bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Polyvinyl chloride dermatitis not caused by phthalates
Authors: Schulsinger Charlotte , Møllgaard Klaus
Published: April 2006

Seven cases of contact dermatitis in children due to identification bracelets made of poly‐vinyl chloride plastic are reported. Patch tests with the bracelets were negative in the five cases tested. It is concluded that the reactions were irritant due to some unknown chemical in the bracelets.

The most widely used plasticizers in PVC, phthalates, must have very low sensitising properties, as only one positive patch test was found in 1532 patch tests with phthalate mix, performed as a joint study by the International Contact Dermatitis Research Group.
Lichen picker's dermatitis (Cladonia alpestris (L) Rab.)
Authors: Salo H. , Hannuksela M. , Hausen B.
Published: April 2006

The frequency and immunological background of dermatitis occurring in lichen pickers during the 3– to 4–month picking season were studied in a small community in northern Finland. Thirty of 164 lichen pickers had suffered from dermatitis at least on the fingers and the dorsa of their hands, and many of them also had dermatitis on their forearms, faces, etc. Fifteen of them were subjected to epicutaneous and photo‐cpicutaneous testing with crushed Cladonia alpestris (L.) Rab. and some fractions of it. Allergic contact reactions were seen in nine subjects, three of whom also had positive photo‐epicutaneous test reactions from lichen allergens. No immediate reactions were seen in scratch or scratch chamber tests with crushed Cl, alpestris or with its alcoholic extract.
Exposure of nickel and the relevance of nickel sensitivity among hospital cleaners
Authors: Clemmensen O. J. , Menné T. , Kaaber K. , Solgaard P.
Published: April 2006

The nickel content of water specimens from consecutive stages during the cleaning process in a Danish hospital was analyzed. Statistically significant increases of the nickel concentrations were found from step to step of (he cleaning, eventually exceeding the theoretical sensitizing safety limit. The relevance of the findings in relation to hand eczema is discussed.
Irritant contact dermatitis from an ornamental Euphorbia
Authors: Worobec Sophie M. , Hickey Thomas A. , Kinghorn A. Douglas , Soejarto Djaja D. , West Dennis
Published: April 2006

An ornamental succulent plant sold in many plant stores in the Chicago area has been identified as Euphorbia hermentiana Lem, Open and closed patch testing using undiluted latex from this species was performed on five Caucasian volunteers. Open testing on flexor forearms resulted in irrilant follicular dermatitis, while closed testing to the flexor surfaces of both upper arms in each subject produced bullae and vesiculation with residual desquamation and hyperpigmentation. Dermatological signs persisted for over a week following latex application.
Allergic contact dermatitis from laboratory synthesis of 4–bromomethyl‐6,8–dimethyl‐ 2(1H)‐quinolone
Authors: Rycroft R. I. G.
Published: April 2006

A case is reported of allergic contact dermatitis from 4–bromoacetoacet‐2, 4–dimethylani1ide and 4–bromomelhyl‐6, 8–dimcthyl‐2(1H)‐quinolone in a 19–year‐old chemical laboratory technician. The relationship between the chemical reactivity of these compounds and their sensitizing potential is discussed.
Cumulative effect of surfactants on cutaneous horny layers: Lysosomal activity of human keratin layers in vivo
Authors: Imokawa Genji , Mishima Yutaka
Published: April 2006

Anionic surfactants have various degrees of membrane labilizing action on the isolated lysosome in vitro. This action has been found to correlate with the degrees of skin roughness induced by the surfactants using the circulation method applied to the forearm of human subjects. It has been shown that the acid phosphatase activity in the human horny layer decreases during the in vivo application of the surfactants by the circulation method. The magnitude of the decrease in acid phosphatase activity has been found to correlate to the degree of skin roughness and to in vitro lysosome labilization induced by the surfactants.
Skin and mucous membrane problems from “no carbon required” paper
Authors: Menné Torkil , Asnaes Gydde , Hjorth Niels
Published: April 2006

The Copenhagen Telephone Company uses 800,000–900,000 sets of no carbon required paper per year. Since 1977 the employees have related itching, dermatitis and symptoms from the mucous membranes to contact with the paper.

In 35 employees a total of 4000 epicutaneous tests were performed with negative results.

A questionnaire study of 2400 in the company revealed a close relationship between the symptoms and the work intensity with the NCR paper.
Histological changes in rabbits after application of medicaments and cosmetic bases. II
Authors: Rantuccio F. , Sinist D. , Scardigno A. , Coviello C.
Published: April 2006

A further study of the topical effects of certain pharmaceutical and cosmetic bases on rabbit skin is reported. Cetyl alcohol, myristic acid, castor oil and sorbitol were applied in fixed doses daily for 30 days and their irritant activity was assessed. The macroscopic and microscopic changes were on the whole minimal, Castor oil alone produced some macroscopic alterations in the form of slight erythema and edema, and microscopic changees consisting of acanthosis. disorganization of the basal layer and slight infiltration of the dermis.
Patch testing with mixes Note on mercaptobenzothiazole mix
Authors: Mitchell J. C.
Published: April 2006

Mixes for patch testing conserve space and time. History and current usage of mixes are reviewed with comments on stability, concentration, consistency, use of infrequent allergens, vehicle, and ingredients of mixes. Phenomena of ‘aging’, ‘maturity’, ‘balance’, ‘stability’ and ‘quenching’ have been studied elsewhere for naturally occurring mixes such as aroma chemicals (fragrances and flavorings). Little is known about any such changes for mixes of chemicals made for patch test purposes. The correct concentration of mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) for MBT mix is discussed.
Occupational dermatitis. An epidemiological study in the rubber and cement industries
Authors: Varigos G. A. , Dunt D. R.
Published: April 2006

An epidemiological study of occupational dermatitis in a tyre company and a cement company is reported. Ninety‐seven percent of 999 lyre workers and 78 % of 151 cement workers were screened by an occupational nurse and subsequently assessed by a specialist dermatologist. Prevalence rates of occupational contact dermatitis were 37 per HHXI and 68 per 1000 in the tyre and cement companies, respectively. Maintenance workers and tyre builders ‐ particularly if they were Yugoslav and female ‐ had high prevalence rates amongst tyre workers.

Workers'compensation claim rates for the lyre company are similar to U.K. and U.S. rates for this industry. Prevalence rates of 37 per 100 can be considered as a lower limit for this industry. The high prevalence rates in the cement company are noteworthy and require further study.
Contact urticaria from rat tail, guinea pig, streptomycin and vinyl pyridine
Authors: Rudzki Edward , Rebandel Pawel , Rogozinski Tomasz
Published: April 2006

Four cases of contact urticaria are described due 10 rat tail, streptomycin, guinea pig and 4‐vinyl‐pyridine.
Skin reactions to a urea‐containing cream
Authors: Cramers M. , Thormann J.
Published: April 2006

Patch tests with a cream (Calmuril®) containing 10% urea were performed on 79 patients with eczematous skin disease; seven (9.9%) had positive tests. Patch tests with the in‐gradients of the cream were negative. It is suggested, that the positive patch test reactions are toxic, due to hypertonicity and acidity of the cream.
Contact allergy from propylene glycol
Authors: Angelini G. , Meneghini C. L.
Published: April 2006

Propylene glycol (PG) 20% in water was tested in a group of 400 subjects with eczematous contact dermatitis. In six inpatients (1.5%) reactions were recorded as considered positive according to the Following criteria: 1. the relevant history of prolonged contact with PC‐containing topical pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations; 2. the reaction extended in time outside the area of application of the test substance, and persisted locally for several days; 3. a similar reaction was obtained on repetition of the lest with a lower concentration of PG; 4. the prompt improvement in clinical manifestations of eczema on withdrawal of PG‐containing topical preparations. With the PG concentration employed no irritant reactions were observed.
Immediate and delayed onset “skip area” dermatitis presumed secondary to topical phenol exposure
Authors: Schmidt R. , Maibach Howard
Published: April 2006

A 21‐year‐old man was in brief accidental skin contact with epoxy resin stripper containing 10% phenol. He developed a painful, superficial necrotic eruption which slowly extended proximally without any further contact with the chemical, leaving skip areas of normal skin. About 3 and 7 months later he reported spontaneous flares within the area of original contact. Gradual release from an initially formed phenol‐protein complex is thought to be responsible for the progression beyond the contact area and the delayed reaction.
Allergy to phenyl salicylate
Authors: Calnan C. D. , Cronin Etain , Rycroft R. J. G.
Published: April 2006

Six cases of contact dermatitis from a lip salve are described. Five were allergic to phenyl salicylate and one to geraniol in the fragrance. The dermatitis spread in a ring around the mouth. Phenyl salicylate has been removed from the formulation.
Mucosal contact dermatitis due to instant coffee
Authors: Sonnex T. S. , Dawber R. P. R. , Ryan T. J.
Published: April 2006

A housewife developed recurrent mouth soreness that was resistant to all topical treatments. Flatulence was also a problem at this time. Patch testing revealed a sensitivity to instant coffee (in granule form) and all symptoms regressed when contact ceased. The possible allergen is discussed. There is a need to patch test all patients with ‘idiopathic’ mouth soreness. The importance of keeping records of possible precipitating factors is discussed.
Atopy and hand dermatitis in hospital wet work
Authors: Lammintausta K. , Kalimo K.
Published: April 2006

The relation of different atopic symptoms to the occurrence of hand dermatitis in employees who perform wet work in hospitals was studied, Atopy was defined as previous or present atopic dermatitis (AD), allergic rhinitis/conjunctivitis or asthma (AMS). In this population the prevalence of atopy was 32% and the frequency of past or present hand dermatitis 44%. Hand dermatitis had occurred in about 65% of persons with atopic symptoms and in 75% of those who had unusually dry, pruritic skin and of those with atopic relatives. Of the other workers only 33% had had skin problems. The presence of atopic symptoms significantly favoured the development of hand dermatitis in these occupations (p < 0.001).
Sensitization to olive oil (olea europeae)
Authors: van Joost Th. , Smitt J. H. Sillevls , van Ketel W. G.
Published: April 2006

Sensitization to olive oil is seldom reported in the literature. By use of epiculaneous tests a delayed type of hypersensitivity to pure freshly‐prepared olive oil could be demonstrated in two patients. Patch tests with certain major constituents of olive oil; the methyl ester of linoleic acid, the glyceryl ester of palmitic acid, the glyceryl ester of stearic acid, glyceryl trioleate and glycerids of arachidic acid, appeared to be negative. In one patient a weak, reaction to balsam of Peru was found, ft is concluded that Sensitization to olive oil must be taken into consideration, especially when it is used as a vehicle in patch testing.
Oral tests in contact allergy to para‐amino compounds
Authors: Angelini G. , Meneghini C. L.
Published: April 2006

A group of 34 inpatients with contact allergy to para‐amino compounds (sulfanilamide, paraphenylenediamine, benzocaine) underwent a series of peroral tests using structurally related substances, sulphonvl ureas (carbutamide, tolbutamide and chlorpropamide), diaminodi‐phenyl‐sulfone. saccharin and salicyl azosulfapyridine. Sulphonyl ureas given orally can produce a widespread dermatitis in subjects with contact sensitivity to sulfanilamide. but not in those sensitized to paraphenylenediamine and benzocaine.
Contact dermatitis due to the constituents of Hibiscrub
Authors: Roberts D. L. , Summerly Roy , Byrne J. P. H.
Published: April 2006

Two patients who underwent extensive pre‐operative skin preparations with Hibiscrub prior to orthopaedic operations developed acute contact dermatitis at the operation site post‐operatively, Both were shown to be sensitised to Ammonyx LO, the foaming agent in Hibiscrub, and one also to chlorliexidine diglcomate. The details of two other patients who had reacted similary were reviewed.
Contact dermatitis from pyrrolnitrin
Authors: Meneghini C. L. , Angelini G.
Published: April 2006

A further series of 42 cases of contact dermatitis from an antimycotic agent, pyrrolnitrin, are reported. Patch testing produced positive allergic reactions in 41 cases and an irritant reaction in I case. The allergic contact dermatitis was generally associated with a characteristic widespread secondary eruption resembling erythema multiforme.
Cost benefit of patch testing with textile finish resins
Authors: Andersen Klaus E. , Hamann Knud
Published: April 2006

Eleven years experience of textile finish resin patch testing of suspected textile dermatitis patients revealed 15 cases of allergic textile dematitis among 428 patients tested. Ten of the 15 patients had a relevant positive patch test to one or more of a limited series of textile finishes; 1 was negative and 4 were not tested with textile finishes. All 15 patients were formaldehyde sensitive. No unexpected, relevant, positive textile finish resin patch test was found. In this study a negative patch test to formaldehyde virtually excluded allergic contact dermatitis from textile finishes.
Contact dermatitis to chlorhexidine
Authors: Osmundsen Poul Erik
Published: April 2006

In a 3‐year period, 551 patients were patch tested with chlorhexidine gluconate 1% in water. 14 patients showed a strong and obviously relevant reaction. A severe dermatitis developed daring treatment with a chlorhexidine preparation in 10 patients with venous or traumatic ulcers of the leg, and in 4 patients with skin infection on the face and/or scalp. So far the sensitizing potential of chlorhexidine has probably been underestimated.
Occurrence of contact allergy and hand eczemas in hospital wet work
Authors: Lammintausta K. , Kalimo K. , Havu V. K.
Published: April 2006

The occurrence of contact sensitivity and hand dermatitis was studied in hospital employees. The incidence of contact allergy was 21%. Nickel (9%) was the most common allergen followed by perfumes (6%).

Present or previous hand dermatitis was detected in 46%. Of those with positive reactions, 53% had suffered from hand dermatitis as compared to 44% of those without positive reactions, 70% of those with sensitivity lo fragrances had suffered from hand dermatitis. The occurrence of hand dermatitis was more frequent in persons, who had developed contact allergy lo rubber chemicals or to both nickel and cobalt, simultaneously.
Trends and forecasts for standard allergens in a 12‐year patch test material
Authors: Edman Björn , Möller Halvor
Published: April 2006

Results from 12 years of patch testing were statistically analysed to establish changes in the incidence of individual contact allergies. Significant trends were found for y allergens. A marked increase was evident for nickel and cobalt. The analysis made it possible to forecast the future development of separate contact allergies.
Allergic contact eczema from topical corticosteroids
Authors: Förström Lars , Lassus Allan , Salde Lars , Niemi Kiksti‐Maria
Published: April 2006

Eptcutaneous tests with topical steroids in therapeutic and ten‐fold therapeutic concentrations in ethanol were performed in 105 patients selected on the basis of unresponsiveness of their eczema to topical corticosteroids or because topical steroids had provoked eczema around treated psoriatic lesions. Five patients showed allergic test reactions to one or several steroids. One of the two clobctasol‐17‐propionate sensitive patients reacted to the weak concentration only. The problem related to the instability of many steroids in ethanolic solution is discussed. After one month of storage in u refrigerator, the chromatographic purity of several test substances fell to 95–75%.
Contact urticaria artefacta (witchcraft‐syndrome
Authors: Bandmann H.‐J. , Wahl B.
Published: April 2006

Several customers at a hairdressing salon developed urticaria‐like lesions of the skin after being served by the daughter of the owner. Patch tests and laboratory tests were negative. The patient used a chemical trick to deceive her family.
Contact dermatitis from silver fulminate – fulminate itch
Authors: White Ian R. , Rycroft R. J. G.
Published: April 2006

Although fulminates were widely used in the past as explosives, they are now little encountered. Fulminate itch is of historical interest. We have investigated a factory utilising silver fulminate in the manufacture of explosive snaps. Workers in this factory still experience the ‘itch’, which we consider to have both an irritant and an allergic basis.
Sensitizing potential of 14 mono (meth) acrylates in the guinea pig*
Authors: van der Walle H. B. , Klecak G. , Geleick H. , Bensink T.
Published: April 2006

The aim of this study was to investigate differences in the sensitizing potential of 14 mono(meth)acrylates, when tested by the guinea pig maximization test (GPMT) and Freund's complete adjuvant test (FCAT) with an identical, intradermal induction concentration. A new grading classification of the sensitization potential is proposed.

Mono(meth)acrylates show a wide range of sensitizing potential. Compared with other (meth)acrylates, methyl methacrylate is a moderate sensitizer. Attention was paid to concomitant sensitization of additives. In 9 of 16 FCATs, concomitant sensitization occurred to the inhibitors hydroquinone and p‐methoxy phenol.
Delayed time course of irritation by sodium lauryl sulfate: Observations on threshold reactions
Authors: Bruynzeel D. P. , van Ketel W. G. , Scheper R. J. , von Blomberg‐van der Flier B. M. E.
Published: April 2006

Irritant reactions to sodium lauryl sulfate were induced on the backs of 20 volunteers by means of patch test occlusion for 24 h. Different concentrations ranging from 0.259% to 2% were used, the lowest concentration being borderline irritant. The skin tests were read at 24, 48 and 72 h. Both the % of responding individuals and the intensity of the skin reactions were maximal at 48 h for all test concentrations. It is concluded that irritants may provoke inflammatory reactions which are not completely developed after 24 h, and are thus very similar to allergic patch test reactions.
Patch test results in 66 hairdressers 1973–81
Authors: Lynde C. W. , Mitchell J. C.
Published: April 2006

Over a period of 8 years, 66 hairdresser patients were patch tested to the North American Contact Dermatitis Group screening trays, to a hairdressers' screening tray or to both trays. Paraphenylenediamine (PPD) produced positive reactions in 45% and nickel sulphate in 27% of the patients tested. Apart from the PPD substances and glyceryl monothioglycollate, other chemicals tested produced allergic reactions in no more than 4/66 (6%) patients.
Skin testing with simple equipment in photodermatoses
Authors: van Hecke Eric
Published: April 2006

We have reviewed 275 patients who were tested in the light testing clinic in the 10 years from 1972 to 1981. 151 patients (55%) were referred with eczematous changes of the skin attributed to light, while 76 (28%) had a history of polymorphic light eruption. Light tests gave abnormal results in 54(36%) of the dermatitis group, showing a photoallergy in 17 patients and UV sensitivity with or without sensitivity to visible light in 30 patients. 7 out of 10 cases with clinical reactions to phenothiazines also had abnormal test results.

Patients with polymorphic light eruption reacted normally in our test system. Abnormal tests were obtained in solar urticaria, in a few cases of non‐eczematous phototoxic reaction, folliculitis of the acne type and systemic lupus crythematosus.

Additional patch tests with standard allergens revealed a high % of contact sensitivity in the 30 UV sensitive patients.
Assessment of skin irritancy in man by laser Doppler flowmetry
Authors: Nilsson Gert E. , Otto Uno , Wahlberg Jan E.
Published: April 2006

It is desirable to use more objective methods than visual storing for the assessment of skin irritancy reactions. In the present study the blood flow in skin sites exposed to sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) was recorded by a laser Doppler flowmeter. The irritant was applied to the volar forearm of healthy volunteers in concentrations ranginig from 0.001% to 5% under occlusion for 24 h. The test sites were scored visually and the blood flow was recorded at 3 different times: 26 h, 48 h and 72 h after the application of SLS. Approximately 950 recording were performed and a clear relationship was observed the applied doses of SLS, the recorded blood flow values and the corresponding scores. In a few cases a deviation from the general trend was observed, implying that the naked eye might be unreliable for the assessment of skin irritancy reactions.
Cobalt allergy in hard metal workers
Authors: Fischer Torkell. , Rystedt Ingela
Published: April 2006

Hard metal contains about 10% cobalt. 853 hard metal workers were examined and patch tested with substances from their environment. Initial patch tests with 1% cobalt chloride showed 62 positive reactions. By means of secondary serial dilution tests, allergic reactions to cobalt were reproduced in 9 men and 30 women, Weak reactions could not normally be reproduced. A history of hand eczema was found in 3d of the 39 individuals with reproducible positive test reactions La cobalt, while 21 of 23 with a positive initial patch test but negative serial dilution test had never had any skin problems. Hand etching and hand grinding, mainly female activities and traumatic to lire hands, were found to involve the greatest risk of cobalt sensitization. 24 individuals had an isolated cobalt allergy. They had probably been sensitized by hard metal work, white the individuals, all women, who had simultaneous nickel allergy had probably been sensitized to nickel before their employment and then became sensitized to cobalt by hard metal work. A traumatic occupation, which causes irritant contact dermatitis and/or a previous contact allergy or atopy is probably a prerequisite for the development of cobalt allergy.
Nickel in tap water
Authors: Andersen Klaus E. , Nielsen Gitte D. , Flyvholm Mari‐Ann , Fregert Sigfrid , Gruvberge Birgitta
Published: April 2006

Nickel analyses of tap water from several sources in Copenhagen gave up to 490 + 10‐4 g + 1‐1 in the first 250 ml portions. Hot water gave higher values than cold water. After flushing for 5 min, low values were found. Considerable variation from time to time and from tap to tap was found. Drinking of only the first portion in the morning might have an influence on nickel hand eczema.
Is Cytox® 3522 (10% methylene‐bis‐thiocyanate) a human skin sensitizer?
Authors: Andersen Klaus E. , Hamann Knud
Published: April 2006

Methylene‐bis‐thiocyanate is an antimicrobial agent in Cytox® 3522 (American Cyanamid Corporation) and Nalco® 206 (Nalco Chemical Company). Both are wide‐spectrum industrial biocides.

Cytox® 3522 showed a strong sensitization potential in guinea pigs using the Guinea Pig Maximization. Test and the Open Epicutaneous Test procedures.

In spite of this, human sensitization has not been reported. This may be explained by several factors such as limited exposure, low‐use concentration and alack of diagnostic patch tests in selected patients.
Relationship between nickel and cobalt sensitization in hard metal workers
Authors: Rystedt Ingela , Fischer Torkel
Published: April 2006

853 hard metal workers were examined and patch tested with 20 substances from their environment, including nickel and cobalt. Nickel sensitivity was found in 2 men and 38 women. 88% of the nickel‐sensitive individuals had developed a jewellery dermatitis prior to employment in the hard metal industry or before the appearance of hand eczema. 29% of the hard metal workers gave a history of slight irrifant dermatitis. In the nickel sensitized group, 40% had had severe hand eczema which generally appeared 6–12 months after starting employment. In 25% of the cases, nickel sensitive individuals developed cobalt allergy, compared with 5% in the total population investigated. Most facts indicate that nickel sensitivity and irritant hand eczema precede cobalt sensitization. Hard metal workers with simultaneous nickel and cobalt sensitivity had a more severe hand eczema than those with isolated cobalt or nickel sensitivity or only irritant dermatitis. 64% of the female population had pierced ear lobes. Among the nickel allergic women, 95% had pierced ear lobes. The use of earrings containing nickel after piercing is strongly suspected of being the major cause of nickel sensitivity. Piercing at an early age seems to increase the risk of incurring nickel sensitivity.
Phototoxic and contact toxic reactions of the exocarp of sweet oranges: a common cause of cheilitis?
Authors: Volden G. , Krokan H. , Kavli G. , Midelfart K.
Published: April 2006

Irritant skin reactions were produced within 1 h after application of the exocarp of sweet oranges or alchoholic extracts therefrom. Such reactions faded within 48 h. The exocarp. or extracts thereof, induced phototoxic reactions which were strongest at 72 h after exposure. The phototoxic reactions were only induced in natural blondes and only with some oranges.

The in vivo phototoxic reactions were confirmed in vitro, causing a slight but clear photo‐inhibition of Candida albicans. Only some oranges inhibited growth.
Persistent contact dermatitis from the insecticide dichlorvos
Authors: Mathias C. G. Toby
Published: April 2006

A driver of a truck transporting a commercial formulation of the insecticide, dichlorvos, developed unusually persistent contact dermatitis following accidental skin contact, as well as systemic signs of organophosphate toxicity. The mechanism was presumed to be irritant rather than allergic.
Contact allergy to petrolatums
Authors: Dooms‐Goossens A. , Degreef H.
Published: April 2006

Using several chromatographic and spectrometric procedures, it was established that the allergens present in pharmaceutical and cosmetic petrolatums are probably polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. These substances are impurities, and the quantity present is largely a function of the source of the petrolatum and the purification procedures. As the aromatic portion in petrolatum is a very complex and unstable mixture of chemically‐related agents, only 2 out of the several possible allergens present could be identified: they were most probably phenanthrene derivatives with molecular weights of 230 and 244.
Hand eczema in nickel‐sensitive female twins
Authors: Menné T. , Holm N. V.
Published: April 2006

The Danish Twin Register represents a population‐based twin sample where the twins enter the Register independently of disease.

All female twins born between 1906–30 and available in the Register in January 1978 were sent a questionnaire concerning possible nickel sensitivity. Among 74ft pairs living in the eastern part of Denmark, 129 twins from 115 pairs had a possible nickel allergy. Through a subsequent personal visit and, in most eases, patch testing, 34 monozygotic probands from 30 pairs and 45 dizygotic probands from 41 pairs were considered to have a verified nickel sensitivity and fulfilled the restriction criteria for the present study.

The prevalence of present or previous hand eczema in both the monozygotic and the dizygotic probands was 41% (95% confidence limits: 30–52%). In 15 of the 32 with hand eczema, this was in the form of a relapsing pompholyx.

Analysis of the monozygotic pairs showed that the risk of developing hand eczema in the co‐twins seemed independent of whether the proband had nickel allergy and hand eczema or nickel allergy alone. Furthermore, it was found that the number of affected co‐twins was comparable with the background population. Thus the association between nickel allergy and hand eczema is probably not due to a common genetic predisposition. Environmental factors seem decisive.
Patch testing with substances not included in the standard series
Authors: Veien N. K. , Hattel T. , Justesen O. , Nørholm A.
Published: April 2006

During a 5‐year period, 3664 consecutive patients were patch tested in a private dermatology practice with the Standard Series of the International Contact Dermatitis Research Group (ICDRG). 454 of these were tested with one or more additional substances which were suspected of having caused their dermatitis. 194 of the 454 patients had positive reactions to one or more of the additional substances. Most of these reactions were of current relevance, and in only 25% of the patients could the allergies have been predicted by the use of the Standard Series alone.

In approximately 50% of the patients, the reactions to additional substances could be traced to occupational sources.
Dose response relationships in delayed hypersensitivity to quinoline dyes
Authors: Weaver James E.
Published: April 2006

Repeat insult patch testing of the quinoline dyes, D & C Yellow No. 10 (Acid Yellow No. 3) and D & C Yellow No. 11 (Solvent Yellow No. 33) demonstrated that concentrations as high as 1,000 ppm of the former induced no delayed contact hypersensitivity, whereas, concentrations of 20 ppm and 10 ppm of D & C Yellow No. 11 induced delayed hypersensitivity reactions in human volunteer panelists. No definitive hypersensitivity resulted from testing with 5 ppm of this dye. 2 persons who had been demonstrated to have reacted allergically to the use of a soap bar that contained D & C Yellow No. 11 did not react to the ad libitum use of a soap bar in which this dye was replaced with D & C Yellow No. 10.
Occupational dermatoses in hospital cleaning women
Authors: Hansen K. S.
Published: April 2006

In an investigation of 541 members of a hospital cleaning department, a prevalence rate of occupational skin diseases of 15.3% was found. During their hospital employment, 39.1% had it skin disease. Higher prevalence in the younger age groups can be explained by the selection of those with skin diseases for work away from the cleaning department. A large number developed their disease shortly after employment began. This was an indication that the observed prevalent conditions were irritant diseases. The distribution by diagnosis confirms this conclusion in as much as 75% of the occupational skin diseases were irritant dermatitis, 21% allergic contact dermatitis, and 4% monilia of the finger webs.

The causes of allergic contact dermatitis were found to be formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde and chloramine in addition to nickel and rubber. Among the causes of irritant dermatitis were detergents, alkaline substances, acids and sodium perborate as well as hypochlorite, and hypobromite combinations.

In order to reduce occupational skin diseases among cleaning personnel, it is necessary to extend both local and more general prophylactic measures.
Phototoxicity from furocoumarins (psoralens) of Heracleum laciniatum in a patient with vitiligo. Action spectrum studies on bergapten, pimpinellin, angelicin and sphondin
Authors: Kavli G. , Midelfart K. , Raa J. , Volden G.
Published: April 2006

Investigations on light reactions in a patient with vitiligo are presented. The minimal erythema dose (MED)in the UVB area was approximately 1/1 of that in persons of skin type II. The application of furocoumarins (psoralens) increased light tolerance by 1 MED at 300–310 mm. Action spectrum studies with furocoumarins from Heracleum laciniatum showed the following order of potency: bergapten, Pimpinellin, angelicin and sphondin. The efficacy was highest at 325–350nm, with maxima at 330–335 nm. Pimpinellin was recently found to be phototoxic, but an action spectrum of sphondin is reported for the first time.
The sensitization potential of D & C Yellow No. 11 in guinea pigs
Authors: Palazzolo Matthew J. , DiPasquale Louis C.
Published: April 2006

The certified drug and cosmetic dye substance known as D & C Yellow No. 11 [2‐(2‐quinolyl)‐1,3 indandione] was tested for its dermal sensitization potential in guinea pigs. An induction regimen consisting of a single footpad injection of Complete Freund's Adjuvant diluted with antigen, and an intradermal injection of antigen, produced delayed‐type hypersensitivity reactions. A high sensitization frequency was observed with 50 μg D & C Yellow No. 11 and the positive control 2,4‐dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). The reaction severities of both DNCB and 50 μg D & C Yellow No. 11 were comparable, A dose‐response profile was obtained with D & C Yellow No. 11 employing several concentrations (50, 250 and 500 μg/ml). Histologic examination of selected skin sites demonstrated a celluar inflammatory response which was consistent with delayed‐type hypersensitivity.
Dermatitis from a chromium dental plate
Authors: Hubler W. R. , Hubler W. R.
Published: April 2006

Systemic absorption of metal or metallic salts from dental and orthopedic surgical implants can produce a cutaneous allergic dermatitis in susceptible individuals. Mercury, nickel and cobalt are the most common metals to elicit such systemic allergic reactions from chronic internal exposure. A case is presented of a generalized eczematoid dermatitis apparently caused by allergy to chromium liberated from a metal dental plate.
Turpentine: an attempt to explain sensitization to this allergen in Spain
Authors: Romaguera C. , Camarasa J. M. G. , Grimalt F. , Alomar A.
Published: April 2006

On turpentine being removed from the standard international series, and seeing that the % of positives in Spain were high, the Spanish group decided to study chromatographically the components of turpentine in order to know which of these components is present in the highest proportion. Various samples of turpentine are studied and the results are shown.
Oral challenge with metal salts (II). Various types of eczema
Authors: Veien N. K. , Hattel T. , Justesen O. , Nørholm A.
Published: April 2006

299 patients with chronic dermatitis of obscure origin were challenged orally in a controlled study with 2.5 mg nickel, 2.5 mg chromium, and 1 mg cobalt given as salts of the respective metals.

Flares of the dermatitis were seen in 12 of 61 patients with patch‐test‐negative hyperkeratotic eczema, in 9 of 32 patients with patch‐test‐negative perianal eczema, and in 7 of 143 patients with various other patch‐test‐negative eczemas. In this latter group, flares were seen only among patients with nummular eczema or hand eczema. Among 34 patients with various positive patch tests not relevant to the current dermatitis, 3 with hand eczema experienced flares.

Patients who reacted to oral challenge with the metal salt to which they had a positive patch test, included 3 of 9 with nickel allergy. 2 of 5 with cobalt allergy and 6 of 15 with chromate allergy. These patients were tested openly.

Low metal diets were prescribed for 33 patients who had flares after oral challenge with specific metal salts. For 23 of these, the dermatitis cleared or improved markedly after following the diet for at least 4 weeks. Responses to a questionnaire sent to the 23 patients indicated that 16 had followed the prescribed diet rigorously or intermittently for at least a year.
Contact dermatitis due to honeybee royal jelly
Authors: Takahashi Masako , Matsuo Itsuro , Ohkido Muneo
Published: April 2006

A woman who had ingested honeybee royal jelly as a nutrient, showed an exacerbation of dermatitis when it was applied to her feet. A topical fungicide also aggravated her skin lesions. Patch testing showed positive reactions to the royal jelly, pyrrolnitrin in the fungicide and urushiol. Positive reactions to the royal jelly were found in 2 out of 10 controls, 1 of whom was sensitive to propolis.
Experimental sensitization of guinea pigs by drugs
Authors: Rantuccio F. , Coviello C. , Sinisi D. , Scardiqno A. , Conte A.
Published: April 2006

The capacity tegobetain, pyrrolnitrin, tolcylate and chlorquinaldol to induce delayed‐type con tact sensitization was studied in guinea pigs in 2 series of tests using the method of Magnusson & Kligman and the authors’modification of the wholly intradermal Draize technique‐ Histological examination of skin biopsies obtained from the test area demonstrated that tegobetain, pyrrolnitrin and tocyclate are potential sensitizers.
Occupational photosensitivity to diaminodiphenylmethane
Authors: LeVine Mark J.
Published: April 2006

A case is reported of occupational exposure to diaminodiphenylmethane leading to acute photo‐sensitivity. Avoidance of sun exposure with cloth has allowed continued employment while preventing further recurrences.
Allergic contact dermatitis due to highly reactive halogenated compounds
Authors: Pickering F. C. , Ive A.
Published: April 2006

10 cases of dermatitis in a fine organic chemicals plant are reported. These cases were all due to exposure to chemical compounds with reactive bromine or chlorine atoms. This type of chemical is always extremely irritant, but evidence is put forward to suggest that these cases were the result of allergic sensitization. Chemicals with reactive halogen atoms should always be handled with extreme care and patch testing should be approached with caution.
Contact dermatitis to Synthaderm®
Authors: Helland S. , Nyfors A. , Utne L.
Published: April 2006

Allergic contact dermatitis is described in 2 patients treated with Synthaderm®, a polyurethane covering for leg ulcers. One of the patients was patch tested with 3 extractions made from Synthaderm® as well as with 5 isocyanate compounds. Her patch tests were negative to both extractions and isocyanates, but positive to Synthaderm® samples with different batch numbers and years of production.
Standard photopatch testing with Waxtar®, para‐aminobenzoic acid, potassium dichromate and balsam of Peru
Authors: Kroon Susanne
Published: April 2006

194 patients were standard photopatch tested with Wastar® as is (coal tar 5%) and 161 patients were photopatched tested with para‐aminobenzoic acid (PABA) 5% in alcohol, potassium dichromate 0.5 in petrolatum, and a mixture of balsams of Peru as is. The photopatches were irradiated with UVA.

40 patients (25%) had phototoxic reactions to Waxtar® and 4 of them showed pigmentation after 7 days. Only a few patients had photocontact urticaria. I patient had a late‐reaction to PABA and showed a cross‐reaction to glyceryl PABA but a negative reaction to paraphenylenediamine (PPD) and benzociane 5% in the standard test.

No patients had positive photopatch reactions to potassium dichromate when irradiated with UVA.2 patients had phototoxic reactions to balsam of Peru. None had photoallergic reactions.

Standard photopatch testing is a time consuming procedure which creates problems both for the staff and for the patients. The yield of unexpected, relevant positive reactions is insignificant.

From a cost‐benefit view, photopatch testing is only warranted in cases giving rise to a clinical suspiction of photodermatitis.
Phototoxicity of Heracleum laciniatum
Authors: Kavli G. , Volden G. , Middlefart K. , Haugsbø S. , Prytz J. O.
Published: April 2006

Phytophotodermatitis from Heracleum laciniatum is described in 2 typical cases. Experimental phytophotodermatitis was produced using homogenates from leaves of the plant and long‐wave ultraviolet light. The homogenates of leaves produced strong phototoxic reactions. The minimal phototoxic erythema dose was determined to be lowest for abdominal and midback skin.

The action spectrum for Heracleum Laciniatum homogenates applied topically was found to be in the range 315–375 nm with peak sensitivity at 330–335 nm.
Studies on purity and stability of photopatch test substances
Authors: Bruze Magnus , Fregert Sigfrid
Published: April 2006

19 photo substances were studied by thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) as fresh solutions, and during storage under various conditions. Chlorhexidine was excluded as it is sparingly soluble and only used in commercial products as a derivative. Trichlorocarbanilide was the only substance shown to be impure from the start. Only benzocaine, buclosamide, chlorhexidine acetate and chlorhexidine gluconate remained unchanged to the naked eye, and in TLC. The other substances were changed in colour and/or in their TLC‐pattern. An extraction method is described which makes it possible to use TLC for the examination of substances in petrolatum preparations. UV‐absorption spectra have also been examined for all the substances.
The sensitizing capacity of Alstroemeria cultivars in man and guinea pig
Authors: Hausen B. M. , Prater E. , Schubert H.
Published: April 2006

Dermatitis in 8 female nursery workers handling Alstroemeria ligtu cultivars has been proven in 6 cases to be of allergic origin. Epicutaneous tests with cut flower extracts as well as with the isolated and purified sensitizer were positive. Successful animal experiments corroborated the sensitising capacity of Alstroemeria cultivars. The responsible but unstable contact allergen. α‐methylene‐γ‐butyrolactone (tulipalin A), was found in short ether extracts of flower petals in concentrations up to 18%. Due to its instability, subsequent extractions were performed with methanol, yielding the sensitising constituent after purification in the glucosidic form (tuliposide A). This could be stored at room temperature for longer periods without loss of activity. Tuliposide A was determined in specimens of Alstroemeria ligtu cultivars of 14 different origins of various colours: its content varied between 1 and 2%. Direct testing of the plant material in human patients carries the risk of false positive reactions and active sensitization, as the threshold for both forms of the allergen is very high. Only a concentration of 0.01% can be considered safe.
A simple method for the detection of formaldehyde
Authors: Fregert S. , Dahlquist I. , Gruvberger B.
Published: April 2006

The commonly used chromotropic acid method for the determination of formaldehyde sometimes produces a masking discolouration. We have therefore evaluated a complementary method in which acetylacetone is used as the reagent. By a combination of the 2 methods, formaldehyde can be traced in most products.
Skin irritation by dithranol (anthralin) and its 10‐acyl analogues in 3 animal models
Authors: Männistö Pekka , Havas Anita , Haasio Kristiina , Hanhijärvi Hannu , Mustakallio Kimmo
Published: April 2006

The skin irritant properties of a single application of dithranol (anthralin), a typical “delayed irritant”, and its 10‐acyl analogues in acetone or while petrolatum were compared in 3 animals models. Maximal irritation was reached at about 24 h in mouse ear, 48 h in guinea pig back and 1 week ill miniature swine back, the last‐mentioned serving as a good model of human skin. In all animal species, butantrone was significantly less irriant than dithranol, 10‐acetyl dithranol or 10‐propionyl dithranol. 10‐acetyl dithranol was the most irritant compound. Clinical trials with butantrone on psoriasis are justified.
Standard patch tests in agricultural workers*
Authors: Garcia‐Perez A. , Garcia‐Bravo B. , Beneit J. V.
Published: April 2006

The results obtained with a standard patch test series in a group of agricultural workers is compared with a control group. Statistically significant differences in the frequency of several allergens were found. The possible causes of these differences are discussed.
Effect of vehicle on elicitation of DNCB contact allergy in the guinea pig
Authors: Christensen Ole B. , Christensen Monica B. , Maibach Howard I.
Published: April 2006

22 DNCB sensitized guinea pigs were challenged with varying amounts dissolved in alcohol, acetone and olive oil. DNCB applied in alcohol resulted in almost 100% positive reactions; the test scores correlated to dose. When similar amounts were applied in alcohol and acetone, the former produced a significantly higher degree of positivity. The importance of defining allergen concentration, volume or weight of test substance applied and test are size, when comparing test results in guinea pigs and humans, is emphasized.
Persistent light reactions
Authors: Burry John N.
Published: April 2006

A review of persistent light reactions in South Australia is related to the European, American and Australian experience of photosensitivity and compositae dermatitis. It is argued that contact and drug photosensitising chemicals are retained in the dermis and slowly metabolised, and that actinic reticuloid will clear if all potential photosensitisers are avoided.
Cutaneous reactions to surgical preparations and dressings
Authors: Marks James G. , Rainey Mark A.
Published: April 2006

A prospective study of 100 surgical patients was undertaken to identify causes of contact dermatitis. Patch testing with the North American Contact Dermatitis Standard Series and additional agents used in the surgical preparation and dressing was performed in 11 patients with post‐operative dermatitis or a history of tape allergy. 12 patients were diagnosed as having irritant (mechanical) contact dermatitis. One patient had allergic contact dermatitis to benzoin postoperatively; another patient with a history of an adhesive tape reaction had a positive patch test to thiuram mix, rubber accelerators formerly present in adhesive tapes. Our findings indicate that irritant contact dermatitis is a common problem in the surgical patient. Allergic contact dermatitis is less common, occurring in 2 of the 100 patients.
Allergic contact dermatitis to a colophony derivative
Authors: James William D.
Published: April 2006

5 patients developed acute allergic contact: dermatitis to a wood rosin present in the adhesive of tapes used to approximate the edges of incisions. The exposure history consistently included application after an orthopedic procedure with subsequent occlusion under a cast for 3 weeks.
An attempt to isolate and identify allergens in lanolin
Authors: Fregert Siegfrid , Dahlquist Inger , Trulsson Lena
Published: April 2006

One sensitizer, a sterol, has previously been reported to be present in lanolin. In this study, a related substance, a sterol, with a molecular weight of 424 has been isolated. A few sensitive subjects did not real to this substance. Lanolin probably contains several sensitizers. Sensitization to lanolin in guinea pigs seems previously to have failed. In this study, a methanol extract of a lanolin preparation contain in large amounts of sterols sensitized guinea pigs.
Occupational burns
Authors: Eun Hee Chul , Kim Kwang Chong , Cha Chul Whan
Published: April 2006

Certain occupations cause particular kinds of burn. Minor burns are usually neglected, Observation of industrial workers during routine annual medical examination found many workers with minor occupational burns and their sequalae. Some were so characteristic that they tan be regarded as occupational marks.
Contact sensitivity to nickel in white gold
Authors: Fischer Torkel , Fregert Sigfrid , Gruvberger Birgitta , Rystedt Ingela
Published: April 2006

Nickel release from white gold discs stored at room temperature for I week in synthetic sweat was analyzed. The nickel content of the discs was 2–15%. The nickel release from the discs was 0.09–0.82μg. Rhodium plating reduced the nickel release to 0.04–0.54 μg 18 nickel‐sensitive women were patch tested with the while gold discs and all showed at least 1 positive patch test reaction. All the white gold discs gave a negative dimethylglyoxime test.
Allergic contact dermatitis due to nonylphenol ethoxylate (Nonoxynol‐6)*
Authors: Nethercott James R. , Lawrence Murray J.
Published: April 2006

The non‐ionic emulsifier “nonoxynol‐6” found in an industrial waterless hand cleanser induced allergic contact dermatitis on the upper extremities of a uranium mill maintenance worker. The chemical is an irritant for the rabbit. It was not shown to be a cutaneous sensitizer for the albino guinea pig using the guinea pig maximization test.