bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Une histoire à rebrousse-poil. Le contrepoint baroque de l’écrire dans le Nouveau Roman
Authors: Faerber Johan
Published: January 2016

Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale et ses désastres émerge au détour des années 1950 une voix qui entend résister à tous les effondrements : le « Nouveau Roman ». Contrepoint ardent et sans partage aux fables merveilleuses et néo-balzaciennes d’alors, le récit néo-romanesque s’affirme comme la contre-voix narrative et herméneutique à sa propre époque. Le monde n’est plus une évidence et doit être redit depuis ses ruines, comme un contrepoint à toute narration et à toute histoire. Écrire à rebrousse-poil comme le souhaitait Walter Benjamin, telle serait l’histoire secrète et discrète qui viendrait à se dire dans la prose néo-romanesque l’entraînant dans une histoire hors de l’histoire, où le Baroque donnerait de sa pleine voix et où sa folie conquérante viendrait à emporter le récit hors de tous les contresens de l’époque d’alors. Reprise de la reprise contre toute répétition, le contrepoint du Nouveau Roman invente un récit à la mesure d’un désastre qui ne laisse pas la parole indemne. L’écriture n’est plus qu’un mythe. Elle s’est effondrée sur elle-même. Depuis sa fureur à voir, l’Image néo-romanesque s’offre alors comme le contrepoint absolu et la lumière achronique et éthique de ce qui sera la mesure de leurs jours et de leur espoir.
Vivre sa maladie. L’expérience des nouveaux territoires du corps
Authors: Andrieux Luc
Published: January 2016

L’expérience de la maladie est une épreuve existentielle qui conduit à redéfinir les contours de son rapport au monde et à ses propres repères. C’est bien en termes de spatialité qu’il est possible de parler de la maladie puisqu’elle touche à des territoires de l’intime qui connaissent des bouleversements constants. Le cours de la maladie, de l’annonce à la guérison ou à la chronicité, traverse des moments mettant à jour la vulnérabilité de la personne et exposant à toutes les blessures psychologiques, sociales ou existentielles. Le manque de tact des soignants porte ainsi souvent involontairement atteinte à ces territoires cachés mis à jour. La connaissance du vécu de la maladie ou du handicap ou plus largement de la dépendance doit faire l’objet chez le soignant d’une prise de conscience afin de comprendre ou d’entrevoir le statut de malade et la complexité de cette situation.
Sous-déclaration des accidents d’exposition au sang : une situation préoccupante chez les étudiants en soins infirmiers
Authors: Noé Christine
Published: January 2016

L’accident d’exposition au sang (AES) nécessite une prise en charge médicale urgente, un enregistrement par le service de santé au travail et une déclaration obligatoire pour la reconnaissance de l’accident de travail en cas de séroconversion. Une étude a été menée auprès de deux promotions d’étudiants en soins infirmiers afin de formaliser le taux de sous-déclaration des AES et d’en déterminer les motifs. Les résultats mettent en évidence que 52 % des AES sur une période de trois ans de formation n’ont pas été déclarés en accident du travail. Les raisons de non-déclaration sont liées d’une part, à la perception négative que des étudiants ont de l’AES (faute 55 %, maladresse 82 %) et de la peur de conséquences (31 %) sur leur bilan de stage et leur formation. D’autre part, les étudiants se conforment à certains soignants qui sous-estiment eux-mêmes le risque d’un AES (22 %). L’identification de ces éléments va permettre d’initier une réflexion et d’ordonner des actions pour inciter les étudiants et les partenaires de stage à déclarer les AES en accident du travail.
SONATA
Authors: Kantarci Burak , Carr Kevin G. , Pearsall Connor D.
Published: January 2016

With the advent of mobile cloud computing paradigm, mobile social networks (MSNs) have become attractive tools to share, publish and analyze data regarding everyday behavior of mobile users. Besides revealing information about social interactions between individuals, MSNs can assist smart city applications through crowdsensing services. In presence of malicious users who aim at misinformation through manipulation of their sensing data, trustworthiness arises as a crucial issue for the users who receive service from smart city applications. In this paper, the authors propose a new crowdsensing framework, namely Social Network Assisted Trustworthiness Assurance (SONATA) which aims at maximizing crowdsensing platform utility and minimizing the manipulation probability through vote-based trustworthiness analysis in dynamic social network architecture. SONATA adopts existing Sybil detection techniques to identify malicious users who aim at misinformation/disinformation at the crowdsensing platform. The authors present performance evaluation of SONATA under various crowdsensing scenarios in a smart city setting. Performance results show that SONATA improves crowdsensing utility under light and moderate arrival rates of sensing task requests when less than 7% of the users are malicious whereas crowdsensing utility is significantly improved under all task arrival rates if the ratio of malicious users to the entire population is at least 7%. Furthermore, under each scenario, manipulation ratio is close to zero under SONATA while trustworthiness unaware recruitment of social network users leads to a manipulation probability of 2.5% which cannot be tolerated in critical smart city applications such as disaster management or public safety.
Crisis-Related Apps
Authors: Karl Inga , Rother Kristian , Nestler Simon
Published: January 2016

In this paper the authors developed applications for apps in times of crises and critical situations. They analyzed how people act in these situations and how to mitigate their uncertainty and fears through situation-specific communication. Including these aspects as well as the general challenges of crisis communication, pros and cons of apps based on existing examples were discussed. The resulting requirements for an app for crises and dangerous situations should assist in designing a communication solution that strengthens the feeling of security of citizens in critical times, such as life-threatening situations. This solution is intended as an additional means of communication for emergency services to modernize crisis communication with affected people.
Gaze Guiding as Support for the Control of Technical Systems
Authors: Weyers Benjamin , Frank Barbara , Bischof Kathrin , Kluge Annette
Published: January 2016

The control of technical systems is often defined by standard operating procedures, e.g. provided by paper-based manuals or decision trees. These procedures specify how a human operator should handle a specific situation occurring in the system control, which might also be safety-critical. This work presents a concept of guiding users' gaze in such control scenarios of technical systems, which aims at preventing the user from having to leave the control context in order to consult such a paper-based standard operating procedure. Instead, the presented approach fades in information into the control interface based on the current situation of the system and the intended procedure. The work further argues for the use of this technique in the context of refresher-based training to enhance retrieval of once-learned knowledge. This concept, called gaze guiding, has been implemented in a framework in which it can be applied to existing control interfaces. The feasibility of gaze guiding in such control scenarios is demonstrated in a user study with 21 participants.
Fatigue Life Estimation of Aeronautical Joints Based on Stress Severity Factor
Authors: da Silva Gonçalves Roberto , Chaves Carlos E.
Published: January 2016

The goal of the present work is to investigate the validity limits and safe application range of Stress Severity Factor methodology in estimating fatigue life of aircraft fuselage joints. Fatigue tests were conducted and recorded data from aluminum alloys joints was subjected to analytical evaluation. FE models were created to obtain fasteners load distribution and determine normal stress due to secondary bending. Severity Factor method conservatively estimated fatigue life of 74% for the analyzed joints. Its robustness was verified for lap joints fatigue life estimative, but for almost all single strap joints, secondary bending effect were significant. Thus for this kind of joints, a term accounting for bending stress was added to the original severity factor formulation to increase level of safety in fatigue life estimates.
Three Strategies to Achieve Concurrent Strengthening by Ultrafine-Grained and Precipitation Hardenings for Severely Deformed Age-Hardnable Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Hirosawa Shoichi , Tang Yong Peng , Horita Zenji , Lee Seung Won , Matsuda Kenji , Terada Daisuke
Published: January 2016

In this paper, comprehensive studies on the age-hardening behavior and precipitate microstructures of severely deformed and then artificially aged aluminum alloys have been conducted to clarify whether or not concurrent strengthening by ultrafine-grained and precipitation hardenings can be achieved. From our graphically-illustrated equivalent strain dependence of both the attained hardness and increment/decrement in hardness during aging (i.e. age-hardenability), three strategies to maximize the combined processing of severe plastic deformation and age-hardening technique are proposed. (1) Lowering of aging temperature and (2) utilization of microalloying elements can improve not only the attained hardness but also the age-hardenability of high-pressure torsion (HPT) specimens of Al-Mg-Si (-Cu) alloy due to the increased volume fraction of transgranular precipitates. A further increase in hardness can be achieved by (3) taking advantage of spinodal decomposition for HPTed Al-Li-Cu alloy, in which nanoscale precipitates of δ’ phase are successfully formed within ultrafine grains, irrespective of the higher number density of grain boundaries. The attained hardness of >HV290 in the latter alloy is almost the highest among conventional wrought aluminum alloys, and therefore our proposed strategies will be useful for designing concurrently strengthened severely-deformed age-hardenable aluminum alloys.
Phase Transformations during Laser Processing of Aerospace Metallic Materials
Authors: de Lima Milton Sergio Fernandes
Published: January 2016

Phase transformations in laser processed metallic materials usually occur under very high temperature gradients and during a short time. Therefore, laser materials processing has been usually associated to high heating and cooling rates. However, before understanding the temperature evolution of the target, the absorptivity and the optical penetration must be considered. This paper presents some conjectures about the how the metal absorbs the laser radiation and how rapid phase transformations take place. It would be proposed that the interface response functions could be a possible way to understand phase transformations from liquid or high temperature solid solution conditions. Finally, it will be presented some results about laser processed materials of aerospace interest: steels, titanium and aluminium, which will illustrate the practical applications of the theories.
Study on Machining Single-Crystal Nickel by Molecular Dynamics Simulation
Authors: Zhu Zong Xiao , Gong Ya Dong , Gan Zi Hao , Zhou Yun Guang , Yin Guo Qiang
Published: January 2016

In this paper, molecular dynamics (MD) model is explored to study single-crystal nickel micro-nanomachining mechanism. Accordingly, LAMMPS would implement the simulation of nanometric cutting process, and snapshots at different steps are obtained by VMD and OVITO. On this basis, a reasonable explanation is given to the forming mechanism of chip and surface machined in the machining process of single-crystal nickel. The result of work-piece temperature distribution shows that there is a temperature gradient around the machining zone, where chip part achieved the highest temperature. Moreover, a large number of dislocations are observed. Part of dislocation atoms move forward and generate the chips, taking a lot of heat. Another part of dislocation atoms combine with the work-piece surface atoms with elastic recovery, and form the machined surface.
Characterization of KDP Crystal Surfaces from Single Point Diamond Milling
Authors: Xu Guo Qiang , Liu Zeng Wen , Wang Jun , Huang Chuan Zhen
Published: January 2016

Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate (KDP) crystal is widely used in laser frequency multiplications and electro-optical modulators, but its soft-brittle property and thermal sensitive characteristic make it a very difficult-to-machine material. In this paper, an in-house made diamond tool with one tooth is used to face-mill KDP crystal specimens on a high-speed micro CNC machining centre, based on a statistically designed experiment. The morphology and roughness of the milled KDP crystal surfaces are analyzed with respect to the process parameters. It has been found that cutting speed has the largest effect on surface roughness, while axial depth of cut and feed per tooth show a comparable effect on both the Ra and PV roughness measures. From this study, 3 m/s cutting speed, 3 μm axial depth of cut and 1 μm/z feed per tooth are recommended for single point diamond milling of KDP crystal.
Experimental Investigation at Relatively High Speed Scratching Induced by a Developed Diamond Tip
Authors: Zhang Zhen Yu , Yuan Bo Ya , Huang Si Ling , Shi Zhi Feng
Published: January 2016

A diamond tip with included angle of 90° and fillet radius of 45 nm is developed combining precision grinding and focused ion beam. Relatively high speed scratching at 8.4 m/s induced by the developed diamond tip is conducted on silicon (Si) (111) plane using an ultraprecision grinder. Width at the onset of chip formation on a Si wafer is 193 nm. Width and depth at the onset of crack formation are 1125 and 94 nm, respectively. Calculated normal forces at the onset of chip and crack formations are 424 μN and 14 mN, respectively, corresponding to the depth of cut is 44 and 466 nm.
Deep Profiled Slot Grinding on a Nickel-Based Alloy with Electroplated CBN Wheels
Authors: Shi Zhong De , Elfizy Amr , Attia Helmi
Published: January 2016

A process for grinding deep profiled slots in a nickel-based alloy with electroplated cubic boron nitride (CBN) wheels and straight oil is presented. These slots were prepared by this process for further grinding with electroplated CBN quills to generate the final fir-tree slots in gas turbine disks. Fir-tree slots are usually machined using broaching. The application of broaching, however, is limited in the case of nickel-based powder metal alloys due to short life of broaching tools and the effect on machined surface integrity. Grinding tests were first conducted on rectangular blocks to grind slots without inclinations at a fixed wheel speed vs = 60 m/s to identify the combinations of depths of cut, workspeed, and up/down grinding satisfying the requirements of ground surface quality and material removal rate. Inclined slots were then ground with the identified condition on a block representing a segment of an actual turbine disk to validate the condition. The wheel life was finally tested by grinding all the slots on the actual disk. Grinding power was measured, and the ground surfaces were inspected for any sign of burning. Preset target material removal rate and wheel life were obtained. It was found that electroplated CBN wheels are capable of grinding deep profiled slots on the difficult-to-cut nickel-based alloy.
The Effect of Fiber Laser Machining Parameters on Thermal-Affected Zone of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic
Authors: Yuki Hagiwara , Sakai Katsuhiko , Shizuka Hiroo
Published: January 2016

This study describes the effects of machining parameters on the thermal affected zone (heat-affected zone; HAZ) of carbon fiber reinforced plastic using fiber laser. The HAZ described in this study was defined as the area where only resin was removed. In three experiments, the HAZ area and the removal shape of carbon fiber were investigated. The study revealed that pulsed laser reduces the HAZ more than continuous-wave laser does, but it causes the swelling of the carbon fiber tip. Furthermore, the HAZ decreased as the scan speed increased, even if the number of scans was increased. In addition, it was found that nitrogen could restrain the HAZ and the swelling of carbon fiber.
Development of EDT Equipment Using Wire Tool Electrode
Authors: Takada Yasuhiro , Shinozaki Mitsuru , Ota Minoru , Egashira Kai , Yamaguchi Keishi , Hattori Yoshitaka
Published: January 2016

Whirling electrical discharge texturing (WEDT) was developed to process microstructures on the inner surface of cylindrical parts made of high hardness materials. However, the minimum processable diameter of the cylindrical parts was φ 5 mm and the equipment could not feed the new tool electrodes. Therefore, the authors devised a novel method of WEDT using a straight wire tool electrode for a cylindrical surfaces with a small diameter. It was confirmed that microstructures could be created on the inner surface of a cylinder of φ 1.1 mm diameter, and that the texture-area ratio could be controlled by the workpiece feed speed. Moreover, new EDT equipment with a feeding system for a wire tool electrode and a bending system for the tip of a wire tool electrode was developed. As a result, the equipment that can process microstructures on the inner surface of a cylinder with a small diameter and feed a wire tool electrode during texturing was successfully developed.
High Efficiency EDM of PCD Utilizing a Specific Transition Metal Electrode
Authors: Iwai Manabu , Hashimoto Hideaki , Suzuki Kiyoshi
Published: January 2016

For the purpose of improving the electric discharge machinability of PCD, the authors have proposed a method using an electrode made of a specific transition metal which is easy to react with diamond. As a result, Ti, Nb, Ta, Mo, and W among various reactive metals brought very high efficiency, higher than 3 times of existing electrode materials (Cu, CuW) in the EDM of PCD. It was thought that the higher removal efficiency was due to the material properties such as mixing enthalpy between transition metal atom and carbon atom and a crystal structure of body centered cubic (bcc) lattice.
Experiment and Surface Roughness Prediction Model for Ti-6Al-4V in Abrasive Belt Grinding
Authors: Chen Ya Xiong , Huang Yun , Xiao Gui Jian , Chen Gui Lin , Liu Zhi Wu , Liu Xiu Mei
Published: January 2016

In abrasive belt grinding, abrasive belt granularity, abrasive belt speed,feeding speed and grinding force have a great influence on the surface roughness. In order to predicate the surface roughness of Ti-6Al-4V,a response surface methodology are used to build the model to predict surface roughness,and the influence of various parameters on surface roughness was analysed. The research shows that with the abrasive belt granularity and abrasive belt speed increasing,the work piece surface roughness decreases;with the grinding force and feeding speed increasing,the work piece surface roughness increases. Through the test,the response surface methodology with high prediction accuracy,provides a theoretical basis for the reasonable selection of abrasive belt grinding parameters.
Hybrid Process of Laser Heat Treatment and Forming of Thin Plate with a Small Power Semiconductor Laser
Authors: Oda Ryosuke , Hirogaki Toshiki , Aoyama Eiichi , Ogawa Keiji
Published: January 2016

In recent years, the recycling of resources has become important because of the aggravation of global environmental concerns. In light of this, it is necessary to minimize the resource needs of current production systems. This concept is called sustainable development. When this concept is applied to machine tools, the assumption is that small parts should be processed using small machines. Additionally, the diversification of consumer needs and the ephemeralization of product life cycles are progressing in industry. As a result, the overall production system has changed from high-mix low-volume production manufacturing, to variant types in variable quantity. In this background, the cell production system is receiving attention as a production system that can achieve variant types in variable quantity. The cell production system also requires miniaturization and process consolidation of machine tools, which has given rise to the need to consolidate heat treatments, especially as part of the process consolidation of machine tools. Laser beams have proved to be effective heat sources when integrated into heat-treatment processes, such as quenching and tempering on machine tool tables. On the other hand, In the case of the thin plate, it is well known that the deformation of a plate occurs due to laser irradiation, as named a laser forming. The laser forming is also effective to generate the complex shape without a press die set. Thus, we propose that the hybrid process of laser heat treatment and forming of thin plate with a small power semiconductor laser, and demonstrate that the proposed method makes it feasible to generate the hardened sheet metal products with a compact machine tools. Moreover, considering the power consumption in laser quenching and forming process, we investigate an appropriate laser irradiation condition from a view of reducing the environmental burden.
A Study on Residual Stresses in Machined Brittle Material
Authors: Tso Pei Lum , Tsai Tsung Yun
Published: January 2016

Residual stresses in fused silica induced by two machining methods, diamond blade saw cutting and GC grinding wheel grinding, are studied in this study. Photoelastic method would be applied as measuring tool analyzing the gradient of residual stresses caused by different machining condition. This sentence is strange with analyzing the chips of grinding and observation of surface defects, it is assumed that the stresses gradient differs probably cause by the different material removal mechanism.
Study on the Inherent Correlations of the Material Properties for Silicon Nitride Ceramic Balls
Authors: Yuan Ju Long , Yu Long Fen , Li Fan , Zhou Fen Fen , Zhao Ping , Hang Wei
Published: January 2016

Silicon nitride ceramic balls are successfully applied in advanced bearings. In order to improve the performance and precision for ball bearings, the research about the material properties of Si3N4 ball is shown in this paper. For the Si3N4 ball, the material properties can be described by the following factors: density, hardness, apparent porosity, crushing load and fracture toughness. In this paper, Si3N4 balls from three different manufacturers are tested to reveal the inherent correlations of the material properties, and the correlation coefficients are calculated. The results indicate that with the increasing of ball diameter, its crushing load increases correspondingly. The higher hardness contributes to the lower crushing load of the Si3N4 ball. Apparent porosity has a greater influence on the crushing load than hardness and the density. Hardness has the closest relevance with fracture toughness among the material characteristics, with the increasing of the hardness, the fracture toughness of Si3N4 ball becomes lower.
High-Speed Capturing of Stress Distribution of Workpiece under Ultrasonically Assisted Cutting Condition
Authors: Isobe Hiromi , Hara Keisuke
Published: January 2016

This paper reports the stress distribution inside the workpiece under ultrasonic vibration cutting (UVC) condition. Many researchers have reported the improvements of tool wear, burr generation and surface integrity by reduction of time-averaged cutting force under UVC condition. However general dynamometers have an insufficient frequency band to observe the ultrasonically varying processing phenomena induced by UVC. In this paper, stress distribution inside the workpiece was observed by combining the pulse laser as light source synchronized with ultrasonically vibrating cutting tool and the photoelastic method. The one shot of pulse laser with pulse width of 15nsec visualizes an instantaneous stress distribution. Sweeping the phase of emission against to ultrasonic oscillation, 360 frames for 35.7μs, one period of ultrasonic oscillation, are captured. Because UVC induced an intermittent cutting condition, the stress distribution changed periodically and disappeared when the tool leaved from the workpiece. The ideal chip-generating period is calculated by relative motion between tool and work. We found that the actual chip-generating period was extremely longer than ideal period.
Surface Integrity of the Compressor Blade when Employing Different Polishing Method
Authors: Xiao Gui Jian , Huang Yun , Chen Ya Xiong , Chen Gui Lin , Liu Zhi Wu , Liu Xiu Mei
Published: January 2016

The compressor blade is the key components of the aero-engine to seriously impact the air dynamic performance. However, components with complex designs specifications might pose manufacturing challenges especially when finishing processes are needed to enable their compliance with tight industrial standards for workpiece surface integrity. Information on polishing processes for such sensitive industrial applications is scarce. The paper reports on the influence of polishing methods on the surface integrity of compressor blade obtained after different polishing methods. The research focuses on identifying an “optimised” polishing method for different area that will enable finishing the compressor blade. Two (belt; bob) polishing methods have been tested to address the overall finishing of compressor blade. Although significant differences in tool life performance exist between belt and bob polishing methods, both are capable to meet the requirements of minimum workpiece surface coverage if “optimised” operating parameters are employed. This is proved that belt and bob polishing methods can be employed to enable automated overall finishing of compressor blade.
Optimization of Control Gains in Numerical Control
Authors: Aoyama Hideki , Zhang Duo
Published: January 2016

It is frequently the case that the feed rate indicated in a numerical control (NC) program does not obtain in actual machining processes and the cutting tool does not path the points indicated in the NC. A reason underlying such problems is that control gains are not optimized, which causes issues with acceleration and deceleration in the control of machine tools. To address these problems, in this paper, we propose a method for the optimization of control gains using the MATLAB and Simulink software by considering the weight of the workpiece, the controlling distance, and the controlling speed. Simulations confirmed the effectiveness of our proposed optimization.
Forces during Grinding Operation and its Relation to the Dressing Cycle
Authors: Nambiar Anand , Matsumoto Kou , Yamamoto Masaru , Ohashi Kazuhito , Tsukamoto Shinya
Published: January 2016

While grinding with CNC cylindrical grinding machines, there are many factors that determine the precision and accuracy of the finished product. These may include dimensional accuracy, surface roughness, circularity (roundness), cylindricity, etc. But all these factors pertain to the work. The condition of the tool, in this case, the cutting edges of the grinding wheel, also greatly influence the profile and precision of the work. So, in order to maintain the precision of the work, there is a need to repeatedly and regularly maintain the cutting edges in a good cutting condition, by the process of dressing. In other words, when the swarf gets adhered to the grinding wheel, the abrasive particles can no longer perform machining with the same efficiency, due to increase in contact surface area between the abrasive particles and the work. This dissertation describes a technique that can be adopted to continuously monitor the grinding forces generated during the grinding operation, by using an in-process 2-dimensional piezoelectric force sensor, which can simultaneously measure the force and break it down into its two force components. The force sensor not only calculates the force generated, but also quantifies the force variation. By analyzing the variation in the radial and tangential force components individually, and by conducting Fourier analysis on the observed data, it is found that deterioration of the grinding wheel and the dress pattern can be continuously monitored and controlled.
Autoreactive CD19+CD20− Plasma Cells Contribute to Disease Severity of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Chen Ding , Ireland Sara J. , Davis Laurie S. , Kong Xiangmei , Stowe Ann M. , Wang Yue , White Wendy I. , Herbst Ronald , Monson Nancy L.
Published: January 2016

The contribution of autoantibody-producing plasma cells in multiple sclerosis (MS) remains unclear. Anti-CD20 B cell depletion effectively reduces disease activity in MS patients, but it has a minimal effect on circulating autoantibodies and oligoclonal bands in the cerebrospinal fluid. Recently we reported that MEDI551, an anti-CD19 mAb, therapeutically ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the mouse model of MS. MEDI551 potently inhibits pathogenic adaptive immune responses, including depleting autoantibody-producing plasma cells. In the present study, we demonstrated that CD19 mAb treatment ameliorates EAE more effectively than does CD20 mAb. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein–specific Abs and short-lived and long-lived autoantibody-secreting cells were nearly undetectable in the CD19 mAb–treated mice, but they remained detectable in the CD20 mAb–treated mice. Interestingly, residual disease severity in the CD20 mAb–treated animals positively correlated with the frequency of treatment-resistant plasma cells in the bone marrow. Of note, treatment-resistant plasma cells contained a substantial proportion of CD19+CD20− plasma cells, which would have otherwise been targeted by CD19 mAb. These data suggested that CD19+CD20− plasma cells spared by anti-CD20 therapy likely contribute to residual EAE severity by producing autoreactive Abs. In patients with MS, we also identified a population of CD19+CD20− B cells in the cerebrospinal fluid that would be resistant to CD20 mAb treatment.
HIV-1 Env Glycoprotein Phenotype along with Immune Activation Determines CD4 T Cell Loss in HIV Patients
Authors: Joshi Anjali , Sedano Melina , Beauchamp Bethany , Punke Erin B. , Mulla Zuber D. , Meza Armando , Alozie Ogechika K. , Mukherjee Debabrata , Garg Himanshu
Published: January 2016

The mechanism behind the selective depletion of CD4+ cells in HIV infections remains undetermined. Although HIV selectively infects CD4+ cells, the relatively few infected cells in vivo cannot account for the extent of CD4+ T cell depletion, suggesting indirect or bystander mechanisms. The role of virus replication, Env glycoprotein phenotype, and immune activation (IA) in this bystander phenomenon remains controversial. Using samples derived from HIV-infected patients, we demonstrate that, although IA in both CD4+ and CD8+ subsets correlates with CD4 decline, apoptosis in CD4+ and not CD8+ cells is associated with disease progression. Because HIV-1 Env glycoprotein has been implicated in bystander apoptosis, we cloned full-length Envs from plasma of viremic patients and tested their apoptosis-inducing potential (AIP). Interestingly, AIP of HIV-1 Env glycoproteins were found to correlate inversely with CD4:CD8 ratios, suggesting a role of Env phenotype in disease progression. In vitro mitogenic stimulation of PBMCs resulted in upregulation of IA markers but failed to alter the CD4:CD8 ratio. However, coculture of normal PBMCs with Env-expressing cells resulted in selective CD4 loss that was significantly enhanced by IA. Our study demonstrates that AIP of HIV-1 Env and IA collectively determine CD4 loss in HIV infection.
Memory Stem T Cells in Autoimmune Disease: High Frequency of Circulating CD8+ Memory Stem Cells in Acquired Aplastic Anemia
Authors: Hosokawa Kohei , Muranski Pawel , Feng Xingmin , Townsley Danielle M. , Liu Baoying , Knickelbein Jared , Keyvanfar Keyvan , Dumitriu Bogdan , Ito Sawa , Kajigaya Sachiko , Taylor James G. , Kaplan Mariana J. , Nussenblatt Robert B. , Barrett A. John , O’Shea John , Young Neal S.
Published: January 2016

Memory stem T cells (TSCMs) constitute a long-lived, self-renewing lymphocyte population essential for the maintenance of functional immunity. Hallmarks of autoimmune disease pathogenesis are abnormal CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation. We investigated the TSCM subset in 55, 34, 43, and 5 patients with acquired aplastic anemia (AA), autoimmune uveitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and sickle cell disease, respectively, as well as in 41 age-matched healthy controls. CD8+ TSCM frequency was significantly increased in AA compared with healthy controls. An increased CD8+ TSCM frequency at diagnosis was associated with responsiveness to immunosuppressive therapy, and an elevated CD8+ TSCM population after immunosuppressive therapy correlated with treatment failure or relapse in AA patients. IFN-γ and IL-2 production was significantly increased in various CD8+ and CD4+ T cell subsets in AA patients, including CD8+ and CD4+ TSCMs. CD8+ TSCM frequency was also increased in patients with autoimmune uveitis or sickle cell disease. A positive correlation between CD4+ and CD8+ TSCM frequencies was found in AA, autoimmune uveitis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Evaluation of PD-1, CD160, and CD244 expression revealed that TSCMs were less exhausted compared with other types of memory T cells. Our results suggest that the CD8+ TSCM subset is a novel biomarker and a potential therapeutic target for AA.
The Neonatal CD8+ T Cell Repertoire Rapidly Diversifies during Persistent Viral Infection
Authors: Venturi Vanessa , Nzingha Kito , Amos Timothy G. , Charles Wisler C. , Dekhtiarenko Iryna , Cicin-Sain Luka , Davenport Miles P. , Rudd Brian D.
Published: January 2016

CMV is the most common congenital infection in the United States. The major target of congenital CMV is the brain, with clinical manifestations including mental retardation, vision impairment, and sensorineural hearing loss. Previous reports have shown that CD8+ T cells are required to control viral replication and significant numbers of CMV-specific CD8+ T cells persist in the brain even after the initial infection has been cleared. However, the dynamics of CD8+ T cells in the brain during latency remain largely undefined. In this report, we used TCR sequencing to track the development and maintenance of neonatal clonotypes in the brain and spleen of mice during chronic infection. Given the discontinuous nature of tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells, we hypothesized that neonatal TCR clonotypes would be locked in the brain and persist into adulthood. Surprisingly, we found that the Ag-specific T cell repertoire in neonatal-infected mice diversified during persistent infection in both the brain and spleen, while maintaining substantial similarity between the CD8+ T cell populations in the brain and spleen in both early and late infection. However, despite the diversification of, and potential interchange between, the spleen and brain Ag-specific T cell repertoires, we observed that germline-encoded TCR clonotypes, characteristic of neonatal infection, persisted in the brain, albeit sometimes in low abundance. These results provide valuable insights into the evolution of CD8+ T cell repertoires following neonatal CMV infection and thus have important implications for the development of therapeutic strategies to control CMV in early life.
Combating HIV and/or AIDS: A challenge to Millennium Development Goals for disaster managers in the Southern African Development Community
Authors: Kunguma Olivia , Ncube Alice
Published: January 2016

Disaster management is a process of planning and implementation of measures involving multiple disciplines and sectors; hence Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) cannot go unnoticed. Approximately 189 member states agreed to endeavour to achieve MDGs which should be accomplished by 2015. The purpose of this research was to establish the primary involvement of the disaster management fraternity within the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region in this agreement. SADC countries are the countries with a high prevalence of HIV and AIDS and they feature on the disaster manager’s priority list of hazards, hence the focus on MDG 6 for this study. Various data gathering tools were employed and included making use of indicators developed by the United Nations to review disaster management statutes or civil protection statutes and scholarly documents on the progress of MDG 6. Structured interviews were carried out with heads of disaster management centres of SADC countries through the guidance of MDG 6 indicators. The main findings were that most statutes do acknowledge the fight against epidemics and most disaster managers are aware of MDG 6 and are involved in its achievement. It was recommended that disaster managers should be part of the Post 2015 MDG delegation.
Post-ERCP pancreatitis and its related factors: A prospective study in Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital
Authors: Makmun Dadang , Abdullah Murdani , Syam Ari Fahrial , Fauzi Achmad
Published: January 2016

Objectives: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a widely used procedure for the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatobiliary disease with post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP) is the most common complication. The goal of this study was to comprehensively evaluate the potential patient- and procedure-related risk factors for PEP. Methods: A 25-variable database was compiled from information collected before, during, and 24-72 h after ERCP for 238 patients who underwent diagnostic or therapeutic ERCP in Cipto Mangunkusumo General National Hospital, Jakarta. The grading of acute pancreatitis was classified using the modified Glasgow (Imrie′s) severity criteria. Results: The average age was 51 years, and most patients were men and were overweight. Sixty-three patients (26.5%) were diagnosed with PEP, and 33 of these (52.4%) were classified as having severe pancreatitis. We applied univariate analysis to analyze the data contained in the 25-variable database to identify patient- and procedure-related predictors of PEP. We found significant correlations between PEP and the patient-related factor common bile duct stenosis (P < 0.05), and between PEP and the three procedure-related factors procedure time, cannulation time, and multiple cannulation attempts (P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that multiple attempts at cannulations was the only significant risk factor for PEP. Conclusions: In our study, four variables were associated with PEP: Common bile duct stenosis, procedure time, cannulation time, and multiple attempts at cannulations. We conclude that, in patients undergoing ERCP who are at high risk of PEP, procedure-related factors should be monitored to reduce the risk of PEP. Multiple attempts at cannulation was the most significant risk factor in our study.
Двумерное кулоновское рассеяние квантовой частицы: строение радиальных волновых функций
Authors: Pupyshev Vasily Veniaminovitch
Published: January 2016

Показано, что радиальные волновые функции заряженной квантовой частицы, движущейся в двумерной плоскости трехмерного координатного пространства и рассеивающейся неподвижным кулоновским центром, лежащим в той же плоскости, удовлетворяют уравнению Кулона c полуцелым индексом. Исследовано строение этих функций. Рассмотрены три интересных с физической точки зрения предела: некулоновский предел и пределы низких и высоких энергий. Выявлены основные отличия двумерного кулоновского рассеяния от трехмерного.
Асимптотическое поведение волновой функции системы нескольких частиц с растущими на бесконечности парными взаимодействиями
Authors: Yarevskii Evgenii Aleksandrovich
Published: January 2016

Построена асимптотика волновых функций систем двух и трех квантовых частиц с растущими на бесконечности парными взаимодействиями. Рассмотрены трехчастичные системы на прямой и в трехмерном пространстве. Уравнения эйконала и переноса, использованные для построения асимптотик, существенно отличаются от уравнений для случая убывающих потенциалов. Подробно исследовано решение нелинейного уравнения эйконала.
Адиабатическое представление в кулоновской задаче трех тел
в пределе объединенного атома: ядерные ширины уровней энергии
мезомолекулы $tt\mu$
Authors: Melezhik Vladimir Stepanovich
Published: January 2016

Исследуется асимптотика волновой функции системы трех кулоновских частиц в пределе объединенного атома в адиабатическом представлении задачи трех тел. Этот результат используется при расчете ядерных ширин уровней энергии мезомолекул. Обсуждаются особенности подхода применительно к возбужденным состояниям мезомолекулы $tt\mu$ с ненулевым орбитальным моментом.
La perífrasis verbal ir a + infinitivo en las obras narrativas de Gabriel García Márquez
Authors: Markič Jasmina
Published: January 2016

El artículo analiza el uso de la perífrasis verbal ir a + infinitivo en sus usos temporales, aspectuales y modales a los que se les añaden numerosos matices contextuales. El análisis se centra en el uso de la perífrasis verbal en el español de Colombia con ejemplos de las obras narrativas de Gabriel García Márquez. Destaca el uso de la perífrasis verbal en su valor aspectual de inminencia de la acción y en su valor temporal de futuro con el verbo auxiliar en presente de indicativo o futuro del pasado con el auxiliar en imperfecto de indicativo frente a la forma del paradigma verbal futuro simple o condicional simple respectivamente, hecho dominante en el español de Colombia. También se comprueba que los valores temporales y aspectuales no aparecen siempre aisladamente sino que de ellos se desprenden numerosos valores modales formando de esta manera nuevos significados que se prestan al uso estilístico.
»Zdaj morate pozabit vse, kar ste se prej naučili«: gradnja medkulturnih kompetenc pri slovenskih študentih nefilološke fakultete v frankofonem akademskem okolju
Authors: Jarc Mojca
Published: January 2016

Internacionalizacija visokega šolstva je v zadnjih desetletjih postala splošno priznano dejstvo in nujnost evropskega prostora. Med pomembnimi posledicami internacionalizacije sta tudi povečana mobilnost študentov in uporaba angleščine kot lingue france v pedagoškem procesu na univerzitetni ravni. Vendar pa študenti vseh aktivnosti na gostujoči instituciji ne morejo ali ne želijo vedno opraviti v angleškem jeziku, zato je za njihovo uspešno mednarodno izkušnjo pomembno tudi poznavanje drugega tujega jezika. Skozi perspektivo nezadostnih jezikovnih kompetenc v drugem tujem jeziku se pri tem odpirajo vprašanja študentovih predstav o tuji akademski kulturi in o načinu bivanja znotraj te kulture. Namen pričujoče raziskave je ugotoviti, s kakšnimi omejitvami, povezanimi z gradnjo medkulturnih kompetenc, se srečujejo slovenski študenti nefilološke fakultete ob opravljanju študijskih obveznosti na frankofoni instituciji. Na temelju polstrukturiranih intervjujev, ki smo jih opravili s študenti Fakultete za družbene vede, smo s kvalitativno tekstovno analizo ugotavljali, kako študenti na izmenjavi in študenti na podiplomskem študiju v frankofonem okolju konceptualizirajo svojo identiteto in kako dojemajo značilnosti frankofone kulture. Rezultati kažejo, da pri študentih prevladuje identitetna inkluzivnost, identitetno varnost pa poleg jezikovnih primanjkljajev ovirajo predvsem pomanjkljivo razumevanje akademske kulture in občutki marginalizacije v odnosu do študentov, ki jim je francoščina materni jezik. V zadnjem delu podajamo nekaj predlogov za razvijanje medkulturne kompetence učencev jezika stroke na nefilološki fakulteti.
Cohérence discursive en Slovène et en Français: Le role des connecteurs en traduction
Authors: Vaupot Sonia
Published: January 2016

Dans cet article, nous nous sommes interrogées sur l’emploi des connecteurs en slovène et en français. Nous remarquons en effet la tendance à insérer des connecteurs ou des mots charnières dans les traductions des textes en français sans doute pour combler un manque de cohérence ou de cohésion dans le texte cible. Le slovène semble en revanche employer un nombre plus faible de connecteurs par rapport au français. Nous nous intéresserons ain- si à la présence et l’ajout de connecteurs dans les traductions de quatre extraits d’œuvres lit- téraires effectuées par Andrée Lück-Gaye et Elza Jereb. Nous nous demanderons s’il s’agit d’un effet de style ou d’une nécessité réelle, c’est-à-dire d’une tendance qui s’inscrit dans le système de la langue française.
»Predelujem stare mojstre, ki so jim že potekle avtorske pravice.« Molièrova Skopuh in Namišljeni bolnik v dramskem opusu Andreja Rozmana
Authors: Smolej Tone
Published: January 2016

Avtor v članku obravnava Rozmanovo produktivno recepcijo Molièrovega Skopuha (L'Avare) in Namišljenega bolnika (Le Malade imaginaire). Slovenski komediograf je Skopuha, ki je na Slovenskem doživel vrsto prevodov, leta 2007 predelal v komično monodramo, v kateri je Harpagon podjetnik, ki pred občinstvom razpravlja o številnih slovenskih problemih, mimogrede pa omenja še sina in hčer, ki bi ju skladno z ekonomskimi interesi rad poročil. V tej moderni verziji vse pojasni in razreši hčerkin telefonski klic. Leta 2011 je na podlagi Namišljenega bolnika nastala Hiphophondrija, v kateri je družinski oče zgovoren tajkun. Rozman se najbolj približa izvirnemu tekstu v prizoru mladega zdravnika. Oba Rozmanova teksta sta travestiji, saj Molièrovo fabulo ubesedita v znižanem slogu, hkrati pa jo postavita v sodoben slovenski čas. V določenih prizorih, ki so najbližje Molièru, pa se vendar pojavlja preciozna govorica.
Appiah on race and identity in the illusions of race: A rejoinder
Authors: Oyedola David A
Published: January 2016

Whether Appiah’s concession in [The Illusions of Race, 1992] that there are no races can stand vis-a-vis  Masolo’s submission in “African Philosophy and the Postcolonial: some Misleading Abstractions about  Identity” (1997) that identity is impossible, it is worthy to note that much of what is entailed in human  societies tend toward the exaltation and protection of self-interest. Self-interest, as it is related to particular or individual entities, to a great extent, presupposes the ontology of different races and  identities. Paul Taylor in “Appiah’s Uncompleted Argument: W.E.B. Du Bois and the Reality of Race,” to  begin with, asserts that races and identity struggles are real entities as individuals’: where this can be said to aid and abet racial differences. Though, there are those who lend credence to Appiah’s and Masolo’s explications like Hountondji and Gyekye; however, it is noteworthy that philosophers like Du  Bois, Nkrumah, Fanon, Mandela, Senghor, Hallen and Cabral who, in one way or the other, lend credence  to Taylor’s claim, could not have said so without taking into consideration, the colonial and  anthropological experiences which has, in one way or the other, has affected Africa and Africans. Despite the latter, certain flaws like (i) the failure to acknowledge the utility and global importance of human race or family, and (ii) the failure to recognize the distinctiveness of each existing race, tribe or ethnicities in a diverse political, religious, and culture-biased world, are inherent in Taylor’s, Appiah’s and Masolo’s  views coupled with those who lend credence to their views. In this study, nevertheless, it is conceded  that it is not enough, as a derivative of Appiah’s skepticism about race and identity, to gesture at racial and identity concerns while using logical incoherence, globality, methodological separatism and  cosmopolitan traits to undermine the relevance of identity which is the soul of the postcolonial quest for a distinct African race or black (African) philosophy.Keywords: Race, Identity, Black/African Philosophy, Global Politics, Morality