bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studying evolution of the primary body axis in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Anlas Kerim , Trivedi Vikas
Published: August 2021

The metazoan body plan is established during early embryogenesis via collective cell rearrangements and evolutionarily conserved gene networks, as part of a process commonly referred to as gastrulation. While substantial progress has been achieved in terms of characterizing the embryonic development of several model organisms, underlying principles of many early patterning processes nevertheless remain enigmatic. Despite the diversity of (pre-)gastrulating embryo and adult body shapes across the animal kingdom, the body axes, which are arguably the most fundamental features, generally remain identical between phyla. Recently there has been a renewed appreciation of ex vivo and in vitro embryo-like systems to model early embryonic patterning events. Here, we briefly review key examples and propose that similarities in morphogenesis and associated gene expression dynamics may reveal an evolutionarily conserved developmental mode as well as provide further insights into the role of external or extraembryonic cues in shaping the early embryo. In summary, we argue that embryo-like systems can be employed to inform previously uncharted aspects of animal body plan evolution as well as associated patterning rules.
Endoscopic Resection of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor: Is It Safe?
Authors: Joo Moon Kyung
Published: August 2021

Recently, results from clinical studies of endoscopic resection of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) in the stomach are being reported. This procedure has several advantages, such as the provision of a definite diagnosis and therapeutic plan, avoidance of frequent follow-up examination, and reduction of patients’ anxiety. However, several concerns also exist such as a limited number of studies, low R0 resection rate, and relatively shorter follow-up period compared with surgical resection. Nevertheless, it is encouraging that most of the post-procedural complications have been treated with conservative management and that some of the patients did not show recurrence of the tumor during long-term follow-up. The selection of suitable cases and the experience of the endoscopists are the most important factors for successful endoscopic resection of gastric GIST. Development of novel procedures as well as collaboration with laparoscopic surgeons are currently in progress.
Classification of high-voltage power line structures in low density ALS data acquired over broad non-urban areas
Authors: Roussel Jean-Romain , Achim Alexis , Auty David
Published: August 2021

Airborne laser scanning (ALS) has gained importance over recent decades for multiple uses related to the cartography of landscapes. Processing ALS data over large areas for forest resource estimation and ecological assessments requires efficient algorithms to filter out some points from the raw data and remove human-made structures that would otherwise be mistaken for natural objects. In this paper, we describe an algorithm developed for the segmentation and cleaning of electrical network facilities in low density (2.5 to 13 points/m2) ALS point clouds. The algorithm was designed to identify transmission towers, conductor wires and earth wires from high-voltage power lines in natural landscapes. The method is based on two priors i.e. (1) the availability of a map of the high-voltage power lines across the area of interest and (2) knowledge of the type of transmission towers that hold the conductors along a given power line. It was tested on a network totalling 200 km of wires supported by 415 transmission towers with diverse topographies and topologies with an accuracy of 98.6%. This work will help further the automated detection capacity of power line structures, which had previously been limited to high density point clouds in small, urbanised areas. The method is open-source and available online.
Hallmarks of glycogene expression and glycosylation pathways in squamous and adenocarcinoma cervical cancer
Authors: Martinez-Morales Patricia , Morán Cruz Irene , Roa-de la Cruz Lorena , Maycotte Paola , Reyes Salinas Juan Salvador , Vazquez Zamora Victor Javier , Gutierrez Quiroz Claudia Teresita , Montiel-Jarquin Alvaro Jose , Vallejo-Ruiz Verónica
Published: August 2021

Background

Dysregulation of glycogene expression in cancer can lead to aberrant glycan expression, which can promote tumorigenesis. Cervical cancer (CC) displays an increased expression of glycogenes involved in sialylation and sialylated glycans. Here, we show a comprehensive analysis of glycogene expression in CC to identify glycogene expression signatures and the possible glycosylation pathways altered.

Methods

First, we performed a microarray expression assay to compare glycogene expression changes between normal and cervical cancer tissues. Second, we used 401 glycogenes to analyze glycogene expression in adenocarcinoma and squamous carcinoma from RNA-seq data at the cBioPortal for Cancer Genomics.

Results

The analysis of the microarray expression assay indicated that CC displayed an increase in glycogenes related to GPI-anchored biosynthesis and a decrease in genes associated with chondroitin and dermatan sulfate with respect to normal tissue. Also, the glycogene analysis of CC samples by the RNA-seq showed that the glycogenes involved in the chondroitin and dermatan sulfate pathway were downregulated. Interestingly the adenocarcinoma tumors displayed a unique glycogene expression signature compared to squamous cancer that shows heterogeneous glycogene expression divided into six types. Squamous carcinoma type 5 (SCC-5) showed increased expression of genes implicated in keratan and heparan sulfate synthesis, glycosaminoglycan degradation, ganglio, and globo glycosphingolipid synthesis was related to poorly differentiated tumors and poor survival. Squamous carcinoma type 6 (SCC-6) displayed an increased expression of genes involved in chondroitin/dermatan sulfate synthesis and lacto and neolacto glycosphingolipid synthesis and was associated with nonkeratinizing squamous cancer and good survival. In summary, our study showed that CC tumors are not a uniform entity, and their glycome signatures could be related to different clinicopathological characteristics.
El debate contramayoritario. Aproximaciones teóricas en Estados Unidos e Hispanoamérica
Authors: De la Cruz Hermida Gisselle , Ramírez Gómez Ana Elizabeth , Valenzuela Mendoza Rafael Enrique
Published: August 2021

El trabajo tiene como objetivo realizar un recorrido teórico en torno a los principales argumentos a favor y en contra de la revisión judicial. Analizar los alcances y las diferencias sustanciales entre ambos debates puede contribuir a la comprensión del tema, considerando las aproximaciones que reivindican los principios democráticos, pero también de aquellas que se sustentan en la preminencia de los derechos fundamentales y su salvaguarda como piedra angular de un orden democrático. Nuestro trabajo también considera algunos de los aportes que ha hecho la ciencia política a este debate a través de la teoría democrática y los posicionamientos que abordan el tema de la politización de la justicia. Consideramos que abordar el análisis desde estos enfoques enriquece la comprensión de esta discusión, toda vez que la doctrina jurídica en torno a la interpretación judicial, es contrastada con los alcances de los principios democráticos de legitimidad y republicanismo
The Effect of Land Uses on Soil Erodibility (Index) and Soil Loss of the Keana Geological Sediments of Parts of Nasarawa State, Nigeria
Authors: Abubakar M. G. , Udochukwu M. O. , Enokela O. S.
Published: August 2021

The effect of land uses on soil erodibility and soil loss of the Keana geological sediments of parts of Nasarawa State, Nigeria was investigated in this study. Geographic positioning system (GPS) was used to identify three land uses (agricultural, forested, and residential). Soil samples were collected from top soils at 0-30 cm depth using core sampler from 1 ha of each land use in 8 settlement communities (16 locations). Standard laboratory methods for soil analysis were followed for determination of Dispersion ratio, Erosion ration, Clay ratio and Modified clay ratio. Linear regression and correlation were used to determine the logical relationship between the erodibility index and corresponding soil loss. The soils from the study area were classified as sandy loam and sandy clay loam with high density, high permeability and porosity making them less vulnerable to shear stress. Dispersion ration (DR) modified clay ratio (MCR), Clay ratio (CR) and Erosion ratio (ER) where high, which suggests that soils from the study area are vulnerable to erosion at various degree of susceptibility.  Mean value of erodibility factor (K) and predicted soil loss of 0.0492, 0.0460 and 0.0357; 7.77, 7.20 and 5.48 tonnes/hectare/year  for agricultural, forested, and residential  lands respectively. The findings suggest that land uses influence the soil erodibility in the formation is in this order residential land > agricultural land > forested land use. The erosion class is ‘very low’ for forested (soils in this class have very slight to no erosion potential), ‘low’ (soil losses will occur) for agricultural and residential land uses respectively. These findings suggest that soil erodibility has been significantly influence by land use change in Keana geological sediment.
Deep Vein Thrombosis in Adults-A Review
Authors: Walke Monali , Pohekar Savita
Published: August 2021

DVT is a type of blood clot that occurs in the deep veins of the leg or pelvis. An embolus occurs when a thrombus, or blood clot, breaks off. Emboli can go to the lungs and cause a PE. DVT is the most found reason for maternal death in developing country, according to a 2017 analysis. In children, DVT is relatively uncommon. According to a 2016 report, DVT affects 0.30 out of every 100,000 children under the age of nine and 0.64 out of every 100,000 children between the ages of ten and nineteen. Throughout high-income nations, roughly 1.5 out of 1000 adults will get VTE for the first time each year, 5–11 percent of persons will have VTE  their lifetime. As people get older, VTE becomes significantly more common. DVT has several risk factors, some of which are listed here. An injury to your veins, such as a bone fracture, Being overweight puts extra pressure on your legs and pelvis veins. Having a DVT family history, A catheter is put into a vein, Female who is taking hormonal treatment or pills of birth control. A common sign is edema in your foot, ankle, or leg, mostly one side. Cramping pain in the affected leg that usually starts in the calf Area of skin that is noticeably warmer than the rest of the body. Diagnosis of DVT includes Ultrasound, Venogram, d-dimer test. Medical Management of DVT pharmacological therapy i.e. unfractional heparin, low molecular heparin, anticoagulant, thrombolytic therapy used.

Conclusion : Awareness and understanding its signs and symptoms are more effective and less expensive than the secondary prevention. Encouragement and education for the self-reporting and self-assessment help to the early detection and prevention of DVT.
Comparative Evaluation of Salivary Malondialdehyde Levels in Children with Different Caries Status- A Cross-Sectional Observational Study
Authors: Ravikumar Dhanalakshmi , Ramani Pratibha , Gayathri R.
Published: August 2021

Background and Objectives: Early childhood caries is a major public health problem especially in young children. ECC affects the quality of life of young children by affecting the chewing ability of children due to the development of pain and swelling, and this may indirectly affect the nutritional status of a child. The present study was done to assess the level of salivary malondialdehyde in children with and without Early childhood caries. The main objective of the study is to determine the salivary malondialdehyde levels and to compare it with the three groups of children with different caries experiences.

Materials and Methods: It is cross-sectional observational research carried out at Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals. Children between 3-6 years were examined and 20 caries-free, 20 children with ECC as well as 20 children with S-ECC were recruited for the study. The caries status was assessed using dmfs and the severity of caries was assessed using pufa index. Salivary samples were collected and analysed for salivary malondialdehyde levels.

Statistical Analysis: The data was entered and analysed using SPSS software version 20.0. One-way ANOVA was done to determine the difference in malondialdehyde levels between the groups. “Post-hoc Tukey” test was done to measure the intergroup significance. A “P value of < 0.05” was measured as statistically “significant” and P < 0.001 was deemed as statistically “highly significant”. Pearson’s correlation was done to correlate pufa values with malondialdehyde levels.

Results: The results demonstrated that there was a statistically significant difference in salivary malondialdehyde levels among caries-free, ECC as well as S-ECC children. There was a positive correlation between the pufa score and salivary malondialdehyde levels.

Conclusion: 1. There is a significant difference in the salivary malondialdehyde levels among caries-free, ECC as well as S-ECC children.

There was a positive correlation of salivary malondialdehyde levels and pufa score in ECC and S-ECC children.
PROGRAM PENGEMBANGAN DESA MITRA DI KIAMA KABUPATEN TALAUD: INSTALASI POMPA AIR TENAGA SURYA
Authors: Rumbayan Meita , Sompie Sherwin R.U , Rumbayan Rilya
Published: August 2021

This community service aims to apply the technology of independence supply electricity based on renewable source of energy that is available locally. This technology is applied in Kiama village that is located in the remote island of Talaud. The problems regarding the limited access of electricity have been faced by the coastal community in Talaud Island. The water pump supplied by solar energy is the most suitable technology to be applied in the area that has limited access to electricity grid. The method of implementing this partner village development program consists of several stages, namely: (1) Application of suitable technology for solar water pump to supply water tank; (2) Transfer technology based on renewable energy utilization to increase knowledge and skills for the community in the remote village. The beneficial aspect of this activity is to improve the knowledge of society toward the renewable energy utilization and to improve of community standard lives toward the access of electricity, independently. The program implementations were designed and built-up of water pump powered by solar energy technology and the one unit installation of the technology to a church in the Kiama village. The results obtained from this activity are improvement of the welfare and the comfort of people's lives due to access to electricity. Regarding appropriate technology applied for the remote communities.
 
Abstrak: Pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini bertujuan untuk menerapkan teknologi keman­diri­an penyediaan tenaga listrik berbasis sumber energi terbarukan yang tersedia secara lokal. Teknologi ini diterapkan di Desa Kiama yang terletak di pulau terpencil Talaud. Per­masalah­an keterbatasan akses listrik telah dihadapi oleh masyarakat pesisir di Pulau Talaud. Pompa air yang disuplai tenaga surya merupakan teknologi yang paling cocok diterapkan di daerah yang akses jaringan listriknya terbatas. Metode pelaksanaan program pengembangan desa mitra ini terdiri dari beberapa tahapan, yaitu: (1) Penerapan teknologi tepat guna pompa air tenaga surya untuk mensuplai tangki air; (2) Alih teknologi berbasis pemanfaatan energi terbarukan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan dan keterampilan masyara­kat di desa terpencil. Manfaat kegiatan ini adalah meningkatkan pengetahuan masya­rakat terhadap pemanfaatan energi terbarukan dan meningkatkan taraf hidup masyarakat terhadap akses listrik secara mandiri. Implementasi program ini adalah merancang dan membangun pompa air bertenaga teknologi tenaga surya dan pemasangan satu unit teknologi tersebut pada sebuah gereja di desa Kiama. Hasil yang diperoleh dari kegiatan ini adalah peningkatan kesejahteraan dan kenya­man­an hidup masyarakat karena akses listrik.
PEMECAHAN MASALAH KOMPETISI MATEMATIKA BAGI GURU SEKOLAH DASAR TAHAP I
Authors: Yohanes Rudi Santoso , Sari Ana Easti Rahayu Maya
Published: August 2021

The rapid development of science and technology ushers people into the era of global competition in various fields of science, one of which is mathematics. The national mathematics competition at sd/mi level that has been pioneered in 2003 is one of the strategic containers to realize the educational paradigm. But even so, not all teachers are able to follow the wishes of science and technology. The current condition also requires teachers to be able to follow the development of science and technology in training and accompanying students in self-learning from their own homes. Before this condition teachers have also been subjected to demands to be able to train students to compete in academic fields such as mathematics. However, not all teachers are able to provide proper training to students as a form of preparation for them when they want to enter the competition. Math Competition Problem Solving Training activity is one form of activity that is expected to be a solution to the condition The training activity which was attended by 15 people consisting of 9 teachers, 1 lecturer, 1 civil servant, 1 housewife and 3 students received a positive response through questions and problem solving that had been given during the training, so it will be a consideration for the plan of implementation of similar activities next.

 

Abstrak: Pesatnya perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi mengantarkan manusia ke era kompetisi global di berbagai bidang ilmu salah satunya adalah matematika. Kompetisi matematika nasional tingkat SD/MI yang telah dirintis tahun 2003 merupakan salah satu wadah yang strategis untuk merealisasi paradigma pendidikan. Namun meskipun demikian belum semua guru mampu untuk mengikuti perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi yang ada. Kondisi sekarang ini pun menuntut guru untuk bisa mengikuti perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi dalam melatih dan mendampingi siswa dalam belajar mandiri dari rumah mereka masing-masing. Sebelum kondisi ini guru pun juga sudah mendapatkan tuntutan untuk dapat melatih siswa agar dapat berkompetisi dibidang akademik seperti matematika. Meskipun demikian belum semua guru mampu untuk memberikan latihan yang tepat kepada siswa sebagai bentuk persiapan bagi mereka ketika hendak mengikuti kompetisi. Kegiatan Pelatihan Pemecahan Masalah Kompetisi Matematika merupakan salah satu bentuk kegiatan yang diharapkan mampu menjadi solusi terhadap kondisi tersebut. Kegiatan Pelatihan yang diikuti oleh 15 orang ini yang terdiri atas 9 orang guru, 1 dosen, 1 pegawai negeri sipil, 1 ibu rumah tangga dan 3 mahasiswa ini mendapatkan respon yang positif melalui pertanyaan dan penyelesaian soal yang telah diberikan selama pelatihan sehingga akan menjadi pertimbangan untuk rencana pelaksanaan kegiatan serupa berikutnya.
Controlled Element Specific Nanoscale Domains by Self‐Assembly for High Performance Bifunctional Alkaline Water Splitting Catalyst
Authors: Fan Hua , Maheshwari Vivek
Published: August 2021

A stable bifunctional water‐splitting catalyst can simplify the development of alkaline medium electrolyzers. In this study, a catalytic material with controlled nanoscale domains of Pt and Ni is formed by a self‐assembly process at room temperature. The final structure of the catalyst is achieved through two‐stage transformation, first is the formation of Pt‐Ni nanoscale domains and then inducing Ni to higher oxidation states. The material has a nanowire‐like morphology at the macroscale, which ensures rapid kinetics and mass transfer. The results prove that the nanoscale domains of Pt, Ni, and Ni2+ and Ni3+ with close interfacing are crucial for the performance of the electrocatalyst and ensure the presence of Ni in a high oxidation state, leading to both hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity. The catalyst has a low overpotential and ultralow Tafel slope for both HER and OER, 13.7 and 32 mV dec−1, respectively, crucial for high power applications.
The roles of dispersal limitation, climatic niches and glacial history in endemism of the North American bryophyte flora
Authors: Carter Benjamin E.
Published: August 2021

Premise

Bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, and hornworts) tend to have very large geographic ranges, which impedes progress toward understanding the drivers of diversification and extinction. This study aimed to investigate whether North American endemics differ geographically from more widespread species and whether differences in climatic niche or traits related to dispersal and establishment differ between endemics and more widespread species.

Methods

All available herbarium records of bryophytes from North America north of Mexico (106 collections) were used. Traits related to dispersal were obtained from the literature. Analyses tested whether range sizes and extents differed between endemics and nonendemics, and whether trait differences were associated with endemism. Climate data were used to determine whether differences in niche breadth are present between endemics and nonendemics, and whether suitable climate for endemics occurs outside North America.

Results

Nonendemics have range sizes twice as large as endemics and they occur farther north and have greater longitudinal extents. However, they do not have the widest niche breadths and do not differ in spore size (with few exceptions) or sexual condition. Asexual propagules are more prevalent among nonendemics. Climatic models indicate that substantial areas of climate suitable for endemics exist outside of North America.

Conclusions

Distributions of endemics and nonendemics are consistent with an important role of glaciation in shaping the North American bryophyte flora. Endemics are not limited to the continent based on a lack of suitable climate elsewhere or by spore size or sexual condition.
A survey of current practice in reporting third trimester fetal biometry and Doppler in Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Paoletti Debra , Smyth Lillian , Westerway Susan , Hyett Jon , Mogra Ritu , Haslett Stephen , Peek Michael
Published: August 2021

Introduction

Inconsistent reporting practices in third trimester ultrasound, the choice of reference charts in particular, have the potential to misdiagnose abnormal fetal growth. But this may lead to unnecessary anxiety and confusion amongst patients and clinicians and ultimately influence clinical management. Therefore, we sought to determine the extent of variability in choice of fetal biometry and Doppler reference charts and reporting practices in Australia and New Zealand.

Methods

Clinicians performing and/or reporting obstetric ultrasound were invited to answer questions about fetal biometry and Doppler charts in a web‐based survey.

Results

At least four population‐based charts are in current use. The majority of respondents (78%) report the percentile for known gestational age (GA) alongside measurements and 63% using a cut‐off of estimated fetal weight (EFW) < 10th percentile when reporting small for gestational age (SGA) and/or fetal growth restriction (FGR). The thresholds for the use of fetal and maternal Doppler in third trimester ultrasound varied in terms of the GA, EFW cut‐off, and how measures were reported. The majority of respondents were not sure of which Doppler charts were used in their practice.

Conclusion

This survey revealed inconsistencies in choice of reference chart and reporting practices. The potential for misdiagnosis of abnormal fetal growth remains a significant issue.
Conversion of Ammonia to Hydrazine Induced by High‐Frequency Ultrasound
Authors: Humblot Anaelle , Grimaud Laurie , Allavena Audrey , Amaniampong Prince N. , De Oliveira Vigier Karine , Chave Tony , Streiff Stéphane , Jérôme François
Published: August 2021

Hydrazine is a chemical of utmost importance in our society, either for organic synthesis or energy use. The direct conversion of NH3 to hydrazine is highly appealing, but it remains a very difficult task because the degradation of hydrazine is thermodynamically more feasible than the cleavage of the N−H bond of NH3. As a result, any catalyst capable of activating NH3 will thus unavoidably decompose N2H4. Here we show that cavitation bubbles, created by ultrasonic irradiation of aqueous NH3 at a high frequency, act as microreactors to activate and convert NH3 to NH species, without assistance of any catalyst, yielding hydrazine at the bubble–liquid interface. The compartmentation of in‐situ‐produced hydrazine in the bulk solution, which is maintained close to 30 °C, advantageously prevents its thermal degradation, a recurrent problem faced by previous technologies. This work also points towards a path to scavenge .OH radicals by adjusting the NH3 concentration.
Allosteric Switching of Calmodulin in a Mycobacterium smegmatis porin A (MspA) Nanopore‐Trap
Authors: Liu Yao , Pan Tiezheng , Wang Kefan , Wang Yuqin , Yan Shuanghong , Wang Liying , Zhang Shanyu , Du Xiaoyu , Jia Wendong , Zhang Panke , Chen Hong‐Yuan , Huang Shuo
Published: August 2021

Recent developments concerning large protein nanopores suggest a new approach to structure profiling of native folded proteins. In this work, the large vestibule of Mycobacterium smegmatis porin A (MspA) and calmodulin (CaM), a Ca2+‐binding protein, were used in the direct observation of the protein structure. Three conformers, including the Ca2+‐free, Ca2+‐bound, and target peptide‐bound states of CaM, were unambiguously distinguished. A disease related mutant, CaM D129G was also discriminated by MspA, revealing how a single amino acid replacement can interfere with the Ca2+‐binding capacity of the whole protein. The binding capacity and aggregation effect of CaM induced by different ions (Mg2+/Sr2+/Ba2+/Ca2+/Pb2+/Tb3+) were also investigated and the stability of MspA in extreme conditions was evaluated. This work demonstrates the most systematic single‐molecule investigation of different allosteric conformers of CaM, acknowledging the high sensing resolution offered by the MspA nanopore trap.
Switchable, Reagent‐Controlled Diastereodivergent Photocatalytic Carbocyclisation of Imine‐Derived α‐Amino Radicals
Authors: Maitland J. Andrew P. , Leitch Jamie A. , Yamazaki Ken , Christensen Kirsten E. , Cassar Doyle J. , Hamlin Trevor A. , Dixon Darren J.
Published: August 2021

A reagent‐controlled stereodivergent carbocyclisation of aryl aldimine‐derived, photocatalytically generated, α‐amino radicals possessing adjacent conjugated alkenes, affording either bicyclic or tetracyclic products, is described. Under net reductive conditions using commercial Hantzsch ester, the α‐amino radical species underwent a single stereoselective cyclisation to give trans‐configured amino‐indane structures in good yield, whereas using a substituted Hantzsch ester as a milder reductant afforded cis‐fused tetracyclic tetrahydroquinoline frameworks, resulting from two consecutive radical cyclisations. Judicious choice of the reaction conditions allowed libraries of both single and dual cyclisation products to be synthesised with high selectivity, notable predictability, and good‐to‐excellent yields. Computational analysis employing DFT revealed the reaction pathway and mechanistic rationale behind this finely balanced yet readily controlled photocatalytic system.
Sulfur‐Dopant‐Promoted Electroreduction of CO2 over Coordinatively Unsaturated Ni‐N2 Moieties
Authors: Jia Chen , Tan Xin , Zhao Yong , Ren Wenhao , Li Yibing , Su Zhen , Smith Sean C. , Zhao Chuan
Published: August 2021

Atomically dispersed nickel–nitrogen–carbon (Ni‐N‐C) moieties are promising for efficient electrochemical CO2‐to‐CO conversion. To improve the intrinsic electrocatalytic activity, it is essential but challenging to steer the coordination environment of Ni centers for promoting the CO formation kinetics. Here, we introduce alien sulfur atoms to tune the local electronic density of unsaturated NiN2 species. A coordinated structure evolution is detected and S vacancies are generated at high overpotentials, as confirmed by X‐ray absorption spectroscopy. The sulfur dopants enhance CO selectivity and activity over normal unsaturated NiN2 structure, reaching a high CO Faradaic efficiency of 97 % and a large CO current density of 40.3 mA cm−2 in a H‐cell at −0.8 V and −0.9 V (vs. RHE), respectively. DFT calculations reveal both doped S atoms and evolved S vacancies in the NiN2 coordination environment contribute to the reduced energy barriers for CO2 electroreduction to CO.
Facile Synthesis of Chiral Arylamines, Alkylamines and Amides by Enantioselective NiH‐Catalyzed Hydroamination
Authors: Meng Lingpu , Yang Jingjie , Duan Mei , Wang You , Zhu Shaolin
Published: August 2021

Regio‐ and enantioselective hydroarylamination, hydroalkylamination and hydroamidation of styrenes have been developed by NiH catalysis with a simple bioxazoline ligand under mild conditions. A wide range of enantioenriched benzylic arylamines, alkylamines and amides can be easily accessed by nitroarenes, hydroxylamines and dioxazolones, respectively as amination reagents. The chiral induction in these reactions is proposed to proceed through an enantiodifferentiating syn‐hydronickellation step.
Determining home range, changes in habitat use with time, and the threats to an endangered freshwater turtle (Rafetus euphraticus) in Turkey
Authors: Bayrakcı Yusuf , Ayaz Dinçer , Luiselli Luca
Published: August 2021

The Euphrates softshell turtle (Rafetus euphraticus) is the most threatened chelonian species in the Middle East, where it is endemic to the Tigris and Euphrates basins. Since the ecology of this species is little known, it is difficult to plan any reliable action for its correct management and conservation.

To enhance the scientific knowledge on R. euphraticus, and to establish a science‐based management strategy, a detailed investigation was undertaken on the distribution, habitat, activity and home range of R. euphraticus in Turkey. The previous distribution records in Turkey are for the 1990s; thus, this study is the first comprehensive field research on the species after nearly 3 decades.

There was a significant sexual size dimorphism in the Turkish population, with males larger than females.

Four individuals were radiotracked for 1 year. The mean home range was highly variable depending on how it was calculated, but that of males was considerably greater than that of females by all methods used.

A quantitative evaluation was made of habitat change with time. The land cover classes potentially available to turtles in the Euphrates River basin increased by more than 100% between the 1990s and 2018: 92% of this enhancement was derived from water bodies and coastal lands.

Fifteen dams have been built in the lower part of the basins in the last 30 years. In addition, continuing human interactions have caused the fragmentation or destruction of suitable habitats for R. euphraticus.

The factors threatening R. euphraticus were assessed and a conservation action plan was developed. Some objectives such as monitoring and creating awareness of this action plan have been met while others are still waiting to be achieved.
Covariant canonical gauge theory of gravitation for fermions
Authors: Struckmeier Jürgen , Vasak David
Published: August 2021

We derive the interaction of fermions with a dynamical space–time based on the postulate that the description of physics should be independent of the reference frame, which means to require the form‐invariance of the fermion action under diffeomorphisms. The derivation is worked out in the Hamiltonian formalism as a canonical transformation along the line of non‐Abelian gauge theories. This yields a closed set of field equations for fermions, unambiguously fixing their coupling to dynamical space–time. We encounter, in addition to the well‐known minimal coupling, anomalous couplings to curvature and torsion. In torsion‐free geometries that anomalous interaction reduces to a Pauli‐type coupling with the curvature scalar via a spontaneously emerged new coupling constant with the dimension of mass. A consistent model Hamiltonian for the free gravitational field and the impact of its functional form on the structure of the dynamical geometry space–time is discussed.
Outcomes of poorly differentiated and plasmacytoid variant bladder urothelial carcinoma
Authors: Lockhart Kathleen , King Simon , Grant Alexander , McLeod Nicholas , Tiu Albert
Published: August 2021

Objectives

The aim of this study is to assess the course and management of poorly differentiated bladder urothelial carcinoma (UC), including plasmacytoid UC (PUC), in our local area. Although bladder cancer is relatively common, PUC is a rare and aggressive subtype with a poor prognosis that is still poorly understood.

Materials and Methods

A retrospective assessment of all poorly differentiated high‐grade UC over the last 15 years (2005–2020) in the Hunter New England area was completed. In total, 37 patients were included, and PUC variant was compared with the remaining poorly differentiated UC.

Results

Of the included cases, eight were PUC, nine squamous variant, two neuroendocrine, and one sarcomatoid. Overall, 23 cases proceeded to cystectomy, 15 had chemotherapy (six neoadjuvant), and 11 had radiation therapy. In the PUC subgroup, three had metastatic disease at diagnosis (37.5%). Of the three PUC patients who underwent cystectomy, all were upstaged. Two PUC cases had adjuvant chemotherapy, and one case had radiation. Within the follow‐up period, the PUC group had a cause‐specific mortality of 50% with a mean survival in these patients of 202 days, compared with 37.9% cause‐specific mortality with survival of 671.55 days (p = 0.23) in all other undifferentiated UC cases; 5‐year cause‐specific mortality with Kaplan–Meier analysis was estimated at 26% compared with 59%, respectively (p = 0.058).

Conclusion

Poorly differentiated UC is demonstrated to have a poor prognosis with a high mortality rate, particularly when PUC is present. Given the rarity of these variants, further studies are necessary to explore the impact of current treatment options.
‘I then had 50 stitches in my arms…such damage to my own body’: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of Izzat trauma and self‐harm experiences among UK women of South Asian heritage
Authors: Mafura Calvin , Charura Divine
Published: August 2021

Background and aims

Self‐mutilation (self‐harm) is a phenomenon that is increasingly being seen in patients presenting in mental health services in the United Kingdom. This present study aimed to explore the lived experience of South Asian women raised in the United Kingdom and their perspective of ‘Izzat’, which refers to honour.

Method

Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 12 women of ‘South Asian' heritage. Their accounts were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA).

Findings and discussion

The findings suggest that the concept of Izzat and Asian cultural identity permeated the narratives of all the participants. The results position Izzat as central to cultural discord felt by the women and as a base for some of the discontent that led to self‐mutilating. The analysis revealed five over‐arching themes as the most common factors to self‐harm among South Asian women, which include: (1) The struggle to maintain cultural identity, (2) Experience of loss of control and trauma, (3) Focus on self‐mutilation as a distraction process, (4) Psychological angst as metacommunication of pain, and (5) Enactment of perceived deserved punishment. Our conclusions argue for the importance of understanding the complexity of cultural diversity, introjected cultural expectations, and its impact on the development of trauma and implications for clinical practice.

Future research and practice should focus on exploring trauma‐informed methodologies and culturally sensitive approaches in working with those impacted by Izzat and the cultural responsibility of maintaining family honour.
Persistent gestational trophoblastic disease following ovarian molar pregnancy: A case report of a rare entity with review of the literature
Authors: Thapa Bibechan , Maharjan Meenu , Tuladhar Heera
Published: August 2021

Ovarian molar pregnancy, though a very rare entity, behaves like any other molar pregnancy. After surgical management, close follow‐up with β‐hCG surveillance is invariable to detect progression to persistent gestational trophoblastic disease.
Retroperitoneal Fibrosis as a presentation with masked multiorgan involvement of IgG4‐related disease—demystifying the diagnosis: A case report from Nepal
Authors: Shah Sangam , Chamlagain Rajan , Baral Bikash , Shrestha Sanjib , Adhikari Yagya Raj , Jha Saket
Published: August 2021

The timely diagnosis of the disease helps in preventing the progression of RF and unnecessary interventions that may mislead the diagnosis. Biopsy and serum IgG4 both can be non‐specific.
Single‐Atom Catalysts‐Enabled Reductive Upgrading of CO2
Authors: Tan Xiang , Li Hu , Yang Song
Published: August 2021

Single‐atom catalysts (SACs) have attracted extensive attention since their emergence. During the single‐atomic catalytic process, the “active center” exists in the form of atomical monodispersion, with nearly 100 % utilization of metal atoms. Uniform and atomically dispersed catalytic centers give SACs pronounced reaction activity and chemical selectivity. Here, we review the development processes, synthetic strategies, characterization methods, and applications of SACs in CO2 reductive upgrading. Also, a comparison of SACs with conventional heterogeneous catalysts in catalytic CO2 reduction is made and discussed. SACs have built a bridge between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis and have the advantages of both, showing a broad prospect in the field of catalysis.
Developing N‐Rich Carbon from C3N4‐Polydopamine Composites for Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Ferraz Beatriz J. , Li Bing , Guo Zhengxiao , Blackman Christopher , Liu Zhaolin
Published: August 2021

Nitrogen‐rich carbon‐based materials are amongst the most promising electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and/or the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The introduction of nitrogen within the carbonaceous framework generates catalytic active sites and alters the electrical conductivity. However, the synthesis of these materials often involves long processes and severe reaction conditions which yield a low concentration of nitrogen (N) functionalities. Herein, we present a facile method for the synthesis of N‐rich carbon by carbonizing a carbon nitride (C3N4)‐polydopamine composite (CNDA) which can readily be prepared by room temperature self‐polymerisation of dopamine in the presence of C3N4. The intrinsically high N content in C3N4 leads to a highly N‐doped carbon. The CNDA catalyst synthesized at 900 °C contained 12.5 at% of N, enhancing both the ORR and OER catalytic activities through a 4‐e− dominated pathway, providing a comparable E1/2 and a remarkably improved diffusion‐limited current to the other reported N‐doped carbon catalysts. When used as an air‐cathode in a zinc‐air battery, this CNDA catalyst possessed stable discharge‐charge cycling performance for 216 h, outperforming the Pt/C standard. This work opens a promising platform for the development of template‐free processes for the synthesis of non‐metal and nitrogen‐rich carbon materials which are attractive for metal‐air batteries and fuel cells.
Electrochemical Enabled Cascade Phosphorylation of N−H/O−H/S−H Bonds with P−H Compounds: An Efficient Access to P(O)‐X Bonds
Authors: Wang Ruige , Dong Xiaojuan , Zhang Yonghong , Wang Bin , Xia Yu , Abdukader Ablimit , Xue Fei , Jin Weiwei , Liu Chenjiang
Published: August 2021

An electrochemical three component cascade phosphorylation reaction of various heteroatoms‐containing nucleophiles including carbazoles, indoles, phenols, alcohols, and thiols with Ph2PH has been established. Electricity is used as the “traceless” oxidant and water and air are utilized as the “green” oxygen source. All kinds of structurally diverse organophosphorus compounds with P(O)‐N/P(O)‐O/P(O)‐S bonds are assembled in moderate to excellent yields (three categories of phosphorylation products, 50 examples, up to 97 % yield). A tentative free radical course is put forward to rationalize the reaction procedure.
Metal‐to‐Metal Distance Modulation by Ligand Design: A Case Study of Structure‐Property Correlation in Planar Chiral Cyclophanyl Metal Complexes
Authors: Hassan Zahid , Bräse Stefan
Published: August 2021

Multinuclear metal complexes have seen tremendous progress in synthetic advances, their versatile structural features, and emerging applications. Here, we conceptualize Metal‐to‐Metal distance modulation in cyclophanyl metal complexes by bridging ligand design employing the co‐facially stacked cyclophanyl‐derived pseudo‐geminal, ‐ortho, ‐meta, and ‐para constitutional isomers grafted with N‐, O‐, and P‐ containing chelates that allow the installation of diverse (hetero)metallic moieties in a distance‐defined and spatially‐oriented relation to one another. Metal‐to‐Metal distance modulation and innate transannular “through‐space” π–π electronic interactions via the co‐facially stacked benzene rings in cyclophanyl‐derived complexes as well as their specific stereochemical structural features (element of planar chirality) are crucial factors that contribute to the tuning of structure‐property relationships, which stand at the very center from the perspective of cooperative effects in catalysis as well as emerging material applications.
ent‐Pimarane Diterpenoid Dimers from Sigesbeckia glabrescens with Potent Anti‐inflammatory Activities
Authors: Gao Xiao‐Xu , Zheng Ying‐Ying , Zhang Xiao‐Yu , Hu Gao‐Sheng , Jia Jing‐Ming , Wang An‐Hua
Published: August 2021

Main observation and conclusion

Chromatographic purification of Sigesbeckia glabrescens extracts led to three undescribed ent‐pimarane diterpenoid dimers, named glabreside A—C (1—3). Their structures were confirmed by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses, and the structures of compound 1 and 3 were confirmed by X‐ray crystallography. The results of anti‐inflammatory activity assay showed that glabreside C (3) exhibited the most potent inhibition activity on nitric oxide (NO) production induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in BV2 microglia compared with the other two compounds. Glabreside C also increased the protein expression level of heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1), and suppressed inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) in LPS‐stimulated BV2 cells. Mechanistically, glabreside C exerts its anti‐inflammatory effect by inhibiting AKT/MAPKs signaling pathway. These findings indicate the vital role of ent‐pimarane diterpenoid dimers in explaining the anti‐inflammatory activity of S. glabrescens and provide important evidence for further development and utilization of Sigesbeckiae Herba. These results also suggest that glabreside C is a potential lead compound for anti‐inflammatory drugs.
Forging Three Single Bonds on One Carbon via Metal Carbynes or Carbyne Equivalents
Authors: Yang Yunhui , Wang Congyang
Published: August 2021

Metal carbyne (M≡C) complexes have been discovered for nearly half a century, however, they gained far less study in comparison with metal‐carbon single bond (M—C) and metal carbene (M=C) species in synthetic chemistry. Up to three sigma bonds are possibly forged on a single carbon through metal carbynes or carbyne equivalents, which holds great potentials in organic synthesis but also requires high efficiency of bond formation and precise control of reactivity and selectivity. Along this line, two systems based on stoichiometric transformations of manganese carbynes and ruthenium/rhodium‐catalyzed reactions of diazo hypervalent iodine reagents, carbyne equivalents, have emerged recently, which will be highlighted herein. Future potentials and challenges in this intriguing area are also briefly discussed.
Density‐ and moisture‐dependent effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus on drought acclimation in wheat
Authors: Duan Hai‐Xia , Luo Chong‐Liang , Zhu Sai‐Yong , Wang Wei , Naseer Minha , Xiong You‐Cai
Published: August 2021

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) is widely viewed as an ecosystem engineer to help plants adapt to adverse environments. However, a majority of the previous studies regarding AMF's eco‐physiological effects are mutually inconsistent. To clarify this fundamental issue, we conducted an experiment focused on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants with or without AMF (Funneliformis mosseae) inoculation. Two water regimes (80% and 40% field water capacity, FWC80 (CK) and FWC40 (drought stress) and four planting densities (6 or 12 plants per pot as low densities, 24 or 48 plants per pot as high densities) were designed. AMF inoculation did not show significant effects on shoot biomass, grain yield, and water use efficiency (WUE) under the low densities, regardless of water regimes. However, under the high densities, AMF inoculation significantly decreased shoot biomass, grain yield and WUE in FWC80, while it significantly increased these parameters in FWC40, showing density and/or moisture‐dependent effects of AMF on wheat performance. In FWC40, the relationships between reproductive biomass (y‐axis) vs. vegetative biomass (x‐axis) (R‐V), and between grain biomass (y‐axis, sink) vs. leaf biomass (x‐axis, source) fell into a typical allometric pattern (α > 1, P < 0.001), and the AMF inoculation significantly increased the values of α. Yet in FWC80, they were in an isometric pattern (α ≈ 1, P < 0.001) and AMF addition had no significant effects on α. Similarly, AMF did not significantly change the isometric relationship between leaf biomass (i.e., metabolic rate) and shoot biomass (body size) in FWC80, while it significantly decreased the α of allometric relationship between both of them in FWC40 (α > 1, P < 0.001). We therefore, sketched a generalized model of R‐V and sink‐source relationships as affected by AMF, in which AMF inoculation might enhance the capabilities of sink acquisition and utilization under drought stress, while having no significant effect under the well watered conditions. Our findings demonstrate dual density‐ and moisture‐dependent effects of AMF on plant development and provide new insights into current ecological applications of AMF as an ecosystem engineer.
Experimental investigation of single slope solar still with Eucheuma (agar‐agar) fiber for augmentation of freshwater yield: Thermo‐economic analysis
Authors: Sampathkumar Arivazhagan , Natarajan Sendhil Kumar
Published: August 2021

The accessibility of pure drinking water is one of the most complex challenges that humankind experiencing around the world. In this study, the experimental investigation has been carried out in the single slope solar still by the incorporation of naturally available Eucheuma fiber in the absorber basin. The Eucheuma fiber has high water absorbing capacity and acts like a wick material. The experimental results on two consecutive days in the month of February 2021 shows that the solar still with agar‐agar fiber (SSAAF) has an increase in productivity of 22.06% on Day 1 and 21.05% on Day 2 in comparison with conventional solar still (CSS). The freshwater productivity of SSAAF was 3150 ml/m2/day on Day 1 and 3800 ml/m2/day on Day 2, whereas for CSS it was 2600 and 3100 ml/m2/day on Day 1 and Day 2, respectively. The thermal efficiency was increased by 10% and 13% on Day 1 and 2 for SSAAF. The economic analysis indicates that SSAAF has a payback period of 4.3 months whereas CSS has 5.1 months. The cost per liter of freshwater is about $ 0.026 and $ 0.022 for CSS and SSAAF, respectively.