bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanism for radiative recombination and defect properties of GaP/GaNP core/shell nanowires
Authors: Dobrovolsky A. , Stehr J. E. , Chen S. L. , Kuang Y. J. , Sukrittanon S. , Tu C. W. , Chen W. M. , Buyanova I. A.
Published: October 2012

Recombination processes in GaP/GaNP core/shell nanowires (NWs) grown on a Si substrate by molecular beam epitaxy are examined using a variety of optical characterization techniques, including cw- and time-resolved photoluminescence and optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR). Superior optical quality of the structures is demonstrated based on the observation of intense emission from a single NW at room temperature. This emission is shown to originate from radiative transitions within N-related localized states. From ODMR, growth of GaP/GaNP NWs is also found to facilitate formation of complex defects containing a P atom at its core that act as centers of competing non-radiative recombination.
Communication: Imaging the indirect dissociation dynamics of temporary negative ion: N2O− → N2 + O−
Authors: Xia Lei , Wu Bin , Li Hong-Kai , Zeng Xian-Jin , Xi Tian Shan
Published: October 2012

We reported an imaging study of the dissociation dynamics of temporary negative ion N2O− formed in the low-energy electron attachment, e− + N2O → N2O− → N2 + O−. With the help of ab initio molecular dynamics calculations, the evolution of momentum distributions of the O− fragment in terms of the electron attachment energy is identified as the result of a competition between two distinctly different indirect pathways, namely, climbing over and bypassing the energy ridge after the molecular structure bending. These two pathways prefer leaving the N2 fragment at the high vibrational and rotational states, respectively.
Room temperature ferromagnetic behavior in cluster free, Co doped Y2O3 dilute magnetic oxide films
Authors: Wu C. N. , Huang S. Y. , Lee W. C. , Chang Y. H. , Wu T. S. , Soo Y. L. , Hong M. , Kwo J.
Published: October 2012

Extensive structural analysis and magnetic properties are reported on cluster free, dilute magnetic oxide of Co doped Y2O3 (Co:Y2O3) film by low temperature deposition and characterized by extended x-ray absorption fine structure, x-ray absorption near edge structure, magnetometer, and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism. Room temperature ferromagnetism was observed, and the saturation magnetic moment was modulated by oxygen vacancy concentration through post annealing process. Oxygen vacancies are shown to play a crucial role in ferromagnetic ordering, as defect centers in the bound magnetic polaron model to account for this dilute magnetic oxide of medium band gap with low carrier concentration.
Estrogen receptor prevents p53-dependent apoptosis in breast cancer
Authors: Bailey Shannon T. , Shin Hyunjin , Westerling Thomas , Liu Xiaole Shirley , Brown Myles
Published: October 2012

More than two-thirds of breast cancers express the estrogen receptor (ER) and depend on estrogen for growth and survival. Therapies targeting ER function, including aromatase inhibitors that block the production of estrogens and ER antagonists that alter ER transcriptional activity, play a central role in the treatment of ER+ breast cancers of all stages. In contrast to ER− breast cancers, which frequently harbor mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor, ER+ breast cancers are predominantly wild type for p53. Despite harboring wild-type p53, ER+ breast cancer cells are resistant to chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in the presence of estrogen. Using genome-wide approaches, we have addressed the mechanism by which ER antagonizes the proapoptotic function of p53. Interestingly, both ER agonists such as estradiol and the selective ER modulator (SERM) tamoxifen promote p53 antagonism. In contrast, the full ER antagonist fulvestrant blocks the ability of ER to inhibit p53-mediated cell death. This inhibition works through a mechanism involving the modulation of a subset of p53 and ER target genes that can predict the relapse-free survival of patients with ER+ breast cancer. These findings suggest an improved strategy for the treatment of ER+ breast cancer using antagonists that completely block ER action together with drugs that activate p53-mediated cell death.
Acidified seawater impacts sea urchin larvae pH regulatory systems relevant for calcification
Authors: Stumpp Meike , Hu Marian Y. , Melzner Frank , Gutowska Magdalena A. , Dorey Narimane , Himmerkus Nina , Holtmann Wiebke C. , Dupont Sam T. , Thorndyke Michael C. , Bleich Markus
Published: October 2012

Calcifying echinoid larvae respond to changes in seawater carbonate chemistry with reduced growth and developmental delay. To date, no information exists on how ocean acidification acts on pH homeostasis in echinoderm larvae. Understanding acid–base regulatory capacities is important because intracellular formation and maintenance of the calcium carbonate skeleton is dependent on pH homeostasis. Using H
+
-selective microelectrodes and the pH-sensitive fluorescent dye BCECF, we conducted in vivo measurements of extracellular and intracellular pH (pH
e
and pH
i
) in echinoderm larvae. We exposed pluteus larvae to a range of seawater CO
2
conditions and demonstrated that the extracellular compartment surrounding the calcifying primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs) conforms to the surrounding seawater with respect to pH during exposure to elevated seawater
p
CO
2
. Using FITC dextran conjugates, we demonstrate that sea urchin larvae have a leaky integument. PMCs and spicules are therefore directly exposed to strong changes in pH
e
whenever seawater pH changes. However, measurements of pH
i
demonstrated that PMCs are able to fully compensate an induced intracellular acidosis. This was highly dependent on Na
+
and HCO
3
−
, suggesting a bicarbonate buffer mechanism involving secondary active Na
+
-dependent membrane transport proteins. We suggest that, under ocean acidification, maintained pH
i
enables calcification to proceed despite decreased pH
e
. However, this probably causes enhanced costs. Increased costs for calcification or cellular homeostasis can be one of the main factors leading to modifications in energy partitioning, which then impacts growth and, ultimately, results in increased mortality of echinoid larvae during the pelagic life stage.
Drift-barrier hypothesis and mutation-rate evolution
Authors: Sung Way , Ackerman Matthew S. , Miller Samuel F. , Doak Thomas G. , Lynch Michael
Published: October 2012

Mutation dictates the tempo and mode of evolution, and like all traits, the mutation rate is subject to evolutionary modification. Here, we report refined estimates of the mutation rate for a prokaryote with an exceptionally small genome and for a unicellular eukaryote with a large genome. Combined with prior results, these estimates provide the basis for a potentially unifying explanation for the wide range in mutation rates that exists among organisms. Natural selection appears to reduce the mutation rate of a species to a level that scales negatively with both the effective population size (
N
e
), which imposes a drift barrier to the evolution of molecular refinements, and the genomic content of coding DNA, which is proportional to the target size for deleterious mutations. As a consequence of an expansion in genome size, some microbial eukaryotes with large
N
e
appear to have evolved mutation rates that are lower than those known to occur in prokaryotes, but multicellular eukaryotes have experienced elevations in the genome-wide deleterious mutation rate because of substantial reductions in
N
e
.
Are national higher education policies adequate for the next decade?
Authors: Clark Paul
Published: October 2012

The period since the election in May 2010 has seen a number of very far-reaching reforms enacted in the higher education system in the UK, and especially England. These have been driven in large measure by the economic situation, but also by the aim to introduce a more market-based
approach into the sector. At the same time, the higher education system faces a number of long-term challenges, particularly in terms of how it can best contribute to much-needed regional and national economic growth. This article first summarises the reforms which have been put in place and
some of the factors driving them; next goes on to set out the long-term challenges which the sector will need to address; and finally assesses whether the policy platform established through the government's reforms is likely to help or hinder the achievement of the sector's (and the country's)
strategic aims.
The dislocation of teaching and research and the reconfiguring of academic work
Authors: Locke William
Published: October 2012

The relationship between teaching and research is a touchstone in thinking about higher education. However, the last 40 years has seen the 'dislocation' of these core academic activities as a result of policy and operational decisions to distinguish the way they are funded, managed,
assessed and rewarded. The activities of 'teaching' and 'research' are also disintegrating and the roles fragmenting, which, paradoxically, is allowing their reintegration in novel and innovative ways. However, this process cannot, ultimately, be successful without the fundamental reconfiguration
of academic work to meet the needs of a different student cohort and a changing society and economy.
The challenge of managing a large university in conditions of uncertainty
Authors: Priest Ann
Published: October 2012

This paper is written in the context of practice at Nottingham Trent University, using elements of its management as example or counterbalance to the literature. The challenge at the heart of the paper is that of practically balancing a managerial and business-focused culture and processes
to support the aspirations and motivations of the university, the academic schools and their staff. I will use practical examples of management data, resource planning and information systems and their use, and describe how the Business Review Process supports the institution's need for performance
review and allows the schools to link academic vision, localised strategy and business performance.
The entrepreneurial university in the twenty-first century
Authors: Taylor Mark P.
Published: October 2012

Burton Clark's 1998 monograph, Creating Entrepreneurial Universities: Organizational Pathways of Transformation, has become seminal in the literature on entrepreneurialism in universities. In this paper I re-examine the validity of Clark's analysis through an interview study
of one of his original entrepreneurial universities, namely Warwick University; at the same time, I seek to remedy some of the defects in Clark's original study. The study affirms that the entrepreneurial culture that Clark identified some 15 years ago still persists at Warwick University.
I speculate on the reasons why this culture has persisted, discuss the suitability of the entrepreneurial university in the post-2012 era and stress the importance of distinguishing between commercialism and Clark's concept of entrepreneurialism.
Hybrid graphene–ZnO nanocomposites as electron acceptor in polymer-based bulk-heterojunction organic photovoltaics
Authors: Zheng Qiao , Fang Guojia , Cheng Fei , Lei Hongwei , Wang Wenbo , Qin Pingli , Zhou Hai
Published: October 2012

Graphene–zinc oxide (G–ZnO) nanocomposites were prepared through a hydrothermal approach and used as electron acceptors in poly-(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT)-based bulk-heterojunction organic solar cells (OSCs). The blended film, which was a mixture of different weight ratios of P3HT and G–ZnO, was applied as the active layer in the OSC device. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) increases first and then decreases with the increase in G–ZnO content in the blended films. The device containing 15 wt% (ratio to P3HT) of G–ZnO shows the best performance with a PCE of 0.98%, an open-circuit voltage of 0.81 V and a short-circuit current density of 4.92 mA cm−2. The impact of the intrinsic mechanism on the characteristics of the OSCs under the illumination condition is discussed.
Formative Years: 1866–89
Authors: Gooptu Suparna
Published: October 2012

Cornelia Sorabji was born in a Parsee family at Nasik (Bombay Presidency) on 15 November 1866. The Parsees, a minority group in India, are followers of Zoroaster and worshippers of fire. Although the Parsees developed close associations with the British colonial administration and worked as commercial collaborators, they steadfastly struggled to maintain their own minority identity in temperament and their habits of life. The Sorabji family is described. The life experience of Cornelia's father, Sorabji Kharsedji, had a deep and long-lasting effect on her. Cornelia's writings show that her parents took particular care to encourage them to think independently, and inculcated in them a spirit of self-help. Cornelia's higher education in India is also discussed. In general, her family, social background, and faith in religion and the Empire set the parameters within which she made a bid to aspire for social recognition and economic self-sufficiency. Driven by a social evangelical urge to help disadvantaged social groups, she wanted to equip herself intellectually.
Epilogue
Authors: Gooptu Suparna
Published: October 2012

The trajectory of Cornelia Sorabji's life experience shows that she struggled to be India's pioneer woman lawyer at a time when British power had reached its zenith. The most enduring aspect of her life-experience and her public image, which led to an outright dismissal of her public role in the context of twentieth-century politics, was her opposition to all forms of popular politics. The pattern of Cornelia's negotiation with colonialism and patriarchy raises questions about the significance of her life from the perspective of emancipatory politics of gender. Till the end of her life, she was caught in the colonial ascription of race and gender and was at home neither in England nor in India.
History, Identity, and Faith Zakaullah
Authors: Hasan Mushirul
Published: October 2012

This chapter explores the questions of history, identity and faith through a detailed analysis of the life, times and writings of Muhammad Zakaullah's. The author begins by describing how Ramchander, Muhammad Zakaullah's chief intellectual mentor, and one of the first converts to Christianity in Delhi, was accused of converting Zakaullah to Christianity. Nazir Ahmad came to Zakaullah's defense, saying that his friend believed in tauhid with His full attributes as understood in Islam. Indeed, Zakaullah never denigrated Islamic ideals. While he admired some aspects of Christianity and found the truths embodied in Jesus Christ's message to be profoundly appealing, he did not think of changing his religion. This chapter explores the social and cultural damage caused by the Indian Rebellion of 1857 in order to understand the context of Zakaullah's expanding intellectual horizon.
Introduction
Authors: Hassan M. Sajjad
Published: October 2012

This chapter first defines the problem with the existing research on the region, which treats the Northeast region as a single unit. It then summarizes the history of conflicts in the region and in the two states—Manipur and Mizoram. It covers the specific literature on conflicts in Northeast India and the adequacy of existing arguments for understanding specific questions. It also reviews the literature on state building and collapse and examines some recent approaches to studying issues of state capability that provide promising ways to engage with the research problem. The chapter argues that the breakdown in Manipur is as much about the mobilization against the agencies of the state as it is about intercommunity conflicts. Social control in Manipur stands fragmented and state actors have failed to become the dominant force in society.
Building the Mizo Nation
Authors: Hassan M. Sajjad
Published: October 2012

This chapter analyses the social and economic changes taking place in the Lushai Hills. It examines the conflicts in Mizo society and its dominant sections’ response to claims over the new state. It also discusses the mobilization of the inclusive Mizo identity by those excluded. The chapter reveals that the Mizo national Front (MNF) was aware that its social control relied on strengthening the Mizo construct and considers how Mizo society and the state are responding to recent socio-economic challenges. It discusses that cohesive political power has translated into maintenance of the centrality of the institutions of the state in people's lives. State-making leaders in Mizoram were able to create a strong and cohesive state that has extensive links to society, thus improving its capabilities. The Mizoram case shows how society-making entails leaders not only including some but also excluding others to acquire legitimacy among their constituents so as to hold them together.
Conclusion
Authors: Hassan M. Sajjad
Published: October 2012

This chapter compares the account of the variance in conflict and political order to that provided in the literature on Northeast India and specifically in the conflict literature. The author describes the theoretical and policy implications of his research. It discusses that state agencies face challenges from rival forces across the range of their functions and that the ruling coalition in Mizoram has been able to mitigate inter-group contestations and prevent conflicts from breaking out uncontainably. It notes that grievance is an important ingredient for conflicts and violence. A comparison between the political economy of Manipur and Mizoram shows that both institutional arrangements and capabilities of the state in Manipur are poor, and hence, prone to internal and external shocks. It concludes by suggesting that actions around local issues, particularly those that are about inclusionary participation mechanisms, such as through public action for provision of public services will need to be pursued.
Bahudhā and the Post 9/11 World
Authors: Singh Balmiki Prasad
Published: October 2012

Today, in the age of terrorism and an unsafe world, there is a fresh need to understand the core meaning of the world religions, to reshape the educational system, and to strengthen the United Nations (UN) in a manner that can help people to build a better future. Drawing upon sources from the ancient roots of Indian culture and his experience as an international civil servant, B.P. Singh presents an essential framework for addressing the core twenty-first century global conflict and rebuilding for the post-September 11 world, while integrating the concept of the bahudhā philosophy. The futility of promoting violence and conflict in the name of religion is obvious to all except a few. Together, people have to recognize that many factors drive public opinion, including education and media, and that a global view is required. Underlining the need to transcend age-old peace mechanisms and reconstruct the language of discourse, this book propounds the concept of bahudhā — an eternal reality or continuum, a dialogue of harmony, and peaceful living. Bahudhā recognizes the distinction between plural societies and pluralism, facilitates exchange of views, and promotes understanding of the collective good. This book argues that the answer to terrorism lies in respecting human rights and appreciating various cultures and value systems. This is crucial for facilitating and enhancing dialogue processes eventually leading to amity and a peaceful world.
1 The World Today
Authors: Singh Balmiki Prasad
Published: October 2012

Historical factors — religious, political, and economic — shape events, which in turn, determine the future course of history. Amongst the many events witnessed by the world during 1989–2001, three stand out as being of immense significance. These are the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989; the transfer of Hong Kong to China in 1997; and the terrorist attack on the United States of America on September 11, 2001. The transfer of Hong Kong to China marked the formal end of colonialism and the racial superiority theory in international affairs. The fall of the Berlin Wall in Germany meant the triumph of democracy and self-rule over communism and dictatorship. The attack on the USA on September 11, 2001 was followed by military intervention in Afghanistan and Iraq by the US and its allies. The chapter also examines the Tibetan Crisis, colonialism and imperialism, Iraq War, and terrorism in India.
2 Political ‘Tsunamis’ and After
Authors: Singh Balmiki Prasad
Published: October 2012

The end of colonialism and the Cold War in the second half of the twentieth century and the rise of the demon of terrorism at the beginning of the twenty-first century, has created a tsunami-like impact on politics and international relations, economics, and cultural practices. At the same time, a fierce debate rages in the world about terrorism. Although every religion has a fundamentalist group, after 9/11 particularly, the fundamentalist forces of Islam are receiving special attention from everyone. Fundamentalists and terrorists are also actuated by similar strong feelings and indulge in meaningless violence and senseless killing of innocent people. Hence, people are turning their attention increasingly to the more fundamental question of ‘how to live’. This chapter also studies religious fundamentalism, especially in Pakistan; recent changes in Islamic countries; political reforms in the Arab world; democracy; and globalization.
4 The Pathfinders
Authors: Singh Balmiki Prasad
Published: October 2012

Three ways were clearly stipulated by savants of the Vedic era as to ‘how should we live’. The first relates to karma or action, the second to rituals that prescribed yajna to propitiate nature and the gods, and the third relates to the bahudhā attitude. In its long history, Indian thought processes have undergone major changes spurred both by internal developments and by external contacts. Social conflict and external aggression have been a feature of history. Notwithstanding this, the bahudhā philosophy has found eloquent expression in India. This chapter examines this philosophy from the perspectives of the pathfinders: Lord Mahavira, Lord Buddha, and Guru Nanak.
6 The Rulers
Authors: Singh Balmiki Prasad
Published: October 2012

The myth of the Chakravartin fuelled the ambitions of several rulers in India to build a large empire over the Indian subcontinent. In the long history of governance in India, three outstanding rulers who made meaningful contributions to the bahudhā approach are Ashoka (304–232 BC), Akbar (1542–1605), and Jawaharlal Nehru (1889–1964). This chapter discusses the concepts implemented by these rulers, such as dhamma, ibadat khana, abolition of jiziya, din-i-ilahi; communal harmony, foreign policy, naga policy, and the relationship between Gandhi and Nehru. Ashoka stands out as an outstanding gifted ruler who laid down some unique conflict resolution mechanisms. Akbar was crowned the third emperor of the Mughal Empire. Meanwhile, the idea that power can be turned to utilitarian goals in a democracy is now well accepted. This has been possible in great measure because the policies enunciated by Nehru were pursued by successive prime ministers.
9 Religion for All Beings
Authors: Singh Balmiki Prasad
Published: October 2012

It is very unfortunate that religion has become a source of discord, conflict and wars. Faiths differ from each other in terms of dogmas, beliefs, and rituals. But, at the same time, all religions have also been creative, and have enabled people to attain meaningful existence. Dogmas, beliefs, and rituals are only instruments which seek to arouse a spiritual quest so that one can realize new possibilities in life. This chapter asks the following questions: What is the political role of religion? How does it affect state policy? What challenges does it pose to world peace? What positive role can religion play towards global peace and formulation of public policy for social harmony? Is secularization of the state the answer? What help can the bahudhā approach render in this context?
12 In Conclusion
Authors: Singh Balmiki Prasad
Published: October 2012

The issues of globalization, democracy, and peace that have dominated people’s lives, especially after 1989, are likely to continue as the most important global political trends of the twenty-first century as well. This chapter first cites the significance of the dismantling of the Berlin Wall, the transfer of Hong Kong to China, and the destruction of the World Trade Center in New York on 11 September 2001. This chapter reflects upon the following issues: a peaceful world without wars and major conflicts; whether religions will inspire suicide squads the coming years; whether terrorists will kill innocent civilians and destroy property in the name of religion; whether incompatibility and the feeling of distrust among ethnic and religious groups are going to decline heralding an era of social harmony; and a global political order based on the rule of law and equality.
Concerning Dr Ansari's Household
Authors: Edib Halidé
Published: October 2012

Dr M.A. Ansari lived in Dar-Es-Salam, which means House of Salam or House of Islam. Aside from the spirit of Islam, the house, where the author stayed as a guest for almost two months, also had international and universal aspects. The walls of the drawing-room featured many famous Indians as well as Afghans and Persians. Muslim India is a window not only to the Near and Middle East but also to the Far East. Ansari gave the author ten days to rest and look around before beginning her lectures at the Jamia Millia Islamia in New Delhi. Ansari was the head of the Indian Red Crescent; his visit to Turkey made him a bridge between the Near East and India. He was also one of the organizers of the Khilafat movement and one of its strongest supporters.
Concerning Chairmen at Jamia Lectures
Authors: Edib Halidé
Published: October 2012

In this chapter, the Halide Edib talks about eight personalities who presided over her lectures at the Jamia Millia Islamia (National Muslim University) in New Delhi. Four of them were Hindus and the other four were Muslims. They are Sarojini Naidu, Mahatma Gandhi, Dr Bhagavan Das, and Bhulabhai Desai as well as Dr M.A. Ansari, Maulana Shaukat Ali, Maulana Sulaiman Nadvi, and Sir Mohammad Iqbal.
Concerning Some ‘Isms’
Authors: Edib Halidé
Published: October 2012

Visitors in India often encounter the terms ‘communalism’, ‘nationalism’, and ‘socialism’. In this chapter, the author comments on their implications in every Indian problem as she understood them in Salam House. Communalism refered to seeing everything in the light of the interests of one's community. With respect to nationalism, one may understand it in the Indian sense by viewing it in relation to communalism. Nationalism in India had gone through two stages: first, all communalists are also nationalists today, and second, that which calls itself nationalist, and to which a considerable majority belong, has only now adjusted its internal political difference. Socialism in India has two aspects: socialism interpreted by the scriptures and socialism borrowed from Western ideologies and based purely on economic issues. Negative mysticism and occultism appear to be declining in India, although this does not mean that religion is also on the wane.
Aligarh
Authors: Edib Halidé
Published: October 2012

In this chapter, the author narrates her visit to Aligarh University and to the tomb of its founder, Sir Saiyid Ahmad. During the mid-nineteenth century, an Islamic Renaissance of a somewhat rationalist nature emerged in the Islamic world, led by such men as Sheikh Abdu and Jemaladdin-Afghani. This movement was the first attempt of the Islamic world to search for a modus vivendi with the Western Christian world. Sir Saiyid Ahmad represents the Indian side of it. The teaching in Aligarh is a reflection of an English university, with emphasis on Eastern rather than Western classics and the focus on traditional ceremonies. The author was given the honour of membership to the Students' Union, whose members include Abdur Rahman Qureshi. The author also attended a tea party, where the students discussed Islamic culture and the relations between Hindus and Muslims.
Lahore
Authors: Edib Halidé
Published: October 2012

Lahore was one of the principal Muslim cities in Punjab and where the author spent time as the guest of a rich landowner. There the author met Begam Shah Nawaz, who gave her information about the position of women, especially of Muslim women, in the Punjab. The author visited a college for young women in Purdah and attended a tea party given by the Women's Club or Clubs. Begam Shah Nawaz also took her to Shalimar Garden, the royal park where the old Muslim sultans came for rest and pleasure in the days gone by. Another great community in Lahore was that of the Sikhs. The author considered Lahore as a bridge that linked the Frontier to the rest of India, both geographically and in terms of mentality.
Lucknow
Authors: Edib Halidé
Published: October 2012

In this chapter, the author narrates her travel to Lucknow, where she knew a couple of Begams: Professor Mujeeb's wife and his sister Shakira. She stayed at a house called ‘Dali-Bag’ (Dolly's Garden), which belonged to Mujeeb's brother and where three generations lived. The master of the house was Mr Wasim, Mujeeb's eldest brother. Begam Wasim belongs to the second generation, whose brothers include Haliq Zaman and Dr Salim Zaman, Shakira's husband. The author also talks about a famous public figure of Lucknow, Sheikh Mushir Hosain Kidwai of Gadia. The Sheikh was an active member of the Khilafat movement in India, in addition to other political movements. When Mahatma Gandhi stopped the Khilafat movement, Sheikh Mushir Kidwai condemned him. The Sheikh was a co-founder, along with Hasrat Mohani, of the All-Indian Non-Communal Independent Party. He is also strongly inclined to socialism derived from Islam.
Calcutta
Authors: Edib Halidé
Published: October 2012

In this chapter, the author shares her thoughts about Calcutta, the former capital of India and a typical European city. Calcutta is the centre of Bengal, and has influenced whatever is happening in New India. Among the important figures in the history of India are Ram Mohan Roy, the founder of Brahma Samaj who represented Hinduism and united it with Christianity and Islam; Prince Dwarka Nath Tagore; Debendra Nath Tagore; Keshab Chandra Sen, who bought an estate near Calcutta and called it the ‘Forest Abode’; and Amba Sankara, the founder of Arya-Samaj. In Calcutta, the author stayed at the house of Abdur Rahman Siddiqi, one of the young lieutenants of Dr M.A. Ansari in the Indian Red Crescent Mission to Turkey during the Balkan War. She visited, and was impressed by, the University of Calcutta. She also got the chance to hear the famous Calcutta singer, Nuri-Jihan.
Hinduism in the Melting-pot
Authors: Edib Halidé
Published: October 2012

In this chapter, the author finds it necessary to examine the older forces at work in India, particularly in the case of the Hindus compared to the Muslims or the English. She considers those forces which have had a formative influence upon Mahatma Gandhi, in order to take a balanced view of India in general, and of modern Hindu society in particular. She views Hinduism as a major amorphous force with infinite tentacles affecting every form of life with which it comes into contact. An English liberal and radical, Allan Octavian Hume, formed the Indian National Congress. These forces resulted in an open struggle between the Congress, lead by Mahatma Gandhi, and Great Britain.
Mahatma Gandhi and India
Authors: Edib Halidé
Published: October 2012

To understand how the forces influenced Mahatma Gandhi, the formative processes of his life must be examined. The first stage of this process is Mahatma Gandhi's childhood. His father, Kaba Gandhi, was both prime minister at Porbandar and a member of the Rajasthanik Court (now extinct). The second stage of the process was in England, where Gandhi first began to weigh and question certain things he had so far taken for granted, focusing in particular on diet and religion. The third stage in the formative process of Mahatma Gandhi's life is in South Africa, where he changed from a conformist to a non-conformist whose mission is to alter the society to which he belonged. The fourth and the last stage of the process began in India, where politically Mahatma Gandhi accepted Gokhale's guidance and became convinced that the British Empire existed for the good of the world.
Islam in the Melting-pot
Authors: Edib Halidé
Published: October 2012

Islam is a religion consisting of a threefold code of life: individual, social, and political. First is a belief in One God, in His Messengers (the prophets) and in the inspired Books. Mohammed is the last messenger and monotheism is the alpha and omega of the Islamic creed. Second is an emphasis on two interrelated aspects of life: the relation of man to man, and social justice. The third concerns the khalif, who was elected by popular vote (Ijami-Ummet) just as the Americans elect their president. The second period in Islam began with Muaviye, the founder of the Emeviye dynasty. Dr M.A. Ansari, the last of the great Muslim leaders of 1920, believed that nationalism or narrow religion was incompatible with the sort of democracy he dreamed for India.
State and Market in India's Culture
Authors: Singh Balmiki Prasad
Published: October 2012

Along with market and trade, culture will soon be an important variable in determining the global position of a country. In India's long and uninterrupted cultural history, religion, trade and the State have brought a major role in the promotion of culture and the arts. The leaders of independent India, Jawaharlal Nehru, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Rajendra Prasad, and S. Radhakrishnan realized that a major intervention by the state was necessary in promoting cultural creativity. Various autonomous cultural institutions were set up with government support. A separate Department of Culture was set up. The National Culture Fund was set by the Indian government. The plural character of Indian culture has played a major role in continuity and richness of our culture. This chapter also discusses the recent trend of ethnic groups to gain greater share of income and wealth and hence more state power and thus the importance of harmony and peace.
Arts, Cultural Pageants and the State: The Nehru–Azad Dialogue
Authors: Singh Balmiki Prasad
Published: October 2012

This chapter begins by discussing the British approach to culture which was shaped by their policies of laissez-faire and paternalism. Subsequently leaders of the new republic approached the cultural issues with considerable sensitivity. It is a faithful portrait of dialogues between officials and leaders about the Republic Day parade which conveys the military and cultural strength of a vibrant nation. The aim is to present an insight into the cultural climate of the early years of the Indian Republic. The chapter mentions how Nehru's purchased paintings of Sass Brunner and Elizabeth Brunner and a series of letters written to Abul Kalam Azad which created the contour of government art purchase schemes. It is necessary in the realm of culture and the arts to consciously work towards revival of the spirit of the freedom struggle and the transparency with which the leaders and cultural personalities worked in the early years of the Indian Republic.
Postscript: ICT and Mahatma Gandhi
Authors: Singh Balmiki Prasad
Published: October 2012

Indian civilization is deep-rooted and far-reaching. There were four encounters that have been seminal in Indian civilization. Each of these four civilizational encounters has deeply influenced the society, families, and individual beings and are living parts of consciousness and ways of living. The fifth civilizational encounter, encompassing all aspects of our living is the Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Revolution. Based on connectivity, ICT is radically transforming production and consumption pattern; access to information; governance; and politics. As warned by Mahatma Gandhi, it is also necessary to be aware of the evils associated with machines. There are two divergent views about Mahatma Gandhi's attitude towards ‘machines’ and ‘modernization’. The comments of Rabindranath Tagore, Jawaharlal Nehru and Ernest Fritz Schumacher are chosen for further discussion.
Introduction
Authors: Orsini Francesca
Published: October 2012

Between 1920 and 1940, Hindi emerged as the national language of India. Among Hindi intellectuals, the terms rāṣṭra and jāti were used to refer to ‘nation’ in a political sense and to indicate a common cultural identity, respectively. This book examines the Hindi public sphere during the period from the rise of nationalism led by Mahatma Gandhi in 1919–1920, to the institutionalization of the Congress party in the 1920s and 1930s, and finally to its consolidation as a ruling party with the provincial Congress governments of 1937–1939. The two decades between 1920 and 1940 are known as the ‘golden age’ of modern Hindi literature and a period characterized by extraordinary literary creativity in all fields, including poetry and fiction. In addition to Hindi language and the literary sphere, this book discusses women and the Hindi public sphere, as well as the Hindi political sphere with peasants as subjects.
Language, Literature, and Publicity
Authors: Orsini Francesca
Published: October 2012

Since the nineteenth century, language and literature had been the subject of intense debates about the progress and reform of India. In the context of Hindi, such arguments gave rise to a cultural identification with the language, over a wide geographical area and in opposition to Urdu, English, and to earlier multiple linguistic saṃskāras. The growing support for Hindi, along with its politicization in the 1920s on the wave of Mahatma Gandhi's nationalism, suddenly made the question of a national language (rāṣṭrabhāṣā) appear plausible and even urgent. The provincial contest between scholars of Hindi and Urdu became an issue of national politics. This chapter examines how the nationalist perspective influenced Hindi debates on language and literature and on the role of the writer, how Hindi intellectuals reacted to the new publicity of the literary sphere, and the publicity and evaluation of Hindi literature based on prizes, popularity, and criticism.
Women and the Hindi Public Sphere
Authors: Orsini Francesca
Published: October 2012

In India, women's voices began to appear in the Hindi press and in Hindi literature only in the 1920s. Before that, women's access to the public sphere was full of tensions, and women active in the public sphere — whether through education, print, or activism — were able to do so only within extremely narrow confines and had to negotiate with both traditional and reformist concepts of Indian womanhood. These women were influenced in part by current symbols and notions of Indian femininity, including propriety, sevā, and maryādā. At the same time, they transformed these symbols in the new spaces to which they had access, whether in journals, literature, teaching, or political activism. Moreover, the chapter looks at the public spaces that women were able to access and the strategies and idioms they used so that they could gain a public voice.
Introduction
Authors: Pandey Gyanendra
Published: October 2012

This introductory chapter first sets out the purpose of the book, which is to examine the conditions, the character, and the consequences of what has been called ‘communal’ conflict in nineteenth and early-twentieth-century India. At the same time, it seeks to analyse a particular construction of knowledge about Indian society — the construction of a sociology and a history that is fairly well summed up in the term ‘communalism’. The chapter then examines what happens when the term ‘communalism’ is applied to the history of Hindu–Muslim (or Hindu–Sikh/Muslim–Sikh) relations in colonial north India, what remains hidden behind the term and what, if anything, it illuminates.
Community as History
Authors: Pandey Gyanendra
Published: October 2012

This chapter discusses the example of a slightly different kind of local history from the Bhojpuri region, which represents just one attempt among many in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries to bring ‘history’ to the witness-stand and assert a community identity in terms both of temporality and territoriality. The example — Sheikh Muhammad Ali Hasan's Waqeat-o-Hadesat: Qasba Mubarakpur—takes the form of a history or chronicle of events in the qasba prepared in the 1880s by a scion of a local Muslim zamindari family. The importance of the text is illustrated by drawing on alternative reconstructions of the same history as found in other sources.
Mobilizing the Hindu Community
Authors: Pandey Gyanendra
Published: October 2012

The ritual slaughter of cows came to occupy centre-stage in the politics of the late nineteenth century ‘not so much because the Muslims loved to sacrifice cows as because the militant Hindus [and, one might add, the colonial regime] made it an issue’. Cow-protection was also of special importance in bridging the gap between urban and rural Hindus and élite and popular levels of ‘communalism’. This chapter asks how all this happened: what did the call for cow-protection amount to, and how was it received by different sections of the putative Hindu community? These questions are investigated through a close examination of Cow-Protection activities and propaganda in the Bhojpuri region.
‘Hindi, Hindu, Hindustan’
Authors: Pandey Gyanendra
Published: October 2012

This chapter focuses on Hindu and Muslim movements in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, which were in large part an answer to a colonialism that challenged the validity of the indigenous forms of social existence in virtually every respect. They represented an effort by people at many different levels of the society to overcome the marks of subordination and humiliation that had come with colonial rule. On the one hand, these efforts suggest a political vision of emerging or potential unity based on the common interests of all Indians. On the other hand, it indicates the existence of a vision of society as already formed into discrete communities, each with its own priorities and interests and each with the right to determine its own (‘social’) future.
Afterword: Communalism after Communalism
Authors: Pandey Gyanendra
Published: October 2012

This chapter presents some concluding thoughts from the author. It looks at a condition of post-communalism, in which the context and the discursive space that made for what was characterized as communalism no longer endures. It suggests that the antagonisms, the suspicion and hatred, and the bloodletting between organized groups claiming to speak for different religious communities appear to have taken on more vicious and undisguised forms. But the easy categorization of these politics as communalism is not quite so comfortably done: and the search is on for an alternative and perhaps more adequate conceptualization of these tendencies and occurrences. The reasons for unease may lie in the erosion of the neat ideals of nationalism and communalism, progress and reaction that we have long lived with. It is these are examined a little more closely.
The Consequences of Rising Youth Obesity for U.S. Military Academy Admissions
Authors: Cawley John , Maclean Johanna Catherine
Published: October 2012

This study estimates the percentage of the U.S. age‐eligible population that exceeds weight‐for‐height admission standards of U.S. Military Academies, the undergraduate institutions that train officers for the U.S. Armed Forces. We analyze data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, and document that the fraction of age‐eligible civilians exceeding the weight and fat standards for admission has more than doubled for men and nearly quadrupled for women between 1959 and 2010. Among women, exceeding these standards is roughly 13 percentage points more likely among African‐Americans than whites, representing a challenge to the military, which strives for a racially‐diverse officer corps. Simulations indicate that further increases in weight and fat of just 1% would result in a 16.5% increase for men, and 10.9% increase for women, in ineligibility for admission to the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. Overall, these results indicate that the current prevalence of and future trends in obesity threaten to reduce the quality of the officer corps, and thereby decrease U.S. military readiness.
Inhibition of antibody productionin vivoby pre-stimulation of Toll-like receptor 4 before antigen priming is caused by defective B-cell priming and not impairment in antigen presentation
Authors: Rachmawati Nurlaely Mida , Fukudome Kenji , Tsuneyoshi Naoko , Bahrun Uleng , Tsukamoto Hiroki , Yanagibashi Tsutomu , Nagai Yoshinori , Takatsu Kiyoshi , Ohta Shoichiro , Kimoto Masao
Published: October 2012

Stimulation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) induces not only innate but also adaptive immune responses, and has been suggested to exert adjuvant effects. Additional to such positive effects, pre-stimulation of TLR4 induces endotoxin tolerance where animals are unresponsive to subsequent lethal challenges with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We examined the effects of pre-stimulation of TLR4 using an agonistic anti-TLR4 mAb (UT12) on antibody production in vivo. Pre-injection of UT12 prior to both primary and secondary immunization completely inhibited antigen-specific antibody responses. Cellular analysis revealed that the inhibition was not due to impairment of T-cell activation. Accordingly, T-helper activities in UT12 pre-injected mice were not impaired. In contrast, B-cell priming was defective in UT12 pre-injected mice. The observation that the expression of activation markers such as CD69 and CD86 on B cells was blocked by UT12 pre-injection supports this. Interestingly, UT12 pre-injection only showed inhibitory effects at the primary and not the secondary immunization. These results provide important information concerning the regulatory mechanisms of antibody production, especially in endotoxin-tolerant states.
Lamb's problem at its simplest
Authors: Kausel Eduardo
Published: October 2012

This article revisits the classical problem of horizontal and vertical point loads suddenly applied onto the surface of a homogeneous, elastic half-space, and provides a complete set of exact, explicit formulae which are cast in the most compact format and with the simplest possible structure. The formulae given are valid for the full range of Poisson's ratios from 0 to 0.5, and they treat real and complex poles alike, as a result of which a single set of formulae suffices and also exact formulae for dipoles can be given.