bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TO HELP OR NOT TO HELP: CAPTURING INDIVIDUALS' DECISION POLICIES
Authors: Fritzsche Barbara A. , Finkelstein Marcia A. , Penner Louis A.
Published: May 2006

The arousal: cost-reward model of bystander intervention developed by Piliavin, Dovidio, Gaertner and Clark in 1981 was tested using a within-subjects “policy capturing” methodology. Four hundred and forty nine participants read 50 scenarios and reported the likelihood they
would offer help. Seventy-six percent of the participants' helping judgments could be reliably described or “captured” with a linear combination of the various costs of helping and costs of not helping specified in the model. In addition, participants were relatively aware
of how the costs affected their helping decisions; although female participants may have been more aware than males. These findings provide additional support for the arousal: cost-reward model and extend understanding of the cognitive algebra that occurs before individuals decide to intervene.
CONVERGENT VALIDITY OF THE DEPRESSION-HAPPINESS SCALE WITH THE BRADBURN AFFECT BALANCE SCALE
Authors: Lewis Christopher Alan , McCollam Paddy , Joseph Stephen
Published: May 2006

The aim of the present paper is to provide further evidence for the convergent validity of one such measure, the Depression-Happiness Scale (McGreal & Joseph, 1993; Joseph & Lewis, 1998). The Affect Balance Scale (Bradburn, 1969), a measure which is very well established in
the subjective well-being literature, which contains measures of both positive and negative affect, was administered alongside the Depression-Happiness Scale to 67 undergraduate students. As predicted, higher scores on the Depression-Happiness Scale, indicating a higher frequency of positive
feelings and a lower frequency of negative feelings, were significantly associated with higher scores on the Affect Balance Scale and the Affect Positive Scale and also with lower scores on the Affect Negative Scale. These data provide further evidence of the convergent validity of the Depression-Happiness
Scale.
WOMEN'S PERSONALITY TRAITS, INTERPERSONAL COMPETENCE AND AFFECTION FOR DATING PARTNERS: A TEST OF THE CONTEXTUAL MODEL
Authors: Frisbie Shauna H. , Fitzpatrick Jacki , Feng Du , Crawford Duane
Published: May 2006

This study utilized the contextual model to examine the relationship between distal (Five- Factor Model of Personality), proximal (interpersonal competence), and affective outcome (love, liking) factors in women's perception of their dating relationships. Respondents (n=123
females) completed a questionnaire packet to assess each of the factors. Results indicated that women's personality traits made direct and indirect contributions to liking and love for dating partners. Overall, the findings indicated that both distal and proximal factors contributed to
relationship quality, and provided support for the contextual model.
THE EFFECT OF SAME-AGE AND MIXED-AGE GROUPING IN DAY CARE ON PARENT-CHILD ATTACHMENT SECURITY
Authors: Pool Marina M. , Bijleveld Catrien C.J.H. , Tavecchio Louis W.C.
Published: May 2006

This pilot study investigates the effect on parent-child attachment relationships of same-age versus mixed-age grouping in daycare centers in the Netherlands. For 45 children in the age range of 2 to 6 years, parent-child attachment relationships were assessed by means of the Attachment
Q-Sort. It was found that attachment security did not differ significantly for children who had been in mixed-age or in same-age grouping, or who had experienced a change of daycare center.
ORDER OF ELICITED RESPONSES ON A QUESTIONNAIRE AS A MEASURE OF TOPIC SALIENCE
Authors: Hensley Wayne E.
Published: May 2006

Two studies among US college students (N1= 88;N2= 329) examined the relationship between the order in which responses are offered on a questionnaire and the ranked importance of those responses. Both studies found that approximately one third (32%; 31%) of the listed attributes were ranked in the order of mention. Expanding the criteria to include adjacent categories raised the overlap to about two thirds (64%; 65%). The findings of both studies were independent of gender. In addition, Study II measured topic importance/involvement among the respondents; the results indicated it was not a factor in this trend. The factor which did influence the order of mention and rankings was the number of categories used by the respondents. When more than seven categories were used, the stability of mention and rankings tended to become erratic.
ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN SELF-PRESENTATION AND COMPETITIVE A-TRAIT: A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION
Authors: Hudson Joanne , Williams Matthew
Published: May 2006

Leary (1992) suggests that sports anxiety stems from the Self-Presentation (SP) implications of competition. Some research supports this (e.g., Wilson & Eklund, 1998) and the aim of this study was to expand this research base. Fifty-nine competitive middle distance runners completed
the Sport Anxiety Scale [Smith, Smoll & Schultz, 1990, assessing worry (W), concentration disruption (CD) and somatic anxiety (SA)]. Only 2 of the 4 SP concerns assessed by the CSPCI (Williams, Hudson & Lawson, 1999), were associated with anxiety. Regression analyses showed
that concern over others. impressions predicted W (R2= 0.41, p<0.01), CD (R2=0.09, p<0.01), and concern over current form, SA (R2=0.47, p<0.01). Results support a link between SP and competitive anxiety and
the need to consider athletes' SP concerns in anxiety management strategies.
CHILDREN'S PERCEPTIONS OF AGGRESSIVE AND GENDER-SPECIFIC CONTENT IN TOY COMMERCIALS
Authors: Klinger Lori J. , Hamilton James A. , Cantrell Peggy J.
Published: May 2006

While extensive research has been conducted to determine what relationships exist between media violence and aggressive behavior in students, little research exists on the impact of toy commercials. In this study, 103 elementary school children rated videotapes of toy commercials or slides of toys on perceived aggressiveness, stereotypic sex-role behavior, gender-based appropriateness and imagined play with the toys depicted. Girls rated imagined play with boy-toys as being more aggressive than did boys, and boys rated girl-toys more appropriate for girls than did girls. All commercials were rated as demonstrating stereotypic sex-role behavior. Male-focused commercials and imagined toy play with the boy-toys depicted were rated more aggressive than were female-focused and neutral commercials, and their respective toys. At the same time, boy-toys were rated by both girls and boys as more desirable than girl-toys. The results suggest that boys are particular targets of aggressive content in marketing and are more desensitized to aggressive content than are girls. Though girls perceived more aggressiveness than did boys, the aggressive toys remained highly desirable. Thus, aggressive content in toy commercials appears attractive, especially to boys, but also to girls. Since children's programming is saturated with toy commercials, young viewers are at best reinforced by stereotypic sex-role behavior, and at worst, inundated with violent content.
THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THREE ATTACHMENT STYLE MEASURES TO SOCIALLY DESIRABLE RESPONDING
Authors: Leak Gary K. , Parsons Chad J.
Published: May 2006

This study investigated the susceptibility of three popular measures of attachment styles to impression management (other-deception) and unconscious defensiveness (self-deception). Specifically, responses to the Attachment Style Questionnaire, Adult Attachment Scale, and the Relationship
Questionnaire were correlated with the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding. Results indicate that all three measures are, to varying degrees, contaminated by impression management tendencies, while only the Relationship Questionnaire is free from a self-deceptive bias. These results
have implications for interpreting responses to several frequently used measures of attachment styles, also for the theoretical issue of whether the avoidance attachment style is based on defensiveness.
TESTING THE GROUPTHINK MODEL: EFFECTS OF PROMOTIONAL LEADERSHIP AND CONFORMITY PREDISPOSITION
Authors: Ahlfinger Noni Richardson , Esser James K.
Published: May 2006

Two hypotheses derived from groupthink theory were tested in a laboratory study which included measures of the full range of symptoms of groupthink, symptoms of a poor decision process, and decision quality. The hypothesis that groups whose leaders promoted their own preferred solutions
would be more likely to fall victim to groupthink than groups with nonpromotional leaders received partial support. Groups with promotional leaders produced more symptoms of groupthink, discussed fewer facts, and reached a decision more quickly than groups with nonpromotional leaders. The
hypothesis that groups composed of members who were predisposed to conform would be more likely to fall victim to groupthink than groups whose members were not predisposed to conform received no support. It is suggested that groupthink research is hampered by measurement problems.
GENDER, GENDER ROLES AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS VIOLENCE: ARE VIEWPOINTS CHANGING?
Authors: Smith Stephen C. , Ellis Jon B. , Benson Trisha A.
Published: May 2006

Androgyny is a gender role that has several positive characteristics such as adaptive coping strategies and less violent viewpoints. To examine the relationship between gender, gender roles, and attitudes towards violence, 161 individuals were administered the Bem Sex Role Inventory
and a violence questionnaire. It was hypothesized that a significant number of non-androgynous people would have a great predisposition towards violence. The mean violence score was higher for men than for women, however, there was no difference between androgynous individuals and others.
There were no significant interaction effects. Results are surprising when compared to previous research. It may be that more and more people, regardless of their interpersonal style, are moving towards a view which does not condone violence.
CULTURE MODERATES THE SELF-SERVING BIAS: ETIC AND EMIC FEATURES OF CAUSAL ATTRIBUTIONS IN INDIA AND IN CANADA
Authors: Higgins N. C. , Bhatt Gira
Published: May 2006

This study tested the hypothesis that individuals from a collectivist culture explain life events using more contextual causes than do those from an individualistic culture. Undergraduates' causal attributions about positive and negative life events were assessed in India (n
= 195) and Canada (n = 162) using a revised Attributional Style Questionnaire. Analyses revealed the India participants generated more contextual causes for events, but also had a stronger self-serving bias than did the Canada participants. Further, each cultural group viewed achievement
events as more controllable than interpersonal events, but the Canada sample differentiated between achievement and interpersonal events more strongly than did the India sample. The findings demonstrate that causal explanations for life events in the two cultures possess both etic (i.e., universal)
and emic (i.e., culture-specific) features.
EFFECTS OF ASSERTIVE COMMUNICATION BETWEEN DOCTORS AND PATIENTS IN PUBLIC HEALTH OUTPATIENT SURGERIES IN THE CITY OF SEVILLE (SPAIN)
Authors: Sánchez Manuel Marín
Published: May 2006

This research investigated the quality of communication between doctors and patients of the Public Health Services in the city of Seville, Spain. Two hundred and twenty-eight doctors were selected at random from all of the clinics in the city for interviews. The interviews were guided
by a specially composed questionnaire, which obtained answers to 30 variables grouped under four headings: variables which influence doctor-patient communication, interest in the consultation, information used in the consultation, and qualities of doctor-patient communication. Chi-squared
tests were carried out on the different groups, which confirmed the objectives proposed in the investigation – among which was the need to set up communications training programs for doctors in order to improve their communication skills.
MISSING VALUES IN PEER ASSESSMENT OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOR USING THE RCP
Authors: Vedder Paul , O'Dowd Mina
Published: May 2006

This article deals with probable causes for missing values when using the Revised Class Play instrument for peer assessment of social behavior. The study was conducted with 10 – 13 year old primary school children in Sweden. The findings reveal that missing values may be caused by the cognitive and linguistic complexity of the instrument (RCP), as well as by gender stereotypes.The results indicate that investigating the causes of missing values provides valuable information about the validity of the RCP. This information can be used to improve the instructions on how and when to use the RCP.
THE SELF-PROTECTIVE PROPERTIES OF INGROUP COMPARISONS FOR LOW SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS STUDENTS: A PILOT STUDY
Authors: Régner Isabelle , Monteil Jean-Marc , Huguet Pascal
Published: May 2006

A pilot study, the first step for work to be completed later, explored whether low socioeconomic status (SES) students restrict social comparison to their ingroup (the other low SES students) to self-protect. After receiving false performance feedback on a memory test, low and high
SES students were asked to select another student and to predict his/her test score. In contrast to expectations, participants' dominant choice was to select high SES targets, regardless of their own SES. Likewise, participants' achievement level affected neither target selection
nor score prediction. Both limitations of this study and methodological improvements are suggested and discussed.
ACTORS AND OBSERVERS: DIVERGENT ATTRIBUTIONS OF CONSTRAINED UNFRIENDLY BEHAVIOR
Authors: Hansen Eric M. , Kimble Charles E. , Biers David W.
Published: May 2006

In light of previous attribution research, the authors investigated whether individuals make different causal inferences about their own, as opposed to other people's, constrained interpersonal behavior. Fifty-seven male and 59 female introductory psychology students were randomly
assigned to act either friendly or unfriendly as they interacted with a same-sex confederate whose behavior was also constrained. Participants assessed their own, and the confederates', behavior during the interaction and general dispositions. Consistent with previous research on the
correspondence bias or fundamental attribution error, and the actor-observer bias, dispositional influences played a more prominent role in participants' attributions concerning the confederates. behavior than their own. Possible explanations for these findings are
discussed, as are the implications of these findings on interpersonal relations.
GENDER ISSUES IN ACHIEVEMENT IN LEBANON
Authors: Hassan Karma El
Published: May 2006

This study investigated gender differences in achievement in Lebanon. Data were obtained from the achievement results on the Monitoring Learning Achievement Project administered in Lebanon on 4th elementary and 4th intermediate students. Representative samples of students were tested
in five subjects: Arabic, Foreign Language (English or French), Mathematics, Science and Life Skills. Gender difference in achievement in different subjects, content areas and learning outcomes within subject were investigated using chi-square analysis. The results proved to be consistent
at both the elementary and intermediate levels. There were significant differences in the languages in favor of the girls. Performance in mathematics and sciences did not prove to be statistically different for boys and girls. However, there were some differences in performance in some content
areas and learning outcomes. Girls had an advantage in overall achievement, while performance in life skills was significantly different at the intermediate level only. Cross-cultural comparisons were done, and attempts were made to explain the Lebanese case.
CROS S-CULTURAL RACISM IN SOUTH AFRICA – DEAD OR ALIVE?
Authors: Slabbert André
Published: May 2006

Race, discrimination, prejudice and stereotypes remain emotive words in numerous societies around the globe. Racism implies that a definitive social/psychological process exists through which individuals are categorised, despite the fact that there is often no clear delineation,
and this causes chaos in setting evaluative parameters for the structuring of this categorisation process. A non-racial world can exist only if theories and postulations re race are rendered irrelevant. Subsequent to the 1994 South African elections, it became imperative to do this. This artificially
polarized society had the opportunity to develop racial unity and hegemony. To assess the relative status of racist paradigms in students, 265 students completed a questionnaire which attempted to measure ethnic group identification and particular interracial attitudes. Results were disappointing,
indeed distressing. Significant indications of racist stereotypes were found in all racial groups, with a strong bias towards subjects'own racial groups. The primary conclusion is that racist perceptions and stereotypes remain very prevalent and active in the South African society. A
number of recommendations to address the issue are made, e.g. school curricula should include particular components to develop greater understanding/sensitivity re other racial groups; social emphasis should be on cultural solidarity rather than on cultural diversity; national governments
should contribute funding towards setting up an international forum to study/combat racism, etc.The concept of race, and the existence of the phenomenon in the minds of perceivers, must be attacked and discarded on an international level if the world is to achieve a state of racial
harmony.
CORRELATES AND PREDICTORS OF RISKY SEXUAL PRACTICES AMONG A MULTI-RACIAL/ETHNIC SAMPLE OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Authors: Langer Lilly M. , Warheit George J. , Mcdonald Linda Perez
Published: May 2006

This research identifies the correlates and predictors of risky sexual behaviors among an ethnically diverse multiethnic sample of college students attending a large state university in the southeastern U.S. (N=338). Nine risk and five protective factors served as independent! predictive factors in the analyses. The dependent variable was scores on a risky sexual behaviors scale. Six of the nine risk factors and four of the five protective factors were significantly correlated with scores on the risky sexual behaviors scale. Regression analyses identified six significant predictors of risky sexual practices: number of partners in last six months; religious values; condom attitudes; age at first sex; binging on alcohol; and residential locus. These terms explained 29.4% of the total variance in risky sexual behavior scores. Implications for prevention programs and future research are noted.
CLOTHING INTEREST, CLOTHING SATISF ACTION, AND SELF-PERCEPTIONS OF SOCIABILITY, EMOTIONAL STABILITY, AND DOMINANCE
Authors: Cosbey Sarah
Published: May 2006

The purpose of this study was to examine clothing interest as a mediating factor in self-perceptions of sociability, emotional stability, and dominance when either satisfaction or dissatisfaction with clothing was specified. A questionnaire was designed to measure five dimensions of
clothing interest as well as each of the three traits both with, and without, a “clothing satisfaction variable,” or reference to whether the subject felt satisfied or dissatisfied with her dress. A MANOVA analysis revealed that specific dimensions of clothing interest suggesting
a risk-avoiding orientation toward dress were most likely to mediate self-perceptions of sociability, emotional stability, and dominance when one was either satisfied or dissatisfied with one's clothing.
AN EXPLORATORY LOOK AT FROMM'S MARKETING CHARACTER AND INDIVIDUALISM/ COLLECTIVISM
Authors: Saunders Shaun , Munro Don
Published: May 2006

Instruments designed to measure Fromm's marketing character (SCOI; Saunders & Munro, 2000) and the vertical and horizontal dimensions of Individualism and Collectivism (Singelis, Triandis, Bhawuk & Gelfand, 1995) were administered to 167 Ss. The hypothesis that scores on
the SCOI would be positively correlated with Vertical Individualism was supported. However, there was only partial support for the hypothesis that scores on the SCOI would be positively correlated with Individualism, as the SCOI scores had the same relationship with Collectivism — which
was unexpected.
ESTIMATES OF IMPRESSIONS BASED ON FREQUENCY OF BLINKING
Authors: Omori Yasuko , Miyata Yo
Published: May 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of frequency of blinking on creating a personal impression. The subjects were 88 Japanese university students, 35 males and 53 females, who rated stimulus persons on a seven-point semantic differential scale. The stimulus persons,
two males and two females, were presented on a 20-second video simulating various blink rates, i.e., 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 blinks/min. A factor analysis of the ratings yielded three factors, interpreted as Nervousness, Unfriendliness, and Carelessness. As the frequency
of the stimulus persons'blinking increased, so did the tendency to rate them as more nervous and more careless. As for Unfriendliness, there was a U-shaped relation between the frequency of blinking and the impressions formed. Present results provide evidence that frequency of blinking
plays an important role in impression formation. Further implications of the findings are discussed.
PERCEIVED CAUSES OF USES LONELINES: A CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISON
Authors: Rokach Ami , Bacanli Hasan
Published: May 2006

Loneliness is a pervasive social problem which is experienced universally, regardless of one's race, gender, age or cultural background. This study examined the influences of cultural background on the perceptions of loneliness antecedents. In the present study, 711 Canadians, 568 Turks, and 398 Argentinians answered an 82-item questionnaire composed of five subscales, namely: Personal inadequacies, Developmental deficits, Unfulfilling intimate relationships, Relocation/significant separation, and Social Marginality. Participants were asked to endorse those items which, in their opinion, constituted the causes of their loneliness. Results revealed significant differences among the three cultures. Canadians had the highest mean scores on all subscales, while the Turkish participants had the lowest mean scores on Personal inadequacies and Developmental deficits. Gender differences also were examined within, and between, cultures.
FROMM'S MARKETING CHARACTER AND ROKEACH VALUES
Authors: Saunders Shaun
Published: May 2006

The twentieth century is notable for the widespread growth of market-driven economies which have been associated with dramatic shifts in values both within and across cultures. The present study (N=101) aimed to assess the relationship between a measure of Fromm's (1955) marketing
character (the SCOI) and Rokeach values. The hypothesis that the Rokeach value ‘Equality’ would be ranked low when considered in terms of scores on the SCOI was supported, suggesting that social comparisons made in the consumer domain are made with the aim of determining relative
success or failure rather than equality.
GANGS AND GANG ACTIVITY IN A NON-METROPOLITAN COMMUNITY: THE PERCEPTIONS OF STUDENTS, TEACHERS, AND POLICE OFFICERS
Authors: Swetnam Josh , Pope Jacqueline
Published: May 2006

In recent years, both the media and the research literature have noted an increased presence of street gangs in non-metropolitan and rural communities. This study was conducted in a small community in the south which was identified by its police force as having a sizable gang population. Individuals from three groups within the community who have frequent, direct contact with gang members participated in the study. Participants completed questionnaires designed to measure their general perceptions of the gangs, the actors associated with gang development, and the community's response to the gang presence. The participants perceive a number of factors as having influenced the growth of gang activity. The results showed striking perceptual differences between the groups, as well as a number of similarities.
DO HIGH-STATUS GROUPS DISCRIMINATE MORE? DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN SOCIAL IDENTITY AND EQUITY CONCERNS
Authors: Klein Olivier , Azzi Assaad
Published: May 2006

A number of studies have found that high status groups tend to discriminate more than low status groups. This tendency can be interpreted as reflecting either a desire to maintain a positive social identity or an application of equity. An experiment was conducted in order to examine
the roles of these two factors. The independent variables were status (high vs. low), and the nature of the relation between the dimension on which status was defined and the dimension on which in-group bias was measured (relation, no relation). When the two dimensions were related, equity
was expected to be relevant. Therefore it was predicted that the status differential would be reproduced through the allocations. Contrary to this hypothesis, neither the high nor the low status group displayed in-group favoritism in this condition. The authors suggest that the use of two
related dimensions rather than only one, as in previous studies, is responsible for such a discrepancy. It was further predicted that when the two dimensions were unrelated, equity would be irrelevant and therefore members of both groups would display in-group bias on the new dimension-either
as a means of preserving a positive social identity or in order to achieve one. This second hypothesis was confirmed.
CHILDLESS BY CHOICE? ATTRIBUTIONS AND ATTITUDES CONCERNING FAMILY SIZE
Authors: LaMastro Valerie
Published: May 2006

This study investigated the attributions of naive perceivers regarding the voluntary or involuntary nature of a target couple's family size, and examined the personality characteristics ascribed to persons with families of varying sizes. Undergraduate students (N = 274)
read one of 24 paragraphs describing a couple who varied with respect to number of children and male/female employment status. Targets were rated on 28 personality characteristics and 7 relationship quality statements. Participants provided attributions for the couple's family size
and completed the Bem Sex Role Inventory. Results indicated that, overall, perceivers attributed family size to voluntary factors. Childless individuals were rated less positively regardless of the attributions made for their childlessness. Parents of any size family were perceived similarly.
The Bem classification of the perceiver was unrelated to judgments. Applications to understanding the support needs of infertile couples are discussed.
THE REPRODUCTIVE PRIMING EFFECT
Authors: Platek Steven M. , Burch Rebecca L. , Gallup Gordon G.
Published: May 2006

In a questionnaire administered to 314 undergraduate college students, most respondents reported an increase in dating opportunities during the beginning of a new dating relationship, and the frequency of this effect was correlated with heterosexual sexual activity. This phenomenon
may be a result of psychological mechanisms and/or physiological changes that take place during the development of a new relationship.
PSYCHOSOCIAL CORRELATES OF HEALTHY LIFESTYLES IN BLACK AND WHITE SOUTH AFRICANS
Authors: Peltzer Karl
Published: May 2006

The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence and psychosocial correlates of healthy practices among 250 Black and 250 White South Africans chosen by systematic random sampling. Results indicated that Blacks practiced on average above 7 and Whites above 8 healthy behaviors
from a total of 13. For most healthy practices significant differences were found between Whites and Blacks. Analysis of Variance showed that a number of sociodemographic variables, health benefits, subjective health and subjective well-being were positively associated with healthy practices.
Multiple stepwise regression analysis found that independent predictors for the health practices index were women, having children, Whites, formal education, and worse health status.
TEACHERS' JUDGMENTS OF PUPILS: AGREEMENT AND ACCURACY
Authors: ter Laak Jan J.F. , De Goede Martijn P.M. , Brugman Gerard M.
Published: May 2006

This article examines the agreement and accuracy of teachers' judgments of their pupils. The data were collected in a primary school in the Netherlands where four teachers and 87 pupils, ranging from grade 2 to 5 (aged 7 to 10 years), participated in this study. The teachers appeared
to make use of the same pupil characteristics and the same scale levels in judging their pupils. These teachers generated pupil characteristics that included sociability, self-confidence, troublesomeness and working attitude, which correspond substantially to the Big Five. However, it was
found that teachers are not particularly accurate in judging their pupils. Except for ‘troublesomeness’, there was little correspondence between teachers' ratings of pupils and the behavior of those pupils in the classroom, observed independently by ‘naive’ observers.
Clearly, teacher judgments are very important and often play a decisive role in children's school careers. Higher levels of agreement and — in particular — accuracy are therefore needed in teachers' judgments. This study implies that specific elaborations of the central
constructs of the critical realistic approach to personality judgment agreement and accuracy can be useful in describing and assessing judgments made by individual teachers.
THE POSITIVE CORRELATION BETWEEN PERSONAL NEED FOR STRUCTURE AND THE MERE EXPOSURE EFFECT
Authors: Hansen Teresa , Bartsch Robert A.
Published: May 2006

It was predicted that the amount a person is affected by mere exposure would be positively correlated with their Personal Need for Structure (PNS). Forty participants rated unfamiliar Turkish words for pleasantness. As predicted by the mere exposure effect, the greater the participants'
exposure, the more pleasant the words were rated. Participants were also asked to complete a PNS questionnaire. Individual PNS scores correlated with individual mere exposure scores such that people who were higher in PNS were more affected by mere exposure.
THE EFFECTS OF MALE AGE AND PHYSICAL APPEARANCE ON EVALU A TIONS OF ATTRACTIVENES, SOCIAL DESIRABILITY AND RESOURCEFULNESS
Authors: Perlini Arthur H. , Marcello Angela , Hansen Samantha D. , Pudney Ward
Published: May 2006

Younger women are perceived as possessing a host of socially desirable attributes, some of which are the same traits attributed to attractive women (Perlini, Bertolissi, & Lind, 1999). Evolutionary hypotheses would not predict similar patterns of trait ascriptions for males who
differ in age and attractiveness, since neither youth nor beauty is a successful strategy for mate selection amongst females. To test this hypothesis, young and elderly females rated the traits of attractiveness, social desirability and resourcefulness in 1 of 4 target males who varied in
age and attractiveness. The results indicated that neither the age nor the attractiveness of the male target influenced ascriptions of socially desirable traits. Young, compared to elderly, judges ascribed more resourcefulness to the male targets. Regardless of the target age, the younger
female judges rated the target males as younger looking, in terms of estimated age, compared to the elderly female judges. The results are discussed in terms of possible sociocultural and evolutionary factors that may be responsible for these differences.
DEVELOPING A SHYNESS SCALE FOR JAPANESE JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS
Authors: Matsushima Rumi , Shiomi Kunio
Published: May 2006

This study developed a Shyness scale for Japanese junior high school students and examined the reliability and the validity of this scale. In this study, 90 “Shyness” items and items assessing tendencies theoretically linked to shyness (for example, self-consciousness or
self-esteem) were administered to 577 junior high school students in Japan. 299 of the 577 students were administered also the SPI (Shimoda-shiki Personality Inventory). Four factors (Behavioral Inhibition in Personal Relationships, Fear of Negative Evaluation by Others, Lack of Confidence
and Private Self-Consciousness) were extracted by principal components analysis. The coefficient alpha reliabilities of the four shyness subscales were sufficient and demonstrated the validity of the shyness scale, which was confirmed by correlations between the shyness subscales and the SPI
subscales.
PERSONALITY AND ACADEMIC PRODUCTIVITY IN THE UNIVERSITY STUDENT
Authors: Sánchez Manuel Marín , Rejano Eduardo Infante , Rodríguez Yolanda Troyano
Published: May 2006

This study describes the personality characteristics of the failing university student at the University of Seville. One hundred and three students with a mean age of 21 years were evaluated using the 16 PF questionnaire. The personality profile was completed by application of the Survey
of Interpersonal Values (SIV), including an intelligence evaluation using the WAIS scale of intelligence. The results support the majority of previous studies which relate certain personality traits to academic failure (Lathey, 1991; Weiss, Lotan, Kedar & Ben-Shakhar, 1988). Students who
are failing in their courses scored significantly higher in neurosis and extraversion than did their population group. The data encourage consideration of the existence of other personality traits which limit academic success; among these are psychoticism, poor leadership, strong nonconformity
and low generosity. The final discussion points up the need to introduce more precise lines of investigation and the formulation of new working hypotheses.
THEORETICAL ORIENTATIONS OF ORGANIZATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PRACTITIONERS
Authors: Piotrowski Chris , Vodanovich Stephen J. , Armstrong Terry
Published: May 2006

The aim of this study was to systematically survey the use of various theoretical approaches by OD practitioners. To this end, members of the International Registry of Organization Development Professionals were surveyed. The results were based on questionnaire data from 58 OD
consultants with an average of 17.3 years' experience. The theoretical approaches of Schein, Lewin, Weisbord, Argyris, and Maslow were, in rank order, the most frequently endorsed. The findings indicate that OD practitioners are largely eclectic in orientation and stress both micro and
macro theoretical viewpoints in their consulting work. The implications and limitations of this investigation were noted.
MODERATING EFFECTS OF NEED FOR COGNITION ON ATTRACTIVENESS STEREOTYPING
Authors: Perlini Arthur H. , Hansen Samantha D.
Published: May 2006

The present study investigated the moderating role of need for cognition (NFC), the tendency to engage in, and enjoy, effortful cognitive activity, on the attractiveness bias. Based on previous research suggesting that people low in NFC are more strongly influenced by peripheral cues of persuasion (including physical attractiveness), it was expected that such individuals, compared to those high in NFC, would exhibit a stronger tendency to attribute socially desirable traits to attractive persons. Participants high and low in NFC rated one of four photographs that varied in attractiveness and sex on 17 bipolar personality traits. While both high and low NFC participants rated the attractive target photographs as more socially desirable than the unattractive photographs, the magnitude of this effect was substantially larger for the low NFC participants. The findings suggest that NFC plays a moderating role in the attractiveness bias.
PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF ADAPTATIONS FOR KIN DIRECTED ALTRUISTIC HELPING BEHAVIORS
Authors: Kruger Daniel J.
Published: May 2006

This questionnaire study sheds light on the psychological component of kin selecting tendencies predicted by Hamilton's (1964b) inclusive fitness theory of discriminatory altruistic behavior based on genetic similarity. Participants rated donations of assistance aiding survival
and material wealth as more rational and ethical when these actions were performed for closer relatives. Participants also felt a greater obligation to perform these acts for a close relation. A comparison condition where assistance was unlikely to affect survival or reproductive success did
not exhibit these tendencies.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE STUDENT PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY SCALE-10
Authors: Singg Sangeeta , Ader Jerre A.
Published: May 2006

The 10-item Student Personal Responsibility Scale (SPRS-10) was developed to assess students' acceptance of personal responsibility in their day-to-day living. The scale showed an acceptable level of internal consistency and positive correlations to the Conscientiousness Scale
of Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Openness Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO PI-R), academic performance, self-esteem, and retention.
NON-RATIONALITY IN BELIEF SETS: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE THEORY OF RATIONAL EXPECTATIONS
Authors: Sapp Stephen G.
Published: May 2006

Although much research supports the proposition contained within the theory of expectations that a causal relationship exists between beliefs and attitudes, little is known about the extent to which logical consistency exists among beliefs about objects in relation to beliefs about
reasonable substitutes for them, and the effect of this potential inconsistency on estimates of the belief-attitude relationship. This study tested the logical consistency of 364 Japanese consumers' expressions of beliefs and attitudes regarding eating beef produced by three different
countries. The results, which demonstrate significant inconsistency — or non-rationality — in belief sets, are discussed with respect to their implications for estimating belief-attitude relationships.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FAMILY RELIGIOSITY AND DRUG USE BEHAVIOR AMONG YOUTH
Authors: Merrill Ray M. , Salazar Richard D. , Gardner Nicole W.
Published: May 2006

This study evaluated the relationship between several dimensions of parental and family religiosity with adolescent drug use behavior. Analysis was based on self-reported responses to a questionnaire administered to 1,036 undergraduate college students at Brigham Young University, of
which 99.1% are members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (LDS). About 86% reported having never used drugs. The most commonly reported reasons for abstention from drugs were that drug use violates the participants' religious beliefs and their personal moral
code. In contrast, concern about legal consequences, harming family reputation, and avoiding dishonest behavior were among the least common reasons for abstaining from drugs. Children of parents who were neutral, versus critical, about religion — or who considered religion of minor importance
— were more likely to have a history of drug use. Protective factors against drug behavior included also parental positions of responsibility in the church and frequent family discussions involving religion and Christian conduct. The mother's view of religion was a stronger indicator
of previous drug use behavior than either the father's view of religion, positions of church responsibility held by the parents, or arguments about religious teachings with parents. Discussion on topics of Christian conduct was a stronger indicator of previous drug use behavior than were
either church attendance or discussions on topics of religious doctrine.
LAY AND PROFESSIONAL PERSPECTIVES OF THE CAUSES OF HEALTH: A COMPARATIVE NETWORK APPROACH
Authors: Muncer Steven J , Taylor Shirley , Ling Jonathan
Published: May 2006

Lay and professional interpretations of the structure of causal factors previously demonstrated to be influencing health were examined through network analysis. Fifty-three first level registered nurses and sixty-three social science students were asked to complete network adjacency
grids for factors that affect health. There is considerable agreement between the lay and professional view – with stress, lifestyle, health knowledge, work and home environment forming a nexus of causes, along with physical constitution and
exposure to illness which have direct links to health. The impacts of both a belief in alternative medicine and religiosity, which have been suggested to influence beliefs about health, were also investigated. Religiosity had no major effect on the model. Believers in alternative medicine
rated causal links involving stress higher, but showed no difference in their ratings of the importance of medical treatment. The results are compared and contrasted with previous work which used factor analysis.
EFFECT OF GENDER-TYPES ON INTERPERSONAL STRESS MEASURED BY BLINK RATE AND QUESTIONNAIRES: FOCUSING ON STEREOTYPICALLY SEX-TYPED AND ANDROGYNOUS TYPES
Authors: Hirokawa Kumi , Yamada Fumio , Dohi Itsuko , Miyata Yo
Published: May 2006

This study was conducted to determine how differences of self gender-type and partner's gendertype in Japan had an effect on interpersonal stress (anxiety/uneasiness) during a conversation among mixed-sex pairs. The level of interpersonal stress was discussed in relation to
blink rate. The participants were assigned to one of the following four pair types: (a) Male and female were androgynous (maleA-femaleA); (b) Male was androgynous and female was stereotypically sex-typed as feminine (maleA-femaleST); (c) Male was stereotypically sex-typed as masculine and
female was androgynous (maleST-femaleA); (d) Both were stereotypically sex-typed (maleST-femaleST). Dependent measures were (1) Blink rate during five-minute conversation of one-minute intervals, and (2) Questionnaires (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory I and Iceberg Profile). Results suggested
that participants who had a conversation with an androgynous partner reduced their interpersonal stress.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BOREDOM PRONENESS AND SOLITARY SEXUAL BEHAVIORS IN ADULTS
Authors: Gana Kamel , Trouillet Raphael , Martin Bettina , Toffart Leatitia
Published: May 2006

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between boredom proneness and some solitary sexual activities among adults such as masturbating and viewing pornographic films. The results of multiple regression analysis showed that sexual unsatisfaction and boredom proneness
were significant predictors of people's engaging in such activities, and the analysis of variance revealed that highly boredom-prone individuals were more likely to engage in such solitary sexual practices than were lower boredom-prone individuals.
UNDERSTANDING DIFFERENCES IN WEB USAGE: THE ROLE OF NEED FOR COGNITION AND THE FIVE FACTOR MODEL OF PERSONALITY
Authors: Tuten Tracy L. , Bosnjak Michael
Published: May 2006

Using the Five-factor model of personality and Need for Cognition, the authors investigated the relationship between personality and Web usage. Of the five factors, Openness to Experience and Neuroticism showed the greatest association to Web usage. Openness to Experience was positively
related to using the Web for entertainment and product information, while Neuroticism was negatively related to Web usage. Need for Cognition was significantly and positively correlated with all Web activities involving cognitive thought.
SOCIAL SUPPORT, LONELINESS AND FRIENDSHIP PREFERENCE AMONG BRITISH ASIAN AND NON-ASIAN ADOLESCENTS
Authors: Shams Manfusa
Published: May 2006

This paper aims to investigate the support-seeking behavior of adolescents (14 and 15 years) of South Asian and other backgrounds, the association between friendship choice and perceived feelings of loneliness, and the complex inter-relationship between these variables. Standardized
psychological measures were administered to a sample of 824 Asian and other adolescents. The findings for a weighted sample of 651 show that Asian adolescents have higher levels of perceived feelings of loneliness and a lower level of preference for mixed-ethnic friendship than their non-Asian
counterparts. A significant difference is also obtained on the support-seeking behavior between Asian and non-Asian adolescents. The development perspectives of the findings that are implicated in the socialization process are discussed.
WHEN DOWNWARD COMPARISON PRODUCES NEGATIVE AFFECT: THE SENSE OF CONTROL AS A MODERATOR
Authors: Michinov Nicolas
Published: May 2006

It has been assumed that engaging in upward or downward comparison can either improve or deteriorate affect, depending on the amount of control individuals feel they have over the comparison dimension. The main goal of the present study was to determine whether an individual difference
factor such as the sense of control can moderate the relationship between social comparison and affect. The results showed that for downward comparison, the lower the participants scored on the sense of control, the higher the negative affect they experienced. Unexpectedly, the sense of control
was unrelated to affect in upward comparison. Additional results indicated that identification with the comparison targets had an impact on negative affect. This study provides evidence that the sense of control may be useful in understanding affective reactions to social comparisons. The
theoretical implications in downward comparison theory are discussed.
PSYCHOMETRIC CHALLENGES IN DEVELOPING A COLLEGE ADMISSION TEST FOR JORDAN
Authors: Alnabhan Mousa , Harwell Michael
Published: May 2006

In 1998, the Jordanian Council of Higher Education authorized the construction of a standardized aptitude test that would be used to assist colleges and universities in admissions decisions. This paper reports the results of a study that examined whether test items were operating as
desired and path analyses that explored predictors of student performance for a highly selective sample of Jordanian students. Item analyses indicated that thirty percent of the items showed inadequate discrimination or inappropriate difficulty levels, and an additional nineteen percent of
the items showed evidence of differential item functioning attributable to sex. The path analyses indicated that the strongest predictors of performance emerged for female students and included parental educational level and whether students attended a government-sponsored school or a private
school. For males, the same predictive relationships were negligible.
CONSTRUCT VALIDITY OF THE CHINESE ADAPTATION OF FOUR THEMATIC SCALES OF THE PERSONALITY RESEARCH FORM
Authors: Moneta Giovanni B. , Wong Fanny Ho Yan
Published: May 2006

Personality research conducted in China has largely ignored the role of thematic motivations in explaining behavior. The goal of this paper is to begin a systematic investigation of thematic motivations by analyzing the construct validity of thematic scales from the Personality Research
Form (PRF). One hundred and ninety-three Hong Kong college students completed a Chinese translation of the PRF-E scales Achievement, Affiliation, Dominance, and Nurturance, Gudykunst's scale measuring independent and interdependent self-construal, the Sino-American Person Perception Scale
(SAPPS) measuring Chinese traits, and the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) that provided 12,761 snapshots of daily positive and negative affect (PANA) and potency (feeling strong, active, and sharp) across social contexts. The PRF inter-scale correlations matched those of U.S. college students
except for an unexpectedly high correlation between Affiliation and Nurturance. The PRF scales had the predicted relationships with the other dispositional measures. Achievement predicted higher PA and lower NA in academic/ work activities, Affiliation higher PA in face-to-face communication,
Dominance higher potency in extra-curricular activities. With the partial exception of Nurturance, the Chinese thematic PRF scales have strong construct validity.