bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Short‐Wave Infrared Sensor by the Photothermal Effect of Colloidal Gold Nanorods
Authors: Xiang Hengyang , Niu Tingting , Schoenauer Sebag Mathilde , Hu Zhelu , Xu Xiangzhen , Billot Laurent , Aigouy Lionel , Chen Zhuoying
Published: February 2018

Photodetection in the short‐wave infrared (SWIR) spectrum is a challenging task achieved often by costly low bandgap compound semiconductors involving highly toxic elements. In this work, an alternative low‐cost approach is reported for SWIR sensors that rely on the plasmonic‐induced photothermal effect of solution‐processed colloidal gold nanorods (Au NRs). A series of uniform solution‐processed Au NRs of various aspect ratios are prepared exhibiting a strong and well‐defined longitudinal localized surface plasmon resonance (L‐LSPR) maximum from 900 nm to 1.3 µm. A hybrid device structure is fabricated by applying Au NRs on the surface of a thermistor. Under a monochromatic illumination, hybrid Au‐NR/thermistor devices exhibit a clear photoresponse in the form of photoinduced resistance drop in the wavelength window from 1.0 to 1.8 µm. The photoresponsivity of such hybrid devices reaches a maximum value of 4.44 × 107 Ω W−1 at λ = 1.4 µm (intensity = 0.28 mW cm−2), a wavelength in agreement with the L‐LSPR of the Au NRs applied. Colloidal Au NRs, capable to perform fast conversion between photon absorption and thermal energy, thus open an interesting avenue for alternative low‐cost SWIR photodetection.
Agile practices and the promotion of entrepreneurial skills in software development
Authors: Tolfo Cristiano , Wazlawick Raul Sidnei , Ferreira Marcelo Gitirana Gomes , Forcellini Fernando Antonio
Published: February 2018

This article addresses the relationships between agile development and entrepreneurship. The objective of the study is to verify that the adoption of agile practices can promote entrepreneurial skills in software developers. In this study, agile practices were related to entrepreneurial skills, and developers of the software industry and academia professors were invited to contribute. Questionnaires were sent to the participants to obtain their opinion regarding this research. Participants also opined about the possibility of entrepreneurial skills being an observable behavior in agile culture, ie, if they are visible artifacts of agile culture. As a result, the study found a set of agile practices that promote entrepreneurial skills in software developers. That is, it was found that agile practices promote entrepreneurial behavior in these professionals. These entrepreneurial skills are sustained by the same basic values and assumptions that were learned by developers to resolve internal integration and external adaptation issues during the adoption of agile practices. In this article, an integration model has been adapted from other areas, thereby opening a new field of study involving the relationships between academic research and professional practice on entrepreneurship in the software area and agile development.
Automatic benchmark profiling through advanced workflow‐based trace analysis
Authors: Martin Alexis , Marangozova‐Martin Vania
Published: February 2018

Benchmarking has proven to be crucial for the investigation of the behavior and performances of a system. However, the choice of relevant benchmarks still remains a challenge. To help the process of comparing and choosing among benchmarks, we propose a solution for automatic benchmark profiling. It computes unified benchmark profiles reflecting benchmarks' duration, function repartition, stability, CPU efficiency, parallelization, and memory usage. Our approach identifies the needed system information for profile computation and collects it from execution traces captured without benchmark code modifications. It structures profile computation as a reproducible workflow for automatic trace analysis, which efficiently manages important trace volumes. In this paper, we report on the design and the implementation of our approach, which involves the collection and analysis of about 500 GB of trace data coming from 2 different platforms (an x86 desktop machine and the Juno SoC board). The computed benchmark profiles provide valuable insights about the benchmarks' behavior and help compare different benchmarks on the same platform as well as the behavior of the same benchmark on different platforms.
Modeling the Effect of Plug Positions and Ladle Aspect Ratio on Hydrogen Removal in the Vacuum Arc Degasser
Authors: Karouni Faris , Wynne Bradley P. , Talamantes‐Silva Jesus , Phillips Stephen
Published: February 2018

The rate of hydrogen removal from molten steel in a vacuum arc degasser (VAD) is simulated using a three‐phase (slag‐argon‐steel) Eulerian model. The time required to degas a 100 tonne melt from 5 to 1.5 ppm is predicted for a series of ladle aspect ratios and plug layouts. Compared to an axisymmetric single plug system, the degassing time can be reduced by 36% with the use of three equiangular plugs. Increasing the aspect ratio (AR) of the melt from 0.8–1.2 leads to an improvement in degassing performance, followed by a reduction in performance between AR = 1.2–1.6. A radial plug position of 0.5R is optimal for achieving low hydrogen levels in the melt. Reducing the inter‐plug angle from θ = 180° (for double plug) and θ = 120° (for triple plug) to θ = 45° further reduces this time by 18 and 3.8%, respectively. The fastest rate of hydrogen removal is obtained through the use of three plugs at positioned at an angle of θ = 45° and plug radial position of 0.5R.
Synthesis of Supported Bimetal Catalysts using Galvanic Deposition Method
Authors: Mahara Yuji , Ohyama Junya , Sawabe Kyoichi , Satsuma Atsushi
Published: February 2018

Supported bimetallic catalysts have been studied because of their enhanced catalytic properties due to metal‐metal interactions compared with monometallic catalysts. We focused on galvanic deposition (GD) as a bimetallization method, which achieves well‐defined metal‐metal interfaces by exchanging heterogeneous metals with different ionisation tendencies. We have developed Ni@Ag/SiO2 catalysts for CO oxidation, Co@Ru/Al2O3 catalysts for automotive three‐way reactions and Pd−Co/Al2O3 catalysts for methane combustion by using the GD method. In all cases, the catalysts prepared by the GD method showed higher catalytic activity than the corresponding monometallic and bimetallic catalysts prepared by the conventional co‐impregnation method. The GD method provides contact between noble and base metals to improve the electronic state, surface structure and reducibility of noble metals.
Multiple Roles of Specialized Literacy Professionals: The ILA 2017 Standards
Authors: Bean Rita M. , Kern Diane
Published: February 2018

This article compares the ILA 2017 Standards for preparing specialized literacy professionals with the 2010 Standards. The authors also describe levels of emphases for each specialized literacy role and implications of the new Standards for those serving in the field and for those who prepare them.
The Power of the Progress Conference
Authors: Macken Carol
Published: February 2018

Motivating reluctant readers has been always been a challenge. The author designed a conference structure in which explicit evidence of the student's progress is presented. The structure includes a review by the teacher of the student's prior reading level and documentation of the student's current skills. A conference with the student follows in which the teacher shares the texts from the student's previous reading level and current level. The teacher and student compare the features of the two texts, and the teacher names the specific reading strategies that the student is successfully employing. The teacher leads the student to an articulation of the positive steps that he or she has taken to improve. Finally, the instructor offers a teaching point for continued progress, which is undergirded by the positive context of the conference.
Simulated satellite imagery at sub‐kilometre resolution by the Hong Kong Observatory
Authors: Hon K. K.
Published: February 2018

Simulated satellite imagery offers a direct means for visual evaluation of high‐resolution numerical weather prediction (NWP) output, giving potential insights into a model's ability to represent weather systems at various spatial scales. This study explores the feasibility and performance of an experimental, large‐domain 200m‐resolution configuration of the Hong Kong Observatory's sub‐kilometre Aviation Model (AVM) in reproducing cloud features over the geographically complex Pearl River Estuary, as observed by visible and infrared channels of the Advanced Himawari Imager of the Himawari‐8 satellite. Simulated radiances using the RTTOV radiative transfer model are able to provide realistic predictions of observed cloud occurrence spatial distribution, even under complex atmospheric conditions involving multiple cloud regimes, highlighting the potential scientific and operational values of photo‐realistic satellite imagery products based on very high‐resolution NWP.
Image‐guided surgery in cancer: A strategy to reduce incidence of positive surgical margins
Authors: Tringale Kathryn R. , Pang John , Nguyen Quyen T.
Published: February 2018

Primary treatment for many solid cancers includes surgical excision or radiation therapy, with or without the use of adjuvant therapy. This can include the addition of radiation and chemotherapy after primary surgical therapy, or the addition of chemotherapy and salvage surgery to primary radiation therapy. Both primary therapies, surgery and radiation, require precise anatomic localization of tumor. If tumor is not targeted adequately with initial treatment, disease recurrence may ensue, and if targeting is too broad, unnecessary morbidity may occur to nearby structures or remaining normal tissue. Fluorescence imaging using intraoperative contrast agents is a rapidly growing field for improving visualization in cancer surgery to facilitate resection in order to obtain negative margins. There are multiple strategies for tumor visualization based on antibodies against surface markers or ligands for receptors preferentially expressed in cancer. In this article, we review the incidence and clinical implications of positive surgical margins for some of the most common solid tumors. Within this context, we present the ongoing clinical and preclinical studies focused on the use of intraoperative contrast agents to improve surgical margins.

This article is categorized under:

Laboratory Methods and Technologies > Imaging
Collaborative and Reproducible Research: Goals, Challenges, and Strategies
Authors: Langer Steve G. , Shih George , Nagy Paul , Landman Bennet A.
Published: February 2018

Combining imaging biomarkers with genomic and clinical phenotype data is the foundation of precision medicine research efforts. Yet, biomedical imaging research requires unique infrastructure compared with principally text-driven clinical electronic medical record (EMR) data. The issues are related to the binary nature of the file format and transport mechanism for medical images as well as the post-processing image segmentation and registration needed to combine anatomical and physiological imaging data sources. The SiiM Machine Learning Committee was formed to analyze the gaps and challenges surrounding research into machine learning in medical imaging and to find ways to mitigate these issues. At the 2017 annual meeting, a whiteboard session was held to rank the most pressing issues and develop strategies to meet them. The results, and further reflections, are summarized in this paper.
The concomitant use of lapatinib and paracetamol - the risk of interaction
Authors: Karbownik Agnieszka , Szałek Edyta , Sobańska Katarzyna , Grabowski Tomasz , Klupczynska Agnieszka , Plewa Szymon , Wolc Anna , Magiera Magdalena , Porażka Joanna , Kokot Zenon J. , Grześkowiak Edmund
Published: February 2018

Lapatinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor used for the treatment of breast cancer. Paracetamol is an analgesic commonly applied to patients with mild or moderate pain and fever. Cancer patients are polymedicated, which involves high risk of drug interactions during therapy. The aim of the study was to assess the interaction between lapatinib and paracetamol in rats. The rats were divided into three groups of eight animals in each. One group received lapatinib + paracetamol (IL + PA), another group received lapatinib (IIL), whereas the last group received paracetamol (IIIPA). A single dose of lapatinib (100 mg/kg b.w.) and paracetamol (100 mg/kg b.w.) was administered orally. Plasma concentrations of lapatinib, paracetamol and its metabolites – glucuronide and sulphate, were measured with the validated HPLC-MS/MS method and HPLC-UV method, respectively. The pharmacokinetic parameters of both drugs were calculated using non-compartmental methods. The co-administration of lapatinib and paracetamol increased the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) and the maximum concentration (Cmax) of lapatinib by 239.6% (p = 0.0030) and 184% (p = 0.0011), respectively. Lapatinib decreased the paracetamol AUC0-∞ by 48.8% and Cmax by 55.7%. In the IL + PA group the Cmax of paracetamol glucuronide was reduced, whereas the Cmax of paracetamol sulphate was higher than in the IIIPA group. Paracetamol significantly affected the enhanced plasma exposure of lapatinib. Additionally, lapatinib reduced the concentrations of paracetamol. The co-administration of lapatinib decreased the paracetamol glucuronidation but increased the sulphation. The findings of this study may be of clinical relevance to
patients requiring analgesic therapy.
Image dataset of ophiuroid and other deep sea benthic organisms in 2015 extracted from the survey off Sanriku, Japan, by the research following the Great East Japan Earthquake 2011
Authors: Yamakita Takehisa , Yokooka Hiroyuki , Fujiwara Yoshihiro , Kawato Masaru , Tsuchida Shinji , Ishibashi Shojiro , Kurokawa Tadayuki , Fujikura Katsunori
Published: February 2018

This is the first large image dataset and occurrence records of marine organisms in the Northwest Pacific off Tohoku, Japan. This area suffered by Great East Japan Earthquake 2011 and continental shelf and slope off of this area considered one of the most productive areas both for fishery and primary production in the world because of the complex mixture of the Kuroshio Current, Oyashio Current, and Tsugaru Warm Current. We compiled 3415 images of animals, stones, and sediments. Most of the images are of dominant species of Ophiuroidea (brittle stars), with 789 and 1421 images captured in two areas of different depth. These images are cropped from downward camera images collected during two dives in 2015 using remotely operated vehicles in a deeper area (670–800 m deep) off Kamaishi (cruise id KY15‐08; dive no. HPD1812) and a shallower area (280 m deep) off Minami Sanriku town (cruise id NT15‐E04; dive no. CRB17). The attribute of each image is listed in the subsequent comma delimited (csv) text file and the observed occurrence of each organisms was also converted into the text format used in Japan Ocean Biogeographic Information System Center (J‐OBIS), which is comparable with Darwin Core 2.0. Basically, we recorded the higher taxonomic levels (e.g., order and class) that could be specified with certainty and added a list of potential species as an appendix. For better understanding the broad‐scale impact of the earthquake along the continental shelf and slope, it is necessary to extract occurrence data of organisms from biological surveys. Gathering image or video data is appropriate for this purpose because most underwater surveys simultaneously record images and/or videos. This dataset will add the information of the status after 4 years of the disaster. These image data are also considered as training image data set for automatic extraction of organisms.
Influences on mammals frequency of use of small bridges and culverts along the Qinghai–Tibet railway, China
Authors: Wang Yun , Guan Lei , Chen Jiding , Kong Yaping
Published: February 2018

Understanding the use of small bridges and culverts by wildlife to cross the Qinghai–Tibet railway will aid in the design of wildlife crossing structures for similar transportation infrastructure. From 2014 to 2016, 36 infrared cameras were placed inside 14 small bridges and 11 culverts along the Qinghai–Tibet railway to determine the structures’ effectiveness as wildlife passages. Thirteen species of mammals were found to use the small bridges and culverts to cross the railway. The crossing rates for all mammals were significantly higher for small bridges than for culverts. Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii), Tibetan gazelle (Procapra picticaudata), kiang (Equus kiang), and wild yak (Bos mutus) preferred small bridges over culverts to cross the railway. In contrast, mountain weasel (Mustela altaica) and Asian badger (Meles leucurus) preferred culverts to cross the railway. The crossing rates of all mammals, particularly Tibetan gazelle and woolly hare, were positively influenced by structure width. Structure height had a positive influence on wild yak, but structure length had a negative influence on kiang. The distance to the highway had a positive influence on the crossing rates of all mammals, particularly wild yak and woolly hare. Human use of the structures had no influence on the crossings of most mammals except for common wolf. We suggest that road design schemes include large and open crossing structures to benefit most species with limitations on human activities near wildlife passages.
Parenting Today: A State-Wide Representative Survey of Contemporary Parenting Experiences
Authors: Wade Catherine , Matthews Jan , Bent Catherine A. , Neill Erica , Petrovic Zvezdana , Fisher Jane , Michaux Annette , Cann Warren
Published: February 2018

This article describes the study design of Parenting Today in Victoria: a representative survey of contemporary parenting experiences, behaviours, concerns and needs of parents. The aims of the study, sample design, survey content development processes, including pilot survey administration, data collection procedures and demographic characteristics of the sample are described. The survey was administered via computer assisted telephone interviewing using random dialling of landline and mobile phone numbers in 2016 to parents of children aged 0–18 years who were living in Victoria, Australia. The response rate was 57% with 2600 parents surveyed (40% fathers). The sample was broadly representative of the Victorian population on major demographic characteristics when compared to data from the Australian Census of Population and Housing (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2011). However, adjustments were made for over representation of younger parents (16–34 years), more highly educated parents and for those living outside major cities. This survey provides rigorously collected, accurate and up-to-date information about the experiences, preferences and concerns of a large and representative sample of parents. Findings will provide vital new insights to inform policy decision making, service planning and future research aimed at understanding parents’ attitudes and behaviours, and the psychology behind their help-seeking.
‘It's Been an Absolute Nightmare’ – Family Violence in Kinship Care in Victoria
Authors: Breman Rachel , MacRae Ann , Vicary Dave
Published: February 2018

Kinship care has become the fastest growing form of out-of-home care in Victoria and is the preferred placement option for children who are unable to live with their parents. Little is known about family violence in kinship care that is perpetrated by a close family member of the child in care (usually the child's mother/father) against the carer(s) and children once the placement has started. In this context, family violence means any act of physical violence, emotional/psychological violence, verbal abuse and property damage. In 2017, Baptcare undertook research with 101 kinship carers to gain a better understanding of how family violence was impacting on children and families in kinship care in Victoria. The study used a mixed design that specifically targeted kinship carers who had direct experience of family violence during their placement. This study has demonstrated that significant amounts of violence from family members are being experienced by kinship carers in Victoria and the children in their care. As a response to these findings, Baptcare is proactively addressing family violence in kinship care, across a range of domains, to provide solutions to the issues identified in this research.
Large-deformation electrohydrodynamics of an elastic capsule in a DC electric field
Authors: Das Sudip , Thaokar Rochish M.
Published: February 2018

The dynamics of a spherical elastic capsule, containing a Newtonian fluid bounded by an elastic membrane and immersed in another Newtonian fluid, in a uniform DC electric field is investigated. Discontinuity of electrical properties, such as the conductivities of the internal and external fluid media as well as the capacitance and conductance of the membrane, leads to a net interfacial Maxwell stress which can cause the deformation of such an elastic capsule. We investigate this problem considering well-established membrane laws for a thin elastic membrane, with fully resolved hydrodynamics in the Stokes flow limit, and describe the electrostatics using the capacitor model. In the limit of small deformation, the analytical theory predicts the dynamics fairly satisfactorily. Large deformations at high capillary number, though, necessitate a numerical approach (axisymmetric boundary element method in the present case) to solve this highly nonlinear problem. Akin to vesicles, at intermediate times, highly nonlinear biconcave shapes along with squaring and hexagon-like shapes are observed when the outer medium is more conducting. The study identifies the essentiality of parameters such as high membrane capacitance, low membrane conductance, low hydrodynamic time scales and high capillary number (the ratio of the destabilizing electric force to the stabilizing elastic force) for observation of these shape transitions. The transition is due to large compressive Maxwell stress at the poles at intermediate times. Thus such shape transition can be seen in spherical globules admitting electrical capacitance, possibly irrespective of the nature of the interfacial restoring force.
BLOATED BUSKINS: SENECA AND THE SATIRIC IDEA OF TRAGEDY
Authors: Cowan Robert
Published: February 2018

If satire is epic's ‘evil twin’, then tragedy is satire's ugly sister. Both epic and tragedy soar aloft in the stratosphere of the generic hierarchy, viewed humbly and from a distance by satire's pedestrian muse, who at the same time scoffs at their overblown irrelevance. Many of the same criticisms, often framed as back-handed compliments, are cast at both genres by their poor relation, but there are also distinctions. Epic, even if cloistered in an ivory tower, is constructed as sharing the impossible purity of that ivory, the better for its lofty and noble themes to be befouled, debased and perverted in the distorting mirror held up by its evil twin. Tragedy, however, is itself a perversion, ethically and aesthetically, a mishmash of vice and excess which is a natural target for satire, the self-appointed social policeman, but which also bears an uncomfortable resemblance to satire's own nature. Much work has been done in recent years on satire's engagement with and tendentious construction of tragedy, but very little on tragedy's reciprocal engagement with satire. The latter will be the focus of this article, approached from two, closely-related angles.
REPETITION
Authors: Gunderson Erik
Published: February 2018

It is not easy to know where to begin. Standing at the crossroads, one sees innumerable tracks leading in every direction down well-worn paths. Can one really say anything new, or is one condemned to repeat the already said? A possible way forward—but it has already been tried before…—is to double down on repetition. If one repeats enough and with sufficient diversity among the repetitions, then maybe among the interference patterns generated among so many different standing waves centered upon so many different points there will emerge something novel, the echo of a voice never heard before. And this would be the voice of an author, the voice of Seneca, for example.
RETROSPECTIVE READING IN SENECAN TRAGEDY
Authors: Trinacty Christopher V.
Published: February 2018

Conclusions matter in Senecan prose and poetry. At the conclusion of his epistles, Seneca often includes an unexpected quote or alters his subject-matter in a surprising manner—a technique that Fowler has helpfully classified as an example of ‘Romantic Irony’ in the vein of Heine or selected Horatian odes. His dialogues display a similar penchant for such endings, e.g. the post-mortem speech of Cremutius Cordus to his daughter, Marcia, in the finale of the Consolatio ad Marciam (Dial. 6.26.2-7). Seneca's tragedies likewise conclude in a beguiling fashion, ‘Part of the dramatic force of the Senecan ending is its avoidance of any note of easy resolution; it serves rather to sharpen and/or problematize the central issues of the particular play.’ As a way to further encourage the reader to question or recognize major themes of the play, Seneca's conclusions feature an intertext that casts these themes in a different light or elicits metapoetic commentary. These intertexts stress ideas and language important to the particular play, especially those found in the prologue, in order to create a type of ring-composition to the tragedy as a whole. This paper investigates these intertexts and indicates not only how they operate on an inter/intratextual level, but also why Seneca would think of the texts that he does at the conclusion of his tragedies. Seneca looks back to some of his major literary influences at the conclusions of his plays (Ovid, Horace, and Virgil unsurprisingly; Seneca the Elder perhaps more surprisingly), which reveals that these moments are diagnostic of his intertextual method in general. The larger situational or generic context of the sources shade the words uttered by Senecan protagonists, but Seneca stresses the tragic impact of such intertextual echoes again and again; Seneca tragicus surely is a pessimistic reader of the Augustan tradition. The reiteration of similar language and imagery throughout the play ‘primes’ the reader to recognize the intertext at the play's conclusion—thus intratextual repetitions signpost the intertextual reference. Seneca wants these references to be noticed; he promotes a retrospective reading technique in which these intertexts recast language and themes found earlier in the play, now vis-à-vis the literary and rhetorical source material. In creating such dense verbal connections, he encourages further contemplation of the major motifs of the tragedies and inherently endorses the position of his plays as ‘open’ texts that beg for further supplementation by further reading and rereading, again and again.
Whys and Hows of Collecting for the Dictionary of Canadian English II. Excerption of Quotations
Authors: Lovell Charles J.
Published: February 2018

Having decided to lend a hand with the Dictionary of Canadian English, one’s first thought will be to read various items of Canadiana for the purpose of excerpting quotations. In his initial burst of enthusiasm, the volunteer is likely to tackle something on the order of the Publications of the Hudson’s Bay Record Society, Cartwright’s Labrador Journal (1792), Pennant’s Arctic Zoology, Isham’s Observations on Hudson’s Bay (1743), Palliser’s Journals (1863), or files of such pioneer newspapers as the Loyalist (York), Qu’Appelle Vidette, or Bob Edwards’s Calgary Eye Opener. While works like these are ideal sources of citations for the dictionary we envisage their every importance renders them unwise choices for the neophyte. It is not enough to select works of historical value, for mere mechanical examination of the most promising sources cannot be expected to yield optimum results in the absence of a thorough knowledge of the field of inquiry. Not only is there the risk that the unskilled researcher will fail to notice some unfamillar words, illustrative of the life and thoughts of earlier periods, but he may also miss a few common ones. Then, too, he may waste time in collecting irrelevant material. Since the earlier examples of more settled words are ordinarily hardest to locate and, of course more prized, the consequences of an inexperienced researcher overlooking, say, an 1856 example of Confederation (for it was used anticipatively well before 1867) are rather more serious than would be the skipping of more recent words. The products of a disciplined understanding are superior to those of an uncultivated understanding, so it is to our helpers’ advantage to learn as much as possible of the basic principles of lexical research before delving into scarcer source materials.
Contributions to a Mathematical Analysis of the English Verb-phrase
Authors: Lambek Joachim
Published: February 2018

Ideally, the grammar of a language should tell us whkh sequences of words form sentences and which sequences don’t. It is doubtful whether any existing grammar achieves this end for one of the natural languages, such as English, Russian or Chinese. However, logicians have constructed certain artificial languages (e. g. the prepositional calculus) together with a set of rules which distinguish between sentences (or well-formed formulas, as logicians prefer to call them) and non-sentences. While it is premature to attempt a complete description of English, partial grammars have been constructed.

In this paper we shall consider a fragment of English containing the namesJohnandJane, the verbsmust, work, call, have, be, the adverbtoday, the conjunctionsbutandwhileand a few other words of the same types. We also admit inflected forms such asworks, worked, working, etc. We shall attempt to-decide which sequences of these word-forms are sentences and which are not. Our grammar, if successful, must tell us that “John must have been calling Jane today” is a sentence, and that “John has must call Jane” is not a sentence. However, we may as well admit that many sentences will escape our net, owing to the fact that certain constructions, e. g. the gerund, will not be considered here.
The Transition From German to English in the German Settlements of Saskatchewan
Authors: Graham Robert Somerville
Published: February 2018

0.1 Of the various peoples of continental European origin to be found in the Province of Saskatchewan, the Germans form perhaps the largest group. Found in almost every part of the province, they are actually in the majority in many parts of western and central Saskatchewan where German continues to play an effective role as a medium of communication. This is particularly true of such localities as Macklin, Leader, Tramping Lake and Luseland where large groups of Russo-Germans settled after World War I. The importance, too, of the agricultural character of these communities cannot be overemphasized. Stable, with very little shift in population, children grow up to take over from their parents or to settle on neighboring farms, often vacated by non-Germans.
Russian / j /
Authors: Hamp Eric P.
Published: February 2018

James O. St. Clair-Sobell has touched on many interesting points in his “Notes on Spelling Pronunciation with Special Reference to Modern Standard Russian”, Canadian Slavonic Papers I (1956) : 66-75. The purpose of the present brief note is simply to rectify, as I think, what must be an analytical oversight in his discussion (70-71) of intervocalic / j /.

St. Clair-Sobell cites the statements of Isačenko and Shaxmatov to the effect that intervocalic / j / ‘lapses’ in certain environments. He continues : ‘But the “presence” of the intervocalic j is indicated by the quality of the preceding vowel and also by the quality of the following unstressed vowel.’ He then goes on to say (71) that many phoneticians and orthoëpists seem to have missed this dropping of the / j / , and that ‘in affected, that is, in spelling pronunciation the j is heard or it is imagined that the j is heard.’
Notes on Montreal English
Authors: Hamilton Donald E.
Published: February 2018

The following notes are based on findings obtained in a pilot study of the speech of English-speaking residents of Montreal, which was carried out from 1957 to 1958. The data was obtained by circulating a questionnaire designed to elicit information on vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar and syntax. In general, the choice of items for inclusion in this questionnaire was restricted to those which illustrate differences between British and American usage. In the vocabulary section, a further restriction was made in that no items pertaining exclusively to rural life were included.

With respect to the selection of informants there were several deviations from the established methods of linguistic surveys. In most surveys it is usual to insist that informants belong to families which have been established in the area under investigation for several generations, and that they speak no other language but English.
St. Claude, French Citadel in Western Canada?
Authors: Sanders J. B.
Published: February 2018

The colonization of many parts of rural Manitoba got well under way in 1870. The arrival in the south of the province of numerous settlers, most of them from France, is an event of considerable importance in the history of the development of the Canadian west. Indeed, the colonization of Manitoba by French Catholics appeared to preoccupy greatly the St. Boniface diocese. Mgr. Taché remained convinced that St. Boniface ar.d St. Norbert would.cease to thrive unless linked to other cities and towns under the patronage of the church and extending to the very limits of the Saskatchewan boundary. Colonization seemed in many ways to be synonymous with Catholic evangelism, and the booklets distributed free of charge to the new settlers upon their arrival in the province did not fail to point out to them the advantages which they could obtain by settling near an established church, the symbol of Christian fraternity on the barren expanse of the uncultivated prairie.
Thk Documentation of Canadian Linguistics
Authors: Rudnyckyj J. B.
Published: February 2018

Up to the end of World War II, very little had been done to provide a systematic bibliographical documentation of Canadian linguistics in this country or abroad. Only recently has work been begun by some official and private institutions and individuals to better the situation. Canadian books and pamphlets on linguistic problems are now being listed in Canadiana by Dr. J. Lunn of the Bibliographic Service of the National Library in Ottawa, and some articles are named in the Canadian Index, by Dr. D. B. Chatwin of the Canadian Library Association in Ottawa. So far as the French Canadian linguistic publications are concerned, the quarterly, Culture, provides an excellent documentation. In 1951 a Slavic Canadian bibliography, Slavica Canadiana, was initiated by J. B. Rudnyckyj in Winnipeg. To date, however, there is still no synthesis in this field.
Quelques Traits phonétiques d'une Paroisse Gaspésienne
Authors: Gendron Jean-Denis
Published: February 2018

L'enquête linguistique, faite durant l'été de 1954 sur la côte sud de la Gaspésie, à Bonaventure, s'insère dans un groupe d'enquêtes dont le but est d'établir un Atlas linguistique de la région gaspésienne.

Comme on a déjà décrit cette région dans ses grandes lignes et signalé sa richesse en matéiaux linguistiques, nous nous contenterons, dans cet article, de faire les remarques générales qui s'imposent sur la paroisse qui nous intéresse, et de donner un bref aperçu phonétique des matériaux recueillis.

Bonaventure, une des plus vieilles paroisses de la côte sud de la Gaspésie, fut fondée vers 1774 par des Acadiens en quête de terres nouvelles où habiter. Depuis lors, ceux-ci se sont multipliés au point de former l'agglomération la plus considérable du comté, et ce, presque sans apport d'immigrants étrangers.
Transitions and singularities during slip motion of rigid bodies
Authors: VÁRKONYI P. L.
Published: February 2018

The dynamics of moving solids with unilateral contacts are often modelled by assuming rigidity, point contacts, and Coulomb friction. The canonical example of a rigid rod with one endpoint slipping in two dimensions along a fixed surface (sometimes referred to as Painlevé rod) has been investigated thoroughly by many authors. The generic transitions of that system include three classical transitions (slip-stick, slip reversal, and liftoff) as well as a singularity called dynamic jamming, i.e., convergence to a codimension 2 manifold in state space, where rigid body theory breaks down. The goal of this paper is to identify similar singularities arising in systems with multiple point contacts, and in a broader setting to make initial steps towards a comprehensive list of generic transitions from slip motion to other types of dynamics. We show that – in addition to the classical transitions – dynamic jamming remains a generic phenomenon. We also find new forms of singularity and solution indeterminacy, as well as generic routes from sliding to self-excited microscopic or macroscopic oscillations.
Revisiting the Revised Hierarchical Model: Evidence for concept mediation in backward translation
Authors: WU ZHAOHONG , JUFFS ALAN
Published: February 2018

A claim fundamental to the revised hierarchical model (Kroll & Stewart, 1994) was that concepts did not mediate backward translation, based on their findings of a category interference effect in forward translation in relatively fluent bilinguals but no category effect in backward translation. This study hypothesized that there was a category facilitation effect in L2-to-concept, which counterbalanced the category interference effect in concept-to-L1, resulting in an overall L2-to-L1 null category effect.

In a novel English word-pair semantic comparison task, participants were presented with a sequence of English word-pairs, and judged which word's real-world referent was bigger in size. Results found a significant category facilitation effect in both L2-to-concept for young Chinese adults and L1-to-concept for young English adults when increasing the number of trials. The findings help explain why Kroll and Stewart's finding of an overall L2-to-L1 null category effect cannot be evidence against concept mediation in backward translation.
Kant’s Transcendental Deduction and the Unity of Space and Time
Authors: Roche Andrew F.
Published: February 2018

On one reading of Kant’s account of our original representations of space and time, they are, in part, products of the understanding or imagination. On another, they are brute, sensible givens, entirely independent of the understanding. In this article, while I agree with the latter interpretation, I argue for a version of it that does more justice to the insights of the former than others currently available. I claim that Kant’s Transcendental Deduction turns on the representations of space and time as determinate, enduring particulars, whose unity is both given and a product of synthesis.
Angepasste Bewegungsunterstützung – Interaktionsgeschehen am Beispiel einer kinästhetischen Mobilisation
Authors: Maurer Carola , Vosseler Birgit , Senn Beate , Gattinger Heidrun
Published: February 2018

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Mobilitätseinschränkungen sind eine Ursache für Pflegebedürftigkeit. Deswegen ist die Förderung der Mobilität in Pflegeheimen bedeutsam. Das kinästhetische Konzept bietet eine Möglichkeit, Bewohnende in ihrer Aktivität zu unterstützen. Sie können ihre eigenen Ressourcen nutzen und dadurch ihre funktionelle Beweglichkeit erhalten bzw. verbessern. Ziel: Die vorliegende Untersuchung zeigt die Merkmale des Interaktionsgeschehens zwischen Heimbewohnenden mit Bewegungseinschränkungen und Kinästhetik-Fachpersonen während einer Mobilisation auf. Methode: Eine Sekundäranalyse von neun Videosequenzen erfolgte anhand der Grounded Theory-Kodierverfahren nach 33-1Strauss und Corbin (1996). Die ermittelten Kategorien sind in einem Basismodell dargestellt. Ergebnisse: Im Zentrum des Interaktionsgeschehens bei bewegungseingeschränkten Bewohnenden steht die angepasste Bewegungsunterstützung. Diese kann sich mittels angewandter Strategien wie dem Führen-Folgen-Prozess positiv auf die Eigenaktivitäten der Betroffenen auswirken. Beeinflussende Faktoren, beispielsweise die Tagesverfassung des Bewohnenden, wirken sich dabei auf die Strategien der Fachpersonen aus. Es ist erforderlich, dass Pflegepersonen in der Interaktion unter anderem eine hohe Wahrnehmungskompetenz zeigen. Schlussfolgerung: Die angepasste Bewegungsunterstützung bezieht Bewohnende aktiv in den Mobilisationsprozess ein. Pflegepersonen benötigen entsprechende Schulungen, um die Ressourcen der Bewohnenden fördern zu können.
Giant intrinsic chiro-optical activity in planar dielectric nanostructures
Authors: Zhu Alexander Y , Chen Wei Ting , Zaidi Aun , Huang Yao-Wei , Khorasaninejad Mohammadreza , Sanjeev Vyshakh , Qiu Cheng-Wei , Capasso Federico
Published: February 2018

The strong optical chirality arising from certain synthetic metamaterials has important and widespread applications in polarization optics, stereochemistry and spintronics. However, these intrinsically chiral metamaterials are restricted to a complicated three-dimensional (3D) geometry, which leads to significant fabrication challenges, particularly at visible wavelengths. Their planar two-dimensional (2D) counterparts are limited by symmetry considerations to operation at oblique angles (extrinsic chirality) and possess significantly weaker chiro-optical responses close to normal incidence. Here, we address the challenge of realizing strong intrinsic chirality from thin, planar dielectric nanostructures. Most notably, we experimentally achieve near-unity circular dichroism with ~90% of the light with the chosen helicity being transmitted at a wavelength of 540 nm. This is the highest value demonstrated to date for any geometry in the visible spectrum. We interpret this result within the charge-current multipole expansion framework and show that the excitation of higher-order multipoles is responsible for the giant circular dichroism. These experimental results enable the realization of high-performance miniaturized chiro-optical components in a scalable manner at optical frequencies.
A GABAergic cell type in the lateral habenula links hypothalamic homeostatic and midbrain motivation circuits with sex steroid signaling
Authors: Zhang Limei , Hernández Vito S. , Swinny Jerome D. , Verma Anil K. , Giesecke Torsten , Emery Andrew C. , Mutig Kerim , Garcia-Segura Luis M. , Eiden Lee E.
Published: February 2018

The lateral habenula (LHb) has a key role in integrating a variety of neural circuits associated with reward and aversive behaviors. There is limited information about how the different cell types and neuronal circuits within the LHb coordinate physiological and motivational states. Here, we report a cell type in the medial division of the LHb (LHbM) in male rats that is distinguished by: (1) a molecular signature for GABAergic neurotransmission (Slc32a1/VGAT) and estrogen receptor (Esr1/ERα) expression, at both mRNA and protein levels, as well as the mRNA for vesicular glutamate transporter Slc17a6/VGLUT2, which we term the GABAergic estrogen-receptive neuron (GERN); (2) its axonal projection patterns, identified by in vivo juxtacellular labeling, to both local LHb and to midbrain modulatory systems; and (3) its somatic expression of receptors for vasopressin, serotonin and dopamine, and mRNA for orexin receptor 2. This cell type is anatomically located to receive afferents from midbrain reward (dopamine and serotonin) and hypothalamic water and energy homeostasis (vasopressin and orexin) circuits. These afferents shared the expression of estrogen synthase (aromatase) and VGLUT2, both in their somata and axon terminals. We demonstrate dynamic changes in LHbM VGAT+ cell density, dependent upon gonadal functional status, that closely correlate with motivational behavior in response to predator and forced swim stressors. The findings suggest that the homeostasis and reward-related glutamatergic convergent projecting pathways to LHbMC employ a localized neurosteroid signaling mechanism via axonal expression of aromatase, to act as a switch for GERN excitation/inhibition output prevalence, influencing depressive or motivated behavior.
Plasma exosomes induced by remote ischaemic preconditioning attenuate myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury by transferring miR-24
Authors: Minghua Wen , Zhijian Gong , Chahua Huang , Qiang Liang , Minxuan Xu , luqiao Wang , Weifang Zhang , Peng Lu , Biming Zhan , Lingling Yu , Zhenzhen Wang , Jianqing Xu , Huihui Bao , Xiaozhong Wang , Xiaoshu Cheng
Published: February 2018

Remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC) is well known to protect the myocardium against ischaemia/reperfusion injury (IRI). Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles that have become the key mediators of intercellular communication. Various studies have confirmed that circulating exosomes mediate RIPC. However, the underlying mechanisms for RIPC-induced exosome-mediated cardioprotection remain elusive. In our study, we found that the expression level of miR-24 was higher in exosomes derived from the plasma of rats subjected to RIPC than in exosomes derived from the plasma of control rats in vivo. The rat plasma exosomes could be taken up by H9c2 cells. In addition, miR-24 was present in RIPC-induced exosomes and played a role in reducing oxidative stress-mediated injury and decreasing apoptosis by downregulating Bim expression in H2O2-treated H9c2 cells in vitro. In vivo, miR-24 in RIPC-induced exosomes reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis, attenuated the infarct size and improved heart function. Furthermore, the apoptosis-reducing effect of miR-24 was counteracted by miR-24 antagomirs or inhibitors both in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, we provided evidence that RIPC-induced exosomes could reduce apoptosis by transferring miR-24 in a paracrine manner and that miR-24 in the exosomes plays a central role in mediating the protective effects of RIPC.
Kupffer cell-derived TNF-α promotes hepatocytes to produce CXCL1 and mobilize neutrophils in response to necrotic cells
Authors: Su Li , Li Na , Tang Hua , Lou Ziyang , Chong Xiaodan , Zhang Chenxi , Su Jiacan , Dong Xin
Published: February 2018

The damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs) released by necrotic cells can trigger inflammatory response, which will facilitate the clearance of these dead cells. Neutrophil mobilization is a very important step for the dead cell clearance, however the detailed mechanisms for DAMPs induce neutrophil mobilization remains largely elusive. In this study, by using a necrotic cell-induced neutrophil mobilization mice model, we found that both neutrophil number and percentage rapidly (as early as 30 min) increased with necrotic cells but not live cell treatment. CXCL1 was rapidly increased in the serum and was responsible for the neutrophil mobilization when treated with necrotic cells. We further demonstrated that the hepatocytes in the liver were the main source of CXCL1 production in response to necrotic cells challenge. However, the hepatocytes did not express CXCL1 when incubating with necrotic cells alone. When Kupffer cells were ablated, the increased CXCL1 levels as well as neutrophil mobilization were abolished with necrotic cells challenge. Moreover, we clarified Kupffer cells-derived TNF-α activates the NF-κB pathway in hepatocytes and promote hepatocytes to express CXCL1. In summary, we showed that the liver is the main source for necrotic cell-induced CXCL1 production and neutrophil mobilization. Kupffer cells in the liver sense DAMPs and release TNF-α to activate the NF-κB pathway in hepatocytes. The interaction between Kupffer cells and hepatocytes is critical for CXCL1 production.