bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Derivatization of carboxyl‐terminated polybutadiene for determining relative functionality distribution
Authors: Straessler Nicholas A. , Li Ping , Parry Shawn A. , Coleman David W. , Killpack Michael O. , Wright Michael E.
Published: August 2011

A new and highly efficient method for determining relative carboxyl group distribution in carboxyl‐terminated polybutadiene has been developed using practical synthetic and analytical techniques. Using oxalyl chloride, samples of carboxyl‐terminated polybutadiene were rapidly transformed to acid chlorides that were then chemically derivatized with benzyl alcohol, 4‐nitrobenzyl alcohol, and 3,5‐dinitrobenzyl alcohol. This provided quick and quantitative conversion to the corresponding benzyl ester derivatives. Each new derivative was fully characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The benzyl ester modified polymers were investigated in detail to determine their relative carboxyl group concentrations. To do this, gel permeation chromatography combined with ultra violet/refractive index dual detection was employed. The 4‐nitrobenzyl ester, having the highest extinction factor at 270 nm provided the best UV data for analysis. The ultra violet/refractive index data of four separate polymer samples were plotted as a function of molecular weight. The data were compared with a theoretical plot (carboxyl group = two for all molecular weights) to illustrate the relative carboxyl concentration over the entire molecular weight range. Supplemental characterization of the 4‐nitrobenzyl modified polymer was carried out using matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization coupled with time of flight mass spectrometry. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Nuclear JAK2: Form and Function in Cancer
Authors: Qian Cui‐Juan , Yao Jun , Si Jian‐Min
Published: August 2011

The conventional view of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase which transmits information to the nucleus via the signal transducer and activator of transcriptions (STATs) without leaving the cytoplasm. However, accumulating data suggest that JAK2 may signal by exporting from cytoplasm to nucleus, where it guides the transcriptional machinery independent of STATs protein. Recent studies demonstrated that JAK2 is a crucial component of signaling pathways operating in the nucleus. Especially the latest landmark discovery confirmed that JAK2 goes into the nucleus and directly interacts with nucleoproteins, such as histone H3 at tyrosine 41 (H3Y41), nuclear factor 1‐C2 (NF1‐C2) and SWI/SNF‐related helicases/ATPases (RUSH)‐1α, indicating that JAK2 has a fresh nuclear function. Nuclear JAK2 is linked to a variety of cellular functions, such as cell cycle progression, apoptosis and genetic instability. The balance between these functions is an essential factor in determining whether a cell remains benign or becomes malignant. The aim of this review is intended to summarize the state of our knowledge on nuclear localization of JAK2 and nuclear JAK2 pathways, and to highlight the emerging roles for nuclear JAK2 in carcinogenesis. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Third Branch of the Main Trunk of the Left Coronary Artery in Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus. Is the Nonhuman Primate Model Appropriate?
Authors: Nikolić Valentina , Blagojević Zoran , Stijak Lazar , Mališ Miloš , Parapid Gordana Teofilovski , Stanković Gordana , Spasojević Goran , Filipović Branislav
Published: August 2011

The aim of this study was to investigate the morphometry of branching patterns of the main trunk of the left coronary artery (MT of LCA) in nonhuman primates, and comment on the current nomenclature. The biometric study was performed using stereomicroscopic dissection of hearts of healthy and fertile nonhuman primates (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) of both sexes. Our results reveal that the MT of LCA terminates in a bifurcation into the anterior interventricular branch (AIB) and the circumflex branch (CB) (74.6%), trifurcation into the AIB, CB, and diagonal branch (DB) (23.6%), or occasionally quadrifurcation into the AIB, CB, and two DBs (1.8%). This is similar to the case in humans. Furthermore, two morphological aspects of the DB spatial distribution, in addition to its branching pattern, resemble the DB in humans. Myocardial bridges observed over the DB in the Cercopithecus aethiops heart further contribute to the similarity with humans. The resemblance of the DB and its branches to their human counterparts make them a suitable model for experimental study on coronary circulation. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Demonstrating the Lymphatic System in Rats With Microinjection
Authors: Suami Hiroo , Chang David W. , Matsumoto Kumiko , Kimata Yoshihiro
Published: August 2011

The lymphatic system plays an important role in human health and disease. In addition to a role in the immune response, the lymphatics can serve as a pathway for cancer metastasis. Visualizing the lymphatic system has been a difficult part of anatomic dissection studies. Anatomists have attempted to map the lymphatic system using various methods and materials; vivisection of dogs, injection of mercury into the skin and lymphatic vessel in cadavers, and injection of dye indirectly into the skin of dead and living specimens. In this study, we introduce a method of using a mixture of acrylic blue dye and hydrogen peroxide to visualize the lymphatic system in rats. The lymphatic vessels were cannulated with micropipettes, and radio‐opaque orange lead oxide was selectively injected. The lymphatic system became visible from the dorsal side of the hand and foot, and distal region of the tail to their termination at the left and right subclavicular veins via lymph nodes. Cisterna chyli in the abdominal cavity and thoracic duct ran along with the aorta. The advantage of this technique is that lymph nodes as well as lymphatic channels could be recorded not only photographically but also radiographically. This microinjection technique is useful for demonstrating the lymphatic system in rats and may provide further information that will help in cancer metastasis research. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Bivariate Approach to the Variation of the Parietal Curvature in the Genus Homo
Authors: Bruner Emiliano , De La Cuétara José Manuel , Holloway Ralph
Published: August 2011

The parietal bones approximately cover the extension of the underlying parietal lobes. Although the boundaries of these two anatomical elements do not coincide, during morphogenesis the growth of the parietal bones is largely induced by the pressure exerted by the parietal lobes. Modern humans display larger parietal chords and arcs compared with non‐modern human species. However, the variation of these variables have not been analyzed before according to the covariation with the general endocranial diameters. When the curvature of the parietal bones is regressed onto the main neurocranial distances, modern humans show larger relative values, suggesting not only an absolute enlargement but a definite allometric change. Taking into account the morphogenetic relationships with the parietal lobes, these results further support previous hypotheses suggesting a relative enlargement of these cortical areas in Homo sapiens, by using simple and reliable homologous neurocranial arcs. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Histomorphological and Angiogenic Analyzes of Skin Epithelium After Low Laser Irradiation in Hairless Mice
Authors: Leão Juliane Caroline , Issa João Paulo Mardegan , Pitol Dimitrius Leonardo , Rizzi Ellen Camargo , Dias Fernando José , Siéssere Selma , Regalo Simone Cecílio Hallak , Iyomasa Mamie Mizusaki
Published: August 2011

It is not well‐understood how low‐laser therapy affects the skin of the applied area. This study analyzes skin of the masseteric region of mice from the HRS/J strain after three different application regimens (three, six or ten applications per regimen) of low intensity laser at 20 J/cm2 and 40 mW for 20 sec on alternate days. Three experimental groups according to the number of laser applications (three, six or ten) and three control groups (N = 5 animals for each group) were used. On the third day after the last irradiation, all animals were sacrificed and the skin was removed and processed to analyze the relative occupation of the test area by each epithelial layer and the aspects of neovascularization. Data were submitted to statistical analyzes. The irradiated groups compared to their respective controls at each period of time, showed no significant difference in relative occupation of the test area by the layers and epithelium areas for three and six applications, but for ten applications, a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in the basal and granulosum layers, and epithelium areas were found. From the comparisons of the three irradiated groups together, the group with six laser applications showed statistical difference (P < 0.05) in total epithelium and on the layers. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGFR‐2 immunoreactivities were similar for the control and irradiated groups. Results suggested a biostimulatory effect with low risks associated with superficial tissues, when the treatment aims the deeper layers after six applications. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of the Effect of Osteon Diameter on the Potential Relationship of Osteocyte Lacuna Density and Osteon Wall Thickness
Authors: Skedros John G. , Clark Gunnar C. , Sorenson Scott M. , Taylor Kevin W. , Qiu Shijing
Published: August 2011

An important hypothesis is that the degree of infilling of secondary osteons (Haversian systems) is controlled by the inhibitory effect of osteocytes on osteoblasts, which might be mediated by sclerostin (a glycoprotein produced by osteocytes). Consequently, this inhibition could be proportional to cell number: relatively greater repression is exerted by progressively greater osteocyte density (increased osteocytes correlate with thinner osteon walls). This hypothesis has been examined, but only weakly supported, in sheep ulnae. We looked for this inverse relationship between osteon wall thickness (On.W.Th) and osteocyte lacuna density (Ot.Lc.N/B.Ar) in small and large osteons in human ribs, calcanei of sheep, deer, elk, and horses, and radii and third metacarpals of horses. Analyses involved: (1) all osteons, (2) smaller osteons, either ≤150 μm diameter or less than or equal to the mean diameter, and (3) larger osteons (>mean diameter). Significant, but weak, correlations between Ot.Lc.N/B.Ar and On.W.Th/On.Dm (On.Dm = osteon diameter) were found when considering all osteons in limb bones (r values −0.16 to −0.40, P < 0.01; resembling previous results in sheep ulnae: r = −0.39, P < 0.0001). In larger osteons, these relationships were either not significant (five/seven bone types) or very weak (two/seven bone types). In ribs, a negative relationship was only found in smaller osteons (r = −0.228, P < 0.01); this inverse relationship in smaller osteons did not occur in elk calcanei. These results do not provide clear or consistent support for the hypothesized inverse relationship. However, correlation analyses may fail to detect osteocyte‐based repression of infilling if the signal is spatially nonuniform (e.g., increased near the central canal). Anat Rec,, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two Myristoylated Alanine‐Rich C‐Kinase Substrate (MARCKS) Paralogs are Required for Normal Development in Zebrafish
Authors: Ott Laura E. , Mcdowell Zachary T. , Turner Poem M. , Law J. Mchugh , Adler Kenneth B. , Yoder Jeffrey A. , Jones Samuel L.
Published: August 2011

Myristoylated alanine‐rich C‐kinase substrate (MARCKS) is an actin binding protein substrate of protein kinase C (PKC) and critical for mouse and Xenopus development. Herein two MARCKS paralogs, marcksa
and marcksb, are identified in zebrafish and the role of these genes in zebrafish development is evaluated. Morpholino‐based targeting of either MARCKS protein resulted in increased mortality and a range of gross phenotypic abnormalities. Phenotypic abnormalities were classified as mild, moderate or severe, which is characterized by a slight curve of a full‐length tail, a severe curve or twist of a full‐length tail and a truncated tail, respectively. All three phenotypes displayed abnormal neural architecture. Histopathology of Marcks targeted embryos revealed abnormalities in retinal layering, gill formation and skeletal muscle morphology. These results demonstrate that Marcksa and Marcksb are required for normal zebrafish development and suggest that zebrafish are a suitable model to further study MARCKS function. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Effective Mechanical Advantage of A.L. 129‐1a for Knee Extension
Authors: Sylvester Adam D. , Mahfouz Mohamed R. , Kramer Patricia Ann
Published: August 2011

The functional significance of shape differences between modern human and australopithecine distal femora remains unclear. Here, we examine the morphological component of the effective mechanical advantage (EMA) of the quadriceps muscle group in a sample of hominins that includes the fossil A.L. 129‐1a (Australopithecus afarensis) and modern humans. Quadriceps muscle moment arms were calculated from three‐dimensional computer models of specimens through a range of knee flexion. All hominins were compared using the same limb positions to allow us to examine, in isolation, the morphological component of the lengths of the pertinent moment arms. After taking into account the differences in bicondylar angle, the morphological component of the EMA was calculated as the ratio of the quadriceps muscle and ground reaction force moment arms. Our analyses reveal that A.L. 129‐1a would have possessed a morphological component of the quadriceps muscle EMA expected for a hominin of its body mass. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Zur Querkrafttragfähigkeit von Spannbeton‐Fertigdecken bei biegeweicher Lagerung – Teil 1: Modellentwicklung
Authors: Roggendorf Thomas , Hegger Josef
Published: August 2011

Die Querkrafttragfähigkeit von Spannbeton‐Fertigdecken wird bei einer Lagerung auf schlanken Trägern oder Unterzügen anstelle von starren Auflagern wie beispielsweise Wandscheiben deutlich herabgesetzt. Bisher existiert kein einheitliches Bemessungskonzept, das die verbleibende Tragfähigkeit zutreffend ermittelt. Dieser Beitrag beschreibt die Entwicklung eines Bemessungsmodells zur Bestimmung der Querkrafttragfähigkeit von Spannbeton‐Fertigdecken bei biegeweicher Lagerung.

Shear resistance of prestressed hollow core slabs on flexible supports – Part 1: Model derivation

The shear resistance of hollow core slabs is considerably reduced when the slabs are bedded on flexible supports like slender beams or girders instead of rigid walls. So far, there is no standardised design concept to determine the residual bearing capacity appropriately. This paper describes the derivation of a design model to determine the shear resistance of precast prestressed hollow core slabs on flexible supports.
Wirksamkeit örtlicher Bewehrungselemente zur Querkrafttragfähigkeit von Deckenplatten mit integrierten Leitungsführungen
Authors: Albrecht Christian , Schnell Jürgen
Published: August 2011

Im Hochbau kommen immer öfter Stahlbetondecken mit integrierten Leitungsführungen zur Ausführung. Die Querkrafttragfähigkeit von Stahlbetondecken fällt sowohl beim Einbau größerer Leitungsquerschnitte als auch bei Anhäufung kleiner Leitungen stark ab, so dass in manchen Fällen Querkraftbewehrung erforderlich wird. Bislang fehlen Bemessungsregeln, nach denen eine örtliche Bewehrung im Bereich der Leitungsführungen dimensioniert werden könnte, was oft zur Ablehnung solcher Systeme führt. Aus diesem Grund wurden einachsig gespannte Stahlbetondecken mit unterschiedlichen Arten der Leitungsführung hinsichtlich ihrer Querkrafttragfähigkeit untersucht. Die durchgeführten Bauteilversuche zeigen, wie wirkungsvoll die Querkrafttragfähigkeit von Deckenplatten mit integrierten Leitungsführungen durch lokale Querkraftbewehrungselemente gesteigert werden kann.

Efficiency of local reinforcing elements for the shear force bearing capacity of floor slabs with integrated service ducts

In building construction, reinforced concrete floors with integrated ducts are increasingly executed. In case of the installation of larger duct cross sections as well as in case of the accumulation of small tubes, the shear force resistance of reinforced concrete floors drops down strongly. In such cases shear reinforcement is required. So far, there have been no design rules for the dimension of local reinforcement in the area of ducting. This often leads to a refusal of such systems. Due to these reasons, the shear force bearing capacity of one‐way reinforced concrete floor slabs with different types of ducting were analysed. The experiments demonstrate the increase in shear force bearing capacity of floor slabs with integrated service ducts by the use of local shear reinforcing elements.
Antibody production in Bacillus megaterium: Strategies and physiological implications of scaling from microtiter plates to industrial bioreactors
Authors: David Florian , Steinwand Miriam , Hust Michael , Bohle Kathrin , Ross Anton , Dübel Stefan , Franco‐Lara Ezequiel
Published: August 2011

Bacillus megaterium was used as an alternative high potential microbial production system for the production of antibody fragment D1.3 scFv. The aim of the study was to follow a holistic optimization approach from medium screening in small scale microtiter platforms, gaining deeper process understanding in the bioreactor scale and implementing advanced process strategies at larger scales (5–100 L). Screening and optimization procedures were supported by statistical design of experiments and a genetic algorithm approach. The process control relied on a soft‐sensor for biomass estimation to establish a μ‐oscillating time‐dependent fed‐batch strategy. Several cycles of growth phases and production phases, equal to starving phases, were performed in one production. Flow cytometry was used to monitor and characterize the dynamics of secretion and cell viability. Besides the biosynthesis of the product, secretion was optimized by an appropriate medium design considering different carbon sources, metal ions, (NH4)2SO4, and inductor concentrations. For bioprocess design, an adapted oscillating fed‐batch strategy was conceived and successfully implemented at an industrially relevant scale of 100 L. In comparison to common methods for controlling fed‐batch profiles, the developed process delivered increased overall productivities. Thereby measured process parameters such as growth stagnation or productivity fluctuations were directly linked to single cell or population behavior leading to a more detailed process understanding. Above all, the importance of single cell analysis as key scale‐free tool to characterize and optimize recombinant protein production is highlighted, since this can be applied to all development stages independently of the cultivation platform.
The Pseudopotential Approximation in Electronic Structure Theory
Authors: Schwerdtfeger Peter
Published: August 2011

A short review is presented on one of the most successful theories for electronic structure calculations, the pseudopotential approximation, originally introduced by Hans G. A. Hellmann in 1934. Recent developments in relativistic quantum theory allow for the accurate adjustment of pseudopotential parameters to valence spectra, producing results for properties of atoms, molecules, and the solid‐state in excellent agreement with more accurate all‐electron results if a small‐core definition is used. Thus the relativistic pseudopotential approximation is now the most widely applied method for systems containing heavy elements.
A Nonpolar, Nonamphiphilic Molecule Can Accelerate Adsorption of Phospholipids and Lower Their Surface Tension at the Air/Water Interface
Authors: Nguyen Phuc Nghia , Trinh Dang Thuan Thao , Waton Gilles , Vandamme Thierry , Krafft Marie Pierre
Published: August 2011

The adsorption dynamics of a series of phospholipids (PLs) at the interface between an aqueous solution or dispersion of the PL and a gas phase containing the nonpolar, nonamphiphilic linear perfluorocarbon perfluorohexane (PFH) was studied by bubble profile analysis tensiometry. The PLs investigated were dioctanoylphosphatidylcholine (DiC8‐PC), dilaurylphosphatidylcholine, dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine, and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. The gas phase consisted of air or air saturated with PFH. The perfluorocarbon gas was found to have an unexpected, strong effect on both the adsorption rate and the equilibrium interfacial tension (γeq) of the PLs. First, for all of the PLs, and at all concentrations investigated, the γeq values were significantly lower (by up to 10 mN m−1) when PFH was present in the gas phase. The efficacy of PFH in decreasing γeq depends on the ability of PLs to form micelles or vesicles in water. For vesicles, it also depends on the gel or fluid state of the membranes. Second, the adsorption rates of all the PLs at the interface (as assessed by the time required for the initial interfacial tension to be reduced by 30 %) are significantly accelerated (by up to fivefold) by the presence of PFH for the lower PL concentrations. Both the surface‐tension reducing effect and the adsorption rate increasing effect establish that PFH has a strong interaction with the PL monolayer and acts as a cosurfactant at the interface, despite the absence of any amphiphilic character. Fitting the adsorption profiles of DiC8‐PC at the PFH‐saturated air/aqueous solution interface with the modified Frumkin model indicated that the PFH molecule lay horizontally at the interface.
Transcriptional regulation of eater gene expression in Drosophila blood cells
Authors: Kroeger Paul T. , Tokusumi Tsuyoshi , Schulz Robert A.
Published: August 2011

Eater is a transmembrane protein that mediates phagocytosis in Drosophila. eater was identified in a microarray analysis of genes downregulated in S2 cells, in which Serpent had been knocked down by RNAi. The gene was shown to be expressed predominantly in plasmatocytes after embryonic development. We have extensively analyzed the transcriptional enhancer controlling eater expression with the following findings: the enhancer reproduces the plasmatocyte expression pattern of the gene as verified by anti‐P1 antibody staining and a 526‐basepair DNA region is active in lymph gland and hemolymph plasmatocytes. This DNA contains several GATA elements that serve as putative‐binding sites for Serpent. Site‐directed mutagenesis of two of these GATA sites abolishes eater expression in both lymph gland and hemolymph plasmatocytes. This suggests that Serpent regulates eater expression by binding these GATA sites, which was confirmed by gel shift analysis. These analyses allowed us to use eater‐Gal4 to force plasmatocyte to lamellocyte differentiation. genesis 50:41–49, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Carbohydrates and Immunology: Synthetic Oligosaccharide Antigens for Vaccine Formulation
Authors: Morelli Laura , Poletti Laura , Lay Luigi
Published: August 2011

Despite the enormous progress achieved by modern medicine, numerous diseases still have a profound impact on public health. Infectious diseases caused by a variety of microorganisms (viruses, fungi and parasites) and bacteria are a global major concern and, because of the emergence, for instance, of multidrug resistance, not only in developing countries. The development of preventative therapies, such as the rational design of novel and more efficient vaccines, might offer a solution to this state of affairs and other associated drawbacks. Vaccination is considered by the World Health Organization to be the most cost‐effective strategy for controlling infectious disease, because it should confer long‐term protective immunity in the population. A second consideration involves cancer. The outstanding progress achieved in the identification and structural characterization of tumour‐associated antigens has prompted their employment in tumour immunotherapy, on the basis of the observation that tumour cells possess specific antigens that can be recognized by an immune system appropriately conditioned to the task. Carbohydrates play key roles in many molecular recognition phenomena and they can affect any kind of interaction with the immune system. Saccharide‐based antigens (bacterial capsular polysaccharides or tumour‐associated carbohydrate antigens, for instance) have therefore been studied and employed in the formulation of vaccines. In recent years there has been increasing use of synthetic saccharide antigens for the formulation of vaccine candidates. These structures are indeed chemically well defined, devoid of biologic contaminants and, in principle, available in large amounts, relative to materials extracted from natural sources. In addition, synthetic saccharide antigens can also serve as haptens in protein conjugates, eliciting highly specific antibodies in animal models and humans. The great potential of synthetic saccharide antigens is attested to by the spectacular success of the Cuban vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae type b. Here we review the major advances in the development of synthetic carbohydrate‐based vaccines targeted against infectious diseases and cancer.
Validation of the Social Appearance Anxiety Scale in Female Eating Disorder Patients
Authors: Claes Laurence , Hart Trevor A. , Smits Dirk , Van den Eynde Frederique , Mueller Astrid , Mitchell James E.
Published: August 2011

In the present study, we investigated the psychometric properties of the Social Appearance Anxiety Scale (SAAS) in a sample of 60 female eating disorder patients (Mage = 27.82, SD = 9.76). The SAAS was developed to assess anxiety about being negatively evaluated for one's appearance. All patients completed the SAAS, the Eating Disorder Inventory—2, the Physical Health Questionnaire—9 Depression and the Dimensional Assessment of Personality Psychopathology. The SAAS demonstrated a one‐factor structure and a high internal consistency. The SAAS was significantly positive in relation to body mass index, drive for thinness and body dissatisfaction. Concerning personality dimensions, the SAAS was positively related to emotional problems (e.g. depression, anxiety) and interpersonal problems (e.g. suspiciousness, submissiveness). Findings suggest that the SAAS is a psychometrically sound instrument to assess anxiety about being negatively evaluated about one's appearance in a sample of eating disorder patients. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
How Asfinag decides construction methods / Baumethodenentscheidung bei der Asfinag
Authors: Schreitl Bernhard , Schröfelbauer Thomas , Wanker Christoph , Steiner Michael
Published: August 2011

The history of autobahn tunnel construction in Austria is about 45 years young, and currently 140 tunnels with a total length of 300 km provide short, safe and environmentally friendly routes for traffic all year round. A further 100 km of tunnel are being designed or are under construction. The present article gives a review of milestones in the history of autobahn tunnel construction and analyses the special features of road tunnels with regard to the method of tunnelling. More detailed descriptions are given of the TBM project A14, 2nd bore of the Pfänder Tunnel and the S1 Danube‐Lobau crossing project currently being designed, including the considerations leading to the selection of tunnelling method in each case.

Die Geschichte des Autobahntunnelbaus in Österreich ist rund 45 Jahre jung. 140 Tunnel mit einer Gesamtlänge von 300 km sorgen ganzjährig für kurze, sichere und umweltfreundliche Transportwege. Weitere 100 km Tunnel sind derzeit in Planung bzw. Bau. Der vorliegende Beitrag gibt einen geschichtlichen Rückblick auf Meilensteine im Autobahntunnelbau und analysiert die Besonderheiten von Straßentunneln im Hinblick auf die Vortriebsmethoden. Auf das bereits umgesetzte TVM‐Projekt A14, 2. Röhre Pfändertunnel und das Planungsprojekt S1 Donau‐Lobau‐Querung mit den entsprechenden Baumethodenüberlegungen wird näher eingegangen.
Managerial performance and cost efficiency of Japanese local public hospitals: A latent class stochastic frontier model
Authors: Besstremyannaya Galina
Published: August 2011

The paper explores the link between managerial performance and cost efficiency of 617 Japanese general local public hospitals in 1999–2007. Treating managerial performance as unobservable heterogeneity, the paper employs a panel data stochastic cost frontier model with latent classes. Financial parameters associated with better managerial performance are found to be positively significant in explaining the probability of belonging to the more efficient latent class. The analysis of latent class membership was consistent with the conjecture that unobservable technological heterogeneity reflected in the existence of the latent classes is related to managerial performance. The findings may support the cause for raising efficiency of Japanese local public hospitals by enhancing the quality of management. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Australia antigen and role of the late Philadelphia general hospital in reducing post-transfusion hepatitis and sequelae
Authors: Senior John R. , London Thomas W. , Sutnick Alton I.
Published: August 2011

Baruch Blumberg, who received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of the Australia antigen, died on April 5, 2011. Arguably, that discovery has been the most important advance in the field of Hepatology. It led to the virtual elimination of transfusion related hepatitis B in most parts of the world and was essential to the identification of hepatitis A, C, D and E viruses. Credit for this is due Dr. Blumberg and teams in Philadelphia and Tokyo. In lieu of an Associate Editor commentary, Drs. Senior, London, and Sutnick, who were members of that remarkable team, tell us their inspiring story. (HEPATOLOGY 2011;)
Urinary ethyl glucuronide as a novel screening tool in patients pre- and post–liver transplantation improves detection of alcohol consumption
Authors: Staufer Katharina , Andresen Hilke , Vettorazzi Eik , Tobias Niels , Nashan Bjoern , Sterneck Martina
Published: August 2011

Optimal selection of liver transplant candidates and early detection of alcohol relapse after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is necessary to improve long-term outcomes. In this study, urinary ethyl glucuronide (uEtG) was prospectively evaluated as a novel screening tool for alcohol detection in the transplant setting. Overall, 141 liver transplant candidates and recipients, visiting the outpatient clinic for a total of 308 times, were included. At each visit, the alcohol markers, uEtG, ethanol, methanol, and carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT), as well as the state markers, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), and mean corpuscular volume (MCV), were determined, then compared to patients' self-reports on alcohol intake. Urinary EtG significantly increased the detection rate of alcohol consumption, compared to the other alcohol markers (P < 0.001). In 93% of patients and at 92.5% of visits with positive alcohol markers, alcohol intake was detected by uEtG and/or CDT. Sensitivity and specificity of uEtG were 89.3% and 98.9% and of CDT were 25% and 98.6%, respectively. Urinary EtG was the best independent predictor of alcohol consumption in univariate and multivariate analysis (positive predictive value: 89.3%; negative predictive value: 98.9%; odds ratio: 761.1; P < 0.001). It showed a superior prediction rate, when compared to established alcohol and state markers, as well as to the combination of CDT with MCV and GGT, assessed by net reclassification improvement (NRI) (NRI: 1.01, P < 0.001; NRI: 1.755, P < 0.001). Conclusion: uEtG is a sensitive, specific, and reliable marker for the detection of recent alcohol intake pre- and post-OLT. In combination with CDT, uEtG should be considered as a tool for routine alcohol screening within the transplant setting. (Hepatology 2011)
Gradients of natriuretic peptide precursor A (NPPA) in oviduct and of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 (NPR1) in spermatozoon are involved in mouse sperm chemotaxis and fertilization
Authors: Bian Fenghua , Mao Guankun , Guo Meng , Mao Guanping , Wang Jianwei , Li Junxia , Han Yingying , Chen Xiufeng , Zhang Meijia , Xia Guoliang
Published: August 2011

Selective spermatozoa movement from storage of the oviduct to fertilization site is suggested to be a result of chemotaxis. In the present study, Natriuretic peptide precursor A (NPPA) induced sperm chemotaxis in capillaries and enhanced intracellular Ca2+ level, both of which could be blocked by the Natriuretic Peptide Receptor 1 (NPR1) inhibitor anantin and the cGMP‐dependent protein kinase (PKG) inhibitors, KT5823 and Rp‐8‐Br‐PET‐cGMPS. NPPA also increased spermatozoa kinetic parameters of VAP, VSL, LIN, STR, and BCF. Only 2.0% of positive staining for NPR1 was detected in fresh spermatozoa. The positive rate was increased in capacitated spermatozoa (20.5%), and further increased in spermatozoa of NPPA treatment (70.2%). Nppa mRNA level in the ampullae was significantly higher compared with that in isthmus and uterotubal junction, and NPPA protein had an ascending gradient (AG) from the uterotubal junction to ampullae in gonadotropin‐treated mice. NPPA induced sperm chemotaxis in diestrus oviducts without a NPPA gradient, and sperm chemotaxis occurred in the oviducts of gonadotropin‐treated mice. These effects were inhibited by anantin. Meanwhile, sperm chemotaxis also occurred in unilateral ovariectomized oviducts of gonadotropin‐treated mice, in which the possible effect of follicular fluid and oocyte‐cumulus mass were eliminated when ovulation occurs. Furthermore, anantin significantly decreased the rate of fertilization in a dose‐dependent manner (0.1 µM, 57.1%; 1 µM, 33.8%) compared with control (78.5%). These results suggest that a NPPA gradient originating in the oviduct induces sperm chemotaxis by binding to its receptor NPR1 and then activating PKG pathway, and plays a physiological role in fertilization. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 2230–2239, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identification of novel candidate genes involved in mineralization of dental enamel by genome‐wide transcript profiling
Authors: Lacruz Rodrigo S. , Smith Charles E. , Bringas Pablo , Chen Yi‐Bu , Smith Susan M. , Snead Malcolm L. , Kurtz Ira , Hacia Joseph G. , Hubbard Michael J. , Paine Michael L.
Published: August 2011

The gene repertoire regulating vertebrate biomineralization is poorly understood. Dental enamel, the most highly mineralized tissue in mammals, differs from other calcifying systems in that the formative cells (ameloblasts) lack remodeling activity and largely degrade and resorb the initial extracellular matrix. Enamel mineralization requires that ameloblasts undergo a profound functional switch from matrix‐secreting to maturational (calcium transport, protein resorption) roles as mineralization progresses. During the maturation stage, extracellular pH decreases markedly, placing high demands on ameloblasts to regulate acidic environments present around the growing hydroxyapatite crystals. To identify the genetic events driving enamel mineralization, we conducted genome‐wide transcript profiling of the developing enamel organ from rat incisors and highlight over 300 genes differentially expressed during maturation. Using multiple bioinformatics analyses, we identified groups of maturation‐associated genes whose functions are linked to key mineralization processes including pH regulation, calcium handling, and matrix turnover. Subsequent qPCR and Western blot analyses revealed that a number of solute carrier (SLC) gene family members were up‐regulated during maturation, including the novel protein Slc24a4 involved in calcium handling as well as other proteins of similar function (Stim1). By providing the first global overview of the cellular machinery required for enamel maturation, this study provide a strong foundation for improving basic understanding of biomineralization and its practical applications in healthcare. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 2264–2275, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Wild type N‐ras displays anti‐malignant properties, in part by downregulating decorin
Authors: Benet Marta , Dulman Robin Yates , Suzme Raffi , de Miera Eleazar Vega‐Saenz , Vega Martha E. , Nguyen Thuy , Zavadil Jiri , Pellicer Angel
Published: August 2011

Previously, we have shown that wild type N‐ras (wt N‐ras) harbors an anti‐malignant effect against mutated Ras and in tumors without Ras mutations. To investigate the molecular bases of this anti‐malignant activity, we have studied the potency of this anti‐malignant effect in a model system against SV40 large T antigen (SV40T). We show that wild‐type N‐ras (wt N‐ras) counteracts the effects of SV40T in NIH3T3 cells as seen by a decrease in proliferation, anchorage independence and changes in migration. We also show that wt N‐ras elicits the same anti‐malignant effects in some human tumor cell lines (HT1080 and MDA‐MB‐231). Through mRNA and microRNA (miRNAs) expression profiling we have identified genes (decorin) and miRNAs (mir‐29A, let‐7b) modulated by wt N‐ras potentially responsible for the anti‐malignant effect. Wt N‐ras appears to mediate its anti‐malignant effect by downregulating some of the targets of the TGFβ pathway and decorin, which are able to reverse the inhibition of migration induced by wt N‐ras. Our experiments show that the molecules that mediate the anti‐malignant effect by wt N‐ras appear to be different from those modulated by transforming N‐ras. The components of the pathways modulated by wt N‐ras mediating its anti‐malignant effects are potential targets for therapeutic intervention in cancer. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 2341–2351, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prediction of highly directive probe‐fed microstrip antenna at terahertz frequency
Authors: Jha Kumud Ranjan , Singh Ghanshyam
Published: August 2011

In this paper, a probe‐fed rectangular microstrip patch antenna with metallic frequency selective surface as superstrate has been analyzed and simulated at terahertz frequency. In addition to this, a novel technique has been proposed to predict the directivity of the antenna at submillimeter and terahertz waves where far‐field measurement is a challenging task. Moreover, the effect of the size of the frequency selective surface array and the ground plane on the directivity of the antenna has been discussed. The concept of using two lateral sidewalls to improve the electrical performance of the antenna is also presented. The theoretical analysis has been supported by two different commercially available 3D electromagnetic simulators: (i) CST microwave studio (CST, Framingham, MA, USA) based on the finite integral technique; and (ii) Ansoft hfss (Ansoft Corporation, Pittsburgh, PA, USA) based on the finite element technique. Analytical and simulated results are comparable with each other. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibin A enhances bone formation during distraction osteogenesis
Authors: Perrien Daniel S. , Nicks Kristy M. , Liu Lichu , Akel Nisreen S. , Bacon Anthony W. , Skinner Robert A. , Swain Frances L. , Aronson James , Suva Larry J. , Gaddy Dana
Published: August 2011

Given the aging population and the increased incidence of fracture in the elderly population, the need exists for agents that can enhance bone healing, particularly in situations of delayed fracture healing and/or non‐union. Our previous studies demonstrated that overexpression of the gonadal peptide, human inhibin A (hInhA), in transgenic mice enhances bone formation and strength via increased osteoblast activity. We tested the hypothesis that hInhA can also exert anabolic effects in a murine model of distraction osteogenesis (DO), using both transgenic hInhA overexpression and administration of normal physiological levels of hInhA in adult male Swiss‐Webster mice. Tibial osteotomies and external ring fixation were performed, followed by a 3‐day latency period, 14‐day distraction, and sacrifice on day 18. Supraphysiological levels of hInhA in transgenic mice, but not normal physiological levels of hInhA, significantly increased endosteal bone formation and mineralized bone area in the distraction gap, as determined by radiographic and µCT analysis. Significantly, increased PCNA and osteocalcin expression in the primary matrix front suggested that hInhA increased osteoblast proliferation. This mechanism is consistent with the effects of other agents and pathologies that modulate bone formation during DO, and demonstrates the potential of hInhA to enhance bone repair and regeneration. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:288–295, 2012
Achilles tendon healing in rats is improved by intermittent mechanical loading during the inflammatory phase
Authors: Eliasson Pernilla , Andersson Therese , Aspenberg Per
Published: August 2011

Tendons adapt to changes in mechanical loading, and numerous animal studies show that immobilization of a healing tendon is detrimental to the healing process. The present study addresses whether the effects of a few episodes of mechanical loading are different during different phases of healing. Fifty female rats underwent Achilles tendon transection, and their hind limbs were unloaded by tail suspension on the day after surgery. One group of 10 rats was taken down from suspension to run on a treadmill for 30 min/day, on days 2–5 after transection. They were euthanized on day 8. Another group underwent similar treadmill running on days 8–11 and was euthanized on day 14. Continuously unloaded groups were euthanized on days 8 and 14. Tendon specimens were then evaluated mechanically. The results showed that just four loading episodes increased the strength of the healing tendon. This was evident irrespective of the time point when loading was applied (early or late). The positive effect on early healing was unexpected, considering that the mechanical stimulation was applied during the inflammatory phase, when the calluses were small and fragile. A histological study of additional groups with early loading also showed some increased bleeding in the loaded calluses. Our results indicate that a short episodes of early loading may improve the outcome of tendon healing. This could be of interest to clinical practice. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:274–279, 2012
Will an “Island” population of voles be recolonized if eradicated? insights from Molecular genetic analyses
Authors: Miller Mark P. , Haig Susan M. , Ledig David B. , Vander Heyden Madeleine F. , Bennett Gregory
Published: August 2011

We performed genetic analyses of Microtus longicaudus populations within the Crook Point Unit of the Oregon Islands National Wildlife Refuge. A M. longicaudus population at Saddle Rock (located approx. 65 m off‐shore from the Crook Point mainland) is suspected to be partially responsible for declines of a Leach's storm‐petrel colony at this important nesting site. Using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism markers and mitochondrial DNA, we illustrate that Saddle Rock and Crook Point function as separate island and mainland populations despite their close proximity. In addition to genetic structure, we also observed reduced genetic diversity at Saddle Rock, suggesting that little individual movement occurs between populations. If local resource managers decide to perform an eradication at Saddle Rock, we conclude that immediate recolonization of the island by M. longicaudus would be unlikely. Because M. longicaudus is native to Oregon, we also consider the degree with which the differentiation of Saddle Rock signifies the presence of a unique entity that warrants conservation rather than eradication. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Modeling foraging behavior of piping plovers to evaluate habitat restoration success
Authors: Maslo Brooke , Burger Joanna , Handel Steven N.
Published: August 2011

Habitat restoration projects are often deemed successful based on the presence of the target species within the habitat; however, in some cases the restored habitat acts as an ecological trap and does not help to improve the reproductive success of the target species. Understanding wildlife–habitat relationships through precise measurements of animal behavior can identify critical resources that contribute to high quality habitat and improve habitat restoration practice. We evaluated the success of a restored piping plover (Charadrius melodus) breeding habitat in New Jersey, USA. We identified the major factors influencing foraging rates, compared foraging activity budgets over 3 yr at restored and natural habitats, and explored the potential of artificial tidal ponds as a viable restoration alternative. Adult foraging rates were higher in artificial pond and ephemeral pool habitats, during low tide, and after breeding activity ended. Adult foraging rates were impeded by the presence of people and vehicles within 50 m. Chick foraging rates were highest at artificial ponds and bay shores and lowest in dunes and on sand flats. Chick foraging rates were strongly hindered by the presence of corvids and the number of people within 50 m. In addition, at artificial tidal ponds, piping plovers spent more time foraging and less time engaged in defensive behaviors (vigilance, crouching, and fleeing) compared to other potential habitats. Our findings support the hypothesis that artificial tidal ponds are a valuable, perhaps superior, foraging habitat. Future beach restoration projects should include this feature to maximize habitat quality and restoration success. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Methylation profile of DNA repetitive elements in human testicular germ cell tumor
Authors: Ushida Hiroshi , Kawakami Takahiro , Minami Kahori , Chano Tokuhiro , Okabe Hidetoshi , Okada Yusaku , Okamoto Keisei
Published: August 2011

Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) have a unique epigenetic profile distinct from that of other types of cancer. To further evaluate epigenetics of TGCTs, this study examines DNA methylation patterns of DNA repetitive elements in TGCTs. Bisulfite genomic sequencing and combined bisulfite restriction analysis (COBRA) were used to analyze the methylation patterns of DNA repetitive elements (LINE1 and Alu repeats) in embryonal carcinoma (EC) derived cell lines, primary TGCT tissues, noncancerous testicular tissues adjacent to TGCTs and cancer cells derived from somatic tissues (testicular malignant lymphoma tissues and renal cell carcinoma cell lines). Through both bisulfite genomic sequencing and COBRA, LINE1 was extensively hypomethylated in both seminomatous and nonseminomatous TGCT tissues as well as EC cell lines. We studied two Alu repeats locating in the 5′ end of E‐cadherin and XIST by bisulfite genomic sequencing. These two Alu elements were extensively hypomethylated in seminomatous TGCTs, but methylated in nonseminomatous TGCTs, including two EC derived cell lines. This increased unmethylated profile in seminomatous TGCTs was observed also by COBRA for Alu repeats. Although partial demethylation of DNA repetitive elements was observed in cancer cells of somatic tissue origin, the degree of demethylation was more pronounced in TGCTs than in cancer cells of somatic tissue origin. We observed abnormal demethylation of DNA repetitive elements in some of the tissues adjacent to TGCTs. The results indicate that the underlying mechanisms to undergo or maintain demethylation of DNA repetitive sequences differ between TGCTs and cancer cells of somatic tissue origin. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.