bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Root Growth of Olive Seedlings Olea europaea (Khastawi cultivar) by the Effect of Spraying with Garlic Extract and Yeast Extracts
Authors: Hassan M. A. F. , Kamil Y. S. , Abood R. H. , AlRubaei S. M. , Jasim M. M. , Qasim F.A.
Published: July 2024

A lath house situated within the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, College of Agriculture, University of Karbala, was utilised for the research. The purpose of this study was to determine whether targeting root traits was affected by spraying olive seedlings of the Khastawi variety with garlic juice extract and bread yeast. The duration of the experiment was between mid-March and late June of 2022. A randomised complete block design (RCBD) was utilised in this research, taking the form of a factorial arrangement with three replicates and two factors: dried bread yeast extract at three concentrations (0, 2, and 4 g.L-1) and garlic juice extract at three concentrations (0, 2, and 10 ml.L-1). The seedlings were subjected to two applications of spraying, separated by one week, commencing on March 15. The day before the application of the spray treatments, the seedlings were irrigated. At the culmination of the investigation, the data were recorded in writing. The collected data underwent statistical analysis, and a comparison of means was performed using the least significant difference (LSD) test with a probability level of 0.05. The main results indicated that the utilisation of garlic juice extract at a concentration of 10 ml.L-1 led to notably improved performance in all parameters assessed, including the mean values for longest root length (cm), root volume (cm3), root diameter (cm3), and root system dry weight (g.seedling-1) in comparison to the other concentrations. Furthermore, the application of a dry yeast extract treatment at a rate of 4 g.L-1 had no observable effect on the average root diameter (cm3), despite achieving significant superiority in the majority of investigated root growth traits (e.g., average of longest root length (cm), root volume (cm3), and root weight of the root system g.seedling-1). The interaction between the two experimental variables had a substantial effect on the average root volume (cm3). However, there was no significant effect observed on the average length (cm), average root diameter (cm3), or desiccated weight (g.seedling-1) of the root system.
Effect of Bacterial Biofertilizer, Buffalo’s Organic Manure and Moringa Leaves Extract Spray in Vegetative Growth Characteristics of Local Orange Transplants
Authors: Hameed Al-Marsoumi Fatima Saad , Al-Hadethi Mustafa E. A.
Published: July 2024

The experiment was carried out in 2023 season of spring growth cycle in a special canopy in Al-Radwaniyah city, Baghdad Governorate to study effect of adding bacterial biofertilizer, buffalo organic fertilizer, and spraying moringa extract on growth and leaves mineral content of local orange transplants of two years old planted in plastic pots, as 108 are selected. A transplants of uniform in their vegetative growth, as far as possible, free of disease and insect infestations, study included addition of bacterial biofertilizer at four treatments: no addition (A1), addition of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia bacteria (A2), addition of Azospirillum brasilense bacteria (A3) and addition of both types of bacteria (A4) and organic fertilizer (Decomposing buffalo manure) at three levels (0, 250 and 500 gm.soil-1), which are denoted by B0, B1, and B2, respectively and spray moringa extract at three levels (0, 20 and 40 gm.L-1), which are denoted M0, M1, and M2, respectively. Treatments were replicated three times (one transplant per experimental unit) at factorial experiment in a RCBD and thus number of transplants used was 108. experimental results showed that adding two types of bacteria (A4) and buffalo manure at a concentration of 500 gm.soil-1 (B2) and spraying moringa extract at a concentration of 40 gm.l-1 (M2) as interaction treatment A4B2M2 gave best results in plant height, leaves number, leaf area, leaf nitrogen and phosphorus content, It reached (45.33) cm, (230.1) leaves.plant-1, (41.67) cm2, (2.43) % and (0.236)%, respectively, compared to control treatment (without addition and without spraying).
Effect of Nano-Iron and Some Growth Regulators on the Volatile Oil Content of Dill Plants and Its Active Compounds
Authors: Abdul-Abbas Jihad Sabah , Mijwel Abbas K. , Hussein Ban Mohammed
Published: July 2024

The experiment was conducted in the field of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, College of Agriculture at the University of Babylon, during the 2022-2023 season to study the effect of combinations of growth regulators and nano-iron in the volatile essential oil and its content of active compounds of the dill plant. The experiment was conducted according to the split plate system, with three replicates in each replicate five. Ten treatments. The results were as follows: The treatment (gibberellin 50 and benzyl adenine 25 mg.L-1) was significantly excelled in oil density and specific gravity of the oil, and the treatment (gibberellin 50 and benzyl adenine 50 mg.l-1) was significantly excelled in the percentage of active compounds in the essential oil (a-phellandrene, p- cymene, limonene, myricetin) compared to the control treatment. The spraying treatment with nano-iron at a concentration of 100 mg.L-1 was significantly excelled in the density of the volatile oil, the specific gravity of the oil, and the active compounds in the oil (a-phellandrene, myricetin) compared to the control treatment. As for the results of the interaction coefficients between the combinations of growth regulators and nano-iron, the treatment (gibberellin 50 mg.L-1, benzyl adenine 50 mg.L-1, and nano-iron at a concentration of 50 mg.L-1) was significantly excelled and achieved the highest rate of flavonoids (36.304 mg.kg-1).), and the amount of active compounds in the volatile oil under study: carvone (63.66%), a-phellandrene (5.71%), p-cymene (3.85%), limonene (21.60%) and myricetin (2.59%). As for the treatment (gibberellin 100 mg L-1, benzyl adenine 50 mg.L-1, and nano-iron at a concentration of 100 mg.L-1) were significantly excelled in the rate of phenols (0.969 mg.kg-1) compared to the control treatment.
The Response of Ficus carica Seedlings to Foliar Spraying with α-Tocopherol and Organic Fertilization with SMC
Authors: Hassooni Zainab M. , Khalil Nazik H.
Published: July 2024

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of α-Tocopherol and levels of organic fertilization with spent mushroom compost (SMC) on some vegetative growth traits of two-year-old fig seedlings (Black Diala variety) planted in 30 cm diameter plastic pots at the Research Station of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad during the 2023 growing season. The experiment included foliar spraying with α-Tocopherol at four concentrations (0, 100, 200, 300 mg L-1), and fertilizing seedlings with three levels of spent mushroom compost (0, 1, 2 kg per seedling). The experiment was designed using a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed a significant increase in all studied traits. Foliar spraying with α-Tocopherol at 300 mg L-1 concentration had significant increases in NPK elements, chlorophyll content, leaf number, leaf area, carbohydrates, and phenolic content in leaves. Meanwhile, seedlings fertilized with SMC at a ratio of 2:1 showed superiority significant in the mentioned traits.
Impact of Zinc Sulphate and Boric Acid Spraying on Production and Quality Characteristics of Potato Plants
Authors: Ibraheem Fathel F. R. , Mahmoud Israa E. F.
Published: July 2024

An investigation was conducted in the vegetable field division of the College of Agriculture and Forestry’s Horticulture and Landscape Design at the University of Mosul throughout the spring growing season of 2023. The experimental design comprised two components. The initial component involved applying zinc sulphate sprays to the vegetative growth at three different concentrations (0, 1500, and 3000 mg l-1). The subsequent component involved applying boric acid sprays to the vegetative growth at three different concentrations (0, 200, and 400 mg l-1). The experiment was replicated three times, and at a 5% level of probability, the means were compared using Duncan’s multiple range test. The field experiment was conducted utilising a factorial design with a Randomised complete block design (RCBD). Plants subjected to treatment with zinc sulphate at a concentration of 1500 mg l-1 exhibited a substantial increase in the majority of the traits under investigation. Similarly, plants sprayed with boric acid at a concentration of 400 mg l-1 demonstrated a significant increase in the majority of the traits under study.
Effect of Cultivars and Spraying With Boron on Growth, Production and Quality of Potato Tubers
Authors: Ibraheem Fathel F. R. , Mahmoud Israa E. F.
Published: July 2024

A study was conducted at the Horticulture Department & Landscape Design/College of Agriculture at the University of Mosul. The study involved two factors: the first factor was two cultivars of imported potatoes (Elbeida and Laperla), and the second factor was the application of boron at three different concentrations (0, 50, and 100 mg l-1) to promote vegetative growth. The experiment was replicated three times, and the means were compared using Duncan’s multiple range test at a significance level of 5%. The experiment was conducted in the field using a factorial experiment following a Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD). The features of vegetative growth and the quantitative and qualitative output may be summarised as follows: When comparing the two cultivars, the Laperla cultivar shown substantial superiority in majority of the evaluated attributes. When boron was sprayed at a dosage of 100 mg, it was observed that majority of the evaluated features showed a considerable increase.
The Impact of Seaweed Extract and Biofertilizer on Root Growth and some Mineral Content of Orange Seedlings
Authors: Daadoush Hawraa Kazem , Lateef Al-Doori Mahmood Fadhil
Published: July 2024

During the 2023 growing season, researchers from Tikrit University’s College of Agriculture’s Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering carried out the experiment. Orange seedlings’ root development and mineral content were intended to be studied in relation to seaweed extract and the mycorrhizal fungus biofertilizer. Here is a brief summary of the results: Significant increases of 2.85% in nitrogen, 0.56% in phosphorus, 2.67% in potassium, and 2.67% in the percentage of carbohydrates were observed in the leaves after applying seaweed extract at a concentration of 10 ml/L. The root mass as a percentage was 51.91%. The nitrogen concentration in the leaves increased by 2.59%, the phosphorus concentration by 0.51%, the potassium concentration by 2.51%, and the protein content by 2.51% after applying 10 grams of biofertilizer per seedling. Carbohydrates make up 16.31% of the plant, while leaves include 16.82% and roots 51.31 % of dry matter. At a concentration of 5 g seedlings per day, the nitrogen content in the leaves was much higher than 2.52%.
The Influence of Optimus-Plus Organic Fertilizer and Salicylic Acid on Flowers from Two Varieties of Hyacinthus orientalis L.
Authors: Mohammed Rahma A. , Al-Taee Alaa H. Y.
Published: July 2024

This study was carried out within the wooden canopy of the Horticulture and Landscape Architecture Department, College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Mosul, from November 1st to June 1st, 2023. The aim of this research was to see how two Hyacinthus orientalis L. varieties, “Carnegie” of white flowers and “Woodstock” with purple flowers, responded to three treatments with Optimus-plus fertilizer (0,1.5,3) ml L-1. additionally to three treatments of salicylic acid (0, 150, and 300) mg L-1given three times to the vegetative system. The factorial experiment was implemented on a split plot using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates and eight plants per treatment. The results showed the following: * Spraying plants with the organic fertilizer Optimus-Plus at a concentration of 3 ml L-1. produced the highest rates in all the characteristics studied for the white variety (Carnegie), and spraying plants with Salicylic acid 300 mg L-1 give the highest significant values in all the flower characteristics studied. * According to data pertaining to the triple interactions among the factors under investigation, the plants of the white variety (Carnegie) exhibited the largest significant values in the studied traits when sprayed with a combination of 3 mlL-1 of Optimum-Plus organic fertilizer and 300 mgL-1 of Salicylic acid. * The data from the triple interactions between the factors under study indicated that spraying the plants purple variety (Woodstock) with Optimus-Plus at a concentration of (3) mlL-1 combined with spraying with Salicylic acid at a concentration of (300) mgL-1 produced the highest significant values in the characteristics studied.
Effect of Calcium Chloride, Magnesium Sulfate and Malic Acid Spraying on the Storage Characteristics of Two cvs. of Potato Tubers (Solanum tuberosum L.)
Authors: Agha Badran S. , Fadhil Nameer N. , Hassan AL-Hamadany Shamil Younis
Published: July 2024

This study assessed the suitability of two potato varieties, Riviera and Argana, for storage under foliar sprinkling with calcium and magnesium fertilizers at four concentrations: 0% (serving as the control), 0.5%, 1% calcium chloride, and 0.4%. Magnesium sulphate) was sprayed at three concentrations (0, 250, and 500 mg L-1) with malic acid. The findings of the study revealed that the Riviera variety exhibited noteworthy advantages in weight reduction, hardness, and alpha-amylase enzyme activity when compared to the Argana variety. On the contrary, in terms of total sugar content and pectinase enzyme activity, the Argana variety exhibited a marked advantage over the Riviera variety. Weight loss and the activity of pectinase and alpha-amylase enzymes were found to be significantly enhanced in the control treatment compared to the other spray treatments, respectively, upon the addition of magnesium sulfate and calcium chloride. However, hardness and sugar content did not differ significantly. In addition, the administration of 500 mg L-1 malic acid resulted in the least amount of weight loss reduction.
Impact of NPK and Cytokinin on Growth Characteristics and Chemical Composition of Ficus Nitida Plants
Authors: Awad Bushra A. , Ahmed Mahmood SH.
Published: July 2024

The research was conducted in a greenhouse at the Department of Horticulture and Garden Engineering, College of Agriculture, University of Anbar, Ramadi City, to study the impact of NPK supplementation and CPPU cytokinin spraying on the vegetative and root growth characteristics of Ficus nitida L. The study encompassed two primary factors. The first factor comprises the NPK chemical fertilizer in four distinct concentrations: F0 (no addition), F1 (1g urea, 3g DAB, 2g potassium sulfate), F2 (2g urea, 6g DAB, 4g potassium sulfate), and F3 (3g urea, 9g DAB, 4g potassium sulfate). The second factor involves the cytokine CPPU at three concentrations: C0 (no addition), C1 (3 mg L-1), and C2 (6 mg/liter). The study was designed using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) consisting of three replications, with three pots allocated to each experimental unit. Each replicate consisted of 36 treatments, meaning the experiment contained 108 experimental units in all blocks. The results indicated a significant increase in the interaction coefficients between the study factors in plant height, leaf area, nitrogen percentage in the leaf, total chlorophyll content, root surface area, and root length.. Specifically, these parameters were measured at 21.333 cm, 30.837 cm2, 2.666%, 1.384 g, 55.223 cm2, and 13.947 cm, respectively.
In Vitro Propagation of Lemon Citrus Lemon Local
Authors: Shakor Irfan Fateh , Noori Ali Mohammed
Published: July 2024

The study was conducted at the University of Kirkuk-IRAQ Department of Horticulture’s Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory from 3/15/2023 to 12/1/2023. The response rates for all BA-MS regimens were 100% after four weeks of proliferation, whereas the control treatment achieved a rate of 50%. Kin-MS 8.0 milligrams. The response rate to L-1 treatment was the highest among all therapies, at 100%. The average word per minute (WPM) reaction rates for the (Kin) and (BA) interventions were both 100%, whereas the control treatment achieved a rate of 60%. The greatest average leaf count observed after eight weeks of multiplication was 15.80. Part 1 had the highest mean number of branches at 3.80. Part-1 of the plant had the longest MS-BA medium branch, measuring 1.79 cm on average. 1,0 milligrams, 1,5%, and 1 mg.L-1 was incorporated into the regimens. Eight milligrams of Kin-MS is one of these treatments. In all aspects, L-1 performed admirably, earning 9.20 leaves. Section 1 of the plant comprises 2.70 branches. 0.80 cm is the maximal branch length in plant part 1. One milligram of BA-WPM medium was utilized for multiplication. The maximal leaf yield was observed at 17.10 leaves per L-1. Part 1 contains the greatest number of branches, 4.60. The segment-1 plant. The branch with the greatest length was 1.65 cm when treated with 0.5 mg.l-1.
The Effect of Preharvest Spraying with Some Nutrients and Anti-Transpiration on the Storage Characteristics of Apple Fruits (Ibrahimi cultivar)
Authors: Mulan Hamid Rashid , Hussein Al-Shammari Ghalib Nasser
Published: July 2024

The experiment was carried out in one of the refrigerated warehouses in the city of Baqubah, Al-Hadid District, Diyala Governorate, during the 2021 season to study the effect of spraying the treatments (nutrients, anti-transpiration, and the interaction between them) on the characteristics of stored apple fruits (Ibrahimi cultivar). Spraying with nano-calcium carbonate gave the lowest value of total damage of fruit (3.569%), respiration rate (2.636 mg CO2/kg/hour), and total acidity in the fruits (0.214%), it gave the highest hardness rate in the fruits, (1.007 kg/cm2), sugar content in the fruits (12.06%), ascorbic acid content in the fruits (15.93 mg. 100 ml-1), and calcium content in the fruits (895.9 mg/L), while spraying with nano-iron gave the highest rate in the total soluble solids in fruits (14.56%), as for spraying anti-transpiration, spraying of Kaolinite gave the lowest value of total damage of fruit (4.259%), fruit respiration rate (2.559 mg CO2/kg/hour), and total acidity in the fruits (0.222%), it gave the highest total soluble solids in fruits (14.32 %), content of ascorbic acid in the fruits, (14.51mg. 100 ml-1), whereas potassium silicate recorded the highest rate of fruit hardness (1.005 kg/cm2).
Influence of Zeolite Application and Sorbitol Spraying on Cauliflower Growth and Yield
Authors: Al-Dulaimi Hajar S. T. , Mahmood Saad A.
Published: July 2024

The study was conducted at the Abu Ghraib Research Station - College of Agriculture - University of Anbar during the growing season of 2024 to investigate the effect of adding zeolite at levels of (0, 150, 250, 350 g plant-1) and spraying with sorbitol at levels of (0, 8, 16, 32 g L-1) on the growth and yield of cauliflower. A factorial experiment was carried out according to a randomized completely block design (R.C.B.D) with three replications. The results indicated significant differences upon adding zeolite. Treatment with 350 grams plant-1 showed superiority in plant height (70.79 cm), leaf number (29.05 leaves plant-1), total leaf area (262.9 cm2 plant-1), stem diameter (31.06 mm), dry weight of the total green matter (275.5 grams plant-1), dry weight of the total roots (64.58 grams plant-1) respectively, flower disc diameter (22.570 cm), flower disc circumference (71.08 cm), yield plant-1 (2.690 kg plant-1), and total yield of flower discs (80.68 tons per hectare), compared to the lowest values in the control treatment. As for the interaction between the study factors, the treatment with 350 grams of zeolite plant-1 and spraying with 32 grams of sorbitol liter-1 showed significant superiority in all vegetative growth and yield traits. Plant height was 73.20 cm, total leaf area was 299.5 cm2 plant-1, stem diameter was 35.85 mm, dry weight of total green matter was 340.0 grams plant-1, dry weight of total roots was 76.33 grams plant-1, flower disc circumference was 76.08 cm, flower disc diameter was 24.167 cm, yield plant-1 was 3.123 kg plant-1, and total yield of flower discs was 93.43 tons ha-1 respectively, compared to the lowest values in the control treatment.
The Impact of Biofertilization and Rootstock Type on the Development of Grafted Citrus aurantifoia Seedlings
Authors: Abbas Atheer Talib , Abdulkadhim Sabaa Jawad
Published: July 2024

The experiment was conducted in the canopy of Al-Musaib Technical College during the period from September 2023 until June 2024 to study effect of Rootstock type, organic fertilization, and biofertilization on the growth of grafted Citrus aurantifoia seedlings. According to a completely randomized block design (R.C.B.D.), the results showed that there were significant differences between the Rootstocks. Rootstock sour orange gave the highest averages in all traits, including (seedling height, main stem diameter, number of branches, percentage of phosphorus in leaves, percentage of potassium in leaves, leaf content of Chlorophyll) (77.36 cm, 7.54 mm, 6.95 plant branches, 0.46%, 2.41%, 78.46) respectively. Volkameriana rootstock gave the lowest averages for all traits. The results showed significant differences in vermicomposting fertilization. The concentration (10%) gave the highest averages in (plant height, stem diameter, number of branches, percentage of phosphorus in the stem, percentage of potassium, content The leaves contain chlorophyll (74.95 cm, 7.33 mm, 7.30 plant branches, 0.74%, 2.41%, 80.66) respectively. The results showed significant differences in bio fertilization, as inoculation with the Mycorrhizae fungus (B2) gave the highest averages in (Plant height, stem diameter, number of branches, chlorophyll content of leaves (78.09 cm, 8.98 mm, 8.00 plant branches) respectively, and gave the highest average concentration of (B3) in (percentage of phosphorus, percentage of potassium) (0.50%, 2.56). In comparison with control treatment B0, it gave the lowest averages in (plant height, stem diameter, number of branches, chlorophyll content of leaves). (68.22 cm, 5.13 mm, 4.82, 68.79) respectively. The lowest averages were given at (0.38% and 1.85), respectively. As for the two- and three-way interactions between Rootstocks, vermicompost, and bio fertilization, there are significant differences in some of the studied traits.
The Selection by Honey Comb Design and its Effect on Disk Area and Yield Under Three Plant Densities in Sunflower
Authors: Ibrahim Muayad M. , Abdulhamed Zeyad A.
Published: July 2024

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of honeycomb selection design on the production of high-yielding genotypes of sunflower. A field experiment was conducted in the Abu Sedira area of Saqlawiyah / Fallujah District / Anbar Governorate. Five genotypes were used, and selection was carried out using the honeycomb selection design for two seasons. Ten genotypes were obtained, five of which were the original and five were selected genotypes. These are the original genotypes: Aqmar, Haisin, Ishaqi, Sakha, and Flami, and the selected genotypes: Aqmar, Haisi, Ishaqi, Sakha, and Flami. The seeds were planted in three selection cycles in 2022 using honeycomb selection method at a distance of 1.3 m between the furrows and 1.5 m between plants. The selection was based on the largest disk area of the sunflower crop. The superior plants were produced, which were self-pollinated, and then their seeds were mixed and planted and left for random pollination in the third season. The seeds resulting from random pollination were planted in a comparison experiment to compare the original and selected genotypes at three plant densities of 88.88, 66.66, and 53.33 thousand plants ha-1. The results showed that the Aqmar original genotype had the shortest days to flowering, at 66.78 days. The Ishaqi selected genotype had the longest days to flowering at 72.11 days. The Aqmar selected genotype also had the highest leaf area, at 0.7211 m2, compared to the original genotype, which had 0.5222 m2. The Ishaqi selected genotype had the highest disk area, at 421.9 cm2, while the original had 300.7 cm2. The Sakha selected genotype had the highest number of seeds per disk, at 1472.0 seeds, while the original had 1135.5 seeds. The Sakha selected genotype also had the highest plant yield, at 7.938 tons ha-1. The low plant density (53.33 thousand plants ha-1) had the highest number of seeds per disk, at 1395.9 seeds, while the medium and high plant densities (66.66 and 88.88 thousand plants ha-1) had the lowest number of seeds per disk, at 1292.2 and 1152 seeds, respectively. The high plant density had the highest grain yield, at 7.355 tons ha-1, compared to the low density, at 5.887 tons ha-1. In the interaction between genotypes and plant densities, the Flami selected genotype had the highest disk area, at 476.1 cm2, at the low plant density of 53.33 thousand plants ha-1, while the original had 375.7 cm2. The Sakha selected genotype had the highest yield trait at the high plant density, at 8.806 tons ha-1. We recommend using the Sakha selected genotype with the medium and high plant densities of 66.66 and 88.88 thousand plants ha-1.
Effect of Newer Herbicide in Controlling Weeds Associated with Bread Wheat
Authors: Hammood Watheq Falhi , Safi Suhad Mathkoor A. , Al-Khafaji Mustafa J.
Published: July 2024

Due to the great losses caused by weeds to the crop, it is necessary to continue testing new herbicides that may be more efficient than the herbicides used that can reduce competition between weeds and crops, Therefore. The experiment aimed to study the effect of the herbicide (the newly introduced herbicide (Yamabic 30 Ec) and Axial @1.5 L.ha-1 and the comparison treatment) on the weeds associated with wheat. The herbicides were applied in four stages of wheat growth. The experiment was carried out according to the RCBD system within the arrangement of split plots and with three replications. The results showed the superiority of the herbicide Yamabic at an application rate of 640 ml. ha-1 reducing weed density and increasing the percentage of control compared to the control treatment, which was reflected positively in increasing grain yield when applying herbicides compared to the comparison treatment, which gave the lowest results.
The Effect of Spraying with Plant Extracts on Some Growth Characteristics and Active Ingredients of Basil Plant
Authors: Hasan Ahmad Radhiyah Ali
Published: July 2024

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), a leafy plant used for fresh food, medicinal purposes, and aromatic purposes (including the extraction of volatile essential oil and active compounds), was the subject of a worker experiment at the College of Education for Pure Sciences Ibn Al-Haitham / University of Baghdad during the 2023 growing season. The experiment aimed to determine the effects of spraying the basil plant’s vegetative system with aqueous extracts of watercress and parsley on the plant’s growth characteristics and the production of active compounds. The experiment included two factors, the first factor, the aqueous extract of the watercress plant in three concentrations (0, 5, 10) g l-1 and the second factor, the aqueous extract of the parsley plant with three concentrations (0, 5, 10) g l-1. Spraying with watercress extract and parsley achieved a significant effect in increasing all measured growth qualities and producing active compounds, and the interaction treatment (5 g l-1 watercress extract and 10 g l-1 parsley extract) had a clear significant superiority, which recorded the highest values in the mean number of leaves (54.00 leaf), the percentage of dry matter (29.30%), estimation of chlorophyll (38.23 SPAD), volatile oil (1.60%) and ratios of Linalool, Methylcinnamate and camphor compounds in volatile oil (8.33, 72.98, 3.00%) respectively compared to the control treatment recorded (28.67 leaf, 18.267%, 26.433 SPAD, 0.60%, 6.02%, 70. 16%, 1.58%) respectively for the same characteristics. The results of the study showed the response of the basil plant to spraying with plant extracts as a supplement to half the fertilizer recommendation of mineral fertilizer and giving it the best results when treating the combination (5 g l-1 watercress extract and 10 g l-1 parsley extract).
Effect of Seeding Rates and Genetic Compositions on some Growth and Yield Traits of European Rye (Secale cereale L.)
Authors: Al-Hamidawi Ibtisam F. R. , Noaema Ali H.
Published: July 2024

The experiment was carried out at Agricultural Experiment Station 2, Agriculture College, Muthanna University, in Al-Bander area during the agricultural season 2022-2023, to study the effect of four seeding rates (80 s1, 100 s2, 120s3, 140 s4) kg ha-1 on some yield and quality traits of three newly introduced genetic compositions of Rye (Krzuca v1, Daukowskie zlote v2, Horyzo v3). The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized block design according to the split-plot design with three replications. The seeding rates occupied the main plots and the genetic compositions in the subplots. The results of the experiment showed that the genetic compositions had a significant effect on some of the studied traits. The Daukowskie zlote genetic composition had the highest values of spikes number (257.19 spikes m-2), and grain number per spike (56.77 grains spike-1). The seeding or number of seed rates also had a significant effect. The 100 kg ha-1 level had the highest spike number (280.56 spikes m-2), and grain yield (2.397 t ha-1). The interaction between factors had a significant effect. The combination (V2×S3) had the highest values for number of spikes (337.1 spikes m-2), number of grains per spike (62.30 grains spike-1), and grain protein content (16.33%).
Improving the Effectiveness of some Antioxidants by Spraying with Vitamin E, B9 and Arginine of Two Varieties of Maize
Authors: Humadi Al-Hashimi Muayad Ghafil , Zeboon Najat Hussein
Published: July 2024

A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Experiment Station - College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad - Al-Jadriyah in the fall seasons of 2021 and 2022 to investigate the role of vitamins E and B9 and the amino acid arginine in enhancing the activity of antioxidant in two maize varieties. The experiment was implemented following the randomized complete block design (RCBD) in a split-plate arrangement with three replicates. It involved two factors: the main factor, comprising two maize varieties (Baghdad 3 and Sarah), and the secondary factor, included spraying vitamins E and B9 at concentrations of 1 and 2 g.L-1 and the amino acid arginine at two concentrations of 100 and 200 mg.L-1, in addition to the control treatment (without spraying). The first spray was applied when the plants had six fully grown leaves, the second spray was applied when they had eight fully grown leaves, and the third application was at the complete ten-leaf stage (for 75% of the plants). The antioxidant activity of the enzymes SOD, CAT, and APX increased in the variety Sarah, superior to the variety Baghdad 3 by 8.16 and 8.19%; 20.26 and 18.70 %; and 9.81 and 8.62% and the percentage of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the leaves of this variety decreased by 15.38 and 12.18% compared to the variety Baghdad 3 for the first and second seasons, respectively. Spraying the amino acid arginine, at a concentration of 100 mg L-1 was more effective than vitamins E and B9 in increasing the effectiveness of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and APX) in plant, while the effect of vitamin E at a concentration of 2 gm L-1 was clear in reducing H2O2 in plant for the first and second seasons.
Efficiency of Fine-Leaf Herbicides in Controlling Wild Barley Weeds Associated with Wheat Crop Triticum aestivum L.
Authors: Abdullah Hadeer Raad , Ahmed Mohammad Ramadan
Published: July 2024

A field experiment was carried out during the 2022-2023 agricultural season at the research station of the Field Crops Department of the College of Agriculture / Tikrit University, with the aim of increasing the effectiveness of fine herbicides to combat the wild barley weed (Hordeum spontaneum) in wheat fields (Triticum aestivum L.). The experiment included two factors, the first was the bush pesticide Oxyal at the recommended concentration and 1/2 the recommended concentration, and the pesticide Topic at the recommended concentration and 1/2 the recommended concentration, in addition to the bush worker (Control). The second factor was the use of Tecnphyt PH with a concentration of 75 ml per 100 liters of water and 150 ml per 100 liters of water, in addition to the treatment without using this substance (distilled water only). It followed a randomized block design and was statistically analyzed according to Duncan’s multiple range test at the 5% level. The study concluded that no significant differences were recorded in the inhibition rate of the pesticides used and the domestic treatment, and the same applies to spraying with diffusers. Also, in terms of plant height, no statistical differences were recorded in wheat crop plants for pesticide treatments, while spraying treatments with spreading materials at two concentrations (150 and 75) ml/100 liters of water were superior for the same trait.
Estimation of some Genetic Parameters of Flax Genotypes (Linum usitatissimum L.) at Different Concentrations of NPK Nano Fertilizer
Authors: Ali Abdullah Mahdi , Jassim Wael Mustafa
Published: July 2024

The field experiment was conducted during the winter season of 2022-2023 at the Field Crops Research Station of the College of Agriculture - Tikrit University. The experiment followed a totally randomized block design with three repetitions, organized in split plots. The primary panels consisted of three different concentrations (0, 100, and 200 mg L-1) of compound nano fertilizer, while the subsidiary panels contained additional information. The study examined six different genotypes of flax (Syrian, Sokha 6, Sokha 5, Short 8, Sokha 1, and Polish) to analyze various characteristics such as the duration from planting to 50% flowering, plant height, number of main branches, number of capsules, number of seeds per capsule, weight of 1000 seeds, seed yield, total seed yield, biological yield, harvest index, and oil percentage. Genetic parameters were also estimated for these genotypes. The results for each concentration of the nanocomposite fertilizer can be summarized as follows: The genetic variation values exceeded the environmental variation values for the attributes under study, across all three concentrations of the nano-complex fertilizer. The coefficient of genetic and phenotypic variation for plant height, number of capsules, seed yield per plant, total seed yield, and harvest index showed a moderate value, while the other characteristics exhibited a low value for each fertilizer concentration. The values can be either The heritability in the broad sense exhibited high values for all traits, particularly for the number of capsules per plant and total seed yield. Plant height and weight of 1000 seeds showed a moderate heritability. On the other hand, the biological yield of the plant and the harvest index displayed low heritability for the remaining traits at each concentration of the nano-complex fertilizer.
Determining the Most Appropriate Concentration for Spraying with Potassium Silicate and the Best Planting Date for the Vegetative Growth Traits of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)
Authors: Malallah Aldoori Shahad Ali , Hameed Hossam Mamdooh
Published: July 2024

A field experiment was conducted in one of the agricultural fields in Al-Dour district of Salah al-Din province in the fall season of 2022 A.D, with the aim of determining the most appropriate concentration for spraying with potassium silicate and the best planting date in some traits of the vegetative growth of the safflower plant. The experiment included two factors, the first factor being potassium silicate, with three concentrations (0,200 and 400) ml L-1 and its symbols are (B0, B1 and B2), and the second factor is the planting dates and four different dates. The first date is 1/11, the second date is 15/11, the third date is 30/11, and the fourth date is 15/12 and its symbols are (A1 and A2, A3 and A4), as the results showed that the most appropriate concentration for spraying with potassium silicate is (400) ml L-1, as it gave the highest values for the height of the plant, the number of branches on the main stem, the leaf area, the percentage of chlorophyll at flowering, 50%, and the number of days until full maturity, as it reached 133.2 cm, 17.2 branches plant-1، 3184.5 cm2، 57.9 spad، and 198.5 days، respectively, while the best date was the first date, which reached 155.0 cm، 17.6 branches plant-1، 3394.0 cm2، 59.0 spad, and 207.7 days, respectively, for the mentioned traits above.
The Extent of Response to Spraying with Different Concentrations of Potassium Silicate and Planting Dates on Yield Traits of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)
Authors: Malallah Aldoori Shahad Ali , Hameed Hossam Mamdooh
Published: July 2024

In the fall of 2022 A.D., researchers in Salah al-Din Governorate’s Al-Dour district sprayed safflower plants with potassium silicates at varying concentrations and planted them at different times to see how the plants’ yield traits changed. The first of the two components of the experiment was a solution of potassium silicates in varying volumes (0, 200, and 400 ml). Using the symbols (B0, B1, and B2), the first part is the L-1. Second, there are four separate planting dates, which make up the second component. The symbols (A1, A2, A3 and A4) stand for the dates 1/11, 15/11, 1/12 and 15/12, respectively. Findings showed that the binary interaction treatment B2A1, which included potassium silicate spraying and planting dates, yielded the best results in terms of disc diameter, total seed yield (2.6 cm), number of discs per plant (39), number of seeds per disc (31), weight of 1000 seeds (41 g), and tons per hectare (4.3 ton).
Effect of Spraying Dates with Concentrations of Nano-Zinc on some Maize Growth Traits, Yield Quality Traits and Field Emergence. Yield Traits
Authors: Mustafa Al-Rawi Adawiya Sajid , Shachai Naseer Faraj , Cheyed Saddam Hakeem
Published: July 2024

During the spring season of 2021, a field trial was conducted at the experimental field of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad (located in Abu-Ghraib site). The objective was to investigate the impact of nano-zinc concentrations and their application dates on maize yield and its components. The experiment was designed as a split-plot experiment following a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plot was assigned to spraying dates (at 50% tasseling (D1), 50% silking stage (D2), and completion of silking stage (D3). And Zinc concentrations (0, 100, 200, and 300 mg liter-1) were assigned to the sub-plots. The results of the statistical analysis revealed a significant impact of nano-zinc application timing on all studied traits. Notably, the earliest application date (D1) resulted in the highest average ear length (17.52 cm), number of ear rows (15.46 rows per ear), and number of grains per row (29.42 grains per row), seed ear weight (87.48 grams), and total grain yield of 6.65 tons per hectare. Moreover, nano-zinc concentrations demonstrated superiority across most yield component traits and grain yield, particularly at 300 mg L-1, This generated the highest average number of ear rows (17.82 rows per ear), grains per row (31.20 grains per row), ear grain weight (98.06 grams), and overall grain yield (7.49 tons per hectare). The study concludes that applying nano-zinc at the onset of the flowering stage is most effective, with the concentration of 300 mg L-1 standing out.
Effect of Seed Priming with Methyl Jasmonate and Salinity of Irrigation Water on the Emergence and Activity of Sunflower Seedlings
Authors: Mahmoud Maryam S. , Al-Fahad Ahmed Chyad
Published: July 2024

The experiment was conducted in the field in the autumn season of 2023, in the fields of the College of Agriculture, Anbar University. To study the effect of methyl jasmonate concentrations and salinity of irrigation water on the germination characteristics of sunflower. The experiment was implemented using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with factorial arrangement (two factors) and three replications. The experiment included two factors: the first factor consisted of three concentrations of methyl jasmonate (1, 2, 3 mM (mM)), and the second factor consisted of three concentrations of saline irrigation water (4, 6, 8 dS.m-1). The concentration of 1 (mM) exhibited superiority in the traits of initial germination percentage, final germination percentage, plumule length, radicale length, and fresh weight, achieving the highest averages in these traits at 61.7 %, 80.83 %, 9.54 cm, 6.16 cm, 3.26 g respectively. Conversely, the control treatment recorded the lowest rates at 32.5%, 69.17%, 6.15 cm, 2.93 cm, 0.99 g respectively. Regarding salinity levels, the concentration of 4 (dS.m-1) recorded the highest average in initial germination percentage, final germination percentage, plumule length, radicale length, and fresh and dry weights of seedlings at (45 %, 79.17 %, 10.27 cm, 5.43 cm, 3.24 g % respectively. In contrast, the 8 dS.m-1 salinity level recorded the lowest average at 29.2 %, 65%, 4.12 cm, 2.41cm, 0.76 g respectively.
Estimation of Path Analysis and Genetic Parameters for Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) Varieties in Different Environments
Authors: Ahmed Sharif Yaseen Obaid Noori , Madab Dawood Salman , Hindi Hussein Ali
Published: July 2024

A field experiment was carried out during spring season of 2023 AD in Koldara area of Al-Tun Kubri district in Kirkuk Governorate. Field experiment was applied according to a Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D), in a split-plots arrangement for two times with three replicates. Main plots included two levels of water stress namely (50, 70%), and secondary plots contains were five Levels of phosphate fertilization (0, 50, 75, 100, and 125) kg. P2O5 and secondary plots contains six varieties of Sorghum: Giza, Enqath, Rabeh, Bohouth, Lilo, and J. Traits were plant length, number of leaves per plant, green and dry forage yield and percentage of hydrocyanic acid were studied. Results study showed that: Genetic variance values were higher than environmental ones for all traits. Values of genetic and phenotypic coefficient of variation were high for trait green forage yield, medium for plant length and values of broad sense heritability degree were high for all traits. Phenotypic and genetic correlation for trait of dry fodder yield was highly significant with traits HCN and green forage yield and direct effect was negative and high. Significance between dry forage yield with hydrocyanic acid (-1.076), and highly significant positive for dry forage yield with green forage yield (1.842).
The Impact of Reducing Salt Stress on the Yield and Quantitative Characteristics of Capsicum annuum L. Chilli Pepper Using Polyamine and Salicylic Acid
Authors: Subhi Fatima Haider , Karomi Kisko Mushtak F.
Published: July 2024

To achieve the optimal and best growth of the plant and its production under salt stress, some materials were added in specific and sufficient quantities to obtain an ideal crop of salt-sensitive chili pepper plants. This experiment was carried out during the period (November 2022 to June 2023) in the Botanical Garden of the College of Science for women / University of Baghdad to study the effect of the amino acid polyamine and the growth regulator salicylic acid and their interactions on 7 traits under salt stress. Reflecting the total of quantitative and yield traits of Chili pepper (salt sensitive) Capsicum annuum L. Var. Anaheim TMR23 (from Biostim protection, Bakker Brothers, China). The experiment included three factors with three replications. The first factor included three levels (P0, P1, P2) (0, 2, 3 mg.l-1 polyamine), the second factor includes three levels (A0, A1, A2) (0, 75, 150 mg.l-1 salicylic acid) Likewise, the third factor included three levels of sodium chloride (S0, S1, S2) (0, 2000, 4000 PPM). The results of the experiment showed that different levels of salinity had a negative effect on the quantitative characteristics of chilli pepper plants, and it was noted that the second concentration of polyamine P2 and salicylic acid A2 were superior in reducing salinity. All values in many of the properties studied when interacting between polyamines and salicylic acid, it was observed that the highest value was P2A2 for the same properties studied when compared to the control, except for proline. While the ternary interaction P2A2S0 gave the highest value compared to the rest of the studied traits. It is clear from the results that proline had the highest value for all characteristics, In conclusion, this result indicates that the addition of polyamines and salicylic acid and their interactions effectively reduce the harmful effect of salt stress in chili pepper.
Separation and Identification of some Phenolic and Alkaloid Compounds from the Leaves and Flowers of Lantana camara Linn. and Testing Its Biological Effectiveness Against Some Pathogenic Bacteria
Authors: Asri Omar J. , Sultan Fatimah I.
Published: July 2024

This study included two paths: the first was to extract the active compounds from the leaves and flowers of Lantana camara L. using a Soxhleet device, and then to conduct the hydrolysis acid process for the methanolic extract to separate the phenolic compounds. The alkaloid compounds were also separated from the methanolic extract and diagnosed with HPLC technology. The results showed that the extracts contained atropine alkaloid and scopolamine, as well as six phenolic compounds in the leaves and seven in the flowers. In the second path, we study the biological effectiveness of these isolated compounds against bacteria used under study: staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Phenols achieved high inhibitory effects at a concentration of 400 mg/cm3 with an inhibitory diameter of 41±1.1 mm against the bacteria Staph.aureus used under study, while alkaloid compounds showed significantly inhibitory effects against the bacteria E. coli with the highest at a concentration of 400 mg/cm3 by 20±0.5 mm, and It did not show any effect against A.tumefaciens bacteria.