bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Couchsurfing in Tourism – Fashion or Lifestyle?
Authors: Niezgoda Agnieszka , Kowalska Klaudyna
Published: October 2018

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to analyse the factors influencing the decision to choose couchsurfing as a manner of accommodation or even a way of organizing an entire stay. The specific objective of the study is to present the connection between the decision of accommodation choice and the lifestyle or to short-term, individual decisions related to fashion and the effect of imitation.

Method. Individual in-depth interviews with the couchsurfers (users of Couchsurfing.org) were conducted.

Findings. As a result, there was a correlation between the represented lifestyle and the way of organizing the visit with couchsurfing. The fashion and effect of imitation are not relevant and do not affect the choice of couchsurfing as a way of accommodation in the case of experienced people who used it more than once.

Research and conclusions limitation. The exploratory character of the study and the small sample size are the limitation and do not allow to formulate general conclusions about couchsurfing.

Practical implications. The analysis can determine further research on lifestyle as a factor influencing the choice of accommodation in the area of collaborative consumption.

Originality. The individualization and personalization of tourism services can be observed. Couchsurfing is the manifestation of this phenomenon. It is based on mutual hospitality (free accommodation) and helps to buildrelationships between people. Previous studies did not verify the impact of fashion and the effect of imitation on the use of couchsurfing.

Type of paper. This article presents the results of empirical research.
Tourism among Students’ Life Goals
Authors: Andrzejczak Aldona
Published: October 2018

Purpose. Diagnosing the place of tourism among the life goals of students graduating from economics universities. Method. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of Individual Development Plans for Master's students at an economic university. The sample consisted of 225 plans prepared by students participating in the authors’ lecture undergoing full-time and part-time studies, collected in 2015, 2016 and 2017. Findings. Traveling around the world is one of the priority life goals of over a third of respondents. Tourist plans cover all continents, with the dominance of traveling around Europe. Gender and study mode are not statistically significant. Research and conclusions limitations. The research concerns only one faculty at an economic university. The degree of generality regarding the formulation of life goals unable deeper analysis of expectations related to forms of tourism. Practical implications. The method of obtaining data and the accuracy of tourist plans can be an indicator of potential tourist demand. Originality. The research did not directly concern tourist demand and is a reliable source of information about the real rank of tourism among students' life priorities. Type of paper. Presentation of the results of empirical research.
Selected Issues of Employers’ Decisions in the Tourism Industry
Authors: Tokarz-Kocik Anna
Published: October 2018

Purpose. The aim of the article is to analyse the significance of selected trends in the labour market on the decision of employers in the tourism industry. Special attention is paid to the identification of challenges facing employers in connection with the aging population and entering the Y and Z generation on the labour market. Method. The study is the result of desk research and an analysis of primary research results and secondary data provided by institutions dealing with the labour market. Findings. The analysis of the available data carried out in the article shows that changes on the labour market in the tourism industry are basically defined by two groups of processes: (1) population aging and a decrease in available labour resources, (2) entering the labour market of the Y and Z generation, that may affect the relationships between employers and employees and influence the organizational culture of enterprises. Research and conclusions limitations. The research area is limited to Poland. Practical implications. The research results provide vital information about demographic trends and their impact on labour supply in Poland, thus they constitute the basis for formulating recommended actions for tourism enterprises in the direction of optimizing the human factor management process, especially in the area of recruitment and motivation. Originality. The article deals with current trends that determine the behaviour of employers within the tourist market. Special attention is paid to recruitment decisions and methods of motivating employees. Type of paper: Review article.
The Christmas Market as an Attractive Tourist Product of Cracow
Authors: Kromka Grzegorz , Kurowski Paweł , Kudłacz Agnieszka
Published: October 2018

Purpose. The main aim of this article was to show that Cracow’s Christmas Market is an attractive tourism product, type-event.

Method. The study was carried out with the diagnostic poll method. The author's questionnaire, which was prepared in cooperation with the Congregation of Merchants and the Institute of Tourism, was used. The simple random sample, which was selected from visitors who came for a Christmas Market, was constituted by 518 Poles and 56 foreigner tourists.

Findings. The subjects had clearly indicated that Christmas Market is an attractive tourism product. This is confirmed by the fact that: 96.3% of them recommend the Christmas Market to their friends and 61% of them claim that the Christmas Market is the most attractive trade event in the centre of Cracow. The results also showed some lacks in the area of promotion and organization. However, this did not result in a low rating of the event itself.

Research and conclusions limitations. The study was carried out on a simple, random sample. Due to the lack of previous research on this event, it is difficult to reference previous editions. Cyclical repetition of research with the use of the same methodology would allow deeper investigation of the phenomenon in the future.

Practical implications. The research is a valuable contribution to the development of the Cracow Christmas Market. Visitors’ feedback gave organizers a chance to focus on elimination of weaker parts and to work on highlighting the most interesting elements and to improve the event in subsequent years.

Originality. This is the first publication on the Christmas Market in Cracow as a tourism product.

Type of paper. Original work, demonstrating the results of empirical research.
Review of the Book by Jerzy Kapłon “The Beginnings of Polish Skiing. Carpathian Association of Skiers in Lviv 1907 – 1939”
Authors: Kurek Artur
Published: October 2018

-
Memoirs of Professor Stefan Bosiacki (1948-2017). “Poznaniak”, Economist, Precursor of Research on the Tourist Consumption of Poles
Authors: Śniadek Joanna
Published: October 2018

-
A corpus study of negation and their disruptive patterns in political discourse
Authors: Duran Jose Manuel
Published: October 2018

O presente trabalho dá conta dos resultados de um estudo quantitativo sobre os padrões da negação léxico-gramatical e suas disrupções no discurso político. O corpus, formado pelos discursos pronunciados pelos 45 presidentes estadunidenses no início de seus mandatos (122.848 palavras), foi rotulado semiautomaticamente e analisado no marco teórico da linguística sistêmico-funcional. Os resultados mostram que a frequência da negação neste registro é mais alta do que a do padrão geral do inglês. Foi detectado, além disso, uma interação recorrente entre a negação e a concessão e outras disrupções discursivas que resultaram estatisticamente significativas. Entre elas, destacam-se as intersecções da polaridade negativa e a modalidade, assim como as frequências de negação por meio do determinante no sob o alcance dos processos existenciais.
A polêmica nos debates: prosódia da ironia no discurso político
Authors: Moura Leandro Silva
Published: October 2018

Nos debates políticos, a ironia funciona como uma estratégia discursiva que pode colocar em xeque a credibilidade dos candidatos. Mais do que “o que é dito”, é importante considerar aqui “como foi dito”. Assim, este trabalho objetiva mostrar que a prosódia é um elemento linguístico que faz parte da argumentação. Para isso, investigaram-se os comportamentos da F0 e da duração na expressão da ironia em debates políticos, nos momentos polêmicos de ataque e de desqualificação adversária. Os resultados mostraram que há ajustes nos parâmetros prosódicos durante a expressão atitudinal que funcionam como pistas para o reconhecimento da ironia.
Contextualizando a história: a origem da invenção dos símbolos nacionais
Authors: Souza Anderson Alves de
Published: October 2018

Os símbolos nacionais desempenham importantes papéis sócio-políticos nos estados-nações modernos e estão profundamente entrelaçados com lutas pelo poder estatal. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma descrição do contexto histórico que envolveu a criação dos símbolos nacionais. A perspectiva adotada é a do paradigma modernista dos estudos sobre o nacionalismo (HOBSBAWM, 1989, 1992; SMITH, 1991). O estudo demonstra que os símbolos nacionais foram criados como aparato de apoio essencial para a propagação e desenvolvimento da ideologia nacionalista concebida principalmente pela burguesia liberal europeia dos século XIX, e como ferramenta de identificação popular com suas nações.
Análise de métodos para suavização de ruídos em imagens de tomografia computadorizada multislice de baixa radiação
Authors: Stringhini Rômulo Marconato , Welfer Daniel , Dotto Gustavo Nogara
Published: October 2018

Este trabalho tem como objetivo identificar um método computacional para suavizar ruídos de imagens de tomografia computadorizada multislice (MDCT) de baixa radiação. Essas imagens possuem baixa qualidade pois estão contaminadas por ruídos, que são fenômenos estocásticos, onde não é possível prever seu acontecimento. Dessa forma, foram pesquisadas e estudadas algumas técnicas de processamento de imagens para a suavização de ruídos. Para avaliar a qualidade das imagens processadas, foram utilizadas as métricas PSNR, SNR, MSE e SSIM. Foram analisados e simulados os filtros da média, mediana, moda, gaussiano e Wiener, do domínio espacial. Após a simulação dessas técnicas e uma comparação quantitativa dos valores médios das métricas de qualidade, verificou-se que a técnica do filtro gaussiano apresentou resultados superiores com um PSNR médio de 25.64dB e um SSIM médio de 0.76, para os melhores casos.
Implementação de um Modelo Bag of Features para Classificação de Frutas
Authors: Christmann Guilherme Henrique Galelli , Montenegro Fabrício Julian Carini , Grando Ricardo Bedin , Guerra Rodrigo da Silva
Published: October 2018

Este trabalho explora uma técnica clássica de visão computacional, o modelo de Bag of Features, em um problema de classificação de frutas e vegetais. Há uma tendência crescente no uso de técnicas de Redes Neurais e Deep Learning aplicadas na automatização de processos e sistemas. Esse trabalho vai contra essa tendência, examinando o desempenho de um modelo de Machine Learning (ML) mais simples. Para tal, definimos dois cenários, um em que o ambiente é controlado com apenas diferenças de iluminação e posições dos objetos e, outro, com imagens mais desafiadoras, com maior presença de ruído no background. Mostramos que apesar de existir uma clara tendência ao uso de modelos complexos de ML, técnicas mais simples continuam relevantes em certos cenários.
Given a Traditional Textbook—Now What?
Authors: Riling Meghan , Dietiker Leslie
Published: October 2018

Although new teachers are often prepared to teach using reform practices, they may be given traditional curriculum materials. Learn how these traditional materials can be adapted to reflect reform practices and teaching goals.
Don't Wait until the Test!
Authors: Snow Megan
Published: October 2018

Understanding what students are thinking sometimes requires immediate action. Here are some quick, easy strategies.
Complete the What?
Authors: Clifford Anna , Son Ji-Won
Published: October 2018

Solving quadratic functions is a cornerstone of first year algebra, but students struggle to gain a conceptual understanding of the process of completing the square. With the help of a historical perspective, students can gain both a deep geometric and algebraic understanding of the algorithm.
A Simulation Based Evaluation of Sample Size Methods for Biomarker Studies
Authors: Polley Mei-Yin C. , Cunanan Kristen M.
Published: October 2018

Cancer researchers are often interested in identifying biomarkers that are indicative of poor outcomes (prognostic biomarkers) or response to specific therapies (predictive biomarkers). In designing a biomarker study, the first statistical issue encountered is the sample size requirement for adequate detection of a biomarker effect. In biomarker studies, the desired effect size is typically larger than those targeted in therapeutic trials and the biomarker prevalence is rarely near the optimal 50%. In this article, we review sample size formulas that are routinely used in designing therapeutic trials. We then conduct simulation studies to evaluate the performances of these methods when applied to biomarker studies. In particular, we examine the impact that deviations from certain statistical assumptions (i.e., biomarker positive prevalence and effect size) have on statistical power and type I error. Our simulation results indicate that when the true biomarker prevalence is close to 50%, all methods perform well in terms of power regardless of the magnitude of the targeted biomarker effect. However, when the biomarker positive prevalence rate deviates from 50%, the empirical power based on some existing methods may be substantially different from the nominal power, and this discrepancy becomes more profound for large biomarker effects. The type I error is maintained close to the 5% nominal level in all scenarios we investigate, although there is a slight inflation as the targeted effect size increases. Based on these results, we delineate the range of parameters within which the use of some sample size methods may be sufficiently robust.
Using C‐Arm X‐ray images from marker insertion to confirm the gold fiducial marker identification in an MRI‐only prostate radiotherapy workflow
Authors: Gustafsson Christian , Persson Emilia , Gunnlaugsson Adalsteinn , Olsson Lars E.
Published: October 2018

Prostate cancer radiotherapy workflows, solely based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), are now in clinical use. In these workflows, intraprostatic gold fiducial markers (GFM) show similar signal behavior as calcifications and bleeding in T2‐weighted MRI‐images. Accurate GFM identification in MRI‐only radiotherapy workflows is therefore a major challenge. C‐arm X‐ray images (CkV‐images), acquired at GFM implantation, could provide GFM position information and be used to confirm correct identification in T2‐weighted MRI‐images. This would require negligible GFM migration between implantation and MRI‐imaging. Marker migration was therefore investigated. The aim of this study was to show the feasibility of using CkV‐images to confirm GFM identification in an MRI‐only prostate radiotherapy workflow. An anterior‐posterior digitally reconstructed radiograph (DRR)‐image and a mirrored posterior‐anterior CkV‐image were acquired two weeks apart for 16 patients in an MRI‐only radiotherapy workflow. The DRR‐image originated from synthetic CT‐images (created from MRI‐images). A common image geometry was defined between the DRR‐ and CkV‐image for each patient. A rigid registration between the GFM center of mass (CoM) coordinates was performed and the distance between each of the GFM in the DRR‐ and registered CkV‐image was calculated. The same methodology was used to assess GFM migration for 31 patients in a CT‐based radiotherapy workflow. The distance calculated was considered a measure of GFM migration. A statistical test was performed to assess any difference between the cohorts. The mean absolute distance difference for the GFM CoM between the DRR‐ and CkV‐image in the MRI‐only cohort was 1.7 ± 1.4 mm. The mean GFM migration was 1.2 ± 0.7 mm. No significant difference between the measured total distances of the two cohorts could be detected (P = 0.37). This demonstrated that, a C‐Arm X‐ray image acquired from the GFM implantation procedure could be used to confirm GFM identification from MRI‐images. GFM migration was present but did not constitute a problem.
Azathioprine and Mycophenolate Mofetil Adherence Patterns and Predictors Among Medicaid Beneficiaries With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Feldman Candace H. , Collins Jamie , Zhang Zhi , Xu Chang , Subramanian S. V. , Kawachi Ichiro , Solomon Daniel H. , Costenbader Karen H.
Published: October 2018

Objective

Azathioprine (AZA) and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) are immunosuppressants frequently used in the treatment of moderate‐to‐severe systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We studied longitudinal patterns and predictors of adherence to AZA and MMF in a nationwide US SLE cohort.

Methods

In the Medicaid Analytic eXtract (2000–2010) database, we identified patients with SLE who initiated AZA or MMF (no use in the prior 6 months) with ≥12 months of continuous follow‐up. We dichotomized adherence at 80%, with ≥24 of 30 days per month considered adherent. We used group‐based trajectory models to estimate monthly adherence patterns and multivariable multinomial logistic regression to determine the association between demographic, SLE and utilization‐related predictors, and the odds ratios (OR) of belonging to a nonadherent versus the adherent trajectory, separately for AZA and MMF.

Results

We identified 2,309 AZA initiators and 2,070 MMF initiators with SLE. Four‐group trajectory models classified 17% of AZA and 21% of MMF initiators as adherent. AZA and MMF nonadherers followed similar trajectory patterns. African American race (OR 1.67 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.20–2.31]) and Hispanic ethnicity (OR 1.58 [95% CI 1.06–2.35]) increased odds of AZA nonadherence; there were no significant associations between race/ethnicity and MMF nonadherence. Male sex and polypharmacy were associated with lower odds of nonadherence to both medications; lupus nephritis was associated with lower odds of nonadherence to MMF (OR 0.74 [95% CI 0.55–0.99]).

Conclusion

Adherence to AZA or MMF over the first year of use was rare. Race, sex, and lupus nephritis were modestly associated with adherence, but the magnitude, direction, and significance of predictors differed by medication, suggesting the complexity of predicting adherence behavior.
Toward Development of Inflatable Stents with Application in Endovascular Treatments
Authors: Amiri Moghadam Amir Ali , Alaie Seyedhamidreza , Gharaie Saleh , Nath Suborna Deb , Vawda Sumayya , Al'Aref Subhi J. , Romito Eva A. , Kolli Kranthi K. , Min James K. , Dunham Simon , Mosadegh Bobak
Published: October 2018

Although design and fabrication of metallic stents are extensively explored and established, the application of inflatable stents in endovascular treatments is relatively new. Inflatable stents introduce several advantages, such as repositionability and conformability to surrounding anatomic structures. These characteristics make the stent suitable for transcatheter treatment of cardiovascular diseases, such as valvular heart disease, and aortic aneurysms. This paper reports on a rapid and cost‐effective fabrication method, based on soft robotic technology, for the development of inflatable stents made of thermoplastic polyurethane. The stent is an inflatable cylinder that contains an array of bonded regions that form a continuous network, resembling a hexagonal lattice pattern. This pattern prevents the stent from buckling into an irregular shape upon inflation. The effect of this pattern on the maximum burst pressure, thickness, and pull‐out force of the stent is characterized. Finally, a trileaflet polyurethane valve is integrated into the inflatable stent frame to demonstrate its application as a transcatheter heart valve. This work serves as a proof of principle that inflatable stents can be useful in cardiovascular applications where conformability to surrounding tissue is advantageous, such as abdominal aortic aneurysm and aortic valve replacement.
In Situ Synchrotron X‐Ray Diffraction Analysis of Phase Transformation in Epitaxial Metastable hcp Nickel Thin Films, Prepared via Plasma‐Enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition
Authors: Motamedi Pouyan , Bosnick Ken , Cadien Ken , Hogan James D.
Published: October 2018

Ultrathin metal films have a wide variety of applications, especially in microelectronics. A key method to deposit these films is plasma‐enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD), which is known for its ability to deposit thin films conformally and at relatively low temperatures. Building on the recent work, an improved recipe is reported on for the development of nickel PEALD technology, through which fully epitaxial nickel thin films are deposited. The effect of continuous heating on the phase structure and agglomeration in the metastable thin films is investigated in this paper. The variations of the phase structure are monitored via in situ synchrotron X‐ray diffraction, as well as optical roughness analysis. The temperature windows for phase transformation and particle formation are determined. It is noted that, after the hcp‐to‐fcc transformation and particle coalescence processes are complete, the particles reshape to acquire the thermodynamically stable shapes dictated by the Wulff theorem. Additionally, a crystallographic orientation relationship between the fcc particles and the sapphire substrate is observed, i.e., Ni (111)||Sapphire(002).
Flexible and Biofouling Independent Salinity Sensor
Authors: Kaidarova Altynay , Marengo Marco , Marinaro Giovanni , Geraldi Nathan , Duarte Carlos M. , Kosel Jürgen
Published: October 2018

Salinity is one of the most relevant parameters in oceanography used to study properties of the oceans as well as the effects of climate change. Salinity measurements are challenging, due to the harsh environment that leads to corrosion and biofouling. In the context of animal monitors, salinity sensors should also be minimally intrusive and have a long lifetime. Here, a conductivity cell for salinity sensing is presented based on a single‐step laser irradiation process on flexible polyimide substrate. The sensors are characterized by lightweight, flexibility, low power consumption and low fabrication costs. A two‐electrode cell is used to measure the impedance, and thereby the conductivity, of the water in the MHz frequency range. It offers an accuracy of ±0.5 psu, which is not affected by sensor deformation. Deployment of the sensors in the Red Sea revealed that the materials are corrosion resistant and can withstand the harsh environment. While biofouling is strongly affecting commonly employed low frequency conductivity measurements, in the MHz frequency range, it acts like a short‐circuited capacitance. Hence, biofouling independent salinity sensing can be achieved using a two‐electrode impedance measurement at a frequency of 1 MHz.
Successive Protonation of an N‐Heterocyclic Imine Derived Carbonyl: Superelectrophilic Dication Versus Masked Acylium Ion
Authors: Loh Ying Kai , Ángeles Fuentes M. , Vasko Petra , Aldridge Simon
Published: October 2018

Carbonyl cations are among the most commonly invoked reactive intermediates in organic synthesis. While Olah pioneered superacids to provide a “stable ion” environment for their study in situ, isolated examples are rare. Here, we disclose successive protonation of an N‐heterocyclic imine (NHI) derived carbonyl compound (IDippN)2CO, 2, to the monocation [(IDippN)(IDippNH) CO]+, [3]+, and the doubly protonated dication [(IDippNH)2CO]2+, [4]2+. [3]+ represents a rare example of an N‐protonated carbonyl cation and [4]2+ the first example of a superelectrophilic carbonyl dication. All three compounds have been characterized by X‐ray crystallography and IR spectroscopy, revealing stepwise strengthening of the C=O bond on protonation. The unique stability of these systems is attributed to the enhanced basicity and steric profile provided by the NHI substituents. In addition, we report the related singly NHI‐stabilized cation [IDippNCO]+, [5]+. Crystallographic and DFT analyses provide insight into the interaction between the carbonyl fragment and the NHI, which reveals that the [CNCO]+ unit (isoelectronic to CCCO) can be described as an acylium cation “masked” as a cumulene.
Integration of Lanthanide–Transition‐Metal Clusters onto CdS Surfaces for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Chen Rong , Yan Zhi‐Hao , Kong Xiang‐Jian , Long La‐Sheng , Zheng Lan‐Sun
Published: October 2018

Heterometallic lanthanide–transition‐metal (4f–3d) clusters with well‐defined crystal structures integrate multiple metal centers and provide a platform for achieving synergistic catalytic effects. Herein, we present a strategy for enhanced hydrogen evolution by loading atomically precise 4f–3d clusters Ln52Ni56 on a CdS photoabsorber surface. Interestingly, some Ni2+ ions in the clusters Ln52Ni56 were exchanged by the Cd2+ to form Ln52Ni56−xCdx/CdS composites. Photocatalytic studies show that the efficient synergistic multipath charge separation and transfer from CdS to the Eu52Ni56−xCdx cluster enable high visible‐light‐driven hydrogen evolution at 25 353 μmol h−1 g−1. This work provides the strategy to design highly active photocatalytic hydrogen evolution catalysts by assembling heterometallic 4f–3d clusters on semiconductor materials.
A New Perspective on Borane Chemistry: The Nucleophilicity of the B−H Bonding Pair Electrons
Authors: Zhao Qianyi , Dewhurst Rian D. , Braunschweig Holger , Chen Xuenian
Published: October 2018

A number of recently discovered nucleophilic boron compounds, such as boryl anions and borylenes, are breaking the rules regarding boron and boron‐containing compounds and their reputation as Lewis acids/electrophiles. In a similar fashion, the B−H bonding pair electrons in boranes also show nucleophilicity which is ascribed to the lower electronegativity of boron relative to that of hydrogen. However, this nucleophilicity of the B−H bond has received far less attention. Explorations of the nucleophilicity of the B−H bonding pair electrons have led to the formation of B−H−B bonded units and B−H⋅⋅⋅H−Y dihydrogen bonds, based on which new chemistry has been uncovered, including the elucidation of the mechanism of formation of aminodiborane (ADB), the diammoniate of diborane (DADB), and lithium or sodium salts of octahydrotriborates (B3H8−), as well as the development of more convenient and straightforward synthetic routes to these reagents. Moreover, the recognition of the nucleophilic properties of the B−H bonding pair electrons will also help to more deeply understand the different mechanisms operating in hydroboration reactions.
Amino Acid Coordination Driven Self‐Assembly for Enhancing both the Biological Stability and Tumor Accumulation of Curcumin
Authors: Li Yongxin , Zou Qianli , Yuan Chengqian , Li Shukun , Xing Ruirui , Yan Xuehai
Published: October 2018

Clinical translation of curcumin has been highly obstructed by the rapid degradation and poor tissue absorption of this agent. Herein, we report on the generation of supramolecular curcumin nanoagents through amino acid coordination driven self‐assembly to simultaneously increase the biological stability and tumor accumulation of curcumin. The biological stability of curcumin was significantly improved both through coordination and through molecular stacking. The sizes of these nanoagents can be readily manipulated to facilitate tumor accumulation. These favorable therapeutic features, together with high drug‐loading capacities and responses to pH and redox stimuli, substantially enhanced the antitumor activity of curcumin without discernible side effects. Hence, supramolecular curcumin nanoagents may hold promise in moving forward the clinical application of curcumin as an effective anticancer drug.
Revoking honorary degrees can raise practical issues, legal challenges
Authors: Porter Michael
Published: October 2018

After Bill Cosby was convicted for sexual assault, many of the 60 or more institutions that had conferred honorary degrees on Cosby revoked them. Some had already done so back when the allegations arose. From a public‐and‐community‐relations standpoint, revocation in this type of circumstance is an obvious and necessary act — institutions show that their commitment to eliminating sexual misconduct overrides an honorific provided to someone who never took a class, let alone graduated. And revocation of a degree to someone like Cosby comes with low risk: the likelihood that Cosby will bring a claim, especially after a conviction (not just allegations), is probably close to nothing.
Imaging and Quantification of Secreted Peroxynitrite at the Cell Surface by a Streptavidin–Biotin‐Controlled Binding Probe
Authors: Chung Tzu‐Hsuan , Wu Yung‐Peng , Chew Chee Ying , Lam Chak Hin , Tan Kui‐Thong
Published: October 2018

The ability to detect and image secreted peroxynitrite (ONOO−) along the extracellular surface of a single cell is biologically significant, as ONOO− generally exerts its function for host defense and signal transductions at the plasma membrane. However, as a result of the short lifetime and fast diffusion rate of small ONOO−, precise determination of the ONOO− level at the cell surface remains a challenging task. In this paper, the use of a membrane‐anchored streptavidin–biotin‐controlled binding probe (CBP), ONOO‐CBP, to determine quantitatively the ONOO− level at the cell surface and to investigate the effect of different stimulants on the production of ONOO− along the plasma membrane of macrophages is reported. Our results revealed that the combination of NO synthase (iNOS) and NADPH oxidase (NOX) activators was highly effective in inducing ONOO− secretion, achieving more than a 25‐fold increase in ONOO− relative to untreated cells. After 1 h of phorbol‐12‐myristate‐13‐acetate (PMA) stimulation, the amount of ONOO− secreted by RAW264.7 macrophages was similar to the condition treated with 25 μm 3‐morpholinosydnonimine hydrochloride (SIN‐1), which was estimated to release about 20 μm of ONOO− into Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) in 1 h. This novel approach should open up new opportunities to image various reactive oxygen and nitrogen species secreted at the plasma membrane that cannot be simply achieved by conventional analytical methods.
Photoinducible Oncometabolite Detection
Authors: Kulkarni Rhushikesh A. , Briney Chloe A. , Crooks Daniel R. , Bergholtz Sarah E. , Mushti Chandrasekhar , Lockett Stephen J. , Lane Andrew N. , Fan Teresa W.‐M. , Swenson Rolf E. , Marston Linehan W. , Meier Jordan L.
Published: October 2018

Dysregulated metabolism can fuel cancer by altering the production of bioenergetic building blocks and directly stimulating oncogenic gene‐expression programs. However, relatively few optical methods for the direct study of metabolites in cells exist. To address this need and facilitate new approaches to cancer treatment and diagnosis, herein we report an optimized chemical approach to detect the oncometabolite fumarate. Our strategy employs diaryl tetrazoles as cell‐permeable photoinducible precursors to nitrileimines. Uncaging these species in cells and cell extracts enables them to undergo 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions with endogenous dipolarophile metabolites such as fumarate to form pyrazoline cycloadducts that can be readily detected by their intrinsic fluorescence. The ability to photolytically uncage diaryl tetrazoles provides greatly improved sensitivity relative to previous methods, and enables the facile detection of dysregulated fumarate metabolism through biochemical activity assays, intracellular imaging, and flow cytometry. Our studies showcase an intersection of bioorthogonal chemistry and metabolite reactivity that can be applied for biological profiling, imaging, and diagnostics.
Silica Support‐Enhanced Pd‐Catalyzed Allylation Using Allylic Alcohols
Authors: Motokura Ken , Ikeda Marika , Kim Minjune , Nakajima Kiyotaka , Kawashima Sae , Nambo Masayuki , Chun Wang‐Jae , Tanaka Shinji
Published: October 2018

The front cover artwork for issue 20/2018 is provided by Dr. Ken Motokura at Tokyo Institute of Technology (Japan) and collaborators. The image illustrates the concerted catalysis of a Pd complex and silanol on a mesoporous silica surface for the efficient activation of allylic alcohol in the allylation of nucleophiles. See the Full Paper itself at https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201801097.
Chiral AuI‐ and AuIII‐Isothiourea Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization and Application
Authors: Gasperini Danila , Greenhalgh Mark D. , Imad Rehan , Siddiqui Shezaib , Malik Anum , Arshad Fizza , Choudhary Muhammad Iqbal , Al‐Majid Abdullah M. , Cordes David B. , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Nolan Steven P. , Smith Andrew D.
Published: October 2018

During an investigation into the potential union of Lewis basic isothiourea organocatalysis and gold catalysis, the formation of gold‐isothiourea complexes was observed. These novel gold complexes were formed in high yield and were found to be air‐ and moisture stable. A series of neutral and cationic chiral gold(I) and gold(III) complexes bearing enantiopure isothiourea ligands was therefore synthesized and fully characterized. The steric and electronic properties of the isothiourea ligands was assessed through calculation of their percent buried volume and the synthesis and analysis of novel iridium(I)‐isothiourea carbonyl complexes. The novel gold(I)‐ and gold(III)‐isothiourea complexes have been applied in preliminary catalytic and biological studies, and display promising preliminary levels of catalytic activity and potency towards cancerous cell lines and clinically relevant enzymes.
Single‐Crystalline MFI Zeolite with Sheet‐Like Mesopores Layered along the a Axis
Authors: Zhang Yunjuan , Shen Xuefeng , Gong Zheng , Han Lu , Sun Huai , Che Shunai
Published: October 2018

Designing a templating strategy for directing mesopore growth along different crystallographic directions is essential for fabricating two‐ or three‐dimensional single‐crystalline mesoporous zeolites. However, so far, mesopores formed in MFI zeolites by soft templates have mostly been generated by disrupting growth along the b axis; generating mesopores by disrupting growth along the a axis is rare. Herein, a single‐crystalline mesoporous MFI zeolite (SCMMZ) with sheet‐like mesopores layered along the a and b axes was synthesized using a triply branched surfactant with diquaternary ammonium groups connected to 1,3,5‐triphenylbenzene by a six‐ and eight‐carbon alkyl chain (TPB‐6 and 8). The sheet‐like mesopores were embedded in the MFI framework and were retained even after calcination. Molecular mechanics calculations provided evidence of low binding energy configurations of the surfactant that directed the growth of straight and zigzag channels along the b and a axes, respectively. The formation of nanosheets was attributed to the geometric matching of the arrangement of the aromatic groups to the zeolite framework.
HKUST‐1 Derived Hollow C‐Cu2−xS Nanotube/g‐C3N4 Composites for Visible‐Light CO2 Photoreduction with H2O Vapor
Authors: Hu Cheng‐Ying , Zhou Jie , Sun Chun‐Yi , Chen Meng‐meng , Wang Xin‐Long , Su Zhong‐Min
Published: October 2018

As the main component of syngas, reducing CO2 to CO with high selectivity through photocatalysis could provide a sustainable way to alleviate energy shortage issues. Developing a photocatalytic system with low cost and high performance that is environmentally friendly is the ultimate goal towards CO2 photoreduction. Herein, an efficient and economic three‐component heterojunction photocatalyst is designed and fabricated for converting CO2 to CO in the absence of organic sacrificial agents. The heterojunction is made of Cu2−xS nanotubes coated with a carbon layer (C‐Cu2−xS) and g‐C3N4. By using the classical MOF material HKUST‐1 as a precursor, hollow tubular‐like metal sulfides (C‐Cu2−xS) with carbon coating were synthesized and further loaded on g‐C3N4, forming a three‐component heterojunction C‐Cu2−xS@g‐C3N4. The carbon coat in C‐Cu2−xS@g‐C3N4 acts as an electron reservoir, which facilitates electron–hole pair separation. The optimized C‐Cu2−xS@g‐C3N4 acted as a photocatalyst in CO2 reduction with a high reactivity of 1062.6 μmol g−1 and selectivity of 97 %. Compared with bare g‐C3N4 (158.4 μmol g−1) and C‐Cu2−xS, the reactivity is nearly 7 and 23‐fold enhanced and this CO generation rate is higher than most of the reported Cu2S or g‐C3N4 composites under similar conditions. The prominent activity may result from enhanced light adsorption and effective charge separation. This work might open up an alternative method for the design and fabrication of high‐performance and low‐cost photocatalysts for efficiently and durably converting CO2 to CO with high selectivity.
HPV test result monitoring of different Bethesda categories in gynaecologic cytology: A valuable quality assurance measure
Authors: Goyal Abha , Street Jessica , Alperstein Susan A. , Siddiqui Momin T.
Published: October 2018

Background

High‐risk human papillomavirus (HPV) test ordering has evolved since the 2006 ASCCP guidelines. In light of the availability of the HPV test results for most women ≥30 y, regardless of the Pap test diagnosis; we examined their value in assessing the overall performance of cytopathologists (CPs).

Methods

Data were derived for six CPs for Pap test interpretations over 4 y. HPV positivity rates for atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC‐US) and for patients ≥30 y for negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy (NILM) and squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) (inclusive of low grade SIL (LSIL), high grade SIL (HSIL), and carcinoma) categories were retrieved for individual CPs. ASC/SIL ratios were analysed overall and separately for patient groups <30 y and ≥30 y. Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated to assess correlation between HPV positivity rates for ASC‐US, NILM and SIL, and ASC/SIL ratios.

Results

The overall ASC‐US HPV positivity rate was 41%‐49% for patients <30 y, 32% for patients ≥30 y. Stratifying by patient age group, ASC‐US HPV positivity rate, and ASC/SIL ratio showed a negative correlation. Excluding an outlier, the NILM HPV positivity rate and ASC/SIL ratio showed a strong negative correlation.

Conclusion

Our study shows that ASC‐US HPV positivity rate is dependent on the age of the population that is tested. Monitoring of the HPV positivity rates for NILM and SIL categories can serve as an additional objective measure to assess the performance of CPs. Based on the patient population, the laboratory can establish an initial baseline for these rates and use it to adjust interpretive thresholds in ensuring the diagnostic sensitivity of the test and the quality of the interpretation.
CIC‐DUX4 sarcoma diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration cytology: A case report
Authors: Tang Sherry , Dodd Leslie G.
Published: October 2018

The CIC‐DUX4 sarcoma is a small round blue cell sarcoma which presents like extraskeletal Ewing sarcoma, but is negative for the EWSR1 gene translocation. The recognition of CIC‐DUX4 sarcomas as an aggressive sarcoma may be challenging in fine needle aspirates or small needle core biopsies. We present a case of a 13‐year‐old female with a fine needle aspiration (FNA) and core needle biopsy (CNB) of a thigh mass showing CIC‐DUX4 sarcoma. Cytologic findings include tumor cells with high nuclear to cytoplasmic (N:C) ratio, eccentric nuclei and small nucleoli. The tumor cells were arranged in sheets and singly dispersed with background necrosis. Mitotic figures and apoptosis were present. These findings are similar to cases previously reported. Other reported findings of spindled nuclei, clear cell change and lobular growth pattern were not seen in our case. Immunohistochemical stains showed tumor cells positive for CD99, WT1, vimentin and negative for pancytokeratin, desmin and myogenin, which is the pattern similar to cases previously reported. However, our case was also positive for BCL‐2. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was negative for EWSR1 and SS18 (SYT) rearrangements and positive for CIC gene rearrangement. On balance, if the following features are seen: (1) a small round blue cell tumor with histomorphology more atypical than that of Ewing sarcoma, (2) cytoplasmic CD99 staining, nuclear WT1 positivity, negative keratin, desmin and myogenin; and (3) EWSR1 rearrangement negative by FISH, then molecular testing for CIC‐DUX4 sarcoma should be considered.
Role of cytology and immunochemistry in diagnosis of metastatic malignancies in the lung: A critical appraisal
Authors: Manucha Varsha , Hansen Jeffery T. , Gonzalez Maria F. , Akhtar Israh
Published: October 2018

Background

Lung is one of the most common sites for primary and metastatic malignancies and a challenging site to diagnose primary versus a metastatic origin of the tumor on cytology. Pathologic diagnosis of the site of origin of cancer has major implications in the management and staging purposes and may have to be followed by testing for predictive/prognostic markers. The clinical history of a known extrapulmonary primary and the radiologic findings of multiple nodules in the lung are useful in arriving at the right diagnosis but is not always available. Rarely pulmonary metastasis may be the first manifestation of an extrapulmonary tumor or may even present as a single nodule.

Method

In this study, we reviewed cytomorphologic features of tumors metastatic to the lung (2014‐2017) in conjunction with immunochemistry and evaluation of needle core biopsy when available. The review of the slides was performed with an emphasis on our ability to identify the site of origin in the tumors.

Results

We identified 47 cases of metastatic tumors in the lung diagnosed on cytology. Clinical history was available in 83% cases and with aid of immunostains, a definitive diagnosis on the origin of the tumor was made in all these cases. In the remaining 8 cases, a primary origin could only be suggested. The use of immunochemistry facilitated the diagnosis but could be misleading.

Conclusion

The approach to the diagnosis of metastatic tumors in the lung on cytology should be largely guided by the previous clinical history and comparison with previous tissue/cellular material if available.
Human papillomaviruses other than 16, 18 and 45 are the major high risk HPV genotypes amongst women with abnormal cervical smear cytology residing in Kuwait: Implications for future vaccination strategies
Authors: Mallik Mrinmay K. , Alramadhan Bashayer , Dashti Hawraa , Al‐Shaheen Azza , Al Juwaiser Ahlam , Das Dilip K. , George Sara S. , Kapila Kusum
Published: October 2018

Objectives

The study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of different high risk HPV (HR‐HPV) genotypes amongst women residing in Kuwait with epithelial abnormalities in cervical smears and to detect any difference in the distribution of these genotypes between Kuwaiti and Non‐Kuwaiti women or between the cytological diagnosis groups.

Materials and methods

Thinprep specimens from women with epithelial abnormalities on cervical smears were subjected to Aptima HR‐HPV assay and those found to be HR‐HPV positive were genotyped using the Aptima HPV genotyping assay into three groups (i) HPV 16, (ii) HPV 18/45 and (iii) others.

Results

HR‐HPV was found in 229 (30.57%) of the 749 cases with epithelial abnormalities. Of the 116 cases subjected to further genotyping, the non‐16, 18, 45 genotype accounted for the most prevalent group accounting for 62.93% of the cases, followed by HR‐HPV 16 (31.04%) cases and HPV 18/45 (6.03%) of cases. There was no significant difference between Kuwaiti and non‐Kuwaiti women nor was any difference noted between the various cytological diagnosis group.

Conclusion

Most HR‐HPV infections amongst women residing in Kuwait with epithelial abnormalities are due to HPV types other than the 16, 18 and 45. As HPVs 16 and 18 are considered to be the most prevalent HR‐HPV genotypes worldwide, causing invasive cancer, the findings of this study is significant from an epidemiological standpoint. It should also be taken into account before undertaking any HPV vaccination program since the available HPV vaccines protect against HR‐HPVs 16 and 18 only.
Eosinophilic effusions: A clinicocytologic study of 12 cases
Authors: AbdullGaffar Badr
Published: October 2018

Objectives

Our aim is to study the prevalence of eosinophilic effusions (EEs) in our institution, to highlight their cytologic patterns, potential interpretation pitfalls, diagnostic importance, and to investigate their possible causes and clinical associations.

Materials and Methods

We conducted a retrospective review study for over 13 years. We retrieved all of the cytology reports of pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal effusions with eosinophils. We reviewed and screened the cytology slides looking for eosinophils that constitute >10% of the cells. We extracted the clinical, radiologic, and laboratory findings and follow‐up data for each patient.

Results

We found 12 patients (0.7%) with EEs. They included five pleural, five peritoneal, and two pericardial fluids. The age range was between 16 and 75 with a mean age of 36.5 years. The male to female ratio was 3:1. We have recognized three cytomorphologic patterns; purely eosinophilic, dominantly eosinophilic, and mixed inflammatory infiltrate that correlated with peripheral blood eosinophilia. Two cases demonstrated extracellular and intracellular Charcot–Leyden crystals. Certain cellular and crystal features are potential cytologic pitfalls. EEs were associated with miscellaneous specific and non‐specific medical conditions. None was associated with tuberculosis, malignancy, drugs, or parasites.

Conclusions

EEs are uncommon. They mostly occur in young adult males. There are three cytomorphologic patterns that correlate with peripheral eosinophilia. Etiologies are diverse or obscure. EEs with a very high eosinophilia are less likely malignant, tuberculous, parasitic, and seldom associated with drugs. Cytopathologists should be aware of certain potential diagnostic pitfalls. Correct cytologic recognition is clinically important since some causes are treatable.
Nabothian cyst content: A potential pitfall for the diagnosis of invasive cancer on Pap test cytology
Authors: Barrigón A. , Ziadi S. , Jacot‐Guillarmod M. , Da Silva S. , Dumont M. , Raineri I. , Bongiovanni M.
Published: October 2018

Nabothian cysts are common, benign findings of the squamocolumnar junction of the adult cervix. These cysts are filled with mucus and can also contain proteinaceous material, neutrophils, or neutrophil debris. Nabothian cysts can be broken by the spatula during smear taking, may stick to the brush and be smeared onto slides in conventional cytology or dissolved in the preserving solution for liquid‐based cytology (LBC) preparations. The granular content of Nabothian cysts may be mistaken for the tumor diathesis (TD) pattern associated with invasive carcinoma. In the case described, the patient presented a high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion associated with granular material (Nabothian cyst content) that we considered erroneously on LBC to be TD‐like material, thus, raising the suspicion of invasive carcinoma. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report showing that Nabothian cyst content may present a potential pitfall in the diagnosis of invasive carcinoma on LBC.