bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distributions of young cephalopods in the tropical waters of Western Australia over two consecutive summers
Authors: Jackson George D. , Meekan Mark G. , Wotherspoon Simon , Jackson Christine H.
Published: January 2008

Jackson, G. D., Meekan, M. G., Wotherspoon, S., and Jackson, C. H. 2008. Distributions of young cephalopods in the tropical waters of Western Australia over two consecutive summers. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 140–147. Cephalopod paralarvae and juveniles were sampled with light traps deployed at the surface and deeper in the southern NW Shelf and on Ningaloo Reef off Western Australia during two consecutive summers. One cross shelf transect (Exmouth) was sampled in the late spring and summers of 1997/1998 (summer 1) and 1998/1999 (summer 2), and a second cross shelf transect (Thevenard) and a longshore transect (Ningaloo) along the Ningaloo Reef were sampled in summer 2. Species captured in the order of abundance were octopods, Photololigo sp., Sepioteuthis lessoniana, and Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis. Most were captured in shallow traps except for Photololigo sp., which was common in both shallow and deep traps with larger animals found in deeper water. The presence of Idiosepius pygmaeus in deep water off Ningaloo Reef revealed the species to be eurytopic, inhabiting a wider range of habitats than previously known. Photololigo sp. and S. lessoniana were more abundant inshore, and octopods were especially abundant on mid-depth stations of the Exmouth transect, probably because of the turbulent mixing and increased productivity there. Fewer S. oualaniensis were caught during the first summer on the Ningaloo transect (n = 5) than during the second summer (n = 79).
Secondary Turing-type instabilities due to strong spatial resonance
Authors: Dawes J.H.P , Proctor M.R.E
Published: January 2008

We investigate the dynamics of pattern-forming systems in large domains near a codimension-two point corresponding to a ‘strong spatial resonance’ where competing instabilities with wavenumbers in the ratio 1 : 2 or 1 : 3 occur. We supplement the standard amplitude equations for such a mode interaction with Ginzburg–Landau-type modulational terms, appropriate to pattern formation in a large domain. In cases where the coefficients of these new diffusive terms differ substantially from each other, we show that spatially periodic solutions found near onset may be unstable to two long-wavelength modulational instabilities. Moreover, these instabilities generically occur near the codimension-two point only in the 1 : 2 and 1 : 3 cases, and not when weaker spatial resonances arise. The first instability is ‘amplitude-driven’ and is the analogue of the well-known Turing instability of reaction–diffusion systems. The second is a phase instability for which the subsequent nonlinear development is described, at leading order, by the Cahn–Hilliard equation.

The normal forms for strong spatial resonances are also well known to permit uniformly travelling wave solutions. We also show that these travelling waves may be similarly unstable.
Community-acquired Legionnaires' disease caused by Legionella pneumophila serogroup 10 linked to the private home
Authors: Lück Paul Christian , Schneider Thomas , Wagner Jutta , Walther Ilona , Reif Ursula , Weber Stefan , Weist Klaus
Published: January 2008

We describe the case of a 66-year-old man with a culture-proven Legionella pneumonia after kidney transplantation. The patient developed the infection 15 days after discharge from a university hospital. Legionella pneumonia caused by Legionella pneumophila serogroup 5/10 was established by positive direct fluorescence assay, positive urinary-antigen detection and isolation of the causative agent. The infection was successfully treated by giving appropriate antibiotics, but the further course was complicated by invasive aspergillosis, cytomegalovirus pneumonia, failure of the transplanted kidney and development of septic anaemia. Four months after the diagnosis of Legionella pneumonia the patient died of multi-organ failure. The microbiological and epidemiological investigation revealed that strains from the water supply of the patient's private home were indistinguishable from the patient's isolate by amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis and sequence-based typing (SBT). Unrelated strains of serogroups 4, 5, 8 and 10 from the Dresden strain collection were of different SBT types. Thus, SBT is a very useful tool for epidemiological investigation of infections by L. pneumophila serogroups other than serogroup 1.
Differential roles of Yersinia outer protein P-mediated inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B in the induction of cell death in dendritic cells and macrophages
Authors: Adkins Irena , Schulz Sebastian , Borgmann Stefan , Autenrieth Ingo B. , Gröbner Sabine
Published: January 2008

Yersinia outer protein P (YopP) induces cell death in macrophages and dendritic cells (DC). In DC this YopP-dependent cell death coincides with the inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation. However, as shown by measurement of propidium iodide uptake via disrupted cellular membranes, the preincubation of DC with several NF-κB inhibitors prior to infection with Yersinia did not restore the death-inducing capacity of a YopP-deficient Yersinia mutant. These results suggest that in contrast to macrophages, in DC the YopP-dependent inhibition of NF-κB activation is not causative for the induction of cell death. Instead, in DC, the inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), in particular, p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase, prior to infection with a YopP-deficient Yersinia mutant substituted the death-inducing capacity of the Yersinia wild-type strain, indicating that the YopP-dependent inhibition of MAPKs mediates Yersinia-induced DC death. The differences between DC and macrophages in the mechanisms of cell death induction by YopP presented herein might be crucial for the function of these antigen-presenting cells.
Expression of perilipin in human promyelocytic cells in response to Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection results in modified lipid metabolism
Authors: Manzano-Roman Raúl , Almazán Consuelo , Naranjo Victoria , Bloui Edmour F. , Kocan Katherine M. , de la Fuente José
Published: January 2008

The obligate intracellular pathogen Anaplasma phagocytophilum is transmitted by ticks and causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis, tick-borne fever of ruminants, and equine and canine granulocytic anaplasmosis. In a previous study, the perilipin (PLIN) gene was identified as one of the genes differentially expressed in human promyelocytic HL-60 cells in response to infection with A. phagocytophilum. PLIN is a major adipocyte lipid droplet-associated phosphoprotein that plays a central role in lipolysis and cholesterol synthesis. Host cholesterol and other lipids are required by A. phagocytophilum for infection and multiplication in human cells. In this study, it was hypothesized that PLIN may be involved in infection of human HL-60 cells by A. phagocytophilum. To test this hypothesis, a combination of real-time RT-PCR, immunofluorescence and RNA interference was used to study the expression of PLIN. The results of these studies demonstrated that A. phagocytophilum modulates lipid metabolism by increasing PLIN mRNA levels and facilitates infection of HL-60 cells. The results of these studies expand our knowledge of the role of lipid metabolism in A. phagocytophilum infection and multiplication in HL-60 cells and suggest a mechanism by which A. phagocytophilum modulates lipid metabolism.
Clostridium butyricum sepsis in an injection drug user with an indwelling central venous catheter
Authors: Gardner Edward M. , Kestler Mary , Beieler Alison , Belknap Robert W.
Published: January 2008

Clostridium novyihas been associated with a large outbreak of severe infections in injection drug users. A case of bacteraemia withClostridium butyricumin an injection drug user is reported. During treatment forStaphylococcus aureusosteomyelitis, the patient used an indwelling central venous catheter to inject cocaine. He was admitted withC. butyricumsepsis that responded to broad spectrum antibiotics, including vancomycin. Local investigation for other cases was unrevealing; however, growth of an unusual pathogen in clinical specimens should be investigated as it may represent a sentinel event with public health implications.
Tropical mayhem: a chronic viral disease with superadded parasitic infection
Authors: Madan Kaushal , Chalamalsetty Sreenivasa Baba , Srivastava Siddharth , Gupta Siddhartha Datta , Mirdha Bijay R. , Makharia Govind K. , Samataray Jyotish C. , Acharya Subrat K.
Published: January 2008

Coexistence of two illnesses in the same patient may result in atypical manifestations of either or both diseases. A case of hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis in a patient who presented with a pharyngeal mucosal mass lesion as a manifestation of superadded Leishmania infection is presented here. The clue to the diagnosis was the origin of the patient from an area highly endemic for leishmaniasis and the presence of unexplained polyclonal hypergammaglobulinaemia. The patient responded very well to therapy with amphotericin B with complete disappearance of the mucosal lesion.
Human Fusobacterium necrophorum strains have a leukotoxin gene and exhibit leukotoxic activity
Authors: Tadepalli Sambasivarao , Stewart George C. , Nagaraja T. G. , Narayanan Sanjeev K.
Published: January 2008

Fusobacterium necrophorum, a Gram-negative anaerobe, causes a variety of necrotic infections in humans and animals. There are two subspecies: subsp. necrophorum and subsp. funduliforme. In cattle, subsp. necrophorum is more prevalent and production of leukotoxin is a major virulence factor. The leukotoxin operon (lktBAC) consists of three genes, lktB, lktA and lktC, of which lktA is the structural toxin gene. The subspecies identity of human F. necrophorum is less certain and it is not known whether human strains possess the leukotoxin gene or leukotoxin activity. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify the subspecies status of four human clinical strains of F. necrophorum and determine whether they have the leukotoxin gene or leukotoxin activity. Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics suggested that the four strains belonged to subsp. funduliforme, which was confirmed by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene. Analysis of the four strains by PCR revealed the presence of the leukotoxin operon. Partial DNA sequencing identified one human strain with full-length lktA, whereas the others exhibited considerable heterogeneity in size. All strains had a leukotoxin operon promoter-containing intergenic region similar to that of bovine subsp. funduliforme strains, which was confirmed by DNA sequencing and Southern blotting. Despite variations in the lktA gene, all strains secreted leukotoxin as demonstrated by Western blotting. Flow cytometry assays revealed that the leukotoxin was toxic to human white blood cells. In conclusion, the human strains examined contained a leukotoxin gene whose gene product was biologically active. The importance of leukotoxin as a virulence factor in human fusobacterial infections needs further evaluation.
Histopathological and ultrastructural studies of a mouse lung model of Campylobacter jejuni infection
Authors: Al-Banna Nadia A. , Junaid Thamradeen A. , Mathew T. Chacko , Raghupathy Raj , Albert M. John
Published: January 2008

Campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of diarrhoea in humans. However, the pathogenesis of C. jejuni diarrhoea is poorly understood due to the lack of a good animal model of infection. Many animals have been tried with limited success, but a mouse lung model of infection has been found to be satisfactory previously; however, the lung pathology of this model has not been studied. For the purpose of characterizing the histopathological and ultrastructural lesions in the lung of the mouse pulmonary model of C. jejuni infection, C. jejuni strain 81-176 or sterile PBS was intranasally inoculated into BALB/c mice. The infection resulted in a mild illness only, and in an initial predominance of polymorphonuclear cells, followed by the accumulation of macrophages and later the prominence of epithelioid cells. Focal peribronchial pneumonia appeared on day 3, granuloma-like reaction on day 4 and bronchopneumonia on day 5 post-infection. These features developed until day 5 post-infection, but were less consistent afterwards when histopathology was monitored up to 9 days post-infection. Intracellular structures resembling bacteria were observed on days 3 and 5 post-infection, but not on day 7 post-infection. On days 3 and 5 post-infection, degenerative changes were also observed by transmission electron microscopy. The histological changes were not associated with acid-fast bacteria or any fungal elements. The infection was systemic as C. jejuni was isolated from blood and all organ homogenates (lung, spleen, liver, and small and large intestines) at 24 h post-infection. Thereafter, the organism was recovered from the intestine only, thus indicating its predilection for this location. This characterization of pathology should contribute to a better understanding of the animal model and pathogenesis of C. jejuni infection.
No effect of recombination on the efficacy of natural selection in primates
Authors: Bullaughey Kevin , Przeworski Molly , Coop Graham
Published: January 2008

Population genetic theory suggests that natural selection should be less effective in regions of low recombination, potentially leading to differences in rates of adaptation among recombination environments. To date, this prediction has mainly been tested in Drosophila, with somewhat conflicting results. We investigated the association between human recombination rates and adaptation in primates, by considering rates of protein evolution (measured by dN/dS) between human, chimpanzee, and rhesus macaque. We found no correlation between either broad- or fine-scale rates of recombination and rates of protein evolution, once GC content is taken into account. Moreover, genes in regions of very low recombination, which are expected to show the most pronounced reduction in the efficacy of selection, do not evolve at a different rate than other genes. Thus, there is no evidence for differences in the efficacy of selection across recombinational environments. An interesting implication is that indirect selection for recombination modifiers has probably been a weak force in primate evolution.
Pressure-induced high-density amorphous ice in protein crystals
Authors: Kim Chae Un , Chen Yi-Fan , Tate Mark W. , Gruner Sol M.
Published: January 2008

Crystal cryocooling has been used in X-ray protein crystallography to mitigate radiation damage during diffraction data collection. However, cryocooling typically increases crystal mosaicity and often requires a time-consuming search for cryoprotectants. A recently developed high-pressure cryocooling method reduces crystal damage relative to traditional cryocooling procedures and eases or eliminates the need to screen for cryoprotectants. It has been proposed that the formation of high-density amorphous (HDA) ice within the protein crystal is responsible for the excellent diffraction quality of the high-pressure cryocooled crystals. This paper reports X-ray data that confirm the presence of HDA ice in the high-pressure cryocooled protein crystallization solution and protein crystals analyzed at ambient pressure. Diffuse scattering with a spacing characteristic of HDA ice is seen at low temperatures. This scattering then becomes characteristic successively to low-density amorphous, cubic and hexagonal ice phases as the temperature is gradually raised from 80 to 230 K, and seems to be highly correlated with the diffraction quality of crystals.
Using the general equation of a conic for the calculation of the instrument function of a Bragg–Brentano diffractometer
Authors: Zuev A. D.
Published: January 2008

The general equation of the conic representing the intersection of the receiving-slit plane with the diffraction cone as well as with the reflection cone of a plane crystal monochromator are given for a diffractometer in Bragg–Brentano geometry. Apart from the fact that this equation can be easily used to calculate the total instrument function as well as specific instrument functions for diffractometers in Bragg–Brentano geometry, it also provides tools for elucidating different aberrations of the diffractometer in Bragg–Brentano geometry.
Phase perturbation as a means of electron density map quality evaluation
Authors: Kirillova Olga
Published: January 2008

This paper describes a new means for evaluating the quality of crystallographic electron density maps. It has been found that a better data set possesses greater robustness against perturbations applied to the phases. Thus it allows recognition of a more precise phase set and provides a way to select the best or reject the worst from several noisy data sets derived from the same crystal structure. The results indicate that calculation of the correlations by the procedure described here can be useful in ranking electron density maps in this aspect of quality. The method suggested has potential use for selecting a better molecular replacement solution, as well as for evaluating trial phase sets inab initiophasing procedures.
Gasketing optimized for large sample volume in the diamond anvil cell: first application to MgGeO3and implications for structural systematics of the perovskite to post-perovskite transition
Authors: Martin C. David , Meng Yue , Prakapenka Vitali , Parise John B.
Published: January 2008

Structure models of MgGeO3post-perovskite (Cmcm) are presented, along with a structure survey, demonstrating that all perovskite, post-perovskite and CaIrO3-type structures (ABX3) have specific ranges of the volume ratio between cation-centered polyhedra (VA:VB). The quality of the reported diffraction data and MgGeO3structure models is enhancedviaimplementation of a new graphite gasket for the diamond anvil cell, which stabilizes a larger sample volume, improving powder statistics during X-ray diffraction, andviathe thermal insulation required to achieve ultra-high temperatures while laser-heating samples at pressures near 100 GPa. The structure survey supports the theory that the pressure–temperature conditions under which the perovskite/post-perovskite phase transition occurs can be estimated by extrapolating the change inVA:VBto a value of 4, which corresponds to a maximum tilt ofBX6octahedra in the perovskite structure (Pbnm) where inter-octahedral anion–anion distances match the average intra-octahedral anion–anion distance. Once these short inter-octahedral distances between anions are reached in the perovskite structure, further tilting of octahedra and decrease of theVA:VBratio does not occur, driving the transition to post-perovskite structure as pressure is increased.
mtz2scaandmtz2hkl: facilitated transition fromCCP4to theSHELXprogram suite
Authors: Grune Tim
Published: January 2008

In macromolecular crystallography several programs are available to fulfil the steps from data integrationviaphasing to model refinement. The pathway is not fixed and it is often useful to combine several similar programs. There is no common data format used by all programs and conversions are required between the different packages. Two utility programs are presented that facilitate the transition from mtz format to formats that are suitable forSHELXDorSHELXH/SHELXL. The programs are statically linked and do not require the installation of libraries or other additional software.
Unified description for the geometry of X-ray stress analysis: proposal for a consistent approach
Authors: François Manuel
Published: January 2008

Many X-ray stress acquisition strategies are proposed in the literature. They have appeared because of the variety of rotation controls that are allowed on modern goniometers and the development of two-dimensional detectors. In the present paper, a consistent set of axes, rotations and angles is proposed to describe all possible geometries. It is based on the splitting of the useful angles into three groups: the sampling angles, the goniometric angles and the diffractometric angles. The first two groups are used to orientate the goniometer and the specimen relative to one another, while the third describes the diffraction for a zero-, one- or two-dimensional detector. The mathematical relations between these angles are given, along with the expression of the penetration depth. Various acquisition strategies are described in the proposed scheme and conveniently represented on stereographic projections.
RPMS: Ramachandran plot for multiple structures
Authors: Gopalakrishnan K. , Saravanan S. , Sarani R. , Sekar K.
Published: January 2008

An interactive internet computing server,RPMS(Ramachandran plot for multiple structures) has been developed to visualize the Ramachandran angles of several highly homologous protein structures in a single plot. Options are provided for users to locate the amino acid residues in various regions of the plot. To perform the above, users need to enter the Protein Data Bank (PDB) identification codes. In addition, users can upload the atomic coordinates from the local machine. A Java graphics interface has been deployed and the server has been interfaced with a locally maintained PDB anonymous FTP server, which is updated weekly. The serverRPMScan be accessed through the Bioinformatics web server at http://cluster.physics.iisc.ernet.in/rpms/.
Direct methods and simulated annealing: a hybrid approach for powder diffraction data
Authors: Altomare Angela , Caliandro Rocco , Cuocci Corrado , Giacovazzo Carmelo , Moliterni Anna Grazia Giuseppina , Rizzi Rosanna , Platteau Cyril
Published: January 2008

The solution of crystal structures from powder data using direct methods can be very difficult if the quality of the diffraction pattern is low and if no heavy atoms are present in the molecule. On the contrary, the use of direct-space methods does not require good quality diffraction data, but if a molecular model is available, the structure solution is limited principally by the number of degrees of freedom used to describe the model. The combination of the information contained in the electron density map (direct methods) with the Monte Carlo method, which uses simulated annealing as a global minimization algorithm (direct-space techniques), can be a useful tool for crystal structure solution, especially for organic structures. A modified and improved version of this approach [Altomareet al.(2003),J. Appl. Cryst.36, 230–238] has been implemented in theEXPO2004program and is described here.
Theoretical investigation of (MgCl2)xpolynuclear species formed during preparation of MgCl2-supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts from solid solvates
Authors: Auriemma Finizia , De Rosa Claudio
Published: January 2008

A novel approach for the study of the nature of the active species in Ziegler–Natta catalysis is described. This approach is based on the study of reliable structural models for disordered (MgCl2)xpolynuclear species which develop during the preparation of MgCl2-supported catalysts starting from MgCl2–Lewis-base adducts, and the calculation of X-ray diffraction patterns of these models. A method for the calculation of the X-ray powder diffraction patterns of the model structures is devised. This diffraction modelling method may be useful for the correct interpretation of the nature of some diffraction features in the X-ray diffraction patterns recorded during the structural evolution of MgCl2–Lewis-base adducts, which occurs in the preparation of the catalyst systems used for Ziegler–Natta polymerization of olefins.
Application of the X-ray tracing method to powder diffraction line profiles
Authors: Lambert Sébastien , Guillet François
Published: January 2008

An X-ray tracing program was developed to simulate the instrument function of a high-resolution X-ray powder diffractometer. The optics of this laboratory instrument consist of a conventional X-ray tube, a single flat Ge monochromator, slits, the powder sample and finally a curved position-sensitive detector. Such a setup provides an interesting case study in order to assess X-ray tracing, which has seldom been used in the case of laboratory equipment. The simulation reported in this paper covers different aspects of optics simulation, ranging from straightforward kinematic diffraction to dynamic diffraction by single crystals or learned detector response function. The comparison between the simulation and the profiles measured using the NIST line profile standard SRM 660a LaB6shows a good agreement. This result provides the basis for discussing the opportunity of using X-ray tracing in diagram-refinement software.
MULCh: modules for the analysis of small-angle neutron contrast variation data from biomolecular assemblies
Authors: Whitten Andrew E. , Cai Shuzhi , Trewhella Jill
Published: January 2008

Small-angle neutron scattering with contrast variation can fill important gaps in our understanding of biomolecular assemblies, providing constraints that can aid in the construction of molecular models and in subsequent model refinements. This paper describes the implementation of simple tools for analysing neutron contrast variation data, accessibleviaa user-friendly web-based interface (http://www.mmb.usyd.edu.au/NCVWeb/). There are three modules accessible from the website to analyse neutron contrast variation data from bimolecular complexes. The first module,Contrast, computes neutron contrasts of each component of the complex required by the other two modules; the second module,Rg, analyses the contrast dependence of the radii of gyration to yield information relating to the size and disposition of each component in the complex; and the third,Compost, decomposes the contrast variation series into composite scattering functions, which contain information regarding the shape of each component of the complex, and their orientation with respect to each other.
Imposed stress and variant selection: the role of symmetry and initial texture
Authors: Bate P. S. , Hutchinson W. B.
Published: January 2008

The paper discusses the role of stress on displacive phase transformations where plasticity is associated with variant selection, together with its implications for the resulting texture. In cases where the parent phase has a texture, the presence of stress generally leads to modification and strengthening of the texture in the product phase. However, if no preferred orientation is present initially, it is shown that the resulting product will be essentially free from texture irrespective of the applied stress. By analysis of the energy product of transformations under stress where the shape-change strain transforms as a second-order tensor, crystallographically indistinguishable orientations can give different energy products, while very different orientations can give the same energy product.
Determination of site occupancies by the intermeasurement minimization method. I. Anomalous scattering usage for noncentrosymmetric crystals
Authors: Dudka Alexander
Published: January 2008

New methods for the determination of site occupancy factors are described. The methods are based on the analysis of differences between intensities of Friedel reflections in noncentrosymmetric crystals. In the first method (Anomalous-Expert) the site occupancy factor is determined by the condition that it is identical for two data sets: (1) initial data without averaging of Friedel intensities and (2) data that are averaged on Friedel pairs after the reduction of the anomalous scattering contribution. In the second method (anomalous anisotropic intermeasurement minimization method, Anomalous-AniMMM) the site occupancy factor is refined to satisfy the condition that the differences between the intensities of Friedel reflections that are reduced on the anomalous scattering contribution must be minimal. The methods were checked for three samples of RbTi1−xZrxOPO4crystals (A,BandC) with KTiOPO4structure, at 295 and 105 K (five experimental data sets). Microprobe measurements yield compositionsxA,B= 0.034 (5) andxC= 0.022 (4). The corresponding site occupancy factors areQA,B= 0.932 (10) andQC= 0.956 (8). Using Anomalous-AniMMM and three independent refinements for the first and second samples, the initial occupancy factor ofQA,B= 0.963 (15) was improved toQA,B= 0.938 (7). Of the three room-temperature data sets, one was improved toQA,B= 0.934 (2). For the third sample and one data set, the initial occupancy factor ofQC= 1.000 was improved toQC= 0.956 (1). The methods improve the Hirshfeld rigid-bond test. It is discussed how the description of chemical bonding influences the site occupancy factor.
Toward a new lower limit for the minimum scattering vector on the very small angle neutron scattering spectrometer at Laboratoire Léon Brillouin
Authors: Brûlet Annie , Thévenot Vincent , Lairez Didier , Lecommandoux Sébastien , Agut Willy , Armes Steven P. , Du Jianzong , Désert Sylvain
Published: January 2008

The main characteristics of the very small angle neutron scattering spectrometer (VSANS) under construction at the Laboratoire Léon Brillouin are a multibeam pinhole collimator converging onto an image plate detector. By combining tiny collimation (diaphragms of around 1 or 2 mm in diameter) with the small pixel size of the detector (0.15 × 0.15 mm), very high resolution measurements can be achieved. The resolution function of the instrument contains a contribution from gravity, which is reduced by the intermediate masks of the collimator. Owing to the relatively short length of the VSANS instrument (around 14 m), this effect remains weak, in good agreement with the predictions. With a prototype multibeam collimator, an incident wavelength of 0.9 nm and the detector located at 6 m from the sample, it is possible to accessqvalues as low as 4 × 10−3 nm−1with very highqresolution. Promising preliminary experiments with highqresolution are reported, which open up new fields to the SANS technique.
High hydrostatic pressure small-angle X-ray scattering cell for protein solution studies featuring diamond windows and disposable sample cells
Authors: Ando Nozomi , Chenevier Pascale , Novak Martin , Tate Mark W. , Gruner Sol M.
Published: January 2008

A high-pressure cell for synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) studies of protein solutions is described. The design was optimized for use at up to 400 MPa in liquid pressure and with 8−12 keV X-rays with particular emphasis on the ease of use. The high-pressure cell was fabricated from corrosion-resistant Inconel 725 (Special Metals Corporation, Huntington, WV, USA) and featured Poulter-type windows [Poulter (1932).Phys. Rev.40, 861–871]. Flat natural diamonds, 500 µm thick, were recycled from diamond anvil cells and were shown to perform well as high-pressure SAXS windows. For a simple and effective method of sample isolation, disposable plastic sample cells with a defined path length and reproducible parasitic scattering were designed. These sample cells enable efficient use of synchrotron time. The cells facilitate rapid and easy sample changes, eliminate the need to clean the cell between sample changes, and reduce the sample volume to as low as 12 µl. The disposable cells can also be used separately from the high-pressure cell for SAXS measurements at ambient pressure and temporary storage of samples. The performance of the apparatus is demonstrated with T4 lysozyme.
A simple and inexpensive capillary furnace for variable-temperature X-ray diffraction
Authors: Lavigueur Christine , Foster E. Johan , Williams Vance E.
Published: January 2008

An inexpensive capillary furnace has been developed for variable-temperature X-ray diffraction in transmission geometry of air-stable liquid crystals and other materials. It offers temperature control with fluctuations of less than ±1 K in the range of interest for these samples, from room temperature to near 573 K. Phases can be accessed through heating or cooling with no significant overshooting of the target temperature. The furnace is designed to fit on a classical goniometer, and can be controlled by any standard temperature controller. The simple design of this furnace means that it is both inexpensive to build and easy to operate.
Web-Ice: integrated data collection and analysis for macromolecular crystallography
Authors: González A. , Moorhead P. , McPhillips S. E. , Song J. , Sharp K. , Taylor J. R. , Adams P. D. , Sauter N. K. , Soltis S. M.
Published: January 2008

New software tools are introduced to facilitate diffraction experiments involving large numbers of crystals. While existing programs have long provided a framework for lattice indexing, Bragg spot integration, and symmetry determination, these initial data processing steps often require significant manual effort. This limits the timely availability of data analysis needed for high-throughput procedures, including the selection of the best crystals from a large sample pool, and the calculation of optimal data collection parameters to assure complete spot coverage with minimal radiation damage. To make these protocols more efficient, a network of software applications and application servers has been developed, collectively known asWeb-Ice. When the package is installed at a crystallography beamline, a programming interface allows the beamline control software (e.g. Blu-Ice,DCSS) to trigger data analysis automatically. Results are organized based on a list of samples that the user provides, and are examined within a Web page, accessible both locally at the beamline and remotely. Optional programming interfaces permit the user to control data acquisition through the Web browser. The system as a whole is implemented to support multiple users and multiple processors, and can be expanded to provide additional scientific functionality.Web-Icehas a distributed architecture consisting of several stand-alone software components working togetherviaa well defined interface. Other synchrotrons or institutions may integrate selected components or the whole ofWeb-Icewith their own data acquisition software. Updated information about current developments may be obtained at http://smb.slac.stanford.edu/research/developments/webice.
Determination of absolute structure using Bayesian statistics on Bijvoet differences
Authors: Hooft Rob W. W. , Straver Leo H. , Spek Anthony L.
Published: January 2008

A new probabilistic approach is introduced for the determination of the absolute structure of a compound which is known to be enantiopure based on Bijvoet-pair intensity differences. The new method provides relative probabilities for different models of the chiral composition of the structure. The outcome of this type of analysis can also be cast in the form of a new value, along with associated standard uncertainty, that resembles the value of the well known Flackxparameter. The standard uncertainty we obtain is often about half of the standard uncertainty in the value of the Flackxparameter. The proposed formalism is suited in particular to absolute configuration determination from diffraction data of biologically active (pharmaceutical) compounds where the strongest resonant scattering signal often comes from oxygen. It is shown that a reliable absolute configuration assignment in such cases can be made on the basis of CuKα data, and in some cases even with carefully measured MoKα data.
Enclosed chambers for humidity control and sample containment in fiber diffraction
Authors: McDonald Michele , Kendall Amy , Tanaka Motomasa , Weissman Jonathan S. , Stubbs Gerald
Published: January 2008

A chamber and stretch frame for making fibers for diffraction is described. The chamber is made from a simple plastic cuvette with silicon nitride windows. It is suitable for maintaining constant humidity during fiber drying and data collection, and allows stretching of the fiber and exposure to magnetic fields during sample preparation. If necessary, it provides primary containment for toxic and infectious biological materials. The chamber has been used in fiber diffraction experiments with filamentous plant viruses and a yeast prion protein, and is shown to produce excellent orientation and to maintain hydration and order at the molecular level.
Flat-plate single-crystal silicon sample holders for neutron powder diffraction studies of highly absorbing gadolinium compounds
Authors: Ryan D. H. , Cranswick L. M. D.
Published: January 2008

The extreme absorption cross section of natural gadolinium has so far precluded routine neutron diffraction work on its alloys and compounds. However, it is shown here that an easily constructed flat-plate sample holder with silicon single-crystal windows can be used to place a thin layer of material in a neutron beam and obtain Rietveld refinement quality diffraction data in a modest time. The flat-plate geometry uses a large area to compensate for the necessarily thin sample. Demonstration data are presented on two intermetallic compounds, Sm3Ag4Sn4and Gd3Ag4Sn4, and it is shown that both structural and magnetic information can be derived from the diffraction patterns. By working at a wavelength of 2.37 Å, it is possible to observe the low-Qdiffraction peaks associated with magnetic ordering. This simple methodology should now enable routine measurements on even the most highly absorbing materials.
ASPECTS OF STUDENT COUNSELLING
Authors: TAYLOR A. J. W.
Published: January 2008

Summary

I have set out in this paper some of the problems which face a student counsellor. Relationships need to be established with professional colleagues in the clinical and academic world before information is made available to potential patients. Thereafter, the relationships between the student counsellor and his patients will depend upon the type of clinical service that he is offering for their particular needs. There can be no master plan for a counselling service, but the most satisfactory scheme will use the skills of all available personnel to meet the unique problems that each university community presents. The function of a university is to educate, and the word ‘education’ derives from the Latin ‘educare’–to nourish. The aim of student counselling is to facilitate the process of education, in the original meaning of the word, by providing a range of services for helping students to deal with the complex problems of life.
Behavioural adjustment in the open classroom1
Authors: SPIVACK GEORGE , SWIFT MARSHALL
Published: January 2008

The purpose of this investigation was to discover whether 47 discreet, overt classroom behaviours shown to relate to academic achievement in regular and psychoeducational classrooms would (a) be organized into behavioural factors or dimensions in a similar fashion, and (b) relate to academic achievement, in a typical, open classroom in England.

The results indicate there are five behavioural dimensions of significance crossculturally and in all classroom settings studied. It would seem universally true that a child learns better die more he exhibits independence of mind (i.e., lack of reliance upon externals for direction in learning), the more he shows personal involvement (i.e., a bringing together of experience from outside and inside the classroom), and the less he exhibits impulsive irrelevance (i.e., inability to co‐ordinate his own drive and interest with the demands and limits of the task), inattentiveness, and excessive anxiety about achievement.

In contrast to the regular and psychoeducational classroom settings studied earlier, the open classroom provides an environment which demands that the child be able to work independendy and participates actively in the learning process. This demand may be too much for certain children to handle, causing excessive anxiety in those who are reliant upon others or the educational setting for direction. The results also indicate that obstreperous and physically intrusive behaviours, and behaviours reflecting a child's negative feelings about learning do not interfere with the learning process in the open classroom as they do in regular psychoeducational classrooms.
Identification of children at risk for adult schizophrenia: a longitudinal study
Authors: Schwartzman Alex E. , Ledingham Jane E. , Serbin Lisa A.
Published: January 2008

The results of our longitudinal, prospective research programme to date suggest that, as a first step, peer‐rated aggression and withdrawal constitute a useful broad‐based behavioural index of early problems related to psychopathology. The findings at this point also support our expectation that this index may serve as a fruitful criterion of vulnerability to schizophrenia in adulthood. Finally, as a screening procedure, the assessment method generated by this approach appears to be an effective means by which children in need of treatment or preventive intervention programmes may be identified.
Multidimensional locus of control and Machiavellianism in Italian and West German students: similarities and differences
Authors: Galli Ida , Nigro Giovanna , Krampen Güinter
Published: January 2008

In recent decades, the relationship between Machiavellianism and locus of control has received increasing attention in psychological literature. Presented below are the results of various studies conducted to determine correlations between these variables, complete with statistical information concerning gender‐specific differences.
Payment by Results Systems: A Review of Research 1945–1985
Authors: Thierry Henk
Published: January 2008

Le taux d'utilisation des systemés de “Payment by results” (PBR) varie considerablement selon les pays, aussi bien en Europe de l'ouest que de Test. Les donnees disponibles laissent entendre que les pays de Test appliquent le PBR a la plupart de leurs travailleurs. Parmi les pays de l'ouest, l'lrlande et le Royaume Uni se placent a un niveau eleve, tandis que les Pays‐Bas sont en queue de liste. II est surprenant que des bilans des recherches sur l'efficacite comparee du PBR et des systemés de salaire fixe ne soient pas disponibles. Dans notre travail, les donnees sont dans la mesure du possible presentees par systemés distincts a partir desquels on discute les recherches portant sur l'efficacite relative du PBR. Le “merit rating” est decevant. Le “Scanlon Plan” donne des résultats encourageants. Toutefois, la plupart des donnees interdis‐ent d'inferer avec certitude sur les relations causales. On insiste sur quelques‐uns des domaines que la recherche se doit d'explorer et sur les conditions favorisant I'elaboration et le choix de strategies pertinentes de remuneration.
The Development of an Automated Testing System for Pilot Selection: The MICROPAT Project1
Authors: Bartram D.
Published: January 2008

The paper describes the development and validation of a fully automated selection testing system: MICROPAT (MICROcomputerised Personnel Aptitude Tester). The system administers a battery of tests specifically designed to assess aptitude for pilot training. General field testing has proved both the software and hardware to be sufficiently rugged to stand up to repeated use by a broad range of men from the Services, and provided a means of developing and refining early versions of the test software. The initial validation trial, using a sample of U.K. Army Air Corps pilot trainees, has shown a substantial improvement in the prediction of success in training (R = 0.57) over the level obtained using the current selection procedure. A further validation study is now being carried out on Royal Navy pilot and observer cadets. The present paper outlines the ongoing series of studies which is being carried out to examine various aspects of the construct validity of the new MICROPAT tests and discusses a procedure for defining measures of performance on complex dynamic tasks through the statistical modelling of expert judgements.

Cet article décrit le développement et la validation ďun système de sélection par tests entierement automatisé: MICROPAT (MICROcomputerised Personnel Aptitude Tester). II s'agit ďune batterie de tests spécialement choisis pour mesurer les aptitudes des pilotes àľentraînement. La pratique du test a prouvéà la fois que software et hardware pouvaient résister àľutilisation répétée par un grand nombre de sujets et permettaient ľextension et le perfectionnement de versions antérieures de tests informatisés. ľessai de validation initiate, sur un échantillon de pilotes de ľArmée de ľAir du Royaume Uni, a montré la nette supériorité de ce test de prédiction de ľentraînement (R=0.57) sur la procédure courante. Une étude de validation va également être entreprise auprès de pilotes et ďobservateurs‐cadets de la Royal Navy. Le présent article annonce aussi une série ďétudes entreprises afin ďexaminer les différents aspects de la validité des nouveaux tests MICROPAT et argumente sur les moyens de définir une mesure de la performance des tâches dynamiques et complexes, par le biais de modèles statistiques.
Sex Segregation and Women at Work: A Selective Review
Authors: Gutek Barbara A.
Published: January 2008

Le théme des femmes et du travail est apparu récemment pour attirer l'attention sur la part importante de la main‐d'oeuvre que constituent les femmes et pour explorer leurs expériences et leurs problèmes. Un bilan D.C. la littérature montre que l'étude des femmes au travail diffère de façon significative de l'étude générate du comportement (masculin) au travail. Ce bilan recouvre quatre thèmes: les changements démographiques des statuts des femmes au travail, leur place dans l'organisation, leurs problèmes professionnels et les rapports du travail et de la famille. La première de ces questions, les changements démographiques des statuts des femmes au travail, englobe quelques recherches en provenance de l'Europe de l'Ouest et de l'U.R.S.S., tandis que les trois autres ne font guère appel qu'à des travaux réalisés aux U.S.A. La différenciation du travail selon le sexe est une donnée commune à ces quatre thèmes. La ségrégation sexuelle est une notion théorique riche qui se retrouve dans tous les domaines de recherche concernant les femmes au travail.

The topic of women and work has emerged in recent years to call attention to the large portion of the labour force made up of women and their experiences and problems. A review of the literature shows that the study of women at work differs from the general study of (male) work behaviour in significant ways. The present review covers four topics: demographic changes in the status of women at work, placement in the workplace, work and family interdependence, and problems in the workplace. The first topic, demographic changes in the status of women at work, includes some findings from Western Europe and the Soviet Union whereas the other three areas rely almost exclusively on research done in the U.S.A. A common theme that permeates all four topics is the sex‐segregated nature of work. A theoretically powerful concept, sex segregation has implications for all areas of research on women at work.