bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contexto ambiental e aspectos tecnológicos das graxarias no Brasil para a inserção do pequeno produtor na indústria da carne
Authors: Rebouças Alberto dos Santos , Zanini Ariel , Kiperstok Asher , Pepe Iuri Muniz , Embiruçu Marcelo
Published: August 2010

Neste trabalho são analisadas algumas alternativas tecnológicas para o desenvolvimento de pequenas graxarias destinadas à pequena produção de carne. É considerado que a substituição do conceito de "resíduos animais" pelo conceito de "matéria-prima para graxaria" pode ser amplificada com algumas implementações no processo produtivo, agregando valor aos subprodutos animais, no sentido de uma produção mais limpa, o que reduz o impacto ambiental da atividade e os riscos das más condições higiênicas.
Feed extrusion process description
Authors: Rokey Galen J. , Plattner Brian , Souza Edivaldo M. de
Published: August 2010

The following work discusses the main features of feed extrusion process explaining the expected effects on the final product according to the raw material used as starch, protein, fat and fiber. The selection of processing equipments as feeder, preconditioner and extruder is discussed considering the involved costs and the probability of future expansion. Dryers are also essential in the extrusion process as it reduces the level of moisture in an extrusion cooked product. High moisture levels increase the water activity which favors the bacterial and mold growth so an overview of different kinds of dryers is considered. Guidelines for an economic prediction are shown to determine the potential for profit considering the input of raw material cost, energy cost and capital equipment cost as related to the extrusion module.
Income smoothing, custo de capital de terceiros e estrutura de Capital no Brasil
Authors: Castro Miguel Angel Rivera , Martinez Antonio Lopo
Published: August 2010

Neste artigo, usando uma amostra de companhias abertas brasileiras e os modelos propostos por Eckel (1981) e Leuz, Nanda e Wysocki (2003) como proxies empíricas para mensurar income smoothing, os resultados dos testes indicam que as empresas que promovem income smoothing estão propensas a ter um menor custo de capital de terceiros e uma estrutura de capital com maior peso para endividamentos de longo prazo. Metodologicamente, utilizou-se um modelo de regressão de dados em painel tipo Nerlove para informações no período de 2003 a 2007. A análise defasada em um e dois períodos revela que o alisamento de resultados corrente provocará impacto no custo de capital futuro, bem como na definição da estrutura de financiamento da empresa. Os resultados, após a obtenção do controle da heterogeneidade e dos fatores conhecidos para explicar o custo de capital e a estrutura de capital, revelaram-se robustos, indicando a significância do fator income smoothing no que diz respeito a variáveis explicativas alternativas. A influência do fator suavização defasado em um e dois períodos possui amplitude comparável à influência de outros fatores, como tamanho e risco. Os resultados suportam a noção de que o fator income smoothing no Brasil representa um mecanismo information-signaling, tendo implicações no custo de capital e nas decisões de financiamento das empresas.
Market value calculation and the solution of circularity between value and the weighted average cost of capital WACC
Authors: Vélez-Pareja Ignacio , Tham Joseph
Published: August 2010

Most finance textbooks present the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) calculation as: WACC = Kd×(1-T)×D% + Ke×E%, where Kd is the cost of debt before taxes, T is the tax rate, D% is the percentage of debt on total value, Ke is the cost of equity and E% is the percentage of equity on total value. All of them precise (but not with enough emphasis) that the values to calculate D% y E% are market values. Although they devote special space and thought to calculate Kd and Ke, little effort is made to the correct calculation of market values. This means that there are several points that are not sufficiently dealt with: Market values, location in time, occurrence of tax payments, WACC changes in time and the circularity in calculating WACC. The purpose of this note is to clear up these ideas, solve the circularity problem and emphasize in some ideas that usually are looked over. Also, some suggestions are presented on how to calculate, or estimate, the equity cost of capital.
Lenalidomide-Induced Acute Interstitial Nephritis
Authors: Lipson Evan J. , Huff Carol Ann , Holanda Danniele G. , McDevitt Michael A. , Fine Derek M.
Published: August 2010

The first case of biopsy-proven lenalidomide-induced acute interstitial nephritis is presented.
Changing Patterns of Care Coordination Within Old-Age Services in England
Authors: Sutcliffe Caroline , Hughes Jane , Chester Helen , Xie Chengqiu , Challis David
Published: August 2010

There has been a focus internationally in recent years on policies and strategies to divert the long-term care of frail older people away from residential and nursing home care and enhance provision of community-based care by improving care coordination through increased differentiation within care management arrangements and service integration between health and social care. The aim of this article is to explore variations over time in care coordination arrangements within old-age services using data from national postal surveys of English local authorities. Indicators of differentiation and integration developed from earlier research were used to compare changes over time. There appeared to be some evidence of change relating to integration at both organizational and practice levels, but little change was detected in respect of differentiation within care management arrangements. The impact of the findings in the context of four enduring themes related to international case/care management literature—eligibility, integrated health and social care, shared information, and targeting—are discussed, and the relevance of these in relation to possible future trends is explored.
An Uncommon Resonance: The Influence of Loss on Expressive Reading
Authors: Sikora Shelley , Kuiken Don , Miall David S.
Published: August 2010

A study of advanced level English students who read Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner indicated that, after a lapse of 2 or more years, impactful loss (e.g., loss due to death) facilitated a mode of reading called expressive enactment. In this mode of reading: (a) stylistic features give narrative objects, characters, and places a sensuous and engaging presence; (b) mutations of the sensuously present “other” occur across striking or evocative reading moments; and (c) the reader becomes metaphorically identified with these transformations in ways that deepen self-perception. The moderating effects of vivid reminiscences on the relationship between loss and expressive enactment suggest that, just as the bereaved gradually become accepting of and perhaps drawn toward occasions that evoke poignant but ephemeral memories of the deceased, so, too, do they become accepting of and perhaps drawn toward the intense interplay between presence and absence that occurs during literary reading.
Investigation on Piero Della Francesca's Frescoes
Authors: Bonaiuto Paolo , Giannini Anna Maria , Biasi Valeria
Published: August 2010

This investigation focuses on the Legend of the True Cross, Piero della Francesca's important series of frescoes (15th century) kept in Arezzo (Italy). We dealt with the expressiveness of the figures according to shapes, colors, and other features. We referred to the phenomenological classification by Arnheim (1949), Metzger (1954, 1966), and Bonaiuto (1965, 1988), who, among expressive qualities and valences, distinguished emotional hues, intentions, functions, causal relations, etc. Ninety adults evaluated affective expressiveness in each of three actual frescoes using an inventory with 46 11-point monopolar scales. Three distinct groups of scales were statistically distinguished: “positive,” “negative,” and “neutral” affects. The peculiarities of each fresco as measured by the scales emerged clearly, underlying the modern legibility of the expressiveness constructed by the artist. Comparisons of the pictorial style of Piero della Francesca with previous and later Renaissance artists and modern artists are described.
Artists' Statements Can Influence Perceptions of Artwork
Authors: Specht Steven M.
Published: August 2010

A total of 98 undergraduates participated in two experiments designed to investigate the effects of providing different artist's statements on ratings of representational and non-objective artworks. Results from Experiment 1 indicated that reading an artist's statement appeared to increase viewers' ratings of the representational but not the non-objective artwork in terms of how much they liked and were interested in the artwork. In Experiment 2, similar effects were seen when the artist's statement that initially accompanied the representational work was switched so that it accompanied the non-objective artwork. Taken together, these findings indicate that the effects of an artist's statement appear to be related to certain salient features of an artist's statement and to be independent of the nature of the artwork.
The Assessment of Art Attributes
Authors: Chatterjee Anjan , Widick Page , Sternschein Rebecca , Smith William B. , Bromberger Bianca
Published: August 2010

Neuropsychological investigations of art production and perception have the potential to offer critical insight into the biology of visual aesthetics. Thus far, however, investigations of art production in patients have been limited to anecdotal observations and investigations of art perception are non-existent. Progress in the field is hampered by the lack of an adequate instrument to provide basic quantification of artwork attributes. Motivated by the need to move neuropsychology of art beyond the fascinating anecdote, we present the Assessment of Art Attributes (AAA). The AAA is an instrument designed to assess six formal-perceptual and six conceptual-representational attributes using 24 paintings from the Western canon. Both artistically naïve and experienced participants were given the AAA. We found high degrees of agreement in the assessment of these attributes in both groups and few differences between the groups. We expect that the AAA's componential and quantitative approach will be useful in advancing neuropsychological studies as well as any investigations in which style and content of art works need to be quantified and compared.
The Reputation of Baroque Composers 1790-2000
Authors: Ceulemans Cédric
Published: August 2010

We analyze the reputation of baroque composers over time. The dataset makes it possible to describe the evolution of composers' reputation and of the baroque canon. The entries in seven important musical dictionaries written between 1790 and 2000 are used to measure reputations. We provide evidence that a consensus exists between musicologists, who often rely on their predecessors' work. We also show that nationality plays a role in the judgment of musicologists. Even recent dictionaries of music seem to be biased by their nationality. These results are supported by a panel data model and by statistical tests.
A Test of Consensus in Aesthetic Evaluation among Professional Critics of Modern Music
Authors: Lundy Duane E.
Published: August 2010

To evaluate the approximate level of aesthetic consensus among a large sample of professionals, modern music critics were sampled from known music rating books that rated comparable genres of music, including the ratings of 352 critics and 5161 albums of randomly chosen musicians. All critic pairs who had rated at least 30 albums in common were analyzed ( N = 139 pairs). Overall, 87.0% of critic pairs showed significant positive correlations in their album ratings, and another 2.9% showed marginally significant positive correlations (average r = .49). Not a single significant negative correlation occurred, and nonsignificant correlations occurred in only 10.1% of the critic pairs. Overall, reasonable aesthetic consensus appears to exist among most modern music critics, even without specific, agreed-upon rating scales, methods or assumptions, and despite preliminary evidence that not all professional critics are equally good at what they do. The superiority of correlation measures over agreement measures of aesthetic consensus is also discussed.
Promising Antipoverty Strategies for Families
Authors: Cancian Maria , Meyer Daniel R. , Reed Deborah
Published: August 2010

A large percentage of poor children live with just one parent, usually their mother, and single‐parent families are more vulnerable to economic downturns than are two‐parent families. Living arrangements also affect the optimal design of policies related to income support and child support. In this paper we briefly review changes in family structure and the relationship between family structure and employment, and then focus on policies that are essential to reducing poverty in the context of the current work‐based safety net, in which low‐income families with children rely increasingly on mothers' earnings. We argue that economically vulnerable families will benefit the most from policies that support resident parents' efforts to balance work and caretaking, and that support and enforce nonresident parents' contributions. We highlight key policies that help resident parents balance responsibilities, including support for access to child care and preschool, family‐friendly workplace policies, and earnings supplements (e.g., the EITC). We also outline a set of policies designed to support and require nonresident parents' contributions, including reforms aimed at creating a child support enforcement system clearly focused on improving child well‐being, rather than government cost recovery, and policies supporting nonresident parents' ability to work and pay support.
Explaining Public Attitudes toward Fighting Inequality in Latin America
Authors: Morgan Jana , Kelly Nathan J.
Published: August 2010

This paper uses the 2008 Americas Barometer survey data from 22 countries to explore the factors that shape Latin American attitudes about the role of the state in reducing inequality. Using multilevel analysis to properly model both the individual‐ and country‐level predictors of these attitudes, we find that traditional explanations of public attitudes about government's redistributive role also carry weight in Latin America. Economic evaluations, personal wealth, trust in government, and assessments of government performance are each associated in predictable ways with attitudes about redistribution. But the analysis also identifies factors that have been overlooked in previous research on the state's role in combating inequality, which has been primarily conducted in the context of the developed world. Namely, we find that Latin Americans appropriately view crime and inequality as interrelated, and as their perceptions of crime as a problem increase so does their support for government efforts to reduce inequality. This relationship is particularly important in poorer countries where inequality and poverty are widespread social ills. The analysis suggests that in the Latin American context it is appropriate to view pursuing anticrime and anti‐inequality policies as compatible rather than competing goals.
Review of Obesity Among Poor Americans: Is Public Assistance the Problem?
Authors: Skidmore Max J.
Published: August 2010

Max J. Skidmore reviews Obesity Among Poor Americans: Is Public Assistance the Problem? by Patricia K. Smith, who analyzes studies on the subject and refutes allegations by critics.
Editor's Letter
Authors: Skidmore Max J.
Published: August 2010

Max J. Skidmore, Editor‐In‐Chief of Poverty & Public Policy, maps out the lineup of articles for Volume 2, Issue 3.
Development of a Cost Effective Medium for Production of Bacillus Thuringiensis Bioinsecticide Using Food Barley
Authors: Shojaaddini Mohammad , Moharramipour Saeid , Khodabandeh Mahvash , Talebi Ali
Published: August 2010

Development of a Cost Effective Medium for Production ofBacillus ThuringiensisBioinsecticide Using Food Barley

Genetically manipulated food barley,Hordeum vulgareL. var.valfajr, was compared to commercial-grade starch as carbon sources in groundnut and soybean based media for supporting growth, sporulation and delta-endotoxin production byBacillus thuringiensisBerlinerB. thuringiensiskurstaki HD-1 and a promising newly isolatedB. thuringiensisstrain (referred to as BTA) were used. MgCl2, CaCl2, and MnCl2were used as trace-elements. Culture media were compared in shaken flasks and then in 5 l Fermentors. Biomass, delta-endotoxin levels and the number of spores as colony forming units (CFU) were evaluated. For each of the two strains, biomass and delta-endotoxin synthesis were not significantly different in soybean-based media after substitution starch by barley flour. There were significant differences between the two strains with respect to biomass and toxin production. Evaluated costs of media preparation showed that food barley is an economical alternative to commercial-grade starch in the production of BTA bioinsecticide.
Sensitivity of Winter Wheat Cultivars to Selected Herbicides
Authors: Kieloch Renata , Rola Henryka
Published: August 2010

Sensitivity of Winter Wheat Cultivars to Selected Herbicides

The experiments on tolerance of winter wheat cultivars to herbicides were performed under field conditions during 2003-2005 in the region of Wrocław (South-West of Poland). Five cultivars were examined (Zyta, Tonacja, Sukces, Clever, Kobra). Two herbicide mixtures: isoproturon + pendimethalin and diflufenican + flurtamon were applied in the autumn, in stage of 3-4 leaves. In the spring, when wheat reached stage of full tillering, the following herbicides were used: florasulam + 2.4-D and fluroxypyr + 2.4-D. Phytotoxicity of herbicides was determined on the base of plants vigour assessment, plants counting, yield and some yield components. During the experimental period, impact of the mixture pendimethalin + isoproturon on grain yield of Clever cultivar was observed only in the season with hard winter conditions (2002/2003). The remaining varieties: Zyta, Tonacja, Sukces and Kobra were completely tolerant to this herbicide mixture. Mild winter seasons did not show a negative influence of herbicides on grain yield of tested varieties. All cultivars showed a complete tolerance to diflufenican + flurfamon and florasulam + 2.4-D. The mixture fluroxypyr + 2.4-D caused ear deformation of all tested wheat cultivars, but did not affect negatively grain yield.
Wild Oat (Avena Fatua L.) and Canary Grass (Phalaris Minor Ritz.) Management Through Allelopathy
Authors: Jabran Khawar , Farooq Muhammad , Hussain Mubshir ,   Hafeez-ur-Rehman, Ali Muhammad
Published: August 2010

Wild Oat (Avena FatuaL.) and Canary Grass (Phalaris MinorRitz.) Management Through Allelopathy

Environmental contamination, herbicide resistance development among weeds and health concerns due to over and misuse of synthetic herbicides has led the researchers to focus on alternative weed management strategies. Allelochemicals extracted from various plant species can act as natural weed inhibitors. In this study, allelopathic extracts from four plant species sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench], mulberry (Morus albaL.), barnyard grass [Echinochloa crusgalli(L.) Beauv.], winter cherry [Withania somnifera(L.)] were tested for their potential to inhibit the most problematic wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) weeds wild oat (Avena fatuaL.) and canary grass (Phalaris minorRitz.). Data regarding time to start germination, time to 50% germination, mean germination time, final germination percentage, germination energy, root and shoot length, number of roots, number of leaves, and seedling fresh and dry weight was recorded for both the weeds, which showed that mulberry was the most inhibitory plant species while sorghum showed least allelopathic suppression against wild oat. Mulberry extracts resulted in a complete inhibition of the wild oat germination. The allelopathic potential for different plants against wild oat was in the order: mulberry > winter cherry > barnyard grass > sorghum. Mulberry, barnyard grass and winter cherry extracts resulted in a complete inhibition of canary grass. Sorghum however exhibited least suppressive or in some cases stimulatory effects on canary grass. Plants revealing strong allelopathic potential can be utilized to derive natural herbicides for weed control.
A Study on the Toxicity of a Medicinal Plant, Artemisia Annua L. (Asteracea) Extracts to the Sunn Pest, Eurygaster Integriceps Puton (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae)
Authors: Zibaee Arash , Bandani Ali
Published: August 2010

A Study on the Toxicity of a Medicinal Plant,Artemisia AnnuaL. (Asteracea) Extracts to the Sunn Pest,Eurygaster IntegricepsPuton (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae)

A methanolic extract ofArtemisia annuawas obtained to evaluate its insecticidal activities against the sunn pest (Eurygaster intefriceps). Also, the responses of general esterase (EST), glutathione S-transferase (GST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP), acethylcholinesterase (AChE) to the plant extract were investigated. Topical application of plant extract on adults showed that the mortality was dose-dependent i.e. with increasing of plant extract concentrations more mortality achieved. Esterase and GST activities were increased in the first 24 h post-treatment. However, the enzymes activities were decreased after 24 h until 72 h. The activities of ALP, ACP and AChE in insect body decreased significantly and inhibition was higher along with increasing concentrations of plant extract. Isozyme electrophoresis profiles indicated that responses of isozymes (EST and GST) to plant extract were decreased after 48 h exposure to extract so that some enzymes bands disappeared. The results indicated that the highest concentration ofA. annuaextract was the most toxic among the four extracts. The decline of the detoxification ability in insects' tissues might be the main reason for the insecticidal activities.
Metropolis-Hastings Robbins-Monro Algorithm for Confirmatory Item Factor Analysis
Authors: Cai Li
Published: August 2010

Item factor analysis (IFA), already well established in educational measurement, is increasingly applied to psychological measurement in research settings. However, high-dimensional confirmatory IFA remains a numerical challenge. The current research extends the Metropolis-Hastings Robbins-Monro (MH-RM) algorithm, initially proposed for exploratory IFA, to the case of maximum likelihood estimation under user-defined linear restrictions for confirmatory IFA. MH-RM naturally integrates concepts such as the missing data formulation, data augmentation, the Metropolis algorithm, and stochastic approximation. In a limited simulation study, the accuracy of the MH-RM algorithm is checked against the standard Bock-Aitkin expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm. To demonstrate the efficiency and flexibility of the MH-RM algorithm, it is applied to the IFA of real data from pediatric quality-of-life (QOL) research in comparison with adaptive quadrature-based EM algorithm. The particular data set required a confirmatory item factor model with eight factors and a variety of equality and fixing constraints to implement the hypothesized factor pattern. MH-RM converged in less than 3 minutes to the maximum likelihood solution while the EM algorithm spent well over 4 hourrs.
CCN: Towards a Model of Comfort, Constraints, and Negotiation in Recreational Scuba Diving
Authors: Dimmock Kay
Published: August 2010

Scuba diving has become a popular form of marine-based tourism and adventure activity. Yet, little empirical information details what transpires during an encounter once a diver descends from the surface. Using a qualitative methodology, the stories of scuba diving experiences were
collected and examined in an effort to define some of the prevailing features of an underwater encounter. The presence of comfort, constraint, and negotiation (CNN) emerged as important features of scuba diving. Titled CCN, this article offers a conceptual model that presents the central concepts
and depicts the association between comfort, constraints, and negotiation during scuba diving as dynamic elements of the activity.
Ear secondary traits related to aflatoxin accumulation in commercial maize hybrids under artificial field inoculation
Authors: Balconi C. , Motto M. , Mazzinelli G. , Berardo N.
Published: August 2010

Aims of the research were: (1) to evaluate and compare 24 maize hybrids for Aspergillus flavus resistance and for
aflatoxin accumulation under artificial inoculation in field experiments grown during 2005 and 2006; (2) to estimate
the relationship of aflatoxin concentration with ear secondary traits. Primary ears were inoculated with a fresh
spore suspension (mixture of five A. flavus isolates from Northern Italy), by spraying silks, as a modification of the
non-wounding silk channel inoculation technique (SCIA); controls were both non-inoculated and sterile water-inoculated
ears. Ear secondary traits, such as silk channel length measured at pollination and husk coverage at
maturity, were recorded for each hybrid. The severity of ear A. flavus attack was estimated using rating scales based
on the percentage of kernels with visible symptoms of infection. The aflatoxin concentration in the inoculated ears
resulted, during both years, higher than in the controls; this indication confirmed that the A. flavus isolates used
for the inoculum procedure were successful in accumulating mycotoxin in grains. Variability was found among the
hybrids under study: aflatoxin accumulation, after artificial inoculation, ranged from 0.13 to 705.25 ng/g. The data
herein presented supported the implication of two ear secondary traits in determining aflatoxin accumulation. Silk
channel length recorded at pollination was negatively correlated (r = -0.54; P<0.05) with aflatoxin accumulation;
on the contrary, a positive correlation (r = 0.48; P<0.05) between husk coverage rating at maturity and aflatoxin
concentration suggested that a looser husk coverage is associated with higher aflatoxin accumulation. The correlation
between the two mentioned ear-related traits was negative (r = -0.73; P<0.05); this indicated that hybrids showing
a good coverage at pollination stage, are favoured in keeping the ear tip covered until maturity, reducing the risk
of aflatoxin accumulation.
HPLC method for simultaneous detection of aflatoxins and cyclopiazonic acid
Authors: Soares C. , Rodrigues P. , Freitas-Silva O. , Abrunhosa L. , Venâncio A.
Published: August 2010

Aspergillus species in section Flavi are among the most relevant mycotoxigenic fungi. The organisms are well-known
producers of the highly carcinogenic aflatoxins and of other mycotoxins, such as cyclopiazonic acid. Aflatoxins
and cyclopiazonic acid analyses can be routinely used for identification purposes within the section. Two separate
chromatographic runs with distinct columns and detectors for each toxin were required in previous reports. A
straightforward high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) procedure for the simultaneous detection of
these compounds in fungal cultures was developed in the present work using a methanol/water mobile phase, postcolumn
photochemical derivatisation and fluorescence detection. The proposed method was tested with standards
and fungal extracts of 24 Aspergillus section Flavi strains and compared to the common individual detection of
these mycotoxins by HPLC analyses.
Free radicals and antioxidants in two oxidative-stress cell models exposed to ochratoxin A and amyloid β: unexpected results
Authors: Costa S. , Cervellati R. , Speroni E. , Guerra M. , Greco E.
Published: August 2010

Oxidative stress is reported to be closely related to pathogenetic mechanisms and plays a central role in several
molecular toxicities. It seems reasonable to hypothesize that antioxidant molecules and/or free radical scavengers
can protect from oxidative stress-induced damage by quenching free-radical reactions. Leontopodic acid (LA) is a
fully substituted, hexaric acid derivative isolated from Leontopodium alpinum Cass., commonly known as ‘Edelweiss’
(Asteraceae family), and exhibits significant chemical antioxidant power. The present study was designed to evaluate
LA’s capacity to counteract induced oxidative stress in two in vitro cell models: one exposed the LLC-PK1 cell line
to ochratoxin A and the other exposed the differentiated SH-SY5Y cells to amyloid β. The effects of a 24 h pretreatment
with LA on induced ROS (reactive oxygen species) production and cytotoxicity were evaluated in the two
models. Surprisingly, the results showed that while LA decreased ROS production, it did not increase cell survival.
Enniatin B1 is a substrate of intestinal P-glycoprotein, multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 and breast cancer resistance protein
Authors: Ivanova L. , Uhlig S. , Eriksen G. , Johannessen L.
Published: August 2010

Enniatins are cyclic hexadepsipeptides produced by various fungi, known to have ionophoric, antibiotic and insecticidal activity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the intestinal absorption characteristics of enniatin B1(ENN-B1). Using the human intestinal Caco-2 cell line, we found that the permeability of ENN-B1in the basolateral to apical direction was 6.7× higher as compared to the permeability in the opposite direction, indicating involvement of apically located transporters. Transport of ENN-B1in the apical to basolateral direction was increased significantly upon treatment of Caco-2 cells with the P-glycoprotein (Pgp) inhibitor verapamil and the multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) inhibitor MK571, but only weakly and not significantly after treatment with the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) inhibitor fumitremorgin C. Additionally, MDCK II cells over-expressing Pgp, MRP2 or BCRP, showed reduced sensitivity towards ENN-B1. These data demonstrate for the first time that ENN-B1is a substrate of MRP2 and suggests that Pgp, MRP2 and possibly BCRP are involved in transport of ENN-B1across the intestine.
Varietal differences in accumulation of aflatoxin B1 in Indian rice cultivars
Authors: Reddy K. , Reddy C. , Salleh B.
Published: August 2010

Rice (paddy) seeds are known to be colonised by Aspergillus flavus in the field or under storage conditions and
contaminated with aflatoxins which have impact on human and animal health. In this study, we investigated the
varietal differences in 30 Indian healthy rice cultivars used for human consumption (15 normal and 15 basmati) for
accumulation of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) after inoculation with aflatoxin-producing A. flavus (DRAf 009). Significant
varietal differences in AFB1 accumulation were observed in normal and basmati rice cultivars. Comparatively, the
accumulation of AFB1 is higher in normal cultivars, ranging from 3-628 µg/kg, than in basmati cultivars, ranging
from 0.2-7.2 µg/kg. The highest accumulation of AFB1 in normal cultivars was observed in PR 106 (628 µg/kg) and
the lowest in IR 64 (3 µg/kg). In basmati rice cultivars, the highest accumulation of AFB1 was observed in Ranbir
basmati (7.2 µg/kg) and the lowest in Vasumati (0.2 µg/kg). All these cultivars were evaluated for their total phenolic
content (TPC) in rice bran using the Folin-Ciocalteau method. The results indicated that the TPC of normal and
basmati cultivars was in the range of 1.96-2.45 and 2.13-2.65 mg gallic acid equivalent (mg/g of bran), respectively.
This study may be used as a basis to develop A. flavus resistant rice cultivars and proper storage structures to
produce aflatoxin-free rice. This is the first report on the evaluation of various rice cultivars for accumulation of
AFB1 after inoculation with A. flavus.
The Novel Activated Microglia/Macrophage WAP Domain Protein, AMWAP, Acts as a Counter-Regulator of Proinflammatory Response
Authors: Karlstetter Marcus , Walczak Yana , Weigelt Karin , Ebert Stefanie , Van den Brulle Jan , Schwer Heinz , Fuchshofer Rudolf , Langmann Thomas
Published: August 2010

Microgliosis is a common phenomenon in neurodegenerative disorders, including retinal dystrophies. To identify candidate genes involved in microglial activation, we used DNA-microarray analysis of retinal microglia from wild-type and retinoschisin-deficient (Rs1h−/Y) mice, a prototypic model for inherited retinal degeneration. Thereby, we cloned a novel 76 aa protein encoding a microglia/macrophage-restricted whey acidic protein (WAP) termed activated microglia/macrophage WAP domain protein (AMWAP). The gene consists of three exons and is located on mouse chromosome 11 in proximity to a chemokine gene cluster. mRNA expression of AMWAP was detected in microglia from Rs1h−/Y retinas, brain microglia, and other tissue macrophages. AMWAP transcription was rapidly induced in BV-2 microglia upon stimulation with multiple TLR ligands and IFN-γ. The TLR-dependent expression of AMWAP was dependent on NF-κB, whereas its microglia/macrophage-specific transcription was regulated by PU.1. Functional characterization showed that AMWAP overexpression reduced the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-1β and concomitantly increased expression of the alternative activation markers arginase 1 and Cd206. Conversely, small interfering RNA knockdown of AMWAP lead to higher IL-6, IL-1β, and Ccl2 transcript levels, whereas diminishing arginase 1 and Cd206 expression. Moreover, AMWAP expressing cells had less migratory capacity and showed increased adhesion in a trypsin-protection assay indicating antiserine protease activity. In agreement with findings from other WAP proteins, micromolar concentrations of recombinant AMWAP exhibited significant growth inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacillus subtilis. Taken together, we propose that AMWAP is a counter-regulator of proinflammatory microglia/macrophage activation and a potential modulator of innate immunity in neurodegeneration.
Kit Ligand and Il7 Differentially Regulate Peyer’s Patch and Lymph Node Development
Authors: Chappaz Stéphane , Gärtner Claudia , Rodewald Hans-Reimer , Finke Daniela
Published: August 2010

Hematopoietic lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells initiate lymph node (LN) and Peyer’s patch (PP) development during fetal life by inducing the differentiation of mesenchymal organizer cells. The growth factor signals underlying LTi cell development and LN and PP organogenesis remain poorly understood. LTi cells express the Il7r and the receptor tyrosine kinase Kit, whereas organizer cells express their cognate ligands. To determine the relative significance of Il7 and Kit signaling in LTi cell homeostasis and PP and LN development, we have analyzed mice deficient for Kit (KitW/Wv), Il7 (Il7−/−), or both (Il7−/− KitW/Wv). Unlike KitW/Wv and Il7−/− single mutants, Il7−/− KitW/Wv mice were almost devoid of LTi cells in their mesenteric LN anlage. This LTi deficiency was associated with a block in mesenchymal LN organizer cell generation and the absence of almost all LNs. In contrast, intestinal LTi cell numbers, PP organizer cell generation, and PP development were strongly affected by impaired Kit signaling, but were independent of Il7. Hence, Kit and Il7 act synergistically in LN organogenesis, whereas Kit signaling, but not Il7, critically regulates PP organogenesis and LTi cell numbers in the intestine. Consistent with these differential growth factor requirements for PP and LN development, PP organizer cells expressed higher Kitl and lower Il7 levels than did LN organizer cells. Collectively, these results demonstrate that Kit and Il7 differentially control PP and LN organogenesis through the local growth factor-driven regulation of LTi cell numbers.
ChemInform Abstract: Boundary Structures in a Series of Lanthanoid Hexacyanocobaltate(III) n‐Hydrates and Their Raman Spectra.
Authors: YUKAWA Y. , IGARASHI S. , KAWAURA T. , MIYAMOTO H.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Triterpenes. Part 106. Functionalization of Lupane with Chromium(VI) Oxide. A Remark on the Structure of Clerodone.
Authors: SEJBAL J. , KLINOT J. , BUDESINSKY M.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure of a New Cation‐Ordered Fluorite‐Related Phase: Bi2Te2WO10.
Authors: CHAMPARNAUD‐MESJARD J.‐C. , FRIT B. , CHAGRAOUI A. , TAIRI A.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Textural, Structural, and Acid Properties of a Catalytically Active Mesoporous Aluminosilicate MCM‐41.
Authors: LIEPOLD A. , ROOS K. , RESCHETILOWSKI W. , ESCULCAS A. P. , ROCHA J. , PHILIPPOU A. , ANDERSON M. W.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: (NH4)2(VO)(VP)O7, a Layered Structure Comprising Tetrahedral VPO7 Groups.
Authors: BOUDIN S. , GRANDIN A. , LABBE P. , RAVEAU B.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: K2Be2Si3O9, a Potassium Beryllium Silicate Framework Built from Edge‐ Sharing Be‐O Tetrahedra and Three‐Ring Silicate Tetrahedra.
Authors: BU X. , GIER T. E. , STUCKY G. D.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Crystal Structure of the New Ternary Halide Series Ba2MCl7 (M: Gd—Yb, Y) Containing the Highly Efficient Up‐Conversion Material Ba2ErCl7.
Authors: WICKLEDER M. S. , EGGER P. , RIEDENER T. , FURER N. , GUEDEL H. U. , HULLIGER J.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Resonance Raman Study of the T1 Excited State of Zinc(II) Complexes of β‐Substituted Chlorins (I).
Authors: BLACKWOOD M. E. JUN. , KUMBLE R. , SPIRO T. G.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: EPR Detection of Alkali‐Metal Cations Using Novel Spin‐Labeled Macrocyclic Sensors.
Authors: ULRICH G. , TUREK P. , ZIESSEL R. , DE CIAN A. , FISCHER J.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Allylation of Aldehydes with Allyltrichlorosilane via a Chiral Pentacoordinate Silicate.
Authors: WANG Z. , WANG D. , SUI X.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantiomerically Pure Amines by a New Method: Biotransformation of Oxalamic Esters Using the Lipase from Candida antarctica.
Authors: CHAPMAN D. T. , CROUT D. H. G. , MAHMOUDIAN M. , SCOPES D. I. C. , SMITH P. W.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Cyclizations of Dienylalkynes via Vinylidene Intermediates.
Authors: MERLIC C. A. , PAULY M. E.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclopropylmethylcarbene.
Authors: THAMATTOOR D. M. , JONES M. JUN. , PAN W. , SHEVLIN P. B.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient and Highly Selective Oxidation of Primary Alcohols to Aldehydes by N‐Chlorosuccinimide Mediated by Oxoammonium Salts.
Authors: EINHORN J. , EINHORN C. , RATAJCZAK F. , PIERRE J.‐L.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Cu(OTf)2 ‐ DBN/DBU Complex as an Efficient Catalyst for Allylic Oxidation of Olefins with tert‐Butyl Perbenzoate.
Authors: SEKAR G. , DATTAGUPTA A. , SINGH V. K.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Zinc Organometallics Derived from Nucleosides and Nucleic Acid Bases and Pd(0)‐Catalyzed Coupling with Aryl Iodides.
Authors: STEVENSON T. M. , PRASAD A. S. B. , CITINENI J. R. , KNOCHEL P.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Coupling Reactions of β‐Perfluoroalkyl‐ Substituted Alkyl Halides with Organostannanes.
Authors: SHIMIZU R. , FUCHIKAMI T.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of (S)‐2‐Ethyl‐2‐methylpentanoic Acid from the Formate Ester of (S) Ethyl 2‐Formyl‐3‐hydroxy‐2‐methylpropionate.
Authors: FRONZA G. , FOGLIATO G. , FUGANTI C. , GRASSELLI P. , RIGONI R.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Mn(III)‐Based Oxidative Free‐Radical Cyclizations of Unsaturated Ketones.
Authors: MCCARTHY COLE B. , HAN L. , SNIDER B. B.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antimicrobial Properties of 1‐Chloro(bromo,thiocyanato)‐ 1‐butoxy‐2‐arylethanes.
Authors: GRISHCHUK B. D. , VLASYK L. I. , BLINDER A. V. , KUDRIK E. YA. , GORBOVOI P. M.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: 2,5,8,11,14,17‐Hexa‐t‐butyldecacyclene and 1,7,13‐/1,6,12‐Tri‐t‐ butyldecacyclene: Possible Precursors for Bowl‐Shaped Polycyclic Arenes.
Authors: ZIMMERMANN K. , GODDARD R. , KRUEGER C. , HAENEL M. W.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Versatile Preparation of 2‐Methyleneoxetanes.
Authors: DOLLINGER L. M. , HOWELL A. R.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of a Novel Silyl Ether Linker for Solid‐Phase Organic Synthesis.
Authors: BOEHM T. L. , SHOWALTER H. D. H.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Electron Oxidation of Enol Phosphates, Enol Phosphites and Enol Phosphinates. Evidence for an unprecedented P‐O Bond Cleavage in Phosphoenol Radical Cations in Solution.
Authors: SCHMITTEL M. , STEFFEN J.‐P. , BURGHART A.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.