bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PENDEKATAN METODE PENYULUHAN PERTANIAN USAHA TANI CABAI DI DESA TIWOHO KECAMATAN WORI KABUPATEN MINAHASA UTARA
Authors: Tumurang Patrix Juriko , Memah Melsje Yellie , Tarore Melissa Lady Gisela
Published: July 2019

The purpose of this study was to determine the appropriate approach to agricultural extension methods of chili farmers in Tiwoho Village, Wori District. This research was conducted from October to December 2018. The data used in this study are primary data and secondary data. Theprimary data collection method is done by asking respondents to fill out a questionnaire that uses a Likert Scale measurement tool and has been prepared. The sampling technique was done by purposive sampling. The number of respondents is 15 people. Data analysis was carried out descriptively. Secondary data obtained from the Tiwoho Village office and the internet, namely google cendekia to get articles from various scientific journals and theses from other universities related to the topic of this research, especially concerning agricultural extension methods. This study shows that the approach of individual agricultural extension methods is more suitable to have the highest total score as many as 314 and a percentage of 83.7%.*jnkd+eprm*
STRATEGI PENGELOLAAN KESATUAN PENGELOLAAN HUTAN PRODUKSI (KPHP) UNIT V (Wilayah Kabupaten Minahasa, Kota Tomohon, Kabupaten Minahasa Tenggara Dan Kabupaten Minahasa Selatan)
Authors: Gisisi Deiby Elsa , Walangitan Hengki Djemie , Tamod Zetly Estevanus
Published: July 2019

The research aims to (1) Analyze management strategies to create productive and sustainable forests, (2) Determine priority strategies in managing Unit V Production Forest Management (KPHP) Units. The research is conducted from August to September 2017 in the Production Forest Management Unit (KPHP) Unit V in 4 (four) districts / cities namely Minahasa Regency, Tomohon City and Southeast Minahasa Regency and South Minahasa Regency. Data collection methods in this study include primary data and secondary data, primary data includes: 1) Strategic environmental issues through FGD forums, 2) Strategic priority determination through expert opinion, Secondary data obtained by studying the relevant data: 1) The Unit V / KPHP forest governance document in the regency / city area, namely Minahasa Regency, Tomohon City, Southeast Minahasa Regency and South Minahasa Regency, 2) Biophysical, socio-economic and institutional data of the study area obtained from Unit V RPHJP document data. Analysis tools are descriptive analysis, and a combination of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and SWOT. The results of the study show that (1) the management strategies used in Unit V KPHP are aggressive strategies or support policies established in KPHP unit V management. (2) priority strategy in KPHP management Unit V is managing the area, utilizing watershed rehabilitation and strengthening institutional and safeguarding Unit V's core KPHP areas in forest management, as well as the development of forest utilization models, market-oriented agroforestry, and adequate financial support in Unit V KPHP operations.*eprm*
PENGARUH KONSENTRASI LARUTAN KALSIUM HIDROKSIDA (Ca (OH)2) TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK FISIK DAN KIMIA GELATIN KULIT SAPI
Authors: Mokoolang Susan ., , Sompie Meity ., , Wahyuni Indiyah .,
Published: July 2019

The aim of the study was to examine the effect of differences in the concentration of lime solution (Ca (OH) 2) on the physical and chemical properties of gelatin in cow skin. This research was conducted in December 2017 until January 2018 at the Laboratory of Animal Product Technology at the Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Sam Ratulangi University of Manado and analysis was carried out at the Food Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) 4 x 4 with the treatment of the concentration of calcium hydroxide (Ca (OH) 2) solution, each treatment was repeated four times (Steel and Torrie, 2001). The results showed that the treatment of the concentration of calcium hydroxide (Ca (OH) 2) gave no significant difference (P> 0.05) on gel strength, viscosity, yield, pH and water content of gelatin in cow skin.*eprm*
PENENTUAN HARGA POKOK BERAS DI KECAMATAN KOTAMOBAGU TIMUR KOTA KOTAMOBAGU
Authors: Mandei Juliana R. , Katiandagho Theodora , Ngangi Charles R. , Iskandar Jilly N.
Published: July 2019

The research with the title "Determination of Floor Price of Rice in the Eastern District Kotamobagu,Kotamobagu City" was designed to determine the base price of rice in the district east of the city KotamobaguKotamobagu, and compare the prices of goods sold at market prices and government purchase price(HPP). This research was conducted from November to December 2010. Data obtained from primary andsecondary data. Primary data obtained from direct interviews using a questionnaire to farmers, and primarydata obtained from the relevant agencies. Determining the location of intentional (purposive sampling)where a small village and village Kobo Moyag chosen because it is the biggest rice producing region inthe Eastern District Kotamobagu. The samples were farmers conducted by simple random sampling.Analysis of the data used is the method of Full Costing by summing the total component cost.The results showed that the size of the average floor price in District of East Kotamobagu isRp4961.56 per kilogram. The average floor price of rice in Sub Moyag higher than Kobo Small Village.
KAJIAN PENGELOLAAN USAHATANI KELAPA DI DESA TOLOMBUKAN KECAMATAN PASAN KABUPATEN MINAHASA TENGGARA
Authors: Ruauw Eyverson , Baroleh Jenny , Powa Devison
Published: July 2019

This study aims to assess the management of coconut farms in village of Tolombukan district of Pasanmainly include land area, production, revenue, and marketing. The results could be input materials andinformation for farmers in increasing production and income of coconut farmers in of Tolombukan districtPasan.The research was carried on in the of Tolombukan district of Pasan which lasted from June 2010 untilAugust 2010. Data taken in this study are primary data that was obtained through interviews to farmersbased on a list of questions and secondary data obtained from agencies - agencies. Sampling method usedin this study is simple random sampling method with a sample size of 20 farmer respondents. Data is presentedin tables and is explained descriptively. The data are mainly in the form of costs, income, and revenue.Results showed that coconut farmers harvest pass once in 3 months so that in one year there are 4times the harvest with an average area of 1.59 ha. The other results of thisr studies are outlined below.The results of the average oil production in the village of Tolombukan district of Pasan of 2375.9 kg ofcopra per year with an average income of Rp4.891.948, 78 per year. In addition to plant coconut, farmersalso planted cloves between the coconut that provide an income of Rp11.734.695, 84 per two years orRp5.867.000 per year. The product of copra and cloves sold at traders in the village Tolombukan own.
ANALISIS BAURAN PEMASARAN TERHADAP PENJUALAN USAHA BAKERY (Studi Kasus pada Toko BreadTalk dan Kawan Baru Manado)
Authors: Sondakh Lourina
Published: July 2019

The object of the research is Bakery shops in Manado. Bread Talk and Kawan Baru Bakery shop have chosen to be observed. The purpose of this study is to determine and to compare the marketing mix that is used by both bakery shops. The study is expected to provide input for bakery manufacturers in terms of management. From these results it can be concluded that the concept of marketing mix of Kawan Baru bakery shop is the selling concept that the output is profit while Bread Talk bakery shop is not only profit but also consumer satisfaction. The difference between the two stores is in the application of 4P indicators which are product, price, place and promotion.Keywords: Marketing Mix, Bakery Shops
DINAMIKA TENAGA KERJA SEKTOR PERTANIAN DI PROVINSI SULAWESI UTARA
Authors: Laoh Esry
Published: July 2019

This study aims to determine the dynamics of agricultural labor force of North Sulawesi Province. Re-search location in Manado (July to August 2010). Collecting data is secondary data research. The data were processed using the calculation of share of labor and labor force growth rate calculations. The re-sults showed employment growth rate of agriculture sector decreased by 5.78 percent per annum in the period of 2000-2009. While employment in non-agricultural sector increased by 1.78 percent each year. This indicates there is the tendency of structural transformation of agriculture labor to non-agricultural sector. Low tendency of Trade will be able to influence farmers to reduce or stop activities that agribusi-ness will affect the size of the agricultural labor share. Labor share of agriculture sector on the basis of education level is dominated by the level of primary education during the period 2007-2009 but its labor force growth rate has decreased each year in both rural and urban areas. Labor share of the agricultur-al sector based on the age group was dominated by the age of 55 years and above over the 2007-2009 period and is indicated by increasing the growth rate of labor force in rural and urban areas especially in urban areas despite a decline each year that tend to occur due to an increased energy agricultural labor in rural areas. Labor share of agriculture sector by district / city dominated by Bolaang Mongon-dow during the period 2007-2009, although rates of employment growth in agriculture sector has de-creased each year in both rural and urban areas. Labor share of agriculture sector based on the out-pouring of work hours was dominated by workers who work full (>35 hours) during the period 2007-2009 despite the decline in employment growth rates in both rural and urban areas each year.Keywords: Dynamics of Agricultural Labor Force, Structural Transformation, Labor Share
HOW TO STRENGTHEN FLAT SLABS ON PUNCHING SHEAR – TRADITIONALLY WITH STEEL OR INNOVATIVE, BY USING FIBER COMPOSITE MATERIALS?
Authors: Urban Tadeusz , Gołdyn Michał
Published: July 2019

In the paper the effectiveness of external steel and composite reinforcement was compared and discussed. The differences between the physical features of both materials, which are relevant for their use as additional, external reinforcement of the support zones, were presented. The results of authors’ and others experimental studies on strengthening reinforced concrete slabs by using external longitudinal reinforcement in the form of CFRP strips and steel flat bars, as well as by increasing the stiffness od support zone with steel sheets and CFRP tapes, were discussed. It was stated that moderate effectiveness of composite materials as external punching shear reinforcement resulted from higher deformability of CFRP as well as premature deboning (prior to rupture of fibers).
INFLUENCE OF HPFRCC COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND CONFINEMENT ON CONCRETE
Authors: Kumar Dinesh , Daugevičius Mykolas
Published: July 2019

The article analyses behavior of compressed concrete cylinders which were strengthened with external high performance fiber reinforced cementitious composite (HPFRCC) layer. Two different HPFRCC materials were used for the strengthening, which differed in fiber type. Two different types of loading were applied as well. The load was transferred through the whole cross section of the strengthened element and through the core – internal concrete. Loading through the whole cross section allows to validate the mixture law. Loading through the internal concrete allows to investigate the confinement effect. Comparison of theoretically calculated and experimental strength shows that mixture law and confinement effect is valid. Confinement by HPFRCC allowed to increase the strength of concrete about 4 times, but the ultimate strain remains similar. The strength of elements loaded through the whole surface has increased much more and additionally the ultimate strain has increased too.
Probing the Protosolar Disk Using Dust Filtering at Gaps in the Early Solar System
Authors: Haugbølle Troels , Weber Philipp , Wielandt Daniel P. , Benítez-Llambay Pablo , Bizzarro Martin , Gressel Oliver , Pessah Martin E.
Published: July 2019

Jupiter and Saturn formed early, before the gas disk dispersed. The presence of gap-opening planets affects the dynamics of the gas and embedded solids and halts the inward drift of grains above a certain size. A drift barrier can explain the absence of calcium–aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) in chondrites originating from parent bodies that accreted in the inner solar system. Employing an interdisciplinary approach, we use a μ-X-ray-fluorescence scanner to search for large CAIs and a scanning electron microscope to search for small CAIs in the ordinary chondrite NWA 5697. We carry out long-term, two-dimensional simulations including gas, dust, and planets to characterize the transport of grains within the viscous α-disk framework exploring the scenarios of a stand-alone Jupiter, Jupiter and Saturn in situ, or Jupiter and Saturn in a 3:2 resonance. In each case, we find a critical grain size above which drift is halted as a function of the physical conditions in the disk. From the laboratory search we find four CAIs with a largest size of ≈200 μm. Combining models and data, we provide an estimate for the upper limit of the α-viscosity and the surface density at the location of Jupiter, using reasonable assumptions about the stellar accretion rate during inward transport of CAIs, and assuming angular momentum transport to happen exclusively through viscous effects. Moreover, we find that the compound gap structure in the presence of Saturn in a 3:2 resonance favors inward transport of grains larger than CAIs currently detected in ordinary chondrites.
The Mass–Activity Relationships in M and K Dwarfs. I. Stellar Parameters of Our Sample of M and K Dwarfs*
Authors: Houdebine Éric R. , Mullan D. J. , Doyle J. G. , de La Vieuville Geoffroy , Butler C. J. , Paletou F.
Published: July 2019

Empirical correlations between stellar parameters such as rotation or radius and magnetic activity diagnostics require estimates of the effective temperatures and the stellar radii. The aim of this study is to propose simple methods that can be applied to large samples of stars in order to derive estimates of the stellar parameters. Good empirical correlations between red/infrared colors (e.g., (R – I)
C
) and effective temperatures have been well established for a long time. The more recent (R – I)
C
color–T
eff correlation using the data of Mann et al. (hereafter M15) and Boyajian et al. (hereafter B12) shows that this color can be applied as a temperature estimate for large samples of stars. We find that the mean scatter in T
eff relative to the (R – I)
C
–T
eff relationship of B12 and M15 data is only ±3σ = 44.6 K for K dwarfs and ±3σ = 39.4 K for M dwarfs. These figures are small and show that the (R – I)
C
color can be used as a first-guess effective temperature estimator for K and M dwarfs. We derive effective temperatures for about 1910 K and M dwarfs using the calibration of (R – I)
C
color–T
eff from B12 and M15 data. We also compiled T
eff and metallicity measurements available in the literature using the VizieR database. We determine T
eff for 441 stars with previously unknown effective temperatures. We also identified 21 new spectroscopic binaries and one triple system from our high-resolution spectra.
Web Applications for Interoperability of Biodiversity Data in France
Authors: Corny Julien , Voundy El-Makki , Monchicourt Camille , Sahl Amandine , Rovellotti Olivier
Published: July 2019

In the context of the French law for the reconquest of biodiversity (Legifrance 2016), public and private stakeholders must share environmental impact assessment data as open data to the French National Inventory of the Natural Heritage (Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle 2019). In order to achieve this, the Information System for Nature and Landscape (SINP) provided standards and guidelines for protocols, taxonomy, and metadata in order to comply with the FAIR (Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, Reusability; Wilkinson et al. 2016) concept of data management. However, private institutions, who must run environmental impact assessments, can be confused by the number of technical details and the high level of data literacy needed to comply with these standards. Here, we will present several tools (GeoNature 2019, Natural Solutions 2019) that we are currently developing to facilitate the raw biodiversity data conversion and export using SINP standards (Jomier et al. 2018). Although SINP and Darwin Core (Wieczorek et al. 2012) standards share common concepts and properties, SINP standards focus on data reusability in the framework of French environmental programs, resulting in the creation of specific mandatory attributes (Chataigner et al. 2014). Our tools perform extract, transform and load (ETL) operations as well as RDF (Resource Description Framework) exports using ad-hoc ontology adapted to the specificities of the SINP standard. Finally, we observed that despite the success of the process (after one year, nearly one thousand datasets are available on the SINP web platform), several issues still need to be addressed, including data quality issues, which could hamper data reuse by stakeholders.
mBRAVE: The Multiplex Barcode Research And Visualization Environment
Authors: Ratnasingham Sujeevan
Published: July 2019

Widespread interest in the study of metabarcoding has resulted in data proliferation and the development of a multitude of powerful computational tools. Yet consistent and reproducible interpretation of the data remains challenging. The integration of different data types, software tools, and analytical parameters pose a barrier to scaling research. Further, though the majority of the necessary tools for performing these analyses are already implemented, there is limited support for high throughput analysis due to the requirement for heavy computational capacity. As a result of these complexities, many researchers lack the time, training, or infrastructure to work with larger datasets.

mBRAVE, the Multiplex Barcode Research And Visualization Environment, is a cloud-based data storage and analytics platform with standardized pipelines and a sophisticated web interface for transforming raw high-throughput sequencing (HTS) data into biological insights. mBRAVE integrates common analytical methods and links to the Barcode of Life Data (BOLD) System for reference datasets, presenting users with the ability to analyze large volumes of data, without requiring special technical training. mBRAVE's cloud architecture provides centralized and automated storage and compute capacity, thereby reducing the burden on individual researchers.

The mBRAVE platform seeks to alleviate the main informatic challenges faced by the metabarcoding research community: the storage and consistent interpretation of HTS data. It is now available for researcher use at www.mbrave.net.
De la realidad al mapa: ¿un proceso creativo más allá de la técnica?
Authors: Sancho Comíns José
Published: July 2019

El mapa, como es bien sabido, posee una gran capacidad de transmitir información temática de un determinado territorio. Lo hace mediante un lenguaje visual muy poderoso cuyo uso implica procesos científicos, técnicos y artísticos muy exigentes en la fase de su elaboración y otros de tipo receptivo por parte de aquellos que a él se acercan. El mapa, por tanto, no es un mero producto técnico, sino que concita una actividad intelectual más amplia que podría equipararse a un verdadero proceso creativo. En este trabajo se sintetiza, en primer lugar, la experiencia del autor como “geógrafo que hace mapas y enseña a hacer mapas”; en segundo lugar, se dan razones que sustentan la idea de que el mapa es algo más que el resultado de utilizar correctamente los recursos técnicos adecuados; y, por último, se perfila un marco en el que, a su modo, el trabajo cartográfico participa también de los valores fundamentales dibujados en el horizonte de este nuevo milenio, en concreto, por parte de algún creador literario.
La periferia urbana de Sevilla en un plano inédito de Manuel Spínola (1827)
Authors: Díaz Zamudio Tomás , Gámiz Gordo Antonio , Valor Piechotta Magdalena
Published: July 2019

El plano inédito de Sevilla de Manuel Spínola de Quintana (1827) es uno de los primeros documentos cartográficos que incluye la periferia de la ciudad amurallada. Por ello constituye una importante fuente para conocer dicho entorno extramuros, antes de su radical transformación a partir de mediados del siglo XIX. Después de revisar diversas fuentes documentales históricas y gráficas, e intervenciones urbanas de la época, el análisis se centra en el plano de 1827 y sus leyendas, que se compara con otros planos del propio Spínola (h. 1828-30) y Galiano Parra (1839). Finalmente se identifican los principales elementos estructurantes, como la muralla y puertas de la ciudad, caminos, red hidrográfica, puentes y alcantarillas, huertas y prados, así como hitos y elementos singulares tales como los arrabales y la arquitectura religiosa, agraria, militar, fabril, hospitalaria, funeraria, ventas, lavaderos, otros edificios públicos e intervenciones urbanas en espacios públicos, que por entonces conformaban el lugar estudiado y que aparecen representados en el plano.
Viviendas de alquiler (Airbnb) y alojamientos turísticos tradicionales: nuevo escenario competitivo en el mercado turístico de Extremadura
Authors: Sánchez Martín José Manuel , Rengifo Gallego Juan Ignacio , Jiménez Barrado Víctor
Published: July 2019

La proliferación del alquiler turístico ha adquirido dimensiones importantes en muchos destinos, favorecida por algunas plataformas digitales como Airbnb. Su auge supone un incremento notable en la planta de hospedaje. De ello se deduce que es posible que actúen como competencia desleal, ya que no están sometidos a las normas que deben cumplir los alojamientos legales, desmitificando en este sentido el papel de la economía colaborativa para erigirse en un modelo de negocio más. Extremadura no ha sido ajena a esa tendencia, lo que hace que se haya planteado como hipótesis que la proliferación de este tipo de hospedaje profundiza en los problemas ocasionados por la competencia de establecimientos registrados, sobre todo en determinados tipos de alojamiento. Para comprobarla, se obtuvieron los alquileres promocionados en la plataforma digital, a la vez que se procedió a su georreferenciación, junto a la oferta registrada legalmente. Mediante una matriz de correlación se obtuvieron coeficientes que determinan una correspondencia importante entre el alquiler ilegal y las plazas ofertadas en hoteles y apartamentos turísticos, aunque al realizar el análisis territorial se observa cómo afecta a otras variedades de alojamiento, a la vez que tienen una clara vocación por las áreas más turísticas o sus proximidades.
Clasificación y análisis de los procesos de cambio en la forma urbana de las áreas metropolitanas españolas: aplicación de métricas espaciales
Authors: Pascual Rosa Verónica , Aguilera-Benavente Francisco , Salado García Maria Jesús
Published: July 2019

La delimitación y clasificación de las Áreas Metropolitanas ha sido objeto de múltiples estudios, no siendo el caso español ajeno a dicha realidad. No obstante, no son muchos los estudios que abordan esta clasificación a partir de la caracterización de los patrones espaciales que exhibe la ocupación urbana de dichas áreas. El presente estudio presenta un ejercicio de análisis de las formas de 46 Áreas Metropolitanas en España mediante métricas espaciales para la caracterización de la estructura del paisaje en tres fechas diferentes, a partir de la cartografía Corine Landcover. Derivado de dicho análisis, y mediante un ACP y análisis de conglomerados se identificaron las principales características espaciales que permitían caracterizar las Áreas Metropolitanas y se generó una clasificación de éstas, de acuerdo a su ocupación urbana en las tres fechas. Finalmente, el análisis de los cambios de grupo en la clasificación a lo largo de las diferentes fechas permitió identificar y caracterizar diferentes procesos de expansión urbana, que junto con otros análisis pueden ser útiles en los procesos de planificación metropolitanos.
Heuristic Optimization of Portfolio Considering Sharpe's Single Index Model
Authors: Panja Soma
Published: July 2019

Selection of weights of the selected securities in the portfolio is a cumbersome job for any investor. The famous nonlinear Sharpe's single index model has been simplified with a linear solution and the risk-taking propensity of the investors have been taken into consideration in the simplified formulation. The coefficient of optimism is included to observe the effect of risk-taking propensity in the portfolio selection. After the empirical analysis it is found that heuristically an investor can reach near to the optimum solution. For empirical analysis 126 months data have been considered of NSE Bank Index. To reduce the volatility of the data the whole period again has been divided into two parts each of 63 months duration, and separately the data pertaining to the three periods have been considered for calculation. The city block distance is used to calculate the nearness between the optimum solutions and the heuristic solutions.
Role of Metaheuristic Optimization in Portfolio Management for the Banking Sector
Authors: Mukherjee Soumen , Deyasi Arpan , Bhattacharjee Arup Kumar , Mondal Arindam , Mukherjee Anirban
Published: July 2019

In this chapter, the importance of optimization technique, more specifically metaheuristic optimization in banking portfolio management, is reviewed. Present work deals with interactive bank marketing campaign of a specific Portugal bank, taken from UCI dataset archive. This dataset consists of 45,211 samples with 17 features including one response/output variable. The classification work is carried out with all data using decision tree (DT), support vector machine (SVM), and k-nearest neighbour (k-NN), without any feature optimization. Metaheuristic genetic algorithm (GA) is used as a feature optimizer to find only 5 features out of the 16 features. Finally, the classification work with the optimized feature shows relatively good accuracy in comparison to classification with all feature set. This result shows that with a smaller number of optimized features better classification can be achieved with less computational overhead.
Does a Federal Glass Ceiling Have Differential Effects on Female and Male Technology Entrepreneurs?
Authors: Inouye Todd M. , Robinson Jeffrey A. , Joshi Amol M.
Published: July 2019

Glass ceilings are invisible organizational barriers encountered by underrepresented groups in large hierarchies. This chapter empirically investigates the existence and characteristics of an internal, government-wide glass ceiling for female employees using aggregate pay grade and demographic data on nearly 1.5 million U.S. Federal employees between 2001-2011. The external consequences for over 15,000 technology ventures seeking R&D funding from 12 federal agencies is explored. In this context, the researchers analyze over 50,000 grants and find that a unit increase in a novel, government-wide, glass ceiling measure is a meaningful and negative predictor of subsequent Phase II funding outcomes for Phase I grantees. More importantly, the negative external effects of the identified glass ceilings are significantly larger for women technology entrepreneurs when compared to their male counterparts.
Fuzzy Expert System in Agriculture Domain
Authors: Kalpana M. , Kumar A. V. Senthil
Published: July 2019

Agriculture is an important source of livelihood and economy of a country. Decision making plays an important role in various fields. Farmers are the backbone of agriculture. They need expert systems to make decisions during land preparation, sowing, fertilizer management, irrigation management, etc. for farming. Expert systems may suggest precisely suitable solutions to farmers for all the activities. Uncertainty deals with various situations during sowing, weed management, diagnosis of disease, insect, storage, marketing of product, etc. Uncertainty is compounded by many facts that many decision-making activities in agriculture are often vague or based on perception. Imprecision, vagueness, and insufficient knowledge are handled using the concept of fuzzy logic. Fuzzy logic with expert systems helps find uncertain data. Fuzzy expert systems are oriented with numerical processing.
Subjective and Objective Assessment for Variation of Plant Nitrogen Content to Air Pollutants Using Machine Intelligence
Authors: Hashmi Mohammad Farukh , Kumar Aashish , Keskar Avinash G.
Published: July 2019

In olden days, the plants used to tolerate and minimize the effect of air pollution caused by the then established industries and some automobiles. But in today's scenario, the rate at which plants and industries are rising doesn't match the count of trees. The plant survival and metabolism are based upon the nitrogen and chlorophyll available. There are several expensive methods to determine the chlorophyll and nitrogen content of the leaf like SPAD meter; the researchers have proposed a simple, inexpensive method that precisely determines the chlorophyll and nitrogen vales with a simple input RGB image. This chapter investigates the variation of content of plants in polluted environments and pollution-free environments.
Agricultural Health and Safety Measures by Fuzzy ahp and Prediction by Fuzzy Expert System
Authors: Satapathy Suchismita , Mishra Debesh
Published: July 2019

Farming is an ancient traditional business, but still it is not a profitable business sector due to risk factor attached to it. It is a high-risk business. Although profit is lucrative, loss rate is also high. Occupational safety is a big issue of discussion for agricultural workers. The methods of working in field in extreme climate (heat, rain) totally depends on environmental factors. Due to rain and droughts, the loss of profit impacts on economic condition and market. Extreme weather condition, heavy workload during their working procedure gives them early old age, bone and muscle problems. So to attain better efficiency of performance and to improve productivity of the worldwide farmers in the agricultural sector it is essential to minimize risk factors. Agricultural workers need sufficient precaution and safety measures at the time of field and machine work to minimize risk factors. Still risk is major discussion topic in agricultural business. So, an effort is taken to prioritize safety majors by fuzzy ahp, and prediction are done by fuzzy logic modelling.
Men and Women Against the Other
Authors: Spencer Kalina G.
Published: July 2019

The purpose of this chapter is to discern the oppressive and prejudicial treatment inflicted on Black students at John Carroll University, a private white institution. This chapter will outline instances of oppression, culturally and racially insensitive behavior, and lack of solidarity that one student of color in particular experienced throughout her four years of attendance. The goal of this chapter is not only to inform others of the treatment of this student, but to encourage students of color to advocate for themselves and pursue their education regardless of the obstacles they may encounter.
“Prayers That Preyed”
Authors: Sibanda Fortune , Humbe Bernard Pindukai
Published: July 2019

This chapter was motivated by the manifestations and consequences of patriarchal theology testified through the increase in the number of cases in Zimbabwe involving prophets and church leaders accused of sexually abusing their followers after promising to help them out of their problems. The research focuses on the sexual scandals of the founder and leader of Robert Martin Gumbura (RMG) Independent End Time Message Church, Robert Martin Gumbura, who was sentenced to a 40-year prison term in Zimbabwe for sexually abusing four women from his church. The chapter posits that some churches are no longer safe havens for the weak and defenseless women who fall prey to some unscrupulous church leaders such as Robert Martin Gumbura. By using in-depth interviews and documentary analysis and insights from the historical, sociological, and phenomenological approaches, the study established that Robert Martin Gumbura brainwashed some women congregants and threatened to curse them with prayers that would commit them to the devil if they resisted his nefarious demands.
Internet of Things
Authors: Desai Jyoti Ramachandra
Published: July 2019

This chapter covers an introduction to internet of things (IoT), various architectures proposed by the researchers, IoT protocols, and interoperability as a major challenge. Millions of devices will be connected to internet in a few years. The major problems in accomplishing the vision of IoT is the incompatibility of devices and standard protocols to support heterogeneity. Interoperability in IoT has been a major problem with the constant increase in various kinds of sensors and manufacturers and lack of a common platform or protocol to all such sensors to share data among each other. As we traverse from physical layer to the higher layers in the IoT stack, each layer has interoperability challenges that have to be addressed uniquely such as network layer interoperability, messaging protocol interoperability, data format interoperability, and semantic interoperability.
Block-Chain-Based Security and Privacy in Smart City IoT
Authors: Muthuraman Thangaraj , Pichiah Punitha Ponmalar , Anuradha S.
Published: July 2019

The current technology has given arms, hands, and wings to the smart objects-internet of things, which create the centralized data collection and analysis nightmare. Even with the distributed big data-enabled computing, the relevant data filtering for the localized decisions take a long time. To make the IOT data communication smoother and make the devices talk to each other in a coherent way the device data transactions are made to communicate through the block chain, and the applications on the localized destination can take the decisions or complete transaction without the centralized hub communication. This chapter focuses on adding vendor-specific IOT devices to the public or private block chain and the emerging challenges and the possible solutions to make the devices talk to each other and have the decision enablement through the distributed transactions through the block chain technology.
Security Issues on Internet of Things in Smart Cities
Authors: Thilagavathi C. , Rajeswari M. , Sheethal M. S.  , Devassy Deepa , Priya K. V.  , Divya R.
Published: July 2019

Many researchers are focusing on IoT in smart cities. It invites researchers to concentrate on simplifying engineering challenges. IoT includes recognition, locating, tracking, monitoring, and management of devices in a reliable manner. There are numerous security challenges that include network security, authentication, security-side-challenge attacks, security analytics, interface protection, delivery mechanism, and system development. IoT needs security analytics to overcome a number of problems in smart cities to prevent unauthorized access. One among the security analytics is streaming analytics, which include all the real-time data streams to detect emergency situations. Threat detection and behavioral monitoring will be done after analyzing the traffic data. The aim is to analyze and predict real-time streaming data to achieve security. Different analytical tools on security will be used to obtain the optimal result in smart cities. Traffic analysis, which is treated as a real-time stream, will be applied in street and traffic lights, transportation, and parking space occupancy and so on. Large volume of data that are received from different sensors and cameras will be given as the input in order to analyze traffic in a smart cities. Intelligent traffic congestion control system will be developed in order to analyze the heavy traffic on roadside. Security in IoT is proposed, which includes encrypting and decrypting the user request, which is further to be processed by the central processing hub, in order to prevent unauthorized access.
Smart Parking in Smart Cities Using Secure IoT
Authors: Navaroj G. Indra , Julie E.Golden
Published: July 2019

The city is transforming into the smart city using information and communication technology (ICT), and the major role in economic development is building an infrastructure to enable greater connectivity between citizen service, energy, economics, and government. A smart city can monitor the real-world scenario in real time and support the intelligent services to both locals and travelers. Due to urbanization, people move from village to city. Increase the population in city also causes an increase in vehicles. Here, parking the vehicle securely is a challenging problem. In a smart parking system, all the devices are connected to the internet. Hackers and third parties easily access the user data or sensitive data. Smart parking system application controls the traffic, air pollution, and city functions making it easy to park the vehicle and reduce accidents. Many of the problems arise in the security and privacy of the sensitive data. In this chapter, the authors discuss security and privacy issues in smart parking systems using IoT.
An IoT-Based Earthquake Warning System for Smart Cities
Authors: Suja Priyadharsini S.  , Ramalakshmi S.
Published: July 2019

Earthquakes are the most common natural disasters that occur in India. An earthquake warning system minimizes damage and saves countless lives. A seismic wave analysis helps develop an early warning system. The bigger the earthquake, the stronger the shaking. Hence, magnitude determination is critical to developing an earthquake early warning system. The chapter deals with detecting earthquake magnitude by identifying the individual magnitude of earthquakes. An early warning system can be effectively implemented by the proposed method, along with high-end processors and the IoT (internet of things), which has the ability to collect and transfer data over networks with no manual intrusion. The proposed early earthquake warning (EEW) system can be used to support the development of smart cities so earthquake-prone zones are made less susceptible to disaster.
Smart IoT Meters for Smart Living
Authors: Kesavan Ramesh , Pushpa Jaculine J.
Published: July 2019

Smart cities and smart villages provide technology-based, sophisticated, and better lifestyles to their citizens. Smart cities include traffic control, transport management, managing spare resources like power and water, solid waste management, e-health monitoring, infrastructure management based on internet of things (IoT) technology. IoT is a technique that combines sensors, electronic devices, information and communication technology, and software for the social wellbeing of the common man. In recent years, many IoT-based smart devices, namely smart garbage bins, automatic parking system, smart electric meters, supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) for water distribution, have been devised and used successfully in many cities. Mostly, smart meters are used in recording electric power and gas consumption.
Cost Effective Smart Farming With FARS-Based Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Janani E. Srie Vidhya , Pavitra A. Rehash Rushmi
Published: July 2019

Smart farming is a key to develop sustainable agriculture, involving a wide range of information and communication technologies comprising machinery, equipment, and sensors at different levels. Seawater, which is available in huge volumes across the planet, should find its optimal way through irrigation purposes. On the other hand, underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) finds its way actively in current researches where sensors are deployed for examining discrete activities such as tactical surveillance, ocean monitoring, offshore analysis, and instrument observing. All these activities are based on a radically new type of sensors deployed in ocean for data collection and communication. A lightweight Hydro probe II sensor quantifies the soil moisture and water flow level at an acknowledged wavelength. The freshwater absorption repository system (FARS) is matured based on the mechanics of UWSNs comprised of SBE 39 and pressure sensor for analyzing atmospheric pressure and temperature. This necessitates further exploration of FARS to complement smart farming. Discrete routing protocols have been designed for data collection in both compatible and divergent networks. Clustering is an effective approach to increase energy efficient data transmission, which is crucial for underwater networks. Furthermore, the chapter attempts to facilitate seawater irrigation to the farm lands through reverse osmosis (RO) process. Also, the proposed irrigation pattern exploits residual water from the RO process which is identified to be one among the suitable growing conditions for salicornia seeds and mangrove trees. Ultimately, the cost-effective technology-enabled irrigation methodology suggested offers farm-related services through mobile phones that increase flexibility across the overall smart farming framework.
The Ambassador of English
Authors: Feraria Paulette Joyce , Feraria Kade H. A. , Gaynor Nneka Gabrielle
Published: July 2019

This chapter shares the experiences of two Jamaicans recruited to teach English in Colombia and Japan. The male, armed with only an English-speaking tongue, carved out a new instructor identity as a self-acclaimed Ambassador of English on a mission. The chapter charts this intuitive and emerging understanding of this pedagogical construct and mission through curriculum interrogation, a paradigm shift in classroom teaching, and the abrogation of hegemonic notions of native-speakerism, outer and inner concentric notions of facility with English, and the ownership of English in a counter discourse of the Ambassador of English as an international interlocutor digital native and intuitive practitioner strategically placed to engender a shared international professional-academic for the teaching of English as an international language.
The Implications of Text-Messaging for Language Learning
Authors: Beckford Tracy-Ann K. N.
Published: July 2019

The impact of text-messaging on the form of students' writing was examined using a quantitative approach with a correlational research design to arrive at the findings. A total of 80 students in a Jamaican high school constituted the sample, which was randomly selected. The findings of this research revealed that the Grade 9 students in the sample used a minimal number of text forms in their academic writing. The students who used text forms in their academic writing tend to score high academically. Therefore, texting was found to have a slightly positive impact on students' writing. There was no relationship between the students' gender and their texting patterns. The findings of this study can assist teachers of English to better meet the needs of students who use text-messaging and become a tool for building phonemic awareness and improving literacy.
Post-Paradigm Pedagogy
Authors: Roberts Neveta S. , O'Meally-Donald Yonae F.
Published: July 2019

The Jamaican language environment is complex and unique. The two languages, Jamaican Creole and Jamaican Standard English, have been perpetually at odds with the root of this being the language politics. Compounding this situation is the varied language backgrounds of learners. A qualitative research was done to explore the perspectives and experiences of a teacher and fourteen students in order to get a deeper understanding of how they are affected by the controversy surrounding the ‘methods' approach and how post method pedagogy would fit into their context. Interviews done with the teacher and students validated the importance of a post-method paradigm by confirming the value and possibilities of employing this approach in Jamaican classrooms. It was found that once instruction informed by action research and that responds to the language situation is employed in English language teaching, there will be much improvement in the teaching and learning of English in Jamaican classrooms. Therefore, the solution-based approach that is much needed is a post-method pedagogy.
Open Distance E-Learning Student Teaching Practice Mentorship Experience in Selected Secondary Schools in South Africa
Authors: Mawela Ailwei Solomon
Published: July 2019

Open distance learning (ODeL) approach is used worldwide to offer different qualifications. In studying towards obtaining a teaching qualification at UNISA, students are required to participate in teaching practice sessions before they can obtain their teaching qualification. This study aims at exploring ODeL institution student teachers' teaching practice experience in selected secondary schools in Vhembe District of South Africa. This qualitative single case study employed an interpretivism paradigm and personal theory of teaching practice. Convenient purposive sampling technique was used to sample six (n=6) student teachers from the University of South Africa who were currently conducting teaching practice in secondary schools during this study. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data that was later analyzed through the use of themes and categories. The findings indicate a lack of knowledge, which requires ODeL student teachers to be trained prior teaching practice. Mentor teachers require professional development.
Plastic Pollution and Its Remedies
Authors: Satsangi Aparna
Published: July 2019

Anthropogenic activities are causing slow extinction of fauna, flora, and fungi in natural environment through toxic pollution. It is probably due to industrial and technological advancement in recent decades. This pollution may be of air, water, soil, radioactivity, or plastics. Of these, the most widely spread form is pollution by plastics. It is drastically dangerous and harmful for marine life, but it also affects human health. Since plastic is non-biodegradable, one can hardly get rid of it. The harmful chemicals get absorbed in the plastic debris, have a varied and harmful range of chronic effects like endocrine disorders. Therefore, it is high time for the government to take stringent steps to overcome the problems associated with plastic pollution. Policy makers and advisers should sternly follow the steps: never throw plastic bags on roads; always carry bags from home; and, use paper decorative items rather than of plastics as paper can be reused.
Analyses of the Recycling Potential of Medical Plastic Wastes
Authors: Sajjad Nasreena , Hassan Sumaya , Qadir Jasfeeda , Ali Rohaya , Shah Durdana
Published: July 2019

Medical wastes have been historically disposed of either in landfills or treated in poorly-designed or inadequately-controlled incinerators that leads to the release of a significant quantity of hazardous pollutants, such as dioxins and heavy metals including Cd, Hg and Pb in the environment. This has led to increased public concerns over the disposal of medical wastes. Plastic is one of the most important components of the medical waste. The plastic content (20–25% by weight) of medical waste is significantly higher than that of municipality solid waste. Therefore, recycling of plastics should be increased to save landfill space and also to reduce expensive disposal cost of medical wastes. The recycling issues like risk of transmitting infections, improper collection and separation, can be resolved by proper management, education and innovative waste collection and disposal policies. Analysis and use of alternative products should always be considered as an important part of any recycling program.