Chemical composition of PM1 and PM10 fraction collected in urban atmosphere of Krakow, southern Poland during 2018-2019 period
Authors: Skiba Alicja , Furman Przemysław , Styszko Katarzyna , Kasper-Giebl Anne , Tobler Anna , Casotto Roberto , Prevot Andre , Różański Kazimierz 
Published: March 2021

&lt;p&gt;Two fractions of suspended particulate matter (PM&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; and PM&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;) were collected on daily basis in the urban atmosphere of Krakow, southern Poland, during one-year period (April 2018 - April 2019). The following compounds were examined: elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), carbohydrates (among them levoglucosan &amp;#8211; a recognized biomass tracer),&amp;#160; as well as ions (Li&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;, Na&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;, NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;, K&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;, Mg&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;, Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;, F&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;, Cl&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;, NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;, Br&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;. NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2-&lt;/sup&gt;, PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3-&lt;/sup&gt;, SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2-&lt;/sup&gt;). Thermal-optical analysis with a Sunset carbon analyzer, (Sunset Lab. Inc.) was used to obtain information about organic and elemental carbon concentration, while HPAE-PAD Dionex ICS 3000 system was employed to determine the concentration of 14 carbohydrates. Concentration of ions was analysed using isocratic ion chromatography on an ICS-1100 instrument (Thermo Scientific).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Distinct seasonality of chemical composition of PM&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; and PM&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt; fraction was observed. Levoglucosan concentration ranged from 0.01 ug/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; to 0.90 ug/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (PM&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; fraction) and from 0.01 to ug/m&lt;sup&gt;3 &lt;/sup&gt;to 1.95 ug/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (PM&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt; fraction) during the analysed period. Arabitol and Mannitol were detected only in PM&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt; fraction and ranged from 0.01 ug/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; and 0.02 ug/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, during winter season and to 0.15 ug/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; and 0.10 ug/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, respectively, during summer season. Significant seasonal differences were also found for ion concentrations: from 0.49 &amp;#956;g/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2-&lt;/sup&gt;), 0.15 &amp;#956;g/m&lt;sup&gt;3 &lt;/sup&gt;(NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;) and 0.05 &amp;#956;g/m&lt;sup&gt;3 &lt;/sup&gt;(NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;) during summer season, to be compared with 11.16 &amp;#956;g/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2-&lt;/sup&gt;), 9.30 &amp;#956;g/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;), 9.25 &amp;#956;g/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;) for winter season. The concentration of organic and elemental carbon in PM&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt; fraction ranged from 2.0 &amp;#956;g/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; to 48.9 &amp;#956;g/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (OC) and from 0.3 &amp;#956;g/m&lt;sup&gt;3 &lt;/sup&gt;to 10.0 &amp;#956;g/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (EC), to be compared&amp;#160; with 1.4 &amp;#956;g/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; to 18.1 &amp;#956;g/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (OC) and 0.2 &amp;#956;g/m&lt;sup&gt;3 &lt;/sup&gt;to 4.4 &amp;#956;g/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (EC) for PM&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; fraction.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The presented work was funded by Polish National Science Centre (project No.&amp;#160; 2019/33/N/ST10/02925) as well as COST Action COLOSSAL (CA16109) of EU. Work of AS and PF have been partly supported by the EU Project POWR.03.02.00-00-I004/16. Analytical infrastructure of AGH Center of Energy in Krakow was employed in analyses of selected ions.&lt;/p&gt;