bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A prospective, randomized, comparative clinical study to compare the safety and efficacy of different hydrophobic aspheric monofocal intraocular lenses
Authors: Brar Sheetal , Vanga Hemanth Reddy , Shah Mamta Lakhana , Ganesh Sri
Published: March 2023

Purpose:

To report the 1-year clinical outcomes related to safety, efficacy, predictability, contrast sensitivity, patient satisfaction, complications, and overall results with Optiflex Genesis and Eyecryl Plus (ASHFY 600) monofocal aspheric intraocular lenses (IOLs) and compare the same with Tecnis-1 monofocal IOL.

Methods:

This prospective, single-center, single-surgeon, randomized, three-arm study included 159 eyes of 140 eligible patients who underwent cataract extraction with IOL implantation with any of the three study lenses. Clinical outcomes related to safety, efficacy, predictability, contrast sensitivity, patient satisfaction, complications, and overall results were compared at a mean follow-up of 1 year (12 ± 1.20 months).

Results:

Preoperatively, age and baseline ocular parameters of all the three groups were matched. At 12 months post-op, no significant differences were noted among the groups in terms of mean postoperative uncorrected and corrected distance visual acuity (UDVA and CDVA, respectively) sphere, cylinder, and spherical equivalent (SE; P > 0.05 for all parameters). Eighty-nine percent eyes in the Optiflex Genesis group as against 96% eyes in the Tecnis-1 and Eyecryl Plus (ASHFY 600) groups were within ± 0.5 D, and 100% of eyes in all the three groups were within ± 1.00 D of SE accuracy. Postoperative internal higher-order aberrations (HOAs) and coma, and mesopic contrast sensitivity at all spatial frequencies were comparable across all the three groups. Two eyes in the Tecnis-1 group, two eyes in the Optiflex group, and one eye in the Eyecryl Plus (ASHFY 600) group underwent YAG capsulotomy at the last follow-up. No eye in any of the groups showed glistenings or required IOL exchange due to any reason.

Conclusion:

At 1-year post-op, all the three aspheric lenses showed comparable results in visual and refractive parameters, post-op aberrations, contrast sensitivity, and posterior capsule opacification (PCO) behavior. Further follow-up is needed to evaluate the long-term behavior for refractive stability and PCO rates of these lenses.

Trial registry:

CTRI/2019/08/020754 (www.ctri.nic.in).
They see, they learn: Pre-COVID-19 prevalence of refractive errors in school children in suburban areas of North India
Authors: Sethi Aditya , Sethi Arun , Sethi Reena , Sethi Sahebaan , Sethi Vaibhav , Lokwani Parul , Chilwade Manisha
Published: March 2023

Purpose:

India has the largest population of youth in the world, thereby making them important contributors to the “India of Tomorrow”. Over 80% of knowledge gained is by the visual sense, thereby making school screening programs a necessity in our country. Data from the pre-COVID era, that is, 2017–18 was collected from close to 19,000 children in Gurugram, Haryana, a tier two city in National Capital Region, India. A similar prospective observational study is planned post COVID-19 (2022–23) for further analysis to depict the impact of COVID-19 in these areas.

Methods:

The program They See, They Learn was set at government schools in the area of operations (district of Gurgaon, Haryana), where the children and their families were unable to afford eye care services. All children who were screened underwent a comprehensive eye examination at the school premises itself.

Results:

A total of 18,939 students were screened over a period of 18 months, covering a total of 39 schools in the Gurugram belt, in the first phase of the program. Eleven point eight percent (n = 2254) of all school students had some form of refractive error. Girl students were found to have a higher refractive error rate (13.3%) compared to boy students (10.1%) across the schools screened. Myopia was the most common type of refractive error.

Conclusion:

School students require perfect vision or else they can be discouraged and may become a major burden to the economy of any developing nation. A school screening program aiming at populations that cannot afford such basic needs like spectacles is a must in all zones of the country.
A study on childhood microbial keratitis in South India
Authors: Chandratreya Madhura P , Mudduluru Deepthi , Venugopal Anitha , Varghese Anitt K , Ghorpade Aditya S
Published: March 2023

Purpose:

The aim of this study was to determine the predisposing risk factors, clinical characteristics, microbiological profile, and visual and functional treatment outcome of microbial keratitis including viral keratitis in children.

Methods:

A prospective study was carried out in a tertiary care institute over a period of 18 months on 73 pediatric patients. Data collected was analyzed for demographics of the patient population, causative organisms, and management outcome in terms of visual and functional outcome.

Results:

Patients in the age group from 1 month to 16 years were included, with a mean age of 10.81 years. Trauma was the commonest risk factor (40.9%), with unidentified foreign body fall being the most common (32.3%). No predisposing factors were identified in 50% of cases. Also, 36.8% of eyes were culture positive, with bacterial isolates in 17.9% and fungus in 82.1%. Moreover, 7.1% eyes were culture positive for Streptococcus pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa each. Fusarium species (67.8%) was the commonest fungal pathogen, followed by Aspergillus species (10.7%). Also, 11.8% were clinically diagnosed as viral keratitis. No growth was found in 63.2% of patients. Treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics/antifungals was administered in all cases. At the final follow-up, 87.8% achieved a best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 6/12 or better. Therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty (TPK) was required by 2.6% of eyes.

Conclusion:

Trauma was the major cause for pediatric keratitis. Majority of the eyes responded well to medical treatment, with only two eyes needing TPK. Early diagnosis and prompt management helped majority of the eyes to achieve a good visual acuity after the resolution of keratitis.
Study to evaluate the relation between weight gain in infants and occurrence of retinopathy of prematurity
Authors: Sethi Neha K , Jain Barkha , Gupta Natha Ram , Singh Surinder Pal , Sethi Gurmeet , Chadha Charu
Published: March 2023

Purpose:

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a leading cause of childhood blindness. Capturing serial daily postnatal weight gain can act as an innovative, low-cost method of risk stratification. We aim to study the relation between weight gain in infants and occurrence of ROP.

Methods:

The prospective, observational study was conducted on 62 infants. ROP screening was done based on the Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram (RBSK) criteria. Infants were classified into no ROP (n = 28), mild ROP (n = 8), and treatable ROP (n = 26) groups. Average daily postnatal weight gain was measured and its relation to development of ROP was studied. All statistical calculations were done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 21 version (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) statistical program for Microsoft Windows.

Results:

Mean rate of weight gain in no ROP group, mild ROP group, and treatable ROP group was 33.12, 27.19, and 15.31 g/day, respectively (P = 0.001). Mean gestational age and birth weight in treatable group (n = 26) were 31.38 weeks and 1572.31 g, respectively. Receiver operating curve analysis revealed a cutoff of 29.33 g/day for ROP and 21.91 g/day for severe ROP.

Conclusion:

We concluded that, babies with poor weight gain of below 29.33 g/day are at high risk for ROP and babies with wight gain of 21.91 g/day are at high risk for severe ROP. These babies should be followed meticulously. So, the rate of weight gain of a preterm can help us to prioritize babies.
Estimation of surgically induced astigmatism after small-incision cataract surgery done by junior residents
Authors: Thakre Uttkarsha D , Nikose Archana S , Momin Aseera
Published: March 2023

Purpose:

To estimate the postoperative astigmatism after small-incision cataract surgery (SICS) done by junior residents at the end of 1 and 3 months.

Methods:

This observational longitudinal study was conducted at the Department of Ophthalmology of a tertiary eye care hospital and research center. 50 patients enrolled in the study underwent manual small incision cataract surgery by junior residents. Preoperative detailed ocular examination was done, which included keratometric estimation using autokeratometer (GR-3300K). Incision length, distance of incision from the limbus, and type of suturing technique were noted. Postoperatively, keratometric readings were noted at 1 and 3 months. Astigmatism (surgically induced astigmatism [SIA]) was estimated using Hill’s SIA calculator version 2.0. All the analyses were performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) ver. 26.0 (IBM Corp., USA) software, and the statistical significance was tested at a 5% level.

Results:

Out of 50 patients, 54% had SIA between 1.5 and 2.5 D and 32% had SIA of more than 2.5 D. Only 14% had SIA less than 1.5 D at the end of 1 month. While 52% had SIA between 1.5 and 2.5 D, 22% had SIA between 1.5 and 2.5 D and 26% had SIA less than 1.5 D at the end of 3 months.

Conclusion:

The SIA in most of the SICS done by junior residents was above 1.5 D. It depended mainly on the incision length, its distance from the limbus, and the suturing technique.
Comparative study to evaluate retinal changes using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography in diabetics without diabetic retinopathy
Authors: Harwal Niveditha , Shashidhar S , Hithashree H R , Bypareddy Ravi , Vishwanath B N
Published: March 2023

Purpose:

To elucidate changes in the neuro-sensory retina at the macula, using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in type 2 diabetics without clinical signs of diabetic retinopathy, and compare with healthy subjects.

Methods:

This was a cross-sectional observational study, conducted at a tertiary eye institute from November 2018 to March 2020. Type 2 diabetics visiting the outpatient department with normal fundus (without any clinical signs of diabetic retinopathy) were taken as Group 1, and healthy subjects as Group 2. Both underwent recording of visual acuity, intraocular pressure (non-contact tonometry), slit-lamp anterior segment examination, fundus examination using an indirect ophthalmoscope, and macular SD-OCT. SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 20 [IBM SPSS statistics (IBM corp. Armonk, NY, USA released 2011)] was used to perform the statistical analysis of the data entered in the excel sheet.

Results:

Our study included 440 eyes of 220 subjects, divided equally into two groups. The mean age of patients with diabetes was 58.09 ± 9.42 years, and of controls 57.25 ± 8.91 years. The mean BCVA in group 1 and group 2 was 0.36 ± 0.37 and 0.21 ± 0.24 logMAR, respectively. SD-OCT showed thinning in all areas in group 1 compared to group 2, but statistically significant thinning was seen only in the central subfield (P = 0.0001), temporal parafoveal (P = 0.0001), temporal perifoveal (P = 0.0005), and nasal perifoveal areas (P = 0.023) in group 1. There was a significant inter-eye difference noted between the right and left eyes in nasal and inferior parafovea only in group 1 (P = 0.03). No significant difference was noted between males and females.

Conclusion:

There was significant macular thinning in diabetics compared with controls, which denotes the occurrence of neuronal damage in these eyes before clinical evidence of diabetic retinopathy.
Cataract versus combined surgery in pseudoexfoliation glaucoma
Authors: Rao Aparna , Cruz Rakhi D
Published: March 2023

Purpose:

Pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (XFG) is often associated with a higher rate of intraoperative complications and failure. This study aims to compare the long-term clinical and surgical outcomes of cataract surgery alone versus combined surgery in XFG. This was a retrospective comparative case series.

Methods:

All patients with XFG who underwent either cataract surgery alone [group 1: either phacoemulsification, PHACO/small-incision cataract surgery (SICS), n = 35] or combined surgery (group 2: phacotrabeculectomy, PHACOT or SICS + trabeculectomy, n = 46) from 2013 to 2018 by a single trained surgeon were screened and recalled for a detailed clinical examination, including Humphrey visual field analysis at 3-monthly intervals for a minimum of 3 years. Surgical success (intraocular pressure, IOP, <21 mm Hg and >6 mm Hg with (qualified success) or without medicines, complete success, survival rates, visual field changes, and need for additional procedures/medicines for IOP control were compared between groups.

Results:

A total of 81 eyes of 68 patients with XFG were included in this study (groups 1–35 eyes and groups 2–46 eyes each). Both groups achieved 27–40% IOP reduction from preoperative IOP levels, P < 0.001. Surgical success rates were similar in both groups (complete success 66% vs 55%, P = 0.4), qualified success 17% vs 24%, P = 0.8, in groups 1 and 2). Kaplan–Meier analysis showed a marginally better survival rate for group 1, 75% (55–87%), than group 2, 66% (50–78%), at 3 and 5 years which was not significantly different. The number of eyes that progressed at 5 years after surgery (5–6%) was similar in both groups.

Conclusion:

Cataract surgery can be as effective as combined surgery in XFG eyes with regards to final visual acuity, long-term IOP profile, and visual field progression, and complications/survival rates are comparable between the two procedures.
Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) aquarium: Diving in to learn DMEK surgical concepts
Authors: Narang Purvasha , Mittal Vikas , Bansal Manish , Sehdev Nancy , Yadav Vibha
Published: March 2023

A novel simulation model (without using human corneas) has been described for understanding the surgical concepts and developing tactile reflexes of Descemet membrane (DM) endothelium scroll manipulation and orientation in the anterior chamber, which are necessary for performing Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK). Termed the “DMEK aquarium,” this model helps facilitate the understanding of different maneuvers of the DM graft needed inside the fluid-filled anterior chamber, like unrolling or unfolding, flipping or inversion, and checking orientation and centration in the host cornea. A stepwise plan for surgeons starting to learn DMEK utilizing various available resources is also suggested.
Adoption, implementation, definitions, and future of blockchain technology in ophthalmology
Authors: Gurnani Bharat , Kaur Kirandeep , Morya Arvind Kumar
Published: March 2023

In this era of cutting-edge research and digitalization, artificial intelligence (AI) has rapidly penetrated all subspecialties, including ophthalmology. Managing AI data and analytics is cumbersome, and implementing blockchain technology has made this task less challenging. Blockchain technology is an advanced mechanism with a robust database that allows the unambiguous sharing of widespread information within a business model or network. The data is stored in blocks that are linked together in chains. Since its inception in 2008, blockchain technology has grown over the years, and its novel use in ophthalmology has been less well documented. This section on current ophthalmology discusses the novel use and future of blockchain technology for intraocular lens power calculation and refractive surgery workup, ophthalmic genetics, payment methods, international data documentation, retinal images, global myopia pandemic, virtual pharmacy, and drug compliance and treatment. The authors have also provided valuable insights into various terminologies and definitions used in blockchain technology.
The complication rate following Neodymium-doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet laser posterior capsulotomy for posterior capsular opacification in patients with and without comorbidities
Authors: Joshi Rajesh S , Doble Pallavi
Published: March 2023

Purpose:

To study the complication rate following Nd: YAG posterior capsulotomy posterior capsular opacification (PCO) in patients with and without comorbid conditions.

Methods:

This was a prospective, interventional, comparative, and observational study. A total of 80 eyes, consisting of 40 eyes without ocular comorbidities (group A) and 40 eyes with ocular comorbidities (group B) that were being treated with Nd: YAG capsulotomy for PCO, were included. Visual outcome and complications of Nd: YAG capsulotomy were studied.

Results:

The mean age of group A patients was 61.65 ± 8.85 years and that of group B patients was 63 ± 10.46 years. Of the total, 38 (47.5%) were men and 42 (52.5%) were women. In group B, the ocular comorbidities were moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) (n = 14 eyes; 14/40 = 35%), subluxated intraocular lens (IOL; <2 clock hours of subluxation; n = 6), age-related macular degeneration (ARMD; n = 6), post-uveitic eyes (having old signs of uveitis, no episode of uveitis since the last 1 year; n = 5), and operated cases of traumatic cataract (n = 4). The mean energy required in groups A and B was 46.95 ± 25.92 and 42.62 ± 21.85 mJ, respectively (P = 0.422). The average energy requirement in Grade 2, Grade 3, and Grade 4 PCO was 22.30, 41.62, and 79.52 mJ, respectively. An increase in intraocular pressure (IOP) of >5 mmHg from pre-YAG levels was observed in one patient in each group on day 1 postprocedure, for which medical treatment was given to both patients for 7 days. One patient in each group had IOL pitting. No patient had any other complications attributable to ND:YAG capsulotomy.

Conclusion:

Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy is a safe procedure for PCO in patients with comorbidities. Visual outcomes were excellent after Nd:YAG posterior capsulotomy. Although a transient increase in IOP was noted, the response to treatment was good and a long-term increase in IOP was not observed.
Consensual eye intra-ocular pressure rise following unilateral glaucoma surgery
Authors: Rajsrinivas Divya , Dubey Suneeta , Pegu Julie , Majumdar Atanu
Published: March 2023

Purpose:

Consensual eye intra-ocular pressure (IOP) increase has been reported following ipsilateral glaucoma surgery. The study evaluated the need for increase in anti-glaucoma medications (AGM) ± glaucoma surgery to control the IOP in consensual eye following unilateral glaucoma surgery.

Methods:

Data of 187 consecutive patients who underwent either trabeculectomy or AGV implant were collected. Index (IE) and fellow eye (FE) IOP (baseline, follow-up day 1, week 1, months 1 and 3), acetazolamide and AGM use, FE surgery, glaucoma status, and relevant ophthalmological data were collected.

Results:

A significant increase from a baseline IOP of 14.4 mmHg was noted at week 1 (15.8 mmHg, p-0.005) and month 1 (15.62 mmHg, p-0.007) in FE (n-187). Among the 61 patients (33%, n-187) who needed additional intervention to reduce FE IOP, 27 (14.4%) underwent FE trabeculectomy. In the IE trabeculectomy group (n-164), significant increase in FE IOP was noted in week 1 (15.87 mmHg, p-0.014) and month 1 (15.61 mmHg, p-0.02), and in the IE AGV group (n-23) at day 1 (15.91 mmHg, p-0.06). Pre-operative acetazolamide resulted in significant increase in FE IOP at week 1 and month 1. Maximum increase in FE IOP of nearly 3.5 mm Hg was noted when IE IOP was persistently <5 mmHg at one month following surgery. Mean FE IOP remained elevated at all visits.

Conclusion:

An increase in fellow eye IOP needing any additional intervention in a third and surgical intervention in nearly a sixth meant that FE IOP be strictly monitored and addressed following unilateral glaucoma surgery.
Anatomical and surgical considerations and outcomes in infantile Terson syndrome
Authors: Bhende Pramod , Maitra Puja
Published: March 2023

Purpose:

To study the presentation and outcomes of infantile Terson syndrome (TS).

Methods:

This was a retrospective analysis of 18 eyes of nine infants diagnosed to have TS-related intraocular hemorrhage (IOH).

Results:

Nine infants (seven males) were diagnosed to have IOH secondary to TS, of which eight infants had imaging features suggestive of intracranial bleed meeting our definite criteria. Median age at presentation was 5 months. In 11 eyes of six infants with suspected birth trauma, the median age of presentation was 4.5 months (range 1–5 months) of which one baby had a history of suction cup-aided delivery and four babies had a history of seizures. Vitreous hemorrhage (VH) was noted in 15 eyes (extensive in 11 eyes). Ten of these eyes showed membranous vitreous echoes, or triangular hyperechoic space with apex at the optic nerve head (ONH) posteriorly and base at the posterior lens capsule anteriorly, with or without dot echoes in the rest of the vitreous cavity, with a configuration of “tornado-like hemorrhage” suggestive of Cloquet’s canal hemorrhage (CCH). Eight eyes underwent lens-sparing vitrectomy (LSV) and one eye underwent lensectomy with vitrectomy (LV). On follow-up, disc pallor and retinal atrophy were noted in 11 and 10 eyes, respectively. The mean follow-up was 62 months (1.5 month–16 years). Visual acuity/behavior improved in all cases at the final follow-up. Developmental delay was noted in four children.

Conclusion:

Unexplained and altered vitreous hemorrhage with typical ultrasonography (USG) features should raise the suspicion of CCH in TS. Despite early intervention to clear visual axis, anatomical and visual behavior may remain subnormal.
A novel Y-shaper and chopper for small pupil management in cataract surgery: The initial experience
Authors: Dhami Abhinav , Dhami Nimratabajaj , Dhami Gobinder S
Published: March 2023

Small pupil is a well-known risk factor for causing cataract surgery complications such as vitreous loss, anterior capsular tear, increased inflammation, and an irregular pupil shape. Because all currently available pharmacological approaches of dilating the pupil before or during cataract surgery cannot guarantee the result, the surgeon sometimes resorts to the use of mechanical pupil-expanding devices. However, these devices can increase the overall surgical cost and operative time. Very frequently, a combination of the two is needed; thus, we present the Y-shaped chopper designed by the authors, which serves the purpose of managing the intra-operative miosis and allows simultaneous nuclear emulsification.
Clinical features of early-onset pediatric traumatic glaucoma and predictive factors for the need of early glaucoma surgery
Authors: Shah Chintan , Sen Pradhnya , Tabani Salma , Prasad Kailash , Peeush Parimal , Jain Elesh
Published: March 2023

Purpose:

To assess the clinical presentation of pediatric patients having early traumatic glaucoma and to analyze early predictors for the need of filtration surgery.

Methods:

Patients with early traumatic glaucoma after close globe injury (CGI) from January 2014 to December 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Clinical features, treatment provided (medical and surgical), and visual outcomes were documented. Patients were divided into two groups based on the management required: group A- trabeculectomy and group B- medication + minor surgery.

Results:

A total of 85 patients were studied after applying the necessary inclusion and exclusion criteria. Out of these, 46 underwent trabeculectomy for the control of intraocular pressure (IOP) and the remaining 39 were managed with antiglaucoma medications. Significant male predominance of 9.6:1 was observed. Patients presented to the hospital after a mean duration of 8.5 days posttrauma. Wooden objects were most commonly responsible for trauma. Mean best corrected visual acuity at presentation was 1.91 log of minimum angle of resolution (logMAR). Mean IOP at presentation was 40 mmHg. The common anterior segment finding were severe anterior chamber (AC) reaction (63.5%), followed by angle recession (56.4%). Severe AC reaction (P = 0.0001) and corneal microcystic edema (P = 0.04) were significant predictive factors for early need of trabeculectomy.

Conclusion:

Need of trabeculectomy was higher in patients with severe AC reaction and corneal microcystic edema. The threshold to perform trabeculectomy should be lower, as glaucoma is often relentless, severe, and may result in irreversible vision loss.
Outcomes of refractive implantable lens implantation after deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty
Authors: Reddy Jagadeesh , Dani Samruddhi , Sundaram Vandhana
Published: March 2023

Purpose:

To assess the refractive outcomes and effect on endothelial cell density of refractive implantable lens (RIL) implantation following deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK).

Methods:

A retrospective study was conducted on 10 eyes of 10 patients who had undergone DALK and subsequently underwent toric RIL implantation. The patients were followed up over a period of 1 year. The parameters compared were uncorrected and best corrected visual acuity, spherical and cylindrical acceptance, mean refractive spherical equivalent, and endothelial cell counts.

Results:

There was a significant improvement (P < 0.05) from preoperatively to 1 month postoperatively in the mean log of minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) uncorrected distance visual acuity (UCVA; 1.1 ± 0.1 to 0.3 ± 0.1), spherical refraction (5.4 ± 3.8 to 0.3 ± 0.1 D), cylindrical refraction (5.4 ± 3.2 to 0.8 ± 0.7 D), and MRSE (7.4 ± 3.5 to 0.5 ± 0.4 D). Three patients achieved spectacle independence for distance vision with a residual MRSE less than 1 D in the other cases. A stable refraction was maintained up to 1 year follow-up in all cases. There was a 2.3% mean decline in endothelial cell counts at 1 year of follow-up. No intraoperative or postoperative complications were seen in any case up to 1 year of follow-up.

Conclusion:

RIL implantation is an effective and safe procedure for the correction of high ametropia post-DALK.
Knowledge, attitude, and practice of childhood myopia among Indian optometrists: A questionnaire-based study
Authors: Chaurasiya Ritesh Kumar , Sutar Samir , Gupta Akansha , Pandey Ramji , Agarwal Pradeep
Published: March 2023

Purpose:

To investigate the knowledge of myopia and its natural history including complications and clinical approaches for management adopted by optometrists across India.

Methods:

An online survey was distributed to Indian optometrists. A pre-validated questionnaire was adopted from previous literature. Respondents provided information about their demographics (gender, age, practice location, and modality), myopia knowledge, self-reported practice behaviors relating to childhood myopia, the information and evidence base used to guide their practice, and perceived extent of adult caregiver engagement in making management decisions for myopic children.

Results:

A total of 302 responses were collected from different regions of the country. Most respondents demonstrated knowledge of the association between high myopia and retinal breaks, retinal detachment and primary open-angle glaucoma. Optometrists used a range of techniques to diagnose childhood myopia, with a preference for non-cycloplegic refractive measures. The most common approaches to management were single-vision distance despite most optometrists identifying orthokeratology and low-dose (0.01%) topical atropine as two potentially more effective therapeutic interventions for controlling childhood myopia progression. Almost 90% of respondents considered increasing the time spent outdoors to be beneficial for reducing the rate of myopia progression. The main sources of information used to guide clinical practice were continuing education conferences, seminars, research articles, and workshops.

Conclusion:

Indian optometrists appear to be aware of emerging evidence and practices, but are not routinely adopting measures. Clinical guidelines, regulatory approval, and sufficient consultation time may be of value for assisting practitioners in making clinical decisions based on the current available research evidence.
Pediatric rhegmatogenous retinal detachment: A meta-analysis of clinical features, surgical success rate, and prognostic factors
Authors: Abdi Fatemeh , Aghajani Ali , Hemmati Sara , Moosavi Delaram , Gordiz Arzhang , Bayatiani Emad Soleimani , Chaibakhsh Samira
Published: March 2023

Pediatric rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) is an issue of debate regarding its surgical outcomes and prognosis because of diagnosis delay, more complex etiological factors, and a higher prevalence of postoperative complications. This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the anatomical and visual outcomes of pediatric RRD and the factors that influence the treatment results. This is the first meta-analysis on this subject. We searched the relevant publications in the electronic databases of PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Eligible studies were included in the analysis. Anatomical success after one surgery and the final rates of success were estimated. Subgroup analysis was performed to find the rate of success in patients with different prognostic factors. This meta-analysis showed that the total rate of success after one surgery was about 64%, which implies that performing the first surgery was enough to get anatomical reattachment in most of the patients. The final anatomical rate of success was about 84%. In terms of visual acuity, the pooled results revealed statistically significant (P < 0.001) improvement in postoperative vision, with a 0.42 reduction in log of minimum angle of resolution (logMAR). The final rate of success was significantly lower in eyes with proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) (about 25% lower in eyes with PVR, P < 0.001) and in the presence of congenital anomalies (about 36% lower in congenital cases, P = 0.008). Myopic RRD had a significantly better anatomical success rate. In conclusion, this study shows that there is a high chance of anatomical success after pediatric RRD treatment. The presence of PVR and congenital anomalies was associated with a poorer prognosis.
Tobacco and e-cigarette use among Thai dental students: A cross-sectional national survey, 2021
Authors: Kaewsutha Nathawut , Karawekpanyawong Raksanan
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Objectives:

This study examined the prevalence of tobacco and e-cigarette use, attitudes toward tobacco control, training on tobacco control in the dental curriculum, and attitudes toward e-cigarette use among Thai dental students.

Materials and Methods:

An online survey among 1968 Thai dental students was conducted in 2021. The questionnaire was modified from the Global Health Professions Student Survey with information collected on tobacco products, e-cigarette use, attitudes, and training toward tobacco control in the dental curriculum and personal information (e.g., sex, course year, regions, and types of dental schools). Descriptive analyses and χ2 tests were performed.

Results:

The prevalence of tobacco and e-cigarette use among Thai dental students was 4.2%. Out of current users, 95% used e-cigarettes and 36.6% used multiple products, with a 1.7% prevalence of conventional cigarettes and other forms of tobacco use. Tobacco and e-cigarette use was higher in male than female dental students and was not associated with course year, region, and type of dental school.

Conclusions:

A small percentage of Thai dental students used tobacco or e-cigarettes, with the majority of current tobacco users being e-cigarette users. Thai dental students generally had a favorable view of tobacco control and a negative view of e-cigarette use. However, fewer than half of the surveyed students had received training in tobacco cessation therapy.
Challenges in the classification of oral submucous fibrosis and proposing a new classification based on systematic review of literature
Authors: Gupta Sonia , Subbappa Anitha , Singh Shivani , Sharma Pallavi , Singh Ankita , Kumar Aakash , Sandhu Harman , Nadar Karthick Thangamani
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Aims and Objectives:

Oral submucous fibrosis is one of the common oral potentially malignant disorders that can result in severe morbidity. Due to its widespread involvement in the oral cavity and high risk of malignant transformation, the diagnosis and treatment of this disease at an early stage is essential to prevent further complications. This research was carried out to review various classification systems of oral submucous fibrosis documented in the literature to date, including their benefits and drawbacks, thus focusing on a need to discover some reliable classification systems.

Materials and Methods:

An electronic search of the published English literature was performed without publication year limitation in PubMed/Medline, Science Direct, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases using keywords like (‘Oral submucous fibrosis’ OR ‘Oral submucous fibroses’), AND (‘Classification’ OR ‘Grade’ OR ‘Stage’), AND (‘Clinical’, OR/ AND ‘Histological’, OR/AND ‘Functional’) following PRISMA guidelines. A manual search of all related Dental and Medical journals was also performed. We also checked the reference lists of the relevant articles for any other possible information on the subject.

Results:

The search strategy revealed 31 relevant articles and it could be appreciated that oral submucous fibrosis has been classified in seven different ways. Each system is enclosed with its own limitations and benefits.

Conclusion:

From this research, it can be concluded that despite the existence of several classification systems for oral submucous fibrosis, at present, no classification scheme is considered to be reliable that could help in the accurate assessment of the progression of the disease and classifying oral submucous fibrosis still remains a challenging task for clinicians, surgeons, and pathologists. We have postulated a proposed new classification system based on our literature research, but still robust research is needed in this aspect.
Applications and perspectives of artificial intelligence, machine learning and “dentronics” in dentistry: A literature review
Authors: Mayta-Tovalino Frank , Munive-Degregori Arnaldo , Luza Silvia , Cárdenas-Mariño Flor C , Guerrero Maria Eugenia , Barja-Ore John
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Objective:

The aim of this study was to describe artificial intelligence, machine learning, and “Dentronics” applications and perspectives in dentistry.

Materials and Methods:

A literature review was carried out to identify the applications of artificial intelligence in the field of dentistry. A specialized search for information was carried out in three databases such as Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science. Manuscripts published from January 1988 to November 2021 were analyzed. Articles were included without any restriction by language or country.

Results:

Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science were found to have 215, 1023, and 98 registered manuscripts, respectively. Duplicates (191 manuscripts) were eliminated. Finally, 4 letters, 12 editorials, 5 books, 1 erratum, 54 conference papers, 3 conference reviews, and 222 reviews were excluded.

Conclusions:

Artificial intelligence has revolutionized prediction, diagnosis, and therapeutic management in modern dentistry. Finally, artificial intelligence is a potential complement to managing future data in this area.
A Mathematics Teacher Educator’s Feedback Affecting Teachers’ Design of Hypothetical Learning Trajectories for Teaching Patterns
Authors: Turgut Melih , Tanışlı Dilek , Köse Nilüfer
Published: March 2023

This qualitative research presents how a mathematics teacher educator’s feedbacks to two lower secondary school mathematics teachers affects their design of hypothetical learning trajectories regarding teaching patterns and their teaching practice. The data comes from a web portal, which was designed as a professional development tool for mathematics teachers. The teachers communicated with a mathematics teacher educator online, and prepared lesson plans, as well as receiving feedback. After implementing their designs, they also uploaded teaching episodes to the web portal, after which they received feedback. We triangulated data that came from the lesson plans, mathematics teacher educator’s feedback and videos of teaching practice. The data were analysed within two lenses: the Knowledge Quartet and the Hypothetical Learning Trajectory. The findings reveal that through the feedback given by the mathematics teacher educator, the teachers substantially progressed in designing hypothetical learning trajectories and developed their professional knowledge, in particular regarding the foundation, transformation, and connection dimensions of the Knowledge Quartet.
Characteristics of 3-Year-Old Preschool Children’s Evolving Number Knowledge: A One-Year Multiple-Case Study
Authors: Shumway Jessica F. , Reeder Rachel
Published: March 2023

There is a considerable body of research on children’s number knowledge development, and in particular on children ages 4 years and older and who have some counting experience. Children in early care preschool settings (ages 2 and 3) and who are not yet experienced counters are an understudied population. We conducted a multiple-case study on five 3-year-olds over the course of a year, investigated their challenges and successes as they moved through the developmental progressions for specific number knowledge domains, and determined their key shifts in learning as they related to early predictors of later mathematics achievement. We found interesting variations in their test scores and, with multiple data sources, determined key shifts in learning observed across cases including acquisition of verbal counting skill, one-to-one correspondence, cardinality, and connecting and coordinating their number skills. While the developmental progressions provide teachers with a framework for understanding typical mathematical development, every child’s learning path is different. This research provides an in-depth look at 3-year-old preschool children’s variability in number knowledge and their key shifts in learning as they relate to early predictors of later mathematics achievement. We share implications for how and when early preschool teachers can support learning.
Major and heavy metals contents and health risk assessment of pumpkin peel, flesh and seed by microwave plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy
Authors: Yetesha Abeb , Singh Chandravanshi Bhagwan , Yohannes Weldegebriel
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACT. The aim of this study was to determine the levels of major (Na, Mg, K, Ca) and heavy (Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd) metals and health risk assessment of the peel, flesh and seed of pumpkins cultivated in Ethiopia, using microwave plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. Dried powdered samples (0.5 g) were wet digested with 69% HNO3 and 30% H2O2 in microwave digester. The percent recovery for the three parts of pumpkin samples were 90-110%. The mean concentration of metals in pumpkin peel, flesh, seed samples, respectively, were K (27806±9767, 29531±2452, 10667±1133), Ca (5267±2092, 3190±900, 2919±397), Mg (4716±469, 848±349, 4668±413), Fe (158±29, 111±46, 225±56), Na (167±116, 63.1±15, 171±123), Mn (28.9±1.4, 9.61±3.2, 33.4±4.9), Zn (24.2±4.4, 10.6±4.0, 67.5±12.3), Cu (8.14±1.1, 15.1±9.3, 10.8±0.9), Ni (3.79±2.4, 2.14±1.3, 3.44±2.8), Cr (0.28±0.1, 0.36±0.2, 0.69±0.1), Cd (0.24±0.1, 0.46±0.1, 1.39±0.2) mg/kg. The hazard index (HI) of pumpkin flesh and seed indicated ingestion of pumpkin is safe from non-carcinogenic risk. The total cancer risk (CR) due to consumption of pumpkin flesh and seed through Cr and Cd from the three sampling sites are in the range 1.1 x 10-4 -1.8 x 10-4, indicating a non-risk of exposure to cancer due to the consumption of pumpkin grown in the sampling areas.

 

KEY WORDS: Pumpkin, Mineral content, Health risk, Microwave plasma-atomic emission spectrometry

 

Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2023, 37(3), 533-551.                                                        

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v37i3.1
Preparation and characterization of vernolic acid methyl ester functionalized ordered mesoporous materials
Authors: Chebude Yonas , Gonfa Gutta , Díaz Isabel
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACT. Vernonia oil is a naturally epoxidized triglyceride oil extracted from the seed of Vernonia galamensis, a native plant in East Africa. After hydrolysis to vernolic acid (VA) and derivatization, vernolic acid methyl ester (VAME) is synthesized and used to functionalize ordered mesoporous materials (OMM). Al-MCM-41 with Si/Al ratio of 15, pure silica SBA-15 and periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO) are employed as supports exploring the different surface properties. Following optimization of the VAME/OMM ratios, selected samples, i.e. those with 13% VAME, were impregnated with AgNO3 in NaBH4 to obtain Ag-nanoparticles. The final AgVAME-OMM potential catalysts were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, observing an efficient loading of Ag nanoparticles in pure silica SBA-15 with VAME with 500 m2 specific surface area and 6 nm pore size.

 

KEY WORDS: Vernolic acid methyl ester, Vernonia oil, Functionalization, Ordered mesoporous materials, Catalysis

 

Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2023, 37(3), 689-702.                                                             

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v37i3.12
Inorganic tin(IV) complexes as photo-stabilizer for PVC
Authors: Haddad Raghad , Khadum Semaa , Ali Muataz , Majeed Alabbas , Husain Amani , Bufaroosha Muna , Ahmed Dina , Yousif Emad
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACT. Five organotin(IV) complexes including captopril (ligand) were employed in small amount as photostabilizers for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) when irradiated by UV light. Polymer’s samples were cast into films in order to conduct the UV exposure impact. The photodegradation rate constant (kd) of blank and organotin(IV) complexes embedded PVC specimens were investigated in this work. The kd values of filled samples were lower than the blank one, which indicates higher stability of these embedded films. Among these additives, triphenyltin(IV) showed the highest stability effect.

 

KEY WORDS: PVC, Organotin(IV) complexes, Photostability, Photodegradation, UV light

 

Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2023, 37(3), 771-777.                                                           a

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v37i3.18
Adsorption of diazo dye direct red-28 and tetra-azo dye direct black-22 using calcined kaolin in aqueous solutions
Authors: Findik Serap
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACT. In this study, the removal of diazo and tetra-azo dyes using calcined kaolin were compared. Direct red-28 (DR-28) and Direct black-22 (DB-22) was chosen as diazo and tetra-azo dyes, respectively. The kaolin obtained from Turkiye and calcined at 200 °C was found to be the most efficient adsorbent. Natural and calcined kaolins were characterized using SEM-EDS, FTIR, TGA, and XRD. The parameters such as, calcination temperature of the kaolin, adsorbent amount, temperature, initial pH, contact time, and initial concentration were studied. It was found that the removal rate of DR-28 was higher than that of DB-22 at the studied conditions. The removal of DR-28 and DB-22 were found to be 90.1% and 46.2% under the following conditions: adsorbent amount: 1.2 g/200 mL, initial concentration: 20 mg/L, original pH, temperature: 20 °C and contact time 120 min. The adsorption of the dyes was fitted to Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity of calcined kaolin at 200 °C was determined as 5.39 and 3.5 mg/g for DR-28 and DB-22, respectively.  The adsorption of DR-28 and DB-22 followed a pseudo-second order model. The thermodynamic study showed that the adsorption of DB-22 onto calcined kaolin was endothermic while that of DR-28 was exothermic.

 

KEY WORDS: Adsorption, Diazo dye, Tetra-azo dye, Kaolin

 

Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2023, 37(3), 593-610.                                                              

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v37i3.5
Zinc(II) complex of (Z)-4-((4-nitrophenyl)amino)pent-3-en-2-one, a potential antimicrobial agent: synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial screening, DFT calculation and docking study
Authors: Waziri I. , O. Wahab O. , A. Mala G. , O. Oselusi S. , A. Egieyeh S. , Nasir H.
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACT. Herein, the synthesis and characterizations of (Z)-4-((4-nitrophenyl)amino)pent-3-en-2-one (HL) ligand and its Zn(II) complex are reported. The compounds were characterized using elemental and thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis, electrochemical studies, FTIR, UV-Vis, 1H and 13C{H}NMR, HRMS, and PXRD techniques. Antimicrobial activity was screened on some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. DFT predictions were achieved using B3LYP, ωB97XD and M06-2X functional with 6-31+G(d,p) and LANL2DZ basis sets for nonmetallic and metallic atoms, respectively. The therapeutic potentials of the compounds were evaluated based on protein binding affinity, ADME/T and drug-likeness properties. The experimental results revealed the formation of a complex in which two ligands coordinated to the zinc ion in a tetrahedral arrangement through their carbonyl and amino groups. The antimicrobial study showed that the complex possesses higher antimicrobial activity than free ligand and the control (Streptomycin). B3LYP emerged as the best performing functional having yielded the best IR spectra and geometrical parameters relative to the experimental data. The density functional theory (DFT) predictions revealed that the complex is more active than the ligand, and its formation is thermodynamically feasible and exothermic. The docking results revealed that the binding affinities of the compounds are in agreement with the in-vitro data, and they possess drug-like properties.

 

KEY WORDS: Schiff base, Zinc complex, Antimicrobial, DFT, Docking study

 

Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2023, 37(3), 633-651.                                                               

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v37i3.8
Nutrient and organoleptic assessment of snacks produced from wheat and African breadfruit (Treculia africana)
Authors: Ihemeje A. , Akujobi I.C. , Ofoegbu D.C.
Published: March 2023

African breadfruit snacks were produced from wheat and African breadfruit composite flour blends in the ratio of 100:0, 95:5, 90:10, 85:15 and 80:20  respectively. Breadfruit seed was coated with the respective wheat-African breadfruit composite flour blends and then baked to produce the snacks.  Coating made with 100% wheat served as the control. Proximate composition and functional properties of the flour blends, proximate, mineral content  and sensory analysis of the snacks were all determined using standard methods. Proximate composition ranged as follows: protein (10.77-14.32%), fat  (1.61-3.20%), fiber (1.20-1.40%), ash (2.04-3.33%), moisture (8.16 -10.00%) and carbohydrate content (70.33 - 75.48%) respectively. The result showed  increase in protein, ash, fat, fiber as well as phosphorus (139- 159mg/100), magnesium (2.05 – 2.94mg/100), calcium (169 – 190mg/100), and potassium  (240 – 255.01mg/100) due to the addition of African breadfruit. The functional properties revealed potential suitability of wheat-breadfruit composite  flour in snack production and the snack produced from 15% inclusion of African breadfruit flour was most preferred in terms of general acceptability.