bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Corticosteroids and the Pharmacological Management of Autism—An Integrative Review
Authors: de Jesus Lillian Amanda Gabarrão , Piuvezam Grasiela , Pimenta Isac Davidson Santiago Fernandes , de Melo Eduardo Borges
Published: November 2024

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), or autism, is a lifelong neurodevelopmental condition typically detected during early childhood, for which no specific and efficient pharmacological management is currently available. No drugs have been developed specifically for the pharmacological management of autism. Thus, this approach often relies on various conventional psychotropic medications and, depending on the condition, other medications may also be used. Some studies available in the literature indicate that the adjunctive use of corticosteroids can help improve the quality of life of individuals with autism. Therefore, we conducted an integrative review using four databases, which were PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, focusing on clinical trials and animal model studies involving corticosteroids related to autism. We analyzed the effects of treatment on core and associated autism symptoms, as well as adverse effects. Eight studies were selected and analyzed, seven involving humans and one using an animal model. These studies focused on the drugs pregnenolone (3), prednisolone (3), hydrocortisone (1), and betamethasone (1) in trials either alone or in combination with other medications (such as risperidone). We observed that corticosteroids safely and effectively reduced several symptoms, including stereotypical and social behaviors, hyperactivity, and irritability. Furthermore, no serious adverse effects were observed, although all selected studies were of short duration. Thus, corticosteroids are promising options to be included in the pharmacological management of autism, whether or not in combination with other medications, and further studies are needed to evaluate their long-term effectiveness.
The Ni3Al/Ni Interfacial Contribution to the Indentation Size Effect of Ni-Based Single-Crystal Superalloys
Authors: Zhang Zhiwei , Zhang Xingyi , Yang Rong , Wang Jun , Lu Chunsheng
Published: November 2024

Hardness decreases as indentation depth increases at both the nano- and micro-meter scales. By incorporating interfacial contributions, the indentation size effect can provide valuable information on the deformation behaviors of Ni-based single-crystal superalloys. In this paper, through experimental studies and atomistic simulations, we examine the indentation size effect and mechanical behaviors of Ni-based single-crystal superalloys. The results demonstrate that the indentation size effect, in conjunction with the Ni3Al/Ni interfacial network, is effectively captured by a modified Nix–Gao model. Molecular dynamics simulations further reveal the underlying atomistic mechanisms and microstructural evolution during nanoindentation. These findings provide new insights into the deformation behavior of Ni-based single-crystal superalloys and support their wide applications in the aerospace industry.
Quantification of Ground Reaction Forces During the Follow Through in Trained Male Cricket Fast Bowlers: A Laboratory-Based Study
Authors: Fleming Jeffrey , Perrett Corey , Melchi Onesim , McClelland Jodie , Middleton Kane
Published: November 2024

Ground reaction forces (GRFs) are known to be high during front foot contact of fast bowling deliveries in cricket. There is a lack of published data on the GRFs during follow through foot contacts. The aim of this study was to quantify and compare peak GRFs and impulse of the delivery stride and the follow through of fast bowling deliveries. Ten trained male fast bowlers (ball release speed mean ± SD; 32.6 ± 2.3 m/s) competing in the Men’s Victorian Premier League participated in the study. Peak GRF and impulse data were collected using in-ground force plates in a laboratory setting. Linear mixed modelling of GRFs and impulse showed a significant effect of foot strike (p < 0.001). Front foot contact had the greatest magnitude of peak vertical GRF (5.569 ± 0.334 BW) but was not significantly greater than back foot recontact (4.471 ± 0.285 BW) (p = 0.07). Front foot impact had the greatest vertical impulse (0.408 ± 0.018 BW·s) but was similar to back foot (0.377 ± 0.012 BW·s) and front foot (0.368 ± 0.006 BW·s) recontacts (p = 0.070 to 0.928). The high GRF and impulse during the follow through highlights the need for further kinetic and kinematic research on this phase of the fast bowling delivery.
Dynamics Influencing Factors and Sustainable Development Strategies in Population Shrinking Cities of Jiangsu Province, China
Authors: Chen Congjian , Xu Fen , Cao Yang
Published: November 2024

Studies on urban shrinkage in eastern China lack relevant contributions. This study investigates population dynamics in Jiangsu Province, focusing on county-level cities to understand the factors influencing urban population size. It developed a multidimensional indicator system per 2014, 2017, 2020, and 2023 statistical data, incorporating road network accessibility, socio-economic levels, resident income, public services, and the built environment. Employing static fixed effects models and dynamic panel regression models, it analyses trends and evolutionary patterns of permanent population changes. The findings indicate an overall increase in the permanent population over the past decade, although the growth rate has slowed in the last five years. Notably, there is a significant spatial clustering of population growth and contraction, often aligned with high-speed transportation corridors. Unlike existing research findings, the urban shrinkage pattern in Jiangsu Province is unique. Some cities in northern Jiangsu exhibit a ‘relative contraction’ pattern, where population decline coexists with high economic growth and spatial expansion. Key short-term factors influencing population size include the city’s economic level and residents’ disposable income, while long-term factors encompass city level, industrial structure, and transportation networks. Small towns exhibit ‘close-range mobility’, with primary short-term influences stemming from residents’ income, public service quality, and intercity transportation accessibility. Indeed, long-term factors primarily reflect economic development quality and urban employment rates.
Spatial and Temporal Evolution Characteristics of Ecosystem Service Value and Population Distribution in China’s Coastal Areas
Authors: Liu Chang , Liu Qing , Gao Xingchuan
Published: November 2024

Coastal areas are among the most densely populated areas globally and are crucial components of terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Investigating the interplay between population distribution and the ecosystem service value (ESV) in coastal regions, along with their spatial and temporal dynamics, is crucial for safeguarding coastal ecological security, fostering regional sustainable development, and facilitating a harmonious coexistence between humans and nature. This study focuses on China’s coastal areas, utilizing land use and population data from 2000 to 2020 at the county-level scale. Several methods, such as geographic concentration, spatial autocorrelation, and the spatial mismatch index, are employed to reveal the relationships and spatial and temporal characteristics between population and the ESV. The main findings are as follows: (1) The population in China’s coastal areas increased from 580.6632 million to 700.7265 million, with a rising population density. The population distribution core is concentrated in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Urban Agglomeration, the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration, and the Pearl River Delta Urban Agglomeration, with secondary cores forming near provincial capitals. (2) The ecological geographic concentration in China’s coastal areas is lower than that of the population, displaying a distribution pattern of “low–high–low” from north to south. The ESV in these areas has increased by CNY 121.66 billion, with a significant decline in the per capita ESV. Low values of ecological geographic concentrations are concentrated in the northern part of the research area, particularly across the North China Plain. (3) The correlation between the ESV and population in China’s coastal areas is negative, with relatively good overall coordination. Increased human activities and urbanization in the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta have led to the degradation of ecological functions.
Assessing Potential and Impact Factors Driving Chadian Gum Arabic International Trade Based on the Augmented Gravity Model
Authors: Djetoyom Denenoudji , Gang Tian , Ngueilbaye Alladoumbaye , Lubari John Yata Raymond
Published: November 2024

Chadian Gum Arabic is an essential export commodity with significant potential for international trade, improving living conditions for Sahelian populations in various sectors. However, there is a lack of examination of its potential impact factors of sustainability in regional and international contexts from a dynamic perspective. This paper aims to address this gap by using regional data from 1997 to 2021 of Chadian Gum Arabic international trade and applying the augmented gravity model. The analyses demonstrate that the multiple regression model explains a 15% variance in trade value, accounting for all the predictors input into the model. Although this explains a relatively small portion of the variation, the ANOVA summary for regression model exhibits high significance (α = 0.05), with GDP and border contributing significantly to trade value in the multivariate analysis of variance model. To verify the robustness and accuracy of the results, we used Bonferroni as a baseline and conducted MANOVA. The model was first checked using the box test of equality (Mauchly’s test of sphericity), which significantly increased the rejection rate. This was confirmed by tests of within-subjects effects on the Huynh–Feldt, which had a significance level of 0.0002. The results highlight the significant contributing factors in Gum Arabic sales, emphasizing the need for policymakers to adapt strategies to promote economic growth.
Impeding Digital Transformation by Establishing a Continuous Process of Competence Reconfiguration: Developing a New Construct and Measurements for Sustained Learning
Authors: Starke Sandra , Ludviga Iveta
Published: November 2024

Organisations need dynamic capabilities in the ongoing digital transformation to reconfigure knowledge and learning. There is a need to define new concepts and explain mechanisms of relevant factors to build dynamic capabilities. Organisations acting in healthcare experience a dilemmatic situation. New digital processes and business models are promising benefits for cost-containment measures, improved patient-centric care, and digital services. However, investments are needed to benefit. The critical question is the following: How can individual actors in healthcare be motivated to engage in this transformational process to build and reconfigure relevant competences and establish new learning routines? Founded on the essence of the existing literature, we assume sustained learning to be a relevant dynamic capability to seize and sense competences and reconfigure human capital. This paper answers the call for deeper investigations into the mechanisms in new digitally transformed environments and sectors focussing less on performance and competitive advantages, like public administration or the healthcare sector. Based on previous research, validated in qualitative interviews and quantitative testing, we define the new construct of sustained learning with its subdimensions. By providing measures, we build the grounds for further quantitative research.
Digital Environment, Digital Literacy, and Farmers’ Entrepreneurial Behavior: A Discussion on Bridging the Digital Divide
Authors: Chen Jiaojiao , Hou Hongkai , Liao Zujun , Wang Li
Published: November 2024

To promote sustainable rural development and digital transformation and based on 2018 county-level digital rural indices and microdata from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPSs), this study examines how the digital environment impacts the entrepreneurial behavior of rural households. The results of the study were as follows: (1) The optimization of the digital environment significantly increases entrepreneurial possibilities for farmers, indicating that, the higher the digital rural development index, the easier it is for farmers to start their own businesses. (2) As digital village construction progresses, the impacts of digital hard environments on rural household entrepreneurship decrease, while the influence of digital soft environments increases. (3) Mechanism analysis reveals that digital literacy facilitates farmers’ entrepreneurial behavior through the digital environment. Farmers with stronger intentions to participate in commercial activities and information acquisition more actively utilize the digital environment to seek business opportunities and make entrepreneurial decisions. (4) Further analysis reveals an inverted U-shaped relationship between the “second-level digital divide”, represented by digital literacy, and the development of digital villages. (5) To fully implement China’s Digital Rural Strategy, it is crucial to not only establish digital infrastructure but to also enhance farmers’ digital literacy and promote the development of a digital soft environment.
Evaluating BIM’s Role in Transforming Cash Flow Forecasting Among Construction SMEs: A Saudi Arabian Narrative
Authors: Mahboob Azal , Rathnasinghe Akila , Ekanayake Anushika , Tennakoon Piyumi
Published: November 2024

This scholarly investigation examines the efficacy of Building Information Modelling (BIM) in enhancing cash flow forecasting (CFF) among construction Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) in Saudi Arabia, with a specific focus on fostering innovation for sustainable economic advancement. In so doing, it seeks to strengthen the long-term viability of SMEs within the rapidly growing Saudi construction sector, thereby contributing meaningfully to broader economic goals. A quantitative research methodology was employed, with empirical data gathered through a questionnaire survey administered to one hundred construction stakeholders within Saudi Arabian SMEs. Quantitative data analysis techniques were applied to elucidate key themes and pressing issues in current CFF practices. The findings highlight critical challenges faced by Saudi Arabian SMEs in cash flow management, notably a scarcity of financial resources, a lack of advanced CFF expertise, and resistance to technological adoption. Integrating BIM into CFF processes emerges as an effective solution, addressing these challenges by providing accurate, timely financial data, improving project planning and execution, and enabling more informed decision-making, thereby fostering sustainable business operations. The proposed BIM integration strategy offers a practical roadmap for SMEs to adopt BIM for enhanced CFF, aligning with and advancing the sustainable economic objectives outlined in Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030. By focusing on the unique context of Saudi Arabian construction SMEs and their specific cash flow management challenges, this study enriches the existing literature with substantive insights. It critically illustrates how BIM adoption can transform traditional financial management practices, presenting a robust framework for promoting sustainable economic development through innovation in CFF. Furthermore, these findings have significant implications for other developing economies seeking to leverage technological advancements as drivers of long-term growth.
What Influences Users’ Continuous Behavioral Intention in Cultural Heritage Virtual Tourism: Integrating Experience Economy Theory and Stimulus–Organism–Response (SOR) Model
Authors: Jiang Shan , Zhang Zhong , Xu Huayuan , Pan Younghwan
Published: November 2024

Cultural heritage virtual tourism offers users a novel digital heritage experience, becoming an essential channel for cultural dissemination and preservation. However, how to stimulate users’ continuous behavioral intention remains unresolved. This study integrates the Stimulus–Organism–Response theory (SOR) and experience economy theories to construct a comprehensive model, exploring factors influencing users’ continuous intentions in cultural heritage virtual tourism. By analyzing data from 451 valid questionnaires through structural equation modeling (SEM) and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) methods, several key findings emerged. The SEM results show that (1) esthetics, entertainment, escapism, education, and connection experiences all positively affect perceived value and satisfaction; (2) except for escapism, other experiences positively influence cultural identity; and (3) perceived value, satisfaction, and cultural identity significantly impact continuous intention. The FsQCA results show that (1) in high continuous intention scenarios, perceived value, satisfaction, and cultural identity are core conditions, while esthetics, entertainment, escapism, education, and connection act as supporting conditions, enhancing users’ willingness to continue engaging under different configurations; (2) in low continuous intention cases, the absence of escapism, satisfaction, cultural identity, education, esthetics, and connection weakens users’ virtual tourism experiences, leading to a decline in continuous usage intentions. This study provides theoretical and practical insights for promoting users’ continuous intentions in cultural heritage virtual tourism.
Advanced Work Packaging (AWP): Implementation and Challenges in the Malaysian Oil and Gas Sector
Authors: Musarat Muhammad Ali , Alaloul Wesam Salah , Abdullah Sani Mohd Al-Azahary bin , Chong Ng Wei
Published: November 2024

Advanced work packaging (AWP) is a new strategy for enhanced project delivery in the oil and gas sector and has proven to be effective and efficient. However, not all the stakeholders are fully aware of the guidelines and implementation approaches. On this basis, this work focused on the implementation and challenges that are faced by the stakeholders of the oil and gas sector in Malaysia. Accordingly, a semi-structured interview was conducted with the field experts prior to the development of the questionnaire, which was distributed amongst the companies working in oil and gas following a mixed method. Analytical results showed that the majority of the respondents have heard about the AWP, but they have limited knowledge of its implementation. The foremost challenges that were highlighted are the ‘lack of AWP management knowledge’, ‘risk of miscommunication’, and ‘late/incorrect front-end deliverables’, which require vital attention. Therefore, a conceptual framework has been developed based on the top-ranked factors that will work as a guideline for the industrial stakeholders to understand and implement AWP in a better manner. This study will also help government institutions to foresee where the oil and gas industry is standing at the moment and what reforms are required to boost project delivery. In addition, the outcome is not only applicable in Malaysia but also to other ASEAN countries having similar practises in the oil and gas industry.
Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking, Group Decision-Making, and Beyond: 1. Echo Chambers and Random Polarization
Authors: Galam Serge
Published: November 2024

Starting from a symmetrical multiple-choice individual, I build a sociophysics model of decision-making. Reducing the choices to two and interactions to pairs recovers the Ising model from physics at zero temperature. The associated equilibrium state results from a spontaneous symmetry breaking, with the whole group sharing a unique choice, which is selected at random. However, my focus departs from physics, which aims at identifying the true equilibrium state, discarding any possible impact of the initial conditions, the size of the sample, and the update algorithm used. Memory of past history is erased. In contrast, I claim that dealing with a social system, the history of the system must be taken into account in identifying the relevant social equilibrium state, which is always biased by its history. Accordingly, using Monte Carlo simulations, I explore the spectrum of non-universal equilibrium states of the Ising model at zero temperature. In particular, I show that different initial conditions with the same value of the order parameter lead to different equilibrium states. The same applies for different sizes and different update algorithms. The results indicate that in the presence of a social network composed of agents sharing different initial opinions, it is their interactions that lead them to share a unique choice and not their mere membership in the network. This finding sheds a new light on the emergence of echo chambers, which appear to be the end of a dynamical process of opinion update and not its beginning with a preferential attachment. Furthermore, polarization is obtained as a side effect of the random selection of the respective unanimous choices of the various echo chambers within a social community. The study points to social media exchange algorithms, which are purely technical levers independent of the issue and opinions at stake, to tackle polarization by either hindering or accelerating the completion of symmetry breaking between agents.
Characterization of Dual Spacelike Curves on Dual Lightlike Cone Q~2 Utilizing the Structure Function
Authors: Balkı Okullu Pınar , Uğurlu Hasan Hüseyin
Published: November 2024

This study is about the dual spacelike curves lying on the dual lightlike cone, which can be either symmetric or asymmetric. We first establish the dual associated curve, which is related to the reference curve. Using these curves and the derivative of the reference curve, we derive the dual asymptotic orthonormal frame. Next, we define the dual structure function, curvature function, and Frenet formulae, and express the curvature function in terms of the dual structure function. This leads to a differential equation that characterizes the dual cone curve in relation to its curvature function. Since curves with constant curvature maintain the same curvature at every point, their geometry is more predictable. Therefore, we assume that the dual cone curvature function is constant and examine how this condition affects the behavior and geometric properties of the dual curves. As a result of this investigation, some new results and definitions are obtained.
Dynamic Railcar Flow Assignment of Railway Terminal with Multiple Marshalling Stations
Authors: Zhou Xiaoqian , Li Bing , Ren Zeqiang , Cao Ziao
Published: November 2024

This paper deals with the optimization of railcar flow assignment among multiple marshalling stations oriented to making a stage plan. We aimed to minimize the total dwell time of the on-time and delayed allocated railcar flow at the station within a stage plan. Considering the limitations of the disassembly and assembly capacity of marshalling stations, the limitation of the transfer operation capacity between marshalling stations, the connection time limit of inbound and outbound trains, and the limitation of trains with different full workloads, we constructed a multi-marshalling station railcar flow assignment optimization model. Furthermore, for comparison, we built a model that only satisfied the train equivalent length limitation and a model that only satisfied the train hauling weight limitation. Finally, we designed experimental scenarios and conducted comparative analyses of the proposed model and a model that considered only a single full workload limitation. The results show that the railcar flow assignment scheme that considers different full workload limitations shortens the dwell time of railcar flow at the station, reduces the number of undispatched outbound trains within the time range of the stage plan, and effectively improves the terminal operation efficiency within the stage plan. Thus, the proposed scheme can achieve an effective railcar flow assignment within a multi-marshalling station railroad terminal while minimizing the dwell time.
Screening the Use of Public Participation Geographic Information Systems (PPGISs) in the Tourism Industry: A Scoping Review
Authors: Gheitasi Mahdi , Salari Newsha , Clark Connor
Published: November 2024

Tourism development should be economically viable, environmentally responsible, and aligned with community goals. Participation in decision-making ensures that community values are reflected in sustainable tourism guidelines. Traditional methods of public engagement in tourism planning include public meetings, focus groups, and interviews, as outlined in the International Association for Public Participation (IAP2) framework, which ranges from education to empowerment. However, the rise of information technology and digital platforms has brought about new participatory channels, such as Public Participation Geographic Information Systems (PPGISs), which use geospatial technologies to improve decision-making. This paper investigates the use of PPGISs in the tourism industry based on a thorough review of peer-reviewed literature from 2000 to 2024. By examining the use of PPGISs in tourism, the study identifies common characteristics and the scope of existing research, emphasizing how PPGISs can be applied across various tourism sectors. The study discovered that PPGIS is a credible alternative to traditional public participation methods and provides useful insights into residents’ perspectives on tourism-related issues. This study contributes to the tourism field by thoroughly understanding PPGIS applications, proposing future research strategies, and suggesting how these technologies can enhance public engagement and decision-making in tourism planning.
Live Attenuated aTJ Vaccine Effectively Protects Pigeons Against Homologous PPMV-1 Challenge
Authors: Zhang Shan , Liu Dahu , Liu Baojing , Liang Ruinying , Liang Lin , Tang Xinming , Hou Shaohua , Ding Chan , Qiu Xusheng , Ding Jiabo
Published: November 2024

Background: Pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 (PPMV-1) is a significant pathogen affecting pigeon populations globally. The commonly used La Sota vaccine provides limited protection due to antigenic divergence from circulating PPMV-1 strains. An antigenically matched vaccine is needed to address this challenge. Methods: An attenuated aTJ strain was developed through reverse genetics by modifying the F protein cleavage site of the virulent TJ-WT strain. Pigeons were immunized twice with the aTJ strain via eyedrop and intranasal routes, followed by a challenge with a virulent PPMV-1 strain ten days after the booster immunization. Results: The attenuated aTJ strain induced robust serum antibody titers post-booster immunization, and vaccinated pigeons showed strong protection upon challenge, with significantly reduced morbidity, mortality, and viral shedding compared to controls. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the aTJ strain is a promising candidate for the promotion of PPMV-1 prevention and control, emphasizing the importance of antigenic matching in optimizing vaccine efficacy.
Monitoring the Risk of Type-2 Circulating Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus Emergence During Roll-Out of Type-2 Novel Oral Polio Vaccine
Authors: Peak Corey M. , Lyons Hil , Voorman Arend , Gray Elizabeth J. , Cooper Laura V. , Blake Isobel M. , Hawes Kaija M. , Bandyopadhyay Ananda S.
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: Although wild poliovirus type 2 has been eradicated, the prolonged transmission of the live- attenuated virus contained in the type-2 oral polio vaccine (OPV2) in under-immunized populations has led to the emergence of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (cVDPV2). The novel OPV2 (nOPV2) was designed to be more genetically stable and reduce the chance of cVDPV2 emergence while retaining comparable immunogenicity to the Sabin monovalent OPV2 (mOPV2). This study aimed to estimate the relative reduction in the emergence risk due to the use of nOPV2 instead of mOPV2. Methods: Data on OPV2 vaccination campaigns from May 2016 to 1 August 2024 were analyzed to estimate type-2 OPV-induced immunity in children under 5 years of age. Poliovirus surveillance data were used to estimate seeding dates and classify cVDPV2 emergences as mOPV2- or nOPV2-derived. The expected number of emergences if mOPV2 was used instead of nOPV2 was estimated, accounting for the timing and volume of nOPV2 doses, the known risk factors for emergence from mOPV2, and censoring due to the incomplete observation period for more recent nOPV2 doses. Results: As of 1 August 2024, over 98% of the approximately 1.19 billion nOPV2 doses administered globally were in Africa. We estimate that approximately 76 (95% confidence interval 69–85) index isolates of cVDPV2 emergences would be expected to be detected by 1 August 2024 if mOPV2 had been used instead of nOPV2 in Africa. The 18 observed nOPV2-derived emergences represent a 76% (74–79%) lower risk of emergence by nOPV2 than mOPV2 in Africa. The crude global analysis produced similar results. Key limitations include the incomplete understanding of the drivers of heterogeneity in emergence risk across geographies and variance in the per-dose risk of emergence may be incompletely captured using known risk factors. Conclusions: These results are consistent with the accumulating clinical and field evidence showing the enhanced genetic stability of nOPV2 relative to mOPV2, and this approach has been implemented in near-real time to contextualize new findings during the roll-out of this new vaccine. While nOPV2 has resulted in new emergences of cVDPV2, the number of cVDPV2 emergences is estimated to be approximately four-fold lower than if mOPV2 had been used instead.
4-1BBL-Armed Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Virus Exerts Antitumor Effects in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Gao Wenrui , Zhao Zhuoqian , Bi Ying , Li Jinghua , Tian Na , Zhang Cuizhu , Pan Shuyuan , Deng Li , Zhang Yuntao
Published: November 2024

Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly malignant tumor with a notably poor response to therapy due to its immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and intrinsic drug resistance. The oncolytic virus (OV) represents a promising therapeutic strategy capable of transforming the “cold” immunological profile of PDAC tumors to a “hot” one by reshaping the TME. 4-1BB (CD137), a crucial member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, plays a significant role in T-cell activation and function. Methods: In this study, we constructed an oncolytic herpes simplex virus armed with 4-1BBL (oHSV-4-1BBL), the ligand for the 4-1BB receptor, and investigated its therapeutic effects in two mouse models of pancreatic cancer, Pan02_HVEM and KPC. Results: We found that oHSV-4-1BBL remarkably inhibited tumor growth and extended the median survival time in both models. To amplify the therapeutic effect, we further combined oHSV-4-1BBL with PD-1 antibody. This combination therapy not only further suppressed tumor growth but also extended the median survival time by an additional 11 days compared to oHSV (armed with GFP as a control) combined with PD-1 antibody treatment, with some mice achieving complete tumor regression. Conclusions: Our findings confirm the potential of combining oncolytic viral therapy with 4-1BB targeting in enhancing the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
Vaccination Education Deficits and Vaccine Hesitancy Among Healthcare Students in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Saitoh Aya , Oku Hiromi , Katsuta Tomohiro , Kamiya Hajime , Ishikawa Yoichi , Takaku Mayumi , Saitoh Akihiko
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: Healthcare professionals’ (HCPs’) accurate knowledge of and positive attitudes toward immunization greatly influence society’s acceptance of it. Early and appropriate immunization education for HCP students is vital. This study aimed to understand current immunization education and vaccine hesitancy among medical, nursing, and pharmacy students in Japan. Methods: An anonymous self-administered online questionnaire was administered to final-year medical, nursing, and pharmacy students in Japan between 6 and 31 March 2023. Survey items assessed current immunization education, preparedness for clinical practice, immunization knowledge, and the degree of vaccine hesitancy. Results: Overall, 525 students (127 (24.2%) medical, 252 (48.0%) nursing, and 146 (27.8%) pharmacy) responded, of whom 39.8% raised concerns regarding new vaccine risks (24.4%,15.9%, and 23.3%, respectively; p = 0.22) and adverse effects (14.2%, 12.7%, and 17.1%, respectively; p = 0.57), including trust in government information (61.4%, 50/4%, and 56.8%, respectively; p = 0.337) or recommended vaccines (57.5%, 4.7%, and 43.8%, respectively; p = 0.113). Preparedness for future clinical practice varied significantly among schools, with medical students (54%) feeling more prepared compared to nursing (34.3%) and pharmacy students (39.1%) (p < 0.001). The average correct immunization knowledge rate was 59.9%, with significant differences between schools (medical 62.7%, nursing 57.6%, and pharmacy 59.6%; p < 0.001). There was no significant correlation between knowledge level and self-assessed preparedness (r = 0.066, p = 0.132). The HCP students wished to receive more immunization education and sought improvements in comprehensive knowledge, communication skills, and practice-based content. Conclusions: For Japan’s HCP students, the enhancement of immunization education focusing on hesitancy and risk–benefit communication is necessary.
The Effects of Indigo Waste Silage Prepared with Additives on Feed Availability, Rumen Fermentation Patterns, Blood Metabolites, and Hematological Indices in Beef Cattle
Authors: Gunun Nirawan , Kaewpila Chatchai , Khota Waroon , Phlaetita Wasana , Gunun Pongsatorn
Published: November 2024

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of different additives in fermented indigo waste on feed availability, rumen fermentation patterns, blood chemistry, and hematology in beef cattle. Four male crossbred beef cattle with a body weight (BW) of 230 ± 14 kg and 25 months of age were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. The indigo waste was ensiled without additive (CON) and with calcium hydroxide (CH), molasses (M), or cellulase (C). The indigo waste silage was incorporated into a fermented total mixed ration (FTMR). The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content was lower in C-treated silage. The feed intake did not alter among treatments (p > 0.05). The ensiled indigo waste with additives had no influence on nutrient digestibility (p > 0.05), whereas the ensiled indigo waste with M increased CP digestibility (p < 0.01). The rumen pH, ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N), or volatile fatty acid (VFA) proportions did not change by additive (p > 0.05). However, adding M increased the acetate-to-propionate ratio (C2:C3) (p = 0.04). In addition, the total protein in the blood was higher in C-treated silage (p = 0.01). The homological indices did not change by additive (p > 0.05), except for lymphocytes, which decreased when M and C were added (p < 0.01). In conclusion, adding M and C to indigo waste silage could enhance its nutritional value and improve digestibility, blood chemistry, or health status in beef cattle.
Pollution Characteristics and Eutrophication Assessment in Plain River Network Areas: A Case Study of the Beijing–Hangzhou Grand Canal (Changzhou Section)
Authors: Hu Haizhen , Zhou Gang , Tong Sichen , Hu Tingting
Published: November 2024

A comprehensive understanding of water-quality spatiotemporal variations is essential for the long-term management of aquatic environments. However, the absence of indicators that fully capture the extent of eutrophication, the lack of long-term water-quality monitoring data, and the complexity of water pollutants sources have limited research on pollution characteristics and eutrophication assessments in plain river network areas. In this study, based on the monitoring data of water-quality indicators in the Beijing–Hangzhou Grand Canal (Changzhou section), the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of nutrient salts, as well as the eutrophication status of the water body, were revealed by using the comprehensive trophic level index (TLI) method. Meanwhile, the main sources of water pollutants were defined, and targeted control measures were proposed. The results showed that water-quality deterioration is more pronounced during the non-flood season, with significantly higher concentrations of ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and total phosphorus (TP) compared to the flood season. Additionally, the analysis of the nitrogen-to-phosphorus (N:P) ratio suggested that some sampling sites exhibited phosphorus limitation. The eutrophication assessment indicated that most sections are eutrophic, with S8 and S2 being the most heavily polluted and at risk of cyanobacterial blooms. The primary sources of pollutants were identified as agricultural runoff, domestic sewage, and industrial discharges. To address these issues, it was recommended to reduce external pollution sources while focusing on internal control (1. Enhance the management of livestock and poultry farming; 2. Upgrade wastewater purification facilities; 3. Establish ecological protection zones along the riverbanks) and enhance aquatic ecosystem restoration. A coordinated and watershed-wide approach is crucial to improving water quality in this region. The findings of this study provide a scientific basis for the protection of the water environment and pollution control in plain river network areas.
Egg White Protein–Soybean Protein Isolate Hierarchical Network Hydrogel for Enhanced Adsorption of Methylene Blue
Authors: Zhang Mei , Wang Xu
Published: November 2024

In terms of environmental protection and the sustainable development of society, the constraint of dye concentrations in industrial wastewater is vitally important for the development of every country. In this study, egg white protein (EWP)–soybean protein isolate (SPI) hierarchical-network hydrogel beads reinforced with calcium alginate are devised using a one-step chemical crosslinking. The prepared EWP/SPI beads, with a specific surface area of 26.55 m2∙g−1, possess a self-floating ability that enhances their solid–liquid separation of methylene blue (MB) from industrial sewage and achieves adsorption equilibrium within 60 min. The investigation of adsorption behavior indicates that the results fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm mode and pseudo-first-order kinetic model. Based on the pseudo-first-order kinetic model and the Langmuir model, the equilibrium adsorption capacity and maximum adsorption capacity of the EWP/SPI hydrogel beads towards MB are 187.495 and 336.265 mg∙g−1, respectively. Furthermore, the favorable regeneration of the EWP/SPI hydrogel is demonstrated, with a removal efficiency towards MB decreasing from 94% to 82% (10 mg dose, 100 mg∙L−1 MB, pH 7, 25 °C) after five adsorption–desorption cycles. The resulting EWP/SPI hydrogel beads with hydrophilicity exhibited good self-floating stability (above 80%) in wastewater for 7 days, suggesting their potential for recycling in diverse complex environments. Therefore, the inexpensive and sustainable floating EWP/SPI hydrogel beads provide a new insight for organic pollutant treatment in wastewater.
An Experimental Investigation of the Flexural Strength and Fracture Toughness of Granular Snow Ice Under a Three-Point Bending Test
Authors: Han Hongwei , Li Wanyun , Li Yu , Liu Zhi , Liu Xingchao
Published: November 2024

Ice is a common natural phenomenon in cold areas, which plays an important role in the construction of cold areas and the design of artificial ice rinks. To supplement our knowledge of ice mechanics, this paper investigates the mechanical properties of granular snow ice. The factors influencing the flexural strength of granular snow ice are analyzed through a three-point bending test. It is found that flexural strength is affected by strain rate. At low strain rates, flexural strength increases with increasing strain rate, whereas at high strain rates, flexural strength decreases with increasing strain rate. As temperature decreases, the flexural strength value of ice increases, but its brittleness becomes more pronounced, indicating that the strain rate corresponding to the maximum flexural strength is lower. Within the test temperature range, the tough-brittle transition range is from 6.67 × 10−5 s−1 to 3.11 × 10−4 s−1. At −5 °C, the strain rate corresponding to the maximum bending strength is 3.11 × 10−4 s−1, while at −10 °C, it is only 6.67 × 10−5 s−1. Flexural strength is influenced by crystal structure. At −20 °C, the average flexural strength of granular snow ice is 2.85 MPa, compared to 1.93 MPa for columnar ice at the same temperature. Through observation, we found that there are straight cracks and oblique cracks. The fracture toughness of granular snow ice was investigated by cutting prefabricated cracks at the bottom of the ice beam and employing a three-point bending device. It is found that fracture toughness decreases with increasing strain rate. Temperature also affects granular snow ice. At −15 °C, fracture toughness is 181.60 kPa·m1/2, but at −6 °C, it decreases to 147.28 kPa·m1/2. However, at varying temperatures and strain rates, there is no significant difference in the fracture patterns of ice samples, which predominantly develop upward along the prefabricated cracks.
Solving the Solute Transport Equation Using Breakthrough Curve Modeling
Authors: Panahi Amir , Ghameshlou Arezoo N. , Liaghat Abdolmajid , Campo-Bescós Miguel Ángel , Seyedzadeh Amin
Published: November 2024

The movement of solutes in soil is crucial due to their potential to cause soil and groundwater pollution. In this study, a mathematical model based on the Advection Dispersion Equation (ADE) was developed to evaluate solutions for solute transport. This equation enabled us to attain a relationship for concentrations at different locations and times, also known as the breakthrough curve. Five columns (5 cm in diameter and 30 cm in height) of soil types were prepared to check the validity of the results. An evaluation of the calculated relations showed high accuracy in estimating the breakthrough curve and the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil.
Direct Power Control of Vienna Rectifier Based on Fractional Order Sliding Mode Control
Authors: Wang Tao , Chen Shenhui , Li Xin , Zhang Jihui , Ma Jinghao
Published: November 2024

Taking a Vienna rectifier as the research object, the power mathematical model based on a switching function is established according to its working principle. A sliding mode variable structure control algorithm based on the reaching law is examined in order to address the issues of the slow response speed and inadequate anti-interference of classical PI control in the face of abrupt changes in the DC-side load. In response to the sluggish convergence rate and inadequate chattering suppression of classical integer order sliding mode control, a fractional order exponential reaching law sliding mode, direct power control approach with rapid convergence is developed. The fractional calculus is introduced into the sliding mode control, and the dynamic performance and convergence speed of the control system are improved by increasing the degree of freedom of the fractional calculus operator. The method of including a balance factor in the zero-sequence component is employed to address the issue of the midpoint potential equilibrium in the Vienna rectifier. Ultimately, the suggested control is evaluated against classical PI control through simulation analysis and experimental validation. The findings indicate that the proposed technique exhibits rapid convergence, reduced control duration, and enhanced robustness, hence augmenting its resistance to interference.
Rolling Bearing Fault Diagnosis Based on Optimized VMD Combining Signal Features and Improved CNN
Authors: Zou Yingyong , Zhang Xingkui , Zhao Wenzhuo , Liu Tao
Published: November 2024

Aiming at the problem that the vibration signals of rolling bearings in high-speed rail traction motors are often affected by noise when they are in a fault state, which makes it very difficult to extract the fault features during fault diagnosis and causes obstruction in fault classification. The article proposes a rolling bearing fault diagnosis based on optimized variational mode decomposition (VMD) combined with signal features and an improved convolutional neural network (CNN). The golden jackal optimization (GJO) algorithm is employed to optimize the key parameters of the VMD, enabling effective signal decomposition. The decomposed signals are then filtered and reconstructed using criteria based on kurtosis and interrelationship measures. The time-domain features of the reconstructed signals are computed, and the feature vectors are constructed, which are used as inputs to the deep learning network; the CNN combined with the support vector machine (SVM) network model is used for the extraction of the features and the classification of the faults. The experimental results show that the method can effectively extract fault features in noise-covered signals, and the accuracy is also significantly improved compared with traditional methods.
The Spillover of the ‘Border Spectacle’ into Schools: Undocumented Youth, Media Frames, and the School-to-Deportation Pipeline
Authors: Macias Eric , Singer Laura
Published: November 2024

This article examines how media outlets create a “border spectacle” (De Genova 2013) in schools, which contributes to the criminalization and deportability of undocumented immigrant students. Using content analysis, we studied n = 30 news articles that covered an incident in 2017 where two undocumented young men were accused of sexual assault and rape of a young woman in the school they all attended. This paper builds on the “school-to-deportation pipeline” by suggesting that, in addition to the zero-tolerance behavioral policies established by schools and teacher’s racist behaviors, the media coverage of alleged criminal acts also play a role in the expulsion and criminalization of undocumented students. The analysis of the news articles highlights four types of media frames employed to criminalize the young men involved in the case prior to these allegations being addressed by a court of law: (1) immigrant youth as sexual predators; (2) immigration as a correlation to a criminal act; (3) parents as the real victims of the case; and (4) sexual assault victims as collateral damage. Each of these media frames are built on xenophobic tropes that have historically facilitated the marginalization of Black and Latinx people, but in this case, it specifically targets undocumented young men. Collectively, the four media frames exemplify how media create a “border spectacle” in schools, manufacturing a moral hysteria to further marginalize and criminalize undocumented youth. We argue that, as a result of schools becoming border spectacles, undocumented young people’s fear of feeling targeted based on their “illegality” is intensified, and their sense of inclusion is hindered in an often thought to be safe and inclusive space for undocumented young people.