bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Complementary duplication and deletion of 17 (pcen→p11.2): A family with a supernumerary chromosome comprised of an interstitially deleted segment
Authors: Friedman J. M. , Harrod M. J. E. , Howard‐Peebles P. N.
Published: June 2005

A sister and brother were investigated because both were developmentally delayed although they had somewhat different physical anomalies. The girl was found to have an interstitial deletion of chromosome 17. Her karyotype was 46,XX,del(17) (pter→p11.2:: cen→qter). Her brother had normal chromosomes in peripheral lymphocytes. Cytogenetic investigation of the mother showed the presence of the same deletion as in her daughter and a small supernumerary chromosome. The supernumerary chromosome appeared to contain the material deleted from the short arm of 17 since the mother's phenotype was normal. Study of skin fibroblasts in her son showed that he was mosaic for a normal cell line and one that contained the extra small chromosome; thus, he had mosaic partial trisomy 17(cen→p11.2). The origin of the centromere and telomere(s) of the small supernumerary chromosome in this family presents an interesting problem. © wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Early neurological manifestations and brain anomalies in marden‐walker syndrome
Authors: García‐Alix Alfredo , Blanco Dorotea , Cabañas Fernando , Sanchez Pilar Garcia , Pellicer Adelina , Quero Jose
Published: June 2005

We report on an infant with the Marden‐Walker syndrome. In addition to the consistent neurological abnormalities described previously in this syndrome, the infant had a striking neurological constellation, absence of primitive reflexes, jerky eye movements, failure to habituate to repeated stimuli, inadequate behavior development, and absence of orientation responses to visual or auditory stimuli. Muscle biopsy showed a similar pattern to the congenital fiber‐type disproportion. Ultrasonograms and magnetic resonance imaging of his brain demonstrated absence of corpus callosum, colpocephaly, hypoplastic brainstem, hypoplasia of the inferior vermis and of the cerebellar hemispheres. These findings further delineate this syndrome and suggest that prenatal central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction, mainly of the cerebellum and brainstem, may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of the Marden‐Walker syndrome. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Familial intestinal malrotation with midgut volvulus and facial anomalies: A disorder involving a gene controlling the normal gut rotation?
Authors: Stalker Heather J. , Chitayat David
Published: June 2005

We report on 2 sisters with congenital midgut volvulus. Both had similar facial changes different from those of their parents and the other 2 unaffected sibs. Both parents had normal barium meal roentgenograms. The occurrence of these abnormalities in sibs born to parents with apparently normal gastrointestinal tract anatomy suggest autosomal recessive inheritance, although a coincidence, multifactorial or autosomal dominant inheritance with nonpenetrance in either of the parents cannot be excluded. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Congenital anomalies concomitant with persistent primary congenital hypothyroidism
Authors: Siebner Ran , Merlob Paul , Kaiserman Igor , Sack Joseph
Published: June 2005

The Israeli national neonatal screening program for congenital hypothyroidism (CH) was initiated in May 1978. The overall incidence of persistent primary congenital hypothyroidism (PPCH) during the first 10 years of screening was 1:2,950 live births. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the incidence of congenital extrathyroid anomalies (ETAs) among the infants with PPCH and to compare it with the Israeli Birth Defect Monitoring System data. Among 243 PPCH infants on whom adequate data were available, 38 infants (15.6%) had associated congenital anomalies. Fourteen infants had congenital cardiac anomalies (5.8%): VSD (n = 7), PDA (n = 3), PS (n = 2), one mitral insufficiency, and one congenital atrial flutter. Eight children (3.3%) had congenital dislocation of the hip; their M:F ratio was 3:5 similar to the M:F ratio in CH (unlike the ratio in the general population). Some additional anomalies were considerably more common than in the general population. It is reasonable to assume that teratogenic effects active during organogenesis may affect simultaneously many organs, including the developing thyroid, causing a relatively high percentage of CH infants with congenital ETA. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Congenital contractural arachnodactyly with unilateral lower limb deficiency
Authors: Cole T. R. P. , Hughes H. E.
Published: June 2005

We report an infant with congenital contractural arachnodactyly and a unilateral lower limb deficiency. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
First prenatal diagnosis of X‐linked lymphoproliferative disease
Authors: Skare James , Madan Suneeta , Glaser Joy , Purtilo David , Nitowsky Harold , Pulijaal Venkat , Milunsky Aubrey
Published: June 2005

A family study was performed in order to diagnose X‐linked lymphoproliferative (XLP) disease in a fetus. The molecular genetic analysis indicated that the fetus, as well as its healthy 7‐year‐old brother, inherited XLP. Analysis of immunoglobulin subclasses from the 7‐year‐old brother supported the DNA‐based diagnosis. This is the first XLP family of African descent. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytogenetic and molecular studies in the Prader‐Willi and Angelman syndromes: An overview
Authors: Knoll J. H. M. , Wagstaff J. , Lalande M.
Published: June 2005

The majority of patients with Angelman syndrome and Prader‐Willi syndrome have a cytogenetic and molecular deletion of chromosome 15q11q13 with the primary difference being in the parental origin of deletion. Our current understanding of the cytogenetics and molecular genetics of these 2 clinically distinct syndromes will be discussed in this review. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical research on Angelman syndrome in the United Kingdom: Observations on 82 affected individuals
Authors: Clayton‐Smith Jill
Published: June 2005

Clinical information has been obtained on 82 Angelman syndrome (AS) families in the UK. Each patient was examined by the author and a detailed clinical history taken. The findings of this study are presented. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification, counselling, and outcome of two cases of prenatally diagnosed supernumerary small ring chromosomes
Authors: Michalski Karen , Rauer Mary , Williamson Nancy , Perszyk Anthony , Hoo Joe J.
Published: June 2005

De novo supernumerary small ring chromosomes have mainly been reported in pediatric patients with clinical abnormalities, thus, there may be bias of ascertainment. Reports on prenatally diagnosed cases with postnatal follow‐up are rare. With the availability of chromosome specific alpha‐satellite centromeric probes, the interest in these previously unidentifiable supernumerary small ring chromosomes has been rekindled [Callen et al.: J Med Genet 27:155–159, 1990; Callen et al.: Am J Hum Genet 48:769–782, 1991; Callen et al.: Am J Med Genet 43:709–715, 1992]d.

We report on 2 prenatal diagnosis cases, where a ring was noted in 25 and 60% of the amniocytes, respectively. The initial G‐ and C‐banding in Case 1 allowed an assumption of a chromosome 1 origin of the extra chromosome. This was confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) studies using the appropriate probes. No similar initial assumption could be made in Case 2; thus, random trials with multiple probes were performed. A chromosome 19 origin in Case 2 was eventually concluded.

The large amount of C‐band positive material on the extra chromosome and the normal level 2 fetal ultrasound examination suggested a favorable outcome in both cases, but the possibility of mental retardation could not be ruled out. An empiric risk figure with regard to prenatally diagnosed de novo supernumerary small ring chromosome is not available. Although the decision making processes of the parents were different, they both decided to continue the pregnancy. At age 9 months and 11/2 years both children, a girl and a boy, showed normal growth and development. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular and cytogenetic studies of an X;autosome translocation in a patient with premature ovarian failure and review of the literature
Authors: Powell Cynthia M. , Taggart R. Thomas , Drumheller Timothy C. , Wangsa Damrong , Qian Chiping , Nelson Lawrence M. , White Beverly J.
Published: June 2005

We have identified a patient with premature ovarian failure (POF) and a balanced X;autosome translocation: 46,X,t(X;6)(q13.3 or q21;p12) using high‐resolution cytogenetic analysis and FISH. BrdU analysis showed that her normal X was late‐replicating and translocated X earlier‐replicating which is typical of balanced X;autosome rearrangements. Molecular studies were done to characterize the breakpoint on Xq and to determine the parental origin. PCR probes of tetranucleotide and dinucleotide repeat polymorphisms, and genomic probes were used to study DNA from the patient, her chromosomally normal parents and brother, and somatic cell hybrids containing each translocation chromosome. The translocation is paternally derived and is localized to Xq13.3‐proximal Xq21.1, between PGK1 and DXS447 loci, a distance of 0.1 centimorgans.

A “critical region” for normal ovarian function has been proposed for Xq13‐q26 [Sarto et al., Am J Hum Genet 25:262–270, 1973; Phelan et al., Am J Obstet Gynecol 129:607–613, 1977; Summitt et al., BD:OAS XIV(6C):219–247, 1978] based on cytogenetic and clinical studies of patients with X;autosome translocations. Few cases have had molecular characterization of the breakpoints to further define the region. While translocations in the region may lead to ovarian dysfunction by disrupting normal meiosis or by a position effect, two recent reports of patients with premature ovarian failure and Xq deletions suggest that there is a gene (POF1) localized to Xq21.3‐q27 [Krauss et al., N Engl J Med 317:125–131, 1987; Davies et al., Cytogenet Cell Genet 58:853–966, 1991] or within Xq26.1‐q27 [Tharapel et al., Am J Hum Genet 52:463–471, 1993] responsible for POF. We now propose that there may be a second gene for POF (POF2) located at Xq13.3‐q21.1. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Natural history of body mass index in Williams‐Beuren syndrome
Authors: Pankau R. , Partsch C.‐J. , Neblung A. , Gosch A. , Wessel A. , Schaub J.
Published: June 2005

Body mass index (BMI) is a useful tool for the investigation of obesity or underweigh. It follows a typical pattern throughout childhood. During the first few years of life underweight due to feeding problems and gastrointestinal disturbances is considered a common sign in Williams‐Beuren syndrome (WBS), whereas obesity is frequently reported in WBS adults. Systematic studies on weight gain and body mass index in WBS do not exist. Therefore, we studied weight gain relative to height expressed as BMI in 82 WBS girls (459 measurements of weight and height) and in 104 WBS boys (562 measurements). At birth BMI was significant lower in WBS than in normal infants in both sexes (P < 0.0001). During the first months of life, mean BMI showed a catch‐up from the 3rd to the 10th‐50th centiles in WBS infants relative to the normal standards. The further course of BMI was almost parallel to normal development. In addition, a gradual relative increase to the 50th centile of normal was seen in both sexes. In conclusion, weight gain during the first year of life was sufficient. Feeding and gastrointestinal problems seem not to have a severe impact on weight gain in infancy. Until adulthood weight relative to height continuously reached the 50th centile of normal. Thus, obesity is not a common finding in young adults with WBS. The results of this study may serve as a disease‐specific reference of BMI development in WBS patients. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular diagnosis of Prader‐Willi syndrome: Parent‐of‐origin dependent methylation sites and non‐isotopic detection of (CA)n dinucleotide repeat polymorphisms
Authors: Lerer Israela , Meiner Vardiella , Pashut‐Layon Iris , Abeliovich Dvorah
Published: June 2005

We describe our experience in the molecular diagnosis of 22 patients suspected of Prader Willi syndrome (PWS) using a DNA probe PW71 (D15S63) which detects a parent‐of‐origin specific methylated site in the PWS critical region. The cause of the syndrome was determined as deletion or uniparental disomy according to the segregation of (CA)n dinucleotide repeat polymorphisms of the PWS/AS region and more distal markers of chromosome 15. In 10 patients the clinical diagnosis was confirmed by this approach, 6 with paternal deletion and 4 with maternal disomy. In one patient, the aberrant methylation pattern that was detected by PW71 could not be confirmed by the segregation of (CA)n, probably due to paternal microdeletion in the PWS critical region which did not include the loci D15S97, D15S113, GABRB3, and GABRA5. This case demonstrates the advantage of the DNA probe PW71 in the diagnosis of PWS. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐chain 3‐hydroxyacyl‐Coenzyme A dehydrogenase (L‐CHAD) deficiency in a patient with the Bannayan‐Riley‐Ruvalcaba syndrome
Authors: Fryburg Julie S. , Pelegano John P. , Bennett Michael J. , Bebin E. Martina
Published: June 2005

Bannayan‐Riley‐Ruvalcaba syndrome (BRRS) is an autosomal dominant condition of macrocephaly in combination with lipomas/hemangiomas, hypotonia, developmental delay, and a lipid myopathy. The etiology of the lipid storage myopathy has been unclear. We describe a black boy with findings of BRRS who also has a defect in long‐chain fatty acid oxidation expressed in cultured skin fibroblasts as a deficiency of long‐chain‐L‐3‐hydroxyacyl‐CoA dehydrogenase (L‐CHAD). He also has an abnormal brain MRI and increased size of both lower limbs. We present this child because of his unusual combination of findings, and postulate that L‐CHAD deficiency may be the cause of the lipid myopathy in BRRS. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Surface alterations during the capacitation of mammalian spermatozoa
Authors: Koehler James K.
Published: June 2005

Capacitation is the process by which mammalian sperm acquire the ability to undergo the acrosome reaction which, in turn, is a prerequisite for sperm‐egg fusion and penetration. Until recently, it was thought that capacitation involved subtle physiological and chemical changes which had no morphological counterparts even at the electron microscopic level. However, it has now been shown by a number of investigators that material associated with the plasma membrane surface is either lost or extensively redistributed during in vitro or in vivo capacitation. We have made use of lectins and antibodies as probes of the sperm surface during capacitation and the acrosome reaction. Concanavalin A (Con A), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and soybean agglutinin (SBA) have been used in conjunction with fluorescent tags (FITC) and ultrastructural markers (ferritin, hemocyanin) to study the surface of golden hamster, guinea pig, mouse and human spermatozoa. Con A and WGA label the plasma membrane overlying the acrosomal region quite uniformly on these species. After capacitation there is a specific loss (or masking) of lectin binding sites over the acrosomal region of the sperm head in all species examined. Antibodies prepared against sperm and specific antibodies to a cell surface protein (fibronectin) were also tagged with fluorescent or ultrastructural markers and used to label the surfaces of sperm before and after capacitation. These probes also indicate a specific loss of surface associated material over the acrosomal surface after capacitation. These results are consistent with the notion that there is a general removal of surface components during capacitation and that this denuding of the surface is a prerequisite for the following membrane fusion events involved in the acrosome reaction and sperm‐egg fusion.
Endocrine control of spermatogenesis in primates
Authors: Graham Charles E.
Published: June 2005

Control of primate spermatogenesis is reviewed in terms of endogenous regulatory mechanisms and endocrine approaches to contraception and treatment of infertility. The role of gonadotropins and steroid hormones in maintaining spermatogenesis in primates is incompletely understood because A) hormonal interactions are complex, and B) most studies have used rodents rather than primates. Feedback control, interaction of LH and testosterone, the role of androgen, androgen in secondary sex organs, regulation of receptor proteins, roles of prolactin and growth hormone, and the breakdown and modification of the endocrine control mechanism are reviewed. The treatment of infertility with GnRH, gonadotropins, and androgen is discussed. Information is included on contraception research using the following methods: immunization against GnRH, use of GnRH analogs, immunization against gonadotropins, induced suppression of FSH secretion or action, and steroid suppression of spermatogenesis. The importance of studying testicular steroid metabolism in primates is stressed. Significant advances in the understanding of endocrine control of spermatogenesis have been made in recent years, but no primate species have been thoroughly studied. Variability between species in endocrine control mechanisms is an important factor in selecting primate models, and it is clear that such models can be valuable in the development of male contraceptives.
Primates: Their use in research on vasectomy
Authors: Alexander Nancy J.
Published: June 2005

Studies based on experimental vasectomies clearly reveal marked species differences in response to vasectomy. In rats, vasectomy invariably results in granuloma formation at the surgical site. In rabbits, immune‐complex orchitis develops. Allergic orchitis may also develop in guinea pigs, and the morphological lesions can be adoptively transferred. My co‐workers and I have been able to study systematically, biochemically, hormonally, pathologically, and immunologically, primates vasectomized up to 14 years earlier and to compare them with age‐matched controls. We have monitored antibody levels in vasectomized rhesus and cynomolgus macaques by sperm‐agglutination, sperm‐immobilization, and indirect immunofluorescence techniques. Antibodies develop in almost every monkey, in some as early as 10 days after vasectomy. About 50% retain such circulating antisperm antibodies. In men, antibody development is less rapid, and about half of vasectomized men reveal detectable levels. Testicular histopathological studies have revealed detectable levels. Testicular histopathological studies have revealed orchitis, aspermatogenesis, or both, resembling allergic orchitis in most of the vasectomized monkeys and in about one‐fourth of the controls. Limited studies of human material reveal some testicular changes. Epididymitis and epididymal granuloma occur exclusively in the vasectomized animals. Use of immunofluorescence has revealed significantly more granular deposits of IgA, IgG, and/or C3 in the basal lamina of the ductus efferens and the caput epididymidis of the vasectomized monkeys. Similar studies on human material have not been done. Both cynomolgus and rhesus macaques have proved to be excellent models for research in atherosclerosis and so have been used to determine whether constant sperm antigen leakage causes immune‐complex formation that might result in arteritis and atherosclerosis. Evaluation of the cardiovascular systems from such animals has revealed that vasectomized monkeys have more frequent, more extensive, and more severe arteriosclerosis than age‐matched controls. Epidemiological studies are currently under way to determine whether such an effect also occurs in men after vasectomy.
Characterization of radiolabeled components of human sperm surface and seminal plasma
Authors: Goodman S. A. , Young Leona G.
Published: June 2005

Externally oriented components on the human sperm cell surface and components in human seminal plasma were labeled by enzymatic iodination with lactoperoxidase and [125I] NaI. SDS‐7.5% PAGE of labeled sperm surface resolved one minor and four major components with approximate molecular weights of 92, 72, 46, 30, and 20K daltons, respectively. SDS‐7.5% PAGE of labeled seminal plasma resolved five components with approximate molecular weights of 74, 51, 43, 28, and 20K daltons. Three of the five moieties seen on the sperm surface and in seminal plasma were similar in molecular weight. This suggested that these surface components were adsorbed from seminal secretions. Because the iodination procedure used labels both proteins and lipids, labeled sperm surface and labeled seminal plasma were subjected to isopycnic density gradient centrifugation to identify the chemical composition of the radioiodinated components. With human sperm surface, two areas of radioactivity were resolved in CsCl gradients, one corresponding to protein and the other to lipid. With human seminal plasma, only one area of radioactivity, corresponding to protein, was identified. Electrophoretic analysis of each peak of radioactivity obtained from the gradients demonstrated that all of the sperm surface and four of five seminal plasma components were in the protein fractions. All three of the seminal plasma components which correspond to sperm surface components were recovered in the protein fraction. This observation supports our hypothesis that some of the proteins labeled on the human sperm cell surface are adsorbed from seminal secretions.
Seminal parameters in rhesus monkeys under physiological conditions and in studies for male fertility control using FSH antibodies or LH‐RH‐agonists
Authors: Wickings E. J. , Zaidi P. , Nieschlag E.
Published: June 2005

To characterize the male rhesus monkey as a nonhuman primate model for human testicular functions, parameters of exocrine and endocrine testicular function were monitored in 16 adult male‐rhesus monkeys for 1 and 5 years respectively. Testicular volumes in‐season (October–January) were twice as great as in out‐of‐season animals (March–June). Ejaculations, both spontaneous and electrostimulated, ceased out‐of‐season. In 37 ejaculates obtained by electrostimulation in‐season, sperm counts ranged from 110–1,100 million/ejaculate, 65% of sperm were motile and 60% were normally formed. Testicular histology showed regression of spermatogenesis out‐of‐season, with the diameter of the tubules being only one third of that in‐season. Circannual changes in exocrine testicular function were accompanied by parallel fluctuations in pituitary and endocrine testicular functions, as evidenced by basal hormone levels and the production rate of testosterone, as well as the response to LH‐RH throughout the year.

As FSH is required for spermatogenesis in rhesus monkeys, we initiated a study on the long‐term effects of active immunization against FSH as a possible means of fertility control. After the first 2 years of observation we can conclude that the production of specific antibodies to FSH results in suppression of spermatogenesis (oligospermia and occasional azoospermia) without affecting endocrine function. The lack of adverse side effects may encourage further investigations on this approach to fertility control.

LH‐RH‐agonists exert degenerative effects on testicular function in rats via a down regulation of the pituitary and testis. A 12 week treatment of four adult monkeys in‐season with Hoe 766 (Hoechst; 4μg/day for eight weeks, 20μg/day for 4 weeks sc) did not reveal any change in sperm counts or motility, although some pituitary desensitization was evident. It remains to be investigated whether even higher doses may result in a suppression of spermatogenesis.
Micropuncture and microanalytical studies of rhesus monkey and baboon epididymis and the human ductus deferens
Authors: Hinton B. T. , Setchell B. P.
Published: June 2005

Using micropuncture and microanalytical techniques, we studied the microenvironment surrounding the maturing spermatozoa in different regions along the epididymis of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta; 3 animals) and the baboon (Papio cynocephalus; 1 animal) and in the human ductus deferens. In the monkey and baboon, samples of luminal contents (luminal fluid and spermatozoa) of approximately 50 to 300 nanolitres were collected from several epididymal sites and the luminal fluid analyzed for inositol. Similarly, a sample of approximately 0.5 to 1.0 μl of luminal contents was collected from each human ductus deferens and the luminal fluid analyzed for sodium, potassium, chloride, inositol, carnitine, glycerophosphocholine (GPC), phosphocholine and total phosphate. Each analysis required the modification of standard methods to accommodate the very small sample volumes collected. We show that the microenvironment in the monkey, baboon, and human is different from those in other species with respect to the concentration of compounds estimated. In the luminal fluid of the human ductus deferens, the majority of the osmoticallyactive compounds are the inorganic ions which is in direct contrast to the rat, hamster, rabbit, ram and boar. In these species, organic compounds contribute significantly more to the osmolarity of the luminal fluid than do inorganic ions. Although the significance of these findings is unclear, a relationship seems to exist between the appearance of carnitine in the luminal fluid of the proximal caput epididymidis of the rat and the point where spermatozoa develop the potential for motility. These investigations also raise the question of which species most closely reflects the physiology of the reproductive system of man.
Positional and activity behavior in a captive slow loris: A quantitative assessment
Authors: Glassman David M. , Wells James P.
Published: June 2005

This study examines the positional and activity behavior of a captive slow loris, Nycticebus coucang. The male individual was housed in a primate facility providing a seminatural environment and was subjected to a series of videotape recordings from which 1,878 point observations were taken. The enclosure was designed to allow maximum flexibility of substrate use. Quantitative information detailing activity, positional mode, and substrate geometry was collected using a checklist of 15 variables. Data were tabulated and compared as frequency distributions to describe activity budgets, the use of locomotor and postural modes, and the relation of posture to activity behavior and substrate geometry. The results indicated that almost 90% of the active day may be devoted to behaviors directly or indirectly related to dietary functions. For locomotor behavior, both climbing and walking were associated with the use of diagonal couplets. The loris devoted 52% of its positional behavior to postural modes, favoring the quadrupedal stand, triplets, and sitting. Suspension was found to be used more often in posture than locomotion. Overall, the loris's repertory of positional modes accommodated a wide range of substrate geometries.
Diurnal variations of androgens in sexually mature male Bolivian squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) during the breeding season
Authors: Wiebe R. Herbert , Diamond E. , Akesel S. , Liu P. , Williams L. E. , Abee Christian R.
Published: June 2005

To assess diurnal fluctuations of serum androgens and cortisol in adult male Bolivian squirrel monkeys, these steroids were measured at predetermined times (0300, 0900, and 2300 hours) during two separate 24‐hour periods in the breeding season (January 1983 and late November 1983). A significant diurnal change in serum cortisol was noted, with a nadir of 99.9 ± 11.9 μg/dl (x̄ ± SEM) at 2300 hours and a peak of 168.9 ± 7.8 μg/dl at 0900 hours. Conversely, a nadir in serum testosterone was noted at 0900 hours (117 ± 26.5 ng/ml) increasing to a peak of 328.5 ± 57.9 ng/ml at 0300 hours. Serum androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone followed a pattern similar to testosterone, with a serum androstenedione (176.4 ± 34.9 ng/ml) and dehydroepiandrosterone (11.7 + 1.8 ng/ml) nadir at 0900 hours and a plasma androstenedione (494.5 ± 55.4 ng/ml) and dehydroepiandrosterone (32.5 ± 4.1 ng/ml) peak at 0300 hours. Parallel changes of testosterone, androstenedione, and dehydroepiandrosterone suggest a significant contribution of all three androgens from a common site, the testes. In contrast to old world primates and humans, serum androstenedione levels exceeded serum testosterone levels in this species.
Agonistic aiding: Kinship, rank, age, and sex influences
Authors: Bernstein Irwin S. , Ehardt Carolyn L.
Published: June 2005

An analysis of 3,774 episodes of agonistic aiding collected during a two‐year study of a rhesus monkey group (Macaca, mulatta) indicated the differential influence of kinship and rank relationships on the participation of different age‐sex classes in both aid to victims and aid to aggressors. Most aiding favored victims rather than aggressors and was much more likely to occur when matrilineal kin were involved. Females were more likely to aid than were males, and the frequency of their participation increased with age. Females were much more influenced by kinship than were males and defended or aggressively supported kin against any third party regardless of dominance relationships. Adult males seldom aided against animals that were dominant to themselves; the rare exceptions occurred when adult males defended kin. Aiding was far more likely to occur if the victim was squealing, and noisy agonistic episodes often involved multiple aiders on both sides. Aiding patterns had some potential to insure dominance rank inheritance within families, in accordance with the Kawamura hypothesis. In aiding animals outside of their own matrilines, however, group members aided randomly with respect to this model. There was little evidence that aiding functioned to support individuals when they targeted animals to which they should be dominant as adults based on matrilineal dominance relationships. Most defensive aiding seemed to function primarily to defend victims (primarily kin) of aggression. Aggressive support of the attacker, on the other hand, seemed to function primarily to reinforce coalitions with the attacker. The identity of the victim was unimportant as long as it was neither kin to nor dominant to the aider. Aggressive support of attackers did not overturn existing dominance relationships.
The ontogeny of sexual dimorphism in the African apes
Authors: Shea Brian T.
Published: June 2005

The relationship between the growth spurt and the onset of sexual maturity is problematic in nonhuman primates. Growth data on the cranium and postcranium of dentally aged pygmy chimpanzees, common chimpanzees, and gorillas are reported here. In all three species, male means generally exceed female means throughout growth, with the exception that females exhibit a spurt during one dental‐age stage when they become generally larger than the males. This female spurt occurs earlier in an absolute and relative sense in the gorillas than the chimpanzees. These growth data support field and laboratory observations suggesting that female gorillas become sexually mature earlier than do female chimpanzees. Gorillas are thus characterized by a greater degree of “sexual bimaturism” than are the chimpanzees. Implications of these differences in terms of size dimorphism, mating systems, and morphology are discussed.
Troop‐specific responses to long calls of isolated tamarins (Saguinus mystax)
Authors: Snowdon Charles T. , Hodun Alexandra
Published: June 2005

Recently captured moustached tamarins (Saguinus mystax) were briefly separated from other members of their troop. Most separated animals emitted long calls that were, in general, similar in acoustic structure to those of sympatric tamarin species while retaining species distinctiveness. Individual differences also appeared in call structure. The long calls of a separated animal were responded to almost entirely by members of the animal's own troop rather than by other troops, and reciprocal calling occurred among troop members significantly more often than expected by chance. Although there was no evidence of troop‐specific call structure or dialect, there were troop‐specific responses to the calls of separated tamarins. This response implies the existence of a stable and integrated troop structure that allows troop members to learn and to respond to the individual specific features of each troop member's calls.
Visual recognition in infant pigtailed macaques after a 24‐hour delay
Authors: Gunderson Virginia M. , Swartz Karyl B.
Published: June 2005

Comparative studies of memory in monkey and human subjects suggest similarities in visual recognition memory across human and nonhuman primates. In order to investigate developmental aspects of visual recognition memory in monkey infants, the familiarization‐novelty procedure, developed for use with human infants, was employed with pigtailed monkey infants to study long‐delay recognition memory. Subjects were familiarized with a black‐and‐white abstract pattern. Twenty‐four hours later they were tested with the familiar pattern paired with a novel one. Results indicated a significant visual preference for the novel stimulus, providing evidence for recognition memory. These results parallel those obtained with human infants, suggesting further similarities in the development of visual recognition memory.
De Brazza's monkeys (Cercopithecus neglectus) in Kenya: Census, distribution, and conservation
Authors: Brennan E. Jean
Published: June 2005

The population of De Brazza's monkeys (Cercopithecus neglectus) in Kenya, East Africa, was surveyed from May to September of 1983 to estimate its numbers, distribution, and conservation status. A small number of De Brazza's monkeys are protected within Saiwa National Park; however, the vast majority of the population is endangered because they are restricted to small, isolated pockets of forests amid expanding farmland within the Trans‐Nzoia area of western Kenya. A few animals are found on the slopes of Mt. Elgon and on the Cherangani Hills, although these areas offer little protection. The pressures now facing this population are loss of habitat, reproductive isolation, and a decline in numbers as the result of being killed, either as a food source or as agricultural pests. If the current situation continues and no attempt is made to conserve the remaining De Brazza's monkeys, the species faces almost certain extinction in Kenya.
A preliminary study of resource overlap between howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata) and other arboreal mammals in the tropical rain forest of Los Tuxtlas, Mexico
Authors: Estrada Alejandro , Coates‐Estrada Rosamond
Published: June 2005

Potential resource overlap between howling monkeys and other arboreal mammals was studied in the rain forest of Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, Mexico. Eight species of mammals belonging to the orders Primates, Carnivora, Rodentia, and Marsupialia were found to share the canopy and to overlap trophically with howling monkeys. These mammals made up 77% and Alouatta 23% of the arboreal mammalian biomass under consideration. The arboreal porcupine and spider monkey were the only mammals that also fed on leaves. However, in this feeding niche, Alouatta is the only important mammalian folivore in Los Tuxtlas, and resource depression derived from leaf‐eating insects is more important. The eight arboreal mammals may exert more pressure upon fruit resources, for they consumed 75% of the estimated total dry weight of fruit/ha/yr consumed by arboreal mammals.
High‐resolution chromosomes of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Small Meredith F. , Stanyon Roscoe , Smith David Glenn , Sineo Luca
Published: June 2005

Late‐prophase high‐resolution chromosomes were successfully cultured for 22 of 27 Macaca mulatta samples. Twelve of the successful cultures were adequate for karyotyping high‐resolution spreads. High‐resolution chromosome technique provides an important contribution to primate genetics because it can be used to identify chromosomal anomalies undetected in metaphase spreads and may be useful for paternity exclusion analysis.
Morphological and karyological studies on in vitro Sertoli cells of adult crab‐eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis)
Authors: De Martino C. , Marcante M. L. , Malorni W. , Citro G. , Floridi A. , Barcellona P. Scorza , Capanna E.
Published: June 2005

Sertoli cell cultures were obtained from isolated seminiferous tubules of adult crab‐eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Cells were identified by their morphological characteristics and their capacity to produce and release in the culture medium 17β‐estradiol and androgen‐binding protein (ABP). Several cells were undergoing mitosis. Karyological analysis showed both diploid and tetraploid metaphases. Patterns of nuclear scission were also observed.
Serum concentrations of 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 in Platyrrhini and Catarrhini: A phylogenetic appraisal
Authors: Adams John S. , Gacad Mercedes A. , Baker Andrew J. , Gonzales Benjamin , Rude Robert K.
Published: June 2005

We measured the serum concentration of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 (25‐OH‐D3) and 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25‐[OH]2‐D3) in 23 different Platyrrhines from four different genera and in 21 Catarrhines from six different genera in residence at the Los Angeles Zoo. The mean (±S.E.) serum concentration of 1,25‐(OH)2‐D3 was significantly greater in Platyrrhines (810 ± 119 pg/ml) than in Catarrhines (61 ± 5 pg/ml), suggesting that high circulating concentrations of the active vitamin D hormone were a characteristic of New World primates in both the Cebidae and Callitrichidae family. This increase in the serum concentration of 1,25‐(OH)2‐D3 is probably an adaptational response on the part of Platyrrhini to offset a relative decrease in the concentration of specific receptor for 1,25‐(OH)2‐D3 in target tissues for the hormone.
Social interactions among female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) during the nonbreeding season: Responses to the introduction of males
Authors: Winston Linda A.
Published: June 2005

When rhesus monkeys are observed in social groups during the breeding season, increases in interfemale aggression coincide with midcycle increases in sexual activity between males and females. However, some investigators have suggested that both aggressive and affiliative interactions between females are influenced by the presence or absence of males, irrespective of menstrual cycle stage. In the present study, social interactions among members of a captive group of rhesus females were measured during the non‐breeding season in response to the introduction of rhesus males. Ovariectomized rhesus females (estrogen‐treated or untreated) served as stimulus controls. Tests with males were characterized by significantly decreased interfemale proximity and grooming and significantly increased aggression from that seen in tests with stimulus females or in the absence of stimulus animals. Only interfemale proximity declined significantly during stimulus female tests, but results suggest that this may merely reflect a decline in this behavior that occurs across the course of the day. Estrogen treatment did not alter either the aggressive or affiliative behavior of stimulus females or group female response to stimulus females. The possibility is discussed that changes in interfemale interactions during tests with males reflect female interest in interacting with the male, particularly under social conditions that may limit such interactions.
Modification of aggression through socialization and the special case of adult and adolescent male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Bernstein Irwin S. , Ehardt Carolyn L.
Published: June 2005

Significant differences exist in the frequencies with which age‐sex classes of rhesus macaques engage in agonistic interactions with other age‐sex classes. In the study reported here, individuals engaged in significantly more agonistic interactions within their own age‐sex classes, but, adult females also showed significantly more aggression toward infants and young females whereas adult males directed significantly more aggression toward adolescent males. Infants directed aggression toward infants of both sexes, but adults showed significantly less aggression toward adults of the opposite sex. These findings are hypothesized to reflect (1) competitive conflict among those individuals in the group most similar to each other (members of the same age‐sex class); (2) the protection and socialization of offspring by adult females; and (3) the modification of adolescent male aggressive expression by the selective interference of adult males. As a consequence of adult response to the agonistic behavior of adolescent males, maturing males (1) selectively target other older males, avoid aggression against females and immatures; (2) form alliances with other males; and (3) become progressively isolated from their matrilines.
A demographic analysis of the Wisconsin Regional Primate Center rhesus colony, 1962–1982
Authors: Dyke Bennett , Gage Timothy B. , Mamelka Paul M. , Goy Robert W. , Stone William H.
Published: June 2005

A detailed demographic analysis was made of the Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center rhesus colony from vital statistics recorded over a 20‐year period. Techniques used were based on demographic and epidemiological methods developed for human populations, which provide the potential for making standardized measurements within captive primate colonies. A life table based on 1,086 deaths showed an abnormally high survivorship at the older ages, probably caused by a tendency to retain especially robust animals for breeding purposes. During the period of study, 2,194 animals were removed for sale or research. Removal rates were relatively uniform across ages. Age‐specific fertility rates based on 1,616 births occurring during the second decade showed a relatively rapid increase in births from about age 2 through age 12, with peak fertility persisting until about age 20. Vital events showed significant seasonality, with a birth peak in April and May. Analysis of the stable age structure (excluding removal) showed an intrinsic growth rate of 6.3%. With removal rates added, the growth rate dropped to −0.3%. Although the use of these methods is probably warranted onlyby the level of detail found in captive colony records, analysis of captive colonies can provide information relevant to the demography of wild primates.
Case report: Esophageal Spirura infection in a squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus)
Authors: Blanchard James L. , Eberhard Mark L.
Published: June 2005

Necropsy of an adult, wild‐born squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) revealed 30 to 40 esophageal nematodes. The anterior end of each nematode was firmly attached to the mucosa, with the remaining portion free in the lumen. Histologic changes were limited to the superficial mucosa, where the epithelium adjacent to the nematode was hyperplastic and increased keratin formed a bridge over the body of the parasite. The nematode was identified as belonging to the genus Spirura. The number of parasites in this animal was considered significant and contributed to the death of the animal.
Affiliative interference in mounts in a group of Tonkean macaques (Macaca tonkeana)
Authors: Thierry B.
Published: June 2005

Affiliative interference in mounts was studied in a group of Tonkean macaques (Macaca tonkeana) living in semi‐liberty. Over a 4‐year period, 545 sexual and noncopulatory mounts accompanied by 367 instances of interference were recorded using behavior‐dependent sampling. Interference by immature individuals was frequent and occurred mainly when the mother was the mountee. Interference by adult females was less common. Various behavior patterns were displayed in interference, mainly directed toward the mounter. Aggression by the latter was rare. However, interference occurred from further away with increasing age of the interfering individual. It is suggested that interference represents an attempt to be involved in interactions with influential individuals. Comparisons with other species support the hypothesis that the development of interference is related to species‐typical social relationships and, in particular, that frequency and intensity of interference are determined by the tolerance of adult males.
Pubertal endocrinology of yellow baboon (Papio cynocephalus): Plasma testosterone, testis size, body weight, and crown‐rump length in males
Authors: Castracane V. Daniel , Copeland Kenneth C. , Reyes Patty , Kuehl Thomas J.
Published: June 2005

A cross‐sectional study (n = 99) was made of male baboons (Papio cynocephalus) aged 3 weeks to > 10 years. Serum testosterone and testicular size were compared with body weight and crown‐rump length. Pubertal onset in baboons occurs at 3–4 years of age; data were analyzed, therefore in three groups: 0–3 years; 3–4 years; and greater than 4 years. Testicular volume index increased minimally prior to 3 years of age. Between 3 and 4 years of age, there was an increase (P < .05) in testicular growth, which was followed after 4 years of age by a return to the prepubertal rate. Plasma testosterone decreased from birth to 3 years of age. Between 3 and 4 years of age, there was an increase (P < .05) in testosterone. The levels of which remained unchanged after 4 years of age. A linear increase in body weight was observed for the first 3 years which was followed by an increase (P < .05) in the rate of weight gain between 3 and 4 years of age. After 4 years of age, body weight continued to increase but at a rate less than those of the two earlier periods. A linear increase in crown‐rump length was observed over the first 3 years. Between 3 and 4 years of age there was a slight increase (P > .06) in crown‐rump length, which approached zero after 4 years of age. These data demonstrate many similarities between the pubertal development of male baboons and humans. Male baboons appear to be appropriate for the study of reproductive and endocrine development and the factors involved in the pubertal growth spurt of the human male.
Blood gas, cardiopulmonary, and urine electrolyte reference values in the pregnant yellow baboon (Papio cynocephalus)
Authors: Cissik John H. , Hankins Gary D. , Hauth John C. , Kuehl Thomas J.
Published: June 2005

We measured urine sodium and potassium; respiratory rate, lung water, and arterial and mixed venous blood gases; adult and fetal heart rates; hematocrit, plasma sodium and potassium; cardiac output; and arterial, pulmonary artery, central venous, and pulmonary wedge pressures in 13 clinically normal, pregnant yellow baboons (papio cynocephalus). Arithmetic means, standard deviations, and coefficients of variation were calculated to develop reference values; in addition, the 95% confidence limits for ranges were established and regression analyses were performed to determine relationships between parameters. Comparison of derived data with those from published values for nonpregnant baboons indicated differences similar to those seen when examining pregnant and nonpregnant humans.
Characteristics and use of sleeping sites in Aotus (Cebidae: Primates) in the Amazon lowlands of Peru
Authors: Aquino Rolando , Encarnación Filomeno
Published: June 2005

In the Amazon lowlands of Peru, Aotus nancymai and A. vociferans were observed to use four different types of sleeping sites: (1) holes in the trunks and branches of dry or senescent trees; (2) concavities in polyaxial branching nodes of trees protected by dense entanglements of creepers, climbing plants, vines, and masses of diverse epiphytes; (3) complex sites among masses of epiphytes, climbers, and vines; and (4) simple sites among thickets and dense foliage. Each type is described. There was competition and sharing of sleeping holes between Aotus and other nocturnal arboreal mammals.