bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ozone Sensor for Application in Medium Voltage Switchboard
Authors: De Maria Letizia , Rizzi Giuseppe
Published: August 2009

The application of a
new spectroscopic type fiber sensor for ozone
detection in electrical components of Medium
Voltage (MV) network is evaluated. The sensor
layout is based on the use of an optical
retroreflector, to improve the detection
sensitivity, and it was especially designed for
detecting in situ rapid changes of ozone
concentration. Preliminary tests were performed
in a typical MV switchboard. Artificial defects
simulated predischarge phenomena arising during
real operating conditions. Results are discussed
by a comparison with data simultaneously
acquired with a standard partial discharge
system.
Total Stability Properties Based on Fixed Point Theory for a Class of Hybrid Dynamic Systems
Authors: De la Sen M.
Published: August 2009

Robust stability results for nominally linear hybrid systems are obtained from total stability theorems for purely continuous-time and discrete-time systems by using the powerful tool of fixed point theory. The class of hybrid systems dealt consists, in general, of coupled continuous-time and digital systems subject to state perturbations whose nominal (i.e., unperturbed) parts are linear and, in general, time-varying. The obtained sufficient conditions on robust stability under a wide class of harmless perturbations are dependent on the values of the parameters defining the over-bounding functions of those perturbations. The weakness of the coupling dynamics in terms of norm among the analog and digital substates of the whole dynamic system guarantees the total stability provided that the corresponding uncoupled nominal subsystems are both exponentially stable. Fixed point stability theory is used for the proofs of stability. A generalization of that result is given for the case that sampling is not uniform. The boundedness of the state-trajectory solution at sampling instants guarantees the global boundedness of the solutions for all time. The existence of a fixed point for the sampled state-trajectory solution at sampling instants guarantees the existence of a fixed point of an extended auxiliary discrete system and the existence of a global asymptotic attractor of the solutions which is either a fixed point or a limit "Equation missing" globally stable asymptotic oscillation.
Ectopic Calcification as Discernible Manifestation in Neonates with Pseudohypoparathyroidism Type 1a
Authors: Adachi Masanori , Muroya Koji , Asakura Yumi , Kondoh Yoichi , Ishihara Jun , Hasegawa Tomonobu
Published: August 2009

The diagnosis of pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1a (PHP1a) is challenging, because both the osteodystrophy, such as brachydactyly and round face, and the symptomatic
hypocalcemia usually develop beyond infancy. Although ectopic calcification may be
an early sign of PHP1a, there are no systematic reviews regarding the time of its
appearance. We here report on two PHP1a patients who presented with subcutaneous
calcification in neonatal period.
Latent Genetic Backgrounds and Molecular Pathogenesis in Drug-Induced Long-QT Syndrome
Authors: Itoh Hideki , Sakaguchi Tomoko , Ding Wei-Guang , Watanabe Eiichi , Watanabe Ichiro , Nishio Yukiko , Makiyama Takeru , Ohno Seiko , Akao Masaharu , Higashi Yukei , Zenda Naoko , Kubota Tomoki , Mori Chikara , Okajima Katsunori , Haruna Tetsuya , Miyamoto Akashi , Kawamura Mihoko , Ishida Katsuya , Nagaoka Iori , Oka Yuko , Nakazawa Yuko , Yao Takenori , Jo Hikari , Sugimoto Yoshihisa , Ashihara Takashi , Hayashi Hideki , Ito Makoto , Imoto Keiji , Matsuura Hiroshi , Horie Minoru
Published: August 2009

Background—Drugs withIKr-blocking action cause secondary long-QT syndrome. Several cases have been associated with mutations of genes coding cardiac ion channels, but their frequency among patients affected by drug-induced long-QT syndrome (dLQTS) and the resultant molecular effects remain unknown.

Methods and Results—Genetic testing was carried out for long-QT syndrome–related genes in 20 subjects with dLQTS and 176 subjects with congenital long-QT syndrome (cLQTS); electrophysiological characteristics of dLQTS-associated mutations were analyzed using a heterologous expression system with Chinese hamster ovary cells together with a computer simulation model. The positive mutation rate in dLQTS was similar to cLQTS (dLQTS versus cLQTS, 8 of 20 [40%] versus 91 of 176 [52%] subjects,P=0.32). The incidence of mutations was higher in patients with torsades de pointes induced by nonantiarrhythmic drugs than by antiarrhythmic drugs (antiarrhythmic versus others, 3 of 14 [21%] versus 5 of 6 [83%] subjects,P<0.05). When reconstituted in Chinese hamster ovary cells,KCNQ1andKCNH2mutant channels showed complex gating defects without dominant negative effects or a relatively mild decreased current density. Drug sensitivity for mutant channels was similar to that of the wild-type channel. With the Luo-Rudy simulation model of action potentials, action potential durations of most mutant channels were between those of wild-type and cLQTS.

Conclusions—dLQTS had a similar positive mutation rate compared with cLQTS, whereas the functional changes of these mutations identified in dLQTS were mild. WhenIKr-blocking agents produce excessive QT prolongation (dLQTS), the underlying genetic background of the dLQTS subject should also be taken into consideration, as would be the case with cLQTS; dLQTS can be regarded as a latent form of long-QT syndrome.
A Common Copy Number Variation on Chromosome 6 Association With the Gene Expression Level of Endothelin 1 in Transformed B Lymphocytes From Three Racial Groups
Authors: Sun Yan V. , Peyser Patricia A. , Kardia Sharon L.R.
Published: August 2009

Background—

Previous studies indicate that the endothelin system is involved in hypertension, heart failure, atherosclerosis, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes. To explore the potential genetic effects of copy number variations (CNVs) on the endothelin system, which underlie these diseases, we studied the association of genome-wide CNVs with gene expression levels of 7 genes involved in the endothelin system using independent HapMap subjects including 90 Asians (45 Han Chinese and 45 Japanese), 60 whites, and 60 blacks.

Methods and Results—

For each subject, the genome-wide variations were measured using the Affymetrix 6.0 chip that includes measurements of 906 000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms and 946 000 CNV probes. The gene expression profiles of the transformed B lymphocytes were measured for the same subjects. Among the 210 subjects, we identified 1529 CNV regions on 22 autosomes. By testing the association between CNVs and the gene expression levels in each racial group using linear regression, we identified 4 statistically significant CNV associations in all 3 groups (α=0.05). The strongest association was between a 66 kbp CNV region located on chromosome 6 and endothelin-1 (
EDN1
) expression. The effects of the CNV-
EDN1
association in the 3 racial groups were in the same direction and explained 7% to 14% of the variation in
EDN1
expression.

Conclusions—

Although the biological function of the chromosome 6 CNV is unclear, the significant and consistent association found in 3 racial groups suggests that CNVs may contribute to variation in underlying risks of common disease through their effects on key molecular signaling pathways.
Variation in the 4q25 Chromosomal Locus Predicts Atrial Fibrillation After Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery
Authors: Body Simon C. , Collard Charles D. , Shernan Stanton K. , Fox Amanda A. , Liu Kuang-Yu , Ritchie Marylyn D. , Perry Tjörvi E. , Muehlschlegel Jochen D. , Aranki Sary , Donahue Brian S. , Pretorius Mias , Estrada Juan-Carlos , Ellinor Patrick T. , Newton-Cheh Christopher , Seidman Christine E. , Seidman J.G. , Herman; Daniel S. , Lichtner Peter , Meitinger Thomas , Pfeufer Arne , Kääb Stefan , Brown Nancy J. , Roden Dan M. , Darbar Dawood
Published: August 2009

Background—

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common adverse event following coronary artery bypass graft surgery. A recent study identified chromosome 4q25 variants associated with AF in ambulatory populations. However, their role in postoperative AF is unknown. We hypothesized that genetic variants in the 4q25 chromosomal region are independently associated with postoperative AF after coronary artery bypass graft surgery.

Methods and Results—

Two prospectively collected cohorts of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery, with or without concurrent valve surgery, at 3 US centers. From a discovery cohort of 959 patients, clinical and genomic multivariate predictors of postoperative AF were identified by genotyping 45 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) encompassing the 4q25 locus. Three SNPs were then assessed in a separately collected validation cohort of 494 patients. After adjustment for clinical predictors of postoperative AF and multiple comparisons, rs2200733, rs13143308, and 5 other linked SNPs independently predicted postoperative AF in the discovery cohort. Additive odds ratios for the 7 associated 4q25 SNPs ranged between 1.57 and 2.17 (
P
=8.0�10
−4
to 3.4�10
−6
). Association with postoperative AF were measured and replicated for rs2200733 and rs13143308 in the validation cohort.

Conclusions—

In 2 independently collected cardiac surgery cohorts, noncoding SNPs within the chromosome 4q25 region are independently associated with postoperative AF after coronary artery bypass graft surgery after adjusting for clinical covariates and multiple comparisons.
Recognizing Contextual Polarity: An Exploration of Features for Phrase-Level Sentiment Analysis
Authors: Wilson Theresa , Wiebe Janyce , Hoffmann Paul
Published: August 2009

Many approaches to automatic sentiment analysis begin with a large lexicon of words marked with their prior polarity (also called semantic orientation). However, the contextual polarity of the phrase in which a particular instance of a word appears may be quite different from the word's prior polarity. Positive words are used in phrases expressing negative sentiments, or vice versa. Also, quite often words that are positive or negative out of context are neutral in context, meaning they are not even being used to express a sentiment. The goal of this work is to automatically distinguish between prior and contextual polarity, with a focus on understanding which features are important for this task. Because an important aspect of the problem is identifying when polar terms are being used in neutral contexts, features for distinguishing between neutral and polar instances are evaluated, as well as features for distinguishing between positive and negative contextual polarity. The evaluation includes assessing the performance of features across multiple machine learning algorithms. For all learning algorithms except one, the combination of all features together gives the best performance. Another facet of the evaluation considers how the presence of neutral instances affects the performance of features for distinguishing between positive and negative polarity. These experiments show that the presence of neutral instances greatly degrades the performance of these features, and that perhaps the best way to improve performance across all polarity classes is to improve the system's ability to identify when an instance is neutral.
Witchcraft Prosecutions and the Decline of Magic
Authors: Bever Edward
Published: August 2009

Witchcraft prosecutions in Europe rose dramatically during the late sixteenth century, peaked in the middle third of the seventeenth century, and declined rapidly thereafter, gradually ceasing altogether by the end of the eighteenth century. The rise was driven by the dissemination of the late-medieval demonology and the “scissors effect” of rising population and constricting resources; the peak reflected the governing elite's “crisis of confidence” in the prosecutions and the demonology. The trials ended because the elite's skepticism about the magnitude of the threat posed by witchcraft gave way to disbelief in the power of magic altogether. The “crisis of confidence” manifested not only the victory of a long-standing tradition of skepticism and contemporary experience with the cruelty and injustices of the trials but also changes in popular behaviors and practices that the trials brought about. The growing acceptance of the new mechanical philosophy was less a cause than a consequence of the decline of witchcraft.
A Theory of Character in the Fourth Gospel with Reference to Ancient and Modern Literature
Authors: Bennema Cornelis
Published: August 2009

Both literary theory and biblical narrative criticism lack an articulate, comprehensive theory of character. Many Gospel critics perceive character in the Hebrew Bible (where characters can develop) to be radically different from that in ancient Greek literature (where characters are supposedly consistent ethical types). Most people also sharply distinguish between modern fiction and its psychological, individualistic approach to character and ancient characterization where character lacks personality or individuality. In Part I, we examine concepts of character in ancient Hebrew and Greek literature as well as modern fiction, arguing that although there are differences in characterization, these are differences in emphases rather than kind. It is better to speak of degrees of characterization along a continuum. In Part II, we develop a comprehensive theory of character in the Fourth Gospel, consisting of three aspects. First, we study character in text and context, using information in the text and other sources. Second, we analyze and classify the Johannine characters along three dimensions (complexity, development, inner life), and plot the resulting character on a continuum of degree of characterization (from agent to type to personality to individuality). We observe that many Johannine characters are more complex and round than has been believed so far. Third, we analyze and evaluate the characters' responses to Jesus in relation to the Fourth Evangelist's evaluative point of view, purpose and dualistic worldview.
The Independence of the Public Prosecution Service in the UAE: Issues and Proposals for Reform
Authors: Al-Suwaidi Ghaith Ghanem
Published: August 2009

This article focuses on the role of the public prosecutor in the pre-trial stage in the UAE and on their independence in particular. The Public Prosecution Service in the UAE is a judicial authority, which according to law is independent from the police, courts and executive authority, and has wide powers in respect of the criminal process. It is mainly responsible for the investigation process; it represents the State in the prosecution process, and, last but not least, it is responsible for the enforcement of the sentence. The Public Prosecution Service faces a number of issues and problems, the main ones being lack of independence, lack of impartiality, lack of supervision over judicial police officers, and a lack of judicial supervision over their decisions.
The Role of Intention (Niyya) Under Saudi Arabian Hanbali Law
Authors: Saleh Nabil
Published: August 2009

On the authority of the Shari'a, the part that intention (niyya) holds in religious matters ('ibādāt) is undisputed. However, a number of schools of thought have questioned its significance with respect to secular transactions (mu'āmalāt). The very first hadīth reported in the Compendium of Tradition, Sahih al-Bukhari says in substance: “Deeds are judged according to intention and every human being will have to take responsibility for what he intended”. Sunni schools of law are divided with regard to the extent of application of that hadīth. Whilst Hanafī and Shāfī'ī schools interpret it narrowly to cover only religious matters, Hanbalī and Mālikī teachings extend it to mu'āmalāt. This article looks at intention and its possible relevance in matters concerning breach of contact, abuse of rights and the validity and construction of contract when governed by Saudi/Hanbalī law.
Signaling pathways involved in phase II gene induction by α, β-unsaturated aldehydes
Authors: Zhang Hongqiao , Forman Henry Jay
Published: August 2009

Phase II enzymes are induced primarily through the common electrophile response element (EpRE) signaling. Studies performed in different cell types and with different inducer appear to indicate variation in the upstream signaling pathways involved in the induction of these phase II genes. Nonetheless, whether variation in signaling among phase II genes in the same cell with the same inducer is unclear. This study is designed to answer this question using human bronchial epithelial cells (HBE1 cells) as a model and screening with a variety of protein kinase inhibitors with varying degrees of specificity. Two electrophiles, 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) and acrolein, induced the expression of phase II genes (GCLC, GCLM, NQO1, NQO2, HO-1, and GSTM-1). Nrf2 silencing significantly decreased the induction of all of these genes, confirming the involvement of Nrf2-EpRE signaling. ERK and p38MAPK inhibitors had no effect, while a JNK inhibitor abrogated the GCLC and GCLM induction by HNE, but not that by acrolein. Among the PKC inhibitors used, one eliminated gene induction by HNE and acrolein, while two others showed no effects. One PI3K inhibitor decreased the induction of GCLM, NQO1, NQO2 and HO-1, but not GCLC and GST-M1; on the other hand, the inhibitory effects of another PI3K inhibitor on gene induction seems to be gene- and inducer- specific. In conclusion, our data suggest that although phase II genes are coordinately induced through Nrf2-EpRE signaling by electrophiles, the upstream signaling pathways involved are gene- and inducer- specific. It is also suggested that commercial kinase inhibitors may produce non-specific effects on phase II gene expression via mechanisms unrelated to their purported specificity.
Antioxidant effect of polyphenolic glabridin on LDL oxidation
Authors: Carmeli E , Fogelman Y
Published: August 2009

This study was conducted to determine the effect of a natural polyphenolic isoflavone antioxidant (Glabridin) on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation. Determination of the extent of LDL oxidation was done by measuring the formation of Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). After oral administration of licorice-root ethanol extract to healthy subjects for 6 months, the subjects’ oxidative stress level as well as plasma LDL oxidation reduced by 20%. We concluded that dietary consumption of glabridin protects LDL from oxidation.
Examining communication between Ultraviolet (UV)-damaged cutaneous nerve cells and epidermal keratinocytes in vitro
Authors: Gruber JV , Holtz R
Published: August 2009

The exposure of the skin to Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a stressful event and the skin has multiple innate defense mechanisms to counter this threat. For instance, oxidatively damaged nerve cells will express neuroglobin, a hexa-coordinate heme protein, to scavenge free radicals such as nitric oxide (NO). Likewise, keratinocytes will express various anti-oxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), which will defend the cells against oxidative threats. Nonetheless, cells will still express free radicals during excessive irradiation. A fundamental question that needs to be asked is: what do these cells communicate to one another during such stressful events? This paper will present results of an in vitro study in which dorsal root ganglion were irradiated with UV radiation to elicit oxidative events such as release of NO and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a potent neuropeptide. Cell survival was also examined using the standard MTT assay. A plant-based neuroglobin mimic called phytoglobin was used as an NO scavenger to see if control of NO would influence CGRP expression and cell survival. Results of this study demonstrate that control of NO expression in irradiated nerve cells can influence CGRP expression and can also increase cell survival rates. Following this preliminary study, controlled amounts of the nerve cell growth media were added to cultures of normal human keratinocytes and the keratinocytes were allowed to interact with the nerve cell media for 24 h. Following this treatment period, human microarrays were run on the keratinocytes to see what genes were influenced in the keratinocytes as a result of contact with the irradiated nerve cell growth media. It was found that several critical genes expressed by the keratinocytes including NO synthase (NOS1), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), transglutaminase 1 and 3 (TGM1 and TGM3), metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 (TIMP1), and filaggrin (FLG) were clearly influenced by the damaged nerve cells.
Whey proteins influence hepatic glutathione after CCl4 intoxication
Authors: Balbis E , Patriarca S , Furfaro AL , Millanta S , Sukkar SG , Marinari UM , Pronzato MA , Cottalasso D , Traverso N
Published: August 2009

Whey proteins (WP) are known to contain more cysteine than casein (CAS), so it is suggested that they should ameliorate the oxidative equilibrium in the organisms. To evaluate the influence of a WP-based diet on liver glutathione (GSH) content, male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed for 3 weeks a balanced liquid diet containing either WP or CAS as main source of protein. Liver GSH content was evaluated at the end of the treatment by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), both in basal conditions and after oxidative stress induced by CCl4 acute intoxication. In basal conditions, WP diet significantly increased hepatic GSH in comparison to CAS diet. After CCl4 intoxication, hepatic GSH was negligibly increased in CAS group, while its increase was much more marked in WP group, so that the difference between the two diets was significant; this suggests that WP provided rats with better ability to increase their GSH synthesis in case of need.
Synergistic damage by UVA radiation and pollutants
Authors: Burke KE , Wei H
Published: August 2009

Not only is skin cancer by far the most common human cancer but also the incidence of skin cancer has been increasing at an alarming rate in recent decades. Fortunately, most people now realize that sun exposure causes unattractive photoaging and skin cancer, so they do apply sunscreens conscientiously. However, until recently, most sunscreens did not adequately protect against ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation. Although UVA is indeed less erythrogenic and less carcinogenic than UVB, UVA directly causes photoaging and enhances UVB-induced skin cancer. Furthermore, recent research demonstrates that UVA combined with environmental pollutants (including cigarette smoke) significantly increases the risk of skin cancer. Similarly, previous research demonstrated another synergy between environmental pollutants and UV: When ozone exposure precedes UV exposure, there is enhancement of UV-induced depletion of protective vitamin E from the skin's stratum corneum. This article reviews experimental evidence that environmental pollutants (such as benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a commonly used index of environmental pollution) are photosensitizers that generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) when exposed to UVA radiation. This in turn causes oxidative and genetic damage, leading to unattractive photodamage and carcinogenesis.
Hypercholesterolemia impairs exercise capacity in mice
Authors: Maxwell Andrew J , Niebauer Josef , Lin Patrick S , Tsao Philip S , Bernstein Daniel , Cooke John P
Published: August 2009

Abstract

We previously reported an attenuation of both exercise hyperemia and measures of aerobic capacity in hypercholesterolemic mice. In this study, we expanded upon the previous findings by examining the temporal and quantitative relationship of hypercholesterolemia to aerobic and anaerobic capacity and by exploring several potential mechanisms of dysfunction. Eight-week-old wild type ( n = 123) and apoE knockout ( n = 79) C57BL/6J mice were divided into groups with distinct cholesterol levels by feeding with regular or high-fat diets. At various ages, the mice underwent treadmill ergospirometry. To explore mechanisms, aortic ring vasodilator function and nitrate (NOx) activity, urinary excretion of NOx, running muscle microvascular density and citrate synthase activity, as well as myocardial mass and histologic evidence of ischemia were measured. At 8 weeks of age, all mice had similar measures of exercise capacity. All indices of aerobic exercise capacity progressively declined at 12 and 20 weeks of age in the hypercholesterolemic mice as cholesterol levels increased while indices of anaerobic capacity remained unaffected. Across the four cholesterol groups, the degree of aerobic dysfunction was related to serum cholesterol levels; a relationship that was maintained after correcting for confounding factors. Associated with the deterioration in exercise capacity was a decline in measures of nitric oxide-mediated vascular function while there was no evidence of aberrations in functional or oxidative capacities or in other components of transport capacity. In conclusion, aerobic exercise dysfunction is observed in murine models of genetic and diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and is associated with a reduction in vascular nitric oxide production.
Enhanced efficacy of recombinant FVIII in noncovalent complex with PEGylated liposome in hemophilia A mice
Authors: Pan Junliang , Liu Tongyao , Kim Ji-Yun , Zhu Daguang , Patel Chandra , Cui Zhi-Hua , Zhang Xin , Newgren James O. , Reames Aaron , Canivel Dodie , Jesmok Gary , Pierce Glenn F. , Sommer Jurg M. , Jiang Haiyan
Published: August 2009

Recombinant FVIII formulated in PEG-ylated liposomes (rFVIII-PEG-Lip) was reported to increase the bleed-free days from 7 to 13 days (at 35 IU/kg rFVIII) in severe hemophilia A patients. To understand the underlying mechanism, we sought to recapitulate its efficacy in hemophilia A mice. Animals treated with rFVIII-PEG-Lip achieved approximately 30% higher survival relative to rFVIII after tail vein transection inflicted 24 hours after dosing. The efficacy of rFVIII-PEG-Lip represents an approximately 2.5-fold higher “apparent” FVIII activity, which is not accounted for by its modestly increased (13%) half-life. The enhanced efficacy requires complex formation between rFVIII and PEG-Lip before the administration. Furthermore, PEG-Lip associates with the majority of platelets and monocytes in vivo, and results in increased P-selectin surface expression on platelets in response to collagen. Rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) analysis of whole blood from rFVIII-PEG-Lip–treated animals at 5 minutes up to 72 hours after dosing recapitulated the 2- to 3-fold higher apparent FVIII activity. The enhanced procoagulant activity is fully retained in plasma unless microparticles are removed by ultracentrifugation. Taken together, the efficacy of rFVIII-PEG-Lip is mediated mainly by its sensitization of platelets and the generation of procoagulant microparticles that may express sustained high-affinity receptors for FVIII.
An updated 18S rRNA phylogeny of tunicates based on mixture and secondary structure models
Authors: Tsagkogeorga Georgia , Turon Xavier , Hopcroft Russell R , Tilak Marie-Ka , Feldstein Tamar , Shenkar Noa , Loya Yossi , Huchon Dorothée , Douzery Emmanuel JP , Delsuc Frédéric
Published: August 2009

Background

Tunicates have been recently revealed to be the closest living relatives of vertebrates. Yet, with more than 2500 described species, details of their evolutionary history are still obscure. From a molecular point of view, tunicate phylogenetic relationships have been mostly studied based on analyses of 18S rRNA sequences, which indicate several major clades at odds with the traditional class-level arrangements. Nonetheless, substantial uncertainty remains about the phylogenetic relationships and taxonomic status of key groups such as the Aplousobranchia, Appendicularia, and Thaliacea.

Results

Thirty new complete 18S rRNA sequences were acquired from previously unsampled tunicate species, with special focus on groups presenting high evolutionary rate. The updated 18S rRNA dataset has been aligned with respect to the constraint on homology imposed by the rRNA secondary structure. A probabilistic framework of phylogenetic reconstruction was adopted to accommodate the particular evolutionary dynamics of this ribosomal marker. Detailed Bayesian analyses were conducted under the non-parametric CAT mixture model accounting for site-specific heterogeneity of the evolutionary process, and under RNA-specific doublet models accommodating the occurrence of compensatory substitutions in stem regions. Our results support the division of tunicates into three major clades: 1) Phlebobranchia + Thaliacea + Aplousobranchia, 2) Appendicularia, and 3) Stolidobranchia, but the position of Appendicularia could not be firmly resolved. Our study additionally reveals that most Aplousobranchia evolve at extremely high rates involving changes in secondary structure of their 18S rRNA, with the exception of the family Clavelinidae, which appears to be slowly evolving. This extreme rate heterogeneity precluded resolving with certainty the exact phylogenetic placement of Aplousobranchia. Finally, the best fitting secondary-structure and CAT-mixture models suggest a sister-group relationship between Salpida and Pyrosomatida within Thaliacea.

Conclusion

An updated phylogenetic framework for tunicates is provided based on phylogenetic analyses using the most realistic evolutionary models currently available for ribosomal molecules and an unprecedented taxonomic sampling. Detailed analyses of the 18S rRNA gene allowed a clear definition of the major tunicate groups and revealed contrasting evolutionary dynamics among major lineages. The resolving power of this gene nevertheless appears limited within the clades composed of Phlebobranchia + Thaliacea + Aplousobranchia and Pyuridae + Styelidae, which were delineated as spots of low resolution. These limitations underline the need to develop new nuclear markers in order to further resolve the phylogeny of this keystone group in chordate evolution.
A gene expression signature shared by human mature oocytes and embryonic stem cells
Authors: Assou Said , Cerecedo Doris , Tondeur Sylvie , Pantesco Véronique , Hovatta Outi , Klein Bernard , Hamamah Samir , De Vos John
Published: August 2009

Background

The first week of human pre-embryo development is characterized by the induction of totipotency and then pluripotency. The understanding of this delicate process will have far reaching implication for in vitro fertilization and regenerative medicine. Human mature MII oocytes and embryonic stem (ES) cells are both able to achieve the feat of cell reprogramming towards pluripotency, either by somatic cell nuclear transfer or by cell fusion, respectively. Comparison of the transcriptome of these two cell types may highlight genes that are involved in pluripotency initiation.

Results

Based on a microarray compendium of 205 samples, we compared the gene expression profile of mature MII oocytes and human ES cells (hESC) to that of somatic tissues. We identified a common oocyte/hESC gene expression profile, which included a strong cell cycle signature, genes associated with pluripotency such as LIN28 and TDGF1, a large chromatin remodelling network (TOP2A, DNMT3B, JARID2, SMARCA5, CBX1, CBX5), 18 different zinc finger transcription factors, including ZNF84, and several still poorly annotated genes such as KLHL7, MRS2, or the Selenophosphate synthetase 1 (SEPHS1). Interestingly, a large set of genes was also found to code for proteins involved in the ubiquitination and proteasome pathway. Upon hESC differentiation into embryoid bodies, the transcription of this pathway declined. In vitro, we observed a selective sensitivity of hESC to the inhibition of the activity of the proteasome.

Conclusion

These results shed light on the gene networks that are concurrently overexpressed by the two human cell types with somatic cell reprogramming properties.
A bacterial artificial chromosome library for the Australian saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) and its utilization in gene isolation and genome characterization
Authors: Shan Xueyan , Ray David A , Bunge John A , Peterson Daniel G
Published: August 2009

Background

Crocodilians (Order Crocodylia) are an ancient vertebrate group of tremendous ecological, social, and evolutionary importance. They are the only extant reptilian members of Archosauria, a monophyletic group that also includes birds, dinosaurs, and pterosaurs. Consequently, crocodilian genomes represent a gateway through which the molecular evolution of avian lineages can be explored. To facilitate comparative genomics within Crocodylia and between crocodilians and other archosaurs, we have constructed a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library for the Australian saltwater crocodile, Crocodylus porosus. This is the first BAC library for a crocodile and only the second BAC resource for a crocodilian.

Results

The C. porosus BAC library consists of 101,760 individually archived clones stored in 384-well microtiter plates. Not I digestion of random clones indicates an average insert size of 102 kb. Based on a genome size estimate of 2778 Mb, the library affords 3.7 fold (3.7×) coverage of the C. porosus genome. To investigate the utility of the library in studying sequence distribution, probes derived from CR1a and CR1b, two crocodilian CR1-like retrotransposon subfamilies, were hybridized to C. porosus macroarrays. The results indicate that there are a minimum of 20,000 CR1a/b elements in C. porosus and that their distribution throughout the genome is decidedly non-random. To demonstrate the utility of the library in gene isolation, we probed the C. porosus macroarrays with an overgo designed from a C-mos (oocyte maturation factor) partial cDNA. A BAC containing C-mos was identified and the C-mos locus was sequenced. Nucleotide and amino acid sequence alignment of the C. porosus C-mos coding sequence with avian and reptilian C-mos orthologs reveals greater sequence similarity between C. porosus and birds (specifically chicken and zebra finch) than between C. porosus and squamates (green anole).

Conclusion

We have demonstrated the utility of the Crocodylus porosus BAC library as a tool in genomics research. The BAC library should expedite complete genome sequencing of C. porosus and facilitate detailed analysis of genome evolution within Crocodylia and between crocodilians and diverse amniote lineages including birds, mammals, and other non-avian reptiles.
Formation and Structure of Perfluorosulfonated Ionomer Thin Film on a Graphite Surface
Authors: Masuda Takuya , Naohara Hideo , Takakusagi Satoru , Singh Pankaj R , Uosaki Kohei
Published: August 2009

Adsorption process and structure of perfluorosulfonated acid (PFSA) polymer on a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surface were elucidated by an in situ tapping mode atomic force microscope (AFM). Micellar aggregates of PFSA polymers first randomly adsorbed on a bare HOPG surface, and then the adsorbed aggregates extended under the influence of atomic arrangement of HOPG surface, to form two-dimensionally ordered domains.
Spectroscopic Evaluation of the Length of Poly(ethylene glycol) Covalently Attached to Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Kubota Satoshi , Maruyama Takafumi , Nishikiori Hiromasa , Tanaka Nobuaki , Endo Morinobu , Fujii Tsuneo
Published: August 2009

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were covalently functionalized by poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) of different molecular weights. The lengths of the PEG on each sample were evaluated using 1-naphthol as a fluorescence probe. The intensity of ion-pair fluorescence of the 1-naphthol increased with the length of the attached PEG due to interaction between the 1-naphthol and ether groups of the PEG. This increase indicated that fluorescence measurement using 1-naphthol is an excellent tool to evaluate the length of PEG on the MWNTs.
Prolonged treatment with the Pavlik harness in infants with developmental dysplasia of the hip
Authors: van der Sluijs J. A. , De Gier L. , Verbeke J. I. , Witbreuk M. M. E. H. , Pruys J. E. H. , van Royen B. J.
Published: August 2009

We prospectively studied the benefits and risks of prolonged treatment with the Pavlik harness in infants with idiopathic developmental dysplasia of the hip. Bracing was continued as long as abduction improved. It was started at a mean age of four months (1 to 6.9). Outcome measures were the number of successful reductions, the time to reduction, the acetabular index and evidence of avascular necrosis at follow-up at one year.

In 50 infants with 62 subluxated and dislocated hips (42 Graf type III and 20 type IV), 37 were reduced successfully with a mean time to reduction of 13.4 weeks (sd 6.8). Bracing was successful in 31 type-III (73.8%) and in only six type-IV hips (20%, p = 0.002). Avascular necrosis was seen in ten hips.

Prolonged treatment with the Pavlik harness for developmental dysplasia of the hip over the age of one month can be beneficial in type-III hips, but it is unclear as to whether this is the optimal treatment, since it may postpone the need for closed or open reduction to a more unfavourable age. The use of the Pavlik harness in type-IV hips in this age group is questionable, but if used, prolonged bracing is not advised.
Early clinical failure of the Birmingham metal-on-metal hip resurfacing is associated with metallosis and soft-tissue necrosis
Authors: Ollivere B. , Darrah C. , Barker T. , Nolan J. , Porteous M. J.
Published: August 2009

The rate and mode of early failure in 463 Birmingham hip resurfacings in a two-centre, multisurgeon series were examined. Of the 463 patients two have died and three were lost to follow-up. The mean radiological and clinical follow-up was for 43 months (6 to 90).

We have revised 13 resurfacings (2.8%) including seven for pain, three for fracture, two for dislocation and another for sepsis. Of these, nine had macroscopic and histological evidence of metallosis. The survival at five years was 95.8% (95% confidence interval (CI) 94.1 to 96.8) for revision for all causes and 96.9% (95% CI 95.5 to 98.3) for metallosis.

The rate of metallosis related revision was 3.1% at five years. Risk factors for metallosis were female gender, a small femoral component, a high abduction angle and obesity. We do not advocate the use of the Birmingham Hip resurfacing procedure in patients with these risk factors.
Backside volumetric change in the polyethylene of uncemented acetabular components
Authors: Krieg A. H. , Speth B. M. , Ochsner P. E.
Published: August 2009

Polyethylene wear of acetabular components is a key factor in the development of periprosthetic osteolysis and wear at the articular surface has been well documented and quantified, but fewer data are available about changes which occur at the backside of the liner.

At revision surgery for loosening of the femoral component we retrieved 35 conventional modular acetabular liners of the same design. Linear and volumetric articular wear, backside volumetric change and the volume of the screw-head indentations were quantified. These volumes, clinical data and the results from radiological Ein Bild Röntgen Analyse migration analysis were used to identify potential factors influencing the volumetric articular wear and backside volumetric change.

The rate of backside volumetric change was found to be 2.8% of the rate of volumetric articular wear and decreased with increasing liner size. Migrated acetabular components showed significantly higher rates of backside volumetric change plus screw-head indentations than those without migration.

The backside volumetric change was at least ten times larger than finite-element simulation had suggested. In a stable acetabular component with well-anchored screws, the amount of backside wear should not cause clinical problems. Impingement of the screw-heads could produce more wear particles than those generated at the liner-shell interface. Because the rate of backside volumetric change is only 2.8% of the rate of volumetric articular wear and since creep is likely to contribute a significant portion to this, the debris generated by wear at the backside of the liner may not be sufficient to create a strong osteolytic response.
The treatment of metastasis to the femoral neck using percutaneous hollow perforated screws with cement augmentation
Authors: Kang H. G. , Roh Y. W. , Kim H. S.
Published: August 2009

We have developed a hollow perforated cannulated screw. One or more of these was implanted percutaneously in 11 patients with an osteolytic metastasis in the femoral neck and multiple metastases elsewhere. They were supplemented by one or two additional standard 6.5 mm cannulated screws in nine patients. Polymethylmethacrylate bone cement was injected through the screw into the neck of the femur using small syringes, as in vertebroplasty. The mean amount of cement injected was 23.2 ml (17 to 30). Radiotherapy was started on the fourth post-operative day and chemotherapy, on average, was resumed a day later.

Good structural stability and satisfactory relief from pain were achieved in all the patients. This technique may be useful in the palliation of metastases in the femoral neck.
Splash in elective primary knee and hip replacement
Authors: Singh V. K. , Kalairajah Y.
Published: August 2009

An intra-operative splash is a common occurrence in elective knee and hip replacement surgery and can potentially transmit bloodborne diseases, with devastating consequences. This study aimed to quantify the risk of a splash and to assess its correlation with body mass index, duration of surgery and the volume of lavage fluid used.

Between December 2007 and April 2008, 62 consecutive patients (38 women, 24 men) undergoing an elective total knee or total hip replacement (TKR, THR) were recruited into the study (32 TKRs and 30 THRs) after appropriate consent.

A splash occurred in all 62 cases. A THR had a slightly higher risk of a splash than a TKR, but this was not statistically significant (p = 0.27). The correlation between body mass index, duration of surgery and the amount of pulse lavage used with a splash was r = 0.013, (non-significant), r = 0.52, (significant) and r = 0.92 (highly significant), respectively.

A high number of splashes are generated during a TKR and a THR. The simple visor mask fails to protect the surgeon, the assistant or the patient from the risk of a splash and reverse splash, respectively.
Outcome after fixation of ankle fractures with an injury to the syndesmosis
Authors: Hamid N. , Loeffler B. J. , Braddy W. , Kellam J. F. , Cohen B. E. , Bosse M. J.
Published: August 2009

The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical and radiological outcome of patients with intact, broken and removed syndesmosis screws after Weber B or C ankle fracture with an associated injury to the syndesmosis. We hypothesised that there would be no difference. Of a possible 142 patients who fulfilled our inclusion criteria, 52 returned for clinical and radiological assessment at least one year after surgery. Of these, 27 had intact syndesmosis screws, ten had broken screws, and 15 had undergone elective removal of the screw. The mean American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle/hindfoot score was 83.07 (sd 13.59) in the intact screw group, 92.40 (sd 12.69) in the broken screw group, and 85.80 (sd 11.33) in the removed screw group (p = 0.0466).

There was no difference in clinical outcome of patients with intact or removed syndesmotic screws. Paradoxically, patients with a broken syndesmosis screw had the best clinical outcome. Our data do not support the removal of intact or broken syndesmosis screws, and we caution against attributing post-operative ankle pain to breakage of the syndesmosis screw.
The biology of platelet-rich plasma and its application in trauma and orthopaedic surgery
Authors: Alsousou J. , Thompson M. , Hulley P. , Noble A. , Willett K.
Published: August 2009

Although mechanical stabilisation has been a hallmark of orthopaedic surgical management, orthobiologics are now playing an increasing role. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a volume of plasma fraction of autologous blood having platelet concentrations above baseline. The platelet α granules are rich in growth factors that play an essential role in tissue healing, such as transforming growth factor-β, vascular endothelial growth factor, and platelet-derived growth factor. PRP is used in various surgical fields to enhance bone and soft-tissue healing by placing supraphysiological concentrations of autologous platelets at the site of tissue damage. The easily obtainable PRP and its possible beneficial outcome hold promise for new regenerative treatment approaches.

The aim of this literature review was to describe the bioactivities of PRP, to elucidate the different techniques for PRP preparation, to review animal and human studies, to evaluate the evidence regarding the use of PRP in trauma and orthopaedic surgery, to clarify risks, and to provide guidance for future research.
Hip resurfacings revised for inflammatory pseudotumour have a poor outcome
Authors: Grammatopolous G. , Pandit H. , Kwon Y.-M. , Gundle R. , McLardy-Smith P. , Beard D. J. , Murray D. W. , Gill H. S.
Published: August 2009

Inflammatory pseudotumours occasionally occur after metal-on-metal hip resurfacing and often lead to revision. Our aim was to determine the severity of this complication by assessing the outcome of revision in these circumstances and by comparing this with the outcome of other metal-on-metal hip resurfacing revisions as well as that of matched primary total hip replacements.

We identified 53 hips which had undergone metal-on-metal hip resurfacing and required revision at a mean of 1.59 years (0.01 to 6.69) after operation. Of these, 16 were revised for pseudotumours, 21 for fracture and 16 for other reasons. These were matched by age, gender and diagnosis with 103 patients undergoing primary total hip replacement with the Exeter implant.

At a mean follow-up of three years (0.8 to 7.2) the outcome of metal-on-metal hip resurfacing revision for pseudotumour was poor with a mean Oxford hip score of 20.9 (sd 9.3) and was significantly worse (p < 0.001) than the outcome for fracture with a mean Oxford hip score of 40.2 (sd 9.2) or that for other causes with a mean Oxford hip score of 37.8 (sd 9.4). The clinical outcome of revision for pseudotumour was also significantly worse (p < 0.001) than the outcome of matched primary total hip replacements. By contrast, the outcome for fracture and other causes was not significantly different from that of matched primary total hip replacements (p = 0.065). After revision for pseudotumour there were three cases of recurrent dislocation, three of palsy of the femoral nerve, one of stenosis of the femoral artery and two of loosening of the component. Five hips required further revision. In three of these there was evidence of recurrent pseudotumour, and one is currently awaiting further revision. The incidence of major complications after revision for pseudotumour (50%) was significantly higher (p = 0.018) than that after revision for other causes (14%).

The outcome of revision for pseudotumour is poor and consideration should be given to early revision to limit the extent of the soft-tissue destruction. The outcome of resurfacing revision for other causes is good.