bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wind Tunnel Testing of Offwind Sails
Authors: Ranzenbach Robert , Mairs Chris
Published: May 2021

The primary purposes of this offwind sail investigation were to better understand offwind sail performance and to improve the ability to predict the performance of specific offwind sail shapes over a broad range of operating conditions. The study was designed to allow sail designers to answer the following questions: What are the optimal types of sails over specific bands of operating conditions and how is this optimum affected by changes in the vertical distribution of sail area (girth), camber (shape), and twist?

The specific goal was to demonstrate improvements in predicted sail performance over targeted narrow bands of operating conditions expected during various legs of the 1997-98 Whitbread Round The World Race™.

To achieve this goal, two major development tasks were first completed by the Glenn L. Martin Wind Tunnel (GLMWT), located at the University of Maryland College Park:

a. Model Test Rig Development;

b. Test Methodology Development.

Once these development tasks were completed, a broad range of offwind runners and reachers of varying design were evaluated over appropriate ranges of angle of attack and trim settings.
An Experimental Investigation of Slamming on Ocean Racing Yachts
Authors: Manganelli Paolo , Wilson Philip A.
Published: May 2021

Groupe Finot Naval Architects and the School of Engineering Sciences, Ship Science of the University of Southampton have started a joint research project to carry out an experimental investigation concerning the effects of slamming on offshore sailing yachts.

A reliable autonomous data acquisition system was designed that allowed measurements to be taken during long offshore races. The details of the design and implementation of this system are presented together with some sample results from the first measurement campaigns.
Optimising Yacht Routes Under Uncertainty
Authors: Philpott Andy , Mason Andrew
Published: May 2021

The planning of routes for sailing vessels is subject to uncertainty from the weather. This is particularly important in yacht racing where the accuracy of a weather prediction can determine the outcome of a race. With a perfect weather forecast it is possible to use the polar tables of a given yacht to compute a route that minimises its arrival time at its destination. Software that does this for racing yachts is now a standard part of most commercial instrumentation packages. With uncertain weather information the routing problem becomes more difficult. We review two models for optimising yacht routes under uncertainty about the weather. The first of these is suitable for short course racing. It treats the wind as a Markov process, and based on observations of the wind ditrection, it computes tacking and heading decisions at each point of the course so as to minimise the expected arrival time at the next mark. The second model, which is intended for ocean races, models the weather using ensemble forecasts rather than a Markov process. In both models it is possible to represent risk-averse and risk-seeking behaviour.
Model Tests to Study Capsize and Stability of Sailing Multihulls
Authors: Deakin Barry
Published: May 2021

Sailing multihull cruising yachts cannot be righted from a capsize without external assistance, and so they present a difficult problem for regulatory authorities concerned with commercial operation of such craft. A standard is required which enables their stability to be assessed at a similar level to that of monohull yachts. Unfortunately their stability characteristics and behaviour are very different to those of monohulls, and the normal methods of assessment are not appropriate. Some aspects of multihull capsizing are addressed, with a discussion of the results of an innovative programme of wind tunnel and towing tank tests. It is hoped that the paper will be of assistance in directing others in their assessment of multihull safety, and will provide a technical basis for further discussion of the subject.
Towards a Robust Offshore Bonded Repair Strength Evaluation
Authors: Paboeuf Stephane , Mouton Luc , Sourisseau Quentin , Goupil Anne-Charlotte
Published: May 2021

Since the early 2000s, the number of Floating Production, Storage and Offloading (FPSO) units is increasing significantly. And so now, half of the fleet is over than 10 years old. As FPSO are mainly installed in tropical areas, with marine environment, high temperature and high humidity, corrosion is a permanent threat. Maintenance of steel structures become a challenge for oil major companies in offshore operation. Indeed, when allowable corrosion limit are reached, plates are to be repaired. However the current “crop and renew” technique implies a number of major issues for owners such as: “hot work”, i.e., welding; temporary structure weakening; necessity to empty, clean and vent oil tanks, leading to a long down time and an expensive solution.

“Cold repair”, such as bonded repair, is an obvious solution, due to a short down-time and non-intrusively process. However, currently no standards or rules exist for this kind of repair and engineering faces problems as basic as strength qualification. To address the lack of knowledge on the strength assessment of bonded repair for primary structure, Bureau Veritas Marine & Offshore launched a Joint Industrial Project (JIP) named StrenghBond Offshore with oil companies, shipyards and suppliers. The main objectives of the JIP are to:

Assess short term and fatigue strength of typical bonded repairs,

Enrich knowledge of adhesive joints strength on typical offshore repairs cases,

Enable a better evaluation of the margin between the actual strength of a repair and the design load,

Validate the characterisation procedure for strength prediction of bonded assembly,

Define a robust strength prediction method,

Gather the collected experience in a industrially applicable guideline,

Standardise qualification process for offshore composite bonded repairs.

The project intends to provide a design approach for bonded reinforcement that is design orientated, accurate and recognized by the offshore industry.
Alfabetización digital en la educación. Revisión sistemática de la producción científica en Scopus
Authors: George Reyes Carlos Enrique , Avello-Martínez Raidell
Published: May 2021

La incorporación de las tecnologías en los escenarios de interacción social ha propiciado cambios en la forma en la que las personas se comunican, aprenden y comparten información. En la educación, el acceso y la masificación de la infraestructura digital ha provocado la necesidad de conceptualizar y reconceptualizar desde diversas aristas el término alfabetización digital como una forma de comprender cuales son las habilidades que se necesitan para poder participar en un mundo hiperconectado. En este trabajo se realizó una revisión sistemática de la bibliografía relacionada con el tema utilizando la base de datos Scopus. Se elaboró un estudio diacrónico que examinó 138 artículos obtenidos a partir de los términos digital literacy, education y school. Se identificó una conceptualización temprana basada en la necesidad de incorporar habilidades para usar instrumentalmente las tecnologías, y una reconceptualización contemporánea en la que se supera la idea que dominar el hardware y software es suficiente para considerar a una persona digitalmente alfabetizada. Se concluye que, para hacer conceptualizaciones de alfabetización digital, necesariamente se deben considerar términos como alfabetización informacional, alfabetización computacional y alfabetización mediática, ya que sobre estos parámetros se articulan las nuevas alfabetizaciones basadas en la incorporación de las tecnologías en la educación.

The incorporation of technologies in scenarios of social interaction has led to changes in the way in which people communicate, learn and share information. In education, access and massification of digital infrastructure has led to the need to conceptualize and reconceptualize the term digital literacy from various angles as a way of understanding what are the skills needed to participate in a hyperconnected world. In this work, a systematic review of the bibliography related to the topic was carried out using the Scopus database. A diachronic study was carried out that examined 138 articles obtained from the terms digital literacy, education and school. An early conceptualization based on the need to incorporate skills to use technologies instrumentally was identified, and a contemporary reconceptualization in which the idea that mastering hardware and software is enough to consider a person digitally literate is overcome. It is concluded that, in order to make digital literacy conceptualizations, terms such as information literacy, computer literacy and media literacy must necessarily be considered, since new literacies based on the incorporation of technologies in education are articulated on these parameters.
Applied and Computational Mathematics Division :
Authors: Boisvert Ronald F
Published: May 2021

This report summarizes recent technical work of the Applied and Computational Sciences Division of the Information Technology Laboratory at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Part I (Overview) provides a high-level overview of the Division's activities, including highlights of technical accomplishments during the previous year. Part II (Features) provides further details on projects of particular note this year. This is followed in Part III (Project Summaries) by brief synopses of all technical projects active during the past year. Part IV (Activity Data) provides listings of publications, technical talks, and other professional activities in which Division staff members have participated. The reporting period covered by this document is October 2019 through December 2020.
PECULARITIES OF MICELLE FORMATION OF PENTACYCLIC GLYCOSIDES IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
Authors: Mironenko Natalia V. , Shkutina Irina V. , Selemenev Vladimir F.
Published: May 2021

The regularities of changes in structural characteristics during the formation of associates in micellar aqueous solutions of triterpene saponins Quillaja Saponin and Sapindus Mukorossi are considered. The dependence of surface tension and adsorption on the concentration of an aqueous saponin solution is analyzed, and the values of surface activity and parameters of the adsorption layer are calculated. The average values of diffusion coefficients for spherical and cylindrical micelles are determined based on the measurement of the solution viscosity. The effect of the electrolyte solution on the surface tension and viscosity of glycoside solutions is studied: when the electrolyte is introduced into the saponin solution, the surface tension decreases, which leads to a shift in the critical concentration of micelle formation towards lower concentrations. The introduction of potassium chloride electrolyte reduces the degree of ionization and, as a result of suppressing the electroviscosity effect, leads to a decrease in the viscosity of the solution. The dynamic light scattering method is used to determine the size of glycoside aggregates. It is established that there are aggregates of several sizes in an aqueous solution of saponin. The size and shape of aggregates were calculated using the concepts of micelle packing parameters. In the region of very low concentrations of glycoside solutions, when approaching the critical concentration of micelle formation in the solution, there are spherical micelles. A further increase in the saponin concentration in the solution leads to a decrease in the content of structures with a hydrodynamic radius of 50-80 nm and the appearance of larger agglomerates with sizes greater than 100 nm. It was found that micelles acquire a less hydrated and more densely packed cylindrical shape in the concentration range of 1.7-2.6 mmol/dm3. Compaction of associates leads to an increase in the content of particles with a hydrodynamic radius of 150-250 nm and larger ones, and their presence predicts the appearance of larger agglomerates. Analyzing the data obtained using the dynamic light scattering method, it can be concluded that aggregates of several sizes co-exist in the volume of aqueous saponin solutions at certain concentrations.
SYNTHESIS OF NANOSIZED ZIRCONIUM DIOXIDE, COBALT OXIDE AND RELATED PHASES IN SUPERCRITICAL CO2 FLUID
Authors: Sokolov Ilya E. , Fomichev Valery V. , Zakalyukin Ruslan M. , Kopylova Elena V. , Kumskov Andrey S. , Mozhchil Rais N. , Ionov Andrey M.
Published: May 2021

This study is devoted to obtaining nanoscale zirconium dioxide, cobalt oxide and related phases by SAS method in supercritical carbon dioxide. The synthesized compounds were characterized by a complex of physico-chemical analytical methods: infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The experimental parameters for obtaining the nanoparticles were: pressure 10 MPa, temperature 40 °C, carbon dioxide supply rate 35 g/min, the initial solution supply rate 0.5 ml/min. Individual phases containing zirconium and cobalt, and also samples with zirconium to cobalt molar ratios 3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 2:1 and 1:3 were obtained. The use of zirconium and cobalt acetylacetonates as initial components leads to formation of stable products – nanoparticles of acetates of the corresponding metals in the X-ray amorphous state. When heated to 340-350 °C, the destruction of organometallic complexes to oxides occurs with formation of a continuous series of X-ray amorphous solid solutions in the ZrO2-CoO system. At temperatures above 600 °C, the phases crystallize with the decomposition of solid solutions into ZrO2 and Co3O4. When temperature is above 900 °C, further oxidation of cobalt occurs. Thus, cobalt oxide oxidation into Co3O4 proceeds in two steps, at 600 and 900 °C. For samples of zirconium dioxide with cobalt oxide admixture at a temperature of 700 °C stabilization of the cubic modification is observed which is probably due to the entry of cobalt into the cubic structure of zirconium oxide, which prevents transition to tetragonal and monoclinic modifications.
INVESTIGATION OF REACTIONS OF INTERACTION OF CELLULOSE NITRIC ESTERS WITH CARBOXYLIC ACID CHLORIDES
Authors: Romanova Svetlana M. , Fatykhova Liliya A.
Published: May 2021

The chemical interaction of high-nitrogen cellulose ether with acetic, propionic, butyric and isobutyric acids has been studied. The general laws and features of the electrophilic substitution of functional groups of cellulose nitroesters are revealed. The preferred directions of the chemical interaction of cellulose nitrate with carboxylic acid chlorides are established: O-acylation of nitrate and hydroxyl groups; O-acylation of the glucopyranose ring; O-acylation of the ether bond with depolymerization of the chain of an SC molecule; hydrolysis of nitrate groups; destruction of the chain of a macromolecule of nitric acid ester with the formation of water-soluble organic compounds. The structure, properties and possibilities of using synthesized mixed cellulose ethers were studied. Effective methods have been developed for the chemical modification of cellulose nitrates with carboxylic acid chlorides. The probable directions of the reaction of the interaction of cellulose nitrates with electrophilic reagents are predicted based on quantum-chemical calculations of point charges on the atoms of the reacting molecules. The reactivity of highly substituted cellulose nitrates in reactions with carboxylic acid chlorides has been established. The optimal conditions for the interaction of cellulose nitrates with carboxylic acid chlorides have been identified and a mathematical model of the reaction kinetics has been constructed. The possibility of a directed change in the composition of chemically modified cellulose nitrates depending on the synthesis conditions has been established. As a result of the combined use of physicochemical research methods, the chemical composition was determined and the structure of the synthesized compounds was determined: cellulose acetyl nitrates, cellulose propionyl nitrates, cellulose butyryl nitrates, and cellulose isobutyryl nitrates. Using gel chromatography, it was found that the molecular weight characteristics of the synthesized samples are directly dependent on the conditions of their synthesis. It was found that electrophilic substitution of the functional groups of cellulose nitrate proceeds more intensively in the pyridine medium.
VITAMIN D NANOCAPSULATION
Authors: Gutnova Taisiya S. , Kompantsev Dmitry V. , Gvozdenko Alexey A. , Kramarenko Vasily N. , Blinov Andrey V.
Published: May 2021

The main objective of the planned experiment is to obtain a stabilized nanoemulsion of vitamin D3, followed by obtaining nanocapsules of vitamin D3 with a high biological potential, as well as to analyze the spatial (dimensional) characteristics, to study the stability and stability of the resulting product. In the presented study, the physicochemical and technological properties of the vitamin D substance were studied and the optimal ultradispersion mode was selected. The composition is experimentally established and a technology for obtaining laboratory samples of nanocapsules is proposed. The shape and size of the obtained nanocapsules with vitamin D were studied. Based on the developed experimental model, the optimal composition of nanocapsules was obtained. The quantitative content of vitamin D3 in the analyzed sample of nanocapsules was 76.9% with a holding time of 2.0 min. The results of studying the stability and stability of vitamin D nanocapsules proved their stability for 12 months. The developed vitamin D nanocapsules are a way of modifying the vitamin D substance for the subsequent production of tablets with improved biopharmaceutical properties. The selection of the composition of excipients based on the prediction of their properties, as well as the technology for producing nanocapsules, allows to increase the duration of the therapeutic effect while simultaneously reducing the maximum concentration of the drug in the body. The optimal composition of solubilizers for achieving a more complete, rapid and targeted dissolution of the active substance in a given part of the intestine has been experimentally confirmed. The aim of the study is to obtain a quality drug with improved properties such as adequate bioavailability, safety, low toxicity, no side effects and controlled release.
TECHNOLOGICAL ADDITIVES FOR OIL AND PETROL RESISTANCE RUBBERS BASED ON BUTADIENE-NITRILE CAOUTCHOUCS
Authors: Egorov Evgeny N. , Kol'tsov Nikolay I. , Ushmarin Nikolay F.
Published: May 2021

The article investigated the influence of various technological additives (zincolet BB 222, lubstab-01 and MA-L22) on the technological properties of the rubber mixture, physical, mechanical and operational characteristics of rubber based on nitrile butadiene caoutchouc BNKS-40AMN. Basic rubber mixture studied included caoutchouc, BC-FF percadox, zinc monomethacrylate, maleide F, triallyl isocyanurate, acetonanil N, MGF-9 and THM-3 oligoester acrylates, carbon black P 514 and other ingredients. The rubber mixture was prepared on laboratory rolls LB 320 160/160 in two stages. At the first stage, BNKS-40AMN caoutchouc was mixed with ingredients and processing aids. As technological additives, zincolet BB 222, lubstab-01 and MA-L22 were used. In the second mixing step, BC-FF percadox and vulcanization coagents were introduced. For the obtained variants of the rubber mixture the vulcanization characteristics were studied on an MDR 3000 Basic rheometer at a temperature of 170 °C. The rubber mixture prepared was vulcanized in a P-V-100-3RT-2-PCD type vulcanizing press at 150 °C for 40 min. Determination of elastic-strength and operational properties of rubber were carried out according to the standards existing for the rubber industry. The oil resistance of the vulcanizates was evaluated by changing their elastic strength after exposure to standard liquid SZHR-1 at a temperature of 125 °C, as well as by changing the mass of the samples after exposure to a mixture of isooctane with toluene at room temperature. It was found that the introduction of technological additives in the rubber compound improves the distribution of carbon black P 514 and powdered ingredients (zinc monomethacrylate, maleide F, triallyl isocyanurate, acetonanil H) in the caoutchouc matrix. Increased elastic strength indicators and their smallest changes after exposure to aggressive hydrocarbon media is characterized a rubber containing technological additive MA-L22. A comparison of technological, elastic-strength properties and resistance to aggressive media for rubbers containing butadiene-nitrile caoutchoucs BNKS-18AMN, BNKS-28AMN and BNKS-40AMN with optimal technological additives for them was done. It has been established that rubber containing BNKS-40AMN and technological additive MA-L22 is characterized by improved vulcanization properties, increased elastic strength indicators and their smallest changes after exposure to aggressive hydrocarbon media.
KINETICS OF GRINDING OF VEGETABLE RAW MATERIALS DURING ELECTRIC DISCHARGE EXTRACTION
Authors: Kazub Valery T. , Kosheleva Maria K. , Rudobashta Stanislav P.
Published: May 2021

The influence of the degree of grinding of the particles of growing raw materials during electric discharge extraction on the quality of the obtained extracts was studied. Each discharge during electro-discharge extraction contributes to the grinding of a part of the raw material, which is confirmed by granulometric analysis. The particle size of the raw material should be controlled, since excessive grinding of the extracts results in cloudy, difficult to clarify and poorly filtered. The design of the extraction chamber is proposed, in which the grounded electrode is made in the form of a perforated plate, called a false bottom, with the optimal size of the holes and their density, which eliminates the over-grinding of the raw material particles, which leads to the production of turbid and difficult-to-filter extracts. Since the extraction of raw materials is carried out at a certain ratio of solid-liquid phases, the volume of the chamber from the sieve to the bottom does not significantly affect the kinetics of the extraction process itself, since it is intended for collecting the smallest particles of processed raw materials, the mass of which does not exceed 15-16% of the loaded mass of raw materials. The device of the extraction chamber, due to the high turbulence and intensive mixing of the suspension under the action of cavitation and shock waves initiated by the discharge in the liquid, allows you to remove small particles of raw materials less than 1 mm in size from the working area of the chamber. The results of the study show that the extraction of target components from various raw materials using a chamber with a false bottom can significantly reduce the content of the smallest particles of raw materials in the extract. It facilitates the filtration of the extract, reduces the filtration time, significantly reduces the likelihood of turbidity of the solution due to suspension, which improves the quality of the extract. Experimental studies of the developed electric discharge chamber with a false bottom, conducted with various types of plant raw materials, confirm the effectiveness of extraction in the chamber of the proposed design.
Continental Shelf From The Perspective Of The Law Of The Sea: An Introduction
Authors:   Projek Pelantar Benua Malaysia, Majlis Keselamatan Negara, Malaysia, Madon Mazlan
Published: May 2021

The entitlement of a coastal State over the seabed and subsoil in front of its landmass is provided for in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 (UNCLOS), in particular Article 76 for the continental shelf. This short note in Malay gives a brief introduction to the concept of the “continental shelf” in the context of Article 76. This concept is important as a means by which coastal States may establish the outer limit of their continental shelves beyond 200 nautical miles (M) measured from the territorial sea baselines. Once the outer limits have been established, coastal States are then able to exercise with certainty their sovereign rights over the extended continental shelf for the purposes of exploring and exploiting the natural resources of the seabed and subsoil, as provided for by UNCLOS. The establishment of the outer limits of the continental shelf beyond 200 M is based on the principle of natural prolongation of land territory in Article 76. Geology also plays an important role in the process of determining the extent of the prolongation in accordance with the provisions of Article 76. For authors and students of this topic in Malay, it is proposed that the synonymous Malay terms for continental shelf – “pelantar benua” and “pentas benua” – be given specific meanings for use in their legal and geological contexts, respectively.
Reconnaissance Of Kenny Hill Formation Outcrops In The Rawang Area, Northern Selangor, Malaysia
Authors:   GFSI LLC, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Filipov Allan , Jong John ,   JX Nippon and Gas Exploration (Malaysia) Limited, KL, Malaysia, Madon Mazlan ,   Department of Geology, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Published: May 2021

New outcrops of Paleozoic meta-sediments northwest of Kuala Lumpur expose the deformational effects of the Late Paleozoic-Mesozoic collisions between various Gondwana-derived continental fragments as they amalgamated to form the core of SE Asia. Over a duration of 6 months, beginning in August 2020, we conducted field trips within northern Selangor to new laterally extensive outcrops for field observations, structural mapping and to measure and log the stratigraphic section. This paper focuses on Upper Paleozoic Kenny Hill Formation outcrops in northern Selangor. The most studied is the heavily weathered Jalan Rawang-Bestari Jaya (JRBJ) outcrop, which is characterised by a steeply dipping (southwest), upward-coarsening succession of sandstones and shales interpreted as a system of ephemeral fluvial channels possibly related to Gondwana glaciation. Concretions within bedding planes and fractures were possibly formed around organic material. Less than 4 km to the east, the Scientex development has excavated fresher outcrops of the same rocks dipping to the NE. Metamorphic lineation is not present in either outcrop location. In addition, a monocline is exposed at outcrop location number 3 nearby. Finally, at Bukit Botak, 14 km to the southwest, a system of westward verging thrust faults, back thrusts and normal faults can be viewed and an angular unconformity or decollement marks the contact between the Upper and Lower Paleozoic. These laterally extensive outcrops are rare and are quickly subject to intense tropical weathering, the encroachment of jungle vegetation and urban development. Historic mapping and prior stratigraphic, structural, and petrographic studies have been conducted in the area, but these relied on poor exposures. As suburban development escalates in the area, we hope that new outcrops, featuring multi-dimensional views of these formations, such as the four described in this paper, will complement the earlier work.
(Un)healthy lifestyles of Sheffield’s residents: Socio-economic and psychosocial deprivation
Authors:   , Lešnik Jerneja
Published: May 2021

This study investigated the pathway of inequality, linking socio-economic, psychological and lifestyle factors, in the context of the health and wellbeing of the urban population of Sheffield, UK. In order to identify the pathway of inequality, the study adopted a quantitative methodology using structural equation modelling. The research contributes to knowledge by combining Bourdieu’s (2010) social theory with the psychological theory of trait selfcontrol (Tangney et al., 2004, Baumeister et al., 2019) and Sen’s (2009; 2010) economic theory to identify the pathway of multidimensional and perpetual inequalities in health and healthy lifestyles. The thesis presents structural models of both healthy and unhealthy lifestyles. The proposed healthy lifestyle model demonstrates the intertwined nature of higher socio-economic background, higher levels of trait self-control and healthy lifestyles (i.e. healthy diet, higher levels of physical activity, and smoking abstention). By comparison, the unhealthy lifestyle model demonstrates the interlinkages between lower socio-economic background, lower levels of trait self-control and unhealthy lifestyles (i.e. unhealthy diet, lower levels of physical activity, binge drinking and smoking). The study makes several conceptual contributions in the context of Bourdieu’s social theory and Baumeister’s psychological theory of trait self-control and willpower. Equally, the findings highlight both general and specific factors of multidimensional and perpetual inequalities in health which have a number of practical implications relating to health-related interventions and policies.
A submandibular nodule revealing a relapsed bladder urothelial carcinoma
Authors: Khemir Aya , Mansouri Nada , Gargouri Faten , Bougrine Fethi
Published: May 2021

A 69-year-old patient treated for infiltrating bladder transitional carcinoma many years ago presented with a submandibular nodule. The last was fortuitously discovered by the patient a month before he presented to consultation. Physical examination showed a firm subcutaneous nodule of 0.5 cm in diameter in the right submandibular region. At this level skin was inflamed/red and swollen. Otherwise physical examination was within normal. The described nodule above was biopsied. Microscopic examination showed infiltration of the dermis by a carcinomatous proliferation (Fig. 1). Tumor cells were arranged in small nests and clusters surrounded by a fibrous stroma. Tumor cells showed moderate nuclear atypia. Immunohistochemical staining showed positivity of tumor cells for Cytokeratin 7 and P63 (Fig. 2). Therefore, taking into consideration patient’s medical history, microscopic and immunohistochemical findings the diagnosis of CM from urothelial carcinoma was retained. The first case of CM from bladder carcinoma was reported in 1909 [3]. Since then many case have been reported [1,2]. According to cases reported in literature so far, the mean interval of time between the setting of bladder cancer and the appearance of CM is of 18 months approximately. Large tumor size and deep infiltration of the bladder wall are predictive factors of CM. However, cases of CM associated with superficial bladder carcinomas were reported [3]. The certain diagnosis is based on microscopic examination [1,3]. Pathologists should be aware of patient’s medical history to facilitate the diagnosis and choosing appropriate immunostains if necessary especially in front of a poorly differentiated carcinoma[3]. Urothelial carcinomas express Cytokeratin 7 and Cytokeratin 20 antibodies [3]. The occurring of CM in case of bladder cancer darken the prognosis [1,2]. Median survival rates are less than 12 months in published cases so far [1,3]. Treatment consists of chemotherapy if the patient could bare it [1]. Total recovery was detected in 70% of cases of CM treated with chemotherapy. Yet, it does not improve global survival rates [3].
Lipedematous scalp with lipedematous alopecia: A case report
Authors: Sarshar Fariz , Suhail Amin Syed , Adil Mohammad , Tuz Zahra Fatima
Published: May 2021

Lipedematous scalp and lipedematous alopecia are a rare cutaneous disorders of unknown etiology characterised by thickening of subcutaneous fat layer presenting with thick, boggy scalp of spongy consistency. In addition to changes in texture of skin, varying degree of hair loss are seen in patients of lipedematous alopecia. It was first described by Cornbleet in 1935. This is the report of 40 years female who presented with asymptomatic boggy swelling over affected scalp for 5 months and headache for 1 year. The swelling was associated with patchy hair loss. Exact etiopathogenesis remains unclear. Lipedematous scalp can be a possible cause of dysaesthesia of scalp. Herein, we report a case of lipedematous alopecia due to its rare occurrence and classical presentation with emphasis on trichoscopic, histopathological and radiological findings.
SKINTED-4 cases of Locus Minors resistensiae
Authors: Bharti Rakesh
Published: May 2021

Since 2009, the concept of ICD (immune compromised district” was fully developed and many such cases have been identified, since then. Prior to that, phenomenon was restricted to developing disease at earlier affected HZ sites but later on even the development of a second disease at the site of another disease has been included. We saw four such cases in one year – two cases of HZ who developed lichen planus and Eczema later on in same dermatome which were affected earlier and another two who developed eczema at the site of surgical incisions (for Knee replacement). Reporting more cases like this will enlighten the Dermatoligist understanding the incidences.
On Coordinate Expressions of Jet Groups and their Representations
Authors: Kures Miroslav
Published: May 2021

A detailed derivation of the jet composition in local coordinates for jet (differential) groups is presented. A suitable faithful representation in matrix groups is demonstrated. Furthermore, Toupin subgroups which occur in continuum mechanics are demonstrated as an example in which representations can be used effectively.
Craft consumption and participatory consumerism
Authors: Palmsköld Anneli
Published: May 2021

How are crafters, in this case hand knitters active on social media, involved in participatory consumerism and prosumption? This is the main question asked in this article, that explores the creative relations between craft consumers and the commodities they are searching for in order to be able to craft and to create. By using affect theory, and focusing on aspects as raw materials, tools, instructions and craft processes, the study is an exploration of how crafters engage in material conditions by using them to realize ideas and fantasies in craft.
Heritage and Conservation of Nottingham Lace through Collaboration
Authors: Briggs-Goode Amanda , Outtram Tonya , Dean Deborah
Published: May 2021

Nottingham is both the birthplace and the global centre of the machine-made lace industry and is home to the Nationally Designated collection of machine-made lace and machinery. In 2017 Lace Unravelled was launched with the aim to conserve the collection and connect with local ‘industry mentors’ to learn more about its objects.  This led to wider collaborations and the exhibition ‘Lace Unarchived’, held at Nottingham Trent University intended to reveal the legacy of the art school, established in 1843, and its impact on the generations of lace designers it educated.  This paper proposes to explore the project’s achievements, what it revealed, and what it has meant for the interpretation and understanding of the collection, and wider understanding of ‘Nottingham Lace’.
Theorising craft practices through sketching
Authors: Gåfvels Camilla , Lindberg Viveca
Published: May 2021

This article explores how craft practice is theorised through sketching, by comparing narratives about the role of sketching from interviewed Swedish upper secondary textile design and floristry education teachers, and aiming to discern connection to curriculum. The theory and methods used in the article are influenced by Ivor Goodson’s work on subject knowledge and curriculum change (1998). Empirical data was obtained from multiple sources, including interviews with four teachers. The findings reveal that, while sketching has been intrinsic to textile design and seamstress vocational knowing for considerable time, sketching is a relatively new phenomenon within floristry vocational knowing and education; essentially dating from the 2011 Swedish educational reform. The discussion claims that sketching provides means to theorise craft practice, through providing an intermediary level between the abstract (theory) and the concrete (objects) within the practice
Editorial. Conference proceedings of the 1st Biennial International Conference for the Craft Sciences – BICCS 2021
Authors: Groth Camilla , Westerlund Tina , Almevik Gunnar
Published: May 2021

The papers appearing in this issue comprise the proceedings of the 1st Biennial International Conference for the Craft Sciences, held online during 4–6 May 2021, initiated by the Craft Laboratory, affiliated at the Department of Conservation, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
The Craft Laboratory was established in 2010 in cooperation with heritage organisations, craft enterprises and trade organisations, to empower craftspeople in the complex processes of making. The comprehensive agenda is to bring research into practice and involve craftspeople in the processes of inquiry. Among the operational tools are Master Classes provided for highly trained professional craftspeople in particular skills. Craft Scholarships are offered to craftspeople to investigate a problem or question in their practice, or develop ideas to improve methods or techniques. The site-specific workshop capacity in Mariestad allows craft researchers to implement research questions in practice and to perform full-scale tests in our masonry, carpentry and painting workshops, as well as in the timber building yard, greenhouses and gardens.
Native to designed: microbial α-amylases for industrial applications
Authors: Lim Si Jie , Oslan Siti Nurbaya
Published: May 2021

Background

α-amylases catalyze the endo-hydrolysis of α-1,4-D-glycosidic bonds in starch into smaller moieties. While industrial processes are usually performed at harsh conditions, α-amylases from mainly the bacteria, fungi and yeasts are preferred for their stabilities (thermal, pH and oxidative) and specificities (substrate and product). Microbial α-amylases can be purified and characterized for industrial applications. While exploring novel enzymes with these properties in the nature is time-costly, the advancements in protein engineering techniques including rational design, directed evolution and others have privileged their modifications to exhibit industrially ideal traits. However, the commentary on the strategies and preferably mutated residues are lacking, hindering the design of new mutants especially for enhanced substrate specificity and oxidative stability. Thus, our review ensures wider accessibility of the previously reported experimental findings to facilitate the future engineering work.

Survey methodology and objectives

A traditional review approach was taken to focus on the engineering of microbial α-amylases to enhance industrially favoured characteristics. The action mechanisms of α- and β-amylases were compared to avoid any bias in the research background. This review aimed to discuss the advances in modifying microbial α-amylases via protein engineering to achieve longer half-life in high temperature, improved resistance (acidic, alkaline and oxidative) and enhanced specificities (substrate and product). Captivating results were discussed in depth, including the extended half-life at 100 °C, pH 3.5 and 10, 1.8 M hydrogen peroxide as well as enhanced substrate (65.3%) and product (42.4%) specificities. These shed light to the future microbial α-amylase engineering in achieving paramount biochemical traits ameliorations to apt in the industries.

Conclusions

Microbial α-amylases can be tailored for specific industrial applications through protein engineering (rational design and directed evolution). While the critical mutation points are dependent on respective enzymes, formation of disulfide bridge between cysteine residues after mutations is crucial for elevated thermostability. Amino acids conversion to basic residues was reported for enhanced acidic resistance while hydrophobic interaction resulted from mutated hydrophobic residues in carbohydrate-binding module or surface-binding sites is pivotal for improved substrate specificity. Substitution of oxidation-prone methionine residues with non-polar residues increases the enzyme oxidative stability. Hence, this review provides conceptual advances for the future microbial α-amylases designs to exhibit industrially significant characteristics. However, more attention is needed to enhance substrate specificity and oxidative stability since they are least reported.
Microsatellite instability and Epstein-Barr virus combined with PD-L1 could serve as a potential strategy for predicting the prognosis and efficacy of postoperative chemotherapy in gastric cancer
Authors: Yang Na , Wu Yanhua , Jin Meishan , Jia Zhifang , Wang Yueqi , Cao Donghui , Qin Lili , Wang Xueying , Zheng Min , Cao Xueyuan , Jiang Jing
Published: May 2021

Background

Microsatellite instability (MSI) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive molecular subtypes exhibit complex immune responses in gastric cancer (GC), and PD-L1 has emerged as a prognostic biomarker associated with the cancer immune microenvironment. This study aimed to determine the prognostic value of molecular subtypes and whether the addition of PD-L1 would accurately predict the prognosis and guide postoperative chemotherapy for GC patients.

Methods

We performed molecular subtyping of tissue microarray slides from 226 GC patients who were treated with radical gastrectomy. The MSI status and PD-L1 expression were evaluated through immunohistochemistry (IHC) and EBV status through situ hybridization. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was also performed on 50 cases to validate the accuracy of IHC in defining MSI status. Differences in overall survival (OS) were assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method, log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards regression model.

Results

Among the 226 GC patients, 52 (23.2%) patients were classified as the MSI subtype, 11 (4.9%) were EBV+ subtype, and 161 (71.9%) were MSS (Microsatellite stable) /EBV− subtype according to TCGA analysis. Two patients were both positive for MSI and EBV infection. EBV+ cases showed higher PD-L1 positivity than MSI cases and MSS/EBV− cases (81.8% vs. 50.0% vs. 35.4%, P = 0.003). Compared with the non-MSS/EBV− (MSI or EBV+ cases) subgroup, GC patients with MSS/EBV− were associated with the worst outcomes (HR = 1.610, 95% CI [1.046–2.479], P = 0.031). MSS/EBV− GCs alone could benefit from postoperative chemotherapy (HR = 0.452, 95% CI [0.299–0.682], P < 0.001), and PD-L1-positive expression could also predict a better prognosis (HR = 0.612, 95% CI [0.389–0.962], P = 0.033) in this subgroup. Considering both chemotherapy efficacy and PD-L1 expression in the MSS/EBV− subgroup, chemotherapy could improve the prognosis for PD-L1-negative MSS/EBV− GCs (HR = 0.357, 95% CI [0.217–0.587], P < 0.001) but not PD-L1-positive MSS/EBV− GCs.

Conclusions

Molecular subtyping combined with PD-L1 expression could serve as a potential strategy to better predict prognosis and guide postoperative chemotherapy of GC patients.
Impact of Weed Management Practices on Yield Attributes, Economics and Phytotoxicity of Kharif Maize
Authors: Lavanya Y. , Srinivasan K. , Chinnamuthu C. R. , Arthanari P. Murali
Published: May 2021

A field experiment was conducted during 2018 and 2019 at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Agriculture College and Research Institute, Coimbatore to study the impact of weed management practices on yield attributes, economics and phytotoxicity of kharif maize. Ten treatments were tested in randomized block design with three replications viz., pre emergence (PE) atrazine at 0.5 kg a.i. ha-1 fb hand weeding (HW) at 20 DAS, PE atrazine at 0.5 kg a.i. ha-1 fb power weeder (PW) at 20 DAS, PE atrazine at 0.5 kg a.i. ha-1 + pendimethalin at 1 kg a.i. ha-1 (Tank mix), PE atrazine at 0.5 kg a.i. ha-1 + pendimethalin at 1 kg a.i. ha-1 fb HW at 20 DAS, early post emergence (EPoE) topramezone at 25.2 g a.i. ha-1, PE atrazine at 0.5 kg a.i. ha-1 fb EPoE topramezone at 25.2 g a.i. ha-1, EPoE tembotrione at 122 g a.i. ha-1, PE atrazine 0.5 kg a.i. ha-1 fb EPoE tembotrione 122 g a.i. ha-1, hand weeding twice at 20 and 45 DAS and control (weedy check). Among the different weed management practices significantly higher yield attributes viz., cob length, cob girth, weight of cob, No. of grain rows cob-1, No. of grains cob-1, grain yield cob-1 was found with hand weeding twice at 20 and 45 DAS and it was at par with atrazine at 0.5 kg a.i. ha-1 as PE  fb topramezone at 25.2 g a.i. ha-1 as EPoE and atrazine at 0.5 kg a.i. ha-1 as PE + tembotrione at 122 g a.i. ha-1 as EPoE. Maximum net return and B:C ratio were recorded under atrazine at 0.5 kg a.i. ha-1 as PE fb topramezone at 25.2 g a.i. ha-1 as EPoE followed by atrazine at 0.5 kg a.i. ha-1 as PE + tembotrione at 122 g a.i. ha-1 as EPoE. However, among the different herbicidal treatments used, all the herbicidal treatments were found to be safe to the maize crop without any caused phototoxic effect on maize during both the years of experimentation. Now-a-days, increased labour scarcity and costs are encouraging farmers to adopt labour and cost- saving options by using chemical method.
Efficacy of Diatomaceous Earth and Vitellaria paradoxa Seed Oil in Storage of Cowpea under Ventilated and Non-ventilated Conditions
Authors: Omobowale M. O. , Akomolafe O. P.
Published: May 2021

Storage of cowpea is highly constrained by insect pest infestation and losses caused by the cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus, F.) are high. Several methods have been used over the years to protect cowpea grains in storage, but the use of synthetic insecticides is very dominant and this has led to problems, such as the killing of non-target species, user hazards, harmful food residues, and evolution of resistance to chemicals. A search for alternative insect pest control methods which are relatively less harmful to the user and cheaper has become essential. The effectiveness of Diatomaceous earth (DE) and Vitellaria paradoxa seed oil (VPSO) for cowpea storage in polypropylene and jute bags under ventilated and non-ventilated storeroom conditions were investigated over three months period. Crude DE was applied at a dose rate of 1 g/kg of cowpea and a diluted concentration (10% v/v) of VPSO of 400 mL was mixed with 8 kg of cowpea. Live insect count, dead insect count, and germination percentage were assessed weekly while proximate analysis was carried out before and after storage. Mean live insect count increased in the ventilated store-room from 0.67±0.34 to 36.13±19.51insects/kg after 1 month and 3 months of storage respectively for untreated cowpea. Insect population in treated samples increased from 0.38±0.26to 24.78±23.33, and from 0.17±0.30 to 10.75±5.27 for DE and VPSO treated samples, respectively. In the non-ventilated storeroom, insect population increased from 0.33±0.26 to 36.96±19.09 for untreated cowpea, 0.17±0.20 to 33.08±30.07 for DE and 0.21±5.63 to 8.17±11.30 for VPSO treated cowpea. Based on insect count, both treatments were very effective in controlling cowpea weevil in the first two months of storage, however their potency reduced by the third month. The potency of DE deteriorated faster compared to VPSO however, DE treated cowpea was most effective for retaining seed germination in both ventilated and non-ventilated storerooms. Proximate analysis showed that cowpea treated with both treatments had similar nutrient composition after storage. Diatomaceous earth and Vitellaria paradoxa seed oil have potentials in their raw form for short term insect pest control in the storage of cowpea.
A Study on Instabilities and Nonlinear Wave Energy Exchange Process in Terrestrial Ionospheric Plasma
Authors: Gogoi S. J.
Published: May 2021

From ground and satellite based observatories, various forms of nonlinear effects and plasma waves instabilities are observed in the Earth’s ionosphere. In this paper we present a brief review on nonlinear wave-particle interaction energy exchange mode plasma maser instability and on probable growth rate of high frequency non-resonant waves at different regions of the Earth’s ionosphere.