bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ON THE USE OF PHYSICS BASED MODELS IN HARDWARE DESIGN AND
CONTROL
Authors: Kassinos Adonis , Lippsmeyer Jeffrey , Webb Steven
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

A discussion on the utility of physics-based compact thermal models to guide the
design, integration, operation and control of thermally sensitive vehicle
components is presented. Effective component selection requires honest and
accurate representation of the key performance attributes expressed by
physics-based models. Parallel developments and lessons learned from the
Electronics Industry on component packaging and characterization is discussed.
An example application of a physics-based model driven design is presented for
an Electrical Energy Dissipater design used on typical hybrid vehicles. Low
fidelity models are used early in the design to support system requirements
decomposition into discreet design attributes. High fidelity thermal and
electromagnetic models are used to explore the design space and to optimize
performance metrics. Accurate and robust reduced order thermal models are used
for the continuous prognostic, diagnostic monitoring and control of the
device.
NO HATCHES ON HORSES: CREATING ACCURATE ENCUMBERED DIGITAL HUMAN MODELS TO ASSESS OPERATOR OR PASSENGER SPACE REQUIREMENTS
Authors: Corner Brian D. , Gordon Claire C. , Zehner Gregory , Hudson Jeffrey , Kozycki Richard
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

For millennia the horse was the primary mode of transportation for mounted
soldiers. Ingress and egress from a horse’s back is straightforward,
space claims are only related to the size of the saddle, and there were no
confining walls to restrict what soldiers carried while on horseback. With the
rise of the modern mechanized army, vehicle design became more complex. Critical
to the effective design of vehicle interiors is an accurate model of the
encumbered operator or passenger. Developments in three-dimensional (3d)
scanning, computer-aided design (CAD) and other model creation capabilities make
it possible to reproduce accurately the underlying human form and to add
equipment encumbrances. This paper relates approaches taken in studies where
Soldiers or aviators were modeled to define space requirements or reaches.
Details of the modeling process, validation, and study results are given. Future
research is discussed.
NEW INTEGRATED TESTING SYSTEM FOR THE VALIDATION OF VEHICLE-SNOW
INTERACTION MODELS
Authors: Lee Jonah H. , Johnson Thomas H. , Huang Daisy , Meurer Stephen , Reid Alexander A. , Meldrum Bill R.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

A new integrated testing system for the validation of stochastic vehicle-snow
interaction models is presented in this paper. The testing system consists of an
instrumented test vehicle, vehicle-mounted laser profilometer and a snow
micropenetrometer. The test vehicle is equipped on each tire with a set of
6-axis wheel transducers, and a GPS-based data logger tracks vehicle motion.
Data is also simultaneously acquired from the sensors from the test
vehicle’s Electronic Stability Program. The test vehicle provides
measurements that include three forces and moments at each wheel center, vehicle
body slip angle, speed, acceleration, yaw rate, roll, and pitch. The
profilometer has a 3-D scanning laser and an Inertial Measurement Unit to
compensate for vehicle motion. Depth of snow cover, profile of snow surface and
wheel sinkage can be obtained from the profilometer. The snow micropenetrometer
measures the strength of the snow cover before and after vehicle traversal.
Preliminary results, including traction, drawbar pull, vehicle states, snow
profiles and snow material properties from recent field tests on natural snow
cover are presented, demonstrating the capability and potential of the testing
system.
Crew Centric Design Methodology Delivers Combat
Performance
Authors: Vala Marilyn , Navarre Russell , Kempf Peter , Smist Thomas
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The goal of the human factors engineer is to work within the systems engineering
process to ensure that a Crew Centric Design approach is utilized throughout
system design, development, fielding, sustainment, and retirement. To evaluate
the human interface, human factors engineers must often start with a low
fidelity mockup, or virtual model, of the intended design until a higher
fidelity physical representation or the working hardware is available. Testing
the Warrior-Machine Interface needs to begin early and continue throughout the
Crew Centric Design process to ensure optimal soldier performance. This paper
describes a Four Step Process to achieve this goal and how it has been applied
to the ground combat vehicle programs. Using these four steps in the ground
combat vehicle design process improved design decisions by including the user
throughout the process either in virtual or real form, and applying the
user’s operational requirements to drive the design.
AN ULTRASONIC GUIDED WAVE TOMOGRAPHIC IMAGING APPROACH FOR
CHARACTERIZING BALLISTIC DAMAGE IN COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
Authors: Royer Roger L. , Yan Fei , Avioli Michael J. , Meitzler Thomas , Rose Joseph L. , Owens Steven E. , Bishnoi Krishan
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Through Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) support from the U.S. Army, an
industry partner has explored the possibility of using an ultrasonic guided wave
computed tomography (CT) imaging approach to detect and characterize ballistic
damage to composite armor panels that are commonly used in ground vehicles.
Laboratory tests have been conducted and shows that the guided wave CT approach
can indeed be applied to these complex structures to provide accurate damage
mapping potential. Analytical analysis and finite element method (FEM) modeling
has been used to aide in understanding guided wave propagation behavior in these
anisotropic structures. The work presented herein clearly shows great potential
for using a guided wave sensing approach to locate and image ballistic damage in
composite armor panels as well as the ability to predict wave propagation and
scattering in these complex structures that could be used in the future to
predict optimal sensor geometry, configuration, defect type, and detection
sensitivity.
ADVANCING THE BEHAVIOR MODELING AND VISUALIZATION OF ENTITIES IN THE GROUND VEHICLE SIMULATION LABORATORY
Authors: Carruth Daniel W. , McGinley John , Mikulski Chris , Shvartsman Andrey
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The U.S. Army Tank Automotive Research, Development, and Engineering
Center’s (TARDEC) Ground Vehicle Simulation Laboratory (GVSL) has
provided warfighter- and hardware-in-the-loop simulation of current and future
vehicle systems for several years. Gaps remain in GVSL capability regarding the
visualization and behavior modeling of human entities. Filling these gaps is
necessary to create an immersive and realistic urban environment for
warfighter-in-the-loop patrol or convoy simulation. The current gaps in behavior
modeling and visualization capabilities are being addressed through an academic
partnership. The five-year project, part of the Simulation-based Reliability and
Safety (SimBRS) program, is leveraging capabilities to generate a wide range of
animations in the GVSL environment from human motion capture data and to develop
extended and new vehicle and pedestrian behavior models. This long-term effort
will significantly impact the breadth and realism of simulations possible using
the TARDEC GVSL.
ADVANCED FUNCTIONALLY GRADED PLATE-TYPE STRUCTURES IMPACTED BY BLAST
LOADING
Authors: Hause Terry
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The foundation of the theory of functionally graded plates with simply supported
edges, under a Friedlander explosive air-blast, are developed within the
classical plate theory (CPT). Within the development of the theory, the two
constituent phases, ceramic and metal, vary across the wall thickness according
to a prescribed power law. The theory includes the geometrical nonlinearities,
the dynamic effects, compressive tensile edge loadings, the damping effects, and
thermal effects. The static and dynamic solutions are developed leveraging the
use of a stress potential with the Extended-Galerkin method and the Runge-Kutta
method. Validations with simpler cases within the specialized literature are
shown. The analysis focuses on how to alleviate the effects of large
deformations through proper material selection and the proper gradation of the
constituent phases or materials.
A METHODOLOGY TO PREDICT TRANSIENT ENGINE COMPARTMENT AIR TEMPERATURE FOLLOWING ENGINE SHUT DOWN
Authors: AbdulNour Bashar , Battoei Mohsen , Doroudian Mark
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Cooling and heat protection of the engine compartment significantly impact the
performance of combat vehicles. An increased heat load occurs during soak-back
after engine shut down, where the fans are shut down. Heat is transferred from
the hot components in the engine compartment by natural convection to the
surrounding air and by radiation to the armor. The heat is then dissipated to
the ambient mostly by convection from the outside surfaces.

The objective of this study is to develop a methodology to predict the engine
compartment airflow velocity and temperature distributions, as well as the
surface temperature of critical engine components following engine shut down.
This study was conducted using a full-scale, mock-up engine compartment of a
typical wheeled combat vehicle under steady-state and transient operating
conditions. The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) package Fluent was used to
conduct the simulation. Steady-state simulation was performed first to predict
the condition prior to the soak-back. A transient simulation was then performed
to predict the flow and temperature fields during soak-back.

The developed methodology includes the creation of a conjugate heat transfer
model. During soak-back, the stored thermal loads from the engine, transmission,
oil pan, and exhaust system start to transfer to the air in the engine
compartment by natural convection. This causes a temporary rise in air
temperature of the engine compartment environment. This temperature rise causes
more heat transfer to the crew compartment. It could also damage thermally
sensitive components by approaching their critical design temperature. The
engine compartment air temperature starts to drop following the temporary rise
until temperature equilibrium is achieved. The rate of the reduction in
temperature and the time that is required to reach thermal equilibrium depends
on the ambient air temperature and wind speed. A significant advantage of this
analytical methodology is that no physical model is required.
A Framework for Modeling and Simulation of Tracked Vehicles of High
Mobility
Authors: Song Peilin , Melick Pete , Horchner James
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper presents a modeling and simulation framework for tracked vehicles for
ride comfort and load prediction analysis. The development began with the
identification of the key issues such as formulations, integration schemes and
contact (with friction) modeling on which the comparative studies are conducted.
Based on the results of the investigations, the framework and process for the
modeling and simulation of tracked vehicles are established and appropriate
algorithms for contact and friction are developed. To facilitate the modeling
and simulation process, a Python-based modeling environment was developed for
process automation, design optimization and design of experiment. The developed
framework has been successfully applied to the dynamic load predication of a
M1A1 based Joint Assault Bridge (JAB). The parameter optimization enabled with
the Python-based process automation tool helps improve the design and
modification of vehicles for significantly improved fatigue life of suspension
component.
SOFTWARE RELIABILITY PREDICTION FOR ARMY VEHICLE
Authors: Dattathreya Macam S. , Singh Harpreet
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Army vehicles are complex due to various on-board mission critical communication
devices. The Army cannot afford unreliable software to interact between the
devices. The Army vehicle software’s reliability is influenced by
multiple factors during or prior to its development. Using complex statistical
and mathematical models, software’s reliability can be predicted, but it
is dependent on the accuracy and context of the historical software failure
data. The cost of developing such complex models does not yield a good return on
investment. The data collection process to use these models is very difficult
and time consuming. In this paper, we propose reliability metrics based on the
current software development and design process factors. We also propose a fuzzy
logic based software reliability prediction algorithm using the proposed
reliability metrics.
Microgrid Modeling and Control to Investigate the Stability Impact of
Hybrid Vehicle Loads and Renewable Sources
Authors: Bordeau Kyle , Parker Gordon , Vosters Gregory , Weaver Wayne , Wilson David , Robinett Rush D.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper explores the effect dispatchable loads have on microgrids with a high
penetration of renewable sources. For this study, the dispatchable loads are
electric vehicles whose state of charge must be maintained on a 24 hour cycle.
Simulation and optimization tools are utilized in MATLAB to optimize a grid
design with 50% renewable energy sources in the form of a photovoltaic solar
array. The findings of this study are that the electric vehicle dispatchable
loads can be used to stabilize a microgrid against unpredictable losses in
renewable generation.
ANTENNA DEVELOPMENT FOR MULTIFUNCTIONAL ARMOR APPLICATIONS USING
EMBEDDED SPIN-TORQUE NANO-OSCILLATOR (STNO) AS A MICROWAVE
DETECTOR
Authors: Bankowski Elena , Meitzler Thomas , Zielinski Steve , Slavin Andrei , Tiberkevich Vasil
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Recent advances in spintronics resulted in the development of a new class of
radiation-resistant nano-sized microwave devices - spin-torque nano-oscillators
(STNO). To use these novel nano-scale devices in wireless communications system
as either microwave sources or detectors it is necessary to develop antennas
coupled to STNO and providing efficient radiation and reception of microwave
radiation. We demonstrate that it is possible to design antennas of a
sub-wavelength size that have sufficiently high efficiency to be successfully
used in spintronic communication devices. A coplanar antenna has the best
performance characteristics, because its impedance could be easily matched with
the impedance of nano-scale spintronic devices. We developed prototype
spintronic devices with matched coplanar antennas (oscillators and radar
detectors) which could be embedded into armor, thereby improving the
survivability of the antennas as well as reducing the visual signature of
antennas on military vehicles.
AFFORDABLE, HIGHLY AVAILABLE, HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING ENVIRONMENT
FOR GROUND VEHICLES
Authors: Press Barry , Sealander Jacob
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The U.S. Army has realized the need to change its procurement strategy to demand
shorter equipment fielding times, delivering capabilities with clear military
value that can be improved in low risk increments. This paper addresses the need
for a C4ISR infrastructure based on open standards that can be sourced from
multiple vendors and host the full spectrum of applications.

The Distributed Computing Environment (DCE) -- is a computing and network
infrastructure scalable from handheld and dismounted form factors through
redundant, distributed clusters supporting multiple secure enclaves, and
qualified for the most stringent of ground combat environments. The DCE captures
the benefits of commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) capitalization surrounding the
x86 architecture, and implements open standards including OpenVPX, POSIX,
Gigabit Ethernet, the Object Management Group Data Distribution Service, and the
Service Availability Forum.

Packaged COTS subsystems implement the hardware as rugged chassis comprised of
industry standard backplanes with fully integrated computing and I/O modules.
The result is rapid availability for high technology readiness level equipment
that delivers field-proven technology that will last the lifetime of a combat
vehicle, and has a clear technology upgrade path when required.
System Integration Laboratory (SIL) is a Key Tool for Establishing
and Testing Systems Engineering Discipline
Authors: Siddapureddy Venu , Fountain Nathan , Sanders David , Budzik Stacy
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The Integrated Survivability System Integration Laboratory (ISSIL) developed at
the U.S. Army Tank-Automotive Research, Development, and Engineering Command
(TARDEC) is a tool which enables and enhances the integration of Soldier
survivability technology suites. TARDEC utilized the ISSIL to bridge the gap
between concept and realization of the survivability demonstrator vehicle built
on MTV 1083 A1P2 platform. The ISSIL was a critical tool for enabling the
integration of mechanical, electrical, data, and networking components as well
as for validating the system integration through Soldier usability trials. This
paper describes how the ISSIL advanced the RDECOMs comprehensive systems
engineering process throughout the modeling, analysis, design, development and
testing of the demonstrator vehicle.
LESSONS LEARNED IN PERFORMING TECHNOLOGY READINESS ASSESSMENT (TRA)
FOR THE MILESTONE (MS) B REVIEW OF AN ACQUISITION CATEGORY (ACAT)1D VEHICLE
PROGRAM
Authors: Tzau Jerome , Dolan Anthony , Withun Matt , Goetz Richard , Johnson Brett , Putrus Johnathon
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

One of the biggest challenges in developing TRA is the determination of the
critical technology elements (CTEs). This paper outlines a systematic process
used to identify all potential technologies developed by the contractors during
the Technology Development (TD) Phase and applies criteria for selection of
CTEs. To reduce the subjectivity in the assessment, the relevant technical
requirements for each CTE that are important to the customers will be
established. These requirements must be met to demonstrate the level of maturity
required before entering the Engineering & Manufacturing Development (EMD)
Phase. The maturity of a CTE cannot be evaluated in isolation. The paper also
includes other system requirements that the CTEs must satisfy before the overall
system can be evaluated. A major defense ACAT vehicle acquisition program, Joint
Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV), was used to demonstrate the TRA process in
preparation for the MS-B Review with the Assistant Secretary of the Army for
Acquisition, Logistics, and Technology (ASA(ALT)) and the Assistant Secretary of
Defense for Research & Engineering (ASD(R&E)) within the Office of the
Secretary of Defense (OSD).
Integrating Life-Cycle Planning Considerations into Design through
the Innovation Based Design Process
Authors: Thurston Michael , Haselkorn Michael , Nasr Nabil
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Military ground vehicles often have service lives that exceed their original
design targets. For this reason, these vehicles typically require technology
upgrades during their useful life. When considering design trade-offs, both
mature as well as less mature or developing technologies need to be considered
against the anticipated service life for the vehicle. Early adoption of
technologies that are not sufficiently mature can result in operational
reliability and availability issues and increased sustainment costs. However,
failure to anticipate technology refresh requirements during the original design
phase may result in a platform that cannot be cost effectively upgraded as
technology or functional requirements change, limiting the functionality and
utility. This paper presents an Innovation Based Design (IBD) process as part of
a systems engineering approach that facilitates technology refresh cycles via
platform remanufacturing throughout the life of the platform. The IBD process is
demonstrated for a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) for
ground vehicles.
ROBOTIC SYSTEMS JOINT PROJECT OFFICE TECHNOLOGY NEEDS
ANALYSIS
Authors: Brennan Adam , Hart Aaron D. , Saxon Nancy , Rappold Robert , Mazzara Mark
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper addresses the Program Management Office’s perspective of the
robotic technology needs required to meet the capability gaps identified by the
Warfighter. The objective is to relay these needs to the Science and Technology
(S&T) community and industry in order to guide their investment dollars in
the right direction. The Robotic Systems Joint Project Office (RS JPO) has been
working closely with the Tank Automotive Research, Development, and Engineering
Center (TARDEC) to establish near, mid and far term needs for robotic
technologies. The hope is to communicate those needs to successfully steer the
robotic research and development efforts to meet the capabilities most needed by
our Warfighters.
HANDS-FREE, HEADS-UP CONTROL SYSTEM FOR UNMANNED GROUND
VEHICLES
Authors: Brown Jonathan , Gray Jeremy P. , Blanco Chris , Juneja Amit , Alberts Joel , Reinerman Lauren
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper describes work to develop a hands-free, heads-up control system for
Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs) under an SBIR Phase I contract. Industry is
building upon pioneering work that it has done in creating a speech recognition
system that works well in noisy environments, by developing a robust key word
spotting algorithm enabling UGV Operators to give speech commands to the UGV
completely hands-free. Industry will also research and develop two sub-vocal
control modes: whisper speech and teeth clicks. Industry is also developing a
system that will enable the Operator to drive a UGV, with a high level of
fidelity, to a location selected by the Operator using hands-free commands in
conjunction with image segmentation and video overlays. This Phase I effort will
culminate in a proof-of-concept demonstration of a hands-free, heads-up system,
implemented on a small UGV, that will enable the Operator have a high level of
fidelity for control of the system.
A NON-CONTEXTUAL MODEL FOR EVALUATING THE AUTONOMY LEVEL OF
INTELLIGENT UNMANNED GROUND VEHICLES
Authors: Durst Phillip J , Gray Wendell , Trentini Michael
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

A simple, quantitative measure for encapsulating the autonomous capabilities of
unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) has yet to be established. Current models for
measuring a UGV’s autonomy level require extensive, operational level
testing, and provide a means for assessing the autonomy level for a specific
mission and operational environment. A more elegant technique for quantifying
UGV autonomy using component level testing of the UGV platform alone, outside of
mission and environment contexts, is desirable. Using a high level framework for
UGV architectures, such a model for determining a UGV’s level of
autonomy has been developed. The model uses a combination of developmental and
component level testing for each aspect of the UGV architecture to define a
non-contextual autonomous potential (NCAP). The NCAP provides an autonomy level,
ranging from fully non-autonomous to fully autonomous, in the form of a single
numeric parameter describing the UGV’s performance capabilities when
operating at that level of autonomy.
Vaporizable Dielectric Fluid Cooling for Military Ground Vehicle
Hybrid Powertrains and Energy Storage
Authors: Saums David L.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Adequate heat dissipation and temperature control for power electronics are
critical requirements for vehicle electrification systems, to enable greater
power density, reduce size and weight, and improve system performance and
reliability. Substantial improvements in heat removal with an advanced thermal
management system can impact power semiconductor device operation, module and
system power density, and system reliability.

This presentation describes development, testing, and implementation of an
innovative two-phase, mechanically-pumped fluid cooling system for power
electronic systems which uses a common fluid available in military logistics
chains. Attributes of this Vaporizable Dielectric Fluid (VDF) cooling system
concept are listed, in comparison to traditional air- and water-glycol cooling
systems, with major advantages for overall performance improvement of the power
electronic systems for hybrid drivetrains. This system concept has been
developed and recently commercialized in a variety of critical power electronic
systems.

Intended to be designed as a system rather than as individual discrete components
developed by independent vendors, optimization for specific operational
requirements overcomes traditional concerns in two-phase operation for dry-out
potential and bubble blockages, with balanced design for multiple heat sources
with low thermal stacking, extreme temperature capability, dynamic optimization
with changing loads, and other criteria. Power density increases of up to 40%
have been demonstrated with this sealed, hermetic cooling system.

Advantages for implementation in heavy vehicle power train electrification and
for export power and similar electrical systems are explained, with examination
of appropriate coolants for military logistics systems in a sealed, pumped
system which requires no maintenance.
Tailoring of Acoustic, Smoke and Thermal Signatures from Diesel-Powered Unmanned Ground Vehicles
Authors: Jansons Marcis , Khaira Sukhbir , Bryzik Walter
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This work investigates non-traditional operating modes of a diesel engine that
allow the tailoring of acoustic, smoke and thermal signatures for unique
unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) military applications. A production, air-cooled
single-cylinder diesel engine having a mechanical fuel injection system has been
retrofit with a flexible common-rail injection and electronic control system.
The experimental domain explores the effects of the injection timing and
pressure on the engine’s acoustic, smoke and heat signatures through
analysis of the in-cylinder combustion processes. Surface maps of loudness,
exhaust temperature and exhaust smoke density over the range of fuel injection
strategies are presented, illustrating the degree to which each signature may be
controlled. Trade-offs between the signature modes are presented and discussed.
The results demonstrate the possibility of providing military UGVs the
capability to tailor their acoustic, infrared and smoke signatures independent
of speed and load, through an injection system retrofit and control
strategy.
SIMULATION OF A HYBRID PROPULSION SYSTEM WITH A FLYWHEEL ENERGY
STORAGE SYSTEM IN AN ARMY TACTICAL VEHICLE
Authors: Milner David , Smith Wilford , Albers Ken
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The next generation of military vehicles will require new and improved power
systems. As fuel prices continue to rise and as power draws become greater on
tactical wheeled vehicles, the performance and efficiency of the power system
becomes more important. Up to 40% of vehicular traffic in combat theater is
dedicated to fuel and water logistics. Reduction in fuel consumption will result
in less traffic and reduced exposure to IED’s as well as gains in cost
efficiency. Advances in powertrain and vehicle systems are required to achieve
these gains. Hybrid propulsion systems have been proven in passenger automobiles
as well as some commercial applications. This technology enables fuel economy
improvements upwards of 25%. Hybrid systems can also provide export power and
silent watch capability for military vehicles. Duty cycle and environmental
demands are more severe in military applications and current energy storage
devices are not robust. Several hybrid military platforms have been
demonstrated, but durability and performance concerns outweigh the benefits.
Specifically, electrochemical energy storage systems are limited by operating
temperature, and life cycle. Improved energy storage devices are needed and one
potential device is the high speed flywheel. Advances in materials and controls
have led to more efficient and more powerful systems. This paper explores the
application of current flywheel technology to a tactical vehicle using modeling
simulations and compares with existing energy storage devices.
LITHIUM ION VEHICLE START BATTERIES – POWER FOR THE
FUTURE
Authors: Marcel Mike , Alexander Les , Knakal Tony , Fagan Bailey
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Vehicles on today’s battlefield need batteries for more than just
starting, lighting and ignition (SLI) loads. Power requirements and the need to
provide this power during silent watch scenarios have been steadily increasing
as modern vehicles use increasingly more sophisticated communications and other
vetronics systems. Along with this need for more power is a need to communicate
to the warfighter the state of their vehicle batteries. Battery management that
provides the warfighter with accurate information about the current state of
charge and health of their vehicle batteries will allow them to use the energy
in their batteries without fear of not being able to start their vehicle after a
silent watch. Lithium Ion batteries, particularly Nanophosphate, show great
potential for providing long life, high capacity, lightweight, safe solutions to
these issues, enhancing the warfighter’s capabilities in the field.
INTEGRATING ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL SYSTEM FUNCTIONALITY INTO A SCHEME
OF THERMAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM EVALUATION METRICS FOR MILITARY
VEHICLES
Authors: Jones Stanley , Mendoza John , Frazier George , Khalil Ghassan
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Building upon the foundation of thermal management system metrics developed and
published from earlier studies, this paper addresses the incorporation of the
vehicle Environmental Control Systems (ECS) into this framework. Case studies
are presented that look at the implications of several ECS alternatives on a
conceptual military, hybrid electric vehicle platform through exemplar
calculations of thermal management system (TMS) metrics. Utilization of these
metrics allows for the comparison of design alternatives through a conceptual
design case study. Two sets of case studies are evaluated in tandem within this
study. In the first, the effect of cabin air-cooled component heat rejection is
compared to direct TMS liquid-cooled heat rejection alternatives. The
considerations of performance, packaging and reliability concerns are discussed.
In the second set of case studies, variations in vapor compression cycle
thermodynamic states are considered to provide metric-based guidance on design
alternatives.
DEVELOPMENT OF 5–10 KW JP-8 FUELED SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELL
AUXILIARY POWER UNITS FOR ARMY VEHICLE APPLICATIONS
Authors: Tew David , Hawkes Justin , Junker Toby , Kuczek Andrzej , Rheaume Jonathan , Sun Ellen , Xi Handa , Yamanis John , Zhu Tianli , Ratowski Jeff , Centeck Kevin
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Under the sponsorship of TARDEC, UTRC is developing 5–10 kW Solid Oxide
Fuel Cell (SOFC) Auxiliary Power Units (APU) that will be capable of operating
on JP-8 with a sulfur concentration of up to the specification’s upper
limit of 3000 ppmw. These APUs will be sized to fit within the
relatively tight space available on U.S. Army vehicles such as the Abrams,
Bradley and Stryker. The objective of the base development program that
commenced in August 2010 is a 1000 hour TRL-5 demonstration of an APU in an
Abrams configuration by mid-2013.

This SOFC system is expected to provide power to the 28 VDC vehicle bus at a net
efficiency ≥35%. In addition, the noise level is anticipated to
be far below that generated by combustion engine-based APU concepts.

UTRC has completed the Preliminary Design of the system and has finalized the
overall system configuration and the requirements for each of the components.
During the Preliminary Design phase, evaluations of the performance of sub-scale
prototypes of the desulfurizer, auto-thermal reformer, and stack were completed.
In the ongoing Detailed Design phase of the program, which runs through January
2012, each of the full-scale major components will be fabricated and tested.
APPLICATION OF PHYSICS-BASED MODELS TO PREDICT REAL-LIFE DUTY CYCLE
PERFORMANCE AND FUEL SAVINGS OF HYBRID ELECTRIC DRIVE
ARCHITECTURES
Authors: Nogueiro Porfirio L. , Combs Charles S.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

There is continued demand for military vehicles to provide increased fuel
economy. Recent trends have appropriately turned to the development of duty
cycles that better represent the real-life usage of vehicles. The advent of
hybrid electric propulsion and power system architectures offer opportunities
for reducing fuel consumption and greater power generation flexibility. The
challenge is to effectively quantify the predicted performance for the
architectures under consideration using tools that are applicable to shorter
development schedules.

This paper discusses the importance of using multidomain physics-based computer
simulations to perform the fuel consumption analyses. The models used include
mechanical, electrical, magnetic and thermal effects, and their intimate
interaction in order to predict the fuel consumption for a tracked vehicle
traversing courses at varying speed, up and down hills, and negotiating
turns.

This paper also compares the fuel consumption performance of two tracked vehicles
having the same overall characteristics but different propulsion systems; one
has a series hybrid electric drive; the other has a conventional mechanical
drive. During a 72-hour mission, the series hybrid electric drive consumed ~6%
less fuel than a comparable mechanical drive. During the 180-day campaign duty
cycle, the fuel savings increased to ~10%.
AN ADVANCED BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR LITHIUM ION
BATTERIES
Authors: Pilvelait Bruce , Rentel Carlos , Plett Gregory L. , Marcel Mike , Carmen Dave
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper describes the development of a Battery Management System (BMS) State
of Charge/Health (SOC/SOH) algorithm that was developed and proven for three
different lithium ion based cell chemistries (nanophosphate, lithium manganese
oxide, lithium iron phosphate). In addition, a universal BMS architecture based
on this algorithm was developed that can support other chemistries, capacities,
and formats. Algorithm performance was compared to actual data in the laboratory
environment and also to data from a lithium iron phosphate hybrid electric
vehicle pack that was integrated with an XM1124 hybrid electric HMMWV operating
in a vehicle environment under realistic conditions. The system demonstrated
accuracy within 5% in a software upgradeable, low cost package.
ACTIVE VEHICLE STABILIZATION FOR RECONNAISSANCE AND COMMAND CONTROL
ON THE MOVE
Authors: Beno Joseph , Bryant Adam , Weeks Damon
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Reconnaissance of distant targets with long reaching sensor technology demands a
stable platform upon which to operate. Traditionally this requires vehicles
deploying mast mounted sensors to remain stationary while collecting data.
Pairing electronically controlled active Electromechanical Suspension System
(EMS) technology developed by The University of Texas Center for
Electromechanics (UT-CEM) with current reconnaissance vehicle platforms creates
highly mobile intelligence gathering systems capable of operating on the move
over rough and unimproved terrain. This report documents the establishment of
criteria by which to judge sensor platform stabilizing performance of EMS and
then uses these metrics to evaluate performance improvements over conventional
passive vehicles. Based on this analysis it may be possible to operate
effectively over cross-country terrains at speeds of 10 to 15 mph while
collecting useful reconnaissance data.
TACTILE TERRAIN PREDICTION FOR AUTONOMOUS AND TELE-OPERATED GROUND
VEHICLES
Authors: Southward Steve
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Lidar, Sonar, and Vision-based measurements are often used to preview terrain
topology for unmanned ground vehicles. Environmental conditions such as wet or
snow-covered roads, shadows, superficial ground coverings, and deceptive surface
textures can lead to erroneous measurements. Tactile terrain prediction is both
an alternative and a supplement to existing measurement systems. Tactile
feedback from an array of low-cost sensors on the moving vehicle is used to
generate low wave-number terrain profile predictions. This paper presents
tactile terrain prediction results evaluated on four unique courses. Prediction
error data are presented up to 25m in front of the vehicle. Results indicate
0.02-0.2m RMS error and 0.18-1.0m peak error at a 10m look-ahead distance. As
expected, the prediction errors decrease exponentially as the look-ahead
distance decreases. The relatively small prediction errors suggest that the
proposed tactile terrain prediction method is a viable low-cost option for use
in autonomous and teleoperated ground vehicles.
Sensitivity Studies on Particle Emissions and Transport Around a
Moving Vehicle
Authors: Tong Xiaoling , Luke Edward A. , Smith Robert E.
Published: November 2024

Abstract

The paper will provide representative simulations of particle transport around a
vehicle in order to investigate some of the issues related to the accurate
prediction of emission and transport of particles induced by a moving vehicle
with a transverse blowing wind. Special treatments in boundary conditions and
wall law function are discussed and applied to maintain the shape of atmospheric
boundary layer wind velocity profile. For the vehicle, we adopt the geometry of
a Nissan Pathfinder SUV to study the effects of vehicle emission and transport
around a moving vehicle. We perform a set of simulations to better understand
the modeling requirements for dust emissions including a sensitivity study to
determine the modeling parameters that are most important for accurate modeling
of dust generation and transport. In particular, we study the effects of
location, size distribution, and initial velocity distributions of the modeled
dust emissions on predicted downwind atmospheric dust distributions.
Real Time Urban Acoustics Using Commercial Technologies
Authors: Mattson Steven G , Polakowski Stephen E. , Pruetz Jeff , Smith Rob , Janicki Phil
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

A methodology based on a combination of commercial software tools is developed
for rendering complex acoustic scenes in real time. The methodology aims to
bridge the gap between real time acoustic rendering algorithms which lack
important physics for the exterior urban environment and more rigorous but
computationally expensive geometric or wave-based acoustics software by
incorporating pre-computed results into a real time framework. The methodology
is developed by surveying the best in class commercial software, outlining a
general means for accommodating results from each, and identifying areas where
supplemental capability is required. This approach yields a real time solution
with improved accuracy. Strengths and limitations in current commercial
technologies are identified and summarized.
Modeling and Simulation of High Power Battery Cells –
Ensuring Safe, Reliable Power for the Warfighter in Various
Applications
Authors: Carmen David , Marcel Michael , Alexander Les
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Building battery packs for various, significantly different applications, is
often complex and risky. Detailed cell and pack modeling and simulation tools,
along with existing and predicted power and energy profiles significantly reduce
the risk of designing and integrating a new pack for new applications on the
battlefield. This paper will discuss a number of modeling and simulation
techniques, using case studies as examples, that ensure a battery pack, when
integrated to the application, will meet the predicted performance goals and
specifications. Actual data will also be shown to validate these techniques that
significantly reduce development time and risk when providing power to the
Warfighter.
HYPOTHESIS TESTING AND COMPARISON OF FUEL CONSUMPTION TEST
RESULTS
Authors: Morris Todd A.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Fuel use and resupply provisions are vital to all military combat operations, and
any significant reduction in the amount of fuel required to sustain the force
becomes a large tactical advantage for commanders Developers have been seeking
methods that offer even small gains in fuel economy. Small gains for a fleet of
thousands of vehicles translate into fewer fuel convoys to theater and large
costs savings over time. The challenge to the tester and evaluator is to
determine if these small advances are relevant or merely normally expected test
variation in the acquired fuel consumption parameters. All too often only the
mean fuel economy parameters are compared with and without the new equipment or
process without considering test variances inherent in collecting the parametric
data. The resulting analysis may then be seriously flawed. Hypothesis testing is
a useful statistical method for comparing two sets of test data (sample means
and standard deviations) to determine if there is a statistically significant
difference between the two sets. Often the two sets of data are made up of small
sample sizes (5 test trials are very typical for sets of fuel consumption data).
Therefore, for purposes of this discussion, we will consider only hypothesis
tests for the differences between two sample means for small (the number of
samples is less than 30) sample sizes. Several examples of fictional test data
will be subjected to hypothesis testing to show the value of such an
approach.
ENABLING COMPUTATIONAL DYNAMICS IN DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING ENVIRONMENTS
USING A HETEROGENEOUS COMPUTING TEMPLATE
Authors: Negrut Dan , Heyn Toby , Seidl Andrew , Melanz Dan , Gorsich David , Lamb David
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper describes a software infrastructure made up of tools and libraries
designed to assist developers in implementing computational dynamics
applications running on heterogeneous and distributed computing environments.
Together, these tools and libraries compose a so called Heterogeneous Computing
Template (HCT). The underlying theme of the solution approach embraced by HCT is
that of partitioning the domain of interest into a number of sub-domains that
are each managed by a separate core/accelerator (CPU/GPU) pair. The five
components at the core of HCT, which ultimately enable the
distributed/heterogeneous computing approach to large-scale dynamical system
simulation, are as follows: (a) a method for the geometric domain decomposition;
(b) methods for proximity computation or collision detection; (c) support for
moving data within the heterogeneous hardware ecosystem to mirror the migration
of simulation elements from subdomain to subdomain; (d) parallel numerical
methods for solving the specific dynamics problem of interest; and (e) tools for
performing visualization and post-processing in a distributed manner.
EFFICIENT HYBRID PROPULSION SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT AND VEHICLE
INTEGRATION
Authors: Holtz Jeffrey B. , Uppal Faisal J. , Naick Pratap
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper will incorporate product development methodology from the FED program
where AVL is responsible in collaboration with World Technical Services Inc.,
for delivering a fully developed hybrid propulsion system integrated into the
demonstrator vehicle. Specifically, the paper will discuss via case study the
unique methodology employed by AVL Powertrain to develop, validate, and
integrate our hybrid propulsion system into the FED vehicle. Content will
include traditional and virtual powertrain development methodologies that
maximize product development efficiency, ensure a robust final design, and
minimize development costs. Hybrid controls development, calibration techniques
and vehicle design issues will also be discussed.
ANTENNA PLACEMENT OPTIMIZATION ON TACTICAL VEHICLES USING A HYBRID
METHOD: MODELING AND SIMULATION (M&S) AND HARDWARE IN THE
LOOP
Authors: Ortiz Palou Erick E. , Garner Timothy J. , Palafox George
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper will discuss a hybrid approach for antenna placement optimization on
tactical vehicles. Tactical vehicles tend to have collocated antennas that
operate in adjacent frequency bands. It may be required that two antennas
operate simultaneously to satisfy a wide range of voice and data capabilities.
The current process to optimize the location of antennas on platforms involves
longer test times, complicated logistics, high costs, and is usually performed
in an uncontrolled environment. In order to optimize the placement location and
minimize the cosite interference between these antennas with consideration to
the top deck obstructions, it is advantageous to use a hybrid method. The hybrid
method presented here is the combination of Electromagnetic (EM) Modeling and
Simulation (M&S) and Laboratory Hardware in the Loop (HWIL) testing. This
paper presents the benefits of using this hybrid method in the areas of test
time reduction, lessening costs, easing logistics, and providing the test in a
controlled environment.
A USER-FRIENDLY TOOL FOR EVALUATING THE THERMAL RESPONSE OF HIGH
POWER BATTERY PACKAGING ALTERNATIVES
Authors: Jones Stanley , Mendoza John , Frazier George , Zanardelli Sonya
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The SAIC Battery Thermal Solver is a tool that allows for the evaluation of the
thermal response under a variety of cell types, loading conditions and packaging
alternatives for the battery designer, manufacturer, or system integrator.
Developed with a user-friendly interface, the Battery Thermal Solver allows for
a number of simulations to be performed. This paper discusses the capabilities
of the Battery Thermal Solver Tool through a thorough discussion of the battery
thermal problem—from cell heat generation, heat transfer mechanisms, to
the effects of alternative packaging strategies.
THEORY AND PRACTISE THE ART OF SIX SIGMA FOR HUMAN CAPITAL
MANAGEMENT
Authors: Maholick William , Godell Carl J
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Of the tests of any good theory or suppositional work, the most critical is
whether it can forecast the need or accurately describe the number, timing,
event and impact of the endeavor. In order to reduce the risk and to
exponentially increase the rate of success a continual reevaluation of the data
and reconfiguration of the plan will be required, must be properly front-loaded
with the appropriate human capital. This is precisely where the application of
Six Sigma, Project Management and, Six Sigma for Human Capital works’
intimately with Risk Management to mitigate error and insure the ultimate
success of the effort. This is critical in business, critical in the field for
greater energy efficiency for soldiers. Unified in concert as core disciplines,
the identification of human capital for specialists required at any particular
point in the project especially in the definition and design phases, is
determined with greater accuracy. Critically predictable and integrated into
project development there is now minimum loss to project continuity and
momentum.
REALIZING TOTAL HUMAN POTENTIAL THROUGH THE
LEADERSHIP
Authors: Thomas Andrew O. , Two Author
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This document describes how to maximize the human potential/capital of your
system or business by developing a Corporate Awareness. It explains and defines
how Leadership, Leadership Process and human potential interrelate. It next
focuses on the relation between Leadership Process and corporate culture, giving
suggestions on how to develop a Corporate Self Awareness, leading to the ability
to control corporate culture, in a manner that maximizes the human potential of
the system/business.

Next there is a discussion of solutions based on mathematical formulas and
algorithms that can be implemented to define and measure Leadership Process
using modern free source IT tools. Finally, this paper will provide support for
aligning system/business mission/products with the Leadership Process so that
Leadership maximizes the system/business human potential. It will suggest that
modern IT tools be implemented as part of the solution and provide the concept
of BWIKI as a solution.