bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Volatile organic compounds released by maize following herbivory or insect extract application and communication between plants
Authors: Skoczek A. , Piesik D. , Wenda‐Piesik A. , Buszewski B. , Bocianowski J. , Wawrzyniak M.
Published: October 2016

To protect themselves from herbivory, plants have evolved an arsenal of physical and chemical defences and release a variety of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). By releasing theseVOCs, a signalling plant can both reduce herbivory, sometimes by more than 90%, and also warn neighbouring plants about an attack. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of herbivory and insect extract application onVOCrelease by damaged/treated and nearby undamaged/untreated maize plants. We confirmed that European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) larvae attack or larvae extract application induced maizeVOCrelease. Greater amounts of (Z)‐3‐hexenal, (E)‐2‐hexenal, (Z)‐3‐hexen‐1‐ol, (E)‐2‐hexen‐1‐ol,β‐myrcene, (Z)‐3‐hexen‐1‐yl acetate, 1‐hexyl acetate, (Z)‐ocimene, linalool, benzyl acetate, methyl salicylate, indole, methyl anthranilate, geranyl acetate,β‐caryophyllene, (E)‐β‐farnesene and (Z)‐3‐hexenal, (Z)‐3‐hexen‐1‐ol, (Z)‐3‐hexen‐1‐yl acetate, (Z)‐ocimene, linalool, indole, methyl anthranilate, geranyl acetate,β‐caryophyllene and (E)‐β‐farnesene were released as a result of biotic stress after insect attack or insect extract application. The amounts of eachVOCreleased were qualitatively and quantitatively distinct and dependent on time after biotic stress exposure. However, for all biotic stresses, significantly lowerVOCinduction was measured when leaves were damaged/treated for three days, as compared to seven days. Our work also demonstrated that undamaged/untreated neighbouring plants also release significant amounts ofVOCs. This suggests thatVOCemission by a damaged/treated plant stimulatesVOCinduction in nearby undamaged/untreated plants. However, the concentrations of allVOCs released by neighbouring undamaged/untreated maize plants were lower than those from damaged/treated plants and were negatively correlated with distance from a damaged/treated plant. Still, significantVOCinduction occurred in undamaged/untreated plants even at 3 m distance from a damaged/infected plant. Our work suggests that maize plant protective defence responses (VOCemission) can be induced via application of European corn borer extracts.
The use of shape analysis to differentiate between the mandibles of four economically important tephritid species
Authors: Pieterse W. , Manrakhan A. , Ramukhesa H. R. , Rosenberg S. M. , Addison P.
Published: October 2016

The three fruit fly species (Diptera: Tephritidae) of economic importance that are most commonly intercepted during inspections of fruit for export at the Plant Quarantine Station of the Department of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries in Stellenbosch, South Africa, are Ceratitis capitata, Ceratitis rosa and Ceratitis cosyra. A fourth fruit fly species of economic importance in South Africa which was recently declared present in the northern and north‐eastern parts of the country is Bactrocera dorsalis. Bactrocera dorsalis is absent in other areas of the country, including the Western Cape Province. The larval stage of fruit flies is the most commonly intercepted life stage, and identification of this stage using traditional morphological methods such as identification keys is difficult. This study investigates the use of shape analysis, a morphometric method, to identify the third instar larvae of four tephritid species commonly intercepted in fruit destined for export. Larval specimens of laboratory reared B. dorsalis, C. capitata, C. rosa s.s. and C. cosyra were used. The mandibles of third instar larvae of all species were dissected out, dehydrated and mounted in Euparal. Images of the mandibles were captured and analysed using elliptical Fourier descriptors (in the SHAPE v.1.3 analysis programme). According to the cumulative eigenvalues, the first two principal components (PCs) contributed the most (65%) to the shape change. The canonical variate analysis showed that the first PC separates C. rosa s.s. and C. cosyra from C. capitata and B. dorsalis. Ceratitis capitata and B. dorsalis were separated by the second PC. This study showed that morphometrics, in the form of shape analysis of the mandibles, can be used in combination with measurements of the mandibles to distinguish between third instar larvae of B. dorsalis, C. capitata, C. rosa s.s. and C. cosyra.
Citizen monitoring of invasive species: wing morphometry as a tool for detection of alien Tetropium species
Authors: Goczał J. , Rossa R. , Sweeney J. , Tofilski A.
Published: October 2016

The increasing threat of alien wood‐boring insect has resulted in the initiation of large‐scale monitoring programmes. These programmes are most often based on pheromone‐bailed traps, which allow the early detection and monitoring of invasive species. This approach is expensive because it entails the processing and accurate identification of large numbers of specimens. One of the most often suggested solutions to this problem is citizen participation in the monitoring of invasive species. Such an approach has the potential for reducing costs as well as providing data from a larger number of sites. However, citizens vary in taxonomic expertise and experience which can result in identification errors. This may be particularly important in the case of wood borers which include many morphologically similar species. In this study, we develop and discuss a semi‐automated method of identifying four morphologically similar and invasive Tetropium spp. wood borers as a potential tool for citizen‐based monitoring programmes. Identification is based on wing measurements and requires neither specialist knowledge nor expensive equipment. The method correctly identified the species of Tetropium with an error ranging from 1.3% for T. fuscum to 7.5% for T. cinnamopterum. We found that experience level of the individual user was not essential for correct identification; on average, inexperienced volunteers correctly identified the Tetropium species in 93% of cases. Further development of this method may be a significant step to overcoming the taxonomical impediment to citizen monitoring of taxonomically challenging groups of insects.
Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography of Spodoptera exigua across a broad geographic area in China
Authors: Zhou L. H. , Wang X. Y. , Xu G. Q. , Lei J. J.
Published: October 2016

The beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is an important agriculture pest in China that causes serious economic losses in some of the main crop‐producing areas. To monitor and manage this pest effectively, it is necessary to investigate its phylogeographic patterns in China. In this study, we used a partial sequence of mitochondrial DNA Cytb gene consisting of 724 bps to investigate the genetic diversity of the beet armyworm. A total of 765 individuals from 47 populations across the main distribution range of the species were collected, and 112 haplotypes were identified. Moderate‐to‐high levels of genetic diversity (Hd = 0.672 ± 0.017, Pi = 0.00268 ± 0.00021) for the total populations were obtained. Phylogenetic and median‐joining network analyses indicated there was no distinct geographic distribution pattern among haplotypes. Overall, the study also revealed significant differentiation among some populations (P < 0.05). The FST values of Shenyang population (SY2012–SY 2014), as well as Baoding (BD), Taian (TA), Lucheng (LC), Zhengzhou (ZZ) and Wuhan (WH), were significantly different from those of the populations in most other locations. Hierarchical AMOVA showed there was no significantly genetic structure between populations located in seven geographic regions and four main bioclimatic zones. Finally, unimodal mismatch distribution combined with negative Tajima's D (D = −2.696, P < 0.001) and Fu's FS (FS = −207.228, P > 0.05) indicated recent population expansion of S. exigua at large spatial scales in China.
Do method and species lifestyle affect measures of maximum metabolic rate in fishes?
Authors: Killen S. S. , Norin T. , Halsey L. G.
Published: October 2016

The rate at which active animals can expend energy is limited by their maximum aerobic metabolic rate (MMR). Two methods are commonly used to estimate MMR as oxygen uptake in fishes, namely during prolonged swimming or immediately following brief exhaustive exercise, but it is unclear whether they return different estimates of MMR or whether their effectiveness for estimating MMR varies among species with different lifestyles. A broad comparative analysis of MMR data from 121 fish species revealed little evidence of different results between the two methods, either for fishes in general or for species of benthic, benthopelagic or pelagic lifestyles.
The Effects of Produce Washes on the Quality and Shelf Life of “Cantaloupe” (Cucumis Melo var. Cantalupensis) and “Watermelon” (Citrullus Lantus var. Lanatus)
Authors: Svoboda Amanda , Shaw Angela , Wilson Lester , Mendonca Aubrey , Nair Ajay , Daraba Aura
Published: October 2016

Our research objective was to evaluate the ability of produce washes to maintain the texture and color quality attributes of watermelon and cantaloupe while reducing the levels of natural fungi population on the melon surface. Melons were submerged for 2 min into either water control or water containing quaternary ammonium chloride (300 ppm) or an 18% hydrogen peroxide and 12% peroxyacetic acid combination (100 ppm), or an acetic acid, peroxyacetic acid and hydrogen peroxide combination (0.78%). Microbial analysis and instrumental measurements were utilized to assess the melons on day 0, 7, 14 and 21 in three separate trials. The experimental results indicated no reduction of fungal contaminants and no changes in firmness or color of melons following the applied treatments over the time of the study (P > 0.05). Additionally, the results provided evidence of extension of shelf life due to application of the tested washing solutions onto the watermelons or cantaloupe.

Practical Applications

Concerns over microbial safety in the melon industry prompted the use of intervention treatments to reduce foodborne pathogens. New formulations of antimicrobial treatments have created a wide variety of washing treatments that the melons producers can utilize in their production system. Research has shown that many of these formulations have antimicrobial effects, but little data have shown whether quality affects will result. This fact has caused growers' to hesitate using such products. The results of this work indicate that the chosen produce sanitizers did not reduce the quality of whole melons following washing treatments. Information provided by this work will be utilized to communicate benefits of surface washing in the melon industry, and to promote sanitation and safe handling practices through extension education.
Comparisons of physical activity, adipokines, vitamin D status and dietary vitamin D intake among adolescents
Authors: Giudici K. V. , Fisberg R. M. , Marchioni D. M. , Martini L. A.
Published: October 2016

Background

Considering that lifestyle and diet are key factors responsible for the increases in adiposity in youth, it is important to understand how vitamin D, adipokines and markers of glucose metabolism are related to physical activity level (PAL) during growth. The present study aimed to investigate associations between physical activity level, adiponectin/leptin ratio, vitamin D status and dietary vitamin D intake among adolescents.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was conducted with adolescents aged 14–18 years old who were living in São Paulo, Brazil. Serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], adiponectin (A), leptin (L), glucose and insulin were obtained after 12 h of fasting. Dietary calcium and vitamin D intake were measured by 24‐h food record, as repeated in 62.6% of the sample. PAL was measured by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Pearson's chi‐square test, Pearson correlation and linear regression analysis were performed.

Results

A total of 198 subjects, mean (SD) age 16.3 (1.4) years, 51% male, were enrolled in the study. Some 9% of participants were sedentary, 22% were insufficiently active (IA), 51% were active and 18% were very active (VA). The A/L ratio was lower among sedentary/IA subjects [2.2 (4.0) versus 5.6 (12.3); P = 0.01] compared to active/VA subjects. PAL was not associated with vitamin D status or markers of glucose metabolism. Serum 25(OH)D positively associated with vitamin D intake, after adjusting for sex, sun exposure and season of the year in regression analysis (partial r2=0.026, P = 0.02).

Conclusions

Low PAL was associated with a lower A/L ratio. Vitamin D status was not associated with sun exposure habits, although it was positively correlated with vitamin D intake.
Periodontal regeneration in aggressive periodontitis patients: A systematic review of the literature
Authors: Corbella Stefano , Weinstein Roberto , Francetti Luca , Taschieri Silvio , Del Fabbro Massimo
Published: October 2016

The aim of the present study was to systematically review the existing literature on periodontal regenerative procedures in individuals affected by aggressive periodontitis (AgP). An electronic and manual search was performed using an ad hoc prepared search string. All types of study designs were considered acceptable for inclusion. Data about treated patients, baseline clinical parameters, type of surgery, and outcomes were extracted and recorded. A narrative evaluation of the results was performed. After the article‐selection process, a total of 22 full‐texts were included in the qualitative synthesis. Twelve papers were case reports; one was a retrospective study; six were non‐randomized, comparative studies; and three papers were published on two randomized, controlled trials (RCT). Various biomaterials and surgical techniques were described in the included papers. Based on the existing literature, even considering the relatively low level of evidence, periodontal regenerative surgery could be successfully performed in patients affected by AgP. There is a substantial need of high‐quality RCT to support this.
Key Concepts in Pregnancy of Unknown Location: Identifying Ectopic Pregnancy and Providing Patient‐Centered Care
Authors: Fields Loren , Hathaway Alison
Published: October 2016

Pregnancy of unknown location (PUL) is a descriptive term for when a woman with a positive pregnancy test has a transvaginal ultrasound that cannot determine the site of the pregnancy. While the majority of women with PUL are subsequently diagnosed with a spontaneous abortion or viable intrauterine pregnancy, 7% to 20% of these women have an ectopic pregnancy. The potential for morbidity and mortality related to an ectopic pregnancy means that considerable care is necessary in the evaluation and management of women with PUL. In some cases, the location of the pregnancy is never determined and the PUL is categorized as resolving or persisting. Evidence suggests expectant management is a safe and effective approach for most women with PUL and should be the mainstay of care. However, in the case of persisting PUL, continued concern for ectopic pregnancy remains. Strategies for deciding when to intervene when a woman has a PUL are reviewed. A variety of clinical tools, including serum beta human chorionic gonadotropin (β‐hCG), repeat ultrasonography, dilation and curettage (D&C), and empiric methotrexate therapy are discussed. Finally, a proposal is made that women with persisting PUL can be presented with the option of choosing expectant management, diagnostic D&C, or empiric methotrexate treatment.
A Racial Equity Toolkit for Midwifery Organizations
Authors: Gordon Wendy M.
Published: October 2016

Midwifery associations are increasing awareness and commitment to racial equity in the profession and in the communities we serve. Moving these commitments from words into action may be facilitated by a racial equity toolkit to help guide midwifery organizations to consider all policies, initiatives, and actions with a racial equity lens. Racial equity impact analyses have been used in recent years by various governmental agencies in the United States and abroad with positive results, and emerging literature indicates that nonprofit organizations are having similarly positive results. This article proposes a framework for midwifery organizations to incorporate a racial equity toolkit, starting with explicit intentions of the organization with regard to racial equity in the profession. Indicators of success are elucidated as the next step, followed by the use of a racial equity impact analysis worksheet. This worksheet is applied by teams or committees when considering new policies or initiatives to examine those actions through a racial equity lens. An organizational change team and equity advisory groups are essential in assisting organizational leadership to forecast potential negative and positive impacts. Examples of the components of a midwifery‐specific racial equity toolkit are included.
Hippocampal GABAergic transmission: a new target for adenosine control of excitability
Authors: Rombo Diogo M. , Ribeiro Joaquim A. , Sebastião Ana M.
Published: October 2016

Physiological network functioning in the hippocampus is dependent on a balance between glutamatergic cell excitability and the activity of diverse local circuit neurons that release the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA). Tuners of neuronal communication such as adenosine, an endogenous modulator of synapses, control hippocampal network operations by regulating excitability. Evidence has been recently accumulating on the influence of adenosine on different aspects of GABAergic transmission to shape hippocampal function. This review addresses how adenosine, through its high‐affinity A1 (A1R) and A2A receptors (A2AR), interferes with different GABA‐mediated forms of inhibition in the hippocampus to regulate neuronal excitability. Adenosine‐mediated modulation of phasic/tonic inhibitory transmission, of GABA transport mechanisms and its interference with other modulatory systems are discussed together with the putative implications for neuronal function in physiological and pathological conditions.

This article is part of a mini review series: ‘Synaptic Function and Dysfunction in Brain Diseases’.

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Comparing Generational Differences in Persons With Down Syndrome
Authors: Coppus Antonia
Published: October 2016

Due to advances in care and medical treatment there has been a steady improvement in the life expectancy and quality of life for persons with Down syndrome (DS). It is not known if the increase in longevity will also mean that age‐dependent diseases in a younger generation of adults with DS will occur at a later age. Comparing two generations of adults can give us insight into the different health aspects experienced by adults with DS. Methods: A prospective longitudinal DS study cohort was set up, consisting of participants at a DS outpatient clinic. This clinic provides a yearly multidisciplinary DS Health Watch program. Since its inception, 141 persons have agreed to participate in a longitudinal prospective study, the “Health Watch study.” They visited the outpatient clinic annually from 2007 to 2015, a mean follow‐up of about 5 years (0.1–8.4 years). The mean age of the participants was 33.9 years (18–70 years). Of those, 25% were younger than 20 and 25% were older than 44. Cross‐sectional data were used to compare the generations. Results: Findings are baseline data of this longitudinal “Health Watch study.” The results show a discrepancy in health conditions and functional characteristics between those in the age category of 44 years and older and those below the age of 20 years. Conclusion: This study suggests that differences observed between the generations are possible predictors of a healthier state and longer life expectancy for a younger generation of adults with DS. Only a longitudinal follow‐up can confirm these findings.
Social Media and the Diffusion of Information: A Computational Experiment on the Emergence of Food Scares
Authors: Desmarchelier Benoît , Fang Eddy S.
Published: October 2016

This paper examines how social media have modified the process through which information spreads within a population. Building on agent‐based modeling and a behavioral survey on information diffusion following a food scare in China (n = 586), we study diffusion networks in simulated populations with and without access to social media. While the use of social media does not increase the likelihood of informational cascades, our results suggest a significant change in the topology of diffusion networks. Social media facilitate the formation of feedback loops through the emergence of multiple links, which can potentially lead to instances of market and social panic.
Dual‐compartmental transcriptomic + proteomic analysis of a marine endosymbiosis exposed to environmental change
Authors: Mayfield Anderson B. , Wang Yu‐Bin , Chen Chii‐Shiarng , Chen Shu‐Hwa , Lin Chung‐Yen
Published: October 2016

As significant anthropogenic pressures are putting undue stress on the world's oceans, there has been a concerted effort to understand how marine organisms respond to environmental change. Transcriptomic approaches, in particular, have been readily employed to document the mRNA‐level response of a plethora of marine invertebrates exposed to an array of simulated stress scenarios, with the tacit and untested assumption being that the respective proteins show a corresponding trend. To better understand the degree of congruency between mRNA and protein expression in an endosymbiotic marine invertebrate, mRNAs and proteins were sequenced from the same samples of the common, Indo‐Pacific coral Seriatopora hystrix exposed to stable or upwelling‐simulating conditions for 1 week. Of the 167 proteins downregulated at variable temperature, only two were associated with mRNAs that were also differentially expressed between treatments. Of the 378 differentially expressed genes, none were associated with a differentially expressed protein. Collectively, these results highlight the inherent risk of inferring cellular behaviour based on mRNA expression data alone and challenge the current, mRNA‐focused approach taken by most marine and many molecular biologists.
Urinary renalase concentration in patients with preserved kidney function undergoing coronary angiography
Authors: Wybraniec Maciej T. , Bożentowicz‐Wikarek Maria , Chudek Jerzy , Mizia‐Stec Katarzyna
Published: October 2016

Aim

The purpose of the study was to evaluate urinary renalase concentration before and after coronary angiography/percutaneous coronary interventions (CA/PCI) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and preserved kidney function and verify its potential application as contrast‐induced acute kidney injury (CI‐AKI) diagnostic marker.

Methods

This prospective study comprised 95 consecutive patients (69.5% men; median age 65 years) with CAD submitted to elective or urgent CA/PCI. Data regarding 128 clinical variables were obtained. Urine samples were collected on admission and 6 h after CA/PCI and tested for urinary renalase using ELISA method, which was expressed as renalase‐to‐creatinine ratio. The CI‐AKI diagnosis was based on ≥50% relative or ≥0.3 mg/dl absolute increase of serum creatinine concentration 48 h following the procedure.

Results

Nine patients developed CI‐AKI (9.5%). In comparison to baseline values, urinary renalase‐to‐creatinine ratio significantly decreased 6 h following CA/PCI, (2843.6 vs.1540.7 ng/mg, P < 0.0001). Nine patients developed CI‐AKI (9.5%).The reduction of renalase level was profound both in CI‐AKI (2709.7 vs. 1585.7 ng/mg, P = 0.007) and non‐CI‐AKI group (2814.9 vs.1561.8 ng/mg, P < 0.0001). There was a trend towards a greater relative decrease of urinary renalase in CI‐AKI group (−57.3 vs.–41.8%, P = 0.10). Univariate analysis revealed that both pre‐ and post‐procedural urinary renalase did not predict CI‐AKI onset; however, absolute decrease of renalase below 25 percentile was a predictor of CI‐AKI (OR = 5.4, 95% CI:1.3–21.9, P = 0.027).

Conclusion

Urinary renalase concentration is reduced in the aftermath of CA/PCI, which may be related to CI‐AKI development. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the role of urinary renalase as a CI‐AKI diagnostic marker.
Intravenous pulse cyclophosphamide and steroids induce immunological and clinical remission in New‐incident and relapsing primary membranous nephropathy
Authors: Kanigicherla Durga Anil K , Hamilton Patrick , Czapla Krystyna , Brenchley Paul EC
Published: October 2016

Aim

Primary membranous nephropathy is associated with progression to end stage renal diseasein some patients. Standard therapy with cyclical cyclophosphamide and corticosteroids can be associated with significant adverse effects. We aimed to assess immunological and clinical response with intravenous pulse cyclophosphamide and oral steroids in patients with severe nephrotic syndrome – in a prospective observational cohort study.

Methods

A total of 17 consecutive patients (nine new‐incident and eight relapses) with severe nephrotic syndrome received monthly intravenous pulse cyclophosphamide and oral steroids after failure to achieve remission with supportive therapy. Immunosuppressive therapy was discontinued at 6 months or earlier if proteinuria regressed to <100 mg/mmol and patients were followed for 12 months. Achievement of partial remission was primary outcome; changes in clinical parameters and anti‐PLA2R were secondary outcomes.

Results

Dose of cyclophosphamide received was 5.4 g in New‐incident patients and 4.2 g in patients with relapses. All 17 patients achieved partial remission within 6 months: proteinuria improved from 656 to 102 mg/mmol at 6 months and 55 mg/mmol at 12 months (P < 0.001); eGFR improved from 31 to 48 mL/min per 1.73 m2 at 6 months and 45 mL/min per 1.73 m2 at 12 months (P < 0.05). Anti‐PLA2R levels reduced from 244 to 10 U/L at 6 months and 10 U/L at 12 months (P < 0.001). Two out of nine patients in the New‐incident group developed subsequent relapse. Cumulative doses of cyclophosphamide and steroids that patients received was about half of the standard regime.

Conclusion

Pulse cyclophosphamide with oral steroids induced immunological and clinical partial remission at significantly reduced doses in primary membranous nephropathy.
Rooting for cassava: insights into photosynthesis and associated physiology as a route to improve yield potential
Authors: De Souza Amanda P. , Massenburg Lynnicia N. , Jaiswal Deepak , Cheng Siyuan , Shekar Rachel , Long Stephen P.
Published: October 2016

As a consequence of an increase in world population, food demand is expected to grow by up to 110% in the next 30–35 yr. The population of sub‐Saharan Africa is projected to increase by > 120%. In this region, cassava (Manihot esculenta) is the second most important source of calories and contributes c. 30% of the daily calorie requirements per person. Despite its importance, the average yield of cassava in Africa has not increased significantly since 1961. An evaluation of modern cultivars of cassava showed that the interception efficiency (ɛi) of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and the efficiency of conversion of that intercepted PAR (ɛc) are major opportunities for genetic improvement of the yield potential. This review examines what is known of the physiological processes underlying productivity in cassava and seeks to provide some strategies and directions toward yield improvement through genetic alterations to physiology to increase ɛi and ɛc. Possible physiological limitations, as well as environmental constraints, are discussed.

Contents

Summary
50

I.
Introduction
50

II.
How might genetic yield potential be increased in cassava?
52

III.
Modifying the cassava canopy to achieve higher ɛi
54

IV.
Increasing εc in cassava through photosynthesis
55

V.
Does cassava have the sink capacity for an increased influx of photoassimilates?
57

VI.
Environmental stress effects on photosynthesis and development
57

VII.
Conclusion
59

Acknowledgements
60

References
61
TRPA1 gene polymorphisms and childhood asthma
Authors: Gallo Valentina , Dijk F. Nicole , Holloway John W. , Ring Susan M. , Koppelman Gerard H. , Postma Dirkje S. , Strachan David P. , Granell Raquel , de Jongste Johan C. , Jaddoe Vincent W. V. , den Dekker Herman T. , Duijts Liesbeth , Henderson A. John , Shaheen Seif O.
Published: October 2016

Background

Animal data have suggested that the transient receptor potential ankyrin‐1 (TRPA1) ion channel plays a key role in promoting airway inflammation in asthma and may mediate effects of paracetamol on asthma, yet confirmatory human data are lacking. To study associations of TRPA1 gene variants with childhood asthma and total IgE concentration, and interactions between TRPA1 and prenatal paracetamol exposure on these outcomes.

Methods

We analysed associations between 31 TRPA1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and current doctor‐diagnosed asthma and total IgE concentration at 7.5 years in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) birth cohort. We sought to confirm the most significant associations with comparable outcomes in the Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy (PIAMA) and Generation R birth cohorts. In ALSPAC, we explored interactions with prenatal paracetamol exposure.

Results

In ALSPAC, there was strong evidence for association between six SNPs and asthma: rs959974 and rs1384001 (per‐allele odds ratio for both: 1.30 (95% CI: 1.15–1.47), p = 0.00001), rs7010969 (OR 1.28 (1.13–1.46), p = 0.00004), rs3735945 (OR 1.30 (1.09–1.55), p = 0.003), rs920829 (OR 1.30 (1.09–1.54), p = 0.004) and rs4738202 (OR 1.22 (1.07–1.39), p = 0.004). In a meta‐analysis across the three cohorts, the pooled effect estimates confirmed that all six SNPs were significantly associated with asthma. In ALSPAC, TRPA1 associations with asthma were not modified by prenatal paracetamol, although associations with IgE concentration were.

Conclusion

This study suggests that TRPA1 may play a role in the development of childhood asthma. (249 words)
Evaluation of I‐Gel™ size 2 airway in different degrees of neck flexion in anesthetized children – a prospective, self‐controlled trial
Authors: Jain Divya , Ghai Babita , Gandhi Komal , Banerjee Gargi , Bala Indu , Samujh Ram
Published: October 2016

Background

A previous study by our group demonstrated an increase in oropharyngeal leak pressures and a deterioration of ventilation in maximum neck flexion with the I‐Gel™. To ascertain the optimal degree of neck flexion which increases OPLP without compromising ventilation we conducted a prospective self‐controlled trial with the I‐Gel™ in different degrees of neck flexion in anesthetized paralyzed children.

Methodology

The I‐gel™ was inserted in 60 children undergoing inhalation induction with muscle paralysis for routine general anesthesia. Recordings of peak inspiratory pressures (PIP) at flexion of 15°, 30°, and 45° were taken as the primary outcome. Expired tidal volume, ventilation scoring, fiberoptic gradings, and OPLP in different degrees of flexion were recorded as secondary outcomes.

Results

There was a significant increase in mean PIP in cm H2O at flexion 30° [13.3 (95% CI 12.8–13.8) cm H2O, P < 0.001] and 45° flexion (16.5 [15.9–17.1] cm H2O, P < 0.001) compared to neutral. A decrease in the expired tidal volume was seen at flexion of 30° (7.6 [7.3–7.8] cm H2O, P = 0.00) and 45° (7.6 [7.3–7.8] cm H2O, P = 0.00). There was deterioration of ventilation score, mean [range] at 30° flexion 2[0–3], and 45° flexion 1[0–3] compared to the neutral 3[2–3]. There was a significant increase in OPLP with an increase in degree of flexion.

Conclusion

We conclude that 15° neck flexion can safely be applied without compromising ventilation with the I‐Gel™ in anesthetized paralyzed children. However, Flexion of 30° or more warrants caution or the use of alternative devices like an endotracheal tube due to increase in PIP and worsening of ventilation score.
Codeine use among children in the United States: a nationally representative study from 1996 to 2013
Authors: Livingstone Margaret J. , Groenewald Cornelius B. , Rabbitts Jennifer A. , Palermo Tonya M.
Published: October 2016

Background

Concerns regarding the safety of codeine have been raised. Cases of life‐threatening respiratory depression and death in children have been attributed to codeine's polymorphic metabolic pathway. International health agencies recommend restricted use of codeine in children. Despite these recommendations, the epidemiology of codeine use among children remains unknown.

Aims

Our objective was to examine patterns of codeine use in the US among children.

Methods

A cross‐sectional analysis of children of age 0–17 years from 1996 to 2013 in the US was performed. Data were extracted from MEPS, a nationally representative set of health care surveys. Prevalence rates of codeine use between 1996 and 2013 were examined. Multivariable logistic regression examined relationships between codeine use and patient demographics.

Results

Codeine use remained largely unchanged from 1996 to 2013 (1.08 vs 1.03 million children, respectively). Odds of codeine use was higher in ages 12–17 (OR, 1.40; [1.21–1.61]), outside of the Northeastern US, and among those with poor physical health status (OR, 3.29 [1.79–6.03]). Codeine use was lower in children whose ethnicity was not white and those uninsured (OR, 0.47 [0.34–0.63]). Codeine was most frequently prescribed by emergency physicians (18%) and dentists (14%). The most common condition associated with codeine use was trauma‐related pain.

Conclusions

Pediatric codeine use has declined since 1996; however, more than 1 million children still used codeine in 2013. Health care providers must be made aware of guidelines advising against the use of codeine in children. Codeine is potentially hazardous and safer alternatives to treat children's pain are available.
Safety and Efficacy of Occipital Nerves Stimulation for the Treatment of Chronic Migraines: Randomized, Double‐blind, Controlled Single‐center Experience
Authors: Mekhail Nagy A. , Estemalik Emad , Azer Gerges , Davis Kristina , Tepper Stuart J.
Published: October 2016

Background

A recent multicenter study presented 52‐week safety and efficacy results from an open‐label extension of a randomized, sham‐controlled trial for patients with chronic migraine (CM) undergoing peripheral nerve stimulation of the occipital nerves. We present the data from a single center of 20 patients enrolled at the Cleveland Clinic's Pain Management Department.

Methods

In this single center, 20 patients were implanted with a neurostimulation system, randomized to an active or control group for 12 weeks, and received open‐label treatment for an additional 40 weeks. Outcomes collected included number of headache days, pain intensity, Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS), Zung Pain and Distress (PAD), direct patient reports of headache pain relief, quality of life, satisfaction, and adverse events (AEs).

Results

Headache days per month were reduced by 8.51 (±9.81) days (P < 0.0001). The proportion of patients who achieved a 30% and 50% reduction in headache days and/or pain intensity was 60% and 35%, respectively. MIDAS and Zung PAD were reduced for all patients. Fifteen (75%) of the 20 patients at the site reported at least one AE. A total of 20 AEs were reported from the site.

Conclusion

Our results support the 12‐month efficacy of 20 CM patients receiving peripheral nerve stimulation of the occipital nerves in this single‐center trial.
Prevalence and clinical correlates of flunitrazepam‐related complex sleep behaviors
Authors: Tsai Jui‐Kang , Yen Chia‐Nan , Chen Cheng‐Sheng , Hwang Tzung‐Jeng , Chen Shao‐Tsu , Chen Tzu‐Ting , Ko Chih‐Hung , Su Po‐Wen , Chang Yu‐Ping , Lin Jin‐Jia , Yen Cheng‐Fang
Published: October 2016

Aim

Complex sleep behaviors (CSB) are often associated with the use of hypnotic drugs. This study investigated the prevalence and correlates of CSB among psychiatric patients who were given flunitrazepam.

Methods

From June 2011 to May 2012, a total of 268 psychiatric outpatients who had received flunitrazepam for at least 3 months were enrolled. Data on occurrence of CSB, demographic characteristics, flunitrazepam dosage and duration of use, psychiatric diagnoses, physical illnesses, and alcohol use were collected. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the clinical correlates of CSB.

Results

Sixty‐six participants (24.6%) reported experiencing CSB. Logistic regression analysis showed that a high dosage (>2 mg/day) of flunitrazepam (odds ratio [OR] = 1.941, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.090–3.455, P = 0.024) and alcohol use (OR = 1.948, 95%CI = 1.023–3.709, P = 0.042) were significantly associated with the occurrence of CSB. Sex, age, duration of flunitrazepam use, psychiatric diagnoses, and physical illnesses were not significantly associated with the occurrence of CSB.

Conclusion

CSB among flunitrazepam users should be monitored routinely, especially among those receiving a high dosage who also consume alcohol.
Congenital Milium of the Nipple
Authors: Ferreira Muriel Guarda , Salgado Manuel Baptista
Published: October 2016

A 12‐month‐old girl presented with an asymptomatic, pearly nodule on the left nipple that had been present from birth and was currently 3 mm in diameter and growing. Assuming the diagnosis of congenital primary milium of the nipple, we took a “wait and see” approach. After 3 months, the pearl disappeared without any scarring.
Pilomatricoma Associated with Kabuki Syndrome
Authors: Bernier Fanny‐Emmanuelle , Schreiber Ariane , Coulombe Jérome , Hatami Afshin , Marcoux Danielle
Published: October 2016

We report three cases of pilomatricomas associated with Kabuki syndrome (KS), supporting the hypothesis proposed of an association between pilomatricomas and KS and suggesting a noncoincidental association, because the Wnt pathway mutations involved could affect both morphogenesis and tumorigenesis in these patients.
The Impact of Aid on Total Government Expenditures: New Evidence on Fungibility
Authors: Marć Łukasz
Published: October 2016

Aid is said to be fungible at the aggregate level if it raises government expenditures by less than the total amount. This happens when the recipient government decreases domestic revenue, decreases net borrowing, or when aid bypasses the budget. This study makes three contributions to both fungibility and fiscal response literature. First, fungibility at the aggregate level is re‐examined on a larger recent panel 1980–2012, distinguishing between short‐ and long‐term impact of aid. The results indicate that aid is partly fungible in the long run and highly fungible in the short run. Second, to account for aid bypassing the budget, technical cooperation is used as a proxy for off‐budget aid. Off‐budget aid is found to be non‐fungible and on‐budget aid is partly fungible. Third, fungibility of bilateral and multilateral aid is analyzed: the results indicate lower fungibility of multilateral aid.
Non‐parametric regression in clustered multistate current status data with informative cluster size
Authors: Lan Ling , Bandyopadhyay Dipankar , Datta Somnath
Published: October 2016

Datasets examining periodontal disease records current (disease) status information of tooth‐sites, whose stochastic behavior can be attributed to a multistate system with state occupation determined at a single inspection time. In addition, the tooth‐sites remain clustered within a subject, and the number of available tooth‐sites may be representative of the true periodontal disease status of that subject, leading to an ‘informative cluster size’ scenario. To provide insulation against incorrect model assumptions, we propose a non‐parametric regression framework to estimate state occupation probabilities at a given time and state exit/entry distributions, utilizing weighted monotonic regression and smoothing techniques. We demonstrate the superior performance of our proposed weighted estimators over the unweighted counterparts via a simulation study and illustrate the methodology using a dataset on periodontal disease.
Aortic thrombosis in dogs
Authors: Williams Trevor P.E. , Shaw Scott , Porter Adam , Berkwitt Larry
Published: October 2016

Objective

To review information regarding etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment options for aortic thrombotic disease in dogs.

Etiology

Diseases resulting in hypercoagulable states can cause thrombus formation in the distal aorta, and account for the majority of cases of aortic thrombosis (ATh) in dogs, although a substantial number of cases have no identifiable underlying cause. Aortic thromboembolism (ATE) also occurs but appears to be much less frequently documented.

Diagnosis

The presentation of ATh and ATE in dogs is more varied compared to cats. Diagnosis can be challenging due to nonspecific clinical signs. Definitive diagnosis involves direct visualization of the thrombus, which is often obtained via ultrasound; however, other imaging modalities such as computed tomography scans can be utilized.

Therapy

The optimal treatment for aortic thrombotic disease in dogs has yet to be determined. Although not always possible, treatment of concurrent diseases that may promote thrombosis is an important aspect of thrombus resolution. A recent retrospective study reported positive results with long‐term warfarin therapy; however, other studies have not reported similar results. Unfractionated or low‐molecular weight heparins are additional anticoagulants that have been utilized. Platelet inhibitor therapy should also be considered in combination with anticoagulant therapy.

Prognosis

Survival for dogs with ATh or ATE is reported to be between 50% and 60%. Dogs that present with chronic clinical signs appear to have a better prognosis than those who are acutely affected or those who are severely affected.
Light Pipe Transporter for High-rise Office Building in Tropical Climate
Authors: Heng Christopher Yii Sern , Ossen Dilshan Remaz , Lim Yaik Wah
Published: October 2016

Daylight has known to bring benefits for human, psychologically and physiologically. It also provides better indoor environment quality and thus increase the performance and productivity of office workers as stated by Paevere (2009). However, due to economic reasons, the current practice of using deep open plan building has cause a dent to having daylight in the interior spaces, which cause a dependency on artificial lighting. Hence, to provide daylight in deep interior, light distribution system is needed. Although so, according to Hansen (2003), most of the systems can only illuminate up to 8m-10m depth. Therefore, light pipe (LP) plays an essential role where it can illuminate up to 20m depth. LP’s efficiency depends on the 3 main components; collector, transporter and extractor. This research explores the effectiveness of horizontal LP through different type of transporter’s shapes which includes rectangular, triangular, square and semi-circle. Previous studies have shown differences of efficiency on the shaped while using vertical LP. This research’s analysis was done using a computer simulation, Integrated Environment Solution: Virtual Environment (IESVE), where DF of each shapes were compared to MS 1525:2007 benchmark. The viability of the software was also validated though an assessment with a physical scaled-model experiment that was conducted in an open car park in Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia. The results from the simulation showed that semi-circle shaped transporter offered the same efficiency as rectangular shaped. These findings will promote the usage of LP in buildings as it decreases the costing for LP.
An Approach to assess the Urban Management Performance of Municipalities in Sri Lanka
Authors: Ranasinghe Gayani , Amarawickrama Susantha , Warusavitharane Emeshi
Published: October 2016

Urbanization tends bring out a number of problems, such as inadequate housing and urban services, increase land prices and construction costs, propagation of slums, pollution and deterioration of the urban environment. Currently, spatial development activities focusing on major cities of Sri Lanka are demanding urban infrastructure and services where municipalities are facing challenges on provision of the infrastructure and proper urban management too. This study seeks to identify the relevant criteria, indicators and a method for assessing the urban management performance of municipalities in Sri Lanka since specific measurement criteria and related indicators are not yet identified to evaluate urban management by the central government or local government levels. Based on Literature review, five criteria and 25 indicators were selected considering their applicability for the context of Sri Lanka. The Full Permutation Polygon Synthetic Indicator Method (FPPSI) was applied to synthesize indicators and the Synthetic indicator has been used to show the performance of each criterion in terms of urban service delivery. Colombo Municipal Council (CMC), Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte Municipal Council (SJKMC) and Moratuwa Municipal Council (MMC) have been selected as the case studies for this research. Although selected cases are within Colombo Metropolitan Region, none of the municipalities were achieved the “High” or “Very High” level of synthetic indicator (SR>= 0.50) that shows the standard of municipal service delivery of Sri Lanka as a whole. This research lays the platform to evaluate the functional performance of Municipal Councils to guide the future scenario and to make decisions at the grass root level for managing the urbanization related issues in the country. Also this research helps the government to know the current trends of development impact and to take necessary policy level decisions to guide the economic growth in a correct direction with the political manifestoes.
Urban Optimum Population Size and Development Pattern Based on Ecological Footprint Model: Case of Zhoushan, China
Authors: LU Yuan
Published: October 2016

The agglomeration of population in the city can reflect the prosperity in the economy, society and culture. However, it has also brought a series of problems like environmental pollution, traffic congestion, housing shortage and jobs crisis. The results can be shown as the failure of urban comprehensive function, the decline of city benefits, and the contradiction between socioeconomic circumstance and ecosystem. Therefore, a reasonable population capacity, which is influenced by ecological resources, urban environment, geographical elements, social and economic factors, etc., is objectively needed. How to deal with the relationship between the utilization of natural capital and development of the city is extremely essential. This paper takes Zhoushan Island as an example, which is the fourth largest island off the coast of China. Firstly, the interactively influencing factors of urban optimal population are illustrated. And method is chosen to study the optimal population size. Secondly, based on the model of ecological footprint (EP), the paper calculates and analyzes the ecological footprint and ecological capacity of the Zhoushan Island, in order to explore the optimal population size of the city. Thirdly, analysis and evaluation of the resources and urban environment carrying capacity is made. Finally, the solution of the existing population problems and the suggestion for the future development pattern of the city are proposed in the urban eco-planning of Zhoushan Island. The main strategies can be summarized in two aspects: one is to reduce the ecological footprint, the other is to increase the ecological supply. The conclusion is that the current population of Zhoushan Island is far beyond the optimum population size calculated by the ecological footprint model. Therefore, sustainable development should be the guidance for urban planning in Zhoushan Island, and a low-carbon development pattern for the city is advocated.