthropometric differences between young women and men, and make application of these differences to work station design. Data were collected on 87 men and 115 women. The variables obtained on each subject included strength and anthropometric measures. Percent fat was calculated and used to transform the subject's body weight into lean and fat weight. The results indicated that fat weight, lean body weight, and leg strength each could significantly differentiate between men and women when other characteristics were controlled. These findings indicate that the magnitude of the differences between young men and women lies in body composition and strength, whereas the impact of anthropometric variables such as shoulder and hip diameter are not as great as one might suspect. Further research is suggested and applications to work station design offered.
Training Approaches and Data Entry Methods for Semi-Automated Command and Control Systems
Authors: Gade Paul A. , Fields Alison F. , Maisano Richard E. , Marshall Charles F.
Published: July 2017

In Experiment 1, a response-sensitive instructional strategy was compared to more traditional instructional strategies in an embedded training program designed for manual data entry operators in the Army TOS command and control system. Results showed that using the response-sensitive strategy reduced training time without reducing inputting accuracy. Experiment 2 examined the relative efficiency of four different manual data entry methods: Typing, Typing with an error corrector, Menus, and Auto-completion with an English option. Results show that Menus are the most accurate inputting method. No differences were found in entry time among the methods. Results also showed little agreement between preference and performance for the methods.
Is Image Quality Important?
Authors: Greening Charles P.
Published: July 2017

The problem addressed by the study was to explore the feasibility of predicting air-to-ground target acquisition performance with electro-optical systems, based on “real world” data, in terms of specifiable, measureable, sensor image quality characteristics.

The approach was to review flight test and simulator test results, rejecting those which did not permit comparison of different image qualities under similar conditions. The surviving data sets did not, in general, use comparable measures of either image quality or performance. Consequently, a review of the relevant measures of those variables was also made. To the limited extent permitted by the data, it can be stated that (1) poor image quality sets performance limits, and (2) further improvement of adequate imagery results in rapidly diminishing benefits.
Effects of Video Bandwidth Compression Processing on Operator Performance in the Mini-RPV System
Authors: Agin Alice K.
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this study was to evaluate operator target detection and recognition performance under realistic conditions to provide design information for the Army Mini-RPV (Remotely Piloted Vehicle) system. Bandwidth compression, atmospheric attenuation, target numerosity, target aspect angle, target type, and background complexity were investigated. The tasks included detection and recognition of realistic tactical vehicle targets with a 256 by 262 element video system. There were five bandwidth compression levels with respect to a 3.02 megabit per second uncompressed rate. Detection performance was significantly degraded at a 15:1 compression ratio, and recognition was degraded at a 7.5:1 compression ratio. Both target numerosity and aspect angle were associated with significant differences in performance. Atmospheric attenuation, target type and background complexity effects were not statistically significant.
Army Teams: Who are They and How Do They Function?
Authors: Finley Dorothy L. , Dyer Jean L.
Published: July 2017

The Army Research Institute Field Unit at Fort Benning has initiated a long range research program in the areas of team training and evaluation. The focus is on small (2–11 persons), formally recognized. Army work teams in the combat and combat support branches. The overall research game plan is to concentrate on identifying: (1) What it is that constitutes team, as opposed to individual, performance; (2) Which of these team performance skills can be modified by training and also serve to determine team output; (3) Analytic and assessment techniques for identifying and evaluating these skills; and (4) Team training techniques appropriate for Army conditions. The anticipated final research products include Instructional Systems Development (ISD) techniques and guidance regarding team training program development, team performance assessment techniques, and improvement and/or development of selected team training and assessment programs.

The purpose of this presentation is to report on two steps that have been accomplished in this program thus far. The first of these is the development of an inventory of Army teams. The second is a preliminary identification of what constitutes team performance at the functions level.
Development of a Human Factors Engineering Test & Evaluation Techniques Manual
Authors: Geer Charles W. , Moroney William F.
Published: July 2017

The manual is essentially a compilation of Test and Evaluation Techniques. In preparing the manual a wide range of techniques were considered. However, only those which could readily be applied in the T&E environment were included. The manual is intended to serve as a source document which will be updated as new techniques evolve.
Canopy Induced Displacement Evaluation
Authors: Frazier Michael L.
Published: July 2017

This paper reports on the optical properties of an aircraft canopy. In this study, canopy induced target displacement is studied for nine possible eye positions. The following general trends are noted: (1) the average absolute target displacement increases as viewing height increased; (2) the range of elevation target displacement increases as viewing height increases; (3) the range of elevation target displacement increases at lower sight depression settings, independent of viewing height; and (4) there is considerable parallax between the right and left eyes at 1 inch above design eye position, but, virtually no parallax 1 inch below design eye position. This study concluded that pilot interface with aircraft optics should be evaluated early in the system acquisition process.
Recognition of VDU Presented Colors by Color Defective Observers
Authors: Bergman Hans , Duijnhouwer Frans
Published: July 2017

In order to determine the extent to which color defective observers are able to recognize colors presented on a VDU, a choice reaction time experiment was carried out. The experiment determined the effect of advance training, stimulus size and simultaneous color contrast on the performance of subjects, segregated into groups according to the nature of their color vision defect. Analysis of the data shows that type of color vision defect and the simultaneous color contrast influence the number of errors made by the subjects. Suggestions for future experiments and for the possible improvement of performance are given.
Eyes and Glass Curtains: Visual Accomodation, the Mandelbaum Effect, and Apparent Size
Authors: Benel Russell A.
Published: July 2017

During vehicle operation visual acquisition of information frequently occurs through an interposed surface, e.g., a windscreen. Then the eye may focus either the windscreen or the distant object. Circumstances have been documented where the interposed surface provides a more or less obligatory stimulus to accommodation. The apparent size of an object has been shown to relate to accommodation distance. These experiments investigated the relationship between the trapping of accommodation at a near distance (Mandelbaum effect) and changes in the apparent size of an object. In experiment I, 24 observers reported smaller size with nearer accommodation and larger apparent size with farther accommodation at a better than chance rate. The 12 observers in experiment II showed a consistent diminution of mean apparent size of an object as a screen was moved nearer to them. These two situations provide interposed texture analagous to windscreens. The implications for vehicle control are discussed.
Optimization of Foot Pedal Placement in Commercial School Buses
Authors: Sexton Donna J. , Koppa Rodger J.
Published: July 2017

On the basis of results obtained in recent studies of foot pedal placement as well as specifications found in human factors guidelines, four different foot pedal configurations were tested for suitability in public school buses. Both simple movement time and choice reaction time measures were taken for ten female subjects on three coplanar arrangements and one configuration with a vertical separation between the accelerator and brake pedals. Results indicate significantly faster brake movement times for all three coplanar arrangements than for the arrangement with a vertical separation between the two pedals. With respect to the coplanar arrangements, brake movement time was significantly faster for the two arrangements with a horizontal separation of 12.0 cm rather than the arrangement with only 8.0 cm of separation. Therefore, it is concluded that operator performance may be significantly improved by providing a coplanar pedal arrangement with approximately 12.0 cm of horizontal separation.
Configural Changes and Human Performance in a Telephone Wiring Task
Authors: Marshall Catherine R. , Bulley Raymond M.
Published: July 2017

The “quick clip” connector is one of several types of wire terminals currently used in the telecommunications industry. In the standard systems in use today, the “quick clip” connectors are arranged in horizontal rows, with the terminated wire pairs entering both from the top and from the bottom. Because this arrangement has several potential drawbacks, two experiments were designed to explore the effects of changing row orientation and direction of wire entry on human performance with these connectors. The first experiment compared the standard configuration with horizontal rows to a rotated version with vertical rows. The second experiment compared the bi-directional standard configuration to two uni-directional configurations, one requiring wire cutoff on the “up” side of the connector rows and one requiring cutoff on the “down” side. For both experiments, eight male subjects were asked to perform repeated cycles of a telephone wiring task. Half of the subjects were well-practiced on this task, and half were novices. The main dependent variables of interest were speed and frequency of errors.
Effect of the Circutone Seat on Hemodynamic, Subjective and Thermal Responses during Prolonged Sitting
Authors: Shvartz E. , Gaume J. G. , White R. T. , Reibold R. C. , Glassford E. J.
Published: July 2017

Seven young men were administered a series of tests during 5 hours of quiet sitting performed twice, on two different days. On one day, a Circutone seat (massage-type seat cushion) was activated for 14 min/hour. Hemodynamic responses measured with an impedance plethysmograph, skin temperature, body weight and urine changes, and subjective reactions were recorded. Changing from supine to sitting resulted in decreases in stroke volume and leg blood flow and in blood pooling in the calf and thigh. When the Circutone seat was not activated, 5 hours of sitting resulted in continuous decrease in calf blood flow and an increase in calf venous pooling; increase in blood pressure and stable cardiac output; very low urine output and a garge increase in skin temperature at the body areas in contact with the seat, and in an increase in various subjective responses of discomfort. The Circutone activation resulted in substantial exchange of the stagnant blood in the calf and thigh; a tendency to increase calf and thigh blood flow and decrease calf and thigh venous pooling, and in less subjective discomfort sensations. The results indicate that the main adverse hemodynamic effect of prolonged sitting is blood pooling in the lower legs which, however, is compensated by an increase in blood pressure. The Circutone seat improves seat comfort by improving local circulation, especially in the thighs, which probably affects the improved subjective reactions.
Application of GMDH in Modeling of Manual Materials Handling Activities
Authors: Ulgen Onur M. , Mital Anil
Published: July 2017

This paper investigates the application of Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH) in modeling of Manual Materials Handling Activities (MMHA). GMDH is a powerful heuristic technique that can be applied for modeling complex non-linear systems with a large number of variables and parameters, structural uncertainties, and/or a limited amount of collected data. The technique explains the behaviour of a system based on input-output data and in that respect is similar to statistical modeling methods (Ivakhnenko, 1970; 1971).
Man-Machine Communication in Computer-Aided Teleoperator Control Systems
Authors: Chu Yee-Yeen , Crooks William H.
Published: July 2017

Automated Remote Manipulation is a prime example of a new type of man-machine interaction in which the human operator must supervise and control a complex and often adaptive man-computer system. Computerized control offers the possibilities of improved performance speed and reduced operator work loads with teleoperator systems. Computers can be used at various levels of control, ranging from control augmentation, where the computer performs difficult coordinate transformations which simplify operator control requirements, through complete autonomy in which the computer performs all of the required activities with no intervention by the operator. However, with the introduction of computer-based control techniques, the communication between the operator and the teleoperator becomes an important determinant of work system performance. Rather than controlling directly every action of the manipulator, the operator of a computer-controlled manipulator plans the tasks, commands goal-directed actions, monitors task performance, and intervenes when appropriate. This paper describes an analytical and experimental study conducted by Perceptronics to investigate the effectiveness of command language structures and the methods for providing feedback information through the use of sensors and displays. The study showed that computer aiding can significantly decrease task performance time for a number of teleoperator tasks. The results also indicated that if high-level computer aiding schemes are to be effective, the design of interface and feedback display must be carefully performed to achieve simple and natural man-machine communication.
Evaluation by Mental Stress of Paced and Self-Paced Conditions on Simple Repetitive Tasks in Design of Optimum Working Speed
Authors: Kumashiro Masaharu , Hasegawa Tetsuya , Noro Kageyu
Published: July 2017

Eight working speeds, conveyor-paced and self-paced, were established for a repetitive task with considerable difficulty in eye-hand coordination. The procedure for calculating pace allowances in this type of repetitive task was experimentally studied from the two angles of physiological and psychological functions of the subjects and quantative and qualitative variations of the task. The results obtained are as follows:

(1) The maximum output speed under the self-paced condition was 125% of that when the subjects performed the task at their free pace. The quantative and qualitative performance of the subjects under the self-paced condition was better than that attained under the other conditions, but the physiological and psychological functions of the subjects lowered greatly 90 minutes after the start of the task. (2) When establishing the working speed for conveyor-paced operations, the basic time value calculated by the MTM procedure was satisfactorily used to set the standard speed per cycle. The time value obtained by the WF procedure, on the other hand, was not preferred in terms of both the performance and the physiological and psychological functions of the subjects.
Continuously Awake versus Suddenly Awakened Alert Crews: When Do You Want Your Decrement?
Authors: Storm William F. , Benel Russell A.
Published: July 2017

Previous research on “alert” crew performance under sudden arousal from sleep indicated performance decrements would persist for varying periods of time depending on task characteristics. These studies did not, however, address the alternative of continuously awake crews. Twelve males performed a dual axis, compensatory tracking task under two modes of standby alertness–continuously awake vs sleep-alert. Performance, oral temperature, and subjective ratings of fatigue were acquired during three intervals: pretest, 2000–2200; test, 0200–0400; and posttest, 0800–1000. For the awake mode the test performance in the middle of the night was indistinguishable from the pretest performance, but the posttest performance was markedly worse. For the sleep-alert mode tracking performance was noticeably degraded following sudden awakening, but posttest performance was virtually identical to pretest performance (Figure 1). From the pretest to the test interval, oral temperature decreased to a much greater extent for the sleep-alert mode than for the continuously awake mode (Figure 2). Under both modes, feelings of subjective fatigue increased from pretest to test intervals. At posttest, even greater fatigue was reported for the continuously awake mode, while some recovery was reported for the sleep-alert mode (Figure 3). For alert duty one must consider probability of required performance, error tolerances, and future performance requirements prior to scheduling decisions.
Sensory Enhancement Technology for the Visually Handicapped
Authors: Smith Harcia A. , Fineberg Michael L.
Published: July 2017

Computer technology is commonplace in todays work environment. Information management capabilities have recently been extended to visually handicapped personnel through the implementation of a Sensory Assistance Center at the Department of Justice. This paper discusses the analyzes and integration of human, mechanical and environmental components comprising the Center and the rigorous human factors testing of enhancement devices for special populations. Special user needs were identified and these findings applied to operating capabilities and limitations of the components in the Sensory Assistance Center.
Observations on Infrared Radiation at the Workplace
Authors: Gollhofer Gary L. , Schlegel Robert E.
Published: July 2017

A discussion of the use of radiant heating in sedentary workplaces is presented. The advantages of the approach with respect to energy conservation are emphasized along with accompanying effects on worker comfort and performance. The results of a study which investigated infrared heating effectiveness for secretarial workers are briefly presented.
On the Training of Time Sharing Skills: An Attention Viewpoint
Authors: Gopher Daniel
Published: July 2017

Training of time-sharing skills is discussed within an attention framework in which poor time-sharing performance is interpreted to stem from scarcity or inefficient utilization of processing resources. Practice is argued to increase resource availability either by reducing the resource demands of each task, improving coordination, or enhancing the voluntary control on resource allocation. Based on this analysis notions of skill generalizations and implications for the development of training procedures are examined.
Human Performance Evaluation of Graphic and Textual CRT Displays of Diagnostic Data
Authors: Tullis Thomas S.
Published: July 2017

A study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of four alternative CRT display formats for diagnostic data. The formats were narrative text, structured text, black and white graphics, and color graphics. The evaluation measured subjects' speed and accuracy of response to a question requiring interpretation of a display. The results indicated that accuracy of response did not vary with format. Speed of response, however, did vary with format. Responses to both graphic formats were consistently faster than to the narrative text format. With additional practice, responses to the structured text format were just as fast as to the graphic formats.
Comparison of Memory Tests for Environmental Research
Authors: Harbeson Mary M. , Krause Michele , Kennedy Robert S.
Published: July 2017

Four memory tests were considered for inclusion in a human performance test battery. The tests were administered to 23 Navy enlisted men for 15 consecutive days. Group means, standard deviations, and cross-session correlations were examined. Two of the tests, Interference Susceptibility and Free Recall, met the initial statistical criteria for inclusion in the test battery. However, the other tests, Running Recognition and List Differentiation failed to show sufficient task definition and reliability in their present form. These tests are compared with each other and with previous memory research studies.
Convergence-Divergence with Extended Practice: Three Applications
Authors: Jones Marshall B.
Published: July 2017

When a task is practiced, its correlation with an external measure may increase, decrease, or remain the same, to take only linear possibilities into account. If the correlation increases, the task is said to converge on the external measure; if it decreases, the task diverges from the external measure. This simple notion has many applications, some of them entailing important theoretical consequences. The present paper discusses three of these applications.
The Human Engineering of Human Factors Procedures: Effective Nuclear Power Plant Control Room Evaluations
Authors: Talley Walter T. , Beith Danna , Haher Jessica , Amerson Thomas
Published: July 2017

Practical methods and procedures which decrease the amount of time required to conduct an evaluation can be invaluable to human factors specialists as most are usually limited by economic and time constraints.

Presented are the hypotheses that 1) the amount of effort required to collect survey data using checklist procedures is related to the quantities of controls and displays and is relatively independent of the system's operational complexities, and 2) the amount of effort required to conduct task analyses is related to the number of operators involved and the number of different ways in which operators interface with equipment, and is relatively independent of control and display quantities once these quantities reach a certain level.

Procedures for collecting large quantities of data using checklists are described and the results of applying these procedures in a nuclear power plant control room where control board components exceeded 4000 instruments are discussed.

The procedures used involved; 1) the development of a photographic mock-up of the control board, 2) serial numbering all components, 3) preparing component record sheets and discrepancy report forms prior to the evaluation, 4) modifying traditional checklists to a new format, and 5) revising the data collection methods for checklists.
Design Considerations for Distance Viewed Dot-Matrix Displays
Authors: Williams Rodney Don
Published: July 2017

Presented are the results of a systematic analysis and extension of the human design considerations for dot-matrix displays. A brief overview of some CRT literature is given and extended to address the design of distance viewed (large screen) displays. The results of some recent studies which address large screen display design are discussed. Recommendations are given for the research needed to improve large screen display design.
Predictors of Successful Arcade Machines
Authors: Schaffer Eric M.
Published: July 2017

Amusement Arcade Machines in a commercial location were measured for various attributes by the author using semantic differential and objective scales. The ability of each scale to predict the actual revenue taken in by each machine was assessed using a series of univariate regression analyses. The resulting profile of predictive capabilities can be used to aid selection of critical design criteria. A multiple linear regression was used to generate recommendations for the selection of arcade machines for purchase. Over 50% of the variability in machine success was predicted by scales measuring the apparent age of the machine, the vividness of the fantasy involved in the game, amount of movement on the display, and the extent to which the player was in control of the game. The implications of the findings for machine design and selection are discussed. A Factor Analysis of the rating scales yielded five underlying dimensions which were interpreted as Complexity, Type of Fantasy, User Involvement/Control, Novelty, and Loudness.
An Investigation of Shapes for Warning Labels
Authors: Cochran David J. , Riley Michael W. , Douglass Eileen I.
Published: July 2017

An examination was made of nineteen different geometric shapes of warning labels, using the method of paired comparisons. Sixty-six college students viewed slides of all pairs of the shapes and each time selected the shape that was the better indicator of warning. The binomial test was used to statistically test the difference between the shapes. Results showed that of the shapes tested, the triangle on its vertex (yield sign shape, ∇) was the best warning indicator.
The Effects of Shape Coding and Mirror Imaging of Control Knobs
Authors: Schurick Jayne
Published: July 2017

On machines that have two operator workstations, there is sometimes a question of the optimum arrangement of controls. The controls at both workstations can be either mirror imaged or arranged in a left-to-right sequence. This experiment was performed to investigate the sequential arrangement of controls on a dual workstation roof bolter, a machine used in underground coal mining. The use of shape coded control knobs was also investigated to determine their relative advantage with each arrangement. The results indicated that there was no clear stereotype for the arrangement of controls. Shape coded knobs were somewhat helpful during learning.
A Computerized Visual Feedback Display for Easier and More Accurate Spirometry
Authors: Brown C. Marlin
Published: July 2017

The accuracy of spirometric testing of lung function can be impaired by several quality control problems of a psychological nature, including effort dependency, comprehension of instructions, motivation, technician effects, and practice effects. This study evaluates a computerized visual feedback display designed to reduce these quality control problems and thus lead to easier and more accurate spirometry. The results show that the display can produce as high or higher values than standard procedures and at the same time, reduce variability significantly. The display also permits less technician intervention, which makes testing easier and reduces technician effects.
Defining the Subjective Experience of Workload
Authors: Hart Sandra G. , Childress Mary E. , Bortolussi Michael
Published: July 2017

Flight scenarios that represent different types and levels of pilot workload are needed in order to conduct research about, and develop measures of, pilot workload. In order to be useful, however, the workload associated with such scenarios and the component tasks must be determined independently. An initial study designed to provide such information was conducted by asking a panel of general aviation pilots to evaluate flight-related tasks for the overall, perceptual, physical, and cognitive workload they impose. These ratings will provide the nucleus for a data base of flight-related primary tasks that have been independently rated for workload to use in workload assessment research.
Ergonomics and Automation: A Marriage that Works in Industry
Authors: Alexander D. C. , Givens C. G. , Kaudewitz H. R.
Published: July 2017

Frequently, the ergonomic specialist is called in to evaluate and improve jobs that people find physically difficult to perform. Many of these jobs involve manual material handling. Standard solutions to these problems may involve selection of employees, reductions in work rate, modification of equipment, or modifications of packages and package sizes. Generally, these solutions require on-going administrative controls or reduced productivity or both. One solution commonly overlooked is the use of automation to replace human muscle. This presentation will highlight two case studies where automation was introduced to replace human labor. One case involves the use of industrial robots, the second case involves the use of an automatic palletizer. Justification of the equipment will be discussed including the safety and health aspects as well as economics aspects. One underlying point is that while the ergonomic specialist must be familiar with the capabilities and limitations of people, that same specialist must also be familiar with ways of performing the task if the job is too difficult for people to safely perform. A second point is that a natural function of the ergonomic specialist is the upgrading of the human toward more skilled tasks.
Effects of Processor/Problem Complexity on Specification of Problem Solutions for Computer Programs
Authors: Connelly Edward M. , Johnson Pamela
Published: July 2017

The ability of computer users to specify problem solutions by means of example solutions was investigated as a function of the user's background and experience, and various levels of processor and problem complexity. Two participant groups (programmers and bookkeepers/accountants) working with three levels of problem complexity and processor complexity were used. The experiment task required specification of a ship selection logic for a Navy Task Force.

The results showed that specification of problem solutions by example solutions led to a low rate of errors of commission. Further, the rate of errors of omission was significantly affected by the degree of generalization of the example inputs by the automatic processor. The results also suggested that the combinatorial strategy used in developing the example solutions may be a significant factor in the generation of accurate problem solution specifications.
Some Factors in the Design of Inspection Systems
Authors: Kochhar Dev S. , Pelosi Steve
Published: July 2017

The variation of inspection error detection with a variation in some design parameters was examined. Incoming product quality, as measured in terms of the number of defects in a product, the time available for inspection and the geometric regularity of the product to be inspected were tested in a three level experimental design. The inspection process was simulated on a visual display terminal. Analysis of the defect detection percentages showed both viewing time and the incoming product quality to effect the inspectors performance. For symmetric geometric shapes performance was much better. Such a technique is useful in both inspector training and task evaluation.
Some Recent Progress Into the Application of Ergonomics for the Improvement of Visual Inspection Performance
Authors: Megaw Ted , Bellamy Linda , Powell Jilly
Published: July 2017

Over the last two years, we have been involved in evaluating the current methods of final visual inspection in two large manufacturing companies and implementing changes in the methods where necessary. In both studies our approach has been structured by employing a simple general methodology and an error taxonomy specifically appropriate to visual inspection tasks. One of the purposes of this paper is to demonstrate that the initial evaluation of current inspection methods revealed similar problems in both companies despite very obvious differences in management organisation, in the nature of the inspection task and in the general conditions of the working environment. The techniques used in the original evaluation included, amongst others, the establishing of a variety of performance measures, the application of questionnaires and the use of video recordings of the inspection task and of the accompanying eye movements of the inspectors. The paper goes on to describe the progress that has currently been made in both companies to provide unequivocal quality tandards, to introduce improved workplaces and to develop appropriate forms of training. At all stages during the projects it was clear that progress was severely restricted by numerous constraints outside the control of the authors. These are mentioned during the course of this paper.
Evaluation of Three Methods for Inspection of Multiple Defects/Item
Authors: Su Jinn-Yen , Konz Stephan
Published: July 2017

An inspector can inspect an item once looking for multiple defects (e.g., scratches, color, shape) or look at the item once for scratches, once for color and once for shape. When should each strategy be used? Six non-student females inspected, at their own pace, a series of matrices with five types of defects: presence of A, B, $, 345 in a row and 678 in a row. Condition 1 was inspection of all matrices for one defect (say A), then all for a second, etc. Condition 2 was inspect each matrix for all five defects simultaneously. Condition 3 was inspect each matrix for “similar” characteristics (AB$ or 345 + 678). If inspection is “easy” (inspection for $, A or B), there is no difference in accuracy between inspection for one or multiple defects at a time but a considerable time penalty for inspecting for one defect at a time. If the inspection is “difficult” (inspection for 345 or 678), inspection for one defect at a time gave 15% less errors with a 22% increase in time.
Initial Progress with Blend - An Electronic Network Communication Experiment
Authors: Shackel B.
Published: July 2017

‘Computer Conferencing’, as a new and growing medium to aid scientific and technical work, is already well established (cf. Hiltz & Turoff, 1978; Johansen, Vallee, & Spangler, 1979). Several people have suggested the use of this medium to assist or even replace the traditional form of scientific publishing, that is to produce ‘Electronic Journals’ (cf. Senders, 1977).

Approval has recently been given, by the British Library Research & Development Department, to establish an experimental programme in electronic network communication for 3 years from 1 January 1981. Birmingham University will provide and develop the hardware and software facilities, and Loughborough University will develop the documentation, training and the first information community; thus we are organising the Birmingham and Loughborough Electronic Network Development (BLEND). The initial and principal aim is to develop and gain experience of an Electronic ‘Journal and Information Network‘, in order to assess the cost, efficiency and subjective impact of such a system; the further aim is to explore and evaluate alternative forms of user communication through the system.

Using a host computer at Birmingham University, a community of initially about 50 scientists (the Loughborough Information Network Community - LINC) will be connected through the public telephone network to explore various types of electronic journals. The concept of the electronic journal involves using a computer to aid the normal procedures whereby an article is written, refereed, accepted and ‘published’. The subject of this experimental programme will be ‘Computer Human Factors’. Each member will contribute at least one research article and one shorter note in each year of the project, and will also use other forms of communication such as newsletters, annotated abstracts, workshop conferences, co-operative authorship, etc. It is hoped to expand the community after the first year. Throughout the project relevant data will be gathered to enable the assessment of system and user performance, cost, ‘usefulness’ and acceptability.

The plans for this programme will be outlined, the progress during the first six months will be summarised, and any deductions warranted by experience to date will be discussed.
Figure Texture Structures Perception
Authors: Ward Frank , Rismiller Ann
Published: July 2017

In previous work, we investigated the role of texture in determining perception of induced movement. Perturbation of induced movement wasused as an index to quantify the organizational structure of simple geometric figures. The present work extends these findings. Subjects were presented with a sequence of views such that the azimuth changed every 80 msec. The percept was one of apparent smooth rotation of the figure in depth. By interposing a brief alternation in the regular sequence of azimuths, a perturbation or “jerk” occurred as the figure rotated. The duration of this interposed view was used to reflect differences in the texturing and complexity of the test figure–a cube. We found that texture level and interposition duration were monotonically related. We also found that, for minimal textures, figure complexity bore a monotonic relationship to interposition duration. These findings impact visual displays because they demonstrate the necessity to carefully weigh the merits of texture vs object complexity if the display is intended to generate high rates of object motion.
A Feedback Device to Promote Automotive Fuel Conservation
Authors: Fazio Cosmo P. , Cooksey Ray W.
Published: July 2017

This paper reports on the preliminary results of a research effort being performed for the Department of Energy to investigate and evaluate methods of providing feedback to automobile drivers during vehicle operation which will help to promote fuel conservation. Popular so called “trip computers” and other fuel conservation devices are evaluated in the laboratory and on the highway. System concepts are developed to provide visual and auditory feedback to the operator utilizing appropriate locations for additional on-board displays. A variety of feedback devices are installed in a test vehicle for evaluation of user preference and the effectiveness of the device in promoting fuel conservation.
The On–Line Use of Performance Measures to Predict Driving Fatigue
Authors: Attwood Dennis A. , Scott Philip L.
Published: July 2017

The experiment reported herein examined the use of driving performance measures to predict whether a driver was suffering from sleep-loss and/or excessive driving time.

The experiment was conducted on a closed 7.2 km oval track. Each subject driver drove around the track at about 80 kph for three hours on the first test day. For the next 21 hours, each driver remained awake and, at regular selected intervals, performed a battery of behavioural tests. On day two, 24 hours after beginning the first driving period, each subject began to drive for a second 3-hour period.

The data from each driving period in the first 27-hour session were analyzed to determine which set of performance variables best discriminated between the performance from each 3-hour driving period. The resulting variables were then programmed into a micro-computer located on-board the test vehicle. Two weeks later, each subject returned to repeat the original 27-hour schedule. During this session, however, the performance of each subject was monitored on-line by the on-board computer. If their performance deteriorated below the criterion established from the data originally collected, the computer, through a D/A link, attempted to alert each driver.

Results suggest that the multivariate criteria are able to discriminate between performance from the second 3-hour drive and that from the first at better than chance levels. The results are discussed in terms of an alertness indicator for highway vehicles.
Univariate and Multivariate Evaluation of Computer-Based Data Entry
Authors: Williges Robert C. , Williges Beverly H.
Published: July 2017

Meaningful human factors applications to the design of human/computer tasks require a quantitative data base that describes operator behavior as a function of various independent variables. Three classes of metrics including operator satisfaction ratings, work sampling procedures, and embedded performance measurement are described as important measures in evaluating a human/computer interface used to enter and update personnel records. Polynomial regression procedures were used to generate functional relationships between each of these metrics and four independent variables representing system delay, display rate, keyboard echo rate, and keyboard buffer length. Each of the 22 separate dependent variables showed different functional relationships among the four system variables, but overall system delay and keyboard echo rate were the major predictors of operator behavior. Additionally, the three classes of metrics were combined into three underlying interface dimensions relating to operator production, waiting, and planning activities.
System Response Time and Problem Solving Behavior
Authors: Bergman Hans , Brinkman Albert , Koelega Harry S.
Published: July 2017

In order to determine the Influence of duration and variability of System Reponse Time (SRT) on performance on a selection concept learning task, an experiment with four conditions was carried out. In two conditions, SRT's with zero and ten seconds were used. In two other conditions, variable SRT's with a mean duration of ten seconds and standard deviations of 2.5 and 7.5 seconds were used. Contrary to widely held beliefs, an increase in duration and variability of SRT did not have any negative influence on performance. The data indicate that SRT's of moderate duration and variability tend to have a benlficial effect on performance.
Hiring The Handicapped: The Role of the Human Factors Practitioner
Authors: Ellner Jack R. , Bender Henry E.
Published: July 2017

A study performed for American Management Associations to study the attitudes of industrial and business employers to affirmative action programs concerning the hiring of the handicapped revealed a number of areas where human factors practitioners may exercise their unique talents in mainstreaming the handicapped into the job market.
Volitional Postures during Maximal Push/Pull Exertions in the Sagittal Plane
Authors: Chaffin Don B. , Olson Mark , Garg Arun
Published: July 2017

A set of push/pull experiments were performed by six subjects (3 men and 3 women of widely varying anthropometry). They were asked to exert maximal one-handed and two-handed push and pull forces on a load cell set at three different heights: (67, 109 and 152 cm). They were each permitted to experiment with their postures to determine that which they sensed would permit the largest push or pull force, though no direct feedback was given as to their actual performance. Once they achieved what they believed to be their optimal posture, sagittal plane photographs were taken. The angles of major body joints were then recorded along with the isometric force produced.

It is shown that foot placement (together or spread apart, close or distant from the load cell), handle height, and body postures affect push and pull force capability in a manner that is reasonably logical, using biomechanical concepts. It is proposed that future biomechanical models of push and pull strengths and workplace layouts must be carefully assessed with reference to the postural variations reported.
Computer Generated Cockpit Engine Displays
Authors: Calhoun Gloria L. , Herron Sam
Published: July 2017

Three methods of presenting aircraft engine information were evaluated in a flight simulation: 1) conventional electro-mechanical instruments, 2) monochrome cathode-raytube (CRT) format and 3) color CRT format. Results indicated that pilots identified failed engine parameters faster and more accurately when engine information is integrated onto a single cockpit display compared to when it is presented on an array of dedicated instruments. However, there were no significant performance differences between the monochrome and color CRT formats. These results, besides showing the advantages of presenting engine parameters on a single computer-driven display, indicated a means of potential cost savings since monochrome formats are less expensive to implement.