bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Conversion of Mono‐ and Dinitriles Containing Oxygen.
Authors: MOVSUMZADE E. M. , RASULBEKOVA T. I. , KULIEVA D. A. , ALIEV G. R. , MOVSUMZADE S. M.
Published: May 2016

Die Reaktionen der Natriumderivate von Ethylenglykol (I), Diethylenglykol (V) bzw. 1,4‐Butandiol (VIII) mit β‐Chlorpropionitril (II) nach Verfahren A) führen stets zu 3 :2‐Gemischen der durch Mono‐ bzw. Biskondensation entstandenen Mononitrile (III), (VI) bzw. (IX) mit den Dinitrilen (IV), (VII) bzw. (X), unabhängig vom Molverhältnis der Ausgangs‐ Verbindungen.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Alkeny1‐Substituted Allenecarboxylates.
Authors: LANG R. W. , KOHL‐MINES E. , HANSEN H.‐J.
Published: May 2016

Durch Reaktion des leicht zugänglichen Phosphoniumsalzes (I) mit dem Säurechlorid (II) nach A) läßt sich auf einfache Weise der Allenester (III) herstellen und somit das Racemat des als (‐)‐(III) in der Natur vorkommenden Sexualpheromons.
ChemInform Abstract: General Approach to the Synthesis of Polyquinenes. Part 3. The Synthesis of Triquinacene via the Weiss Reaction.
Authors: BERTZ S. H. , LANNOYE G. , COOK J. M.
Published: May 2016

Der aus dem Ketodiester (I) und Glyoxal (II) zugängliche Bicyclo‐octan‐tetracarbonsäureester (IIIa) wird zu (IIIb) verethert und anschließend durch Monoalkylierung und Abspaltung der Estergruppen zu (IVa) umgesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: An Asymmetric Synthesis of cis‐4‐tert‐Butyldimethylsiloxy‐2‐cyclopenten‐1‐ol and cis‐4‐Tetrahydropyranyloxy‐2‐cyclopenten‐1‐ol, Versatile Chiral Synthetic Intermediate for Prostanoids.
Authors: ASAMI M.
Published: May 2016

Das aus dem Cyclopentenol (I) erhaltene Epoxid (II) liefert die Derivate (IIIa) und (IIIb), die mit den optisch aktiven Li‐Verbindungen (IV) bzw. (V) in hoher optischer Ausbeute in die Diol‐Derivate (VI) übergeführt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of cis‐ and trans‐Bicyclo[6.3.0]undec‐4‐en‐10‐ones.
Authors: MEHTA G. , PADMA S. , RAO K. S.
Published: May 2016

Die isomeren Cyclopentanon‐3,4‐dipropansäurediester (Vb) und (VIIIb) werden ausgehend von cis‐1,5‐Cyclooctadien (I) synthetisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: Thermolabile Hydrocarbons. Part 27. 2,3‐Di‐1‐adamantyl‐2,3‐dimethylbutane.
Authors: FLAMM‐TER MEER M. A. , BECKHAUS H.‐D. , PETERS K. , VON SCHNERING H. G. , RUECHARDT C. +
Published: May 2016

Wurtz coupling of two molecules (III) gives the title compound (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Vinyl Analogous Amidinium Salts from Secondary β‐Ketoenamines with Methyl Iodide.
Authors: BOEHME H. + , TRAENKA M. +
Published: May 2016

Die Enaminoketone (I) liefern mitMethyliodid (II) die vinylogen Amidinium‐Salze (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Liquid Crystals Containing Fluorine. Part 10. 4‐(Polyfluoroalkyl)benzoic and Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids and Their 4‐Cyanophenyl Esters.
Authors: FIALKOV YU. A. , ZALESSKAYA I. M. , SHELYAZHENKO S. V. , YAGUPOL'SKII L. M.
Published: May 2016

Dargestellt werden die im Titel genannten Benzoe‐ bzw. Cyclohexancarbonsäuren (II), (VII) und ′ (XI) und aus diesen nach Verfahren A) die p‐Cyanphenylester (III), (VIII) und (XII).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Spectroscopic Properties of cis‐1,3,3a,8a‐Tetrahydrocyclopent[a]‐ indene‐2,8‐dione.
Authors: KNUPP G. , HAMBLOCH H. , FRAHM A. W.
Published: May 2016

Durch Verseifung und Decarboxylierung des leicht zugänglichen Tricarbonsäureesters (I) wird die cis‐Phenylcyclopentanoncarbonsäure (II) erhalten, die in Polyphosphorsäure zum tricyclischen Diketon (III) cyclisie′rt.
ChemInform Abstract: Dimethyl Ester of Aziridin‐2,2‐dicarboxylic Acid.
Authors: PROSYANIK A. V. , MOSKALENKO A. S.
Published: May 2016

Die Titelverbindung (II) wird erstmals dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry of Heterocycles. Part 9. Synthesis of Isoxazolylpyrazolones.
Authors: REDDI M. K. , RAO C. J. , MURTHY A. K.
Published: May 2016

Auf dem angegebenen Weg werden die Isoxazolylpyrazolone (IV) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: H2‐Antihistaminics. Part 25. Synthesis and H2‐Antagonistic Activity of Monosubstituted 1,2,4‐Oxadiazole‐3,5‐diamines.
Authors: KRAEMER I. + , SCHUNACK W.
Published: May 2016

Die primären Amine (I) reagieren mit dem Cyaniminocarbonat (II) zu den Isoharnstoffen (III), die mit Hydroxylamin (IV) zu den Diaminooxadiazolen (V) cyclisieren.
ChemInform Abstract: Sulphur Nitrides in Organic Chemistry. Part 16. Reaction of Tetrasulphur Tetranitride with Alkyl‐ and Alkylhalogeno‐phenols.
Authors: MATAKA S. , TAKAHASHI K. , SHIWAKU S. , TASHIRO M.
Published: May 2016

Die Phenole (I) reagieren mit dem Nitrid (III) unter Bildung der Benzothiadiazole (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Properties of 3‐[α‐(1,3‐Indandion‐2‐yl)‐R‐benzyl]‐4‐hydroxy Coumarins and Their Thio Analogues.
Authors: MARSHALKIN V. N. , SMIRNOVA T. V. , YUSHCHENKO K. V.
Published: May 2016

Durch Kondensation der Indandione (I) mit 4‐Hydroxycumarin (II) bzw. mit dem Thioanalogen (IV) werden die neuen Titelverbindungen (III) bzw. (V) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of N1‐(2‐Pyridinecarbonyl)‐3‐methyl‐4‐(Substituted‐hydrazono)‐2‐pyrazolin‐5‐one.
Authors: SINGH C. P.
Published: May 2016

Im Hinblick auf potentielle biologische Aktivität werden die Pyrazo‐ linone (III) synthetisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of 4‐Fluorobenzylidene Cyanothioacetamide with Dimedone.
Authors: SHARANIN YU. A. , GONCHARENKO M. P. , SHESTOPALOV A. M.
Published: May 2016

Die Titelverbindungen (I) und (II) reagieren bei Gegenwart von überschüssigem Diethylamin zu dem Ammoniumsalz (III), das durch HCl in das Thioamid (IV) übergeführt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Mass Spectra of Some 2H‐Pyrano[2,3‐b]quinolin‐2‐ones.
Authors: TILAKRAJ T. , AMBEKAR S. Y.
Published: May 2016

Im Hinblick auf mögliche biologische Aktivität werden die Chlorformylchinoline (I) zu den Chinolonen (II) hydrolysiert, zu (III) kondensiert und dann zu den Chinolinopyranonen (IV) cyclisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Homo‐Diels ‐ Alder Cleavage of the Epoxy‐azoalkane exo‐3‐Oxa‐6,7‐diazatricyclo[3.2.1.02,4]oct‐6‐ene.
Authors: ADAM W. , BERKESSEL A.
Published: May 2016

The title compound (IV) was synthesized from the Diels ‐ Alder‐adduct (II) by epoxidation [to give (III)] followed by reductive hydrolysis and oxidation (the initially formed copper complex was isolated).
ChemInform Abstract: 1,2‐Benzoxanthiino[4,3‐d]pyrimidine‐5,5‐dioxides.
Authors: LOEWE W. + , MUELLER‐MENKE C. +
Published: May 2016

Benzoxathiin‐S‐dioxid (I) kondensiert mit dem Formamidacetal (II) zum Ketoenamin (III), dessen Hydrolyse das Formylbenzoxathiin‐S‐dioxid (IV) zugänglich macht.
ChemInform Abstract: Studies on Pyrazines. Part 12. N‐Oxidation of Aminopyrazines with m‐Chloroperbenzoic Acid.
Authors: SATO N.
Published: May 2016

Die 2‐Amino‐pyrazine (I) werden mit Persäure im allgemeinen zu den 2‐Amino‐pyrazin‐1‐oxiden (II) oxidiert.
ChemInform Abstract: Quinone Amine Reactions. Part 14. Dehydrogenation of Benzoquinoxalinones in Acidic or Alkaline Solution.
Authors: KALLMAYER H.‐J. , SEYFANG K.
Published: May 2016

Die Benzochinoxalinone (II) hydrolysieren in saurer Lösung zu den Hydroxynaphthochinonen (I) oder werden sowohl im sauren als auch im alkalischen Milieu zu den Benzochinoxalinolen (III) dehydriert.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐Substituted‐Phenyl‐3‐aroyl‐4‐oxo‐4H‐1,3‐benzoxazines as Possible Antifertility/CNS Active Agents.
Authors: KULKARNI Y. D. , ABDI S. H. R. , SHARMA V. L.
Published: May 2016

Aus Salicylamid (I) erhält man die Benzoxazine (IIIa) und (IIIb), die zu (IV) acyliert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Some 2‐(Heteroarylamino)benzimidazoles and Their Cyclization with Phosgene.
Authors: BOSSIO R. , MARCACCINI S. , PARRINI V. , PEPINO R.
Published: May 2016

Aus den Thioharnstoffen (I) erhält man nach Methylierung zu (II) mit o‐Phenylendiamin (III) die Heteroarylbenzimidazole (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Transannular Interaction in [m.n]Phanes. Part 30. Models for Amine ‐ Arene‐Exciplexes: Isomeric [2]Naphthalino[2](2,6)pyrazinophanes and [2]Naphthalino[2](2,6)pyrazinophane‐1,11‐dienes.
Authors: LINTNER B. , SCHWEITZER D. , BENN R. , RUFINSKA A. , HAENEL M. W.
Published: May 2016

The title compounds (V), (VI), (IX), and (X) were synthesized as models for exciplexes.
ChemInform Abstract: Transannular Interaction in [m.n]Phanes. Part 31. S‐Analogous Wittig‐Ether Rearrangement of Thioethers in Dithia[3.3]phanes by means of Alkali Metal Bis(trimethylsily)amides.
Authors: HAENEL M. W. , LINTNER B. , BENN R. , RUFINSKA A. , SCHROTH G.
Published: May 2016

The dithia[3.3]phanes (Ia)‐(IIb) containing naphthalene and pyridine or pyrazine units were ring‐contracted by reaction with alkali metal bis(trimethylsilyl)amides and subsequent methylation of the thiolate anions giving the bis(methylthio) substituted [2.2]phanes (III)‐(VI) in high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel 3‐Substituted 1,5‐Benzodiazepine Derivatives.
Authors: KURASAWA Y. , SHIMABUKURO S. , OKAMOTO Y. , OGURA K. , TAKADA A.
Published: May 2016

Aus den Chinoxalin‐benzodiazepinen (I) werden die Chlorverbindungen (II) und weiter mit Natriumazid die Tetrazole (III) hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Pyrrolo[2,1‐c][1,4]benzoxazepines. Part 1. A Novel Heterocyclic Ring System.
Authors: EFFLAND R. C. , DAVIS L.
Published: May 2016

2,5‐Dimethoxy‐tetrahydrofuran (I) liefert mit dem 2‐Fluorbenzylamin (II) das Pyrrol (III), das zu (IVa) formyliert und weiter zu (IVb) reduziert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: Convenient Synthetic Routes to α‐Oligosiloxanylacrylonitriles.
Authors: KAWAKAMI Y. , HISADA H. , YAMASHITA Y.
Published: May 2016

3‐Hydroxy‐propionitril (I) wird mit LDA und Trimethylsilylchlorid zu (II) substituiert und dann mit verschiedenen Lewissäuren (III), deren Einfluß auf die Zersetzung von (II) zu (IV) und (V) untersucht wird, gespalten.
ChemInform Abstract: Fluorenylsilanes. Part 5. Rearrangements of Silyl‐substituted Fluorenylsilanes.
Authors: SCHUBERT U. , STEIB C. , AMBERG S.
Published: May 2016

Die Umsetzung von 9‐Fluorenyl‐tris‐[trimethylsilyl]‐silan (Ia) mit I2 liefert ausschließlich das Iodo‐bis‐[silyl]‐silan (Ib), während mit Br2 zunächst gleichzeitig das 9‐Brom‐9‐fluorenyl‐tris‐[silyl]‐silan (Id) und das Bromo‐bis‐[silyl]‐silan (Ic) entstehen, welche bei Brz‐Überschuß in das Tribrom‐Derivat (Ie) übergehen.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxymetallation. Part 19. Preparation of the First Oxymercurials Derived from Cyclopropane.
Authors: BLOODWORTH A. J. , COOKSEY C. J.
Published: May 2016

Cyclopropan (I) reagiert zu einem Gemisch der Quecksilberverbindungen (II)‐(IV), das durch Flash‐Chromatographie aufgetrennt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: Mechanism of Hydrolysis of the Metal‐Carbon Bond in a‐Hydroxyalkyl‐Chromium(III) Complexes.
Authors: ROTMAN A. , COHEN H. , MEYERSTEIN D.
Published: May 2016

The specific rates of reaction of the free α‐hydroxyalkyl radicals with the corresponding Cr(II) complexes to form the title complexes (I), (IIa), (III), and (IV) are reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Properties of cis‐Bis(dinitrogen)tetrakis(trimethylphosphine)tungsten(0).
Authors: CARMONA E. , GALINDO A. , POVEDA M. L. , ROGERS R. D.
Published: May 2016

Die Reduktion des W(IV)‐Komplexes mit dispergiertem Na unter N2 in Gegenwart von Trimethylphosphin ergibt den W(O)‐Titelkomplex (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetic Exchange Interactions in Binuclear Transition‐Metal Complexes of a Binucleating Clathrochelate Ligand.
Authors: TIMKEN M. D. , MARRITT W. A. , HENDRICKSON D. N. , GAGNE R. A. , SINN E.
Published: May 2016

Die homo‐ und heterobinuklearen Übergangsmetallkomplexe (I) werden nach bereits detailliert beschriebener Methode durch zweistufige Umsetzung des Na‐nitrat‐Salzes vom Schiffschen‐Basen‐Kondensationsprodukt aus drei Molen 2‐Hydroxy‐5‐methylisophthalaldehyd und zwei Molen Tris‐[2‐aminoethyl]‐amin mit entsprechenden Metall(II)‐Salzen in Methanol und darauf mit einem weiteren Metall(II)‐Salz in Gegenwart von Triethylamin (für Cu, Diisopropylethylamin) als Tetrafluoroborate synthetisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses of Isomers of Protoporphyrins‐IX with Permuted Propionic Side‐Chains.
Authors: SMITH K. M. , PANDEY R. K.
Published: May 2016

(Id) des Protoporphyrins (Ia) werden im angegebenen Sinne durch stufenweisen Aufbau aus Pyrrolon, Di‐ und Tri‐pyrrolen hergestellt, und ihre Orientierung in Protein‐Systemen wird diskutiert.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Synthetic Method of Dihydro‐4‐pyrone Derivatives and Its Application to the Syntheses of ar‐Atlantone and (±)‐ar‐Turmerone.
Authors: SAKAI T. , MIYATA K. , ISHIKAWA M. , TAKEDA A.
Published: May 2016

Die Umsetzung der Dihalogenketone (I) mit den Enolaten der Dihalogenketone (II) führt in einer Favorskiiartigen Umlagerung zu den Dihydropyronen (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐Methoxy‐ and 4‐Methoxy‐estrogens with Halogen ‐ Methoxy Exchange Reactions.
Authors: NUMAZAWA M. , OGURA Y. , KIMURA K. , NAGAOKA M.
Published: May 2016

Die aus den Östrogenen (Ia)‐(IIIa) erhältlichen Dibromide (Ib)‐(IIIb) und Diiodide (Ie)‐(IIIe) werden zunächst hydriert (Ausb. 75‐95%) und dann nach B) in die 4‐Methoxy‐Derivate (Id)‐(IlId) übergeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: New Methods and Reagents in .Organic Synthesis. Part 55. Total Syntheses of Patellamides B and C, Cytotoxic Cyclic Peptides from a Tunicate.
Authors: HAMADA Y. , SHIBATA M. , SHIOIRI T.
Published: May 2016

Die exakten Strukturen für die aus dem Meeresmanteltier Lissoclinum patella isolierten.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselectivity in the Reaction of N‐Glycosyl‐nitrones: l,′3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition and Addition of Phosphite Anion.
Authors: BERNET B. , KRAWCZYK E. , VASELLA A.
Published: May 2016

The direction of approach of dibenzyl phosphite (V) on the one hand and of dipolarophiles (X), (XI) on the other hand to the spironitrone (IV) was examined.
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphoramidites of Chiral (Rp)‐ and (Sp)‐Configurated d(T[P‐18O]‐A): Synthesis, Configurational Assignment, and Use as Dimer Blocks in Oligonucleotide Synthesis.
Authors: HERDERING W. , KEHNE A. , SEELA F.
Published: May 2016

Kondensation der Komponenten (I) und (II) und nachfolgende Oxidation mit lz/HzwO führen zu einem Gemisch der diastereomeren Triester (IVa) + (IVb), das in die ‐ trennbaren und konfigurativ eindeutig bestimmten ‐ Desily1ierungsprodukte (IVc) bzw. (IVd) übergeführt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Study of 1‐Substituted Carbapenem Antibiotics.
Authors: SHIBATA T. , IINO K. , TANAKA T. , HASHIMOTO T. , KAMEYAMA Y. , SUGIMURA Y.
Published: May 2016

Die Umsetzung der Azetidinone (I) mit den Silyl‐ketenacetalen (II) führt zu den Addukten (III), die über mehrere Stufen in die Carbapeneme (IV) übergeführt werden.
Left Atrial Sphericity Index Predicts Early Recurrence of Atrial Fibrillation After Direct‐Current Cardioversion: An Echocardiographic Study
Authors: Osmanagic Armin , Möller Sören , Osmanagic Azra , Sheta Hussam M. , Vinther Kristina H. , Egstrup Kenneth
Published: May 2016

BACKGROUND

Attempts to achieve rhythm control using direct‐current cardioversion (DCC) are common in those with persistent atrial fibrillation (AF). Although often successful, AF recurs within 1 month in as many as 57% of patients. The aim of this study was to assess whether a baseline left atrial sphericity index (LASI) acquired by 2‐dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) could be used as a predictor of AF recurrence after successful DCC.

Hypothesis

A baselline LASI assessed by 2D TTE can predict AF recurrence after successful DCC in patients with persistent AF.

Methods

A total of 124 consecutive patients with persistent AF lasting <120 days underwent successful DCC. Other than β‐blockers, no other antiarrhythmic treatment was administered. Prior to DCC, all patients underwent thorough TTE, and LASI was calculated as the fraction of the left atrial width/length of the largest possible left atrial volume in a 4‐chamber view. The primary outcome was a TTE‐estimated baseline LASI as a predictor of AF recurrence after successful DCC for persistent AF.

Results

Anatomically, a more spherical shape of the left atrium (LASI >0.9) proved to be a strong and independent predictor of AF recurrence, with an odds ratio between 4.1 (95% confidence interval: 1.6‐11.9, P = 0.005) and 7.6 (95% confidence interval: 3.3‐19.7; P = 7.2 × 10−6). The receiver operating characteristic curve indicated good power for distinguishing between recurring and nonrecurring AF, and we chose a cutoff of 0.9 because high specificity was a priority for clinical reasons.

Conclusions

In conclusion, baseline LASI >0.9 was associated with significantly greater AF recurrence throughout the 12‐month follow‐up period.
Understanding the value of cancer drugs–the devil is in the detail
Authors: Goldstein Daniel A.
Published: May 2016

New tools to assess the value of cancer drugs are not sufficiently detailed. Economic modeling provides the ideal method with which to assess their value.
Long‐Time Behavior, Invariant Measures, and Regularizing Effects for Stochastic Scalar Conservation Laws
Authors: Gess Benjamin , Souganidis Panagiotis E.
Published: May 2016

We study the long‐time behavior and regularity of the pathwise entropy solutions to stochastic scalar conservation laws with random‐in‐time spatially homogeneous fluxes and periodic initial data. We prove that the solutions converge to their spatial average, which is the unique invariant measure of the associated random dynamical system, and provide a rate of convergence, the latter being new even in the deterministic case for dimensions higher than 2. The main tool is a new regularization result in the spirit of averaging lemmata for scalar conservation laws, which, in particular, implies a regularization by noise‐type result for pathwise quasi‐solutions.© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Robust consensus of nonlinear multi‐agent systems via reliable control with probabilistic time delay
Authors: Kaviarasan Boomipalagan , Sakthivel Rathinasamy , Abbas Syed
Published: May 2016

In this paper, the consensus problem of uncertain nonlinear multi‐agent systems is investigated via reliable control in the presence of probabilistic time‐varying delay. First, the communication topology among the agents is assumed to be directed and fixed. Second, by introducing a stochastic variable which satisfies Bernoulli distribution, the information of probabilistic time‐varying delay is equivalently transformed into the deterministic time‐varying delay with stochastic parameters. Third, by using Laplacian matrix properties, the consensus problem is converted into the conventional stability problem of the closed‐loop system. The main objective of this paper is to design a state feedback reliable controller such that for all admissible uncertainties as well as actuator failure cases, the resulting closed‐loop system is robustly stable in the sense of mean‐square. For this purpose, through construction of a suitable Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional containing four integral terms and utilization of Kronecker product properties along with the matrix inequality techniques, a new set of delay‐dependent consensus stabilizability conditions for the closed‐loop system is obtained. Based on these conditions, the desired reliable controller is designed in terms of linear matrix inequalities which can be easily solved by using any of the effective optimization algorithms. Moreover, a numerical example and its simulations are included to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed control design scheme. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 21: 138–150, 2016
Study of Copper Ferrite as a Novel Photocathode for Water Reduction: Improving Its Photoactivity by Electrochemical Pretreatment
Authors: Díez‐García María Isabel , Lana‐Villarreal Teresa , Gómez Roberto
Published: May 2016

Studies on water‐splitting p‐type oxide electrodes based on nontoxic earth‐abundant elements are scarce. Herein, the behavior of electrodes composed of CuFe2O4 nanoparticles 30 nm in size is presented. The as‐prepared CuFe2O4 nanoporous electrodes exhibit small anodic photocurrents in 0.1 m NaOH. However, an electrochemical pretreatment consisting in the application of sufficiently positive potentials leads to p‐type behavior with a photocurrent onset as high as 1.1 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode, which is among the most positive values reported for an oxide absorbing visible light (band gap of 2.1 eV). This photocurrent is partly due to H2 evolution, but there are also signs of photoreduction of the material. Although the photocurrents are modest, these results point to the possibility of using CuFe2O4 as a photocathode material in water‐splitting devices. Furthermore, the strategy employed for the enhancement in the CuFe2O4 photoactivity could be extended to other photocathode materials.
Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 at Metal Electrodes in a Distillable Ionic Liquid
Authors: Chen Lu , Guo Si‐Xuan , Li Fengwang , Bentley Cameron , Horne Mike , Bond Alan M. , Zhang Jie
Published: May 2016

The electroreduction of CO2 in the distillable ionic liquid dimethylammonium dimethylcarbamate (dimcarb) has been investigated with 17 metal electrodes. Analysis of the electrolysis products reveals that aluminum, bismuth, lead, copper, nickel, palladium, platinum, iron, molybdenum, titanium and zirconium electroreduce the available protons in dimcarb to hydrogen rather than reducing CO2. Conversely, indium, tin, zinc, silver and gold are able to catalyze the reduction of CO2 to predominantly carbon monoxide (CO) and to a lesser extent, formate ([HCOO]−). In all cases, the applied potential was found to have a minimal influence on the distribution of the reduction products. Overall, indium was found to be the best electrocatalyst for CO2 reduction in dimcarb, with faradaic efficiencies of approximately 45 % and 40 % for the generation of CO and [HCOO]−, respectively, at a potential of −1.34 V versus Cc+/0 (Cc+=cobaltocenium) employing a dimethylamine to CO2 ratio of less than 1.8:1.
Thyroid Paraganglioma Diagnosed by Fine‐Needle Aspiration Biopsy, Correlated With Histopathological Findings: Report of a Case
Authors: Çetin Şenay , Kir Gözde , Yilmaz Müberra
Published: May 2016

Thyroid paragangliomas are rare neuroendocrine tumors. They are difficult to diagnosis by fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and can be misdiagnosed as other types of thyroid disease. Here, we present an unusual case of primary thyroid paraganglioma diagnosed by FNAB. A 66‐year‐old woman presented with multinodular goiter. Ultrasound (US)‐guided FNAB of the 3 cm nodule in the superior portion of the right lobe of the thyroid was performed. The cytological smears showed single cells or loose clusters of round to ovoid cells with oval granular nuclei. To differentiate between thyroid paraganglioma and other thyroid neoplasms, cell block material from the FNAB specimen was immunohistochemically stained with antibodies to thyroglobulin, calcitonin (CT), AE1–AE3, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), synaptophysin, chromogranin A (CH‐A), neuron‐specific enolase (NSE), thyroid transcription factor‐1 (TTF‐1), parathyroid hormone (PTH), and S‐100. Immunohistochemical staining was positive for synaptophysin, CH‐A, NSE, and S‐100, and negative for thyroglobulin, CT, AE1‐AE3, PTH, CEA, and TTF‐1. Congo red staining was also negative. Paraganglioma and other neuroendocrine neoplasms were considered in the differential diagnosis. A total thyroidectomy was performed, and a final diagnosis of paraganglioma was made. Paraganglioma is a rare neuroendocrine tumor of the thyroid and should be considered in the differential diagnosis based on cytology of thyroid neuroendocrine tumors. Immunohistochemistry should be performed when making a diagnosis of thyroid paraganglioma, particularly when evaluating fine‐needle aspiration smears. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:643–647. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An improved neutral landscape model for recreating real landscapes and generating landscape series for spatial ecological simulations
Authors: van Strien Maarten J. , Slager Cornelis T. J. , de Vries Bauke , Grêt‐Regamey Adrienne
Published: May 2016

Many studies have assessed the effect of landscape patterns on spatial ecological processes by simulating these processes in computer‐generated landscapes with varying composition and configuration. To generate such landscapes, various neutral landscape models have been developed. However, the limited set of landscape‐level pattern variables included in these models is often inadequate to generate landscapes that reflect real landscapes. In order to achieve more flexibility and variability in the generated landscapes patterns, a more complete set of class‐ and patch‐level pattern variables should be implemented in these models. These enhancements have been implemented in Landscape Generator (LG), which is a software that uses optimization algorithms to generate landscapes that match user‐defined target values. Developed for participatory spatial planning at small scale, we enhanced the usability of LG and demonstrated how it can be used for larger scale ecological studies. First, we used LG to recreate landscape patterns from a real landscape (i.e., a mountainous region in Switzerland). Second, we generated landscape series with incrementally changing pattern variables, which could be used in ecological simulation studies. We found that LG was able to recreate landscape patterns that approximate those of real landscapes. Furthermore, we successfully generated landscape series that would not have been possible with traditional neutral landscape models. LG is a promising novel approach for generating neutral landscapes and enables testing of new hypotheses regarding the influence of landscape patterns on ecological processes. LG is freely available online.
Do the antipredator strategies of shared prey mediate intraguild predation and mesopredator suppression?
Authors: Clare John D. J. , Linden Daniel W. , Anderson Eric M. , MacFarland David M.
Published: May 2016

Understanding the conditions that facilitate top predator effects upon mesopredators and prey is critical for predicting where these effects will be significant. Intraguild predation (IGP) and the ecology of fear are hypotheses used to describe the effects of top predators upon mesopredators and prey species, but make different assumptions about organismal space use. TheIGPhypothesis predicts that mesopredator resource acquisition and risk are positively correlated, creating a fitness deficit. But if shared prey also avoid a top predator, then mesopredators may not have to choose between risk and reward. Prey life history may be a critical predictor of how shared prey respond to predation and may mediate mesopredator suppression. We used hierarchical models of species distribution and abundance to test expectations ofIGPusing two separate triangular relationships between a large carnivore, smaller intraguild carnivore, and shared mammalian prey with different life histories. FollowingIGP, we expected that a larger carnivore would suppress a smaller carnivore if the shared prey species did not spatially avoid the large carnivore at broad scales. If prey were fearful over broad scales, we expected less evidence of mesopredator suppression. We tested these theoretical hypotheses using remote camera detections across a large spatial extent. Lagomorphs did not appear to avoid coyotes, and fox detection probability was lower as coyote abundance increased. In contrast, white‐tailed deer appeared to avoid areas of increased wolf use, and coyote detection probability was not reduced at sites where wolves occurred. These findings suggest that mesopredator suppression by larger carnivores may depend upon the behavior of shared prey, specifically the spatial scale at which they perceive risk. We further discuss how extrinsic environmental factors may contribute to mesopredator suppression.
Mid‐latitude shrub steppe plant communities: climate change consequences for soil water resources
Authors: Palmquist Kyle A. , Schlaepfer Daniel R. , Bradford John B. , Lauenroth William K.
Published: May 2016

In the coming century, climate change is projected to impact precipitation and temperature regimes worldwide, with especially large effects in drylands. We use big sagebrush ecosystems as a model dryland ecosystem to explore the impacts of altered climate on ecohydrology and the implications of those changes for big sagebrush plant communities using output from 10 Global Circulation Models (GCMs) for two representative concentration pathways (RCPs). We ask: (1) What is the magnitude of variability in future temperature and precipitation regimes among GCMs and RCPs for big sagebrush ecosystems, and (2) How will altered climate and uncertainty in climate forecasts influence key aspects of big sagebrush water balance? We explored these questions across 1980–2010, 2030–2060, and 2070–2100 to determine how changes in water balance might develop through the 21st century. We assessed ecohydrological variables at 898 sagebrush sites across the western US using a process‐based soil water model, SOILWAT, to model all components of daily water balance using site‐specific vegetation parameters and site‐specific soil properties for multiple soil layers. Our modeling approach allowed for changes in vegetation based on climate. Temperature increased across all GCMs and RCPs, whereas changes in precipitation were more variable across GCMs. Winter and spring precipitation was predicted to increase in the future (7% by 2030–2060, 12% by 2070–2100), resulting in slight increases in soil water potential (SWP) in winter. Despite wetter winter soil conditions, SWP decreased in late spring and summer due to increased evapotranspiration (6% by 2030–2060, 10% by 2070–2100) and groundwater recharge (26% and 30% increase by 2030–2060 and 2070–2100). Thus, despite increased precipitation in the cold season, soils may dry out earlier in the year, resulting in potentially longer, drier summer conditions. If winter precipitation cannot offset drier summer conditions in the future, we expect big sagebrush regeneration and survival will be negatively impacted, potentially resulting in shifts in the relative abundance of big sagebrush plant functional groups. Our results also highlight the importance of assessing multiple GCMs to understand the range of climate change outcomes on ecohydrology, which was contingent on the GCM chosen.
Seedling survival responses to conspecific density, soil nutrients, and irradiance vary with age in a tropical forest
Authors: Record Sydne , Kobe Richard K. , Vriesendorp Corine F. , Finley Andrew O.
Published: May 2016

Understanding processes that promote species coexistence is integral to diversity maintenance. In hyperdiverse tropical forests, local conspecific density (LCD) and light are influential to woody seedling recruitment and soil nutrients are often limiting, yet the simultaneous effects of these factors on seedling survival across time remain unknown. We fit species‐ and age‐specific models to census and resource data of seedlings of 68 woody species from a Costa Rican wet tropical forest. In decreasing order of prevalence, seedling survivorship was related to LCD, soil base cations, irradiance, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Species–specific responses to factors did not covary, providing evidence that species life history strategies have not converged to one continuum of high‐surviving stress tolerant to low‐surviving stress intolerant species. Survival responses to all factors varied over the average seedling's lifetime, indicating seedling requirements change with age and conclusions drawn about processes important to species coexistence depend on temporal resolution.
Effects of functional diversity loss on ecosystem functions are influenced by compensation
Authors: Pan Qingmin , Tian Dashuan , Naeem Shahid , Auerswald Karl , Elser James J. , Bai Yongfei , Huang Jianhui , Wang Qibing , Wang Hong , Wu Jianguo , Han Xingguo
Published: May 2016

Understanding the impacts of biodiversity loss on ecosystem functioning and services has been a central issue in ecology. Experiments in synthetic communities suggest that biodiversity loss may erode a set of ecosystem functions, but studies in natural communities indicate that the effects of biodiversity loss are usually weak and that multiple functions can be sustained by relatively few species. Yet, the mechanisms by which natural ecosystems are able to maintain multiple functions in the face of diversity loss remain poorly understood. With a long‐term and large‐scale removal experiment in the Inner Mongolian grassland, here we showed that losses of plant functional groups (PFGs) can reduce multiple ecosystem functions, including biomass production, soilNO3‐N use, net ecosystem carbon exchange, gross ecosystem productivity, and ecosystem respiration, but the magnitudes of these effects depended largely on whichPFGs were removed. Removing the two dominantPFGs (perennial rhizomatous grasses and perennial bunchgrasses) simultaneously resulted in dramatic declines in all examined functions, but such declines were circumvented when either dominantPFGwas present. We identify the major mechanism for this as a compensation effect by which each dominantPFGcan mitigate the losses of others. This study provides evidence that compensation ensuing fromPFGlosses can mitigate their negative consequence, and thus natural communities may be more resilient to biodiversity loss than currently thought if the remainingPFGs have strong compensation capabilities. On the other hand, ecosystems without well‐developed compensatory functional diversity may be much more vulnerable to biodiversity loss.
Habituation deficit of auditory N100m in patients with fibromyalgia
Authors: Choi W. , Lim M. , Kim J.S. , Chung C.K.
Published: May 2016

Background

Habituation refers to the brain's inhibitory mechanism against sensory overload and its brain correlate has been investigated in the form of a well‐defined event‐related potential, N100 (N1). Fibromyalgia is an extensively described chronic pain syndrome with concurrent manifestations of reduced tolerance and enhanced sensation of painful and non‐painful stimulation, suggesting an association with central amplification of all sensory domains. Among diverse sensory modalities, we utilized repetitive auditory stimulation to explore the anomalous sensory information processing in fibromyalgia as evidenced by N1 habituation.

Methods

Auditory N1 was assessed in 19 fibromyalgia patients and age‐, education‐ and gender‐matched 21 healthy control subjects under the duration‐deviant passive oddball paradigm and magnetoencephalography recording. The brain signal of the first standard stimulus (following each deviant) and last standard stimulus (preceding each deviant) were analysed to identify N1 responses. N1 amplitude difference and adjusted amplitude ratio were computed as habituation indices.

Results

Fibromyalgia patients showed lower N1 amplitude difference (left hemisphere: p = 0.004; right hemisphere: p = 0.034) and adjusted N1 amplitude ratio (left hemisphere: p = 0.001; right hemisphere: p = 0.052) than healthy control subjects, indicating deficient auditory habituation. Further, augmented N1 amplitude pattern (p = 0.029) during the stimulus repetition was observed in fibromyalgia patients.

Conclusions

Fibromyalgia patients failed to demonstrate auditory N1 habituation to repetitively presenting stimuli, which indicates their compromised early auditory information processing. Our findings provide neurophysiological evidence of inhibitory failure and cortical augmentation in fibromyalgia.

What's already known about this topic?

Fibromyalgia has been associated with altered filtering of irrelevant somatosensory input. However, whether this abnormality can extend to the auditory sensory system remains controversial.

N!00, an event‐related potential, has been widely utilized to assess the brain's habituation capacity against sensory overload.

What does this study add?

Fibromyalgia patients showed defect in N100 habituation to repetitive auditory stimuli, indicating compromised early auditory functioning.

This study identified deficient inhibitory control over irrelevant auditory stimuli in fibromyalgia.
Bayesian Forecasting for Time Series of Categorical Data
Authors: Angers Jean‐François , Biswas Atanu , Maiti Raju
Published: May 2016

Time series of categorical data is not a widely studied research topic. Particularly, there is no available work on the Bayesian analysis of categorical time series processes. With the objective of filling that gap, in the present paper we consider the problem of Bayesian analysis including Bayesian forecasting for time series of categorical data, which is modelled by Pegram's mixing operator, applicable for both ordinal and nominal data structures. In particular, we consider Pegram's operator‐based autoregressive process for the analysis. Real datasets on infant sleep status are analysed for illustrations. We also illustrate that the Bayesian forecasting is more accurate than the corresponding frequentist's approach when we intend to forecast a large time gap ahead. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Slower early response to treatment and distinct expression profile of childhood high hyperdiploid acute lymphoblastic leukaemia with DNA index < 1.16
Authors: Zaliova Marketa , Hovorkova Lenka , Vaskova Martina , Hrusak Ondrej , Stary Jan , Zuna Jan
Published: May 2016

Acute lymphoblastic leukaemias (ALL) with 51–67 chromosomes are defined as high hyperdiploid (HHD) and are generally associated with good prognosis. However, several studies show heterogeneity in HHD ALL and suggest that the favourable prognosis is associated rather with higher ploidy defined by DNA index (DNAi) ≥ 1.16 or with a presence of specific single or combined trisomies. HHD ALL with DNAi < 1.16 are only rarely studied separately. Using single nucleotide polymorphism array, we analysed 89 childhood HHD ALL patients divided into groups with lower (<1.16; n = 34) and higher (≥1.16; n = 55) DNAi. We assessed treatment response, presence of secondary aberrations, mutations in RAS pathway genes and CREBBP and also gene expression profile (GEP) to reveal differences between the two subgroups. Cases with 51–54 chromosomes had DNAi 1.1–1.16 and cases with 55–67 chromosomes had DNAi ≥ 1.16. The groups with lower and higher DNAi had distinct response to early treatment and distinct GEP. The better response of the group with higher DNAi was associated with specific trisomies (trisomy of chromosome 10 or combined with trisomies 4 and/or 17). Our results suggest that cytogenetically defined HHD ALL can in fact be divided into two biologically distinguishable subgroups and that DNAi 1.16 is a relevant value to separate between the two. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Treatment Emergent Suicidal Ideation in depressed older adults
Authors: Cristancho Pilar , O'Connor Brendan , Lenze Eric J , Blumberger Daniel M. , Reynolds Charles F , Dixon David , Mulsant Benoit H.
Published: May 2016

Background

Treatment‐Emergent Suicidal Ideation (TESI) in older adults is poorly understood. We characterized TESI in older depressed adults during treatment with venlafaxine and explored whether TESI is related to antidepressant exposure versus dimensions of the psychiatric illness. We examined the relationship among medication exposure, onset of TESI, and clinical characteristics.

Methods

We analyzed data on 233 clinical trial participants with major depression and no baseline suicidal ideation who were treated for up to 12 weeks with venlafaxine XR (target dose: 150–300 mg/day). Suicidal ideation was assessed weekly with the Scale for Suicide Ideation. A Kaplan‐Meier curve displayed the time course of TESI. Differences in baseline demographic and clinical variables between the TESI and Non‐TESI groups were assessed with analyses of covariance or logistic regression. A final multivariate logistic regression model indicated baseline predictors of TESI. Depression treatment outcomes in subjects developing TESI versus those who did not were examined with a mixed effects model.

Results

TESI occurred in 10% of participants, typically with onset within 4 weeks of the start of treatment. Anxiety, and depression severity at baseline were predictors of TESI. Most TESI was mild and transient, with 6/233 participants having TESI considered clinically meaningful. TESI was not associated with venlafaxine blood levels or side effects.

Conclusions

In older depressed adults, TESI is relatively uncommon and it is likely related to the underlying illness rather than to a medication adverse effect. This suggests that TESI requires continuing rather than discontinuing antidepressant treatment. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib therapy is effective in the treatment of bone metastasis from cancer of unknown primary: Identification of clinical and immunohistochemical biomarkers predicting survival
Authors: Ma Yifei , Zhou Wang , He Shaohui , Xu Wei , Xiao Jianru
Published: May 2016

Bone metastasis from cancer of unknown primary (BMCUP) brings poor survival prognosis and its management remains controversial. Sunitinib (SUTENT) proved effective in many sorts of solid tumors but has never been applied for patients with occult primary cancers, and there is no study to identify sensitive or resistant biomarkers for sunitinib therapy in CUP patients. An analysis was carried out to investigate the efficacy of sunitinib by multivariate survival analysis of 286 patients with BMCUP. We further carried out multivariate analysis to identify histological and clinical biomarkers that could predict sensitivity or resistance for sunitinib therapy. Of the 286 patients included from January 2011 to March 2016, sunitinib therapy proved effective to prolong survival in patients with BMCUP. Sensitive and resistant biomarkers were identified in histological specimen of patients receiving sunitinib therapy. Clinical factors were also identified that predict poor survival prognosis for sunitinib therapy. Sunitinib therapy proved effective to prolong survival in patients with BMCUP. Sensitive markers for sunitinib therapy include KDR positivity and early‐developed treatment‐induced hypertension. Resistance factors for sunitinib include VEGF positivity, CAIX positivity and squamous cell carcinoma pathology type. Prolonged symptom time and severe weight loss before therapy seemed to be associated with poor survival prognosis for sunitinib therapy.
Deletion of macrophage migration inhibitory factor inhibits murine oral carcinogenesis: Potential role for chronic pro‐inflammatory immune mediators
Authors: Oghumu Steve , Knobloch Thomas J. , Terrazas Cesar , Varikuti Sanjay , Ahn‐Jarvis Jennifer , Bollinger Claire E. , Iwenofu Hans , Weghorst Christopher M. , Satoskar Abhay R.
Published: May 2016

Oral cancer kills about 1 person every hour each day in the United States and is the sixth most prevalent cancer worldwide. The pro‐inflammatory cytokine ‘macrophage migration inhibitory factor’ (MIF) has been shown to be expressed in oral cancer patients, yet its precise role in oral carcinogenesis is not clear. In this study, we examined the impact of global Mif deletion on the cellular and molecular process occurring during oral carcinogenesis using a well‐established mouse model of oral cancer with the carcinogen 4‐nitroquinoline‐1‐oxide (4NQO). C57BL/6 Wild‐type (WT) and Mif knock‐out mice were administered with 4NQO in drinking water for 16 weeks, then regular drinking water for 8 weeks. Mif knock‐out mice displayed fewer oral tumor incidence and multiplicity, accompanied by a significant reduction in the expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines Il‐1β, Tnf‐α, chemokines Cxcl1, Cxcl6 and Ccl3 and other molecular biomarkers of oral carcinogenesis Mmp1 and Ptgs2. Further, systemic accumulation of myeloid‐derived tumor promoting immune cells was inhibited in Mif knock‐out mice. Our results demonstrate that genetic Mif deletion reduces the incidence and severity of oral carcinogenesis, by inhibiting the expression of chronic pro‐inflammatory immune mediators. Thus, targeting MIF is a promising strategy for the prevention or therapy of oral cancer.
Tobacco‐specific N‐nitrosamines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in cigarettes smoked by the participants of the Shanghai Cohort Study
Authors: Yershova Katrina , Yuan Jian‐Min , Wang Renwei , Valentin Liza , Watson Clifford , Gao Yu‐Tang , Hecht Stephen S. , Stepanov Irina
Published: May 2016

Our recent studies on tobacco smoke carcinogen and toxicant biomarkers and cancer risk among male smokers in the Shanghai Cohort Study showed that exposure to tobacco‐specific nitrosamines (TSNA) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) is prospectively associated with the risk of cancer. These findings support the hypothesis that the smokers' cancer risk is a function of the dose of select tobacco carcinogens and highlight the importance of understanding the factors that affect the intake of these carcinogens by smokers. Given that tobacco constituent exposures are driven, at least in part, by the levels of these constituents in cigarette smoke, we measured mainstream smoke TSNA and PAH levels in 43 Chinese cigarette brands that participants of the Shanghai Cohort Study reported to smoke. In all brands analyzed here, mainstream smoke levels of NNN and NNK, the two carcinogenic TSNA, were generally relatively low, averaging (±SD) 16.8(±25.1) and 14.2(±9.5) ng/cigarette, respectively. The levels of PAH were comparable to those found in U.S. cigarettes, averaging 15(±9) ng/cigarette for benzo[a]pyrene, 119(±66) ng/cigarette for phenanthrene and 37(±19) ng/cigarette for pyrene. Our findings indicate that the generally low levels of NNN and NNK are most likely responsible for the relatively low levels of the corresponding biomarkers in the urine of the Shanghai Cohort Study participants as compared to those found in the U.S. smokers, supporting the role of the levels of these constituents in cigarette smoke in smokers' exposures. Our findings also suggest that, in addition to smoking, other sources contribute to Chinese smokers' exposure to PAH.
Monitoring microstructural variations of fresh skeletal muscle tissues by Mueller matrix imaging
Authors: He Honghui , He Chao , Chang Jintao , Lv Donghong , Wu Jian , Duan Chaijie , Zhou Qian , Zeng Nan , He Yonghong , Ma Hui
Published: May 2016

Recently many attempts have been made for extracting the structural information of myofibrils as indicators for diseases of skeletal muscle. In this paper we adopt wide‐field illumination and take the backscattering Mueller matrix images of bovine skeletal muscle tissues during the 24‐hour experimental time after the animal's death. The 2D images of Mueller matrix elements and their frequency distribution histograms (FDHs) reveal rich qualitative information on the changes in the microstructures of the skeletal muscle. The temporal variations of the sample are quantitatively analyzed using two Mueller matrix transformation (MMT) parameters. The characteristic features of the temporal plots are attributed to the rigor mortis and proteolysis processes. For a deeper insight on the relationship between the features of the MMT parameters and the microstructures during the rigor mortis and proteolysis processes, Monte Carlo (MC) simulations are carried out based on sphere‐cylinder birefringence model (SCBM). The good agreement between the experimental and MC simulated results show that the FDHs and MMT parameters can describe more clearly the characteristic microstructural features of skeletal muscle tissues. The techniques are useful for the characterization of physiological status of tissues, or quantitative assessment of meat qualities in food industry.

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