bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expanded Normative Data: Southern California Postrotary Nystagmus Test
Authors: Punwar Alice
Published: April 2012

A comparison study was conducted in which 372 subjects, ages 3 through 10 years, were tested by using the Southern California Postrotary Nystagmus Test. The purpose of the study was to determine the generalizability of the original normative data for the test by using a larger sample and an expanded age range of subjects. A comparison of these data from the comparison study with the original normative data showed close agreement. No significant differences in vestibular responsivity were obtained for age, sex, or interaction. Test-retest reliability was comparable to that found for the original normative group. The results of the comparison study were consistent with the original normative data and suggest that they may be applied to subjects from 3 through 10 years of age.
Administrative Patterns in Curriculum-Clinic Interactions
Authors: Snow Teena , Mitchell Marlys M.
Published: April 2012

A questionnaire was sent to directors of occupational therapy curricula and faculty members, to directors of occupational therapy clinics and clinicians, to deans of medical schools, and to hospital administrators in order to determine the professional and administrative relationships between occupational therapy academic programs and clinical programs. Results of the survey, analyzed by groups, indicated that informal relationships were prevalent, whereas other relationships were poorly delineated. Strengths and weaknesses of formal and informal relationships are presented. Finally, a model for interaction is proposed.
Sponsorship: Developing Leaders for Occupational Therapy
Authors: Rogers Joan C.
Published: April 2012

Professional sponsorship is a helping relationship aimed at a career advancement. It includes the hierarchical association between the mentor and protégé, and the collegial associations between peer mentors, among “peer pals,” and in support networks. Sponsors serve as advocates, emotional supporters, and information-givers for those they sponsor. The adoption of sponsorship as a leadership development strategy for occupational therapy is recommended, and illustrations of initiating and using sponsorship are given.
Ecological Systems Model for Occupational Therapy
Authors: Howe Margot C. , Briggs Anne K.
Published: April 2012

This article presents a conceptual model for occupational therapy: the ecological systems model. The developing individual is viewed as an open system interacting with the environment. Both humans and their environment are interconnected, joined in shaping each other. States of health and illness can be seen as reflections of ecological adaptation. Function or dysfunction is evaluated in terms of persons’ effectiveness in achieving their own goals, for their own quality of life, in their interactions in the ecosystem. If performance of necessary tasks and roles is effective in achieving those goals and in harmony with the needs and goals of the external systems, then behavior is functional.
State Licensure for Occupational Therapists
Authors: Davy Jane D. , Peters Mary
Published: April 2012

This is the first in a series of article addressing critical issues facing the profession. Those issues are presented to inform members of their complexity and to provide members with specific actions they can take to support the continued strengthening of the role of occupational therapy in health and education. This article was prepared by Jane D. Davy, OTR, and Mary Peters, M.S., OTR, Government and Legal Affairs Division, The American Occupational Therapy Association, Inc.
Facilitating Attitude Change Toward the Handicapped
Authors: Shortridge Susan Denegan
Published: April 2012

Measurement in the shift of 424 normal children’s perceptions of their handicapped peers was determined following their exposure to structured learning experiences of what it would be like to be handicapped. Attitude development and approaches used for attitude change are described. Significant positive shifts were found in children’s perceptions of their handicapped peers’ play capabilities, intelligence level, and self-concept. Attitudes toward mainstreaming remained unchanged. It is suggested that a viable receptivity exists in normal children’s attitude development. The role of the occupational therapist in facilitating positive attitudes is discussed.
Making Videotapes: An Activity for Hospitalized Adolescents
Authors: Goldstein Neil , Collins Tom
Published: April 2012

An activities specialist, an instructional technologist, and an occupational therapist developed a videotape program for hospitalized adolescents. The goals of the program were to provide clients with an opportunity to use the videotape medium creatively, to promote communication between staff and clients, and to facilitate each client’s mastery of some aspect of the health care experience. The program was initially implemented on a 30-bed adolescent inpatient unit of a pediatric hospital. Later, with little modification, the program was implemented with an outpatient adolescent group of 6 developmentally disabled young male adults whose antisocial behavior had resulted in contact with the penal system.
COTA Issues: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow
Authors: Brooks Bonnie
Published: April 2012

The issue forum continues this month. Bonnie Brooks, M.Ed., OTR, COTA Liaison, and Assistant Director, Division of Education, has developed the issues associated with the relationships between Occupational Therapist, Registered (OTR) and Certified Occupational Therapy Assistant (COTA). It is very important for all of us as members of the AOTA to recognize and support the two professional levels of preparation and practice, and to work together to provide comprehensive occupational therapy services to the clients in need of occupational therapy services within our diverse and complex health delivery system.
Mother-Infant Activities as Providers of Sensory Stimulation
Authors: Day Stephanie
Published: April 2012

A descriptive study was conducted to determine types and amounts of stimulation to five sensory systems of an infant that occurred as a result of everyday mother-infant activities. The infant studied was between 4 and 6 weeks of age. Results demonstrated that, overall, the baby received more tactile stimulation than any other type, followed by proprioceptive, auditory, visual, and vestibular stimulation. When activities were compared on a daily basis, feeding was found to provide the greatest amount of stimulation followed by playing, holding / carrying, bathing and changing. When compared on a per minute basis, playing was found to provide more stimulation than any other activity, followed by holding / carrying, bathing, changing, and feeding. The manner in which the various activities were carried out had a strong influence on the types and amounts of stimulation that resulted. Characteristics of both the infant and the mother appeared to be important influences on the types and amounts of stimulation the infant received. It was concluded that both mother and infant should be considered in planning therapeutic programs.
A Program for Parents of Children with Sensory Integrative Dysfunction
Authors: Friedman Barbara
Published: April 2012

The pilot parent program described in this article is based on literature that suggested greater parental acceptance of a child would help the child make gains in self-esteem. Six parents of children with sensory integrative dysfunction were seen individually for 6 weeks in order to enhance the parents’ understanding of their children’s sensory integrative problems and to discuss ways to help build their child’s self-esteem. Using the Porter Parental Acceptance Scale as a pre- and post- program measure, the results were not significant; however, the parents’ subjective evaluations indicated that the program helped them to increase their understanding of their children’s problems and improved their ability to relate constructively to their children.
Leisure Participation and the Retirement Process
Authors: Broderick Tara , Glazer Belinda
Published: April 2012

The influence of pre-retirement leisure activity patterns on retirement planning and attitudes toward retirement was investigated. Sixty male retirees answered a questionnaire designed to collect data regarding sociodemographic variables, the degree of pre-retirement planning, the type and extent of leisure participation before and after retirement, and attitudes about retirement. The results show that a high degree of pre-retirement leisure participation correlates with a high degree of pre-retirement planning. No statistically significant relationships were demonstrated between pre-retirement planning and retirement attitudes or between pre-retirement leisure participation and retirement attitudes. The influence of specific types of activities on the retirement process was also examined and results are presented.

. . . For us, in occupational therapy, the most fundamental area of research is, and probably always will be, the nature and meaning of activity.(Mary Reilly, 1, p 208)
The Historical Precedents for Quality Assurance in Health Care
Authors: Ostrow Patricia Curran
Published: April 2012

The evolution of quality assurance as an essential component of a scientific, objective approach to health care delivery, and its implications for the profession of occupational therapy are presented. A review is made of the economic, ethical, psychological, and legislative forces that have influenced the development of quality assurance over the past century, a development that has seen times of strong emphasis on quality assurance functions, as well as periods of minimal support and, even, obstacles to any activity.

Quality assurance standards established by both The American Occupational Therapy Association and the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals (JCAH) are discussed. Results of commitment to these standards include improved effectiveness and efficiency of health care, better coverage and reimbursement from third-party payors, and greater professional growth. The need for commitment by occupational therapists to the most effective forms of quality assurance is recommended.
A Clinical Demonstration Program in Quality Assurance
Authors: Shimeld Arlene
Published: April 2012

This paper traces the development of one example of how quality assurance guidelines may be translated into program planning and implementation. An organizational framework is used to provide personnel with the opportunity to develop the skills needed in a quality assurance program. This involves a model that focuses on five key areas of professional practice. A demonstration program is described in relation to the model, and an analysis is made of the way it has facilitated both quality assurance and clinical programs in one occupational therapy department.
The Role of the Occupational Therapist Treatment of Alcoholism
Authors: Lindsay Wanda P.
Published: April 2012

This paper presents brief information on the incidence of alcoholism, its effects on physiological and psychosocial dysfunction, and the disease concept. More detailed information is provided on a treatment program designed to meet the special needs of the alcoholic patient, and the integral role of the occupational therapist in this program is explained. Patients are given support to accept the chronic disease of alcoholism, are taught skills needed to maintain sobriety, have opportunities to begin utilizing resources for sobriety, and are assisted in regaining a sense of self-worth.
An Analysis of Weekly Instructional Input Hours and Student Work Hours in Occupational Therapy Fieldwork
Authors: Chung Young-Iob , Spelbring Lyla M.
Published: April 2012

A detailed analysis was made of individual agency practices, and of averages across agencies, in weekly instructional hours and student work hours attributed to the Level II fieldwork program during one 12-week assignment. The study is based upon data collected on daily log sheets from students and agency staff and related to their activities for instruction and agency work for that period. Questions addressed were related to whether services by affiliating students offset instructional efforts by staff, and whether assignment of experiences was primarily for student education or for agency expediency. It was found that agencies typically incurred large “losses” during the first 3 to 4 weeks of the assignment, while they gained a substantial sum of “benefits” for the remaining 8 to 9 weeks. Further, it was found that large agencies could absorb initial instructional efforts with minimal negative impact, but that smaller agencies often found it necessary to develop student schedules that met agency needs.
Performance Difference between Hands in Children on the Motor Accuracy Test—Revised
Authors: Smith Suzanne M.
Published: April 2012

This study was designed to determine the developmental trends in the difference between right-hand and left-hand skill development in children ages 4 to 9 as measured by the Motor Accuracy Test-Revised (MAC-R). There were 120 right handers (60 males, 60 females), with 20 subjects at each age interval, and 68 left handers (36 males, 32 females), with no less than 8 and no more than 20 subjects at each age interval. Performance was analyzed by sex, age, and handedness for the difference scores between the two hands, and the preferred and nonpreferred hand adjusted scores.

The difference scores were obtained by subtracting the nonpreferred hand scores from the preferred hand scores. Results showed the mean difference between hands for all children to be 6.7 points with a standard deviation of 4.8. This data suggests that a normative range of difference between right-hand and left-hand skill performance on the MAC-R may be from 2 to 11 points.

Left-handed children performed very similarly to right-handed children, supporting the use of right-handed norms for left-handed subjects. No significant differences in sex or handedness were found in the adjusted or difference scores. Comparison of the means and standard deviations of MAC-R normative data with these data showed no consistent significant differences.
Fieldwork Education: The Proving Ground of the Profession
Authors: Presseller Stephanie
Published: April 2012

Fieldwork education is a critical component of our educational programs and assumes a major place in developing professional behaviors in clinicians. This month’s column traces the history of fieldwork education and points out the vital role the practicing clinician plays in the educational preparation of students.
Low Profile Dynamic Splinting of the Injured Hand
Authors: Colditz Judy C.
Published: April 2012

Dynamic splinting is a well-accepted modality in gaining joint motion in the injured hand. Presented is a splinting design system referred to as “low Profile” dynamic splinting whereby high outriggers are avoided. A review of the literature reveals that this technique is based on the original design approach used by Dr. Sterling Bunnell. Described are the basic principles of the low profile design system, with illustrations of the system in specific splints and specific construction details. This splinting system is indicated for a stiff hand that has sustained direct trauma. Hands with a muscle imbalance secondary to a central nervous system or peripheral nerve lesion require a different splinting approach, which is not within the scope of this paper.
Advanced-Level Recognition: A New Credentialing Program
Authors: Gray Madelaine
Published: April 2012

The column for this month presents an overview of AOTA’s proposed program for recognition of OTRs and COTAs who have achieved advanced-level competencies. This program developed as a result of work done by the Commission on Practice and the AOTA Recertification Task Force.
Effectiveness of Cognitive Skill Remediation in Acute Stroke Patients
Authors: Carter Lynn Tondat , Howard Bertram E. , O’Neil William A.
Published: April 2012

The purpose of this study was to determine whether a cognitive skills remediation program could help acute stroke patients regain important thinking skills. Patients in a community hospital stroke program were pre-tested in three skill areas—visual scanning, visual-spatial orientation, and time judgment—and randomly assigned to a treatment (n = 16) or control ( n = 17) group. The treatment group received cognitive skill retraining on a one-to-one basis for 30 minutes per day, 3 days per week, for 3 weeks. The retraining involved the use of paper and pencil tasks, simple cuing procedures, positive reinforcement, and immediate feedback. Although the control group did not receive this treatment, conventional therapies continued for both groups. Patients receiving treatment had overall and separate skill improvement scores that were significantly higher than those for control patients. The implications of this type of treatment program are discussed.
Improving the Utilization of Occupational Therapy: A Quality Assurance Study
Authors: Ostrow Patricia C. , Kuntavanish Anne A.
Published: April 2012

Concerned about the lack of referrals to occupational therapy for patients with activities of daily living (ADL) deficiency, the occupational therapy section of an acutecare community hospital conducted a quality assurance study. Referral standards were established by the occupational therapy department and approved by the medical staff. Initial measurements indicated that 71 percent of patients requiring a referral did not receive it. Since the staff standard for missed referrals was only 15 percent, improvement actions were implemented. After improvements were made in the referral system, missed referrals dropped from 71 to 27 percent, marking an improvement of 44 points. The study produced several other benefits, including better communication among health care providers, improved patient functional assessment, and greater staff commitment to quality assurance activities.
A Critique of the Standardization of the Miller Assessment for Preschoolers
Authors: DeGangi Georgia A.
Published: April 2012

The Miller Assessment for Preschoolers (MAP) is a standardized screening instrument for preschoolers who are at risk for moderate to severe academic problems. A review of the procedures used to standardize the MAP found that it is a well-developed screening instrument that exhibits the qualities of good item discrimination, good test structure and content, good data collection on normal subjects, and good inter-rater and test-retest reliability. The MAP is effective in screening normal children who fall in the lowest 20th percentile. Since the intent of the MAP is to screen preschool children with moderate to severe pre-academic problems, further reliability and validity studies described in this paper need to be conducted before the MAP can be used effectively in screening children with delays. Caution should be used in categorizing normal children as “high risk” or suspect until decision validity studies have been completed.
An Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex Rating Scale
Authors: Parmenter Carolyn L.
Published: April 2012

Although the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR) is commonly used as one clinical assessment when evaluating children with suspected sensory integration deficits, maturational lags, or behavioral dysfunctions, observations are limited on the degree of this reflex in normal children at different age levels. A quantitative rating scale that indicates the degree of integration of the ATNR in normal first and third grade children is presented for purposes of comparison with the “suspect” child. A Procedure for testing this reflex is described using the quadrupedal position, four sequences of lateral head rotation, and a rating scale consisting of four components. Using this ATNR rating scale, scores can be derived that could serve as a guide in determining whether the residual ATNR is comparable to that of normal subjects of the same age.
Assessing the Driving Potential of Cerebral Vascular Accident Patients
Authors: Quigley Faith L. , DeLisa Joel A.
Published: April 2012

In this report, literature pertaining to training the post-cerebral vascular accident (CVA) driving candidate is reviewed; a driver training program is described, with special emphasis on evaluating the CVA candidate; the role of the occupational therapist as a disabled driver training instructor is outlined; information and suggestions for comprehensive evaluation and training of right- and left-CVA driving candidates are presented; and data comparing driver’s training outcomes for right- and left-CVA candidates are provided. Retrospective data of left- and right-CVA driver performance are compared.
Oral Sensorimotor Therapy in the Developmentally Disabled: A Multiple Baseline Study
Authors: Ottenbacher Kenneth , Hicks Judy , Roark Ann , Swinea Judy
Published: April 2012

The efficacy of a program of sensorimotor facilitation procedures to improve oral motor function and feeding behaviors in students with severe developmental delay was explored. Four severely handicapped students were administered the oral habilitation program using a multiple baseline across-subjects design with staggered introduction of the treatment. Graphic analysis and the split middle method of trend estimation revealed that one subject evidenced an increase in weight and improved oral motor evaluation as a result of the intervention. Two other subjects displayed partial improvement. The correlates of treatment effectiveness are briefly discussed and the need for continued investigation is emphasized.
The Performance of Adult Males on the Southern California Figure-Ground Visual Perception Test
Authors: Petersen Paul , Wikoff Richard L.
Published: April 2012

The Southern California Sensory Integration Tests have been developed primarily for the evaluation of children with learning disabilities, yet they have potential for the assessment of adult perceptual dysfunction. In this research the Southern California Figure-Ground Visual Perception Test (FGP) was administered to a sample of 100 adult males and validated through correlation with the Embedded Figures Test (EFT). The results of the investigation found a normal distribution of figure-ground scores in addition to a significant correlation with the EFT. The means, standard deviations, and ranges are presented. Further data on relationship of the FGP to age, socioeconomic status, and educational level are presented, as well as a detailed description of the sample. It is concluded that this test is a satisfactory alternative to the EFT in interdisciplinary research by occupational therapists and, as an instrument, it has some important advantages for assessing figure-ground perception in persons with motor impairment or who are under psychotropic medication.
A Needs Assessment Strategy for Educational Planning
Authors: Bullard Meryl
Published: April 2012

Increasing public concern regarding the quality and cost of health care, present economic conditions, employee expectations for participative management, and increasing awareness of career opportunities have mandated that the occupational therapy manager base education and training needs on objective and validated data. The needs assessment strategy is a technique that can be used to identify training needs, match these needs to organizational goals and resources, and allow for employee participation. Several assessment methods are discussed and a report format is suggested. A report of assessed needs, subsequent training, and positive outcomes resulting from training could be included in the departmental quality assurance report, as well as in the yearly managerial plan. Since using this strategy, the author’s department has been granted a substantial increase in monies for education and training.
A Reaffirmed Philosophy and Practice of Occupational Therapy for the 1980s
Authors: West Wilma L.
Published: April 2012

This paper culled from the occupational therapy literature of the 1978-1983 period statements in support of our philosophical base, in opposition to our treatment modalities, and in examination of the cause and course of our internal professional debate. The futurist literature projecting external trends in economic and sociocultural areas, including medicine and health, was also sampled for evidence that might either sustain or further challenge traditional theory and practice. The conclusion drawn was that our heritage of belief in and use of occupation as both the central organizing theme and mode of professional practice is better suited to future intervention strategies than are borrowed, nontraditional treatment media. Four recommendations for actualizing a more unified theory and practice are proposed.
Occupational Therapy: A Focus for Roles in Practice
Authors: Burke Janice Posatery
Published: April 2012

Occupational therapists have a long-standing familiarity with and commitment to the concept of change. Our professional practice has always had a primary focus on assisting individuals as they adapt to change due to disability and disease. The recent literature on adaptation, stress, and coping presents a picture of how important our professional expertise is in helping people interact effectively in their environments. Now, as we enter a decade of unprecedented technological advances and associated social and economic response, we are finding that we must make significant changes if we are to survive as a profession.

As part of the General Sessions series at the 1983 AOTA Annual Conference, this paper addresses the issues confronting the changing individual in the ’80s by exploring the new and expanding roles for occupational therapists in the near future. Outside influences, including consumer-based health trends, medical and scientific developments, and new patient and client needs, are discussed and analyzed according to their impact on internal professional factors such as leadership, management, and business skills.
Changing Balance: Environment and Individual
Authors: Llorens Lela A.
Published: April 2012

The role of occupational therapy as a process for changing balance from dysfunction to function is discussed in this paper. The individual as the first level environment to be considered for balance in the occupational therapy process is emphasized. The role of purposeful activity as a change determinant and as a valued treatment modality is recognized as a practice factor that needs verification through research in conjunction with systematic study of the occupational therapy process.
The Influence of Curriculum Format on Learning Preference and Learning Style
Authors: Cahill Rosemary , Madigan M. Jeanne
Published: April 2012

Undergraduate occupational therapy students were given the Rezler-French Learning Preference and the Kolb Learning Style Inventories at the introduction of professional course work (pretest) and upon completion of junior year course work and Level 1 fieldwork (posttest) 1 year later. The students’ course work was a guided-study, modified competency-based program that included guided independent study, laboratory work, small group study, and one-to-one tutorials in preference to, but not excluding, the more traditional lecture method. After experiencing different modes of instruction, the students indicated no significant difference in their preferences for ways of learning or in processing information. Implications of these findings for the teaching learning process are discussed.
Home Health Care and the Elderly in the 1980s
Authors: Jackson Barbara N.
Published: April 2012

Because the cost of institutional care for long-term patients has risen, home health has become a more visible and viable alternative to the growing elderly population. This article discusses problems found in the rapid expansion of home health services and presents two alternative health care delivery systems that address these problems: the Medicaid Waiver and the Social/Health Maintenance Organization.
Administrative and Professional Issues for the Occupational Therapist in Home Health Care
Authors: Trossman Patricia B.
Published: April 2012

Administrative and professional issues for the occupational therapist working in home health care include contractual relationships, referral systems, third-party reimbursement, documentation, equipment, and ethics. In this paper, the regulations for third-party reimbursement by Medicare, Medicaid, and Blue Cross for occupational therapy in home health care are explained, including the Medicare definition of homebound status and the requirement that treatment be restorative. The effect of such regulations on occupational therapy treatment planning and documentation of services is discussed. Coverage of frequently ordered equipment by Medicare and Medicaid is explained. Both the issues related to standards of practice, including the length and frequency of occupational therapy treatment sessions, and the expected duration of treatment are discussed. The effect on the professional relationship of treating patients in their own environments is examined. Changes in third-party reimbursement for inpatient care have presented occupational therapists with the challenge of working with acutely ill patients in their homes.
The Cultural Aspects of Home Care Delivery
Authors: Levine Ruth E.
Published: April 2012

This paper uses a patient example to demonstrate the pervasive influence of culture on an individual’s values, goals, interests, roles, habits, and performance. Culture is a filter through which patients determine the direction and degree of their involvement in self-care, work, and leisure activities. Every occupational therapist intervention depends on an exchange of values. The constraints of home care practice accentuate the therapist’s need to create a therapeutic environment that is understood and valued immediately. As a guest in the patient’s home, the home care occupational therapist must quickly incorporate the patient’s needs into the therapeutic program.
Eliminating Barriers to the Disabled
Authors: Colvin Marcia Eppler , Korn Taube Levine
Published: April 2012

Project Open House provides for the removal of architectural barriers in the homes of disabled low and moderate income New York City dwellers. This program was developed as a cooperative effort between United Cerebral Palsy of New York City, Inc., the New York City Mayor’s Office for the Handicapped, and the Department of Housing Preservation and Development. Project Open House operates as follows. An occupational therapist evaluates both structure dwelling and client needs; this information is used as a basis for the prescription of structural modifications and equipment that will allow increased physical accessibility. On completion of the prescribed work, the therapist trains the individual and family in the use of the modifications. Project Open House and Family Support Services are community programs that provide a cost-effective method for improving the quality of life for disabled individuals and their families.
Occupational Therapy’s Challenge: The Caring Relationship
Authors: Devereaux Elizabeth B.
Published: April 2012

Caring brings an order to our lives and relationships that frees our energy to be creative and productive and provides parameters for our daily decisions. The development of a caring relationship between therapist and patient reinforces the wholistic approach of occupational therapy treatment. The capacity to care for others is related to the ability to care for self, and this ability is shaped by all of our life experiences. Caring forms the basic element in the development of a therapeutic relationship and provides the counterbalance: the “high-touch” human response to the introduction of “high tech” in today’s health care environment.
Whither Thou Goest? Report of the AOTA Task Force on OT/PT Issues
Authors: Huss A. Joy
Published: April 2012

The AOTA Task Force on OT/PT Issues has concluded its charge and therefore no longer exists. Its recommendations and the actions of the AOTA Representative Assembly on each recommendation are discussed in this column. Full reports of the Task Force are available from each State Representative.
Functional Test for the Hemiparetic Upper Extremity
Authors: Wilson Dorothy J. , Baker Lucinda L. , Craddock Judith A.
Published: April 2012

A test, called the Functional Test, that evaluates the integrated function of the total upper extremity of an adult hemiparetic patient has been developed. It was used with 82 patients admitted to Rancho Los Amigos Hospital for stroke rehabilitation, together with a battery of six objective test measures. Sequential testing by two examiners demonstrated that the test had interrater reliability. The Functional Test score accounted for 87 percent of the variation in the scores achieved by the patients on the six separate objective measures. This tool integrates the information from these objective assessments and appears to be a valid measure of functional use of the hemiparetic upper extremity. The test can be administered in approximately 30 minutes, can be used in different treatment settings, and provides an accurate and immediate assessment of upper extremity capabilities.
Construct Validation of the St. Marys CVA Evaluation: Perceptual Measures
Authors: Harlowe Diane , Van Deusen Julia
Published: April 2012

This study was conducted to continue the construct validation of the occupational therapy Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA) evaluation used at St. Marys Hospital Medical Center in Madison, Wisconsin. From the previous factor analysis of this battery, a perception factor emerged that is defined by high loadings on measures of body scheme, figure ground, position in space, spacial relations, and stereognosis. From the literature review it was hypothesized that scores on these tests should be related to patient discharge disposition. Results of this study supported the hypothesis, thus providing further evidence of the construct validity of the St. Marys CVA Evaluation Battery.
Preferred Provider Organizations
Authors: Davy Jane D.
Published: April 2012

The 1980s has marked the beginning of a new alternative health care delivery system: the preferred provider organization (PPO). This system has developed from the health maintenance organization model and is predominant in California and Colorado. A PPO is a group of providers, usually hospitals and doctors, who agree to provide health care to subscribers for a negotiated fee that is usually discounted. Preferred provider organizations are subject to peer review and strict use controls in exchange for a consistent volume of patients and speedy turnaround on claims payments. This article describes the factors leading to the development of PPOs and the implications for occupational therapy.
The Effectiveness of Sensory Stimulation for Geropsychiatric Inpatients
Authors: Paire Jane A. , Karney Ronald J.
Published: April 2012

The objectives of this study were (a) to explore the effectiveness of sensory stimulation therapy under controlled conditions, and (b) to ascertain the short-term effectiveness after treatment ceased. Thirty geropsychiatric patients were divided into three treatment condition groups: sensory stimulation, staff attention, and standard hospital treatment. Twenty-seven subjects completed the 12 weeks of treatment and 6 weeks of follow-up. Assessments were made prior to treatment, upon completion of treatment, and six weeks after treatment was completed. The results showed that those subjects who completed the sensory stimulation treatment significantly improved and maintained their improvement in the areas of personal hygiene and interest in group activities relative to the subjects in the other two treatment approaches studied. Discussion focuses on the implications of sensory stimulation for the treatment of elderly psychiatric patients.
Shoulder Pain in Hemiplegia
Authors: Andersen Lori T.
Published: April 2012

Development of a painful shoulder in the hemiplegic patient is a significant and serious problem, because it can limit the patient’s ability to reach his or her maximum functional potential. Several etiologies of shoulder pain have been identified, such as immobilization of the upper extremity, trauma to the joint structures, including brachial plexus injuries, and subluxation of the gleno-humeral joint. A review of the literature explains the basic anatomy and kinesiology of the shoulder complex, the various etiologies of hemiplegic shoulder pain, and the pros and cons of specific treatment techniques. This knowledge is essential for the occupational therapist to evaluate effectively techniques used to treat the patient with hemiplegic shoulder pain. More effective management of this problem will facilitate the patient’s ability to reach his or her maximum functional potential.
Characteristics of Students in Occupational Therapy Educational Programs
Authors: Madigan M. Jeanne
Published: April 2012

This study used data from self-administered questionnaires to compare technical- and professional-level students from four occupational therapy educational programs in Illinois. Examination of the similarities and differences in biographic characteristics indicate that registered occupational therapy and certified occupational therapy assistant students come from different backgrounds. The reasons why students chose their levels of education, and the amount and character of contact with occupational therapy that they had prior to entering the program provide useful information for counselors, recruiters, and designers of informational materials. The students’ intended roles, desired career goals, and work values furnish suggestions for curriculum developers.
Performance and Attitudes of Occupational Therapists Regarding Sexual Habilitation of Pediatric Patients
Authors: Evans Juli
Published: April 2012

A survey of 70 registered occupational therapists was conducted to determine the therapists’ performance of tasks related to the sexual development of disabled children and the therapists’ attitudes toward sexual habilitation issues. The questionnaire used in the survey was developed after a review of the literature on sexuality and disability. Respondents indicated which of the nine tasks listed they performed, which they considered important, and for the performance of which they felt adequately prepared. They also designated individuals who, in their opinion, were best suited for the performance of each task. Results showed a discrepancy between respondents’ positive attitudes toward tasks of sexual habilitation and the low frequency of reported task performances. No single health professional was clearly identified as appropriate for performing any of the tasks, nor were parents so identified. Therapists who had received information on sexual habilitation and rehabilitation performed significantly more of the tasks than did therapists without this educational experience.
High-Level Quadriplegia: An Occupational Therapy Challenge
Authors: Lathem Pamela A. , Gregorio Theresa L. , Garber Susan Lipton
Published: April 2012

Rehabilitation of the C1 to C4 quadriplegic person is a relatively recent phenomenon. Few rehabilitation facilities accept the challenge these patients present. This paper describes a comprehensive occupational therapy program for the C1 to C4 quadriplegic person. It presents the objectives and mechanisms for treating these individuals (e.g., range of motion, strengthening existing musculature, functional activities training, pressure sore prevention, and equipment prescription) and introduces new approaches to increasing function through current therapeutic and engineering technological advances. The quality of life of these patients may well be determined by their exposure to functional activities in occupational therapy.
Growth, Renewal, and Challenge: An Important Era for Occupational Therapy
Authors: Baum Carolyn Manville
Published: April 2012

Occupational therapy is facing some important decisions as it approaches a changing health care system. By understanding the prospective payment system it is possible to promote occupational therapy services to a changing marketplace while avoiding major problems. Specific opportunities and strategies are defined to promote occupational therapy to new markets.
Performance of Japanese and Japanese-American Children on the Motor Accuracy-Revised and Design Copying Tests of the Southern California Sensory Integration Tests
Authors: Saeki Kaeko , Clark Florence A. , Azen Stanley P.
Published: April 2012

This study investigates whether cultural differences affect childrens’ performances on the Design Copying (DC) and Motor Accuracy-Revised (MAC-R) Tests of the Southern California Sensory Integration Tests. The DC and the MAC-R were administered to 98 children who were born in Japan and lived there at least during the first year of life and to 82 children who were of Japanese descent but who were born in America. Average test scores of the Japanese and Japanese-American children were compared with those of the American children, on whom the tests were standardized. Results of the tests requiring right-hand performance revealed that both groups of Japanese-descent children performed better than the standardization group of American children; the Japan-born children performed the best. We base these findings on the influence that culture has on the development of a child.
Occupational Therapy Intervention for Cancer Patients With Metastatic Disease
Authors: Romsaas Ellen P. , Rosa Susan A.
Published: April 2012

Very little information is available on the role of occupational therapy in the care of cancer patients who are being actively treated for metastatic disease. To gain information on occupational therapy assessment and treatment procedures, we reviewed the records of 54 adult inpatients who received occupational therapy services during a hospital admission. We found that assessment focused on independent living skills, sensorimotor components, and therapeutic adaptations. Treatment also focused on these areas but placed heavy emphasis on physical daily living skills, range of motion, assistive/adaptive equipment, and energy conservation. These findings indicate that occupational therapy has a unique role in the physical care of cancer patients with metastatic disease.
Professional Socialization: Implications for Occupational Therapy Education
Authors: Sabari Joyce Shapero
Published: April 2012

This article examines the implications that adult socialization theory can have on occupational therapy education. Sociological literature about professional socialization is reviewed and related to the preparation of occupational therapists. The discussion includes a description of the goals, processes, and participants in professional socialization. Consistency of socializing influences is presented as a critical factor in the formation of strong professional role identities. Finally, the article considers which values and attitudes may be transmitted during the socialization process for occupational therapists and other health professionals.
An Occupational Therapy Approach to Assessing Psychiatric Patients’ Adaptive Functioning
Authors: Oakley Frances , Kielhofner Gary , Barris Roann
Published: April 2012

This study focused on the relative utility of the model of human occupation for occupational therapy assessment of persons having mental disorders. The organizational status of the human system and its relationship to adaptive level of functioning and degree of symptomatology were examined in a sample of 30 adult psychiatric patients. We used a six-test assessment battery developed for this study, which was based on the model of human occupation, to measure the organizational status of the following components of the human system: locus of control, goals, temporal orientation, interests, roles, and skills. Subtests of the American Association on Mental Deficiency (AAMD) Adoptive Behavior Scale and the Modified Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale were used to measure adaptive level functioning and symptomatology, respectively. When we compared organizational status with psychiatric diagnosis and symptomatology, we found organizational status to be the more significant index of adaptive level of functioning.
The Canadian Collar: A New Cervical Spine Orthosis
Authors: Hannah Richard E. , Cottrill Sylvia D.
Published: April 2012

We developed a cervical collar (the Canadian collar) in response to the requirements of occupational therapists who manage arthritis patients. This orthosis overcomes the problems of heat and inadequate support common to many soft collars. The collar is constructed from nylon and polyvinyl chloride tubing, clipped together by nylon junctions, and from chin and breastplate supports of molded nylon rod. Preliminary clinical trials have been conducted on 20 patients, 15 of whom had arthritis. An additional 60 patients with various disabilities have been fitted. The collar has been readily accepted by patients, therapists, orthotists, and physicians.
A Library Skills Program Serving Adults with Mental Retardation: An Interdisciplinary Approach
Authors: Hurff Janith McCready , Poulsen Marie K. , Van Hoven James , Olson Shirley
Published: April 2012

During the past decade, there has been a thrust, both socially and legally, to integrate adults with developmental disabilities, particularly those with mental retardation, into community life. Libraries, which are resources in the community for all citizens, can play a significant role in this integration. This article describes the format and outcome of a California-based library program for mentally retarded adults. It describes the materials developed, gives the contributions made by an interdisciplinary team, and discusses occupational therapy’s role in the implementation of this community program.
Occupational Therapy’s Challenge: Caregiving and Research
Authors: Dunn Winnie
Published: April 2012

This article is based on the closing General Session presentation at the 1984 AOTA Conference in Kansas City, Missouri. The paper addresses the need for clinicians to become committed to research endeavors. The occupational therapy profession must heighten its commitment to the systematic documentation of its principles and the efficacy of its therapeutic approaches. The practicing clinician has the potential to maximize the outcome of these endeavors by contributing current practice knowledge and by participating in research projects themselves. The factors that seem to be having an impact on clinicians are addressed. External factors include social, technological, and economic pressures, and internal factors include lack of knowledge about the research process and the resulting anxieties about approaching a new territory. Acknowledging these factors, a variety of proposals are made to help the clinician make the transition to clinical researcher.
Use of Simulated Work Testing in Cardiac Rehabilitation: A Case Report
Authors: Wilke Nancy A. , Sheldahl Lois M.
Published: April 2012

A significant percentage of patients do not return to work after myocardial infarction or coronary artery bypass surgery for nonmedical reasons. These reasons include unwarranted medical restrictions, patient anxiety concerning ability to meet job demands, apprehensive family members, and fearful employers. A case study is presented to illustrate how occupational therapists can enhance a patient’s work potential by using skills in activity analysis to develop simulated work evaluations. Satisfactory performance on a test that closely simulates work demands can help the physician, patient, family, and employer gain confidence in the patient’s ability to return to work.