bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Security anomaly detection in software‐defined networking based on a prediction technique
Authors: Jafarian Tohid , Masdari Mohammad , Ghaffari Ali , Majidzadeh Kambiz
Published: July 2020

Nowadays, software‐defined networking (SDN) is regarded as the best solution for the centralized handling and monitoring of large networks. However, it should be noted that SDN architecture suffers from the same security issues, which are the case with common networks. As a case in point, one of the shortcomings of SDNs is related to its high vulnerability to distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks and other similar ones. Indeed, anomaly detection systems have been considered to deal with these attacks. The challenges are related to designing these systems including gathering data, extracting effective features, and selecting the best model for anomaly detection. In this paper, a novel combined approach is proposed; this method uses NetFlow protocol for gathering information and generating dataset, information gain ratio (IGR), in order to select the effective and relevant features and ensemble learning scheme (Stacking) for developing a structure with desirable performance and efficiency for detecting anomaly in SDN environment. The results obtained from the experiments revealed that the proposed method performs better than other methods in terms of enhancing accuracy (AC) and detection rate (DR) and reducing classification error (CE) and false alarm rate (FAR). The AC, DR, CE, and FAR of the proposed model were measured as 99.92%, 99.83%, 0.08%, and 0.03%, respectively. Furthermore, the proposed method prevents the occurrence of excessive overload on the controller and OpenFlow.
Use of cytology centrifuged supernatants improves cost and turnaround time for targeted next generation sequencing
Authors: Gokozan HamzaN. , Harbhajanka Aparna , Bomeisl Philip , Michael Claire W. , Sadri Navid
Published: July 2020

BACKGROUND

Molecular testing is an essential step in providing patients with advanced non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the most appropriate front‐line targeted therapies. We recently implemented targeted NGS on previously discarded cytology centrifuged supernatant (CCS).

METHODS

In this study, we reviewed our implementation process to evaluate its performance. Performance and turnaround time (TAT) of molecular testing on all cytology NSCLC cases submitted for targeted NGS from June 2018 to September 2019 were evaluated, which included 46 and 62 cytology cases before and after implementation of CCS, respectively. Associated cost savings using CCS was also analyzed.

RESULTS

The mean TAT defined as the time of collection to time of reporting was 8.5 ± 1.8 days in CCS cohort (range 5‐13) as compared with 12.2 ± 5.3 days in the (FFPE) cell block (CB) cohort (range: 6‐27). The success rate of sequencing was similar for both cohorts (100% in CCS and 96% in FFPE CB).

CONCLUSION

Our results demonstrate that NGS using CCS improves TAT, preserves FFPE CB for other testing, and results in cost savings of $50 per case.
Some like it cold: Temperature‐dependent habitat selection by narwhals
Authors: Heide‐Jørgensen Mads Peter , Blackwell Susanna B. , Williams Terrie M. , Sinding Mikkel Holger S. , Skovrind Mikkel , Tervo Outi M. , Garde Eva , Hansen Rikke G. , Nielsen Nynne H. , Ngô Mạnh Cường , Ditlevsen Susanne
Published: July 2020

The narwhal (Monodon monoceros) is a high‐Arctic species inhabiting areas that are experiencing increases in sea temperatures, which together with reduction in sea ice are expected to modify the niches of several Arctic marine apex predators. The Scoresby Sound fjord complex in East Greenland is the summer residence for an isolated population of narwhals. The movements of 12 whales instrumented with Fastloc‐GPS transmitters were studied during summer in Scoresby Sound and at their offshore winter ground in 2017–2019. An additional four narwhals provided detailed hydrographic profiles on both summer and winter grounds. Data on diving of the whales were obtained from 20 satellite‐linked time‐depth recorders and 16 Acousonde™ recorders that also provided information on the temperature and depth of buzzes. In summer, the foraging whales targeted depths between 300 and 850 m where the preferred areas visited by the whales had temperatures ranging between 0.6 and 1.5°C (mean = 1.1°C,SD = 0.22). The highest probability of buzzing activity during summer was at a temperature of 0.7°C and at depths > 300 m. The whales targeted similar depths at their offshore winter ground where the temperature was slightly higher (range: 0.7–1.7°C, mean = 1.3°C,SD = 0.29). Both the probability of buzzing events and the spatial distribution of the whales in both seasons demonstrated a preferential selection of cold water. This was particularly pronounced in winter where cold coastal water was selected and warm Atlantic water farther offshore was avoided. It is unknown if the small temperature niche of whales while feeding is because prey is concentrated at these temperature gradients and is easier to capture at low temperatures, or because there are limitations in the thermoregulation of the whales. In any case, the small niche requirements together with their strong site fidelity emphasize the sensitivity of narwhals to changes in the thermal characteristics of their habitats.
Comparison of the performance of leaf wetness duration models for rainfed jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) plantations in the loess hilly region of China using machine learning
Authors: Gao Zhiyong , Shi Wenjuan , Wang Xing , Cao Bing , Wang Youke
Published: July 2020

Leaf wetness duration (LWD) affects the ability of tree canopy to regulate eco‐hydrological processes. Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is one of the main plants with significant impact on water cycle process and flux characteristics in the Loess Plateau region of China. However, little is known about LWD in rainfed jujube plantations in the loess hilly region of China. For the causes of leaf wetness in rainfed jujube plantations, dew‐only, rain and the combined scenario were investigated in terms of LWD and meteorological variables for the 2012, 2013, 2017 and 2018 jujube growing seasons. The results were as follows: The leaf wetness events occurred frequently, and the days of leaf wetness driven by dew‐only and rain accounted for 88.3% of the total number of days in a regular jujube growing season. LWD driven by dew‐only was significantly lower than that driven by rain (p < 0.05). The correlation between LWD and meteorological factors varied with different scenarios. In dew‐only scenario, the four calibrated models (RH, DPD, CART and NN) accurately predicted LWD. In rain scenario, only the calibrated NN model performed well. In the combined scenario, the calibrated RH, CART and NN empirical models performed nearly equally; all well estimated LWD. On the basis of accuracy, practicability and variable count, the calibrated RH, NN and RH models for dew‐only, rain and the combined scenario can reliably estimate LWD in rainfed jujube plantations in the loess hilly region of China.
Coordination Chemistry of Actinide Nitrates with Cyclic Amide Derivatives for the Development of the Nuclear Fuel Materials Selective Precipitation (NUMAP) Reprocessing Method
Authors: Takao Koichiro , Ikeda Yasuhisa
Published: July 2020

Nuclear fuel recycling is one of promising options to resolve current issues arising from energy security and nuclear wastes. Chemical separation called reprocessing aims to recover recyclable nuclear fuel materials from spent fuels, and also to reduce the volume of high‐level radioactive wastes. Even today, solvent extraction is extensively employed as a principal method for reprocessing, while there are also several safety and security concerns arising from use of large amount of organic solvents and potential isolation of highly purified (namely “decontaminated”) Pu. To resolve these issues, we propose selective precipitation of nuclear fuel materials as an alternative principle for the spent fuel reprocessing. In this minireview, we outlined history of our development of precipitation‐based reprocessing methods for spent nuclear fuels from serendipitous discovery of N‐cyclohexyl‐2‐pyrrolidone to current status reaching our simple and versatile reprocessing concept, NUclear fuel MAterials selective Precipitation (NUMAP).
Mild Deprotection of Dithioacetals by TMSCl/NaI Association in CH3CN
Authors: Yao Yunxin , Zhao Guangkuan , Hamze Abdallah , Alami Mouad , Provot Olivier
Published: July 2020

A mild process using a combination of TMSCl and NaI in acetonitrile is used to regenerate carbonyl compounds from a variety of dithiane and dithiolane derivatives. This easy to handle and inexpensive protocol is also efficient to deprotect oxygenated and mixed acetals as 1,3‐dioxanes, 1,3‐dioxolanes and 1,3‐oxathianes quantitatively. As a possible extension of this method, it was also shown that nitrogenated substrates such as hydrazones, N‐tosylhydrazones, and ketimines reacted well under these conditions to give the expected ketones in high yields. The methodology proposed herein is a good alternative to the existing methods since it does not use metals, oxidants, reducing agents, acidic or basic media, and keto‐products were obtained in high to excellent yields.
Outcomes of brief and enhanced cognitive‐behavioural therapy for adults with non‐underweight eating disorders: A non‐randomized comparison
Authors: Tatham Madeleine , Hewitt Chloe , Waller Glenn
Published: July 2020

Objective

Cognitive‐behavioural therapy (CBT) is an efficacious and effective treatment for eating disorders, and is particularly valuable in the treatment of non‐underweight cases (e.g., bulimia nervosa; binge eating‐disorders). However, its recommended length for such cases (up to 20 sessions) makes it a relatively costly therapy. It has been suggested that a 10‐session version (CBT‐T) can also be effective, but there has been no direct comparison between the two forms (10 vs. 20 sessions).

Method

This study reports the outcomes of brief and standard‐length CBT for non‐underweight eating disorders, comparing two cohorts of patients from the same clinic (N = 55 and 138, respectively).

Results

The two therapies had very similar results in terms of eating pathology, remission rate, and improved quality of life. Each showed substantial change by the mid‐point of therapy and up to 6‐month follow‐up.

Conclusion

It appears that brief CBT (CBT‐T) is as effective as existing 20‐session CBT, and is less demanding of time and resource. The findings need to be replicated in a randomized control trial before this conclusion can be made definitive.
Laparoscopic transmesenteric pyeloplasty and isthmusectomy for adult horseshoe kidney with recurrent symptomatic hydronephrosis
Authors: Lu Li , Ma Bo , Zhong Wenwen , Yao Bin , Wang Dejuan , Qiu Jianguang
Published: July 2020

Introduction

There is no consensus for the horseshoe kidneys with recurrent symptomatic hydronephrosis, so we presented our initial experience with a laparoscopic transmesenteric approach.

Case presentation

Five patients with symptomatic ureteropelvic junction obstruction were identified by computed tomography urography. The laparoscopic transmesenteric approach was performed in such a way that the mesentery of the small intestine was incised along with the blood vessels longitudinally, and the isthmus was isolated to avoid injury to the mesenteric blood supply; then we cut the isthmus using an endostapler. The ureteropelvic junction obstruction was removed via the Anderson‐Hynes technique. The operation time was 135–204 min, and the estimated blood loss was 50–120 mL. Patients had a 5.7‐day stay postoperatively, there were no other injuries or complications, and ultrasound scans or computed tomography urography showed good postoperative effects.

Conclusion

Laparoscopic transmesenteric surgery is a feasible and safe procedure for selected cases with horseshoe kidney with recurrent symptomatic hydronephrosis.
On the reliability of gamma distributed dsds for modelling kinetic energy of rainfall*
Authors: Mineo C. , Ridolfi E. , Moccia B. , Napolitano F. , Russo F.
Published: July 2020

To retrieve the gamma drop size distribution (DSD) parameters from observed drop spectra, the most common approach is the method of moments (MM). However, the goodness of this method is still disputed. To assess its reliability, the aims of this paper are: (i) estimation of empirical values of rainfall rate (I) and kinetic energy (KE) from DSD measurements collected by a laser‐optical disdrometer; (ii) estimation of gamma DSD parameters by MM and another widespread method, i.e. maximum likelihood (ML); (iii) evaluation of theoretical values of rainfall rate and KE and comparison between these values and measured ones. The novelty of this work is the assessment of both MM and ML using the rainfall intensity measured by the disdrometer as a benchmark, rather than the KE or a statistical test as done in common practice. The assessment of the goodness of the estimates was performed on variables most investigated in soil erosion studies (i.e. I and KE). Results show that smaller error values are associated with ML and that MM does not provide reliable estimations of I. On the other hand, both methods substantially underestimate KE with increasing rainfall intensity.
Contradictions and strengths in activity systems: Enhancing insights into human activity in IS adoption research
Authors: Kamanga Raphael , Alexander Patricia M.
Published: July 2020

Activity Theory is increasingly employed in Information Systems research because of its ability to provide insights into the outcomes of human‐technology interaction. At the heart of the modern Activity Theory is the principle of contradictions; contradictions are considered to be the driving force behind the transformation of tool‐mediated human activities within organizations and communities. The study examined the facilitated adoption of Accounting Information Systems by microenterprises in a low‐income community in South Africa. Using the study, this paper demonstrates the potential and value of leveraging both strengths and contradictions in activity systems. Although identifying and resolving contradictions is crucial to the development of human activity, in the context of this research a limitation was identified. In studying relationships between the elements of an activity or between activities, researchers using Activity Theory do not generally highlight the strong relationships. The inclusion of strengths in the analysis of activity systems is a feature that could be utilised by Activity Theorists where there is a need to assess the viability of the activity under examination. Though the paper emphasises a theoretical contribution, the study itself had a practical contribution based on the use of Activity Theory as a Participatory Action Research to empower the subjects (entrepreneurs) within the community.
A comparative study of the laboratory features of COVID‐19 and other viral pneumonias in the recovery stage
Authors: Zhao Guolian , Su Yingying , Sun Xiaomeng , Cui Xiaoli , Dang Liyun , Zhao Lijuan , Tan Xiaowen , Wang Hongrui , Yang Ming
Published: July 2020

Background

Clinical recovery does not mean full recovery. It is necessary to explore the aftereffects of COVID‐19 in patients and compare the laboratory features of COVID‐19 and other viral pneumonias in the recovery stages.

Methods

Forty‐seven cases of COVID‐19 and 45 cases of other viral pneumonias (control) were included in this study. The laboratory parameters were compared between COVID‐19 and control patients as well as severe and moderate COVID‐19 patients from the clinical recovery stage to the 4 weeks postdischarge recovery stage.

Results

A higher RDW‐CV level and neutrophil percentage and lower levels of total proteins, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and MCH were found in COVID‐19 patients compared with those in controls from the clinical recovery to the postdischarge recovery stages. Further analysis showed that decreases in lymphocytes, total proteins, and SOD and elevations in neutrophils, FDP, CRP, and ESR were more common in severe than moderate cases of COVID‐19 during hospitalization; however, differences in these indicators, except total proteins, were not observed in the postdischarge recovery stages. Additionally, only 76.9% of COVID‐19 patients were positive for IgG antibodies against SARS‐CoV‐2 in the convalescence stage, and one patient that was negative for specific IgG was reinfected.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated that patients recovering from COVID‐19 might need better care than that patients with other viral pneumonias due to the possibility of having poor immunity and nutritional conditions. These findings provide new insights to improve the understanding of COVID‐19 and improve care for patients affected by these kinds of pandemics in the future.
Harvesting of Scenedesmus sp. after phycoremediation of meat processing wastewater; optimization of flocculation and chemical analysis of biomass
Authors: Latiffi Nur Atikah Ahmad , Mohamed Radin Maya Saphira Radin , Al‐Gheethi Adel , Tajuddin RM
Published: July 2020

Meat production is associated with the generation of huge quantities of meat processing wastewater (MPWW) which has high concentrations of nutrients. The utilization of Scenedesmus sp. in the phycoremediation process to treat MPWW has attracted growing interest, but there is inadequate information on the management of biomass of this micro‐organism. This study aims to optimize the harvesting of Scenedesmus sp. biomass generated during phycoremediation through flocculation with alum and its potential biomass by‐product. The removal rates of the chemical oxygen demand, ammonia, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and orthophosphate were 99.16% (R2 = 0.95), 97.19% (R2 = 0.91), 93.91% (R2 = 0.96), 97.25% (R2 = 0.85) and 99.38% (R2 = 0.9517), respectively. From the result, the best coagulant for recovery efficiency (97.54%) was recorded at pH 8.6 with 116.85 mg L−1 alum. Three major chemical compounds – tetradecanoic, oleic and dodecanoic acids – were recorded in the extraction of Scenedesmus sp. biomass (as determined by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry analysis; these have the potential for use in the cosmetic and medical industries. The main functional groups in the harvested biomass were OH, CH, C‐O‐C and CHCH. It can be concluded that the flocculation method was the most efficient compared to filtration process for recovering Scenedesmus sp. biomass owing to the absence of toxic by‐products. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI)
Treatment and nutrient recovery of synthetic flowback water from shale gas extraction by air‐cathode (PMo/CB) microbial desalination cells
Authors: Yang Fangfang , Zhang Kai , Zhang Daijun , Zhang Lilan , Huang Yongkui
Published: July 2020

BACKGROUND

Due to the rapid development of shale gas extraction, the treatment of flowback water (FW) is becoming one major challenge because of its high saline, high ammonium (NH4+), high phosphorus (PO43−), and complex organic contents. This study aimed to treat the high‐salinity synthetic FW and recover nutrient using the air‐cathode (PMo/CB) microbial desalination cells (MDCs).

RESULTS

The removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD) exceeded 90% along with an electricity generation of 105.6 mW m−2. The highest removal and the recovery efficiency of 300 mg L−1 NH4+ and 100 mg L−1 PO43− were 65.6 ± 19.0% and 75.8 ± 32.0%, 52.6% and 57.8%, respectively. High‐throughput sequencing analysis of anodic biofilms indicated that Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria enriched at high influent NH4+ concentration were responsible for producing electricity and degrading complex organics. Two denitrifying bacteria, Trichococcus and Marinobacterium, promoted the COD removal and also improved the electricity generation. Rhodococcus, a kind of heterotrophic nitrification–denitrification bacteria, contributed to nitrification in the cathodic chamber along with enhancing the denitrifying degradation of COD. Nitrincolaceae, capable of heterotrophic nitrate reduction to ammonium, were favorable to the recovery of NH4+.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall results concluded that PMo/CB‐MDC could be a promising alternative technique for the efficient treatment of FW and a pretreatment process for separating nutrient from the recovery chamber. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI)
Anthropogenic soils and landscapes of European Russia: Summer school from sea to sea—A didactic prototype
Authors: Vasenev Viacheslav I. , Slukovskaya Marina V. , Cheng Zhongqi , Paltseva Anna A. , Nehls Thomas , Korneykova Maria V. , Vasenev Ivan I. , Romzaykina Olga N. , Ivashchenko Kristina V. , Sarzhanov Dmitry A. , Sotnikova Yulia L. , Ryzhkov Oleg V. , Alaeva Lilia A. , Belik Anton V. , Devyatova Tatiana A. , Gorbov Sergey N. , Bezuglova Olga S. , Dolgikh Andrey. V. , Konstantinov Pavel I. , Konstantinova Anastasia V. , Yaroslavtsev Alexey M. , Chernyshova Marina S. , Morin Tatiana , Ryazanov Alexey V. , Gosse Dmitry D. , Dovletyarova Elvira A.
Published: July 2020

Field excursions and trainings are considered a key component of education programs in soil and environmental sciences. They allow mastering students’ practical skills in sampling and onsite assessments and improve understanding of ecosystem integrity and complexity. Urbanization has a substantial impact on soil properties and functions; however, field courses focused on urban soils are rare. We present a didactic prototype and the outcomes of the “Monitoring, Modeling, and Management of Urban Green Infrastructure and Soils (3MUGIS)” summer school—the first educational tour observing anthropogenic soils and landscapes along the bioclimatic gradient in European Russia, from tundra to dry steppes. Didactic learning was based on a studying‐by‐doing approach; students were involved in environmental assessment in multiple regions varying in climatic and socioeconomic features. Considering the high spatial heterogeneity of urban ecosystems, we used express techniques (portable X‐ray fluorescence, infrared gas analyzers) for onsite soil analysis at multiple replicas. The data collected were discussed with local and international experts from Russia, Germany, the United States, and France in the context of regional environmental problems (e.g., pollution, soil degradation, and urban expansion). Students discovered zonal changes in vegetation (e.g., increasing tree height and diversity from north taiga to forest steppes) and soil properties (e.g., a gradual increase in pH and changes in soil organic C), as well as urban‐specific processes and features (e.g., urban heat island effect or soil artifacts). The overall student feedback was very positive (50.8% excellent, 36% good); some specific organizational issues will be addressed for future 3MUGIS summer schools.
Acute and subacute effects of irreversible electroporation on normal common bile ducts in a rabbit model
Authors: Li Qingshan , Ren Fenggang , Zhang Yuchi , Chang Pengkang , Wang Yue , Ma Tao , Hu Liangshuo , Wu Rongqian , Wang Bo , Lv Yi
Published: July 2020

Background/Purpose

This study aimed to evaluate the acute and subacute effects of irreversible electroporation (IRE) on normal common bile ducts (CBDs).

Methods

Cell susceptibility to IRE was assessed in vitro with cholangiocarcinoma and normal cell lines. The electric field and temperature distributions were evaluated with a two‐dimensional simulation model of bile duct. In vivo bile duct IRE was performed in 28 adult rabbits.

Results

Different cells showed different susceptibility to the effect of IRE, cancer cell line HUCC‐T1 was the least sensitive to IRE. Simulations predicted the distributions of electric field and temperature during the IRE process, and the maximum temperature of tissue was below 43℃. Complications were observed in 8/28 animals (biliary dilatation, n = 4; biliary stricture, n = 4) by postoperative days 7, 14, and 28. Histopathological analyses revealed complete cell death with bile duct wall integrity. Bile duct epithelial recovery was completed between post‐IRE days 14‐28.

Conclusions

The normal CBD retains the lumen wall integrity following IRE with immediate periductal placement of the electrode. However, the risk of biliary dilatation and stricture is a reminder that the parameters of IRE need to be determined more precisely to ensure the treatment efficacy and reduce the risk of collateral damage.
Hepatitis A vaccine immunogenicity 25 years after vaccination in Alaska
Authors: Ramaswamy Maya , Bruden Dana , Nolen Leisha D. , Mosites Emily , Snowball Mary , Nelson Noele P. , Bruce Michael , McMahon Brian J.
Published: July 2020

The hepatitis A vaccine is recommended for all children greater than or equal to 1 year of age, however, the duration of vaccine protection is unknown and protection through adulthood is crucial to prevent symptomatic hepatitis later in life. We report on 25 years of follow‐up of a cohort of Alaska Native individuals who were vaccinated in early childhood. We assessed the duration of vaccine protection by calculating the geometric mean concentration and proportion of participants with protective levels of IgG antibody to hepatitis A virus (anti‐HAV) (≥20 mIU/mL) every 2 to 3 years. We estimated the amount of time until the anti‐HAV dropped below protective levels using survival analyses. At 25 years, 43 of the original 144 participants were available, mean anti‐HAV levels were 91.5 mIU/mL, and 35 (81.4%) had protective levels of anti‐HAV. Using data from all persons and all time points, a survival analysis estimated 78.7% of participants had protective levels of anti‐HAV at 25 years. The high level of protective antibodies in this cohort indicate that supplemental doses of hepatitis A vaccine are not needed 25 years after completion of the vaccine series.
Optimal Estimate for Energy Requirements in Adult Patients With the m.3243A>G Mutation in Mitochondrial DNA
Authors: Zweers Heidi E. E. , Janssen Mirian C. H. , Wanten Geert J. A.
Published: July 2020

Aim

We aimed to identify the optimal method to estimate total energy expenditure (TEE) in mitochondrial disease (MD) patients.

Methods

Resting energy expenditure (REE) was measured in MD patients carrying the m3243A>G mutation using indirect calorimetry (IC) and compared with results of 21 predictive equations (PEs) for REE and with REE‐IC measurements in healthy controls. Physical activity level (PAL) was measured using accelerometery (SenseWear) and compared with a fixed average PAL (1.4) as well as patients’ self‐estimated activity levels. TEE was calculated as REE‐IC × PAL SenseWear and compared with usual care and energy recommendations for healthy adults.

Results

Thirty‐eight MD patients (age: 48 ± 13 years; body mass index 24 ± 4 kg/m2; male 20%) and 25 matched controls were included. The accuracy of most PEs was between 63% and 76%. The difference in REE‐IC in healthy controls (1532 ± 182 kcal) and MD patients (1430 ± 221) was borderline not significant (P= .052). Patients’ estimations PAL were 18%–34% accurate at the individual level. The fixed activity factor was 53% accurate. Patients overestimated their PAL. Usual care predicted TEE accurately in only 32% of patients.

Conclusion

TEE is lower in these MD patients than the recommendations for healthy adults because of their lower physical activity. In MD patients, 6 PEs for REE provide a reliable alternative for IC, with an accuracy of 71%–76%. As PAL is highly variable and not reliably estimated by patients, measurement of PAL using accelerometery is recommended in this population.
Fruit maturity differentially affects fruit quality and responses of targeted metabolites in cold‐stored figs (Ficus carica L.)
Authors: Byeon Si‐Eun , Lee Jinwook
Published: July 2020

BACKGROUND

Figs are highly perishable after harvest, and their storability and marketability are relatively short. This study aimed to determine the effects of fruit maturity on the physiological quality and targeted metabolites of ‘Masui Dauphine’ figs in two maturation stages (75% versus 100% commercial maturity) during cold storage.

RESULTS

Fruit size and weight decreased during cold storage. Fruit respiration rate and color variables were lower at 100% maturity than at 75% maturity. Contents of soluble carbohydrates and organic acids differed according to fruit maturity. The levels of most free amino acids were decreased during cold storage; however, the levels of glutamine, serine and alanine were elevated in 100% mature fruits at the end of cold storage. The results of multivariate analyses indicated that the physiological properties of fruit and responses of targeted metabolites differed depending on fruit maturity during cold storage.

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggested that fruit maturity plays a key role in controlling fruit quality of figs during cold storage. In practice, fruit maturity should be highly considered for the fresh fig market. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Electric Control of Spin‐Orbit Coupling in Graphene‐Based Nanostructures with Broken Rotational Symmetry
Authors: Ciattoni Alessandro , Conti Claudio , Zayats Anatoly V. , Marini Andrea
Published: July 2020

Spin and orbital angular momenta of light are important degrees of freedom in nanophotonics which control light propagation, optical forces, and information encoding. Here, it is shown that graphene‐supported plasmonic nanostructures with broken rotational symmetry provide a surprising spin to orbital angular momentum conversion, which can be continuously controlled by changing the electrochemical potential of graphene. Upon resonant illumination by a circularly polarized plane wave, a polygonal array of indium‐tin‐oxide nanoparticles on a graphene sheet generates the scattered field carrying electrically‐tunable orbital angular momentum. This unique photonic spin‐orbit interaction occurs due to the strong coupling between graphene plasmon polaritons and localized surface plasmons of the nanoparticles and leads to the controlled directional excitation of graphene plasmons. The tuneable spin‐orbit conversion paves the way for high‐rate information encoding in optical communications, electric steering functionalities in optical tweezers, and nanorouting of higher‐dimensional entangled photon states.
Poly(Caprolactone)‐Poly(N‐Isopropyl Acrylamide)‐Fe3O4 Magnetic Nanofibrous Structure with Stimuli Responsive Drug Release
Authors: Gholami Sanaz , Labbaf Sheyda , Kermanpur Ahmad , Houreh Arezou Baharlou , Luo Chaojie , Edirisinghe Mohan , Nasr Esfahani Mohammad‐Hossein
Published: July 2020

Poly(caprolactone; PCL)—poly(N‐isopropylacrylamie; PNIPAAm)—Fe3O4 fiber, that can be magnetically actuated, is reported. Here, a structure is engineered that can be utilized as a smart carrier for the release of chemotherapeutic drug via magneto‐thermal activation, with the aid of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). The magnetic measurement of the fibers revealed saturation magnetization values within the range of 1.2–2.2 emu g−1. The magnetic PCL‐PNIPAAm‐Fe3O4 scaffold shows a specific loss power value of 4.19 W g−1 at 20 wt% MNPs. A temperature increase of 40 °C led to a 600% swelling after only 3 h. Doxorubicin (DOX) as a model drug, demonstrates a controllable drug release profile. 39% ± 0.92 of the total drug loaded is released after 96 h at 37 °C, while 25% drug release in 3 h at 40 °C is detected. Cytotoxicity results show no significant difference in cell attachment efficiency between the MNP‐loaded fibers and control while the DOX‐loaded fibers effectively inhibited cell proliferation at 24 h matching the drug release profile. The noncytotoxic effect, coupled with the magneto‐thermal property and controlled drug release, renders excellent potential for these fibers to be used as a smart drug‐release agent for localized cancer therapy.
Nanostructure‐dependent dispersion of carbon nanostructures: New insights into the modified couple stress theory
Authors: Akbarzadeh Khorshidi Majid , Soltani Delara
Published: July 2020

This paper presents a size‐dependent analysis of carbon nanostructures to put forward some new insights into the conventional modified couple stress theory. In fact, a micro‐inertia length scale parameter is added to the equation of motion to compensate the deficiency of the theory in describing the size effect of the longitudinal dispersion. In this study, the longitudinal dispersions of carbon nanotubes, graphene, and graphite layers are investigated to obtain the micro‐inertia length scale parameter, and the flexural dispersions of carbon nanotubes and graphene layer are assessed to expose the size dependency of the couple‐stress length scale parameter. The results indicate that the micro‐inertia length scale parameter can directly be related to the lattice size, while the couple‐stress length scale parameter depends on some more factors like geometry, size, and material properties. Finally, some general relations are proposed for the first time to make a connection between these two distinct parameters and other features.
Structure preserving model order reduction of shallow water equations
Authors: Karasözen Bülent , Yıldız Süleyman , Uzunca Murat
Published: July 2020

In this paper, we present two different approaches for constructing reduced‐order models (ROMs) for the two‐dimensional shallow water equation (SWE). The first one is based on the noncanonical Hamiltonian/Poisson form of the SWE. After integration in time by the fully implicit average vector field method, ROMs are constructed with proper orthogonal decomposition(POD)/discrete empirical interpolation method that preserves the Hamiltonian structure. In the second approach, the SWE as a partial differential equation with quadratic nonlinearity is integrated in time by the linearly implicit Kahan's method, and ROMs are constructed with the tensorial POD that preserves the linear‐quadratic structure of the SWE. We show that in both approaches, the invariants of the SWE such as the energy, enstrophy, mass and circulation are preserved over a long period of time, leading to stable solutions. We conclude by demonstrating the accuracy and the computational efficiency of the reduced solutions by a numerical test problem.
Trehalose as an alternative to glycerol as a glassing agent for in vivo DNP MRI
Authors: Brender Jeffrey R. , Kishimoto Shun , Eaton Gareth R. , Eaton Sandra S. , Saida Yu , Mitchell James , Krishna Murali C.
Published: July 2020

Purpose

In dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP), the solution needs to form a glass to attain significant levels of polarization in reasonable time periods. Molecules that do not form glasses by themselves are often mixed with glass forming excipients. Although glassing agents are often essential in DNP studies, they have the potential to perturb the metabolic measurements that are being studied. Glycerol, the glassing agent of choice for in vivo DNP studies, is effective in reducing ice crystal formation during freezing, but is rapidly metabolized, potentially altering the redox and adenosine triphosphate balance of the system.

Methods

DNP buildup curves of 13C urea and alanine with OX063 in the presence of trehalose, glycerol, and other polyol excipients were measured as a function of concentration. T1 and Tm relaxation times for OX063 in the presence of trehalose were measured by EPR.

Results

Approximately 15–20 wt% trehalose gives a glass that polarizes samples more rapidly than the commonly used 60%‐wt formulation of glycerol and yields similar polarization levels within clinically relevant timeframes.

Conclusions

Trehalose may be an attractive biologically inert alternative to glycerol for situations where there may be concerns about glycerol’s glucogenic potential and possible alteration of the adenosine triphosphate/adenosine diphosphate and redox balance.
THE ADVANTAGES OF GOING VIRTUAL
Authors: Atwood Stephen P.
Published: July 2020

Welcome to Display Week 2020! It's great to “see” you here. Although the in‐person event had to be canceled, a truly brilliant online experience is about to begin. The entire program will play out day‐by‐day, similar to how it would have been if we were physically together. Over five full days, we will get to experience symposium papers, short courses, seminars, keynotes, virtual exhibits, and sessions of the highly acclaimed Business Conference.
Turning Automotive Windows into the Ultimate HMIs
Authors: Firth Michael
Published: July 2020

New technologies promise to transform vehicles’ windows into bright, vivid, full‐motion video‐capable displays. Here, we take a closer look at the potential applications and trends in window displays and how they'll change the driving experience.
Best Practices for Automotive Display Metrology
Authors: Pala Silviu , Birman Vyacheslav , Miciuda Eric
Published: July 2020

Although metrology standards such as the SAE's J1757 series are helping to improve vehicle display system design, several clarifications are needed to implement them properly. Here, industry experts offer their recommendations for overcoming common testing and measurement hurdles.
Progressive length‐dependent polyneuropathy in xeroderma pigmentosum group A
Authors: Tsuji Yukio , Ueda Takehiro , Sekiguchi Kenji , Nishiyama Masahiro , Kanda Fumio , Nishigori Chikako , Toda Tatsushi , Matsumoto Riki
Published: July 2020

Background

In this study, we aimed to investigate the progression of peripheral nervous system involvement in xeroderma pigmentosum group A (XP‐A).

Methods

We performed nerve conduction studies in 17 genetically confirmed XP‐A patients and conducted follow‐ups. Of these patients we also analyzed gray matter volume (GMV) using brain MRI and assessed the severity score of clinical and skin manifestation.

Results

We found significant reduction in the motor and sensory nerve action potential amplitude and mild reduction in conduction velocity. These findings were predominant in sensory nerves and the lower limbs, were observed since early childhood, and gradually deteriorated with age.

Conclusions

The electrophysiological characteristics of XP‐A patients are consistent with length‐dependent axonal polyneuropathy and there is progressive deterioration from early childhood.
Generalized solution to the anisotropic Mandel's problem
Authors: Liu Chao , Abousleiman Younane N.
Published: July 2020

Existing solutions to Mandel's problem focus on isotropic, transversely isotropic, and orthotropic materials, the last two of which have one of the material symmetry axes coincide with the vertical loading direction. The classical plane strain condition holds for all these cases. In this work, analytical solution to Mandel's problem with the most general matrix anisotropy is presented. This newly derived analytical solution for fully anisotropic materials has all the three nonzero shear strains. Warping occurs in the cross sections, and a generalized plane strain condition is fulfilled. This solution can be applied to transversely isotropic and orthotropic materials whose material symmetry axes are not aligned with the vertical loading direction. It is the first analytical poroelastic solution considering mechanical general anisotropy of elasticity. The solution captures the effects of material anisotropy and the deviation of the material symmetry axes from the vertical loading direction on the responses of pore pressure, stress, strain, and displacement. It can be used to match, calibrate, and simulate experimental results to estimate anisotropic poromechanical parameters. This generalized solution is capable of reproducing the existing solutions as special cases. As an application, the solution is used to study the responses of transversely isotropic and orthotropic materials whose symmetry axes are not aligned with the vertical loading direction. Examples on anisotropic shale rocks show that the effects of material anisotropy are significant. Mandel‐Cryer's effects are highly impacted by the degree of material anisotropy and the deviation of the material symmetry axes from the vertical loading direction.
A Distinct Brain‐Gut‐Microbiome Profile Exists for Females with Obesity and Food Addiction
Authors: Dong Tien S. , Mayer Emeran A. , Osadchiy Vadim , Chang Candace , Katzka William , Lagishetty Venu , Gonzalez Kimberly , Kalani Amir , Stains Jean , Jacobs Jonathan P. , Longo Valter D. , Gupta Arpana
Published: July 2020

Background

Alterations in brain‐gut‐microbiome interactions have been implicated as an important factor in obesity. This study aimed to explore the relationship between food addiction (FA) and the brain‐gut‐microbiome axis, using a multi‐omics approach involving microbiome data, metabolomics, and brain imaging.

Methods

Brain magnetic resonance imaging was obtained in 105 females. FA was defined by using the Yale Food Addiction Scale. Fecal samples were collected for sequencing and metabolomics. Statistical analysis was done by using multivariate analyses and machine learning algorithms.

Results

Of the females with obesity, 33.3% exhibited FA as compared with 5.3% and 0.0% of females with overweight and normal BMI, respectively (P = 0.0001). Based on a multilevel sparse partial least square discriminant analysis, there was a difference in the gut microbiome of females with FA versus those without. Differential abundance testing showed Bacteroides, Megamonas, Eubacterium, and Akkermansia were statistically associated with FA (q < 0.05). Metabolomics showed that indolepropionic acid was inversely correlated with FA. FA was also correlated with increased connectivity within the brain’s reward network, specifically between the intraparietal sulcus, brain stem, and putamen.

Conclusions

This is the first study to examine FA along the brain‐gut‐microbiome axis and it supports the idea of targeting the brain‐gut‐microbiome axis for the treatment of FA and obesity.
Change in Weight, BMI, and Body Composition in a Population‐Based Intervention Versus Genetic‐Based Intervention: The NOW Trial
Authors: Horne Justine R. , Gilliland Jason A. , O’Connor Colleen P. , Seabrook Jamie A. , Madill Janet
Published: July 2020

Objective

The aim of this study was to compare changes in body fat percentage (BFP), weight, and BMI between a standard intervention and a nutrigenomics intervention.

Methods

The Nutrigenomics, Overweight/Obesity and Weight Management (NOW) trial is a parallel‐group, pragmatic, randomized controlled clinical trial incorporated into the Group Lifestyle BalanceTM (GLB) Program. Statistical analyses included two‐way ANOVA and split‐plot ANOVA. Inclusion criteria consisted of: BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m2, ≥18 years of age, English speaking, willing to undergo genetic testing, having internet access, and not seeing another health care provider for weight‐loss advice outside of the study. Pregnancy and lactation were exclusion criteria. GLB groups were randomly assigned 1 to 1 (N = 140) so that participants received either the standard 12‐month GLB program or a modified 12‐month program (GLB plus nutrigenomics), which included the provision of nutrigenomics information and advice for weight management. The primary outcome was percent change in BFP. Secondary outcomes were change in weight and BMI.

Results

The GLB plus nutrigenomics group experienced significantly (P < 0.05) greater reductions in percent and absolute BFP at the 3‐month follow‐up and percent BFP at the 6‐month follow‐up compared with the standard GLB group.

Conclusions

The nutrigenomics intervention used in the NOW trial can optimize changes in body composition up to 6 months.
An exact l1 penalty function method for a multitime control optimization problem with data uncertainty
Authors: Jayswal Anurag , Preeti  , Arana‐Jiménez Manuel
Published: July 2020

In this article, we study the robust solution set of a multitime first‐order PDE constrained control optimization problem with data uncertainty (MCOPU) and an unconstrained multitime control optimization problem (MCOPU)ρ. We establish the equivalence between a robust optimal solution of (MCOPU) and a robust minimizer of (MCOPU)ρ under the appropriate assumptions. Furthermore, we define the uncertain Lagrange functional for (MCOPU) and show the relationship between the robust solution set of (MCOPU) and (MCOPU)ρ under the convexity hypothesis of uncertain Lagrange functional. Moreover, we present some nontrivial examples to illustrate the established results.
Improving self‐management in adolescents with sickle cell disease
Authors: Crosby Lori E. , Hood Anna , Kidwell Katherine , Nwankwo Cara , Peugh James , Strong Heather , Quinn Charles , Britto Maria T.
Published: July 2020

Background

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is associated with significant medical challenges that often worsen in adolescence when caregivers are beginning to transfer responsibility for disease management. Behavioral activation (BA) is an important precedent to improvements in self‐management and ultimately health outcomes; however, few interventions targeting BA have been developed for the SCD population. The goal of the present study was to evaluate a technology‐enhanced self‐management intervention for adolescents and young adults (AYA) with SCD targeting BA domains (ie, disease knowledge, self‐efficacy, motivation, and self‐management skills).

Design/methods

Participants were randomized to one of two study arms. SCThrive participants (N = 26) completed six weekly group sessions, an in‐person booster session, and used a companion app (iManage) to record symptoms, progress on goals, and connect with other group members. Each SCHealthEd participant (N = 27) received six weekly phone calls on SCD‐related and general health education topics. All AYA completed questionnaires assessing BA at baseline and posttreatment.

Results

Separate mixed ANOVA analyses to assess for the effects of group (SCThrive/SCHealthEd), time (baseline/posttreatment), and group × time interaction indicated that there was a clinically meaningful improvement (8‐point change) in self‐efficacy, with a medium effect size, P = .09, η2 = .06, and there was statistically significant improvement in one self‐management skill (tracking health), P = .001, d = .71, among SCThrive participants.

Conclusions

The results support the potential for a self‐management intervention to improve self‐efficacy in AYA with SCD. Health care providers are encouraged to target BA skills to support self‐management of AYA with SCD.
Approach to the Treatment of Patients with Serious Multidrug‐Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections
Authors: O'Donnell, J. Nicholas , Bidell, Monique R. , Lodise Thomas P.
Published: July 2020

Multidrug resistance(MDR) among Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PSA) isolates presents a significant clinical challenge and can substantially complicate the approach to selection of optimal antibiotic therapy. This review addresses major considerations in antibiotic selection for patients with suspected or documented serious MDR‐PSA infections. Common mechanisms contributing to MDR among clinical PSA isolates are summarized. Empiric and definitive therapy considerations are addressed including the potential role of combination therapy. Newer agents with in vitro activity against MDR‐PSA (e.g., ceftolozane‐tazobactam, ceftazidime‐avibactam, imipenem‐relebactam, and cefiderocol) and their potential roles in clinical settings are discussed. Although these newer agents are promising options for the treatment of MDR‐PSA, clinical data remain generally limited. Future studies are needed to determine optimal agents for the empiric and definitive treatment of MDR‐PSA.