bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Internal Market Rationality, Private Law and the Direction of the Union: Resuscitating the Market as the Object of the Political
Authors: Bartl Marija
Published: January 2015

This paper proposes a concept of ‘internal market rationality’ for the analysis of the political, legal and economic consequences of European integration. Internal market rationality refers to a specific pattern of political action in the field of internal market, which has emerged gradually due to the confluence of three main factors: first, the EU's functional institutional design; second, the processes of post‐national juridification; and third, a more contingent influence of ideas. In the interplay of those three factors, the interpretation of internal market has become overdetermined, restricting thereby the space of (democratic) politics in its regulation. This reification of internal market rationality has had a direct influence on the content of European law, as I demonstrate through the example of European private law. Internal market rationality has transformed the very concept of justice underpinning private law, the concept of the person or subject of law, the (re)distributive pattern of private law as well as the normative basis on which private law stands. I argue, finally, that a close examination of the legal, institutional and ideological arrangement behind internal market rationality provides clues for the democratisation of the EU.
Glutamate 338 is an electrostatic facilitator of C–Co bond breakage in a dynamic/electrostatic model of catalysis by ornithine aminomutase
Authors: Menon Binuraj R. K. , Menon Navya , Fisher Karl , Rigby Stephen E. J. , Leys David , Scrutton Nigel S.
Published: January 2015

How cobalamin‐dependent enzymes promote C–Co homolysis to initiate radical catalysis has been debated extensively. For the pyridoxal 5′‐phosphate and cobalamin‐dependent enzymes lysine 5,6‐aminomutase and ornithine 4,5‐aminomutase (OAM), large‐scale re‐orientation of the cobalamin‐binding domain linked to C–Co bond breakage has been proposed. In these models, substrate binding triggers dynamic sampling of the B12‐binding Rossmann domain to achieve a catalytically competent ‘closed’ conformational state. In ‘closed’ conformations of OAM, Glu338 is thought to facilitate C–Co bond breakage by close association with the cobalamin adenosyl group. We investigated this using stopped‐flow continuous‐wave photolysis, viscosity dependence kinetic measurements, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy of a series of Glu338 variants. We found that substrate‐induced C–Co bond homolysis is compromised in Glu388 variant forms of OAM, although photolysis of the C–Co bond is not affected by the identity of residue 338. Electrostatic interactions of Glu338 with the 5′‐deoxyadenosyl group of B12 potentiate C–Co bond homolysis in ‘closed’ conformations only; these conformations are unlocked by substrate binding. Our studies extend earlier models that identified a requirement for large‐scale motion of the cobalamin domain. Our findings indicate that large‐scale motion is required to pre‐organize the active site by enabling transient formation of ‘closed’ conformations of OAM. In ‘closed’ conformations, Glu338 interacts with the 5′‐deoxyadenosyl group of cobalamin. This interaction is required to potentiate C–Co homolysis, and is a crucial component of the approximately 1012 rate enhancement achieved by cobalamin‐dependent enzymes for C–Co bond homolysis.
Climate change enhances primary production in the western Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: Moreau Sébastien , Mostajir Behzad , Bélanger Simon , Schloss Irene R. , Vancoppenolle Martin , Demers Serge , Ferreyra Gustavo A.
Published: January 2015

Intense regional warming was observed in the western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) over the last 50 years. Here, we investigate the impact of climate change on primary production (PP) in this highly productive region. This study is based on temporal data series of ozone thickness (1972–2010), sea ice concentration (1978–2010), sea‐surface temperature (1990–2010), incident irradiance (1988–2010) and satellite‐derived chlorophyll a concentration (Chl‐a, 1997–2010) for the coastal WAP. In addition, we apply a photosynthesis/photoinhibition spectral model to satellite‐derived data (1997–2010) to compute PP and examine the separate impacts of environmental forcings. Since 1978, sea ice retreat has been occurring earlier in the season (in March in 1978 and in late October during the 2000s) while the ozone hole is present in early spring (i.e. August to November) since the early 1990s, increasing the intensity of ultraviolet‐B radiation (UVBR, 280–320 nm). The WAP waters have also warmed over 1990–2010. The modelled PP rates are in the lower range of previously reported PP rates in the WAP. The annual open water PP in the study area increased from 1997 to 2010 (from 0.73 to 1.03 Tg C yr−1) concomitantly with the increase in the production season length. The coincidence between the earlier sea ice retreat and the presence of the ozone hole increased the exposure to incoming radiation (UVBR, UVAR and PAR) and, thus, increased photoinhibition during austral spring (September to November) in the study area (from 0.014 to 0.025 Tg C yr−1). This increase in photoinhibition was minor compared to the overall increase in PP, however. Climate change hence had an overall positive impact on PP in the WAP waters.
Assemblage Thinking and Participatory Development: Potentiality, Ethics, Biopolitics
Authors: Grove Kevin , Pugh Jonathan
Published: January 2015

The politics and ethics of participatory development have been a topic of vibrant debate since the 1990s. While proponents assert that participation emancipates and empowers marginalized people, critics assert that it enacts new forms of control and regulation. This paper reads these debates through the analytical lens offered by assemblage thinking. Assemblage allows us to foreground affective relations between people and things, and the diagrams of power, or ideal sets of force relations, that attempt to direct these affective relations. On this basis, we characterize different participatory approaches in terms of their relation to the constitutive power of affective relations: modernist participation enacts a will to truth that attempts to objectify and control constitutive power through categories such as social capital and vulnerability; performative participation recognizes that participatory activities, while still entangled in power relations, may develop in ways that might challenge existing power relations, and the designs of the project organizer. This characterization helps us identify a politics of life enacted through participatory activities: on one hand, a negative biopolitics that problematizes constitutive power; on the other, an affirmative biopolitics that creates new possibilities for individual and collective life. Assemblage thinking can thus reconfigure participation around an affirmative biopolitics that positions the researcher as one resource among others marginalized people might use in their struggles against insecurity and suffering.
Development of a rapid method for the determination of frying oil quality based on capillary penetration
Authors: Kalogianni Eleni P. , Karastogiannidou Calliope
Published: January 2015

A novel rapid method and apparatus for the determination of frying oil quality based on capillary penetration is presented. The method measures the rate (or time vs. distance) of penetration of the oil in a substrate. Several porous media made of different materials (glass, cellulose, polyethylene) having different pore sizes were examined as potential substrates. A polyethylene substrate was selected as the most appropriate. This substrate was used for measurements with olive and sunflower oil at different levels of degradation (at 170 °C for up to 32 h). The fresh and degraded oil polymer and polar compounds were measured using HPSEC. The results of the method were linearly related to the oil degradation time (R2 = 0.95) and the concentration of polymer (R2 = 0.95) and polar (R2 = 0.91) compounds. The results of this work suggest that the capillary penetration method is a promising novel method that merits further investigation and development.
Standards of practice for the adult mental health workforce: Meeting the needs of families where a parent has a mental illness
Authors: Goodyear Melinda , Hill Terri‐Lee , Allchin Becca , McCormick Francis , Hine Rochelle , Cuff Rose , O'Hanlon Brendan
Published: January 2015

This article outlines the development of practice standards for the adult mental health workforce for addressing the needs of families where a parent has a mental illness (FaPMI). The practice standards recommended here were formulated using a modified cooperative inquiry process with a group of senior clinical leaders in adult mental health services in Australia, following consultation with the available literature and policy documents. The aim of the project was to generate, align, and operationalize family‐inclusive practice standards within the core activities of the adult mental health workforce and integrate into the continuum of care and recovery for service users who are parents of dependent children. As part of a modified Delphi method, the standards were also ranked by the senior clinical leaders to determine what they believe to be essential and recommended practices for the adult mental health workforce they manage. We argue that developing practice standards that provide practical and realistic expectations of the adult mental health service workforce enable services and workers to better adapt practice to respond to FaPMI.
The parachute function of the hull in eggs of Mopalia kennerleyi (Chitonida: Mopaliidae), and swimming of its larvae through ontogeny
Authors: Rebolledo Adriana P. , Emlet Richard B.
Published: January 2015

Free‐spawning species of chitons produce eggs enclosed in a coating known as the hull. In Chitonida, several studies have shown that the hull helps to direct sperm to specific areas of the egg surface, facilitating fertilization. One study has found evidence that this structure also serves to reduce the sinking rates of the eggs. To clarify how the presence of the hull modifies sinking rates in chiton eggs, here we compare sinking speeds and densities of eggs of Mopalia kennerleyi with and without the hull. Sinking rates of eggs with the hull were approximately one‐third of those without it. This structure acts as a flotation device because it has a density very close to that of seawater, and it increases the effective diameter and therefore the drag on the negatively buoyant egg. Since there is limited knowledge about morphology and behavior of chiton larvae, we also analyzed changes during ontogeny in behavior, swimming speeds, and body shape of larvae of M. kennerleyi. Over time, the larvae decreased their upward swimming tendency and preferred to stay near the bottom, and their bodies became elongated and dorso‐ventrally compressed. These changes may be related to preparation for settlement and metamorphosis. Further studies of these subjects are required in chitons, since movement of early stages, as eggs/embryos sinking or larvae swimming in the water column, may affect their survival.
Are baths desirable in atopic dermatitis?
Authors: Sarre M.‐E. , Martin L. , Moote W. , Mazza J.A. , Annweiler C.
Published: January 2015

Background

Bathing is a therapeutic measure commonly advised in atopic dermatitis (AD). Whether baths improve skin condition remains yet unclear. Our objectives were to appreciate the effect of 1‐month tap water bathing on the submerged skin of AD patients, and to evaluate the proportion of AD patients in favour of baths.

Methods

A Medline search of the last 30 years was performed in November 2012 using the Medical Subject Heading terms ‘Atopic Dermatitis’ OR ‘Eczema’ combined with ‘Baths’ OR ‘Bath’ OR ‘Hydrotherapy’ OR ‘Cleansing’ OR ‘Soak’. Interventional studies measuring skin changes after tap water bathing were selected for the first analysis. Observational studies reporting the proportion of AD patients favourable to baths were selected for the second analysis. Important details regarding methods and results were independently extracted by two authors. Random‐effects models were used to combine data on outcomes and conduct meta‐analyses.

Results

Of the 271 abstracts initially identified, seven studies met the selection criteria. All were of good quality. The number of patients with AD ranged from 89 to 260 (41.4–66.3% female). The pooled effect size of skin changes after baths was −0.10 (95% confidence interval: −0.47 to 0.28) in random‐effects meta‐analysis. The meta‐analytical pooled proportion of AD patients in favour of baths was 29.1% (18.5–42.7).

Conclusions

We found no evidence of an effect of 1‐month tap water bathing on skin changes in AD. Only 29 percent of AD patients were favourable to baths. Use of baths in AD should be decided together with the patient.
Practical approach to the use of daylight photodynamic therapy with topical methyl aminolevulinate for actinic keratosis: a European consensus
Authors: Morton C.A. , Wulf H.C. , Szeimies R.M. , Gilaberte Y. , Basset‐Seguin N. , Sotiriou E. , Piaserico S. , Hunger R.E. , Baharlou S. , Sidoroff A. , Braathen L. R.
Published: January 2015

Introduction

Daylight‐mediated photodynamic therapy has been shown to be an effective therapy for actinic keratoses (AKs) and a simple and tolerable treatment procedure in three randomized Scandinavian studies and two recent Phase III randomized controlled studies in Australia and Europe.

Objectives

To establish consensus recommendations for the use of daylight photodynamic therapy (DL‐PDT) using topical methyl aminolaevulinate (MAL) in European patients with AKs.

Methods

The DL‐PDT consensus recommendations were developed on behalf of the European Society for Photodynamic Therapy in Dermatology and comprised of 10 dermatologists from different European countries with experience in how to treat AK patients with PDT. Consensus was developed based on literature review and experience of the experts in the treatment of AK using DL‐PDT.

Results

The recommendations arising from this panel of experts provide general guidance on the use of DL‐PDT as a dermatological procedure with specific guidance regarding patient selection, therapeutic indications, when to treat, pre‐treatment skin preparation, MAL application and daylight exposure for patients with AK in different countries of Europe.

Conclusions

This consensus recommendation provides a framework for physicians to perform DL‐PDT with MAL cream while ensuring efficiency and safety in the treatment of patients with AK in different European countries.
Dermoscopic variability of basal cell carcinoma according to clinical type and anatomic location
Authors: Suppa M. , Micantonio T. , Di Stefani A. , Soyer H.P. , Chimenti S. , Fargnoli M.C. , Peris K.
Published: January 2015

Background

Correctly diagnosing basal cell carcinoma (BCC) clinical type is crucial for the therapeutic management. A systematic description of the variability of all reported BCC dermoscopic features according to clinical type and anatomic location is lacking.

Objectives

To describe the dermoscopic variability of BCC according to clinical type and anatomic location and to test the hypothesis of a clinical/dermoscopic continuum across superficial BCCs (sBCCs) with increasing palpability.

Methods

Clinical/dermoscopic images of nodular BCCs (nBCCs) and sBCCs with different degrees of palpability were retrospectively evaluated for the presence of dermoscopic criteria including degree of pigmentation, BCC‐associated patterns, diverse vascular patterns, melanocytic patterns and polarized light patterns.

Results

We examined 501 histopathologically proven BCCs (66.9% sBCCs; 33.1% nBCCs), mainly located on trunk (46.7%; mostly sBCCs) and face (30.5%; mostly nBCCs). Short fine telangiectasias, leaf‐like areas, spoke‐wheel areas, small erosions and concentric structures were significantly associated with sBCC, whereas arborizing telangiectasias, blue‐white veil‐like structures, white shiny areas and rainbow pattern with nBCCs. Short fine telangiectasia, spoke‐wheel areas and small erosions were independently associated with trunk location, whereas arborizing telangiectasias with facial location. Scalp BCCs had significantly more pigmentation and melanocytic criteria than BCCs located elsewhere. Multiple clinical/dermoscopic parameters displayed a significant linear trend across increasingly palpable sBCCs.

Conclusions

Particular dermoscopic criteria are independently associated with clinical type and anatomic location of BCC. Heavily pigmented, scalp BCCs are the most challenging to diagnose. A clinical/dermoscopic continuum across increasingly palpable sBCCs was detected and could be potentially important for the non‐surgical management of the disease.
Internalized Other Interviewing in Relational Therapy: Three Discursive Approaches to Understanding its Use and Outcomes
Authors: Mudry Tanya E. , Strong Tom , Sametband Inés , Rogers‐de Jong Marnie , Gaete Joaquín , Merritt Samantha , Doyle Emily M. , Ross Karen H.
Published: January 2015

For over 20 years, family therapist Karl Tomm has been engaging families and couples with a therapeutic intervention he calls Internalized Other Interviewing (IOI). The IOI (cf. Emmerson‐Whyte, 2010; Hurley, 2006) entails interviewing clients, from the personal experiences of partners and family members as an internalized other. The IOI is based on the idea that through dialogues over time, one can internalize a sense of one's conversational partner responsiveness in reliably anticipated ways. Anyone who has thought in a conversation with a family member or partner, “Oh there s/he goes again,” or anticipates next words before they leave the other's mouth, has a sense of what we are calling an internalized other. For Tomm, the internalized anticipations partners and family members may have offers entry points into new dialogues with therapeutic potential—particularly, when their actual dialogues get stuck in dispreferred patterns.
The effect of injection using narrow-bore needles on mammalian cells: administration and formulation considerations for cell therapies
Authors: Amer Mahetab H , White Lisa J , Shakesheff Kevin M
Published: January 2015

Objectives

This study focuses on the effect of the injection administration process on a range of cell characteristics.

Methods

Effects of different ejection rates, needle sizes and cell suspension densities were assessed in terms of viability, membrane integrity, apoptosis and senescence of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. For ratiometric measurements, a multiplex assay was used to verify cell viability, cytotoxicity and apoptosis independent of cell number. Co-delivery with alginate hydrogels and viscosity-modifying excipients was also assessed.

Key findings

Ejections at 150 μl/min resulted in the highest percentage of dose being delivered as viable cells among ejection rates tested. The difference in proportions of apoptotic cells became apparent 48 h after ejection, with proportions being higher in samples ejected at slower rates. Co-delivery with alginate hydrogels demonstrated a protective action on the cell payload.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates the importance of careful consideration of administration protocols required for successful delivery of cell suspensions, according to their nature and cellular responses post-ejection.
Enhancing Basal Vocabulary Instruction in Kindergarten
Authors: Lenfest Ashleigh , Reed Deborah K.
Published: January 2015

To enhance the basal vocabulary instruction for kindergarten students at risk for reading difficulties, lessons provided in typical curricular materials can be supplemented with instructional elements derived from research. This article addresses how teachers can add 15 minutes of higher order instructional activities to daily reading lessons to deepen students’ understanding of target vocabulary and offer multiple exposures to the words in different contexts. This enhanced basal vocabulary instruction model was field tested in two configurations of the kindergarten reading block to refine the procedures. These experiences provide insights into how the model can feasibly be implemented in small‐ or whole‐group formats to improve students’ learning and engagement.
Effects of Tier 2 and Tier 3 Mathematics Interventions for Second Graders with Mathematics Difficulties
Authors: Dennis Minyi Shih
Published: January 2015

Two studies were conducted to examine the effects of Tier 2 and Tier 3 mathematics interventions on students with mathematics learning difficulties. In the first study, the work of Bryant et al. was replicated and expanded upon by documenting the sustained effects of a Tier 2 mathematics intervention on mathematics performance by second graders. In the second study, the Tier 2 intervention was intensified to a Tier 3 intervention through increases in two instructional features: group size and dosage. The results of the first study showed that the Tier 2 intervention improved mathematics performance for the majority of student participated in the study, and the effect of the intervention was sustained for the majority of students who responded to the Tier 2 intervention. The results of the second study showed that intensified Tier 3 intervention that involved one‐on‐one instruction and extended time for daily lessons may benefit students who have persistent difficulties with learning mathematics.
Clinician assessments of health status predict mortality in patients with end‐stage liver disease awaiting liver transplantation
Authors: Lai Jennifer C. , Covinsky Kenneth E. , Hayssen Hilary , Lizaola Blanca , Dodge Jennifer L. , Roberts John P. , Terrault Norah A. , Feng Sandy
Published: January 2015

Background & Aims

The US liver allocation system effectively prioritizes most liver transplant candidates by disease severity as assessed by the Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score. Yet, one in five dies on the wait‐list. We aimed to determine whether clinician assessments of health status could identify this subgroup of patients at higher risk for wait‐list mortality.

Methods

From 2012–2013, clinicians of all adult liver transplant candidates with laboratory MELD≥12 were asked at the clinic visit: ‘How would you rate your patient's overall health today (0 = excellent, 5 = very poor)?' The odds of death/delisting for being too sick for the transplant by clinician‐assessment score ≥3 vs. <3 were assessed by logistic regression.

Results

Three hundred and forty‐seven liver transplant candidates (36% female) had a mean follow‐up of 13 months. Men differed from women by disease aetiology (<0.01) but were similar in age and markers of liver disease severity (P > 0.05). Mean clinician assessment differed between men and women (2.3 vs. 2.6; P = 0.02). The association between clinician‐assessment and MELD was ρ = 0.28 (P < 0.01). 53/347 (15%) died/were delisted. In univariable analysis, a clinician‐assessment score ≥ 3 was associated with increased odds of death/delisting (2.57; 95% CI 1.42–4.66). After adjustment for MELD and age, a clinician‐assessment score ≥ 3 was associated with 2.25 (95% CI 1.22–4.15) times the odds of death/delisting compared to a clinician‐assessment score < 3.

Conclusions

A standardized clinician assessment of health status can identify liver transplant candidates at high risk for wait‐list mortality independent of MELD score. Objectifying this ‘eyeball test’ may inform interventions targeted at this vulnerable subgroup to optimize wait‐list outcomes.
The ß‐importin KAP8 (Pse1/Kap121) is required for nuclear import of the cellulase transcriptional regulator XYR1, asexual sporulation and stress resistance in Trichoderma reesei
Authors: Ghassemi Sara , Lichius Alexander , Bidard Fréderique , Lemoine Sophie , Rossignol Marie‐Noëlle , Herold Silvia , Seidl‐Seiboth Verena , Seiboth Bernhard , Espeso Eduardo A. , Margeot Antoine , Kubicek Christian P.
Published: January 2015

The ascomycete Trichoderma reesei is an industrial producer of cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes, and serves as a prime model for their genetic regulation. Most of its (hemi‐)cellulolytic enzymes are obligatorily dependent on the transcriptional activator XYR1. Here, we investigated the nucleo‐cytoplasmic shuttling mechanism that transports XYR1 across the nuclear pore complex. We identified 14 karyopherins in T. reesei, of which eight were predicted to be involved in nuclear import, and produced single gene‐deletion mutants of all. We found KAP8, an ortholog of Aspergillus nidulans KapI, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Kap121/Pse1, to be essential for nuclear recruitment of GFP‐XYR1 and cellulase gene expression. Transformation with the native gene rescued this effect. Transcriptomic analyses of Δkap8 revealed that under cellulase‐inducing conditions 42 CAZymes, including all cellulases and hemicellulases known to be under XYR1 control, were significantly down‐regulated. Δkap8 strains were capable of forming fertile fruiting bodies but exhibited strongly reduced conidiation both in light and darkness, and showed enhanced sensitivity towards abiotic stress, including high osmotic pressure, low pH and high temperature. Together, these data underscore the significance of nuclear import of XYR1 in cellulase and hemicellulase gene regulation in T. reesei, and identify KAP8 as the major karyopherin required for this process.
Effect of low‐level laser therapy on dental root cementum remodeling in rats
Authors: Alsulaimani M. , Doschak M. , Dederich D. , Flores‐Mir C.
Published: January 2015

Structured Abstract

Objective

To investigate the amount of the cementum layer formed over the rat's dental root surfaces by daily application of low‐level laser therapy (LLLT) for 2 weeks.

Methods

Twelve female Sprague‐Dawley (SD) rats were divided into two groups: six rats received daily LLLT (Ga‐Al‐As, 830 nm), and six rats received no treatment (control). The treatment lasted 2 weeks. In vivo Micro‐CT imaging analyzed the root's hard tissue volumetric changes. The cementum thickness was evaluated histologically.

Results

Total cementum thicknesses in the LLLT group increased significantly (p = 0.015) compared to the control group. This significant increase in the cementum thickness, verified histologically, was not detectable during in vivo Micro‐CT imaging, which showed no significant difference between the groups regarding the root hard tissues volumetric changes over the 2‐week evaluation period.

Conclusion

Two weeks of daily application of LLLT significantly increased rat's dental root cementum thickness as determined histologically. However, in vivo Micro‐CT imaging failed to accurately reveal this cementum growth as it was not possible to differentiate dentinal changes.
Electrocardiographic Comparison of Ventricular Premature Complexes during Exercise Test in Patients with CPVT and Healthy Subjects
Authors: BLICH MIRY , MARAI IBRAHIM , SULEIMAN MAHMOUD , LORBER AVRAHAM , GEPSTEIN LIOR , BOULOUS MONTHER , KHOURY ASAAD
Published: January 2015

Background

Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) is a rare but highly malignant inherited arrhythmic disorder. Although a standardized exercise stress test (ST) is the most reliable way to diagnose CPVT, in 30% only single ventricular premature beats (VPCs) were recorded.

Objective

To evaluate whether electrocardiographic characteristics of VPCs during ST distinguish patients with CPVT from healthy subjects.

Methods

Electrocardiographic characteristics of VPCs during ST in 16 calsequestrin‐2 (CASQ2) mutation carriers CPVT patients were compared with that in 36 healthy subjects.

Results

CPVT patients had more VPCs (31 ± 14 vs 3 ± 4, P < 0.0001), longer QRS duration (139 ± 18 ms vs 121 ± 21, P = 0.004), and coupling interval (CI; 476 ± 58 ms vs 355 ± 61 ms, P < 0.0001). The most sensitive characteristics for CPVT were >10 VPCs/test (100% sensitivity, 100% negative predictive value [NPV]), left bundle branch block (LBBB) pattern with inferior axis (88% sensitivity, 94% NPV), and CI longer than 400 ms (88% sensitivity, 94% NPV). Bigeminy or trigeminy or LBBB pattern with inferior axis was most specific for CPVT at 100% (100% positive predictive value PPV, 92% NPV). First VPC during the recovery period and VPC recording more than 1 minute during the recovery period were most specific for healthy subjects (100% specificity, 100% PPV). In multivariate analysis, QRS duration >120 ms (odds ratio 4.2, 95% confidence interval 1–17.6, P = 0.04) and first VPC at ≥10 mets (odds ratio 9.1, 95% confidence interval 2.01–41.1, P = 0.004) each predicted the presence of CPVT.

Conclusions

Several electrocardiographic criteria can help distinguish VPCs originating from CPVT compared with healthy subjects.
Cryoballoon versus Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation for Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: WASSERLAUF JEREMIAH , PELCHOVITZ DANIEL J. , RHYNER JOHN , VERMA NISHANT , BOHN MARTHA , LI ZHI , ARORA RISHI , CHICOS ALEXANDRU B. , GOLDBERGER JEFFREY J. , KIM SUSAN S. , LIN ALBERT C. , KNIGHT BRADLEY P. , PASSMAN ROD S.
Published: January 2015

Background

Catheter ablation is an established treatment for atrial fibrillation (AF). Cryoballoon ablation (CBA) has emerged as an alternative to radiofrequency ablation (RFA). However, there are few data comparing these modalities for treatment of paroxysmal AF (pAF) in the U.S. population. The purpose of this study was to compare procedural times, safety, and efficacy of CBA against RFA.

Methods

A single‐center prospective cohort study evaluated patients who underwent catheter ablation for pAF using CBA or RFA between January 1, 2010 and October 31, 2013. Patients with prior ablation and those without rhythm follow‐up for at least 3 months were excluded. The primary end point was freedom from AF, atrial flutter, and atrial tachycardia (FFAF) >30 seconds after a 3‐month blanking period without requirement for antiarrhythmic drugs. We also compared rates of successful pulmonary vein isolation (PVI), fluoroscopy and procedure times, and major complication rates.

Results

A total of 201 patients were included (CBA = 101, RFA = 100). The rate of successful PVI was 99.3% in CBA versus 97.4% in RFA (P = 0.08). Procedure times were shorter with CBA (192.9 ± 44.0 minutes vs 283.7 ± 78.0 minutes, P < 0.001) as well as total fluoroscopy times (46.0 ± 22.4 minutes vs 73.0 ± 30.1 minutes, P < 0.001). Overall complication rates were equivalent; however, fewer cardiac perforations occurred with CBA (0% vs 4%, P = 0.042). The 1‐year FFAF rates were 60.3% for CBA and 61.1% for RFA (log rank P = 0.93).

Conclusion

CBA was associated with equivalent 1‐year FFAF rate as RFA for pAF. Procedure and fluoroscopy times were shorter for CBA and fewer cardiac perforations occurred.
Progress in genetic engineering of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)—A review
Authors: Krishna Gaurav , Singh Birendra K. , Kim Eun‐Ki , Morya Vivek K. , Ramteke Pramod W.
Published: January 2015

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a major species of the family, Leguminosae, and economically important not only for vegetable oil but as a source of proteins, minerals and vitamins. It is widely grown in the semi‐arid tropics and plays a role in the world agricultural economy. Peanut production and productivity is constrained by several biotic (insect pests and diseases) and abiotic (drought, salinity, water logging and temperature aberrations) stresses, as a result of which crop experiences serious economic losses. Genetic engineering techniques such as Agrobacterium tumefaciens and DNA‐bombardment‐mediated transformation are used as powerful tools to complement conventional breeding and expedite peanut improvement by the introduction of agronomically useful traits in high‐yield background. Resistance to several fungal, virus and insect pest have been achieved through variety of approaches ranging from gene coding for cell wall component, pathogenesis‐related proteins, oxalate oxidase, bacterial chloroperoxidase, coat proteins, RNA interference, crystal proteins etc. To develop transgenic plants withstanding major abiotic stresses, genes coding transcription factors for drought and salinity, cytokinin biosynthesis, nucleic acid processing, ion antiporter and human antiapoptotic have been used. Moreover, peanut has also been used in vaccine production for the control of several animal diseases. In addition to above, this study also presents a comprehensive account on the influence of some important factors on peanut genetic engineering. Future research thrusts not only suggest the use of different approaches for higher expression of transgene(s) but also provide a way forward for the improvement of crops.
Photosynthetic terpene hydrocarbon production for fuels and chemicals
Authors: Wang Xin , Ort Donald R. , Yuan Joshua S.
Published: January 2015

Photosynthetic hydrocarbon production bypasses the traditional biomass hydrolysis process and represents the most direct conversion of sunlight energy into the next‐generation biofuels. As a major class of biologically derived hydrocarbons with diverse structures, terpenes are also valuable in producing a variety of fungible bioproducts in addition to the advanced ‘drop‐in’ biofuels. However, it is highly challenging to achieve the efficient redirection of photosynthetic carbon and reductant into terpene biosynthesis. In this review, we discuss four major scientific and technical barriers for photosynthetic terpene production and recent advances to address these constraints. Collectively, photosynthetic terpene production needs to be optimized in a systematic fashion, in which the photosynthesis improvement, the optimization of terpene biosynthesis pathway, the improvement of key enzymes and the enhancement of sink effect through terpene storage or secretion are all important. New advances in synthetic biology also offer a suite of potential tools to design and engineer photosynthetic terpene platforms. The systemic integration of these solutions may lead to ‘disruptive’ technologies to enable biofuels and bioproducts with high efficiency, yield and infrastructure compatibility.
Punishment in Humans: From Intuitions to Institutions
Authors: Cushman Fiery
Published: January 2015

Humans have a strong sense of who should be punished, when, and how. Many features of these intuitions are consistent with a simple adaptive model: Punishment evolved as a mechanism to teach social partners how to behave in future interactions. Yet, it is clear that punishment as practiced in modern contexts transcends any biologically evolved mechanism; it also depends on cultural institutions including the criminal justice system and many smaller analogs in churches, corporations, clubs, classrooms, and so on. These institutions can be thought of as a kind of ‘exaptation’: a culturally evolved set of norms that exploits biologically evolved intuitions about when punishment is deserved in order to achieve cooperative benefits for social groups.
Naturalistic Theories of Life after Death
Authors: Steinhart Eric
Published: January 2015

After rejecting substance dualism, some naturalists embrace patternism. It states that persons are bodies and that bodies are material machines running abstract person programs. Following Aristotle, these person programs are souls. Patternists adopt four‐dimensionalist theories of persistence: Bodies are 3D stages of 4D lives. Patternism permits at least six types of life after death. It permits quantum immortality, teleportation, salvation through advanced technology, promotion out of a simulated reality, computational monadology, and the revision theory of resurrection.
Hindering Harm and Preserving Purity: How Can Moral Psychology Save the Planet?
Authors: Rottman Joshua , Kelemen Deborah , Young Liane
Published: January 2015

The issues of climate change and environmental degradation elicit diverse responses. This paper explores how an understanding of human moral psychology might be used to motivate conservation efforts. Moral concerns for the environment can relate to issues of harm (i.e., causing pain or impinging on another's welfare) or impurity (i.e., engaging in sacrilegious, polluting, or disgusting actions). Aversions to harm are linked to concern for current or future generations, non‐human animals, and anthropomorphized aspects of the environment. Concerns for purity are linked to viewing the environment as imbued with sacred value and therefore worthy of being protected at all costs. While both harm‐based and purity‐based framings of environmental issues can sometimes backfire, we argue that making these moral concerns salient can nevertheless bring about moral responses to environmental issues. In sum, scientists' emerging knowledge about the moral mind can be used to facilitate the sustainable conservation of the planet.
Don't Mind the Gap: Sinology as an Art of In‐Betweenness
Authors: Standaert Nicolas
Published: January 2015

(New) Sinology is like a Chinese ritual dance: the key is not the movement, but rather the positions (shi ), the moments of non‐action ‘in between’, that make rhythm and transformation possible. (New) Sinology itself occupies an in‐between position in the landscape of academic disciplines, though it is not the only one to undertake this dance, as various disciplines engage themselves into a similar quest. Its distinctiveness as intellectual inquiry is to point at intervals, interstices, gaps, cracks, pauses, poses, in‐between moments or zones in culture and human life. In that sense, Sinology does ‘mind’ gaps.
A comparison of the sedimentary records of the 1960 and 2010 great Chilean earthquakes in 17 lakes: Implications for quantitative lacustrine palaeoseismology
Authors: Van Daele Maarten , Moernaut Jasper , Doom Lindsey , Boes Evelien , Fontijn Karen , Heirman Katrien , Vandoorne Willem , Hebbeln Dierk , Pino Mario , Urrutia Roberto , Brümmer Robert , De Batist Marc
Published: January 2015

Seismically‐induced event deposits embedded in the sedimentary infill of lacustrine basins are highly useful for palaeoseismic reconstructions. Recent, well‐documented, great megathrust earthquakes provide an ideal opportunity to calibrate seismically‐induced event deposits for lakes with different characteristics and located in different settings. This study used 107 short sediment cores to investigate the sedimentary impact of the 1960 Mw 9·5 Valdivia and the 2010 Mw 8·8 Maule earthquakes in 17 lakes in South‐Central Chile (i.e. lakes Negra, Lo Encañado, Aculeo, Vichuquén, Laja, Villarrica, Calafquén, Pullinque, Pellaifa, Panguipulli, Neltume, Riñihue, Ranco, Maihue, Puyehue, Rupanco and Llanquihue). A combination of image analysis, magnetic susceptibility and grain‐size analysis allows identification of five types of seismically‐induced event deposits: (i) mass‐transport deposits; (ii) in situ deformations; (iii) lacustrine turbidites with a composition similar to the hemipelagic background sediments (lacustrine turbidites type 1); (iv) lacustrine turbidites with a composition different from the background sediments (lacustrine turbidites type 2) and (v) megaturbidites. These seismically‐induced event deposits were compared to local seismic intensities of the causative earthquakes, eyewitness reports, post‐earthquake observations, and vegetation and geomorphology of the catchment and the lake. Megaturbidites occur where lake seiches took place. Lacustrine turbidites type 2 can be the result of: (i) local near‐shore mass wasting; (ii) delta collapse; (iii) onshore landslides; (iv) debris flows or mudflows; or (v) fluvial reworking of landslide debris. On the contrary, lacustrine turbidites type 1 are the result of shallow mass wasting on sublacustrine slopes covered by hemipelagic sediments. Due to their more constrained origin, lacustrine turbidites type 1 are the most reliable type of seismically‐induced event deposits in quantitative palaeoseismology, because they are almost exclusively triggered by earthquake shaking. Moreover, they most sensitively record varying seismic shaking intensities. The number of lacustrine turbidites type 1 linearly increases with increasing seismic intensity, starting with no lacustrine turbidites type 1 at intensities between V½ and VI and reaching 100% when intensities are higher than VII½. Combining different types of seismically‐induced event deposits allows the reconstruction of the complete impact of an earthquake.
Impacts of biochar and processed poultry manure, applied to a calcareous soil, on the growth of bean and maize
Authors: Inal A. , Gunes A. , Sahin O. , Taskin M. B. , Kaya E. C.
Published: January 2015

Direct use of poultry manure on agricultural lands may cause environmental concerns, so there is a need to establish the suitability of the application of biochar derived from poultry manure for calcareous soil chemical properties and plant growth. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of processed poultry manure (0, 5, 10 and 20 g/kg) and its biochar (0, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 g/kg) on soil chemical properties of a calcareous soil and growth of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and maize (Zea mays) plants. In the incubation experiment, both processed poultry manure (PPM) and biochar decreased pH and the concentration of plant‐available Fe of soil but increased plant‐available P, Zn, Cu and Mn concentrations.PPMand biochar increased the concentrations of exchangeable cations (K, Ca and Mg) in soil.PPMand biochar applications increased the growth of maize and bean plants.PPMand biochar resulted in increased concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn in bean plants. In maize plants,PPMand biochar applications increased the N, P, K, Zn, Cu and Mn but decreased the Ca and Mg concentrations. Results of this study reveal that poultry manure biochar can be used effectively for agricultural purposes.
Phylogeny and evolution of phytophagous ladybird beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Epilachnini), with recognition of new genera
Authors: SZAWARYN KAROL , BOCAK LADISLAV , ŚLIPIŃSKI ADAM , ESCALONA HERMES E. , TOMASZEWSKA WIOLETTA
Published: January 2015

Phytophagous ladybird beetles of the tribe Epilachnini are a cosmopolitan, species‐rich group of significant economic importance as pests of agricultural crops. The tribe is well characterized morphologically and clearly monophyletic, but very little is known about its internal phylogenetic relationships and their genus‐level taxonomy. In order to infer the evolutionary history of Epilachnini, test its monophyly and provide a phylogeny‐based classification, we assembled a comprehensive dataset, consisting of four DNA markers (18S and 28S rRNA and 16S, COI mtDNA) and a matrix of 104 morphological characters for 153 species of Epilachnini representing all previously recognised genera, ∼11% of the known species, and 14 outgroup taxa. Molecular, morphological and combined datasets were analysed using maximum likelihood, parsimony and Bayesian inference. Bayes factors and Approximately Unbiased tests (AU) were used to compare alternative phylogenetic hypotheses of unconstrained and backbone‐constrained analysis. Only 14 of the 25 included genera were recovered monophyletic, as originally defined. Afidentula Kapur, Afidenta Dieke, Afissula Kapur, Epilachna Chevrolat, Henosepilachna Li Toxotoma Weise and Mada Mulsant are shown to be poly‐ or paraphyletic; Chnootriba Chevrolat, Subafissa Bielawski, Lalokia Szawaryn & Tomaszewska and Papuaepilachna Szawaryn & Tomaszewska form monophyletic groups within larger clades of genus level. All of these genera are redefined here. The two largest genera of Epilachnini, Epilachna Chevrolat and Henosepilachna Li were represented by multiple monophyletic clades, which we described as new genera: Chazeauiana Tomaszewska & Szawaryn gen.n.; Diekeana Tomaszewska & Szawaryn gen.n.; Fuerschia Tomaszewska & Szawaryn gen.n. and Ryszardia Tomaszewska & Szawaryn gen.n. The following new synonyms are proposed: Afissa Dieke (=Afissula Kapur); Henosepilachna Li in Li & Cook (=Subafissa Bielawski); Papuaepilachna Szawaryn & Tomaszewska (=Lalokia Szawaryn & Tomaszewska).

This published work has been registered in ZooBank, http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:440E7FA4‐C859‐47E0‐8335‐30D478CBA8FA.
Love and the stranger: Intimate relationships between Aboriginal and non‐Aboriginal people in a very remote Aboriginal town, northern Australia
Authors: Dalley Cameo
Published: January 2015

Intimate relationships between Aboriginal and non‐Aboriginal people have generally been pursued within the transactional modalities afforded by economy and kinship (e.g. Hamilton 1972; Tonkinson 1990; Redmond 2005). A parallel anthropological literature (e.g. Myers 1979; Venkatesan et al. 2011), however, has critiqued these emphases, and has instead highlighted the need to consider the emotional experiences of individuals. One of the types of individuals considered here is the stranger, a figurative character that Simmel (1950: 403) described as ‘no owner of soil’. In this paper I explore the experiences of one of these strangers, ‘Andrew’, a non‐Aboriginal man who was the partner of an Aboriginal woman and living in the remote Aboriginal town of Mornington Island in the southern Gulf of Carpentaria. In interpreting Andrew's experiences, I argue for an analytic frame based on understanding how transformative personal encounters including love can bring together and sustain relationships between those of (sometimes) vastly different socio‐cultural backgrounds.
Novel DRA alleles extracted from seven macaque cohorts
Authors: van der Wiel M. K. H. , Otting N. , Zeijdel L. M. , Doxiadis G. G. M. , Bontrop R. E.
Published: January 2015

In this document, we report the detection of 37 DRA alleles in macaque cohorts.
Male sterility in Arabidopsis induced by overexpression of a MYC5‐SRDX chimeric repressor
Authors: Figueroa Pablo , Browse John
Published: January 2015

Jasmonate hormone (JA) plays critical roles in both plant defense and reproductive development. Arabidopsis thaliana plants deficient in JA‐biosynthesis or ‐signaling are male‐sterile, with defects in stamen and pollen development. MYC2, MYC3 and MYC4 are JAZ‐interacting bHLH transcription factors that play a major role in controlling JA responses in vegetative tissue, but are not likely to play a role in reproductive tissue. We found that a closely related transcription factor, MYC5 (bHLH28), was able to induce JAZ promoters that control some of the early JA‐responsive genes in a Daucus carota (carrot) protoplast expression system. A G‐box sequence in the JAZ2 promoter was necessary and sufficient for induction by MYC5 (as it is for MYC2, MYC3 and MYC4), and induction of JAZ genes was repressed by co‐expression of a stabilized, JAZ1ΔJas repressor. Two allelic myc5 mutants exhibited no overt phenotype; however, transgenic lines expressing MYC5 fused to an SRDX (SUPERMAN repressive domain X) motif phenocopied mutants defective in JA signaling. In particular, MYC5‐SRDX plants were male‐sterile, with defects in stamen filament elongation, anther dehiscence and pollen viability. Importantly, expression of MYB21 and other transcription factors required for stamen and pollen maturation was strongly reduced in stamens of MYC5‐SRDX plants relative to the wild type. Taken together, these results indicate that MYC5, probably together with other, redundant transcription factors, may be activated by JA signaling to induce the expression of MYB21 and components required for male fertility.