bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Governing child care in neoliberal times: Discursive constructions of children as economic units and early childhood educators as investment brokers
Authors: Gibson Megan , McArdle Felicity , Hatcher Caroline
Published: July 2015

At any given time in the field of early childhood, there are discourses at play, producing images of children, and these ways of seeing children might be competing, colliding and/or complementing each other. It is fairly widely accepted that in many countries there are versions of dominant discourses that shape and are shaped by current practices in the field of early childhood. These include (1) romantic notions of children running free and connecting with nature and (2) the ‘Bart Simpson’ version of the naughty, cute or savage child, untamed and in need of civilising. These are far from being the only two discursive constructions of children present in current policies and practices. If early childhood professionals are to be active in shaping and implementing policies that affect their work and workforce, it is important that they are aware of the forces at play. In this article, we point to another powerful discourse at play in the Australian context of early childhood education, the image of children as economic units: investments in the future. We show how a ‘moment of arising’ in contemporary policy contexts, dominated by neoliberal principles of reform and competition, has charged early childhood educators in Australia with the duties of a ‘broker’, ensuring that young children are worth the investment. In this article, we begin with (1) a key policy document in early childhood education in Australia and examine the discursive affordances which shape the document. Next, (2) we pinpoint the shifts in how the work of child care is perceived by interrogating this key policy document through a methodology of discursive analysis. We then turn attention (3) to the work of this policy document along with other discourses which directly affect images of children and the shaping role these have on the work of educators. We conclude with (4) a consideration of how the work of early childhood professionals has come to be shaped by this economic discourse, and how they are being required to both work within the policy imperatives and likely to resist this new demand of them.
The Impact and Treatment of Obesity in Kidney Transplant Candidates and Recipients
Authors: Chan Gabriel , Garneau Pierre , Hajjar Roy
Published: July 2015

The prevalence of obesity in patients with chronic kidney failure and renal transplant candidates has paralleled the epidemic in the general population. The associated risks of surgical complications and long-term cardiovascular death are significant: most transplant centers consider obesity a relative contra-indication for transplant.

Few studies have focused on conservative weight loss strategies in transplant patients. Studies using administrative databases have found that only a minority of wait-listed patients lose weight and with no apparent benefit to transplant outcomes. The only clinical trial in this area found that an intensive weight-loss program had significantly better success (to listing) than self-directed weight loss. However, only a minority that succeeded with the help of a program (36 %), while the “diet and exercise” group had negligible results.

Laparoscopy has radically shortened the recovery time and decreased the complications associated with bariatric surgery. Reports in transplant patients, who were previously deemed too medically complex, have demonstrated a dramatic and rapid weight loss. The only randomized clinical trial in patients with CKD, which compared sleeve gastrectomy to best medical care clearly favoured the surgical arm for weight loss, but was too small to assess other outcomes. The emerging experience is small but quite promising.

Surgical complications and the effect on immunosuppression remain the chief concerns regarding the use of bariatric surgery in transplant patients. Rigorous prospective studies will be essential to properly evaluate the expected weight loss and the effect on pharmacokinetics of immunosuppressive medications. A routine role for bariatric surgery in transplantation would require evidence of improvements in patient-important outcomes and evidence of safety.
SAS Focus
Authors: Major Jim
Published: July 2015

The San Antonio Geophysical Society (SAGS) was established to promote the science of geophysics and encourage fellowship and cooperation among persons interested in geophysical methods and solutions. The SAGS membership includes numerous geophysicists, geologists, engineers, consultants, academics, and students from San Antonio and the south Texas area.
Professional Development
Authors: Trumbore Mallory
Published: July 2015

Each year, hundreds of SEG Annual Meeting participants benefit from the diverse lineup of continuing education (CE) courses held preconference. In fact, the number of courses offered has doubled in the last decade as SEG continues to expand its Continuing Education program.
Online Checkpointing with Improved Worst-Case Guarantees
Authors: Bringmann Karl , Doerr Benjamin , Neumann Adrian , Sliacan Jakub
Published: July 2015

In the online checkpointing problem, the task is to continuously maintain a set of k checkpoints that allow rewinding an ongoing computation faster than by a full restart. The only operation allowed is to replace an old checkpoint by the current state. Our aim is checkpoint placement strategies that minimize rewinding cost, i.e., such that at all times T when requested to rewind to some time t ≤ T the number of computation steps that need to be redone to get to t from a checkpoint before t is as few as possible. In particular, we want the closest checkpoint earlier than t to be no farther away from t than qk times the ideal distance T/(k + 1), where qk is a small constant.

Improving earlier work showing 1 + 1/k ≤ qk ≤ 2, we show that qk can be chosen asymptotically less than 2. We present algorithms with asymptotic discrepancy qk ≤ 1.59 + o(1) valid for all k and qk ≤ ln(4) + o(1) ≤ 1.39 + o(1) valid for k being a power of two. Experiments indicate the uniform bound pk ≤ 1.7 for all k. For small k, we show how to use a linear programming approach to compute good checkpointing algorithms. This gives discrepancies of less than 1.55 for all k < 60.

We prove the first lower bound that is asymptotically more than 1, namely qk ≥ 1.30 − o(1). We also show that optimal algorithms (yielding the infimum discrepancy) exist for all k.
Personalized Online Advertising Effectiveness: The Interplay of What, When, and Where
Authors: Bleier Alexander , Eisenbeiss Maik
Published: July 2015

Firms track consumers’ shopping behaviors in their online stores to provide individually personalized banners through a method called retargeting. We use data from two large-scale field experiments and two lab experiments to show that, although personalization can substantially enhance banner effectiveness, its impact hinges on its interplay with timing and placement factors. First, personalization increases click-through especially at an early information state of the purchase decision process. Here, banners with a high degree of content personalization (DCP) are most effective when a consumer has just visited the advertiser’s online store, but quickly lose effectiveness as time passes since that last visit. We call this phenomenon overpersonalization. Medium DCP banners, on the other hand, are initially less effective, but more persistent, so that they outperform high DCP banners over time. Second, personalization increases click-through irrespective of whether banners appear on motive congruent or incongruent display websites. In terms of view-through, however, personalization increases ad effectiveness only on motive congruent websites, but decreases it on incongruent websites. We demonstrate in the lab how perceptions of ad informativeness and intrusiveness drive these results depending on consumers’ experiential or goal-directed Web browsing modes.
Study of Petrogenesis and Tectonomagmatic Environments of Eocene Calc-Alkaline Volcanic Units in South and Southeast of Beroni Village in Southwest Ardestan (Isfahan)
Authors: Roshan Sayyed , Esfahani Ali Khan Nasr
Published: July 2015

The study area is located in south and southeast of Beroni Village. It contains volcanic rocks including andesitic-basaltic, pyroxene-bearing andesite, andesite, dacite, rhyodacite, rhyolites and Eocene-Oligocene ignimbrites. The volcanic rocks are cut by an intrusive mass with great spreading in the region. According to lithological studies, the calc-alkaline magmas in continental margin arcs are comprised of mantle and fluid crust. The basic elements in the volcanic rocks were studied in terms of petrological indices. According to the results, the metaluminous rocks underwent crustal contamination. Due to chemical reactions between the hydrothermal solution and volcanic host rocks, hydrothermal solutions in volcanic rocks penetrate the surrounding silica rocks and thus some elements such as zinc and barium diffuse in the rocks. In addition, calcium, magnesium and iron have been drawn inwards from the surrounding rocks causing lateral segregation.
High Occurrence of Potentially Pathogenic Free Living Amoebae in Water Bodies of Kaleybar and Khodaafarin, East Azerbaijan Province
Authors: Behniafar Hamed , Niyyati Maryam , Lasjerdi Zohreh , Dodangeh Samira
Published: July 2015

Free living amoebas are widespread protozoans that can be found in different environmental resources such as water bodies, soil and clays. Free living amoebae particularly Acanthamoeba could lead to diseases with poor prognosis including ameobic keratitis (AK) and granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE) especially in contact lens wears and immunocompromised individuals, respectively. In the present study 50 samples were collected from water resources (hot-springs, cold springs, rivers, wells, refined drinking water and subterranean canals) of Kaleybar and Khodaafarin, East Azarbayjan Province, Iran. The samples were transferred to laboratory and cultured on 1.5% non-nutrient agar medium containing Escherichia coli bacteria at room temperature and finally examined by microscopic methods. The results showed that out of 50 water samples, 40% were positive samples for free-living amoebae (FLA) including 60% Acanthamoebae genus, %35 Haetmannellidae, %20 Valkamphiids, %20 Vannella, %10 Thechamoeba (45% of plates had mix contamination). The present research was the first study to address the presence of potentially pathogenic free living amoebae in Kaleybar and Khodaafarin, East-Azerbaijan Province.
Facies and Sedimentary Environment of the Late Cretaceous Units at Abegarm(Avaj) Area
Authors: Mohammadi Ghodratollah , Shirzad Massomeh , Ashofteh Ali
Published: July 2015

An investigation was made on the facies and sedimentary environment of upper cretaceous rocks at north west of Abegarm(Avaj) area. This study has also covered carving lime sediments mainly being micritic and sparits with fossil(bioclast) markings, such as: Echinoderm, alga, lamelibransch, brachiopodo and berizoa. Field and microscopic studies led to recognition and separation of 10 carbonate and carving facies as follow: Group of open marine facies that include 1- Bioclastic mudstone, 2- Bioclastic wackstone, 3- Bioclastic packstone, Group of barrier facies that include 4- Bioclastic grainstone, 5- Grainstone packstone, Group of lagoon facies that include 6- Bioclastic packstone, 7- Peloid wackstone Group of continental facies that include, 8- Litharenite, 9- Sublitharenite and 10- Gerywacki. By interpretation and analysis of these microfacies and their related environment we shall be able to recognize the old geographical(palaeobiogeographic) condition in this region which has proven to have been a ramp type carbonate platform with a nearly uniform slope(homodinal ramp).
Analysis of the Effect of the Solid-Brick Infilled Frames on the Behavior of A Hybrid System of Moment Resistance Frame, Shear Wall, and Infilled Frame Along High Concrete Structures
Authors: Shekarbeigi Mehdi , Shekarbeigi Hooshang
Published: July 2015

This paper is to investigate the benefits of a new structural system (hereafter it is referred as “Ultra Hybrid System”) in high concrete buildings relying on the compound performance of the moment resistance frame, shear wall and infilled frame. In this case, the Ultra Hybrid System takes the advantage of the moment resistance frame and shear wall up to the height, where the wall performance reaches zero, while it is applied the infilled frame along with it. It is studied the system behavior based on using concrete-brick infilled frames in the upper floors to find out the interaction between the shear wall and infilled frame. Then, it is compared displacement, relative floor displacement, base shear, axial column loads in a hybrid system of the moment resistance frame and shear wall and the Ultra Hybrid System of the moment resistance frame, shear wall, and infilled frame. In this study, ETABS 2000 software package )Barkhordari et al., 2001) is used to model the system in compression diagonal mode. Finally, the results are presented in diagrams and tables.
Training new recruits
Authors: Gibbin Fay
Published: July 2015

In this article, Fay Gibbin offers her views and advice on the triumphs and challenges of building and upskilling a workforce, from initial sessions to the ongoing professional development opportunities.
What we can learn from… Fruit!
Authors: Chapman Ailsa
Published: July 2015

This month, our focus is on a type of food that all children will be familiar with in some form or another, but which has plenty to offer in terms of learning about wellbeing and about the world at large.
Underlying causes of foot ulceration
Authors: Morris David
Published: July 2015

Understanding the disease processes that lead to foot changes in people with diabetes will help nurses identify those most at risk of ulceration, says David Morris
How to approach recurring abdominal pain in children
Authors: El-Radhi A Sahib
Published: July 2015

Abdominal pain in children commonly presents in practice. A Sahib El-Radhi explains diagnosis and management
Equine neonates and infection control
Authors: Smeddle Suzannah
Published: July 2015

Providing nursing care to equine neonates requires the veterinary nurse to have specific skills, clinical experience and a comprehensive understanding of infection control. There are many factors that should be considered when a neonate is hospitalised, such as the ability to separate the foal from the mare and the proximity of the accommodation to other inpatients.

When considering the development of new biosecurity protocols for equine neonatal nursing there are several lessons that could be learned from studies in the human nursing field. Reflecting on veterinary nursing care is essential as it facilitates progress and improves the quality of patient care.
How to calculate and manage constant rate infusions
Authors: Brashear Megan
Published: July 2015

A constant rate infusion (CRI) is a medication continuously administered to a patient and is used to maintain consistent plasma levels of that medication. CRIs are commonly administered to patients to achieve appropriate levels of pain management, blood pressure management, sedation, anaesthesia, electrolyte supplementation, insulin, and liquid nutrition via a feeding tube. Delivering a CRI will avoid peak and trough levels of pain management and allow titration to suit the individual patient. When using a CRI to manage blood pressure, medication can easily be increased or decreased to obtain optimal effect and discontinued as needed. While CRI management requires 24 hour monitoring and specialised knowledge by the veterinary staff, the ability to maintain medications at therapeutic levels at all times make CRIs worth the time and knowledge. The veterinary nurse needs to not only understand the effects of the drugs being administered, but also how to calculate and create a variety of CRIs. This article will cover different types of CRI calculations and management.
From the Soviet Model of Labour Relations to Social Partnership: The Limits of Transformation
Authors: Gulnara Aitova
Published: July 2015

The article is aimed at revealing the origins of the core contradictions in social and labour relations in Russia since the collapse of the USSR. The transition to market economy of Russian society since the early 1990s has not brought a fully fledged concept of labour relations. The concept of labour relations found in Russia today is rather the product of the ignorance of the state authorities, which led to a situation of increased tension between labour and capital. The contradictions in social and labour-relations stem, on the one hand, from Soviet society, and on the other, have been generated by the transition to market per se. The author endeavours to give response to the question, why does a model of social partnership limit itself only to its formal aspects rather than seek an essential shift in the direction of the establishment workable framework of labour relations?
Effects of anaerobic exercise and detraining on the caspase-3 expression of rat ventricular cardiomyocyte
Authors: Siagian Minarma , Lousiana Maria , Santoso Dewi I.S. , Endardjo Sutjahjo
Published: July 2015

Background: Anaerobic physical exercise is a high intensity physical exercise performed in a short time. This exercise can stimulate apoptosis in left ventricular cardiomyocytes. The aim of this study is to analyze the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes after anaerobic exercise and detraining.Methods: Thirty two wistar rats Ratus Novergicus 250-350 grams (8-10 weeks old) were divided into the following groups (n = 4) and given naerobic physical exercise four and 12 weeks (group Exc-4, Exc-12) and anaerobic exercise followed by four weeks of detraining (Exc-4-D, Exc-12-D). The control groups were only observed in the same period (group CTL-4, CTL-12, CTL-4-D, CTL-12-D). At the end of observation, the rats were sacrificed and examination of the expression of caspase-3 as an indicator of apoptosis was done using immunohistochemical staining. Data were analyzed with ANOVA test.Results: An increase in expression of caspase-3 in the group Exc-4 (72.03%) compared to the CTL-4 (27.22%), (p < 0,001); and Exc-12 (79.30%) compared to the CTL-12 (30.53%) (p = 0.027). Detraining process showed a significant decline Capase-3 expression (31.12% in exc-4-D and 30.44% in the exc-12-D).Conclusion: Anaerobic physical exercise can increase apoptosis in rat left ventricle cardiomyocyte characterized by increased expression of caspase-3. Detraining can improve heart condition characterized by decreased expression of caspase-3.
Book Reviews
Authors: Dines Mike
Published: July 2015

Punk Goes Science: The Academic Punk Bibliograp hy, Vasileios Yfantis Charleston: CreateSpace Independent Publishing, 122 pp., ISBN: 9781505752342, p/bk, £9
Spreading the message! Fanzines and the punk scene in Portugal1
Authors: Guerra Paula , Quintela Pedro
Published: July 2015

Even though the production of fanzines precedes the emergence of punk, the truth is that it was with punk that the fanzines become relevant as a space for freedom of thought and creation, as well as an alternative to the conventional media. Since the 1970s, the fanzines’ universe has expanded thematically and stylistically, and also in its territorial coverage and in the communicational supports used. In this article we adopt an approach that goes beyond the Anglo-Saxon reality and intend to look at fanzines as ‘communities’ founded around a cultural object, which have produced texts, photos and other materials regarding the Portuguese punk scene from the late 1970s until now. From a large set of fanzines we will analyse the ways of production, design and typography, the main themes, distribution channels, bands, the scenes and lifestyles covered in them. In this study, we consider fanzines to be an alternative media that, from late modernity, is able to reveal the punk movement and the DIY ethos associated with it. We seek to understand fanzines’ relevance to the Portuguese punk scene context, both past and present, and we also identify some patterns of evolution and change.
Religion for Revolution: Shifting Perceptions of Bodily Ritual in the Lebanese Shi‘a Community
Authors: Dodd Savannah Danielle
Published: July 2015

This paper applies Cartesian and Weberian theories of rationalization and Leslie Sharp’s concept of bodily commodification to the transition in the observance of Ashura from practices of bodily mortification to blood donation among the Shi‘a community in Lebanon. The author argues that this shift politicizes salvation and sacralises revolution through a process of rationalization, made possible through the invocation of the Karbala Paradigm, in order to facilitate the commodification of blood for political activism. This shift in ritual practice for the commodification of blood has occurred as a result of three key transitions: (i) from body/self-unity to body/self-dualism; (ii) from salvation in the next world to salvation in this world; and (iii) from personal salvation to societal salvation.
[Dengan merujuk teori rasionalisasi model Descartes dan Weber serta konsep komodifikasi tubuh dari Leslie Sharp, tulisan ini menelusur pergeseran yang terjadi pada ritual Ashura dari praktik melukai diri menjadi kegiatan donor darah di kalangan Syiah di Lebanon. Proses ini, menurut penulis, telah mengubah konsep penyelamatan dan revolusi sakral melalui proses rasionali­sasi. Hal ini terjadi dengan memakai Paradigma Karbala sebagai media komodifikasi darah untuk aktivisme politik. Pergeseran komodifikasi darah dalam praktik ritual ini terjadi melalui tiga transisi utama: (i) dari kesatuan diri menjadi dualisme diri; (ii) dari keselamatan akhirat menjadi keselamatan dunia; dan (iii) dari penyelamatan pribadi menjadi penyelamatan sosial].
Equidad de Acceso a la Educación Superior: El “Puntaje Ranking de Notas” Como Mecanismo de Inclusión en el Sistema de Admisión de Chile
Authors: Casanova Daniel
Published: July 2015

En Chile, a partir del año 2013 se introdujo en el sistema chileno de admisión universitaria un nuevo factor de selección denominado “Puntaje Ranking de Notas”, con el objetivo de mejorar la equidad en el acceso a la educación superior. La medida ha motivado diversas objeciones y las evaluaciones realizadas han demostrado efectos modestos en alterar la inequidad de acceso a nivel general. Sin embargo, atendida la diversidad de la educación superior universitaria chilena, es en el sector más selectivo de carreras -aquel que tiene un alumnado más elitizado socialmente-, donde se esperarían efectos de alguna significación. Este documento analiza los resultados del mecanismo “Puntaje Ranking de Notas” en relación a sus objetivos declarados, en el conjunto de carreras de mayor selectividad. Usando el registro de postulantes de los años 2012 a 2014 se construyó un indicador de clasificación socioeconómica de cada sujeto, a fin de seguir los cambios en la composición social de los seleccionados de las carreras selectivas, antes y después de la incorporación del “Puntaje Ranking de Notas”. Se concluye que no existen modificaciones en la dimensión socioeconómica, a partir de la incorporación de dicho factor en el proceso de admisión. A la vez, se propone un debate más amplio sobre la relación entre políticas de inclusión y metodologías de selección para la educación superior.
Modellierung des Umschlingungswinkels eines auf Rollen geführten Metallbandes
Authors: Stadler Georg , Steinboeck Andreas , Baumgart Michael , Kugi Andreas
Published: July 2015

Dieser Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der mathematischen Modellierung des Umschlingungswinkels eines auf periodisch angeordneten Rollen
geführten Stahlbandes einer Bandverarbeitungsanlage. Die Herleitung der zugrunde liegenden Differentialgleichung erfolgt auf Basis der
Variationsrechnung mit variablen Rändern. Anschließend wird ein ideal-elastisch-ideal-plastisches Materialmodell für einen periodischen
Biegezyklus vorgestellt. Anhand von Simulationsstudien wird die Abhängigkeit des Umschlingungswinkels von maßgeblichen Parametern
untersucht.
Modellbasierte Berechnung der Kontaktkräfte an einem elastischen Tastsensor
Authors: Gerbet Daniel , Woittennek Frank , Knüppel Torsten , Chalon Maxime , Reinecke Jens
Published: July 2015

In diesem Beitrag wird ein neues Sensorprinzip für einen Tastsensor
vorgestellt, das auf der Verformung eines elastischen Kontinuums beruht.
Mit Hilfe eines mathematischen Modells des Kontinuums sollen örtlich verteilte
Kontaktkräfte aus der mit einer Kamera gemessenen Deformation berechnet werden.
Die Lösbarkeit dieses Problems wird untersucht und ein Algorithmus zur
Berechnung der Kräfte diskutiert.
Counting in hyperbolic spikes:
The diophantine analysis of multihomogeneous
diagonal equations
Authors: Blomer Valentin , Brüdern Jörg
Published: July 2015

A method is described to sum
multi-dimensional arithmetic functions subject to hyperbolic summation
conditions, provided that asymptotic formulae in rectangular boxes are
available. In combination with the circle method, the new method is a versatile tool to count rational points on
algebraic varieties defined by multi-homogeneous diagonal
equations.
An inverse problem of scattering theory for the perturbed Stark operator on the semiaxis
Authors: Ahmedova Aynur R.
Published: July 2015

In the present paper, we consider the inverse problem for the perturbed Stark operator. We obtain necessary and sufficient conditions on the set of values, which could serve as scattering data for the considered operator, and we prove their sufficiency.
Three-colorings of the Euclidean plane and associated triangles of a prescribed type
Authors: Kharazishvili Alexander
Published: July 2015

For any three-coloring of the plane, it is shown that there are continuum many
triangles of a prescribed type (acute-angled, right-angled, obtuse-angled, isosceles)
such that the vertices of each of them carry all three colors.
Perception sensor modeling for virtual validation of automated driving
Authors: Cao Peng , Wachenfeld Walther , Winner Hermann
Published: July 2015

The automotive innovations in the last decades are dominated by new
software-based functions. A validation of these functions is always
needed for ensuring the safety of the vehicles. XiL-methods are widely
used for this purpose. Along with the development of automated driving
vehicles, the demand for simulation based validation of such vehicles
is rising, as shown by examples. For the simulations, the modeling of
the perception sensors plays an essential role. A state-of-the-art
survey clarifies, that a dilemma between simulation efficiency and
fidelity of the current methods exists, especially when modeling
active sensors. A novel concept of grey box modeling promises to solve
the dilemma, or at least to defuse it. With a generalized sensor
structure and a simplified propagation modeling, the grey box model
considers the most important physically based performances of the
sensors and their ranges. The basic structure of the modeling is
sketched here, and an outlook for future requirements on it is
presented.
Constraining the Conformational Landscape of a Polyether Building Block by Raman Jet Spectroscopy
Authors: Bocklitz Sebastian , Suhm Martin A.
Published: July 2015

Collisionally induced chain isomerization of CH3OCH2CH2OCH3
around its three central torsional angles is characterized in
a supersonic slit jet by probing compound-seeded carrier gas expansions
with focussed 5–25 W cw 532 nm radiation as
a function of carrier gas, nozzle temperature and
distance. Spontaneously Raman scattered photons are collected and
dispersed down to 100 cm
–1. They reveal important
contributions from three chain conformations in the
expansion. Isomerization around the outer torsional angle is found to
be feasible, whereas the central OCCO angle remains largely
conserved under most expansion conditions. The spectroscopic results
are used for a critical assessment of quantum-chemical predictions for
the energy sequence of the three low-lying conformations. The
stretched global minimum energy structure of this polyether building
block is consistent with a statistical model of the dominant
unimolecular relaxation pathways.
Breath-Alcohol Analysis:Uses, Methods, and Some Forensic Problems—Review and Opinion
Authors: Mason MF , Dubowski KM
Published: July 2015

Presently when one uses the terms “breath analysis,” “breath testing,” or even the unqualified “chemical testing,” people, generally, think of a determination of alcohol in a specimen of breath for medicolegal purposes. (The unmodified term “alcohol” in this article refers to ethanol.) This is because of the notoriety of this application and, perhaps, the strong resentment of many to the police procedures involved. Actually, analysis of breath has been undertaken for a variety of purposes since before the recorded history of man. Thus an almost infinite number of conscious judgments about, or unconscious responses to, components of his inspired breath have been made based on odor, taste, and other sensory effects, many of these crucial for well-being or survival of both man and other animals. A striking example is the functioning of pheromones [1].
Child Abuse Laws: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Wilcox DP
Published: July 2015

In 1970, a five-month-old baby was admitted to a California hospital. The X-rays showed that his skull was fractured from ear to ear. His mother explained that the baby had fallen off a bed. The child was returned to the mother three days later. Twice within the next four weeks further medical treatment was required for injuries which included whip welts on the back, puncture wounds in the neck, and burned fingertips. The last time he was brought in he had strangulation marks and no respiration. Spontaneous respiration was restored but the baby suffered extensive brain damage. As a result, this small child will be confined in a home for the mentally retarded for the rest of his life. Time reported that The mother's boyfriend was convicted of child beating and sentenced to from one to ten years in prison (the mother.., was not charged ...). Meanwhile, the child's father brought a $5,000,000 suit against four doctors, for failing to report the attacks, and against the city and police chief ... for failing to investigate when another doctor did make charges.[1]
Determination of Fluoride by Specific Ion Electrode and Report of a Fatal Case of Fluoride Poisoning
Authors: Speaker JH
Published: July 2015

Postmortem fluoride levels in fluoride poisoning cases can be measured conveniently with the specific ion or ion-sensitive electrode. Earlier techniques commonly used complexing agents and depended on colorimetric quantitation [1–6]. Separation of fluoride from the postmortem specimens was achieved by several means including microdiffusion [3–6]. The specific ion electrode measurement of fluoride has been employed directly in urine and other fluids and after separation of the fluoride from biological specimens [6–10]. The subjects of this report are a method combining microdiffusion as a separation procedure with specific ion electrode quantitation of fluoride and the results obtained from a case in which this method was used.
A Rapid Microtechnique for the Detection of Trace Metals from Gunshot Residues
Authors: Bosen SF , Scheuing DR
Published: July 2015

The detection of primer and gunshot residues is important to the criminalist. Several techniques to detect trace materials have been proposed as providing definitive proof that primer or gunshot residue is present [1–8]. While the dermal nitrate-nitrite test has been shown to yield misleading information [1], tests based on the detection of one or more of the metals lead, barium, antimony, and copper appear to be much more reliable [8].
Time of Firing of Shot Shells
Authors: Sinha JK
Published: July 2015

Estimation of the time lapse since a cartridge or a firearm was fired is an important aspect of forensic ballistics. In the past efforts have been made to correlate the time lapse with the chemical changes of the firearm discharge residues. Both qualitative and quantitative variation of the combustion products with the passage of time have been studied by examining barrel washings and dry swabs pushed through the barrel [1,2]. Such examinations, however, did not yield satisfactory results, because, besides the time factor, chemical changes of the discharge residues were found to be significantly influenced by the atmospheric conditions. It was also difficult to extract the total quantity of combustion products by dry or wet methods for correct quantitative estimation. Various other phenomena, such as presence of carbon monoxide, mercury vapour, and pollen grains, have also been utilized by various workers to ascertain the time of firing [2,3]. Their limitations in correlating the time lapse are well known.
A Review of “Forensic Geology”
Authors: Thornton JL
Published: July 2015

Soil and mineral evidence is encountered with moderate frequency in civil and criminal investigations. In recognition of this fact, the text in question attempts to depict the state of the art in the forensic characterization of geological materials. A tripartite audience is intended by the authors: (1) criminalists, (2) attorneys, both prosecuting and defense, and (3) geologists and soil scientists who may wish to become involved with the forensic area. Since each of these three groups will approach this book with different backgrounds and expectations, it is to be expected that each group will respond to the text in a somewhat different manner.
Detection of Urinary Cannabis Metabolites: A Preliminary Investigation
Authors: Kelley JA , Arnold KP
Published: July 2015

Cannabis sativa, in the form of marihuana or hashish, is perhaps the most widely used illicit psychoactive drug in the world. Controversy about its pharmacological effects and potential for harm has prompted a flood of research in the past decade [1ߝ3]. In spite of this concentrated research effort the metabolism of the active constituents of Cannabis is incompletely elucidated, and analytical methods to supply hard chemical information about marihuana ingestion for both forensic and pharmacological purposes are woefully lacking.
Forensic Anthropology and Crimes Involving Children
Authors: Kerley ER
Published: July 2015

Most of the skeletons examined by forensic anthropologists are those of adults, partly because there are more adults than children and partly because adults are more frequently the victims of crimes and transportation accidents. Despite this, many children are the victims of crime and their skeletons are often examined by forensic anthropologists. Not infrequently, crimes are perpetrated by children, but it is the victim rather than the criminal who may come to the attention of the forensic anthropologist. The anthropologist generally deals with the identification of unknown remains, including those of children, and with indications of the circumstances at the time of death.
The Computer and the Law: Coordinate Analysis of Skull Shape and Possible Methods of Postmortem Identification
Authors: Walker GF
Published: July 2015

After death, the human body usually disintegrates quite rapidly. The rate of disintegration depends mainly on the temperature and humidity to which the body is exposed. Under extremely cold conditions the process of cell digestion or proteolysis is virtually halted, and bodies found in glaciers or arctic conditions can often be identified many years later.
Radioimmunoassay Technology in Mass Drug Screening: An Evaluation of an Absorbent Paper Disk Transport System
Authors: Noe ER , Lathrop GD , Ainsworth CA , Merritt JH
Published: July 2015

The military screening program for the drugs of abuse requires the shipment of approximately 3 million urine specimens annually to regionalized testing laboratories in the United States, Europe, and Southeast Asia. Shipments are made by parcel post, air freight, bus, and other forms of ground transportation, incurring considerable expense. The space required for storing these specimens during the processing and reporting period creates a logistical problem due to the bulk of the material being handled. Based on this, a method for transporting urine specimens for the military that would obviate the time and expense incurred in shipping large volumes of urine was highly desirable.
Mechanical Addressing Methods
Authors: Kessell TR
Published: July 2015

Addressing machines are a very specialized method of printing. Whereas most other printing methods are intended for long runs of one item, the purpose of the addressing apparatus is to make just one copy of several different items. Addressing machines were designed for addressing envelopes, but their uses have since been extended to many other areas of business, especially with payrolls, billing, and other office functions.
The Identification of Quinazolinones on the Illicit Market
Authors: Daenens P , Van Boven M
Published: July 2015

The abuse of hypnotics of the quinazolinone series is well known. Methaqualone [2-methyl-3-o-tolyl-4 (3H)-quinazolinone] in both licit and illicit tablets is encountered with increasing frequency. Several papers have discussed the identification of this drug in tablets and biological materials. Its metabolism has been studied in man [1–4] and animals [5,6]. Concentrations in urine, blood, and organs in cases of poisoning have been established [7–11].
Detection of Gunshot Residue by Use of the Scanning Electron Microscope
Authors: Nesbitt RS , Wessel JE , Jones PF
Published: July 2015

Current methods used to determine whether or not an individual has fired a handgun are based on analyses of samples taken from various regions of the hand for total content of antimony, barium, and often lead. High amounts of these elements are considered to be characteristic of gunshot residue [1–11]. However, the ability to identify residue conclusively has been severely restricted by the environmental occurrence of these same elements. Results of the studies described in this paper indicate that, by combining information about the morphology of gunshot residue particles with elemental analysis of individual particles [obtained by using an X-ray analyzer with the scanning electron microscope (SEM)], it is possible to reach a conclusion of increased significance concerning the presence of residue as distinguished from environmental contamination. The results of extensive studies of residue particles and analyses of numerous hand samples are presented here. It has become apparent that the new technique is a major improvement and that it is moderately rapid when performed by a trained microscopist.
Evaluation of Automobile Paint Flakes as Evidence
Authors: Gothard JA
Published: July 2015

Paint, normally in the form of dried flakes, is one of the most common types of evidence encountered by the forensic chemist. It may be from sources such as buildings, tools (frequently while being used to enter buildings), and most importantly, motor vehicles. It may be desired to identify the make and color of a suspect vehicle from paint left at the scene or on the clothing of a hit-run victim. Alternatively, it is frequently necessary to compare such paint flakes with reference flakes from a suspect vehicle.
A Death from an Air Gun
Authors: Barnes FC , Helson RA
Published: July 2015

Air and spring actuated guns firing spherical or elongated projectiles are widely used for target practice and pest shooting. Although their ability to inflict physical injury is well recognized, the fact that some of these guns are potentially lethal is surprising to those not familiar with their history and ballistics. The Austrian armies, for example, used air rifles against the French during the Napoleonic wars of 1799–1809 [1]. These were rifles of 12.8-mm (1.50-in.) caliber and had an effective range between 100 and 150 yards (91 and 137 m). An air rifle of unknown caliber was also carried by the Lewis and Clark expedition of 1804–1806 [2] and was used on occasion to kill deer-size animals as well as birds and small game.
A Review of “Methodology for Analytical Toxicology”
Authors: Standefer JC
Published: July 2015

This volume represents a revision and expansion of the 1971 edition of the CRC Manual of Analytical Toxicology. The introductory section has been expanded to include information regarding specimen collection, patient history, and interpretation of the analytical result. The second section presents detailed descriptions of approximately 100 different methods, with 35 to 40 of the methods being new to this edition. The complexity of the methods range from relatively simple qualitative tests to more sophisticated methods requiring gas chromatography with prior derivatization, and in most cases more than one method is listed for each substance. The third section contains some useful information on enzyme and radioimmunosassays, heavy metal detection, gas and thin-layer chromatography, and ultraviolet spectrophotometry.
A Review of “The Year Book of Pathology and Clinical Pathology—1975”
Authors: Peterson GF
Published: July 2015

The Year Book series was originated around the turn of the century to make available to the practicing physician a digest of the best of the then-current medical literature. In the intervening years the series has expanded to cover every major medical specialty, several subspecialties, and dentistry. The apparent goal of the Year Book series is to make available to the reader the largest amount of significant medical literature in a particular area with a minimum of reading time investment. The success of the series would seem to indicate that this goal has largely been accomplished.
Forensic Applications of Sapphire Cell-Infrared Spectroscopy: Companion to the Diamond Cell in Explosive and Leg Wire Identification
Authors: Kopec RJ , Washington WD , Midkiff CR
Published: July 2015

The application of the diamond cell sample holder to the infrared examination of trace evidence has been reported by several investigators. Materials examined by this technique have included paints [1–4], blasting cap leg wire insulation [5], and explosives [6,7]. With the diamond cell, the usable infrared spectral region is approximately 1800 to 200 wave numbers (cm-l). While this region allows the characterization of many materials, the analyst may desire examination of the range 4000 to 200 cm-1. With a sapphire cell, the region 4000 to 1600 cm-1, which is partially opaque to the diamond, can be used to obtain complete coverage of the desired working range [8]. A sapphire window sample holder compatible with the diamond cell holder mount is commercially available and is appreciably less expensive than the diamond cell. A blank spectrum obtained with the sapphire cell is shown in Fig. 1. In practice, a sample can be transferred manually from the diamond cell to the sapphire cell to obtain the total infrared spectrum. All spectra were obtained on a Perkin-Elmer Model 621 Grating Infrared Spectrophotometer equipped with a 4 × all-reflecting beam condenser and sapphire cell sample holder. An unattenuated signal of 4 to 6% was attenuated in the reference beam to 75 to 80% transmittance. Instrument operating settings and parameters were slits, 1100; gain, 8; attenuator speed, 1000; scan time, 10 min; suppression, 0; source current, 0.8A; and slits at 2 × programmed. When the sapphire cell is used excessive pressure should be avoided since the softer window material is more easily fractured than the diamond.
The Identification of Battered-Infant Skeletons
Authors: Kerley ER
Published: July 2015

The physical anthropologist dealing with forensic cases often examines the skeletons of children who have died either from accidental or natural causes or under circumstances suspicious of homicide. Also, the skeletal remains of infants and children of prehistoric populations are commonly examined. However, even experienced forensic anthropologists are not always familiar with the skeletal signs of an increasingly common phenomenon: the battered child [1–4]. It is improbable that a case of child abuse that did not result in fractures would be detected in skeletal remains, but severe cases involving multiple antemortem fractures in various stages of healing in anatomically regional patterns should be sufficient indication of prolonged, severe child abuse. If numerous fractures occurring about the time of death are present, the possibility of homicide must be considered. The following case is unusual in that three infants from the same family showed evidence of severe abuse and possible homicide.
The Forensic Toxicology of Cocaine (1971–1976)
Authors: Finkle BS , McCloskey KL
Published: July 2015

It is the general purpose of this study-report to assess the role of cocaine in postmortem, medieolegal investigation, and a primary, particular objective is to determine whether cocaine is significant as a causative agent in a growing number of sudden, unexplained deaths. The significance can be evaluated in terms of either the absolute number of deaths directly attributable to cocaine ingestion or relative to fatalities caused by other abused and misused drugs. A total of only 111 cases involving cocaine occurred at 27 study sites, encompassing a jurisdictional population of 79.2 million over a five- to six-year period ending in mid-1976. Further, of the total cases, only 26 involved cocaine alone.
Analysis of Illicit Drug Exhibits by Hydrogen-1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Kram TC
Published: July 2015

Positive identification of most illicit laboratory exhibits routed to the Special Testing and Research Laboratory of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) for the identification of unknown constituents has been rapidly achieved with the aid of a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer. This technique often provides valuable quantitative data as well. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the hydrogen atom provides information on the chemical nature of a single hydrogen atom (or group of atoms) within a molecule, the number of hydrogen atoms in a particular group, and the number and relative position of hydrogen atoms in neighboring groups.
Premature Deaths in Persons with Seizure Disorders—Subtherapeutic Levels of Anticonvulsant Drugs in Postmortem Blood Specimens
Authors: Bowerman DL , Levisky JA , Urich RW , Wittenberg PH
Published: July 2015

The purpose of this paper is to point out the possibility of death occurring prematurely in epileptics from apparently inadequate anticonvulsant therapy. Moreover, the information may be useful to the forensic pathologist faced with the “difficult autopsy” [1] where no definite cause of death is found. Toxicology is most useful in demonstrating deaths resulting from overdoses. However, subtherapeutic or negative anticonvulsant drug levels in a known epileptic may have equal usefulness in establishing a probable cause of death. The potential problem for the pathologist may be emphasized if he realizes there are approximately 1.7 million epileptics living in the United States today [2]. Rarely does the death of an epileptic make headlines in a major newspaper.
Modification of Fingerprint Powder with Coumarin 6 Laser Dye
Authors: Thornton JI
Published: July 2015

In previous articles in this journal, Menzel and co-workers [1,2] have described the use of the argon-ion laser for the visualization of latent fingerprints by inherent luminescence or by dusting with a dye which fluoresces when excited by the laser beam. These workers found that finely ground laser dye powders, while attractive from the standpoint of sensitivity and position of excitation and emission maxima, do not have the adhering properties desired of a fingerprint powder.