bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reliability of Trail Walking and Running Tasks Using the Stryd Power Meter
Authors: Navalta James Wilfred , Montes Jeffrey , Bodell Nathaniel G. , Aguilar Charli D. , Radzak Kara , Manning Jacob W. , DeBeliso Mark
Published: July 2019

Footpod monitors are wearable devices attaching to the shoe with the ability to sense oscillations in leg movement; however, few studies provide reliability. The purpose was to provide reliability data for outdoor tasks as measured by the Stryd Power Meter, which is a footpod monitor. Young healthy individuals (N=20, male n=12, female n=8) completed two 5-min self-paced walks along a trail, and two 5-min trail runs. Reliability of the tasks was determined using Coefficient of Variation (CV), Intraclass Correlation (ICC), and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Measures during trail running that returned a CV less than 10%, met the ICC threshold of 0.70, and displayed good to excellent 95% CI included pace, average elapsed power, average elapsed form power, average elapsed leg spring, and vertical oscillation. The only variable during walking to meet these criteria was maximal power (CV=4.02%, ICC=0.968, CI=0.902, 0.989). Running tasks completed on a trail generally return more consistent measures for variables that can be obtained from the Stryd footpod device than walking tasks.
Characterization of Pulmonary Emboli in Total Joint Arthroplasty Patients Compared to General Medical Patients
Authors: Jové Nathaniel A. , Samaan Sam , Pizzimenti Natalie M. , Lincoln Denis , Markel David C.
Published: July 2019

Pulmonary emboli (PEs) occur in medical and postoperative total joint arthroplasty (TJA) patients. These are different patient populations, yet both undergo identical diagnosis and treatment regardless of PEs size and quantity. To date, there has been no analysis of the location, size, and quantity of emboli that occur postoperatively in TJA compared with general medical patients. We hypothesized TJA patients would have different size and distribution of PEs per event compared with medical patients. A retrospective chart review was conducted of patients who underwent total hip or knee arthroplasty in comparison to general medical patients at our institution from 2006 to 2011 with a PE diagnosis. Medical co-morbidities, sex, age, procedure, postoperative day, size, and location of PE using spiral computed tomography were recorded using a novel mapping scheme. Embolus size was defined based on blockage level in the pulmonary arterial tree. Of the 4,178 TJA patients reviewed, 51 were diagnosed with a PE. A total of 67% of TJA patients were women, yet women represented 90% (n = 46) of TJA PE patients (p < 0.0001). Medical patients had an equal distribution of men and women with PEs. Orthopaedic patients averaged more (4.0 vs. 2.2, p < 0.0001) and smaller PEs compared with medical patients (p < 0.0001). In conclusion, women undergoing TJA had significantly higher risk of developing PE compared with male arthroplasty or medical patients. Differences were observed in size and distribution of PEs between medical and TJA patients, which suggest a different nature of embolic phenomenon.
Numerical simulation of plasma and electromagnetic characteristics for an ion thruster discharge chamber
Authors: Guo S. L. , Jin X. L. , Lei L. , Zhang X. Y. , Zhu X. F. , Yang Z. H. , Li B.
Published: July 2019

In this paper, a two-dimensional axisymmetric particle-in-cell plus Monte Carlo collision numerical model is developed to simulate the plasma and electromagnetic characteristics inside the discharge chamber of an ion thruster. This model tracks three major particle types: primary electrons, secondary electrons, and xenon ions. The neutral particles are treated as a background gas, and the collision mechanism between electrons and neutral gas is modeled in detail. Besides the external electric field and magnetic field, the time-varying electromagnetic fields caused by the movement of the charged particles are considered. Compared to the electrostatic model, the electromagnetic model can further study the electromagnetic radiation characteristics of the discharge chamber. The numerical results are presented and discussed, including the particle number density distributions, the particle energy distributions, and the time-varying electromagnetic fields. At last, the influence of the electromagnetic effect on ion dynamics is analyzed.
Monolayer doping of silicon-germanium alloys: A balancing act between phosphorus incorporation and strain relaxation
Authors: Kennedy Noel , Duffy Ray , Mirabelli Gioele , Eaton Luke , Petkov Nikolay , Holmes Justin D. , Hatem Chris , Walsh Lee , Long Brenda
Published: July 2019

This paper presents the application of monolayer doping (MLD) to silicon-germanium (SiGe). This study was carried out for phosphorus dopants on wafers of epitaxially grown thin films of strained SiGe on silicon with varying concentrations of Ge (18%, 30%, and 60%). The challenge presented here is achieving dopant incorporation while minimizing strain relaxation. The impact of high temperature annealing on the formation of defects due to strain relaxation of these layers was qualitatively monitored by cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy prior to choosing an anneal temperature for the MLD drive-in. Though the bulk SiGe wafers provided are stated to have 18%, 30%, and 60% Ge in the epitaxial SiGe layers, it does not necessarily mean that the surface stoichiometry is the same, and this may impact the reaction conditions. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and angle-resolved XPS were carried out to compare the bulk and surface stoichiometry of SiGe to allow tailoring of the reaction conditions for chemical functionalization. Finally, dopant profiling was carried out by secondary ion mass spectrometry to determine the impurity concentrations achieved by MLD. It is evident from the results that phosphorus incorporation decreases for increasing mole fraction of Ge, when the rapid thermal annealing temperature is a fixed amount below the melting temperature of each alloy.
Optimization of detection strategies for epithermal neutron spectroscopy using photon-sensitive detectors
Authors: Ulpiani Pierfrancesco , Romanelli Giovanni , Onorati Dalila , Parmentier Alexandra , Festa Giulia , Schooneveld Erik , Cazzaniga Carlo , Arcidiacono Laura , Andreani Carla , Senesi Roberto
Published: July 2019

In this work, we discuss an improved detection procedure for the photon-sensitive yttrium-aluminum-perovskite detectors installed on the VESUVIO spectrometer at the ISIS pulsed neutron and muon source. By decreasing the low-level energy threshold of detected photons, we observe an increased count rate up to a factor ∼3, and a decrease of relative error bars and noise of ∼40% and 35%, respectively, for deep inelastic neutron scattering measurements. In addition, we demonstrate how the reported optimization may increase the accuracy in the line shape analysis of neutron Compton profiles, as well as in the application of the mean-force approach to detect the anisotropy and anharmonicity in the single-particle local potential. We envisage that such an upgrade of the detection procedure would have a substantial impact on the VESUVIO scientific programme based on deep inelastic neutron scattering investigations.
Auxeticity and stiffness of random networks: Lessons for the rational design of 3D printed mechanical metamaterials
Authors: Mirzaali M. J. , Pahlavani H. , Zadpoor A. A.
Published: July 2019

The emergence of advanced 3D printing techniques and the recent interest in architected materials have sparked a surge of interest in mechanical metamaterials whose unusual properties are defined by their highly ordered microarchitectures. Mechanical metamaterials with disordered microarchitectures have, however, not received as much attention despite their inherent advantages, such as robustness against the precise arrangement and design parameters of individual unit cells. Here, we computationally studied the elastic properties of two general types of disordered networks, namely, lattice-restricted and unrestricted networks that were made of beamlike elements and possessed mean connectivity values, Z, ranging between 2.5 and 7. We also additively manufactured a number of representative networks using selective laser sintering and showed that their deformations are consistent with our computational predictions. Unrestricted networks exhibited several advantages over the lattice-restricted ones including a broader range of achievable elastic modulus-Poisson's ratio duos as well as a higher probability of exhibiting auxetic and double-auxetic (i.e., auxetic behavior in both orthogonal directions) behaviors. Most interestingly, we could find unrestricted auxetic networks for high connectivity levels of up to 4.5, while no lattice-restricted auxetic networks were found for any connectivity level beyond 3.5. Given the fact that, according to Maxwell's criterion, 3.5 is the highest Z for which both of our lattice-restricted and unrestricted networks are bending-dominated, we concluded that unrestricted networks exhibit auxetic behavior well into their stretch-dominated domain. This is a promising observation that underlines the potential of unrestricted networks for the challenging task of designing stiff auxetic metamaterials in the stretch-dominated domain (i.e., Z = 4–4.5).
Electromagnetic resonance strength in metamaterials
Authors: Min Li , Wang Wenjin , Wen Yuhua , Zhang Mei , Tian Fang , Qian Kun , Tian Peng , Chen Min
Published: July 2019

Besides the resonance frequency, the resonance strength is another key optical characteristic for metamaterials. In the present work, a theoretical model for the resonance strength is proposed, which has been numerically and experimentally verified by the fundamental and high-order resonances of metamaterials. Results show that the resonance strength is determined by the electric potential difference induced by incident waves and could be efficiently tuned by changing the polarized state of incident waves or the shape of resonant units. Interestingly, the fundamental resonance could be completely suppressed, and the maximum magnitude of the high-order resonance strength for a metamaterial also can be predicted with the model. Further simulated results indicated that, among different-shaped metamaterials, I-shaped metamaterials as a simpler structure can have a stronger resonance strength in both of the low-order and high-order resonances. It may inspire the design of metasurfaces based high-order resonances and may offer a powerful strategy for further optimizations of the performance of metamaterial-based devices.
Single Pt atoms stabilized on Mo2TiC2O2 for hydrogen evolution: A first-principles investigation
Authors: Jing Tao , Liang Dongmei , Hao Jinxin , Deng Mingsen , Cai Shaohong
Published: July 2019

Single-atom catalysis offers an effective way to reduce the amount of used noble metals and maximizes their catalytic activity. We systematically explore electrocatalytic performances of Pt doped Mo2TiC2O2 monolayer by the first principles calculations. Our results show that the presence of donor defects in Mo2TiC2O2 can always increase the reaction free energy of hydrogen adsorption and further promotes the performance in hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). More interestingly, the substitution of Pt for O in the Mo2TiC2 can modify the free energy to an ideal value and is responsible for the significantly enhanced catalytic activity. Furthermore, the large value of diffusion barrier indicates that single Pt atoms can be stabilized onto the O vacancy sites, which can effectively prevent them to aggregate into nanoparticles. Our works are useful for understanding the recent experimental observations and pave the way for further experimental improvements of catalytic activity for the HER.
In-situ impedance spectroscopy of a plasma-semiconductor thin film system during reactive sputter deposition
Authors: Zanáška M. , Kudrna P. , Čada M. , Tichý M. , Hubička Z.
Published: July 2019

We present a comparatively simple-to-apply in situ diagnostic suitable for determining the dielectric properties of nonconducting and semiconducting thin films during plasma-aided deposition. The method is based on measurement of the impedance spectrum of a system plasma-film within the kilohertz range of frequencies, i.e., without the need of special equipment. Total film capacitance, resistance, and the loss factor tan δ can be estimated in situ from the measured impedance spectra. Provided that the film thickness is known, the dielectric and electrical properties of the deposited films, such as relative permittivity ɛr and conductivity σ, can be estimated as well. The applicability of the developed method is demonstrated on Fe2O3 and TiO2 thin films during deposition in a low-pressure low-temperature plasma-jet system and on a TiO2 thin film during deposition in a planar magnetron system. The experimentally obtained dielectric properties are compared with data from the literature.
Local existence conditions for sweeping process solutions
Authors: Tolstonogov A. A.
Published: July 2019

A sufficient condition for the existence of an absolutely continuous solution for a sweeping process is given by the absolute continuity, in a definite sense, of the multivalued mapping which generates the process. This property is described in terms of the Hausdorff distance between values of the multivalued mapping. However, there exist multivalued mappings for which the Hausdorff distance between those values is infinite; for instance, mappings which take hyperplanes as values. For such mappings absolute continuity cannot be described in terms of the Hausdorff distance. In this paper we study conditions which provide local absolute continuity of a multivalued mapping. By using these conditions we prove an existence theorem for an absolutely continuous solution of a sweeping process. We apply the results obtained to the study of sweeping processes with nonconvex and with convexified perturbations. For such sweeping processes we prove an existence theorem for solutions and a relaxation theorem.

Bibliography: 13 titles.
Algebras of free holomorphic functions and localizations
Authors: Syrtseva K. A.
Published: July 2019

We consider the algebras of holomorphic functions on a free polydisc

,

and the algebra of holomorphic functions on a free ball

. We show that the algebra

is a localization of a free algebra and, moreover, is a free analytic algebra with

generators (in the sense of J. Taylor), while the algebra

is not a localization of a free algebra. In addition we prove that the class of localizations of free algebras and the class of free analytic algebras are closed under the operation of the Arens-Michael free product.

Bibliography: 21 titles.
Global-level population genomics reveals differential effects of geography and phylogeny on horizontal gene transfer in soil bacteria
Authors: Greenlon Alex , Chang Peter L. , Damtew Zehara Mohammed , Muleta Atsede , Carrasquilla-Garcia Noelia , Kim Donghyun , Nguyen Hien P. , Suryawanshi Vasantika , Krieg Christopher P. , Yadav Sudheer Kumar , Patel Jai Singh , Mukherjee Arpan , Udupa Sripada , Benjelloun Imane , Thami-Alami Imane , Yasin Mohammad , Patil Bhuvaneshwara , Singh Sarvjeet , Sarma Birinchi Kumar , von Wettberg Eric J. B. , Kahraman Abdullah , Bukun Bekir , Assefa Fassil , Tesfaye Kassahun , Fikre Asnake , Cook Douglas R.
Published: July 2019

Although microorganisms are known to dominate Earth’s biospheres and drive biogeochemical cycling, little is known about the geographic distributions of microbial populations or the environmental factors that pattern those distributions. We used a global-level hierarchical sampling scheme to comprehensively characterize the evolutionary relationships and distributional limitations of the nitrogen-fixing bacterial symbionts of the crop chickpea, generating 1,027 draft whole-genome sequences at the level of bacterial populations, including 14 high-quality PacBio genomes from a phylogenetically representative subset. We find that diverse
Mesorhizobium
taxa perform symbiosis with chickpea and have largely overlapping global distributions. However, sampled locations cluster based on the phylogenetic diversity of
Mesorhizobium
populations, and diversity clusters correspond to edaphic and environmental factors, primarily soil type and latitude. Despite long-standing evolutionary divergence and geographic isolation, the diverse taxa observed to nodulate chickpea share a set of integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) that encode the major functions of the symbiosis. This symbiosis ICE takes 2 forms in the bacterial chromosome—tripartite and monopartite—with tripartite ICEs confined to a broadly distributed superspecies clade. The pairwise evolutionary relatedness of these elements is controlled as much by geographic distance as by the evolutionary relatedness of the background genome. In contrast, diversity in the broader gene content of
Mesorhizobium
genomes follows a tight linear relationship with core genome phylogenetic distance, with little detectable effect of geography. These results illustrate how geography and demography can operate differentially on the evolution of bacterial genomes and offer useful insights for the development of improved technologies for sustainable agriculture.
Dynamic allostery-based molecular workings of kinase:peptide complexes
Authors: Ahuja Lalima G. , Aoto Phillip C. , Kornev Alexandr P. , Veglia Gianluigi , Taylor Susan S.
Published: July 2019

Significance

Internal dynamics underlies the working of proteins, including kinases. Here we explain the role of dynamics-based allostery that orchestrates kinase:peptide complex recognition and formation. Substrate peptides have a distinct allosteric response from the kinase, as opposed to the product and inhibitor peptides. Internal dynamics of the entire kinase molecule is modulated in a global context, as opposed to previously speculated domino paths. Molecular dynamics simulations, in combination with the violin model of protein allostery for identifying communities, allows for exact mapping of allosterically coupled groups of residues throughout the kinase. Because the response from the substrate, product, and inhibitor peptides are distinct, these studies exemplify the power of computational methods to explore protein allostery in a previously unappreciated way.
Responses of tundra soil microbial communities to half a decade of experimental warming at two critical depths
Authors: Johnston Eric R. , Hatt Janet K. , He Zhili , Wu Liyou , Guo Xue , Luo Yiqi , Schuur Edward A. G. , Tiedje James M. , Zhou Jizhong , Konstantinidis Konstantinos T.
Published: July 2019

Northern-latitude tundra soils harbor substantial carbon (C) stocks that are highly susceptible to microbial degradation with rising global temperatures. Understanding the magnitude and direction (e.g., C release or sequestration) of the microbial responses to warming is necessary to accurately model climate change. In this study, Alaskan tundra soils were subjected to experimental in situ warming by ∼1.1 °C above ambient temperature, and the microbial communities were evaluated using metagenomics after 4.5 years, at 2 depths: 15 to 25 cm (active layer at outset of the experiment) and 45 to 55 cm (transition zone at the permafrost/active layer boundary at the outset of the experiment). In contrast to small or insignificant shifts after 1.5 years of warming, 4.5 years of warming resulted in significant changes to the abundances of functional traits and the corresponding taxa relative to control plots (no warming), and microbial shifts differed qualitatively between the two soil depths. At 15 to 25 cm, increased abundances of carbohydrate utilization genes were observed that correlated with (increased) measured ecosystem carbon respiration. At the 45- to 55-cm layer, increased methanogenesis potential was observed, which corresponded with a 3-fold increase in abundance of a single archaeal clade of theMethanosarcinalesorder, increased annual thaw duration (45.3 vs. 79.3 days), and increased CH4emissions. Collectively, these data demonstrate that the microbial responses to warming in tundra soil are rapid and markedly different between the 2 critical soil layers evaluated, and identify potential biomarkers for the corresponding microbial processes that could be important in modeling.
Caspase-8 restricts antiviral CD8 T cell hyperaccumulation
Authors: Feng Yanjun , Daley-Bauer Lisa P. , Roback Linda , Guo Hongyan , Koehler Heather S. , Potempa Marc , Lanier Lewis L. , Mocarski Edward S.
Published: July 2019

Significance

The antiviral immune response in mammals represents a balance of T cell proliferation and death. The autoactivated protease caspase-8 has long been known to mediate cell-extrinsic apoptosis, block unleashed programmed necrosis, and contribute to cell activation state as well as cell growth. Here, caspase-8 is shown to restrict proliferation of CD8 T cells in response to herpesvirus infection without contributing to the contraction of the immune response. Prior investigations into this area were confounded by unleashed necroptosis, masking the role of caspase-8 in restraining proliferation associated with adaptive immunity. Thus, our observations resolve a decades-old debate regarding the cell-autonomous contribution of this protease to initiation of antiviral T cell immunity and establishment of memory.
Evidence for neural rhythms embedded within binocular rivalry
Authors: Cha Oakyoon , Blake Randolph
Published: July 2019

Evidence for perceptual periodicity emerges from studies showing periodic fluctuations in visual perception and decision making that are accompanied by neural oscillations in brain activity. We have uncovered signs of periodicity in the time course of binocular rivalry, a widely studied form of multistable perception. This was done by analyzing time series data contained in an unusually large dataset of rivalry state durations associated with states of exclusive monocular dominance and states of mixed perception during transitions between exclusive dominance. Identifiable within the varying durations of dynamic mixed perception are rhythmic clusters of durations whose incidence falls within the frequency band associated with oscillations in neural activity accompanying periodicity in perceptual judgments. Endogenous neural oscillations appear to be especially impactful when perception is unusually confounding.
Nbn−Mre11 interaction is required for tumor suppression and genomic integrity
Authors: Kim Jun Hyun , Penson Alexander V. , Taylor Barry S. , Petrini John H. J.
Published: July 2019

Significance

The Mre11 complex core, consisting of Mre11, Rad50, and Nbn/Nbs1, is essential for viability. Accordingly, hematopoietic-specific Nbn deficiency leads to perinatal lethality. In contrast, destabilizing the interaction of Nbn with the core Mre11−Rad50 (
Nbn

mid8

allele) in hematopoietic cells permits viability but leads to severe defects in hematopoiesis. Viability requires gene amplification of
MRE11
and
CHK1
. We propose that the
MRE11
overexpression compensates for weakened Nbn interaction, and that selection for
CHK1
overexpression mitigates the genomic instability and loss of ATM-dependent checkpoint functions. The surviving animals develop highly penetrant T-ALL, the mutational features of which resemble human T-ALL. Hence, Nbn meets the definition of a tumor suppressor in this context.
Large distances separate coregulated genes in living
Drosophila
embryos
Authors: Heist Tyler , Fukaya Takashi , Levine Michael
Published: July 2019

Significance

The prevailing model of gene activation is the looping of a distal enhancer to its target promoter, although it remains uncertain whether enhancers must come into direct contact. Recent studies suggest that clusters of RNA polymerase II are recruited to active genes, raising the possibility that enhancers cannot get too close to their target promoters due to molecular crowding. Here, we use live imaging methods to visualize genes that are simultaneously regulated by a single enhancer both in cis and in trans. We present evidence that these coregulated genes are separated by a substantial distance—at least 100–200 nm—during transcription. These observations challenge the textbook view of enhancer function and raise the possibility of an action-at-a-distance model for gene expression.
Effect of fluid inertia on the orientation of a small prolate spheroid settling in turbulence
Authors: Gustavsson K , Sheikh M Z , Lopez D , Naso A , Pumir A , Mehlig B
Published: July 2019

We study the angular dynamics of small non-spherical particles settling in a turbulent flow, such as ice crystals in clouds, aggregates of organic material in the oceans, or fibres settling in turbulent pipe flow. Most solid particles encountered in Nature are not spherical, and their orientations affect their settling speeds, as well as their collision and aggregation rates in suspensions. Whereas the random action of turbulent eddies favours an isotropic distribution of orientations, gravitational settling breaks the rotational symmetry. The precise nature of the symmetry breaking, however, is subtle. We demonstrate here that the fluid-inertia torque plays a dominant role in the problem. As a consequence rod-like particles tend to settle in turbulence with horizontal orientation, the more so the larger the settling number

Sv

(a dimensionless measure of the settling speed). For large

Sv

we determine the fluctuations around this preferential horizontal orientation for prolate particles with arbitrary aspect ratios, assuming small Stokes number

St

(a dimensionless measure of particle inertia). Our theory is based on a statistical model representing the turbulent velocity fluctuations by Gaussian random functions. This overdamped theory predicts that the orientation distribution is very narrow at large

Sv

, with a variance proportional to

Sv

−
4

. By considering the role of particle inertia, we analyse the limitations of the overdamped theory, and determine its range of applicability. Our predictions are in excellent agreement with numerical simulations of simplified models of turbulent flows. Finally we contrast our results with those of an alternative theory predicting that the orientation variance is proportional to

Sv

−
2

at large

Sv

.
Heisenberg uncertainty relation for relativistic electrons
Authors: Bialynicki-Birula Iwo , Bialynicka-Birula Zofia
Published: July 2019

The Heisenberg uncertainty relation is derived for relativistic electrons described by the Dirac equation. The standard nonrelativistic lower bound 3/2ℏ is attained only in the limit and the wave function that reproduces this value is singular. At the other end, in the ultrarelativistic limit, the bound is the same as that found before for photons.
Mapping the landscape of climate services
Authors: Larosa Francesca , Mysiak Jaroslav
Published: July 2019

Climate services are technology-intensive, science-based and user-tailored tools providing timely climate information to a wide set of users. They accelerate innovation, while contributing to societal adaptation. Research has explored the advancements of climate services in multiple fields, producing a wealth of interdisciplinary knowledge ranging from climatology to the social sciences. The aim of this paper is to map the global landscape of research on climate services and to identify patterns at individual, affiliation and country level and the structural properties of each community. We use a sample of 358 records published between 1974 and 2018 and quantitatively analyze them. We provide insights into the main characteristics of the community of climate services through Bibliometrics and complement these findings with Network Science. We have computed the centrality of each actor as derived from a Principal Component Analysis of 42 different measures. By exploring the structural properties of the networks of individuals, institutions and countries we derive implications on the most central agents. Furthermore, we detect brokers in the network, capable of facilitating the information flow and increasing the cohesion of the community. We finally analyze the abstracts of the sample via Content Analysis. We find a progressive shift towards climate adaptation and user-centric visions. Agriculture and Energy are the top mentioned sectors. Anglophone countries and institutions are quantitatively dominant, and they are also important in connecting different discipline of the network of scholars, by building on established partnerships. Finding that nodes facilitating the diffusion of information flows (the brokers) are not necessarily the most central, but have a high degree of interdisciplinarity facilitating interactions of different communities.Social media abstract. #WhoisWho in #climateservices? A comprehensive map of research in #Europe and beyond
Local land-use decision-making in a global context
Authors: Malek Žiga , Douw Bianka , Van Vliet Jasper , Van Der Zanden Emma H , Verburg Peter H
Published: July 2019

Land-use change has transformed the majority of the terrestrial biosphere, impacting biodiversity, climate change, food production and provision of multiple ecosystem services. To improve our understanding of land-use change processes, the motivations and characteristics of land-use decision-makers need to be addressed more explicitly. Here, we systematically review the peer-reviewed literature between 1950 and 2018 that documents decision-making underlying land-use change processes. We found 315 publications reporting on 559 case studies worldwide that report on land-use decision-making in sufficient depth. In these cases, we identified 758 land-use decision-makers. We clustered decision-makers based on their objectives, attitudes and abilities into six distinct types: survivalist, subsistence-oriented smallholder, market-oriented smallholder, professional commercialist, professional intensifier and eco-agriculturalist. Survival and livelihood were identified as most common objectives for land-use decision makers, followed by economic objectives. We observe large differences in terms of decision-makers’ attitudes towards environmental values, and particularly their financial status, while decision makers have a generally favorable attitude towards change and legislation. The majority of the documented decision-makers in the literature have only few abilities as they are poor and own small plots of land, while the wealthier decision-makers were identified to have more power and control over their decisions. Based on a representativeness analysis, we found that decision-making processes in marginal areas, such as mountainous regions, are overrepresented in existing case study evidence, while remote areas and lowlands are under-represented. These insights can help in the design of better land-use change assessments, as well as to improve policies towards sustainable land use.
Effect of Oral Oseltamivir on Virological Outcomes in Low-risk Adults With Influenza: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Beigel John H , Manosuthi Weerawat , Beeler Joy , Bao Yajing , Hoppers Melanie , Ruxrungtham Kiat , Beasley Richard L , Ison Michael , Avihingsanon Anchalee , Losso Marcelo H , Langlois Nicholas , Hoopes Justin , Lane H Clifford , Holley H Preston , Myers Christopher A , Hughes Michael D , Davey Richard T
Published: July 2019

Background

Duration of viral shedding is a determinant of infectivity and transmissibility, but few data exist about oseltamivir's ability to alter viral shedding.

Methods

From January 2012 through October 2017, a randomized, double-blinded multicenter clinical trial was conducted in adults aged 18–64 years at 42 sites in Thailand, the United States, and Argentina. Participants with influenza A or B and without risk factors for complications of influenza were screened for the study. Eligible participants were randomized to receive oseltamivir 75 mg or placebo twice daily for 5 days. The primary endpoint was the percentage of participants with virus detectable by polymerase chain reaction in nasopharyngeal swab at day 3.

Results

Of 716 adults screened for the study, 558 were randomized, and 501 were confirmed to have influenza. Forty-six participants in the pilot study were excluded, and 449 of the 455 participants in the population for the primary analysis had day 3 viral shedding results. Ninety-nine (45.0%) of 220 participants in the oseltamivir arm had virus detected at day 3 compared with 131 (57.2%) of 229 participants in the placebo arm (absolute difference of −12.2% [−21.4%, −3.0%], P =; .010). The median time to alleviation of symptoms was 79.0 hours for the oseltamivir arm and 84.0 hours for the placebo arm (P =; .34) in those with confirmed influenza infection.

Conclusions

Oseltamivir decreased viral shedding in this low-risk population. However, in the population enrolled in this study, it did not significantly decrease the time to resolution of clinical symptoms.

Clinical Trials Registration

NCT01314911.
A Kind Of Conditional Vertex Connectivity Of Cayley Graphs Generated By Wheel Graphs
Authors: Luo Zuwen , Xu Liqiong
Published: July 2019

Let $G=(V(G), E(G))$ be a connected graph. A subset $T \subseteq V(G)$ is called an $R^{k}$-vertex-cut, if $G-T$ is disconnected and each vertex in $V(G)-T$ has at least $k$ neighbors in $G-T$. The cardinality of a minimum $R^{k}$-vertex-cut is the $R^{k}$-vertex-connectivity of $G$ and is denoted by $\kappa ^{k}(G)$. $R^{k}$-vertex-connectivity is a new measure to study the fault tolerance of network structures beyond connectivity. In this paper, we study $R^{1}$-vertex-connectivity and $R^{2}$-vertex-connectivity of Cayley graphs generated by wheel graphs, which are denoted by $AW_{n}$, and show that $\kappa ^{1}(AW_{n})=4n-7$ for $n\geq 6$; $\kappa ^{2}(AW_{n})=6n-12$ for $n\geq 6$.
Migration and investments in the health of children left behind: the role of remittances in children’s healthcare utilization in Cambodia
Authors: Treleaven Emily
Published: July 2019

Remittances, financial support from family members who have migrated for work, are an increasingly important source of income for households left behind in many lower- and middle-income countries. While remittances have been shown to affect the health status of children left behind, evidence is very limited as to whether and how they affect children’s healthcare utilization. Yet, this is an important consideration for policymakers seeking to improve equitable access to quality care in settings where migration is common. I examine whether children under age five whose household receives remittances are more likely to utilize higher quality healthcare providers than those without remittances in Cambodia, a country with high rates of migration and a pluralistic health system. The analysis includes 2230 children reporting recent illness in three waves of the Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey with data on migration, remittances and children’s health expenditures. I use mixed-effects and fixed-effects regression analysis to estimate the effect of remittances on children’s likelihood of entering care with a formally trained provider, and among those attending a formally trained provider, likelihood of using a public-sector facility. Treatment expenditures are lower among households with remittances, while transportation expenditures do not vary significantly by remittance status. In mixed-effects and fixed-effect regression models, children who receive remittances have a lower likelihood of utilizing qualified providers (adjusted OR = 0.66, 95% confidence interval 0.44–0.98), though this effect is attenuated in fixed-effects models, and there is no association between remittances and attending a public-sector facility. These findings underscore that remittances alone are not sufficient to increase children’s utilization of qualified providers in migrant-sending areas, and suggest that policymakers should to address barriers to care beyond cost to promote utilization and equity of access to higher quality care where remittances are a common source of income.
Loss of Cln5 leads to altered Gad1 expression and deficits in interneuron development in mice
Authors: Singh Yajuvinder , Leinonen Henri , Fazaludeen Feroze , Jaronen Merja , Guest Debbie , Buckley Noel , Byts Nadiya , Oksa Petra , Jalkanen Kari , Iqbal Imran , Huuskonen Mikko , Savchenko Ekaterina , Keksa-Goldsteine Velta , Chew Sweelin , Myllyharju Johanna , Tanila Heikki , Ooi Lezanne , Koistinaho Jari , Kanninen Katja M , Malm Tarja
Published: July 2019

The Finnish-variant late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, also known as CLN5 disease, is caused by mutations in the CLN5 gene. Cln5 is strongly expressed in the developing brain and expression continues into adulthood. CLN5, a protein of unknown function, is implicated in neurodevelopment but detailed investigation is lacking. Using Cln5−/− embryos of various ages and cells harvested from Cln5−/− brains we investigated the hitherto unknown role of Cln5 in the developing brain. Loss of Cln5 results in neuronal differentiation deficits and delays in interneuron development during in utero period. Specifically, the radial thickness of dorsal telencephalon was significantly decreased in Cln5−/− mouse embryos at embryonic day 14.5 (E14.5), and expression of Tuj1, an important neuronal marker during development, was down-regulated. An interneuron marker calbindin and a mitosis marker p-H3 showed down-regulation in ganglionic eminences. Neurite outgrowth was compromised in primary cortical neuronal cultures derived from E16 Cln5−/− embryos compared with WT embryos. We show that the developmental deficits of interneurons may be linked to increased levels of the repressor element 1-silencing transcription factor, which we report to bind to glutamate decarboxylase (Gad1), which encodes GAD67, a rate-limiting enzyme in the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Indeed, adult Cln5−/− mice presented deficits in hippocampal parvalbumin-positive interneurons. Furthermore, adult Cln5−/− mice presented deficits in hippocampal parvalbumin-positive interneurons and showed age-independent cortical hyper excitability as measured by electroencephalogram and auditory-evoked potentials. This study highlights the importance of Cln5 in neurodevelopment and suggests that in contrast to earlier reports, CLN5 disease is likely to develop during embryonic stages.
Efficacy and Safety of Fixed-Dose Esketamine Nasal Spray Combined With a New Oral Antidepressant in Treatment-Resistant Depression: Results of a Randomized, Double-Blind, Active-Controlled Study (TRANSFORM-1)
Authors: Fedgchin Maggie , Trivedi Madhukar , Daly Ella J , Melkote Rama , Lane Rosanne , Lim Pilar , Vitagliano Dawn , Blier Pierre , Fava Maurizio , Liebowitz Michael , Ravindran Arun , Gaillard Raphael , Ameele Hans Van Den , Preskorn Sheldon , Manji Husseini , Hough David , Drevets Wayne C , Singh Jaskaran B
Published: July 2019

Background

About one-third of patients with depression fail to achieve remission despite treatment with multiple antidepressants and are considered to have treatment-resistant depression.

Methods

This Phase 3, double-blind, multicenter study enrolled adults with moderate-to-severe depression and nonresponse to ≥2 antidepressants in the current depression episode. Eligible patients (N = 346) were randomized (1:1:1) to twice-weekly nasal spray treatment (esketamine [56 or 84 mg] or placebo) plus a newly initiated, open-label, oral antidepressant taken daily for 4 weeks. The primary efficacy endpoint was change from baseline to day 28 in the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale total score, performed by blinded, remote raters. Based on the predefined statistical testing sequence, esketamine 84 mg/antidepressant had to be significant for esketamine 56 mg/antidepressant to be formally tested.

Results

Statistical significance was not achieved with esketamine 84 mg/antidepressant compared with antidepressant/placebo (least squares [LS] means difference [95% CI]: –3.2 [–6.88, 0.45]; 2-sided P value = .088). Although esketamine 56 mg/antidepressant could not be formally tested, the LS means difference was –4.1 [–7.67, –0.49] (nominal 2-sided P value = .027). The most common (>20%) adverse events reported for esketamine/antidepressant were nausea, dissociation, dizziness, vertigo, and headache.

Conclusions

Statistical significance was not achieved for the primary endpoint; nevertheless, the treatment effect (Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale) for both esketamine/antidepressant groups exceeded what has been considered clinically meaningful for approved antidepressants vs placebo. Safety was similar between esketamine/antidepressant groups and no new dose-related safety concerns were identified. This study provides supportive evidence for the safety and efficacy of esketamine nasal spray as a new, rapid-acting antidepressant for patients with treatment-resistant depression.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02417064
Beauveria bassiana (Ascomycota: Hypocreales)–treated Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) Larvae Mediate the Preference and Functional Response of Euborellia annulipes (Dermaptera: Anisolabididae) Nymphs
Authors: Nunes Gilmar da S , Truzi Caio C , do Nascimento Joacir , de Paula Flávia F , de Matos Sidnéia T S , Polanczyk Ricardo A , De Bortoli Sergio A
Published: July 2019

Biological control is one of the strategies to reduce populations of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), the major pest of brassica. Entomopathogen-based biopesticides are recommended and used for its control, reducing the constant use of chemical pesticides. Predators and/or fungal entomopathogens have an increasing interest to be used against diamondback moth, and the compatibility of these control agents in the field is important for pest management. Here we experimentally investigate the effects of diamondback moth larvae treated with a biopesticidal formulation of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin in the feeding preference and functional response of the ring-legged earwig. We used untreated and B. bassiana-treated diamondback moth fourth instars (over a 24-h period of exposure) and Euborellia annulipes (Lucas) fifth instars. The nymphs were included in choice condition tests and different larval densities to the analysis of feeding preference and functional responses, respectively. Euborellia annulipes nymphs exhibited no feeding preference under choice conditions but presented different types of functional response: Type II on untreated and type III on fungus-treated diamondback moth larvae. The interaction between E. annulipes and B. bassiana observed in our study contributes to the understanding of the predator–prey–pathogen relationships with implications for P. xylostella integrated management strategies.
An ERF2-like transcription factor regulates production of the defense sesquiterpene capsidiol upon Alternaria alternata infection
Authors: Song Na , Ma Lan , Wang Weiguang , Sun Huanhuan , Wang Lei , Baldwin Ian T , Wu Jinsong
Published: July 2019

Capsidiol, a phytoalexin accumulated in Nicotiana attenuata in response to Alternaria alternata attack, plays an important role in pathogen resistance, and its biosynthesis is transcriptionally regulated by an ERF2-like transcription factor.
The effect of hyperfine splitting on Stark broadening for three blue-green Cu i lines in laser-induced plasma
Authors: Popov A M , Sushkov N I , Zaytsev S M , Labutin T A
Published: July 2019

Stark effect is observed in many natural and artificial plasmas and is of great importance for diagnostic purposes. Since this effect alters profiles of spectral lines, it should be taken into account when assessing chemical composition of radiation sources, including stars. Copper is one of the elements which studies of stellar atmospheres deal with. To this end, UV and visible Cu lines are used. However, there is a lack of agreement between existing data on their Stark parameters. It is therefore of interest to obtain new experimental data on these lines and to compare them to previous results. In this work, we have estimated Stark widths and shifts for three blue-green lines at 5105.54, 5153.24, and 5218.20 Å (corresponding transitions are [3d104p] 2P° → [3d94s2] 2D and [3d104d] 2D → [3d104p] 2P°) observed in a ‘long-spark’ laser-induced plasma. For the first time, we have accurately estimated an impact of hyperfine splitting on the profile shapes of the studied lines taking also into account the isotope shifts. We have shown that both effects considerably influence shift and width of Cu i line at 5105.54 Å, and shifts of Cu i lines at 5153.24 and 5218.20 Å.
H i-MaNGA: H i follow-up for the MaNGA survey
Authors: Masters Karen L , Stark David V , Pace Zachary J , Phipps Frederika , Rujopakarn Wiphu , Samanso Nattida , Harrington Emily , Sánchez-Gallego José R , Avila-Reese Vladimir , Bershady Matthew , Cherinka Brian , Fielder Catherine E , Finnegan Daniel , Riffel Rogemar A , Rowlands Kate , Shamsi Shoaib , Newnham Lucy , Weijmans Anne-Marie , Witherspoon Catherine A
Published: July 2019

We present the H i-MaNGA programme of H i follow-up for the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey. MaNGA, which is part of the Fourth phase of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys, is in the process of obtaining integral field unit spectroscopy for a sample of ∼10 000 nearby galaxies. We give an overview of the H i 21cm radio follow-up observing plans and progress and present data for the first 331 galaxies observed in the 2016 observing season at the Robert C. Bryd Green Bank Telescope. We also provide a cross-match of the current MaNGA (DR15) sample with publicly available H i data from the Arecibo Legacy Fast Arecibo L-band Feed Array survey. The addition of H i data to the MaNGA data set will strengthen the survey’s ability to address several of its key science goals that relate to the gas content of galaxies, while also increasing the legacy of this survey for all extragalactic science.
Baryon-induced dark matter cores in the eagle simulations
Authors: Benítez-Llambay Alejandro , Frenk Carlos S , Ludlow Aaron D , Navarro Julio F
Published: July 2019

We examine the formation of dark matter (DM) cores in dwarf galaxies simulated with the eagle model of galaxy formation. As in earlier work, we find that the star formation (SF) gas density threshold (ρth) plays a critical role. At low thresholds (LT), gas is unable to reach densities high enough to dominate the gravitational potential before being dispersed by feedback from supernovae. LT runs show little effect on the inner DM profile, even in systems with extended and bursty SF, two ingredients often cited as critical for core formation. For higher thresholds, gas is able to dominate the gravitational potential before being ejected by feedback. This can lead to a substantial reduction in the inner DM content, but only if the gas is gravitationally important over an extended period of time, allowing the halo to contract before gas removal. Rapid assembly and removal of gas in short SF bursts is less effective at altering the inner DM content. Subsequent gas accretion may draw DM back in and reform a cusp, unless SF is bursty enough to prevent it, preserving the core. Thus, for the eagle SF + feedback model, there is no simple relation between core formation and SF history, contrary to recent claims. The dependence of the inner DM content of dwarfs on ρth hinders robust predictions and the interpretation of observations. A simulation of a $(12 \rm \ Mpc)^3$ volume with high ρth results in dwarfs with sizeable cores over a limited halo mass range, but with insufficient variety in mass profiles to explain the observed diversity of dwarf galaxy rotation curves.