bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
2,2 ‐Diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazil free radical scavenging activity of antioxidant mixtures evaluated by response surface methodology
Authors: Castro Inar. A. , Rogero Marcelo M. , Junqueira Roberto M. , Carrapeiro Mariana M.
Published: August 2006

The objective of this study was to apply the statistical technique known as response surface methodology (RSM) to model the free radical scavenging activity of mixtures of three antioxidant compounds, using 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•). α‐Tocopherol showed the highest antioxidant power (EC50) while ascorbic acid showed maximum antiradical efficiency. Reduced glutathione was not effective using the DPPH• system. The binary and ternary mixture effects were evaluated considering percentage reduction in [DPPH•] and the time needed to reach this reduction caused by addition of each mixture at 1.0 mm concentration. Although the surface curves have shown significant interactions, no combination between the compounds resulted in a greater percentage reduction in [DPPH•]/min than that shown by ascorbic acid alone. Both polynomial regressions were statistically significant with elevated adjusted R2. This study showed that RSM can be applied to predict the free radical scavenging activity of mixtures of antioxidants using the stable DPPH• as a free radical.
Antioxidant capacity of fresh, sun‐ and sulphited‐dried Malatya apricot (Prunus armeniaca) assayed by CUPRAC, ABTS/TEAC and folin methods
Authors: Güçlü Kubilay , Altun Mehmet , Özyürek Mustafa , Karademir Saliha E. , Apak Resat
Published: August 2006

Apricots as five varieties of Malatya region have been assayed as fresh, sun‐ and sulphited‐dried samples, using the antioxidant capacity measurement methods Cupric Ion Reducing Antioxidant Capacity (CUPRAC) and 2,2′‐azinobis (3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid) (ABTS), and total polyphenol measurement method Folin. The novel reagent for the CUPRAC total antioxidant capacity assay, bis(neocuproine)copper(II) chloride, was easily accessible, stable, selective and responding to all antioxidants. Sulphite (normally contributing to the colour formed in the CUPRAC assay) was removed prior to assay on a strongly basic anion exchanger at pH 3 in the form of HSO. The CUPRAC findings correlated well with the results of ABTS/TEAC and Folin assays (r = 0.93), all being electron‐transfer‐based antioxidant capacity assays. The calibration lines of pure flavonoids individually and in standard‐added apricot extracts were parallel, indicating the additivity of absorbances in CUPRAC. This work reports for the first time the use of a novel spectrophotometric method (CUPRAC) for the assay of both total antioxidant capacity and sulphite levels of diverse apricot samples.
Effect of drying in antioxidant activity and changes of ascorbic acid and colour by different drying and storage in Korean red pepper (Capsicum annuum, L.)
Authors: Kim Suna , Lee Ki Won , Park Jaebok , Lee Hyong J. , Hwang In K.
Published: August 2006

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of drying in antioxidant activity and to compare the changes of ascorbic acid and colour by drying and storage in Korean red pepper. The antioxidant activity of red pepper dried by modified method (MM, dried at 70 °C/6 h in cut pods) was about threefold higher than those dried by conventional method (CM, dried at 80 °C/5 h followed by 60 °C/18 h in whole pods) in the ([2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzthiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid)] (ABTS) and (2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl) (DPPH) radical‐scavenging assays, respectively. The ascorbic acid contents in MM and CM drying were 12.41 ± 2.15 mg g−1and 3.05 ± 0.39 mg g−1, and were not changed for 3 months at 0 °C in red pepper dried by MM. The ASTA colour values of red pepper dried by MM and CM were 114.0 and 107.4, respectively. For 6‐ month storage, 72–85% of the colour was retained regardless of drying and storage conditions.
Ammonia permeability of the aquaglyceroporins from Plasmodium falciparum, Toxoplasma gondii and Trypansoma brucei
Authors: Zeuthen Thomas , Wu Binghua , Pavlovic‐Djuranovic Slavica , Holm Lars M. , Uzcategui Nestor L. , Duszenko Michael , Kun Jürgen F. J. , Schultz Joachim E. , Beitz Eric
Published: August 2006

Plasmodium falciparum uses amino acids from haemoglobin degradation mainly for protein biosynthesis. Glutamine, however, is mostly oxidized to 2‐oxoglutarate to restore NAD(P)H + H+. In this process two molecules of ammonia are released. We determined an ammonia production of 9 mmol h−1 per litre of infected red blood cells in the early trophozoite stage. External application of ammonia yielded a cytotoxic IC50 concentration of 2.8 mM. As plasmodia cannot metabolize ammonia it must be exported. Yet, no biochemical or genomic evidences exist that plasmodia possess classical ammonium transporters. We expressed the P. falciparum aquaglyceroporin (PfAQP) in Xenopus laevis oocytes and examined whether it may serve as an exit pathway for ammonia. We show that injected oocytes: (i) acidify the medium due to ammonia uptake, (ii) take up [14C]methylamine and [14C]formamide, (iii) swell in solution with formamide and acetamide and (iv) display an ammonia‐induced NH4+‐dependent clamp current. Further, a yeast strain lacking the endogenous aquaglyceroporin (Fps1) is rescued by expression of PfAQP which provides for the efflux of toxic methylamine. Ammonia permeability was similarly established for the aquaglyceroporins from Toxoplasma gondii and Trypanosoma brucei. Apparently, these aquaglyceroporins are important for the release of ammonia derived from amino acid breakdown.
Parallel analysis of transcript levels and physiological key parameters allows the identification of stress phase gene markers in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii under copper excess
Authors: LUIS PATRICIA , BEHNKE KATJA , TOEPEL JÖRG , WILHELM CHRISTIAN
Published: August 2006

Excessive copper concentrations, known to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, have been tested with respect to their effects on transcript abundance and related proteins involved in oxidative stress responses. The results show that the stromal photosynthetic functions were more ROS sensitive than the membrane‐located reactions. The rbcL over‐expression compensated for the damage only at 10 µm Cu, whereas the genetic stimulation of α‐tocopherol biosynthesis led to the protection of membrane reactions up to 50–100 µm Cu. For this reason, the gradual growth drop of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cultures observed under increasing Cu2+ concentrations matched better with the loss of photosynthetic capacity than with those of photosynthetic quantum yields. According to Larcher’s stress concept, the results allow the identification of gene markers for the alarm (rbcL), the hardening (FeSOD, VTE3) and the exhaustion [cyclin‐dependent protein kinase (cdk), psbA] phases. These genes can be used to rapidly evaluate the state of oxidative stress in algae and putatively in other plant cells.
Comparison of basophil activation tests using CD63 or CD203c expression in patients with insect venom allergy
Authors: Eberlein‐König B. , Varga R. , Mempel M. , Darsow U. , Behrendt H. , Ring J.
Published: August 2006

Background:  Flow cytometric basophil activation tests have been developed as cellular tests for in vitro diagnosis of IgE‐mediated reactions. Different activation markers (CD63 or CD203c) with distinct ways of regulation have been used after stimulation with various allergens.

Objective:  It was the aim of the present study to compare basophil activation tests by measuring both CD63 and CD203c upregulation in patients with insect venom allergy.

Materials and methods:  43 patients with a history of insect venom anaphylaxis were examined. A careful allergy history was taken, and skin tests and determination of specific IgE‐antibodies were performed. Basophil activation tests (BAT) using CD63 or CD203c expression were done after stimulation with different concentrations of bee and wasp venom extracts. 25 healthy subjects with negative history of insect venom allergy were studied as controls.

Results:  The CD203c protocol showed a slightly higher sensitivity than the CD63 protocol (97% vs. 89%) with regard to patients’ history. The magnitude of basophil response was higher with CD203c in comparison to CD63 for both insect venoms. Specificity was 100% for the CD63 protocol and 89% for the CD203c protocol with regard to controls with negative history and negative RAST.

Conclusion:  These results support the reliability of basophil activation tests using either CD63 or CD203c as cellular tests in the in vitro diagnosis of patients with bee or wasp venom allergy with a slightly higher sensitivity for the CD203c protocol.
The effect of a single inhaled dose of a VLA‐4 antagonist on allergen‐induced airway responses and airway inflammation in patients with asthma
Authors: Ravensberg A. J. , Luijk B. , Westers P. , Hiemstra P. S. , Sterk P. J. , Lammers J. W. , Rabe K. F.
Published: August 2006

Adhesion molecule very late antigen‐4 (VLA‐4) is implicated in the recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells in asthma, including eosinophils, T cells and mast cells. VLA‐4 antagonists have been proposed as a new anti‐inflammatory treatment modality for asthma. Therefore, we investigated whether a single inhaled dose of VLA‐4 antagonist GW559090X could protect against allergen‐induced changes in airway responses and airway inflammation in patients with asthma. We performed a randomized, double‐blind, three‐way crossover study with single inhaled doses of 3 mg of GW559090X, 500 μg of fluticasone propionate (FP) or placebo in 15 patients with mild intermittent asthma, controlled with short‐acting β2‐agonists only. All patients developed a late asthmatic response (LAR) after allergen inhalation during screening. Study medication was administered 30 min prior to allergen challenge. Pre‐dose and 24 h post‐dose PC20 methacholine and levels of exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) were determined. At the given dose, VLA‐4 antagonist GW559090X did not attenuate the early asthmatic response (EAR) when compared with placebo: mean AUC0−2h(± SEM) (%fall h): 27.2 ± 3.7 and 21.9 ± 3.0 respectively (P = 0.33); nor the LAR: mean AUC3−8h(± SEM) (%fall h): 98.8 ± 12.9 and 94.8 ± 6.8 respectively (P = 0.84). However, pretreatment with FP did attenuate both EAR and LAR when compared with placebo: mean AUC0−2h11.6 ± 3.3 (P = 0.024) and mean AUC3−8h 6.3 ± 7.6 (P < 0.001). None of these treatments had an effect on allergen‐induced changes in airway hyper‐responsiveness or eNO levels. These findings suggest that VLA‐4 may not play a major role in allergen‐induced airway responses and inflammation in asthma.
Isolation of transcriptionally active umbilical cord blood‐derived basophils expressing FcɛRI, HLA‐DR and CD203c
Authors: Reimer J. M. , Magnusson S. , Juremalm M. , Nilsson G. , Hellman L. , Wernersson S.
Published: August 2006

Background:  Basophils are inflammatory cells associated with allergy and parasite infections. Investigation of their true biological function has long been hampered by the difficulty in obtaining sufficient amounts of pure basophils and by the lack of phenotypic markers. Moreover, it has been very difficult to clone and identify basophil‐specific granule proteins, partially because of an almost complete lack of mRNA in mature circulating basophils.

Methods:  To obtain transcriptionally active immature basophils, umbilical cord blood cells were cultured in the presence of interleukin (IL)‐3. The cells were analysed by flow cytometry and by histological staining.

Results:  The continuous presence of IL‐3 in cord blood cultures resulted in the expansion of basophil precursors co‐expressing FcɛRI and the recently described mast cell/basophil marker, 97A6 (CD203c). Several nonbasophil markers (i.e. CD3, CD14, CD15, CD16, CD19 and CD21) were absent on the cultured basophils. However, we show that in early cultures, almost 60% of the CD203c+ cells co‐express human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐DR, a marker that is absent on mature circulating basophils. The presence of HLA‐DR on basophil precursors may explain the low recovery (24 ± 5.2%) obtained after isolation of cultured basophils, when using a conventional basophil isolation kit that removes HLA‐DR+ cells. A novel purification method was developed, including a two‐step cocktail of antibodies against selected markers, which resulted in both high purity (95 ± 0.5%) and recovery (59 ± 1.5%) of cultured basophils.

Conclusions:  We here establish cord blood cultures as a source from which transcriptionally active basophil precursors can be isolated in reasonable quantities for thorough biochemical characterization.
Increased expression of aquaporin 3 in atopic eczema
Authors: Olsson M. , Broberg A. , Jernås M. , Carlsson L. , Rudemo M. , Suurküla M. , Svensson P.‐A. , Benson M.
Published: August 2006

Background:  Dry skin in atopic eczema depends on increased water loss. The mechanisms behind this are poorly understood. The aim of this work was to identify genes that may contribute to water loss in eczema.

Methods:  Affymetrix DNA microarrays U133A were used to analyse gene expression in skin biopsies from 10 patients with atopic eczema and 10 healthy controls.

Results:  DNA microarray analysis showed up‐regulation of 262 genes and down‐regulation of 129 genes in atopic eczema. The known functions of these genes were analysed using Gene Ontology to identify genes that could contribute to increased water loss. This led to identification of aquaporin 3 (AQP3), which has a key role in hydrating healthy epidermis. Increased expression of AQP3 was found in eczema compared with healthy skin. This was confirmed with real‐time polymerase chain reaction (P < 0.001). In healthy skin, epidermal AQP3 immunoreactivity was weak and mainly found in the stratum basale. A gradient was formed with decreasing AQP3 staining in the lower layers of the stratum spinosum. By contrast, in acute and chronic atopic eczema strong AQP3 staining was found in both the stratum basale and the stratum spinosum.

Conclusions:  Aquaporin 3 is the predominant aquaporin in human skin. Increased expression and altered cellular distribution of AQP3 is found in eczema and this may contribute to water loss.
The type of sensitizing allergen can affect the evolution of respiratory allergy
Authors: Marogna M. , Massolo A. , Berra D. , Zanon P. , Chiodini E. , Canonica G. W. , Passalacqua G.
Published: August 2006

Background:  Numerous factors affect the evolution of respiratory allergy, in children, but little is known in adults. We assessed in a prospective study the influence of the type of allergen on the progression of disease.

Methods:  Outpatients, with respiratory allergy underwent skin tests and pulmonary function/methacholine challenge at baseline and after 3 years. Patients were subdivided in pure rhinitis or rhinitis + bronchial hyperreactivity (BHR). In polysensitized subjects a single relevant allergen (mites, grasses, birch, Parietaria) was identified based on symptom distribution and when needed on nasal challenge.

Results:  6750 patients (age range 12–46) were studied. Of them, 17.8% were monosensitized but this percentage decreased to 10.4% after 3 years (P < 0.05). Subjects with pure rhinitis were 81% at the beginning and 48% at the end. After 3 years, the patients with bronchial responsiveness increased from 18% to 58% for mites, 22% to 49% for birch, 18% to 44% for grasses, 17% to 32% for Parietaria, with a significant difference among allergens (P < 0.05). Almost the same was seen in monosensitized subjects, being mites most likely to cause a worsening. All patients with BHR at baseline received immunotherapy. In these patients the onset of new sensitizations was significantly lower than in the group (pure rhinitis) receiving drugs only and lower airways symptoms disappeared more frequently.

Conclusion:  The different type of allergen influences the course of the disease, as well as the use of immunotherapy.
Effects of intranasal corticosteroid on nasal adenosine monophosphate challenge in persistent allergic rhinitis*
Authors: Barnes M. L. , Biallosterski B. T. , Fujihara S. , Gray R. D. , Fardon T. C. , Lipworth B. J.
Published: August 2006

Background:  Response to a single dose nasal adenosine monophosphate challenge has been used as a surrogate inflammatory marker for allergic rhinitis. Attenuation of response following intranasal corticosteroid would further validate the challenge.

Objective:  To assess the effect of 4 weeks of 200 mcg once daily mometasone furoate nasal spray on a simplified (single 160 mg dose) nasal adenosine monophosphate challenge.

Methods:  Twenty participants with persistent allergic rhinitis completed a double blind placebo‐controlled crossover study. Outcome measures were the peak nasal inspiratory flow and total nasal symptoms score responses to nasal adenosine monophosphate challenge, as well as domiciliary peak nasal inspiratory flow and patient symptom diary cards.

Results:  Mometasone significantly (P < 0.05) attenuated response time profiles vs. placebo for peak nasal inspiratory flow but not total nasal symptom scores. For the maximum percentage fall this amounted to a mean difference of 9.6% (95% confidence interval 1.3–17.9%). The coefficient of variation for repeatability was 48.7%. Improvements were seen in prechallenge and domiciliary measurements of peak nasal inspiratory flow (both P < 0.05) and total nasal symptom scores (both P < 0.01).

Conclusions:  Mometasone attenuates the peak nasal inspiratory flow response to a single 160 mg nasal adenosine monophosphate challenge. Such challenges have been shown to be sensitive to the effects of antihistamines, antileukotrienes and now nasal steroids. This further supports their application as surrogate inflammatory markers for therapeutic trials in allergic rhinitis, potentially as 20 min challenges which can be conducted in a non‐hospital setting.
European birth cohort studies on asthma and atopic diseases: II. Comparison of outcomes and exposures – a GA2LEN initiative
Authors: Keil T. , Kulig M. , Simpson A. , Custovic A. , Wickman M. , Kull I. , Lødrup Carlsen K. C. , Carlsen K. H. , Smit H. A. , Wijga A. H. , Schmid S. , Von Berg A. , Bollrath C. , Eller E. , Bindslev‐Jensen C. , Halken S. , Høst A. , Heinrich J. , Fantini M. P. , Brunekreef B. , Krämer U. , Willich S. N. , Wahn U. , Lau S. ,   the working group of GALEN‐WP 1.5 ‘Birth Cohorts’
Published: August 2006

Background:  The Global Allergy and Asthma European Network (GA2LEN) is a consortium of 26 leading European research centres committed to establish a European research area of excellence in the field of allergy and asthma.

Aim:  One of the GA2LEN work packages was designed to identify and compare the existing European birth cohort studies on asthma and atopic diseases. The present review compares their subjective and objective outcomes as well as exposure variables.

Methods:  A common database was established to assess study characteristics of observational birth cohort studies designed to examine asthma and atopic diseases. Data were collected by visiting most of the participating research teams and interviewing all relevant study personnel. For each study, the type of objective/subjective outcome parameters and potentially influential factors were recorded precisely for every time point during follow‐up.

Results:  Eighteen birth cohort studies on asthma and atopic diseases were identified in eight European countries. Thirteen studies collected data on specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) to various inhalant and food allergens, whereas 12 performed skin prick tests (many at several time points during follow up). Several studies measured lung function, but across the cohorts no comparable standard procedures were used. For subjective evaluation of asthma and allergic rhinitis most studies applied the ISAAC questionnaire (sometimes modified), whereas the assessment of eczema was rather heterogeneous across the studies.

Conclusion:  This GA2LEN initiative established a unique common database of 18 European birth cohorts on asthma and atopic diseases. For selected cohorts, it seems that pooling data and performing common analyses may be possible to examine associations between certain exposure variables (e.g. pet ownership, tobacco smoke exposure and day‐care) and selected outcome measures for atopy, asthma or allergic rhinitis (e.g. sensitization assessed by IgE or skin prick tests, doctor's diagnosis of asthma, parental perception regarding asthma/wheezing or hay fever symptoms).
Detection of novel leukocyte differentiation antigens on basophils and mast cells by HLDA8 antibodies
Authors: Florian S. , Sonneck K. , Czerny M. , Hennersdorf F. , Hauswirth A. W. , Bühring H.‐J. , Valent P.
Published: August 2006

Background:  Basophils (BA) and mast cells (MC) are important effector cells in allergic reactions. Development, growth and effector cell functions are regulated by a network of cytokines, other ligands, and respective cell surface antigens.

Methods:  We examined the expression of novel CD antigens on human BA, lung MC, the BA cell line KU‐812, and the MC line HMC‐1. Expression of surface antigens was analyzed by monoclonal antibodies (mAb) of the HLDA8 workshop and flow cytometry.

Results:  Basophils were found to stain positive for CXCR1 (CD181), CCR1 (CD191), CCR2 (CD192), CCR7 (CD197), IL‐18Rα (CDw218a), IL‐18Rβ (CDw218b), TRAIL‐R1 (CD261), TRAIL‐R2 (CD262), TACI (CD267), TLR‐4 (CD284), LAIR1 (CD305), EMR‐2 (CD312), JAM1 (CD321), and JAM2 (CD322). Lung MC were found to react with mAb against EMR‐2 (CD312) and JAM1 (CD321). KU‐812 cells were found to stain positive for CXCR1 (CD181), TRAIL‐R2 (CD262), B7H2 (CD275), TLR‐4 (CD284), JAM1 (CD321), and E‐Cadherin (CD324). HMC‐1 cells were recognized by mAb against TRAIL‐R2 (CD262), B7H2 (CD275), LAIR1 (CD305), EMR‐2 (CD312), JAM1 (CD321), and Siglec‐6 (CDw327).

Conclusions:  Extensive phenotyping with antibodies against novel CD antigens provides further evidence that BA and MC represent two separate hematopoietic cell lineages with unique phenotypic properties observed in mature cells as well as malignant immature cells. Further studies are required to define the functional role of these CD antigens expressed in BA and MC.
Avian growth and development rates and age‐specific mortality: the roles of nest predation and adult mortality
Authors: REMEŠ V.
Published: August 2006

Previous studies have shown that avian growth and development covary with juvenile mortality. Juveniles of birds under strong nest predation pressure grow rapidly, have short incubation and nestling periods, and leave the nest at low body mass. Life‐history theory predicts that parental investment increases with adult mortality rate. Thus, developmental traits that depend on the parental effort exerted (pre‐ and postnatal growth rate) should scale positively with adult mortality, in contrast to those that do not have a direct relationship with parental investment (timing of developmental events, e.g. nest leaving). I tested this prediction on a sample of 84 North American songbirds. Nestling growth rate scaled positively and incubation period duration negatively with annual adult mortality rates even when controlled for nest predation and other covariates, including phylogeny. On the contrary, neither the duration of the nestling period nor body mass at fledging showed any relationship. Proximate mechanisms generating the relationship of pre‐ and postnatal growth rates to adult mortality may include increased feeding, nest attentiveness during incubation and/or allocation of hormones, and deserve further attention.
Long day plants and the response to global warming: rapid evolutionary change in day length sensitivity is possible in wild beet
Authors: VAN DIJK H. , HAUTEKÈETE N.
Published: August 2006

Day length is a key factor in flowering induction in many plant species in a seasonal environment with flowering induction usually happening at shorter day lengths in lower latitudes. Now, the climate changes systematically at a considerable speed due to global warming. As a consequence, earlier flowering will be selected for in long day plants by favouring a lower threshold for day length sensitivity, on the condition of available genetic variability. Here, we show that there is considerable genetic variation for day length sensitivity in our study species, the seabeetBeta vulgarissubsp.maritima. In the northernmost natural populations without vernalization requirement, in southwest France, the necessary day length for flowering induction could be reduced by artificial selection in <10 generations from >13 h to <11 h, the latter value corresponding to populations in theBeta‐species complex from Northern Africa and the eastern part of the Mediterranean tested under the same conditions. A quantitative genetic analysis provided evidence of a gradual change without detectable major genes. Additional experiments were carried out to separate the response to photoperiod from age and energy effects. A certain effect of energy availability has been found, whereas age effects could be excluded. These results indicate a considerable potential for evolutionary change in adjusting flowering time in a changing climate.
Tracheal responsiveness to both isoprenaline and beta2‐adrenoreceptor blockade by propranolol in cigarette smoke exposed and sensitized guinea pigs
Authors: BOSKABADY Mohammad Hossein , KIANI Sara , ASLANI Mohammad Reza
Published: August 2006

Objective:  Airway hyperresponsiveness is the main feature of asthma and also exists in cigarette smokers. In previous studies we have shown increased airway responsiveness to isoprenaline in asthmatic patients and smokers. In this study, tracheal responsiveness to isoprenaline and β‐adrenergic receptor blockade was investigated in animals exposed to cigarette smoke (AECS) with or without sensitization by ovalbumin (OA).

Methodology:  Guinea pigs were exposed to cigarette smoke over a 3‐month period with or without sensitization by injection and inhalation of OA. Tracheal responses in AECS, AECS + sensitized and control animals (n = 7 for each group) to isoprenaline in the absence and presence of 20 nmol/L propranolol were measured and EC50 was established. The propranolol blockade (concentration ratio minus one (CR‐1)) was calculated (post‐propranolol EC50/EC50) − 1.

Results:  The tracheal response of AECS and AECS + sensitized guinea pigs to isoprenaline was significantly higher than that of control animals (EC50: 4.24 ± 0.54, 3.66 ± 0.53 and 7.71 ± 0.68.79 µmol for AECS, AECS + sensitized and control animals, respectively) (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in EC50 between AECS and AECS + sensitized. CR‐1 was also significantly higher in the trachea of AECS and AECS + sensitized compared with controls (13.39 ± 2.22 and 15.35 ± 2.95 vs. 3.10 ± 0.6, P < 0.05 in both cases). There was no significant difference in CR‐1 between AECS and AECS + sensitized. There was a significant correlation between the tracheal response to isoprenaline (EC50) and CR‐1 (r =−0.731, P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in tracheal maximum response to isoprenaline between the three groups of animals.

Conclusions:  The results of this study indicate an increased tracheal response to a β2‐adrenergic stimulating drug and enhanced β2‐adrenergic blockade by propranolol in both AECS and AECS + sensitized. These results suggest similar increase in airway responsiveness to β2‐adrenergic agonists and β2‐receptor blockade in AECS and AECS + sensitized guinea pigs.
Positive benefits of theophylline in a randomized, double‐blind, parallel‐group, placebo‐controlled study of low‐dose, slow‐release theophylline in the treatment of COPD for 1 year
Authors: ZHOU Yumin , WANG Xiaoping , ZENG Xiangyi , QIU Rong , XIE Junfeng , LIU Shengming , ZHENG Jingping , ZHONG Nanshan , RAN Pixin
Published: August 2006

Objective and background:  Increasing evidence suggests that low‐dose theophylline has anti‐inflammatory benefits and is safe in the treatment of COPD. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of low‐dose, slow‐release oral theophylline administered over a 1‐year period in patients with COPD.

Methods:  A randomized, double‐blind, parallel‐group, placebo‐controlled trial was carried out. In total, 110 participants with COPD were randomly assigned to receive slow‐release theophylline (100 mg b.i.d.) or placebo for 1 year. Use of medicine and symptoms recorded by diary cards; pulmonary function, exacerbations of COPD, quality of life and the use of rescue medicine were evaluated. Superiority test was used to estimate the efficacy.

Results:  Of 110 participants, 85 (77.3%) complied with the protocol, with 42 subjects in theophylline and 43 subjects on placebo. In both intention‐to‐treat and per‐protocol population analysis, greater improvement in pre‐bronchodilator FEV1 (P = 0.038 and P = 0.070, respectively), lower frequency of COPD exacerbations (P = 0.047 and P = 0.035, respectively), fewer days of COPD exacerbations (P = 0.045 and P = 0.046, respectively), lower frequency of clinical visits (P = 0.017 and P = 0.039, respectively), greater improvement in satisfaction with treatment (P = 0.014 and P = 0.004, respectively) were found in the theophylline group than in the placebo group. In per‐protocol population, greater improvements in quality of life (P = 0.047) were also observed in the theophylline group and the mean time to the first exacerbation was delayed in theophylline group in comparison with placebo group (P = 0.047). Drug‐related adverse events such as stomach discomfort (3.51%), headache (3.51%), insomnia (1.75%) and palpitation (1.75%) were found in the theophylline group.

Conclusions:  Low‐dose, slow‐release oral theophylline is effective and well‐tolerated in the long term treatment of stable COPD, although it does not improve post‐bronchodilator lung function.
Recurrence of bilateral diffuse bronchiectasis after bilateral lung transplantation
Authors: CHEN Fengshi , HASEGAWA Seiki , BANDO Toru , KITAICHI Masanori , HIRATSUKA Takuya , KAWASHIMA Masahiro , HANAOKA Nobuharu , YOSHIMURA Takashi , TANAKA Fumihiro , TRULOCK Elbert P. , WADA Hiromi
Published: August 2006

Abstract:  We report two cases of bilateral diffuse bronchiectasis in which early recurrence of the original lung disease occurred after bilateral lung transplantation (LT). Patient 1 underwent cadaveric LT. Recurrent bronchiectasis occurred 4 months later, and he died 6 years after LT. Patient 2 underwent living‐related lobar LT, bronchiectasis relapsed 4 months later, and he died 13 months after LT. Both cases were finally diagnosed as bilateral diffuse bronchiectasis by the pathological features of the explanted lungs: infiltration of inflammatory cells predominantly in the conducting airways with dilation of the bronchi of bilateral lungs and scarcity of foamy macrophages in the wall of the respiratory bronchioles. Similar pathological features were seen in autopsy specimens from patient 1 and a transbronchial biopsy specimen from patient 2. LT should be carried out with caution in patients with bilateral diffuse bronchiectasis. When performing LT in such patients, it is suggested that sinusitis should be controlled perioperatively.
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis associated with a disease‐modifying antirheumatoid arthritis drug
Authors: WARDWELL Noel R. , MILLER Robert , WARE Lorraine B.
Published: August 2006

Abstract:  Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis is an uncommon disorder marked by the abnormal accumulation of surfactant within the alveoli. Secondary pulmonary alveolar proteinosis develops in patients who are immunosuppressed, usually with corticosteroids. We present a case of biopsy‐proven pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in a patient undergoing therapy with the disease‐modifying antirheumatoid arthritis drug leflunomide (Arava; Aventis Pharmaceuticals, Bridgewater, NJ). He was treated with whole lung lavage and discontinuation of leflunomide with good results. This is the first reported association of secondary pulmonary alveolar proteinosis with leflunomide therapy. Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis should be considered in patients with diffuse lung disease that develops while on disease‐modifying antirheumatoid arthritis drug therapy.
Recombinant factor VIIa treatment for life‐threatening haemoptysis
Authors: YILDIRIM Huseyin , UCGUN Irfan , YALCIN Ahmet Ugur , GULBAŞ Zafer , ŞAhin Garip , ACIKALIN Mustafa Fuat , METINTAS Muzaffer , AK Guntulu
Published: August 2006

Abstract:  Diffuse alveolar haemorrhage is a severe clinical disorder that may be life‐threatening. The early diagnosis of diffuse alveolar haemorrhage and prompt intervention is crucial. Recombinant factor VIIa has been used extensively for the treatment of haemophilia A and B patients. More recently, recombinant factor VIIa has been used successfully for the treatment of bleeding in patients without pre‐existing coagulopathy. We describe the successful use of recombinant factor VIIa in a patient with diffuse alveolar haemorrhage secondary to pulmonary–renal syndrome.
A nurse‐led rheumatology clinic’s impact on empowering patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A qualitative study
Authors: Arvidsson S. Barbro , Petersson Ann , Nilsson Inger , Andersson Brita , Arvidsson Britt I. , Petersson Ingemar F. , Fridlund Bengt
Published: August 2006

Abstract  The aim of this study was to describe a nurse‐led rheumatology clinic’s impact on empowering patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic, inflammatory disease that attacks many joints, causing considerable functional restrictions for patients. Consequently, these patients are dependent on a wide variety of health‐care services. A descriptive, qualitative design inspired by phenomenography was chosen. The conceptions were collected through interviews with 16 strategically selected patients with RA. Three descriptive categories comprising eight conceptions emerged: teaching (gaining insight and receiving information), regular review (receiving security, realizing regularity, and achieving accessibility), and attention (getting a holistic assessment, receiving coordinated care, and getting sufficient time). A nurse‐led rheumatology clinic can be a source for empowering patients with RA to adopt new stances to alternative actions and achieve a higher level of faith in their own abilities.
Efficacy of comprehensive group rehabilitation for women with early breast cancer in South Korea
Authors: Cho Ok‐Hee , Yoo Yang‐Sook , Kim Nam‐Cho
Published: August 2006

Abstract  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a comprehensive group rehabilitation program on the range of motion of the shoulder joint, psychosocial adjustment, and the quality of life for early breast cancer patients. Fifty‐five women with early breast cancer were assigned to an intervention group or a control group. Intervention was provided three times per week for 10 weeks. The results showed an increased range of motion of the shoulder joint, and psychosocial adjustment and quality of life were shown to be significantly higher in the intervention group than in the control group. The rehabilitation program comprised psychology‐based education, exercise, and peer support group activity to promote recovery of the affected shoulder joint range of motion, alleviate physical symptoms, and improve psychosocial adjustment and quality of life for early breast cancer patients in South Korea.
The meanings of pain: A qualitative study of the perspectives of children living with pain in north‐eastern Thailand
Authors: Jongudomkarn Darunee , Aungsupakorn Nipa , Camfield Laura
Published: August 2006

Abstract  This qualitative paper explores the perception of pain among north‐eastern Thai children experiencing illness, aged from 4–18 years. Data was obtained from 17 children living in the community and 32 children admitted to two major hospitals in Isan, totaling 49 children. The qualitative data collection techniques used were observation, drawing, role‐playing, story‐telling, and “day conferences” (relaxed and informal group discussions). The study was conducted over 1 year and the data were analyzed using Fielding’s method of content analysis. The research found that children described their experience of pain as “disheartening”, “suffering”, and “torturing” and that the expression of pain in Isan families is characterized by avoidance and endurance. The findings suggest a role for a model of pain management in children specific to the sociocultural context of Isan, which focuses on family‐centered care and acknowledges cultural diversity.
Facilitating help‐seeking through student interactions in a WebCT online graduate study program
Authors: Melrose Sherri
Published: August 2006

Abstract  This article discusses a qualitative research project that revealed how online health‐care practitioners in a graduate studies program believe their primary source of help is other students in their class. The project was framed from a constructivist theoretical perspective and an action research approach. The participants were clinicians, such as advanced nurse practitioners, who graduated from a Master of Nursing or Master of Health Studies program offered exclusively through a WebCT online environment. The data sources included a program satisfaction survey, focus groups, and 10 individual audiotape‐recorded and transcribed interviews. The data were collected over a 2 year period, analyzed for themes by two researchers, and confirmed with the participants through ongoing member‐checking. The following four strategies to facilitate help‐seeking interactions among online graduate study learners are presented: award marks for participation, encourage thoughtful, well‐crafted introductions, create a coffee lounge, small group forums and private email within the course environment, and identify non‐contributing students.
Continuity of care and quality care outcomes for people experiencing chronic conditions: A literature review
Authors: Van Servellen Gwen , Fongwa Marie , Mockus D’Errico Ellen
Published: August 2006

Abstract  Continuity of patient care is frequently linked to quality care outcomes. The purpose of this paper is to examine the clinical trial literature in order to determine the extent to which informational, management, and relational continuity of care are associated with quality care indicators. A MEDLINE search of the literature via PubMed was conducted for clinical trials that were carried out from 1 January 1996–1 June 2005. Analyses of 32 unduplicated citations revealed a focus on one or more aspects of continuity and its association with quality care outcomes. Management continuity interventions were identified most often, followed by informational and relational continuity interventions. The outcomes were primarily patient‐focused with a wide range of functional status, quality of life, and patient satisfaction indicators. This analysis provides implications for research that could contribute to an understanding of the types of continuity of patient care and their relationships to quality care.
SURGICAL ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS IN SMALLER HOSPITALS
Authors: Bennett Noleen J. , Bull Ann L. , Dunt David R. , Russo Philip L. , Spelman Denis W. , Richards Michael J.
Published: August 2006

Background:  In 2004, The Victorian Hospital Acquired Infection Surveillance System Coordinating Centre established a smaller hospital (<100 beds) surveillance programme that included an optional ‘surgical antibiotic prophylaxis’ (SAP) module. Appropriate SAP is believed to be one of the most effective strategies to reduce surgical site infections after certain surgical procedures.

Methods:  Trained infection control nurses in the participating hospitals were asked to collect SAP data for the first 50 consecutive procedures that could be classified into 1 of 12 surgical groups. The choice, timing and duration of antibiotics were compared against the Australian Therapeutic Antibiotic version 12 Guidelines and the US National Surgical Infection Prevention Project Advisory Statement.

Results:  Fifty‐one of the 87 smaller hospitals that participated in the surveillance programme of The Victorian Hospital Acquired Infection Surveillance System Coordinating Centre carried out surgery. Over 20 months, 25 of these hospitals contributed data on 1872 procedures. Antibiotic choice, timing and duration were 52.6, 54.7 and 76.1%, respectively, concordant with published recommendations. For antibiotic choice in five surgical groups (appendectomy, colon surgery, gastric surgery and abdominal and vaginal hysterectomies), less than half of the procedures were concordant with the Australian Therapeutic Antibiotic Guidelines.

Conclusions:  Substantial opportunities exist in smaller hospitals to improve compliance with published SAP recommendations. Further studies are required to determine the reasons for poor compliance with these recommendations.
CLEFT SURGERY IN EAST TIMOR: THE FIRST FOUR YEARS
Authors: Moore Mark H. , Fernandes Antonio E. L.
Published: August 2006

Background:  Following the vote for independence in 1999, this team commenced the first coherent reconstructive surgical service in East Timor. The aim of this paper is to report the cleft lip and palate surgical experience during the 4 years since independence.

Methods:  From June 2000, a record of all cleft surgical procedures carried out by our team in East Timor has been maintained. This has been reviewed to identify the clinical experience, procedures carried out and the outcomes of the cleft population in this, the poorest and newest, nation in Asia.

Results:  From the 519 reconstructive surgical procedures carried out by this team in East Timor during the first 4 years, 267 were for cleft lip and palate deformity. Cleft lip and nose repairs were most commonly undertaken, although over the period of the study increasing numbers of cleft palate repairs were evident, reflecting the developing confidence in the service by the local population.

Conclusion:  The establishment of a regular, consistent cleft lip and palate surgical team in East Timor has not only seen the successful correction of a large number of untreated cleft patients, but has also contributed to a restoration of trust in the newly developing health system in East Timor.
MICROBIOLOGICAL PROFILE OF CHRONIC ULCERS OF THE LOWER LIMB: A PROSPECTIVE OBSERVATIONAL COHORT STUDY
Authors: Lim Tao S. , Mwipatayi Bibombe P. , Murray Ronan , Sieunarine Kishore , Abbas Manzoor , Angel Donna
Published: August 2006

Background:  The aim of the study was to determine the microbiological profile of chronic lower‐limb ulcers in a tertiary outpatient setting.

Methods:  A prospective observational cohort study of 39 patients with lower‐limb ulcers of more than 1 month duration, presenting to the leg ulcer clinic. Superficial swab and punch biopsy samples were taken from each ulcer.

Results:  Mean age was 68.7 years. Venous ulcers were most common (51%) followed by arterial ulcers (13%), ulcers inpeople with diabetes having arterial disease (13%), unspecified ulcers (13%) and ulcers in people with diabetes (10%). The most common organisms were Staphylococcus aureus (38–44%) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (26–28%). Biopsy and swab results were concordant in 18 (46%), had at least one organism in common in 10 (26%) and had no concordance in 11 (28%). Histological analysis did not show any cases of malignancy. Ulcer area was significantly lower after 2 months of treatment (P = 0.047). Venous ulcers had the best outcome at 2 months, whereas people with diabetes with arterial disease fared poorly.

Conclusion:  The microbiological profile of chronic leg ulcers has application to general treatment principles as well in guiding the necessity and choice of antibiotic therapy. Concordance between swab and biopsy results was poor; we recommend biopsy in the tertiary setting.
SELECTIVE INTERNAL RADIATION THERAPY WITH 90Y MICROSPHERES FOR COLORECTAL LIVER METASTASES: SINGLE‐CENTRE EXPERIENCE WITH 100 PATIENTS
Authors: Stubbs Richard S. , O’Brien Inga , Correia Mauro M.
Published: August 2006

Background:  Many patients with colorectal liver metastases die from liver‐only disease. Selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT) is an evolving method suitable for treating patients with non‐resectable metastatic liver disease.

Methods:  One hundred patients with advanced colorectal liver metastases were treated with SIRT. A single dose of between 2.0 and 3.0 GBq of 90Y microspheres was given into the hepatic artery either by a surgically implanted portacath or a percutaneous femoral catheter. When a port was used (n = 87), SIRT was followed by hepatic arterial chemotherapy with 5‐fluorouracil.

Results:  Treatment‐related morbidity occurred in 11 patients. Responses to SIRT were assessed by serial computed tomography scans and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) measurement. Median CEA level 3 months after SIRT (expressed as percentage of initial CEA) was 18%. Only 5 of 80 patients (6.25%) scanned at 3 months showed disease progression. Survival was significantly more in those who experienced a good tumour marker response and in those who were slow to develop extrahepatic disease. Survival was independently influenced by the use of ongoing hepatic arterial chemotherapy, the extent of liver involvement and the lymph node status of the original primary tumour.

Conclusion:  Selective internal radiation therapy is a very effective and well‐tolerated regional treatment for colorectal liver metastases, which should be considered for those with liver‐only metastatic disease.
OUTCOME AFTER PANCREATIC NECROSECTOMY: TRENDS OVER 12 YEARS AT AN INDIAN CENTRE
Authors: Reddy Mettu S. , Jindal Ravul , Gupta Rajesh , Yadav Thakur D. , Wig Jai Dev
Published: August 2006

Background:  Pancreatic necrosectomy for necrotizing pancreatitis is a formidable operation. There are limited data from the Indian subcontinent regarding outcome and recent trends in management.

Methods:  Patients undergoing pancreatic necrosectomy over a 12‐year period were identified from a prospective database. Data regarding the hospital course, complications and outcome were extracted by case file review. Descriptive statistics were used to present the data. An attempt was made to identify trends in management and outcome over the study period.

Results:  One hundred and eighteen patients underwent necrosectomy. The median age was 39.5 years (interquartile range, 32–46). Median Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation II score at admission was 8 (interquartile range, 6–10). Thirty‐nine patients (33%) had organ failure at admission. Patients underwent surgery a median of 23 days (interquartile range, 14–34) after onset of illness. There was high incidence of loco‐regional complications (68/118, 58%) and organ failure (88/118, 75%) in the postoperative period. The mortality rate was 38%. There was an increase in the median onset to surgery interval (17 vs 25.5 days; P = 0.001), increased use of percutaneous interventions (20 vs 36%; P = 0.05) and decreased mortality (47 vs 29%; P = 0.052) in the later half of the study period.

Conclusion:  Pancreatic necrosectomy continues to be associated with significant morbidity and mortality in India. A trend towards increased use of percutaneous interventions and delayed surgery is evident.