bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Half a War”
Authors: Middlekauff Robert
Published: October 2023

The first message telling of the combat at Lexington was written around ten in the morning at nearby Watertown and sent to other towns in Massachusetts and to Connecticut. Its prose was spare: the British had attacked the militia; six men were dead and four others wounded; more regulars were coming out of Boston. The writer, Colonel Joseph Palmer, dispatched Israel Bissel with this note after adding an appeal that Bissel be supplied with fresh horses whenever he needed them. Bissel, a postrider who customarily traveled between Boston and New York, wore out his mounts and himself for the next five days until he reached Philadelphia.
The War of Posts
Authors: Middlekauff Robert
Published: October 2023

In early September 1776, two months after the signing of the Declaration of Independence, George Washington attempted to explain to Congress the strategy of the war he was fighting. The war, he wrote, was a “war of posts,” a “defensive” war in which the American army sought to hold itself together and to avoid a “general action,” a large-scale battle which might bring massive defeat. Washington’s preoccupation with defeat was understandable: its taste had gradually soured his mouth throughout the summer as news of the disasters in Canada arrived.
The War of Maneuver
Authors: Middlekauff Robert
Published: October 2023

The two armies now settled in, apparently for the winter. A casual observer might have thought that it was Europe, the convention of going into winter quarters was so taken for granted. The soldiers on both sides turned to the business of making themselves comfortable or trying to find comfort in situations inherently uncomfortable. For Washington’s men attaining some ease seemed almost impossible in the mean little huts they constructed for themselves.
The “Fugitive War”
Authors: Middlekauff Robert
Published: October 2023

Camden shocked both sides. The defeat depressed patriot spirits everywhere, but it did not stop the raids and ambushes on the part of the irregulars. That Camden had so little effect on the grim, inside war surprised Cornwallis and his officers. Two weeks after the battle found him promising Clinton that he would be moving into North Carolina soon. He wanted—he said—to establish a magazine for the winter at Hillsboro, stocked with rum, salt, flour, and meal from the countryside. But he hesitated to send his troops northward unless Clinton undertook to provide a “diversion” in the Chesapeake, an action that would prevent the enemy from sending southward another army, such as Gates had led.
Outside the Campaigns
Authors: Middlekauff Robert
Published: October 2023

What happened on the water affected what happened on the land, and both affected the lives of civilians as well as those of soldiers and sailors. The “inside” of campaigns in other words had consequences for the “outside,” the civilian society which sustained the war. This distinction between the inside and the outside of the campaigns is to some extent deceptive, of course, and even false. Civilians, for example, participated directly in the campaigns, providing supplies and sometimes carrying the baggage of the armies.
Yorktown and Paris
Authors: Middlekauff Robert
Published: October 2023

On May 15, 1781, five days before Cornwallis and his army reached Petersburg, Virginia, Major General William Phillips, commander of forces in the Chesapeake, died of a tidewater fever. Cornwallis had looked forward to seeing him again, an old comrade who with Clinton and himself had cut his combat teeth in Germany in the Seven Years War. British officers who fought in Germany felt set apart from those who had not, felt superior, in fact, to all others.
Ratification: An End and a Beginning
Authors: Middlekauff Robert
Published: October 2023

What had happened in the Constitutional Convention? A fairly common opinion in 1787 had it that there had been a withdrawal of the original commitment to the principles of the American Revolution. Those of this persuasion pointed out that the Constitution virtually destroyed the old Confederation of sovereign states and replaced it with what they called “consolidated” government. In this government, power and sovereignty lay at the center—not in the individual states. In the year following the close of the federal Convention there were to be many variations on the meaning of consolidation.
Columbian Exchanges, 1490–1530
Authors: Wills John E
Published: October 2023

The ships had been at sea for thirty-seven days, sailing straight west into the unknown. The crew had grown very uneasy, then relaxed a bit as they saw in the water a few tree branches and other signs of land nearby. On the night of October 11 they thought they had seen ﬁres on the horizon. As the three little ships anchored near the low, wooded shore, local people gathered to look at them. Already inclined, as a result of unfriendly encounters with Africans, to take bare brown skin as a sign of savagery, the Europeans did not hesitate to go ashore and proclaim the sovereignty of their king and queen, Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain.
Courage Through Suffering: Snap Shots Of The Dying Poor
Authors: Moller David Wendell
Published: October 2023

This chapter revolves around four unique narratives: the Whites, Ms. Annie Dickens, Mr. J. W. Green, and Mr. Joe Noble. The narrative of the Whites vividly depicts the impact of poverty on the dying experience. Despite having worked regularly throughout his life, Mr. White ‘s income was barely sufficient to meet the needs of the family. Together, he and his wife struggled to make ends meet and successfully raise their children. The financial demands they faced each week never allowed them to plan for the future or get ahead in life. As a result, poverty played a significant part in their dying experiences, fostering indignity and exacerbating suffering. Despite being poor, the experience of dying for Ms. Annie Dickens was different. In the very same nursing home where Mr. and Mrs. White endured regrettable indignities, Annie died peacefully and appreciatively. Her faith was a constant source of solace and strength that enabled her to relate to others joyfully and gratefully. The chronicle of Mr. Green ‘s experience of dying demon¬ strates the consequences of urban and rural poverty. The power of faith is also evident, and in the face of major chaos and conflict in his family life, it gave transcendent meaning throughout his dying. For Mr. Joe Noble, spirituality was not expressed in formal connection to established religious practices. Instead, it was a reflection of the way he lived. He found purpose and meaning in family relationships and in nature.
Settled Life
Authors: Tattersall Ian
Published: October 2023

Right through the end of the Paleolithic period (the ‘ ‘ Old Stone Age’ ‘ ) at about 10,000 years ago, human beings and their pre- cursors had been more or less constantly on the move. They had lived a lifestyle of hunting and gathering that, even after they started to establish home bases, had involved picking up and moving regularly. Once Homo sapiens was on the scene, hominids had probably altered their activities from those of foragers, who simply roam around the landscape, opportunistically availing themselves of resources they encounter, to those of collectors, who keep a close eye on the food sources around them and plan the exploitation of local resources accordingly. But traditional practices must have continued to dictate an essentially mobile lifestyle.
Conclusion: The Turkic Caravan in Retrospect
Authors: Findley Carter Vaughn
Published: October 2023

Images of carpets and caravans have provided insight in these pages into the ways Turks have projected their identity across time and space and have revealed how quickly questions of unity and diversity arise in discussions of Turkic identity. Those questions bring to light the contrast between how much the Turkic peoples have in common linguistically and how diverse they are in other ways. Now that borders have become more open and communications freer, the Turks themselves are discovering this contrast in startling new ways. Among visitors from Turkey encountering the Uyghurs of Xinjiang for the first time, for example, some of the visitors excitedly exclaim: “Here are our roots!” Despite the obvious linguistic affinity, however, others are equally likely to protest: “These people have nothing to do with us.” Without missing a beat, one of the naysayers may then turn to tell a friend about a new recording of Tuvan throat singing, surely one of the most atypical art forms for a Turkic people.
Cervantes’ Harassed and Vagabond Life
Authors: Manuel Durán
Published: October 2023

We can think of many great writers whose lives have left only a few traces upon their work. This is not so with Cervantes: his biography sheds light upon his masterpieces. He was seldom a cold and distant observer of his world: His presence as a witness and occasionally as a judge of what he saw is discreet yet undeniable. He made good use of his experience: he went so far as to include himself, as a minor character, in several of his works—much in the same way as one of our contemporary film directors, Alfred Hitchcock, appears fleetingly in his own movies. His presence is discreet yet insistent: he will not deny or betray his own personality; he begs us to take it into account when reading his texts. Pride and humility go hand in hand in him, helping him to become a good witness of his time—and of the human condition of all time.
The Man on the Moon
Authors: Annas George J
Published: October 2023

Genetics has been not only the most superheated scientific arena of the past decade, it has also been a feverish battlefield for American bioethics. And no area has elicited as much controversy as the speculative prospect of genetic engineering—the subject of this and the next chapter. We cannot know what human life will be like a thousand years from now, but we can and should think seriously about what we would like it to be like. What is unique about human beings and about being human; what makes humans human? What qualities of the human species must we preserve to preserve humanity itself? What would a “better human” be like? If genetic engineering techniques work, are there human qualities we should try to temper and others we should try to enhance? If human rights and human dignity depend on our human nature, can we change our “humanness” without undermining our dignity and our rights? At the outset of the third millennium, we can begin our exploration of these questions by looking back on some of the major events and themes of the past 1000 years in Western civilization and the primitive human instincts they illustrate.
Capital Punishment
Authors: Annas George J
Published: October 2023

Kant postulated that humans as a species move progressively to a more moral state. In his words, “since the human race’s natural end is to make steady cultural progress, its moral end is to be conceived as progressing toward the better. And this progress may well be occasionally interrupted, but it will never be broken off.” Capital punishment provides a profitable case study in moral progress. Because capital punishment has been medicalized by adopting lethal injection as its methodology (sometimes termed “killing with kindness”), and because medicalization is critical to capital punishment’s continued popularity in America, it is a useful case study in American bioethics as well.
The Shadowlands
Authors: Annas George J
Published: October 2023

Our impotence to craft an American ethics of abortion has led to a “Wild West” of unregulated research with human embryos and women by the reproductive medicine industry. Because of a “free for all” research mentality, it is becoming almost impossible to suggest outlandish and reckless possibilities for the new reproductive research without seeing them actually pursued by its practitioners. This is not only because there are no effective laws regulating the industry, but also because the bioethics of the field are exclusively focused on the potential parent–clients and have nothing to say about the potential children that are (or should be) the whole purpose for the field in the first place. As prepared as I am for the unexpected and bizarre in this field, even I was surprised when a respected American specialist, knowing that his research could not be ethically or legally performed in the United States, trained a Chinese student to pursue it in China. The results of this exercise in “ethical arbitrage” were announced in the United States with much fanfare at the annual meeting of the American Society of Reproductive Medicine and entered the annals of American bioethics.
Waste and Longing
Authors: Annas George J
Published: October 2023

Waste is not always what it seems. In his cold war novel Underworld, for example, Don DeLillo explores the multifaceted qualities of waste. “Waste,” he notes, “is the secret history, the underhistory, the way archaeologists dig out the history of early cultures, every sort of bone and broken tool, literally from under the ground.” And waste can also be transformed to money: They are trading garbage in the commodity pits in Chicago. They are making synthetic feces in Dallas. You can sell your testicles to a firm in Russia that will give you four thousand dollars and then remove the items surgically and mash them up and extract the vital substances and market the resulting syrupy stuff as rejuvenating beauty cream, for a profit that is awesome.
Eighteenth-Century England’s Integration of Medicine and the Humanities
Authors: Veatch Robert M
Published: October 2023

In the second half of the eighteenth century, while Scotland was teeming with life in the humanities and medicine and its leading physicians were pursuing vigorous discussions with its leading philosophers and theologians, England was also emerging into the era of modem medicine. It also had a history of philosophers and theologians who practiced medicine and the sciences. This was, after all, the land of Bacon and Newton. It was the home of the physician/philosopher, John Locke. As was observed by A. W. Hill, a student of John Wesley’s linking of theology and medicine, the “study of physic formed part of a gentleman’s education alongside classical and philosophical studies” (Hill 1958, p. 29). Just as Gregory was awarded a medical degree with the benefit of completing formal study at the institution that awarded the degree, sometimes clergy were given similar university recognition in medicine.
Some Physicians Who Almost Confront The Humanities
Authors: Veatch Robert M
Published: October 2023

At this point, the thesis I am arguing may begin to sound too simplistic. With the tum of the nineteenth century and the increasing specialization of medicine as a scientific endeavor, all the physicians who wrote codes of ethics (which was essentially an American activity) for their state, local, or national medical societies were surgeons with an interest in journal and textbook editing as well as organizational politics, but no prior interest or ability in ethics, theology, philosophy, or any other humanities discipline. If they had accomplishments outside of medicine, they were in mundane social organizations dealing with ornithology, agriculture, or engineering. For their medical ethics, they simply turned to the physicians who preceded them at the end of the eighteenth century-in particular Gregory, Percival, and Rush-and copied the sections that appealed to them, especially the sections relevant to the interprofessional feuds of the day.
The New Enlightenment: The 1970s
Authors: Veatch Robert M
Published: October 2023

The civil rights, antiwar, women’s, and student movements of the 1960s provided fertile ground for orienting ethicists, particularly religious ethicists, toward applied ethics. The new biomedical technologies began to call for moral reflection, but it was not until the end of the decade that social changes pressed humanists out of their academic reserves and into the clinic. As we shall see, religious ethicists, already committed to working in the real world of practical moral dilemmas, were especially receptive to responding whereas philosophical ethicists were still finding interest in and prestige from working on more abstract theoretical issues. This social milieu also made clinicians in large numbers follow Howard Means’s lead and invite humanists into the clinic.
We Are Poor but So Many
Authors: Bhatt Ela R
Published: October 2023

Ela Bhatt is widely recognized as one of the world’s most remarkable pioneers and entrepreneurial forces in grassroots development. Known as the “gentle revolutionary,” she has dedicated her life to improving the lives of India’s poorest and most oppressed citizens. In India, where 93 percent of the labor force are self-employed, 94 percent of this sector are women. Yet self-employed women have historically enjoyed few legal protections or worker’s rights. In fact, most are illiterate and subject to exploitation and harassment by moneylenders, employers, and officials. Witnessing the terrible conditions faced by women working as weavers, stitchers, cigarette rollers, and waste collectors, Ela Bhatt began helping these women to organize themselves. In 1972, Ela Bhatt founded the Self-Employed Women’s Association (SEWA) to bring poor women together and give them ways to fight for their rights and earn better livings. Three years after SEWA was founded, it had 7,000 members. Today it has a total membership of 700,000 women, making it the largest single primary trade union in India. Bhatt lead SEWA to form a cooperative bank in 1974 - with a share capital of $30,000 - that offered microcredit loans to help women save and become financially independent. Today the SEWA Cooperative Bank has $1.5 million in working capital and more than 30,000 depositors with a loan return rate of 94 percent. Through years of organization and strategic action, Ela Bhatt developed SEWA from a small, often ignored group into a powerful trade union and bank with allies around the world. During the last three decades, SEWA’s efforts to increase the bargaining power, economic opportunities, health security, legal representation, and organizational abilities of Indian women have brought dramatic improvements to hundreds of thousands of lives and influenced similar initiatives around the globe. We Are Poor but So Many is a first-hand account of the vision, rise, and success of SEWA, in India as well as internationally. The book begins with a history of the early days of SEWA and an exploration of the Ghandian philosophy that helped shape SEWA’s formation and vision. It follows with an account of the struggles and challenges that SEWA faced in its journey and describes how these were addressed and overcome. It then explores the freedom that SEWA has facilitated for women working in the informal economy by presenting several inspirational stories of individual SEWA members. The final chapter describes the international extension of SEWA’s work, the challenges that women face in the informal economy worldwide, and how SEWA can be effectively replicated in other parts of the world. This volume is unique in that it will elaborate the specific experience and knowledge of Ela Bhatt in her and SEWA’s journey and provide insights and knowledge that no outside researcher would ever be in a position to replicate.
Rag Pickers
Authors: Bhatt Ela R
Published: October 2023

Since the late 1890s, two-thirds of the population of Ahmedabad was economically engaged around the textile industry. An entire subeconomy grew around the scrap thrown out by mills. Big traders purchased these discarded cut pieces and end strips of mill cloth and sent them through a chain of contractors to Muslim women in slums, who stitched them into garments and quilts in their homes. Iron and wood scraps were sold, also through subcontractors, to Marwari women junksmiths to tum into buckets, kitchen racks, cooking stoves, and small items of furniture. The main consumers of these recycled products were poor urban families. The lowest in the hierarchy of scraps went to the dalit women, who picked over the floor sweepings of mills, factories and shops, and salvaged any useable waste thrown out on the streets. These waste pickers are like self-appointed recycling agents-visiting every worksite, roadside, and garbage dump in search for anything of value-newspapersandwhite paper, glass bottles, plastic bags, bottle tops, bits of broken machinery, iron nails and steel filings, discarded hair, and pieces of wood.
Health Care
Authors: Bhatt Ela R
Published: October 2023

In 1977, I was reviewing the reasons why some women had defaulted on their SEWA Bank loans. Out of five hundred, twenty women had defaulted on their loans because they died. Of these twenty, fifteen had died in childbirth. Just two years earlier, I had seen them, loan applications in hand, active and alive and enthusiastic about expanding their business. To die in childbirth in this day and age? I felt upset and rather angry with myself. How could we have been so preoccupied with the economic needs of the women that we were blind to their basic health needs? Sickness is a recurring crisis in the lives of poor women. They are illness-prone because their living, working, and financial conditions make them vulnerable to disease and malnutrition. Few have ready access to clean drinking water, or to an adequate supply of water for washing. Their living conditions are often unsanitary because municipal services like sewage and drainage are nonexistent or outdated. Their diet is inadequate for lack of money; they have limited knowledge of how to prevent or take precautions against disease; and medical help is often out of reach-both financially and in terms of distance.
Reforms
Authors: Bhatt Ela R
Published: October 2023

The world of work has changed over the past three decades. Economists assumed that developing countries would grow along the lines of the developed countries where, sooner or later, all jobs would belong to the formal sector. But with globalization, the opposite has happened; the private sector has begun to “de-formalize” and the public sector has begun to shrink. Contract labor, casual labor, and outsourcing have increased in the so-called formal sector. The textile industry of Ahmedabad, for example, has moved from large mills to power looms and small processing houses-all jobs performed through a contract and subcontract system. Where no direct employer-employee relationship can be established, labor laws do not apply. Sixty percent of the workers in Ahmedabad, for example, work in streets, homes, or makeshift sheds in deserted compounds of closed factories.1 So in many ways, the world of work has changed, but labor laws have not kept abreast and are losing relevance.
The Myth of the Fall in Women in Love
Authors: Stewart Jack F
Published: October 2023

The extent to which the myth of the fall permeates Women in Love has not previously been recognized. The novel examines language, mythos, the whole logocentric tradition, revealing an underlying connection and a gap between the Biblical myth of the fall, as expanded by Milton in Paradise Lost, and the modern condition of alienation and angst that Lawrence diagnoses. At first sight, references to the Fall in Women in Love seem marginal, even clichéd. Displaced into fiction, the Genesis story that was imaginative and doctrinal truth to Milton bears uneasy and unstable relation to Lawrence’s themes. But the theological concept of the fall that Lawrence is intent on redefining is part of the novel’s basic vision, which depends on recuperating as well as trans valuing the biblical source.
Totem, Taboo, and Blutbrüderschaft in D. H. Lawrence’s Women in Love
Authors: Kaplan Carola M
Published: October 2023

On the surface, D. H. Lawrence’s The Rainbow and Women in Love, although they originated as a single fictional work, “The Sisters,” appear to be two distinctly different kinds of novels: the first, a generational narrative, its roots in the nineteenth century; the second, an end-of-the-world vision, its nihilism forged by the nightmare of the Great War. Yet for all the apparent differences between the two books, their author insisted that they form “an organic, artistic whole.” While conceding that the two novels are “very different,” Lawrence maintained that Women in Love is a “sequel” to The Rainbow (quoted in Ford, Double, 1965, 164).
Introduction
Authors: Harrison Andrew
Published: October 2023

In a letter of 19 May 1913 written in Irschenhausen, near Munich, Germany, D. H. Lawrence announced to his literary mentor, Edward Garnett, his receipt of an advance copy of his third novel: ‘Sons and Lovers has just come—I am fearfully proud of it. I reckon it is quite a great book. I shall not write quite in that style any more. It’s the end of my youthful period.’1 There are a number of reasons why the twenty-seven year-old author might have wanted to use the publication of this novel to draw a line under his early life and writings. For one thing, the novel drew heavily on his childhood, youth and early manhood in the industrial midlands of England, and indeed on the lives of his parents and siblings. His mother’s death from abdominal cancer in December 1910 had devastated him, and his outpouring of grief and subsequent depression had contributed to his own physical collapse (involving double pneumonia) in the winter of 1911. The novel recreated his mother’s rapid decline in health and her death, with its traumatic aftermath.
Sons and Lovers: Flight from the [S]mothering Text
Authors: Greiff Louis K
Published: October 2023

The 1960 screen version of Sons and Lovers appeared over a decade after another Lawrence adaptation, The Rocking Horse Winner, yet it resembles its predecessor in a number of ways. Like Anthony Pelissier’s effort, it is another relatively short, careful British production filmed in black and white. Yet the challenges of adaptation facing its director, Jack Cardiff, were absolutely the reverse of those Pelissier encountered. Pelissier needed to spin out and finesse a fifteen-page short story into a feature-length film. Cardiff, on the other hand, confronted a heavyweight novel, well over four hundred pages long, with the prospect of squeezing it into a movie about the same length as Pelissier’s. This, in fact, is exactly what he did. The finished print of Sons and Lovers, including a scene excised by the censors, amounts to ninety-nine minutes of film—a paltry eight-minute increase in running time over The skills that Cardiff brought to this project—and to the challenge of effective adaptation—were primarily camera-related. Sons and Lovers was only his third directorial assignment,
M
Authors: Traboulsi Elias I
Published: October 2023

The syndrome is characterized by abnormalities of the eye (ectopialentis), aorta (dilation of the aortic root and aneurysm of the ascending aorta and aortic aneurysm), and skeleton (dolichostenomelia, upper segment/lower segment ratio two standard deviations below the mean for age, pectus excavatum, and kyphoscoiosis). In addition to these three major criteria, auxiliary signs may be present, such as myopia, mitral valve prolapse, arachnodactyly, joint laxity, tall stature, pesplanus, striae distensae, pneumothorax, and dural ectasia. About 35% of patients do not develop lens subluxation. There is a large family with Marfan syndrome without ectopia lentis in whom the disease gene was mapped to 3p24.2–p25. The clinical diagnosis may be difficult in mild cases, and the spectrum of patients with connective tissue abnormalities simulating Marfan syndrome is wide.
W
Authors: Traboulsi Elias I
Published: October 2023

The three features most commonly associated with type I are lateral displacement of the medial canthi, white forelock, and sensorineural deafness. Freckles on the face and premature graying of the hair are frequent. is found in 20% of affected individuals. The characteristic pigmentary abnormalities are a white forelock, with or without hypoplastic pale-blue irides. Unilateral or sector heterochromia of the iris may be present. Other expressions of the pigmentary abnormalities include vitiligo. Congenital deafness is the most serious feature of the disease and, when present, is usually bilateral and severe. Variants of the syndrome have been described. Bard reported affected patients in three generations of one family who had ocular albinism characterized by foveal hypoplasia and iris transillumination and who lacked lateral displacement of the medial canthi. Shah et al. reported 12 neonates in five families in which a white forelock and white eyebrows and eyelashes were associated with intestinal obstruction, later proved by biopsy to be long-segment Hirschsprung disease. Eight of the 12 patients had heterochromatic irides, but none of six in whom it was sought had dystopia canthorum or a broad nasal root.
Depressants of the Central Nervous System: Volatile Solvents and Aerosols
Authors: Winger Gail , Woods James H , Hofmann Frederick G
Published: October 2023

Abuse of volatile solvents and aerosols has not captured the attention and concern of the media or the general public in the way abuse of many other agents has. In some ways, this is understandable. Solvent and aerosol abuse does not affect as many people as does tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana abuse, and until recently, most solvents and aerosols were not thought to produce toxic effects of the order produced by some other drugs of abuse. Furthermore, because most solvents and aerosols can be easily and inexpensively obtained legally, little criminal behavior is associated with their sale and purchase. But there are aspects of solvent abuse that should be of considerable concern. One is that solvents are most likely to be used by the youngest members of the drug-abusing community. Boys as young as 7 to IO years of age, as well as young teenagers, are those who most frequently sniff glue or gasoline, and 8th graders report far more current use of inhalants than do 10th and particularly 12th graders (Johnston et al., 2003). There is evidence that children sniff solvents and aerosols before they begin to use tobacco and alcohol, suggesting that inhalant abuse may be the start of more serious drug abuse (Kurtzman et al., 2001). Additional concern should focus on the increasing number of reports that solvents such as toluene, once thought to have little toxic effect, may produce severe and perhaps permanent neurological damage. The most vulnerable population does seem to be developing concerns about the potentially toxic effects of solvent inhalation. The 2002 Monitoring the Future Study indicated that the use of inhalants in 2002 was seen as more harmful and entailing “great risk “ in more 8th and I0th graders than had been the case in the previous 5 years, and there was a consistent decrease in both lifetime and recent use of inhalants in 8th, 10th, and 12th graders from 1997 to 2002 (Johnston et al., 2003). Awareness of the consciousness-altering effects of inhaled compounds is not new.
Chili Drugs: Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), Gamma Hydroxybutyrate (GHB), Ketamine, and Agents Taken in Similar Patterns
Authors: Winger Gail , Woods James H , Hofmann Frederick G
Published: October 2023

Club drugs are typically taken by groups of people during raves. Raves are parties where the opportunity to dance to very loud, rhythmic music while under the influence of one or more drugs is the primary attraction. Needless to say, most users of club drugs under these conditions are young and single. Club drugs are usually taken periodically; several of them may be taken three to four times over the course of an 8-hour rave, and then they may not be taken again until the next opportunity to attend such a party. This is quite different from the pattern of opioid, nicotine, or alcohol abuse, where drug-seeking and drug-taking occur several times per day for months or years, or from the pattern of cocaine and methamphetamine abuse, where the drug may be taken as frequently as possible for several days of profound intoxication. In most cases, even periodic club drug use does not continue for more than a few years. For all but a few individuals, there is little indication that it is difficult to stop using these drugs. Some of the drugs, MDMA in particular, lose their ability to change the perceptions of some users in interesting ways, and these people effortlessly stop taking them. For these reasons, club drugs meet the criteria for abuse, but usually do not meet the criteria for addiction as these terms were defined in Chapter 1. Physiological dependence on some club drugs is possible, as noted below, but is rarely observed in people who take them only twice each week.
The Duty of States to Implement International Norms
Authors: Anaya S James
Published: October 2023

The principle of self-determination and the development of related norms discussed in the preceding chapters represent significant elements in indigenous peoples’ centuries-long quest for survival. International norms today provide legal grounds, however limited, for indigenous peoples to roll back the lingering scourge of colonial patterns and to exist as distinct communities in pursuit of their own destinies under conditions of equality. The United Nations Charter and other widely ratified international treaties affirm the principle of self-determination of peoples or include related human rights norms. Particularly relevant to indigenous peoples is International Labour Organization Convention No. 169 on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples, which has been ratified by a number of countries. States, moreover, are subject to norms concerning indigenous peoples insofar as those norms are part of general or customary international law. Customary norms are binding upon the constituent units of the world community regardless of any formal act of assent to those norms.
International Monitoring Procedures
Authors: Anaya S James
Published: October 2023

Previous chapters have discussed the development of international norms concerning indigenous peoples and the duty of states to effectively implement these norms. While arising from dynamics that involve multiple actors extending their influence into the international arena, this regime of international law is to be operationalized through procedures that engage the institutional mechanisms of states at the domestic level. Even so, when the international system functions to generate norms within the ambit of human rights, as it has in this context, it typically also and sometimes simultaneously functions to oversee the norms’ implementation by responsible actors. Hence, to encourage the domestic implementation of international norms concerning indigenous peoples are procedures involving international institutions, the subject of the final part of this book.
Paine, the Philadelphia Radicals and the Political Revolution of 1776
Authors: Foner Eric
Published: October 2023

Common Sense was an attempt to unite all Americans in a struggle for independence and republican government. Yet the very success of the pamphlet plunged Paine into an intense involvement in the tangled and divisive politics of Philadelphia and Pennsylvania. For several months in the spring and summer of 1776, he played a leading role in the struggle which began as a movement to commit Pennsylvania to independence and soon broadened into an assault upon the state’s government.
Price Controls and Laissez- Faire: Paine and the Moral Economy of the American Crowd
Authors: Foner Eric
Published: October 2023

Paine’s participation in the debate over Pennsylvania’s Constitution in 1777 and 1778 was a prelude to an even more intense involvement in local affairs. The immediate issues agitating Pennsylvania and the rest of the colonies in the turbulent year 1779 arose from the tremendous rise in prices caused by massive congressional printing of paper money and from the efforts of certain merchants to realize windfall profits in army supplies and farm produce destined for the cities.
Introduction
Authors: Patterson Lee
Published: October 2023

Geoffrey Chaucer was born about 1340 and died in October 1400. His poetry was written during a time when English writers were beginning once again to produce works of lasting literary merit. Prior to the Norman conquest of 1066, the most extensive and sophisticated vernacular literature in Europe was composed in England. Written in the language we now designate as Old English or Anglo-Saxon, this literature produced both poetic masterpieces—Beowulf is still the best known, but there are other epic and especially lyric poems of great skill and interest—and a large body of prose, some of it devotional, much of it dealing with more worldly topics such as history and the natural world. But with the coming of the Normans and the cultural dominance of French (or Anglo-Norman, as the French spoken and written in England is called), the number of original works in English diminished dramatically. But then, in the latter half of the fourteenth century, we witness a sudden effLorescence of great literature. Some of it harks back, by routes of transmission that are not fully understood, to the alliterative verse of Anglo-Saxon England. Examples include the great works Pearl and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, composed by a single, anonymous poet, who also wrote two and perhaps three other astonishingly elegant poems.
Pleasure and Responsibility in the Franklin’s Tale
Authors: Berger Harry
Published: October 2023

That the Franklin narrates a story about a happily married aristocratic couple involved in a courtly situation tells us something about his preferences and perhaps about his reading habits.1 The sympathy and warmth he feels for his chivalric hero and lady are obvious, yet it is equally obvious that they are but slightly individualized. They exist for him as embodiments This has the effect of bringing up and then disposing of the more realistic problems connected with the so-called marriage debate; the Franklin is interested in other matters and another, more literary, form of experience. He admires the virtues Arveragus personifies; he is both charmed and amused by Dorigen, whose ingenuousness he brings to a comic climax in her suicide complaint, which went on “a day or tweye,” and is recognized by the Franklin as a healthy piece of therapy. He also recognizes that her childlike inability to cope with the black rocks might cause serious trouble in any world more real than the controlled fiction in which she lives.
The Pardoner’s Dilemma
Authors: Patterson Lee
Published: October 2023

Few of the performances in The Canterbury Tales have generated as much critical controversy as the Pardoner’s Prologue and Tale. The disagreement is fundamental: is his performance motivated by an uncertain sexuality or by an apparent scorn for religion? Is Chaucer representing a psychology shaped by what his time would have considered sexual deviancy? Or is he exploring the condition of a man who ostentatiously scorns, yet secretly desires, the salvation offered by medieval Christianity? In this essay I shall argue that the Pardoner is best understood as a man struggling with a religious dilemma that was well understood—and deeply feared—in his own time.
President Wilson Arrives in Cairo
Authors: Manela Erez
Published: October 2023

Some years after the event, Muhammad Husayn Haykal, a prominent Egyptian journalist and intellectual, wrote of an encounter he had with a friend on the streets of Cairo on a summer day in 1918. The texts of President Wilson’s addresses had appeared in Egyptian newspapers over the previous months, and excited talk of postwar possibilities was in the air. “This is it, Sir!” exclaimed the friend. “We have the right to self-determination, and therefore the English will leave Egypt.”
Empty Chairs at Versailles
Authors: Manela Erez
Published: October 2023

On November 26, 1918, shortly before Wilson left the United States for Europe, Wellington Koo, as the Chinese minister in Washington, came to see the president at the White House. He wanted, Koo tells us in his memoirs, “to ascertain the American attitude toward China’s hopes at the conference.” Secretary of State Lansing had already assured him of U.S. sympathy, but he wished “to get a direct reaction” from the president.
Knowledge and Power
Authors: Postel Charles
Published: October 2023

In the winter of 1892, P. G. Temple set a modest proposal before the regular January meeting of the Gillespie County, Texas, Farmers’ Alliance. He suggested that the Alliance send a memorial to the managers of the Columbian World’s Fair in Chicago. The exposition, scheduled to open the next year, promised to put on display “the world’s resources and progress in every department of human effort.” In Temple’s view, justice demanded that the men and women responsible for producing this wealth also be represented at the fair. Temple proposed that the exposition managers Temple’s proposal captured much about how rural reformers understood the injustices and divisions cleaving American society. He gave expression to a social critique shared by millions of late nineteenth-century farmers: the submission of the laboring classes to the mounting burdens of debt, poverty, and overwork corresponded to the fantastic growth of monopoly, luxury, and ill-gotten corporate wealth.
Race and Interracial Coalitions
Authors: Thompson J Phillip
Published: October 2023

On August 8, 1978, hundreds of police officers attempted to evict eleven adults and their children from a house in Powelton Village, a part of Philadelphia not far from Drexel University and the University of Pennsylvania. The adults were members of MOVE, an eccentric black back-to-nature group with a history of violent confrontations with the police. MOVE was an annoyance to its neighbors, with threats, foul language broadcast on bullhorns, running across the adjacent rooftops of their neighbors and blocking the common rear-alley driveway. Its members made little effort to comply with city housing ordinances. While groups like MOVE sometimes find refuge in remote rural areas, MOVE’s members feared to leave the city’s black community lest they become isolated and even more vulnerable to attack by vigilantes or government authorities.
“Set Up a Think Tank”: A Black Mayor’s Accountability to the Black Community: The Case of David Dinkins
Authors: Thompson J Phillip
Published: October 2023

One day in1988, Bill Lynch, Manhattan Borough President David Dinkins’s chief of staff, met with Basil Paterson, the only black leader in New York City to have served at a senior level at city hall. What should Lynch do first if the opportunity arose for Dinkins to run for mayor? “Set up a think tank;’ said Patterson. A think tank may not seem top priority for a pragmatic politician, but to Lynch, a seasoned political campaign strategist and former labor leader, it made sense. Besides, Patterson did not have in mind a detached academic think tank that thinks up policy but has no opportunity to carry it out or take responsibility for results. Paterson urged Lynch to initiate discussions with leaders of local organizations and with academics to help Dinkins develop an agenda, assess what political resources and alliances would be needed, and to begin conversations with those who could help him achieve that agenda. Draw up the agenda before, not during or after the campaign, Paterson said. If Dinkins became mayor, “there will not be time to think through issues.” But in 1988, fund-raising, the courting ofunion and party leaders, and polling seemed more important to both Dinkins and Lynch than forming a think tank and a civic roundtable.
Reading Brontë’S Novels The Confessional Tradition
Authors: Bock Carol
Published: October 2023

Since jane eyre was published in 1847, a set of expectations about what it means to read Brontë’s novels has been fostered by reviewers, critics, teachers, and nonprofessional readers alike. These expectations have been passed from generation to generation, so that one can justifiably speak of a “tradition” in the reading of Brontë’s novels: a set of interpretive assumptions we typically make about her work. To identify this tradition is to name our presuppositions and thereby understand how they direct and limit our reading responses. In tracing the history of the critical reception of Brontë’s novels, this [essay] tries to account for the predominance of what I call “the confessional tradition” in reading her fiction and points out some of the interpretive constraints by which that tradition limits our understanding of her achievement as a narrative artist.
Excerpts from Allegories of Empire
Authors: Sharpe Jenny
Published: October 2023

Charlotte Brontë deploys the feminist metaphor of domestic slavery for staging one woman’s rebellion against sexual and economic bondage. As an orphan and poor relation at Gateshead, the young Jane has a social rank even lower than that of the servants. When her cousin, John Reed, violently attacks her for reading books that do not belong to her, she compares him to a Roman slave driver: “You are like a murderer—you are like a slavedriver—you are like the Roman emperors!” (JE, 8). Her triple denouncement makes public an analogy she had previously kept to herself. Language assumes a force of its own, transforming her former passive resistance into active and open rebellion. The ten-year-old Jane, “like any other rebel slave... resisted all the way” (JE, 9). Subsequently punished for her unacceptable behavior, she is locked in the haunted red room where “the mood of the revolted slave” (JE, 11) keeps alive her sense of injustice. Unable to handle the unruly child any longer, Mrs. Reed decides to send her to the Lowood Institution for orphaned girls. Jane, increasingly compelled to voice her oppression, responds to her aunt’s actions by accusing her of being a cruel and deceitful woman—an outburst that gives her “the strangest sense of freedom” (JE, 31). This opening scene, with its movement from bondage to freedom and from an imposed silence to speech, has been triumphantly claimed by feminist critics. Yet, if one reads the scene in terms of its slave references as I have, one notices that assertions of a rebellious feminism are enacted through the figure of a rebel slave.
Jane Eyre in Later Lives Intertextual Strategies in Women’S Self-Definition
Authors: Stoneman Patsy
Published: October 2023

No one who had ever seen Catherine Morland in her infancy would have supposed her born to be a heroine.” The opening of Jane Austen’s Northanger Abbey (1818) offers a challenge to an earlier literary convention that a heroine should be beautiful, good, and accomplished, an ideal to be aspired to rather than the real, dirty, ignorant girl Catherine Morland proves to be. The debate was still vigorous in the 1840s when Charlotte Brontë protested to her sisters that she would take a heroine as small and plain as herself and make her as interesting as the most beautiful and accomplished heroine of conventional fiction. Both the “idealist” and the “realist” approaches to literature, however, are based on a mirror-like concept of the reading process. The “idealists” assumed that the reader, by identifying with an image of perfection, would become more perfect herself. The “realists,” on the other hand, assumed that readers needed above all confirmation of their own imperfect existence.
Introduction
Authors: de Waal Alex
Published: October 2023

This book is a study of the famine which struck Darfur, Sudan, during 1984/5. Most books about famines are written from the viewpoint of outsiders, such as relief agencies and other organizations which have taken it upon themselves to prevent or alleviate famines. This book is different. It analyses a famine from the perspective of the rural people who suffered it. The story of the huge international famine-relief operation forms only a marginal pan in the analysis, reflecting the minor role that it played in the lives of the famine sufferers.