bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biology and rearing of the fruit fly parasitoid Biosteres arisanus: clues to insectary propagation
Authors: Bautista Renato C. , Harris Ernest J. , Lawrence Pauline O.
Published: October 2003

Aspects of Biosteres arisanus (Sonan) (=Opius oophilus Fullaway) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) development on the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera (=Dacus) dorsalis (Hendel), were investigated to facilitate mass production in the insectary. Life table statistics were generated for cohorts of B. arisanus females. Overlap in the emergence of fruit flies and parasitoids necessitated a procedure for segregation, preferably before adult eclosion. Rate of parasitization by B. arisanus increased with host clutch size reaching a plateau at 20:1 host egg to female parasitoid ratio. Duration of the oviposition period influenced the level of host parasitization; host eggs were exposed to parasitoids for 24 h with minimal superparasitism. Females were highly productive within 3 weeks after emergence producing 40–70% females in the progeny. Adult males were shorter lived than females by ≈5 days. Based on a net reproductive rate (R0) of >16 daughters per female parent, a population increase of 10% was predicted each day. Handling procedures that could facilitate efficient production of parasitoids are discussed.
Influence of cereal leaf epicuticular wax on Diuraphis noxia probing behavior and nymphoposition
Authors: Ni Xinzhi , Quisenberry Sharron S. , Siegfried Blair D. , Lee Kit W.
Published: October 2003

The effect of cereal leaf surface wax on Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), the Russian wheat aphid, probing behavior and nymphoposition was evaluated. Ultrastructure of leaf epicuticular wax from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) c.v. ‘Arapahoe’ and ‘Halt’ was different from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) c.v. ‘Morex’, and oat (Avena sativa L.) c.v. ‘Border’. Both wheat cultivars had similar rod‐shaped epicuticular wax, while barley and oat plants had flakes. The chemical composition comparison of gas chromatograms also indicated that the extract of the two wheat cultivars had similar pattern of peaks, while the barley and oat leaves had similar peaks. Cereal variety significantly affected aphid probing behavior (P < 0.05), but wax removal using ethyl ether swab did not (P > 0.05). Aphids initiated significantly more probes on Border oat leaves than on Morex barley irrespective of wax removal, although total probing duration per aphid was not significantly different among the four cereals examined. Accumulative salivation duration per aphid on oat leaves with wax was significantly longer than other cereal leaves with wax, while accumulative ingestion duration per aphid on Arapahoe wheat and Morex barley was significantly longer than on oat. Nymphoposition of D. noxia on cereal leaves maintained on the benzimidazole‐agar medium showed that aphids produced a greater number of nymphs on Morex barley and less on Border oat leaves, although wax removal did not affect aphid nymphoposition. Removal of leaf epicuticular waxes from the 4 cereal genotypes using ethyl ether swab indicated that the influence of wax on plant resistance to D. noxia probing and reproduction was limited. Morex barley was the most favorable, while Border oat was the least favorable cereal host of D. noxia.
A gene controlling biosynthesis of isoorientin, a compound in corn silks antibiotic to the corn earworm
Authors: Widstrom N.W. , Snook M.E.
Published: October 2003

The corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea Boddie) is an important pest of corn (Zea mays L.), and its larvae sometimes cause severe ear damage to hybrids grown in the southeastern United States. The antibiotic compound isoorientin is present in silks of some corn inbreds at a concentration that is harmful to corn earworm larvae. The inbred T218, which produces biologically active levels of this compound (>2.0% dry weight), was evaluated in hybrid combination with two other non‐isoorientin producing inbreds to determine the mode of isoorientin inheritance in corn silks. Silk masses from individual ears of each parent, the F1, F2, first backcrosses, F3 families and selfed BC1 families were evaluated in 1994 and 1995 for isoorientin concentration. Reversed‐phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to make chemical determinations. Segregation ratios in the F2, first backcross to T218, F3 families and selfed BC1 families were tested. The tests were conclusive in the identification of a single recessive gene controlling high isoorientin concentration in the silks of inbred T218. Some evidence for modifiers exists, in that there was a statistically nonsignificant trend for more plants than expected to occur in the low isoorientin concentration classes. Development of inbreds with a high concentration of the simply inherited isoorientin in their silks will add to the arsenal of compounds available in corn silks to combat damage to corn by corn earworm larvae.
Sublethal effects of deltamethrin and propoxur on longevity and reproduction of German cockroaches, Blattella germanica
Authors: Lee C.Y. , Yap H.H. , Chong N.L.
Published: October 2003

The effects of sublethal doses of deltamethrin and propoxur, applied topically at LD10, LD30 and LD50 on German cockroaches, were studied by reciprocal crossing. Male and female longevities decreased curvilinearly with increasing sublethal doses of deltamethrin, and decreased linearly with increasing sublethal doses of propoxur. Fecundity of females treated with deltamethrin and propoxur was reduced with increasing sublethal doses of both insecticides. Oothecal production, oothecal hatchability and nymphal production also declined with increasing doses of deltamethrin and propoxur. Preoviposition and incubation periods were not affected by sublethal doses of deltamethrin and propoxur, although some significant differences were observed at certain oothecal numbers. Two‐way analysis of variance indicated that only treated females showed an effect on oothecal production while oothecal hatch and nymphal production were governed by both treated females and males. Insecticide susceptibility tests on the progeny of parents treated with sublethal doses demonstrated that these doses did not increase insecticidal tolerance in the F1 generation.
Reproductive barriers between the partially sympatric Colorado and false potato beetles
Authors: Boiteau Gilles
Published: October 2003

The partially sympatric Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), and the false potato beetle (FPB), Leptinotarsa juncta (Germar), were shown to possess a series of reproductive barriers that protect species integrity. A strongly stereotyped sequence of courtship behaviour insures that more than 85% of encounters between these congeneric species are terminated before copulation. The courtship behaviour of the FPB, described here for the first time, is similar to that for the CPB. However, the male FPB is more likely to walk off the female FPB and will repeat antennal tapping more frequently than the CPB before moving on to palp tapping and mating. Observations suggest that both species first use antennal tapping for an initial olfactory assessment of the object as a female insect of a given family or species and palp tapping for final sex recognition. If courtship behaviour fails to break up the hybridization pairs, there is no mechanical barrier to mating and sperm transfer takes place. However, there is gametic mortality. The FPB is more fecund than the CPB and seems less dependent than the CPB on multiple matings to reach its full reproductive potential.
Ecological significance of male attractant in the defence and mating strategies of the fruit fly, Bactrocera papayae
Authors: Hong Tan Keng , Nishida Ritsuo
Published: October 2003

After being acclimatized to feeding on fruit flies, the Asian house gecko, Hemidactylus frenatus Duméril & Bibron (Gekkonidae:Squamata), consumed fewer methyl eugenol (ME) fed male fruit flies, Bactrocera papayae Drew & Hancock (Tephritidae: Diptera) than when offered ME‐deprived males. After one‐day exposure to only ME‐fed males, the geckos avoided feeding on female flies when in the presence of ME‐fed males. When mechanically disturbed, the ME‐fed males spontaneously ejaculated a rectal secretion which contains phenyl propanoids that deter the predator.

The ME‐fed males also competed significantly better than normal (ME‐deprived) males for virgin females. Male B. papayae converts ME to three other phenyl propanoids which act in concert as a sex pheromone to attract females during courtship and as an allomone to the gecko.
Differences in water relations among the citrus leafminer and two different populations of its parasitoid inhabiting the same apparent microhabitat
Authors: Yoder Jay A. , Hoy Marjorie A.
Published: October 2003

The water balance relationships of adult females and pupae of two populations (Australian and Taiwan) of the parasitic wasp Ageniaspis citricola, a biological control agent of the citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella, were compared to determine whether habitat preferences might differ between them. No differences were detected between Australian and Taiwan strains of the wasp during the pupal stage, but adult females from the Australian strain had lower net water loss rates than the parasitoid adults from Taiwan. This implies a greater moisture requirement by adults of the Taiwan strain, which should be considered before they are released into a new environment in classical biological control programs.
Effect of adult age, food, and time of day on sexual calling incidence of wild and mass‐reared Ceratitis capitata males
Authors: Papadopoulos Nikos T. , Katsoyannos Byron I. , Kouloussis Nikos A. , Economopoulos Aristidis P. , Carrey James R.
Published: October 2003

The sexual calling incidence of wild and mass‐reared Mediterranean fruit fly males, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), was studied at 25 °C and a photophase of 14 h starting at 0600 h. Wild males fed on yeast hydrolysate and sugar attained sexual maturity earlier and exhibited higher calling activity than males fed on sugar alone. In both sugar and yeast hydrolysate‐fed wild males, calling levels were high during the first hours of the photophase, declined at 0900–1000 h, then increased again reaching high levels between 1200 and 1500 h, and finally declined and ceased after 1600 h. Food deprivation for 8 h or more caused a significantly lower frequency of calling. Irradiated (sterile) and unirradiated mass‐reared males fed on either sugar and yeast or sugar alone did not differ in the age of attaining sexual maturity (maximum levels of calling occurred about 8 days earlier than in the wild males). However, irradiated males fed on sugar called less frequently than males in the other treatments of mass‐reared males. The daily rhythm of calling in protein and sugar‐fed irradiated males differed somewhat from that of wild males. Calling was recorded at high levels from the beginning of the photophase until 1300 h without any decrease at 0900–1000 h. It then decreased to very low levels from 1500–1800 h and increased slightly at 1900 h. These findings are discussed in relation to the mating behavior of the fly and to the effectiveness of released sterile males in Sterile Insect Technique programs.
Host selection behaviour of deathwatch beetle, Xestobium rufovillosum: Oviposition preference choice assays testing old vs new oak timber, Quercus sp.
Authors: Belmain S.R. , Blaney W.M. , Simmonds M.S.J.
Published: October 2003

In a choice bio‐assay adult female deathwatch beetles were offered two dendrochronologically dated wood blocks from oak timber to study oviposition preference behaviour. There was a clear preference for ovipositing on old wood dating from the 13th to 19th centuries rather than new wood from the 20th century. Control, same‐century choice, experiments showed that beetles will oviposit on young wood and that the age of the wood does not alter the overall oviposition potential. Oviposition frequency varied with insect age. Fecundity of insects collected from an infested building was similar to that of insects maintained in culture.
Differential cytotoxic effects of azadirachtin on Spodoptera frugiperda and mouse cultured cells
Authors: Reed Elizabeth , Majumdar Shyamal K.
Published: October 2003

Azadirachtin is a natural biopesticide extracted from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica); however, its safety to mammals is not well documented. This study examined the influence of azadirachtin on the proliferation and morphology of Spodoptera frugiperda insect cells (SF‐9), and mouse erythroleukemia cells (MEL‐GM 86). Cell kinetic studies conducted at 24 h intervals for 144 h showed that azadirachtin treatments (0.05, 0.20 and 0.50 μg/ml) inhibited cell multiplication of the SF‐9 cells. This inhibitory effect was dose dependent. Conversely, azadirachtin at 30 μg/ml did not reduce MEL‐GM 86 cell proliferation. SF‐ 9 cells displayed an increase in cell swelling and cell abnormalities after 48 h of treatment with azadirachtin, whereas no such changes were detected in MEL‐GM 86 cells. A scanning electron microscope study revealed that treatment with an azadirachtin concentration as low as 0.10 μg/ml induced cell swelling and caused distortions on the cell surface ultrastructure of SF‐9 cells characterized by blebbing and holes after 48 h of treatment. However, these effects were not seen in the azadirachtin‐treated MEL‐ GM 86 cells.
Probing behaviour of the green peach aphid Myzus persicae on resistant Prunus genotypes
Authors: Sauge Marie‐Hélène , Kervella Jocelyne , Rahbé Yvan
Published: October 2003

Electrical penetration graphs of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae) feeding behaviour on four resistant and two susceptible genotypes of peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) and related species showed that resistance was mainly linked to (i) reduced duration of phloem sap uptake, (ii) reduced percentage of pattern E1 (salivary secretion into sieve elements) followed by pattern E2 (sap ingestion) and (iii) increased number of shifts from E1 to E2 and back. These results suggest the unsuitability of phloem sap, and thus repetitive failures to initiate sustained ingestion. Extensive comparisons of the EPGs also revealed more specific trends. Aphids on the most susceptible cultivar GF305 produced significantly longer potential drops than on other peach genotypes. On the resistant Rubira, aphids generated more penetrations before the first E occurred, indicating the possible presence of a resistance factor before the phloem was reached. The clone P1908 of the wild species Prunus davidiana displayed traits of both susceptibility (less but longer probes) and resistance. In particular, aphids produced more E1, suggesting difficulties in preparing sieve elements before feeding. The aphid probing process could be correlated with aphid settling behaviour and bionomics, as previously reported, and gave evidence for the existence of different mechanisms underlying resistance in the tested genotypes against M. persicae.
Comparative effect of short term exposures of Callosobruchus subinnotatus to carbon dioxide, nitrogen, or low temperature on behavior and fecundity
Authors: Mbata George N. , Ramaswamy Sonny B. , Reichmuth Christoph
Published: October 2003

The effect of anesthetizing with carbon dioxide, nitrogen, or low temperature on the reproductive behavior and fecundity of Callosobruchus subinnotatus was investigated. Males and females anesthetized with N2 as virgins had shorter recovery time, copulated earlier, and had shorter mating time than those subjected to CO2 or low temperature. Exposure of males and females to 2.0±0.5 °C for 10 min had the most profound effect on the recovery periods, copulation time, and duration of mating. Adults anesthetized with CO2 and low temperature laid fewer eggs than those anesthetized with N2. Females were more affected than males by the treatments, except when males were chilled for 10 min, and this prolonged the time for commencement of mating. The mode of anesthesia could affect egg production because vitellogenesis and choriogenesis take place in the imago stage of bruchids.
Effects of temperature on survival and preimaginal development rates of Colorado potato beetle on potato and horse‐nettle: potential role in host range expansion
Authors: Hilbeck Angelika , Kennedy George G.
Published: October 2003

The effect of temperature on the ability of Colorado potato beetles (Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Say) to use horse‐nettle (Solanum carolinense L.) as a host plant was determined for larvae from colonies originating from two geographically separated populations, one adapted to horse‐nettle (NC) and the other unadapted to horse‐nettle (MA). Survival and developmental rate on horse‐nettle and potato were measured for larvae from both colonies over a range of constant temperatures (12–30 °C) and one fluctuating temperature regime (22 °C to 30 °C). The ability of Colorado potato beetles to use horse‐nettle as a larval host was strongly influenced by temperature, but the effects of temperature differed greatly between beetles from the two colonies. Survival of adapted larvae on horse‐nettle was highest and comparable to that on potato at the constant 30 °C and the fluctuating temperature regime. Below 30 °C, survival of adapted larvae decreased drastically but some larvae survived at all temperatures except the lowest (12 °C). In contrast, survival of unadapted larvae to adult occurred only at 30 °C, and was low (10%). At lower temperatures, all larvae died. On potato, the effect of temperature was less dramatic, and consistent across colonies. At 12 °C, survival to adult was poor (ca. 10%), but at higher temperatures, survival increased sharply and larvae from both colonies survived equally well. On potato, small but statistically significant differences in developmental rates between beetle colonies were detected at the constant but not at the fluctuating temperature regimes. Also, the developmental day degree requirements (DD) and the low temperature development threshold (T0) values for the various developmental stages did not differ between colonies on potato. On horse‐nettle, development times for both colonies were always significantly longer and DD requirements were greater than on potato. At 30 °C, the only constant temperature at which larvae from the unadapted colony completed development, the development rate to adult emergence was similar to that of beetles from the adapted colony. Differences between colonies in performance on horse‐nettle were not a result of host‐independent, genetically based differences in the thermal requirements of the two populations. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that adaptation to horse‐nettle by Colorado potato beetle may be facilitated by a genotype × environment interaction involving temperature. These findings have important implications for host plant utilization, host range expansion and selection of pest biotypes adapted to plant resistance traits used in crop protection.
Diapause and survival in winter in two species of predatory bugs, Orius sauteri and O. minutus
Authors: Ito Kiyomitsu , Nakata Tadafumi
Published: October 2003

The cause of differences in overwintering success between the sexes in Orius sauteri (Poppius) and O. minutus (Linnaeus) (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) was investigated in the laboratory. The survival rate of adults was examined in a screen house outdoors during the winters of 1995–1996 and 1996–1997. None of the males of either species survived until spring in either year. However, 63.9% and 40.5% of the females in O. sauteri and O. minutus, respectively, survived the winter in 1995–1996, and 54.5% and 43.2%, respectively, in 1996–1997. Most of the males died by early winter. In both species, the adult females reared under short days (= L11:D13) survived for a long period at 5 or 0 °C, while the males reared under the same photoperiod died shortly after transfer to 5 or 0 °C from 22 °C. The males and females kept at same temperature conditions under long days (= L16:D8) died early. When nymphs were kept under long days at 22 °C, the lipid content in the female and male adults of O. sauteri was 27.9% and 17.7%, respectively. When nymphs were kept under short days, their lipid content was significantly higher (41.1%) than that of those reared under long days for females, but lipid content was comparable in the males regardless of photoperiod (15.6%). In O. minutus, the mean lipid content was 27.2% in females and 19.0% in males under long days at 22 °C, and 40.8% in females and 19.8% in males under short days. Thus, a large amount of lipid was accumulated only in females kept under short days in both species. These results suggest that short days induced diapause only in adult females but not in males. Due to the lack of diapause and shortage of lipid accumulation, males may not be able to survive the winter.
A microscope slide test for the evaluation of insect repellents as used with Culicoides impunctatus
Authors: Stuart A.E. , Stuart Caroline L.E.
Published: October 2003

An account is given of a field test suitable for evaluating insect repellents. Our test insect was Culicoides impunctatus. The test is based on the avoidance of a test substance placed within a circular chamber. It appears to be reliable and reproducible. The different components of oil of Myrica gale have been investigated and a hierarchy of activity is revealed, limonene and terpenine‐4‐ol being at the extremes of the range of activity.
Sex pheromone of the butterbur borer, Ostrinia zaguliaevi
Authors: Huang Yongping , Honda Hiroshi , Yoshiyasu Yutaka , Hoshizaki Sugihiko , Tatsuki Sadahiro , Ishikawa Yukio
Published: October 2003

The sex pheromone blend of the butterbur borer, Ostrinia zaguliaevi (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was analyzed by means of gas chromatography‐electroantennographic detection (GC‐EAD), GC‐mass spectrometry and a series of wind‐tunnel bioassays. Four EAD‐active compounds were detected in the female sex pheromone gland extract, and these were identified as tetradecyl acetate (14:OAc), (Z)‐9‐tetradecenyl acetate (Z9‐14:OAc), (E)‐11‐tetradecenyl acetate (E11‐14:OAc) and (Z)‐11‐tetradecenyl acetate (Z11‐14:OAc). The average amounts ± s.d. of the four compounds in a single sex pheromone gland were 7.9±3.7 ng, 10.1±3.2 ng, 1.1±0.5 ng and 11.6±5.1 ng, respectively. In a wind‐tunnel bioassay, the ternary blend of Z9‐, E11‐ and Z11‐14:OAc at a ratio found in the sex pheromone gland (45:5:50) elicited the same behavioral responses from the males as did virgin females and pheromone gland extract. Removal of any single compound from the ternary blend significantly diminished the pheromonal activity, whereas addition of 14:OAc to the ternary blend had no effect on the males' behavioral responses. Therefore, it was concluded that the sex pheromone blend of O. zaguliaevi is composed of Z9‐14:OAc, E11‐14:OAc and Z11‐14:OAc at a ratio of 45:5:50.
The impact of the egg parasitoid Uscana lariophaga on Callosobruchus maculatus populations and the damage to cowpea in a traditional storage system
Authors: van Huis A. , Schütte C. , Sagnia S.
Published: October 2003

In West Africa, Uscana lariophaga (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) parasitizes the eggs of Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), an important pest of stored cowpea. The impact of the egg parasitoid on pest populations was evaluated in clay pots used in traditional storage in Niger. At the beginning of the storage period cowpeas were infested with different densities of larval instars and adults of C. maculatus and inoculated with one density of U. lariophaga. The higher the initial densities of C. maculatus, the better the egg parasitoid was able to establish itself and to control the population of C. maculatus, limiting the damage to cowpea. After three months of storage, the egg parasitoid significantly reduced the number of C. maculatus adults by 68 at the lowest and 86 percent at the highest initial density of the beetle; the percentage of damaged beans was reduced by 13 and 19% respectively.
Effects of leaf pubescence in Salix borealis on host‐plant choice and feeding behaviour of the leaf beetle, Melasoma lapponica
Authors: Zvereva Elena L. , Kozlov Mikhail V. , Niemelä Pekka
Published: October 2003

Density of leaf trichomes in Salix borealis affected both the choice of individual host plants and feeding behaviour of adults and last instar larvae of the willow feeding leaf beetle, Melasoma lapponica. Beetles clearly preferred shaved disks to unshaved ones taken from the same leaf; this preference was highest in leaves of the most pubescent plants. High leaf pubescence explained the low preference for willow clones from the high density site in among‐site preference trials; shaving significantly increased the consumption of these pubescent willow clones. In no‐choice experiments, the food consumption by both adults and last instar larvae decreased with an increase in leaf pubescence. The time budget of adults did not depend on leaf pubescence of the host plants, however adults compelled to feed on highly pubescent plants changed their feeding sites twice as often as on less pubescent willow clones. Larvae feeding on highly pubescent plants spend moving three times as much time as larvae feeding on less pubescent plants. Combined with our earlier observations on the increase in leaf pubescence in the year(s) following defoliation, these data suggest that leaf hairiness may have contributed to the delayed induced resistance in S. borealis by disturbing the feeding behaviour of M. lapponica.
Reduction in the foraging activity of the leaf‐cutting ant Atta sexdens caused by the phorid Neodohrniphora sp.
Authors: Bragança Marcos Antonio L. , Tonhasca Athayde , Della Lucia Terezinha M.C.
Published: October 2003

Females of the parasitic phorid Neodohrniphora sp. were collected in the field and released singly inside an observation chamber placed between a laboratory colony of Atta sexdens (L.) and its foraging arena. The number and speed of loaded and unloaded ants returning to the nest, the weight of foragers and their loads, the number of leaf fragments abandoned by ants, and the number of small workers ‘hitchhiking’ on leaf fragments were measured before phorids were released, while they were in the observation chamber, and after they were removed. Relatively few ants were attacked by Neodohrniphora sp., but the presence of flies prompted outbound ants to return to the nest and caused a significant reduction on the number and mass of foragers. Additionally, the weight of leaf fragments transported by ants was reduced and the number of abandoned fragments increased in response to Neodohrniphora sp. Presence of the parasitoid caused no significant changes in the number of hitchhiking ants. The regular ants' traffic was resumed after phorids were removed, but foraging activity remained below normal for up to three hours. In the field A. sexdens forages mostly at night, but colonies undergo periods of diurnal foraging during which ants are subject to parasitism from several species of phorid flies. Considering that daytime foraging may be necessary for nutritional or metabolical needs, phorids may have a significant impact on their hosts by altering their foraging behavior regardless of the numerical values of parasitism.
Electrical penetration graphs of the nymphal stage of Bemisia argentifolii
Authors: Jiang Y.X. , Walker G.P.
Published: October 2003

Electrical penetration graph (EPG, DC system) waveforms were recorded from first, second, and third instar Bemisia argentifolii nymphs. Waveforms recorded were similar among the three instars. Four waveforms were recorded and were named C, J, L, and H. Waveform J is new, whereas waveforms C, L, and H of B. argentifolii nymphs were similar to those published previously from greenhouse whitefly nymphs. As in the previous study on greenhouse whitefly nymphs, there was variation in each of waveforms C, L, and H. Waveform C was recorded at an extracellular voltage level, and represents a pathway phase where the stylets penetrate the plant tissue in an intercellular pathway. At the end of waveform C, the voltage dropped to an intracellular level, indicating penetration of a living cell, and the stylet tips then remained in that cell for the rest of the EPG recording, which was sometimes as long as 16 h. Three waveforms (J, L, and H) were recorded during this intracellular phase, beginning with J, a brief (average = 31 s), low amplitude, irregular waveform. J appeared only at the beginning of the intracellular phase, and was followed by either L (five out of eight times) or H (three out of eight times). Waveforms L and H then alternated with one another for the remainder of the intracellular phase. The most conspicuous difference between L and H was the frequency of their voltage fluctuations; L had a lower frequency and H a higher frequency. Usually the shape of waveform L was dominated by voltage peaks in a positive direction, while waveform H was characterized by strong voltage peaks in a negative direction; although some variants of both L and H had distinct voltage peaks in both directions. The electrical origin of both the positive and negative voltage peaks was electromotive force (emf) fluctuation rather than resistance fluctuation. During waveform H, copious amounts of honeydew were produced, indicating that the penetrated cell was a sieve element. We conclude, therefore, that H represents phloem sap ingestion; and because J and L are produced in the same cell as H, then phloem phase is represented by waveforms J, L, and H. The biological correlations for J and L are not yet known.
Survival and oviposition of a western corn rootworm variant feeding on soybean
Authors: Mabry Timothy R. , Spencer Joseph L.
Published: October 2003

The role of soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merril (Fabaceae), in the circumvention of crop rotation was evaluated by observing the effects of soybean herbivory on western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) survival and oviposition. Field collected D. virgifera adults resistant to annual rotation of corn, Zea mays (L.) (Poaceae), and soybean were given the opportunity to feed on a soybean pre‐treatment diet prior to diet combinations of corn, soybean, and/or water. The number of days that the adults survived after removal of the diet combinations was used as a measure of insect vigor and diet quality. Willingness to feed on a soybean foliage pre‐treatment did not indicate greater ability to benefit nutritionally from soybean herbivory. Adult D. virgifera previously feeding on corn, soybean, or water survived starvation for 8.3 ± 0.15 days, 5.1 ± 0.13 days, and 3.9 ± 0.14 days, respectively. Diabrotica virgifera recover from 2 days of starvation or poor diet if subsequently given access to corn tissues for 2 days. Eggs were laid within 1 day of access to poor diet or starvation. Other D. virgifera, captured as they flew from a cornfield into a soybean field, were maintained on soybean foliage or only water until they died. Of the beetles with access to soybean foliage, 24% fed within 24 h after capture and survived 1 day longer than insects given only water. Only 20% of these D. virgifera were able to lay eggs without consuming additional corn prior to death. Few D. virgifera enter soybean fields capable of immediate oviposition. Female reproductive status and diet quality influence the likelihood of oviposition following exposure to stress. The effects of soybean herbivory may contribute to the proximate mechanism of resistance to crop rotation.
Olfactory orientation of the truffle beetle, Leiodes cinnamomea
Authors: Hochberg Michael E. , Bertault Guillaume , Poitrineau Karine , Janssen Arne
Published: October 2003

Although the truffle beetle, Leiodes cinnamomea, inflicts substantial damage to the ripe stage of fruiting bodies of the economically important black truffle (Tuber melanosporum), it is not attracted by ripe truffle odours. Rather, male beetles are attracted to infested truffles only in the presence of female beetles, suggesting that the former employ a pheromone to locate truffles over short distances. In contrast, female beetles show no attraction to infested or uninfested truffles, suggesting that they employ other cues, possibly linked to odours emitted by truffles prior to the ripe stage. We hypothesize that the chemical composition of truffle volatiles changes over the life of the truffle fruiting body, being attractive to insects early on and to mammals just prior to decomposition.
Use of Ototopical Antibiotics in Treating 3 Common Ear Diseases
Authors: Hannley Maureen t. , Denneny James c. , Holzer Susan Sedory
Published: October 2003

Prompted by rising rates of antibiotic resistance, lack of standardized treatment regimens, and new treatment alternatives, the American Academy of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery convened an expert consensus panel to consider recommendations for the responsible use of antibiotics in chronic suppurative otitis media, tympanostomy tube otorrhea, and otitis externa. The Panel concluded that in the absence of systemic infection or serious underlying disease, topical antibiotics alone constitute first‐line treatment for most patients with these conditions, finding no evidence that systemic antibiotics alone or in combination with topical preparations improve treatment outcomes compared with topical antibiotics alone. Topical preparations should be selected on the basis of expected bacteriology and informed knowledge of the risk‐benefit of each available preparation. The use of nonototoxic preparations in treating acute otitis externa (when the tympanic membrane is perforated or its status is unknown), chronic suppurative otitis media, and tympanostomy tube otorrhea should be considered.
The Gorbachev Factor
Authors: Brown Archie
Published: October 2003

This is an analysis of how fundamental change came about in the Soviet Union and of the part played by political leadership. In its most general aspect, it is a contribution to the literature on democratization and transitions from authoritarian rule. More specifically, it examines the evolution of Mikhail Gorbachev as a reformist politician and his major role in the political transformation of the Soviet Union and in ending the Cold War. The failures as well as the successes of perestroika are examined – economic reform that left the system in limbo and the break‐up of the Soviet state that Gorbachev had attempted to hold together on the basis of a new and voluntary federation or looser confederation. The institutional power of the General Secretary was such that only a reformer in that office could undertake peaceful systemic change in such a long‐established, post‐totalitarian authoritarian regime as the USSR, with its sophisticated instruments of control and coercion. In embracing the pluralization of the Soviet political system and thereby removing the monopoly of power of the Communist Party, Gorbachev undermined his own power base. His embrace of new ideas, amounting to a conceptual revolution, combined with his power of appointment, made possible, however, what Gorbachev himself described as revolutionary change by evolutionary means. Mikhail Gorbachev's lasting merit lies in the fact that he presided over, and facilitated, the introduction of freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of association, religious freedom, and freedom of movement, and left Russia a freer country than it had been in its long history.
Attitudes De Dicto and De Se
Authors: Lewis David
Published: October 2003

In this wide‐ranging paper, Lewis defends the view that propositional attitudes consist in relations to properties, which themselves are sets of possible individuals. In so doing, he champions the importance of self‐ascribing attitudes (i.e. what he coins ‘de se’ attitudes), arguing that “the de se subsumes the de dicto, but not vice versa.” Along the way, a host of topics are discussed, including time‐slices of continuant persons, centered possible worlds, and decision theory.
Epistemological Preliminaries
Authors: Kitcher Philip
Published: October 2003

A priori knowledge is knowledge that is independent of experience. We begin by trying to understand what this could mean.
Causal Decision Theory
Authors: Lewis David
Published: October 2003

When confronted with Newcomb problems, decision theory yields the wrong answer. This paper argues for an improved decision theory that is sensitive to causal distinctions. The causal theories of Skyrms, Sobel, and others are surveyed, and an objection against causal decision theories in general is deflected. The paper includes a postscript dealing with two criticisms by Rabinowicz.
The Place of Financial Markets in the Economy
Authors: Houthakker Hendrik S. , Williamson Peter J.
Published: October 2003

Some of the frameworks and concepts of macroeconomics are deployed to explore the place of financial markets in the US economy, and various important questions are introduced (such as how interest rates are determined) that are elaborated upon in later chapters. The first section of the chapter looks at real assets and financial claims – balance sheets for the US economy, the US international investment position, and distribution of financial assets. In the second section – A framework for macroeconomic analysis of flows – one of the main tools of analysis used is the National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA), which extend the accounting concepts developed in Ch. 1 to the economy as a whole; these accounts are combined with the Flow of Funds (FOF) accounts into a framework for describing supply and demand in the securities markets. The third section discusses the rate of interest. The framework presented in the second section is then used to discuss the effects of monetary and fiscal policy and of inflation, particularly on interest rates and securities prices.
Regulation of Financial Markets
Authors: Houthakker Hendrik S. , Williamson Peter J.
Published: October 2003

Most financial markets are highly competitive – there are hundreds or thousands of active traders and at any time and place prices vary only within a narrow range – the bid‐ask price spread. Regulation is usually associated with monopoly; it might seem, therefore, that regulation of financial markets is unnecessary. After an introductory section on the ethics of finance and the economic function of financial markets, the second section of this chapter explains why that conclusion is unwarranted. The third section discusses the various levels of US federal regulation (the exchanges, the regulatory commissions and the courts); the fourth looks at federal regulation of trading in corporate shares and bonds by the Securities and Exchange Commission; the fifth shows how futures markets are federally regulated in the US; and the sixth is a case study of an important regulatory failure – the silver manipulation of 1979–80 in the USA. The final section looks at regulation in the UK.
Puzzling Cases
Authors: Feinberg Joel
Published: October 2003

Feinberg considers hard cases in the application of the concept of harm, such as moral harm, vicious harm, posthumous harm, and prenatal harm. Regarding moral harm, he states that a person's interests are not necessarily set back if she becomes a worse person; to be morally harmed, she must have some antecedent interest in having a good character. Concerning vicious harm, however, Feinberg claims that it is possible to harm one person by harming another if the former has an interest in the latter's welfare. For posthumous harm, Feinberg claims that if a “surviving interest” remains after a person's death, the thwarting of it could lead us to revise our view of that person's well‐being in life. Finally, concerning prenatal harm, Feinberg argues that fetuses (even if they are not persons) can be harmed only on the assumption that they will be born and will suffer the harmful effects of their prenatal injuries.
The System in Outline
Authors: Mates Benson
Published: October 2003

This chapter presents the bare essentials of Leibniz's metaphysical system, usually called “the monadology.” Preliminary explications are given of some of the associated special terminology.
Possible Worlds
Authors: Mates Benson
Published: October 2003

According to Leibniz, the actual world, which does exist, is only one of infinitely many possible worlds that could have existed. It is the best of the possible worlds, in the sense that any change in it, when considered with all its necessary preconditions and consequences, would be a change for the worse; and that is why God chose to create it instead of one of the other possibilities. This chapter examines Leibniz's notion of possible worlds. A possible world turns out to be a system of concepts, not of individuals satisfying those concepts. The chapter goes on to offer a numerical model of Leibniz's system of possible worlds in order to show that that system is consistent.
Identity in the Actual World
Authors: Mates Benson
Published: October 2003

The so‐called salva veritate criterion for the truth of identity propositions, namely that A is the same as B if and only if A can be substituted for B in any proposition salva veritate, is considered in all its ambiguities and other puzzling forms. In particular, Leibniz's explanation of why the criterion breaks down when applied on Fregean “oblique contexts” is discussed.
Leibniz's Nominalism and the Lingua Philosophica
Authors: Mates Benson
Published: October 2003

It was Leibniz's view that only individual substances exist. Accordingly, he thought that if there are meaningful sentences that include words seeming to refer to abstract entities, such sentences must be compendia loquendi for sentences not containing such terms. He devoted considerable effort to showing in particular cases how to eliminate the abstract term, e.g., “The heat of x has been doubled” is only a compendium loquendi for “x is twice as hot as it was”. More generally, Leibniz thought that, from a philosophical point of view, natural languages were unsatisfactory, in need of reform to eliminate unnecessary and confusing features such as inflections of nouns, adjectives, and verbs. He dreamed of constructing a perfect language, the Lingua Philosophica, in which sentences would perfectly mirror the propositions or thoughts they express. As examples of improved sublanguages, he mentions the languages of algebra and geometry, as well as the calculus notation he had introduced for derivatives and integrals (which, by the way, is still the notation mainly used).
Leibnizian Substances
Authors: Mates Benson
Published: October 2003

This chapter discusses a miscellany of problems connected with Leibniz's notions of Substance, Accident, Perception, Body, Phenomena, and other fundamentals of his metaphysics.
Different Currents
Authors: Quinn Charlotte A. , Quinn Frederick
Published: October 2003

South Africa's unique location helped shape the distinct character of Islam there, principally through contact with Asia, Egypt, Iran, and the Arabian Peninsula, allowing beleaguered South African Muslims to look beyond their borders for support. As early as 1626, Shaykh Yusuf, a Sufi saint brought from Indonesia by the Dutch East Indian Company, founded an active Muslim community. Later, Muslims from India came to Natal and the Transvaal, and differences between the communities remained pronounced over such issues as political activism, the place of women, and the use of Arabic. In recent times, Imam Abdullah Haron emerged as a martyr following his death at the hands of police in 1969. Extremist groups like Achmat Cassien's Qiblah and People Against Gangsters and Drugs (PAGAD) resorted to terrorism under the guise of Islam. Muslim numbers remain among the lowest in any country in Africa, and the historic split between ancients and moderns, conservatives and progressives, remains undiminished.
Autonomy and Community
Authors: Feinberg Joel
Published: October 2003

Feinberg defends liberalism against the charge that, given its commitment to autonomy, it is incompatible with certain community ideals. While Feinberg grants that some conflicts between autonomy and community are undeniable, liberalism, he argues, recognizes the centrality of community in human life. Affiliation with various communities and subcommunities is an essential part of an individual's self‐identity, and therefore a political order like liberalism, which protects individual interests, will also protect collective interests of individuals in communities. Nothing in liberalism precludes the liberal from appealing to the common good in his political arguments. After examining the social nature of man, Feinberg considers concepts pertaining to the make‐up of communities including: tradition, alienation, and overlapping‐membership.
Oak Grove Church
Authors: Harrington Watt David
Published: October 2003

Oak Grove Church and the school that was associated with it (Oak Grove Christian Academy) were located in Olney – a Philadelphia neighborhood that had once been solidly working class, but which had in more recent decades fallen on hard times. Oak Grove Church and Oak Grove Christian Academy were both rooted in the traditions of fundamentalism. Both institutions embodied many of the attitudes associated with the New Christian Right. Although the church and the school were not places where people were taught that Christians always ought to do what corporations want them to do, they were places where the free enterprise system was greatly respected. The school and the church were also places where the importance of submitting to the authority of teachers and ministers was emphasized consistently. Both the school and the church naturalized the authority of men, of heterosexuals, and of nation‐states.
Introduction
Authors: Fogelin Robert J.
Published: October 2003

The introduction sketches the method of interpretation that will be used in the essays that follow. It employs the principle that there is a very strong presumption in favor of the dual claim that philosophers meant to say precisely what they did say and that what they did say means precisely what it seems to mean. This is called a semantic principle of charity. It combines a principle of local interpretation – an attempt to understand how each bit of text moves the enterprise along – with a principle of global interpretation – an attempt to see, if possible, how these various parts form a coherent whole. It is opposed to presentism in all its many forms.
Hume's Worries About Personal Identity
Authors: Fogelin Robert J.
Published: October 2003

In the Appendix to his Treatise of Human Nature, Hume expressed his dissatisfaction with his treatment of the topic of personal identity. Unfortunately, he was not altogether forthcoming about what was bothering him, and, as a result, a variety of interpretations have been put forward on this matter. The suggestion presented in this chapter is that Hume's difficulties about personal identity are grounded in a rejection of the notion of a substantial soul or self in which ideas could inhere. Moreover, Hume also thinks that ideas themselves count as substances and thus neither need to nor can adhere in something else. Given this degree of separateness and looseness, it seems impossible to give any account of how the notion of personal identity could arise.
Wittgenstein on Identity
Authors: Fogelin Robert J.
Published: October 2003

Throughout his career, Wittgenstein harbored distrust for identity statements. In the Tractatus Logico‐Philosophicus, he banned a sign for identity from his system, declaring that “to say of two things that they are identical is nonsense, and to say of one thing that it is identical with itself is to say nothing at all.” His worry during the Tractarian period was that the use of an identity sign allowed the formulation of existence statements, e.g., that the world contains at least one thing. Later in his career he rejected F. P. Ramsay's attempt to introduce an extensionalized version of identity into logic. In his later period, he ridiculed the use of the law of identity as a paradigm of sameness.