bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Understanding DOHaD Concepts Among New Zealand Adolescents: A Qualitative Exploration of Knowledge, Intervention Windows, and Information Accessibility
Authors: Tohi Melenaite , Tu’akoi Siobhan , Vickers Mark H.
Published: November 2024

The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) framework has highlighted the role of maternal and paternal health on disease risk in offspring and across generations. Although adolescence is increasingly recognised as a key DOHaD window where interventions may have the greatest impact in breaking the cycle of non-communicable diseases, data around the recognition of this concept in adolescents remain limited. Previous work by our group found that the understanding of DOHaD-related concepts among adolescents in New Zealand was low, including some adolescents showing disagreement with key DOHaD concepts. This qualitative study aimed to explore DOHaD perspectives and understandings among a group of adolescents who responded to the survey using semi-structured focus groups and interviews (n = 12). Four core themes were identified: 1. knowledge of DOHaD and DOHaD-related terminology; 2. understanding different life course windows for DOHaD interventions; 3. recognising that DOHaD-related information needs to be accessible for adolescents; and 4. the importance of developing context-specific resources for adolescents. Adolescents in this study indicated that they had not heard of DOHaD or related terminology. Although the majority recognised that there were many important life stages for potential interventions, there was a strong emphasis on adolescence as a key window of opportunity. Adolescents suggested that more could be done in schools to help promote awareness and understanding of DOHaD-related concepts during the later years of schooling. The development of future resources needs to be contextually specific for adolescents to ensure increased uptake of information during this important developmental window.
Advances in Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocyte (TIL) as a Prognostic Factor and for Treating Invasive Cutaneous Melanoma
Authors: de Oliveira Gabriel Alves Freiria , de Oliveira Daniel Arcuschin , Nisimoto Melissa Yoshimi Sakamoto Maeda , Rubinho Rafael , Gomes Heitor Carvalho , Marti Luciana Cavalheiro , de Oliveira Filho Renato Santos
Published: November 2024

Invasive cutaneous melanoma is responsible for about 5% of skin tumors yet is liable for nearly 70% of skin cancer-related deaths. Despite notable advancements over the past decade, including immunotherapies and targeted treatments, more than half of invasive melanoma patients ultimately succumb to the disease due to therapeutic resistance. To overcome this obstacle, strategies such as combining immunotherapies with targeted drugs or adding epigenetic therapies have been investigated. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) therapy has emerged as a promising option for patients whose disease continues to progress despite standard treatments. This article aims to introduce TIL therapy and review recent outcomes in melanoma prognosis in its application for melanoma management.
An Analysis of the Digestive and Reproductive Tract Microbiota in Infertile Women with Obesity
Authors: Bellver Jose , Gonzalez-Monfort Marta , González Sandra , Toson Bruno , Labarta Elena , Castillón Gemma , Mariani Giulia , Vidal Carmina , Giles Juan , Cruz Fabio , Ballesteros Agustin , Ferrando Marcos , García-Velasco Juan Antonio , Valbuena Diana , Vilella Felipe , Parras-Molto Marcos , Tercero-Atencia Esther , Simon Carlos , Moreno Inmaculada
Published: November 2024

Previous studies have linked the microbiome of distinct body habitats to obesity and infertility; however, the often-divergent results observed have left the role of the so-called “second genome” in obese infertile patients incompletely explored. Here, we present a prospective observational multicenter study of oral, gut, endometrial, and vaginal microbiota of infertile patients classified according to BMI. Patients collected saliva/fecal samples, while vaginal/endometrial fluid samples were collected in the clinic. Total bacterial DNA was extracted, and microbiota profiles were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Our results showed no differences in the Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio (proposed obesity hallmark) in the gut microbiota between patients with obesity and normal weight; however, a tendency for higher levels of genera such as Escherichia-Shigella in normal-weight patients was observed; in comparison, patients with obesity possessed increased numbers of Parasutterella and Roseburia. In the reproductive tract, vaginal samples possessed a similar microbiota to endometrial fluid, both largely colonised by Lactobacillus, Gardnerella, and Streptococcus, supporting the hypothesis that uterine colonisation proceeds from vaginal bacteria ascension. Additionally, higher prevalence of a Streptococcus-dominated (>50%) endometrial microbiota was observed among patients with obesity. This first description of the human digestive and reproductive tract microbiota in infertile women with obesity may explain their poor reproductive outcomes.
Characterization of Platelet Receptors and Their Involvement in Immune Activation of These Cells
Authors: Tokarz-Deptuła Beata , Baraniecki Łukasz , Palma Joanna , Stosik Michał , Deptuła Wiesław
Published: November 2024

The article characterises platelets, pointing out the role and contribution of their numerous receptors determining their specific and broad immune activity. Three types of platelet receptors are described, that is, extracellular and intracellular receptors—TLR (toll-like receptors), NLR (NOD-like receptor), and RLR (RIG-I-like receptor); extracellular receptors—selectins and integrins; and their other extracellular receptors—CLR (C-type lectin receptor), CD (cluster of differentiation), TNF (tumour necrosis factor), among others. Outlining the contribution of these numerous platelet receptors to the intravascular immunity, it has been shown that they are formed by their fusion with pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and lifestyle-associated molecular patterns (LAMPs). They are initiating and effector components of signal transduction of these cells, and their expression and quantity determine the specific and broad functions of platelets towards influencing vascular endothelial cells, but mainly PRRs (pattern recognition receptors) of blood immune cells. These facts make platelets the fundamental elements that shape not only intravascular homeostasis, as previously indicated, but they become the determinants of immunity in blood vessels. Describing the reactions of the characterised three groups of platelet receptors with PAMP, DAMP and LAMP molecules, the pathways and participation of platelets in the formation and construction of intravascular immune status, in physiological states, but mainly in pathological states, including bacterial and viral infections, are presented, making these cells essential elements in the health and disease of mammals, including humans.
Non-Viral Systems Based on PAMAM-Calix-Dendrimers for Regulatory siRNA Delivery into Cancer Cells
Authors: Padnya Pavel , Shiabiev Igor , Pysin Dmitry , Gerasimova Tatiana , Ranishenka Bahdan , Stanavaya Alesia , Abashkin Viktar , Shcharbin Dzmitry , Shi Xiangyang , Shen Mingwu , Nazarova Anastasia , Stoikov Ivan
Published: November 2024

Cancer is one of the most common diseases in developed countries. Recently, gene therapy has emerged as a promising approach to cancer treatment and has already entered clinical practice worldwide. RNA interference-based therapy is a promising method for cancer treatment. However, there are a number of limitations that require vectors to deliver therapeutic nucleic acids to target tissues and organs. Active research is currently underway to find highly effective, low-toxic nanomaterials capable of acting as nanocarriers. In this study, we demonstrated for the first time the ability of symmetrical polyamidoamine dendronized thiacalix[4]arenes (PAMAM-calix-dendrimers) to form stable positively charged complexes with siRNAs, protect them from enzymatic degradation, and efficiently deliver gene material to HeLa cells. A distinctive feature of PAMAM-calix-dendrimers was the unusual decrease in hemo- and cytotoxicity with increasing generation, while these compounds did not cause toxic effects at concentrations required for siRNA binding and delivery. A comparative analysis of the efficiency of complex formation of PAMAM-calix-dendrimers and classical PAMAM dendrimers with siRNAs was also performed. The findings may facilitate the creation of novel unique gene delivery systems for cancer nanomedicine development.
Conformational Flexibility of the C-Terminal Region Influences Distal Active Site Residues Across the Tautomerase Superfamily
Authors: Argueta Christopher , Parkins Andrew , Pantouris Georgios
Published: November 2024

Consisting of more than 11,000 members distributed over five families, the tautomerase superfamily (TSF) is a large collection of proteins with diverse biological functions. While much attention has been given to individual TSF enzymes, a majority remain structurally and functionally uncharacterized. Given its large size, studying a representative member of each family offers a viable approach for extracting mechanistic insights applicable to the entire superfamily. In this study, cis-3-chloroacrylic acid dehalogenase (cis-CaaD), 5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconate isomerase (CHMI), malonate semialdehyde decarboxylase (MSAD), and 4-oxalocrotonate tautomerase (4-OT) were referenced against the well-studied macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and D-dopachrome tautomerase (D-DT) using triplicate 1 μs molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for a total of 18 μs. Through root mean square fluctuation (RMSF) measurements, correlation analyses, and comparisons to previous crystallographic structures, we reveal key mechanistic insights that promote the understanding of the catalytic activities in TSF. Collectively, our findings from these functionally diverse TSF proteins provide key information on allosteric coupling, long-range intra- and inter-subunit communications as well as structure–activity relationships that enable new studies in the superfamily.
The Synergic Immunomodulatory Effect of Vitamin D and Chickpea Protein Hydrolysate in THP-1 Cells: An In Vitro Approach
Authors: Alcalá-Santiago Ángela , Toscano-Sánchez Rocío , Márquez-López José Carlos , González-Jurado José Antonio , Fernández-Pachón María-Soledad , García-Villanova Belén , Pedroche Justo , Rodríguez-Martín Noelia María
Published: November 2024

Vitamin D (VD), a crucial micronutrient, regulates bone health and immune responses. Recent studies suggest that VD may confer protective effects against chronic inflammatory diseases. Additionally, plant-based peptides can show biological activities. Furthermore, the supplementation of protein hydrolysates with VD could potentially enhance the bioactivity of peptides, leading to synergistic effects. In this study, THP-1 cells were exposed to low concentrations of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce inflammation, followed by treatment with vitamin D at different concentrations (10, 25, or 50 nM) or a chickpea protein hydrolysate (“H30BIO”) supplemented with VD. The cytotoxicity of VD was evaluated using viability assay to confirm its safety. The cytokine secretion of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL6 was assessed in the cell supernatant, and the gene expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL6, IL8, CASP-1, COX2, NRF2, NF-ĸB, NLRP3, CCL2, CCR2, IP10, IL10, and RANTES was quantified by qRT-PCR. Treatment with VD alone significantly decreased the expression of the pro-inflammatory genes TNF-α and IL6, as well as their corresponding cytokine levels in the supernatants. While IL-1β gene expression remained unchanged, a reduction in its cytokine release was observed upon VD treatment. No dose-dependent effects were observed. Interestingly, the combination of VD with H30BIO led to an increase in TNF-α expression and secretion in contrast with the LPS control, coupled with a decrease in IL-1β levels. Additionally, genes such as IP10, NF-κB, CCL2, COX2, NRF2, and CASP-1 exhibited notable modulation, suggesting that the combination treatment primarily downregulates NF-κB-related gene activity. This study demonstrates a synergistic interaction between VD and H30BIO, suggesting that this combination may enhance pathways involving TNF-α, potentially aiding in the resolution and modulation of inflammation through adaptive processes. These findings open new avenues for research into the therapeutic applications of enriched protein hydrolysates with VD to manage low-grade inflammatory-related conditions.
Single-Cell Analysis: A Method for In-Depth Phenotyping of Cells Involved in Asthma
Authors: Rodríguez-González Daniel , Guillén-Sánchez Gema , del Pozo Victoria , Cañas José Antonio
Published: November 2024

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory lung disease with high prevalence, making it one of the most common chronic conditions worldwide. Its pathophysiology is influenced by a range of genetic and environmental factors, resulting in a complex and heterogeneous disease profile. Asthma is primarily associated with a type 2 (T2) immune response, though non-T2 endotypes also contribute to disease pathology. Generally, asthma is characterized by the infiltration and activation of various cell types, including dendritic cells, eosinophils, innate lymphoid cells, lymphocytes, mast cells, and neutrophils, which participate in T1, T2, and T17 immune responses. Despite advances in understanding, many questions remain unresolved. Therefore, emerging omic techniques, such as single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), offer novel insights into the underlying mechanisms of asthma and the roles of these immune cells. Recent scRNA-seq studies in asthma have identified multiple novel immune cell subtypes and clusters, suggesting their potential functions in disease pathology. The rapid advancement of scRNA-seq technology now enables in-depth investigation of individual cells within tissues, allowing for precise cell-type classification and detailed molecular profiling. Nonetheless, certain limitations persist, which require further refinement in future studies.
Non-Categorical Analyses Identify Rotenone-Induced ‘Parkinsonian’ Rats Benefiting from Nano-Emulsified Punicic Acid (Nano-PSO) in a Phenotypically Diverse Population: Implications for Translational Neurodegenerative Therapies
Authors: Sánchez-Camacho Jennifer Viridiana , Gómez-Chavarín Margarita , Galindo-Solano Nuria , Padilla-Cortés Patricia , Maldonado-García José Luis , Pérez-Sánchez Gilberto , Pavón Lenin , Ramírez-Santos Jesús , Roldán Roldán Gabriel , Gómez-López Modesto , Gutierrez-Ospina Gabriel
Published: November 2024

The pursuit of nutraceuticals to improve the quality of life for patients with neurodegenerative conditions is a dynamic field within neuropharmacology. Unfortunately, many nutraceuticals that show promise in preclinical studies fail to demonstrate significant clinical benefits in human trials, leading to their exclusion as therapeutic options. This discrepancy may stem from the categorical interpretation of preclinical and clinical results. Basic researchers often assume that non-human experimental animals exhibit less phenotypic variability than humans. This belief overlooks interindividual phenotype variation, thereby leading to categorical conclusions being drawn from experiments. Consequently, when human clinical trials are conducted, the researchers expect similarly conclusive results. If these results are not achieved, the nutraceutical is deemed ineffective for clinical use, even if numerous individuals might benefit. In our study, we evaluated whether analyzing phenotype variability and similarity through non-categorical methods could help identify rotenone (ROT)-treated rats that might benefit from consuming nano-emulsified punicic acid (Nano-PSO), even if the prevention of “parkinsonism” or the restoration of neurometabolic function is inconsistent across individuals. Our findings supported this hypothesis. The benefits of Nano-PSO were not categorical; however, analyzing phenotype variance allowed us to identify ROT rats with varying degrees of benefit from Nano-PSO consumption. Hence, the translational potential of results from basic science studies testing nutraceuticals as pharmaceutical products against neurodegeneration may improve if researchers also interpret their results using non-categorical methods of data analysis for population screening, even if the overall therapeutic outcomes for the entire population show internal inconsistencies.
Special Issue: “Synthesis of Advanced Polymer Materials 2.0”
Authors: Gao Haiyang
Published: November 2024

With the rapid evolution of polymer science, the field of advanced polymer materials is experiencing remarkable growth, driven by the increasing demand for versatile, high-performance materials [...]
Low-Dose Ozone as a Eustress Inducer: Experimental Evidence of the Molecular Mechanisms Accounting for Its Therapeutic Action
Authors: Malatesta Manuela , Tabaracci Gabriele , Pellicciari Carlo
Published: November 2024

Ozone (O3) is an unstable, highly oxidative gas that rapidly decomposes into oxygen. The therapeutic use of O3 dates back to the beginning of 20th century and is currently based on the application of low doses, inducing moderate oxidative stress that stimulates the antioxidant cellular defences without causing cell damage. In recent decades, experimental investigations allowed the establishment of some basic mechanisms accounting for the therapeutic effects of eustress-inducing low-dose O3. In this review, special attention was given to the impact of O3 administration on the cell oxidant–antioxidant status, O3 anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, efficacy in improving tissue regeneration, and potential anticancer action. Low O3 concentrations proved to drive the cell antioxidant response mainly by activating nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2. The anti-inflammatory effect relies on the downregulation of pro-inflammatory factors and the modulation of cytokine secretion. The painkilling action is related to anti-inflammatory processes, inhibition of apoptosis and autophagy, and modulation of pain receptors. The regenerative potential depends on antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and pro-proliferative capabilities, as well as fibroblast activation. Finally, the anticancer potential is based on oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as the inhibition of cell proliferation, invasion, and migration and the induction of apoptosis.
Genome-Wide Identification of the CAT Genes and Molecular Characterization of Their Transcriptional Responses to Various Nutrient Stresses in Allotetraploid Rapeseed
Authors: Du Xiao-Qian , Sun Si-Si , Zhou Ting , Zhang Lu , Feng Ying-Na , Zhang Kun-Long , Hua Ying-Peng
Published: November 2024

Brassica napus is an important oil crop in China and has a great demand for nitrogen nutrients. Cationic amino acid transporters (CAT) play a key role in amino acid absorption and transport in plants. However, the CATs family has not been reported in B. napus so far. In this study, genome-wide analysis identified 22 CAT members in the B. napus genome. Based on phylogenetic and synteny analysis, BnaCATs were classified into four groups (Group I–Group IV). The members in the same subgroups showed similar physiochemical characteristics and intron/exon and motif patterns. By evaluating cis-elements in the promoter regions, we identified some cis-elements related to hormones, stress and plant development. Darwin’s evolutionary analysis indicated that BnaCATs might have experienced strong purifying selection pressure. The BnaCAT family may have undergone gene expansion; the chromosomal location of BnaCATs indicated that whole-genome replication or segmental replication may play a major driving role. Differential expression patterns of BnaCATs under nitrate limitation, phosphate shortage, potassium shortage, cadmium toxicity, ammonium excess and salt stress conditions indicated that they were responsive to different nutrient stresses. In summary, these findings provide a comprehensive survey of the BnaCAT family and lay a foundation for the further functional analysis of family members.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Template to Standardize Reporting of Evacuation Disorders
Authors: Piloni Vittorio , Manisco Tiziana , Fogante Marco
Published: November 2024

Magnetic resonance (MR) defecography, including both static and dynamic phases, is frequently requested by gastroenterologists and colorectal surgeons for planning the treatment of obstructive defecation syndrome and pelvic organ prolapse. However, reports often lack key information needed to guide treatment strategies, making management challenging and, at times, controversial. It has been hypothesized that using structured radiology reports could reduce missing information. In this paper, we present a structured MR defecography template report that includes nine key descriptors of rectal evacuation. The effectiveness and acceptability of this template are currently being assessed in Italy through a national interdisciplinary study.
Concentric Compressive Behavior and Design of Stainless Steel–Concrete Double-Skin Composite Tubes Influenced by Dual Hydraulic Pressures
Authors: Wang Jian-Tao , Yang Yang , Yang Kai-Lin , Hu Deng-Long , Xu Long-Bo , Li Jun-Xin
Published: November 2024

The external hydraulic pressure and internal medium pressure acting on submarine pipelines can lead to the coupling effect of active and passive constraints on the mechanical performance of steel–concrete double-skin composite tubes, resulting in a significantly different bearing capacity mechanism compared to terrestrial engineering. In this paper, the full-range concentric compressive mechanism of new-type stainless steel–concrete double-skin (SSCDS) composite tubes subjected to dual hydraulic pressure was analyzed by the finite element method. The influence of geometric–physical parameters at various water depths was discussed. The key results reveal that imposing dual hydraulic pressures significantly improves the confinement of double-skin tubes to encased concrete, resulting in a higher axial compressive strength and a non-uniform stress distribution; increasing the material strengths of concrete, outer tubes and inner tubes results in an approximately linear enhancement in axial bearing capacity; enhancing the diameter-to-thickness ratios of outer tubes and inner tubes can decrease the bearing capacity of SSCDS composite tubes; and the axial compression strength of SSCDS composite tubes with a higher hollow ratio of 0.849 tends to decrease with increasing outer hydraulic pressure. A practical method that integrates the effects of dual hydraulic pressures was developed and validated for the strength calculation of SSCDS composite tubes. This research provides fundamental guidelines for the application of pipe-in-pipe structures in deep-sea engineering.
A Multiscale Model to Assess Bridge Vulnerability Under Extreme Wave Loading
Authors: De Maio Umberto , Greco Fabrizio , Lonetti Paolo , Nevone Blasi Paolo
Published: November 2024

A multiscale model is proposed to assess the impact of wave loading on coastal or inland bridges. The formulation integrates various scales to examine the effects of flooding actions on fluid and structural systems, transitioning from global to local representation scales. The fluid flow was modeled using a turbulent two-phase level set formulation, while the structural system employed the 3D solid mechanics theory. Coupling between subsystems was addressed through an FSI formulation using the ALE moving mesh methodology. The proposed model’s validity was confirmed through comparisons with numerical and experimental data from the literature. A parametric study was conducted on wave load characteristics associated with typical flood or tsunami scenarios. This included verifying the wave load formulas from existing codes or refined formulations found in the literature, along with assessing the dynamic amplification’s effects on key bridge design variables and the worst loading cases involving bridge uplift and horizontal forces comparable to those typically used in seismic actions. Furthermore, a parametric study was undertaken to examine fluid flow and bridge characteristics, such as bridge elevation, speed, inundation ratio, and bearing system typology. The proposed study aims to identify the worst-case scenarios for bridge deck vulnerability.
Data-Driven Based Path Planning of Underwater Vehicles Under Local Flow Field
Authors: Jin Fengqiao , Cheng Bo , Luo Weilin
Published: November 2024

Navigating through complex flow fields, underwater vehicles often face insufficient thrust to traverse particularly strong current areas, necessitating consideration of the physical feasibility of paths during route planning. By constructing a flow field database through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations of the operational environment, we were able to analyze local uncertainties within the flow field. Our investigation into path planning using these flow field data has led to the proposal of a hierarchical planning strategy that integrates global sampling with local optimization, ensuring both completeness and optimality of the planner. Initially, we developed an improved global sampling algorithm derived from RRT to attain nearly optimal theoretical feasible solutions on a global scale. Subsequently, we implemented corrective measures using directed expansion to address locally infeasible sections. The algorithm’s efficacy was theoretically validated, and simulated results based on real flow field environments were provided.
Trichoderma: Harzianum Clade in Soils from Central and South America
Authors: Ismaiel Adnan , Jambhulkar Prashant P. , Sinha Parimal , Lakshman Dilip K.
Published: November 2024

As environmental and health concerns increase, the trend toward sustainable agriculture is moving toward using biological agents. About 60% of all biological fungicides have Trichoderma species as the active ingredient, with T. harzianum as the most common species in these products. However, the name T. harzianum has often been used incorrectly in culture collections, databases, and scientific literature due to the division of the Harzianum clade (HC) into more than 95 cryptic species, with only one being named T. harzianum. In this study, 49 strains previously identified as T. harzianum in three surveys of Trichoderma species from soils in South and Central America were re-identified using phylogenetic analyses based on tef1α, rpb2, and ITS sequences obtained from GenBank. These were combined with the HC species from two other studies, which were identified based on the current taxonomy. Based on the results of the five surveys of the total 148 strains in HC, 11 species were identified. T. afroharzianum, T. lentiforme, and T. endophyticum, followed by T. azevedoi and T. harzianum, were the dominant species of the HC in South and Central America. This is the first report to identify dominant Trichoderma species within the HC in South and Central American soil based on multiple studies. These results will be useful in selecting strains within the clade for the formulation of biocontrol and biofertilizer products on the continent.
Do Long-Term Institutional Shareholders Always Vote in Favour of Board Recommendations? The Moderating Effect of Cash Holdings
Authors: Alomran Abdulaziz A.
Published: November 2024

This article aims to examine the voting behaviour of long-term institutional shareholders towards board recommendations on management proposals and resolutions and how the potential agency costs could moderate such voting behaviour. This study is conducted using all corporate capital proposals put to vote by management during the annual general meetings (AGM) of publicly listed firms on the London Stock Exchange over a period of 17 years from 2000 to 2016. Building on agency theory and the concept of the monitoring function of institutional shareholders, this study finds that long-term institutional shareholders do support board recommendations on management proposals, but potential agency concerns linked to excess cash holding can negatively moderate this relationship. Additional analysis reveals that this moderating effect is observed only for management proposals related to cash inflows, specifically after the 2007–2009 financial crisis. This study highlights the importance of long-term institutional shareholders actively monitoring firms’ cash holdings and using voting to address agency concerns while advising corporate managers to optimise cash management and stay attuned to shareholder preferences. For policymakers, the research suggests promoting transparency in corporate governance and strengthening shareholder engagement to reduce agency problems and improve governance. Several robustness tests are conducted, and the results support our predictions.
Pension Risk and the Sustainable Cost of Capital
Authors: Klumpes Paul John Marcel
Published: November 2024

Prior research empirically finds that the systematic equity risk for US firms as measured by beta reflects the risk of their defined benefit pension plans, despite opaque and complicated pension accounting rules. This paper re-examines this question in the context of subsequent clarification of these rules, and the growing importance of non-defined benefit pension funds. This issue is examined by comparing standard equity-based models with a broader pre-existing shareholder model of the reporting entity to re-examine the relationship between firm equity risk and pension plan risk. The empirical tests are conducted on a sample of S&P 500 firms during the first three years of the introduction of the revised pension accounting rules (2006–2008), based on panel data regression relating firm risk to pension risk and controlling for other variables. In contrast to the prior findings of JMB, the estimated cost of capital is additionally sensitive to the following: (a) alternative explicit versus implicit definitions of pension liability; (b) the nature and scope of long-term deferred compensation arrangements; and (c) the scope and nature of investment-related risks through investment in sponsoring company stock that are associated with these pension arrangements.
Plant Diversity, Productivity, and Soil Nutrient Responses to Different Grassland Degradation Levels in Hulunbuir, China
Authors: Wu Yuxuan , Wang Ping , Hu Xiaosheng , Li Ming , Ding Yi , Peng Tiantian , Zhi Qiuying , Bademu Qiqige , Li Wenjie , Guan Xiao , Li Junsheng
Published: November 2024

Grassland degradation could affect the composition, structure, and ecological function of plant communities and threaten the stability of their ecosystems. It is essential to accurately evaluate grassland degradation and elucidate its impacts on the vegetation–soil relationship. In this study, remote sensing data based on vegetation coverage were used to assess the degradation status of Hulunbuir grassland, and five different grassland degradation degrees were classified. Vegetation community composition, diversity, biomass, soil nutrient status, and their relationships in different degraded grasslands were investigated using field survey data. The results showed that grassland degradation significantly affected the species composition of the vegetation community. As degradation intensified, species richness declined, with the proportion of Gramineae and Legume species decreasing and Asteraceae species increasing. Additionally, the proportion of annual species initially increased and then decreased. Degradation also markedly reduced aboveground, belowground, and litter biomass within the communities. Soil moisture, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, total carbon, total potassium, and hydrolyzable nitrogen contents in non-degraded areas were higher than those in severely degraded areas. Conversely, soil total phosphorus content and bulk density gradually increased with degradation. Nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen levels in severely degraded soils were significantly higher than those in non-degraded soils. Plant diversity in the study area was significantly positively correlated with aboveground biomass and belowground biomass, and it positively correlated with soil nutrient total carbon and available carbon but negatively correlated with soil bulk density. Results of the partial least squares path model showed that grassland degradation had significant negative effects on plant diversity, soil nutrients, and biomass. Soil nutrients were the main factors affecting ecosystem productivity. The direct effect of plant diversity on biomass was not significant, suggesting that soil nutrients may play a more important role than plant diversity in determining biomass during grassland degradation. The results illustrated the relationships among soil nutrients, plant diversity, and biomass in degraded grasslands and emphasized the importance of an integrated approach in the effective management and restoration of degraded grasslands.
Exploring Visitor Patterns in Island Natural Parks: The Relationship Between Photo Locations, Trails, and Land Use
Authors: Calicis Eva , Costa Jorge , Pérez-Alberti Augusto , Gomes Alberto
Published: November 2024

Overcrowding in national parks and protected areas can cause irreversible damage to the environment, compromising the quality of soil, water, wildlife, and vegetation. Thus, it is critical for park managers to have detailed information on visitor activities and spatial dynamics in order to prioritise actions capable of mitigating undesirable impacts in the most frequently visited areas. In this article, we use georeferenced trails and photographs from the Wikiloc and Flickr web platforms to determine the spatial visitation patterns in the Atlantic Islands of Galicia National Park (AINP) from 2008 to 2023. Maps showing trail usage intensity and the distribution of photographs according to land use allowed us to identify the most frequented land uses by visitors and the areas of highest tourist pressure within the AINP. The results show that distribution patterns vary between platforms. Shrubland (37%) and marine cliffs (27%) were the most photographed land uses by visitors, while artificial areas (14%) were the most frequented by Wikiloc users. Cíes island emerges as the most popular tourist destination, as evidenced by the greater number of trails and photographs compared to Ons, Sálvora, and Cortegada. This study shows how social media data, specifically trails and geotagged photographs from Wikiloc and Flickr, can support and complement the monitoring of visitor use and impact in protected areas.
The Application of Geospatial Analysis Methods for the Reconstruction of Lithuanian–Slavic Ethnolinguistic Boundaries in Southeastern Lithuania
Authors: Gudaitis Aidas
Published: November 2024

(1) Background: The article addresses the issue of geospatial dynamics of Lithuanian–Slavic ethnolinguistic boundaries in Southeastern Lithuania (SEL) that were influenced by long-term Lithuanian–Slavic linguistic competition. The aim of the study was to reconstruct the Lithuanian–Slavic ethnolinguistic boundaries and reveal the intensive contact zones in the late 19th century based on published data. Additionally, the study aimed to assess the geospatial changes in the ethnolinguistic situation in the research area during the period 1890–2021. (2) Methods: The ESRI ArcGIS technology geoprocessing tools were applied for boundary reconstruction and geospatial change detection. Cartographic materials, statistical data, and national census information were utilized in the process. (3) Results: The gained results provided a better understanding of Lithuanian–Slavic ethnolinguistic dynamics over space and time in the research area. The study reveals that the ethnolinguistic boundary in the Vilnius–Trakai urbanized area shifted in favor of the Lithuanian language, suggesting its potential influence on the metropolitan suburbs in the future. However, insufficient social infrastructure and weak economic development in rural settlements have led to a negative migration balance, a low birth rate, and rapid population aging. These challenges might have a negative effect on the future survival of the Lithuanian language in the multilingual rural area of SEL, especially considering the recent geopolitical realia in the region. (4) Conclusions: The study anticipates an increase in the influence of the Lithuanian language in the Vilnius–Trakai metropolitan area at the expense of further decline in the rural Lithuanian-speaking population in the next decade.
Investigation of Effect of Surface Modification by Electropolishing on Tribological Behaviour of Worm Gear Pairs
Authors: Mašović Robert , Jakovljević Suzana , Čular Ivan , Miler Daniel , Žeželj Dragan
Published: November 2024

Electropolishing using a high-current density results in a pitting phenomenon, producing a surface texture distinguished by many pits. Apart from the change in surface topography, electropolishing forms an oxide surface layer characterized by beneficial tribological properties. This paper introduces surface texturing in worm gear pairs by electropolishing a 16MnCr5 steel worm surface. Electropolishing produces surface pits 1 μm to 5 μm deep and 20 to 100 μm in diameter. The material characterization of 16MnCr5 steel is compared against the electropolished 16MnCr5 steel based on microstructure, hardness, surface topography and chemical composition. Experimental tests with worm pairs employing electropolished worms are conducted, and the results are compared to conventional worm pairs with ground steel worms. Electropolished worms show up to 5.2% higher efficiency ratings than ground ones and contribute to better running-in of worm gear pairs. Moreover, electropolished worms can reliably support full contact patterns and prevent scuffing due to improved lubrication conditions resulting from the produced surface texture and oxide surface layer. Based on the obtained results, electropolishing presents a promising method for surface texturing and modification in machine elements characterized by highly loaded non-conformal contacts and complex geometry.
Impact of Drill Bit Wear on Screw Withdrawal Resistance in Pinewood
Authors: Sydor Maciej , Waszkiewicz Krystian , Potok Zbigniew
Published: November 2024

Many factors affect screw withdrawal resistance (SWR), including screw size, embedment depth, the pre-drilled hole’s diameter, dimensional accuracy, and the furniture pieces’ material properties being joined. While prior research has extensively examined the influence of these factors, this study aimed to explore a neglected factor: how drill bit wear impacts pilot hole quality and subsequent SWR. The experimental setup included pinewood samples with pre-drilled 5 mm diameter blind pilot holes with a depth of 45 mm. The holes were equally divided into two groups: one drilled with a sharp bit, the other with a blunt bit. Euro-type coarse furniture screws (7 mm major diameter, 4 mm minor diameter, 3 mm pitch) were screwed into all holes. Subsequently, SWR was measured using a universal testing machine. Results show a statistically significant decrease in SWR when using the blunt drill bit. This phenomenon can be explained by excessive local material degradation, increased surface roughness, and disrupted hole dimensional accuracy, collectively hindering SWR. The study’s findings offer insights into how excessive drill bit wear impacts the screw withdrawal capacity of pinewood, informing best practices in furniture and construction.
Insights into Human Middle Ear Implants: Uncovered Bistability
Authors: Zablotni Robert , Zając Grzegorz , Rusinek Rafal
Published: November 2024

This study delves into the intricate mechanics of human middle ear implants by examining a lumped parameter model with five degrees of freedom to estimate sound transfer. The ASTM standard, recognized globally as a benchmark, served as a reference for analysis, ensuring test accuracy and providing a comprehensive evaluation framework. To assess the implant’s usability, numerical simulations were conducted and compared against both the ASTM standard and the experimental results obtained from temporal bone studies. This investigation uncovered the bistability of periodic responses induced by the implant, prompting an analysis of the bistability in periodic solutions and the creation of basins of attraction for various initial conditions. The discovery of new solutions underscores this study’s significance in the operation and reliability of implants. Consequently, this research not only enhances the theoretical comprehension of the system, but also holds promise for practical applications in the design and optimization of middle ear implants that transfer energy to the stapes and the cochlea.
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Thermal Fatigue of Grey Cast Iron Ingot Mould
Authors: Mirek Piotr , Piekło Jarosław , Garbacz-Klempka Aldona
Published: November 2024

This article presents the results of experimental studies and numerical calculations that were conducted to analyse the phenomena that occur during the operation of an ingot mould that is designed for casting steel ingots. The studies were conducted on an experimental stand in a foundry on an ingot mould that was designed to make ingots that weigh up to six tons; they consisted of determining the temperature of the ingot mould and measuring the displacements of its walls during filling with steel and cooling. These studies were used to create and verify a numerical model that was used to determine the temperatures, displacements, deformations, and stresses in ingot mould walls during the operating cycle using the FEM method. Microstructure studies of ingot cast iron that was subjected to thermal fatigue were also conducted on a laboratory stand; the temperature changes and test times were the same as those used under the normal operating conditions of the ingot mould. Cast iron samples were subjected to heating and cooling cycles within a range of 0 to 60 cycles; then, tensile tests were performed to determine their stress–strain curves. As a result of the conducted tests, a great influence was found of the number of cycles on decreases in the values of the modulus of elasticity and tensile strength—especially within a range of 0 to 10 cycles. A relationship was also found between the changes in these values and the image of the cast iron microstructure. Based on images of the cast iron microstructure after being subjected to different numbers of thermal fatigue cycles, the mechanism of the crack initiation and propagation was determined. The influence of the changes in the strength of the cast iron and the stress state that was determined by the FEM method on the durability of the tested type of ingot mould was analysed. The obtained research results will be useful for introducing design changes that are aimed at increasing the fatigue durability of ingot moulds.
Optimization of the Thickness Ratio and Roll-Bonding Parameters of Bimetallic Ti/Al Rod for Bending-Dominated Negative Thermal Expansion Metamaterials
Authors: Li Feiyin , Liu Sicong , Ma Shaojie , Zhang Xinping
Published: November 2024

Roll-bonding has rarely been applied to prepare rods for negative thermal expansion metamaterials (NTEMs). Parameters for quantitatively assessing the isotropy and cyclic thermal stability of the thermal expansion coefficient α of NTEMs are lacking. Here, the Ti-to-Al thickness ratio in bimetallic rods for “cross-shaped” node bending-dominated NTEMs was optimized using a general model proposed in the literature. The finite element method was used to determine the optimal initial thickness ratio of the billet, as well as the reduction ratio and rolling temperature. NTEMs were prepared with roll-bonded Ti/Al rods and Ti nodes. A relatively high thermal expansion coefficient was obtained when the thickness ratio of the 7075 Al alloy of the rods was in the range of 0.56–0.60. The optimized roll-bonding process to meet this thickness ratio was as follows: a rolling temperature of 400 °C, a reduction ratio of 50%, and TA1 Ti and 7075 Al billet thicknesses of 0.5 mm and 1.5 mm, respectively. The isotropy and cyclic thermal stability ratios were proposed to quantitatively assess the isotropy and cyclic thermal stability of the NTEMs. These results help to expand the preparation and evaluation methods for NTEMs.
Modulation of BixSb2−xTe3 Alloy Application Temperature via Optimizing Material Composition
Authors: Ma Shifang , Li Jianan , Du Daming , Ruan Xuefeng , Cao Ming , Lin Ming , Hua Qiongxin , Luo Qi , Tang Ping , Guan Jinzhao , Yu Jian
Published: November 2024

Bi2Te3-based alloys are representatively commercialized thermoelectric materials for refrigeration and power generation. Refrigeration mainly utilizes thermoelectric properties near room temperature, while the power generation temperature is relatively high. However, it is difficult for bismuth telluride to maintain good thermoelectric properties throughout the entire temperature range of 300–500 K. Herein, a series of BixSb2−xTe3 alloys with different Bi contents were prepared by a simple preparation method and systematically investigated, and their best application temperature range was found. The Bi content can modulate carrier concentration and band gap, and the maximum dimensionless figure of merit (ZT) value of BixSb2−xTe3 can be achieved in the corresponding application temperature range. The maximum ZT of Bi0.3Sb1.7Te3 with a Bi content equal to 0.3 reaches 1.14 at 400 K, and the average ZT is 1.06 in the range of 300–500 K, which is suitable for both power generation and refrigeration. Therefore, power generation technologies with higher application temperatures should be selected from BixSb2−xTe3 materials with Bi content less than 0.3, and refrigeration technologies with lower application temperatures should be selected with Bi content greater than 0.3. This work provides experimental guidance for finding the composition of Bi2Te3-based alloys in scientific research and practical applications.
Dissolution Behavior of M5 Cladding in Hydrofluoric–Nitric Mixed Acid
Authors: Chen Ying , Sun Yandong , Bai Yang , Zhao Ziqian , Wei Zheng , Liu Fang , Yuan Zhongwei , Yan Taihong , Zheng Weifang
Published: November 2024

M5 cladding has emerged as a prominent fuel cladding material due to its excellent corrosion resistance. The dissolution behavior of M5 cladding is critical in both the initial cleaning stage and the reprocessing of spent fuel cladding. This study investigated the dissolution of M5 cladding in hydrofluoric–nitric (HF-HNO3) mixed acid at varying concentrations. When the HF concentration exceeds 0.5 mol/L, the addition of strong oxidizing HNO3 significantly reduces the dissolution rate. Moreover, HNO3 effectively inhibits the HF-induced corrosion pitting, lowering surface roughness to 0.812 μm at a 1:5 ratio of HF:HNO3. In addition, a surface structural analysis reveals the dissolution mechanism of M5 cladding. The β-Nb precipitated in the mixed acid was oxidized to stable Nb2O5 by HNO3 while the M5 matrix surface was continuously oxidized to ZrO2. This passivation layer inhibits further dissolution, slowing the process and enhancing the uniformity of M5 cladding.