bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The practice of motivating employees with wages in the Public sector of the People's Republic of China
Authors: Chzhan Khaichzhou
Published: April 2022

The article discusses the practice of motivating employees of the Chinese public sector through wages. The author notes that, in general, the system of "salary" motivation of employees in the public sector is characterized by a rather low role of the basic salary and seniority allowances. The main earnings of employees are provided by the official salary, the coefficients of collective and personal efficiency at work that increase the amount of earnings, allowances and surcharges directly related to the effectiveness of staff work, their professional development and career growth. At the same time, mechanisms are actively used to avoid an excessive gap in the income level of senior employees and the bulk of the staff.   The difference in the salary level is strictly limited, the level of remuneration is tied to the formalized requirements imposed on each specific employee. The article notes that the equalizing principles of remuneration accrual are closely and quite harmoniously combined with purely market ones. The latter makes it possible to motivate employees to highly productive work, improve their qualifications, receive education, participate in the rationalization of production, and at the same time makes it possible to minimize conflicts between senior employees and the bulk of the staff, as well as to avoid the occurrence of such a destructive factor as awareness by the bulk of employees of the injustice of the payroll system.
Architectural and tourist potential of Kyshtym
Authors: Bulatova Evgeniya Konstantinovna
Published: April 2022

The current state of the small South Ural city of Kyshtym is considered from the point of view of its tourist attractiveness. The tourist potential of the city, its spectacular and infrastructural facilities are one of the main factors in the further course of the study. The purpose of the study is to analyze the state of the organization of regional tourism in the Chelyabinsk region in the small town of Kyshtym. The object of the study is the small town of Kyshtym in the Chelyabinsk region. The subject of the study is the analysis of elements of architectural and tourist potential, as a possible transformation of the city into a tourist center of regional significance. The current state of Kyshtym is analyzed from the point of view of its tourist and architectural attractiveness. For this purpose, the method "architectural and tourist potential in urban settlement conditions" is used [2], and its approbation on the example of the small town of the Southern Urals Kyshtym.The scientific novelty is indicated by the fact that with the help of the "tourist and architectural potential analysis" [2] the small town of Kyshtym appears before us not as an industrial and industrial settlement, but as a possible center of regional tourism with significant tourist and architectural potential and elements of tourist activity. Results: a graphoanalytical analysis of the assessment of objects and elements of tourist interest, as well as infrastructure facilities for tourist services in the South Ural city is presented. The sequential stages of analysis in this method are highlighted, starting from the identification of spectacular and infrastructural objects and up to graphic schemes for creating a tourist complex with tourist activity zones. Conclusions: the resulting factor of the analysis presented in the study is the rational use and restoration of monuments and objects of tourist activity in Kyshtym, the estimated calculation of the optimal size of tourist flows in the Southern Urals, the further use in the tourism industry of the created graphic schemes of the territorial development of the tourist center in Kyshtym.
The main directions in the process of studying the principles of settlement and localization of small and medium-sized settlements on the territory of the Middle Ob region.
Authors: Voronina Olga
Published: April 2022

The hydrographic conditions of the territory of the Middle Ob region determined the unique characteristics of the settlement system formed within its borders. Settlements are located on landscape manes formed by alluvium and having the form of elongated elevations of the middle and high floodplain of the river. During the spring flood, only small areas of land remain not flooded, and transport communication is carried out exclusively by water and air. The determining influence of the hydrographic characteristics of this territory presupposes the presence of marker signs of the settlement system, identified in the process of its formation and development, which means that it requires in-depth study by specialists of the urban planning profile. The relevance of the stated problems is added by the strategy of spatial development of the Russian Federation adopted by the government for the period up to 2025. This strategy assumes the concentration of economic growth in a limited number of centers and supports the socio-economic role of cities. However, on the territory of the Middle Ob region, which has significant spatial boundaries, there are no land plots that allow developing a large administrative and territorial center from an average settlement. National trends in urban planning policy do not imply variability for this territory and in recent decades there has been a rapid degradation of the historically established form of settlement of small and medium-sized settlements. In this article, based on the analysis of the main research directions, a small study of the unique historically established system of settlement of small and medium-sized settlements is proved. Historical cartography, notes dating from the end of the XVII – XIX centuries, studies of the XX century, as well as the results of a full–scale survey of the territory collected in scientific expeditions 2018 - 2021 are used as a scientific basis for analysis. For the first time, the question is raised about the need for a special in-depth study of the principles of settlement and localization of small and medium-sized settlements on the territory of the Middle Ob region by urban planning specialists.
Lullaby song "Drink x" as a historical and cultural memory of the Tuvan people
Authors: Kyrgys Zoya Kyrgysovna , Ondar Bady-Dorzhu Vladimirovich
Published: April 2022

In this article, the concept of ʻөpei xөөmeiʼ is a male lullaby sung by the substyle xөөmei, based on the basic type of Tuvan throat singing. The type of folk music playing that exists in traditional culture is considered by the authors in historical, musicological, psychological and ethnopedagogical aspects. The purpose of the article is to determine the essential meanings of the lullaby xөөme, reflecting the worldview, type of management, religion; poetic thinking, conveying the attitude to the child as the highest value of the family. The article shows the performing traditions of the lullaby xөөmey (chants and chants, verbal texts, specific timbre signs, etc.). The authors pay attention to the presence of a single binding in the system of performing traditions of Tuvinians (throat singing, shamanic kamlaniya, training of queens of domestic animals), which are based on belief in the magical power of words (spells, appeals, well-wishes). In the study of this phenomenon, a set of methods was used: systemic, historical-typological, cultural-historical, ethno-cultural. In the system of throat singing of Tuvinians, distinguished by a variety of species and their varieties, the lullaby xөөmei has completely preserved its original meaning and function as a form of sound-making with an original way of sound production. An in-depth analysis of this phenomenon in Tuvan culture has shown that its structural components are its own performing traditions (chants and chants, verbal texts, timbre colors, etc.); meanings characterizing the traditional worldview, type of management, ethno- and cultural genesis, spiritual element of consciousness, religion, etiquette, etc. Research and popularization lullaby xөөme are in demand in modern society in solving the problems of upbringing at an early age, when it becomes important to take into account the patterns of reflection of consciousness associated with the area of development and landscape, worldview and value orientations of the family, clan and people.
Interim results of US President Donald Trump's tenure from 2017 to 2020
Authors: Kostiuchenko Savelii Vladimirovich
Published: April 2022

The subject of the study is the analysis of the results of Donald Trump's tenure as president in the period from 2017 to 2020. The object of the study is the crisis of the political system and its impact on the domestic policy of President Donald Trump in the period from 2017 to 2020. The main purpose of the work is to study the activities of the non-systemic President of the United States of America Donald Trump in the period 2017-2020 to analyze the beginning of the deepening crisis of the American political system. In this work, the author used such methods as analysis, synthesis of information from documents, methods of generalization and construction of analogies to formulate conclusions, general scientific methods of induction and deduction, problem-chronological and comparative-historical methods. В  The scientific novelty of this study is due to a new source base. Firstly, the research paper shows more fully than in other works of Russian authors the factors that led the United States of America to the beginning of a deep crisis of the American political system. Secondly, for the first time, a qualitative analysis of Donald Trump's populist views was carried out. Thirdly, on the basis of the studied material, an independent forecast of the prospects for the re-election of Donald Trump for a second presidential term has been compiled. The results of the conducted research prove that: to date, no alternative way out of the crisis state of the political system has been found. On the basis of an independent study, the factors that influenced the deepening of the crisis of the US political system have been identified. The deepening of the crisis of the American political system was caused by intraparty division based on the ideological polarity of the Democratic and Republican parties, the populist position of Donald Trump expressed in the growing authoritarianism of the presidential power, the free internal political will of the president-elect, the inability of the president-elect to find optimal political mechanisms for solving domestic and foreign policy issues.
Typology of social protests in the subjects of the Russian Federation in 2019
Authors: Ivanov Oleg
Published: April 2022

The subject of this article is the dynamics of protest activity of citizens in the regions of Russia following the results of the I-III quarters of 2019, the typology of protests, their causes and prospects, forms and mass character, as well as the impact of such protests on the formation of public demand and the policy of the federal authorities in 2020. There are such categories of protests as political, social, environmental and urban planning, as well as labor protest. The most typical examples of protests in each category are given. The research methodology is based on a qualitative and quantitative analysis of sources, primarily publications in federal and regional mass media. The main conclusions of the article are the constructive reaction of the federal authorities to the public request expressed in the civil protests of 2019, while previously such requests usually remained unanswered. In particular, the President stated the need for fundamental changes to the Constitution of the country, primarily related to the system and procedure for the formation of state authorities.
Sociological analysis of the Diaspora on the example of the Armenian people
Authors: Agababyan Asmik Robertovna
Published: April 2022

The article notes that diasporas have a significant impact on the world community, contribute to the strengthening of migration processes, unite representatives of ethnic groups in the territory of a "foreign" country, influence the policy of the state of residence, as well as the processes taking place in the historical homeland. The author states that the Armenian Diaspora has a large number of representatives in different countries of the world. Some aspects of the influence of the Diaspora in terms of preserving the cultural values of Armenians, identity, in spreading traditions, influencing the development of the diaspora, as well as in supporting the Diaspora as a whole are investigated. In this regard, the sociological analysis of the diaspora requires consideration of the social institutions of the diaspora. The sociological data obtained by the author in the course of research activities are presented. The author points out that representatives of the Armenian diaspora are characterized by such signs as mass residence on the territory of a foreign state other than the country of ethnic origin. In addition, it is especially important for Armenians to preserve their identity, culture, traditions, and language. Some of the reasons contributing to the migration of Armenians are also noted here: various socio-historical factors, as well as the policy of genocide, which left a big scar on the history of Armenia, the traces of which have not yet healed.
Modes of historical memory: from Hegemonism to agonism
Authors: Letnyakov Denis Eduardovich
Published: April 2022

The article substantiates an agonistic approach to the historical memory of society, in which the latter is not a single hegemonic narrative, but a set of competing versions of the past. According to the author, the relevance of the agonistic regime of memory is connected with the fact that in the modern world the factor of mass migrations, the struggle for recognition by ethnic, racial and other minorities, the activation of regional identities introduces new mnemotic actors into the public space, challenging the established historical "canon". At the same time, an attempt to suppress counter-narratives usually causes the phenomenon of "mnemotic resistance", and therefore cannot be considered as a productive strategy. The agonistic approach to the politics of memory makes us evaluate resonant events around the Black Lives Matter movement in a different way, disputes over the concept of historical education, demands for renaming streets and squares, demolition of monuments, changes in memorable dates and holidays. The "rewriting of history" turns out not to be an existential threat to the national community, but a natural process of the nation's revision of ideas about itself. At the same time, it is fundamentally important that memorial conflicts take place within a common symbolic space, and discussions are held about the national past. This is the only way a truly inclusive version of historical memory can arise.
The international legal regime of marine genetic resources. Current status and problems
Authors: Anisimov Igor Olegovich
Published: April 2022

The object of research of this article is interstate relations in the field of legal regulation of the use of marine genetic resources. The author presents a detailed analysis of the concept of "marine genetic resources", draws a distinction with other similar concepts used in international legal acts. The current international legal acts in this area are considered in detail, as well as the draft of an International legally binding Document on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity in areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction. A number of problems related to the international legal regulation of the use of marine genetic resources are identified. Comparative legal analysis, formal legal, formal logical and system methods, methods of analysis and generalization were used as the main methodology of the study. The novelty of this study lies in the fact that at the moment there is no universal international legal act that would regulate the use of marine genetic resources. It is also necessary to note a small number of scientific papers, mainly by foreign authors, devoted to this topic. At the same time, such resources have found wide application in various branches of science and production. Taking into account the above, it seems relevant to conduct additional scientific research aimed at studying the international legal regime of marine genetic resources. As a result of the presented research, the analysis of the concepts of "marine genetic resources", "genetic material", "marine biological resources", "living marine resources" was carried out. A number of problems in the international legal regulation of this sphere have been identified. So, in particular, the extension of the principle of the common heritage of mankind to marine genetic resources, if it is impossible to extend this principle to the open sea, may further generate legal conflicts. The author comes to the conclusion that it is necessary to further study the international legal regime of marine genetic resources.
Acknowledgements to reviewers
Authors: Health Sciences ABCS
Published: April 2022

Not applicable
Multimode modulated memristors for in-sensor computing system
Authors: Zhang Yu-Qi , Wang Jun-Jie , Lü Zi-Yu , Han Su-Ting ,   Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China,   College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
Published: April 2022

To develop future interactive artificial intelligence system, the construction of high-performance human perception system and processing system is vital. In a traditional perceptual and processing system, sensors, memory and processing units are physically separated because of their different functions and manufacture conditions, which results in frequent shuttling and format transformation of data resulting in long time delay and high energy consumption. Inspired by biological sensory nervous system, one has proposed the concept of in-sensor computing system in which the basic unit integrates sensor, storage and computing functions in the same place. In-sensor computing technology can provide a reliable technical scheme for the area of sensory processing. Artificial memristive synapse capable of sensing light, pressure, chemical substances, etc. is one type of ideal device for the application of in-sensor computing system. In this paper, at the device level, recent progress of sensory memristive synapses applied to in-sensor computing systems are reviewed, including visual, olfactory, auditory, tactile and multimode sensation. This review points out the challenge and prospect from the aspects of device, fabrication, integrated circuit system architecture and algorithms, aiming to provide possible research direction for future development of in-sensor computing system.
Software implementation of intuitionistic fuzzy sets and some operators
Authors:   Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Marinov Evgeniy
Published: April 2022

In this paper, we present a software implementation of the framework of Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets (IFSs). The presented implementation allows the user to interactively shape an IFS, to compute, plot and visualize various of operators for IFS and allows for the modeling of real world problems.
Fortification of Nano Whey Protein-Meniran Phyllanthine (Phyllanthus niruri L.) Encapsulated Casein Hydrolysates on Physicochemical Properties of Skimmed Milk Powder
Authors: Fransisca Saragih Winda , Manab Abdul , Eirry Sawitri Manik
Published: April 2022

Skimmed milk powder is one of dairy products that have processing through heating process and impact decreasing nutritional contents, thus would required fortification. Fortification skimmed milk powder with the addition of encapsulation is carried out using meniran phyllanthine and whey protein as core material and casein hydrolysates as wall material. The research was conducted to obtain skimmed milk powder fortified nano whey protein-meniran phyllanthine encapsulated casein hydrolysates with better physicochemical properties. The research material used was skimmed milk powder with different concentrations of nano whey protein-meniran phyllanthine encapsulated casein hydrolysates, designed by 5 treatments and 3 replications consisting of T0: 0% nano whey protein-meniran phyllanthine encapsulated casein hydrolysates, T1: 2% nano whey protein-meniran phyllanthine encapsulated casein hydrolysates, T2: 4% nano whey protein-meniran phyllanthine encapsulated casein hydrolysates, T3: 6% nano whey protein-meniran phyllanthine encapsulated casein hydrolysates, T4: 8% nano whey protein-meniran phyllanthine encapsulated casein hydrolysates. The variables tested were solubility, turbidity, sedimentation, water activity (aw) and hygroscopicity. The research method was a laboratory experiment analyzed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) if there were differences. The results showed a highly significant difference (P<0.01) on water activity (aw). However, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) on skimmed milk powder’s solubility, turbidity, sedimentation, and hygroscopicity. The data of physicochemical properties in this study were solubility ranged from 57.983-75.295%, turbidity 0.459-0.518, sedimentation 0.036-0.043, water activity 0.434-0.467, and hygroscopicity 4.601-5.528%. In conclusion, fortified nano whey protein-meniran phyllanthine encapsulated casein hydrolysates in skimmed milk powder can be used as a product with better physicochemical properties.
Fatty Acid Profile of Atlantic Horse Mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) oil Obtained using Different Extraction Methods
Authors: Aiyeloja J. O. , Deekae S. N. , Abu O. M. G. , Akinrotimi O. A.
Published: April 2022

The effect of three extraction methods which include soxhlet, gas and charcoal powered smoking kiln on extraction of oil from Trachurus trachurus were investigated. Chemical analyses of the oil was carried out to determine its quantity and quality in terms of fatty acid composition by using standard laboratory methods. The results obtained indicated that the highest oil yield (14.0%) was recorded in oil extracted with soxhlet method, while the lowest (0.93%) in oil extracted with charcoal powered kiln extraction method. Based on the fatty acid profile of the oils, there are sixteen fatty acids in all the extraction methods with stearic acid (53.62%) as the highest saturated fatty acid (SFA); oleic acid (7.05%) as the foremost monounsaturated (MUFA) and linolenic acid (23.31%) as the major polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). The Soxhlet methods consistently recorded the highest oil yield, and can be used to extract oil for industrial use. While, the gas powered kiln can be used to extract oil for consumption purpose.
Comparative Study of Patients Outcomes by Using Dexmedetomidine with Bupivacaine Versus Bupivacaine Alone in Ultrasound-Guided Thoracolumbar Interfacial Plane Block for Spine Surgeries
Authors: Wfa Mohamed Zakarea , El-Gebaly Ahmed Saeid Ahmed , El-Baradey Ghada Fouad , Hekal Kamal El-din Ali Mohamed , Darwish Jehan Mohamed Ezzat
Published: April 2022

Background: Thoracolumbar interfacial plane block (TLIP) is effective and safe method used with general anesthesia to achieve the optimum analgesia. This study evaluates theanalgesic effect, hemodynamic changes, consumption of inhalational anesthesia and stress response by measuring cortisol level when adding dexmedetomidine to bupivacaine in the ultrasound-guided thoracolumbar interfacial plane block in spine surgeries (lumber and lower thoracic T11-T12).

Patients and Methods: sixty adult patients of both sexes aged (21-60) years with ASA physical status I/II scheduled for elective spine surgeries (laminectomy and spinal fixation) at the level of lower thoracic (T11-T12) and lumber vertebra. Patients divided into two groups, group A of thirty patients were given 20 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine with 1ml normal saline, at each side injected between multifidus muscle and longissimus muscle and group B of thirty patients were given 20ml of 0.25% bupivacaine with dexmedetomidine 1 mic/kg in a volume of 1 ml, at each side between multifidus muscle and longissimus muscle.

Results: There was significantly decrease in NRS as a primary outcome in group B compared to group A, and according to the secondary outcomes there were significantly decrease in serum cortisol level, consumption of isoflurane, MAP, heart rate, number of total doses of rescue analgesia and number of patients received an algesia and delay in 1st dose of rescue analgesia in groupB compared to group A and there was insignificant difference in time of extubating between both groups.

Conclusion: We concluded that adding dexmedetomidine in a total dose 2 mic/kg as we added 1 mic/kg in a volume of 1 ml to 20ml of 0.25% bupivacaine for each side in TLIP block decreases stress response to surgery, total consumption of inhalational anesthesia (isoflurane), number of patients need rescue analgesia and total doses of rescue analgesia, and delayed 1st dose of rescue analgesia.
Phaeohyphomycosis Caused by Cochliobolus hawaiiensis in a Camel Farm in Saudi Arabia: An Emerging Disease
Authors: Shathele Abdullah M. S.
Published: April 2022

Phaeohyphomycosis describes subcutaneous lesions caused by dematiaceous fungi, brown-pigmented mould. In a camel farm in Saudi Arabia, the owner complained of cases of skin infection among camels. Lesions persisted after sarcoptic mange outbreak which was treated until the infection resolved. General examination revealed that four camels were affected showing alopecia, erythema, numerous small subcutaneous nodules and brownish blackish crusts. To collect specimens, affected areas were disinfected with 70% ethyl alcohol and deep were taken. Skin scrapings were prepared in 10% potassium hydroxide for microbiological examination. Cultures were done onto Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) with chloramphenicol 0.5 mg per ml, incubated at 30⁰C and another set with chloramphenicol 0.5 mg per ml and cycloheximide (Sigma), 0.4 mg/L, incubated at 27⁰C and 37⁰C. Molecular mycology analysis was done by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene using ITS1 and ITS4 primers.

Microscopic examination indicated it was negative for dermatophytes. It showed brownish to black, septate hyphae arranged as arthro-hyphae, and black yeast-like particles. Cultures yielded multiple, velvety, gray colonies turning brownish black later. Lactophenol cotton-blue smears revealed septate, branched hyphae that are dark brown in colour1.5–5 μ wide. Conidiophores are septate, unbranched with flexuose apexes, bearing brown, multi-septate, cylindrical conidia. ITS gene sequence analysis confirmed the isolate from camel skin scrapings to be Cochliobolus hawaiiensis. The case is interesting as this represents, to the best of our knowledge, the first authenticated report of C. hawaiiensis in animals from a tropical country.
Development and single‐particle analysis of hybrid extracellular vesicles fused with liposomes using viral fusogenic proteins
Authors: Ishikawa Raga , Yoshida Shosuke , Sawada Shin‐ichi , Sasaki Yoshihiro , Akiyoshi Kazunari
Published: April 2022

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have potential biomedical applications, particularly as a means of transport for therapeutic agents. There is a need for rapid and efficient EV‐liposome membrane fusion that maintains the integrity of hybrid EVs. We recently described Sf9 insect cell‐derived EVs on which functional membrane proteins were presented using a baculovirus‐expression system. Here, we developed hybrid EVs by membrane fusion of small liposomes and EVs equipped with baculoviral fusogenic proteins. Single‐particle analysis of EV‐liposome complexes revealed controlled introduction of liposome components into EVs. Our findings and methodology will support further applications of EV engineering in biomedicine.
Are open‐book tests still as effective as closed‐book tests even after a delay of 2 weeks?
Authors: Wenzel Kristin , Schweppe Judith , Rummer Ralf
Published: April 2022

The present work was conducted to re‐examine the findings of Agarwal et al. (Applied Cognitive Psychology, 22(7), 861–876, 2008), which showed that both closed‐book tests (with feedback) and open‐book tests increased learning outcomes after 1 week compared to simple re‐study of the same materials. However, contrary to often found benefits of retrieval practice—which should be more pronounced in closed‐book tests—both test conditions proved to be similarly effective. As retrieval practice benefits increase with retention interval, this pattern may change with a longer delay. Hence, we conducted a laboratory study and applied three within‐participant learning conditions (re‐study, open‐book test, closed‐book test with feedback) with a 2 weeks instead of 1 week delay between studying and the final test. Notably, our results mirrored the findings of Agarwal et al. (Applied Cognitive Psychology, 22(7), 861–876, 2008) showing that open‐book and closed‐book tests outperform re‐study but are similarly effective—even using a slightly changed procedure, new materials, a different sample, and a longer delay.
Delivering Mechanical Stimulation to Cells: State of the Art in Materials and Devices Design
Authors: Zhang Yonggang , Habibovic Pamela
Published: April 2022

Biochemical signals, such as growth factors, cytokines, and transcription factors are known to play a crucial role in regulating a variety of cellular activities as well as maintaining the normal function of different tissues and organs. If the biochemical signals are assumed to be one side of the coin, the other side comprises biophysical cues. There is growing evidence showing that biophysical signals, and in particular mechanical cues, also play an important role in different stages of human life ranging from morphogenesis during embryonic development to maturation and maintenance of tissue and organ function throughout life. In order to investigate how mechanical signals influence cell and tissue function, tremendous efforts have been devoted to fabricating various materials and devices for delivering mechanical stimuli to cells and tissues. Here, an overview of the current state of the art in the design and development of such materials and devices is provided, with a focus on their design principles, and challenges and perspectives for future research directions are highlighted.
Spatial Distribution Control of Antimicrobial Peptides through a Novel Polymeric Carrier for Safe and Efficient Cancer Treatment
Authors: Kang Ziyao , Wang Chun , Zhang Zhanzhan , Liu Qi , Zheng Yadan , Zhao Yu , Pan Zheng , Li Qiushi , Shi Linqi , Liu Yang
Published: April 2022

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) hold great potential for use in tumor treatment. However, developing AMP‐based antitumor therapies is challenging due to circulatory instability, hemolytic toxicity, low selectivity, and poor cell permeability of AMPs. In this study, a polymeric carrier for AMPs (denoted as PAMPm‐co‐PPBEn/PCA) is presented that effectively enhances their anticancer efficacy while minimizing their potential side effects. By integrating multiple responsive structures at the molecular level, the carrier finely controls the spatial distribution of AMPs in different biological microenvironments, thereby effectively modulating their membranolytic ability. Upon employing KLA as the model AMP, the polymeric carrier's hemolytic toxicity during blood circulation is suppressed, its cellular internalization when reaching tumor tissues facilitated, and its membranolytic toxicity toward the mitochondria upon entering cancer cells restored and further enhanced. Animal studies indicate that this approach significantly improves the antitumor efficacy of KLA and reduces its toxicity. Considering that the loading method for most AMPs is identical to that of KLA, the polymeric carrier reported in this study may provide a feasible approach for the development of AMP‐based cancer treatments.
Realizing Ferromagnetism in a Field‐Effect Transistor Based on VSe2 Thin Flakes
Authors: Zhu Changsheng , Lei Bin , Meng Fanbao , Cui Jianhua , Zhuo Weizhuang , Wang Wenxiang , Xiang Ziji , Chen Xianhui
Published: April 2022

Ferromagnetic order in 2D2D materials has triggered widespread interest because of their applications in spintronic devices. Monolayer 1T‐VSe2, as a recently emerged candidate of 2D2D ferromagnetic material, exhibits complicated behaviors that contradict the theoretical predictions. In this work, a systematic investigation is presented on the evolution of the transport properties in VSe2 thin flakes controlled by gate voltage. Notably, for the first time, a paramagnetic‐to‐ferromagnetic transition is realized in a VSe2 thin flake using a field‐effect transistor setup with solid ion conductor of polycrystalline Li1+x+yAlx(Ti2−yGey)P3−zSizO12 serving as the gate dielectric. The Curie temperature determined from the electrical transport measurements is ≈40 K. The electric‐field‐controlled ferromagnetism in exfoliated VSe2 flakes provides an excellent platform for developing advanced spintronics as well as investigating unusual emergent physics in 2D systems.
Unexpected Role of the Interlayer “Dead Zn2+” in Strengthening the Nanostructures of VS2 Cathodes for High‐Performance Aqueous Zn‐Ion Storage
Authors: Tan Yan , Li Shengwei , Zhao Xudong , Wang Yao , Shen Qiuyu , Qu Xuanhui , Liu Yongchang , Jiao Lifang
Published: April 2022

Layered VS2 holds great potential as a cathode material for aqueous Zn‐ion batteries owing to its large interlayer spacing, high electrical conductivity, and the rich redox chemistry of vanadium. Nevertheless, structural instability during charge/discharge severely hinders the further development of VS2 cathodes. Herein, distinctive hierarchitectures of 1T‐VS2 nanospheres assembled by nanosheets, which feature abundant active sites, superior electron/ion transport property, and robust structure, are developed. More intriguingly, Zn2+ “pillars” residing in VS2 interlayers, achieved by controlling the charge cut‐off voltage are first proven to reinforce the layered structure of VS2 upon repeated Zn2+ insertion/extraction, redefining the commonly perceived “dead Zn2+”. Hence, exceptional rate performance (212.9 and 102.1 mA h g−1 at 0.1 and 5 A g−1, respectively) and ultralong cycling life (86.7% capacity retention over 2000 cycles at 2 A g−1) are obtained. The rapid and highly reversible Zn‐ion (de) intercalation behavior within the VS2 nanospheres is verified by first‐principles computations and multiple ex‐situ characterizations. Finally, the flexible quasi‐solid‐state rechargeable Zn battery employing the tailored VS2 cathode demonstrates great application prospects in wearable devices. This work provides new perspectives for prolonging the lifespan of layered Zn‐storage materials by simply modulating the charge/discharge processes.
Novel process for selective separation of trace artemisitene from artemisinin by ammonium functional ionic liquids
Authors: Cao Yingying , Tan Xin , Zhan Guoxiong , Li Qiongguang , Wang Hui , Li Zengxi
Published: April 2022

One of the challenges to obtain high‐quality natural active substances is the selective separation of the target compound from its analogues. In this study, ionic liquids (ILs), with design flexibility, were proposed to separate artemisitene and artemisinin, typical examples of natural analogues. Based on COSMO‐RS calculation, several ILs were selected to separate artemisitene/artemisinin by experiment. It was demonstrated that the aqueous solution of N‐allyl‐N,N,N‐trimethylammonium chloride ([AA][Cl]) exhibited excellent capability for selective separation of the two compounds. Under the optimal conditions (40°C, 1 h), the separation selectivity of artemisitene/artemisinin could reach 12.23 when the initial impurity content was only 0.8 wt%. Spectroscopic analysis and molecular dynamics indicated that π–π complexation between artemisitene and [AA][Cl] plays a major role in this separation process. Moreover, the process of multistage cross‐flow extraction was compared with counter‐flow extraction, and the latter one exhibited advantages in energy consumption and product yield.
Genome‐wide DNA methylation profiling confirms a case of low‐level mosaic Kabuki syndrome 1
Authors: Montano Carolina , Britton Jacquelyn F. , Harris Jacqueline R. , Kerkhof Jennifer , Barnes Benjamin T. , Lee Jennifer A. , Sadikovic Bekim , Sobreira Nara , Fahrner Jill A.
Published: April 2022

Kabuki syndrome is a Mendelian disorder of the epigenetic machinery characterized by typical dysmorphic features, intellectual disability, and postnatal growth deficiency. Pathogenic variants in the genes encoding the chromatin modifiers KMT2D and KDM6A are responsible for Kabuki syndrome 1 (KS1) and Kabuki syndrome 2 (KS2), respectively. In addition, 11 cases of KS1 caused by mosaic variants in KMT2D have been reported in the literature. Some of these individuals display milder craniofacial and growth phenotypes, and most do not have congenital heart defects. We report the case of an infant with severe hypoplastic left heart syndrome with mitral atresia and aortic atresia (HLHS MA‐AA), pulmonary vein stenosis, and atypical facies with a somatic mosaic de novo nonsense variant in KMT2D (c.8200C>T, p.R2734*) identified on trio exome sequencing of peripheral blood and present in 11.2% of sequencing reads. KS was confirmed with EpiSign, a diagnostic genome‐wide DNA methylation platform used to identify epigenetic signatures. This case suggests that use of this newly available clinical test can guide the interpretation of low‐level mosaic variants identified through sequencing and suggests a new lower limit of mosaicism in whole blood required for a diagnosis of KS.
The Gor'kov and Melik‐Barkhudarov Correction to an Imbalanced Fermi Gas in the Presence of Impurities
Authors: Caldas Heron , Rufo S. , Griffith M. A. R.
Published: April 2022

The effects of induced interactions are calculated in both clean and dirty situations, for balanced and imbalanced Fermi gases. The effects of nonmagnetic impurities on the induced interactions corrections to the transition temperature in the case of a balanced gas, and to the tricritical point in the case of an imbalanced Fermi gas at unitarity are investigated. It is found that impurities act in detriment of the induced interactions, or particle–hole fluctuations, for the transition temperature and the tricritical point. For large impurity parameter, the particle–hole fluctuations are strongly suppressed. The Chandrasekhar–Clogston limit of an imbalanced Fermi gas at unitarity considering the effects of the induced interactions, both in the pure and impurity regimes have also been found.
Racial Disparities in Renal Outcomes Over Time Among Hospitalized Children With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Chang Joyce C. , Sears Cora , Torres Veronica , Son Mary Beth F.
Published: April 2022

Objective

Racial and ethnic minority groups have excess morbidity related to renal disease in pediatric‐onset systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This study was undertaken to evaluate temporal trends in renal outcomes and racial disparities among hospitalized children with SLE over a period of 14 years.

Methods

We identified patients 21 years old or younger with discharge diagnoses of SLE in the Pediatric Health Information System inpatient database (2006–2019). Adverse renal outcomes included end‐stage renal disease (ESRD), dialysis, or transplant, analyzed as a composite and separately. We estimated the odds of adverse renal outcomes at any hospitalization or the first occurrence of an adverse renal outcome, adjusted for calendar period, patient characteristics, and clustering by hospital. We tested whether racial disparities differed by calendar period.

Results

There were 20,893 admissions for 7,434 SLE patients, of which 32%, 16%, 12%, and 8% were Black, Hispanic White, Hispanic Other, and Asian, respectively. Proportions of admissions with adverse renal outcomes decreased over time (P < 0.01). Black children remained at the highest risk of adverse renal outcomes at any admission (odds ratio [OR] 2.5 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.8–3.5] versus non‐Hispanic White patients). Black and Asian children remained at a higher risk of incident adverse renal outcomes, driven by ESRD among Black children (OR 1.6 [95% CI 1.2–2.1]) and dialysis among Asians (OR 1.7 [95% CI 1.1–2.7]). Relative disparities did not change significantly over time.

Conclusion

Significant reductions in ESRD and dialysis occurred over time for children with SLE across all racial and ethnic groups. The lack of corresponding reductions in racial disparities highlights the need for targeted interventions to achieve greater treatment benefit among higher risk groups.
Dual‐loop single dimension fuzzy‐based sliding mode control design for robust tracking of an underactuated quadrotor craft
Authors: Abro Ghulam E Mustafa , Bin Mohd Zulkifli Saiful Azrin , Asirvadam Vijanth Sagayan
Published: April 2022

This manuscript presents an intelligent control design for the helical trajectory tracking of an underactuated quadrotor. One may see that the entire kinematics and dynamics are derived using Newton Euler approach. Since the quadrotor is one of the nonlinear and underactuated systems (where degree of freedom is greater than the number of control inputs) and with the induction of unmodeled dynamic factors and uncertainties, it is a highly unstable system. To stabilize, the linear extended state observer is proposed along with dual‐loop single dimension fuzzy‐based sliding mode control (DLSDF‐SMC). The entire system has been partitioned into two subsystems, that is, translational and rotational subsystems. Within the rotational subsystem, the attitude controller is proposed using DLSDF‐SMC, whereas for translational subsystem, paper proposes the position control design based on the hyperbolic functions to avoid the gimbal lock and an issue of singularity. The simulation work for proposed algorithm is performed using MATLAB and Simulink that are compared with conventional sliding mode control (SMC) and fuzzy‐based SMC control techniques. In addition to this, one may also find the hardware configuration that validates the software results.
Formation control of unmanned aerial vehicle swarms: A comprehensive review
Authors: Ouyang Quan , Wu Zhaoxiang , Cong Yuhua , Wang Zhisheng
Published: April 2022

The unmanned aerial vehicle formation plays a crucial role in numerous applications, such as reconnaissance, agricultural plant protection, and electric power inspection. This paper provides a comprehensive review and analysis of the unmanned aerial vehicle swarm communication networks and formation control strategies. First, the most commonly used unmanned aerial vehicles are introduced and compared. Next, the entire process of the formation task, from the formation assignment to the formation transformation, is detailed described. At last, the widely adopted communication networks are analyzed, and the existing formation control strategies of the UAV swarm are compared, which shows that the distributed formation control is superior to the centralized method and is the future development trend.
The COVID‐19 pandemic impact on wellbeing and mental health in people with psychotic and bipolar disorders
Authors: Barrett Elizabeth Ann , Simonsen Carmen , Aminoff Sofie Ragnhild , Hegelstad Wenche Ten Velden , Lagerberg Trine Vik , Melle Ingrid , Mork Erlend , Romm Kristin Lie
Published: April 2022

Introduction

The COVID‐19 pandemic affects people globally, but it may affect people with psychotic and bipolar disorders disproportionally. Our aims were to investigate the pandemic impact on perceived wellbeing and mental health in this population, including which pandemic‐related factors have had an impact.

Methods

People with psychotic and bipolar disorders (N = 520; female = 81%; psychotic disorders n = 75/bipolar disorder n = 445) completed an online survey about wellbeing and mental health in the early phase of the COVID‐19 pandemic (June 5–July 5, 2020).

Results

Many participants experienced deteriorated wellbeing and mental health after the pandemic outbreak, especially in life satisfaction, meaning in life, positive feelings, depression, anxiety, and self‐harm/suicidal ideation. Experienced recovery from mental health difficulties was significantly lower after compared to before the outbreak. Participants with psychotic disorders had significantly poorer wellbeing and mental health than participants with bipolar disorders, although they experienced significantly more worsening only of psychotic symptoms. Nearly half the participants reported coping with the situation; however, most factors potentially important to wellbeing and mental health changed adversely, including sufficiency and quality of treatment. More loneliness, low coping, insufficient mental health treatment during the COVID‐19 pandemic, pandemic worry, more insomnia symptoms, and increased alcohol use predicted poor wellbeing and poor mental health.

Conclusions

During a pandemic, it is particularly important that mental health services strive to offer the best possible treatment under the current conditions and target loneliness, coping strategies, pandemic worry, insomnia, and increased alcohol use to uphold wellbeing and reduce mental health difficulties. For some, teletherapy is an agreeable substitute for traditional therapy.
Oxygenating Biocatalysts for Hydroxyl Functionalisation in Drug Discovery and Development
Authors: Charlton Sacha N. , Hayes Martin A.
Published: April 2022

C−H oxyfunctionalisation remains a distinct challenge for synthetic organic chemists. Oxygenases and peroxygenases (grouped here as “oxygenating biocatalysts”) catalyse the oxidation of a substrate with molecular oxygen or hydrogen peroxide as oxidant. The application of oxygenating biocatalysts in organic synthesis has dramatically increased over the last decade, producing complex compounds with potential uses in the pharmaceutical industry. This review will focus on hydroxyl functionalisation using oxygenating biocatalysts as a tool for drug discovery and development. Established oxygenating biocatalysts, such as cytochrome P450s and flavin‐dependent monooxygenases, have widely been adopted for this purpose, but can suffer from low activity, instability or limited substrate scope. Therefore, emerging oxygenating biocatalysts which offer an alternative will also be covered, as well as considering the ways in which these hydroxylation biotransformations can be applied in drug discovery and development, such as late‐stage functionalisation (LSF) and in biocatalytic cascades.
Structure‐Activity Relationships for 5′′ Modifications of 4,5‐Aminoglycoside Antibiotics
Authors: Quirke Jonathan C. K. , Sati Girish C. , Sonousi Amr , Gysin Marina , Haldimann Klara , Böttger Erik C. , Vasella Andrea , Hobbie Sven N. , Crich David
Published: April 2022

Modification at the 5’’‐position of 4,5‐disubstituted aminoglycoside antibiotics (AGAs) to circumvent inactivation by aminoglycoside modifying enzymes (AMEs) is well known. Such modifications, however, unpredictably impact activity and affect target selectivity thereby hindering drug development. A survey of 5’’‐modifications of the 4,5‐AGAs and the related 5‐O‐furanosyl apramycin derivatives is presented. In the neomycin and the apralog series, all modifications were well‐tolerated, but other 4,5‐AGAs require a hydrogen bonding group at the 5’’‐position for maintenance of antibacterial activity. The 5’’‐amino modification resulted in parent‐like activity, but reduced selectivity against the human cytosolic decoding A site rendering this modification unfavorable in paromomycin, propylamycin, and ribostamycin. Installation of a 5’’‐formamido group and, to a lesser degree, a 5’’‐ureido group resulted in parent‐like activity without loss of selectivity. These lessons will aid the design of next‐generation AGAs capable of circumventing AME action while maintaining high antibacterial activity and target selectivity.