bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification and quantification of differentially represented transcripts in in vitro and in vivo derived preimplantation bovine embryos
Authors: McHughes C.E. , Springer G.K. , Spate L.D. , Li R. , Woods R. , Green M.P. , Korte S.W. , Murphy C.N. , Green J.A. , Prather R.S.
Published: April 2008

Identification of transcripts at key development stages of preimplantation embryos is critical for a better understanding of early embryogenesis. The current study had two aims. The first was to characterize the relative abundance of multiple transcripts during several developmental stages, namely, metaphase II‐stage oocytes (MPII), as well as 2‐cell, precompact morula (PCM) and in vitro‐produced blastocyst (IVTBL) stage embryos. The second was to characterize differences in the relative abundance of transcripts present in in vivo‐ (IVVBL), in vitro‐ (IVTBL), and nuclear transfer‐derived (NTBL) blastocysts. It was hypothesized that the identification of differentially represented transcripts from these embryos would reveal not only developmentally important genes, but also genes that might be aberrantly expressed due to embryo production techniques. Individual clusters from a large bovine expressed sequence tag (EST) library (http://genome.rnet.missouri.edu/bovine/) of female reproductive tissues and embryos were compared using Fisher's Exact Test weighted by number of transcripts per tissue by gene. Of the 3,144 transcripts that were present during embryogenesis, 125 were found to be differentially represented (P ≤ 0.01) in at least one pairwise comparison. Fifteen of these transcripts were selected for further examination using quantitative real‐time PCR (qRTPCR) to determine differences in transcript abundance. Twelve of the 15 transcripts were differentially represented (n = 9, P ≤ 0.01; n = 3, P ≤ 0.05) in at least one pairwise comparison. In summary, identification of differentially represented transcripts in early embryo development, which are modulated by in vitro techniques, should provide markers to ensure the production of embryos closer to those developed in vivo. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 76: 48–60, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Metallocene Combinations in Ethylene Polymerization: A Cyclic and Differential Pulse Voltammetry Study
Authors: Silveira Fernando , de Sá Denise Santos , da Rocha Zênis Novais , dos Santos João Henrique Zimnoch
Published: April 2008

A series of metallocenes, namely [Cp2ZrCl2], [(MeCp)2ZrCl2], [(nBuCp)2ZrCl2], [(iBuCp)2ZrCl2], [(tBuCp)2ZrCl2], [Cp2TiCl2], [Et(Ind)2ZrCl2], [Et(IndH4)2ZrCl2] and [MeSi2(Ind)2ZrCl2)], were combined in a 1:1 molar ratio within a reactor for ethylene polymerization, with MAO as the cocatalyst. The catalysts were characterized by cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry. The combined systems that showed the highest and lowest activities were combined in 1:3 and 3:1 molar ratios. The catalyst activity in the ethylene polymerization reaction is discussed in terms of the estimated consumption rate, decomposition rate constant and half‐life of the metallocene species formed with MAO in an ethylene atmosphere.

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Medizinische Chemie der Trizyklischen Antidepressiva. Targets und Stereochemie
Authors: Zettl Heiko , Schubert‐Zsilavecz Manfred , Siebert Carsten D.
Published: April 2008

Antidepressiva gehören zu den am häufigsten verschriebenen Arzneistoffen in Deutschland. Das Verordnungsvolumen zu Lasten der gesetzlichen Krankenkassen betrug in 2006 insgesamt 767 Mio. Tagesdosen, wovon 255,6 Mio. auf die trizyklischen Antidepressiva (TCA) entfielen. Dabei sind Depressionen längst nicht mehr das einzige Indikationsgebiet für TCA, sie werden auch bei Zwangssyndromen, bei neuropathischem Schmerz und als Hypnotika eingesetzt.
Trizyklika als Co‐Analgetika. Therapieoption bei chronischen Schmerzen
Authors: Leuner Kristina , Müller Walter E.
Published: April 2008

Anhand der klinischen Studien können trizyklische Antidepressiva und die dual wirksamen neuen Substanzen sowohl für die Behandlung von neuropathischem Schmerz als auch für die Therapie des Nozizeptorschmerzes eingesetzt werden. Die Entscheidung welchen Arzneistoff der jeweilige Patient bekommt, sollte aufgrund des Nebenwirkungprofils, der Kontraindikationen und der weiteren Erkrankungen des Patientes erfolgen. Patienten, die unter neuropathischem Schmerz und zusätzlich unter Angst, Depressionen oder Schlaflosigkeit leiden, profitieren von einem trizyklischen oder einem selektiven dualen Antidepressivum mehr als von der Gabe eines Antiepileptikums.
Trizyklische Antidepressiva als Schlafmittel. Medikamentöse Behandlungsoptionen bei Insomnie
Authors: Doerr John Peter , Riemann Dieter
Published: April 2008

In der Insomniebehandlung gibt es sowohl psychotherapeutische als auch medikamentöse Behandlungsmöglichkeiten. Durch eine genaue Anamnese, Diagnostik und individuelle Abwägung der möglichen Risiken und Nebenwirkungen kann für die meisten Patienten eine Beschwerdelinderung erbracht bzw. das richtige “Schlafmittel” gefunden werden. Der Einsatz sedierender Antidepressiva in der Insomniebehandlung nimmt stetig zu. Allerdings ist der Einsatz von TZA als Schlafmittel und insbesondere der von Amitriptylin mittlerweile auch als kritisch zu bewerten, da Substanzen mit kürzerer Halbwertszeit wie Trazodon in der Depressionsbehandlung und neuere Substanzen mit vermeintlich geringeren Nebenwirkungen wie Mirtazapin oder Benzodiazepin‐Agonisten zur Verfügung stehen. Trotzdem stellen TZA bei guter Verträglichkeit oder bei begleitenden affektiven Erkrankungen weiterhin eine äußerst effiziente und erfolgreiche Therapieoption ohne Risiko einer Toleranzentwicklung dar. Die medikamentöse Insomniebehandlung im Alter scheint sowohl mit TZA als auch mit Benzodiazepin‐Agonisten schwierig. Alternative Methoden wie Lichttherapie zur Tag‐Nacht‐Strukturierung oder der Einsatz von Neuroleptika gewinnen in dieser Altersgruppe zunehmend an Bedeutung. Letztlich muss in weiteren Studien die Langzeiteffektivität und Sicherheit sedierender Antidepressiva bzw. TZA gegenüber Benzodiazepin‐Agonisten, konservativer psychotherapeutischer und alternativer medikamentöser Behandlungen überprüft werden.
Individualisierte Therapie mit trizyklischen Antidepressiva. Pharmakogenetik der Depression
Authors: Hiemke Christoph
Published: April 2008

Bei der medikamentösen Behandlung eines depressiven Patienten spricht bei weitem nicht jeder auf das verschriebene Antidepressivum und die gewählte Dosis an. Infolgedessen sind häufig Änderungen der Therapie notwendig. Dies gilt für trizyklische Antidepressiva ebenso wie für alle anderen Antidepressiva.
Klinische Toxikologie der Trizyklischen Antidepressiva. Moderne Antidepressiva verringern Suizidgefahr
Authors: Frey Richard , Kindler Jochen , Naderi‐Heiden Angela
Published: April 2008

Die TZA haben aufgrund α1‐adrenerger, antihistaminerger und anticholinerger Nebenwirkungen unerwünschte Begleiteffekte, die moderne Antidepressiva, insbesondere SSRI, nicht haben. Darüber hinaus haben TZA relevante kardiotoxische Wirkung durch eine chinidinartige Blockade der schnellen Natrium‐Kanäle in der Herzmuskelzelle. Das Toxidrom bei Überdosierung mit TZA beinhaltet zerebrotoxische (inkl. Delir, Koma, Krampfanfall) und kardiotoxische Komplikationen (inkl. QTc‐Verlängerung, Kammertachykardien). Die LD50 der TZA im Tierversuch liegt bei 135 bis 750 mg/kg KG, womit sie laut EU‐Direktiven als wenig bis mäßig giftig einzuschätzen sind. Die therapeutische Breite (Letale Plasmakonzentration/therapeutische Plasmakonzentration) ist geringer als bei modernen Antidepressiva. Fallberichte und Fallserien zeigen eine höhere Koma‐Rate unter TZA im Vergleich zu SSRI Vergiftungen. Mehrere Post‐mortem‐Studien haben gezeigt, dass unter Berücksichtigung der Verordnungsgepflogenheiten die TZA unverhältnismäßig häufiger zu fatalen Intoxikationen führen als moderne Antidepressiva. Die Etablierung moderner Antidepressiva hat einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Reduktion von Suiziden durch Antidepressiva‐Intoxikation geleistet.
H5N1 mit einem besonderen Gespür für Zuckerketten
Authors: Zündorf Ilse , Dingermann Theo
Published: April 2008

Es ist ruhiger geworden um die Vogelgrippe und um H5N1. Und das obwohl in Indonesien seit Beginn des Jahres 15 Menschen an aviärer Influenza erkrankt und 12 davon verstorben sind (Stand 8.4.2008) und obwohl 2007 in Deutschland 326 Infektionen mit dem hochpathogenen H5N1‐Virus an Wildvögeln registriert wurden.
Synthesis, characterization and biocompatibility of novel biodegradable poly[((R)‐3‐hydroxybutyrate)‐block‐(D,L‐lactide)‐block‐(ε‐caprolactone)] triblock copolymers
Authors: Wu Linping , Chen Shaoting , Li Zibiao , Xu Kaitian , Chen Guo‐Qiang
Published: April 2008

BACKGROUND: Biodegradable block copolymers have attracted particular attention in both fundamental and applied research because of their unique chain architecture, biodegradability and biocompatibility. Hence, biodegradable poly[((R)‐3‐hydroxybutyrate)‐block‐(D,L‐lactide)‐block‐(ε‐caprolactone)] (PHB‐PLA‐PCL) triblock copolymers were synthesized, characterized and evaluated for their biocompatibility.

RESULTS: The results from nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography and thermogravimetric analysis showed that the novel triblock copolymers were successfully synthesized. Differential scanning calorimetry and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction showed that the crystallinity of PHB in the copolymers decreased compared with methyl‐PHB (LMPHB) oligomer precursor. Blood compatibility experiments showed that the blood coagulation time became longer accompanied by a reduced number of platelets adhering to films of the copolymers with decreasing PHB content in the triblocks. Murine osteoblast MC3T3‐E1 cells cultured on the triblock copolymer films spread and proliferated significantly better compared with their growth on homopolymers of PHB, PLA and PCL, respectively.

CONCLUSION: For the first time, PHB‐PLA‐PCL triblock copolymers were synthesized using low molecular weight LMPHB oligomer as the macroinitiator through ring‐opening polymerization with D,L‐lactide and ε‐caprolactone. The triblock copolymers exhibited flexible properties with good biocompatibility; they could be developed into promising biomedical materials for in vivo applications. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Optimizing the magnetic contrast in the optical second‐harmonic response of capped magnetic nanostructures grown on vicinal surfaces
Authors: Carroll L. , Fleischer K. , McGilp J. F.
Published: April 2008

Measuring the magnetic response from buried interfaces using magnetic second harmonic generation (MSHG) is difficult due to the general complexity of the response and the often poor signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR). Low dimensional nanostructures grown by self‐assembly at aligned atomic steps, which typically exhibit only 1m symmetry, are particularly challenging. Near‐normal incidence SHG simplifies the crystallographic nonlinear response from such low symmetry systems by effectively excluding z‐dependent tensor components. A phenomenology is developed to show that, for 1m vicinal systems, careful choices of input and output polarization and experimental geometry can produce enhanced magnetic contrast and thus allow magnetic hysteresis loops with improved SNR to be extracted. An example of the application of this new MSHG approach to Fe monolayers grown on vicinal W(110), capped by 16 nm of Au, is discussed. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optical second‐harmonic generation studies of Si(111)‐√3×√3‐Ag and Si(111)‐3×1‐Ag grown on vicinal Si(111)
Authors: Jacob J. , Gomes Silva A. , Fleischer K. , McGilp J. F.
Published: April 2008

Optical second‐harmonic generation (SHG) studies, at room temperature, of Si(111)‐√3×√3‐Ag and Si(111)‐3×1‐Ag structures grown on vicinal Si(111) are reported. The vicinal substrate produces a predominant domain on the (111) terrace that reveals the full surface symmetry. The ratio of p‐ to s‐output polarization intensity of these Ag structures was found to be very large, requiring precise alignment procedures. For the Si(111)‐3×1‐Ag structure it is shown, using s‐output measurements, that there are tensor components making significant contributions to the SH intensity that are identically zero in the presence of a mirror plane. This proves that the 3×1‐Ag structure does not possess such a mirror plane, in agreement with a previous SHG study of this structure grown on a singular surface. These results are contrasted with those from Si(111)‐√3×√3‐Ag, where the response is consistent with the presence of a mirror plane. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Reflectance anisotropy studies of 5×2‐Au structures grown on Si(111) surfaces with different step formations
Authors: Jacob J. , McAlinden N. , Fleischer K. , Chandola S. , McGilp J. F.
Published: April 2008

Reflection anisotropy spectroscopy (RAS) studies are reported of Si(111)‐5×2‐Au structures grown on substrates with different offcuts and step densities. Such substrates produce a predominant domain on the (111) terrace that would otherwise produce a negligible RAS signal, due to domain averaging. Changes in the RAS spectra with offcut angle are observed in the 1 to 3 eV region, where Au‐induced structures appear. Results from offcuts towards [$ {\bar 1}{\bar 1} $2] of 2°, 3°, 9.5°, and ‐4° are presented. The variation in the RAS spectra is consistent with different populations of single‐ and double‐chain gold structures formed in the region of the steps. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Photoinduced spin waves in Fe/AlGaAs (001) heterostructure
Authors: Zhao H. B. , Talbayev D. , Fan Y. , Lüpke G. , Hanbicki A. T. , Li C. H. , Jonker B. T.
Published: April 2008

Photoinduced spin waves are investigated for Fe films on AlGaAs (001) using the time resolved magneto‐optical Kerr effect. We observe first and second order standing spin waves as well as uniform magnetization precession. The anisotropy fields and exchange stiffness constant are obtained from the field and azimuthal dependence of the spin wave frequencies using the Landau‐Lifshitz‐Gilbert equation. A comparison with spin wave resonance measurements reveals a more pronounced interface effect on the low order standing spin waves in thin films. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ordered structures of DNA on Au(110)
Authors: Mansley C. P. , Smith C. I. , Cuquerella M. C. , Farrell T. , Fernig D. G. , Edwards C. , Weightman P.
Published: April 2008

Reflection Anisotropy Spectroscopy (RAS) is used to confirm that both single stranded (ss) and double stranded (ds) DNA formed ordered structures when adsorbed at Au(110)/phosphate buffer interface. The variation of the spectral intensity shows a cos 2θ dependence on the angle θ, which lies between the electric vector of the incident polarised light and the optical axes of the surface plane of the Au(110) establishing that the optical axes of both molecules are aligned with those of the Au(110) surface. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
What can be learnt on biologically relevant systems from the topological analysis of the electron localization function?
Authors: Piquemal J.‐P. , Pilmé J. , Parisel O. , Gérard H. , Fourré I. , Bergès J. , Gourlaouen C. , De La Lande A. , Van Severen M.‐C. , Silvi B.
Published: April 2008

The topological analysis of the electron localization function (ELF) provides a convenient mathematical framework enabling an unambiguous characterization of bonds and more particularly in terms of bond types. In this contribution, we present an overview of the applications of this approach to biological and biomimetic systems. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
The development of a scale to measure the experience of spiritual connection and the correlation between this experience and values
Authors: Wheeler Philippa , Hyland Michael E.
Published: April 2008

Previous research shows religiosity (across several religions) is associated with conservative values (tradition, conformity and security) from the Schwartz value scale and not with spiritually oriented, self‐transcendent values. The relationship between religiosity and spirituality is controversial. We developed a 48‐item scale, the Spiritual Connection Questionnaire (SCQ)‐48, to measure experience and beliefs of spiritual connection, an aspect of spirituality that is consistent with religious and non‐religious or New Age interpretations of spirituality. We selected 14 items (SCQ‐14) that best predicted health and then tested the correlation between the SCQ‐14 and the SVS in a student and an older population in the UK. In both populations the SCQ‐14 was negatively associated with values at the self‐enhancing value pole (power, security and hedonism) and in the older population was positively associated with a value at the self‐transcendent value pole (universalism, but not benevolence). Religiosity has been shown to be associated with values that enhance societal identification and hence inter‐group differentiation and conflict. By contrast, we found that the experience of spiritual connection is associated with values that reduce inter‐group differentiation. Despite these differences, we found that self‐reported religiosity enhances spiritual experience. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous chronic rupture of quadriceps tendon and contra-lateral patellar tendon in a patient affected by tertiary hyperparatiroidism
Authors: Grecomoro Giuseppe , Camarda Lawrence , Martorana Umberto
Published: April 2008

Spontaneous ruptures of the extensor mechanism of the knee are very rare. They tend to increase considerably in patients with metabolic diseases such as chronic renal failure, hyperparathyroidism, diabetes, gout, and systemic lupus erythematosus. The reported case regards a 48-year-old man with chronic, spontaneous and simultaneous quadriceps, and contra-lateral patellar tendon rupture. The patient suffered from chronic renal failure and for the past year from tertiary hyperparathyroidism. Ruptured tendons were repaired and both knee were evaluated monthly for the next 12 months. Good functional recovery was achieved on both knees without relapse. This case emphasizes the importance of long-term high parathyroid hormone level in the etiology of tendons ruptures.
Effectiveness of buzz pollination in Pedicularis chamissonis: significance of multiple visits by bumblebees
Authors: Kawai Yuka , Kudo Gaku
Published: April 2008

Pollination success of plants is highly susceptible to the frequency of visits and foraging behavior of pollinators. Pollination of the nectarless flowers of Pedicularis species depends on bumblebee workers collecting pollen by vibrating the anthers (buzz pollination). However, little is known about the efficiency of the pollination system. Foraging behavior, pollen removal from anthers and pollen deposition on stigmas of P. chamissonis were studied to assess the effectiveness of buzz pollination in an alpine snowbed population of northern Japan. Although bumblebees tended to visit most of the flowers open at a given time within inflorescences during a single visit, pollen removal rate at the first visit was about 20%, and buzzing period decreased with increasing number of previous visits, resulting in a decreasing proportion of pollen removed per visit as the number of visits increased. These trends enable plants to provide pollen for more pollinators. The number of pollen grains deposited on stigmas was not saturated during the first visit and increased with additional visits. Irrespective of weak self‐compatibility, evidence of interference between self and outcross pollen was lacking for seed production. Therefore, buzz pollination in P. chamissonis acts as a mechanism that improves the chance of cross‐pollination upon multiple visits if pollinator visitation is frequent.
Catastrophizing about their children's pain is related to higher parent–child congruency in pain ratings: An experimental investigation
Authors: Goubert L. , Vervoort T. , Cano A. , Crombez G.
Published: April 2008

Little is known about the variables that account for why parents underestimate the pain of their child. In the present experiment, the joint impact of parental catastrophizing about their child's pain and children's facial pain expressions was examined upon pain estimates of their child undergoing a pressure pain test. In line with previous research, parents underestimated their children's pain. Interestingly, it was found that pain was estimated as higher when the child showed more facial pain expressions and when parents catastrophized more about their child's pain. An intriguing finding was that catastrophizing about their child's pain was related to less parent–child incongruence in pain ratings. The discussion addresses the possible functions of catastrophizing of parents about their children's pain, and delineates avenues for future research.
A structured review of the evidence for pacing as a chronic pain intervention
Authors: Gill Joanna R. , Brown Cary A.
Published: April 2008

Pacing as an intervention appears with great regularity in the chronic pain management literature and yet what service providers actually mean by pacing is unclear and poorly defined. This short communication reports the findings of a structured review of the literature which examined the strength of the evidence for pacing as an intervention for people with chronic pain. The McMaster critical review guidelines were followed and the relevant electronic databases were searched. Findings revealed a paucity of outcome studies specific to pacing as an intervention. Although background literature demonstrates that pacing is often one part of a multidisciplinary intervention program, the research conducted on these programs presents pacing itself as an ill‐ or undefined construct. It is evident from this review that “pacing,” while a widely employed term, lacks consensus of definition and a demonstrable evidence‐base.
Viscous and inviscid centre modes in the linear stability of vortices: the vicinity of the neutral curves
Authors: FABRE DAVID , LE DIZÈS STÉPHANE
Published: April 2008

In a previous paper, We have recently that if the Reynolds number is sufficiently large, all trailing vortices with non-zero rotation rate and non-constant axial velocity become linearly unstable with respect to a class of viscous centre modes. We provided an asymptotic description of these modes which applies away from the neutral curves in the (q, k)-plane, where q is the swirl number which compares the azimuthal and axial velocities, and k is the axial wavenumber. In this paper, we complete the asymptotic description of these modes for general vortex flows by considering the vicinity of the neutral curves. Five different regions of the neutral curves are successively considered. In each region, the stability equations are reduced to a generic form which is solved numerically. The study permits us to predict the location of all branches of the neutral curve (except for a portion of the upper neutral curve where it is shown that near-neutral modes are not centre modes). We also show that four other families of centre modes exist in the vicinity of the neutral curves. Two of them are viscous damped modes and were also previously described. The third family corresponds to stable modes of an inviscid nature which exist outside of the unstable region. The modes of the fourth family are also of an inviscid nature, but their structure is singular owing to the presence of a critical point. These modes are unstable, but much less amplified than unstable viscous centre modes. It is observed that in all the regions of the neutral curve, the five families of centre modes exchange their identity in a very intricate way. For the q vortex model, the asymptotic results are compared to numerical results, and a good agreement is demonstrated for all the regions of the neutral curve. Finally, the case of ‘pure vortices’ without axial flow is also considered in a similar way. In this case, centre modes exist only in the long-wave limit, and are always stable. A comparison with numerical results is performed for the Lamb–Oseen vortex.
Self-similar solutions of unsteady ablation flows in inertial confinement fusion
Authors: BOUDESOCQUE-DUBOIS C. , GAUTHIER S. , CLARISSE J.-M.
Published: April 2008

We exhibit and detail the properties of self-similar solutions for inviscid compressible ablative flows in slab symmetry with nonlinear heat conduction which are relevant to inertial confinement fusion (ICF). These solutions have been found after several contributions over the last four decades. We first derive the set of ODEs – a nonlinear eigenvalue problem – which governs the self-similar solutions by using the invariance of the Euler equations with nonlinear heat conduction under the two-parameter Lie group symmetry. A sub-family which leaves the density invariant is detailed since these solutions may be used to model the ‘early-time’ period of an ICF implosion where a shock wave travels from the front to the rear surface of a target. A chart allowing us to determine the starting point of a numerical solution, knowing the physical boundary conditions, has been built. A physical analysis of these unsteady ablation flows is then provided, the associated dimensionless numbers (Mach, Froude and Péclet numbers) being calculated. Finally, we show that self-similar ablation fronts generated within the framework of the above hypotheses (electron heat conduction, growing heat flux at the boundary, etc.) and for large heat fluxes and not too large pressures at the boundary do not satisfy the low-Mach-number criteria. Indeed both the compressibility and the stratification of the hot-flow region are too large. This is, in particular, the case for self-similar solutions obtained for energies in the range of the future Laser MegaJoule laser facility. Two particular solutions of this latter sub-family have been recently used for studying stability properties of ablation fronts.
On the far wake and induced drag of aircraft
Authors: SPALART PHILIPPE R.
Published: April 2008

A set of matched asymptotic expansions is proposed for the flow far behind an aircraft, with the primary purpose of identifying lift, thrust and drag, particularly induced drag, in a unified manner in integral statements of the momentum equation. The fluid in the far wake is inviscid and incompressible, and variations of total pressure are allowed, as are vortex sheets. A notable feature is that the Trefftz-plane approximation is not invoked; instead the wake is taken as fully rolled-up, and the analysis proceeds without the assumption of light loading. Attention is paid to the absolute convergence of integrals over infinite domains and handling of discontinuities. The expansion includes a sink term, which appears new, so that the mass flux through a transverse plane is non-zero, as is the flux of mechanical energy. The lift can be formally attributed to the velocity induced by the bound vortex of the wing, which is at odds with some treatments, although consistent with Prandtl's analysis over a ground plane. The drag contains the integral of ρ(v2 + w2 − u2)/2, as in many treatments of the subject, u being the perturbation velocity along the wake. The negative sign for u2 appears paradoxical on two counts, one of which is resolved here. First, its very presence instead of the + sign, which would lead to the perturbation kinetic energy and therefore a compelling explanation of induced drag, is explained by the longitudinal energy flux. This energy, the integral of ρu2, is continuously provided by the unsteady starting-vortex system and was deposited earlier by the aircraft. Second, it appears that negative drag could be predicted by this equation. This is shown to be impossible, because of inequalities between the integrals of (v2 + w2) and of u2, but the proof is valid only if the vorticity is of only one sign on each side. A general proof of positivity has not been derived, because of nonlinearities, but neither has a counter-example.
Unsteady shock wave dynamics
Authors: BRUCE P. J. K. , BABINSKY H.
Published: April 2008

An experimental study of an oscillating normal shock wave subject to unsteady periodic forcing in a parallel-walled duct has been conducted. Measurements of the pressure rise across the shock have been taken and the dynamics of unsteady shock motion have been analysed from high-speed schlieren video (available with the online version of the paper). A simple analytical and computational study has also been completed. It was found that the shock motion caused by variations in back pressure can be predicted with a simple theoretical model. A non-dimensional relationship between the amplitude and frequency of shock motion in a diverging duct is outlined, based on the concept of a critical frequency relating the relative importance of geometry and disturbance frequency for shock dynamics. The effects of viscosity on the dynamics of unsteady shock motion were found to be small in the present study, but it is anticipated that the model will be less applicable in geometries where boundary layer separation is more severe. A movie is available with the online version of the paper.
Finding the political in Myanmar, a.k.a. Burma
Authors: Taylor Robert H.
Published: April 2008

The study of the political in Myanmar over the past 200 years has been conducted in circumstances and with methods that have resulted in only partial and often unsatisfactory outcomes. Difficulties of accessing data and problems in its analysis have forced analysts to seek to understand Myanmar's politics often through informed hunches from a comparative perspective. As the field has grown, it has also become somewhat more politicised and there is a necessity to be analytically self-critical in order to avoid making ‘facts’ fit theories.
Predictors of outcome in first-episode schizophrenia over the first 4 years of illness
Authors: Whitty P. , Clarke M. , McTigue O. , Browne S. , Kamali M. , Kinsella A. , Larkin C. , O'Callaghan E.
Published: April 2008

Background

The outcome of schizophrenia appears to be more favourable than once thought. However, methodological issues, including the reliance on diagnosis at first presentation have limited the validity of outcome studies to date.

Method

We conducted a first-episode follow-up study of 97 patients with DSM-IV schizophrenia over the first 4 years of illness. First presentation and follow-up assessments were compared using pairedttests and a forced-entry regression analysis was used to determine prognostic variables.

Results

There were significant improvements in positive and negative symptoms and global assessment of functioning between first presentation and follow-up. At first presentation, fewer negative symptoms (t=−3.40,p<0.01), more years spent in education (t=3.25,p<0.01), and a shorter duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) (t=−2.77,p<0.01) significantly predicted a better outcome at follow-up.

Conclusions

The outcome of schizophrenia may not be as pessimistic as once thought and most patients did not display a downward deteriorating course of illness. This study supports the relationship between DUP and outcome beyond the early stages of illness.
Central coherence in eating disorders: a systematic review
Authors: Lopez C. , Tchanturia K. , Stahl D. , Treasure J.
Published: April 2008

Background

This review systematically appraised the research evidence for localversusglobal information processing to test the hypothesis that people with eating disorders (ED) had weak central coherence.

Method

Searches on Medline, EMBASE, PsycINFO and ISI Web of Science databases were conducted in November 2006 and subsequently updated in September 2007. Each search was conducted in two steps: (1) neuropsychological tasks measuring central coherence and (2) words related to cognitive functioning in eating disorders. Data were summarized in a meta-analysis if the number of studies for a given test was >5.

Results

Data were extracted from 16 studies. Meta-analyses were conducted for four tasks obtaining moderate effect sizes. The majority of studies found global processing difficulties across the ED spectrum. The results are less clear regarding local processing.

Conclusions

People with ED have difficulties in global processing. It is less certain as to whether they have superior local processing. Currently, there is insufficient evidence to refute the weak central coherence hypothesis.
Dimension of some non-normal continued fraction sets
Authors: LIAO LINGMIN , MA JIHUA , WANG BAOWEI
Published: April 2008

We consider certain sets of non-normal continued fractions for which the asymptotic frequencies of digit strings oscillate in one or other ways. The Hausdorff dimensions of these sets are shown to be the same value 1/2 as long as they are non-empty. An interesting example among them is the set of “extremely non-normal continued fractions” which was previously conjectured to be of Hausdorff dimension 0.
An entire function with a Baker domain and sparsely distributed singular values
Authors: FLEISCHMANN D. S.
Published: April 2008

We present an example of an entire function with a Baker domain such that the complement of the set of singular values of the function contains annuli of arbitrarily large width. This is the first known example of a function with this property.
WHY ONLY THE STATE MAY INFLICT CRIMINAL SANCTIONS: THE CASE AGAINST PRIVATELY INFLICTED SANCTIONS
Authors: Harel Alon
Published: April 2008

Criminal sanctions are typically inflicted by the state. The central role of the state in determining the severity of these sanctions and inflicting them requires justification. One justification for state-inflicted sanctions is simply that the state is more likely than other agents to determine accurately what a wrongdoer justly deserves and to inflict a just sanction on those who deserve it. Hence, in principle, the state could be replaced by other agents, for example, private individuals. This hypothesis has given rise to recent calls to reform the state's criminal justice system by introducing privately inflicted sanctions, for example, shaming penalties, private prisons, or private probationary services. This paper challenges this view and argues that the agency of the state is indispensable to criminal sanctions. Privately inflicted sanctions sever the link between the state's judgments concerning the wrongfulness of the action and the appropriateness of the sanction and the infliction of sufferings on the criminal. When a private individual inflicts punishment, she acts on what she and not the state judges to be a justified response to a criminal act. Privately inflicted sanctions for violations of criminal laws are not grounded in the judgments of the appropriate agent, namely the state. It is impermissible on the part of the state to approve, encourage, or initiate the infliction of a sanction (for violating a state-issued prohibition) on an alleged wrongdoer on the basis of a private judgment. Such an approval grants undue weight to the private judgment of the individual who inflicts the sanction.
Schönlein-Henoch Syndrom des Kindesalters – Gewöhnliche und ungewöhnliche Beschwerden, Komplikationen, Finkelstein-Seidlmayer Variante, und Behandlung
Authors: Bucher Barbara , Fiore Elisabetta , Bernasconi Mara , Blumberg Daniel , Garzoni Luca , Rizzi Mattia , Bianchetti Mario G.
Published: April 2008

Der Kinderarzt, der Allgemeinpraktiker und der allgemeine Spitalpädiater diagnostizieren und betreuen das Schönlein-Henoch Syndrom bei der Mehrheit der Kinder. In großen Lehrbüchern und in kurzen Übersichten wird unseres Erachtens das Krankheitsbild eher knapp vorgestellt. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt die gewöhnlichen und die zahlreichen ungewöhnlichen Beschwerden, die gefürchteten Komplikationen und die Betreuung dieses Syndroms. Auch wird auf neue Studien hingewiesen, die eine genetisch verankerte Untergalaktosylierung von Immunoglobulinen der Klasse IgA1 bei Patienten mit Schönlein-Henoch Syndrom zeigen, die Konsequenz einer verringerten Aktivität einer leukozytären Galaktosyltransferase. Des Weiteren wird eine klinisch charakteristische und häufig verkannte Variante des Schönlein-Henoch Syndroms vorgestellt, das sogenannte Finkelstein-Seidlmayer Syndrom.
Chronische Diarrhoe: Ursachen und Abklärungen
Authors: Schoepfer A.
Published: April 2008

Chronische Diarrhoe ist definiert als Reduktion der Stuhlkonsistenz über eine Dauer von mehr als vier Wochen. Mannigfache Ursachen können für die chronische Diarrhoe verantwortlich sein. Die chronische Diarrhoe ist in unseren Breitengraden meist nicht infektiös bedingt. Der chronischen Diarrhoe liegen 4 Pathomechanismen zugrunde: osmotische Diarrhoe, sekretorische Diarrhoe, entzündliche Diarrhoe oder Dysmotilität. Überlappungen zwischen diesen Mechanismen sind möglich. Die 72h-Stuhlsammlung sowie der Fastentest haben eine wichtige Bedeutung in der Identifikation des zugrundeliegenden Pathomechanismus. Die Identifikation des Pathomechanismus grenzt die möglichen Ursachen der chronischen Diarrhoe deutlich ein und gestattet so eine rationale und kostenbewusste Diagnostik. Die Endoskopie hat in der Abklärung der chronischen Diarrhoe einen etablierten Stellenwert. Die Übersicht zeigt die grundlegenden Ursachen der chronischen Diarrhoe sowie rationale Abklärungsschritte und soll versuchen, für die Praxis eine Leitlinie zu sein.
Neurogenesis after Primary Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Adult Human Brain
Authors: Shen Jianfeng , Xie Lin , Mao XiaoOu , Zhou Yongqing , Zhan Renya , Greenberg David A , Jin Kunlin
Published: April 2008

Neurogenesis occurs in discrete regions of normal brains of adult mammals including humans, and is induced in response to brain injury and neurodegenerative disease. Whether intracerebral hemorrhage can also induce neurogenesis in human brain is unknown. Specimens were obtained from patients with primary intracerebral hemorrhage undergoing surgical evacuation of an intracerebral hematoma, and evaluated by two-photon laser scanning confocal microscopy. We found that neural stem/progenitor cell-specific protein markers were expressed in cells located in the perihematomal regions of the basal ganglia and parietal lobe of the adult human brain after primary intracerebral hemorrhage ( n = 5). Cells in this region also expressed cell proliferation markers, which colocalized to the same cells that expressed neural stem/progenitor cell-specific proteins. Our data suggest that intracerebral hemorrhage induces neurogenesis in the adult human brain.
FReD: The floral reflectance spectra database
Authors: Arnold Sarah , Savolainen Vincent , Chittka Lars
Published: April 2008

Floral reflectance measurements are of great value to researchers who need consider the real colour of flowers, for example in the context of how the flowers appear to their pollinators. We have thus developed the Floral Reflectance Database (FReD) to assist these researchers, gathering together floral reflectance data in a publicly available, searchable online database. The first version of the database is now available online at "http://www.reflectance.co.uk":http://www.reflectance.co.uk. We anticipate that this resource will be of interest to researchers working on flower colour and animal vision.
Expected Test Scores for Preschoolers With a Cochlear Implant Who Use Spoken Language
Authors: Nicholas Johanna G. , Geers Ann E.
Published: April 2008

Purpose

The major purpose of this study was to provide information about expected spoken language skills of preschool-age children who are deaf and who use a cochlear implant. A goal was to provide “benchmarks” against which those skills could be compared, for a given age at implantation. We also examined whether parent-completed checklists of children’s language were correlated with results of standardized language tests and whether scores increased linearly with decreasing age of implantation and increasing duration of cochlear implant use.

Method

Participants were a nationwide sample of 76 children who were deaf and orally educated and who received an implant by 38 months of age. Formal language tests were administered at age 4.5 years. The MacArthur–Bates Communicative Development Inventories (CDI) instrument was completed by parents when children were ages 3.5 and 4.5 years.

Results

Based on regression analyses, expected scores for each age at implant were provided for 2 commonly administered language tests at 4.5 years of age and CDI subscale scores at 3.5 and 4.5 years. Concurrent test scores were significantly correlated on all measures. A linear relation was found that predicted increasing test scores with younger ages at implantation for all scales administered.

Conclusions

While the expected scores reported here should not be considered as normative data, they are benchmarks that may be useful for evaluating spoken language progress of children with cochlear implants who are enrolled in spoken language–based programs.
A Phase II Trial of Telehealth Delivery of the Lidcombe Program of Early Stuttering Intervention
Authors: Lewis Christine , Packman Ann , Onslow Mark , Simpson Judy M. , Jones Mark
Published: April 2008

Purpose

The aims of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of telehealth delivery of the Lidcombe Program of Early Stuttering Intervention, compared with a control group, and to determine the number of children who could be regarded as “responders.”

Method

A speech-language pathologist provided telehealth delivery of the Lidcombe Program during telephone consultations with parents in their homes, remote from the clinic. The study design was an open plan, parallel group, randomized controlled trial with blinded outcome assessment. Children in the no-treatment control group who were still stuttering after 9 months then received the same treatment. The primary outcome measure was frequency of stuttering, gathered from audiotape recordings of participants' conversational speech in everyday, nontreatment situations, before and after treatment.

Results

Analysis of covariance showed a 73% decrease in frequency of stuttering at 9 months after randomization in the treatment group, as compared with the control group (95% confidence interval = 25%–90%,
p
= .02). Measures of treatment time showed that telehealth delivery of the Lidcombe Program requires around 3 times more resources than standard presentation.

Conclusions

Telehealth delivery of the Lidcombe Program is an efficacious treatment for preschool children who cannot receive the standard, clinic-based Lidcombe Program. Avenues for improving efficiency are considered.
The Role of Color Cues in Facilitating Accurate and Rapid Location of Aided Symbols by Children With and Without Down Syndrome
Authors: Wilkinson Krista , Carlin Michael , Thistle Jennifer
Published: April 2008

Purpose

This research examined how the color distribution of symbols within a visual aided augmentative and alternative communication array influenced the speed and accuracy with which participants with and without Down syndrome located a target picture symbol.

Method

Eight typically developing children below the age of 4 years, 8 typically developing children over the age of 4 years, and 10 children with Down syndrome participated. Participants were asked to find a target line drawing among an array of 12. Line drawings represented either foods (e.g., grapes, cherries), clothing (e.g., a red shirt, a yellow shirt), or activities (e.g., soccer, swimming). In one condition, symbols that shared a color were clustered together, creating a subgroup within which to search. In another condition, symbols that shared a color were distributed across the display, allowing each to appear individually. Dependent measures were accuracy and speed of finding the target symbol.

Results

Clustering same-color symbols facilitated the speed of locating the target for all participants, and facilitated search accuracy in the younger preschool children and participants with Down syndrome. These effects held when targets were foods, clothing, or activities.

Conclusion

Clinicians should consider the internal color of visual symbols when constructing aided symbol displays, at least for children with Down syndrome. Further research is needed on a number of dimensions, however, including visual processing in other etiological categories, the role of background color, and the relation of color to other stimulus dimensions.
Effects of inelastic capture, tunneling escape, and quantum confinement on surface acoustic wave-dragged photocurrents in quantum wells
Authors: Huang Danhong , Gumbs Godfrey , Pepper M.
Published: April 2008

We developed a dual-charged-fluid model for studying the steady-state transport of surface acoustic wave (SAW)-dragged photocurrents of one-dimensional (1D) confined-state carriers. This model includes the effects of quantum confinement and the escape via tunneling of SAW-dragged 1D carriers, as well as the effects of the inelastic capture of two-dimensional continuous-state carriers and the self-consistent space-charge field. Our numerical results revealed a high photocurrent gain due to the suppressed recombination of 1D carriers in a crossover region of the sample between an absorption strip and a surface gate. Based on this model, responsivities for the SAW-dragged photocurrents in a quantum well are calculated as functions of the gate voltage, photon flux, SAW power and frequency, and temperature, respectively. A responsivity as high as 103 A/W was found for high gate voltages and SAW powers, as well as for low photon fluxes and SAW frequencies.
UV emission of I2 from the ion-pair state following amplified spontaneous emission
Authors: Nakano Yukio , Fujiwara Hisashi , Fukushima Masaru , Ishiwata Takashi
Published: April 2008

This paper reports the results of processes resulting in D0u+-XΣg+1 emission when a single rovibrational level of the E0g+ state is prepared. Our study reveals that two kinds of processes populate the D0u+ state; which one occurs depends on the experimental conditions. One process involves amplified spontaneous emission from the E0g+ state. The other is collision-induced energy transfer in self-quenching. We distinguish these two processes from the time profiles of fluorescence signals. These processes give completely different vibrational distributions in the D0u+ state from a given rovibrational level of the E0g+ state. The discrepancy between our results and previous results for the E0g+→D0u+ relaxation is briefly discussed.
Piezoelectrically pumped parametric amplification and Q enhancement in an electromechanical oscillator
Authors: Mahboob I. , Yamaguchi H.
Published: April 2008

The frequency response of an electromechanical oscillator was measured while being parametrically pumped by double frequency modulations to the effective spring constant via the piezoelectric effect. A 13dB gain in the resonance amplitude was observed by increasing the pump power where further increase was limited by parametric excitation of the fundamental mode. Concurrently, the coherent amplification resulted in the quality factor of the resonance also being enhanced by ∼2.5 times. The on-chip degenerate piezoelectric parametric amplification demonstrated here could be implemented in nanoelectromechanical oscillators to bypass the detrimental effects of size minimization.
On description of magnetic stochasticity in poloidal divertor tokamaks
Authors: Abdullaev S. S. , Jakubowski M. , Lehnen M. , Schmitz O. , Unterberg B.
Published: April 2008

A generic approach to study the stochastic field lines formed near the magnetic separatrix of poloidal divertor tokamaks due to nonaxisymmetric magnetic perturbations is proposed. The method is based on the determination of the so-called Poincaré integral [S. S. Abdullaev, Phys. Rev. E 70, 046202 (2004)] defined as an integral over the vector potential of the perturbation field taken along the closed field lines orbit. This integral allows us to obtain the analytical estimations for the characteristics of chaotic field lines near the magnetic separatrix, like the Chirikov parameter, the widths of the stochastic layer and magnetic footprints, also the statistical characteristics of chaotic field lines, the quasilinear field line diffusion coefficients, and the Kolmogorov lengths. These estimations are in good agreement with the direct numerical calculations of corresponding quantities. A field line convection coefficient is introduced to describe the preferential outward drift of open chaotic field lines near the separatrix.