bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: STUDY OF NONCONJUGATED BICHROMOPHORIC SYSTEMS, THE SO CALLED ′JAW PHOTOCHROMIC MATERIALS′. PART 1. PHOTOCYCLOMERIZATION AND FLUORESCENCE OF BIS(9‐ANTHRYLMETHYL) ETHERS
Authors: CASTELLAN A. , LACOSTE J.‐M. , BOUAS‐LAURENT H.
Published: April 2016

Durch Kondensation entsprechend 9,10‐disubstituierter Anthracenderivate, ggf. durch zusätzliche Substitutionsreaktionen, wurden die Bis‐anthrylmethyl‐ Ether (III) dargestellt, wie z.B. (IIIa) aus (I) und (II).
ChemInform Abstract: KINETIC STUDIES OF THE PHOTOREDUCTION OF 4,4′‐DI‐N‐ALKYLBIPYRIDYLIUM SALTS BY ALKANOLS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION
Authors: BROWN N. M. D. , COWLEY D. J. , HASHMI M.
Published: April 2016

Die Photoreduktion z.B. der Bipyridyliumsalze (I) (bei 254 nm) durch Propanol‐(2) oder C1‐C4‐n‐Alkanol ergibt Quantenausbeuten, die mit steigender Alkoholkonzentration zunehmen.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOOXYGENATION OF 3,3‐DIALKYLSUBSTITUTED ALLYL ALCOHOLS. OCCURENCE OF SYN PREFERENCE IN THE ENE ADDITION OF (1)O2 AT E/Z‐ISOMERIC ALLYL ALCOHOLS
Authors: SCHULTE‐ELTE K. H. , MULLER B. L. , PAMINGLE H.
Published: April 2016

Farbstoffsensibilisierte Photooxidation der symm. substituierten Allylalkohole (I) sowie der E‐ bzw. Z‐isomeren Alkohole (V) bzw. (XI) werden untersucht: Aus (I) werden ‐ nach Reduktion der gebildeten Peroxide (III) mit Dimethylsulfid ‐ die Produkte (II)+(IV) erhalten; aus (V) entstehen die Produkte (VI) + (VIII) [im Falle von (Va) zusätzlich in geringer Menge ‐ 2% ‐ die Verbindungen (X)]; aus den (V)‐2‐Isomeren (XI) werden die gleichen Produkte (VIa) + (VIIIa) + (X) bzw. (VIb) + (VIIIb) in anderem Verhältnis gebildet.
ChemInform Abstract: CATION RADICALS FROM SULFONIC ACIDS OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
Authors: RUDENKO A. P. , ARAPOV O. V. , ZARUBIN M. YA.
Published: April 2016

Die Bildung von Radikalkationen (II) im Verlaufe der Pb0g‐Oxidation von Sulfonsäuren bzw. Sulfochloriden (I) in Fluorsulfonsäure bei ‐75°C wird ESR‐spektrometrisch nachgewiesen; die Oxidation verläuft in den Fällen (a) und (b) reversibel.
ChemInform Abstract: SELECTIVE OXIDATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. VI. OXIDATION OF 5‐ETHYL‐ AND 5‐(3‐CARBOXYPROPIONYL)ACENAPHTHENE
Authors: KOZOREZ L. A. , ZERNOV A. G. , YAKOBI V. A.
Published: April 2016

Oxidationen der Acenaphthene (I) bei einem durch NaCl‐Zusatz eingestellten, potentiometrisch kontrollierten Redoxpotential von 1.l0‐l.l4 V (Kalomelelektrode) in 90proz. Essigsäure liefern die Naphthalanhydride (II).
ChemInform Abstract: HYDROGENATION OF A 2‐BUTYNE‐1,4‐DIOL AQUEOUS SOLUTION ON A RANEY NICKEL CATALYST
Authors: BELOSLYUDOVA T. M. , ITOV Z. I. , L'VOVA S. D. , GUNAR V. I.
Published: April 2016

2‐Butin‐l ,4‐diol (I) wird mit einem Nickel‐Skelett‐Katalysator in wäßriger Lösung hauptsächlich zu cis‐2‐Buten‐l ,4‐diol (II) hydriert.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES OF ORTHO‐SUBSTITUTED DERIVATIVES OF BIPHENYL. I. NITRATION OF BIPHENYL‐2‐CARBOXYLIC ACID AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ITS NITRO‐SUBSTITUTED DERIVATIVES
Authors: MIGACHEV G. I.
Published: April 2016

Nitrierungen der Titelverbindung liefern infolge einer dirigierenden Wirkung der Carboxylgruppe bevorzugt d‐nitrierte Produkte (II).
ChemInform Abstract: KINETICS OF N‐METHYLATION REACTIONS AND X‐RAY DATA OF QUATERNARY THIAZOLIUM SALTS. THE NITROGEN ′LONE′ PAIR ORIENTATION IN THE THIAZOLE RING
Authors: PEPE G. , REBOUL J. P. , CHANON M. , GALLO R.
Published: April 2016

Sperrige Substituenten wie z.B. in (Ia) üben auf die N‐Methylierung einen stärker desaktivierenden Einfluß in 4‐Stellung als in 2‐Position, wie in (Ib), aus.
ChemInform Abstract: HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS BY SOLID SUPERACIDS. PART 12. FRIEDEL CRAFTS ALKYLATION OF BENZENE, ALKYLBENZENES AND HALOBENZENES WITH ALKYL HALIDES OVER A PERFLUORINATED RESINSULFONIC ACID (NAFION‐H) CATALYST
Authors: OLAH G. A. , MEIDAR D.
Published: April 2016

Die Alkylierung der Aromaten (I) bis (IV) mit den Alkylhalogeniden (V)‐(IX) wird in Gegenwart von Nafion‐H (perfluorierte, polymer gebundene Sulfonsäuren) durchgeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: DECARBOXYLATIVE ELIMINATION: A NEW METHOD FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF α,β‐UNSATURATED KETONES
Authors: REUTRAKUL V. , NIMGIRAWATH S. , PANICHANUN S. , SRIKIRIN Y.
Published: April 2016

Aus den Glycidcarboxylaten (I) erhält man bei der Oxidation mit Bleitetraacetat über die Oxidationsprodukte (III) die Cyclohexenyl‐ketone (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF Γ‐UNSATURATED METHYL KETONES
Authors: BARBOT E. , MESNARD D. , MIGINIAC L.
Published: April 2016

In einem Eintopfverfahren lassen sich aus Acetylaceton durch Alkylierung und anschließende Spaltung der Diketone (III) die Monoketone (IV) darstellen.
ChemInform Abstract: TOPICAL MOSQUITO REPELLENTS. XI: CARBAMATES DERIVED FROM N,N′‐DISUBSTITUTED DIAMINES
Authors: SKINNER W. A. , CRAWFORD H. T. , RUTLEDGE L. C. , MOUSSA M. A.
Published: April 2016

Verschiedene der auf dem skizzierten Weg synthetisierten Carbamate (III) und (IV) sind als Regellentien gegen Aedes aegypti wirksamer als Diethgltolu‐amid.
ChemInform Abstract: FULVENES AND FULVALENES, 22. ATTEMPTED SYNTHESIS OF NONAFULVENES AND OF NONAHEPTAFULVALENES
Authors: RUTSCH W. , FREY A. , NEUENSCHWANDER M. , ENGEL P.
Published: April 2016

1. Die Reaktion des Cyclononatetraenids (I) mit dem Acetat (II) bzw. mit dem Dihalogenether (VII) bei tiefen Temp· liefert anstelle der erwarteten Cyclononatetraene (III) bzw. (VIII) ‐ aus denen mit K‐tert.‐butylat die Nonafulvene (VI) erhältlich sein sollten ‐ die Verbindungen (IV) (nachfolgendes mehrtägiges Erhitzen → (V)) bzw. (IX).
ChemInform Abstract: MODE OF THE NUCLEOPHILIC REACTION OF PERFLUORO‐2,4‐DIMETHYL‐3‐HEPTENE AND PHENOL
Authors: MARUTA M. , ISHIKAWA N.
Published: April 2016

Das perfluorierte 2,4‐Dimethylhepten (I) reagiert mit Na‐phenolat in Ether überwiegend zu den Phenoxyfluoralkenen (II) und (III), während mit Phenol/Triethylamin 72 in DMF das Phenoxyalken (IV) erhalten wird.
ChemInform Abstract: THE THIOLATE ANION AS A NUCLEOPHILE. PART IX. REACTION OF SOME FLUOROAROMATICS
Authors: PEACH M. E. , RAYNER E. S.
Published: April 2016

Die Umsetzung der Fluoraromaten (I) mit Mercaptiden (II) führt zu den Alkylthiobenzolen (III), Hexachlorbenzol (IV) liefert mit Ethylmercaptid (V) Hexakisethylthiobenzol (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: SULFONYL KETENETHIOACETALS. 1. SYNTHESIS AND REACTION OF SULFONYL KETENETHIOACETALS
Authors: KASHIMA K. , HIDAKI S. , TOMINAGA Y. , MATSUDA Y. , KOBAYASHI G. , SAKEMI K.
Published: April 2016

Die aus den Sulfonen (I) synthetisierten Titelverbindungen (II) werden mit verschiedenen Aminoverbindungen zu den Produkten (III)‐(VI) umgesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: BENZYL AND METHOXY MIGRATIONS IN ACID‐CATALYZED REARRANGEMENTS OF NAPHTHALENONES
Authors: MILLER B. , LIN W.‐O.
Published: April 2016

1‐Benzyl‐Znaphthol (I) liefert in mäßiger Ausbeute mit Periodat in Methanol das Naphthalenon (II), das mit Säure lediglich zum 2‐Benzyl‐naphthochinon (III) führt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF α‐METHYLENE‐Γ‐BUTYROLACTONES BY REARRANGEMENTS OF CYCLOPROPYLCARBINYL SUBSTRATES
Authors: HUDRLIK P. F. , TAKACS J. M. , CHOU D. T.‐W. , RUDNICK L. R.
Published: April 2016

Aus den beiden Norcaran‐dicarbonsäureestern (Ia) und (Ib) entstehen durch selektive Hydrolyse die Monocarbonsäuren (II), die über die Säurechlo‐ ride zu den Carbinolen (III) reduziert und dann zu (IV) verseift bzw. in die Mesyloxy‐ Verbindungen (V) übergeführt werden.‐Aus diesen entstehen die Halogenide (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 12‐FLUORO‐7‐METHYLBENZ(A)ANTHRACENE AND 7‐FLUORO‐12‐METHYLBENZ(A)ANTHRACENE
Authors: NEWMAN M. S. , KHANNA J. M.
Published: April 2016

Benzoanthrachinon (I) liefert mit Methyllithium die isomeren Carbinole (II) und (III).
ChemInform Abstract: BROMINATION OF 3‐CYCLOPENTYL‐2‐BUTENOLIDE
Authors: SUM F.‐W. , WEILE R. L.
Published: April 2016

Cyclopentylbromid (I) liefert über die Grignardverbindung mit Ethylenoxid das Carbinol (II), das nach Oxidation mit Pyridinium‐chlorchromat (PCC) zum Aldehyd (III) mit Glyoxalsäure (IV) zu (V) kondensiert und dann zum Cyclopentyl‐lacton (VI) kondensiert werden kann.
ChemInform Abstract: BIS(1,3‐BUTADIEN‐1‐YL) SULFIDE, 1‐VINYL‐2‐THIABICYCLO(3.2.0)HEPT‐3‐ENE, AND 2,5‐DIHYDROTHIOPHENE FROM VINYLACETYLENE AND HYDROGEN DISULFIDE
Authors: TROFIMOV B. A. , AMOSOVA S. V. , MUSORIN G. K. , KUSHNAREV D. F. , KALABIN G. A.
Published: April 2016

Durch Einleiten von Vinylacetylen (19 g) in ein Gemisch von NaHS (14.5 g), H2O (4.5 g) und DMSO bei 90°C läßt sich das Dihydrothiophen (II) (Ausb.‐Angaben bezogen auf umgesetztes NaHS bei 47proz. Konversion) darstellen.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF SOME 4‐HYDROXY‐2‐PYRROLIN‐5‐ONE DERIVATIVES VIA ACYLOIN REARRANGEMENT
Authors: GELIN S. , GELIN R.
Published: April 2016

Aus den 2‐Alkyliden‐3‐furanonen (I) entstehen mit den Aminen (II) die 5‐Hydroxy‐2‐pyrrolin‐4‐one (III), die über die Anionen (IV) zu den isomeren 4‐Hydroxy‐lactamen (V) umlagern.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF 3‐PHENYLIMINO‐2‐INDOLINONE WITH CARBOXYLIC ACID HYDRAZIDES
Authors: VARMA R. S.
Published: April 2016

Die Benzoesäurehydrazide (I) liefern bei der Umsetzung mit dem Phenyliminoindolinon (II) die Hydrazone (III).
ChemInform Abstract: A NOVEL SYNTHETIC APPROACH TO MITOMYCINS. ONE STEP SYNTHESIS OF A 5,10‐DIOXO‐1H‐PYRROLO(1,2‐A)BENZ(F)INDOLE
Authors: GEEVERS J. , VISSER G. W. , REINHOUDT D. N.
Published: April 2016

Reaktion des Enamins (I) mit dem Acetylen (II) in polaren Lösungsmitteln führt über eine 1,5‐dipolare Cyclisierung zur Titelverbindung (III).
ChemInform Abstract: TRANSANNULAR CYCLIZATION REACTIONS OF PENTACYCLO(6.2.1.02,7.04,10.05,9)UNDECANE‐3,6‐DIONES. FORMATION OF AZA‐ AND OXA‐BIRDCAGE COMPOUNDS
Authors: SINGH P.
Published: April 2016

Aus dem Pentacycloundecandion (I) entstehen die isomeren Dioximdimethylether (IIa) und (IIb) die mit Methyllithium zu (IIIa) cyclisiert werden können.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF 2‐OXO‐1′,2′‐EPOXY‐1,1′‐BICYCLOHEXANE AND BIS(2‐OXO‐1′,2′‐EPOXY‐1,1′‐BICYCLOHEX‐3‐YL)METHANE WITH PHENYLHYDRAZINE
Authors: AKIMOVA T. I. , TILICHENKO M. N. , KHAIDUKOVA T. V.
Published: April 2016

Reaktionen des Epoxyketons (I) mit Phenylhydrazin liefern neben dem Hydrazon (II) geringe Mengen der Spiroverbindung (III); eine Spiroverbindung (VI) dieses Typs läßt sich als einziges Produkt der Umsetzung von (V) mit Phenylhydrazin isolieren.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 1‐PHENYL‐2‐(PHENYLCARBAMOYL)PYRAZOLIDINES AS POTENTIAL ANTICONVULSANT AGENTS
Authors: KORNET M. J. , GARRETT R. J.
Published: April 2016

Die Umsetzung der aus den Arylhydrazinen (I) und dem Dibromid (II) erhaltenen Pyrazolidine (III) mit verschiedenen Arylisocyanaten (IV) liefert die Verbindungen (V), die nur geringe anticonvulsive Wirkung zeigen.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF SUBSTITUTED THIENO(2,3‐D)IMIDAZOLES
Authors: BINDER D. , HILLEBRAND F. , NOE C. R.
Published: April 2016

Im Rahmen von Synthesen physiologisch aktiver Verbindungen mit einem Thiophenkern, werden Thieno[2,3‐d]‐ imidazole dargestellt, da von solchen Verbindungen wegen ihrer strukturellen Ähnlichkeit mit Benzimidazolen der Etonitazen‐Reihe analgetische Eigenschaften zu erwarten sind.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND H2‐ANTIHISTAMINIC ACTIVITY OF RING METHYLATED METIAMIDE ANALOGS. PART 4. H2‐ANTIHISTAMINIC AGENTS
Authors: SCHUNACK W. , ENGLER H. , FRITSCHI E.
Published: April 2016

Die Imidazol‐carbinole (I) setzen sich mit den Mercaptanen (II) zu den Thioethern (III) um, aus denen mit den Isocyanaten bzw. Isothiocyanaten (IV) die Metiamid‐Analoga (V) synthetisiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDY OF THE REACTION OF ETHYLENE COMPOUNDS WITH N‐BROMOCARBAMATES
Authors: FILENKO N. I. , MOCHALIN V. B.
Published: April 2016

Das aus dem Carbamat (I) mit Br, /NaOH dargestellte N‐Brom‐Derivat (II) läßt sich mit Styrol bei 60°C glatt zum Oxazolon (III) umsetzen.
ChemInform Abstract: ANIL‐SYNTHESE. 19. MITT. HERSTELLUNG VON STILBENYL‐DERIVATEN DES ISOXAZOLS
Authors: BERGER H. , SIEGRIST A. E.
Published: April 2016

Aldehyde (II), die aus entsprechenden 3‐p‐Tolyl‐isoxazolen (I) erhältlich sind, werden mit den Chloranilinen (III) zu Schiffschen Basen (IV) umgesetzt; die S‐p‐Tolyl‐ Isomeren werden analog dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: BENZO‐Γ‐PYRONES. PART VI. REACTION OF Ω‐FORMYL‐O‐HYDROXYACETOPHENONE, CHROMONE, AND DERIVATIVES WITH HYDROXYLAMINE
Authors: BASINSKI W. , JERZMANOWSKA Z.
Published: April 2016

Das Diketon (I) bzw. das Chromon (III) werden mit NHzOH ° HCl zum Isoxazol (II) umgesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDY OF THE RING‐OPENING REACTIONS OF 4‐BROMO‐3,4‐DISUBSTITUTED‐2‐ISOXAZOLIN‐5‐ONES WITH AQUEOUS SODIUM HYDROXIDE
Authors: SILVEIRA A. JUN. , SATRA S. K.
Published: April 2016

Hydroxylamin reagiert mit den substituierten Acylessigestern (I) zu den Isoxazolonen (II), die zu (III) bromiert und dann mit Alkali behandelt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: THE 2‐OXO‐THIAZOLIDINIUM MOIETY AS A NOVEL INITIATING CENTER FOR STEREOSELECTIVE OLEFIN CYCLIZATIONS
Authors: HAMERSMA J. A. M. , SCHOEMAKER H. E. , SPECKAMP W. N.
Published: April 2016

2,4‐Thiazolidin‐dione werden über Redoxreaktionen mit den entsprechenden Alkoholen zu den N‐Alkylverbindungen (I) umgesetzt und dann mit Boranat/ Säure zu (II) reduziert.
ChemInform Abstract: A MILD, NEUTRAL O‐ALKYLATION OF 4‐HYDROXY‐6‐METHYL‐2‐PYRONE AND 4‐HYDROXYCOUMARIN WITH ACTIVATED ALCOHOLS
Authors: SUZUKI E. , KATSURAGAWA B. , INOUE S.
Published: April 2016

Die Reaktion des 4‐Hydroxy‐pyrons (Ia) bzw. des 4‐Hydroxy‐cumarins (Ib) mit den Alkoholen (III) in Gegenwart des Betains (II) (erzeugt in situ aus Diethylazoformiat und Ph3P in THF bei 0°C) als Aktivator der Alkohole (III) führt zu den entsprechenden 4‐Alkoxy‐Derivaten (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND BACTERIOSTATIC ACTIVITY OF 2‐DIALKYLAMINOMETHYL‐4,5,6,7‐TETRAHALOINDOLES
Authors: GRINEV A. N. , DRUZHININA A. A. , SOROKINA I. K. , PERSHIN G. N. , KUKUSHKINA T. S. , SIZOVA T. N.
Published: April 2016

Setzt man 2‐Chlormethyl‐3‐carbethoxy‐4,5,6,7‐tetrahalogenindol (I) in Benzol bei 60‐70°C mit einem cyclischen sekundären Amin (II) um, so erhält man die 2‐Aminomethyl‐Derivate (III).
ChemInform Abstract: ION RADICALS. 43. ADDITION OF THIANTHRENE AND PHENOXATHIIN CATION RADICALS TO O ALKENES AND ALKYNES
Authors: SHINE H. J. , BANDLISH B. K. , MANI S. R. , PADILLA A. G.
Published: April 2016

Aus den Radikal‐Kationen (I) erhält man bei der Reaktion mit Olefinen (II) bzw. Alkinen, z.B. (IV), die Addukte (III) bzw. (V).
ChemInform Abstract: SUBSTITUTED 3,4‐DIHYDROXYCINNOLINES
Authors: LORA‐TAMAYO M. , MARCO B. , SENDER C.
Published: April 2016

Durch Cyclisierung von Isonitrosoacetaniliden in Gegenwart von Polyphosphorsäure entstehen die Isatine (I), die nach Lora‐ Tamayo et al. (Org.
ChemInform Abstract: RING EXPANSION IN THE ISOTHIAZOLE AND 1,2,5‐THIADIAZOLE RING SYSTEMS. PREPARATION OF NOVEL HETEROCYCLES
Authors: ROKACH J. , HAMEL P. , GIRARD Y. , READER G.
Published: April 2016

Aus den Thiadiazolium‐Salzen (I) entstehen mit den Aminen (II) über die Zwischenstufen (III) die umgelagerten Substitutionsprodukte (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESES OF (+)‐(S,S)‐(CIS‐6‐METHYLTETRAHYDROPYRAN‐2‐YL)ACETIC ACID AND OF (‐)‐(R,R)‐DIDESOXY‐PYRENOPHORINE USING A NEW D5‐REAGENT
Authors: SEEBACH D. , POHMAKOTR M.
Published: April 2016

Das Alkali‐Derivat (II) reagiert mit dem Epoxid (I) zum Hydroxyketon (III), das zu einem 3:2‐Gemisch aus cis‐(IV) und trans‐(V) cyclisiert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: SELECTIVE MONOMER/DIMER FORMATION IN A MANY‐MEMBERED CROWN ETHER LACTONE SYNTHESIS
Authors: FRENSCH K. , VOEGTLE F.
Published: April 2016

Terephthaloylchlorid (I) liefert mit Tetraethylenglykol (II) die beiden Makrocyclen (III) und (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDY OF ANALOGS OF AZAPHEN‐2,11‐DISUBSTITUTED 10,11‐DIHYDRO‐11H‐PYRIDAZINO(3,4‐B)‐1,4‐BENZOXAZEPINE
Authors: SHVEDOV V. I. , SAVITSKAYA N. K. , NYRKOVA V. G. , PANKINA Z. A. , FEODOROVA I. N. , FEDOTOVA O. A. , LINBERG L. F. , POLEZHAEVA A. I.
Published: April 2016

Frühere Untersuchungen hatten ergeben, daß das Methylpiperazinyl‐diaza‐phenoxazin (I) antidepressive Wirkung besitzt.
ChemInform Abstract: MACROCYCLIC ARSENIOUS ACID ESTERS
Authors: KOBER F. , PHUNG H. T.
Published: April 2016

Das Arsin (I) reagiert mit Diolen (II) in sehr verdünnten Lösungen zu den Makrocyclen (III).
ChemInform Abstract: AN EXAMPLE OF PSEUDO FIVE‐COORDINATION IN COPPER(II) COMPLEXES
Authors: BEREMAN R. D. , SHIELDS G. D.
Published: April 2016

Durch nucleophile Addition von Dialkoxiden an den Komplex (I) wurden die Komplexe (II) mit potentiell fünfzähnigen bicyclischen makrocyclischen Liganden erhalten und durch ESR‐ und optische Spektren charakterisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: UNUSUAL QUATERNARY TRIAZOLO‐ AND TETRAZOLOAZINIUM SALTS IN THE SYNTHESIS OF POLYMETHINE DYES
Authors: CHUIGUK V. A.
Published: April 2016

Die Verbindung (I) ist nicht zur Cyaninfarbstoffbildung befähigt, da die Methylgruppe nicht zum quartären Stickstoff konjugiert ist.
ChemInform Abstract: A SYNTHETIC ENTRY TO CLERODANE DITERPENOIDS
Authors: APSIMON J. W. , YAMASAKI K.
Published: April 2016

Das Oktahydronaphthalin (X) wird wie im Schema angegeben synthetisiert . Die trans‐Struktur des Dekalins (V) wird durch die Darstellung der bekannten Verbindung (XIII) bestätigt.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐ALKYL AND N,N‐DIALKYL‐10‐AMINO‐α‐PINENES. PART I. SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATION FOR RESOLUTION OF RACEMIC ACIDS
Authors: MARKOWICZ S. W.
Published: April 2016

Die neuen chiralen IO‐Alkylamino‐a‐pinene (IV), (V) und (X) werden nach angegebenem Schema synthetisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF DERIVATIVES OF NOPADIENE ADDUCT WITH MALEIC ANHYDRIDE. PART I. ADDITION OF HYDROGEN CHLORIDE
Authors: MARKOWICZ S. W. , BOCHWIC B.
Published: April 2016

Das Addukt (III) der Diels‐Alder‐Reaktion zwischen Nopadien (I) und Maleinsäureanhydrid (II) wird mit LiAlH4 zum Diol (IV) reduziert und mit MeOH zum Lacton (V), Diester (VI) und der Säure (VII) umgesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: CONVENIENT PREPARATION OF THE C‐24 STEREOISOMERS OF 24‐ETHYL‐ AND 24‐METHYLCHOLESTEROLS
Authors: FUJIMOTO Y. , IKEKAWA N.
Published: April 2016

Aus den Cyclosteroiden (Ia) und (Ib) erhält man je nach den angewandten Reduktionsbedingungen die Carbinole (II) bzw. (IV), die in die isomeren Methyl‐cholesterole (III) bzw. (V) übergeführt werden können.
ChemInform Abstract: ANTIBACTERIAL PEPTIDE DERIVATIVES. PART IV. Nα‐HYDROXYACYLATED DERIVATIVES OF L‐LYSINE AND L‐ORNITHINE
Authors: LAMMEK B. , MACKIEWICZ Z. , ZAWODNA H. , KUPRYSZEWSKI G.
Published: April 2016

Kondensation der Komponenten (II) und (III) [→(IV)] und nachfolgende Schutzgruppenabspaltung liefern die acylierten Aminosäureester (V); weiterhin werden die acylierten Dipeptidester (IX) dargestellt (kondensation der Komponenten (II) und (VI) [→(VIIa) bzw. (VIIb)] und nachfolgende Abspaltung der Na‐Schutzgruppe geben die Ester‐hydrochloride (VIIc) bzw. (VIId), die durch Kondensation mit (III) [→(VIII)] und nachfolgende Schutzgruppenabspal‐ tung in (IX) übergeführt werden).
ChemInform Abstract: PEPTIDES. PART XI. S‐BENZYL‐α‐(HYDROXYMETHYL)CYSTEINE: SYNTHESIS, RESOLUTION, AND ABSOLUTE CONFIGURATION
Authors: LEPLAWY M. T. , OLMA A.
Published: April 2016

Das Cystein‐Derivat (I) wird über die Stufen (III) und (V) in das racemische Aminosäure derivat (VI) übergeführt; nachfolgende Racemattrennung (Chinin) gibt die optischen Antipoden, deren Hydrolyse zu den entsprechenden debenzoylierten Aminosäuren, z.B. (VII), führt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF THE TRIPEPTIDE AMIDE CARBOBENZOXY‐L‐PROLYL‐TRIFLUORO‐DL‐LEUCYLGLYCINAMIDE
Authors: PARDANANI N. H. , MULLER N.
Published: April 2016

Ausgehend von der Aminosäure (I) wird das Aminhydrochlorid (VI) dargestellt, das mit Carbobenzoxy‐L‐prolin die Verbindung (VII) ergibt.
ChemInform Abstract: NEW EXAMPLES OF ACETONIDES OF FURAN ALDEHYDE SUGARS
Authors: TRONCHET J. M. J. , GENTILE B. , BONENFANT A. P. , MARTIN O. R.
Published: April 2016

Nach konventionellen Methoden werden die neuen Isopropyliden‐formylfuranosen (II), (IIIa),(IV) und (VI) synthetisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOOXYGENATION OF BERBERINES. PART II. A NOVEL ONE‐STEP SYNTHESIS OF ALLOCRYPTOPINE FROM TETRAHYDROBERBERINE METHIODIDE
Authors: HANAOKA M. , MUKAI C. , NAGAYAMA H. , ARATA Y.
Published: April 2016

Die Titelverbindung (II) wird durch Photooxidation von (I) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: DIRECTIVE EFFECT OF A LACTAM GROUP ON STEREOCHEMISTRY OF REDUCTIVE ALLYL REARRANGEMENT OF N‐(HYDROXYMETHYL)ANGUSTIFOLINE AND N‐(CYANOMETHYL)ANGUSTIFOLINE
Authors: BRATEK‐WIEWIOROWSKA M. D.
Published: April 2016

Die Reaktion der Titelverbindung (I) mit Formaldehyd (II) in Gegenwart von Na‐boranat bzw. KCN liefert in Methanol über die Zwischenstufe (III) die "normalen" Produkte (IVa) bzw. (IVb); in wäßriger Lösung verlaufen die Reaktionen reduktiver N‐Hydroxymethylierung und N‐Cyanmethylierung dagegen unter allylischer Umlagerung und Bildung der Produkte (VIa) bzw. (VIb).
ChemInform Abstract: THE STRUCTURE, ABSOLUTE CONFIGURATION, SYNTHESIS, AND CARBON‐13 NMR SPECTRA OF PRENYLATED PYRANOFLAVONOIDS FROM MUNDULEA SERICEA
Authors: VAN ZYL J. J. , RALL G. J. H. , ROUX D. G.
Published: April 2016

Aus Mundulea sericea werden neben den bekannten Prenyl?avanoiden Lupinifolin (Ia) und Lupinifolinol (Ib) die neuen Pyrano‐ ?avanoide Mundulin (Ic) und Mundulinol (Id) sowie das neue Chalkon Serioon (XII) isoliert.
ChemInform Abstract: A CONVENIENT SYNTHESIS OF HUMAN CALCITONIN MAINLY VIA THE REPETITIVE EXCESS MIXED ANHYDRIDE METHOD
Authors: HIRT J. , KRANENBURG P. , BEYERMAN H. C.
Published: April 2016

Die Titelverbindung (VIII) wird durch Kondensation der 4 Fragmente (I), (II), (IV) und (V)mch dem angegebenen Reaktionsschema synthetisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 2‐, 4‐, AND 7‐METHYLTHIO‐SUBSTITUTED CEPHALOSPORINS
Authors: APPLEGATE H. E. , CIMARUSTI C. M. , DOLFINI J. E. , FUNKE P. T. , KOSTER W. H. , PUAR M. S. , SLUSARCHYK W. A. , YOUNG M. G.
Published: April 2016

Die Einführung von Methylthio‐Gruppierungen in Cephalosporine durch Verwendung von Kaliumtert.‐butylat oder Lithium‐N‐cyclohexylisopropylamid mit Methylmethanthiolsulfat wird ausführlich untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON FUNGAL PRODUCTS. 4. ANTIMICROBIAL ASPECTS OF NEOCERCOSPORIN
Authors: MATSUEDA S. , MASUCHI Y. , TAKAGAKI K. , SHIMOYAMA M. , TAKAHASHI R. , SATOMI I.
Published: April 2016

Die antibakteriellen Eigenschaften von Neocercosporin (I) werden getestet.
Upscaling study of the cyclic solvent injection process for post‐chops reservoirs through numerical simulation
Authors: Zhang Min , Du Zhongwei , Zeng Fanhua , Hong Sam Yeol , Xu Suxin
Published: April 2016

The cyclic solvent injection (CSI) process has been suggested as the most promising solvent‐based recovery method for post‐CHOPS reservoirs. Six CSI experiments were performed in three sandpacks with different scales and wormhole locations. Numerical simulations were conducted to history‐match the six CSI experiments. The effects of uncertain parameters such as relative permeability, capillary pressure, reaction rate (foamy oil model), and dispersion coefficient on the history‐matching were studied. The sensitivity analysis indicated that relative permeability and capillary pressure significantly affected the production performance of the CSI process in the numerical simulation. In particular, capillary pressure played the greatest role in upscaling in both axial and radial directions. Furthermore, capillary pressure effects were aggravated when the wormhole was located in the top of the experimental model. Thus, all CSI experimental production data were matched successfully by tuning the capillary pressure based on the same matched relative permeability curves.

A heavy oil post‐CHOPS reservoir in western Canada was evaluated for the CSI process at field scale. Wormholes were considered by applying the multi‐lateral well model. Post‐CHOPS conditions were established by history‐matching the field's production of oil and water. The parameters obtained from the history match upscaling studies were adopted in simulating the subsequent CSI process and were set with certain constraints to consider its uncertainty at field scale. The recovery factor after ten years of the CSI process was in the range of 13.5–16.0 %.
Let's talk about sex[uality]‐related symptom burden in myeloproliferative neoplasms
Authors: Gerds Aaron T.
Published: April 2016

A thoughtful conversation about sexual symptom burden should occur as part of a comprehensive assessment of the overall well‐being of patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms. In the article by Geyer et al in this issue of Cancer, the authors quantify the sexuality‐related symptoms, along with quality of life, in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms, and evaluate how they correspond to disease features and treatment. See also pages 1888‐96.
Quality of psychosocial services in cancer centers: Today and tomorrow
Authors: Pirl William F. , Lennes Inga T.
Published: April 2016

Data from Zebrack et al's survey of 57 cancer centers in the United States and Canada have led the authors to conclude that cancers centers are performing moderately well in communicating the importance of psychosocial care, identifying patient psychosocial needs, and referring patients to services. This editorial focuses on areas that need further work and places the data in the context of the process of changing practice to improve the quality of care.See also pages 1937‐45.
High apoptotic index in urine cytology is associated with high‐grade urothelial carcinoma
Authors: Yang Chi‐Shun , Chen Shaoxiong , Cramer Harvey M. , Wu Howard H.
Published: April 2016

BACKGROUND

The significance of apoptosis and its association with high‐grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC) in urine cytology has yet to be determined.

METHODS

A computerized search of the study laboratory information system was performed over a 3‐year period for all urine cytology specimens processed using the SurePath liquid‐based preparation technique. Only those cases with correlating surgical pathology obtained within 6 months after the urine cytologic samples were included in the current study. Cases from ileal conduit samples were excluded. A semiquantitative numerical scoring system (apoptotic index) was used to assess the amount of pyknosis or karyorrhexis, with 0 indicating none, 1 indicating < 10 per 10 high‐power fields, 2 indicating 10 to 30 per 10 high‐power fields, and 3 indicating > 30 per 10 high‐power fields. Statistical analysis using the Pearson chi‐square test was performed.

RESULTS

A total of 228 cases including 105 benign cases, 79 cases of HGUC, and 44 cases of low‐grade urothelial carcinoma (LGUC) diagnosed on follow‐up surgical pathology were selected. A score of 0 was observed in 70 benign, 11 HGUC, and 8 LGUC cases; a score of 1 was observed in 31 benign, 21 HGUC, and 23 LGUC cases; a score of 2 was observed in 3 benign, 27 HGUC, and 9 LGUC cases; and a score of 3 was observed in 1 benign, 20 HGUC, and 4 LGUC cases.

CONCLUSIONS

Excluding ileal conduit urine specimens, the finding of a high apoptotic index (score ≥ 2) with the presence of pyknosis or karyorrhexis in ≥10 per 10 high‐power fields in the urine cytology appears to be significantly associated with HGUC (P<.05). Cancer Cytopathol 2016;124:546‐51. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
High apoptotic index in urine cytology is associated with high‐grade urothelial carcinoma
Authors: Rosenthal Dorothy L.
Published: April 2016

In this issue, Yang and colleagues report that, using a high apoptotic index as a feature, the 2 categories “high‐grade urine cytology” (HGUC) and “atypical urothelial cells, cannot exclude HGUC,” yield almost equal numbers of samples that, when combined, result in a tissue diagnosis of HGUC 79% of the time. The authors conclude that adding a high apoptotic index to the traditional cytologic features of urothelial carcinoma can improve the sensitivity of urinary cytology for detecting HGUC.

See also pages 546‐51.
Loss of IL‐22 inhibits autoantibody formation in collagen‐induced arthritis in mice
Authors: Corneth Odilia B. J. , Reijmers Rogier M. , Mus Adriana M.C. , Asmawidjaja Patrick S. , van Hamburg Jan Piet , Papazian Natalie , Siegers Jurre Y. , Mourcin Frédéric , Amin Rada , Tarte Karin , Hendriks Rudi W. , Cupedo Tom , Lubberts Erik
Published: April 2016

Interleukin 22 (IL‐22) expression is associated with increased joint destruction and disease progression in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Although IL‐22 is considered a pro‐inflammatory cytokine, its mechanism of action in RA remains incompletely understood. Here, we used the collagen‐induced arthritis model in IL‐22 deficient (IL‐22−/−) mice to study the role of IL‐22 in RA. In spite of normal disease incidence, disease severity is significantly diminished in IL‐22−/− mice. Moreover, pathogenicity of Th17 cells and development and function of B cells are unaffected. In contrast, splenic plasma cells, as well as serum autoantibody titers, are reduced in the absence of IL‐22. At the peak of disease, germinal centers (GCs) are severely reduced in the spleens of IL‐22−/− mice, correlating with a decline in GC B‐cell numbers. Within the GC, we identified IL‐22R1 expressing follicular dendritic cell‐like stromal cells. Human lymphoid stromal cells respond to IL‐22 ex vivo by inducing transcription of CXCL12 and CXCL13. We therefore postulate IL‐22 as an important enhancer of the GC reaction, maintaining chemokine levels for the persistence of GC reactions, essential for the production of autoantibody‐secreting plasma cells. Blocking IL‐22 might therefore prevent immune‐complex deposition and destruction of joints in RA patients.
Simultaneous detection of assembly and disassembly of multivalent HA tag and anti‐HA antibody in single in‐capillary assay
Authors: Wang Jianhao , Qin Yuqin , Qin Haifang , Liu Li , Ding Shumin , Teng Yiwan , Ji Junling , Qiu Lin , Jiang Pengju
Published: April 2016

Herein, we have developed an in‐capillary assay for simultaneous detection of the assembly and disassembly of the multivalent HA tag peptide and antibody. HA tag with hexahistidine at C terminus (YPYDVPDYAG4H6, termed YPYDH6) was conjugated with quantum dots (QDs) by metal‐affinity force to form a multivalent HA tag (QD‐YPYDH6). QD‐YPYDH6 and monoclonal anti‐HA antibody (anti‐HA) were sequentially injected into the capillary. They were mixed and assembled inside the capillary. The reaction products were online discriminated and detected by fluorescence coupled capillary electrophoresis (CE‐FL). For the in‐capillary assay, the binding efficiency of the multivalent HA tag and antibody on was influenced by the molar ratio and injection time. Such novel assay could even give out the self‐assembly kinetic constant of QDs and YPYDH6 as KD of 34.1 μM with n (binding cooperativeness) of 2.2 by Hill equation. More importantly, the simultaneous detection of the assembly and imidazole (Im) induced disassembly of the QD‐YPYDH6‐anti‐HA complex was achieved in a single in‐capillary assay. Our study demonstrated a new method for the online detection of antigen‐antibody interactions.
Ionic liquids in enhancing the sensitivity of capillary electrophoresis: Off‐line and on‐line sample preconcentration techniques
Authors: El‐Hady Deia Abd , Albishri Hassan M. , Wätzig Hermann
Published: April 2016

The popularity of ionic liquids (ILs) has grown during the last decade in enhancing the sensitivity of CE through different off‐line or on‐line sample preconcentration techniques. Water‐insoluble ILs were commonly used in IL‐based liquid phase microextraction, in all its variants, as off‐line sample preconcentration techniques combined with CE. Water‐soluble ILs were rarely used in IL‐based aqueous two phase system (IL‐ATPS) as an off‐line sample preconcentration approach combined with CE in spite of IL‐ATPS predicted features such as more compatibility with CE sample injection due to its relatively low viscosity and more compatibility with CE running buffers avoid, in some cases, anion exchange precipitation. Therefore, the attentions for the key parameters affecting the performance of IL‐ATPSs were generally presented and discussed. On‐line CE preconcentration techniques containing IL‐based surfactants at nonmicellar or micellar concentrations have become another interesting area to improve CE sensitivity and it is likely to remain a focus of the field in the endeavor because of their numerous to create rapid, simple and sensitive systems. In this article, significant contributions of ILs in enhancing the sensitivity of CE are described, and a specific overview of the relevant examples of their applications is also given.
Inhibition of PDGF‐induced migration and TNF‐α‐induced ICAM‐1 expression by maltotetraose from bamboo stem extract (BSE) in mouse vascular smooth muscle cells
Authors: Shin Soon Young , Jung You Jung , Yong Yeonjoong , Cho Hi Jae , Lim Yoongho , Lee Young Han
Published: April 2016

Scope

Expression of intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) plays an important role in the progression of atherosclerosis. We investigated the effects of bamboo stem extract (BSE) on motility and ICAM‐1 expression by using mouse MOVAS‐1 cells. Active constituents of BSE exhibiting an inhibitory activity on TNF‐α‐induced ICAM1 expression were identified using HPLC.

Methods and results

The effects of BSE on platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF)‐BB‐induced migration, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α)‐induced expression of ICAM‐1, and nuclear factor kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cells (NF‐κB) activation were investigated. BSE inhibited migration of MOVAS‐1 cells and sprout formation by mouse aorta explants. Reverse transcription PCR analysis and promoter reporter assays revealed that BSE suppressed ICAM‐1 expression by inhibiting NF‐κB activity. In addition, BSE reduced adhesion between VSMCs and monocytes. Several oligosaccharides were identified in BSE. Among the oligosaccharides contained in BSE, maltotetraose and stachyose were potent inhibitors of TNF‐α‐induced ICAM‐1 expression. We confirmed that maltotetraose reduced PDGF‐induced sprout formation by mouse aorta explants and inhibited TNF‐α‐induced NF‐κB activation and ICAM‐1 expression in MOVAS‐1 cells.

Conclusion

The BSE constituent maltotetraose may be beneficial in the suppression of early atherosclerosis development and could be developed as a dietary supplement for cardiovascular health.
An adaptive cracking particle method for 2D crack propagation
Authors: Ai Weilong , Augarde Charles E.
Published: April 2016

Computational modelling of fracture has been attempted in the past with a range of numerical approaches including finite element, extended finite element and meshless methods. The cracking particle method (CPM) of Rabczuk is a pragmatic alternative to explicit modelling of crack surfaces in which a crack is represented by a set of cracking particles that can be easily updated when the crack propagates. The change of cracking angle is recorded in discrete segments of broken lines, which makes this methodology suitable to model discontinuous cracks. In this paper, a new CPM is presented that improves on two counts: firstly, crack path curvature modelling is improved by the use of bilinear segments centred at each particle and secondly, efficiency for larger problems is improved via an adaptive process of both refinement and recovery. The system stiffness is calculated and stored in local matrices, so only a small influenced domain should be recalculated for each step while the remainder can be read directly from storage, which greatly reduces the computational expense. The methodology is applied to several 2D crack problems, and good agreement to analytical solutions and previous work is obtained. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A computational framework for scale‐bridging in multi‐scale simulations
Authors: Knap J. , Spear C. , Leiter K. , Becker R. , Powell D.
Published: April 2016

A computational framework for scale‐bridging in multi‐scale simulations is presented. The framework enables seamless combination of at‐scale models into highly dynamic hierarchies to build a multi‐scale model. Its centerpiece is formulated as a standalone module capable of fully asynchronous operation. We assess its feasibility and performance for a two‐scale model applied to two challenging test problems from impact physics. We find that the computational cost associated with using the framework may, as expected, become substantial. However, the framework has the ability of effortlessly combining at‐scale models to render complex multi‐scale models. The main source of the computational inefficiency of the framework is related to poor load balancing of the lower‐scale model evaluation We demonstrate that the load balancing can be efficiently addressed by recourse to conventional load‐balancing strategies. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improved self‐healing properties of collagen using polyurethane microcapsules containing reactive diisocyanate
Authors: Brey Gil Camila Silva , Patricio Patrícia Santiago , Oliveira Luiz CA , Oréfice Rodrigo Lambert
Published: April 2016

Collagen is a natural polymer much available as a waste material. However, a more extensive use of collagen as an engineering material is restricted due to its low mechanical strength. This work presents a collagen–microcapsules system and evaluates the hypothesis that a self‐healing ability can be imposed on a collagen matrix to improve its tensile strength. Collagen films containing various types of microcapsules were studied using tensile tests (TTs). To evaluate the self‐repairing capacity of the developed system, samples were submitted to a 20% strain (to develop micro‐cracks in the material that could lead to the rupture of microcapsules and release of diisocyanate) and then left to stand for 20 min. A new TT was performed, named paused tensile test (PTT). The samples of pure collagen underwent no alteration with respect to their mechanical properties comparing TT and PTT results. In contrast, some samples containing microcapsules presented an increase of around 70% in mechanical strength when compared with the pure collagen results, proving that the released diisocyanates were effective in reacting with collagen and improving its mechanical strength. This type of behavior and the observed enhanced property can extend the usage of collagen to a variety of engineering applications. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Prox1 Is Required for Oligodendrocyte Cell Identity in Adult Neural Stem Cells of the Subventricular Zone
Authors: Bunk Eva C. , Ertaylan Gökhan , Ortega Felipe , Pavlou Maria A. , Gonzalez Cano Laura , Stergiopoulos Athanasios , Safaiyan Shima , Völs Sandra , van Cann Marianne , Politis Panagiotis K. , Simons Mikael , Berninger Benedikt , del Sol Antonio , Schwamborn Jens C.
Published: April 2016

Adult neural stem cells with the ability to generate neurons and glia cells are active throughout life in both the dentate gyrus (DG) and the subventricular zone (SVZ). Differentiation of adult neural stem cells is induced by cell fate determinants like the transcription factor Prox1. Evidence has been provided for a function of Prox1 as an inducer of neuronal differentiation within the DG. We now show that within the SVZ Prox1 induces differentiation into oligodendrocytes. Moreover, we find that loss of Prox1 expression in vivo reduces cell migration into the corpus callosum, where the few Prox1 deficient SVZ-derived remaining cells fail to differentiate into oligodendrocytes. Thus, our work uncovers a novel function of Prox1 as a fate determinant for oligodendrocytes in the adult mammalian brain. These data indicate that the neurogenic and oligodendrogliogenic lineages in the two adult neurogenic niches exhibit a distinct requirement for Prox1, being important for neurogenesis in the DG but being indispensable for oligodendrogliogenesis in the SVZ.
Eco-Warriors: Shifting Sustainable Retail Strategy via Authentic Retail Brand Image
Authors: Kennedy Ann-Marie , Kapitan Sommer , Soo Samuel
Published: April 2016

Sustainability in retail often looks at retail supply chains and the effects of retail outputs on people and the planet. Sustainable retail strategy then, in the main, retains this focus. Taking an interpretive approach, this study instead focuses on a successful sustainable retail brand to explore the characters that make up its image. The sustainable New Zealand store and product brand, the Ecostore, is seen by consumers as an Eco-warrior: A legitimate, trustworthy and authentically sustainable store and store brand. Its image is composed of Guardian, Catalyst and Paragon qualities that allow consumers to be healthy and protect themselves, their families, and friends, while also exhibiting and teaching sustainable values to them. Implications of this research for retailers regard not only their branding and positioning, but points to the importance of an authentically sustainable retail orientation – one that has sustainability at its core.
Creating Shared Norms in Schools — A Theoretical Approach
Authors: Macdonald Maryanne , Gringart Eyal , Gray Jan
Published: April 2016

Whilst some improvements to Indigenous education outcomes have occurred in recent years, there remains considerable inequity in the educational experiences and long-term engagement of Indigenous and non-Indigenous students. One of the factors contributing to the challenging environment for Indigenous students is dissonance of social norms, as a result of ethnic and socioeconomic differences between teacher and student. Many hegemonic culture teachers are unaware of Standpoint Theory and the way in which normative beliefs impact on classroom interactions and student outcomes at the cultural interface. This paper draws on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TBP) to illustrate ways in which schools can identify areas of ethnic and socioeconomic prejudice impacting classroom interactions, and create shared social norms so that Indigenous students are most likely to experience positive educational engagement. Self-Determination Theory (SDT) is then applied to discuss the type of classroom environment that best enables students to internalise positive educational behaviours in an autonomous manner. Such internalisation is necessary to improve long-term outcomes and postschool educational engagement for Indigenous Australians. The theories explored indicate that motivation for behavioural change relies on the individual's self-perceptions of competence, autonomy and normative beliefs regarding the value of education, and that integration of new behaviours requires an emotionally supportive environment and provision of a meaningful rationale. This paper argues that good practice in Indigenous schooling will address these areas specifically.
The Role of Rules in Representation: Group Membership and Electoral Incentives
Authors: Crisp Brian F. , Demirkaya Betul , Schwindt-Bayer Leslie A. , Millian Courtney
Published: April 2016

Existing research shows that the election of members of previously underrepresented groups can have significant consequences for policymaking. Yet, quotas, reserved seats, communal rolls, and race-conscious districting make it difficult to distinguish whether it is group membership, electoral incentives, or a combination of the two that matters. It is argued here that lawmakers who are members of underrepresented groups will stand out as defenders of their group’s interests only when electoral rules incentivize them to do so. This is demonstrated empirically using data from New Zealand, showing that Māori Members of Parliament systematically vary in the extent to which they represent their ethnic group as a function of the three different sets of rules under which they were elected.
Bank Competition and Financial Stability: Evidence from the Financial Crisis
Authors: Akins Brian , Li Lynn , Ng Jeffrey , Rusticus Tjomme O.
Published: April 2016

We examine the link between bank competition and financial stability using the recent financial crisis as the setting. We utilize variation in banking competition at the state level and find that banks facing less competition are more likely to engage in risky activities, more likely to face regulatory intervention, and more likely to fail. Focusing on the real estate market, we find that states with less competition had higher rates of mortgage approval, experienced greater inflation in housing prices before the crisis, and experienced a steeper decline in housing prices during the crisis. Overall, our study is consistent with greater competition increasing financial stability.
Analytical and numerical study of the transverse Kelvin–Helmholtz instability in tokamak edge plasmas
Authors: Myra J. R. , D’Ippolito D. A. , Russell D. A. , Umansky M. V. , Baver D. A.
Published: April 2016

Sheared flows perpendicular to the magnetic field can be driven by the Reynolds stress or ion pressure gradient effects and can potentially influence the stability and turbulent saturation level of edge plasma modes. On the other hand, such flows are subject to the transverse Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) instability. Here, the linear theory of KH instabilities is first addressed with an analytic model in the asymptotic limit of long wavelengths compared with the flow scale length. The analytic model treats sheared $\boldsymbol{E}\times \boldsymbol{B}$ flows, ion diamagnetism (including gyro-viscous terms), density gradients and parallel currents in a slab geometry, enabling a unified summary that encompasses and extends previous results. In particular, while ion diamagnetism, density gradients and parallel currents each individually reduce KH growth rates, the combined effect of density and ion pressure gradients is more complicated and partially counteracting. Secondly, the important role of realistic toroidal geometry is explored numerically using an invariant scaling analysis together with the 2DX eigenvalue code to examine KH modes in both closed and open field line regions. For a typical spherical torus magnetic geometry, it is found that KH modes are more unstable at, and just outside of, the separatrix as a result of the distribution of magnetic shear. Finally implications for reduced edge turbulence modelling codes are discussed.
Maslow's hierarchy of needs and its relationship with psychological health and materialism
Authors: Saunders Shaun , Munro Don , Bore Miles
Published: April 2016

Maslow's (1954) theory of a hierarchy of human needs has generated little research, perhaps because of the lack of specific, concrete operationalisation of concepts such as ‘psychological well-being’ and basic need satisfaction. The Need Satisfaction Inventory (NSI: Lester, 1990) was developed to measure basic need satisfaction and 157 undergraduate subjects completed both it and the Beck Depression (BDI) and Anxiety Inventories (BAI), as well as Spielberger's (1986) Anger-Expression questionnaire (AX). The latter three questionnaires represent an operationalisation of Spielberger, Ritterband, Sydeman, Reheiserdc Unger's (1995) notion that emotions act as indicators of psychological well-being. The hypothesis that scores on the NSI would be significantly correlated with the BDI, BAI, and AX was supported. Ss also completed the Richins and Dawson (1992) materialism index, and it was hypothesised that if hoarding material goods does in fact represent compensatory neurotic behaviour, then materialism would also be negatively correlated with the NSI. The hypothesis was confirmed, providing further evidence for Maslow's (1970) theory that basic need satisfaction is associated with psychological health. However, in the absence of norms for the NSI, there was no conclusive evidence to suggest that basic needs reside in a consistent, and strict global hierarchy.