bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study the Effects of Supramolecular Interaction on Diffusion Kinetics in Hybrid Hydrogels of Zwitterionic Polymers and CNTs
Authors: Hashmi Saud , Nadeem Saad , García‐Peñas Alberto , Ahmed Rafiq , Zahoor Awan , Vatankhah‐Varnoosfaderani Mohammad , Stadler Florian J.
Published: November 2021

Hybrid hydrogel systems of functionalized multi‐walled carbon nanotubes and zwitterionic sulfobetaine copolymer of thermo‐responsible poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) are synthesized and testified against different existing diffusion kinetic models in neutral, acidic, and basic environments. Evaluating these hybrid hydrogels’ swelling patterns at different pH indicates that changing pH can tailor the diffusion mechanism without affecting its diffusion kinetics. Interestingly, it is also revealed that diffusion kinetics and diffusion mechanisms are two distinct phenomena and can be viewed separately for supramolecular hybrid hydrogel systems. Elovich kinetic model best describes the swelling kinetics of only PNIPAM hydrogel. Diffusion kinetics of hybrid hydrogel of PNIPAM and CNTs or PNIPAM, zwitterion, and CNTs follow pseudo‐first‐order, while pseudo‐second‐order‐kinetics best describe hydrogels with only zwitterions. Evaluation of diffusion mechanism at different pH reveals that hydrogels with only zwitterions follow anomalous non‐Fickian diffusion, whereas only CNTs follow normal Fickian diffusion irrespective of pH; combining both systems leads to a dual‐stage diffusion mechanism at pH 2, which in turn reduces as the pH increases. These observations suggest that synergistic effects of supramolecular interactions can provide a novel property profile to hybrid hydrogels, requiring attention while designing such a system where diffusion is a decisive parameter.
Photo‐Iniferter RAFT Polymerization
Authors: Hartlieb Matthias
Published: November 2021

Light‐mediated polymerization techniques offer distinct advantages over polymerization reactions fueled by thermal energy, such as high spatial and temporal control as well as the possibility to work under mild reaction conditions. Reversible addition‐fragmentation chain‐transfer (RAFT) polymerization is a highly versatile radical polymerization method that can be utilized to control a variety of monomers and produce a vast number of complex macromolecular structures. The use of light to drive a RAFT‐polymerization is possible via multiple routes. Besides the use of photo‐initiators, or photo‐catalysts, the direct activation of the chain transfer agent controlling the RAFT process in a photo‐iniferter (PI) process is an elegant way to initiate and control polymerization reactions. Within this review, PI‐RAFT polymerization and its advantages over the conventional RAFT process are discussed in detail.
Microscopic multifrequency MR elastography for mapping viscoelasticity in zebrafish
Authors: Jordan Jakob Ernst Luis , Bertalan Gergely , Meyer Tom , Tzschätzsch Heiko , Gauert Anton , Bramè Luca , Herthum Helge , Safraou Yasmine , Schröder Leif , Braun Jürgen , Hagemann Anja I. H. , Sack Ingolf
Published: November 2021

Purpose

The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has become an important animal model in a wide range of biomedical research disciplines. Growing awareness of the role of biomechanical properties in tumor progression and neuronal development has led to an increasing interest in the noninvasive mapping of the viscoelastic properties of zebrafish by elastography methods applicable to bulky and nontranslucent tissues.

Methods

Microscopic multifrequency MR elastography is introduced for mapping shear wave speed (SWS) and loss angle (φ) as markers of stiffness and viscosity of muscle, brain, and neuroblastoma tumors in postmortem zebrafish with 60 µm in‐plane resolution. Experiments were performed in a 7 Tesla MR scanner at 1, 1.2, and 1.4 kHz driving frequencies.

Results

Detailed zebrafish viscoelasticity maps revealed that the midbrain region (SWS = 3.1 ± 0.7 m/s,φ = 1.2 ± 0.3 radian [rad]) was stiffer and less viscous than telencephalon (SWS = 2.6 ± 0. 5 m/s,φ = 1.4 ± 0.2 rad) and optic tectum (SWS = 2.6 ± 0.5 m/s,φ = 1.3 ± 0.4 rad), whereas the cerebellum (SWS = 2.9 ± 0.6 m/s,φ = 0.9 ± 0.4 rad) was stiffer but less viscous than both (allp < .05). Overall, brain tissue (SWS = 2.9 ± 0.4 m/s,φ = 1.2 ± 0.2 rad) had similar stiffness but lower viscosity values than muscle tissue (SWS = 2.9 ± 0.5 m/s,φ = 1.4 ± 0.2 rad), whereas neuroblastoma (SWS = 2.4 ± 0.3 m/s,φ = 0.7 ± 0.1 rad, allp < .05) was the softest and least viscous tissue.

Conclusion

Microscopic multifrequency MR elastography‐generated maps of zebrafish show many details of viscoelasticity and resolve tissue regions, of great interest in neuromechanical and oncological research and for which our study provides first reference values.
Phase‐independent thermometry by Z‐spectrum MR imaging
Authors: Scotti Alessandro M. , Damen Frederick , Gao Jin , Li Weiguo , Liew Chong Wee , Cai Zimeng , Zhang Zhuoli , Cai Kejia
Published: November 2021

Purpose

Z‐spectrum imaging, defined as the consecutive collection of images after saturating over a range of frequency offsets, has been recently proposed as a method to measure the fat–water fraction by the simultaneous detection of fat and water resonances. By incorporating a binomial pulse irradiated at each offset before the readout, the spectral selectivity of the sequence can be further amplified, making it possible to monitor the subtle proton resonance frequency shift that follows a change in temperature.

Methods

We tested the hypothesis in aqueous and cream phantoms and in healthy mice, all under thermal challenge. The binomial module consisted of 2 sinc‐shaped pulses of opposite phase separated by a delay. Such a delay served to spread out off‐resonance spins, with the resulting excitation profile being a periodic function of the delay and the chemical shift.

Results

During heating experiments, the water resonance shifted downfield, and by fitting the curve to a sine function it was possible to quantify the change in temperature. Results from Z‐spectrum imaging correlated linearly with data from conventional MRI techniques like T1 mapping and phase differences from spoiled GRE.

Conclusion

Because the measurement is performed solely on magnitude images, the technique is independent of phase artifacts and is therefore applicable in mixed tissues (e.g., fat). We showed that Z‐spectrum imaging can deliver reliable temperature change measurement in both muscular and fatty tissues.
Histologic and physiologic analysis of the relationship between the dorsal nerve of the penis and the corpus cavernosum on a rat model. A complementary pathway on the innervation of penile erection?
Authors: Kozacioglu Zafer , Vatansever H. Seda , Onal Tuna , Kutlu Necip , Ozel Fehmi , Gunlusoy Bulent , Gumus Bilal H.
Published: November 2021

Aim

The dorsal nerve of the penis (DNP) is the terminal branch of the pudendal nerve which is responsible for the somatic innervation of the penis. This study aims to outline any direct role of the DNP in the hemodynamics of erection histologically and physiologically.

Materials and Methods

Fifteen Wistar albino rats were sorted into the electrical activity (n = 6), intracavernous pressure (n = 4), and control (n = 5) groups. The dorsal nerve was electrostimulated and the simultaneous changes in intracavernous pressure and smooth muscle activity were recorded. Penile tissues were collected, fixed, and sectioned, the slides were stained with either hematoxylin‐eosin for morphological evaluation or using the indirect immunoperoxidase technique to analyze the distributions of eNOS, iNOS, and nNOS.

Results

During electrostimulation, there was a simultaneous statistically significant decrease in the electrical activity inside the corpora in electromyography and an increase in intracavernous pressure. eNOS and iNOS immunoreactivities were higher in the study group than in the control group. nNOS immunoreactivity was moderate in both study and control groups.

Conclusion

Some fibers in the dorsal nerve of penis continue into the corpora cavernosa through the tunica albuginea and have an active, direct role in the hemodynamic process of erection, which may be complementary to the main route of innervation.
Weight loss among pregnant women hospitalized because of hyperemesis gravidarum: Is there a lack of nutrition intervention?
Authors: Galletta Marco Aurelio Knippel , Carrieri Adriana , Peres Stela Verzinhasse , Dias Maria Carolina Goncalves , Francisco Rossana Pulcineli Vieira
Published: November 2021

Background

Nutrition therapy is a key component in the management of hyperemesis gravidarum (HG). The aim of this study was to describe sociodemographic, anthropometric, and nutrition aspects of pregnant women hospitalized because of HG and raise a discussion about the nutrition care provided.

Materials and Methods

This is a retrospective descriptive study that includes 26 pregnant women with confirmed diagnosis of HG who were hospitalized because of this condition in a tertiary hospital. Data of interest were collected from official medical records and analyzed to obtain measures of central tendency and dispersion, as well as frequencies.

Results

The studied individuals had a mean age of 25.7 years and a low level of education, and 65% of them were single mothers. They registered a low weight gain (2.8 kg) during pregnancy and in the course of their hospitalization, during which they lost an average of 1.7 kg, showing a decline in nutrition status during this period. Although the average intake of oral diet (OD) was 55% during hospital stay and only 5% of the studied population met caloric needs through OD, the prescription of complementary medical nutrition therapy (oral supplements, enteral or parenteral nutrition) was scarcely observed in this sample.

Conclusion

Despite the negative impact that HG can impose on the mother's nutrition status and the known benefits that complementary nutrition therapies can provide, few nutrition interventions have been carried out to improve this situation. That indicates an urgent need for implementation or reviewing of nutrition assistance protocols for HG patients.
Diagnostics of asphalt pavement using elastic standing waves
Authors: Ngomayezwe L. , Kolesnikov Yu. I. , Fedin К. V.
Published: November 2021

To ensure the safe operation of roads, it is necessary to periodically monitor the condition of road surfaces. Lately, near‐surface geophysics methods have been actively used to solve such problems. The seismoacoustic methods that are used to diagnose road surfaces are typically dynamic methods based on the excitation of body or surface elastic waves in the road surfaces. The purpose of this work is to assess the possibilities of using elastic standing waves for diagnosing a hard road surface. This article presents the results of field experiments that demonstrate the possibility of detecting cavities under an asphalt pavement using flexural standing waves. Such waves, like vibrations of a membrane fixed or partially fixed at its edges, can be formed on the hard surface cover above the cavity as a result of exposure to acoustic noise. In this article, the accumulation of amplitude spectra of a large number of noise records was used to extract standing waves from the acoustic noise recorded on the surface of the pavement. It is shown that the joint visualization of the averaged spectra obtained by profile observations over the cavity makes it possible to confidently identify several modes of flexural standing waves. Based on the areal measurements, a map of the distribution of the amplitudes of one of the modes of flexural standing waves in the asphalt pavement over the cavity was constructed. At a qualitative level, this distribution is consistent with the results of computer simulations using the finite element method. The fact that, under the influence of acoustic noise in the pavement, the flexural standing waves are formed which are absent at other places indicates the absence of rigid contact at its lower boundary. Thus, the horizontal dimensions of the cavity can be estimated from the size of the area on which flexural standing waves are formed. In addition, the article shows that the analysis of vertical compressional (but not flexural) standing waves arising in the pavement under the influence of noise allows us to investigate the thickness of the pavement and to qualitatively assess the ratio of acoustic stiffness of the pavement and the underlying layer.
Stepping into the Wildeverse: Evaluating the impact of augmented reality mobile gaming on pro‐conservation behaviours
Authors: Dunn Matilda Eve , Shah Gautam , Veríssimo Diogo
Published: November 2021

Promoting pro‐conservation behaviours has become a priority for conservation organisations world‐wide. Yet, current engagement strategies still face a number of barriers to creating successful interventions at the scale needed to meet global sustainability challenges.

Online and mobile games enjoy immense world‐wide popularity, tapping into an audience not normally reached through conventional conservation outreach channels. Despite this potential to be a new, high impact and scalable platform for promoting pro‐environmental behaviours, the opportunities within digital games for conservation have thus far been little explored and organisations have called for robust impact evaluations for this medium. Therefore, we investigated the effectiveness of the augmented reality game Wildeverse, which seeks to generate support for ape conservation and encourage pro‐environmental behaviours.

We conducted a randomised control trial to experimentally compare the impacts of this game against watching a documentary, a conventional conservation outreach intervention. We compared changes in participants' knowledge, attitudes and revealed donation behaviours across the two groups and found that games performed as well as documentaries in supporting positive environmental knowledge and attitudes.

The results gathered from this study provide experimental insight into the potential for the broader use of digital games for conservation outreach and also provide evidence against the argument that gaming can detract from real‐world environmental problems creating a disconnect with these issues. However, results from this study could not provide any evidence that Wildeverse was successful in achieving its additional aim of encouraging players to donate to conservation, which provides evidence for the existence of an environmental values–behaviour gap in conservation gaming.

The gaming industry is global and rapidly growing and should no longer be ignored as an avenue for conservation outreach. We recommend several ways in which future studies can expand on this work to better understand how to effectively harness the power of digital games to drive tangible change that benefits biodiversity.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
An overview of noninvasive ventilation in cystic fibrosis
Authors: Jobanputra Aesha , Jagpal Sugeet , Marulanda Paula , Ramagopal Maya , Santiago Teodoro , Naik Sreelatha
Published: November 2021

Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) use was initially reported in cystic fibrosis (CF) in 1991 as a bridge to lung transplantation, and over the decades, the use of NIV has increased in the CF population. Individuals with CF are prone to various physiologic changes as lung function worsens, and they benefit from NIV for advanced lung disease. As life expectancy in CF has been increasing due to advances such as highly effective modulator therapy, people with CF may also benefit from NIV for other diagnosis beyond advanced lung disease. NIV can improve gas exchange, quality of sleep, exercise tolerance, and augment airway clearance in CF. CF providers can readily become comfortable with this therapeutic modality. In this review, we will summarize the physiologic basis for NIV use in CF, describe indications for initiation, and discuss how to order and monitor patients on NIV. We will discuss aspects unique to people with CF and the use of NIV, as well as suggestions on how to reduce risks such as infection. We hope that this serves as a resource for CF providers, in particular those who do not have dedicated training in sleep medicine as we all continue to care for the CF patient population.
Population pharmacokinetics of liposomal irinotecan in patients with cancer and exposure–safety analyses in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer
Authors: Brendel Karl , Bekaii‐Saab Tanios , Boland Patrick M , Dayyani Farshid , Dean Andrew , Macarulla Teresa , Maxwell Fiona , Mody Kabir , Pedret‐Dunn Anna , Wainberg Zev A , Zhang Bin
Published: November 2021

Liposomal irinotecan is a liposomal formulation of irinotecan, which prolongs circulation of irinotecan and its active metabolite SN‐38. A population pharmacokinetic (PK) model was developed based on data from seven studies (N = 440). Adequacy of the model was assessed using multiple methods, including visual predictive check. Associations between PK exposure and the incidence of diarrhea (grade ≥3) and neutropenia adverse events (AEs) (grade ≥3) at first event in patients with metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (mPDAC) were investigated using logistic regression based on data from two studies (the phase III NAPOLI‐1 [N = 260] and phase I/II NCT02551991 [N = 56] trials). The PKs of total irinotecan was described by a two‐compartment model with first‐order elimination, with SN‐38 formed directly by a first‐order constant from the central compartment of irinotecan or after using a transit compartment. Clearance was 17.9 L/week (0.107 L/h) and 19,800 L/week (118 L/h) for total irinotecan and SN‐38, respectively. The UGT1A1*28 7/7 homozygous genotype had no significant impact on SN‐38 clearance. Model evaluation was satisfactory for both irinotecan and SN‐38. The incidence of diarrhea (grade ≥3) at first event was significantly higher with increasing average concentrations of total irinotecan and SN‐38; there was no significant association between an increased risk of neutropenia AEs (grade ≥3) at first event and average SN‐38 concentrations. In summary, the PKs of total irinotecan and SN‐38 after administration of liposomal irinotecan were well‐described by the model. The UGT1A1*28 status had no significant impact on the PKs of liposomal irinotecan.
1D Nanomaterials in Fe‐Group Metals Obtained by Synthesis in the Pores of Polymer Templates: Correlation of Structure, Magnetic, and Transport Properties
Authors: Panina Larissa V. , Zagorskiy Dmitri L. , Shymskaya Alena , Doludenko Ilia M. , Evstigneeva Svetlana A. , Melnikova Polina D. , Khairetdinova Dinara R. , Lukkareva Snezchana A. , Gilimyanova Anastasiya R.
Published: November 2021

1D cylindrical magnetic nanostructures (FeNi, FeCo, FeCoP) of complex topology such as nanowires (NWs), nanotubes (NTs), multilayered nanowires, and core–shell structures are discussed from the perspective of engineering a wide variety of magnetic materials from hard to semihard to soft. Most of recent data are given for the materials synthesized in the pores of polymer ion‐track membranes, which makes it possible to tune systematically the geometrical parameters, morphology, and composition. The key properties including crystal and micromagnetic structure, magnetic anisotropy, and coercivity are analyzed. Co‐based NWs with uniform morphology demonstrate coercivity of more than 10 kOe due to the combination of crystalline and shape anisotropies. In the case of NTs, the demagnetizing effect is reduced owing to a helical arrangement of the magnetization, which leads to low values of coercivity and remanence magnetization. Varying the geometrical parameters of multilayered NWs, the alternating soft and semihard magnetic layers can be made within a single nanowire, which is important for spin‐valve magnetoresistance. Au‐coated ferromagnetic nanostructures are biocompatible and can be used to enhance optical absorption. Ni@Au NTs used as substrates for Raman spectroscopy demonstrate the enhancement factor of the order of 104. Some aspects related to applications of 1D magnets are briefly overviewed.
Dynamic reliability analysis approach based on fault tree and new process capability index
Authors: Li Wanhong , Liu Guangzhong
Published: November 2021

This paper proposes a dynamic reliability analysis approach based on fault tree (FT) and new process capability index (PCI). This work has three contributions. First, new PCIs, namely, Cp‐R, Cpk‐R, Cpm‐R, and Cpmk‐R, are proposed on the basis of traditional PCI prototypes, and the data stability analysis results converge to (0∼1] interval. These new PCI advantages and defects are compared, and the result shows that Cpmk‐R can identify the stability of the dynamic data effectively. Second, fault risk index (FRI) based on Cpmk‐R index, namely, Rpmk‐R, is proposed to approximate the probability of basic events (BEs) for FT. Third, FRI and FT are used to analyze fault transmission and assess dynamic fault risk of equipment. A circulating cooling water heat exchange system is used for simulation to verify the practicability of the approach. Results show that the FT based on Rpmk‐R can assess the dynamic fault risk of equipment accurately.
A pragmatic and prudent consensus on the resurrection of extinct plant species using herbarium specimens
Authors: Albani Rocchetti Giulia , Davis Charles , Caneva Giulia , Bacchetta Gianluigi , Fabrini Giuseppe , Fenu Giuseppe , Foggi Bruno , Galasso Gabriele , Gargano Domenico , Giusso del Galdo Gianpietro , Iberite Mauro , Magrini Sara , Mayer Alfred , Mondoni Andrea , Nepi Chiara , Orsenigo Simone , Peruzzi Lorenzo , Abeli Thomas
Published: November 2021

Herbaria may represent remarkable sources of viable diaspores for recovering lost genetic variation and extinct plant species, but the application of rewilding extinct species using these collections has not been explored in detail. De‐extinction in plants may be achieved by germinating viable diaspores or culturing tissues preserved in herbarium specimens. Germination of old diaspores (fruits, seeds, spores) preserved in sub‐optimal uncontrolled storage conditions demonstrates that the recovery of extinct plants from herbarium specimens may be possible. Plant de‐extinction via herbarium specimens relies on the availability of samples containing viable diaspores, and on the inclination of curators and the conservation community to use such material for this purpose. We developed an internet‐based survey to assess (i) whether the scientific community would consent to the use of herbarium specimens of extinct species to attempt de‐extinction, and (ii) the limitations of removing diaspores from specimens. Despite the risk of potential damages to valuable specimens from historical collections when harvesting diaspores, a consensus for using specimens of extinct plant species emerged. Most respondents would permit the collection of a low number of diaspores, preferably from duplicate specimens and only if the integrity of the specimen is preserved. These considerations would be more restrictive for type specimens and those of historical value. These results help to formalise a decision framework for the grant and use of material from natural history collections and a pragmatic approach to attempt to resurrect extinct species from herbarium specimens.
3T MRI characteristics of the palatine tonsil in brachycephalic dogs
Authors: Köhler Claudia , Fromme Vivian , Kohl Stefan , Winter Karsten , Weidauer Jenny , Kiefer Ingmar
Published: November 2021

Background

Investigation of the MRI characteristics of the palatine tonsil in brachycephalic dogs in 3T high‐field system.

Methods

Eighty‐five brachycephalic dogs and 37 normocephalic dogs were divided into five groups: group 1 French bulldogs (FBs) with neurological clinical signs (n = 37), group 2 FBs with brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) (n = 22), group 3 pugs with neurological clinical signs (n = 17), group 4 pugs with BOAS (n = 9) and group 5 normocephalic dogs (n = 37). Cross‐sectional area and volume measurements were performed, and tonsillar margination and contour, shape, signal intensity and homogeneity/heterogeneity of the palatine tonsils were evaluated and compared.

Results

Cross‐sectional area and volume measurements of the tonsils showed no significant differences between brachycephalic and normocephalic dogs with the exception of the dogs of group 2 (FB BOAS), which showed relatively high volume and large cross‐sectional area in comparison to other groups. In 87% of the brachycephalic animals, the tonsils were well defined. A smooth contour was detectable in 91.8% and a rounded shape in 94.7% of brachycephalic dogs. Signal intensity was assessed as hyperintense in relation to the musculature and iso‐ to hyperintense to the soft palate. Heterogeneous appearance was described in 86.9% of the brachycephalic animals.

Conclusions

The MRI characteristics of the tonsils of brachycephalic dogs do not differ considerably from those of normocephalic dogs. In FBs with distinct clinical signs of obstructive airway syndrome, increase in cross‐sectional area and volume of the tonsils was detected.
Impurity effect on hysteric magnetoconductance: holographic approach
Authors: Kim Kyung Kiu , Kim Keun-Young , Sin Sang-Jin , Seo Yunseok
Published: November 2021

Abstract

In this paper we study a hysteric phase transition from weak localization phase to hysteric magnetoconductance phase using gauge/gravity duality. This hysteric phase is triggered by a spontaneous magnetization related to ℤ2 symmetry and time reversal symmetry in a 2+1 dimensional system with momentum relaxation. We derive thermoelectric conductivity formulas describing non-hysteric and hysteric phases. At low temperatures, this magnetoconductance shows similar phase transitions of topological insulator surface states. We also obtain hysteresis curves of Seebeck coefficient and Nernst signal. It turns out that our impurity parameter changes magnetic properties of the dual system. This is justified by showing increasing susceptibility and the spontaneous magnetization with increasing impurity parameter.
On linear functional equations modulo $${\mathbb {Z}}$$
Authors: Gilányi Attila , Lewicka Agata
Published: November 2021

In this paper, we consider the condition$$\sum _{i=0}^{n+1}\varphi _i(r_ix+q_iy)\in {\mathbb {Z}}$$∑i=0n+1φi(rix+qiy)∈Zfor real valued functions defined on a linear spaceV. We derive necessary and sufficient conditions for functions satisfying this condition to be decent in the following sense: there exist functions$$f_i:V\rightarrow {\mathbb {R}}$$fi:V→R,$$g_i:V\rightarrow {\mathbb {Z}}$$gi:V→Zsuch that$$\varphi _i=f_i+g_i$$φi=fi+gi,$$(i=0,\dots ,n+1)$$(i=0,⋯,n+1)and$$\sum _{i=0}^{n+1}f_i(r_ix+q_iy)=0$$∑i=0n+1fi(rix+qiy)=0for all$$x, y\in V$$x,y∈V.
Simultaneous optimization of topology and layout of modular stiffeners on shells and plates
Authors: Bakker Coen , Zhang Lidan , Higginson Kristie , Keulen Fred van
Published: November 2021

Stiffened shells and plates are widely used in engineering. Their performance is highly influenced by the arrangement, or layout, of stiffeners on the base shell or plate and the geometric features, or topology, of these stiffeners. Moreover, modular design is beneficial, since it allows for increased quality control and mass production. In this work, a method is developed that simultaneously optimizes the topology of stiffeners and their layout on a base shell or plate. This is accomplished by introducing a fixed number of modular stiffeners, which are subject to density-based topology optimization and a mapping of these modules to a ground structure. To illustrate potential applications, several stiffened plates and shell examples are presented. All examples demonstrated that the proposed method is able to generate clear topologies for any number of modules and a distinct layout of the stiffeners on the base shell or plate.
Simple extraction procedure for free amino acids determination in selected gluten-free flour samples
Authors: Kowalska Sylwia , Szłyk Edward , Jastrzębska Aneta
Published: November 2021

The simple extraction of flours samples followed by free amino acids determination procedures was studied and optimised. The conditions of amino acids derivatisation reaction with ninhydrin for chromatographic determination of free amino acids sum was discussed. The developed method was processed in terms of linearity, precision, accuracy, and limits of detection and quantification. Moreover, capillary isotachophoresis and HPLC methods were applied for individual free amino acids determination. The proposed extraction procedure is simple, fast and convenient for different flours samples. Studied procedures were used for free amino acids determination in twelve gluten-free flour samples (corn, oat, soy, rice, pumpkin, millet, peanut, hemp seed, buckwheat, amaranth, pea and chickpea) and the obtained results were compared with wheat flour.
Population dynamics of an island population of water voles Arvicola amphibius (Linnaeus, 1758) with one major predator, the eagle owl Bubo bubo (Linnaeus, 1758), in northern Norway
Authors: Frafjord Karl
Published: November 2021

Predator–prey relationships are of great significance to ecosystems, and their effects on the population dynamics of voles and lemmings (Microtinae) in Boreal and Arctic environments have long been of particular interest. A simple ecosystem with one major prey and one major predator could be an ideal setting for a study of their interactions. This is the situation on several small islands on the coast of northern Norway just below the Arctic Circle, with populations of water voles Arvicola amphibius preyed upon by the eagle owl Bubo bubo. The population dynamics of the water vole was studied by trapping and tagging in 2003–2018, eagle owl pellets were collected for analyses, eagle owl breeding attempts were recorded, and some weather variables collected from official recordings. After having been introduced well into the study period, the number of sheep Ovis aries was also recorded. Water voles were the main prey of the eagle owl, with 89% occurrence in pellets, with an overrepresentation of adults and males. Both predation, sheep grazing and extreme weather events influenced the vole population. Predator exclusion, as happened in three summers due to an intensive radio tracking study, especially increased the number of surviving young (in particular from the early cohorts) and the mass of adults. Extreme weather events, such as flooding in summer and deeply frozen ground in winter, most significantly reduced vole populations. Sheep grazing may exacerbate the effects of predation. A similar multitude of factors may affect populations of other rodent species as well.
The problem of no hands: responsibility voids in collective decisions
Authors: Duijf Hein , Van De Putte Frederik
Published: November 2021

The problem of no hands concerns the existence of so-called responsibility voids: cases where a group makes a certain decision, yet no individual member of the group can be held responsible for this decision. Criteria-based collective decision procedures play a central role in philosophical debates on responsibility voids. In particular, the well-known discursive dilemma has been used to argue for the existence of these voids. But there is no consensus: others argue that no such voids exist in the discursive dilemma under the assumption that casting an untruthful opinion is eligible. We argue that, under this assumption, the procedure used in the discursive dilemma is indeed immune to responsibility voids, yet such voids can still arise for other criteria-based procedures. We provide two general characterizations of the conditions under which criteria-based collective decision procedures are immune to these voids. Our general characterizations are used to prove that responsibility voids are ruled out by criteria-based procedures involving an atomistic or monotonic decision function. In addition, we show that our results imply various other insights concerning the logic of responsibility voids.
Can intracranial time-of-flight-MR angiography predict extracranial carotid artery stenosis?
Authors: Osmanodja Filiz , Scheitz Jan F. , Fiebach Jochen B. , Ganeshan Ramanan , Villringer Kersten
Published: November 2021

Objectives

Extracranial stenosis of the internal carotid artery (ICA) is an important cause of ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA). It can be diagnosed using contrast-enhanced CT or MR angiography (MRA) as well as Doppler ultrasound. In this study, we assessed the diagnostic value of intracranial time-of-flight (TOF) MRA to predict extracranial ICA stenosis (ICAS).

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke or TIA and middle- (50–69%) or high-grade (70–99%) unilateral extracranial ICAS according to NASCET criteria assessed by ultrasound between January 2016 and August 2018. The control group consisted of patients without extracranial ICAS. Intraluminal signal intensities (SI) of the intracranial ICA on the side of the extracranial stenosis were compared to the contralesional side on TOF-MRA source images. SI ratios (SIR) of contralesional:lesional side were compared between groups.

Results

In total, 151 patients were included in the main analysis. Contralesional:lesional SIR in the intracranial C4-segment was significantly higher in patients with ipsilateral extracranial ICA stenosis (n = 51, median 74 years, 57% male) compared to the control group (n = 100, median 68 years, 48% male). Mean SIR was 1.463 vs. 1.035 (p < 0.001) for right-sided stenosis and 1.362 vs. 1.000 (p < 0.001) for left-sided stenosis. Receiver-operating characteristic curve demonstrated a cut-off value of 1.086 for right-sided [sensitivity/specificity 75%/81%; area under the curve (AUC) 0.81] and 1.104 for left-sided stenosis (sensitivity/specificity 70%/84%; AUC 0.80) in C4 as a good predictor for high-grade extracranial ICAS.

Conclusions

SIR on TOF-MRA can be a marker of extracranial ICAS.
Instrumented gait analysis defines the walking signature of CACNA1A disorders
Authors: Indelicato Elisabetta , Raccagni Cecilia , Runer Sarah , Hannink Julius , Nachbauer Wolfgang , Eigentler Andreas , Amprosi Matthias , Wenning Gregor , Boesch Sylvia
Published: November 2021

Background

Gait disturbances are a frequent symptom in CACNA1A disorders. Even though, data about their severity and progression are lacking and no CACNA1A-specific scale or assessment for gait is available.

Methods

We applied a gait assessment protocol in 20 ambulatory patients with genetically confirmed CACNA1A disorders and 39 matched healthy controls. An instrumented gait analysis (IGA) was performed by means of wearable sensors in basal condition and after a treadmill/cycloergometer challenge in selected cases.

Results

CACNA1A patients displayed lower gait speed, shorter steps with increased step length variability, a reduced landing acceleration as well as a reduced range of ankle motion compared to controls. Furthermore, gait-width in patients with episodic CACNA1A disorders was narrower as compared to controls. In one patient experiencing mild episodic symptoms after the treadmill challenge, the IGA was able to detect a deterioration over all gait parameters.

Conclusions

In CACNA1A patients, the IGA with wearable sensors unravels specific gait signatures which are not detectable at naked eye. These features (narrow-based gait, lower landing acceleration) distinguish these patients from other ataxic disorders and may be target of focused rehabilitative interventions. IGA can potentially be applied to monitor the neurological fluctuations associated with CACNA1A disorders.
State-of-the-art surgery for pancreatic cancer
Authors: Nießen Anna , Hackert Thilo
Published: November 2021

Background

The d
evelopment of surgical techniques and specialization and specifically complication management in pancreatic surgery have improved surgical outcomes as well as oncological results in pancreatic surgery in recent decades. Historical morbidity and especially mortality rates of up to 80% have decreased to below 5% today. This review summarizes the current state of the art in pancreatic cancer surgery.

Methods

The present literature and clinical experience are summarized to give an overview of the present best practice in pancreatic surgery as one of the most advanced surgical disciplines today.

Results

Based on the available literature, three important aspects contribute to best patient care in pancreatic surgery, namely, surgical progress, interdisciplinary complication management, and multimodal oncological treatment in case of pancreatic cancer. In addition, minimally invasive and robotic procedures are currently fields of development and specific topics of research.

Conclusion

In experienced hands, pancreatic surgery—despite being one of the most challenging fields of surgery—is a safe domain today. The impact of multimodal, especially adjuvant, therapy for oncological indications is well established and evidence-based. New technologies are evolving and will be evaluated with high-evidence studies in the near future.
A component-free Lagrangian finite element formulation for large strain elastodynamics
Authors: Stickle Miguel Martín , Molinos Miguel , Navas Pedro , Yagüe Ángel , Manzanal Diego , Moussavi Saeid , Pastor Manuel
Published: November 2021

Standard finite element formulation and implementation in solid dynamics at large strains usually relies upon and indicial-tensor Voigt notation to factorized the weighting functions and take advantage of the symmetric structure of the algebraic objects involved. In the present work, a novel component-free approach, where no reference to a basis, axes or components is made, implied or required, is adopted for the finite element formulation. Under this approach, the factorisation of the weighting function and also of the increment of the displacement field, can be performed by means of component-free operations avoiding both the use of any index notation and the subsequent reorganisation in matrix Voigt form. This new approach leads to a straightforward implementation of the formulation where only vectors and second order tensors in $${\mathbb {R}}^3$$

R

3

are required. The proposed formulation is as accurate as the standard Voigt based finite element method however is more efficient, concise, transparent and easy to implement.
The Sociability Argument for the Burqa Ban: A Qualified Defence
Authors: de Vries Bouke
Published: November 2021

Over the past decade, countries such as France, Belgium, Denmark, Austria, Latvia, and Bulgaria have banned face-coverings from public spaces. These bans are popularly known as ‘burqa bans’ as they seem to have been drafted with the aim of preventing people from wearing burqas and niqabs specifically. The scholarly response to these bans has been overwhelmingly negative, with several lawyers and philosophers arguing that they violate the human right to freedom of religion. While this article shares some of the concerns that have been raised, it argues that banning face-coverings in public is morally justified under certain conditions with the exception of facemasks that are necessary for the containment of infectious diseases, such as COVID-19. The reason for this is that those who publicly cover their face make it very difficult for other members of society to socially interact with them, especially for those who are deaf or hard-of-hearing, which is problematic in an age where many people are chronically lonely or at risk of becoming chronically lonely. As such, this article can be understood as a more elaborate, and arguably more sophisticated, defence of the justification that France offered for its face-covering ban before the European Court of Human Rights, namely that covering one’s face undermines the conditions for ‘living together’.
Kerley A-lines represent thickened septal plates between lung segments in patients with lymphangitic carcinomatosis: confirmation using 3D-CT lung segmentation analysis
Authors: Tsuchiya Nanae , Tsubakimoto Maho , Nishie Akihiro , Murayama Sadayuki
Published: November 2021

Purpose

Kerley A-lines are generally apparent in patients with pulmonary edema or lymphangitic carcinomatosis. There are two main thoughts regarding the etiology of Kerley A-lines, but no general agreement. Specifically, the lines are caused by thickened interlobular septa or dilated anastomotic lymphatics. Our purpose was to determine the anatomic structure represented as Kerley A-lines using 3D-CT lung segmentation analysis.

Materials and methods

We reviewed 139 charts of patients with lymphangitic carcinomatosis of the lung who had CT and X-ray exams with a maximum interval of 7 days. The presence of Kerley A-lines on X-ray was assessed by a radiologist. The A-lines on X-ray were defined as follows: dense; fine (< 1 mm thick); ≥ 2 cm in length, radiating from the hilum; no bifurcation; and not adjacent to the pleura. For cases with Kerley A-lines on X-ray, three radiologists agreed that the lines on CT corresponded with Kerley A-lines. The incidence of A-lines and the characteristics of the lines were investigated. The septal lines between lung segments were identified using a 3D-CT lung segmentation analysis workstation. The percentage of agreement between the A-lines on CT and lung segmental lines was assessed.

Results

On chest X-ray, 37 Kerley A-lines (right, 16; left, 21) were identified in the 22 cases (16%). Of these, 4 lungs with 12 lines were excluded from analysis due to technical reasons. Nineteen of the 25 lines (76%) corresponded to the septal lines on CT. Of these, 11 lines matched with automatically segmented lines (intersegmental septa, 4; intersubsegmental septa, 7) by the workstation. Two lines (8%) represented fissures. Four lines corresponded to the bronchial wall/artery (3 lines, 12%) or vein (1 line, 4%).

Conclusion

Kerley A-lines primarily represented thickened and continued interlobular septal lines that corresponded to the septa between lung segments and subsegments.
Burned or engaged teachers? The role of mindfulness, self-efficacy, teacher and students’ relationships, and the mediating role of intrapersonal and interpersonal mindfulness
Authors: Moyano Nieves , Perez-Yus Maria C. , Herrera-Mercadal Paola , Navarro-Gil Mayte , Valle Sandra , Montero-Marin Jesus
Published: November 2021

This study had the goal to examine factors that are associated with burnout and engagement among teachers from diverse educational stages. Among these factors, we analyzed socio-demographic aspects, such as gender, age and years of experience, and other psychological teacher-related variables like teacher’s self-efficacy and teacher-student relationships. We also considered the potential mediating role of mindfulness in these relationships. The sample was made up by 425 Spanish teachers who answered an online survey. We administered the following measures: Revised version of the Teacher’s Burnout Questionnaire, Utrecht Work Engagement Scale, Mindfulness in Teaching Scale –which distinguished between intrapersonal and interpersonal mindfulness-, Teacher’s Sense of Self-efficacy Scale, and some questions related to the relationships between students and teachers in the classroom. We conducted a mediational analysis through structural equation modeling (SEM). Our findings indicated that both intrapersonal and interpersonal mindfulness mediated the relation between self-efficacy, which played a direct and an indirect role, the teacher-student relationship, and burnout and engagement. The socio-demographic variables of gender and years of experience played a significant role in mindfulness. The teachers with more self-efficacy were more likely to pay attention to their daily activity and to show more receptivity with their students, which resulted in lower burnout and more engagement. In addition, better relationships with students led to higher intrapersonal mindfulness levels, which mediated the relation with burnout and engagement. These relations varied depending on specific burnout and engagement dimensions. We discuss the implications of these findings for improving teachers´ implication in the education field.
Sexuality-based Stigma and Inclusion Among Southern Protestant Religious Leaders
Authors: Mosley Elizabeth A. , Narasimhan Subasri , Blevins John , Dozier Jessica L. , Pringle Johanna , Clarke Lasha S. , Scott Cherisse , Kan Mary , Hall Kelli Stidham , Rice Whitney S.
Published: November 2021

Introduction

Sexuality-based stigma is prevalent in the USA and is, in part, based on religious and gender norms. In the South—compared to other regions—religiosity is more salient, gender norms are more conservative, and sexual and reproductive health (SRH) inequities are more prevalent.

Methods

Guided by a stakeholder Advisory Committee, the researchers conducted 20 in-depth interviews with Protestant religious leaders in Georgia from 2018 to 2019 to explore how faith leaders describe sexuality-based stigma, including toward abortion and sexual and gender minorities. Interviews were transcribed and thematically analyzed using team-based, iterative coding.

Results

Religious leaders held a wide range of abortion and sexuality attitudes and norms. Some described traditional judgment around the “sins” of abortion, “homosexuality,” and/or “transgender people” based on Scripture and constructs of the cisgender binary and sexual purity. But the researchers noted tension between that judgment and Christian ideologies of “love” and “all people[being]welcomed…[no]matter who you are.” Several participants provided counter-examples for building supportive and empathic abortion and sexuality norms—including LGBTQ inclusivity—through de-stigmatizing testimony and personal relationships.

Conclusions

There are linkages between abortion stigma and stigma against sexual/gender minorities among Southern religious leaders. However, there is also support for abortion and LGBTQ inclusivity. We assert that assets-based engagement of religious leaders is critical for building effective, inclusive faith-based SRH programming.

Policy Implications

These findings demonstrate the need for national, state, and local policies that protect comprehensive sex education, abortion access, and LGBTQ people.
Promoting Junior School Students’ Anti-bullying Beliefs with the CATZ Cross-age Teaching Zone Intervention
Authors: Boulton Michael J. , Macaulay Peter J. R. , Atherton Siobhan , Boulton Louise , Colebourne Tracey , Davies Melanie , Down James , Garner Ian , Harriss Bethan , Kenton Laura , Lomas Bethan , Marx Hedda , Scattergood Samantha , Turner Claire
Published: November 2021

In tackling the widespread problem of bullying victimisation, researchers have acknowledged the value of focusing on changing bullying-related beliefs and using peer-based interventions. In three studies (N = 419, 237 intervention and 182 controls), we tested the effectiveness of the CATZ cross-age teaching programme by inviting small groups of 11-year-olds to incorporate information supporting positive beliefs (concerning non-physical forms of bullying, the value of disclosing being bullied to adults, and helping victims) into a lesson they devised for themselves and to deliver that to small groups of 9-year-olds. Specifically, we examined if the intervention would promote that (i) non-physical forms of bullying are unacceptable (study 1), (ii) disclosing bullying to adults and getting the right kind of help have value and importance (study 2), and (iii) victims can be assisted in safe ways (study 3). Self-reports of nine specific aspects of these beliefs were collected from CATZ tutors and age-matched controls prior to and following the intervention, and at five-week follow-up in one study, using both open and closed questions. Results indicated significant positive effects of CATZ on all nine outcome variables, with mostly medium and high effect sizes. These findings support the use of CATZ to foster positive anti-bullying beliefs, and issues related to its wider uptake are discussed.