bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The complete chloroplast genome of the Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) and an adaptive evolutionary analysis of the ycf2 gene
Authors: Zhong Qiwen , Yang Shipeng , Sun Xuemei , Wang Lihui , Li Yi
Published: August 2019

Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) is widely cultivated in Northwest China, and it has become an emerging economic crop that is rapidly developing. Because of its elevated inulin content and high resistance, it is widely used in functional food, inulin processing, feed, and ecological management. In this study, Illumina sequencing technology was utilized to assemble and annotate the complete chloroplast genome sequences of Jerusalem artichoke. The total length was 151,431 bp, including four conserved regions: A pair of reverse repeat regions (IRa 24,568 bp and IRb 24,603 bp), a large single-copy region (83,981 bp), and a small single-copy region (18,279 bp). The genome had a total of 115 genes, with 19 present in the reverse direction in the IR region. A total of 36 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were identified in the coding and non-coding regions, most of which were biased toward A/T bases. A total of 32 SSRs were distributed in the non-coding regions. A comparative analysis of the chloroplast genome sequence of the Jerusalem artichoke and other species of the composite family revealed that the chloroplast genome sequences of plants of the composite family were highly conserved. Differences were observed in 24 gene loci in the coding region, with the degree of differentiation of the ycf2 gene being the most obvious. A phylogenetic analysis showed that H. petiolaris subsp. fallax had the closest relationship with Jerusalem artichoke, both members of the Helianthus genus. Selective locus detection of the ycf2 gene in eight species of the composite family was performed to explore adaptive evolution traits of the ycf2 gene in Jerusalem artichoke. The results show that there are significant and extremely significant positive selection sites at the 1239N and 1518R loci, respectively, indicating that the ycf2 gene has been subject to adaptive evolution. Insights from our assessment of the complete chloroplast genome sequences of Jerusalem artichoke will aid in the in-depth study of the evolutionary relationship of the composite family and provide significant sequencing information for the genetic improvement of Jerusalem artichoke.
The Relationship between Substance Use and Depressive Symptoms among Colombian Adolescents
Authors: Romero-Acosta K , Gómez-de-Regil L , Lowe G , Lipps G
Published: August 2019

Objective: To explore the relationship between substance use and depressive symptomatology among adolescents in Colombia. Methods: Adolescents aged 13–19 years from a rural city in Colombia completed the Spanish version of the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test and the Kutcher Adolescent Depression Scale-6 (KADS-6). Results: Regression analyses indicated that gender, having used cannabis, having used sedatives, and having a family member who used illegal drugs were predictive of higher symptom levels of depression according to KADS-6. Conclusion: The results of this study suggested that substance use was associated with depressive symptoms in this sample of Colombian adolescents.
A Critical Appraisal of Ancient Agricultural Genesis in China Emphasis on Rice, Millet and Mixed Farming: An Archaeobotanical Endeavor
Authors: Sameer Muhammad Azam
Published: August 2019

China has been noted as one of the three sovereign hubs of the origin of ancient agriculture. Specifically, millets like foxtail millet (Setaria italica) and broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) and rice (Oryza sativa), were and are imperative crops for the ancient as well as present Chinese people. In this regard, rice and millets are valuable crops in the history of China. It is also a fact that rice and millets belong to the important river such as Yellow River (North China) and Yangtze River (South China) which are the ancient centers of Chinese civilization as well. It is also unanimously accepted that rice and millets were domesticated at the same time within a solitary expanse in China but in different regions. The available archaeobotanical record also suggests the emergence and development of the mixed farming of millets and rice in different regions in China during the Neolithic age. This paper illustrates the archaeobotanical perspectives and retrospectives of the important crops such as foxtail millet, broomcorn millet, and rice. With this, the imperative archaeological sites, ancient agricultural activities, agricultural philosophy, crop dispersal, and further archaeobotanical scenarios since Pre-historic age in China are also the chief themes of this manuscript.
Role Expectations of Agricultural Extension Professionals – A Study in Odisha
Authors: Behera K. K. , Das R. N.
Published: August 2019

The role expectations of the Agricultural extension professionals are the determinant factors in developing competencies to perform their job successfully. A study was therefore conducted with the extension professionals working in the department of Agriculture and Horticulture, Govt. of Odisha during 2018. A questionnaire was developed and finalized after pre-testing which was mailed to 325 extension professionals working in all the 30 districts of Odisha. Only 182 had responded and returned the filled-in questionnaire. The data collected on the scale point of most essential, essential, undecided and not essential were analyzed with the score value of 4,3,2 and 1 respectively. Full support of the beneficiaries and stakeholders, computer and storage facility, documentation, prior arrangement of inputs and materials, regular monitoring and supervision, continuous guidance and expertise, training facilities as well as sufficient funds for demonstration were the pertinent role expectations of the extension professionals for their better job performance. The attributes such as education, experience, training and background of the Agricultural extension professionals had significantly influenced their job performance. The authorities of the state department of Agriculture have to provide facilities as per these expectations utilizing pertinent identified attributes enabling the Agricultural extension professionals to provide better job performance in technology transfer and adoption by the farmers for their sustainable livelihoods.
Perception, Awareness and Treatment Experiences about Onchocerciasis in a Rural Community in Cross River State, Nigeria: Implications for Control
Authors: Ejemot-Nwadiaro Regina , Ugobo Emmanuel , Nwachuku Nuria , Edadi Ukam , Okolie Elvis , Ofili Divine-Favour , Nja Glory
Published: August 2019

Background: Onchocerciasis a disease of poverty continues to place huge health, economic and social burden on communities at risk. Understanding critical factors that impact on access to treatment, acceptance and overall control measures are pivotal to the march towards its elimination.

Objective: To assess Onchocerciasis perception and treatment experiences in a rural community in Cross River State, Nigeria.

Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive study using mixed method was undertaken. Data were collected using pretested questionnaire and in-depth interview guide. Quantitative data were analysed using SPSS while the in-depth interviews were audio taped, transcribed verbatim and thematic analysis done. Findings were presented in frequencies, charts, percentages, tables and quotes. Tests of significance were determined using Chi-square (ꭕ2) at significance level of 5%.

Results:  Ignorance, myths and negative perception about the cause of Onchocerciasisas pervade in 64 (31.2%) of the respondents that did not know that the bite of infected Blackfly is the cause. Some attributed the disease to curse from the gods (45.3%) and witchcraft (23.4%). This poor knowledge is associated with lower highest attained level of education (p =0.01).  Non-availability of drugs (23.9%) and lack of knowledge on where to access ivermectin (9.8%) were the major challenges to ivermectin uptake. Inequity in treatment access was identified from the thematic analysis.

Conclusion: Poor knowledge of the cause of the disease, non-availability of ivermectin and misconceptions about cause of onchocerciasis had negative influence on health- seeking behaviors, discriminatory practices and treatment coverage. By integrating contextual knowledge awareness creation about Onchocerciasis into the design of control strategies will facilitate the vantage march towards achieving elimination target.
Death from Neglected Pituitary Adenoma: A Case Report
Authors: Ebughe G. A. , Ugbem T. I.
Published: August 2019

We present a case of a patient who presented with pituitary macroadenoma complicated with hydochephalus. He presented late to the referral hospital in a comatose state and died a few hours later. He was a 33-year-old, male who gave a history of highly accelerated symptoms lasting 1 week. Neurosurgical consultation as well as investigations with CT scan or MRI were not availed the patient,which could have been life saving. Autopsy findings were of a pituitary macroadenoma and signs of hydrocephalus and raised intracranial pressure which proved fatal.
The Role of Participatory Learning and Action on Strengthening the Different Domains of Empowerment on Self-medication with Antimicrobials in Nyalenda Informal Settlement, Kisumu County, Kenya
Authors: Owuor Isabel Akoth , Atieli Harrysone , Ouma Collins
Published: August 2019

Self-medication with antimicrobials (SMWA) is a common global practice. Studies in Nyalenda B Ward, an informal settlement in western Kenya, found that significant households (76.6%) perceived the practice of SMWA as convenient and appropriate. The rationale of the current study was in response to unsolved self-mediation practice through functional health literacy in such set-ups. This study used Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) as a tool and assessed its role on strengthening the different domains of empowerment on SMWA. The study adopted a descriptive survey design and data was collected from 1531 PLA trainees through focused group discussions and structured questionnaires. Results revealed that reasons for SMWA are ignorance and easier accessibility. Logistic regression analyses with a statistical significance tested at p≤0.05 established the association between PLA domains and all empowerment domains revealed that flexible learning and listening increase power within by 5 times (OR=5.361, 95% CI=3.101-9.268, P<0.0001), power with by 6 times (OR=6.160, 95% CI=3.437-11.39, P<0.00010) and power over by 2 times (OR=2.261, 95% CI=1.293-3.954, P<0.0001). Participatory evaluation may increase power within by almost 8 times (OR=7.711, 95% CI=5.184-11.459, P<0.0001), power with by 5 times (OR=5.012, 95% CI=3.375-7.443, P<0.0001), and power over by more than 3 times (OR=3.618, 95% CI=2,375-5,509, P<0.0001). Participatory interaction may increase power within by almost 8 times (OR=7.823, 95% CI=4.798-12.763, P<0.0001), power with by over 8 times (OR=8.610, 95% CI=4.987-14.866, P<0.0001.), power over by 4 times (OR=4.003, 95%CI=2.325-6.693, P<0.0001). PLA proved to be a useful tool for strengthening all domains of empowerment and integrated functions that prompted broader social connections.
Contributions to an Emerging Culture of Entrepreneurship
Authors: Obialo Felix-Kingsley
Published: August 2019

There is a global trend to take advantage of opportunities in entrepreneurship to grow and develop contemporary societies. The Nigerian society like other developing societies is experiencing some awakening in that regard. This work traces the advent of entrepreneurship from ancient to modern times capping it with the Nigerian contributions to entrepreneurial evolution. It argues that Nigeria’s is still an emerging culture of entrepreneurship which must be deliberately cultivated in spite of the individual, governmental and global recognition of entrepreneurial potentials of the Nigerian context through theory and practice. Consequently, to facilitate the development of entrepreneurial culture in the Nigerian economy and society, some ideas for intending entrepreneurs, governments and other stakeholders are advocated.
Salivary Megaliths: A Literature Review of Giant Salivary Sialoliths Larger than 30 mm
Authors: Tabatabaee Rosa Mostafavi , Tabatabaee Reza Mostafavi , Sanatkhani Majid
Published: August 2019

Background and Aim: Sialoliths are the most common salivary gland disease, Among them, there are rare sialoliths that have a size of more than 15 mm in one dimension, and salivary stones larger than 30 mm in one dimension is megalith that are very rare. Depending on the location and size of the stone, there are different diagnostic and therapeutic methods. In this article, we review the articles about salivary megaliths of unusual and gigantic size, the cause of stones formation and the method of diagnosis and treatment of salivary megaliths.

In this review article finding the number of reported salivary megaliths, causes, mechanism of stone formation, clinical presentation, diagnostic and therapeutic methods were written.

Materials and Methods: In this article review, Information was extracted through searches in databases by entering the keywords. Articles with incomplete data or articles that were less relevant to the topic or reported articles with giant stones smaller than 30 mm were excluded.

Results: A total of 77 articles, 85 patients suffering from megaliths and 86 salivary megaliths with a size of 30 mm and upwards have been reported up to now. The largest size is reported to be 83 mm. Megalith is more common in men and in the submandibular duct.

Conclusion: salivary megaliths are rare and Depend on the location of megaliths various diagnosis and treatment are available. The exact cause of the formation of them is unknown and further research is needed to identify the etiopathogenesis of the formation of these kind of gigantic salivary stones.
The Greenhouse Effect Definition
Authors: Ollila Antero
Published: August 2019

The greenhouse effect concept explains the Earth’s elevated temperature. The IPCC endorses the anthropogenic global warming theory, and it assumes that the greenhouse (GH) effect is due to the longwave (LW) absorption by GH gases and clouds. The IPCC’s GH definition lets to understand that the LW absorption is responsible for the downward radiation to the surface. According to the energy laws, it is not possible that the LW absorption of 155.6 Wm-2 by the GH gases could re-emit downward LW radiation of 345.6 Wm-2 on the Earth’s surface. When the shortwave (SW) absorption is decreased from this total LW radiation, the rest of the radiation is 270.6 Wm-2. This LW radiation downward is the imminent cause for the GH effect increasing the surface temperature by the 33°C. It includes LW absorption by the GH gases and clouds in the atmosphere and the latent and sensible heating effects. Without the latent and sensible heating impacts in the atmosphere, the downward LW radiation could not close the energy balance of the surface. The contribution of CO2 in the GH effect is 7.4% corresponding to 2.5°C in temperature. This result does not only mutilate the image of CO2 as a strong GH gas, but it has further consequences in climate models. It turned out that the IPCC’s climate model showing a climate sensitivity (CS) of 1.2°C (caused by CO2 effects only) could not be fitted into the total GH effect of CO2. A climate model showing a CS of 0.6°C matches the CO2 contribution in the GH effect.
Societal Perspective of Cost Analysis of an Early Intervention Programme for Autism Children and It’s Contributing Factors in Klang Valley Malaysia, 2019
Authors: Najib Mohammad , Juni Muhamad Hanafiah
Published: August 2019

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a public health concern globally, characterized by impairments in cognitive process, social functioning, communication skills, behaviours and interests. These problems require a multidisciplinary approach through an early intervention programme (EIP) which is remarkably expensive. To date, the knowledge of EIP costs for ASD children in Malaysia remains unknown. This study estimated the annual average costs of EIP for ASD children from the societal perspective (total average costs, education costs, treatment costs, and living costs), the relationship between the total annual average costs of EIP and its predictors. A cross-sectional cost analysis study using simple random sampling according to proportion was conducted among 280 parents of ASD children receiving EIP services in Klang Valley. The data were collected using interview-based questionnaire and proforma. The Activity-based Costing Technique was used to estimate the EIP-related costs. The non-parametric test was used for bivariate analysis and multiple linear regression for the predictors. The result showed that the total annual average costs of EIP, average education costs, average treatment costs, and average living costs per ASD child were estimated at RM15,158; RM3,896; RM1,948; and RM4,409 respectively. There was a significant association (P = .05) between total annual average costs of EIP, and its contributing factors; family income, ASD level, programme characteristics, and family support. Multiple regression analysis showed that 27% of the total annual average costs of EIP can be predicted by the combination of these factors; EIP types, EIP frequency, centre-based type, ASD level and family income. In conclusion, the study determined the total annual average costs of EIP and its predictors. This information is beneficial as evidence to assist the decision on future resource allocation by the policy maker.
Notch signalling is a potential resistance mechanism of progenitor cells within patient‐derived prostate cultures following ROS‐inducing treatments
Authors: Packer John R. , Hirst Adam M. , Droop Alastair P. , Adamson Rachel , Simms Matthew S. , Mann Vincent M. , Frame Fiona M. , O'Connell Deborah , Maitland Norman J.
Published: August 2019

Low Temperature Plasma (LTP) generates reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, causing cell death, similarly to radiation. Radiation resistance results in tumour recurrence, however mechanisms of LTP resistance are unknown. LTP was applied to patient‐derived prostate epithelial cells and gene expression assessed. A typical global oxidative response (AP‐1 and Nrf2 signalling) was induced, whereas Notch signalling was activated exclusively in progenitor cells. Notch inhibition induced expression of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), a marker of prostate epithelial cell differentiation, whilst reducing colony forming ability and preventing tumour formation. Therefore, if LTP is to be progressed as a novel treatment for prostate cancer, combination treatments should be considered in the context of cellular heterogeneity and existence of cell type‐specific resistance mechanisms.
Orchestration of the spindle assembly checkpoint by CDK1‐cyclin B1
Authors: Hayward Daniel , Alfonso‐Pérez Tatiana , Gruneberg Ulrike
Published: August 2019

In mitosis, the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) monitors the formation of microtubule‐kinetochore attachments during capture of chromosomes by the mitotic spindle. Spindle assembly is complete once there are no longer any unattached kinetochores. Here, we will discuss the mechanism and key components of spindle checkpoint signalling. Unattached kinetochores bind the principal spindle checkpoint kinase monopolar spindle 1 (MPS1). MPS1 triggers the recruitment of other spindle checkpoint proteins and the formation of a soluble inhibitor of anaphase, thus preventing exit from mitosis. On microtubule attachment, kinetochores become checkpoint silent due to the actions of PP2A‐B56 and PP1. This SAC responsive period has to be coordinated with mitotic spindle formation to ensure timely mitotic exit and accurate chromosome segregation. We focus on the molecular mechanisms by which the SAC permissive state is created, describing a central role for CDK1‐cyclin B1 and its counteracting phosphatase PP2A‐B55. Furthermore, we discuss how CDK1‐cyclin B1, through its interaction with MAD1, acts as an integral component of the SAC, and actively orchestrates checkpoint signalling and thus contributes to the faithful execution of mitosis.
Establishment of diagnostic reference levels in cardiac computed tomography
Authors: Rawashdeh Mohammad , Saade Charbel , Zaitoun Maha , Abdelrahman Mostafa , Brennan Patrick , Alewaidat Haytham , McEntee Mark F.
Published: August 2019

The aim of this study was to determine diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) for cardiac computed tomography (CCT) in Jordan. Volume computed tomography dose index (CTDIvol) and dose–length product (DLP) were collected from 228 CCTs performed at seven Jordanian hospitals specialized in cardiac CT. DRLs for cardiac CT were defined at the 75th percentile of CTDIvol and DLP. CTDIvol and DLP were collected from 30 successive cardiac CT in each center except for one center (18 scans). The 75th percentile of the CTDIvol and the DLP of the centers calculated from mixed retrospective and prospective gated modes were 47.74 milligray (mGy) and 1035 mGy/cm, respectively. This study demonstrated wide dose variations among the surveyed hospitals for cardiac CT scans; there was a 5.1‐fold difference between the highest and lowest median DLP with a range of 223.2–1146.7 mGy/cm. Differences were associated with variations in the mAs and kVp. This study confirmed large variability in CTDIvol and DLP for cardiac CT scans; variation was associated with acquisition protocols and highlights the need for dose optimization. DRLs are proposed for CCT; there remains substantial potential for optimization of cardiac CT examinations for adults in Jordan.
Microstructural Evolution in β‐Metastable Ti–Mo–Sn–Al Alloy During Isothermal Aging
Authors: Tahara Masaki , Hasunuma Kazuya , Ibaki Ryosuke , Inamura Tomonari , Hosoda Hideki
Published: August 2019

The microstructure of β‐metastable Ti–3Mo–6Sn–6Al (mol%) alloy is systematically investigated before and after isothermal aging. Before aging, nanosized martensite‐type lattice modulations are observed that correspond to the nanodomains reported in oxygen‐added Ti‐Nb base alloys. All six nanodomain variants are homogeneously distributed in the β phase, which suppresses the formation of macroscopic α″ martensite. An isothermal α″ phase (α″iso) forms in the parent β phase during isothermal aging. The crystal structure of the α″iso phase changes continuously during isothermal aging, approaching that of the α phase. No composition change is detected on α″iso phase formation, demonstrating that its formation is not due to precipitation or β phase decomposition. The thermally activated process required for the α″iso formation is considered to be a short‐range atomic rearrangement, which weakens the suppressive effect of nanodomains on α″ formation. However, the microstructure of the α″iso phase is different from the self‐accommodating structure of α″ martensite that forms on quenching or cooling. The α″iso phase comprises a main (matrix) variant, with all five other variants observed inside this matrix, with a size of 10–100 nm.
Fully Printed Piezoelectric Polymer Loudspeakers with Enhanced Acoustic Performance
Authors: Qiu Xunlin , Schmidt Georg C. , Panicker Pramul Muraleedhara , Quintana Soler Ricardo Alonso , Benjamin Aravindan Joseph , Hübler Arved C.
Published: August 2019

Piezoelectric polymer loudspeakers have advantages like lightweight, flexibility, simple structure, and small volume, which make them favorable for a variety of applications. Herein, such loudspeakers are fabricated by screen printing the bottom and top electrodes (poly(3,4‐ethylene‐dioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate), PEDOT:PSS) as well as the piezoelectric polymer layer (poly(vinylidene fluoride‐trifluoroethylene), P(VDF‐TrFE)), in between on paper substrates. The dielectric properties of the printed loudspeakers are studied with dielectric spectroscopy. Thanks to the self‐healing process during poling, the samples are successfully poled to saturation in spite of their large area of up to 300 cm2. The dependence of the acoustic output on remanent polarization and the active area of the piezoelectric layer is investigated. A sound pressure level (SPL) of about 91 dB at a distance of 1 m is obtained with array samples of five rectangular units (10 × 6 cm2 in area each). In particular, samples with two loudspeaker arrays printed, respectively, on both surfaces of the paper substrates are prepared, and a further increase of 6 dB in SPL is achieved when the two loudspeakers are driven in phase. The results not only deepen the understanding of fully printed piezoelectric polymer loudspeakers but also realize an SPL much higher than that reported in previous studies.
Consolidation of the Amorphous Zr50Cu50 Ribbons by High‐Pressure Torsion
Authors: Gunderov Dmitry , Boltynjuk Evgeniy , Ubyivovk Evgeniy , Churakova Anna , Kilmametov Askar , Valiev Ruslan
Published: August 2019

High‐pressure torsion is used to consolidate the melt‐spun Cu50Zr50 amorphous ribbons. The high‐pressure torsion processing is conducted varying the strain using different numbers of anvil rotations. Optical microscopy (OM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) are used to study the effect of processing regimes on consolidation and structural changes. Oxide layers, which are present on the surface of the initial amorphous ribbons, hinder the consolidation of ribbons into fully dense samples. Individual ribbons are clearly observed in the central region of the specimen deformed for one rotation, whereas the edge regions look more consolidated due to the strain gradient along the radius during processing. An increase in strain (by increasing the number of rotations) improves the homogeneity of the consolidated samples. The high‐pressure torsion processing for ten rotations leads to the formation of dense samples with a minor concentration of small crack‐like defects in the central region. Apparently, the oxides become refined and are distributed in the matrix predominantly in the form of fine particles. Possibly, there is also some dissolution of surface oxides with the formation of a solid solution of oxygen in the amorphous metallic matrix.
Joining of Graphite to Ti6Al4V Alloy Using Cu‐Based Fillers
Authors: Duan Yu , Mao Yangwu , Xu Zhemi , Deng Quanrong , Wang Geming , Wang Shenggao
Published: August 2019

Joining of graphite to Ti6Al4V (TC4) alloy is achieved with three Cu‐based fillers (Cu‐22TiH2, Cu‐50TiH2, and Cu‐30TiH2‐5Ni). Microstructural characterizations reveal that a thin TiC layer and a diffusion layer containing Ti solid solution (Ti(ss)) with Ti2Cu are developed at the graphite/filler layer and filler layer/TC4 interfaces, respectively. For the joint obtained with Cu‐22TiH2 filler, the filler layer consists of TiCu and Ti2Cu, whereas it is composed of Ti2Cu, TiCu, and Ti(ss) for the joint with Cu‐50TiH2 filler. In the case of the joint with Cu‐30TiH2‐5Ni filler, the filler layer mainly contains Ti(Cu,Ni) and Ti2(Cu,Ni). The microhardness of the interfacial area in the joints is highly related to the microstructure of joints. The filler layer of the joint with Cu‐50TiH2 filler exhibits higher microhardness than those with Cu‐22TiH2 and Cu‐30TiH2‐5Ni fillers, owing to the high content of Ti2Cu phase with relatively high microhardness and the increase in hardness of Ti‐Cu intermetallics at higher brazing temperatures. The high shear strength of joints reveals favorable bonding of Cu‐based fillers with substrates.
Silicon‐Based Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of Biomolecules: A Progress Report
Authors: Iakab Stefania Alexandra , Rafols Pere , García‐Altares María , Yanes Oscar , Correig Xavier
Published: August 2019

Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI‐MS) is widely used in the biomedical field for the label‐free analysis of molecules such as drugs, lipids, peptides, proteins, and biological tissues for molecular imaging. However, organic matrices used in traditional MALDI‐MS applications introduce excessive interferences in the low m/z range. For this reason, nanostructured materials—and in particular silicon‐based LDI strategies—have become a promising alternative, since they provide a much weaker background. Herein, the recent developments in fabrication, functionalization, and practical applications of silicon‐based LDI‐MS methods are reviewed. Also the basic requirements of silicon‐based substrates for optimal LDI analysis by providing an overview of the LDI mechanisms that use silicon‐based substrates instead of organic matrices are reported. Finally, the considerable potential of silicon‐based substrates is discussed, giving suggestions for topics for future research.
Self‐Assembly of Nanoparticle‐Spiked Pillar Arrays for Plasmonic Biosensing
Authors: Park Sung‐Gyu , Xiao Xiaofei , Min Jouha , Mun ChaeWon , Jung Ho Sang , Giannini Vincenzo , Weissleder Ralph , Maier Stefan A. , Im Hyungsoon , Kim Dong‐Ho
Published: August 2019

Plasmonic biosensors have demonstrated superior performance in detecting various biomolecules with high sensitivity through simple assays. Scaled‐up, reproducible chip production with a high density of hotspots in a large area has been technically challenging, limiting the commercialization and clinical translation of these biosensors. A new fabrication method for 3D plasmonic nanostructures with a high density, large volume of hotspots and therefore inherently improved detection capabilities is developed. Specifically, Au nanoparticle‐spiked Au nanopillar arrays are prepared by utilizing enhanced surface diffusion of adsorbed Au atoms on a slippery Au nanopillar arrays through a simple vacuum process. This process enables the direct formation of a high density of spherical Au nanoparticles on the 1 nm‐thick dielectric coated Au nanopillar arrays without high‐temperature annealing, which results in multiple plasmonic coupling, and thereby large effective volume of hotspots in 3D spaces. The plasmonic nanostructures show signal enhancements over 8.3 × 108‐fold for surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy and over 2.7 × 102‐fold for plasmon‐enhanced fluorescence. The 3D plasmonic chip is used to detect avian influenza‐associated antibodies at 100 times higher sensitivity compared with unstructured Au substrates for plasmon‐enhanced fluorescence detection. Such a simple and scalable fabrication of highly sensitive 3D plasmonic nanostructures provides new opportunities to broaden plasmon‐enhanced sensing applications.
Tunable Single and Double γ‐C−H Arylation of Phenylacetamides Directed by o‐Aminophenols
Authors: Tu Zhi , Du Yi , Cao Xiaoji , Liu Yunyun
Published: August 2019

The cheap and easily available o‐aminophenols (OAPs) have been identified as practical directing component for the Pd‐catalyzed aromatic γ‐C−H bond arylation of phenylacetamides. Notably, the selective single and double arylation of the C−H bond(s) in the γ‐potion has been independently realized by simply modifying reaction conditions. The catalytic system of Pd(CF3OO)2/K2S2O8/K2CO3 enables the selective single C−H arylation. On the other hand, the catalysis of Pd(OAc)2 in the presence of KIO3/K2CO3 induces the selective arylation of both γ‐C−H bonds.

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Copper‐Catalyzed Reaction of Aryl Isocyanides with Active Methylene Isocyanides and Arylsulfonothioates: Synthesis of Sulfur‐Containing Trisubstituted Imidazoles
Authors: Xu Pei , Zhu Yi‐Ming , Li Xing‐Jia , Wang Fei , Wang Shun‐Yi , Ji Shun‐Jun
Published: August 2019

A Copper‐catalyzed reaction of aryl isocyanides with active methylene isocyanides and arylsulfonothioates is developed for the synthesis of sulfur‐containing trisubstituted imidazoles. This reaction not only forms new C−C, C−N, and C−S bonds in one step, but also provides a new strategy for the construction of trisubstituted imidazoles based on the isocyanide‐isocyanide [3+2] cycloaddition.

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Maximum spread of droplets on chemically striped surfaces
Authors: Zou Lei , Wang Hong , Zhu Xun , Chen Rong , Ding Yudong , Liao Qiang
Published: August 2019

Chemically striped surfaces have a strong ability to control the shape of droplets and even to split a droplet, which can be applied in microfluidic, printing fields and spray cooling fields. The droplet splitting behavior is affected by the number of hydrophobic stripes spanned by the droplet at its maximum spread moment, which is determined by the maximum spreading factor. In this study, an area ratio is adopted to analyze a droplet's spread on the hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions at maximum spread moment. Coupled with an energy conservation equation, an analytical model is presented to predict the maximum spread factor of a droplet on a chemically striped surface.
A market‐driven algorithm for the assessment of promising bio‐based chemicals
Authors: Helal Agustín , Kreimerman Roberto , Gutiérrez Soledad , Torres Ana I.
Published: August 2019

Actors willing to participate in biomass‐based value chains need to screen through a vast number of product options to identify the most promising ones. This is challenging as (a) processes for biomass‐based chemicals/materials are still in development stage, thus do not perform well in techno‐economic evaluations, (b) factors as which and how many links of the value chain should be uptaken, are not fully addressed by techno‐economic analysis. Inspired by the Five Forces framework for industry analysis, this work presents an algorithm‐like approach for assessing the attractiveness of biomass‐based products. The algorithm relies on market data to classify the different sources as posing a low, medium, or high threat to the profit of a company that is considering production of a certain chemical/material. The approach is exemplified by analyzing the attractiveness of the biomass‐lactic acid‐polylactic acid route in the context of defining pathways for development of a biomass‐based industry in Uruguay.
Beyond function: Engineering improved peptides for therapeutic applications
Authors: Adhikari Sayanee , Leissa Jesse A. , Karlsson Amy J.
Published: August 2019

Peptides are a promising source of new therapeutics, but the biophysical characteristics of natural peptides, including their stability and propensity to aggregate, can limit their success. Protein engineering offers powerful tools to improve the properties of peptides for biological applications. In this review, we explain rational design, directed evolution, and computational methods and how these methods can be applied to improving the characteristics of peptides. We also provide a discussion of engineering the thermodynamic stability, self‐assembly, reduced aggregation, proteolytic stability, and binding affinity and specificity of peptides, along with a perspective on future directions in engineering therapeutic peptides.
Elements of morphology: Standard terminology for the teeth and classifying genetic dental disorders
Authors: de La Dure‐Molla Muriel , Fournier Benjamin Philippe , Manzanares Maria Cristina , Acevedo Ana Carolina , Hennekam Raoul C. , Friedlander Lisa , Boy‐Lefèvre Marie‐Laure , Kerner Stephane , Toupenay Steve , Garrec Pascal , Vi‐Fane Brigite , Felizardo Rufino , Berteretche Marie‐Violaine , Jordan Laurence , Ferré François , Clauss François , Jung Sophie , de Chalendar Myriam , Troester Sebastien , Kawczynski Marzena , Chaloyard Jessica ,   International Group of Dental Nomenclature, Manière Marie Cécile , Berdal Ariane , Bloch‐Zupan Agnès
Published: August 2019

Dental anomalies occur frequently in a number of genetic disorders and act as major signs in diagnosing these disorders. We present definitions of the most common dental signs and propose a classification usable as a diagnostic tool by dentists, clinical geneticists, and other health care providers. The definitions are part of the series Elements of Morphology and have been established after careful discussions within an international group of experienced dentists and geneticists. The classification system was elaborated in the French collaborative network “TÊTECOU” and the affiliated O‐Rares reference/competence centers. The classification includes isolated and syndromic disorders with oral and dental anomalies, to which causative genes and main extraoral signs and symptoms are added. A systematic literature analysis yielded 408 entities of which a causal gene has been identified in 79%. We classified dental disorders in eight groups: dental agenesis, supernumerary teeth, dental size and/or shape, enamel, dentin, dental eruption, periodontal and gingival, and tumor‐like anomalies. We aim the classification to act as a shared reference for clinical and epidemiological studies. We welcome critical evaluations of the definitions and classification and will regularly update the classification for newly recognized conditions.
Characterization of the Beckwith‐Wiedemann spectrum: Diagnosis and management
Authors: Duffy Kelly A. , Cielo Christopher M. , Cohen Jennifer L. , Gonzalez‐Gandolfi Christina X. , Griff Jessica R. , Hathaway Evan R. , Kupa Jonida , Taylor Jesse A. , Wang Kathleen H. , Ganguly Arupa , Deardorff Matthew A. , Kalish Jennifer M.
Published: August 2019

Beckwith‐Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is the most common epigenetic overgrowth and cancer predisposition disorder. Due to both varying molecular defects involving chromosome 11p15 and tissue mosaicism, patients can present with a variety of clinical features, leading to the newly defined Beckwith‐Wiedemann spectrum (BWSp). The BWSp can be further divided into three subsets of patients: those presenting with classic features, those presenting with isolated lateralized overgrowth (ILO) and those not fitting into the previous two categories, termed atypical BWSp. Previous reports of patients with BWS have focused on those with the more recognizable, classic features, and limited information is available on those who fit into the atypical and ILO categories. Here, we present the first cohort of patients recruited across the entire BWSp, describe clinical features and molecular diagnostic characteristics, and provide insight into practical diagnosis and management recommendations that we have gained from this cohort.
Asymmetric Photocatalysis by Intramolecular Hydrogen‐Atom Transfer in Photoexcited Catalyst–Substrate Complex
Authors: Zhang Chenhao , Chen Shuming , Ye Chen‐Xi , Harms Klaus , Zhang Lilu , Houk K. N. , Meggers Eric
Published: August 2019

3‐(2‐Formylphenyl)‐1‐pyrazol‐1‐yl‐propenones undergo an asymmetric photorearrangement to benzo[d]cyclopropa[b]pyranones with up to >99 % ee, which is catalyzed by a bis‐cyclometalated rhodium catalyst in the presence of visible light. Mechanistic experiments and DFT calculations support a mechanism in which a photoexcited catalyst/substrate complex triggers an intramolecular hydrogen‐atom transfer followed by a highly stereocontrolled hetero‐Diels–Alder reaction. In this reaction scheme, the rhodium catalyst fulfills multiple functions by 1) enabling visible‐light π→π* excitation of the catalyst‐bound enone substrate, 2) facilitating the hydrogen‐atom transfer, and 3) providing the asymmetric induction for the hetero‐Diels–Alder reaction.
Interfacial Enhancement by γ‐Al2O3 of Electrochemical Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Ethane to Ethylene in Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells
Authors: Song Yuefeng , Lin Le , Feng Weicheng , Zhang Xiaomin , Dong Qiao , Li Xiaobao , Lv Houfu , Liu Qingxue , Yang Fan , Liu Zhi , Wang Guoxiong , Bao Xinhe
Published: August 2019

Oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane (ODE) is limited by the facile deep oxidation and potential safety hazards. Now, electrochemical ODE reaction is incorporated into the anode of a solid oxide electrolysis cell, utilizing the oxygen species generated at anode to catalytically convert ethane. By infiltrating γ‐Al2O3 onto the surface of La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3‐δ‐Sm0.2Ce0.8O2‐δ (LSCF‐SDC) anode, the ethylene selectivity reaches as high as 92.5 %, while the highest ethane conversion is up to 29.1 % at 600 °C with optimized current and ethane flow rate. Density functional theory calculations and in situ X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterizations reveal that the Al2O3/LSCF interfaces effectively reduce the amount of adsorbed oxygen species, leading to improved ethylene selectivity and stability, and that the formation of Al‐O‐Fe alters the electronic structure of interfacial Fe center with increased density of state around Fermi level and downshift of the empty band, which enhances ethane adsorption and conversion.
AIE Triggers the Circularly Polarized Luminescence of Atomically Precise Enantiomeric Copper(I) Alkynyl Clusters
Authors: Zhang Miao‐Miao , Dong Xi‐Yan , Wang Zhao‐Yang , Li Hai‐Yang , Li Shi‐Jun , Zhao Xueli , Zang Shuang‐Quan
Published: August 2019

Atomically precise enantiomeric metal clusters are scarce, and copper(I) alkynyl clusters with intense circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) responses have not been reported. A pair of chiral alkynyl ligands, (R/S)‐2‐diphenyl‐2‐hydroxylmethylpyrrolidine‐1‐propyne (abbreviated asR/S‐DPM) we successfully prepared and single crystals were characterized of optically pure enantiomeric pair of atomically‐precise copper(I) clusters, [Cu14(R/S‐DPM)8](PF6)6(denoted asR/S‐Cu14), which feature bright red luminescence and CPL with a high luminescence anisotropy factor (glum). A dilute solution containingR/S‐Cu14was nonluminescent and CPL inactive at room temperature. Crystallization‐ and aggregation‐induced emission (CIE and AIE, respectively) contribute to the triggering of the CPL ofR/S‐Cu14in the crystalline and aggregated states. Their AIE behavior and good biocompatibility indicated applications of these copper(I) clusters in cell imaging in HeLa and NG108‐15 cells.
Crystalline Cooperativity of Donor and Acceptor Segments in Double‐Cable Conjugated Polymers toward Efficient Single‐Component Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Li Cheng , Wu Xianxin , Sui Xinyu , Wu Hongbo , Wang Chao , Feng Guitao , Wu Yonggang , Liu Feng , Liu Xinfeng , Tang Zheng , Li Weiwei
Published: August 2019

The crystalline cooperativity of the donor and acceptor segment in double‐cable conjugated polymers plays an important role in the nanophase separation and photovoltaic performance in single‐component organic solar cells (SCOSCs). Two double‐cable conjugated polymers with the same conjugated backbone and perylene bisimide (PBI) side units were designed in which PBIs were positioned symmetrically and perpendicularly (P1) and asymmetrically and slantingly (P2) along the conjugated backbones. After thermal annealing, both conjugated backbones and PBI side units in P1 tend to form ordered nanostructures, while PBI side units in P2 dominated the crystallization and hamper the crystallization of conjugated backbones. P1 showed good crystalline cooperativity between conjugated backbones and PBI side units, resulting in improved power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) up to 3.43 % in SCOSCs, while P2 with poor crystalline cooperativity exhibited PCEs below 2.42 %.
Cu–N‐heterocyclic carbene‐catalysed synthesis of 2‐aryl‐3‐(arylethynyl)quinoxalines from one‐pot tandem coupling ofo‐phenylenediamines and terminal alkynes
Authors: Motakatla Venkata Krishna Reddy , Gokanapalli Anusha , Peddiahgari Vasu Govardhana Reddy
Published: August 2019

A series of new benzimidazolium chlorides bearingN,N′‐benzyl, 2,4,6‐trimethylbenzyl and 2,4,6‐triisopropylbenzyl substituents have been designed and synthesized from variouso‐phenylenediamines. Subsequently, corresponding Cu‐basedN‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) were generatedin situin the reaction medium which represents a new application of NHCs exploiting distinct catalytic property towards intermolecular cyclization reaction cascade for the synthesis of 2‐aryl‐3‐(arylethynyl)quinoxalines fromo‐phenylenediamines and terminal alkynes. The outcome of the cyclization reaction product depends upon theN,N′‐substituents present on the benzimidazolium chlorides.
Evaluation of newly synthesized derivatives of bis(hydrazine‐1‐carbothioamide) and their metal complexes synthesized in bulk and nano size as potent anticancer agents
Authors: Taha Rania H. , Saleh Nashwa M. , Elhady Heba A. , Khodairy Manal M.
Published: August 2019

A series of new metal complexes were synthesized in both bulk and nano size using green methods, starting with the reaction of (E)‐N′‐[(E)‐2‐bromobenzylidene]‐4‐oxo‐4‐(piperidin‐1‐yl)but‐2‐enehydrazide with thiosemicarbazide and different metal halides such as CuI·2H2O, CuCl2·2H2O, CoCl2·2H2O, and ZnCl2·2H2O, and metal nitrate such as Ga(NO3)3·2H2O. Structures of these metal complexes were confirmed using different spectroscopic methods, elemental analysis, electronic spectra, and microanalytical methods (scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy) for nano complexes. The distorted octahedral geometry for all complexes was suggested based on magnetic moments and electronic spectral studies. The cytotoxic activity of the compounds was investigated against human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) and human colorectal carcinoma (HCT‐116) cell lines. Most tested compounds had higher inhibitory activity than the standard vinblastine drug. Interestingly, the nano‐sized Ga(III) complex 11 was the most potent compound against the two tested cell lines, with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 2.56 μg/mL for HepG2, compared with the reference drug vinblastine (IC50 15.6 μg/mL), and IC50 4.64 μg/mL for HCT‐116, compared with the standard (IC50 13.9 μg/mL). The bioassay results helped us identify new potent and selective anticancer agents.
Comparative Biological Activities Determination of Aqueous Extracts of Hempseed Oil and Hempseed Protein Isolate Production Coproducts
Authors: Dia Vermont P. , Wang Zhihong , Lin Yang , Pangloli Philipus
Published: August 2019

Industrial hempseed is an important agricultural crop with increasing potential for food applications. The objective of this study was to determine the different biological activities of hempseed coproducts after hempseed oil extraction and hempseed protein isolate precipitation. Hempseed oil was extracted by n‐hexane and the defatted meal was dried. The hempseed protein isolate was prepared by alkaline pH solubilization followed by isoelectric precipitation. Two coproducts were obtained by freeze drying the precipitate after alkaline solubilization and freeze drying the supernatant after isoelectric precipitation. The coproducts were called hempseed meal after protein isolation (HM‐PI) and hempseed supernatant after protein isolation (HS‐PI). The biological activities of HM‐PI and HS‐PI were determined by measuring their antioxidant properties, antiproliferative properties against two human colon cancer cell lines, and anti‐inflammatory activities in lipopolysaccharide‐induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. The results showed that HS‐PI has better biological activities than HM‐PI, which correlated positively with the concentrations of soluble proteins, soluble polyphenols, tannins, and flavonoids. Our results showed for the first time that coproducts of hempseed processing can be potential sources of food ingredients with health‐promoting properties.