bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of a Multiple Daily Insulin Injection Regimen (Basal Once-Daily Glargine Plus Mealtime Lispro) and Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion (Lispro) in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Bolli Geremia B. , Kerr David , Thomas Reena , Torlone Elisabetta , Sola-Gazagnes Agnès , Vitacolonna Ester , Selam Jean Louis , Home Philip D.
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE

Insulin pump therapy (continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion [CSII]) and multiple daily injections (MDIs) with insulin glargine as basal insulin and mealtime insulin lispro have not been prospectively compared in people naïve to either regimen in a multicenter study. We aimed to help close that deficiency.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

People with type 1 diabetes on NPH-based insulin therapy were randomized to CSII or glargine-based MDI (both otherwise using lispro) and followed for 24 weeks in an equivalence design. Fifty people were correctly randomized, and 43 completed the study.

RESULTS

Total insulin requirement (mean ± SD) at end point was 36.2 ± 11.5 units/day on CSII and 42.6 ± 15.5 units/day on MDI. Mean A1C fell similarly in the two groups (CSII −0.7 ± 0.7%; MDI −0.6 ± 0.8%) with a baseline-adjusted difference of −0.1% (95% CI −0.5 to 0.3). Similarly, fasting blood glucose and other preprandial, postprandial, and nighttime self-monitored plasma glucose levels did not differ between the regimens, nor did measures of plasma glucose variability. On CSII, 1,152 hypoglycemia events were recorded by 23 of 28 participants (82%) and 1,022 in the MDI group by 27 of 29 patients (93%) (all hypoglycemia differences were nonsignificant). Treatment satisfaction score increased more with CSII; however, the change in score was similar for the groups. Costs were ∼3.9 times higher for CSII.

CONCLUSIONS

In unselected people with type 1 diabetes naïve to CSII or insulin glargine, glycemic control is no better with the more expensive CSII therapy compared with glargine-based MDI therapy.
Theoretical determination of the favorable mechanism of the reaction between AlX and HX (X = Br, Cl, and F)
Authors: Cherkaoui Mustapha , Boutalib Abderrahim
Published: April 2009

The reaction mechanism between AlX and HX (X = Br, Cl, and F) have been characterized in detail using DFT as well as the ab initio method. The reaction yielding AlX3 and molecular hydrogen was calculated to be highly exothermic. The present calculations also show that the possible routes to the trihalides species start more favorable with the primary insertion product AlX2H than with the biadduct AlX(HX)2 one.
Long time properties of the evolution of an unstable state
Authors: Urbanowski Krzysztof
Published: April 2009

An effect generated by the nonexponential behavior of the survival amplitude of an unstable state in the long time region is considered. In 1957 Khalfin proved that this amplitude tends to zero as t → ∞ more slowly than any exponential function of t. This can be described in terms of the time-dependent decay rate γ(t) which, when considered with the Khalfin result, means that this γ(t) is not a constant for large t but that it tends to zero as t → ∞. We find that a similar conclusion can be drawn for a large class of models of unstable states for a quantity, which can be interpreted as the “instantaneous energy” of the unstable state. This energy should be much smaller for suitably larger values of t than when t is of the order of the lifetime of the considered state. Within a given model we show that the energy corrections in the long (t → ∞) and relatively short (lifetime of the state) time regions, are different. This is a purely quantum mechanical effect. It is hypothesized that there is a possibility to detect this effect by analyzing the spectra of distant astrophysical objects. The above property of unstable states may influence the measured values of astrophysical and cosmological parameters.
Modelling of green water ingress into holds of an open-top containership in its preliminary design phase
Authors: Cepowski Tomasz
Published: April 2009

Modelling of green water ingress into holds of an open-top containership in its preliminary design phase

In this paper a method is presented of modelling the green water ingress into holds of open-top containership, which can be useful in the preliminary ship design phase. As a result of the research a mathematical formula which makes it possible to determine a minimum freeboard height with a view of as- low- as- possible occurrence rate of green water ingress into holds at given ship design parameters, was obtained. The research was carried out under assumption of constant ship hull dimensions. The design formula was elaborated by using a method based on a goal-oriented conceptual approach to formulation of design criteria, proposed by IMO. On the basis of the concept a deterministic scenario describing operational conditions of the ship in question, was assumed, and for the conditions the research was performed.
Finite element local analysis of wave slamming on offshore structure
Authors: Żyliński Bartłomiej
Published: April 2009

Finite element local analysis of wave slamming on offshore structure

Offshore platforms are exposed to waves slamming event. Waves hitting the columns with a high velocity are in many cases the design criteria for column structure. This paper focuses on the analysis of wave slamming on floating platform column. Significant for wave slamming pressure is load history, which is usually based on model test. Wave slamming loads were defined on all four walls of column to assess the worst place. For south wall of column three positions exposed to slamming loads between elevation 21.000 (SWL) and elevation 35.500 were checked. Dynamic analysis has been performed with nonlinear FEM program ABAQUS/explicit. The steel was modeled as an elastic-plastic material with isotropic hardening.
On the possible increasing of efficiency of ship power plant with the system combined of marine diesel engine, gas turbine and steam turbine, at the main engine - steam turbine mode of cooperation
Authors: Dzida Marek
Published: April 2009

On the possible increasing of efficiency of ship power plant with the system combined of marine diesel engine, gas turbine and steam turbine, at the main engine - steam turbine mode of cooperation

This paper presents a concept of a ship combined high-power system consisted of main piston engine and associated with it: gas power turbine and steam turbine subsystems, which make use of energy contained in exhaust gas from main piston engine. The combined system consisted of a piston combustion engine and an associated with it steam turbine subsystem, was considered. An algorithm and results of calculations of the particular subsystems, i.e. of piston combustion engine and steam turbine, are presented. Assumptions and limitations taken for calculations, as well as comparison of values of some parameters of the system and results of experimental investigations available from the literature sources, are also given. The system's energy optimization was performed from the thermodynamic point of view only. Any technical - economical analyses were not carried out. Numerical calculations were performed for a Wärtsilä slow-speed diesel engine of 52 MW output power.
Parents’ Involvement in the Youth Justice System: A View from the Trenches
Authors: Peterson-Badali Michele , Broeking Julia
Published: April 2009

Although the Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA) contains more references to parents than did previous youth justice legislation, it contains little discussion of the principles underlying parental involvement. Thus, it is critical to explore the views of those who work in the youth justice system, as their perceptions may shape how they involve parents in the system. In this descriptive study, Ontario police, defence and crown counsel, youth court judges, and probation officers were interviewed regarding their perceptions of parental involvement in youth justice proceedings. Most respondents believed that the YCJA actively encourages parental involvement. In addition to support and advocacy for youth, officials indicated that legislators intend parents to play a role in addressing youths’ offending behaviour. Nevertheless, there were concerns that current legislation encourages parental involvement only in theory and that this does not translate into practice. Different, and at times conflicting, perspectives across respondent groups suggest the need for inter-professional training to enable the system to work more collaboratively to provide youth and parents with consistent information and expectations regarding parents’ roles and to promote more effective parental involvement.
Determination of immune response of imported Newcastle disease virus vaccines in broiler chickens
Authors: Islam MS , Khasruzzaman AKM , Hossain MT , Islam MT , Chowdhury MH , Rahman MM , Zinnah MA , Banu NA , Islam MA
Published: April 2009

A study was undertaken to determine the immune response of eight different imported live NDV vaccines in broiler chickens in the Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during the period from July to December 2008. A total of 55 broiler chickens (Ross breed) were divided into eleven groups such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 of which group 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 were vaccinated primarily with NobilisÂ® MA5+Clone30, AviproÂ® ND-IB HB1, CevacÂ® BIL, Newcastle-Bronchitis Vaccine FortdodgeÂ® and AviproÂ® ND LaSota vaccine respectively at day 5 of age and secondarily with NobilisÂ® ND Clone 30, AviproÂ® ND LaSota, CevacÂ® New L, Newcastle Disease vaccine FortdodgeÂ® and AviproÂ® ND LaSota vaccine respectively at day 21 of age by single eye instillation and 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 were vaccinated with the same vaccines respectively by double eye instillation following the same schedule. Group 11 was kept as unvaccinated control. Sera samples were collected after 10 days of each vaccination and at day 5, 15, 20, 31 of age from nonvaccinated control and subjected to HI test for the determination of antibody titres. It was observed that after primary vaccination the geometric mean (GM) of HI titres of double eye vaccinated groups differed significantly (P
Immunological characterization of 37.81 KDA common immunodominant surface protein of some Salmonella serovars
Authors: Begum F , Adachi Y , Khan MSR
Published: April 2009

The research was performed for the immunological characterization of the 37.81 kDa common immunodominant surface protein of some Salmonella serovars in order to examine the potency of that particular protein in terms of immunity production as well as withstood challenge exposure against virulent homologous and heterologous organism. The protective efficacy study in chicks gave protective levels of 40-50% in the heterologous challenge experiments and 50-60% in the homologous virulent challenge experiments. Therefore, the 37.81 kDa surface protein might be useful at a certain level in control of salmonellosis in chicks. Key words: Characterization, surface protein, Salmonella, chickens doi: 10.3329/bjvm.v6i2.2327 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2008). 6 (2): 145-151 Â
Comparative efficacy of korolla (Momordica charantia) extract and IvermecÂ® pour on with their effects on certain blood parameters and body weight gain in indigenous chicken infected with Ascaridia galli
Authors: Shahadat HM , Mostofa M , Mamum MAA , Hoque ME , Awal MA
Published: April 2009

Comparative anthelmintics efficacy of whole korolla fruit (Momordica charantia) extract and ivermecÂ® pour on was evaluated in vitro and in vivo on adult Ascaridia galli of indigenous chicken. The total trial chickens (60) were divided equally into 3 groups; group A as control, group B treated with ivermecÂ® pour on @ 500 Î¼g/kg bwt by dropper through skin absorption for single dose and group C treated with 3% aqueous extract of korolla. Freshly prepared aqueous extract of the korolla fruit was performed as wormicidal properties against adult A. galli on in vitro and in vivo study. 3% aqueous extract of korolla fruit was treated as higher efficacy against A. galli. The live body weight was increased in chicken after treatment in group B and C respectively but in control group body weight was slowly decreased. TEC (million/cu mm), Hb (gm %) and PCV (%30 minutes) were increased significantly in chickens of treated groups whereas ESR was increased in control groups. Key words: Anthelmintics efficacy, korolla, IvermecÂ® pour on, Ascaridia galli, indigenous chicken, haematological parameters Â doi: 10.3329/bjvm.v6i2.2328 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2008). 6 (2): 153-158 Â Â
Characterization of Salmonella serovars in comparison with some enterobacteria by SDS-page analysis
Authors: Begum F , Adachi Y , Khan MSR
Published: April 2009

Salmonella bacteria causes a wide variety of disease and disease syndrome in different animals, birds including human beings and remains as a serious problem with public health significance throughout the world. A suitable vaccine or suitable immunogen detection system is not yet still available. However, it is interesting to characterize of a common immunodominant surface protein from a wide variety of Salmonella serovars to get the protective measures of Salmonellosis. Salmonella surface protein characterization could be useful for development of protective measures against Salmonellosis and for analysis of the protein profile relationship among the Salmonella serovars. A common and immunodominant surface protein of Salmonella serovars was critically important. SDS-PAGE analysis during the period of January 2004 to December 2004 showed a target surface protein of 37.81 kDa among the 54 Salmonella serovars in comparison to some enterobactors. The protein profiles in SDS-PAGE of Salmonella serovars were not different among all Salmonella serovars examined in this study. In contrast to the protein band of 37.81 kDa in all serovars of Salmonella were compared and recorded with those of Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterobacter cloacae and were detected as 36.5 kDa. SDS-PAGE analysis showed different size of protein of Salmonella serovars and other tested enterobacters. However, it needs further investigation including Western blotting and 2-D PAGE analysis of the specific band of 37.81 kDa and 36.5 kDa protein. Key words: Salmonella serovars, characterization, SDS-PAGE doi: 10.3329/bjvm.v6i2.2331 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2008). 6 (2): 169-174 Â Â
In vitro free radical scavenging activity of methanol extract of the leaves of Mimusops elengi Linn.
Authors: Saha MR , Hasan SMR , Akter R , Hossain MM , Alam MS , Alam MA , Mazumder MEH
Published: April 2009

In the present study, antioxidant potential of the methanol extract of the leaves of Mimusops elengi Linn. was evaluated by using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay, reducing power and total antioxidant capacity. The extract showed significant activities in all antioxidant assays compared to the reference antioxidant ascorbic acid in a dose dependent manner. In DPPH scavenging assay the IC50 value of the extract was found to be 43.26Î¼g/ml while the IC50 value of the reference standard ascorbic acid was 58.92 Î¼g/ml. Total antioxidant activity was also found to increase in a dose dependent manner. Moreover, M. elengi extract showed strong reducing power. These results suggest that Mimusops elengi may act as a chemopreventative agent, providing antioxidant properties and offering effective protection from free radicals. Key words: Mimusops elengi, antioxidant, reducing power, total antioxidant capacity, reactive oxygen species Â  doi: 10.3329/bjvm.v6i2.2336 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2008). 6 (2): 197-202
Fast Structural Alignment of Biomolecules Using a Hash Table, N-Grams and String Descriptors
Authors: Bauer Raphael André , Rother Kristian , Moor Peter , Reinert Knut , Steinke Thomas , Bujnicki Janusz M. , Preissner Robert
Published: April 2009

This work presents a generalized approach for the fast structural alignment of thousands of macromolecular structures. The method uses string representations of a macromolecular structure and a hash table that stores n-grams of a certain size for searching. To this end, macromolecular structure-to-string translators were implemented for protein and RNA structures. A query against the index is performed in two hierarchical steps to unite speed and precision. In the first step the query structure is translated into n-grams, and all target structures containing these n-grams are retrieved from the hash table. In the second step all corresponding n-grams of the query and each target structure are subsequently aligned, and after each alignment a score is calculated based on the matching n-grams of query and target. The extendable framework enables the user to query and structurally align thousands of protein and RNA structures on a commodity machine and is available as open source from http://lajolla.sf.net.
Particle Indistinguishability Symmetry within a Field Theory. Entropic Effects
Authors: Di Caprio Dung , Badiali Jean Pierre
Published: April 2009

In this paper, we briefly discuss a field theory approach of classical statistical mechanics. We show how an essentially entropic functional accounts for fundamental symmetries related to quantum mechanical properties which hold out in the classical limit of the quantum description. Within this framework, energetic and entropic properties are treated at equal level. Based on a series of examples on electrolytes, we illustrate how this framework gives simple interpretations where entropic fluctuations of anions and cations compete with the energetic properties related to the interaction potential.
Uncovering the Properties of Energy-Weighted Conformation Space Networks with a Hydrophobic-Hydrophilic Model
Authors: Lai Zaizhi , Su Jiguo , Chen Weizu , Wang Cunxin
Published: April 2009

The conformation spaces generated by short hydrophobic-hydrophilic (HP) lattice chains are mapped to conformation space networks (CSNs). The vertices (nodes) of the network are the conformations and the links are the transitions between them. It has been found that these networks have “small-world” properties without considering the interaction energy of the monomers in the chain, i. e. the hydrophobic or hydrophilic amino acids inside the chain. When the weight based on the interaction energy of the monomers in the chain is added to the CSNs, it is found that the weighted networks show the “scale-free” characteristic. In addition, it reveals that there is a connection between the scale-free property of the weighted CSN and the folding dynamics of the chain by investigating the relationship between the scale-free structure of the weighted CSN and the noted parameter Z score. Moreover, the modular (community) structure of weighted CSNs is also studied. These results are helpful to understand the topological properties of the CSN and the underlying free-energy landscapes.
In Vitro Cytochrome P450 Formation of a Mono-Hydroxylated Metabolite of Zearalenone Exhibiting Estrogenic Activities: Possible Occurrence of This Metabolite in Vivo
Authors: Bravin Frederique , Duca Radu C. , Balaguer Patrick , Delaforge Marcel
Published: April 2009

The mycoestrogen zearalenone (ZEN), as well as its reduced metabolites, which belong to the endocrine disruptor bio-molecule family, are substrates for various enzymes involved in steroid metabolism. In addition to its reduction by the steroid dehydrogenase pathway, ZEN also interacts with hepatic detoxification enzymes, which convert it into hydroxylated metabolites (OH-ZEN). Due to their structures to that of estradiol, ZEN and its derived metabolites bind to the estrogen receptors and are involved in endocrinal perturbations and are possibly associated with estrogen-dependent cancers. The primary aim of this present study was to identify the enzymatic cytochrome P450 isoforms responsible for the formation of the most abundant OH-ZEN. We thus studied its in vitro formation using hepatic microsomes in a range of animal model systems including man. OH-ZEN was also recovered in liver and urine of rats treated orally with ZEN. Finally we compared the activity of ZEN and its active metabolites (α-ZAL and OH-ZEN) on estrogen receptors using HeLa ER-α and ER-β reporter cell lines as reporters. OH-ZEN estrogenic activities were revealed to be limited and not as significant as those of ZEN or α-ZAL.
A Weld Defects Detection System Based on a Spectrometer
Authors: Bebiano Daniel , Alfaro Sadek
Published: April 2009

Improved product quality and production methods, and decreased production costs are important objectives of industries. Welding processes are part of this goal. There are many studies about monitoring and controlling welding process. This work presents a non-intrusive on-line monitoriment system and some algorithms capable of detecting GTAW weld defects. Some experiments were made to simulate weld defects by disturbing the electric arc. The data comes from a spectrometer which captures perturbations on the electric arc by the radiation emission of chosen lines. Algorithms based on change detection methods are used to indicate the presence and localization of those defects.
Wireless in-situ Sensor Network for Agriculture and Water Monitoring on a River Basin Scale in Southern Finland: Evaluation from a Data User’s Perspective
Authors: Kotamäki Niina , Thessler Sirpa , Koskiaho Jari , Hannukkala Asko  O. , Huitu Hanna , Huttula Timo , Havento Jukka , Järvenpää Markku
Published: April 2009

Sensor networks are increasingly being implemented for environmental monitoring and agriculture to provide spatially accurate and continuous environmental information and (near) real-time applications. These networks provide a large amount of data which poses challenges for ensuring data quality and extracting relevant information. In the present paper we describe a river basin scale wireless sensor network for agriculture and water monitoring. The network, called SoilWeather, is unique and the first of this type in Finland. The performance of the network is assessed from the user and maintainer perspectives, concentrating on data quality, network maintenance and applications. The results showed that the SoilWeather network has been functioning in a relatively reliable way, but also that the maintenance and data quality assurance by automatic algorithms and calibration samples requires a lot of effort, especially in continuous water monitoring over large areas. We see great benefits on sensor networks enabling continuous, real-time monitoring, while data quality control and maintenance efforts highlight the need for tight collaboration between sensor and sensor network owners to decrease costs and increase the quality of the sensor data in large scale applications.
Matrix Effects on the Microcystin-LR Fluorescent Immunoassay Based on Optical Biosensor
Authors: Long Feng , Zhu An-na , Sheng Jian-Wu , He Miao , Shi Han-Chang
Published: April 2009

Matrix effects on the microcystin-LR fluorescent immunoassay based on the evanescent wave all-fiber immunosensor (EWAI) and their elimination methods were studied. The results indicated that PBS and humic acid did not affect the monitoring of samples under the investigated conditions. When the pH was less than 6 or higher than 8, the fluorescence signals detected by immunosensor systems were obviously reduced with the decrease or increase of pH. When the pH ranged from 6 to 8, IC50 and the linear working range of MC-LR calculated from the detection curves were 1.01~1.04 μg/L and 0.12~10.5 μg/L, respectively, which was favourable for an MC-LR immunoassay. Low concentrations of Cu2+ rarely affected the detection performance of MC-LR. When the concentration of CuSO4 was higher than 5 mg/L, the fluorescence signal detected by EWAI clearly decreased, and when the concentration of CuSO4 was 10 mg/L, the fluorescence signal detected was reduced by 70%. The influence of Cu2+ on the immunoassay could effectively be compromised when chelating reagent EDTA was added to the pre-reaction mixture.
Heat Transfer Measurements with Surface Mounted Foil-Sensors in an Active Mode: A Comprehensive Review and a New Design
Authors: Mocikat Horst , Herwig Heinz
Published: April 2009

A comprehensive review of film-sensors shows that they are primarily operated in a passive mode, i.e. without being actively heated to an extent, whereby they create a heat transfer situation on their own. Only when these sensors are used for wall shear stress measurements, the detection of laminar/turbulent transition, or the measurement of certain flow velocities, they are operated in an active mode, i.e. heated by an electrical current (after an appropriate calibration). In our study we demonstrate how these R(T)-based sensors (temperature dependence of the electrical resistance R) can also be applied in an active mode for heat transfer measurements. These measurements can be made on cold, unheated bodies, provided certain requirements with respect to the flow field are fulfilled. Our new sensors are laminated nickel- and polyimide-foils manufactured with a special technology, which is also described in detail.
Human Bocavirus – Insights into a Newly Identified Respiratory Virus
Authors: Lüsebrink Jessica , Wittleben Felix , Schildgen Verena , Schildgen Oliver
Published: April 2009

Human Bocavirus (HBoV) was discovered in 2005 using a molecular virus screening technique. It is often found in respiratory samples and is a likely cause for respiratory diseases in children. HBoV is distributed worldwide and has been found not only in respiratory samples, but also in feces, urine and serum. HBoV infections are mostly found in young children and coinfections with other respiratory viruses are often found, exacerbating the efforts to link HBoV to specific symptoms. The purpose of this review is to give an overview of recent HBoV research, highlighting some recent findings.
Measurement of the tibial plateau angle in cats with and without cranial cruciate ligament rupture
Authors: Reese S. , Lorinson K. , Lorinson D. , Schnabl E.
Published: April 2009

The objective of the present study was to determine the tibial plateau angle (TPA) in cats without stifle pathology and to compare it with cats suffering from an isolated cranial cruciate ligament rupture. Mediolateral radiographs of the stifle were taken and the tibial plateau angle was measured based on the method previously described by Slocum and Devine (1983) for dogs. Three observers with different levels of experience evaluated the radiographs of all of the cats in this study. The mean tibial plateau angle measured by all three observers in the cats with a rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) was 3.1° greater than in cats without stifle pathology. Neither gender, age, body weight nor degenerative joint disease had an influence on measurement results. The authors found an inter-observer variability of ± 5.3°. Hence it can be concluded that cats with cranial cruciate ligament rupture have a greater TPA, and this at least lends some credence to the possibility of higher TPA being a predis-posing factor for cruciate injury in this species.
The utilization of a synthetic bone void filler (JAX) in the repair of a femoral segmental defect
Authors: McGee M. , Wildenauer C. , Kurmis A. , Margerrison E. , Field J. R.
Published: April 2009

Objectives: Currently available synthetic void fillers are indicated for bony voids or gaps that are not intrinsic to the stability of the structure. Jax™ TCP (tricalcium phosphate) is an osteoconductive bioceramic fabricated into 4 mm granules with a unique interlocking form, promoting structural integrity while allowing bone in-growth. The objective of this study was to assess bone ingrowth using a large, critically sized, femoral defect.

Methods: A 5 cm segmental ostectomy was created in the mid-diaphysis of 16 adult ovine femora. A stainless steel intramedullary nail was introduced and locked with two proximal and two distal fully-threaded locking screws. Each defect was surrounded with a resorbable macroporous poly (L-lactide-co-D, L) lactide mesh acting as graft containment. Treatment groups (n=4) were as follows: 1) Empty defect; 2) Morselized cortical bone; 3) Cortical strut; 4) Jax TCP. Serial radiographs were taken postoperatively and at two, four and six months. Femora retrieved at necropsy (six months) underwent computed tomography for volumetric analysis followed by histological assessment of the biological response.

Results: Little bone was apparent in the empty defect group, whereas significant bone was evident in both autograft groups and the Jax TCP group. Three-dimensional CT reconstructions and volumetric analysis were in close agreement with the radiographic findings.

Clinical significance: Jax TCP bone graft substitute has been proven to be effective in the healing of a large, critically sized, contained segmental defect. The healing observed was superior to that of cortical struts and the new bone laid down had similar radio-opacity to autograft.
The effect of bending and twisting on the stiffness and strength of the 3.5 SOP implant
Authors: Ness M. G.
Published: April 2009

Locking plates are becoming increasingly popular in veterinary orthopaedics. The SOP is a novel locking plate system, which can be contoured with 6° of freedom and which utilises standard bone screws. The purpose of this work was to investigate the mechanical consequences of contouring the 3.5 SOP plate to support the formulation of clinical guidelines. The implants were loaded in four point bending using an industry standard protocol. The uncontoured SOP was found to be significantly stiffer and stronger than the uncontoured 3.5 DCP. Bending, and to a lesser extent, twisting, diminished the SOP’s stiffness and strength but the contoured SOP remained at least as stiff and strong as the untouched DCP.
Ilio-femoral external fixator application for temporary stabilization of recurring caudal ventral hip joint luxation after total hip replacement
Authors: Liska W. D. , Beale B. S. , Doyle N. D. , Kiefer K. M. , Ben-Amotz R.
Published: April 2009

An ilio-femoral external fixator was applied to a 13-year-old male, castrated mixed breed dog with a caudal ventral luxation that persistently luxated following both closed reduction and open reduction with a total hip replacement. The external fixator was placed in order to temporarily maintain reduction during soft tissue healing. Upon removal of the external fixator the dog underwent physical therapy. Reduction was maintained and the dog returned to normal function.
Isolated Avulsion Fracture of the Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis Insertion Due to a Boxer's Injury
Authors: Breeze Scott W. , Ouellette Travis , Mays Matthew M.
Published: April 2009

Avulsion fractures involving the radial wrist extensor tendons are extremely rare. Only 8 avulsion fractures of the extensor carpi radialis longus and 7 avulsion fractures of the extensor carpi radialis brevis have been previously reported. We know of no case involving an isolated avulsion fracture of the base of the third metacarpal where the extensor carpi radialis brevis attachment to the fracture fragment was still completely intact. This article reports a patient with an isolated avulsion fracture of the extensor carpi radialis brevis insertion treated by open reduction and internal fixation. The avulsion fracture was the result of a poor punching technique. The patient healed uneventfully, and returned to full painless activity. The senior author (S.W.B.) of this article is a former Tae Kwon Doe instructor and includes some editorial comments on proper technique for punching to avoid injury.
Retrograde Intramedullary Nailing of Femoral Diaphyseal Fractures Caused by Low-velocity Gunshots
Authors: Cannada Lisa K. , Jones Thomas R. , Guerrero-Bejarano Maria , Viehe Thomas , Levy Michael , Farrell Eric D. , Ostrum Robert F.
Published: April 2009

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the results of retrograde intramedullary nailing of femoral diaphyseal fractures caused by low-velocity gunshots. Seventy-three patients (68 men and 5 women) with 74 femoral diaphyseal fractures caused by gunshots were treated with reamed, retrograde, statically locked intramedullary nailing. The main outcome measures were fracture union, the need for additional operations, shortening, angular deformity, postoperative knee range of motion, and complication rate. Twenty-nine patients sustained additional injuries. During initial treatment, 18 patients underwent further orthopedic and nonorthopedic elective procedures. Three patients had fasciotomies for compartment syndrome. At follow-up, 3 patients had shortening >10 mm (range, 12–18 mm) and 1 had angulation >10° (13° recurvatum). Four patients underwent surgeries after discharge. Complications included 1 case of heterotopic bone formation, 1 hypertrophic nonunion that went on to union after dynamization, 2 postoperative positive blood cultures, and 1 wound dehiscence. There were no cases of septic arthritis.

Our data indicate that there is a low incidence of shortening, angular deformity, complication, and infection rates following treatment of femoral gunshot diaphyseal fractures with a retrograde nail. This study demonstrates that this is an acceptable alternative for the treatment of these injuries.
Posteriorly Displaced L2–L3 Interbody Cage: Complication of Lumbar Interbody Fusion
Authors: Desai Madhura A. , Bancroft Laura W.
Published: April 2009

The case:

A 62-year-old man presented 3 months after lumbar spine surgery with new onset of lower back pain with radiation into the left lower extremity.
Meniscal Repair of the Knee
Authors: Fazalare Joseph J. , McCormick Kelly R. , Babins David B.
Published: April 2009

Educational Objectives

As a result of reading this article, physicians should be able to:

1.

Explain the anatomy and discuss the function of the meniscus.

2.

Describe various methods of diagnosing meniscal tears.

3.

Classify meniscal tears to determine reparative candidates.

4.

Discuss the use of different arthroscopic techniques to repair meniscal tears.
Femoral Artery Intimal Injury Following Open Reduction of an Acetabular Fracture
Authors: Gaheer Rajinder Singh , Rysavy Martin , Al Khayarin Mohammad M. , Kumar Krishna
Published: April 2009

Vascular injury is a devastating complication of internal fixation of acetabular fractures. While lacerations of the large vessels may lead to massive bleeding, they are obvious and are addressed immediately during the surgery. We encountered a subtle case of intimal injury and thrombosis of the femoral artery.

A 20-year-old man presented with a fractured right acetabulum and right fourth, fifth, and sixth ribs with hemopneumothorax after a high-velocity motor vehicle accident. Twelve days after the injury, open reduction and internal fixation of the acetabular fracture from an ilioinguinal approach was performed. Postsurgically, examination showed no palpable femoral arterial pulse distal to the inguinal ligament. Exploration of the common femoral artery showed arterial thrombus, which was removed by a Fogarty catheter; however, the pulselessness persisted. Further exploration revealed intimal injury of the femoral artery. Replacement of the damaged segment by an inter-positional venous graft was performed and peripheral pulses were reestablished. The patient recovered uneventfully.

Extreme care should be taken to avoid vascular injury in pelvic fracture surgery. Meticulous surgical technique, particularly in the middle window, is vital to minimizing the risk of this complication. The insidious nature of the intimal arterial injury underlines the necessity of close intraoperative and postoperative monitoring of limb vascularity to detect such vascular lesions immediately and prevent this potentially disastrous complication.
Surgical Treatment of Distal Tibia Fractures: A Comparison of Medial and Lateral Plating
Authors: Lee Yih-Shiunn , Chen Shih-Hao , Lin Jen-Ching , Chen Yun-O , Huang Chien-Rae , Cheng Chyi-Yin
Published: April 2009

The surgical method of repairing distal tibial fractures remains controversial. Open reduction and plating is a popular method that can result in good fixation and retention of the achieved position. The usual approach for open plating is anterior. Although it offers good exposure to the tibia, the medial plating is at high risk of wound problems and nonunions. Also, if fixation of the fibula is required, an additional incision must be made on the lateral side of the shin. Lateral plating using a single lateral approach for treating distal tibial and fibular fractures has been reported to have good results; however, most of these studies were small series. We retrospectively evaluated and compared the clinical outcomes of distal tibial fractures treated with medial plating using an anterior approach and lateral plating using a lateral approach.

Eighty-eight patients with distal tibial fractures treated with medial or lateral plating were retrospectively reviewed. The 88 fractures were divided into 2 groups: the medial plating group used an anterior approach and included 49 patients and the lateral plating group used a lateral approach and included 39 patients. Both groups were similar with respect to injury mechanism, union rate, malunion rate, operative time, functional score, and range of ankle motion (
P
⩾.14). Both medial and lateral plating for treating distal tibial fractures achieved good functional outcomes with a low malunion rate; however, the lateral plating group had a lower complication rate (
P
=.047) and fewer hardware problems (
P
<.001).
Extraskeletal Myxoid Chondrosarcoma of the Perineum
Authors: Mavrogenis Andreas F. , Patapis Pavlos , Papaparaskeva Kleo Th. , Galanis Evanthia C. , Papagelopoulos Panayiotis J.
Published: April 2009

Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma is an aggressive tumor with significant metastatic potential. A 40-year-old man presented with an asymptomatic mass at the left ischial fossa. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a 9x6-cm mass with variable signal intensity and cystic formations. A computed tomography scan of the chest showed multiple pulmonary nodules. A computed tomography–guided core needle biopsy was consistent with low-grade extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma. Despite the presence of lung metastases, wide resection of the primary tumor was performed. Wide resection included the perineal mass and the adjacent ischiopubic ramus. Postoperative recovery was uneventful. One month postoperatively, thoracotomy was performed, and approximately 20 pulmonary nodules were excised. Histological analysis of the excised specimens was consistent with extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma metastases. Two years postoperatively, the patient is alive without evidence of local recurrence or distant disease.

Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma is an unusual soft tissue sarcoma with ultrastructural and molecular features distinct from that of skeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma. The EWS-CHN gene fusion is highly specific to extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma; the gene fusion is positive in ⩾75% of cases. Treatment should include wide excision for local tumor control. Resection of the lung metastases is feasible. Because of the prolonged survival of patients with extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma, long-term follow-up is recommended for early detection of local recurrence or distant metastases.
Comparison of Hip and Knee Arthroplasty Outcomes at Early and Intermediate Follow-up
Authors: O'Brien Seamus , Bennett Damien , Doran Emer , Beverland David E.
Published: April 2009

A common perception among clinicians and patients is that recovery is similar following total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Improvement in the outcomes of 337 THAs and 256 TKAs implanted by the same surgeon between April 2003 and November 2005 were compared. Improvement was measured using changes in Oxford hip and knee scores measured preoperatively, at first follow-up, and 1 year postoperatively for each patient.

Improvements between preoperative review and first follow-up and between preoperative review and 1-year postoperative follow-up were significantly greater for THA compared to TKA patients. Improvements between first postoperative follow-up and 1-year postoperative follow-up were not significantly different between THA and TKA patients. Although THA patients displayed a significantly worse score preoperatively, they displayed a significantly better score at both first follow-up and 1-year postoperative follow-up. While both procedures improve postoperative pain and physical function, as measured by the Oxford score, improvements measured relative to preoperative levels were significantly smaller for TKA compared to THA patients. Despite recent advances in knee arthroplasty surgery, a significant proportion of TKA patients achieve relatively poor outcome scores postoperatively.

This study shows that pain and function improve less and more slowly in the early and intermediate postoperative periods for knee compared to hip arthroplasty patients.
Postsurgical Chondrolysis of the Shoulder
Authors: Saltzman Matthew , Mercer Deana , Bertelsen Alexander , Warme Winston , Matsen Frederick
Published: April 2009

There are multiple reports in the literature of chondrolysis following arthroscopic shoulder surgery. Although the etiology of these cases is not known for certain, there has been speculation that radiofrequency devices, young patient age, instability surgery, intra-articular pain pumps, and type of anesthetic may be precipitating factors.

This article describes a case of a 37-year-old law enforcement officer who injured both shoulders and ultimately underwent nearly identical bilateral procedures: arthroscopic superior labrum anteroposterior (SLAP) repair, Bankart repair, capsulorrhaphy, acromioplasty, and distal clavicle excision. Intra-articular pain catheters were placed following both procedures, but the right-sided catheter never functioned properly, as evidenced by continuous leakage outside of her body until it was removed. Subsequently she had an arthroscopic lysis of adhesions done for residual stiffness, in which the left humeral head and glenoid cavity were noted to be completely devoid of articular cartilage. Over the ensuing months, multiple cortisone injections, 5 viscosupplementation injections, physical therapy, and narcotics all failed to relieve her left shoulder pain. Radiographs showed significant left glenohumeral joint space narrowing and a normal-appearing joint space on the right. Our impression was postsurgical chondrolysis of the left shoulder. The patient has recently undergone humeral hemiarthroplasty with nonprosthetic glenoid arthroplasty.

This case differs from others reported in the literature in that nearly identical bilateral procedures were performed by the same surgeon, yet chondrolysis only developed on the side that had a functioning postoperative pain catheter.
C1–C2 Intra-articular Screw Fixation for Atlantoaxial Subluxation Due to Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Tokuhashi Yasuaki , Ajiro Yasumitsu , Oshima Masashi , Umezawa Natsuki
Published: April 2009

While various surgical procedures have been developed for the treatment of atlantoaxial subluxation due to rheumatoid arthritis, C1-C2 intra-articular screw fixation was developed to reduce intraoperative injuries to vertebral arteries.

The purpose of this study was to report the therapeutic outcome of this procedure, which was followed for >2 years. Preoperative symptoms were alleviated in all patients. Only 1 patient with subaxial canal stenosis underwent additional laminoplasty during follow-up. All patients with class IIIA or milder neural deficit according to Ranawat's classification showed improvement to class I or II. There were no surgery-related complications or incidents, including injuries to vertebral arteries. Bone union was observed in all patients. No change was observed in the reduced atlas-dens interval during follow-up. The atlantoaxial angle was −6° to 30° (average, 19.4°) at followup, and was ⩾30° after surgery (fusion in an overextended position) in only 1 patient. Although postoperative deterioration of cervical alignment was observed in 4 patients (18.2%), there was no additional surgery due to deterioration of cervical alignment.

With no surgery-related complications or incidents, this procedure could be a safe and acceptable option for atlantoaxial subluxation due to rheumatoid arthritis.
Percutaneous Fixation of Unstable Proximal Humeral Fractures With Cannulated Screws
Authors: Watford Kyle E. , Jazrawi Laith M. , Eglseder W. Andrew
Published: April 2009

Proximal humeral fractures treated at level I trauma centers are typically displaced, unstable, high-energy injuries associated with injuries to other extremities and closed head injuries. One method that can be used to treat 2-part proximal humeral fractures, if the patient meets certain criteria, is closed reduction and percutaneous cannulated screw fixation. We conducted a retrospective review of 20 consecutive patients treated with this technique, and complete follow-up data were available for 14. Thirteen achieved union and functional range of motion at a mean of 10.5 weeks. Three experienced complications: failure of fixation, infection, and heterotopic ossification. The technique of closed reduction and percutaneous cannulated screw fixation is safe and effective for proximal humeral fractures in carefully selected patients.
Three new species of the genus Lepechinella (Amphipoda: Gammaridea: Lepechinellidae) collected from Campos Basin slope, RJ, Brazil
Authors: Sittrop Daniela J.P. , Serejo Cristiana S.
Published: April 2009

The genus Lepechinella Stebbing, 1908 has a cosmopolitan distribution and includes 28 species. The three new species of the genus described herein were provided from samples collected from the slope of Campos Basin, as part of the Campos Basin deep-sea environmental project. Samples were taken using a box corer between the depths of 700 and 2000 m. Lepechinella hirsuta n. sp. is characterised by the presence of simple setae on the dorsal midline of the body, an anterior tooth and an anterolateral projection on peraeonite 1; Lepechinella campensis n. sp. has peraeonite 1 dorsally sinuous and a posterior upright tooth on peraeonites 2 to 7; and Lepechinella laurensi n. sp. has peraeonites 1 to 4 dorsally sinuous and a posterior inclined tooth on peraeonites 5 to 7. This study provides full descriptions of these three new species and an identification key for South Atlantic species of the genus Lepechinella.
A Role for Bid in Eosinophil Apoptosis and in Allergic Airway Reaction
Authors: Maret Marielle , Ruffié Claude , Létuvé Séverine , Phelep Aurélie , Thibaudeau Olivier , Marchal Joëlle , Pretolani Marina , Druilhe Anne
Published: April 2009

Bid, a proapoptotic member of Bcl-2 family, is involved in Fas receptor signaling. Fas activation promotes human eosinophil cell death and is believed to accelerate the resolution of pulmonary Th2-driven allergic reaction in mice. We hypothesized that Bid would regulate eosinophil apoptosis and Ag-induced airway inflammation, particularly eosinophilia. C57BL/6 Bid−/− and wild-type mice were immunized and repeatedly challenged with OVA, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, lung, and spleen were collected 4–240 h after the final challenge. Cultured BAL eosinophils from Bid-deficient mice showed resistance to Fas-mediated apoptotic DNA fragmentation, phosphatidylserine exposure, mitochondria depolarization, and caspase-3 activity. In addition, OVA-challenged Bid−/− mice had higher BAL eosinophilia and a lower proportion of BAL apoptotic eosinophils than Bid+/+ mice. This was accompanied by augmented BAL levels of the eosinophilotactic cytokine, IL-5, and of the eosinophil-associated mediators, TGF-β1 and fibronectin. Finally, cultured OVA-stimulated lung mononuclear cells and splenocytes from Bid-deficient mice showed increased release of the Th2-type cytokines, IL-4 and IL-5, but no change in cell number. We conclude that Bid modulates BAL eosinophilia by regulating both eosinophil apoptosis and Th2-type cytokine production.