bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of Supercontraction in a Striated Muscle Fiber
Authors: Hoyle Graham , McAlear James H.
Published: October 2006

Cross-striated muscle fibers may contract reversibly to less than 30 percent of their rest length and it is not easy to reconcile this fact with the sliding filament model of muscular contraction. The mechanism of supercontraction has been studied in fibrils obtained from the giant muscle fibers of the barnacle
Balanus nubilus
. They were examined by phase-contrast light microscopy and electron microscopy. Contraction beyond the 50-percent stage was found to be achieved largely by the passage of thick filaments through the Z-disks, which are perforated. The overlap of thick filaments from adjacent sarcomeres causes the appearance of the contraction bands about the Z-disks. Subsequent contraction is associated with a folding and loose coiling, but not a shortening, of the thick filaments.
West Ford Dipole Belt: Photometric Observations
Authors: Tifft W. G. , Sinton W. M. , Priser J. B. , Hoag A. A.
Published: October 2006

Photoelectric observations of the West Ford belt of copper dipoles covering the period from 1 week to 1 month after the launching show a feature considerably wider than the announced belt width. The present belt is not injurious to astronomical observations from the ground but it could seriously affect observations made from low-orbiting satellite systems. Much stronger belts would seriously interfere with astronomical observations.
Mössbauer Spectrum of Iron-57 in Iron Metal at Very High Pressures
Authors: Nicol M. , Jura G.
Published: October 2006

The effect of pressure on the Mössbauer spectrum of Fe
57
in iron metal has been studied as the pressure was increased presumably to more than 140 kbar. At pressures up to 120 kbar, a six-line spectrum characteristic of α-iron was observed. At 140 kbar, a seventh line appeared in the spectrum at -0.12 ± 0.06 mm/sec relative to stainless steel. This line was attributed to the appearance of the high-pressure phase of iron.
Seismic Investigations of Seychelles and Saya de Malha Banks, Northwest Indian Ocean
Authors: Shor George G. , Pollard Dwight D.
Published: October 2006

Seismic refraction lines on Seychelles Bank confirm the presence of granite rock under a considerable portion of the bank. Saya de Malha Bank, also on the Mascarene Ridge, appears to be composed of volcanic rocks capped by coral. It is suggested that the two areas are structurally independent.
Coesite and Shocked Quartz from Holleford Crater, Ontario, Canada
Authors: Bunch T. E. , Cohen Alvin J.
Published: October 2006

The Holleford Crater, a circular depression in southern Ontario, is filled with Paleozoic sediments and underlain by brecciated Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks. The presence of coesite in two core samples of this breccia has been established by petrographic and x-ray diffraction methods. Shattered quartz in the coesite-bearing samples exhibits planar fractures. The shocked quartz is the result of great shock pressures and the association of coesite with the shocked quartz strongly suggests that Holleford Crater originated from a hypervelocity impact.
Antibacterial and Enzymic Basic Proteins from Leukocyte Lysosomes: Separation and Identification
Authors: Zeya H. I. , Spitznagel John K.
Published: October 2006

A lysosomal fraction from polymorphonuclear leukocytes has been directly analyzed for basic proteins by zone electrophoresis. Evidence for the presence of bactericidal basic proteins in polymorphonuclear leukocyte lysosomes is presented.
Juvenile Hormone Activity: Effects of Isoprenoid and Straight-Chain Alcohols on Insects
Authors: Bowers W. S. , Thompson M. J.
Published: October 2006

A wide variety of alcohols, applied topically or injected into pupae of the yellow mealworm,
Tenebrio molitor
L., exhibit juvenile hormone activity. Included among these compounds are saturated and unsaturated alcohols with 8 to 15 carbon atoms, in straight- or branched-chains. Ether derivatives of several of these alcohols further enhance the activity.
Serum Factor in Renal Compensatory Hyperplasia
Authors: Lowenstein Leah M. , Stern Arnold
Published: October 2006

Serum from uninephrectomized rats was injected into normal recipient rats. This led to an increased incorporation of tritiated thymidine in the kidney cells, but not in the liver cells of the recipients. The results suggest that there is a humoral substance acting specifically on the kidney that promotes renal compensatory hyperplasia.
Collagen-Like Protein in Human Plasma
Authors: Keiser H. , LeRoy E. C. , Udenfriend S. , Sjoerdsma A.
Published: October 2006

Human plasma contains hydroxyproline in a bound form that is nondialyzable, is precipitable with the usual protein precipitants, can be extracted with hot trichloroacetic acid, and is released on hydrolysis in 6
N
HCl. These properties resemble those of collagen and suggest that small amounts of this connective tissue protein (3 to 5 mg per 100 ml), or a very large peptide derived from it, normally circulate in the blood. The identification and analysis of hydroxyproline in hydrolyzates of plasma protein were based on isotope-dilution procedures.
Nucleus of the Trapezoid Body: Dual Afferent Innervation
Authors: Harrison J. M. , Irving R.
Published: October 2006

Lesions of the anterior ventral cochlear nucleus caused degeneration of synaptic endings in the anterior half of the nucleus of the trapezoid body. Lesions of the posterior ventral cochlear nucleus caused similar degeneration in the posterior half of the nucleus of the trapezoid body. Thus, the cochlea projects twice upon the nucleus of the trapezoid body.
Mössbauer Effect in Hemoglobin with Different Ligands
Authors: Gonser U. , Grant R. W. , Kregzde J.
Published: October 2006

Recoil-free nuclear gamma-ray resonance adsorption was observed in the iron-57 of blood. The spectral parameters are dependent on the ligand bound to the iron atoms in hemoglobin. The results are interpreted in terms of isomeric shifts and quadrupole splitting.
High-Pressure Phase Transition in Tin Telluride
Authors: Kafalas James A. , Mariano Anthony N.
Published: October 2006

At 18 kilobars, tin telluride transforms from a sodium chloride-type structure to an orthorhombic crystal structure (space group
Pnma
). This structural change is accompanied by a 360-percent increase in electrical resistivity.
Separation of Microsomal RNA into Five Bands during Agar Electrophoresis
Authors: Bachvaroff Radoslav , McMaster Philip R. B.
Published: October 2006

Microsomal RNA from rabbit livers and lymph nodes separate into five major bands during agar-gel electrophoresis. The electrophoretic method may be used either as an analytical or preparative tool. The 33
S
and 19
S
peaks of microsomal RNA from sucrose-gradient zone centrifugation divide into two bands each during simple agar electrophoresis.
Xenon Tetroxide: Preparation and Some Properties
Authors: Selig Henry , Claassen Howard H. , Chernick Cedric L. , Malm John G. , Huston John L.
Published: October 2006

Xenon tetroxide is a yellow solid at low temperature. It has a vapor pressure of about 25 mm-Hg at 0°C. It is unstable at room temperature. The infrared spectrum of the vapor shows it to have tetrahedral symmetry.
Spontaneous Autoimmunity in Mice: Antibodies to Nucleoprotein in Strain A/J
Authors: Friou George J. , Teague Perry O.
Published: October 2006

An antibody to nucleoprotein, which appears to be an autoantibody, occurs in the γ-globulin fraction of serum from mice of the A/J strain. This antibody combines with nucleoprotein of several species but not with calf thymus DNA. The frequency of its occurrence increases with age and is greater in females. Serums that contain the antibody produce typical lupus erythematosus cells in vitro.
Electrical and Thermal Measurements with Bridgman Anvils
Authors: Kirk R. S. , Vaišnys R. J.
Published: October 2006

Multiple probe electrical and thermal measurements at high pressures can be made routinely with Bridgman anvils by using epoxide adhesive rings.
Unilateral Nephrectomy: Effect on Survival in NZB/NZW Mice
Authors: Beyer Monica M. , Steinberg Alfred D. , Nicastri Anthony D. , Friedman Eli A.
Published: October 2006

Male F
1
New Zealand Black × New Zealand White mice, which spontaneously develop immune complex renal disease, underwent unilateral nephrectomy at 3 months of age and were compared with sham-operated controls. At 12 months of age only 24 percent of mice with a single kidney were alive, while 85 percent of sham-operated controls survived to the same age. Unilaterally nephrectomized mice had more severe renal histologic changes, as shown by light and immunofluorescence microscopy.
Insect Chemosterilants with Low Toxicity for Mammals
Authors: Chang Shen Chin , Terry Paul H. , Bořkovec Alexej B.
Published: October 2006

Hexamethylphosphoramide and hexamethylmelamine are effective as male house fly chemosterilants. Both compounds are structurally similar to the two highly active sterilants tepa and tretamine, but they differ from the aziridinyl compounds in their low toxicity for mammals and in their lack of alkylating properties. This discovery of nonalkylating male sterilants of low toxicity should substantially increase the scope and practicality of the sterile-male control method.
Beta-Carotene: Thermal Degradation
Authors: Mader Irmgard
Published: October 2006

Thermal treatment of crystalline β-carotene (240°C in a vacuum) results in the formation of a volatile fraction containing chiefly aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene,
m
- and
p
-xylene, 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene, and ionene. These compounds have been identified by means of gas-liquid chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, and, in the case of ionene, by additional nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy. The principal degradation product is a yellowish-brown, glutinous mass which can be separated by means of preparative thin-layer chromatography in a number of fractions different in molecular weight. The structure of these fractions is not yet clear.
Growth Response of the d-5 and an-1 Mutants of Maize to Some Kaurene Derivatives
Authors: Katsumi M. , Phinney B. O. , Jefferies P. R. , Henrick C. A.
Published: October 2006

(—)-Kaur-16-en-19-oic acid and (—)-kaur-16-en-19-ol oxygenated derivatives of (—)-kaurene, stimulated seedling elongation for the two nonallelic dwarf mutants of maize,
d-5
and
an-1
. Replacement of the exocyclic methylene group attached to ring D by a keto-, methyl-, hydroxymethyl-, carboxy-, or methylcarboxy group resulted in compounds which were biologically inactive. These kaurene derivatives are structurally related to the gibberellins which produce a similar type of elongation for the
d-5
and
an-1
mutants.
Toxicity, the Therapeutic Index, and the Ranking of Drugs
Authors: Schneiderman Marvin A. , Myers Max H. , Sathe Y. S. , Koffsky Peter
Published: October 2006

The therapeutic index is often used to rank the net effectiveness of drugs and to provide a guide for choosing the best among several drugs. This can be a misleading guide since we show that drugs with the same therapeutic index can have unequal "worth." A substitute ranking measure for the therapeutic index is proposed that would be based on minimizing the losses from the failure to cure plus the losses due to toxicity. This measure would specify a "best" dose over a wide range of conditions, which the therapeutic index does not do. An example is given in which the minimum loss approach produces a ranking of drugs different from that produced by the therapeutic index. In this example the different rankings hold, with minor shifts, over a wide range.
Eserine and Amphetamine: Interactive Effects on Sleeping Time in Mice
Authors: Barnes Charles D. , Meyers F. H.
Published: October 2006

The sleeping time of mice given pentobarbital was found to be significantly shortened by the injection of eserine or amphetamine. When both eserine and amphetamine were given with pentobarbital the sleeping time, though much shortened, was significantly longer than with the addition of amphetamine alone. Though possessing an analeptic effect of its own, eserine appears to antagonize the analeptic effect of amphetamine.
5-Iodo-2′-Deoxyuridine: Relation of Structure to Its Antiviral Activity
Authors: Camerman N. , Trotter J.
Published: October 2006

The crystal and molecular structure of 5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine has been determined by x-ray diffraction methods. The most interesting feature of the structure is an unusually short intermolecular distance between the iodine and oxygen of a carbonyl group; this type of bonding may be the molecular basis for the antiviral activity.
Sterols in Recent Aquatic Sediments
Authors: Schwendinger Richard B. , Gordon Erdman J.
Published: October 2006

The presence of sterols in recent fresh-water sediments was confirmed and, for the first time, sterols were found to be widely distributed throughout recent marine sediments. Quantities ranged from 60 to 300 parts of cholesterol carbon per million parts of organic carbon in the sediments. No correlation of sterol content with environment or depth of burial in the sediment was apparent.
Persistence of DDT in Soils of Heavily Sprayed Forest Stands
Authors: Woodwell G. M. , Martin F. T.
Published: October 2006

Soils from DDT-sprayed forest stands in New Brunswick and Maine contained DDT residues. The residues increased in successive samplings between 1958 and 1961, although no new spray was applied. The increase suggests that DDT residues may persist for several years in tree canopies but are ultimately carried into the soil.
Specificity of Potassium-Activated Phosphodiesterase of
Escherichia coli
Authors: Singer Maxine F. , Tolbert George
Published: October 2006

A potassium-activated phosphodiesterase that hydrolyzes polyribonucleotides to 5′-mononucleotides has been purified approximately 600-fold from extracts of
Escherichia coli
B. The purified enzyme appears to be specific for single-stranded polyribonucleotides: helical forms are not hydrolyzed, nor do they inhibit the hydrolysis of single-stranded chains.
Protein Synthesis During Development: Control through Messenger RNA
Authors: Scott Robert B. , Bell Eugene
Published: October 2006

Utilization of long-lived messenger RNA appears to be the exception rather than the rule in cells which are differentiating and synthesizing large amounts of specialized product at the same time. The fact that polyribosomes synthesize protein after RNA synthesis is turned off by actinomycin D is used to demonstrate messenger RNA of long half-life. The data suggest that most tissues examined have short-lived messenger RNA's, but the ocular lens can synthesize protein after an incubation of 24 hours in 40 μg of actinomycin D per milliliter. A common basis for the presence of long-lived messenger RNA in the cells of the lens, the feather, and in reticulocytes is discussed.
Plutonium Dioxide: Preparation of Single Crystals
Authors: Phipps K. D. , Sullenger D. B.
Published: October 2006

Well-formed single crystals of plutonium dioxide were precipitated from a silicate glass and examined as an inclusion in a glass fiber drawn from the parent material. Excellent atomic scattering factors for Pu
+4
may be obtained with these specimens.
Erythrocyte Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase in Caucasians: New Inherited Variant
Authors: Shows Thomas B. , Tashian Richard E. , Brewer George J. , Dern Raymond J.
Published: October 2006

A new inherited variant of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase having both a lowered enzyme activity and an altered electrophoretic mobility was discovered in two unrelated American families, one of Irish and the other of German ancestry. Family studies of the trait indicate that it is due to a sex-linked gene.
Depth Perception Loss with Local Monocular Suppression: A Problem in the Explanation of Stereopsis
Authors: Hochberg Julian
Published: October 2006

Contours added to only one eye's view cause both suppression of the other view and loss of perceived depth. Since piecemeal contralateral suppression may be the general rule of binocular combination, the finding that suppressed views do not contribute to stereopsis raises basic questions about the nature of stereoscopic depth perception.
Human Blood Group A
1
Specific Agglutinin of the Butter Clam
Saxidomus giganteus
Authors: Johnson Howard M.
Published: October 2006

Saline extracts of the butter clam
Saxidomus giganteus
specifically agglutinated human red blood cells of phenotypes A
1
and A
1
B. The agglutinin was completely absorbed by A
1
and A
1
B cells, partially absorbed by A
2
cells, and unaffected by B and O cells. Of 21 sugars tested, only
N
-acetyl-
d
-galactoseamine and
N
-acetyl-
d
-glucoseamine inhibited the agglutinin.
Effects of Polycyclic Aromatic Carcinogens on Viral Replication: Similarity to Actinomycin D
Authors: De Maeyer Edward , De Maeyer-Guignard Jaqueline
Published: October 2006

When incorporated into a nutrient overlay, the carcinogenic hydrocarbons benzo[
a
]pyrene and 7,12-dimethylbenz[
a
]anthracene inhibit plaque formation by herpes virus and vaccinia virus, DNA viruses, but not by Sindbis virus, an RNA virus. These carcinogens also decrease herpes and vaccinia virus yields in liquid medium, without affecting Sindbis virus yields. Four structurally related, but noncarcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons, namely benzo[
e
]pyrene, pyrene, benz[
a
]anthracene and anthracene, have no inhibitory effect on DNA virus replication. Taken together with the known inhibition of interferon production, these effects on virus growth resemble the action of actinomycin D and hence provide evidence for a selective interaction of these carcinogens with DNA.
Maternal Facilitation of Sucking Drive in Newborn Lambs
Authors: Alexander G. , Williams D.
Published: October 2006

Although active maternal assistance is not essential for the newborn lamb to find the teats and suck for the first time, the process is facilitated by grooming and by directional orientation of the ewe toward the lamb. Neither orientation nor grooming alone facilitated the sucking drive to any significant extent.
Radar Meteor Counts: Anomalous Increase during 1963
Authors: McIntosh Bruce A. , Millman Peter M.
Published: October 2006

Radar meteor counts at Ottawa, Canada, show an increase of up to 50 percent in the hourly rates of short-duration echoes during the middle months of 1963. A similar increase has been observed in the Southern Hemisphere.
Meteors: An Unexpected Increase in 1963
Authors: Ellyett Clifton D. , Keay Colin S. L.
Published: October 2006

Counts of meteors observed by radar from Christchurch, New Zealand, rose unexpectedly by over 100 percent during mid-1963. A similar but smaller increase was also observed in Canada. Diminishing peaks have subsequently appeared at 6-month intervals in the Christchurch meteor counts.
DDT Antagonism to Dieldrin Storage in Adipose Tissue of Rats
Authors: Street Joseph C.
Published: October 2006

Storage of dieldrin in the adipose tissue of female rats was markedly depressed when DDT and dieldrin were fed simultaneously. The amount of dieldrin present in the tissues of rats fed 1 and 10 parts of dieldrin per million was significantly reduced by the addition of 5 ppm DDT to the feed. The addition of 50 ppm DDT to the feed caused a 15-fold reduction in the amount of dieldrin stored in rats fed 1 ppm dieldrin, and a 6-fold reduction in rats fed 10 ppm dieldrin. This antagonistic effect of DDT suggests that the criteria used in predicting the pharmacological effects of combined residues of related insecticides need some revision.
Range of Messenger Action of Calcium Ion and Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate
Authors: Allbritton Nancy L. , Meyer Tobias , Stryer Lubert
Published: October 2006

The range of messenger action of a point source of Ca
2+
or inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP
3
) was determined from measurements of their diffusion coefficients in a cytosolic extract from
Xenopus laevis
oocytes. The diffusion coefficient (
D
) of [
3
H]IP
3
injected into an extract was 283 μm
2
/s.
D
for Ca
2+
increased from 13 to 65 μm
2
/s when the free calcium concentration was raised from about 90 nM to 1 μm. The slow diffusion of Ca
2+
in the physiologic concentration range results from its binding to slowly mobile or immobile buffers. The calculated effective ranges of free Ca
2+
before it is buffered, buffered Ca
2+
, and IP
3
determined from their diffusion coefficients and lifetimes were 0.1 μm, 5 μm, and 24 μm, respectively. Thus, for a transient point source of messenger in cells smaller than 20 μm, IP
3
is a global messenger, whereas Ca
2+
acts in restricted domains.
Precipitous Continental Slopes and Considerations on the Transitional Crust
Authors: Emiliani Cesare
Published: October 2006

The continental slope bordering the Bahamian Platform to the east descends precipitously from a shallow edge to oceanic depths. Sustained slopes of at least 40 degrees have been found east of San Salvador. Considerations based on isostatic equilibrium suggest that in this area the oceanic crust may approach the edge of the shelf within a distance as short as 8.5 km. If so, it may be possible to drill and sample a substantial portion of the transitional crust by means of directional drilling techniques from a rig located at the edge of the shelf. It may even be possible, at some future time, to cross the entire crust, pierce the Mohorovičić discontinuity, and penetrate the mantle.
Cyanamide Formation under Primitive Earth Conditions
Authors: Schimpl Anneliese , Lemmon Richard M. , Calvin Melvin
Published: October 2006

The dimer of cyanamide, dicyandiamide, is formed upon ultraviolet irradiation of dilute cyanide solutions, and by the electron irradiation of a mixture of methane, ammonia, and water. Thus cyanamide may have had an important role in chemical evolution.
Pyramidal Tract: A Comparison of Two Prosimian Primates
Authors: Jane J. A. , Campbell C. B. G. , Yashon D.
Published: October 2006

The pyramidal tract of the slow loris (
Nycticebus coucang
) is found in the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord and extends throughout its entire length. Such a course is typical of primates. In the Malayan tree shrew (
Tupaia glis
) the tract occupies a position in the ventral portion of the dorsal funiculus, and in our studies it could not be traced beyond the thoracic cord. In the spinal cord of the slow loris, pyramidal fibers are distributed to the dorsal, intermediate, and ventral gray columns of both sides, while in the tree shrew they are largely restricted to the dorsal horn and do not cross to the opposite side.
Thermal Neutron Activation: Measurement of Cross Section for Manganese-53
Authors: Millard Hugh T.
Published: October 2006

The product of the thermal neutron activation cross section and half-life for manganese-53 is (350 ± 100) × 10
6
barn-years. If a value of 2 × 10
6
years is assumed for the half-life of manganese-53, then the cross section is 170 barns. This large cross section affords much greater sensitivity for the determination of manganese-53.
Successive Transformations of an Established Cell Line by Polyoma Virus and SV40
Authors: Todaro George J. , Green Howard
Published: October 2006

Two different oncogenic viruses, polyoma and SV40, are capable of transforming mouse cell line 3T3. The properties of the transformed cells produced by the two viruses are in some ways similar, but in other ways they are specific for the infecting virus. This fact permits testing whether a cell line transformed by the one oncogenic virus is still susceptible to the transforming action of the second virus. Two different clonally isolated polyoma-transformed lines when infected with SV40 give rise to cells with properties characteristic of SV40-transformed cells. The frequency of transformation, however, is considerably reduced compared to that of the parent cell line, 3T3.
Intercisternal Elements of the Golgi Apparatus
Authors: Turner F. R. , Whaley W. Gordon
Published: October 2006

In both vegetative and reproductive cells of various
Nitella
species, and in cells of other plant genera, there are fine, parallel, elongated elements lying between the cisternae of the Golgi apparatus but not in contact with the cisternal membranes.
Kinin-Induced Parthenocarpy in the Fig,
Ficus carica
L.
Authors: Crane Julian C. , van Overbeek J.
Published: October 2006

Parthenocarpic Calimyrna fig fruits induced with a kinin were identical morphologically to those previously produced parthenocarpically with auxin or gibberellin. Thus, the three types of endogenous hormones thought to originate in the seeds and to stimulate directly fruit growth can be supplied by plant parts other than seeds.
Faint Ring around the Spiral Galaxy M81
Authors: Arp Halton
Published: October 2006

Photography of fainter surface brightnesses than heretofore detected shows a very unusual feature in the vicinity of the spiral galaxy M81. If this faint feature is synchrotron radiation from electrons exploded by the neighboring galaxy, M82, then the existence of an overall magnetic field in M81 can be established and calculated at a few microgauss. Other properties of M81 and its companion are implied and can be derived from further observation.
Nucleotide Synthesis under Possible Primitive Earth Conditions
Authors: Ponnamperuma Cyril , Mack Ruth
Published: October 2006

The nucleosides adenosine, guanosine, cytidine, uridine, and thymidine were each heated with inorganic phosphate. Nucleoside monophosphates were formed in appreciable yield. This result has a bearing on the hypothesis of chemical evolution.
Carbonates: Association with Organic Matter in Surface Seawater
Authors: Chave Keith E.
Published: October 2006

Carbonate mineral particles suspended in surface seawater in tropical and subtropical areas do not interact measurably with the water. Identical complex mineral assemblages occur in waters in various states of saturation. Drastic alterations of temperature and
p
H in the laboratory do not affect the composition of the suspended carbonates. It appears that the mineral grains are protected from the water by resistant organic coatings.
Uranium-Series Ages of Pacific Atoll Coral
Authors: Thurber David L. , Broecker Wallace S. , Blanchard Richard L. , Potratz Herbert A.
Published: October 2006

The thorium-230: uranium-234 method of dating corals and oolites has been evaluated in detail for reliability, and various criteria have been established. Reliable ages for extensive coral formations of about 6000 and 120,000 years were obtained. A hiatus in the development of coral between 6000 and 120,000 years ago on the Pacific atoll of Eniwetok implies that conditions did not permit coral growth during this period. The record prior to 120,000 years ago is not clear, probably because of a lack of unaltered samples.
Crystallization of Clay-Adsorbed Water
Authors: Anderson Duwayne M. , Hoekstra Pieter
Published: October 2006

The nature of crystalline water in frozen pastes made from representative clay minerals and water was studied by x-ray diffraction. Only the diffraction peaks corresponding to the normal hexagonal ice structure were detected. The relative intensities of the diffraction peaks revealed evidence of epitaxy in that the ice crystals appeared to be preferentially oriented with their
c
-axes perpendicular to the c-axes of the individual clay crystallites.
Dynein: A Protein with Adenosine Triphosphatase Activity from Cilia
Authors: Gibbons I. R. , Rowe A. J.
Published: October 2006

The adenosine triphosphatase protein from cilia of
Tetrahymena pyriformis
consists of 30
S
and 14
S
fractions. The 30
S
fraction consists of rod-like particles, 70 to 90 angstroms in diameter, which are linear polymers of globular 14
S
units. The 14
S
units have a molecular weight of approximately 600,000. The enzymatic properties of the two fractions are similar.
Electroencephalographic Studies of Homing Salmon
Authors: Hara Toshiaki J. , Ueda Kazuo , Gorbman Aubrey
Published: October 2006

When adult spawning salmon (
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
,
O. kisutch
) arrive at the "home" pond, most regions of the brain are electrically inactive, but the olfactory bulbs and posterior cerebellum are relatively highly active. Infusion of various natural waters from nearby sources other than the home pond into the olfactory sac produces little or no change in spontaneous electroencephalographic patterns recorded from the olfactory bulbs. Water from the home pond, however, produces a vigorous response of high amplitude. These findings suggest that olfaction is an important factor in guidance during the final phases of homeward migration of salmon, and that olfactory discrimination occurs at the level of either the olfactory bulbs or the olfactory epithelium.
Serum Prealbumin: Polymorphism in Man
Authors: Fagerhol Magne K. , Brænd Mikael
Published: October 2006

Serums from 390 Norwegian blood donors and 31 members of two families were studied by starch gel electrophoresis. Five different prealbumin phenotypes were found, indicating a genetic theory of three codominant alleles for which the terms

Pr
F

,

Pr
M

, and

Pr
S

are proposed.
Algal Cultures: Ability To Reduce Turbulent Friction in Flow
Authors: Hoyt J. W. , Soli Giorgio
Published: October 2006

Liquid cultures of several freshwater and marine algae required less pressure to flow through a pipe at a given rate than the pure liquid medium before algal growth. This increased ease of flow can be attributed to long-chain polysaccharides produced in the medium during growth. Measurements of friction were used to estimate the molecular weight of an algal polysaccharide and to show the effect of bacterial action on the polymer.
Protein Solutions: Concentration by a Rapid Method
Authors: Blatt William F. , Feinberg Michael P. , Hopfenberg Harold B. , Saravis Calvin A.
Published: October 2006

Protein solutions were concentrated, with no evidence of denaturation, by means of membranes formed from the complex interaction product of polyanions and polycations (Diaplex). The technique is considerably more rapid than conventional ultrafiltration with Visking tubing.
Phosphatase Mutants in
Aspergillus nidulans
Authors: Dorn G.
Published: October 2006

Three mutants at three different phosphatase loci produce inactive enzymes at 35°C but partially or fully active enzymes at 25°C. Furthermore, a suppressor mutant (
su5pal
A
1
) which restores alkaline phosphatase activity in the
pal
A
1
mutant is an allele of
palc
C
4
, a mutant with a simultaneous reduction in alkaline and acid phosphatase activity. These data suggest that the phosphatase proteins may be made up of two or more different polypeptide chains, and that some of the polypeptide chains are common to two or more of these enzymes.
"Negative" Crystals in Ice: A Method for Growth
Authors: Knight Charles A. , Knight Nancy C.
Published: October 2006

Holes bounded by crystallographic faces, or "negative" crystals, may be made in ice by inserting a hypodermic needle and connecting it to a vacuum. The evaporation habit changes as a function of temperature and growth rate. This procedure is a simple way of producing mirror-smooth, uncontaminated, crystallographic surfaces in compounds which have high vapor pressure.
Starch-Deficient Maize Mutant Lacking Adenosine Diphosphate Glucose Pyrophosphorylase Activity
Authors: Tsai Chia-Yin , Nelson Oliver E.
Published: October 2006

The maize mutant
shrunken-2
synthesizes only 25 to 30 percent as much starch as normal maize; it completely lacks adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase activity in both endosperm and embryo tissue. Identification of the mutant block indicates that the greater portion of starch in the endosperm of normal maize is synthesized by way of enzyme systems that utilize adenosine diphosphate glucose as a substrate, and that the latter is formed chiefly by adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase.
Ozone: Nonlinear Relation of Dose and Injury in Plants
Authors: Heck W. W. , Dunning J. A. , Hindawi I. J.
Published: October 2006

Ozone produces a sigmoidal dose-injury response in sensitive tobacco and pinto bean. A definite threshold concentration and presentation time are required before injury is initiated.
Oxidation of Graphitic Carbon in Certain Soils
Authors: Shneour Elie A.
Published: October 2006

Artificial graphitic carbon-14 was oxidized to carbon-14 dioxide in the presence of certain nonsterile soils. Treatment of these soils for the inhibition of biologic activity, by several methods including 5 megarads of electron-beam irradiation, yielded much-less-reactive systems in the oxidation of carbon. Intervention of a biologic agent in some of these oxidative processes is suggested.
Radiocarbon Samples: Chemical Removal of Plant Contaminants
Authors: Haynes C. Vance
Published: October 2006

Roots and similar plant matter can be efficiently removed from charcoal samples by nitration and acetone leaching after preliminary removal of humic acids and lignin by standard procedures.
Phospholipids of Bacteria with Extensive Intracytoplasmic Membranes
Authors: Hagen P O. , Goldfine Howard , Williams P. J. le B.
Published: October 2006

Examination of the lipids of three species of nonphotosynthetic bacteria with extensive internal membranes revealed phosphatidyl choline (lecithin) in two species. In one of these there was an unusual accumulation of phosphatidyl
N
-dimethylethanolamine. (The relation between lecithin and membrane elaboration in microorganisms is discussed.)
Cutaneous Water Loss in Reptiles
Authors: Bentley P. J. , Schmidt-Nielsen Knut
Published: October 2006

Cutaneous and respiratory evaporation were compared in five species of reptiles at 23°C. There seemed to be a clear correlation between water loss and aridity of the animal's habitat, total evaporation from the desert lizard
Sauromalus obesus
being about 5 percent of that from the crocodilian
Caiman sclerops
. Cutaneous evaporation was the major avenue of water loss in all animals examined. This is contrary to the common belief that reptilian skin is practically impermeable to water.
Hydroxylation of Proline and the Intracellular Accumulation of a Polypeptide Precursor of Collagen
Authors: Juva Kale , Prockop Darwin J. , Cooper George W. , Lash James W.
Published: October 2006

Autoradiographs of embryonic cartilage indicated that labeled protein accumulated intracellularly when the tissue was incubated with tritiated proline, and when the hydroxylation of proline was inhibited by anaerobic conditions or by a chelator for ferrous iron. The labeled protein apparently corresponds to protocollagen, the polypeptide precursor of collagen which serves as a substrate for the enzymatic synthesis of hydroxyproline.
Steroids and Serum Complement in Mice: Influence of Hydrocortisone, Diethylstilbestrol, and Testosterone
Authors: Caren Linda D. , Rosenberg L. T.
Published: October 2006

Hydrocortisone depresses hemolytic complement in male and female mice. Testosterone causes increase of serum complement in female mice, and diethylstilbestrol causes decrease of serum complement in male mice, in each instance to activities approximating those found normally in the opposite sex. Male and female sex hormones have no effect, in the doses used, on the serum complement of male and female mice respectively.
Geomagnetic Polarity Epochs: A New Polarity Event and the Age of the Brunhes-Matuyama Boundary
Authors: Doell Richard R. , Dalrymple G. Brent
Published: October 2006

Recent paleomagnetic-radiometric data from six rhyolite domes in the Valles Caldera, New Mexico, indicate that the last change in polarity of the earth's magnetic field from reversed to normal (the Brunhes-Matuyama boundary) occurred at about 0.7 million years ago. A previously undiscovered geomagnetic polarity event, herein named the "Jaramillo normal event," occurred about 0.9 million years ago.
Copper Artifacts: Correlation with Source Types of Copper Ores
Authors: Friedman A. M. , Conway M. , Kastner M. , Milsted J. , Metta D. , Fields P. R. , Olsen E.
Published: October 2006

Six out of eight minor chemical elements, determined by spectroscopic and neutron-activation techniques, were found to be critical in computing a probability that a given copper artifact was derived from one of three types of copper ore: native metal, oxidized ore, reduced ore. Two elements, gold and tin, were apparently alloyed deliberately in many artifacts from both the Old World and the New World.
Uric Acid, Uric Acid Dihydrate, and Urates in Urinary Calculi, Ancient and Modern
Authors: Lonsdale Kathleen , Mason Phoebe
Published: October 2006

Uric acid, uric acid dihydrate, and ammonium acid urate occur in bladder stones both ancient and modern. They are seldom abundant in stones from technically developed areas. Urates are usually confined to children's endemic bladder stones; uric acid dihydrate is rare, but uric acid used to be common in bladder stones from elderly men.
Oxidized Redox State of Glutathione in the Endoplasmic Reticulum
Authors: Hwang Christopher , Sinskey Anthony J. , Lodish Harvey F.
Published: October 2006

The redox state of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) was measured with the peptide
N
-Acetyl-Asn-Tyr-Thr-Cys-NH
2
. The peptide diffused across cellular membranes; some became glycosylated and thus trapped within the secretory pathway, and its cysteine residue underwent reversible thiol-disulfide exchanges with the surrounding redox buffer. Glycosylated peptides from cells were disulfide-linked to glutathione, indicating that glutathione is the major redox buffer in the secretory pathway. The redox state of the secretory pathway was more oxidative than that of the cytosol; the ratio of reduced glutathione to the disulfide form (GSH/GSSG) within the secretory pathway ranged from 1:1 to 3:1, whereas the overall cellular GSH/GSSG ratio ranged from 30:1 to 100:1. Cytosolic glutathione was also transported into the lumen of microsomes in a cell-free system. Although how the ER maintains an oxidative environment is not known, these results suggest that the demonstrated preferential transport of GSSG compared to GSH into the ER lumen may contribute to this redox compartmentation.
Evoked Potential Correlates of Generalization
Authors: Ruchkin D. S. , John E. R.
Published: October 2006

Late components of evoked potentials recorded during the occurrence and nonoccurrence of generalization are different. During generalization the evoked response waveshapes resembled those elicited by the conditioned stimulus during correct performance. The differences are statistically significant.
Mechanism for Intercalation of Kaolinite by Alkali Acetates
Authors: Smith Donald L. , Milford Murray H. , Zuckerman J. J.
Published: October 2006

The relative strengths of the hydrogen bonds in kaolinite-alkali salt-water systems control kaolinite-salt interactions. A new technique for intercalation results in formation of a kaolinite-salt complex free of excess salt.
Antibody Formation in Nonimmune Mouse Peritoneal Cells after Incubation in Gum Containing Antigen
Authors: Bussard A. E.
Published: October 2006

Peritoneal cells from normal mice in a semisolid medium containing sheep erythrocytes were incubated at 37°C for 2 or 3 days. During this period, hemolytic antibodies developed spontaneously. Arguments are presented that true de novo synthesis of antibody has taken place in previously uncommitted cells.
Holographic Microscopy as a Technique for Recording Dynamic Microscopic Subjects
Authors: Knox Cameron
Published: October 2006

Holography, with submicrosecond pulsed lasers used for illumination, enables one to record an instant of time of a transient, dynamic event throughout a significant volume for later study and analysis with conventional microscopic equipment. Living marine plankton organisms are used to demonstrate one practical application of this technique.
Evolution of Malate Dehydrogenase in Birds
Authors: Kitto G. B. , Wilson A. C.
Published: October 2006

Heart extracts from over 100 species of birds were subjected to starch-gel electrophoresis at
p
H 7. The "supernatant" form of malate dehydrogenase, an enzyme present in every extract, was then located on the gels by a specific staining method. The mobility of this enzyme shows very little interspecific variation. Nearly all birds tested have a supernatant malate dehydrogenase that moves as fast as the chicken enzyme. Those species with an enzyme of unusual mobility are of taxonomic interest. For example, hummingbirds and swifts, which are usually considered as two suborders of Apodiformes, are unique among the birds tested in having an enzyme that moves 63 percent as fast as the chicken enzyme. This finding appears to confirm the unity of the Apodiformes, an order whose unity has long been open to question. Similarly all families tested in the shorebird order (Charadriiformes) are unique in having an enzyme that moves 55 percent as fast as the chicken enzyme. The unity of this order was also previously open to question.
Urea Synthesis in the Lungfish: Relative Importance of Purine and Ornithine Cycle Pathways
Authors: Forster R. P. , Goldstein Leon
Published: October 2006

The relative importance of the purine pathway (uricolysis) and the ornithine cycle as routes for urea synthesis was assessed in isolated liver preparations from the African lungfish
Protopterus dolloi
. Incorporation of C
14
-labeled precursors into urea was used for comparison. Both pathways are present in the lungfish, but the ornithine cycle is quantitatively more important.
Norepinephrine Methylation in Fetal Rat Adrenals
Authors: Margolis Frank L. , Roffi Jacques , Jost Alfred
Published: October 2006

The activity of phenylethanolamine-
N
-methyl transferase, the enzyme that methylates norepinephrine to form epinephrine, increases rapidly in the fetal rat adrenal during the day preceding epinephrine accumulation. The developmental increase in enzyme activity and the accumulation of epinephrine are prevented by fetal hypophysectomy (decapitation). Administration of adrenocorticotrophic hormone or cortisol acetate largely reverses the effect of fetal decapitation.
Nickel-Iron Spherules from Aouelloul Glass
Authors: Chao E. C. T. , Dwornik E. J. , Merrill Celine W.
Published: October 2006

Nickel-iron spherules, ranging from less than 0.2 to 50 microns in diameter and containing 1.7 to 9.0 percent Ni by weight, occur in glass associated with the Aouelloul crater. They occur in discrete bands of siliceous glass enriched in dissolved iron. Their discovery is significant tangible evidence that both crater and glass originated from terrestrial impact.
Glaciation about 3,000,000 Years Ago in the Sierra Nevada
Authors: Curry Robert R.
Published: October 2006

Major glaciation in the Sierra Nevada of California resulted in the deposition of till which underlies latite 2.7 × 10
6
years old and overlies andesite 3.1 × 10
6
years old. This till, herein called the Deadman Pass till, is the oldest Pleistocene glacial deposit that has been found in temperate latitudes.
Release of Coordinated Behavior in Crayfish by Single Central Neurons
Authors: Kennedy Donald , Evoy W. H. , Hanawalt J. T.
Published: October 2006

By stimulating and recording from the same interneuron at two separate points, we have shown that coordinated output to the postural abdominal muscles of crayfish can be produced by electrical stimulation of a single cell. Several central neurons can individually initiate one type of movement (for example, flexion), each producing a unique abdominal geometry.
Isotopic Composition and Origin of the Red Sea and Salton Sea Geothermal Brines
Authors: Craig H.
Published: October 2006

Deuterium and oxygen-18 measurements show that the Red Sea and Salton Sea brines are the results of a single process, the leaching of sediments by surface water circulating downward to a geothermal reservoir. The Salton Sea brine is derived from local precipitation but the Red Sea brine originates 1000 kilometers south of its basin, on the shallow sill which controls the circulation of the Red Sea. On this sill sea water penetrates a thick evaporite sequence to a depth of 2000 meters, and, driven by its increased density relative to sea water, flows northward to emerge in the brine-filled deeps.
Solution Photochemistry of Thymine and Uracil
Authors: Lamola Angelo A. , Mittal Jai P.
Published: October 2006

With dienes as specific triplet quenchers, it has been shown that the photodimerization of thymine in acetonitrile proceeds entirely through the triplet state and the photodimerization of uracil in acetonitrile or in water proceeds in part through the triplet state. The photohydration of uracil probably does not involve the triplet state. Efficiencies of intersystem crossing of thymine and uracil in acetonitrile were determined.
Uplift of the Continental Margin and Possible Continental Accretion off Oregon
Authors: Byrne John V. , Fowler Gerald A. , Maloney Neil J.
Published: October 2006

Sedimentary rocks collected from the continental shelf and slope off the central coast of Oregon contain fossil benthic foraminifers of Pliocene and Miocene age. These fossils indicate water depths much greater than those from which the rocks were collected, implying that the rocks have been uplifted as much as 1000 meters since their deposition. Uplift of this magnitude near the edge of the continent is interpreted as representing an early stage of continental accretion, possibly as a result of compression normal to the continental margin. The average maximum horizontal component of this accretion would be about 16 kilometers.
Orientation by Taste in Fish of the Genus
Ictalurus
Authors: Bardach J. E. , Todd J. H. , Crickmer R.
Published: October 2006

Fish of the genus
Ictalurus
can find distant chemical clues by means of taste alone, and they exhibit true gradient searching in the absence of a current. Neither unilateral nor bilateral deprivation of the sense of smell impaired their searching ability, but unilateral deprivation of taste receptors which are spread over body and barbels of the animals caused pronounced circling toward the intact side. The relation of swimming paths of the fish to the chemical in the water suggested that comparisons of concentrations were made in time and space.
Distribution and Variability of Cosmic X-Ray Sources
Authors: Friedman H. , Byram E. T. , Chubb T. A.
Published: October 2006

At least 30 discrete cosmic x-ray sources have been detected thus far. The distribution is concentrated toward the galactic plane, and most of the sources are believed to lie within 2 kiloparsecs of the sun. It is estimated that the average luminosity of the observed sources is about 5× 10
36
ergs per second and that the entire galaxy contains about 1250 such sources. Comparisons of fluxes observed over the course of the past 2 years reveal that many sources are highly variable.
Precambrian Fossils (?) near Elliot Lake, Ontario
Authors: Hofmann H. J.
Published: October 2006

Complex structures in Upper Huronian (Lower Proterozoic) quartzite north of Lake Huron are interpreted as probable metazoan fossils aged between 2 and 2.5 × 10
9
years. They are preserved as sand casts in the form of curved spindles having inclined lateral corrugations, axial marking, and apparent bilateral symmetry.
Geochemical Evidence of Present-Day Serpentinization
Authors: Barnes Ivan , LaMarche V. C. , Himmelberg Glen
Published: October 2006

Ultrabasic (
p
H > 11) water issues from some fresh ultramafic bodies. The properties of the ultrabasic solutions are believed to be due to current reactions yielding serpentine from primary olivines and pyroxenes. The low concentrations of divalent iron. divalent magnesium, and dissolved silica from the serpentinization require an increase in rock volume.
Rotation of the Sun
Authors: Goldreich Peter , Schubert Gerald
Published: October 2006

Dicke has interpreted his recent measurement of the sun's oblateness as implying a fast (1.8-day period) rotation of the solar radiative interior. We find that differentially rotating solar models, such as the one proposed by Dicke, are unstable. The rate of turbulent diffusion in the unstable regions of these models is so rapid that it appears to preclude a fast-spinning solar interior. As a corollary of the stability analysis, we conclude that the loss of a significant fraction of a star's angular momentum must be accompanied by the mixing of material below its convective zone. Such mixing inevitably leads to the depletion of lithium in the star's photosphere.