bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The population dynamics of Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia: Corbiculacea) in Plover Cove Reservoir, Hong Kong
Authors: Morton Brian
Published: May 2010

Various aspects of the biology, population dynamics, growth, sexuality, reproduction, settlement and mortality of populations of Corbicula fluminea (Muller, 1774) inhabiting Plover Cove reservoir and the Shum Chuen river, Hong Kong are described. These data are correlated with the hydrological picture of the reservoir to obtain a better understanding of the conditions under which the processes of growth, reproduction and settlement occur. An analysis of the shell dimensions of the component age groups comprising the population is obtained and, using the growth formula of Bertalanffy (1938), the maximum theoretical length of C. fluminea for this locality is calculated, which when considered in conjunction with other data relevant to the biology provides a more meaningful definition of this species. Such information, if obtained for other species, would provide a better taxonomic picture of the Corbiculacea as a whole and permit a greater understanding of those corbiculids introduced into the U.S.A. which are a pest of water supply systems. A preliminary comparison with such information as is available from the North American populations of Corbicula, indicates that at least two species, namely C. fluminea (Muller 1774) and C. fluminalis (Muller 1774) have been possibly introduced.

Other species may have been introduced, but until a more thorough examination of the species both within their home and introduced ranges has been undertaken, the taxonomic picture will remain obscure.

This paper demonstrates that in Hong Kong C. fluminea is a protandric consecutive hermaphrodite, which incubates its young in a ctenidial marsupium. This refutes the conclusion reached by earlier researchers and emphasizes the need for more detailed studies.
Histological and histochemical changes in the gonads and epididymides of the male Soft‐shelled turtle, Trionyx sinensis
Authors: Lofts B. , Tsui H. W.
Published: May 2010

The seasonal testicular changes in the Soft‐shelled turtle, T. sinensis, show a well‐marked temporal differentiation between the functional activity of the seminiferous tubules and the interstitial tissue. In the March‐April breeding period, the interstitial cells are large and lipid‐free, with rounded turgid nuclei and a strongly positive reaction to tests for A5‐3P‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. As might be expected with such histochemical manifestations of high androgen secretory activity, the epididymis is also highly developed during this period. In contrast, the seminiferous tubules are regressed, spermatogenetically inactive, and heavily lipoidal. Fertilization is achieved by spermatozoa discharged from the epididymidal canals.

Immediately following the breeding period, the interstitial tissue atrophies and becomes strongly lipoidal and negative to tests for 3P‐HSD. This interstitial regression is accompanied by the regression of the epididymides and a concomitant recrudescence of seminiferous tubule activity. The latter rapidly become depleted of their lipid and become strongly positive to tests for 3P‐HSD. Spermatogenesis resumes, and the seminiferous tubules become filled with representatives of all the germinal stages by the end of May. In early autumn there is a cessation of spermatogenesis, and, as the epididymides recover under the influence of a recovering androgen secretion by the redeveloping interstitial cells, the spermatozoa become evacuated from the tubule‐lumina to the epididymidal canals, where they remain until the succeeding breeding season.

The seasonal histochemical events are discussed in relation to the basic pituitary‐gonadal regulation of testicular function.
Comparative anatomy of the major blood vessels of the sealions Neophoca and Phocarctos; with comments on the differences between the otariid and phocid vascular systems
Authors: King Judith E.
Published: May 2010

The major blood vessels of the sealion pups Neophoca cinerea and Phocarctos hookeri are described, and the results compared with descriptions in the literature of the vascular systems of phocoid and otarioid seals. The arteries of pinnipeds, in general, follow the normal mammalian plan, but modifications have occurred in the venous system. These modifications have been well documented for many phocids, but in the eared seals and walruses limited information suggests differences from the phocid pattern. Eared seals and walruses have a venous system much more like that of a typical mammal and they do not appear to have pericardial rete, or a typical phocid renal stellate plexus, or enlarged extradural vein; while they do possess normal renal veins and venous drainage of the head by the external jugular vein.
The structure of the cochlea in some mammals
Authors: PYE ADE
Published: May 2010

The structure of the cochlea had been studied by serial sections in 13 species of mammals, with representatives from the metatherian order Marsupialia and the eutherian orders Insectivora, Primates, Edentata, Pholidota and Carnivora. All the specimens have been intra‐vitally perfused to obtain good preservation of the cochlea. The height of the cochlea was measured and the number of half‐turns noted in each cochlea. Other measurements were made at every half‐turn of the cochlea in the modiolar plane as follows: the width of the cochlea and the radial position of the spiral organ, the width and thickness of the basilar membrane, the height of the cells of Claudius and the size of the spiral ligament. Other special features were also observed.
The phyletic implications of spermathecal structure in the Raninidae (Decapoda: Brachyura)
Authors: HARTNOLL R. G.
Published: May 2010

The true crabs or Brachyura can be divided into a primitive section with integumental spermathecae unconnected with the oviducts, and an advanced section with spermathecae formed as dilations of the oviducts: no intermediate forms are known. Previously the Raninidae, one of the primitive families, has been considered to have a single median sper‐matheca, as in the presumed ancestral Astacura. This conflicted with their generally more evolved condition compared to the other primitive families. This investigation shows that the basic raninid structure is as in other primitive crabs, with paired spermathecae lying within endosternite 7/8. Due to the acute dorsal flexion of the posterior sternites the spermathecae have come to open anteriorly on sternite 7 rather than on sternal suture 7/8, and due to narrowing of the sternum the paired openings may appear as a single median one. This revised structure confirms the Raninidae as the most advanced of the primitive Brachyura, but unfortunately does not contribute to an understanding of the course of evolution of the spermathecal condition in the advanced Brachyura.
Ecology of the terrestrial snail (Brephulopsis bidens): age composition, population density and spatial distribution of individuals
Authors: Livshits G. M.
Published: May 2010

Studies were carried out during the spring, summer and autumn seasons of 1974–1976 on a natural population of the terrestrial snail Brephulopsis bidens (Pulmonata: Enidae), located on a mountain in Crimea (USSR). The overall population was characterized by a high density (50.2–124.4 ind/m2 in 1974, 61.3–162.5 ind/m2 in 1975 and 27.8–157.3 ind/m2 in 1976) and a strongly pronounced congregational tendency of snails. There was a significant correlation (r=087, P <O.O1) between the mean number and size of snail colonies on random 10 × 10 m areas during active season. The proportion of sexually mature snails reached maximum (70–80%) in autumn before the hibernation, and was minimal (about 25%) in the spring. The better winter survival of the pre‐adolescent snails (81.7%vs 56.3%) and their earlier emergence from the ground following hibernation, both explain the preponderance of young molluscs observed in the spring. Density and spatial distribution of individuals were subject to considerable seasonal and spatial variability. Seasonal variation of the active snails density in dry years seemed to depend on the amount of rainfall (r=0.93). Spatial distribution of the molluscs significantly correlated with humus as well as with the nitrogen and magnesium ion concentration.
Folate‐producing lactic acid bacteria from cow’s milk with probiotic characteristics
Authors: GANGADHARAN DHANYA , SIVARAMAKRISHNAN SWETHA , PANDEY ASHOK , MADHAVAN NAMPOOTHIRI KESAVAN
Published: May 2010

The probiotic potential of newly isolated lactic acid bacteria from cow’s milk was analysed and the efficacy of the selected isolates to produce folic acid was determined by microbiological assay. Two isolates, CM 22 and CM 28 were selected for folate production in skim milk medium and the net folate yield was 12.5 ng and 14.2 ng/mL respectively. The two isolates (CM 22 and CM 28) showed more than 98% similarity to Lactococcus subsp. cremoris and Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis respectively by 16S rRNA sequencing.
Cocaine causes memory and learning impairments in rats: involvement of nuclear factor kappa B and oxidative stress, and prevention by topiramate
Authors: Muriach María , López‐Pedrajas Rosa , Barcia Jorge M. , Sanchez‐Villarejo María V. , Almansa Inmaculada , Romero Francisco J.
Published: May 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 114, 675–684.

Different mechanisms have been suggested for cocaine toxicity including an increase in oxidative stress but the association between oxidative status in the brain and cocaine induced‐behaviour is poorly understood. Nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) is a sensor of oxidative stress and participates in memory formation that could be involved in drug toxicity and addiction mechanisms. Therefore NFκB activity, oxidative stress, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) activity, spatial learning and memory as well as the effect of topiramate, a previously proposed therapy for cocaine addiction, were evaluated in an experimental model of cocaine administration in rats. NFκB activity was decreased in the frontal cortex of cocaine treated rats, as well as GSH concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity in the hippocampus, whereas nNOS activity in the hippocampus was increased. Memory retrieval of experiences acquired prior to cocaine administration was impaired and negatively correlated with NFκB activity in the frontal cortex. In contrast, learning of new tasks was enhanced and correlated with the increase of nNOS activity and the decrease of glutathione peroxidase. These results provide evidence for a possible mechanistic role of oxidative and nitrosative stress and NFκB in the alterations induced by cocaine. Topiramate prevented all the alterations observed, showing novel neuroprotective properties.
Sexual-Minority College Women's Experiences with Discrimination: Relations with Identity and Collective Action
Authors: Friedman Carly , Leaper Campbell
Published: May 2010

This study examined sexual-minority women's reports of sexism, heterosexism, and gendered heterosexism (discrimination that is both sexist and heterosexist) as predictors of social identity and collective action during college. A measure of gendered heterosexism was developed that assesses women's experiences with discrimination that is simultaneously sexist and heterosexist in nature. This measure was distinct from measures of sexism and heterosexism and had good internal consistency. The sample included 83 sexual-minority college women (mean age = 19.93 years). Significant differences occurred between groups of women based on their identification as lesbian/queer or bisexual. Lesbian/queer women reported significantly more heterosexist discrimination, social identity, and commitment to sexual orientation activism than did bisexual women. After controlling for reported sexism, heterosexism, and their interaction, reported gendered heterosexism uniquely predicted social sexual-orientation identity, commitment to feminist activism, and commitment to lesbian/gay/bisexual/queer (LGBQ) collective action. Thus, young LGBQ women may experience discrimination that is qualitatively different from sexism, heterosexism, or high levels of both sexism and heterosexism. Results are discussed in terms of the implications of intersectionality on sexual-minority women's experiences and identity development.
Outrage Management in Cases of Sexual Harassment as Revealed in Judicial Decisions
Authors: McDonald Paula , Graham Tina , Martin Brian
Published: May 2010

Sexual harassment can be conceptualized as a series of interactions between harassers and targets that either inhibit or increase outrage by third parties. The outrage management model predicts the kinds of actions likely to be used by perpetrators to minimize outrage, predicts the consequences of failing to use these tactics—namely backfire, and recommends countertactics to increase outrage. Using this framework, our archival study examined outrage-management tactics reported as evidence in 23 judicial decisions of sexual harassment cases in Australia. The decisions contained precise, detailed information about the circumstances leading to the claim; the events which transpired in the courtroom, including direct quotations; and the judges' interpretations and findings. We found evidence that harassers minimize outrage by covering up the actions, devaluing the target, reinterpreting the events, using official channels to give an appearance of justice, and intimidating or bribing people involved. Targets can respond using countertactics of exposure, validation, reframing, mobilization of support, and resistance. Although there are limitations to using judicial decisions as a source of information, our study points to the value of studying tactics and the importance to harassers of minimizing outrage from their actions. The findings also highlight that, given the limitations of statutory and organizational protections in reducing the incidence and severity of sexual harassment in the community, individual responses may be effective as part of a multilevel response in reducing the incidence and impact of workplace sexual harassment as a gendered harm.
Economic Effects of the Consumer‐oriented Genetically Modified Products in Markets with a Labelling Regime
Authors: Lassoued Rim , Giannakas Konstantinos
Published: May 2010

This paper builds on the literature on the economic effects of the second‐generation, consumer‐oriented genetically modified products (GMPs). It analyses the market and welfare impacts of the introduction of these new products in markets, like the EU, that mandate the segregation and labelling of the first‐generation, producer‐oriented GMPs. Developing an empirically relevant model of heterogeneous consumers and producers, the study determines the effects of the consumer‐oriented GMPs on the markets of conventional, GM and organic products, and the welfare of consumers and agricultural producers. Analytical results indicate that the market effects of the new GMPs are case specific and depend on: (i) the consumer valuation of the quality‐enhancing attribute of the new GMP; (ii) the level of consumer aversion to GMOs; (iii) the strength of consumer preference for organic products; and (iv) the production costs and marketing margins in the different supply channels. The policy on the labelling of the first‐generation GMPs does not affect the impacts of the second‐generation GMPs on the quantities and market shares of the different products. However, it does affect their price effects and welfare implications. The introduction of consumer‐oriented GMPs under a mandatory labelling regime can result in losses for some GM consumers and all producers of the conventional product.
Recent Perspectives on Leprosy in Medieval Western Europe1
Authors: Brenner Elma
Published: May 2010

Responses to leprosy in medieval Western Europe were complex and often contradictory. Recent scholarship has challenged the predominant earlier view that lepers were excluded and stigmatized, suggesting instead that lepers were believed to have been chosen by God to be redeemed, and were thus the objects of sympathy and compassion. Research in the fields of history, archaeology and literature has addressed the social and religious status of lepers, the clinical identity and prevalence of medieval leprosy, and the medieval medical understanding of the disease. Much research has also focused on the endowment and functioning of leper hospitals (leprosaria). Although these institutions were situated outside towns and cities, they were still connected to mainstream society as a key focus of charity. The study of leprosy in the Middle Ages has been a vibrant field of scholarship in recent years – yet much still remains to be discovered about medieval lepers, leprosy and leprosaria. The field would benefit from studies comparing the situation of lepers in different regions, and from greater consideration of leprosy in its broader cultural, political, iconographic and ethical context. Such work would contribute not only to our understanding of leprosy, but also to the wider social, medical and religious history of the medieval West.
Measuring Quality of Life in Stroke Subjects Receiving an Implanted Neural Prosthesis for Drop Foot
Authors: Kottink Anke I. , IJzerman Maarten J. , Groothuis‐Oudshoorn Catharina G. , Hermens Hermie J.
Published: May 2010

The aim was to determine if the treatment of a drop foot by means of an implantable two‐channel peroneal nerve stimulator improves health‐related quality of life (HRQoL). All subjects were measured at baseline and after a follow‐up period of 12 and 26 weeks. Twenty‐nine stroke survivors with chronic hemiplegia with drop foot who fulfilled the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in the present randomized controlled trial. The intervention group received an implantable two‐channel peroneal nerve stimulator for correction of their drop foot. The control group continued using their conventional walking device, consisting of an ankle‐foot orthosis, orthopedic shoes, or no device. HRQoL was assessed in two different ways: (i) by taking descriptive measures, that is, the Short Form‐36 (SF‐36; generic measure) and the Disability Impact Profile (DIP; specific measure); and (ii) by obtaining preference‐based utilities both measured with the time trade‐off (direct way) and by calculating them from the EuroQol (EQ‐5D) and SF‐36. A significant positive effect of the implantable device was found on the physical functioning domain, the general health domain, and the physical component summary score of the SF‐36. For the DIP, a significant improvement was found on the domains mobility, self‐care, and psychological status in the intervention group. Regarding the preference‐based utility measures, a significant effect was found for the utility index calculated from the EQ‐5D. The implantable two‐channel peroneal nerve stimulator seems to be efficient to improve HRQoL, mainly the domains related to physical functioning. A relation was present between the utility indexes calculated from the EQ‐5D and SF‐36.
Effects of Cryopreservation and Hypothermic Storage on Cell Viability and Enzyme Activity in Recombinant Encapsulated Cells Overexpressing Alpha‐L‐Iduronidase
Authors: Mayer Fabiana Quoos , Baldo Guilherme , De Carvalho Talita Giacomet , Lagranha Valeska Lizzi , Giugliani Roberto , Matte Ursula
Published: May 2010

Here, we show the effects of cryopreservation and hypothermic storage upon cell viability and enzyme release in alginate beads containing baby hamster kidney cells overexpressing alpha‐L‐iduronidase (IDUA), the enzyme deficient in mucopolysaccharidosis type I. In addition, we compared two different concentrations of alginate gel (1% and 1.5%) in respect to enzyme release from the beads and their shape and integrity. Our results indicate that in both alginate concentrations, the enzyme is released in lower amounts compared with nonencapsulated cells. Alginate 1% beads presented increased levels of IDUA release, although this group presented more deformities when compared with alginate 1.5% beads. Importantly, both encapsulated groups presented higher cell viability after long cryopreservation period and hypothermic storage. In addition, alginate 1.5% beads presented higher enzyme release after freezing protocols. Taken together, our findings suggest a benefic effect of alginate upon cell viability and functionality. These results may have important application for treatment of both genetic and nongenetic diseases using microencapsulation‐based artificial organs.
ADH1B*3 and Response to Alcohol in African‐Americans
Authors: McCarthy Denis M. , Pedersen Sarah L. , Lobos Elizabeth A. , Todd Richard D. , Wall Tamara L.
Published: May 2010

Background: Variations in the alleles for the alcohol‐metabolizing enzymes have been shown to influence risk for alcohol dependence. One variant,ADH1B*3, is observed almost exclusively in populations of African ancestry and has been shown to be associated with reduced rates of alcohol dependence. We conducted an alcohol challenge study to test whetherADH1B*3 is associated with differences in subjective and physiological response to alcohol.

Method: We administered a moderate dose of alcohol (0.72 g/kg for males, 0.65 g/kg for females) to a sample of African‐American young adults (n = 91; ages 21 to 26). Participants were genotyped forADH1B, as well as additional polymorphisms that might contribute to alcohol response. Breath alcohol concentration, self‐reported sedation and stimulation, and pulse rate were assessed prior to alcohol administration and for 2.5 hours following administration.

Results: ADH1B*3 was associated with higher levels of sedation and a sharper increase in pulse rate immediately following alcohol consumption.

Conclusions: These findings suggest that the lower rates of alcohol dependence in those withADH1B*3 alleles may be because of differences in alcohol response, particularly increased sedation.
Practices associated with ABO‐incompatible platelet transfusions: a BEST Collaborative international survey
Authors: Lozano Miguel , Heddle Nancy , Williamson Lorna M , Wang Grace , AuBuchon James P. , Dumont Larry J. ,   for the Biomedical Excellence for Safer Transfusion (BEST) Collaborative
Published: May 2010

BACKGROUND: There is a lack of evidence for guiding the best strategy for ABO selection of platelet (PLT) transfusions. As a baseline for future studies, the BEST Collaborative performed an international survey of current practices in this area.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: An international survey was sent via BEST members to transfusion services and hospitals requesting the demographics of the transfused patient population, ABO matching policies, anti‐A and anti‐B measurements in PLT concentrates (PCs), and practices regarding ABO‐incompatible PC transfusions to adult and pediatric patients.

RESULTS: We received 126 responses from 14 countries, 59% from Europe. Most of them were from local/community (42%) and university hospitals (39%) serving between 500 and 1500 beds; 50.4% transfused fewer than 1000 PCs per year. One‐fifth of respondents (19.4%, mainly local/community hospitals) did not have a written policy for selecting ABO‐incompatible PCs. Significant practice variation was reported when ABO‐mismatched PLTs were given to adults: for PCs suspended in 100% plasma, 29% to 43% of respondents selected any ABO group available; 52% to 61% selected units with compatible supernatant; and, in the case of minor ABO incompatibility, 43% to 54% did not take any specific action. In contrast if ABO‐identical PCs were not available for a pediatric recipient, for PCs resuspended in 100% plasma, 71% to 82% selected PCs so the supernatant plasma would be compatible with patient's red blood cells.

CONCLUSION: Considerable practice variation exists when transfusing ABO‐incompatible PCs, suggesting an opportunity for research to inform evidence‐based practices.
A solution to the problem of studying blood donor–related risk factors when patients have received multiple transfusions
Authors: Middelburg Rutger A. , Le Cessie Saskia , Briët Ernest , Vandenbroucke Jan P. , Van Der Bom Johanna G.
Published: May 2010

BACKGROUND: A problem when studying adverse events of blood transfusions is that patients have usually received transfusions from several donors while only one of these donors is the actual cause. This will result in underestimation of the effect of donor‐related risk factors if not adequately corrected for. We encountered this problem when studying transfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI) and describe four methods to overcome this problem.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Simulated data are used to illustrate the results of six different approaches: not correcting for the number of donors, using standard correction methods, and four newly proposed methods. Donor sex is used throughout as an example. The first two new methods apply restriction of the study to cases who have received a transfusion from a single donor or from donors who are all of the same sex. In both restriction designs the sex of the causal donors is known and can be compared to the expected value from a reference population. The other two new methods apply statistical correction for the number of donors, either by standardization or by maximum likelihood methods.

RESULTS: If not corrected for, or if corrected for by standard methods, increasing numbers of donors per patient result in decreasing estimates of the effect of risk factors. All four newly proposed methods yield valid estimates.

CONCLUSIONS: It is clear that the problem of multiple transfusions requires specialized correction methods. All four newly proposed methods yield on average good estimates of the underlying true value.
Google vs. Confucius
Authors: GARDELS NATHAN
Published: May 2010

China may have invented the first printing press in 593 and published the first woodblock‐printed newspaper, Kaiyuan Za Bao, in Beijing in 713. But in 2010 it wants to curb the newest information innovation led by Google.
Crouching Tiger, Weakened Eagle
Authors: JACQUES MARTIN
Published: May 2010

Buoyed by its creditor's hold on the United States and its ability to withstand the harsh winds of recession blowing from across the Pacific, China has graduated in its own mind from an emerging economy to a world power. From their confrontation with Google to their renewed repression of dissidents to their dissing of President Obama, China's leaders clearly feel that the time has come for the world to accomodate China, not vice‐versa.

Is the West ready for this new reality? Is China's new arrogance well‐founded, or is it going to be the next bubble to burst? As it moves beyond “the primary stage of socialism” is it ready to open up politically?

In this section, some top China scholars, one of China's most well‐known dissidents and a former US spy chief discuss these issues.
Liu Xiaobo and China's Humiliation of Obama
Authors: JINGSHENG WEI
Published: May 2010

Buoyed by its creditor's hold on the United States and its ability to withstand the harsh winds of recession blowing from across the Pacific, China has graduated in its own mind from an emerging economy to a world power. From their confrontation with Google to their renewed repression of dissidents to their dissing of President Obama, China's leaders clearly feel that the time has come for the world to accomodate China, not vice‐versa.

Is the West ready for this new reality? Is China's new arrogance well‐founded, or is it going to be the next bubble to burst? As it moves beyond “the primary stage of socialism” is it ready to open up politically?

In this section, some top China scholars, one of China's most well‐known dissidents and a former US spy chief discuss these issues.
From Communism to Confucianism: China's Alternative to Liberal Democracy
Authors: BELL DANIEL A.
Published: May 2010

Buoyed by its creditor's hold on the United States and its ability to withstand the harsh winds of recession blowing from across the Pacific, China has graduated in its own mind from an emerging economy to a world power. From their confrontation with Google to their renewed repression of dissidents to their dissing of President Obama, China's leaders clearly feel that the time has come for the world to accomodate China, not vice‐versa.

Is the West ready for this new reality? Is China's new arrogance well‐founded, or is it going to be the next bubble to burst? As it moves beyond “the primary stage of socialism” is it ready to open up politically?

In this section, some top China scholars, one of China's most well‐known dissidents and a former US spy chief discuss these issues.
Manifesto for Iran's Green Movement
Authors: SOROUSH ABDOLKARIM , KADIVAR MOHSEN , MOHAJERANI ATAOLLAH , GANJI AKBAR , BAZARGAN ABDOLALI
Published: May 2010

As the US prepares new sanctions to stop Iran form obtaining a nuclear weapon, the partisans of popular sovereignty in the “green movement” continue to battle with the partisans of divine sovereignty fortified by the Revolutionary Guards. What does the “green movement” want? Will the regime be successful in crushing it? Will sanctions only bolster the clerical/military alliance instead weaken it?

The first president of the Islamic Republic of Iran and several top reformist scholars address these issues.
America's “Maginot Line” Defense Against Terror
Authors: BRUGUIÈRE JEAN‐LOUIS
Published: May 2010

Though anti‐American terrorism springs these days as much from Yemen and the “virtual ummah” as from Afghanistan, President Obama has nontheless further committed US troops to stabilizing a country well‐known as the graveyard of empires. What can the only Muslim country that belongs to NATO offer by way of advice? How best can the US keep its focus on the terrorist threat despite its diversion in Afghanistan?

Turkey's former envoy to Afghanistan and two of Europe's leading experts on Islamist terrorism offer their views.
Minaret Ban Is a Blow for Tolerance
Authors: ALI AYAAN HIRSI
Published: May 2010

To the shock of the world, the mild‐mannered Swiss have acted the most radically of any European country out of fear of Muslim immigrants by banning minarets. Was this a blow against tolerance, or for it? Is Islam a European religion, or is Europe a Christian club? Meanwhile, as Turkey becomes more confident in its regional power and Muslim identity it is shaking up some old friends.

In this section, two of Europe's most prominent Muslim voices, the foreign minister of Sweden and a top Turkish official try to sort it out.
Europe 3.0—Bring Turkey In
Authors: BILDT CARL
Published: May 2010

To the shock of the world, the mild‐mannered Swiss have acted the most radically of any European country out of fear of Muslim immigrants by banning minarets. Was this a blow against tolerance, or for it? Is Islam a European religion, or is Europe a Christian club? Meanwhile, as Turkey becomes more confident in its regional power and Muslim identity it is shaking up some old friends.

In this section, two of Europe's most prominent Muslim voices, the foreign minister of Sweden and a top Turkish official try to sort it out.
Cultivating knowledge: Development, dissemblance, and discursive contradictions among the Diola of Guinea‐Bissau
Authors: DAVIDSON JOANNA
Published: May 2010

Development practitioners are eager to “learn from farmers” in their efforts to address Africa's deteriorating agricultural output. But many agrarian groups, such as Diola rice cultivators in Guinea‐Bissau, regulate the circulation of knowledge—whether about agriculture, household economy, or day‐to‐day activities. In this article, I thus problematize the assumptions that knowledge is an extractable resource, that more knowledge is better, and that democratized knowledge leads to progress. I consider how the Diola tendency to circumscribe information both challenges external development objectives and contours the ways Diola themselves confront their declining economic conditions. [agrarian change, knowledge, development, Africa, secrecy, Guinea‐Bissau]
Influence of the Stabilization Temperature on the Structure of Bioactive Sol–Gel Silicate Glasses
Authors: Aguiar Hélio , Serra Julia , González Pío , León Betty
Published: May 2010

In this paper, the influence of the stabilization temperature on the bonding configuration and the structural and textural properties of sol–gel glasses in the SiO2–P2O5–CaO system is presented. Raman and infrared spectroscopy are used for detecting and quantifying the local changes in the glass structural symmetry. It is demonstrated that the heat treatment leads to a repolymerization of the glass structure through condensation reactions, inducing configurational transitions from reactive chains to the more stable condensed rings. Moreover, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis reveals the presence of nanocrystalline areas associated with orthophosphate groups, presenting different features depending on the stabilization temperature.
Effects of Er2O3 Doping on the Structure, Thermal Properties, and Crystallization Behavior of SnO–P2O5 Glass
Authors: Shyu Jiin‐Jyh , Chiang Chih‐Chun
Published: May 2010

Phosphate glasses with high solubility of rare‐earth ions, low glass transition temperature (Tg), and excellent optical transmission are suitable materials for laser hosts. In this study, a new type of Er2O3‐doped SnO–P2O5 glass with Er2O3 content of 0–8 mol% has been obtained. It was found that physical properties, thermal properties, and crystallization behavior of the glass exhibit discontinuities at Er2O3 content of 2–4 mol%. It was also noted that reheating the glass at 375°C, which is higher than the dilatometric softening temperature, results in the crystallization of a tin phosphate phase from the glass surface when Er2O3 content is ≤0.5 mol%, resulting in serious cracking of the glass. Adding more Er2O3 (1–8 mol%) totally suppresses the surface crystallization, and thus is helpful to glass‐shaping processes.
Investigation of Up‐Conversion Luminescence in Er3+/Yb3+‐Codoped Yttria Transparent Ceramic
Authors: Hou Xiaorui , Zhou Shengming , Li Wenjie , Li Yukun , Lin Hui , Teng Hao , Jia Tingting
Published: May 2010

Er3+/Yb3+‐codoped Y2O3 transparent ceramics were fabricated and characterized from the point of up‐conversion luminescence. All the samples exhibit high transparency not only in the near‐infrared band but also in the visible region. Under 980 nm excitation, the ceramics gave up‐conversion luminescence with very intense green (525–560 nm), red (around 660 nm), and considerably intense blue (405 nm) emissions. It is worthwhile to point out that the blue emission, which only appears in halide, was clearly observed in Y2O3 transparent ceramic. The emission bands at 405, 525, 560, and 660 nm are attributed to the transitions from excited states 2H9/2, 2H11/2, 4S3/2, and 4F9/2 to the ground state 4I15/2 of Er3+ ions, respectively. For nearly all samples, the green emissions were stronger than red emissions, and the maximal emission intensities were obtained with (Er0.025Yb0.05Y0.938Zr0.01)2O3 ceramic (Yb/Er=20). The red and green luminescence result from a two‐photon process, while the blue emission is due to a three‐photon process.
What Do Teens Want to Know About Money—A Comparison of 1998 and 2008
Authors: Varcoe Karen P. , Peterson Shirley S. , Wooten Swanson Patti , Johns Margaret C.
Published: May 2010

Research indicates that the financial literacy of U.S. teens is low, yet they have access to and spend a great deal of money each year. Teens were surveyed in 1998 (N = 323) and again in 2008 (N = 558) to determine what teens wanted to know about money and how they wanted to learn. Data were collected regarding teens’ sources of income, why money was important, the types of financial information they would like to learn, and how they would like to learn from seven counties in California—Alameda, Kern, Los Angeles, Riverside, San Diego, San Luis Obispo, and Santa Barbara. The findings indicate that teens are still interested in learning about many of the same financial topics identified in 1998, but their desire for web education has increased. These data can be used to develop programs that will interest teens.
Pore Sub‐Features Reproducibility in Direct Microscopic and Livescan Images—Their Reliability in Personal Identification
Authors: Gupta Abhishek , Sutton Raul
Published: May 2010

Abstract:  Third level features have been reported to have equal discriminatory power as second level details in establishing personal identification. Pore area, as an extended set third level sub‐feature, has been studied by minimizing possible factors that could affect pore size. The reproducibility of pore surface area has been studied using direct microscopic and 500 ppi Livescan images. Direct microscopic pore area measurements indicated that the day on which the pore area was measured had a significant impact on the measured pore area. Pore area measurement was shown to be difficult to estimate in 500 ppi Livescan measurements owing to lack of resolution. It is not possible to reliably use pore area as an identifying feature in fingerprint examination.
Agonal Sequences in Eight Filmed Hangings: Analysis of Respiratory and Movement Responses to Asphyxia by Hanging*
Authors: Sauvageau Anny , LaHarpe Romano , Geberth Vernon J. ,   The Working Group on Human Asphyxia
Published: May 2010

Abstract:  It has been proposed that filmed hangings may hold the key to a better understanding of human asphyxia, and The Working Group on Human Asphyxia was formed to systematically review and compare these video recordings. This study analyzed eight filmed hangings. Considering time 0 to represent the onset of the final hanging, rapid loss of consciousness was observed (at 8–18 sec), closely followed by convulsions (at 10–19 sec). A complex pattern of decerebrate rigidity and decorticate rigidity then followed. Between 1 min 38 sec and 2 min 15 sec, muscle tone seemed to be lost, the body becoming progressively flaccid. From then on, isolated body movements were observed from time to time, the last one occurring between 1 min 2 sec and 7 min 31 sec. As for the respiratory responses, all cases presented deep rhythmic abdominal respiratory movements (last one between 1 min 2 sec and 2 min 5 sec).
Striation Density for Predicting the Identifiability of Fired Bullets with Automated Inspection Systems*
Authors: Chu Wei , Song John , Vorburger Theodore , Ballou Susan
Published: May 2010

Abstract:  Automated firearms identification systems will correlate a reference bullet with all evidence bullets without a selection procedure to exclude the bullets having insufficient bullet identifying signature. Correlations that include such bullets increase the workload and may affect the correlation accuracy. In this article, a parameter called striation density is proposed for determining and predicting bullet identifiability. After image preprocessing, edge detection and filtering techniques are used to extract the edges of striation marks, the resulting binary image distinctly shows the amount and distribution of striation marks. Then striation density is calculated for determining the quality of images. In the experiment, striation densities for six lands of 48 bullets fired from 12 gun barrels of six manufactures are calculated. Statistical results show strong relation between striation density and identification rate. It can provide firearms identification systems with a quantitative criterion to assess whether there are sufficient striae for reliable bullet identification.
Results of a 20‐year oral hygiene and prevention programme on caries and periodontal disease in children attended at a private periodontal practice
Authors: Chambrone LA , Chambrone L
Published: May 2010

To cite this article:
 
Int J Dent Hygiene
9, 2011; 155–158 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601‐5037.2010.00455.x Chambrone LA, Chambrone L. Results of a 20‐year oral hygiene and prevention programme on caries and periodontal disease in children attended at a private periodontal practice.

Abstract:  Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the long‐term effect of an oral hygiene and prevention programme on caries and periodontal disease in a group of children attended at a private periodontal practice. Methods: A total of 50 systemically healthy children, 25 males and 25 females, 03–13 years old, were invited to join a long‐term plaque control programme. All children had no caries and had no evidence of clinical bone loss. The participants were selected amongst children whose parents (mother, father or both) were treated of gingivitis, aggressive periodontitis or chronic periodontitis in a private periodontal practice. Subjects were separated in groups according to their parents’ periodontal diagnosis, i.e., gingivitis, aggressive periodontitis or chronic periodontitis. The following outcomes were evaluated: a) probing depth, b) plaque (PI) and gingival (GI) indexes. The plaque control programme applied consisted of a regular maintenance regime at 6‐to 12‐month interval with an experienced periodontist. Results: In total 30 subjects fulfilled the 20‐year period of maintenance. The mean recall frequency was 6.4 (± 3.1) months, and the mean PI and GI were 0.4 (± 0.3) and 0.3 (± 0.3) respectively. The average rate of caries lesions was 1.0 (± 1.4). None of the patients exhibited clinical or radiographic evidences of alveolar bone loss, and no tooth was lost by caries. In addition, there were no statistically significant differences between groups (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Adequate oral hygiene measures and periodic professional plaque control led to low levels of dental plaque, gingivitis and caries lesions.
Dietary and lifestyle counselling reduces the clustering of overweight‐related cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents
Authors: Hakanen M , Lagström H , Pahkala K , Sillanmäki L , Saarinen M , Niinikoski H , Raitakari OT , Viikari J , Simell O , Rönnemaa T
Published: May 2010

Aim:  The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of individualised dietary and lifestyle counselling, primarily aimed to decrease serum low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, on the clustering of overweight‐related cardiometabolic risk factors in children.

Design and participants:  The 7‐month‐old study children were randomized either to counselling (n = 540) or control group (n = 522).

Main outcome measures:  The 5‐ to 15‐year‐old participants who fulfilled the international criteria were classified as overweight. Being in the highest [lowest for high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol] age‐ and gender‐specific quintile of body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, serum triglycerides, HDL cholesterol or glucose was considered a risk factor. A cluster was defined as having high BMI and ≥2 other risk factors.

Results:  The counselling did not reduce the prevalence of overweight in 5‐ to 15‐year‐old participants. From age 7 onwards, the proportion of children with ≥2 risk factors was lower in the intervention than in the control group (p = 0.005). At the age of 15 years, 13.0% of girls and 10.8% of boys in the intervention group and 17.5% of girls and 18.8% of boys in the control group had the risk factor cluster (p = 0.046 for main effect of the study group). Having even one risk factor at the age of 5 years predicted the clustering of risk factors at the age of 15 years (OR: 3.8, p < 0.001).

Conclusion:  Repeated, individualized dietary and lifestyle counselling may reduce the clustering of overweight‐related cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents even though the counselling is not intense enough to prevent overweight.
Atresia of the submandibular duct orifices: an unusual cause of feeding problems and failure to thrive in an infant
Authors: Ellegård Eva , Kjellmer Ingemar
Published: May 2010

Atresia of the submandibular duct orifice is a rare developmental anomaly, which causes swelling of the duct by accumulation of saliva. The cystic mass in the floor of the mouth can cause feeding problems, which can be treated by surgical opening of the duct. We report the first Swedish case in a male infant, who had severe difficulties to feed because of bilateral swellings of the submandibular ducts caused by orifice atresia.

Conclusion:  This is the first case that has described failure to thrive because of this condition and catch up after treatment. It is important to remember that evaluation of feeding problem in an infant must include inspection of the oral cavity.
Methaemoglobinaemia risk factors with inhaled nitric oxide therapy in newborn infants
Authors: Hamon I , Gauthier‐Moulinier H , Grelet‐Dessioux E , Storme L , Fresson J , Hascoet JM
Published: May 2010

Background:  Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO), commonly used for hypoxic neonates, may react with haemoglobin to form methaemoglobin (MetHb). MetHb monitoring during iNO therapy has been questioned since low doses of iNO are used.

Aim:  To evaluate the incidence of and identify risk factors associated with elevated MetHb in neonates treated with iNO.

Methods:  Neonates who were treated with iNO and had at least one MetHb measurement were included. Demographic characteristics and methods of iNO administration (dosage, duration) at the time of each MetHb measurement were analysed.

Results:  Four hundred and fifty‐two MetHb measurements from 81 premature and 82 term and near‐term infants were analysed. MetHb was above 5% in one‐term infant, and between 2.5–5% in 16 infants. A higher maximum dose of iNO (22.7 vs 17.7 p.p.m.), but not gestational age, was a significant risk factor for elevated MetHb. Significantly higher oxygen levels (75.5% vs 51.7%) were associated with higher MetHb in term infants. Preterm infants had no risk for high MetHb when iNO was kept below 8 p.p.m. These data suggest the possibility of limiting blood withdrawal when low doses iNO are used.

Conclusion:  High MetHb is exceptional in neonates treated with low dose iNO. Associated risk factors are related to high iNO dose and the simultaneous use of high concentrations of oxygen.
Realigning English Vernacular Poetics Through Metrical Experiment: Sixteenth‐Century Translation and the Elizabethan Quantitative Verse Movement
Authors: Schmidt Gabriela
Published: May 2010

This article examines one of the crucial links between the flourishing activity of Elizabethan translators and 16th‐century vernacular poetics: the controversy about a possible reform of English metre according to classical precedent, later known as the Elizabethan quantitative verse movement. Far from subordinating critical concerns to the demands of translational practice or political decorum, Elizabethan translations, such as Richard Stanyhurst’s version of the first four books of Virgil’sAeneid, were often a privileged site for literary experiment, thus provoking controversy and stimulating a more self‐conscious reflection on vernacular poetic practice. Re‐examining the allegedly futile and eccentric discussions about a quantitative reform of English metre from the point of view of translation studies demonstrates how even a supposed dead end in literary history was in fact part of the complex process in which 16th‐century English literary identity was slowly being developed and redefined through interlingual dialogue.