bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Can We Avoid a Sick Fiscal Future? The Non-Sustainability of Health-Care Spending with an Aging Population
Authors: Emery J.C. Herbert , Still David , Cottrell Tom
Published: August 2024

Funding for Canadian public health care has long relied on a “pay-as-you-go” funding model: for the most part, government pays for health costs each year from taxes collected in that fiscal year with effectively nothing put aside for projected rising health-care costs in the future. But the future of Canadian public health care is going to get more expensive as the relatively large cohort of baby boomers reaches retirement age. As they exit the work force, and enter the ages at which Canadians use the health-care system more, a smaller population of younger workers is going to be left paying the growing health-care costs of older Canadians. If Canadians intend to preserve a publicly funded medicare system that offers a similar level of service in the future as it does today, under the pay-as-you-go model, eventually peak taxes for Canadians born after 1988 will end up twice as high as the peak taxes that the oldest baby boomers paid. The “payas-you-go” model has become like a Ponzi scheme, where those who got in early enough make out nicely, while those who arrive late stand to suffer a serious financial blow. This should concern both Canadians who value a comprehensive public health system as well as Canadians who value competitive tax rates: There is no reason to be certain that future taxpayers will blithely accept having their taxes substantially increased to finance health care for another, older generation that did not pay for a significant portion of its own health care. If the burden proves too high for the taxpaying public to accept, that could well jeopardize Canada’s health-care system as we know it. If Canadians intend to preserve their iconic public health system, and are unprepared to unjustly overburden future generations with the tax bill left by their parents and grandparents, provincial governments must make strong and rapid efforts to reform the health system. They must find more cost-efficient ways of managing medicine, including new approaches to eldercare, chronic disease prevention and better health promotion. If policymakers respond in time with a workable strategy and adequate effort, the substantial financial health-care liability currently faced by future generations may not be eliminated entirely, but it can still be reduced dramatically.
Energy Literacy in Canada
Authors: Turcotte André , Moore Michal C. , Winter Jennifer
Published: August 2024

Energy plays an important role in everyday activities, whether at a personal, institutional, corporate or social level.  In this context, an informed or literate public is critical for the longterm conservation, management, pricing and use of increasingly scarce energy resources.  A series of surveys were used to probe the literacy of Canadians with regard to energy issues ranging from relative ranking and importance of energy compared to other national issues, preference for various fuel types and willingness to pay for offsetting environmental impacts from energy generation. In addition, they were asked how Canada’s government should prioritize national energy independence over trade, even if ultimately reducing imports might impact national economic health. The survey revealed that Canadians have a good general knowledge of energy use and relative cost but lack detailed knowledge about sources of energy fuels, as well as sources and linkages with environmental impacts. However, an overwhelming majority of respondents indicated they were concerned about environmental issues; most seemed to direct that concern towards fuels such as coal and nuclear power where support was low compared to a relatively unconcerned view about the often substantial environmental effects of hydro dams or wind farms. Canadians say they have been willing to make adjustments to their own energy-consumption habits, to save money and conserve energy. Further, respondents  generally expressed a willingness to pay a surcharge on monthly utility bills, if it would help mitigate the environmental impact of energy generation. There were limits to this view. Support for extra charges falls off rapidly as the costs go up; drivers showed themselves highly resistant to switching their commute to transit, even despite rising gas prices; and respondents were less enthusiastic to the idea of installing home solar panels or switching to electric cars, even when offered a subsidy to do so. In spite of some limitations regarding overall energy literacy, Canadians are also highly skeptical about the information they do get from virtually every stakeholder in the energy arena. In terms of trust and confidence, overall, respondents said they were more willing to listen to academics and economic experts; only a small majority was willing to fully trust those information sources at even low levels. In this serious topic area, respondents indicated they could not trust the credibility of environmental groups, and considered the oil and gas industry and governments by far the least trustworthy sources of information. Finally, in terms of future policy development, most cite the importance of Canada’s energytrading relationship with the United States, but believe it is too dominant, and should diminish, with more effort focused on opening up new export markets elsewhere.
Sovereign Wealth and Pension Funds Controlling Canadian Businesses: Tax-Policy Implications
Authors: Jog Vijay , Mintz Jack M.
Published: August 2024

In a world without taxes, investors that take over companies would do so because they expect to be able to operate the business efficiently and at a high rate of return. But in Canada today, some acquirers enjoy tax advantages over others. And that could mean that certain buyers, who may not be best suited to owning a particular company, are able to outbid those who are better positioned to run that company at optimal efficiency. That is a problem not just for investors who end up outbid, due to Canada’s uneven tax policy, but for the Canadian economy, which suffers from the resulting economic inefficiency. With respect to registered pension plans, the so-called 30-per-cent rule puts a cap on the amount of voting equity in a company that they are permitted to own. Meanwhile, however, sovereign wealth funds — whether controlled by China or Australia — face no such limit when purchasing stakes in Canadian firms. The number and size of sovereign wealth funds, globally, is only growing — and rapidly. But as Canada increasingly attracts foreign capital, with foreign-controlled government-affiliated funds seeking out Canadian takeover targets, much of the discussion around public policy has focused primarily on the Investment Canada Act and the “net benefit test” for foreign direct investment. Another component in ensuring that Canadian interests are preserved, however, is the question of whether Canadian institutional investors can operate on a level playing field with foreign sovereign wealth funds. With the 30-per-cent rule limiting equity purchases for one but not the other, it would appear that they are not. The most appealing remedy to this imbalance is a tax solution: limiting the corporate deductions on interest, fees, royalties, rents, and the like, that so often factor in to the takeover calculation, as part of a tax-minimization strategy. This would not only put pension funds and sovereign wealth funds on equal footing, but it could also be applied to investors operating from low- or zero-tax jurisdictions, as well. This approach is not without disadvantages. But overall, the neutrality it could achieve among different types of institutional investors, and the potential it has to enable those investors best able to maximize management excellence and synergies, make it the preferable policy direction for ensuring the greatest level of efficiency in the Canadian economy.
How a Guaranteed Annual Income Could Put Food Banks Out of Business
Authors: Emery J.C. Herbert , Fleisch Valerie C. , McIntyre Lynn
Published: August 2024

The federal Conservative government recently began phasing in a plan to raise the age of eligibility for Old Age Security from 65 to 67. But a more sensible move for improving the effectiveness of Canada’s social safety-net system may be to actually lower the age below 65 and rely strictly on an income test instead, regardless of age. The government could go a lot further toward the reduction of poverty in Canada by building on the success of its income supports for seniors, and making them available to poor Canadians of all ages. Canada can boast of having one of the lowest rates for poverty among seniors in the world, largely due to its guaranteed income programs for those 65 years and older. When low-income Canadians turn 65 years old and leave behind low-paying, often unstable jobs, their poverty levels drop substantially. What a guaranteed income provides, that their vulnerable job situation did not, is a form of protection against budget shocks — a sudden volatility in income or expenses without the access to savings or credit to smooth things out until stability returns. A guaranteed income provides a kind of “disaster insurance” that can protect someone in a crisis situation from going without necessities such as food or even shelter. Statistics show that the rate of Canadians experiencing “food insecurity” — that is, lack of access to food because of financial constraints — is half that among Canadians aged 65 to 69 years than it is among those aged 60 to 64. Self-reported rates of physical and mental health improve markedly as well after lowincome Canadians move from low-wage, insecure employment to a guaranteed income at the age of 65. That dramatic shift in physical and mental health indicates that expanding guaranteed income programs to younger Canadians is more than a simple cost calculation: there are potential savings to be found as poorer Canadians, given a guaranteed income, become healthier and therefore reduce the burden on the public health-care system. Canadian governments already spend billions of dollars on the downstream effects of poverty, but scant emphasis is put on programs targeting poverty’s roots. There is no evidence, where smaller-scale experiments have been tried, to show that a guaranteed income program creates a serious problem with negative incentives and discourages people from working who otherwise might. But because this is a common worry with working-age guaranteed income eligibility, phasing in the program gradually, by lowering eligibility a few years at a time, will allow ongoing investigation and analysis of the effects, before the program is rolled out on a large scale. The tremendous impact that guaranteed incomes have had on reducing poverty and improving health among seniors is something for which Canadians can be rightly proud. So much so that it is incumbent upon us to investigate whether Canada could use the same policy tools to drastically reduce poverty and improve health among Canadians of all ages.
Diplomacy, Globalization and Heteropolarity: The Challenge of Adaptation
Authors: Copeland Daryl
Published: August 2024

Globalization is the defining historical process of our times, conditioning, if not determining, outcomes across vast swathes of human activity. At the same time, a heteropolar world is emerging, one in which various and competing sources of power and influence are based more on difference than on similarity. In the face of these transformative forces, diplomacy is struggling to evolve. To date, none of the key elements of the diplomatic ecosystem – the foreign ministry, the Foreign Service, or the diplomatic business model – have adapted well, or quickly enough. If diplomacy is to achieve its full potential as a non-violent approach to the management of international relations and global issues through political communications, then radical reform will be required. These observations are particularly apt in Canada, where diplomatic performance has in recent years been troubled. The foreign ministry (formerly DFAIT), still struggling to absorb the deep cuts contained in the federal budget of March 2012, finds itself in the midst of a complicated merger with the aid agency (formerly CIDA). This unanticipated amalgamation has resulted in significant uncertainty and dislocation in both organizations, and is reminiscent of the disastrous split, and then re-integration, of the foreign and trade ministries 2004-06. Canadian public and digital diplomacy, widely considered to represent the leading edge of diplomatic practice, have been wound down as a result of the imposition of centralized control over all communications. The Foreign Service, for its part, remains locked in a protracted and acrimonious labour dispute over pay equity. Rotating strikes and working to rule have taken a toll on business and tourist arrivals, foreign student enrolment and high-level visits. In short, Canada’s diplomatic ecosystem is in a perilous state, and Canadian interests are suffering.In the age of globalization and heteropolarity, this won’t do.
“It’s all about the Money”: Crime in the Caribbean and Its Impact on Canada
Authors: Ross Cameron
Published: August 2024

For most Canadians, the Caribbean is a place to take an idyllic break from winter. Sandy beaches and warm temperatures lure Canadians to the islands. Interaction with the local population is mostly limited to those who work in hotels and bars. What actually happens in the local communities is generally lost on the average Canadian. Appreciating the large Caribbean diaspora in Toronto and Montreal, the connections are dynamic between those sun-baked Caribbean communities and Canadian society. While those linkages are generally positive, there are disturbing trends in crime in the Caribbean. Herculean efforts are being made by the World Bank, the United Nations, and the regional Caribbean Development Bank to build regional capacity in governance and criminal justice systems. There is, however, a lack of political will by some Caribbean leaders to implement recommendations that would greatly improve citizen security and national institutions. Scholarly and professional studies have made recommendations for the security sector that are achievable, but the political will in many countries has been lagging. The Caribbean drug trade has long held the spotlight, but money laundering is increasingly a concern, especially with evidence of linkages between terrorist groups resident in Central America and Venezuela, which have close proximity to the Caribbean Windward Islands. Post-9/11 financial tools, utilized under the U.S. Patriot Act, have been effective in dealing with rogue governments, corrupt officials, and transnational criminal gangs. However, the use of the Internet for financial transactions and the emergence of digital currencies have made regulatory control challenging. This is significant considering the Canadian tourism, banking, and resource development in the region that have caused steady flows of Canadians, money and expertise to the Caribbean. This paper reviews Caribbean crime and its trends and impacts on Canada, money-laundering trends, and highlights policies that could be reinforced to better curb these trends. Crime is a societal problem for which solutions are found within communities. This applies equally to the Caribbean and to Canada. It is in Canada’s best interest to accelerate efforts to aid the region, especially in the area of citizen security and reforms of the criminal justice system. Multi-lateral programs aimed at building regional capacities in governance and criminal justice systems are the areas in which Canada can play an important role. The creation of a Canada-Caribbean institute would go a long way in conducting scholarly graduate-level research in fields of security-sector reform.
Not Just for Americans: The Case for Expanding Reciprocal Tax Exemptions for Foreign Investments by Pension Funds
Authors: Mintz Jack M. , Richardson Stephen R.
Published: August 2024

From provision of OAS, GIS and CPP to the favourable taxation of Registered Pension Plans and RRSPs , Canada’s government has long focused policy efforts on better ensuring that working Canadians approach retirement with sufficient income supports in place. If the government wants to continue to move in this direction by trying to help maximize returns to pension plan members, while decreasing the portfolio risks faced by those pension plans, one step it could consider would be: Expanding the exemption for withholding taxes on foreign dividends and interest earned by pension plans. The exemptions for foreign interest and dividends are already available to U.S. investments, part of a reciprocal arrangement spelled out in the Canada-U.S. Tax Convention. Those exemptions allow U.S. and Canadian pension funds to participate in cross-border investments that would otherwise be too costly. Pension funds rely on international investments to optimize diversification and returns. And tax conventions between countries are typically designed to protect investors from the participating countries from being double taxed by both their resident country and the foreign jurisdiction where they invest. This good policy has certainly been Canada’s model in its numerous bilateral tax treaties. But while the U.S.-Canada Tax Convention extends the benefit of tax exemption to dividends and interest earned from cross-border investments by tax-exempt pension funds, when it comes to all other countries, there is no equivalent result. Yet, aspects of these same exemptions exist in certain bilateral treaties between other countries in treaties with one another. That certainly suggests that there are other trading partners, besides just the U.S., that are open to the possibility of these particular exemptions. If Canada could negotiate broadening these exemptions to countries beyond the United States, it would realize important advantages with little cost. By not moving further in this direction for non-U.S. foreign interest and dividend income of Canadian pension funds, these funds are left with lower benefits or higher contribution rates for pension plan members. It is also inevitably distorting the investment decisions being made by pension fund managers, producing a negative impact on risk-adjusted returns to their portfolios. While Canada may lose some revenue by forsaking some withholding tax, that would almost certainly be outweighed by the total economic gains as pension returns increase and, in reciprocal arrangements, Canada becomes more welcoming to foreign capital. With a number of countries already evidently open to the idea of tax exemptions for foreign interest and dividends earned by pension funds, and the economic effects for doing so overwhelmingly positive, the Canadian government should seriously consider getting started on negotiating reciprocal arrangements for cross-border pension fund investment with other countries.
The Canadian unemployment rate – with and without Alberta’s Boom
Authors: Kneebone Ronald D.
Published: August 2024

Over the past two decades there has occurred a shift in economic power from central Canada to other parts of the country. Saskatchewan and Newfoundland and Labrador have both claimed a noticeably larger share of Canada’s GDP since 1995 but easily the largest shift of economic output has been to Alberta. This adjustment in the Canadian economy is most easily observed in the large migration between provinces of Canadians seeking employment. Data from Statistics Canada’s Labour Force Survey shows that over the period 1995-2014 Alberta has maintained an average annual rate of growth in employment of 2.50 per cent. This is well above the 1.44 percentage rate of employment growth in second-place Ontario and double the average rate of growth in neighbouring British Columbia. This begs the question: What would Canada’s unemployment rate be today if Alberta’s job creation boom hadn’t happened? Since the national jobless rate is a weighted average of the provincial figures, getting an answer is straightforward. Assume Alberta’s employment growth was no higher than Ontario’s over the same period and the impact on Canada’s unemployment rate is startling. By August 2014, Canada’s unemployment would have been 9.39 per cent — 2.23 percentage points higher than the real figure of 7.16 per cent — and the Alberta economy would have created 411,000 fewer jobs; jobs which typically pay $200 to $300 per week more than jobs in Ontario and Quebec. This gloomy scenario means that Canada’s present unemployment rate would be 2.5 percentage points higher than it was in mid-2000, and 411,000 Canadians, along with their dependents, would be clearly much worse off were it not for the boom in Alberta. Obviously this simple experiment can’t capture the situation’s full economic complexity. Would some of those jobs have cropped up in other provinces? Stubbornly lacklustre growth could very well have forced governments and the Bank of Canada to adopt desperate measures; it could also have damaged postrecession recovery by increasing the federal budget deficit and limiting the Bank’s room to manoeuvre. While admittedly simple, this exercise highlights how reliant is Canada’s international reputation for economic strength and fiscal parsimony on Alberta’s prolonged economic boom.
An International Comparison of Tax Assistance for Research and Development: Estimates and Policy Implication
Authors: Lester John , Warda Jacek
Published: August 2024

Business spending on research and development (R&D) is generally recognized as a private activity providing broader economic benefits that justify government support. But subsidizing R&D has costs as well as benefits, and governments need to exercise judgement to ensure that subsidies are set at a level that results in a net economic benefit for society as a whole, not just for the recipients of the assistance. A key finding of the international comparison undertaken in this paper is that Canada and nine other of the 36 countries in the comparison group are providing R&D subsidies that are likely too high to generate a net economic benefit. Subsidy rates in this group of countries range from 25 to 45 per cent. The risk of excessive subsidization is confined to small firms in Canada, which receive a subsidy of almost 41 per cent through the tax system. Canada’s subsidy rate for small firms is the third highest, behind Chile and France. Other countries providing subsidy rates close to 40 per cent are Spain and India. This paper also assesses several design features of tax assistance measures, including enhanced benefits for small and young firms, refundability of benefits and incentives based on increases in R&D spending above a base level. While the best policy for R&D subsidies may be a uniform rate for all businesses regardless of age or size, the case for favouring young firms is somewhat stronger than for favouring all small firms. Focusing on young firms avoids providing benefits to small firms that are not growth-oriented; but, it is difficult to design a program that can be completely restricted to young firms since entrepreneurs would have an incentive to create new firms to avoid losing higher benefits. Even with this “leakage”, however, an age-dependent incentive could be more cost-effective than size-dependent enhanced benefits. There is a particularly strong case for providing refundability to young firms, which are unlikely to have taxable income while the first round of R&D is undertaken While refundability for large firms has the advantage of increasing the effective subsidy rate on R&D to its target level, it runs the risk of revenue losses as multinational firms have less incentive to ‘book’ taxable income in Canada. A reasonable compromise would be to adjust the value of unused credits and deductions to maintain their present value. International comparisons of tax assistance for R&D typically highlight country rankings and express satisfaction with the most generous regimes. This paper draws attention to the possibility of providing too much of a good thing, a warning that governments in Canada should keep in mind when preparing next year’s budgets.
The Distribution of Income and Taxes/Transfers In Canada: A Cohort Analysis
Authors: Crisan Daria , McKenzie Kenneth J. , Mintz Jack M.
Published: August 2024

Who pays and how much? These are crucial questions for any tax system and, given the complexity of the economy, they are also among the most difficult to answer. This paper undertakes an analysis of the distribution of taxes and transfers in Canada using a static approach based on annual income combined with the novel approach of breaking down taxpayers by age cohort. The paper examines how tax rates net of transfers differ by age and income group, and how those rates change over taxpayers’ lifetimes. It clearly reveals the progressive nature of Canada’s tax system. In our base case scenario, when all age cohorts are considered together and transfers are treated as negative taxes, the first two quintiles of the income distribution are net recipients of government transfers with negative net tax rates equal to about -48 percent for the first quintile and -33 percent for the second quintile. For middle to high-income individuals net tax rates are positive and increase with income, from 10 percent for the median group, to 24 percent for the fourth quintile and 34 percent for the fifth quintile. Looking at net tax rates by age cohort, we find that overall the bottom 20 percent of the income distribution is a net recipient of fiscal transfers at all ages. However, on average for individuals 65 and over all but the top 20 percent of the income distribution are net recipients of fiscal transfers, with negative net tax rates. The age related redistributive nature of Canada’s tax system is further emphasized by an examination of the Gini coefficients for each age cohort, calculated here for the first time. Starting at age 30, before taxes and transfers income inequality is found to rise monotonically with age, leveling off at 65. Taxes and transfers reduce the degree of income inequality significantly for all ages, but substantially more so for the elderly due to age related features of the tax and transfer system. If redistribution can be thought of as a one of the fundamental features of the tax and transfer system in Canada, the extent to which it is targeted at the elderly is an important secondary feature.
What do we Know About Improving Employment Outcomes for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder?
Authors: Dudley Carolyn , Nicholas David B. , Zwicker Jennifer D.
Published: August 2024

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is the most commonly diagnosed neurological disorder in children. Adults with ASD have some of the poorest employment outcomes in comparison to others with disabilities. While data in Canada is limited, roughly 25 per cent of Americans living with ASD are employed and no more than six per cent are competitively employed. Most earn less than the national minimum hourly wage, endure extended periods of joblessness and frequently shuffle between positions, further diminishing their prospects. Poor employment outcomes result in lower quality of life and often lead to steep economic costs. Governments are wise to pay attention to the poor employment outcomes as the high numbers of children now diagnosed with ASD will become adults in the future in need of employment opportunities. Improving employment outcomes for those living with ASD is an important policy objective. Work opportunities improve quality of life, economic independence, social integration, and ultimately benefit all. Adults with ASD can succeed with the right supports. Fortunately, there are many emerging policy and program options that demonstrate success. This paper conducts a review of studies and provides policy recommendations based on the literature, to help governments identify appropriate policy options. Some key factors are both those that are unique to the individual and the external supports available; namely school, work, and family. For example, factors that contribute to successful employment for people living with ASD may include IQ, social skills and self-determination, but for all, even for the less advantaged, external assistance from schools, employers and family can help. Inclusive special education programs in high school that offer work experiences are critical as are knowledgeable employers who can provide the right types of accommodation and leadership. In the work environment the use of vocational and rehabilitative supports, from job coaching to technology-mediated training are a few of the work related factors that enhance success. Information in this paper provides policy makers with a way to move forward and enhance the current employment situation for those living with ASD ultimately improving quality of life and economic independence.
CREATIVE LEADERSHIP IN MODERN MANAGEMENT: METHODS, TECHNIQUES, AND THEIR IMPACT ON COMPANY COMPETITIVENESS
Authors: Matveeva Alla , Yalunina Ekaterina , Boger Andrey , Neustroev Mihail
Published: August 2024

In the context of a modern business environment characterized by rapid changes and significant uncertainty, the development of creative potential among leaders becomes critically important for ensuring sustainable growth and maintaining company competitiveness. The purpose of this study is to analyze and evaluate the effectiveness of various creative techniques in developing leadership qualities and managerial skills necessary to enhance organizational competitiveness and innovation potential. The research methodology includes content analysis, comparative analysis, and case studies, alongside a review of scientific literature and reports from international consulting firms.
The article examines key creative techniques such as brainstorming, Edward de Bono's Six Thinking Hats method, SCAMPER, design thinking, the random word technique, reverse thinking, and others. Their impact on productivity, adaptability, talent retention, and competitiveness is analyzed for both Russian and international companies. The results of the study confirm that the use of these techniques promotes the development of unconventional thinking, improves decision-making processes, and fosters the creation of an innovative organizational culture.
The study’s conclusions can be useful for leaders and HR specialists in developing and implementing creative management methods aimed at increasing innovation activity and improving strategic planning in a dynamic market environment.
20. Yüzyılın Başında Azerbaycan'dakı Siyasi Partilerin Osmanlı Devleti İle İlişkileri
Authors: Huseynov Azar , Kaya Beytullah
Published: August 2024

Çalışma, 20. yüzyılın başlarında Azerbaycan siyasi partilerinin Osmanlı Devleti ile ilişkilerini incelemektedir. İncelenen dönemde Azerbaycan'da siyasi partilerin kurulma ve çalışma süreçleri daha aktif hale gelmektedir. Bu genel olarak Rusya'daki siyasi canlanma ve Azerbaycan Türklerinin ulusal kurtuluş hareketinin güçlenmesi ile ilgilidir. Bu dönemde, Azerbaycan'ın siyasi ortamında ulusal kimlik konuları ilgi odağı olmuştur. Milli kimlik meseleleri ile ilgili olarak, Osmanlı ve Azerbaycan siyasi ortamında milliyetçilik fikirlerinin yavaş yavaş şekillendiğini ve sistemleştiğini iddia etmek mümkündür. Yapılan çalışma, milliyetçi fikirlerin ortaya çıkmasında ve gelişmesinde benzerliklerin olduğunu göstermektedir. 20. yüzyılın başlarında Osmanlı siyasi yaşamında Jön Türkler hareketiyle milliyetçi fikirlerin ortaya çıkışı ve yayılışı daha sonra bu hareketin İttihat ve Terakkiye dönüşümünün olduğu bir süreç yaşanırken, Azerbaycanda ise siyasi partilerinin kuruluşlarında Osmanlı Devleti'nde yaşanan süreçlerden yakından etkilendikleri tespit edilmiştir. Bu etkiler çoğunlukla partilerin ideolojilerinde, söylem ve eylemlerinde kendilerine yer bulmuşlardır. Çalışmadan elde edilen veriler ışığında, Azerbaycan siyasi partileri ile Osmanlı siyasi ortamı arasında ideolojik benzerliklerin olduğu ve Osmanlı Devlti’ndeki siyasal gelişmelerin Azerbaycan siyasi gelişmeleri ve faaliyettleri etkiledikleri ifade edilebilir.
ՀՀ Արմավիրի մարզի քարի դարի և վաղ երկրագործական մշակույթի հուշարձանները / MONUMENTS OF THE STONE AGE AND EARLY AGRICULTURAL CULTURE OF ARMAVIR REGION, RA
Authors: TSERETYAN KAREN
Published: August 2024

The article presents a more than 700,000-year-old historical-archaeological picture of the
Armavir region of the Republic of Armenia, from the old Stone (Paleolithic) Age to the early Bronze Age, physical-geographic overview: topography, climate, hydrography, fossils, as well as reference to archaeological heritage.
Փրկարարական պեղումներ Վանաձորում / RESCUE EXCAVATIONS IN VANADZOR
Authors: SIMONYAN MELINE
Published: August 2024

The city of Vanadzor is known for its rich historical and cultural past. This region has been inhabited since ancient times. The current city was built on the cultural heritage of ancient civilizations. It is no coincidence that in some areas of the city it is enough to “touch the earth” and rich layers from the early Bronze Age to the Middle Ages will open up before you. Lori-Pambak local history museum in Vanadzor enriches its funds every year with finds discovered as a result of rescue excavations. In that sense, 2021 was no exception.
Հին Երևանի Նորք թաղամասը / NORK QUARTER OF OLD YEREVAN
Authors: JULFALAKYAN ASHKHEN , Asatryan Armen
Published: August 2024

Old Nork, as one of the more or less well-preserved, ancient quarters of Yerevan, which was closely connected with the city itself, influenced and was influenced by the economic, political, educational and cultural events of the city. It has preserved and brought to our days historical and cultural monuments related to different spheres of the medieval history of Yerevan, which complement, complete and make the history of Old Yerevan more colourful. Today, in our time, saturated with crazy construction, it needs more attention and to keep its original, traditional identity, thanks to which it can be a pleasant and secluded corner documenting the historical and cultural features of ancient Yerevan.
INSTAGRAM’DA NASREDDİN HOCA TİPİYLE YARATILAN MİZAHIN İŞLEVİ
Authors: Pamukçu Rabia , Tanç Nilüfer
Published: August 2024

Düşünceleri şaka ve nükteyle süsleyerek anlatan söz, yazı çeşidi anlamına gelen mizahta temel hedef güldürme ise de çok defa güldürmenin altında fert ve toplumdaki aksaklıkları, çirkinlikleri eleştirme ve iğneleme, düzeltme amaçları da gizlidir. Mizahi metinler bu metinleri üreten ve tüketen kesimlerin gülme, güldürme, gülünç düşürme, alay etme, şakalaşma, taşlama, yerme, sövme gibi bütün ihtiyaçlarına cevap verecek nitelik ve çeşitliliğe sahiptir. Ayrıca folklorun eğlence, kültürün onaylanması, eğitim, kabul edilmiş davranış örüntülerini sürdürme, toplumdaki aksaklıkları protesto etme işlevleri mizahi ürünler aracılığıyla da ortaya çıkar.
İnsanlarla iletişim kurmanın en etkili yollarından biri de mizahtır. Yaratıcı zekâ, hazırcevaplık, kusursuz zamanlama, dile hâkim olma, nüktebilirlik gibi üstün özelliklerle ortaya konulan mizah, edebiyat ve sinema dünyasını aşarak reklam ve pazarlama alanlarının da en önemli malzemesi olmuştur. Günümüzde diğer alanlarda olduğu gibi mizahın üretim ve tüketim alanı olarak elektronik kültür ortamları öne çıkmaktadır. Türk mizah geleneğinin en önemli tiplerinden Nasreddin Hoca, sosyal medya aracılığıyla güncellenerek etkisini sürdürmektedir. Sosyal medya araçları arasında Instagram özellikle genç yetişkinler arasında daha fazla rağbet görmeye başladığı için araştırmanın bu ortamda yapılmasına karar verilmiştir.
Bu araştırmada öncelikle 10 Aralık 2021- 25 Kasım 2022 tarihleri arasında Instagram’da geriye doğru taranan “nasreddinhoca” ve “nasrettinhoca” etiketi ile herkese açık hesaplardan paylaşılan gönderiler kayıt altına alınmıştır. Tespit edilen veri nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden içerik analizi tekniği ile incelenirken ilk olarak konuyla ilgili olmayan içerik ayrılmış ilgili olanlar tür, içerik, işlev, hedef kitle, etkileşim (paylaşım yapan hesabın takipçi sayısı ve paylaşılan görselin beğeni sayısı) şeklinde tasnif edilmiştir. Araştırmanın sonucunda Instagram paylaşımlarında Nasreddin Hoca tipinin mizahın hangi işlevleri çerçevesinde güncellendiği tespit edilmiş ve incelenmiştir.
Bu çalışmayla ortaya çıkan araştırma sonuçlarının çeşitli yazar, sanatçı ve içerik üreticilerinin dikkat ve istifadesine de ulaşması beklenmektedir. Böylece Nasreddin Hoca fıkralarının teknolojik gelişmelerle ortaya çıkan farklı metin türleri şeklinde yeniden üretilmesi, günümüz mizah edebiyatının sağlam bir temele dayanarak güçlenmesine katkıda bulunulacaktır. Hayatın her alanında var olan mizahın Nasreddin Hoca tipi aracılığıyla elektronik kültür ortamlarında, reklam ve pazarlama alanlarında kullanılması hedef kitle üzerinde güçlü bir etki bırakacaktır. Bu metinlerin içerdiği eleştiri, mesaj ve hikmetin günümüz insanına ulaşması medyaya hâkim olan Batı temelli mizah anlayışının yerli malzemeyle yeniden şekillenmesine, kültürel alanlara Türk toplumunun aşina olduğu mizah tarzının hâkim olmasına katkıda bulunacaktır.
ÇEYİZDEN MABET: BİR KADIN HAYRI
Authors: Kuzay Demir Gonca
Published: August 2024

Türk kültüründe evlilik geleneklerinin en önemli göstergelerinden birini oluşturan çeyiz, araştırmacılar tarafından daha ziyade maddi bir unsur olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Evlilik yoluyla kurulacak yeni yuvada kullanılacak her tür eşya ve süs çeyiz kapsamına girmektedir. Manevi olarak değerlendirildiğinde ise Genç kızlar için hazırlanan çeyiz, kadının evlilik ile gerçekleştireceği yeni hayatına geçiş için bir araç konumundadır. Bu nedenle geçişin nesnesi olarak kutsal bir değeri ifade eder. Hazırlığı, korunması, taşınması ve serilmesi gibi uygulamalarla şekillenen çeyiz, genç kızın evlilik ile edineceği “eş” ve “anne” rolüne geçişi için bir araçtır.
Bu çalışma; Türk-İslam kültür sahası içinde kadın banilerin çeyiz parası ile yaptırdığına dair sözlü kültürdeki anlatmalar ile ünlenen tespit ettiğimiz üç cami örneğinde çeyiz ile mabet arasındaki ilişkiye odaklanmaktadır. Bulgaristan’ın Kırcaali ilindeki Yedi Kız Cami, Türkiye’nin İzmir ilindeki Ayşe Kadın Cami ve Kuzey Makedonya’nın Kalkandelen ilindeki Alaca Cami, mimarî niteliklerinden daha çok onları yaptırdığına inanılan kadın banilere ilişkin anlatmalarla ünlenmiş eserlerdir. Söz konusu camiler yapıldıkları dönem eserleri arasında farklı mimarî özellikleri ile önemli görülmesinin yanı sıra özellikle anlatmalara konu olan evlenemeyen kadınların çeyiz paralarıyla yapılan camiler olarak dikkat çekmektedir. Çalışmada, öncelikle bu camiler hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Camiler hakkında bilgi veren akademik yayınların yanı sıra gezi yazıları, bloglar gibi elektronik kaynaklardan da yararlanılmış ve camilerle ilgili anlatmalar ile inanç ve uygulamalar derlenmiştir. Daha sonra anlatmalar vasıtasıyla hayır geleneği bağlamında çeyiz ile mabet arasındaki kurulan ilişki üzerinde durulmuştur.
Çalışmanın sonucunda camilerin farklılık arz eden mimarî özelliklerinin anlatmalarla kuvvetlendiği ve anlatmalar vasıtasıyla hem mekânların hem de cami yaptıran kadınların kutsallaştırıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Evliliğe geçişi sağlayan kutsal nesne çeyizin, gerçekleşemeyen evlilik sonucunda kutsal bir mekâna dönüşürken, camileri yaptırdığı düşünülen kadınların da manevî olarak yeni bir rol üstlenmelerini sağladığı görülmüştür. Buradan yola çıkılarak; Türk kültüründe çeyizin, maddî bir değerden daha fazlasını ifade eden manevî olarak kutsal bir role geçişi sağlayan bir niteliği olduğunu söylemek mümkündür.
CEBRAİL ÖTGÜN'ÜN ESERLERİNDE KÜLTÜREL BAĞLAR VE SEMBOL
Authors: Kaya Burcu , Eken Gökhan
Published: August 2024

Sanat eseri, sanatçının kişisel deneyimleri, duyguları ve çevresindeki kültürel etkileşimlerin bir yansıması olarak ortaya çıkar. Yaşadığımız çevrenin koşulları, kuralları ve izleri sanat yapıtının anlaşılabilmesinde önemli bir etkendir. Dolayısı ile bir sanatçının eseri, beraberinde onun köklerinin ve hayatının evrelerinin okunmasını da zorunlu kılar. Egon Schiele’nin çocukluk travmalarını anlayabilirsek sanatını da anlayabiliriz. Arshile Gorky’nin sanatını anlayabilmek, istisnasız onun Van’dan başlayıp Amerika’ya kadar uzanan yolculuğuna ve annesizlik sendromuna bağlıdır. Frida Kahlo’nun sanatında Meksika kültürünün ve egzotizminin kuşkusuz etkisi oldukça fazladır. Manzoni’nin dışkısını kutuladığı çalışmalarının elbette babasına ait konserve fabrikası ile ilişkisi vardır. Çinli çağdaş sanatçı Cai Guo-Qiang’ın eserlerinde babası ile yaşadıkları hatıraların izleri oldukça derindir. Joseph Beuys’un yapıtları onun savaşçı geçmişinin bir özrü gibidir ve beraber ele alındığında anlam kazanır. Türk sanatının önemli isimlerinden Cebrail Ötgün'ün memleketi Iğdır’a has doğal ve kültürel değerlerden ilham alarak yarattığı eserleri de sanatçı-kültür arasındaki ilişkiye önemli bir örnektir. Bu doğrultuda sanatçının eserlerinde kullanıldığı renk ve formun, duygusal ve kültürel anlamlarla iç içe geçtiği görülmektedir. Ötgün'ün çocukluk yıllarının geçtiği Ağrı Dağı, sanatçının eserlerinde nostaljik ve mistik bir sembol olarak belirir. "Ağrı Dağı Söyleni" adlı eserlerinde, dağ, doğa ile insan arasındaki ilişkiyi vurgulayan farklı renk tonları ve dokusal unsurlarla kompoze edilmiştir. Sanatçı, dağın beyaz doruklarını karanlık atmosferin huzur kaynağı olarak resmeder. "Galaklar" serisi, kırsal yaşamın enerjisini ve doğayla uyum sağlamanın önemini işler. Bu eserler, Güneydoğu Anadolu kırsallarındaki kerpiç evleri anımsatarak, doğal malzemelerle tasarlanmıştır ve geçmişe duyulan özlemi yansıtır. "Çorak – Bahar" sergisinde sergilenen "Galaklar", yaşamın izlerini taşıyan basit dairesel şekillerden oluşur. Sanatçı, eserlerinde parçalanmışlık, ötekileştirme ve yoksunlaştırma temalarını işler, doğa ile insan arasındaki ilişkiyi sorgular. Ötgün’ün eserleri, Iğdır'ın Tuzluca Tepeleri'ni anımsatan renkli tepeciklerle bölgesel bağlarını vurgular. "Kuşun Bakışı" adlı eserlerinde geniş perspektiflerle doğa ve kentsel yapılaşmayı ele alır. Bu eserlerde modern mimarinin temsil edildiği geometrik formlar ile doğallık ve yapaylık arasındaki gerilim yansıtılır. Sanatçı, doğa ve insan arasındaki karmaşık ilişkileri, modern dünyanın doğal çevreye etkilerini ve varoluşsal kaygıları derinlemesine işler. Sanatçının eserleri, geçmiş ve gelecek, doğa ve insan, varlık ve yokluk gibi zıt temalar arasında bir muhasebe sunar. Bu bağlamda, Ötgün’ün çalışmaları, kültürel ve bireysel belleğin sanatsal bir temsili olarak değerlendirilebilir. Tarihsel araştırma yöntemi kullanılarak gerçekleştirilen bu çalışma, sanatçının eserlerindeki galak, ev, dağ gibi metaforları, bellek, kimlik ve kültürel aidiyet üzerinden okumayı amaçlamaktadır.
SERVET-İ FÜNUN ROMANININ TEMATİK ÖZELLİKLERİNİ “ÖLMÜŞ BİR KADININ EVRAK-I METRUKESİ” ÜZERİNDEN İNCELEMEK
Authors: Eyan Bilginç
Published: August 2024

Servet-i Fünun dönemi, Türk romancılığı için yapı ve teknik açısından gerçek anlamda modern romanın öncü örneklerinin ortaya konduğu bir dönemdir. 1896-1901 yılları arasında kalan süreci kapsayan dönem, Türk romanının tarihi seyri açısından belirleyici dönüm noktalarından biri olmakla beraber birçok tematik yeniliğin de başlangıç noktasıdır. Sanatçılar bu dönemde bir önceki Tanzimat Dönemine nazaran daha bireysel konulara yönelmiş ve kaçış, hayal-hakikat çatışması, aşk-yasak aşk, hastalık-ölüm gibi temalara yönelerek, toplumsal problemlerin dışında bir tutum sergilemiştir. Bu nedenle kendinden önceki nesil başta olmak üzere birçok sanat çevresi tarafından büyük eleştirilere maruz kalmış ve dönemdeki birçok sanatçı kendini bu topluluğun dışında konumlandırmıştır. Fakat dönemin tesiri öylesine güçlüdür ki özellikle tematik özellikler, kendini bu topluluğun dışında tutan sanatçılara da tesir etmiş ve Servet-i Fünun dışında konumlanan birçok sanatçı, bu dönemin tematik özelliklerini eserlerinde işlemek durumunda kalmıştır. Bu sanatçılardan biri de Güzide Sabri Aygün’dür. Popüler aşk ve karasevda romancılarından olan Güzide Sabri, her ne kadar Servet-i Fünun dışında kalmışsa da tematik ve izleksel çerçevede Servet-i Fünun’un etkisi altındadır. Yayım tarihi itibariyle söz konusu döneme isabet eden Ölmüş Bir Kadın’ın Evrak-ı Metrukesi (1905) adlı roman, tematik özellikleri itibariyle bu durumun en somut örneklerinden biridir. Güzide Sabri Aygün’ün popüler aşk romancısı olmasının da etkisiyle bireyin iç dünyasına yönelen edebi anlayışının Servet-i Fünun ile bağdaşması neticesinde tematik anlamda Servet-i Fünun’dan bağımsız olmayan roman, hem dönemin tematik özellikleriyle yazarının edebi anlayışını hem de Servet-i Fünun’un güçlü ve geniş tesir alanını göstermesi bakımından oldukça önemlidir. Bu çalışmada, Güzide Sabri Aygün’e ait olan Ölmüş Bir Kadın’ın Evrak-ı Metrukesi isimli roman, Servet-i Fünun romanının tematik özellikleri bağlamında ele alınmıştır. Devir-şahsiyet-eser bağlamında yapılan incelemeler sonucunda dönem ve romanda ortak temalar olarak tespit edilen; kaçış arzusu, hayal ve hakikat çatışması, yasak aşk ve hastalık ile ölüm gibi temalar metin merkezli olarak analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular sonucunda Servet-i Fünun döneminin güçlü tesiri ve Güzide Sabri Aygün’ün edebi anlayışı ile birlikte tespit edilen temaların edebi esere kattığı anlamsal boyut somutlaştırılmaya çalışılmıştır.
ÖMER SEYFETTİN HİKÂYELERİNDE SU İMGESİ
Authors: Ünlü Bedirhan
Published: August 2024

Varlığın özünün ne olduğu sorusu Antik Yunan’dan itibaren üzerinde durulan konuların başında gelir. Aristo’yla birlikte sistemleştirilen varlığın özünü dört ana maddeye dayandırma düşüncesi, İslam felsefesinde ise anâsır-ı erbaa anlayışına dayanır. Doğada bulunan toprak, ateş, hava ve su varlığın oluşumundaki ana unsurlar olarak düşünülmüştür. Bununla birlikte dört unsur; birey ve toplum üzerindeki imgesel değerlerle de anlam kazanır. Dört ana unsurdan biri olan su da bilinçaltında olumlu ve olumsuz bir şekilde ortaya çıkar. Tarihî süreç içerisinde su, hem mitolojide hem de dinî inançlarda ona yöneltilen kutsiyet özelliğiyle kendisine yer edinir. Klasik mitolojide su kullanımı Tanrılarla birlikte düşünülürken ilahî dinlerde ise daha çok kutsallık özelliğiyle ön plandadır. Bu bağlamda Hıristiyanlıktaki vaftiz törenlerinde kutsama su aracılığıyla yapılırken Kur’an’da suyun kutsallığına dair pek çok ayet vardır. Suyun döngüselliği ve canlılar için hayatî öneme sahip oluşu Kur’an’la birlikte diğer metinlerde de ele alınır. Su, bu tarz metinlerde hem görünen özellikleriyle hem de bilinçaltında oluşturduğu imgesel değerlerle ortaya çıkar. Metin içerisinde var olan su imgesi, sanatçının kendisine ve içinde bulunduğu sosyal ortama dair birtakım verileri de bünyesinde barındırır. Bu açıdan bakıldığında edebî metinlerdeki su imgesinin yorumlanması, sanatçıya ait kavram haritalarının ortaya çıkarılmasına yardımcı olur. Türk edebiyatında önemli bir konumda bulanan Ömer Seyfettin, kaleme aldığı hikâyelerinde imgesel değerlere yer veren sanatçılardandır. Eserlerindeki söz konusu bu imgesel değerlerden biri de sudur. İmge değeri açısından suyun kullanımı tesadüfi olmayıp sanatçının bilinçli bir tercihidir. Millî duyuş ve düşünüş tarzını yansıttığı hikâyelerinde suya yüklenen anlam, Türklük taraftarları ile Türklüğe karşı olanların imgesel ve sembolik değerleri etrafında şekillenir. Benzer şekilde bireyin merkeze alındığı eserlerde su imgesi karakterlerin ruhsal ve kişisel özellikleriyle ortaya çıkarılır. Bütüncül bir bakış açısıyla bakıldığında suyun kullanımı yıkıcılık ve besleyicilik şeklinde ortaya çıkar. Suyun eserlerdeki kullanımı aynı zamanda Ömer Seyfettin’in dil ve üslubunda önemli bir konumda bulunan ironiyi de etkiler. Su bu tarz hikâyelerde ironiyi destekleyen unsurlardan biri hâline getirilir. Yapılan bu çalışmada da Ömer Seyfettin’in hikâyelerindeki su imgesi incelenerek yazara ait kavram haritalarının belirlenip yorumlanması amaçlandı.