bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hume: The Moral Sense
Authors: Irwin Terence
Published: November 2023

After rejecting cognitivist and objectivist views, Hume maintains that moral distinctions are not derived from reason, but from a moral sense. We must turn our reflexion into our own breast (iii 1.1.26), to our sentiments of approval and disapproval. This reference to our approval and disapproval introduces a moral sense. This conclusion rests in different ways on Hume’s practical and his metaphysical argument. Only the practical argument shows that the moral sense itself makes the moral judgment, because there is nothing to the moral judgment beyond the feeling of approval that belongs to the moral sense. This is Hume’s position, if he sees the connexion between internalism and non-cognitivism.
Hume: The Virtues
Authors: Irwin Terence
Published: November 2023

If we accept Hume’s account of the moral sense, what account of morality do we commit ourselves to? Hume answers this question by listing the virtues and showing that they are objects of the sentiment that he ascribes to the moral sense. Before we consider his general account of the virtues and of their relation to the moral sense, it is useful to consider some of the specific virtues. He divides the virtues into natural and artificial, on the basis of his general claim that we value virtuous actions only insofar as they express a virtuous character (T iii 2.1.2; iii 3.1.4). If we commend a particular action, it must be because we approve the state of character that it proceeds from, and this state of character must immediately appeal to our sympathetic feelings (those that belong to the principle of humanity) (iii 2.1.6).
Reid: Knowledge And Morality
Authors: Irwin Terence
Published: November 2023

Reid agrees with Price in affirming the intuitive character of moral knowledge, the rejection of psychological hedonism, the irreducibility of conscience to self-love, and the rejection of utilitarianism. But he adds some important arguments to the rationalist position. In arguing that moral beliefs rest on intuitive first principles that are evident to common sense, Reid relies on his general view that we have no rational alternative to trusting common sense. He does not rely as heavily as Price does on a parallel between moral principles and geometrical principles (though he accepts the parallel). Instead, he takes moral knowledge to be analogous to ordinary perceptual knowledge, believing that the same sort of defence is appropriate in each case.
Formal Linguistics and Real Speech
Authors: Rischel Jørgen
Published: November 2023

Contemporary linguistics has a higher level of ambition than ever before in history. For many linguists the ambition is not just to account for the design of language as a system. Some are most interested in relating that system to a more or less innate language faculty of human beings; others (possibly the same persons) are interested in universal constraints on the production and perception of language, and the relevance of such putative universals for the patterns found in languages and the tendencies observed in linguistic change. And then some are interested in the variational aspect of linguistic data, or in setting up socio-pragmatic parameters to account for the ways in which language is put to use in different situations. This spectrum of interests and fundamental assumptions creates an incomparably more complex situation than in the earlier history of linguistics.
On Functional Load in Phonemics
Authors: Rischel Jørgen
Published: November 2023

If a linguistic text is looked upon as a unilinear sequence of phonemes, it is a rather simple procedure to measure the relative frequency of each phoneme. One sets up an overall inventory of phonemes and postulates that it is meaningful to characterize the use of the different phonemes as ‘drawn from a hat’. The overall frequencies are computed, and the probability of occurrence of each phoneme is expressed by its relative overall frequency. One can also focus on ‘items in context’ and compute the probabilities of the different phonemes occuring in a specific context or in a specific class of contexts. And finally, one can look upon the text as a ‘linear Markoff-process’ and interpret the probability of a specific sequence as the product of the subsequent transition probabilities. This in itself is a quite trivial procedure.
Nicomachean Ethics 7.3 on Akratic Ignorance
Authors: Pickavé Martin
Published: November 2023

NE 7. 3 ( = EE 6. 3) is generally agreed to be the foundational chapter in Aristotle’s account of akrasia.1 It is also agreed to involve extreme difficulties, not only about how to interpret particular lines but even about what lines to read. Some difficulties are so great that commentators have proposed radical emendations without manuscript support, such as Ramsauer’s proposal to read ‘particular’ for ‘universal’ in 1147a4. Others raise questions about the structure of the whole: there is enough at least apparent repetition for some commentators to hypothesize that 7. 3 is a patchwork containing redundant bits of what were originally two separate treatments. Cook Wilson, for example, takes the four central sections and treats the second and fourth more or less as alternative versions of the first and third.2 But we believe that each section introduces an important ingredient in Aristotle’s eventual account, which is presented in stages: each seems to resolve an issue left unresolved in the earlier sections.
“Overall complexity”: a wild goose chase?
Authors: Deutscher Guy
Published: November 2023

The statement that “All Languages are Equally Complex” (ALEC) is often portrayed as one of the fundamental tenets of modern linguistics.1 It is repeated in introductory courses, enshrined in all manner of textbooks, and occasionally invoked as an axiom in theoretical arguments (for instance, about the admissibility or otherwise of particular reconstructions of protolanguages). ALEC is sometimes presented as a “finding”: “a central finding of linguistics has been that all languages, both ancient and modern, spoken by both ‘primitive’ and ‘advanced’ societies, are equally complex in their structure’’ (Forston 2004: 4). However, references to where the “finding” was made are never supplied. The intellectual pedigree of ALEC is often claimed to go back to Edward Sapir, but Sapir does not seem to have made such a statement in print. Some of the statements he did make, in fact, make it clear he did not subscribe to ALEC. In the following passage, for instance, Sapir is at pains to stress the lack of correlation between complexity of culture and of language, but he strongly implies that languages can diver in their complexity:
Shared decision-making: The implications for health care teams and practice
Authors: Légaré France , Stacey Dawn
Published: November 2023

With the increased emphasis on engagement of patients as partners in their care, there is a need to determine effective ways to involve them in the process by which health care decisions are made. As clinical options multiply and health-related decisions become more challenging, it is expected that patients will require more guidance to make informed decisions. At the same time, in response to the growing needs of their population and the shortage in the health care labour force, in many industrialized countries, there is also an expectation that interprofessional health care team approaches will be encouraged and developed. Consequently, the process by which patients are engaged to share their preferences and become involved in decisions with their practitioners will have to change to accommodate this new interprofessional health care environment (Coulter, 1999).
Making information available to patients and the general public: The example of ‘Informed Health Online’ from Germany
Authors: Bastian Hilda , Knelangen, Marco , Zschorlich Beate
Published: November 2023

Informing the public about the latest evidence and strengthening patients’ autonomy in decision-making, these goals were set by legislators for Germany’s national evidence assessment agency, the Institute of Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG) (German Parliament, 2003). This remit for patients and the general public encompasses both an evidence monitoring role and a communication one (Bastian, 2008). It raises several central questions.
The role of decision aids in promoting evidence-based patient choice
Authors: O’Connor Annette M , Edwards Adrian
Published: November 2023

Health care decisions are often difficult to make. This may be because there is insufficient scientific evidence about benefits and harms or because the options have known benefits and harms that patients value differently. Among the 2500 health care interventions evaluated by the Clinical Evidence group (Clinical Evidence, 2005), 13% were classified as ‘beneficial’, 23% as ‘probably beneficial’, 8% as ‘need to weigh benefits versus risks’, 6% as ‘probably non-beneficial’, 4% as ‘probably useless or dangerous’, and 46%, the largest number, as having insufficient evidence of usefulness. Patient decision aids have been developed to supplement existing communication between professionals and patients (O’Connor et al., 2003b).
The role of internet-delivered interventions in self-care
Authors: Murray Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

People with long-term conditions need a great deal of support, including access to high quality, timely information, emotional support, social support, help with making and implementing decisions, and help with adopting healthier behaviours. Self-care is an essential part of good management of long-term conditions, but poses considerable challenges for patients. In this chapter, I discuss how Internet-delivered Interventions can meet user needs and hence promote self-care.
Decision aids for preventing cardiovascular disease
Authors: Montgomery Alan
Published: November 2023

Cardiovascular disease accounts for around 40% of all deaths in Europe and the USA, is a major cause of disability, and impacts economically through health care costs, productivity losses, and informal care of people with cardiovascular disease (Allender et al., 2008; American Heart Association 2008). Individuals at increased risk of suffering a cardiovascular event (mainly myocardial infarction or stroke) can be identified using one of several risk scoring equations derived from large cohort studies (Anderson et al., 1990; Hippisley-Cox et al., 2007). Once identified, these individuals may be offered one or more treatments known to be effective in reducing their risk of a cardiovascular event (Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists’ Collaboration 2003; Law et al., 2003). Guidelines for assessment of cardiovascular risk and treatment strategies are available to physicians (British Cardiac Society et al., 2005; National High Blood Pressure Education Program, 2003), but such guidelines contain no explicit instructions for how individual patient preferences might be included in decisions about treatment. For asymptomatic patients in particular, for example with raised blood pressure or cholesterol, individualized estimation of the risk and availability of effective treatments can generate a difficult choice. Do they begin lifelong treatment, reducing the chances of an event that may or may not happen but with the possibility of side-effects? Or do they opt for no treatment or only lifestyle changes with more modest effects, knowing that their risk of a cardiovascular event remains higher than could otherwise be the case? And for patients with known cardiovascular disease such as atrial fibrillation, a further choice exists between treatment types, with differing effects on risks of stroke and major side-effects such as bleeding complications.
Promoting critical reflection in breast cancer decision-making
Authors: Belkora Jeff
Published: November 2023

Breast cancer occurs when cells in the ducts or lobules of the breast begin to proliferate out of control and spread through the lymph system or bloodstream to other parts of the body, where they can interfere with vital functions, leading to death. No one knows for sure what causes breast cancer; and although survival is increasing overall and the 5-year survival rate exceeds 90% for localized disease, there is no definite cure (American Cancer Society, 2007). Breast cancer treatments are invasive and life altering. Treatment options include surgery, radiation, hormone therapy, chemotherapy, and biologic therapy. Patients and health care professionals face many other decisions about breast cancer.
A devil’s advocate: Do patients really want shared decision-making?
Authors: Price Christopher
Published: November 2023

I inwardly groan, this is one of those Shared Decision-Making (SDM) sessions. I have five minutes before I leave for work and I have to negotiate dinner options with my wife. The other problem is that I have never had either before and I am expected to decide on something that will happen in the future with no guarantee of a successful outcome.
Information therapy: Tomorrow’s promise is happening today – an example from the commercial sector
Authors: Kemper Donald W
Published: November 2023

Information is important. And it is always been available with health care. Until now, though, health education has generally meant giving patients information ‘about’ their care. Today’s information therapy model changes the role of information in a subtle, yet defining, way. Instead of information being ‘about’ one’s care, information can be a significant ‘part’ of one’s care. Information is care. Information is therapy. Once the subtle shift is fully understood, the exceptional promise of information therapy is revealed.
Just Research in an Unjust World: Can Harm Reduction Be an Acceptable Tool for Public Health Prevention Research?
Authors: Kass Nancy E
Published: November 2023

In recent years, two research endeavors, one international, one domestic, have been the focus of considerable ethics debate. The first was a series of HIV perinatal transmission studies conducted in the mid-1990s in resource-poor countries. The second was a lead abatement trial initiated in the early 1990s in low-income housing units in Baltimore.
Witness To Extinction
Authors: Turvey Samuel
Published: November 2023

The tragic recognition of the extinction of the Yangtze River Dolphin or baiji in 2007 became a major news story and sent shockwaves around the world. It made a romantic story, for the baiji was a unique and beautiful creature that features in many Chinese legends and folk tales. The Goddess of the Yangtze, as it was known, was also the lone representative of an entire and ancient branch of the Tree of Life. But perhaps the greater tragedy is that its status as one of the world's most threatened mammals had been widely recognized, yet despite wide publicity virtually no international funds became available. Samuel Turvey here tells the story of the plight of the Yangtze River Dolphin from his unique perspective as a conservation biologist deeply involved in the struggle to save the dolphin. This is both a celebration of a beautiful and remarkable animal that once graced one of China's greatest rivers, its natural history and its role as a cultural symbol; and also a personal, eyewitness account of the failures of policy and the struggle to get funds that led to its tragic demise. It is a true cautionary tale that we must learn from, for there are countless other threatened species that will suffer from the same human mistakes, and whose loss we shall not know until it is too late.
The Rarest Animal In The World
Authors: Turvey Samuel
Published: November 2023

Give me a child until he is 7 and I will show you the man, the Jesuits said. I must have been about 7 when I saw my first aquatic mammal. Although I grew up in Bristol, the gateway to England’s West Country, having parents of different nationalities meant that I ended up spending most of my holidays in Finland, staying at my uncle’s farm close to the Russian border in the calm summer countryside south of Savonlinna. My childhood memories are full of bright sunlight and water, the smell of the pines, and the sanctity of the forest. The nearest farm was a mile away, and the vitality of nature could be felt peering in from around the corners of the fields and whispering in the hush of the dusk.
The Politics Of Extinction
Authors: Turvey Samuel
Published: November 2023

Why, exactly, was it seemingly proving to be impossible to motivate anyone to try to do something—anything—to help conserve the baiji? The reasons for this protracted delay are inevitably complex, and, it seems, a series of different factors may have all played a part.
End Game
Authors: Turvey Samuel
Published: November 2023

On New Year’s Eve 2005, Leigh drove round to see me. We had yet another major baiji funding application with an imminent deadline to work on, after all, which would take us into the coffee-fuelled small hours as usual; but we both had a good feeling about the coming year. The emergency implementation meeting in San Diego had been a success: we finally had a robust working budget, methodology, and timeframe for the project, which would allow us to push forward in making sure that things got organized out in China at last. Finally, after all the powerplay, bickering, apathy, and seemingly interminable delays, it looked like something was actually going to happen.
The Golden Channel
Authors: Turvey Samuel
Published: November 2023

Whales and dolphins have not really benefited from sharing a planet with humans for the past few millennia. It seems that almost as soon as prehistoric people were able to construct craft that allowed them to take to the water, they made a point of persecuting aquatic mammals, after learning of the desirable properties of whale oil and meat from salvaged carcasses that washed up from time to time along the coast. Even before recent centuries, aboriginal hunters in many different parts of the world had become adept at killing whales that came close to land, using harpoons and hand lances deployed from kayaks, dugouts, or skin boats.
What have we learnt? Collected Fictions
Authors: Turvey Samuel
Published: November 2023

So everything’s over. The baiji is gone, and with it we have lost 20 million years of unique evolution, an entire mammal family, the top predator of the Yangtze ecosystem, the reincarnation of a drowned princess—and one of the most enigmatic and beautiful creatures on earth. This is a tragedy, but it is also more than that: it is a travesty. It is simply not true that this extinction happened so quickly that it caught us unawares.
Proteins: From Skin and Bone to Enzymes
Authors: Gratzer Walter
Published: November 2023

We will not be concerned here with biochemistry—with what proteins do in the metabolism—but rather with their structure. In the days of Mulder and Liebig the prevailing wisdom was that the proteins of the body, such as albumin and haemoglobin, were ingested, whether from steak or from spinach, ready made, requiring at most a little touching up before being put to use. This is the opposite of the truth, for proteins in our food, the principal suppliers of the body’s nitrogen, are broken down by a series of metabolic reactions. The products of this degradation are then used to make new protein and other molecules of life. But animal and plant proteins are constructed along the same lines from the same twenty L-amino acids.
Present and Future: Where will it end?
Authors: Gratzer Walter
Published: November 2023

We have arrived now at the almost limitless ways in which polymers, natural and synthetic, enter, often unseen, into the fabric of modern life, and of what they may do for us in the future. Many of the most enterprising developments come from the scrutiny of the materials and processes of life, for why should we not look for inspiration from the products of aeons of evolutionary trial and error? Biology-inspired chemistry and physics has been given the name biomimetics, and we will encounter many examples of its successes, and indications of its widening promise.
The Many Faces of DNA
Authors: Gratzer Walter
Published: November 2023

DNA, known to most of us only as the genetic material, the storehouse of heredity, has re-emerged in the past two decades in all manner of new guises. For it embodies in its chemical nature a remarkable range of technological options, not all related to the storage of information.
Seven Concepts of Creation
Authors: Kenny Anthony
Published: November 2023

The first thesis is this. It is important for Plato, Broadie maintains, that the Demiurge should work on pre-existent matter. Otherwise there would not be a sufficient distinction in creation between the cause and the product. In the biblical account of creation there is a sharp distinction between the creator and the created because the creator is divine and the creature is not. But for Plato ‘the empirical cosmos, even though a made thing and a perceptible one, is literally itself a god, an appellation it shares with the god who made it from matter ‘. Pre-existent matter is therefore an essential part of the narrative if creation is not to collapse into some kind of pantheism, in which ‘either the cause-entity has evolved into what we were calling the product ... or the cause-entity constitutes the product ‘.
Life after Etna: Empedocles in Prose and Poetry
Authors: Kenny Anthony
Published: November 2023

There is a familiar passage in Aristotle ‘s Nicomachean Ethics (1147a20, b12) in which the incontinent person, who does what he says he ought not to do, is compared to a drunken man reciting the verses of Empedocles. Scholars are undecided why Empedocles comes into the picture here. Is it because he was himself a champion of temperance, or is it because his verses are so difficult to construe? Either way, we are clearly meant to envisage a person reciting poetry that he does not really understand. I mention the passage only to introduce an apology.
Virtue and the Good in Plato and Aristotle
Authors: Kenny Anthony
Published: November 2023

Professor T. H. Irwin, in a recent paper ( ‘Glaucon ‘s Challenge: Does Aristotle Change his Mind? ‘ in R. Heinaman (ed.), Plato and Aristotle ‘s Ethics, Ashgate, 2003) attributes to Plato the following nine theses: (I) The Conditional Thesis. Non-moral goods and evils are only conditionally good and bad; they are good when used virtuously, bad when used viciously.
The Wittgenstein Editions
Authors: Kenny Anthony
Published: November 2023

In his will of 29 January 1951, Wittgenstein bequeathed to Rush Rhees, Elizabeth Anscombe, and Georg Henrik von Wright ‘all the copyright in all my unpublished writings; and also the manuscripts and typescripts thereof to dispose of as they think best ‘. These heirs were to publish ‘as many of my unpublished writings as they think fit ‘ and were to share the royalties and other profits equally between themselves.
The Unity of Knowledge and the Diversity of Belief
Authors: Kenny Anthony
Published: November 2023

It was a great honour to be invited to join the distinguished company of those who have given the Athenaeum lectures since their inception in 1998. The club ‘s talk dinner committee showed great perspicacity in choosing, as the overall theme of the lecture series, ‘The Unity of Knowledge ‘. This is a broad and fertile topic that can be approached in a variety of ways, as previous lectures have amply demonstrated. There is, in my view, a special unity peculiar to knowledge— and not only scientific knowledge. Belief on the other hand— and not only religious belief— leaves room for exuberant diversity. Knowledge is single, belief is multiplex. There are two reasons for this difference between knowing and believing. One reason is philosophical, the other is historical; one reason is necessary, the other is contingent.
Making Holes in the Dark
Authors: Dixson Alan F
Published: November 2023

Sexual selection has played a major role in the evolution of the reproductive organs of animals. A full appreciation of this aspect of sexual selection is relatively new, however, and was unknown to Darwin at the time he formulated his theories concerning the pre-copulatory aspects of selection. Here, and in the following two chapters, I consider how sexual selection has affected the evolution of reproductive anatomy and physiology in mammals.
Masculine Dimensions
Authors: Dixson Alan F
Published: November 2023

The male genitalia evolved as an exquisitely complex, integrated system for the production, storage, and delivery of sperm (and accessory glandular secretions) to females during sexual activity. Studies of invertebrates have provided ample evidence for effects of sexual selection upon the evolution of male genitalic morphology and physiology (Eberhard 1985; 1996; Simmons 2001; Poiani 2006). The same evolutionary principles may be applied in comparative studies of the genitalia in the mammals, including human beings. The reproductive systems of male mammals are structurally diverse, with remarkable differences in their accessory reproductive glands and penile morphologies. At least some of this diversity may have been influenced by sexual selection, whether via sperm competition or cryptic female choice. The question of cryptic female choice will be deferred until the next chapter, where possible effects of sexual selection upon the evolution of the female genitalia are discussed. Here I shall explore the effects of sperm competition upon the evolution of the male reproductive system in mammals, in order to address a number of questions.
Adam’s Apple
Authors: Dixson Alan F
Published: November 2023

An obvious anatomical sex difference in adult humans concerns the size and shape of the larynx, with resultant differences in vocal pitch; this is usually deeper in men than in women. These structural and vocal sex differences develop during puberty when, under the action of testosterone, the cartilages and muscles of the male larynx enlarge and the vocal cords increase in length. The thyroid cartilage, the largest of the nine cartilages which make up the larynx, becomes especially prominent in some males, causing a bulge to appear in the midline at the front of the neck; this is the pomum Adami, or Adam’s apple (Figure 8.1). Darwin (1871) was well aware of this sex difference in Homo sapiens, and noted parallels in the greater size of the larynx and deeper vocalizations of various male mammals. He considered that ‘man appears to have inherited this difference from his early progenitors. His vocal cords are about one third longer than in woman, or than in boys.’
Introduction
Authors: Stores Gregory
Published: November 2023

Attitudes to sleep vary significantly from one person to another. Some see it as an enjoyable experience and even a relief from daytime pressures and cares—a view expressed poetically by Sir Philip Sidney (1554–1586):Come, Sleep! O Sleep, the certain knot of peace, The baiting-place of wit, the balm of woe, The poor man’s wealth, the prisoner’s release, Th’indifferent judge between the high and low. Astrophel and Stella (Certain Sonnets , Sonnet XXXIIX) On the other hand, those who sleep badly can regard the night as a distressing time, sometimes even to be dreaded, partly because of their inability to sleep but also because things can generally seem much worse at night than during the day. Literature again illustrates the point in Shakespeare’s Macbeth : Good things of day begin to droop and drowse, Whiles night’s black agents to their preys do rouse.
Signs of unsatisfactory sleep
Authors: Stores Gregory
Published: November 2023

Fact: Actually, inadequate or poor-quality sleep can affect you in many different ways, both psychologically and physically. So much is this the case that often this explanation of your difficulties gets overlooked instead of being dealt with. Many people know they do not sleep well, although many do not ask for help and soldier on as best they can. Others are less aware that their sleep is unsatisfactory and that they could benefit if their sleep was improved. Ideally, a person’s sleep at night should be both long enough (adequate sleep) and also of sufficiently good quality to restore them, so that they feel well and can function properly during the day. Good-quality sleep means that sleep is sound and unbroken. In addition, sleep quality can be impaired (also called ‘fragmented’ sleep) by very brief arousals without you consciously waking up. This happens particularly in later life and in various sleep disorders, such as obstructive sleep apnoea (see Chapter 9), causing daytime sleepiness.
Sleep disorders misinterpreted as other medical or psychological conditions
Authors: Stores Gregory
Published: November 2023

At several points in this book, it has been mentioned that sleep disorders can mistakenly be thought to be some other type of condition and nothing particularly to do with sleep. This will happen if the person themselves or their relatives or friends giving advice (or professionals whom they consult for help) do not know enough about the many types of sleep disturbance and the various ways in which you can be affected.
Guilt-Free Morality
Authors: Harman Gilbert
Published: November 2023

How essential is the complex emotion of guilt to morality? Can we define moral standards, in contrast with other sorts of standards, as those standards it is appropriate to feel guilt for violating? Is it essential to being a moral person to be disposed to feel guilt if one takes oneself to have acted morally wrongly?

Here are some of the ways in which some philosophers and psychologists have taken the emotion of guilt to be essential to morality.

One relatively central idea is that guilt feelings are warranted if an agent knows that he or she has acted morally wrongly. It might be said that in such a case the agent has a strong reason to feel guilt, that the agent ought to have guilt feelings, that the agent is justified in having guilt feelings and unjustified in not having guilt feelings.
The Actor’S Quality
Authors: Chambers E K
Published: November 2023

THE history detailed in the foregoing chapter represents, from the point of view of the playing companies, a vexed progress towards that state of regulative security which, in the case of any industry dependent upon a permanent habitation and the outlay of capital, is the first condition of economic stability. More than once in the course of the struggle was an approach made to a settlement before it was actually reached. The rather obscure period of the first attempts of the companies to establish themselves in London was closed by the experimental patent to Leicester’s men and the fairly reasonable City regulations of 1574.
The Actor’S Economics
Authors: Chambers E K
Published: November 2023

WITHAL the actors, or the more discreet of them, prospered. This fact peeps out from the diatribes of their critics, and is indeed part of the case against them. The theatres are thronged, while the churches are empty. The drones suck the honey stored up by London’s laborious citizens. Already, in 1578, John Stockwood estimates the aggregate gain of eight play-houses, open but once in the week, at £2,000 by the year. The players began to ruffle it, in garments fit only for their betters. ‘ The very hyrelings ‘, says Gosson in 1579, ‘ which stand at reuersion of vis by the weeke, iet under gentlemen’s noses in sutes of silke, exercising themselues too prating on the stage, and common scoffing when they come abrode, where they looke askance ouer the shoulder at every man, of whom the Sunday before they begged an almes ‘ ; and in like vein Walsingham’s correspondent of 1587 bewails to him the ‘ wofull sight to see two hundred proude players jett in their silkes, wheare five hundred pore people sterve in the streets ‘.
Actors
Authors: Chambers E K
Published: November 2023

Alleyn, Edward, was born on I September 1566 in the parish of St. Botolph, Bishopsgate. His father was Edward Alleyn of Willen, Bucks, Innholder and porter to the Queen, who died in 1570; his mother, Margaret Townley, for whom he claimed a descent from the Townleys of Lancashire which modem genealogists hesitate to credit, re-married with one John Browne, a haberdasher, between whom and other Brownes who appear in theatrical annals no connexion can be proved. Edward Alleyn is said by Fuller in his Worthies to have been’ bred a stage player’.
Introduction: The Public Theatres
Authors: Chambers E K
Published: November 2023

The evidence of the maps as to the position of the theatres is obscured, partly by uncertainties as to the dates and authorships both of the engravings and of the surveys on which they were based, and partly by the pictorial character of the topography. They are not strict plans in two dimensions, such as modem cartographers produce, but either drawings in full perspective, or bird’s-eye views in diminished perspective. The imaginary standpoint is always on the south, and the pictorial aspect is emphasized in the foreground, with the result that, while the Bankside theatres, but not those north of the river, are generally indicated, this is rarely with a precision which renders it possible to locate them in relation to the thoroughfares amongst which they stand. This is more particularly the case since, while the general grouping of buildings, gardens, and trees appears, from a comparison of one view with another, to be faithfully given, it is probable that the details are often both conventionally represented and out of scale.
Staging In The Theatres: Seventeenth Century
Authors: Chambers E K
Published: November 2023

THE turn of the century is also a turning-point in the history of the public theatres. In 1599 the Chamberlain’s men built the Globe, and in 1600, not to be outdone, the Admiral’s men built upon the same model the Fortune. These remained the head-quarters of the same companies, when at the beginning of the reign of James the one became the King’s and the other the Prince’s men. Worcester’s, afterwards the Queen’s, men were content for a time with the older houses, first the Rose, then the Curtain and the Boar’s Head, but by 1605 or 1606 they were occupying the Red Bull, probably a new building, but one of which we know very little. Meanwhile the earlier Tudor fashion of plays by boys had been revived, both at Paul’s, and at the Blackfriars, where a theatre had been contrived by James Burbadge about 1596 in a chamber of the ancient priory, for the purposes of a public stage.
The Printing Of Plays
Authors: Chambers E K
Published: November 2023

A HISTORIAN of the stage owes so much of his material to the printed copies of plays, with their title-pages, their prefatory epistles, and their stage-directions, that he can hardly be dispensed from giving some account of the process by which plays got into print. Otherwise I should have been abundantly content to have left the subject with a reference to the researches of others, and notably of that accomplished bibliographer, my friend Mr. A. W. Pollard, to whom in any event the debt of these pages must be great. The earliest attempts to control the book-trade are of the nature of commercial restrictions, and concern themselves with the regulation of alien craftsmanship.1 But when Tudor policy had to deal with expressions of political and religious opinion, and in particular when the interlude as well as the pamphlet, not without encouragement from Cranmer and Cromwell, became an instrument of ecclesiastical controversy, it was not long before the State found itself committed to the methods of a literary censorship. We have already followed in detail the phases of the control to which the spoken play was subjected.2 The story of the printed play was closely analogous ; and in both cases the ultimate term of the evolution, so far as our period is concerned, was the establishment of the authority of the Master of the Revels.
Playwrights
Authors: Chambers E K
Published: November 2023

Bibliographical Note.-The abundant literature of the drama is more satisfactorily treated in the appendices to F. E. Schelling, Elizabethan Drama (1908), and vols. v and vi (1910) of the Cambridge History of English Literature, than in R. W.Lowe, Bibliographical Account of English Theatrical Literature (1888), K. L. Bates and L. B. Godfrey, English Drama: a Working Basis (1896), or W. D. Adams, Dictionary of the Drama (1904). There is an American pamphlet on Materials for the Study of the English Drama, excluding Shakespeare (1912, Newbery Library, Chicago), which I have not seen. Periodical lists of new books are published in the Modern Language Review, the Beiblatt to Anglia, and the Bulletin of the English Association, and annual bibliographies by the Modern Humanities Research Association (from 1921) and in the Shakespeare Jahrbuch. The bibliography by H. R. Tedder in the Encyclopaedia Britannica (11th ed.) s.v. Shakespeare, A. C. Shaw, Index to the Shakespeare Memorial Library (1900-3), and W. Jaggard, Shaluspeare Bibliography (19u), on which, however, cf. C. S. Northup in J. G. P. xi. 218, are also useful. W. W. Greg, Notes on Dramatic Bibliographers (1911, M. S. C. i. 324), traces from the publishers’ advertisements of the Restoration a catena of play-lists in E. Phillips, Theatrum Poetarum (1675), W. Winstanley, Lives of the Most Famous English Poets (1687), G. Langbaine, Momus Triumphans (1688) and Account of the English Dramatick Poets (1691), C. Gildon, Lives and Characters of the English Drainatick Poets (1698), W. R. Chetwood, The British Theatre (1750), E. Capell, Notitia Dramatica (1783), and the various editions of the Biographica Dramatica from 1764 to 1812. More recent are J. 0. Halliwell-Phillipps, Dictionary of Old English Plays (1860), and W. C. Hazlitt, Manual of Old English Plays (1892); but all are largely superseded by W. W. Greg, A List of English Plays (1900) and A List of Masques, Pageants, &-c. (1902). His account of Warburton’s collection in The Bakings of Betsy (Library, 1911)serves as a supplement. A few plays discovered later than 1900 appeared in an Irish sale of 1906 (cf. JahYbuch, xliii. 310) and in the Mostyn sale of 1919 (cf. t.p. facsimiles in Sotheby’s sale-catalogue). For the problems of the early prints, the Bibliographical Note to ch. xxii should be consulted.
Reading Platonic Writing: A Discussion of Christopher Rowe, Plato and the Art of Philosophical Writing
Authors: Denyer Nicholas
Published: November 2023

Throughout his philosophical career, Plato was a loyal follower of Socrates. His loyalty was more than an admiration for Socrates the man and an enthusiasm for his dialectical method. For his loyalty included also a commitment to some more substantive views that he took himself to share with Socrates. Among these views were: the world is providentially governed; no wise person ever harms anyone; a wise person will know about things like beauty and goodness; beauty and goodness are not identical to any or all ordinary beautiful or good things; all would be well with our lives if we were wise; attaining perfect wisdom is beyond human powers. Perhaps the most adventurous of these views concerned the motives for action: at bottom, we can desire only one thing, what is good for us, and therefore, in order to act better, all we need is better information about what is good for us.
Kan T: F Rom P Ractical Laws To Morality
Authors: Rwin Terence I
Published: November 2023

So far we have discussed Kant’s claims about practical laws and categorical imperatives as general claims about practical reason, not as specific claims about morality. He defends claims about external reasons that we might accept without believing that all and only moral principles are practical laws. The next stage in a clear presentation of Kant’s position ought to show how moral principles are practical laws. Kant offers two sorts of arguments for this conclusion about moral principles: (1) Our views about morality, reasons, praise, and blame imply that moral principles are practical laws. (2) We can see (without relying on the truth of our moral views) that moral principles are practical laws.
KAN T: Morality and the Good
Authors: Rwin Terence I
Published: November 2023

We have now examined Kant’s argument to show that practical laws must include moral principles, and that we are not completely guided by practical laws until we follow moral principles that prescribe the treatment of persons as ends. In following these practical laws, we achieve positive freedom. If we are to be autonomous, acting on principles that are the laws of the rational will itself and are not derived from outside, we must follow the categorical imperative of morality.
Hegel: Morality and Beyond
Authors: Rwin Terence I
Published: November 2023

We have seen how Hegel’s views on eudaemonism help us to understand his judgment on Greek ethics. It is more difficult to describe his views on the modern moral theories of the 17th and 18th centuries. His discussion of Kant would be easier to evaluate if we could consider other theories that try to give an account of Morality. But Hegel is not interested in the history of modern moral philosophy before Kant. We can raise some relevant questions, however, if we examine his treatment of utilitarianism, with the help of his idealist successors. Both Bradley and Green treat hedonist utilitarianism as a one-sided conception of the good and the right that can usefully be contrasted with Kant. According to Bradley, both utilitarianism and Kantian ethics fail to give a correct account of the self in its relation to morality. For him, the right account is contained in a version of eudaemonism.
Marx and I Dealist Moral Theory
Authors: Rwin Terence I
Published: November 2023

A reasonably full discussion of Marx’s views on social theory would go far beyond moral philosophy. Indeed, moral philosophy might not be very prominent in a full exposition of his views, since he does not discuss questions in moral theory at length. The views he expresses are often implicit rather than explicit, and even when they are explicit, they are often assertions rather than conclusions of theoretical argument. Moreover, a full discussion would have to take account of questions about the relation between Marx’s earlier works, in which the Hegelian influence is more evident, and his later works. The development of Marx’s thought, and the importance or unimportance of Hegelian philosophical assumptions in different stages of his thought, are controversial topics that are quite relevant to his views on questions about morality.
Sidgwick: Methods and Sources
Authors: Rwin Terence I
Published: November 2023

One critic describes Sidgwick’s Methods of Ethics as ‘on the whole the best treatise on moral theory that has ever been written’. Whether or not we agree with this estimate, Methods deserves study as a sophisticated defence of the utilitarian position. It rests both on a close examination of the history of ethics and on a careful estimate of the different options in moral theory. Sidgwick lays a foundation in meta-ethics and moral psychology for his normative argument. His discussion of meta-ethical issues takes up some of the arguments in Price that anticipate Moore’s non-naturalism. In contrast to earlier utilitarians, Sidgwick rejects both a hedonist theory of motivation and a sentimentalist account of moral obligation. He profits from the criticisms that Butler, Price, and Reid urge against Hutcheson and Hume.
Against Deity Theories
Authors: Leftow Brian
Published: November 2023

Theories about the relation between God and necessary truth may be as old as theist metaphysics. One basic worry in this sphere is a relative of the Euthyphro dilemma: is the necessary true because God afirms it, or does god afirms it because it is true? As with the Euthyphro dilemma, both horns can seem problematic. Say that the necessary is true because God afirms it, and one risks making the necessary as contingent as God’s free choice. Say that God afirms it because it is true, and one risks making God less ultimate in reality than whatever modal ontology establishes the necessary as true prior to His afirming. Almost all theist theories on the subject have opted for what is in fact a way between the horns. If modal truth is somehow grounded on God’s nature, deity, the modal ontology which establishes it as true is as necessary as God’s existence and yet not prior to Him in reality: God afirms it because it is true, but this boils down to His afirming it because His nature is what it is. It is an appealing solution. But I think it is not entirely correct. In what follows, I first display the main historical sorts of deity theory. I then argue that no such view is true.
The Evolutionary Answer to the Problem of Faith and Reason
Authors: Schellenberg J L
Published: November 2023

The problem of faith and reason, as I shall understand it here, is the problem of showing how the religious impulse of humanity can be reconciled with the rational one. Some, for example those held in thrall by postmodernism or scientism, may think they are solving the problem of faith and reason when they denounce one or other of these human proclivities. But, on my understanding of the problem, they are simply refusing to admit it. Fortunately, more relevant approaches can also be found in philosophy of religion. The deductive theistic proofs of thinkers like Anselm and Leibniz exemplify one; Swinburne’s cautious inductive and cumulative case for the existence of God another; Plantinga’s more experientially grounded “Reformed Epistemology”, which regards theistic belief as properly basic, a third; John Hick’s neo-Kantian religious pluralism, more irenic than the- ism though still experientially grounded, a fourth. But no existing answer to the problem of how to reconcile reason and religion seems to me whol- ly satisfactory; certainly none has won wide acceptance. Here I wish to outline a response that has not thus far been attempted, except implicitly in my recent books. It will, I hope, prove worthwhile to set it out more explicitly and crisply and under a single guiding concept, so that it can be captured, as it were, at a glance, and thus more easily compared with other answers.
Subcellular Localization of Biological Molecules
Authors: Cumming Riciiard , Fallon Rachel
Published: November 2023

The complexity of higher organisms is due in part to the wide variety of tissues and cells which have become specialized for different functions. Cells can often be differentiated from each other on the basis of size, shape, fine structural differences and on the basis of phenotypic molecular markers. Techniques such as tissue culture can help to elucidate the function of individual cell types by growing them and manipulating them under controlled conditions. A further degree of complexity comes from the organization of structures within the cell; at the simplest level we can divide the cell into nucleus and cytoplasm, while sophisticated techniques allow distinction be tween many different structures such as mitochondria, lyzosomes, ribosomes, etc. It is now widely appreciated that these structures perform varied cellular functions and that different molecules are localized within different subcellular compartments (e.g. neuronal compartmentation of cytoskeletal proteins) (1). In addition to the well-known movement of nucleic acids between the nucleus and the cytoplasm, it is now known, for example, that trans\ocation of specific molecules from one region of the cell to another appears to represent the mechanism of action of molecules including steroids, cyclic nucleotides and receptors.
Selection and Synthesis of Receptor-Specific Radioligands
Authors: Mcfarthing Kevin G
Published: November 2023

The vast majority of biological phenomena involve molecular communication between cells. The molecules which mediate this communication require the presence of a target molecule, or receptor, on the target cell which recognizes the signal and translates this, usually by a complex series of intracellular events, into a biological effect or response. The study of the distribution, concentration, structure, and function of these receptors is thus fundamental to the understanding of the biological response.