bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ANALYSIS OF INSURANCE INNOVATION DEVELOPMENT TRENDS
Authors: Vasylieva Tetiana , Didenko Iryna , Sidelnyk Natalia , Yefimenko Alina
Published: February 2023

Modern trends in technology development lead to a more detailed assessment of innovations in strategically important financial spheres of the state's functioning, among which the insurance sector is highlighted. The current financial market can only be imagined with the involvement of various digital technologies. Financial inclusion is becoming widespread, creating appropriate conditions for attracting all segments of the population and businesses to use multiple financial services. Such services should be available at the price and infrastructure price, officially regulated, and meet the population's needs, which will stimulate the country's economic growth.
Insurance innovation is part of financial inclusion, as the latest methods of attracting and serving customers are the driver of the state's economic growth.
The purpose of the study is to assess the state of insurance innovations as part of financial inclusion. The main tools used during the research are grouping, comparison, and generalization. A graphical method was also used during the analysis of the number of deals concluded in the insurance technology sector, the share of insurtech financing transactions in selected countries, the amount of financing of the insurtech industry, and changes in the number of insurtech startups worldwide.
The article analyzes the following indicators of insurance activity in the field of innovation: the number of deals in the area of insurance technologies worldwide and the amount of insurtech financing during 2017-2021, the share of insurtech financing transactions in selected countries of the world in 2021, the number of insurtech startups worldwide during 2008-2019.
It was determined that the number of agreements concluded in the insurance technology sector reached its maximum value in 2021. As for the number of startups in the field of other technologies, there has been a significant decrease since the end of 2016.
Thus, Usurtech is a driver of the development of the insurance market and the financial system as a whole. Therefore one of the priority tasks of the state should be to maintain the financial literacy of the population to increase the level of use of innovative technologies, development, and implementation of startups.
The use of machine learning, "unstructured data", artificial intelligence, blockchain technologies, telematics, and other modern processes can be priority vectors of different technologies. Their list constantly expands in the conditions of globalization of world markets of goods and services.
CONTESTATION AND REPRESENTATION
Authors: Jahroni Jajang , Faisal Bakti Andi M.
Published: February 2023

This article seeks to elaborate the roles of some Muslim scholars and activists who, thanks to the advancement of internet technology, have shaped new forms of religious life in Indonesia. Using social media platforms such as YouTube, Instagram, Facebook, and Twitter, they advocate their ideas and attract followers from Muslim groups. These Muslims are divided into four ideologies, namely conservative, moderate, liberal and traditionalist. As this article argues, thanks to their online activism, they successfully shape a new religious authority replacing the old model. Nevertheless, as this article also suggests, religious activism on online media outlets does not lead to the pluralism of religious views and understandings. In contrast, this activism creates the so called echo chamber or isolated bubbles, which means that the activists’ voices are only observed by their limited followers. Taking the activism of most popular conservative activists Felix Siauw, it sees that his view reverberates only among his social media followers and fails to attract those who embrace other views orideologies. The followers of the moderate, the liberal, and the traditionalist on the other hand tend to be heterogenous creating a noisy minority. This leads to the vibrant and robust religious discourses.
Procedure for selecting a rational technological mode for the processing of cast iron melt on the basis of graph-analytical processing of the data of serial smeltings
Authors: Nikolaiev Denys
Published: February 2023

The object of research: cast iron grade DSTU EN 1561 (EN-GJL-200), used for the manufacture of body parts for mechanical engineering.

Investigated problem: the choice of the technological mode of the process of producing cast iron under conditions of multifactorial influence on the formation of its microstructure.

The main scientific results: A procedure for truncation of the influencing factors on the formation of the microstructure is proposed, which is a consistent reduction of data from serial smeltings to uniform conditions allowed by the actual data set. Common conditions mean the closeness of the chemical composition of the melt, which makes it possible to compare the effectiveness of the applied modifiers in combination with microalloying in terms of cast iron microstructure indicators. The proposed data truncation procedure made it possible, by creating conditions for comparing the efficiency of FeSi75 and FeSi65CaBaSr2 modifiers, to develop a rational technological regime for melt processing.

It has been established that the compared modifiers have the same effect on the size of graphite – its content is (50–51) μm, however, the use of FeSi65CaBaSr2 in combination with an alloying complex (0.27 %Cr+0.083 %Ni+0.048 %Ti+0.155 %Cu+0.018 %V ) makes it possible to obtain an average amount of pearlite of 96 % in the microstructure.

The area of practical use of the results of the study: the results obtained can be used in foundries or metallurgical shops of industrial enterprises as part of a general technology for producing cast iron of various grades, developed for cases of incomplete control of the quality of charge materials. Such a situation occurs, for example, when the charge is formed from dismantled armored vehicles that cannot be restored due to destruction on the battlefield.

Innovative technological product: iron smelting technology that allows the possibility of minimizing the cost of smelting in terms of the use of modifiers and alloying ferroalloys

The scope of the technological innovative product: technological regimes for the production of cast iron.
Impact of low birth weight and breastfeeding practices on the nutritional status of children aged 2 to 5 years in the slums
Authors: Vallepalli Chandrasekhar , Sumalini Mannem Meghana , Prathyusha T. V. D. , Deekala Ravi Sankar , Nagaraj Kondagunta
Published: February 2023

Malnutrition among children in developing countries is a major public health problem, especially in India. Inappropriate feeding practices, in combination with other causes such as infection and food shortage, may be responsible for 1/3rd of malnutrition. Moreover, the risk of mortality is inversely related to children's height-for-age and weight-for-height.

The aim: To assess the nutritional status of children aged 2 to 5 years in the urban field practice area of SVIMS-Sri Padmavathi Medical College for Women, Tirupati and to determine the impact of low birth weight, breastfeeding practices and other related factors on the nutritional status of the above study population.

Materials and methods: This is a community-based observational cross-sectional study conducted among 282 children aged 2 to 5 years in the urban field practice area of SVIMS-Sri Padmavathi Medical College for Women, Tirupati. Socio-demographic data, Birth history, breastfeeding practices and anthropometric measurements were noted in the study questionnaire. Nutritional status was determined using HAZ, WHZ and WAZ scores of WHO child growth standards. Data was entered and analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 26 version to test for association between categorical variables, and a p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: A total of 282 school children with mean age of 39.9 (+10.4) months participated in the study, of which 132 (46.8 %) were boys and 150 (53.2 %) were girls. This study observed exclusive breastfeeding in 193 (68.4 %) children. Prevalence of stunting, wasting and being underweight were 22 %, 12.4 % and 23.8 %, respectively. A statistically significant association was found between stunting (p=0.006) and underweight (p=0.001) with low birth weight children.

Conclusions: The present study revealed a high prevalence of malnutrition, especially stunting, a common outcome of long-term malnutrition among young children. Low birth weight and inappropriate breastfeeding practices result in long-term adverse consequences on the nutrition of preschool children, which should be prevented through appropriate strategies.
Comparison of serum copper levels between coronary artery disease patients and normal individuals: a case-control study
Authors: Rajan Zinnia Shivaji , Jaganathan Sowndharya , Arokiasamy Synthiya , Kandhi Suganya , Sasikala Pothanur Mayavan
Published: February 2023

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading causes of death in technologically developed and developing countries. Copper, an active redox element, is involved in energy production through various mechanisms. Copper and coronary artery disease can be associated directly, through its direct effect on the vascular endothelium, or indirectly through lipoprotein metabolism. Hence an evaluation of copper in the coronary artery disease individual is important.

The aim is to compare the relationship of serum copper levels between coronary artery disease patients and control individuals based on age, sex, hypertension and diabetes mellitus.

Materials and methods: The study design was a case-control study in which proven coronary artery disease patients attending cardiology OPD were selected as cases. Control individuals were mainly selected from the master health check-up. Serum copper levels, plasma glucose, cholesterol, serum triglycerides, and serum HDL & LDL cholesterol were done. Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C) was also measured. The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS software version 24.

Result: The correlation of serum copper level with other quantitative parameters is determined by calculating Pearson’s correlation coefficient among cases and controls.

Conclusion: The serum copper level is significantly (p=0.001) higher in CAD patients than in age, sex, DM, and HT-matched controls. The serum copper level has a significant (p=0.001) effect on disease, and the adjusted odds ratio is 1.032 (CI 1.011–1.054). In addition, the serum copper level has a significant (0.01) negative correlation with LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol.
Improved method of brewing peanut mouth with blending fruit drink of a high degree of readiness
Authors: Zahorulko Andrii , Zagorulko Aleksey , Mikhaylov Valeriy , Rudska Nina , Dmytrevskyi Dmytro , Ibaiev Eldar , Tytarenko Nataliia
Published: February 2023

The method of production of peanut paste with blended fruit and vegetable semi-finished products of high degree of readiness based on Jerusalem artichoke and cranberry obtained under conditions of low-temperature concentration has been improved. The production method is characterized by the process of concentration in a rotary-film apparatus at a temperature of 45...50 °C to a content of 28...30 % of dry substances within 1.75...2.00 minutes. The organoleptic evaluation of various recipe ratios of the selected raw materials revealed its optimal content in the semi-finished product (Jerusalem artichoke 65 %, cranberry 35 %), which has a uniform structure, a pleasant aroma of cranberry and Jerusalem artichoke, and its color is red-orange. The obtained fruit and vegetable semi-finished product of a high degree of readiness can be used as a base or additive in various food products of special purpose to increase their nutritional value and provide the products with a health-improving effect.

For the production of health-prophylactic peanut paste, a technological manufacturing scheme is proposed with the addition of Jerusalem artichoke and cranberry fruit and vegetable paste to its composition, which will further increase the health-prophylactic properties of the finished product, eliminate the use of sugar and other synthetic stabilizers in comparison with classical technology. The organoleptic evaluation of the received samples of peanut paste with blended fruit and vegetable semi-finished product of a high degree of readiness revealed a rational amount of the semi-finished product at the level of 25 %, while the product has a structured, homogeneous consistency and a pleasant yellow-orange color. The obtained product can be recommended for therapeutic and preventive purposes, as a cholesterol-lowering and immunomodulating agent
Field Trial to Evaluate the Effects of Fore-stripping on Milk-Flow Rates
Authors: Rapnicki P. , Johnson A. , Stewart S. , Godden S.
Published: February 2023

A field trial was conducted on a modern 1,000-cow dairy in northwest Wisconsin in January 2002 to evaluate the effect of fore-stripping in a milking prep routine on milk-flow rates.
Isolation of Mycoplasma from Cows' Milk
Authors: Hirst H. , Dinsmore P. , Hyatt D. , Garry F.
Published: February 2023

Mycoplasma species that cause mastitis in dairy cattle are often extremely contagious. In epidemics of mastitis caused by M. bovis, rapid and accurate diagnosis is essential for controlling the spread of this organism from cow to cow. An epidemic may be extremely costly to the producer if appropriate sampling and culture protocols are not promptly implemented. Unfortunately, few procedures for isolation of microorganisms are standardized across veterinary diagnostic laboratories. Mycoplasma culture techniques can vary greatly between laboratories. This study compared Mycoplasma culture results at four different laboratories in order to assess whether sensitivity and specificity were variable between laboratories.
Sonographic Appearance of Injection and Natural Edema in the Udder of Show Cows
Authors: O'Brien R.
Published: February 2023

Informal reports indicate that foreign materials are injected into sites of fore and rear udder attachment of show cows to augment the contour of the udder. These substances cause localized edema. This study evaluated the sonographic appearance and pattern of distribution of edema produced by subcutaneous injection with mild silver protein suspension compared to natural causes.
Effect of Nutrition on Conception Rate in Dairy Cows after Ovulation Synchronization and Timed Insemination
Authors: Yamada K. , Nakaoed T.
Published: February 2023

Nutrition is the most important factor affecting conception rate after artificial insemination in dairy cows. Conception rate after ovulation synchronization and fixed-time insemination (OVStrAI), could be improved if cows could be screened for poor nutrition before starting the protocol. This study evaluated relationships between various nutritional parameters during dry and early-lactation periods and the conception rate after OVS/TAI.
Microscopic Evaluation of Direct Fecal Smears in the Assessment of Bovine Neonatal Enteritis
Authors: Lawson Sean P. , Callan Robert J.
Published: February 2023

Enteritis, or calf scours, is the most common clinical disease of pre-weaned dairy calves and accounts for nearly 60% of pre-weaned dairy calf mortality. Multiple nutritional factors and infectious agents are associated with calf scours. The lack of agent specific clinical signs makes it difficult to determine presumptive etiologies and prescribe specific treatment. Changes in the fecal microflora and the presence of fecal white blood cells are observed in calves with enteritis. The hypothesis for this study was that alterations in the fecal microflora and/or the presence of fecal white blood cells are related to enteric disease signs in dairy calves and may provide useful clinical information. The objectives of this study were to evaluate fecal direct smears for the presence of enteric microflora and fecal white blood cells and compare this information with the presence of enteric disease signs in dairy calves.
Modified Live Type 1a Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) Provides Fetal Protection Against Challenge with a Type 2 BVDV
Authors: Schnackel John , Van Campen Hana
Published: February 2023

Twenty-one heifers vaccinated with a modified live virus (MLV) type la BVDV vaccine (Pyramid MLV 4) and eight unvaccinated control heifers were bred between 28 and 53 days post-vaccination.
Analysis of the Economic Impact of Neospora caninum in Ontario Dairy Cattle
Authors: Hobson J. , Duffield T. , Kelton D. , Peregrine A. , Hietala S. , Lissemore K. , McEwen B. , Leslie K. , Cramer G.
Published: February 2023

The difficult task of establishing the economic impact of Neospora caninum infection in dairy cattle is complicated by the broad parameters defining the effects of N. caninum infection. Estimates of the impact of the abortifacient effects have ranged from annual losses of $6.78 million (USD) in New Zealand to $35 million for California. $7.3 million is lost annually in Japan by decreased milk production in infected animals. A negative effect on milk production has not proven universal, yet assumptions regarding it are integral to an accurate economic estimate. This work describes the results of an analysis of the association between N. caninum infection and milk production in two Ontario dairy herd populations. In one group of cows from herds experiencing N. caninum-abortion problems (group A), seropositive animals produced 607 lb (276 kg) less 305-day milk than seronegative cows (n=1196, p<0.05). By contrast, in the second population of herds (group B), considered representative of Ontario, seropositive animals produced 332 lb (151 kg) more 305-day milk compared to seronegative cows (n=3162, p=0.10). The objective of this work was to quantify the economic effect of N. caninum infection in Ontario dairy cattle, considering the potential detrimental or enhancing effect of infection on milk production.
Factors Associated with Milk Revenue, Feed Costs and Return Over Feed Costs in Ontario Dairy Herds
Authors: Lissemore K. , Duffield T. , Kelton D. , Aitken H.
Published: February 2023

The individual dairy producer's goal is to produce milk efficiently. Producers attempt to maximize profit by reducing their feed costs and increasing their revenue. Average cost of feeding a cow varies greatly between individual farms, as does revenue. This initial study sought to identify variables associated with revenue, feed costs and the return over feed costs.
Variance in Response to Vaccination of Dairy Cows with Recombinant Arcanobacterium pyogenes pyolysin, by Breed
Authors: Cuneo S. Peder , Pruna Dusti J. , Billington Stephen J. , Songer J. Glenn , Jost B. Helen
Published: February 2023

Arcanobacterium pyogenes is a common inhabitant of the mucous membranes of dairy cattle. This organism is an opportunistic pathogen, associated with suppurative infections of the skin, joints and visceral organs, as well as abortion and mastitis. A. pyogenes secretes pyolysin, a hemolytic exotoxin which is both an important virulence factor and a host protective antigen. The object of this study was to determine whether vaccination of dairy cows with recombinant pyolysin would result in production of a neutralizing antibody response against pyolysin, with the ultimate goal of designing a vaccine against A. pyogenes mastitis. Brown Swiss and Holstein cows were included in the vaccination trial, to determine whether breed influenced response to the vaccine.
Improving the Quality of Veterinary Practice
Authors: McGuirk Sheila M.
Published: February 2023

Cow health is a priority for dairy producers who look to their veterinarian to design and implement protocols, train employees to be responsive to cow health and welfare issues, and to monitor the impact of preventative and treatment interventions on productivity of the herd. Using typical dairy herd health problems as case examples, a detailed approach that incorporates individual animal evaluation and scoring, appropriate herd-based testing, observation and analysis is a described. The art of observation, examination and analysis of the animals is an essential element that the veterinarian brings to innovative, creative, technologically and scientifically sophisticated approaches to improved dairy cattle health and productivity.
Immunology of the "Early Weaned" Beef Calf
Authors: Ellis John A.
Published: February 2023

Early-weaning of beef calves is a management system that is gaining popularity. Numerous recent studies have documented the potential economic benefits of early weaning that can be measured in increased weight gain and feed efficiency in calves, and body scores and reproductive rates in cows. The bovine immune system is competent at bith; however, maturation changes occur from birth to puberty. The effect of early weaning on this maturational process is poorly understood at present. Exposure to endemic microbes during this period may also have a priming effect on the immune system that may be altered in early weaned calves.
BVDV Impact on Feedlot Mortality and Morbidity
Authors: Loneragan Guy H.
Published: February 2023

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) contributes to the pathogenesis of a number of maladies such as bovine respiratory disease (BRD), reproductive wastage amd acute enteritis. The causative role of BVDV in BRD is of greatest concern to the feedlot industry because BRD is by far the greatest cause of morbidity and mortality in US feedlots. Up to 90% of morbidity and 75% of mortality is attirbutable to respiratory tract disease. More cattle are treated or die from BRD than all other conditions combined.

Despite our increased understanding of its pathogenesis, universal use of vaccines, and availability of efficacious antimicrobial drugs, the proportion of placements dying from respiratory disease has increased.
U.S. Dairy Replacement Strategy
Authors: Lormore Mike , Cady Roger
Published: February 2023

Replacement issues have become a major topic of discussion over the last several years. Much of this has been driven by questions about optimal removal rates and the volatile cost of replacement animals. As veterinarians and dairy professionals have searched to answer these questions and lead these discussions, they have typically turned to their historical strengths in the realms of biology for answers. While questions of cow longevity and reproductive performance have led to great learning, one void in these discussions has been a firm understanding of how economic forces impact replacement.
General Concepts in Transition Cow Management
Authors: Stewart Steven , Rapnicki Paul , Fetrow John , Lewis James , Godden Sandra
Published: February 2023

Proper management of transition cows is critical for many reasons. The success or failure of the transition program impacts health, productivity, reproduction and profitability in the subsequent lactation. Proper management of transition cows requires a clear plan for both routine and less common situations, a means to implement the plan, and a method of monitoring the implementation of the plan and the results of the program.
Characterization of Early Embryonic Death and Prevention of Pregnancy Wastage
Authors: Thatcher W. W. , Santos J. E. P.
Published: February 2023

Reproductive management programs will be discussed that attempt to optimize these critical windows in a manner that increases pregnancy rates. With our understanding of the dialogue between the developing embryo and the maternal reproductive tract, pharmaceutical and nutritional strategies also have increased pregnancy rates. For example, injection of bovine somatotropin at the time of insemination increases pregnancy rates in lactating dairy cows. The lactational state in modern day dairy cows contributes to a sub-fertile condition that the practitioner needs to manage based upon a thorough understanding of the underlying physiological causes. These limitations are partially amenable to improvement as part of a production medicine program.
No Loose Parts Necropsy Procedure for the Feedyard
Authors: Griffin Dee
Published: February 2023

The necropsy technique outlined accomplishes three important objectives: 1) examination of all body systems, including the CNS, with the speed required to complete the procedure in less than 30 minutes; 2) targets identification of infectious disease in body systems through lymph node pathology; and 3) minimizes hide damage and detached body parts, both of which create serious problems for rendering companies.
Impact of Two Coliform Mastitis Immunization Schedules on Immune Response, Milk Yield, Intramammary Infection and Dry Matter Feed Intake in Holstein Dairy Cattle
Authors: Petersson Christina S. , Leslie Ken E. , Kelton David F. , Mallard Bonnie A. , Osborne Tera M. , Fairfield Angela M.
Published: February 2023

Although coliform mastitis immunization programs are widely implemented, several questions concerning the proper administration schedule remain unanswered. Thus, a comparison of two vaccination protocols was conducted to determine the effects on immune response, milk production, milk bacteriological status and dry matter intake (DMI).
Persistent Coliform Mastitis
Authors: Ackerman C. E. , Wehrman C. T. , Busman P. A. , Neuder L. M. , Sears P. M.
Published: February 2023

The debate over treating clinical mastitis with an antibiotic has hinged around the isolation of environmental pathogens. Although intramammary antibiotics may be successful in eliminating gra~-positive organisms, beta-lactam antibiotics have little efficacy on gram-negative organisms. Research also reports1 that many of the gram-negative coliforms are self-eliminating, and are generally cleared by the time clinical mastitis is detected when antibiotics are administered. However, others have reported2 that coliforms can persist without treatment and can contribute to increased somatic cell count in a herd. This study looked at the persistence of gram-negative coliforms in quarters that have been identified by culture at the signs of clinical mastitis.
Effects of Dystocia on Dam Health and Productivity
Authors: Lombard J. E. , Tomlinson S. , Garry F. B. , Garber L. P.
Published: February 2023

The effects of dystocia on dam health and productivity are rarely monitored on dairy farms. It is highly likely that the effects of dystocia on health and production are substantial. The objectives of this year-long longitudinal study were to measure proportion of dams experiencing dystocia on three Front Range Colorado dairies and evaluate associations with dam productivity, morbidity and mortality.
Monitoring Subclinical Ketosis Using Milk Strip Test and Control Chart in Dairy Herds
Authors: DesCôteaux Luc , Duffield Todd , Bélanger Anne-Marie , Bouchard Émile , Brodeur Marcel , Ferrouillet Cécile , Bagg Randal , Baril Jean
Published: February 2023

Subclinical ketosis (SCK), based on a serum betahydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentration ≥1400 μmol/L (14.4 mg/dL), is a metabolic disease that has been associated with reduced milk production and increased risk of other metabolic disorders. Duffield et al (2001) have reported a median prevalence of SCK of 41% among 25 dairy herds, and a within-herd prevalence ranging between 8 and 80%. A milk strip cow-side test (Keto-Test, Elanco Animal Health, Guelph, Ontario) has been shown to have a sensitivity of 91% and a specificity of 74% to detect SCK in dairy cows when using a cut-off value of 100 μmol/L of BHB (Osborne et al, 2002). Statistical Process Control (SPC) and the use of Control Charts are tools that can be used in order to monitor health status in production medicine programs. Our objectives are to provide an overview of the SPC and Control Charts and to present a practical application of this tool using milk Keto-Test to monitor SCK in dairy herds.
Risk Factors for Intramammary Infection at First Calving in Ontario Dairy Heifers
Authors: Bassel L. , Kelton D. , Godkin A. , Leslie K. , Lissemore K.
Published: February 2023

It has been established that a significant number of heifers are infected prior to, and at calving, with both minor and major mastitis pathogens. Ontario is no exception, and has a significant proportion of heifers calving with quarters infected with mastitis pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus, coliform bacteria, environmental streptococci and coagulase-negative staphylococci. Because of the negative impact such infections may have on future milk production and udder health, it is important to identify risk factors for these intramammary infections (IMI) so that attempts can be made to control them. It is particularly important to investigate risk factors for S. aureus IMI, since infected heifers must experience a mode of transmission other than spread at milking time.
Use of a Cow-side Antibiotic Susceptibility Test to Predict Gram Staining Characteristics of Clinical Mastitis Pathogens of Dairy Cattle
Authors: Wenz J. , Elia R. , Lawson S. , Garry F.
Published: February 2023

Gram-staining characteristics of mastitis pathogens are an important consideration when developing mastitis treatment protocols. Rapid identification of clinical episodes due to gram-negative pathogens could reduce the use of intramammary mastitis (IMM) treatments with poor efficacy, while ensuring treatment of environmental streptococci infections. The objective of this study was to determine if the MASTiK® cow-side antibiotic susceptibility test could be used to predict whether a clinical mastitis episode was caused by a gram-negative pathogen, based on the susceptibility pattern obtained from the test, with the assumption that gram-negative clinical mastitis would not be treated with intramammary antibiotics.
Evaluation of the Sensitivity of Three ELISA Tests for the Detection of Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis Infection using Tissue Culture as a Gold Standard
Authors: McKenna Shawn L. B. , Keefe Greg P. , Sockett Donald C. , VanLeeuwen John A. , McClure J. , Hanna Paul , Spangler E. , Barkema Herman W.
Published: February 2023

The sensitivity of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) techniques for detection of cattle infected with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) has been reported to be between 15 and 75%. Nearly all sensitivity evaluations of these ELISAs have utilized fecal-culture positive animals as the gold standard. This approach may result in inflated estimates of sensitivity, because animals in early stages of infection may not shed the bacteria consistently in their feces. The purpose of our study was to establish an estimate of the sensitivity of three ELISA tests for MAP, using sera from dairy cattle that were tissue-culture positive.
Development of a Competitive ELISA for Detection of Leptospira borgspeterseni serovar hardjo in Vaccinated Cattle
Authors: Frizzell C. M. , McCarroll J. , Mackie D. P. , Ellis W. A. , Breadon E. , Montgomery J. M. , Kavanagh O. V. , Logan E. F.
Published: February 2023

There are many reports on the use of ELISAs as tests for the detection of leptospiral antibodies, however, no test to date has been developed that has the potential to discriminate between vaccinated and naturally infected animals.
Digital Expression of Isoforms of Cyclooxygenase in a Model of Bovine Laminitis
Authors: Belknap E. B. , Cochran A. , Schwarzkopf E. , Belknap J. K.
Published: February 2023

A great deal of the proposed pathophysiology of bovine laminitis is extrapolated from data obtained from equine laminitis. Similar to its equine counterpart, bovine laminitis commonly occurs secondary to conditions associated with endotoxemia (i.e. carbohydrate overload and mastitis). However, due to differences in clinical presentations of laminitis in the two species, our laboratory is interested to discern if the same pathophysiologic mechanisms take place in the two different species. Our laboratory has provided evidence that the developmental period of laminitis is an inflammatory event in horses. Specifically, we have demonstrated the upregulation of interleukin-Iβ (IL-1β) locally in equine laminae and systemically in mesenteric lymph nodes in the early stages of laminitis. Our lab also found increased COX-2 expression in equine laminae in horses in the developmental stage of black walnut extract-induced laminitis. Cyclooxygenase (COX) is the key enzyme in the process of converting arachidonic acid to eicosanoids. Downstream eicosanoid synthesis resulting from COX upregulation during laminitis may account for the aberrant vascular events occurring in the digit during this condition. The purpose of our project was to determine if cyclooxygenase isoforms (COX-1 and COX-2) were similarly affected in the laminitic bovid.
Research Summaries - French Translations
Authors: Vinet Louise , Barta Micheline , Brochard Hubert , Smith Pierre-Paul
Published: February 2023

Comptes Rendus de Recherche Boeuf, Laitier I, II, et Général.
Development of an Esophageal Tube Feeder for use in Calves
Authors: Pedersen Rikke Engelbrecht , Agerholm Jørgen S.
Published: February 2023

Disease and mortality in neonatal calves are often the consequences of insufficient passive immunization due to inadequate colostrum management. Disease prevalence and mortality can be reduced if colostrum is administered by an esophageal tube feeder a few hours after calving.

The Danish Agricultural Advisory Centre recommends that calves expected to have insufficient colostrum intake, be fed a sufficient volume of high quality colostrum by esophageal tube feeder.

To improve efficiency of esophageal tube feeding and increase calf welfare and performance, an interdisciplinary project was initiated aimed at development of a user-friendly, hygienic esophageal tube feeder for use in calves.
Performance of a Timed Artificial Insemination Program for First Service Followed by TAI Combined with Natural Heat Detection versus TAI with Natural Heat Detection for First Service and Subsequent Breedings in a Commercial Dairy
Authors: Capel Michael , Nydam Daryl V. , Saltman Roger
Published: February 2023

Designing effective reproductive programs is an important role for dairy veterinarians on dairies today. Given a wide variety of ovulation synchronization and estrus detection aids, it is unknown if timed artificial insemination (TAI) programs and natural heat detection should be blended or used separately. Therefore, it would be very useful to veterinarians and producers to evaluate how natural heat detection and timed insemination programs work in concert, in contrast to timed insemination programs in the absence of heat detection. The goal of this study was to evaluate the potential effects of breeding dairy cattle with a 100% TAI program on first service, followed by natural heat detection and TAI if diagnosed open at pregnancy examination. This was compared with the current reproductive program of natural heat detection after a Presynch program and TAI on all cows not bred after an observed natural heat, followed by natural heat detection and TAI if diagnosed open at pregnancy examination.
Cattle Handling Skills-Contributor To Animal Welfare
Authors: Noffsinger Tom , Locatelli Lynn
Published: February 2023

Veterinarians can positively impact the level of animal welfare in cattle operations by learning and teaching low-stress handling methods. Shifting caretaker priorities from disease detection to performance enhancement results in improved levels of cattle welfare.
North American BSE Situation
Authors: Hueston Will
Published: February 2023

The identification of BSE in North American cattle has dramatically affected the beef industry, from the feed manufacturers to producers to processors. Investigation of the two cases of BSE confirmed in 2003 have provided important clues as to the North American situation. Actions taken by both Canada and the US over the past 15 years provided a strong foundation on which to build additional measures to protect animal and public health. Public confidence in the food system and in the safety of beef remains high. Nevertheless, trade in beef and beef products has been affected strongly, as many of the major export markets have taken a precautionary approach. Following is a summary of the BSE investigation results in North America and the subsequent regulatory actions taken by Canada and the US to protect animal and public health. Relevant international trends affecting both the regulation of BSE and the trade in cattle and cattle products will be reviewed.
Leveraging Your Time and Improving Your Practice with Veterinary Technicians
Authors: Farrell Patrick S.
Published: February 2023

Many changes occurring within the veterinary industry have caused a reassessment of traditional food and mixed animal practice procedures and norms. Fewer graduates interested in these practice areas have increased the focus on this topic today. Some groups lament the lack of adequate numbers of veterinary graduates while conflicting groups have discerned that the amount of veterinary care available is appropriate. Veterinary technicians are educated, licensed, capable professionals whose role has been morphing and expanding in recent years. Small animal practices have integrated these technicians into their business model successfully, yet many practitioners have not yet embraced the benefits others have noted. Mixed animal practices offer perhaps the easiest entry for a licensed technician since duties can often be flexibly changed between species as their job description expands and additional training occurs. Many DVM's are finding that their billable professional time is substantially increased with the addition of licensed staff who are able to work under indirect as well as direct supervision. This has added to the bottom line in many instances. Careful attention to the law of the state of residence will help guide the process of integrating these professionals into a changing practice environment.
Importance of the General Practitioner to our Profession
Authors: Griffin Dee
Published: February 2023

The general veterinary practitioner is the heart and soul of our professional oath. Unlike no other in our profession, the general practitioner effectively divides their focus on protection of animal heath, conservation of animal resources, promotion of public health and advancement of the application of medical knowledge to the betterment of the communities in which they live. The general practitioner is the rock on which our profession stands.
Sperm Morphology
Authors: Saacke R. G.
Published: February 2023

Abnormal spermatozoa have been historically associated with male subfertility and sterility. As early as 1927, an insightful report by Williams and Savage in the Cornell Vet stated that "the dimensions of sperm heads from good fertility bulls are remarkably uniform". This is still true. Presence of abnormal spermatozoa in semen is one of our most sensitive indications that spermatogenesis of a male has been impaired. In addition, occurrence of certain types of abnormal sperm are more dangerous, and can indicate that normal-appearing sperm in the same sample may also be abnormal or incompetent in fertilization or sustaining embryogenesis once initiated. In this paper, we will summarize current concepts of how sperm morphology impacts fertilization rate, as well as early embryogenesis, by examining their transport in the female and engagement of the ovum. Also discussed is the relationship of sperm morphology as we measure it in the breeding soundness exam to what we recognize as the two main components comprising seminal deficiencies in artificial insemination: 1) those deficiencies which can be overcome by raising the sperm dosage to the female (compensable) 2) and those deficiencies where subfertility exists regardless of sperm dosage (uncompensable).
Goat and Llama Trace Mineral Nutrition
Authors: Pugh D. G. , Waldridge Bryan M.
Published: February 2023

The authors have observed nutritional associated diseases of goats and llamas only in cases of copper, iodine, iron, selenium and zinc deficiency.
Common Surgical Procedures in Camelids
Authors: Anderson David E.
Published: February 2023

Veterinarians are commonly asked to perform surgery on llamas and alpacas. Several common surgical procedures are described including castration, gastrointestinal surgery, cesarean section, angular limb deformity and tooth-root abscess treatment.
Neurological Disease in Camelids
Authors: Anderson David E. , Whitehead Claire
Published: February 2023

The presentation of neurological disease in camelids, as in other species, varies widely. There are many different causes of neurological signs and the clinician must be aware that metabolic and musculoskeletal disease can also present with neurological signs. These conditions must be differentiated from those of true neurological origin by careful history taking, physical examination and use of appropriate diagnostic tests.
Blue Stuff or the Brown Stuff
Authors: Moore Dale A.
Published: February 2023

Sanitation and biosecurity involve not only preventive practices to reduce potential exposure of cattle to disease, but also cleaning and disinfection of items and areas that can transmit or harbor disease agents. Important to understand are the types of different cleaning and disinfectant chemicals and the kinds of disease agents they are effective against. The purpose of this article is to provide bovine veterinarians and technicians with guidelines for use of cleaning and disinfectant products.
Preventive Medicine Procedures for Cattle
Authors: Wikse Steven E.
Published: February 2023

Granting veterinary technicians major responsibility for cattle preventive medicine procedures in a rural veterinary clinic frees up time for the veterinarians in the practice for procedures that can only be performed by a veterinarian. This leads to professional growth for the veterinary technician as they become more proficient at preventive medicine procedures and even take on a client education role. Veterinary technicians have the skills to do most of the preventive medicine procedures used in processing calves, processing replacement heifers and in collection of samples for herd biosecurity programs.
Electronic Network of Veterinary Practitioners for Surveillance of Alberta's Cattle Population
Authors: Clarke R. R. , Berezowski J. A. , Renter D. G.
Published: February 2023

Alberta Agriculture Food and Rural Development (AAFRD) is developing an electronic surveillance network to collect cattle health information from practicing veterinarians in Alberta. The network will provide cattle health information specific to the surveillance needs of the provincial cattle industry, including rapid detection of emerging and foreign animal diseases, demonstrating the presence of a well-trained effective veterinary service, and establishing freedom from diseases of importance to trade. A second goal is to provide livestock health information of value to practicing veterinanans.
Prevention of Neonatal Calf Diarrhea with the Sandhills Calving System
Authors: Smith D. R. , Grotelueschen D. M. , Knott T. , Ensley S.
Published: February 2023

Neonatal diarrhea remains an important cause of illness and death of beef calves. Costs of the disease include loss of performance, mortality and the expense of medication and labor to treat sick calves. In addition, cattle producers often become disheartened after investing long hours to treat scouring calves during an already exhausting calving season. Our objective was to design and test calving systems that would reduce morbidity and mortality due to neonatal calf diarrhea.
Investigation of the Role of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in Undifferentiated Fever of Feedlot Cattle
Authors: Guichon P. T. , Haines D. , Campos M. , Booker C. W. , Kim G. K. , Schunicht O. C. , Wildman B. K. , Pittman T. J. , Fenton R. K. , Janzen E. D. , Ellis J. A. , Appleyard G. , West K.
Published: February 2023

The undifferentiated fever (UF)/bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex continues to be the single most important infectious disease entity in beef feedlot production. Current management practices have focused on successfully managing this disease complex through the use of prophylactic and therapeutic antimicrobial strategies. However, there are substantial amounts of concrete and circumstantial epidemiologic, pathologic, serologic and immunologic evidence of an association between bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and the UF/ BRD complex. Unfortunately, there are limited data that describe how the transmission of BVDV in the feedlot occurs and how this transmission leads to the development of UF/BRD. The purpose of the proposed project is to improve our understanding of the role that BVDV plays in the pathogenesis of pen-level UF/BRD, through the development/refinement of diagnostic tests for identifying and differentiating animals with BVDV, so that appropriate management intervention strategies can be developed to reduce BVDV transmission/infection in commercial feedlot production. In the first phase of the study, population-based, morbidity-based and mortality-based BVDV testing surveys will be conducted in a population of 40 pens (approximately 12,000 animals) of auction-market derived feedlot calves, housed in four commercial feedlots. The results of the BVDV testing surveys, in conjunction with the individual-animal based computerized health records collected at the feedlot, will be used to describe BVDV transmission/infection in pens of commercial feedlot animals.
Efficacy of an Internal Teat Sealant, Orbeseal, for Reduction of Clinical Mastitis during the First 60 Days Post-partum
Authors: Sanford C. , Keefe G. , Dohoo I. , Leslie K.
Published: February 2023

Clinical mastitis (CM) events often occur during the post-partum period and are important economically. Many CM cases result from infections that have been established during the dry period. In one study, 38.1% of clinical cases had the same bacteria isolated at some point during the dry period.4 Risk factors for development of new intramammary infections (IMI) in the dry period have been reviewed.2 Among the risk factors identified was failure to develop a natural keratin seal in 23.4% of teats.2 These open quarters were 1.8 times more likely to develop a new intramammary infection (IMI). Efficacy of the internal teat sealant, OrbeSeal* (OS) for prevention of new IMis during the dry period has been well established.1,3,5-7 The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of OS infused at dry-off for the reduction of new cases of CM during the first 60 days of lactation, as compared to routine intramammary dry cow antibiotic therapy (DCT).
Antimicrobial Treatment Strategies for Streptococcal and Staphylococcal Mastitis
Authors: Crandall K. D. , Guterbock W. M. , Sears P. M.
Published: February 2023

Mastitis is one of the most costly diseases encountered by a dairyman. Traditional therapy aimed at curing clinical mastitis cases includes intramammary (IMM) antimicrobial therapy. Most, if not all, commercially available IMM antimicrobial products are effective only against gram-positive organisms, mainly streptococcal and staphylococcal species. In spite of multiple available IMM antimicrobial products, cure rates for clinical mastitis run about 46% for strep species, 21 % for staph species, and 9% for Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. This study investigated the use of systemic antimicrobial therapy (ampicillin) in conjunction with IMM antimicrobial therapy for strep species., staph species., and S. aureus on a commercial dairy.
Comparison of Dairy Cow Behavior in Sand and Mattress Freestall Barns in Relation to Lameness
Authors: Cook N. B. , Bennett T. B. , Nordlund K. V.
Published: February 2023

The objective of the study was to identify behavioral differences between cows housed in freestalls bedded with deep sand and cows housed in freestalls with rubber crumb mattresses, which may explain differences in lameness prevalence observed between the two types of farm.