bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
WS04 The population PK/PD approach for a rational use of anti‐infective drugs to minimize resistance
Authors: TOUTAIN P. L. , LEES P.
Published: August 2006

Objective

Antimicrobial resistance is not only here, it is here to stay and it poses major threats to the effective use of antimicrobial drugs in humans and other animals. Nevertheless, a defeatist attitude is not acceptable. There is much that can and must be done to retard or prevent the emergence and spread of resistance. Clinicians and scientists from many disciplines have roles to play in combating resistance and we veterinary pharmacologists arguably have the most important role of all. As Schentag (1996) indicated 10 years ago, ‘‘The design of appropriate dosage regimens may be the single most important contribution of clinical pharmacology to the resistance problem’’. However, progress has not been rapid and as recently as 2003 Drusano commented, ‘‘One area in which there is little investigation is the use of proper dosing to help prevent emergence of resistance’’ and, again in 2005, Drusano et al. commented ‘‘little attention has been focussed on delineating the correct dose to suppress the amplification of less susceptible mutant bacterial sub‐populations’’. In this Workshop we address, with the help of internationally recognised authorities, antimicrobial resistance in veterinary medicine, from the perspectives of basic mechanisms, epidemiology and pre‐clinical and population PK‐PD modelling in dosage design. In addition, we review prudent use, clinical aspects and the contribution of regulatory efforts to minimise the selection of resistant microorganisms.
WS07 Prudent use of fluoroquinolones in food‐producing animals; a company perspective
Authors: KLOSTERMANN L. , DE JONG A. , WERLING H. O.
Published: August 2006

Objective

Antimicrobial resistance is not only here, it is here to stay and it poses major threats to the effective use of antimicrobial drugs in humans and other animals. Nevertheless, a defeatist attitude is not acceptable. There is much that can and must be done to retard or prevent the emergence and spread of resistance. Clinicians and scientists from many disciplines have roles to play in combating resistance and we veterinary pharmacologists arguably have the most important role of all. As Schentag (1996) indicated 10 years ago, ‘‘The design of appropriate dosage regimens may be the single most important contribution of clinical pharmacology to the resistance problem’’. However, progress has not been rapid and as recently as 2003 Drusano commented, ‘‘One area in which there is little investigation is the use of proper dosing to help prevent emergence of resistance’’ and, again in 2005, Drusano et al. commented ‘‘little attention has been focussed on delineating the correct dose to suppress the amplification of less susceptible mutant bacterial sub‐populations’’. In this Workshop we address, with the help of internationally recognised authorities, antimicrobial resistance in veterinary medicine, from the perspectives of basic mechanisms, epidemiology and pre‐clinical and population PK‐PD modelling in dosage design. In addition, we review prudent use, clinical aspects and the contribution of regulatory efforts to minimise the selection of resistant microorganisms.
WS08 Analytical Methods: what is feasible nowadays? The state of the art
Authors: VAN PETEGHEM C. , VAN POUCKE C.
Published: August 2006

Objective

Tremendous progress has been made in the ability to measure particular contaminants or veterinary drugs at very low concentrations. However, rare or previously unknown compounds, metabolites and mixtures are still presenting considerable analytical challenges, while this category in particular might be relevant in terms of food safety. In addition, the need for higher throughput screening strategies at lower costs also demands for methods in addition to chemical analysis. There is considerable development in methodology based on the interaction with bio‐macromolecules or living cells or on a biological response in the exposed animal. The aim of this workshop is to provide an up‐o‐date and practical overview of the various analytical and biological strategies that are available to screen or detect (prior) exposure to drugs, contaminants and pollutants.
WS10 Development of CALUX bioassay‐based systems as instruments to detect hormones and contaminants
Authors: BROUWER A. , SONNEVELD E. , STERK S. , STEPHANY R. , VAN DER BURG B.
Published: August 2006

Objective

Tremendous progress has been made in the ability to measure particular contaminants or veterinary drugs at very low concentrations. However, rare or previously unknown compounds, metabolites and mixtures are still presenting considerable analytical challenges, while this category in particular might be relevant in terms of food safety. In addition, the need for higher throughput screening strategies at lower costs also demands for methods in addition to chemical analysis. There is considerable development in methodology based on the interaction with bio‐macromolecules or living cells or on a biological response in the exposed animal. The aim of this workshop is to provide an up‐o‐date and practical overview of the various analytical and biological strategies that are available to screen or detect (prior) exposure to drugs, contaminants and pollutants.
WS12 Measuring biological effects in the target species using proteomics: detection of the illegal treatment of cattle with performance enhancing agents
Authors: NEBBIA C.
Published: August 2006

Objective

Tremendous progress has been made in the ability to measure particular contaminants or veterinary drugs at very low concentrations. However, rare or previously unknown compounds, metabolites and mixtures are still presenting considerable analytical challenges, while this category in particular might be relevant in terms of food safety. In addition, the need for higher throughput screening strategies at lower costs also demands for methods in addition to chemical analysis. There is considerable development in methodology based on the interaction with bio‐macromolecules or living cells or on a biological response in the exposed animal. The aim of this workshop is to provide an up‐o‐date and practical overview of the various analytical and biological strategies that are available to screen or detect (prior) exposure to drugs, contaminants and pollutants.
WS14 The EU ban of antibiotics as feed additives (2006): alternatives and consumer safety
Authors: ANADÓN A.
Published: August 2006

Objective

This Workshop offers a forum to colleagues from academia and industry. It will present a critical re‐appraisal on the rational of the EU ban, and the overall economic impact of this measure as well as regulatory attempts to stimulate licensing of new products. Additional contributions are devoted to current RD activities within the industry, and new targets and strategies in product development will be presented and discussed.
WS17 Natural alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters in Europe
Authors: MONTESISSA C. , CALINI F.
Published: August 2006

Objective

This Workshop offers a forum to colleagues from academia and industry. It will present a critical re‐appraisal on the rational of the EU ban, and the overall economic impact of this measure as well as regulatory attempts to stimulate licensing of new products. Additional contributions are devoted to current RD activities within the industry, and new targets and strategies in product development will be presented and discussed.
Phylogeny and classification of Colocasiomyia (Diptera, Drosophilidae), and its evolution of pollination mutualism with aroid plants
Authors: SULTANA FARHAT , HU YAO‐GUANG , TODA MASANORI J. , TAKENAKA KOHEI , YAFUSO MASAKO
Published: August 2006

Abstract Colocasiomyia, a moderate‐sized genus in the subfamily Drosophilinae, comprises seventy (twenty‐six described and forty‐four undescribed) species. Several Colocasiomyia species have evolved intimate mutualisms with specific host plants, especially of the family Araceae: the flies depend throughout the entire life cycle, oviposition, larval growth, pupation, and adult feeding and mating, on inflorescences of their host plants, and in turn act as species‐specific pollinators for their host plants. To understand the evolution of this mutualism between Colocasiomyia flies and their host plants, the phylogenetic relationships of this genus and some possibly related taxa are inferred from a cladistic analysis based on sixty‐two characters of adult morphology. We conclude that Colocasiomyia is polyphyletic, with the C. arenga species group clearly separate. Colocasiomyia without the arenga group (Colocasiomyia proper) is sister to all other studied drosophilines, whereas the arenga group is relatively derived within the Drosophilinae. Within Colocasiomyia proper, four clades are recognized, three of which correspond to previously proposed species groups: the cristata, toshiokai and baechlii groups. The other clade, C. sp.1 aff. nepalensis+C. sp.2 aff. nepalensis, is defined as a new species group. Relationships amongst the four clades and three independent species (C. micheliae, C. gigantea and C. sp.K1) remain almost unresolved, except for a sister group relationship between the toshiokai and baechlii groups. The classification of species groups in Colocasiomyia is revised by erecting two new species groups (crassipes and zeylanica groups) in addition to the three known (baechlii, cristata and toshiokai) groups. Revision of the arenga group, which should be removed from Colocasiomyia, is left for future studies. The evolution of host plant selection in Colocasiomyia is discussed by mapping host plant taxa (families, subfamilies and tribes) on the phylogenetic tree deduced from the cladistic analysis. Cohabitation in the same host inflorescence by a pair of species with microallopatric niche separation on the spadix is hypothesized to have evolved independently at least more than twice in Colocasiomyia.
Phylogeny of the subfamily Chauliodinae (Megaloptera: Corydalidae), with description of a new genus from the Oriental Realm
Authors: LIU XINGYUE , YANG DING
Published: August 2006

Abstract A new Oriental fishfly genus, Sinochauliodesgen.n., is described, including four species: S. fujianensis (Yang & Yang, 1999) comb.n., S. griseus (Yang & Yang, 1999) comb.n., S. maculosussp.n. and S. squalidussp.n. A cladistic analysis based on adult morphological characters clarified the phylogenetic status of the new genus and allowed the reconstruction of the intergeneric relationships of the subfamily Chauliodinae. Two main clades within Chauliodinae were recognized from the cladistic analysis. The Asian fishflies, together with the two Nearctic genera, Chauliodes and Nigronia, formed a monophyletic lineage, and the new genus was assigned as the sister group to the genus Parachauliodes. The biogeography of the Asian fishflies is discussed.
The taxonomy, biogeography and host plant relationships of jumping plant‐lice (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) associated with creosote bushes (Larrea spp., Zygophyllaceae)
Authors: BURCKHARDT DANIEL , OUVRARD DAVID
Published: August 2006

Abstract The Neotropical genus Panisopelma (Psyllidae: Aphalaroidinae) is revised and its internal phylogeny analysed. The constituent species, including five new ones, are described and illustrated. Keys are provided for the adults and the last instar larvae. Eight species are associated with creosote bushes (Larrea, Zygophyllaceae): five with L. nitida and three with L. divaricata. There is evidence that another three species, the larvae of which are unknown, also develop on L. divaricata. Seven species are restricted to Argentina, one to Bolivia and three to Chile. The cladistic analysis based on male, female and larval morphological characters yielded a single most‐parsimonious tree. The species associated with L. nitida form a monophyletic clade, those on L. divaricata, by contrast, are paraphyletic. One clade with three species is restricted to Argentina, but three clades each contain a species from Argentina and Chile. Although a close association exists between Panisopelma and Larrea, there is no evidence for cospeciation, but rather an initial shift from an unknown host to L. divaricata and a second shift from L. divaricata to L. nitida. In three species pairs of Panisopelma, the distribution patterns suggest geographical vicariance between Argentina and Chile.
FtsH11 protease plays a critical role in Arabidopsis thermotolerance
Authors: Chen Junping , Burke John J. , Velten Jeff , Xin Zhanguo
Published: August 2006

Plants, as sessile organisms, employ multiple mechanisms to adapt to the seasonal and daily temperature fluctuations associated with their habitats. Here, we provide genetic and physiological evidence that the FtsH11 protease of Arabidopsis contributes to the overall tolerance of the plant to elevated temperatures. To identify the various mechanisms of thermotolerance in plants, we isolated a series ofArabidopsis thalianathermo‐sensitive mutants (atts) that fail to acquire thermotolerance after pre‐conditioning at 38°C. Two allelic mutants,atts244andatts405, were found to be both highly susceptible to moderately elevated temperatures and defective in acquired thermotolerance. The growth and development of the mutant plants at all stages examined were arrested after exposure to temperatures above 30°C, which are permissive conditions for wild‐type plants. The affected gene inatts244was identified through map‐based cloning and encodes a chloroplast targeted FtsH protease,FtsH11. The Arabidopsis genome contains 12 predicted FtsH protease genes, with all previously characterizedFtsHgenes playing roles in the alleviation of light stress through the degradation of unassembled thylakoid membrane proteins and photodamaged photosystem II D1 protein. Photosynthetic capability, as measured by chlorophyll content (chla/bratios) and PSII quantum yield, is greatly reduced in the leaves ofFtsH11mutants when exposed to the moderately high temperature of 30°C. Under high light conditions, however,FtsH11mutants and wild‐type plants showed no significant difference in photosynthesis capacity. Our results support a direct role for theA. thaliana FtsH11‐encoded protease in thermotolerance, a function previously reported for bacterial and yeast FtsH proteases but not for those from plants.
Salicylic acid‐mediated and RNA‐silencing defense mechanisms cooperate in the restriction of systemic spread of plum pox virus in tobacco
Authors: Alamillo Josefa M. , Saénz Pilar , García Juan Antonio
Published: August 2006

Plum pox virus (PPV) is able to replicate in inoculated leaves of Nicotiana tabacum, but is defective in systemic movement in this host. However, PPV produces a systemic infection in transgenic tobacco expressing the silencing suppressor P1/HC‐Pro from tobacco etch virus (TEV). In this work we show that PPV is able to move to upper non‐inoculated leaves of tobacco plants expressing bacterial salicylate hydroxylase (NahG) that degrades salicylic acid (SA). Replication and accumulation of PPV is higher in the locally infected leaves of plants deficient in SA or expressing TEV P1/HC‐Pro silencing suppressor. Accumulation of viral derived small RNAs was reduced in the NahG transgenic plants, suggesting that SA might act as an enhancer of the RNA‐silencing antiviral defense in tobacco. Besides, expression of SA‐mediated defense transcripts, such as those of pathogenesis‐related (PR) proteins PR‐1 and PR‐2 or alternative oxidase‐1, as well as that of the putative RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase NtRDR1, is induced in response to PPV infection, and the expression patterns of these defense transcripts are altered in the TEV P1/HC‐Pro transgenic plants. Long‐distance movement of PPV is highly enhanced in NahG × P1/HC‐Pro double‐transgenic plants and systemic symptoms in these plants reveal that the expression of an RNA‐silencing suppressor and the lack of SA produce additive but distinct effects. Our results suggest that SA might act as an enhancer of the RNA‐silencing antiviral defense in tobacco, and that silencing suppressors, such as P1/HC‐Pro, also alter the SA‐mediated defense. Both an RNA‐silencing and an SA‐mediated defense mechanism could act together to limit PPV infection.
Cross‐talk between ethylene and drought signalling pathways is mediated by the sunflower Hahb‐4 transcription factor
Authors: Manavella Pablo A. , Arce Agustín L. , Dezar Carlos A. , Bitton Frédérique , Renou Jean‐Pierre , Crespi Martin , Chan Raquel L.
Published: August 2006

Hahb‐4 is a member of the Helianthusannuus (sunflower) subfamily I of HD‐Zip proteins that is transcriptionally regulated by water availability and abscisic acid. Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants overexpressing this transcription factor (TF) exhibit a characteristic phenotype that includes a strong tolerance to water stress. Here we show that this TF is a new component of ethylene signalling pathways, and that it induces a marked delay in senescence. Plants overexpressing Hahb‐4 are less sensitive to external ethylene, enter the senescence pathway later and do not show the typical triple response. Furthermore, transgenic plants expressing this gene under the control of its own inducible promoter showed an inverse correlation between ethylene sensitivity and Hahb‐4 levels. Potential targets of Hahb‐4 were identified by comparing the transcriptome of Hahb‐4‐transformed and wild‐type plants using microarrays and quantitative RT‐PCR. Expression of this TF has a major repressive effect on genes related to ethylene synthesis, such as ACO and SAM, and on genes related to ethylene signalling, such as ERF2 and ERF5. Expression studies in sunflower indicate that Hahb‐4 transcript levels are elevated in mature/senescent leaves. Expression of Hahb‐4 is induced by ethylene, concomitantly with several genes homologous to the targets identified in the transcriptome analysis (HA‐ACOa and HA‐ACOb). Transient transformation of sunflower leaves demonstrated the action of Hahb‐4 in the regulation of ethylene‐related genes. We propose that Hahb‐4 is involved in a novel conserved mechanism related to ethylene‐mediated senescence that functions to improve desiccation tolerance.
The evolutionary history of the common chloroplast genome ofArabidopsis thalianaandA. suecica
Authors: JAKOBSSON M. , SÄLL T. , LIND‐HALLDÉN C. , HALLDÉN C.
Published: August 2006

The evolutionary history of the common chloroplast (cp) genome of the allotetraploidArabidopsis suecicaand its maternal parentA. thalianawas investigated by sequencing 50 fragments of cpDNA, resulting in 98 polymorphic sites. The variation in theA. suecicasample was small, in contrast to that of theA. thalianasample. The time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of theA. suecicacp genome alone was estimated to be about one 37th of theTMRCAof both theA. thalianaandA. suecicacp genomes. This corresponds toA. suecicahaving a MRCA between 10 000 and 50 000 years ago, suggesting that the entire species originated during, or before, this period of time, although the estimates are sensitive to assumptions made about population size and mutation rate. The data was also consistent with the hypothesis ofA. suecicabeing of single origin. Isolation‐by‐distance and population structure inA. thalianadepended upon the geographical scale analysed; isolation‐by‐distance was found to be weak on the global scale but locally pronounced. Within the genealogical cp tree ofA. thaliana, there were indications that the root of theA. suecicaspecies is located among accessions ofA. thalianathat come primarily from central Europe. Selective neutrality of the cp genome could not be rejected, despite the fact that it contains several completely linked protein‐coding genes.
Resistance to silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii (Hem., Aleyrodidae), in Gossypium thurberi, a wild cotton species
Authors: Walker G. P. , Natwick E. T.
Published: August 2006

Abstract  Gossypium thurberi Todaro is a wild cotton species native to Mexico and parts of the southwestern USA. Four years of field studies in California's Imperial Valley revealed consistent very high levels of resistance in G. thurberi against silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring, an important pest of cotton in many regions of the world. Naturally developing field infestations in plots of G. thurberi were significantly lower than in plots of the commercial cotton cultivars DP 5415, Siokra L23, and Stoneville 474. Gossypium thurberi has two morphological traits that, in past research, have been associated with lower levels of whitefly susceptibility: smooth‐ and okra‐leaf; however, the levels of resistance observed in G. thurberi were significantly greater than in the cotton cultivar DP 5415, which is a smooth‐leaf cotton, and Siokra L23 which, like G. thurberi, has both smooth‐ and okra‐leaf traits. Therefore, the high level of resistance in G. thurberi seems to be due to factors above and beyond smooth‐ and okra‐leaf. Siokra L23, which is among the least whitefly‐susceptible cotton cultivars, developed whitefly populations over 30 times those on G. thurberi in all 3 years that Siokra L23 was tested. The difference in whitefly population development between G. thurberi and the other two cotton cultivars was even more striking, up to a 475‐fold difference. In contrast to the clear results on naturally developing field infestations, experiments comparing nymphal survival among G. thurberi and commercial cotton cultivars did not detect antibiosis, and both choice and no‐choice oviposition experiments did not detect antixenosis. Thus, the mechanisms of resistance in G. thurberi remain unknown.
Effect of temperature on biology and population growth parameters ofAphis gossypiiGlover (Hom., Aphididae) on greenhouse cucumber
Authors: Zamani A. A. , Talebi A. A. , Fathipour Y. , Baniameri V.
Published: August 2006

Abstract: Temperature‐dependent development, survivorship and reproduction of the cotton aphid,Aphis gossypiionCucumis sativusL. were evaluated at six constant temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35°C). Developmental periods of immature stages varied from 20.70 days at 10°C to 3.81 days at 30°C. The population failed to survive at 35°C. As temperature increased, the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) followed a typical asymmetrical dome‐shape pattern, with maximum value of 0.419/day at 25°C. Survival of immature stages differed from 55.97% to 93.14% within the range of 10–30°C. The average adult longevity ranged from 8.56 days at 30°C to 17.00 days at 25°C. Three mathematical models were compared for accuracy in predicting the developmental rate ofA. gossypii, and estimating its temperature thresholds and optima. The developmental threshold was estimated to be 6.19°C, and the thermal constant was 97.09 degree‐days, using the linear model. The Briere 2 and Lactin 2 models were accepted for success to satisfy criteria of goodness‐of‐fit (residual sum of square and coefficient of determination) and estimable temperature threshold parameters and highly recommended for the description of temperature‐dependent development ofA. gossypii. No other data are available in using nonlinear models to describe the relationship between temperature andA. gossypiidevelopment.
Life history of Axinoscymnus cardilobus (Col., Coccinellidae), a predator of Bemisia tabaci (Hom., Aleyrodidae)
Authors: Huang Z. , Ren S.‐X. , Yao S.‐L.
Published: August 2006

Abstract:  Axinoscymnus cardilobus is an indigenous coccinellid predator in South China, which feeds on many whitefly species. Its development, consumption rate, survivorship, longevity and fecundity on a diet of eggs and nymphs of Bemisia tabaci were evaluated. Larval consumption decreased sharply as instars of B. tabaci become bigger, and development time of beetle larvae was significantly different when fed on different stages of B. tabaci. The sex ratio was 0.44. The performances were better after feeding on whitefly eggs than nymphs. Axinoscymnus cardilobus showed good potential for biological control of B. tabaci, especially in greenhouse situations.
WHAT'S IN A SIGN ? TRADEMARK LAW AND ECONOMIC THEORY
Authors: Ramello Giovanni B.
Published: August 2006

Abstract The aim of this paper is to summarize the extant theory as it relates to the economics of trademark, and to give some suggestions for further research with reference to distinct streams of literature. The proposed line of study inevitably looks at the complex relationship between signs and economics.

Trademark is a sign introduced to remedy a market failure. It facilitates purchase decisions by indicating the provenance of the goods, so that consumers can identify specific quality attributes deriving from their own, or others', past experience. Trademark holders, on their part, have an incentive to invest in quality because they will be able to reap the benefits in terms of reputation.

In other words, trademark law becomes an economic device which, opportunely designed, can produce incentives for maximizing market efficiency. This role must, of course, be recognized, as a vast body of literature has done, with its many positive economic consequences.

Nevertheless, trademark appears to have additional economic effects that should be equally recognized: it can determine the promotion of market power and the emergence of rent‐seeking behaviours. It gives birth to an idiosyncratic economics of signs where very strong protection tends to be assured, even though the welfare effects are as yet poorly understood. In this domain much remains to be done and the challenge to researchers is open.
INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY: A SUSTAINABILITY AGENDA
Authors: Marinova Dora , Raven Margaret
Published: August 2006

Abstract The paper argues that the current ways of protecting intellectual property are limited in their scope for recognizing indigenous rights to indigenous knowledge. Indigenous knowledge is often defined as being holistic and collectively owned, and an appropriate protection should allow for maintaining the cultural and physical environment that has generated it.

After examining the failure of the patent system to recognize indigenous input (using examples from the US Patent and Trademark Office), the analysis is directed towards alternatives. The world's first case of indigenous intellectual accreditation through the partnership between Mt Romance (Australian sandalwood company), Aveda (US‐based multinational cosmetics corporation) and the Kutkabubba community (represented by the Songman Circle of Wisdom), is presented. The accreditation allows for the indigenous people to be recognized as traditional owners of the land, and for their care and knowledge about the sandalwood trees. It also gives them a share of the profits made from the contemporary use of the pure sandalwood oil.

The paper argues that sustainability, and indigenous sustainability in particular, provides a conceptual framework for a change in the way of protecting intellectual property. This implies that appropriate policies should be put in place for businesses to feel responsible towards the community.
UNIVERSITY RESEARCH, INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS AND EUROPEAN INNOVATION SYSTEMS
Authors: Verspagen Bart
Published: August 2006

Abstract This paper surveys the literature on university patenting. From the point of view of the economic theory of patents, it is argued that patenting knowledge developed by university researchers is paradoxical: patents are normally intended to stimulate knowledge development by providing property rights, but universities operate also under a different incentive scheme, i.e. they receive public funds to perform socially useful knowledge. In the debate surrounding the so‐called Bayh‐Dole Act in the USA, it has, however, been argued that patents on university inventions may be necessary to stimulate technology transfer from universities to private firms. The first part of the paper addresses two major questions. First, what is the economic logic of Bayh‐Dole, and, second, what were the effects on universities and the knowledge they develop?

In the second part, the paper addresses the issue of whether ‘Bayh‐Dole‐like’ legislation would be beneficial for European countries. In a number of European countries, a suggestion has been made that this could enhance knowledge transfer from the public to the private sector. Using a new database resulting from a survey among patent inventors in six European countries, an assessment is given of the degree of university patenting in Europe. Because university researchers are often involved in patented inventions without the university being listed as a patent applicant, statistics based on the patent office databases alone often underestimate university patenting in Europe. The paper ends with a discussion of how this ‘European practice’ of university patenting affects public–private knowledge transfer in Europe, and how this compares to the effects of the Bayh‐Dole Act in the USA.
Vocal behaviour and neighbour spatial arrangement during vocal displays in eagle owls (Bubo bubo)
Authors: Delgado M. M. , Penteriani V.
Published: August 2006

We quantified temporal and spatial patterns of adult eagle owl Bubo bubo vocal behaviour throughout an entire year. The duration of adult eagle owl vocal displays showed significant differences during different periods of the year: there was one major peak in the pre‐laying period, when duets of mates were also more frequent. The daily distribution of adult vocalizations showed a similar pattern among the different periods, with vocal activity being most intense at sunset and sunrise. Analyses of the characteristics of call posts showed that the choice of such focal points was guided by the trade‐off between the need to defend the territory and within‐pair communication inside the core areas, as well as efficient communication with neighbours.
Emotions in Continental Philosophy
Authors: Solomon Robert C.
Published: August 2006

Although the topic of emotions was long ignored in British and American analytic philosophy and psychology, it remained a rich and exciting subject in Continental Philosophy. Kierkegaard and Nietzsche celebrated the passionate life. In phenomenology Martin Heidegger, Max Scheler, Emmanuel Levinas, Jean‐Paul Sartre, Maurice Merleau‐Ponty, Gabriel Marcel, and Paul Ricoeur all made major contributions. Heidegger pursued a highly original thesis concerning the vital role of moods in human life, notably angst and boredom. Jean‐Paul Sartre added the tantalizing thesis that our emotions are strategies to help us cope with the difficulties in life. Max Scheler gave us the stunning expression, “the emotional a priori,” the idea that emotions are basic structures of human existence. In this essay, I want to expand on the contributions of the classic phenomenologists and existentialists and do more of what they were doing by way of an “original” project of phenomenological investigation. (This follows publication of the first two volumes of a three‐part study of the emotions, Not Passion's Slave and In Defense of Sentimentality, both published by Oxford University Press.)
Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers in the brown sole, Pleuronectes herzensteini
Authors: KIM S. G. , MORISHIMA K. , ARAI K.
Published: August 2006

New microsatellite DNA markers from brown sole were developed and characterized. Fourteen primer sets were designed from 40 microsatellite regions. Eight of 14 loci exhibited variations comprising 8–31 alleles. Observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.611 to 0.833 and from 0.647 to 0.968 among 36 individuals, respectively. Phz3, Phz8 and Phz12 significantly deviated from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, and there was a significant linkage disequilibrium between Phz2 and Phz12. Seven of eight loci conformed to the Mendelian manner of inheritance in a full‐sib family. Seven to four loci of three related species were cross‐amplified by primers for brown sole.
Double‐masked randomised placebo‐controlled trial of the effect of prismatic corrections on rate of reading and the relationship with symptoms
Authors: O'Leary Claire I. , Evans Bruce J. W.
Published: August 2006

Practitioners’ decisions on when to intervene in decompensated heterophoria are often based on symptoms, which are in some cases an unreliable indicator of whether an intervention will be helpful. The aim of our study was to determine when prismatic corrections improve performance at a measure of dynamic visual function: the Wilkins Rate of Reading Test (WRRT). All participants manifested an aligning prism (associated heterophoria) on the near Mallett Unit of 0.5Δ or greater. There were 80 participants, of whom 58 had exophoria, 15 esophoria, and seven hyperphoria. The effect of the aligning prism on the WRRT was compared with a control lens using a double‐masked randomised design. For exophoria, an aligning prism of 2Δ and above has a sensitivity of 67% and a specificity of 79% for improving performance at the WRRT by 5% or more. It is not possible from our data to achieve a good compromise between sensitivity and specificity for the other types of heterophoria. Patients in the horizontal (but not vertical) heterophoria groups had significantly more symptoms than a control group. The patients whose visual performance is improved by prismatic correction are not necessarily those who report the most symptoms. Our data suggest that exophoric patients of any age are likely to have improved visual performance with an intervention if they have an aligning prism of 2Δ or more, even in the absence of symptoms. We stress that although the Mallett Unit Fixation Disparity test provides useful information, its results need to be considered in the overall context of the patient's symptoms, lifestyle, and the results of other optometric tests. Although this study evaluated prismatic corrections, we note that interventions for decompensated heterophoria include not only prismatic corrections, but also eye exercises and refractive modification.
Subtle binocular vision anomalies in migraine
Authors: Harle Deacon E. , Evans Bruce J. W.
Published: August 2006

A literature review reveals old references to an association between migraine headache and binocular vision anomalies, but a lack of scientific evidence evaluating these claims. In a masked case control study, we investigated binocular vision using standard clinical tests in people with migraine and in controls. Some test results suggest that heterophoria and fixation disparity are more common in the migraine group. The migraine group also had slightly reduced stereopsis. We found significant correlations between some migraine variables and some binocular vision variables (e.g., duration of worst headache and impaired stereopsis) but our analyses do not suggest that a causal relationship is likely. In conclusion, people with migraine have on average a slightly higher prevalence of heterophoria and aligning prism, and reduced stereopsis compared with controls. However, the differences are subtle and our data do not support the use of binocular vision interventions prescribed solely on the basis of the presence of migraine.
Are pregnant Australian women well informed about prenatal genetic screening? A systematic investigation using the Multidimensional Measure of Informed Choice
Authors: ROWE Heather J. , FISHER Jane R. W. , QUINLIVAN Julie A.
Published: August 2006

Background:  Ethical practice requires that decisions to participate in medical care be well informed. Investigations into prenatal genetic screening for Down syndrome have assessed women's knowledge but have not examined whether being well informed about the potential consequences of screening, such as subsequent diagnostic testing, diagnosis and termination, is associated with psychological distress for women.

Aims:  To assess informed choice to participate in second trimester maternal serum screening (2MSS) in pregnant women using a validated measure and to compare anxiety levels in women who were well informed versus poorly informed.

Methods:  A prospective cohort study where pregnant women completed the Multidimensional Measure of Informed Choice and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale immediately prior to the offer of 2MSS. Follow‐up questionnaires assessing psychological symptomatology were completed at 20 and 30 weeks gestation.

Results:  Only 37% of decisions were informed; those who participated in screening were more likely to have made an informed decision than those who did not (P = 0.01); 31% did not know that miscarriage was a possible consequence of diagnostic testing subsequent to an increased risk screening result and only 62% correctly identified that termination of pregnancy would be offered if Down syndrome were to be diagnosed. Short‐term anxiety levels in those who were well informed were not significantly different from those who were poorly informed (P = 0.14).

Conclusions:  Health promotion strategies, which are readily applicable in clinical settings and address diverse learning needs and attitudes of pregnant women, are needed. The impact of antenatal screening on other dimensions of pregnancy psychology remains to be investigated.
Heavy Constraints on a “Weightless World”?
Authors: Perraton Jonathan
Published: August 2006

Abstract. Late 1990s claims of a shift toward a new economy in the United States and other developed economies were said to accelerate earlier trends reducing the material content of production. The shift toward a postindustrial services economy is said to have been accentuated by application of new information and communications technologies, dramatically reducing the material content of production. This offers the possibility for continuous economic expansion unconstrained by resources supply. This paper provides a critical analysis of these trends in relation to resource use by developed economies. It shows that trends toward a lower material content of production are occurring, and this has led to poor demand conditions for primary producers. Nevertheless, these trends fall well short of eliminating Western economies’ dependence on key resources. This paper shows the changing role of resources in economic activity among developed economies.
Nonrenewable Exhaustible Resources and Property Taxation
Authors: Harriss C. Lowell
Published: August 2006

Abstract.  In this paper, Professor Harriss connects the historic debate about using up nonrenewable resources and its impacts on future generations with the need to help finance government in less disruptive ways. He explains the Georgist program of taxing “economic rents” either directly by a rent tax or indirectly by a severance tax.
The Complex Taxonomy of the Factors
Authors: Foldvary Fred E.
Published: August 2006

Abstract.  Contemporary neoclassical economics has reduced factor analysis to two homogenous inputs, K and L. This excessive simplification has led to a deficient understanding of economic reality and a misunderstanding of concepts such as the producer surplus. This paper presents a taxonomy of the factors, including the complexity of natural resources. A better understanding of the role that factors play will enhance an understanding of economic reality and policy.
Electrical Properties of Lead Zirconate Titanate Thin Films With a ZrO2 Buffer Layer on an Electroless Ni‐Coated Cu Foil
Authors: Kim Taeyun , Kingon Angus I. , Maria Jon‐paul , Croswell Robert T.
Published: August 2006

The effect of zirconia (ZrO2) buffer layers on the phase development and electrical properties of lead zirconate titanate (PZT, 52/48) capacitors on an electroless Ni (P)‐coated Cu foil was investigated. It was demonstrated that the buffer layer can be used to engineer the final properties. The incorporation of the ZrO2 buffer layers retained acceptable capacitance densities (>350 nF/cm2 for 50 nm thick ZrO2), while significantly reducing leakage currents and improving reliability (<10−7 A/cm2 after 1 h at 25 VDC for 100 nm thick ZrO2), compared with PZT thin films directly on electroless Ni (P). The results are particularly important for embedded capacitor applications.
Large Pyroelectric Effect in Relaxor‐Based Ferroelectric Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 Single Crystals
Authors: Feng Zuyong , Zhao Xiangyong , Luo Haosu
Published: August 2006

The pyroelectric properties of (1−x)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3−xPbTiO3 (PMN−xPT) single crystals with various compositions and orientations have been investigated using a dynamic method. Excellent pyroelectric performances can be achieved in 〈111〉‐oriented rhombohedral PMN−xPT (0.24≤x≤0.30) crystals, where the measurement direction corresponds to the polar axis of the crystal. At room temperature, the pyroelectric coefficient and the detectivity figure of merit (Fd) for the 〈111〉‐oriented PMN–0.28PT single crystal are 8.55 × 10−4 C·(m2·K)−1 and 9.89 × 10−5 Pa−1/2 (100 Hz), respectively, superior to those of the widely used pyroelectric materials. They are also weak temperature dependent and nearly independent of frequency. These outstanding pyroelectric performances make the single crystals a promising candidate for uncooled infrared detectors and thermal imagers.
Iron Particles Coated with Alumina: Synthesis by a Mechanofusion Process and Study of the High‐Temperature Oxidation Resistance
Authors: Jay F. , Gauthier V. , Dubois S.
Published: August 2006

The mechanofusion process, a dry particle coating route, has been successfully applied to coat iron particles with alumina. The high‐temperature oxidation resistance of Fe and coated Fe particles has been comparatively investigated in air in the temperature range 350°–900°C. The activation energy calculations demonstrate that, in the temperature range 350°–420°C, the oxidation mechanisms are the same for both particles. Scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive spectroscopy analyses show that oxidation products are mainly formed at the iron/alumina interface at low temperatures or at the alumina/gas interface at high temperatures. It is shown that, depending on the temperature range, two different oxidation mechanisms are predominant.
Gamma‐Ray‐Induced Multi‐Effect on Properties of Chalcogenide Glasses
Authors: Donghui Zhao , Hua Wang , Guorong Chen , Baccaro Stefania , Cecilia Angelica , Falconieri Mauro , Pilloni L.
Published: August 2006

Gamma‐ray irradiations induced various alterations in sulfur‐ and selenium‐based chalcogenide glasses. The absorbed dose was in the range of 0.01–3.6 MGy. The glasses exhibit prominent sensitivity to γ‐ray irradiation, characterized by changes in some of the physical properties of the glasses, e.g., optical transmission, optical band gap, density, and thermal expansion coefficient. The effects on glass structure and microscopic morphology were also studied by Raman spectra and scanning electron microscopic observations.
High‐Q Microwave Dielectric Materials Based on the Spinel Mg2TiO4
Authors: Belous Anatolii , Ovchar Oleg , Durilin Dmitrii , Krzmanc Marjeta Macek , Valant Matjaz , Suvorov Danilo
Published: August 2006

Composite ceramics based on the spinel Mg2TiO4 were prepared by a conventional mixed‐oxide route. To achieve the temperature stabilization of the dielectric constant, each of the composites was added with 7 mol% CaTiO3. The effect of the substitution of isovalent Co for Mg on the microstructure and the microwave dielectric properties of the composite ceramics was also investigated. A maximum Q×f value of around 150–160 THz was obtained for the undoped Mg2TiO4, whereas a reduced Q×f value was observed for an increase in the Co concentration in the system (1−x)Mg2TiO4−xCo2TiO4. Upon doping with 7 mol% CaTiO3, the Q×f value passed through a maximum with increasing Co concentration. Adding ZnO–B2O3 to the composite system based on Co‐doped Mg2TiO4 resulted in a reduction of the sintering temperature by 150°–200°C without any significant degradation in the Q×f value.
Dry Powder Deposition and Compaction for Functionally Graded Ceramics
Authors: Wing Zachary N. , Halloran John W.
Published: August 2006

Functionally graded ceramics, with property variations realized via local compositional changes or porosity, are fabricated by powder deposition and compaction. A removable fixture is used to control the location of dry powders to produce a macroscopic powder array with 2‐D or 3‐D compositional variations. A new method is presented that relies on traditional powder pressing techniques to create spatial variation in composition and density. The fixture is removed before conventional powder compaction. This dry powder deposition and compaction method is capable of producing large monolithic bodies with functional gradients. This method produces designs with 3 mm discrete regions or pixels that have a normalized positional tolerance of 0.6% for a 39 mm substrate size. The method is used to realize a UHF antenna substrate with spatially variable dielectric properties.
Erosion Wear Behavior of TiCN–Ni Cermets Containing Secondary Carbides (WC/NbC/TaC)
Authors: Manoj Kumar B. V. , Basu Bikramjit , Kang S. , Ramkumar J.
Published: August 2006

The present communication reports the results of a first set of erosion wear experiments, conducted on TiCN–20 wt% Ni cermets containing different secondary carbides (WC, NbC, and TaC). The cermets are eroded by SiC particles (66 μm size) with a constant mass flow rate (2.33 g/s) at different angles of impingement (30°, 60°, 90°) on an in‐house fabricated erosion wear tester. An important experimental observation is that the investigated cermets exhibit behavior similar to ceramics, as evident from the systematic increase in erosion wear rate with impact angles. Among all investigated cermets, WC‐added TiCN–20 wt% Ni cermets exhibit superior erosion wear resistance. SEM investigations of eroded surfaces (normal incidence) reveal grain pullout with intergranular fracture as the dominant material removal process.
Micropatterning of Transparent Poly(Benzylsilsesquioxane) Thick Films Prepared by the Electrophoretic Sol–Gel Deposition Process Using a Hydrophobic–Hydrophilic‐Patterned Surface
Authors: Takahashi Kenji , Tadanaga Kiyoharu , Hayashi Akitoshi , Tatsumisago Masahiro , Matsuda Atsunori
Published: August 2006

Poly(benzylsilsesquioxane) (BnSiO3/2) particles show glass transition behavior, and the particles become a supercooled liquid when they are heated at temperatures above the glass transition temperature. Contact angles of BnSiO3/2 molten liquid on the hydrophobic surface with fluoroalkylsilane and hydrophilic surface with silica were found to be around 77° and 12°, respectively. Using the difference in wettability for BnSiO3/2 molten liquid between the hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces, micropatterns of transparent BnSiO3/2‐thick films were formed by the electrophoretic deposition of BnSiO3/2 particles on indium tin oxide substrates with hydrophobic–hydrophilic patterns and subsequent heating above the glass transition temperature.
Acral keratosis with eosinophilic dermal deposits: a distinctive clinicopatholgic entity or colloid milium redux?
Authors: Saeed Sadia , Sagatys Elizabeth , Morgan Michael B.
Published: August 2006

Aims: The differential diagnosis of acral keratoses is broad. Encompassing a variety of infectious, heritable and degenerative disorders, emphasis upon the clinical setting and histologic subtlety are often required to arrive at the correct diagnosis. Herein, we report on a series of adult patients who presented with agminated or solitary papules of the distal finger found on histologic examination to contain amorphous eosinophilic deposits.

Results: The eosinophilic deposits were found in close proximity to the overlying epithelium and devoid of apoptotic keratinocytes, plasma cells, or vascular thickening reminiscent of amyloidosis or hyalinosis cutis. Special and immunostains yielded eosinophilic material that was elastin and Protein P negative. Despite a similar histomorphologic appearance to colloid milium, typical clinical features of this entity were not present.

Conclusion: The etiologic significance of this condition is unknown. Potential sources of the material and a discussion of the differential diagnosis follow.