bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Second moment of displacement state and effective energy-based criteria in peridynamic micromechanics of random structure composites
Authors: BURYACHENKO VALERIY
Published: October 2022

The basic feature of the peridynamics is a continuum description of material behavior as the combined nonlocal force interactions between infinitesimal material points. In opposite to the conventional local elasticity, the peridynamic equation of motion proposed by Silling (J. Mech. Phys. Solids 2000; 48:175-–209) is free of any spatial derivatives of displacement. One analyzes a linearized ordinary state-based peridynamic theory of micromechanics of random structure composite materials (CMs) subjected to the remote volumetric homogeneous boundary conditions. Effective properties are expressed through the introduced local stress polarization tensor averaged over the external interaction interface of inclusions rather than in an entire space. Any spatial derivatives of displacement fields are not required. The basic hypotheses of locally elastic micromechanics are generalized to their peridynamic counterparts. The methods of the solution of GIEs are obtained without any auxiliary assumptions such as the effective field hypothesis (EFH), which is implicitly exploited in the known methods of analytical micromechanics. In particular, in the generalized effective field method (EFM) proposed, the effective field is evaluated from self-consistent estimations of a corresponding general integral equation for random structure CMs. In so doing, the conventional effective field hypothesis is relaxed, and the hypothesis of ellipsoidal symmetry of the random structure CMs is not exploited, whereas the closing hypothesis can be used for multiparticle generality. General representations of second moments of the displacement states are proposed as a straightforward generalization of the corresponding approach in nonlinear local micromechanics. Effective energy-based criteria of nonlinear phenomena in both bond-based and ordinary state-based peridynamic micromechanics are obtained.
Freshness and Contamination with Formalin of Mackerel marketed in Dar es Salaam
Authors: Manyanga Vicky , Uledi Mtoke Ahmadi , Makoye Paul Malaba , Daniel Innocent John , Shedafa Raphael , Masota Nelson E. , Shewiyo Danstan Hipolite , Nyakirang’ani Nzaghi , Sempombe Joseph , Mugoyela Veronica , Kaale Eliangiringa
Published: October 2022

Background
Fish constitutes a nutritious food that deteriorates quickly when poorly preserved. Several biochemicals, including formaldehyde, naturally accumulate in the fish post-mortem. Apart from this natural formaldehyde, reports indicate the unlawful addition of formalin (37% formaldehyde solution) to the stored fish to prolong freshness. This is risky since formaldehyde is carcinogenic, genotoxic, and a potentiator of other carcinogens.
Aim
This study aimed to investigate both the freshness and the extent of contamination with formaldehyde of mackerel sold in Dar es Salaam.
Methods
A total of 60 mackerel samples were conveniently and equally obtained from the local markets, street vendors, and supermarkets in five districts of the Dar es Salaam region. Freshness was evaluated based on organoleptic characteristics. Formaldehyde analysis was done by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Analysis of variance of formaldehyde concentration in fish flesh by source outlet and district was subsequently run.
Results
The analyzed mackerel samples had acceptable levels of freshness (2.46 ± 0.50) and a mean formaldehyde concentration of 10.89 ± 2.44 mg/kg. On average, the samples from supermarkets were the freshest (2.20 ± 0.21) however the most contaminated with formaldehyde (16.07 ± 4.68 mg/kg), while those from local markets were the least contaminated (3.91 ± 1.86 mg/kg) (p=0.000). Moreover, 0% (n=0), 20% (n=4), and 35% (n=7) of samples from local markets, street vendors, and supermarkets respectively, had formaldehyde concentrations above 20 mg/kg, the previously estimated highest concentration for natural formaldehyde in fish.
Conclusion
Mackerels found in Dar es Salaam have acceptable freshness but are substantially contaminated with formaldehyde. Whether this formaldehyde is natural or artificially added, our findings are inconclusive, given the conflicting global cut-off values for natural formaldehyde in fish. We, therefore, recommend a contextualized study to establish the time dynamics of formaldehyde formation in the stored fish. In the meantime, we advise the public to dwell on the local markets for fish rather than the supermarkets and street vendors.
The Stressful Life Events among female primary school teachers in the State of Kuwait and its relationship to physical symptoms in the light of some variables
Authors: Haggag Abdelmotaleb Abdelkader , Al-Azmi Dana Mubarak
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Background: A review of previous studies showed an increase in stress, a deterioration in mental and physical health, and an increase in psychological and physical symptoms among primary school teachers. This research aimed to know stressful life events among female primary school teachers in the State of Kuwait, and to study the association of stressful life events with physical symptoms, and to identify the extent of the impact of some variables that include (age, experience years, marital status, economic level, health status, obesity) on stressful life events and its physical symptoms.
Methods: A cross-sectional web-based survey was designed and completed by 380 female primary school teachers in the State of Kuwait, between September10 and October15, 2022. The female teachers completed two self-reported scales. The scales included the Stressful Life Events Scale (SLES) and Physical Symptoms Related Stress Questionnaire (PSRSQ).
Results: The results reveal that there is medium level of stressful life events among primary school teachers in Kuwait. There is medium level of health, emotional, environmental and cultural stressors among participants. While there is a low level of family, social, personal and economic stressors among participants. The most common physical symptoms among the participants were lower back pain, insomnia and sleep problems, constant headache and fatigue from the slightest effort. health, emotional and personal stressors were more closely related to physical symptoms among participants.The groups most exposed to elevated levels of the most recent stressful life events and physical symptoms are as follows; separated people, middle-income people, Patients with chronic diseases, Teachers who with 5-10 years of experience and Teachers who aged 25-40 years.
Conclusions: medium level of stressful life events and physical symptoms among primary school teachers in Kuwait was found. This study recommends that the necessity of helping primary school teachers to cope with stressors through training on some positive coping strategies. Providing psychological and social support to the groups most vulnerable to stressful life events.
Willingness To Pay for Drug Use Disorder Treatment from Cost payers’ Viewpoints: The Function of Income of Cost Payers and Severity of Addiction of Patients
Authors: Ahmadian-Moghadam Samaneh , Mazyaki Ali , Razaghi Emran M
Published: October 2022

The authors have requested that this preprint be removed from Research Square.
Are Syrian refugees breast cancer patients diagnosed at advanced stage? Is it a myth or reality?
Authors: Karhan Ogur , Secmeler¹ Saban , Sezgin² Yasin , Ileri Serdar , Yerlikaya⁴ Halis
Published: October 2022

Background: Syrian refugees(SR) are said to be diagnosed at more advanced stage comparing to host nations but almost all studies lack of control arm consisting of host nations. The aim of this cross sectional retrospective study is to compare clinicopathologic features and time to reach of treatment in two groups which are SR breast cancer patients and Turkish citizens(TC) counterparts.
Methods: This study was retrospective cross sectional study including breast cancer patients from monocenter in Turkey treated between 2014-2021. Patients were divided into two groups; Syrian refugees (SR) and Turkish citizens (TC). Clinicopathologic features, neoadjuvant treatment approach and time to reach treatment were investigated in two groups. Mann Whitney U test, Chi square test were used for comparision of two groups, SPSS version 25 was used for analysis and p value ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant
Results: Syrian refugees ratio was 88/490 (%18), mean age at diagnosis was 45 years for SR while in TC population it was 50 years (p:0,003). There was no difference between intrinsic subtypes, Luminal subtype 45.5% to 54.4%, HER 2 positive 39.8% to 34.3%, Triple negative14,8% to 11.3% in SR and TC respectively (p>0,05) . Ratio of denovo metastatic was 20/87 (23%) in SR while in TC population it was 85/398(21.3%) (p>0,05).Upfront operation in patients who should have been offered neoadjuvan chemotheraphy was 33.3%(11/33) in SR, and it was 43/170(25.4%) in TC population (p>0,05). Median time to reach neoadjuvant chemotheraphy(ChT) in SR was 47 days (16-75) while in TC that time was 37 days(3-141) p>0,05. In upfront operated patients, median time to surgery in SR was 42 days(14-165) while in TC it was 40 days (11-134) p>0,05. In metastatic setting median time to initiate ChT in SR was 38 days (14-118) while in TC it was 41 days (11-141) p>0,05.
Conclusion: SR were younger than counterparts but breast cancer subtypes were similar in both groups. Denovo metastatic ratio and neoadjuvant approach were similar between two groups showed SR could reach oncologic treatment equally to Turkish counterpart. In the aspect of treatment delay, there was no difference in time to initiate treatment between SR and TC.
Anthropogenic disturbances and ecological memory modulate dynamics in the world’s coral reefs
Authors: González-Barrios F. Javier , Estrada-Saldívar Nuria , Pérez-Cervantes Esmeralda , Secaira-Fajardo Fernando , Alvarez-Filip Lorenzo
Published: October 2022

Rapidly changing conditions alter disturbance patterns, highlighting the need to better understand how the transition from pulse disturbances to more persistent stress will impact ecosystem dynamics. We conducted a global analysis of the impacts of eleven acute disturbances on reef integrity using the rate of change of coral cover as a measure of damage. Then, we evaluated how the magnitude of the damage due to thermal stress, cyclones, and diseases varied among tropical Atlantic and Indo-Pacific reefs and whether the cumulative impact of thermal stress and cyclones was able to modulate the responses of reefs to future events. We found that reef damage largely depends on the condition of a reef before a disturbance, disturbance intensity, and biogeographic region, regardless of the type of disturbance. Changes in coral cover after bleaching events were largely influenced by the cumulative stress of past disturbances and did not depend on disturbance intensity or initial coral cover, which suggests that an ecological memory is present within coral communities. In contrast, the effect of cyclones (and likely other physical impacts) was primarily modulated by the initial reef condition and did not appear to be influenced by previous impacts. Our findings also underscore that coral reefs can recover if stressful conditions decrease, yet the lack of action to reduce anthropogenic impacts and greenhouse gas emissions continues to trigger reef degradation. We uphold that evidence-based strategies can guide managers to make better decisions to prepare for future disturbances.
The art of spirals
Authors: Pan Hongjun
Published: October 2022

Interesting graphic patterns can be created by mathematically manipulating the spirals calculated by the galactic spiral equations. Such mathematical manipulation is achieved by multiplying the spiral data with a special mathematical function named as art-pattern function. This method can be extended to mathematical equations other than spiral equations and to 3-dimension graphics. The graphic creativity is unlimited through this method. This method will have wide applications in many aspects of our daily life.
Topological phase transition and robust pseudospin interface states induced byangular perturbation in 2D topological photonic crystals
Authors: Bezerra Claudionor , Costa Carlos Humberto , Daniel Borges-Silva
Published: October 2022

In recent years the research about topological photonic structures has been a very attractivetopic in nanoscience from both a basic science and a technological point of view. In this work wepropose a two-dimensional topological photonic structure, composed of a trivial and a topologicalphotonic crystals, made of dumbbell-shaped dielectric rods. The topological behavior is inducedby introducing an angular perturbation in the dumbbell-shaped dielectric rods. We show that thiscomposed structure supports pseudospin interface states at the interface between the trivial andtopological crystals. Our numerical results show that a bandgap is opened in the band structure byintroducing the angular perturbation in the system, lifting the double degeneracy of the double Diraccone at the Γ point of the Brillouin zone, despite keeping the C6 symmetry group. A pseudospintopological behavior was observed and analyzed with emphasis on the photonic bands at the Γ point.We have also investigated the robustness of these pseudospin interface states and, according with ournumerical results, we conclude that they are robust against defects, disorder and reflection. Finally,we have shown that the two edge modes present energy flux propagating in opposite directions,which is the photonic analogue of the quantum spin Hall effect.
A Comprehensive Report on the First Filipino Monkeypox Case: From Clinical Presentation to Shotgun Metagenomic Sequencing Analysis
Authors: Ylaya Edward Matthew Z. , Grande Phoebe Grace B. , Dancel Lei Lanna M. , Nicolasora Amalea Dulcene , Polotan Francisco Gerardo M. , Pantoni Roslind Anne R. , Celis Czarina Christelle Alyannah S. , Melo Ezekiel A. , Ortia Stephen Paul B. , Manalo Joanna Ina G. , Abulencia Miguel Francisco B. , Dizon Timothy John R. , Chu Maria Yna Joyce , Bucoy-Sy Ma. Carmela P.G. , Adasa Gisella U. , Gascon Aileen G. , Roman Arthur Dessi E.
Published: October 2022

Background

With the World Health Organization’s declaration of the 2022 multi-country monkeypox outbreak as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC), we report the first confirmed case of monkeypox infection in a Filipino with clinical presentation different from the classic monkeypox cases previously reported in endemic countries of Central and West Africa before the 2022 outbreak. We describe monkeypox infection's gross and dermatopathological appearances on Southeast Asian brown skin. We also discuss the detailed process of monkeypox quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) testing for diagnostic confirmation and the pioneering application of shotgun metagenomic sequencing to characterize the infecting virus.

Case Presentation

This was a case of a 31-year-old male Filipino with a travel history to several European countries. He developed five non-tender, well-defined, umbilicated pustules with erythematous borders on the upper lip, the left gluteal area, bilateral knees, and the left ankle. Skin punch biopsy findings were suggestive of a viral infection. Monkeypox infection from Clade II (previously known as the West African clade) was confirmed by detecting and amplifying the G2R_G, G2R_WA, and C3L gene targets using qPCR. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing subsequently identified a monkeypox genome sequence belonging to B.1.3 lineage of Clade IIb, associated with the current multi-country outbreak. The serologic varicella IgM test was positive but varicella PCR of the skin lesion and metagenomic sequencing did not indicate the presence of the varicella virus. The patient was discharged and continued isolation at home until all scabs had completely fallen off.

Conclusions

The presence of pustules among patients with risk factors such as possible close physical contact with infected individuals in areas with reported cases of monkeypox should raise suspicion for such an infection. Dermatopathological findings of the patient’s skin lesions were consistent with a viral infection but were non-specific for monkeypox infection. The establishment and optimization of the qPCR protocol were necessary to confirm monkeypox infection from Clade II. Metagenomic sequencing successfully characterized the etiologic agent of the first laboratory-confirmed monkeypox case in the Philippines belonging to Clade IIb which is mainly responsible for the 2022 monkeypox global outbreak.
MEDICAL AND SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM AND ITS ROLE IN MAINTENANCE OF NATIONAL AND REGIONAL SECURITY: CLUSTERIZATION OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
Authors: Letunovska N.
Published: October 2022

This study provides an in-depth bibliometric analysis of scientific publications on the evolution of the medical and social security system, particularly its role in maintaining national and regional security. The author aims to identify specific relationships between health and social security concepts and national and regional security. The study aims to determine the direction of interest in research in the analyzed field by identifying clusters of research networks and leaders of scientific thought by country and region. In addition, statistical information on the impact of certain factors on the social situation of individual countries and the medical system and its indicators. To formalize the content and contextual dimension of research on the development of medical and social security of the population, selected publications indexed by the scientometric database Scopus until 2021 inclusive. VOS Viewer, Google Books Ngram Viewer and Google Trends tools were used for the analysis. The connection between the intensification of research in this area and the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic and the growing impact on the world economy and the social situation of regions has been revealed. The current trends in the popularity of research topics in the field of development of the medical and social security system, which is the basis for further research in this area. The study results showed that the consideration of health and social care in the scientific literature gained the most popularity in the period from 2008 to 2021, occupying a prominent place in the system of economic research and management research. Summarizing the results of individual blocks of analysis allowed us to note that the bulk of research is focused on identifying the relationship of the medical and social system with national security and welfare. No less attention is paid to innovative technologies in the development of medical and social industries and issues of financial support for the health care system and other critical social areas.
A Review of the Diversity Research Trends in the Research Published in Journals of the Academy of Human Resource Development from 2000 to 2021
Authors:   Human Engagement Institute, Jo HongYong , Kim Jongsoon , Kim Gohun
Published: October 2022

Considering that diversity-related HRD research is in its early stages in Korea, this study aims to identify research trends through content analysis of diversity-related HRD articles published in the journals of the Academy of Human Resource Development and provide implications on HRD research and practice. To this end, a total of 87 papers published from 2000 to 2021 by the AHRD journals (HRDQ, ADHR, HRDR, HRDI) were selected. The analysis framework consists of research targets, methods, diversity research topics (dimensions, perspectives, and topics), and HRD research topics. IBM SPSS 25.0 and MS Excel programs were used to conduct frequency and cross-analysis for the research purposes. The main findings are as follows: First, the number of published papers on diversity in the HRD aspect increased continuously during the period. Second, the studies put a greater focus on diversity at the individual level than that at other levels, and diversity management strategies were found to be the most identified topic. As for perspective analysis, studies carried out from a discrimination/fairness perspective accounted for the majority of the articles. Finally, a large proportion of diversity-related HRD papers was about topics such as training & development, organizational development, leadership, and critical HRD. The results of this study could suggest a future direction for the study of diversity in the HRD context in Korea.
Effect of Mindset on Innovation Behavior through Job Crafting: Focusing on the Moderating Effect of Informal learning
Authors:   Human Engagement Institute, Choi Jiyun , Kwak Jinwoo , Hong Ah Jeong
Published: October 2022

The purpose of the study is to examine the effect of mindset on innovation behavior through job crafting. Mindset’s effect on innovation behavior was confirmed by comparing the effect of a growth mindset with that of a fixed mindset. The study also verified the moderating effect of informal learning. For this study, a survey was conducted on 261 organizational members at domestic companies. The following is the results of the study: First, analysis of the relationship between a growth mindset and innovation behavior found that a growth mindset did not have a significant and direct effect on innovation behavior. A fixed mindset did not have any direct effect on innovation behavior either. Second, it was found that job crafting had a fully mediating effect on the relationship between a growth mindset and innovation behavior. Likewise, it was confirmed that job crafting had a fully mediating effect on the relationship between a fixed mindset and innovative behavior. Third, it was found that informal learning had a moderating effect on the relationship between a growth mindset and job crafting. On the other hand, it was confirmed that informal learning had no significant moderating effect on the relationship between a fixed mindset and job crafting.
BIOLOGICAL DRILLING PROTOCOL IN DENTAL IMPLANTOLOGY - A REVIEW
Authors:   MDS, PhD, Head of Department, Yenepoya Dental College, Mangalore., Kumar Shetty Sanath , Shetty Rajesh ,   MDS, Professor, Yenepoya Dental College, Mangalore., Sarfaraz Hasan ,   MDS, PhD, Professor, Yenepoya Dental College, Mangalore., Banu Rauf Rafa ,   BDS, Postgraduate student, Yenepoya Dental College, Mangalore., Thenukutty Fazeela ,   BDS, Postgraduate student, Yenepoya Dental College., Dilip Nilina ,   MDS, Yenepoya Dental College, Mangalore.
Published: October 2022

This reviews objective is to inform readers of a creative substitute for traditional drilling techniques that keeps host bone in the greatest possible biological shape for implant placement. 4 Optic and electronic microscopy have also demonstrated that the bone obtained through this method is live bone. This is crucial since clinical studies have indicated that autogenous bone is the best filler for defects. This method of gathering bone may make it easier to manipulate than other methods, and it can also offer the adhesive and signalling proteins needed for bone healing.
UNCOMPLICATED SPONTANEOUS RUPTURE OF PANCREATIC PSEUDOCYST INTO DUODENUM: A CASE REPORT
Authors:   Gastroenterology Specialist,Emirates Specialty Hospital, DHCC, Dubai., Saber Youness Ahmed , Mohamed Subhi Barrani Mamoun ,   Radiology Specialist, Mirdif Hospital, Dubai.
Published: October 2022

Pancreatic pseudocysts arecomplications of acute and chronic pancreatitis. While most pancreatic pseudocysts are asymptomatic and resolve spontaneously. Rarely, it could drain into the adjacent structure being a vessel, gastrointestinal structure, or open abdominal cavity. Rupture pseudocyst may lead to severe hemorrhage or infection. However, few cases of uncomplicated rupture of pseudocysts were reported in the literature. This case is a rare pancreatic pseudocyst ruptured into the duodenum through a fistula and resolved spontaneously without complications.
An analytical survey on the role of nanotechnology in groundwater remediation
Authors: Bhardwaj Chandra Kant , Chandra Umesh , Rafi Sana , Dubey O. P.
Published: October 2022

Groundwater contamination is a problem in several areas around the world, notably in the industrial belts. For people all across the world, groundwater is a vital source of water. Physical, chemical, and biological aspects determine the amount and quality of groundwater for human consumption and irrigation. People in some parts of the world are experiencing true water scarcity because groundwater is used faster than it is regularly recharged. Groundwater contamination must be remediated, because people's general well-being and prosperity are inextricably linked to their ability to obtain sufficient amounts of high-quality water. This study is an attempt to have insight into the role of nanotechnology for groundwater remediation. This study shows that nano remediation has the ability to minimize time and lower pollutants concentration to near zero by cleaning contaminated areas in situ. However, there are questions about safe disposal and long-term impact on the environment. Green Nanoparticles (GNP) are an alternative that are made with environmentally friendly procedures and materials, resulting in less waste. They also have the advantage of being environmentally friendly and sustainable.
Nitric Oxide and its Derivatives Containing Nasal Spray and Inhalation Therapy for
the Treatment of COVID-19
Authors: Chavda Vivek P. , Vora Lalitkumar K. , Singla Rajeev K. , Patel Aayushi B. , Shah Priyal , Uversky Vladimir N. , Apostolopoulos Vasso
Published: October 2022

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a major health concern
worldwide and has evolved into different variants. SARS-CoV-2 possesses a spike glycoprotein on its envelope
that binds to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptor of the host cell via the receptor-binding
domain (RBD) in the upper respiratory tract. Since the SARS-CoV-2 virus variants change the severity of the
diesease and treatment scenarios, repurposing current medicines may provide a quick and appealing method
with established safety features. The efficacy and safety of antiviral medicines against the coronavirus disease
2019 (COVID-19) have been investigated, and several of them are now undergoing clinical studies. Recently, it
has been found that nitric oxide (NO) shows antiviral properties against SARS-CoV-2 and prevents the virus
from binding to a host cell. In addition, NO is a well-known vasodilator and acts as an important coagulation
mediator. With the fast-track development of COVID-19 treatments and vaccines, one avenue of research
aimed at improving therapeutics is exploring different forms of drug delivery, including intranasal sprays and
inhalation therapy. The nasal mucosa is more prone to be the site of infection as it is in more direct contact with
the physical environment via air during inhalation and exhalation. Thus, the use of exogenous nasal NO therapy
via the intranasal route displays a distinct advantage. Therefore, the objective of this review is to summarize the
relevant actions of NO via the intranasal spray and inhalation delivery, its mechanism of action, and its use in
the treatment of COVID-19.
Drug-induced Anaphylaxis
Authors: Torres Maria José , Labella Marina , de Santa María Rocío Saénz , Bogas Gádor , Salas María , Fernández Tahía D. , Mayorga Cristobalina , Doña Inmaculada
Published: October 2022

Drug hypersensitivity is increasing worldwide as the consumption of drug is increasing. Many clinical presentations of drug hypersensitivity are complex and take place in the setting of illness and/or polypharmacotherapy. To review the most recent findings in the diagnosis and management of immediate drug hypersensitivity reactions. Studies were selected based on their relevance, originality and date of publication. The understanding of endotypes, biomarkers and phenotypes has improved the categorization of immediate hypersensitivity reactions. In this review, we discussed the short- and long-term management of anaphylaxis with a special focus on in vivo and in vitro diagnostic methods. Moreover, the clinical management of drug-induced anaphylaxis, the role of hidden allergens and the importance of delabeling are discussed. Endophenotyping is crucial to correctly diagnose and treat patients with immediate drug hypersensitivity reactions, preventing future episodes through drug desensitization.

Study selection:

Studies were selected based on their relevance, originality and date of publication.

Main findings:

The understanding of endotypes, biomarkers and phenotypes has improved the categorization of immediate hypersensitivity reactions. In this review, we discussed the short- and long-term management of anaphylaxis with a special focus on in vivo and in vitro diagnostic methods. Moreover, the clinical management of drug-induced anaphylaxis, the role of hidden allergens and the importance of delabeling are discussed.

Conclusions:

Endophenotyping is crucial to correctly diagnose and treat patients with immediate drug hypersensitivity reactions, preventing future episodes through drug desensitization.
Recent Knowledge and Insights on the Mechanisms of Immediate Hypersensitivity
and Anaphylaxis: IgE/FcεRI- and Non-IgE/FcεRI-Dependent Anaphylaxis
Authors: Ebo Didier G. , Beyens Michiel , Heremans Kevin , van der Poorten Marie-Line M. , Van Gasse Athina L. , Mertens Christel , Houdt Michel Van , Sabato Vito , Elst Jessy
Published: October 2022

Immediate hypersensitivity reactions can pose a clinical and diagnostic challenge, mainly because of
the multifarious clinical presentation and distinct underlying – frequently uncertain – mechanisms. Anaphylaxis
encompasses all rapidly developing and life-threatening signs and may cause death. Evidence has accumulated
that immediate hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis do not necessarily involve an allergen-specific immune response with cross-linking of specific IgE (sIgE) antibodies bound to their high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) on
the surface of mast cells (MCs) and basophils. Immediate hypersensitive and anaphylaxis can also result from
alternative specific and nonspecific MC and basophils activation and degranulation, such as complementderived anaphylatoxins and off-target occupancy of MC and/or basophil surface receptors such as the Masrelated G protein-coupled receptor X2 (MRGPRX2). Degranulation of MCs and basophils results in the release
of inflammatory mediators, which can be, depending on the underlying trigger, in a different spatiotemporal
manner. In addition, hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis can occur entirely independently of MC and basophil
degranulation, as observed in hypersensitivity to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that divert
normal arachidonic acid metabolism by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 isoenzyme. Finally, one should
remember that anaphylaxis might be part of the phenotype of particular - sometimes poorly recognizable - conditions such as clonal MC diseases (e.g. mastocytosis) and MC activation syndrome (MCAS). This review provides a status update on the molecular mechanisms involved in both sIgE/FcεRI- and non-sIgE/FcεRIdependent immediate hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis. In conclusion, there is increasing evidence for alternative pathophysiological hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis endotypes that are phenotypically and biologically indistinguishable, which are frequently difficult to diagnose, mainly because of uncertainties associated with diagnostic tests that might not enable to unveil the underlying mechanism.
Protective Effect of Chrysin Against Chlorpyrifos-induced Hepatotoxicity
in Rats: Biochemical and Histopathological Approaches in a Sub-chronic
Study
Authors: Samarghandian Saeed , Roshanravan Babak , Farkhondeh Tahereh , Darroudi Majid
Published: October 2022

Background:

Chrysin (CH) is one of the important natural flavonoids with antioxidant
and anti-inflammatory activity. The aim of this study was to assess the protective effects of CH on
biochemical indexes and histopathological changes in the liver of male Wistar rats exposed to chlorpyrifos
(CPF).

Methods:

We induced sub-chronic toxicity in rats using CPF (10 mg/kg/day, orally) and administrated
CH at 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg/day for 45 days.

Results:

In this study, CPF increased liver enzyme activities compared with the control group (p <
0.05), and co-treated CH with CPF reduced them compared with the non-treated CPF group (p <
0.05). A significant reduction in the liver GSH concentration along with a significant elevation in the
concentrations of MDA and NO in the CPF group was observed compared with the control group (p
< 0.001). However, CH at a dose of 50 mg could reverse them nearly to the control group (p <
0.001). In the CPF, CPF + CH1, and CPF + CH2 groups, a marked (p < 0.05) increase was found in
the serum concentration of IL-6 compared with the control animals. No significant changes were
found in the IL-6 concentration of the CPF + CH3 compared with the controls. Moreover, the coadministration
of CH plus CPF induced histopathological alterations in liver.

Conclusion:

These results suggest that CH attenuates hepatic enzymes and histopathological alterations
induced by CPF via modulating oxidative stress and inflammatory indices in rats.
COVID-19 Induces Cytokine Storm and Dysfunctional Hemostasis
Authors: Ploplis Victoria A. , Charles Jermilia
Published: October 2022

Background:

Infection with SARS-CoV-2 leads to COVID-19 which can manifest in various ways from asymptomatic or mild disease to acute respiratory distress syndrome. The occur-rence of dysregulated inflammatory responses in the form of a cytokine storm has been reported in patients with severe COVID-19. Infection can also lead to dysfunctional hemostasis reflected in el-evated circulating D-dimer and fibrin degradation products. Components of hemostasis and the im-mune system during infection can result in a procoagulation and/or proinflammatory state. The in-terplay between coagulation and inflammation has been elucidated in a number of diseases.

Objective:

In this article, we discuss the occurrence of cytokine storms and dysfunctional hemosta-sis induced in COVID-19.

Methods:

This review was written using literature from the past two to three years investigating co-agulation and inflammation in COVID-19. Additional literature, both clinical and basic research, related to pathogen infection and host responses were also considered in this review.

Results/Conclusions:

Infection with SARS-CoV-2 can lead to dysregulated inflammatory respons-es that may be detrimental to the host. The increased expression of various inflammatory factors can ultimately create an environment that promotes thrombosis.
Role of Mitophagy in Cigarette Smoke-induced Lung Epithelial
Cell Injury In Vitro
Authors: Wang Suwen , Song Xiaomin , Wei Liangyu , Liu Qi , Li Chenfei , Wang Jiong
Published: October 2022

Background:

Mitochondria are important in mediating airway inflammatory responses to cigarette smoke (CS). Removal of damaged or defective mitochondrial (mitophagy) may prevent the detrimental impact of CS extract (CSE) on airway and lung epithelial cells.

Methods::

We studied the effect of a mitophagy activator (Urolithin A, UA) and a mitophagy inhibitor (Liensinine diperchlorate, Ld) on CSE-exposed alveolar (A549) and airway (BEAS-2B) epithelial cell proliferation, intracellular and mitochondrial ROS, inflammatory response, mitochondrial membrane potential (DYm), mitochondrial morphology, mitochondrial complex activities, and protein levels of mitochondrial fission (DRP1, MFF) and mitophagy (SQSTM1/p62, LC3B). In both cell types, CSE exposure led to increased intracellular and mitochondrial oxidative stress, decreased DYm and resulted in structural disruption of the mitochondrial network. CSE increased the expression of DRP1, MFF and SQSTM1/p62, while decreasing the ratio of LC3B-II/I protein expression. CSE also increased inflammatory (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, CXCL1, CXCL8) and necroptosis factors (RIPK1, RIPK3, MLKL) mRNA expression.

Results::

Pre-treatment with UA attenuated CSE-induced oxidative stress, inflammatory and necroptosis gene expression and restored mitochondrial structure and function. UA also prevented CSE-evoked increases in DRP1, MFF and SQSTM1/p62 protein expression and increased LC3B-II/I ratio.

Conclusion::

Conversely, pre-treatment with Ld aggravated CSE-induced cellular and mitochondrial responses. In conclusion, mitophagy mediates CSE-induced damage and inflammation to lung epithelial cells and may represent a therapeutic target in CS-driven diseases.
Extracellular Matrix Remodeling Biomarkers in Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Theofilis Panagiotis , Sagris Marios , Oikonomou Evangelos , Antonopoulos Alexios S , Lazaros George , Theofilis Anastasios , Papastamos Charalambos , Papaioannou Spyridon , Siasos Gerasimos , Tsioufis Kostas , Tousoulis Dimitris
Published: October 2022

Atherosclerosis and one of its most serious consequences, coronary artery disease, are important sources of morbidity and mortality globally, necessitating early detection and treatment. Considering their complex pathophysiology, including several harmful processes, a comprehensive approach to diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy is very desirable. Extracellular matrix remodeling is a major component of this dangerous cascade, including the cleavage of constituents (collagen, elas-tin, proteoglycans) and the propagation or exacerbation of the inflammatory response. Several ex-tracellular matrix degradation indicators have been hypothesized to correlate with the existence, se-verity, and prognosis of coronary artery disease. The potency of matrix metalloproteinases, notably collagenases and gelatinases, has been the most thoroughly investigated in clinical studies. Strome-lysins, matrilysins, transmembrane matrix metalloproteinases, collagen and laminin turnover indica-tors, as well as fibronectin, have also been studied to a lesser level. Among the most well-studied markers, MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-8, and MMP-9 have been found increased in patients with cardio-vascular risk factors such as metabolic syndrome, its components (obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus), and smoking. Increasing concentrations are detected in acute coronary syndromes com-pared to stable angina pectoris and healthy control groups. It should also be stressed that those ex-tracellular matrix biomarkers may also be detected in high concentrations in other vascular patholo-gies such as peripheral artery disease, carotid artery disease, aortic aneurysms, and dissections. De-spite the advances gained, future research should focus on their importance and, more crucially, their added utility as biomarkers in identifying persons at risk of developing overt coronary artery disease. At the same time, determining the prognosis of coronary artery disease patients using such biomarkers may be important for their adequate care.
The Tetrahydroisoquinoline Scaffold in ABC Transporter Inhibitors that
Act as Multidrug Resistance (MDR) Reversers
Authors: Teodori Elisabetta , Braconi Laura , Manetti Dina , Romanelli Maria Novella , Dei Silvia
Published: October 2022

Background:

The failure of anticancer chemotherapy is often due to the development of resistance to a variety of anticancer drugs. This phenomenon is called multidrug resistance (MDR) and is related to the overexpression of ABC transporters, such as P-glycoprotein, multidrug re-sistance-associated protein 1 and breast cancer resistance protein. Over the past few decades, sever-al ABC protein modulators have been discovered and studied as a possible approach to evade MDR and increase the success of anticancer chemotherapy. Nevertheless, the co-administration of pump inhibitors with cytotoxic drugs, which are substrates of the transporters, does not appear to be asso-ciated with an improvement in the therapeutic efficacy of antitumor agents. However, more recently discovered MDR reversing agents, such as the two tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives tariquidar and elacridar, are characterized by high affinity towards the ABC proteins and by reduced negative properties. Consequently, many analogs of these two derivatives have been synthesized, with the aim of optimizing their MDR reversal properties.

Objective:

This review aims to describe the MDR modulators carrying the tetraidroisoquinoline scaffold reported in the literature in the period 2009-2021, highlighting the structural characteristics that confer potency and/or selectivity towards the three ABC transport proteins.

Results and Conclusions:

Many compounds have been synthesized in the last twelve years showing interesting properties, both in terms of potency and selectivity. Although clear structure-activity re-lationships can be drawn only by considering strictly related compounds, some of the compounds reviewed could be promising starting points for the design of new ABC protein inhibitors.
Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease: A Narrative Review
Authors: Leung Alexander K. C. , Lam Joseph M. , Barankin Benjamin , Leong Kin Fon , Hon Kam Lun
Published: October 2022

Background:

Hand, foot, and mouth disease is a common viral disease in childhood. Because the disease has the potential to reach epidemic levels and the mortality is high in some countries, early recognition of this disease is of paramount importance.

Objective:

This purpose of this article is to familiarize pediatricians with the clinical manifestations and management of hand, foot, and mouth disease.

Methods:

A search was conducted in February 2022 in PubMed Clinical Queries using the key term " hand, foot, and mouth disease". The search strategy included all clinical trials, observational studies, and reviews published within the past 10 years. Only papers published in the English literature were included in this review.

Results:

Hand, foot, and mouth disease is characterized by a painful oral enanthem and asymptomatic exanthem on the palms and soles. Children younger than 5 years are most commonly affected. Hand, foot, and mouth disease caused by enterovirus A71 is more severe and has a higher rate of complications than that attributed to other viruses such as coxsackievirus A16. Circulatory failure secondary to myocardial impairment and neurogenic pulmonary edema secondary to brainstem damage are the main causes of death. Fortunately, the disease is usually benign and resolves in 7 to10 days without sequelae. Given the self-limited nature of most cases, treatment is mainly symptomatic and supportive. Intravenous immunoglobulin should be considered for the treatment of severe/complicated hand, foot, and mouth disease and has been recommended by several national and international guideline committees. Currently, there are no specific antiviral agents approved for the treatment of the disease. Drugs such as ribavirin, suramin, mulberroside C, aminothiazole analogs, and sertraline have emerged as potential candidates for treatment of hand, foot, and mouth disease. Vaccination of susceptible individuals in high-risk areas and good personal hygiene are important preventative measures to combat the disease.

Conclusion:

Familiarity of the disease including its atypical manifestations is crucial so that a correct diagnosis can be made, and appropriate treatment initiated. A timely diagnosis can help avoid contact with the affected individual and decrease the risk of an outbreak.
Computational Studies of Allylpyrocatechol from Piper betle L. as Inhibitor Against Superoxide Dismutase, Catalase, and Glutathione peroxidase as Antioxidant Enzyme
Authors: Tumilaar Sefren Geiner , Hutabarat Geofanny Sarah , Hardianto Ari , Kurnia Dikdik
Published: October 2022

Background:

The most significant antioxidant enzymes are glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) have a significant role in the scavenging of free radicals, but overexpressing of these enzymes can have deleterious effects. Therefore, compounds outside the body must suppress this enzyme's growth rate. Several previous studies have stated that Piper betle L. has high antioxidants and inhibits enzyme activity, including allypyrocatechol.

Objectives:

The current study aimed to evaluate the molecular mechanism of allylpyrocatecachol with SOD, CAT, and GSHPx and determine the lead compounds' potential against some antioxidant enzymes by an in silico approach.

Methods:

Allylpyrocatechol was docked to SOD, CAT, and GSHPx enzyme using Autodock4 tools. An evaluation of receptor-ligand interactions was conducted based on comparing binding affinity, the accuracy of involved amino acid residues, and gallic acid as a positive control ligand.

Results:

By in silico analysis showed that the binding affinity between the ligand and the three receptors were -4.3, -6.8, and -4.5 kcal/mol for the SOD, CAT, and GHSPx receptors, respectively.

Conclusion:

This finding indicates that Allylpyrocatechol has a promising candidate as a compound to inhibit antioxidant enzyme activity. It can be seen from the accuracy of the amino acids residue involved and the value of the binding affinity compared to the positive control ligand.
Mini-Review on Analytical Methods Applied for Analysis and Characterization
of Sericin
Authors: Kanoujia Jovita , Dubey Rudrakshi , Debgharia Sumana , Sisodia Priyanjali , Mohanalakshmi Sabapathi , Bhatt Shvetank , Parashar Poonam , Kishore Ankita
Published: October 2022

Sericin is a serine-rich polydispersed glycoprotein found in Bombyx mori's cocoons. Sericin is
extracted from cocoons as a protein, composed of amino acids like aspartic acid, glycine, tyrosine, serine,
and glutamic acid with carboxyl, hydroxyl, and an amino group. Sericin has been explored for various
pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, antiproliferative, antibacterial,
anti-hypercholesteremia, and wound healing activity. Moreover, sericin has also been explored
as a biopolymer for the preparation of nanoparticles, scaffolds, hydrogels, films, etc. This mini-review
illustrates the reported methods for the characterization of extracted sericin and quantification in pharmaceutical
formulations. The review covers analytical methods like UV-Visible Spectroscopy, Fouriertransform
infrared spectroscopy, amino acid analysis, mass spectroscopy, and high-performance liquid
chromatography with a brief explanation of every analytical method.
Silica adsorbents for biofuel feedstock pretreatment
Authors:   W. R. Grace & Co., Grimes Chelsea
Published: October 2022

Feedstock pretreatment is an essential component of the renewable fuels refining process however it can be quite challenging due to the variety of feedstock sources available. To overcome this challenge, Grace has developed multiple grades of silica adsorbents for removing phosphorus- and metal-based impurities from feedstocks which tend to foul equipment and poison catalysts at refining conditions. Due to its superior adsorption capacity, pretreatment with silica adsorbents allows refiners to protect their catalysts, extend their reactor cycles, minimize operational maintenance, and increase time on-line. Compared to traditional clay and DE adsorbents, Grace's synthetic silica adsorbents can help deliver higher productivity up to 2.5%, operational cost savings up to 90%, and up to 85% less solid waste generated by reducing spent filter cake disposal and associated feedstock losses.