bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Naming the West
Authors: Jonker Gerdien
Published: June 2010

This article discusses the relationship between Europe and ancient Greece as narrated (or ignored) in a range of European history textbooks. It unravels the threads the narrative has followed since the eighteenth century, investigating the choices made in construing the narrative taught today. Which meanings were inherent in the terms “east” and “west” before they acquired the ideological coloring associating “east” with “barbarians” and “west” with the civilized world and “Europe”? The article opens up a new perspective on a complex past that was lost from view when perceptions of the ancient Greeks as guarantors of European values became entwined with the invention of the nation state.
To Bridge Time
Authors: Ammert Niklas
Published: June 2010

Since the early 1990s, the concept of historical consciousness has been central to didactic research in Sweden. It has mostly been used as a theoretical framework on a macro-level or as an attempt to identify students' historical consciousness. This article applies the theoretical concept of historical consciousness to tangible source material: history textbooks from the twentieth century. It focuses on whether Swedish history textbooks for lower secondary school have articulated contexts that may be conducive to developing historical consciousness. The article employs a number of theoretical concepts—narratives, multichronology, identity, and values—in order to analyze perspectives that can be utilized to trigger historical consciousness.
The Inner Conflict
Authors: Eid Neveen
Published: June 2010

This article addresses the Dual Narrative Approach (DNA) as applied to a sample group of Palestinian students in Israel. This approach is implemented in the dual narrative textbook developed by the Peace Research Institute in the Middle East (PRIME). The textbook was originally developed for history teaching in both the state of Israel and the Palestinian National Authority. The particular situation of Palestinians living in Israel raises an important question of the implementation of this approach in Palestinian-Israeli schools. This sample group is particularly interesting as within the State of Israel only the Jewish-Israeli historical narrative is officially taught in schools, even in the Arab-Palestinian schools. For many of the students tested in this study, this textbook was their first exposure to their own narrative. This article is an empirical study that uses the "mixed methods approach," investigating the students' reactions to the dual narrative textbook with specific regard to the narrative of the events of 1948, one of the most contentious periods for these two nations.
Transdisciplinarity as an Inference Technique to Achieve a Better Understanding in the Health and Environmental Sciences
Authors: Annerstedt Matilda
Published: June 2010

The problems of the world are not categorised into disciplines. They are far more complex, a reality that the tradition of transdisciplinary research has recognised. When faced with questions in public health and sustainability, the traditional scientific paradigm often seems inadequate, and, at least in medicine, transdisciplinary research has not yet been fully appreciated or acknowledged. This lack of recognition may be partly caused by a lack of cooperation between disciplines and between science and society. In this paper, I discuss some of the challenges that scientists and policymakers face in public health and environment within a methodological context. I present transdisciplinarity as a modern research tool that should be applied in research in health and the environment and argue that these topics can be approached beyond the inherent obstacle of incommensurability between disciplines. Thus, a small step might be taken in this immense research arena.
Electrospun Biocomposite Polycaprolactone/Collagen Tubes as Scaffolds for Neural Stem Cell Differentiation
Authors: Hackett Joanne , Dang ThucNhi , Tsai Eve , Cao Xudong
Published: June 2010

Studies using cellular therapies, scaffolds, and tubular structured implants have been carried out with the goal to restore functional recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI). None of these therapeutic strategies, by themselves, have been shown to be sufficient to achieve complete restoration of function. To reverse the devastating effects of SCI, an interdisciplinary approach that combines materials science and engineering, stem cell biology, and neurosurgery is being carried out. We are currently investigating a scaffold that has the ability to deliver growth factors for the proliferation and differentiation of endogenous stem cells. Neural stem cells (NSCs) derived from mice are being used to assess the efficacy of the release of growth factors from the scaffold in vitro. The fabrication of the tubular implant allows a porous scaffold to be formed, which aids in the release of growth factors added to the scaffold.
Synthesis of 2- and 7- Substituted C19 Steroids Having a 1,4,6-Triene or 1,4-Diene Structure and Their Cytotoxic Effects on T47D and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Kim Minwoo , Ma Eunsook
Published: June 2010

2-Chloro-, 2-bromo- and 2-azido-1,4,6-androstatriene-3,17-diones were synthesized from 1α,2α-epoxy-4,6-androstadiene-3,17-dione (2) using HCl, HBr and NaN3, respectively. Compound 2 was also reacted with NaCN to give 2-cyano-1,4,6-androstatriene-3,17-dione (5) and 2β-cyano-1α-hydroxy-4,6-androstadiene-3,17-dione (6). 6α,7α-Epoxy-1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione (8) was reacted with HCl, HBr and NaN3 to form the corresponding 7β-chloro-, 7β-bromo- and 7β-azido-6α-hydroxy-1,4-androstadiene-3,17-diones. The cytotoxic activity of these compounds towards T47D (estrogen-dependent) and MDA-MB231 (estrogen-independent) breast cancer cell lines was evaluated. The 6α-hydroxy-7β-substituted analogs were more active than the 2-substituted analogs on both cell lines. Compound 2 showed the highest selective activity against the T47D (IC50 7.1 μM) cell line and 5 showed good cytotoxic activity on MDA-MB231 (IC50 18.5 μM) cell line, respectively. The 6α,7α-epoxy analog 8 also showed high cytotoxic activity on both cell lines (IC50 17.3 μM on T47D and IC50 26.9 μM on MDA-MB231).
Development of an Ion Sensitive Field Effect Transistor Based Urea Biosensor with Solid State Reference Systems
Authors: Chang Kow-Ming , Chang Chih-Tien , Chan Kun-Mou
Published: June 2010

Ion sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) based urease biosensors with solid state reference systems for single-ended and two-ended differential readout electronics were investigated. The sensing membranes of the biosensors were fabricated with urease immobilized in a conducting polymer-based matrix. The responses of 12.9~198.1 mV for the urea concentrations of 8~240 mg/dL reveal that the activity of the enzyme was not significantly decreased. Biosensors combined with solid state reference systems were fabricated, and the evaluation results demonstrated the feasibility of miniaturization. For the differential system, the optimal transconductance match for biosensor and reference field-effect transistors (REFET) pair was determined through the modification of the membranes of the REFETs and enzyme field-effect transistors (EnFETs). The results show that the transconductance curve of polymer based REFET can match with that of the EnFET by adjusting the photoresist/NafionTM ratio. The match of the transconductance curves for the differential pairs provides a wide dynamic operating measurement range. Accordingly, the miniaturized quasi-reference electrode (QRE)/REFET/EnFET combination with differential arrangement achieved similar urea response curves as those measured by a conventional large sized discrete sensor.
A Nitrite Biosensor Based on Co-immobilization of Nitrite Reductase and Viologen-modified Chitosan on a Glassy Carbon Electrode
Authors: Quan De , Shin Woonsup
Published: June 2010

An electrochemical nitrite biosensor based on co-immobilization of copper- containing nitrite reductase (Cu-NiR, from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides forma sp. denitrificans) and viologen-modified chitosan (CHIT-V) on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) is presented. Electron transfer (ET) between a conventional GCE and immobilized Cu-NiR was mediated by the co-immobilized CHIT-V. Redox-active viologen was covalently linked to a chitosan backbone, and the thus produced CHIT-V was co-immobilized with Cu-NiR on the GCE surface by drop-coating of hydrophilic polyurethane (HPU). The electrode responded to nitrite with a limit of detection (LOD) of 40 nM (S/N = 3). The sensitivity, linear response range, and response time (t90%) were 14.9 nA/mM, 0.04−11 mM (r2 = 0.999) and 15 s, respectively. The corresponding Lineweaver-Burk plot showed that the apparent Michaelis-Menten constant (KMapp) was 65 mM. Storage stability of the biosensor (retaining 80% of initial activity) was 65 days under ambient air and room temperature storage conditions. Reproducibility of the sensor showed a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 2.8% (n = 5) for detection of 1 mM of nitrite. An interference study showed that anions commonlyfound in water samples such as chlorate, chloride, sulfate and sulfite did not interfere with the nitrite detection. However, nitrate interfered with a relative sensitivity of 64% and this interference effect was due to the intrinsic character of the NiR employed in this study.
Clinical significance of transient HIV type-1 viraemia and treatment interruptions during suppressive antiretroviral treatment
Authors: Zhang Shuangjie , van Sighem Ard , Gras Luuk , Reiss Peter , Smit Colette , Kroon Frank , Jurriaans Suzanne , Prins Jan , Lange Joep , de Wolf Frank
Published: June 2010

Background

Transient episodes of HIV type-1 viraemia are frequently observed in patients on suppressive combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). We studied the effect of such episodes and of treatment interruptions on clinical outcome and immunological response.

Methods

A total of 3,321 patients from the ATHENA cohort had virological suppression (HIV type-1 RNA<50 copies/ml) after 24 weeks of cART. The association between subsequent episodes of treatment interruptions, viral suppression, low-level (50-400 copies/ml) and high-level (>400 copies/ml) viraemia and the outcomes death, AIDS or immunological response (CD4+ T-cell count increase ≥50% from 24 weeks) was studied with Poisson regression models, including either time-updated cumulative follow-up, time spent per type of episode or modelling episodes as binary status indicators.

Results

During 11,165 person-years of follow-up, 88 patients died, 111 developed AIDS and 2,019 had an immunological response. Longer follow-up time in treatment interruptions increased the risk of AIDS (relative risk [RR] 8.07, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.98–16.4 per year longer) and impaired immunological response (RR 0.22, 95% CI 0.12–0.41). High-level viraemia was only associated with immunological response (RR 0.55, 95% CI 0.40–0.74), whereas low-level viraemia was not associated with any of the three outcomes. Status indicator models gave similar results. When also including time-updated CD4+ T-cell counts, the observed associations diminished.

Conclusions

Treatment interruptions and high-level, but not low-level, viraemia are strongly associated with clinical outcome, mainly via their effect on CD4+ T-cell counts.
Pegylated Interferon-α2b plus Ribavirin Therapy in Patients with Hepatitis C and Psychiatric Disorders: Results of a Cohort Study
Authors:   the CheObs Study Group, Lang Jean-Philippe , Melin Pascal , Ouzan Denis , Rotily Michel , Fontanges Thierry , Marcellin Patrick , Chousterman Michel , Cacoub Patrice
Published: June 2010

Background

Hepatitis C antiviral therapies have significant psychiatric side effects. It is therefore believed that they might exacerbate mental illness in patients with preexisting psychiatric disorders, resulting in poor adherence and response to antiviral treatment. We aimed to assess adherence to treatment, virological outcomes and mental safety in psychiatric patients, compared with non-psychiatric patients, treated for hepatitis C.

Methods

A cohort study involved unselected hepatitis C patients on scheduled therapy with pegylated interferon-α2b and ribavirin, between 2002 and 2005 in France, and followed-up until 6 months after the end of treatment. Virological response was reported by the physician according to standard definitions and adverse events were monitored. Adherence to treatment was assessed by patient report.

Results

Among 1,860 patients, 403 (22%) had preexisting psychiatric disorders, mostly depressive and anxiety disorders. Strict adherence was similar in psychiatric and non-psychiatric patients (35% versus 39%; P=0.20) as was the rate of sustained virological response (52% versus 51%; P=0.75). Conversely the rate of mental adverse events was higher in psychiatric patients (78% versus 57%; P<0.001). Baseline characteristics independently associated with the risk of later mental adverse events were history of depression, initial pegylated interferon-α2b dose and female gender.

Conclusions

Antiviral therapy in hepatitis C patients with associated psychiatric disease appears as effective as in other patients but results in a higher rate of mental adverse events, emphasizing the need for close monitoring of these psychiatric patients.
HIV type-1 genotypic resistance profiles in vertically infected patients from Argentina reveal an association between K103N+L100I and L74V mutations
Authors: Aulicino Paula C , Rocco Carlos A , Mecikovsky Debora , Bologna Rosa , Mangano Andrea , Sen Luisa
Published: June 2010

Background

Patterns and pathways of HIV type-1 (HIV-1) antiretroviral (ARV) drug resistance-associated mutations in clinical isolates are conditioned by ARV history and factors such as viral subtype and fitness. Our aim was to analyse the frequency and association of ARV drug resistance mutations in a group of long-term vertically infected patients from Argentina.

Methods

Plasma samples from 71 patients (38 children and 33 adolescents) were collected for genotypic HIV-1 ARV resistance testing during the period between February 2006 and October 2008. Statistically significant pair-wise associations between ARV resistance mutations in pol, as well as associations between mutations and drug exposure, were identified using Fisher's exact tests with Bonferroni and false discovery rate corrections. Phylogenetic analyses were performed for subtype assignment.

Results

In protease (PR), resistance-associated mutations M46I/L, I54M/L/V/A/S and V82A/F/T/S/M/I were associated with each other and with minor mutations at codons 10, 24 and 71. Mutations V82A/F/T/S/M/I were primarily selected by the administration of ritonavir (RTV) in an historical ARV regimen. In reverse transcriptase, thymidine analogue mutation (TAM)1 profile was more common than TAM2. The non-nucleoside K103N+L100I mutations were observed at high frequency (15.5%) and were significantly associated with the nucleoside mutation L74V in BF recombinants.

Conclusions

Associations of mutations at PR sites reflect the frequent use of RTV at an early time in this group of patients and convergent resistance mechanisms driven by the high exposure to protease inhibitors, as well as local HIV-1 diversity. The results provide clinical evidence of a molecular interaction between K103N+L100I and L74V mutations at the reverse transcriptase gene in vivo, limiting the future use of second-generation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors such as etravirine.
Antiretroviral drugs to prevent breastfeeding HIV transmission
Authors: Mofenson Lynne M
Published: June 2010

Observational studies and randomized clinical trials demonstrating that antiretroviral prophylaxis of the breastfeeding infant or triple-drug antiretroviral prophylaxis of the lactating mother can significantly affect the risk of postnatal transmission of HIV via breast milk have recently become available. In resource-limited countries, breastfeeding is a cornerstone of infant survival. While shortening the duration of breastfeeding by HIV-infected women reduces postnatal HIV transmission, increasing data suggest this may also decrease overall infant survival. Thus, there is a crucial need for interventions to allow safer and more prolonged breastfeeding. This paper will critically review the results of studies of postnatal antiretroviral prophylaxis to prevent breast milk HIV transmission.
Los límites humanos: la evolución de las mejores marcas mundiales del atletismo
Authors: Etayo Gordejuela José Javier
Published: June 2010

Las marcas en atletismo se han venido considerando como una muestra de los límites físicos del hombre. Desde los inicios del atletismo moderno se planteó la cuestión de cuáles serían los posibles límites en la evolución de los resultados, y todas las propuestas se vieron rápidamente rebasadas. Sin embargo un estudio en profundidad de las marcas obtenidas en los últimos veinte años, no sólo por el mejor atleta de cada momento, sino por el conjunto de los atletas destacados, sugiere que en el caso de las pruebas masculinas se está llegando a una situación cercana a la estabilidad, cuando no al retroceso en determinadas especialidades. Las pruebas femeninas tienen en muchos casos todavía un largo recorrido, por ser de reciente implantación. En este trabajo se analizan las pruebas olímpicas, tanto masculinas como femeninas, en su evolución desde 1978, y se observa que en casi todos los casos se dibuja claramente una tendencia asintotica hacia unos límites ya cercanos.
La diplomacia de defensa: una aproximación desde España
Authors: Sanz Roldán Félix
Published: June 2010

La aplicación de medios militares para evitar la escalada de conflictos, es una actividad que ha venido dándose durante toda la historia. De lo que se trata ahora, en un mundo ciertamente inestable, es de aplicar las capacidades militares a la prevención de dichos conflictos. El apoyo a las misiones diplomáticas en actividades relacionadas con la seguridad, la asistencia al desarrollo armónico de Fuerzas Armadas en las nuevas democracias o el establecimiento de confianza entre miembros de los Ejércitos de diferentes países, no son sino ejemplos de una larga lista de actividades que ejecutan nuestros militares en benefìcio de la seguridad. Todas ellas se incluyen bajo el nombre de Diplomacia de Defensa, actividad a la que las Fuerzas Armadas españolas prestan una especial atención.
La Filosofía Moral y la propuesta de Amitai Etzioni en la Nueva Regla de Oro
Authors: López de Pedro José María , Lostao Boya Eduardo
Published: June 2010

En las páginas que siguen se ofrece una exposición de las líneas maestras del comunitarismo de Amitai Etzioni a partir de las últimas y más elaboradas formulaciones de su pensamiento. El fundador de la socioeconomía entiende que la comunidad es una esfera de la vida social más fundamental que la dicotomía entre el individuo y el Estado, y piensa que, así como en ella el equilibrio entre orden y autonomía es esencial, este equilibrio es fruto de la imbricación entre factores no sólo económicos, sino también históricos, sociales y morales.
«Cooperativa» y «Comunidad»
Authors: Gómez Cabranes Leonor
Published: June 2010

¿Qué relación hay entre cooperativa y comunidad? Se trata de conceptos y realidades distintas aunque no tan distantes. En todo caso, esas relaciones son complejas y cabe abordarlas desde diversas perspectivas. Sin pretender agotar las vías de acceso a la cuestión, aquí ensayaremos tres. En primer lugar, la identidad cooperativa y la importancia que el propio movimiento cooperativo atribuye a la comunidad. A continuación, nos centraremos en los vínculos comunitarios y asociativos, y su imbricación empírica en las distintas modalidades de cooperación. Por último, se apuntará el problema de los valores y su fundamentación, como base de los retos a los que se enfrentan tanto el cooperativismo como el comunitarismo.
El kibbutz como experiencia comunitarista: realizaciones y limitaciones
Authors: Morales Gutiérrez Alfonso Carlos
Published: June 2010

La apuesta socieconómica de la alternativa comunitarista no se encuentra constituida sólo por sólidos argumentos filosóficos y económicos (Artal, Marugat, Pérez Adán, 1995). Existen realidades preexistentes a esta corriente teórica en el mundo empresarial que de alguna forman demuestran la viabilidad de alguno de los postulados comunitaristas. Una
de ellas es la realidad de los kibbutz que siguen siendo uno de los principales motores del desarrollo económico Israelí: aunque constituyen sólo un 3% de la población Israeli, producen el 40% de la agricultura y el 9% de productos industriales. Como afirma Gorroño (1985): Es difícil encontrar en el mundo otra forma de organización comunitaria, asentada además sobre una economía avanzada, que haya alcanzado un grado tan elevado de igualitarismo entre sus miembros.
Los Comuneros: un apunte histórico
Authors: Cruz de Galindo Luz María
Published: June 2010

Las colectividades organizadas poseen un espíritu que es fruto preciado y obra capital de innumerables generaciones, síntesis de progresos alcanzados a costa de sacrificios, resultado de abnegaciones y heroísmos sin cuento: el instrumento de su formación es la educación que moldea los espíritus al calor de unas ideas y les infunde ciertos sentimientos que dan cohesión porque unifican en lo propio. Todo ello probado y acrisolado en el transcurso del tiempo. Se trata de colectividades cuyos rasgos característicos son la permanencia, la resistencia a las innovaciones— mientras no prueben que esto supone un enriquecimiento—, pues valoran tanto lo que tienen que sólo adoptan lo que comprueban que es mejor. Asimismo se caracterizan por una vivacidad extraordinaria que triunfa sobre todos los obstáculos.
En el presente estudio veremos cuáles de estos rasgos se dan en las Comunidades Castellanas durante los primeros años de reinado del emperador Carlos a la luz del moderno debate sobre el comunitarismo.
Física y Tecnologías Físicas
Authors: Huertas Díaz José Luis
Published: June 2010

Con este trabajo se pretende dar una vision de la situación, dentro del CSIC, de la investigación en Física y en las tecnologías afines a la Física. Se describe la estructura de institutos y centros que se dedican fundamentalmente a investigar en estas materias, introduciendo las principales líneas temáticas sobre las que se trabaja en esos institutos. En relación con esas líneas y con la demanda científica y tecnológica existente en cada una de ellas, se analiza el personal investigador y se discute su potencial desde diversas perspectivas. Finalmente se esbozan algunas reflexiones sobre el futuro del CSIC en lo relativo a este Area.
Córdoba en sus portadas civiles
Authors: Ramírez Laguna Arturo
Published: June 2010

No disponible
La función del Derecho y del Juez en la Unión Europea
Authors: Rodríguez Iglesias Gil Carlos
Published: June 2010

Desde la creación de la Comunidad Europea del Carbón y del Acero en 1952, el Derecho ha sido un factor determinante en el proceso de integración europea. En gran medida ello ha sido posible gracias a la función conferida al juez y a este respecto me gustaría subrayar que no me refiero sólo a la función del Tribunal de Justicia de las Comunidades Europeas, sino también a la de los órganos jurisdiccionales nacionales de los Estados miembros.
El propósito del presente trabajo es tratar de explicar este fenómeno, que reposa sobre una construcción jurídica que no puede calificarse de sencilla.
Sucesivamente, se abordarán la función del Derecho como factor de integración económica y monetaria, los rasgos más característicos que han configurado el ordenamiento comunitario como un sistema jurídico de nuevo cuño, y los elementos básicos que configuran el poder judicial de la Unión europea, para concluir con algunas consideraciones sobre la función del Derecho como factor de ligitimación de la Unión Europea.
Interpretación actual de la teoría cuántica: de los muchos universos a las historias consistentes
Authors: Sánchez Gómez José Luis
Published: June 2010

Se exponen las razones para la búsqueda de una interpretación de la teoría cuántica que resuelva los problemas de la «ortodoxa» (interpretación de Copenhague), en particular el de la necesidad de postular la existencia de ciertos entes no cuánticos, los observadores. A tal fin, se presentan las líneas esenciales de la interpretación de los muchos-universos y de la moderna formulación de la mecánica cuántica en términos de historias consistentes, haciendo énfasis en el interés de esta última en cosmología cuántica.
Estado actual y perspectivas de la Neurociencia en España
Authors: López Barneo José
Published: June 2010

No disponible
Mujeres pintoras del siglo XX
Authors: Rocamora Carmen
Published: June 2010

Intentamos recoger en este artículo la dificultad de la mujer para ser reconocida por su valía intrínseca, en una sociedad que ha mirado siempre la prevalencia del hombre, para alcanzar puestos de responsabilidad, triunfos en el orden intelectual y, éxitos (a veces inmerecidos) en el mundo del Arte. El nuevo siglo es el de la valoración de la Mujer. Quizá muchas de mi generación no lleguemos a verlo, pero una cosa es segura, solo faltan ayudas sencillas y fáciles otorgar, (educación, cultura, jornadas partidas, guarderías en su propio trabajo, incentivos económicos), para que triunfe en su profesión y al mismo tiempo «dé vida», a nuevos seres, para conseguir esa paridad tan deseada. Es un hecho potencial en la actualidad, pero real con el paso el tiempo... Es una carrera imparable, donde no se vislumbra la meta ni el fin. Yo me he limitado a seleccionar de forma subjetiva un grupo de mujeres pintoras que rompieron los moldes de su momento. Ellas avanzaron por un camino lleno de espinas, trabas y zancadillas... Pero supieron seguir adelante, basándose en su fuerza creativa, y en la seguridad personal de la valía de su trabajo. Desde mi condición de mujer, ha sido un privilegio poder elogiarlas e impulsarlas en la medida de mis fuerzas. Su triunfo ó su fracaso vital no tiene importancia. Su obra, que prevalecerá sobre el tiempo y el espacio, es su verdadero éxito. El sentimiento, la estética, el alma femenina que han dejado en sus telas, les da su enorme talla personal, aunque muchos, por miedo, por recelo, por egolatría ó por haber gozado de mayores patrocinios y apoyaturas, no quieran reconocerlo...
Esa mujer inalcanzable. La psicología de la mujer en la pintura de Félix Rovelló de Toro
Authors: Porta Tovar José María
Published: June 2010

Se recoge en este artículo un análisis del perfil de la mujer pintada por el maestro Félix Revello de Toro, desde el punto de vista de la psicología moderna. El autor, José M.ª Porta Tovar, psiquiatra de profesión, estudia minuciosamente los detalles de las modelos de su pintura, para descubrir, a partir del conjunto de todos ellos, ese perfil de la mujer ideal, sublimado e inalcanzable, pero presente y sugestivo en el subconsciente colectivo del hombre de nuestros días.
Modelling Biological Systems
Authors: Bilotta Eleonora , Pantano Pietro
Published: June 2010

What are the mechanisms underlying biological systems’ ability to transform themselves: the ability of structures to replicate for their own goals, or to meet the specific goals of the system or environment to which they belong? What kind of evolutionary process underlies the emergence of the simple structures which joined together and replicated to produce the life on earth? How can we reproduce these functions in digital machines? More generally, what are the common elements shared by complex physical, biological, social and artificial systems?
The Discovery of Complex Rules
Authors: Bilotta Eleonora , Pantano Pietro
Published: June 2010

After Wolfram’s proposal, other authors analyzed systems of CAs and proposed their own classifications (Gutowitz 1990; Li, Packard, and Langton 1990). Kurka (1997) proposed to classify them in 5 groups, based on the structure of their attractors. Walker (1990) based his characterization on connected Boolean networks. Many other researchers proposed classifications based on rule sets governing the CAs’ behavior (Barbe 1990; Jen 1990; McIntosh,1990; Voorhees, 1990; Wootters & Langton 1990).
Lifelike Self-Replicators
Authors: Bilotta Eleonora , Pantano Pietro
Published: June 2010

The concept of a cellular automaton derives from John von Neumann’s studies of the logic of life. In these studies, von Neumann focused on self-replicating structures with universal computational capabilities. Given the appropriate initial conditions, a universal computer can perform any finite computation, reproducing even the most complex biological behaviors. It is well known that the ECAs described in (Wolfram, 2002) and the Game of Life (Gardner, 1970; Evans, 2003; Adachi et al., 2008) have universal computational capabilities. It has been shown, furthermore, that certain one-dimensional CAs can generate structures that are equivalent to the components of an idealized digital computer, and that, by connecting these components in different ways, it is possible to implement any kind of algorithm. In brief, these CAs are equivalent to the better known - and simpler - Turing machine and share its ability to perform universal computation (Smith 1971).
Language Structures in Cellular Automata
Authors: Bilotta Eleonora , Pantano Pietro
Published: June 2010

The ingenuity of nature and the power of DNA have generated an infinite range of languages - including human language. The existence of these languages inspires us to design artificial cognitive systems whose dynamic interaction with the environment is grounded, at least to some extent, on the same basic laws. Modern scientific knowledge provides us with new opportunities to investigate and understand the logic underlying biological life. We can then use this logic to derive design principles and computational models for artificial systems. The technologies we apply in these studies provide us with new insights into the complexity of the processes underlying the evolutionary success of modern species. We have yet to fully penetrate the mysteries of these natural languages. Nonetheless, the literature suggests (Chomsky, 1957; Aronof & Rees-Miller, 2003; Bilotta & Pantano, 2006) that while the superficial features of different languages depend on different physical supports and different mechanisms, their deep structures share common rules. These constitute linguistic universals, organized at different levels of complexity, where each level has its own rules of composition. At all levels, we can consider these rules as “production rules” or even as rules of reproduction.
Activities in Underwater Technology at Harbin Engineering University
Authors: Pang Yongjie , Zhang Shuang , Xu Yuru
Published: June 2010

Facing the oncoming century of the ocean, HEU has made far-sighted exploitations in several aspects of Underwater Technology. Some of this research was among the most creative and outstanding in our country. This article briefly reviews some of the research conducted over the recent
two decades. The focus of the dissertation is mainly on the following three representative aspects: Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs), Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicles (DSRVs), and Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs).
Pop-up Ambient Noise Data Acquisition (PANDA) System
Authors: Urn Tze W. , Potter John R.
Published: June 2010

The Pop-up Ambient Noise Data Acquisition (PANDA) system described in this paper is a compact, cost-effective and self-contained submerged data acquisition system for collecting acoustic data. PANDA can be bottom-mounted, collecting data without surface eocpression, making it ideal
for collecting data in high shipping and/or fishing activity locations. Assembled largely from “commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components, the design time and unit cost have been minimised without compromising reliability. The electronic design is based on a PC motherboard computer
system. The system as currently configured has a maximum sampling rate of 330 kHz and a maximum storage capacity of 1.2 GB. These values can be changed simply by exchanging COTS plug-in components. This flexibility of design, permitting the configuration to be changed quickly and cheaply to
suit different deployment requirements, is an important feature of the system. The system can also be configured to record from multiple transducers of all types. PANDA was designed and built in 7 months, and is currently being used to collect long-term samples of ambient noise for ship noise
analysis. Some example data are presented to illustrate the system’s capability.
ATOC and Other Acoustic Thermometry Observations In New Zealand
Authors: Tindle C.T. , G.E.J.
Published: June 2010

A summary of participation of the New Zealand group in the ATOC (Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate) program over a five year period is presented. Transmissions from Heard Island were observed in the Tasman Sea during the Heard Island Feasibility Test in 1991. The California-New
Zealand underwater sound path was verified with explosive sources in 1992. Single hydrophone observations were made of transmissions to New Zealand from California from an electrically driven source first suspended beneath a floating platform in 1994 and later placed on the ocean bottom at
Pioneer Seamount in 1995. Results from these experiments show that acoustic propagation to ranges of order 10 Mm appears to be characterised by large fluctuations occurring with a time scale of a few minutes.
The Study of Wind, Wave, Current Extreme Parameters and Climatic Characters of the South China Sea
Authors: Qiao Fangli , Chen Shunnan , Li Chenxin , Zhao Wei , Pan Zengdi
Published: June 2010

Based on the advanced wind, wave numerical model of the Laboratory of Geophysical Fluid Dynamics and Numerical Modeling (LAGFD), the current 3-D Princeton Ocean Model (POM), and collected data, Part I hindcasts the strongest 298 tropical cyclones (TCs) affecting the area 19°∼23°N,
113°∼118°E) in the South China Sea (SCS) from 1945 to 1995. It also provides the extreme parameters of wind, wave, current and sea level of the above region, and briefly analyzes the climate characteristics of SCS (15°∼27°N, 108°∼122°E). In part II, the
strongest 211 TCs affecting the Wenchang area (16°∼23°N, 105°∼114°E) were hindcast. The marine environmental parameters of wind, wave, current and sea level at 35 points in the research area were provided. The present work puts forward the concept of the conditional
extreme value. The conditional extreme values of the point (20°N, 112°E) were also given. The research provides basic data for ocean environmental research and engineering design in this region.
Involvement of Absent in Melanoma 2 in Inflammasome Activation in Macrophages Infected with Listeria monocytogenes
Authors: Tsuchiya Kohsuke , Hara Hideki , Kawamura Ikuo , Nomura Takamasa , Yamamoto Takeshi , Daim Sylvia , Dewamitta Sita R. , Shen Yanna , Fang Rendong , Mitsuyama Masao
Published: June 2010

Listeria monocytogenes invades the cytoplasm of macrophages and induces the activation of caspase-1 and the subsequent maturation of IL-1β and IL-18. Although apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase-activating and recruitment domain (ASC), an adaptor protein of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (Nod)-like receptors, has been shown to play an essential role in inducing this cellular response to L. monocytogenes, the mechanism has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we demonstrate the role of absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2), a recently described receptor of cytosolic DNA, in the activation of caspase-1 upon infection with L. monocytogenes. Secretion of IL-1β and IL-18 from Nod-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) and Nod-like receptor family, caspase-activating and recruitment domain containing 4 (NLRC4) knockout macrophages in response to L. monocytogenes was only slightly decreased compared with the levels secreted from wild-type macrophages, whereas secretion from ASC knockout macrophages was completely impaired, suggesting that receptors other than NLRP3 and NLRC4 also take part in inflammasome activation in an ASC-dependent manner. To identify such receptors, the abilities of several receptor candidates (NLRP2, NLRP6, NLRP12, and AIM2) to induce the secretion of IL-1β in response to L. monocytogenes were compared using the inflammasome system reconstructed in HEK293 cells. Among these receptor candidates, AIM2 conferred the highest responsiveness to the bacterium on HEK293 cells. Knockdown of AIM2 significantly decreased the secretion of IL-1β and IL-18 from L. monocytogenes-infected macrophages. These results suggest that AIM2, in cooperation with NLRP3 and NLRC4, plays an important role in the activation of caspase-1 during L. monocytogenes infection.
Revisiting Estrogen: Efficacy and Safety for Postmenopausal Bone Health
Authors: Sacco Sandra M. , Ward Wendy E.
Published: June 2010

The rapid decline in endogenous estrogen production that occurs during menopause is associated with significant bone loss and increased risk for fragility fracture. While hormone therapy (HT) is an effective means to re-establish endogenous estrogen levels and reduce the risk of future fracture, its use can be accompanied by undesirable side effects such as stroke and breast cancer. In this paper, we revisit the issue of whether HT can be both safe and effective for the prevention of postmenopausal bone loss by examining standard and alternative doses and formulations of HT. The aim of this paper is to continue the dialogue regarding the benefits and controversies of HT with the goal of encouraging the dissemination of-up-to date evidence that may influence how HT is viewed and prescribed.
Photodynamic therapy for multi-resistant cutaneous Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Authors: Failla Valérie , Wauters Odile , Caucanas Marie , Nikkels-Tassoudji Nazli , Nikkels Arjen F
Published: June 2010

Langerhans cell histiocytosis is a rare group of proliferative disorders. Beside cutaneous involvement, other internal organs can be affected. The treatment of cutaneous lesions is difficult and relies on topical corticosteroids, carmustine, nitrogen mustard, and photochemotherapy. Systemic steroids and vinblastine are used for recalcitrant skin lesions. However, some cases fail to respond. An 18-month old boy presented a CD1a+, S100a+ Langerhans cell histocytosis with cutaneous and severe scalp involvement. Topical corticosteroids and nitrogen mustard failed to improve the skin lesions. Systemic corticosteroids and vinblastine improved the truncal involvement but had no effect on the scalp lesions. Methylaminolevulinate (MAL) based photodynamic therapy (PDT) resulted in a significant regression of the scalp lesions. Control histology revealed an almost complete clearance of the tumor infiltrate. Clinical follow-up after six months showed no recurrence.

Although spontaneous regression of cutaneous Langerhans cell histiocytosis is observed, the rapid effect of photodynamic therapy after several failures of other treatment suggests that photodynamic therapy was successful. As far as we know this is the first report of photodynamic therapy for refractory skin lesions. Larger series are needed to determine whether photodynamic therapy deserves a place in the treatment of multiresistant cutaneous Langerhans cell histiocytosis.
Mutation invariance of Khovanov homology over $\mathbb F_2$
Authors: Wehrli Stephan M.
Published: June 2010

We prove that Khovanov homology and Lee homology with coefficients in

\mathbb{F}_2 =\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z}

are invariant under component-preserving link mutations.
Online Learning Modules for an Extension Program: Useful and Utilized?
Authors: Crimmins Theresa M. , Rupprecht Candice L.
Published: June 2010

A set of publicly available online learning modules was created as an educational supplement to a university extension program. Because the modules created for this program—like many online modules developed as a part of university outreach—are supplementary to programs featuring in‐person instruction and hard‐copy materials, it is not required that they be completed. An exploratory evaluation aimed to determine whether program participants make use of the non‐compulsory modules and whether the modules are effective in helping participants to gain a greater understanding of watershed concepts. Such findings may extend to similar supplementary online learning experiences being developed through university extension and other similar programs. Participants in the evaluation demonstrated a >30% increase in content knowledge from pre‐test scores to post‐test scores; 70% of participants retained this knowledge through a 2‐month follow‐up test. Participants also provided very positive feedback regarding their experience with the modules. Online usage statistics indicated sustained site visitation for many months following the modules’ release and advertisement. Modules were found to be an asset to the hard‐copy text used for the extension course. Evaluators expressed appreciation for interactive learning objects and seemed to use the modules over time as a ready reference. However, the modules are clearly not a substitute for in‐person instruction. Overall, the exploratory evaluation indicated that the modules were a welcome supplement to the course and were effective in reinforcing key concepts.
Rapport au corps, rapport aux activités physiques, sportives et artistiques et logique professionnelle : deux études de cas en formation initiale en EPS
Authors: Jourdan Isabelle
Published: June 2010

Dans le contexte de la formation initiale en EPS, nous nous sommes intéressés à la façon dont l’étudiant s’approprie le savoir et comment il se construit professionnellement lors de ses premières expériences d’enseignement. La notion de rapport au savoir est notre outil conceptuel pour cerner cet «ensemble de relations» (Charlot, 1997). La spécificité de la discipline EPS nous a conduit à étudier plus spécifiquement le rapport au corps et le rapport aux APSA des étudiants. En effet, le corps est tout à la fois porteur de savoirs, mais aussi porteur d’émotions, de désirs, de ressentis. Les APSA recouvrent des pratiques pour soi, pour enseigner, à enseigner. Quelles relations entre corps, APSA et enseignement ? Suivant une démarche clinique d’étude de cas, nous présentons ici l’étude de deux entretiens de recherche d’un étudiant en première année d’IUFM et d’un professeur stagiaire en deuxième année d’IUFM, analysés suivant deux rubriques construites a priori : rapport au corps/rapport aux APSA et logique professionnelle. Les discours nous montrent des similitudes et des différences que nous nous sommes attachés à mettre en évidence.
La construction du concept de circulation sanguine en 3e : Problématisation, argumentation et conceptualisation dans un débat scientifique
Authors: Lhoste Yann
Published: June 2010

Der Beitrag setzt sich zum Ziel zu zeigen, wie Schüler im Alter von 14 bis 15 Jahren während einer wissenschaftlichen Debatte über das Thema der Ernährung beim Menschen es schaffen, den Begriff von „ Blutkreislauf“ aufzubauen. Die Untersuchung der Debatte, die durchgeführt wurde, greift gleichzeitig zu zwei Herangehensweisen : zu derjenigen der Problematisierung, wie sie von Christian Orange innerhalb des Forschungszentrums für Erziehung in Nantes entwickelt wird und zu derjenigen der Argumentation der Schüler. Diese Untersuchung der argumentativen Aktivität der Schüler setzt sich im Rahmen fest, den einige Psycholinguisten festlegen, indem sie sich auf Arbeiten von Vygostki, Bakthine, Grize und Bronckart stützen und die Begriffe von Schematisierung und Heteroglossie bemühen. Diese doppelte Untersuchung ermöglicht es, über den Prozess der Konzeptualisierung, der in der wissenschaftlichen Debatte am Werk ist, zu berichten. Sie ermöglicht es auch, die Dynamik der Debatte besser zu verstehen und die Strategien besser zu begreifen, die die Schüler der 9. Klasse eingesetzt haben, um den Begriff von „ Blutkreislauf“ aufzubauen.
Réalité et virtualité dans l'enseignement des sciences de la vie et de la Terre
Authors: Desbeaux-Salviat Béatrice , Rojat Dominique
Published: June 2010

Wissenschaft ist eine intellektuelle Tätigkeit, die versucht Tatsachen zu verstehen und zu erklären, indem sie ein theoretisches Modell anbietet, das sich wie die Wirklichkeit verhält. Indem sie Tatsachen untersucht und Ideen hervorbringt, positioniert sich die Wissenschaft genau zwischen Virtualität und Realität, was nur didaktische Konsequenzen nach sich ziehen kann, besonders im Hinblick auf die Anwendung virtueller Ressourcen. Der Begriff des Modells mit seinen unterschiedlichen Aspekten nimmt eine zentrale Stellung ein und erlaubt es, den Platz der Fakten, der Ideen und vor allem deren Gegenüberstellung im wissenschaftlichen Unterricht anzusprechen. Die Beziehung zwischen Lehrer und Schüler, ein Kommunikationsphänomen, beruht auf der Benutzung von Werkzeugen (von Medien) für die Darstellung von Fakten und Ideen. Diese Werkzeuge kann man unter dem Begriff der «Dokumente » zusammenfassen. Zu unterscheiden, ob es sich bei diesem oder jenem «Dokument » um Fakten oder Ideen handelt und in welcher Hinsicht und mit welchem Zuverlässigkeitsgrad, das ist eine zentrale und zugleich schwer zu beantwortende Frage. Man muss dieses Schwierigkeitsproblem jedoch lösen oder sich wenigstens bewußt sein, dass es existiert, um über die wissenschaftliche Didaktik sprechen zu können, besonders wenn komplexe Werkzeuge der virtuellen Darstellung (ob nun direkt präsent oder auf Distanz) nach und nach die Konturen der Realität verwischen.
Une typologie des fonctions des modèles formels : l'exemple de la biologie
Authors: Ney Muriel
Published: June 2010

Une typologie des fonctions des modèles est construite à partir d’un cadre théorique (Nifle) permettant de définir le rapport entre modèle et expérience. Il est admis qu’il existe un lien entre la manière dont on modélise en tant qu’expert ou chercheur et la manière dont on apprend à modéliser en tant qu’étudiant, et que ce lien repose sur le rapport expérience/ modèle. La typologie est construite pour le cas particulier des modèles formels (utilisant un formalisme mathématique, statistique ou informatique). Pour chaque type de modèle, une option pédagogique est proposée, en particulier sur l’usage des simulations. Nous obtenons une fonction du modèle, pour

indiquer, pour laquelle nous proposons une pédagogie expérientielle. Un état des lieux de l’enseignement de la modélisation en biologie à l’université est également présenté ainsi que des exemples de modèles.
Modélisation : une approche épistémologique
Authors: Sensevy Gérard , Santini Jérôme
Published: June 2010

Wir legen in diesem Artikel eine epistomologische Vorgehensweise der Modellherstellung dar, ausgehend von Arbeiten zweier Autoren aus Stanford, nämlich Cartwright und Hacking und ihren gemeinsamen Bezug auf Fleck. Bei dieser Vorgehensweise sollte man sich von der klassischen Vorstellung des Modells als einfache Anwendung oder Darstellung wissenschaftlicher Gesetze lösen. Anhand der hier zitierten Autoren möchten wir zeigen, warum Modelle an sich vom Kontext abhängen und mehr eine Sache der Fähigkeiten als der Gesetze sind und inwiefern diese Modelle die Artikulierung konkreter Erfahrung und theoretischer Abstraktheit realisieren und letztendlich der Ausdruck eines gedanklichen Kollektivs sind. Aus dieser innovativen Epistomologie erarbeiten wir erste didaktische Implikationen in Bezug auf Unterricht und Lehre der Wissenschaften.