bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Explaining Regime Strength in China
Authors: Wang Zhengxu
Published: January 2007

Using survey data to analyse the strength of the Chinese regime, it is argued that economic development has generated substantial public satisfaction. The public also recognises that the Chinese Communist Party is reforming the Government. The public's satisfaction with Government performance in both the economic and political arenas translates into a high level of public trust in the regime. At the same time, the Party effectively halts any open challenges to its political power. It will therefore likely hold on to power for some time to come. Western nations can assist democracy in China by encouraging the democratic and curbing the authoritarian elements within the regime.
"Must the Players Keep Young?": Early Hollywood's Cult of Youth
Authors: Addison Heather
Published: January 2007

Hollywood's predilection for youth is a long-standing, widely acknowledged phenomenon. Using articles and advertisements from the popular press, especially fan magazines, this essay investigates early Hollywood's publicly constructed relationship to the process of aging and argues that a cult of youth was firmly established by the late 1920s. This cult of youth, which celebrated young adulthood as the most privileged period of life, was the product of a number of historical forces, including prevailing American views on aging; the demands of an emerging consumer culture; and concerns about the motion picture camera's propensity to highlight the physical signs of advancing age.
Des services intégrés pour les personnes âgées fragiles (SIPA): expérimentation d'un modèle pour le Canada
Authors: Béland François , Bergman Howard , Lebel Paule , Dallaire Luc , Fletcher John , Contandriopoulos André-Pierre , Tousignant Pierre
Published: January 2007

The complex formed by chronic illness, episodes of acute illness, physiological disabilities, functional limitations, and cognitive problems is prevalent among frail elderly persons. These individuals rely on assistance from social and health care programs, which in Canada are still fragmented. SIPA (Services intégrés pour les personnes âgées fragiles) is an integrated service model based on community services, a multidisciplinary team, case management that retains clinical responsibility for all the health and social services required, and the capacity to mobilize resources as required and according to the care protocol. The SIPA demonstration project used an experimental design, with random allocation of the 1,230 participants from two areas of Montreal to an experimental and a control group. The costs of institutional services were $4,270 less for those in the SIPA group compared to the control group; the costs of community care were $3,394 more. The proportion of persons waiting in acute care hospitals for nursing home placement was twice as high in the control group as in the SIPA group. The costs of acute hospitalizations for persons in the SIPA group with ADL disabilities were at least $4,000 lower than those for persons in the control group. In conclusion, the SIPA trial showed that it is possible to undertake ambitious and rigorous demonstration projects in Canada. These results were obtained without an increase in the overall costs of health and social services, without reducing the quality of care, and without increasing the burden on elderly persons and their relatives.
Health Service Utilization among Older Adults in British Columbia: Making Sense of Geography
Authors: Allan Diane , Cloutier-Fisher Denise
Published: January 2007

The utilization of health services by older adults has received increased attention over the past decade, but little is known about how service utilization varies between rural and urban areas. In an era of restructuring and downsizing within the Canadian health care system, there are concerns that rural older adults may be increasingly disadvantaged when it comes to accessing health care. This article examines the utilization of a range of health services by older adults living in urban and rural communities in British Columbia. A major strength of this article is its concurrent focus on a continuum of geographic communities and a broad range of services needed and used by older populations. The research utilizes provincial administrative health data from 48,407 older residents of British Columbia who used services in 1998–1999. Multivariate analyses of co-variance reveal some unique service utilization patterns by geographical area and population.
Pharmacist or Physician: Age Differences in Satisfaction with Medical Advice
Authors: Gould Odette N. , Wasylkiw Louise , Rogers Erin E. , MacPherson Miranda
Published: January 2007

Two studies examined predictors of medical care satisfaction in communities in Eastern Canada. Both studies focused on how the roles of pharmacists and physicians are perceived by adults of different ages. Using a survey methodology, Study 1 demonstrated that middle-aged adults, older adults, and community pharmacists differ in the extent to which they rate pharmacists as being important members of the health care team. Specifically, community members value pharmacists as health care providers, and this is especially true for older adults. Using an experimental paradigm, Study 2 examined ratings of medical interaction scenarios, ratings that varied as a function of kind of health professional (pharmacist vs. physician) and type of advice (directive vs. non-directive). Results suggest that older adults may have a more complex set of expectations about their health care interactions than do younger adults and that, for older adults, the factors that determine satisfaction differ across the professions being evaluated.
D. Kempler. Neurocognitive Disorders in Aging. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2005.
Authors: Joubert Sven
Published: January 2007

Le livre intitulé Neurocognitive Disorders in Aging offre, de manière accessible, une meilleure compréhension des divers troubles cognitifs qui surviennent au cours du vieillissement normal et pathologique. Il sera utile aux étudiants, aux professionnels de la santé, aux chercheurs et à tous ceux qui désirent se renseigner sur certains des thèmes spécifiques abordés.
Identity in Frege's Begriffsschrift: Where Both Thau-Caplan and Heck Are Wrong
Authors: Bar-Elli Gilead
Published: January 2007

Frege's views on identity continue to provoke scholars, and rightly so. In particular his view in Begriffsschrift (Bs) of 1879, and its relation to his view in ‘Über Sinn und Bedeutung’ (SB) of 1892 deserve careful attention. The issues involved have a wider significance than Frege's specific views on identity in different periods, though these are important enough. They concern also the move from what I call below ‘thin’ semantics, which is exhausted in signs being assigned content, to a ‘thick’ semantics, in which ‘modes of determining their content’ (Bs), or Sinne (SB) are also concerned.
Striving for Success: A Qualitative Exploration of Competing Theories of High-Achieving Black College Students' Academic Motivation
Authors: Griffin Kimberly
Published: January 2007

Research on the academic performance of Black students has focused on low-achievers, framing their academic motivation as maladaptive and driven by externally (e.g., competition or compliance) rather than internally (e.g., love of learning) generated forces. This qualitative study challenges this mono-dimensional deficit framework, examining the motivation of nine Black high-achievers attending a large public university. Findings show that self-determination theory, socio-cognitive theory, and attribution theory cannot individually explain the motivation of these Black high-achievers. Instead, a multidimensional framework that incorporates all three models and that highlights internal and external sources of motivation best accounts for these students' experiences.
"A Hand Hold for A Little Bit": Factors Facilitating the Success of Community College Transfer Students to a Large Research University
Authors: Townsend Barbara K , Wilson Kristin
Published: January 2007

To understand factors affecting the academic and social integration of community college transfer students, we interviewed 19 students who transferred to one state's large Research-Extensive university. We inquired about the transfer process, efforts of the university to orient and assist them, and perceptions of the university versus the community college. Findings indicate that community college transfer students may need more assistance initially than they are given, partly because of the large size of the university. In addition, transfers from community colleges need to understand how a research institution's institutional mission affects faculty and student behavior. Student affairs staff may need to lead the way in fulfilling four-year institutions' responsibility for integrating community college transfers into the fabric of the institution.
Making it in America: High school completion by immigrant and native youth
Authors: Perreira Krista M. , Harris Kathleen Mullan , Lee Dohoon
Published: January 2007

Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), we find that first-generation youth of Hispanic, Asian, and African heritage obtain more education than their parents, but the second generation and third or higher generations lose ground. Differences in dropout rates by race-ethnicity and immigrant generation are driven by differences in human, cultural, and social capital. Low levels of family human capital, school social capital, and community social capital place the children of immigrants at risk of dropping out. However, cultural capital and immigrant optimism buffer first-generation Hispanic youth and the children of Asian immigrants from the risk of dropping out of high school. While human and social capital resources improve with immigrant generation, cultural capital diminishes.
The influence of parents’ marital quality on adult children’s attitudes toward marriage and its alternatives: Main and moderating effects
Authors: Cunningham Mick , Thornton Arland
Published: January 2007

Drawing on a panel study of parents and children, we investigate linkages between parents’ marital quality and adult children’s attitudes toward a range of family issues, including premarital sex, cohabitation, lifelong singlehood, and divorce. We hypothesize that parents’ marital quality will be negatively related to children’s support for these behaviors in adulthood and that parents’ marital quality will condition the intergenerational transmission of attitudes toward these issues. We find some evidence that parents’ marital quality influences children’s support for divorce and premarital sex. More important, our analyses show that parents’ marital quality facilitates the intergenerational transmission of attitudes. Parents’ attitudes toward premarital sex, cohabitation, and being single are more strongly linked to those same attitudes among their young adult children when parents’ marital quality is high than when it is low.
Reproducing inequalities: Luck, wallets, and the enduring effects of childhood health
Authors: Palloni Alberto
Published: January 2007

In this article, I argue that research on social stratification, on intergenerational transmission of inequalities, and on the theory of factor payments and wage determination will be strengthened by studying the role played by early childhood health. I show that the inclusion of such a factor requires researchers to integrate theories in each of these fields with new theories linking early childhood health conditions and events that occur at later stages in the life course of individuals, particularly physical and mental health as well as disability and mortality. The empirical evidence I gather shows that early childhood health matters for the achievement of, or social accession to, adult social class positions. Even if the magnitude of associations is not overwhelming, it is not weaker than that found between adult social accession and other, more conventional and better-studied individual characteristics, such as educational attainment. It is very likely that the evidence presented in this article grossly underplays the importance of early childhood health for adult socioeconomic achievement.
The Role of Higher Education in Social Mobility
Authors: Haveman Robert H , Smeeding Timothy M
Published: January 2007

Most Americans expect the nation's colleges and universities to promote the goal of social mobility to make it possible for anyone with ability and motivation to succeed. But according to Robert Haveman and Timothy Smeeding, income-related gaps both in access to and in success in higher education are large and growing. In the top-tier colleges and universities, almost three-quarters of the entering class is from the highest socioeconomic quartile. The pool of qualified youth is far greater than the number admitted and enrolled; hence America's top colleges could enroll more moderate- and low-income students without lowering their selection standards.

Higher-income parents make enormous efforts to ensure their children's academic success, while children of poor parents begin the "college education game" later and with fewer resources. Students in poor and minority neighborhoods are less well prepared academically; ill prepared to select colleges, apply for admission, and secure acceptance; and poorly informed about the cost of attending college and the availability of needs-based financial aid. Sharply rising college prices during the 1980s and 1990s, together with the growing inequality of family income, have raised the cost of attending college far more for low-income students than for well-to-do students. Financial aid has risen more slowly, and the share targeted on low-income students has been falling.

The authors offer bold policy recommendations to increase educational opportunities for low- and middle-income students. These involve the development of financing structures that will increase access for students from lower-income families. Public institutions could price tuition close to real costs and use added revenues to provide direct student aid for students from low-income families. Federal subsidies to students who attend wealthy institutions could be capped, with the savings redirected to students attending less well-endowed schools, both public and private. Finally, federal and state governments could redirect to lower-income students the financial support they now provide colleges and universities.
Wake Up Alone and Like It!: Dorothy Hollis, Marjorie Hillis, and To Have and Have Not
Authors: Eby Carl P
Published: January 2007

In Hemingway's To Have and Have Not, Dorothy Hollis is more than just another lonely, sexually troubled soul among the "haves" in Key West's yacht basin. Hemingway's choice of the last name "Hollis" for Dorothy is the tip of a little iceberg—at once an inside joke, a sign of Hemingway's deteriorating relationship with his second wife, Pauline, and a bitterly ironic commentary on one of the novel's most important themes: the plight of one man—or one woman—alone.
The Works of A.E. Afigbo on Nigeria: an Historiographical Essay
Authors: Falola Toyin , Heaton Matthew
Published: January 2007

Nigeria in the post-independence years has seen its share of hardship. Politically dominated by military dictatorships, economically dominated by the ravages of underdevelopment, and culturally dominated by internal ethnic tensions and external stereotyping, Nigeria certainly seems to have suffered from an overabundance of problems and a dearth of solutions in the last forty plus years. This period, full of scholarly debate on these issues, also closely parallels the academic career of A.E. Afigbo. Afigbo, who graduated with a Ph.D. in History from the University of Ibadan in 1964, was the first History doctorate produced on Nigerian soil. He is both a product and a victim of the Nigerian nation, and his scholarly writings deeply reflect these contradictions. From that point in 1964—the era of hope and anguish—to the present day—the era of anguish without hope—he has been among the vanguard of scholars in Nigerian history and African studies. He wanted to write about the past, but the present pressured him severely. Starting as a “Nigerian,” he became a “Biafran” during the Nigerian Civil War (1967-70), and again a “Nigerian” thereafter. These transitions provide some kind of “political charter” to some of his writings.

It has been a remarkable career. He has authored or co-authored eight books, edited four more, and published well over a hundred journal articles. Afigbo has earned numerous prizes for his scholarship, has served on the editorial board of many acclaimed scholarly journals, including the Journal of African History and History in Africa, and has been inducted into many prestigious societies, including the Nigerian Academy of Letters. Nigeria has also honored him with its highest academic award, the National Order of Merit.
How to Distil Words and Obtain Culture History
Authors: Vansina Jan
Published: January 2007

Nearly every historian of early African history has recently encountered studies that use the history of words as a source for history more generally defined, an approach also known as words-and-things. Indeed, by now a more or less elaborate use of words-and-things has become fashionable, especially in the Anglophone literature. A number of short presentations of the overall principles underlying this approach have been published, but they all lack an extended discussion of the methodological issues involved. Perhaps this is the main reason why words-and- things analyses are almost never subjected to critical scrutiny, while the conclusions of studies based on them, however weak or strong they might be, tend to be accepted as gospel—a most unsatisfactory situation. Hence a book-length study of the methodology involved in the application of words-and-things should be very welcome.

As Klein-Arendt's book is devoted exclusively to this subject, it should fill the gap. Yet it will disorient most readers of this journal because K-A is not concerned with the solution of smaller- or large-scale problems of history as understood by such readers, but focuses on the epistemology of the central European school known as Kulturgeschichte (more or less “Culture History”), to which he subscribes and which is likely to be largely unknown to most readers. Yet when the expression “words-and-things” was first coined in 1909. it was intended to be a tool to elucidate Kulturgeschichte. Indeed, the journal from which the label stems was called Wörter und Sachen. Kulturhistorische Zeitschrift für Sprach-und Sachforschung (Words and Things, a Journal of Culture History for Research in Languages and Things) and on its very first page Rudolf Meringer stated that “[linguistics is only a portion of the science of culture … We hold that the future of Kulturgeschichte resides in the union of the science of language with the science of things” in which “things” stood for what came to be better known as “culture traits.”
Transportation Barriers to Accessing Health Care for Urban Children
Authors: Yang Serena , Zarr Robert L , Kass-Hout Taha A , Kourosh Atoosa , Kelly Nancy R
Published: January 2007

The Texas Children's Hospital Residents' Primary Care Group Clinic provides primary care to urban low-income children. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the impact of transportation problems on a family's ability to keep an appointment. One hundred eighty-three caregivers of children with an appointment were interviewed. Caregivers who kept their appointment were compared with those who did not with respect to demographic and transportation-related characteristics. Logistic regression modeling predicted caregivers with the following characteristics were more likely not to keep an appointment: not using a car to the last kept appointment, not keeping an appointment in the past due to transportation problems, having more than two people in the household, and not keeping an appointment in the past due to reasons other than transportation problems. Future research should focus on developing interventions to help low-income urban families overcome non-financial access barriers, including transportation problems.
Women's Human Rights in the Koran: An Interpretive Approach
Authors: Shah Niaz A
Published: January 2007

This article discusses three different Islamic approaches towards human rights, secular, non-compatible, and reconciliatory, and proposes an interpretive approach. It argues that if the discriminatory statutory Islamic laws of Muslim states are reformed according to the suggested contextual interpretation of the Koran, greater compatibility with international human rights standards may be achieved, specifically in contentious areas such as divorce, polygamy, evidence, and inheritance. The thrust of the article is that the intention of the Koran was to raise the status of women in society, not to relegate them to subordination as is commonly believed and practiced in much of the Muslim world today.
"As Far From Secular, Operatic, Rag-time, and Jig Melodies As Is Possible": Religion and the Resurgence of Interest in The Sacred Harp, 1895-1911
Authors: Vinson Duncan
Published: January 2007

Since its publication in 1844, the shape-note tunebook The Sacred Harp has primarily found use in the nonsectarian venue of the singing convention. Around the turn of the twentieth century, however, several promoters of Sacred Harp singing tried to identify the singing tradition more closely with impulses toward religious revival within Southern Protestantism. This identification was one of the factors that fueled a revival of interest in Sacred Harp singing itself during these years.
Judgement by Deferral : The Interlocutory Injunction in Labour Disputes Involving Picketing
Authors: de Lint Willem , Gostlow Ryan , Hall Alan
Published: January 2007

Dans cet article, nous étudions l'interdépendance institutionnelle entre les cours et la police lors de la gouvernance du piquetage. L'analyse apporte des éclaircissements sur la manière dont des droits économiques et sécuritaires sont mis en équilibre avec des droits politiques et civiles dans l'affirmation oblique du fondement d'autorité qui est sans doute plus puissante dans une situation de construction indirecte au jour le jour. Nous situons d'abord le concept de «jugement par temporisation» dans la littérature contemporaine sur la gouvernance, pour l'appliquer ensuite à une enquête sur l'évaluation par les cours de demandes d'injonction dans des cas de piquetage et la compréhension des responsabilités policières dans ces cas. Nous analysons la perception qu'a la police de son rôle dans la gouvernance du piquetage et montrons comment tant la cour que la police emploient des pratiques de temporisation pour éviter des décisions difficiles. La recherche démontre que ces pratiques relèvent d'une approche systémique de la gouvernance du piquetage qui peut toutefois s'effondrer. L'analyse s'appuie sur des décisions judiciaires et des entrevues réalisées auprès d'un échantillon de représentants de la police, de syndicats et d'employeurs.
The Crisis of Representation in the Andes
Authors: Mainwaring Scott
Published: January 2007

Over the past fifteen years, disaffection with democracy, political parties, and legislatures has spread to an alarming degree in the five countries of the Andean region—Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. The region has seen an increase in poverty, income inequalities, and crime; job generation has been poor; economic growth has been sluggish; and there is a widespread perception that governmental corruption is rampant. States have failed to adequately address the needs of their populations, causing citizens to lose trust in parties and legislatures. The problem is not deficiencies in the formal mechanisms of representation but the failure of states to achieve effective results.
Constitutional Courts: A Primer for Decision Makers
Authors: Horowitz Donald L
Published: January 2007

Judicial review is a growing institution. Originating in the United States two centuries ago, the power to declare governmental action, whether legislative or executive, unconstitutional has spread around the world in the last half century. A carefully designed and properly limited constitutional court could be of inestimable benefit to the creation of the rule of law. Equally, a badly designed constitutional court, with unspecified or poorly specified powers, can become an object of political struggle, an impediment to democracy, and a negative influence on the development of the legal system.
A “Left Turn” in Latin America? An Unlikely Comeback in Peru
Authors: McClintock Cynthia
Published: January 2007

Abstract: Alan García emerged victorious in Peru’s 2006 presidential election because he promised what most Peruvians wanted: democracy and social justice, but also a respect for the market. Keeping this promise will not be easy. In contrast to the time of García’s first administration, however, Peru’s economy is now growing robustly, the country is by and large at political peace, and García has a good deal more experience. Under the García government, Peru’s deep socio-economic divides may at last be bridged, and its democracy may move closer to consolidation.
Rethinking the Bonus March: Federal Bonus Policy, the Veterans of Foreign Wars, and the Origins of a Protest Movement
Authors: Ortiz Stephen R.
Published: January 2007

In 1927, the Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW), the national organization founded in 1899 by veterans of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars, appeared destined for historical obscurity. The organization that would later stand with the American Legion as a pillar of the powerful twentieth-century veterans' lobby struggled to maintain a membership of sixty thousand veterans. Despite desperate attempts to recruit from the ranks of the nearly 2.5 million eligible World War veterans, the VFW lagged behind in membership both the newly minted American Legion and even the Spanish War Veterans. The upstart Legion alone, from its 1919 inception throughout the 1920s, averaged more than seven hundred thousand members. Indeed, in 1929, Royal C. Johnson, the chairman of the House Committee on World War Veterans Legislation and a member of both the Legion and the VFW, described the latter as “not sufficiently large to make it a vital factor in public sentiment.” And yet, by 1932, in the middle of an economic crisis that dealt severe blows to the membership totals of almost every type of voluntary association, the VFW's membership soared to nearly two hundred thousand veterans. Between 1929 and 1932, the VFW experienced this surprising growth because the organization demanded full and immediate cash payment of the deferred Soldiers' Bonus, while the American Legion opposed it. Thus, by challenging federal veterans' policy, the VFW rose out of relative obscurity to become a prominent vehicle for veteran political activism. As important, by doing so the VFW unwittingly set in motion the protest movement known as the Bonus March.
Littoral Society: The Concept and the Problems
Authors: Pearson M. N. (Michael Naylor)
Published: January 2007

In any study of seascapes, an investigation of the littoral must be central, for it is here
that land and sea meet. Is there such a thing as littoral society? Is it possible to go
around the shores of an ocean, or a sea, or indeed the whole world and identify societies
that have more in common with other littoral societies than they do with their
inland neighbors? If so, do these societies draw more on their forelands—that is, their
maritime connections—than on their hinterlands? Fishing peoples, who ostensibly
are quintessential littoral peoples, exemplify the difficulties of this identification.
While their men draw their livelihood from the sea, their women engage in processing
and marketing on land, and the whole fishing community is dependent on landbased
economic forces. Many fishing communities engage in agriculture as well as piscatorial
activity. Concepts of littoral society need to be sensitive to gradations along
the strand, from the more aquatic Marsh Arabs and peddlers at the floating markets
in Bangkok to peasants who happen to live on the coast. Three criteria in particular
need attention: location, occupation, and culture.
Audience for a Giraffe: European Expansionism and the Quest for the Exotic
Authors: Ringmar Erik
Published: January 2007

The two main waves of European expansionâthose of the Renaissance and of the
nineteenth centuryâcannot simply be explained in economic terms. The high degree
of risk and uncertainty associated with overseas ventures meant that they were less
than fully rational. An explanation must begin by considering how the Europeans
defined the extra-European world, how they defined the exotic. This article analyzes
European reactions to two giraffesâone given to Lorenzo de' Medici of Florence in
1486 and the other to King Charles X of France in 1827. A comparison is made with
the Chinese reactions to two giraffes that appeared in Beijing in the early fifteenth
century.
The Contributions of Nineteenth-Century Christian Missionaries to Chinese Library Reform
Authors: Liao Jing
Published: January 2007

This article examines the crucial but hitherto largely neglected contributions made by Western missionaries to Chinese academic librarianship in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It begins by analyzing how early missionaries unintentionally laid the groundwork for library reform while pursuing their two grand projects aimed at promoting Western culture. Next, the article demonstrates how the eminent missionary William A. P. Martin's efforts led to the establishment of China's first prototype of the modern library and how he subsequently participated in the building of China's first modern academic library. This in-depth case study of Martin's efforts aptly underscores the crucial roles played by Western missionaries in Chinese modern library reform in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Museums, Nationality, and Public Research Libraries in Nineteenth-Century Transylvania
Authors: Niessen James P.
Published: January 2007

In nineteenth-century Transylvania (now in Romania but then a province of Hungary) Germans, Hungarians, and Romanians all attributed special importance to research collections in the creation of their political nations. This study traces the development of the most important repositories of the respective nations: the Germans' Brukenthal Museum, the Hungarians' Transylvanian Museum Society, and the Romanians' Astra. These institutions arose as hybrid museum-libraries and even included archives. Despite this common conception, they developed differently due to the nature of their constituencies, the growing professionalization of libraries, museums, and archives, and political change within Hungary and Romania.
The Prague Library Floods of 2002: Crisis and Experimentation
Authors: Ray Emily
Published: January 2007

In August 2002 a massive flood struck the Czech capital city of Prague, inundating the collections of the National Library of the Czech Republic and the Prague Municipal Library. The librarians from these institutions and others in the Czech Republic had to respond quickly during a natural disaster. Despite the chaos and lack of preparation, Czech librarians and archivists were able to send a significant percentage of their flooded collections to be frozen, thus staving off immediate destruction of these historic collections by water or mold. Once the materials were frozen, librarians had to decide the best way to thaw and disinfect the items so that these materials could be used again. Influenced partly by cost, Czech librarians chose an experimental method over standard methods such as vacuum packing or vacuum freeze drying to treat the bulk of the frozen library materials. This essay traces the preservation decisions that librarians at two institutions, the National Library and the Prague Municipal Library, made during and after the flood to save their unique and historical collections.
Beware the Furrow of the Middlebrow: Searching for Paradise on The Oprah Winfrey Show
Authors: Aubry Timothy Richard
Published: January 2007

This article examines Winfrey's book club discussion of Toni Morrison's Paradise in order to identify various continuities and gaps between the aspirations of serious literature and the inclinations of middlebrow readers. Many of Winfrey's audience members complain about the text's inaccessibility, thus casting doubt upon Morrison's purported aim: to redefine paradise as a state of inclusivity. Nevertheless, even as they contest the novel's literary value, the participants engage in just the sort of egalitarian and rigorous conversation Morrison sees as an indispensable part of any constructive utopian politics.
Toward a Medicine of the Imagination
Authors: Kirmayer Laurence J.
Published: January 2007

This paper re-visits the medical history of the imagination and contemporary attitudes toward complementary and alternative medicine to consider three uses of the imagination: (1) imaginary medicine, in which wishful thinking, colorful metaphors and inflated expectations lead people to pursue forms of healing with little rational support; (2) imagination as medicine, in which the creative capacities to construct new images work to reshape and reposition the self; and (3) a medicine of imagination, which is directly concerned with the interactions between imaginative constructions of the self, the psychophysiology of image and metaphor, and the politicsof healing practices.
The Evolutionary Psychology of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: the role of cognitive metarepresentation
Authors: Brune Martin
Published: January 2007

Repetitive unpleasant thoughts and ritualized behaviors are the key features of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The classical neuroethological models of OCD rely largely on behavioral similarities between animal stereotypies and human compulsive rituals and are unable to account for the cognitive component of OCD. The cognitive symptoms of OCD need to be addressed in an evolutionary psychological context that incorporates information about human brain evolution. OCD can be understood as an extreme on a continuum of evolved harm-avoidance strategies. A pathological exaggeration of our evolved capacity to cognitively represent future scenarios, including imagined consequences of our own thoughts and actions (metarepresentation), may be part of the set of evolved psychological mechanisms contributing to the psychopathology of OCD. The costly side of the adaptive ability to anticipate future needs or threats could be that etiologically heterogeneous affections of the underlying striatal-frontal brain circuits may render an individual vulnerable to develop OCD.
"Post-Residency Disease" and the Medical Self: Identity, Work, and Health Care Among Doctors Who Become Patients
Authors: Klitzman Robert
Published: January 2007

Doctors who become patients due to serious illnesses face many challenges related to issues of identity, work, and professionalism. In-depth interviews with such doctors reveal the complex ways in which illness threatens identity in these professionals. In comparison with "medical student's disease," these doctors now exhibit "post-residency disease"—minimizing physical symptoms that are in fact present, leading to decreases in care sought. Doctors often feel they are somehow invulnerable to disease and have to remain strong, not burdening others. Many describe themselves as "workaholics," which can prove to be a double-edged sword, posing problems as well as providing benefits. This professional commitment could interfere with preventive health behaviors and with "practicing what they preach." Some view their illness with their "medical self"—as if they were a physician observing another patient rather than themselves. These doctors often support their approach by choosing a colleague as a doctor who will not challenge them, thereby establishing a "denial system" as opposed to a support system. These doctor-patients confront difficult issues of how much their physicianhood is an identity or an activity, illustrating the intricate relationships and tensions between work, identity, professionalism, and health in contemporary medicine.
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Building a Mystery: Alzheimer's Disease, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Beyond
Authors: Gaines Atwood D. , Whitehouse Peter J
Published: January 2007

In this paper, we suggest some of the dimensions of the problematic concept of Alzheimer Disease (AD) as a natural disease discerned by increasingly sophisticated medical scientific progress. Taking a page from Max Weber concerning unique events, we show some of the conceptual building blocks and social processes that have coalesced into the perception of certain phenomena as abnormalities that are seen as implicated in the development of a degenerative disease distinct from the process of normal, but variable, brain aging. We note some of the decisions and social forces pushing for particular conceptualizations, interpretations, and reifications of brain alterations. In so doing, we do not argue that there is no "there" there. Rather, we suggest that the mystery of the "there" (i.e., AD, mild cognitive impairment) may not be much different (if at all) from, and probably is, the mystery of the "everywhere" (i.e., aging).
The State of Things: New Directions in Latin American Film History
Authors: López Ana M.
Published: January 2007

Twenty-five years ago, English-language scholarship on Latin American film was almost entirely identified with the New Latin American Cinema movement. The emerging “new” cinemas of Brazil, Cuba and Argentina, linked to evolving social movements and to the renewal of the pan-Latin American dreams of Martí and Bolivar (Nuestra América, “Our America”), had captured the imagination of U.S.-based and other scholars. As I argued in a 1991 review essay, unlike other national cinemas which were introduced into English-language scholarship via translations of “master histories” written by nationals (for example, the German cinema, which was studied through the histories of Sigfried Kracauer and Lotte Eisner), the various Latin American cinemas were first introduced in English-language scholarship in the 1970s ahistorically, through contemporary films and events reported in non-analytical articles that provided above all, political readings and assessments. Overall, this first stage of Latin American film scholarship was plagued by problems that continued to haunt researchers through the 1980s: difficult access to films, scarce historical data, and unverifiable secondary sources. Above all, this work displayed a blissful disregard of the critical and historical work written in Spanish and Portuguese and published in Latin America.
Hearing Difference across Theatres: Experimental, Disability, and Deaf Performance
Authors: Kochhar-Lindgren Kanta
Published: January 2007

This essay investigates connections between hearing and deafness, focusing on how to articulate a Deaf aesthetic and how to grasp the meaning of moments of deafness in theatre works that do not simply reinscribe a hearing bias back into one's analysis. The author employs a model using a device for cross-sensory listening across domains of sound, silence, and the moving body in performance that she calls the "third ear." An analysis of two performance examples—British deaf performance artist Aaron Williamson's Phantom Shifts and Deaf West Theatre's Big River—are used to help articulate the potential of a Deaf aesthetic to remake the very notion of the multiple soundscapes found in experimental, disability, and deaf performance.
Boundary Control: Subnational Authoritarianism in Democratic Countries
Authors: Gibson Edward L.
Published: January 2007

This article considers the political situation of an authoritarian province in a nationally democratic country. The objective is to uncover strategies that incumbents (in this article, governors) pursue to perpetuate provincial authoritarian regimes, as well as dynamics that can undermine such regimes. A central insight is that controlling the scope of provincial conflict (that is, the extent to which it is localized or nationalized) is a major objective of incumbents and oppositions in struggles over local democratization. Authoritarian incumbents will thus pursue “boundary control” strategies, which are played out in multiple arenas of a national territorial system. The articlefleshesout these processes via comparative analysis of two conflicts over subnational democratization in 2004: the state of Oaxaca in Mexico and the province of Santiago del Estero in Argentina.
Regime Cycles: Democracy, Autocracy, and Revolution in Post-Soviet Eurasia
Authors: Hale Henry E.
Published: January 2007

Research on regime change has often wound up chasing events in the post-Soviet world because it has frequently assumed that regime change, if not simple instability, implies a trajectory toward a regime-type endpoint like democracy or autocracy. A supplemental approach recognizes that regime change can be cyclic, not just progressive, regressive, or random. In fact, regime cycles are much of what we see in the postcommunist world, where some states have oscillated from autocracy toward greater democracy, then back toward more autocracy, and, with recent “colored revolutions,” toward greater democracy again. An institutional logic of elite collective action, focusing on the effects ofpatronalpresidentialism,is shown to be useful in understanding such cyclic dynamics, explaining why “revolutions” occurred between 2003 and 2005 in Ukraine, Georgia, and Kyrgyzstan but not in countries like Russia, Azerbaijan, and Uzbekistan.
Secessionism from the Bottom Up: Democratization, Nationalism, and Local Accountability in the Russian Transition
Authors: Giuliano Elise
Published: January 2007

Do ethnic federations undergoing democratization promote or discourage regional secessionism? This article argues, based on evidence from the Russian Federation, that when democratization produces a transfer of political accountability from center to region, the incentives of regional leaders shift, forcing them to react to local constituencies in order to retain office. If these constituencies desire autonomy, regional leaders must respond, making separatism not merely an opportunistic strategy but a necessary one for their own political survival. Democratization, then, can transform administrative regions into electoral arenas.

However, the case of Russia also demonstrates that regional demands for autonomy are not inevitable and may dissipate after they have begun. Popular support for nationalism and separatism varied significantly among Russia's sixteen ethnic republics in the late Soviet and early post-Soviet period. This variation is explained by showing that mass nationalism, contrary to conventional wisdom, is neither a latent attribute of federal regions, nor a simple function of natural resource endowments, nor something summoned into existence by the manipulations of regional leaders. Rather, it is argued that increasing competition for jobs in the Soviet Union's failing economy allowed particular issues articulated by nationalist leaders to resonate with ethnic populations. Through the framing of issues of ethnic economic inequality, nationalist leaders were able to politicize ethnicity by persuading people to view their personal life chances as dependent on the political fate of their ethnic community. Thus, secession in democratizing ethnic federations can be best understood by directing attention toward the origins of popular support for nationalism and the role that support plays in the elite contest for power within subfederal regions.
Caring for an Adult Child With Cognitive Disabilities: Meeting the Dual Needs of an Adult and Child
Authors: Loue Sana , Lowder Janet L. , Buzney Sandra J. , Buzo Amanda M.
Published: January 2007

A significant proportion of families in the United States provide care for an adult child who has a cognitive impairment. Significant issues may arise in the context of providing this care, including medical concerns, the nature of the relationship between the adult cognitively impaired child and his or her parents, safety concerns in the home, difficulties that the adult child may face in the community, and employmentrelated issues. We focus, as well, on the need to plan for the future through the execution of powers of attorney, living wills, and accessing government benefits for the individual. Caregiver stress is also a concern. We provide various alternatives for the management of these issues.
In Vivo Mutagenic Effect of Very Low Dose Radiation
Authors: Sykes Pamela J. , Day Tanya K. , Swinburne Sarah J. , Lane Joanne M. , Morley Alexander A. , Hooker Antony M. , Bhat Madhava
Published: January 2007

Almost all of our knowledge about the mutational effect of radiation has come from high dose studies which are generally not relevant to public exposure. The pKZ1 mouse recombination mutagenesis assay enables study of the mutational effect of very low doses of low LET radiation (μGy to cGy range) in a whole animal model. The mutational end-point studied is chromosomal inversion which is a common mutation in cancer. We have observed 1) a non-linear dose response of induced inversions in pKZ1 mice exposed to a wide dose range of low LET radiation, 2) the ability of low priming doses to cause an adaptive response to subsequent higher test doses and 3) the effect of genetic susceptibility where animals that are heterozygous for the Ataxia Telangiectasia gene (Atm) exhibit different responses to low dose radiation compared to their normal litter-mates.
The Adaptive Response and Protection against Heritable Mutations and Fetal Malformation
Authors: Boreham D. R. , Dolling J.-A. , Somers C. , Quinn J. , Mitchel R. E. J.
Published: January 2007

There are a number of studies that show radiation can cause heritable mutations in the offspring of irradiated organisms. These “germ-line mutations” have been shown to occur in unique sequences of DNA called “minisatellite loci”. The high frequencies of spontaneous and induced mutations at minisatellite loci allow mutation induction to be measured at low doses of exposure in a small population, making minisatellite mutation a powerful tool to investigate radiation-induced heritable mutations. However, the biological significance of these mutations is uncertain, and their relationship to health risk or population fitness is unknown. We have adopted this mutation assay to study the role of adaptive response in protecting mice against radiation-induced heritable defects. We have shown that male mice, adapted to radiation with a low dose priming exposure, do not pass on mutations to their offspring caused by a subsequent large radiation exposure to the adapted males. This presentation and paper provide a general overview of radiation-induced mutations in offspring and explain the effect of low dose exposures and the adaptive response on these mutations.

It is also known that exposure of pregnant females to high doses of radiation can cause death or malformation (teratogenesis) in developing fetuses. Malformation can only occur during a specialized stage of organ formation known as organogenesis. Studies in rodents show that radiation-induced fetal death and malformation can be significantly reduced when a pregnant female is exposed to a prior low dose of ionizing radiation. The mechanism of this protective effect, through an adaptive response, depends on the stage of organogenesis when the low dose exposures are delivered. To better understand this process, we have investigated the role of an important gene known as p53. Therefore, this report will also discuss fetal effects of ionizing radiation and explain the critical stages of development when fetuses are at risk. Research will be explained that investigates the biological and genetic systems (p53) that protect the developing fetus and discuss the role of low dose radiation adaptive response in these processes.