bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing Voltage Stability in Distribution Networks: A Methodology Considering Correlation among Stochastic Variables
Authors: Gao Yuan , Li Sheng , Yan Xiangyu
Published: July 2024

Distributed photovoltaic (PV) output exhibits strong stochasticity and weak adjustability. After being integrated with the network, its interaction with stochastic loads increases the difficulty of assessing the distribution network’s static voltage stability (SVS). In response to this issue, this article presents a probabilistic assessment method for SVS in a distribution network with distributed PV that considers the bilateral uncertainties and correlations on the source and load sides. The probabilistic models for the uncertain variables are established, with the correlation between stochastic variables described using the Copula function. The three-point estimate method (3PEM) based on the Nataf transformation is used to generate correlated samples. Continuous power flow (CPF) calculations are then performed on these samples to obtain the system’s critical voltage stability state. The distribution curves of critical voltage and load margin index (LMI) are fitted using Cornish-Fisher series. Finally, the utility function is introduced to establish the degree of risk of voltage instability under different scenarios, and the SVS assessment of the distribution network is completed. The IEEE 33-node distribution system is utilized to test the method presented, and the results across various scenarios highlight the method’s effectiveness.
The Development of a Prototype Solution for Detecting Wear and Tear in Pedestrian Crossings
Authors: Rosa Gonçalo J. M. , Afonso João M. S. , Gaspar Pedro D. , Soares Vasco N. G. J. , Caldeira João M. L. P.
Published: July 2024

Crosswalks play a fundamental role in road safety. However, over time, many suffer wear and tear that makes them difficult to see. This project presents a solution based on the use of computer vision techniques for identifying and classifying the level of wear on crosswalks. The proposed system uses a convolutional neural network (CNN) to analyze images of crosswalks, determining their wear status. The design includes a prototype system mounted on a vehicle, equipped with cameras and processing units to collect and analyze data in real time as the vehicle traverses traffic routes. The collected data are then transmitted to a web application for further analysis and reporting. The prototype was validated through extensive tests in a real urban environment, comparing its assessments with manual inspections conducted by experts. Results from these tests showed that the system could accurately classify crosswalk wear with a high degree of accuracy, demonstrating its potential for aiding maintenance authorities in efficiently prioritizing interventions.
An Improved Target Network Model for Rail Surface Defect Detection
Authors: Zhang Ye , Feng Tianshi , Song Yating , Shi Yuhang , Cai Guoqiang
Published: July 2024

Rail surface defects typically serve as early indicators of railway malfunctions, which may compromise the quality and corrosion resistance of rails, thereby endangering the safe operation of trains. The timely detection of defects is essential to ensure the safe operation of railways. To improve the classification accuracy of rail surface defect detection, this paper proposes a rail surface defects detection algorithm based on MobileNet-YOLOv7. By integrating lightweight deep learning algorithms into the engineering application of rail surface defect detection, a MobileNetV3 lightweight network is used as the backbone network for YOLOv7 to enhance both speed and accuracy in complex defect extraction. Subsequently, the efficient intersection over union (EIOU) loss function is utilized as the positional loss function to bolster system resilience. Finally, the k-means++ clustering algorithm is applied to obtain new anchor boxes. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, achieving superior detection accuracy compared with traditional algorithms.
A Study of Discriminatory Speech Classification Based on Improved Smote and SVM-RF
Authors: Wu Chao , Hu Huijuan , Zhu Dingju , Shan Xilin , Yung Kai-Leung , Ip Andrew W. H.
Published: July 2024

The rapid development of the Internet has facilitated expression, sharing, and interaction on social networks, but some speech may contain harmful discrimination. Therefore, it is crucial to classify such speech. In this paper, we collected discriminatory data from Sina Weibo and propose the improved Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE) algorithm based on Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) to improve data quality and balance. And we propose a new integration method integrating Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Random Forest (RF). The experimental results demonstrate that the integrated model exhibits enhanced precision, recall, and F1 score by 6.0%, 5.4%, and 5.7%, respectively, in comparison with SVM alone. Moreover, it exhibits the best performance in comparison with other machine learning methods. Furthermore, the positive impact of improved SMOTE and this integrated method on model classification is also confirmed in ablation experiments.
Biomechanical Properties and Cellular Responses in Pulmonary Fibrosis
Authors: He Andong , He Lizhe , Chen Tianwei , Li Xuejin , Cao Chao
Published: July 2024

Pulmonary fibrosis is a fatal lung disease affecting approximately 5 million people worldwide, with a 5-year survival rate of less than 50%. Currently, the only available treatments are palliative care and lung transplantation, as there is no curative drug for this condition. The disease involves the excessive synthesis of the extracellular matrix (ECM) due to alveolar epithelial cell damage, leading to scarring and stiffening of the lung tissue and ultimately causing respiratory failure. Although multiple factors contribute to the disease, the exact causes remain unclear. The mechanical properties of lung tissue, including elasticity, viscoelasticity, and surface tension, are not only affected by fibrosis but also contribute to its progression. This paper reviews the alteration in these mechanical properties as pulmonary fibrosis progresses and how cells in the lung, including alveolar epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and macrophages, respond to these changes, contributing to disease exacerbation. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of developing advanced in vitro models, based on hydrogels and 3D bioprinting, which can accurately replicate the mechanical and structural properties of fibrotic lungs and are conducive to studying the effects of mechanical stimuli on cellular responses. This review aims to summarize the current understanding of the interaction between the progression of pulmonary fibrosis and the alterations in mechanical properties, which could aid in the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the disease.
The Effect of Static Magnetic Fields of Different Strengths and Polarities on Cytokine Production by Human Lymphocytes In Vitro
Authors: Turuntaš Vladimir , de Luka Silvio , Ristić-Djurovic Jasna L. , Ćirković Saša , Djordjevich Drago , Ristić Siniša , Lalović Nenad , Marić Veljko , Lazić Bratislav , Joksimović Bojan , Stanojevic Ivan , Vasilijić Saša , Trbovich Alexander M.
Published: July 2024

In contrast to electromagnetic fields, static magnetic fields (SMFs) have not been extensively studied in terms of their potential health consequences. Although upward- and downward-oriented magnetic poles may cause various biological effects, only the pole with the upward orientation has been mainly investigated. Considering that the interaction of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and T lymphocytes is crucial to trigger an immune response, we assessed the effect of long-term exposure of human T lymphocytes and dendritic cells (DCs) to moderate strength SMFs of different orientations focusing on the cytokine profile of activated T cells. Cultures of allogenic T lymphocytes and DCs (immature and matured by TLR3 and TLR7 agonists) were continuously exposed to four SMFs. The intensity of the applied field was 1 militesla (mT) or 56 mT of the upward- and downward-oriented pole of the SMF. Cell culture supernatants were assayed for IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17, TNF-α, TNF-β, IL-1 β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 by ELISA or flow cytometry. The upward-oriented 56 mT SMF significantly increased the release of IFN-γ and TNF-β (both p < 0.05) in the cell culture supernatants of T cells and immature DCs. In contrast, the same cultures exposed to the upward-oriented 1 mT SMF showed significantly elevated levels of IL-17 (p < 0.05). The levels of IL-4, TNF-α, IL-1 β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 were not affected by the upward-oriented SMF. The downward-oriented 56 mT SMF increased TNF-α release when T cells were stimulated with mature DCs. The production of other cytokines was unchanged by the downward-oriented SMF. These findings demonstrate for the first time different in vitro biological effects of upward- and downward-oriented static magnetic fields on the cytokine production of T cells activated by DCs, helping to better understand SMF effects on the immune system and suggesting that the selective SMF effect on the immune response could have potential therapeutic effects in different immune-mediated disorders.
A CLRN3-Based CD8+ T-Related Gene Signature Predicts Prognosis and Immunotherapy Response in Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Gong Zhiwen , Huang Xiuting , Cao Qingdong , Wu Yuanquan , Zhang Qunying
Published: July 2024

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks among the most prevalent malignancies affecting the gastrointestinal tract. The infiltration of CD8+ T cells significantly influences the prognosis and progression of tumor patients. Methods: This study establishes a CRC immune risk model based on CD8+ T cell-related genes. CD8+ T cell-related genes were identified through Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA), and the enriched gene sets were annotated via Gene Ontology (GO) and Reactome pathway analysis. Employing machine learning methods, including the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) algorithm and Random Forest (RF), we identified nine genes associated with CD8+ T-cell infiltration. The infiltration levels of immune cells in CRC tissues were assessed using the ssGSEA algorithm. Results: These genes provide a foundation for constructing a prognostic model. The TCGA-CRC sample model’s prediction scores were categorized, and the prediction models were validated through Cox regression analysis and Kaplan–Meier curve analysis. Notably, although CRC tissues with higher risk scores exhibited elevated levels of CD8+ T-cell infiltration, they also demonstrated heightened expression of immune checkpoint genes. Furthermore, comparison of microsatellite instability (MSI) and gene mutations across the immune subgroups revealed notable gene variations, particularly with APC, TP53, and TNNT1 showing higher mutation frequencies. Finally, the predictive model’s efficacy was corroborated through the use of Tumor Immune Dysfunction and Exclusion (TIDE), Immune Profiling Score (IPS), and immune escape-related molecular markers. The predictive model was validated through an external cohort of CRC and the Bladder Cancer Immunotherapy Cohort. CLRN3 expression levels in tumor and adjacent normal tissues were assessed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot. Subsequent in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that CLRN3 knockdown significantly attenuated the malignant biological behavior of CRC cells, while overexpression had the opposite effect. Conclusions: This study presents a novel prognostic model for CRC, providing a framework for enhancing the survival rates of CRC patients by targeting CD8+ T-cell infiltration.
A Study on the Regioselective Acetylation of Flavonoid Aglycons Catalyzed by Immobilized Lipases
Authors: Papanikolaou Angelos , Chatzikonstantinou Alexandra V. , Fotiadou Renia , Tsakni Aliki , Houhoula Dimitra , Polydera Angeliki C. , Pavlidis Ioannis V. , Stamatis Haralambos
Published: July 2024

This study aimed to explore the capacity of immobilized lipases on the acetylation of six aglycon flavonoids, namely myricetin, quercetin, luteolin, naringenin, fisetin and morin. For this purpose, lipase B from Candida antarctica (CaLB) and lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (TLL) were immobilized onto the surface of ZnOFe nanoparticles derived from an aqueous olive leaf extract. Various factors affecting the conversion of substrates and the formation of monoesterified and diesterified products, such as the amount of biocatalyst and the molar ratio of the substrates and reaction solvents were investigated. Both CaLB and TLL-ZnOFe achieved 100% conversion yield of naringenin to naringenin acetate after 72 h of reaction time, while TLL-ZnOFe achieved higher conversion yields of quercetin, morin and fisetin (73, 85 and 72% respectively). Notably, CaLB-ZnOFe displayed significantly lower conversion yields for morin compared with TLL-ZnOFe. Molecular docking analysis was used to elucidate this discrepancy, and it was revealed that the position of the hydroxyl groups of the B ring on morin introduced hindrances on the active site of CaLB. Finally, selected flavonoid esters showed significantly higher antimicrobial activity compared with the original compound. This work indicated that these lipase-based nanobiocatalysts can be successfully applied to produce lipophilic derivatives of aglycon flavonoids with improved antimicrobial activity.
Prognosis Prediction in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Radiomics and Clinical Information
Authors: Tam Shing-Yau , Tang Fuk-Hay , Chan Mei-Yu , Lai Hiu-Ching , Cheung Shing
Published: July 2024

(1) Background: head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a common cancer whose prognosis is affected by its heterogeneous nature. We aim to predict 5-year overall survival in HNSCC radiotherapy (RT) patients by integrating radiomic and clinical information in machine-learning models; (2) Methods: HNSCC radiotherapy planning computed tomography (CT) images with RT structures were obtained from The Cancer Imaging Archive. Radiomic features and clinical data were independently analyzed by five machine-learning algorithms. The results were enhanced through a voted ensembled approach. Subsequently, a probability-weighted enhanced model (PWEM) was generated by incorporating both models; (3) Results: a total of 299 cases were included in the analysis. By receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, PWEM achieved an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.86, which outperformed both radiomic and clinical factor models. Mean decrease accuracy, mean decrease Gini, and a chi-square test identified T stage, age, and disease site as the most important clinical factors in prognosis prediction; (4) Conclusions: our radiomic–clinical combined model revealed superior performance when compared to radiomic and clinical factor models alone. Further prospective research with a larger sample size is warranted to implement the model for clinical use.
Addressing Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome in Cancer Patients, from Visceral Obesity and Myosteatosis to Systemic Inflammation: Implications in Cardio-Onco-Metabolism
Authors: Quagliariello Vincenzo , Canale Maria Laura , Bisceglia Irma , Maurea Carlo , Gabrielli Domenico , Tarantini Luigi , Paccone Andrea , Inno Alessandro , Oliva Stefano , Cadeddu Dessalvi Christian , Zito Concetta , Caraglia Michele , Berretta Massimiliano , D’Aiuto Giuseppe , Maurea Nicola
Published: July 2024

Cardiovascular disease and cancer are the two leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. The emerging field of cardio-oncology described several shared risk factors that predispose patients to both cardiovascular disease and cancer. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome is a chronic condition that occurs in many patients who have experienced a SARS-CoV-2 infection, mainly based on chronic fatigue, sedentary lifestyle, cramps, breathing difficulties, and reduced lung performance. Post-acute COVID-19 exposes patients to increased visceral adiposity, insulin resistance, myosteatosis, and white adipose tissue content (surrounded by M1 macrophages and characterized by a Th1/Th17 phenotype), which increases the risk of cardiovascular mortality and cancer recurrence. In this review, the main metabolic affections of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome in cancer patients at low and high risk of cardiomyopathies will be summarized. Furthermore, several non-pharmacological strategies aimed at reducing atherosclerotic and cardiac risk will be provided, especially through anti-inflammatory nutrition with a low insulin and glycemic index, appropriate physical activity, and immune-modulating bioactivities able to reduce visceral obesity and myosteatosis, improving insulin-related signaling and myocardial metabolism.
The Critical Trigger for Cognitive Penetration: Cognitive Processing Priority over Perceptual Processing
Authors: Liao Jiejie , Yang Yidong , Han Zhili , Mo Lei
Published: July 2024

The visual perception system of humans is susceptible to cognitive influence, which implies the existence of cognitive perception. However, the specifical trigger for cognitive penetration is still a matter of controversy. The current study proposed that the cognitive processing priority over perceptual processing might be critical for inducing cognitive penetration. We tested this hypothesis by manipulating the processing priority between cognition and perception across three experiments where participants were asked to complete a size-judging task under different competing conditions between cognition and perception. To sum up, we proved that the cognitive processing priority over perceptual processing is critical for cognitive penetration. This study provided empirical evidence for the critical trigger for cognitive penetration.
Advanced Fatigue Assessment of Riveted Railway Bridges on Existing Masonry Abutments: An Italian Case Study
Authors: Milone Aldo , D’Aniello Mario , Landolfo Raffaele
Published: July 2024

Riveted railway bridges with already long structural lives can still be commonly found in service in Europe. In light of their peculiarities, they are often prone to fatigue damage; nevertheless, very few prescriptions regarding fatigue assessment of these structures can be found in current European provisions. Within this framework, the present paper illustrates the advanced fatigue assessment of an Italian riveted railway bridge selected as a case study. For this purpose, multi-scale finite element modelling of the bridge was developed, and the most critical details were assessed through application of the advanced strain energy density (SED) method. The obtained outcomes were compared both with other studies in the literature and prescriptions from the current and upcoming versions of EN1993-1-9.
Crack Detection and Feature Extraction of Heritage Buildings via Point Clouds: A Case Study of Zhonghua Gate Castle in Nanjing
Authors: Wang Helong , Shi Yufeng , Yuan Qi , Li Mingyue
Published: July 2024

Zhonghua Gate Castle is on the tentative list for Chinese World Cultural Heritage. Due to long-term sunshine, rain erosion, and man-made damage, its surface appears to have different degrees of cracks and other diseases. This paper centers on Zhonghua Gate Castle; terrestrial laser scanning is used to obtain the exterior wall point cloud data. A crack detection method based on point cloud data curved surface reconstruction is proposed. It involves data preprocessing, crack detection, and the analysis of crack features. This method initially uses data preprocessing techniques to improve data quality. These techniques include removing ground points and super-voxel segmentation. Subsequently, local surface reconstruction was employed to address the issue of missing point cloud data within cracks and the Euclidean clustering algorithm was used for precise crack identification. The article provides a detailed analysis of the geometric characteristics of cracks. They involve the calculation of length, width, and area. The results of the experiment demonstrate that the method could successfully identify cracks and extract geometric features and has millimeter-level accuracy compared to actual crack sizes.
Trilateral Evolutionary Game Strategy for the Design Optimization of Engineering General Contracting Projects in the Chinese Context
Authors: Hu Daisong , Lu Ting , Feng Hui , Yan Huadong , Zhao Ying , Feng Jingchun
Published: July 2024

The engineering general contracting mode is an advanced engineering transaction mode, and design optimization is one of the important driving forces for vigorously promoting the general contracting mode. The application proportion of the general contracting mode in infrastructure projects is not high, the number of successful projects is not large, and the implementation effect is not ideal. One of the main reasons is that the design optimization theory and practice of international standard general contracting projects cannot adapt to the general contracting projects in the Chinese context, making local general contracting projects face huge challenges such as low enthusiasm for design optimization from all parties and unsatisfactory design optimization effects. Therefore, under the premise of bounded rationality, when the owner adopts control methods of different intensities, an evolutionary game study on the selection of design optimization strategies between the design and construction parties is carried out, and stability control strategies are proposed through case experiments and simulations. The research results indicate the following: firstly, the design optimization of general contracting projects in the Chinese context is feasible, but it depends on the distribution ratio of benefits obtained from the design optimization. Compared with general civil construction general contracting projects, the design optimization allocation ratio of industrial construction general contracting projects is more significant; secondly, the mixed control method of strong control and weak control is the optimal choice for the owner of the general contracting project; and thirdly, there are multiple evolutionary stable points, and mechanism design or incentive measures should be used to guide owners to choose weak control strategies, while design and construction parties should choose their design optimization strategies. The research results provide a reference for owners to determine the proportion and scheme of design optimization allocation, and for construction parties to determine design optimization strategies.
The Cross-Cutting Effects of Age Expectation and Safety Value on Construction Worker Safety Behavior: A Multidimensional Analysis
Authors: Yang Su , Wang Ting , Li Hongyang , Liu Lingyu , Yao Wenbao , Ren Guorui
Published: July 2024

This research investigates how age expectation (AE) influences construction worker safety behavior (CWSB) by utilizing self-validation theory (SVT). Using structural equation modeling (SEM) and data from 391 Chinese construction workers, we found that components of AE, such as physical health expectation (PHE), mental health expectation (MHE), and cognitive function expectation (CFE), positively impact CWSB. Safety value (SV), including safety risk perception (SRP) and safety attitude (SA), mediates these effects. The study provides theoretical insights and practical guidance for enhancing CWSB through interventions on AE, supporting sustainable growth and workforce quality in the construction industry.
Facile Synthesis of Sodium Alginate (SA)-Based Quaternary Bio-Nanocomposite (SA@Co-Zn-Ce) for Antioxidant Activity and Photocatalytic Degradation of Reactive Red 24
Authors: Fatima Sidra , Javaid Sana , Ahmad Hira , Almasoudi Afaf , Baamer Doaa F. , Ali Omar Makram , Carabineiro Sónia A. C. , Taj Muhammad Babar
Published: July 2024

This study introduces a new strategy for the environmentally friendly catalytic degradation of Reactive Red 24 (RR24) dye using sunlight. We developed a cost-effective quaternary nanocomposite by immobilizing a sodium alginate biopolymer over bioengineered Co-Zn-Ce nanoparticles, forming an SA@Co–Zn–Ce nanocomposite (where SA means sodium alginate). This composite also demonstrated an exceptional antioxidant potential of approximately 89%, attributed to the synergistic effect of sodium alginate and green-synthesized Co–Zn–Ce nanoparticles (biosynthesized using Ocimum sanctum leaf extract as a reducing agent). Scanning electron microscopy revealed grain sizes of 28.6 nm for Co–Zn–Ce NPs and 25.59 nm for SA@Co–Zn–Ce nanocomposites (NCs). X-ray diffraction showed particle sizes of 16.87 nm and 15.43 nm, respectively. Co–Zn–Ce NPs exhibited a zeta potential of 1.99 mV, whereas the sodium alginate-anchored Co–Zn–Ce showed −7.99 mV. This indicated the entrapment of negatively charged ions from sodium alginate, altering the surface charge characteristics and enhancing the photocatalytic degradation of RR24. Dynamic light scattering revealed an average particle size of approximately 81 nm for SA@Co–Zn–Ce NCs, with the larger size due to the influence of water molecules in the colloidal solution affecting hydrodynamic diameter measurement. The SA@Co–Zn–Ce NCs exhibited a CO2 adsorption capacity of 3.29 mmol/g at 25 °C and 4.76 mmol/g at 40 °C, indicating temperature-dependent variations in adsorption capabilities. The specific surface area of Co–Zn–Ce oxide NPs, measured using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, was found to be 167.346 m2/g, whereas the SA@Co–Zn–Ce oxide nanocomposite showed a surface area of 24.14 m2/g. BJH analysis revealed average pore diameters of 34.60 Å for Co–Zn–Ce oxide NPs and 9.26 Å for SA@Co–Zn–Ce oxide NCs. Although the immobilization of sodium alginate on Co–Zn–Ce oxide NPs did not increase the adsorption sites and porosity of the composite, as evidenced by the N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms, the SA@Co–Zn–Ce oxide NCs still demonstrated a high photocatalytic degradation efficiency of RR24.
A Comprehensive Insight and In Silico Analysis of CircRNAs in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Step toward ncRNA-Based Precision Medicine
Authors: Youness Rana A. , Hassan Hossam A. , Abaza Tasneem , Hady Ahmed A. , El Magdoub Hekmat M. , Ali Mohamed , Vogel Johannes , Thiersch Markus , Gassmann Max , Hamdy Nadia M. , Aboouf Mostafa A.
Published: July 2024

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are cardinal players in numerous physiological and pathological processes. CircRNAs play dual roles as tumor suppressors and oncogenes in different oncological contexts, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Their roles significantly impact the disease at all stages, including initiation, development, progression, invasion, and metastasis, in addition to the response to treatment. In this review, we discuss the biogenesis and regulatory functional roles of circRNAs, as well as circRNA–protein–mRNA ternary complex formation, elucidating the intricate pathways tuned by circRNAs to modulate gene expression and cellular processes through a comprehensive literature search, in silico search, and bioinformatics analysis. With a particular focus on the interplay between circRNAs, epigenetics, and HCC pathology, the article sets the stage for further exploration of circRNAs as novel investigational theranostic agents in the dynamic realm of HCC.
Chemical and UV Durability of Hydrophobic and Icephobic Surface Layers on Femtosecond Laser Structured Stainless Steel
Authors: Fürbacher Roland , Grünsteidl Gabriel , Otto Andreas , Liedl Gerhard
Published: July 2024

Femtosecond laser processing significantly alters the surface structure and chemical composition, impacting its wetting properties. Post-treatments such as immersion in a hydrocarbon liquid (petrol) or storage in a vacuum can significantly reduce ice adhesion, making the surfaces interesting for anti-ice applications. This study investigates their durability against acetone, ethylene glycol, and UV radiation. The laser-structured surfaces were immersed in the respective liquids for up to 48 h. The results indicate limited durability of the superhydrophobic and icephobic layers when submerged in acetone and ethylene glycol, with more favorable results for petrol treatment than vacuum treatment. Similar results were obtained after 100 h of UV exposure, showing a decrease in superhydrophobic properties and an increase in ice adhesion. However, repeated vacuum treatments conducted after the chemical durability tests revealed the potential for partial recovery of the hydrophobic and icephobic properties. XPS analysis was performed throughout the experiments to evaluate changes in surface chemistry resulting from the post-laser treatments and the durability tests.
Enhancing the Antibacterial Properties of Chitosan Coatings: Ag@Chitosan and Chitosan from Insects
Authors: Marsico Michela , Azari Rezvan , Curcio Mariangela , Teghil Roberto , Triunfo Micaela , Falabella Patrizia , Boccaccini Aldo Roberto , De Bonis Angela
Published: July 2024

In this study, the electrophoretic deposition (EPD) technique was used to prepare chitosan-based coatings with enhanced antibacterial activity suitable for bone implant applications. We designed, prepared, and compared the physico-chemical and biological properties of coatings obtained with commercial chitosan, chitosan enriched with silver nanoparticles, and chitosan obtained from insects. With the aim to consider the issue of sustainability, silver nanoparticles were directly prepared in the chitosan solution by laser ablation via a liquid technique, avoiding the use of chemicals and limiting the production of wastes. Moreover, a sustainable source of chitosan, such as Hermetia Illucens exuviae, was considered. The EPD process was optimized by adjusting parameters like voltage and deposition time to achieve ideal coating thickness and adhesion. The prepared films were characterized by spectroscopic and microscopic techniques such as SEM, XRD, and FTIR. Antimicrobial tests against E. coli and S. aureus revealed that silver nanoparticles enhanced the antibacterial properties of the polymer, whereas the biological evaluation using the WST8 test on MG63 human osteoblast-like cells showed that all coatings were non-toxic. Finally, chitosan obtained from insect showed comparable properties with respect to the commercial polymer, suggesting it could replace seafood-derived chitosan in biomedical applications, whereas the Ag@chitosan composite demonstrated superior antibacterial activity without compromising its biocompatibility.
Wafer-Scale ALD Synthesis of MoO3 Sulfurized to MoS2
Authors: Shendokar Sachin , Hossen Moha Feroz , Aravamudhan Shyam
Published: July 2024

Silicon has dimensional limitations in following Moore’s law; thus, new 2D materials complementing Silicon are being researched. Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is a prospective material anticipated to bridge the gap to complement Silicon and enhance the performances of semiconductor devices and embedded systems in the package. For a synthesis process to be of any relevance to the industry. it needs to be at the wafer scale to match existing Silicon wafer-processing standards. Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) is one of the most promising techniques for synthesizing wafer-scale monolayer MoS2 due to its self-limiting, conformal, and low-temperature characteristics. This paper discusses the wafer-scale ALD synthesis of Molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) using Mo (CO)6 as a precursor with Ozone as a reactant. An ALD-synthesized wafer-scale MoO3 thin film was later sulfurized through Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) to transform into stoichiometric MoS2, which was evaluated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The roles of activation energy and first-order reaction kinetics in determining the ALD recipe parameters of the pulse time, reactor temperature, and purge time are explicitly discussed in detail. Discretized pulsing for developing one-cycle ALD for monolayer growth is suggested. Remedial measures to overcome shortcomings observed during this research are suggested.
Impact of Net Atrioventricular Compliance on Mitral Valve Area Assessment—A Perspective Considering Three-Dimensional Mitral Valve Area by Transesophageal Echocardiography
Authors: Li Tony , Leow Ryan , Chan Meei Wah , Kong William K. F. , Kuntjoro Ivandito , Poh Kian Keong , Sia Ching Hui , Yeo Tiong Cheng
Published: July 2024

Background: Net atrioventricular compliance (Cn) can affect the accuracy of mitral valve area (MVA) assessment. We assessed how different methods of MVA assessment are affected by Cn, and if patients with abnormal Cn may be identified by clinical and/or echocardiographic parameters. Methods: We studied 244 patients with rheumatic MS. The concordance between mitral valve area (MVA) by 2D planimetry, pressure half-time (PHT), continuity equation (CE), Yeo’s index, and 3-dimensional mitral valve area assessed by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE 3DMVA) in patients with normal and abnormal Cn (Cn ≤ 4 mL/mmHg) were evaluated in the 110 patients with both transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) and transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE). Variables that were associated with abnormal Cn were validated in the remaining 134 patients with only TTE. Results: Except for MVA by CE, concordance with TEE 3DMVA was poorer for all other methods of MVA assessment in patients with abnormal Cn. But, the difference in concordance was only statistically significant for MVA by PHT. Patients with MVA ≤ 1.5 cm2 by 2D planimetry and PHT ≤ 130 ms were likely to have an abnormal Cn. (specificity 98.5%). This finding was validated in the remaining 134 patients (specificity 93%). Conclusions: MVA assessment by PHT is significantly affected by Cn. Abnormal Cn should be suspected when 2D planimetry MVA is ≤1.5 cm2 together with an inappropriately short PHT that is ≤130 ms. In this scenario, MVA by PHT is inaccurate.
Animation and Manga on Improvement in Students’ Problem-Solving Capabilities: Comparison of Two Psychometric Models
Authors: Weng Ting-Sheng
Published: July 2024

To improve the problem-solving capabilities of students, this study explored using interactive digital teaching materials based on animation and manga. A classroom teaching system was developed based on teaching material using a manga format. Students from a national university and a science and technology university in southern Taiwan were recruited. A questionnaire survey was administered for data collection. A total of 104 valid samples were collected; the data were analysed using SPSS 17.0. Two statistically significant models could be used to predict learning outcomes, and the highest R2 value was 52.5%. The utilisation of interactive multimedia teaching materials based on animation and manga helped students apply knowledge to solve practical problems, cultivating their problem-solving capabilities. The findings differed from previous studies; models developed in this study could be used to determine the effects and relationships of multiple factors.
Comparative Analysis of Digital Self-Interference Cancellation Methods for Simultaneous Transmit and Receive Arrays
Authors: Hu Dujuan , Yang Li , Zhang Xiujun , Xue Yan , Wei Xizhang , Lin Tairan
Published: July 2024

This paper provides a comprehensive theoretical derivation of the residual noise power and effective isotropic isolation (EII) signal models in baseband digital cancellation, aperture-level digital cancellation, and beamforming spatial cancellation models in simultaneous transmit and receive (STAR) arrays. We simulated and analyzed the isolation performance and self-interference (SI) noise cancellation of STAR systems using digital SI cancellation (SIC) and beamforming in a 32-element planar array. The simulation results show that in the absence of SIC or baseband digital SIC, the EII obtained by receive adaptive beamforming (ABF) is 20 dB higher than that obtained by transmit ABF. On the basis of aperture-level digital SIC, the EII obtained from transmit ABF and receive ABF is basically the same. The EII obtained by baseband digital SIC is 22.5 dB and 41.1 dB lower than that of transmit ABF and receive ABF, respectively. Therefore, baseband digital SIC technology is not required when using transmit ABF and receive ABF.
Performance Enhancement in LC Series Resonant Inverters with Current-Controlled Variable-Transformer and Phase Shift for Induction Heating
Authors: Bellido Juan L. , Esteve Vicente , Jordán José
Published: July 2024

This article presents an analysis of a converter based on an LC resonant inverter for induction heating applications. It employs a current-controlled variable transformer (VT) in conjunction with phase shift regulation (PS) to operate at a fixed frequency close to the resonance frequency. The converter maintains a small switching angle, enabling substantial load variations without sacrificing zero voltage switching (ZVS) for the transistors. This innovative method enhances the inverter’s performance across the entire operating range. Additionally, a new design of the transformer structure with a variable ratio will be analyzed, enabling mathematical modeling. The obtained results demonstrate a performance exceeding 99%. Both the inverter and variable transformer designs were experimentally validated using a 15 kW, 200 kHz converter for induction heating applications with silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFETs.
MPC-Based Dynamic Velocity Adaptation in Nonlinear Vehicle Systems: A Real-World Case Study
Authors: Pauca Georgiana-Sinziana , Caruntu Constantin-Florin
Published: July 2024

Technological advancements have positively impacted the automotive industry, leading to the development of autonomous cars, which aim to minimize human intervention during driving, and thus reduce the likelihood of human error and accidents. These cars are distinguished by their advanced driving systems and environmental benefits due to their integration of cutting-edge autonomous technology and electric powertrains. This combination of safety, efficiency, and sustainability positions autonomous vehicles as a transformational solution for modern transportation challenges. Optimizing vehicle speed is essential in the development of these vehicles, particularly in minimizing energy consumption. Thus, in this paper, a method to generate the maximum velocity profile of a vehicle on a real road, extracted using online mapping platforms while ensuring compliance with maximum legal speed limits, is proposed. A nonlinear model, closely aligned with real-world conditions, captures and describes vehicle dynamics. Further, a nonlinear model predictive control strategy is proposed for optimizing the vehicle’s performance and safety in dynamic driving conditions, yielding satisfactory results that demonstrate the effectiveness of the method.
Enhancement of Synaptic Performance through Synergistic Indium Tungsten Oxide-Based Electric-Double-Layer and Electrochemical Doping Mechanisms
Authors: Mah Dong-Gyun , Lim Seong-Hwan , Cho Won-Ju
Published: July 2024

This study investigated the potential of indium tungsten oxide (IWO) channel-based inorganic electrolyte transistors as synaptic devices. We comparatively analyzed the electrical characteristics of indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) and IWO channels using phosphosilicate glass (PSG)-based electrolyte transistors, focusing on the effects of electric-double-layer (EDL) and electrochemical doping. The results showed the superior current retention characteristics of the IWO channel compared to the IGZO channel. To validate these findings, we compared the DC bias characteristics of SiO2-based field-effect transistors (FETs) with IGZO and IWO channels. Furthermore, by examining the transfer curve characteristics under various gate voltage (VG) sweep ranges for PSG transistors based on IGZO and IWO channels, we confirmed the reliability of the proposed mechanisms. Our results demonstrated the superior short-term plasticity of the IWO channel at VG = 1 V due to EDL operation, as confirmed by excitatory post-synaptic current measurements under pre-synaptic conditions. Additionally, we observed superior long-term plasticity at VG ≥ 2 V due to proton doping. Finally, the IWO channel-based FETs achieved a 92% recognition rate in pattern recognition simulations at VG = 4 V. IWO channel-based inorganic electrolyte transistors, therefore, have remarkable applicability in neuromorphic devices.
Optimal Passive Power Line Communication Filter for NB-PLC Applications
Authors: Avram Sebastian , Vasiu Radu
Published: July 2024

Narrowband Power Line Communication (NB-PLC) involves transmitting data by overlaying a high frequency low amplitude signal (ranging from 9 kHz to 500 kHz) onto the low-frequency high amplitude signal (50 Hz to 60 Hz) of the power grid. While using the existing power grid for communication is convenient, it was not originally designed for this purpose, leading to challenges such as conducted emissions and infrastructure constraints. To overcome these technical obstacles, power line filters (PLFs) are a viable solution. The results of our research work, focusing on the optimization of PLFs for NB-PLC to ensure their design fits the needed use case while avoiding over-engineering, are presented in this article. Our study concentrates specifically on the filtering of PLC signal and conducted emissions up to 500 kHz. Building upon a PLC PLF extensively discussed in our previous work—which blocks the PLC signal in the CENELEC-A frequency band regardless of its placement within the electrical installation, sometimes leading to over-engineering—this research aims to adapt the filter order and components for a variety of real scenarios in CENELEC-A, FCC, and ARIB frequency bands. By characterizing different filters, our work provides tailored solutions for these scenarios and serves as a framework for future filter designs in PLC applications.
Optimal Weighted Voting-Based Collaborated Malware Detection for Zero-Day Malware: A Case Study on VirusTotal and MalwareBazaar
Authors: Okazaki Naonobu , Usuzaki Shotaro , Waki Tsubasa , Kawagoe Hyoga , Park Mirang , Yamaba Hisaaki , Aburada Kentaro
Published: July 2024

We propose a detection system incorporating a weighted voting mechanism that reflects the vote’s reliability based on the accuracy of each detector’s examination, which overcomes the problem of cooperative detection. Collaborative malware detection is an effective strategy against zero-day attacks compared to one using only a single detector because the strategy might pick up attacks that a single detector overlooked. However, cooperative detection is still ineffective if most anti-virus engines lack sufficient intelligence to detect zero-day malware. Most collaborative methods rely on majority voting, which prioritizes the quantity of votes rather than the quality of those votes. Therefore, our study investigated the zero-day malware detection accuracy of the collaborative system that optimally rates their weight of votes based on their malware categories of expertise of each anti-virus engine. We implemented the prototype system with the VirusTotal API and evaluated the system using real malware registered in MalwareBazaar. To evaluate the effectiveness of zero-day malware detection, we measured recall using the inspection results on the same day the malware was registered in the MalwareBazaar repository. Through experiments, we confirmed that the proposed system can suppress the false negatives of uniformly weighted voting and improve detection accuracy against new types of malware.
Flowfield and Noise Dynamics of Supersonic Rectangular Impinging Jets: Major versus Minor Axis Orientations
Authors: Mehta Yogesh , Bhargav Vikas N. , Kumar Rajan
Published: July 2024

The current study explores the flowfield and noise characteristics of an ideally expanded supersonic (Mach 1.44) rectangular jet impinging on a flat surface. The existing literature is primarily concentrated on axisymmetric jets, known for their resonance dominance, pronounced unsteadiness, and acoustic signatures. In contrast, non-axisymmetric jets remain relatively less understood, particularly those impinging on a ground surface. By employing Schlieren imaging, high-frequency pressure measurements using high-bandwidth transducers, and particle image velocimetry (PIV), this research comprehensively examines the flow-acoustic phenomena. Schlieren imaging revealed distinct, coherent structures and strong acoustic waves, while pressure measurements at the impingement surface exhibited high-amplitude fluctuations, peaking at approximately 186 dB. Acoustic analysis identified multiple high-amplitude tones with unique directional characteristics, suggesting the potential for multiple simultaneous modes in rectangular jets. Furthermore, the PIV data elucidated differences in the jet shear layer and wall jet development attributed to the nozzle orientation. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of non-axisymmetric jet behavior, offering insights relevant to fundamental flow physics and practical applications such as vertical takeoff and landing aircraft.
Replacement of Native with Malted Triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack) Flour in Dry Pasta: Technological and Nutritional Implications
Authors: Cervini Mariasole , Lobuono Chiara , Volpe Federica , Curatolo Francesco Matteo , Scazzina Francesca , Dall’Asta Margherita , Giuberti Gianluca
Published: July 2024

The use of native and malted triticale (MT) flour in dry pasta has been limited despite the potential of triticale in cereal-based food production. In this study, triticale-based dry spaghetti with increasing levels of substitution (0, 25, 50, and 75 g/100 g w/w) of MT flour were formulated and analyzed. Samples were analyzed for technological and nutritional traits, including the in vitro starch and protein digestions. The gradual substitution of native triticale flour with MT increased (p < 0.05) the total dietary fiber content, whereas total starch decreased (p < 0.05). Adding MT flour increased the cooking loss and the stickiness of cooked pasta (p < 0.05). Using MT flour modulated the in vitro starch digestion, lowering the slowly digestible and resistant starch contents. The in vitro protein digestibility was positively affected using MT at the highest substitution level. Overall, MT could be used to formulate dry pasta products being the substitution to native triticale up to 50 g/100 g, a good compromise between nutritional quality and technological characteristics.