bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tsars and Commissars: W. Somerset Maugham, Ashenden and Images of Russia in British Adventure Fiction, 1890-1930
Authors: Neilson Keith
Published: December 2016

W. Somerset Maugham is well-known for, among his other literary pursuits, being one of the originators of modern spy fiction. His novel Ashenden: or the British Agent (1928) is one of the classics of this “genre.” However, what is not appreciated is the fact that Ashenden is also important in other contexts, particularly both for an understanding of modern literary images of Russia and for an appreciation of Maugham’s own ideas about the nature of realism.

Throughout the nineteenth century, Russia was one of the most important settings for British adventure — including spy — fiction. In a wide range of popular novels dealing with future wars, anarchists and international espionage, Russia was portrayed as a vast, sprawling land governed in a semi-feudal fashion. The Russian people were oppressed by their government and backwards in their mentality, but possessed of a certain otherworldliness exemplified by the so-called “Russian soul.” Russia was seen as a police state, whose citizens (and any foreigners unlucky enough to transgress against the unreasonable laws of the autocracy) might at any time be arrested, tortured, and exiled to the wastes of Siberia.

Ashenden, it is argued here, strove to destroy many of these images of Russia, and particularly the mysticism surrounding the “Russian soul.” Maugham poked fun at the Russia portrayed in popular fiction in order to create a more realistic, less melodramatic style of adventure fiction. Equally, he used this technique as a vehicle to promote his own style of realism, a style in direct contrast to such pillars of “Russian” literature as Turgenev and Dostoevsky. By attacking the images of Russia that appeared in popular British adventure fiction — images often derived from serious Russian literature — Maugham was attacking the literary basis of the latter.
The Promotion of the Visual Arts in Britain, 1835-1860
Authors: Hurtado Shannon Hunter
Published: December 2016

The government Select Committees of 1835-36 and 1841, certain wealthy Midland industrialists, and the Art Union of London aggressively promoted the visual arts as a means of creating social harmony and maintaining British manufacturing supremacy during the early Victorian period. Their methods and motives in urging art upon the “masses” are examined with a view to understanding the extent to which these activities were prompted by a desire to advance class interests.

In each case economic concerns are evident immediately. The working classes were exposed to exhibitions of fine and industrial arts and inducted into schools of design in order that they could produce more attractive manufactured goods. Exposure of middle and upper-middle classes to the fine arts was intended to create a new market for British goods, whether manufactured or produced by painters.

Economic manipulation was matched by social manipulation. Behind the rhetoric of self-help, cooperation between the classes, and patriotic duty, lurks a concerted effort by the three interest groups to control both middle- and working class aspirations. The practice and patronage of art were seen by those who desired social advancement as potent means of ascendancy. By promising their social inferiors the benefits of engagement with the fine arts on the one hand, yet carefully limiting their use of and access to them on the other, the three groups achieved their goals of class containment and enhanced consumption of British goods at home and abroad during a politically turbulent time.

Although other analyses have been made of the nineteenth-century outworking of class interests on the part of the Government Schools of Design and the Manchester industrialists, this is the first attempt to apply such an analysis to the Art Union of London and more generally to Victorian promotion of the fine arts.
Britain, the United States, and the Question of Asylum for War Criminals in the Neutral Countries During World War II
Authors: Kochavi Arieh J.
Published: December 2016

Following the invasion of Sicily and Mussolini’s forced abdication (25 July 1943), London and Washington decided to request the neutral governments not to offer asylum to war criminals. Through autumn 1943, however, the neutral governments were resolved not to give the Allies the desired assurances, basing their position on their legal rights as sovereign, neutral countries. Determined to avoid antagonizing Berlin, the neutrals clearly manifested their priorities in close economic ties with Germany, including the export of vital products and raw materials to the Axis powers. Nevertheless, neither Britain nor the United States persisted in obtaining an affirmative reply to their appeal.

Several weeks after the invasion of Normandy, both Anglo-Saxon powers again approached the neutral countries, but this time adopted a firmer stand and refused evasive answers. The neutral governments gave “more or less satisfactory assurances,” as with the change in the war situation, they recognized the need to assuage the Allies in order to protect their political and economic interests for the post-war era. Responding to British and American demands in regard to war criminals accorded with this aim. The main consideration that apparently guided the policy of the neutral governments toward the belligerents in general and the asylum issue in particular was that of developments on the battlefield. Besides comparing the neutral countries’ respective positions on war criminals, this article uses the issue as a case study to portray overall relations between the western allies and the neutrals during different stages of the war.
Representations of the Republic at War: Lille and Toulon, 1792-1793
Authors: Germani Ian
Published: December 2016

Although historians have tended to focus upon the battles of Valmy (20 September 1792) and Wattignies, (15-16 October 1793) as the decisive moments in the defence of republican France, contemporary politicians, journalists, poets, playwrights, and artists instead celebrated the sieges of Lille (29 September - 8 October 1792) and Toulon (27 August - 19 December 1793). Their representations of these two sieges provide a valuable insight into the way the war was perceived in the revolutionary imagination and into the links between war and terror in revolutionary discourse. Both sieges, despite their differences, gave revolutionary publicists the opportunity to celebrate the myth of the nation-in-arms. While the realities of incompetent leadership and ill-disciplined, poorly equipped troops could not be denied, the myth of republican invincibility could be sustained by dramatizing the exploits of the volunteers and civilians who, regardless of age and gender, rallied to the defence of the Republic. Such heroism was contrasted with the brutality and cowardice of an enemy who depended upon French treason for his success. By insisting that the enemy had put himself beyond the pale of humanity, revolutionary propaganda justified a ruthless conduct of the war and a merciless repression of the foreign enemy's internal collaborators.

Recent scholarship has undermined the interpretation of the Terror as a practical necessity of patriotic defence; it has been shown that even the revolutionaries’ own justifications of terrorist measures placed little emphasis upon the demands of the war. Nevertheless, in their interpretations of the sieges of Lille and Toulon, revolutionary publicists sanctioned the use of terror as an essential instrument in compelling citizens to choose the path of heroism over that of treason, thereby depriving the enemy of his only hope of victory. The sieges of Lille and Toulon figured so prominently in the revolutionary imagination because they illustrated so well the idea that no citizen was exempt from making that choice.
The Careers of Graduates of the Ecoles d’Arts et Metiers in the French Automobile Industry, 1880-1940
Authors: Day C. Rod
Published: December 2016

Since the late nineteenth century the French automobile industry has been at the forefront in Europe in innovation, technology and sales. The graduates of the six Ecoles d'Arts et Métiers located at Châlons (1806), Angers (1815), Aix-en-Provence (1843), Cluny (1891), Lille (1900), and Paris (1912) were mechanical engineers who from the beginning played a key role in the mechanical industries, including the automobile industry. From the 1890s to the First World War many graduates tried their hand at manufacturing motor vehicles. Several were quite successful, notably Brasier, Delage, Delahaye, and Trépardoux. Since the First World War they have been engineering executives, prominent particularly in the big three auto companies, Renault, Peugeot, and Citroën. Ernest Mattern at Citroën and Peugeot, Alphonse Grillot and Pierre Bézier at Renault successfully introduced mass production techniques and numerical command operations before and after the Second World War.

The paper is based on a list compiled by Pierre Pouzet in 1983 detailing the careers of graduates of the Ecoles d’Arts et Métiers in the automobile industry for the years 1840 to 1914, and 520 data from the alumni association of the schools for subsequent years. The paper uses this data to present a group career profile highlighting professional positions held immediately after graduation, fifteen years after graduation, and at least twenty-five years after graduation from the late nineteenth century to 1960.

The paper demonstrates the importance of graduates in the automobile industry and the fact that they were promoted to relatively important positions. French industry was not as deprived of academically trained engineers and proficient middle-level technicians as many have thought.
Market Towns and the Countryside in Late Medieval England
Authors: Dyer Christopher
Published: December 2016

This study of the interactions between market towns and their surrounding countryside is inspired by David Farmer’s work on agricultural marketing. Central place theories of "spheres of influence" are applied to a number of small English towns for which there is evidence of commercial contacts in the period 1280-1520. A sample of towns is used, including a group of contiguous market centres in the west midlands. Trading hinterlands are defined and compared, showing that a half of places with which small towns traded lay within a radius of ten km. The shape of hinterlands was influenced by a number of geographical and economic factors. Analysis of debts and records of trade contacts allows us to define the urban hierarchy and the extent of competition between towns. A commercial chain is found linking London and the ports to provincial cities and then with the network of market towns, which in turn dealt with small-scale village traders. Even some small towns, which usually went in for little specialization, developed a distinctive product or commodity. Social and cultural factors also played a part in defining relations between town and country. The study of hinterlands and relations between towns gives general insights into the medieval economy.
The Third Generation: The Young Socialists in Italy, 1907-1915
Authors: Craver Earlene
Published: December 2016

Between 1907 and 1915 the Federazione Giovanile Socialista Italiana (F.G.S.I.) changed from a moderate organization into one of the most militant in the Italian socialist movement. The conflicts between the F.G.S.I. and reformist leaders of the Partito Socialista Italiano (P.S.I.) exacerbated during the Libyan war were not fully healed by the maximalist victory in 1912. Members of the F.G.S.I. went on to question the traditional parameters between which P.S.I. theory-practice had fluctuated. The youths favoured Benito Mussolini over other maximalist leaders between 1912 and 1914 not just because of his youth, style, and well-known opposition to the Libyan venture but because he raised many of their concerns with regard to party policies toward the trade unions and the south, and challenged some of the accepted tenets of social democratic orthodoxy. Despite Mussolini’s argument for revolutionary intervention in WWI, the F.G.S.I., with few individual exceptions, remained true to its prewar antimilitarism and in 1915, certain leaders of the youth movement, in particular, Amadeo Bordiga and Nicola Modugno, with strong support from their southern sections, took the most radical position within the Italian socialist camp against Italian entry into the war. Bordiga and Angelo Tasca were among F.G.S.I. leaders who would become leaders of the Italian Communist party and differences in their approach were evident already in 1912. Bordiga’s experience and prominence in the youth movement helped build the grassroots foundation for his leadership in forming the Italian Communist party at the war’s end.
The Making and Putative Implementation of a British Foreign Policy of Gesture, December 1905 to August 1914: The Anglo-French Entente Revisited
Authors: Wilson K.M.
Published: December 2016

Despite tension within the Liberal cabinet between the few partisans of the entente with France and a majority reluctant to admit even the possibility of Britain fighting beside France in a continental war, the minority Liberal Imperialists — R.B. Haldane particularly influential among them — were largely unchecked by their more isolationist colleagues until the watershed of November 1911. Ironically, this earlier period of freedom saw less effective planning to support France than the post-watershed period of closer scrutiny.

Using newly available evidence from the Lansdowne and Ilbert papers, this paper examines the means used by partisans of the entente to impose their will on the cabinet during the four “war-in-sight” crises preceding August 1914 — means such as public opinion creation through press manipulation, collaboration with the Conservative leadership, and use of treaty obligations to provide a locus standi. It closes with the argument that the Liberal Imperialists’ earlier lack of interest in Anglo-French planning is best explained by their perception of Russia’s major role in safeguarding France, and the consequent belief that British gestures of support were chiefly that, gestures intended mainly to maintain the connection with Russia, which was of paramount importance to British foreign — mainly imperial — policy at that time.
“Goak Here”: A.J.P. Taylor and The Origins of the Second World War
Authors: Hett Benjamin Carter
Published: December 2016

A.J.P. Taylor’s The Origins of the Second World War has stimulated a great deal of discussion and controversy in the thirty-five years since its publication, without a clear consensus emerging among historians on its merits as an accurate chronicle of interwar diplomacy. In this paper the author concludes that Taylor’s book can be read, as Taylor himself hinted it should be, as an admonitory fable on the cause and prevention of war, very much addressed to a cold war audience; but that Taylor’s brilliance as a narrative historian should not blind us to the defects of his book as a literal account of the era of appeasement. Taylor’s book must be interpreted in light of his other writings on diplomatic history, and with the aid of his various comments on the purpose and method of writing history. A review of Taylor’s historiographical and journalistic writings from the 1930s to the late 1950s shows that the Origins was in no way a sudden departure from Taylor’s earlier work. Virtually all his writings had displayed a concern with Germany’s place in Europe, a passionate commitment to disarmament, and a willingness to question any received theory — including, after about 1948, that of Hitler’s culpability for the outbreak of the Second World War. The Origins can also be seen as a characteristic product of Taylor’s method as an historian, a method which he himself described as more artistic than scholarly, and one greatly influenced by the polemical style of such nonhistorians as G.B. Shaw. Criticisms have been levelled at the Origins on a number of grounds, but the most fundamental are (1) its internal inconsistencies on the central question of the causes of the war; (2) Taylor’s perverse handling of the documentary record of Hitler’s warlike intentions; and (3) Taylor’s inappropriate equation of historical cause with the subjective intentions of an historical actor.
East End, West End: Science Education, Culture and Class in Mid-Victorian London
Authors: Gay Hannah
Published: December 2016

In early nineteenth-century London scientific activity was located mainly in two areas, Westminster and the City. Westminster, with its learned societies, was the focal point of a largely gentlemanly science founded upon the expertise of the Westminster scientific elite, the gentleman scientists and the skilled Westminster artisans. In the city, the Guilds promoted instruction serving the many technically based manufacturing industries that existed in London’s East End, an area that was also home to a number of scientific societies and clubs serving the interests of those in the various trades.

In the aftermath of the 1851 and 1867 Exhibitions, with a growing awareness of foreign competition in trade and industry, there was much pressure on the government to promote higher education in the sciences. This paper examines the cultural identities of three of London’s mid-nineteenth-century scientific educational institutions, two located in the West End, the Royal College of Chemistry and the Royal School of Mines as well as the City and Guilds of London Institute, located in the East End. In comparing them it will be shown that while the West End institutions show the infusion of gentlemanly ideals held by members of the government, high civil servants and the members of learned societies located near by, and the East End institution shows something of guild and trades ideals, their scientific cultures cannot be easily demarcated. These cultures were hybrids in which various shared ideals, differently weighted, were represented.
Andrew Bonar Law and the Fall of the Asquith Coalition: The December 1916 Cabinet Crisis
Authors: Adams R.J.Q.
Published: December 2016

With the coming of World War I, Unionist party leader Andrew Bonar Law concluded that the best way to maintain national unity was to suppress interparty strife, and therefore he led his party into a coalition under the Liberal premier, H.H. Asquith, in May 1915. This essay suggests that he continued to support the Asquith coalition only so long as he thought it the best path to unity and victory. In December 1916, however, he lost patience with Asquith’s desultory war leadership and acted decisively to drive him from the premiership and bring about an alternative Government under David Lloyd George.

After the celebrated Nigeria debate of 8 November 1916, Bonar Law realised that the profound frustration of Unionists with Asquith’s leadership held the potential for a party revolt which could upset the government and provoke a divisive wartime election. He concluded that a small executive committee for war management would solve both of these problems and came to cooperate with two powerful colleagues who thought similarly: the War Secretary, Lloyd George, and the Irish Unionist, Sir Edward Carson.

Though his part in the crisis is typically depreciated by historians, once it became clear that Asquith rejected the idea of an independent war executive (which he assumed would be made up of his three antagonists) as well as the ceremonial role assigned him, Bonar Law acted decisively and in close cooperation with Lloyd George in destroying the government. Acting largely independently of his senior Unionist colleagues. Bonar Law brought his party into a reorganized Government in which he became the second leading force. Much previously unexploited evidence supports the thesis that Bonar Law was a key decision-maker in the demise of the Asquith coalition and that his part in this important episode has been undervalued and misunderstood.
Le système notarial de la Louisiane au XIXe siècle: profil et fonction des notaires
Authors: Vandal Gilles
Published: December 2016

By examining the evolution of the function of the public notary in nineteenth-century Louisiana, the present article study shows how the political authorities of that state, confronted with the influence of American legal traditions, developed an original civil law system. Beginning with an analysis of the development of the role and function of the public notary throughout the nineteenth-century, the article considers the process of selection of candidates, the legal training that was required, the need to keep notarial minutes, and the fees which legally could be charged for notarial services. Finally, it examines the social and economic status and the ethnic origins of public notaries in Louisiana.

Two major conclusions emerge from this analysis. While under common law the public notary was a simple administrator of oaths, under the Louisiana civil law he was considered a public officer. Notaries were required to examine copies of deeds of sale, to check whether or not such contracts conformed to the law, to authenticate titles, to establish the legal authority of the contracting parties, to act as legal advisor for the various parties, to make rigorous transcriptions of their agreements, and to inform each party of their rights and of the legal consequences of the act they were about to sign. The public notary thus became an increasingly important component of the Louisiana civil law system as the century progressed. Moreover, because public notaries played a crucial role in maintaining in Louisiana a civil law system distinct from those of the other American states, they had a determining influence in the preservation of Louisiana’s particular cultural identity.
“Neither Mine nor Thine”: Communist Experiments in Hussite Bohemia
Authors: Fudge Thomas A.
Published: December 2016

One of the consistencies of Hussite history in Marxist historiography for much of the twentieth century has been the assertion that the Hussite Revolutionary Movement essentially comprised a social and economic struggle against the exploitation of late medieval feudalism. Central to this struggle was the communal-communism of the radicals at Tábor. The following study is a re-evaluation of that historio-graphical assertion. The communist tendencies and experiments among the Táborites and later of the Unitas Fratrum are considered together with their underlying themes, emphases, and influences. An attempt is made to analyse their decline especially among the Táborites. Comparison is drawn between the two types of Hussite communism with reference to later communes elsewhere in Europe, though it would be incorrect either to assign to the Hussites archetypal significance or to regard them as an episode of Reformationsgeschichte. Such comparisons are beneficial both for understanding the medieval foundations of the sixteenth century and also for a broader grasp of pre-modern communism itself. The study concludes that Hussite communism was doomed to failure from the outset due to inherent flaws. The most crippling of those shortcomings was the conundrum that neither property nor privilege could really be abolished, only transferred. This reconsideration of the theme finds the Marxist explanation wanting and concludes that in Hussite Bohemia religion proved more important than economics and that theology was more a decisive factor than any social critique. The significance of the study lies in its survey presentation and reconsideration of an important theme based upon primary sources. It is, further, another corrective in post-Marxist Hussite historiography. It is useful as a comparison to the work of Bob Scribner, James Stayer, and Werner Packull on similar movements in the sixteenth century.
A Further Irony: Apocalyptic Readings of Edward Gibbon’s Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
Authors: Snobelen Stephen David
Published: December 2016

Edward Gibbon’s Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776-1788) early on gained a reputation as a work of scepticism and was attacked from the start for its ironic treatment of Christianity. In the decades following its publication, however, Protestant exegetes began to recast The Decline and Fall as a chief source for the historical verification of the Apocalypse. Gibbon’s change in status was probably facilitated by several Christianized editions of his history, but the exegetes never lost sight of his sceptical intentions. Commentators came to regard Gibbon’s infidelity as one of his most important assets, for an unbeliever could hardly be accused of writing to support the fulfilment of biblical prophecy.

By the mid-nineteenth century this exegetical appropriation of Gibbon’s famous work had reached an immense scale, and The Decline and Fall attained an almost inspired status. Some even implied that Gibbon had been divinely raised up for the purpose of composing a history that would confirm the Book of Revelation. The interpreters also admired and praised Gibbon for his scholarship and historical precision - qualities necessary for commentators revealing God’s hand at work in history.

This paper reconstructs the dynamics of this unexpected appropriation of The Decline and Fall for the first time. It also explores the strategies of the exegetes in transforming the authorial intentions of Gibbon into something compatible with their view of the designs of providence. Finally, this study raises questions about this striking religious use of Enlightenment scholarship, and offers insight into our understanding of the polygenetic of Protestant fundamentalism.
A Game of Cat and Mouse: Henri De Navarre and the Huguenot Campaigns of 1584-89
Authors: Love Ronald S.
Published: December 2016

Between 1584 and 1589, during the last of France's endemic civil-religious wars, the Huguenot struggle for survival under Henri de Navarre involved two interdependent campaigns against the joint strength of the Valois Crown and the Guise-led Catholic League. One was military. Partly because they lacked sufficient resources for offensive action, the Calvinists waged a defensive war to blunt the enemy attack and buy time until they could seize the military initiative. They played, in short, a tactical game of "cat and mouse," led by Navarre, as they evaded the claws of their more powerful adversaries. But this defensive posture was compelled partly also by a second, political campaign of cat and mouse, also directed by Navarre, to separate Henri III from the over-mighty Guise faction, and then join him against that common enemy. What the Huguenot chef de parti recognized was that ultimate Calvinist success depended upon a broader strategy that combined the military and political elements of the conflict, in order to define the appropriate rules of engagement. Although, in the short term, this forced the Huguenots onto the defensive, limiting their prospects for battlefield victories; in the long term it gained them the political advantage — and thus the military advantage, too — when Navarre finally secured the long-hoped-for alliance with Henri III in April 1589 against the League.
Sex, Simians, and Spectacle in Nineteenth-Century France; Or, How to Tell a Man from a Monkey
Authors: Snigurowicz Diana
Published: December 2016

Like other Western European nations, France underwent severe upheavals in both socio-politicalorder (successive revolutions, democratization) and biological order (transformism, Darwinian evolution) through the course of the nineteenth century. Unlike other countries in western Europe, however, France also had to contend with the continuing legacy of Lamarck, the particular political character of French scientific institutions, and a bio-political crisis that was exacerbated by the Franco-Prussian War (1870-71), the Paris Commune (1871), and a birth rate that continued to fall (depopulation had begun earlier in France). Changing representations of "sauvages" (savages), hirsute anomalies (individuals afflicted with hypertrichosis, for example, L'Homme chien Adrien Jeftichew and his son, the excessively hairy Laotian girl Krao, and the equally hairy L'Homme lion Stephane Bibrowski), femmes à barbe (Bearded Women), and other aspects of the human-simian relationship that were of concern to the French bourgeoisie after the full implications of Darwinian evolution were realized (following publication of translations of The Descent of Man in 1872) illustrated the extent of ontological crises of "natural order." While metaphors of biological order (the Good Monkey) representing a relatively firm conceptual distance between humans and animals could be conflated with fixed socio-political metaphors (the Good Savage, and the Good Servant) in the pre-1872 social imaginary, this was no longer the case after 1872. The crumbling conceptual categories based on fixity of species (the official doctrine in France until well into the 1860s) were actively supported in the post-1872 French social imaginary. Writers, playwrights, scientists, medical professionals, and purveyors of popular entertainment emphasized the continuing ontological stability of the biological female in an effort to preserve the socio-political constructs (gender and class roles) that defined the bourgeois status quo.
Treachery in the Remotest Territories of Scotland: Northern Resistance to the Canmore Dynasty, 1130-1230
Authors: McDonald R. Andrew
Published: December 2016

This paper explores a hitherto largely neglected facet of medieval Scottish history: resistance to the kings of the so-called Canmore dynasty (Malcolm III and his descendants) from the northern regions of Moray and Ross between the late eleventh and early thirteenth centuries. It explores incidents of insurrection between about 1100 and 1230, analyzing leadership, timing, military aspects, and the geographical context. Far from representing merely haphazard raids of little or no consequence or threat, it is suggested that these insurrections constituted carefully timed and orchestrated predatory strikes at the Scottish kings in their weakest moments, thus deepening our understanding of Scottish political culture in a crucial era.
Green is the Colour of Hope?: The Crumbling Facade of Postwar Byt Through the Public Eyes of Vecherniaia Moskva
Authors: Varga-Harris Christine G.
Published: December 2016

In the Soviet Union after the Second World War, matters of personal concern, such as those pertaining to housing and consumer goods, received official sanction (however indirect) for public discussion. A reward for prior austerity measures and an attempt to attain some semblance of normalcy, popular preoccupation with the private was imbued with a sense of citizenship that emerged over the course of the war. A close reading of Vecherniaia Moskva (Evening Moscow), a popular local newspaper distinguished from other Soviet publications by a less officious style, provides a means for discerning these phenomena within the context of Moscow during the postwar Stalin period (1945-53). Through letters from readers and editorial responses, this newspaper acted as a public forum for deliberation between state and society on the local level, and as such constituted, in microcosm, a surrogate civil society in the absence of actual political democracy. Although constrained by elite directives in publishing and processing complaints submitted by readers, the editors of Vechemiaia Moskva provided a medium for Muscovites to voice grievances and seek their resolution. The appropriation of official rhetoric into letters from readers suggests that ordinary citizens, like editors employed by the state, had a positive interest in the system, and that together with the government and Communist Party elite, they shared the opinion that proximate powers were responsible for shortcomings in the provision of housing and consumer goods and services. In highlighting such matters as bureaucratic indifference and negligence, and in conveying demands for "cultured" conduct, Vechemiaia Moskva also reveals that civility was as crucial a requirement of urban life as decent living conditions. The content of this newspaper, a unique source also for the glimpse it provides into daily life (byt) in postwar Russia, implies that experience was as powerful as the restrictive boundaries of officialdom in setting the perimeters for public discourse in the Soviet Union.
The Battle of Cory Hall, November 1916: Patriots Meet Dissenters in Wartime Cardiff
Authors: Millman Brock
Published: December 2016

The Battle of Cory Hall, in Cardiff in November 1916, was one of the most famous clashes between supporters and opponents of Britain's war effort. It, like similar incidents, is now almost forgotten. These clashes, however, are useful in illuminating the war as they accentuated the social-political divide beginning to emerge throughout Britain at this time. Among the most interesting aspects of this divide were that it was essentially ideological in nature, and that the wartime 'patriots ' were greatly preponderant. The violent, grassroots ralliement of forces from all sections of society behind the war effort was a principal reason for Britain's endurance in the war, and for the emergence of the Lloyd George government.
Gender and the Shifting Ground of Revolutionary Politics: The Case of Madame Roland
Authors: Dalton Susan
Published: December 2016

Whereas much of the literature on women and the French Revolution continues to see political activity as incommensurate with a desire to behave properly as a woman, studying the correspondence of Marie-Jeanne Roland from 1788 to 1793 shows how she combined political action with respect for gender norms in the last six years of her life. Both while living in the countryside near Lyon and in Paris itself, Roland assumed three roles which she deemed proper to a woman patriot: inciting revolutionary action, formulating policy, and informing others of revolutionary events. The importance of each of these roles shifted with changes in political climate, as did Roland’s conception of what constituted appropriate female behaviour. What made these changes possible was Roland’s ability both to adapt her political strategy to her circumstance and to create a mutable gender code to fit her political needs.
Political Pathologies: Barnave and the Question of National Identity in Revolutionary France
Authors: Bates David
Published: December 2016

In the influential revisionist interpretation of the French Revolution initiated by François Furet, the radical conception of the nation as genuinely “one and indivisible” has been condemned as a dangerous pathology that led to the violence of the Terror. In this context, neglected figures such as Joseph Barnave have been rehabilitated as members of an alternative political tradition, a liberal one that would eventually supplant the “totalitarian” tendencies of early revolutionary thought. If Barnave has often been marginalized because of his seemingly inconsistent political positions—his conservative views on political authority and the colonies, for example, were complemented by an almost materialist perspective on the Revolution as an economic event — he is today celebrated for his historical realism, his pragmatism, and his attention to economic interests. In this essay the author shows how Barnave’s historical sense must, however, be understood in light of his strong belief in the idea of the “spirit” of the genuine French nation. Using medical parallels, Barnave believed that the Revolution was a “crisis” that had resulted from a pathological turn in French — and European — history. His complex understanding of the tension-filled relation between a metaphysical, organic national identity and its shifting concrete institutional forms invites a reevaluation not only of the liberal tradition, but more importantly, of the supposedly “pathological” character of all revolutionary concepts grounded in the idea of a single and unitary nation.
“Give Him a Doing”: The Birching of Young Offenders in Scotland
Authors: Mahood Linda
Published: December 2016

Beginning in 1850 a series of governmental commissions were struck in Britain to examine the position of children in relation to the law. The purpose of these commissions was to examine the role of judicial punishment in the treatment of juvenile delinquency. The general view adopted reflected many elements of the late-Victorian conception of male-delinquency; hence, the various acts regulating juvenile justice suggested that whipping was an unsuitable penalty for adults, and the corporal punishment of girls disappeared except in reformatories. However, whipping was described as an ideal method of treating boy offenders. But by the early twentieth century, whipping was falling out of favour in England. In Scotland, despite opposition, birching continued to be used alongside probation. This paper examines the battle over the birch in Scotland, where by the 1930s a coalition of anti-birching labour organizations, womens groups, rural and urban police, magistrates, and social workers were challenging the use of this time-honoured method of punishment.
Histopathology and Florbetaben PET in Patients Incorrectly Diagnosed with Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Sabbagh Marwan N. , Schäuble Barbara , Anand Keshav , Richards Danielle , Murayama Shigeo , Akatsu Hiroyasu , Takao Masaki , Rowe Christopher C. , Masters Colin L. , Barthel Henryk , Gertz Hermann-Josef , Peters Oliver , Rasgon Natalie , Jovalekic Aleksandar , Sabri Osama , Schulz-Schaeffer Walter J. , Seibyl John
Published: December 2016

Of 57 individuals diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in a phase III study, 13 (23%) had amyloid-β (Aβ) levels on postmortem histopathology that did not explain the dementia. Based on postmortem histopathology, a wide range of different non-AD conditions was identified, including frontotemporal dementia, hippocampal sclerosis, and dementia with Lewy bodies. Of the histopathologically Aβ negative scored cases ante-mortem Florbetaben PET scans were classified as negative for Aβ in 11 patients based on visual analysis and in all 12 quantifiable cases based on composite standardized uptake value ratios. Thus, florbetaben PET can assist physicians in the differential diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorders by reliably excluding Aβ pathology.
On the structure of the superconducting order parameter in high-temperature Fe-based superconductors
Authors: Kuzmicheva T E , Muratov A V , Kuzmichev S A , Sadakov A V , Aleshchenko Yu A , Vlasenko V A , Martovitsky V P , Pervakov K S , Eltsev Yu F , Pudalov V M
Published: December 2016

We discuss the synthesis, characterization, and comprehensive study of Ba-122 single crystals with various substitutions and various superconducting transition temperatures. We use five complementary techniques to obtain a self-consistent set of data on the superconducting properties of Ba-122. A major conclusion of our work is the coexistence of two superconducting condensates differing in the electron–boson coupling strength. The two gaps that develop in distinct Fermi surface sheets are nodeless in the kxky
plane and exhibit s-wave symmetry; the two-band model suffices for the description of the main parameters of the superconducting state. A moderate interband coupling and a considerable Coulomb repulsion in the description of the two-gap superconducting state of barium pnictides favor the s++ model.
Role of Redox Signaling and Inflammation in Skeletal Muscle Adaptations to Training
Authors: Gomez-Cabrera Maria , Viña Jose , Ji Li
Published: December 2016

The inflammatory response to exercise-induced muscle damage has been extensively described. Exercise has important modulatory effects on immune function. These effects are mediated by diverse factors including pro-inflammatory cytokines, classical stress hormones, and hemodynamic effects leading to cell redistribution. As has been reported regarding oxidative stress, inflammation can have both detrimental and beneficial effects in skeletal muscle. In this review we will address the role of inflammation on protein metabolism in skeletal muscle. Specifically, we will review studies showing that treatment with cyclooxygenase-inhibiting drugs modulate the protein synthesis response to one bout of resistance exercise and to training. Understanding how these drugs work is important for the millions of individuals worldwide that consume them regularly. We will also discuss the importance of reactive oxygen species and inflammatory cytokines in muscle adaptations to exercise and the Janus faced of the use of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory drugs by athletes for optimizing their performance, especially during the periods in which muscle hypertrophy is expected.
Insomnia Phenotypes Based on Objective Sleep Duration in Adolescents: Depression Risk and Differential Behavioral Profiles
Authors: Fernandez-Mendoza Julio , Calhoun Susan , Vgontzas Alexandros , Li Yun , Gaines Jordan , Liao Duanping , Bixler Edward
Published: December 2016

Based on previous studies on the role of objective sleep duration in predicting morbidity in individuals with insomnia, we examined the role of objective sleep duration in differentiating behavioral profiles in adolescents with insomnia symptoms. Adolescents from the Penn State Child Cohort (n = 397, ages 12–23, 54.7% male) underwent a nine-hour polysomnography (PSG), clinical history, physical examination and psychometric testing, including the Child or Adult Behavior Checklist and Pediatric Behavior Scale. Insomnia symptoms were defined as a self-report of difficulty falling and/or staying asleep and objective “short” sleep duration as a PSG total sleep time ≤7 h. A significant interaction showed that objective short sleep duration modified the association of insomnia symptoms with internalizing problems. Consistently, adolescents with insomnia symptoms and short sleep duration were characterized by depression, rumination, mood dysregulation and social isolation, while adolescents with insomnia symptoms and normal sleep duration were characterized by rule-breaking and aggressive behaviors and, to a lesser extent, rumination. These findings indicate that objective sleep duration is useful in differentiating behavioral profiles among adolescents with insomnia symptoms. The insomnia with objective short sleep duration phenotype is associated with an increased risk of depression earlier in the lifespan than previously believed.
Modeling and Forecasting Electricity Demand in Azerbaijan Using Cointegration Techniques
Authors: Hasanov Fakhri , Hunt Lester , Mikayilov Ceyhun
Published: December 2016

Policymakers in developing and transitional economies require sound models to: (i) understand the drivers of rapidly growing energy consumption and (ii) produce forecasts of future energy demand. This paper attempts to model electricity demand in Azerbaijan and provide future forecast scenarios—as far as we are aware this is the first such attempt for Azerbaijan using a comprehensive modelling framework. Electricity consumption increased and decreased considerably in Azerbaijan from 1995 to 2013 (the period used for the empirical analysis)—it increased on average by about 4% per annum from 1995 to 2006 but decreased by about 4½% per annum from 2006 to 2010 and increased thereafter. It is therefore vital that Azerbaijani planners and policymakers understand what drives electricity demand and be able to forecast how it will grow in order to plan for future power production. However, modeling electricity demand for such a country has many challenges. Azerbaijan is rich in energy resources, consequently GDP is heavily influenced by oil prices; hence, real non-oil GDP is employed as the activity driver in this research (unlike almost all previous aggregate energy demand studies). Moreover, electricity prices are administered rather than market driven. Therefore, different cointegration and error correction techniques are employed to estimate a number of per capita electricity demand models for Azerbaijan, which are used to produce forecast scenarios for up to 2025. The resulting estimated models (in terms of coefficients, etc.) and forecasts of electricity demand for Azerbaijan in 2025 prove to be very similar; with the Business as Usual forecast ranging from about of 19½ to 21 TWh.
Structural Dynamic Analysis of Semi-Submersible Floating Vertical Axis Wind Turbines
Authors: Ishie Jeremiah , Wang Kai , Ong Muk
Published: December 2016

The strong and stable wind at offshore locations and the increasing demand for energy have made the application of wind turbines in deeper water surge. A novel concept of a 5 MW baseline Floating Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (FVAWT) and a 5 MW optimised FVAWT with the DeepWind Darrieus rotor and the optimised DeepWind Darrieus rotor, respectively, were studied extensively. The structural responses, fatigue damages, platform global motions and mooring line dynamics of the FVAWTs were investigated comprehensively during normal operating conditions under steady wind and turbulent wind conditions, using a coupled non-linear aero-hydro-servo-elastic code (the Simo-Riflex-DMS code) which was developed by Wang et al. for modeling FVAWTs. This coupled code incorporates the models for the turbulent wind field, aerodynamics, hydrodynamics, structural dynamics, and generator controller. The simulation is performed in a fully coupled manner in time domain. The comparison of responses under different wind conditions were used to demonstrate the effect of turbulence on both FVAWTs dynamic responses. The turbulent wind condition has the advantage of reducing the 2P effects. Furthermore, comparative studies of the FVAWTs responses were undertaken to explore the advantages of adopting the optimised 5 MW DeepWind Darrieus rotor over the baseline model. The results identified the 5 MW optimised FVAWT to having: lower Fore-Aft (FA) but higher lower Side-Side (SS) bending moments of structural components; lower motions amplitude; lower short-term fatigue equivalent loads and a further reduced 2P effects.
Comparison of Two Processes Forming CaCO3 Precipitates by Electrolysis
Authors: Park Hyun , Han JunYoung , Lee Ju , Kim Kwang-Mo , Jo Hyung , Min Byoung
Published: December 2016

As one of the carbon capture and utilization (CCU) technologies, mineral carbonation which has been introduced to reduce the carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the atmosphere is a technology that makes it possible to capture CO2 and recycle byproducts as resources. However, existing mineral carbonation requires additional energy and costs, as it entails high temperature and high pressure reaction conditions. This study compared two processes which electrolyze NaCl and CaCl2 solution to produce CO2 absorbent needed to generate CaCO3, and which were conducted at room temperature and pressure unlike existing mineral carbonation. As a result, high-purity calcite was obtained through Process 1 using NaCl solution, and aragonite and portlandite were obtained in addition to calcite through Process 2 (two steps) using CaCl2 solution.