bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La spatialisation de Services Ecosystémiques à l'échelle locale dans un contexte de déforestation : quelles approches statistiques et quelles données ?
Authors: Clec'h Solen Le , Oszwald Johan , Dufour Simon , Desjardins Thierry , Jegou Nicolas , Grimaldi Michel
Published: March 2016

Le Millenium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) puis les REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation) préconisent le développement d’approches de quantification et de spatialisation des services écosystémiques (SE). Ces approches pourraient permettre la mise en œuvre de pratiques et de politiques de gestion environnementale plus efficaces. La cartographie des SE apparaît ainsi comme un outil majeur de gestion des espaces à forts enjeux environnementaux. A l’échelle de trois localités d'Amazonie brésilienne situées sur le front de déforestation, deux processus biophysiques délivrant des SE, l'infiltrabilité de l'eau dans le sol et le stockage de carbone dans la végétation, ont été cartographiés avec une résolution spatiale de 30x30m. Pour ce faire, des mesures in situ de biomasse et de vitesse d'infiltration au sein de 135 points d'échantillonnage et des données obtenues par télédétection ont été mises en relation à l'aide de modèles statistiques. Ces modèles permettent d'obtenir une estimation de ces processus pour l'ensemble des localités et d'identifier les facteurs qui les influencent. Les cartographies qui en résultent facilitent la compréhension de la répartition spatiale de ces processus et peuvent servir de base à une cartographie des compromis (trade-offs) et synergies entre les SE.
O imperativo da beleza no Brasil
Authors: Sant’Anna Denise Bernuzzi de
Published: March 2016

Esse texto busca compreender a exigência da beleza entre os brasileiros e, sobretudo, a construção histórica da imagem da brasileira, considerada sempre bela. Essa exigência possui uma história e suas críticas. Ela é reveladora de mitos antigos ligados ao sonho de uma natureza vigorosa e de uma vida repleta de riquezas e felicidade. Mas ela desvela também imperativos atuais ligados ao mercado da medicina estética e, sobretudo, à banalização das cirurgias plásticas.
Ab Initio Calculations of Magnetic Properties of Perovskite Surfaces and Heterostructures
Authors: Dunaevsky Sergey , Mikhailenko Evgeny
Published: March 2016

The results of "ab-initio" calculations of spin - polarized electronic structure, total energy and the local atomic magnetic moments of some manganite surfaces are presented. A slab consisting of one, three, five or, in some cases, seven layers of Mn-O atoms. is used to model the CaMnO3 (CMO), LaMnO3 (LMO) (001) surface. Total energies calculations of magnetic properties of manganites surfaces were performed using density-functional theory (DFT) and the pseudopotential method. We have found that on the surface layers without structural optimization manganese atomic magnetic moment is higher than in the bulk and “dead layers”, where all the local moments are zero, have not been found. All the above ultrathin films appeared ferromagnetic semimetals with almost complete polarization of DOS near the Fermi level.
Ab Initio Investigations of Structural and Magnetic Properties of Cr-Doped Ni-Co-Mn-Sn Heusler Alloys
Authors: Smolyakova Elizaveta E. , Zagrebin M.A. , Sokolovskiy V.V. , Buchelnikov Vasiliy D.
Published: March 2016

Ab initio calculations were performed to investigate composition dependences of crystal lattice parameters, magnetic moments,bulk modulus, magnetic exchange parameters inNi2-yCoyMn1.5-xCrxSn0.5 (y =0.2, 0.4; 0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.4) Heusler alloys. It was shown that increasing of Cr content (x) firstly leads an increasing of lattice parameter, but then a decreasing. The strongest ferromagnetic (FM) interaction for Ni1.6Co0.4Mn1.4Cr0.1Sn0.5 is nearest-neighbor interaction between Co and Mn1 (on own sites). The strongest antiferromagnetic (AFM) interaction is observed between nearest-neighbor Mn1-Cr atoms in the first coordination sphere and it is equal to-15 meV. Total magnetic moment of Ni2-yCoyMn1.5-xCrxSn0.5 (y =0.2, 0.4; 0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.4) takes value in region from 6.1 μB to 6.6 μB.
First Principles Study of the Structural and Magnetic Properties of Cr-Doped Ni1.75Co0.25Mn1.5In0.5 Heusler Alloys
Authors: Pavlukhina Oksana , Buchelnikov Vasiliy D. , Sokolovskiy Vladimir V.
Published: March 2016

In this work, the structural and magnetic properties of Cr – doped Ni1.75Co0.25Mn1.5In0.5 Heusler alloys are investigated by using the density functional theory calculations. The chemical disorder is treated by the 16-atom supercell approach. Three compositions with substitution of 6.25 %, 12.5 %, and 18.75% Cr for Mn are taken into consideration. The formation energy, magnetic moments and lattice parameters depending on the Cr content are found. It is shown that compositions with 6.25% and 12.5% of Cr are energetically stable in austenite.
Invariant and Partially Invariant Submodels of the Equations System Describing a Dynamics of Two Gases Mixture
Authors: Fedorov Vladimir E. , Filin Nikolay V.
Published: March 2016

Using the Lie algebras and their optimal systems of subalgebras, invariant and partially invariant submodels are calculated for the nonlinear system of partial differential equations describing a two gases mixture dynamics.
Numerical Studies of Discrete Quasibreathers in Graphene in the Framework of Density Functional Theory
Authors: Lobzenko Ivan , Dmitriev Sergey V. , Baimova Julia , Dzhelauhova Galina
Published: March 2016

Discrete breathers in graphene are studied by means of ab initio calculations using methods of density functional theory. It is shown that in the graphene under uniaxial strain applied in “zigzag” direction discrete breathers exist with frequencies inside the gap of phonon spectrum of the system. Breathers have been observed polarized along the “armchair” direction of graphene. The frequency on the amplitude dependency of studied dynamical objects corresponds to the soft type of nonlinearity.
Phase Transitions in Perovskite Phases of Strontium Silicoantimonates
Authors: Kuryleva Yulia N. , Chalaya Olga A. , Zakharyevich D.A.
Published: March 2016

The paper presents the results of the study of phase transitions in the system Sr-Sb-Si-O by means of X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, dielectric spectroscopy. Four effects are observed in the interval from room temperature to 800°C. The first and last are chemical transformations due to dehydration and loss of oxygen, respectively. The second is a transition from tetragonal to cubic perovskite structure, and the third is disordering transition in oxygen sublattice possibly due to the desorption of structural water molecules
Electrotransport Properties of the La(Fe1-хCoх)Siy Compounds
Authors: Karpenkov Dmitriy , Skokov Konstantin , Radulov Iliya A. , Karpenkov Alexey , Denisov Fedor O. , Taskaev Sergey V.
Published: March 2016

We have measured the resistivity and Hall effect of La (Fe1-хCoх)Siy polycrystals in the temperature range 100 K < T < 340 K and applied magnetic fields of up to 5 T. The anomalous Hall effect (AHE) is very large and varies quite linearly with the longitudinal resistivity ρ. AHE in these compounds is determined by the contribution from the external screw scattering mechanism.
Investigation of the Temperature Dependence of the NQR Parameters in Covellite
Authors: Pogoreltsev A.I. , Matuhin V.L. , Gazeeva Elena V. , Schmidt E.V. , Shulgin D.A.
Published: March 2016

By a method NQR 63,65Cu the synthesized standard of covellite was studied. The experimental values of quadrupole frequency νQ and parameter of asymmetry η were used for research of distribution of electronic density and Laplacian of the electron density in area of quadrupole kernel in position of Cu1. It is set that connection of Cu - S in position of Cu1 is mainly ionic tipe, and size of gap of LUMO - HOMO diminishes with the increase of temperature.
Exact Solution of 1D Ising Model on Linear Chain with Arbitrary Spin
Authors: Proshkin Alexey I. , Kassan-Ogly Felix
Published: March 2016

We investigated the Ising model on a linear chain with arbitrary spin including interactions between nearest and next-nearest neighbors in an applied magnetic field. A series of exact solutions and formulas for frustration fields, magnetizations and entropies at these fields at T→0 are found.
Human SR-BI and SR-BII Potentiate Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation and Acute Liver and Kidney Injury in Mice
Authors: Baranova Irina N. , Souza Ana C. P. , Bocharov Alexander V. , Vishnyakova Tatyana G. , Hu Xuzhen , Vaisman Boris L. , Amar Marcelo J. , Chen Zhigang , Kost Yana , Remaley Alan T. , Patterson Amy P. , Yuen Peter S. T. , Star Robert A. , Eggerman Thomas L.
Published: March 2016

The class B scavenger receptors BI (SR-BI) and BII (SR-BII) are high-density lipoprotein receptors that recognize various pathogens, including bacteria and their products. It has been reported that SR-BI/II null mice are more sensitive than normal mice to endotoxin-induced inflammation and sepsis. Because the SR-BI/II knockout model demonstrates multiple immune and metabolic disorders, we investigated the role of each receptor in the LPS-induced inflammatory response and tissue damage using transgenic mice with pLiv-11–directed expression of human SR-BI (hSR-BI) or human SR-BII (hSR-BII). At 6 h after i.p. LPS injection, transgenic hSR-BI and hSR-BII mice demonstrated markedly higher serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines and 2- to 3-fold increased expression levels of inflammatory mediators in the liver and kidney, compared with wild-type (WT) mice. LPS-stimulated inducible NO synthase expression was 3- to 6-fold higher in the liver and kidney of both transgenic strains, although serum NO levels were similar in all mice. Despite the lower high-density lipoprotein plasma levels, both transgenic strains responded to LPS by a 5-fold increase of plasma corticosterone levels, which were only moderately lower than in WT animals. LPS treatment resulted in MAPK activation in tissues of all mice; however, the strongest response was detected for hepatic extracellular signal–regulated protein kinase 1 and 2 and kidney JNK of both transgenic mice. Histological examination of hepatic and renal tissue from LPS-challenged mice revealed more injury in hSR-BII, but not hSR-BI, transgenic mice versus WT controls. Our findings demonstrate that hSR-BII, and to a lesser extent hSR-BI, significantly increase LPS-induced inflammation and contribute to LPS-induced tissue injury in the liver and kidney, two major organs susceptible to LPS toxicity.
Clearing Persistent Extracellular Antigen of Hepatitis B Virus: An Immunomodulatory Strategy To Reverse Tolerance for an Effective Therapeutic Vaccination
Authors: Zhu Danming , Liu Longchao , Yang Dan , Fu Sherry , Bian Yingjie , Sun Zhichen , He Junming , Su Lishan , Zhang Liguo , Peng Hua , Fu Yang-Xin
Published: March 2016

Development of therapeutic vaccines/strategies to control chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been challenging because of HBV-induced tolerance. In this study, we explored strategies for breaking tolerance and restoring the immune response to the HBV surface Ag in tolerant mice. We demonstrated that immune tolerance status is attributed to the level and duration of circulating HBsAg in HBV carrier models. Removal of circulating HBsAg by a monoclonal anti-HBsAg Ab in tolerant mice could gradually reduce tolerance and reestablish B cell and CD4+ T cell responses to subsequent Engerix-B vaccination, producing protective IgG. Furthermore, HBsAg-specific CD8+ T cells induced by the addition of a TLR agonist resulted in clearance of HBV in both serum and liver. Thus, generation of protective immunity can be achieved by clearing extracellular viral Ag with neutralizing Abs followed by vaccination.
Effect of dietary treatment with olive oil by-product (olive cake) on physico-chemical, sensory and microbial characteristics of beef during storage
Authors: Branciari Raffaella , Ranucci David , Miraglia Dino , Urbani Stefania , Esposto Sonia , Servili Maurizio
Published: March 2016

Several studies have demonstrated that the use of natural preservatives through animal diets could increase the shelf life of meat and meat products since many plant-derived substances show antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The aim of this work was to study the effect of olive cake dietary supplementation on beef oxidative stability and antimicrobial activity during storage. Beef cattle were randomly divided into three homogeneous groups that were assigned to one of the three diets: a commercial unified based diet administered for 90 days until slaughter (CTR), CTR diet supplemented with 0.5% olive cake administered for 90 days until slaughter (OC1), and CTR diet supplemented with 0.5% olive cake and administered for 60 days followed by the administration of the CTR diet for 30 days until slaughter (OC2). Beefsteaks were overwrapped with oxygen-permeable packaging and analysed at four different storage times (zero, three, six and nine days). At the four sampling times considered from all of the samples, total viable count (TVC), Enterobacteriaceae counts, colour coordinates (CIE L*a*b* colour system), peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS) determinations and descriptive sensory analyses were performed. No differences in TVC and Enterobacteriaceae count were detected among the groups over all of the sampling times considered. Differences were recorder among groups for PV, TBARS, colour and sensory analysis. The addition of olive cake in the animal diet had an effect on lipid oxidation reducing the level of PV, TBARS and retarding colour deterioration and the development of off odour in OC meat during storage.
Prevalence and molecular characterisation of shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli in raw milk cheeses from Lazio region, Italy
Authors: Marozzi Selene , De Santis Paola , Lovari Sarah , Condoleo Roberto , Bilei Stefano , Marcianò Rita , Mezher Ziad
Published: March 2016

In recent years, the incidence of foodborne diseases caused by shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) has increased globally. For this reason, within the specific regional control plan for the detection of STEC in food products in Italy, the presence of STEC in unpasteurized milk cheeses was investigated. In total 203 samples obtained from March 2011 to December 2013 were analysed, with two standard methods (ISO 16654:2001 and ISO 13136:2012). Two strains of E. coli O157 were isolated (2/161, 1.2%) but did not carry any virulence-associated genes and 22 stx-positive samples (22/146, 15.1%) were detected in enrichment cultures, mostly from ovine cheeses. Only two strains isolated from different ovine cheeses carried stx gene and none of these was eae-positive. This study confirms the presence of stx-positive E. coli and suggests that this type of food cannot be excluded as a potential vehicle of STEC.
Detection of food hazards in foods: comparison of real time polymerase chain reaction and cultural methods
Authors: Bonilauri Paolo , Bardasi Lia , Leonelli Roberto , Ramini Mattia , Luppi Andrea , Giacometti Federica , Merialdi Giuseppe
Published: March 2016

Foodstuffs should not contain microorganisms or their toxins or metabolites in quantities suggesting an unacceptable risk for human health. The detection of food hazards in foods is performed by several tests that produce results dependent on the analytical method used: an analytical reference method, defined as standard, is associated with each microbiological criterion laid down in Regulation 2073/2005, but, analytical methods other than the reference ones, in particular more rapid methods, could be used. Combined screening methods performed by real time PCR are currently validated as alternative methods according to the ISO 16140:2003 and certified by the Association Française de Normalisation. However, the positive results obtained with these alternative methods, the investigated molecular relations that resulted positive have to be confirmed with cultural methods using the same enrichment media in which the molecular screening was performed. Since it is necessary to assess if these testing schemes provide equivalent guarantees of food safety, the aim of this retrospective study is to analyze the data collected, from 2012 to 2014, by Emilia Romagna Region in the field of Piano Regionale Alimenti (Food Regional Plan), during official controls monitoring food samples, of animal and other than animal origin. Records performed by combined methods of molecular screening of Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes and thermophilic Campylobacter and cultural confirmation results were gathered together and the results were compared in order to assess the sensitivity of the methods. A total of 10.604 food samples were considered in this study: the comparison of the data revealed that the RT-PCR method detected Salmonella, L. monocytogenes, and thermophilic Campylobacter in 2.18, 3.85 and 3.73% of the samples, respectively, whereas by using cultural method these pathogens were isolated in 0.43, 1.57 and 1.57 % of samples, respectively. In spite of the use of the same enrichment broth, the real time PCR method disclosed a percentage of positive samples that were negative to cultural examination ranging between 20 and 43%, with a PCR/culture ratio between 2.37 to 5.00. In conclusion, the results of this study pose a doubt about the sensitivity of the official cultural methods regarding the isolation of the three investigated foodborne pathogens. Moreover this study may be a useful tool for Veterinary Authorities to assess appropriate sampling plans to control the risk relating to the consumption of contaminated foods.
The influence of erupting lateral teeth on maxillary anterior crowding in two Angle Class I maloclussion cases with high and low angles
Authors: Ueda Hiroshi , Masunaga Morio , Concepcion Cynthia , Tanne Kazuo
Published: March 2016

Two cases of anterior crowding, both Skeletal Class I and Angle Class I maloclussion, one being low angle and the other high angle respectively, respectively, were treated and evaluated to ascertain whether or not there is a relationship among disproportionate mesial axial angulation of the maxillary lateral teeth and the Frankfurt Horizontal- Functional Occlusal plane, therefore generating maxillary anterior crowding. Both cases were Japanese boys, the first one aged 9 years 10 months with chief complaint being anterior crowding and the second case aged 7 years and 8 months complaining of inadequate space for satisfying canine eruption. During and after the second stage of orthodontic treatment on both cases, several radiographic analysis were performed to assess treatment progress and retention; from these radiographs, it was noticed among other findings that in the high-angle case, the axial angulations of the maxillary lateral incisors were markedly smaller than in the low-angle case, thus indicating mesial tipping in the upper dental arch. This decreased mesial axial angulation of the lateral teeth observed at high angles may potentially cause maxillary space deficiency.
Smoking Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices among Health Care Professionals from Sulaymaniyah City/Iraq
Authors: Abdulateef Darya Saeed , Ali Azheen Jamil , Abdulateef Darwn Saeed , Mohesh M.I. Glad
Published: March 2016

Background

Smoking is a serious risk to health globally. Health care professionals play a key role in the prevention of smoking as they are considered a role model by patients.

Objectives

The aims of this study are to evaluate smoking rate among physicians and dentists from Sulaymaniyah, Iraqi Kurdistan, Iraq, and to understand their knowledge and attitudes toward tobacco smoking.

Methods

A cross-sectional web-based survey was conducted involving physicians and dentists working in both University of Sulaimani and Sulaymaniyah Teaching Hospitals. A questionnaire created based on World Health Organization Global Health Professional Survey with slight modifications was emailed to the study participants and the responses received were analyzed.

Results

Incidence of smoking among physicians and dentists was 26.5%, with a significantly higher rate among male compared to female health care professionals. The mean age of starting smoking was 22.3 (±4.8) years. Only 7.3% of health care professionals received formal training on smoking cessation. All responders agreed that smoking is harmful to health. However, ever smokers compared to never smokers were less likely to agree that health care professionals should set a positive impact by not smoking.

Conclusion

Smoking rate is high among physicians and dentists from Sulaymaniyah city/Iraq, and at the same time, there is a low rate of training on smoking cessation.
О предельных распределениях степеней вершин конфигурационных графов с ограниченным числом ребер
Authors: Pavlov Yurii Leonidovich , Khvorostyanskaya E V
Published: March 2016

Рассмотрена модель конфигурационного графа c $N$ вершинами, в котором степени вершин независимы и одинаково распределены по закону $\mathbf P\{\xi=k\}=k^{-\tau}-(k+1)^{-\tau}$, $k=1,2,…$, $\tau>0$, а число ребер не превосходит $n$. Доказаны предельные теоремы для числа вершин заданной степени и для максимальной степени вершины при $N,n\to\infty$.
Библиография: 18 названий.
The real part of the refractive indices and effective densities for chemically segregated ambient aerosols in Guangzhou measured by a single-particle aerosol mass spectrometer
Authors: Zhang Guohua , Bi Xinhui , Qiu Ning , Han Bingxue , Lin Qinhao , Peng Long , Chen Duohong , Wang Xinming , Peng Ping'an , Sheng Guoying , Zhou Zhen
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Knowledge on the microphysical properties of atmospheric aerosols is essential to better evaluate their radiative forcing. This paper presents an estimate of the real part of the refractive indices (n) and effective densities (ρeff) of chemically segregated atmospheric aerosols in Guangzhou, China. Vacuum aerodynamic diameter, chemical compositions, and light-scattering intensities of individual particles were simultaneously measured by a single-particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS) during the fall of 2012. On the basis of Mie theory, n at a wavelength of 532 nm and ρeff were estimated for 17 particle types in four categories: organics (OC), elemental carbon (EC), internally mixed EC and OC (ECOC), and Metal-rich. The results indicate the presence of spherical or nearly spherical shapes for the majority of particle types, whose partial scattering cross-section versus sizes were well fitted to Mie theoretical modeling results. While sharing n in a narrow range (1.47–1.53), majority of particle types exhibited a wide range of ρeff (0.87–1.51 g cm−3). The OC group is associated with the lowest ρeff (0.87–1.07 g cm−3), and the Metal-rich group with the highest ones (1.29–1.51 g cm−3). It is noteworthy that a specific EC type exhibits a complex scattering curve versus size due to the presence of both compact and irregularly shaped particles. Overall, the results on the detailed relationship between physical and chemical properties benefits future research on the impact of aerosols on visibility and climate.
Nucleation and growth of sub-3 nm particles in the polluted urban atmosphere of a megacity in China
Authors: Yu Huan , Zhou Luyu , Dai Liang , Shen Wenchao , Dai Wei , Zheng Jun , Ma Yan , Chen Mindong
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Particle size distribution down to 1.4 nm was measured in the urban atmosphere of Nanjing, China, in spring, summer, and winter during 2014–2015. Sub-3 nm particle event, which is equivalent to nucleation event, occurred on 42 out of total 90 observation days, but new particles could grow to cloud condensation nuclei (CCN)-active sizes on only 9 days. In summer, infrequent nucleation was limited by both unfavorable meteorological conditions (high temperature and relative humidity – RH) and reduced anthropogenic precursor availability due to strict emission control measures during the 2014 Youth Olympic Games in Nanjing. The limiting factors for nucleation in winter and spring were meteorological conditions (radiation, temperature, and RH) and condensation sink, but for the further growth of sub-3 nm particles to CCN-active sizes, anthropogenic precursors again became limiting factors. Nucleation events were strong in the polluted urban atmosphere. Initial J1.4 at the onset and peak J1.4 at the noontime could be up to 2.1 × 102 and 2.5 × 103 cm−3 s−1, respectively, during the eight nucleation events selected from different seasons. Time-dependent J1.4 usually showed good linear correlations with a sulfuric acid proxy for every single event (R2 = 0.56–0.86, excluding a day with significant nocturnal nucleation), but the correlation among all eight events deteriorated (R2 =  0.17) due to temperature or season change. We observed that new particle growth rate (GR) did not increase monotonically with particle size, but had a local maximum up to 25 nm h−1 between 1 and 3 nm. The existence of local maxima GR in sub-3 nm size range, though sensitive to measurement uncertainties, gives new insight into cluster dynamics in polluted environments. In this study such growth rate behavior was interpreted as the solvation effect of organic activating vapor in newly formed inorganic nuclei.
A new source of methylglyoxal in the aqueous phase
Authors: Rodigast Maria , Mutzel Anke , Schindelka Janine , Herrmann Hartmut
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Carbonyl compounds are ubiquitous in atmospheric multiphase system participating in gas, particle, and aqueous-phase chemistry. One important compound is methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), as it is detected in significant amounts in the gas phase as well as in cloud water, ice, and rain. Consequently, it can be expected that MEK influences the liquid-phase chemistry. Therefore, the oxidation of MEK and the formation of corresponding oxidation products were investigated in the aqueous phase. Several oxidation products were identified from the oxidation with OH radicals, including 2,3-butanedione, hydroxyacetone, and methylglyoxal. The molar yields were 29.5 % for 2,3-butanedione, 3.0 % for hydroxyacetone, and 9.5 % for methylglyoxal. Since methylglyoxal is often related to the formation of organics in the aqueous phase, MEK should be considered for the formation of aqueous secondary organic aerosol (aqSOA). Based on the experimentally obtained data, a reaction mechanism for the formation of methylglyoxal has been developed and evaluated with a model study. Besides known rate constants, the model contains measured photolysis rate constants for MEK (kp  =  5  ×  10−5 s−1), 2,3-butanedione (kp  =  9  ×  10−6 s−1), methylglyoxal (kp  =  3  ×  10−5 s−1), and hydroxyacetone (kp  =  2  ×  10−5 s−1). From the model predictions, a branching ratio of 60 /40 for primary/secondary H-atom abstraction at the MEK skeleton was found. This branching ratio reproduces the experiment results very well, especially the methylglyoxal formation, which showed excellent agreement. Overall, this study demonstrates MEK as a methylglyoxal precursor compound for the first time.
Modeling the Zeeman effect in high-altitude SSMIS channels for numerical weather prediction profiles: comparing a fast model and a line-by-line model
Authors: Larsson Richard , Milz Mathias , Rayer Peter , Saunders Roger , Bell William , Booton Anna , Buehler Stefan A. , Eriksson Patrick , John Viju O.
Published: March 2016

Abstract. We present a comparison of a reference and a fast radiative transfer model using numerical weather prediction profiles for the Zeeman-affected high-altitude Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder channels 19–22. We find that the models agree well for channels 21 and 22 compared to the channels' system noise temperatures (1.9 and 1.3 K, respectively) and the expected profile errors at the affected altitudes (estimated to be around 5 K). For channel 22 there is a 0.5 K average difference between the models, with a standard deviation of 0.24 K for the full set of atmospheric profiles. Concerning the same channel, there is 1.2 K on average between the fast model and the sensor measurement, with 1.4 K standard deviation. For channel 21 there is a 0.9 K average difference between the models, with a standard deviation of 0.56 K. Regarding the same channel, there is 1.3 K on average between the fast model and the sensor measurement, with 2.4 K standard deviation. We consider the relatively small model differences as a validation of the fast Zeeman effect scheme for these channels. Both channels 19 and 20 have smaller average differences between the models (at below 0.2 K) and smaller standard deviations (at below 0.4 K) when both models use a two-dimensional magnetic field profile. However, when the reference model is switched to using a full three-dimensional magnetic field profile, the standard deviation to the fast model is increased to almost 2 K due to viewing geometry dependencies, causing up to ±7 K differences near the equator. The average differences between the two models remain small despite changing magnetic field configurations. We are unable to compare channels 19 and 20 to sensor measurements due to limited altitude range of the numerical weather prediction profiles. We recommended that numerical weather prediction software using the fast model takes the available fast Zeeman scheme into account for data assimilation of the affected sensor channels to better constrain the upper atmospheric temperatures.
Complexity of diatom response to Lateglacial and Holocene climate and environmental change in ancient, deep and oligotrophic Lake Ohrid (Macedonia and Albania)
Authors: Zhang X. S. , Reed J. M. , Lacey J. H. , Francke A. , Leng M. J. , Levkov Z. , Wagner B.
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Lake Ohrid (Macedonia and Albania) is a rare example of a deep, ancient Mediterranean lake and is a key site for palaeoclimate research in the northeastern Mediterranean region. This study conducts the analysis of diatoms as a proxy for Lateglacial and Holocene climate and environmental change in Lake Ohrid at a higher resolution than in previous studies. While Lake Ohrid has the potential to be sensitive to water temperature change, the data demonstrate a highly complex diatom response, probably comprising a direct response to temperature-induced lake productivity in some phases and an indirect response to temperature-related lake stratification or mixing and epilimnetic nutrient availability in others. The data also demonstrate the possible influence of physical limnological (e.g. the influence of wind stress on stratification or mixing) and chemical processes (e.g. the influence of catchment dynamics on nutrient input) in mediating the complex response of diatoms. During the Lateglacial (ca. 12 300–11 800 cal yr BP), the low-diversity dominance of hypolimnetic Cyclotella fottii indicates low lake productivity, linked to low water temperature. Although the subsequent slight increase in small, epilimnetic C. minuscula during the earliest Holocene (ca. 11 800–10 600 cal yr BP) suggests climate warming and enhanced stratification, diatom concentration remains as low as during the Lateglacial, suggesting that water temperature increase was muted across this major transition. The early Holocene (ca. 10 600–8200 cal yr BP) is characterised by a sustained increase in epilimnetic taxa, with mesotrophic C. ocellata indicating high water-temperature-induced productivity between ca. 10 600–10 200 cal yr BP and between ca. 9500–8200 cal yr BP and with C. minuscula in response to low nutrient availability in the epilimnion between ca. 10 200–9500 cal yr BP. During the middle Holocene (ca. 8200–2600 cal yr BP), when sedimentological and geochemical proxies provide evidence for maximum Holocene water temperature, anomalously low C. ocellata abundance is probably a response to epilimnetic nutrient limitation, almost mimicking the Lateglacial flora apart from the occurrence of mesotrophic Stephanodiscus transylvanicus in the hypolimnion. During the late Holocene (ca. 2600 cal yr BP–present), high abundance and fluctuating composition of epilimnetic taxa are probably a response more to enhanced anthropogenic nutrient input, particularly nitrogen enrichment, than to climate. Overall, the data indicate that previous assumptions concerning the linearity of diatom response in this deep, ancient lake are invalid, and multi-proxy analysis is essential to improve understanding of palaeolimnological dynamics in future research on the long, Quaternary sequence.
Development and evaluation of a high-resolution reanalysis of the East Australian Current region using the Regional Ocean Modelling System (ROMS 3.4) and Incremental Strong-Constraint 4-Dimensional Variational data assimilation (IS4D-Var)
Authors: Kerry Colette , Powell Brian , Roughan Moninya , Oke Peter
Published: March 2016

Abstract. As with other western boundary currents globally, the East Australian Current (EAC) is inherently dynamic making it a challenge to model and predict. For the EAC region, we combine a high-resolution state-of-the-art numerical ocean model with a variety of traditional and newly available observations using an advanced variational data assimilation scheme. The numerical model is configured using the Regional Ocean Modelling System (ROMS 3.4) and takes boundary forcing from the BlueLink ReANalysis (BRAN3). For the data assimilation we use an Incremental Strong-Constraint 4-Dimensional Variational (IS4D-Var) scheme. This paper describes the data assimilative model configuration that achieves an optimised minimisation of the difference between the modelled solution and the observations to give a dynamically-consistent `best-estimate' of the ocean state over a 2-year period. The reanalysis is shown to represent both assimilated and non-assimilated observations well. It achieves mean spatially-averaged RMS residuals with the observations of 7 cm for SSH and 0.4 °C for SST over the assimilation period. The time-mean RMS residual for subsurface temperature measured by Argo floats is a maximum of 1 °C between water depths of 100–300 m and smaller throughout the rest of the water column. Velocities at several offshore and continental shelf moorings are well represented in the reanalysis with complex correlations between 0.8–1 for all observations in the upper 500 m. Surface radial velocities from a high-frequency radar array are assimilated and the reanalysis provides surface velocity estimates with complex correlations with observed velocities of 0.8–1 across the radar footprint. Comparison with independent (non-assimilated) shipboard CTD cast observations shows a marked improvement in the representation of the subsurface ocean in the reanalysis, with the RMS residual in potential density reduced to about half of the residual with the free-running model in the upper eddy-influenced part of the water column. This shows that information is successfully propagated from observed variables to unobserved regions as the assimilation system uses the model dynamics to determine covariance, such that the ocean state better fits and is in balance with the observations. This is the first study to generate a reanalysis of the region at such a high resolution, making use of an unprecedented observational data set and using an assimilation method that uses the time-evolving model physics to adjust the model in a dynamically consistent way. As such, the reanalysis potentially represents a marked improvement in our ability to capture important circulation dynamics in the EAC. The reanalysis is being used to study EAC dynamics, observation impact in state-estimation and as forcing for a variety of downscaling studies.
Competition between plant functional types in the Canadian Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (CTEM) v. 2.0
Authors: Melton J. R. , Arora V. K.
Published: March 2016

Abstract. The Canadian Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (CTEM) is the interactive vegetation component in the Earth system model of the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis. CTEM models land–atmosphere exchange of CO2 through the response of carbon in living vegetation, and dead litter and soil pools, to changes in weather and climate at timescales of days to centuries. Version 1.0 of CTEM uses prescribed fractional coverage of plant functional types (PFTs) although, in reality, vegetation cover continually adapts to changes in climate, atmospheric composition and anthropogenic forcing. Changes in the spatial distribution of vegetation occur on timescales of years to centuries as vegetation distributions inherently have inertia. Here, we present version 2.0 of CTEM, which includes a representation of competition between PFTs based on a modified version of the Lotka–Volterra (L–V) predator–prey equations. Our approach is used to dynamically simulate the fractional coverage of CTEM's seven natural, non-crop PFTs, which are then compared with available observation-based estimates. Results from CTEM v. 2.0 show the model is able to represent the broad spatial distributions of its seven PFTs at the global scale. However, differences remain between modelled and observation-based fractional coverage of PFTs since representing the multitude of plant species globally, with just seven non-crop PFTs, only captures the large-scale climatic controls on PFT distributions. As expected, PFTs that exist in climate niches are difficult to represent either due to the coarse spatial resolution of the model, and the corresponding driving climate, or the limited number of PFTs used. We also simulate the fractional coverage of PFTs using unmodified L–V equations to illustrate its limitations. The geographic and zonal distributions of primary terrestrial carbon pools and fluxes from the versions of CTEM that use prescribed and dynamically simulated fractional coverage of PFTs compare reasonably well with each other and observation-based estimates. The parametrization of competition between PFTs in CTEM v. 2.0 based on the modified L–V equations behaves in a reasonably realistic manner and yields a tool with which to investigate the changes in spatial distribution of vegetation in response to future changes in climate.
Characteristics of landslides in unwelded pyroclastic flow deposits, southern Kyushu, Japan
Authors: Yamao M. , Sidle R. C. , Gomi T. , Imaizumi F.
Published: March 2016

Abstract. We investigated 184 landslides that occurred in unwelded pyroclastic flow deposits (Shirasu) on southern Kyushu Island, Japan, that included detailed data on the rainfall characteristics and the timing of slope failure. Localized rainfall intensity, antecedent precipitation index (API), and topography affected the hydrologic processes that triggered landslides. API (adjusted for evapotranspiration losses) for large ( >  200 mm) storms that triggered landslides was much lower than for smaller ( ≤  200 mm) storms. Mean storm intensity and 7-day API (API7) thresholds of  >  5 mmh−1 and  ≤  30 mm (or API30 ≤  60 mm), respectively, were useful to identify landslides triggered by rapid pore water pressure response, especially for shorter ( <  20 h) duration events. During smaller storms with lower intensity, landslides are likely affected by a combined increase in soil weight and loss of suction when API30 ≥  150 mm; simulations indicated that these weight and suction changes due to rainfall accumulation decreased the factor of safety in steep Shirasu slopes, but did not necessarily trigger the landslides. Most of the landslides that were plotted below a general rainfall intensity–duration threshold for landslide initiation occurred during smaller storms with API30 values  >  200 mm, indicating that they were highly influenced by the combined effects of the accumulated weight of rainfall and loss of suction. Our findings show that both event rainfall characteristics and API affect the hydrogeomorphic processes that trigger different types of landslides in Shirasu. This knowledge and the thresholds we have identified are useful for predicting the occurrence of different types of landslides in unwelded Shirasu deposits and improving sediment disaster prevention practices, including real-time warning systems.
Towards the computational implementation of Role and Reference Grammar: Rules for the syntactic parsing of RRG Phrasal constituents
Authors: Cortés-Rodríguez Francisco José
Published: March 2016

The goal of this work is twofold: on the one hand, it seeks to update the description of phrasal constituents in Role and Reference Grammar; on the other, it aims at providing a computational implementation of such structures within the Grammar Development Environment, a component of ARTEMIS (“Automatically Representing Text Meaning via an Interlingua-Based System”), a Natural Language Processing prototype developed with the aim of binding natural language fragments with their corresponding grammatical and semantic structures.In order to attain both tasks the analysis focuses specifically on the design of the rules that would account for the linkage between the syntactic and the semantic representations of Referential Phrases, as proposed initially in RRG. This proposal involves a reinterpretation of the constituents and operators in the Layered Structure of the RP taking into account that in ARTEMIS the assignment of a syntactic-semantic structure to a given sequence is based on the activation of grammatical rules plus a set of Attribute Value Matrixes related to the grammatical features of the constituents of RPs.
"Shockvertising": conceptual interaction patterns as constraints on advertising creativity
Authors: Pérez-Sobrino Paula
Published: March 2016

This paper explores the conceptual scaffolding of six shockvertisements raising awareness on environmental preservation. The analysis shows that advertisers make use of a finite set of cognitive operations (metaphor in interaction with metonymy) to downgrade people through the attribution of animal or plant characteristics and to enhance animals and plants through the opposite process. The simple and universal nature of these mappings, in which 'defenselessness' emerges as the quintessential attribute common to people, animals, and plants, assures advertisers that their message will be interpreted straightforwardly and almost effortlessly by viewers of different countries and cultural backgrounds (yet with some variation in the degree of communicative impact).
Digital Public Engagement through Social Media in Archaeology – How to Choose
Authors: Rocks-Macqueen Doug
Published: March 2016

Since the creation of the World Wide Web in the 1990s we have seen exponential growth in digital engagement platforms. Archaeologists are now faced with a wide range of digital engagement tools to choose from, especially in the area of social media. However, it is not possible to use all the available social media tools and many people are at a loss as to which one is the ‘best.’ This paper investigates what criteria one should use to evaluate the different social media options. This is done through a series of examples from the author’s personal experience.
Estrategias Competitivas de la Ferretería Blandón Moreno Nº 1 con respecto a las otras Ferreterías ubicadas en el Distrito Nº 1 en la ciudad de Estelí año 2014
Authors: Vásquez Gutiérrez Miguel , Martínez Sevilla Geyner Emiliano , Gutiérrez Rizo Julio Jonatham , Castillo Herrera Beverly
Published: March 2016

Esta investigación evalúa las Estrategias Competitivas de la Ferretería Blandón Moreno Nº 1 con respecto a las otras ferreterías ubicadas en el distrito Nº 1 en la ciudad de Estelí, con el fin de mejorar la situación actual de la empresa Blandón Moreno que refleje sus fortalezas y debilidades en cuanto a su gestión competitiva; asi mismo se propondrá estrategias que potencien la competitividad de la misma. El enfoque de la investigación es cuantitativo. Se aplicaron entrevistas y encuestas para brindar veracidad a la información brindada en el documento. Se recomienda realizar un análisis de mercado, incentivar a los ejecutivos de ventas, capacitar a los recursos humanos, establecer el sistema de entrega a domicilio y ampliar su visión empresarial para reducir las debilidades y potenciar las fortalezas y oportunidades, que logren mejorar su competitividad con respecto a las demás ferreterías y atraer más clientes.
Turismo, niñez feliz y cultura: tres ejemplos de animación socio-cultural
Authors: Téllez Ana Teodora
Published: March 2016

La animación sociocultural es una tecnología social basada en una pedagogía participativa, para actuar en diferentes ámbitos de la calidad de vida, promoviendo, alentando y canalizando la participación de las personas en su propio desarrollo sociocultural. Su objetivo final es “concientizar, organizar y movilizar al pueblo para transformarlo en agente activo de su propia promoción y, en la medida de lo posible, para hacerlo consciente de su rol histórico”.
Nuevos tiempos para proyectos de intervención socio-educativa en Nicaragua
Authors: Farrach Graciela
Published: March 2016

Nicaragua hoy vive nuevos tiempos. Atrás han quedado los años de gobiernos neoliberales, de economías pensadas en favorecer a la clase empresarial, de empobrecimiento y saqueo a los bienes del estado. Con el triunfo del gobierno del Comandante Daniel Ortega Saavedra, se ha consensuado un Modelo de Gobierno Cristiano, Socialista y Solidario, que plantea un cambio de valores, actitudes, prioridades, estilo de gobierno, relaciones de poder y políticas. La finalidad de estas políticas es el desarrollo integral del ser humano y las familias nicaragüenses, en sus condiciones históricas, culturales, sociales y de políticas nacionales y regionales del presente siglo.
Professor Anna Cienciala, a Great Lady, a Great Historian
Authors: Ziółkowska-Boehm Aleksandra
Published: March 2016

Anna Cienciala was born in 1929 in—as she emphasized it—the Free City of Danzig. She was the author of the essay “The Battle of Danzig and the Polish Corridor at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919.” In an interview with me (published in Wrocław in Odra1) and in other passages in the New York Polish Review,2 she revealed her completion of the first three classes of primary school in Poland. Later, she studied half a year in a French school in France, but her main school education was achieved in England. She was fluent in English and Polish, knew the French language well, and read Russian and German.
The Effect of Using the Care Model of "Sensitization" on Medication Adherence in Asthmatic Patients
Authors: Sajadi Mahbobeh , Bagheri Mozhgan , Hekmatpou Davood , Borsi Hamid
Published: March 2016

INTRODUCTION: Asthma is a prevalent disease with a multitude of complication. The present research was aimed at investigating the effects of implementing sensitization care model on medication adherence in asthmatic patients.

METHODS & MATERIALS: In this interventional study, 74 subjects were selected using accessibility sampling method and were randomly classified into 2 separate groups, intervention (37 subjects) and control group (37 subjects). Data were collected with questionnaire. A month later, the subjects in both groups (control and intervention) completed questionnaire again. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software, Independent t-test, Paired t-test and Chi-Square.

RESULTS: Data analysis showed that the average age of participants was 41 years (range 21-83). The most and lowest frequencies of marital status in both sexes were 66.2% married and 33.8% single, respectively. There was no significant difference before intervention between two groups. However, after the intervention, there was a significant difference between the two groups (P=0.0001).

DISCUSSION: The results of the present study showed that implementing sensitization care model had a positive effect on medication adherence among asthmatic patients. Therefore, application of this model is recommended to care and treatment asthmatic patients.