bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HIF2α drives ccRCC metastasis through transcriptional activation of methylation-controlled J protein and enhanced prolegumain secretion
Authors: Shen Tianyu , Su Yu , Wang Dekun , Li Gang , Liu Xuan , Sun Chuangxin , Hu Taoyu , Pang Haoxiang , Mi Xue , Zhang Yuying , Yue Shijing , Zhang Zhujun , Tan Xiaoyue
Published: February 2025

The role of hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF2α) in clear cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ccRCC) is still not fully understood. In this study, we identified that urinary prolegumain levels positively correlated with the malignant characteristics of ccRCC. In cultured 786-O and OSRC-2 cells, HIF2α downregulation reduced prolegumain secretion. RNA sequencing assay revealed that HIF2α induces methylation-controlled J (MCJ), a negative regulator on the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Silencing MCJ reduced prolegumain secretion, and MCJ overexpression restored prolegumain secretion inhibited by HIF2α downregulation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase assay confirmed MCJ as a transcription target of HIF2α. Furthermore, we showed the ectopic MCJ overexpression reversed the improved mitochondrial damage resulting from HIF2α downregulation, as evidenced by electron microscope, ATP level, GSSG/GSH ratio, MitoSOX, and DHE staining. Through mass spectrometry analysis, we identified oxidation site His343 on the legumain sequence as contributing to the prolegumain secretion. Therapeutically, silencing MCJ or HIF2α or using ROS scavengers Vitamin C or MitoQ alleviated MMP2 activation as well as cell migration and tube formation. In a mouse orthotopic xenograft model of ccRCC, silencing MCJ or administration of MitoQ significantly protected against mitochondrial damage and subsequently reduced the lung metastasis of tumors. Overall, our study identified MCJ as a target molecule of HIF2α in ccRCC. Silencing MCJ or using ROS scavengers like MitoQ can suppress oxidation site His343 in legumain, preventing prolegumain secretion and subsequently reducing metastasis of ccRCC.
An optimised faecal microRNA sequencing pipeline reveals fibrosis in Trichuris muris infection
Authors: Layton Emma , Goldsworthy Sian , Yang EnJun , Ong Wei Yee , Sutherland Tara E. , Bancroft Allison J. , Thompson Seona , Au Veonice Bijin , Griffiths-Jones Sam , Grencis Richard K. , Fairhurst Anna-Marie , Roberts Ian S.
Published: February 2025

The intestine is a site of diverse functions including digestion, nutrient absorption, immune surveillance, and microbial symbiosis. Intestinal microRNAs (miRNAs) are detectable in faeces and regulate barrier integrity, host-microbe interactions and the immune response, potentially offering valuable non-invasive tools to study intestinal health. However, current experimental methods are suboptimal and heterogeneity in study design limits the utility of faecal miRNA data. Here, we develop an optimised protocol for faecal miRNA detection and report a reproducible murine faecal miRNA profile in healthy mice. We use this pipeline to study faecal miRNAs during infection with the gastrointestinal helminth, Trichuris muris, revealing roles for miRNAs in fibrosis and wound healing. Intestinal fibrosis was confirmed in vivo using Hyperion® imaging mass cytometry, demonstrating the efficacy of this approach. Further applications of this optimised pipeline to study host-microbe interactions and intestinal disease will enable the generation of hypotheses and therapeutic strategies in diverse contexts.
UM171 glues asymmetric CRL3–HDAC1/2 assembly to degrade CoREST corepressors
Authors: Yeo Megan J. R. , Zhang Olivia , Xie Xiaowen , Nam Eunju , Payne N. Connor , Gosavi Pallavi M. , Kwok Hui Si , Iram Irtiza , Lee Ceejay , Li Jiaming , Chen Nicholas J. , Nguyen Khanh , Jiang Hanjie , Wang Zhipeng A. , Lee Kwangwoon , Mao Haibin , Harry Stefan A. , Barakat Idris A. , Takahashi Mariko , Waterbury Amanda L. , Barone Marco , Mattevi Andrea , Carr Steven A. , Udeshi Namrata D. , Bar-Peled Liron , Cole Philip A. , Mazitschek Ralph , Liau Brian B. , Zheng Ning
Published: February 2025

UM171 is a potent agonist of ex vivo human haematopoietic stem cell self-renewal1. By co-opting KBTBD4, a substrate receptor of the CUL3–RING E3 ubiquitin ligase (CRL3) complex, UM171 promotes the degradation of the LSD1–CoREST corepressor complex, thereby limiting haematopoietic stem cell attrition2,3. However, the direct target and mechanism of action of UM171 remain unclear. Here we show that UM171 acts as a molecular glue to induce high-affinity interactions between KBTBD4 and HDAC1/2 to promote corepressor degradation. Through proteomics and chemical inhibitor studies, we identify the principal target of UM171 as HDAC1/2. Cryo-electron microscopy analysis of dimeric KBTBD4 bound to UM171 and the LSD1–HDAC1–CoREST complex identifies an asymmetric assembly in which a single UM171 molecule enables a pair of KELCH-repeat propeller domains to recruit the HDAC1 catalytic domain. One KBTBD4 propeller partially masks the rim of the HDAC1 active site, which is exploited by UM171 to extend the E3–neosubstrate interface. The other propeller cooperatively strengthens HDAC1 binding through a distinct interface. The overall CoREST–HDAC1/2–KBTBD4 interaction is further buttressed by the endogenous cofactor inositol hexakisphosphate, which acts as a second molecular glue. The functional relevance of the quaternary complex interaction surfaces is demonstrated by base editor scanning of KBTBD4 and HDAC1. By delineating the direct target of UM171 and its mechanism of action, we reveal how the cooperativity offered by a dimeric CRL3 E3 can be leveraged by a small molecule degrader.
fruit-SALAD: A Style Aligned Artwork Dataset to reveal similarity perception in image embeddings
Authors: Ohm Tillmann , Karjus Andres , Tamm Mikhail V. , Schich Maximilian
Published: February 2025

The notion of visual similarity is essential for computer vision, and in applications and studies revolving around vector embeddings of images. However, the scarcity of benchmark datasets poses a significant hurdle in exploring how these models perceive similarity. Here we introduce Style Aligned Artwork Datasets (SALAD), and an example of fruit-SALAD with 10,000 images of fruit depictions. This combined semantic category and style benchmark comprises 100 instances each of 10 easy-to-recognize fruit categories, across 10 easy distinguishable styles. Leveraging a systematic pipeline of generative image synthesis, this visually diverse yet balanced benchmark demonstrates salient differences in semantic category and style similarity weights across various computational models, including machine learning models, feature extraction algorithms, and complexity measures, as well as conceptual models for reference. This meticulously designed dataset offers a controlled and balanced platform for the comparative analysis of similarity perception. The SALAD framework allows the comparison of how these models perform semantic category and style recognition task to go beyond the level of anecdotal knowledge, making it robustly quantifiable and qualitatively interpretable.
Improving landslide susceptibility prediction through ensemble recursive feature elimination and meta-learning framework
Authors: Halder Krishnagopal , Srivastava Amit Kumar , Ghosh Anitabha , Das Subhabrata , Banerjee Santanu , Pal Subodh Chandra , Chatterjee Uday , Bisai Dipak , Ewert Frank , Gaiser Thomas
Published: February 2025

Landslides pose significant threats to ecosystems, lives, and economies, particularly in the geologically fragile Sub-Himalayan region of West Bengal, India. This study enhances landslide susceptibility prediction by developing an ensemble framework integrating Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE) with meta-learning techniques. Seven advanced machine learning models- Logistic Regression (LR), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), Extremely Randomized Trees (ET), Gradient Boosting (GB), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and a Meta Classifier (MC) were applied using Remote Sensing and GIS tools to identify key landslide-conditioning factors and classify susceptibility zones. Model performance was assessed through metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, and AUC of the ROC curve. Among the models, the Meta Classifier (MC) achieved the highest accuracy (0.956) and AUC (0.987), demonstrating superior predictive ability. Gradient Boosting (GB), XGBoost, and RF also performed well, with accuracies of 0.943 and AUC values of 0.987 (GB and XGBoost) and 0.983 (RF). Extremely Randomized Trees (ET) exhibited the highest accuracy (0.946) among individual models and an AUC of 0.985. SVM and LR, while slightly less accurate (0.941 and 0.860, respectively), provided valuable insights, with SVM achieving an AUC of 0.972 and LR achieving 0.935. The models effectively delineated landslide susceptibility into five zones (very low, low, moderate, high, and very high), with high and very high susceptibility zones concentrated in Darjeeling and Kalimpong subdivisions. These zones are influenced by intense rainfall, unstable geological structures, and anthropogenic activities like deforestation and urbanization. Notably, ET, RF, GB, and XGBoost demonstrated efficiency in feature selection, requiring fewer input variables while maintaining high performance. This study establishes a benchmark for landslide susceptibility mapping, providing a scalable and adaptable framework for geospatial hazard prediction. The findings hold significant implications for land-use planning, disaster management, and environmental conservation in vulnerable regions worldwide.
Crystal structure of the plasmid-encoded R67 dihydrofolate reductase complexed with Congo red an amyloid binding dye
Authors: Narendra Akshay N. , Howell Elizabeth E. , Narayana Narendra
Published: February 2025

Plasmid-encoded bacterial R67 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) catalyzes the same reaction as the chromosomal counterpart but is highly resistant to the widely used antibiotic Trimethoprim (TMP) unlike the chromosomal enzyme. The structure of Q67H mutant of R67 DHFR complexed with a non-specific inhibitor Congo red (CGR) has been determined at 1.15 Å resolution. In the F

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-F

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map, one of the two naphthalene moieties in CGR is clearly observed, however, the biphenyl linker and the other naphthalene moiety are not seen owing to flexibility. CGR does not utilize its twofold axis to align with any of the three crystallographic twofold axes of the tetrameric protein instead, it binds like the asymmetrical folate and NADP+ at any one of the four symmetry-related positions in the active site pore. The naphthalene moiety with exocyclic sulphonate ion and amino group, interacts with residues 66–68 from all four protomers via metal-based ionic, van der Waals, stacking, and hydrogen bonding interactions. Preliminary modeling studies suggest variant fragments of CGR targeting one or both Lys32 residues at the site of enlarging pore may yield specific and potent inhibitors. Based on the CGR – protein interactions in the present work, we propose a putative model for the binding of CGR to cross-β amyloid.
Controlling mildew of tobacco leaf by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ZH-2 and its effect on storage quality of tobacco leaf
Authors: Zhou Hang , Yang Yongfeng , Jia Tao , Yu Yangyang , Chen Siyuan , Qiu Yao , Zhang Ruina , Chen Hongli
Published: February 2025

Tobacco mildew is a common fungal disease that reduces tobacco quality, resulting in serious economic losses in the tobacco industry. In this study, the pathogens Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, and Rhizopus arrhizus were isolated from infected leaves. Furthermore, five plant endophytic bacteria isolated from healthy tobacco leaves were found to possess strong antifungal activity against these pathogens. Among these strains, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ZH-2 exerted the strongest antagonistic effect against all mildew types (bacteriosphere diameter > 22 mm). The antagonistic action of ZH-2 was further observed using scanning electron microscopy, which revealed signs of contraction, deformation, and dissolution of the treated mycelia compared with that seen in the control group. The ZH-2 strain was found to produce high levels of proteases, chitinases, and β-1,3-glucanase, contributing to its antifungal activity via fungal cell wall rupture. The antifungal activity of ZH-2 was also demonstrated in the application test, as indicated by the significant reduction in mildew disease severity in tobacco leaves treated with this strain. Fermentation tests showed that the quality of ZH-2–treated, solid-state fermented tobacco leaves was superior to that of the control. Specifically, the alkaloid content significantly decreased by 10.62%, whereas the total and reduced sugar contents increased by 12.9 and 55.75%, respectively. Furthermore, macromolecular starch, cellulose, and protein contents significantly decreased by 25.85, 12.77, and 10.04%, respectively. These results indicate that the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ZH-2 strain is effective against tobacco mildew and can improve tobacco quality upon solid-state fermentation.
Decreasing aerosols increase the European summer diurnal temperature range
Authors: Roesch Carla M. , Fons Emilie , Ballinger Andrew P. , Runge Jakob , Hegerl Gabriele C.
Published: February 2025

The diurnal temperature range (DTR), the difference between daily maximum and minimum temperature, is important for the impact of extreme temperatures, but despite physical links to aerosol forcing previous studies have struggled to attribute observed DTR changes to aerosols. Using causal inference, we can clearly identify aerosols as a driver of European DTR change since 1940. Following a decrease from the 1940s, since the 1980s the European DTR has increased by about 0.5K due to a reduction in European aerosol emissions leading to cooler nights relative to days. Agreement between causal effects estimated from observations with those estimated for two CMIP6 models evaluates the models’ microphysical and radiative parameterizations. From causal effects, we also derive effective radiative forcing estimates of aerosols on surface shortwave during European summer, which amount to [−1.7; −1.5] Wm−2 in observations and one model, while it is less negative in the other model ([−0.9; −0.8] Wm−2).
Multiple planetary boundaries preclude biomass crops for carbon capture and storage outside of agricultural areas
Authors: Braun Johanna , Werner Constanze , Gerten Dieter , Stenzel Fabian , Schaphoff Sibyll , Lucht Wolfgang
Published: February 2025

Six of nine planetary boundaries are currently transgressed, many related to human land use. Conversion of sizeable land areas to biomass plantations for Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) – often assumed in climate mitigation scenarios to meet the Paris Agreement – may exert additional pressure on terrestrial planetary boundaries. Using spatially-explicit, process-based global biogeochemical modelling, we systematically compute feedstock production potentials for BECCS under individual and joint constraints of the planetary boundaries for nitrogen flows, freshwater change, land system change and biosphere integrity (including protection of remaining forests), while reserving current agricultural areas for meeting the growing global demand for food, fodder and fibre. We find that the constrained BECCS potential from dedicated Miscanthus plantations is close to zero (0.1 gigatons of carbon dioxide equivalents per year under mid-century climate for Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5). The planetary boundary for biosphere integrity has the largest individual effect, highlighting a particularly severe trade-off between climate change mitigation with BECCS and ecosystem preservation. Ultimately however, the overall limitation results from the joint effect of all four planetary boundaries, emphasizing the importance of a holistic consideration of Earth system stability in the context of climate change mitigation.
Programmable assembly/disassembly of metal–organic cage integrated 2D nanosheets
Authors: Sivalingam Vellaiyadevan , Chand Dillip Kumar
Published: February 2025

A Pd2L4-type cage having exohedral coordination sites at specific positions forms [Pd(Pd2L4)]n-type 2D nanosheets upon the addition of Pd(ii) and reverts to a cage upon the addition of the ligand.
Synthesis, characterization, and anti-cancer activity evaluation of Ba-doped CuS nanostructures synthesized by the co-precipitation method
Authors: Abdulwahab A. M. , AL-Adhreai Asma'a Ahmed , Al-Hammadi A. H. , Al-Adhreai Arwa , Salem Aeshah , Alanazi Faisal Katib , ALSaeedy Mohammed
Published: February 2025

Synthesis, characterization, and anti-cancer potential of Ba-doped CuS nanoparticles.
Studies on poly(butylene succinate) and poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate)-based biodegradable plastics for sustainable flexible packaging and agricultural applications: a comprehensive review
Authors: Nath Debarshi , Misra Manjusri , Al-Daoud Fadi , Mohanty Amar K.
Published: February 2025

PBS and PBSA can be used to manufacture cost-effective and sustainable materials for applications in food packaging and agriculture.
Failure Mechanisms and Design Strategies for Low-Temperature Solid-State Metal Batteries
Authors: Wang Sheng , Xu Huajian , Song Xiaopan , Gu Yang , Fan Junyu , Liu Jincheng
Published: February 2025

Solid-state metal batteries (SSMBs), with their high theoretical energy density and inherent safety advantages, are considered to be the ultimate choice for next-generation energy storage systems. Extensive experimental and theoretical...
Enhanced capacity of aluminum-ion batteries by adjusting the average pore size of the porous carbon cathode
Authors: Chen Yifeng , Suzuki Hiroo , Fukumoto Shu , Nakano Chiyu , Nishikawa Takeshi , Umezawa Shigeyuki , Hayashi Yasuhiko
Published: February 2025

Porous carbon materials exhibit unique performance as cathodes for aluminum-ion batteries (AIBs), with capacity primarily influenced by average pore size, while the effect of specific surface area is relatively limited.
Early Intervention Providers' Perspectives on the Use of Telepractice During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Mahurin-Smith Jamie , Lorio Ciera M.
Published: February 2025

Purpose:

The COVID-19 pandemic precipitated an abrupt transition to telepractice for many early intervention (EI) service providers; often, they had little previous experience with remote service provision. This study was designed to investigate their experiences with telepractice.

Method:

This qualitative study used interpretative phenomenological analysis to evaluate semistructured phone interviews with eight Illinois EI providers, recruited through EI agencies, social media, and word of mouth. In their interviews, they described the challenges and benefits of the transition to telepractice in 2020–2021.

Results:

These participants described a difficult adjustment period due to the unprecedented effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and a number of technological and interpersonal challenges. After this adjustment, they found telepractice offered a surprising and welcome degree of flexibility and spurred them to place new emphasis on caregiver coaching.

Conclusions:

Telepractice presents unique challenges and offers unique benefits to EI service providers due to the age of their clients and their emphasis on caregiver coaching. Clinical implications are discussed.
Multiple stellar populations at less evolved stages. IV. evidence of helium enrichments in four Magellanic globular clusters
Authors: Li Chengyuan , Ji Xin , Baumgardt Holger
Published: February 2025

Most globular clusters in the local group show multiple stellar populations, a pattern defined by variations of several light elements, with some also displaying dispersions in heavy elements. Since helium is the most immediate product of hydrogen burning, almost all models suggest that second-generation stars should show different levels of helium enrichment than first-generation stars. Therefore, investigating helium enrichment in stellar populations of globular clusters can constrain different theoretical models. Using the deep photometry carried out by the Hubble Space Telescope, we have analyzed the morphologies of the main sequences of four Large Magellanic Cloud globular clusters, Hodge 11, NGC 1841, NGC 2210, and NGC 2257. We aim to constrain the helium distributions among their main sequence stars. We found a clear broadening of main sequences in all four clusters. After excluding the effects of photometric errors, differential reddening, unresolved binaries, and metallicity dispersions, this broadening would suggest a substantial helium enrichment in their star populations, ranging from delta Y =0.08 to delta Y ≥0.12, depending on the presumed helium distributions. Helium-enriched stars are comparable in number to normal stars within these clusters, and may even dominate, comprising approximately ∼40% to over 80% of the total stellar population. However, given the great distance of the Large Magellanic Cloud, it is difficult to rule out the significant impact of crowding, so our results may only represent an upper limit.
Small-scale energetic phenomena in Hepsilon: Ellerman bombs, UV bursts, and small flares
Authors: Krikova K. , Pereira T.M.D.
Published: February 2025

We investigated the potential of using to diagnose small-scale energetic phenomena such as Ellerman bombs, UV bursts, and small-scale flares. Our focus is to understand the formation of the line and how to use its properties to get insight into the dynamics of small-scale energetic phenomena. We carried out a forward modeling study, combining simulations and detailed radiative transfer calculations. The 3D radiative magnetohydrodynamic simulations were run with the Bifrost code and included energetic phenomena. We employed a Markovian framework to study the multilevel source function, used relative contribution functions to identify its formation regions, and correlated the properties of synthetic spectra with atmospheric parameters. Ellerman bombs are predominantly optically thick in appearing as well-defined structures. UV bursts and small flares are partially optically thin and give rise to diffuse structures. The line serves as a good velocity diagnostic for small-scale heating events in the lower chromosphere. However, its emission strength is a poor indicator of temperature, and its line width offers limited utility due to the interplay of various broadening mechanisms. Compared to exhibits greater sensitivity to phenomena such as Ellerman bombs, as its line core experiences higher extinction than the wing. is a valuable tool for studying small-scale energetic phenomena in the lower chromosphere. It provides more reliable estimates of velocities than those extracted from wing emission in or Maps of emission show more abundant energetic events than the counterpart. Our findings highlight potential to advance our understanding of dynamic processes in the solar atmosphere.
A Machine Learning-based Decision-making Framework for the Green Flexible Flowshop Scheduling Problem by considering Preventive Maintenance
Authors: Espidkar Behzad , Mehrabian Ahmad , Harsej Fatemeh , Amoozad Khalili Hossein
Published: February 2025

This study focuses on one of the important issues in the manufacturing systems named the flexible flowshop scheduling problem (FFSP) by considering the environmental aspects and preventive maintenance. To this end, the current article developed a novel machine learning-based decision-making framework. Therefore, a mathematical model is proposed to minimize the tardiness, Greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions, and energy consumptions so that the preventive maintenance is considered. Then, to tackle uncertainty, a data-driven approach based on the robust fuzzy optimization and Gradient Boosting Algorithm is developed. In the next stage, a novel solution approach by combining a heuristic algorithm and the fuzzy goal programming method is proposed to handle the multi-objective nature of the suggested model and its complexity. Then, several sensitivity analyses have conducted. The achieved outputs indicate the efficiency and effectiveness of the developed solution approach because it can obtain high-quality solutions in a reasonable time. The developed machine learning algorithm, with an accuracy of over 92%, has estimated the key parameters of the model. According to the obtained outputs, increasing the processing time has led to a significant increase in the total tardiness, GHG emissions, and energy consumption. Moreover, the results demonstrate that all objective functions (i.e., total tardiness, GHG emissions, and energy consumption) have increased by increasing the setup time parameter.
Kausale Immunmodulation
Authors: Grafen Keren , Blume Ralf , Zhang Zheng , Vigl Sebastian
Published: February 2025

Vier Experten stellen Behandlungsansätze für eine kausale Immunmodulation mithilfe von der Förderung der Darmgesundheit, Homöopathie, Traditioneller Chinesischer Medizin und Phytotherapie dar.
Tendon Anatomy and Tendon Disorders of the Wrist
Authors: Marth Thomas , Grob Nadja A. , Jacobson Jon A. , Zechmann Nadja , Guggenberger Roman , Falkowski Anna L.
Published: February 2025

Wrist pain is common and can be attributed to tendon pathologies.

This review aims to give a structured review of tendon anatomy, discuss anatomical pitfalls, and provide an overview of typical tendon pathologies of the wrist based on the current literature.

Typical tendon pathologies of the wrist include de Quervain tenosynovitis, proximal and distal intersection syndrome, extensor and flexor pollicis longus tendon ruptures, and extensor carpi ulnaris subsheath injury. Typical pitfalls are multiple bundles of the abductor pollicis longus tendon or the centrally increased signal of the extensor carpi ulnaris tendon.

Both ultrasound and MRI are appropriate modalities for assessing the tendons of the wrist. Knowledge of normal anatomy, variants, pathologies, as well as appropriate imaging is crucial to determine the diagnosis.
Alternativa cirúrgica para leiomioma cutâneo pilar múltiplo de membro inferior: Relato de caso e revisão da literatura
Authors: Soares Igor Moura , Cunha Armando dos Santos , Aquino Lucas Albuquerque , Dalbosco Lucas Vargas , Vilela Marcela Santos , Gomes Saulo Francisco de Assis
Published: February 2025

O leiomioma pilar, ou neoplasia benigna do músculo eretor do pelo, é uma patologia incomum, apesar de ser o tipo mais frequente de leiomioma cutâneo. Ocorre entre adultos jovens, acometendo igualmente ambos os sexos. Sua apresentação se dá em lesões dolorosas, isoladas ou múltiplas, papulonodulares vermelhas e castanhas. Apesar de não ter sido relatada nenhuma malignização dos tumores, é importante incluir essa patologia no diagnóstico diferencial de lesões cutâneas papulonodulares. O tratamento cirúrgico geralmente é reservado a casos extensos e sintomáticos, com relatos de recidiva. Nesse artigo, relatamos o caso de um paciente de 28 anos, do sexo masculino, com diagnóstico de leiomioma pilar em face lateral de coxa e perna direita submetido à ressecção de pele tangencial.
Significant orbit-to-charge conversion in CoFeB/Pt/SrIrO3 trilayer by terahertz emission spectroscopy
Authors: Li Weiwei , Wang Yangkai , Cheng Hao , Huang Jun , Xiong Bing , Huang Jianping , Huang Qiuping , Cui Zhangzhang , Fu Zhengping , Lu Yalin
Published: February 2025

Orbitronics has been extensively explored theoretically and experimentally in orbital-charge conversion. The spin-charge conversion efficiency induced by the orbital Hall effect can be much larger than that of the spin Hall effect. However, orbitronics focuses primarily on light metal elements and their oxides, while exploring heavy metal elements and oxides is rare. In this Letter, we report significant enhancements in the ultrafast spin (orbit)-charge conversion for the CoFeB/Pt/SrIrO3 (SIO) trilayer using the terahertz emission spectroscopy, where the maximum enhancement calculated by the normalized terahertz emission amplitude is about three times that for the CoFeB/Pt bilayer. In addition, we observe a ∼2 orders of magnitude enhancement in the THz emission due to significant orbital transport in Pt-insertion heavy metal layer in the CoFeB/Pt/SIO heterostructure as compared to the CoFeB/SIO bilayer. Our findings not only demonstrate that the transition metals and their oxides exhibit strong inverse orbital Hall effect but also show that multilayer structures allow enhancing the spin-to-charge current conversion efficiency for THz applications, providing a direction to tailor THz emitters.
Methane sensing via unbalanced nonlinear interferometry using a CMOS camera and undetected mid-infrared light
Authors: Dong Jinghan , Cardoso Arthur C. , Zhou Haichen , Zhang Jingrui , Nie Weijie , Clark Alex S. , Rarity John G.
Published: February 2025

Here, we present a high-sensitivity, rapid, and low-cost method for methane sensing based on a nonlinear interferometer. This method utilizes signal photons generated by stimulated parametric downconversion (ST-PDC), enabling the use of a silicon detector to capture high-precision methane absorption spectra in the mid-infrared region. By controlling the system loss, we achieve more significant changes in visibility, thereby increasing sensitivity. A low-cost CMOS camera is employed to capture spatial interference fringes, ensuring fast and efficient detection. Thereby, we demonstrate an accurate measurement of methane concentration within a gas cell. In addition, we show that ST-PDC enables long-distance sensing and the capability to measure open-path low ambient methane concentrations in the real world.
Adding or subtracting a single photon is the same for pure squeezed vacuum states
Authors: Steuernagel Ole , Hu Shao-Hua , Lee Ray-Kuang
Published: February 2025

The addition of a single photon to a light field can lead to exactly the same outcome as the subtraction of a single photon: starting from the same initial state, both procedures can generate the same final quantum state. We prove that this identity-of-outcome is true for pure squeezed vacuum states of light, and in some sense only for those. We show that mixed states can show this identity-of-outcome for the addition or subtraction of a photon if they are generated from the incoherent sums of pure squeezed vacuum states with the same squeezing. We point out that our results give a reinterpretation to the fact that pure squeezed vacuum states, with squeezing e−z, are formally annihilated by Bogoliubov-transformed annihilation operators: âz=âcosh(z)−â†sinh(z).
Evolutionary multi-agent reinforcement learning in group social dilemmas
Authors: Mintz B. , Fu F.
Published: February 2025

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a powerful machine learning technique that has been successfully applied to a wide variety of problems. However, it can be unpredictable and produce suboptimal results in complicated learning environments. This is especially true when multiple agents learn simultaneously, which creates a complex system that is often analytically intractable. Our work considers the fundamental framework of Q-learning in public goods games, where RL individuals must work together to achieve a common goal. This setting allows us to study the tragedy of the commons and free-rider effects in artificial intelligence cooperation, an emerging field with potential to resolve challenging obstacles to the wider application of artificial intelligence. While this social dilemma has been mainly investigated through traditional and evolutionary game theory, our work connects these two approaches by studying agents with an intermediate level of intelligence. We consider the influence of learning parameters on cooperation levels in simulations and a limiting system of differential equations, as well as the effect of evolutionary pressures on exploration rate in both of these models. We find selection for higher and lower levels of exploration, as well as attracting values, and a condition that separates these in a restricted class of games. Our work enhances the theoretical understanding of recent techniques that combine evolutionary algorithms with Q-learning and extends our knowledge of the evolution of machine behavior in social dilemmas.
Transcorrelated methods applied to second row elements
Authors: Filip Maria-Andreea , López Ríos Pablo , Haupt J. Philip , Christlmaier Evelin Martine Corvid , Kats Daniel , Alavi Ali
Published: February 2025

We explore the applicability of the transcorrelated method to the elements in the second row of the periodic table. We use transcorrelated Hamiltonians in conjunction with full configuration interaction quantum Monte Carlo and coupled cluster techniques to obtain total energies and ionization potentials, investigating their dependence on the nature and size of the basis sets used. Transcorrelation accelerates convergence to the complete basis set limit relative to conventional approaches, and chemically accurate results can generally be obtained with the cc-pVTZ basis, even with a frozen Ne core in the post-Hartree–Fock treatment.
Terahertz near-zero reflection modulator based on cascaded electrical length reconfiguration
Authors: Bi Chunyang , Gong Sen , Ding Kesen , Cheng Liyu , Liang Huajie , Zeng Hongxin , Wang Lan , Liang Shixiong , Yang Ziqiang , Zhang Yaxin
Published: February 2025

Return loss is a core indicator of module connectivity performance in integrated communication systems. Reflections from the modulation device can cause power fluctuations, leading to excessive amplitude noise affecting the system's signal-to-noise ratio. To solve the problem of high return loss in existing terahertz amplitude modulation techniques, this paper proposes a near-zero reflection terahertz modulator based on an electrical length reconfiguration cascade. The ON-OFF effect of the modulator is achieved through the cascade's electrical length reconstruction, and the reflections are effectively suppressed from the ON state to the OFF state. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed modulator achieves a broadband low-reflection effect in the 170–260 GHz band, with a Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) of less than 1.5 over a bandwidth of 60 GHz and an optimal VSWR of 1.1. It has the potential to support high-speed response as well as the large-capacity, high-rate data transmission. Accordingly, the proposed modulator offers a promising solution for the design of high-performance terahertz modulators and multi-channel integrated terahertz communication systems.
Unsteady flow prediction based on a hybrid network-operator learning model
Authors: Han Rong , Yang Xiaoliang , Liu Wei
Published: February 2025

Fast and accurate forecasting of unsteady flow is a challenge for both fluid dynamics and machine learning study. In this paper, a hybrid network-operator learning model is proposed to predict the spatiotemporal dynamics of unsteady flow. The hybrid model first integrates the Fourier neural operator (FNO) and convolutional long short-term memory (ConvLSTM) network in parallel. The model is systematically evaluated in three typical unsteady problems, including the two-dimensional turbulence, flow around a stationary cylinder, and flow around an oscillated airfoil. Numerical experiments indicate that the proposed hybrid network-operator model exhibits higher accuracy than the vanilla FNO and ConvLSTM model. Additionally, the hybrid model shows excellent performance on long-period prediction and can be well generalized to cases with different dimensionless parameters (such as Reynolds number and Mach number).
Cryogenic boundary layer separation and flow structure formed by impinging under-expanded supersonic jet
Authors: Aslani Alireza , Kim Kyung Chun
Published: February 2025

This study examines the influence of the static inlet temperature (Tin) at fixed nozzle pressure ratio (NPR = 9) and the ratio of the impinging distance to nozzle exit diameter (Z/D) on the behavior of under-expanded cryogenic jet flow impingement on a metallic sphere. A conventional Z-type Schlieren visualization was applied with image processing techniques and snapshot proper orthogonal decomposition (S-POD) to evaluate the boundary layer separation and coherent flow structures. Experiments were conducted with Tin ranging from 220 K to 130 K through a converging-diverging nozzle (exit-to-throat ratio A/A* = 1.277) and three Z/D = 1.92, 3.85, and 5.77 with a sphere diameter of 15 mm. The present investigation is novel, as most available investigations on the impinging jet did not focus on cryogenic temperature or only studied the ice deposition over pipes carrying cryogens, which differs significantly from what occurs during cryogenic leakage. Results denote Schlieren technique has limitations in capturing the influence of compressibility factor on the flow structures when impingement occurs inside the first shock cell. Additionally, as Tin decreases and Z/D increases, the separation point on the sphere shifts toward the rear hemisphere, reducing ice formation over the separated flow region. Notably, a good agreement was achieved between the vortical structures separating from the sphere and the ice tip in a two-dimensional view, as recorded in the experiment. These results represent the effective use of S-POD in density-based Schlieren visualization and contribute to safety considerations in cryogenic storage facilities with potential relevance to electronics, manufacturing, and medical technology industries.
Exact and numerical solutions of boundary layer flow of nanofluids
over a moving wedge
Authors: Kirsur Shreenivas R. , Patil Shankar S. , Joshi Shrivatsa R. , K. P. Sumana
Published: February 2025

This article investigates the effect of nanoparticles on the boundary layer flow over a surface of a moving wedge. By applying appropriate similarity transformations, the continuity, momentum and heat transfer equations are converted into nonlinear system of ordinary differential equations. In this study, the resulting system of coupled nonlinear differential equations is addressed using two different methods. The first method yields an exact solution under the specific conditions Pr=NθNf and β=−1, leading to explicit multiple solutions. This outcome represents a novel addition to the literature. For general β and Pr, an analytical solution is then obtained using the exact solution found earlier. The numerical solutions obtained by the Haar wavelet collocation method (HWCM) are compared with the analytical method to verify its validity, showing good agreement between the two methods. Multiple solutions of the considered problem are obtained over a range of physical parameters by using the Haar wavelet approach. The study presents the results concerning velocity and temperature profiles, coefficient of skin friction, and the local Nusselt number, followed by a discussion on the physical significance of the flow parameters.
Simulating phase inversion processes by coupled map lattice: Toward the theoretical design of food texture and quality in dairy processing from fresh cream to butter via whipped cream
Authors: Nozawa Erika , Deguchi Tetsuo
Published: February 2025

We present a theoretical model and simulation for the formation dynamics of diverse texture patterns that emerge spontaneously or self-organize during phase inversion processes of fresh cream by mechanical whipping. The results suggest that the model should be applied for theoretically designing the texture and quality of whipped cream and butter products. The modeling complexity in phase inversion processes, from fresh cream via whipped cream to butter, was overcome by using a well-established complex systems approach, the coupled map lattice (CML). The proposed CML consists of a minimal set of procedures (i.e., parameterized nonlinear maps), such as whipping, coalescence, and flocculation, acting on the appropriately coarse-grained field variables, surface energy, cohesive energy, and velocity (flow) of the emulsion defined on a two-dimensional square lattice. In the CML simulations, two well-known and different phase inversion processes are reproduced at high and low whipping temperatures. The overrun and viscosity changes simulated in these processes are at least qualitatively consistent with those observed in experiments. We characterize these processes exhibiting different texture patterns as the viscosity dominance at high whipping temperatures and as the overrun dominance at low whipping temperatures on the viscosity–overrun plane, which is one of the state diagrams.
Data-driven deep learning models in particle-laden turbulent flow
Authors: Hassanian R. , Helgadóttir Á. , Gharibi F. , Beck A. , Riedel M.
Published: February 2025

The dynamics of inertial particles in turbulent flow are complex, and in practice, gravity influences particle dynamics. However, the effects of gravity have not been appropriately investigated using numerical approaches. This study provides the first empirical evidence of a data-driven deep learning (DL) model to predict the velocity, displacement, and acceleration of inertial particles in a strained particle-laden turbulent flow. This study introduces a DL model to experimental data from Hassanian et al., who investigated distorted turbulent flow within a specific range of Taylor microscale Reynolds number, 100<Reλ<120. The flow experienced a vertical mean strain rate of 8 s−1 under the influence of gravity. Lagrangian particle tracking technique was employed to capture each inertial particle's velocity field and displacement. The deep learning model relies on experimental particle-laden turbulent flow, demonstrating all effective parameters, including turbulence intensity, strain rate, turbulent energy dissipation rate, gravity, particle size, particle density, and small and large-scale effects. The forecasting model demonstrates significant capability and high accuracy in generating predictions closely aligned with the actual data. Model training and inference are run on the high-performance computing DEEP-DAM system at the Jülich Supercomputing Center. The proposed approach can potentially enhance the understanding of inertial particle dynamics and the parameters that affect them. Furthermore, data-driven models can offer new insights into particle motion and the underlying differential equations within physics-based deep learning frameworks.
Pressure-induced metallization and semiconductor PN transition in InAs
Authors: Gao Yang , Gu Yushi , Zhuang Teng , Tian Lianhua , Gu Guangrui , Piao Hongguang , Wu Baojia , Han Yonghao
Published: February 2025

Employing a diamond anvil cell, we measured resistivity and the Hall effect of InAs under pressures of 25 GPa, identifying key structural and electronic phase transitions at 3.8, 7.2, 10.3, and 14.7 GPa. The resistivity minima at 7.2 and 14.7 GPa coincide with structural shifts, while changes between 3.8 and 10.3 GPa indicate electronic transitions, including metallization and semiconductor type inversion. First-principles calculations validate these observations, highlighting the role of pressure in tailoring semiconductor properties, with implications for developing high-performance devices.
The interaction characteristics of shoulder-tail cavities under different pressure ratios and hole ratios
Authors: Zhao Bin , Yao Xiongliang , Ma Guihui , Qu Zhaoyu , Fan Shiqi , Zhao Yuanyang
Published: February 2025

The formation and development of attached cavities on the surfaces of underwater moving vehicles involve complex multiphase flows, which are critical for determining the load characteristics and motion stability of the vehicles. This study utilized experimental methods to investigate the formation process and motion characteristics of these attached cavities. Pressure sensors mounted inside the acceleration tube captured the relationship between cavity evolution and transient pressures. High-speed cameras were employed to observe the shedding morphology of the ventilated shoulder cavity, analyzing the mechanism behind its gas cutoff. The findings reveal that the negative pressure impact during the vehicle's tail exit from the tube is crucial for the gas cutoff of the shoulder ventilated cavity. Additionally, increasing the internal cavity pressure ratio significantly influences the size development of the shoulder cavity. At a constant pressure ratio, different hole ratios have a negligible effect on the axial development of the shoulder cavity. When the number of holes increases and the hole ratio decreases, it promotes the circumferential fusion of the enlarged shoulder cavity and enhances the coverage of gas on the vehicle's surface.
Downscaling mutualistic networks from species to individuals reveals consistent interaction niches and roles within plant populations
Authors: Quintero Elena , Arroyo-Correa Blanca , Isla Jorge , Rodríguez-Sánchez Francisco , Jordano Pedro
Published: February 2025

Species-level networks emerge as the combination of interactions spanning multiple individuals, and their study has received considerable attention over the past 30 y. However, less is known about the structure of interaction configurations within species, even though individuals are the actual interacting units in nature. We compiled 46 empirical, individual-based, interaction networks on plant-animal seed dispersal mutualisms, comprising 1,037 plant individuals across 29 species from various regions. We compared the structure of individual-based networks to that of species-based networks and, by extending the niche concept to interaction assemblages, we explored individual plant specialization. Using a Bayesian framework to account for uncertainty derived from sampling, we examined how plant individuals “explore” the interaction niche of their populations. Both individual-based and species-based networks exhibited high variability in network properties, lacking remarkable structural and topological differences between them. Within populations, frugivores’ interaction allocation among plant individuals was highly heterogeneous, with one to three frugivore species dominating interactions. Regardless of species or bioregion, plant individuals displayed a variety of interaction profiles across populations, with a consistently-small percentage of individuals playing a central role and exhibiting high diversity in their interaction assemblage. Plant populations showed variable mid to low levels of niche specialization; and individuals’ interaction niche “breadth” accounted for 70% of the population interaction diversity, on average. Our results highlight how downscaling from species to individual-based networks helps understanding the structuring of interactions within ecological communities and provide an empirical basis for the extension of niche theory to complex mutualistic networks.