bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Validation of Social Self-Esteem and an Experimental Index of Delinquent Behavior
Authors: Berman Sidney M.
Published: September 2011

30 male adolescents were administered a checklist of their delinquent behavior and the measure of social self-esteem designed by Ziller, Hagey, Smith, and Long (1969). A Pearson correlation of —.26 was found between self-esteem and scores on the delinquent behavior checklist. At a later session 18 of the subjects were assigned a puzzle-solving task which served as a measure of cheating. A significant relation between cheating scores and self-reported delinquent behavior indicated that the puzzle-solving task may be useful for measuring level of delinquency in an experimental setting.
Influence of Retention Interval in Oral Stereognostic Testing
Authors: Yairi Ehud , Cavaness Denise S.
Published: September 2011

Two forms of 55 pairs of plastic forms were orally presented one at a time to three 30-member adult groups at 5-, 10-, and 30-sec. intervals. The results showed that subjects' responses were not adversely affected by the increasing demand on retention.
Social Reinforcement in Block Design Performance by Brain-Damaged, Emotionally Disturbed, and Non-Disturbed Retardates
Authors: Lehinger Sue , McManis Donald L.
Published: September 2011

48 retarded adults, equally divided by sex in three diagnostic categories (brain-damaged, nondamaged-disturbed, and nondamaged-nondisturbed) were assigned to posttest reinforcement or control conditions on the basis of CA, IQ, and pretest performance on the Block Design. Reinforced subjects were praised for each individual correct block placement on the postrest; control subjects repeated the test without reinforcement. Both brain-damaged and nondamaged-nondisturbed subjects showed accuracy gains under reinforcement, while nondamaged-disturbed subjects decreased in accuracy. Failure to replicate previous differential reinforcement effects with brain-damaged and nondamaged-nondisturbed subjects, and the discrepant reinforcement effect on nondamaged-disturbed subjects, did not support the use of reinforcement of performance on the Block Design test as an aid in detecting organic damage.
Personality Self-Perceptions of Male Heart Patients and Their Wives: Issues of Congruence and “Coronary Personality”
Authors: Croog Sydney H. , Koslowsky Meni , Levine Sol
Published: September 2011

This study examines personality self-ratings of 283 married men who had recently experienced a first myocardial infarction and who previously had been free from major disease. Similar data were collected from their “non-cardiac” wives. Results indicated that several traits often identified as descriptive of “coronary-prone” personality had high mean ratings in both husband and wife populations. In addition, factor analysis revealed a similar pattern of factors in each group. However, inspection of correlations showed for individual items, men with so-called “coronary-prone” personality traits did not generally have wives with these traits. Husbands and wives tended to agree regarding each other's personality self-ratings. Implications of these husband-wife data are discussed in regard to questions on the role of “coronary-prone” personality in heart disease.
Effects of Nursing Apparel upon Psychiatric Inpatients' Behavior
Authors: Rinn Roger C.
Published: September 2011

To examine the effects of three modes of nursing attire on the behaviors, e.g., aggressive behavior, leaving the unit against medical advice, of psychiatric inpatients, nurses were dad in white uniforms for 6 wk., then in street clothes for 6 wk., optional dress for 6 wk., street clothes for 3 wk., white uniforms for 3 wk., and optional dress for 3 wk. Data from each mode were combined, yielding three experimental conditions. Results showed the greatest rates of maladaptive behaviors occurred during the white uniforms condition followed by the optional and street clothes conditions, respectively. An explanation of this outcome based upon patients' expectations was presented.
Children's Encoding of the Sense Impressions Evoked by Words
Authors: Kail Robert V. , Jongeward Robert H. , Daoust Barbara L. , Aaron Deborah L.
Published: September 2011

Recall by 128 8- and 10-yr.-old children was tested on a release from proactive inhibition task. Each of five trials consisted of presentation of two words to be remembered, a distracting task, and an interval for recall. Words on Trials 1 to 4 were selected from one of two categories of sense impression: round, e.g., head, balloon, or white, e.g., snow, napkin. Words on Trial 5 were selected from the alternate category. In one condition the name of the sense-impression category was given immediately prior to the presentation of words to be remembered. In a second condition the category name was not provided. Recall on Trial 5 increased only for children who received the category cue. Thus, while children may not spontaneously encode the sense impressions evoked by words, they can be induced to do so.
Developmental Transformational Capacity of Children with Down's Syndrome
Authors: Gordan Wenda L. , Panagos John M.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the generative-transformational capacities of two groups of children with Down's Syndrome with mean mental ages of 3,6 yr. and 4,6 yr. respectively. A sentence repetition task was used to assess their knowledge of selected transformational sentence types (simple-active-affirmative-declarative, question, negative, passive and negative-passive). There were significant effects of groups and sentence types but a nonsignificant interaction of groups × sentence types. These results were taken as support for Lenneberg's “slow motion” hypothesis of language development in mentally retarded children. Children with Down's Syndrome appear to follow the same patterns of grammatical acquisition as normal children but at a reduced rate associated with the severity of their retardation.
Retention of Learned Temperature Changes during Problem Solving
Authors: Willerman Lee , Skeen James T. , Simpson J. Scott
Published: September 2011

In 2 studies ( ns = 10, 9) college students were trained using biofeedback to lower or to raise finger temperature. Successful subjects were then asked to do distracting intellectual tasks, while simultaneously retaining the learned temperature changes. Results indicated that these changes could be maintained without detectable decreases in problem-solving efficiency in terms of either time or number of errors. These findings suggested that it might be possible for subjects to function efficiently outside the laboratory in their everyday activities while simultaneously exercising voluntary control over some autonomic processes.
Differential Correlates of Bender-Gestalt and Beery Visual Motor Integration Test for Black and for White Children
Authors: Hartlage Lawrence C. , Lucas Tommie L.
Published: September 2011

The Bender-Gestalt and Beery Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration were administered to 58 black and 33 white children, aged 10-5, mean IQ of 81, of comparable socioeconomic class. WISC, Peabody, Raven Matrices, and Wide Range Achievement Test scores were correlated separately for each racial group. No test appeared to have unique value in helping alleviate possible racial differences in test performance, correlated with achievement test scores at levels exceeding correlations of the WISC with such scores.
Attentiveness in Behaviorally Deviant and Nondeviant Children: I. Auditory Vigilance Performance
Authors: Kupietz Samuel S.
Published: September 2011

The present study examined the vigilance performance of 16 behaviorally deviant and 16 nondeviant children and suggested that the vigilance paradigm might serve as a basis for a standardized test of continuous attention in children. The deviant and nondeviant children performed an auditory vigilance task administered on two separate occasions, 4 days apart. Performance during the first administration of the task deteriorated significantly for the deviant children as a function of time but not for the nondeviant ones. This finding was consistent with several prior clinical studies with children and suggested that the behaviorally deviant children were relatively less able to maintain a continuous level of attention. In addition, the vigilance procedure yielded relatively high test-retest reliability coefficients for both groups of children as well as performance which tended to vary as a function of chronological age.
Sioux Children's Koppitz Scores on the Bender-Gestalt Given by White or Native American Examiners
Authors: Price Thomas L.
Published: September 2011

32 Sioux children between the ages of 5 and 10 yr. were given the Bender-Gestalt test by either a white or a Native American examiner. No significant differences in Koppitz scores of children tested by either examiner were noted. When the mean score for this sample was compared to the normative values provided by Koppitz, the Sioux children's scores were significantly lower or were similar to the norms for children 1 1/2 to 2 yr. younger.
Discrimination of Left-Right Orientation with Directional Markers
Authors: Lyle J. G. , Cameron R.
Published: September 2011

Pre-reading kindergartners ( n = 64) were divided equally into experimental and control groups of similar age and IQ. The experimentals discriminated the reversible letters, b, d, p, q, using special left and right markers plus brief instruction in both up-down and left-right discrimination. The controls had no markers and no instruction. The experimentals improved significantly on the over-all discrimination of letters, but the significant reduction of left-right reversal errors was partly offset by a significant increase of up-down inversion errors. These results held for both a detection task and a recognition task, and there were no interactions with age or sex. The results were interpreted as evidence that the difficulty that young children have in discriminating left-right orientation is due simply to the lack of obvious directional reference points.
Three Group Treatments for Reduction of Speech Anxiety among Students
Authors: Weinberger Alex , Engelhart Roland S.
Published: September 2011

Conditions of group systematic desensitization ( n = 8), group flooding ( n = 7), and a group discussion-placebo control treatment ( n = 4) were employed to reduce anxiety about public-speaking in university students. Three 90-min. sessions were provided. Pre- and posttreatment assessments employed self-report and behavioral measures. The desensitization group showed significant pre- to posttreatment change across all self-report measures, whereas the flooding and control groups showed similar improvement on only one such measure. No group showed significant improvement on the behavioral measure. Groups did not exhibit significant intergroup differences in improvement on any measure.
The Young Child's Explanations of Communication Failure: A Re-Interpretation of Results
Authors: Robinson E. J. , Robinson W. P.
Published: September 2011

Two dolls were made to play a game in which one, the speaker, described one of a set of drawings so that the other, the listener, could pick the matching one from an identical set. The dolls took turns as speaker and listener. The children sat by one doll. When communication failed, the child was asked to ascribe blame to the listener and/or speaker and to say why. All ten children who blamed the listener when communication failed because the message applied to more than one card, located the fault with the speaker when the message referred uniquely to a card other than that selected by the speaker. Their failure to locate blame with the speaker under the other condition cannot therefore be attributed to a total lack of understanding of the role of the message in communication failure.
Time Perception and Schizophrenia
Authors: Densen Michelle E.
Published: September 2011

Time perception of 10 schizophrenic patients, 10 nonschizophrenic patients, and 10 normal subjects was compared. The method of estimation was used for four intervals ranging from 5 sec. to 120 sec.; the subject was required to perform a certain task until the experimenter stopped the subject and then to estimate the length of time spent working on the particular task. The results show significant differences between schizophrenics and other subjects in the judgment of 5-sec. and 15-sec. intervals. The results partially confirm previous findings and suggest other possible trends not previously reported.
Effects of Contingent and Noncontingent Social Reinforcement on Performance of Children in a Ball-Striking Skill
Authors: Bailey Nancy
Published: September 2011

The study investigated selected effects of contingent and noncontingent verbal praise used as reinforcement. Subjects were 12 preschool children, 8 experimental and 4 control. Independent variables manipulated were verbal praise given for hitting the target and verbal praise given without regard for accomplishment. The task required striking an aerial ball toward a target. The number of target hits, trial-to-trial similarity of form movement responses of individual subjects, and the distance from which the target was hit were obtained from practice and test periods, each of 30 trials. Practice included a total of 140 trials distributed over 4 wk. and 2 days. Practice accompanied by contingent praise yielded significantly more target hits than practice accompanied by noncontingent praise. Subjects who practiced the skill increased the number of hits, but not their consistency of form. Subjects scoring below the median target hits increased their consistency in form during early practice periods, while subjects scoring above the median showed no change.
Relationship between Hand-Eye Dominance and Lateral Errors in Basketball Free-Throw Shooting
Authors: Shick Jacqueline
Published: September 2011

86 subjects took a total of 50 free throws, with 10 shots on each of 5 days. Handedness was determined by the preferred hand for performing basketball skills; eye dominance by the “hole-in-card test.” No statistically significant differences were found on comparing the lateral errors made by the unilaterally dominant subjects with those made by the contralaterally dominant subjects. Subjects using a one-hand shot made a significantly greater percentage of errors toward the side of the non-dominant hand than did subjects using a two-hand shot.
Some Conceptual Limits on Reliability Estimates of Measures of Imagining
Authors: Juhasz Joseph B.
Published: September 2011

It is argued that to the degree that some imagining processes are transformatory in nature, estimates of reliability either bear no relation to their validity or in fact may indicate lack of validity. This is so because the nature of transformation implies that the object under study will not stand still to be measured. Any indication of reliability would then merely be a fortuitous coincidence between the waxing and waning of the object to be measured and of the measuring device. Alternatively, the presence of reliable measurement may indicate that the imagining being measured is related to verbal-mathematical reasoning.
Individual Differences in Verbal and Imagery Abilities: Paired-Associate Recall as a Function of Stimulus and Response Concreteness
Authors: Rossi Joseph S. , Fingeret Allan L.
Published: September 2011

Individual differences in verbal ability measured by Verbal Scholastic Aptitude Test score and imagery ability measured by Betts' Questionnaire Upon Mental Imagery and Marks' Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire were determined. The latter two were positively correlated, and neither correlated with the Scholastic Aptitude Test. Subjects high in verbal ability and high in imagery independently increased paired-associate recall over those low in verbal ability and imagery when the Marks scale was used as the measure of imagery. Paivio's dual-coding hypothesis was generally supported, and the conceptual-peg function of concrete stimuli was especially beneficial to subjects of low verbal ability and high imagery. The Marks scale was superior to the shortened Betts scale for predicting the effects of ability to image on recall for these 4 groups of 20 subjects each.
Imitation of Gestures Technique: A Preliminary Report on a Preschool Test of Visual-Motor Integration
Authors: Manni John L. , Martin Roy , Sewill Trevor
Published: September 2011

The present study was done to determine the validity of the Imitation of Gestures Technique as a measure of visual-motor functioning for preschoolers. Contrary to the paper-and-pencil techniques utilized by most tests of visual-motor functioning, this test requires the child to reproduce arm, hand, and finger gestures demonstrated by the examiner. The performance of 295 preschoolers on the test was correlated with age and scores from the Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration. Results support the potential of this new test as a measure of visual-motor functioning.
Motor Proficiency of Learning Disabled and Nondisabled Students
Authors: Bruininks Virginia L. , Bruininks Robert H.
Published: September 2011

The motor proficiency of 55 learning disabled and 55 nondisabled students was compared on a comprehensive battery of motor-skills tests. Learning disabled students performed significantly lower than nondisabled students on measures of fine motor skills and on measures of gross motor skills. Their greatest deficiencies were on tasks requiring body equilibrium, controlled fine visual-motor movements, and bilateral coordination of movements involving different parts of the body. All of these areas include complex motor patterns that require the integration of visual and kinesthetic senses with motor responses. Implications of these findings for the development of motor training programs and for future research are discussed.
Cross-Cultural Comparison of Motivation among Selected Samples of Elementary Education Majors in the United States and Thailand
Authors: White William F. , Rungsinan Aree
Published: September 2011

At the University of Bangkok, Thailand, 100 female education majors completed a semantic differential type scale of 10 concepts written in Thai language. That instrument, in English translation, was presented to 100 randomly selected education majors at the University of Georgia. Semantic differential responses by each group were factor analyzed by the principal components solution. Comparisons were made between the Thai students and the American students on feelings of value, power, and activity toward each of the 10 concepts.
Picture-Recognition Memory as a Function of Picture Organization and Age
Authors: Franken R. E.
Published: September 2011

The study was designed to determine whether the failure of previous studies to find a difference between the performance of children and adults in picture-recognition tasks might be due to the number, the selective content and the organization of the pictures used in certain studies of children. The results indicated that irrespective of age, subjects do much better on pictures that possess good figure-ground quality and further that when factors such as number, content and organization are controlled, there are effects due to age.
Sex Differences in Psychosocial Perceptions toward Naval Work Environments
Authors: Booth Richard F. , Lantz Karen T.
Published: September 2011

The Insel and Moos' Work Environment Scale was used to assess expectations ac the time of occupational entry and perceptions in training and on the job for 200 Navy enlisted men and 200 Navy enlisted women working in health care jobs. A comparison by sex of these variables showed that the men and women entered naval work environments with different expectations of what would be encountered, but that once they had experienced the actual psychosocial climate they tended to perceive both the training and job environments in a similar manner. An exception to this general finding indicated that Navy administrators may be using different techniques for supervising the behavior of men and women. Furthermore the men and women working in ward environments tended to perceive the psychosocial climate very differently in contrast to the less substantial sex differences found in psychosocial perceptions toward other paramedical work settings. A need for further research on the influence of sex differences on supervisor-subordinate relationships is noted.
Height on the Draw-a-Person: Comparison of Figure Drawings of Black and White Male Drug Abusers
Authors: Patalano Frank
Published: September 2011

The Draw-A-Person Test was administered to 30 black and 30 white male drug abusers, in a residential therapeutic community. Mean height and mean area of the female figures drawn by the black subjects were greater than the mean height and mean area of the female figures drawn by the white subjects. More black subjects drew the female figure taller than the male figure. Data were discussed in regard to family background and socio-cultural considerations.
The Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue Test: A Question of Norms
Authors: Malone Daniel R. , Hannay H. Julia
Published: September 2011

The Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue Test was administered to 120 familial right-handed color-normal males. The range of errors indicative of low, average, and superior color discrimination varied from published norms. Subjects made significantly fewer errors on the first quarter-series so that the assumption of random errors by color-normal males was not met.
Effects of Passage Length on Listeners' Rate Preference
Authors: Leeper Herbert A. , Lass Norman J.
Published: September 2011

A traditional paired-comparison procedure was employed for determining 20 listeners' rate preferences for prose recordings. The results suggest that a one-sentence prose passage may be used in place of a longer length passage with an equivalent outcome for rate-preference research.
Stimulus Adaptation and Latent Learning, Type III
Authors: Haraway Maury M. , Grimmett Michael A. , Maples Ernest G.
Published: September 2011

10 rats given stimulus adaptation in unassembled maze components, then trained in the assembled maze, performed similarly to rats given typical Type III latent-learning experience. Both groups reached a learning criterion significantly faster than control subjects who were trained in the assembled maze from the outset. It was suggested that stimulus adaptation may account for many instances of latent learning.
Relationship between Birth Weight and Perceptual Motor Performance in Children
Authors: Lee Amelia M.
Published: September 2011

A perceptual-motor performance test (jumping, skipping, balancing, walking) was administered to 150 5- and 6-yr.-old children categorized according to birth weight. Differences were found among the three birth-weight groups, with the children of low birth weight scoring significantly lower than the groups of medium and high birth weight. A substantial positive correlation of .75 was obtained between birth weight and the perceptual-motor performance (total number of items passed).
Interaction between Auditory and Oral Sensory Feedback in Speech Regulation
Authors: Fucci Donald , Crary Michael A. , Warren Joseph A. , Bond Z. S.
Published: September 2011

To investigate the interaction between the auditory and oral sensory feedback modalities during speech production lingual vibrotactile thresholds were obtained from subjects in the following conditions: (1) before and after speech production with normal auditory feedback, (2) before and after speech production under exposure to auditory masking, and (3) before and after exposure to auditory masking without performing speech tasks. In addition duration measurements were obtained for selected speech sounds to investigate temporal changes in the articulatory patterns of subjects in the various conditions. Lingual sensory decreases and temporal reorganization were observed only in subjects speaking under auditory masking. These data suggest a balanced interaction between auditory and oral sensory feedback modalities which, when disturbed, results in non-phonemic change in speech production.
Age, Sex, Speed, and Practice in Coincidence-Anticipation Performance of Children
Authors: Dunham Paul
Published: September 2011

The effect of age, sex, speed, and practice on coincidence-anticipation (C/A) performance of elementary school children was investigated. 84 elementary school children, 7 boys and 7 girls at Ages 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 yr., served as subjects for the study. Subjects were given 24 C/A trials, 6 each at 4 speeds, randomly presented. Subjects were required to lift the foot off a spring switch in coincidence with the arrival of a ball at a target flag. A score was determined as the difference between actual time and the estimate as recorded on separate .01-sec. Lafayette timers. The data were analyzed employing a 6 by 2 by 4 by 3 factorial design. Results indicated that 7-yr.-olds performance was inferior to those of all other age groups, boys were more accurate than girls, and all groups exhibited improvement over practice.
Females Judged by Attractiveness of Partner
Authors: Strane Kim , Watts Carol
Published: September 2011

30 male and 30 female students rated a female photographed with either an attractive or an unattractive male on 8 bipolar adjective scales. The female was rated more positively when paired with an attractive male than when paired with an unattractive male on 6 of the 8 adjective scales. There were no significant differences between the ratings given by male and female subjects and no significant interactions.
Analysis of Interaction in Observation of Nonverbal Behavior
Authors: Butterfield Gary
Published: September 2011

To identify sources of error in observation of nonverbal behavior was the purpose of this study. This type of information is an invaluable aid in improving clinical training and practice. 6 male and 6 female undergraduates each recorded, on a four-channel event recorder, 4 1800-sec. interviews (recorded on video and audio tapes) in which two males' leg movements and pauses, and two females' hand movements and “ah's” were observed. With observational accuracy measured by judges' frequency of response, a three-factor (8 sessions, 3 600-sec. intervals per session, sex of judges) analysis of variance and individual paired comparisons indicated that type of session, time within the session (earlier vs later), and a sex-mode-related judge-interviewee pattern all were relevant to recording accuracy. Interpretation of the two major findings, higher judges' response during the earlier stages of the sessions and greater accuracy by judges when observing their own sex, was discussed.
Relationship of Hyperactivity and Depression in Children
Authors: Brumback Roger A. , Weinberg Warren A.
Published: September 2011

From questionnaires completed by parents and teachers and clinical assessment by a physician 223 school age children were evaluated for childhood depression. Data showed hyperactivity and depression occurred independently but were frequently associated, especially when hyperactivity was episodic.
Locus of Interference on the Stroop Test
Authors: Wheeler Daniel D.
Published: September 2011

On the Stroop test subjects are presented with a random sequence of color names printed in random colors of ink. They are asked to go through the list twice, once reading the words aloud and once naming the ink colors. In this experiment 36 college students were also asked to go through the lists using their fingers to make push button responses. With verbal responses naming the ink colors took nearly twice as long as reading the words, thus replicating the usual Stroop test results. With either the left hand or the right there was no difference between the time required by the subjects to respond to the words and to the ink colors. The disappearance of the Stroop effect with finger responses suggests strongly that the interference normally shown on the Stroop test occurs primarily in the processing of the verbal response.
Design Completion-Time for Seven-Year-Old Children
Authors: Hofmann Richard J. , Miele Thomas A.
Published: September 2011

Design completion-times and total-test completion-time for the 9 designs of the Bender-Gestalt are presented. It is suggested that completion-time may well be irrelevant in performance on the Bender of these 64 7-yr.-old children.
Resistance to Extinction of a Lever Press in Spiny Mice (Acomys Cahirinus)
Authors: Deni Richard
Published: September 2011

The operant lever pressing of 12 adult male spiny mice ( Acomys cahirinus) was assessed during two phases of procedure: (1) CRF performance and subsequent extinction and (2) FR-10 performance and subsequent extinction. This highly precocial species showed a marked inability to inhibit previously reinforced responding during extinction following CRF performance. This result parallels extinction responding previously observed in guinea pigs, also an early developing species. Introduction of an FR-10 schedule resulted in a significant increase in lever pressing during performance sessions, establishing a contingency between responding and reinforcement that may not have existed during phase 1. However, complete extinction following FR-10 performance did not occur.
Within-Modal and Cross-Modal Reliabilities of Two Laterality Tests among Left Handers
Authors: Fennell Eileen B. , Bowers Dawn , Satz Paul
Published: September 2011

20 left handers were administered four repeat testings of a dichotic listening task and a verbal visual half-field task. Scores on the dichotic task were reliable between Days 1 and 4 while visual half-field performance did not stabilize until two testing sessions. Left handers showed a clear right channel, superiority of the right visual half field for the verbal material. No significant cross-modal reliabilities were observed. It was also found that, in comparison to right handers, left handers show more variability in channel/visual half field than right handers on the same procedures.
Effects of Retention Interval on Pupillary Responses during a Simple Discrimination
Authors: Krinsky Richard , Gardner Rick M.
Published: September 2011

Responses from 6 subjects show that pupillary changes observed during short-term information processing with retention intervals of 0, 5, and 10 sec. delay occur during recognition memory for tones as well as recall of 7-digit numbers.
Auditory Discrimination as a Predictor of Reading for Bilingual Mexican-American Migrant Children
Authors: Lombard Thomas J. , Harney Bernard J.
Published: September 2011

The performance of 61 bilingual Mexican-American migrant children, ages 8 to 14 yr., was compared for Spanish and English formats of the Wepman Auditory Discrimination Test. The two formats correlated significantly with each other and both were predictive of reading recognition as measured by the Peabody Individual Achievement Test. The data suggest that auditory discrimination as measured by the popular Wepman test may not be a pure perceptual skill but may be language bound. Consequently auditory discrimination as a pure perceptual skill may not be accurately assessed in bilingual or monolingual Spanish-speaking children if the Wepman test is used in its published format. A Spanish-based alternative is suggested for assessing auditory discrimination for uses other than reading prediction.
Effect of Economic Level and Impulsivity on the Bender-Gestalt Performance of Greek Children
Authors: Roe K. V.
Published: September 2011

The Bender-Gestalt test was administered to 126 normal 6- to 7-yr.-old Greek children coming from three distinctly different socio-economic environments. Children from higher economic environments made fewer errors and required significantly longer completion times. A significant, but low, negative correlation was found between the subjects' performance and completion times, supporting Kagan's hypothesis based on matching figures that impulsivity affects performance negatively. When errors were adjusted for completion time by covariance analysis, a significant difference in Bender errors among all three environments still remained, favoring the performance of children from higher economic environments.
Welmar—Computer Programs to Analyze Dialogic Time Patterns
Authors: Martz Merrill J. , Welkowitz Joan
Published: September 2011

This paper describes a computerized system (for the PDP-12) for analyzing patterns arising from two-speaker dialogues. Programs detect the presence and absence of sound from each speaker at a sampling rate specified by the user. The parameters of interest are vocalizations, pauses, interruptions, and vocal intensity. Programs are provided to count frequencies, determine durations and variabilities, plot intensities, etc. Programs are also available to aid in determining speech thresholds, examine the raw data, and measure and account for cross-talk. These programs should be useful in examining dyadic interactions and detecting disturbances in communication.
Time Estimation: Effects of Attentional Focus and a Comparison of Interval Conditions
Authors: McKay Timothy D.
Published: September 2011

Time estimation was studied as a function of the subject's attention to the stimulus interval and the stimulus condition of the standard interval. 111 subjects from lower level psychology classes were randomly assigned to an interval condition. Time estimation of a standard interval was significantly lower when subjects attended to the stimulus material than when attending to the interval of passing time. A significant difference was not obtained among the three intervals.
Relationship of Ratings of Classroom Performance and Enjoyment with Seat Selection
Authors: Pedersen Darhl M.
Published: September 2011

For a particular class 44 subjects rated their class performance, class enjoyment, and enjoyment of the professor. They also indicated their actual choice of seating in one of four row sectors and one of three column sectors. Correlations supported the hypothesis that students who feel that they are performing well and enjoy the class and professor select seats having high possibilities of visual contact with the instructor.
Acquisition of Two Gaze-Contingent Aftereffects
Authors: Devane Joseph R.
Published: September 2011

Previous studies have shown that subjects could acquire a prismatic aftereffect contingent on the direction of gaze. Other studies have shown that subjects could acquire two simultaneous aftereffects with multiple cues. In the present study 12 subjects practiced alternately under two opposite 20-diopter lateral displacements and displayed two gaze-contingent aftereffects.
Generalization of the Eisler-Ekman Similarity Function
Authors: Junge Kenneth
Published: September 2011

A generalization of the Eisler-Ekman similarity function is presented which fits data at least as well as some of the other similarity functions that have been proposed. While these functions either are parameterless or merely contain correcting parameters added to improve goodness of fit, the general similarity function has two parameters that are inherent to the model of similarity which the function represents.
Conspecific Images as Elements of Compound Stimuli Controlling Operant Responding in Female Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Deni Richard , Drake Daniel I.
Published: September 2011

Six adult female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) performed food-reinforced button presses in a compound stimulus discrimination paradigm. Three subjects were trained on a compound stimulus consisting of a color motion picture of an adult male rhesus superimposed over a homogeneous blue field of color. A second group of three subjects was trained on a compound consisting of a color slide depicting an adult male rhesus and the blue field. Subsequent testing of relative stimulus control exerted by either compounds, conspecific stimuli (movie-slide) or blue field alone was carried out. Results indicated that for the movie group, stimulus control was attenuated when either the conspecific stimulus or blue field was presented as a single S+ stimulus compared to tests using the compound stimulus as S+. Subjects in the movie group shared attention to both constituent elements of the compound. Statistically significant differences in stimulus control between compound, conspecific stimulus, and blue field were not found for the slide group. Superior control by the compound movie-blue field was explained as the result of increased visual salience of an altered (blue) conspecific image.
Lateral Asymmetries in Visual Perception: A Review of Tachistoscopic Visual Half-Field Studies
Authors: Pirozzolo Francis J.
Published: September 2011

Experiments using the visual half-field paradigm are reviewed with special reference to the three theories which purport to account for perceptual asymmetries: the left-to-right internal scanning mechanism theory, the direct anatomical access theory, and the attentional bias theory. Recent evidence has clearly shown that the direct anatomical access theory can account for virtually all lateral asymmetries in the perception of verbal and spatial stimuli. The results of the studies reviewed strongly support a model of brain function which suggests that the simultaneous processing of verbal and spatial stimuli does not constrict the attention of either hemisphere. The difficulty in separating the factors of hemispheric processing and stimulus characteristics is discussed. It is suggested that a reliable conclusion about the role of the cerebral hemispheres can only be made when a better description of the operating characteristics of the hemispheres is available.
Characteristics of near-Point and Far-Point Binocular and Monocular Sighting in Classroom and Ophthalmological Populations
Authors: Palmer Lyelle L.
Published: September 2011

Near-point and far-point binocular and monocular sighting tests given 240 high and low achievers from regular classrooms at Grades 4, 8, and 12 yielded significant differences by χ3 in distributions of near-point binocular sighting only. Twelfth-grade subjects were significantly different on this test from those in other grades. Classroom distributions for all other tests were not significantly different from those found in an ophthalmological population reported by Fink in 1938. The distributions of all tests were highly skewed and could not be considered normal. Comparisons of individual tests for total high and low achievers and all groups combined indicated that near-point and binocular tests appear to be independent of, and far-point and monocular tests appear to be related to, other sighting tests.
Factors Affecting Personal Space toward a Group
Authors: Pedersen Darhl M.
Published: September 2011

The personal space of 160 males and 160 females was measured relative to target groups whose characteristics varied in size (1, 2, 3, 4), type of person (men, women, boy, and girl), and direction of orientation (right, front, left). Two analyses of variance were completed: (a) sex of subject × type of target person × group size × direction of facing and (b) sex of subject × direction of facing of right target × direction of facing of left target person × man-woman composition. Personal space was smaller toward groups not containing a man than for those containing a man, for groups of children than adults when approaching face to face, for groups of females than males when approaching from behind, for groups facing away than for groups facing at right angles than for groups facing toward. Although group size was involved in a significant interaction with type of person and direction of facing, it did not produce a significant main effect. Sex of subject also was not significant, showing that males and females exhibited generic social schemas in personal spacing toward groups.
Pupillary Responses as a Measure of Attitudes about Alcoholic Beverages
Authors: Beall Sue
Published: September 2011

Pupillary and verbal responses of 39 adult subjects were not significantly associated though mean pupillary responses while viewing slides of a seascape, an automobile accident, and a control slide were significantly different. There was a positive relation between stated dislike of the accident scene and pupillary constriction. Pupillary responses and Bell Alcohol Scale scores correlated —.42.
Screening and Remediation of Preschool Children from Low Income Families
Authors: Rickel Annette U.
Published: September 2011

A preschool intervention screening, diagnosis and remediation program for 100 3- and 4-yr.-olds administered by a Community Mental Health Center is evaluated. Statistically significant improvement by project children compared with non-project controls indicated prevention techniques applicable to older school age children are also applicable to 3- and 4-yr.-old preschoolers.
Field Dependence—Independence and Performance with the Passive Transformation
Authors: Powers James E. , Lis Donna J.
Published: September 2011

An investigation of the influence of children's levels of field dependence-independence on their performance with the passive transformation is presented. Eighty 6th graders classified as field dependent or field independent were presented with sentence-question combinations, each in either the active or passive voice, and numbers of correct responses were recorded. Results showed that field-independent subjects performed better over-all than did field-dependent subjects. The three-way interaction of field dependence-independence, sentence voice, and question voice was also significant. Field-dependent subjects performed significantly more poorly on the active-passive and passive-active combinations than on the active-active and passive-passive combinations. There were no significant differences among the four treatments within the field-independent subjects. Thus field-dependent subjects had greatest difficulty with combinations requiring them to isolate the essential elements of a sentence and use them in a different form; field-independent subjects did not experience this difficulty.
Correlates of Females' Sexual Fantasies
Authors: Brown Jerri J. , Hart Darrell H.
Published: September 2011

The intent of the study was to obtain data on the incidence of female sexual fantasy and on the relationship of background, personality, and attitudinal factors to the quantity of sexual fantasies. The participants were 102 university women students between the ages of 19 and 45 yr. An original Female Sexual Fantasy Questionnaire, a short form of the Attitude Toward Women Scale, the 16 PF, and the background variables of age, sexual experience, marital status, and religion provided data for the analysis. Conclusions were that 99% of the women engaged in sexual fantasy at least occasionally and that age, sexual experience, anxiety, independence, and liberal attitudes toward women are all related to frequency of sexual fantasy.
Emotional Impact of a Task and its Setting on Work Performance of Screeners and Nonscreeners
Authors: Mehrabian Albert , West Suzanne
Published: September 2011

This study explored desire to work at a task in a situation as a function of situational pleasantness, situational arousing quality, task pleasantness, and task arousing quality. The hypotheses which were based on a general theory of environmental psychology accounted for a major portion of the results. These showed that (1) the pleasantness of a task and/or situation is a direct correlate of desire to work, (2) the arousing quality of any situation-task combination is inversely related to the desire to work, and (3) desire to work is not affected by the arousing quality of a situation-task combination when that combination is pleasant, and decreases with arousing quality of a situation-task combination when that combination is either neutral (in terms of pleasantness) or unpleasant. An individual difference measure of stimulus screening was employed to assess characteristic differences in automatic screening of irrelevant stimuli and rapid habituation to distracting stimuli. Nonscreeners who are generally more arousable reported a lower desire to work than screeners. Further, as predicted, nonscreeners, compared with screeners, reported a greater desire to work at pleasant situation-task combinations. However, compared with screeners, they reported less desire to work at neutral (in terms of pleasantness) or unpleasant tasks.
Role of Sex Identification in Perception of a Social Blunder
Authors: Maier Richard A. , Lavrakas Paul J. , Bentley Brian , Parrella Gilda
Published: September 2011

4 groups of subjects observed an interaction between a male and a female on videotape: in one interaction the male blundered, in another the female blundered, and there were two control conditions in which the interaction was not followed by a blunder. Results indicated an effect of sex identification; the male blunderer was derogated most by male subjects ( n = 34) and the female most by female subjects ( n = 34).
Electrodermal Response in the Squirrel Monkey
Authors: Levy Joel K. , Igarashi Makoto , Ledet John C. , Reschke Millard F.
Published: September 2011

An effort to find evidence of electrodermal response in the squirrel monkey ( Saimiri sciureus), as found in man, some infra-human genera of Simiae, and some lower mammals and amphibians, failed to locate an example. Given anatomical considerations, the availability of this response in Saimiri was suspected. In this study, using the skin conductance (constant voltage) method, monophasic electrodermal response as a result of novel or startle stimuli presentation was detected and a range of skin conductance level for test cases was determined.
Influence of Age, Ability, and Angle on Pupils' Judgments of Size of Angles
Authors: Simon A. , Ward L. O.
Published: September 2011

80 subjects of 11 to 14 years were tested with 8 cards on which were printed angles between 0° and 180°, and on the Raven's Progressive Matrices Test and the Schonell R4 Reading Test. Significant differences on performance were found in relation to age and ability variables and as between angle sizes 0°—90° and 90°—180°.
Effects of Medium and Presentation Style on Evaluation of a Communicator
Authors: Kaplan Robert M. , Adams Marka , Singer Robert D.
Published: September 2011

To examine some aspects of the effects of channel and speech delivery style upon evaluations of a communicator, a 2 × 2 (channel × style) independent groups design was used. 32 high school boys and 72 girls heard a political speech presented by a professional actor over either simulated radio or television. Half the subjects heard the actor give an excited, emotional (hot) presentation of the speech; the others heard the speech presented in a relaxed, unemotional (cool) style. The subjects then rated the speaker on 44 dependent measures. Significant results were obtained for both the channel and the style factors. In general the speaker was evaluated more favorably after he had given the cool presentation than after he had presented the speech in the hot style. The television presentation was followed by more positive evaluations of the speaker than the radio presentation. In support of Marshall McLuhan's theory the cool speaker was evaluated more favorably than the hot speaker when on television but less favorably when on radio.
Use and Evaluation of Full-Range Picture Vocabulary Test: Partial Summary through March, 1976: I. Published Papers
Authors: Ammons R. B. , Ammons C. H.
Published: September 2011

88 substantial references to the Full-Range Picture Vocabulary Test are listed, originating from a literature search and replies to letters sent to 5, 142 users of record.
Relationships of the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities and the Detroit Tests of Learning Aptitude
Authors: Wiebe Michael J. , Harrison Kenneth A.
Published: September 2011

A correlational study of the Detroit Tests of Learning Aptitude and the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities was conducted. In this sample of 111 children with a mean age of 5 yr. 8 mo., specific subtests or scales of each instrument were compared and analyzed. General ability or skill measures of both instruments represented the highest levels of correlation and shared, or common, variance. The only specific learning abilities assessed by both instruments and demonstrating common variance were determined in the motor and/or perceptual areas. Few relationships were determined for verbal or quantitative abilities as assessed by either instrument.