bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Functional and genetic analysis in type 2 diabetes of Liver X receptor alleles – a cohort study
Authors: Dahlman Ingrid , Nilsson Maria , Gu Harvest F , Lecoeur Cecile , Efendic Suad , Östenson Claes G , Brismar Kerstin , Gustafsson Jan-Åke , Froguel Philippe , Vaxillaire Martine , Dahlman-Wright Karin , Steffensen Knut R
Published: March 2009

Background

Liver X receptor alpha (LXRA) and beta (LXRB) regulate glucose and lipid homeostasis in model systems but their importance in human physiology is poorly understood. This project aimed to determine whether common genetic variations in LXRA and LXRB associate with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and quantitative measures of glucose homeostasis, and, if so, reveal the underlying mechanisms.

Methods

Eight common single nucleotide polymorphisms in LXRA and LXRB were analyzed for association with T2D in one French cohort (N = 988 cases and 941 controls), and for association with quantitative measures reflecting glucose homeostasis in two non-diabetic population-based samples comprising N = 697 and N = 1344 adults. Investigated quantitative phenotypes included fasting plasma glucose, serum insulin, and HOMAIR as measure of overall insulin resistance. An oral glucose tolerance test was performed in N = 1344 of adults. The two alleles of the proximal LXRB promoter, differing only at the SNP rs17373080, were cloned into reporter vectors and transiently transfected, whereupon allele-specific luciferase activity was measured. rs17373080 overlapped, according to in silico analysis, with a binding site for Nuclear factor 1 (NF1). Promoter alleles were tested for interaction with NF1 using direct DNA binding and transactivation assays.

Results

Genotypes at two LXRB promoter SNPs, rs35463555 and rs17373080, associated nominally with T2D (P values 0.047 and 0.026). No LXRA or LXRB SNP associated with quantitative measures reflecting glucose homeostasis. The rs17373080 C allele displayed higher basal transcription activity (P value < 0.05). The DNA-mobility shift assay indicated that oligonucleotides corresponding to either rs17373080 allele bound NF1 transcription factors in whole cell extracts to the same extent. Different NF1 family members showed different capacity to transactivate the LXRB gene promoter, but there was no difference between promoter alleles in NF1 induced transactivation activity.

Conclusion

Variations in the LXRB gene promoter may be part of the aetiology of T2D. However, the association between LXRB rs35463555 and rs17373080, and T2D are preliminary and needs to be investigated in additional larger cohorts. Common genetic variation in LXRA is unlikely to affect the risk of developing T2D or quantitative phenotypes related to glucose homeostasis.
Enhanced antitumor efficacy of cisplatin in combination with HemoHIM in tumor-bearing mice
Authors: Park Hae-Ran , Ju Eun-Jin , Jo Sung-Kee , Jung Uhee , Kim Sung-Ho , Yee Sung-Tae
Published: March 2009

Background

Although cisplatin is one of the most effective chemotherapeutic agents, cisplatin alone does not achieve a satisfactory therapeutic outcome. Also cisplatin accumulation shows toxicity to normal tissues. In this study, we examined the possibility of HemoHIM both to enhance anticancer effect with cisplatin and to reduce the side effects of cisplatin in melanoma-bearing mice.

Methods

HemoHIM was prepared by adding the ethanol-insoluble fraction to the total water extract of a mixture of 3 edible herbs, Angelica Radix, Cnidium Rhizoma and Paeonia Radix. Anticancer effects of HemoHIM with cisplatin were evaluated in melanoma-bearing mice. We used a Cr51-release assay to measure the activity of NK/Tc cell and ELISA to evaluate the production of cytokines.

Results

In melanoma-bearing mice, cisplatin (4 mg/kg B.W.) reduced the size and weight of the solid tumors, and HemoHIM supplementation with cisplatin enhanced the decrease of both the tumor size (p < 0.1) and weight (p < 0.1). HemoHIM itself did not inhibit melanoma cell growthin vitro, and did not disturb the effects of cisplatinin vitro. However HemoHIM administration enhanced both NK cell and Tc cell activity in mice. Interestingly, HemoHIM increased the proportion of NK cells in the spleen. In melanoma-bearing mice treated with cisplatin, HemoHIM administration also increased the activity of NK cells and Tc cells and the IL-2 and IFN-γ secretion from splenocytes, which seemed to contribute to the enhanced efficacy of cisplatin by HemoHIM. Also, HemoHIM reduced nephrotoxicity as seen by tubular cell of kidney destruction.

Conclusion

HemoHIM may be a beneficial supplement during cisplatin chemotherapy for enhancing the anti-tumor efficacy and reducing the toxicity of cisplatin.
Chromato-panning: an efficient new mode of identifying suitable ligands from phage display libraries
Authors: Noppe Wim , Plieva Fatima , Galaev Igor Yu , Pottel Hans , Deckmyn Hans , Mattiasson Bo
Published: March 2009

Background

Phage Display technology is a well established technique for high throughput screening of affinity ligands. Here we describe a new compact chromato-panning procedure for selection of suitable binders from a phage peptide display library.

Results

Both phages and E. coli cells pass non-hindered through the interconnected pores of macroporous gel, so called cryogel. After coupling a ligand to a monolithic cryogel column, the phage library was applied on the column and non-bound phages were washed out. The selection of strong phage-binders was achieved already after the first panning cycle due to the efficient separation of phage-binders from phage-non-binders in chromatographic mode rather than in batch mode as in traditional biopanning procedures. E. coli cells were applied on the column for infection with the specifically bound phages.

Conclusion

Chromato-panning allows combining several steps of the panning procedure resulting in 4–8 fold decrease of total time needed for phage selection.
The C-terminal sequence of the large hepatitis delta antigen is variable but retains the ability to bind clathrin
Authors: Wang Yu-Cheng , Huang Chi-Ruei , Chao Mei , Lo Szecheng J
Published: March 2009

Background

Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a defected RNA virus and requires its encoded large antigen (LDAg) to interact with helper viral proteins (HBsAgs) during assembly. Recently, a study demonstrated a direct binding of the LDAg C-terminus from genotype I HDV to the clathrin heavy chain (CHC), which suggests that this interaction might facilitate HDV assembly. If LDAg binding to clathrin is essential to HDV life cycle, a clathrin box sequence at the C-terminus of LDAg should be conserved across all HDV. However, the C-terminal sequence of LDAg is variable among 43 HDV isolates.

Results

Based on the presence and location of clathrin box at the C-terminus of LDAg from 43 isolates of HDV, we classified them into three groups. Group 1 (13 isolates) and 2 (26 isolates) contain a clathrin box located at amino acids 199–203 and 206–210, respectively, as found in genotype I and genotype II. Group 3 (4 isolates) contains no clathrin box as found in genotype III. CHC binding by three different LDAg (genotype I to III) was then tested by in vivo and in vitro experiments. Transfection of plasmids which encode fusion proteins of EGFP and full-length of LDAg from three genotypes into HuH-7 cells, a human heptoma cell line, was performed. GFP-pull down assays showed that a full-length of CHC was co-precipitated by EGFP-LDI, -LDII and -LDIII but not by EGFP. Further in vitro studies showed a full-length or fragment (amino acids 1 to 107) of CHC can be pull-down by 13-amino-acid peptides of LDAg from three genotypes of HDV.

Conclusion

Both in vivo and in vitro studies showed that CHC can bind to various sequences of LDAg from the three major genotypes of HDV. We therefore suggest that the clathrin-LDAg interaction is essential to the HDV life-cycle and that sequences binding to clathrin are evolutionarily selected, but nonetheless show the diversity across different HDV genotypes.
Stereotactic radiosurgery for glioblastoma: retrospective analysis
Authors: Biswas Tithi , Okunieff Paul , Schell Michael C , Smudzin Therese , Pilcher Webster H , Bakos Robert S , Vates G Edward , Walter Kevin A , Wensel Andrew , Korones David N , Milano Michael T
Published: March 2009

Purpose

This retrospective study was done to better understand the conditions for which stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for glioblastoma may be efficacious.

Methods

Between 2000 and 2007, 33 patients with a pathological diagnosis of glioblastoma received SRS with the Novalis® Shaped Beam Radiosurgery system. Eighteen patients (54%) underwent salvage SRS for recurrence while 15 (45%) patients received upfront SRS following standard fractionated RT for newly diagnosed glioblastoma.

Results

There were no RTOG grade >2 acute side effects. The median survival after SRS was 6.7 months (range 1.4 – 74.7). There was no significant difference in overall survival (from the time of initial diagnosis) with respect to the timing of SRS (p = 0.2). There was significantly better progression free survival in patients treated with SRS as consolidation versus at the time of recurrence (p = 0.04). The majority of patients failed within or at the margin of the SRS treatment volume (21/26 evaluable for recurrence).

Conclusion

SRS is well tolerated in the treatment of glioblastoma. As there was no difference in survival whether SRS is delivered upfront or at recurrence, the treatment for each patient should be individualized. Future studies are needed to identify patients most likely to respond to SRS.
Elevated P75NTR expression causes death of engrailed-deficient midbrain dopaminergic neurons by Erk1/2 suppression
Authors: Alavian Kambiz N , Sgadò Paola , Alberi Lavinia , Subramaniam Srinivasa , Simon Horst H
Published: March 2009

Background

The homeodomain transcription factorsEngrailed-1andEngrailed-2are required for the survival of mesencephalic dopaminergic (mesDA) neurons in a cell-autonomous and gene-dose-dependent manner. Homozygote mutant mice, deficient of both genes (En1-/-;En2-/-), die at birth and exhibit a loss of all mesDA neurons by mid-gestation. In heterozygote animals (En1+/-;En2-/-), which are viable and fertile, postnatal maintenance of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system is afflicted, leading to a progressive degeneration specific to this subpopulation and Parkinson's disease-like molecular and behavioral deficits.

Results

In this work, we show that the dose ofEngrailedis inversely correlated to the expression level of the pan-neurotrophin receptor geneP75NTR(Ngfr). Loss of mesDA neurons in theEngrailed-null mutant embryos is caused by elevated expression of this neurotrophin receptor: Unusually, in this case, the cell death signal of P75NTRis mediated by suppression of Erk1/2 (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2) activity. The reduction in expression ofEngrailed, possibly related to the higher levels of P75NTR, also decreases mitochondrial stability. In particular, the dose ofEngraileddetermines the sensitivity to cell death induced by the classic Parkinson-model toxin MPTP and to inhibition of the anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family of proteins.

Conclusion

Our study links the survival function of theEngrailedgenes in developing mesDA neurons to the regulation ofP75NTRand the sensitivity of these neurons to mitochondrial insult. The similarities to the disease etiology in combination with the nigral phenotype ofEn1+/-;En2-/-mice suggests that haplotype variations in theEngrailedgenes and/orP75NTRthat alter their expression levels could, in part, determine susceptibility to Parkinson's disease.
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification applied to filarial parasites detection in the mosquito vectors: Dirofilaria immitis as a study model
Authors: Aonuma Hiroka , Yoshimura Aya , Perera Namal , Shinzawa Naoaki , Bando Hironori , Oshiro Sugao , Nelson Bryce , Fukumoto Shinya , Kanuka Hirotaka
Published: March 2009

Background

Despite recent advances in our understanding of the basic biology behind transmission of zoonotic infectious diseases harbored by arthropod vectors these diseases remain threatening public health concerns. For effective control of vector and treatment, precise sampling indicating the prevalence of such diseases is essential. With an aim to develop a quick and simple method to survey zoonotic pathogen-transmitting vectors, LAMP (loop-mediated isothermal amplification) was applied to the detection of filarial parasites using a filarial parasite-transmitting experimental model that included one of the mosquito vectors, Aedes aegypti, and the canine heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis.

Results

LAMP reactions amplifying the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene demonstrated high sensitivity when a single purified D. immitis microfilaria was detected. Importantly, the robustness of the LAMP reaction was revealed upon identification of an infected mosquito carrying just a single parasite, a level easily overlooked using conventional microscopic analysis. Furthermore, successful detection of D. immitis in wild-caught mosquitoes demonstrated its applicability to field surveys.

Conclusion

Due to its simplicity, sensitivity, and reliability, LAMP is suggested as an appropriate diagnostic method for routine diagnosis of mosquito vectors carrying filarial parasites. This method can be applied to the survey of not only canine filariasis but also lymphatic filariasis, another major public health problem. Therefore, this method offers great promise as a useful diagnostic method for filarial parasite detection in endemic filariasis regions.
Maturation of gastric electrical activity, gastric emptying and intestinal permeability in preterm newborns during the first month of life
Authors: Riezzo Giuseppe , Indrio Flavia , Raimondi Francesco , Montagna Osvaldo , Salvia Gennaro , Massimo Bisceglia , Polimeno Lorenzo , Cavallo Luciano , Francavilla Ruggiero
Published: March 2009

Introduction

Immaturity of motility, intestinal epithelial barrier function and absorptive capacity may play a role in the pathophysiology of intestinal diseases in preterms. We determined the gastric electrical activity and emptying, and intestinal permeability, in preterm newborns to verify if a maturation pattern exists in preterm newborns during the first month of life.

Patients and methods

Eighteen preterm newborns (median 34 wks, range 2 wks) completed the study. They underwent the recording of gastric electrical activity by means of cutaneous electrogastrography, the ultrasound examination of gastric emptying, and the lactulose-to-mannitol ratio from permeability-absorption test on days 3, 7, 15, and 30 after birth.

Results

Gastric electrical activity and emptying showed only slight changes between day 3 and day 7. On the contrary, an evident maturation in permeability, expressed as L/Mratio, was evident over time (Friedman Repeated Measures Analysis, p = 0.004).

Conclusion

In preterm healthy newborns of 34 weeks gestational age, electrical and motor activity are completely developed at birth whilst the intestinal epithelial barrier clearly improves during the first week of life.
Randomized Phase II Study of Gefitinib Compared With Placebo in Chemotherapy-Naive Patients With Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer and Poor Performance Status
Authors: Goss Glenwood , Ferry David , Wierzbicki Rafal , Laurie Scott A. , Thompson Joyce , Biesma Bonne , Hirsch Fred R. , Varella-Garcia Marileila , Duffield Emma , Ataman Ozlem U. , Zarenda Marc , Armour Alison A.
Published: March 2009

Purpose

To compare gefitinib with placebo in chemotherapy naïve patients with advanced non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and poor performance status.

Patients and Methods

NSCLC patients (chemotherapy naïve, WHO performance status 2 or 3; unfit for chemotherapy; stage IIIB/IV) were randomly assigned to gefitinib (250 mg/d) plus best supportive care (BSC; n = 100) or placebo plus BSC (n = 101). The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS). Secondary end points included overall survival (OS), objective response rate (ORR), quality of life (QOL), pulmonary symptom improvement (PSI), and safety. Correlation of gefitinib efficacy with EGFR gene copy number (fluorescent in situ hybridization [FISH]) was explored.

Results

Hazard ratios (HRs; gefitinib:placebo) were 0.82 (95% CI, 0.60 to 1.12; P = .217) for PFS and 0.84 (95% CI, 0.62 to 1.15; P = .272) for OS. As expected for this patient population, OS for both arms was poor, at about 3 months. ORRs were 6.0% (gefitinib) and 1.0% (placebo). QOL and PSI rates were 21.1% and 28.3% (gefitinib) and 20.0% and 28.3% (placebo), respectively. In EGFR FISH-positive patients (n = 32), HRs were 0.29 (95% CI, 0.11 to 0.73) for PFS and 0.44 (95% CI, 0.17 to 1.12) for OS. No unexpected adverse events occurred.

Conclusion

There was no statistically significant difference in PFS, OS, and ORRs after treatment with gefitinib or placebo, in the overall population; improvements in QOL and symptoms were similar in both groups. Tolerability profile of gefitinib was consistent with previous studies. PFS was statistically significantly improved for gefitinib-treated patients with EGFR FISH-positive tumors.
Microsatellite Instability, Mismatch Repair Deficiency, and BRAF Mutation in Treatment-Resistant Germ Cell Tumors
Authors: Honecker Friedemann , Wermann Hendrik , Mayer Frank , Gillis Ad J.M. , Stoop Hans , van Gurp Ruud J.L.M. , Oechsle Karin , Steyerberg Ewout , Hartmann Jörg Th. , Dinjens Winand N.M. , Oosterhuis J. Wolter , Bokemeyer Carsten , Looijenga Leendert H.J.
Published: March 2009

Purpose

Mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency and microsatellite instability (MSI) are associated with cisplatin resistance in human germ cell tumors (GCTs). BRAF mutation (V600E) is found in MSI colorectal cancers. The role of RAS/RAF pathway mutations in GCT treatment response is unknown.

Patients and Methods

Two patient cohorts were investigated: 100 control GCTs (50 seminomas and 50 nonseminomas) and 35 cisplatin-based chemotherapy-resistant GCTs. MMR proteins were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, and eight microsatellite loci were examined for MSI. Tumors were assessed for specific BRAF and KRAS mutations.

Results

Resistant tumors showed a higher incidence of MSI than controls: 26% versus 0% in two or more loci (P < .0001). All resistant tumors were wild-type KRAS, and two controls (2%) contained a KRAS mutation. There was a significantly higher incidence of BRAF V600E mutation in resistant tumors compared with controls: 26% versus 1% (P < .0001). BRAF mutations were highly correlated with MSI (P = .006), and MSI and mutated BRAF were correlated with weak or absent staining for hMLH1 (P = .017 and P = .008). Low or absent staining of hMLH1 was correlated with promoter hypermethylation (P < .001). Tumors lacking expression of hMLH1 or MSH6 were significantly more frequent in resistant GCTs than in controls (P = .001 and 0.0036, respectively). Within the subgroup of resistant tumors, patients with MSI showed a trend to longer progression-free survival (P = .068).

Conclusion

We report for the first time a correlation between a gene mutation—BRAF V600E—and cisplatin resistance in nonseminomatous GCTs. Furthermore, a correlation between MMR deficiency, MSI, and treatment failure is confirmed.
Identification of a Predictive Biomarker for Hematologic Toxicities of Gemcitabine
Authors: Matsubara Junichi , Ono Masaya , Negishi Ayako , Ueno Hideki , Okusaka Takuji , Furuse Junji , Furuta Koh , Sugiyama Emiko , Saito Yoshiro , Kaniwa Nahoko , Sawada Junichi , Honda Kazufumi , Sakuma Tomohiro , Chiba Tsutomu , Saijo Nagahiro , Hirohashi Setsuo , Yamada Tesshi
Published: March 2009

Purpose

Gemcitabine monotherapy is the current standard for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer, but the occurrence of severe neutropenia and thrombocytopenia can sometimes be life threatening. This study aimed to discover a new diagnostic method for predicting the hematologic toxicities of gemcitabine.

Patients and Methods

Using quantitative mass spectrometry (MS), we compared the baseline plasma proteomes of 25 patients who had developed severe hematologic adverse events (grade 3 to 4 neutropenia and/or grade 2 to 4 thrombocytopenia) within the first two cycles of gemcitabine with those of 22 patients who had not (grade 0).

Results

We identified 757 peptide peaks whose intensities were significantly different (P < .001, Welch t test) among a total of 60,888. The MS peak with the highest statistical significance (P = .0000282) was revealed to be derived from haptoglobin by tandem MS. A scoring system (nomogram) based on the values of haptoglobin, haptoglobin phenotype, neutrophil count, platelet count, and body-surface area was constructed to estimate the risk of hematologic adverse events (grade 3 to 4 neutropenia and/or grade 2 to 4 thrombocytopenia) with an area under curve value of 0.782 in a cohort of 166 patients with pancreatic cancer. Predictive ability of the system was confirmed in two independent validation cohorts consisting of 87 and 52 patients with area under the curve values of 0.655 and 0.747, respectively.

Conclusion

Although the precise mechanism responsible for the correlation of haptoglobin with the future onset of hematologic toxicities remains to be clarified, our prediction model seems to have high practical utility for tailoring the treatment of patients receiving gemcitabine.
Effect of HPV-Associated p16INK4A Expression on Response to Radiotherapy and Survival in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck
Authors: Lassen Pernille , Eriksen Jesper G. , Hamilton-Dutoit Stephen , Tramm Trine , Alsner Jan , Overgaard Jens
Published: March 2009

Purpose

A subset of head and neck cancers is associated with the human papillomavirus (HPV). Viral infection is closely correlated with expression of p16INK4A in these tumors. We evaluated p16INK4A as a prognostic marker of treatment response and survival in a well-defined and prospectively collected cohort of patients treated solely with conventional radiotherapy in the Danish Head and Neck Cancer Group (DAHANCA) 5 trial.

Patients and Methods

Immunohistochemical expression of p16INK4A was analyzed in pretreatment paraffin-embedded tumor blocks from 156 patients treated with conventional primary radiotherapy alone. The influence of p16INK4A status on locoregional tumor control, disease-specific survival, and overall survival after radiotherapy was evaluated.

Results

p16INK4A positivity was found in 35 tumors (22%). Tumor-positivity for p16INK4A was significantly correlated with improved locoregional tumor control (5-year actuarial values 58% v 28%; P = .0005), improved disease-specific survival (72% v 34%; P = .0006), and improved overall survival (62% v 26%; P = .0003). In multivariate analysis, p16INK4A remained a strong independent prognostic factor for locoregional failure (hazard ratio [HR], 0.35; 95% CI, 0.19 to 0.64), disease-specific death (HR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.20 to 0.64), and overall death (HR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.28 to 0.68).

Conclusion

Expression of p16INK4A has a major impact on treatment response and survival in patients with head and neck cancer treated with conventional radiotherapy.
Technical note—Linear Inflation Rules for the Random Yield Problem: Analysis and Computations
Authors: Huh Woonghee Tim , Nagarajan Mahesh
Published: March 2009

In this paper, we propose a simple heuristic approach for the inventory control problem with stochastic demand and multiplicative random yield. Our heuristic tries to find the best candidate within a class of policies that are referred to in the literature as the linear inflation rule (LIR) policies. Our approach is computationally fast, easy to implement, and intuitive to understand. Moreover, we find that in a significant number of instances our heuristic performs better than several other well-known heuristics that are available in the literature.
Parental mental health and child development from six to thirty-six months in a birth cohort study in Taiwan
Authors: Lung For-Wey , Chiang Tung-Liang , Lin Shio-Jean , Shu Bih-Ching
Published: March 2009

This study investigated the reciprocity between parental mental health and the different stages of child development at 6, 18, and 36 months. As the pilot of a birth cohort study, this study comprised 2048 children and their parents who were randomly selected and invited to participate. The development of these children and the mental health of their parents were followed at 6, 18, and 36 months postpartum. Child development was assessed using the Taiwan Birth Cohort Study instrument, and parental health was assessed using the Taiwanese version of the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey. Complete responses for all three stages were received from 844 families. Our results showed that parental mental health had a direct effect on language and social development; however, this effect did not become significant until 36 months. The reciprocity between child development and parental mental health and proper intervention are vital.
Glossar Straßenbau (DE-EN) 1. Teil)
Authors: Lindner Peggy
Published: March 2009

Der Weg vom Trampelpfad bis zur Autobahn ist weit. Warum sind Straßen so wie sie sind? Es gibt facettenreiche Wechselwirkungen zwischen Klima, Topographie, Bruttosozialprodukt, Mentalität, Bevölkerungsdichte, Fahrzeugtechnik und Straßenbautechnik. Nicht ohne Grund steht im Deutschen Straßenmuseum in Germersheim (
Glossar Straßenbau (DE–EN) 2. Teil)
Authors: Lindner Peggy
Published: March 2009

Der Weg vom Trampelpfad bis zur Autobahn ist weit. Warum sind Straßen so wie sie sind? Es gibt facettenreiche Wechselwirkungen zwischen Klima, Topographie, Bruttosozialprodukt, Mentalität, Bevölkerungsdichte, Fahrzeugtechnik und Straßenbautechnik. Nicht ohne Grund steht im Deutschen Straßenmuseum in Germersheim (
Neuerscheinungen auf dem Fachwörterbuchmarkt
Authors: Lück Erich
Published: March 2009

Der Sprachkundige braucht Fachwörterbücher. Oft erscheinen sie in wenig bekannten Verlagen. Wir möchten unsere Leser auf Neuerscheinungen aufmerksam machen. Die bibliographischen Angaben sind den Nationalbibliographien oder anderen Quellen entnommen und werden ohne Gewähr wiedergegeben.
Fachwortliste Damenoberbekleidung (EN–DE) (2. Teil)
Authors: Hoy Nicole
Published: March 2009

Dieses auf den ersten Blick so alltägliche Fachgebiet hat bei näherer Betrachtung seine Tücken – oder wer kennt schon den Unterschied zwischen Flügel-, Fledermaus- oder Trompetenärmeln, ganz zu schweigen von offenem Kragen, Auslegekragen, Spaten- und Wimpelkragen? Das Glossar zu diesem Thema stammt aus der Diplomarbeit „Damenoberbekleidung. Eine terminologische Untersuchung im Deutschen und Englischen“, die am 12. April 2005 am Institut für Angewandte Linguistik und Translatologie (IALT) der Universität Leipzig eingereicht wurde. Es wurde mit CATS erstellt und enthält 945 Datensätze mit 706 deutschen und 793 englischen Benennungen zu 554 Begriffen, sowie die deutschen und englischen Definitionen nahezu aller Begriffe. Die folgende Fachwortliste ist eine abgespeckte Version dieses Glossars.
Das Ich im Fachtext: Selbstnennung und Selbstdarstellung in wissenschaftlichen Zeitschriftenaufsätzen zur Ökologie in deutscher, englischer und spanischer Sprache
Authors: Resinger Hildegard
Published: March 2009

Kurzzusammenfassung

Naturwissenschaftliche Fachaufsätze gelten im Allgemeinen als stark entpersönlichte Texte, in denen es fast ausschließlich um eine möglichst objektive und wertungsfreie Wiedergabe von Forschungsergebnissen geht; Autor oder Autorin treten zugunsten ihrer Daten in den Hintergrund. Da wissenschaftliches Arbeiten aber auch Verantwortung gegenüber der Gesellschaft mit einschließt, soll in diesem Artikel bewusst versucht werden, in Umkehrung der genannten Prämisse den individuellen „Fingerabdrücken“ der Selbstnennung und Selbstdarstellung in diesen Texten nachzuspüren. Zu diesem Zweck wird ein dreisprachiges Volltext-Korpus ökologischer Fachaufsätze mit einer Gesamtzahl von etwa 135.000 Wörtern auf spezifische Elemente hin analysiert und kontrastiv ausgewertet.
Glossar Photovoltaik (DE–ES)
Authors: Streit Silke
Published: March 2009

Auch in der Photovoltaikbranche haben sich in den letzten zehn Jahren tief greifende Entwicklungen vollzogen. Durch die Vor reiter rolle Deutschlands im Bereich Photovoltaik (PV) nehmen auch internationale Forschungs- und Handelsbeziehungen sowie die Zusammenarbeit mit Unternehmen im Ausland stetig zu. So bestehen auch enge Geschäftsbeziehungen zwischen Deutschland und Spanien: Deutsche Solarzellenhersteller beliefern spanische Modulhersteller, spanische Unternehmen bauen deutsche PV-Anlagen unter spanischer Sonne auf und folglich wächst der Bedarf an deutsch/spanischer Kommunikation – und Übersetzungen – auf diesem Fachgebiet. Eine Quelle von Problemen sind dabei die auffallend zahlreichen Synonyme – wobei das Problem (nicht nur für Übersetzer) eben darin besteht, Synonyme überhaupt als solche zu erkennen. Das folgende Glossar schafft Klarheit: Es stammt aus der Diplomarbeit „Photovoltaik. Eine terminologische Untersuchung im Deutschen und Spanischen“, die am 07.02.2007 am Institut für Angewandte Linguistik und Translatologie (IALT) der Universität Leipzig eingereicht und mithilfe von CATS erstellt wurde. Es enthält 500 Begriffe, davon 307 mit Definitionen, mit 983 deutschen und 858 spanischen Benennungen. Die gesamte Diplomarbeit wird demnächst im Rahmen einer neuen Schriftenreihe des IALT veröffentlicht.
Effect of Specimen Type on Reduction-of-Area Measurements
Authors: Holt JM
Published: March 2009

Because the susceptibility of plate material to lamellar tearing is believed to be related to the amount of reduction of area measured by a tension test specimen oriented in the through-thickness (Z) direction, tests were conducted to determine the influence of specimen dimensions on the tensile properties of ASTM A36, A588, and A514 Grade F steels for the two types of specimens commonly used for testing in the Z-direction. The first is the standard specimen with the length of the reduced section shortened so that the overall length of the specimen is equal to the thickness of the plate (stub specimen). The second is the standard specimen machined from a blank that has been prepared by welding prolongations to the plate surfaces so that the plate forms a full-plate-thickness insert at the midlength of the specimen (tab specimen). Because the intent was to compare only the trends in the changes of the tensile strength values and the reduction-of-area values for the different specimens, and because variability obtained in the longitudinal direction is less than that obtained in the through-thickness direction, the specimens were oriented in the longitudinal direction of the plate.

The results indicated a significant decrease in the reduction of area and a significant increase in the tensile strength of both types of specimens as the thickness of the insert or the length of the reduced section is decreased to less than two specimen diameters. These trends are due to constraint in plastic flow caused by the higher strength of the weld area of the tab specimens or by the shoulders of the stub specimens.
A Comparison of Short Transverse Tension Test Methods
Authors: Reed DN , Smith RP , Strattan JK , Swift RA
Published: March 2009

There are several methods presently being used to measure the short transverse tensile properties of light gage (<50 mm) steel plate. The methods can be divided into two categories: miniature specimens machined from the plate and short transverse specimens with welded prolongations. Both test methods give reliable information about the material. Recently, however, the use of the miniature specimen has been questioned because the surfaces of the plates are not tested. Since one purpose of the short transverse test is to assess susceptibility to lamellar tearing, this is a valid criticism. On the other hand, the welded prolongations, while testing the plate from surface to surface, have fusion zones and heat-affected zones present that may affect the testing of the plate surfaces. Proponents of both test methods argue the benefits of each test and are convinced theirs is the more accurate.

This study presents comparisons of both test methods. The results show the advantages of each method as well as its limitations. The miniature specimen is ideally suited for light gage plates since the button ends are only 3 mm thick. The disruption in microstructure due to welding can be greater than 3 mm, thereby affecting test results, and these specimens are better suited for short transverse tests.

Another advantage of the miniature specimen is the ability to test specific regions of a plate such as surface, quarterline, or centerline, through positioning of the specimen. Data show the value of this approach, particularly when highly stressed weld joints are to be made on the surface of plates.

It is concluded that the miniature specimen provides valuable test data unobtainable from the welded specimen. Generally, both tests give comparable results. There are optimum gage ranges for each type of specimen.
Factors Affecting Variability in Through-Thickness Reduction-of-Area Measurements
Authors: Ludwigson DC
Published: March 2009

Plate steels are frequently subjected to through-thickness tension tests to assess their susceptibility to lamellar tearing. In the use of test data, however, the technologist is often hindered by a large variability in measured through-thickness reduction-of-area (TTRA) values. In particular, a group of reduction-of-area values from through-thickness specimens may exhibit a standard deviation 5 to I0 times that exhibited by a group from adjacent planar specimens. The technologist must either accept an inability to discern small differences in test results or increase the number of specimens in replicate tests.

Accordingly, an analysis was made of standard deviation values obtained in through-thickness tension testing of plate. In particular, six coupons were taken from each of 108 samples of various plate steels. Prolongs were stud-welded to both surfaces of each coupon, and 12.83-mm (0.500-in.)-diameter by 127-mm (5-in.)-long tension test specimens were strained to failure in a universal testing machine at a crosshead-separation speed of 0.1 mm/s (1∕4 in./min). Reduction of area was measured for each specimen and for each group of six specimens representing a sample, a mean value and a standard deviation value were calculated.

Regression analysis of the data produced the model

standard deviation, % = 4.614 + 1.136 (plate thickness, in.) - 0.004778 (TTRA% - 38)2

Variability among test results increased with increasing plate thickness and decreased as the mean TTRA value departed in either direction from 38 percent.

The overall standard deviation in TTRA values observed was about 5.1 percentage points. This figure indicates that mean TTRA values resulting from sextuplicate tests must differ by more than about 6.5 percentage points to be judged statistically different at the 97.5 percent confidence level. More tests would be required if finer discrimination were desired; fewer tests could be tolerated if lack of certainty about differences in TTRA values greater than 6.5 percentage points were tolerable.
Stud Welding of Prolongations to Plate for Through-Thickness Tension Test Specimens
Authors: Domis WF
Published: March 2009

The usual method of preparing specimens for through-thickness tension tests is to weld extensions (prolongations) to the plate by shielded metal-arc, electronbeam, or friction welding and to machine ASTM standard round tension specimens from these weldments. All three methods have disadvantages. Shielded metal-arc welding is time-consuming because small electrodes must be used and the sample must cool between weld passes to minimize the size of the heat-affected zone. The equipment for friction and electron-beam welding is relatively expensive. Consequently, a rapid and low-cost stud-welding method has been developed for attaching prolongations to plate coupons to produce weldments from which tension specimens up to 12.8 mm (0.505 in.) in diameter can be prepared.

A portable stud-welding gun, mounted in a drill press to ensure axial alignment, is being used for welding studs to plate to produce weldments suitable for through-thickness testing. Welds have been made successfully on A36, A588, A514, A516, A537, and A633 steel plates, and through-thickness tension specimens machined from these weldments have been tested with a stud- or weld-failure rate of less than 2 percent. A stud fabricated from AISI 8620 steel bar and quenched and tempered to a minimum hardness of 30 Rockwell C appears to be suitable for through-thickness testing of plate products having strength levels up to and including that of A514 steel. Data show that this procedure is suitable for determining through-thickness reduction-of-area values for plate of about 25.4-mm (l-in.) thickness or more.

Test results indicated that the strength level of studs does not have a significant effect on the tensile properties of the test plate (provided that the strength of the stud is greater than that of the test plate).
Characterizing the Through-Thickness Properties of Ultra-High-Strength Steel Plate
Authors: Stotz RC , Berry JT , Anctil AA , Oppenheimer ED
Published: March 2009

The Double-Ligament Test has been successfully used in the past to solve a number of practical problems relating to the ductility in the Z-direction of a variety of wrought and cast products, although much of the early experience was generated with high-strength low-alloy steels. More recently the test has been applied with considerable success to the evaluation of the through-thickness properties of forged and cross-rolled electroslag remelted AISI 4340 steel in the quenched and tempered condition with yield strengths in the vicinity of 2000 MPa (290 ksi). This paper describes the precautions necessary in testing steels of this particularly high strength-hardnes-sductility level, and compares tensile properties of this type of material at three product thickness levels for all three principal directions. A comparison is also made between the properties determined using this test for longitudinal and transverse directions, with these employing conventional-type test bars. The paper concludes with a discussion of the results obtained and their interpretation using SEM-based fractography and other appropriate techniques.
Dependence of Through-Thickness Ductility on Location in Plate Length, Width, and Thickness
Authors: Ludwigson DC
Published: March 2009

Substantial differences in the variation of through-thickness ductility with location in plate length, width, and thickness have been observed. Some rareearth-treated steel plates made for lamellar-tearing-resistant applications exhibit large variations in ductility with location, whereas other plates are much more uniform. Data are given to illustrate both patterns of behavior.

When variation is encountered, the poorest ductility is found in that portion of the plate that represents the bottom/midwidth/midthickness of the ingot. Rare-earth-oxysulfide inclusions tend to cluster and segregate to that location and reduce ductility there. If such inclusions are sufficiently prevalent, the consequent variation in ductility can be substantial. If inclusion prevalence is very low, however, good uniformity of properties is observed.
Some Effects of Specimen Design, Sample Location, and Material Strength on Through-Thickness Tensile Properties
Authors: Jesseman RJ , Murphy GJ
Published: March 2009

The percent reduction of area for tension specimens made in the through-thickness direction of plates (%RAZ) is often determined to give a relative measure of the resistance to lamellar tearing. Testing variables can affect the %RAZ measured. Results are presented of investigations designed to examine some effects of (1) tension specimen design, (2) specimen location relative to the original ingot, (3) steel microstructure, (4) material strength level, (5) specimen-to-specimen variability, and (6) final diameter measurement reproducibility. Tension specimens in the Z-direction with an 8.9 mm (0.350 in.) diameter and 50.8 to 63.5 mm (2 to 21∕2 in.) parallel section gave the highest average %RAZ and smallest variability. Specimen location had a very marked effect on the %RAZ, with the lowest values found along the ingot centerline and highest levels at the ingot corners and edges. Normalized ASTM A537 Class 1 steel gave higher %RAZ than when quenched and tempered to nearly the same ultimate tensile strength. Material strength level varied by changing the tempering temperature after quenching had only a small effect on the %RAZ. Considerable specimen-to-specimen variability in the %RAZ can exist even within a small area of a plate and reduce the significance of a single specimen result. Final specimen diameters can be difficult to measure and reproducibility of the %RAZ calculated by different testing personnel for an individual specimen is sometimes poor.

Results indicate that specifications covering the through-thickness tension testing of roiled steel plates should reference the test location to the original as-cast ingot or slab if the region of lowest %RAZ is to be reported. Specifications need to address the problem of specimen-to-specimen variability and %RAZ reproducibility when determining the number of specimens to be tested and establishing acceptance criteria.
Effect of the Brittle-Bead Welding Conditions on the Nil-Ductility Transition Temperature
Authors: Ando Y , Ogura N , Susukida H , Satoh M , Tanaka Y , Ando E
Published: March 2009

The drop-weight test plays an important role in determining the reference nil-ductility transition temperature (RTNDT), which indicates the fracture toughness characteristics of ferritic steels in the design of nuclear power plant components. In recent years, however, it has been shown by various papers that the nil-ductility transition temperature (NDTT) obtained by this test depends on such parameters as the welding conditions of the crack-starter bead, notch location, and other factors.

In this paper, the authors have investigated the scattering of NDTT and discuss the necessity of revising Japan Electric Association Code 4202, The Method of Drop-Weight Testing of Ferritic Steels, under the auspices of the Japan Electric Association; this standard refers to the practical welding conditions employed by many research organizations in Japan.

From the results of this study on the effects of such parameters as the welding current, preheating, interpass temperature, shape of bead, welding speed, and notch location on NDTT, the authors conclude that the most influential factor to be determined for prevention of wide scattering of NDTT is the welding current. Based upon these results, standard JEAC 4202 was revised on 20 March 1984.
Effect of Crack-Starter Bead Application on the Drop-Weight NDT Temperature
Authors: Onodera S , Ohnishi K , Tsukada H , Suzuki K , Iwadate T , Tanaka Y
Published: March 2009

The present paper summarizes several findings in relation to the effect of bead application on the nil-ductility transition (NDT) temperature (NDTT) of drop-weight test specimens.

A series of tests simulating the heat-affected zone (HAZ) under the bead have proved that the overlap of the bead placing in standard specimens exerts a quench and temper effect on the specimen material and produces high toughness values in the HAZ. This HAZ works as a barrier against crack propagation and causes the NDTT to be lower.

It was also found that the toughness of the HAZ depends on the welding conditions, the configuration of the overlapping of the two-pass beads, and the chemical composition of the material.

Further, some embrittled materials were deembrittled by the thermal effect of the welded beads. This problem is specific to temper-embrittled material, and the bead application results in a lower apparent NDTT.

The above-mentioned phenomena are intrinsic to low-alloy and alloy steels. Since the drop-weight test was originally applied to carbon steels, the test method should be reevaluated based on the new findings.
High-Accuracy Conductivity Measurements in Nonferrous Metals
Authors: Free G
Published: March 2009

An eddy-current instrument has been built that measures electrical conductivity with a high degree of accuracy and precision. The instrument measures the electrical conductivity of nonferrous metals at a constant skin depth. By keeping the product ωσ constant in all measurements, a linear relationship between conductivity and frequency can be established. Due to this linear relationship, only one conductivity standard is necessary to calibrate the instrument over the full range of 1 to 100 percent international annealed copper standard (IACS).
An Eddy-Current Study of Casting
Authors: Wallace JP , Kunerth DC , Siegfried RM
Published: March 2009

Even though casting technology has a 5000-year history, the understanding and control of the process still has significance to current metal producers. Non-destructive evaluation is usually applied to finished or semifinished product; however, in casting, when the evaluation is moved to the point of production, the testing procedure can be incorporated into the casting control. The metallurgical impetus for such casting control and evaluation cannot be simply stated since the needs are process and product dependent. The main technical advantage of applying eddy-current analysis to the study of solidification is that eddy currents have a reasonable sensitivity to continuous and discontinuous conductivity changes. A drawback in the examination of the liquid-solid interfaces is that the eddy-current signals are integrated over a substantial volume, which averages out detailed information such as dendrite structure. To successfully use the technique of eddy-current analysis, one must utilize postmortem metallographic examination of specimens for standards and detailed mathematical modeling of the solidification response, which cover probable morphologies. Laboratory measurements of freezing of a Pb-20Sn alloy demonstrate that directional solidification can be identified. Finally, two techniques of data analysis for processing eddy-current signals are presented and discussed.
Advanced Multifrequency Eddy-Current System for Steam-Generator Inspection
Authors: Davis TJ
Published: March 2009

A research project conducted for the Electric Power Research Institute has resulted in substantial improvements in the assessment of steam-generator integrity. The objective of the work was to determine the maximum advantage of multifrequency methods for the inspection of steam generators. Advanced multifrequency technology has been developed under the program and has been implemented into a prototype system that uses both differential and absolute data simultaneously from four test frequencies. Multiparameter processing of the data results in very effective elimination of unwanted parameters such as support plates, probe wobble, dents, and other dimensional variations. The information of interest, flaw depth, is preserved in this process and is no longer masked or altered by the unwanted data. The availability of both differential and absolute multifrequency data significantly extends the range and accuracy of the flaw-sizing process, and enables the profiles or contours of larger volume flaws to be obtained.
Effect of Post Buckling on the Fatigue of Composite Structures
Authors: Rhodes JE
Published: March 2009

This paper discusses the physics involved in shear and compression post buckling and compares their forced displacement forms. First level, simplified mathematical treatise are presented. The more complex rigorous mathematics are avoided, with emphasis being placed on the qualitative aspects. The objective is to contribute to a fundamental understanding of post-buckling behavior that will help establish practical design limits.

It is shown that the surface strains and substructure separation forces can be assessed, with reasonable accuracy, once the displacement shapes are established. Test panel deflections and strain measurements are compared with predicted values. Static and fatigue test results on panels subject to loadings in the post-buckled range are presented.