bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sources of Bias in Retrospective Decision Making: Experimental Evidence on Voters’ Limitations in Controlling Incumbents
Authors: HUBER GREGORY A. , HILL SETH J. , LENZ GABRIEL S.
Published: October 2012

Are citizens competent to assess the performance of incumbent politicians? Observational studies cast doubt on voter competence by documenting several biases in retrospective assessments of performance. However, these studies are open to alternative interpretations because of the complexity of the real world. In this article, we show that these biases in retrospective evaluations occur even in the simplified setting of experimental games. In three experiments, our participants (1) overweighted recent relative to overall incumbent performance when made aware of an election closer rather than more distant from that event, (2) allowed an unrelated lottery that affected their welfare to influence their choices, and (3) were influenced by rhetoric to give more weight to recent rather than overall incumbent performance. These biases were apparent even though we informed and incentivized respondents to weight all performance equally. Our findings point to key limitations in voters’ ability to use a retrospective decision rule.
SELF-APPROXIMATION FOR THE RIEMANN ZETA FUNCTION
Authors: NAKAMURA TAKASHI , PAŃKOWSKI ŁUKASZ
Published: October 2012

In the paper we deal with self-approximation of the Riemann zeta function in the half plane $\operatorname {Re} s\gt 1$ and in the right half of the critical strip. We also prove some results concerning joint universality and joint value approximation of functions $\zeta (s+\lambda +id\tau )$ and $\zeta (s+i\tau )$.
Plasma enterolactone and incidence of endometrial cancer in a case–cohort study of Danish women
Authors: Aarestrup Julie , Kyrø Cecilie , Knudsen Knud E. B. , Weiderpass Elisabete , Christensen Jane , Kristensen Mette , Würtz Anne M. L. , Johnsen Nina F. , Overvad Kim , Tjønneland Anne , Olsen Anja
Published: October 2012

The phyto-oestrogen enterolactone has been hypothesised to protect against hormone-dependent cancers, probably through its anti-oestrogenic potential. We investigated whether a higher level of plasma enterolactone was associated with a lower incidence of endometrial cancer in a case–cohort study in the ‘Diet, Cancer and Health’ cohort. The cohort study included 29 875 women aged 50–64 years enrolled between 1993 and 1997. Information on diet and lifestyle was provided by self-administrated questionnaires and blood was drawn from each participant. Time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay was used for biochemical determination of plasma enterolactone. A total of 173 cases and 149 randomly selected cohort members were included. We estimated incidence rate ratio (IRR) and 95 % CI by a Cox proportional hazards model. A 20 nmol/l higher plasma concentration of enterolactone was associated with a non-significant lower risk of endometrial cancer (IRR 0·93, 95 % CI 0·84, 1·04). When excluding women with low enterolactone concentrations (quartile 1) due to potential recent antibiotic use, the association became slightly stronger, but remained non-significant (IRR 0·90, 95 % CI 0·79, 1·02). Menopausal status, hormone replacement therapy or BMI did not modify the association. In conclusion, we found some support for a possible inverse association between plasma enterolactone concentration and endometrial cancer incidence.
Sharing schistosomes: the elephant schistosome Bivitellobilharzia nairi also infects the greater one-horned rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) in Chitwan National Park, Nepal
Authors: Devkota R. , Brant S.V. , Thapa A. , Loker E.S.
Published: October 2012

Because the digenetic trematode fauna of Nepal is poorly known, we began to search for schistosomes in and around Chitwan National Park (CNP) of southern Nepal. Both domestic and wild Indian elephants (Elephus maximus) are present, and we found one of two dung samples from wild elephants and 1 of 22 (4.5%) dung samples from domestic elephants to be positive for schistosome eggs. The morphology of the eggs and both cox1 and 28S sequences derived from the eggs/miracidia were consistent with Bivitellobilharzia nairi, reported here for the first time from Nepal. Also, 7 of 14 faecal samples from the Asian or greater one-horned rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) contained viable eggs indistinguishable from those of B. nairi. This identification was confirmed by comparison with both cox1 and 28S sequences from B. nairi eggs/miracidia derived from Nepalese and Sri Lankan elephants. This represents the first sequence-verified identification of a schistosome from any species of rhinoceros, and the first verified occurrence of a representative of Bivitellobilharzia (a genus of ‘elephant schistosomes’) in mammals other than elephants. Our work suggests that elephants and rhinos share B. nairi in CNP, even though these two members of the ‘charismatic megafauna’ belong to unrelated mammalian families. Their shared life style of extensive contact with freshwater habitats likely plays a role, although the snail intermediate host and mode of definitive host infection for B. nairi have yet to be documented. This report also supports Bivitellobilharzia as a monophyletic group and its status as a distinct genus within Schistosomatidae.
Integrating genetic, phenotypic and ecological analyses to assess the variation and clarify the distribution of the Cortes geoduck (Panopea globosa)
Authors: de Jesús Suárez-Moo Pablo , Calderon-Aguilera Luis E. , Reyes-Bonilla Héctor , Díaz-Erales Gabriela , Castañeda-Fernandez-de-Lara Verónica , Aragón-Noriega Eugenio Alberto , Rocha-Olivares Axayácatl
Published: October 2012

The Cortes geoduck (Panopea globosa) has been considered a Gulf of California (GC) endemic but anecdotal and unpublished evidence has suggested its presence in Bahía Magdalena (BM), on the Pacific coast of southern Baja California. Establishing the identity of geoduck clams and their distribution limits is not only of clear biological significance to understand their structural and functional variation, but is also of consequence for their conservation and management, given the multi-million dollar fishery they support in north-west Mexico. We analysedPanopeaclams from Mexican populations, including BM, using an integrative approach including genetics, morphometrics, and an ecological niche model. Our genetic results (restriction fragment length polymorphisms of nuclear ribosomal DNA and mtDNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit I sequences) clearly identify BM geoducks asP. globosa, implying a significant geographical range expansion outside of the GC and refuting its status as endemic to the Gulf. On the other hand, clams from BM were phenotypically different (shell significantly higher) from other MexicanP. globosaandPanopea generosaspecimens, which may account for the confusion in their morphological identification. The ecological niche model forP. globosa, integrating ecological and distributional data from the GC, revealed a very low probability (<10%) that this species could successfully occupy BM. Our results and those of others suggest that the Cortes geoduck population in BM may be adapted to specific environmental conditions differing from those experienced by conspecifics inside the Gulf and is likely isolated. This is highly relevant for the management plans of Mexican geoducks.
Subsyndromal depression in the United States: prevalence, course, and risk for incident psychiatric outcomes
Authors: Pietrzak R. H. , Kinley J. , Afifi T. O. , Enns M. W. , Fawcett J. , Sareen J.
Published: October 2012

Background

Subsyndromal depression (SD) may increase risk for incident major depressive and other disorders, as well as suicidality. However, little is known about the prevalence, course, and correlates of SD in the US general adult population.

Method

Structured diagnostic interviews were conducted to assess DSM-IV Axis I and II disorders in a nationally representative sample of 34 653 US adults who were interviewed at two time-points 3 years apart.

Results

A total of 11.6% of US adults met study criteria for lifetime SD at Wave 1. The majority (9.3%) had <5 total symptoms required for a diagnosis of major depression; the remainder (2.3%) reported ⩾5 symptoms required for a diagnosis of major depression, but denied clinically significant distress or functional impairment. SD at Wave 1 was associated with increased likelihood of developing incident major depression [odds ratios (ORs) 1.72–2.05], as well as dysthymia, social phobia, and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) at Wave 2 (ORs 1.41–2.92). Among respondents with SD at Wave 1, Cluster A and B personality disorders, and worse mental health status were associated with increased likelihood of developing incident major depression at Wave 2.

Conclusions

SD is prevalent in the US population, and associated with elevated rates of Axis I and II psychopathology, increased psychosocial disability, and risk for incident major depression, dysthymia, social phobia, and GAD. These results underscore the importance of a dimensional conceptualization of depressive symptoms, as SD may serve as an early prognostic indicator of incident major depression and related disorders, and could help identify individuals who may benefit from preventive interventions.
Prefrontal dysfunction during emotion regulation in generalized anxiety and panic disorders
Authors: Ball T. Manber , Ramsawh H. J. , Campbell-Sills L. , Paulus M. P. , Stein M. B.
Published: October 2012

Background

The mechanisms that contribute to emotion dysregulation in anxiety disorders are not well understood. Two common disorders, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and panic disorder (PD), were examined to test the hypothesis that both disorders are characterized by hypo-activation in prefrontal cortex (PFC) during emotion regulation. A competing hypothesis that GAD in particular is characterized by PFC hyper-activation during emotion regulation (reflecting overactive top-down control) was also evaluated.

Method

Twenty-two medication-free healthy control (HC), 23 GAD, and 18 PD participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during a task that required them to reappraise (i.e. reduce) or maintain emotional responses to negative images.

Results

GAD participants reported the least reappraisal use in daily life, and reappraisal use was inversely associated with anxiety severity and functional impairment in these participants. During fMRI, HCs demonstrated greater activation during both reappraisal and maintenance than either GAD or PD participants (who did not differ) in brain areas important for emotion regulation (e.g. dorsolateral and dorsomedial PFC). Furthermore, across all anxious participants, activation during reappraisal in dorsolateral and dorsomedial PFC was inversely associated with anxiety severity and functional impairment.

Conclusions

Emotion dysregulation in GAD and PD may be the consequence of PFC hypo-activation during emotion regulation, consistent with insufficient top-down control. The relationship between PFC hypo-activation and functional impairment suggests that the failure to engage PFC during emotion regulation may be part of the critical transition from dispositionally high anxiety to an anxiety disorder.
Prevalence and correlates of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection in a sample of men who have sex with men in eastern China
Authors: ZHANG T. , LIN H. , MINHAS V. , ZHU W. , WOOD C. , HE N.
Published: October 2012

This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and related factors in men who have sex with men (MSM) in China. A total of 208 subjects were recruited from eastern China from 2008 to 2009. Plasma samples were collected and screened for KSHV, HIV and syphilis. Overall, KSHV seroprevalence was 32·7% in the subjects. About 92·7% of subjects reported having ever had anal sex with a man, of whom 67·8% had receptive anal sex and 77·9% had insertive anal sex. About 93·1% of the study participants reported having had oral sex with a man, of whom 76·0% had receptive oral sex and 56·7% had insertive oral sex. KSHV seropositivity was independently associated with receptive anal sex [odds ratio (OR) 2·68, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·15–6·23], syphilis (OR 3·25, 95% CI 1·56–6·76) and HSV-2 infection (OR 2·40, 95% CI 1·09–5·26). KSHV infection is highly prevalent and is probably sexually transmitted among MSM in eastern China.
Gold sterilization and the recession of 1937–1938
Authors: Irwin Douglas A.
Published: October 2012

The recession of 1937–8 is often cited as illustrating the dangers of withdrawing fiscal and monetary stimulus too early in a weak recovery. Yet our understanding of this severe downturn is incomplete: existing studies find that changes in fiscal policy were small in comparison to the magnitude of the downturn and that higher reserve requirements were not binding on banks. This article focuses on a neglected change in monetary policy, the sterilization of gold inflows during 1937, and finds that it exerted a powerful contractionary force during this period. The transmission of this monetary shock to the real economy appears to have worked through lower asset (equity) prices and higher interest rates.
R-wave synchronised atrial pacing in post-operative junctional ectopic tachycardia using a transoesophageal pacemaker
Authors: Entenmann Andreas , Reineker Katja , Kramer Hans-Heiner
Published: October 2012

We report the first case of R-wave synchronised atrial pacing using a transoesophageal pacemaker. A 3-month-old baby developed a junctional ectopic tachycardia after surgical closure of a ventricular septal defect. R-wave synchronised atrial pacing with an external pacemaker was not possible owing to dislocation of the atrial epimyocardial pacing wires. Therefore, a temporary oesophageal pacemaker was connected in series to the external pacemaker to allow transoesophageal atrial pacing triggered by the preceding ventricular actions.
Mechanism of autograft insufficiency after the Ross operation in children
Authors: Goda Motohiko , Gewillig Marc , Eyskens Benedicte , Heying Ruth , Cools Bjorn , Rega Filip , Meyns Bart
Published: October 2012

Background

It is unclear how autografts grow and dilate after the Ross operation in children. We analysed autograft growth and dilatation in children who underwent the Ross operation and examined the relationship of these factors to autograft failure.

Methods

From our institutional database, we retrospectively identified 33 children who underwent the Ross operation without aortic root reinforcement (mean age 9.9 years) and had normal body measurements and echocardiographic data throughout follow-up.

Results

Autograft insufficiency developed in 10 patients 5.1 years after the Ross operation. The average Z score at the development of autograft insufficiency was −0.1 (range from −2.0 to 6.1). The proportions of patients who remained free of autograft insufficiency at 5 and 10 years were 87.2% and 55.7%, respectively. A consistent trend in the time course of Z score was not found in any age group studied.

Conclusions

Autograft growth and dilation after the Ross operation varied widely among patients, and the incidence of autograft insufficiency was independent of annulus size.
Association between WHO cut-offs for childhood overweight and obesity and cardiometabolic risk
Authors: de Onis Mercedes , Martínez-Costa Cecilia , Núñez Francisco , Nguefack-Tsague Georges , Montal Angeles , Brines Juan
Published: October 2012

Objective

To examine the association between cardiovascular risk and childhood overweight and obesity using the BMI cut-offs recommended by the WHO.

Design

Children were classified as normal weight, overweight and obese according to the WHO BMI-for-age reference. Blood pressure, lipids, glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment–insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and uric acid levels were compared across BMI groups. ANOVA and tests of linearity were used to assess overall mean differences across groups. Crude and adjusted odds ratios were calculated for adverse plasma levels of biochemical variables.

Setting

Paediatric care centres.

Subjects

Children (n149) aged 8–18 years.

Results

About 37 %, 22 % and 41 % of children were classified respectively as normal weight, overweight and obese. There were significant linear mean differences between BMI groups in systolic blood pressure, HDL-cholesterol, TAG, insulin, HOMA-IR and uric acid. Obese children were 10·6 times more likely than normal-weight children to have hypertension; OR for other associations were 60·2 (high insulin), 39·5 (HOMA-IR), 27·9 (TAG), 16·0 (HDL-cholesterol), 4·3 (LDL-cholesterol) and 3·6 (uric acid). Overweight children were more likely than normal-weight children to have hypertension (OR = 3·5), high insulin (OR = 28·2), high HOMA-IR (OR = 23·3) and high TAG (OR = 16·1). Nearly 92 % and 57 % of the obese and overweight children, respectively, had one or more risk factor.

Conclusions

Obesity and overweight defined using the WHO BMI-for-age cut-offs identified children with higher metabolic and vascular risk. These results emphasize the importance of prevention of overweight and obesity in childhood to reduce cardiovascular risk.
Reduced LTP and LTD in prefrontal cortex synapses in the nucleus accumbens after heroin self-administration
Authors: Shen Haowei , Kalivas Peter W.
Published: October 2012

Addiction changes prefrontal cortex regulation of the nucleus accumbens, including reduced ability to induce long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD). This important potential mechanism of impaired prefrontal regulation of behaviour has been shown only for cocaine. Here we show that animals trained to self-administer heroin demonstrate impaired LTP and LTD in the core of the nucleus accumbens following in vivo stimulation of the prelimbic prefrontal cortex. These data indicate that compromised synaptic plasticity in prefrontal to accumbens projections is a common feature of at least two distinct classes of addictive drug.
Private experiments in global governance: primary commodity roundtables and the politics of deliberation
Authors: Brassett James , Richardson Ben , Smith William
Published: October 2012

Emerging scholarship on global governance offers ever-more detailed analyses of private regulatory regimes. These regimes aim to regulate some area of social activity without a mandate from, or participation of, states or international organizations. While there are numerous empirical studies of these regimes, the normative theoretical literature has arguably struggled to keep pace with such developments. This is unfortunate, as the proliferation of private regulatory regimes raises important issues about legitimacy in global governance. The aim of this paper is to address some of these issues by elaborating a theoretical framework that can orientate normative investigation of these schemes. It does this through turning to the idea of experimentalist governance. It is argued that experimentalism can provide an important and provocative set of insights about the processes and logics of emerging governance schemes. The critical purchase of this theory is illustrated through an application to the case of primary commodities roundtables, part of ongoing attempts by non-governmental organizations, producers, and buyers to set sustainability criteria for commodity production across a range of sectors. The idea of experimentalist governance, we argue, can lend much needed theoretical structure to debates about the normative legitimacy of private regulatory regimes.
Das Grazer „Psychologische Laboratorium” um 1900
Authors: Huber Helmuth P.
Published: October 2012

Ein Hauptanliegen der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, anhand von Studien aus dem Bereich der optischen Täuschungen, der Gedächtnispsychologie und der angewandten Psychophysiologie einen anschaulichen Eindruck von der Frühphase der Grazer experimentellen Psychologie zu vermitteln. Das von Alexius Meinong 1894 gegründete „Psychologische Laboratorium” war das erste seiner Art in der österreichisch-ungarischen Monarchie. Mit seiner „Gegenstandstheorie” (insbesondere mit der Unterscheidung zwischen „fundierenden” und „fundierten” Gegenständen) hatte Meinong den konzeptuellen Rahmen für die in den Grazer gestaltpsychologischen Untersuchungen vertretene Auffassung der „Vorstellungsproduktion” vorgegeben. Eine genauere Betrachtung der experimentellen Forschungstätigkeit machte auch deutlich, dass sogenannte psychologische Apparate als „Materie-Prozess-Einheiten” (im Sinne von Gundlach) aufzufassen sind.
The Zagros core: Deformation of the continental lithospheric mantle
Authors: Priestley Keith , McKenzie Dan , Barron Jamie , Tatar Mohammad , Debayle Eric
Published: October 2012

The Zagros of Iran form one of the youngest collisional orogenic belts on Earth. At shallow depths, shortening across the Zagros is accommodated by folding in the sediments, high‐angle thrust faulting in the basement and thickening of the lower crust, but how shortening is accommodated by the lithospheric mantle has been uncertain largely because the upper mantle seismic structure has been poorly known. We map the lateral variations in upper mantle shear wave speed beneath this region using a large, multimode surface wave data set. The upper mantle is slow for most of the Middle East, but a high shear wave speed lid extending to ∼225 km depth exists beneath the Zagros. We use aT(Vs, z) relation to convert the shear wave speed profiles to temperature profiles and fit these with geotherms to identify the base of the lithosphere. The upper mantle temperatures from the seismic model are consistent with temperatures derived from geochemical modeling. The lithosphere is less than ∼120 km thick over the region except for a thick lithospheric root beneath the Zagros, implying that shortening in the mantle is accommodated by lithospheric thickening. The composition of the volcanic rocks from above the area of the thickened lithosphere has depleted magma source regions with densities ∼60 kg m−3 less than the MORB source. Elsewhere in the Middle East the volcanic source regions have compositions and densities similar to that of MORB. The shortening across the Zagros is accommodated by lithospheric thickening but the cool thickened lithosphere has been stabilized from delamination by depletion.
Changes in polar stratospheric temperature climatology in relation to stratospheric sudden warming occurrence
Authors: Gómez‐Escolar M. , Fueglistaler S. , Calvo N. , Barriopedro D.
Published: October 2012

Stratospheric Sudden Warmings (SSWs) strongly affect the polar stratosphere during winter months mainly in the Northern Hemisphere. The intraseasonal distribution and type of SSWs for the 1958–1979 and 1979–2002 periods in ERA‐40 and NCEP‐NCAR reanalyses reveal differences. In the pre‐satellite era, most events occur in January and are vortex splits. In the post‐satellite era, the distribution is bimodal (peaking in December and February), and shows more displacement events. The difference in the seasonal distribution of SSWs leads to changes in the climatological state of stratospheric temperatures, with differences up to 5.9 K at 10 hPa and 3.6 K at 20 hPa in February between pre‐ and post‐1979 periods. We find that the temperature evolution at 20 hPa is in better qualitative agreement with theoretical expectations than at 10 hPa. Hence, 10 hPa may be affected more strongly by artifacts related with satellite data assimilation, which have, however, limited impact on identification of SSWs.
Multi‐fault rupture and successive triggering during the 2012 Mw 8.6 Sumatra offshore earthquake
Authors: Zhang Hao , Chen Jiawei , Ge Zengxi
Published: October 2012

On April 11, 2012 a Mw 8.6 strike‐slip earthquake struck the northern Sumatra offshore region, and became the largest intraplate event ever recorded there. Preliminary study results show a remarkably complex rupture pattern, on a fault system manifested by north‐south trending paleo‐transform faults and east‐west striking abyssal hill fabric. To image the rupture pattern of the earthquake, we back‐projected teleseismic P wave recordings observed at three regional seismic networks (EU, AU, and F‐net). Our results indicate that the earthquake ruptured on a conjugate fault system, composed of two subparallel WNW‐ESE trending faults, and a NNE‐SSW striking fault in between, for a duration of at least 120 s. The rupture started at the WNW end of the first WNW‐ESE trending fault located at the east of the conjugate fault system, and propagated toward ESE. It then jumped to the second NNE‐SSW trending fault located west of the first fault, and first extended SSWward and 15 s later NNEward. After its end on the second fault, the rupture jumped onto the third WNW‐ESE trending fault and continued WNWward. The static Coulomb stress changes calculated from the rupture of the first and then the second faults, based on simplified uniform slip models, suggest that initiation of the rupture on the second fault could be statically and dynamically triggered by the first fault. However, the third fault was primarily dynamically triggered by S or even Love waves radiated from the southern branch of the second fault.
Fluid‐driven multiple fracture growth from a permeable bedding plane intersected by an ascending hydraulic fracture
Authors: Zhang Xi , Jeffrey Robert G.
Published: October 2012

In bedded sedimentary rocks, the energy for spontaneous growth of multiple vertical fractures from a bedding plane may be provided by an overpressurized sublayer fracture that connects a fluid source to the bedding plane. In this paper, using our coupled deformation and flow model, we study the processes and mechanisms involved in the formation and interaction of closely space fractures from preexisting flaws or starter fractures located along the bedding plane. Fracture growth from multiple flaws can be convergent, parallel or divergent, depending on the factors like contrasts in moduli and far‐field stresses, flaw sizes and locations, and initial bed conductivity, fluid viscosity, and injection rate, as well as time. The results presented here have been obtained for conditions where fluid viscous dissipation is dominant, in contrast to other results available in literature based on uniform pressure assumption equivalent to use of an inviscid fluid. It is demonstrated that the earlier a hydraulic fracture starts to extend, the more likely it is to become the primary fracture in a system of closely spaced fractures. The fracture closest to the fluid source typically grows faster as a result of a higher pressure level because viscous dissipation results in a decrease in pressure with distance from the fluid source. But its development does not completely inhibit the growth of other hydraulic fractures. Simultaneous growth of closely spaced fractures is supported by the local stress and energetic analyses, and the fracture distance can be very small. Their length to spacing ratio is accordingly much larger than that predicted previously. Under certain circumstances, a longer and more permeable fracture may grow to a greater extent than a shorter fracture closer to the fluid source, which may grow toward and merge with the longer fracture to create fracture clusters adjacent to a bedding plane.
“World avoided” simulations with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model
Authors: Garcia Rolando R. , Kinnison Douglas E. , Marsh Daniel R.
Published: October 2012

We use the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model, coupled to a deep ocean model, to investigate the impact of continued growth of halogenated ozone depleting substances (ODS) in the absence of the Montreal Protocol. We confirm the previously reported result that the growth of ODS leads to a global collapse of the ozone layer in mid‐21st century, with column amounts falling to 100 DU or less at all latitudes. We also show that heterogeneous activation of chlorine in the lower stratosphere hastens this collapse but is not essential to produce it. The growth of ODS, which are also greenhouse gases, produces a radiative forcing of 4 W m−2by 2070, nearly equal that of the non‐ODS greenhouse gases CO2, CH4, and N2O in the RCP4.5 scenario of IPCC. This leads to surface warming of over 2 K in the tropics, 6 K in the Arctic, and close to 4 K in Antarctica in 2070 compared to the beginning of the century. We explore the reversibility of these impacts following complete cessation of ODS emissions in the mid‐2050s. We find that impacts are reversed on various time scales, depending on the atmospheric lifetime of the ODS that cause them. Thus ozone in the lower stratosphere in the tropics and subtropics recovers very quickly because the ODS that release chlorine and bromine there (e.g., methyl chloroform and methyl bromide) have short atmospheric lifetimes and are removed within a few years. On the other hand, ozone depletion in the polar caps and global radiative forcing depend on longer‐lived ODS, such that much of these impacts persist through the end of our simulations in 2070.
The defence of body weight: a physiological basis for weight regain after weight loss
Authors: Sumithran Priya , Proietto Joseph
Published: October 2012

Although weight loss can usually be achieved by restricting food intake, the majority of dieters regain weight over the long-term. In the hypothalamus, hormonal signals from the gastrointestinal tract, adipose tissue and other peripheral sites are integrated to influence appetite and energy expenditure. Diet-induced weight loss is accompanied by several physiological changes which encourage weight regain, including alterations in energy expenditure, substrate metabolism and hormone pathways involved in appetite regulation, many of which persist beyond the initial weight loss period. Safe effective long-term strategies to overcome these physiological changes are needed to help facilitate maintenance of weight loss. The present review, which focuses on data from human studies, begins with an outline of body weight regulation to provide the context for the subsequent discussion of short- and long-term physiological changes which accompany diet-induced weight loss.
Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-6 and cancer
Authors: Bach Leon A. , Fu Ping , Yang Zhiyong
Published: October 2012

The IGF (insulin-like growth factor) system is essential for physiological growth and it is also implicated in a number of diseases including cancer. IGF activity is modulated by a family of high-affinity IGF-binding proteins, and IGFBP-6 is distinctive because of its marked binding preference for IGF-II over IGF-I. A principal role for IGFBP-6 is inhibition of IGF-II actions, but recent studies have indicated that IGFBP-6 also has IGF-independent effects, including inhibition of angiogenesis and promotion of cancer cell migration. The present review briefly summarizes the IGF system in physiology and disease before focusing on recent studies on the regulation and actions of IGFBP-6, and its potential roles in cancer cells. Given the widespread interest in IGF inhibition in cancer therapeutics, increasing our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the actions of the IGF ligands, receptors and binding proteins, including IGFBP-6, will enhance our ability to develop optimal treatments that can be targeted to the most appropriate patients.
Use of water extraction variability to screen for sunflower genotypes well adapted to soil water limitation
Authors: Radanielson Ando M. , Lecoeur Jeremie , Christophe Angelique , Guilioni Lydie
Published: October 2012

In conditions of water deficit, plant yield depends mostly on the ability of the plant to explore soil profile and its water uptake capacity per unit volume of soil. In this study, the value of soil water extraction properties for use in sunflower breeding was evaluated. Five experiments were carried out in pots, in greenhouses, from 2005 to 2009, in Montpellier, France. Elite sunflower cultivars and experimental hybrids obtained from a factorial cross between five female and five male inbred lines were grown. The soil water extraction performance of the plants was characterised by the soil water content at minimal stomatal conductance (SWCgs = 0) and the index of water extraction (IEgen), which was calculated as the relative value of SWCgs = 0 to the performance of the cultivar NKMelody. Heritability (H2) was estimated for the experimental hybrids. Phenotypic variability of the SWCgs = 0 was observed with a significant effect of the environment and the genotype. The latest released cultivars were observed as the best performing one in water extraction with an IEgen under 0.85. This trait was found to be suitable for use in comparisons of the soil water extraction performances of different genotypes. The high H2 value for SWCgs = 0 (0.77 and 0.81) and the significant correlation (r2 = 0.70, P < 0.001) between the values obtained for the experimental hybrids and the mean values of the general combining ability (GCA) for the parental lines showed that this trait is heritable and could be used in plant breeding programs. Phenotyping methods and the usefulness of this trait in crop modelling are discussed.
Hornwort pyrenoids, carbon-concentrating structures, evolved and were lost at least five times during the last 100 million years
Authors: Villarreal Juan Carlos , Renner Susanne S.
Published: October 2012

Ribulose-1,5-Biphosphate-carboxylase-oxygenase (RuBisCO) has a crucial role in carbon fixation but a slow catalytic rate, a problem overcome in some plant lineages by physiological and anatomical traits that elevate carbon concentrations around the enzyme. Such carbon-concentrating mechanisms are hypothesized to have evolved during periods of low atmospheric CO
2
. Hornworts, the sister to vascular plants, have a carbon-concentrating mechanism that relies on pyrenoids, proteinaceous bodies mostly consisting of RuBisCO. We generated a phylogeny based on mitochondrial and plastid sequences for 36% of the approximately 200 hornwort species to infer the history of gains and losses of pyrenoids in this clade; we also used fossils and multiple dating approaches to generate a chronogram for the hornworts. The results imply five to six origins and an equal number of subsequent losses of pyrenoids in hornworts, with the oldest pyrenoid gained
ca
. 100 Mya, and most others at <35 Mya. The nonsynchronous appearance of pyrenoid-containing clades, the successful diversification of pyrenoid-lacking clades during periods with low [CO
2
], and the maintenance of pyrenoids during episodes of high [CO
2
] all argue against the previously proposed relationship between pyrenoid origin and low [CO
2
]. The selective advantages, and costs, of hornwort pyrenoids thus must relate to additional factors besides atmospheric CO
2
.
Performing Bombay and displaying stances
Authors: Muthiah Kalaivahni
Published: October 2012

This article examines novel characters’ use of creatively manufactured language in scripted dialogue, namely stylized Indian English (IndE) in Mistry’s 2002 novel, Family Matters. Broadly, stylized IndE speech contributes to the characters’ performance of localness, an evaluation that reviewers’ commentary of the novel corroborate. However, by drawing on Ochs’ model of direct and indirect indexicality to analyze the contextualized interactions of three groups of characters — Malpani, Shiv Sena drunk men, and Shiv Sena officers — I suggest that the characters more specifically combine stylized IndE features in different ways to display distinct stances. When assessed together with 1) sociohistorical details, 2) interlocutors’ comments, and 3) narratorial interruptions, such stylized IndE speech indirectly indexes and shapes their nuanced social roles in the novel as different types of villains. Stylized IndE features are thus indeterminate resources, braided together with other semiotic resources, and enabling the characters to perform fluid, contextually situated meanings.
Corpus-based functionality and translatability
Authors: Izquierdo Marlén
Published: October 2012

This paper reports on a descriptive study of English and Spanish progressive constructions to identify degrees of common functionality and, therefore, translatability. Here, the functionality of the resource under study is examined contrastively, in order to observe functional correspondences which can be considered translation equivalents. In addition, a descriptive study of actual translations provides a broader picture of the degree of translatability between the languages under investigation. To this end, a corpus-based approach has been adopted to account for language usage in a cross-linguistic setting. Two complementary types of corpora have been used, a comparable corpus made up of BoE and CREA, and the ACTRES Parallel Corpus. The result constitutes a comprehensive approach to language description oriented towards application.
English and French causal connectives in contrast
Authors: Zufferey Sandrine , Cartoni Bruno
Published: October 2012

Discourse connectives are often said to be language specific, and therefore not easily paired with a translation equivalent in a target language. However, few studies have assessed the magnitude and the causes of these divergences. In this paper, we provide an overview of the similarities and discrepancies between causal connectives in two typologically related languages: English and French. We first discuss two criteria used in the literature to account for these differences: the notion of domains of use and the information status of the cause segment. We then test the validity of these criteria through an empirical contrastive study of causal connectives in English and French, performed on a bidirectional corpus. Our results indicate that French and English connectives have only partially overlapping profiles and that translation equivalents are adequately predicted by these two criteria.
Otolith Age Validation and Growth Estimation from Oxytetracycline‐Marked and Recaptured American Shad
Authors: Duffy William J. , McBride Richard S. , Hendricks Michael L. , Oliveira Kenneth
Published: October 2012

This study validated a whole‐otolith aging method using known‐age American shad Alosa sapidissima from the Delaware River system. Although scale ages are commonly used in autecological and assessment studies of American shad, scale ages from the same fish could not be validated. New data reported here used known‐aged otoliths and scales available from shad marked by oxytetracycline as larvae in a hatchery and recaptured as adults on or near their spawning ground. A subset of whole otoliths were examined and annuli—defined as a pair of translucent and opaque bands—were counted using males and females ranging in age from 3 to 9 years. The reading and interpretation of annuli by the more experienced reader were accurate with respect to the known age, whether measured as the percent agreement (PA = 80%) or Chang's coefficient of variation (CV = 3.11). The use of otoliths provided more accurate results than scales obtained from the same fish (PA = 46%; CV = 7.84). A second reader, who had no previous experience with this species, had lower performance scores but also performed better with otoliths; this demonstrated the need for training and testing when using the whole‐otolith aging method. Growth modeling using ages of known‐age juveniles and adults confirmed dimorphic growth. Females grew larger than males (von Bertalanffy L∞ = 552 and 495‐mm FL, respectively). The maximum age observed for females was only slightly older than males (9 versus 8 years). The superiority of the otolith‐based age method makes it difficult to compare our results with older, scale‐based demographic studies, but it represents an improved method for generating ages for future stock assessments.
The Impact of Mitochondrial and Thermal Stress on the Bioenergetics and Reserve Respiratory Capacity of Fish Cell Lines
Authors: Beck Benjamin H. , Fuller S. Adam
Published: October 2012

Various stressors affect the health of wild and cultured fish and can cause metabolic disturbances that first manifest at the cellular level. Here, we sought to further our understanding of cellular metabolism in fish by examining the metabolic responses of cell lines derived from channel catfish Ictalurus puntatus (CCO), white bass Morone chrysops (WBE), and fathead minnow Pimephales promelas (EPC) to both mitochondrial and thermal stressors. Using extracellular flux (EF) technology, we simultaneously measured the oxygen consumption rate (OCR; a measure of mitochondrial function) and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR; a surrogate of glycolysis) in each cell type. We performed a mitochondrial function protocol whereby compounds modulating different components of mitochondrial respiration were sequentially exposed to cells. This provided us with basal and maximal OCR, OCR linked to ATP production, OCR from ion movement across the mitochondrial inner membrane, the reserve capacity, and OCR independent of the electron transport chain. After heat shock, EPC and CCO significantly decreased OCR and all three cell lines modestly increased ECAR. After heat shock, the reserve capacity, the mitochondrial energetic reserve used to cope with stress and increased bioenergetic demand, was unaffected in EPC and CCO and completely abrogated in WBE. These findings provide proof-of-concept experimental data that further highlight the utility of fish cell lines as tools for modeling bioenergetics.

Received April 12, 2012; accepted August 5, 2012
Tissue-Specific Copper Concentrations in Red Drum after Long-Term Exposure to Sublethal Levels of Waterborne Copper and a 21-Day Withdrawal
Authors: Robinson Christopher B , Wills Paul S , Riche Marty A , Straus David L
Published: October 2012

Juvenile Red Drum Sciaenops ocellatus were exposed to sublethal concentrations of waterborne copper (Cu; 0.25–0.35 mg/L) for 242 d using an ethanolamine chelated Cu compound as a prophylactic treatment to control ectoparasites in recirculating aquaculture systems. Skin, muscle, gill, liver, and intestine tissues were collected on days 1, 3, 5, 15, and 21 during the 21-d depuration. Liver and intestine tissues accumulated Cu at a rate that was strongly influenced by the environmental Cu load. Skin, gills, and muscle tissues did not accumulate substantial amounts of Cu despite its presence at therapeutic levels. The rank order of the Cu concentrations in the different tissues was as follows: intestine > liver > gills > skin > muscle. Predictive equations for tissue Cu concentrations (μg/g) relative to time of withdrawal (d) and waterborne Cu concentration (mg/L) were generated using trend analysis. The relationships between tissue Cu concentrations and time of withdrawal were significant, with all tissue Cu concentrations decreasing over time. The relationships between tissue Cu concentrations and waterborne Cu concentration were also significant, with elevated waterborne Cu concentrations resulting in higher tissue Cu concentrations, especially in the intestine, liver, and gill tissue samples. Red Drum cultured in recirculating aquaculture systems had lower (26–52-μg/g) detectable Cu concentrations in muscle tissue than wild-caught Red Drum (414 μg/g).
Iodophor Disinfection of Walleye Eggs Exposed to Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus Type IVb
Authors: Groocock Geoffrey H , Getchell Rodman G , Cornwell Emily R , Frattini Stephen A , Wooster Gregory A , Bowser Paul R , LaPan Steven R
Published: October 2012

Two experiments were performed to determine the persistence of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) genotype IVb on Walleye Sander vitreus eggs. Fertilized Walleye eggs were exposed for 30 min to 105 plaque-forming units/mL VHSV genotype IVb, and control eggs were exposed to phosphate-buffered saline. In the first experiment, the eggs were treated with 0 and 50 mg/L iodophor and incubated at 12±1°C until the first fry emerged. In the second experiment, a treatment of 100 mg/L iodophor was also tested. Periodic samples were taken during embryo development and tested for VHSV by viral isolation and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The effect of tannic acid, an inhibitor of qRT-PCR testing, was evaluated in the second experiment. In both experiments no virus was detected in any control eggs by either test. In the first experiment, virus was isolated in 0-mg/L iodophor-treated eggs up to 3 d postinfection (DPI). Virus was also isolated in the 50-mg/L iodophor-treated group at 1 DPI. Testing by qRT-PCR detected viral RNA at all time points throughout the first experiment. In the second experiment, no VHSV was isolated after the initial 0-DPI sample. Viral RNA was again detected at all time points, including samples collected at the end of the experiment. Inhibition was found in 34 of 36 samples at 0 DPI and 21 of 36 samples at 1 DPI. The number of inhibited samples decreased over time, but virus was still detected in three samples at 24 DPI. These experiments show that VHSV persists on Walleye eggs for longer than was previously known. At early time points VHSV was still detected despite disinfection, and viral RNA was detected at all time points; however, it is unknown whether the virus detected by this qRT-PCR is viable. These experiments reinforce the need for careful disinfection of eggs.
First cohomology for finite groups of Lie type: Simple modules with small dominant weights
Authors: Algebra Group University of Georgia
Published: October 2012

Letkkbe an algebraically closed field of characteristicp>0p > 0, and letGGbe a simple, simply connected algebraic group defined overFp\mathbb {F}_p. Givenr≥1r \geq 1, setq=prq=p^r, and letG(Fq)G(\mathbb {F}_q)be the corresponding finite Chevalley group. In this paper we investigate the structure of the first cohomology groupH1⁡(G(Fq),L(λ))\operatorname {H}^1(G(\mathbb {F}_q),L(\lambda )), whereL(λ)L(\lambda )is the simpleGG-module of highest weightλ\lambda. Under certain very mild conditions onppandqq, we are able to completely describe the first cohomology group whenλ\lambdais less than or equal to a fundamental dominant weight. In particular, in the cases we consider, we show that the first cohomology group has dimension at most one. Our calculations significantly extend, and provide new proofs for, earlier results of Cline, Parshall, Scott, and Jones, who considered the special case whenλ\lambdais a minimal non-zero dominant weight.
Asymptotic of the velocity of a dilute suspension of droplets with interfacial tension
Authors: Bonnetier Eric , Manceau David , Triki Faouzi
Published: October 2012

In this paper we derive the asymptotic expansion of the velocity field of a small deformable droplet immersed in an incompressible Newtonian fluid. Using an appropriate physical scaling of the surface tension with respect to the droplet volume, we show that the first order of the asymptotic can be expressed in terms of the velocity field in the absence of the droplet and a new kind of moment tensor, called the curvature moment tensor. Our asymptotic formula extends those already derived for rigid droplets and aimed to obtain simplified macroscale properties of a dilute suspension composed of identical droplets dispersed in an incompressible Newtonian fluid from knowledge of its microscopic properties. We finally determine explicitly the curvature moment tensor for ellipses and ellipsoids.