bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Three Futures: Global Geopolynomic Transition and the Implications for Regional Security in Northeast Asia
Authors: HOWE BRENDAN
Published: October 2005

Future predictions in security studies tend to fall into two broad intellectual traditions, liberal modernist hypotheses, and structural-realist or geopolitical hypotheses. These two major schools of thought essentially agree on the rationality of participants, but disagree about the nature of the environment facing policymakers and thereby framing their decisions. This project considers theoretical, rational, and statistical models associated with these approaches, analyzes the available data for future projection with regard to the Northeast Asian sub-region, and introduces a third rational future based on the social construction of a regional geopolynomic community, with America as a political entrepreneur, her regional allies as a winning coalition, and China and Russia as partners for peace. The focus of this work is on the Northeast Asian subset of the international system, containing the countries of China, Japan, Mongolia, Russia, North and South Korea, and considering the undeniable role played by the United States in the region, although at times statistical and theoretical evidence forces representation of a larger constituency.
The U. P. Congress and ‘Hindu Unity’: Untouchables and the Minority Question in the 1930s
Authors: GOULD WILLIAM
Published: October 2005

In a letter to Sir Samuel Hoare in September 1932, on the eve of his ‘fast unto the death’ against the principle of separate electorates for untouchables, Gandhi wrote:For me religion is one in essence, but it has many branches and if I, the Hindu branch, fail in my duty to the parent trunk, I am an unworthy follower of that one indivisible, visible religion…. My nationalism and my religion are not exclusive, but inclusive and they must be so consistently with the welfare of all life.
Working Up from Postholes: (Im)Material Witnesses, Evidence, and Narrativity in the Colonial American Theatre
Authors: Johnson Odai
Published: October 2005

As what follows is, in many ways, a history of absence, I begin with a poignant illustration of materializing something that wasn't there.
Politics, Playhouse, and Repertoire in Philadelphia, 1808
Authors: Richards Jeffrey H.
Published: October 2005

In theatre and drama histories, the politics of the American stage has most often been judged by the litmus test of nationalism, primarily in the “rise” of American-authored drama set in America, the development of American character types, and the appearance of American-born actors on the stages of the early United States. To uncover in the old playbills the mention of a performance of Royall Tyler's The Contrast, to celebrate the development of the stage Yankee, or to focus on Edwin Forrest's muscular rant in The Gladiator is to score a palpable hit for national theatre. Given the scarcity of American texts before the War of 1812, this search for national needles in the (British) theatrical haystack is understandable. But the politics reflected in the theatre in early America is far more complex than traditional theatre histories have acknowledged. Fortunately, there are signs of a new historiography at work. Heather Nathans's recent history of the postrevolutionary playhouses (to 1800) in Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, for instance, uncovers a web of economic and social relationships among the shareholders in the various theatres, which shows that simple party definition hardly accounts for a clear sense of who supports the stage and who does not. Examined more closely than as buildings in which to launch “Jonathan,” American theatres reveal their own traditions for handling topical material, a particularly thorny problem for cultural spaces dominated by British plays and actors. In other words, beyond identifying stage Yankees or following Forrest, finding the political in the theatrical may require other strategies of reading in order to determine the full range of interaction between the political and theatrical spheres.
“It Did Not Sound Like a Professor's Speech”: George Pierce Baker and the Market for Academic Rhetoric
Authors: Hodin Mark
Published: October 2005

In November 1910, New Theatre artistic director Winthrop Ames asked his former teacher, Harvard English professor George Pierce Baker, to speak at a reception honoring the theatre's financial backers. The occasion was the start of the New Theatre's second season, and Ames was hoping to raise morale after a disappointing first year. Endowed primarily by millionaires in New York City, the New Theatre was supposed to offer a venue for staging plays free of the usual commercial pressures of Broadway productions. The contradiction at the heart of such an enterprise was manifest, particularly in the New Theatre's architecture and opulent interior design, which continually marked the “noncommercial” house as a monument to the economic power of those wealthy enough to provide for its massive and gaudy construction. Audiences complained that the two-thousand-seat auditorium had lousy acoustics; critics deemed the productions undistinguished and condemned the twenty-three Founders Boxes that ringed the orchestra as vulgar and ostentatious. Maybe an English professor, Ames thought, would have something helpful to say on the matter.
The Tragedy of History in Sarah Kane's Blasted
Authors: Carney Sean
Published: October 2005

The first performance of Sarah Kane's Blasted in 1995 is already widely regarded as a landmark in the history of contemporary theatre in England, singled out for the same reason that Edward Bond's 1965 Saved and Howard Brenton's 1980 The Romans in Britain achieved notoriety. Blasted belongs in this genealogy of English plays in that all drew attention to themselves with instances of raw violence represented onstage and contextualized within situations of scathing social criticism. Saved contains an infamous scene in which the apathy of a group of dispossessed urban youths leads them to the casual stoning to death of a baby in its pram, and in The Romans in Britain a young Celtic seer is raped onstage by a Roman centurion. In both cases, these instances of visual shock became decontextualized and held up to the public eye, a disassembling of the part from the whole, which constituted an act of interpretive violence perpetuated against the dramas themselves. The violence in Blasted was similarly decontextualized and sensationalized in the British press. Yet in contrast to Bond and Brenton, Kane's brief body of work quickly received sober reevaluations on the part of previously hostile theatre critics, largely as a result of her suicide in February 1999 at the age of twenty-eight. While Kane had always had supporters among theatre workers, including Edward Bond, who had appreciated the strength of her work from the outset, Blasted is now also praised as a major work of theatre by critics who were previously happy to mock the play and vilify its author.
From The Book Review Editor
Authors: Ziter Edward
Published: October 2005

Well-written reviews counteract the inertia that can afflict any field, given the pressures on the professorate and the limited resources of academic publishing houses. Between the demands of teaching, publication, production, and university service many theatre professors struggle to keep up with the literature related to their own research interests, let alone read broadly in the field. In such a context, no book—not even an excellent book—is assured an audience. Books that are not easily categorized, that do not fit comfortably in a given discipline, or that address underresearched topics are even less likely to reach a broad audience (and “broad” in terms of academic publishing is clearly a relative term). Reviews create audiences for books that might otherwise sit unnoticed in the margins of a field. Every review implicitly charts important directions for the field; reviews identify central conversations in the academy and indicate how theatre studies can engage these conversations. Reviews help us to be eclectic readers, and we must be such readers if we hope to speak beyond the circle that shares our individual research interests. It is in the spirit of eclecticism that Theatre Survey has instituted the column “What Are You Reading?” asking innovative scholars to share and reflect on the texts that feed their thinking. It is in the same spirit that Theatre Survey reviews a broad spectrum of the books received and invites both junior and senior scholars to propose reviews of books that the journal has not received but that should come to the attention of scholars of theatre and performance studies. Reviews help shape the field. Theatre Survey looks for reviews that cultivate new performance-centered historiographic study, reflecting a diverse range of methodological and critical perspectives.
Acts of Authority/Acts of Resistance: Theater and Politics in Colonial and Postcolonial India. By Nandi Bhatia. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2004; pp. vi + 206 pp. $49.50 cloth.
Authors: Lal Ananda
Published: October 2005

There are few dependable books in English on political theatre in India. Professor Bhatia's collection of essays, therefore, fills a long-felt need. She introduces the subject contextually, followed by four chapters chronologically examining key areas (British censorship of nationalistic drama, Indianizations of Shakespeare as an anticolonial statement, the Indian People's Theatre Association as a mass phenomenon in the mid-twentieth century, and Utpal Dutt's reinterpretation of Raj history in his play The Great Rebellion 1857), and concludes with a short epilogue on contemporary activist theatre by women. Most valuably for theatre historians, she places in the public domain many primary sources previously untapped in English, and unearths much secondary material that has escaped academic attention. Not least of all, she writes articulately and readably.
A History of Theatre in Africa. Edited by Martin Banham. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp. xvii + 478; $140 cloth.
Authors: Wetmore Jr. Kevin J.
Published: October 2005

One of the greatest challenges to teaching world theatre history in the United States is that the vast majority of survey history books spend two dozen chapters on the theatre of the West, giving the theatres of Africa, Asia, and the Middle East a single chapter each at best. In addition, there have to date been no comprehensive histories of African theatre covering the entire continent, Africa north of the Sahara being linked for cultural reasons with the Middle East instead of geographically with the rest of the continent. A History of Theatre in Africa, edited by the pioneer of African-theatre scholarship, Martin Banham, is an excellent, if uneven, redressing of those imbalances.
Contemporary Black and Asian Women Playwrights in Britain. By Gabriele Griffin. Cambridge Studies in Modern Theatre. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003; pp. x + 291. $75 cloth.
Authors: Ponnuswami Meenakshi
Published: October 2005

Gabriele Griffin's study of black and Asian women playwrights in contemporary Britain fills a gap in British theatre studies. Although a comprehensive study of black British theatre has yet to see print, two developments have, in the past decade or so, begun to stimulate critical attention in the field. One is the publication of plays by black and Asian authors, including collections of plays exclusively by women (such as Khadija George's edition of Six Plays by Black and Asian Women Writers of 1993), as well as the more systematic inclusion of works by writers such as Winsome Pinnock and Trish Cooke in anthologies of plays by new British dramatists. A second is the work of British cultural-studies scholars and sociologists during the same period, which has offered theatre historians some new approaches and challenges: Kobena Mercer's Welcome to the Jungle (1994); Catherine Ugwu's Let's Get It On (1995); Baker et al.'s Black British Cultural Studies (1996); Heidi Mirza's edited volume Black British Feminism (1997)—not to mention a vast body of work by Stuart Hall, Avtar Brah, Paul Gilroy, and others. Still, as Griffin notes at the outset, while immigrant and second-generation novels and films have received attention and accolades, black British theatre has tended to be ignored except by a handful of feminist theatre scholars.
Stage by Stage: The Birth of Theatre. By Philip Freund. London: Peter Owen, 2003; pp. 811. $79.95 cloth; Women and Humor in Classical Greece. By Laurie O'Higgins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003; pp. xviii + 262. $70 cloth.
Authors: Ringer Mark
Published: October 2005

Both Philip Freund's The Birth of Theatre and Laurie O'Higgins's Women and Humor in Classical Greece deal with Ancient Greek drama. Freund, a theatre historian, attempts a fairly comprehensive survey of both Greek and Roman drama as well as its influence on postclassical theatre, with particular emphasis on the past century. O'Higgins, a classicist, offers what at first glance appears a far narrower exploration that might only be of interest to other classicists. Of the two writers, it is O'Higgins who crafts a readable study that resonates well beyond its ostensibly narrow subject, whereas Freund's book, geared toward a more general readership, is hampered by serious problems of presentation and organization that compromise his more ambitious work's usefulness.
Radical Theatre: Greek Tragedy and the Modern World. By Rush Rehm. London: Duckworth, 2003; pp. 174. £10.99 paper.
Authors: Cueva Edmund P.
Published: October 2005

In this brief but concentrated text, Rush Rehm attempts to go back to the “radical nature of Greek tragedy” (9), by which he means that he wants to go back to the roots, foundations, and sources of this ancient genre. Rehm carries out his plan in an unusual yet personal way: Dispersed throughout his study of the genre are his personal observations on such matters as the involvement of the United States government in Nicaragua, Haiti, Guatemala, Dominican Republic, Chile, Granada, Panama, East Timor, Israel, and Cuba. The events of 9/11 are also central to the later chapters. These political statements and forays aside, the author makes clear in his “Introduction: Timely Thoughts” that the “stage per se—understood as a place for artistic enactments like Greek tragedy—has lost much of its power and significance” (13). Rehm has an equally negative disposition to performance study, performance theory, and a modern stage that has departed from the challenges posed by the “original form of ancient tragedy” (17). Radical Theatre: Greek Tragedy and the Modern World is a stimulating read and worthy of note.
Shakespeare, Law, and Marriage. By B. J. Sokol and Mary Sokol. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003; pp. x + 262. $70 cloth.
Authors: Scheil Katherine West
Published: October 2005

In their well-written and extensively researched book Shakespeare, Law, and Marriage, B. J. and Mary Sokol explore the connections between the legal world of Shakespeare's England and the ways he dramatizes legal situations related to marriage. The result is a thorough and interesting contribution to the growing field of “law and literature” studies. The book moves chronologically through the legal issues connected to the stages of marriage, from arranged and consensual matches to the effect of death on marriage. Each chapter has a similar structure: first, an explanation of the legal conditions for the particular topic of marriage, followed by a discussion of how those issues are dramatized in Shakespeare's plays.
The Theatre of the Book, 1480–1880: Print, Text, and Performance in Europe. By Julie Stone Peters. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003; pp. 494. $29.95 paper.
Authors: Daniels Barry
Published: October 2005

The Theatre of the Book—first published in a cloth edition in 2000—is a groundbreaking work. It is an elegantly written and erudite book, with 129 pages of endnotes, a works-cited list of 42 pages, and 60 illustrations. As Peters states in the introduction,
Stage, Page, Scandals, and Vandals: William E. Burton and Nineteenth-Century American Theatre. By David L. Rinear. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2004; pp. 272. $55.00 cloth.
Authors: Vickery Anthony
Published: October 2005

One of the seven titles in Southern Illinois University Press's Theatre in the Americas series, David Rinear's book elevates the early nineteenth-century actor-manager William E. Burton to the front ranks of American theatre in the period of transition from stock companies to touring stars. As Rinear writes, “no one in the theatrical or literary world of pre–Civil War America left a mark so thoroughly on his age as William E. Burton. He was lauded as the greatest comic actor of his age, and his managerial acumen provided him with a tremendous fortune” (xii). Perhaps because Burton specialized in such little-studied areas as low comedy and management, this is the first thorough study to give due attention to his career.
Margaret Webster: A Life in the Theater. By Milly S. Barranger. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2004; pp. 388; 18 illus. $39.50 cloth.
Authors: Donkin Ellen
Published: October 2005

Margaret Webster's struggles and triumphs as a professional director in New York and London are not cited by theatre historians—especially feminist theatre historians—as often as they should be. Before her death in 1972, she had become the first woman director ever to work on Broadway, founded the American Repertory Theatre with her lifelong partner and colleague Eva Le Gallienne, directed a groundbreaking production of Othello with Paul Robeson in 1942, faced Joe McCarthy and the House Un-American Activities Committee, and she had published several wonderful books about theatre (the best known are Shakespeare Without Tears, The Same Only Different, and Don't Put Your Daughter on the Stage).
“That Furious Lesbian”: The Story of Mercedes de Acosta. By Robert A. Schanke. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2003; pp. 210. $25 paper; $45 cloth; Women in Turmoil: Six Plays by Mercedes de Acosta. Edited and with an Introduction by Robert A. Shanke. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2003; pp. 252. $40 cloth.
Authors: Shafer Yvonne
Published: October 2005

Many theatre scholars are familiar with the name Mercedes de Acosta but do not know the nature of her connection to the theatre—her close ties to notable actresses and the plays that she wrote. Robert A. Schanke has published two books that hope to clarify de Acosta's place in theatre history. The first is a biography that takes the reader from her exotic background of Spanish ancestry and her stolen inheritance through her innumerable affairs with such figures as Maude Adams, Eva Le Gallienne, Nazimova, Marlene Dietrich, Greta Garbo, and Isadora Duncan. The biography concludes with de Acosta's last years, impoverished, nearly forgotten, and lonely.
American Theatre in the Culture of the Cold War: Producing and Contesting Containment, 1947–1962. By Bruce A. McConachie. Studies in Theatre History & Culture. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2003; pp. xiv + 347; 15 illus. $49.95 cloth.
Authors: Mason Jeffrey D.
Published: October 2005

From 1947 to 1962, Broadway audiences enjoyed major works by Tennessee Williams and Arthur Miller as well as plays ranging from A Thousand Clowns to Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? and a string of durable musical comedies offering light and dark visions of the urban streets (Guys and Dolls and West Side Story), inspirational fables (The Music Man and The Sound of Music), and war in legend and in recent memory (Camelot and South Pacific). Meanwhile, Judith Malina and Julian Beck founded the Living Theatre, José Quintero and Theodore Mann established the Circle in the Square, Joe Papp offered his first free Shakespeare productions in New York City parks, and Joe Cino and Ellen Stewart led the development of Off-Off Broadway. This heterogeneous theatre scene comprised diverse and even competing representations of a complex but interconnected culture, and Bruce A. McConachie has undertaken the task of elucidating the workings of such art not in isolation but as cultural and social production.
Composing Ourselves: The Little Theatre Movement and the American Audience. By Dorothy Chansky. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2004; pp. 256; 15 illus. $55 cloth; Summer Stock! An American Phenomenon. By Martha Schmoyer LoMonaco. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2004; pp. 320; 25 illus. $27.95 cloth.
Authors: Ozieblo Barbara
Published: October 2005

The theatre has long been recognized as a site from which national and social values can be promoted, and this was particularly the case with the Little Theatre and summer stock phenomena. Even when performing non-American plays, these movements addressed the education of the audience, as Dorothy Chansky and Martha Schmoyer LoMonaco make apparent in two rigorously researched studies. Both have chosen to focus on the audience as an integral component of the theatrical event and, eschewing postmodern theories of the spectator's gaze, they bring a sociohistorical perspective to their findings, which are based on in-depth research of theatre documents, memoirs, and reviews. Chansky examines how the Little Theatres constructed and educated their audiences, whereas LoMonaco, in tracing the history of a number of summer-stock theatres, uncovers the hold that the audience has on artistic and financial policies. The two books cover areas and aspects of theatre history not frequently studied; they examine the complex artistic and economic issues involved in founding and running a theatre, while also certifying that American theatre has never been contained by a few streets in the vicinity of Times Square.
On Broadway: Art and Commerce on the Great White Way. By Steven Adler. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2004; pp. 250. $27 paper; $55 cloth; Our Musicals, Ourselves: A Social History of the American Musical Theatre. By John Bush Jones. Brandeis University Press, Waltham, MA (Lebanon, NH: UPNE), 2003; pp. 383. $29.95 cloth.
Authors: Hischak Thomas S.
Published: October 2005

While few would argue that commercial theatre on Broadway today is the artistic heart of the American theatre, fascination with Broadway and its productions has not diminished, as witnessed by Steven Adler's thorough and thought-provoking study of contemporary producing, On Broadway: Art and Commerce on the Great White Way. Having interviewed sixty-six professionals in the field over a period of five years, Adler is able to cover his subject from many angles as he allows each person to offer opinions on everything from the corporate involvement in Broadway to the absence of scenes from nonmusicals on the annual Tony Awards broadcast.
Off-Off-Broadway Explosion: How Provocative Playwrights of the 1960s Ignited a New American Theater. By David A. Crespy. New York: Back Stage Books, 2003; pp. 192; 32 illus. $19.95 paper.
Authors: Olsen Christopher
Published: October 2005

David Crespy's account of Off-Off Broadway's roots in New York City is a welcome addition to a growing body of scholarship on this vibrant period in American theatre history. Many authors writing on this era have limited themselves to focusing on particular theatre groups, such as the Living Theatre, Café Cino, and the Open Theatre, or on the work of specific playwrights, such as Maria Irene Fornés, Sam Shepard, and Edward Albee. More historical accounts are needed to examine a cross section of theatre practitioners in the context of the political and artistic movements of the 1960s. Crespy has managed to do this to some degree, and has even convinced the elusive Edward Albee to write a foreword.
American Puppetry: Collections, History and Performance. Edited by Phyllis T. Dircks. Foreward by Steve Abrams. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2004; pp. vii + 326. $39.95.
Authors: Ayers Shan R.
Published: October 2005

American Puppetry: Collections, History and Performance, edited by Phyllis T. Dircks, is a valuable collection of essays on the state of puppet theatre in America and useful documentations of extant collections that will serve puppeteers. Dircks identifies the need for this work in her introduction when she, rightly, comments that “[f]ortunately, thousands of puppets from various cultures and many time periods have been collected by scholars, enthusiasts and curators, who wisely realized that these material images can teach us much about the society for which they were crafted” (4). Her careful and thorough collection chronicles the well-known, such as Bread and Puppet, the Muppets, and Howdy Doody, as well as the lesser-known facts in the field of puppetry—for example, Peter Arnott's use of puppets to stage plays from classical dramatic literature. The volume is also up to date; the work of Julie Taymor is discussed for its fusion of human performers with the surreal and for its highly imaginative puppet creations.
Theatre and Empowerment: Community Drama on the World Stage. Edited by Richard Boon and Jane Plastow. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press, 2004; pp. 280. $75 cloth.
Authors: Cohen-Cruz Jan
Published: October 2005

Theatre and Empowerment is a collection of essays about theatre projects worldwide that engage local people in addressing their own concerns. Editors Richard Boon and Jane Plastow explain how they selected the essays: All are written from the perspective of writers' experiences in the field; they embrace diverse communities, issues, and practices; and all are “profoundly subversive of established power,” including the authority of the artist-facilitators themselves, “in favor of more open-ended, democratic and meaningful learning processes” (3–4). Paulo Freire's spirit hovers over the collection, which emphasizes both reflection and action. The editors write that the processes described in the collection require “people to think and to analyze . . . [and] question the root causes of their problems and oppressions” (7).
Professing Performance: Theatre in the Academy from Philology to Performativity. By Shannon Jackson. London and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004; pp. xi + 254. $27.99 paper.
Authors: Chansky Dorothy
Published: October 2005

Shannon Jackson's bracing, intelligent new book historicizes the study of performance in American colleges and universities from the advent of the theatre major about a century ago to the present. Using Foucault's notion of genealogy, Jackson is ever mindful that concepts such as theatre, theatre studies, performance, discipline, and so on, cannot be understood outside of their “enabling enunciative conditions” (30)—the contexts and institutions in which they are constituted. Is performance “a vehicle of community formation . . . [or] a site of social transgression”? Is it “an intentional realm of purposive action [or] an unintentional realm of spontaneous or habitual enactment” (14)? Saying “both” is probably correct, but to read Jackson's investigation of the “vagaries of the term ‘performance'” (11) is to appreciate how limited such a facile answer is, absent a nuanced grasp of the territorial battles that defined the terms at key points in our collective past.
Anatomic substrates for, and function of, the functionally univentricular circulation before and after surgical procedures
Authors: Dubini Gabriele , Arciprete Paolo M. , Luisi Vincenzo Stefano
Published: October 2005

Whatever the specific anatomy, the Fontan circulation, be it created directly or subsequent to a bi-directional cavopulmonary anastomosis, transforms completely the pattern of circulation of the blood. In essence, it converts a network of circulations in parallel into one in series. The haemodynamic consequences are numerous. The most important and direct among them is, perhaps, the increase in afterload, as well as the reduction in preload, for the systemic ventricle. From the clinical point of view, the most immediate and relevant implication is the amelioration of cyanosis, this being the consequence of removing the common mixing of systemic and pulmonary venous blood within the heart.
The functionally univentricular circulation: anatomic substrates as related to function
Authors: Cook Andrew C. , Anderson Robert H.
Published: October 2005

Patients with a functionally univentricular circulation represent a challenge for both surgeons and cardiologists. In this introductory paper, we aim to describe the variability in cardiac phenotype amongst these patients, and to review how function might relate to anatomy.
The neuroendocrinal system of the heart after construction of a Glenn anastomosis or the Fontan circulation
Authors: Vittorini Simona , Storti Simona , Parri Maria Serena , Moschetti Riccardo , Scebba Luigi , Clerico Aldo , Murzi Bruno , Luisi Vincenzo Stefano
Published: October 2005

Many complex cardiac defects produce a functionally single ventricle, in which there is mixing of the systemic and pulmonary circulations. The output from the functionally single ventricle is divided between the two circulations: the proportion going to the systemic and pulmonary vascular beds being determined by the relative resistance to flows within the respective circulations.
Ventricular dysfunction of the functionally univentricular heart: management and outcomes
Authors: Gewillig Marc
Published: October 2005

The ventricle of a functionally univentricular heart is dilated, hypertrophic, and hypocontractile, certainly after the completion of a Fontan circulation (reviewed in Reference). It is difficult, however, to determine the reasons for these abnormal ventricular conditions. The abnormal size of the ventricle, along with the less than adequate function, can be due to the congenital malformation itself, the previous surgical conditions, or the very abnormal working conditions of the ventricle during the various stages of palliation. Moreover, because of the varying morphology of the pumping ventricle in patients with a functionally univentricular arrangement, it is difficult to assess size, shape, hypertrophy, stress, strain, contraction and relaxation, both in cross sectional and serial follow-up.
Cardiopulmonary response to exercise in patients with the Fontan circulation
Authors: Ohuchi Hideo
Published: October 2005

The Fontan circuit is characterized by a pulmonary circulation dependent on central venous pressure in the absence of a subpulmonary ventricle. Patients with this circulation usually exhibit a low cardiac output. In addition to their abnormal cardiac state, recent studies have demonstrated impaired cardiac autonomic nervous activity, elevated neurohormonal factors, and impaired endothelial function, findings also encountered in adults with chronic heart failure. One major component of these impairments is the abnormal cardiorespiratory response during exercise. Despite some pathophysiologic similarities to adults with cardiac disease, those with the Fontan circulation usually have a congenitally malformed heart underscoring abnormal haemodynamics, with further compromise from multiple surgical procedures. It differs in many aspects from the situation in the adults with impaired systolic ventricular function in the setting of chronic cardiac failure. In this review, I will focus on the cardiorespiratory response during exercise, seeking to clarify the characteristics in these particular patients with the Fontan circulation.
Computational fluid dynamics in a model of the total cavopulmonary connection reconstructed using magnetic resonance images
Authors: Socci Laura , Gervaso Francesca , Migliavacca Francesco , Pennati Giancarlo , Dubini Gabriele , Ait-Ali Lamia , Festa Pierluigi , Amoretti Francesca , Scebba Luigi , Luisi Vincenzo Stefano
Published: October 2005

The recent developments in imaging techniques have created new opportunities to give an accurate description of the three-dimensional morphology of vessels. Such three-dimensional reconstruction of anatomical structures from medical images has achieved importance in several applications, such as the reconstruction of human bones, spine portions, and vascular districts.
Critical issues in studies of flow through the Fontan circuit after 10 years of investigation
Authors: Grigioni Mauro , D'Avenio Giuseppe , Del Gaudio Costantino , Morbiducci Umberto
Published: October 2005

Since the pioneering work of Fontan and Baudet, who suggested that a dysfunctional right ventricle could be bypassed by connecting the pulmonary arteries directly to the right atrium in the so-called atriopulmonary anastomosis, much experience has been gained in the field of the functionally univentricular circulation. In view of the continuing need to optimize the fluid dynamics of the connection, research on this topic remains very active. In particular, it is relevant to consider the power dissipated during flow across a connection of this type, due to the low level of the pressure head available for perfusion. The flow to the lungs in this setting is driven only by the low pressure in the caval veins, thus making it essential to minimize the losses of energy in the connection between the terminal part of the venous system and the pulmonary arteries.
Temporal and spatial variability of dissolved organic and inorganic phosphorus, and metrics of phosphorus bioavailability in an upwelling‐dominated coastal system
Authors: Ruttenberg Kathleen C. , Dyhrman Sonya T.
Published: October 2005

High‐frequency temporal and spatial shifts in the various dissolved P pools (total, inorganic, and organic) are linked to upwelling/relaxation events and to phytoplankton bloom dynamics in the upwelling‐dominated Oregon coastal system. The presence and regulation of alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) is apparent in the bulk phytoplankton population and in studies of cell‐specific APA using Enzyme Labeled Fluorescence (ELF®). Spatial and temporal variability are also evident in phytoplankton community composition and in APA. The spatial pattern of dissolved phosphorus and APA variability can be explained by bottom‐controlled patterns of upwelling, and flushing times of different regions within the study area. The presence of APA in eukaryotic taxa indicates that dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) may contribute to phytoplankton P nutrition in this system, highlighting the need for a more complete understanding of P cycling and bioavailability in the coastal ocean.
A combined wind wave–tidal model for the Venice lagoon, Italy
Authors: Carniello L. , Defina A. , Fagherazzi S. , D'Alpaos L.
Published: October 2005

A numerical model that combines wind waves with tidal fluxes in a tidal basin is presented and validated. The model couples a hydrodynamic finite element module based on the shallow water equations with a finite volume module that accounts for the generation and propagation of wind waves. The wave module solves the wave action conservation on the same triangular mesh used in the hydrodynamic module, thus efficiently reproducing the physical relationships between waves and tide propagation. The combined wind wave–tidal model is applied to the Venice lagoon, Italy. The highly irregular bathymetry of this tidal environment, characterized by deep channels, emergent salt marshes, and extensive tidal flats, suggests the introduction of specific hypotheses that simplify the governing equations with a noteworthy increase in efficiency and robustness of the algorithm. Particular attention is devoted to the dissipation of wave energy at the steep boundaries between channels, tidal flats, and salt marshes. Simulations of wave fields generated under specific wind conditions are presented and discussed. The model results are compared, with good agreement, to field data collected in different stations inside the lagoon of Venice. Finally, evidence of the complementary effect of tidal currents and wind waves on bottom shear stresses is presented using the results of different simulations.
Retrieving the effective radius of Saharan dust coarse mode from AIRS
Authors: Pierangelo Clémence , Mishchenko Michael , Balkanski Yves , Chédin Alain
Published: October 2005

We show that the effective radius of the dust coarse mode can be retrieved from Aqua/AIRS observations, using a two step process. First, for each AIRS observation, the dust infrared optical depth, the mean altitude of the dust layer and an estimate of the temperature and water vapor profiles are obtained from 8 spectral channels, using a Look‐Up‐Table approach. Second, the effective radius is obtained from an additional AIRS channel (located at 9.32 μm), selected for its sensitivity to dust particle size and its insensitivity to dust particle shape or to other potential contaminants (ozone, for example). The dust coarse mode effective radius is retrieved from AIRS over the Atlantic Ocean for the period April to June 2003. It compares well with in situ measurements, transport model simulations and sun‐photometer retrievals. We find that the coarse mode effective radius decreases slightly with transport distance, from 2.4 μm to about 2 μm.
Global budget of water isotopes inferred from polar ice sheets
Authors: Lhomme Nicolas , Clarke Garry K. C. , Ritz Catherine
Published: October 2005

Water isotope ratios in ice cores and marine sediments are a key indicator of past temperature and global ice volume. Quantitative interpretation of these ratios requires understanding of the storage capacity and exchanges among the ocean, atmosphere, and cryosphere. We combine numerical models of ice dynamics and tracer transport to predict bulk ice properties by simulating the fine layering of ice sheets locally validated at ice core sites. The 18O/16O content of ice sheets is found to vary between the present and 20 kyr ago from −34‰ to −37‰ for Greenland, from −41‰ to −42.5‰ for West Antarctica, and always remained near −56.5‰ for East Antarctica. Their combined effect on sea‐water 18O/16O is a 0.08–0.12‰ increase 20 kyr ago, a 1.11‰ decrease if ice sheets were to vanish. We confirm that ice volume changes in Antarctica and Greenland linearly affect ocean composition, though at different rates.
Evaporation freezing by contact nucleation inside‐out
Authors: Durant Adam J. , Shaw Raymond A.
Published: October 2005

Ice formation in atmospheric clouds is crucial to our understanding of precipitation and cloud radiative properties. In recent work it was shown that heterogeneous ice nucleation rates can be strongly enhanced by a form of surface crystallization (Shaw et al., 2005). Here we present new laboratory data and consider the implications for contact nucleation and its relevance to ice nucleation in atmospheric clouds. Our observations contradict three leading hypotheses for contact nucleation and suggest, instead, that the notion of contact nucleation should be generalized to include surface crystallization from particles contacting a supercooled drop from the inside out, as well as from the outside in. Our findings lead to the hypothesis that the freezing temperature of an evaporating drop will suddenly become higher once the drop surface contacts an immersed ice nucleus. This mechanism for evaporation freezing is therefore a plausible explanation for the abundant observations of high ice concentrations associated with cloud dilution and droplet evaporation.
Colored dissolved organic matter and its influence on the satellite‐based characterization of the ocean biosphere
Authors: Siegel D. A. , Maritorena S. , Nelson N. B. , Behrenfeld M. J. , McClain C. R.
Published: October 2005

Satellite ocean color data enable the global assessment of the ocean biosphere through determinations of chlorophyll concentrations. However, ocean color is not a function of chlorophyll alone. We assess differences between two ocean color models with nearly identical validation statistics. The resulting chlorophyll retrievals show systematic differences which are consistent with each model's ability to account for the absorption of light by colored dissolved organic materials. These differences are often large and approach 100% poleward of 40° latitude. We conclude that the discrepancies are due to fundamental differences in model assumptions and their empirical tuning using geographically limited, in situ data. This source of uncertainty is important as the choice of ocean color model alters modeled rates of global net primary production by more than 30%. The ultimate resolution of this issue requires continued improvements in remote sensing algorithms and validation data as well as satellite technology.
Northwest Basin and Range tectonic deformation observed with the Global Positioning System, 1999–2003
Authors: Hammond William C. , Thatcher Wayne
Published: October 2005

We use geodetic velocities obtained with the Global Positioning System (GPS) to quantify tectonic deformation of the northwest Basin and Range province of the western United States. The results are based on GPS data collected in 1999 and 2003 across five new quasi‐linear networks in northern Nevada, northeast California, and southeast Oregon. The velocities show ∼3 mm/yr westward movement of northern Nevada with respect to stable North America. West of longitude 119°W the velocities increase and turn northwest, parallel to Sierra Nevada/Great Valley microplate motion, and similar to velocities previously obtained to the south. The observations are explained by a kinematic model with three domains that rotate around Euler poles in eastern Oregon and western Idaho. Northeast California experiences internal dextral shear deformation (11.2 ± 3.6 nstrain/yr) subparallel to Pacific/North America motion. Relative motions of the domains imply 2–5 mm/yr approximately east‐west extension in northwest Nevada and 1–4 mm/yr approximately north‐south contraction near the California/Oregon border. The northward decreasing approximately east‐west extension in northwest Nevada is consistent with the northern termination of Basin and Range deformation, faulting and characteristic topography. No significant extension is detected in the Oregon Basin and Range. The Oregon Cascade arc moves north at ∼3.5 mm/yr and is possibly influenced by the approximately eastward motion of the Juan de Fuca plate. These results disagree with secular northwest trenchward motion of the Oregon forearc inferred from paleomagnetic rotations. South of latitude 43°, however, trenchward motion exists and is consistent with block rotations, approximately east‐west Basin and Range extension, and northwest Sierra Nevada translation.
Feedback processes between magmatic events and flank movement at Mount Etna (Italy) during the 2002–2003 eruption
Authors: Walter Thomas R. , Acocella Valerio , Neri Marco , Amelung Falk
Published: October 2005

The 2002–2003 Mount Etna eruption and the associated deformation provide a unique possibility to study the relationships between volcanism and volcano instability. The sequence started with movement of the eastern volcano flank and was associated with earthquakes and the formation of surface ruptures. Then the eruption occurred from fissures at the north and south rift zones and was followed by additional flank movement, seismic swarms, and surface ruptures. The overall area of flank movement implicated more than 700 km2. In this paper we investigate how episodes of magmatic events (eruptions and intrusions) and flank movement interact. In three‐dimensional numerical models we simulate the volcano‐tectonic events and calculate changes in the static stress field. The models suggest that the 2002–2003 events are the result of interrelated processes consisting of (1) the preeruptive intrusion of magma and inflation of the volcano, which induced (2) the movement of the volcano east flank, (3) facilitated the eruption, and (4) led to the slip of a much larger part of the eastern and southeastern flanks. Understanding the precise interconnectivity of these processes may help to forecast the behavior during future volcanic crisis at Mount Etna, which is crucial in minimizing volcanic and seismic hazards on the highly populated eastern sector of the volcano.
Subsurface recirculation and larval retention in the lee of a small headland: A variation on the upwelling shadow theme
Authors: Roughan Moninya , Mace Amber J. , Largier John L. , Morgan Steven G. , Fisher Jennifer L. , Carter Melissa L.
Published: October 2005

The interaction of alongshore coastal currents with large headlands has been shown to increase the retention of planktonic organisms through the formation of headland eddies or upwelling shadows in their lee. This study investigates the circulation within Bodega Bay (in the lee of a small headland), in an upwelling region, and the potential for retention of plankton. During the upwelling season of 2004, time series of temperature and velocity were recorded throughout Bodega Bay, conductivity‐temperature‐depth (CTD) surveys were conducted, and surface drifters were released during upwelling, downwelling, and relaxation conditions. Postlarval settlement was monitored daily over two periods coinciding with CTD surveys. Under strong upwelling favorable conditions, wind‐driven surface currents were equatorward both offshore and throughout the bay. However, there was significant current shear along the eastern shore of the bay where cold bottom waters move poleward, counter to the direction of the wind‐driven surface flow. During downwelling and relaxation conditions, flow was poleward throughout the water column along the eastern shore of the bay. Postlarvae settled during all wind conditions, but greatest settlement was observed at the onset of upwelling favorable conditions. While no “typical” upwelling shadow is evident in the lee of the Bodega headland, subsurface recirculation driven by the alongshore flow past Bodega Head may facilitate the retention of plankton in the bay. Previous studies have generally focused on large headlands; however, it is likely that other small embayments in the lee of small headlands may also provide retention opportunities for planktonic organisms in upwelling regions.
New events discovered in the Apollo lunar seismic data
Authors: Bulow R. C. , Johnson C. L. , Shearer P. M.
Published: October 2005

We use modern seismological data processing tools to revisit the Apollo lunar seismic data set with the goal of extending and further characterizing the existing catalog of deep moonquakes. Our studies focus on the long‐period data and include filtering and despiking noisy data, event classification, cluster identification, and robust methods for amplitude estimation. We perform cross‐correlation analyses for known groups of deep events, confirming earlier visual classifications. By combining the cross‐correlation approach with a robust median despiking algorithm, we produce improved differential times and amplitudes, enabling us to construct cleaner stacks. Each event group, represented by a single waveform stack of its constituent members, is cross correlated with the continuous time series. We focus on the A1 cluster because it has more cataloged events than any other cluster and is generally well characterized. Using this approach, we identify additional events that can be associated with previously defined deep clusters. For the deep event group A1 we have found 123 new events, which show phase behavior similar to the 323 previously cataloged events. Our new event search allows us to create optimized event stacks with improved signal to noise from which revised travel time picks (and thus location estimates) can be made. Application of our methods to other deep clusters should form a more complete event catalog and improve our understanding of the spatial and temporal distribution of deep lunar events.
Space Weather: The Physics Behind a Slogan
Authors: Gary Dale E.
Published: October 2005

Lecture Notes in Physics, Vol. 656, K. Scherer, H. Fichtner, B. Heber, U. Mall, Editors; Springer, 300 pp., Hardcover; ISBN: 3‐540‐22907‐8; 2005; $59.95.