bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Burying an Empress
Authors: Hillner Julia
Published: November 2022

This chapter describes the circumstances and geographical parameters of Helena’s death. It situates her burial in Rome within the wider landscape of commemoration that Constantine constructed for his mother. The chapter then turns to the immediate years after Helena’s death and discusses Constantine’s plans for succession that began to sideline Helena by renewing relationships with his stepfamily, the offspring of his father’s wife, Theodora. The chapter concludes with an analysis of the ways in which Helena’s and Theodora’s images and memories were deployed in the aftermath of the so-called massacre of princes in Constantinople following Constantine’s death in 337, which saw the majority of Theodora’s male descendants murdered.
Funny Valentine: Lorenz Hart
Authors: Furia Philip , Patterson Laurie J.
Published: November 2022

Lorenz Hart, intricate rhymer, did it all without a rhyming dictionary. Hammerstein compared Hart’s rhyming grace and facility to that of W. S. Gilbert. Hart wrote lyrics to match how people spoke. Richard Rodgers and Hart stayed in Broadway while many of their contemporaries headed to Hollywood during the Great Depression, creating such songs like “Ten Cents a Dance” and “Dancing on the Ceiling.” After finally heading west, they worked on movies such as Love Me Tonight with “Isn’t It Romantic?,” which combined singing with half-rhyming dialog where the dialog and song move the view from walking through Paris, to a tailor’s shop, to a cab to a train, to marching soldiers, to a gypsy camp, to a castle. Some of Hart’s lyrics (such as “Bewitched, Bothered and Bewildered”) were so sensual that he had to change the sheet music to get it published or played on the radio.
Conventional Dithers: Oscar Hammerstein
Authors: Furia Philip , Patterson Laurie J.
Published: November 2022

Oscar Hammerstein II came from a family of showbusiness entrepreneurs. His grandfather (Oscar I) built theatres and produced operas; his uncles (Arthur) became a songwriter, dramatist, playwright, and theatre manager; and William was a theatre manager for vaudeville shows. Oscar II, while his father worked to keep him out of theatre, started writing theatrical productions and plays. He is probably best known for working with Richard Rodgers in the production of Oklahoma!, Carousel, South Pacific, The King and I, and The Sound of Music. Each of these productions is discussed in this chapter, including how the wordsmith put words to Rodgers’s music.
Hip, Hooray, and Ballyhoo: Hollywood Lyricists
Authors: Furia Philip , Patterson Laurie J.
Published: November 2022

With the success of talkies, Hollywood studios purchased the Tin Pan Alley music publishing houses to collect the royalties of their new songs. This gave Hollywood a great deal of power over the music. Frequently, this meant that when a new movie was developed, they could just reach into their pockets and pull out an existing song for use. A few, however, would have new songs developed. A few of those movies include 42nd Street (“You’re Getting to Be a Habit with Me”), Gold Diggers of 1935 (“Lullaby of Broadway”), and Dames (“I Only Have Eyes for You”). This chapter explores those movies and those songwriters.
Coercive Control in Children's and Mothers' Lives
Authors: Katz Emma
Published: November 2022

This book sets out to revolutionize our understanding of how children are affected by coercive-control-based domestic violence. It provides a new child-centered perspective, replacing the question “How are children affected by exposure to physical violence?” with an inquiry into how children are affected by perpetrators’ continuous actions of coercive control (actions that may, or may not, include physical violence), and what the road to recovery is like for children and mothers who have experienced coercive control. The focus is on the child and the mother as co-victims and co-survivors of behavior by the perpetrator (frequently, though not always, the child’s father). Children have rarely been recognized in this way as direct victims and survivors of domestic violence. Instead they have usually been viewed as suffering indirect harm through seeing, hearing, or being aware of the ill-treatment of their parent. Yet, in reality, coercive control pervades their entire world, as it does the world of their mother, profoundly altering their experience of life. Coercive control traps children and mothers together in a cage of control: and once able to separate from the perpetrator, children and mothers face new challenges together. This book charts, and systematically analyzes, the recoveries of children and mothers in getting free and building new lives. It highlights their journeys toward family lives based on mutual supportiveness, where all have influence, all are respected, and all have the space and autonomy they need to thrive.
Ways ahead
Authors: Katz Emma
Published: November 2022

This chapter provides detailed recommendations for future research on children and coercive control. Additionally, policy and practice recommendations made in this chapter include: that the door must be left open for children to exit from their relationship with their perpetrator parent, with family courts being reformed to enable that exit to happen; and that more should be done to scale up the amount of long-term support available to mothers and children who have experienced coercive control, especially in relation to mothers’ mental health and strengthening mother–child relationships. The chapter emphasizes that, for children as well as for mothers, escaping coercive control is not just about being physically safe but also about psychologically breaking free. For children, like mothers, distorted victim-blaming/abuse-denying ways of thinking imposed by perpetrators need to be overcome as part of the process of recovering and building new lives together.
Diversity, Relativity, Etc.
Authors: Kelly Thomas
Published: November 2022

In ordinary life, we attribute bias to a radical diversity of things, including people, their mental states, their behavior, and the groups to which they belong; temporally extended processes and the outcomes of those processes; and much else besides. This chapter explores a number of basic structural features of bias, including the facts that biases have a characteristic direction and that they typically come in complementary pairs. It defends the idea that whether a person or thing counts as biased can be a relative matter and offers preliminary discussions of the phenomena of higher-order bias (or bias about bias) and biased representation. Finally, it explores the relationships between biased wholes and biased parts. It argues that a group might be biased even if all of its individual members are unbiased, and that, conversely, a group might be unbiased even if its members are severely biased.
Bias Attributions and the Epistemology of Disagreement
Authors: Kelly Thomas
Published: November 2022

A common response to disagreement is to discount the other person’s opinion on the grounds that they are or might be biased. This chapter explores the propriety of such reasoning, with special attention to the way that it interacts with the bias blind spot. It argues that even if the only reasons that an unbiased person can offer for her correct assessments of bias beg the question against the biased person, it does not follow that those assessments are unwarranted; and that, all else being equal, the unbiased person will generally be in a stronger position to rationally resist skeptical pressure from disagreement. Finally, it hypothesizes that judgments about bias are subject to strong “rich get richer, poor get poorer” effects, according to which initial differences in accuracy lead to greater differences at later times, as believers fall into epistemically virtuous and vicious cycles.
Main Themes and Conclusions
Authors: Kelly Thomas
Published: November 2022

This final chapter provides an overview of the main themes and conclusions of the book. Five main themes are identified. These include: (1) a robust pluralism about bias, (2) the deep connections between bias and norms, (3) the perspectival character of bias attributions, (4) the objectivity of bias and bias attributions, and (5) a thoroughgoing externalism about bias. Some connections among these themes are noted. The chapter then summarizes 125 claims about bias that are endorsed (and in most cases, argued for) over the course of the book, with references to the specific sections in which those claims are discussed.
Appropriate Measures
Authors: Mayer Benoit
Published: November 2022

This chapter identifies a method of assessing a state’s compliance with its general mitigation obligations. This method involves the identification of appropriate measures that a state would be expected to take when complying with its general mitigation obligations. Non-performance of a duty corollary to a general mitigation obligation would create a presumption that the state has breached its general mitigation obligation. In the context of climate litigation, this would have the practical effect of shifting the burden of proof onto the state. The chapter identifies three main corollary duties and emphasizes some of their applications in light of state practice. These three main corollary duties are the duty of cooperation, the duty of vigilance, and the duty of consistency.
The EU’s Application of Diplomatic Law
Authors: Duquet Sanderijn
Published: November 2022

This chapter deals with substantive diplomatic law and examines in detail the EU’s relation with international diplomatic norms. It tests the general suitability of the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (VCDR) to the EU’s situation and, where necessary, expresses doubts about specific provisions in the Treaty. The study does not limit itself to a study of the application of the VCDR; it also explains the Union’s urge to apply norms not covered by the Convention, including norms of protocol, CIL, and topics once considered unfit for codification. As a result, this chapter studies fundamental as well as practical topics by re-visiting the foundations of diplomatic law and by analysing EU practices. It addresses different topics diplomatic missions are confronted with and focuses on the various challenges for the EU in initiating, conducting, and terminating diplomatic relations and for the EU institutions in managing them.
Gravity: From Falling Apples to Supermassive Black Holes
Authors: Mee Nicholas
Published: November 2022

Sensational developments in gravitational physics have occurred in recent years. Gravity: From Falling Apples to Supermassive Black Holes offers an engaging, accessible, and up-to-date account of this subject. It explains some of the key ideas in astronomy and physics in a historical style, with stories about past and present researchers, leading up to the cutting-edge research of today. The historical narrative runs from the early cosmologies, through the great breakthroughs of Tycho and Kepler, to Galileo’s contributions to astronomy and mechanics, then considers the significance of Jeremiah Horrocks’s ideas. Newton’s theories of mechanics and gravity are presented in detail. Newton’s theories were superseded by Einstein’s general relativity, where gravity is explained as the curvature of four-dimensional spacetime by massive bodies. The text explains how Einstein used non-Euclidean geometry to construct his theory. It also considers the many ways in which general relativity has been tested. One of its predictions is the existence of black holes. The work of Penrose and Hawking is described, including more speculative ideas such as Hawking radiation, primordial black holes, and the search for a quantum theory of gravity. The book describes the recent discovery of gravitational waves and what they tell us about neutron stars and black holes. A supermassive black hole resides at the centre of all galaxies. One has been imaged by the Event Horizon Telescope. General relativity is also the basis for modern cosmology. The book describes the Big Bang, the cosmic microwave background, dark matter, dark energy, and cosmological inflation.
The Great Ocean of Truth
Authors: Mee Nicholas
Published: November 2022

This chapter describes the experiments of Michael Faraday in the early decades of the nineteenth century, which were used by James Clerk Maxwell to construct a theory of electromagnetism that predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves. It discusses Albert Einstein, who was a young rebel who revolutionized physics in the year 1905. Einstein was led to his theory of special relativity through his analysis of the elegant structure of Maxwell’s theory. The chapter covers Einstein’s theory which had far-reaching implications such as time dilation, the equivalence of mass and energy, the description of time as a fourth dimension, and the necessity for a new theory of gravity.
Intentionality and Perception (II)
Authors: Robinson Howard
Published: November 2022

Intentionalists claim that the subjective contents of perceptual awareness are not objects of awareness, and that, therefore, they are quite different from sense-data or qualia, and do not stand between the subject and the world. This chapter looks at the various ways different philosophers have developed this idea. The strategies of A. D. Smith, Schellenberg, Dretske, Lycan, Jackson, and Johnston are examined. The conclusion is that they all fail to explain how contents can be what constitute hallucinations, and yet not be, in the relevant sense, objects of awareness. Smith’s insistence that contents can be phenomenal objects, without being objects in the sense that the intentionalist needs to avoid, is rejected, because whether there are phenomenal objects of awareness in subjective states such as hallucinations is what is at stake.
Singular Reference and Its Relation to Intentionality
Authors: Robinson Howard
Published: November 2022

In Chapters 3 and 4 it was argued that appeal to intentionality does not help us to understand, or somehow demystify the subjective or sensational aspect of perception. In the subjective aspect of sensory experience, qualities are really presented, and not merely represented. The point of this chapter is to show how we can represent individuals, irrespective of whether those individuals exist. It is, therefore, an account of intentional objects, and how they are sustained in our mental framework. The account given of how intentionality works in the case of singular thought makes it clear how and why intentionality is not a candidate for explaining basic experiential content.
The Problematic Nature of the Modern Conception of Matter
Authors: Robinson Howard
Published: November 2022

Part II investigates what the world might be like in itself, as opposed to how it presents or manifests itself to us. This chapters looks at the conceptions of the world that are presented by physical science, and by scientifically minded philosophers of a realist disposition. All these scientific realist conceptions are argued to be very problematic. First the ‘powers’ conception of matter is discussed, and argued to point towards idealism. Lewis’s quiddities and Esfeld’s matter points are looked at, and rejected, as possible fundamental ontologies. Then quantum theory is considered as a form of scientific realism, and found to be further away from common sense than idealism. Indeed, it suggests idealism.
Bishop Berkeley and John Foster on Problems with Physical Realism about Space
Authors: Robinson Howard
Published: November 2022

The early sections consider two arguments about the nature of space that occur in Berkeley. The first concerns the phenomenology of space, the second its physics. The first is the ‘mite’ argument and the second concerns Newton’s two thought experiments about absolute space, the ‘bucket’ thought experiment and the ‘balls’ thought experiment. It is argued that they strengthen support for an idealist approach to space. Next is a major argument of John Foster’s. It moves in two steps. The first involves the refutation of naïve or direct realism, leaving the realist with a traditional representative realism as his best option. Given Part I of this book, this is taken as achieved. The second step of Foster’s argument consists in the claim that a world that lies beyond experience—a Transcendental World (TW)—need not have the same topology as the physical world (PW) and that, therefore, the space of the TW is not physical space. If the space of TW is not physical space, TW is not the physical world. This is given the intuitive premise that spaces which have different topologies cannot be the same space—a space cannot have two inconsistent topologies at once. This would seem to be a simple case of Leibniz’s law.
Street Food
Authors: Taverner Charlie
Published: November 2022

This is a social, economic, and cultural history of food hawking in London, which challenges how we think about street food and urban life in both the past and present. Focused on London between the late sixteenth and early twentieth centuries, the book reconstructs the working lives of the poor women and men who sold fruit, fish, vegetables, milk, and dishes like pies and sausages on the streets, outside the formal economy of markets and shops. It demonstrates the complexity and sophistication of hawkers’ work, as well as their vital roles in feeding the city during a critical period of expansion. It also shows how a deeper understanding of street selling provides a new perspective on key debates and issues within metropolitan history, including the improvement of the streets, economic polarization, the rise of retail and shopkeeping, working class diets, the gender division of labour, and the grand narrative of modernization. Finally, the book reflects on the demise of London street trading over the twentieth century and the emergence of a gastronomic street food trend since the 2007–8 financial crisis—highlighting the differences with hawkers’ historical experience and that of street vendors around the world today.
Introduction
Authors: Taverner Charlie
Published: November 2022

This chapter introduces the basic form of food hawkers’ work, which showed remarkable continuity in London between the late sixteenth and early twentieth centuries, and how it relates to the modern street food trend and street vending around the world. It briefly surveys previous studies of street selling in England’s capital and other past cities, before demonstrating how the book, for the first time, puts hawkers at the centre of the narrative of London’s growth and transformation. The introduction also provides an overview of the key developments in the city and street vending across this period, and the range of evidence and approaches used in the following chapters.
Tools
Authors: Taverner Charlie
Published: November 2022

This chapter examines the technology London hawkers used to sell food on the street, in particular baskets, wheelbarrows, and donkeys. Such apparently simple tools were seen by contemporaries as proof of street sellers’ backwardness and incivility, and are typical of the poor technologies neglected by historians. Examining each major street food technology in turn and how they were purchased, maintained, and used, this chapter argues that they remained essential equipment for retailers and integral to the material culture of the street for more than three centuries.
Voices
Authors: Taverner Charlie
Published: November 2022

This chapter considers hawkers’ use of advertising cries and the significance of these sounds in London culture. It explores how these calls were described as annoying between the late sixteenth and early twentieth centuries, but such descriptions revealed changing attitudes towards the city, its people, and its sound. Crying was integral to street sellers’ work as retailers, a practice that demanded effort and skill, aspects of which we can reconstruct using ballads and elite music from the period. This chapter also draws on theoretical discussions of soundscapes to show how hawkers’ calls carried meaning and helped structure the city’s temporality. The capital’s soundscape shifted fundamentally in the late Victorian period, but hawkers’ calls remained vessels of metropolitan myth.
Epilogue
Authors: Taverner Charlie
Published: November 2022

This concluding chapter describes how food hawking declined in London over the twentieth century, before a very different street food phenomenon emerged after the 2007–8 financial crisis. It shows how street markets appeared to be thriving in the interwar period, but were actually falling in prominence due to factors like demographic change, a diminishing street life, and new motorized transport. It considers the recent rise of a culinary street food trend and how it differs in style and accessibility from street food of the past. This modern street food is also at odds with the fundamental, everyday importance of street vendors in large cities around the world.
A Celestial Patron
Authors: Méndez Hugo
Published: November 2022

Beginning in the early fifth century, local interest in Stephen reached new levels of intensity. This chapter anchors this development in a shift in martyrological reflection documented in other cities of the same period. As the Roman Empire was Christianized, civic pride and identity were increasingly formulated around the fame of local martyrs, who were reimagined as the heavenly patrons of particular cities and towns. The only encomium for Stephen to survive from fifth-century Jerusalem, delivered by the presbyter Hesychius, indicates that Jerusalem had begun to construct Stephen along similar lines in the same period. The homily recasts Stephen as a kin and co-citizen of Jerusalem, worthy of more fervent devotion by the city’s residents.
Democratic Theorizing
Authors: Asenbaum Hans
Published: November 2022

This chapter presents democratic theorizing as a participatory approach to developing democratic theory. Democratic theorizing is inspired by the deliberative values of inclusion, diversity, listening, and transparency. In contrast to established approaches to theorizing democracy, democratic theorizing includes human and nonhuman research participants in the theorizing process. Bringing together insights from grounded theory, participatory research, and assemblage theory, democratic theorizing enhances the formative agency of those outside academia. Drawing on a democratic theorizing project with the Black Lives Matter movement, this chapter provides a step-by-step guide which takes the reader through the different phases a democratic theorizing project might comprise.
Online Deliberative Matrix
Authors: Kies Raphaël
Published: November 2022

In the last decades, online deliberation has gained prominence amongst scholars in political science, political philosophy, political communication, and big data analysis. This chapter presents a method to assess online deliberation: the Online Deliberative Matrix (ODM). This matrix refers to a criteria that assesses the quality of deliberation taking place in online discursive spaces. The chapter provides the theoretical foundation of the matrix by referring to the ideal speech situation and the two-track model of democracy advocated by Jürgen Habermas. It then presents a detailed operationalization of this theory based on nine deliberative criteria and discusses some examples that fully, or partially draw on the ODM to evaluate the deliberativeness of online debates in different contexts.
Process Tracing
Authors: Pickering Jonathan
Published: November 2022

A major challenge for empirical analysis of deliberative processes is to establish causal relationships between the context or design of these processes (e.g. access to information or the inclusion of marginalized participants) and desired outcomes (e.g. decisions that have higher epistemic or deliberative quality or are more reflective of citizens’ values). While some of these causal relationships can be tested in experimental settings or through large-N quantitative analysis, others are much harder to test in this way, particularly when it comes to complex causal relationships operating in large-scale deliberative systems or in long-term deliberative processes. Even at a small scale, experimental methods may not be able to yield nuanced answers to how and why a deliberative forum yielded a particular outcome. Process tracing offers a promising method for structuring qualitative, explanatory case-study analysis of deliberative processes. Process tracing aims to identify causal mechanisms that connect the causes of events or phenomena to their outcomes, drawing evidence from a wide array of sources associated with a single case or a small number of cases. Many empirical studies in political science have employed process tracing in a fairly loose manner, and it is only more recently that political scientists have made a concerted effort to develop a more systematic approach. This chapter shows how scholars of deliberative democracy can employ process tracing to assess deliberation within and beyond mini-publics, building on a review of related work that employs this method and highlighting areas for future research.
Q Methodology
Authors: Parry Lucy J.
Published: November 2022

Q methodology is a robust method for identifying and understanding subjective viewpoints or discourses, involving both quantitative and qualitative elements. The principles underpinning Q are in line with deliberative principles, namely the importance of reflection and taking subjectivity seriously. This chapter discusses how Q can enhance the understanding of deliberative democracy in both theory and practice. Q can be used to assess discursive preferences before and after deliberation. This offers an alternative approach to individual preference aggregation and provides a more nuanced insight into the effects of deliberation. Q can also contribute to our understanding of the deliberative system in two possible ways. Following John Dryzek’s conception of the system, it can be used to assess inclusivity by identifying the balance of discourses in public space. The chapter concludes by introducing a novel application for using Q to indicate deliberative quality across discourses in the deliberative system.
The Deliberative Camp
Authors: Porta Donatella della , Andrea Felicetti
Published: November 2022

This chapter introduces the Deliberative Camp, a research method based on the informal practices of social movements that blend both participation and deliberation. Camps or acampadas have been a main development within the anti-austerity movements. As a form of political practice, Deliberative Camps provide a democratic model of engagement for activists, civil society actors, and citizens to develop knowledge and take action on urgent political problems without necessarily waiting for institutional collaboration. As a research method, meanwhile, Deliberative Camps provide a unique resource to study the relationship between deliberation and activism. This chapter explains how this method can be used and how it advances the scholarship of deliberative democracy.
Mutual Need
Authors: Mansbridge Jane
Published: November 2022

The study of deliberative democracy stands today at a methodological cutting edge. Here, perhaps uniquely, normative theory, practitioner invention, and empirical analysis all depend actively and recursively on one another. Conscious synergy permeates this volume. Empirical scholars need normative theory to identify ‘success.’ They need practitioner innovations for analytically fruitful variation. Practitioners, for their part, need normative and empirical guidance to experiment and improve what can be done. Theorists need both practitioner advances and empirical analyses to probe analytically and build upon the implicit and evolving norms behind deliberative practice. Even more unusually, individual scholars who begin with one method increasing frequently take up the goals and tools of other methods in their quest for understanding and better practice. Why this synergy? Increasing demands for democratic legitimacy are driving practical innovation across the globe. Assessing the new deliberative forums that arise from these demands and the deliberative systems of which they are a part, practitioners, theorists and empirical scholars are asking both ‘What do we want to achieve?’ and ‘What produces -- or hinders -- what we want to achieve?’ The goals include greater epistemic creativity and accuracy, contributions to human development, and, most importantly, increases in perceived legitimacy backed by normative legitimacy, to undergird the many new laws and regulations (with the accompanying increases in government coercion) that human beings will require as we become increasingly interdependent.
Introduction
Authors: Tardy Thierry
Published: November 2022

The Introduction lays out the main theme of the volume, as well as its conceptual framework and methodology. NATO is, first and foremost, an intergovernmental organization in which states define and implement policies. Understanding how the organization operates and how it defines its mission necessarily requires examination of its constituent parts: NATO’s nations, in other words. The book thus explores national policies within the Atlantic Alliance. It examines the foreign policies of sixteen allies, focusing on issues such as their strategic cultures, relationship with the United States, contributions to NATO operations, levels of defence spending, domestic challenges, and decision-making processes. By analysing the drivers, constraints, and specificities of relevant national policies, the volume offers an overview of NATO’s contemporary functions and challenges and informs about the Alliance’s cohesion and relevance in the face of contemporary threats.
Turkey
Authors: Kasapoglu Can
Published: November 2022

This chapter deals with Turkey’s policy towards NATO. Realpolitik remains the key analytical framework to grasp Turkey as a NATO nation. With its strong military and burgeoning defence technological and industrial base, Turkey brings a combat-proven warfighting capacity to the Alliance which can be matched by only a few other allies. This is essential at a time of escalatory challenges of interstate and hybrid conflicts. Geopolitics is yet another explanatory framework broadly used in this chapter. Turkey’s critical geopolitical setting, ranging from its control over the Straits to being the sole NATO nation with a land connection to the Middle East and the Caucasus, is important for NATO’s geostrategic outlook. Yet, from Turkey’s downing of a Russian Aero-Space Forces Su-24 frontline bomber in 2015 to its 2019 procurement of Russia’s S-400 surface-to-air missile system, Turkey’s strategic agenda has navigated through complicated patterns. Turkey has also provided Ukraine with armed drones and developed a firm defence partnership with Kyiv amidst Russia’s reactions. At present, while Turkey’s quest for further marge de manoeuvre in international affairs can cause drifts with some Western nations, its contribution to NATO efforts remains high, showcasing the compartmentalization between Turkey’s bilateral relations with the West and its NATO paradigm. Looking forward, while Turkey will keep depending on NATO in defence planning, this dependency has gradually become more ‘refined’ in defence technological aspects, predominantly revolving around strategic weapon systems, advanced battle networks, and nuclear deterrent.
Spain
Authors: Arteaga Félix
Published: November 2022

The chapter examines Spain’s policy vis-à-vis the Atlantic Alliance. It first examines how the Spanish membership in NATO helped to normalize the country’s role on the international scene after its democratic transition. Regardless of their political orientation, Spanish governments have maintained NATO and the European Union on an equal footing in their security policies. Spain supports the development of a European strategic autonomy that is compatible with NATO while it opts for the Alliance for collective defence. The chapter also looks at how Spain comes as a reliable partner despite its differentiated strategic culture and a limited defence budget. Its armed forces regularly contribute to allied operations and provide significant power projection capabilities. In terms of NATO’s priorities, Spain shares the allies’ concern about the situation in Eastern Europe and contributes to the allied deterrence and defence posture against Russia. However, Spain’s perceived threats to its own security remain at NATO’s Southern periphery due to its geographic location close to the Mediterranean, the Sahel, the Horn of Africa, and the Gulf of Guinea. Against this backdrop, the chapter assesses how the new Strategic Concept (to be adopted at the Alliance Summit in Madrid in June 2022) is approached as an opportunity for Spain to better commit NATO to its Southern flank but also to resist more assertive positions vis-à-vis Russia and China, given Spain’s preference for political dialogue.
Canada and Norway
Authors: von Hlatky Stéfanie , Berdal Mats
Published: November 2022

The chapter analyses the policies of Canada and Norway in NATO. While the two countries have distinct regional security priorities, they place NATO, as well as their bilateral relationship with the United States, at the core of their foreign and defence policies. Domestic political support for NATO remains strong in both countries. While they both share a strong interest in promoting greater Alliance cohesion and are committed to tackling ‘emerging security threats’, they have distinct views on threat assessment and the relative expansion of NATO’s military tasks above and beyond collective defence and deterrence. In the case of Norway, the direction of Russian defence and security policy under Putin, rapid changes in weapons technologies, the weakening of existing arms control regimes, and the uncertain effects of environmental pressures in the Arctic and the High North have all combined to bring its NATO priorities back to its historical core: securing reinforcements to the Northern flank in the event of crisis and ensuring that key allies maintain an interest in NATO’s Northern periphery. For its part, Canada has made NATO a priority by contributing to its operations and activities, while decreasing its involvement in UN operations. NATO represents a useful diplomatic forum for a country which is dependent on its bilateral defence cooperation with the United States. Ultimately, what sets Canada apart from Norway is a threat perception tempered by the security benefits that three oceans and a powerful neighbour offer.
Poland
Authors: Tardy Thierry
Published: November 2022

This chapter looks at Poland’s policy towards NATO. Since its accession in 1999, Poland has considered the Alliance as the guarantor of its sovereignty and territorial integrity. At the same time, the United States has been perceived as Poland’s main ally, on which to rely with regard to maintaining peace and security in Central and Eastern Europe. After the 2008 Russian–Georgian war, Poland started to opt for a change in NATO’s military posture, perceiving Russia as the biggest military threat and non-military challenge. This was reinforced following the 2014 Ukraine crisis. Warsaw has then worked towards developing a strong allied deterrence posture on the Eastern flank. In parallel, it has striven to enhance Polish–US ties and secure a US military presence on its soil. Poland sees itself both as a security consumer and as a security provider, notably through its participation in NATO’s out-of-area missions and reassurance measures towards other allies. Warsaw has also been investing in its own defence and consistently raised military expenditure above 2% of its gross domestic product. Looking forward, Poland sees manifold challenges for NATO, starting with concerns about the future of the US security and defence policy, the ability of European allies to engage more in collective defence, and rising tensions among allies. While NATO and military cooperation with the United States remain at the centre of Poland’s defence posture, Warsaw has started to explore possibilities of further enhancing ties with regional allies.
Fossil-Fuel Faulkner
Authors: Watson Jay
Published: November 2022

Fossil Fuel Faulkner is the first book-length study of a single writer in the emerging field of the energy humanities. As we try to imagine our way beyond a deeply problematic fossil energy regime that depletes and degrades the planet and sharpens the gap between Global North and Global South and move toward a more just and sustainable energy future, there is much to learn from how previous generations imagined the modern transition into a hydrocarbon-fueled world from the solar- and muscle-powered order that preceded it, and from how they imagined the consequences of that transition, including the new cultural forms it elicited and the new social problems it created. Jay Watson turns to the life and writings of William Faulkner, creator of one of the richest imaginative landscapes in American literary history, for new insights into the deep-reaching connections linking the extraction, production, and use of energy resources in his native US South to its histories of slavery and Jim Crow, its ecologies of disruption and despoilation, the logic of its cultural practices, and the nuances of literary form. Surveying the author’s personal and imaginative engagements with coal and oil, with modern automobility and the road narrative, and with the profligate energies of the sun and the human animal, Fossil Fuel Faulkner explores nearly all of Faulkner’s novels and over a dozen of his short stories, and reveals the author to be one of petromodernity’s keenest chroniclers and critics.
What We Talk About When We Talk About (Him) Walking
Authors: Siganporia Harmony
Published: November 2022

This section explores the act of walking as a liminal one, altering the walker in the process. It analyses the spaces between marching and walking—the collective and individuated aspects of the act—proceeding to outline the various kinds (and modalities) of Gandhi’s walks, in a bid to decode how he used walking to signify myriad things (e.g. The Dandi March (1930) as an ethnographic act; the Orissa tour (1934) as a ‘yatra’ or pilgrimage; the walk in Noakhali (1946) as an act of penance, and so on). It also investigates the basis of the myth of the ‘flying’ Mahatma, apart from examining how marches are structurally different from most contemporary social movements, which take the form of static dharnas.
Wittgenstein and Moral Realism
Authors: Lovibond Sabina
Published: November 2022

This essay considers some recent criticism by Hans-Johann Glock of Lovibond, Realism and Imagination in Ethics (1983). Glock treats that book—in conjunction with certain writings of John McDowell—as an example of the so-called ‘anti-anti-realist’ approach to Wittgenstein. The present essay seeks to commend Lovibond (1983)—pace Glock—as faithful in spirit to the later-Wittgensteinian view of language as integrated into a wider nexus of activity, and revisits the idea of ‘intellectual authority-relations’ as a link between (1) non-foundational epistemology in the analytical tradition, and (2) more general-purpose critical theory. This, the essay argues, is the context in which to appreciate both the legitimate diversity of our evaluative concerns, and the implicit realism (the commitment to ‘getting things right’) which shapes much of our thinking about value.
‘The Sickness of a Time’
Authors: Lovibond Sabina
Published: November 2022

Wittgenstein’s later philosophy of language can be regarded as ‘naturalistic’ in that it treats language-use as one of the characteristic activities of the human species. In other words, it is not a reductive naturalism but a ‘naturalism of second nature’—one that acknowledges human language-games, with their various inbuilt normative constraints, as cultural (and therefore historical) phenomena. The essay asks: can we read this philosophy as naturalistic in a further sense, involving the idea of a ‘natural’ (normal, healthy, sound) condition of human beings with respect to their own linguistic activity; and in contrast to this, an alienated or pathological condition? This question leads to that of the uneasy relationship to Wittgenstein of (some varieties of) present-day cultural criticism, for example in the Marxist tradition—a relationship necessarily limited by certain points on which the Wittgensteinian source material remains muted or unresolved.
The Unquiet Life
Authors: Lovibond Sabina
Published: November 2022

The idea of salience has entered moral philosophy mainly through the treatment of practical reason in neo-Aristotelian ethics, where it has been argued that the considerations that are ‘salient’ for us in any given context (those which command our active attention or concern) will shape our lives as rational agents, and by way of their content, provide a criterion of good character. The present essay develops this picture, drawing on the work of Robert M. Adams, with reference to a certain kind of involuntary wrongdoing—specifically, the failure to register moral salience where we ought to do so. It thus engages with the question of competing claims on our ethical attention and discusses our exposure, through general democratic dialogue, to the ethical equivalent of surprise attack.
The S/O pivot
Authors: Dixon R. M. W.
Published: November 2022

This chapter defines the core of Dyirbal grammar. Much of the syntax is based on a ‘pivot’, which is a linking of two syntactic functions: intransitive subject (S) and transitive object (O). Two clauses can only be coordinated to form one sentence if they share the same pivot argument (which is in S or O function in each of them). The chapter begins with a clear exposition of the S/O pivot in Dyirbal, contrasting it with English. There is then illustration of a variety of pivot chains and of how an antipassive derivation (see detailed account in Chapter 12) converts a transitive subject (A) argument into S function, thus feeding the pivot constraint. The next section deals with the syntax of demonstratives, which only exist in S/O function. There is then description of a technique for linking pivot chains. The final section lists the role of the S/O pivot in a dozen later chapters.
The number system
Authors: Dixon R. M. W.
Published: November 2022

Like other Australian languages, Dyirbal lacks a set of lexical numbers used for counting. It does have ‘one’, two’, ‘three’, and ‘many’, utilised as modifiers. However, it does have plenty of number specification across the grammar. Pronouns have a {‘singular, dual’ ‘plural’} system. Several nominal derivational suffixes relate to number, as does one verbal derivational suffix. The language has no 3rd person singular pronouns per se. Dialects differ in their 3rd person dual and plural pronouns, which can have double case marking. There is discussion of how an inclusive/exclusive distinction is organised. And there is a set of dyadic kinship terms.
Possession
Authors: Dixon R. M. W.
Published: November 2022

The chapter commences with a comparison of type of possession in English and in Dyirbal. Whereas English recognises only one type of possession, Dyirbal has two types. The first is inalienable possession, which covers body parts (extended to parts of artefacts and of the environment), orientation terms (such as ‘front’ and ‘top’) and ‘name’. This is shown just by apposition and is called a ‘whole/part relation’. The second type is alienable possession. This covers material things which can be bought, sold, or given away, and also kin terms (both conjugal and affixal). There are two genitive suffixes used here. There is discussion of the inflection of a possessor noun phrase, of the syntactic frames for wuga-l ‘give’, and of how to render ‘have’. The suffixes used to mark alienable possession are similar in form and—to an extent—in meaning with those used to mark relative causes. There is discussion of how this varies across dialects, and of a possible historical scenario.
The applicative/causative derivational suffix
Authors: Dixon R. M. W.
Published: November 2022

There are basically two ways of deriving a transitive sentence—with two core arguments, transitive subject (A) and transitive object (O)—from an intransitive one—with a single core argument, intransitive subject (S). One is the applicative derivation, whereby S becomes A and what was a peripheral argument is now placed into O function; for instance ‘Johna lives [with his wife]peripheral becoming ‘Johna lives-applicative [his wife]o’. The other is the causative derivation, where S becomes O and a new participant, the causer, is brought in as the A argument; for instance, ‘[The cup]s broke’ becomes ‘Sea broke-causative [the cup]o’. Dyirbal has a single derivational suffix which combines these. When it applies to an intransitive clause about 20 per cent of the instances are causative and 80 per cent are applicative (the erstwhile peripheral argument may have been comitative, dative, instrumental, or locative). The derivation may also apply to a transitive sentence where it can only have applicative effect. The A remains as is, the original O is now marked dative and what was an instrumental or locative peripheral argument is promoted into O function.
Valency-reducing derivations: Antipassives, reflexive, and reciprocal
Authors: Dixon R. M. W.
Published: November 2022

There are several ways of deriving an intransitive sentence—with a single core argument, intransitive subject (S)—from a transitive one—with two core arguments, transitive subject (A) and transitive object (O). There is passive, in which O becomes S and the original A is either omitted or marked as a peripheral argument. And there is what has come to be called antipassive, in which A becomes S and the original O is either omitted or marked as a peripheral argument The third is reflexive where underlying A and O coincide, becoming S to a verb with reflexive marking. Finally there is reciprocal, where one participant is A and another O, with these functions being reversed for another token of the same activity; here the S argument for a verb with reciprocal marking combines the referents of the underlying A and O arguments. Dyirbal has three derivations covering three of these schemes, missing out on passive. The BARRI derivation is just reciprocal, NGA is just antipassive, while RRI can be reflexive or antipassive. The two antipassives have contrasting meanings: RRI refers to the prospect of some activity, and NGA to an actual activity. But there are phonological restrictions on the use of NGA, and in some contexts only RRI may be used. There is also discussion of reasons for employing an antipassive. This could be to satisfy the pivot constraint, or to agree in transitivity within a serial verb construction, or just not to have to state the O argument.
Verbless clauses
Authors: Dixon R. M. W.
Published: November 2022

Every language has intransitive and transitive clauses, with the predicate slot filled by a verb, which refers to an action or state. Many languages have a third type, the copula clause whose predicate slot is filled by a copula verb, which does not refer to an action or state. Instead, it marks a relationship between the referents of its two arguments—the copula clause subject (CS) and the copula clause complement (CC). Many languages simply lack a copula verb. They have a copula-type construction but with no verb. Corresponding to CS and CC there is a verbless clause subject (VCS) and a verbless clause complement (VCC) which are simply apposed. Dyirbal is of this type. The semantic relations which a verbless clause in Dyirbal may express include; identity, classification, attribution, possession, and location. There is information on what the VCS and VCC may be. The final section deals with single-word clauses.