bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rejection Sensitivity Polarizes Striatal–Medial Prefrontal Activity When Anticipating Social Feedback
Authors: Powers Katherine E. , Somerville Leah H. , Kelley William M. , Heatherton Todd F.
Published: July 2013

As a social species, humans are acutely aware of cues that signal inclusionary status. This study characterizes behavioral and neural responses when individuals anticipate social feedback. Across two fMRI studies, participants (n = 42) made social judgments about supposed peers and then received feedback from those individuals. Of particular interest was the neural activity occurring when participants were awaiting social feedback. During this anticipatory period, increased neural activity was observed in the ventral striatum, a central component of the brain's reward circuitry, and dorsomedial pFC, a brain region implicated in mentalizing about others. Individuals high in rejection sensitivity exhibited greater responses in both the ventral striatum and dorsomedial pFC when anticipating positive feedback. These findings provide initial insight into the neural mechanisms involved in anticipating social evaluations as well as the cognitive processes that underlie rejection sensitivity.
Brain Activation during Masked and Unmasked Semantic Priming: Commonalities and Differences
Authors: Ulrich Martin , Hoenig Klaus , Grön Georg , Kiefer Markus
Published: July 2013

Using fMRI during a lexical decision task, we investigated the neural correlates of semantic priming under masked and unmasked prime presentation conditions in a repeated measurement design of the same group of 24 participants (14 women). The task was to discriminate between pseudowords and words. Masked and unmasked prime words differed in their degree of semantic relatedness with target stimuli. Neural correlates of priming were defined as significantly different neural activations upon semantically unrelated minus related trials. Left fusiform gyrus, left posterior inferior frontal gyrus, and bilateral pre-SMA showed priming effects independent of the masking condition. By contrast, bilateral superior temporal gyri, superior parietal lobules, and the SMA proper demonstrated greater neural priming in the unmasked compared with the masked condition. The inverted contrast (masked priming minus unmasked priming) did not show significant differences even at lowered thresholds of significance. The conjoint effects of priming in the left fusiform gyrus suggest its involvement as a direct consequence of the neural organization of semantic memory. Activity in brain regions showing significantly more neural priming in the unmasked condition possibly reflected participants' evaluation of the prime–target relationship, presumably in the context of semantic matching. The present results therefore indicate that masked and unmasked semantic priming partially depend on dissociable mechanisms at the neural and most likely also at the functional level.
Eriophyoid mites from Northeast China (Acari: Eriophyoidea)
Authors: XUE XIAO-FENG , GUO JING-FENG , HONG XIAO-YUE
Published: July 2013

We describe and illustrate herein one new genus and eighteen new eriophyoid mite species (Acari: Eriophyoidea) collected in northeast China. They are: Shevtchenkella huzhongiensis sp. nov. on Ulmus davidiana Planch. var. japonica (Sarg. ex Rehder) Nakai (Ulmaceae), Shevtchenkella jingboicus sp. nov. on Acer sp. (Aceraceae), Calepitrimerus flexuosus sp. nov. on Spiraea flexuosa Fisch. ex Cambess. (Rosaceae), Calepitrimerus maximowiczii sp. nov. on Crataegus maximowiczii Schneid. (Rosaceae), Calepitrimerus pilosus sp. nov. on Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. (Rosaceae), Calepitrimerus yichunensis sp. nov. on Sorbaria sorbifolia (L.) A.Br. (Rosaceae), Cupacarus oxyphyllus sp. nov. on Euonymus oxyphyllus Miq. (Celastraceae), Epitrimerus sambucus sp. nov. on Sambucus williamsii Hance (Caprifoliaceae), Epitrimerus wuyingensis sp. nov. on Acer sp. (Aceraceae), Longisolenidionus amurensis gen. nov & sp. nov. on Tilia amurensis Rupr. (Tiliaceae), Phyllocoptes jiagedaqiensis sp. nov. on Cunninghamia sp. (Taxodiaceae), Aculops huzhongensis sp. nov. on Salix sp. (Salicaceae), Aculus huzhongsalixus sp. nov. on Salix sp. (Salicaceae), Tetra angelica sp. nov. on Angelica sp. (Apiaceae), Tetra jiagedaqia sp. nov. on Lespedeza sp. (Fabaceae), Vittacus mandshurica sp. nov. on Corylus sieboldiana Blume var. mandshurica (Maxim.) C. K. Schneid. (Betulaceae), Vittacus cannabus sp. nov. on Cannabis sativa L. (Moraceae), and Peralox dentatis sp. nov. on Ulmus sp. (Ulmaceae). Two species formerly assigned to Rhyncaphytoptus, R. abiesis (Xue, Song & Hong, 2006) and R. fabris (Xue, Song & Hong, 2006) were reassigned to Nalepella, based on the presence of seta vi on the apical shield, and other characteristics of Nalepella. One species formerly assigned to Rhyncaphytoptus, R. fargesis (Xue, Song & Hong, 2006) was reassigned to Pentaporca, based on the presence of seta vi on the apical shield, opisthosoma with five ridges and other characteristics of Pentaporca. At the same time, four new eriophyoid mite records from China are provided, Acaphyllisa distasa (Keifer, 1961) rec. nov. on Betula costata Trautv. (Betulaceae), Shevtchenkella ulmi (Farkas, 1960) rec. nov. on Ulmus sp. (Ulmaceae), Calepitrimerus cariniferus Keifer, 1938, rec. nov. on Artemisia argyi H. Lev. & Vaniot (Asteraceae), Aculodes dubius (Nalepa, 1891) species complex, rec. nov. on Roegneria sp. (Poaceae). With this publication, the number of eriophyoid mite species in the region reaches 101. A list of these eriophyoid mites is provided.
The genus Hybos Meigen (Diptera: Empidoidea: Hybotidae) in Thailand
Authors: PLANT ADRIAN R.
Published: July 2013

The genus Hybos Meigen in Thailand is revised and full descriptions and keys provided for all 41 species. Thirty-four new species are recognized: H. aceriformis sp. nov., H. ancyclochiles sp. nov., H. anisoserratus sp. nov., H. bispinatus sp. nov., H. chaweewani sp. nov., H. daugeroni sp. nov., H. divisus sp. nov., H. grootaerti sp. nov., H. hylobates sp. nov., H. inthanonensis sp. nov., H. kaluang sp. nov., H. khamfui sp. nov., H. konkaogwang sp. nov., H. lannaensis sp. nov., H. mangraii sp. nov., H. meeamnat sp. nov., H. men sp. nov., H. merzi sp. nov., H. ngachang sp. nov., H. paknok sp. nov., H. phahompokensis sp. nov., H. pisadaanus sp. nov., H. saenmueangmai sp. nov., H. shamshevi sp. nov., H. sinclairi sp. nov., H. songbai sp. nov., H. steatopygus sp. nov., H. stigmaticus sp. nov., H. subapicalis sp. nov., H. tetricus sp. nov., H. thaosaeo sp. nov., H. thepkaisoni sp. nov., H. tilokarati sp. nov., H. yungyak sp. nov. Seven species known previously from China are recognized: H. ancistroides Yang & Yang, H. apicihamatus Yang & Yang, H. longus Yang & Yang, H. particularis Yang, Yang & Hu, H. serratus Yang & Yang, H. xishuangbannaensis Yang & Yang, and H. zhejiangensis Yang & Yang. Eight informal species-groups are tentatively proposed based on characters of male and female terminalia and attention is drawn to the many previously overlooked taxonomically useful characters of the female terminalia. Distribution maps of all species are presented and distributions categorised as ‘widespread’, ‘eastern’, ‘southern’, north-eastern’ or ‘northern and western’. Species richness and endemicity are greatest in mid to high elevation evergreen forest biotopes of the northern mountains and areas of endemism are identified on the Luang Prabang, Daen Lao, Thanon Thongchai ranges and on the Isaan Plateau at least. Adult phenology is correlated with the rainy season in many species and preliminary analyses reveal that many high-elevation species have short emergence periods and restricted distributions, whereas some lowland species have longer emergence periods and wider distributions.
Physical Mechanisms of Tropopause Polar Vortex Intensity Change
Authors: Cavallo Steven M. , Hakim Gregory J.
Published: July 2013

Characterized by radii as large as 800 km and lifetimes up to months, cyclonic tropopause polar vortices (TPVs) are coherent circulation features over the Arctic that are important precursors for surface cyclogenesis in high and middle latitudes. TPVs have been shown to be maintained by radiative processes over the Arctic owing to limited amounts of latent heating. This study explores the hypothesis that a downward extension of dry stratospheric air associated with TPVs results in an increase in longwave radiative cooling that intensifies the vortex.

Idealized numerical modeling experiments are performed to isolate physical interactions, beginning with radiative forcing in a dry atmosphere and culminating with multiple physical interactions between radiation and clouds that more accurately represent the observed environment of TPVs. Results show that longwave radiative cooling associated with a rapid decrease in water vapor concentration near the tropopause is primarily responsible for observed TPV intensification. These enhanced water vapor gradients result from a lower tropopause within the vortex that places dry stratospheric air above relatively moist tropospheric air. Cloud-top radiative cooling enhances this effect and also promotes the maintenance of clouds by destabilizing the region near cloud top. Shortwave radiation and latent heating offset the longwave intensification mechanism. Heating from shortwave radiation reduces the cloud water mixing ratio by preferentially warming levels above cloud tops.
An Evaluation of Decadal Probability Forecasts from State-of-the-Art Climate Models
Authors: Suckling Emma B. , Smith Leonard A.
Published: July 2013

While state-of-the-art models of Earth's climate system have improved tremendously over the last 20 years, nontrivial structural flaws still hinder their ability to forecast the decadal dynamics of the Earth system realistically. Contrasting the skill of these models not only with each other but also with empirical models can reveal the space and time scales on which simulation models exploit their physical basis effectively and quantify their ability to add information to operational forecasts. The skill of decadal probabilistic hindcasts for annual global-mean and regional-mean temperatures from the EU Ensemble-Based Predictions of Climate Changes and Their Impacts (ENSEMBLES) project is contrasted with several empirical models. Both the ENSEMBLES models and a “dynamic climatology” empirical model show probabilistic skill above that of a static climatology for global-mean temperature. The dynamic climatology model, however, often outperforms the ENSEMBLES models. The fact that empirical models display skill similar to that of today's state-of-the-art simulation models suggests that empirical forecasts can improve decadal forecasts for climate services, just as in weather, medium-range, and seasonal forecasting. It is suggested that the direct comparison of simulation models with empirical models becomes a regular component of large model forecast evaluations. Doing so would clarify the extent to which state-of-the-art simulation models provide information beyond that available from simpler empirical models and clarify current limitations in using simulation forecasting for decision support. Ultimately, the skill of simulation models based on physical principles is expected to surpass that of empirical models in a changing climate; their direct comparison provides information on progress toward that goal, which is not available in model–model intercomparisons.
Nonlinear Climate Responses to Changes in Antarctic Intermediate Water
Authors: Graham Jennifer A. , Stevens David P. , Heywood Karen J.
Published: July 2013

The global impact of changes in Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) properties is demonstrated using idealized perturbation experiments in a coupled climate model. Properties of AAIW were altered between 10° and 20°S in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans separately. Potential temperature was changed by ±1°C, along with density-compensating changes in salinity. For each of the experiments, sea surface temperature responds to changes in AAIW when anomalies surface at higher latitudes (>30°). Anomalous sea-to-air heat fluxes leave density anomalies in the ocean, resulting in nonlinear responses to opposite-sign perturbations. In the Southern Ocean, these affect the meridional density gradient, leading to changes in Antarctic Circumpolar Current transport. The response to cooler, fresher AAIW is both greater in magnitude and significant over a larger area than that for warmer, saltier AAIW. The North Atlantic is particularly sensitive to cool, fresh perturbations, with density anomalies causing reductions in the meridional overturning circulation of up to 1 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1). Resultant changes in meridional ocean heat transport, along with surfacing anomalies, cause basinwide changes in the surface ocean and overlying atmosphere on multidecadal time scales.
Why Tropical Sea Surface Temperature is Insensitive to Ocean Heat Transport Changes
Authors: Koll Daniel D. B. , Abbot Dorian S.
Published: July 2013

Previous studies have shown that increases in poleward ocean heat transport (OHT) do not strongly affect tropical SST. The goal of this paper is to explain this observation. To do so, the authors force two atmospheric global climate models (GCMs) in aquaplanet configuration with a variety of prescribed OHTs. It is found that increased OHT weakens the Hadley circulation, which decreases equatorial cloud cover and shortwave reflection, as well as reduces surface winds and evaporation, which both limit changes in tropical SST. The authors also modify one of the GCMs by alternatively setting the radiative effect of clouds to zero and disabling wind-driven evaporation changes to show that the cloud feedback is more important than the wind–evaporation feedback for maintaining constant equatorial SST as OHT changes. This work highlights the fact that OHT can reduce the meridional SST gradient without affecting tropical SST and could therefore serve as an additional degree of freedom for explaining past warm climates.
Linear Wind-Forced Beta Plumes with Application to the Hawaiian Lee Countercurrent*
Authors: Belmadani Ali , Maximenko Nikolai A. , Mccreary Julian P. , Furue Ryo , Melnichenko Oleg V. , Schneider Niklas , Lorenzo Emanuele Di
Published: July 2013

Two numerical ocean models are used to study the baroclinic response to forcing by localized wind stress curl (i.e., a wind-forced β plume, which is a circulation cell developing to the west of the source region and composed of a set of zonal jets) with implications for the Hawaiian Lee Countercurrent (HLCC): an idealized primitive equation model [Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS)], and a global, eddy-resolving, general circulation model [Ocean General Circulation Model for the Earth Simulator (OFES)]. In addition, theoretical ideas inferred from a linear continuously stratified model are used to interpret results. In ROMS, vertical mixing preferentially damps higher-order vertical modes. The damping thickens the plume to the west of the forcing region, weakening the near-surface zonal jets and generating deeper zonal currents. The zonal damping scale increases monotonically with the meridional forcing scale, indicating a dominant role of vertical viscosity over diffusion, a consequence of the small forcing scale. In the OFES run forced by NCEP reanalysis winds, the HLCC has a vertical structure consistent with that of idealized β plumes simulated by ROMS, once the contribution of the North Equatorial Current (NEC) has been removed. Without this filtering, a deep HLCC branch appears artificially separated from the surface branch by the large-scale intermediate-depth NEC. The surface HLCC in two different OFES runs exhibits sensitivity to the meridional wind curl scale that agrees with the dynamics of a β plume in the presence of vertical viscosity. The existence of a deep HLCC extension is also suggested by velocities of Argo floats.
Family ties: Migrant female business owners doing identity work on the public–private divide
Authors: Essers Caroline , Doorewaard Hans , Benschop Yvonne
Published: July 2013

This article contributes to the literature on identity work and small business studies, by identifying various forms of identity work of female business owners of Turkish and Moroccan descent in the Netherlands, in relation to two sets of identity regulations stemming from their families, regarding the norms of ‘being a good woman’ and ‘dealing with family support’. Identity work refers to the way subjects form, maintain, strengthen or revise constructions of self in relation to the claims and demands issued on them. Our analysis, which is based on McAdams’s life-narrative approach, demonstrates in detail how social actors perform identity work in continuous interplay with their family environment when powerful, multiple, and even contradictory normative demands are made on those identities. We have demonstrated how these migrant female business owners use various cultural repertoires to negotiate and manipulate the family norms and values in order to seek and hold their position in the public domain effectively. Our research has revealed a variety of identity work manifestations, all strategically maneuvering between conflict and compliance.
Increased Enamel Hypoplasia and Very Low Birthweight Infants
Authors: Nelson S. , Albert J.M. , Geng C. , Curtan S. , Lang K. , Miadich S. , Heima M. , Malik A. , Ferretti G. , Eggertsson H. , Slayton R.L. , Milgrom P.
Published: July 2013

Birth cohort studies of developmental defects of enamel (DDE) and early childhood caries (ECC) in very low birthweight (VLBW) and normal birthweight (NBW) infants are rare. In this birth cohort of 234 VLBW and 234 NBW infants, we report the incidence of ECC and DDE at 8 and 18-20 mos of corrected age. Infant medical and maternal socio-demographic data were abstracted from medical records at birth. Dental assessments for ECC and DDE (enamel hypoplasia, demarcated and diffuse opacities) were completed at 8 and 18-20 mos. The incidence of hypoplasia was significantly higher in VLBW compared with NBW infants (8 mos, 19% vs. 2%; 18 mos, 31% vs. 8%). The incidence of ECC (International Caries Detection and Assessment System: ICDAS ≥ 2) was 1.4% (8 mos) and 12% (18-20 mos) and was similar between the VLBW and NBW groups. At both ages, using a beta-binomial regression model to control for potential confounders (maternal and infant characteristics), we found increased risk for enamel hypoplasia among the VLBW infants compared with the NBW infants. African Americans had a lower risk for enamel hypoplasia at 18-20 mos. The VLBW infants should be monitored for ECC due to the presence of enamel hypoplasia.
Cluster Effects in a National Dental PBRN Restorative Study
Authors: Litaker M.S. , Gordan V.V. , Rindal D.B. , Fellows J.L. , Gilbert G.H. ,   The National Dental PBRN Collaborative Group
Published: July 2013

Items in clusters, such as patients of the same clinician or teeth within the same patient, tend to be more similar than items from different groups. This within-group similarity, represented by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), reduces precision, yielding less statistical power and wider confidence intervals, compared with non-clustered samples of the same size. This must be considered in the design of studies including clusters. We present ICC estimates from a study of 7,826 restorations placed in previously unrestored tooth surfaces of 4,672 patients by 222 clinicians in the National Dental Practice-Based Research Network, as a resource for sample size planning in restorative studies. Our findings suggest that magnitudes of ICCs in practice-based research can be substantial. These can have large effects on precision and the power to detect treatment effects. Generally, we found relatively large ICCs for characteristics that are influenced by clinician choice ( e.g., 0.36 for rubber dam use). ICCs for outcomes within individual patients, such as tooth surfaces affected by a caries lesion, tended to be smaller (from 0.03 to 0.15), but were still sufficiently large to substantially affect statistical power. Clustering should be taken into account in the design of oral health studies and derivation of statistical power estimates for these studies (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00847470).
Anticardiolipin in Porphyromonas gingivalis Antisera Causes Fetal Loss in Mice
Authors: Schenkein H.A. , Bradley J.L. , Purkall D.B.
Published: July 2013

β2-glycoprotein I (β2GPI)-dependent anticardiolipin autoantibodies (aCl) are associated with thrombosis and fetal loss. Some microbial pathogens can induce pathogenic antibodies cross-reactive with β2GPI. Sera from a significant percentage of periodontitis patients contain aCl, and some periodontal pathogens contain antigens with peptide sequences having homology to β2GPI. We hypothesized that antibodies raised against P. gingivalis (aPg) contain pathogenic aCl that induce fetal resorption. We immunized mice with β2GPI, P. gingivalis W83, or an arg-gingipain-defective mutant of P. gingivalis (HF18). IgG fractions of aPg were immunoabsorbed to remove aCl-like antibodies (abs-aPg). IgG fractions were administered intravenously into tail veins of mated BALB/c females at day 0 of pregnancy. At day 15, the proportions of fetal resorptions were evaluated. The prevalence of fetal loss was significantly greater in the aPg group than in the control IgG group (21.2% vs. 5.3%, p = .001), and greater in the aPg group than in the abs-aPg group (21.2% vs. 12%, p < .05). There were no fetal resorptions observed in the aPgHF18 group ( p = .0005 compared with aPg, p = .17 compared with control). aPg antibody contains activity consistent with pathogenic aCl, and the antigen inducing the antibodies that cause increased fetal loss may be on the arg-gingipain protease of P. gingivalis.
School Violent Crime and Academic Achievement in Chicago
Authors: Burdick-Will Julia
Published: July 2013

Educational outcomes vary dramatically across schools in the United States. Many underperforming schools, especially in Chicago, also deal with high levels of violent crime on school grounds. Exposure to this type of frequent violence may be an important factor shaping already disadvantaged students’ educational experiences. However, estimating the effect of school violence on learning is difficult due to potential selection bias and the confounding of other school-level problems. Using detailed crime data from the Chicago Police Department, complete administrative records from the Chicago Public Schools, and school climate surveys conducted by the Consortium on Chicago School Research (2002-2010), this study exploits variation in violent crime rates within schools over time to estimate its effect on academic achievement. School and neighborhood fixed-effects models show that violent crime rates have a negative effect on test scores, but not on grades. This effect is more likely related to direct reductions in learning, through cognitive stress and classroom disruptions, than changes in perceived safety, general school climate, or discipline practices.
ZnO-modified hybrid polymers as an antibacterial finish for textiles
Authors: Farouk Asmaa , Moussa Shaaban , Ulbricht Mathias , Schollmeyer Eckhard , Textor Torsten
Published: July 2013

The antibacterial activity of ZnO is reported by several authors. We present the preparation and application of inorganic–organic hybrid polymers modified/filled with ZnO nanoparticles of varying particle sizes. Inorganic–organic hybrid polymers employed here are based on 3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS). ZnO is prepared by hydrolysis of zinc acetate in different solvents (methanol, ethanol or 2-propanol) using lithium hydroxide (LiOH ċ H2O). The hybrid materials prepared are applied to cotton (100%) and cotton/polyester (65/35%) fabrics. The antibacterial performance of these sol-gel derived hybrid materials is exemplarily investigated against Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli and Gram–positive Micrococcus luteus. Effects of particle size and concentration for the antibacterial performance are examined. Literature discusses various (active) species and processes responsible for the antibacterial action of ZnO. Therefore, particular attention is paid to investigate active species available in the described systems as well as to observe possible interaction between the nanoparticles and bacteria; the first results are presented.
Vegetable oils in textile finishing applications: the action mode of wrinkle-reduction sprays and means for analyzing their performance
Authors: Stefanovic Bojan , Kostic Mirjana , Bacher Markus , Rosenau Thomas , Potthast Antje
Published: July 2013

The effect of different aqueous emulsions of vegetable oils on the wrinkle recovery properties of 100% cotton fabric was investigated. Six vegetable oils (rapeseed oil, olive oil, coconut oil, safflower oil, linseed oil and modified sunflower oil) with different fatty acid profiles were used. The results prove that the fatty acid profile is an important factor affecting the wrinkle recovery properties of treated cotton fabrics. In general, higher concentrations of the active agent (vegetable oil) provide better wrinkle properties for treated cotton fabrics. The results suggest that better recovery from wrinkle deformation is due to the formation of a micro-film around the fibers and yarns that reduces the friction coefficient.

For analysis that better monitors the complex process of fiber relaxation after deformation, an optical wrinkle tester based on grazing light analysis was developed. The technique allows more precise scanning of textile surfaces and measuring of small increments of wrinkle recovery after a spray treatment, for example. The optical wrinkle tester offers the possibility of time-dependent measurements to follow the kinetics of wrinkle relaxation and, for the first time, gives access to kinetic profiles of fiber relaxation.
The acoustics of friction and microstructure of model and apparel fabrics
Authors: Cooper Cerise , Norton Jennifer , Marshman Clive , Norton Ian
Published: July 2013

Apparel fabrics are constructed of large numbers of fibers, spun into thread and woven and treated with sizing into final structures, giving rise to a number of different surface properties. A method to record and analyze the friction sound emitted from model fabrics (uniform, single-fiber polyester meshes) and apparel fabrics was developed and the relationship between microstructure and the sound emitted was established. The effect that surface modification (conditioning) has on sound emission was also investigated.

Fabric sounds were captured as a result of friction, producing sound spectra (frequency versus amplitude), from which total noise could be calculated. This was compared to the fabrics’ microstructure. The shape of the sound spectra varied as a result of the structure of the model fabrics, with experimentally measured frequencies being comparable to predicted frequencies calculated. It is possible to produce a ‘fingerprint’ of acoustics, based on the thread diameter and aperture size of single-fiber structures.

Spectra produced for apparel fabrics were broader than for the model fabrics (possibly as a result of the multifiber structure), and the level of total noise differed between the three fabrics, with total noise being strongly correlated to surface roughness and weight. A relationship between the total frictional noises emitted from surfaces of different materials has previously been investigated.

Conditioning fabrics, no treatment and desizing the fabrics did not have a significant effect on surface roughness, weight or total noise.
(Re)Making Heritage Policy in Hong Kong: A Relational Politics of Global Knowledge and Local Innovation
Authors: Barber Lachlan
Published: July 2013

This article applies the global-relational conceptual frame developed in recent work on urban policy mobilities to heritage, a seemingly local policy area, in Hong Kong. In response to growing public criticism and protests in the past decade, the Hong Kong government launched a review of its heritage policy and the related institutional framework. This was largely an ‘extrospective’ process involving comparison and learning from other places. The article reviews this exercise, using as a case study a tertiary education programme that is a key node of heritage policy learning. The article shows that innovation must respond to the territorial specificities of land administration, culture and politics, and thus must be assembled locally—albeit in correspondence with globally circulating models and practices. Conceptually, the article proposes the need to understand the local politics of urban heritage from a relational perspective, attentive to both collective claims and interests and neoliberal governance.
Blinding and the Non-interference Assumption in Medical and Social Trials
Authors: Teira David
Published: July 2013

This paper discusses the so-called non-interference assumption (NIA) grounding causal inference in trials in both medicine and the social sciences. It states that for each participant in the experiment, the value of the potential outcome depends only upon whether she or he gets the treatment. Drawing on methodological discussion in clinical trials and laboratory experiments in economics, I defend the necessity of partial forms of blinding as a warrant of the NIA, to control the participants’ expectations and their strategic interactions with the experimenter.
Children with word finding difficulties: Continuities and profiles of abilities
Authors: Messer David , Dockrell Julie E.
Published: July 2013

Word finding difficulties (WFDs) occur in more than a quarter of children who are receiving speech and language therapy. This study provides the first investigation of the continuity in WFDs and investigates whether WFDs are associated with phonological or semantically related abilities. Thirty-eight children with WFDs were seen at age 7;0 and at 9;8. Standardized assessments of word finding, language and literacy were administered. The children’s WFDs and other language abilities showed high levels of stability. Despite their WFDs, many children had standardized scores of phonological awareness, decoding and spelling in the typical range. In contrast, semantic fluency was particularly impaired, and WFDs were a significant predictor of reading comprehension. Cluster analysis indicated that there was one group of children with a profile similar to ‘poor comprehenders’ and a second with depressed language scores indicative of specific language impairment. The relevance of these findings to understanding the causes of WFDs is discussed.
Comparison of Automated Scoring Methods for a Computerized Performance Assessment of Clinical Judgment
Authors: Harik Polina , Baldwin Peter , Clauser Brian
Published: July 2013

Growing reliance on complex constructed response items has generated considerable interest in automated scoring solutions. Many of these solutions are described in the literature; however, relatively few studies have been published that compare automated scoring strategies. Here, comparisons are made among five strategies for machine-scoring examinee performances of computer-based case simulations, a complex item format used to assess physicians’ patient-management skills as part of the Step 3 United States Medical Licensing Examination. These strategies utilize expert judgments to obtain various (a) case-specific or (b) generic scoring algorithms. The various compromises between efficiency, validity, and reliability that characterize each scoring approach are described and compared.
Coexisting Addiction and Pain in People Receiving Methadone for Addiction
Authors: Marie Barbara St.
Published: July 2013

The aim of this qualitative study was to examine the narratives of people who experience chronic pain (lasting 6 months or more) and were receiving methadone for the treatment of their opiate addiction through a major methadone clinic. This paper featured the pathway of how the participants developed chronic pain and addiction, and their beliefs of how prescription opioids would impact their addiction in the future. Thirty-four participants who experienced chronic pain and received methadone for treatment of opiate addiction were willing to tell the story of their experiences. The findings in three areas are presented: (a) whether participants experienced addiction first or pain first and how their exposures to addictive substances influenced their experiences, (b) the significance of recreational drug use and patterns of abuse behaviors leading to chronic pain, and (c) participants’ experiences and beliefs about the potential for abuse of prescription opioid used for treatment of pain.
Effects of Conversation Partners’ Gender-Language Consistency on References to Emotion, Tentative Language, and Gender Salience
Authors: Ye Zhenzhen , Palomares Nicholas A.
Published: July 2013

The study examined how a conversation partner’s gender and gender-language consistency influence communicators’ gender-based language (i.e., references to emotion and tentativeness) and gender identity salience. In an email exchange, an experiment manipulated an ostensible conversation partner’s gender and use of references to emotion in ways stereotypically consistent or inconsistent with the partner’s gender. The conversation partner’s gender and gender-language consistency affected communicators’ references to emotion in ways that generally confirmed hypotheses. Participants’ references to emotion were congruent with the conversation partner’s use of references to emotion regardless of participants’ own gender. Results pertaining to tentative language and gender salience demonstrated no substantive differences.
The Strategic Use of Counterfactual Communication in Politics
Authors: Catellani Patrizia , Covelli Venusia
Published: July 2013

While counterfactual thinking has been widely investigated, we know much less about how counterfactual (“If . . . then”) statements are employed in political communication. We analysed statements made by politicians during pre-electoral televised broadcasts, to assess whether politicians employ counterfactuals in facework. Counterfactuals were coded according to their direction, controllability, and structure. Log-linear analysis revealed that upward, controllable, and additive counterfactuals were more frequent than downward, uncontrollable, and subtractive counterfactuals, respectively. A significant three-way interaction between target, direction, and controllability also emerged. While politicians more often employed upward controllable counterfactuals when speaking about targets other than themselves, they more often used downward controllable and upward uncontrollable counterfactuals when referring to themselves. These findings advance our knowledge of how counterfactuals are employed by politicians to promote their positive face and aggravate the face of adversaries.
Giving Radon Gas Life Through Language
Authors: Dragojevic Marko , Bell Robert A. , McGlone Matthew S.
Published: July 2013

Health messages that linguistically assign agency to a threat (e.g., HIV infects people) tend to evoke more fear and elevate perceptions of threat severity and susceptibility relative to those that assign agency to humans (e.g., people contract HIV). The present experiment ( N = 843) extended these findings to a nonliving health threat, radon gas, and compared nonsentient (e.g., radon gas is seeping . . .) and sentient (e.g., radon gas is invading . . .) threat agency language. Sentient threat agency language elevated perceptions of threat severity compared to both nonsentient threat and human agency language, which did not differ from each other. Furthermore, sentient threat agency language evoked more fear than nonsentient agency language when the advocated recommendations were moderately (but not completely) effective.
Cilostazol strengthens the endothelial barrier of postcapillary venules from the rat mesentery in situ
Authors: Sugiura Yasoo , Morikawa Takayuki , Takenouchi Toshiki , Suematsu Makoto , Kajimura Mayumi
Published: July 2013

Objective

Although cilostazol, a phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, has been suggested to strengthen the endothelial barrier using cultured endothelial monolayers, its effect has not been tested in vivo. We, therefore, investigated effects of cilostazol on barrier properties of postcapillary venules of the rat in situ.

Methods

Cilostazol was administered to the rats through oral gavage at 4 hours before the measurements. The hydraulic permeability ( Lp) and the effective osmotic pressure (σΔπ), molecular sieving properties of microvascular walls, were estimated in single mesenteric postcapillary venules by a micro-occlusion technique, first during control perfusion and then in the presence of histamine.

Results

When the vessels were inflamed with histamine, cilostazol attenuated a transient increase in Lp and prevented σΔπ from falling. Furthermore, it reduced baseline Lp under a control state.

Conclusion

Cilostazol appears to tighten the endothelial barrier in situ, at least in part by inhibiting the cAMP-degrading enzyme in the endothelium.
‘Now without my car I don’t know what I’d do’: The transportation needs of older people in rural Lincolnshire
Authors: Ward Michael RM , Somerville Peter , Bosworth Gary
Published: July 2013

Britain is ageing. By 2035 the number of people aged 65 and over will account for 23% of the total population. This increase will have an impact on the economy, the provision of goods and services, and the resources needed to ensure a high quality of life into old age and active participation in society. The importance of transport in addressing social exclusion in rural communities has been acknowledged for some time and in this article we describe and report on the challenges faced by older people in rural Lincolnshire when trying to maintain active lifestyles. Drawing on a series of focus groups with older people (8–10 per group) who seldom accessed public or community transport, we examine the challenges faced by older people when trying to make journeys for social, leisure and health purposes. What becomes apparent is that, while community transport services play a vital role in rural communities, many older people are confused or unclear about what these services do, how they can be used, and how to access them. This article suggests that these services are often poorly publicised and underused in some areas of the county and therefore those most likely to benefit from them may be the ones least likely to use them.
Clinical tools that measure sitting posture, seated postural control or functional abilities in children with motor impairments: a systematic review
Authors: Field Debra , Livingstone Roslyn
Published: July 2013

Objective:

To identify and critically appraise clinical measurement tools used to assess sitting posture, seated postural control or functional abilities for children with motor impairment who are candidates for seating interventions.

Data sources:

Searches were run in 15 electronic databases along with hand searching. The search included articles published in English to December 2011.

Review methods:

Key terms included: posture, sitting, sitting posture, seated posture, seated postural control, sitting position, seating, wheelchair(s), outcome and assess(ment). The PRISMA statement was followed with inclusion criteria set a priori. Two reviewers independently screened titles, reviewed abstracts and identified full-text articles that met criteria. Data extraction included tool description and clinical utility. Two quality-rating scales were used to evaluate conduct of the studies and psychometric properties of the tools.

Results:

Of the 497 titles found in the search, 29 full-text articles met the inclusion criteria and 19 tools were identified. Tools represented all components of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health for Children and Youth (ICF-CY), with emphasis on body structure and function and activity components. Evidence supporting reliability and validity varied, with small sample sizes influencing quality ratings. Evidence of the tools’ reliability was more prevalent than evidence of the tools’ validity. Only four tools reported on responsiveness, an important consideration for evaluating change. Little information on clinical utility was provided.

Conclusion:

Although a number of tools are available, evidence supporting their use for seating interventions is limited, as is the evidence supporting the strength of their measurement properties. Few tools address participation, environmental factors or the child’s and family’s perspective.
Victims’ experiences in the criminal justice system and their recovery from crime
Authors: Wemmers Jo-Anne
Published: July 2013

This article examines secondary victimization and how the criminal justice system affects victims’ psychological recovery from the crime. Victim recovery was measured using the Modified Post-traumatic Stress Symptom Scale (MPSSS). This study is prospective, following victims as their cases passed through the criminal justice system. How authorities treated victims was measured in terms of victims’ procedural justice judgements. Using a general linear model with repeated measures, unfair procedures were found to impact victims’ recovery. The article closes with a discussion of the findings and their implications.
Generating human-like motion for robots
Authors: Gielniak Michael J. , Liu C. Karen , Thomaz Andrea L.
Published: July 2013

Action prediction and fluidity are key elements of human–robot teamwork. If a robot’s actions are hard to understand, it can impede fluid human–robot interaction. Our goal is to improve the clarity of robot motion by making it more human-like. We present an algorithm that autonomously synthesizes human-like variants of an input motion. Our approach is a three-stage pipeline. First we optimize motion with respect to spatiotemporal correspondence (STC), which emulates the coordinated effects of human joints that are connected by muscles. We present three experiments that validate that our STC optimization approach increases human-likeness and recognition accuracy for human social partners. Next in the pipeline, we avoid repetitive motion by adding variance, through exploiting redundant and underutilized spaces of the input motion, which creates multiple motions from a single input. In two experiments we validate that our variance approach maintains the human-likeness from the previous step, and that a social partner can still accurately recognize the motion’s intent. As a final step, we maintain the robot’s ability to interact with its world by providing it the ability to satisfy constraints. We provide experimental analysis of the effects of constraints on the synthesized human-like robot motion variants.
The effect of anaesthesia technique on maternal and cord blood ischaemia-modified albumin levels during caesarean section: A randomized controlled study
Authors: Ömür Dilek , Hacıvelioğlu Servet Özden , Oğuzalp Hüseyin , Uyan Berna , Kiraz Hasan Ali , Duman Can , Tütüncüler Funda Kırtay , Hancı Volkan
Published: July 2013

Objective

Ischaemia-modified albumin (IMA) is an early marker for various ischaemic events, including cardiac ischaemia. This study determined variations in IMA levels during caesarean section, performed under general anaesthesia or with combined spinal epidural anaesthesia.

Methods

Full-term, healthy pregnant women were allocated to undergo caesarean section, using either general anaesthesia or combined spinal epidural anaesthesia. IMA and albumin levels were measured in maternal serum samples taken immediately prior to caesarean section and 30 min into the procedure, as well as from serum taken from cord blood after double clamping.

Results

At total of 51 healthy pregnant women underwent either general anaesthesia ( n = 28) or combined spinal epidural anaesthesia ( n = 23). Within-group analysis of the general anaesthesia group showed that both IMA levels and IMA/albumin ratios were significantly higher at 30 min of surgery compared with the immediate preoperative period.

Conclusions

Lower IMA levels in the combined spinal epidural anaesthesia group may have been due to improved balancing of oxidative stress during caesarean section. Further research on IMA levels during caesarean section should take into account the method of anaesthesia used.
Factors associated with intensive care unit admission in patients with traumatic thoracic injury
Authors: Lin Frank Cheau-Feng , Tsai Stella Chin-Shaw , Li Ruei-Yun , Chen Hsiao-Chien , Tung Yung-Wei , Chou Ming-Chih
Published: July 2013

Objective

To identify factors associated with intensive care unit (ICU) admission in patients with traumatic thoracic injury.

Methods

Data for consecutive patients with thoracic trauma were collected prospectively. Outcomes were requirement for ICU care and prolonged (>7 days) ICU care.

Results

The study included 1333 patients, 484 (36.3%) of whom received ICU care: 125 of these (25.8%) received prolonged ICU care. Head injury, abdominal injury, injury severity score ≥16, haemothorax, chest tube placement and spinal surgery were significantly associated with ICU care. Head injury, number of rib fractures, chest drain placement, spinal surgery and extremity surgery were independent risk factors for prolonged ICU care.

Conclusions

Associated injury factors played a more prominent role than thoracic factors in the need for ICU and prolonged ICU care. A multidisciplinary trauma team (involving neurosurgeons, abdominal surgeons, orthopaedic surgeons and thoracic surgeons) is essential for the care of patients with traumatic thoracic injury.