bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estradiol increases α7 nicotinic receptor in serotonergic dorsal raphe and noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons of macaques
Authors: Centeno Maria Luisa , Henderson Jessica A. , Pau K.‐Y. Francis , Bethea Cynthia L.
Published: May 2006

Acetylcholine, acting on presynaptic nicotinic receptors (nAChRs), modulates the release of neurotransmitters in the brain. The rat dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) and the locus coeruleus (LC) receive cholinergic input and express the α7nAChR. In previous reports, we demonstrated that estradiol (E) administration stimulates DR serotonergic and LC noradrenergic function in the macaque. In addition, it has been reported that E induces the expression of the α7nAChR in rats. We questioned whether E increased the expression of the α7nAChR in the macaque DR and LC. We utilized double immunostaining to study the effect of a simulated preovulatory surge of E on the expression of the α7nAChR in the DR and the LC and to determine whether α7nAChR colocalizes with serotonin and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in macaques. There was no difference in the number of α7nAChR‐positive neurons between ovariectomized (OVX) controls and OVX animals treated with a silastic capsule containing E (Ecap). However, supplemental infusion of E for 5‐30 hours to Ecap animals (Ecap + inf) significantly increased the number of α7nAChR‐positive neurons in DR and LC. In addition, supplemental E infusion significantly increased the number of neurons in which α7nAChR colocalized with serotonin and TH. These results constitute an important antecedent for study of the effects of nicotine and ovarian steroid hormones in the physiological functions regulated by the DR and the LC in women. J. Comp. Neurol. 497:489–501, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization and Insulin‐Mimetic Potential of Oxidovanadium(IV) Complexes Derived from Monoesters and ‐carboxylates of 2,5‐Dipicolinic Acid
Authors: Gätjens Jessica , Meier Beate , Adachi Yusuke , Sakurai Hiromu , Rehder Dieter
Published: May 2006

The monomethyl ester 2MeOdipicH (1) of 2,5‐dipicolinic acid, characterized as its magnesium salt [Mg(H2O)6](2MeOdipic)2, was converted, via the diesters 2MeO‐5ROdipic and the copper complexes [Cu(5ROdipic)2], to the ligands 5ROdipicH (R = iPr 2a, (S)‐2‐Bu 2b). The proligands 2MeO‐5ROdipic (with R = diisopropyl‐D‐galactose 2c, myo‐inositol‐orthoformate 2d) and 2MeO‐5R′NHdipic (where R′ represents the ethyl‐protected L‐amino acid residues Gly 3a, Ala 3b, Val 3c and Phe 3d) were obtained from 2‐MeO‐5Cldipic and the amino acid ethyl esters. Reaction of 2 and3 with VOSO4 afforded the complexes [VO(H2O)(5ROdipic)2](4a–d) and [VO(H2O)(5R′NHdipic)2], 5a–d, respectively. [Mg(H2O)6](2MeOdipic)2·4H2O, 2b, 3a and 4a·0.5H2O were characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. Selected type 4 and 5 complexes were submitted to in vitro tests (fibroblasts, SV 3T3 mice fibroblasts) for their uptake kinetics and insulin‐mimetic behavior. The compounds were comparable to insulin in their ability to stimulate cellular glucose uptake and metabolism. In vitro tests with rat adipocytes showed that the complexes also mimic the ability of insulin to inhibit lipolysis. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of Tetrasubstituted Tetraphenylethenes
Authors: Schreivogel Alina , Maurer Jörg , Winter Rainer , Baro Angelika , Laschat Sabine
Published: May 2006

Tetrakis(4‐acetoxyphenyl and 4‐benzoyloxyphenyl)ethenes 1f and 1g were obtained by acylation of tetrakis(4‐hydroxyphenyl)ethene 1b. Ullmann etherification of 4,4′‐dihydroxybenzophenone 2b and subsequent McMurry coupling yielded tetrakis(phenoxyphenyl)ethene 1i. The tetrakis(acetamidophenyl)ethene 1h was prepared in three steps from tetraphenylethene 1c by nitration, Raney‐Ni reduction and subsequent acetylation. Alternatively, trifluoroacetamide 1j, 2‐methylhexanamide 1k and 2,4‐dimethylbenzamide 1l, with less tendency to form 2D hydrogen bonding networks and thus increased solubility as compared to 1h, were prepared by acylation of 4,4′‐diaminobenzophenone 2a and subsequent McMurry coupling. Compounds 1f–l were investigated by cyclic voltammetry. While the phenyl ether derivative 1i displays single‐electron processes during oxidation, a two‐electron process was discovered for trifluoroacetamide 1j as was also supposed for the esters 1f and 1g. In addition, comproportionation constants were shown to be dependent on the solvent. In situ IR spectroelectrochemistry provided evidence for quinoidal type substructures in the dioxidized forms of tetraphenylethenes 1. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Metabolites from the Endophytic Fungus Nodulisporium sp. from Juniperus cedre
Authors: Dai Jingqiu , Krohn Karsten , Flörke Ulrich , Draeger Siegfried , Schulz Barbara , Kiss‐Szikszai Attila , Antus Sándor , Kurtán Tibor , van Ree Teunis
Published: May 2006

Seven new metabolites, 3‐hydroxy‐1‐(2,6‐dihydroxyphenyl)butan‐1‐one (1), 1‐(2‐hydroxy‐6‐methoxyphenyl)butan‐1‐one (3), 2,3‐dihydro‐5‐methoxy‐2‐methylchromen‐4‐one (6), the dimeric naphthalenes nodulisporin A (9) and B (10), and the first naturally occurring dimeric indanone, nodulisporin C (12), as well as (4E,6E)‐2,4,6‐trimethylocta‐4,6‐dien‐3‐one (13) were isolated together with ten known compounds (2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 14–17) from the culture extract of the endophytic fungus Nodulisporium sp. from Juniperus cedre from Gomera Island. The structure of dictafolin‐A, previously erroneously assigned as structure 6, is not identical with 2,3‐dihydro‐5‐methoxy‐2‐methylchromen‐4‐one, isolated in this investigation. The structures of new compounds were determined by spectroscopic methods (mainly extensive 1D and 2D NMR experiments and mass spectral measurements) and X‐ray single crystal analysis. All but one of the thirteen tested compounds exhibit herbicidal, antifungal and/or antibacterial activities. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Attitudes and beliefs in a marching band: stereotyping and accentuation in a favorable intergroup context
Authors: Rothbart Myron , Lewis Tiffany Li
Published: May 2006

Inter‐group perception was examined in a context characterized by positive interdependence and extensive contact across group boundaries. The attitudes and beliefs of the woodwind, brass, and percussion sections of a university marching band were examined using measures of ingroup favoritism, outgroup homogeneity, and 12 scales assessing adult temperament. Although there was no evidence of ingroup favoritism or outgroup homogeneity, and few actual temperament differences across groups, stereotypic expectations based on temperament characteristics were strong. For each target group, strength of stereotype was accentuated by ingroup judges and, most strongly, by outgroup judges. Accentuation of differences between groups occurred when the expectation, and not the reality, of group differences were present. Correlations between contact measures and individual measures of perceived ingroup–outgroup differences were generally low, but suggested that degree of contact correlated positively, rather than negatively, with the magnitude of perceived differences between groups. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fabrication and Properties of Conducting Polypyrrole/SWNT‐PABS Composite Films and Nanotubes
Authors: Wanekaya Adam K. , Lei Yu , Bekyarova Elena , Chen Wilfred , Haddon Robert , Mulchandani Ashok , Myung Nosang V.
Published: May 2006

We report the electropolymerization and characterization of polypyrrole films doped with poly(m‐aminobenzene sulfonic acid (PABS) functionalized single‐walled nanotubes (SWNT) (PPy/SWNT‐PABS). The negatively charged water‐soluble SWNT‐PABS served as anionic dopant during the electropolymerization to synthesize PPy/SWNT‐PABS composite films. The synthetic, morphological and electrical properties of PPy/SWNT‐PABS films and chloride doped polypyrrole (PPy/Cl) films were compared. Characterization was performed by cyclic voltammetry, atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy. SEM and AFM images revealed that the incorporation of SWNT‐PABS significantly altered the morphology of the PPy. Cyclic voltammetry showed improved electrochemical properties of PPy/SWNT‐PABS films as compared to PPy/Cl films. Raman Spectroscopy confirmed the presence of SWNT‐PABS within composite films. Field effect transistor (FET) and electrical characterization studies show that the incorporation of the SWNT‐PABS increased the electronic performance of PPy/SWNT‐PABS films when compared to PPy/Cl films. Finally, we fabricated PPy/SWNT‐PABS nanotubes which may lead to potential applications to sensors and other electronic devices.
Electrode Modified with Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) Film of Calixarenes for Preconcentration and Stripping Analysis of Hg(II)
Authors: Dong Huimin , Lin Lin , Zheng Hao , Zhao Guoxin , Ye Baoxian
Published: May 2006

A new type of current sensor, Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) film of calixarene on the surface of glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was prepared for determination of mercury by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV). An anodic stripping peak was obtained at 0.15 V (vs. SCE) by scanning the potential from −0.6 to +0.6 V. Compared with a bare GCE, the LB film coated electrode greatly improves the sensitivity of measuring mercury ion. The fabricated electrode in a 0.1 M H2SO4+0.01 M HCl solution shows a linear voltammetric response in the range of 0.07–40 μg L−1 and detection limit of 0.04 μg L−1 (ca. 2×10−10 M). The high sensitivity, selectivity, and stability of this LB film modified electrode demonstrates its practical application for a simple, rapid and economical determination of Hg2+ in a water sample.
Determination of cytokinins in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) water using capillary zone electrophoresis‐tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Ge Liya , Yong Jean Wan Hong , Tan Swee Ngin , Ong Eng Shi
Published: May 2006

The applicability of CZE in combination with MS and MS/MS methods for the simultaneous separation and determination of 12 cytokinins was investigated for the first time. Cytokinins were first completely separated by CZE within less than 20 min using a volatile buffer and then detected directly by MS or MS/MS. Satisfactory separation of the 12 cytokinin standards was achieved using a 25 mM ammonium formate/formic acid buffer (pH 3.4) and 3% ACN v/v with a separation voltage of 25 kV. On the basis of the resolution of the neighboring peaks, the various parameters for CZE‐MS optimization, such as buffer pH value, concentration of buffer and organic modifier, applied voltage and sheath liquid, were evaluated systematically. MS/MS with multiple reaction monitoring detection was carried out to obtain sufficient selectivity and sensitivity. The combination of on‐line sample stacking and CZE‐MS/MS achieved a detection limit in the range of 0.05–0.18 μM for the 12 cytokinins at an S/N of 3. The optimized CZE‐MS/MS method was simple, rapid, low cost, robust and highly selective. Furthermore, the developed method was successfully applied to screen for endogenous cytokinins in purified coconut water extract sample. Nine cytokinins were detected and quantified in coconut water after SPE.
Special Issue: Capillary Electrophoresis ‐ Mass Spectrometry 2006
Authors: Schmitt‐Kopplin Phillipe
Published: May 2006

No abstracts.
Separation of CD34+ cells from human peripheral blood through polyurethane foaming membranes
Authors: Higuchi Akon , Iizuka Ayumi , Gomei Yumiko , Miyazaki Toyohiko , Sakurai Masaru , Matsuoka Yuki , Natori Shizue Hayashi
Published: May 2006

Cell separation from peripheral blood was investigated using polyurethane (PU) foaming membranes and PU membranes (pore size, 5 or 12 μm) at different blood permeation speeds. Permeation ratio of hematopoietic stem cells (CD34+ cells) through the PU membranes was the lowest among the blood cells at any blood permeation speed. This is thought to be because CD34+ cells are more adhesive than red blood cells (RBCs), platelets, T cells, and B cells. Primitive hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells tend to adhere to the surface of mature blood cells, because of the high expression of cell‐adhesion molecules on the surface of the cells. Human serum albumin solution was exposed to PU‐COOH membranes to detach adhered cells from the surface of the membranes, allowing isolation of CD34+ cells and reduction of RBCs in the permeate solution. Most purified CD34+ cells (high recovery ratio of CD34+ cells divided by recovery ratio of RBCs) were obtained in the recovery process using PU‐COOH membranes (pore size, 5.2 μm) at a permeation speed of 0.3–1 mL/min. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Novel alginate–acrylic polymers as a platform for drug delivery
Authors: Laurienzo Paola , Malinconico Mario , Mattia Giuditta , Russo Roberto , Rotonda M.I. La , Quaglia Fabiana , Capitani Donatella , Mannina Luisa
Published: May 2006

The aim of the present work was to develop a family of novel materials based on a combination of sodium alginate and acrylic polymers and to evaluate their potential in drug delivery applications. In the presence of sodium alginate, acrylic chains with acidic as well as basic moieties were polymerized to create an interpolymer complex based on electrostatic interactions that are able to modulate the release rate of low molecular weight drugs. The synthesized materials were used to prepare hydrophilic matrices for drug delivery and tested for their adhesion properties to glass, used as a model substrate for mucoadhesion. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Mechanical properties of porous, electrosprayed calcium phosphate coatings
Authors: Leeuwenburgh S.C.G. , Wolke J.G.C. , Lommen L. , Pooters T. , Schoonman J. , Jansen J.A.
Published: May 2006

Mechanical properties of calcium phosphate coatings (CaP), deposited using the electrostatic spray deposition (ESD) technique, have been characterized using a range of analytical techniques, including tensile testing (ASTM C633), fatigue testing (ASTM E855), and scratch testing using blunt and sharp scratch styli. Moreover, a simple explantation procedure was successfully introduced using ESD‐coated, threaded dental implants to characterize the mechanical performance of CaP coatings qualitatively under conditions that mimic clinical situations as close as possible. Generally, all analysis techniques revealed that ESD coatings need to be crystallized in order to ensure interfacial adhesion to the substrate and sufficient mechanical strength of the superficial reticular structure. Crystalline carbonated hydroxyapatite coatings (CHA, heat‐treated at 700°C) were resistant to fatigue as well as to plastic ploughing deformation by means of various scratch styli, and the fragile surface structure of ESD coatings was maintained to a large extent after unscrewing CHA‐coated dental implants from femoral condyles of goat cadavers. From these experiments, it was concluded that interfacial adhesion of crystalline CHA ESD coatings to the titanium substrate was sufficient, but that mechanical strength of the superficial architecture of ESD coatings need to be optimized for applications where high shear and compressive stresses are imposed onto the rather fragile coating surface of reticular ESD morphologies. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Folic acid‐PEG conjugated superparamagnetic nanoparticles for targeted cellular uptake and detection by MRI
Authors: Sun Conroy , Sze Raymond , Zhang Miqin
Published: May 2006

We report the development and in vitro study of a nanoconjugate serving as a targeted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast enhancement agent for detection of cancer cells overexpressing the folate receptor. The nanoconjugate was synthesized by coating superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with covalently bound bifunctional poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), followed by conjugation with folic acid (FA). The specificity of the nanoconjugate targeting cancerous cells was demonstrated by comparative intracellular uptake of the nanoconjugate and PEG‐/dextran‐coated nanoparticles by human adenocarcinoma HeLa cells. Preferential targeting to cancerous cells was studied by comparing the uptake of the nanoconjugate by HeLa cells and by non‐FR expressing osteosarcoma MG‐63 cells. Uptake of the nanoconjugate by HeLa cells after 4 h incubation was found to be a 12‐fold higher than that of PEG‐ or dextran‐coated nanoparticles as quantified by inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy. A significant negative contrast enhancement was observed with magnetic resonance (MR) phantom imaging for HeLa cells over MG‐63 cells, when both were cultured with the nanoconjugate. Specificity of the nanoconjugate for folate receptors was also verified with a competitive inhibition assay, in which HeLa cells were incubated with both NP–PEG–FA and free FA. The bifunctional PEG used has amide linkages within the PEG chains that can form interchain hydrogen bonding, leading to improved stability of the PEG coating. Self‐assembled PEG can be controlled at the molecular level and are suitable for nanoscale coatings. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Trade liberalisation and trade performance in the Dominican Republic
Authors: U Santos‐Paulino Amelia
Published: May 2006

During the 1990s the Dominican Republic managed its transition to a more open trade regime by eliminating non‐tariff barriers, simplifying the tariff structure and reducting the rates of duties. Using this information the study examines trade liberalisation's impact on the Dominican Republic's trade dynamics. It finds that import and export growth increased as a result of liberalisation, even though exports' response is somewhat higher. Moreover, the paper estimates a one percentage point improvement in the trade balance to GDP ratio following liberalisation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Country‐specific factors and the pattern of intra‐industry trade in China's manufacturing
Authors: Zhang Zhaoyong , Chuan LI
Published: May 2006

Over the past few decades there have been extensive empirical and theoretical studies of the determination of intra‐industry trade (IIT), but mostly for the industrialized countries. This paper aims to assess the trends and pattern of intra‐industry trade and structural adjustment in China's manufacturing sector associated with its trade liberalization using data spanning from 1990 to 2000. In particular, we distinguish intra‐industry trade as either horizontally or vertically differentiated, and examine how the various country‐specific factors affect the intensity of China's horizontally and vertically differentiated intra‐industry trade with its major trading partners, and how trade liberalization changes the pattern of China's IIT and integration with the East Asian region. These issues have important policy implications for product differentiation strategy and labour adjustment. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gender equity and globalization: macroeconomic policy for developing countries
Authors: Seguino Stephanie , Grown Caren
Published: May 2006

This paper reviews the evidence of gender effects of globalization in developing economies. It then outlines a set of macroeconomic and trade policies to promote gender equity in the distribution of resources. The evidence suggests that while liberalization has expanded women's access to employment, the long‐term goal of transforming gender inequalities remains unmet and appears unattainable without regulation of capital, and a reorientation and expansion of the state's role in funding public goods and providing a social safety net. This paper sets forth some general principles that can produce greater gender equality, premised on shifting economies from profit‐led, export‐oriented to wage‐led, full‐employment economies. The framework is Kaleckian in its focus on the relationship between the gender distribution of income and macroeconomic outcomes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reproducibility of foot structure measurements in neuropathic diabetic patients using magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Bus Sicco A. , Maas Mario , Lindeboom Robert
Published: May 2006

Purpose

To assess the intra‐ and interobserver agreement of commonly reported foot structure measurements in diabetic patients with neuropathy using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Materials and Methods

In 23 neuropathic diabetic patients and five age‐matched healthy controls, sagittal‐plane MR images of the forefoot were obtained to assess joint configuration and plantar fat‐pad thickness on two different occasions by the same observer and once by a different observer. The degree of intrinsic muscle atrophy was scored from coronal plane images on two different occasions by two observers.

Results

The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) between occasions and between observers were >0.94. The mean differences (bias) and the limits of agreement (LoA = mean ± 2 SDs) were small for the metatarsal‐phalangeal (MTP) joint angle, toe angle, and plantar fat‐pad thickness (bias ≤ 0.8° or 0.2 mm, LoA ≤ 3.8° or 0.8 mm), but larger for interphalangeal joint angles (bias ≤ 3.4°, LoA ≤ 8.8°). The weighted kappa for intrinsic muscle atrophy was 0.94.

Conclusion

Static foot structure data can be assessed reliably using MRI. Because changes in foot structure contribute to the development of foot ulcers in neuropathic patients, MRI may be a useful technique to assess risk of ulceration in these patients. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Validating feature‐based specifications
Authors: Turner Kenneth J.
Published: May 2006

It is argued that specifications should be rigorously validated against requirements. This is useful to build confidence in a specification and to check a specification after it or the requirements have changed. The multiple‐use scenario test and refusal description (MUSTARD) is introduced as a means of formulating and formalizing validation scenarios. The practical use of MUSTARD on a number of case studies is introduced. The MUSTARD notation is then explained, using examples from Internet telephony to show how validation scenarios are written. The core MUSTARD constructs are augmented by domain‐specific vocabularies that adapt it for different kinds of systems. It is demonstrated how MUSTARD can validate specifications written in two standardized formal languages: language of temporal ordering specification (LOTOS) and specification and description language (SDL). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design and implementation of an enhanced CORBA property service
Authors: Aleksy M. , Korthaus A. , Schmoigl N.
Published: May 2006

Part of the number of Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) services specified by the Object Management Group is CORBA's Property Service (PS), which can be used to provide CORBA objects dynamically with additional properties not declared in their static Interface Description Language (IDL) type definitions. Although the management of dynamic properties is a common requirement for several application purposes, the support offered by CORBA's PS is very limited. One shortcoming, for example, is the fact that the PS specification considers the association between objects and properties an implementation detail, which is completely delegated to the developers of applications that require property management. Moreover, CORBA's PS does not support the definition of properties with lifetime restrictions, i.e. it is not possible to specify properties that are only allowed to exist for a certain period of time. In this paper, we address these shortcomings by proposing an extended version of CORBA's PS, which provides explicit property set/object associations managed by the service and integrates the aspect of temporary properties. A primary goal in our design of the Enhanced PS was smoothness of the extensions with respect to downward compatibility with the original specification. In addition, we intended to simplify the integration of the new functionality in CORBA applications that need to utilize the enhanced features. We provide a detailed description of the design of our Enhanced PS by explaining IDL code fragments and offering Unified Modeling Language diagrams. In addition, some implementation aspects concerning our Java‐based prototype of the new service are discussed and the results of several benchmarking runs are presented. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nachweiskriterien von mechanischen Verbindungen bei Fassadenkonstruktionen in Pfosten‐ und Riegelbauweise
Authors: Baitinger Martin , Busse Eric , Masur Nils
Published: May 2006

Bei immer mehr Gebäuden, insbesondere bei Geschäfts‐ und Hochhäusern, fällt die Wahl bei der Ausführung der Fassadenhaut auf den Baustoff Glas (Bild 1). Energieeinsparungen durch hellere Büroräume, eine schlankere Bauweise oder auch ästhetische Gründe stehen hierbei im Vordergrund. Die Ausführung in Pfosten‐ und Riegelbauweise ist dabei eine wirtschaftliche Variante.

Die Idee eines einheitlichen Nachweis‐ bzw. Bemessungskonzeptes ist bereits Gegenstand einer Vielzahl von experimentellen Untersuchungen und Gesprächen zwischen dem DIBt, den Systemherstellern und den zuständigen Prüfstellen. Häufig kommen tragende Komponenten wie Pfosten, Riegel und insbesondere T‐Verbindungen (Verbindung zwischen Pfosten und Riegel) zum Einsatz, die in ihrer Gesamtheit durch die Anwendung geltender technischen Baubestimmungen rechnerisch nur schwer nachzuweisen sind und anderseits hierbei zu unwirtschaftlichen Lösungen führen. Für eine wirtschaftliche Bemessung von Fassadenkonstruktionen in Pfosten‐Riegelbauweise und eine geregelte Anwendung der Verbindungen sind genaue Untersuchungen zum Systemverhalten durchzuführen, da nach DIBt‐Mitteilungen eine allgemeine bauaufsichtliche Zulassung bzw. eine Zustimmung im Einzelfall erforderlich ist.

Der Verwendbarkeitsnachweis dieser Verbindungen kann dabei im Rahmen der Zulassungen durch rechnerische Nachweise oder Bauteilversuche geführt werden. Dabei wird bisher lediglich der Nachweis im Grenzzustand der Tragfähigkeit in der Zulassung geregelt.

Der vorliegende Aufsatz beschreibt zum einen das aktuelle Nachweisverfahren und gibt darüber hinaus einen Ausblick bezüglich einer möglichen Optimierung. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Der Arbeitskreis “Punktgestützte Verglasungen” im FKG
Authors: Havemann Kathrin
Published: May 2006

Der Arbeitskreis Punktgestützte Verglasungen des Fachverbandes Konstruktiver Glasbau (FKG) untersucht Glas unter lokaler Beanspruchung durch Halter und konzentrierte Lasteinleitung. Die Schwerpunkte liegen derzeit bei folgenden zwei Themen: Glas unter Lochleibung und Berechnungsverfahren für punktgestützte ausfachende Verglasungen. Das erste Thema ist vor allem für den innovativen Einsatz von Glas als Tragwerksbestandteil interessant – Glasschwerter, ‐balken und ‐stützen werden in der Regel über Bolzen in Bohrungen verbunden. Der zweite Arbeitsschwerpunkt befaßt sich damit, ein sicheres, allgemeines Berechnungsverfahren für die üblichen Glashalter zu finden und so die Normungsarbeit für die Bemessung von Glas zu unterstützen. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
‘Ready to drink’ protein substitute is easier is for people with phenylketonuria
Authors: MacDonald A. , Lilburn M M. , Davies P. , Evans S. , Daly A. , Hall S. K. , Hendriksz C. , Chakrapani A. , Lee P.
Published: May 2006

In phenylketonuria (PKU), compliance with taking protein substitute is an issue in teenage and older patients. A ‘ready to drink’ protein substitute may overcome many of the practical issues associated with its administration. Objective To investigate the efficacy of a liquid protein substitute in a 6‐week, three‐part, randomized, crossover, controlled study. Methods 27 subjects (15 female; 12 male) with PKU with a median age of 30 years (range 8–49 years) were recruited. One subject withdrew from the study. Their median daily dose of protein equivalent was 60 g (range 45–75 g). In parts 1 and 2, subjects were randomized to either a liquid or a powder protein substitute with the same nutritional composition per unit (each 130 ml liquid pouch or 25 g powder sachet contained 15 g protein equivalent). In part 3, subjects chose liquid, powder or a combination of both. Weekly blood phenylalanine (Phe) concentrations were estimated, and during weeks 2, 4 and 6 subjects completed a daily questionnaire on administration issues. Results All but one of 26 subjects chose the liquid in part 3 as either their sole (69%, n = 18) or partial source (28%, n = 7) of protein substitute. Blood Phe concentrations were significantly better on the liquid (p = 0.03). With the liquid protein substitute, subjects were less self‐consciousness (p = 0.003) and found it easier to take away from home (p = 0.001). Overall, the liquid was easier (p < 0.0001), more convenient (p = 0.002) and resulted in less wastage of protein substitute (p = 0.001). Conclusion Liquid protein substitute was popular and efficacious, reduced self‐consciousness and overall improved compliance of teenagers and adults with PKU.
CCL18: A urinary marker of Gaucher cell burden in Gaucher patients
Authors: Boot Rolf G. , Verhoek Marri , Langeveld Mirjam , Renkema G. Herma , Hollak Carla E. M. , Weening Jan J. , Donker‐Koopman Wilma E. , Groener Johanna E. , Aerts Johannes M. F. G.
Published: May 2006

Glucosylceramide‐laden tissue macrophages in Gaucher patients secrete large quantities of chitotriosidase and CC chemokine ligand 18 (CCL18), resulting in markedly increased plasma levels. We have comparatively investigated the occurrence of both parameters in plasma and urine samples of Gaucher patients. Chitotriosidase was high in urine samples of some symptomatic patients, but elevations did not correlate with increased plasma concentrations. Urinary chitotriosidase was particularly high in a patient with severe kidney involvement and local storage cell infiltration. Urinary levels of CCL18 were also highly elevated in samples from Gaucher patients as compared to controls. The median value of the CCL18/creatinine ratio in urine samples of 31 Gaucher patients was 143.3 pg/μmol (range 32–551) and in those of 12 normal subjects was 4.1 pg/μmol (range 1.3–6.8). In sharp contrast to chitotriosidase, increases in the low‐molecular‐mass chemokine CCL18 in urine and plasma specimens of Gaucher patients correlated well. A correlation was also observed for reductions in urinary and plasma CCL18 following therapy. It is concluded that assessment of urinary CCL18 of Gaucher patients gives insight into the total body burden on Gaucher cells, whereas that of chitotriosidase does not. Urinary chitotriosidase appears rather to be a reflection of renal pathology.
Size‐asymmetric competition and size‐asymmetric growth in a spatially explicit zone‐of‐influence model of plant competition
Authors: Weiner Jacob , Damgaard Christian
Published: May 2006

Size‐asymmetric competition among plants is usually defined as resource pre‐emption by larger individuals, but it is usually observed and measured as a disproportionate size advantage in the growth of larger individuals in crowded populations (“size‐asymmetric growth”). We investigated the relationship between size‐asymmetric competition and size‐asymmetric growth in a spatially explicit, individual‐based plant competition model based on overlapping zones of influence (ZOI). The ZOI of each plant is modeled as a circle, growing in two dimensions. The size asymmetry of competition is reflected in the rules for dividing up the overlapping areas. We grew simulated populations with different degrees of size‐asymmetric competition and at different densities and analyzed the size dependency of individual growth by fitting coupled growth functions to individuals. The relationship between size and growth within the populations was summarized with a parameter that measures the size asymmetry of growth. Complete competitive symmetry (equal division of contested resources) at the local level results in a very slight size asymmetry in growth. This slight size asymmetry of growth did not increase with increasing density. Increased density resulted in increased growth asymmetry when resource competition at the local level was size asymmetric to any degree. Size‐asymmetric growth can be strong evidence that competitive mechanisms are at least partially size asymmetric, but the degree of size‐asymmetric growth is influenced by the intensity as well as the mode of competition. Intuitive concepts of size‐asymmetric competition among individuals in spatial and nonspatial contexts are very different.
!ALGEBRAICITY AND TRANSCENDENCY OF BASIC SPECIAL VALUES OF SHINTANI’S DOUBLE SINE FUNCTIONS
Authors: Kurokawa Nobushige , Wakayama Masato
Published: May 2006

We study algebraicity and transcendency of certain basic special values of the double sine functions due to Hölder and Shintani by employing the zeta regularized product expressions.
!ENTROPY NUMBERS OF EMBEDDINGS OF WEIGHTED BESOV SPACES. II
Authors: Kühn Thomas , Leopold Hans-Gerd , Sickel Winfried , Skrzypczak Leszek
Published: May 2006

We investigate the asymptotic behaviour of the entropy numbers of the compact embedding $B^{s_1}_{p_1,q_1}(\mathbb{R}^d,w_1)\hookrightarrow B^{s_2}_{p_2,q_2}(\mathbb{R}^d,w_2)$. Here $B^s_{p,q}(\mathbb{R}^d,w)$ denotes a weighted Besov space. We present a general approach which allows us to work with a large class of weights.
Neural Encoding Correlates of High and Low Verbal Memory Performance
Authors: Heinze Sibylle , Sartory Gudrun , Müller Bernhard W. , de Greiff Armin , Forsting Michael , Jüptner Markus
Published: May 2006

Neuroimaging studies have indicated involvement of left prefrontal cortex and temporal areas in verbal memory processes. The current study used event-related functional neuroimaging to compare encoding of subsequently recalled and not recalled words in high and low memory performers. Fifteen healthy volunteers were given lists of words to learn with immediate recall and to read as a control condition. High performers reported to have visualized the words whereas low performers used a rehearsal strategy. Compared to reading, unsuccessful encoding was associated with thalamic and left premotor area (BA 6) activity. Comparing successful with unsuccessful learning yielded widespread activity of the left prefrontal and posterior temporal gyrus as well as the left superior parietal lobe in the whole group. Low performers showed activation of the left premotor area throughout learning and additionally of the left middle temporal and parahippocampal gyrus during successful encoding. High performers showed increased activation in the extrastriate cortex throughout learning and additionally in the left parietal post- and paracentral areas as well as in the right precuneus during successful encoding. The results suggest that high verbal memory performance is the result of spatiovisual activation concomitant to imagery and low performance of hippocampal and motor activation, the latter being associated with rehearsal, with a common memory circuit subserving both groups.
Enhancing 2-D Tactile Picture Design from Knowledge of 3-D Haptic Object Recognition
Authors: Thompson Leanne J. , Chronicle Edward P. , Collins Alan F.
Published: May 2006

Research into haptic object recognition suggests that matching stimulus input to a system of geon-like structural descriptions may play an important role in this perceptual modality, as it does in vision. The recognition of objects from tactile pictures or diagrams is an important skill for blind people, yet relatively little research has been conducted in attempts to optimize tactile picture design. This paper explains a novel, theoretically-motivated design for constructing tactile pictures (the TexyForm system). In a single experiment contrasting blindfolded sighted, early blind, and late blind participants, we demonstrate that TexyForm pictures were identified significantly more frequently than standard, visually realistic, tactile pictures. In particular, early blind participants improved their identification from 12.5% with visually realistic pictures to 50% with TexyForm pictures. All participants rated the TexyForm pictures as preferable to visually realistic pictures. We argue that using current theoretical knowledge and experimental data to drive tactile picture design is likely to lead to improvements in the usability of materials for blind people.
Tucker's Congruence Coefficient as a Meaningful Index of Factor Similarity
Authors: Lorenzo-Seva Urbano , ten Berge Jos M. F.
Published: May 2006

When Tucker's congruence coefficient is used to assess the similarity of factor interpretations, it is desirable to have a critical congruence level less than unity that can be regarded as indicative of identity of the factors. The literature only reports rules of thumb. The present article repeats and broadens the approach used in the study by Haven and ten Berge ( 1977 ). It aims to find a critical congruence level on the basis of judgments of factor similarity by practitioners of factor analysis. Our results suggest that a value in the range .85-.94 corresponds to a fair similarity, while a value higher than .95 implies that the two factors or components compared can be considered equal.
A direct interaction with calponin inhibits the actin-nucleating activity of gelsolin
Authors: Ferjani Imen , Fattoum Abdellatif , Maciver Sutherland K. , Bénistant Christine , Chahinian Anne , Manai Mohamed , Benyamin Yves , Roustan Claude
Published: May 2006

Gelsolin and calponin are well-characterized cytoskeletal proteins that are abundant and widely expressed in vertebrate tissues. It is also becoming apparent, however, that they are involved in cell signalling. In the present study, we show that gelsolin and calponin interact directly to form a high-affinity (Kd=16 nM) 1:1 complex, by the use of fluorescent probes attached to both proteins, by affinity chromatography and by immunoprecipitation. These methods show that gelsolin can form high-affinity complexes with two calponin isoforms (basic h1 and acidic h3). They also show that gelsolin binds calponin through regions that have been identified previously as being calponin's actin-binding sites. Moreover, gelsolin does not interact with calponin while calponin is bound to F-actin. Reciprocal experiments to find calponin-binding sites on gelsolin show that these are in both the N- and C-terminal halves of gelsolin. Calponin has minimal effects on actin severing by gelsolin. In contrast, calponin markedly affects the nucleation activity of gelsolin. The maximum inhibition of nucleation by gelsolin was 50%, which was achieved with a ratio of two calponins for every gelsolin. Thus the interaction of calponin with gelsolin may play a regulatory role in the formation of actin filaments through modulation of gelsolin's actin-binding function and through the prevention of calponin's actin-binding activities.
pH-dependence of intermediate steps of membrane fusion induced by the influenza fusion peptide
Authors: Chang Ding-Kwo , Cheng Shu-Fang
Published: May 2006

Membrane fusion mediated by the influenza-virus fusion protein is activated by low pH via a cascade of reactions. Some processes among them are irreversible, such as helix hairpin formation of the ectodomain, whereas others are reversible, such as exposure of the fusion peptide. Using this property, we attempted to dissect, in temporal order, different stages of the fusion reaction involving the fusion peptide by an acidic–neutral–acidic pH cycle. The fluorescence-quenching data indicated that both insertion depth and self-assembly are pH-reversible. In addition, lipid mixing assay was demonstrated to be arrested by neutral pH. By contrast, membrane leakage was shown to be irreversible with respect to pH. Our results, along with those from other studies on the pH-dependence of membrane fusion, are used to build a model for the virus-mediated fusion event from the perspective of pH-reversibility.
Control by cytochromecoxidase of the cellular oxidative phosphorylation system depends on the mitochondrial energy state
Authors: Piccoli Claudia , Scrima Rosella , Boffoli Domenico , Capitanio Nazzareno
Published: May 2006

Recent measurements of the flux control exerted by cytochrome c oxidase on the respiratory activity in intact cells have led to a re-appraisal of its regulatory function. We have further extended this in vivo study in the framework of the Metabolic Control Analysis and evaluated the impact of the mitochondrial transmembrane electrochemical potential (ΔμH+) on the control strength of the oxidase. The results indicate that, under conditions mimicking the mitochondrial State 4 of respiration, both the flux control coefficient and the threshold value of cytochrome oxidase are modified with respect to the uncoupled condition. The results obtained are consistent with a model based on changes in the assembly state of the oxidative phosphorylation enzyme complexes and possible implications in the understanding of exercise-intolerance of human neuromuscular degenerative diseases are discussed.
Minding Place: Towards a (Rational) Political Ecology of the Sustainable University
Authors: M'Gonigle Michael , Starke Justine Cara
Published: May 2006

This paper is a praxis-based, theoretical analysis of the political ecology of place. The paper grew out of a multiyear activist project to redirect campus planning at our university onto a more sustainable footing. In our engagement with the unique institutional character of the university, we were required to address, on the one hand, its resistant power structures and, on the other hand, its real potential for fostering progressive social change. On the basis of this practical work, we develop a theoretical perspective on place-based change and articulate a situated conception of what we call ‘social rationality’. Turning from analysis to prescription, we then suggest a strategy of ‘comprehensive local innovation’ to allow universities to open up their potential to become working precedents that can address global issues through local action. Although the present paper does not articulate detailed proposals for specific institutional reforms, we consider such proposals in a related book.
Local Representations in Crisis: Governance, Citizenship Regimes, and UK TECs and Ontario Local Boards
Authors: Rutherford Tod D
Published: May 2006

In this paper I critically examine new forms of state–civil-society arrangements via a case study of non business stakeholder representation in UK Training and Enterprise Councils and in Local Boards for Training and Adjustment in Ontario, Canada. Drawing on insights from both poststructural and regulationist approaches, I situate their development and crises in what Jenson and Phillips term ‘citizenship regimes’. Local representation of labour and equity groups could be effective and reflected struggles over both recognition and redistribution. However, representation often depended on resources drawn from other scales and especially on the relationship of stakeholders with the provincial and national state. Local representation has some autonomy from macroshift in citizenship regimes, but in both cases there is strong evidence that the state is able to incorporate stakeholder representation into what Jessop terms ‘metagovernance strategies’, although it cannot necessarily control it.
Children's Experiences of Migration: Moving in the Wake of AIDS in Southern Africa
Authors: van Blerk Lorraine , Ansell Nicola
Published: May 2006

Despite the recent significance children's geographies have been afforded within many geographical subdisciplines, their experiences of migration have received relatively little attention. However, children do migrate and their migration is often distinct from that of entire households. In this paper we explore children's migration in southern Africa within the context of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, focusing in particular on the impacts of moving house on children's sociospatial experiences. Migration has consequences for several areas of children's lives, and the nature of those consequences is shaped by the context within which migration takes place. In southern Africa AIDS is an unavoidable aspect of the sociospatial context, but the impact it has on children varies. This exemplar has wider implications for two areas of geographical research. First, in the paper we advocate the importance of including children's experiences of migration within culturally informed studies of migration. Second, there is a need for research in children's geographies to extend beyond the microlevel. We advocate a refocusing of research beyond children's static relationship to environments to also encompass children's transient geographies in discussions of their life experiences.
Configurational Coincidence among Six Phenomena: A Comment on van Lier and Csathó (2006)
Authors: Kitaoka Akiyoshi
Published: May 2006

This study focuses on a configurational coincidence among six different illusions, two being motion illusions (reversed phi movement and phi movement), two being binocular stereo effects (Anstis - Rogers type and Gregory - Heard type), one being a position illusion (Gregory - Heard illusion), and one being an orientation illusion (Café-Wall-like tilt illusion). The stimuli of these six illusions or effects share the same configuration, in which a thin region is flanked by thick regions of different luminances. A phenomenological comparison is conducted with the use of dynamic demonstrations as well as static ones. In particular, the reversed phi movement is extensively discussed.
GPS measurement error and resource selection functions in a fragmented landscape
Authors: R. Visscher Darcy
Published: May 2006

Advances in technology have allowed ecologists to employ remote observations of individual organism's spatial location. These data are used to model species distributions and habitat associations, which inform conservation efforts and management plans. These data are not without error. To illustrate the consequences of not considering measurement error, I introduce measurement error to a habitat selection model, using three different distributions. I show how measurement error can confound inferences made about a hypothetical organism's true habitat selection. By simulating different initial strengths of selection I show the introduction of measurement error results in the largest reduction in habitat selection strength (from truth) for very selective individuals (habitat specialists). Not surprisingly, the inclusion of error in very weakly selective individuals (habitat generalists) can result in a switching from true selection to observed avoidance. Researchers need to be aware that, first, there is measurement error in remotely observed data, and second, a tradeoff occurs between measurement error and landscape fragmentation. Landscapes with a high degree of fragmentation require spatially accurate (low measurement error) data in order to make reliable estimates of habitat selection or species distribution. The results of this study are discussed in light of the conservation of species threatened by habitat fragmentation and the management suggestions arising from selection studies.