bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Rotational Motion in Diffusion NMR Experiments on Supramolecular Assemblies: Application to Sup35NM Fibrils
Authors: Kharkov Boris B. , Podkorytov Ivan S. , Bondarev Stanislav A. , Belousov Mikhail V. , Salikov Vladislav A. , Zhouravleva Galina A. , Skrynnikov Nikolai R.
Published: April 2021

Pulsed‐field gradient (PFG) NMR is an important tool for characterization of biomolecules and supramolecular assemblies. However, for micrometer‐sized objects, such as amyloid fibrils, these experiments become difficult to interpret because in addition to translational diffusion they are also sensitive to rotational diffusion. We have constructed a mathematical theory describing the outcome of PFG NMR experiments on rod‐like fibrils. To test its validity, we have studied the fibrils formed by Sup35NM segment of the prion protein Sup35. The interpretation of the PFG NMR data in this system is fully consistent with the evidence from electron microscopy. Contrary to some previously expressed views, the signals originating from disordered regions in the fibrils can be readily differentiated from the similar signals representing small soluble species (e.g. proteolytic fragments). This paves the way for diffusion‐sorted NMR experiments on complex amyloidogenic samples.
Gemeinsame katalytische Umsetzung von CH4 und CO2 durch Rhodium‐Titanoxid‐Anionen RhTiO2−
Authors: Yang Yuan , Li Ya‐Ke , Zhao Yan‐Xia , Wei Gong‐Ping , Ren Yi , Asmis Knut R. , He Sheng‐Gui
Published: April 2021

Die gemeinsame katalytische Umsetzung von Methan mit Kohlendioxid zur Erzeugung von Synthesegas (2 H2+2 CO) umfasst komplizierte Elementarschritte, und fast alle Elementarreaktionen werden praktisch bei den gleichen Hochtemperaturbedingungen der Thermokatalyse durchgeführt. Hier zeigen wir durch massenspektrometrische Experimente, dass RhTiO2− die gemeinsame Umsetzung von CH4 und CO2 zu freiem 2 H2+CO und einem adsorbierten CO (COads) bei Raumtemperatur fördert; der einzige Elementarschritt, der die Zufuhr von externer Energie erfordert, ist die Desorption von COads vom RhTiO2CO− zur Rückbildung von RhTiO2−. Die aktuelle Studie identifiziert nicht nur eine vielversprechende aktive Spezies für die Methan‐Trockenreformierung (CO2‐Reformierung) zu Synthesegas, sondern unterstreicht auch die Bedeutung der Temperaturkontrolle über Elementarschritte in der angewandten Katalyse, die die Kohlenstoffabscheidung durch Methanpyrolyse erheblich mindern könnte.
Immobilization‐free electrochemical DNA sensor based on signal cascade amplification strategy
Authors: Wei Guobing , Zhang Wenxing , Cui Hanfeng , Liao Fusheng , Cheng Lin , Ma Guangqiang , Fan Hao , Hong Nian , Zhang Jing
Published: April 2021

The development of convenient and efficient strategies without using complex nanomaterials or enzymes for signal amplification is very important for bioanalytical applications. Herein, a novel electrochemical DNA sensor was developed by harnessing the signal amplification efficiency of catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA) and a brand‐new signal marker tetraferrocene. The prepared sensor had both ends of the probe H2 labeled with tetraferrocene; both ends have a large number of unhybridized T bases, which cause tetraferrocene to move closer to the electrode surface, generating a high‐efficiency amplification signal. In the presence of target DNA, it induced strand exchange reactions promoting the formation of double‐stranded DNA and recycling of target DNA. Under optimal conditions, the sensor showed a good linear correlation between the peak currents and logarithm of target DNA concentrations (ranging from 0.1 fM to 0.3125 pM) with a detection limit of 0.06 fM, which is obtained by a triple signal‐to‐noise ratio. Additionally, the prepared sensor possesses excellent selectivity, reproducibility, and stability, demonstrating efficient and stable DNA detection methodology.
Wie viel Platz geben wir den Autos?
Authors: Hofer Andreas
Published: April 2021

Verkehr produziert Stau, Abgase und Lärm. Diese Probleme werden täglich – und oft ideologisch gefärbt – debattiert. Doch nicht nur die Mobilität als solche belastet die Qualität des öffentlichen Raums, sondern auch der ruhende Verkehr. Parkierte Autos brauchen viel Platz, was in dichten Gebieten hohe Kosten verursacht. Die Infrastrukturen für den ruhenden Verkehr (Parkhäuser etc.) sind teuer und behindern den Bau von dringend benötigten zahlbaren Wohnungen. Trotzdem scheuen sich die Gesetzgeber und die sie beratenden Kommissionen davor, von den bestehenden Stellplatzschlüsseln abzuweichen. Zu groß ist die Angst, dass die Reduktion von Parkierungsmöglichkeiten die Kommunen zusätzlich belasten und zu Konflikten in den Quartieren und den umliegenden Nachbarschaften führen könnte. Diese Widersprüche akzentuieren sich zurzeit. Der individuelle Verkehr befindet sich in einem Transformationsprozess. Unbekannt ist, wie schnell dieser ablaufen wird und in welcher konkreten Form. Es besteht also eine große Planungsunsicherheit. Gleichzeitig ist eines klar: Die Anforderungen an die innere Verdichtung der Städte, an die Verbesserung der öffentlichen Räume, den Klima‐ und Ressourcenschutz sind nur durch eine massive Senkung des Individualverkehrs und des Verbrauchs von verbauter grauer Energie erreichbar. Zudem muss das urbane Wassermanagement aufgrund des Klimawandels umgebaut werden. Starkregenereignisse müssen lokal gepuffert werden, Niederschlagswasser muss für Bewässerung und kühlende Verdunstung genutzt werden. Solchen Herausforderungen kann man mit neuen Betriebs‐ und Bewirtschaftungsmodellen begegnen – oder damit, die Typologien städtischer Infrastrukturen neu zu denken. Auf den folgenden Seiten werden einige pionierhafte Projekte vorgestellt sowie ihre Wirkung und Perspektiven diskutiert. Beispiele aus der Stadt Zürich stehen dabei im Vordergrund, hier wird seit über 20 Jahren politisch über das Auto in der Stadt gestritten. Teilweise bemerkenswert unverkrampfte Lösungen zeigen, dass ein anderer Umgang mit dem individuellen Autobesitz in einer der reichsten Städte der Welt möglich ist. Und auch in anderen.
Research Progress and Prospects for Fructosyltransferases
Authors: Wang Yitian , Shang Xiujie , Cao Fan , Yang Haiquan
Published: April 2021

Fructosyltransferases can be used to produce fructooligosaccharides from sucrose and are obtained from different sources, mostly microorganisms and plants. Heterologous expression and several mutagenesis methods were applied to improve the production of fructosyltransferases. The structures and characteristics of fructosyltransferases were investigated. Immobilization and protein engineering can improve their characteristics. In this review, screening and mutagenesis of microorganisms, heterologous expression, purification, characterization, structural analysis, immobilization, and protein engineering of fructosyltransferases are discussed. Future prospects in this field are also considered.
From Natural Methylation to Versatile Alkylations Using Halide Methyltransferases
Authors: Tang Qingyun , Pavlidis Ioannis V. , Badenhorst Christoffel P. S. , Bornscheuer Uwe T.
Published: April 2021

Halide methyltransferases (HMTs) enable the enzymatic synthesis of S‐adenosyl‐l‐methionine (SAM) from S‐adenosyl‐l‐homocysteine (SAH) and methyl iodide. Characterisation of a range of naturally occurring HMTs and subsequent protein engineering led to HMT variants capable of synthesising ethyl, propyl, and allyl analogues of SAM. Notably, HMTs do not depend on chemical synthesis of methionine analogues, as required by methionine adenosyltransferases (MATs). However, at the moment MATs have a much broader substrate scope than the HMTs. Herein we provide an overview of the discovery and engineering of promiscuous HMTs and how these strategies will pave the way towards a toolbox of HMT variants for versatile chemo‐ and regioselective biocatalytic alkylations.
Efficient Synthesis of D‐Phenylalanine from L‐Phenylalanine via a Tri‐Enzymatic Cascade Pathway
Authors: Lu Cui , Zhang Sheng , Song Wei , Liu Jia , Chen Xiulai , Liu Liming , Wu Jing
Published: April 2021

D‐phenylalanine is an important intermediate in food and pharmaceutical industries. Here, to enable efficient D‐phenylalanine biosynthesis from L‐phenylalanine, a tri‐enzymatic cascade was designed and reconstructedin vivo. The activity ofProteus vulgarismeso‐diaminopimelate dehydrogenase (PvDAPDH) toward phenyl pyruvic acid was identified as the limiting step. To overcome, the tension in the phenyl pyruvic acid side‐chain, PvDAPDH was engineered, generating PvDAPDHW121A/R181S/H227I, whose catalytic activity of 6.86 U mg−1represented an 85‐fold increase over PvDAPDH. Introduction of PvDAPDHW121A/R181S/H227I,P. mirabilisL‐amino acid deaminase, andBacillus megateriumglucose dehydrogenase inE. colienabled the production of 57.8 g L−1D‐phenylalanine in 30 h, the highest titer to date using 60 g L−1L‐phenylalanine as starting substrate, which meant a 96.3 % conversion rate and >99 % enantioselectivity on a 3‐L scale. The proposed tri‐enzymatic cascade provides a novel potential bio‐based approach for industrial production of D‐phenylalanine from cheap amino acids.
Spray Drying of Cellulose Nanofibers: Drying Kinetics Modeling of a Single Droplet and Particle Formation
Authors: Zaitone Belal Al , Al-Zahrani Abdulrahim
Published: April 2021

Microparticles embedded with cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) are produced via spray drying. The microdroplets are created in the spray dryer by atomization. The solvent evaporates from the droplet, and the dried particles are formed. The drying kinetics on the scale of one droplet is still not well understood. Drying of a single droplet CNF suspension was investigated in an acoustic levitator. The drying kinetics and morphology evolution during the drying process were obtained. The reaction engineering approach (REA) model provided a reasonable prediction of the drying kinetics. An absolute relative error of 2.5 % between the measured initial mass of the droplet and the REA model's estimated value was reported.
Plant‐Derived Stilbenoids as DNA‐Binding Agents: From Monomers to Dimers
Authors: Platella Chiara , Mazzini Stefania , Napolitano Ettore , Mattio Luce M. , Beretta Giovanni Luca , Zaffaroni Nadia , Pinto Andrea , Montesarchio Daniela , Dallavalle Sabrina
Published: April 2021

Stilbenoids are natural compounds endowed with several biological activities, including cardioprotection and cancer prevention. Among them, (±)‐trans‐δ‐viniferin, deriving fromtrans‐resveratrol dimerization, was investigated in its ability to target DNA duplex and G‐quadruplex structures by exploiting NMR spectroscopy, circular dichroism, fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular docking. (±)‐trans‐δ‐Viniferin proved to bind both the minor and major grooves of duplexes, whereas it bound the 3’‐ and 5’‐ends of a G‐quadruplex by stacking on the outer quartets, accompanied by rearrangement of flanking residues. Specifically, (±)‐trans‐δ‐viniferin demonstrated higher affinity for the investigated DNA targets than its monomeric counterpart. Additionally, the methoxylated derivatives of (±)‐trans‐δ‐viniferin andtrans‐resveratrol, i. e. (±)‐pterostilbene‐trans‐dihydrodimer andtrans‐pterostilbene, respectively, were evaluated, revealing similar binding modes, affinities and stoichiometries with the DNA targets as their parent analogues. All tested compounds were cytotoxic at μM concentration on several cancer cell lines, showing DNA damaging activity consistent with their ability to tightly interact with duplex and G‐quadruplex structures.
Effectiveness of Intermittent Preventive Treatment With Dihydroartemisinin‐Piperaqunine Against Malaria in Pregnancy in Tanzania: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Mlugu Eulambius M. , Minzi Omary , Kamuhabwa Appolinary A. R. , Aklillu Eleni
Published: April 2021

Intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy with sulfadoxine‐pyrimethamine (IPTp‐SP) to prevent malaria and adverse birth outcomes is threatened by Plasmodium falciparum resistance to sulfadoxine‐pyrimethamine. We investigated the effectiveness of intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy with monthly dihydroartemisinin‐piperaquine (IPTp‐DHP) as an alternative option to IPTp‐SP. A total of 956 malaria‐free (malaria rapid diagnostic test (MRDT) negative) pregnant women from moderate malaria transmission areas in Tanzania were enrolled and randomized to receive monthly IPTp‐DHP (n = 478) or IPTp‐SP (n = 478) and followed for maternal and birth outcomes. The primary outcome was the prevalence of histopathologically confirmed placental malaria (active or past infection). Secondary outcomes were overall malaria at delivery, symptomatic‐malaria, parasitemia during pregnancy, and adverse birth outcomes as a composite of spontaneous‐abortion, premature birth, stillbirth, and low birth weight (LBW) fetal anemia. Outcome differences between treatment groups were expressed as the protective efficacy (PE), defined as 1‐prevalence ratios or 1‐incidence rate ratio. The prevalence of histopathologically confirmed placental malaria was significantly lower in IPTp‐DHP (2.5%, 12/478) than IPTp‐SP (8.2%, 39/478); PE = 69% (95% confidence interval (CI): 42–84, P < 0.001). The prevalence of maternal malaria at delivery was significantly lower in IPTp‐DHP (8.2%) than IPTp‐SP (18.2%, P < 0.001). The incidence per person‐years at risk for symptomatic‐malaria (0.02 vs. 0.12, P = 0.002) and parasitemia during pregnancy (0.28 vs. 0.67, P < 0.001) were significantly lower in the IPTp‐DHP group than in the IPTp‐SP group. The prevalence of any adverse birth outcomes (composite) was not significantly (P = 0.06) different between IPTp‐DHP (17.9%) and IPTp‐SP (23.8%). However, the prevalence of LBW (4.6% vs. 9.6%, P = 0.003) was significantly lower in IPTp‐DHP compared with IPTp‐SP. We report superior protective efficacy of monthly IPTp‐DHP against malaria in pregnancy and LBW than IPTp‐SP.
Theoretical analysis of annular laminar flows with MHD interaction driven by rotating co‐axial cylinder
Authors: Sasaki Ryo , Fujino Takayasu , Takana Hidemasa , Kobayashi Hiromichi
Published: April 2021

Theoretical solution is derived for annular laminar flows with MHD interaction driven by a rotating co‐axial cylinder. The effects on the flow field and rotational torque are clarified by changing the radius ratio and the strength of MHD interaction. As the radius ratio increases, azimuthal flow velocity increases and approaches the plane Couette flow profile for weak MHD interaction. The azimuthal flow velocity, however, decreases as the MHD interaction increases, and the reverse flow emerges in large radial locations. As the MHD interaction increases, the rotational torque increases. A larger radius ratio leads to the larger sensitivity of the change in rotational torque.
Annual winter water‐level drawdowns influence physical habitat structure and macrophytes in Massachusetts, USA, lakes
Authors: Carmignani Jason R. , Roy Allison H.
Published: April 2021

Annual wintertime water‐level drawdowns are a common management strategy in recreational lakes; however, few studies have estimated their relative impact on lake littoral habitat among a set of typically co‐occurring anthropogenic stressors including lakeshore development and herbicide application. Within 21 Massachusetts, USA lakes that represented a drawdown magnitude gradient (0.07–2.26 m), we assessed depth‐specific littoral habitat (coarse wood, sediment, macrophytes) at two sites adjacent to forested or developed shorelines. Using generalized linear mixed models, we found coarse wood abundance and branching complexity was not correlated with drawdown magnitude but was primarily explained by the presence of lakeshore development. Drawdown magnitude was negatively correlated with silt cover and positively correlated with coarse substrate cover, with effects further varying by depth (0.5 m vs. 1 m). Macrophyte biomass and biovolume were negatively correlated with drawdown magnitude with effects also varying by depth for biomass. Macrophyte taxa with annual longevity strategies (e.g.,Najas flexilis) and amphibious growth forms increased in biomass proportions with drawdown magnitude. Distance‐based redundancy analyses suggested macrophyte taxa composition was driven by drawdown magnitude, coarse substrate, alkalinity, water transparency, and herbicide use. These results suggest the importance of water quality and depth on macrophyte assemblage responses to winter drawdowns and the potential to develop drawdown‐tolerant macrophyte assemblages. Altogether, understanding the unique impacts of anthropogenic stressors on littoral zone habitat across heterogeneous environmental lake conditions can help minimize impacts to lake ecological integrity while maintaining recreational value.
Agricultural crop consumption induces precocious maturity in deer by improving physical and reproductive performance
Authors: Hata Ayaka , Nakashita Rumiko , Anezaki Tomoko , Minami Masato , Fukue Yuko , Higuchi Naoko , Uno Hikaru , Nakajima Yasuhiro , Saeki Midori , Kozakai Chinatsu , Takada Mayura B.
Published: April 2021

Anthropogenic foods such as agricultural crops have potential to give large impacts on wildlife populations. However, few studies have addressed the impact of anthropogenic food consumption on the individual performance and then population of long‐lived mammals such as large herbivores. In this study, we investigated the effect of agricultural crop consumption on the physical characteristics and reproductive performances of sika deer (Cervus nippon) in central Japan. To investigate the relative dietary contribution of agricultural crops for each individual, we performed nitrogen stable isotope analysis of bone collagen. Our results suggest that nitrogen stable isotope ratios (δ15N) could be used as an index of the relative dietary contribution of agricultural crops. The δ15N value of agricultural crops was much higher than that of wild plants and that of bone collagen varied widely among individuals. Deer ≤4 yr old that were more likely to consume agricultural crops tended to be larger and have a higher reproductive rate. In contrast, body size and reproductive rate did not vary according to the relative dietary contribution of agricultural crops in individuals ≥5 yr old. These results indicate that consumption of anthropogenic foods can induce precocious maturity in younger individuals by improving their physical characteristics and reproductive performance. Agricultural crop consumption is therefore likely to be an important factor in the population dynamics of large herbivores living in agricultural landscapes.
Testing ecological theories in the Anthropocene: alteration of succession by an invasive marine species
Authors: Christianson Kayla A. , Eggleston David B.
Published: April 2021

Ecologists employ a diverse body of theory to help explain patterns and processes in ecological systems, with the consistency of ecological theories tested against an increasingly altered world. The global redistribution of species is a prominent impact of climate change and human‐mediated biological invasions and often results in negative impacts to ecosystems. Recently, a species of colonial tunicate not previously present, Clavelina oblonga, has become prominent within the marine fouling community of Beaufort, North Carolina, USA. Fifty years ago, researchers tested theories of ecological succession developed in terrestrial systems and found that this marine community was characterized by a heterogeneous mixture of species that varied inter‐annually (i.e., multiple community states) and increased in diversity over time. A recent follow‐up study found that the fouling community is dominated by C. oblonga with patterns of community development and structure that led to the loss of alternative community states, domination by C. oblonga, and reduced species diversity. The present study addressed the question: Will patterns of community development identified over 50 yr ago still operate under reduced cover of invasive C. oblonga? This study also quantified the impacts of two large‐scale environmental disturbances (extremely cold winter and hurricane) on the abundance of C. oblonga and the resulting fouling community. Clavelina oblonga remains a dominant component of the fouling community due to its rapid growth and strong seasonal recruitment. Under conditions of reduced percent cover of C. oblonga, the local fouling community displayed unique community states that became even more distinct over time, consistent with the pattern of multiple community states identified by researchers over 50 yr ago, and that were dependent upon date of disturbance. Natural disturbances in this study caused by a harsh winter and a hurricane greatly reduced the presence of C. oblonga. This experiment advanced our understanding of marine community ecology by testing whether the concept of multiple community states identified over 50 yr ago is still operable in the absence of invasive C. oblonga, and highlights how natural environment disturbances can potentially moderate the spread of this invasive tunicate.
The Middle Permian (Capitanian) carbonate platform evolution and stratigraphic architecture of a Neo‐Tethys rim basin, Central Pakistan
Authors: Wadood Bilal , Khan Suleman , Li Hong , Wadood Jamal , Ahmad Sajjad , Khan Abdullah
Published: April 2021

Here we present the stratigraphic architecture and carbonate platform evolution of the Middle Permian (Capitanian) succession (Wargal Formation) of Trans‐Indus Ranges, central Pakistan. The exposed carbonate sequence consists of thin‐ to thick‐bedded bioclastic, nodular, fine‐grained, and sandy limestone. Based on detailed petrographic studies, seven microfacies assemblages have been recognized, suggesting diverse depositional environments including mudflats, lagoon, sand shoal, and middle shelf. The identified age‐diagnostic larger benthic foraminiferal species enabled to assign a Middle Permian (Capitanian) age to the studied section of the Wargal Formation. Based on the vertical arrangements of depositional environments in time, three Transgressive Systems Tracts (TSTs), two Regressive Systems Tracts (RSTs), and 11 high‐resolution fourth/fifth‐order parasequences were delineated. The depositional and sequence stratigraphic analyses of the studied section inferred evolution of the Middle Permian carbonate platform in three stages: (i) marginal marine facies development in the lower part followed by (ii) transitional stage in the middle part, and (iii) finally, aggrading shallow marine facies stage in the upper part. The evolution of carbonate platform can be linked with the cessation of major rifting followed by thermal cooling and establishment of marine Tethyan settings at the margin of the rift flank basin. The diverse facies variation in the second stage of platform evolution argues strongly for the local intra‐plate stresses. Based on petrographic, SEM, and EDS studies, it is concluded that the studied section of Wargal Formation carries porosity values from a range of 2–8% with an average of 5% and can be called a low to moderate hydrocarbon reservoir in the study area.
Cu(II) and Cd(II) capture using novel thermosensitive hydrogel microspheres: adsorption behavior study and mechanism investigation
Authors: Tang Jianxin , Huang Jianmin , Tun Thein , Liu Sihua , Hu Jue , Zhou Guiyin
Published: April 2021

BACKGROUND

At present, various kinds of hydrogel adsorbents are applied to the treatment of heavy metal ions in wastewater. In this work, we focused on the adsorption of cadmium [Cd(II)] and copper [Cu(II)] onto microspheres of a novel thermosensitive hydrogel (NH2‐SA/PNIPA, aminated sodium alginate/poly‐N‐isopropyl acrylamide), studied the effect of temperature on the phase transition of the hydrogel in detail, and discussed the influence on the adsorption behavior of metal ions in the hydrogel.

RESULTS

The NH2‐SA/PNIPA exhibited a higher adsorption efficiency under the conditions of interfering monovalent cationic and neutral pH. The adsorption capacities based on the Langmuir model were 57.2 mg g–1 for Cu(II) and 100.5 mg g–1 for Cd(II) at 20 °C, respectively. Higher temperature facilitated the adsorption process and also led to the volume shrinkage and hydrophobicity of NH2‐SA/PNIPA. The metal ions had different hydration and hence different adsorption capacities, of 56.7 mg g–1 for Cu(II) and 88.6 mg g–1 for Cd(II) at 40 °C. The results of diffusion behavior analysis showed that the diffusion coefficients were ≈1 × 10−11 m2 s–1. The adsorption performance of NH2‐SA/PNIPA hardly decreased even after five cycles. In addition, the adsorption process was controlled mainly by the complexation reaction.

CONCLUSION

The novel hydrogel microspheres overcame the deficiency of conventional adsorbents and possessed high diffusibility. This work provides a theoretical basis and empirical evidence for enhancement of adsorbents for removing heavy metals in wastewater. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Condensation Artifact
Authors: Zhou Xiaohong Joe , Flannery Michael P. , Ganin Hagai , Karaman M. Muge
Published: April 2021

During the ongoing COVID‐19 pandemic, an artifact with hyperintense signal was observed on the brain images of a number of patients or research subjects, particularly those with heavy body weight and/or increased respiratory rate. The artifact was primarily seen on 3D or 2D sagittal or coronal T2‐weighted images, although it occasionally also appeared in the axial plane. It manifested as a bright spot or a cluster of bright spots at similar locations, superior or lateral superior to the skull. This artifact was found to be caused by condensed water droplet(s) in the head coil as a consequence of the altered moisture flow pattern associated with each exhalation due to the mask on the patient. We call this artifact condensation artifact. Several strategies have been proposed to prevent or resolve the artifact.

Level of Evidence

5

Technical Efficacy

Stage 1
The Use of a Brief Family Intervention to Reduce Dropout Among Veterans in Individual Trauma‐Focused Treatment: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Thompson‐Hollands Johanna , Lee Daniel J. , Sloan Denise M.
Published: April 2021

Dropout from trauma‐focused treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) represents a daunting challenge for the field, particularly among military and veteran samples. Family involvement may help to increase the effectiveness of PTSD treatment while also improving retention. We tested a two‐session brief family intervention (BFI) protocol delivered as an adjunct to individual trauma‐focused treatment among a sample of 20 veteran–family member dyads (N = 40). Willingness to participate in the family‐inclusive protocol was high, with over 85% of veterans and family members who were screened agreeing to take part. All enrolled veterans were beginning a course of either cognitive processing therapy (CPT) or prolonged exposure (PE), delivered in outpatient Veterans Affairs clinics. Family members were randomized to either receive or not receive the BFI from study clinicians. In the BFI condition, 20.0% of veterans dropped out of CPT/PE before the 16‐week study end; the remainder were either still attending on‐protocol sessions or had completed the full protocol. In the control condition, 40.0% of veterans dropped out of CPT/PE before the end of the study. Observed significant, large‐magnitude decreases in PTSD symptoms over time did not differ by condition, ESsg range = −1.12 to −2.04. Accommodation did not significantly decrease over time in either condition, ESsg range = 0.18 to −0.98. The BFI represents a promising option for veterans, family members, and clinicians who are seeking a brief, feasible, narrowly focused method for incorporating families into veterans’ individual trauma‐focused therapy and potentially reducing the rate of dropout.
The Future of Quality Improvement for Cirrhosis
Authors: Tapper Elliot B. , Parikh Neehar D.
Published: April 2021

Cirrhosis has a significant and growing impact on public health and patient‐reported outcomes (PROs). The increasing burden of cirrhosis has led to an emphasis on the quality of care with the goal of improving overall outcomes in this high‐risk population. Existing evidence has shown the significant gaps in quality across process measures (eg, hepatocellular carcinoma screening), highlighting the need for consistent measurement and interventions to address the gaps in quality care. This multistep process forms the quality continuum, and it depends on clearly defined process measures, real‐time quality measurement, and generalizable evaluative methods. Herein we review the current state of quality care in cirrhosis across the continuum with a focus on process measurement methodologies, developments in PRO evaluation on quality assessment, practical examples of quality improvement initiatives, and the recent emphasis placed on the value of primary prevention.
Application of LPR and EIS techniques for on‐site corrosion monitoring at the geothermal plant in Central Poland
Authors: Ura‐Bińczyk Ewa , Dobkowska Anna , Andrzejczuk Mariusz , Roguska Agata , Mazurkiewicz Bogusław , Solarski Wojciech , Balcer Marek , Lewandowska Małgorzata , Banaś Jacek
Published: April 2021

Corrosion monitoring station was installed at ‘Geotermia Mazowiecka’ geothermal plant in Poland. Linear polarisation resistance and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques were applied to estimate the corrosion rate and the surface changes of K55 carbon steel, L80‐13CR and 316 stainless steels directly in the geothermal water flux. The enhanced corrosion of K55 carbon steel and corrosion rate of L80‐13CR and 316 stainless steels was observed. The formation of biofilm increased the resistivity of the surface.
NABH white paper calls attention to residential treatment
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: April 2021

Intensive outpatient and partial hospitalization or day treatment programs can provide more intensive levels of care with multiple types of therapy, more frequent sessions with mental health professionals, and clinically informed care coordination and case management. This observation on residential treatment is included in a new white paper released this month by the National Association for Behavioral Healthcare (NABH).
Differential Consistency Analysis: Which Similarity Measures can be Applied in Drug Discovery?
Authors: Miranda‐Quintana Ramón Alain , Bajusz Dávid , Rácz Anita , Héberger Károly
Published: April 2021

Similarity measures are widely used in various areas from taxonomy to cheminformatics. To this end, a large number of similarity and distance measures (or, collectively, comparative measures) have been introduced, with only a few studies directed to revealing their inner relationships. We present a thorough analytical study of the conditions leading to two comparative measures providing equivalent results over a given set of molecules. A key part of this work is the introduction of a novel way to study the consistency between comparative measures: the differential consistency analysis (DCA). This tool reveals how the consistency can be established in an analytical way with minimal (or no) assumptions. We found that the consensus between Tanimoto and the Cosine coefficients improved by choosing a reference whose similarity to the rest of the molecules varies less, or by representing the molecules in a way that does not depend strongly on their size (i. e. bit frequency in the chosen fingerprint representation). The presented derivations are just some generic examples; DCA can be applied widely and for all binary similarity coefficients introduced so far, independently from the molecular representations.
An elementary proof of the existence of monotone traveling waves solutions in a generalized Klein–Gordon equation
Authors: Gomez Adrian , Morales Nolbert , Zamora Manuel
Published: April 2021

We analyze the existence and uniqueness of monotone traveling wavefront for a generalized nonlinear Klein–Gordon model

using classical arguments of ordinary differential equations, with V(x) a potentials family containing the ϕ‐four potential
and the sine‐Gordon‐type potential
. Also for these specific potentials, we give estimations of their monotone kink and anti‐kink solutions.
Deflagrations by design
Authors: Malik Darren R. , Thomas J. Kelly , Rodriguez Oscar A. , Horn Bradley J. , Geng Jihui
Published: April 2021

Large vapor cloud explosions (VCEs) and deflagration to detonation transition (DDT) events are of considerable interest to the petroleum refining and chemical processing industries. A detonation results in a very high flame speed and can significantly increase explosion energy and decrease standoff distance, increasing the blast load. Potential mitigation options to limit VCE severity include multiple simultaneous ignition sources to limit flame travel distance, suppressants to limit flame speed, and controlling the congested volume geometry to limit the flame travel distance. Another approach is minimizing the flame travel distance to free vent. Some VCE blast load prediction methods consider flame travel distance within a congested volume, but not the distance to free vent (DFV). Decreasing the DFV limits flame acceleration and decreases the potential for a DDT. High fuel reactivities and elevated congestion/confinement levels require smaller distances to free vent. This paper describes a test program to demonstrate this mitigation option using near‐stoichiometric ethylene‐air mixtures in an elongated test rig configured with a medium level of congestion to determine the free vent distance required to prevent a DDT. Test program results, associated Flame Acceleration Simulator predictions, and potential areas for future research are included.
Minimizing Open‐Circuit Voltage Loss in Perovskite/Si Tandem Solar Cells via Exploring the Synergic Effect of Cations and Anions
Authors: He Yongcai , Tang Zeguo , Mao Lin , Yang Shaofei , Yang Tian , Xie Minghui , Chang Qing , Ding Lei , He Bo , Peng Chenwei , Yu Cao , Hao Xia , Zhang Jingquan , Zheng Kun , Han Changbao , Zhang Yongzhe , Yan Hui , Xu Xixiang
Published: April 2021

A high‐efficiency of 25.9% for perovskite/Si heterojunction tandem solar cells is achieved with an open‐circuit voltage of 1.74 V contributed by ≈1.02 and ≈0.72 V from the top and bottom cells, respectively. The results demonstrate that the addition of methylammonium chloride (MACl) effectively mitigates the open‐circuit voltage loss in the perovskite cell, where the MA cation tunes the bandgap while the Cl anion facilitates grain growth with less boundaries. Meanwhile, the excess lead iodide (PbI2) caused by the evaporation of MACl plays a beneficial passivation role to achieve high open‐circuit voltage. The performance of the tandem solar cells is a synergic consequence of all cations and anions considering the thickness, bandgap, phase stability, and defect in the perovskite absorber.
A novel master–slave intraocular surgical robot with force feedback
Authors: Zuo Siyang , Wang Zhen , Zhang Tianci , Chen Baojun
Published: April 2021

Background

Intraocular surgery is one of the most challenging microsurgeries. Unintended movements of human hand and lack of force feedback can seriously affect surgical safety.

Methods

We developed a novel master–slave robotic system with force feedback to assist intraocular surgeries. Isomorphism design was adopted to achieve intuitive control of the system. Contact force between instrument tip and tissues was measured with a force sensor developed by our group. Real‐time force feedback was provided with one linear voice coil motor and two magnetic particle brakes in the master manipulator.

Results

Experiments were carried out to verify the proposed system. In the phantom experiment mimicking realistic surgical operations, the contact force significantly reduced by more than 30% with the force feedback when peeling the egg inner shell membranes.

Conclusions

Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of force feedback and indicate the promise of the presented master–slave robotic system for intraocular surgery assistance.
Global stabilization of switched nonlinear systems with vanishing control vector fields and its application
Authors: Xie Jing , Yang Dong
Published: April 2021

The global stabilization problem for a more extensive class of switched nonlinear systems is studied, in which control vector fields are allowed to vanish at some point, even for all the subsystems at the same time. The main work of this article is to design a control vector fields‐dependent switching law and a bounded switching controller to stabilize the switched nonlinear systems. First, a sufficient condition ensuring the global stabilization of such a class of switched nonlinear systems is developed by the dual design of controllers and a switching law. In some special cases, the designed switching law can rule out Zeno behavior. Then, as a verification of the proposed control design method, the global stabilization of switched strict‐feedback nonlinear systems with gk(x) vanishing at some points is obtained by the codesign of the control vector fields‐dependent switching law and the bounded switching controller. Finally, a switched RCL circuit system example is also provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed method.
An Environmentally Friendly Yellow Composite Pigment: Leaching Stability and Corrosion Inhibition Properties
Authors: Zamani Azimeh , Eavani Sara , Rafiee Ezzat
Published: April 2021

The novel PbCrO4‐based composite pigments, X‐PbCr/CHAP (X=10, 30, 40, 50), consist of different weight percentages of PbCrO4 and carbonate hydroxyapatite (CHAP) were synthesized by sequence precipitation‐calcination process. These pigments showed significantly higher leaching stability compared with PbCrO4. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and Tafel polarization curves were used to investigate the corrosion efficiencies of the pigments. The obtained results clearly demonstrated the inhibitive action of X‐PbCr/CHAP pigments. The composite pigments showed higher corrosion resistance compared with pure PbCrO4 due to the formation of phosphate and calcium hydroxide species as a passive layer over the surface of the steel.
Ga‐Doped Intermetallic Pd3Pb Nanocubes as a Highly Efficient and Durable Oxygen Reduction Reaction Electrocatalyst
Authors: Shen Rong , Wu Xingqiao , Li Xiao , Huang Jingbo , Luo Sai , Li Junjie , Qian Ningkang , Ji Liang , Yang Deren , Zhang Hui
Published: April 2021

Pd‐based nanocrystals are a promising candidate as non‐Pt electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), but their performance still has large room to be improved. Here, we have successfully synthesized Ga‐doped Pd3Pb nanocubes with different amounts of Ga by a simple one‐pot approach. When evaluated as electrocatalysts for ORR, the Ga‐doped Pd3Pb nanocubes exhibited substantially enhanced catalytic properties in an alkaline media relative to the Pd3Pb nanocubes and commercial Pt/C. Interestingly, the Ga‐doped Pd3Pb nanocubes showed a volcano‐like relationship in ORR activity as a function of the amount of Ga with the 1.76 % Ga‐doped Pd3Pb nanocubes (Pd3Pb/Ga‐2 NC) being the best ORR electrocatalysts. Specifically, the Pd3Pb/Ga‐2 NC/C exhibited the highest specific (7.57 mA cm−2) and mass activities (0.91 mA μgPd−1), which were 18.0 and 4.3 times higher than those of the commercial Pt/C. In addition, such Pd3Pb/Ga‐2 NC/C displayed the higher durability with an increase of 14.2 % in mass activity after 20000 cycles relative to commercial Pt/C (74.9 % loss). This enhancement in both activity and durability can be attributed to the strong hybridization interactions and the formation of Pd shells on the surface by leaching of Pb.
Work from home today for a better tomorrow! How working from home influences work‐family conflict and employees' start of the next workday
Authors: Darouei Maral , Pluut Helen
Published: April 2021

Drawing on the resource (drain) perspective in work‐family spillover theory and conservation of resources theory, the current paper studies the daily consequences of working from home for employees' work‐home interface and well‐being. We build an intraindividual model that investigates how working from home influences experiences of time pressure, work‐family conflict, and work‐related employee well‐being on a daily basis. A total of 34 professional workers participated in our study and were asked to respond to 10 daily surveys in the morning, afternoon and evening, across two consecutive workweeks. In line with our hypotheses, results indicated that on days when employees worked from home, they experienced less time pressure and, in turn, they reported lower levels of work‐family conflict on that particular day. Moreover, we found that experiences of work‐family conflict predicted individuals' next morning engagement and exhaustion levels and affective states towards the organization they work for. We recommend organizations to encourage a work‐from‐home protocol aimed at protecting employee well‐being.
In Situ Construction of Mo2C Quantum Dots‐Decorated CNT Networks as a Multifunctional Electrocatalyst for Advanced Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Yu Bo , Huang Aijian , Chen Dongjiang , Srinivas Katam , Zhang Xiaojuan , Wang Xinqiang , Wang Bin , Ma Fei , Liu Chunlin , Zhang Wanli , He Jiarui , Wang Zegao , Chen Yuanfu
Published: April 2021

The slow redox kinetics during cycling process and the serious shuttle effect caused by the solubility of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) dramatically hinder the practical application of Li‐S batteries. Herein, a facile and scalable spray‐drying strategy is presented to construct conductive polar Mo2C quantum dots‐decorated carbon nanotube (CNT) networks (MCN) as an efficient absorbent and electrocatalyst for Li‐S batteries. The results reveal that the MCN/S electrode exhibits a high specific capacity of 1303.3 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C, and ultrastable cycling stability with decay of 0.019% per cycle even at 1 C. Theoretical simulation uncovers that Mo2C exhibits much stronger binding energies for S8 and Li2Sn. The energy barrier for the conversion between Li2S4 and Li2S2 decreases from 1.02 to 0.72 eV when hybriding with Mo2C. Furthermore, in situ discharge/charge‐dependent Raman spectroscopy shows that long‐chain Li2S8 configuration is generated via S8 ring opening near the first plateaus at ≈2.36 V versus Li/Li+ and the S62− configuration in CNT/S electrode is maintained below the potential of ≈2.30 V versus Li/Li+, indicating that the shuttle of soluble LiPSs happens during the whole discharge process. This work provides deep insights into the polar nanoarchitecture design and scalable fabrication for advanced Li‐S batteries.
Controlled Removal of Surfactants from Double‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Stronger p‐Doping Effect and Its Demonstration in Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Shawky Ahmed , Nam Jeong‐Seok , Kim Kyusun , Han Jiye , Yoon Jungjin , Seo Seungju , Lee Chang Soo , Xiang Rong , Matsuo Yutaka , Lee Hyuck Mo , Maruyama Shigeo , Jeon Il
Published: April 2021

Double‐walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs) have shown potential as promising alternatives to conventional transparent electrodes owing to their solution processability as well as high conductivity and transparency. However, their DC to optical conductivity ratio is limited by the surrounding surfactants that prevent the p‐doping of the DWNTs. To maximize the doping effectiveness, the surfactants are removed from the DWNTs, with negligible damage to the nanotubes, by calcination in an Ar atmosphere. The effective removal of the surfactants is characterized by various analyses, and the results show that the optimal calcination temperature is 400 °C. The conductivity of the DWNTs films improves when doped by triflic acid. While the conductivity increase of the surfactants‐wrapped DWNT films is 31.9%, the conductivity increase of the surfactants‐removed DWNT is found to be 59.7%. Using the surfactants‐removed, p‐doped, solution‐processed transparent electrodes, inverted‐type perovskite solar cells are fabricated, resulting in a power conversion efficiency of 17.7% without hysteresis. This work advances the application of DWNTs in transparent conductors, as the efficiency obtained is the highest value achieved to date for carbon nanotube electrode‐based perovskite solar cells and solution‐processable transparent electrode‐based solar cells.
High Performance Generation of H2O2under Piezophototronic Effect with Multi‐Layer In2S3Nanosheets Modified by Spherical ZnS and BaTiO3Nanopiezoelectrics
Authors: Zhou Xiaofeng , Shen Bo , Zhai Jiwei , Conesa José C.
Published: April 2021

Manipulating the separation and transportation of photoexcited charge carriers in photoresponsive semiconductors via the piezoelectric polarization effect is an emerging strategy in the field of artificial photosynthesis. However, existing semiconductor photocatalysts, both with a wide range absorption for visible light and superior piezoelectricity are very scarce, leading to a low reactivity of photocatalysis. Here, a multi‐layer In2S3nanosheet modified with spherical ZnS and BaTiO3nanopiezoelectrics (ZnS/In2S3/BTO) is reported, generating approximately 378 µmof H2O2in 100 min (and the concentration is still increasing) under co‐irradiation of visible light and ultrasound (piezophotocatalysis) in ethanol–water solution; this concentration is higher compared with two phases piezoelectric heterostructures (i.e., ZnS/BTO, In2S3/BTO, and ZnS/In2S3) and pure compounds (i.e., ZnS, In2S3, and BTO), and also higher than that of independent piezo‐ (≈254 µm) and photocatalysis (≈120 µm). Moreover, the concentration of H2O2generated on ZnS/In2S3/BTO can be as high as approximately 1160 µmin 5 h of piezophotoreaction after experiencing six cycles of visible light concurrent with ultrasound irradiation. The enhancement of H2O2yield on ZnS/In2S3/BTO in piezophotocatalysis can be attributed to the piezopotential‐induced internal electric polarization field promoting the separation of photoexcited charge carriers, thus boosting the rate of surface photoreaction.
A Comprehensive Study on the Competition Between Starch and Sucrose on Access of Water During Heating
Authors: Marion Bedas , Bruno Pontoire , Alain Le‐Bail , Patricia Le‐Bail
Published: April 2021

Starch gelatinization and water penetration into starch granules are studied in the presence of sucrose by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The water content of the samples ranged from 70% to 20% (w/w wsb) and two modes of preparation are used: All‐In‐One (AIO) and Sucrose‐Syrup mixed with Flour (SS + F). A shift of the gelatinization to higher temperatures is observed and an increase in its enthalpy, thus implying stabilization of the granular structure during heating. In addition, the AIO method shows that sucrose has priority over wheat starch in terms of access to water. With either an excess of water or a limited water content, the AIO method shows that the solubilization of sucrose is favored water penetration into the starch granules. XRD analysis is performed in a heating cell using the same time‐temperature profile, showing that there is a link between the endotherm of gelatinization and the moment when the amorphous regions of the granules are sufficiently mobile to impose stresses on the lamellar crystals and thereby trigger their destruction. This work provides new information showing the importance of sucrose dissolution and water content on starch gelatinization in the cake and biscuits application.