bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatio-temporal variations of nitrogen isotopic records in the Arabian Sea
Authors: Kao S.-J. , Wang B. , Zheng L. , Selvaraj K. , Hsu S.-C. , Wan X. , Xu M. , Chen C.-T. A.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Nitrogen and carbon contents vs. their isotopic compositions for past 35 ka for a sediment core (SK177/11) collected from the most southeastern part of the Arabian Sea (AS) were presented. A one-step increase in δ15Nbulk starting at the deglaciation with a corresponding decrease in δ13CTOC was found similar to documentation elsewhere which showed a global coherence in general. We synthesized available reports including dissolved oxygen, δ15N of nitrate (δ15NNO3), as well as δ15N of total nitrogen (δ15Nbulk) for trap material and surface/downcore sediments in the AS in order to explore the past nitrogen dynamics in the Arabian Sea. According to 25 μmol kg−1 dissolved oxygen isopleth at 150 m deep, we classified all reported data into northern and southern groups. We obtained geographically distinctive bottom-depth effects for northern and southern AS at different climate stages. By eliminating the bias caused by bottom depth, the modern day sedimentary δ15Nbulk values largely reflect the δ15NNO3 supply from the bottom of the euphotic zone; meanwhile, the diffusive sedimentary δ15Nbulk in long cores became confined revealing a more consistent pattern except recent 6 ka. The nitrogen cycle in entire AS apparently responded to open-ocean changes until 6 ka, during which further enhanced denitrification in the northern AS was likely local and driven by monsoon; while in the southern AS either nitrogen fixation was enhanced correspondingly to the continuously reduced δ15Nbulk for a compensation or the decreasing trend just followed the global pattern dominated by a longer term coupling of N2 fixation and denitrification.
Dynamics and mechanics of tracer particles
Authors: Phillips C. B. , Jerolmack D. J.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Understanding the mechanics of bed load at the flood scale is necessary to link hydrology to landscape evolution. Here we report on observations of the transport of coarse sediment tracer particles in a cobble-bedded alluvial river and a step-pool tributary, at the individual flood and multi-annual timescales. Tracer particle data for each survey are composed of measured displacement lengths for individual particles, and the number of tagged particles mobilized. For single floods we find that: measured tracer particle displacement lengths are exponentially distributed; the number of mobile particles increases linearly with peak flood Shields stress, indicating partial bed load transport for all observed floods; and modal displacement lengths scale linearly with excess shear velocity. These findings provide quantitative field support for a recently proposed modelling framework based on momentum conservation at the grain scale. Tracer displacement shows a weak correlation with particle size at the individual flood scale, however cumulative travel distance begins to show an inverse relation to grain size when measured over many transport events. The observed spatial sorting of tracers approaches that of the river bed, and is consistent with size-selective deposition models and laboratory experiments. Tracer displacement data for the step-pool and alluvial channels collapse onto a single curve – despite more than an order of magnitude difference in channel slope – when variations of critical Shields stress and flow resistance between the two are accounted for. Results show how bed load dynamics may be predicted from a record of river stage, providing a direct link between climate and sediment transport.
Auroral spectral estimation with wide-band color mosaic CCDs
Authors: Jackel B. J. , Unick C. , Syrjäsuo M. T. , Partamies N. , Wild J. A. , Woodfield E. E. , McWhirter I. , Kendall E. , Spanswick E.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Optical aurora can be structured over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales with spectral features that depend on the energy of precipitating particles. Scientific studies typically combine data from multiple instruments that are individually optimized for spatial, spectral, or temporal resolution. One recent addition combines all-sky optics with color mosaic CCD (charge-coupled device) detectors that use a matrix of different wide-band micro-filters to produce an image with several (often three) color channels. These devices provide sequences of two dimensional multispectral luminosity with simultaneous exposure of all color channels allowing interchannel comparison even during periods with rapidly varying aurora. At present color auroral image data are primarily used for qualitative analysis. In this study a quantitative approach based on Backus–Gilbert linear inversion was used to better understand the effective spectral resolution of existing and proposed instruments. Two spectrally calibrated commercial detectors (Sony ICX285AQ and ICX429AKL) with very different color mosaics (RGB (red, green, blue) vs. CYGM (cyan, yellow, green, magenta)) were found to have very similar spectral resolution: three channels with FWHM (full-width half-maximum) ≈100 nm; a NIR (near infrared) blocking filter is important for stabilizing inversion of both three-channel configurations. Operating the ICX429AKL in a noninterlaced mode would improve spectral resolution and provide an additional near infrared channel. Transformations from arbitrary device channels to RGB are easily obtained through inversion. Simultaneous imaging of multiple auroral emissions may be achieved using a single-color camera with a triple-pass filter. Combinations of multiple cameras with simple filters should provide ~50 nm resolution across most of the visible spectrum. Performance of other instrument designs could be explored and compared using the same quantitative framework.
Developing a performance evaluation functional model for cities impacted by a natural hazard: application to a city affected by flooding
Authors: Bambara G. , Peyras L. , Felix H. , Serre D.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. The experience feedback on a crisis that hit a city is frequently used as a "recollection" tool. However, it may not be held in itself as a tool for analyzing a city's performance. The city, considered as a complex system, was modeled using a functional analysis method. Based on such modeling, two risk analysis methods (Failure Mode and Effect Analysis and Event Tree Method) were deployed and adjusted. Lastly, a qualitative reasoning model had been used for get the scenario modeling of the urban crisis. Such functional model was deployed on a case study.
Assimilation of HF radar surface currents to optimize forcing in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Marmain J. , Molcard A. , Forget P. , Barth A. , Ourmières Y.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. HF radar measurements are used to optimize surface wind forcing and baroclinic open boundary condition forcing in order to constrain model coastal surface currents. This method is applied to a northwestern Mediterranean (NWM) regional primitive equation model configuration. A new radar data set, provided by two radars deployed in the Toulon area (France), is used. To our knowledge, this is the first time that radar measurements of the NWM Sea are assimilated into a circulation model. Special attention has been paid to the improvement of the model coastal current in terms of speed and position. The data assimilation method uses an ensemble Kalman smoother to optimize forcing in order to improve the model trajectory. Twin experiments are initially performed to evaluate the method skills. Real measurements are then fed into the circulation model and significant improvements to the modeled surface currents, when compared to observations, are obtained.
Characterization of hydrochars produced by hydrothermal carbonization of rice husk
Authors: Kalderis D. , Kotti M. S. , Méndez A. , Gascó G.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Biochar is the carbon-rich product obtained when biomass, such as wood, manure or leaves, is heated in a closed container with little or no available air. In more technical terms, biochar is produced by so-called thermal decomposition of organic material under limited supply of oxygen (O2), and at relatively low temperatures (< 700 °C). Hydrochar differentiates from biochar because it is produced in an aqueous environment, at lower temperatures and longer retention times. This work describes the production of hydrochar from rice husks using a simple, safe and environmentally friendly experimental set-up, previously used for degradation of various wastewaters. Hydrochars were obtained at 200 °C and 300 °C and at residence times ranging from 2 to 16 h. All samples were then characterized in terms of yield, surface area, pH, conductivity and elemental analysis, and two of them were selected for further testing with respect to heating values and heavy metal content. The surface area was low for all hydrochars, indicating that porous structure was not developed during treatment. The hydrochar obtained at 300 °C and 6 h residence times showed a predicted higher heating value of 17.8 MJ kg−1, a fixed carbon content of 46.5% and a fixed carbon recovery of 113%, indicating a promising behaviour as a fuel.
The rise of fanvestors: A study of a crowdfunding community
Authors: Galuszka Patryk , Bystrov Victor
Published: June 2014

Crowdfunding is an online collective action initiated by people or institutions to gather funds from a large number of contributors, usually using mediation of crowdfunding platforms to facilitate contact and flow of resources between parties. The success of Kickstarter and similar services shows that crowdfunding has great potential. This paper presents an empirical study of the crowdfunding phenomenon. It analyzes the motivation of individuals involved in supporting recording artists with voluntary payments in exchange for equity stakes. Specifically, the paper focuses on the motives driving individuals who use MegaTotal (http://www.megatotal.pl), a Polish crowdfunding platform, to contribute financial resources to selected musical projects. The analysis leads to the conclusion that individuals involved in crowdfunding are partly driven by motivation that has not been typical of fans in the history of popular music.
Scanner tags, comic book piracy and participatory culture
Authors: Delwiche Aaron
Published: June 2014

To learn more about the motivations of individuals who scan and distribute comic books, this study reports findings from a content analysis of 389 scanner tags extracted from comic books posted on the torrent network Pirate Bay. Coded according to four categories linked to the literature on comic fandom and participatory culture, tags were analyzed in terms of recognition, aesthetic style, textual signifiers, and visual signifiers. Though comic book pirates seek recognition from their peers, they are primarily concerned with focusing attention on their favorite fandoms. This study challenges the view that digital piracy should necessarily be interpreted as a form of cultural resistance. The phenomenon of comic book scanning makes more sense when understood as a manifestation of fan behavior. Comic book pirates are more fans than revolutionaries.
Playing with sustainability: Using video games to simulate futures of scarcity
Authors: Kelly Shawna , Nardi Bonnie
Published: June 2014

Many popular video games sustain compelling storylines that narrativize scarce resources, promote competitive and collaborative social interaction, and foreground survival goals — all necessary skills for making sense of a changed and changing global environment. In this article, we analyze representative commercial video games in four categories: civilization simulations, post–apocalypse first–person shooters, multiplayer survivor horror games, and historical recreations. We examine the ways their game mechanics and game scenarios represent social, economic and environmental interdependencies. We contrast these representations with future scenarios of gradually increasing scarcity of resources, climate change, and other human–environment interactions which can be influenced by transitioning to sustainable practices. Because good game mechanics can cultivate imaginative visions of situational potentials and solutions to problems, a key objective of the paper is to suggest game mechanics and scenarios that simulate and model sustainable practices. This agenda includes shifting away from growth as a game goal; strategizing with depletable resources; emphasizing scavenging versus combat for resource acquisition; and, developing more complex avenues for social interaction and collaboration among players. Incorporating more sustainability science concepts into commercial video games can offer a public outlet for exploring the complex interdependencies of a changing world.
Drought Deceit — Can Artificial Stress Signals Be Used as Plant Growth Retardants?
Authors: Kettlewell Peter S.
Published: June 2014

Long-distance signals moving from roots to shoots in response to drought lead to reduced vegetative growth. The hypothesis that the artificial manipulation of one of these signals, alkalization of the xylem sap, can reduce problems of excessive growth in arable crops, has been tested in oilseed rape (canola; Brassica napus L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Experiments with detached shoots have shown that both crop species can respond to artificial alkaline xylem sap with reduced leaf expansion. Applications of alkalizing agents to intact plants, either as pH buffer sprays or as solid calcium carbonate, have successfully retarded leaf expansion. The retardation has, however, either been inconsistent (possibly through difficulty in penetrating the variable epicuticular wax layer) or of very short duration (possibly through efficient buffering of internal pH). It can be inferred from these results that the greatest commercial potential for alkalizing growth retardants may be with high-value, short-duration crops that do not have a thick layer of epicuticular wax, and using either multiple applications or persistent formulations.
Assessing Spectral Similarities between Rainfed and Irrigated Croplands in a Humid Environment for Irrigated Land Mapping
Authors: Shamal S.A.M. , Weatherhead Keith
Published: June 2014

Deriving accurate spatial assessments of the distribution of irrigated crops has become more important in recent years for water resource planning, particularly where irrigation water resources are constrained. However, this is easier in arid climates than in humid areas such as eastern England. The challenges in using alternative vegetation indices derived from remote sensing to discriminate between irrigated and rainfed crops in a humid climate are described, focusing on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), the most important irrigated crop in England. Three techniques were evaluated: (a) temporal profile comparisons using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI); (b) cluster analysis combining the NDVI and the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI); and (c) identifying differences in chlorophyll content using green and near infrared bands. However, the study confirmed that the spectral signatures of irrigated and rainfed potato in England during a typical summer are very similar, presumably due to frequent rainfall events which reduce differences in water stress and chlorophyll content. The implications for using remote sensing to estimate irrigated areas in humid climates are discussed.
Hoe uniform is uniform?
Authors: Duk R.A.A.
Published: June 2014

Hoe uniform is uniform?

Het Nederlandse arbeidsrecht kent naast de regeling in Boek 7 Titel 10 van het Burgerlijk Wetboek tal van bepalingen voor zogenaamde bijzondere arbeidsverhoudingen. Aandacht wordt besteed aan de verschillende bijzondere bepalingen en de mate waarin en de wijze waarop daarmee van het commune recht wordt afgeweken. Bezien wordt wat in dat verband de relatieve rol van de wetgever en van de (praktijk)jurist, ook de rechter, is.
De Nederlandse en de Duitse oproepkracht vergeleken
Authors: Vos J.R. , Dekker F.M.
Published: June 2014

De Nederlandse en de Duitse oproepkracht vergeleken

De Wet Werk en Zekerheid beoogt de rechtspositie van flexibele arbeidskrachten te versterken. De oproepkracht komt er evenwel maar bekaaid vanaf. Aan de hand van een vergelijking met het Duitse wordt bezien op welke manier de Nederlandse wetgeving op dit punt kan worden verbeterd. Bepleit wordt de inkomensgrens uit artikel 7:628a BW te laten vervallen. Daarnaast wordt een concrete norm voorgesteld voor de toepassing van artikel 7:610b BW bij min/max-contracten.
Parkwood: (vooral) oude wijn in nieuwe zakken
Authors: Jansen N.
Published: June 2014

Parkwood: (vooral) oude wijn in nieuwe zakken

Verliezen dynamische incorporatiebedingen die verwijzen naar cao’s op grond van Richtlijn 2001/23 hun dynamische karakter na een overgang van onderneming? Op basis van het arrest Parkwood kan deze vraag nog steeds bevestigend worden beantwoord. Het is echter wel een voorwaardelijk ja, omdat het lidstaten op grond van artikel 8 van de Richtlijn 2001/23/EG vrijstaat te kiezen voor gunstiger werknemersbescherming. Uit Parkwood blijkt echter dat het verlenen van gunstiger werknemersbescherming, in die zin dat dynamische incorporatiebedingen na een overgang dynamisch blijven, niet onbegrensd kan. Onder meer de vrijheid van ondernemerschap kan zich daartegen verzetten.
Tax Competition within the European Union – Is the CCCTB Directive a Solution?
Authors: de Wilde Maarten
Published: June 2014

Tax Competition within the European Union – Is the CCCTB Directive a Solution?

The author addresses the phenomenon of taxable profit-shifting operations undertaken by multinationals in response to countries competing for corporate tax bases within the European Union. The central question is whether this might be a relic of the past when the European Commission’s proposal for a Council Directive on a Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base sees the light of day. Or would the EU-wide corporate tax system provide incentives for multinationals to pursue artificial tax base-shifting practices within the EU, potentially invigorating the risk of undue governmental tax competition responses? The author’s tentative answer on the potential for artificial base shifting and undue tax competition is in the affirmative. Today, the issue of harmful tax competition within the EU seems to have been pushed back as a result of the soft law approaches that were initiated in the late 1990s and early 2000s. But things might change if the CCCTB proposal as currently drafted enters into force. There may be a risk that substantial parts of the EU tax base would instantly become mobile as of that day. As the EU Member States at that time seem to have only a single tool available to respond to this – the tax rate – that may perhaps initiate an undesirable race for the EU tax base, at least theoretically.
Company Tax Integration in the European Union during Economic Crisis – Why and How?
Authors: Sting Anna
Published: June 2014

Company Tax Integration in the European Union during Economic Crisis - Why and How?

Company tax integration in the EU is yet to be realised. This article first outlines the main benefits of company tax integration for the Economic and Monetary Union, and also discusses the main legal obstacles the EU Treaties pose for harmonisation of company tax. The main problem identified is the unanimity requirement in the legal basis of Article 115 TFEU. As this requirement is currently not feasible in the political climate of the debt crisis, this article assesses possible reasons for and ways to further fiscal integration. It considers Treaty change, enhanced cooperation, soft law approaches and also indirect harmonisation through the new system of economic governance. Eventually, a possible non-EU option is considered. However, this article recommends making use of the current EU law framework, such as soft law approaches and the system of the new economic governance to achieve a more subtle and less intrusive tax harmonisation, or instead a Treaty change that would legitimately enhance and further economic integration in the field of taxation.
Legal embedding planned lesbian parentage. Pouring new wine into old wineskins?
Authors: Antokolskaia Masha
Published: June 2014

Legal embedding planned lesbian parentage. Pouring new wine into old wineskins?

Legal position of a known donor constitutes an ongoing challenge. Known donors are often willing to play a role in the child’s life. Their wishes range from scarce involvement to aspiring legal parentage. Therefore three persons may wish for parental role. This is not catered for in the current laws allowing only for two legal parents. Several studies show how lesbian mothers and a donor ’devise new definitions of parenthood’ extending ’beyond the existing normative framework’. However, the diversity in the roles of the donors suggests a split of parental rights between three persons rather than three traditional legal parents. In this article I will discuss three jurisdictions (Quebec, Sweden and the Netherlands), allowing co-mother to become legal parent other than by a step-parent adoption. I will examine whether these jurisdictions attempt to accommodate specific needs of lesbian families by splitting up parentage ’package’ between the duo-mothers and the donor.
De toegang tot de rechter in een moderne rechtsstaat
Authors: Corstens G. , Kuiper R.
Published: June 2014

Access to justice under the rule of law. Benchmarks for a concrete design

As a core element of the ‘rechtsstaat’ (a country under the rule of law) the importance of the principle of access to justice is widely agreed upon. Nevertheless it is complicated to reach an agreement on subjects that are pivotal to the implementation of this principle in practice. The needs of society change over time and the factors that influence the concrete accessibility are many (costs, length, complexity of procedures, etc.). Furthermore, as a result of the coming into being of ADR and new forms of law enforcement the use of the civil and criminal trial has declined. To evaluate the current state of access to justice against the backdrop of these factors and developments the central question should be whether the judge is still able to fulfil his function in a rechtsstaat of providing legal protection, whilst functioning as a counterbalance to the executive and law-making powers of the state.
Burgers in bezwaar en beroep
Authors: Marseille A.T.
Published: June 2014

Citizens in objection and appeal procedures. On the accessibility of Dutch administrative law

This article contains an analysis of changes in the access to justice in administrative law disputes in the Netherlands. In analysing these changes, it is necessary to look not only at court procedures, but also at the objection procedure that precedes them. A large majority of administrative law disputes are resolved in such an informal objection procedure. The analysis shows that, more than the legislator and the administrative courts, administrative authorities are responsible for changes concerning (the interpretation and execution of the rules on) access to justice. They increasingly use their discretionary powers in the objection procedure to try to solve conflicts about their decisions by interpreting and using the rules of access in a flexible way.
Toegang tot recht in beweging
Authors: ter Voert M.
Published: June 2014

Access to shifting justice. On citizens and their problem solving strategies

Both in public policy and in scientific research, the concept of access to justice has been subject to change. In the seventies access to justice was mainly understood as access to a lawyer and a judge. In the nineties the perspective widens to alternative forms of dispute resolution, self-help and juridification of problems. The present article focuses on access to justice for citizens who experienced civil and administrative problems. Firstly, it illustrates the change in public policy with respect to dispute resolution. Secondly, it describes the shifting views on access to justice in empirical research. Furthermore it presents the results of socio-legal research into the dispute resolution of citizens and discusses what these results tell us about access to justice.
Het stelsel van gesubsidieerde rechtsbijstand in roerige tijden
Authors: Peters S.L. , Combrink-Kuiters L.
Published: June 2014

The Dutch legal aid system in turbulent times

For years it has been stated that the Dutch legal aid system is balanced and performs well. Supply and demand seem to be matched and the quality of the system is judged as good. Serious problems seem to be lacking, although there is a constant increase in the number of certificates issued. The most important threat to the system are the ever shrinking government budgets together with the increasing use of the system. To date, the Dutch legal aid system has utilised open-end-financing. The Ministry of Security and Justice is in search of measures in order to contain the number of certificates, and thereby also the ever increasing costs. At the moment it is discussed if vital system changes are necessary. Will the system as we know still exist in the near future? Or will major changes need to be made? However, changes can also lead to improvement of the system.
Lufthansa
Authors: Drijber Berend Jan , Dictus George
Published: June 2014

Lufthansa

Is de nationale rechter gebonden aan het besluit van de Europese Commissie om de formele onderzoeksprocedure in te leiden? Dat vraagt het Oberlandesgericht Koblenz aan het Hof van Justitie in een geschil tussen Deutsche Lufthansa en Flughafen Frankfurt-Hahn GmbH.

Het Hof van Justitie beantwoordt deze vraag bevestigend: nationale rechters zijn gebonden aan een dergelijk besluit. In deze annotatie gaan de auteurs in op de belangrijkste overwegingen van het Hof van Justitie en de (mogelijke) consequenties van het arrest.

HvJ EU 21 november 2013, zaak C-284/12, Deutsche Lufthansa AG/Flughafen Frankfurt-Hahn GmbH, n.n.g.
Kroniek concentratiecontrole 2013
Authors: Vinken Silvia , van Joolingen Minos , Jongmans Martijn
Published: June 2014

Kroniek concentratiecontrole 2013

Deze kroniek geeft een overzicht van de belangrijkste ontwikkelingen in 2013 op het gebied van concentratiecontrole in Nederland. Het jaar 2013 wordt onder meer gekenmerkt door nieuwe wetgeving en beleid op het terrein van de zorg. Ook in 2013 wordt de trend van het verkort afdoen van besluiten voortgezet waarbij de zorgsector evenals voorgaande jaren een prominente rol vervult. In deze kroniek wordt daarnaast stilgestaan bij enkele boetes die zijn opgelegd wegens niet of onvolledig melden en de bijbehorende rechtelijke toetsing.
Kroniek civiele rechtspraak mededingingsrecht 2013
Authors: Braeken Bas
Published: June 2014

Kroniek civiele rechtspraak mededingingsrecht 2013

Deze kroniek behandelt de belangrijkste uitspraken van Nederlandse civiele rechters in 2013 waarin het Nederlands en/of Europees mededingingsrecht aan de orde kwam. Deze kroniek beperkt zich tot een bespreking van de meest spraakmakende zaken van het afgelopen jaar, waarbij zowel standalone mededingingsrechtelijke procedures als follow-on procedures zullen worden behandeld. Bij de opzet van deze kroniek is gekozen om de uitspraken op basis van thematische gelijkenissen (in plaats van chronologische volgorde) zo veel mogelijk gezamenlijk te bespreken.
Kroniek Nederlands mededingingsrecht 2013
Authors: Bosman Robert , Oude Elferink Edmon
Published: June 2014

Kroniek Nederlands Mededingingsrecht 2013

In deze kroniek worden de besluiten en informele zienswijzen besproken die ACM in 2013 op het gebied van het kartelverbod en het verbod van misbruik van economische machtspositie heeft genomen. De voor de toepassing van het mededingingsrecht aangewezen bestuursrechters wezen in totaal zeventien uitspraken in kartel- en daarmee gerelateerde zaken. In 2013 viel ook definitief het doek voor de NMa. Na een periode van ruim vijftien jaar waarin de NMa het mededingingsrecht in Nederland op de kaart zette, ging de toezichthouder op in ACM. Kortom, er viel ook in dit verslagjaar weer het nodige te beleven.
Wat is juridisch interactionisme?
Authors: van der Burg Wibren
Published: June 2014

A Pluralist Account of Legal Interactionism

Two phenomena that challenge theories of law in the beginning of the twenty-first century are the regulatory explosion and the emergence of horizontal and interactional forms of law. In this paper, I develop a theory that can address these two phenomena, namely legal interactionism, a theory inspired by the work of Fuller and Selznick. In a pluralist approach, legal interactionism recognizes both interactional law and enacted law, as well as other sources such as contract. We should aim for a pluralistic and gradual concept of law. Because of this pluralist and gradual character, legal interactionism can also do justice to global legal pluralism and to the dynamic intertwinement of health law and bioethics.
What Makes Age Discrimination Special? A Philosophical Look at the ECJ Case Law
Authors: Gosseries Axel
Published: June 2014

What Makes Age Discrimination Special? A Philosophical Look at the ECJ Case Law

This paper provides an account of what makes age discrimination special, going through a set of possible justifications. In the end, it turns out that a full understanding of the specialness of age-based differential treatment requires that we consider together the ‘reliable proxy,’ the ‘complete-life neutrality,’ the ‘sequence efficiency’ and the ‘affirmative egalitarian’ accounts. Depending on the specific age criteria, all four accounts may apply or only some of them. This is the first key message of this paper. The second message of the paper has to do with the age group/birth cohort distinction. All measures that have a differential impact on different cohorts also tend to have a differential impact on various age groups during the transition. The paper points at the practical implications of anti-age-discrimination law for differential treatment between birth cohorts. The whole argument is confronted all along with ECJ cases.
Het onderscheidende karakter van profielen bij vreemdelingentoezicht
Authors: Rodrigues Peter
Published: June 2014

Discriminatory effects of profiling in migration control

The main question of this contribution is whether the use of ethnic profiling in migration control is an infringement of the prohibition of racial and religious discrimination. To answer this question, the regulation on migration control is analyzed and the trend of mixing criminal law with migration law is criticized. The influence of quota of irregular migrants who should be expelled and penalizing of illegal residence is studied. Taken into account the jurisprudence on the issue, the author argues that profiling based on race and religion is forbidden, which is also the case if nationality is used in profiles against EU-citizens.
Over de bestrijding van politiële discriminatie
Authors: Meershoek Guus
Published: June 2014

On tackling police discrimination: A commentary on the accusations of ethnic profiling by the Dutch police

Several reports and publications criticise the Dutch police for discriminating against minorities during stop-and-search actions. This article argues that discrimination can be found in the police but not to the extent that the critics suggest. Recent research on stop-and-search practices in a large Dutch city suggests that the police treat youth with a minority background differently but that they don’t treat them unequally. The article concludes with a warning against the use of the expression ethnic profiling, because it hinders correction of discrimination by the police.
‘Staring at the felony forest’
Authors: Dekkers Tim , van der Woude Maartje
Published: June 2014

Staring at the felony forest: a closer look at the complexity of profiling

In the Netherlands, the debate around police profiling has been rather low key – until recently. Now it has turned into a heated discussion with a clear focus on ethnic profiling. This extensive international literature review aims to show that there is more to profiling than just ethnicity. Factors such as behavior and the vehicle someone is driving can be just as important as a person’s looks. The results of this study put profiling in perspective and level the playing field of the debate, in which the side of the organizations using profiling has not gotten enough attention until now.
Het politiewerk en gendergerelateerde selectiviteit
Authors: Althoff Martina
Published: June 2014

Police work and gender related selectivity. Processes of perception, evaluation and attribution of gender.

This article explores the ways in which the work of the police is influenced by ideas about gender. Even though there is a long tradition of doing research about selectivity of the control agencies of criminal law, criminology has hardly had any attention for this topic. The main purpose of this article is to find out the meaning of the theoretical concept of gender for the social control of crime by the police and to give some examples for illustration. First of all, the article takes into consideration any crucial aspects of the process of selectivity.
Symboolwetgeving: de opkomst, ondergang en wederopstanding van een begrip
Authors: van Klink B.
Published: June 2014

Symboolwetgeving: de opkomst, ondergang en wederopstanding van een begrip

De communicatieve benadering van wetgeving heeft aanleiding gegeven tot de nodige wetenschappelijke discussie. In deze bijdrage gaat de auteur nader in op de aangevoerde kritiekpunten. Doel van dit artikel is te bepalen in welke opzichten de communicatieve benadering aanvulling of correctie behoeft. Conclusie is dat het achterliggende democratische ideaal nog steeds relevant is: de wens om burgers meer te betrekken bij de totstandkoming en de uitvoering van wetgeving. Tegelijk moet beter rekenschap worden afgelegd van de processen van in- en uitsluiting waarmee wetgeving onvermijdelijk gepaard gaat. Niet iedereen kan, mag of wil meepraten over de betekenis van de wet, niet elk gezichtspunt kan in het uiteindelijke wetgevende besluit erkenning krijgen.
Het wettelijke einde van pesten op school?
Authors: Roede E. , Felix C.
Published: June 2014

Het wettelijke einde van pesten op school?

Kan een wettelijke verplichting voor Nederlandse scholen tot het hebben van een op effectiviteit getoetst antipestprogramma bijdragen aan een effectievere aanpak van pesten op scholen? Op grond van wetenschappelijk onderzoek is de conclusie dat dat niet aannemelijk is. Scholen passen programma’s aan de eigen inzichten en opvattingen aan, zonder dat duidelijk is of deze aanpassingen de effectiviteit positief of negatief beïnvloeden. Het accent wordt in het plan van aanpak ten onrechte gelegd op het hebben van een effectief programma, in plaats van op de effectieve aanpak van alle, uiteenlopende soorten van pesten in een prosociale cultuur op scholen.
De attestatie de vita
Authors: Breemhaar W.
Published: June 2014

De attestatie de vita

De bijdrage is gewijd aan de attestatie de vita, waarvan de grondslag is te vinden in de op 10 september 1998 te Parijs tot stand gekomen Overeenkomst betreffende de afgifte van een attestatie de vita alsmede artikel 1:19k BW. Met de invoering van de attestatie de vita is beoogd om het bewijs van het in leven zijn van een persoon in een ander land dan waar deze woont, te vergemakkelijken. Men denke in dit verband bijvoorbeeld aan elders opgebouwde pensioenrechten.
Betekeningsproblemen bij onbekende erfgenamen
Authors: Autar-Matawlie S.W. , van Waes C.A.J.M.
Published: June 2014

Betekeningsproblemen bij onbekende erfgenamen

Huurrechtadvocaten krijgen in de praktijk regelmatig van woningcorporaties de vraag voorgelegd wat zij kunnen doen wanneer een huurder is overleden en de erfgenamen en hun woonplaatsen onbekend zijn. De verhuurder heeft een economisch en maatschappelijk belang bij het zo spoedig mogelijk weer kunnen verhuren van de woning en zal rechtsmaatregelen tot ontruiming willen treffen. De erfgenamen hebben belang bij een zorgvuldige afwikkeling van de nalatenschap.De Hoge Raad heeft in april 2013 betekening op de voet van artikel 53 of 54 lid 2 Rv afgewezen en voorgesteld in dergelijke gevallen de rechter te verzoeken een vereffenaar te benoemen. Deze oplossing is tijdrovend en is verderstrekkend dan nodig is. Een alternatief zou kunnen worden gevonden in artikel 4:191 lid 2 BW.
De taak van de ‘executeur-afwikkelingsbewindvoerder’
Authors: Luijten E.A.A. , Meijer W.R.
Published: June 2014

De taak van de ‘executeur-afwikkelingsbewindvoerder’

Als in een uiterste wil een 'executeur-afwikkelingsbewindvoerder' wordt benoemd zonder de instelling van een bewind, kunnen gemakkelijk geschillen ontstaan over de bevoegdheden van deze functionaris.Recente arresten van de Hoge Raad bevestigen deze stelling. Aangeraden wordt in uiterste willen zijn taak en bevoegdheden duidelijk te regelen.
Bemiddeling in strafzaken in België
Authors: Burssens Dieter , Jonckheere Alexia , Mincke Christophe
Published: June 2014

Penal mediation in Belgium. Insights on the basis of registered data and interviews

Since 1994, public prosecutors in Belgium can propose ‘penal mediation’ to criminal suspects. The supervision and follow-up of this procedure are provided by ‘justice assistants’ (comparable to probation officers), who systematically record crucial information and register it in the national database SIPAR. An exploration of this database reveals interesting insights regarding the actual practice of penal mediation. On the basis of the available data we also examined whether or not we could find relevant correlations between characteristics of (offenders in) cases and the extent to which cases have resulted in an agreement and proper compliance with that agreement. Finally, for a better comprehension of the actual practice of penal mediation in Belgium twelve interviews with justice assistants have been conducted.
Het Duitse recht op nevengeschikt aanklagen
Authors: Kilchling Michael , Kury Helmut
Published: June 2014

Accessory Prosecution in Germany

In this article the German concept of accessory prosecution (Nebenklage) is discussed. The Nebenklage was implemented in the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1877. It had merely an accessory function in conjunction with the private prosecution and the Klageerzwingungsverfahren, two legal institutions which had little practical relevance. Nowadays, in the course of the modern victim movement, the Nebenklage has radically changed into an instrument that is clearly provided as the main participatory option for victims interested in actively contributing to the trial of ‘their’ criminal. Previous research findings are outlined and the results of an explorative survey are presented. The findings suggest that the mere presence of the victim lawyer can significantly change the atmosphere in the courtroom, thus enhancing the willingness of the defence to treat the victim more respectfully.
De rechter als probleemoplosser
Authors: Blad John
Published: June 2014

In this contribution the author reviews Probleemoplossend strafrecht en het ideaal van responsieve rechtspraak by Suzan Verberk.
Schadeverhaal na misdrijven: ervaringen van slachtoffers
Authors: van Dongen J.D.M. , Hebly M.R. , Lindenbergh S.D.
Published: June 2014

Schadeverhaal na misdrijven: ervaringen van slachtoffers

De positie van slachtoffers van strafbare feiten kan zich in een toenemende belangstelling verheugen. Uitgangspunt van het kabinetsbeleid is dat slachtoffers voldoende mogelijkheden moeten hebben om de gevolgen van criminaliteit te (laten) herstellen. Ten aanzien van de verschillende mogelijkheden die het recht thans biedt, rijst de vraag wat slachtoffers van strafbare feiten ondernemen om hun schade vergoed te krijgen, welke afwegingen zij daarbij maken en wat zij feitelijk ervaren bij het verhalen van hun schade. Dit is een verslag van een kwalitatief onderzoek naar ervaringen waarin deze slachtoffers zelf aan het woord komen.
Oordelen over personenschade veroorzaakt door diagnostische fouten
Authors: Giard R.W.M.
Published: June 2014

Oordelen over personenschade veroorzaakt door diagnostische fouten

Binnen de medische aansprakelijkheid is een opvallende verschuiving van claims merkbaar. Steeds vaker gaat het om personenschade veroorzaakt door diagnostische in plaats van therapeutische fouten. Een analyse van mogelijke ontstaanswijzen van diagnostische fouten maakt duidelijk hoe deze kwestie zal moeten worden onderzocht wanneer er om een juridisch oordeel wordt gevraagd. De beoordeling van de tekortkoming in de nakoming van de zorgplicht, de schade en het causale verband vragen elk om een specifiek inzicht wanneer, hoe en waarom dergelijke diagnostische fouten worden gemaakt. Omdat veel claims te maken hebben met een gemiste diagnose zal wat betreft de schadebeoordeling het leerstuk van de kansschade centraal staan.
Tussentijdse evaluatie deelgeschilprocedure
Authors: Huijsmans E.C. , Vermeulen H.A.W.
Published: June 2014

Tussentijdse evaluatie deelgeschilprocedure. Verslag van de op 1 november 2013 door het Kenniscentrum Milieu en Gezondheid in samenwerking met de Expertgroep Letselschade en Studiecentrum Rechtspleging (SSR) georganiseerde themadag

In deze bijdrage doen de auteurs verslag van de op 1 november 2013 door het Kenniscentrum Milieu en Gezondheid in samenwerking met de Expertgroep Letselschade en Studiecentrum Rechtspleging (SSR) georganiseerde themadag. Tijdens deze themadag is door deelgeschilrechters en juridische ondersteuning zowel in werkgroepen als plenair gesproken over hun ervaringen met de deelgeschilprocedure. Uit de discussies komt pregnant naar voren dat deelgeschilrechters duidelijk invulling geven aan de regiefunctie, maar wat ter zitting in dat verband is besproken, blijkt vaak niet uit de beschikkingen. Bij de evaluatie van de wet zal hier ook aandacht voor moeten zijn.
Onverdoofd slachten
Authors: Janssen Janine
Published: June 2014

Animal welfare arguments against and religious arguments for slaughter without stunning

In 2008 the Party for the Animals in Dutch Parliament submitted a bill on the slaughter of animals without stunning. Initially this bill was formulated as a ban of slaughter without stunning. But then an amendment was included with the clause that this form of slaughter was allowed, provided it can be proven that animal welfare is not more affected than in regular slaughter. This would result in a de facto prohibition. Although the House of Representatives (Tweede Kamer) voted in favor of this bill, it was rejected by the Senate (Eerste Kamer), much to the relief of the Jewish and Muslim communities in the Netherlands. Jews and Muslims must meet with several rules according to their faith while slaughtering animals. One of these rules is that animals are killed without prior stunning. This contribution focuses on arguments regarding animal welfare against and religious arguments for slaughter without stunning.
Regard(s) « sur » et « par » l’alimentation pour renverser et comprendre comment sont renversés les rapports de générations : l’exemple de la socialisation alimentaire inversée
Authors: Dupuy Anne
Published: June 2014

L’alimentation est un des rares domaines dans lequel toutes les générations se rencontrent. Cet en-commun générationnel se traduit par une certaine porosité dans les relations de transmission alimentaire et correspond, de fait, à un formidable lieu d’observation et d’analyse des processus de socialisations. S’ils sont traditionnellement étudiés à partir d’un ordre générationnel vertical, des adultes vers les enfants, les perspectives proposées dans cet article, à partir d’une socioanthropologie de et par l’alimentation, s’intéressent non seulement à ce que font les enfants de ce qu’ils reçoivent, mais surtout à ce qu’ils font, parfois en retour, sur leur entourage nourricier. Socialisations alimentaires inversées, variations dans les tensions éducatives, effets des rapports de fidélité ou d’affection sur les filiations symboliques, sentiments de réussite ou d’échec parentaux, continuité des héritages, effets des refus alimentaires sur les modes de transmission parentaux sont autant de regards portés sur et par l’alimentation pour renverser les façons de percevoir les rapports de génération et comprendre par ailleurs comment les enfants contribuent à renverser les rapports de génération.
J’arrête ou tu continues? L’ambivalence intergénérationnelle lors du passage des 16-25 ans à la formation générale des adultes
Authors: Baril David , Bourdon Sylvain
Published: June 2014

Cet article1 étudie les relations entre les jeunes adultes non diplômés de passage en formation générale des adultes (FGA) et leurs parents en mobilisant le concept d’ambivalence intergénérationnelle. L’analyse s’appuie sur des entretiens semi-dirigés menés auprès de 30 jeunes adultes, âgés de 16 à 25 ans au moment de leur fréquentation à la FGA. Les analyses montrent que les parents demeurent bien souvent impliqués affectivement dans la scolarisation de leur enfant. Sauf exception, ils ne sont jamais loin derrière, que ce soit pour les soutenir et les encourager scolairement ou pour leur rappeler, voire leur imposer, directement ou non, leurs attentes scolaires. Aussi, les relations avec les parents des jeunes adultes étant passés directement du secteur des jeunes à la FGA présentent peu d’ambivalence comparativement à celles des jeunes adultes ayant interrompu leurs études secondaires avant de passer à la FGA. Dans l’ensemble, on observe la mise en oeuvre des quatre grandes stratégies de gestion de l’ambivalence de Lüscher, mais la nature de celles-ci semble en grande partie dépendre du fait que le passage à la FGA se fait en continuité à la suite des études au secteur des jeunes ou après une interruption significative de la scolarité.
Le meilleur intérêt de l’enfant dont la garde est contestée : enjeux, contexte et pratiques
Authors: Godbout Élisabeth , Parent Claudine , Saint-Jacques Marie-Christine
Published: June 2014

Cette recension des écrits théoriques, scientifiques et professionnels s’intéresse à trois questions en lien avec la détermination du meilleur intérêt de l’enfant dont la garde est contestée à la suite d’une séparation : 1) Quels sont les enjeux entourant le principe de meilleur intérêt de l’enfant? 2) Quelles sont les caractéristiques des situations qui se retrouvent à être expertisées ou débattues en cour? 3) Comment ce principe est-il évalué concrètement; quel poids est accordé à différents critères examinés par les juges et les experts? Pour les professionnels qui doivent se prononcer sur le meilleur intérêt de l’enfant, la réponse à ces questions met en lumière différents défis inhérents au fait d’être guidés par un critère souple, mais offrant peu de balises claires dans un contexte souvent hautement conflictuel et complexe. L’examen des écrits sur les pratiques des experts et des juges met au jour une tension entre deux courants : l’importance du parent de référence, particulièrement pour les très jeunes enfants et une tendance vers la coparentalité et un partage équilibré de la garde entre les parents. À partir de ces constats, des pistes pour les recherches futures sont proposées.
Elizabeth A. Brown, a splendid tour guide, friendly companion and excellent collector
Authors: Pócs Tamás
Published: June 2014

Elizabeth Anne Brown has accompanied Tamás Pócs and other colleagues on several long field trips in Australia and Fiji from 2000–2011.