bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Advance care planning in New Zealand: our Voice—tō tātou reo
Authors: Manson Leigh , Muir Shona
Published: January 2018

Advance care planning (ACP) in New Zealand has grown as a people’s movement resourced by passionate individuals across the country. This people’s movement is a whole of systems approach led by the national ACP Cooperative. The approach has provided a permissive platform for the national evolution of ACP and has allowed ACP to quickly gain momentum. It has facilitated the collaboration of multiple interest groups with consumers at the centre and has provided an environment for innovation. The ACP Cooperative used a deployment model to drive the work. The model insured that the movement focused on engaging healthcare leadership and the community, educating clinicians, and the public, whilst keeping the patient and their family/whānau values at the centre of the process. The Cooperative is acutely aware that providing patient value-based care for people as they approach the end of their lives sets the precedent for how all healthcare could be delivered.
The Romance of Roman Error
Authors: Edwards Catharine
Published: January 2018

Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Marble Faun molded many visitors’ responses to Rome as a place and inflected their relationships to the Rome of antiquity, seen as inextricably enmeshed with the Rome of Catholicism. This chapter reveals that the view of Roman error offered here instantiates and reinforces a particular Protestant, perhaps American Protestant, understanding of Rome and the conflicts that it creates within the visitor. Rome as a place, imbued with the errors of the past, predisposes people to err, it seems. Yet if Hawthorne’s emphasis on Romance indicates that Roman error need not, in the end, be seen as a real threat—at least by the Protestant visitor who is equipped to resist its pull—nevertheless The Marble Faun explores the compelling appeal of the abyss in ways that make Rome into an especially apt place to engage with problems arising from the weight of history, guilt, and religious doubt.
“Im Sinne der Antike”
Authors: Formisano Marco
Published: January 2018

Within Sacher-Masoch’s Venus in Furs, this chapter argues, Roman antiquity represents a privileged landscape of error, while the protagonists, Severin and Wanda, portray their “perverse” sexual predilections as error of a distinctly Roman kind. Delving further than any previous critic into the novella’s classical allusions, this chapter shows how Sacher-Masoch’s narrative depends on reversing elements of Lucretius, Ovid, and Apuleius. This chapter also demonstrates how this relates to the way in which a concept of reversal in general—especially the normative paradigm of the sexually dominant male and submissive female—organizes the text’s very structure. Extending Deleuze’s views on the centrality of the contract to masochistic fantasy, this chapter highlights the contract as a textual device able to represent the short circuit of the masochistic aesthetic, within which antiquity plays a major role.
The Anatomy of Dance Discourse
Authors: Schlapbach Karin
Published: January 2018

This book makes an original contribution to the newly thriving field of ancient Greek and Roman performance and dance studies. It offers a better grasp of ancient perceptions and conceptualizations of dance through the lens of literary texts. It gives attention not only to the highly encoded genre of pantomime, which dominates the stages in the Roman Empire, but also to acrobatic, non-representational dances. It is distinctive in its juxtaposition of ancient theorizations of dance with literary depictions of dance scenes. Part I explores the contact zones of ancient dance discourse with other areas of cultural expression, especially language and poetry, rhetoric and art, and philosophy and religion. Part II discusses ekphraseis of dance performances in prose and poetry. The main bulk of the book focuses roughly on the second century CE (discussing Plutarch, Lucian of Samosata, Athenaeus, the apocryphal Acts of John, Longus, and Apuleius), with excursions to Xenophon and Nonnus. Dance is performative and dynamic, and its way to cognition and action is physical experience. This book argues that dance was understood as a practice in which human beings, whether as dancers or spectators, are confronted with the irreducible reality of their own physical existence, which is constantly changing.
The Grammar of Dance: Plutarch’s Table Talk 9.15 in Context
Authors: Schlapbach Karin
Published: January 2018

This chapter addresses the relationship between dance and language. Starting with a brief discussion of choral song-dance, it moves on to Plutarch’s Table Talk, examining the place of dance in this sympotic dialogue and in particular the dance theory with which the dialogue ends. A close reading teases out a basic distinction that underlies this theory, namely image-like gestures or movements as opposed to gestures or movements that bypass images, designated by the term deixis. The chapter defends the novel claim that deixis is not necessarily limited to ‘pointing’, but rather includes any type of direct showing or displaying. This alternative understanding of physical deixis implies that there is an element in dance that is not only non-pictorial but also non-referential altogether.
International Humanitarian Law and Blockade
Authors: Drew Phillip
Published: January 2018

This chapter is a study of how blockade law relates to international humanitarian law, particularly that set out in Additional Protocol 1 to the Geneva Conventions of 1949. Noting that under the customary law of blockade all incoming and outgoing maritime traffic is prohibited, an assessment is made on whether or not the customary requirement has been displaced by the humanitarian provisions of AP1. Focusing on the wording of article 49(3), it is shown that for a number of states, the adoption of AP1 did not change the customary law, while for some others it did. As a result of this discrepancy it is posited that in spite of recent attempts to create such an obligation through soft law approaches, there is no customary law that requires humanitarian relief operations during blockade blockades.
International Human Rights Law and Blockade
Authors: Drew Phillip
Published: January 2018

The years since the beginning of the twenty-first century have seen a significant incursion of international human rights law into the domain that had previously been the within the exclusive purview of international humanitarian law. The expansion of extraterritorial jurisdiction, particularly by the European Court of Human Rights, means that for many states, the exercise of physical power and control over an individual outside their territory may engage the jurisdiction of human rights obligations. Understanding the expansive tendencies of certain human rights tribunals, and the apparent disdain they have for any ambiguity respecting human rights, it is offered that the uncertain nature of the law surrounding humanitarian relief during blockades could leave blockading forces vulnerable to legal challenge under human rights legislation, particularly in cases in which starvation occurs as a result of a blockade.
Climbing
Authors: Stevenson Jane
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the social aspect of the interwar arts. It demonstrates that the genuinely innovative were almost all dependent on personal patronage to support the early stages of their career. The necessity of clientage relationships influenced what was achieved, since the patrons’ interests could not be discounted. Cultural capital was exchanged for social opportunity and financial support. This also gave particular opportunities to gay people of both genders.
Sitwell Style
Authors: Stevenson Jane
Published: January 2018

This chapter notes that Sacheverell Sitwell’s Southern Baroque Art is a turning point in the rediscovery, or reappropriation, of the baroque. Much of his work is an enormously persuasive appreciation of baroque qualities and moods, melancholy, ambiguity, richness, and deception. These qualities cross-fertilized with Vogue’s espousal of camp. All three Sitwells were also enormously important as patrons, networkers, and facilitators on behalf of those whom they fostered. The chapter also looks at Osbert’s and Sacheverell’s important roles in the development of a British ballet.
Whiteness
Authors: Stevenson Jane
Published: January 2018

The colour white was central to twenties aesthetics. Modernists associated it with purity, rigour, and absence of decoration: plain white privileges volume over surfaces. Modern baroque decorators used whiteness differently, to unify eclectically sourced objects. Their ‘amusing’ use of white combined multiple shades of near-white in different textures to create sophisticated effects. But, like the modernists, baroque decorators were more interested in shape than colour.
Toward a “Military, Cameral, and Debt System,” 1733–48
Authors: Godsey William D.
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the Estates against the background of the war-induced crisis of government that began in 1733. It shows that the Habsburg fiscal-military state was more effective in this period in one of its central territories than has been assumed. The ordinary and extraordinary sums approved by the Estates for the government in the last couple of years of the War of the Austrian Succession roughly equaled the sum that would be negotiated as the reformed Contribution in 1748. The leading opponent of the reformed Contribution at the level of the central government, the grand aulic chancellor, Count Friedrich Harrach, belonged to a family that had dominated the Lower Austrian Estates in the previous generation. Harrach’s personal and financial circumstances cast illuminating light on the forces of resistance to reform at the territorial level.
“He is working to abolish all Estates,” 1780–90
Authors: Godsey William D.
Published: January 2018

Joseph II’s policy toward the Estates was born in part of resentment at the government’s financial dependency on them in the Seven Years War. This chapter surveys the Estates in Lower Austria in systematic comparative perspective (the other central lands). It answers the following questions. To what extent was Joseph successful in enervating the Estates during his personal rule? How did his religious reforms and other initiatives modify their composition? Who managed them on his behalf? How did their standing committees, assemblies, and other structures change? What role did these bodies play, if any, in palliating fiscal-military exigency and in the reign’s final crisis? To what extent were the Estates alienated from the Habsburg regime by 1790?
Global Governance of Antitrust and the Need for a BRICS Joint Research Platform in Competition Law and Policy
Authors: Lianos Ioannis
Published: January 2018

The chapter offers a critical analysis of the call for policy convergence in Competition Law. This merely emanates from the global business community and enables established Competition Law regimes, such as those of the United States and Europe, to influence the convergence point and take ownership of the process. This does not take into account the different patterns of diffusion of Competition Law and consequently the variety of Competition Law systems globally. The chapter castigates the lack of participation in this global deliberative space of emergent and developing economies and the inability of various affected interests, beyond global businesses and to a limited extent consumers, to be considered. Taking a participation-centered approach, the chapter argues that global antitrust governance should not aim to policy convergence as such, but to increasing levels of ‘total trust’. Establishing a BRICS Joint Research Platform in Competition Law could a first step in this process.
The Roman Martyrs
Authors: Lapidge Michael
Published: January 2018

The Roman Martyrs contains translations of forty Latin passiones of saints who were martyred in Rome or its near environs, during the period before the ‘peace of the Church’ (c. 312). Some of these Roman martyrs are universally known — SS. Agnes, Sebastian or Laurence, for example — but others are scarcely known outside the ecclesiastical landscape of Rome itself. Each of the translated passiones, which vary in length from a few paragraphs to over ninety, is accompanied by an individual introduction and commentary; the translations are preceded by an Introduction which describes the principal features of this little-known genre of Christian literature. The Roman passiones martyrum have never previously been collected together, and have never been translated into a modern language. They were mostly composed during the period 425 x 675, by anonymous authors who who were presumably clerics of the Roman churches or cemeteries which housed the martyrs’ remains. It is clear that they were composed in response to the huge explosion of pilgrim traffic to martyrial shrines from the late fourth century onwards, at a time when authentic records (protocols) of their trials and executions had long since vanished, and the authors of the passiones were obliged to imagine the circumstances in which martyrs were tried and executed. The passiones are works of pure fiction; and because they abound in ludicrous errors of chronology, they have been largely ignored by historians of the early Church. But although they cannot be used as evidence for the original martyrdoms, they nevertheless allow a fascinating glimpse of the concerns which animated Christians during the period in question: for example, the preservation of virginity, or the ever-present threat posed by pagan practices. And because certain aspects of Roman life will have changed little between (say) the second century and the fifth, the passiones throw valuable light on many aspects of Roman society, not least the nature of a trial before an urban prefect, and the horrendous tortures which were a central feature of such trials. Above all, perhaps, the passiones are an indispensable resource for understanding the topography of late antique Rome and its environs, since they characteristically contain detailed reference to the places where the martyrs were tried, executed, and buried. The book contains five Appendices containing translations of texts relevant to the study of Roman martyrs: the Depositio martyrum of A.D. 354 (Appendix I); the epigrammata of Pope Damasus d. 384) which pertain to Roman martyrs treated in the passiones (II); entries pertaining to Roman martyrs in the Martyrologium Hieronymianum (III); entries in seventh-century pilgrim itineraries pertaining to shrines of Roman martyrs in suburban cemeteries (IV); and entries commemorating these martyrs in early Roman liturgical books (V).
Texts and Commentaries
Authors: Lapidge Michael
Published: January 2018

The Roman Martyrs contains translations (with individual introductions and commentaries) of the passiones of the following Roman martyrs (listed in approximate chronological order): St Felicitas (I); SS. Anastasia and Chrysogonus (II); St Sebastian (III); St Caecilia (IV); Pope Clement (V); SS. Sixtus, Abdon and Sennes, Laurence, Hippolytus [the so-called passio vetus] (VI); Pope Cornelius (VII); SS. Nereus and Achilleus (VIII); SS. Eugenia, Protus and Hyacinthus (IX); SS. Chrysanthus and Daria (X); St Susanna (XI); Pope Callistus (XII); Eusebius the Priest (XIII); Pope Felix II (XIV); SS. Pudentiana and Praxedis; SS. Sixtus, Abdon and Sennes, Laurence, and Hippolytus (XVI); SS. Agnes and Emerentiana (XVII); SS. Gallicanus, John and Paul (XVIII); SS. Processus and Martinianus (XIX); Pope Marcellus (XX); SS. Primus and Felicianus (XXI); SS. Marius and Martha (XXII); SS. Marcellinus and Peter (XXIII); the Four Crowned Martyrs (XXIV); St Pancratius (XXV); Pope Stephen (XXVI); SS. Gordianus and Epimachus (XXVII); the Greek Martyrs (XXVIII); SS. Eusebius and Pontianus (XXIX); Pope Urban (XXX); SS. Rufina and Secunda (XXXI); SS. Alexander, Eventius and Theodulus (XXXII); SS. Calogerus and Parthenius (XXXIII); SS. Serapia and Sabina (XXXIV); SS. Felix and Adauctus (XXXV); SS. Simplicius, Faustinus and Beatrix (XXXVI); St Symphorosa (XXXVII); St Pigmenius (XXXVIII); St Getulius (XXXIX); St Basilides (XL).
Liturgy in Byzantine Jerusalem
Authors: Galadza Daniel
Published: January 2018

In order to better understand the liturgical tradition of Jerusalem that was lost as a result of Byzantinization, this chapter presents the situation of the liturgy in Jerusalem between the fourth and the seventh centuries, describing the main churches of Jerusalem’s stational liturgy, in particular the Church of the Anastasis or Holy Sepulchre. Liturgical witnesses such as Cyril of Jerusalem and Egeria and texts used in Jerusalem’s liturgy such as lectionaries and hymnals are examined, with a particular focus on the structure of the eucharistic liturgy. After an overview of monastic liturgy in Jerusalem and Palestine, liturgical texts from Constantinople are presented in order that we understand the differences between Jerusalem and Constantinople in late antiquity. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the criteria for selecting liturgical manuscripts that reflect Byzantinization in Jerusalem.
The Liturgy of St James
Authors: Galadza Daniel
Published: January 2018

The Liturgy of St James, named after Jerusalem’s first bishop, was the original eucharistic liturgy of Jerusalem before it completely disappeared by the thirteenth century, being replaced by eucharistic liturgies from Constantinople. Thus, one of the litmus tests of liturgical Byzantinization in Jerusalem is the presence or absence of the Liturgy of St James in liturgical manuscripts. The chapter begins by analysing the content of all its known manuscripts, the majority of them being from the tenth through to the thirteenth centuries, in order to understand its structure. Hymns and scriptural readings in these manuscripts reveal the close connection between the structure of the eucharistic liturgy and Jerusalem’s calendar and lectionary. The chapter then presents hymns from the Liturgy of St James. With the decline of catecheses and mystagogies in Jerusalem after the Arab conquest, liturgical mystagogy was expressed through hymnography, revealing a theological tradition distinct from that of Constantinople.
The Liturgical Calendar of Jerusalem
Authors: Galadza Daniel
Published: January 2018

This chapter analyses commemorations of saints in the Liturgy of St James. Because of the complexity of liturgical calendars, several case studies are examined in order to give the reader a sense of how commemorations changed within the calendar. Closer attention is paid to John the Baptist, James the Brother of the Lord, and Protomartyr Stephen, who all had specific connections to Jerusalem and figured prominently in the city’s calendar and whose cult was also known in Constantinople. With these three, it is possible to examine not only the change of the date of their commemorations but also the changes in hymnography, psalmody, and scriptural readings associated with each commemoration. Analysis of each commemoration reveals distinct traditions of liturgical calendars, so that no one source perfectly matches another. This confirms the hypothesis that Byzantinization was implemented gradually and locally, as a kind of spontaneous liturgical reform.
Conclusion
Authors: Galadza Daniel
Published: January 2018

Returning to the present-day situation where the introduction left off, the conclusion examines the current liturgy of the Jerusalem patriarchate and the recently revived practice of the Liturgy of Saint James in the Byzantine rite throughout the Orthodox world, revealing liturgical practice that is caught in nineteenth-century romanticism and unaware of the authentic liturgical tradition of Jerusalem. The conclusion then summarizes the previous five chapters, showing that the liturgical Byzantinization of Jerusalem cannot be explained exclusively through changes to the surrounding historical context, such as the destruction of holy sites or Byzantine imperial ideology. Rather the explanation lies in a spontaneous liturgical reform carried out by scribes and monks in Jerusalem and Palestine who were familiar with the liturgical tradition of Constantinople. Further answers to the phenomenon of Byzantinization are to be found in Antioch, which also lost its local liturgical traditions at the expense of Byzantine liturgical influence.
Consequentialist Grounds for the Principles of Administrative Justice
Authors: Brown Alexander
Published: January 2018

Section I explores the possibility that the principles of administrative justice are partly grounded by the Difference Principle. Section II considers whether the administrative goods of trust-building and making credible commitments might also normatively support or ground principles concerning the protection of legitimate expectations. Section III looks to the more basic aim of minimizing the pain of frustration as normative support or grounding for my principles of administrative justice. Finally, Section IV considers whether the principles have any negative unintended consequences that could potentially derail the proposed consequentialist grounding of them.
Conclusion
Authors: Brown Alexander
Published: January 2018

Section I explains some of the implications of my Responsibility-Based Account, including what courts should or should not recognize as circumstances, ways, or modes of legitimate expectations coming into being, not least when expectations are about or based on ultra vires governmental conduct. It also explains some of the implications of my theory of administrative liability, including for cases in which expectations are about or based on intra vires governmental conduct. And it explains some of the implications of my pluralistic explanation of why the principles of administrative justice hold in terms of how likely it is that the principles will hold across a variety of circumstances. Section II delves more deeply into the special position of public bodies, such as local government councils, that can become both bearers and creators of legitimate expectations. Finally, Section III provides an account of the logical relationship between different parts of my theory.
Contemporary Global Health Governance Actors
Authors: Youde Jeremy
Published: January 2018

While Chapter 3 focuses primarily on the evolution of global health governance, Chapter 4 pays more attention to its contemporary manifestation as a secondary institution within international society. This chapter discusses the current state of the global health governance architecture—who the important actors are, how they operate, how they have changed over the past twenty-five years, and how they illustrate the fundamental beliefs and attitudes within the global health governance system. In particular, the chapter discusses the relative balance between state-based and non-state actors, as well as public versus private actors. This chapter highlights five key players within contemporary global health governance: states; the World Health Organization; multilateral funding agencies; public–private partnerships; and non-state and private actors
Introduction
Authors: Callaghan Helen
Published: January 2018

Chapter 1 introduces the puzzle and research agenda, reviews relevant literature, summarizes the argument, and reflects on the methodology used. Since the early 1980s, governments worldwide have taken a wide range of policy measures to strengthen and expand competition. The financial crisis that erupted in 2008 has not led to a major reversal. This prolonged phase of market liberalization runs counter to influential scholarly predictions that the role of markets would decline. Most doomsayers of marketization ignored mid-range political sources of capitalist dynamism, including endogenous policy feedback. Others focused too narrowly on the political representatives of market contestants, and on the collective action problems that afflict challengers more than incumbents. Process tracing techniques, mechanism-oriented research, and a stronger focus on the rejoicing profiteers can contribute to establishing whether and why market-restraining rules are more prone to undermining their own political support bases than market-enabling rules are.
Constituting Freedom
Authors: Raimondi Fabio
Published: January 2018

This work begins with a question posed by Machiavelli: ‘In what mode a free state, if there is one, can be maintained in corrupt cities; or, if there is not, in what mode to order it.’ The book analyses the different solutions proposed by Machiavelli starting with the hypothesis of the ‘civil principality’, passing through both the definition of the republican ‘civil and free way of life’ and the examination of the history of the Florentine institutions, to two short writings from the years 1520–22. In the Discursus florentinarum rerum and the Minuta di provisione per la riforma dello Stato di Firenze, Machiavelli exposed publicly for the first time, his proposals to bring back republican freedom to Florence after the fall of the first republic and the Medici’s return. The main thesis put forward in this work is that Machiavelli, when he worked for the Medici, was always a committed republican, even if he believed that the city’s constitution needed to change after the fall of Soderini. In the Discursus and in the Minuta Machiavelli proposed a constitution in which the ‘humours’ were forced to mix together in order to generate a new form of ‘equality’ that according to Machiavelli is the main characteristic of a free, just, and stable republic. The aim was not to obtain equilibrium among the parts of the city leaving them unaltered, but to mix them.
Plato on the Grades of Perception: Theaetetus 184–186 and the Phaedo
Authors: Fine Gail
Published: January 2018

In a fascinating passage, Descartes distinguishes three grades of perception. The first is wholly and only physiological; the second and third essentially involve the mind or soul, but differ in that the first has non‐conceptual content, whereas the third is conceptual and propositional. I ask at which if any of these three grades Plato places perception in Theaetetus 184‐6 and in the Phaedo. I argue that the former passage places perception at Descartes’s second grade. I also argue that it is unclear what grade perception is at in the Phaedo. I suggest that, while Theaetetus 184‐6 and the Phaedo do not clearly conflict on the powers of perception, neither do they clearly agree; rather, they focus on different issues.
Aristotle on Principles as Elements
Authors: Malink Marko
Published: January 2018

In his discussion of the four causes, Aristotle claims that ‘the hypotheses are material causes of the conclusion’ (Physics 2. 3, MetaphysicsΔ‎ 2). This claim has puzzled commentators since antiquity. It is usually taken to mean that the premisses of any deduction are material causes of the conclusion. By contrast, I argue that the claim does not apply to deductions in general but only to scientific demonstrations. For Aristotle, the theorems of a given science are composites consisting of the indemonstrable premisses from which they are demonstrated. Accordingly, these premisses are elements, and hence material causes, of the theorems. In this way, Aristotle’s claim can be shown to be well motivated and illuminating.
Misallocation of Investment in Europe
Authors: Barbiero Francesca , Brutscher Philipp-Bastian , Kolev Atanas , Popov Alexander , Wolski Marcin
Published: January 2018

Using a pan-European, firm-bank matched data set, we find weak evidence of investment misallocation in Europe. Firms with higher debt overhangs invest significantly less, in particular in sectors that are facing good global growth opportunities. We also find that firms with higher debt overhangs are more likely to invest if they borrow from undercapitalized banks, and this effect is particularly strong in industries facing good global growth opportunities, suggesting a misallocation of investment associated with ‘zombie lending’. Our results are consistent with theories of investment misallocation due to agency problems at firms and at banks.
Market Innovations for (Non-Bank) Financing of SMEs in Light of the Crisis and New Regulation
Authors: Eisele Alexander , Nowak Eric
Published: January 2018

This chapter summarizes and empirically evaluates new regulatory policies as well as market innovations in the financial sector and their potential impact on SME financing. Using survey and balance sheet data for European SMEs, we find empirical evidence in line with the existing literature highlighting a recent deterioration in bank-based SME financing. More importantly, we provide empirical evidence suggesting that the negative macroeconomic effects of future restricted bank lending, due to new regulation, could be mitigated by policies allowing for and supporting new forms of market-based SME financing. To evaluate the financial and real effects of innovations in SME financing, we exploit the staggered introduction of SME equity and bond segments in different European countries, and show that they have been successful in providing non-bank financing to SMEs.
The Capital Markets Union and Firms’ Access to External Market-Based Finance
Authors: Bongini Paola , Ferrando Annalisa , Rossi Emanuele , Rossolini Monica
Published: January 2018

Firms’ access to capital markets among Eurozone countries is a challenging issue for the EU Capital Markets Union (CMU) agenda. We contribute to the current debate on the CMU by identifying the characteristics of firms that can be deemed ‘suitable’ for market-based finance. Using survey-based research, we show which firm-specific attributes and country-specific features foster a firm’s likelihood of accessing non-bank sources of finance. Our results reveal that a few Eurozone countries appear to have achieved high access to capital market financing, but there is substantial unexploited potential among firms fit for market-based finance. Our research also indicates that the macro business environment and conditions—such as GDP growth, the degree of development of domestic financial markets, and the quality of the legal and judicial enforcement system—significantly impact firms’ market suitability. Our results therefore can be linked to a number of goals of the CMU Action Plan.
The Historiography of Environmental History
Authors: McNeill J. R.
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses the emergence of environmental history, which developed in the context of the environmental concerns that began in the 1960s with worries about local industrial pollution, but which has since evolved into a full-scale global crisis of climate change. Environmental history is ‘the history of the relationship between human societies and the rest of nature’. It includes three chief areas of inquiry: the study of material environmental history, political and policy-related environmental history, and a form of environmental history which concerns what humans have thought, believed, written, and more rarely, painted, sculpted, sung, or danced that deals with the relationship between society and nature. Since 1980, environmental history has come to flourish in many corners of the world, and scholars everywhere have found models, approaches, and perspectives rather different from those developed for the US context.
History and Social Science in the West
Authors: Passmore Kevin
Published: January 2018

This chapter analyzes the relationship between history and various disciplines within the social sciences. Historians and social scientists shared two related sets of assumptions. The first supposition was of a world-historical shift from a traditional, hierarchical, religious society to a modern egalitarian, rational one. Second, history and social science assumed that progress occurred within nations possessed of unique ‘characters’, and that patriotism provided the social cement without which society could not function. Nevertheless, academic history seemingly differed from social science in that it was untheoretical and predominantly political. Yet historians focused on the nation’s attainment of self-consciousness, homogeneity, and independence through struggle against internal and external enemies—a history in which great men were prominent. Historians and sociologists unwittingly shared versions of grand theory, in which change was an external ‘force’ driven by the functional needs of the system, and in which meaning derived from measurement against theory, rather than from protagonists’ actions and beliefs.
Mexican Historical Writing
Authors: Padilla Guillermo Zermeño
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores Mexican historical writing. One cannot understand the evolution of Mexican historiography after 1940 without taking into consideration the consolidation and political hegemony of the regime established after the Mexican Revolution in the 1930s, most notably in the government of president Lázaro Cárdenas. In addition to the international and domestic economic, political, and cultural factors, it was the convergence of exiled Spanish republican intellectuals and intellectuals of the Mexican Revolution after 1938, which ultimately sparked the appearance of academic historiography in Mexico, and whose influence still dominates the current functioning of the principal institutions of history. The chapter then describes how Mexican historiography entered a process of professionalization and institutionalization in the 1940s, leading after the 1960s to a pluralization of the fields of historical research under the influence of new Western trends such as social history.
The Tradition of Historical Writing in Korea
Authors: Breuker Remco , Koh Grace , Lewis James B.
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines how Korea adapted Chinese cultural, political, economic, and diplomatic models to fit the peculiarities of the peninsula. Detailed records on people inhabiting the Korean peninsula appear in Chinese histories from the third century AD. Until the mid-fifteenth century, Koreans did not develop their own script but either wrote in Chinese or adopted individual Chinese characters to write Korean. Such mastery of a radically different language also brought with it a fluency in Sinitic civilizational codes that could be used or ignored to fit local circumstances. However, the use of Chinese does not mean that the content always or even sometimes obeyed Chinese historiographical and social norms. Purposeful violation of those norms offered the peoples on the Korean peninsula the room to develop their own identity.
From Reciting to Writing and Interpretation: Tendencies, Themes, and Demarcations of Armenian Historical Writing
Authors: van Lint Theo Maarten
Published: January 2018

This chapter details how Armenian historiography was closely tied to the spread and defense of Christianity in Armenia, which had been declared the state religion by King Trdat at around 314. Because Armenia had been within the Iranian cultural and religious orbit from Achaemenid times onwards, the emergence of a Western orientation promoted by the Armenian Church meant a categorical change in outlook, which would dominate its historiography. Often contested between powerful eastern and western neighbours, various royal dynasties reigned over Armenia, the last one — the Arsacid — being of Parthian origin and acceded to power in the first century AD. However, major religious conflicts, particularly between Mazdeism and Christianism, left a deep imprint on Armenian historiography, and have long prevented it from acknowledging the Iranian elements in the wider Armenian social and cultural spheres.
Islam: The Arabic and Persian Traditions, Eleventh–Fifteenth Centuries
Authors: Hirschler Konrad
Published: January 2018

This chapter deals with how the Islamic historical writing of the Middle Period developed directly from the early Islamic tradition, and its legacy remained deeply inscribed into the ways history was written and represented between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries. However, as historians started to develop new styles and new genres, they turned to previously neglected aspects of the past, their social profile changed, and the writing of history became a more self-conscious, and to some degree self-confident, cultural practice. Most importantly, those issues that had motivated earlier historians, such as the legitimacy of the Abbasid Caliphate, declined in significance and historians of the Middle Period turned to new and more diverse subjects.
Slavonic Historical Writing in South-Eastern Europe, 1200–1600
Authors: Guran Petre
Published: January 2018

This chapter considers the period from 1200 to 1600 because social and political realities of Southeastern Europe delineate such a delayed chronology. The latter term, beginning in the seventeenth century, marks the end of those medieval societies who used Slavonic for their cultural expression. The other main reason for this chronology is the fact that most of the literary production of ninth- and tenth-century Bulgaria is known through Russian literary activity. The chapter begins with the birth of new states using Slavonic as a cultural language on the territory of Byzantium at the end of the twelfth century. The chronological closing term of this study is marked by the two Romanian principalities, Wallachia and Moldavia, where court culture continued to use a medieval Slavonic dialect up to the beginning of the seventeenth century.
What Is Dialectical Thinking? Conceptualization and Measurement
Authors: Spencer-Rodgers Julie , Anderson Elise , Ma-Kellams Christine , Wang Carol , Peng Kaiping
Published: January 2018

In the past several decades, research comparing dialectical and non-dialectical (“linear”) cultures has flourished, as have empirical studies on holistic versus analytic thinking. This literature has identified East-West cultural differences in almost all aspects of the human condition and life, from the manner in which people reason and make decisions, to how they conceptualize themselves and others, to how they cope with stress and mental illness. This chapter defines dialectical and holistic thinking, distinguishing them from related epistemologies (e.g., Hegelian and Marxist dialectical thinking) and cultural constructs (e.g., collectivism and interdependence). The chapter then discusses the various ways dialectical thinking has been operationalized, measured (e.g., with the Dialectical Self Scale), and manipulated in the literature. Lastly, the chapter examines the issue of how dialecticism, especially tolerance of contradiction, influences the manner in which people respond to self-report measures in the first place and the implications this has for cross-cultural research.
Dialecticism across the Lifespan
Authors: Grossmann Igor
Published: January 2018

Before dialecticism became a topic of empirical inquiry in cultural psychology, scholars in related disciplines had discussed dialecticism as a model of human development, as an essential component of maturity and wisdom. This chapter bridges these two perspectives, comparing conceptualizations of dialecticism in developmental and cultural psychology. After reviewing historical portrayals of dialecticism in various philosophical traditions, the chapter provides a comparison of historical characterizations with the contemporary treatment of dialecticism in human development and cultural psychology. Both streams—developmental and cross-cultural—are proposed as essential for an integral understanding of the construct. Subsequently, the chapter discusses the emerging developmental models of dialecticism across the lifespan and reviews the accompanying empirical evidence, situating it in a cross-cultural context. It concludes with an outline of future directions of research on dialectical thought, with attention to psychological and sociocultural processes engendering dialecticism across the lifespan.
Judging the World Dialectically versus Non-Dialectically
Authors: Masuda Takahiko , Li Liman Man Wai , Russell Matthew J.
Published: January 2018

For over three decades, cultural psychologists have advocated the importance of cultural meaning systems and their effects on basic modes of perception and cognition. This chapter reviews findings which have demonstrated that culturally dominant ways of thinking influence people’s basic perceptual and cognitive processes: East Asians are more likely to endorse holistic thinking and dialectical thinking style when they process information, such that they incorporate more contextual information into their judgments of focal objects, and North Americans are more likely to endorse non-dialectical thinking and analytical thinking styles, by focusing on foreground information. The chapter also reviews recent findings related to higher cognitive processes in judgments and decision making processes. It emphasizes two lines of research showing how cultural differences in perception and cognition affect the online decision making process, one involving various online processes in decision making and the other involving how cultures experience indecisiveness in their decisions. Finally, this chapter introduces recent findings highlighting how cultural differences in perception and cognition affect how people make judgments involved in resource allocation, how cultural consistency values affect personality judgments, and how memory judgments are affected by neural cues. To close, it discusses the importance of this line of research and its future directions.
Dialecticism in Close Relationships and Marriage
Authors: Cross Susan E. , Lam Ben C. P.
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores how the cultural framework of dialecticism can be applied in research on romantic relationships. Using cross-cultural data from dating and married individuals, the chapter first examines the predictions that East Asians, as compared to Westerners, are more ambivalent and realistic in their perceptions of their partners, perceive lower similarity with their partners, and are more motivated to adjust and change themselves in the relationship. It then discusses research on cross-cultural differences in emotional experience among couples and relationship cognitions (e.g., the concept of Yuan and focalism). In sum, it is suggested that cross-cultural differences in how individuals think, feel, and act in romantic relationship contexts can be understood through the theoretical perspective of dialecticism. However, more empirical studies are needed to explore the influence of dialectical thinking on relationship development and maintenance across cultural contexts.
Dialecticism and the Future Self in Cultural Contexts
Authors: Wang Qi , Hou Yubo , Gould Tracy
Published: January 2018

Dialectical thinking reflects both a view of the world and a view of oneself as fluid and changing. This chapter discusses the role of dialectical thinking in people’s prediction of changes in their future selves. Focus is on the future self-concept, namely, the conceptual representation of the self in the future, and the episodic future self, namely, the anticipation of specific future personal events. It is proposed that dialectical thinking, as a form of cultural knowledge, may guide people in their perception of their future selves relative to their present and past selves and in their construction of plausible future events from past experiences. The chapter further discusses the relation of dialectical thinking and the future self to psychological well-being. Throughout the discussion, original data from a cross-cultural project with mainland Chinese and European American college students are presented, to illustrate the psychological and cultural foundations of the future self.
Dialectical Emotions
Authors: Wilken Brooke , Miyamoto Yuri
Published: January 2018

Over the past few decades, a body of research has begun to emerge on the dialectical experience of positive and negative emotions. In this chapter, this research is explored in detail. First, the chapter delineates what dialectical emotions encompass and how they relate to other constructs. Additionally, it outlines how dialectical emotions traditionally have been measured within different approaches. Building on the different ways to conceptualize and measure dialectical emotions, the authors then review studies that have examined the nature and variations of dialectical emotions in Western cultural contexts. Subsequently, a review of findings that have demonstrated cultural differences in dialectical emotions is provided. The chapter concludes with implications of dialectical emotions, and some of their personal and interpersonal consequences are discussed and future directions proposed.
Context, community and social capital in the governance of a New Zealand orchestra
Authors: Johnson Henry
Published: January 2018

This chapter provides a social analysis of the governance of an orchestral board in the city of Dunedin, New Zealand. The discussion interprets the ways context, community and social capital are interconnected concepts for understanding aspects of orchestral governance in a postcolonial state. The first part of the chapter provides a background to the orchestra under study, the Southern Sinfonia, in its cultural context, and it offers an historical and contextual framework for understanding this particular group’s raison d’être and its organizational practices. The second part discusses the contribution the orchestra’s board has made to the community it represents, especially with regard to its social and cultural links to key stakeholders. The last part focuses on the idea of social capital as a way of interpreting how the orchestra is connected with its local community.
The Hindi film orchestra
Authors: Morcom Anna
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the Hindi film orchestra in historical, social and cinematic contexts. It charts the place, meaning and status of the western orchestra in Indian cinema from the silent era through the post-Independence period to the marked changes that have occurred since India’s liberalization from the 1990s. Although western classical music was not adopted and institutionalized in the mainstream in India (unlike East Asia, for example), this chapter demonstrates how it nevertheless became interwoven with Indian postcolonial modernity in a powerful yet largely background and thus unseen form through the cinema. Recently, with India’s intensive globalization, the orchestra is showing signs of acquiring a more visibly mediated status in Indian film music and in India more generally.
Introduction
Authors: Gallo Ester
Published: January 2018

The introduction highlights the importance of understanding how, in globalizing south India, families engage through memory with the question of how kinship norms, ideals, and experiences can enhance social mobility. It critically reviews and bridges three sets of literature: firstly, the historical critique developed within postcolonial and feminist tradition on the relation between colonialism, middle classes, and gendered family reforms; secondly, classical and recent anthropological approaches on political history and memory; thirdly, contemporary analysis of kinship within and beyond South Asia. The introduction argues that an analysis of the relationship between kinship, memory, and social mobility reveals to be timely and original to reconnect the well-known colonial middle-class projects of family modernity with the much less explored dimension of how (actual and aspiring) middle classes have engaged across history with these projects.
Recalling the Beauty of Impurity
Authors: Gallo Ester
Published: January 2018

Chapter five explores the meanings of genealogical records for the legitimation or critique of contemporary marriages, and particularly of love and/or inter-community unions. The production of genealogical records and graphs can be seen as a relatively widespread exercise among Nambudiris, partly reflecting their status aspirations. This chapter will argue that the notes and narratives that accompany middle-class genealogies substantially contradict the aspiration of the YKS to create a ‘pure’ community of equal caste membership. While the YKS envisaged a genuine community of brahmins in which inter-caste marriages had no place, genealogical recalling unsettles the suitability of ‘proper kinship’ and points to the necessity of crossing borders in order to successfully achieve middle-class status.