bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The ‘enigma of Jesus’’ temple intervention: Four essential keys
Authors: Domeris William
Published: July 2015

The emerging consensus, on the intervention of Jesus into the commercial operations of the Jerusalem Temple, speaks in terms of an enacted parable aimed at the temple hierarchy, against the backdrop of the ongoing economic and social oppression of the time. In this article, I consider four essential scholarly insights (keys): The possibility that Caiaphas introduced trade in sacrifices in the Jerusalem Temple; the link between the money changers and Greek-style bankers; the Jewish witness to the extent of high-priestly corruption in the 1st century CE; and finally the presence of the image of Baal-Melkart on the Tyrian Shekel. In the light of the fourth key, in particular, we discover Jesus, like the prophets of old (Jeremiah and Elijah), standing against the greed of the High priests and their abuse of the poor and marginalised, by defending the honour of God, and pronouncing judgement on the temple hierarchy as ‘bandits’ (Jr 7:11) and, like their ancestors, encouragers of ‘Baal worship’ (Jr 7:9).
The Bible, culture and ethics: Trickery in the narrative of Judah and Tamar
Authors: Pietersen Leonore , Fourie Willem
Published: July 2015

Using the Bible in Christian ethics is often not as simple as many would expect it to be. This is particularly the case for the use of the Old Testament. Part of the challenge is the complexity of grasping the customs and norms that are reflected in the Old Testament. They are often at odds with what is acceptable in contemporary thinking. In this article, we examine the difficulty of using the Old Testament in Christian ethics by using the narrative of Judah and Tamar in Genesis 38 as case study. We show that this particular text alerts us to the complex relationship between ethics and culture, not only in the world of the text, but also the world of the interpreter. Based on our analysis of the text we argue for its meta-ethical contribution to the practice of Christian ethics. We do not endeavour to resolve the perceived tension between the implied ethics of the text and that of contemporary interpreters, but view the unresolved tension as one of the text’s key contributions to the practice of Christian ethics.
'Bliksem!'/Damn it! A ritual-liturgical appreciation of a deadly sin for an angry nation
Authors: Wepener Casparus J.
Published: July 2015

This article addresses the current levels of anger within South African society from a practical theological perspective. Following a description of the current context with regard to the on-going processes of reconciliation and transformation two theories are revisited and critiqued. Normative insights are thereafter gained by making use of several stories from the book of Judges, and in conclusion an outline for a liturgical and homiletical theory for praxis is presented. The aim of this contribution as a whole is to reflect � in a praxis-theory cycle � on the theme of anger in order to formulate practical theological ritual-liturgical route markers for South Africa.
Colorectal Cancer with Uncommon Metastatic Spread
Authors: Dellavedova Luca , Calcagno Anna , Roncoroni Lucia , Maffioli Lorenzo
Published: July 2015

The prevalence of bone metastases from colorectal cancer (CRC) is quite low and the presence of isolated osseous metastases at the time of diagnosis or the onset of bone metastases without other organ involvement during follow-up is even lower. Here, we present an interesting case of diffuse skeletal metastases from CRC in which both the atypical presentation of the metastatic spread and the presence of infective comorbidities created some troubles in getting the final diagnosis.
Lynch Syndrome Associated Colon Adenocarcinoma Resembling Lymphoma on Fluoro-Deoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography
Authors: Aparici Carina , Win Aung
Published: July 2015

The patient was a 46-year-old Asian male diagnosed with lynch syndrome associated colon adenocarcinoma in the right ascending colon. A presurgical staging 18-fluoro-deoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) found increased metabolic activity in the cervical, axillary, mediastinal, supraclavicular, para-aortic and mesenteric lymph nodes. This pattern of metastasis was very unusual for lynch syndrome associated colon adenocarcinoma and the involvement of those lymph nodes resembles the pattern of spread of lymphoma. He underwent right hemicolectomy and he was subsequently treated with 12 cycles of folinic acid (leucovorin), fluorouracil (5-FU), irinotecan. A restaging FDG-PET/CT at the end of the chemotherapy showed interval decrease in size and metabolic activity in the affected lymph nodes. FDG-PET/CT is a useful imaging modality in following-up the treatment response in colon adenocarcinoma.
Applications of iPSCs in Cancer Research
Authors: Kim Jean J.
Published: July 2015

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from reprogrammed somatic cells are emerging as one of the most versatile tools in biomedical research and pharmacological studies. Oncogenic transformation and somatic cell reprogramming are multistep processes that share some common features, and iPSCs generated from cancerous cells can help us better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the initiation and progression of human cancers and overcome them. Aside from the mechanistic modeling of human tumorigenesis, immediate applications of this technology in cancer research include high-throughput drug screening, toxicological testing, early biomarker identification, and bioengineering of replacement tissues. Here, we review the current advances in generating iPSCs from cancer cell lines and patient-derived primary cancer tissues, and discuss their potential applications.
Bounded Holomorphic Functions Attaining their Norms in the Bidual
Authors: Carando Daniel , Mazzitelli Martin
Published: July 2015

Under certain hypotheses on the Banach space

X

, we prove that the set of analytic functions in

\mathcal A_u (X)

(the algebra of all holomorphic and uniformly continuous functions in the ball of

X

) whose Aron–Berner extensions attain their norms is dense in

\mathcal A_u (X)

. This Lindenstrauss type result also holds for functions with values in a dual space or in a Banach space with the so-called property (

\beta

). We show that the Bishop–Phelps theorem does not hold for

\mathcal A_u (c_0, Z'')

for a certain Banach space

Z

, while our Lindenstrauss theorem does. In order to obtain our results, we first handle their polynomial cases.
Comparison of regional and global reanalysis near-surface winds with station observations over Germany
Authors: Kaiser-Weiss A. K. , Kaspar F. , Heene V. , Borsche M. , Tan D. G. H. , Poli P. , Obregon A. , Gregow H.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Reanalysis near-surface wind fields from multiple reanalyses are potentially an important information source for wind energy applications. Inter-comparing reanalyses via employing independent observations can help to guide users to useful spatio-temporal scales. Here we compare the statistical properties of wind speeds observed at 210 traditional meteorological stations over Germany with the reanalyses' near-surface fields, confining the analysis to the recent years (2007 to 2010). In this period, the station time series in Germany can be expected to be mostly homogeneous. We compare with a regional reanalysis (COSMO-REA6) and two global reanalyses, ERA-Interim and ERA-20C. We show that for the majority of the stations, the Weibull parameters of the daily mean wind speed frequency distribution match remarkably well with the ones derived from the reanalysis fields. High correlations (larger than 0.9) can be found between stations and reanalysis monthly mean wind speeds all over Germany. Generally, the correlation between the higher resolved COSMO-REA6 wind fields and station observations is highest, for both assimilated and non-assimilated (i.e., independent) observations. As expected from the lower spatial resolution and reduced amount of data assimilated into ERA-20C, the correlation of monthly means decreases somewhat relative to the other reanalyses (in our investigated period of 2007 to 2010). Still, the inter-annual variability connected to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) found in the reanalysis surface wind anomalies is in accordance with the anomalies recorded by the stations. We discuss some typical examples where differences are found, e.g., where the mean wind distributions differ (probably related to either height or model topography differences) and where the correlations break down (because of unresolved local topography) which applies to a minority of stations. We also identified stations with homogeneity problems in the reported station values, demonstrating how reanalyses can be applied to support quality control for the observed station data. Finally, as a demonstration of concept, we discuss how comparing feedback files of the different reanalyses can guide users to useful scales of variability.
Iron budgets for three distinct biogeochemical sites around the Kerguelen Archipelago (Southern Ocean) during the natural fertilisation study, KEOPS-2
Authors: Bowie A. R. , van der Merwe P. , Quéroué F. , Trull T. , Fourquez M. , Planchon F. , Sarthou G. , Chever F. , Townsend A. T. , Obernosterer I. , Sallée J.-B. , Blain S.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Iron availability in the Southern Ocean controls phytoplankton growth, community composition and the uptake of atmospheric CO2 by the biological pump. The KEOPS-2 (KErguelen Ocean and Plateau compared Study 2) "process study", took place around the Kerguelen Plateau in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean. This is a region naturally fertilised with iron on the scale of hundreds to thousands of square kilometres, producing a mosaic of spring blooms which show distinct biological and biogeochemical responses to fertilisation. This paper presents biogeochemical iron budgets (incorporating vertical and lateral supply, internal cycling, and sinks) for three contrasting sites: an upstream high-nutrient low-chlorophyll reference, over the plateau and in the offshore plume east of the Kerguelen Islands. These budgets show that distinct regional environments driven by complex circulation and transport pathways are responsible for differences in the mode and strength of iron supply, with vertical supply dominant on the plateau and lateral supply dominant in the plume. Iron supply from "new" sources (diffusion, upwelling, entrainment, lateral advection, atmospheric dust) to the surface waters of the plume was double that above the plateau and 20 times greater than at the reference site, whilst iron demand (measured by cellular uptake) in the plume was similar to that above the plateau but 40 times greater than at the reference site. "Recycled" iron supply by bacterial regeneration and zooplankton grazing was a relatively minor component at all sites (< 8 % of new supply), in contrast to earlier findings from other biogeochemical iron budgets in the Southern Ocean. Over the plateau, a particulate iron dissolution term of 2.5 % was invoked to balance the budget; this approximately doubled the standing stock of dissolved iron in the mixed layer. The exchange of iron between dissolved, biogenic particulate and lithogenic particulate pools was highly dynamic in time and space, resulting in a decoupling of the iron supply and carbon export and, importantly, controlling the efficiency of fertilisation.
Capturing optically important constituents and properties in a marine biogeochemical and ecosystem model
Authors: Dutkiewicz S. , Hickman A. E. , Jahn O. , Gregg W. W. , Mouw C. B. , Follows M. J.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. We present a numerical model of the ocean that couples a three-stream radiative transfer component with a marine biogeochemical–ecosystem component in a dynamic three-dimensional physical framework. The radiative transfer component resolves the penetration of spectral irradiance as it is absorbed and scattered within the water column. We explicitly include the effect of several optically important water constituents (different phytoplankton functional types; detrital particles; and coloured dissolved organic matter, CDOM). The model is evaluated against in situ-observed and satellite-derived products. In particular we compare to concurrently measured biogeochemical, ecosystem, and optical data along a meridional transect of the Atlantic Ocean. The simulation captures the patterns and magnitudes of these data, and estimates surface upwelling irradiance analogous to that observed by ocean colour satellite instruments. We find that incorporating the different optically important constituents explicitly and including spectral irradiance was crucial to capture the variability in the depth of the subsurface chlorophyll a (Chl a) maximum. We conduct a series of sensitivity experiments to demonstrate, globally, the relative importance of each of the water constituents, as well as the crucial feedbacks between the light field, the relative fitness of phytoplankton types, and the biogeochemistry of the ocean. CDOM has proportionally more importance at attenuating light at short wavelengths and in more productive waters, phytoplankton absorption is relatively more important at the subsurface Chl a maximum, and water molecules have the greatest contribution when concentrations of other constituents are low, such as in the oligotrophic gyres. Scattering had less effect on attenuation, but since it is important for the amount and type of upwelling irradiance, it is crucial for setting sea surface reflectance. Strikingly, sensitivity experiments in which absorption by any of the optical constituents was increased led to a decrease in the size of the oligotrophic regions of the subtropical gyres: lateral nutrient supplies were enhanced as a result of decreasing high-latitude productivity. This new model that captures bio-optical feedbacks will be important for improving our understanding of the role of light and optical constituents on ocean biogeochemistry, especially in a changing environment. Further, resolving surface upwelling irradiance will make it easier to connect to satellite-derived products in the future.
Controls on microalgal community structures in cryoconite holes upon high Arctic glaciers, Svalbard
Authors: Vonnahme T. R. , Devetter M. , Žárský J. D. , Šabacká M. , Elster J.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Glaciers are known to harbor surprisingly complex ecosystems. On their surface, distinct cylindrical holes filled with meltwater and sediments are considered as hot spots for microbial life. The present paper addresses possible biological interactions within the community of prokaryotic cyanobacteria and eukaryotic microalgae (microalgae) and relations to their potential grazers, additional to their environmental controls. Svalbard glaciers with substantial allochthonous input of material from local sources reveal high microalgal densities. Small valley glaciers with high sediment coverages and high impact of birds show high biomasses and support a high biological diversity. Invertebrate grazer densities do not show any significant negative correlation with microalgal abundances, but a positive correlation with eukaryotic microalgae. Most microalgae found in this study form large colonies (< 10 cells, or > 25 μm), which may protect them against invertebrate grazing. This finding rather indicates grazing as a positive control on eukaryotic microalgae by nutrient recycling. Density differences between the eukaryotic microalgae and prokaryotic cyanobacteria and their high distinction in RDA and PCA analyses indicate that these two groups are in strong contrast. Eukaryotic microalgae occurred mainly in unstable cryoconite holes with high sediment loads, high N : P ratios, and a high impact of bird guano, as a proxy for nutrients. In these environments autochthonous nitrogen fixation appears to be negligible. Selective wind transport of Oscillatoriales via soil and dust particles is proposed to explain their dominance in cryoconites further away from the glacier margins. We propose that, for the studied glaciers, nutrient levels related to recycling of limiting nutrients is the main factor driving variation in the community structure of microalgae and grazers.
Nonlinear thermal and moisture dynamics of high Arctic wetland polygons following permafrost disturbance
Authors: Godin E. , Fortier D. , Lévesque E.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Low-centre polygonal terrain developing within gentle sloping surfaces and lowlands in the high Arctic have a potential to retain snowmelt water in their bowl-shaped centre and as such are considered high latitude wetlands. Such wetlands in the continuous permafrost regions have an important ecological role in an otherwise generally arid region. In the valley of the glacier C-79 on Bylot Island (Nunavut, Canada), thermal erosion gullies are rapidly eroding the permafrost along ice wedges affecting the integrity of the polygons by breaching and collapsing the surrounding rims. While intact polygons were characterized by a relative homogeneity (topography, snow cover, maximum active layer thaw depth, ground moisture content, vegetation cover), eroded polygons had a non-linear response for the same elements following their perturbation. The heterogeneous nature of disturbed terrains impacts active layer thickness, ground ice aggradation in the upper portion of permafrost, soil moisture and vegetation dynamics, carbon storage and terrestrial green-house gas emissions.
The Process for the Formulation of the International Telehealth Position Statement for Occupational Therapy
Authors: Jacobs Karen , Cason Jana , McCullough Ann
Published: July 2015

The World Federation of Occupational Therapists (WFOT) consists of 84 member organizations representing over 420,000 occupational therapists internationally (WFOT, 2014).  In 2014, WFOT published the WFOT Telehealth Position Statement on the use of telehealth in occupational therapy. The process for the formulation of the official document involved reviewing WFOT member organizations’ telehealth position statements and data collected from a survey sent to member organizations’ delegates in April 2014.  Qualitative data from 39 countries yielded factors to consider in five key areas:  licensure/registration requirements, the cost of technology, privacy and security, reimbursement/payment models, and other issues (e.g., need for collaboration/transfer of knowledge, client selection, provider competencies, standard of care).  The WFOT Telehealth Position Statement addressed each of these areas.  The collaborative effort resulting in the development of the WFOT Telehealth Position Statement serves as a model for other international organizations.
Accessible Table of Contents
Authors: Cohn Ellen R.
Published: July 2015

Accessible Table of Comtents
Urinary Cytology in Bladder Cancer: Why is it Still Relevant?
Authors: Comploj Evi , Trenti Emanuela , Palermo Salvatore , Pycha Armin , Mian Christine
Published: July 2015

Bladder carcinoma is the most common malignancy of the urinary tract and cystoscopy with cytology is currently considered the gold standard for the detection and surveillance of primary tumors and for the follow-up of patients after transurethral resection.

Even if cytology has a low sensitivity especially in low-grade bladder carcinomas, the high specificity and the inexpensive nature of the equipment required, justify performing it.

The greatest value of cytology for patients with low-grade, nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is the detection of those lesions that may progress to high-grade urothelial carcinoma.
Between Sensibility and Understanding: Kant and Merleau-Ponty and the Critique of Reason
Authors: Landes Donald A.
Published: July 2015

Whether explicitly or implicitly, Kant's critical project weighs heavily upon Merleau-Ponty's Phenomenology of Perception. This article argues that we can understand Merleau-Ponty's text as a phenomenological rewriting of the Critique of Pure Reason from within the paradoxical structures of lived experience, effectively merging Kant's Transcendental Aesthetic and Transcendental Analytic. Although he was influenced by Husserl's and Heidegger's interpretations of Kant's first version of the Transcendental Deduction, Merleau-Ponty develops a unique position between Kant, Husserl, and Heidegger via an embodied and lived synthesis that collapses Kant's distinction between sensibility and the understanding, and that makes sense of temporality and subjectivity as a paradoxical trajectory.
Between Intuition and Genealogy: A Problematic “Life”
Authors: Hengehold Laura
Published: July 2015

Because he claims that intuition can give us insight into “life” apart from space, if not time, Bergson seems to transgress Kant's limits on possible knowledge. This article argues, however, that there is a “critical” way to read Bergson that allows him to evade accusations of epistemologically and politically problematic vitalism. When compared with the archaeological and genealogical treatment of “life” found in Michel Foucault's work, Bergson's effort to save humans from the destructive effects of intellect converges in interesting ways with Foucault's displacement of life as a foundational philosophical or scientific term.
Translating Principle into Practice: On Derrida and the Terms of Feminism
Authors: Hoff Shannon
Published: July 2015

One of Derrida's most significant insights concerns the irreducibility yet interdependence of unconditioned ideal and conditioned actuality. First, relying especially on the concept of hospitality, I argue that this insight allows for the development of a powerful account of ethical and political action. Second, I show the usefulness of this account for feminist critical practice, especially with regard to the ideal of inclusion and the concept of “woman.” Third, and finally, I explore how this insight could guide feminist action in relation to two specific situations: feminism's relations to transgender issues and to reproductive freedom.
Vieillissement de la population dans la région métropolitaine de Montréal : perspectives démographiques locales
Authors: Marois Guillaume , Bélanger Alain
Published: July 2015

Cette note de recherche présente les perspectives locales pour 2031 du vieillissement de la population dans la Communauté métropolitaine de Montréal. Les résultats ont été produits par le modèle Local Demographic Simulations (LDS), qui a été développé pour projeter la population à l’échelle locale en intégrant dans ses paramètres des variables contextuelles telles que les plans d’aménagement. Deux indicateurs ont été analysés : la proportion de personnes âgées de 65 ans et plus par municipalité et le taux de croissance de cette population. Nous montrons que les municipalités sont affectées par le vieillissement de différentes manières. Plusieurs municipalités, surtout dans les banlieues en développement, connaîtront une forte croissance du nombre d’aînées causée par le vieillissement sur place des nombreuses familles qui s’installent aujourd’hui dans ces endroits. D’autres municipalités, principalement dans les anciennes banlieues où l’urbanisation est plus avancée, auront en 2031 une très forte proportion de personnes âgées, sans augmentation importante de leur nombre.
Les enfants en provenance d’Europe adoptés par l’intermédiaire de l’Agence française de l’adoption entre 2007 et 2010
Authors: Toutain Stéphanie , Dartiguenave Catherine
Published: July 2015

Depuis 2007, le nombre d’enfants étrangers proposés à l’adoption par l’intermédiaire de l’Agence française de l’adoption (AFA) évolue à la baisse : c’est aussi le cas pour les organismes autorisés à l’adoption (OAA) en France et les opérateurs en adoption internationale partout dans le monde. À cette évolution quantitative correspond une modification du profil des enfants, dont une part croissante sont des enfants dits « à besoins spécifiques ». Cet article vise à présenter le profil sociodémographique des parents français et de leurs enfants provenant d’autres pays d’Europe adoptés par l’intermédiaire de l’AFA entre 2007 et 2010.

Les résultats sont issus de l’exploitation statistique d’une des bases de données de cette agence. Deux caractéristiques majeures émergent de l’analyse du profil sociodémographique de ces parents adoptants : ils sont plus âgés et plus souvent célibataires que les autres parents adoptifs. Si les femmes célibataires se voient proposer davantage d’enfants dits « à besoins spécifiques », elles les refusent plus fréquemment, en raison vraisemblablement d’un accompagnement approfondi des familles : en tant que service public, l’Agence dispose d’une équipe composée d’un médecin et d’une psychologue exerçant à temps plein.
La consommation de psychotropes chez les enfants ayant des troubles extériorisés : portrait de la consommation et caractéristiques associées à l’initiation précoce à la cigarette, à l’alcool et au cannabis
Authors: Laventure Myriam , Lapalme Mélanie , Temcheff Caroline , Déry Michèle
Published: July 2015

La présente étude vise à (1) décrire la consommation de psychotropes chez les préadolescents présentant des troubles extériorisés et à (2) identifier les caractéristiques personnelles, familiales et sociales qui permettent de différencier ceux s’étant initiés aux psychotropes de ceux qui ne consomment pas de psychotropes. L’échantillon est composé de 194 enfants (54 filles) âgés de 9 à 11 ans qui reçoivent des services psychosociaux en milieu scolaire pour des problèmes de comportement extériorisés. À l’entrée dans l’étude, 30,4 % présentaient un trouble des conduites (TC), 56,2 % un trouble de l’opposition avec provocation (TOP) et 80,4 % un trouble déficitaire de l’attention avec hyperactivité (TDAH).

Les résultats indiquent que 41,2 % des jeunes qui présentent des troubles extériorisés se sont initiés à l’un ou l’autre des psychotropes et un sur dix s’est initié à plus d’un psychotrope avant l’âge de 12 ans. Comparés aux jeunes abstinents, les jeunes qui se sont initiés aux psychotropes présentent davantage de symptômes associés à la violation des règles et à l’anxiété. Les filles s’étant initiées précocement aux psychotropes présentent certaines caractéristiques tempéramentales que sont l’activité, l’intensité et la distractivité. Sur le plan familial, ces jeunes proviennent de milieux familiaux où les parents sont plus nombreux à abuser ou à dépendre des drogues et à présenter des conduites antisociales. Enfin, sur le plan social, si les enfants qui se sont initiés aux psychotropes ont un réseau composé d’un nombre plus élevé d’amis, ces amis s’avèrent aussi plus nombreux à être également initiés à la cigarette, à l’alcool et au cannabis. À la lumière de ces résultats, dès l’école primaire, l’intervention auprès des jeunes qui présentent des troubles de comportement extériorisés devrait inclure un processus de dépistage systématique et des actions préventives qui proposent des modèles sociaux positifs.
L’efficacité de l’entretien motivationnel dans la prévention secondaire et tertiaire de la conduite avec les capacités affaiblies par l’alcool : une revue systématique de la documentation
Authors: Ouimet Marie Claude , Averill Farah , Brown Thomas G.
Published: July 2015

La consommation d’alcool est liée à environ 30 % des collisions routières mortelles. Dans plusieurs juridictions, des programmes d’évaluation et de traitement de la consommation d’alcool chez les contrevenants sont mis en place afin de réduire leur consommation et leur récidive. De par sa forme brève, l’entretien motivationnel (EM) suscite l’intérêt du milieu clinique. Cette revue systématique de la documentation scientifique examine l’efficacité de l’EM dans la prévention secondaire et tertiaire de la conduite avec les capacités affaiblies par l’alcool (CCA) chez les contrevenants et chez les patients recrutés à la suite d’une collision routière, notamment chez les jeunes. La recherche de la documentation dans les banques de données CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsychINFO et PubMed a couvert la période de 1983 à 2014. Elle a permis d’identifier 11 essais contrôlés avec répartition aléatoire des participants dans les groupes expérimentaux ou témoins. Une évaluation des risques de biais a été effectuée à l’aide de la grille de la collaboration Cochrane. La disparité des résultats n’a pas permis le regroupement quantitatif des données. Bien que les études disponibles soient encore peu nombreuses (n = 6), les résultats sur l’efficacité de l’EM sont prometteurs chez les récidivistes et les patients recrutés en milieu hospitalier avec une consommation d’alcool problématique. De plus, quatre de ces études présentent des biais méthodologiques moyennement faibles ou faibles. Les résultats sont mixtes en ce qui a trait aux études (n = 5) portant sur les jeunes contrevenants et les contrevenants ayant commis une première infraction de CCA, sans consommation problématique d’alcool comme critère d’inclusion dans l’étude. Une seule de ces études présente des biais méthodologiques faibles. D’autres essais contrôlés avec répartition aléatoire, menés et rapportés selon les règles proposées par le Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) Statement, sont donc nécessaires afin de démontrer l’efficacité de l’EM dans la prévention secondaire et tertiaire de la CCA chez les jeunes contrevenants et les contrevenants à leur première infraction de CCA. Ils permettraient aussi de corroborer les résultats préliminaires obtenus auprès de récidivistes et de patients recrutés en milieu hospitalier.
Trauma et usage problématique de substances chez les jeunes : synthèse des travaux de recherche sur le programme Seeking Safety et projet pilote
Authors: Daoust Jean-Philippe É. , Najavits Lisa M. , Biyong Issack , Juéry Catherine , Krause Summer
Published: July 2015

Cet article porte sur le trouble concomitant état de stress post-traumatique (ÉSPT) et trouble lié à l’utilisation d’une substance (TUS) ; une réalité clinique fréquemment retrouvée chez les adultes où les traitements intégrés sont à privilégier comme modalité d’intervention. Parmi ceux-ci, le programme Seeking Safety (SS) est le plus validé empiriquement. Les preuves de son efficacité sont maintenant solides chez l’adulte et il est le seul traitement à surpasser le traitement contrôle pour l’ÉSPT et le TUS. Les travaux sur la version française sont aussi encourageants. Les jeunes, quant à eux, sont tout aussi à risque pour le type ÉSPT/TUS ; la prévalence étant estimée entre 11 % et 47 % (population générale et clinique). Bien que les impacts psychosociaux soient importants, peu de recherches portent sur les traitements intégrés pour cette clientèle. Deux études récentes mettent toutefois en évidence l’efficacité du programme SS pour les jeunes américains. Des ajustements sont d’ailleurs en cours pour adapter le programme à la réalité des adolescents et de leurs parents et pour en faciliter l’implantation. Des données préliminaires ont été récoltées auprès de jeunes canadiens-français (18 à 25 ans) qui ont bénéficié de séances d’entretien motivationnel combinées au programme SS offertes en groupe (n=6) ou en séances individuelles (n=3). Les résultats suggèrent que la version francophone du programme SS semble efficace en contexte de groupe, puisque des améliorations significatives ont été notées au niveau de la symptomatologie traumatique, de la consommation d’alcool et du fonctionnement selon l’axe 5 du DSM-IV-TR (grandes tailles d’effet). Aucune amélioration significative n’a cependant été notée pour la prestation de soins individuels et pour la consommation de drogues (DAST-20) en contexte de groupe ; bien que ces mesures semblent avoir évolué dans le sens d’un mieux-être. Cette étude suggère que la version française du programme SS est prometteuse dans le traitement de l’ÉSPT-TUS pour une population clinique de jeunes canadien-français. Des études avec groupe contrôle et un plus grand nombre de participants devront toutefois être menées pour confirmer son efficacité.
Efficacy and safety in clinical practice of a rilpivirine, tenofovir and emtricitabine single‐tablet regimen in virologically suppressed HIV‐positive patients on stable antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Gianotti Nicola , Poli Andrea , Nozza Silvia , Spagnuolo Vincenzo , Tambussi Giuseppe , Bossolasco Simona , Cinque Paola , Maillard Myriam , Cernuschi Massimo , Galli Laura , Lazzarin Adriano , Castagna Antonella
Published: July 2015

Introduction

Switching to a rilpivirine, tenofovir and emtricitabine (RTE) single‐tablet regimen (STR) has been evaluated in a limited number of virologically suppressed patients. The aim of this study was to describe clinical outcomes in HIV‐positive patients switched from a suppressive antiretroviral regimen to RTE STR in routine clinical practice.

Methods

In this retrospective study of antiretroviral‐treated patients with <50 copies of HIV RNA/mL switched to RTE STR, virological failure (VF) was defined as two consecutive measurements of ≥50 copies/mL or a single measurement of ≥50 copies/mL followed by any change in treatment. Treatment failure (TF) was defined as VF or discontinuation of the STR for any reason. Univariate mixed‐linear models were used to identify differences in laboratory parameters over time.

Results and discussion

The analysis involved 307 patients (83% males) with a median age of 45.8 years (interquartile range (IQR 39.3–50.9), who were followed up for a median of 7.4 months (IQR 4.6–10.9). VF occurred in three patients (1%) switched from a protease inhibitor (PI)‐based regimen, after a median of 2.6 months (IQR 1.6–3.0), and TF in 34 patients (11%) after a median of three months (IQR 1.4–5.8), 24 of whom (71%) were receiving a PI‐based regimen at baseline. Overall, there was a slight but statistically significant improvement in the mean monthly change from baseline in CD4+ cell counts (p=0.027), the CD4+/CD8+ ratio (p=0.0001), and Hb (p=0.024), alanine amino transferase (ALT) (p=0.009), total bilirubin (p<0.0001), indirect bilirubin (p<0.0001), total cholesterol (p<0.0001) and triglyceride (p<0.0001) levels. There was also a slight but statistically significant increase in serum creatinine (p=0.0004), aspartate amino transferase (AST) (p=0.001) and liver fibrosis index (FIB‐4) (p=0.002), and a decrease in eGFRcreat (p<0.0001) and high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (p<0.0001) values. The study limitations include its retrospective design, the relatively short follow‐up, and the absence of data concerning the severity of clinical adverse events; however, it does provide new information concerning the laboratory changes that occur in patients switching from PI‐based or PI‐sparing regimens to RTE STR.

Conclusions

The study findings confirm the efficacy and safety in clinical practice of switching to RTE STR in virologically suppressed patients receiving other antiretrovirals.
Simulation of the effects of aerosol on mixed‐phase orographic clouds using the WRF model with a detailed bin microphysics scheme
Authors: Xiao Hui , Yin Yan , Jin Lianji , Chen Qian , Chen Jinghua
Published: July 2015

The Weather Research Forecast (WRF) mesoscale model coupled with a detailed bin microphysics scheme is used to investigate the impact of aerosol particles serving as cloud condensation nuclei and ice nuclei on orographic clouds and precipitation. A mixed‐phase orographic cloud developed under two scenarios of aerosol (a typical continental background and a relatively polluted urban condition) and ice nuclei over an idealized mountain is simulated. The results show that, when the initial aerosol condition is changed from the relatively clean case to the polluted scenario, more droplets are activated, leading to a delay in precipitation, but the precipitation amount over the terrain is increased by about 10%. A detailed analysis of the microphysical processes indicates that ice‐phase particles play an important role in cloud development, and their contribution to precipitation becomes more important with increasing aerosol particle concentrations. The growth of ice‐phase particles through riming and Wegener‐Bergeron‐Findeisen regime is more effective under more polluted conditions, mainly due to the increased number of droplets with a diameter of 10–30 µm. Sensitivity tests also show that a tenfold increase in the concentration of ice crystals formed from ice nucleation leads to about 7% increase in precipitation, and the sensitivity of the precipitation to changes in the concentration and size distribution of aerosol particles is becoming less pronounced when the concentration of ice crystals is also increased.
Improved detection of preeruptive seismic velocity drops at the Piton de La Fournaise volcano
Authors: Rivet Diane , Brenguier Florent , Cappa Frédéric
Published: July 2015

The unexpected 2014 and 2015 Ontake (Japan) and Calbuco (Chile) eruptions proved that improving volcanic eruption prediction is still a great challenge. Decreases of seismic velocities of the Piton de la Fournaise volcano inferred from seismic noise correlations have been shown to precede eruptions. However, seismic velocities are strongly influenced by rainfall and subsequent pore pressure perturbations. Here we increase the detection of precursory seismic velocity changes to an eruption by removing the effects of pore pressure changes. During 2011–2013, the volcano exhibits a low eruptive activity during which we observe seismic velocity variations well correlated with rainfall episodes. We estimated the transfer function between fluid pressure and seismic velocity changes. We use these results to correct seismic velocity change time series for pore pressure changes, due to rainfall and found a preeruptive velocity drop (0.15%) associated with the 21 June 2014 eruption that was undetected before correction.
What hindered the El Niño pattern in 2014?
Authors: Min Qingye , Su Jingzhi , Zhang Renhe , Rong Xinyao
Published: July 2015

At the beginning of 2014, an El Niño event was predicted to occur in the following winter. However, the El Niño that started to develop in 2014 was hindered in the boreal summer, and only the ocean reached a weak El Niño condition. This outcome was largely attributed to a suppressed ocean‐atmosphere interaction caused by anomalous easterly winds in the eastern equatorial Pacific. These winds were related to negative sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) in the southeastern subtropical Pacific (SESP). The negative phase of the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) laid the foundation for the persistence of cooler SSTAs and enhanced trade winds in the SESP after the year 2000. As the recent IPO downward trend continued, the SSTAs in SESP reached an extremely low value in the boreal summer of 2014 and imposed a serious obstacle to the evolution of a warming event.
Evidence for stratospheric sudden warming effects on the upper thermosphere derived from satellite orbital decay data during 1967–2013
Authors: Yamazaki Yosuke , Kosch Michael J. , Emmert John T.
Published: July 2015

We investigate possible impact of stratospheric sudden warmings (SSWs) on the thermosphere by using long‐term data of the global average thermospheric total mass density derived from satellite orbital drag during 1967–2013. Residuals are analyzed between the data and empirical Global Average Mass Density Model (GAMDM) that takes into account density variability due to solar activity, season, geomagnetic activity, and long‐term trend. A superposed epoch analysis of 37 SSW events reveals a density reduction of 3–7% at 250–575 km around the time of maximum polar vortex weakening. The relative density perturbation is found to be greater at higher altitudes. The temperature perturbation is estimated to be −7.0 K at 400 km. We show that the density reduction can arise from enhanced wave forcing from the lower atmosphere.
Formation and evolution of high‐plasma‐pressure region in the near‐Earth plasma sheet: Precursor and postcursor of substorm expansion onset
Authors: Yao Y. , Ebihara Y. , Tanaka T.
Published: July 2015

Cause of substorm expansion onset is one of the major problems in the magnetospheric study. On the basis of a global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation, Tanaka et al. (2010) suggested that formation and evolution of a high‐pressure region (HPR) in the near‐Earth plasma sheet could result in sudden intensification of the Region 1 field‐aligned current and the westward auroral electrojet. In this sense, the formation and evolution of the HPR are a key in understanding the cause of the onset. On 5 April 2009, three probes of the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) were located at XGSM~−11 Re around the equator, which provide unique opportunity to investigate the spatial‐temporal evolution of the HPR near the substorm expansion onset. Just before the onset, a positive excursion of the plasma pressure appeared at the outermost probe first, followed by the inner ones. Just after the onset, the opposite sequence took place. A positive excursion of the Y component of the current density was observed near the onset by the THEMIS probes and followed by a decrease trend. A similar variation was also found in the MHD simulation. All these features are consistent with the simulation result that a squeeze of the plasma from the plasma sheet results in the formation of the HPR before the onset and that the accumulated plasma spreads outward after the onset. The HPR is shown to be important for the dynamics of the magnetosphere during a substorm.
Preservation and detectability of shock‐induced magnetization
Authors: Tikoo Sonia M. , Gattacceca Jérôme , Swanson‐Hysell Nicholas L. , Weiss Benjamin P. , Suavet Clément , Cournède Cécile
Published: July 2015

An understanding of the effects of hypervelocity impacts on the magnetization of natural samples is required for interpreting paleomagnetic records of meteorites, lunar rocks, and cratered planetary surfaces. Rocks containing ferromagnetic minerals have been shown to acquire shock remanent magnetization (SRM) due to the passage of a shock wave in the presence of an ambient magnetic field. In this study, we conducted pressure remanent magnetization (PRM) acquisition experiments on a variety of natural samples as an analog for SRM acquisition at pressures ranging up to 1.8 GPa. Comparison of the alternating field (AF) and thermal demagnetization behavior of PRM confirms that AF demagnetization is a more efficient method for removing SRM overprints than thermal demagnetization because SRM may persist to unblocking temperatures approaching the Curie temperatures of magnetic minerals. The blocking of SRM to high temperatures suggests that SRM could persist without being eradicated by viscous relaxation over geologic timescales. However, SRM has been rarely observed in natural samples likely because of two factors: (1) other forms of impact‐related remanence (e.g., thermal remanent magnetization from impact‐related heating or chemical remanent magnetization from postimpact hydrothermal activity) are often acquired by target rocks that overprint SRM, and (2) low SRM acquisition efficiencies may prevent SRM from being distinguished from the underlying primary remanence or other overprints due to its low magnetization intensity.
Relationship of dayside main layer ionosphere height to local solar time on Mars and implications for solar wind interaction influence
Authors: Zhang Zhenfei , Orosei Roberto , Huang Qian , Zhang Jie
Published: July 2015

To understand the influence of solar wind on the daytime main layer ionosphere of Mars, we investigated the local solar time (LST) variations of three characteristic heights of the ionosphere, namely, the heights of the 1 MHz and 1.5 MHz reflection points (i.e., 1.24 × 1010 m−3 and 2.79 × 1010 m−3 isodensity contours, respectively) and the density peak. We used a total of 19,996 Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionosphere Sounding observations distributed on the northern hemisphere, with solar zenith angle ≤80°, acquired from June 2005 to October 2013. We exploited the kernel partial least squares regression method to extract the nonlinear relationships of the heights to LST and a few other variables. The average height of the 1 MHz reflection point decreased from ~218 km at 10:00 A.M. to ~206 km at 16:00 P.M. local time; the height of the 1.5 MHz reflection point decreased simultaneously from ~190 km to ~181 km. These decreasing trends are in contrast to the LST variation of the density peak height, which increased from ~128 km to ~137 km over the same LST interval. Based on these findings and previous results, we suggest that the solar wind may penetrate the Martian ionosphere down to altitudes of about 50 km above the main density peak and may, in conjunction with the asymmetric draping of the interplanetary magnetic field, compress the upper part of the main ionosphere layer on the P.M. side ~10 km more than on the A.M. side.
Sensitivity of flowering phenology to changing temperature in China
Authors: Zhang Haicheng , Yuan Wenping , Liu Shuguang , Dong Wenjie , Fu Yang
Published: July 2015

Plant phenology is one of the preferred indicators of climate change, and its variation potentially impacts community dynamics and ecosystem functions. To better understand the responses of plants' flowering phenology to rising temperatures, we investigated the temperature sensitivity (expressed as the date of changes in phenology per change in temperature in degree Celsius, d °C−1) of flowering phenology for more than 220 plant species at 59 sites in China during the period 1963–1988. Our results indicated that most flowerings in China were significantly sensitive to the temperature in the 2 months (60 days) prior to the flowering dates. Plants in warmer regions showed larger sensitivities to increased temperatures. Species flowering in the late spring and early summer were generally less sensitive to changing temperature than species flowering at other times of the year. For plants flowering in the spring, species that flower earlier showed higher temperature sensitivity; however, for plants flowering in the summer and autumn, species that flower earlier showed lower temperature sensitivity. The responses of the first and last flowering times to changing temperature were mostly consistent, so flowering durations were rarely (6.1%) sensitive to changing temperature. We hypothesize that plants in cold regions may have adapted to the more variable temperatures and thus showed lower temperature sensitivities than plants in warm regions. Overall, the responses of flowering phenology to temperature varied significantly among temperature zones and plant species, so it should be considered carefully when estimating the impacts of climate warming on the terrestrial biosphere.
Holophaga
Authors: Thrash J. Cameron , Coates John D.
Published: July 2015

Ho.lo'pha.ga. Gr. adj.
holos
entire; Gr. v.
phagein
to eat; N.L. fem. n.
Holophaga
eating it all.

Acidobacteria / Holophagae / Holophagales / Holophagaceae / Holophaga

Rod‐shaped cells
, 0.5–0.7 µm × 1–3 µm. Gram‐stain‐negative. Nonphotosynthetic. Nonsporeforming. Anaerobic, having
strictly anaerobic
metabolism that is
obligately fermentative
. Ferments trimethoxybenzoate and syringate to dimethylsulfide and methanediol. Ferments pyruvate and trihydroxybenzenes such as pyrogallol and gallate, as well as methylated derivatives of hydroxybenzene including 3,4,5‐trimethoxybenzoate (TMB). Aromatics are fermented to acetate. Optimal growth is at 28–32°C. No growth below 10°C or above 35°C. Optimum growth from pH 6.8 to 7.5. No growth below pH 5.5 or above pH 8.0. Growth with NaCl from 0.1 to 1.5%. Nonmotile. Contains
c
‐type cytochromes.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 62.5.

Type species
:
Holophaga foetida
Liesack, Bak, Kreft and Stackebrandt 1995, 197
VP
(Effective publication: Liesack, Bak, Kreft and Stackebrandt 1994, 89.).