bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Small business owners' health and safety intentions: A cross-sectional survey
Authors: Brosseau Lisa M , Li Shelby Yahui
Published: October 2005

Background

Little is known about the variables underlying small business owners' behavioural intentions toward workplace health and safety. This project explores the relationship between three mediating variables (Attitude Toward Safety, Subjective Norm and Perceived Behavioural Control) and owners' Intentions Toward Safety, following the Theory of Planned Behaviour. We also investigate the role of beliefs underlying each mediating variable.

Methods

Seven hundred businesses (5–50 employees) were randomly selected from 4084 eligible companies in a manufacturing business database (SIC codes 24 to 39). The 348 respondents are on average 51 yrs of age, 86% male, 96% white and have 2 to 4 years of post-secondary school.

Results

All three mediator variables are significantly correlated with Intentions Toward Safety; Attitude Toward Safety shows the strongest correlation, which is confirmed by path analysis. Owners with higher attitudes toward safety have a higher probability of believing that improving workplace health and safety will make employees' healthier and happier, show that they care, increase employee productivity, lower workers' compensation costs, increase product quality and lower costs.

Conclusion

These results suggest that interventions aimed at increasing owners' health and safety intentions (and thus, behaviours) should focus on demonstrating positive employee health and product quality outcomes.
Septal rupture with right ventricular wall dissection after myocardial infarction
Authors: Soriano Carlos J , Pérez-Boscá José L , Canovas Sergio , Ridocci Francisco , Federico Pau , Echanove Ildefonso , Paya Rafael
Published: October 2005

Background

In patients with inferior myocardial infarction, septal rupture generally involves basal inferoposterior septum, and the communicating tract between left and right ventricle is often serpiginous with a variable degree of right ventricular wall extension. Right ventricular wall dissection following septal rupture related with previous myocardial infarction has been reported in a very few cases, in many of them this condition has been diagnosed in post-mortem studies. In a recent report long-term survival has been achieved after promptly echocardiographic diagnosis and surgical repair.

Case Presentation

We present a case of a 59-year-old man who had a septal rupture with right ventricular wall dissection after inferior and right ventricular myocardial infarction. Transthoracic echocardiography, as first line examination, established the diagnosis, and prompt surgical repair allowed long-term survival in our patient.

Conclusion

Outcomes after right ventricular intramyocardial dissection following septal rupture related to myocardial infarction has been reported to be dismal. Early recognition of this complication using transthoracic echocardiography at patient bedside, and prompt surgical repair are the main factors to achieve long-term survival in these patients.
Self-prescribing among young Norwegian doctors: a nine-year follow-up study of a nationwide sample
Authors: Hem Erlend , Stokke Guro , Tyssen Reidar , Grønvold Nina T , Vaglum Per , Ekeberg Øivind
Published: October 2005

Background

Self-prescribing among doctors is common, but no longitudinal studies have documented this issue. We studied the self-prescribing behaviour among young Norwegian physicians and the predictors of self-prescribing.

Methods

We conducted a nationwide, prospective and longitudinal study following young Norwegian physicians from internship through the subsequent nine years using three postal questionnaires. Chi-square tests and logistic regression models were applied.

Results

About 54% of the physicians in their fourth and ninth postgraduate years had self-prescribed medication at least once during the previous year. Among those who had used prescription medication during the previous year, about 90% had self-prescribed. Self-prescribing behaviour did not differ significantly between men and women, or according to the type of work at any time. The most frequently self-prescribed medications were antibiotics (71%–81%), contraceptives (24%–25%), analgesics (18%–21%), and hypnotics (9%–12%). Those who had needed treatment for mental problems had self-prescribed hypnotics and sedatives to a greater extent than the others. Being male, having self-prescribed during internship, somatic complaints, mental distress, subjective health complaints, and not having sought help from a general practitioner, were significant adjusted predictors of self-prescribing in the ninth postgraduate year.

Conclusion

The level of self-prescribing among young Norwegian physicians is relatively high, and this behaviour is established early in their professional lives. Although self-prescribing is acceptable in some situations, physicians should seek professional help for illness. Efforts to inculcate more rational help-seeking behaviour should probably start in medical schools.
Women's autonomy, education and contraception use in Pakistan: a national study
Authors: Saleem Shabana , Bobak Martin
Published: October 2005

Background

It has been proposed that the autonomy of women is one of the mechanisms of how education influences contraceptive use in developing countries. We tested this hypothesis in a national sample of women in Pakistan.

Methods

We used the 2000 Pakistan Reproductive Health and Family Planning Survey, which interviewed a national sample of ever married women aged 15–49 years (n = 6579). Women's decision autonomy was estimated from 9 questions on who makes decisions at home; movement autonomy was based on 6 questions on whether women need permission to visit places outside home. A number of socio-demographic variables were used in multivariate analysis to investigate the independent association between autonomy and lifetime and current contraception use and to assess the extent to which autonomy mediates the association between education and contraception use.

Results

Decision autonomy was significantly associated with both lifetime and current contraception use; after controlling for covariates, the odds ratios for the highest vs. the lowest quintile were 1.8 (1.4–2.4) and 2.0 (1.4–2.8), respectively. Movement autonomy was not consistently associated with contraceptive use. Contraceptive use was strongly associated with women's education but this relation was not mediated by women's autonomy.

Conclusion

Women's decision autonomy is significantly associated with contraceptive use but it does not appear to mediate the link between woman's education and contraception.
Role of Spinal Cord Glutamate Transporter during Normal Sensory Transmission and Pathological Pain States
Authors: Tao Yuan-Xiang , Gu Jianguo , Stephens Robert L
Published: October 2005

Glutamate is a neurotransmitter critical for spinal excitatory synaptic transmission and for generation and maintenance of spinal states of pain hypersensitivity via activation of glutamate receptors. Understanding the regulation of synaptically and non-synaptically released glutamate associated with pathological pain is important in exploring novel molecular mechanisms and developing therapeutic strategies of pathological pain. The glutamate transporter system is the primary mechanism for the inactivation of synaptically released glutamate and the maintenance of glutamate homeostasis. Recent studies demonstrated that spinal glutamate transporter inhibition relieved pathological pain, suggesting that the spinal glutamate transporter might serve as a therapeutic target for treatment of pathological pain. However, the exact function of glutamate transporter in pathological pain is not completely understood. This report will review the evidence for the role of the spinal glutamate transporter during normal sensory transmission and pathological pain conditions and discuss potential mechanisms by which spinal glutamate transporter is involved in pathological pain.
An online survey of chiropractors' opinions of continuing education
Authors: Stuber Kent J , Grod Jaroslaw P , Smith Dean L , Powers Paul
Published: October 2005

Background

Continuing Education (CE) for chiropractors is mandatory for licensure in most North American jurisdictions. Numerous chiropractic colleges have begun collaborating with universities to offer master's degree programs. Distance education master's degree programs may be desirable to allow full-time practicing doctors to further their post-graduate education. The present survey sought to answer three questions. First, what is the level of satisfaction of chiropractors with their continuing education? Second, what is the level of interest of chiropractors in online master's degree programs? Lastly, what is the response rate of chiropractors to an online survey?

Methods

An online survey consisting of 22 multiple choice questions was e-mailed to 1000 chiropractors randomly selected from the mailing list of an online chiropractic newsletter. Upon completion of the questionnaire, participants' answers were saved on a secure site. Data analysis included evaluation of the demographic characteristics of the respondents, their opinions of and patterns of taking CE including online education, preferred learning formats, and their interest in proposed online master's degree programs. A survey response rate was determined.

Results

Nearly 86% of respondents felt their previously completed CE courses were either somewhat or extremely satisfactory. Over ninety percent of respondents who had completed online or distance CE coursesfound them to be somewhat or extremelysatisfactory. Almost half the respondents indicated that they most preferred online distance learning, while 34.08% most preferred face-to-face interaction. Fifty-three percent of respondents indicated an interest in starting a master's degree program; however 70.46% of respondents were interested in an online master's degree program that would offer CE credit. A response rate of 35.8% was obtained.

Conclusion

Satisfaction among chiropractors with CE programs is high. The notion of completing a part-time online master's degree (or online combined with face-to-face interaction) appears to be popular among respondents, with a M.Sc. in Chiropractic Sciences being the most popular of those mentioned. Online surveys are a viable method of obtaining opinion in a cost and time efficient manner; there are some sources of bias involved in this type of research, and numerous steps need to be taken to obtain a suitable response rate.
Mutation analysis of FANCD2, BRIP1/BACH1, LMO4 and SFN in familial breast cancer
Authors: Lewis Aaron G , Flanagan James , Marsh Anna , Pupo Gulietta M , Mann Graham , Spurdle Amanda B , Lindeman Geoffrey J , Visvader Jane E , Brown Melissa A , Chenevix-Trench Georgia ,   the Kathleen Cuningham Foundation Consortium for Research into Familial Breast Cancer
Published: October 2005

Introduction

Mutations in known predisposition genes account for only about a third of all multiple-case breast cancer families. We hypothesized that germline mutations in FANCD2, BRIP1/BACH1, LMO4 and SFN may account for some of the unexplained multiple-case breast cancer families.

Methods

The families used in this study were ascertained through the Kathleen Cuningham Foundation Consortium for Research into Familial Breast Cancer (kConFab). Denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) analysis of the coding regions of these four genes was conducted in the youngest affected cases of 30 to 267 non-BRCA1/2 breast cancer families. In addition, a further 399 index cases were also screened for mutations in two functionally significant regions of the FANCD2 gene and 253 index cases were screened for two previously reported mutations in BACH1 (p. P47A and p. M299I).

Results

DHPLC analysis of FANCD2 identified six silent exonic variants, and a large number of intronic variants, which tagged two common haplotypes. One protein truncating variant was found in BRIP1/BACH1, as well as four missense variants, a silent change and a variant in the 3' untranslated region. No missense or splice site mutations were found in LMO4 or SFN. Analysis of the missense, silent and frameshift variants of FANCD2 and BACH1 in relatives of the index cases, and in a panel of controls, found no evidence suggestive of pathogenicity.

Conclusion

There is no evidence that highly penetrant exonic or splice site mutations in FANCD2, BRIP1/BACH1, LMO4 or SFN contribute to familial breast cancer. Large scale association studies will be necessary to determine whether any of the polymorphisms or haplotypes identified in these genes contributes to breast cancer risk.
Introduction
Authors: Lawyer L.C. (Lee)
Published: October 2005

We were born in 1930, a few months after the disastrous stock market crash in 1929. A worldwide depression followed. Both the oil industry and SEG had growing pains, but we survived childhood and our teenage years to celebrate our [Formula: see text] anniversary with our first separate convention in Denver, USA. It was followed by 25 years of growth.
Broader spectrum, fewer folks—gravity and magnetics from 1980 to the present
Authors: Millegan Pat
Published: October 2005

When considering how to summarize the changes in gravity and magnetics during the last 25 years, I felt I needed a theme to bind the discussion together. I also wanted to include input from my gravity and magnetics (G&M) colleagues. I decided to use my career as the vehicle for my initial, rather philosophical, discussion of changes that I have seen in the business end of G&M. I end with a list of important technical advances since 1980. I want to offer my thanks to the dozens of G&M experts, professors, gurus, and friends that gave me input; many of the most arresting quotes have been inserted verbatim in the text at points where I felt they were particularly on target. I also recommend that you read the [Formula: see text] Anniversary technical summary with articles in the November/December 2005 issue of GEOPHYSICS.
Electrical and EM methods, 1980–2005
Authors: Nabighian Misac N. , Macnae James C.
Published: October 2005

The last two decades saw major advances in data collection, processing, and interpretation of electrical and EM data. Lower transmitter frequencies for airborne time-domain EM systems have made possible surveys in areas where conductive cover previously screened basement conductors. As with every other branch of technology, the evolving speed of the silicon chip and of streaming data to hard disk has revolutionized data collection and noise reduction processing. Major advances have been made on increasing the signal-to-noise ratios in ground EM data acquisition systems. Full-waveform recording and the use of multiple receivers are becoming common for ground EM techniques. Previously intractable 2D and 3D data inversions are now slowly becoming available. Finally, controlled-source EM techniques are now being used to detect and characterize hydrocarbon-bearing reservoirs in deepwater areas.
The evolution of the interpreter's toolkit—past, present, and future
Authors: Roden Rocky
Published: October 2005

Geophysical interpreters today take for granted the availability and access to computer workstation environments loaded with 2D/3D seismic surveys, well logs, geological studies, and GIS information. To appreciate what interpreters have at their disposal today, I have made an attempt to review the evolution of interpretation tools from the inception of SEG in 1930 to the present in 25-year increments. I have also described some possible interpretation scenarios for the year 2030, SEG's [Formula: see text] Anniversary (Table 1 ). Obviously, I was not personally involved in interpretation in 1930 and 1955 (I was 2 years old), but I have talked with several veterans of the oil industry and reviewed numerous books and papers (especially the November 1980 issue of GEOPHYSICS which commemorates SEG's [Formula: see text] Anniversary). I have been directly involved in interpretation for the 1980 and 2005 periods.
Interpretation Day
Authors: Herron Donald A.
Published: October 2005

Imagine a typical workday in the life of a seismic interpreter, and then make that day quite atypical and extraordinary by allowing it to span 75 years of interpretation history. Imagine that the interpreter begins that day at 8 a.m. with the technology of 1930, the year in which SEG was founded, and ends at 5 p.m. with the technology of 2005, the year of SEG's [Formula: see text] Anniversary. Imagine that he's on the leading edge of the wave of innovation, able to actively employ interpretation technologies within the first few minutes of their development.
The rapid rise of reservoir geophysics
Authors: Pennington Wayne D.
Published: October 2005

In 1980 and again in 1985, on the occasions of the [Formula: see text] anniversary of the Society of Exploration Geophysicists and the [Formula: see text] anniversary of publication of GEOPHYSICS, special issues of that journal were published. In both those times, as now, the science was flourishing. The science described in those issues was directed toward exploration, but many of the methods were to form the basis for a new application, here called reservoir geophysics. In 1980, oil prices were at record highs, and in 1985 they were about to plummet; at the time of this writing, prices are again at local highs, accompanied by a renewed enthusiasm for the sound application of the science.
Effects of light and genetic origin on in vitro tuberzation of potato
Authors: Dobránszki J.
Published: October 2005

The effects of environmental factors (photoperiod and light intensity) on in vitro tuberization were analysed on five potato cultivars of different genetic origin representing various maturity groups. No growth regulators were added to the culture media to avoid the potential effect(s) of growth regulators on the response to environmental stimuli. An 8% sucrose treatment was used for tuber initiation. Light (short-day treatment) applied after the induction phase delayed or inhibited tuber initiation. By contrast, darkness applied after the tuber induction stage accelerated and synchronized tuber initiation after high light intensity. No relationship was observed between the maturity groups of the tested cultivars and their tuber initiation response. The tuber number (.2 mm) per shoot varied from 1.19 to 1.52 depending on the cultivar in the best treatments. Consequently, the manipulation of light alone gave reliable tuberization.
Assessment of the contribution of legumes to the nitrogen nutrition of sugarcane
Authors: Ibrahim P. , Gana A. , Busari L.
Published: October 2005

Field trials were conducted to assess the contribution of legumes to the nitrogen nutrition of sugarcane at the up-land sugarcane experimental field of the National Cereals Research Institute Farm, Badeggi (9°45'N, 06°07'E) in the Southern Guinea Savanna ecological zone of Nigeria in the 1997 and 1998 wet seasons. The four treatments tested consisted of sole-planted chewing cane, and chewing cane intercropped with soybean (TGM 579), Sesbania rostrata and cowpea (Ife brown). The treatments were laid out in a randomised complete block design with three replications. The legumes were ploughed into the soil at 12 weeks after sowing (WAS). At 2 months after sowing, cane intercropped with cowpea generally recorded lower values for cane height, tiller number and crop vigour, while the sole-planted cane crop gave the highest values for each of these parameters in both years. However, at 4 and 10 months after planting and at harvest (1, 6 and 9 months after the legume incorporation) sole-planted cane recorded significantly lower cane height, single stalk weight and crop vigour in 1997 and 1998. Among the intercropping treatments, cowpea and sesbania had almost similar effects on the cane in terms of crop vigour, cane height, single stalk weight and cane yield (t/ha), being better than the sole-planted cane and intercropping with soybean.
Physical changes in the rhizosphere and their significance for plant-soil interactions
Authors: Gregory P.
Published: October 2005

The rhizosphere has biological, chemical and physical properties that differ from those of bulk soil and which influence the availability of water and nutrients. Mucilage produced by roots contains a surface active agent which reduces the surface tension around the root. The presence of root cap cells in the mucilage gives it viscoelastic properties which draw soil particles towards the root surface and, together with the increasing viscosity as the soil dries and mucilage dehydrates, facilitates the formation of rhizosheaths.The development of non-invasive imaging allied with computed tomography (CT) has allowed the study of root systems in situ and the observation of root growth. It is now possible to achieve cone beam images in a scanning time of 30 minutes with a resolution of 100 .m. Further developments of this technique should allow changes in bulk density and water content close to the root surface to be observed and quantified.
Element composition and magnesium coefficent of soybean seeds
Authors: Csikkel-Szolnoki A. , Kiss S.
Published: October 2005

The magnesium, calcium and aluminium contents in different soybean seeds depended on both the variety and the soil type. Late-ripening soybean varieties were compared with early and intermediate varieties. The element contents of the early varieties were lower than those of the intermediate and late soybean varieties grown at the same experimental site. In addition to measurements on whole soybean seeds, the seed-coat and inner parts were also analysed separately. The magnesium, calcium and aluminium contents of the seed-coat were higher than those of the inner parts. There were only slight differences in the contents of protein and crude fat, and no correlation was found with the magnesium contents. The correlation between the magnesium coefficient (z) and the protein content (Kiss, 1974) was valid only in cases where the difference between the magnesium coefficients of two plants was more than 0.1.
Effect of certain soil properties on the available microelement reserves of soil
Authors: Molnáros I.
Published: October 2005

Over the last 20 years a large number of soil analyses (pHKCl, CaCO3%, plasticity, humus, macro- and microelement contents) have been carried out on arable land in Vas County. The laboratory analyses were introduced on a system of three-year cycles (Buzás, 1983) as decreed in 1978 by the Ministry of Agriculture and Food, in order to improve the fertilisation extension service. 1980).The dominant soil type in the county is brown forest soil, which covers 74% of the total area. Within this area, brown forest soils with clay illuviations and Ramann’s, rust-brown and chernozem brown forest soils make up 52%. A further 23% of the total area consists of alluvial, alluvial meadow and meadow soils, while the remaining 3% is lowmoor fen, gravelly skeleton soil and slope deposit soil. The analytical data indicated that there was a close correlation between the available microelement content of the soils and the most important soil properties, though this differed in extent and form for each element and soil property. The available microelement content generally increased above a pH of 6.5, at lime contents of 0.1–1.0%, at humus contents of 2.5–3.0% and in the soil plasticity range 43–60 according to Arany. The biometrical analysis revealed that the available microelement content generally had a linear correlation with pHKCl, a logarithmic correlation with lime content and a quadratic correlation with humus content and plasticity.
AGRICULTURAL CARBON MITIGATION OPTIONS IN EUROPE: IMPROVED ESTIMATES AND THE GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Smith P. , Powlson D. , Smith J. , Falloon P. , Coleman K. , Goulding K.
Published: October 2005

Over recent years a number of attempts have been made to assess the carbon mitigation potential of European agricultural land. Here we review the progress made by comparing pre- and post-Kyoto estimates of C mitigation potential, and review recent advances, such as the inclusion of trace gases in C mitigation calculations. We then briefly discuss ways in which our regional estimates of agricultural carbon mitigation potential might be improved. Finally, we set the findings for Europe in the context of the global terrestrial carbon cycle, and the historical global loss of carbon from soils due to agriculture.
EFFICACY OF AZOTOBACTER INOCULATION UNDER GRADED DOSES OF NITROGEN FERTILIZER IN RELATION TO GROWTH, YIELD AND NITROGEN UTILIZATION EFFICIENCY OF OAT (Avena sativa L.)
Authors: Jatasara D. , Rana D. , Sheoran R.
Published: October 2005

A field experiment was conducted at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India during the winter season for three consecutive years from 1995–96 to 1997–98 to study the effect of different nitrogen levels and Azotobacter inoculation on the growth, grain yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency of two varieties of oat. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three replications. The results revealed that oat variety JHO-822 was superior to OS-7 for grain yield. However, the variety OS-7 produced a higher straw yield than JHO-822. Increasing levels of nitrogen up to 60 kg/ha significantly increased the grain and straw yields over the lower doses on a pooled data basis. Nitrogen application also had a beneficial effect on the yield attributing traits of oat. Nitrogen utilization efficiency was highest at 60 kg N/ha and declined thereafter. Azotobacter inoculation was found beneficial in terms of increased grain and straw yield and higher nitrogen utilization efficiency over the uninoculated treatments.
ORIGIN AND TAXONOMY OF WHEAT IN THE LIGHT OF RECENT RESEARCH
Authors: Bálint A. F. , Kovács G. , Sutka J.
Published: October 2005

There is still disagreement among scientists on the exact origin of common wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. aestivum), one of the most important crops in the world. The first step in the development of the hexaploid aestivum group (ABD) may have been hybridisation between T. urartu (A), as pollinator, and a species related to the Sitopsis section of the Aegilops genus (S) as cytoplasm donor, leading to the creation of the tetraploid species T. turgidum ssp. dicoccoides (AB). The following step may have involved hybridisation between T. turgidum ssp. dicoccon (AB genome, cytoplasm donor), a descendant of T. turgidum ssp. dicoccoides, and Ae. tauschii (D genome, pollinator), resulting in the hexaploid species T. aestivum ssp. spelta (ABD) or some other hulled type. This form may have given rise to naked types, including T. aestivum ssp. aestivum (ABD). The ancestors of the tetraploid T. timopheevii (AG) may have been the diploid T. urartu (A genome, pollinator) and Ae. speltoides (S genome, cytoplasm donor). Species in the timopheevii group developed later than those in the turgidum group, as confirmed by the fact that the G genome is practically identical to the S genome of Ae. speltoides, while the more ancient B genome has undergone divergent evolution. Hybridisation between T. timopheevii (AG, cytoplasm donor) and T. monococcum (A m, pollinator) may have resulted in the species T. zhukovskyi (AGA m). Research into the relationships between the various species is of assistance in compiling the taxonomy of wheat and in avoiding misunderstandings arising from the fact that some species are known by two or more synonymous names.
VIRAL DISEASES ON CEREALS IN CENTRAL HUNGARY
Authors: Szunics L. , Pocsai E. , Szunics Lu. , Vida G.
Published: October 2005

In recent years viral diseases have become more frequent on cereals in Hungary. In the breeding nursery of the Martonvásár Institute, which contains stocks with very diverse genetic backgrounds, wheat suffered major attacks by viruses in 1972, 1976, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1986, 1990, 1996 and 1998. The winter barley plots incurred great damage in 1989 and 1990, while a large proportion of the durum wheat was destroyed in 1996. In 1982 barley yellow dwarf virus caused an epidemic in Fejér County and on many farms the damage was so great that the fields had to be ploughed up. The following nine viruses, which impose a threat to cereals, have been identified in Hungary to date: 1966: barley yellow dwarf luteovirus (BYDV), 1984: barley stripe mosaic hordeivirus (BSMV), 1985: wheat streak mosaic tritimovirus (WSMV), 1986: brome mosaic bromovirus (BMV), cocksfoot mottle sobemovirus (CfMV), 1988: wheat dwarf mastrevirus (WDV), 1989: barley yellow mosaic bymovirus (BYMV), 1990: agropyron mosaic rymovirus (AgMV) and ryegrass mosaic rymovirus (RyMV). The most frequent and widespread of these are BYDV and WDV, which are thus able to cause the greatest quantitative and qualitative damage. On the basis of six years’ data (1994–2000), neither BYDV nor WDV could be isolated from 35.7% of 1163 samples exhibiting leaf yellowing and dwarfness. This indicates that other viruses pathogenic to cereals can induce similar symptoms. Among the plants showing symptoms of virus infection, 47.3% were attacked by WDV alone, in proportions ranging from 28.8% in barley to 69.7% in triticale. The degree of infection changed from year to year: WDV was isolated from 0.0% of symptom-exhibiting plants in 1999, from 48.5% in 1997 and from 94.0% in 2000. Barley yellow dwarf virus was only isolated alone from 9.5% of the samples, while it was isolated together with wheat dwarf virus from 7.5% of the samples. Considerable differences were observed between the cereal species: only 5.6% of the durum wheat samples were infected with BYDV, while this figure was 28.1% for oats. There was also a significant year effect. In 1996 triticale was not infected, while in 2000 5.0% of the plants exhibited symptoms and in 1994 45.5% of the plants were hosts to the BYD virus. Under Hungarian conditions all five known serotypes can be found, though in different proportions depending on the cereal species and the year. The most frequent is RPV (27.4%), followed by PAV (26.9%), SGV (15.6%), MAV (15.3%) and RMV (14.8%). In samples collected from oats only the PAV serotype was found. The MAV serotype has never been isolated from triticale. The dominant serotype was RPV (60.7%) in wheat samples, SGV (36.0%) in durum wheat and RMV (29.1%) in barley.
EFFECT OF IRRIGATION REGIMES, PLANT POPULATION AND PHOSPHORUS LEVELS ON THE YIELD ATTRIBUTES AND YIELD OF SOYBEAN (Glycine max (L.) Merrill)
Authors: Rajendran K. , Lourduraj A. C.
Published: October 2005

Field experiments were conducted at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India during the summer (January – April) and kharif (June – September) seasons of 1994 and 1995 in a split plot design. The main plot consisted of three levels of irrigation, with irrigation water/cumulative pan evaporation (IW/CPE) ratios of 0.40, 0.60 and 0.80, and three levels of plant population (0.33, 0.44 and 0.66 million plants ha –1). The subplot treatments consisted of three levels of phosphorus (80, 100 and 120 kg P2O5 ha –1). The results revealed that irrigation at IW/CPE 0.80 with a plant population of 0.66 million plants ha –1 and a P level of 100 kg P2O5 ha –1 is promising in obtaining maximum yield in soybean. Under an irrigation regime of IW/CPE 0.80, the total water consumption varied from 450 to 533 mm, while it varied from 350 to 438 mm at IW/CPE 0.60 and from 250 to 393 mm at IW/CPE 0.40.
SUSTAINABLE RYE PRODUCTION IN THE WESTSIK CROP ROTATION EXPERIMENT
Authors: Lazányi J.
Published: October 2005

The best-known and most remarkable example of continuous production in Hungary is the Westsik crop rotation experiment established in 1929. It is still in use to study the effects of organic manure treatment, to develop models and to predict the likely effects of different cropping systems on soil properties and crop yields. In this respect, the Westsik crop rotation experiment provides data of immediate value to farmers concerning the application of green manure, straw and farmyard manure. The increased demand for food and changes in the ecological requirements of agricultural production have urged scientists to revise the widely used traditional principles and to develop alternative crop production practices. In this respect, they must strive for the adoption of technologies which serve for the simultaneous maintenance of production levels, soil fertility and environmental goals. The Westsik crop rotation experiment provides useful help and a thorough scientific basis for the solution of this problem. It models various possible methods of nutrient management and assists in answering questions on the sustainability of agricultural production. Since 1929, only minor changes have been introduced in some treatments. These changes have made the classical experiment more relevant to current research needs and farming practices.
MORPHOLOGICAL AND ANATOMICAL INVESTIGATION OF WATER STRESSED TRITICUM SPECIES
Authors: Kiss Z. , Kovcás S. , Nyakas A.
Published: October 2005

The purpose of the experiment was to observe the influence of previous, repeated water stress cycles on the response of Triticum monococcum L. and Triticum spelta L. to a subsequent, challenge water stress. The plants were grown in pots, in a growth chamber. Treated plants underwent two water stress cycles, while control plants were kept well watered. In the subsequent challenge water stress cycle both control and treated plants experienced water deficiency. The growth of treated Triticum monococcum plants was 32.9% higher than the growth of control plants in the challenge water stress cycle. There was no difference between the growth of treated and control Triticum spelta plants in the challenge water stress cycle.  The leaf-blade/leaf-sheath ratio decreased in the case of both Triticum species as the number of water stress cycles increased. In the case of Triticum monococcum, the number of stomata in the middle part of the leaf-blade was significantly higher (18.7%) in treated plants than in control plants. In the case of Triticum spelta, the number of stomata in the middle part of the leaf-blade was also higher (5.2%) in treated plants than in control plants.
COMBINING ABILITY OF TOMATO GENOTYPES FOR IMPROVED SALT TOLERANCE
Authors: Dessalegne L. , Caligari P. D. S.
Published: October 2005

The combining ability of four tomato genotypes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) for salt tolerance was determined by investigating the progeny from a 4 × 4 diallel cross. Sixteen progenies (F1s, selfs and reciprocals) were evaluated at three levels of salinity (0%, 1.0%, 1.5%) in a complete block design with four replications under greenhouse conditions. The analysis of the genetic component revealed that the mode of inheritance of salt tolerance appeared to be different to that of plant characters and salinity levels as measured by plant height and fruit yield components. However, the fruit count was consistently controlled by additive gene effects. The specific crosses Moneymaker (MM) × Red Alert (RA) and Ailsa Craig (AC) × Gardener's Delight (GD) produced the highest yield. The small-fruited parents, Red Alert and Gardener's Delight, had higher general combining ability value for salt tolerance than the large-fruited, Ailsa Craig and Moneymaker, for fruit yield components. RA and GD were superior parents in transmitting salt tolerance. The study revealed that plant selection could be used to improve varietal performance for salt tolerance. It is also suggested that the potential variation in commercial cultivars could be exploited to improve adaptability to more saline growing conditions till resistant cultivars are developed through crosses with the wild species or genetic transformation with optimum management practices.
COMBINING ABILITY ANALYSIS OF DROUGHT TOLERANCE IN WHEAT OVER DIFFERENT WATER REGIMES
Authors: Farshadfar E. , Farshadfar M. , Sutka J.
Published: October 2005

To study the properties of some drought tolerance criteria and  agronomic characters in wheat, an eight-parental diallel cross, excluding reciprocals, was grown in a randomized complete block design with three replications under two different water regimes (irrigated and rainfed) for two years in the College of Agriculture at Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. High broad-sense heritability estimates were observed for harvest index, grain yield, and earliness. Additive gene action was found to be predominant for grain yield, harvest index, relative water content and chlorophyll fluorescence. The results of combining ability analysis revealed that Plainsman was the best general combiner and Plainsman × Kobomugi was the best specific combination for improving drought tolerance. The pooled analysis of variance for combining ability over rainfed conditions reflected that the GCA × environment interaction was not significant for harvest index and chlorophyll fluorescence, and the SCA × environment interaction was  non-significant for relative water content and relative water loss, indicating that genes controlling osmoregulation and the other physiological traits mentioned are not affected in these varieties by different rainfed conditions and hence show static stability.
TRIPLE TEST CROSS ANALYSIS IN FOUR SESAME CROSSES (SESAMUM INDICUM L.) 2. YIELD, YIELD COMPONENTS AND WILT INFECTION
Authors: Bakheit B. R. , El-Shiemy A. A. , Sedek F. S. , Ismail A. A.
Published: October 2005

The present study was carried out during the three successive growing seasons of 1996, 1997 and 1998 to estimate the additive, dominance and epistatic components of genetic variation for the yield, yield components and wilt infection by using ninety triple test cross families and their parents, F1 and F2 in four sesame crosses. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used. The results indicated that mean squares of the genetic analysis of variance and the overall epistatic gene effects for the crosses showed highly significant differences for all studied characters. The [i] type (additive × additive) was considered as a major component of the overall epistatic effects for 1000-seed weight in the TTC3 cross, wilt infection percentage in TTC3 and TTC4, number of capsules/plant in TTC1, TTC2 and TTC4 and seed yield/plant in all crosses. The ratio of (H/D)1 for all crosses confirms the presence of partial dominance for all studied traits. The direction of dominance was positive and significant for wilt infection in TTC4, oil percentage in TTC1 and TTC4, number of capsules/plant and 1000-seed weight in TTC2 and seed yield/plant in all four crosses. The results also revealed that the highest proportion of recombinant lines was obtained for number of capsules/plant, 1000-seed weight and oil percentage in the TTC2 cross and for seed yield/plant in TTC3.
COMBINING ABILITY STUDY FOR GREEN FRUIT YIELD AND ITS COMPONENTS IN HOT PEPPER (CAPSICUM ANNUUM L.)
Authors: Legesse G.
Published: October 2005

The fruit yield and quality of hot pepper, Capsicum annuum L., is very low in Ethiopia mainly due to the lack of improved cultivars. The objective of this study was to evaluate the combining ability for yield and yield contributing characters in order to apply an appropriate breeding methodology for the improvement of yield and the contributing characters. Seven diverse cultivars, two local cultivars and five introduced promising inbred lines, were crossed in a half-diallel. The parents and F1s were grown at Melkasa Agricultural Research Center in 1999 and 2000. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications of ten plants per row. The green fruit yield and eight yield contributing characters were recorded from eight plants in each replication. The analysis of variance and estimates of GCA and SCA were significant for most of the characters studied. Significant GCA and SCA values were recorded for most of the characters, revealing that both additive and non-additive gene effects were involved in genetic control. A lower average degree of dominance was also recorded for some of the characters. Although none of the parents was a good general combiner for all the traits, some parents showed high GCA effects for some of the economic traits, suggesting that these parental lines could be considered simultaneously while formulating a breeding programme for improving fruit yield and yield contributing characters. The majority of the crosses also depicted significant SCA effects in the desirable directions.
EFFECTS OF PLANT DENSITY, ROW SPACING AND ROW ORIENTATION ON YIELD AND ACHENE QUALITY IN RAINFED SUNFLOWER
Authors: LONG M. , FEIL B. , DIEPENBROCK W.
Published: October 2005

A large body of literature on the responses of yield and other agronomic traits to planting patterns in rainfed sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is reviewed. Extensive studies on the effect of plant density on yield have given inconsistent results which are still not well explained by other agronomic traits. The effects of row spacing on yield and other traits seems to depend greatly on the environment where the trial is conducted and on the cultivar used. Information on the effect of row orientation is scarce and needs to be further studied over a large range of latitudes with the assistance of simulating models.
CORRELATION BETWEEN NUMBER OF STOMATA AND CONCENTRATION OF MACRO- AND MICROELEMENTS IN SOME WINTER WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.) GENOTYPES
Authors: SABO M. , M. BEDE , V. VUKADINOVIĆ
Published: October 2005

The number of stomata and the concentration of macro- and microelements in four new winter wheat genotypes: Lenta, Lara, Perla and Fiesta were investigated in two localities in Croatia in the 1997/98 growing season. The stomata number per mm2 was determined by a standard method. N was established by the micro-Kjeldahl method, P spectrophotometrically and K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn by the AAS method. The interrelation of the investigated parameters was determined by multiple regression and correlation analysis. The results obtained indicate that the number of stomata per mm2 and the macro- and microelement concentrations depended on the genotype, the phenophase and the locality. A statistically significant correlation was found between the stomata number per mm2 and the macro- (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) and microelement (Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn) concentrations.
TRANSFER OF BLAST RESISTANCE FROM WILD RICE SPECIES INTO CULTIVATED VARIETIES (O. SATIVA) WITH ANTHER CULTURE
Authors: YANG Q. , PANG H. , SONG Y. , LIU X.
Published: October 2005

Some wild species of the genus Oryza such as O. rufipogon and O. longistaminata show a high level of resistance to pests and diseases including rice blast (caused by Magnaporthe grisea). To transfer blast resistance from wild species into cultivatedvarieties (O. sativa), interspecific hybrids were produced and anther culture was used toaccelerate the procedure of resistance breeding. Anther culture efficiency depended onboth the medium and the genotype of the cultivated varieties and the wild species. Afterinoculation with a mixture of six strains with wide spectrum virulence, all the F1 hybridswere resistant to blast; the F2 plants segregated, from high resistance to susceptibility, anda similar result was obtained for the H1 and H2 plants. At the H3 stage, blast resistancetended to be stable and almost 100% of inoculated H5 plants were highly resistant to riceblast. For agronomic characteristics, the F2 and H1 showed segregation, but no significantdifferences were seen between the cultivated parents and the H2 to H5 generations. Theresults demonstrate that blast resistance genes can be transferred from wild rice speciesinto cultivated varieties through crossing and anther culture, and the H5 can be used asstable lines in future breeding programmes.
TOLERANCE OF SORGHUM LANDRACES AND VARIETIES TO STRIGA (STRIGA HERMONTHICA) INFESTATION IN ETHIOPIA
Authors: BAYU W. , BINOR S. , ADMASSU L.
Published: October 2005

A pot experiment was conducted at Sirinka Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia in 1999 to evaluate the level of resistance of local and improved sorghum varieties to Strigahermonthica (Del.) Benth. The results indicate that the three exotic varieties, which were bred for striga resistance (P-9401, P-9403 and SRN-39), and two local varieties (Ayefere- Asfachew and Wotere) supported significantly lower numbers of emerged striga compared to the susceptible checks. Striga dry biomass weight and shoot height were also significantly lower for these varieties. Plant height, dry shoot weight and dry root weight were also least affected by striga infestation in these varieties. Most of the local sorghum varieties, which were praised for their resistance, had disappointing infestation levels.
HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION IN CASSAVA (MANIHOT ESCULENTA CRANTZ) AFTER NATURAL AND ARTIFICIALPOLLINATION IN A HUMID AGROECOLOGICAL ZONE
Authors: OGBURIA M. N. , OKELE K
Published: October 2005

An effective pollination system is an important pre-requisite for successful hybridization in any breeding programme. A field experiment was conducted between March 1998 and March 1999 at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt in a humid agroecological zone of Nigeria, to evaluate ten selected cassava clones for hybrid seed production efficiency after natural and artificial pollination. The time to 50% flowering and the number of pistillate and staminate flowers showed significant variation (P=0.05) in the study. More staminate than pistillate flowers were produced in all clones, at a ratio of 8:1= staminate: pistillate per clone. Hybrid seed production was significantly different (P=0.05) in the ten selected clones of cassava after natural and artificial pollination. Natural pollination was more effective as regards the rate of seed set (26.9 seeds on 0.056 ha-1, equivalent to 480.9 seeds ha-1) than artificial pollination, which produced 8.8 seeds on 0.056 ha-1 or a calculated equivalent of 156.3 seed ha-1. For optimal hybrid seed production, natural pollination using male sterile females and desirable male fecund parents, well arranged in the field to encourage effective natural cross-pollination, either by wind or insects, is suggested for increased hybrid seed production in a cassava breeding programme in a humid ecological zone of Nigeria.
EFFECT OF WHEAT, LEGUME AND LEGUME-ENRICHED WHEAT RESIDUES ON THE PRODUCTIVITY AND NITROGEN UPTAKE OF RICE-WHEAT CROPPING SYSTEM AND SOIL FERTILITY
Authors: SHARMA S. N. , PRASAD R.
Published: October 2005

Field experiments were conducted for two crop years at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi to study the effect of enriching wheat residue with legume residue on the productivity and nitrogen uptake of a rice-wheat cropping system and soil fertility. The incorporation of wheat residue had an adverse effect on the productivity of the rice-wheat cropping system. When it was incorporated along with Sesbania green manure, not only did its adverse effect disappear but the response to fertilizer N was also increased. There was no response to fertilizer N when Sesbania green manure was incorporated. When wheat residue was incorporated along with Sesbania green manuring, rice responded significantly to fertilizer N up to 120 kg N ha-1 in the first year and to 60 kgN ha-1 in the second year and at these levels of N, Sesbania + wheat residue gave 0.8 to 1.2 t ha-1 more grain, 0.6-1.0 t ha-1 more straw and 8-15 kg ha-1 more N uptake of rice resulting in 0.04-0.17% more organic C, 3-8 kg ha-1 more available P and 17-25 kg ha-1 more available K content in the soil than wheat residue alone at the same rates of N application. The respective increaseas caused by Sesbania green manure + wheat residue over Sesbania green manure alone were 0.3-0.5 t ha-1 in the grain and straw yield, 1-9 kg ha-1 in the N uptake of rice, 0.02-0.10% in organic C, 1-8 kg ha-1 in available P and 35- 70 kg ha-1 in available K content in the soil. These treatments also gave higher residual effects in succeeding wheat than wheat residue alone. The incorporation of residues of both wheat and Sesbania is thus recommended to eliminate the adverse effect of wheat residue and to increase the beneficial effects of Sesbania green manuring.