bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ring‐Opening Reactions of 3‐Aryl‐1‐benzylaziridine‐2‐carboxylates and Application to the Asymmetric Synthesis of an Amphetamine‐Type Compound
Authors: Manaka Tomoyuki , Nagayama Shin‐Ichiro , Desadee Wannaporn , Yajima Naoki , Kumamoto Takuya , Watanabe Toshiko , Ishikawa Tsutomu , Kawahata Masatoshi , Yamaguchi Kentaro
Published: January 2007

Nucleophilic ring‐opening reactions of 3‐aryl‐1‐benzylaziridine‐2‐carboxylates were examined by using O‐nucleophiles and aromatic C‐nucleophiles. The stereospecificity was found to depend on substrates and conditions used. Configuration inversion at C(3) was observed with O‐nucleophiles as a major reaction path in the ring‐opening reactions of aziridines carrying an electron‐poor aromatic moiety, whereas mixtures containing preferentially the syn‐diastereoisomer were generally obtained when electron‐rich aziridines were used (Tables 1–3). In the reactions of electron‐rich aziridines with C‐nucleophiles, SN2 reactions yielding anti‐type products were observed (Table 4). Reductive ring‐opening reaction by catalytic hydrogenation of (+)‐trans‐(2S,3R)‐3‐(1,3‐benzodioxol‐5‐yl)aziridine‐2‐carboxylate (+)‐trans‐3c afforded the corresponding α‐amino acid derivative, which was smoothly transformed into (+)‐tert‐butyl [(1R)‐2‐(1,3‐benzodioxol‐5‐yl)‐1‐methylethyl]carbamate((+)‐14) with high retention of optical purity (Scheme 6).
Synthesis of β‐Chlorohydrins in Water
Authors: Das Biswanath , Venkateswarlu Katta , Krishnaiah Maddeboina
Published: January 2007

2,4,6‐Trichloro‐1,3,5‐triazine (TCT, cyanuric chloride) was found to mediate the regio‐ and stereoselective ring opening of epoxides in H2O in the presence of morpholine at room temperature to afford the corresponding β‐chlorohydrins in excellent yields (Table). The transformation is very simple, fast, efficient, and ecologically beneficial.
Bisabolane‐Type Sesquiterpenoids from the Rhizomes of Glochidion coccineum
Authors: Xiao Hai‐Tao , Hao Xiao‐Yan , Yang Xian‐Wen , Wang Yue‐Hu , Lu Yang , Zhang Ying , Gao Suo , He Hong‐Ping , Hao Xiao‐Jiang
Published: January 2007

A novel bisabolane‐type sesquiterpenoid lactone, glochicoccin A (1), and three new norbisabolane sesquiterpenoids, glochicoccins B–D (2–4), together with two known norbisabolane sesquiterpenoids, phyllaemblic acid (5) and phyllaemblic acid methyl ester (6), were isolated from the rhizomes of Glochidion coccineum. Their structures were elucidated by different spectroscopic (IR, UV, NMR) and mass‐spectrometric (MS) techniques. The structure and relative configuration of 1 was confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (Fig. 2). None of the compounds were found to exhibit cytotoxic or antioxidant activities.
New Eremophilane Sesquiterpenes from a Rhizome Extract of Petasites hybridus
Authors: Bodensieck Antje , Kunert Olaf , Haslinger Ernst , Bauer Rudolf
Published: January 2007

A total of 21 natural products, 1–21, were isolated from a supercritical CO2 extract of the rhizomes of Petasites hybridus. Thereby, seven new eremophilane (= (1S,4aR,7R,8aR)‐decahydro‐1,8a‐dimethyl‐7‐(1‐methylethyl)naphthalene) sesquiterpenes, compounds 4, 5, 9, 11, 12, 15, and 17, were identified. The new constituent 9‐hydroxyisobakkenolide (15) is the first representative of a group of compounds closely related to the well‐known, but rare, bakkenolides. Tsoongianolide B (18) and its degradation product ligularenolide (19) were found as new Petasites constituents as well. The known eremophilanolide 2 was isolated from a plant source for the first time and the oxofuranopetasin 16 was isolated for the first time from the rhizomes of P. hybridus, together with eight other known compounds. The C(8)‐epimeric 2‐[(tigloyl)oxy]eremophilanolides 3 and 8 could clearly be differentiated. All structures were established by extensive 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR experiments (Tables 1–3), and confirmed by in‐depth GC/MS and HPLC/MS experiments.
Odoriferous Cyclic Ethers via Co‐Halogenation Reaction: Facile Preparation of Nerol Oxide, Florol®, Florol® Methyl Ether, and Pityol® Methyl Ether
Authors: Gupta Pankaj , Sethi Vijay K. , Taneja Subhash C. , Shah Bhahwal A. , Andotra Samar S. , Koul Surrinder , Chimni Swapandeep S. , Qazi Ghulam N.
Published: January 2007

A series of odoriferous cyclic ethers, including nerol oxide (1), Florol® (2), Florol methyl ether (3), and Pityol® methyl ether (4b), were prepared by a versatile synthetic protocol based on co‐halogenation with 1,3‐dibromo‐5,5‐dimethylhydantoin (= 1,3‐dibromo‐5,5‐dimethylimidazolidine‐2,4‐dione; DDH) as the key step. The methodology provides a facile access to important perfumery molecules from abundantly available monoterpene alcohols.
Synthesis, DNA Binding, and DNA Photocleavage of the Ruthenium(II) Complexes [Ru(bpy)(btip)]2+ and [Ru(dmb)(btip)]2+ (bpy = 2,2′‐Bipyridine; btip = 2‐Benzo[b]thien‐2‐yl‐1H‐imidazo[4,5‐f] [1,10]phenanthroline; dmb = 4,4′‐Dimethyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine)
Authors: Tan Li‐Feng , Wang Fang , Chao Hui
Published: January 2007

The new polypyridyl ligand btip (= 2‐benzo[b]thien‐2‐yl‐1H‐imidazo[4,5‐f] [1,10]phenanthroline) and its RuII complexes [Ru(bpy)2(btip)]2+ (1; bpy = 2,2′‐bipyridine) and [Ru(dmb)2(btip)]2+ (2; dmb = 4,4′‐dimethyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine) were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, MS, and 1H‐NMR. The DNA‐binding properties of the two complexes to calf‐thymus DNA (CT‐DNA) were investigated by different spectrophotometric methods and viscosity measurements. The results suggest that both complexes bind to CT‐DNA through intercalation. Also, when irradiated at 400 nm, the two complexes promote the photocleavage of plasmid pBR‐322 DNA. Thereby, under comparable experimental conditions, complex 1 cleaves DNA more effectively than complex 2 does. Mechanistic studies reveal that singlet oxygen (1O2) and hydroxyl radicals (OH.) play a significant role in the photocleavage.
Synthesis, Characterization, and DNA‐Binding Properties of the Chiral Ruthenium(II) Complexes Δ‐ and Λ‐[Ru(bpy)2(dmppd)]2+ (dmppd = 10,12‐Dimethylpteridino[6,7‐f] [1,10]phenanthroline‐11,13(10H,12H)‐dione; bpy = 2,2′‐Bipyridine)
Authors: Gao Feng , Chao Hui , Zhou Feng , Xu Lian‐Cai , Zheng Kang‐Cheng , Ji Liang‐Nian
Published: January 2007

Two novel chiral ruthenium(II) complexes, Δ‐[Ru(bpy)2(dmppd)]2+ and Λ‐[Ru(bpy)2(dmppd)]2+ (dmppd = 10,12‐dimethylpteridino[6,7‐f] [1,10]phenanthroline‐11,13(10H,12H)‐dione, bpy = 2,2′‐bipyridine), were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, 1H‐NMR and ES‐MS. The DNA‐binding behaviors of both complexes were studied by UV/VIS absorption titration, competitive binding experiments, viscosity measurements, thermal DNA denaturation, and circular‐dichroism spectra. The results indicate that both chiral complexes bind to calf‐thymus DNA in an intercalative mode, and the Δ enantiomer shows larger DNA affinity than the Λ enantiomer does. Theoretical‐calculation studies for the DNA‐binding behaviors of these complexes were carried out by the density‐functional‐theory method. The mechanism involved in the regulating and controlling of the DNA‐binding abilities of the complexes was further explored by the comparative studies of [Ru(bpy)2(dmppd)]2+ and of its parent complex [Ru(bpy)2(ppd)]2+ (ppd = pteridino[6,7‐f] [1,10]phenanthroline‐11,13 (10H,12H)‐dione).
Triterpenoid Saponins from the Spikes of Prunella vulgaris
Authors: Gu Xiao‐Jie , Li You‐Bin , Li Ping , Qian Shi‐Hui , Zhang Jian‐Feng
Published: January 2007

Three new oleanane‐skeleton triterpenoid saponins, 3β,4β,16α‐17‐carboxy‐16,24‐dihydroxy‐28‐norolean‐12‐en‐3‐yl 4‐O‐β‐D‐xylopyranosyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranosiduronic acid (1), (3β,4β,16α)‐17‐carboxy‐16,24‐dihydroxy‐28‐norolean‐12‐en‐3‐yl β‐D‐glucopyranosiduronic acid methyl ester (2), and (3β,4β)‐24‐hydroxy‐16‐oxo‐28‐norolean‐12‐en‐3‐yl 4‐O‐β‐D‐xylopyranosyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranosiduronic acid (3), together with eight known constituents, i.e., the oleanane‐type triterpenoids 4–6, and the ursane‐type triterpenoids 7–11, were isolated from the spikes of Prunella vulgaris. The new structures were established by means of detailed spectroscopic analysis (IR, HR‐ESI‐MS, 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR experiments). Compounds 1–3 were tested for their inhibition activity against the growth of tumor cell lines; only compound 3 displayed marginal inhibition activity.
New Glycosides from Cistanche salsa
Authors: Lei Li , Jiang Yong , Liu Xiao‐Ming , Tu Peng‐Fei , Wu Li‐Jun , Chen Fa‐Kui
Published: January 2007

Six new glycosides, salsasides A–F (1–6, resp.), were isolated from the stems of Cistanche salsa, together with seven known glycosidic compounds. Their structures were elucidated by means of ester hydrolysis and chemical derivatization, in‐depth NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometric analyses, and by comparison with literature data of related compounds. The new glycosides are based on β‐D‐glucose (Glc) and α‐L‐rhamnose (Rha), carrying acetyl (Ac), benzyl (Bn), phenethyl, coumaroyl (Cou), and caffeoyl (Caf) substituents.
1,5‐Dipolar Electrocyclizations of Thiocarbonyl Ylides Bearing CN Groups: Reactions of N‐[(Dimethylamino)methylene]thiobenzamide and 2‐(Dimethylhydrazono)‐1‐phenylethane‐1‐thione with Diazo Compounds
Authors: Egli Daniel H. , Linden Anthony , Heimgartner Heinz
Published: January 2007

The reactions of thiobenzamide 8 with diazo compounds proceeded via reactive thiocarbonyl ylides as intermediates, which underwent either a 1,5‐dipolar electrocyclization to give the corresponding five membered heterocycles, i.e., 4‐amino‐4,5‐dihydro‐1,3‐thiazole derivatives (i.e., 10a, 10b, 10c, cis‐10d, and trans‐10d) or a 1,3‐dipolar electrocyclization to give the corresponding thiiranes as intermediates, which underwent a SNi′‐like ring opening and subsequent 5‐exo‐trig cyclization to yield the isomeric 2‐amino‐2,5‐dihydro‐1,3‐thiazole derivatives (i.e., 11a, 11b, 11c, cis‐11d, and trans‐11d). In general, isomer 10 was formed in higher yield than isomer 11. In the case of the reaction of 8 with diazo(phenyl)methane (3d), a mixture of two pairs of diastereoisomers was formed, of which two, namely cis‐10d and trans‐10d, could be isolated as pure compounds. The isomers cis‐11d and trans‐11d remained as a mixture. In the reactions of the thioxohydrazone 9 with diazo compounds 3b and 3d, the main products were the alkenes 18 and 23, respectively. Their formation was rationalized by a 1,3‐dipolar electrocyclization of the corresponding thiocarbonyl ylide and subsequent desulfurization of the intermediate thiiran. As minor products, 2,5‐dihydro‐1,3‐thiazol‐5‐amines 21 and 24 were obtained, which have been formed by 1,5‐dipolar electrocyclization of the thiocarbonyl ylide, followed by a 1,3‐shift of the dimethylamino group.
Image‐based musculoskeletal modeling: Applications, advances, and future opportunities
Authors: Blemker Silvia S. , Asakawa Deanna S. , Gold Garry E. , Delp Scott L.
Published: January 2007

Computer models of the musculoskeletal system are broadly used to study the mechanisms of musculoskeletal disorders and to simulate surgical treatments. Musculoskeletal models have historically been created based on data derived in anatomical and biomechanical studies of cadaveric specimens. MRI offers an abundance of novel methods for acquisition of data from living subjects and is revolutionizing the field of musculoskeletal modeling. The need to create accurate, individualized models of the musculoskeletal system is driving advances in MRI techniques including static imaging, dynamic imaging, diffusion imaging, body imaging, pulse‐sequence design, and coil design. These techniques apply to imaging musculoskeletal anatomy, muscle architecture, joint motions, muscle moment arms, and muscle tissue deformations. Further advancements in image‐based musculoskeletal modeling will expand the accuracy and utility of models used to study musculoskeletal and neuromuscular impairments. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Musculoskeletal spectroscopy
Authors: Boesch Chris
Published: January 2007

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) of skeletal muscle has been successfully applied by physiologists over several decades, particularly for studies of high‐energy phosphates (by 31P‐MRS) and glycogen (by 13C‐MRS). Unfortunately, the observation of these heteronuclei requires equipment that is typically not available on clinical MR scanners, such as broadband capability and a second channel for decoupling and nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE). On the other hand, 1H‐MR spectra of skeletal muscle can be acquired on many routine MR systems and also provide a wealth of physiological information. In particular, studies of intramyocellular lipids (IMCL) attract physiologists and endocrinologists because IMCL levels are related to insulin resistance and thus can lead to a better understanding of major health problems in industrial countries. The combination of 1H‐, 13C‐, and 31P‐MRS gives access to the major long‐ and short‐term energy sources of skeletal muscle. This review summarizes the technical aspects and unique MR‐methodological features of the different nuclei. It reviews clinical studies that employed MRS of one or more nuclei, or combinations of MRS with other MR modalities. It also illustrates that MR spectra contain additional physiological information that is not yet used in routine clinical applications. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
3.0 Tesla imaging of the musculoskeletal system
Authors: Kuo Raymond , Panchal Mahendra , Tanenbaum Larry , Crues John V.
Published: January 2007

High‐field MRI at 3.0T is rapidly gaining clinical acceptance and experiencing more widespread use. The superiority of high‐field imaging has clearly been demonstrated for neurological imaging. The impact of 3.0T imaging of the musculoskeletal system has been less dramatic due to complex optimization issues. Areas under consideration include coil technology, protocol modification, artifact reduction, and patient safety. In this article we review these issues and describe our experience with 3.0T musculoskeletal MRI. Fundamentally, an increased signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) is responsible for improved imaging at higher field strength. Increased SNR allows more headroom to adjust parameters that affect image resolution and examination time. It has been established that T1 relaxation time increases at 3.0T, while T2 time decreases. Consequently, scanner parameters require adjustment for optimization of images. Chemical shift and magnetic susceptibility artifacts are more pronounced and require special techniques to minimize the effect on image quality. Spectral fat saturation techniques can take advantage of the increased chemical shift. The specific absorption rate (SAR) and acoustic noise thresholds must be kept in mind at these higher fields. We additionally present some of the clinical issues we have experienced at 3.0T. A decision must be made as to whether to trade higher resolution for reduced scanning time. In general, we believe that routine imaging at 3.0T increases diagnostic confidence, especially for evaluations of cartilaginous and ligamentous structures. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Review of postcontrast MRI studies on diffusion of human lumbar discs
Authors: Rajasekaran S. , Naresh‐Babu J. , Murugan Subramaniam
Published: January 2007

Diffusion is the only source of nutrition to the intervertebral discs, and alteration of diffusion is considered to be the final common pathway for disc degeneration. Yet diffusion remains poorly understood due to the paucity of reliable methods to study diffusion noninvasively in humans in vivo. In recent years, postcontrast MRI has emerged as a powerful and reliable tool for analyzing diffusion in lumbar discs. Since it is noninvasive and safe, it can be used to document the process of diffusion temporally over a period of 24 hours. Well‐designed studies have shown that diffusion is a very slow process, and that the endplate is the main structure that controls the process of diffusion. Contrast MRI studies have also made it possible to identify endplate breaks in vivo. In the future this technique may be applied to study the influence of smoking, mechanical loading of the discs, abnormal posture, and atherosclerosis of the lumbar arteries on diffusion. These conditions have all been implicated in disc degeneration through a final common pathway of altered diffusion and decreased nutrition. This review article focuses on the current knowledge, methodology, various factors that influence the diffusion properties of the discs, and future applications of this promising technique. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Impacts of land fragmentation on input use, crop yield and production efficiency in the mountains of Nepal
Authors: Niroula G. S. , Thapa G. B.
Published: January 2007

Amidst the growing concern about agricultural underdevelopment in developing countries, this study addresses the causes and trends of land fragmentation. It analyses the impact of land fragmentation on input use efficiency, crop yield and production efficiency, especially with reference to a mountain district in Nepal. Necessary information was obtained from discussions with groups and individual land users and a questionnaire survey covering 184 households representing different degrees of land fragmentation. The analyses focused on two staple crops, namely, maize and paddy. The analysis revealed an increasing trend in the number of land parcels and a decreasing trend in the size of land parcels, primarily due to the heredity tradition of equal division of land among the inheritors. Other factors such as land purchase have also contributed to land fragmentation. Yield analysis revealed that small parcels are more productive than large parcels, because of higher applications of inputs. Consistent with this, small parcels also appeared to have a higher production efficiency than large parcels—considering both benefit and cost of purchased inputs—indicating a positive impact of land fragmentation on farmers' income. However, an analysis considering also the cost of inputs produced on the farm revealed an opposite trend, that is, on large land parcels, production is more efficient than on small parcels. In view of the need to also recover the cost of the inputs produced on‐farm, it is concluded that land fragmentation—leading to small plots—has a negative impact on production efficiency, thereby constraining agricultural development. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluating land use/land cover changes and fragmentation in the Camili forest planning unit of northeastern Turkey from 1972 to 2005
Authors: Sivrikaya F. , Çakir G. , Kadioğullari A. İ. , Keleş S. , Başkent E. Z. , Terzioğlu S.
Published: January 2007

Changes in land use/land cover have important consequences on the management of natural resources including soil and water quality, global climatic systems and biodiversity. This study analysed the spatial and temporal pattern of land use/land cover change in the Camili forest planning unit that includes the Camili Biosphere Reserve Area within the Caucasian hotspot, in the northeast corner of Turkey. To assess the patterns during a 33‐year period, the necessary data were obtained from forest stand maps and evaluated with Geographic Information Systems and FRAGSTATS. Results showed that the total forested areas increased from 19 946·5 ha (78·6% of the study area) in 1972 to 20 797·3 ha (81·9 per cent) in 2005 with a slight net increase of 851 ha. Softwood cover types (411·8 ha) completely transitioned to other cover types over 33‐year period. In terms of spatial configuration, the total number of forest fragments increased from 172 to 608, and mean size of forest patch (MPS) decreased from 147·7 ha to 41·8 ha during the period. Nearly 84 per cent of the patches in 1972 and 93 per cent of them in 2005 generally seem to concentrate into 0–100 ha patch size class, indicating more fragmented landscape over time that might create a risk for the maintenance of biodiversity of the area. There were apparent trends in the temporal structure of forest landscape, some of which may issue from mismanagement of the area, social conflict, and illegal utilization of forest resources due to ineffective forest protection measurements. The study revealed that it is important to understand both spatial and temporal changes of land use/land cover and their effects on landscape pattern to disclose the implications for land use planning and management. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Central Venous Pressure Monitoring During Living Right Donor Hepatectomy
Authors: Niemann Claus U. , Feiner John , Behrends Matthias , Eilers Helge , Ascher Nancy L. , Roberts John P.
Published: January 2007

Low central venous pressure (CVP) has been advocated during liver resection to reduce blood loss and transfusion requirements. As a consequence, CVP catheter placement has been considered essential for hepatic surgery, including living donor hepatectomies. We retrospectively analyzed whether intraoperative management without CVP monitoring influenced fluid administration, blood loss, and patient outcome. Medical charts and hospital data system of 50 adult to adult living liver donors were retrospectively reviewed. Data collection included patient demographics, intraoperative variables such as fluid management, blood loss, urine output, and operating room time. Postoperative variables were collected during the postanesthesia care unit stay and for the first 24 hours after surgery. Patients were then grouped on the basis of the presence or absence of a CVP catheter. Data were reanalyzed and groups compared. Patient groups did not differ in terms of demographics at baseline. When divided into groups with CVP and without CVP, the presence of CVP did not result in decreased intraoperative fluid administration. All patients were hemodynamically stable, and renal function was not different between groups throughout hospitalization. Length of postanesthesia care unit and hospital stay was the same. There was no difference in the frequency of complications during the hospital stay and at 3 months' follow-up. CVP monitoring did not appear to reduce blood loss when compared with patients without CVP monitoring. In centers with extensive experience, CVP monitoring may not be necessary in this highly selective patient population. Liver Transpl 13:266–271, 2007. © 2007 AASLD.
Prefrontal cortex dysfunction and depression in atypical parkinsonian syndromes
Authors: Herting Birgit , Beuthien‐Baumann Bettina , Pöttrich Katrin , Donix Markus , Triemer Antje , Lampe Johannes B. , von Kummer Rüdiger , Herholz Karl , Reichmann Heinz , Holthoff Vjera A.
Published: January 2007

Depressive symptoms are common in patients with neurodegenerative disorders. Imaging studies suggest that a disruption of frontal–subcortical pathways may underlie depression associated with basal ganglia disease. This pilot study tested the hypothesis that frontal dysfunction contributes to depression associated with multiple system atrophy (MSA) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). Depressed patients with MSA (n = 11), PSP (n = 9), and age‐matched controls (n = 25) underwent measures of cerebral glucose metabolism applying positron emission tomography with 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose. Regional metabolism in the patient groups was compared to the normal subjects using the voxel‐based statistical parametric mapping. Depressive symptom severity (Hamilton Depression Rating) and degree of locomotor disability (Hoehn & Yahr) were assessed in the patient groups. The association between prefrontal metabolism and the occurrence of depressive symptoms and the degree of locomotor disability was investigated. When compared to controls, MSA patients revealed significant metabolic decreases in bilateral frontal, parietal, and cerebellar cortex and in the left putamen. In PSP patients, significant hypometabolism was demonstrated in bilateral frontal cortex, right thalamus, and midbrain. Depression severity but not the patients' functional condition was significantly associated with dorsolateral prefrontal glucose metabolism in both patient groups. The findings of this pilot study support the hypothesis that depressive symptoms in MSA and PSP are associated with prefrontal dysfunction. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Association of specialist involvement and quality of care for Parkinson's disease
Authors: Cheng Eric M. , Swarztrauber Kari , Siderowf Andrew D. , Eisa Mahmood S. , Lee Martin , Vassar Stefanie , Jacob Erin , Vickrey Barbara G.
Published: January 2007

Because Parkinson's disease (PD) has multiple neurological symptoms and often complex treatments, the quality of PD care may be higher when a specialist is involved. We examined the medical records, from 1998 to 2004, of 401 Los Angeles veterans with Parkinson's disease to determine whether care met key indicators of PD care quality. All care following a visit to a movement‐disorder specialist or general neurologist was classified as specialty care. We compared adherence to each indicator by level of specialist involvement through logistic regression models. Over the study period, 10 indicators of PD care quality were triggered 2,227 times. Overall, movement disorder specialist involvement (78%) was associated with higher adherence to indicators than did general neurologist involvement (70%, P = 0.006) and nonneurologist involvement (52%, P < 0.001). The differences between movement disorder specialist and nonneurologist involvement were especially large for four indicators: treatment of wearing‐off, assessments of falls, depression, and hallucinations. There is significant room for improving aspects of PD care quality among patients who do not have the involvement of a specialist. Quality of care interventions should involve specialists in management of motor symptoms and incorporate methods for routine assessment of nonmotor PD symptoms. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Neuropsychiatric and cognitive features in autosomal‐recessive early parkinsonism due to PINK1 mutations
Authors: Ephraty Lilach , Porat Omer , Israeli David , Cohen Oren S. , Tunkel Olga , Yael Shinar , Hatano Yasaku , Hattori Nobutaka , Hassin‐Baer Sharon
Published: January 2007

Autosomal‐recessive early‐onset Parkinsonism (AREP) due to PINK1 mutations is characterized by an early‐onset, slowly progressive disease, with a good response to levodopa. Psychiatric and cognitive disturbances associated with AREP have rarely been reported in the literature. We describe 2 brothers from a Jewish–Iraqi consanguineous family with a homozygous PINK1 nonsense mutation. Both patients presented with anxiety and dysphoria accompanied by a gait disturbance that developed subsequently into a clinical depression. During the course of the disease, both developed drug‐induced behavioral disturbances of the hedonistic homeostatic dysregulation type and 1 had drug‐induced psychosis. The first patient had been diagnosed with mild mental retardation and during the 22 years of disease had further deteriorated; the second developed frontal‐type dementia at an early age, 20 years after onset. Their father had a psychiatric disorder but no Parkinsonism. This report expands the phenotypic profile of PINK1‐related disease, presenting unique psychiatric and cognitive features as part of the clinical picture. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
New device to control combined lingual and palatal myoclonus
Authors: Mondria Tjeerd , de Gier Henriëtte H.W. , Boon Agnita J.W.
Published: January 2007

Lingual myoclonus is a poorly understood disorder that may occur in isolation or combined with palatal myoclonus. In this report, we present the case history of a 21‐year‐old patient with a therapy‐resistant essential lingual and palatal myoclonus where a simple dental device was able to control symptoms. The use of this device will be highlighted and compared to previously described methods. Cases of previously recorded lingual and palatal myoclonus will be reviewed and compared to the case of our patient. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Are nongenetic triggers for dystonia type‐specific? A study exploring scoliosis in blepharospasm
Authors: Martino Davide , Defazio Giovanni , Abbruzzese Giovanni , Marchese Roberta , Fabbrini Giovanni , Decembrino Venturino , Berardelli Alfredo
Published: January 2007

We previously observed that diseases of the anterior ocular segment predispose to primary blepharospasm, but not to other focal dystonias. In this multicenter study, we tested whether prior scoliosis, which increases the risk of developing cervical dystonia, is also a predisposing factor to blepharospasm. The frequency of scoliosis did not differ between blepharospasm patients and controls. This finding supports the hypothesis that environmental risk factors may be specific for a single form of adult‐onset dystonia. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Bereitschaftspotential and movement‐related potentials: Origin, significance, and application in disorders of human movement
Authors: Colebatch James G.
Published: January 2007

The existence of a slow negative wave, the Bereitschaftspotential (“BP”), preceding voluntary movement by 1 second or more was first reported more than 40 years ago. There appears to be considerable interindividual differences, but there is general agreement that the initial negativity actually consists of two distinct phases. Uncertainty remains about many other properties and features of the response, including nomenclature, which makes the existing literature difficult to synthesize. The duration of the premovement negativity raises questions about how and when voluntary movement is initiated. Premovement negativities can also be seen before (predictably) externally paced movement, and these have similarities to the BP. Although lateralized generators exist, it is likely that the majority of the early component of the BP (BP1 or early BP), arises from the anterior supplementary motor area (SMA) and more rostral pre‐SMA. The late phase of the BP (BP2 or late BP) is probably generated by activity in both the SMA proper and the contralateral motor cortex. Changes in the BP occur in several movement disorders, notably Parkinson's disease, in which the pattern is consistent with a failure of pre‐SMA activation. The presence (or absence) of a clear preceding negativity can also have diagnostic importance for certain movement disorders. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Prevalence of essential tremor in the territory of Lake Trasimeno, Italy: Results of a population‐based study
Authors: Mancini Maria Luisa , Stracci Fabrizio , Tambasco Nicola , Sarchielli Paola , Rossi Aroldo , Calabresi Paolo
Published: January 2007

Because of the great variability in previous epidemiological data, and in light of the more accurate definition and diagnostic criteria recently formulated, we designed the present study to evaluate the prevalence of essential tremor (ET) in an Italian population. The study population included 13,604 individuals, who represented all patients of 11 family doctors working in the Territory of Lake Trasimeno in central Italy. Assessment of the sample and selection of the suspected cases were carried out by the same family doctors, previously trained to apply the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the definition of ET based on the Classification Criteria of the Movement Disorder Society (1998) and the Guidelines of the Ad Hoc Committee (2000). The total population was assessed over a period of 12 months. The age‐adjusted prevalence of ET was 1.21% (95% confidence interval, 0.83–1.76). The probability of presenting with ET tended to increase with age and males showed a 50% greater risk for developing ET (male/female ratio = 1.5 for each age class). Our results are in line with the most recent epidemiological findings, which suggest a lower prevalence of ET than in older studies. These results can be attributed to the application of more stringent diagnostic criteria. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
A CPW linear resonator method for the microwave characterization of high dielectric constant films
Authors: Demenicis Luciene S. , Lima Rodolfo A. A. , Conrado Luiz Fernando M. , Margulis Walter , Carvalho Maria Cristina R.
Published: January 2007

A coplanar waveguide linear resonator technique for the experimental characterization of the dielectric properties of films in the microwave frequency range at room temperature is proposed. The approach is simple to implement as it consists of a film with unknown high dielectric constant deposited over the resonator, printed on standard alumina substrate using conventional photolithography process. The technique is illustrated by the measurement of the dielectric constant and losses of various ceramic screen‐printed thick films: BaTiO3 (BTO), CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO), and a BTO(x)–CCTO(1 − x) composite with different concentrations (x = 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8). © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 521–524, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22176
The study of the polarization properties of the large‐mode‐area fiber amplifier applied in coherent combination
Authors: Guo Zhancheng , Fu Shenggui , Liu Yange , Jia Xiujie , Si Libin , Jin YanLi , Yuan Shuzhong , Dong Xiaoyi
Published: January 2007

Based on the maser oscillator power amplifier configuration including a single mode erbium‐doped fiber laser used as the signal source and a large‐mode‐area Erbium/Ytterbium double‐clad fiber used as the gain medium, the polarization states of the signal light and the amplified signal light were experimentally investigated. The results showed that the degree of polarization of the output of the amplifier was low without taking any polarization control measure; after inserting a polarizer in the loop of the signal source, the degree of polarization was improved evidently and the stability of the polarization state became better, whether for continuous wave operation or for mode‐locked operation. The mode‐locked operation had a little lower degree of polarization and a better Polarization state (PS's) stability than the CW operation of the output of the amplifier. So, a combination use of a polarizer and a polarization controller could improve the polarization degree and adjust the polarization state of the amplified signal light. This work offered an important experimental basis for the control of the PS in the laser beam coherent combination. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 516–518, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22178
An enhanced bandwidth planar inverted‐F antenna with a modified shorting strip
Authors: Park Hoon , Jung Heekyung , Hong Sukjin , Choi Jaehoon
Published: January 2007

This article presents a novel design method for a wideband planar inverted F‐antenna that simultaneously covers GSM900, GPS, DCS1800, IMT2000, WLAN, and DMB services. The proposed antenna consisted of a main patch with stubs, an I‐shaped patch, and a modified shorting strip. It had dimensions of 16 × 36 × 6 mm3. The dual band characteristic could be achieved by changing the length of a main patch. A very wide impedance bandwidth characteristic was obtained by optimizing the length of stubs, an I‐shaped patch, and a modified shorting strip. Commercial electromagnetic software, CST Microwave Studio, was used to design the structure. The maximum gains at the frequencies of 915, 1576, 1785, 2170, 2400, and 2630 MHz were 1.0, 2.7, 5.4, 4.56, 1.52, and 2.95 dBi, respectively. The overall radiation pattern was suitable for mobile applications. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 513–515, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22179
A comparative study of diversity gain and spatial coverage: Fixed versus reconfigurable antennas for portable devices
Authors: Roach T. L. , Huff G. H. , Bernhard J. T.
Published: January 2007

This study investigates the performance of planar fixed and/or pattern reconfigurable antennas on a model laptop in terms of diversity gain and spatial coverage. The reconfigurable antenna used in this work has the ability to change its radiation pattern from endfire to broadside while operating over a common impedance bandwidth. The research combines diversity gain and spatial coverage into a single parameter that takes into account the effects of both simultaneously. Experimental data, including the resulting diversity gain and spatial coverage calculations, are presented. This work reveals the possibilities and importance of using reconfigurable radiation antennas and weighs their potential impact on high performance wireless systems. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 535–539, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22181
Rectangular waveguide‐to‐CPW transition without air‐bridge in the Ka‐band
Authors: Ramdane A. , Richalot E. , Picon O. , Puech J. , Lapierre L.
Published: January 2007

The proposed waveguide‐to‐CPW transition is uniplanar, in line with the waveguide, and without air‐bridge. Composed of a fin‐line taper and a circular phase‐shifter, it presents in simulation an insertion loss and a return loss better than 0.63 and 16.8 dB between 27 and 31 GHz. Measurements of the back‐to‐back structure are presented. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 510–513, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22182
Novel all‐optical format conversion using an ultrafast‐nonlinear interferometer at 10–40 Gbit/s
Authors: Li Da , Zhang Xinliang , Huang Dexiu
Published: January 2007

All‐optical data format conversion from nonreturn‐to‐zero (NRZ) to pseudoreturn‐to‐zero (PRZ) using an ultrafast nonlinear interferometer has been proposed and demonstrated for the first time. Stable format conversion from NRZ to PRZ has been achieved at 10–40 Gbit/s. This scheme may be useful for all‐optical clock recovery in high‐speed optical communication systems. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 508–510, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22183
Small size Ka‐band monolithic fourth‐harmonic image rejection mixer
Authors: Yang Tao , Yang Ziqiang , You Yu , Li Can
Published: January 2007

A 30–40‐GHz monolithic fourth‐harmonic image rejection mixer is designed. The mixer employs a fourth‐harmonic mixer with a reduced‐size 0°/180° Marchand Balun and two resistive field‐effect transistor mixer cells. The chip size is only 1.9 × 1.4 mm2, which is equal to or even smaller than that of the reported Ka‐band monolithic subharmonic image rejection mixer. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 505–507, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22186
A compact UWB antenna with CPW‐fed
Authors: Lin Ding‐Bing , Tang I‐Tseng , Tsou Ming‐Yu
Published: January 2007

A CPW‐fed monopole ultra wide band (UWB) antenna, which has small dimension of (15.5 × 17 mm2), is proposed. To miniaturize the antenna size, the sunken ground plane and narrow feeding‐strip are introduced. A slot notched on the center of radiator is used to fine‐tune the impedance matching at high frequency part. The optimal dimensions can be achieved by a parametric analysis. The designed antenna operates over 3.08–10.6 GHz for VSWRf2. The antenna also shows omnidirectional radiation patterns and good gain flatness that is suitable for UWB applications. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 564–567, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22188
Broadband planar shorted monopole antenna for DTV signal reception in a portable media player
Authors: Li Wei‐Yu , Wong Kin‐Lu , Row Jeen‐Sheen
Published: January 2007

A novel broadband planar shorted monopole antenna suitable for digital television (DTV) signal reception for portable media player (PMP) applications is presented. The proposed shorted monopole antenna uses an internal matching circuit consisting of a chip capacitor and two narrow strips, which leads to a wide operating bandwidth (2.5:1 VSWR) of 340 MHz (about 53% centered at about 638 MHz) for the antenna. This wide bandwidth makes it very suitable for DTV signal reception in the 470–806 MHz band. In addition, owing to its planar structure, the proposed antenna can be firmly attached onto the surface of the PMP casing, when not in operation. This property is attractive for keeping the aesthetic appearance of the PMP equipped with the proposed antenna. Details of the experimental and simulation results are presented and analyzed. The design approach of selecting a proper chip capacitor for the proposed antenna is also discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 558–561, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22189
Dual‐mode microstrip bandpass filter with spurious response suppression
Authors: Chen Jian‐Xin , Xue Quan
Published: January 2007

A dual‐mode bandpass filter (BPF) using microstrip patch resonator is proposed. Open‐stubs are added on the feed‐lines to suppress the spurious response and improve the stopband rejection effectively with little increase in circuit size. Furthermore, a reduced‐size dual‐mode BPF with spurious response suppression using microstrip slotted‐patch resonator is successfully designed. The simulated and measured results are presented and both are in good agreement. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 556–558, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22190
Optimal symplectic integrators for numerical solution of time‐domain Maxwell's equations
Authors: Huang Z. X. , Wu X. L. , Sha W. , Chen M. S.
Published: January 2007

Optimal symplectic integrators were proposed to improve the accuracy in numerical solution of time‐domain Maxwell's equations. The proposed symplectic scheme has almost the same stability and numerical dispersion as the mostly used fourth‐order symplectic scheme, but acquires more efficiency in the calculations at the same computational cost. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 545–547, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22193
Silicon bulk micromachined electromechanical switches with four cantilever piezoelectric actuators
Authors: Park Jae Yoeng , Lee Hee Chul , Yang Chang Soo
Published: January 2007

In this article, silicon bulk micromachined RF MEMS switch with four cantilever piezoelectric actuators has been designed, fabricated, and characterized for advanced mobile/wireless communication systems. The proposed switch is comprised of four piezoelectric cantilever actuators, a contact metal pad, and a suspended CPW signal line above the silicon substrate. The fabricated piezoelectric switch has an insertion loss of −0.23 dB and an isolation of −44 dB at a frequency of 2 GHz and an operation voltage of 2.5 V, respectively. Also, it has constant performance characteristics at the certain range of applied voltages above the operation voltage that result in high production yield. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 570–573, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22195
New design of a CPW‐fed ultrawideband slot antenna
Authors: Sun Jwo‐Shiun , Lee Yi‐Chieh , Lin Syuan‐Ci
Published: January 2007

A new design of slot antenna by CPW‐fed is proposed for ultrawideband (UWB) applications. The proposed antenna consists of a CPW‐fed and a pair of symmetry curved radiating slot. The designed tapered slot antenna covers the bandwidth from 3 to 20 GHz. Simulated and measured results of the new design CPW‐fed UWB slot antenna show fairly good performance. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 561–564, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22197
RETRACTED: Reduced‐sized single coupled‐line low‐pass filter
Authors: Tseng J.‐D. , Chen P.‐S.
Published: January 2007

A low‐pass filter consisted of one inner‐connected coupled‐line and two open‐stub transmission lines possessed quasi‐elliptic frequency response and wide rejection bandwidth is proposed. The analysis is based on transmission line and coupled‐line circuit model. Two‐port impedance matrices and a T‐type equivalent circuit were derived. On the basis of this equivalent circuit, a circuit with 3 dB cutoff frequency at 2.45 GHz were designed, simulated, and measured. The simulated and measured results are in good agreement within 0–12 GHz. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 612–615, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22199
High power 60 GHz push push oscillator using InALAs/InGaAs metamorphic HEMT technology
Authors: Lee J.‐W. , Kim S.‐W. , Seol K.‐S. , Kwon Y. , Seo K.‐S.
Published: January 2007

This paper reports a high power 60 GHz push–push oscillator fabricated using 0.12 μm GaAs metamorphic high electron‐mobility transistors. By combining high‐power metamorphic high electron mobility transistor (MHEMT) optimized for millimeter‐wave operation and push–push technique, the oscillator achieved 7.4 dBm of output power at 59 GHz with 37 dBc fundamental frequency suppression. To the knowledge of the authors, this is the first monolithic push–push oscillator at V‐band fabricated using MHEMT technology. Also, the 7.4 dBm of output power is the largest for any oscillators based on MHEMT in this frequency range, and compares well to the result obtained from mature GaAs PHEMT technology. The results demonstrate the application of high power MHEMT for cost effective millimeter‐wave commercial applications. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 609–612, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22203
New microstrip fractal‐shaped triangular patch resonators filters
Authors: Zhang Sheng , Xiao Jian‐kang , Li Ying
Published: January 2007

Two types of bandpass filters using fractal‐shaped triangular resonators are proposed and optimized in this article. By using etched fractal‐shaped defected structures in the triangular patch resonators, the filters have remarkable advantages, such as compact size, high selectivity, and simple structure. The effects of varying the parameters of the fractal‐shaped structures have been studied. Measured results of the filter using three fractal‐shaped structures agree well with the simulated ones. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 581–583, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22205
Calibration 90 nm node RF MOSFETs, including stress degradation
Authors: Kao H. L. , Kao C. H. , Chin A. , Liao C. C.
Published: January 2007

Using a microstrip line layout, a low minimum noise figure (NFmin) of 0.51 dB, at 10 GHz, was directly measured for 90 nm node NMOSFETs (65 nm physical gate length). The NFminwas located at the peakfTof 152 GHz, coinciding with the peak transconductance (gm). On the basis of these measurements, a self‐consistent model of the DC I‐V, S‐parameters, and NFminresults was developed, including the changes after hot‐carrier stress. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 604–607, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22209
UWB bandpass filter with wide stopband using open stubs
Authors: Yang Ru‐Yuan , Hung Cheng‐Yuan , Su Yan‐Kuin , Weng Min‐Hang
Published: January 2007

In this paper, a compact pseudo‐interdigital ultra‐wideband filter using several open stubs to improve the stopband is designed and implemented on FR4 substrate. This filter at center frequency f0 of 4 GHz has presented almost very good measured characteristics, including the bandwidth of 3–5.1 GHz (3‐dB fractional bandwidth of 52%), low insertion loss of −0.6 ± 0.4 dB, sharp rejection due to two transmission zeros in the passband edge created by inter‐stage coupling, and wide stopband rejection greater than 15 dB from 5.3–9 GHz. Experimental results of the fabricated filter show a good agreement with the predict results. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 573–575, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22212