bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Farther Study of Polydipsia Evoked by Hypo‐thalamic Stimulation in the Gloat
Authors: ANDERSSON BENGT , McCANN S. M.
Published: December 2008

1. Microinjections of 0.003 to 0.01 ml of 2 to 3 % sodium chloride solution into a fairly limited part of the hypothalamus of the goat produced drinking of from 2 to 8 liters of water on one or more occasions in 8 experiments in 16 goats.

2. Drinking commenced 30 to 60 seconds after the injection and continued for 2 to 5 minutes.

3. The polydipsic effect of the injections was not always re‐peatable.

4. Electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus in 7 experiments produced drinking from 5 different points of stimulation.

5. In contrast to the injection experiments, polydipsia could be produced at will by electrical stimulation of a discrete region of the hypothalamus lying between Columna fornicis descendens and Tractus Vicq d'Azyr.

6. Drinking caused by electrical stimulation commenced 10 to 30 seconds from the onset of stimulation and stopped 2 to 3 seconds after the current was discontinued.

7. Tremendous overhydration could be induced in this way followed by marked hemodilution and polyuria.

8. When tested in one experiment, the stimulation at the same point, where polydipsia was evoked, produced a marked antidiure‐sis of neurohypophyseal type.
Inactivation of Substance P by Proteolysis Enzymes
Authors: PERNOW BENGT
Published: December 2008

1. Substance P is rapidly destroyed by chymotrypsin. 100 units of substance P (0.5 mg) is completely inactivated by 7 μg chymotrypsin in 25 min.

2. Substance P is also inactivated by trypsin. The destroying power of trypsin is, however, about 200 times less than that of chymotrypsin.

3. The strong inactivating power of intestinal muscle on substance P, shown by Gullbring (1943), has been confirmed. This proteolysis principle has been highly purified by fractional precipitation with ammonium sulphate.

4. A proteolytic factor with the same pH optimum has also been found in other smooth muscle organs, such as the urinary bladder, ureter and uterus of the guinea‐pig and the rabbit.

5. Since bradykinin is inactivated by extremely small amounts of chymotrypsin but resistant to trypsin, it offers a sensitive and rapid method for checking the purity of trypsin preparations.
The Effects of‘ Muscle ExtractrJ on the Oxidation of Pnlmitic Acid by Liver Slices and Homogenates1
Authors: FRITZ IRVING
Published: December 2008

Summary and Conclnsions.

A partially purified, protein‐free rat muscle extract both raised the oxygen consumption and increased the conversion rate of C14‐carboxyl‐labeled palmitic acid by liver slices and homogenates. It was shown that the active factor(s) induced a relatively higher total activity in ketones than in CO2 when the C14‐labeled substrates were glucose, acetate, or palmitate. The presence of the factor(s) in cat plasma were demonstrated under certain conditions, and it was shown that carnitine addition to the incubation media duplicated part, but not all, of the actions of muscle extract. Various probable constituents of muscle extracts were eliminated as possible contributing factors in the effects elicited by addition of muscle extracts. The significance of the findings was discussed.
The Electrophysiology of the Submaxillary Gland of the Cat.
Authors: LUNDBERG. ANDERS
Published: December 2008

The electrophysiology of the submaxillary gland of the cat has been studied with external and intracellular electrodes.

The external chorda electrogram led off between the hilus and the free surface of the gland is not constant except for the initial, fast hilus‐positivity. After this initial phase, a slow phase appears, which may be hilus‐negative or, as in the sympathetic electrogram, hilus‐positive.

When recording over the duct wall inside the hilus, stimulation of the chorda or of the sympathetic nerve results in negativity of the duct interior. The time course of this potential change resembles that of the slow phase of the respective external electrogram.

In experiments with microelectrodes, three types of responses were identified, the differentiation depending on the magnitude of the membrane potential, as well as on the sign and time course of the potential change occurring on stimulation of the secretory nerves. It is assumed that these potentials are recorded from single cells.

Response type I, originating from gland cells, has a resting potential over the outer membrane of about 22 mV (cell interior negative). Stimulation of either of the secretory nerves increases the potential over the outer membrane to 45—60 mV, the latency and time course of this increase being similar to that of the initial phase of the external electrogram. It is suggested that the direction of current flow signifies that the lumen of the acinus is becoming positive to the cell interior.

Response type II, with a resting membrane potential of about 33 mV, is less often found. Single shocks to the chorda increase the internal negativity for 7—10 sec., whereas repetitive stimulation of the sympathetic nerve results in decreased internal negativity. There is no indication that these potentials have any equivalents in the external electrogram.

Response type III, with a resting internal negativity of 80 mV, is found only in the depth of the gland. Stimulation of either of the secretory nerves decreases this internal negativity, the time course being similar to that of the potential change recorded over the wall of the duct. It is suggested that this response originates from the cells of the striated tubuli, and that in addition to the potential change over the outer membrane directly measured, there is at activity also a potential change over the inner membrane with the sign that the lumen becomes negative to the cell interior.

The significance of these findings with respect to the mechanism of secretion and of problems concerning the innervation of gland cells is discussed.
Comparison of Intestinal and Skeletal Effects of Vitamin D in Relation to Dosage.
Authors: CARLSSON ARVID , LINDQUIST BERTIL
Published: December 2008

In young rats the intestinal absorption of Ca was increased as much by 10 I. U. of vitamin D as by 1,000 I. U. On the other hand, the effect on bone resorption was much more marked after the higher dose.
The Content of Mast Cells in the Pleural Membranes, Pericardium and Liver Capsule of Cattle and Horse. A comparison with earlier observations and assays of heparin and of histamine in these tissues
Authors: Wegelius Otto
Published: December 2008

The number of mast cells per area and volume have been counted in the pleura, pericardium and capsula hepatis of cattle and horse.

The capsula hepatis of cattle contains a 5—10 times larger number of mast cells than the other tissues. The pleura pulmonalis showed a content of mast cells which was only a fraction of that in the liver capsule. The high histamine content found by Riley and coworkers when analyzing ox pleura seem to indicate that histamine is liberated not only from the mast cells, but also from other elements of the tissues.
Acetylcholine Splitting Enzymes in Salivary Glands after Prolonged Treatment with Pilocarpine and an Atropine‐Like Substance
Authors: Strömblad B. C. R.
Published: December 2008

The effects of prolonged treatment with pilocarpine and Hö 9980 on the activity of acetylcholine splitting enzymes and on the sensitivity to acetylcholine and adrenaline in normal and denervated salivary glands of the cat were studied. Hö 9980, piperidino‐aethyl‐diphenylazetamid hydrochloride, Hoechst, is a substance with an atropine‐like action. The submaxillary glands were preganglionically denervated and the parotid glands postganglionically denervated.

A. Subcutaneous injections of pilocarpine twice a day for 8—12 days were found to produce the following effects:

I. Submaxillary glands:

Sensitivity. The supersensitivity to acetylcholine regularly found after denervation was prevented in the submaxillary gland; the secretory effect of acetylcholine after treatment was even less than on normal non‐treated glands.

Enzymic activity. The difference in cholinesterase activity between a denervated and an innervated gland was abolished.

II. Parotid glands:

Sensitivity. The denervation supersensitivity to adrenaline and acetylcholine of the postganglionically denervated parotid gland was lessened or abolished.

Enzymic activity. The pronounced difference in cholinesterase activity between a postganglionically denervated and a normal parotid gland was almost abolished.

B. Subcutaneous injections of Hö 9980 once a day for two weeks were found to produce the following effects:

I. Submaxillary glands:

Sensitivity. The sensitivity of the normal submaxillary gland to adrenaline was increased to about the level reached after denervation (confirming Emmelin and Henriksson 1953).

Enzymic activity. The relation in cholinesterase activity between a normal and a denervated gland was not materially affected.

II. Parotid glands:

Sensitivity. The secretory effect of adrenaline on the normal parotid gland was equal, after treatment with the drug, to the secretory effect on the postganglionically denervated gland; the difference otherwise brought about by denervation being abolished.

Enzymic activity. No effect on the cholinesterase activity neither in the denervated nor in the normally innervated parotid gland could be demonstrated; the marked fall in enzymic activity after postganglionic denervation could still be found.

The findings are discussed in relation to the theory claiming enzyme decrease as the cause of supersensitivity after denervation.
Tyramine as a Secretory Agent in the Submaxillary Gland of the Cat
Authors: Strömblad B. C. R.
Published: December 2008

The secretory effect of tyramine on variously treated submaxillary glands was investigated. It was found that:

1. Previous parasympathetic denervation causes a supersensitivity to tyramine.

2. Previous sympathetic denervation abolishes the response to tyramine.

3. Long‐continued treatment with an atropine‐like drug (Hoechst 9980) causes a supersensitivity to tyramine.

4. Long‐continued treatment with pilocarpine abolishes the supersensitivity to tyramine otherwise found after parasympathetic denervation.

Technical assistance was given by Miss Asta Hector.
Amine Oxidase in Salivary Glands after Prolonged Treatment with Pilocarpine or an Atropine‐like Substance
Authors: Strömblad B. C. R.
Published: December 2008

1. Long‐continued treatment with pilocarpine prevents the fall in amine oxidase activity and the supersensitivity to adrenaline and noradrenaline in salivary glands that otherwise follow parasympathetic denervation.

2. Long‐continued treatment with a parasympathicolytic agent (Hö 9980, Hoechst) causes a fall in amine oxidase and a supersensitivity to adrenaline and noradrenaline in salivary glands.

This work was supported by a grant from the Faculty of Medicine in Lund.

Technical assistance was given by Miss Asta Hector.
Effect of Adrenaline, Nor adrenaline, Isopropyl Nor adrenaline and Ephedrine on Tone and Lactic Acid Formation in Bovine Tracheal Muscle
Authors: MOHYE‐LUNDHOLM ELLA
Published: December 2008

The relaxing and the lactic acid forming effects on bovine tracheal muscle of adrenaline, nor adrenaline, isopropyl‐nor adrenaline and ephedrine were compared.

All four drugs had both a relaxing and a lactic acid forming effect. The degree of relaxation tended to run parallel with the rise in lactic acid content.

Drugs inhibiting glycol sis totally abolished the relaxing effect of all sympathomimetic amines that were studied.

The concentrations of l‐adrenaline. l‐nor adrenaline, dl‐isopropyl‐nor adrenaline and 1‐ephedrine producing a maximal relaxing effect had a ratio of 1: 2: 10: 350.
Conduction Velocity and Amplitude of the Action Potential as Related to Circumference in the Isolated Fibre of Frog Muscle
Authors: HAKANSSON C. H.
Published: December 2008

1. Conduction velocity and amplitude of the action potential and fibre circumference were measured in isolated frog muscle fibres in a large volume of Ringer's solution.

2. Conduction velocity was found to be a linear function of fibre circumference.

3. The velocity in a fibre of 100 μ diameter (circumference 314 μ) at 20°C was 2.44 & 0.05 m/sec. for spring frogs and 2.05 & 0.07 m/sec. for winter frogs. The total range in eonduction velocity at 20°C was 1.2–3.1 m/sec. for spring frogs and 1.0–2.76 m/sec. for winter frogs.

4. The amplitude of the action potential, both at constant distance from the fibre surface and at 500 μ from the midpoint of the fibre, was relatively greater in fibres with large than in fibres with small circumference.

5. The amplitude decreased steeply with electrode distance from the fibre up to 200 μ, and reached one tenth of the maximally measured value at a distance of about 600 μ.

At equal distance the amplitude was 20 per cent smaller when the electrode faced the rounded side of an elliptical fibre, than when it faced the flat surface (large diameter twice the small).

6. The findings with respect to conduction velocity and amplitude as a function of circumference are interpreted to indicate that the specific electrical properties of the membrane differ according to fibre size.
Reactions of Hedgehogs, Hibernating and Non‐hibernating, 40 the Inkahtion of Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen
Authors: BIÖRCK GUNNAR , JOHANSSON BENGT , SCHMID HANS
Published: December 2008

Hibernating and non‐hibernating hedgehogs were exposed to pure nitrogen an various mixtures of carbon dioxide and oxygen. Respectively. Temperature, respiratory rate, Heart rate and elec‐trocardiograpliic details were examined.

Anoxia was tolerated by the hibernating hedgehogs for one to two hours. By the non‐hibernating animals for three to five minutes. Hibernating hedgehogs reacted upon prolonged anoxia with a, de crease in heart and respiratory rate. P—R and QRS duration increased, while Q—T was unchanged. In non‐hibernating animals respiratory and heart rates rapidly decreased. P—R and QRS did not change. while Q T decreased. In both groups the QRS‐amplitude decreased.

Inhalation of 3 % carbon dioxide in oxygen resulted in no significant increase in respiratory rate, whereas 6 % and 9.5 % carbon dioxide provoked an increase in respiratory and heart rate with no consistent changes of the electrocardiogram, in both groups. The increase in respiratory ratc in non‐hibernating animals was somewhat greater than in guinea‐pigs, and in hibernating ones somewhat lower.,
The Rate of Elimination of Catechol Amines in Lymph
Authors: CELANDER OLOV , MELLANDER STEFAN
Published: December 2008

1. The inactivation of adrenaline and nor adrenaline in lymph collected from cats and. in one case, from a human being, was studied.

2. In lymph the sympathetic hormones are fairly stable and even after several hours at 38° C the loss is small. Denaturation of the lymph proteins accelerates the inactivation rate of the sympathetic hormones.

3. It is concluded thatin vivodestruction of adrenaline and nor adrenaline is strictly bound up with the tissue cells and that the extra cellular fluid rather to some extent prevents catechol amine destruction, a mechanism probably connected with its protein content.
Physiological Dead Space and Alveolar Gas Pressures at Rest and during Muscular Exercise
Authors: ASMUSSEN ERLING , NIELSEN MARIUS
Published: December 2008

The respiratory dead space (physiological dead space) calculated from the Bohr formula on the basis of arterial pCO2 has been determined on 4 young healthy subjects at rest and during light to heavy muscular work.

It was found that the physiological dead space during work increased with the tidal volume from an average value of about 170 cc at rest to about 350 cc during work at a tidal volume of about 3.3 liters. The values were nearly the same when breathing atmospheric air and when breathing air with a low oxygen content (about 12.5% O2 in inspired air).

In muscular work with tidal volumes higher thait about 1.5 liters the arterial pCO2 was found to be 2 to 3 mm Hg higher than the alveolar pCO2 calculated from the Bohr formula using a constant dead space at modum Krogh and Lindhard. The arterial pCO2 was on the other hand in heavy work found to be about 3 mm Hg lower than the alveolar pCO2 determined by direct sampling (end‐normal expiration method). The alveolar pCO2 determined by direct sampling was in heavy work found to be ahout 6 mm Hg lower than the alveolar pCO2 calculated from Bohr's forniula using the physiological dead space for CO2. The possible reasons for the differences are discussed in the text.
Volume Conduction of the Spike of‘ the Motor Unit Potential Investigated with a New Type of Multielectrode
Authors: BUCHTHAL FRITZ , GULD CHRISTIAN , ROSENFALCK POUL
Published: December 2008

The spike of motor unit potentials was investigated in the human brachial biceps by means of a multielectrode containing twelve small leading‐off surfaces distributed over a length of 2.5 mm (Fig. 3).

Within a distance of 0.38 mm the spike amplitude decreased to one tenth of its maximum value (Figs. 6, 7).

The duration of the positive‐negative deflection of the spike averaged 136 μsec (36.50 C) at the lead with maximum response. increasing by 100 μsec over the distance at which amplitude had fallen to one tenth of its maximum value (Table 2).

The six times longer duration of the total motor unit potential than of its spike component is due to superposition of temporally dispersed spike potentials from more distant parts of the motor unit (Table 2).

Applying volume conduction analysis to the motor unit spikes classified in three groups according to maximum amplitude, the relation was determined between spike amplitude and distance from the axis of the potential source. The logarithm of spike
Twitch Contractions of Isolated Flight Muscle of Locusts
Authors: BUCHTHAL FRITZ , WEIS‐FOGH TORKEL , ROSENFALCK POUL
Published: December 2008

A new type of myograph (Fig. 1) was used to study the mechanical changes during twitch contractions of the striated, longitudinal flight muscle of the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria.) The changes in length and in force could be recorded simultaneously or in quick succession. The results are interpreted by comparison mainly with striated muscle of the frog.

The flight muscle is specialized in three ways: (1) the passive elastic system in parallel with the contractile system is so strong and adjusts itself so quickly to alterations in muscle length that passive elastic forces are important even at the length in the body and may become dominating when the muscle is stretched by only five or ten per cent above this length. Only a minor fraction of these passive forces are due to the sarcolemma. (2) Although the “active state” curve is of the same shape as that of the frog muscle, the duration of the activation lasts for such a short time that there is little time for shortening to develop. When the load on the contractile component was optimal for work production (0.3 P0; Fig. 7B), the shortening only amounted to 3 or 4 per cent of the muscle length (11° C; Fig. 6), as compared with about 25 per cent in frog muscle at 0° C. (3) In the flying locust the wing stroke frequency (= twitch frequency) is equal to or little less than the frequency at which mechanical summation begins at the thoracic temperature for flight (30° to 42° C); since the oxygen debt is insignificant, the metabolic recovery must be complete by the end of the mechanical change. It may be added that contrary to frog muscle, the twitch force of flight muscle increased with rising temperature.

If parallel elastic forces are allowed for, the mechanical properties of the contractile or “active” components are similar to those in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. This applies both to the force parameter a in Hill's equation and to the velocity parameter b as well as to the relationship between “active” work and load. The shortening velocity reached a maximum at the beginning of the shortening; in contrast to findings in frog muscle it declined linearly with time from then on so that no phase of constant velocity exists. The series elastic element appeared to be of the same nature as in frog muscle but may be twice as stiff.

The existence of a strong, passive elasticity in parallel with the contractile system, even at the length in the body, must be taken into consideration for an understanding of the mechanics of flight muscle in addition to the active state curve, the series elastic element, and the force‐velocity relation.

We thank Dr. J. W. R. Pringle, F. R. S., for his comments upon the manuscript.
Secretory Potentials in the Sublingual Gland of the Cat.
Authors: LUNDBERG ANDERS
Published: December 2008

The sublingual gland of the cat has been used for electrophysiological measurement of the external current flow as well as intracellular potentials and the potential of the lumen of the gland cell tubules at rest and during activity.

The external chorda electrogram is hilus‐negative. After passing through an initial maximum, it declines to about half its maximal size, often displaying slow oscillations. Also the external sympathetic electrogram is hilus‐negative.

Only one type of microelectrode response was encountered in this gland. The resting potential over the outer gland cell membrane is about 33 mV (internal negativity). On stimulation of the chorda this potential difference increases to 50–65 mV, the latency of the potential change being about 1 second and the rate of rise 30–40 mV/sec. The latency as well as the initial time‐course of this potential change is similar to that of the initial phase of the external chorda electrogram. Also with stimulation of the sympathetic nerve the potential difference over the outer membrane increases.

The resting potential over the inner gland cell membrane is a few mV larger than over the outer membrane (cell interior negative). On repetitive stimulation of the chorda there is initially little or no potential change, but with continued stimulation the potential difference over the inner membrane usually, but not always, increases by 10–15 mV.

The potential change recorded between the lumen and the external medium has a time‐course similar to that of the external electrogram.
Messungen von cerebralen Kreislaufzeiten am Menschen und ihre Beziehung zur Gehirndurchblutung.
Authors: BROBEIL ALFRED , HÄRTER OTTO , HERRMANN ERWIN , NILSSON NILS JOHAN
Published: December 2008

An 61 neurologisch‐psychiatrischen Patienten wurden Gehirndurchblutung und cerebrale Kreislaufzeit unmittelbar nacheinander gemessen. Der Mittelwert der (kürzesten) Kreislanfzeit war 5.7 ± 0.2 sec.

Es bestand keine signifikante Korrelation zwischen Gehirndurchblutung und linearer Strömungsgeschwindigkeit des Blntes, ausgedrückt durch den inversen Wert der Kreislaufzeit.

Die Einatmung von 5 % CO2 erhöhte die Lineargeschwindigkeit signifikant. Wahrend der CO2‐Atmung bestand eine starke positive Korrelation zwischen Durchblutung und Lineargeschwindigkeit.
On The Specificity of Pancreatic Lipase.
Authors: TRYDING NILS
Published: December 2008

The substrate specificity of pancreatic lipase has been studied with a series of labelled methyl‐branched fatty acids. The incorporation of a fatty acid into glyceride ester bonds by pancreatic lipase is hindered by a methyl group in the α‐ or β position of the acid. In contrast one methyl branch in the γ‐position of the acid or two methyl branches in the δ‐position do not seem to have any influence on the lipase synthesis of ester bonds.

The 8‐carbon 5,5‐dimethylcaproic acid and the 26‐carbon n‐hexacosanoic acid were both found to be incorporated into glycerides by pancreatic lipase.
The Rectum‐Liver Temperature Gradient in Man1
Authors: GRAF W. , GRAF K.
Published: December 2008

1. Copper‐constantan thermocouples were introduced, one into the human liver, the other in the rectal ampulla. The temperature gradient between the rectum and the liver was recorded continuously with a calibrated measuring system.

2. In all ten cases examined the rectal temperature was higher than that of the liver. From experiments under basal conditions a mean rectum‐liver temperature gradient was obtained of + 0.18 ± 0.03± C.

3. The effect of various pharmacological agents on the gradient was studied. Substances known to increase the liver blood flow were found to increase the gradient and vice versa. A reversal of the gradient occurred during artificial temperature elevation (initial phase of fever).
The Physical Work Capacity of Workers 50—64 Years Old
Authors: ÅSTRAND IRMA
Published: December 2008

Eighty‐one of one hundred 50—64 years old transport workers for breweries in a district of Stockholm were examined with respect to physical work capacity. The subjects were tested on a bicycle ergometer at increasing work loads, the heaviest of which caused the subject to be exhausted after about 6 minutes work. The following conclusions could be drawn from the data obtained.

The pulse reaction to a submaximal work load did not differ from that one of younger subjects. Mean heart rate at about 900 kpm/min. was about 145 beats/min.

Maximal work was reached at a lower work load than in younger subjects with the same pulse reaction to submaximal work.

The heart rate at maximal work was about 160 beats per minute at an oxygen intake of about 2.5 litres per minute.

The physical work capacity of individuals of different age can not be estimated and compared only on the basis of the pulse reaction to submaximal work.
Zentrale mid periphere Sympathicusaktivierung durch Dehydroascorbinsänre
Authors: WEGMANN A.
Published: December 2008

1. Die von Patterson und Mastin an der Ratte beobachtete blutdrucksteigernde Wirkung von intravenös injizierter Dehydroascorbinsäure (DHA) in Dosen von mehr als 5 mg/kg konnte auch an der Katze und am Meerschweinchen nachgewiesen verden.

2. Der nach Halsmarksdurchschneidung und synaptischer Unterbrechung der sympatischen Nervenbahnen durch Ganglienblocker beobachtete, wenn auch stark verminderte Blutdruckanstieg und die positiv chronotropen und inotropen Veränderungen der Herzaktivität nach intravenösen Injektionen von Dehydroascorbinsäure weisen jedoch auf einen zweiten, peripheren Aktionsbereich dieser Substanz hin.

1. The findings of Patterson and Mastin that dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) injected intravenously in rats in doses higher than 5 mg per kg produces an increase in blood pressure, chiefly by central sympathetic stimulation, has been confirmed on cats and guinea pigs.

2. Some increase in blood pressure and of heart activity were still observed after intravenous injections of DHA after chordotomy and synaptic interruption of sympathetic nerve conduction by ganglionic blocking agents, indicating a second peripheral mechanism.
The Presence of the Adrenergic Nenrotransmitter in Intraaxonal Structures.
Authors: Von EULER U. S.
Published: December 2008

In cell‐free homogenates of adrenergic nerves in 0.3–0.88 M sucrose, a sediment rich in noradrenaline can be obtained by high speed centrifugation.

An active sediment was also obtained by centrifugation of press juice from adrenergic nerves.

Noradrenaline was concentrated up to 21 times in the sediment as compared with the original nerve tissue. The highest proportion of noradrenaline recovered in the sediment was 37 per cent of the total activity.

While little or no activity was released by suspending the sediment in 0.3 M sucrose, addition of acid to pH 4 or lower released all, and heating most of the activity.

Acidification, heating, or addition of detergents followed by freezing and thawing increased the free noradrenaline in the supernatant before, but not after, high speed centrifugation.

Histamine was present in the supernatant but not in the sediment containing the noradrenaline.

Noradrenaline was demonstrated by column chromatography of extracts of the sediment but no other catechols.

It is concluded that noradrenaline is present in high concentration in disperse structures in the adrenergic axones.
The Effect of Selective Catheterisation of the Renal Artery Upon Renal Function in the Dog.
Authors: HELANDER C. G. , PERSSON F. , ÁSHEIM. Á.
Published: December 2008

Insertion of a catheter into the renal artery occasionally affects renal function by producing pronounced alterations in renal blood flow and glonierular filtration, and the ratio C In/CPAH. On other occasions, no definite effect call be observed. Effects may also be produced in the contralateral kidney. A detailed analysis of the initiating mechanism was not possible with the experimental method described in this paper.
A Fluorimetric Method for the Determination of Dopamine (3‐Hydroxytyramine.)
Authors: CARLSSON ARVID , WALDECK BERTIL
Published: December 2008

A fluorimetric method for the determination of dopamine is described. The principle is similar to that employed in the tri‐hydroxyindole method for estimating adrenaline and noradrenaline. Utilizing differences in fluorescence characteristics at pH about 5.3, microquantities of dopainine can be determined in the presence of at least equal amounts of adrenaline or noradrenaline.
Serum Lipid Composition in Esperimental Hypercholesterolaemic Rats Given Polyenoic Fatty Acids
Authors: HAUGE JENS G.
Published: December 2008

It has previously been established that 20–100 mg of polyunsaturated oils given daily to young rats raised on a 1 % cholesterol—10 % hydrogenated coconut oil diet results in a pronounced reduction of the serum cholesterol concentration. By means of extraction of the serum lipids, chromatographic separation, and alkali isomerization it has now been shown that this decrease in serum lipids, reflected in reductions in both free and esterified cholesterol and in non‐cholesterol lipids, is accompanied by characteristic changes in the polyenoic fatty acid composition of the cholesterol esters. Linoleste supplementation resulted in the appearance of more dienoic and tetraenoic acid in the esters, linolenate particularly in the appearance of pentaenoic, but also some hexaenoic acid. Cod liver oil had an effect on all polyenoic constituents, and the magnitude of this effect, referred to the actual content of such acids in the oil, was by far the strongest. This indicates a preference in the organism for the ready made polyunsaturated acids. The largest reductions in total cholesterol were correlated with a preponderance of lino‐lenic acid‐type unsaturation in the esters, a fact which emphasizes the relative inferiority of linoleic acid in the aspect of cholesterol metabolism here studied.
Assay of Jorpes‐Mutt Secretin and Cholecystokinin
Authors: IVY A. C. , JANEUEK H. M.
Published: December 2008

The technique worked out in the senior author's laboratory for assaying secretin and cholecystokinin in cats and dogs has been described in detail. Highly purified samples of these hormones, supplied by the Swedish workers, were found to have a strength of 3,300 Ivy dog units of secretin and 22 Ivy dog units of cholecystokinin per mg, respectively. Due attention was paid to the extreme lability of the purified secretion.
Transplacental Diffusion of Carbon Monoxide in Human Subjects
Authors: FRIBERG LARS , NYSTRÖM ÁKE , SWANBERG HERBERT
Published: December 2008

The content of carbon monoxide in maternal and in foetal blood was studied at various times after exposure to CO in concentrations sufficient to produce COHb levels of about 15 per cent in the mother's blood. CO diffused slowly from maternal to foetal blood. When exposure to CO was brief, the readings in foetal blood did not attain the levels to which the concentrations in maternal blood had fallen until 3 to 5 hours after exposure. Even when sufficient CO was breathed to maintain the maternal COHb at about 15 per cent for 2 hours, the content of CO was still not quite so high in foetal as in maternal blood. The disappearance of CO was somewhat slower from foetal blood than from maternal blood.
Studies on the Incorporation of 35S Labelled Cystine into the Leucocytes of Tumour Bearing Rats.
Authors: BELLION BARTOLOMEO , RESEGOTTI LUIGI
Published: December 2008

In order to study the influence of the development of a tumour on the leucopoiesis and on the life cycle of leucocytes, the incorporation of intraperitoneally administered 35S labelled cystine into the leucocytes of rats injected with Yoshida ascites sarcoma was investigated. The separation of leucocytes and the preparation of the samples were performed according to the method of Weisberger and Levine. Sulfur is incorporated in leucocyte proteins of rats injected with ascites tumour at a rate three times as high as in that of normal rats. The loss of 35S atoms from the leucocytes of tumour animals is more rapid, which suggests a shortening of the life span of W.B.C. due to the presence of the tumour. The striking similarity of these results with that obtained by Ehrenstein in the case of erythrocytes is emphasized. The possibility that the results obtained are due to the presence of tumour cells in the peripheral blood is discussed and ruled out.
Inactivation of Insulin in Livers from Mice with Goldthioglueose Obesity.
Authors: LARSSON STIG
Published: December 2008

The insulin inactivating capacity of livers of mice with goldthioglueose obesity has been determined using the method described by Mirsky and Broh‐Kahn (1919). It was found that insulin was destroyed more readily in livers of obese animals compared to normal. It is suggested that these findings can be related to the higher incidence of diabetes mellitus in obesity.
Effect of Reduced Ventilation on Systemic Blood Pressure and Blood Flow in the Hind Part of the Cat during Infusion of Noradrenaline.
Authors: DUNÉR H. , EULER U. S. v.
Published: December 2008

The effect of infusion of 1.6–2. 2 μg/kg/min noradrenaline (NA) on the blood pressure and the blood flow in the hind part of the cat in nembutal anaesthesia was studied during normal and reduced ventilation. During normal ventilation NA infusion caused an increase both in blood pressure and flow while both effects were greatly diminished during reduced ventilation. It was further observed that in the latter condition the blood pressure response to carotid occlusion was still strong, in contrast to the effect of NA on systemic pressure.
Bleeding Anemia and Methemoglobin Reduction in Dog Erythrocytes.
Authors: JALAVISTO EEVA
Published: December 2008

The rate of methemoglobin reduction in nitrite treated dog red cells were studied in 3 dogs before and after repeated bleedings. When the dogs were bled the methemoglobin reduction rate (MRR) increased to values twice or three times the initial, the maximum rate varying from 18 to 31 per cent per 1 hour. The duration and level of an elevated rate seemed to depend on the amount of blood removed. The long persistence (about 1 month) of an elevated MRR was interpreted as an indication of the dependence of the MRR on the age and life span of the red cell population.
On the Concentration of Bile Acids in the Human Intestine during Absorption. Bile Acids and Steroids 74.
Authors: SJÖVALL JAN
Published: December 2008

The concentrations of glycine and taurine conjugates of cholic, chenodeoxycholic and deoxycholic acids have been determined in the intestinal contents of seven normal and one cholecystectomized subject during the absorption of a fluid test meal. Within 30 minutes after the meal the emptying of the gall‐bladder caused a rise in total bile acid concentration to 13–46 meq/l, thereafter the concentration rapidly decreased, being between 2.5 and 10 meq/l during the main part of the period of digestion and absorption. Variations in the proportions of the bile acids were observed during this period but were usually small. The bile acid composition in the distal part of the small intestine seemed to be similar to that in the proximal part and the emptying of the gall‐bladder caused no changes in bile acid concentration in the former part.
The Electrical and Mechanical Activity of a Muscle in Voluntary Contraction
Authors: Bergström R. M.
Published: December 2008

The voluntary control of the energy consumption of the muscle is, according to our previous studies, reducible to the number of time periods of the action currents fired into the muscle. This number of periods defines the physical action (energy.time, g·cm2·s–‐1) carried by the muscle into the environment during contraction. As the physical action corresponding to one time period can be regarded as constant, the electrical and mechanical phenomena in the muscle can be represented satisfactorily in terms of a vector coordinate system, whose dimensions are the number of discharged motor time periods and the temporal and spatial shifts of the muscle movement. The interrelations of these dimensions were examined in voluntary actions of the abductor of the forefinger (m. interosseus dors. I) in human. The muscle action currents were recorded from non‐selective electrodes. It was observed that the duration of contraction and the muscle shortening were both, within certain limits, directly proportional to the number of periods of the motor discharge.
The Release of Catechols from the Adrenal Medulla on Activation of the Bulbar Part of the Sympathetic Vasodilator Outflow in Cats
Authors: Lindgren Percy , Rosén Anders , Uvnás Börje
Published: December 2008

In a previous investigation it was observed that activation of the sympathetic vasodilator outflow by hypothalamic stimulation was accompanied by a discharge of catechols from the adrenals, consisting mainly of adrenaline. The present experiments were undertaken in order to study the adrenal function during medullary stimulation of this pathway. The catechol output from one adrenal gland was observed to increase on activation of the sympathetic vasodilator outflow by bulbar stimulation. Adrenaline increased relatively more than noradrenaline. The mean values for the adrenaline output in the control samples and those taken during the stimulation periods were 0.05 and 0.22 μg/kg/min (increase 340 per cent). The corresponding figures for noradrenaline were 0.22 and 0.50 μag/kg/min (increase 130 per cent). The findings are in accordance with our previous results showing that intracerebral stimulation of the sympathetic vasodilator outflow is accompanied by a discharge of catechols – predominantly adrenaline – from the adrenals. The amounts secreted are of such a low magnitude as to have only minor vascular effects.
Circulatory and Respiratory Adaptation to Severe Muscular Work
Authors: ÅStrand Irma , ÅStrand Per‐Olof , Christensen Erik Hohwü , Hedman Rune
Published: December 2008

A trained subject performed a constant work output per min (2,160 kpm/min or 360 Watts) with variations in work time from 0.5 min up to the maximum tolerable time of 9 min. The chronological changes in different functions, such as heart rate, pulmonary ventilation etc. responsible for oxygen transport were recorded. At a given time after the start of work the subject reached identical values for these functions and for O2, uptake, independent of the total length of time which was known to the subject, when the work started. The heart rate and other related functions of importance concerning oxygen uptake are narrowly regulated by the work output and the fitness of the subject and are apparently to an exceptionally high degree resistant to changes in the mental state of the trained subject.
Oxygen Intake of Obese Individuals During Work on a Bicycle Ergometer
Authors: Astrand Irma , Astrand Per‐Olof , Stunkard Albert
Published: December 2008

A group of 8 obese women and 4 obese men were examined for oxygen intake when working with submaximal loads on a bicycle ergometer. On 300 kpm/min the average for the obese women was 1.05 1/min, which was significantly higher than for a group of 28 non‐obese subjects (0.89 1/min). The obese men had a higher oxygen intake than the control group (1.08 and 0.96 1/min respectively).

These findings suggest that increased mechanical efficiency does not play a part in the pathogenesis of human obesity.
Observations on Central Regulation of Body: Temperature and of Food and Water Intake in the Pigeon (Columba livia)
Authors: ÅKerman B. , ÅNdersson B. , Fabricius E. , Svensson L.
Published: December 2008

Electrical stimulation within restricted parts of the hypothalamus and the preoptic area of the pigeon was found to elicit polypneic panting, hyperphagia and polydipsia. The spatial arrangement in the brain giving rise to the different effects corresponded well to that found in mammals. It may therefore be assumed that central regulation of body temperature, food and water intake is principally the same in birds and mammals.
Functional Organization of the Dorsal Spino‐Cerebellar Tract in the Cat
Authors: Lundberg A. , Oscarsson O.
Published: December 2008

Fibres of the dorsal spino‐cerebellar tract have been identified by antidromic activation from the anterior cerebellar lobe cortex and classified in 5 subdivisions activated: 1) from muscle spindles, 2) from Golgi tendon organs, 3) from pressure receptors in the pad, 4) on touch, pressure and pinching of the skin, 5) as 4) and in addition from high threshold muscle afferents.
The Occurrence of a Lipid‐Soluble Smooth‐Muscle Stimulating Principle (‘SRS’) in Anaphylactic Reaction
Authors: Chakravarty Nirmal
Published: December 2008

Chakravarty, N. The occurrence of a lipid‐soluble smooth‐muscle stimulating principle (‘SRS’) in anaphylactic reaction.

When tissues from sensitized guinea pigs are incubated with antigen, there is a diffusion of histamine and a lipid‐soluble, smooth‐muscle stimulating principle (‘SRS’) into the incubation fluid. ‘SRS’ is soluble in ether and other organic solvents and is of acid nature. The time curves of histamine and ‘SRS’ are similar except for the slower appearance of ‘SRS’ in the first few minutes. There is a close correlation between the amounts of histamine and ‘SRS’ obtained from different tissues. Moreover, with increasing concentrations of antigen the amounts of both histamine and ‘SRS’ rise proportionally. The observations are compatible with the view that the two smooth‐muscle stimulating substances may originate from a common source.
The Association between the Relaxing and the Lactic‐Acid Stimulating Effects of Adrenaline in Smooth Muscle
Authors: Mohme‐Lundholm Ella
Published: December 2008

Mohme‐Lundholm, E. The association between the relaxing and the lactic‐acid stimulating effects of adrenaline in smooth muscle.

According to Furchgott(1955) the relaxing effect of adrenaline on rabbit intestine even emerged under conditions in which the muscle probably was incapable of producing lactic acid. On duplicating this experimental condition and determining glycogenolysis and lactic acid production, the author found that adrenaline's relaxing effect on smooth muscle was still associated with stimulation of the lactic acid production.
Correlation between the Psychological Significance of Stimuli and the Magnitudes of the Startle Blink and Evoked EEG Potentials in Man1
Authors: Larsson Lars‐Erik
Published: December 2008

Larsson, L.‐E. Correlation between the psychological significance of stimuli and the magnitude of the startle blink and evoked EEG potentials in man.

The effect of variations in the psychological significance of stimuli on evoked potentials in the EEG and on the startle blink has been studied in man. Three different experimental conditions were set up under which the stimuli were assumed to have a high, a moderate and a low significance, respectively. It was found that the magnitudes of the startle blink and the non‐specific EEG response were directly correlated to the degree of significance thus defined. The differences between the responses under the three experimental conditions were statistically significant. The short‐latency response to peripheral nerve stimulation recorded from the contra‐lateral somatosensory region was more resistant. The cardiac and respiratory rates as well as the EEG from the posterior scalp regions were also recorded under the three experimental conditions. It was found, among other things, that under the condition in which the subjects tensely waited for a stimulus and accordingly must have been highly alert the EEG contained a large amount of alpha waves in contrast to the desynchronization of the record which occurs under other conditions of wide‐awakeness.
The Effect of Ethyl Alcohol on the Secretion from the Adrenal Medulla of the Cat
Authors: Perman E. S.
Published: December 2008

Recent studies on the urinary excretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline have furnished strong indirect evidence that ethyl alcohol administration increases the secretion from the adrenal medulla in man and dogs. In the present work the amounts of adrenaline and noradrenaline in the blood from one adrenal were measured after alcohol infusions (0.30—1.0 g/kg) in Nembutal‐anaesthetized cats. The catechol‐amines were determined by bioassay technique. With i. v. doses of alcohol above 0.60 g/kg, the output of both amines generally increased. Some ways in which alcohol could influence the adrenal medulla are discussed.
On the Origin of the Neutral Fecal Sterols and their Relation to Cholesterol Metabolism in the Rat: Bile Acids and Steroids 92
Authors: Danielsson Henry
Published: December 2008

After intraperitoneal administration of a tracer dose of 4‐14C‐cholesterol to three different groups of rats, intact, bile‐duct ligated and bilefistulated, maintained on a fat‐free diet, the excretion of isotope was followed in feces, urine and bile, and the amount of neutral fecal sterols excreted determined. After 12 days subsequent to the injection of 4‐14C‐cholesterol roughly equal amounts of isotope had been excreted as neutral fecal sterols in all three groups. The average daily excretion of neutral sterols in feces during this period was 3.4 mg in intact, 4.5 mg in bile‐duct ligated and 7.3 mg in bile‐fistulated rats. In the last‐mentioned group 10–15% of total neutral fecal sterols could not be precipitated with digitonin. During 21 days subsequent to injection of 4‐14C‐cholesterol into intact rats, the specific activity of the fecal bile acids was calculated to be at least twice that of the neutral fecal sterols.
Measurement of Oxygen Tension on the Surface of the Cerebral Cortex of the Cat during Hyperoxia and Hypoxia
Authors: Ingvar David H. , Lubbers Dietrich W. , Siesjö Bo
Published: December 2008

The oxygen tension on the surface of the intact cerebral cortex of the cat was recorded continuously by means of a membrane covered platinum cathode (Lübbersand Ockenga1958). The stability of the electrode permitted an interpretation of results from different experiments in relative terms. The influence upon the cortical PO2, of high and low oxygen concentrations in the inspired air was studied. In ordinary hyperoxia only a moderate increase of cortical PO2, was found. In post‐hypoxic hyperoxia the cortical values reached values about 3 times as high. The difference found is interpreted as due to so called reactive hyperemia in the post‐hypoxic state.