bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Etik og kommunikation
Authors: Geist Uwe
Published: March 2016

"Det er ikke helt tilfældigt, at etik og PR ekspanderer voldsomt i

80´ernes Europa, og PR nærmer sig etikken. Begge dele er affødt

af dybtgående forandringer i livsbetingelserne, som er beskrevet

mange steder. Forurening, globalisering, polarisering mellem rig og

fattig, genmanipulation og informationseksplosion er de gennemgå-

ende motiver og et truende kaos det gennemgående tema". Det er

på den baggrund, at Uwe Geist, der er ansat på Roskilde Universitets-

centers Dansk/PR-uddannelse, i artiklen prøver at komme bag om et

modeord, som i de senere år har hærget både samfundet i almindelig-

hed og PR-branchen i særdeleshed. I artiklen sætter han først begre-

bet "etik" op imod beslægtede begreber som "moral", "høflighed" og

"ret". Dernæst diskuterer han etikkens nødvendighed, på den ene side

inden for Habermas´ teori om kommunikativ handlen og diskurs, livs-

verden og systemverden, hvor etik ikke handler om faste normer for

godt og ondt, men om gensidigheden som grundnorm; på den anden

side inden for Luhmanns systemteori, hvor gensidighed ganske vist er

funktions- og effektivitetsorienteret, men ikke kan undvære mekanis-

men og ressourcen "tillid". Fordi artiklen omhyggeligt forklarer de cen-

trale begreber, den diskuterer, kan den både fungere begrebsintrodu-

cerende for læsere uden omfattende forudsætninger på feltet, og be-

grebsafklarende for mere indviede læsere.
Anti-essentialisme og receptionsforskning. Et forsvar for teksten
Authors: Fetveit Arild
Published: March 2016

Hvad var årsagen til, at receptionsforskningen i 1980´erne kunne opnå

en så omfattende popularitet inden for medieforskningen? Arild Fetveit

argumenterer i artiklen for, at receptionsforskningens succes bunder i,

at den var i stand til at indkorporere tidens stærke anti-essentialistiske

strømninger inden for human- og samfundsvidenskaberne. Han argu-

menterer endvidere for, at et opgør med de relativistiske tendenser på

feltet kræver en nærmere drøftelse af de teoretiske problemer som

anti-essentialismen har bragt med sig. Han påbegynder hermed et teore-

tisk opgør med hvad han ser som overvurderingen af læserens frihed og

undermineringen af tekstbegrebet. Artiklen trækker på teoretikere som

Kant, Heidegger, Gadamer, Rorty, Eco og Fosh, og diskuterer de positi-

oner inden for medieforskningen, som er belvet fremført af Morley, Fiske,

Bruhn Jensen og Schrøder. Ved at gå Fish og Rorty på klingen når Arild

Fetveit frem til den overraskende pointe, at de anti-essentialistiske, kon-

struktivistiske positioner i virkeligheden er facade for en mere metafysisk

tekstopfattelse.
Turtelduer?: Medier, stat og politik i Central- og Østeuropa. Medieforandring i Central- og Østeuropa: Udvikling af en analysemodel
Authors: Jacubowicz Karol
Published: March 2016

Den polske medieforsker, Karol Jakubowicz, tager os med på en rundtur

i de tidligere kommunistiske lande i Øst- og Centraleuropa. Hvordan går

det med pressefriheden og mediernes løsrivelse fra staten? spørger han.

Han opstiller følgende kriterier for frie medier: Differentiering, professiona-

lisering af journalister, demonopolisering, decentralisering og en grad af

demokratisering. Ifølge Jakubowicz er der en tæt sammenhæng mellem

de politiske og økonomiske reformer, et land har gennemgået, og medier-

nes frigørelsesproces. De tidligere kommunistiske lande grupperes efter,

hvilket stade medieudviklingen er nået til og de politiske og økonomiske

forhindringer for medieudviklingen opregnes. Den gennemgående tendens

i det østeuropæiske medielandskab er "italienske tilstande", dvs. udbredt

statslig kontrol med medierne, stærke partitilhørsforhold og integration

mellem medier og den politiske elite, konkluderer Jakubowicz. Artiklen

har før været publiceret i tidsskriftet Javnost/The Public.
Forskning i tegneserier
Authors: Christiansen Hans-Christian
Published: March 2016

Der har altid eksisteret akademisk mistro over for massekultur. Som en

følge heraf har der været en tendens i forskningen til kun at betragte fel-

tets modtagereffekt eller indskrive fænomenet i pessimistiske kulturbe-

skrivelser: Den tidlige forskning i tegneserien har således i høj grad

været præget af opremsninger af negative effekter, og indtil 60'erne var

forskningsfeltet karakteriseret ved et meget begrænset analytisk per-

spektiv. I slutningen af 60'erne blev tegneserien imidlertid ”opdaget” af

litteraturteorien, der især betonede tegneseriens sociologiske og ideolo-

giske aspekter, og tillige blev tegneserien i 60'erne genstand for semio-

tisk funderet analyse i kølvandet på en voksende interesse for masse-

kultur. Med denne interesse for massekultur og en begyndende kulturel

institutionalisering af tegneserien i Frankrig og Belgien tegnede der sig

efterhånden konturerne af en tegneserieteori.
Massemedieundervisning. Om at give børnene et eftertænksomt sted at stå i eller uden for danskfaget... Et interview med Torben Brostrøm og Frands Mortensen
Authors: Tufte Birgitte
Published: March 2016

Massemedieundervisning. Om at give børnene et eftertænksomt sted at stå i eller uden for danskfaget... Et interview med Torben Brostrøm og Frands Mortensen
Medieundervisningen i ungdoms- og voksenuddannelserne
Authors: Jensen Else Fabricius
Published: March 2016

Medieundervisningen i ungdoms- og voksenuddannelserne
Mediefag på Gentofte Statsskole 1984-1985
Authors: Lützhøft Else
Published: March 2016

Mediefag på Gentofte Statsskole 1984-1985
Methodologies for tracking learning paths: designing the online research study Making a Filmmaker
Authors: Frølunde Lisbeth , Gilje Øystein , Lindstrand Fredrik , Öhman-Gullberg Lisa
Published: March 2016

The article concerns the design of a collaborative research project (2008-09) entitled Making a Filmmaker, which examines how young Scandinavian filmmakers create their own learning paths in formal and/or informal contexts. Our interest is in how learning experiences and contexts motivate the young filmmakers: what furthers their interest and/or hinders it, and what learning patterns emerge.

The aim of this article is to present and discuss issues regarding the methodology and methods of the study, such as developing a relationship with interviewees when conducting interviews online (using MSN). We suggest two considerations about using online interviews: how the interviewees value the given subject of conversation and their familiarity with being online. The benefit of getting online communication with the young filmmakers is the ease it offers, because it is both practical and appropriates a meeting platform that is familiar to our participants.
Attitudes towards documentary soundstracks - Between emotional immersion and critical reflection
Authors: Have Iben
Published: March 2016

Musical experience is often related to an emotional and imaginative engagement of the listener. Discourses of journalistic documentaries relate primarily to inferential knowledge systems in which the uses of background music as a communicative device become an object of epistemological critique. By listening to different voices – primarily from four focus group interviews – the article will discuss attitudes towards musical soundtracks in documentaries, attitudes being negotiated between emotional immersion and critical reflection, with the concept of manipulation as an underlying theme. In the end, the article will argue for the need for an acoustemological approach (Feld, 1996) to study the epistemological potential of sound in audiovisual media.
Hybridnettet er på vej - stadigvæk. Status over etableringen af et dansk hydbridnet
Authors: Prehn Ole
Published: March 2016

Hybridnettet er på vej - stadigvæk. Status over etableringen af et dansk hydbridnet
TV-mediet mellem fiktion og fakta
Authors: Gabold Ingolf
Published: March 2016

Bag TV-producernes konkrete æstetiske overvejelser over, hvordan en historie skal præsenteres, ligger en række teo- retiske refleksioner. Ingolf Gabold har med sine synspunk- ter på TV som udtryksmidel, været med til at udvikle den begrebsdannelse, som anvendes i Danmarks Radios efter- uddannelse af TV-producere. I denne artikel bestemmer han med udgangspunkt i narratolo- giens aktant- og berettermodeller og med inspiration fra Lacans psykologiske teorier forskellen mellem fiktions- og faktaprogrammer. Og derfra fortsætter han med at indkredse faktionens karakteristika, som en hybridform mellem fiktion og fakta.
TV-Hybridgenrer mellem fakta og fiktion
Authors: Stigel Jørgen
Published: March 2016

I denne artikel behandler Jørgen Stigel de seneste års ud- vikling i nogle af fjernsynets genrer. Hans synsvinkel er den, at TV-mediet først nu er ved at etablere sine "egne" genrer, f.eks. faktion og docu-drama - der ved første øje- kast tager sig ud som blandinger af de genrer, vi kender fra andre medier. Efter en indledende diskussion af de vil- kår, der gælder for faktaformidling i et stadig mere under- holdningspræget TV-univers, analyserer Jørgen Stigel nogle nyere danske eksempler på dybdeborende research-journali- stik, med hovedvægten på Sten Baadsgaard og Jørgen Peder- sens udsendelse om Tvind.
Mass Media Fail to Inform Women
Authors: Lund Sissel
Published: March 2016

Mass Media Fail to Inform Women
Kulturimperialismens nye ansigt. Mediestrømmen i den 3. verden
Authors: Løngreen Hanne
Published: March 2016

I denne artikel diskuterer Hanne Løngreen hvorvidt man kan anvende de gængse medie- og kulturimperialisme teorier på mediekulturer og medieforhold i den 3. verden. Undersøgelser over medieforhold i Asien og Afrika viser nem- lig at den amerikansk dominerede globale mediestrøm møder modstand fra nationale mediekulturer eller fra en national medie- og kulturpolitik, der prioriterer programtyper af ikke-underholdende karakter.
Musikvideo og tilskuer: Fjernsyn, ideologi og drøm
Authors: Kinder Marsha
Published: March 2016

Denne artikel af Marcha Kinder er allerede en klassiker. I næsten al litteratur om musikvideoer henvises der til den - også herhjemme. Det er især hendes typologi over musikvideoerne, som der refereres til, mens artiklens percep- tionspsykologiske sammenligninger mellem musikvideoer og drømme næsten ikke har været inddraget i debatten. Marcha Kinder har arbejdet med medier i en årrække og udgav sammen med Beverle Houston "Self and Cinema A Transformalist Perspective" /(Redgrave Publishing Vompany) i 1980. Artiklen "Musikvideo og tilskuer" er oversat i sin helhed fra "Music Video and the Spectator": Television, Ideology and Dream, Film Quarterly, vol. XXXVIII, no. I 1984 af Jim Høyer.
Oplevelsens Kvalitet. Om kvalitetskriterier i kunst og kulturindustri
Authors: Schrøder Kim
Published: March 2016

De fleste af os har en helt klar fornemmelse for, hvad der er skidt

og kanel på kulturmarkedet, hvadenten det drejer sig om maleri,

musik, litteratur eller TV-fiktion.

Kim Schrøder plæderer i denne artikel for, at den øgede indsigt i

tekstoplevelser, som receptionsforskningen har skabt i de senere

år, må føre frem til en rehabilitering af "den folkelige smag" og til et

opgør med "den gode smags tyranni": med den herskende opfat-

telse af kulturel kvalitet, der ser bort fra oplevelseskvaliteten og

udelukkende baserer sin kvalitetsvurdering på værkets formelle

æstetiske træk.

Han rejser bl.a. det spørgsmål, om man ikke bliver nødt til at opgive

en almengyldig forestilling om, hvad kvalitet er, så både "godt" og

"dårligt" altid er godt og dårligt for nogen? - Men hvis man virkelig

accepterer, at "smag og behag er forskellig", må det få kulturpoliti-

ske konsekvenser, som artiklen til slut kommer ind på.
Tegnfunktioner og markedsføring
Authors: Kragh Simon Ulrik
Published: March 2016

I sin indledning til bogen "Marketing and Semiotics. New Directions in

the Study of Signs for Sale" (anmeldt i dette nummer) fremfører Jean

Umiker-Sebeok, at markedsvidenskab og semiotik er "komplementære".

Simon Ulrik Kragh videreudvikler i sin artikel denne grundtanke: At

"semiotikken og erhvervsøkonomien kan udnytte hinandens indsigter

til at kompensere for egne svagheder". Begge parter vil derfor have

fordel af, at man "krydser de to traditioner i integrerede erhvervs-

økonomiske og semiotiske analyser".

Artiklens "markedssemiotik" udvider bl.a. de velkendte begreber om

denotation og konnotation til at omfatte ikke blot visuelle og verbale tegn,

men også forbrugernes oplevede produktbetydning. Herefter diskuteres

det, hvilken erhvervsøkonomisk effekt det har at anvende de forskellige

tegnfunktioner som handlingsparametre i markedsføringen.
Reklamen som pastiche. Om Dansk Sygeplejeråds annoncekampagne efteråret 1986
Authors: Agger Gunhild
Published: March 2016

Der er flere og flere medieproducenter, der anser modtagerne for at

besidde en vis tekstuel intelligens. Fra detektivpasticher som Dick

Spanner og Batman over den konstant genreparodierende "Moon-

lighting" (De heldige helte) til Poul og Nulles respektløse faktion "I

sandhedens Tjeneste" leges der med betydningsdannelsen.

Seerne/læserne indbydes til selv at spille ping-pong med billeder

og tekst.

Gunhild Agger analyserer her denne tendens, sådan som den kom-

mer til udtryk inden for reklamen: Anker Jørgensen som James Bond,

og kondomer til Prinsessen på Ærten! Mest indgående beskæftiger

hun sig med Dansk Sygeplejeråds brug af myten om sygeplejersken

i en annoncekampagne op mod overenskomstforhandlingerne i 1987.

Gunhild Agger nøjes ikke med en indholdsanalyse af annoncerne, men

beskriver hele kampagnen: Dansk Sygeplejeråds hensigter med frem-

stødet, kampagnens lancering over for den tre-dobbelte målgruppe,

læsernes formodede reception, og kampagnens politiske og holdnings-

mæssige effekter.
Den mediepædagogiske udfordring
Authors: Bang Jørgen
Published: March 2016

I denne korte artikel advarer Jørgen Bang mod, at undervisningen i medier

skal vende tilbage til den afstandtagende indholdskritik. Det sker bl.a. under

indtryk af Neil Postman´s danske udgave af "Amusing Ourselves to Death".

Hans synspunkt er, at receptionsforskningens spæde forsøg på at forstå

elevernes mediebrug bør fastholdes, hvis medieundervisningen skal have

nogen samfundsmæssig funktion.
En lytterkomposition over mødet med musik i DR
Authors: Lønstrup Ansa
Published: March 2016

Musikken i radioen handler også om lyttere. Hvor den foregående artikel af

Lars Ole Bonde havde sit udgangspunkt i musikproduktionen og dens vilkår

i DR, beskæftiger Ansa Lønstrup sig med musikken, når den forlader højt-

taleren. Artiklen handler ikke om musiklytning i arter og kvantiteter, men om

de oplevelsesformer og -muligheder, som musikken i radioen tilbyder for den

ikke-gennemsnitlige lytter.
Krig på kniven eller på kvaliteten - den danske TV-dokumentarisme i konkurrencealderen
Authors: Fritze Helle , Olsen Mimi
Published: March 2016

I 90´ernes faktaformidling er TV-dokumentarismen et væsentligt omdrej-

ningspunkt - da genren på både TV2 og DR med flagskibe som

Fak2'eren, Reportageholdet, Søndagsdokumentaren, DR-Feature og

DR-Dokumentar er genstand for en udpræget satsning, og desuden,

direkte eller indirekte udtrykt, opfattes som eksempel til efterfølgelse for

en faktaformidling på den halvkommercielle mediestrukturs betingelser.

Således udgør genren med sin særlige institutionelle rolle et væsentligt

spor til konkurrencealderens omdefinerede public service-begreb, og

den kan derfor også være med til at pejle faktaformidlingens fremtidige

udvikling.
Dansk børnefjernsyn? - JA TAK
Authors: Sørensen Birgitte Holm , Tufte Birgitte
Published: March 2016

Det var med spænding, at børn og forældre i 1988 imødeså TV2. Ville

der med denne nye kanal komme spændende børne- og ungdoms-

programmer, produceret af de mange unge producenter, som - med

tillid til entreprisemodellen - stod klar i kulissen?

En sammenligning mellem børne-TV på DR og TV2 viser, at TV2 ikke

har levet op til forventningerne. Tværtimod. TV2 tager ikke reelt bør-

nene alvorligt og medtænker kun i ringe omfang børns udviklingstrin

og erfaringer. Det gør derimod DR. Såvel kvantitativt som kvalitativt

er der forskel mellem programfladen for børn og unge på de to kana-

ler, men - set i lyset af udviklingen af børnefjernsyn på de internatio-

nale kanaler, produceret over laveste kommercielle fællesnævners

læst - må man sætte sin lid til dansk børne- og ungdomstv, som det

ser ud i dag på DR, og som det KUNNE se ud på TV2.
Registered report: COT drives resistance to RAF inhibition through MAP kinase pathway reactivation
Authors: Sharma Vidhu , Young Lisa , Cavadas Miguel , Owen Kate ,   Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology
Published: March 2016

The Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology seeks to address growing concerns about reproducibility in scientific research by conducting replications of selected experiments from a number of high-profile papers in the field of cancer biology. The papers, which were published between 2010 and 2012, were selected on the basis of citations and Altmetric scores (Errington et al., 2014). This Registered Report describes the proposed replication plan of key experiments from “COT drives resistance to RAF inhibition through MAPK pathway reactivation” by Johannessen and colleagues, published in Nature in 2010 (Johannessen et al., 2010). The key experiments to be replicated are those reported in Figures 3B, 3D-E, 3I, and 4E-F. In Figures 3B, D-E, RPMI-7951 and OUMS023 cells were reported to exhibit robust ERK/MEK activity concomitant with reduced growth sensitivity in the presence of the BRAF inhibitor PLX4720. MAP3K8 (COT/TPL2) directly regulated MEK/ERK phosphorylation, as the treatment of RPMI-7951 cells with a MAP3K8 kinase inhibitor resulted in a dose-dependent suppression of MEK/ERK activity (Figure 3I). In contrast, MAP3K8-deficient A375 cells remained sensitive to BRAF inhibition, exhibiting reduced growth and MEK/ERK activity during inhibitor treatment. To determine if RAF and MEK inhibitors together can overcome single-agent resistance, MAP3K8-expressing A375 cells treated with PLX4720 along with MEK inhibitors significantly inhibited both cell viability and ERK activation compared to treatment with PLX4720 alone, as reported in Figures 4E-F. The Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology is collaboration between the Center for Open Science and Science Exchange and the results of the replications will be published in eLife.
The hierarchical organization of the lateral prefrontal cortex
Authors: Nee Derek Evan , D'Esposito Mark
Published: March 2016

Higher-level cognition depends on the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC), but its functional organization has remained elusive. An influential proposal is that the LPFC is organized hierarchically whereby progressively rostral areas of the LPFC process/represent increasingly abstract information facilitating efficient and flexible cognition. However, support for this theory has been limited. Here, human fMRI data revealed rostral/caudal gradients of abstraction in the LPFC. Dynamic causal modeling revealed asymmetrical LPFC interactions indicative of hierarchical processing. Contrary to dominant assumptions, the relative strength of efferent versus afferent connections positioned mid LPFC as the apex of the hierarchy. Furthermore, cognitive demands induced connectivity modulations towards mid LPFC consistent with a role in integrating information for control operations. Moreover, the strengths of these dynamics were related to trait-measured higher-level cognitive ability. Collectively, these results suggest that the LPFC is hierarchically organized with the mid LPFC positioned to synthesize abstract and concrete information to control behavior.
Multi-functional roles for the polypeptide transport associated domains of Toc75 in chloroplast protein import
Authors: Paila Yamuna D , Richardson Lynn GL , Inoue Hitoshi , Parks Elizabeth S , McMahon James , Inoue Kentaro , Schnell Danny J
Published: March 2016

Toc75 plays a central role in chloroplast biogenesis in plants as the membrane channel of the protein import translocon at the outer envelope of chloroplasts (TOC). Toc75 is a member of the Omp85 family of bacterial and organellar membrane insertases, characterized by N-terminal POTRA (polypeptide-transport associated) domains and C-terminal membrane-integrated β-barrels. We demonstrate that the Toc75 POTRA domains are essential for protein import and contribute to interactions with TOC receptors, thereby coupling preprotein recognition at the chloroplast surface with membrane translocation. The POTRA domains also interact with preproteins and mediate the recruitment of molecular chaperones in the intermembrane space to facilitate membrane transport. Our studies are consistent with the multi-functional roles of POTRA domains observed in other Omp85 family members and demonstrate that the domains of Toc75 have evolved unique properties specific to the acquisition of protein import during endosymbiotic evolution of the TOC system in plastids.
The effects of an invasive seaweed on native communities vary along a gradient of land-based human impacts
Authors: Bulleri Fabio , Badalamenti Fabio , Iveša Ljiljana , Mikac Barbara , Musco Luigi , Jaklin Andrej , Rattray Alex , Vega Fernández Tomás , Benedetti-Cecchi Lisandro
Published: March 2016

The difficulty in teasing apart the effects of biological invasions from those of other anthropogenic perturbations has hampered our understanding of the mechanisms underpinning the global biodiversity crisis. The recent elaboration of global-scale maps of cumulative human impacts provides a unique opportunity to assess how the impact of invaders varies among areas exposed to different anthropogenic activities. A recent meta-analysis has shown that the effects of invasive seaweeds on native biota tend to be more negative in relatively pristine than in human-impacted environments. Here, we tested this hypothesis through the experimental removal of the invasive green seaweed,Caulerpa cylindracea, from rocky reefs across the Mediterranean Sea. More specifically, we assessed which out of land-based and sea-based cumulative impact scores was a better predictor of the direction and magnitude of the effects of this seaweed on extant and recovering native assemblages. Approximately 15 months after the start of the experiment, the removal ofC. cylindraceafrom extant assemblages enhanced the cover of canopy-forming macroalgae at relatively pristine sites. This did not, however, result in major changes in total cover or species richness of native assemblages. PreventingC. cylindraceare-invasion of cleared plots at pristine sites promoted the recovery of canopy-forming and encrusting macroalgae and hampered that of algal turfs, ultimately resulting in increased species richness. These effects weakened progressively with increasing levels of land-based human impacts and, indeed, shifted in sign at the upper end of the gradient investigated. Thus, at sites exposed to intense disturbance from land-based human activities, the removal ofC. cylindraceafostered the cover of algal turfs and decreased that of encrusting algae, with no net effect on species richness. Our results suggests that competition fromC. cylindraceais an important determinant of benthic assemblage diversity in pristine environments, but less so in species-poor assemblages found at sites exposed to intense disturbance from land-based human activities, where either adverse physical factors or lack of propagules may constrain the number of potential native colonizers. Implementing measures to reduce the establishment and spread ofC. cylindraceain areas little impacted by land-based human activities should be considered a priority for preserving the biodiversity of Mediterranean shallow rocky reefs.
An integrated text mining framework for metabolic interaction network reconstruction
Authors: Patumcharoenpol Preecha , Doungpan Narumol , Meechai Asawin , Shen Bairong , Chan Jonathan H. , Vongsangnak Wanwipa
Published: March 2016

Text mining (TM) in the field of biology is fast becoming a routine analysis for the extraction and curation of biological entities (e.g., genes, proteins, simple chemicals) as well as their relationships. Due to the wide applicability of TM in situations involving complex relationships, it is valuable to apply TM to the extraction of metabolic interactions (i.e., enzyme and metabolite interactions) through metabolic events. Here we present an integrated TM framework containing two modules for the extraction of metabolic events (Metabolic Event Extraction module—MEE) and for the construction of a metabolic interaction network (Metabolic Interaction Network Reconstruction module—MINR). The proposed integrated TM framework performed well based on standard measures of recall, precision and F-score. Evaluation of the MEE module using the constructed Metabolic Entities (ME) corpus yielded F-scores of 59.15% and 48.59% for the detection of metabolic events for production and consumption, respectively. As for the testing of the entity tagger for Gene and Protein (GP) and metabolite with the test corpus, the obtained F-score was greater than 80% for the Superpathway of leucine, valine, and isoleucine biosynthesis. Mapping of enzyme and metabolite interactions through network reconstruction showed a fair performance for the MINR module on the test corpus with F-score >70%. Finally, an application of our integrated TM framework on a big-scale data (i.e., EcoCyc extraction data) for reconstructing a metabolic interaction network showed reasonable precisions at 69.93%, 70.63% and 46.71% for enzyme, metabolite and enzyme–metabolite interaction, respectively. This study presents the first open-source integrated TM framework for reconstructing a metabolic interaction network. This framework can be a powerful tool that helps biologists to extract metabolic events for further reconstruction of a metabolic interaction network. The ME corpus, test corpus, source code, and virtual machine image with pre-configured software are available atwww.sbi.kmutt.ac.th/ preecha/metrecon.
Adaptation prevents the extinction ofChlamydomonas reinhardtiiunder toxic beryllium
Authors: Baselga-Cervera Beatriz , Costas Eduardo , Bustillo-Avendaño Estéfano , García-Balboa Camino
Published: March 2016

The current biodiversity crisis represents a historic challenge for natural communities: the environmental rate of change exceeds the population’s adaptation capability. Integrating both ecological and evolutionary responses is necessary to make reliable predictions regarding the loss of biodiversity. The race against extinction from an eco-evolutionary perspective is gaining importance in ecological risk assessment. Here, we performed a classical study of population dynamics—a fluctuation analysis—and evaluated the results from an adaption perspective. Fluctuation analysis, widely used with microorganisms, is an effective empirical procedure to study adaptation under strong selective pressure because it incorporates the factors that influence demographic, genetic and environmental changes. The adaptation of phytoplankton to beryllium (Be) is of interest because human activities are increasing the concentration of Be in freshwater reserves; therefore, predicting the effects of human-induced pollutants is necessary for proper risk assessment. The fluctuation analysis was performed with phytoplankton, specifically, the freshwater microalgaeChlamydomonas reinhardtii, under acute Be exposure. High doses of Be led to massive microalgae death; however, by conducting a fluctuation analysis experiment, we found thatC. reinhardtiiwas able to adapt to 33 mg/l of Be due to pre-existing genetic variability. The rescuing adapting genotype presented a mutation rate of 9.61 × 10−6and a frequency of 10.42 resistant cells per million wild-type cells. The genetic adaptation pathway that was experimentally obtained agreed with the theoretical models of evolutionary rescue (ER). Furthermore, the rescuing genotype presented phenotypic and physiologic differences from the wild-type genotype, was 25% smaller than the Be-resistant genotype and presented a lower fitness and quantum yield performance. The abrupt distinctions between the wild-type and the Be-resistant genotype suggest a pleiotropic effect mediated by an advantageous mutation; however, no sequencing confirmation was performed.
GPR18 undergoes a high degree of constitutive trafficking but is unresponsive to N-Arachidonoyl Glycine
Authors: Finlay David B. , Joseph Wayne R. , Grimsey Natasha L. , Glass Michelle
Published: March 2016

The orphan receptor GPR18 has become a research target following the discovery of a putative endogenous agonist, N-arachidonoyl glycine (NAGly). Chemical similarity between NAGly and the endocannabinoid anandamide suggested the hypothesis that GPR18 is a third cannabinoid receptor. GPR18-mediated cellular signalling through inhibition of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), in addition to physiological consequences such as regulation of cellular migration and proliferation/apoptosis have been described in response to both NAGly and anandamide. However, discordant findings have also been reported. Here we sought to describe the functional consequences of GPR18 activation in heterologously-expressing HEK cells. GPR18 expression was predominantly intracellular in stably transfected cell lines, but moderate cell surface expression could be achieved in transiently transfected cells which also had higher overall expression. Assays were employed to characterise the ability of NAGly or anandamide to inhibit cAMP or induce ERK phosphorylation through GPR18, or induce receptor trafficking. Positive control experiments, which utilised cells expressing hCB1 receptors (hCB1R), were performed to validate assay design and performance. While these functional pathways in GPR18-expressing cells were not modified on treatment with a panel of putative GPR18 ligands, a constitutive phenotype was discovered for this receptor. Our data reveal that GPR18 undergoes rapid constitutive receptor membrane trafficking—several-fold faster than hCB1R, a highly constitutively active receptor. To enhance the likelihood of detecting agonist-mediated receptor signalling responses, we increased GPR18 protein expression (by tagging with a preprolactin signal sequence) and generated a putative constitutively inactive receptor by mutating the hGPR18 gene at amino acid site 108 (alanine to asparagine). This A108N mutant did cause an increase in surface receptor expression (which may argue for reduced constitutive activity), but no ligand-mediated effects were detected. Two glioblastoma multiforme cell lines (which endogenously express GPR18) were assayed for NAGly-induced pERK phosphorylation, with negative results. Despite a lack of ligand-mediated responses in all assays, the constitutive trafficking of GPR18 remains an interesting facet of receptor function and will have consequences for understanding the role of GPR18 in physiology.
Formic Acid
Authors: Hietala Jukka , Vuori Antti , Johnsson Pekka , Pollari Ilkka , Reutemann Werner , Kieczka Heinz
Published: March 2016

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties3.1.Stability3.2.Carboxylic Acid Reactions3.3.Other Reactions4.Production4.1.Methyl Formate Hydrolysis4.1.1.Kemira ‐ Leonard Process4.1.2.BASF Process4.1.3.USSR Process4.2.Production from Formates4.2.1.Formates as Polyol Byproducts4.2.2.Formates from Carbon Monoxide4.3.Formic Acid from Carbon Dioxide4.4.Formic Acid from Biomass4.5.Other Processes4.6.Recovery of Formic Acid5.Environmental Protection6.Quality Specifications7.Chemical Analysis8.Storage and Transportation9.Legal Aspects10.Uses10.1.Biomass Preservation10.1.1.Silage10.1.2.Animal Biomass10.2 Leather10.3.Textile10.4.Feed Additives10.5.Pharmaceuticals and Food Additives10.6.Other Uses10.6.1.Rubber Coagulation10.6.2.Gas desulfurization10.6.3.Well acidifizers10.6.4.Formic Acid as Source of Hydrogen and Carbon Dioxide10.6.5.Cleaning Agents10.6.6.Solvent Use11.Economic Aspects12.Derivatives12.1.Salts12.1.1.Sodium Formate12.1.2.Potassium Formate12.1.3.Other Formate Salts12.2.Esters12.1.1.Methyl Formate12.1.2.Ethyl Formate12.2.3.Other Esters12.3.Performic Acid13.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Comparing source inversion techniques for GPS‐based local tsunami forecasting: A case study for the April 2014 M8.1 Iquique, Chile, earthquake
Authors: Chen Kejie , Babeyko Andrey , Hoechner Andreas , Ge Maorong
Published: March 2016

Real‐time GPS is nowadays considered as a valuable component of next generation near‐field tsunami early warning systems able to provide fast and reliable source parameters. Looking for optimal methodologies and assessing corresponding uncertainties becomes an important task. We take the opportunity and consider the 2014 Pisagua event as a case study to explore tsunami forecast uncertainty related to the GPS‐based source inversion. We intentionally neglect all other sources of uncertainty (observation set, signal processing, wave simulation, etc.) and exclusively assess the effect of inversion technique. In particular, we compare three end‐member methods: (1) point‐source fastCMT (centroid moment tensor), (2) distributed slip along predefined plate interface, and (3) unconstrained inversion into a single uniform slip finite fault. The three methods provide significantly different far‐field tsunami forecast but show surprisingly similar tsunami predictions in the near field.
Effect of climate change on surface ozone over North America, Europe, and East Asia
Authors: Schnell Jordan L. , Prather Michael J. , Josse Beatrice , Naik Vaishali , Horowitz Larry W. , Zeng Guang , Shindell Drew T. , Faluvegi Greg
Published: March 2016

The effect of future climate change on surface ozone over North America, Europe, and East Asia is evaluated using present‐day (2000s) and future (2100s) hourly surface ozone simulated by four global models. Future climate follows RCP8.5, while methane and anthropogenic ozone precursors are fixed at year 2000 levels. Climate change shifts the seasonal surface ozone peak to earlier in the year and increases the amplitude of the annual cycle. Increases in mean summertime and high‐percentile ozone are generally found in polluted environments, while decreases are found in clean environments. We propose that climate change augments the efficiency of precursor emissions to generate surface ozone in polluted regions, thus reducing precursor export to neighboring downwind locations. Even with constant biogenic emissions, climate change causes the largest ozone increases at high percentiles. In most cases, air quality extreme episodes become larger and contain higher ozone levels relative to the rest of the distribution.
Long‐term variability of surface nutrient concentrations in the North Pacific
Authors: Yasunaka S. , Ono T. , Nojiri Y. , Whitney F. A. , Wada C. , Murata A. , Nakaoka S. , Hosoda S.
Published: March 2016

We present the spatial distributions and temporal changes of the long‐term variability of surface nutrient concentrations in the North Pacific by using nutrient samples collected by volunteer ships and research vessels from 1961 to 2012. Nutrient samples are optimally interpolated onto 1° × 1° monthly grid boxes. When the Pacific Decadal Oscillation is in its positive phase, nutrient concentrations in the western North Pacific are significantly higher than the climatological means, and those in the eastern North Pacific are significantly lower. When the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation is in its positive phase, nutrient concentrations in the subarctic are significantly higher than the climatological means. The trends of phosphate and silicate averaged over the North Pacific are −0.012 ± 0.005 µmol l−1 decade−1 and −0.38 ± 0.13 µmol l−1 decade−1, whereas the nitrate trend is not significant (0.01 ± 0.13 µmol l−1 decade−1).
Bride Capture
Authors: Hanh Nguyen Thi Van
Published: March 2016

Bride capture is a form of forced marriage in which the bride is kidnapped by the groom, sometimes voluntarily but often involuntarily on the part of the bride. This way of marriage has a long history and is still practiced in many areas throughout the world. Bride capture is considered a cultural tradition and, though illegal, it is socially accepted. For its grave violation of human rights, resulting in irreparable psychological and physical damage to women's health, bride capture may be considered as marriage in form but as trafficking in content.
Bicultural Families
Authors: Noam Kris R.
Published: March 2016

Most children who have parents with different backgrounds grow up in a household with two cultures. Households can be bicultural based on race, ethnicity, religion, or nationality. These are cultural markers that define individuals' sense of self and how they see ourselves vis‐à‐vis the other. This entry presents a short overview of bicultural families. The advantages and disadvantages for children growing up in bicultural families are discussed. Last, it outlines three strategies that parents from different cultural backgrounds can adopt when socializing their children: transmitting one culture, transmitting both cultures simultaneously, or merging both cultures into a new family culture.
Attachment Theory
Authors: Özen Ayça , Uz Irem
Published: March 2016

Attachment theory is an influential theory about how early interactions with caregivers can shape working models of the self and others. Infants whose caregivers are responsive to their needs form secure attachments and see themselves and others as valuable and trustable. Infants whose caregivers behave inconsistently and/or are unresponsive to their needs form insecure attachments. The general attachment style formed early in life has a profound influence on subsequent relationships later in life, although experiences with other attachment figures during an individual's lifetime may modify the attachment style.
Abortion,
US
Attitudes to
Authors: Ashley Jessica L. , Brown Kristina S.
Published: March 2016

The question of whether or not a woman should be able to voluntarily terminate a pregnancy has been hotly debated for decades. In the United States, most individuals have an opinion about the morality and/or legality of the abortion act, and a majority of people indicate the issue is important to them. Attitudes range from the belief that abortion should be available to all women for any reason to the belief that abortion is equivalent to murder and therefore illegal and immoral. The basis of abortion attitudes is typically complicated, involving questions of gender roles, theology, and sexual morality.
Adjustment to Divorce (Spouses)
Authors: Shah Tamanna
Published: March 2016

Divorce is the legal termination of a marriage, and slightly less than half of all first marriages end in divorce in the United States. Because divorce is replete with losses resulting from multiple changes in family life, adjustment to divorce can be challenging and occurs in both public and private domains. For the many divorced spouses who are also parents, adjustment can be even more challenging. A number of factors affect adjustment, including individual characteristics such as age and employment and relational characteristics such as connections with others. However, most divorced persons go on to have positive lives, including those with children and the children themselves.
Attachment Styles
Authors: Bartholomew Mitchell , Schoppe‐Sullivan Sarah
Published: March 2016

According to Bowlby–Ainsworth attachment theory, human infants are born with a biological predisposition to form long‐lasting attachments to specific individuals. When caregivers respond to their infant's needs in a prompt and appropriate manner, the child develops a secure working model or style of attachment that he/she carries with him/her throughout the life span. Adults with secure attachment styles are comfortable with interdependence and experience high‐quality romantic relationships, whereas adults with insecure attachment styles engage in behaviors that thwart successful romantic relationships. Just as adult attachment styles appear to affect functioning in romantic relationships, they may also contribute to the perpetuation of attachment patterns across generations via their associations with parenting and parent–child interaction.
Blended Families
Authors: Nixon Elizabeth , Hadfield Kristin
Published: March 2016

Blended families, a term frequently used as a synonym for stepfamilies, are families that are formed when a biological parent cohabits with or marries a partner who is not the biological parent of his/her child. Blended families may face considerable challenges as new relationships are forged and roles and expectations are negotiated. Research has primarily focused on the adjustment of children in blended families, the parenting roles of stepparents, and the quality of marital, parent–child, and sibling relationships within these families. Quality of family relationships and the role adopted by stepparents are important influences on successful adaptation to living in a blended family.
Abortion, Laws, in the
U
nited
S
tates
Authors: Egner Justine E.
Published: March 2016

An abortion is a procedure to end a pregnancy. Abortion is medical or surgical and removes the embryo or fetus and the placenta from the uterus. Abortion law in the United States has drastically changed since the mid‐twentieth century. Supreme Court rulings have propelled controversy and new laws with states frequently instating new statutes. This entry examines the political climate and Supreme Court decisions of cases leading up to
Roe v. Wade
, as well as the
Roe v. Wade
and post‐
Roe v. Wade
cases and consequently the states' responses in the forms of laws on abortion.
Africa, Aging and Families in
Authors: Ibukun Akinyemi Akanni , Ibinaiye Taiwo , Togonu‐Bickersteth Funmi
Published: March 2016

Population aging is a global demographic phenomenon with cross‐cutting implications on other sectorial indices including health, the labor force, finance, and family. The proportion of people over aged 65 years around the globe was 10 percent in 2012 and is projected to reach 22 percent by 2050. It is projected that in 2040 more than one in every four Europeans will be at least 65 years of age and one in every seven will be at least 75 years of age. Many poor countries in Africa and Asia will also have an upsurge in the proportion of people aged 65 years and above. This will have significant impact on the family in terms of support and economic challenges. With competing forces and challenges for the family, there is cloud of uncertainty regarding the functional capacity of the family to cater for the elderly.
A
sian
A
merican Families
Authors: Shih Kristy Y. , Kang Hyeyoung
Published: March 2016

Asian Americans are one of the fastest growing and most ethnically diverse minority groups in the United States. They consist of approximately 30 ethnic subgroups originating from various Asian countries. Despite the diversity and growing number of Asian individuals in the United States, our knowledge of Asian American family life is incomplete, as much of the literature is in its infancy. Research on Asian American families tends to draw on cultural, rather than structural or critical, perspectives to explain family relationships and functioning. However, research has begun to identify both cultural and immigration‐related factors as well as diversity within and across groups. This entry discusses research on parenting and parent–child relationships, intergenerational relationships and elder care, gender and marital/power relationships, and racialized gender identities within Asian American families. It draws on literature from various ethnic groups within the broadly defined racial category of Asian Americans, when available.
B
aha'i Faith and Families
Authors: Black Carol F.
Published: March 2016

The Baha'i Faith community is a global religious community, with Baha'is residing in 116,000 different localities in 188 countries and 45 dependent territories. The faith is reported in the
Encyclopaedia Britannica
as the second most globally widespread independent religion in the world. Members of Baha'i families share a commitment to the equality of men and women, preservation of the institution of marriage as a physical and spiritual union of a man and a woman, and the spiritual and moral education of all children. Parental consent is needed before marriage but this is not the same as arranged marriage. Consultation in all matters is regarded as the highest form of communication, children are to respect their parents, and abuse of any form is expressly condemned. Divorce is allowed but strongly discouraged, and a year of waiting is required before divorce becomes final.
ABC
‐
X
Model of Family Stress and Coping
Authors: Rosino Michael
Published: March 2016

The ABC‐X model is used for analyzing stress and coping within families. The model consists of (A) the stressor event, (B) the resources available to a family, (C) the family's perceptions of the stressor, and (X) the likelihood of crisis. Variables B and C determine whether the stressor event (A) results in crisis. The ABC‐X model has been refined through the inclusion of additional factors such as a family's social context and further developed into the double ABC‐X model by subsequent research. The double ABC‐X model addresses postcrisis coping processes that determine whether a family can adapt to a crisis. It includes (aA) the pileup of additional stressors and the original crisis; (bB) existing resources and resources developed in order to meet the crisis; (cC) a family's perceptions of the crisis, additional stressors, and its available resources; and (xX) the likelihood of adaptation to crisis. The ABC‐X and double ABC‐X models are influential in family research and counseling.
Alimony Issues in the
U
nited
S
tates
Authors: Finley Gordon E.
Published: March 2016

Alimony issues are among the most contentious in family dissolution. As of 2015 there are alimony law reform proposals before most US state legislatures that still continue to have alimony laws, particularly permanent alimony laws. However, progress in this area has been slow, in part because of the virtual absence of sound social science research and government data.
Bangladesh, Families in
Authors: Naved Ruchira Tabassum
Published: March 2016

Most marriages in Bangladesh are arranged. Dowry is an ever increasing problem. Child marriage is rampant. The status of women in the family is traditionally low. Early marriage results in early childbearing. However, the total fertility rate has dropped to 2.1 recently. Women now have access to contraceptives, microcredit, and greater employment opportunities. The proportion of women who can choose their marriage partner, form nuclear families, and contribute to the household income has increased over time. Despite the weakening of the economic base of patriarchy, these changes in women's lives have not necessarily translated into improved gender relations in the family. This calls for more research.
Biosocial Perspectives on Families
Authors: Smith Suzanne R.
Published: March 2016

The role of biology and social environment in the development of individuals and families has been a long‐standing debate in our culture, and especially in the field of child development and family studies. Current research suggests that both genetic predisposition and social environment are important determinates of behavior, and that these are grounded in our evolutionary history.
Infrared process monitoring of conjugated linoleic acid/styrene/butyl acrylate bulk and emulsion terpolymerization
Authors: Roberge Stéphane , Dubé Marc A.
Published: March 2016

Free radical bulk and emulsion co‐ and terpolymerizations of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) with styrene (Sty) and butyl acrylate (BA) were performed at 80 °C. The polymerizations were monitored using an attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR) spectroscopic probe. Bulk polymerizations were monitored off‐line while emulsion polymerizations were monitored in‐line. Absorbance peaks related to the monomers and polymer were tracked to provide conversion and polymer composition data using a multivariate calibration method. Off‐line measurements using gravimetry and 1H‐NMR spectroscopy were compared to the ATR‐FTIR data and no significant differences were detected between the measurement methods. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43574.