bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improved diagnosis of rare disease patients through application of constrained coding region annotation and de novo status
Authors: Williams Hywel J , Odhams Chris , England Genomics
Published: August 2022

Identifying the pathogenic variant in a rare disease (RD) patient is the first step in ending their diagnostic odyssey. De novo (Dn) variants affecting protein-coding DNA are a well-established cause of Mendelian disorders in RD patients. Constrained coding regions (CCRs) are specific segments of coding DNA which are devoid of functional variants in healthy individuals. Furthermore, the most constrained regions, those in percentile bin >95 (CCR95), are significantly enriched for functional pathogenic variants and could therefore be useful for clinical variant prioritisation.

We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic utility of incorporating Dn, CCR95 and Dn_CCR95 status into the variant prioritisation cascade for RD patients that have undergone genomic sequencing. Using data from the Genomics England 100,000 Genomes Project v12, we selected 3,090 trios that have undergone diagnostic evaluation and been analysed with an advanced Dn identification pipeline. For this analysis we have excluded all non-autosomal variants.

Our analysis shows the diagnostic rate increased from 71% in the full cohort to 81% when evaluating just the CCR95 variants, 84% for Dn variants and 87% for Dn CCR95 variants. Of note, manual evaluation of the Dn CCR95 variants from the undiagnosed patients revealed a putative diagnosis in 69% of patients (27 of 39), with clinical follow up resulting in a diagnosis for a further 11 patients. This takes the overall diagnostic rate for Dn CCR95 variants 90% and suggests application of this metric can prioritise diagnostic variants in undiagnosed patients.

We also identify a striking enrichment of signal in patients with a phenotype of neurology and neurodevelopmental disorders, whereby their diagnostic rate increases from 60% in the whole cohort to 71%, 73% and 74% in the Dn, CCR95 and Dn CCR95 categories respectively.

In summary, we demonstrate the potential clinical utility of performing bespoke Dn analyses of RD patients and for incorporating CCR information into the filtering cascade to prioritise pathogenic variants. We believe such a strategy will aid the identification of pathogenic variants and decrease the time taken to make a diagnosis, thus increasing the overall diagnostic rate by allowing more samples to be analysed over the same time period.
Computational investigation of IP3 diffusion
Authors: Guevara Roberto Ornelas , Gil Diana , Voorsluijs Valérie , Dupont Geneviève
Published: August 2022

Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) plays a key role in calcium signaling. After stimulation, it diffuses from the plasma membrane where it is produced to the endoplasmic reticulum where its receptors are localized. Based on in vitro measurements, IP3 was long thought to be a global messenger characterized by a diffusion coefficient of ~280 µm2s−1. However, in vivo observations revealed that this value does not match with the timing of localized Ca2+ increases induced by the confined release of a non-metabolizable IP3 analog. A theoretical analysis of these data concluded that in intact cells diffusion of IP3 is strongly hindered, leading to a 30- fold reduction of the diffusion coefficient. Here, we performed a new computational analysis of the same observations using a stochastic model of Ca2+ puffs. Our simulations concluded that the value of the effective IP3 diffusion coefficient is close to 100 µm2s−1. Such moderate reduction with respect to in vitro estimations quantitatively agrees with a buffering effect by non-fully bound inactive IP3 receptors. The model also reveals that IP3 diffusion is not much affected by the endoplasmic reticulum, which represents an obstacle to the free displacement of molecules, but can be significantly increased in cells displaying elongated, 1-dimensional like geometries.
Larger error negativity peak amplitudes for accuracy versus speed instructions may reflect more neuro-cognitive alignment, not more intense error processing
Authors: Mattes André , Porth Elisa , Niessen Eva , Kummer Kilian , Mück Markus , Stahl Jutta
Published: August 2022

Understanding human error processing is a highly relevant interdisciplinary goal. More than 30 years of research in this field have established the error negativity (Ne) as a fundamental electrophysiological marker of various types of erroneous decisions (e.g. perceptual, economic) and related clinically relevant variations. A common finding is that the Ne is more pronounced when participants are instructed to focus on response accuracy rather than response speed, an observation that has been interpreted as reflecting more thorough error processing. We challenge this wide-spread interpretation by demonstrating that when controlling for the level of non-event-related noise in the participant-average waveform and for single-trial peak latency variability, the significant speed-accuracy difference in the participant-average waveform vanishes. This suggests that the previously reported Ne differences may be mostly attributable to a more precise alignment of neuro-cognitive processes and not (only) to more intense error processing under accuracy instructions, opening up novel perspectives on previous findings.
Cell cycle-specific loading of condensin I is regulated by the N-terminal tail of its kleisin subunit
Authors: Tane Shoji , Shintomi Keishi , Kinoshita Kazuhisa , Tsubota Yuko , Nishiyama Tomoko , Hirano Tatsuya
Published: August 2022

Condensin I is a pentameric protein complex that plays an essential role in mitotic chromosome assembly in eukaryotic cells. Although it has been shown that condensin I loading is mitosis-specific, it remains poorly understood how the robust cell cycle regulation of condensin I is achieved. Here we set up a panel of in vitro assays to demonstrate that cell cycle-specific loading of condensin I is regulated by the N-terminal tail (N-tail) of its kleisin subunit CAP-H. Deletion of the N-tail accelerates condensin I loading and chromosome assembly in Xenopus egg mitotic extracts. Phosphorylation-deficient and phosphorylation-mimetic mutations in the CAP-H N-tail decelerate and accelerate condensin I loading, respectively. Remarkably, deletion of the N-tail enables condensin I to assemble mitotic chromosome-like structures even in interphase extracts. Together with other extract-free functional assays in vitro, our results uncover one of the multilayered mechanisms that ensure cell cycle-specific loading of condensin I onto chromosomes.
Earnings management: a bibliometric analysis
Authors: Teixeira Jaime Fernandes , Rodrigues Lúcia Lima
Published: August 2022

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present a bibliometric analysis of earnings management (EM), providing an overview of the main results and research trends in this area. EM is a relevant topic in financial studies. It has been widely studied over the past few decades as a phenomenon of intentional manipulation of financial reporting.

Design/methodology/approach

The Web of Science (WoS) database was used as a source, and this study has adopted VOSviewer as the bibliometric analysis tool to achieve an overview of EM research and understand current research trends on this matter. This study has collected data from 4,342 articles published from 1900 to 2020.

Findings

The conclusions of this study show that EM is strongly related to corporate governance, performance and quality of information. Publication trends and categories are useful to understand the development of trends and current domains in this area. This research analyses the most productive authors, countries and journals. This study conducted a cluster analysis using a keyword perspective to obtain emerging trends in EM. Research in EM through real activities represents a research gap, which can be an opportunity for future research.

Research limitations/implications

The authors recognize as limitations the fact that the study is limited to the WoS database. Another limitation is the keywords used for the search, as this study only uses “earnings management”, as it is the most used keyword in EM literature. An additional limitation is associated with the selection of only one type of document, “articles,” disregarding other types of publications.

Originality/value

Although there are some bibliometric studies on EM, this study found out that they focus on specific EM topics and fail to analyze this theme on a global scale. Most of the literature on this subject is disperse and consequently needs systematization. This research is also relevant for academic purpose, as this research contributes to understanding the state of art and contributes to the development of scientific knowledge by providing a systematization of the literature on the topic of EM.
Effect of selected production parameters on yarn evenness, imperfections and tensile properties of core spun vortex yarns
Authors: Karakan Günaydın Gizem
Published: August 2022

Purpose

The paper aims to provide an investigation about the effect of some selected production parameters such as core yarn type, sheath sliver type and total yarn count factors on core spun vortex yarns' evenness, imperfection and tensile properties. Hence it is aimed to contribute to the literature in vortex spinning where there are limited works related to core-spun vortex spinning.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper evaluates the effect of core yarn type, sheath sliver type and total yarn count factors on yarn evenness, imperfections, hairiness and tensile properties. Completely randomised three-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of core yarn type, sheath sliver type and linear yarn density on core spun vortex yarns' evenness, imperfection and tensile properties at significance level of 0.05. SNK tests were also performed for observing the means of each parameter. Correlation analysis was also conducted to reveal some relationships between yarn evenness and yarn tensile properties.

Findings

In this paper, significant factors related to some production parameters affecting the core-spun vortex yarns' evenness, imperfection, hairiness and tensile properties were found.

Originality/value

There are limited works related to effect of selected production parameters on yarn evenness, Imperfections and Tensile Properties of Hybrid Vortex Yarns.
How responsive is the poverty to the foreign direct investment inflows in Nigeria? Evidence from linear and non-linear ARDL
Authors: Haruna Muhammad Aminu , Hassan Sallahuddin B. , Ahmad Halima Salihi
Published: August 2022

Purpose

The aim is to examine the long run and short run linear and non-linear impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows on poverty in Nigeria from 1980 to 2019.

Design/methodology/approach

The Augmented Dickey Fuller, Phillips Perron and Kwiatkowski-Phillips-Schmidt-Shin unit root tests and bounds test were used to tests the series stationarity and co-integration, respectively. Autoregressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) and non-linear and linear autoregressive Distributive Lag (NARDL) estimators are employed to examine the long run and short run impact of the coefficients of the variables and diagnostic check.

Findings

The study finds that the variables are integrated at a level I(0) and the first difference I(I) and co-integrated. The ARDL estimator indicates that FDI significantly reduces poverty in the long and short run. The findings under NARDL shows FDI positive shock and FDI negative shock reduces poverty substantially in the long-short run, respectively. The error correction term is negative and significant.

Research limitations/implications

This study is limited to a single country (time series) and less informative compared with the panel data study with much informative and free from hetero-scedasticity. Future studies should consider panel data using a similar or dissimilar approach.

Practical implications

FDI inflows stimulate growth, thereby creating job openings, transfer of modern technology and reduce poverty and demonstrate that, if the finding integrated into policy actions, the government would attract FDI inflows for the real sector of the economy.

Social implications

FDI inflows lead to environmental degradation if inferior technology is use in the host economy, especially the weak environmental regulations in Nigeria.

Originality/value

The authors find no study that applied both ARDL and NARDL estimator, selection of variables measurement and time frame for the study in the context of Nigeria.

Peer review

The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-08-2020-0530.
A study on adoption enablers of 3D printing technology for sustainable food supply chain
Authors: Panghal Anupama , Vern Priyanka , Mor Rahul S , Panghal Deepak , Sindhu Shilpa , Dahiya Shweta
Published: August 2022

Purpose

3D food printing technology is an emerging smart technology, which because of its inbuilt capabilities, has the potential to support a sustainable supply chain and environmental quality management. This new technology needs a supportive ecosystem, and thus, this paper identifies and models the enablers for adopting 3D printing technology toward a sustainable food supply chain.

Design/methodology/approach

The enablers were identified through an extensive literature review and verified by domain experts. The identified enablers were modelled through the hybrid total interpretive structural modelling approach (TISM) and the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) approach.

Findings

It emerged that stakeholders need technical know-how about the 3D printing technology, well supported by a legal framework for clear intellectual property rights ownership. Also, the industry players must have focused and clear strategic planning, considering the need for sustainable supply chains. Moreover, required product innovation as per customer needs may enhance the stakeholders' readiness to adopt this technology.

Practical implications

The framework proposed in this research provides managers with a hierarchy and categorization of adoption enablers which will help them adopt 3D food printing technology and improve environmental quality.

Originality/value

This research offers a framework for modelling the enablers for 3D food printing to develop a sustainable food supply chain using the TISM and DEMATEL techniques.
Effect of rotating magnetic field on the microstructure and properties of Sn-Ag-Sb lead-free solder alloys
Authors: Wang Zilong , Zhou JiaCheng , Liu Fang , Wu Yuqin , Yan Nu
Published: August 2022

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to study the microstructure and properties of Sn-3.5Ag and Sn-3.5Ag-0.5Sb lead-free solder alloys with and without a rotating magnetic field (RMF).

Design/methodology/approach

Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the effect of an RMF on the microstructure of the solders. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to study the influence of the RMF on the thermal characteristics of the solders. The mechanical properties of the alloys were determined by tensile measurements at different strain rates.

Findings

The ß-Sn grains and intermetallic compounds for the Sn-3.5Ag and Sn-3.5Ag-0.5Sb lead-free solder alloys were refined under an RMF, and the morphology of the ß-Sn grains changed from dendritic to equiaxed. The pasty range was significantly reduced under an RMF. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of Sn-3.5Ag improved under the RMF, whereas the UTS of Sn-3.5Ag-0.5Sb decreased slightly. The addition of Sb to the Sn-3.5Ag alloy significantly enhanced the UTS and elongation (El.%) of the samples. The UTS of the solder increased with increasing strain rate.

Originality/value

The results revealed that the application of RMF in the molten alloy had a significant effect on its microstructure and mechanical properties. The thermal characteristics of the Sn-3.5Ag and Sn-3.5Ag-0.5Sb solder alloys were improved under the RMF. This research is expected to fill a knowledge gap regarding the behaviour of Sn-Ag solder alloys under RMF.
Trust and knowledge sharing among hospitals during COVID-19: the compound effect of four barriers to organisational trust for knowledge sharing
Authors: von Behr Carl-Magnus , Cleaver Imogen , Minshall Tim , Clarkson P. John
Published: August 2022

Purpose

COVID-19 highlighted the potential value of improving knowledge sharing (KS) processes among hospital estates and facilities management (HEFM) departments. Organisational trust (OT) is a recognised predictor of KS interactions, but the interplay of impersonal and interpersonal OT components is yet to be investigated fully. In response to recent calls, this study aims to explore the effect of organisational features on personal trust and OT components required for KS episodes, in the context of the English National Health Service (NHS).

Design/methodology/approach

A qualitative, exploratory grounded theory approach was selected, using primary data from 22 semi-structured interviews and secondary data from grey literature. A model of trust for KS among employees from geographically distributed units with pooled interdependence was synthesised from a review of the literature and used to connect the organisational features to different trust mechanisms.

Findings

This study identifies four organisational features with a compound barrier-effect on impersonal-based OT, interpersonal-based OT and personal trust for KS interactions: lack of professional development, inappropriate reward and incentive systems, reorganisations/organisational change and benchmarking.

Research limitations/implications

This study sought to generate theory about the interplay of organisational barriers and trust components required for KS, not to describe HEFM KS across the entire NHS. Future studies with more comprehensive data collections can build on this exploratory study by quantitatively testing the compound barrier effect of the organisational features.

Practical implications

Practitioners can benefit from the insights into the barriers inhibiting trust mechanisms required for effective KS processes. These can inform policymakers in English and potentially other health-care systems in designing enhanced collaborative arrangements, which are required as future crises, e.g. pandemics and climate change hazards, will require increasingly complex solutions.

Originality/value

This study addresses the interplay between personal trust, impersonal OT and interpersonal OT for KS by identifying the compound barrier effects of underlying organisational barriers common to personal trust and OT.
Unravelling the mystery of red flowers in the Mediterranean Basin: How to be conspicuous in a place dominated by hymenopteran pollinators
Authors: León‐Osper Melissa , Narbona Eduardo
Published: August 2022

Red‐flowered species have traditionally been related to ornithophily, and the ‘bee avoidance’ hypothesis, that is, red flower colouration is a way to reduce visits from hymenopterans, has been proposed to explain this association. In the Mediterranean Basin, ornithophily is almost absent, and hymenopterans are the most common group of pollinators.

The fact that hymenopterans are virtually red‐blind raises the question of how red‐flowered species are pollinated in this region. Are these flowers pollinated by other groups of red‐sensitive insects such as lepidopterans and coleopterans, or do they have visual cues that make them attractive to hymenopterans?

We examined the reflectance spectra of 51 red‐flowered species from the Mediterranean Basin and modelled these spectra in the visual system of hymenopterans, dipterans, coleopterans and lepidopterans to obtain colour and conspicuousness. According to their reflectance curves, species were classified as pure red and UV‐red flowers, and the presence of more than one flower colour (patterned flowers) was studied. We evaluated the match between flower reflectance spectra and the maximum discrimination abilities of hymenopteran and lepidopteran visual system. All these metrics were analysed in a phylogenetically explicit framework, and a literature review of potential pollinators was performed.

The vast majority of red‐flowered species in the Mediterranean Basin are potentially pollinated by hymenopterans, and only three species are exclusively visited by coleopterans. We found that 90% of these species showed at least one colour signal strategy that helps to enhance conspicuousness to hymenopterans: to produce UV‐red flower type spectra and/or patterned flowers. The UV‐red colour showed a significant phylogenetic signal, but the presence of patterned flowers did not. Even though the red‐flowered species of the Mediterranean Basin did not optimally match the colour vision of hymenopterans or lepidopterans, the presence of patterned and UV‐red colours suggests an improvement in detection and discrimination by hymenopterans.

The bee‐avoidance hypothesis seems to be ruled out for the red‐flowered species of the Mediterranean Basin. Our results suggest that red‐flowered species are mostly pollinated by hymenopterans and show different flower colour signal strategies that can be interpreted as signs of adaptation to these pollinators.

Read the freePlain Language Summaryfor this article on the Journal blog.
Life‐cycle control of 13‐ and 17‐year periodical cicadas: A hypothesis and its implication in the evolutionary process
Authors: Sota Teiji
Published: August 2022

Periodical cicadas of the genusMagicicadaexhibit a spectacular life‐cycle phenomenon, with periodic mass emergence being observed every 13 or 17 years in the eastern United States. It is entirely unclear how their periodical life cycles are controlled. Here, I review previous knowledge and hypotheses aboutMagicicadalife cycles and propose an integrated hypothesis of the life‐cycle control mechanism, which includes critical body weight for adult metamorphosis, an internal 4‐year clock, associated 4‐year gate in 4 × nyears of age for the timing of the metamorphosis decision, and genetic differences in growth rates between 13‐ and 17‐year cicada nymphs (the former is faster). If the last (fifth) instar nymphs reach critical body weight in any of the 4‐year gates (8, 12, 16, and 20 years of age, but not other years), they prepare for adult eclosion in the following year. The proposed hypothesis can explain the synchronized emergence of cicadas with varying growth trajectories in scheduled years (13 or 17 years of age) and the off‐schedule emergence of some cicadas in 4 years earlier or later than the scheduled year, owing to their phenotypic plasticity that arises in response to large variations in the realized growth rate. The proposed hypothesis can also explain how evolutionary life‐cycle shifts between 13‐ and 17‐year cycles occur through phenotypic plasticity and selection on growth rate during climatic changes. It also facilitates understanding of the evolutionary mechanism ofMaigicicada, which contains three species groups that are parallelly diverged into 13‐ and 17‐year life cycles.
Standardising care of the dying: An ethnographic analysis of the Liverpool Care Pathway in England and the Netherlands
Authors: Borgstrom Erica , Dekker Natashe Lemos
Published: August 2022

The Liverpool Care Pathway for the Dying Patient (LCP) was a prominent set of guidance in the late 2000s and early 2010s within palliative and end‐of‐life care. Developed in England to improve the care of dying patients, it was later adopted in 20 counties. After a public scandal, it was removed from practice in England but remains in other locations, including the Netherlands. Drawing on two sets of ethnographic data, from England and the Netherlands, we consider the ways in which the LCP was engaged with as a form of standardisation aimed at improving practice, how it was deployed in relation to other forms of knowledge, and the political and moral statements that are being made through the (selective) use of it. Looking into the use of the LCP shows that, while the LCP attempts to standardise some of the values associated with palliative care, there are significant differences between how these standardised values are then enacted in different institutional and national contexts and by different individual care professionals. We conclude that the LCP was used to impart moral values, establish protocols of care, and demonstrate professionalism, showing the multiplicity of the use of standards in healthcare practice.
Factors that Influence the Learning Curve: Evidence from Cost Behavior in Clinical Labs*
Authors: Krishnan Ranjani , Ramasubramanian Hari
Published: August 2022

Clinical labs belong to a mature industry and fulfill a critical function in the health‐care value chain. We examine factors that influence the opportunity, motivation, and ability to learn in clinical labs. We hypothesize that with respect to learning about cost: (i) organizational design, such as the extent of outsourcing can impede the opportunity to learn, (ii) quality focus (measured by mortality rates and length of stay (LOS)) can reduce the motivation to learn, and (iii) related task variety (measured by product‐mix breadth) and information technology investments can enhance the ability to learn. Our empirical tests calibrate learning effects on disaggregate (technical and supervisory hours and cost) and aggregate (salary and total direct cost) cost and time pools. Using longitudinal data from clinical labs in California for the period 1997–2015, we find that clinical labs with greater cumulative output have lower average costs, consistent with learning effects in clinical labs. We also find results consistent with our hypotheses about the contextual factors that influence learning rates in clinical labs. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of learning rates with implications for budgeting, forecasting, and performance measurement. The results highlight that learning can be a crucial source of cost reduction in health‐care settings.
Thoracoscopic repair of neonatal left diaphragmatic hernia with sac combined with both extralobar pulmonary sequestration and congenital pulmonary airway malformation
Authors: Yamada Koji , Muto Mitsuru , Onishi Shun , Machigashira Seiro , Nishida Nanako , Nagano Ayaka , Murakami Masakazu , Sugita Koshiro , Yano Keisuke , Harumatsu Toshio , Yamada Waka , Matsukubo Makoto , Kawano Takafumi , Ieiri Satoshi
Published: August 2022

Intradiaphragmatic extralobar pulmonary sequestration (IDEPS) is considered to be very rare among extralobar pulmonary sequestration (EPS), and IDEPS combined with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) with sac is extremely rare. The patient was a neonatal girl. Left‐sided CDH with a hernia sac was diagnosed based on computed tomography (CT). Thoracoscopic repair was planned for the 5th day after birth. Left CDH with sac was recognized on the posterolateral side and isolated EPS was recognized on the sac. The hernia sac, including the EPS, was resected, and the diaphragm defect was closed. The resected specimen consisted of fibrous connective tissue and pulmonary sequestration (PS) connected with the sac. It was diagnosed as the hybrid form, with features of both type 2 congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM) and EPS. The postoperative course was uneventful. At 1 year and 9 mo after the operation, no recurrence of herniation or laterality of the diaphragm was recognized.
Funder priority for vaccines: Implications of a weak Lockean claim
Authors: Muralidharan Anantharaman , Schaefer G. Owen , Johnson Tess , Savulescu Julian
Published: August 2022

The development of some COVID‐19 vaccines by private companies like Moderna and Sanofi‐GSK has been substantially funded by various governments. While the Sanofi CEO has previously suggested that countries that fund this development ought to be given some priority, this suggestion has not been taken seriously in the literature. Considerations of nationalism, sustainability, need, and equitability have been more extensively discussed with respect to whether and how much a country is entitled to advance purchase orders of the vaccine under conditions of absolute scarcity. Yet, little attention has been paid to whether prior investment into developing a vaccine entitles a country to some priority with respect to these orders. Moreover, while not a majority view, some survey results show that a significant minority of the populace does endorse some view like this. This article argues that the minority have a point: recognizing funder countries some priority is justified by the weak Lockean claim (WLC). According to the WLC, the fact that someone has contributed to the development of something gives them some entitlement to the resultant product. This article will defend the WLC, and address objections to the argument, including those pertaining to questions of historical injustice and medical need. This argument does not imply an unconstrained entitlement. Rather, contribution to development is one morally relevant factor that must be tempered by and weighed against potentially more substantial claims to priority based on need, equity, and other considerations.
Use of konjac in a novel colonic endoscopic submucosal dissection training model that is inexpensive and hygienic
Authors: Uechi Yasuhiro , Nonaka Kouichi , Misumi Yoshitsugu
Published: August 2022

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RETRACTED: An intricate relationship between executive function and second‐language ability in a cohort of Uyghur‐Chinese bilingual children
Authors: Chen Jin , Kwok Sze Chai , Song Yongning
Published: August 2022

The relationship between executive function and second‐language ability remains contentious in bilingual children; thus, the current study focused on this issue. In total, 371 Uyghur‐Chinese bilingual children ranging from 3 to 6 years old were assessed by a battery of tasks measuring language ability (expressive vocabulary tests, receptive vocabulary tests, and phonological awareness of both their first‐language and second‐language) and executive function (working memory, inhibition, and switching). Our results indicated that age is a crucial moderator of the relationship between second‐language ability and executive function. Specifically, executive function unilaterally predicted second‐language ability in children who were 3–4 years old, whereas second‐language ability and executive function bilaterally influenced each other in children who were 4–5 and 5–6 years old. These findings suggest that executive function and second‐language ability have an intertwined and causal relationship among preschool children during development. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.

Research Highlights

A counterfactual model showed causality between executive function and second language ability in Uyghur‐Chinese bilingual children.

Executive function unilaterally predicted second language ability in the 3‐ to 4‐year‐old age group.

Executive function and second language ability bilaterally influenced each other in the 4‐ to 5 and 5‐ to 6‐year‐old age groups.
The political reception of innovations
Authors: Frieden Jeffry , Silve Arthur
Published: August 2022

Why do some societies embrace innovative technologies, policies, and ideas, while others are slow to adopt, and some even resist, them? Incumbent producers are most likely to be affected by certain kinds of innovations; they also wield a disproportionate influence in the design of institutions and policies that encourage or limit their adoption. We show formally that the elite has four cardinal policy options: to appropriate the innovation for itself; to encourage its adoption; to tax, regulate, or limit the innovation; or to block it. We show that six features of an innovation determine how it is received: (i) whether it is easy to replicate; (ii) whether it complements or competes with the elite's sources of income; (iii) whether its impact is broad or narrow; (iv) whether it is location‐dependent, and (v) concealable; (vi) whether it requires large fixed costs. While other works have occasionally considered one of these factors, we show where each feature comes from, and we assess them systematically and together. We provide illustrative evidence of the relevance and generality of the model to understand the fate of a variety of innovations.
An analytical method to separate modality‐specific and nonspecific sensory components of event‐related potentials
Authors: Young Elizabeth Loreley , Mista Christian Ariel , Jure Fabricio Ariel , Andersen Ole Kæseler , Biurrun Manresa José A.
Published: August 2022

Several models have been developed to analyse cortical activity in response to salient events constituted by multiple sensory modalities. In particular, additive models compare event‐related potentials (ERPs) in response to stimuli from two or more concomitant sensory modalities with the ERPs evoked by unimodal stimuli, in order to study sensory interactions. In this approach, components that are not specific to a sensory modality are commonly disregarded, although they likely carry information about stimulus expectation and evaluation, attentional orientation and other cognitive processes. In this study, we present an analytical method to assess the contribution of modality‐specific and nonspecific components to the ERP. We developed an experimental setup that recorded ERPs in response to four stimulus types (visual, auditory, and two somatosensory modalities to test for stimulus specificity) in three different conditions (unimodal, bimodal and trimodal stimulation) and recorded the saliency of these stimuli relative to the sensory background. Stimuli were delivered in pairs, in order to study the effects of habituation. To this end, spatiotemporal features (peak amplitudes and latencies at different scalp locations) were analysed using linear mixed models. Results showed that saliency relative to the sensory background increased with the number of concomitant stimuli. We also observed that the spatiotemporal features of modality‐specific components derived from this method likely reflect the amount and type of sensory input. Furthermore, the nonspecific component reflected habituation occurring for the second stimulus in the pair. In conclusion, this method provides an alternative to study neural mechanisms of responses to multisensory stimulation.
The social regulation of corporate social irresponsibility: Reviewing the contribution of corporate reputation
Authors: Nardella Giulio , Brammer Stephen , Surdu Irina
Published: August 2022

Whilst it is assumed that stakeholders penalize and deter corporate social irresponsibility (CSI), instances of CSI persist. Correspondingly, the literature on social regulation—which describes how non‐governmental stakeholders exert their regulatory influence on organizations—remains fragmented. To act as a springboard for future studies, this review examines the contribution of corporate reputation to our understanding of how CSI is socially regulated. Our analysis of a large (n = 448 studies) multidisciplinary body of literature unearths a set of nuanced relationships between CSI and corporate reputation. We synthesize a conceptual framework in order to map the diverse landscape of literature and its contributions. We then highlight important gaps among—as well as between—research streams to present a future research agenda. Accordingly, this review contributes to closing ‘the loop’ between CSI, corporate reputation and social regulation, thereby opening up new pathways for future research.
Changes in actigraphy metrics associated with PROMIS measures after orthopaedic surgery
Authors: Giordano Nicholas A. , Kane Alexandra , Rodriguez Ramiro , Papay Diane , Canales Bryanna , Kirk Keri F. , Buckenmaier Chester C. , Highland Krista B.
Published: August 2022

Aim

This study examined the feasibility of integrating actigraphy devices into orthopaedic surgical settings to assess the concurrent validity between objective actigraphy data and PROMIS measures. Additionally, the association between changes in actigraphy data and longitudinal changes in PROMIS measures was examined.

Methods

Data were collected from 17 participants using actigraphy devices the week prior to and after orthopaedic surgery from 02/2019 to 03/2020. Participants completed PROMIS measures (Physical Function, Sleep Disturbance, Pain Interference) preoperatively and up to 6 months postoperatively. Nonparametric correlations (rs) assessed for concurrent validity. Linear mixed‐effects models examined the association between changes in actigraphy data and PROMIS measures.

Results

Prolonged wake after sleep onset was associated with increased sleep disturbances (rs = 0.49; p = 0.045) and pain interference (rs = 0.51; p = 0.04). Changes in pain interference were correlated with increased awakenings (rs = 0.54; p = 0.03). Increased wake after sleep onset was associated with worsening sleep disturbance (β = 0.12; p = 0.01) and pain interference scores over the postoperative period (β = 0.12; p = 0.02).

Conclusions

This study is among the first to examine changes in objective actigraphy data and longitudinal PROMIS measures following orthopaedic surgery and illustrates the feasibility of incorporating actigraphy into surgical settings to evaluate postoperative recovery.
Cost‐related medication nonadherence among Medicare beneficiaries with cardiovascular disease risk factors: The role of comprehension of the Medicare programme and its prescription drug benefits
Authors: Park Chanhyun , Chang Chiu‐chi Angela , Ng Boon Peng , Young Gary J.
Published: August 2022

Rationale, Aims, and Objectives

This study aims to investigate how reported comprehension of the Medicare programme and its prescription drug benefits is associated with cost‐related medication nonadherence (CRN) among Medicare beneficiaries with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study used the 2017 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey Public Use File data and included Medicare beneficiaries aged ≥65 years who reported having at least one CVD risk factor (i.e., hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, smoking and obesity) (n = 2821). A survey‐weighted logistic model was used to examine associations between perceived difficulty of understanding the Medicare programme and its prescription drug benefits and CRN, controlling for beneficiaries' demographic (e.g., age) and clinical characteristics (e.g, comorbidities). This study further analyzed five subgroups based on the type of CVD risk factors involved.

Results

Among Medicare beneficiaries with CVD risk factors, 14.4% reported CRN. Medicare beneficiaries with CVD risk factors who reported difficulty understanding the overall Medicare programme and its prescription drug benefits were more likely to report CRN, compared to those who reported easy understanding of the overall Medicare programme (OR = 1.50; 95% CI = 1.11−2.04; p = 0.009) and its prescription drug benefits (OR = 2.01; 95% CI = 1.52−2.66; p < 0.001). Similar results were obtained for the subgroups with obesity, hypertension or hyperlipidemia.

Conclusions

Perceived difficulty of understanding the Medicare Programme and its prescription drug benefits is associated with CRN among Medicare beneficiaries with CVD risk factors, especially those with obesity, hypertension or hyperlipidemia. Monitoring and enhancing Medicare beneficiaries' overall understanding of the Medicare programme may reduce CRN.
Psychotropic medication prescribing in assisted living and nursing home residents with dementia after the National Partnership
Authors: Coe Antoinette B. , Zhang Tingting , Zullo Andrew R. , Gerlach Lauren B. , Thomas Kali S. , Daiello Lori A. , Varma Hiren , Lo Derrick , Joshi Richa , Shireman Theresa I. , Bynum Julie P. W.
Published: August 2022

Background

The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services implemented the National Partnership to Improve Dementia Care in Nursing Homes (the Partnership) to decrease antipsychotic use and improve care for nursing home (NH) residents with dementia. We determined whether the extent of antipsychotic and other psychotropic medication prescribing in AL residents with dementia mirrored that of long‐stay NH (LSNH) residents after the Partnership.

Methods

Using a 20% sample of fee‐for‐service Medicare beneficiaries with Part D, we conducted a retrospective cohort study including AL and LSNH residents with dementia. The monthly prevalence of psychotropic medication prescribing (antipsychotics, antidepressants, anxiolytics/sedative‐hypnotics, anticonvulsants/mood stabilizers, benzodiazepines, and antidementia medications) was examined. We used an interrupted time‐series analysis to compare medication prescribing before (July 1, 2010–March 31, 2012) and after (April 1, 2012–December 31, 2017) the Partnership in both settings.

Results

We identified 107,931 beneficiaries with ≥1 month as an AL resident and 323,766 beneficiaries with ≥1 month as a LSNH resident with dementia, including 1,923,867 person‐months and 4,984,405 person‐months, respectively. Antipsychotic prescribing declined over the study period in both settings. After the launch of the Partnership, the rate of decline in antipsychotic prescribing slowed in AL residents with dementia (slope change = 0.03 [95% CLs: 0.02, 0.04]) while the rate of decline in antipsychotic prescribing increased in LSNH residents with dementia (slope change = −0.12 [95% CLs: −0.16, −0.08]). Antidepressants were the most prevalent medication prescribed, anticonvulsant/mood stabilizer prescribing increased, and anxiolytic/sedative‐hypnotic and antidementia medication prescribing declined.

Conclusions

The federal Partnership to reduce antipsychotic prescribing in NH residents did not appear to affect antipsychotic prescribing in AL residents with dementia. Given the increase in the prescribing of mood stabilizers/anticonvulsants that occurred after the launch of the Partnership, monitoring may be warranted for all psychotropic medications in AL and NH settings.
Evaluating sustainability impacts of critical mineral extractions: Integration of life cycle sustainability assessment and SDGs frameworks
Authors: Agusdinata Datu Buyung , Liu Wenjuan , Sulistyo Sinta , LeBillon Philippe , Wegner Je'anne
Published: August 2022

The extraction of critical minerals used in clean technologies has profound impacts on sustainable development goals (SDGs). Life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA) is used to evaluate the sustainability impacts of products and services, but few frameworks exist to support SDGs assessment for the “green minerals” extraction. Here, we propose a mining‐specific framework identifying linkages between LCSA and SDGs, along with a process to integrate methods and data. As a proof of concept, we assess the LCSA performance and local‐community level SDG impacts of a nickel mining project in Indonesia. Integrating remote sensing, media sources, stakeholder's data, and expert opinion, we find that LCSA encompasses all 17 goals but only a subset of targets and indicators. The study highlights the need to incorporate indigenous people's perspectives in both LCSA and SDG assessments, and points to priority areas for improving life cycle sustainability and SDG outcomes: fighting corruption, protecting cultural heritage, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. We suggest that this framework can inform corporate social responsibility activities, as well as consumer choices for low‐carbon technologies.
Rising Intangible Capital, Shrinking Debt Capacity, and the U.S. Corporate Savings Glut
Authors: FALATO ANTONIO , KADYRZHANOVA DALIDA , SIM JAE , STERI ROBERTO
Published: August 2022

This paper explores the connection between rising intangible capital and the secular upward trend in U.S. corporate cash holdings. We calibrate a dynamic model with two productive assets—tangible and intangible capital—in which only tangible capital can serve as collateral. We highlight the following points: (i) a shift toward intangible capital shrinks firms' debt capacity and leads them to hold more cash, (ii) the effect accounts for three‐quarters of the observed trend in average cash ratios, and (iii) it also accounts for the upward trend of cash ratios in the cross‐section of small and large firms and in the aggregate.
Postcolonial Language Ideologies: Indian Students Reflect on Mother Tongue and English
Authors: LaDousa Chaise , Davis Christina P. , Choksi Nishaant
Published: August 2022

The 2020 National Education Policy (NEP) proposes a revision to the Indian education system. The document foregrounds “mother tongue,” a concept that has been highly salient in India since the mid‐nineteenth century, by specifying that students should learn in it. But it makes little mention of English, despite its importance, and the desire for it, at every level of education. The construction of nation and language in the NEP begs a question: how do the constructions, foci, and relative silences of policy resonate with people's understandings and uses of languages? This article incorporates interviews at an engineering university in western India, the Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, to examine graduate students' reflections on mother tongue in relation to their multilingual practices on campus and at home. The students exhibited a range of ideological perspectives on mother tongue and English that are not addressed in policy measures. Using the heuristic of postcolonial semiotics, we show that the students were unable to simultaneously identify with the nation (via mother tongue) and English. We contribute to linguistic anthropology and South Asian studies by foregrounding people's metadiscourse in how they make sense of, and ultimately problematize, constructions of colonial and postcolonial policy.