bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the so-called Metamorphism of the Trias in the Alps
Authors: Jones O. T.
Published: May 2009

Among a batch of reprints recently received from Professor Lugeon (1946) is one dealing with the above subject; it is of more than local interest as it prompts comparison with certain phenomena in this country.
Overturned Rhythmic Banding in the Huntly Gabbro of Aberdeenshire
Authors: Shackleton R. M.
Published: May 2009

In a recent letter to this journal, Stewart and Wager (1947) record the occurrence of rhythmic banding in the Cuillin gabbro of Skye. Apparently, before this the only described British example of rhythmic, banding was in the Belhelvie Complex of Aberdeenshire (Stewart, 1946). In view of the interest in these structures aroused by Wager and Deer's vivid and illuminating account of the Skaergaard Complex of East Greenland (Wager and Deer, 1939), a preliminary note on a more accessible occurrence where rhythmic banding is very beautifully displayed, in excellent quarry sections, seems desirable. This occurrence is in the Huntly complex of Aberdeenshire.
The Sierra de la Demanda (Burgos, Spain): Note on the Tectonics of the Northern Margin
Authors: Aitken Robert
Published: May 2009

The district to which this note refers lies on the northern front of the Sierra de la Demanda, near the eastern boundary of the province of Burgos (Spain). Here, a narrow strip of Carboniferous and Mesozoic formations, separating the Cambrian (or Silurian) of the Hercynian massif from the Tertiary of the foothills and Basin of Briviesca, has been violently disturbed in Tertiary times. The object of the note is to contribute data for the problem of the tectonics of this disturbed strip.
On Some Recently Described Cretaceous Cheilostomatous Polyzoa
Authors: Brydone R. M.
Published: May 2009

In December, 1936, I received from a Continental fellow-author of works on fossil Polyzoa, especially Cretaceous, a list of certain species described in Part III of “Further Notes on new or imperfectly known Chalk Polyzoa”, with a request that I would state the difference between them and the other species previously described which were linked with them in the list. I replied that I should always be prepared to answer such an inquiry on the understanding that the inquirer accepted as valid any answers which he could not dispute;
A Post-glacial Microfauna from Swansea Docks
Authors: Macfadyen W. A.
Published: May 2009

A number of test bores were sunk for Swansea Corporation in 1931 during the investigation of a site. Some samples were obtained by Professor O. T. Jones, F.R.S., from a line of borings east of Swansea, which trended north-east from the eastern end of King's Dock and Queen's Dock.
Construction of Perspective Drawings from Contoured Maps by means of a Camera Lucida
Authors: Hobson G. D.
Published: May 2009

Several combined link and slide devices have been described, by means of which block diagrams can be constructed from contoured maps (1, 2). Briefly, their mode of use is as follows: (a) On tracing a contour with the tracing point of the mechanical device, the drawing pencil reproduces the contour as its isometric projection, i.e. distances along the supposed line of sight are reduced relative to distances measured at right-angles to this direction, the reduction factor being determined by the angle at which the area is assumed to be viewed. (b) Before drawing the isometric projection of the next lower contour, the sheet of paper on which the diagram is being made is moved relative to the map in a direction depend-ing on the type of device by a distance which depends on the scale of the map, the contour interval, the angle at which the area is viewed, and any factor of vertical scale magnification relative to the horizontal scale which is deemed necessary to bring out the topography (2). Each successive contour is treated in this manner, preferably starting with the highest contour and finishing with the lowest. In drawing the isometric projections of the contours, such parts are omitted as their inter-sections with the higher contour projections show to be obscured by the intervention of high topography between them and the point from which the area is viewed. (c) Finally hill sky-lines are filled in, roads, rivers, etc, are drawn by sketching between the points where they have been marked as crossing contours in dealing with each contour, and such artistic additions are made as will enhance the impression of relief.
The Structure of the Edale, Mam Tor and Castleton Area
Authors: Jones O. T.
Published: May 2009

Edale lies in the valley of the River Noe about 3 miles north-west of Castleton. Near Edale End, about 2½ miles below the village, the Noe turns from a nearly east and west course to a nearly north and south course past Hope to join the River Derwent. In the neighbourhood of Edale the floor and lower flanks of the valley are formed of black shales known as the Edale Shales; they are overlain in succession by the Mam Tor Sandstones, the Shale Grit, the Grindslow Shales, and the coarse Kinder Scout Grits which form the great plateau of the Peak and the precipitous edge of Kinder Scout. North of the Edale valley the Mam Tor Sandstones reappear below the Shale Grit in Ashop Dale and Alport Dale. They occur also to the west of the valley in two narrow inliers just north of the railway in Roych Clough and Moor Clough.
New Lower Ordovician Brachiopods from the Llandeilo-Llangadock District
Authors: Williams Alwyn
Published: May 2009

The following systematic account of new Lower Ordovician Brachiopods has been divided into two sections. Part I includes descriptions of a new species and variety of Resserella, two new Dalmanellas, and two new Horderleyellas, and some notes on the value of B. B. Bancroft's methods of separating Dalmanellid species and genera. In Part II two new species and a new variety of Hesperorthis, Rostricellula, and Sowerbyella respectively are recorded; an investigation of Orthis turgida McCoy shows that forms referred to this species belong either to Corineorthis, two new species of which are described, or Paurorthis.
Classification and Phylogeny of the Tetrapods
Authors: von Huene Baron Friedrich
Published: May 2009

Primary divisions of the lower tetrapods are believed to be expressed in the structure of the vertebrae, which represent an earlier formation embryologically than the skull. On this and other grounds the Urodeles are referred to an isolated group, the Urodelomorpha. Already in the embolomerous forms of the Carboniferous is seen the cleavage into Loxembolomeri (Batrachomorpha) and Anthrembolomeri; from the Anthrembolomeri again are derived the Diadectomorphs (Reptiliomorpha) and the Captorhinomorphs, the latter the ancestors of the Theromorphs (including Mammalia), the Archosauromorphs and the Neosauromorphs. From Triassic times onwards active evolution and the production of new types becomes progressively restricted, with the principal exception of the several Theromorph lines by which it is transmitted to the Mammalia and finally Man.
The Yorkshire Dogger
Authors: Rastall R. H. , Hemingway J. E.
Published: May 2009

The Lias-Oolite junction in Rosedale and Farndale is defined. The underlying Lias is folded into a pre-Oolite complex of shallow Caledonoid folds, wherein are preserved about 55 square miles of Yeoyilian strata in the Cleveland region. The Rosedale East and Sheriff's Pit ironstones, now exhausted, are included on field evidence with the Yeovilian and not the Dogger. They occur in the troughs of two structural basins of limited extent in the fold complex, while other basins hold ironstones of no economic value. It is unlikely that the depositional basin of the Rosedale ironstones extended far beyond the present limits of the dale. Within Rosedale its distribution was materially reduced by erosion from the crests of minor pre-Dogger folds, pebbles now phosphatised derived from the crests occurring in the base of the Dogger.

A three-fold sub-division of the Dogger is recognized. The Glaisdale Oolite is here of little importance; the lenticular Rosedale Sandstone represents sand trapped in the continued down-warping over Rosedale in early Dogger times. The most widely spread rock group, the Blakey Series, includes the important Black Shales at its base. Marked facies variation is recognized in the sandy upper part, which includes the Ajalon facies, the Green Flag facies, etc., which were earlier incorrectly regarded as in chronological succession.

The Rosedale magnetite-oolite is regarded as a sedimentary deposit underlying the Dogger.

The petrography of the several beds of the Lias-Oolite junction is briefly described.
The Later Igneous Rocks of Arvon
Authors: Greenly Edward
Published: May 2009

As in Anglesey, these are numerous, dykes being there more numerous than sills. But petrologically there is far less variety, all but one of them being basic. There are no picrites, no coarse dolerites, no rhyolites, no lamprophyres.
New Species of Calymenidae from Scotland and Ireland
Authors: Lamont Archie
Published: May 2009

Four new species of Calymenidae distinctive of horizons of strati-graphical interest are described. Observations of two pairs of anterior pits in the axial furrows of Platycalymene éire sp. nov. and P. duplicata (Murchison), not corresponding with the first lateral furrows of the glabella, indicate a trisegmental origin of the frontal lobe. A possible correspondence of the trilobite hypostome with chelicerae of Arachnids is propounded.
The Cambrian Rocks of Arvon
Authors: Greenly Edward
Published: May 2009

Some eight or nine tracts are now recognized. At Bangor there are two, and an isolated one at Carnarvon;the rest are in the Tregarth country. On the older one-inch maps, all of this was coloured as Cambrian, but during the “25-inch” survey, the greater part of it had to be transferred to Arvonian, reducing the Cambrian to a group of outliers.
Observations on Upper Silurian Graptolites
Authors: Earp J. R.
Published: May 2009

As a result of a recent controversy not itself directly palaeontological, the graptolite zones of the Ludlow have come in for much implied criticism (e.g. Jones, 1937, p. 280). Unless this criticism is faced, the well-known zonal work of E. M. R. Wood (1900) will sooner or later fall into disrepute, and a considerable volume of stratigraphical work on the Upper Silurian of North Wales will likewise share this fate.
The Ammonite Genus Uhligella in the English Albian
Authors: Casey R.
Published: May 2009

Uhligella is one of the links between the Hoplitidae and their smooth Desmoceratid ancestors, and occurs typically in the Albian of the Mediterranean Province. Two new species of Uhligella found in the Middle Albian of Folkestone provide the first record of the genus in England. Description of the Folkestone specimens is preceded by a discussion of the genus, its circumscription, taxonomy, and systematic position.
The Lizard-Start Problem
Authors: Scrivenor J. B.
Published: May 2009

Two questions are discussed: what is the nature of the boundary between the Devonian rocks of the Meneage and of the Start area on the one hand, and the mica- and green schists to the south of them on the other; and are the latter also Devonian or older than Devonian ? The author gives his views on the boundary in both cases, and concludes that the mica- and green schists in both are of Devonian age.
On the Occurrence of Hessle Boulder Clay at Happisburgh, Norfolk, containing a Flint Core
Authors: Baden-Powell D. F. W. , Reid Moir J.
Published: May 2009

During field work in 1938 and 1939 some new facts were discovered about the extent of the Hessle Boulder Clay in Northern Norfolk;also a flint core was found in this deposit in the coast section near Happisburgh. As this boulder clay has not been generally recognized so far south-east as Happisburgh, its main characteristics and known geographical extent in the district will be described.
Deformation of Graptolites and Sandstones in Slates from Victoria, Australia
Authors: Hills E. S. , Thomas D. E.
Published: May 2009

The deformation of fossils in slates has been studied by many investigators, generally with a view to obtaining data on the strain to which the enclosing rock has been subjected. In the examples previously dealt with it has been necessary to assume an arbitrary length for one of the three principal axes of strain, since the absolute dimensions of the fossils before deformation were unknown. With graptolites, however, the spacing of thecae is a specific characteristic, and, since under favourable circumstances the species of a deformed specimen may be determined by a palaeontologist familiar with the graptolite faunas of a district, comparison of the thecal spacing with that normally characteristic of the species can give a measure of the deformation in absolute units. In some instances generic determination may be sufficient for the purpose. Furthermore, since graptolite rhabdosomes are delicate structures it is reasonable to assume that the amount of deformation they indicate closely approximates to that for the rock matrix as a whole, whereas it is doubtful if such an assumption can be made with more massive fossils. Unfortunately, however, graptolites are so thin that they afford practically only a two-dimensional picture, although it is possible to obtain some data from cross-sections.
Stream Trough Experiments and Terrace Formation
Authors: Lewis W. V.
Published: May 2009

Experiments in the stream trough of the Physiographical Laboratory (1) of the Department of Geography at Cambridge had proceeded far enough, before the laboratory was closed for the remainder of the war, for some of the results to be described. These initial experiments were planned so as to isolate for study certain factors in stream action, such as the influence of load on gradient. When possible the behaviour of the little model streams was compared with that of full scale streams and rivers. This comparison seemed to throw some light on the development of certain features associated with flood plains, in particular, river terraces formed without change of sea-level.
The Ammonite Zones of the Lias
Authors: Spath L. F.
Published: May 2009

The increasing diversity of interpretation of the Jurassic Record is proving very troublesome to teachers and students alike. “To-day, hardly a subdivision of the Jurassic is free of controversy as to its exact scope and nomenclature,” wrote S. W. Muller in a recent laudable attempt to reconcile the differing opinions. More is involved, however, than a mere reconciliation of conflicting views. Our knowledge of the Jurassic Record is as yet far less complete than many geologists realize. For while some of the subdivisions of Jurassic time are in general use by all stratigraphers and have stood the test of time, others are in dispute because they are still based on too local and often defective material, or on too incomplete information; a number remain as much surmises as when they were originally introduced. Any scheme put forward at the present day cannot thus be regarded as the final word in the subdivision of the Jurassic, but merely as a contribution towards an ultimate, ideal, “Standard.”
New British Carboniferous Crinoids
Authors: Wright James
Published: May 2009

Most of the specimens described herein have been in my collection for a long time, but lack of opportunity has prevented their being dealt with until now. Several species still require to be worked out and it is hoped to describe them later. Recently my friend, Mr. Stanley Westhead, of Clitheroe, allowed me the privilege of seeing certain specimens he had collected at Coplow Knoll, and one of these, a new Platycrinus, is described here. Some of the species, especially the Poteriocrinids, are assigned to genera whose validity at present is a matter of doubt. In recent years, American workers have made many changes in the nomenclature of the older Carboniferous genera, restricting some and giving new names to others and under the present disturbed conditions it has not been possible to see all these works some of which have a special bearing on the subject. Lack of reference to the majority of these must therefore be expected. In this connection I wish here to thank Mr. Harrell L. Strimple, of Bartlesville, Oklahoma, for much information and for copies of his papers up to date, as well as for other kindnesses. I have also to thank Dr. A. C. Stephen, of the Royal Scottish Museum, for ready access to specimens under his charge and the authorities of the Museum for permission to figure the specimen shown on PI. XI, figs. 5–8. Thanks are also due to Mr. Tot Lord, of Settle, Yorkshire, for the loan of the specimen shown on PI. IX, figs. 7–9.
Solution Etching of Detrital Staurolite
Authors: Bond Geoffrey
Published: May 2009

Attention has recently been directed, particularly by the writings of Boswell (1942) and Smithson (1941, 1942), to the instability of detrital minerals. In nearly all cases where etching of mineral grains has been described the rocks have been deposited under water, as members of a continuously sedimentary series.
A Suggested Origin of Continental Slopes and of Submarine Canyons
Authors: Emery K. O.
Published: May 2009

Thrusting along a shear plane at the continental margins may result in a temporary up-bulging of the margins above sea-level. During the time of exposure erosion by streams should have incised canyons which now, after isostatic readjustment of the margins, constitute the widely distributed submarine canyons. Known downwarped peneplains below the surface of continental shelves may have been developed on the bulged margins by long continued erosion. The margins may, thus, have served as- sources of some sediments now found on land and believed to have been derived from a seaward direction.
The Goniatite Zones of the Namurian
Authors: Hudson R. G. S.
Published: May 2009

Recent work, both published and unpublished, has considerably increased our knowledge of the goniatite succession in the Namurian of western Europe and the various zones and subzones can now be defined more precisely than hitherto. The major divisions of the Namurian of most value are the former “genus zones” each now raised to the status of an age. Names for these divisions were instituted by Bisat (1928), and were redefined by Hudson and Cotton (1943). The various zones and subzones into which the stages are divided are shown on page 2. The zones differ little from those of previous authors: an attempt has been made to give them equal value and, where possible, the zonal indices in any one stage are of the same genus, thus helping to avoid the confusion caused by the choice as zonal indices of forms of different faunal phase. Neither zonal or subzonal indices are constant in their range in their respective divisions—many of them are confined to a faunal band within the subzone, a few extend into a neighbouring division. The following brief notes are based mainly on the faunal succession of the north of England. The published details of the goniatite faunas in Belgium, Holland, Westphalia, and to a certain extent in Silesia show that the succession there is the same. Comparable forms occur elsewhere as in the Pyrenees, North Africa, Novaya Zemlya, Donetz Basin, Indo-China, Siberia, and U.S.A. The boundaries of the Namurian are those decided on at the Heerlen Congress on Carboniferous Stratigraphy (Jongmans and Gothan, 1937).
The Mineralogy of a Neolithic Terrace at Tura, Egypt
Authors: Shukri N. M.
Published: May 2009

Professor M. Amer, Vice-Rector of the Farouk I University, kindly introduced the writer to the interesting Neolithic site at Maadi (1, 4, and 5) and to similar deposits situated further to the south at Tura. The following note records the minerals present in the southern formation, which proved to be derived from the same sources as those contributing material to the recent Nile deposits at its present bank east of Tura. The investigation showed also that the relative amounts of suspended matter carried by various tributaries of ancient rivers could be determined by examining the relative abundance of the heavy minerals along their courses.
Pleistocene Events in the Baringo Basin, Kenya Colony
Authors: Fuchs V. E.
Published: May 2009

A study of the succession within the Lake Baringo Basin shows that the lake deposits originally described as Miocene by J. W. Gregory are of Middle Pleistocene age. In addition an examination of the relation between these deposits, the volcanic episodes and the periods of faulting, shows that climatic change has not been the major factor responsible for past fluctuations of the lake level.
The Diorites and Associated Rocks of the Glen Tilt Complex, Perthshire. II. Diorites and Appinites
Authors: Deer W. A.
Published: May 2009

The south-eastern margin of the Glen Tilt mass consists of a series of diorites showing a considerable variation in mineralogical and chemical composition. Associated with, and enclosed within, the diorites are a number of small masses of coarser hornblende-felspar rocks which are described as appinites. There is an absence of sharp contacts between the various rock types of the complex and a hybrid origin is suggested to account for the mineralogical assemblage of the appinites.
Micropalaeontological Research in European Upper Carboniferous Stratigraphy
Authors: Bartenstein Helmut
Published: May 2009

A synopsis is given of the most recent developments from micropalaeontological research on the coal-bearing Upper Carboniferous (Namurian C—Westphalian C) of Westphalia. The hope is expressed that a wider use of the technique of breaking down the mudstones into mud and isolating the fossils will, in conjunction with the important palaeontological results obtained in the English coal-basins, facilitate correlation between the Upper Carboniferous (Westphalian A to C) of England and Germany; also that the same technique will enable deep borings to be correlated in greater detail.
New Trilobites from Girvan
Authors: Begg James L.
Published: May 2009

Five new trilobites from the Girvan district are recorded and described. A new Proetus is remarkable for the great width of the anterior shield, the squat glabella, and the great length of the genal spines. Another small proetid is referred to Kegel's subgenus Cyphoproetus. The genus Asaphus is rare in the Girvan district, and beyond a thorax and an incomplete anterior shield from the Drummuck Group of Lady Burn (Ashgillian) the only record appears to be of three species of Asaphus (Isotelus) from the Balclatchie Group. Recently three pygidia of Asaphus, which may be referrable to Raymond's doubtful genus Homotelus, have been found in the Orthis confinis beds at Minuntion, Barr Series (Caradoc) The most interesting find is probably a new species of the hitherto monospecific genus Teratorhynchus.
The First National Geological Survey
Authors: Eyles V. A.
Published: May 2009

In France a National Geological Survey was planned in 1822 by the Corps Royal des Mines, a government institution, in association with its subsidiary, the Ecole des Mines. The first objective was a rapid Survey of the whole of France, with the intention of preparing a general Geological Map of the country, to be followed by a more detailed Survey, based on the Départements. Field work for the general map commenced in 1825, and was completed in 1835 and a Geological Map of the whole of France, on a scale of approximately 8 miles to the inch was published by the Ministry of Public Works in 1841. The project was carried out entirely under the direction of the Ministry, at public expense. As a National Survey it thus preceded that of Great Britain, established in 1835, by some ten years.
Occurrence of Nepheline-Monzonite and Allied Types in the Cape Verde Archipelago
Authors: Part Gerald M.
Published: May 2009

An account is given of nepheline-monzonites and essexites from S. Vicente and S. Tiago in the Cape Verde Archipelago.
The Genus Gigantella Sarycheva
Authors: Prentice J. E.
Published: May 2009

The generic name Gigantoproductus nom. nov. is proposed to replace Gigantella Sarycheva, pre-occupied. The status of Kansuella Chao is discussed, and it is suggested that this be retained for the kansuensis group only.
A Replacement “Pegmatite” Vein in the Cam Brea Granite
Authors: Webb J. Stuart
Published: May 2009

Secondary silicification of country rock is commonly observed in many geological environments, and it is generally considered that this metasomatism was effected by hydrothermal siliceous solutions permeating the host rock. Silicification may be localized in comparatively narrow zones alongside the channelway used by the solutions, or it may result in a regional alteration of a large mass of rock. The former type of occurrence is commonly observed alongside veins of presumed hydro-thermal origin (1, 2) whilst the latter is sometimes seen in rocks, e.g. silicified limestones (1, 3) with no evidence of a path followed by the solutions. In such cases a mechanism of sub-capillary soaking must be assumed; the solutions may act selectively by favouring certain bands or types of rock.
The Geology of the Foyers “Granite” and the Surrounding Country
Authors: Pochin Mould Daphne D. C.
Published: May 2009

The district of Strath Errick and Foyers, with which the investigation recorded here is concerned, occupies about 70 square miles southeast of Loch Ness, in Inverness-shire. The ground rises steeply from the loch to form a bordering ridge, beyond which it slopes more gently to Strath Errick. Further to the south-east, the hills rise to a height of 2,560 ft. in Beinn Bhuraich. The country is chiefly moor and hill grassland, with numerous exposures of rock; fairly extensive areas are under arable cultivation in Strath Errick. The district is drained by the Rivers Fechlin and Farigaig, both of which enter Loch Ness through deep gorges (Text-fig. 3).
Sapphirine from Dangin, Western Australia
Authors: Prider Rex T.
Published: May 2009

While examining some vermiculite deposits at Dangin in 1940, on behalf of Messrs. Brisbane Wunderlich Co., Ltd., some rather friable gneissic to schistose rocks associated with one of the vermiculite occurrences were seen to contain an appreciable amount of a pale bluish mineral which from its optical properties was determined as sapphirine. As this was the first record of sapphirine from Western Australia, the mineral was separated and later chemically analysed at the Government Chemical Laboratory. Descriptions of the occurrence, characteristics, and genesis of this sapphirine and the associated rocks are set out in this paper.
A New Jurassic Outcrop in the Jordan Valley
Authors: Avnimelech M.
Published: May 2009

Nearly twenty years ago L. R. Cox published (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1925, p. 169) an account of “Bajocian-Bathonian outcrop in the Jordan Valley and its Molluscan Remains”, which was then, according to the author, “the first authentic record of Jurassic rocks in the Jordan Valley region, or anywhere between Northern Sinai and Mount Hermon, in Syria.” Miss Helen Muir-Wood in the same issue analysed the Brachiopod fauna of these rocks.
Heavy Minerals in the Irwin River Coal Measures, Western Australia
Authors: Carroll Dorothy
Published: May 2009

The area covered by Permian formations in the vicinity of Irwin River, Western Australia (see Text-fig. 1) has been visited many times by members of the Department of Geology, University of Western Australia, with parties of students for field instruction in mapping. In 1939 the author collected a suite of specimens from the principal beds of the Coal Measure Series for heavy mineral investigations, the results of which are recorded in this paper.
The Illaenid Pygidium
Authors: Begg J. L.
Published: May 2009

With the removal of certain genera the Illaenidae has become a very homogeneous family. Attempts have been made to group genera into subfamilies, the most important of which was that made by Salter in 1867, but these efforts have not met with general approval. Thus Warburg (1925, pp. 97–100) has given a recent summary of the Illaenid classification and discussed the previous literature, and this author endorses the opinion expressed by Raymond in 1916, “that it is still too early to make any natural classification.” Whittard (1938, p. 89) follows Holm and Warburg and meantime would only admit Illaenus and Bumastus as valid genera and suggests that Salter’s genus Ectillaenus might be retained for species of Illaenids in which visual organs were either absent or vestigial.
Generations in a Fossil Community
Authors: MacLennan Rhona M.
Published: May 2009

In the Central Coalfield of Scotland Carbonicolapseudorobusta Trueman occurs at several horizons in the ovalis zone of the Coal Measures. During a statistical investigation l of this species two of the most important horizons examined were the roof of the Shotts Gas Coal, and the mussel band above the Upper Drumgray Coal (Weir and Leitch, 1936, p. 704). The Upper Drumgray horizon marks the top of the zone and the Shotts Gas Coal lies about 100 feet below. The roof of the latter, about 4 inches thick, is a tough highly carbonaceous shale in which specimens of Carbonicola, while not numerous, are well preserved in solid form. The Upper Drumgray mussel band is composed of about 9 inches of black shale containing crushed shells in great abundance. Over 300 specimens were collected from each horizon, mostly from the tip heaps of collieries. In the case of the Shotts Gas horizon the fossils were obtained from three collieries which lie within an east-west rectangle two miles long by half a mile wide.
The Gardiner River Rhyolite-Basalt Complex
Authors: Hawkes L.
Published: May 2009

These papers on a puzzling complex of igneous rocks are of special interest. The question is: Has there been a remarkably thorough-going metasomatism of basalt, or none at all? If the complex is extraordinary the conflicting hypotheses advanced to account for it are hardly less so, for we are invited to credit lavas with hitherto unimagined potentialities and behaviour.
A Deep Boring at North Creake, Norfolk
Authors: Kent P. E.
Published: May 2009

1. The North Creake boring shows the Chalk up to the Coranguinum zone to be appreciably thicker than at the nearest outcrops. The Chalk rests upon fine-grained Upper Greensand (possibly Albian) which is developed in addition to the normal Red Chalk.

2. The “Lower Greensand” is developed much as at outcrop, but the Sandringham Sands are thickened by one-third. There is a strong indication of a stratigraphical break in the middle of the Carstone, which may mark the boundary between the Aptian and Albian stages.

3. The Kimeridge, Corallian (Ampthill), and Oxford Clays are developed as in the King's Lynn district, and (in contrast to Southerey) normal Kellaways Beds rest on Cornbrash.

4. The upper part of the Great Oolite Series is in Blisworth Clay facies. The “Limestone” is raggy and non-oolitic.

5. The Great Oolite rests directly on bituminous shales which are believed to be of early Upper Lias date. The Middle and Lower Lias are well developed, but the latter is attenuated as a whole. There is a possible representative of the Lower Rhaetic.

6. The Trias is represented by varicoloured marls (Keuper) upon pale grey sandstone (probably Bunter). The latter rests directly on pre-Cambrian rocks comparable with tuffs and agglomerates of Chamwood.
Revival of Major Faulting in New Zealand
Authors: Cotton C. A.
Published: May 2009

Among the many faults in the Marlborough district of the South Island of New Zealand four, the Wairau, Awatere, Clarence, and Kaikoura faults, are of the first importance as boundaries between great elongated tectonic blocks that determine the high mountain ranges of this north-eastern corner of the South Island and the basins, or valleys, that guide the principal rivers draining it (Text-fig. 1). Modification of these major landscape features by erosion has proceeded very far, continuing, apparently, for a long time after the differential earth movements that initiated them had come to an end; but quite recently there has been a general renewal of movement on the ancient lines of dislocation, in some important cases with reversal of the sense of the earlier displacement.
Some Superficial Structures in the Cornbrash of Northamptonshire
Authors: Prentice J. E. , Sabine P. A.
Published: May 2009

The area to which this paper refers comprises that part of north Northamptonshire and Huntingdonshire lying to the east of the River Nene, not far from Oundle, 10 miles W.S.W. of Peterborough. It lies immediately east of the Northampton Ironstone Field, and is largely included in New Series, Sheet 171, and the adjacent parts of Sheets 157, 158, and 172 of the Geological Survey. The area was originally surveyed on the 1-inch scale by Judd (1875), and maps and memoirs published in 1872–6. Apart from the description of certain sections, notably by Beeby Thompson (1928, 1930) and Douglas and Arkell (1932), no subsequent work was done in this area until the Geological Survey commenced the primary 6-inch survey in 1939. During the progress of this work Survey Officers observed many structures which, by their relation to topography, were deduced to be of superficial origin. Hollingworth, Taylor, and Kellaway (1944, 1946) have given us a key to the interpretation of many puzzling features of structure and topography in the Jurassic scarplands, and it is their pioneer work which has made the present paper possible. In the area east of the Nene many of the types of structure described by those authors can be observed; there are, in addition, other structures which appear to be of similar origin, and which it is now desired to place on record.
An Olivine-basalt from Bibundi, British Cameroons, West Africa
Authors: Part Gerald M.
Published: May 2009

The Geology Department of Reading University recently received four specimens of lava of the 1922 eruption at Bibundi, British Cameroons, collected in 1945 by Mr. E. D. Bumpus, a former student of the University, now of the Nigerian Agricultural Service.
The Broadlaw “Granite”
Authors: Mould D. D. C. Pochin
Published: May 2009

The Broadlaw “Granite” is one of the small granitic intrusions of Caledonian age found in the eastern part of the Southern Uplands of Scotland. It is situated on the north-west flank of Broadlaw in the Moorfoot Hills, three miles south-west of Middleton House.
Major Clues in the Tectonic History of the Malverns
Authors: Falcon N. L.
Published: May 2009

During recent work for the D'Arcy Exploration Co. the writer found it necessary to attempt to understand the structural history of the Malvern Range. The widespread conception of violent “Armorican” earth movements, almost simultaneously acting in directions at right angles to each other in a relatively small area, did not appear satisfactory. No important tectonic contribution to Malvern literature has appeared since Groom's work published in 1899 and 1900, conveniently summarized in Geology in the Field in 1910. Text books either ignore the problems completely and generalize strangely,2 or say practically nothing about them.3 To separate fact from later theory it was necessary to go back to the original surveys. As a result the writer finds himself unable to accept Groom's conclusion on the age of the movements causing the overturning, and in places imbrication, of the Silurian and Lower Old Red Sandstone rocks on the west side of the range. He is also strongly of the opinion that the evidence for the great Malvern Fault, separating the Trias from the older rocks on the east side of the range, has been much overplayed.
Facies Change and Lithological Variation in the Permocarboniferous Formation of North-West Pahang and South-West Kelantan, Malaya
Authors: Richardson J. A.
Published: May 2009

Facies change and lithological variation traceable in the outcrop of the Permocarboniferous rocks exposed over portions of some 1,400 square miles of jungle country in north-west Pahang and south-west Kelantan are outlined in this paper. The area, some 70 miles N.–S. and 10 to 25 miles E.–W., is bounded by the 101° 45′ E. meridian in the west and by the Gunong Tahan and Gunong Benom Ranges in the east (Text-fig. 1A). The territory described lies mostly in Ulu Pahang of which a reconnaissance map, scale 8 miles to an inch, and a memoir have been published by Scrivenor (1911). Between 1937 and 1941 the 1,200 square miles lying between meridians 101° 45′E. and 102° 00′E. have been mapped partly on the scale of 1½ inches and partly 2 inches to a mile. The geology of the southernmost 300 square miles (Sheet 3 B/4, Raub) has been described by Willbourn (A.R., 1933–34) and the writer (1939); interim reports on the 300 miles (Sheets 2 N/16, Benta, and 2 O/13, Lipis) immediately north have been published by Service (A.R., 1938–1940), and of the northern 600 square miles (Sheets 2 N/12, Chegar Perah, and 2 N/8, Merapoh) by the writer (A.R., 1937–1940; 1946).
The Relation of Volcanicity and Orogeny to Climatic Change
Authors: Fuchs V. E. , Paterson T. T.
Published: May 2009

The purpose of this communication is to draw attention to the possible effect of vast and synchronous volcanic eruptions and associated earth-movement, not only on local but on world climate. It is divided into two parts, the first dealing with the volcanic aspect and its particular relation to climatic changes in East Africa, and the second discussing the wider significance of the proposition and the possibly greater effect of orogenic movements on world climate when associated with volcanic episodes.
Notes on some Permian Rugose Corals from Timor
Authors: Wang H. C.
Published: May 2009

The Permian corals of Timor are of particular value on account of their excellent state of preservation which permits of close study of the skeletal structures. The works of Gerth, Koker, and Schindewolf have added much to our knowledge in this respect. In the course of my investigation on the rugose corals as a whole, I have studied a part of the Timor material in the British Museum (Natural History), upon which this present article is based, and I am grateful to the Keeper of the Department of Geology, and to Dr. H. D. Thomas for the loan of specimens, and for the privilege of cutting them in the Museum. Dr. O. M. B. Bulman and Dr. Thomas both kindly read the manuscript. To Professor W. B. R. King and Mr. A. G. Brighton I am indebted for facilities for study in the Sedgwick Museum.
The Geology of the Aru Islands
Authors: Gregory J. W. , Cox L. R. , Currie Ethel D.
Published: May 2009

The Aru Archipelago consists of a group of some eighty low islands which rise from the shallow sea between western New Guinea and Australia. They have been interpreted by Wichmann (1887, pp. 120–1) as the south-eastern members of an arc, to which he assigned also the Sula, Obi, and Misool Islands, and part of the south-western coast of New Guinea. This arc he regarded as the easternmost of three arcs at the eastern end of the Banda Sea. This view has been adopted, amongst others, by Koto (1899, p. 97, pl. i). The Aru Islands consist, according to the account in Verbeek's “Molukken Verslag” (1908, pp. 9, 464–5, fig. 420), of an almost horizontal limestone plateau, which has been broken by uplift into more than eighty pieces.
Plant Migration across the Millstone Grit.
Authors: Bailey E. B.
Published: May 2009

There is one marked difference in the descriptions of the Carboniferous floral succession that have been furnished by Kidston and Potonié. Kidston emphasizes the existence of an abrupt change of flora at some point within the British Millstone Grit; while Potonié claims that he can demonstrate floral continuity right across the corresponding position in Upper Silesia (U.S. of Fig. 1, p. 58). Recent work by Renier seems to show that Potonié's results apply also in Belgium.
Decapod Crustaceans (Callianassa) from the Scotland Beds of Barbados
Authors: Withers Thomas H.
Published: May 2009

The Scotland Beds of Barbados have been considered as a rule to be very unfossiliferous, but Mr. A. Menzies, Geologist to the Union Oil Company, has traced at various places a thin conglomeratic band which contains fossils.
The Larger Foraminifera of the Upper Ranikot Series (Lower Eocene) of Sind, India
Authors: Nuttall W. L. F.
Published: May 2009

The following article includes a description of the larger Foraminifera of the Upper Ranikot Series of Sind in Western India. The specimens examined consist of a collection made by Mr. D. Dale Condit and by myself in the winter of 1923, as well as material kindly loaned by the Indian Geological Survey. I wish to thank the directors of the Whitehall Petroleum Corporation for permitting me to make use of the specimens collected during a geological reconnaissance undertaken on their behalf. Of the specimens figured those loaned by the Survey have been returned to Calcutta, and the remainder placed in the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge.
Note on the Relation of the Upper and Lower Old Red Sandstone of Gower
Authors: Williams Daisy M.
Published: May 2009

The Old Red Sandstone occurs in Gower in several inliers which form hills rising above the undulating plateau of Carboniferous Limestone. The chief are Cefn-y-bryn (548 feet) in mid-Gower, Llanmadog Hill (609 feet), the westerly extension of Cefn-y-bryn in north-west Gower, and Rhosilli Down (633 feet) in the extreme west of Gower.
Different Explanations of the Bilateral Symmetry in the Rugose Corals
Authors: Yakowlev N. N.
Published: May 2009

In the bilateral symmetry of the Rugose corals it is the general form of the polyparium, presenting a cone bent in the form of an oxen horn, that strikes at once the observer's eye and obliges him to seek for an explanation.
On River Sand from the Ure and the Ouse above York
Authors: Melmore Sidney
Published: May 2009

The sand described in the following notes was dredged from the mid-channel of the river at the following places:—Swale Nab, Dunsforth, Aldwark Bridge, below Linton Lock, and Beningbrough. Two samples were also obtained from the Nidd at points 100 and 200 yards respectively from its confluence with the Ouse. For comparative purposes sand from the banks and alluvial flat of the Swale above Ainderby Steeple is likewise included.
Contributions to the Theory of Magmatic Cycles
Authors: Holmes Arthur
Published: May 2009

It is quite clear that Professor Joly's presentation of his theory of basaltic cycles is, taken alone, far too simple to match the complex details of geological history. In a former paper I attempted to extend the principles he has so persuasively advocated, by adding the conception of a peridotite cycle of longer period, and I was careful to point out that even this extension led to no more than a rough approximation to the actual realities of the earth's behaviour. As soon as details are considered, the pursuit of the subject leads its explorer into a maze of difficulties, because of the many interfering factors that must also be taken into account. Nevertheless, a broad survey of the earth's history suggests that Joly has surmised what is so far the only kind of process that even begins to correspond with the dominant facts. And that, without any qualification, is a very great achievement.
The Nomenclature of the Spilitic Suite. Part II: The Problem of the Spilites
Authors: Wells A. K.
Published: May 2009

Although spilite as a rock name has been in use for nearly a hundred years, there are few rocks, probably none of equal importance, so incompletely understood. Introduced in 1827 by Brongniart, “spilite” was first used officially in this country by Flett when describing the pillow-lavas of South Devon (Plymouth and Liskeard Memoir, 1907), and has now completely replaced the indefinite terms “greenstone” and “epidiorite”, by which these lavas were formerly known. It is only quite recently that the importance of spilite has been properly appreciated. The progress of research has shown that at several different geological periods lavas of spilitic type have been almost completely dominant in Britain. Typical spilites and keratophyres were extruded in Pre-Cambrian times over a very extensive area, remnants of the flows being preserved in Argyllshire (Tayvallich and Loch Awe), and in Anglesey, localities which must have been far removed from one another at that time. Throughout Ordovician times the basic lavas were almost without exception spilites or closely allied types. The best known examples of spilites in Britain are those occurring abundantly in the Devonian and lower part of the Carboniferous rocks of South-West England, so ably described by Dewey and Flett, to whom most of our knowledge of these rocks is due. To deny the important rôle of spilite in the history of igneous activity in this country is no mere difference of opinion, but a denial of fact. Yet there are many who, with the American geologists, deny not only the importance, but; even the existences of the rock. The other extreme of opinion is found in those who see in the spilitic rocks a series whose petrogenesis presents problems of more than usual interest and which they have elevated to occupy a position comparable in importance with the better known calcic and alkalic suites.
Paragenesis of the Minerals of the Three Component System MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 in Thermal Metamorphism
Authors: Tilley C. E.
Published: May 2009

The system magnesia-alumina-silica is one of great importance in petrology, and the paragenesis of its constituent minerals must be a subject of study in any enquiry into the thermal metamorphism of rocks which have these three components as important constituents. Such rocks include particularly those of argillaceous type, magnesian-carbonate sediments, and bauxitic rocks.
The Teschenite Sill of Charlestown, Fife
Authors: Walker Frederick
Published: May 2009

Almost all the more important teschenitic intrusions of the Edinburgh district have been examined in some detail at one time or another, but the large sill situated between Dunfermline and Charlestown is a notable exception. In the course of an investigation last autumn, the writer found, however, that, while the normal rock is not specially noteworthy, its segregations present some interesting features, particularly in view of a recent publication by Dr. G. W. Tyrrell dealing with the age and classification of the analcitic intrusions of Central Scotland.
The Shimbar Valley Landslip Dam, Bakhtiari Country, South Persia
Authors: Busk H. G.
Published: May 2009

Travellers in Persia rarely diverge far from the beaten track between town and town, and there are areas in the South Persian mountains, hundreds of square miles in extent, in which there is no record of penetration by Europeans. Needless to say, such unexplored regions are frequently treasure houses of geological interest of sometimes the rarest and least expected kind.
Magmatic Activity and Mountain Folding in the Andes of South Mendoza
Authors: Backlund Helge G.
Published: May 2009

In a series of memoirs by Burckhardt (1), Groeber (2), and Gerth (3), the stratigraphical sequence and structure of the Cordillera of South Mendoza has been lucidly described. On the basis of these memoirs, of my own field observations (12), and of the study of the large collection of rocks made by Dr. Gerth, I shall attempt in this paper to give a picture of the magmatic evolution of this part of the Cordillera of South America (35 to 37 degrees south latitude).
The Mica-Lamprophyres of Wigtownshire
Authors: Read H. H.
Published: May 2009

The Geological Survey has recently formed a very extensive collection of the dyke-rocks of Galloway. This collection was made mainly by Mr. Robert Eckford, and, to a less extent, by Mr. Wm. Manson. One or more specimens were taken of practically every dyke shown on the original 6-inch field-maps. Since there are over 500 collected dykes in Wigtownshire alone, the size and importance of this collection is apparent. A dyke-suite of this magnitude, so thoroughly collected without the personal bias of the petrographer, supplies unique material for study. By the kindness of Sir John S. Flett, F.R.S., Director of H.M. Geological Survey, I have been permitted to investigate that part of the collection coming from Wigtownshire. This Wigtownshire portion consists of considerably over 1,000 rock-specimens, nearly 200 of which have been sliced. In this present paper I propose to give an account of the distribution and petrography of one group—the mica-lamprophyres—of the Wigtownshire dyke-rocks.