bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rotated read head design for high-density heat-assisted shingled magnetic recording
Authors: Hsu Wei-Heng , Victora R. H.
Published: February 2021

In heat-assisted shingled magnetic recording, recorded tracks are erased on one side. The transitions are no longer symmetric relative to the track center, especially when the transitions are highly curved as a result of the temperature profile generated by the near-field transducer. To optimally utilize these asymmetrically curved transitions, the read head is rotated to match the curvature. For a single rotated head, a more than 10% improvement in user density is achieved compared to that of a single non-rotated head. We found that the optimal rotation angle generally follows the transition shape. With an array of two rotated heads, a track pitch of 15 nm, and a minimum bit length of 6.0 nm, the user areal density reaches 6.2 Tb/in2, more than 30% above previous projections for recording on granular media.
Tracking and short-term forecasting of mesoscale convective cloud clusters over southeast Brazil using satellite infrared imagery
Authors: Siqueira José Ricardo , da Silva Marques Valdo
Published: February 2021

This paper presents the tracking and short-term forecasting of mesoscale convective cloud clusters (CCs) that occurred over southeast Brazil and the adjacent Atlantic Ocean during 2009–17. These events produce intense rainfall and severe storms that impact agriculture, defence, hydroelectricity and offshore oil production. To identify, track and forecast CCs, the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite infrared imagery and the Forecasting and Tracking the Evolution of Cloud Clusters method are used. The forecast performance is investigated by applying statistical analyses between the observed and forecasted CCs’ physical properties. A total of 7139 mesoscale convective CCs were identified, tracked and selected for the short-term forecasting at their maturation phases. The CC tracking showed a high frequency of CCs over the Atlantic Ocean and mainly over continental and coastal southeast Brazil during the wet season. This indicates an important role played by the cold fronts and convective diurnal forcing on the organisation of convective cloudiness over that region. The majority of the CCs reached their maturation phases within the first 2 h of life cycle, which occurred mostly between the late afternoon and evening. The CCs had short lifetimes and were predominantly in meso-β scales, followed by meso-α convective CCs. The CCs showed cloud-top temperatures typical of clouds with strong vertical development and potential to produce rainfall. The short-term forecasting of CCs at their maturation phases revealed different behaviours of the statistical indices with forecast range. For the 30–60-min timeframe, the forecasts performed relatively well. For longer forecast lead times (90–120 min), the forecasts overestimated the occurrences, intensities and growth of the CCs and forecasted the CCs to be further north and east of their actual observed locations. Overall, our results may contribute to improving the forecast quality of these intense weather events.
Receptor-like role for PQLC2 amino acid transporter in the lysosomal sensing of cationic amino acids
Authors: Talaia Gabriel , Amick Joseph , Ferguson Shawn M.
Published: February 2021

Significance

Cells sense and respond to nutrients liberated by the degradative activity of lysosomes. PQLC2 is a transporter that mediates the efflux of lysosomal cationic amino acids and also recruits a signaling complex containing WDR41, SMCR8, and C9orf72 proteins to the surface of lysosomes by interacting with WDR41. This interaction is regulated by the availability of the amino acids that PQLC2 transports. Here we define sites of contact between PQLC2 and WDR41 and relate them to conformational changes required for transport activity of PQLC2. In addition to directly advancing our understanding of the WDR41–PQLC2 interaction, this study provides a model for how a transporter can also serve as a sensor that recruits signaling proteins to the membrane where it resides.
Displacement of the Na
+
/K
+
pump’s transmembrane domains demonstrates conserved conformational changes in P-type 2 ATPases
Authors: Young Victoria C. , Artigas Pablo
Published: February 2021

Significance

The P-type 2 ATPase subfamily includes several essential primary active ion transporters like the Na
+
/K
+
, H
+
/K
+
, and SERCA pumps. These transporters are thought to act by a conserved mechanism. However, major conformational changes seen in the transmembrane domains in crystal structures of SERCA and also proposed to occur in H
+
/K
+
pumps are absent in available Na
+
/K
+
-pump structures. Here we use cross-linking of engineered cysteines and voltage clamp fluorometry (VCF) to show that the movements of transmembrane segments conserved in other pumps, which are absent in Na
+
/K
+
pump crystal structures, occur in functional Na
+
/K
+
pumps. In addition, we illustrate a twist to the usual VCF approach that may help in future studies using this technique with other membrane proteins.
“Is beauty only skin deep?”
Authors: Wong Jock , Or Marshal
Published: February 2021

From a semantic and cultural perspective, one could ask a number of questions regarding the English word ‘beauty’
and the adjectival form ‘beautiful’ when they are used to refer to visual aspects of people. Given that scholars and professionals
in the beauty industry frequently use the words to describe people from various cultures, should we assume that each of them
embodies a semantic and cultural universal? Given that plastic surgeons and beauticians improve the physical appearance of people,
especially women, why do they not use the word ‘pretty’ to promote their services instead? After all, the phrase ‘pretty woman’ is
also the title of a popular song first recorded by Roy Orbison in 1964 and later the name of a hugely successful 1990 movie. Why
are beauty salons so called? Why are they not called prettiness salons instead? This paper attempts to address such questions by
studying the meanings of two Mandarin Chinese words: mĕi/měilì (roughly, ‘beautiful’) and
piàoliàng (roughly, ‘pretty’). The words are polysemous and this paper focuses on the meanings that are
relevant to the purposes of describing women. It tries to explain the conceptual difference between a woman who is
mĕi/měilì and one who is piàoliàng. Hopefully, the findings will shed light
on some of the semantic distinctions that are important to Mandarin Chinese speakers and thus the questions raised above.
Is ugliness in the mind of the beholder?
Authors: Gladkova Anna , Romero-Trillo Jesús
Published: February 2021

The paper explores the meaning and use ofuglyin English. The study is based on corpus data from Cobuild Wordbanks Online and investigates the polysemy and the spheres of application of the concept. Through corpus analysis methodology, we investigate the most common collocations and the pragmatic and contextual uses of the term. Based on this analysis, our study proposes semantic explications ofuglyin universal human concepts within the theoretical framework of the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM). We also analyze the most common collocations with the worduglyand classify them into several meaning-based categories. A comparison betweenbeautifulanduglyreveals that they are not identical in their distribution, which suggests different cognitive salience of the concepts. We also note the special role of ‘people’ and ‘nature’ in conceptualization and use ofbeautifuland that of ‘human actions’ inugly.
漢語重疊的重音模式及其語體屬性研究
Authors: Cui Sixing
Published: February 2021

抽象的

文章從漢語重疊的重音模式入手，在深入挖掘重音模式語法功能的基礎上，重點鎖定漢語重疊的語體屬性。通過輕聲標準、描寫性標準、語體詞標準及語體分佈標準，同時結合語體區別特徵，重疊的變調，重疊的兒化以及重疊後加「的」做謂語等四個方面，論證漢語重疊橫跨書面語和口語兩種語體。最終揭示節律本身也有體，節律不同則語體亦不同。
The Irreducible Subgroups of Exceptional Algebraic Groups
Authors: Thomas Adam
Published: February 2021

This paper is a contribution to the study of the subgroup structure of exceptional algebraic groups over algebraically closed fields of arbitrary characteristic. Following Serre, a closed subgroup of a semisimple algebraic group

G
G

is called irreducible if it lies in no proper parabolic subgroup of

G
G

. In this paper we complete the classification of irreducible connected subgroups of exceptional algebraic groups, providing an explicit set of representatives for the conjugacy classes of such subgroups. Many consequences of this classification are also given. These include results concerning the representations of such subgroups on various

G
G

-modules: for example, the conjugacy classes of irreducible connected subgroups are determined by their composition factors on the adjoint module of

G
G

, with one exception.

A result of Liebeck and Testerman shows that each irreducible connected subgroup

X
X

of

G
G

has only finitely many overgroups and hence the overgroups of

X
X

form a lattice. We provide tables that give representatives of each conjugacy class of connected overgroups within this lattice structure. We use this to prove results concerning the subgroup structure of

G
G

: for example, when the characteristic is

2
2

, there exists a maximal connected subgroup of

G
G

containing a conjugate of every irreducible subgroup

A
1

A_1

of

G
G

.
Possible dulaglutide-associated cholecystitis with safe continuation post cholecystectomy
Authors: Butler Jared , Bjurstrom Marysue , Marceau Anna
Published: February 2021

Purpose

Possible dulaglutide-induced cholecystitis, with successful resumption of dulaglutide after cholecystectomy, is discussed.

A 72-year-old White man was started on dulaglutide for outpatient management of type 2 diabetes, in addition to his existing antihyperglycemic regimen of metformin, glipizide, pioglitazone, and insulin glargine. His glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) concentration improved from 8.2% to 7.2% with the addition of dulaglutide. Furthermore, the use of dulaglutide did not lead to weight loss. After 16 months of treatment with dulaglutide, he presented to the emergency room with nausea, loss of appetite, and progressive sharp, nonradiating right upper quadrant pain. Based on symptom presentation, laboratory workup, and computed tomography scan results, acute cholecystitis was diagnosed. He underwent a cholecystectomy to remove what was found to be a gangrenous gallbladder. Per documented surgical dictation from the cholecystectomy, the gallbladder was removed, but portions of the biliary tree were left intact. The patient was continued on dulaglutide postoperatively without recurrence of bile stones, biliary tree disease, or abdominal symptoms at 8 months after initial cholecystitis incident.

Conclusion

A male patient with possible dulaglutide-induced cholecystitis was successfully continued on dulaglutide therapy post cholecystectomy without recurrent complications within the biliary tract.
Five cases of complete atrioventricular block induced by bending forward: unusual but not unique
Authors: Saal Dirk P , Thijs Roland D , Bootsma Marianne , Brignole Michele , van Dijk J Gert
Published: February 2021

Aims

We describe five patients with syncope caused by a complete atrioventricular block (AVB) while they were bending forward, not rising after bending, and aim to describe the occurrence and the association between bending forward and AVB.

Methods and results

In two patients, bending forward was the exclusive trigger for syncope, while in the remaining three, other postural changes (sitting down, standing up, and exertion) could also provoke syncope. Complete AVB as the cause of syncope was documented using ECG monitoring in two cases and an implantable loop recorder in the other three. Ectopic beats without preceding sinus slowing occurred before syncope in four cases. Two cases had a left bundle branch block. All patients responded favourably to cardiac pacing.

Conclusion

This is the first case series on complete AVB provoked by bending forward. Syncope during bending forward should suggest a search for an AVB. Arguments in favour of a vagal mechanism were syncope triggered by bending forward, and that other triggers could also evoke syncope. However, the absence of sinus slowing before syncope in some cases and the fact that bending forward did not seem to provoke reflex syncope without AVB, cast doubts on a reflex mechanism. There were also arguments favouring conduction disorder: i.e. ectopic beats before syncope and pre-existing conduction disturbances in two cases. The cases are reminiscent of paroxysmal AVB. Discrimination between paroxysmal AVB and vagal AVB is important because a pacemaker is warranted in arrhythmic complete AVB, while the benefit is limited or absent in reflex AVB.
Reconstruction, with tunable sparsity levels, of shear wave velocity profiles from surface wave data
Authors: Vignoli Giulio , Guillemoteau Julien , Barreto Jeniffer , Rossi Matteo
Published: February 2021

The analysis of surface wave dispersion curves is a way to infer the vertical distribution of shear wave velocity. The range of applicability is extremely wide: going, for example, from seismological studies to geotechnical characterizations and exploration geophysics. However, the inversion of the dispersion curves is severely ill-posed and only limited efforts have been put in the development of effective regularization strategies. In particular, relatively simple smoothing regularization terms are commonly used, even when this is in contrast with the expected features of the investigated targets. To tackle this problem, stochastic approaches can be utilized, but they are too computationally expensive to be practical, at least, in case of large surveys. Instead, within a deterministic framework, we evaluate the applicability of a regularizer capable of providing reconstructions characterized by tunable levels of sparsity. This adjustable stabilizer is based on the minimum support regularization, applied before on other kinds of geophysical measurements, but never on surface wave data. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this stabilizer on (i) two benchmark—publicly available—data sets at crustal and near-surface scales and (ii) an experimental data set collected on a well-characterized site. In addition, we discuss a possible strategy for the estimation of the depth of investigation. This strategy relies on the integrated sensitivity kernel used for the inversion and calculated for each individual propagation mode. Moreover, we discuss the reliability, and possible caveats, of the direct interpretation of this particular estimation of the depth of investigation, especially in the presence of sharp boundary reconstructions.
Spectral induced polarization: frequency domain versus time domain laboratory data
Authors: Martin Tina , Titov Konstantin , Tarasov Andrey , Weller Andreas
Published: February 2021

Spectral information obtained from induced polarization (IP) measurements can be used in a variety of applications and is often gathered in frequency domain (FD) at the laboratory scale. In contrast, field IP measurements are mostly done in time domain (TD). Theoretically, the spectral content from both domains should be similar. In practice, they are often different, mainly due to instrumental restrictions as well as the limited time and frequency range of measurements. Therefore, a possibility of transition between both domains, in particular for the comparison of laboratory FD IP data and field TD IP results, would be very favourable. To compare both domains, we conducted laboratory IP experiments in both TD and FD. We started with three numerical models and measurements at a test circuit, followed by several investigations for different wood and sandstone samples. Our results demonstrate that the differential polarizability (DP), which is calculated from the TD decay curves, can be compared very well with the phase of the complex electrical resistivity. Thus, DP can be used for a first visual comparison of FD and TD data, which also enables a fast discrimination between different samples. Furthermore, to compare both domains qualitatively, we calculated the relaxation time distribution (RTD) for all data. The results are mostly in agreement between both domains, however, depending on the TD data quality. It is striking that the DP and RTD results are in better agreement for higher data quality in TD. Nevertheless, we demonstrate that IP laboratory measurements can be carried out in both TD and FD with almost equivalent results. The RTD enables a good comparability of FD IP laboratory data with TD IP field data.
Early Career Researcher Profile: Honglong Zhao
Authors: Zhao Honglong , Shekar Rachel G
Published: February 2021

Honglong Zhao is a postdoctoral researcher at the Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences. There, he studies plant systems biology and works on the mathematical model construction of primary metabolism in C3 photosynthetic leaves. He received a PhD in Botany in 2020 working with Prof. Xinguang Zhu.
Early Career Researcher Profile: Tsu-Wei Chen
Authors: Chen Tsu-Wei , Shekar Rachel G
Published: February 2021

Tsu-Wei Chen is a professor at Humboldt University in Berlin, Germany. He is also a grantee of Emmy Noether Programme of German Research Foundation (DFG). He earned his BSc at National Taiwan University in Horticultural Science. He has worked on functional-structural plant models (FSPMs) since 2009, beginning with his MSc and PhD degrees from Leibniz Universität Hannover. His research focuses on up-scaling the environmental effects on leaf photosynthesis to canopy level using FSPMs and systems analyses.
Are we observing an NSC in course of formation in the NGC 4654 galaxy?
Authors: Schiavi R , Capuzzo-Dolcetta R , Georgiev I Y , Arca-Sedda M , Mastrobuono-Battisti A
Published: February 2021

We use direct N-body simulations to explore some possible scenarios for the future evolution of two massive clusters observed towards the centre of NGC 4654, a spiral galaxy with mass similar to that of the Milky Way. Using archival HST data, we obtain the photometric masses of the two clusters, M = 3 × 105 M⊙ and M = 1.7 × 106 M⊙, their half-light radii, Reff ∼ 4 pc and Reff ∼ 6 pc, and their projected distances from the photometric centre of the galaxy (both <22 pc). The knowledge of the structure and separation of these two clusters (∼24 pc) provides a unique view for studying the dynamics of a galactic central zone hosting massive clusters. Varying some of the unknown cluster orbital parameters, we carry out several N-body simulations showing that the future evolution of these clusters will inevitably result in their merger. We find that, mainly depending on the shape of their relative orbit, they will merge into the galactic centre in less than 82 Myr. In addition to the tidal interaction, a proper consideration of the dynamical friction braking would shorten the merging times up to few Myr. We also investigate the possibility to form a massive nuclear star cluster (NSC) in the centre of the galaxy by this process. Our analysis suggests that for low-eccentricity orbits, and relatively long merger times, the final merged cluster is spherical in shape, with an effective radius of few parsecs and a mass within the effective radius of the order of $10^5\, \mathrm{M_{\odot }}$. Because the central density of such a cluster is higher than that of the host galaxy, it is likely that this merger remnant could be the likely embryo of a future NSC.
The Fifth Troll Prerequisite
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: February 2021

Chapter 8 focuses on the fifth troll prerequisite which needed to be met if hacked and Russian-generated content were to influence the U.S. election: was it targeted to reach the desired constituencies? The chapter contends that, despite some arguments against the impact of the Russian troll messaging, the trolls targeted audiences needed to influence the election in both battleground and nonbattleground states, through the use of organic content and paid advertisements. The trolls had access to multiple sources of information about how to reach voters susceptible to mobilizing or demobilizing appeals, including publicly accessible analyses of the candidates’ objectives and tactics, stolen voter models hacked from the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee, and toolkits offered by social media platforms to help identify desired audience members.
The Effect of Russian Hacking (and Troll Reinforcement) on Press Coverage
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: February 2021

Chapter 9 of Cyberwar discusses the impact of press and campaign uses of Russian hacking and the ways in which it was amplified by troll messaging. Jamieson argues that, starting in July 2016—when WikiLeaks released its first tranche of private emails from the inboxes of Democratic National Committee staffers—and continuing through to Election Day, the Russian-hacked Democratic materials and uses of it by troll accounts, Republicans, and the media affected what Americans saw, heard, and read about Hillary Clinton. Hacked content released on October 7 was able to counterbalance both the so-called Access Hollywood tape and deflected attention from a joint statement from the Department of Homeland Security and Office of the Director of National Intelligence confirming that the Russians were behind the DNC hacking. Jamieson also details how hacked Clinton speech segments changed the news agenda and framing on October 9.
Hacked Content Altered the Press Agenda in the Final Four Weeks of the Election
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: February 2021

Chapter 10 explores how hacked content, as well as the reopened Clinton email server investigation led by FBI Director James Comey, shaped the press agenda in the final four weeks of the election, from October 7 to Election Day. Throughout that period, the regular release of emails hacked from the account of Clinton campaign director John Podesta and the news media’s coverage of those dumps displaced a focus on the vulnerabilities of both candidates with one on Clinton alone, a frame magnified by the public’s conflation of different Clinton email “scandals.” Polling by the Annenberg Public Policy Center showed that, between October 3 and October 20, perceptions that Clinton was qualified to be president dropped and perceptions of Trump’s temperament, trustworthiness, and alliance with voters’ values improved. Jamieson argues that at least some of these changes should be credited to press use of hacked Democratic content.
Family Approaches for Trauma
Authors: Grove David R. , Greene Gilbert J. , Lee Mo Yee
Published: February 2021

A three-level definition of a family therapy approach is offered. On a theoretical level, the authors define family approaches as those organized around systems theory and constructivism. On an assessment level, they define family approaches as those that operate from a three-person unit of analysis, identifying three-person interactional patterns and three-person interactional exceptions. From an intervention perspective, the authors define family therapy approaches as those that aim to change interactional patterns and/or enlarge interactional exceptions. Family approaches to working with trauma are then reviewed. Finally, the chapter addresses cross-cultural competence and trauma. The authors note the dominance of Western ideals and argue for the inclusion of and sensitivity to non-Western cultural understandings.
Trauma and Children
Authors: Grove David R. , Greene Gilbert J. , Lee Mo Yee
Published: February 2021

Trauma and children placed in foster care is examined. Statistics related to foster care placement, duration of stay, and number of disrupted placements are offered. How these factors exacerbate the problems of trauma survivors in the child welfare system is explored. A family to family approach is described. Several case examples are offered covering numerous treatment issues including how to stabilize at-risk foster placements, how to recruit and include biological family of children placed in foster care, and how to enlist therapeutic help from biological family members when their child is placed in foster care.
Monetary Expert on Monnet’s Action Committee for the United States of Europe
Authors: Maes Ivo
Published: February 2021

Robert Triffin played a key role in the debates on European monetary integration, especially as the monetary expert of Monnet’s Action Committee for the United States of Europe. He developed proposals for European monetary cooperation, especially a European Reserve Fund and a European currency unit, inspired by his experience of the European Payments Union. In his view, a European Reserve Fund could be constituted by pooling 10% to 20% of the international reserves of the member states’ central banks. A key moment was the 1969 Hague summit when Triffin, via Jean Monnet, provided the German chancellor Willy Brandt with a plan for European monetary integration. Moreover, through his activities and connections in the world of commercial banking and finance, Triffin also actively promoted the European currency unit as a parallel currency in financial transactions and markets.
The Marriage between the Theosophical Society and the Arya Samaj
Authors: Sand Erik Reenberg
Published: February 2021

This chapter explores the relationship between the Theosophical Society and the Indian Arya Samaj during the period between 1878 and 1882. While some of the overall details of these events are well known, this chapter offers new insight into how the two parties imagined and misrepresented each other and how these misrepresentations were reflections of the wider contemporary cultural representations of East and West. The chapter charts the relationship between the founders of the Theosophical Society, Helena Petrovna Blavatsky and Henry Steel Olcott, and Swami Dayananda Saraswati of the Arya Samaj over the course of their initial written correspondence and their subsequent personal encounters in India, which began enthusiastically on both sides but ultimately ended in a public breaking of ties.
Federal Ground
Authors: Ablavsky Gregory
Published: February 2021

Federal Ground depicts the haphazard and unplanned growth of federal authority in the Northwest and Southwest Territories, the first U.S. territories established under the new territorial system. The nation’s foundational documents, particularly the U.S. Constitution and the Northwest Ordinance, placed these territories under sole federal jurisdiction and established federal officials to govern them. But, for all their paper authority, these officials rarely controlled events or dictated outcomes. In practice, power in these contested borderlands rested with the regions’ preexisting inhabitants—diverse Native peoples, French villagers, and Anglo-American settlers. These residents nonetheless turned to the new federal government to claim ownership, jurisdiction, protection, and federal money, seeking to obtain rights under federal law. Two areas of governance proved particularly central: contests over property, where plural sources of title created conflicting land claims, and struggles over the right to use violence, in which customary borderlands practice intersected with the federal government’s effort to establish a monopoly on force. Over time, as federal officials improvised ad hoc, largely extrajudicial methods to arbitrate residents’ claims, they slowly insinuated federal authority deeper into territorial life. This authority survived even after the former territories became Ohio and Tennessee: although new states spoke a language of equal footing and autonomy, statehood actually offered former territorial citizens the most effective way yet to make claims on the federal government. The federal government, in short, still could not always prescribe the result in the territories, but it set the terms and language of debate—authority that became the foundation for later, more familiar and bureaucratic incarnations of federal power.
Introduction
Authors: Ablavsky Gregory
Published: February 2021

This introduction outlines the central argument of Federal Ground. Federal authority in the Northwest and Southwest Territories, the book contends, stemmed less from foundational texts like the Northwest Ordinance than from the demands of territorial residents, who looked on the federal government not as an institution but as a resource and successfully pushed it to serve their ends. The introduction explores the contrast between the formal, nearly unchecked authority that the U.S. Constitution granted the federal government in the territories and the reality that these supposed territories were Native homelands and borderlands where imperial powers had come and gone with little change in control. It then grapples with the amorphous nature of federal government in the territories, divided among cabinet officials, local territorial officers, and key intermediaries like Governors Arthur St. Clair and William Blount, and recounts how these diverse officials believed themselves constrained to try to understand the territories’ inhabitants. It also explores the difficult question of how to measure federal state power in the early republic, contrasting the fiscal-military state with the alternate model of an adjudicatory state, in which territorial citizens turned to federal law to claim rights. It notes the benefits of considering the two territories together and previews the individual chapters and their arguments.
Sources of Title in the Territories
Authors: Ablavsky Gregory
Published: February 2021

This chapter explores the intersection between the rabid market for land in the early United States and the territories’ property pluralism—the existence of multiple, conflicting sources of rights to ownership. The chapter focuses on the debate over three particularly significant sources of title: purchases from Native nations; state land grants under the system of indiscriminate location; and occupancy, commonly known in early American law as preemption. The collision between these different sources with unclear validity made ownership in the territories highly uncertain and spawned conflict. The federal government attempted to reform territorial property, deeming some sources of title legitimate while barring others, but both formal and informal law hampered these federal efforts to produce clarity of ownership.
Federal Sovereignty
Authors: Ablavsky Gregory
Published: February 2021

In the territories, the federal government confronted what it regarded as endemic violence between Natives and U.S. citizens based on long-standing racial animosity. At the urging of Secretary of War Henry Knox, the federal government sought to establish itself as a neutral arbiter between both sides, a vision of what the chapter calls federal sovereignty expressed in the Trade and Intercourse Acts. These laws sought to distinguish and separate “Indian country” from “ordinary jurisdiction,” and they established a federal criminal regime to punish both Natives and U.S. citizens who committed crimes against the other, in an effort to replace practices of retaliation. Yet this effort to establish federal sovereignty largely failed. In part, federal officials misunderstood territorial realities, where Natives and whites were entangled by economic and social relationships that could not be easily divided. But they also misunderstood the jurisdictional and institutional limitations within federal law. In particular, their approach converted the question of justice for Natives into a debate over the scope of federal authority in the territories, in which territorial citizens strongly resisted what they regarded as heavy-handed federal control.
Returnee Entrepreneurship and Institutions
Authors: Williams Nick
Published: February 2021

Chapter 3 sets out the importance of institutions for fostering entrepreneurship. It demonstrates that formal institutions, defined as rules and regulations, and informal institutions, defined as norms and values, change over time, and that the overall framework can either encourage or hold back entrepreneurship. The chapter builds on contemporary research on institutions to show that post-conflict economies being studied have seen significant change and have thus experienced a ‘path break’ due to the impacts of war and subsequent independence. They have then been required to create new institutional arrangements which seek to foster entrepreneurship and economic development. Importantly for economies which have experienced crisis and significant outward migration, institutions are important if the diaspora are to be attracted home. Weak institutional frameworks will deter return as individuals will weigh the differential risks and returns associated with their home and host countries. This will impact on not only the level of investment in the homeland, but also the types of entrepreneurial activities that are invested in and how they develop over time.
The Impact of Internal Displacement and External Migration on Institutional Trust
Authors: Williams Nick
Published: February 2021

Chapter 7 analyses distinctions between internally displaced versus externally displaced entrepreneurs. The chapter draws on a survey of internally displaced and external migrants, as well as in-depth interviews with returnee entrepreneurs, in Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H). The chapter shows that internal and external migrants have different levels of trust in home institutions, and that this is related to their exposure to institutional environments abroad. Those migrants who moved abroad are able to compare the home environment to the relative stability they experienced in their host country, meaning that perceptions will be more negative. Internal migrants are more philosophical about the institutional environment, accepting that it is weak and not expecting it to change either. The chapter also shows that individuals with more diverse ethnic networks, caused either by exposure to different groups abroad or by moving into and/or working with different groups at home, will have lower trust in institutions.
ARIMA Algebra
Authors: McDowall David , McCleary Richard , Bartos Bradley J.
Published: February 2021

Chapter 2 introduces ARIMA algebra. With a few exceptions, this material mirrors the authors’ earlier work. The chapter begins with stationary time series processes – white noise, moving average (MA), and autoregressive (AR) processes – and moves predictably to non-stationary and multiplicative (seasonal) models. Stationarity implies that the time series process operated identically in the past as it does in the present and that it will continue to operate identically in the future. Without stationarity, the properties of the time series would vary with the time frame and no inferences about the underlying process would be possible. A seasonally nonstationary process drifts or trends in annual steps. The “best” seasonal model structure is the one that transforms the series to white noise with the fewest number of parameters.
Auxiliary Modeling Procedures
Authors: McDowall David , McCleary Richard , Bartos Bradley J.
Published: February 2021

Chapter 5 describes three sets of auxiliary methods that have emerged as add-on supplements to the traditional ARIMA model-building strategy. First, Bayesian information criteria (BIC) can be used to inform incremental modeling decisions. BICs are also the basis for the Bayesian hypothesis tests introduced in Chapter 6. Second, unit root tests can be used to inform differencing decisions. Used appropriately, unit root tests guard against over-differencing. Finally, co-integration and error correction models have become a popular way of representing the behavior of two time series that follow a shared path. We use the principle of co-integration to define the ideal control time series. Put simply, a time series and its ideal counterfactual control time series are co-integrated up the time of the intervention. At that point, if the two time series diverge, the magnitude of their divergence is taken as the causal effect of the intervention.
Planting Catholicism in America
Authors: Golemon Larry Abbott
Published: February 2021

The third chapter explores how Catholic seminaries formed an American priesthood equipped to engage American religious pluralism. There were three models of formation. The first was the diocesan seminary founded by Sulpicians, a French order dedicated to the education of diocesan priests, founded by Fr. Jean Jacques Olier. Bishop John Caroll brought them to Baltimore to build St. Mary’s Seminary in 1791, where they combined the scholastic study of theology with a spirituality of interiorizing the mystical states of Christ’s life, as developed by Fr. Pierre Berulle. Priests became “little Christs” of self-sacrifice and formed an “ecclesiastical spirit” that prepared them as leaders of Catholic culture. The second model was that of religious orders like the Benedictines. Fr. Bonifacio Wimmer came from Bavaria to begin St. Vincent’s seminary in Pennsylvania in 1846. He established a regimen of private devotion, study, work, and the liturgy of the hours that focused on lectio divina of the Psalms. The oral/aural engagement with Scripture accompanied a liberal arts rather than scholastic approach to sacred texts. The third kind of Catholic seminary was the modern, professional seminary pioneered by “Americanists” like Bishop John Ireland. He sought a “civic minded Catholicism” that demonstrated the legitimacy and public value of the faith. Following the Third Plenary Council of Baltimore, Ireland founded a minor seminary (1885), then a major seminary which included historical-critical studies, a science lab, modern periodicals, and a professional ethos.
Building a New Zion
Authors: Golemon Larry Abbott
Published: February 2021

The fourth chapter describes the rise of Jewish seminaries in America and their reconstruction of the tradition in the light of modern scholarship. Two traditions of schooling—one Reformed the other Conservative—are explored. The founder of Hebrew Union College (HUC), Isaac Wise, developed a curriculum for a “progressive and enlightened” Judaism that could engage with American education and culture. Moses Mielziner prepared a widely used introduction to the Talmud that argued for the reasoned development of halakah (law) from a more historical reading of the Torah. HUC included reforms of the Siddur or prayer book, egalitarian synagogue life for men and women, and a view of an “American Zion” as the best hope for Jewry. Jewish Theological Seminary (JTS) was founded by the Orthodox rabbi Sabato Morais to advance a unified, developmental understanding of Judaism according to the Breslau school in Germany. Under Solomon Schechter, JTS became one of the world centers of Wissenschaft des Judentums (or modern study of) as it mobilized rigorous text-critical scholarship, historical studies, and the Hebrew language to advance the Jewish tradition.
Formal Models
Authors: Reichle Erik D.
Published: February 2021

This chapter introduces formal models of cognition and explains how they are similar to verbal theories but use computer programs and mathematics to avoid the many limitations of human reasoning, thereby adding precision and rigor to their explanations. The chapter discusses Marr’s (1982) levels of analyses and how information-processing systems can be understood and described in terms of the task being performed, the representations and algorithms used to perform the task, and how the latter are implemented by physical systems. This then motivates discussion of three common approaches to modeling human cognition and behavior: process models, production-system models, and connectionist models. Each of these approaches is critiqued, with discussion of its merits and limitations. The three modeling approaches are then further illustrated by showing how each might be used to explain the finding that words can be identified more efficiently if they occur in predictable sentence contexts. The chapter closes with a discussion of how cognitive models are evaluated using their simplicity, theoretical scope, compatibility (e.g., with biology), and their capacity to generate novel predictions for guiding research.
Fish and Fisheries
Authors: Kirchman David L.
Published: February 2021

As the cause of dead zones became understood, research was devoted to figuring out the impact of hypoxia on aquatic life. The Gulf of Mexico dead zone overlaps with the Fertile Fisheries Crescent that stretches from Alabama to Texas, home to a multibillion dollar seafood industry. The chapter argues that the effect of hypoxic waters on benthic invertebrates is clear, while the story for mobile species like fish is complicated. Sessile invertebrates on the bottom, food for many fish and other animals, are wiped out when dissolved oxygen disappears. This chapter explains that even when mobile organisms are able to swim away to oxygen-rich waters, they are concentrated into a smaller habitat where they are more easily caught by predators and fishers. In the Gulf, the effects of hypoxia on fisheries are difficult to separate from the response of the fishing industry and overfishing, but effects especially on shrimp fisheries have been documented. As the chapter summarizes, hypoxia has many other impacts on aquatic biota, including rearranging food webs and contributing to the rise of jellyfish in coastal waters. Even when fishing yields are not affected, dead zones can devastate aquatic life and habitats.
Reviving Dead Zones
Authors: Kirchman David L.
Published: February 2021

Oxygen has returned to some dead zones, but many problems remain. As this chapter explains, nutrient input from agriculture in some regions has decreased because farmers use buffer zones, cover crops, and precision agriculture. But voluntary efforts to minimize nutrient pollution aren’t enough. In Iowa, the Des Moines Water Works, led by a charismatic CEO, Bill Stowe, unsuccessfully sued to reduce nitrate leaching from local farms. The value of government action has been demonstrated in Denmark, whereas its absence has led to many environmental problems in China. The chapter argues that one solution is tied to human health and climate change: our diet. Eating less, especially eating less red meat, would be better for our health, and it would reduce nutrient pollution and abate climate change. Agriculture accounts for nearly a third of all greenhouse gas emissions. The chapter ends by suggesting that the successful bans against DDT and phosphorus detergents are among the reasons to be optimistic about solving the dead-zone problem.
Review and Preview
Authors: Garfield Jay L. , Priest Graham
Published: February 2021

This chapter reviews the journey travelled in previous chapters. In particular, it summarizes the paradoxes unearthed in each chapter. It discusses the various kinds into which they fall and the relationships between the kinds. It then briefly lays the groundwork for the final chapter.
Lapsed Catholics and Other Religious Non-Affiliates
Authors: Ann MacGregor Carol , Haycook Ashlyn
Published: February 2021

Lapsed Catholics are sometimes referred to as one of the largest religious groups in America, and yet we know little about what beliefs and behaviors may be associated with this social category. Using data from the Pew Religious Landscape Survey, this chapter compares the religious beliefs, social attitudes, and voluntary behavior of lapsed Catholics and other religious non-affiliates (nones, atheists, and agnostics) alongside lapsed evangelicals and lapsed mainline Protestants. Generally speaking, lapsed Catholics fall somewhere in the middle between practicing Catholics and those with no religious affiliation, but they are notably more liberal in their attitudes toward abortion and same-sex marriage. This study affirms the importance of considering the heterogeneity within the category of “nonreligious” by considering the lingering attachments people may hold to religion outside of church attendance. The chapter concludes by considering whether the glass is half full or half empty for those interested in the future of American Catholicism.
Reports from Faith Community Leaders in the South
Authors: Kirkland Cahill Elizabeth
Published: February 2021

Cities in the Southeastern United States that are experiencing population growth offer a counter-narrative to media reports of religious disaffiliation. Against the backdrop of data sets and broad surveys, a glimpse into the challenges and successes of individual faith community leaders in a small but growing Southern city provides a more hopeful perspective. While some aspects of the disaffiliation story, particularly millennial disengagement, mirror national trends, in parts of the coastal Southeast, religious belief and practice are flourishing relative to the rest of the country. Combining extensive interviews of several local faith community leaders with the voices of millennials grappling with their faith, the author reflects upon cultural and parental factors in religious decline, identifies a few signs of hope, and suggests ways that existing communities of faith might draw in those of all ages who are spiritual seekers, through listening responsively, thinking creatively about ways to reach out, and offering radical hospitality.
Cultivating Faith in Young Adults
Authors: Robinson Kerry A.
Published: February 2021

Current data on trends toward agnosticism, atheism, and religious disaffiliation is compelling and deeply challenging for religious leaders who want to be effective in transmitting faith to succeeding generations and cultivating mature, adult faith in their churches’ members. However, where there is present the desire for meaning, belonging, forgiveness, self- and communal improvement, joy, consolation, or a deeper understanding of life’s big questions, there is a need for religious leadership and pastoral care. There are eight principal insights that can help redress the trend of young adults to eschew religion altogether or to drift and disaffiliate from their religious upbringing. Among the core components that the most effective religious leaders are mindful of are early, personal invitation; leadership formation and training; allowing for mentors; creating a welcoming atmosphere; attending to cognitive expectations; attending to affective expectations; striving for excellence in liturgical, sacramental, communal, and programmatic life; and recognizing the role of parents and family members.
Peace by Piece
Authors: Autesserre Séverine
Published: February 2021

Chapter Five showcases a variety of communities that have built peace in the midst of extensive violence and provide important takeaways for the study and practice of peacebuilding. The inhabitants of Somaliland have created a stable and prosperous region in war-torn Somalia with very little international support, instead using bottom-up strategies. Their experience shows that locally-led peacebuilding efforts can make a difference not only on a small scale, but also over a large territory and at a quasi-state level. Other cases of success from across the globe, including the peace zone of San José de Apartadó (Colombia) and the Israeli-Palestinian village of Wahat al-Salam - Neve Shalom, illustrate that bottom-up conflict resolution has helped keep violence at bay in a variety of social and political contexts. Despite challenges and limitations, ordinary citizens, grassroots activists, and local leaders can promote peace at least as effectively as national and international elites.