bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sources and Eco-toxicological Effects of Ultrafine Particle Matters
Authors: Huimei SHAN , Linbo LUO , Shaopei WANG , Danxue LIAO , Chaoran ZHAO , Sanxi PENG
Published: December 2019

Environmental air pollution has become an important threat to human health. As one of the major air pollutants, atmospheric particulates have received attention widely. In which, ultrafine particulate matters (UPM) with diameter below 0.1μm have become the main components of ambient air particulates, posing a serious threat to the health of the organism. Therefore, this paper investigated and summarized the research on ultrafine particles at home and abroad, systematically analysed the sources of UPM in ambient air, investigated its toxicological effects of ultrafine particles on the respiratory system, cardiovascular system, and central nervous system of organisms. This study will provide a theoretical reference for environmental air protection and pollution control in China.
Study on the Cooperation Mechanism of Transboundary Water Pollution Control in China from the Perspective of Network Governance
Authors: Yijing Chu , Jue Wang
Published: December 2019

Transboundary water pollution affects the sustainable socio-economic development in the region.Based on the current social governance tone of co-governance and sharing and the complexity of water pollution, the governance of transboundary water pollution is not just the "one-man show" of the government, but also included in the main body of private enterprise organizations, non-profit environmental organizations and citizens.The multiple subjects included in the network of governance should take into account the goals of ecological effects, social effects and economic effects, and establish cooperation in cross-border water pollution control by establishing good communication channels, coordinating governance activities, strengthening trust and sharing relationships, and handling cultural differences mechanism. Compared with the traditional model of control and governance by a single administrative force, the network cooperative governance of transboundary water pollution is more flexible, autonomous, innovative, public and economical. Its core philosophy is "cross-border cooperation and pollution sharing Governance, effectiveness sharing, multi-win-win situation. "
Effects of exogenous indole-3-acetic acid on antioxidant enzyme activities and osmotic substance contents of lettuce under cadmium stress
Authors: Liang Le , Liu Han , Lu Jing , Peng Xuemei , Tang Wanjia , Tang Yi
Published: December 2019

In plant growth and stress tolerance, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) plays an important role. In this research, the effects of spraying different concentration (0, 25, 50, 100 and 200 μmol/ L) of IAA on the antioxidant system in lettuce were investigated. The lettuce (Lactuca sativa) exposed to cadmium (Cd) exhibited the SOD, POD activities and MDA content obviously increased. Spraying exogenous IAA resulted that the CAT activity, soluble protein and proline content in shoots of lettuce increased compared with the Cd treatment alone, and MDA content with 50 μmol/L IAA was lowest. Therefore, spraying IAA effectively alleviated Cd toxicity and enhanced antioxidant system of lettuce, and the 100 μmol/L IAA was the optimal dose.
Study on iron uptake of peach seedlings
Authors: Wu Caifang , Zheng Bixia , Zhang Xiao , Xia Xianmin , Zhou Xiong , Lin Lijin
Published: December 2019

Hydroponic experiment was conducted to study the effect of peach seedlings (Prunus davidiana) grown in nutrient solution with different Iron (Fe) concentration. The results showed that Fe deficiency could inhibit growth of peach seedlings, the roots and shoots biomass of peach in Fe-free treatment was significant lower than that of other treatments, except for the peach seedlings treated with 60 mg/L Fe. The peach grown seedlings in nutrient solution with different Fe concentration, Fe content in roots increased significantly, in stems decreased significantly, in leaves increased significantly, except for the peach treated with 20 and 60 mg/L Fe, there was a marked drop in total Fe content in leaves compared with control. These results indicated that appropriate amount of Fe (Fe concentration was 20 mg/L) could favour the growth of peach seedlings; and excessive Fe (Fe concentration was 60 mg/L) cloud have deleterious effects on peach seedlings. In conclusion, Fe concentration was greater than 0 and less than 60 mg/L, which was suitable for peach growth, especially the peach seedlings treated with 20 mg/L Fe.
Study on selenium accumulation characteristics of different ploidiesSolanum nigrum
Authors: Huan Yunmin , Huang Yong , Zhang Haoran , Zhou Huixuan , Jiu Zhouyang , Liao Ming’an
Published: December 2019

The selenium accumulation characteristics ofSolanum nigrumwith different ploidy were studied by the pot experiment, and the biomass, selenium content and selenium accumulation of diploid (Solanum photeinocarpum), tetraploid (Solanum photeinocarpum) and hexaploid (Solanum nigrum) plants were determined, the results showed that there was a difference between the biomass and selenium content of three kinds of ploidy plants ofS. nigrum. The biomass of various organs and shoots of hexaploidS. nigrumplants was significantly higher than that of tetraploid and diploid plants. In terms of selenium content and selenium accumulation, the hexaploid plants had the highest selenium content and selenium accumulation in stems, leaves and shoots. After comprehensive comparison, the hexaploidS. nigrumhas large biomass and strong selenium-enriching ability, so it can be used as an excellent plant material for soil selenium absorption and transformation.
Effect of Formulated Fertilization on Fruit Quality of Early Ripe Peach
Authors: Pu Changbing , Xiao Qiao , Wang Jin , Liang Dong , Lv Xiulan
Published: December 2019

Using the early maturing peach variety 'Japan Matsusen' as the test material, nine groups of formula fertilization schemes were set up by orthogonal experiment to study the effects of different fertilization treatments on the quality of peach fruit, in order to obtain the best fertilization formula to improve fruit quality. The results showed that the quality of peach fruit was significantly improved by adding organic fertilizer to the base fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizer. Therefore, by adding organic fertilizer as the base fertilizer, reducing the application amount of chemical fertilizer, and adding other trace element fertilizers can effectively improve the quality of peach fruit.
The modification and application of Sewage Sludge based in heterogeneous Fenton-like system
Authors: He Qianfeng , Zhao Jie , Xu Ming , Tao Jing , Zhang Peipei , Si Shihui
Published: December 2019

In this study, dewatered domestic sewage sludge of moisture content of 65.6% was used as a pore-forming agent to sinter Ceramics with kaolin clay, coal ash and sodium silicate at 1050-1100 oC for 20 min. The weight percentage of sludge of total dried solids was 60% with pore rate >45% and compressive >20 MPa. The Ceramics could be used as catalysts in heterogeneous Fenton-like system to treat phenol wastewater through modification by FeSO4 solution. After reaction with ceramics catalyst for 2.5 h, phenol removal of the wastewater could reach 99.87% from 100 mg/L to 0.13 mg/L and the COD removal is 85.75%. The performance of this catalyst was stable and had no significant in 30d repeat experiments.
Adopting green building constructions in developing countries through capacity building strategy: survey of Enugu State, Nigeria
Authors: Chukwu Daniel Uchenna , Anaele Edmund A. , Omeje Hyginus O. , Ohanu Ifeanyi B.
Published: December 2019

Green building (GB) constructions seeks to address housing demands of the growing populace with better qualities, energy efficiency, using recycled and recyclable materials, improve building lifespan and health of occupants. But GB adoption lags in developing countries. This study focused on driving the adoption of GB constructions in developing countries through capacity building strategy: survey of Enugu State, Nigeria. Structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 135 building workers in educational and industrial sectors across the registered construction companies and higher institutions in Enugu State. Mean and rank were used to answer the research questions, while t-test was used to test five null hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. Results revealed that there is need for capacity building in: GB design, GB site, GB construction, GB operation and maintenance, and GB construction and demolition waste management. Cluster t-test analysis showed discrepancies in the agreement of educational and industrial sector workers on GB design and GB construction needs. The implications for not adopting GB are continual conventional constructions with maximal exploitations and resource depletion. Thus, there is a gap in knowledge where sustainable development advocates, government and pioneers of green construction practices could channel efforts toward assisting the developing countries.
Diagnostik und Differenzialdiagnostik der mesenterialen Ischämie
Authors: Kromrey Marie-Luise
Published: December 2019

Trotz Fortschritten in der Diagnostik und Therapie bleibt die akute mesenteriale Ischämie eine lebensbedrohliche Situation. Die Minderdurchblutung des Darms erfordert ein rasches Handeln, die korrekte Diagnosestellung ist jedoch aufgrund der unspezifischen klinischen Präsentation oft schwierig. Dieser Beitrag liefert einen Überblick zu Ätiologie, bildmorphologischer Präsentation und (seltenen) Differenzialdiagnosen der mesenterialen Ischämie.
Ansteigende Sterblichkeit an Herzrhythmusstörungen in Deutschland?
Authors: Stolpe Susanne , Deckert Markus , Stang Andreas
Published: December 2019

Einleitung Der deutsche Herzbericht 2016 berichtete eine deutlich ansteigende Mortalitätsrate an Herzrhythmusstörungen von 1990 bis 2014. Der Anstieg war bei Frauen stärker als bei Männern und wurde im Herzbericht angesichts verbesserter Diagnostik und Therapie als „paradox“ bewertet. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die Mortalitätsdaten zu Herzrhythmusstörungen detailliert zu untersuchen und mögliche Erklärungsansätze zu bieten.

Methode Die Anzahl von Todesfällen an Herzrhythmusstörungen (ICD-10 Kodes I44–I49) pro Bundesland, Geschlecht und 5-Jahres-Altersgruppe für die Jahre 2000–2014 (www.gbe-bund.de) wurden extrahiert und rohe, altersspezifische sowie altersstandardisierte (Standard: Zensus, Deutschland 2011) Mortalitätsraten berechnet.

Ergebnisse Während zwischen 2000 und 2014 die rohen Mortalitätsraten einen deutlichen Anstieg zeigten (Männer: 18 auf 26, Frauen: 23 auf 38 pro 100 000), stiegen die altersstandardisierten Mortalitätsraten weniger stark an (Männer: von 31 auf 32; Frauen: von 22 auf 27 pro 100 000 Personenjahre). Der Anstieg der altersstandardisierten Mortalitätsrate war im Wesentlichen auf einen Anstieg der Mortalität an Vorhofflimmern und -flattern (ICD-10: I48) bei Menschen im Alter von 80 Jahren und mehr zurückzuführen. Die übrigen Altersgruppen wie auch andere Unterformen der Herzrhythmusstörungen zeigten keine relevanten Veränderungen.

Schlußfolgerung Ein Großteil des im deutschen Herzbericht dargestellten Anstiegs der Mortalität an Herzrhythmusstörungen ist auf die demografische Alterung der Bevölkerung zurückzuführen. Nach Altersstandardisierung ist nur ein geringer Anstieg der Mortalität erkennbar. Es handelt sich aus epidemiologischer Sicht um ein häufiges Problem bei der Interpretation von rohen Mortalitätsraten. Die Validität der Mortalitätsrate für Herzrhythmusstörungen ist durch verschiedene Faktoren beeinträchtigt.
Den Nutzen von Palliativversorgung bewerten – Was muss aus Patienten-, Angehörigen- und Versorgersicht beachtet werden?
Authors: Mozygemba Kati , Dehlfing Anne , Hentschel Karen , Schilling Imke , Gerhardus Ansgar
Published: December 2019

Hintergrund Komplexe Interventionen wie die Palliativversorgung (PV) stellen besondere Ansprüche an die Evaluation. Methodenleitfäden wie die des Projektes Integrated Health Technology Assessment for Evaluating Complex Technologies (INTEGRATE-HTA) helfen, diesen gerecht zu werden. Letztere wurden am Beispiel von PV in 7 europäischen Ländern entwickelt.

Ziel Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war es, wichtige Aspekte für die Nutzenbewertung von PV aus Sicht von Patienten, Angehörigen und (professionell) Versorgenden in Deutschland zu identifizieren.

Methoden Unter Anwendung der strukturierten Konsensfindung der Improved Nominal Group Technique führten wir je eine Fokusgruppe mit Angehörigen und mit in der PV tätigen Versorgern durch. Patienten befragten wir in 4 offenen Leitfadeninterviews. Die Analyse erfolgte unter Anwendung des offenen Kodierens.

Ergebnisse Die Ergebnisse wurden kommunikativ validiert. Wir identifizierten die Bestimmung und Legitimität des Nutzenbegriffs, das Verständnis von PV, den patientenzentrierten und ganzheitlichen Ansatz, den Zugang zu PV, die Kontinuität und Flexibilität der Versorgung, die Ausbildung von Palliativkräften und die Multiprofessionalität als wichtige Nutzenaspekte. SchlussfolgerungDeutlich wird, dass ein Aufbrechen der Intervention in weniger komplexe Teile PV nicht adäquat erfasst. Die frühe Integration unterschiedlicher Stakeholder hilft wichtige Nutzenaspekte zu identifizieren, die so bereits in die Entwicklung von Bewertungsinstrumenten einfließen können.
Effektivität von psychokardiologischer Versorgung in der
stationären Rehabilitation – ein Pilotprojekt
Authors: Priegnitz Julia , Langheim Eike , Rademacher Wilma , Schmitz Christoph , Köllner Volker
Published: December 2019

Zunehmend wird eine integrative, patientenfokussierte Versorgung von
psychokardiologischen Patienten im Sinne einer integrativen Medizin gefordert.
Mit der vorliegenden Arbeit soll untersucht werden, ob Herzpatienten mit einer
komorbiden psychischen Störung im Rahmen der stationären
Rehabilitation von einem integrierten Versorgungsmodell profitieren. Dazu wird
der Symptomverlauf von psychokardiologischen Patienten in drei
Versorgungssettings untersucht: interdisziplinäre Psychokardiologie
(PK), monodisziplinäre Kardiologie (K) und monodisziplinäre
Psychosomatik (PSO). Zu Beginn (T0), zum Ende (T1) und 6 Monate nach der
Rehabilitationsbehandlung (T2) wurden allgemeine Angst und Depressivität
(HADS), Herzangst (HAF) und gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität (SF-12)
erfasst. Abschließend lagen von N=93 Patienten
vollständige Daten vor (PK: N=37, 55,5 Jahre SD=8,0,
43,2% weiblich; K: N=32, 53,6 Jahre SD=8,2 ,
34,4% weiblich; PSO: N=24, 55,5 Jahre SD=5,0,
45,8% weiblich). In den Ergebnissen zeigt allein die PK eine
signifikante Reduktion von Herzangst im katamnestischen
Prä-Post-Vergleich (HAF Furcht p=0,004). Auch die
gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität verbessert sich nur in der PK von T0
zu T2 signifikant (SF-12 körperlich p=0,034). Die Ergebnisse
legen die Schlussfolgerung nahe, dass Herzpatienten mit komorbider psychischer
Störung von einer integrativen psychokardiologischen Versorgung
profitieren. Dementgegen scheinen monodisziplinäre Behandlungssettings
im Langzeitvergleich keinen wesentlichen Einfluss auf die psychische
Symptomausprägung von psychokardiologischen Patienten zu haben. Die
Studie bestätigt die positiven Erfahrungen aus der Praxis und liefert
erste Erkenntnisse zur psychokardiologischen Versorgung in der
stationären Rehabilitation. Weitere Forschung ist jedoch notwendig, um
die Überlegenheit der Psychokardiologie gegenüber
monodisziplinären Settings zu belegen.
Interessante Fälle aus der Impfpraxis
Authors: Ley-Köllstadt Sigrid , Arndt Ute
Published: December 2019

Schon seit vielen Jahren bietet das Deutsche Grüne Kreuz e. V. Beratung von Ärztinnen und Ärzten zu Schutzimpfungen an. Dabei stellen sich unter anderem auch in der Reisemedizin mitunter knifflige Konstellationen, bei denen vielerlei Aspekte Berücksichtigung finden müssen. Impfempfehlungen für Patienten mit chronischen Erkrankungen und unter immunsupprimierender Therapie müssen besonders sorgfältig erstellt werden. Wir haben im Folgenden einige Fallbeispiele (Meningokokkenimpfung bei Patientin mit Thrombozytopenie nach Impfung, Masernimpfung mit Totimpfstoff in den 1970er-Jahren; Gelbfieberimpfung unter Kortisontherapie) zusammengestellt und berücksichtigen auch häufige Fragen zur neuen Zosterimpfempfehlung mit dem Subunit-Totimpfstoff.
Long-Term Results of ACL Reconstruction Using a Nonanatomic Double-Bundle Technique with Extra-Articular Reinforcement
Authors: Dalla-Rosa J. , Espejo-Reina A. , Tamimi I. , Espejo-Reina M. J. , Lombardo-Torre M. , Espejo-Baena A.
Published: December 2019

Extra-articular procedures for the improvement in rotational stability after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction have gained popularity in the last decade. This surgical gesture hoped to improve resistance to the high tensional forces affecting the ACL graft during cutting and pivoting movements of the lower extremity and eventually prevent ACL reconstruction failure. We performed this study to analyze the long-term results of patients undergoing ACL reconstruction using a nonanatomic double-bundle technique with an additional extra-articular augmentation. All the cases that underwent an ACL reconstruction using a nonanatomic double-bundle technique with an extra-articular reinforcement during the period between 1992 and 1997 were reviewed. The inclusion criteria for this study included a minimum follow-up of 10 years and age between 14 and 45 years at the time of the surgery. Forty patients were included in this series (34 males and 6 females). The mean Lysholm score after a minimum follow-up period of 10 years was 92.3 (standard deviation [SD], 9.4). The average preoperative Tegner score of the participants was 7.0 (SD, 1.1). This score decreased to 5.7 (SD, 1.2) at the end of follow-up. Follow-up X-rays were reviewed to assess the degenerative changes in the three knee compartments. Degenerative changes ≥ Kellgren–Lawrence grade 2 were observed in our six (15%) patients, all of them in the medial knee compartment. With these results, we conclude that double-bundle nonanatomic ACL reconstruction combined with an extra-articular reinforcement resembling the anterolateral ligament offers good overall long-term results, with relatively low rates of osteoarthritis.
Light emission induced by electric current at room temperature through the defect networks of MgO nanocubes
Authors: Kim Changhyuk , Pikhitsa Peter V. , Chae Sukbyung , Cho Kyungil , Choi Mansoo
Published: December 2019

Magnesium oxide (MgO) is generally a wide band-gap oxide unable to conduct electric current in the bulk at room temperature. In this study, MgO nanocubes synthesized by self-burning micro-sized Mg metal powders in air showed electrical conductivity when they were sandwiched between two gold-mesh electrodes and steadily applied a voltage at room temperature (∼25 °C). In addition, a simultaneous light emission caused by the microdischarge of nitrogen molecules occurred adjacent to the cathode. The light emission was observed when traces of water vapor existed in the gas environment. In the case of a voltage pulse produced by switching off, transient emissions of Mg I and Mg II were detected on both sides of the electrodes. However, those steady and transient light emissions were not observed in the commercial MgO nanoparticles devoid of nanocubes. The light emissions shown in the cases of the steady-state might be caused by electron injection into the empty conductive states, which exist along the edges of MgO nanocubes, as a result of the spontaneous dissociation of water vapors at reactive sites of the nanocube surfaces as well as a result of the reduction of the energy barriers between the cathode and MgO nanocubes in contact. For transient emission, electrons trapped in the low coordinate sites were released with voltage pulse and neutralized the nearby Mg+ and Mg2+ ions, driving them into the excited neutral states, Mg I and Mg II.
Article Commentary: Pharmacy: Addressing Substance use in the 21st Century
Authors: Bratberg Jeffrey
Published: December 2019

Across all care environments, pharmacists play an essential role in the care of people who use and misuse psychoactive substances, including those diagnosed with substance use disorders. To optimize, sustain, and expand these independent and collaborative roles, the Association for Multidisciplinary Education and Research in Substance Use and Addiction (AMERSA) has developed core competencies for pharmacists to address substance use in the 21st century. Key concepts, skills, and attitudes are outlined, with links to entrustable professional activities to assist with integration into a variety of ideally interdisciplinary curricular activities.
October snow cover and winter atmospheric conditions in Siberia
Authors: Martynova Yu V
Published: December 2019

In this study, the relationship between autumn Siberian snow cover and atmospheric conditions of the following winter is evaluated in time and space. NOAA observational data, NCEP2, and ERA-Interim reanalysis data, and results of a climate model INMCM4 are used. The study is carried out for a territory of Western Siberia of 55° – 74° N and 60° – 90° E. The results obtained show that the relationship does not have a constant manifestation in time. It is hypothesized that the abnormal amount of snow in autumn in Siberia and the anomalies of meteorological parameters in the following winter are initiated by some third process which occurred earlier, possibly at the beginning of autumn or at the end of summer.
Influence of the stratospheric polar vortex on the Barents Sea ice extent in early 2012
Authors: Zuev V V , Savelieva E S
Published: December 2019

A significant decrease in the sea ice extent in the Barents Sea was observed in February 2012 due to a large increase in Arctic surface temperature. In early January 2012 a sudden stratospheric warming occurred simultaneously with a stratospheric polar vortex displacement. Based on the ERA-Interim reanalysis data, we show that the displacement of the stratospheric polar vortex led to a perturbation and splitting of the tropospheric polar vortex. An inflow of warm air masses into the polar region, mainly over the Barents Sea, occurred during the splitting of the tropospheric vortex, which resulted in an increase in Arctic surface temperature and a decrease in the sea ice extent.
Current Climatic Changes in the Troposphere, Stratosphere, and Mesosphere, and Inter-Layer Interactions
Authors: Perevedentsev Y P , Shantalinskii K M , Sherstyukov B G , Guryanov V V
Published: December 2019

Using new data about near-surface air temperature in the Northern Hemisphere (from 1850 to 2018) and ERA5 reanalysis of temperature distributions up to s height of 80 km (from 1979 to 2018), the authors calculate and analyse mean and root-mean square deviations, linear trend slope coefficients, and low-frequency components of temperature at various levels and latitude zones. A 60-year quasi-cyclicity of the temperature near the Earth’s surface has been discovered. The authors evaluate the rates of tropospheric warming and stratospheric cooling observed over the last decades. Much attention is given to the search for correlations between the atmospheric layers, thermal regime characteristics, and the Arctic Oscillation. A predictive valuation of temperature oscillations is obtained for Kazan until 2051, taking into account distant relationships revealed between the temperature status of the ocean surface and the region considered.
A study of the mutual influence of global circulation objects by a method of dispersive analysis
Authors: Morozova S V , Polyanskaya E A , Kononova N K , Molchanova N P , Letuchiy A V
Published: December 2019

Three structural elements of the general circulation of the atmosphere on a global scale are considered: the Arctic oscillation, the Southern Oscillation, and the planetary tall frontal zone. The degree of influence of the Arctic Oscillation and the Southern Oscillation on the dynamics of the planetary tall frontal zone is estimated. The assessment is carried out by a method of analysis of the variance, which allows assessing the significance of the influence of one or more meteorological quantities of the studied value. A comparison of the variances has shown that the degree of influence of these objects on the dynamics of the planetary high altitude zone is 6% from the Arctic Oscillation and 7% from the Southern Oscillation. A comprehensive analysis has shown that the planetary high-altitude frontal zone has the highest intensity with negative anomalies of the Arctic Oscillation and the Southern Oscillation, and the lowest one with negative anomalies of the Arctic Oscillation and positive anomalies of the Southern Oscillation. A comparison with the Fisher criterion has not revealed any statistical significance. An important conclusion is formulated about the predominance of the influence of inherent internal processes in the dynamics of the planetary high-altitude frontal zone in comparison with the circulation structures adjacent to it.
Stability of relic methane hydrates under climatic changes in the Holocene
Authors: Arzhanov M M , Malakhova V V , Mokhov I I , Parfenova M R
Published: December 2019

The results of numerical modeling of the thermal regime of high-latitude permafrost regions of Western Siberia (the Yamal Peninsula) for the last 6 thousand years are presented. Thermobaric conditions for stability and dissociation of continental methane hydrates are defined. It is shown that at the present time relict methane hydrates can exist at depths of up to 150 m in the strata of frozen soil of Yamal above the modern boundary of the stability zone, having “survived” warming in the Mid-Holocene warm period (about 6,000-5,000 years ago) at negative temperatures in the permafrost. According to the results obtained, the current warming in Yamal region exceeds the warming of the Mid-Holocene. The increase of the temperature of the permafrost layer can reduce the strength of the soil and lead to dissociation of the near-surface gas hydrates.
Simulation of the influence of the ocean and the El-Niño – Southern Oscillation phenomenon on the structure and composition of the atmosphere
Authors: Jakovlev A R , Smyshlyaev S P
Published: December 2019

The influence of El-Niño and La-Niña on the Arctic stratosphere is studied. Sea surface temperature (SST), potential vorticity, air temperature, ozone mixing ratio, and column ozone ERA Interim data are analyzed for 1997, 1999, and 2016. It is shown that El-Niño leads to a series of sudden stratospheric warmings and, consequently, to instability of the polar vortex and to an increase in column ozone, whereas La-Niña leads to a stable polar vortex and low temperatures in the stratosphere and, therefore, to a decrease in column ozone. The influence of SST and CO2 levels on the air temperature in the troposphere and stratosphere, and ozone content from 1980 to 2015 is also studied. It is shown that there is warming of the ocean and the troposphere, as well as cooling of the stratosphere. It is also shown that the changes in air temperature in the troposphere are mainly due to changes in SST, whereas for the stratosphere the impact of CO2 variability prevails. It is also shown that ozone content varies little.
Verification of the INM RAS-MSU land surface scheme using temperature and moisture measurements in peat and mineral soils
Authors: Bogomolov V , Dyukarev E , Stepanenko V , Volodin E
Published: December 2019

Detailed monitoring of soil temperature provides a unique experimental material for studying the complex processes of heat transfer from the surface layer of the atmosphere to the soil. According to air temperature monitoring data, within each of the key areas there are no significant differences between the data of the observation sites. According to annual (2011-2018) observations of soil temperature, it has been found that the microclimatic properties of bog ecosystems clearly manifest themselves in the characteristics of daily and annual variations of soil temperature. The thickness of the seasonally frozen layer at all sites is 20-60 cm, and maximum freezing of the peat layer is reached in February-March. There is evidence of degradation of the seasonally frozen layer that occurs both from above and from below. It has been found that similar bog ecosystems in different bog massifs may have significantly different temperature regimes. The peat stratum of northern bogs may be both warmer (in winter) and colder (in summer), in comparison with some bogs located 520 km to the south and 860 km to the west.
Estimation of methane emissions from wetlands and most extreme fires in Western Siberia based on MACC / CAMS and GFED data
Authors: Antokhina O Yu , Antokhin P N , Martynova Yu V
Published: December 2019

Methane is an important greenhouse gas, and its atmospheric concentration has nearly tripled since pre-industrial times. This paper presents estimates of the strength of two primary sources of methane emissions in Western Siberia: wetlands emissions (WEs) and methane emissions from biomass burning (BBEs). The atmospheric circulation data used are from ECMWF Era-Interim, BBE – GFED (Global Fire Emissions Database) and CAMS GFAS (Global Fire Assimilation System), WE – MACC-III greenhouse gases inversions, v10_an. We have revealed that the highest BBE in Western Siberia (summer periods of 2005, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013) are accompanied by blocking in the atmosphere. We have also showed that there is a lag of 3-6 days between the beginning of the blocking and the periods of maximum BBE. Features of Rossby wave dynamics and blocking highs and ridges are examined as a possible reason for the lag. It turned out that the maximum BBE is commonly observed when a blocking high (or ridge) is shifted from Western to Eastern Siberia. The GFAS data demonstrate higher BBE than GFED (except for 2010). According to GFED, the average emission for all years is only 14.2% from WEs (the maximum emission is 35% (2012), and the minimum one, 2.2% (2007) from WEs). According to GFAS, the average emission for all years is 38.1% from WEs (the maximum emission is 127,4% (2012), and the minimum one, 6.1 (2010) % from WEs).
Analysis of the effects of climatic factors on flood peak formation
Authors: Bukovskiy M E , Semenova A V
Published: December 2019

Spring flooding is an annual significant overflow of water in the central Russia rivers. As a rule, the maximum flood levels in the Tambov region rivers are reached in the late March - early April. However, this parameter is very variable. Moreover, the maximum flood water level varies from year to year. In this paper, we study the effects of various climatic parameters on the spring flood peak formation. We consider the Tsna River (the Oka basin) near Tambov as the model object of our study. Using methods of multiple correlation analysis, we determine the most significant climatic factors which affect the maximum flood level. In the research, 16 climatic and hydrological parameters from 1970 to 2018 are analyzed. We assess the contribution of the various factors to flood wave formation by using multiple regression analysis. Using the analysis, we have identified the most significant flooding factors.
Bayesian approach to data assimilation based on ensembles of forecasts and observations
Authors: Klimova E G
Published: December 2019

Optimal assessment of geophysical fields with observational data and a mathematical model is a data assimilation problem. To solve it, a Bayesian approach is most often used. In the ensemble algorithms, ensembles of forecasts and observations are used to approximate the covariance matrices considered in the algorithm. If all probability densities are Gaussian, the problem is reduced to that of the ensemble Kalman filter. In the strongly non- Gaussian case, a particle method is used, which is based on a Bayesian approach. Ensembles are also used in this method. In the research devoted to the ensemble Kalman filter much attention is paid to deviation of ensemble elements from an average value – ensemble spread. In this paper, a comparative analysis of spread behavior over time when using different approaches to the improvement of the convergence of the algorithms is performed. The results of numerical experiments with a 1-dimensional test model are discussed. These results show that in stochastic filters the behavior over time of ensemble spread is close to the theoretical error estimate. Some of the approaches that improve convergence in the ensemble filter, such as additive inflation and multiplicative inflation, change the general formula for ensemble spread.
Structure and dynamics of zooplankton in lakes of the Tom river floodplain
Authors: Simakova A V , Baskayeva E N , Suslyaev V V , Blokhin A N , Interesovai E A
Published: December 2019

A study on zooplankton species composition, seasonal dynamic of numbers and biomass of three large floodplain’s lakes of the Tom River basin (near Tomsk, Western Siberia, Russia) during one year has been carried out. It has determined considerable transforming of qualitative and quantitative indicators of zooplankton communities during a year. The maximum qualitative indicators were registered in late spring and summer, the minimum ones – in winter. By the structure of zooplankton, the examined lakes water ecological status falls into class 1-2 of water quality (“moderately polluted” water). The most favourable conditions for zooplankton communities forming are in Boyarskoye and Shuchie lakes, the most unfavourable – in Kalmatskoe lake.
The distribution of Wolbachia pipientis strains in natural populations of Culex pipiens mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Khrabrova Natalia V. , Sibataev Anuarbek K.
Published: December 2019

Wolbachia is a group of maternally inherited endosymbiotic bacteria that infect and induce cytoplasmic incompatibility in a wide range of arthropods. Wolbachia species are involved and play a significant role in some evolutionary processes, e.g. those of rapid speciation. We have investigated the distribution of Wolbachia strains based upon the polymorphism of transposable element Tr1 and pk1 gene, in natural populations of the Cx. pipiens complex mosquitoes from Russian Federation, Republic of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic and Republic of Belarus.
Reconstruction experience of the wastewater treatment plant (Kargasok village, Tomsk region, Russia) using «constructed wetlands» technology
Authors: Polyakova O S , Semyonov S Yu
Published: December 2019

Considered wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), located in Kargasok village (Tomsk region (average annual temperature -1,5°C)) are intended for complete biological treatment of household and close to them in the composition of the industrial effluent of the village. The design capacity of treatment is 700 m3/day. Sewage treatment facilities, performed according to the standard project TP 902-2-154 (without sludge sites and chlorination site of treated effluents) in conditions of low temperature of wastewater and the existing system of their supply for treatment did not provide a significant reduction in the degree of contamination of the effluent. Thus, the maximum excess of permissible discharges was observed for ammonium (at 162.21 mg/dm3 from the approved standards). The activities carried out in 2005 (construction of the phytocard1 (FK1), a siphon outlet device leveling the hydraulic load on the phytocard1 (FK1) and preventing the breakthrough of floating substances from the aeration tanks into the secondary sedimentation tanks (VO)) significantly increased the efficiency of the WWTP. Achieved standards for intestinal microflora, in a discharge in the river Ob there are no parasites and coliphages. The average annual cleaning efficiency for suspended substances was at least 95%, for organic substances - at least 70%, for ammonium - at least 58%. The nitrification process was not observed. To clean the effluent from the remaining nitrogen, the construction of an additional phytocard (FC2) was required. It was possible to reach the standards for permissible discharge after the final treatment of effluents at FK2 only for suspended substances and BOD filled gas, for the remaining pollutants it was not possible to reach the standards. This is due to a violation of the design of the FK1 and incorrect construction work at the FK2, which did not allow the ice to be hung out at both the FK2 and FK1. Approaches to the reconstruction of the WWTP in Kargasok village can be used for similar objects.
Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles from Penicillium notatum and their application to improve efficiency of antibiotics
Authors: Ukkund Shareefraza J. , Raghavendra M. J. , Marigowda Yashawantha K. , Abhinaya N. , Puthyillam Prasad
Published: December 2019

Nanomaterials can be synthesized by physical, chemical and biological methods. The biological method of synthesis of silver nanoparticles have more advantage and gives high purity. Silver nanoparticles are having antibacterial properties and can be synthesized by any microbes and plants with minimal effort. The present study includes the synthesis of silver nanoparticles from penicillium notatum which is well known producer of penicillium antibiotic. The produced nanoparticles of silver are then characterized by UV-vis spectrophotometer for primary confirmation, XRD for structural analysis, FTIR for functional group, SEM, TEM and AFM for morphological analysis. The SEM and AFM results revealed that the size of silver nanoparticles were of range 55-65 nm. TEM result reveals the spherical shape of silver nanoparticles. Optimization of silver nanoparticles method is also performed to understand the maximum yield at specific substrate concentration, pH and salt concentration. The silver nanoparticles are then conjugated with six antibiotics for antibacterial activity by zone of inhibition method. The result indicated that silver nanoparticles increased the efficiency of streptomycin 2 fold and erythromycin by 3 fold.
Influence of SiC Powders on Aluminium Alloy 7075-T6 Joints by Friction Stir Welding Process
Authors: Mohamed Dulkiflee M , Varun Kumar A , Balasrinivasan M , Balachandar K , Siva Kumar C
Published: December 2019

Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a process of joining two similar or dissimilar materials by the application of heat generated between two contact surfaces. The main advantage of FSW is that during the welding process, the materials are joined with lesser heat and increased bond strength. However, there is a lot of scope for increasing the mechanical and metallurgical properties of the weldments. Silicon Carbide (SiC) in powder form has an impact in the enhancement of mechanical and metallurgical properties. Hence, in the present work the influence of SiC powders on mechanical and metallurgical properties of AA 7075-T6 joints fabricated by single pass FSW was analysed. Totally 18 samples of friction stir welded aluminium alloy were taken, of which nine samples without SiC powders and the remaining with SiC powders. The samples were subjected to various tool speeds and traverse speeds keeping the axial force/load constant. The tool used for making the samples is high carbon steel D3 (heat treated to 58-60 HRC). During FSW process parent material gets mixed with the SiC powders due to severe stirring process in the nugget zone and powders will get distributed along the weld length. Microstructural study was conducted across various zones of welded samples (nugget zone, thermo mechanically affected zone, heat affected zone and unaffected base material) to understand the grain boundary behaviour. Scanning electron microscopic analysis (SEM) analysis was carried out in the nugget zone to determine the material flow due to stirring process and also to observe the deposition of SiC powders. Tensile strength for all the fabricated joints were evaluated and correlated with the microstructures, microhardness values of the weldments. Finally, the results of mechanical and metallurgical properties were compared with the weldments made without SiC powder and with SiC powder. It was observed that weldments made with SiC powders showed superior improvement of material behaviour in both mechanical and metallurgical properties.
Experimental Investigation of Wall Wetting Effect on Hydrocarbon Emission in Internal Combustion Engine
Authors: Sumanth M N V R S S , Murugesan Sivanesan
Published: December 2019

In naturally aspirated Spark Ignition engine, about 60-80% of total unburned hydrocarbon emissions are produced during initial stage of vehicle operation under cold start or warm up condition. Wall wetting is predominant effect occurs in idle and part load conditions due to impingement or condensing of un-vaporized fuel droplets around the intake wall, combustion chamber liners and top of the piston. These deposits can cause incomplete combustion which will impact on increase in total hydrocarbon emissions. In this study, wall wetting parameters like fuel density, intake duct geometry, wall film thickness, wall film height, mixture preparation, fuel vaporization has been investigated theoretically by considering droplet evaporation and temperature model for cylinder wall film through mathematical equations. The main objective is to control equivalence ratio and to maintain surface temperature is the most effective way to reduce unburnt hydrocarbon emissions due to cold start wall wetting during steady state and transient conditions. This methodology was carried out on four stroke single cylinder Spark Ignition engine, where additives were used with gasoline fuel of different proportions which could intern reduce the intake and combustion chamber deposits during steady state and transient conditions. This experimental analysis was analyzed at different speed and load conditions. Based on these experimental results, Hydrocarbon emissions were reduced by nearly 40% in steady state and 30% in transient state. It is observed that, bi-fuel injection strategy can be implemented for injecting an ample amount of additive in to cylinder before compression stroke at 110 deg of crack angle during cold start, which it enhances the performance and emission characteristics furthermore.
Comparative study of maximum power point tracking techniques for fuel cell powered electric vehicle
Authors: Peer Mohamed A. , Vijaya Chandrakala K. R. M. , Saravanan S.
Published: December 2019

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell System (FCS) based power generation is considered for powering electric vehicle in this paper. PEMFCS delivers a fresh and best substitute to the conservative vestige fuel-based methods which is the green future. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) method is essential to elicit utmost accessible power from FCS. Perturb and Observe (P&O) and Incremental Conductance (INC) method is implemented as MPPT technique. In the this work, Brush Less DC (BLDC) motor is connected to load, fed by a Fuel Cell System (FCS) through Boost Converter (BC). The efficient MPPT technique is observed using MATLAB/Simulink.
Synthesis and structural properties of gold nanoparticles by the chemical reduction method using sodium borohydride
Authors: Mahdi Hadeel Salih , Parveen Azra , Azam Ameer
Published: December 2019

Sodium borohydride has been utilized to synthesize Au-NPs as stabilizing agents. The characterization of Au-NPs have been done by different techniques. X-ray diffraction machine has been used to study the structural properties of Au-NPs, which shows that the Au-NPs were in spherical and cubic structure. The surface morphology and the elemental composition of Au-NPs were analysed by SEM attached with the EDAX. UV-visible spectroscopy has been utilized to study the optical properties which shows the absorption peak of Au-NPs at 521nm. The crystallite size of Au-NPs was calculated via Debye-Scherrer and come out to be 12 nm.
Optical band gap, Urbach energy and Defect related Photoluminescence in Ni0.95 Al0.05O Nanostructure
Authors: Naseem Siddique M. , Ahmed Ateeq , Ali T. , Tripathi P.
Published: December 2019

The Ni1−xAlxO (x = 0.05) nanocrystalline synthesized by chemical route using sol gel method calcined at 600 °C. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has been carried out to study the morphology for our sample. In addition, UV-visible spectroscopy has been carried out to determine the optical band-gap energy (3.92 eV) via Tauc model with associated Urbach (EU) energy (1.78 eV) that confirms the increased disorder with Al (x=0.05) incorporation into NiO lattice. The deconvoluted PL spectrum using Gaussian function of sample exhibits violet and green emission when NiO is doped with Al (x=0.05) which are indicative of Ni interstitial (Nii) and oxygen vacancy (Vo), respectively.
Fabrication of proton exchange membranes and effect of sulfonated SiO2 (S-SiO2) in sulfonated polyether ether ketone (SPEEK) for fuel cells applications
Authors: Ali Mawlood Maajal , Rizvi S. J. A. , Azam Ameer
Published: December 2019

The fabrication of composite proton exchange membrane from the sulfonated polyether ether ketone (SPEEK) and sulfonated SiO2 (S-SiO2) have been investigated for energy production. In this work, inorganic fillers have been incorporated successfully in the organic polymer matrix. The degree of sulfonation (DS) and ion exchange capacity (IEC) were measured by back titration method and observed around 46.4 % and 1.43 mmol/gm, respectively. DS and IEC were found is increase with the increase of the amount of S-SiO2 which reached to 56.5 % and 1.69 mmol/gm, respectively. Water uptake in percent was increased in the SPEEK/S-SiO2 membrane due to increasing the sulfuric acid groups (-SO3H), that lead to increasing the hydrophilic channels, the swelling ratio in percent was slightly increased. The proton conductivity of the SPEEK membrane was around 17.4 mS/cm and increased with increasing the amount of S-SiO2. The highest proton conductivity observed at SPEEK/0.3 S-SiO2 was around 53.7 mS/cm. suggesting its use in fuel cell for energy production.
Frequency Dependent Dielectric Response in Sr doped SnO2 Nanoparticles
Authors: Ahmed Ateeq , Naseem Siddique M. , Ali T. , Tripathi P.
Published: December 2019

In this work, we have investigated the structural and dielectric properties of Sr doped SnO2 nanoparticles synthesized via sol-gel process. Single phase tetragonal rutile structure of Sr doped SnO2 nanoparticles (NPs) have been examined by X-ray diffraction. No impurity peak has been detected which signifies the purity of the prepared sample. Average crystallite size has been calculated using Scherrer’s formula and found to be 10.3 nm. Dielectric measurements have been carried out in the frequency range of 75 kHz to 5 MHz using LCR meter. Dielectric constant and loss both decrease with increase in frequency while increased in ac conductivity is observed with frequency such behaviour can be explained using Maxwell-Wagner two-layer model.
Influence of Fe Doping on Structural, Optical, and Dielectric Properties of MgO nanoparticles
Authors: Bhargava Richa , Khan Shakeel , Ahmad Naseem , Nizam Ansari Mohd Mohsin
Published: December 2019

In this paper, we report the synthesis of pure MgO and Fe-MgO (Mg0.90Fe0.10O) nanoparticles (NPs) by co-precipitation method. The structural properties of the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) which reveal that the pure and Fe-MgO NPs have a cubic structure. The functional groups of the as-synthesized samples were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Optical properties of the as-synthesized samples were studied by UV-vis spectroscopy in the range of 200-700 nm and the energy band gap was calculated by Tauc relation. The frequency dependence of dielectric constant, dielectric loss and ac conductivity were studied over a range of the frequency 42Hz to 5MHz at room temperature.