bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Southwest New World Island stratigraphy: new fossil data, new implications for the history of the Central Mobile Belt, Newfoundland
Authors: Elliott Colleen G. , Barnes Christopher R. , Williams Paul F.
Published: January 2011

The identification of fossils from 16 new localities on southwestern New World Island has resulted in the refinement and simplification of local stratigraphy and in the correlation of rock units across an intensely deformed area. Complex stratigraphic classifications of earlier workers are replaced by a simpler scheme consisting of four formations: the Summerford Formation (oldest), Rogers Cove Formation, Sansom Formation, and Goldson Formation. Mélange units are fault related and cannot be included in the stratigraphy. Fossil and lithological data provided here confirm previous indications that the rocks of the Summerford Formation are the remains of a long-lived volcanic-island complex. This complex is overlain by a markedly diachronous coarsening-upwards sequence of marine clastic sediments, now represented by the Rogers Cove, Sansom, and Goldson formations.The new stratigraphic data, combined with structural evidence, indicate that the stratigraphy is repeated across several bedding-parallel faults. Significant diachroneity of formation boundaries and the absence of syndepositional high-angle faults suggest deposition in one large mid-Paleozoic basin rather than in a number of small dynamic basins.
Late Quaternary chronology and environments of Square Lake, Torngat Mountains, Labrador
Authors: Clark Peter U. , Short Susan K. , Williams Kerstin M. , Andrews John T.
Published: January 2011

Sediment, pollen, and diatom records from Square Lake, a small lake dammed by a segment of Saglek Moraine, cover the period of deposition of and deglaciation from the Saglek Moraine. The basal radiocarbon date (18 210 ± 1900 years BP) is on sediment contaminated by reworked pollen and is thus a maximum age. However, the date was measured on organic carbon recovered from glaciolacustrine couplets associated with deposition of the Saglek Moraine and thus establishes a Late Wisconsinan age for the Saglek Moraine. Vegetation on the ice-free upland surrounding Square Lake at this time was a sparse tundra vegetation dominated by grasses and herbs. The absence of diatoms indicates perennial lake-ice cover. A major transition is recorded by pollen and diatoms at > 8.5 ka. Vegetation probably remained sparse tundra, but birch and willow may have arrived in the area by 8 ka. Diatoms are first dominated by alkaliphil species, reflecting continued influence of glaciolacustrine sedimentation. An abrupt change in depositional environment ≥ 8 ka indicates ice retreat from the Saglek Moraine and start of nonglacial lacustrine sedimentation that has continued to the present. This was accompanied by an increase in organic matter, reflecting the newly established rich shrub tundra. At this time the diatoms also change, suggesting development of acidic organic soils around the lake. At 7.5 ka, diatoms indicate continued evolution of water chemistry and nutrient availability in the lake. Diatom concentrations and transfer function analyses of the pollen record identify the Holocene climatic optimum at 6.5 ka in the southern Torngat Mountains. The modern diatom flora was established at that time, but a decrease in diatom concentrations and estimated July temperatures suggest climatic deterioration in the area since 6.5 ka.
The early Archaean Nulliak (supracrustal) assemblage, northern Labrador
Authors: Nutman A. P. , Fryer B. J. , Bridgwater D.
Published: January 2011

The Nulliak (supracrustal) assemblage, the remains of ca. 3800 Ma succession of volcanic and sedimentary rocks, was broken up by intrusion of the protoliths of the early Archaean Uivak orthogneisses and then deformed, metamorphosed, and variably metasomatised several times under upper amphibolite to granulite facies conditions in the Archaean. Amphibolites of "komatiitic basalt" and tholeiitic chemical affinity are the most important Nulliak assemblage lithologies. High Al2O3 metagabbroic rocks and anorthosites also occur. Interlayered with the amphibolites are marbles, calc-silicate rocks, and banded iron formation, interpreted as chemical sediments that were probably laid down in a shallow-water environment. Also found are felsic rocks probably derived by reworking of penecontemporaneous felsic volcanic rocks, and garnet- and sillimanite-bearing paragneisses derived from pelites. All these lithologies are randomly interlayered on a scale down to 1 m or less. The occurrence of 3850 – 3900 Ma cores for zircons in the surrounding polyphase Uivak gneisses suggests there may be an ancient sialic component in them, which could possibly represent basement upon which at least part of the Nulliak assemblage formed.
Paleomagnetism of the Maringouin and Shepody formations, New Brunswick: a Namurian magnetic stratigraphy
Authors: DiVenere V. J. , Opdyke N. D.
Published: January 2011

Two hundred thirty-five oriented cores were taken in a stratigraphic sequence of 575 m of red sediments from the Namurian Maringouin and Shepody formations. These samples were taken from the south-dipping limb of the Maringouin Anticline on the Maringouin Peninsula in eastern New Brunswick. An additional 59 samples of the Maringouin and Shepody formations were taken from the north-dipping limb for separate fold tests. Progressive thermal demagnetization to temperatures as high as 700 °C permitted the resolution of an intermediate-temperature, syn-folding B component and a high-temperature, pre-folding C component. The C-component mean for the Maringouin Formation yields a north paleopole at 32.4°N, 121.3°E. The Shepody Formation mean yields a paleopole at 35.7°N, 124.3°E. The circles of confidence (α95) for the Maringouin and Shepody formations are 3.8 °and 4.6°, respectively. Plotting sample polarity versus stratigraphie position yields the first coherent magnetic stratigraphy from the late Paleozoic of North America, with five discrete reversed-polarity and five discrete normal-polarity zones. The magnetic field in Namurian times had approximately 50% normal and 50% reversed polarity.
ON THE ABSENCE OF PENTAQUARK STATES FROM DYNAMICS IN STRONGLY COUPLED LATTICE QCD
Authors: FARIA DA VEIGA PAULO A. , O'CARROLL MICHAEL , FRANCISCO NETO ANTÔNIO , DOS ANJOS PETRUS H. R.
Published: January 2011

We consider an imaginary time functional integral formulation of a two-flavor, 3+1 lattice QCD model with Wilson's action and in the strong coupling regime (with a small hopping parameter, κ > 0, and a much smaller plaquette coupling, [Formula: see text], so that the quarks and glueballs are heavy). The model has local SU (3)c gauge and global SU (2)f flavor symmetries, and incorporates the corresponding part of the eightfold way particles: baryons (mesons) of asymptotic mass ≈-3 ln κ(≈-2 ln κ). We search for pentaquark states as meson–baryon bound states in the energy–momentum spectrum of the model, using a lattice Bethe–Salpeter equation. This equation is solved within a ladder approximation, given by the lowest nonvanishing order in κ and β of the Bethe–Salpeter kernel. It includes order κ2 contributions with a [Formula: see text] exchange potential together with a contribution that is a local-in-space, energy-dependent potential. The attractive or repulsive nature of the exchange interaction depends on the spin of the meson–baryon states. The Bethe–Salpeter equation presents integrable singularities, forcing the couplings to be above a threshold value for the meson and the baryon to bind in a pentaquark. We analyzed all the total isospin sectors, I = 1/2, 3/2, 5/2, for the system. For all I, the net attraction resulting from the two sources of interaction is not strong enough for the meson and the baryon to bind. Thus, within our approximation, these pentaquark states are not present up to near the free meson–baryon energy threshold of ≈-5 ln κ. This result is to be contrasted with the spinless case for which our method detects meson–baryon bound states, as well as for Yukawa effective baryon and meson field models. A physical interpretation of our results emerges from an approximate correspondence between meson–baryon bound states and negative energy states of a one-particle lattice Schrödinger Hamiltonian.
SIZE-DEPENDENT UPCONVERSION PROPERTIES OF Er3+ DOPED NANO Y2O3 PARTICLES
Authors: XIAO SIGUO , YANG XIAOLIANG
Published: January 2011

Size-dependent upconversion properties for Er 3+-doped Y 2 O 3 nano-crystal have been investigated. The investigation shows that the reduction of the particle size intensifies the hypersensitive 2 H 11/2 → 4 I 15/2 transition, decreasing the intensity ratio of the 4 S 3/2 → 4 I 15/2 transition to the 2 H 11/2 → 4 I 15/2 one. The enhanced non-radiative decay probability and the intensified energy transfers in the small particles also enhance the population of the 4 F 9/2 level, leading to the increase of the intensity ratio of the red to the green one. It is believed that the absorbed hydroxyl and carbonate groups on the surface as well as the lowered symmetry of the local surroundings of the doped Er 3+ ions near the surface result in the size-dependent luminescence properties in the nano-crystal.
Magnetic Characterizations of Sol‐Gel‐Produced Mn‐Doped ZnO
Authors: Asmatulu R. , Haynes H. , Shinde M. , Lin Y. H. , Chen Y. Y. , Ho J. C.
Published: January 2011

Nanoparticles of ZnO doped with 6 at.% Mn were produced by a sol‐gel method. X‐ray diffraction confirms the hexagonal structure as that of the parent compound ZnO, and high‐resolution electron transmission microscopy reveals a single‐crystallite lattice. Magnetic measurements using a superconducting quantum interference device indicate that about one half of the Mn2+ ions follow Curie′s law for paramagnetism. The remaining Mn2+ ions exhibit a weak ferromagnetic character, which might be induced through canted antiferromagnetic interactions.
Analysis of Acoustic Cavitation Surge in a Rocket Engine Turbopump
Authors: Nanri Hideaki , Kannan Hiroki , Tani Naoki , Yoshida Yoshiki
Published: January 2011

In a liquid rocket engine, cavitation in an inducer of a turbopump sometimes causes instability phenomena when the inducer is operated at low inlet pressure. Cavitation surge (auto-oscillation), one such instability phenomenon, has been discussed mainly based on an inertia model assuming incompressible flow. When this model is used, the frequency of the cavitation surge decreases continuously as the inlet pressure of the turbopump decreases. However, we obtained an interesting experimental result in which the frequency of cavitation surge varied discontinuously. Therefore, we employed one-dimensional analysis based on an acoustic model in which the fluid is assumed to be compressible. The analytical result qualitatively corresponded with the experimental result.
A Case of Treatment Resistant Depression and Alcohol Abuse in a Person with Mental Retardation: Response to Aripiprazole and Fluvoxamine Therapy upon Consideration of a Bipolar Diathesis after Repetitive Failure to Respond to Multiple Antidepressant Trials
Authors: Fornaro Michele , Ciampa Giovanni , Mosti Nicola , Del Carlo Alessandra , Ceraudo Giuseppe , Colicchio Salvatore
Published: January 2011

Mental Retardation (MR) is a developmental disability characterized by impairments in adaptive daily life skills and difficulties in social and interpersonal functioning. Since multiple causes may contribute to MR, associated clinical pictures may vary accordingly. Nevertheless, when psychiatric disorders as Treatment Resistant Depression (TRD) and/or alcohol abuse co-exist, their proper detection and management is often troublesome, essentially due to a limited vocabulary MR people could use to describe their symptoms, feelings and concerns, and the lack of reliable screening tools. Furthermore, MR people are among the most medicated subjects, with (over) prescription of antidepressants and/or typical antipsychotics being the rule rather than exception. Thus, treatment resistance or even worsening of depression, constitute frequent occurrences. This report describes the case of a person with MR who failed to respond to repetitive trials of antidepressant monotherapies, finally recovering using aripiprazole to fluvoxamine augmentation upon consideration of a putative bipolar diathesis for “agitated” TRD. Although further controlled investigations are needed to assess a putative bipolar diathesis in some cases of MR associated to TRD, prudence is advised in the long-term prescription of antidepressant monotherapies in such conditions.
Thermal Radiation and MHD Effects on Free Convective Flow of a Polar Fluid through a Porous Medium in the Presence of Internal Heat Generation and Chemical Reaction
Authors: Mohamed R. A. , Abo-Dahab S. M. , Nofal T. A.
Published: January 2011

An analysis is presented to study the MHD free convection
with thermal radiation and mass transfer of polar fluid through a porous medium occupying a semi‐infinite region of the space bounded by an infinite vertical porous plate with constant suction velocity in the presence of chemical reaction, internal heat source, viscous and Darcy′s dissipation.
The highly nonlinear coupled differential equations governing the boundary layer flow, heat, and mass transfer are solved by using a two‐term perturbation method with Eckert number E as a perturbation parameter. The results are obtained for velocity, angular velocity, temperature, concentration, skin friction, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number. The effect of various material parameters on flow, heat, and mass transfer variables is discussed and illustrated graphically.
Patterns of Pain and Functional Improvement in Patients with Bone Metastases after Conventional External Beam Radiotherapy and a Telephone Validation Study
Authors: Zeng Liang , Sahgal Arjun , Zhang Liying , Koo Kaitlin , Holden Lori , Jon Florencia , Tsao May , Barnes Elizabeth , Danjoux Cyril , Dennis Kristopher , Khan Luluel , Chow Edward
Published: January 2011

Patients experiencing lower body pain resulting from bone metastases have greater levels of functional interference than those with upper body pain. The purpose of this study was to assess the levels of interference caused by pain after treatment with conventional radiotherapy using the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) and to validate this tool for telephone use. After radiotherapy, a total of 159, 129, and 106 patients completed the BPI over the telephone at months 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Cronbach's alpha, confirmatory factor analysis, and discriminant validity tests were performed to assess the validity of the BPI. One-way ANOVA was used to compare BPI scores. There was no statistically significant difference in functional interference among patients after treatment. Internal consistency of the BPI was high. Functional interference may be inherently higher in patients with pain in the lower body. Telephone use of the BPI is reliable and recommended in this population.
Huge Interatrial Septal Aneurysm: A Coincidental but Rather Fatal Finding
Authors: Tzimas Petros , Papadopoulos Georgios
Published: January 2011

We report the case of a patient with a huge interatrial septal aneurysm as an intraoperative coincidental finding that led to a fatal outcome. The patient was admitted to our hospital in order to undergo elective coronary artery bypass grafting because he suffered from severe coronary artery disease. We intraoperatively diagnosed by transesophageal echocardiography a huge interatrial septal aneurysm mimicking a right atrial tumor. The aneurysm was initially resected and then coronary artery bypass grafting was successfully performed but the patient never achieved a successful separation from cardiopulmonary bypass probably because of massive embolic events.
Gender-Specific Predictors of Functional Outcome after Stroke Rehabilitation: Potential Role of the Autonomic Nervous System
Authors: Bassi Andrea , Colivicchi Furio , Santini Massimo , Caltagirone Carlo
Published: January 2011

The aim of this study was to assess the impact of cardiac autonomic derangement on gender-associated functional outcome of patients with subacute ischemic stroke undergoing a hospital-based rehabilitation program. The study population included 126 consecutive first-ever stroke survivors (mean age 59.7 ± 11.6 years). Time-domain measures of heart rate variability (HRV) by 24-hour Holter monitoring (HM) were considered in all cases. By the end of the rehabilitation program an unfavorable functional outcome with dependency (Barthel Index score of <75) was found in 27 men (40.3%) and in 31 women (52.5%; p = 0.168). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that high age, low Barthel Index score and low Rankin Scale score on admission were independent predictors of an unfavorable functional outcome in both men and women. The standard deviation of normal-to-normal RR intervals on HM was an independent predictor of rehabilitation outcome only in men (OR 15.29, 95% CI 2.47–46.58, p = 0.001). The presence of insular damage on neuroimaging studies was independently associated with an unfavorable functional outcome only in female (OR 18.89, 95% CI 2.34–71.4, p = 0.006). HRV does not predict functional outcome after rehabilitation in women. Instead, insular damage appears to have a role in determining the final results of rehabilitation in women but not in men.
Combination of Hippocampal Volume and Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers Improves Predictive Value in Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Eckerström C. , Andreasson U. , Olsson E. , Rolstad S. , Blennow K. , Zetterberg H. , Malmgren H. , Edman Å. , Wallin A.
Published: January 2011

Background: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a heterogeneous condition, and the prognosis differs within the group. Recent findings suggest that hippocampal volumetry and CSF biomarkers can be used to predict which MCI patients have an underlying neurodegenerative disorder. Objective: To examine the combined predictive value of hippocampal volume and CSF levels of total tau (T-tau) and β-amyloid42 (Aβ42) in stable and converting MCI patients. The participants (n = 68) included patients with MCI at baseline and who converted to dementia by the time of the 2-year follow-up (n = 21), stable MCI patients (n = 21) and healthy controls (n = 26). Methods: The Göteborg MCI study is a clinically based longitudinal study with biannual clinical assessments. Hippocampal volumetry was performed manually, based on data from the 0.5-tesla MRI investigations at baseline. Baseline CSF levels of T-tau and Aβ42 were measured using commercially available, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Results: The converting MCI group had significantly smaller left hippocampi, lower CSF Aβ42 and higher T-tau compared to both the stable MCI group and the healthy controls. Multivariate analysis revealed that a combination of the variables outperformed the prognostic ability of the separate variables. Conclusions: Hippocampal volumes supplement the prognostic accuracy of CSF Aβ42 and T-tau in MCI.
A Population Estimate of Blue-Eyed Black Lemurs in Ankarafa Forest, Sahamalaza-Iles Radama National Park, Madagascar
Authors: Sylviane M. , Volampeno N. , Masters Judith C. , Downs Colleen T.
Published: January 2011

The critically endangered blue-eyed black lemur (Eulemur flavifrons) has one of the smallest distributions of any lemur, occurring only in the north-western forests of Madagascar. We report the results of a population estimate of this taxon in part of the Ankarafa Forest, Sahamalaza-Iles Radama National Park, a dry deciduous forest. We collected data between September 2007 and February 2008 using a total count method with marked individuals and known groups. In all, 228 individuals comprising 29 groups were counted. Group sizes ranged from 4 to 11 individuals with a mean of 8 ± 1.8. We estimated population density to be 1.0 individual/ha or 97.3 individuals/km2 for our study area, which is higher than previous estimates reported for Ankarafa and other sites within the Sahamalaza Peninsula. Our mean group size, however, was similar to those determined in previous studies. Both group size and density of the blue-eyed black lemur were higher within the National Park than in previous studies outside the Park.
The Impact of Residual Renal Function on Hospitalization and Mortality in Incident Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Brener Zachary Z. , Thijssen Stephan , Kotanko Peter , Kuhlmann Martin K. , Bergman Michael , Winchester James F. , Levin Nathan W.
Published: January 2011

Background/Aims: Few data are available on the impact of residual renal function (RRF) on mortality and hospitalization in hemodialysis (HD) patients. The objective of our study was to compare clinical outcomes for HD patients with and without RRF. Methods: In a cohort of 118 incident HD patients with RRF (n = 51) and without RRF (n = 67) who started dialysis in a single center, we recorded demographics, laboratory data, medication, hospitalizations and mortality. Results: Patients without RRF were older (p = 0.007), had lower baseline serum albumin levels (p = 0.002) and spent 18.6 more days in hospital per year than those with RRF (p = 0.055). Mean survival time was significantly lower in patients without RRF (p = 0.027). In a Cox proportional hazards model, only RRF remained as a significant independent predictor. Conclusions: RRF is associated with significantly reduced mortality and hospital days, but does not decrease the hospitalization rate and time to first hospitalization.
Tamoxifen Downregulates Connective Tissue Growth Factor to Ameliorate Peritoneal Fibrosis
Authors: Huang Jenq-Wen , Yen Chung-Jen , Wu Hon-Yen , Chiang Chih-Kang , Cheng Hui-Teng , Lien Yu-Chung , Hung Kuan-Yu , Tsai Tun-Jun
Published: January 2011

Peritoneal fibrosis (PF), including simple sclerosis and encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS), is a serious complication in patients on long-term peritoneal dialysis. Tamoxifen has successfully been used in treating EPS; however, the mechanism of tamoxifen in treating EPS fibrosis disorders remains unclear. This study demonstrates a possible antifibrotic mechanism of tamoxifen. A bleach-induced PF rat model was applied as the in vivo treatment target. Tamoxifen was intraperitoneally injected daily to treat PF. The PF scores and thickness of the submesothelial zone over the liver surface were measured as indicators for the severity of PF. Human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMC) were used as an in vitro model to test the antifibrotic effect of tamoxifen. Gene expressions of transforming growth factors-β (TGF-β), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and collagen were investigated using quantitative polymerase chain reactions. In HPMC, tamoxifen showed paradoxical effects between collagen I and TGF-β. Tamoxifen also inhibited TGF-β-induced collagen and CTGF. The possible antifibrotic effect of tamoxifen is through inhibiting CTGF to block collagen synthesis, although it enhances TGF-β which increases fibrosis. These results provide a possible molecular mechanism for tamoxifen.
The Role of Overweight and Obesity in the Cardiorenal Syndrome
Authors: Sowers James R. , Whaley-Connell Adam , Hayden Melvin R.
Published: January 2011

The presence of a group of interactive maladaptive factors including hypertension, insulin resistance, metabolic dyslipidemia, obesity, microalbuminuria, and/or reduced renal function constitute the cardiorenal metabolic syndrome (CRS). Overweight, obesity, and chronic kidney disease (CKD) have grown to pandemic proportions in industrialized countries during the past decade. The fact that these interactive factors promote heart and renal disease has been documented in large population-based studies. Obesity seems to be the driving force behind the development of heart disease and CKD and therefore the CRS. The relationship between overweight/obesity and kidney disease begins in early childhood and appears to be related to overconsumption of high-fructose corn syrup and insufficient physical activity. Today, 13 million children are obese, and over 70% of these children are likely to become obese adults. Indeed, approximately 30% of male and 34% of female adults in the United States are obese. This lifestyle-related epidemic will be a major societal medical and economic problem that will accentuate the current epidemic of CKD in the United States and other industrialized and emerging industrialized countries. In this article, we will review the potential mechanisms by which obesity and other metabolic abnormalities interact to promote heart and progressive kidney disease.
Polymorphisms of Hypoxia-Related Genes in Subjects Susceptible to Acute Mountain Sickness
Authors: Ding Hui , Liu Qiuling , Hua Minglei , Ding Mengjiang , Du Haike , Zhang Weilong , Li Zengde , Zhang Jianpeng
Published: January 2011

Background: The occurrence of acute mountain sickness (AMS), which develops in some individuals who ascend to altitudes above 2,500 m, may be associated with 4 hypoxia-related genes (HIF-1, VEGFA, HSP-70 and eNOS). Objectives: The aim of our study was to investigate the potential role of the 4 hypoxia-related genes in AMS pathogenesis. We therefore evaluated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the genes in an association study using a case-control design. Methods: At an altitude of 4,600 m, 64 male Chinese patients with AMS, defined according to the Lake Louise consensus criteria, were compared to 64 Chinese men free of symptoms of AMS. Clinical data, such as age, history of diseases, oxygen saturation (SpO2) and heart rate, were obtained. Genotypes of selected SNPs of these genes in patients were compared with those in controls. Results: The mean SpO2 and heart rate of the AMS and control groups were similar before ascent to high altitude (p = 0.79, p = 0.62) but, 24 h after ascent, the mean SpO2 of the AMS group was significantly lower than that of the control group (p = 0.001), and the mean heart rate of the AMS group was significantly higher than that of the control group (p = 0.001). Twenty-eight of the 48 SNPs investigated were successfully genotyped, and SNP allele frequencies were obtained. The rs3025039 SNP and the haplotype (rs1413711, rs833070 and rs3025000) in the VEGFA gene were significantly associated with AMS (p = 0.0435 and 0.024, respectively). Conclusions: Our study demonstrates a possible association between the VEGFA gene and AMS. We conclude that VEGFA may have an important role in the AMS process.
Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Predicts Chronic Kidney Disease Awareness in the Kidney Early Evaluation Program
Authors: Whaley-Connell Adam , Bomback Andrew S. , McFarlane Samy I. , Li Suying , Roberts Tricia , Chen Shu-Cheng , Collins Allan J. , Norris Keith , Bakris George L. , Sowers James R. , McCullough Peter A. ,   on behalf of the Kidney Early Evaluation Program Investigators
Published: January 2011

Aims: Lack of chronic kidney disease (CKD) awareness is common. Recent data suggest that the presence of concurrent diabetes may heighten CKD awareness, but current data have not supported the hypothesis that healthcare delivery or insurance status improves awareness in the diabetic population. Diabetes is associated with high cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity, especially in patients with CKD. We hypothesized that a highly prevalent co-morbid condition such as CVD in patients with diabetes would predict CKD awareness. Methods: We utilized data from theNational Kidney Foundation-Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEPTM), a large screening program designed to identify high-risk individuals for CKD and promote awareness. Results: Among 77,077 participants, CKD was identified in 20,200 and diabetes in 23,082. Prevalence of CVD was higher in participants with than without diabetes (39.5 vs. 22.0%) and in stage 3–5 compared to stage 1–2 CKD (43.3 vs. 34.4%). Patients with diabetes and CVD had a higher level of awareness than those without diabetes (8.2 vs. 2.2%). Among patients with diabetes and CVD, the presence of congestive heart failure was a better predictor of awareness [odds ratio (OR) 1.84; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.40–2.43] than endpoints such as myocardial infarction or stroke [OR 1.35 (95% CI 1.04–1.73) and OR 1.34 (95% CI 1.04–1.72), respectively]. Conclusions: While prevalence of CKD awareness remained low, our data suggest that in patients with diabetes the presence of CVD was associated with increased awareness in a targeted screening program for CKD awareness.
Validation of a Transcutaneous CO2 Monitor in Adult Patients with Chronic Respiratory Failure
Authors: Hazenberg A. , Zijlstra J.G. , Kerstjens H.A.M. , Wijkstra P.J.
Published: January 2011

Background: Home mechanical ventilation is usually started in hospital as arterial blood gas sampling is deemed necessary to monitor CO2 and O2 adequately during institution of ventilatory support. A non-invasive device to reliably measure CO2 transcutaneously would alleviate the need for high care settings for measurement and open the possibility for home registration. Objectives: In this study we investigated whether the TOSCA® transcutaneous CO2 (PtcCO2) measurements, performed continuously during the night, reliably reflect arterial CO2 (PaCO2) measurements in adults with chronic respiratory failure. Methods: Paired measurements were taken in 15 patients hospitalised to evaluate their blood gas exchange. Outcomes were compared 30 min, 2, 4, 6 and 8 h after attaching the sensor to the earlobe. A maximum difference of 1.0 kPa and 95% limits of agreement (LOA) of 1 kPa between CO2 pressure measurements, following the analysis by Bland and Altman, were determined as acceptable. Results: Mean PtcCO2 was 0.4 kPa higher (LOA –0.48 to 1.27 kPa) than mean PaCO2 after 30 min. These figures were 0.6 kPa higher (LOA –0.60 to 1.80 kPa) after 4 h, with a maximum of 0.72 kPa (LOA 0.35 to 1.79 kPa) after 8 h. The corresponding values for changes in PtcCO2 versus PaCO2 were not significant (ANOVA). Conclusions: PtcCO2 measurement, using TOSCA, is a valid method showing an acceptable agreement with PaCO2 during 8 h of continuous measurement. Therefore, this device can be used to monitor CO2 adequately during chronic ventilatory support.
The Benefits of Attending Community College: A Review of the Evidence
Authors: Belfield Clive R. , Bailey Thomas
Published: January 2011

This article reviews the existing literature on the economic and other benefits of attending community college. First, the article reports on the earnings gains across all students and reviews the evidence for subgroups by gender, minority status, and credits accumulated. The article then reviews the methodological challenges associated with calculating earnings gains from attending a community college. Despite these challenges, the evidence for the significant earnings gains from community college attendance appears to be compelling. The second part of the article reviews the literature on a broader spectrum of gains, such as health, crime, and welfare reliance. This literature is very limited and potentially offers an important area for further research to establish the full returns from community college attendance.
‘Conduct of conduct’ or the shaping of ‘adequate dispositions’? Labour market and career guidance in four European countries
Authors: Darmon Isabelle , Perez Coralie
Published: January 2011

In this paper, we provide an analysis of the deployment of labour market and career guidance as an instrument of liberal governmental rationality, and hence as a key tool for shaping attitudes suitable for the labour market. We characterize such processes and their effects on both those in receipt of guidance and those delivering it, on the basis of a three-year study in France, Slovenia, Spain and the UK. This leads us to put forward the problematic character of the notion of ‘conduct of conduct’, especially owing to the conflation implied between adaptation to governmental ends and freedom. We suggest that Max Weber’s categories for depicting active adaptation in bureaucratic capitalism provide a more grounded grasp of the processes involved, and that the radical distinction he establishes between adaptation and the possibility of conduct may provide a new basis for conceptualizing resistance to liberal governmental rationality.
Psychological well-being in visually impaired and unimpaired individuals
Authors: Pinquart Martin , Pfeiffer Jens P.
Published: January 2011

This meta-analysis integrates the results from 198 studies that compared psychological well-being of visually impaired individuals with unimpaired control groups or population norms. On average, visually impaired people showed a strong decline of vision-specific psychological well-being. However, declines in vision-unspecific measures were only small. Furthermore, declines of psychological well-being were stronger in studies with convenience samples (rather than probability samples) and in studies that used population norms as standard for comparison (rather than control groups), in individuals with greater vision loss, in patients with age-related macular degeneration as compared to glaucoma, in adults as compared to children, and, in part, in older studies. These factors should inform researchers and practitioners for developing and implementing interventions aimed at protecting psychological well-being.
Luck of the draw
Authors: Rowson Martin
Published: January 2011

There is a spirit of independence woven into the DNA of political cartoonists, writes one of the best, Martin Rowson. And he illustrates just how independent he is with an anecdote about an editor who thought he knew better.
Niche bucks the trend
Authors: Seddon Mark
Published: January 2011

Talk of the death of newsprint newspapers is premature, argues Mark Seddon. He points to the success of weekly news magazines, but believes they could do even better if distributors and retailers allowed them into more stores.
Addicted to getting drugs wrong
Authors: Silverman Jon
Published: January 2011

Jon Silverman, Professor of Media and Criminal Justice at the University of Bedfordshire, looks at the relationship between certain newspapers and government drug policy. He finds that it negates the efforts of the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs to bring a sense of proportion to a controversial subject.
Prospects for Commercialisation of an Alaska Native Wild Resource as a Commodity Crop
Authors: Kellogg Joshua , Higgs Clyde , Lila Mary Ann
Published: January 2011

The emerging research evidence regarding functional food health benefits, coupled with the modern rise in degenerative and lifestyle-related health conditions, has created a growing market in the United States: the super-fruit. Wild berries, which contain bioactive phytochemicals with demonstrated efficacy against metabolic syndrome, have fulfilled important nutritional, medicinal, and social roles in Native American/Alaska Native lifestyles for generations. In this article, a SWOT analysis was used to explore the opportunities and obstacles for native development of wild Alaskan berries as a commercial product. On one hand, the novelty, market appeal and abundance of these phytochemically enriched berries suggest an entrepreneurial prospect for native communities. On the other hand, historical traditions typically dictate community ownership of the wild indigenous berries, and a natural inclination to protect common resources is prevalent in most communities. The factors that influence this complex juxtaposition between internal culture and external development are highlighted.
Securing Planning Permission for Onshore Wind Farms: The Imperativeness of Public Participation
Authors: Leitch Vikki
Published: January 2011

This article considers the role of the public in obtaining planning permission for onshore wind farms in the UK. Attention will centre primarily on planning law and policy in England and Wales and the role of developers in engaging the public. Part I assesses the importance of public participation generally and reviews current public perception of wind farms. Part II sets out the planning permission legislative processes for wind farms and the involvement of the public within these. Part III looks at alternative ways of improving public acceptance of turbines and, finally, Part IV considers solutions to increasing public participation in planning decisions for these structures. The conclusion reached will be that, while planning procedures must become more participative – especially with regard to early engagement by developers of local communities in the area of the proposed wind farm – it is unlikely that the prescriptive laws required to ensure this will transpire in the near future. Responsibility, therefore, falls to developers to voluntarily apply this engagement to their pre-planning application procedures to ensure that a greater number of onshore wind farms gain planning permission without delay.
Referral Orders after the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008
Authors: Edwards Ian
Published: January 2011

The referral order (RO) is the volume sentence in youth justice. The Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 (CJIA) made important changes to the use of ROs for young offenders. This article analyses these amendments and evaluates the extent to which they signal a move away from the original rationales for ROs. I argue that the CJIA subtly changes ROs and that this shift broadens the availability of ROs, although the significance of the changes depends in particular on how youth court magistrates view the utility of ROs and restorative justice.
The effects of cadmium on the life history traits of Lymantria dispar L.
Authors: Mircic D. , Jankovic-Tomanic Milena , Nenadovic Vera , Franeta F. , Lazarevic Jelica
Published: January 2011

Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) females and males were chronically exposed
to three sublethal cadmium concentrations (10, 30 and 50 mg/g dry food mass)
in order to assess the effects of cadmium on larval and pupal duration, pupal
mass and longevity. On average, the presence of cadmium in food did not
affect larval duration while shortened pupal duration and reduced pupal mass
and longevity were recorded. The most significant effects were obtained at
the highest cadmium concentration. Females and males did not differ in
sensitivity of life history traits to cadmium exposure. It is concluded that
(1) cadmium exerts a strong adverse impact on the growth and development of
gypsy moths, and (2) the significance of the cadmium effects depends on the
dose.
Allometry and yield components of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids to various potassium levels under saline conditions
Authors: Akram M. , Ashraf M.Y. , Ahmad Rashid , Rafiq M. , Ahmad I. , Iqbal Javed
Published: January 2011

A field experiment was conducted to study the response of two maize hybrids
to external K application under saline field conditions (ECe 5.71-8.91 dS
m-1). The data showed that there was an increase in the different growth and
yield components with the increase in the external K. The increase was more
pronounced when K was applied at the rate of 175 kg ha-1 with respect to
control treatment. The enhanced growth and yield of these hybrids under
saline conditions might be due to the response of K application, resulting in
reduced Na uptake. The results indicated that the hybrids Pioneer 32B33
perform better than Dekalb 979 and economical yield can be obtained when
potassium was applied at the rate of 125 kg ha-1.
Insect defoliators and their influence on oak forests in the Djerdap national park, Serbia
Authors: Glavendekic Milka , Medarevic M.J.
Published: January 2011

The study of oak phytophagous insects was performed in the period 1992-2010
in the region of the Djerdap National Park. More than a third (36.67%) of the
phytophages in oak forests are frequent and can occasionally cause local
outbreaks. The early spring defoliator phytophages so far identified in the
oak forests of the Djerdap National Park are outbreak species and are
significant agents of forest ecosystem degradation and decline. The most
frequent species are Tortrix viridana and Operophtera brumata. It was found
that Quercus petraea was more affected by dieback then Q. cerris and Q.
frainetto.
Burkitt's Lymphoma in a 5 year old Bengali Girl: A Case Report
Authors: Chatterjee I , Roy A
Published: January 2011

Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) is a rare monoclonal proliferation of B-lymphocytes and is classified as a poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma. This tumor was first noted in Africans. The cause of this tumor is debatable, but strong evidence implicates Epstein-Barr virus in its development. This tumor predominantly affects children and is probably the fastest growing tumor in humans, with exuberant proliferation. It is a very rare malignancy accounting for only 0.76% of solid malignant tumors among Indian children. A case of BL of the right hemimandible in a 5-year-old Bengali girl is reported. Key words: Burkitt's lymphoma; Immunohistochemistry; Chemotherapy. DOI: 10.3126/jnps.v31i1.3903J Nep Paedtr Soc 2010;31(1):61-63
The Survival of the Muʿtazila Tradition of Qur'anic Exegesis in Shīʿī and Sunnī tafāsīr
Authors: Mourad Suleiman A.
Published: January 2011

Like all other Islamic sects and movements, the Muʿtazilīs were very attentive to the study of the Qur'an and many among their ranks authored books on Qur'anic exegesis. Unfortunately, the overwhelming majority of tafāsīr compiled by Muʿtazilīs are not extant and, for a long time, the vast majority of the scholarly community has been under the impression that the only surviving Muʿtazilī tafsīr was al-Zamakhsharī’s Kashshāf. However, two other major Muʿtazilī tafāsīr have come to light, and now we can begin to determine the contribution of the Muʿtazilī exegetical tradition to the field of tafsīr.

This study will argue that the demise of the Muʿtazila does not necessarily mean that their tradition of Qur'anic exegesis died out; nor for that matter their theology and religious thought. To this end, it will examine two cases that demonstrate that the Muʿtazilī tradition of Qur'anic exegesis was, at least to some extent, absorbed into the mainstream exegetical traditions of Twelver Shīʿism and Sunnism. The first case details the influence of al-Jishumī’s Tahdhīb on Majmaʿ al-bayān by the prominent Twelver Shīʿī exegete al-Ṭabrisī. The second shows the reliance of the paramount Sunnī theologian and philosopher Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī in his Mafātīḥ al-ghayb on al-Kashshāf by al-Zamakhsharī.
The Significance of the Qur'an in Understanding the Prophetic Sunna: Maghāzī Traditions as a Case-study
Authors: Harmās ʿAbd al-Razzāq
Published: January 2011

This study focuses on ayas that date from immediately after the Hijra. We have a great many Maghāzī akhbār, both concise and detailed, pertaining to this period of early Islamic history. The main reason we should have knowledge of these akhbār is because of their relationship to the Qur'an. This is why, when ḥadīth compilation first began, traditionists included Maghāzī as one of the sub-chapters of their collections. These traditionists compiled information about the Maghāzī from the Sīra nabawiyya, and from ayas dealing with the Maghāzī and the Sīra, on the basis that Sīra traditions have been transmitted to us via the Qur'an and the Sunna equally, and so the Maghazi should be treated similarly. Therefore, although these early scholars of ḥadīth relied on the isnād and riwāya in certain aspects, they also relied on the Qur'an as a source.
Herbicidal Activity of Peumus boldus and Drimys winterii Essential Oils from Chile
Authors: Verdeguer Mercedes , García-Rellán David , Boira Herminio , Pérez Eduardo , Gandolfo Sandra , Blázquez María Amparo
Published: January 2011

The essential oil composition of Peumus boldus and Drimys winterii was analyzed by means of capillary GC-FID and GC-MS. More than 96% of the total oil components (43 and 54 compounds, respectively) were identified, with ascaridole (51.17 ± 9.51), p-cymene (16.31 ± 2.52) and 1,8-cineole (14.45 ± 2.99) as the main compounds in P. boldus and g-eudesmol (21.65 ± 0.41), followed of elemol (12.03 ± 0.34) and terpinen-4-ol (11.56 ± 1.06) in D. winterii. The herbicidal activity was tested against Amaranthus hybridus and Portulaca oleracea. P. boldus essential oil was the most phytotoxic against both weeds, inhibiting seed germination and seedling growth at all concentrations assayed (0.125–1 µL/mL). D. winterii essential oil did not show any effect on A. hybridus germination and only affected P. oleracea germination at the highest concentration. The results suggest the possible use of the essential oil from P. boldus as a natural herbicide.
Phage Display for the Generation of Antibodies for Proteome Research, Diagnostics and Therapy
Authors: Schirrmann Thomas , Meyer Torsten , Schütte Mark , Frenzel André , Hust Michael
Published: January 2011

Twenty years after its development, antibody phage display using filamentous bacteriophage represents the most successful in vitro antibody selection technology. Initially, its development was encouraged by the unique possibility of directly generating recombinant human antibodies for therapy. Today, antibody phage display has been developed as a robust technology offering great potential for automation. Generation of monospecific binders provides a valuable tool for proteome research, leading to highly enhanced throughput and reduced costs. This review presents the phage display technology, application areas of antibodies in research, diagnostics and therapy and the use of antibody phage display for these applications.
Feeding Deterrents against Two Grain Storage Insects from Euphorbia fischeriana
Authors: Geng Zhu Feng , Liu Zhi Long , Wang Cheng Fang , Liu Qi Zhi , Shen Sheng Min , Liu Zi Mu , Du Shu Shan , Deng Zhi Wei
Published: January 2011

The screening of several Chinese medicinal herbs for insecticidal principles showed that Euphorbia fischeriana roots possessed significant feeding deterrent activity against two stored-product insects (Tribolium castaneum and Sitophilus zeamais). From ethanol extract, four feeding deterrents were isolated by bioassay-guided fractionation. The compounds were identified as jolkinolide B, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-(9Z)-octadecenoate 20-acetate, 17-hydroxyjolkinolide A and B on the basis of their phytochemical and spectral data. Jolkinolide B and 17-hydroxyjolkinolide B possessed strong feeding deterrent activities against S. zeamais (EC50 = 342.1 and 543.9 ppm, respectively) and T. castaneum adults (EC50 = 361.4 and 551.5 ppm, respectively). 17-Hydroxyjolkinolide A and 12-deoxyphorbol 13-(9Z)-octadecenoate 20-acetate A also exhibited feeding deterrent activity against the two grain storage insects with EC50 values of 631.9 and 884.3 ppm for S. zeamais and 656.5 and 1058.4 ppm for T. castaneum adults.
Transition Metal Catalyzed Synthesis of Aryl Sulfides
Authors: Eichman Chad C. , Stambuli James P.
Published: January 2011

The presence of aryl sulfides in biologically active compounds has resulted in the development of new methods to form carbon-sulfur bonds. The synthesis of aryl sulfides via metal catalysis has significantly increased in recent years. Historically, thiolates and sulfides have been thought to plague catalyst activity in the presence of transition metals. Indeed, strong coordination of thiolates and thioethers to transition metals can often hinder catalytic activity; however, various catalysts are able to withstand catalyst deactivation and form aryl carbon-sulfur bonds in high-yielding transformations. This review discusses the metal-catalyzed arylation of thiols and the use of disulfides as metal-thiolate precursors for the formation of C-S bonds.