bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Polymorphisms in genes involved in DNA repair and metabolism of xenobiotics in individual susceptibility to sporadic diffuse gastric cancer
Authors: Ruzzo Annamaria , Canestrari Emanuele , Maltese Paolo , Pizzagalli Francesca , Graziano Francesco , Santini Daniele , Catalano Vincenzo , Ficarelli Rita , Mari Davide , Bisonni Renato , Giordani Paolo , Giustini Lucio , Lippe Paolo , Silva Rosarita , Mattioli Rodolfo , Torresi Umberto , Latini Luciano , Magnani Mauro
Published: July 2007

Clin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:822–8.
Design of adaptive algorithms for the tracking of time‐varying systems
Authors: Benveniste Albert
Published: July 2007

The design of adaptive algorithms for the tracking of slowly time‐varying systems is investigated. A criterion for measuring the tracking capability of an algorithm in this situation was introduced in an earlier work; the domain of validity of this criterion is shown to be much wider than expected. On the other hand, multistep algorithms, introduced in the Soviet literature, are generalized and systematically studied; they are shown to provide significant improvements over the classical (one‐step) methods for tracking. Finally, a complete design methodology for adaptive algorithms, used on time‐varying systems is given.
Phenol–formaldehyde–pyrolytic oil resins for wood preservation: A rheological study
Authors: Mourant Daniel , Riedl Bernard , Rodrigue Denis , Yang Dian‐Quing , Roy Christian
Published: July 2007

The rheological properties of a phenol–formaldehyde resin containing various ratios of softwood pyrolytic oil as phenol substitute were investigated using the simple Bingham rheological model for viscoplastic fluids. Flow activation energy was determined for the various resin blends and the pyrolytic oil between room temperature and 50°C and correlations relating the flow activation energy to the weight fraction of pyrolytic oil in the resin are proposed. Apparent crosslinking activation energy with and without copper chloride used as an activator was also evaluated based on two gel time measurements between 75 and 105°C. A significant decrease in activation energy was observed for the phenol–formaldehyde resin cured with copper chloride, while the effect was less important for resins containing pyrolytic oil even when gel times were much shorter for PF‐resins. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Crystallization of Fluor‐Phlogopite from its Melt
Authors: Noda T.
Published: July 2007

Experimental details on crystallization of fluor‐phlogopite from its melt in platinum crucible are given. Successful growth of clear „mica booklets”︁ was achieved with the moving crucible technique using seed crystals of mica.

The effect of heat treatment of the melt on the nucleation is studied. Excessive heat treatment resulted in a large undercooling which in turn caused a sudden formation of a large number of nuclei. Some optical data (2 V) and structural details (etch pits) are reported.
X‐Ray Studies of Dislocations in Crystals Deformed by Bending
Authors: Auleytner J. , Wasik J.
Published: July 2007

In the present work the results obtained by means of X‐ray and etching methods in determination of dislocation density in the case of germanium single crystals plastically deformed by bending around various crystallographic directions have been compared. They prove that the method of counting the etch pits gives the underrated values of the dislocation density when it is of the order 106cm−2. The best agreement between the results obtained by means of X‐ray method and by chemical etching is observed for bending around the direction [111] and for etching of the faces of type (111).
Die Anwendung der Methode der chemischen Transportreaktionen zur Züchtung von Borphosphid‐Einkristallen
Authors: Medvedeva Z. S. , Greenberg J. H. , Žukov E. G. , Lužnaja N. P.
Published: July 2007

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde das Gleichgewicht im System Borphosphid–Jod untersucht. Es wird gezeigt, daß magnified image die Gleichgewichtsreaktion ist. Die Temperaturabhängigkeit der Gleichgewichtskonstanten lg Kp = – 19210/T + 10,59 (atm3) im Intervall zwischen 1075 und 1195°C wurde bestimmt und ebenso die Enthalpie sowie die Entropie dieser Reaktion zu ΔH = 88 ± 5 kcal Mol−1 bzw. ΔS = 48 ± 3 cal Mol−1 grd−1. Der Transportprozeß des Borphosphides mit Jod wurde experimentell und theoretisch untersucht; dabei wurde die Abhängigkeit der Transportgeschwindigkeit vom Durchmesser der Ampulle sowie von Druck und Temperatur in Reaktions‐ und Kristallisationszone ermittelt. Die Temperaturgrenze (1100°C) des kinetischen und des Diffusionsgebietes sowie die Druckintervalle, in denen die Stoffübertragung durch Diffusion bzw. Konvektion erfolgt, wurden ermittelt; sie liegen bei p ± 0,133 atm bzw. bei p > 0,3 atm. Es wird gezeigt, daß der geschwindigkeitsbestimmende Teilschritt des Prozesses im Diffusionsgebiet die Diffusion der BJ3‐Moleküle ist. Weiterhin wird der Transport des Borphosphides durch Elemente der VI. Hauptgruppe des periodischen Systems betrachtet. Borphosphid‐Einkristalle wurden gezüchtet.
Ein Beitrag zur Züchtung von Quecksilber(II)‐jodid‐Einkristallen
Authors: Kleber W. , Raidt H. , Leupold K.‐O.
Published: July 2007

Versuche zur Züchtung von HgJ2‐Einkristallen in der roten Modifikation führten zu dem Ergebnis, daß Methoden der Lösungskristallisation am geeignetsten sind. Unter den organischen Lösungsmitteln haben sich Methylenjodid und 1.2‐Dibromäthan besonders bewährt. Auch aus wässerigen KJ‐Lösungen konnten rote HgJ2‐Kristalle mit vorwiegend dipyramidalem Habitus gewonnen werden. Experimente mit Hilfe des Temperaturdiffernzverfahrens innerhalb des Ostwald‐Miers‐Bereichs führten nicht zum Ziel. Erfolgreich waren dagegen Versuche mit verschiedenen Lösungsgenossen, von denen sich in erster Linie Aceton positiv auswirkte.
Nucleation and Growth of Crystals at High Supersaturation
Authors: Nielsen Arne E.
Published: July 2007

Homogeneous nucleation followed by diffusion controlled crystal growth was observed in highly supersaturated solutions of BaSO4, BaCrO4, BaMoO4, BaWO4, BaCO3, PbSO4, PbCrO4, PbCO3, SrSO4, and CaWO4. In the range of concentrations where the number of homogeneously nucleated particles is larger than the number of heteronuclei the induction period decreases from 1 to 10−4 sec, and the number of particles found per cm3 increases from 107 to 1012 with increasing concentration.

Theoretical maps showing the rate determining mechanisms of crystal growth are drawn for different values of the physical parameters, primarily crystal size, supersaturation ratio, and interfacial tension.

The techniques used for rapid mixing and for film recording are described.
Chemical Transport Reactions of Boron Monophosphide and Sulfur
Authors: Medvedeva Z. S. , Greenberg J. H. , Zhukov E. G.
Published: July 2007

Calculation of the flux of BP in chemical transport reaction processes by means of quasi‐equilibrium theory is presented. Sulfur is used as a transporting agent. Plots of BP flux against sulfur concentration, “reaction” and “crystallization” temperatures are performed. Theoretical and experimental results are compared. In the temperature range 600‐1145°C and the sulfur concentrations Cs ≦ 0,4 mg/ml transport is diffusion controlled. When sulfur concentrations are greater than 0,5 mg/ml convection becomes noticeable.

Transport of BP proceeds by means of two heterogeneous recations: 4 B P(s) + + 4B2 S3(g) = 12 B S(g) + P4(g), and 4 B P(s) + 4 B S2(g) = 8 B S(g) + P4(g). Whiskers and polyhedral B P single crystals have been obtained.
Morphology of Germanium Whiskers
Authors: Givargizov E. I. , Sheftal N. N.
Published: July 2007

The morphology of germanium whiskers grown by the VLS technique in chloride process is studies. It is shown that the whiskers can be grown in this process over a wide temperature range. The effect of surface active impurities on the morphology and the growth direction of whiskers is studied.
Condensation of tungsten vapours on its own surface
Authors: Paunov M. , Michallov E. , Georgiev G.
Published: July 2007

The condensation of tungsten vapours onto tungsten field emitter tips is studied. It is shown that at temperatures, at which the desorption flux can be neglected, the nuclei appear at a definite adatom concentration. Its value is found to be about 1013 atoms/cm2, which corresponds to 1% from the monolayer. This value confirms our previous theoretical considerations, i. e. nucleation from a dilute adlayer takes place only if the desorption energy is lower than the vaporisation heat of the condensate. With condensation on its own surface this condition is always satisfied.
Die Kristall‐ und Molekülstruktur des 4‐Chlor‐3,5‐dimethylphenylcyanats
Authors: Kutschabsky L. , Schrauber H.
Published: July 2007

Das 4‐Chlor‐3,5‐dimethylphenylcyanat kristallisiert in der triklinen Raumgruppe P1 mit vier Molekülen C9H8ClNO in der Elementarzelle. Die Gitterkonstanten sind a = 8,575, b = 18,004, c = 7,165 Å; α = 106,27; β = 103,43; γ = 114,29°. Die Struktur wurde mit der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate bis zu R = 0,12 verfeinert. Die mittleren Abstände der Cyanatgruppe sind: CN = 1,14Å und CO = 1,27 Å. Der kurze CO‐Abstand erklärt sich aus der sp‐Hybridisation des C‐Atoms.
Einfluß der mechanischen Zwillingsbildung auf die plastische Verformung von Magnesium‐und Magnesium‐Cadmium‐Vielkristallen
Authors: Reh B. , Hötzsch G. , Günther F.
Published: July 2007

Es wird eine Methode beschrieben, die es ermöglicht, den Anteil der Zwillingsbildung an der plastischen Gesamtdeformation anzugeben. Mittels eines quantitativen metallografischen Verfahrens wurde der Flächenanteil der Zwillinge nach Zugverformung von stranggepreßtem vielkristallinen Magnesium‐ und Magnesiummit 10 At.‐Prozent Cadmium bei 293 und 77 K bestimmt. Unter Verwendung eines mittleren Orientierungsfaktors für Zwillingsbildung konnte die Dehnung infolge Zwillingsbildung berechnet werden. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse führen zu dem Schluß, daß der lineare Anstieg des Bereiches B der Verfestigungskurve der Radial proben auf die erhebliche Zwillingsbildung in diesen zurückzuführen ist.
Texturuntersuchungen an Taylordrähten
Authors: Bunge Hans‐Joachim , Irmer Eberhard
Published: July 2007

Wird ein Glasrohr, in dessen Innerem sich geschmolzenes Metall befindet, zu einer feinen Kapillare ausgezogen, so entsteht nach Abkühlung ein sehr dünner, glasummantelter Draht (Taylor‐Draht). Die Orientierungsverteilung der Kristallite solcher Drähte weicht stark von derjenigen normaler Drähte ab. Bei dickeren Drähten wurde ein starker regelloser Anteil gefunden. Dünne Kupfer und Bleidrähte (> 10 μm) zeigten eine sehr scharf ausgebildete 〈100〉 ‐ Textur.
Mechanische Aktivierung von Magnesiumoxid für chemische Reaktionen
Authors: Schrader R. , Horn G. , Hoffmann Br.
Published: July 2007

Kristall‐ und Gelmagnesit werden bei verschiedenen Temperaturen gebrannt. Das erhaltene MgO wird chargenweise in einer Schwingmühle mechanisch aktiviert. Anschließende Löseversuche mit CO2/H2O und Hydratationsversuche zeigen, daß die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten wesentlich ansteigen. Der Gang der Reaktionsausbeuten kann durch die Störungen des Kristallgitters erklärt werden. Die mechanische Aktivierung bewirkt eine systematische Veränderung der Grenzschichtdicke am MgO beim Lösevorgang.
Some defects appearing in chromium doped Al2O3 monocrystals as a result of thermal treatment
Authors: Sandreyev D. V. , Arsenyev P. A. , Mareyeva Z. G. , Mayer A. A. , Tolchinsky R. M. , Farschtendiker V. L.
Published: July 2007

Results of experiments related to thermal treatment of Al2O3 crystals doped by chromium (ruby) in various gaseous media: CO, H2, vacuum and O2 are given. The kinetics of the formation and destruction of dye centres during this process is discussed. Special attention is given to revealing the causes of the appearance of an absorption band in the region of 315 nm which is related to the internal stability of the crystal with respect to intensive light radiation. – An assumption is made on the nature of the absorption band. – A computation is made of the diffusion coefficient of dye centres related to 315 nm absorption band. This is derived as a function of chromium concentration.
Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen zur Rißausbreitung bei der Zugverformung gewalzter Molybdän‐Einkristalle
Authors: Mühlhaus Ch. , Richter J.
Published: July 2007

Gewalzte Molybdän‐Einkristalle mit homogener Versetzungsstruktur (Orientierung (001) [110]) bzw. Zellstruktur (Orientierung (111) [112]) wurden im Kerbzugversuch bei verschiedenen Temperaturen verformt (493, 293 und 193 K), um den Einfluß der beiden Strukturtypen auf mechanische Eigenschaften, Rißausbreitung und Bruch zu untersuchen. Es hat sich gezeigt. daß die Kristalle mit Zellstruktur die höhere Festigkeit, die mit homogener Struktur dagegen die größere Verformbarkeit besitzen. In den Proben mit Zellstruktur breitet sich ein Riß nach nur geringer Einschnürung katastrophal durch das Material aus. Die homogene Struktur wird instabil bei Verformung oberhalb der Übergangstemperatur, aber der Riß breitet sich nur langsam vom Kerbgrund aus, wobei sich der Kristall vollständig einschnürt. Bei tiefen Temperaturen (193 K) erfolgt sowohl bei den Kristallen mit homogener Struktur als auch bei denen mit Zellstruktur Spaltbruch auf {100}‐Flächen.
Effect of ionic impurities on the primary nucleation of potassium sulphate solutions
Authors: Garside J. , Komarov V. F.
Published: July 2007

A technique is described for rapidly assessing the effect of impurities on primary nucleation in solutions. The influence of Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Ag+, Pb2+, Cr3+ and Ni2+ on the nucleation of potassium sulphate solutions is discussed. It is generally observed that a discontinuity in the behaviour of the impurity occurs at an impurity concentration corresponding to the solubility of the “impurity sulphate” in the solution under investigation.
New model of the bond diffractometer for precise determination of lattice parameters and thermal expansion of single crystals
Authors: Łukaszewicz K. , Kucharczyk D. , Malinowski M. , Pietraszko A.
Published: July 2007

A new model of diffractometer for very precise measurements (1 ppm accuracy) of lattice parameters and thermal expansion is presented. Special attention is paid to the temperature control and stability in a wide range from liquid nitrogen up to 800 K. Two examples of the application of the diffractometer in a study of solid state phase transitions are given.
Zur Errechnung der Intensitäten von Auger‐Übergängen für die quantitative Analyse von Festkörperoberflächen mit der Augerelektronenspektroskopie (AES)
Authors: Streubel P. , Apelt R.
Published: July 2007

Gemäß einer empirischen Gleichung für die Intensität von charakteristischen Augerelektronen, die durch Primärelektronenbeschuß aus einer Festkörperoberfläche austreten, wurden die einzelnen Parameter Ionisierungsquerschnitt, relative Wahrscheinlichkeit des Augerprozesses, Rückstreufaktor und mittlere Austrittstiefe der Augerelektronen für den L3M45M45‐Augerprozeß der Elemente mit den Ordnungszahlen Z = 22 bis 33 bestimmt. Ein Vergleich der berechneten relativen Intensitätswerte mit Meßwerten von Palmberg et al. zeigt die gute Übereinstimmung im allgemeinen Kurvenverlauf der ordnungszahlabhängigen Intensitäten. Die mittlere relative Abweichung der berechneten von den experimentellen Werten beträgt 20% und kommt damit den bisherigen Abschätzungen über die Genauigkeit der quantitativen AES ohne äußeren Standard nahe. Die Untersuchung des Einflusses der einzelnen Intensitätsparameter ergab, daß vor allem der Ionisierungsquerschnitt und im gegebenen Fall auch die relative Wahrscheinlichkeit des Augerprozesses den Intensitätswert bestimmen.
Thermodynamics of AlN deposition by means of the aluminium‐trichloride‐ammonia process
Authors: Arnold H. , Biste L. , Kaufmann Th.
Published: July 2007

Equilibrium yields for CVD of AlN dependent on the input ratio AlCl3/NH3 and on temperature were computed

(A) for AlCl3 + NH3 ⇋ AlN + 3 HCl;

(B) for additional complexing AlCl3 + NH3 ⇋ AlCl3 · NH3 at substrate temperature which did not result in changes of yield above 900°C;

(C) for AlCl3 · NH3 ⇋ AlN + 3 HCl corresponding to complete inhibition of dissociation near the substrate of the complex formed or preformed at lower temperature which resulted in considerably lower yields.

A corresponding decrease of experimental results occurred within reactors having a long AlCl3–NH3‐mixing zone at 350°C or AlCl3 · NH3‐input with respect to a reactor with a short mixing zone near to the substrate. The dissociation of the complex present in the former two cases was inhibited considerably. – This investigations demonstrate the additional influence of homogeneous reactions, which has to be regarded for CVD especially with complexing reactants in connection with the role of reactor geometry, a problem being increasingly discussed at present.
Crystallographic relations in the FeZn system
Authors: Verplanke J. C. , Bastin G. F. , van Loo F. J. J.
Published: July 2007

The crystallographic relations between the various FeZn compounds have been investigated by means of single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction techniques. These techniques were applied to primary single crystals of each compound upon which after cooling a single crystalline layer of the neighbouring compound richer in zinc was grown. In this way it has been possible to determine relationships in the sequence α – Γ – Γ1 – δ:

No crystallographic relationship could be established for δ–ζ because it proved impossible to grow a single crystalline layer of ζ on δ. The apparently bad compatibility of the two lattices was reflected in the nucleation problems which were always encountered during efforts to grow ζ on δ. The influence of the relationships on the actually observed textures in the δ and ζ layers of hot dip galvanized specimens is discussed.
High‐Temperature Crystallization, Composition, Structure, and Certain Properties of Rare‐Earth Gallium Borates
Authors: Al'Shinskaya L. I. , Leonyuk N. I. , Timchenko T. I.
Published: July 2007

Solution‐melts based on PbF2—B2O3 and Bi2O3—B2O3 were used in studying the stability regions and for growth, by way of spontaneous crystallization, of crystals up to 3 mm in size of twelve compounds having the general formula RGa3(BO3)4. All of these compounds are isostructural with carbonate mineral huntite. Their composition is highly dependent on that of the crystallization medium. The facing of the crystals is characterized by a small number of simple forms {1011}, {1120}, {2110}, and less frequently {0221}, {0112}, {4041}. The examined parameters include the IR spectra, luminescence spectra, heat of formation from oxides, harness (6 to 8 units on the Mohs scale) and others.
OD Interpretation of Pyroxenes
Authors: Sedlacek P. , Zedler A. , Reinecke K.
Published: July 2007

The structures of pyroxenes are interpreted as OD structures consisting of layers.

The symmetry relations of the idealized structures of “high pyroxenes”, consisting of only one kind of silicate sheets are described by the OD groupoid family:magnified image

In this case the tetrahedral layers (OD layers) are identical with silicate sheets and the octahedral layers (OD layers) are identical with the chemical octahedral sheets, apart from the fact, that the O atoms are considered to belong partly to one and partly to the other idealized layer.

In the idealized pyroxene structures, which are called in this paper “low pyroxenes”, every second silicate sheet is of lower symmetry. A silicate sheet of higher symmetry is considered as an OD layer, called tetrahedral layer. An OD layer of the other kind, called compound layer, consists of one silicate sheet of lower symmetry with an octahedral sheet attached to it on either side. With this definition of the two kinds of layers, the OD groupoid family has the following symbol: magnified image

Polymorphism, disorder, twinning and parallel intergrowth are explained on this basis.
The crystallisation of alkaline‐earth metal oxides from metal chloride melts: Solubility‐temperature phase diagram analyses and preliminary experimental studies
Authors: Packter A.
Published: July 2007

The solubility v temperature phase diagrams for magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium oxide solutions, in lithium, sodium and potassium chloride melts and in the alkaline earth metal chloride melts, have been analysed. The solutions in the alkali metal chlorides are pseudo‐binary reciprocal ternary mixtures; the more soluble barium and strontium oxides showed small deviations, calcium oxide showed larger deviations while the extremely sparingly‐soluble magnesium oxide showed extensive deviations from ideality. These deviations were related to electrostatic interactions in solution, that depended in turn on some function of reciprocal solute and solvent caiton radii. The solutions in the alkalineearth metal chlorides are binary mixtures with MO · 4 MCl2 solvate formation. — Some preliminary crystallisation experiments were carried out, by slow cooling of saturated solutions in the metal chloride melts: calcium and strontium oxide crystallisation from lithium chloride melts and barium oxide crystallisation from all three alkali metal chloride melts would be worth further investigation.
Chemical lap polishing of PbTe and Pb1−xSnxTe crystals
Authors: Breitsameter B. , Hartmann W. , Löwe H.
Published: July 2007

Chemical lap polishing of PbTe and Pb1−xSnx Te crystals is investigated. A mixture of potassium hexacyanoferrate (III), sodium hydroxide, glycerol and water is used as a polish. The effect of various parameters of the process on the quality of the surface and on the rate of material removal is studied. The quality of the surface is strongly is strongly affected by the composition of the polish. The roughness increases with rising sodium hydroxide concentration but decreases with rising glycerol concentration. If the molar ratio of sodium hydroxide and potassium hexacyanoferrate (III) exceeds the value 0.5 etch figures are formed. The rate of material removal largely depends on the velocity of the relative movement between specimen and cloth, the rate of supply of polishing solution and on the concentration of sodium hydroxide.
BOND‐method for precision lattice constant determination dependence of the lattice constant error on sample adjustment and collimator tilt
Authors: Filscher G. , Unangst D.
Published: July 2007

General investigations on measurement errors occuring at the determination of the lattice constants in dependence on sample adjustment and collimator tilt lead to conclusions for adjusting conditions with minimum contributions of adjustment dependent errors.
A theoretical interpretation of the electrical behaviour of individual edge dislocations in Si as determined by combined EBIC/TEM studies
Authors: Ourmazd A.
Published: July 2007

The EBIC data obtained from individual edge and Frank partial dislocations in Si, and described in other publications, are related to defect parameters, such as the capture cross‐section for minority carriers, which determine electrical recombination properties of dislocations. A two stage model for the capture of minority carriers by dislocations is developed and shown to correctly account for the temperature‐dependence of the EBIC contrast obtained from these dislocations.
On the DLTS‐characterization of dislocation states in silicon
Authors: Szkiełko W. , Breitenstein O. , Pickenhein R.
Published: July 2007

Electron traps revealing nonexponential kinetics of electron capturing were detected in DLTS spectra of dislocated silicon. Their apparent capture cross‐sections are dependent on temperature and on the filling state of the trap system. A model of deformationinduced damage in silicon is proposed.
The crystal and molecular structure of 1,12‐dibromododecane, C12H24Br2
Authors: Kulpe S. , Seidel I. , Szulzewsky K. , Steger U. , Steger E.
Published: July 2007

The α,ω‐dihaloalcanes could serve as model compounds for polyethylenes in further studies of infrared and Raman‐spectra. The 1,12‐dibromododecane, belonging to this class of compounds, has the monoclinic space group P 21/a with the cell parameters a = 24.8 Å, b = 5.40 Å, c = 5.50 Å, β = 99°, Z = 2. The preparation of crystals was very difficult. The crystal finally used gives only few and bad X‐ray data measured by film method (equiinclination Weissenberg). Therefore the accuracy of the structure determination is not high, but the result is reliable and has model character for related compounds.

All molecules are ordered with their long molecular axes parallel to the (401) planes of the unit cell. There are alternating plane layers of bromine atoms on the one hand and aliphatic parts of the molecules on the other hand, both parallel to the (100)‐planes. This molecular arrangement explains well the spectroscopic and crystal optical properties of the structure and also of related compounds like 1,10‐dibromodecane and 1,18‐dibromooctadecane.
Improved methods of combining forecasts
Authors: Granger Clive W. J. , Ramanathan Ramu
Published: July 2007

It is well known that a linear combination of forecasts can outperform individual forecasts. The common practice, however, is to obtain a weighted average of forecasts, with the weights adding up to unity. This paper considers three alternative approaches to obtaining linear combinations. It is shown that the best method is to add a constant term and not to constrain the weights to add to unity. These methods are tested with data on forecasts of quarterly hog prices, both within and out of sample. It is demonstrated that the optimum method proposed here is superior to the common practice of letting the weights add up to one.
Collinearity and the use of latent root regression for combining GNP forecasts
Authors: Guerard John B. , Clemen Robert T.
Published: July 2007

In combining economic forecasts a problem often faced is that the individual forecasts display some degree of dependence. We discuss latent root regression for combining collinear GNP forecasts. Our results indicate that latent root regression produces more efficient combining weight estimates (regression parameter estimates) than ordinary least squares estimation (OLS), although out‐of‐sample forecasting performance is comparable to OLS.
Estimation procedures for structural time series models
Authors: Harvey A. C. , Peters S.
Published: July 2007

A univariate structural time series model based on the traditional decomposition into trend, seasonal and irregular components is defined. A number of methods of computing maximum likelihood estimators are then considered. These include direct maximization of various time domain likelihood function. The asymptotic properties of the estimators are given and a comparison between the various methods in terms of computational efficiency and accuracy is made. The methods are then extended to models with explanatory variables.
Efficient bayesian learning in non‐linear dynamic models
Authors: Pole Andy , West Mike
Published: July 2007

This paper demonstrates the practical application of recently developed techniques of efficient numerical analysis for dynamic models. The models presented share a common basic structural foundation but nevertheless cover a very large arena of possible applications, as will be shown.
Non‐linear state space models with partially specified distributions on states
Authors: Smith J. Q.
Published: July 2007

The author argues, through the discussion of several examples, why models like the power steady model (Smith 1979, 1981a) are attractive not only because of the simplicity of their one‐step‐ahead forecast distributions but also because they can be justified through sets of properties that any gradually evolving process may be expected to satisfy.
Forecasting time series with increasing seasonal variation
Authors: Bowerman Bruce L. , Koehler Anne'b. , Pack David J.
Published: July 2007

Four options for modeling and forecasting time series data containing increasing seasonal variation are discussed, including data transformations, double seasonal difference models and two kinds of transfer function‐type ARIMA models employing seasonal dummy variables. An explanation is given for the typical ARIMA model identification analysis failing to identify double seasonal difference models for this kind of data. A logical process of selecting one option for a particular case is outlined, focusing on issues of linear versus non‐linear increasing seasonal variation, and the level of stochastic versus deterministic behavior in a time series. Example models for the various options are presented for six time series, with point forecast and interval forecast comparisons. Interval forecasts from data‐transformation models are found to generally be too wide and sometimes illogical in the dependence of their width on the point forecast level. Suspicion that maximum likelihood estimation of ARIMA models leads to excessive indications of unit roots in seasonal moving‐average operators is reported.
Recursive forecasting, smoothing and seasonal adjustment of non‐stationary environmental data
Authors: Young P. C. , Ng C. N. , Lane K. , Parker D.
Published: July 2007

The paper presents a unified, fully recursive approach to the modelling, forecasting and seasonal adjustment of non‐stationary time series and shows how it can be used as a flexible tool in the analysis of environmental data. The approach is based on time‐variable parameter (TVP) versions of various well‐known time‐series models and exploits the suite of novel, recursive filtering and fixed interval smoothing algorithms available in themicroCAPTAIN computer program. The practical utility of the analysis is demonstrated by an example based on the analysis of atmospheric CO2and sea surface temperature anomaly data.
Forecasting time series with outliers
Authors: Chen Chung , Liu Lon‐Mu
Published: July 2007

Time‐series data are often contaminated with outliers due to the influence of unusual and non‐repetitive events. Forecast accuracy in such situations is reduced due to (1) a carry‐over effect of the outlier on the point forecast and (2) a bias in the estimates of model parameters. Hillmer (1984) and Ledolter (1989) studied the effect of additive outliers on forecasts. It was found that forecast intervals are quite sensitive to additive outliers, but that point forecasts are largely unaffected unless the outlier occurs near the forecast origin. In such a situation the carry‐over effect of the outlier can be quite substantial. In this study, we investigate the issues of forecasting when outliers occur near or at the forecast origin. We propose a strategy which first estimates the model parameters and outlier effects using the procedure of Chen and Liu (1993) to reduce the bias in the parameter estimates, and then uses a lower critical value to detect outliers near the forecast origin in the forecasting stage. One aspect of this study is on the carry‐over effects of outliers on forecasts. Four types of outliers are considered: innovational outlier, additive outlier, temporary change, and level shift. The effects due to a misidentification of an outlier type are examined. The performance of the outlier detection procedure is studied for cases where outliers are near the end of the series. In such cases, we demonstrate that statistical procedures may not be able to effectively determine the outlier types due to insufficient information. Some strategies are recommended to reduce potential difficulties caused by incorrectly detected outlier types. These findings may serve as a justification for forecasting in conjunction with judgment. Two real examples are employed to illustrate the issues discussed.
Modelling exchange rate dynamics new perspectives from the frequency domain
Authors: Nachane D. M. , Ray D.
Published: July 2007

In this paper the dynamics of foreign exchange rates is sought to be studied via new frequency domain techniques. Stationarity properties of the rates are analysed via a unit root test as well as a test based on the evolutionary spectrum. Linearity and Gaussianity are analysed via bispectral tests and compared with the more frequently employed time domain tests, such as the McLeod‐Li and Tsay tests. Finally, an evaluation of the out‐of‐sample forecasting properties for eight methods—Random Walk, ARMA, Bilinear, State dependent model, dynamic linear model, ARCH, GARCH, and Garch‐in‐mean—is made. The methods used here seem to shed a great deal of light on hitherto neglected aspects of exchange rate dynamics.
Disaggregation of annual time‐series data to quarterly figures: A comparative study
Authors: Chan Wai‐Sum
Published: July 2007

In this paper we consider some of the prominent methods that are available in the literature for the problem of disaggregating annual time‐series data to quarterly figures. The procedures are briefly described and illustrated through a real data set. The performances of the methods are compared in a Monte Carlo study. The results indicate that the complicated model‐based procedure is usually superior to other non‐model‐based alternatives in the large sample situations. Based on the simulation results, we make some recommendations regarding the use of these methods.
Time‐series analysis, forecasting and econometric modelling: The structural econometric modelling, time‐series analysis (SEMTSA) approach
Authors: Zellner Arnold
Published: July 2007

In this paper an account of our experiences in modelling and forecasting the annual output growth rates of 18 industrialized countries is presented. A structuraleconometric modelling, rime‐series analysis (SEMTSA) approach is described and contrasted with other approaches. Theoretical and applied results relating to variable and model selection and point and turning‐point forecasting are discussed. A summary of results and directions for future research concludes the paper.
Towards a taxonomy of forecast error measures a factor‐comparative investigation of forecast error dimensions
Authors: Mathews Brian P. , Diamantopoulos Adamantios
Published: July 2007

This study explores the nature of information conveyed by 14 error measures drawn from the literature, using real‐life forecasting data from 691 individual product items over six quarterly periods. Principal components analysis is used to derive factor solutions that are subsequently compared for two forecasting methods, a version of Holt's exponential smoothing, and the random walk model (Naive 1). The results reveal four underlying forecast error dimensions that are stable across the two factor solutions. The potentially confounding influence of sales volume on the derived error dimensions is also explored via correlation analysis.
Business cycle analysis and forecasting with a structural vector auto regression model for wales
Authors: Ioannidis C. , Laws J. , Matthews K. , Morgan B.
Published: July 2007

Recent innovations in the Welsh economy have led to the view that the region's economy is likely to exhibit differential responses to financial and external shocks compared to the rest of the UK. This is examined with the aid of a structural VAR forecasting model for Wales.
Reconfigurable combined forecasts in a non‐stationary inflationary environment
Authors: Volkov V. Ya. , Gladkov Y. U. M.
Published: July 2007

This paper presents a composite method for non‐stationary economic forecasts, incorporating reconfigurable exponential trend extraction and linear combinations of parabolic and spectral estimators for short‐term prediction. The method automatically identifies the points of time series misalignment induced by sharp environmental changes. An application to the problem of hard currency exchange rate prediction in Russia is presented.
Hierarchical redundancy for two‐dimensional orthogonal arrays using defect‐tolerant replacement circuits
Authors: Tsuda Nobuo
Published: July 2007

Hierarchical redundancy using defect‐tolerant replacement circuits is proposed as a means to increase the yield of large‐area LSIs (WSIs) with mesh‐connected array structures. The defect‐tolerant replacement circuits can be constructed by using direct‐connection paths and distributed switches in basic k‐out‐of‐n redundancy schemes.

When the proposed redundancy configurations are applied to two‐dimensional orthogonal‐array WSIs, they reduce the number of switches not covered by any spare replacements.

An estimate of defect tolerance indicates that the proposed redundancy configurations can increase the integration scale of under 1‐μm CMOS design circuits to about 400 times that of general nonredundant LSIs.
A parallel branch‐and‐bound algorithm for integer linear programming and its implementation on a distributed multiprocessor
Authors: Ikegami Atsuko , Aoyagi Katsuhiro , Iizuka Hajime
Published: July 2007

This paper describes a parallel branch‐and‐bound algorithm for general integer linear programming problems and its implementation on a distributed memory multiprocessor nCUBE2.

With a branch‐and‐bound algorithm, the amount of computation on each search tree node varies, and in general, is large. This has led to development of an effective communication strategy for the algorithm presented herein. Its implementation and performance evaluation also are described.

The results show that the more difficult the problem instances become in terms of time to solve on a sequential computer, the more efficient the algorithm presented here proves to be.
A flow‐executing scheme for DOACROSS loops on dynamic dataflow machines
Authors: Ishii Yoshihiko , Yamana Hayato , Yasue Toshiaki , Muraoka Yoichi
Published: July 2007

This paper modifies a flow‐executing scheme of the color‐reuse type, using multiple initial loop control packets, and then proves that the flow‐executing scheme is best suited for executing DOACROSS loops on dynamic dataflow machines. Flow‐executing schemes can be divided into four categories: (1) those using a single initial loop control packet; (2) those using multiple initial loop packets; (a) the color overflow type; and (b) the color reuse type. Then the flow‐executing scheme can be classified into Classes (1‐a), (1b), (2‐a), and (2‐b) through the combination of Categories (1), (2), (a), and (b). This paper suggests that Class (2‐b) is best suited for executing DOACROSS loops, as it extracts full parallelism from DOACROSS loops, no sychronization overhead exists, and no memory access overhead exists after the synchronization.
A two‐step mutual multicast technique for n‐to‐n communication
Authors: Nakajima Amane
Published: July 2007

Mutual multicast is a communication pattern in which each node in a group sends a message to any other node in that group. This n‐to‐n communication pattern is required in various cases of distributed processing, and an efficient realization of the pattern is needed.

This paper proposes a two‐stage mutual multicast technique in which mutual multicast is executed by two stages of the submulticasts through distributed control. Ordinary mutual multicast is executed in one stage. But two‐stage multicast can carry out a communication with fewer messages and in a shorter time if the submulticast destination node sets are approximately set in each stage.

When there are n nodes, single‐stage multicast requires n(n‐1) messages and a time of 2(n‐1) if all communications are carried out as one‐to‐one message communications; but two‐stage mutual multicast requires only 2n⌈√n⌉ and a time of 4⌈√n⌉. In LANs, such as Ethernet, the multicast function is provided by the MAC sublayer. When this function is available, the two‐stage mutual multicast procedure can carry out a communication in a time of 2(⌈√n⌉+1), which compared with a time n in single‐stage mutual multicast.
Hierarchical redundancy for array‐structure wsis
Authors: Tsuda Nobuo
Published: July 2007

This paper proposes hierarchical redundancy configurations for defect tolerance of large‐area monolithic LSIs (wafer‐scale integrated circuits or WSIs) with array structures. It also specifies how much the integration scales can be increased by expanding hierarchical levels, based on four kinds of one‐dimensional/two‐dimensional array‐connection models. Hierarchical redundancy helps to extend the defect tolerance coverage to additional replacement circuits while maintaining a high level of spare effectiveness. An estimate based on the evaluation of nonredundant additional replacement‐circuit scales indicates that four‐level hierarchical redundancy configurations can increase integration scales by a factor of 64 to 1024 compared to nonredundant LSIs.
A graph editor for large trees with browsing and zooming capabilities
Authors: Matsuura Toshio , Taniguchi Kenichi , Masuda Sumio , Nakamura Tohru
Published: July 2007

A library program is developed which makes it easy for users to observe a whole tree and some specified parts of the tree simultaneously, and also facilitates the input of commands for the tree by allowing direct manipulation on the display. This capability should be useful in a variety of application programs. By measuring the update time of large tree structures, the calculation of the layout algorithm, and the update time of the display, it is shown that VTM is usable in practice for large trees.
Object recognition by neural network using thickness data from acoustic image
Authors: Yoshizawa Nobuyuki , Tada Hidenobu , Yabuta Tetsuro
Published: July 2007

Methods of inputting stereoscopic information to neural networks and of imaging by ultrasonic sensors were examined from the perspective of three‐dimensional object recognition, and a new recognition method was developed for depth images in neural networks. Because a perceptron neural network is used as the recognition stage and ultrasonic sensors arranged in an array for both reception and transmission are used as the shape measurement stage, this method performs compression of the stereoscopic information of an object into a frame of depth information by measuring the planar distribution of the distances to the object's surface (using a pulse echo method); it has the advantage of being able to efficiently recognize an object freely moving in any direction (forward and backward, right and left, and up and down) and having any orientation within a plane, by using depth information. Since a neural network is used, even when different features are extracted from the object, direct recognition is possible. In this paper, which addresses the issue of three‐dimensional object recognition using perceptrons, we describe a measurement and recognition system capable of preprocessing stereoscopic information that can be freely positioned in three dimensions to allow recognition by perceptrons, and we present the results of recognition tests. Finally, we propose a recognition algorithm that actively uses depth (which is not a feature in two dimensions), show that the algorithm can recognize both the position and orientation of the object, and demonstrate its practicality.
The ToM (thread on modules) microkernel
Authors: Hagino Tatsuya , Yamagishi Kinya
Published: July 2007

The authors have been developing a distributed operating system called Threads on Modules (ToM). It supports a programming model which is suited for distributed environments. For this purpose, modules, threads, houses, users, RPCs and capabilities are introduced.

To make the ToM system as portable as possible, it was implemented using the microkernel technology. The ToM microkernel implements the minimal functionalities and the others are implemented as user level programs. Although the ToM microkernel is designed to support the ToM programming model, it has sufficient functionalities to implement other operating systems. This paper presents some of the main features of the ToM microkernel. A UNIX emulator also is presented.
A new design method of software based on state transition
Authors: Yokoi Naoko , Kaneko Takeshi , Iizuka Yoshinori
Published: July 2007

An understanding of state transitions is essential in real‐time software design. However, satisfactory research has not been performed on methodologies to list the necessary states. A method is needed to systematically identify necessary states in order to meet the given requirements. The two points that must be clarified when identifying necessary states are which states are necessary states and what causes lead to considering a state necessary. We begin this paper by clarifying the necessary states in software design that must be introduced into the software when elements other than state parameters external to the software are required to determine the correct response when multiple responses are obtained from the same input. Next, by focusing on the relationship between the input and the output, we illustrate that the software requirements have a hierarchical structure and selections from alternative realization methods based on the structure cause consideration on states. This requirement structure designates the logical structure of the requirements specified in the design process. Design and specification (implementation) of the requirements make is possible to list necessary states systematically.
Characteristics of minimum directional difference filter which extracts circumscribed shadows in chest X‐ray images
Authors: Shimizu Akinobu , Toriwaki Jun‐Ichiro , Hasegawa Jun‐Ichi
Published: July 2007

One of the most important steps in image processing for chest x‐ray images is the enhancement and extraction of abnormal shadows existing in the lung field. The authors have developed an automated screening system AISCR‐V3 for chest x‐ray images. The filter used in this system for enhancing abnormal shadows, however, does not have sufficient performance from the viewpoint of the suppression of the false‐positive and the false‐negative.

This paper presents a new filter developed for enhancement of abnormal shadows. This filter, called the Min‐DD filter, is a combination of second‐order difference filters with variable directions through minimum‐value operation.

In this paper, problems in the previous filters for enhancement of abnormal shadows are pointed out first, and then the Min‐DD filter is defined. The performance of the filter is evaluated using the artificial shadows and the actual chest x‐ray images and it is shown that the new filter has a higher performance than the previous ones.

Assuming that the size, SN ratio and the accuracy of extraction (error probability) of abnormal shadows are specified, the best radius of the filter is derived, providing a design guide for the filter. Furthermore, the improvement of the performance in false‐positive suppression and the expansion of the filter function are reported.
Image processing for computer‐aided diagnosis of lung cancer by CT (LSCT)
Authors: Yamamoto Shinji , Tanaka Ippei , Senda Masahiro , Tateno Yukio , Iinuma Takeshi , Matsumoto Toru , Matsumoto Mitsuomi
Published: July 2007

This paper reports a special‐purpose CT for early detection of lung cancer and presents the basic idea. The parallel use of the following two systems is investigated as the diagnosis‐support image display method needed in such a system, and a satisfactory result is obtained.

The maximum intensity projection (MIP) is applied as a means to realize the two‐dimensional projection display from the three‐dimensional information composed of 40 slices of lung tissue while retaining the information concerning the pathological shadows. When the simple MIP is applied, there is a large disturbance due to unnecessary organ signals. Consequently, a method is developed in which unnecessary information is deleted by thresholding;

The automatic recognition of candidates for the pathological shadows is applied to each slice. Only the CT image containing a shadow candidate is displayed on CRT, which helps to reduce greatly the number of cross sections to be displayed. In the automatic recognition of the pathological shadow, the quoit filter recently developed by the authors is employed.