bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dust Destruction by Drift-induced Sputtering in Active Galactic Nuclei
Authors: Tazaki Ryo , Ichikawa Kohei
Published: April 2020

Recent mid-infrared high spatial resolution observations have revealed that active galactic nuclei (AGNs) may host a polar dust region with the size of several pc, and such dust may be carried by radiation from the central engine. The polar dust emission often exhibits very weak or absence of the silicate 10 μm emission feature. A possible explanation is that the polar dust is dominated by micron-sized large grains because these grains do not show the silicate feature, while it remains unclear how large grains are preferentially supplied to the polar region. Here, we propose a new scenario describing the prevalence of large grains at the polar region. We show that grains are accelerated to the hypersonic drift velocity by the radiation pressure from AGN, and the hypersonic drift results in dust destruction via kinetic sputtering. Sputtering destroys small grains faster than the large ones, and thus larger grains will be preferentially blown over longer distance. Although the hypersonic drift, or kinetic sputtering, tends to be suppressed for very small grains due to the Coulomb drag, they might also be disrupted by Coulomb explosion. Removal of small grains and/or survival of large grains may explain the lack of a silicate 10 μm emission feature in polar dust emission.
Solar Flare Predictive Features Derived from Polarity Inversion Line Masks in Active Regions Using an Unsupervised Machine Learning Algorithm
Authors: Wang Jingjing , Zhang Yuhang , Hess Webber Shea A. , Liu Siqing , Meng Xuejie , Wang Tieyan
Published: April 2020

The properties of the polarity inversion line (PIL) in solar active regions (ARs) are strongly correlated to flare occurrences. The PIL mask, enclosing the PIL areas, has shown significant potential for improving machine-learning-based flare prediction models. In this study, an unsupervised machine-learning algorithm, Kernel Principle Component Analysis (KPCA), is adopted to directly derive features from the PIL mask and difference PIL mask, and use those features to classify ARs into two categories—non-strong flaring ARs and strong-flaring (M-class and above flares) ARs—for time-in-advance from one hour to 72 hr at a 1 hr cadence. The two best features are selected from the KPCA results to develop random-forest classifiers for predicting flares, and the models are then evaluated and compared to similar models based on the R value and difference R value. The results show that the features derived from the PIL masks by KPCA are effective in predicting flare occurrence, with overall better Fisher ranking scores and similar predictive statistics as the R value characteristics.
Isotropic Scaling Features Measured Locally in the Solar Wind Turbulence with Stationary Background Field
Authors: Wu Honghong , Tu Chuanyi , Wang Xin , He Jiansen , Yang Liping , Wang Linghua
Published: April 2020

The scaling anisotropy is crucial to interpret the nonlinear interactions in solar wind turbulence. Previous observations provide diverse results and the structure function analyses are also reported to be an approach to investigate the scaling anisotropy based on a local magnetic field. However, the determination of the sampling angle with respect to the local background magnetic field requires that the observed time series for the average are time stationary. Whether or not this required time stationarity is compatible with the measurements has not been investigated. Here we utilize the second-order structure function method to study the scaling anisotropy with a time-stationary background field. We analyze 88 fast solar wind intervals each with time durations ≥ 2 days measured by WIND spacecraft in the period 2005–2018. We calculate the local magnetic field as the average of the time series

whose time stationarity is fulfilled by our criterion ϕ < 10° (ϕ is the angle between the two averaged magnetic fields after cutting

into two halves). We find for the first time the isotropic scaling feature of the magnetic-trace structure functions with scaling indices

and

, respectively, with the local magnetic field parallel and perpendicular to the solar wind velocity directions. The scaling for the velocity-trace structure functions is also isotropic and the indices are

and

. We also find that with increasing ϕ threshold to 90°, the scaling index of the magnetic-trace structure function in the parallel direction decreases to −0.81, while the rms of the instantaneous angle between magnetic field and solar wind velocity increases up to 45° at the timescale 150 s, indicating a mix of perpendicular measurements into parallel ones at large scales.
L’intime à l’hôpital. Plaidoyer pour un certain clair-obscur
Authors: Riazuelo Hélène
Published: April 2020

Dans les services de médecine, il y a à avancer là où cela s’assombrit, dans des lieux qui paradoxalement mettent en pleine lumière la réalité de ce que nous sommes, confrontés à l’impuissance ainsi qu’à notre propre mortalité. Il s’agit d’une « clinique du réel » , d’une clinique du trauma et de la perte. Les corps exposés aux regards de tous sont les témoins d’un intime dévoilé. Ce qui s’assombrit nous confronte à une traversée des ombres. Cependant, l’ombre ne nous protège-t-elle pas aussi de trop de mise en lumière ? À regarder un tableau, n’arrêtons-nous pas notre regard, face à trop de contraste, au niveau d’un clair-obscur invitant à la flânerie, à la rêverie et qui permet de se retrouver dans l’intimité de soi-même.
Formes de l’intime et figures d’intimités dans l’institution du champ périnatal
Authors: Jacob Alby Virginie
Published: April 2020

À partir de vingt années d’expérience dans ce champ clinique, l’auteur met au travail la question de l’intime et des intimités en jeu lors de la période périnatale. En effet, cette clinique convoque le plus intime : l’embryon qui se développe comme fœtus et bébé, pour advenir en tant que sujet, interroge ses parents dans ce qu’ils vont devenir, mais aussi les soignants de l’institution qui partageront cette période émotionnelle très intense. Ainsi, accepter de donner la vie, et l’accompagner, revient à consentir à l’existence d’une intime part trouble, voire sombre, de la maternité. Aussi, les soignants, dans l’intimité du transfert, sont amenés à accompagner les « crises » périnatales, au même titre que l’on accompagne l’adolescence, ou le vieillissement, sans conclure trop rapidement sur le plan psychopathologique mais bien plutôt dans une démarche de prévention et d’accueil du plus intime.
Intimités singulières et collectives entrelacées
Authors: Chervet Bernard
Published: April 2020

Les séances d’analyse favorisent la culture des intimités, celles singulières qui jouxtent les attractions et tentations transgressives, et celles conformes aux mentalités de groupe dont les protagonistes héritent par leurs identifications inconscientes. La régression de séance favorise la réactualisation de toutes ces intimités, avec la honte et la culpabilité associées à la sexualité, et le besoin aliénant de se faire aimer. Le conformisme transforme les séances en foule à deux qui empêche l’accès à un fonctionnement psychique plus élaboré apte à offrir plus de liberté et de singularité. Les diverses intimités enfouies, singulières et groupales, sont entremêlées et impliquent les transferts sur les groupes d’enfance et d’appartenance. L’analyse a pour but de permettre le renoncement aux intimités de groupe au profit des intimités singulières. Ce renoncement aux transgressions et au conformisme exige un long travail au contact des éprouvés traumatiques, émaillé de nombreux après coups libérateurs.
Une chambre à soi. Les lieux de l’intime à l’adolescence
Authors: de Cazanove Amélie
Published: April 2020

Au cœur de la problématique adolescente, l’intime trouve dans le texte de Virginia Woolf, Une chambre à soi , une métaphore des plus pertinentes qui interroge le lien entre espace physique et psyché. Avec l’appui de la clinique, l’auteur propose de réfléchir aux effets de l’hospitalisation à cette période de l’existence, entre intrusion et constitution des limites. La spatialité et le territoire posés par l’hospitalisation pourraient favoriser la constitution d’un nouvel espace intime.
L’intimité psychique et l’institution : dire ses symptômes dans les secteurs sanitaires et médico-sociaux
Authors: Ozenne Jessica
Published: April 2020

Loin d’un déterminisme qui impliquerait une lente dégradation dans l’évolution du tableau clinique de la schizophrénie, les principales études longitudinales sur le devenir des personnes ont montré qu’il était possible de se rétablir dès lors qu’il s’agit d’une rémission fonctionnelle : c’est-à‑dire la possibilité de vivre une vie « ordinaire », avec ou sans symptômes résiduels. Le concept anglo-saxon du rétablissement constitue un espoir pour les personnes souffrant de maladies psychiques, ainsi qu’un vecteur important de renouvellement des pratiques et des logiques d’accompagnement. Étudier les parcours entre le secteur sanitaire et le médico-social, c’est d’abord donner la parole à des « institutionnalisés » qui vivent parfois depuis plusieurs années à l’hôpital. L’espoir et l’ordinaire du désir se logent au cœur de l’extraordinaire en termes de symptomatologie. Les politiques publiques en santé mentale appuient aujourd’hui cet effort de transition vers le secteur médico-social pour les personnes Mon expérience de psychologue clinicienne au sein d’un établissement d’hébergement médico-social m’a permis d’observer ce temps de transition, riche de remaniements subjectifs. L’un des signes cliniques important est celui de cette capacité retrouvée de « taire » ses symptômes. Nous proposerons dans cet article une réflexion clinique à partir de cette observation qu’il convient d’interroger au regard des mécanismes psychiques en jeu.
En toute intimité
Authors: Fourques Catherine
Published: April 2020

S’intéresser à la dimension de l’intime en institution de soins longue durée semble être de l’ordre d’un jeu de dupe. La collectivité se heurte continuellement à la singularité, le public à la sphère privée. Rappelant les fonctions contenante, différenciatrice et protectrice de l’espace intime dans le développement de la subjectivité, l’auteure propose une réflexion sur les enjeux d’une dilution des espaces dans les liens résident/patient et leurs proches mais également entre le psychologue et son patient. Menace d’empiètement, perte de la subjectivité, diffraction de l’intimité, autant de risques à prendre en compte dans le travail auprès de personnes vulnérables accueillies en institution.
Making sense of Alternative Currencies: a summary
Authors: Larue Louis
Published: April 2020

L’objectif principal de cette thèse est de fournir une base claire pour l’analyse des monnaies alternatives, telles que le bitcoin, les SEL, les monnaies locales, le WIR ou les monnais-carbone. Elle tente de déterminer si ces monnaies pourraient constituer des alternatives justes et réalisables, soit sous la forme d’expériences à petite échelle, soit sous la forme de réformes plus radicales. Le premier chapitre propose une nouvelle façon de classer et définir ces monnaies. Le second examine plusieurs arguments en faveur de la pluralité monétaire. Le troisième se concentre sur les monnaies dont l’usage est restreint localement, au sein d’une communauté, ou à certains biens. Le quatrième étudie le lien entre monnaie et marché. Enfin, un post-scriptum se concentre sur le Bitcoin et les crypto-monnaies. Cette thèse souligne que ces monnaies sont au cœur de plusieurs conflits potentiels. Leur utilisation généralisée pourrait entrer en conflit avec la gestion adéquate de la politique monétaire, avec la justice sociale et avec les valeurs libérales. Ces conflits sont potentiels, car ils n’apparaîtraient que si les monnaies alternatives prenaient de l’ampleur. Toutefois, il n’y a aucune raison de ne pas tenir compte de tels conflits potentiels lorsque l’ensemble des arguments en leur faveur repose principalement sur leurs avantages potentiels.
Nicole Mitchell, Jazz and the Dialectics of the Afrofuturist Imaginary
Authors: Tyldesley Mike
Published: April 2020

Cet article examinera trois CD de la flûtiste jazz afro-américaine Nicole Mitchell, et les utilisera pour étudier l’afrofuturisme. Elle proposera que l’afrofuturisme soit perçu comme un imaginaire, plutôt que simplement comme un « genre » de production artistique. Elle montrera l’influence de l’écrivain afrofuturiste Octavia Butler sur Mitchell, puis exposera les diverses manières par lesquelles Butler et Mitchell ont exprimé l’imaginaire afrofuturiste. Elle proposera que nous trouvons deux orientations qui sont visiblement apparemment radicalement différentes dans les productions artistiques afrofuturistes : « fantasme spatial » d’une part, et critique sociale « réaliste » d’autre part. Cet exposé conclura en soutenant que cela montre que l’imaginaire afrofuturiste doit plutôt être examiné dialectiquement, et que ces orientations contradictoires peuvent être perçues comme des éléments essentiels d’un ensemble complexe.
Microbial communities and food safety aspects of crickets (Acheta domesticus) reared under controlled conditions
Authors: Fernandez-Cassi X. , Söderqvist K. , Bakeeva A. , Vaga M. , Dicksved J. , Vagsholm I. , Jansson A. , Boqvist S.
Published: April 2020

In an approach combining microbiological culture methods with high-throughput sequencing, this study investigated the microbial communities (bacteria, moulds and yeasts) in Swedish-produced edible crickets (Acheta domesticus) reared in a controlled environment. The effects of different feeds on microbial loads and populations in crickets were also studied. The crickets used were third-generation offspring from wild-caught individuals from Sweden, which are adapted to grow in a laboratory environment. The efficiency of rinsing to decrease microbial load was evaluated not obtaining a significant decrease of plating counts for total aerobic counts (TAC) and Enterobacteriaceae. Crickets were divided into three batches and fed different diets (control feed, early-cut red clover hay (ECH), late-cut fresh red clover (LCF)) for 62 days. Bacterial numbers (TAC and Enterobacteriaceae) on whole raw crickets ranged between 7 and 8 log cfu/g. Pre-rinsing in water did not reduce these levels (P=0.19). All batches tested negative for the food-borne bacteria Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus and Clostridium perfringens. The mean mould count for crickets fed control feed was 2.8 log cfu/g, while the values for crickets fed ECH and LCF were 4.2 and 4.5 log cfu/g, respectively. The dominant bacterial communities were Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, with Firmicutes and Proteobacteria dominating in crickets fed control feed, Firmicutes dominating in crickets fed LCF and Proteobacteria dominating in crickets fed ECH. Aspergillus flavus, a fungus that is capable of producing mycotoxins, was detected in control feed and ECH reared crickets. More work is needed to identify specific food-borne pathogens in edible crickets and establish possible bacterial quality reference values, as an important step in developing microbial quality and safety parameters to ensure consumer safety.
Edible crickets, but which species?
Authors: van Huis A.
Published: April 2020

True crickets belong to the family of the Gryllidae and they can be used not only as food and feed, but also for recreational purposes (fighting or singing). When reared on cheap substrates, they can be used as feed. The house cricket is most often used as human food. The selection of the cricket species may depend on several criteria, such as legislation, resistance to disease, but also taste.
A Systematic Review of the Applicability and Efficacy of Eye Exercises
Authors: Rawstron John Albert , Burley Celeste D. , Elder Mark J.
Published: April 2020

Purpose:

To examine the current scientific evidence base regarding the efficacy of eye exercises as used in optometric vision therapy.

Methods:

A search was performed of the following databases: Allied and Complementary Medicine Database, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, and MEDLINE. Relevant articles were reviewed and analyzed for strengths and weaknesses. Pertinent sections of classic texts were studied to provide a historical basis and to serve as a source for additional early references.

Results:

Forty-three refereed studies were obtained. Of these, 14 were clinical trials (10 controlled studies), 18 review articles, 2 historical articles, 1 case report, 6 editorials or letters, and 2 position statements from professional colleges. Many of the references listed by the larger reviews were unpublished or published in obscure or nonrefereed sources and therefore were not accessible.

Conclusions:

Eye exercises have been purported to improve a wide range of conditions including vergence problems, ocular motility disorders, accommodative dysfunction, amblyopia, learning disabilities, dyslexia, asthenopia, myopia, motion sickness, sports performance, stereopsis, visual field defects, visual acuity, and general well-being. Small controlled trials and a large number of cases support the treatment of convergence insufficiency. Less robust, but believable, evidence indicates visual training may be useful in developing fine stereoscopic skills and improving visual field remnants after brain damage. As yet there is no clear scientific evidence published in the mainstream literature supporting the use of eye exercises in the remainder of the areas reviewed, and their use therefore remains controversial.

J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
2005;42:82–88.
Congenital Horner Syndrome and Hemiplegia Secondary to Carotid Dissection
Authors: Gupta Mohit , Dinakaran Subramanian , Chan Tan K.
Published: April 2020

A 5-month-old infant had right Horner syndrome and left hemiplegia. Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed smaller cerebral hemisphere and magnetic resonance angiography showed reduced blood flow in the internal carotid artery on the right. A diagnosis of congenital hemiplegia and carotid occlusion secondary to maternal trauma during pregnancy was made.

J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
2005;42:122–124.
Large-Angle Strabismus and Primary True Muscle Transplantation
Authors: Amitava A. K. , Goswami Anup K. , Mishra Amit
Published: April 2020

Background:

Large-angle strabismus often demands a series of surgeries to achieve satisfactory alignment. This often necessitates bilateral surgery, which patients may be reluctant to undergo.

Methods:

Three patients with large-angle esotropia, not amenable to standard recession and resection procedures, underwent primary true muscle transplantation wherein a fragment of resected extraocular muscle was used to elongate the medial rectus muscle.

Results:

Postoperative deviation was within ± 10 PD of orthophoria and was maintained at follow-up of 6 to 12 months. There was mild underaction of the weakened muscle.

Conclusion:

True muscle transplantation is a good option because it permits correction of large-angle strabismus with two-muscle surgery, provides a satisfactory cosmetic alignment, and appears safe and predictable.

J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
2005;42:211–215.
Current trends and future prediction of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic in China: a dynamical modeling analysis
Authors: Wang Kai ,   College of Medical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China, Lu Zhenzhen , Wang Xiaomeng , Li Hui , Li Huling , Lin Dandan , Cai Yongli , Feng Xing , Song Yateng , Feng Zhiwei , Ji Weidong , Wang Xiaoyan , Yin Yi , Wang Lei , Peng Zhihang ,   Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China,   School of Mathematics and Statistics, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China,   Central Laboratory of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, China,   College of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, China,   Department of Biostatistics, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
Published: April 2020

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection broke out in December 2019 in Wuhan, and rapidly overspread 31 provinces in mainland China on 31 January 2020. In the face of the increasing number of daily confirmed infected cases, it has become a common concern and worthy of pondering when the infection will appear the turning points, what is the final size and when the infection would be ultimately controlled. Based on the current control measures, we proposed a dynamical transmission model with contact trace and quarantine and predicted the peak time and final size for daily confirmed infected cases by employing Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm. We estimate the basic reproductive number of COVID-19 is 5.78 (95%CI: 5.71–5.89). Under the current intervention before 31 January, the number of daily confirmed infected cases is expected to peak on around 11 February 2020 with the size of 4066 (95%CI: 3898–4472). The infection of COVID-19 might be controlled approximately after 18 May 2020. Reducing contact and increasing trace about the risk population are likely to be the present effective measures.
«Según lo require la justicia distributiva»: negociando imperio y órdenes locales en la Nueva España, siglos XVI y XVII
Authors: Vallen Nino
Published: April 2020

Las teorías de la justicia distributiva desempeñaron un papel importante en las negocia­ciones entre la corona española y los habitantes de las Indias. Mientras que los historiadores a menudo equiparan la noción de justicia distributiva con el derecho invariable de un vasal­lo a ser recompensado por su señor por los servicios prestados, los contemporáneos usaron estas teorías en maneras distintas para reflexionar sobre la distribución “justa” de oficios, privilegios y honores de una sociedad jerárquicamente ordenada. Este trabajo examina cómo las ideas sobre qué la justicia distributiva requiere cambiaron en el proceso de alinear las necesidades cambiantes de la corona a la de diferentes grupos en el virreinato de la Nueva España durante el siglo XVI y principios del XVII. En este artículo, argumento que estas teorías, por un lado, despertaron un interés común en el mapeo del virreinato y sus habitantes, así como en la creación de un archivo de personas beneméritas. Por otro lado, sostengo que el significado cambiante de la justicia distributiva hizo visible una paradoja que contribuiría a un cambio importante en el uso de este archivo en el proceso de negociación del imperio y las órdenes locales.
«El jardín de la América meridional»… ciencia como deleite, información y el encanto de los jardines ingleses en un naturalista chileno en el Illuminismo italiano
Authors: Orrego González Francisco
Published: April 2020

El presente artículo quiere explorar en una de las diversas representaciones culturales que se elaboraron de la América meridional por uno de los tantos jesuitas expulsos en la Italia del Settecento como el naturalista e historiador chileno Juan Ignacio Molina (1740-1829). La expresión metafórica «El jardín de la América», permite adentrarse en las contro­versias culturales en torno a un objeto histórico que los historiadores culturales poco han abordado una escenografía natural particular como es el jardín. El trabajo sostiene, por medio del estudio de la historia natural de Chile escrita por Molina, junto a una memoria defendida por él mismo en la Accademia delle Scienze de Bolonia relativa a los jardines in­gleses a inicios del siglo XIX, que el naturalista chileno fue un autor prerromántico gracias a las fuentes de información que utilizó para realizar estos trabajos en un escenario cultural particular como fue el Illuminismo italiano.
Compadrazgo, movilidad social y relaciones de poder de mulatos libres. Villa de San José de Logroño, Chile, 1780-1810
Authors: Armijo Andrea
Published: April 2020

El presente trabajo aborda el compadrazgo y apadrinamiento de mulatos libres, mecanismos utilizados para reafirmar lazos familiares y vecinales, pero también como medios de sustentación y / o legitimación del prestigio social y de las relaciones de poder construidas en la villa de San José de Logroño del partido de Melipilla de la Capitanía General de Chile entre los años de 1780 a 1810. Tales vinculaciones han quedado documentadas en registros parroquiales, testamentos y cartas de libertad de esclavos, valiéndonos de aquellos mediante la metodología de las redes sociales para analizar los vínculos interpersonales entre distintos sectores y grupos sociales. Los resultados indican que los relacionamientos de los mulatos con otros sujetos, grupos y familias permiten observar la construcción de jerarquías sociales entre sus pares sociales, a la vez de analizar cómo operan las estrategias de ascenso y movilidad social.
Mobile Drone Localization in Indoor Environment Based on Passive RFID
Authors: Habaebi Mohamed Hadi , Khamis Omar Rashid , Islam Md Rafiqul
Published: April 2020

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is an information exchange technology based on RF communication. It provides solution to track and localize mobile objects in the indoor environment. Localization of mobile objects in an indoor environment garnered a significant attention due to the variety of applications needing higher degree of localization accuracy. RSS-based localization techniques are the major tools for tracking applications due to their simplicity. In this paper, a trilateration method for indoor localization is proposed. This method provides a solution for the drone tracking problem by collecting the RSS values between RFID tagged drone and reader, and estimate its location. The localization method is implemented in MATLAB by multiple readers; 4 RFID readers and 8 RFID readers. The performance of the localization method is also compared with other RFID localization previously reported in the literature. The simulation results in the case of 8 RFID readers demonstrate more accurate results than 4 RFID readers by minimizing the localization error from 0.84606 to 0.40079m. The results also indicate an improved localization performance of tracking a tagged drone in indoor environment by 42.8% when 8RFID readers are placed in the localization area.
Épigraphie et mise en scène de la domination sociale dans la Gaule méridionale tardive (IV e-VIe s.)
Authors: Stein Christian
Published: April 2020

On possède peu d’inscriptions gauloises qui mentionnent des membres des élites au IV  s. Le corpus exploitable fait moins d’une quinzaine de textes et brille surtout par l’absence des clarissimes, ou du moins d’individus explicitement indiqués comme tels. Comme on sait par ailleurs que ce groupe est tout de même assez fourni en Gaule au IV e s., on en arrive vite à l’idée que l’épigraphie n’était pas à leurs yeux un moyen de se mettre en scène dans l’espace social. Il est cependant perceptible que les choses changèrent aux V e et VIe s. en Gaule méridionale : dans un contexte d’effondrement de l’Empire d’Occident, les inscriptions commémorant les membres des grandes familles gallo-romaines sont désormais relativement nombreuses. La lettre III, 12 de Sidoine Apollinaire, à propos de la tombe et de l’épitaphe de son grand père, permet de percevoir ce changement de sensibilité envers l’épigraphie.
Measuring Firms' Financial Constraints
Authors: Carreira Carlos , Eira João , Silva Filipe
Published: April 2020

Measuring firms' financial constraints can prove to be a difficult task for researchers because it is not possible to directly observe whether a firm is financially constrained. This chapter surveys the existing methodologies to measure such constraints at firm level, discussing the advantages and disadvantages of each one. In doing so, firstly, the authors review the direct and indirect measures of firms' financial constraints. Then they test the validity of the most commonly used indices using a large panel of (unlisted) Portuguese firms (2010-2017). The FCP index seems to outperform the other indices in capturing financial constraints of unlisted SMEs. This is not a surprising result, as most of the existing empirical literature on the field deals with listed (US) firms. It is not reasonable to expect that the coefficients of indices remain unchanged across countries and over time. Therefore, the authors propose their (re)estimation to apply them to different economies.
Automation and Augmentation
Authors: Ebben Maureen
Published: April 2020

This chapter examines the nature of work where human labor is a complement to machines and considers its import for social wellbeing. While dominant portrayals about the effects of work automation are often characterized by discourses of fear and hype, these have limited utility. The chapter proposes moving beyond fear and hype to consider the ways in which automation alters the organization of work and the human role. It asserts that, although essential, the human role in automation is often obscured. Drawing on the concepts of “fauxtomation,” “heteromation,” and human infrastructures, the chapter makes visible hidden forms of human labor in automated work and maintains that a positive strategy for social well-being is the recognition and revaluation of human work in automated processes.
Integer Transform-Based Watermarking Scheme for Authentication of Digital Fundus Images in Medical Science
Authors: Shanmugam Poonkuntran , Jayaprakasam Manessa
Published: April 2020

This chapter presents an integer transform-based watermarking scheme for digital fundus image authentication. It is presented under multimedia applications in medicine. The chapter introduces image authentication by watermarking and digital fundus image. The key requirements in developing watermarking scheme for fundus images and its challenges are identified and highlighted. Authors describe a proposed watermarking scheme on integer transform. The experimental results emphasize the proposed scheme's ability in addressing key requirements and its attainment. The detailed results are summarized.
Comparative Evaluations of Human Behavior Recognition Using Deep Learning
Authors: Lu Jia , Yan Wei Qi
Published: April 2020

With the cost decrease of security monitoring facilities such as cameras, video surveillance has been widely applied to public security and safety such as banks, transportation, shopping malls, etc. which allows police to monitor abnormal events. Through deep learning, authors can achieve high performance of human behavior detection and recognition by using model training and tests. This chapter uses public datasets Weizmann dataset and KTH dataset to train deep learning models. Four deep learning models were investigated for human behavior recognition. Results show that YOLOv3 model is the best one and achieved 96.29% of mAP based on Weizmann dataset and 84.58% of mAP on KTH dataset. The chapter conducts human behavior recognition using deep learning and evaluates the outcomes of different approaches with the support of the datasets.
Design and Implementation of Visual Blockchain With Merkle Tree
Authors: Hu Rui , Yan Wei Qi
Published: April 2020

Although our communities are paying extensive attention to the blockchain technology, it is still far away from realistic applications. Thus, this red-hot technology could be understood and employed for visual applications. Authors focus on online videos that collect sufficient user clicks owning to the high demand every day. When people watch the videos of TV drama episodes in an online website, they often need to exactly organise the playlists in ascending or descending order. However, video websites such as YouTube can't provide this service due to multiple reasons. This chapter creates a private blockchain for these video websites and applies Merkle tree to store the sorted videos in the chain. A sorted playlist has been created in the video website. Getting out of the box of video search so as to provide a quick video ranking solution is authors' main task. Sorting results are evaluated by using edit distance.
Multiple Flames Recognition Using Deep Learning
Authors: Xin Chen , Nguyen Minh , Yan Wei Qi
Published: April 2020

Identifying fire flames is based on object recognition which has valuable applications in intelligent surveillance. This chapter focuses on flame recognition using deep learning and its evaluations. For achieving this goal, authors design a Multi-Flame Detection scheme (MFD) which utilises Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). Authors take use of TensorFlow in deep learning with an NVIDIA GPU to train an image dataset and constructed a model for flame recognition. The contributions of this book chapter are: (1) data augmentation for flame recognition, (2) model construction for deep learning, and (3) result evaluations for flame recognition using deep learning.
Causes and Implications of the Opioid Crisis in Rural America
Authors: Rivas Bita Ashouri , Rivas Anthony L.
Published: April 2020

The purpose of this chapter is to outline the history and development of the opioid crisis; to identify impacts to rural America; to elaborate on the implications to individuals, families, and communities; and to identify resources for these communities. The level of use, misuse, and impact of opioids on communities has caught national attention and has been labeled a national crisis. The opioid epidemic has hit rural communities especially hard with community members citing opioid abuse as the biggest problem in their communities. To better understand the current epidemic, it is important to understand historical trends in relation to opioids and opioid related substances; the War on Poverty; the recession of 2007; job loss; and the shifting of urban/rural divide politically, financially, and economically. The flooding of opioids into these communities impacted every system, with layered consequences.
Advocacy and Action in Appalachia Aimed at Adverse Childhood Experiences
Authors: Hege Adam , Presnell Denise , Reed-Ashcraft Kellie B. , Caldwell Karen , Pyles Damiana Gibbons , Bouldin Erin D. , Warren Jennifer
Published: April 2020

Rural Appalachia faces extreme poverty-linked hardships, often referred to as ‘social determinants of health'. One social determinant of health often linked with rural poverty is adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). ACEs refer to numerous experiences (e.g., forms of abuse and maltreatment, a dysfunctional household, mental illness in the household, etc.) that one encounters before the age of 18. Local leaders of a county in the heart of Appalachia in northwestern North Carolina (Watauga) embarked on a community level initiative (Watauga Compassionate Community Initiative) aimed at preventing and treating the effects of ACEs and building resiliency. This chapter delves into the academic research related to ACEs and poverty and details the background and ongoing story of the Watauga Compassionate Community Initiative, concluding with lessons learned and insights into what other rural communities can focus on when addressing ACEs, poverty, and other social determinants of health.
Advocating for the Mental Health Needs of Children Living in Rural Poverty
Authors: Lenares-Solomon Denise , Conti Christina , George Christina
Published: April 2020

A person's mental health involves their social, psychological, and emotional wellness, all of which are important to their development. Lack of resources and access to effective mental health services can have a negative impact on the mental health of children residing in poverty-stricken rural communities. In advocating for this population, the authors have highlighted five factors that work as barriers in the mental health of children living in rural poverty. These factors were identified as early development, healthcare accessibility, parental/caretaker's educational level, educational system, and mental health stigma and stress. Furthermore, the authors presented a multi-layered approach for addressing these barriers. The components of the multi-layered approach include school-based resources, community-based resources, medical-based resources, and government-based resources. A case illustration is used to demonstrate the practical application of one aspect of the multi-layered approach – the school-based resources. Lastly, the authors stated that more research is needed for this population in regard to the effects of rural poverty on the mental health of children.
Mind, Brain, and Education
Authors: Hartley Marie L'Esperance
Published: April 2020

The purpose of this chapter is to provide readers with an overview of current research in the field of mind, brain, and education (MBE) and an explanation of how findings can be applied to teaching children who live in poverty and experience the effects of dealing with toxic stress on a daily basis. The chapter begins with a summary of research on the typical cognitive development of a child and an explanation of how poverty can negatively impact this development. The goal of MBE is to combine research from neuroscience, psychology, and education to provide insight into how learning occurs in the brain and what factors can impede the learning process. The chapter discusses how this information can be used to inform classroom practices to support children living in poverty.
A Semantic Matching Strategy for Very Large Knowledge Bases Integration
Authors: Rinaldi Antonio M. , Russo Cristiano , Madani Kurosh
Published: April 2020

Over the last few decades, data has assumed a central role, becoming one of the most valuable items in society. The exponential increase of several dimensions of data, e.g. volume, velocity, variety, veracity, and value, has led the definition of novel methodologies and techniques to represent, manage, and analyse data. In this context, many efforts have been devoted in data reuse and integration processes based on the semantic web approach. According to this vision, people are encouraged to share their data using standard common formats to allow more accurate interconnection and integration processes. In this article, the authors propose an ontology matching framework using novel combinations of semantic matching techniques to find accurate mappings between formal ontologies schemas. Moreover, an upper-level ontology is used as a semantic bridge. An implementation of the proposed framework is able to retrieve, match, and align ontologies. The framework has been evaluated with the state-of-the-art ontologies in the domain of cultural heritage and its performances have been measured by means of standard measures.
The Possible Uses and Challenges of Nanomaterials in Mast Cell Research
Authors: Duguay Brett A. , Lu Lei , Arizmendi Narcy , Unsworth Larry D. , Kulka Marianna
Published: April 2020

Mast cells are tissue-resident immune cells that are involved in inflammation and fibrosis but also serve beneficial roles, including tissue maintenance, angiogenesis, pathogen clearance, and immunoregulation. Their multifaceted response and the ability of their mediators to target multiple organs and tissues means that mast cells play important roles in numerous conditions, including asthma, atopic dermatitis, drug sensitivities, ischemic heart disease, Alzheimer disease, arthritis, irritable bowel syndrome, infections (parasites, bacteria and viruses), and cancer. As a result, mast cells have become an important target for drug discovery and diagnostic research. Recent work has focused on applying novel nanotechnologies to explore cell biology. In this brief review, we will highlight the use of nanomaterials to modify mast cell functions and will discuss the potential of these technologies as research tools for understanding mast cell biology.
Quasi-isometric embeddings of non-uniform lattices
Authors: Fisher David , Nguyen Thang
Published: April 2020

Let

G

and

G'

be simple Lie groups of equal real rank and real rank at least

2

. Let

\Gamma <G

and

\Lambda < G'

be non-uniform lattices. We prove a theorem that often implies that any quasi-isometric embedding of

\Gamma

into

\Lambda

is at bounded distance from a homomorphism. For example, any quasi-isometric embedding of

SL(n,\mathbb Z)

into

SL(n, \mathbb Z[i])

is at bounded distance from a homomorphism. We also include a discussion of some cases when this result is not true for what turn out to be purely algebraic reasons.
Boundary rigidity of negatively-curved asymptotically hyperbolic surfaces
Authors: Lefeuvre Thibault
Published: April 2020

In the spirit of Otal [17] and Croke [3], we prove that a negatively-curved asymptotically hyperbolic surface is
marked boundary distance rigid
, where the distance between two points on the boundary at infinity is defined by a renormalized quantity.
Existence and New General Decay Results for a Viscoelastic Timoshenko System
Authors: Hassan Jamilu Hashim , Messaoudi Salim A. , Zahri Mostafa
Published: April 2020

In this paper, we are concerned with a memory-type Timoshenko system with Dirichlet boundary conditions and a very general class of relaxation functions. We prove the existence and uniqueness of solutions of the system as well as some new decay results which generalize and improve many earlier ones in the literature. We consider the case of equal-speeds and the case of non-equal-speeds of propagation. We also give some numerical illustrations and related comparisons.
Nonlocal Averages in Space and Time Given by Medians and the Mean Curvature Flow
Authors: Beltritti Gaston , Rossi Julio D.
Published: April 2020

We deal with existence and uniqueness for continuous solutions to the equation

u(x,t)={\textrm{med}}_{(y,s)\in J(x,t)} \, {u}(y,s)

for

(x,t) \in \mathbb R^n\times (0,\infty)

with a prescribed datum

u (x,t)=f(x)

for

(x,t) \in \mathbb R^n \times (-\infty, 0]

. Here

{\textrm{med}}_{(y,s)\in J(x,t)} \, {u}(y,s)

stands for the median value of

u

in the set

J(x,t)=B(x,R) \times [t -(\delta + \gamma),t -\delta]

. In addition we show that when we consider the family of sets

J_r(x,t) := B(x,rR) \times [t - r^2(\delta +\gamma),t - r^2\delta]

then the corresponding solutions

u_r

converge as

r\to 0

to the unique viscosity solution to the local degenerate parabolic PDE,

u_t(x,t)=C \triangle_{V}u(x,t)

, where

V

is the orthogonal subspace to

\nabla u(x,t)

and

C

is a positive constant. This PDE turns out to be the equation that describes the mean curvature flow in its level sets formulation.
Noces sacrées de Seydou Badian: quand le roman traduit la décolonialité
Authors: Kobenan Yao
Published: April 2020

Sacred weddings of Seydou Badian: when the novel translates decoloniality

In the name of a certain theory of race inferiority, the imperialist powers have instituted the slave trade which will annihilate the countries of the Third World, and mainly those of the African continent. They will impose their vision of the world through the universalization of a Cartesian philosophy which has considerably encroached on the local histories of subordinate peoples. Even today, categories of people continue to suffer from the depreciative stereotypes constructed by the settler. For African novelists, the historical truth must be recognized. They therefore write with the aim of restoring the authentic values of these peoples. It is in this perspective that Seydou Badian inscribes his work entitled Sacred Weddings where he magnifies an African tradition which only asks to be recognized as an absolute and autonomous value, through a decolonial writing.
Un masque qui démasque. De Gabriel de George Sand
Authors: Wierzbowska Ewa M.
Published: April 2020

A Mask that Unmasks. Gabriel by George Sand

Gabriel unmasks an open secret: freedom is a business and a right of the men. The supposed inferiority of women is a social structure. This ma‐ nipulation, authored by the masculine part of the society, is brought to light with the help of the mask, which becomes an "unmasker". Gabrielle, raised as Gabriel, works on her identity, all the while dreaming of the impossible. To live as a woman while keeping her freedom is an idealistic construction that ultimately has to be crushed under the weight of social laws.
Who knows best? Paternalism in Aboriginal policy
Authors: Jeffes Emily
Published: April 2020

Through colonial eyes, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are seen as subjects void of agency. They have been treated by the Australian polity as though they are in great need of saving. This paper explores the ways in which well-intended policies and initiatives implemented by successive governments have failed to recognise and support Indigenous Australians as functioning sovereign beings.
Formation mechanisms of atmospheric nitrate and sulfate during the winter haze pollution periods in Beijing: gas-phase, heterogeneous and aqueous-phase chemistry
Authors: Liu Pengfei , Ye Can , Xue Chaoyang , Zhang Chenglong , Mu Yujing , Sun Xu
Published: April 2020

Abstract. A vast area in China is currently going through severe haze episodes with
drastically elevated concentrations of PM2.5 in winter. Nitrate and
sulfate are the main constituents of PM2.5, but their formations via
NO2 and SO2 oxidation are still not comprehensively understood,
especially under different pollution or atmospheric relative humidity (RH)
conditions. To elucidate formation pathways of nitrate and sulfate in
different polluted cases, hourly samples of PM2.5 were collected
continuously in Beijing during the wintertime of 2016. Three serious
pollution cases were identified reasonably during the sampling period, and
the secondary formations of nitrate and sulfate were found to make a
dominant contribution to atmospheric PM2.5 under the relatively high RH
condition. The significant correlation between NOR, NOR = NO3-/(NO3-+NO2), and [NO2]2 × [O3] during the nighttime under the RH≥60 % condition indicated
that the heterogeneous hydrolysis of N2O5 involving aerosol
liquid water was responsible for the nocturnal formation of nitrate at the
extremely high RH levels. The more often coincident trend of NOR and [HONO] × [DR] (direct radiation) × [NO2] compared to its occurrence with [Dust] × [NO2] during the daytime under the 30 % < RH < 60 % condition provided convincing evidence that the gas-phase
reaction of NO2 with OH played a pivotal role in the diurnal formation
of nitrate at moderate RH levels. The extremely high mean values of SOR, SOR = SO42-/(SO42-+SO2), during the whole day
under the RH≥60 % condition could be ascribed to the evident
contribution of SO2 aqueous-phase oxidation to the formation of sulfate
during the severe pollution episodes. Based on the parameters measured in
this study and the known sulfate production rate calculation method, the
oxidation pathway of H2O2 rather than NO2 was found to
contribute greatly to the aqueous-phase formation of sulfate.
Monitoring CO emissions of the metropolis Mexico City using TROPOMI CO observations
Authors: Borsdorff Tobias , García Reynoso Agustín , Maldonado Gilberto , Mar-Morales Bertha , Stremme Wolfgang , Grutter Michel , Landgraf Jochen
Published: April 2020

Abstract. The Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) on ESA Copernicus Sentinel-5 satellite (S5-P) measures the carbon monoxide (CO) total column concentration as one of its primary targets. In this study, we analyse 551 TROPOMI overpasses over Mexico City (more than 2 years of measurements) using collocated CO simulations of the regional Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to conclude on the emissions from different urban districts in the region. The WRF simulation distinguishes the CO emissions from Tula, Pachuca, Tulancingo, Toluca, Cuernavaca, Cuautla, Tlaxcala, Puebla, the metropolian area of Mexico City (CDMX), and the adjoint urban area (ACDMX, CDMX surrounding municipalities from estate of Mexico) by 10 separate tracers. Using a regularised source inversion approach, the TROPOMI observations yields 0.10 Tg/yr and 0.08 Tg/yr CO emissions from the Tula and Pachuca urban areas in the North of Mexico city. This exceeds significantly the Inventario Nacional de Emisiones de Contaminantes Criterio (INEM) inventory that was adapted to the period 2017–2019 and results in an emissions