bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Cereal Cyst Eelworm on Spring‐sown Cereals
Authors: Dixon G. M.
Published: April 2007

Regression analyses of the effect of cereal cyst eelworm (Heterodera avenae Woll.) on spring‐sown wheat, barley and oats in two fields during 1963 and 1964 showed that the eelworm attack had reduced the yields of all three cereals in both years. For every ten eggs of H. avenae per g of soil before cropPl.ng there was an approximate loss of 3 cwt/acre (376 kg/ha) of oats and 1·5 cwt/acre (188 kg/ha) of wheat, but only 0·6 cwt/acre (75 kg/ha) of barley. Thus the loss of oats was about twice that of wheat and five times that of barley.

These results are compared with those of other workers some of whom used resistant cultivars or soil fumigants.
Experiments on the Control of Currant Clearwing Moth (Synanthedon tipuliformis (Clerck)) on Gooseherries
Authors: Sykes G. B.
Published: April 2007

Spraying trials against the currant clearwing moth (Synanthedon tipuliformis) on gooseberries during 1962–1964 showed that an application of 0·08 per cent azinphos‐methyl soon after harvest decreased the number of dying bushes and gave an increased yield of fruit. Further trials, using the same insecticide, in 1965–1966 showed that the larval population in the treated bushes was decreased by 50–67 per cent.
Observations on the Phytotoxicity and Other Effects of Fungicides used on Black Currants
Authors: Shipton P. J.
Published: April 2007

Observations on the phytotoxic eifects of the fungicides quinometh–lonate, dinocap and lime sulphur on the foliage, yield, and extension growth ot five cultivars of black currants are described.

Quinomethionate was very severely phytotoxic to cvs. Seabrook's Black and Laxton's Giant, while other cultivars were affected slightly or not at all. Lime sulphur adversely affected all cultivars to some extent but dinocap was almost non‐phytotoxic.

The effects of the fungicides on the incidence of leaf spot (Pseudo‐peziza ribis) are also recorded.
A Comparison of the Pathogenicity of Gloeotinia temulenta Isolates from the United Kingdom and the Netherlands in Relation to their Use as Selective Agents in a Breeding Programme
Authors: Wright C. E. , Sproule T. R. M.
Published: April 2007

Perennial ryegrass clones of known disease reaction, ranging from resistant to very susceptible, were used as differentials to determine if the strains of Gloeotinia temulenta which, for the first time in 1965, caused severe infection in seed crops in the Netherlands were the same as those already present in the British Isles. Although mixed spores from Netherlands isolates caused slightly lower infection than mixed spores from the British Isles, the clones were ranked very similarly in infection tests when spores from both sources were used, and it is suggested that the races were probably the same. It was concluded that mixed spores from either country would be equally efficient in selecting resistant Plants for use in breeding disease‐resistant cultivars of perennial ryegrass.
Aphids and the Spread of Leaf Roll Virus in Seed Potatoes in the North Riding of Yorkshire, 1964–66
Authors: Rogerson J. P. , White J. H.
Published: April 2007

Aphid infestation and the spread of leaf roll virus have been studied on four farms in the North Riding of Yorkshire, all of which grew seed potatoes in 1964–66 inclusive. Aphid activity, as measured by the Angle of Colonization, was low at these sites. Even with the low aphid populations normally found in seed potato crops in the area, a small influx of virus‐carrying aphids could infect more Plants than the official certification scheme tolerances allow.

Considerable variation occurred in the proportion of infected Plants found in daughter stocks grown‐on the following year; reasons for this are given.
A Gall‐forming Nematode (Anguina sp.) Parasitic on Cocksfoot Grass
Authors: Southey J. F.
Published: April 2007

Galls due to Anguina sp. (Nematoda, Tylenchidae) occurring in samPl.es of commercial cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) seed are described and illustrated, and earlier records of Anguina on cocksfoot grass are reviewed. In a pot experiment the nematode induced galls, and reproduced in them, on basal shoots of cocksfoot Plants as well as in the inflorescences, but shoot galls were not observed in fields from which infested seed had originated. A simPl.e method is described for detecting Anguitm larvae in samPl.es of grass seed. The Anguina species from cocksfoot differs from A. agrostis (Steinbuch) Filipjev but has not yet been identified with certainty.
Further Tests with Insecticides for the Control of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) on Year‐Round Chrysanthemums
Authors: Gould H. J.
Published: April 2007

Eleven pesticides were compared for the control of a strain of Myzus persicae resistant to contact organophosphorus pesticides on year‐round chrysanthemums growing in pots.

The pesticides were applied as sprays, drenches or granules. Several of the pesticides were phytotoxic in varying degrees to the cultivar Heyday.

Drenches of oxydemeton‐methyl, demeton‐S‐methyl and demephion gave good results for several weeks but granules of the carbamates aldi‐carb, PP062 and C13963 were more effective and more persistent.
Effect of CCC on Eyespot (Cercosporella herpotrichoides) of Winter Wheat
Authors: Slope D. B. , Humphries E. C. , Etheridge Judith
Published: April 2007

CCC applied to winter wheat crops sometimes lessened lodging and increased grain yield, but had no effect on the incidence of eyespot or severity of the lesions.
Effect of Paraflan Wax on Field Control of Potato Blight by Copper Oxychloride
Authors: McIntosh A. H. , Eveling D. W. , Melville S. C.
Published: April 2007

A formulation of copper oxychloride, containing emulsified paraffin wax, was compared with a commercial wettable powder in conventional field spraying trials for control of potato bhght (Phvtophthora infestans). Spraying with the wax formulation usually gave a significant increase in yield under conditions where the wettable powder did not. However, differences in copper residues on the foliage, and in control of blight, were slight. The wax may offset the effects of damage done to the Plants by the copper oxychloride.
Further Observations on Cyst Colour Changes in Potato Cyst Eelworm Pathotypes
Authors: Guile C. T.
Published: April 2007

Observations in 1967 and 1968 on developing cysts of potato cyst eelworm (Heterodera rostochiensis Woll.) indicated that the colour change sequence in pathotype B differed markedly from that of pathotypes A and E (formerly called C) in passing through a short cream and then a prolonged creamy‐yellow phase before finally turning brown. The creamy‐yellow phase was not easily distinguished from the short pale yellow of pathotype A or the short pale creamy‐yellow of pathotype E, unless individual cultures were closely examined at regular intervals. Screening tests, however, suggested that pathotype B is probably rare or even absent in the East Midlands and parts of Wales and may be ignored when examining the roots of infested commercial potatoes for pathotypes A or E, the developing cysts of which can be readily distinguished by colour differences.
Cereal Pratylenchus spp. in England and Wales, and their Recognition
Authors: Corbett D. C. M.
Published: April 2007

Pratylenchus spp. were the commonest plant‐parasitic nematodes found during a survey of fields growing barley or wheat in England and Wales. P. minyus occurred in all soil types, often together with P. thornei in heavy soil, and with P. crenatus and/or P.fallax in light soil. P. pinguicaudatus was found only in heavy soil in a field of wheat at Rothamsted Experimental Station. Drawings, descriptions and a key are given to enable the five species to be identified.
Virus‐like Symptoms on Cotyledons of Cucurbit Plants caused by Pseudomonas syringae van Hall
Authors: Ramaswamy S. , Garrett Constance M. E.
Published: April 2007

In experiments to transmit viruses from fruit trees to herbaceous plants, extracts from pear petals and dormant cherry buds rubbed onto cotyledons of young cucumber and squash plants caused virus‐like necrotic local lesions. Pseudomonas syringae van Hall was isolated from these lesions and caused similar symptoms when reinoculated to cucumber and squash. Infectious squash sap was non‐infectious after passage through a bacteriological filter. These lesions caused by P. syringae are similar to some symptoms reported to be caused by virus infection.
Further Seed Dressing Trials against Wheat Bulb Fly (Leptohylemyia coarctata (Fall.)) in East Anglia, 1966–68
Authors: Maskell E. E.
Published: April 2007

A seed dressing of chlorfenvinphos, ethion or carbophenothion gave good control of wheat bulb fly (Leptohylemyia coarctata (Eall.)) particularly with late drilling, but was less effective with early sowings of winter wheat. The extra insurance of seed dressing against wheat bulb fly for early sowings was worth while where autumn egg numbers were high. “Dursban” (O, O‐diethy10–3, 5, 6‐trichloro‐2‐pyridyl phosphorothioate), formulated as a seed dressing, gave a good kill of larvae but was phytotoxic, particularly on a peaty loam soil.
Effect of Starting Date and Number of Sprays on Apple Scab Control
Authors: Dale W. T. , Knight B. C. , Croxall H. E.
Published: April 2007

When, after adequate spraying in previous years, the level of inoculum was fairly low and there were few infection periods (in the dry seasons 1963–64), good fruit‐scab control on cv. Laxton's Superb was achieved with six protective high‐volume dodine sprays, applied fortnightly between †bud‐burst and fruitlet stage. With increasing inoculum control worsened: eight sprays from bud‐burst were needed for a satisfactory result in 1965 and nine were barely adequate in 1966, the wettest season of the four. By 1964 it already seemed that delaying the first applications until green‐cluster made spraying into July (six applications) desirable, and starting later than bud‐burst in 1965–66 gave inadequate control, even if six or seven sprays were applied.

Thus, where conditions favour scab, protective spraying should always start at bud‐burst. If scab is difficult to find at fruitlet stage, spraying need not be continued beyond that stage.
Root‐lesion Nematodes (Pratylenchus spp) in Britain and their Identification
Authors: Corbett D. C. M.
Published: April 2007

A key is given, with drawings and descriptions, to identify 10 Pratylenchus species: P. convallariae, P. crenatus, P. fallax, P. flakkensis, P. minyus, P. penetrans, P. pinguicaudatus, P. pratensis, P. thornei and P. vulnus.
A Field Inoculation Method for Septoria tritici and Septoria nodorum
Authors: Cooke B. M. , Jones D. Gareth
Published: April 2007

A method is described, using a Czapek Dox V‐8 agar and continuous irradiation with near‐ultraviolet light, which enables large numbers of spores of Septoria tritici and Septoria nodorum to be produced rapidly and also allows easy identification of the two pathogens by their colony morphology. Also, a simple field inoculation method is described which has proved successful both in experiments involving different inoculum concentrations and for the screening of spring and winter wheat cultivars for their reactions against both pathogens.
Measurements of Infestations of Wheat Bulb Fly, Leptohylemyia coarctata (Fall.), and their Relationship with Yield
Authors: Bardner R. , Maskelli F. E. , Ross G. J. S.
Published: April 2007

Data obtained from experiments on the chemical control of wheat bulb fly larvae were used for regression analysis. In these experimerits wheat (cv. Cappelle Desprez) was sown in November, or later, in eastem England in 1957–66. Up to 70 per cent of the variation in yield was accounted for by regressions of yield on measurements made in March of densities of Plants and of larvae, and of Plant development. The possibility of forecasting yields and of estimating yield losses is discussed.
The Abundance of Grass Aphids in Eastern England as shown hy Sticky Trap Catches
Authors: Heathcote G.D.
Published: April 2007

The numbers of several species of grass aphids caught on cylindrical sticky traps at Rothamsted Experimental Station from 1942–46 and from 1951–69, and at Broom's Barn Experimental Station from 1960–69, are given. Metopolophium dirhodum was the commonest grass‐feeding aphid caught. M. dirhodum and Metopolophium festucae are attracted to yellow traps, which were used from 1946 onwards, but relatively few M. festucae were caught compared with M. dirhodum. Macrosiphum avenae, Macrosiphum fragariae and Rhopalosiphum spp. are not strongly attracted to yellow but are impacted by the wind on sticky traps. M. avenae 2ind Metopolophium dirhodum were exceptionally abundant at Rothamsted in 1968. Macrosiphum avenae was also exceptionally abundant at Broom's Barn in 1968, but the largest catch there of Metopolophium dirhodum was in 1961.
Phleum Mottle Virus
Authors: Catherall P. L.
Published: April 2007

A hitherto unrecorded virus having almost spherical particles about 30 nm in diameter was isolated from Phleum pratense and P. bertolonii. It was transmitted to five other species of Phleum, Agrostis nebulosa, Apera spica‐venti and Polypogon maritimus by sap inoculation. The virus was also transmitted by two species of beetle, Lema melanopa and L. lichenis. Some beetles became infective after short feeds on infected plants; others after long feeds. The virus sometimes persisted in the beetles for several days, but sometimes only for a few hours. Several beetles were already infective when caught in the field.
The Use of Malathion to Control the White Clover Seed Weevil, Apion dichroum Bedel (Col., Curculionidae)
Authors: Freeman B. E. , Wimble R. H.
Published: April 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the control of the weevil Apion dichroum Bedel in wild white clover grown for seed using a spray of malathion. The experimental area was approximately 12 acres (4 9 ha) and the design was six blocks each of two plots, one being sprayed and the other unsprayed. The changes with time in the density of flower heads vulnerable to weevil attack and of those suitable for harvesting were recorded. The experiment suggested a useful increase in yield‐18 or more Ib per acre (20 or more kg per ha)‐as a result of the treatment, but there was no conclusive evidence of any increase. An increase of 4 Ib per acre (4 5 kg per ha) would cover the cost of spraying. There was no evidence that spraying reduced the activity of bees. Data from two independent sampling methods show that the weevil population in the treated plots was always less than 10 per cent of that in the untreated ones during the whole period in which the crop was vulnerable to weevil attack.
Anthoxanthum Mosaic Virus
Authors: Catherall P. L.
Published: April 2007

A hitherto unrecorded virus having flexible rod‐shaped particles about 740–760 × 13 nm was isolated from Anthoxanthum odoratwn L. It was transmitted by sap inoculation, but not by several species of insect, seed or soil to 18 species of Gramineae including wheat, oats and barley. In susceptible species the virus normally produced a mosaic mottling of the leaves which was sometimes followed by a necrotic streaking or striping.
The Effect of Mildew and Leaf Blotch on Yield and Quality of cv. Lior Italian Ryegrass
Authors: Davies H. , Williams A. E. , Morgan W. A.
Published: April 2007

A measurement of the effect of mildew and leaf blotch on both yield and quality of Lolium multiflorum (cv. Lior) was undertaken in two trials sown in 1966 and 1967.

Plots were sprayed with a fungicide at 10‐day intervals, and four cuts were taken during the season. Disease assessments were made at the time of cutting. Considerable differences in yield and quality were recorded which could be broadly related to the levels of disease infection in the treatments.
An Estimate of the Loss of Yield caused by Cephalosporium gramineum in Wheat
Authors: Richardson M. J. , Rennie W. J.
Published: April 2007

An investigation on cv. Cappelle Desprez wheat indicated that infected plants yield about 30 per cent that of healthy plants, but much of this yield consists of very small, shrivelled seeds, so that the useful yield of infected plants is very small. At the present levels of infection, however, it is thought that Cephalosporium gramineum is unlikely to be a pathogen of economic importance.
Results of a Three Year Survey of Saddle Gall Midge (Haplodiplosis equestris (Wagn.)) on Spring Barley
Authors: Woodville H. C.
Published: April 2007

The results of a three year survey of the incidence of saddle gall midge, Haplodiplosis equestris (Wagn.), on barley crops in the eastern counties of England are given. The total percentage of fields with galling was 47 per cent in 1967, 39 per cent in 1968 and 60 per cent in 1969. The differences between the years may be related to weather conditions. No correlation between the amount of galling and the yield of grain was established. It is suggested that the level of infestation may be related to soil type. Outside the eastern counties the percentage of infested cereal fields is smaller.
Field Tests of Dichlofluanid against Brassica Downy Mildew (Peronospora parasitica)
Authors: Channon A. G. , Hampson Ruth J. , Gibson Margaret , Turner Mary K.
Published: April 2007

In frame experiments on cabbage and cauliflower seedlings, sprays of dichlofluanid (at 0·05–0·2 per cent a.i.) gave excellent protection against downy mildew on the cotyledons, but unreliable protection of the true leaves. There was an improvement in control of the disease on the leaves by the addition of a non‐ionic wetter to the commercial formulation of the fungicide, though there were some indications of possible phytotoxicity.
A New Factor for Resistance to Club Root in Brassica napus L.
Authors: Johnston T. D.
Published: April 2007

A new race of Plasmodiophora brassicae with a range of pathogenicity to B. napus different from that of previously known races has been isolated. The race is designated N4.

Genetic studies have shown that resistance to N4 is governed by a major gene with resistance dominant to susceptibility.
A Herbicide‐induced Abnormality in Sugar Beet
Authors: Boyd A. E. W. , Erskine D. S. C. , Byford W. J. , Webb D. J.
Published: April 2007

Twisting of roots of sugar beet has been associated with the application to the soil of certain herbicides. Severe twisting resulted in root constrictions which in some respects resembled ‘strangles’. Symptoms were most severe when the herbicide was intimately mixed with the soil either after or immediately before sowing.
A Corky Rot of Jersey Royal Potato Tubers caused by Fusarium oxysporum
Authors: Upstone M. E.
Published: April 2007

A corky rot affecting seed tubers of potato cultivar Jersey Royal is described. The disease, caused by Fusarium oxysporum, occurred on many farms in Jersey in 1968 and 1969. No symptoms were seen in the growing crop or at lifting in June, but dark brown sunken corky lesions, 15 mm diameter, were seen in the autumn. The infection rarely penetrated more than 2 mm and most infected tubers produced a satisfactory crop when planted. The disease did not progress during the winter, and infection seemed to be associated with high temperatures prevailing soon after lifting.
The Effect of Flame Cultivation on Eyespot Disease of Winter Wheat
Authors: Slope D. B. , Etheridge Judith , Callwood J. E.
Published: April 2007

Flame cultivation of wheat stubble, before or after ploughing, did not decrease the incidence of eyespot in July in the following winter wheat crop.
Experiments on the Effect of Plant Losses after Singling on the Yield of Sugar Beet
Authors: Byford W. J.
Published: April 2007

Removing alternate plants or alternate pairs of plants from sugar beet crops during the first week of either June, July or August decreased sugar yields by 5, 16, and 33 per cent or by 10, 19, and 35 per cent respectively. This factor must be taken into account when making estimates of crop yield losses, due to diseases, based on yield losses suffered by single infected plants.
A Guide to the Morphological Differences between Pathotypes of Heterodera rostochiensis Larvae
Authors: Evans E. B. , Webley D. P.
Published: April 2007

Distinguishing features of the spear and the dorsal oesophageal‐gland duct of ‘A’ and ‘E’ pathotypes of Heterodera rostochiensis Woll. larvae are described and illustrated, and a suggested measurement procedure is outlined.
A Laboratory Technique for Testing Red Clover Seedlings for Resistance to Stem Eelworm (Ditylenchus dipsaci)
Authors: Toynbee‐Vlarke Gillian , Bond D. A.
Published: April 2007

summary

A technique for selecting red clover seedlings for resistance to stem eelworm (Ditylenchus dipsaci) is described. This includes collection and drying of infected material, extraction of the eelworms, growing seedlings on vertical plates, and inoculation on filter paper. A method of assessment of the symptoms of infection after three weeks is described, and an example of results using this technique is quoted.
Resistance of Chrysanthemum Cultivars to White Rust (Puccinia horiana)
Authors: Martin P. H. , Firman I.D.
Published: April 2007

A whole‐plant method for screening chrysanthemum cultivars for resistance to white rust is described. Of 270 cultivars of the florists’ chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum sinense Sabine) tested, 93 showed some infection. According to the severity of infection these were rated as susceptible, moderately susceptible, resistant and very resistant. The remaining two thirds were rated as practically immune or immune.
Some Experiments with Thiabendazole and Benomyl as Post‐harvest Treatments for the Control of Storage Rots of Apples
Authors: Edney K. L.
Published: April 2007

Good control of rots, derived from conidia of Gloeosporium perennans applied to cvs. Cox's Orange Pippin and Sunset apples after harvest, has been obtained with dips of thiabendazole and benomyl at 300 p.p.m. Natural infection of Cox's Orange Pippin was considerably reduced by this treatment providing the level of infection was not high. Control of heavy infection was poor with this cultivar but good with Sunset. It is suggested that a combination of pre and post‐harvest applications of either material could be a successful method of treatment.
Incidence of Lettuce Mosaic Virus in Imported Lettuce Seed
Authors: Hall Christine M. , Bennett A. H.
Published: April 2007

Seventeen samples of imported lettuce seed were tested for infection with lettuce mosaic virus. Only two samples had an infection level greater than one per cent. The results indicate that the amount of virus entering the United Kingdom in imported lettuce seed is likely to be low.
Infection of Tomato Seedlings by Colletotrichum coccodes (Wallr.) Hughes
Authors: Dunn E. , Roy A. K.
Published: April 2007

The effect of Colletotrichum coccodes on the germination of tomato seedlings in soil is described. Damage to tomato seedlings at germination by this fungus has not previously been recorded.
An Evaluation of Benomyl as a Scab/Mildew Fnngicide in the United Kingdom
Authors: Evans E. , Marshall J. , Hammond C.
Published: April 2007

An extensive series of field trials with benomyl against apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) and powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha) confirmed the excellent control of both diseases achieved with regular schedules of treatment from bud‐burst to early July. An extended schedule of monthly sprays only shghtly reduced its efficiency against scab, although its activity against mildew was distinctly inferior when the intervals were increased in this manner. Benomyl also causes an apparent stimulation of vegetative growth. There are also indications of increased yields from such treatments without any adverse effect on fruit finish.
Control of Bulb Scale Mite and Stem Nematode of Narcissus, and Reclaiming Forced Bulbs
Authors: Winfleld A. L.
Published: April 2007

Bulbs of narcissus cv. Quirinus were stored for six weeks at 48°F (8‐9°C) then were given 1 or 2 hr treatments in water at 112°F (44‐4°C) or 2,300 p.p.m. thionazin solution at ambient temperature. All treatments controlled bulb scale mite (Steneotarsonemus laticeps (Halb.)) and stem nematode (Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kühn) Filipjev) well, and growth and flowering during forcing were normal. The bulbs were then grown outdoors for two years but only those that had been hot‐water treated (112°F for 3 hr) after forcing maintained or slightly increased their planting weight. Bulbs that were not hot‐water treated after forcing survived poody, mainly due to stem nematode damage. Bulb scale mite was controlled by treatments that were inadequate for stem nematode.
The Effect of Glume Blotch on the Yield of Winter Wheat
Authors: Melville S. C. , Jemmett J. L.
Published: April 2007

Frequent spraying with fungicides gave a fairly good control of glume blotch (Septoria nodorum) in winter wheat and increased the persistence of green leaf tissue. Spraying resulted in substantial increases in yield which related well to the degree of disease control achieved; the increase over unsprayed ranged from 18 to 43 per cent, depending on the fungicide used. The whole of the yield increase could be accounted for in terms of 1,000 grain weight.
Biological Control of Tetranychus urticae on Stock Plants of Ornamental Ivy
Authors: Gould H. J. , Light W. I. St. G.
Published: April 2007

The predacious mite Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias‐Henriot gave a good control of the red spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Koch), on Hedera stock plants after routine sprays of dicofol had failed to give satisfactory results.
Estimation of the Distribution of Verticillium Populations in Infected Strawberry Plants and Soil
Authors: Jordan V. W. L.
Published: April 2007

A rapid dilution‐plate technique has been evolved for the quantitative assay of the inoculum density of Verticillium spp. in infected plant tissues and in soil. Results showed a very high level of the pathogen (1,500 propagules/g soil) in the top 10 cm of soil from a severely‐infested strawberry site with the counts decreasing at lower depths. The top 30 cm of soil contained 98 per cent of the total estimated population.

Abundant Verticillium inoculum was present in all vegetative tissues of infected plants with the exception of fruit stalks, the highest counts being recorded in root extracts. The relatively high inoculum level of the pathogen in stolon extracts demonstrates one method by which young runners may become infected.
Effect of Captan Seed Dressing on Carrot Emergence
Authors: Perry D. A. , Hegarty T. W.
Published: April 2007

Emergence trials with carrot seed showed that response to dusting with captan varied between seed lots and on different sowing dates. The response was greatest when seeds were exposed to soil moisture stress. Correlation coefficients between germination and emergence of treated seed were significant.
Insect Visitors to Pear Blossom
Authors: Emmett B. J.
Published: April 2007

Observations were made in 1967 and 1968 to discover which insect species were visiting pear blossom in three orchards in south‐east England. On primary (spring) blossom the most numerous were honey bees and several species of andrenid bees; also common though less numerous were the calliphorid flies Calliphora and Lucilia spp. and several species of syrphid flies including Eristalis. On secondary (summer) blossom bees of any kind were rare; the most numerous insects were syrphid flies, though there were fewer than on primary blossom; calliphorid flies were rare. Very few insects were found on the foliage in the summer. Several fly species were found on trees in the autumn and one was carrying the fireblight organism.
Insect Transmission of Fireblight
Authors: Emmett B. J. , Baker Lily A. E.
Published: April 2007

The following insects, after being allowed contact with a culture of Erwinia amylovora and then enclosed with trusses of primary blossom of pear or apple, were found to transmit fireblight disease to (a) pear: an aphid species, Meligethes sp., Bombus terrestris, B. hortorum. Apis mellifera, Andrena varians, Hoplocampa testudinea, Eristalis tenax, Neoascia sp., Scopeuma stercorarium; and to (b) apple: Andrena varians, H. testudinea, E. tenax and Lucilia sp. In preliminary tests the following transmitted the disease to vegetative shoots of (a) pear: Psylla simulans, Philaenus spumarius, Lygocoris pabulinus and Orthotylus marginalis; and (b) apple: Psylla simulans.
Chemical Control of Blossom Wilt of Apple
Authors: Byrde R. J. W. , Melville S. C.
Published: April 2007

Excellent control of blossom wilt of apple, caused by Sclerotinia laxa f. mali, was obtained in 1968 and 1969 by the use of two sprays of benomyl (0.025 per cent active ingredient), applied as the first flowers opened, and again about seven days later. There were indications that each of the two applications contributed to the control of the disease. Similar applications of dithianon (0.075 per cent active ingredient) were somewhat less effective.
The Distribution in Scotland of Tobacco Rattle Virus and its Nematode Vectors in Relation to Soil Type
Authors: Cooper J. I.
Published: April 2007

Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) was transmitted from tubers of 13 out of 15 potato cultivars with spraing (20/22 stocks tested) and cucumber bait seedlings became infected with the virus when grown in soil from all the fields where crops had become affected with spraing. Trichodorus pachydermus Seinhorst and/or T. primitivus (de Man) occurred in all 106 TRV‐infested soils examined; in addition, T. nanus Allen was found in five, T. cylindricus Hooper in two and an unidentified species in one TRV‐infested soil. TRV is considered to be the major cause of potato spraing in Scotland, and T. pachydermus and T. primitivus to be the main vectors.

TRV occurred in 106 out of 153 (68 per cent) freely drained podsols derived from fluvioglacial, raised beach, till, alluvial or sand‐dune deposits but was not found on heavy, badly drained soils. About 12 per cent of Scotland's potato acreage is estimated to be on TRV‐infested soil and 15–20 per cent of the total arable acreage is probably infested with Trichodorus spp. Many of the soils infested with Trichodorus spp. are inherently deficient in copper and manganese. In laboratory experiments, solutions of cupric sulphate (16 p.p.m. Cu) were toxic to T. pachydermus, T. primitivus and T. cylindricus but not to a mixture of other saprozoic and stylet‐bearing nematodes from a Trichodorus infested soil.
A Survey of Crown Gall in Rootstock Beds of Apple, Cherry, Plum and Quince in England
Authors: Lelliott R. A.
Published: April 2007

Seventeen nurseries in England were surveyed for crown gall (Agrobacterium tumefaciens). The disease was detected in nine of 101 apple root‐stock beds examined: five were on the only nursery surveyed that was on peat soil (pH 5.9) and 49–84 per cent of stools in these beds were galled; 1–4 per cent was recorded in single beds on four other nurseries. It was found on five of seven nurseries with F12/1 cherry rootstock beds: three of four stool beds examined had 6, 6 and 43 per cent of stools affected, and two of three layer beds had 4 and 12 gall clusters/ 20 yd (18.3 m) run of bed. Slight infection (one gall cluster in 20 yd of bed) was found in one of 17 plum beds on seven nurseries, and 16 per cent of stools affected were in one of 14 quince A beds on 11 nurseries. The presence or amount of crown gall could not be related to type of bed, to age of bed, to soil pH or to type of loam or silt soil.
Comparison of Four Insecticides for the Control of the Common Green Capsid, Lygocoris pabulinus (L.) (Heteroptera‐Miridae), on Apple Trees
Authors: Wightman J. A.
Published: April 2007

Single sprays of DDT, malathion, azinphos‐methyl and vamidothion were applied to apple trees at petal fall in 1967 and 1968 for the control of Lygocoris pabulinus in a commercial orchard in the west of England. The degree of control was assessed by sampling the number of capsids and newly damaged twigs in each treatment after spraying. Control on all sprayed trees was virtually complete in 1967. In the following year DDT, azinphos‐methyl and vamidothion gave 74, 67 and 81 per cent control respectively, whereas no L. pabulinus was found on malathion‐treated trees and only 0.2 per cent of the twigs assessed for damage showed recent feeding punctures. It was concluded that vamidothion and azinphos‐methyl gave as good control of this species as DDT and that malathion gave better control.
Tylenchus emarginatus and Tylenchorhynchus dubius associated with Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis) Seedlings
Authors: Gowen S. R.
Published: April 2007

Experiments in tubes showed that Sitka spruce was a good host for Tylenchus emarginatus and Tylenchorhynchus dubius and that these nematodes were able to stunt root growth. Both species were more abundant in plots at Wobum, Bedfordshire, where Sitka spruce was grown repeatedly than in nearby land under other crops. In 1968 nematodes were more numerous in plots with nitrogen fertilizer than in those without. In 1969 they were fewer, possibly because populations remaining from 1968 were too great for the seedlings to support and/or because rainfall was much less.
Observations on the Biology and Control of Tortricid Larvae on Strawberries
Authors: Vernon J. D. R.
Published: April 2007

Observations made in England between 1965 and 1970 showed that larvae of Acleris comariana (Zell.), Clepsis spectrana (Treits.), Lozotaenia forsterana ( F.), Cnephasia interjectana (Haw.), Cacoecimorpha pronubana (Hübn.) and Argyroploce lacunana (Den. & Schiff.) occur on strawberry. Of the pesticides tested primarily against Acleris comariana, azinphos‐methyl, fenitrothion, malathion, methidathion, mevinphos, parathion and trichlorphon gave very good control of second generation larvae when applied at 200 gal/acre (2,245 l./ha). DDT and TDE gave relatively poor control. When applied against first generation larvae in the spring at 100 gal/acre (1,123 l./ha), azinphos‐methyl, fenitrothion, metkidathion and trichlorphon were less effective though the number of larvae was reduced by over 50 per cent. DDT, phosalone and phosmet also killed over 50 per cent of first generation larvae, but dichlorvos and Dupont 1642 did not; malathion gave variable results.
The Transmission of Rhynchosporium secalis by Infected Barley Seed
Authors: Habgood R. M.
Published: April 2007

The transmission of Rhynchosporium secalis by infected barley seed was demonstrated, 2 per cent of the seeds from a heavily infected crop producing infected seedlings. Complete control of this source of inoculum was achieved by hot‐water treatment, but only partial contrpl by an organomercury dust seed dressing.
The Control of White Rot (Sclerotium cepivorum Berk.) in Salad Onions with Dicloran
Authors: Fletcher J. T. , Knight B. C. , Bate E. , Cragg I. A.
Published: April 2007

Dicloran treatment of onion seeds either pelleted or as dust dressing resulted in an increase in yield of salad onions in field experiments. There were indications that the incidence of white rot was reduced as a result of this treatment. In laboratory and field experiments other chemicals were either less effective or phytotoxic.
The Occurrence of Two New Physiologic Races of Puccinia striiformis Westend. in Britain
Authors: Chamberlain N. H. , Doodson J. K. , Johnson R.
Published: April 2007

Two new physiologic races of yellow rust infecting wheat have been identified in Britain. The races are able to infect previously resistant cultivars and breeding material in an advanced stage of development. The two races are distinct from each other and have been named race IB and race 3/55D.
The Production, Handling and Distribution of the Whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum and its Parasite Encarsia formosa for use in Biological Control Programmes in Glasshouses
Authors: Scopes N. E. A. , Biggerstaff S. M.
Published: April 2007

A method of mass‐producing the glasshouse whitefly, Trialemodes vaporariorum, and its parasite Encarsia formosa on Nicotiana tabacun is described. Whiteflies of known age are produced for introducing into glasshouses before the introduction of the parasite. They are also produced for stock multiplication of the parasite. The production cycles of the adult parasite are 36 and 40 days respectively for stock multiplication and distribution on nurseries.

The cool storage of parasite pupae for use in biological control programmes is discussed. 50–60 per cent emergence of parasite pupae occurs after 36–43 days if stored at 12–13°C. However if transferred to room temperature after 20 days, 70 per cent emergence may be expected after five days. Humidity in cool storage did not affect the survival of pupae.
Observations on the Possible Control of Tetranychus urticae on Strawberries by Phytoseiulus persimilis
Authors: Simmonds S. P.
Published: April 2007

Observations at a holding in south‐west England from 1967–70 have shown that the mite predator Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias‐Henriot can effectively control the red spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Koch), both on strawberries under glass cloches and in unprotected rows outside.
European Wheat Striate Mosaic Disease in 1970
Authors: Plumb R. T.
Published: April 2007

A greater prevalence of European wheat striate mosaic was reported in English winter wheat crops in 1970 than in any previous year and loss of yield in one crop was probably as much as 10 per cent.

At Rothamsted, infected plants were first found at the beginning of May and symptoms appeared in others until the middle of June. Most infections probably occurred before spring cereals emerged but a few plants became infected in spring‐sown crops. Most infected plants produced no grain. The mild autumn of 1969 and a previous crop of spring wheat may have been partly responsible for the unusually prevalent infection at Rothamsted.
Phoma apiicola on Celery Seed
Authors: Hewett P. D.
Published: April 2007

Viable Phoma apiicola was found occasionally on celery seed samples. The preferred method of detection was a growing‐on test in a cool glasshouse: cotyledon and leaf lesions were produced in conditions of high humidity.
A Seedling Blight of Antirrhinum caused by Pseudomonas antirrhini
Authors: Simpson Carol J. , Jones G. Elis , Taylor J. D.
Published: April 2007

Seedling blight of Antirrhinum caused by Pseudomonas antirrhini is described for the first time in the United Kingdom. An account is given of the disease symptoms, the pathogenicity of Ps. antirrhini and its host range and control.
Phytotoxicity of Methyl Bromide to Chrysanthemum Cuttings
Authors: Gostick K. G. , Powell D. F.
Published: April 2007

The damage caused to unrooted chrysanthemum cuttings by methyl bromide fumigation was lessened by storing the cuttings for one day at 4°C before fumigation at 18°C. After such storage, the addition of 10 per cent carbon dioxide to the fumigation atmosphere did not affect the damage caused. There was significant variation in the damage suffered by different cultivars when unrooted cuttings were fumigated at 4 and 18°C and rooted cuttings at 18°C.
Large‐scale Trials of an Integrated Control Programme for Cucumber Pests on Commercial Nurseries
Authors: Gould H. J.
Published: April 2007

An integrated programme of pesticides and biological agents was used for the control of cucumber pests at seven sites in England in 1970. Tetranychus urticae was effectively controlled using the predacious mite Phytoseiulus persimilis. The parasite Encarsia formosa gave variable control of Trialeurodes vaporariorum. Tyrophagus longior was controlled by sprays of parathion applied to the beds or straw bales before planting at five of the six sites where control measures were used, and bed drenches of gamma‐BHC or diazinon gave good control of Thrips tabaci. When used in this way, these pesticides did not aifect the biological control programme. The selective aphicide pirimicarb was used to control Aphis gossypii. Dimethirimol controlled cucumber powdery mildew early in the season but later applications gave control at only one site.
Control of Beet Leaf Miner (Pegomya betae (Curt.)) by Soil‐applied Pesticides
Authors: Winder G. H.
Published: April 2007

Damage to the leaves of sugar‐beet seedlings in eastern England by larvae of Pegomya betae (Curt.) was prevented or greatly decreased by drilling aldicarb, Dupont 1410, methomyl, ‘Mocap’ or pirimiphosmethyl at rates in the range 4–60 oz a.i./acre (280–4,204 g/ha) in the furrow with the seed.
Barley Leaf Blotch Epidemics in Relation to Weather Conditions with Observations on the Overwintering of the Disease on Barley Debris
Authors: Polley R. W.
Published: April 2007

The development of barley leaf blotch was observed over a three year period (1968–1970) on 1/34th acre (0.012 ha) plots using cultivar Sultan. Epidemic development was found to be closely associated with the frequency of periods of 12 hr or more when the relative humidity did not fall below 90 per cent and precipitation occurred at least 9 hr before the end of the period, with a temperature mean of not less than 10°C during the period. The infection period was derived from data obtained from experiments made in a glasshouse. The carry‐over of the disease was investigated during the winter of 1968/69 and a correlation found between the number of infected seedlings in the 1969 spring sown crop and disease levels in the previous barley crop. An overwintering state of the fungus induced by artificial inoculation on barley straw is described.
Further Trials on Alternatives to DDT for the Control of Pre‐blossom Pests on Apple and Pear
Authors: Vernon J. D. R. , Gould H. J.
Published: April 2007

Between 1967 and 1970, 19 insecticides in nine trials in southern and eastern England were evaluated for the control of pre‐blossom pests on apple. Where sprays were applied at the green‐cluster stage, azinphos‐ methyl, dichlorvos, ‘Dursban’, fenitrothion, methidathion and phos‐ alone gave an equivalent or better control than DDT of winter moth larvae, tortricid larvae and apple capsid. Iodofenphos, phosmet and trichlorphon were also as effective as DDT against tortricid larvae and apple capsid but gave more variable control of winter moth larvae. Carbaryl, Ciba C11042, cyanophos, monocrotophos and pirimiphos‐methyl in single trials and Du Pont 1642 and ‘Torak’ also gave effective control of winter moth and tortricid larvae; no data were available on their effect on apple capsid.

Dichlorvos, ‘Dursban’. fenitrothion, methidathion and phosmet were particularly effective against apple sucker. Cyanophos, Du Pont 1642, iodofenphos, monocrotophos and ‘Torak’ were also effective in single trials, but azinphos‐methyl, phosalone and trichlorphon gave less effective control of apple sucker when infestations were heavy.

In one trial, azinphos‐methyl, dimethoate and fenitrothion effectively controlled apple‐grass aphid. Where a bud‐burst spray was applied, azinphos‐methyl, DDT, Du Pont 1642,‘Dursban’ and iodofenphos in a single trial all gave some control of apple blossom weevil. Although green‐cluster sprays are generally too late to prevent some damage by apple blossom weevil, some degree of control of larvae was achieved at that stage by azinphos‐methyl, Ciba C11042, Du Pont 1642, pirimiphos‐methyl and ‘Torak’.

In a single trial on pear, azinphos‐methyl or phosalone applied at green cluster or white bud, or methidathion at green cluster, gave a control of winter moth larvae equivalent to DDT.
The Incidence of Sugar Beet Seedling Diseases and Effects of Seed Treatment in England
Authors: Byford W. J.
Published: April 2007

On average, 180 samples of sugar beet seed grown in England between 1958 and 1970, and examined before being steeped in ethyl mercuric phosphate (EMP), had 39 per cent of clusters infected with Phoma betae. However, the fungus damaged few seedlings in commercial crops because this treatment controlled it. In 1969, Aphanomyces sp. was unusually prevalent in sugar beet crops. Treating EMP‐steeped seed with a protectant fungicide did not, on average, significantly increase seedling emergence or final plant stand.
Surveys of Foliar Diseases of Spring Barley in England and Wales 1967‐ ‐ 70
Authors: King J. E.
Published: April 2007

Samples from 250–300 spring‐sown barley crops including all popular cultivars were taken when the grain was milky ripe. The percentage of the leaf area affected by recognizable diseases was recorded for the top two leaves and sub‐samples were tested for barley yellow dwarf virus. Mildew was the most severe disease in the first three years. In 1970, brown rust was most severe. Leaf blotch was the second most severe disease in 1969; in other years it was less severe than mildew and brovm rust. Estimated losses in yield due to mildew were revised in the light of recent data on disease progress. Annual losses of 7–11 per cent, with a mean over the four years of 9 per cent were estimated. Losses caused by leaf blotch infection were estimated to have been about 1 per cent in 1967, 1968 and 1969 and nil in 1970. No consistent annual pattern of distribution of mildew between geographical regions was apparent. Brown rust and leaf blotch infection levels tended to decrease from south to north. Disease severity was related to previous cropping only with respect to leaf blotch in 1969 when crops following a previous barley crop were infected more severely than those following another crop.
Race and Pathogenicity of Phytophthora fragariae from a Red Core Outbreak in Hampshire
Authors: Montgomerie Isabel G. , Kennedy D. M.
Published: April 2007

Twenty‐three pure culture isolates of Phytophthora fragariae were obtained from the cvs. Cambridge Favourite, Cambridge Rival, Gorella and Redgauntlet which had become infected at one site in Hampshire. All were race B66–11. When four isolates were compared, there was no evidence that they had been selected for pathogenicity towards their soiuce cultivar.
Reaction of Some Oat Cultivars to Meloidogyne naasi
Authors: Cook R.
Published: April 2007

In a glasshouse pot test Meloidogyne naasi Franklin developed to the adult stage and produced eggs on 11 cultivars of oats. All cultivars were less susceptible than the spring barley control, and there were differences in susceptibility between them.
The Effect of Fungicides on Leaf Diseases and on Yield in Spring Barley in South‐west England
Authors: Jenkins J. E. E. , Melville S. C. , Jemmett J. L.
Published: April 2007

Summary

In nine experiments in 1966–68, fungicides applied on 8–12 occasions to plots of barley resulted in mean grain yield increases of about 40 per cent. Zineb increased yields by an average of 50 per cent in nine experiments and lime sulphur by 19 per cent in six experiments. In single experiments dichlofluanid increased yields but oxycarboxin did not. In 1968, fungicides applied on only two occasions failed to control disease and to increase grain yield. Large yield increases were associated with a good control of leaf diseases including leaf blotch (Rhynchosporium secalis), halo spot (Selenophoma donacis) and brown rust (Puccinia hordei). Mildew (Erysiphe graminis) was excluded by using resistant cultivars. The diseases were severe late in the season, usually at or after ear emergence. Yield increases were wholly due to an increase in grain weight (1000‐grain weight).
The Effect of an Autumn Attack of Mildew (Erisyphe graminis) on the Growth and Development of Winter Barley
Authors: Finney J. R. , Hall D. W.
Published: April 2007

The results of a field experiment with winter barley in which severe mildew occurred early in the autumn are described. Where the disease was controlled with ethirimol (‘Milstem’)* seed dressing, the production of adventitious roots and tillers in the autumn was significantly increased and more of the tillers developed to maturity leading to higher grain yields.
The Egg‐shell of the Wheat Bulb Fly, Leptohylemyia coarctata (Fall.)
Authors: Jones Margaret G.
Published: April 2007

The shell of wheat bulb fly eggs has plastron areas at either end and a few on the side; the central micropyle is surrounded by petal‐like plastrons.