bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physical symptoms in sexually abused women: somatization or undetected injury?
Authors: Nelson Sarah
Published: August 2002

Medically unexplained physical symptoms and disorders in women sexually abused in childhood are widely interpreted as somatization—the expression of emotional pain and stress through bodily symptoms. However, the somatization theory is not based on detailed knowledge of the abusive incidents, and may underestimate the direct effects of violence and injury, repeated over years, to children's developing bodies. When adult survivors fully describe their childhood abuse, the extent of violence involved becomes clear. For example, their accounts of oral abuse invite us to reconsider how ‘psychogenic’ conditions like paradoxical vocal cord dysfunction or temporomandibular disorders may have come about. This also raises the important issue of whether paradoxical vocal chord dysfunction should be reclassed as an abnormal and suspicious sign in children. The paper outlines several forms of research which may elucidate further the role of physical damage and injury in adult survivors' physical disorders, including prospective studies; retrospective studies in collaboration with sexual abuse survivors; and comparative studies of international literature on the long‐term physical health effects of torture and child marriage. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Socializing efficacy: a reconstruction of self‐efficacy theory within the context of inequality*
Authors: Franzblau Susan H. , Moore Michael
Published: August 2002

Bandura's self‐efficacy (SE) theory claims that if people believe that they can control the outcome of their behaviour, then they can. SE theory positions the self as the centre and originator of change, beginning with control over belief systems, which determine levels of performance. This conception depoliticizes social mechanisms of control, internalizing them within individual cognitive processes. We argue that SE theory emanates from culturally‐positioned and ideologically informed functional trends in US psychology, which perpetuates a blaming‐the‐victim approach to social problems. Through an examination of the way gender and disability are manipulated in SE research, we show that efficacy is socially construed, and is actually about control over and access to power and the ideological, institutional, and social resources that provide the foundation for taking certain actions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
User involvement in research: power and compromise
Authors: Carrick Rachael , Mitchell Annie , Lloyd Keith
Published: August 2002

The extent to which collaborative research can redress power imbalances is debated with reference to some of the relevant literature. Different ways in which research can be collaborative and power shared between researchers and participants are discussed. The benefits and challenges specific to collaboration in the area of mental health research are considered, illustrated with examples from research we conducted into the experience of taking antipsychotic medication. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A stepwise strategy for the stent treatment of bifurcated coronary lesions
Authors: Pan Manuel , Suárez de Lezo José , Medina Alfonso , Romero Miguel , Segura José , Ramírez Antonio , Pavlovic Djordje , Hernández Enrique , Ojeda Soledad , Adamuz Carmen
Published: August 2002

Several observational studies have shown a better late outcome in patients with coronary bifurcation lesions treated with stents in whom the side branch was not stented. Balloon dilation and provisional stenting for the side branch seem an attractive strategy to manage these challenging types of lesions. This study evaluated the results of a three‐step phase strategy in the stent treatment of bifurcated coronary lesions. We treated 126 patients, 58 ± 11 years old, with major coronary bifurcation stenosis. The therapeutic procedure was undertaken following three phases; progression through each phase was triggered by the failure of one procedure to achieve a <50% residual stenosis at the side branch: in the first step, balloon angioplasty of the side branch followed by stenting of the parent vessel; in the second, balloon redilation of the side‐branch origin across the metallic structure of the stent; in the third, stenting of the side‐branch origin. Immediate success was achieved in 116 patients (92%). Angiographic results in each phase were as follows: in the first step, 35 patients (28%) had procedural success, 3 patients had failure, and 88 crossed to the next step; in the second, 76 patients (86%) had procedural success, 7 patients had failure, and 5 crossed to the next step; in the third, all 5 patients had procedural success. The overall major cardiac event‐free probability at 15 months was 78%. Target vessel revascularization took place in 19 patients (15%) and when stratified by phases were 13% of patients treated in the first step, 16% of patients in the second step, and 20% of patients in the third step. Patients with coronary stenosis at major bifurcations may be treated following an unitary stepwise approach. This attitude may avoid side‐branch stent implantation in most patients, providing good immediate and long‐term results. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;55:50–57. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of the self‐expanding Radius stent and the balloon‐expandable Multilink stent for elective treatment of coronary stenoses: A serial analysis by intravascular ultrasound
Authors: Yu Zai‐Xin , Tamai Hideo , Kyo Eisho , Kosuga Kunihiko , Hata Tatsuhiko , Okada Masaharu , Nakamura Takuji , Komori Hidenori , Tsuji Takafumi , Takeda Shinsaku , Motohara Seiichiro , Uehata Hiromu
Published: August 2002

We compared the outcome of the self‐expanding Radius stent and the balloon‐expandable Multilink stent serially by angiography and intravascular ultrasound. Successful stent deployment was achieved in 66 lesions of 56 stable angina patients (34 lesions with Radius stents and 32 lesions with Multilink stents). At follow‐up, there were no significant differences in minimal lumen diameter or percent diameter stenosis between the groups, nor in restenosis rates, although the Radius stent group rate was slightly lower (23.5% vs. 31.3%). In the Radius stent group, stent cross‐sectional area (CSA) increased gradually after implantation until the 6‐month follow‐up (8.37 ± 1.83 to 10.16 ± 2.59 mm2; n = 15), giving a larger CSA (P = 0.03) than the Multilink stent group, which decreased (9.00 ± 2.05 to 8.27 ± 2.15 mm2; n = 17). The lumen CSA was also slightly larger (6.82 ± 3.06 vs. 5.84 ± 1.85 mm2; P = 0.29) in the Radius stent group. These findings indicated that the Radius stent enlarged progressively after implantation, which might be useful for prevention of restenosis. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;56:40–45. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Coronary perforation during percutaneous coronary intervention in the era of abciximab platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade: An algorithm for percutaneous management
Authors: Dippel Eric J. , Kereiakes Dean J. , Tramuta Daniel A. , Broderick Thomas M. , Shimshak Thomas M. , Roth Eli M. , Hattemer Charles R. , Runyon John P. , Whang David D. , Schneider John F. , Abbottsmith Charles W.
Published: August 2002

Coronary perforation is an uncommon but potentially life‐threatening complication of percutaneous coronary intervention. The use of both atheroablative technologies for coronary intervention and adjunctive platelet glycoprotein blockade pharmacology may increase the incidence of or risk for life‐threatening bleeding complications following the occurrence of coronary artery perforation. The interventional database for 6,214 percutaneous coronary interventions performed between January 1995 and June 1999 was analyzed. Hospital charts and cine angiograms for all patients identified in the database as having had coronary perforation were reviewed. Coronary perforation complicated 0.58% of all procedures and was more commonly observed in patients with a history of congestive heart failure and following use of atheroablative interventional technologies (2.8%). There was no association of abciximab therapy with either the incidence of or classification for coronary perforation. Adverse clinical outcomes (death, emergency surgical exploration) were related to the angiographic classification of perforation and were more frequently observed in patients who experienced a class 3 coronary perforation. These data suggest that specific clinical and procedural demographic factors are associated with the occurrence and severity of angiographic coronary perforation. An angiographic perforation class‐specific algorithm for treatment of coronary perforation is proposed. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;52:279–286. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Excimer laser facilitated percutaneous coronary intervention of a nondilatable coronary stent
Authors: Sunew John , Chandwaney Raj H. , Stein David W. , Meyers Sheridan , Davidson Charles J.
Published: August 2002

A patient is described in which excimer laser percutaneous coronary intervention is performed inside a suboptimally expanded stent due to nondilatable calcified plaque. The use of excimer laser facilitated full expansion of the stent with a balloon. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;53:513–517. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Coil embolization for successful treatment of perforation of chronically occluded proximal coronary artery
Authors: Mahmud Ehtisham , Douglas John S.
Published: August 2002

We describe a case of a coronary artery perforation involving the proximal right coronary artery that was successfully managed by percutaneous coil embolization. In the setting of a chronic coronary artery occlusion, this demonstrates the successful use of thrombogenic platinum alloy coils for a large proximal vessel perforation which has not been described previously. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;53:549–552. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical outcomes of compromised side branch (stent jail) after coronary stenting with the NIR stent
Authors: Bhargava Balram , Waksman Ron , Lansky Alexandra J. , Kornowski Ran , Mehran Roxana , Leon Martin B.
Published: August 2002

Acute side‐branch (SB) compromise or occlusion stent jail after native coronary stenting is a matter of concern. Attempts at maintaining SB patency can be a technical challenge. The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical impact of SB compromise or occlusion in patients undergoing stenting of parent vessel lesions. We evaluated in‐hospital and long‐term clinical outcomes (death, Q‐wave myocardial infarction, and repeat revascularization rates at 6 months) in 318 consecutive patients undergoing NIR stent implantation across an SB. Based on independent angiographic analysis, 218 (68.6%) patients had no poststent SB compromise, 85 (26.7%) patients had narrowed SB (> 70% narrowing, without total occlusion), and 15 (4.7%) patients had an occluded SB after stent implantation. The baseline patient and lesion characteristics were similar between the groups. Procedural success was 100%. Patients with SB occlusion had a higher stents/lesion ratio (P < 0.006). Side‐branch occlusion was associated with higher in‐hospital ischemic complications (Q‐wave myocardial infarction, 7%; non–Q‐wave myocardial infarction, 20%; P < 0.05) compared to patients with SB compromise or normal SB. At 6‐month follow‐up, there was a trend for more myocardial infarctions in the group with SB occlusion during the index procedure (Q‐wave myocardial infarction, 7% vs. 1% in the narrowed and 0% in normal SB; P = 0.09). However, late target lesion revascularization and mortality were similar in the three groups (P = 0.91). SB occlusion after parent vessel stenting is associated with more frequent in‐hospital Q‐wave and non–Q‐wave myocardial infarctions. However, with the NIR stent, side‐branch compromise or occlusion does not influence late (6 month) major adverse events, including death, myocardial infarction, or need for repeat revascularization. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;54:295–300. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transradial approach for renal artery stenting
Authors: Scheinert Dierk , Bräunlich Sven , Nonnast‐Daniel Barbara , Schroeder Malte , Schmidt Andrej , Biamino Giancarlo , Daniel Werner Günther , Ludwig Josef
Published: August 2002

Percutaneous interventional procedures in the renal arteries are usually performed using a femoral or brachial vascular access. The transradial approach, which has been extensively investigated for coronary angiography and intervention, could be an attractive new technique for renal artery angioplasty and stenting. In 18 patients with hemodynamically relevant unilateral renal artery stenosis (mean diameter stenosis, 83% ± 18%; right, n = 7; left, n = 11), interventional treatment with PTA and stenting was performed using a left (n = 16) or right (n = 2) radial artery access. Indications for the transradial approach were acute aorto‐renal angles or severe peripheral arterial obstructions. After engagement of the renal artery ostium with a 6 Fr Multipurpose guiding catheter (length, 125 cm; Cordis) the stenosis was passed with a 0.014″ guidewire followed by stent implantation (ACS Multi‐Link RX Ultra, Guidant; length, 18 mm; diameter, 5 mm). Direct stenting was successfully performed in 16 cases. Predilatations were required in two cases. In five patients, optimal stent expansion was achieved by additional postdilatations. A primary technical success (residual stenosis < 30%) could be achieved in all cases. There were no periprocedural complications. According to color‐coded doppler ultrasound, all access site arteries showed a normal perfusion. Clinically blood pressure control was improved in 11 patients with a significant reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure values. Serum creatinine values dropped from 1.81 ± 0.3 mg/dl to 1.49 ± 0.3 mg/dl (P < 0.001). Transradial renal artery angioplasty and stenting is technically feasible and safe. Particularly in patients with unfavorable vessel anatomy, this new cranio‐caudal approach is an attractive alternative technique. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;54:442–447. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of three‐way resolution methods for non‐trilinear chemical data sets
Authors: de Juan Anna , Tauler Romà
Published: August 2002

Resolution of three‐way chemical data sets can be tackled using two families of chemometric methods: those assuming trilinear structure in the data set, such as direct trilinear decomposition (DTD) or parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC); and those which decompose the three‐way data set according to a model lacking this structure, such as TUCKER3 or multivariate curve resolution–alternating least squares (MCR–ALS). The first group of methods provides unique solutions, whereas the second group gives solutions subject to rotational ambiguities. DTD and PARAFAC are thus the choice to deal with chemical data sets with trilinear structure. However, in the analysis of chemical data with non‐trilinear structure, which is most commonly found in practice, the more ambiguous solutions given by TUCKER3 and MCR–ALS could be balanced by the major flexibility in the modelling of profiles. To assess this possibility, three‐way resolution methods from the two mentioned families are applied to simulated and real data sets designed to show typical non‐trilinear chemical situations, caused by shifts and shape changes in profiles. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A family ecological analysis of child care use in Hong Kong
Authors: Tam Vicky C. W.
Published: August 2002

This study examines the views on and use of day care for young children among white‐collar working women from a family ecological perspective. Discrepancies between perceived ideal and actual choice of child care were observed. Care provided by family kin was an ideal used with reservation, the employment of foreign domestic helpers was a reluctant choice, while the use of formal care was largely unexplored. The findings of this study demonstrate how individual families' child‐rearing goals are supported and constrained by contextual factors within the ecology. Implications for policies on child care in Hong Kong are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A human homologue of Drosophila kelch associates with myosin‐VIIa in specialized adhesion junctions
Authors: Velichkova Michaella , Guttman Julian , Warren Carmen , Eng Lily , Kline Katie , Vogl A. Wayne , Hasson Tama
Published: August 2002

Mutations in myosin‐VIIa are responsible for the deaf‐blindness, Usher disease. Myosin‐VIIa is also highly expressed in testis, where it is associated with specialized adhesion plaques termed ectoplasmic specializations (ES) that form between Sertoli cells and germ cells. To identify new roles for myosin‐VIIa, we undertook a yeast two‐hybrid screen to identify proteins associated with myosin‐VIIa in the ES. We identified Keap1, a human homologue of the Drosophila ring canal protein, kelch. The kelch‐repeats in the C‐terminus of human Keap1 associate with the SH3 domain of myosin‐VIIa. Immunolocalization studies revealed that Keap1 is present with myosin‐VIIa in the actin bundles of the ES. Myosin‐VIIa and Keap1 copurify with ES and colocate with each other and with F‐actin at the electron microscopy level. Interestingly, in many epithelial cell types including cells derived from retina and inner ear, Keap1 is a component of focal adhesions and zipper junctions. Keap1 can target to the ES in the absence of myosin‐VIIa, suggesting that Keap1 associates with other molecules in the adhesion plaque. Keap1 and myosin‐VIIa overlapped in expression in the inner hair cells of the cochlea, suggesting that Keap1 may be a part of a family of actin‐binding proteins that could be important for myosin‐VIIa function in testis and inner ear. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 51:147–164, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Villin‐type headpiece domains show a wide range of F‐actin‐binding affinities
Authors: Vardar D. , Chishti A. H. , Frank B. S. , Luna E. J. , Noegel A. A. , Oh S. W. , Schleicher M. , McKnight C. J.
Published: August 2002

The villin‐type “headpiece” domain is a modular motif found at the extreme C‐terminus of larger “core” domains in over 25 cytoskeletal proteins in plants and animals. Although headpiece is classified as an F‐actin‐binding domain, it has been suggested that some expressed fusion‐proteins containing headpiece may lack F‐actin‐binding in vivo. To determine the intrinsic F‐actin affinity of headpiece domains, we quantified the F‐actin affinity of seven headpiece domains and three N‐terminal truncations, under identical in vitro conditions. The constructs are folded and adopt the native headpiece structure. However, they show a wide range of affinities that can be grouped into high, low, and nonspecific‐binding categories. Computer models of the structure and charged surface potential of these headpiece domains suggest features important for high F‐actin affinity. We conclude that not all headpiece domains are intrinsically F‐actin‐binding motifs, and suggest that the surface charge distribution may be an important element for F‐actin recognition. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 52:9–21, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mutagenesis of β‐tubulin cysteine residues in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Mutation of cysteine 354 results in cold‐stable microtubules
Authors: Gupta Mohan L. , Bode Claudia J. , Dougherty Cynthia A. , Marquez Rebecca T. , Himes Richard H.
Published: August 2002

Cysteine residues play important roles in the control of tubulin function. To determine which of the six cysteine residues in β‐tubulin are critical to tubulin function, we mutated the cysteines in Saccharomyces cerevisiae β‐tubulin individually to alanine and serine residues. Of the twelve mutations, only three produced significant effects: C12S, C354A, and C354S. The C12S mutation was lethal in the haploid, but the C12A mutation had no observable phenotype. Based on interactive views of the electron crystallographic structure of tubulin, we suggest that substitution of serine for cysteine at this position has a destabilizing effect on the interaction of tubulin with the exchangeable GTP. The two C354 mutations, although not lethal, produced dramatic effects on microtubules and cellular processes that require microtubules. The C354 mutant cells had decreased growth rates, a slowed mitosis, increased resistance to benomyl, and impaired nuclear migration and spindle assembly. The C354A mutation produced a more severe phenotype than the C354S mutation: the haploid cells had chromosome segregation defects, only 50% of cells in a culture were viable, and a significant percentage of the cells were misshapened. Cytoplasmic microtubules in the C354S and C354A cells were longer than in the control strain and spindle structures appeared shorter and thicker. Both cytoplasmic and spindle microtubules in the two C354 mutants were extremely stable to cold temperature. After 24 h at 4°C, the microtubules were still present and, in fact, very long and thick tubulin polymers had formed. Evidence exists to indicate that the C354 residue in mammalian tubulin is near the colchicine binding site and the electron crystal structure of tubulin places the residue at the interface between the α‐ and β‐subunits. The sulfhydryl group is situated in a polar environment, which may explain why the alanine mutation is more severe than the serine mutation. When the C12S and the two C354 mutations were made in a diploid strain, the mutated tubulin was incorporated into microtubules and the resulting heterozygotes had phenotypes that were intermediate between those of the mutated haploids and the wild‐type strains. The results suggest that the C12 and C354 residues play important roles in the structure and function of tubulin. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 49:67–77, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Determining complicated winding patterns for shim coils using stream functions and the target‐field method
Authors: Brideson Michael A. , Forbes Larry K. , Crozier Stuart
Published: August 2002

In a magnetic resonance imaging equipment, gradient and shim coils are needed to produce a spatially varying magnetic field throughout the sample being imaged. Such coils consist of turns of wire wound on the surface of a cylindrical tube. Shim coils in particular, must sometimes be designed to produce complicated magnetic fields to correct for impurities. Streamline patterns for shim coils are much more complicated than those for gradient coils. In this work we present a detailed analysis of streamline methods and their application to shim coil design. A method is presented for determining the winding patterns to generate these complicated fields. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson 14: 9–18, 2002
Aspects of equivalence as illustrated by phosphine complexes of transition metals
Authors: Nelson John H.
Published: August 2002

The various types of symmetry‐related nuclei present in transition metal complexes of phosphines are discussed. Differences between the solution and the solid states are considered. Examples of spectra are presented to illustrate the relationships between the types of equivalences and observed spectral line shapes. An introduction to solid‐state NMR spectroscopy is followed by descriptions of spectra that illustrate some of the types of information, which may be obtained from NMR spectroscopy of solid samples. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson 14: 19–78, 2002
Expression of cyclin B1 in the metaplasia‐dysplasia‐carcinoma sequence of Barrett esophagus
Authors: Geddert Helene , Heep Hans J. , Gabbert Helmut E. , Sarbia Mario
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

It is known that proliferation is deregulated progressively during carcinogenesis in Barrett esophagus (BE). Cyclin B1 is a key protein for the regulation of G2‐M‐phase transition during the cell cycle and is essential for initiation of mitosis.

METHODS

Using immunohistochemistry, samples of Barrett metaplastic specialized epithelium (SE; n = 36 samples), low‐grade dysplasia (LGD; n = 25 samples), high‐grade dysplasia (HGD; n = 25 samples), and invasive adenocarcinoma (CA; n = 46 samples) derived from 50 esophagectomy specimens were investigated for the expression of cyclin B1. The number of cyclin B1 positive cells was determined semiquantitatively. In addition, in SE, LGD, and HGD samples, the pattern of cyclin B1 expression was assessed by determination of the presence of positive cells in four mucosal compartments: the deep glandular zone, the lower crypt zone, the upper crypt zone, and the luminal surface.

RESULTS

Cyclin B1 expression was found in all lesions under investigation. Regarding the percentage of positive cells, a marked increase of cyclin B1 positive cells was observed in SE samples compared with LGD samples and in HGD samples compared with CA samples (chi‐square test; P < 0.0001), nevertheless showing a broad overlap between the different lesions. Concerning staining patterns, in the majority of SE samples (72.2%), cyclin B1 positive cells were restricted to the glandular zone and the lower crypt zone. In contrast, an expansion of cyclin B1 positive cells to superficially located zones of the mucosa (the upper crypt zone and/or the luminal surface) was observed in the majority of LGD samples (96.0%) and HGD samples (100%; P < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

Overexpression of cyclin B1 is a frequent and early finding in the metaplasia‐dysplasia‐carcinoma sequence in BE. It may contribute to the loss of growth control and, subsequently, to the development of tumors in this location. Cancer 2002;92:212–8. © 2002 American Cancer Society.
Increased expression of β‐catenin predicts better prognosis in nonsmall cell lung carcinomas
Authors: Hommura Fumihiro , Furuuchi Keiji , Yamazaki Koichi , Ogura Shigeaki , Kinoshita Ichiro , Shimizu Michio , Moriuchi Tetsuya , Katoh Hiroyuki , Nishimura Masaharu , Dosaka‐Akita Hirotoshi
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

β‐Catenin has been shown to function as a Wnt signaling molecule to stimulate cyclin D1 expression and cell growth in several kinds of tumors.

METHODS

The authors immunohistochemically examined specimens of 217 surgically resected primary nonsmall cell lung carcinomas (NSCLCs) for β‐catenin expression and classified them semiquantitatively into three categories, including those with high, moderate, and low scores of expression.

RESULTS

High, moderate, and low scores of expression were found in 37 (17.1%), 145 (66.8%), and 35 (16.1%) tumors, respectively. β‐Catenin expression was not correlated with cyclin D1 expression, but was positively correlated with the Ki‐67 cell growth fraction (P = 0.04). The direct sequencing analysis for the β‐catenin gene mutation of 13 specimens of 217 tumors for the current study revealed no mutations. The relation between survival and β‐catenin expression was evaluated in 148 potentially curatively resected tumors with pathologic Stages I–IIIA. A trend toward better survival was found in patients with tumors having higher scores. In multivariate analysis, high β‐catenin expression was a significant and independent favorable prognostic factor (hazards ratio, 0.31; P = 0.007) as was pathologic stage. Analyzed by cell type, in nonsquamous cell carcinomas, patients with tumors having high scores survived a significantly longer time than those with tumors having moderate or low scores (5‐year survival rates, 84%, 55%, and 32%, respectively; P = 0.02), and high β‐catenin expression tended to be a favorable prognostic factor (hazards ratio, 0.32; P = 0.052).

CONCLUSIONS

These results indicate that, in NSCLCs, increased expression of β‐catenin can predict favorable prognosis of patients with resected tumors, suggesting that accumulation of β‐catenin has no or little oncogenic effect via activation of the Wnt pathway, unlike in colon carcinomas or hepatomas. Cancer 2002;94:752–8. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10213
Results of multimodality therapy for squamous cell carcinoma of maxillary sinus
Authors: Nibu Ken‐ichi , Sugasawa Masashi , Asai Masao , Ichimura Keiichi , Mochiki Masato , Terahara Atsuro , Kawahara Nobutaka , Asato Hirotaka
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

A wide variety of modalities, including surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, alone or in combination, have been used for the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the maxillary sinus to obtain better local control and maintain functions. However, there is still much controversy with regard to the optimum treatment.

METHODS

From 1987 to 1999, 33 patients with SCC of maxillary sinus were treated at the Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Tokyo Hospital. The treatment consisted of 30–40 grays (Gy) of preoperative radiotherapy with concomitant intraarterial infusion of 5‐fluorouracil and cisplatin followed by surgery and 30–40 Gy of postoperative radiotherapy, for tumors without skull base invasion. For tumors invading the skull base, preoperative systemic chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy was performed, instead of intraarterial chemotherapy, then followed by skull base surgery. The surgical procedures varied according to the extent of tumor. Results were compared with those of the 108 patients treated in our hospital from 1976 to 1982.

RESULTS

Partial maxillectomy was performed in 2 T2 patients and 12 T3 patients. Total maxillectomy was performed in 1 T2 patient, 3 T2 patients, and 7 T4 patients. Skull base surgery was performed in eight T4 patients. Orbital content and hard palate were preserved in 22 patients and 18 patients, respectively. The overall 5‐year survival rates were 86% in T 3 patients and 67 % in T4 patients, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Our multimodal treatment has provided favorable local control and survival outcome with good functional results. Cancer 2002;94:1476–82. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10253
Serum folate and homocysteine levels in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Almadori Giovanni , Bussu Francesco , Galli Jacopo , Cadoni Gabriella , Zappacosta Bruno , Persichilli Silvia , Minucci Angelo , Giardina Bruno
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

Local and systemic metabolic alterations are always present in cancer. Carcinogenesis is associated with biochemical disorders, often nonspecific, that might promote or derive from tumoral progression. Thus, analysis of metabolic alterations may be a valuable approach to understanding the biochemistry of tumors and may provide a means of identifying new targets for therapy. The methionine cycle in particular has been extensively studied in human cancer.

METHODS

The authors analyzed serum concentrations of two metabolites of such pathways, folate and homocysteine, in 42 patients affected by head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in comparison with two control groups, composed of smokers and non smokers.

RESULTS

Mean folate level was 5.8 ± 2.1 ng/mL in carcinoma patients, 9.1 ± 2.7 ng/mL in smoking controls, and 9.7 ± 2.2 ng/mL in non smoking controls, with a statistically significant difference between carcinoma patients and smokers (mean difference: −3.3ng/mL; 95% confidence interval [CI]: −4.234 to −2.366; P < 0.0001) and between carcinoma patients and non smokers (mean difference: −3.9ng/mL; 95% CI: −4.67 to −3.13; P < 0.0001). Mean total homocysteine level was 10.4 ± 5.3 μM in carcinoma patients, 7.8 ± 2.5 μM in the non‐smokers' group, and 8.3 ± 2.8 μM in the smokers' group, with statistically significant differences between carcinoma patients and smoking controls (mean difference: 2.1 μM; 95% CI: 0.7056 to 3.494; P = 0.0034) and between carcinoma patients and non smoking controls (mean difference: 2.6 μM; 95% CI: 1.381 to 3.819; P < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

Differences in serum levels of folate and homocysteine might arise from tumor development and consequent metabolic alterations or might precede and promote tumor progression. If hypofolatemia is a risk factor for head and neck carcinogenesis, it might suggest a role for folate as a novel chemopreventive agent both in patients with precancerous lesions and in patients with treated HNSCC at risk for loco‐regional recurrence and second primary tumors. Cancer 2002;94:1006–11. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10343
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor evaluation compared with prostate specific antigen as a biomarker in patients with prostate carcinoma
Authors: Meyer‐Siegler Katherine L. , Bellino Michael A. , Tannenbaum Myron
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

Cytokines are polypeptides that constitute a class of chemical mediator molecules that modulate cell growth by inducing specific target gene expression. The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical usefulness of serum evaluation of the cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in patients undergoing routine prostate specific antigen (PSA) screening.

METHODS

In this preliminary, retrospective study, the authors report the development of an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for MIF determination in serum samples. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based assay investigated associations between MIF expression and prostate carcinoma (CaP). The authors developed a relative quantitative reverse transcriptase‐PCR assay to determine MIF mRNA amounts within laser‐capture microscopy (LCM)‐dissected prostate epithelial cells.

RESULTS

A comparison of serum MIF levels and total PSA levels identified a positive correlation (correlation coefficient [r2] = 0.61; P < 0.001; n = 509 patients), suggesting an association between elevated serum concentrations of these proteins and CaP. A correlation of serum MIF levels with a diagnosis of CaP demonstrated that patients with a previous CaP diagnosis had significantly elevated serum MIF concentrations (mean ± standard deviation, 6.8 ± 0.87 ng/mL; P < 0.001). To associate altered serum MIF levels with MIF mRNA expression within prostate epithelial cells, LCM‐dissected prostate epithelial cells (formalin fixed biopsies from three different patients) were used to determine MIF mRNA amounts by PCR analysis. On average, MIF mRNA amounts were 6.5 times higher in CaP epithelial cells that were invasive to the margin compared with MIF mRNA amounts in normal prostate epithelial cells within the same biopsy specimen.

CONCLUSIONS

The ELISA data from the current study suggested an association between increased MIF expression and CaP and suggested that serum MIF concentration may serve as a prognostic marker for CaP. Cancer 2002;94:1449–56. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10354
Characteristics of indolent non‐hodgkin lymphoma in patients with type 1 human immunodeficiency virus infection
Authors: Levine Alexandra M. , Sadeghi Saeed , Espina Byron , Tulpule Anil , Nathwani Bharat
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

There is recent evidence that the incidence of indolent non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) appears to be increased in persons with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The current study was conducted to describe the clinical, immunologic, and pathologic characteristics of indolent B‐cell lymphoma in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

METHODS

The current report was a retrospective study of 10 cases of indolent NHL identified from the AIDS‐Lymphoma Registry at the University of Southern California School of Medicine. These patients were compared with 336 consecutive patients with systemic intermediate/high‐grade AIDS‐related NHL who were diagnosed and treated at a single institution.

RESULTS

The pathology of the indolent cases included follicular lymphoma (five patients), small lymphocytic lymphoma (two patients), and one case each of mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), monocytoid B‐cell, and marginal zone lymphoma. When comparing the indolent lymphomas with the intermediate/high‐grade AIDS‐NHL cases, no differences were observed with regard to demographic characteristics or history of prior opportunistic infection. HIV patients with indolent lymphomas were found to have a significantly higher median CD4+ lymphocyte count compared with patients with intermediate/high‐grade NHL (531 /mm3 vs. 90 /mm3) (P < 0.0001). Bone marrow involvement was significantly more common in indolent NHL cases (50%) versus intermediate/high‐grade NHL cases (17%) (P = 0.02). The median survival for patients with indolent NHL was significantly longer compared with patients with intermediate/high‐grade NHL (66.8 months vs. 7.1 months) (P = 0.007).

CONCLUSIONS

Indolent lymphomas occurring in patients infected with HIV appear to differ from intermediate/high‐grade lymphomas with regard to immune status and propensity for bone marrow involvement and prolonged survival. The median survival in the group of HIV‐seropositive patients with indolent NHL examined in the current study was found to be comparable to that reported in HIV‐negative individuals. Cancer 2002;94:1500–6. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10368
Proceedings of the Consensus Conference on the role of sentinel lymph node biopsy in carcinoma of the breast, April 19–22, 2001, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Authors: Schwartz Gordon F. , Giuliano Armando E. , Veronesi Umberto ,   Consensus Conference Committee
Published: August 2002

A consensus conference on the role of sentinel node biopsy in breast carcinoma was held in Philadelphia, April 19‐22, 2001. The current report summarizes the deliberations of the group and advances its current guidelines for the integration of this new technique into contemporary clinical practice.
Docetaxel/cisplatin as first‐line chemotherapy in patients with head and neck carcinoma
Authors: Baur Martina , Kienzer Heinz‐Roland , Schweiger Johannes , DeSantis Maria , Gerber Erich , Pont Jörg , Hudec Marcus , Schratter‐Sehn Annemarie Ulrike , Wicke Wolfram , Dittrich Christian
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

The objective of this Phase II study was to assess the clinical activity and toxicity of docetaxel (D) and cisplatin (P) in patients with locally advanced unresectable, metastatic, or recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN).

PATIENTS

Of 34 patients, 30 were eligible for treatment with D 80 mg/m2 on Day 1 and P 70 mg/m2 on Day 2. Therapy was repeated every 3 weeks. At the start of chemotherapy, the tumors had the following extensions: locoregional, n = 15; distant metastatic, n = 2; and relapse, n = 13.

RESULTS

Overall, the rate of objective responses in the population of all eligible patients based on an intention‐to‐treat analysis was 53%, with a 95% confidence interval (CI; 34.33–71.66%). Two patients had complete disease remission (pathologic), 4 patients had complete disease remission (clinical), 10 patients had partial disease remission, 3 patients had no change in disease status, and 7 patients had disease progression. The duration of objective response was median 5+ months (range 3–8+ months). Eleven patients (37%) had Grade 4 granulocytopenia and three patients (10%) had Grade 3 granulocytopenia (grades were based on the classification of the National Cancer Institute of Canada‐Common Toxicity Criteria). Six patients died of septicemia.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, the combination of D and P represents a highly active chemotherapeutic regimen for the treatment of patients with SCCHN. However, because of the high toxicity of this regimen, prophylactic administration of antibiotics and hematopoietic growth factors is essential as is a three‐day corticosteroid premedication regimen. Above all, this combination of drugs is not recommended for treatment of patients with a World Health Organization performance status of >1. Cancer 2002;94:2953–8. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10574
Association of prediagnosis endoscopy with stage and survival in adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia
Authors: Cooper Gregory S. , Yuan Zhong , Chak Amitabh , Rimm Alfred A.
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

Barrett esophagus, a consequence of chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease, is a premalignant condition for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and, possibly, the gastric cardia. However, the actual use and clinical impact of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in screening and surveillance for Barrett esophagus are unknown.

METHODS

A cohort included 1633 patients with adenocarcinoma (777 esophagus, 856 cardia) who were 70 years or older. They were diagnosed between 1993 and 1996 and were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results program registry. All claims for upper endoscopy and a diagnosis of Barrett esophagus from 1991 through 1 year before diagnosis were identified from linked Medicare files.

RESULTS

One or more upper endoscopies before diagnosis were performed in 9.7% of patients (13.0% esophagus, 6.8% cardia) and a diagnosis of Barrett esophagus was present in only 3.7% of patients. A shift toward earlier stage at diagnosis was observed in patients with previous endoscopy or Barrett diagnosis. For example, 62% of patients with esophageal and 49% of patients with cardia tumors who underwent previous endoscopy presented with in situ or local stage carcinoma, compared with 35% and 27% of other patients, respectively. Receipt of endoscopy was also associated with a reduced risk of death for esophageal adenocarcinoma (relative hazard 0.73, 95% confidence interval 0.57–0.93; P = 0.01), but not for adenocarcinoma of the cardia.

CONCLUSIONS

Receipt of upper endoscopy at least 1 year before diagnosis of adenocarcinoma, which may reflect prediagnosis screening, was associated with an earlier tumor stage and improved survival. These data support the role of endoscopic screening and surveillance for Barrett esophagus and highlight the underdiagnosis of populations at risk. Cancer 2002;95:32–8. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10646
Postnatal refinement of auditory nerve projections to the cochlear nucleus in cats
Authors: Leake Patricia A. , Snyder Russell L. , Hradek Gary T.
Published: August 2002

Studies of visual system development have suggested that competition driven by activity is essential for refinement of initial topographically diffuse neuronal projections into their precise adult patterns. This has led to the assertion that this process may shape development of topographic connections throughout the nervous system. Because the cat auditory system is very immature at birth, with auditory nerve neurons initially exhibiting very low or no spontaneous activity, we hypothesized that the auditory nerve fibers might initially form topographically broad projections within the cochlear nuclei (CN), which later would become topographically precise at the time when adult‐like frequency selectivity develops. In this study, we made restricted injections of Neurobiotin, which labeled small sectors (300–500 μm) of the cochlear spiral ganglion, to study the projections of auditory nerve fibers representing a narrow band of frequencies. Results showed that projections from the basal cochlea to the CN are tonotopically organized in neonates, many days before the onset of functional hearing and even prior to the development of spontaneous activity in the auditory nerve. However, results also demonstrated that significant refinement of the topographic specificity of the primary afferent axons of the auditory nerve occurs in late gestation or early postnatal development. Projections to all three subdivisions of the CN exhibit clear tonotopic organization at or before birth, but the topographic restriction of fibers into frequency band laminae is significantly less precise in perinatal kittens than in adult cats. Two injections spaced ≥2 mm apart in the cochlea resulted in labeled bands of projecting axons in the anteroventral CN that were 53% broader than would be expected if they were proportional to those in adults, and the two projections were incompletely segregated in the youngest animals studied. Posteroventral CN (PVCN) projections (normalized for CN size) were 36% broader in neonates than in adults, and projections from double injections in the youngest subjects were nearly fused in the PVCN. Projections to the dorsal division of the CN were 32% broader in neonates than in adults when normalized, but the dorsal CN projections were always discrete, even at the earliest ages studied. J. Comp. Neurol. 448:6–27, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estrogen‐induced dendritic spine elimination on female rat ventromedial hypothalamic neurons that project to the periaqueductal gray
Authors: Calizo Lyngine H. , Flanagan‐Cato Loretta M.
Published: August 2002

Neurons of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH) that project to the periaqueductal gray (PAG) form a crucial segment of the motor pathway that produces the lordosis posture, the hallmark of female rat sexual behavior. One suggested mechanism through which estrogen facilitates lordosis is by remodeling synaptic connectivity within the VMH. For instance, estrogen alters VMH dendritic spine density. Little is known, however, about the local VMH microcircuitry governing lordosis nor how estrogen alters synaptic connectivity within this local circuit to facilitate sexual behavior. The goal of this study was to define better the neuron types within the VMH microcircuitry and to examine whether estrogen alters synaptic connectivity, as measured by dendritic spine density, on VMH projection neurons. A retrograde tracer was injected into the PAG of ovariectomized rats treated with vehicle or estradiol. Retrogradely labeled VMH neurons were filled with Lucifer yellow, then immunostained for estrogen receptor‐α (ERα). VMH neurons that project to the PAG had more dendrites than functionally unidentified neurons. Additionally, VMH projection neurons could be subdivided into those located within the cluster of ERα‐containing neurons and those medial to the cluster. Estrogen decreased spine density by 57% on the long primary dendrites of VMH projection neurons located within the ERα cluster but not on projection neurons medial to the cluster. Only 4% of the VMH projection neurons expressed ERα. These results suggest that estrogen may facilitate sexual behavior by decreasing spines selectively, via an indirect mechanism, on a subset of VMH neurons that project to the PAG. J. Comp. Neurol. 447:234–248, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adult neurogenesis produces a large pool of new granule cells in the dentate gyrus
Authors: Cameron Heather A. , Mckay Ronald D.G.
Published: August 2002

Knowing the rate of addition of new granule cells to the adult dentate gyrus is critical to understanding the function of adult neurogenesis. Despite the large number of studies of neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus, basic questions about the magnitude of this phenomenon have never been addressed. The S‐phase marker bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) has been extensively used in recent studies of adult neurogenesis, but it has been carefully tested only in the embryonic brain. Here, we show that a high dose of BrdU (300 mg/kg) is a specific, quantitative, and nontoxic marker of dividing cells in the adult rat dentate gyrus, whereas lower doses label only a fraction of the S‐phase cells. By using this high dose of BrdU along with a second S‐phase marker, [3H]thymidine, we found that young adult rats have 9,400 dividing cells proliferating with a cell cycle time of 25 hours, which would generate 9,000 new cells each day, or more than 250,000 per month. Within 5–12 days of BrdU injection, a substantial pool of immature granule neurons, 50% of all BrdU‐labeled cells in the dentate gyrus, could be identified with neuron‐specific antibodies TuJ1 and TUC‐4. This number of new granule neurons generated each month is 6% of the total size of the granule cell population and 30–60% of the size of the afferent and efferent populations (West et al. [1991] Anat Rec 231:482–497; Mulders et al. [1997] J Comp Neurol 385:83–94). The large number of the adult‐generated granule cells supports the idea that these new neurons play an important role in hippocampal function. J. Comp. Neurol. 435:406–417, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.