bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of a coumarin derivative of resorcin[4]arene with solvent-controlled chirality
Authors: Szafraniec Anna , Iwanek Waldemar
Published: March 2020

This paper presents the synthesis of a coumarin derivative of resorcin[4]arene (1) using a cascade thermolysis/Michael reaction.
Synthesis of 1,2,4-azadiphosphole derivatives based on vanadium-catalyzed [2+2+1] cycloaddition reactions of azobenzenes with phosphaalkynes
Authors: Liang Wenbin , Nakajima Kazunari , Nishibayashi Yoshiaki
Published: March 2020

Vanadium-catalyzed [2+2+1] cycloaddition reactions opened a new access to phosphorous-heterocycles.
Electrochemical deposition of metal–organic framework films and their applications
Authors: Zhang Xuan , Wan Kai , Subramanian Palaniappan , Xu Maowen , Luo Jiangshui , Fransaer Jan
Published: March 2020

This review presents the recent developments of electrodeposited MOF films and their corresponding applications in different areas.
The fox and the hound: in-depth and in-grain Na doping and Ga grading in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells
Authors: Colombara Diego , Conley Kevin , Malitckaya Maria , Komsa Hannu-Pekka , Puska Martti J.
Published: March 2020

Highly efficient chalcopyrite photovoltaic cells display complex distributions of sodium dopant and gallium: how are these distributions related to each other?
High-efficiency organic electroluminescent materials based on the D–A–D type with sterically hindered methyl groups
Authors: Zhang Youming , Zhou Xuan , Zhou Changjiang , Su Qiang , Chen Shuming , Song Jun , Wong Wai-Yeung
Published: March 2020

Emitters with the hybridized local and charge-transfer (HLCT) feature of 2TPA-BT, 2MeTPA-BT and 2DMeTPA-BT were designed and synthesized. The crystal structures show that the methyl groups have great influence on their spatial configuration.
Catalpol protects rat ovarian granulosa cells against oxidative stress and apoptosis through modulating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway
Authors: Yan Jin , Deng Disi , Wu Yeke , Wu Keming , Qu Jie , Li Fei
Published: March 2020

Disrupted follicular development may result in increased follicular atresia, which is a crucial mechanism of various ovarian pathologies. It has been demonstrated that oxidative stress is associated with disrupted follicular development. Catalpol is a natural compound that has been found to possess antioxidative stress. However, the effects of catalpol on oxidative stress-induced disrupted follicular development remain unclear. In the present study, we evaluated the protective effect of catalpol on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative damage in granulosa cells (GCs), which play crucial roles in the follicular development. Our results showed that catalpol significantly improved cell viability, reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) production, and elevated superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities in H2O2-induced GCs. Catalpol treatment caused significant increase in bcl-2 expression, and decreases in bax and caspase-9 expressions. Compared with the H2O2-induced GCs, caspase-3 activity in catalpol-treated cells was markedly decreased. Furthermore, catalpol caused significant activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in GCs in response to H2O2 stimulation. Additionally, inhibition of this pathway reversed the inhibitory effects of catalpol on H2O2-induced oxidative injury and apoptosis in GCs. In conclusion, these findings suggested that catalpol protected GCs from H2O2-induced oxidative injury and apoptosis via activating PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Thus, catalpol might serve as a therapeutic approach for regulating disrupted follicular development.
Alamandine attenuates hepatic fibrosis by regulating autophagy induced by NOX4-dependent ROS
Authors: Huang Yun , Li Yang , Lou Anni , Wang Guo zhen , Hu Ye , Zhang Yijie , Huang Weichang , Wang Jun , Li Yue , Zhu Xintao , Chen Tingting , Lin Jiayi , Meng Ying , Li Xu
Published: March 2020

Angiotensin II (Ang II) has been reported to aggravate hepatic fibrosis by inducing NADPH oxidase (NOX)-dependent oxidative stress. Alamandine (ALA) protects against fibrosis by counteracting Ang II via the MAS-related G-protein coupled (MrgD) receptor, though the effects of alamandine on hepatic fibrosis remain unknown. Autophagy activated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a novel mechanism of hepatic fibrosis. However, whether autophagy is involved in the regulation of Ang II-induced hepatic fibrosis still requires investigation. We explored the effect of alamandine on hepatic fibrosis via regulation of autophagy by redox balance modulation. In vivo, alamandine reduced CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content, protein levels of NOX4 and autophagy impairment. In vitro, Ang II treatment elevated NOX4 protein expression and ROS production along with up-regulation of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)/Ang II/Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R) axis. These changes resulted in the accumulation of impaired autophagosomes in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Treatment with NOX4 inhibitor VAS2870, ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC), and NOX4 small interfering RNA (siRNA) inhibited Ang II-induced autophagy and collagen synthesis. Alamandine shifted the balance of renin–angiotensin system (RAS) toward the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)/alamandine/MrgD axis, and inhibited both Ang II-induced ROS and autophagy activation, leading to attenuation of HSCs migration or collagen synthesis. In summary, alamandine attenuated liver fibrosis by regulating autophagy induced by NOX4-dependent ROS.
On-sky correction of non-common path aberration with the pyramid wavefront sensor
Authors: Esposito S. , Puglisi A. , Pinna E. , Agapito G. , Quirós-Pacheco F. , Véran J. P. , Herriot G.
Published: March 2020

The paper deals with with the on-sky performance of the pyramid wavefront sensor-based Adaptive Optics (AO) systems. These wavefront sensors are of great importance, being used in all first light AO systems of the ELTs (E-ELT, GMT, and TMT), currently in design phase. In particular, non-common path aberrations (NCPAs) are a critical issue encountered when using an AO system to produce corrected images in an associated astronomical instrument. The AO wavefront sensor (WFS) and the supported scientific instrument typically use a series of different optical elements, thus experiencing different aberrations. The usual way to correct for such NCPAs is to introduce a static offset in the WFS signals. In this way, when the AO loop is closed the sensor offsets are zeroed and the deformable mirror converges to the shape required to null the NCPA. The method assumes that the WFS operation is linear and completely described by some pre-calibrated interaction matrix. This is not the case for some frequently used wavefront sensors like the Pyramid sensor or a quad-cell Shack-Hartmann sensor. Here we present a method to work in closed-loop with a pyramid wavefront sensor, or more generally a non-linear WFS, introducing a wavefront offset that remains stable when AO correction quality changes due to variations in external conditions like star brightness, seeing, and wind speed. The paper details the methods with analytical and numerical considerations. Then we present results of tests executed at the LBT telescope, in daytime and on sky, using the FLAO system and LUCI2 facility instrument. The on-sky results clearly show the successful operation of the method that completely nulls NCPA, recovering diffraction-limited images with about 70% Strehl ratio in H band in variable seeing conditions. The proposed method is suitable for application to the above-mentioned ELT AO systems.
Development of a user-friendly guideline for data analysis and sampling design strategy
Authors: Desnoyers Yvon , Rogiers Bart
Published: March 2020

Within the H2020 INSIDER project, the main objective of work package 3 (WP3) is to draft a sampling guide for initial nuclear site characterization in constraint environments, before decommissioning, based on a statistical approach. The second task of WP3 aims at developing a strategy for sampling in the field of initial nuclear site characterization in view of decommissioning, with the most important goal to guide the end user to appropriate statistical methods (including, but not limited to those identified during the first overview task) to use for data analysis and sampling design. To aid the end user in applying this strategy, a user-friendly application for guiding the end user through the contents of the strategy and the initial characterization process is also developed.
Gestational Outcomes in Patients with Severe Maternal Morbidity Caused by Hypertensive Syndromes
Authors: Pinheiro Daisy de Lucena Feitosa Lins , Feitosa Francisco Edson de Lucena , Araujo Júnior Edward , Carvalho Francisco Herlânio Costa
Published: March 2020

Purpose To evaluate the impact of the presence of criteria for severe maternal morbidity and maternal near miss associated with hypertensive disorders on maternal and perinatal outcomes in a maternity school.

Methods The present is a sub-analysis of a larger study involving 27 centers in Brazil that estimated the prevalence of serious maternal morbidity and near miss. It is an analytical and cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach, involving 928 women who were cared for at Maternidade Escola Assis Chateaubriand (MEAC, in Portuguese), Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC, in Portuguese), from July 2009 to June 2010. The women were diagnosed with near miss according to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. The sample was divided into 2 groups: patients with (n = 827) and without hypertension (n = 101). The results were considered statistically significant when p < 0.05. The Pearson chi-squared and Fisher Exact tests were used for the categorical variables, and the Mann–Whitney U test was used for the continuous variables.

Results In total, 51 participants with maternal near miss criteria were identified, and 36 of them had hypertensive disorders. Of these, 5 died and were obviously excluded from the near miss final group. In contrast, we observed 867 cases with non-near miss maternal morbidity criteria. During this period, there were 4,617 live births (LBs) in the institution that was studied.

Conclusion In the severe morbidity/maternal near miss population, the presence of hypertensive complications was prevalent, constituting a risk factor for both the mother and the fetus.
Influence of Gender and Undergraduate Course on the Knowledge about HPV and HPV Vaccine, and Vaccination Rate among Students of a Public University
Authors: Biselli-Monteiro Marília , Ferracini Amanda Canato , Sarian Luis Otávio , Derchain Sophie Françoise Mauricette
Published: March 2020

Objective To evaluate the knowledge related to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and the rate of HPV vaccination among undergraduate freshmen and senior students of medicine, pharmacy, speech therapy, nursing and physical education in a Brazilian university.

Methods A questionnaire concerning sociodemographic aspects, sexual background, and knowledge about HPV and its vaccine was filled out by 492 students. Three months later, a second questionnaire, concerning the new rate of vaccination, was applied to 233 students.

Results Among the 290 women who answered the first questionnaire, 47% of the freshmen and 13% of the seniors stated they were not sexually active, as well as 11% of the 202 freshman and senior male students. Although the knowledge about HPV was higher among women, they reported a lower use of condoms. More than 83% of the women and 66% of the men knew that HPV can cause cervical cancer, but less than 30% of the students knew that HPV can cause vulvar, anal, penile and oropharyngeal cancer. Less than half of the students knew that HPV causes genital, anal and oropharyngeal warts. Comparing the students, the seniors had more knowledge of the fact that HPV is sexually transmitted, and that HPV infection can be asymptomatic. The rate of vaccination was of 26% for women, and of 8% for men, and it increased to 52% and 27% respectively among the 233 students evaluated in the second questionnaire.

Conclusion As almost half of freshman women declared being sexually inactive, the investment in public health information programs and easier access to the HPV vaccine seem to be a useful strategy for undergraduate students.
Quality of Life in Women with Deep Endometriosis: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Yela Daniela Angerame , Quagliato Iuri de Paula , Benetti-Pinto Cristina Laguna
Published: March 2020

Objective To describe clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of women with deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE) and assess their quality of life (QOL) during 6 months of medical treatment.

Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study of 60 women diagnosed with DIE either by surgery or image methods (ultrasound or magnetic resonance), who received clinical treatment for at least 6 months in the Universidade de Campinas, Campinas, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Both the SF-36 and the EHP-30 questionnaires were used to assess the quality of life.

Results The mean age of the patients was 37.7 ± 6.0 years old, with 50% presenting dysmenorrhea; 57% dyspareunia; and 50% chronic pelvic pain. The SF-36 and the EHP-30 revealed impaired quality of life. In the SF-36, the worst domains were limitation due to emotional aspects (40.2 ± 43.1) and self-esteem and disposition (46.1 ± 24.8), whereas in the EHP-30 they were social well-being (50.3 ± 30.6); infertility (48.0 ± 36.3); and sexual intercourse (54.0 ± 32.1).

Conclusion Although clinically treated, women with deep endometriosis present impairment in different domains of quality of life regardless of the questionnaire used for evaluation.
Continuous-wave 6-dB-squeezed light with 2.5-THz-bandwidth from single-mode PPLN waveguide
Authors: Kashiwazaki Takahiro , Takanashi Naoto , Yamashima Taichi , Kazama Takushi , Enbutsu Koji , Kasahara Ryoichi , Umeki Takeshi , Furusawa Akira
Published: March 2020

Terahertz (THz)-bandwidth continuous-wave (CW) squeezed light is essential for integrating quantum processors with time-domain multiplexing (TDM) by using optical delay line interferometers. Here, we utilize a single-pass optical parametric amplifier (OPA) based on a single-spatial-mode periodically poled ZnO:LiNbO3 waveguide, which is directly bonded onto a LiTaO3 substrate. The single-pass OPA allows THz bandwidth, and the absence of higher-order spatial modes in the single-spatial-mode structure helps avoid degradation of squeezing. In addition, the directly bonded ZnO-doped waveguide has durability for high-power pump and shows small photorefractive damage. Using this waveguide, we observe CW 6.3-dB squeezing at 20-MHz sideband by balanced homodyne detection. This is the first realization of CW squeezing with a single-pass OPA at a level exceeding 4.5 dB, which is required for the generation of a two-dimensional cluster state. Furthermore, the squeezed light shows 2.5-THz spectral bandwidth. The squeezed light will lead to the development of a high-speed on-chip quantum processor using TDM with a centimeter-order optical delay line.
Broadband squeezed light overcomes threshold for quantum information processing
Authors: Bandari Anashe
Published: March 2020

Broadband squeezed light can help speeding up and downsizing quantum information techniques, but previous methods have relied on multi-mode waveguides, which can lead to degradation.
Impact of shearing sheep on feeding and behaviour during the pre-embarkment feedlot phase of live export
Authors: Aguilar Lourdes-Angelica , Collins Teresa , Dunston-Clarke Emma J. , Wickham Sarah L. , Fleming Patricia A. , Barnes Anne L.
Published: March 2020

Context Shearing is a management procedure that can induce stress, and is one that sheep often undergo on-farm and/or at registered premises during the pre-embarkation phase of live export. Aim As inanition is one of the largest causes of death during sea transport and can result from sheep experiencing stress, whether shearing results in behavioural changes and stress before boarding a vessel needs to be determined. Methods A total of 600 merino wethers sourced from one farm were housed at registered pre-embarkment premises, where they were split between two adjacent pens. The wethers were further split into the six treatment groups (unshorn, and sheep shorn on Days 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) with 50 sheep per treatment, per pen. All wethers were fitted with radio frequency identification tags that were used to record animal presence at feed and water troughs, and coloured ear tags to visually identify their treatment group. Temperature and humidity sensors were placed on the outside of each pen to record environmental conditions throughout the 13-day study. Body condition scores for each wether were recorded at the beginning and end of the study. Four portable cameras were placed at a corner of each pen, allowing behaviour states (standing, lying or locomotion) of the wethers to be recorded on Days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 13 of the study. Key results Shorn treatment groups were observed to spend more time standing (F5,5 = 6.63, P = 0.029) and less time lying (F23,23 = 2.48, P = 0.017). The control group spent more time at water troughs from Day 4 to 12 (F5,55 = 3.98, P < 0.01), whereas all groups were recorded as spending more time at the feed trough on Day 5 (F5,55 = 2.78, P < 0.001). Conclusions A lack of variation in behavioural states between the treatments and no change in time spent feeding throughout the study suggest that the procedure of shearing within the first 5 days at the pre-embarkation facility had no impact on behaviour of these sheep. Implications These results assist the industry in ensuring best management practices are implemented.
Clinical pharmacist facilitators in primary care: a descriptive study of their roles and services provided in general practices of southern New Zealand
Authors: Boyina Sivamanoj Yadav , Stokes Tim , Renall Angela , Braund Rhiannon
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTIONInternationally, the inclusion of pharmacists into general practice as clinical pharmacy facilitators has improved patient outcomes. However, clinical pharmacists are relatively new to southern New Zealand general practices and their range of services has not been studied.
AIMSTo describe the implementation of clinical pharmacist services in general practices in the Southern region; to examine the tasks conducted by clinical pharmacy facilitators; and to determine the characteristics of patients who access this service.
METHODSThe establishment and development of the clinical pharmacy facilitator role was determined by documentation held within the local Primary Health Organisation. The activities performed by clinical pharmacy facilitators were collected from patient medical records for the period 31 March 2015 to 31 March 2018. To describe the characteristics of patients receiving these services, a retrospective case note review of patients seen by the facilitators was conducted.
RESULTSThe clinical pharmacy facilitator role was initiated with three pharmacists in three geographical locations across the region. Within 18 months, the number of facilitators was increased to eight. As a result of collaboration with the general practice team, 42% of referrals came from general practitioners directly. Overall, 2621 medicine-related problems were identified in 2195 patients. Dosage adjustment was the most common recommendation made by pharmacy facilitators. They consulted mostly older patients and patients taking five or more medicines.
DISCUSSIONWith effective collaboration, clinical pharmacy facilitators can play a key role in optimisation of medicines therapy.
Labile soil carbon fractions as indicators of soil quality improvement under short-term grassland set-aside
Authors: Lussier Jason M. , Krzic Maja , Smukler Sean M. , Neufeld Katarina R. , Chizen Chantel J. , Bomke Art A.
Published: March 2020

Grassland set-asides (GLSA) are fields that are taken out of intensive annual crop production and seeded with a mixture of grasses and legumes for one to four years to improve soil quality. The objectives of this study were to evaluate (i) the relationships among soil organic carbon (SOC), permanganate oxidisable C (POXC), dilute-acid extractable polysaccharides (DAEP) and aggregate stability to determine if they may be used as proxies for one another, (ii) whether these indicators could be used to predict aggregate stability, (iii) if differences in soil quality after short-term GLSAs, detected with aggregate stability, could instead be detected with POXC or DAEP and (iv) potential use of diffuse Fourier transform spectroscopy (FT-MIR) to predict POXC, DAEP and aggregate stability in the Fraser River Delta region of British Columbia, Canada. There were strong relationships among SOC, POXC and DAEP, but the relationship between DAEP and SOC (R2 = 0.60, P < 0.0001) was less strong than that observed between POXC and SOC (R2 = 0.71, P < 0.0001). All three soil C fractions were significantly predicted with the 2–6 mm aggregate size fraction but the correlations for DAEP (R2 = 0.43) and POXC (R2 = 0.36) were stronger than that for SOC (R2 = 0.29). Predictions of soil quality indicators using FT-MIR produced R2 = 0.92 for POXC, R2 = 0.93 for DAEP and R2 = 0.62 for the 2–6 mm aggregate size fraction. These results suggest that FT-MIR holds promise as a low-cost method to determine labile soil C fractions that are better proxy soil quality indicators for aggregate stability than SOC.
‘Is this normal?’
Authors: Carr Georgia
Published: March 2020

To properly understand sex education, it is important to consider the informal education that takes place outside
the classroom. Students often seek out other resources to supplement the education they receive in school, especially to cover
topics which are absent or underdeveloped in the formal sex education curriculum. A key resource for this, especially among young
women, is the magazine advice column. Advice columns create a direct interaction between the reader and the magazine and encourage
the disclosure of intimate, confidential information, making them a ready medium for the production and consumption of sex
education. This study uses the advice columns in Dolly, a popular Australian magazine, to investigate
adolescents’ concerns about normality. This research is based on a corpus of 88,000 words, with data from advice columns published
20 years apart (mid-1990s and mid-2010s), which is analyzed using keywords and concordancing. This is a unique corpus study in
that it considers similarity as well as difference in the data by investigating the recurring concern with normality that is
evident in both decades of the corpus.
Ten years of print media coverage of NAPLAN
Authors: Mockler Nicole
Published: March 2020

The National Assessment Program – Literacy and Numeracy (NAPLAN) has been a key tenet of Australian education
policy since its launch over a decade ago. Print media coverage of NAPLAN and myschool.edu.au,1 which displays and compares NAPLAN results across Australia, has
played a role in both reporting and shaping this aspect of education policy. This paper uses a corpus-assisted approach to map
print media representations of NAPLAN over the first decade of the Program, from 2008 to 2018. Building on previous work on NAPLAN
and the print media (Mockler, 2013, 2016),
it draws on a corpus of almost 6,000 articles from the Australian national and capital city daily newspapers published between 2008
and 2018. It charts the discursive shifts that have taken place over this period as NAPLAN has transitioned in the public space
from a diagnostic tool seen to be useful to educators, to a comparative tool seen to be useful to parents and the general public,
and more recently to a contested tool seen to have narrow or limited utility.
Participial and gerundial clauses in sixteenth-century Spanish prose
Authors: Rey Quesada Santiago Del
Published: March 2020

The aim of this article consists in studying participial constructions (PC) and gerundial constructions (GC), especially absolute PCs and GCs, within a corpus of Spanish translated and non-translated texts from the 16th century written by two Castilian writers who were prominent exponents of the Erasmian prose in this era. Close attention is paid to translated texts in order to determine the extent to which different types and subtypes of PCs and GCs match PCs and/or any kind of structures in the source text (ST). This approach allows to discuss whether or not a syntactic equivalence between ST and target text (TT) predominates in the corpus under study and, when it is the case, to determine to what extent and by means of which mechanisms TT diverges from ST. The analysis shows that the influence of the Latin model in the ST on the syntax of the Romance TT becomes stronger when it worksex negativo, i.e. Latin turns out to be more influential in non-translated texts or in indirect – or not literally – translated contexts.
On the pace of syntactic elaboration from Latin calques
Authors: Cornillie Bert
Published: March 2020

This paper addresses the auxiliation/grammaticalization ofamenazar(Spanish),dreigen(Dutch),threaten(English), against the background of the competition between the vernacular languages and Latin. It shows that the subjective reading of ‘threaten’, expressing a prediction on the basis of some kind of evidence, is a Latin calque, and that the syntactic creativity or syntactic elaboration starts from this calque. In the three cases, ‘threaten’ is combined with the semantics of ‘fall’, which indicates the roofing role of Latin. The paper shows that the pace of the constructional change from ‘threaten’ +npto ‘threaten’ +infis different from one language to another. Spanishamenazargrammaticalizes into an auxiliary during the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th century. In the case of Dutch, by contrast, only in the Golden Age of the 17th century do writers start to usedreigen‘threaten’ as an auxiliary. Finally, English develops the auxiliary one century later than the Dutch one. The chronological differences are explained on the basis of the cultural and linguistic elaborations typical of Golden centuries, which vary from one nation to another.
Latin influence on German word order?
Authors: Hock Hans Henrich
Published: March 2020

Behaghel’s claim that verb finality in German dependent clauses (DCs) reflects Latin influence (1892, 1932) has been revived by Chirita (1997, 2003). According to Chirita, DC word
order remains variable up to Early New High German, while in Latin, verb-finality is more frequent in DCs than main clauses (MCs);
hence, she claims, German verb finality reflects Latin influence. This papers shows that the arguments for Latin influence are
problematic and that the Modern German word order difference between MCs and DCs can be explained as the ultimate outcome of
developments that started in early North and West Germanic. In the conclusion I briefly discuss similar developments in Western
Romance and their implications for European contact linguistics.
Introduction
Authors: Beger Anke , Smith Thomas H.
Published: March 2020

In this introduction, we start by providing an overview of how metaphor makes science accessible (§ 1). The first part describes the intended readership of this book and introduces them
to studies of metaphor in science. We then provide the theoretical foundation for the study of metaphor in science that all of
the contributions in this volume are based on: Conceptual Metaphor Theory (§ 2). The
third part (§ 3) introduces the three interrelated functions or levels of metaphor that
are vital for making science accessible: language, thought, and communication. An overview of contributions to this volume
concludes this chapter (§ 4).
Social metaphors in cellular and molecular biology
Authors: Brown Theodore L.
Published: March 2020

Consistent with conceptual metaphor theory (CMT), metaphor use in biology is characterized by three
overarching metaphorical themes: The Semiotic Metaphor, Teleology and Emergence/Supervenience. These themes are
applied in analyzing metaphor use in the study of cellular systems. Use of metaphors drawn from social domains is
extensive and systematic. In science teaching, attention should be paid to how scientists acquire and
evaluate new knowledge, and convey new findings. Abductive inference as a means of arriving at a best
explanation is of great pedagogical value. Abductive inference depends upon metaphors grounded in embodied and social
conceptual frameworks. Explicit acknowledgment of metaphorical usage in science teaching illuminates the path from
scientific observations toward robust theories.
Non-verbal and multimodal metaphors bring biology into the
picture
Authors: Ureña Gómez-Moreno José Manuel
Published: March 2020

The relationship between multimodality and cognitive
effects has become an important topic of discussion in Cognitive
Linguistics. A growing number of studies explore the multimodal
manifestations of figurative thought in a wide range of domains.
However, little research has been done on visual and auditory
metaphor in science. This chapter examines (i) pictures from a
corpus of publications covering different biology subdomains and
(ii) video clips that feature animals and biological processes. The
corpus includes expert material and popular science resources.
Empirical evidence is provided that visuals, non-verbal sounds, and
words work either separately or together to construe metaphors,
which have a major role in building scientific theories in biology
and in communicating these theories to laypeople and learners.
Three metaphors in social science
Authors: Smith Thomas H.
Published: March 2020

Metaphors appear in scientific theories, guide scientists, teach students and fascinate the public. This
chapter sketches a kind of vocation or métier for scientific metaphors in physics and then applies the same outline to
three influential conceptual metaphors in social science – dataset, social field, and dynamical
system, along with their respective sub-mappings. All three are in continuous use and often reliant on each
other. Using corpora derived from recent social science literature I show how metaphors stimulate hypotheses, then are
extended to account for results in successive rounds of observation and theory development, tracing the degree to
which each metaphor is useful and retained over the years. Of special interest are supplementary metaphors introduced
deliberately to summarize complex source domains.
The brain is a computer and the mind is its program
Authors: Beger Anke
Published: March 2020

This chapter analyzes three stops along the life path of
the influential metaphor the brain is a computer and the mind is
its program. At the first two stops, the philosophers
Searle, Hofstadter and Dennett argue about the literal truth of this
metaphor in two academic papers. They embed the metaphor in complex
metaphorical analogies, i.e., deliberate metaphors,
for primarily persuasive purposes. The last stop analyzed is an
academic lecture in philosophy which aims at explaining the
metaphorical reasoning of the philosophers. The analysis focuses on
the professor’s modifications of one of Searle’s deliberate
metaphors. These modifications result in a misrepresentation of
Searle’s view on the mind. Linguistic evidence indicates that this
misrepresentation influences the students’ concept of the mind.
Metonymic and metaphoric meaning extensions of Chinese FACE and its collocations
Authors: Lin Zhengjun , Jin Shengxi
Published: March 2020

This paper studies the extension of conventional meanings of Chinese FACE expressions in their collocations as well as the collocations themselves through metonymy and metaphor. The data with five FACE expressions included are sampled from the corpus of Center for Chinese Linguistics at Peking University. The conventional meaning of these five FACE expressions is ‘the surface of the front of the head from the top of the forehead to the base of the chin and from ear to ear’. The conventional meaning of FACE in its collocations is metonymically extended to ‘facial expression, emotion, attitude, person, health state, affection, sense of honor, etc.’, and metaphorically to ‘the front space or part of something, a part, a side or an aspect of something, the surface or the exposed layer of something, the geometric plane in math or scope/range of something, etc.’. When Chinese FACE is collocated with other words, its meanings are also extended through metonymy-metonymy chains, metonymy-metaphor continuums and metonymy-metaphor combinations. The meanings of Chinese FACE collocations (phrases) are mainly metonymically extended when used in certain contexts.
Discourse markers as indicators of connectedness between expositive illocutionary acts
Authors: Oishi Etsuko
Published: March 2020

There has been consistent interest in discourse makers over the past couple of decades, and various proposals have
been put forth regarding their functions. The present paper analyzes discourse markers in general as indicators of types of
connectedness between expositive illocutionary acts (Austin [1962]1975), which bring
about illocutionary effects in discourse. The discourse marker well in particular indicates a gap between the
preceding expositive illocutionary act and the present one, signaling the present expositive illocutionary act is of a
non-committal type. This gap is analyzed, depending on the types of the preceding and present expositive illocutionary acts, as
divergence, hesitancy, a transition from one expositive illocutionary act to another, or a boundary between them.
Writing vowels in Punic
Authors: Crellin Robert
Published: March 2020

This paper traces the employment of original Phoenician-Punic guttural graphemes, <ˀ>, <ˁ>, ,
and <ḥ>, to represent vowel phonemes in later Punic. Three typologically distinct treatments are identified: (1)
morphographic, where the grapheme <ˀ> indicates the etymological glottal stop /ˀ/ (its original function) as well as vowel
morphemes without specifying their phonological character; (2) morpho-phonographic, where guttural graphemes continue to indicate
etymological guttural consonants, but now both the presence of a vowel morpheme and (potentially) the vowel quality of that
morpheme; and (3) phonographic, where the same set of guttural graphemes serve to denote vowel phonemes only, and do not any
longer indicate guttural consonants. The threefold division is argued for on the basis of the Late Punic language written in Punic
and Neopunic scripts. Despite the availability of dedicated vowel graphemes, these are not obligatorily written in any period of
written Punic. It is suggested that a typologically significant path of development may be observed across these three uses of
guttural graphemes, with (3) the endpoint of a development from morphography to phonography.
Afadin regulates actomyosin organization through αE-catenin at adherens junctions
Authors: Sakakibara Shotaro , Mizutani Kiyohito , Sugiura Ayumu , Sakane Ayuko , Sasaki Takuya , Yonemura Shigenobu , Takai Yoshimi
Published: March 2020

Actomyosin-undercoated adherens junctions are critical for epithelial cell integrity and remodeling. Actomyosin associates with adherens junctions through αE-catenin complexed with β-catenin and E-cadherin in vivo; however, in vitro biochemical studies in solution showed that αE-catenin complexed with β-catenin binds to F-actin less efficiently than αE-catenin that is not complexed with β-catenin. Although a “catch-bond model” partly explains this inconsistency, the mechanism for this inconsistency between the in vivo and in vitro results remains elusive. We herein demonstrate that afadin binds to αE-catenin complexed with β-catenin and enhances its F-actin–binding activity in a novel mechanism, eventually inducing the proper actomyosin organization through αE-catenin complexed with β-catenin and E-cadherin at adherens junctions.
Green operators in low regularity spacetimes and quantum field theory
Authors: Hörmann G , Sanchez Y Sanchez , Spreitzer C , Vickers J A
Published: March 2020

In this paper we develop the mathematics required in order to provide a description of the observables for quantum fields on low-regularity spacetimes. In particular we consider the case of a massless scalar field ϕ on a globally hyperbolic spacetime M with C
1,1 metric g. This first entails showing that the (classical) Cauchy problem for the wave equation is well-posed for initial data and sources in Sobolev spaces and then constructing low-regularity advanced and retarded Green operators as maps between suitable function spaces. In specifying the relevant function spaces we need to control the norms of both ϕ and □
g

ϕ in order to ensure that □
g
◦G
± and G
±◦□
g
are the identity maps on those spaces. The causal propagator G = G
+ − G
− is then used to define a symplectic form ω on a normed space V(M) which is shown to be isomorphic to ker(□
g
). This enables one to provide a locally covariant description of the quantum fields in terms of the elements of quasi-local C*-algebras.
III–V nanowire MOSFETs with novel self-limiting Λ-ridge spacers for RF applications
Authors: Lindelöw Fredrik , Sri Garigapati Navya , Södergren Lasse , Borg Mattias , Lind Erik
Published: March 2020

We present a semi self-aligned processing scheme for III–V nanowire transistors with novel semiconductor spacers in the shape of Λ-ridges, utilising the effect of slow growth rate on {111}B facets. The addition of spacers relaxes the constraint on the perfect alignment of gate to contact areas to enable low overlap capacitances. The spacers give a field-plate effect that also helps reduce off-state and output conductance while increasing breakdown voltage. Microwave compatible devices with L
g = 32 nm showing f
T = 75 GHz and f
max = 100 GHz are realized with the process, demonstrating matched performance to spacer-less devices but with relaxed scaling requirements.
A low energy rare event search with the MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR
Authors: Wiseman Clint
Published: March 2020

The MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR is sensitive to rare events near its energy threshold, including bosonic dark matter, solar axions, and lightly ionizing particles. In this analysis, a novel training set of low energy small-angle Compton scatter events is used to determine the efficiency of pulse shape analysis cuts, and we present updated bosonic dark matter and solar axion results from an 11.17 kg-y dataset using a 5 keV analysis threshold.
Latest result of solar neutrino analysis in Super-Kamiokande
Authors: Nakano Yuuki
Published: March 2020

Super-Kamiokande (SK), a 50 kton water Cherenkov detector in Japan, is observing neutrinos and searching for proton decay and neutrino produced by dark matter. In solar neutrino analysis, SK studies the effects of both the solar and terrestrial matter density on neutrino oscillations: a distortion of the solar neutrino energy spectrum would be caused by the edge of the Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein resonance in the solar core, and terrestrial matter effects would induce a day/night solar neutrino flux asymmetry. The installation of new front-end electronics in 2008 marks the beginning of the 4th phase of SK (SK-IV). On 2018 May, we finished taking data of SK-IV and started the refurbishment work in order to clean the inside of the detector and to seal the water tank to prevent water tank toward SK-Gd. In this proceedings, we overview the latest solar neutrino results in SK-IV, for example, the precise measurement of 8B solar neutrino flux, its energy spectrum and oscillation parameters. In addition, we discuss the future prospect of the new phase of SK-V.
Characterization of a gigabit transceiver for the ATLAS inner tracker pixel detector readout upgrade
Authors: Chen C. , Gong D. , Guo D. , Huang G. , Huang X. , Kulis S. , Leroux P. , Liu C. , Liu T. , Moreira P. , Prinzie J. , Sun Q. , Wang P. , Xiao L. , Ye J.
Published: March 2020

We present a gigabit transceiver prototype Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), GBCR, for the ATLAS Inner Tracker (ITk) Pixel detector readout upgrade. GBCR is designed in a 65-nm CMOS technology and consists of four upstream receiver channels, a downstream transmitter channel, and an Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) slave. The upstream channels receive the data at 5.12 Gbps passing through 5-meter 34-American Wire Gauge (AWG) Twin-axial (Twinax) cables, equalize and retime them with a recovered clock, and then drive an optical transmitter. The downstream channel receives the data at 2.56 Gbps from an optical receiver and drives the cable as same as the upstream channels. The jitter of the upstream channel output is measured to be 35 ps (peak-peak) when the Clock-Data Recovery (CDR) module is turned on and the jitter of the downstream channel output after the cable is 138 ps (peak-peak). The power consumption of each upstream channel is 72 mW when the CDR module is turned on and the downstream channel consumes 27 mW. GBCR survives the total ionizing dose of 200 kGy.
Collagen, polycaprolactone and attapulgite composite scaffolds for in vivo bone repair in rabbit models
Authors: Zhao Hongbin , Zhang Xiaoming , Zhou Dong , Weng Yiping , Qin Wen , Pan Fang , Lv Songwei , Zhao Xiubo
Published: March 2020

Although numerous materials have been explored as bone scaffolds, many of them are limited by their low osteoconductivity and high biodegradability. Therefore, new materials are desired to induce bone cell proliferation and facilitate bone formation. Attapulgite (ATP) is a hydrated silicate that exists in nature as a fibrillar clay mineral and is well known for its large specific surface area, high viscosity, and high absorption capacity, and therefore has the potential to be a new type of bone repair material due to its unique physicochemical properties. In this study, composite scaffolds composed of collagen/polycaprolactone/attapulgite (CPA) or collagen/polycaprolactone (CP) were fabricated through a salt-leaching method. The morphology, composition, microstructure, physical, and mechanical characteristics of the CPA and CP scaffolds were assessed. Cells from the mouse multipotent mesenchymal precursor cell line (D1 cells) were cocultured with the scaffolds, and cell adhesion, proliferation, and gene expression on the CPA and CP scaffolds were analyzed. Adult rabbits with radius defects were used to evaluate the performance of these scaffolds in repairing bone defects over 4–12 weeks. The experimental results showed that the cells demonstrated excellent attachment ability on the CPA scaffolds, as well as remarkable upregulation of the levels of osteoblastic markers such as Runx2, Osterix, collagen 1, osteopontin, and osteocalcin. Furthermore, results from radiography, micro-computed tomography, histological and immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that abundant new bones were formed on the CPA scaffolds. Ultimately, these results demonstrated that CPA composite scaffolds show excellent potential in bone tissue engineering applications, with the capacity to be used as effective bone regeneration and repair scaffolds in clinical applications.
Conspiracy theories
Authors: Crease Robert P
Published: March 2020

As we enter the third decade of the 21st century, why – asks Robert P Crease – do conspiracy theories still abound?
Minority report
Authors: Follows Michael
Published: March 2020

In response to Rachel Brazil’s feature article “The physics of public opinion” (January pp31–34) where she explains how physicists are trying to predict shifting opinions using the laws that describe the physical world.
A critical mass of secrets
Authors: Harris Margaret
Published: March 2020

Frank Close's new book Trinity focuses on Klaus Fuchs, a Communist physicist and "the most dangerous spy in history".
Spectroscopy aims to elucidate dogs' cancer-spotting ability
Authors: Stephens Marric
Published: March 2020

Dogs trained to sniff out early signs of cancer in human breath are probably detecting large molecules captured by aerosols in the breath, rather than more volatile substances present as gases.
European Space Agency launches Solar Orbiter mission
Authors: Allen Michael
Published: March 2020

A new mission to take the most detailed view yet of the Sun and its polar regions has been launched by the European Space Agency (ESA).
Tackling the grand challenges
Authors: Blaustein Richard
Published: March 2020

Nobel laureate Steven Chu from Stanford University talks about his successes as energy secretary and tells Richard Blaustein how the US can collaborate in a competitive environment
The vagabond physicist
Authors: Robinson Andrew
Published: March 2020

Not many people may know that the key experimental test of general relativity – the observation of the deflection of starlight by the Sun’s gravity during a solar eclipse – first occurred to Albert Einstein not in Zurich or Berlin, but in Prague. Einstein in Bohemia, the deeply researched wide-ranging and original book by historian Michael Gordin, delves into Einstein's relationship with Prague.
Ask me anything
Authors: Commissariat Tushna
Published: March 2020

Tushna Commissariat speaks to 10 top physicists from across academia and industry, to get their tips and guidance on building a long, happy and successful future career
Merely Possessing a Placebo Analgesic Improves Analgesia Similar to Using the Placebo Analgesic
Authors: Wai-Lan Yeung Victoria , Geers Andrew L , Colloca Luana
Published: March 2020

Background

Placebo analgesia studies generally reported that the actual use of a placebo analgesic reduces pain. Yeung, Geers, and Kam found that the mere possession (without use) of a placebo analgesic also reduces pain.

Purpose

We investigated the relative effectiveness of using versus possessing a placebo analgesic on pain outcomes.

Methods

In Study 1a, 120 healthy adults were randomized to either the experimental (EXP) conditions (EXP1: used a placebo analgesic cream, EXP2: possessed a placebo analgesic cream) or control (CO) conditions (CO1: possessed a sham cream, CO2: no cream). All participants underwent a cold pressor test (CPT). Study 1b further delineated the effect of possession from the effect of use. Sixty healthy adults were randomized to either the placebo-possession condition (merely possessed a placebo analgesic cream) or the placebo-possession-use condition (possessed and used a placebo analgesic cream). All participants did a CPT.

Results

In Study 1a, as expected, a placebo effect was found—participants who used a placebo analgesic cream showed better pain outcomes than the two CO groups. Surprisingly, participants who merely possessed a placebo analgesic cream performed equally well as those who actually used it. In Study 1b, participants in the two conditions did not differ in most pain outcomes. Participants who possessed and used a placebo analgesic cream only showed slightly more reduction in pain intensity compared to participants who merely possessed the placebo analgesic cream.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that merely possessing a placebo analgesic could enhance pain outcomes similar to that of applying the placebo analgesic.