bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Do cryptic species matter in macroecology? Sequencing European groundwater crustaceans yields smaller ranges but does not challenge biodiversity determinants
Authors: Eme David , Zagmajster Maja , Delić Teo , Fišer Cene , Flot Jean‐François , Konecny‐Dupré Lara , Pálsson Snæbjörn , Stoch Fabio , Zakšek Valerija , Douady Christophe J. , Malard Florian
Published: February 2017

Ecologists increasingly rely on molecular delimitation methods (MMs) to identify species boundaries, thereby potentially increasing the number of putative species because of the presence of morphologically cryptic species. It has been argued that cryptic species could challenge our understanding of what determine large‐scale biodiversity patterns which have traditionally been documented from morphology alone. Here, we used morphology and three MMs to derive four different sets of putative species among the European groundwater crustaceans. Then, we used regression models to compare the relative importance of spatial heterogeneity, productivity and historical climates, in shaping species richness and range size patterns across sets of putative species. We tested three predictions. First, MMs would yield many more putative species than morphology because groundwater is a constraining environment allowing little morphological changes. Second, for species richness, MMs would increase the importance of spatial heterogeneity because cryptic species are more likely along physical barriers separating ecologically similar regions than along resource gradients promoting ecologically‐based divergent selection. Third, for range size, MMs would increase the importance of historical climates because of reduced and asymmetrical fragmentation of large morphological species ranges at northern latitudes. MMs yielded twice more putative species than morphology and decreased by 10‐fold the average species range size. Yet, MMs strengthened the mid‐latitude ridge of high species richness and the Rapoport effect of increasing range size at higher latitudes. Species richness predictors did not vary between morphology and MMs but the latter increased the proportion of variance in range size explained by historical climates. These findings demonstrate that our knowledge of groundwater biodiversity determinants is robust to overlooked cryptic species because the latter are homogeneously distributed along environmental gradients. Yet, our findings call for incorporating multiple species delimitation methods into the analysis of large‐scale biodiversity patterns across a range of taxa and ecosystems.
Alternative spaces of urban sustainability: results of a first integrative approach in the Italian city of Brescia
Authors: Tononi Marco , Pietta Antonella , Bonati Sara
Published: February 2017

In the face of contemporary economic, environmental, and social changes, one of the main challenges facing cities is to build and realise a vision for a sustainable future. To do so, a number of local sustainability strategies are promoted in urban policymaking with the goal of improving citizens' participation and quality of life. The aim is to empower citizens and enable them to be more active in local and global sustainability issues. This paper focuses on identifying and discussing the alternative spaces in which the future of the city can be collectively envisioned, considering processes of socio‐ecological change and power relations, consistent with an urban political ecology. The purpose of such spaces should be to link daily behaviour patterns of sustainability with urban environmental governance through processes of participation. In particular we suggest the adoption of an integrative approach between top‐down and bottom‐up approaches. One example is an experimental process, called the Altrevie project, which took place in a pilot area of the city of Brescia and involved 150 families. The approach is an example of participatory action research. Its first phase was a sample survey to obtain an initial representation of the lifestyles of the residents. In the second phase, residents learnt to measure their ecological footprint and participated in workshops and laboratories to improve the sustainability of their lifestyles. During the project, we identified and tried to promote alternative spaces in which to imagine and build the sustainable city: spaces of alternative consumption which go beyond the traditional market system (according to alternative economic geographies); and spaces of participation that can promote an integrative method between top‐down and bottom‐up approaches. These different approaches to urban development create unique conditions for seeking sustainability through innovative and participative visions.
Morphological evaluation of maxillary second molars with fused roots: a micro‐CT study
Authors: Ordinola‐Zapata R. , Martins J. N. R. , Bramante C. M. , Villas‐Boas M. H. , Duarte M. H. , Versiani M. A.
Published: February 2017

Aim

To evaluate the internal and external morphologies of fused‐rooted maxillary second molars by means of micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT) analysis.

Methodology

A total of 100 fused‐rooted maxillary second molars from a Brazilian subpopulation were divided into six groups according to the root morphology. The samples were scanned at a resolution of 19.6 μm and evaluated with regard to the external morphology of the roots, the root canal configuration, the percentage frequency of C‐shaped canals and isthmuses, as well as the morphology of the root canal system at 1, 2 and 3 mm from the anatomical apex of the fused roots.

Results

The most prevalent root canal fusions were type 1, mesiobuccal root fused with distobuccal root (32%), followed by type 3, DB root fused with P root (27%), and type 4, MB root fused with DB root, and P root fused with MB or DB roots (21%). The prevalence of C‐shaped root canal systems were 22%. Depending on the type of root fusion, the percentage frequency of isthmuses in the apical level varied from 9.3% to 42.8%, whilst the presence of apical deltas ranged from 18.5% to 57.1% of teeth.

Conclusions

The root canal system of maxillary second molars with fused roots may have a high incidence of merging canals, isthmuses, apical deltas and C‐shaped configurations.
The impact of consumer decision‐making styles on consumer confusion in Mauritius: An empirical analysis
Authors: Coothoopermal Sachin , Chittoo Hemant
Published: February 2017

This article investigates the effects of consumer decision‐making styles on consumer confusion and harm. While consumer confusion has been well documented in the literature, this investigation attempts to bridge our understanding on its relationship with consumer decision‐making styles. Empirical data was collected from a field survey where 400 consumers selected at 20 supermarkets in Mauritius were asked to respond to a questionnaire measuring three variables under study: consumer confusion, consumer decision‐making styles, and situational factors. Findings from the MANOVA parametric test showed that there is a significant difference between consumer decision‐making styles and consumer confusion. Even when covariate situational factors were controlled through the parametric test MANCOVA, results still showed a significant difference between consumer decision‐making styles and consumer confusion. More specifically, ANCOVA tests showed that the findings were specifically significant for three types of confusion: product confusion, packaging confusion, and product complexity. The study tends to confirm that a consumer's style of decision making does impact on consumer confusion.
Antecedents of consumer price consciousness in a turbulent economy
Authors: Hampson Daniel P. , McGoldrick Peter J.
Published: February 2017

Major economic crises create financial and normative stressors, affecting consumers long after economies technically leave recession. Consumer adaptations to these stressors challenge researchers’ and marketers’ assumptions of well‐established concepts and theories, notably consumer price consciousness (CPC). We examine this pivotal marketing construct within the domains of stress and coping during times of economic turbulence. In this paper, the authors develop and test a conceptual model, then present implications for consumer researchers, brand marketers, and retailers. The model focuses on the relationships between changing CPC and major economic and normative stressors, respectively financial well‐being and frugality norms. To inform opportunities for specific interventions, we identify mediating roles of consumer anticipated guilt, financial fear, and smart shopper self‐perception. SEM and mediation analysis test this model, based on a national survey of 1202 UK consumers. The results identify stressors that influence changing CPC, following fundamental shifts in consumer psychology and behaviour since recession. Each antecedent of CPC presents opportunities for marketers and retailers to defend or adapt brands to the challenges and opportunities presented by more price conscious consumers.
Influence of ultrasound pretreatments on diffusion coefficients, texture and colour of osmodehydrated sweet potato (Ipomea batatas)
Authors: Oladejo Ayobami Olayemi , Ma Haile , Qu Wenjuan , Zhou Cunshan , Wu Bengang , Yang Xue
Published: February 2017

The moisture and solute diffusivities, texture and colour of sweet potato pretreated in distilled water with ultrasound (UD), osmotic dehydration without ultrasound (OD) and osmotic dehydration with ultrasound (UOD) were investigated to determine the effects of ultrasound on osmodehydrated sweet potato. The moisture and solute diffusivities of all the pretreatments ranged from 2.89 to 4.95 × 10−10 and 1.17 to 1.67 × 10−10 m2 s−1, respectively. The moisture diffusivity of samples treated in UOD was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of OD and UD by 30.82% and 41.62%, respectively. Compared to the fresh sample, the firmness of samples treated in OD and UOD was reduced by 83.53% and 92.47%, respectively. UD increased the brightness (L*) and reduced the redness (a*) of sweet potato, while UOD enhanced the yellowness (b*) and chroma (C*) of sweet potato. The sweet potato samples treated in UOD had the highest total colour difference (ΔE).
Practical approaches to commencing device‐assisted therapies for Parkinson disease in Australia
Authors: Williams David R. , Evans Andrew H. , Fung Victor S. C. , Hayes Michael , Iansek Robert , Kimber Thomas , O'Sullivan John D. , Sue Carolyn M.
Published: February 2017

In Australia 1% of individuals aged over 50 years have Parkinson disease (PD). Guidance for commencing device‐assisted therapies (DAT) for PD in Australia was developed based on a review of European recommendations and their relevance to the local clinical setting. An online survey and teleconference discussions were held by a group of eight local movement disorder experts to develop consensus. Referral to a movement disorder specialist and consideration of DAT is appropriate when motor fluctuations cause disability or reduced quality of life, response to treatment is inconsistent or motor fluctuations and dyskinesias require frequent treatment adjustment without apparent benefit and levodopa is required four or more times daily. Three types of DAT are available in Australia for patients with PD: continuous subcutaneous apomorphine; continuous levodopa‐carbidopa intestinal gel infusion; and deep brain stimulation. All improve consistency of motor response. The most important aspects when considering which DAT to use are the preferences of the patient and their carers, patient comorbidities, age, cognitive function and neuropsychiatric status. Patients and their families need to be provided with treatment options that are suitable to them, with adequate explanations regarding the recommendations and comparison of potential device‐related complications. DAT are best managed, where possible, in a specialist centre with experience in all three types of therapy. Proactive and early management of symptoms during disease progression is essential to maintain optimally motor responses and quality of life in patients with PD.
Tail Dependence and Systemic Risk in Operational Losses of the US Banking Industry
Authors: Abdymomunov Azamat , Ergen Ibrahim
Published: February 2017

Using supervisory operational loss data of the US banking industry, we analyze dependence among operational losses within banks and across banks. We find evidence of relatively strong dependence among tail losses of different operational loss types within banks. Applying a copula framework, we estimate that the median correlation parameter for the key operational loss types is around 30% and exceeds 50% for some banks in our sample. Our results contrast with the previous literature that documents that correlation parameter estimates are in the range of 5–10% and typically do not exceed 20%. Further, we demonstrate significant model risk from not accounting for dependence among tail losses, resulting in material underestimation of operational risk. In addition, we investigate dependence of operational losses across banks. Using a copula framework, we estimate correlation parameters between losses of large banks in our sample to be 42% on average. This result suggests the presence of systemic risk from the simultaneous occurrence of operational tail losses in different large banks.
Groundwater Depletion Beneath Downtown Tucson, Arizona: A 240‐Year Record
Authors: Eastoe C.J. , Gu Ailiang
Published: February 2017

Beginning with the foundation date of Spanish Tucson in 1775 and continuing through the 1890s, shallow groundwater and related features, including a perched aquifer, stream‐bed springs and a short perennial reach in the Santa Cruz River, progressively disappeared from the Downtown Tucson area. The 20th‐Century city grew rapidly, and increasing groundwater withdrawals caused large declines in the regional aquifer of Tucson basin, leaving a second perched aquifer with non‐aqueous contaminants beneath Downtown. Isotope data show that this fully perched aquifer retains residual water from the regional aquifer, plus recharge derived from a nearby small watercourse. The present regional aquifer beneath Downtown is locally layered and partly confined, and contains water 7–20 Ka years old originating at the northern and southeastern basin margins.
Study on reduction reaction of MoO2 powder with NH3
Authors: Wang Lu , Zhang Guo‐Hua , Chou Kuo‐Chih
Published: February 2017

Reaction mechanism between MoO2 powder and NH3 in the temperature range of 1028‐1273 K has been investigated. The results show that reduction products are strongly dependent on the reaction temperature employed. It is found that molybdenum nitride (Mo2N) can be successfully synthesized when the temperature is below 1078 K, with the morphologies keep the same as that of the raw material MoO2. Although the temperature is above 1078 K, metal Mo powder will be turned up; at the even higher temperatures, the thermodynamically stable phase will be metal Mo. In addition, MoOxN1−x as an intermediate product is formed during the reduction processes.
Intermediate temperature oxidative strength degradation of a SiC/SiNC composite with a polymer‐derived matrix
Authors: Poerschke David L. , Rossol Michael N. , Zok Frank W.
Published: February 2017

The article describes an experimental investigation of oxidative degradation in mechanical performance of a SiC fiber‐reinforced composite with a SiCN matrix produced by polymer infiltration and pyrolysis. Tensile stress rupture and retained strength tests were performed at 800°C in dry air and in water vapor. Fracture surfaces were examined to determine the degree of fiber pull‐out and constituent oxidation and to measure radii of representative fiber fracture mirrors. The results indicate that degradation in tows adjacent to cut surfaces occurs equally rapidly in water vapor with or without application of stress; regions in the composite interior and near as‐processed (uncut) surfaces appear far less affected. Similar effects are evident but less pronounced in dry air. Although oxidation of fiber coatings is observed in some cases, collectively the results suggest that fiber degradation is the main mechanism leading to reduced composite strength.
Second harmonic generation in germanotellurite bulk glass‐ceramics
Authors: Truong Lo Nhat , Dussauze Marc , Allix Mathieu , Chenu Sébastien , Cardinal Thierry , Fargin Evelyne , Santos Luís F.
Published: February 2017

In this study, we have investigated the use of silver cation as nucleating agent in germanotellurite glass matrix of compositions (100−x) [70TeO2–10GeO2–10Nb2O5–10K2O]–xAg2O (x=0‐6 mol%), in order to promote bulk crystallization. Density measurements, differential scanning calorimetry, X‐ray diffraction, UV‐Vis, and Raman spectroscopies have been performed to study the crystallization process. We have observed bulk crystallization of a unique noncentrosymmetric phase, K[Nb1/3Te2/3]2O4.8, which has been investigated for its second‐order optical activity. Transparent to translucent glass‐ceramics have been successfully tailored under thermal treatment and second harmonic generation signals were recorded on the glass‐ceramic samples as a function of their synthesis procedure. It is suggested that the second‐order optical properties observed are strongly related to the organization of crystallites within phase‐separated domains.
Almost complete peritectic reaction in YBa2(Cu1−xFex)3O7−δ crystallization involving nanosized primary phase
Authors: Qian Jun , Fan Wenshuo , Du Gehai , Li Haochen , Xiang Hui , Hussain Ghulam , Liu Yan , Cui Xiangxiang , Diko Pavel , Yao Xin , Zou Zhiqiang
Published: February 2017

Study on peritectic reaction is a matter of significant importance in materials science, which generally involves in the solidification of most functional oxide materials, for example, the YBa2Cu3O7−δ (Y123) superconductor could be grown via a reaction of Y2BaCuO5 (Y211) + Liquid→Y123. Due to its crystallization characteristic, the growth of those materials does not entirely proceed, which severely impedes the development of industrialized process. Thus the realization of a complete peritectic reaction is an interesting issue for both theory and experiment. Here, we report an almost complete peritectic reaction occurring in the growth of YBa2(Cu1−xFex)3O7−δ crystals using modified melt‐growth. Our findings remarkably show that Y211 almost fully reacted with liquid to generate Y123, remaining approximately 1 vol%, evidently lower than that in the normal case. The nature of this unconventional phenomenon is clarified that the Fe‐doping elevates the nucleation barrier in the peritectic melting of Y123 and causes a massive homogeneous nucleation catastrophe, leading to nanosized and dispersive Y211 particles, which readily and almost fully dissolve in the subsequent peritectic solidification of Y123. Most importantly, the new conception derived from this work is promising for reviving other functional materials, which are disregarded due to their incomplete peritectic reactions.
Contrasting diversification history between insular and continental species of three‐leaved azaleas (Rhododendron sect. Brachycalyx) in East Asia
Authors: Yoichi Watanabe , Jin Xiao‐Feng , Peng Ching‐I , Tamaki Ichiro , Tomaru Nobuhiro
Published: February 2017

Aim

To reconstruct the diversification history of Rhododendron sect. Brachycalyx (Ericaceae), and to elucidate the differences in evolutionary history between 18 insular and two continental species.

Location

Islands of Japan, South Korea and Taiwan and the mainland of China in East Asia.

Methods

Sequences of seven non‐coding chloroplast DNA regions (3971 bp) were obtained from 74 populations covering all 20 species in Rhododendron sect. Brachycalyx. The diversification history of the section was estimated by phylogenetic analysis and molecular dating. Genetic diversity estimates within species and species groups (continental and insular species) were calculated. Differences in patterns of genetic structure within each species group were estimated by analysis of the spatial genetic structure.

Results

The section was monophyletic and started to diversify in the late Miocene or Pliocene. We detected 61 haplotypes in the section, of which 44 were observed in the insular species and 17 in the continental species. The two species groups were almost monophyletic. Genetic diversity across species was higher for the group of insular species than for the group of continental species, corresponding to the difference in species richness. In contrast, the insular species showed a tendency towards low genetic diversity within species and populations, whereas the continental species showed the opposite trend.

Main conclusions

The rapid diversification in the insular species during the Quaternary may be a result of genetic drift due to population isolation and population decline on the islands. In contrast, widespread migration or colonization may have prevented allopatric speciation in the continental species.
Elevational seed plants richness patterns in Bhutan, Eastern Himalaya
Authors: Kluge Jürgen , Worm Sebastian , Lange Simon , Long David , Böhner Jürgen , Yangzom Rinchen , Miehe Georg
Published: February 2017

Aim

We used published data of the floristic and elevational distribution of seed plants of Bhutan to test the contribution of climatic, topographical and biogeographical variables to shape elevational species richness and endemism patterns.

Location

Bhutan.

Methods

We compiled data of seed plant species distributions from the Flora of Bhutan and related them to energy, humidity, and topographically related variables and biogeographical distributions. We used multiple regression models to identify most predictive independent variables by multi‐model‐inference based on AICc.

Results

We find highest species richness at mid elevations (1500–2000 m), while endemic richness peaks markedly higher at 4500 m. Separated for life forms, the peak of richness shifts upward along the elevational gradient in the order of trees – shrubs – herbs – graminoids. Elevational richness peaks of temperate taxa were centred at high and of tropical taxa at low elevations. Temperature was identified as most influential for species richness patterns and showed a humped relationship to richness patterns.

Main conclusions

The humped patterns of species richness in Bhutan correspond to results from other studies in low latitude mountains, and the correlation of these patterns to energy driven variables, especially temperature, can be confirmed. The humped relationship of temperature (including water regimes driven by temperature) to richness indicates elevation zones of moderate temperatures with absence of temperature extremes as predicting species richness, and the high elevation peak of endemism may be related to mountain terrain configuration and climatic history. The different elevations of richness peaks of tropical and temperate taxa underlines the notion of a transition zone between temperate and tropical realms, thus the intermingling of different evolutionary histories. For further research, we require fine scale local data for detailed taxa distributions in order to infer issues from evolutionary processes in landscape development to identify target regions for conservation purposes.
Continuous dosing versus interrupted therapy with ixekizumab: an integrated analysis of two phase 3 trials in psoriasis
Authors: Blauvelt A. , Papp K.A. , Sofen H. , Augustin M. , Yosipovitch G. , Katoh N. , Mrowietz U. , Ohtsuki M. , Poulin Y. , Shrom D. , Burge R. , See K. , Mallbris L. , Gordon K.B.
Published: February 2017

Background

Continuous treatment is recommended for patients with moderate‐to‐severe psoriasis; however, treatment may need to be interrupted in routine clinical practice.

Objective

To assess outcomes in patients continuously treated with ixekizumab versus those who interrupted therapy and were subsequently retreated with ixekizumab (IXE).

Methods

This analysis used data pooled from two phase 3 trials, UNCOVER‐1 and UNCOVER‐2. Patients were randomized to placebo (PBO), IXE every 4 (Q4W) or IXE every 2 weeks (Q2W) for 12 weeks. Patients with a static Physician's Global Assessment (sPGA) 0, 1 at Week 12 were rerandomized to IXEQ4W, IXE every 12 weeks (not presented) or PBO. We examined outcomes in patients who were continuously treated (IXEQ2W/IXEQ4W; IXEQ4W/IXEQ4W) or withdrawn (IXEQ2W/PBO; IXEQ4W/PBO), and in patients who were withdrawn and retreated with IXEQ4W for 24 weeks after disease relapse (sPGA ≥3).

Results

A total of 1226 treated patients achieved an sPGA 0, 1 at Week 12 and entered the maintenance phase; of these patients, 402 and 416 were rerandomized to PBO and IXEQ4W, respectively. Among patients interrupting treatment, 157 (82.2%) of IXEQ4W/PBO and 176 (83.4%) of IXEQ2W/PBO had an sPGA ≥3 by Week 60; median time to relapse was approximately 20 weeks irrespective of induction dose. At Week 60, continuously treated patients maintained high levels of PASI and sPGA responses (90.0% PASI 75 IXEQ2W/IXEQ4W; 81.9% sPGA 0, 1 IXEQ2W/IXEQ4W, non‐responder imputation). After 24 weeks of retreatment with IXEQ4W (IXEQ2W/PBO/IXEQ4W and IXEQ4W/PBO/IXEQ4W), 87.0% (107 of 123) and 95.1% (97 of 102) (observed), respectively, of patients recaptured PASI 75 and 70.7% (104 of 147) and 82.3% (107 of 130) (observed) recaptured an sPGA 0, 1. Overall, adverse events in continuously treated and retreated patients were comparable.

Conclusion

High levels of response were sustained with continuous ixekizumab treatment through 60 weeks. Most patients who were withdrawn experienced disease relapse, and most of those patients recaptured response after 24 weeks of retreatment.
Development of a transformation model to derive general population–based utility: Mapping the pruritus–visual analog scale (VAS) to the EQ‐5D utility
Authors: Park Sun‐Young , Park Eun‐Ja , Suh Hae Sun , Ha Dongmun , Lee Eui‐Kyung
Published: February 2017

Rationale, aims, and objectives

Although nonpreference‐based disease‐specific measures are widely used in clinical studies, they cannot generate utilities for economic evaluation. A solution to this problem is to estimate utilities from disease‐specific instruments using the mapping function. This study aimed to develop a transformation model for mapping the pruritus–visual analog scale (VAS) to the EuroQol 5‐Dimension 3‐Level (EQ‐5D‐3L) utility index in pruritus.

Methods

A cross‐sectional survey was conducted with a sample (n = 268) drawn from the general population of South Korea. Data were randomly divided into 2 groups, one for estimating and the other for validating mapping models. To select the best model, we developed and compared 3 separate models using demographic information and the pruritus‐VAS as independent variables. The predictive performance was assessed using the mean absolute deviation and root mean square error in a separate dataset.

Results

Among the 3 models, model 2 using age, age squared, sex, and the pruritus‐VAS as independent variables had the best performance based on the goodness of fit and model simplicity, with a log likelihood of 187.13. The 3 models had similar precision errors based on mean absolute deviation and root mean square error in the validation dataset. No statistically significant difference was observed between the mean observed and predicted values in all models.

Conclusions

In conclusion, model 2 was chosen as the preferred mapping model. Outcomes measured as the pruritus‐VAS can be transformed into the EQ‐5D‐3L utility index using this mapping model, which makes an economic evaluation possible when only pruritus‐VAS data are available.
Clinical Benefits of the Immediate Implant Socket Shield Technique
Authors: Saeidi Pour Reza , Zuhr Otto , Hürzeler Markus , Prandtner Otto , Rafael Caroline Freitas , Edelhoff Daniel , Liebermann Anja
Published: February 2017

Objective

Extraction‐socket resorption is considered a major problem that can limit implantological rehabilitation options and compromise the esthetic outcome. Surgical techniques to reduce remodeling are of restricted predictability and commonly require several surgical interventions and grafting. This increases the treatment cost and places a physical and psychological strain on the patient. This clinical case report presents a replacement of an upper canine using the socket‐shield technique (SST) with a CAD/CAM surgical guide, resulting in a predictable, high esthetic, and functional result.

Clinical considerations

The SST is an alternative approach to curbing remodeling and resorption by retaining the facial part of the root during tooth extraction. An immediately placed implant supports the facial root fragment, preventing the collapse of the buccal wall. The SST with digital precision planning in combination with a CAD/CAM surgical guide benefits patients by preserving their tissue architecture and causing only insignificant trauma. Furthermore, the SST reduces the number of surgical and prosthetic interventions required to one each for pre‐operative planning, surgical procedures, and prosthetic rehabilitation.

Conclusions

The socket shield technique is a minimally invasive implantological approach offers patients and clinicians multiple benefits.

Clinical Significance

The socket‐shield technique (SST) represents an alternative approach to intervene remodeling and resorption processes by the maintenance of the facial part of the root during tooth extraction. The immediate placement of an implant supports the facial root fragment and thereby prevents a collapse of the buccal wall. The SST associated with a CAD/CAM fabricated surgical guide, can reduce the amount of appointments, due to the immediate fabrication of the definitive restoration with the existing model. Therefore, no further necessary appointments are required apart from first pre‐operative planning, second for surgical treatment, and third for prosthetic rehabilitation. (J Esthet Restor Dent 29:93–101, 2017)
Schindleria elongata, a new species of paedomorphic gobioid from the Red Sea (Teleostei: Schindleriidae)
Authors: Fricke R. , Abu El‐Regal M.
Published: February 2017

A new species of paedomorphic gobioid, Schindleria elongata, from the Red Sea, is described on the basis of five specimens. The new species is characterized by its lack of body pigmentation; the body depth at pectoral‐fin origin 4–5% of standard length (LS) and at anal‐fin origin 5–7% LS; the predorsal length 66–70% LS; pre‐anal length 66–71% LS; dorsal‐fin rays 13 or 14; anal‐fin rays 10 or 11; first dorsal‐fin ray at myomere 20 or 21; first anal‐fin ray below second to fourth dorsal‐fin rays; myomeres 19 or 20 + 13 or 14 = 33 or 34 total; premaxillae and dentaries with small teeth; gas bladder located posteriorly at 56–60% LS; males with a rod‐like, flexible urogenital papilla lacking lobes, projections or accessory papillae, with distal half tapering to a broad, angular point and usually posteriorly directed. A key to the species of Schindleriidae is presented.
Oral health‐related quality of life in patients with non‐metal clasp dentures: a randomised cross‐over trial
Authors: Fueki K. , Yoshida‐Kohno E. , Wakabayashi N.
Published: February 2017

We investigated the efficacy of non‐metal clasp dentures (NMCDs) with regard to the oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) and compare the findings with those for conventional metal clasp‐retained dentures (MCDs). This single‐centre, randomised controlled, two‐phase, open label, cross‐over trial included 28 partially dentate individuals. The patients were randomised to receive MCDs followed by NMCDs, or the opposite sequence (n = 14 in each group); each denture was worn for 3 months. OHRQoL was evaluated using the Oral Health Impact Profile‐Japanese version (OHIP‐J) at entry (T‐entry; before treatment with the first denture) and at 3 months after treatment with each denture (T3). An examiner evaluated denture stability, oral appearance and surface roughness before denture delivery (T0) and at T3 and denture hygiene at T3. A total of 24 patients completed the trial. There were no complications related to the dentures, abutment teeth or denture‐bearing mucosa during the follow‐up periods for both dentures. The mean OHIP summary score was lower for NMCDs than for MCDs, and the difference (9 points) was greater than the minimal important difference (6 points), indicating the difference was clinically relevant. The effect size was medium (0·70). Statistical analyses with linear mixed models found a significant effect of the denture type on the OHIP summary score and scores for the Oro‐facial appearance, Oro‐facial pain and Psychological impact domains (NMCD < MCD; P < 0·05). The results of our study suggest that NMCDs allow for better OHRQoL compared with MCDs.
For Better or for Worse? Gender Ideology, Religious Commitment, and Relationship Quality
Authors: Perry Samuel L. , Whitehead Andrew L.
Published: February 2017

Few studies have considered how religion moderates the ways gender ideology influences heterosexual relationship outcomes. Drawing on a national random sample of American adults who report being married or living as married, we focus on the extent to which religious commitment moderates the link between gender ideology and reported relationship satisfaction, and whether this moderating effect varies across gender. We find that gender traditionalism is negatively associated with relationship satisfaction; however, interaction effects reveal that religious commitment moderates the effects of gender ideology such that the negative effects of gender traditionalism on relationship satisfaction only apply to people who are less religious. Gender traditionalism, by contrast, is not negatively related to relationship satisfaction for the highly religious. Splitting the sample by gender reveals that this moderating relationship is significant for women only. Thus, while gender traditionalism is negatively related to relationship satisfaction in the main, this effect is contingent on both gender and religious commitment. Religious commitment appears to mitigate negative effects of gender traditionalism on relationship outcomes, particularly for American women.
Civil Society and the Lawyers’ Movement of Pakistan
Authors: Shafqat Sahar
Published: February 2017

This article examines the conditions under which judiciaries become politicized under authoritarian regimes, focusing on the 2007–2009 lawyers’ movement of Pakistan. The prodemocracy movement arose after the sacking of the Supreme Court Chief Justice by General Musharraf, and was remarkably successful in removing Musharraf and restoring the sacked judges. Although the conventional wisdom is that such judiciaries are quiescent, I argue that judicial actors can play important roles in democratization, but only under certain conditions. In the case of Pakistan, civil society actors were vital in helping the judiciary become politicized and in linking the lawyers’ movement to the larger cause of democratization. I argue that, otherwise, the lawyers’ movement could not have headed the movement that eventually led to the restoration of democracy. Specifically, I argue that civil society played a crucial role, framing the movement as broad, national, and prodemocracy, which enabled it to overthrow the authoritarian regime.
Spatio‐temporal dynamics and biomass of Cymodocea nodosa in Bekalta (Tunisia, Southern Mediterranean Sea)
Authors: Sghaier Yassine Ramzi , Zakhama‐Sraieb Rym , Charfi‐Cheikhrouha Faouzia
Published: February 2017

Leaf growth, biomass and production of Cymodocea nodosa were measured from October 2006 to September 2007 in Monastir Bay (Tunisia). Shoot density showed a clear seasonal pattern, increasing during spring and summer and decreasing during fall and winter. Monthly mean shoot density ranged between 633 ± 48 and 704 ± 48 shoots∙m−2. The monthly average total biomass ranged between 560 ± 37 and 646 ± 32 g dry weight (DW)∙m−2. Total biomass varied significantly among stations and sampling times but did not show seasonal variation. Leaf plastochrone intervals varied seasonally, with an annual average of 28–30 days. Leaf productivity was highest in August (2.61 g DW∙m−2∙day−1) and lowest in February (0.35 g DW∙m−2∙day−1). Annual belowground primary production varied from 263 to 311 g DW∙m−2∙year−1. Annual leaf production was approximately equal for all the stations (from 264 to 289 g DW∙m−2∙year−1). Variability in water temperature, air temperature and salinity explained the annual variability in biological characteristics. Changes in belowground and total biomass were not correlated with seasonal variability in the environmental parameters monitored. Additionally, a literature review was conducted of C. nodosa features at other Mediterranean sites, encompassing 30 studies from 1985 to 2014.
Understanding process and context in breastfeeding support interventions: The potential of qualitative research
Authors: Leeming Dawn , Marshall Joyce , Locke Abigail
Published: February 2017

Considerable effort has been made in recent years to gain a better understanding of the effectiveness of different interventions for supporting breastfeeding. However, research has tended to focus primarily on measuring outcomes and has paid comparatively little attention to the relational, organizational, and wider contextual processes that may impact delivery of an intervention. Supporting a woman with breastfeeding is an interpersonal encounter that may play out differently in different contexts, despite the apparently consistent aims and structure of an intervention. We consider the limitations of randomized controlled trials for building understanding of the ways in which different components of an intervention may impact breastfeeding women and how the messages conveyed through interactions with breastfeeding supporters might be received. We argue that qualitative methods are ideally suited to understanding psychosocial processes within breastfeeding interventions and have been underused. After briefly reviewing qualitative research to date into experiences of receiving and delivering breastfeeding support, we discuss the potential of theoretically informed qualitative methodologies to provide fuller understanding of intervention processes by focusing on three examples: phenomenology, ethnography, and discourse analysis. The paper concludes by noting some of the epistemological differences between the broadly positivist approach of trials and qualitative methodologies, and we suggest there is a need for further dialog as to how researchers might bridge these differences in order to develop a fuller and more holistic understanding of how best to support breastfeeding women.
Molecular diversity and genetic relationships among Sri Lankan pomegranate Punica granatum landraces assessed with inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) regions
Authors: Attanayake S. R. M. R. , Kumari S. A. S. M. , Weerakkody W. A. P. , Ranil R. H. G. , Damania A. B. , Bandaranayake P. C. G.
Published: February 2017

Pomegranate Punica granatum was first introduced to Sri Lanka, possibly through ancient trade routes, thousands of years ago. However, there is no information about the diversity of the pomegranate germplasm in the country, which is important both for breeding new varieties and for conservation efforts. We used inter‐simple sequence repeat (ISSR) regions to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of pomegranate on the island of Sri Lanka. Hundred and twenty accessions representing seven populations from all pomegranate growing regions of the country were analyzed using 20 ISSR primers. A total of 107 loci were amplified with an average polymorphism information content of 0.3. While the average inter‐population genetic distance was 0.141, it was 0.149 between populations, indicating moderate genetic diversity both within and among populations. Analysis of molecular variance and Nei's genetic diversity revealed higher genetic variation within populations than among populations, and low genetic differentiation (GST) in pair‐wise comparison of populations also suggested limited population differentiation. A considerable level of among‐population gene flow (Nm) was indicated, irrespective of geographical structure and distances. The results of cluster analysis was also in agreement with above analysis and suggest human mediated gene flow and migration patterns. Cluster analysis revealed two main population clusters with several sub‐clusters. While these clusters did not show any correlation with geography, all red peeled accessions clustered into a small sub‐cluster. The results indicate that analysis of ISSR variability is sufficiently informative and powerful to assess the genetic diversity of P. granatum landraces in Sri Lanka.
Morphological variation and distribution of the useful ginger Etlingera pavieana (Zingiberaceae)
Authors: Poulsen Axel Dalberg , Phonsena Phongsak
Published: February 2017

Etlingera pavieana (Zingiberaceae) was originally described from Cambodia and is used as a spice or as medicine. Recent collections enable us to provide a complete description with improved illustrations and knowledge on distribution which now also includes Laos, Thailand and Vietnam. Information on local names and uses are also included. Amomum hirticalyx is newly combined as a subspecies of E. pavieana and one of the two collections made by Schmidt on Ko Chang, Thailand, is designated here as the lectotype. Etlingera pavieana subsp. hirticalyx differs mainly by height and leaf size and is only known from Ko Chang. We report E. pavieana to be flexistylous for the first time. This was observed in both subspecies.
Epstein–Barr virus in the pathogenesis of oral cancers
Authors: Guidry JT , Birdwell CE , Scott RS
Published: February 2017

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous gamma‐herpesvirus that establishes a lifelong persistent infection in the oral cavity and is intermittently shed in the saliva. EBV exhibits a biphasic life cycle, supported by its dual tropism for B lymphocytes and epithelial cells, which allows the virus to be transmitted within oral lymphoid tissues. While infection is often benign, EBV is associated with a number of lymphomas and carcinomas that arise in the oral cavity and at other anatomical sites. Incomplete association of EBV in cancer has questioned if EBV is merely a passenger or a driver of the tumorigenic process. However, the ability of EBV to immortalize B cells and its prevalence in a subset of cancers has implicated EBV as a carcinogenic cofactor in cellular contexts where the viral life cycle is altered. In many cases, EBV likely acts as an agent of tumor progression rather than tumor initiation, conferring malignant phenotypes observed in EBV‐positive cancers. Given that the oral cavity serves as the main site of EBV residence and transmission, here we review the prevalence of EBV in oral malignancies and the mechanisms by which EBV acts as an agent of tumor progression.
Pseudomonas protegens CS1 from the lemon phyllosphere as a candidate for citrus canker biocontrol agent
Authors: Michavila G. , Adler C. , De Gregorio P. R. , Lami M. J. , Caram Di Santo M. C. , Zenoff A. M. , de Cristobal R. E. , Vincent P. A.
Published: February 2017

Citrus canker is a worldwide‐distributed disease caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri. One of the most used strategies to control the disease is centred on copper‐based compounds that cause environmental problems. Therefore, it is of interest to develop new strategies to manage the disease. Previously, we reported the ability of the siderophore pyochelin, produced by the opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, to inhibit in vitro several bacterial species, including X. citri subsp. citri. The action mechanism, addressed with the model bacterium Escherichia coli, was connected to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This work aimed to find a non‐pathogenic strain from the lemon phyllosphere that would produce pyochelin and therefore serve in canker biocontrol.

An isolate that retained its capacity to colonise the lemon phyllosphere and inhibit X. citri subsp. citri was selected and characterised as Pseudomonas protegens CS1. From a liquid culture of this strain, the active compound was purified and identified as the pyochelin enantiomer, enantio‐pyochelin.

Using the producing strain and the pure compound, both in vitro and in vivo, we determined that the action mechanism of X. citri subsp. citri inhibition also involved the generation of ROS. Finally, the potential application of P. protegens CS1 was evaluated by spraying the bacterium in a model that mimics the natural X. citri subsp. citri infection.

The ability of P. protegens CS1 to reduce canker formation makes this strain an interesting candidate as a biocontrol agent.
Strategic Grading in the Product Acquisition Process of a Reverse Supply Chain
Authors: Hahler Stefan , Fleischmann Moritz
Published: February 2017

Most recommerce providers have moved to a quality‐dependent process for the acquisition of used products. They acquire the products via websites at which product holders submit upfront quality statements and receive quality‐dependent acquisition prices for their used devices. Motivated by this development of reverse logistics practice, the aim of this study is to analyze the product assessment process of a recommerce provider in detail. To this end, we first propose a sequential bargaining model with complete information which captures the individual behavior of the recommerce provider and the product holder. We determine the optimal strategies of the product holder and the recommerce provider in this game. We find that the resulting strategies lead to an efficient allocation, although the recommerce provider can absorb most of the bargaining potential due to his last mover advantage. In a second step, we relax the assumption of complete information and include uncertainty about the product holder's valuation of the product. We show the trade‐off underlying the recommerce provider's optimal counteroffer decision and analyze the optimal strategy, using a logistic regression approach on a real‐life dataset of nearly 6,000 product submissions. The results reveal a significant improvement potential, compared to the currently applied strategy.
Duration of Second Stage of Labour at Term and Pushing Time: Risk Factors for Postpartum Haemorrhage
Authors: Looft Emelie , Simic Marija , Ahlberg Mia , Snowden Jonathan M. , Cheng Yvonne W. , Stephansson Olof
Published: February 2017

Background

Prolonged labour is associated with increased risk of postpartum haemorrhage (PPH), but the role of active pushing time and the relation with management during labour remains poorly understood.

Methods

A population‐based cohort study from electronic medical record data in the Stockholm‐Gotland Region, Sweden. We included 57 267 primiparous women with singleton, term gestation, livebirths delivered vaginally in cephalic presentation in 2008–14. We performed multivariable Poisson regression to estimate the association between length of second stage, pushing time, and PPH (estimated blood loss >500 mL during delivery), adjusting for maternal, delivery, and fetal characteristics as potential confounders.

Results

The incidence of PPH was 28.9%. The risk of PPH increased with each passing hour of second stage: compared with a second stage <1 h, the adjusted relative risk (RR) for PPH were for 1 to <2 h 1.10 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07, 1.14); for 2 to <3 h 1.15 (95% CI 1.10, 1.20); for 3 to <4 h 1.28 (95% CI 1.22, 1.33); and for ≥4 h 1.40 (95% CI 1.33, 1.46). PPH also increased with pushing time exceeding 30 min. Compared to pushing time between 15 and 29 min, the RR for PPH were for <15 min 0.98 (95% CI 0.94, 1.03); for 30–44 min 1.08 (95% CI 1.04, 1.12); for 45–59 min 1.11 (95% CI 1.06, 1.16); and for ≥60 min 1.20 (95% CI 1.15, 1.25).

Conclusions

Increased length of second stage and pushing time during labour are both associated with increased risk of PPH.