bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LA GENERACIÓN DE DESTINOS BASADOS EN EXPERIENCIAS ENOTURÍSTICAS PARA EL SEGMENTO FAMILIAR
Authors: Martínez del Vas Ginesa , Beltrán Bueno Miguel Ángel , Rubia Albert Laura
Published: December 2021

El objetivo del presente artículo es descubrir los aspectos que más influyen en la configuración del producto familiar enoturístico e identificar las características que mejor definen el mismo. Para ello, se ha revisado la literatura al respecto y las páginas webs corporativas de diferentes empresas bodegueras y se han realizado entrevistas a responsables de algunas de dichas bodegas. Este estudio demuestra el potencial del segmento familiar en paralelo con el gran crecimiento de las experiencias diseñadas por las bodegas para el mismo, tratándose pues de una actividad económica emergente.

The aim of the present work is no other than bringing to light the most influential aspects with regards to "family eco-turism product" setting, and also identifying what features best define it. On that respect, the winery companies concerned have been reviewing crucial aspects such as the whole narrative in use as well as their corporate web pages, for which purpose several winery managers have been interviewed. The present study shows the family segment potential paralleled with an increase in experiences designedf by winery companies for that purpose, thus unfolding and promoting an emerging economy.
Da escola para casa, da casa para a escola
Authors: Souza Edna Luiza de , Garcia Nilson Marcos Dias
Published: December 2021

A pesquisa investiga as relações estabelecidas entre o conhecimento escolar e o conhecimento local a partir do uso do livro didático por uma professora de Ciências nas aulas de duas turmas de alunos do 6º. ano do Ensino Fundamental (alunos entre 11 a 12 anos de idade). A pesquisa, de natureza etnográfica, foi realizada durante um ano letivo em uma Escola do Campo no interior do Estado do Paraná (Brasil), com a colaboração de uma professora de Ciências, da diretora da escola, da pedagoga e dos pais dos alunos. O trabalho empírico contemplou a observação em sala de aula, entrevistas aos colaboradores da pesquisa e a análise dos documentos normativos oficiais vigentes e uma investigação junto aos pais ou responsáveis pelos alunos a respeito do livro didático usado por seus filhos. Os resultados permitiram constatar que é expressiva a presença e o uso dos livros didáticos nas aulas e que os alunos os manuseiam dentro e fora do espaço escolar, inclusive em suas residências. Nelas, os livros tornam-se integrante do meio familiar e promovem o intercâmbio entre os saberes escolares e os locais, mutantes em razão das mudanças sociais, econômicas, políticas e culturais vivenciadas pelos seus sujeitos.
Conhecimento tradicional e produção de materiais didáticos para o fortalecimento das línguas indígenas em mato grosso (brasil)
Authors: Zoia Alceu , Rondon Micael Turi
Published: December 2021

Desde 1996, a legislação brasileira estabelece a existência da educação indígena como modalidade específica no sistema educacional nacional. Nas aldeias indígenas, as escolas funcionam em diferentes situações e são organizadas para proporcionar à criança e aos jovens uma escolaridade formal. Professores indígenas, formados por universidades em cursos específicos, trabalham nessas escolas. As comunidades indígenas estão em diferentes situações em relação ao uso da língua originária e do português. Isso gera demandas específicas para cada grupo ou etnia. Um projeto de pesquisa colaborativa desenvolvido pela Rede UFMT/UNEMAT, com recursos do Governo Federal, no estado de Mato Grosso estabeleceu o objetivo de produzir materiais didáticos para o ensino da língua originária, que em alguns casos está em processo de extinção. O artigo apresenta resultados da pesquisa colaborativa desenvolvida com os povos Terena, Kayapó, Munduruku, Apiaká e Kayabi, cujos procedimentos incluíram processos formativos e ações didáticas nas escolas, coletando informações a serem utilizadas na produção de materiais para o ensino das línguas originárias. Conclui com análises sobre a importância da pesquisa para o desenvolvimento social dessas comunidades e a preservação de sua língua, apontando os desafios que a Universidade enfrenta na realização desses projetos.
Aproximación al estudio de la negligencia parental y sus efectos en la infancia y adolescencia
Authors: Císcar Cuñat Ester , Martínez Vázquez Concepción , Pérez Carbonell Amparo
Published: December 2021

El presente trabajo recoge una aproximación conceptual del término negligencia, su incidencia, etiología y consecuencias en el neurodesarrollo,  así como el estudio con una muestra de 176  niños, niñas y adolescentes en situación de riesgo derivados desde los Servicios Sociales de Base a un recurso especializado de atención a la infancia y adolescencia en situación de vulnerabilidad, en Declaración de Riesgo o con Medida Jurídica de Protección. El propósito general fue profundizar en el estudio de la Negligencia Familiar. A tal fin y con una metodología descriptiva y exploratoria se procedió al uso de pruebas autoinformadas, evaluación de la familia y evaluación del tutor/a desde el área escolar (SENA) y al pase de un instrumento de evaluación de la gravedad de la situaciones de riesgo (Balora) por parte de profesionales. De los datos recogidos se llega a plantear a la negligencia como la forma de maltrato más frecuente relacionada con los transtornos internalizantes y externalizantes que dichos niños/as y adolescentes presentan. Para finalizar, se realizan algunas propuestas para continuar estudiando en esta línea y mejorar el conocimiento de la negligencia, así como la minimización de su impacto en la infancia y adolescencia vulnerada que la padece.
L’impact de l’accessibilité et de la forme urbaine sur le choix modal des jeunes adultes : le cas de l’agglomération lyonnaise (1995-2006)
Authors: Bouzouina Louafi , Bayart Caroline , Bonnel Patrick
Published: December 2021

L’objectif de cet article consiste à estimer les facteurs qui déterminent le non usage de la voiture particulière chez les jeunes adultes et de mesurer les effets spécifiques de l’accessibilité et de la forme urbaine du lieu de résidence et du lieu de travail ou d’étude. L’analyse repose sur les données des deux enquêtes ménages déplacements, de 1995 et 2006, de l’agglomération lyonnaise en France, enrichies par des indicateurs de contexte spatial extraits de bases de données géographiques. Trois modes fréquemment utilisés lors des déplacements domicile-travail/étude sont considérés : la voiture particulière, le transport en commun et les modes actifs (marché à pied, vélo). Les résultats des modèles logit multinomiaux montrent que les facteurs socioéconomiques ont un impact significatif sur le choix modal pour les déplacements domicile-travail/étude. Cependant, les caractéristiques des zones de résidence et d’activité ont un pouvoir explicatif encore très important sur le fait de ne pas utiliser la voiture chez les jeunes adultes. L’influence de la structure urbaine, via la densité de population/emploi, les activités de proximité et l’accessibilité au transport en commun, est plus prononcée en 2006 par rapport à 1995. La probabilité de ne pas conduire chez les jeunes adultes dépend encore plus de l’accessibilité et de la forme urbaine du lieu de travail ou d’étude que de celles du lieu de résidence.
Mobilités quotidiennes des résidents des quartiers prioritaires en France : l’influence des unités urbaines
Authors: Juste Nicolas , Meissonnier Joël , Richer Cyprien
Published: December 2021

Il existe plusieurs manières de mesurer la mobilité des personnes. Selon l’indicateur choisi, la faible mobilité des résidents des quartiers prioritaires ne va pas de soi. En France, en réalité, les résidents des quartiers prioritaires consacrent autant de temps que les autres à leurs déplacements et sortent de chez eux autant de fois par jour. Ils sont donc mobiles même si la portée des déplacements est moins importante. Ils se déplacent simplement moins vite. Nous explorons dans cet article la mobilité des habitants de Quartiers de Politique de la Ville (QPV) à travers une base unifiée des Enquêtes Mobilité Certifié Cerema (EMC²). L’enjeu est d’offrir un angle original d’observation en comparant les QPV selon différentes tailles d’unité urbaine. L’objectif est de comprendre si les différences éventuelles de mobilité sont plus importantes au sein d’une même agglomération (selon que les individus résident au sein d’un QPV ou hors QPV) ou entre les quartiers de différentes tailles d’agglomérations. Il s’avère que les unités urbaines où s’observe une relative égalité (plus faibles différences de niveau de mobilité entre les quartiers) sont celles où l’utilisation de la voiture est la plus faible. La réduction des différences d’accès au volant ne passe pas par un accroissement de l’accès à la voiture des résidents des quartiers prioritaires, mais par une baisse de celui des résidents des autres quartiers. Au final, notre analyse montre qu’il existe une réelle hétérogénéité dans les pratiques de mobilité dans les quartiers prioritaires suivant les unités urbaines. Il n’est dès lors pas possible de faire abstraction des spécificités de chaque territoire pour définir une politique de mobilité à même d’améliorer la situation des habitants de ces quartiers.
The Uneven Economic Diversification of Small and Mid-Sized Canadian Cities, 1971-2016
Authors: Burnett James , Brunelle Cédric
Published: December 2021

Economic diversification is a long-standing public policy goal in Canada, driven by concerns about resource dependence and the need to remain innovative and competitive in a complex global economy. While considerable economic diversification of Canada’s urban regions has been noted by a range of observers, the phenomenon remains only partially understood. We propose to study the economic diversification process using an entropy decomposition approach, with industrial composition data compiled from census responses between 1971 and 2016 for 125 small and mid-sized urban regions. We demonstrate that, while industrial concentration indeed declines for almost all regions studied during the study period, trends are highly variable between regions. In about half of regions, diversification was mainly driven by job loss in goods-producing industries rather than job growth in new activities, whereas among the other half of regions, diversification was weaker, but job growth was stronger. This suggests a need for caution in interpreting changes in industrial concentration indices as evidence of economic success stories.
Choix de l’échelle géographique et de la dimension temps : quel impact sur la forme de la structure hiérarchique ? Une investigation de la loi de Zipf sur le cas de la République du Bénin
Authors: Acacha Hortensia , Dubé Jean
Published: December 2021

L’article propose d’explorer l’impact du choix de l’échelle spatiale ainsi que de la période temporelle sur l’ampleur du coefficient de hiérarchisation issue de la relation rang-taille (ou loi de Zipf). Pour l’exercice, les données des recensements de la population du Bénin sont utilisées afin de définir trois unités géographiques distinctes pour trois années différentes : 1992, 2002 et 2012. Sans permettre une généralisation, les résultats montrent que la structure hiérarchique mesurée par la relation rang-taille est cohérente avec les attentes théoriques lorsque les unités géographiques prennent appui sur une réalité économique (bassins d’emplois), alors que les définitions issues des limites administratives, reflétant des choix politiques, proposent une structure hiérarchique qui n’est pas forcément cohérente avec la loi de Zipf. Le choix de l’année de référence n’influence que marginalement les relations obtenues. Ces résultats suggèrent ainsi que l’application de la loi rang-taille s’applique surtout, du moins pour le Bénin, sur une ségrégation géographique économique plutôt qu’administrative.
A Procedure Model for Low Emission Transportation Chain Planning
Authors: Lößer Larissa
Published: December 2021

Low-emission planning in freight transportation is one of the main levers to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. For a sustainable planning approach, a strategic solution for this planning problem is needed. Based on several literature reviews, a procedure model is developed, which is meant to be used for the development and adjustment of a low-emission transportation chain reference model. The procedure model consists of the decision steps needed to develop a low-emission transportation chain (LETC) reference model and it is structured into main decision processes and sub-decision processes. A first draft of the LETC-Model is presented in form of an ARIS-Express model.
Selection of the Transport Mode Using the AHP Method Within Distribution Logistics of Motor Fuels
Authors: Hruška Roman , Kmetík Matej , Chocholáč Jan
Published: December 2021

To remain competitive and respond to rapidly changing markets, we need to increase flexibility in today's global marketplace. In this respect, the selection of the appropriate mode of transport is one of the most important functions to be performed by logistics. The selection of the appropriate mode of transport is a multi-criteria problem involving both quantitative and qualitative criteria. This paper deals with the selection of the mode of transport using the Analytic Hierarchy Process method (AHP). AHP is a method of decomposing a complex unstructured situation into simpler components to create a hierarchical system problem. This paper describes a general model of selection of transport mode using AHP including its application to a manufacturing company that selects the appropriate mode of transport from three potential transport modes. The aim of this paper is to create a useful decision support tool for selection of the transport mode using the AHP method within distribution logistics of motor fuels. This tool helps companies to make the right decision on the choice of transport mode by taking into account different importance of the different criteria that influence the decision-making process.
Single-cell transcriptome analysis identifies a unique tumor cell type producing multiple hormones in ectopic ACTH and CRH secreting pheochromocytoma
Authors: Zhang Xuebin , Lian Penghu , Su Mingming , Ji Zhigang , Deng Jianhua , Zheng Guoyang , Wang Wenda , Ren Xinyu , Jiang Taijiao , Zhang Peng , Li Hanzhong
Published: December 2021

Ectopic Cushing’s syndrome due to ectopic ACTH&CRH-secreting by pheochromocytoma is extremely rare and can be fatal if not properly diagnosed. It remains unclear whether a unique cell type is responsible for multiple hormones secreting. In this work, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing to three different anatomic tumor tissues and one peritumoral tissue based on a rare case with ectopic ACTH&CRH-secreting pheochromocytoma. And in addition to that, three adrenal tumor specimens from common pheochromocytoma and adrenocortical adenomas were also involved in the comparison of tumor cellular heterogeneity. A total of 16 cell types in the tumor microenvironment were identified by unbiased cell clustering of single-cell transcriptomic profiles from all specimens. Notably, we identified a novel multi-functionally chromaffin-like cell type with high expression of both POMC (the precursor of ACTH) and CRH, called ACTH+&CRH + pheochromocyte. We hypothesized that the molecular mechanism of the rare case harbor Cushing’s syndrome is due to the identified novel tumor cell type, that is, the secretion of ACTH had a direct effect on the adrenal gland to produce cortisol, while the secretion of CRH can indirectly stimulate the secretion of ACTH from the anterior pituitary. Besides, a new potential marker (GAL) co-expressed with ACTH and CRH might be involved in the regulation of ACTH secretion. The immunohistochemistry results confirmed its multi-functionally chromaffin-like properties with positive staining for CRH, POMC, ACTH, GAL, TH, and CgA. Our findings also proved to some extent the heterogeneity of endothelial and immune microenvironment in different adrenal tumor subtypes.
Growth and feeding ecology of coniform conodonts
Authors: Leonhard Isabella , Shirley Bryan , Murdock Duncan J. E. , Repetski John , Jarochowska Emilia
Published: December 2021

Conodonts were the first vertebrates to develop mineralized dental tools, known as elements. Recent research suggests that conodonts were macrophagous predators and/or scavengers but we do not know how this feeding habit emerged in the earliest coniform conodonts, since most studies focus on the derived, ‘complex’ conodonts. Previous modelling of element position and mechanical properties indicate they were capable of food processing. A direct test would be provided through evidence of in vivo element crown tissue damage or through in vivo incorporated chemical proxies for a shift in their trophic position during ontogeny. Here we focus on coniform elements from two conodont taxa, the phylogenetically primitive Proconodontus muelleri Miller, 1969 from the late Cambrian and the more derived Panderodus equicostatus Rhodes, 1954 from the Silurian. Proposing that this extremely small sample is, however, representative for these taxa, we aim to describe in detail the growth of an element from each of these taxa in order to the test the following hypotheses: (1) Panderodus and Proconodontus processed hard food, which led to damage of their elements consistent with prey capture function; and (2) both genera shifted towards higher trophic levels during ontogeny. We employed backscatter electron (BSE) imaging, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) to identify growth increments, wear and damage surfaces, and the Sr/Ca ratio in bioapatite as a proxy for the trophic position. Using these data, we can identify whether they exhibit determinate or indeterminate growth and whether both species followed linear or allometric growth dynamics. Growth increments (27 in Pa. equicostatus and 58 in Pr. muelleri) were formed in bundles of 4–7 increments in Pa. equicostatus and 7–9 in Pr. muelleri. We interpret the bundles as analogous to Retzius periodicity in vertebrate teeth. Based on applied optimal resource allocation models, internal periodicity might explain indeterminate growth in both species. They also allow us to interpret the almost linear growth of both individuals as an indicator that there was no size-dependent increase in mortality in the ecosystems where they lived e.g., as would be the case in the presence of larger predators. Our findings show that periodic growth was present in early conodonts and preceded tissue repair in response to wear and damage. We found no microwear and the Sr/Ca ratio, and therefore the trophic position, did not change substantially during the lifetimes of either individual. Trophic ecology of coniform conodonts differed from the predatory and/or scavenger lifestyle documented for “complex” conodonts. We propose that conodonts adapted their life histories to top-down controlled ecosystems during the Nekton Revolution.
Technology Playfulness and Anxiety as Motivators and Hindrances of SST Adoption: Commercial Banking Sector in Sri Lanka
Authors: Galdolage B. S. , Rasanjalee R. M. K. S.
Published: December 2021

The swift growth of technological improvements has supported the continuing transformation of the service sector, in its conversion from conventional physical service encounters handled by service professionals into customer-controlled self-service technologies (SSTs). Even though prior research attempts have been made in assessing the acceptance of technology in general, the insufficient focus is placed on self-service technologies. Further, understanding the target customer is crucial with the fierce competition existing in the market sided with the development of technology. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate which elements comprise the customers’ technology playfulness and anxiety  and how it influence the use of self-service technologies in the Sri Lankan commercial banking sector. The study undertook a qualitative approach with 50 semi-structured interviews from Western province banking customers who use SSTs utilizing a non-probabilistic purposeful sampling strategy. The data were analyzed using the technique of thematic analysis. The findings revealed “Enjoyment”, “Fun”, “Innovativeness”, “Entertaining”, “Creativity”, “Pleasure” and “Appealing features” as the seven themes of technology playfulness motivating the use of SSTs and “Transaction doubts”, “Elderly difficulties”, “Verification doubts” and “Security doubts” as the four themes of hindering factors towards the use of SSTs in the banking sector. The findings would contribute to the literature gap on the customer movement towards self-service technologies. Insights from the study would support the practitioners in understanding how to improve with the proper use of technology and delivery of self-service technologies in the commercial banking sector of Sri Lanka.
Caregivers' Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Regarding Diarrhoea in Children under Five Years Old in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Integrative Narrative Review
Authors: Kukeba Margaret Wekem , Lukman Salifu , Darcha Rosina , Doat Abdul-Razak
Published: December 2021

Background: Diarrhoeal diseases constitute a significant burden on the health and growth of children the world over. Globally, diarrhoeal conditions remain the second leading cause of death among children under 5. Knowledge, attitudes and practice of caregivers are at the heart of diarrhoeal disease prevention and proper management.

Objective: This review aimed to assess caregivers' knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding diarrhoea in children under five years old in sub-Saharan Africa, as discussed in the literature.

Design: Integrative narrative review

Data Sources: The review saw an extensive search on two electronic databases. Search results were screened using inclusion and exclusion criteria. At the end of the screening, 37 studies were included in the review.

Review Methods: Inclusion criteria: Only studies whose focus was on caregivers’ knowledge, attitude and practice relating to diarrhoea in children under five were included. Also, only publications reported in the English Language were considered, and publications must have been between 2010-2020. Additionally, the methodological quality of studies was assessed using the Down & Black (1998) checklist for quality evaluation in a systematic review.

Results: In this review, it emerged that studies in Sub-Saharan Africa indicate that caregivers display poor overall knowledge about diarrhoea. Also, the attitudes of caregivers towards diarrhoea prevention and treatment was low in many studies. On care practices, prevention practices, and management/treatment practices, including ORS and Zinc usage, were mainly reported to be quiet.

Conclusions: The review concluded that there are poor levels of knowledge, attitude and practice of managing diarrhoea among caregivers of children under five (5) years of age in sub-Saharan Africa. The researchers recommended continuous health education to address knowledge gaps of mothers about diarrhoea, its prevention and treatment according to international standards.
Synthesis and Preservation of Organic Molecules with Homochiral Excess by Adsorption on Carbon in Carbonaceous Chondrites
Authors: Zhmakin V. M.
Published: December 2021

The nature of carbon, initial components, molecules of homochiral abiogenic synthesis and their preservation from decay and racemization for more than 4.5 billion years in carbonaceous chondrites has not been established. In the oxygen-free atmospheres of the nebula and early Earth, hydrogen and hydrogen-containing gases were oxidized with carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide to form carbon and water, as well as the intermediates of these reactions, formaldehyde and methane acid. Together with ammonia, they were the initial components of organic synthesis. According to the Rebinder rule, carbon adsorbs hydrogen well, including in organic molecules. In this connection, experiments with the assumed conditions of the early Earth were carried out by adsorption on carbon to obtain R-(rectus, Latin) ribose from formaldehyde, and S-(sinister) serine from formaldehyde, methane acid and ammonia. For other S-amino acids, a stereo chemical justification of their formation based on S-serine is given. For carbonaceous chondrites, the results of the above experiments were confirmed by the correlation of an increase in homochiral excess with an increase in the amount of hydrogen in aldonic acids and lactic acid with a coefficient of 0.94 and 0.85 in amino acids. The justification of the homochiral process will reduce the costs of searching for life on planets, for scientific research, for the production of medicines, perfumes, food, and so on. Doubts about the extraterrestrial origin of homochiral enantiomers in carbonaceous chondrites arise most often due to a lack of understanding of the reasons for their appearance. This work will significantly reduce such skepticism.
Degenerative Disc Diseases: A Brief Review
Authors: Ibrahim Ahmed Abdulaziz G. , Alnaim Muna Faisal , Albawardi Sara Khalid , Alrabiah Nouf Mohammed , Aloulit Shoog Khalid , Alnafea Nouf Waleed , Boubshait Nadeen Abdullah , Alraihan Jawaher Ibrahim , Alshammari Yousef Salem , Albalawi Abdulrahim Oudah , Alanazi Saif Marzouq
Published: December 2021

Back pain of different etiology is a common encountered symptoms in daily practice. Several factors were associated with the development of degenerative disease (DDD) of the intervertebral disc (IVD).

The intervertebral disc, usually asymptomatic but once became symptomatic it will be presented as a low back pain with is consider the main complain among the patient with IVD.  Both genetic  as well as environmental factors lead to progressive redaction in extracellular matrix (ECM) composition which resulted overtime in weak IVD. Clinically back pain divided into two main categories: Inflammatory versus mechanical back pain,   DDD typically present with mechanical type lower back pain.

In patient with compatible history and physical exam findings, diagnosis of DDD can be confirmed by computed tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or provocative discography.

The DDD can be manage with several treatment strategies such as conservative therapy which aim to relief the pain, on the other hand, surgical approach which aim to definitely treat the DDD. The current study aims to provide a brief review about degenerative disc diseases.
High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry in Peptide and Protein Analysis
Authors: Shen Tun‐Li
Published: December 2021

High‐performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC‐MS) is one of the most powerful tools in peptide and protein analysis today. The success of HPLC‐MS has resulted from the advancements in both liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry instrumentation, and new methodologies in data acquisition, data analysis algorithms, and computational methods. To meet the demand for greater analytical depth, sensitivity, and higher throughput capabilities, liquid chromatography has seen the adoption of HPLC and then the transition to ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC), decreasing particle size to sub‐2 μm, and the availability of a wide range of stationary phases, including reversed‐phase, ion exchange, hydrophilic interaction, and size exclusion. The advances in soft ionization in mass spectrometry, in particular, matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)1and electrospray ionization (ESI),2 have transformed biomolecule mass spectrometry. ESI operates with a continuous flow, is an ideal interface to couple HPLC to mass spectrometry. A wide range of mass‐spectrometry instrumentations have emerged, one of the most significant among them is the advent of high‐resolution mass spectrometers, particularly the quadrupole time‐of‐flight (Q‐TOF) and orbitrap mass spectrometers. The HPLC‐MS analytical platform has been applied in many areas of peptide and protein analyses, including natural and synthetic peptides, protein posttranslational modifications, and antibodies. As a result of genome projects in the 1990s, there is an increasing need to develop analytical tools for proteomics. The combination of nano LC, tandem mass spectrometry, and database searching has become a standard analytical platform for large‐scale high‐throughput protein identification.3Many biological problems increasingly require the quantification of proteins. The techniques used for small molecules, such as stable isotope labeling, isotope dilution mass spectrometry, and selected reaction monitoring are now part of the repertoire for absolute quantitation of proteins.
Gas Chromatography in Analysis of Polymers and Rubbers
Authors: Hakkarainen Minna , Karlsson Sigbritt
Published: December 2021

This article gives an overview of gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) of low molar mass compounds present in or migrating from polymers and rubbers. GC is a powerful tool for the analysis of volatile and semi‐volatile organic compounds. The capability of GC to separate and quantify small amounts of analytes makes it highly applicable for the analysis of low molar mass compounds in polymers, such as residual monomers, initiators, catalysts, additives, and degradation products. Correctly chosen and performed sample preparation is a key step before GC‐MS analysis and crucial for obtaining correct results. This can be especially challenging when analyzing low molar mass compounds in solid matrices or in complex aqueous solutions. Some commonly applied extraction techniques are shortly presented including extraction techniques that can be utilized for extraction of low molar mass compounds from solid and aqueous matrices as well as air. Last but not least, examples of extraction and analysis of low molar mass compounds present in, formed in, or migrating from different polymeric materials during processing, service‐life, or reprocessing (recycling) are given with special focus on packaging and medical applications as well as degradable polymers.
Army, Byzantium
Authors: Rance Philip
Published: December 2021

A survey of the army of the East Roman or Byzantine Empire, tracing the evolution of its principal structures, deployment, and personnel from the fourth to tenth centuries.
Dynasty, idea of, Byzantine
Authors: Pazdernik Charles F.
Published: December 2021

It is conventional to speak of as many as six imperial dynasties between the fourth and the seventh centuries
ce
: those of Constantine I, Valentinian I, Theodosius I, Leo I, Justin I, and Herakleios.
Labor, compulsory
Authors: Hoffmann‐Salz Julia
Published: December 2021

The ancient world knew many forms of compulsory labor, from the forced labor of slaves, prisoners of war, and convicts to the compulsory labor carried out by citizens on public building projects and by tenants for their landlords.
Seleucid era
Authors: Heller André
Published: December 2021

The Seleucid era is a system of numbering years that was introduced by
Seleukos I Nikator
in the year 312/1

bce
after his

recapture
of Babylonia
.
Statius, Publius Papinius
Authors: Cowan Robert
Published: December 2021

Statius was a Flavian poet from Naples who wrote primarily under Domitian. His two epic poems are the
Thebaid
, about the Seven Against Thebes, and the unfinished
Achilleid
, about young Achilles hiding on Skyros. Five books of
Silvae
contain diverse “occasional” poems addressed to various patrons that describe buildings and works of art, celebrate special occasions, and console the bereaved.
Mykale mountain
Authors: Hülden Oliver
Published: December 2021

Mykale is a mountain in western Asia Minor, where the famous battle between Greeks and Persians took place in 479
bce
. It is also connected with the Panionion, the main sanctuary of the Ionian League.
Aizanoi
Authors: Hülden Oliver
Published: December 2021

Aizanoi is an ancient city in western Phrygia, the remains of which date mainly from the Hellenistic and Roman imperial periods. The most prominent building is the temple of Zeus built under the reign of Emperor Domitian. The combination of theater and stadium from the first century
ce
is also extraordinary, as is the natural sanctuary for the goddess Meter Steunene.
Isola Sacra
Authors: Prowse Tracy L.
Published: December 2021

Isola Sacra is the name of an artificial island located approximately 20 km southwest of Rome, Italy, between the port cities of Ostia and
Portus Romae
. The island was created during the construction of the
Fossa Traiana
in the mid‐first century
ce
to connect the city of Rome to Portus along the coast via the Tiber River. Isola Sacra is best known for the monumental Roman tombs that line traces of the
Via Flavia
between Portus and Ostia.
Iceni
Authors: Owens Edwin J.
Published: December 2021

The Iceni were a prosperous British tribe, occupying Norfolk and parts of Suffolk and Cambridgeshire in eastern Britain. The Iceni became allies of the Romans, but on two occasions they revolted. Boudica led the second rebellion. After it was suppressed, the tribe developed as a local, self‐governing community (
civitas
) within the Roman province of Britain.
Caracalla (Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus)
Authors: Imrie Alex
Published: December 2021

Caracalla (188–217
ce
) was the eldest son of Septimius Severus and was the second emperor of the Severan dynasty. He is arguably best known for his infamous assassination of his younger brother, Geta, after which he ruled the empire alone (211–17). While undoubtedly marked by violence and cruelty, Caracalla's reign also saw important constitutional change, such as the extension of Roman citizenship across nearly all free inhabitants of the empire.
Technical evaluation of the cone‐beam computed tomography imaging performance of a novel, mobile, gantry‐based X‐ray system for brachytherapy
Authors: Karius Andre , Karolczak Marek , Strnad Vratislav , Bert Christoph
Published: December 2021

Purpose

A novel, mobile cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) system for image‐guided adaptive brachytherapy was recently deployed at our hospital as worldwide first site. Prior to the device's clinical operation, a profound characterization of its imaging performance was conducted. This was essential to optimize both the imaging workflow and image quality for achieving the best possible clinical outcomes. We present the results of our investigations.

Methods

The novel CBCT‐system features a ring gantry with 121 cm clearance as well as a 43.2 × 43.2 cm2 flat‐panel detector, and is controlled via a tablet‐personal computer (PC). For evaluating its imaging performance, the geometric reproducibility as well as imaging fidelity, computed tomography (CT)‐number accuracy, uniformity, contrast‐noise‐ratio (CNR), noise characteristics, and spatial resolution as fundamental image quality parameters were assessed. As dose metric the weighted cone‐beam dose index (CBDIw) was measured. Image quality was evaluated using standard quality assurance (QA) as well as anthropomorphic upper torso and breast phantoms. Both in‐house and manufacturer protocols for abdomen, pelvis, and breast imaging were examined.

Results

Using the in‐house protocols, the QA phantom scans showed altogether a high image quality, with high CT‐number accuracy (R2 > 0.97) and uniformity (<12 Hounsfield Unit (HU) cupping), reasonable noise and imaging fidelity, and good CNR at bone–tissue transitions of up to 28:1. Spatial resolution was strongly limited by geometric instabilities of the device. The breast phantom scans fulfilled clinical requirements, whereas the abdomen and pelvis scans showed severe artifacts, particularly at air/bone–tissue transitions.

Conclusion

With the novel CBCT‐system, achieving a high image quality appears possible in principle. However, adaptations of the standard protocols, performance enhancements in image reconstruction referring to artifact reductions, as well as the extinction of geometric instabilities are imperative.
Theoretical Evaluation of Strengthening Ability of Phase Interfaces in Lamellar Ti Alloys
Authors: Wang Fang , Luo Xue-Mei , Lei Li-Ming , Fu Xin , Zhang Bin , Zhang Guang-Ping
Published: December 2021

Strengthening abilities (Hall–Petch coefficients) and the barrier strength of α/β lamellar interfaces and coarse primary/fine secondary α lamellae interfaces in Ti alloys are theoretically estimated based on the lattice and modulus mismatches of two phases on both sides of the interfaces. The results reveal that the strengthening abilities of the α/β lamellar interfaces and the coarse primary/fine secondary α lamellae interfaces are about 272.6 and 68.9 MPa, respectively, and the interface barrier strength of the α/β lamellar interface is about 9.5 times higher than that of the coarse primary/fine secondary α lamellae interface. The variation trend of the interface strengthening abilities with the fraction of α/β interfaces for lamellar Ti alloys is found. The finding may provide a potential strategy for enhancing the strength or deformability of lamellar Ti alloys through manipulating interface properties.
Complementary Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Compatible 2D Layered Film‐Based Gas Sensors by Floating‐Gate Coupling Effect
Authors: Tan Po‐Hung , Hsu Che‐Hao , Shen Ying‐Chun , Wang Chien‐Ping , Liou Kun‐Lin , Shih Jiaw‐Ren , Lin Chrong Jung , Lee Ling , Wang Kuangye , Wu Hong‐Min , Chiang Tsung‐Yu , Chih Yue‐Der , Chang Jonathan , King Ya‐Chin , Chueh Yu‐Lun
Published: December 2021

A 2D SnSe2 layered film‐based gas detector incorporating a floating‐gate device coupled with metal interconnect wiring structures is proposed and demonstrated for the first time. Linear amplification can be readily implemented using a coupling ratio design, which refers to the capacitance ratio between the gate and device in the sense amplifier circuits. A sensitivity of 102 mV ppm−1 can be obtained using the 2D SnSe2 layered film with a thickness of 10 nm. The 2D SnSe2 layered film‐based complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) gas detector features highly sensitive, wide, and adjustable dynamic ranges with a real‐time response of the sub‐ppm detection limit on NO2 gas. In addition, the synthesis process of the SnSe2 layered film can occur at a low temperature and be operated at room temperature. Furthermore, 3 × 3 gas detector arrays with peripheral circuits demonstrate the functionality of multiple gas detection simultaneously and 16 × 16 arrays with a decoder and other peripheral circuits are constructed and simulated, providing the spatial distribution of the gas concentration in a specific region. The performance of the proposed detector is comparable to that of the other state‐of‐the‐art gas sensors.
Identification of Cyclopropane Formation in the Biosyntheses of Hormaomycins and Belactosins: Sequential Nitration and Cyclopropanation by Metalloenzymes
Authors: Li Xiaojun , Shimaya Ryo , Dairi Tohru , Chang Wei‐chen , Ogasawara Yasushi
Published: December 2021

Hormaomycins and belactosins are peptide natural products that contain unusual cyclopropane moieties. Bioinformatics analysis of the corresponding biosynthetic gene clusters showed that two conserved genes,hrmI/belKandhrmJ/belL, were potential candidates for catalyzing cyclopropanation. Using in vivo and in vitro assays, the functions of HrmI/BelK and HrmJ/BelL were established. HrmI and BelK, which are heme oxygenase‐like dinuclear iron enzymes, catalyze oxidation of the ϵ‐amino group ofl‐lysine to affordl‐6‐nitronorleucine. Subsequently, HrmJ and BelL, which are iron‐ and α‐ketoglutarate‐dependent oxygenases, effectively convertl‐6‐nitronorleucine into 3‐(trans‐2‐nitrocyclopropyl)‐alanine through C4−C6 bond installation. These observations disclose a novel pathway of cyclopropane ring construction and exemplify the new chemistry involving metalloenzymes in natural product biosynthesis.
Catalytic Asymmetric Homologation of 4‐Substituted Cyclohexanones with CF3CHN2: Enantioselective Synthesis of α‐Trifluoromethyl Cycloheptanones
Authors: Li Shu‐Sen , Sun Shuo , Wang Jianbo
Published: December 2021

Introduction of the trifluoromethyl group (CF3) into organic molecules in an enantioselective manner has attracted significant attention, but still remains a challenging problem. We herein report a catalytic asymmetric trifluoromethylation of cyclic ketones via a ScIII/chiral bisoxazoline‐catalyzed homologation reaction by employing 2,2,2‐trifluorodiazoethane (CF3CHN2) as the CF3 source. This desymmetrization process is highly efficient and generates two chiral centers with excellent diastereoselectivity and enantioselectivity, affording chiral α‐trifluoromethyl cyclic ketones in a straightforward manner.
Profiling acidic metabolites by capillary electrophoresis‐mass spectrometry in low numbers of mammalian cells using a novel chemical derivatization approach
Authors: van Mever Marlien , Willacey Cornelius C. W. , Zhang Wei , Drouin Nicolas , Christina Alphert E. , Lindenburg Peter W. , van Veldhoven Jaco P. D. , van der Es Daan , Harms Amy C. , Hankemeier Thomas , Ramautar Rawi
Published: December 2021

The simultaneous analysis of a broad range of polar ionogenic metabolites using capillary electrophoresis‐mass spectrometry (CE‐MS) can be challenging, as two different analytical methods are often required, that is, one for cations and one for anions. Even though CE‐MS has shown to be an effective method for cationic metabolite profiling, the analysis of small anionic metabolites often results in relatively low sensitivity and poor repeatability. In this work, a novel derivatization strategy based on trimethylmethaneaminophenacetyl bromide was developed to enable CE‐MS analysis of carboxylic acid metabolites using normal CE polarity (i.e., cathode in the outlet) and detection by mass spectrometry in positive ionization mode. Optimization of derivatization conditions was performed using a response surface methodology after which the optimized method (incubation time 50 min, temperature 90°C, and pH 10) was used for the analysis of carboxylic acid metabolites in extracts from HepG2 cells. For selected metabolites, detection limits were down to 8.2 nM, and intraday relative standard deviation values for replicates (n = 3) for peak areas were below 21.5%. Metabolites related to glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and anaerobic respiration pathways were quantified in 250,000 cell lysates, and could still be detected in extracts from only 25,000 HepG2 cell lysates (∼70 cell lysates injected).
Thin‐film hydrogel polymer layered polyvinyltrimethylsilane dual‐layer flat‐bed composite membrane for CO2 gas separation
Authors: Kunalan Shankar , Palanivelu Kandasamy , Sachin Eledathu Kuriachan , Syrtsova Daria Aleksandrovna , Teplyakov Vladimir Vasilievich
Published: December 2021

The gas transport property of the hydrogel chitosan (CS) and the CS‐polyethylene glycol (CS+PEG) polymer blend surface‐modified polyvinyltrimethylsilane (PVTMS) composite membranes have been evaluated for pure CO2, N2, and CH4 gases. The physic‐chemical characteristics and the surface morphological features of the prepared pure and the composite PVTMS membranes were interrogated with the Fourier transform infrared spectroscope, high‐resolution scanning electron microscope, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimeter. Effect of water wetting of the membrane, number of sequential coating, and the transmembrane pressure on the gas transport properties of the pure and composite PVTMS membranes was concurrently studied. The acceptable CO2 permeability of 153 barrer and the gas‐pair CO2/N2 selectivity of 33 and the CO2/CH4 selectivity of 23 were obtained for the CS+PEG‐modified PVTMS membrane under the optimum conditions, that is, transmembrane pressure of 76 cmHg and the reaction temperature of 30°C. The CO2 separation performance of the modified PVTMS composite membrane against the N2 and the CH4 gases moved close to Robeson's upper bound 2008. Enhancement in the CO2 separation efficacy of the modified PVTMS membrane than the pure PVTMS membrane has proved good efficiency of the modified membrane towards CO2 capture application.
Foetal alcohol spectrum disorder and Investigative interviewing: A systematic review highlighting clinical and legal implications and recommendations
Authors: Gilbert David J. , Allely Clare S. , Mukherjee Raja A. S. , Cook Penny A.
Published: December 2021

Individuals with foetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are estimated to be 19 times more likely to encounter the criminal justice system (CJS) in comparison to individuals without FASD. During encounters with the CJS, investigative interviews are employed to obtain accurate information from suspects, victims or witnesses of crime. A systematic search using PRISMA guidelines was performed to identify empirical studies published that have explored the questioning of the FASD population within the CJS and the vulnerabilities of FASD‐impacted individuals during investigative interviewing. A total of 383 studies were identified from the databases searched and 7 further studies were identified from Google Scholar. After deduplication, abstract and title screening, the full text of 23 studies were assessed for inclusion and 5 were included in the narrative synthesis of results. Two papers were empirical studies focussed on the performance of FASD‐impacted individuals during investigative interviewing. Whilst the first study found the FASD population susceptible to suggestions, the second (a case study), identified the ploys employed during investigative interviewing to obtain a confession. Three papers studied the wider vulnerabilities of FASD‐impacted individuals and found diminished psycho‐legal abilities, increased risk of recidivism and biological, psychological and social factors that render FASD‐impacted individuals vulnerable to CJS encounters. Despite the greater likelihood of CJS encounters, the result of this review highlights the slim evidence base useful to establish the vulnerabilities of FASD‐impacted individuals within the CJS.
Pd(II)‐Mediated C−H Activation for Cysteine Bioconjugation
Authors: Tilden James A. R. , Lubben Anneke T. , Reeksting Shaun B. , Kociok‐Köhn Gabriele , Frost Christopher G.
Published: December 2021

Selective bioconjugation remains a significant challenge for the synthetic chemist due to the stringent reaction conditions required by biomolecules coupled with their high degree of functionality. The current trailblazer of transition‐metal mediated bioconjugation chemistry involves the use of Pd(II) complexes prepared via an oxidative addition process. Herein, the preparation of Pd(II) complexes for cysteine bioconjugation via a facile C−H activation process is reported. These complexes show bioconjugation efficiency competitive with what is seen in the current literature, with a user‐friendly synthesis, common Pd(II) sources, and a more cost‐effective ligand. Furthermore, these complexes need not be isolated, and still achieve high conversion efficiency and selectivity of a model peptide. These complexes also demonstrate the ability to selectively arylate a single surface cysteine residue on a model protein substrate, further demonstrating their utility.