bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Registration of seven recombinant inbred lines of upland cotton with improved fiber length or strength
Authors: Jenkins Johnie N. , McCarty Jack C. , Hayes Russell W. , Wubben Martin J. , Fang David D. , Thyssen Gregory N. , Zeng Linghe , Campbell B. Todd , Jones Don C.
Published: November 2021

The genetic base for upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is narrow for the economically important fiber traits of strength and length. We developed random mated population RMUP‐C5 from 11 parental lines and released seed in 2008. We have now developed 550 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from this population and evaluated them for fiber properties in eight environments. We report the development and release of seven RILs with improved fiber strength and/or upper half mean length: MS‐RIL‐009 (Reg. no. GP‐1100, PI 698460), MS‐RIL‐037 (Reg. no. GP‐1101, PI 698461), MS‐RIL‐204 (Reg. no. GP‐1102, PI 698462), MS‐RIL‐219 (Reg no. GP‐1103, PI 698463), MS‐RIL‐282 (Reg. no. GP‐1104, PI 698464), MS‐RIL‐303 (Reg. no. GP‐1105, PI 698465), and MS‐RIL‐490 (Reg. no. GP‐1106, PI 698466). Fiber strength and length for the seven lines are as follows: MS‐RIL 009 (384, 30.0), MS‐RIL 037 (369, 31.3), MS‐RIL‐204 (333, 32.5), MS‐RIL‐219 (345, 31.8), MS‐RIL‐282 (295, 31.4), MS‐RIL‐303 (379, 31.4) and MS‐RIL‐490 (318, 33.0), kN m kg–1 and mm, respectively. Fibers of MS‐RILS 037, 219, and 303 are significantly stronger and longer, fibers of 009 are significantly stronger, and fibers of 204, 282, and 490 are significantly longer than fibers of ‘Acala Ultima’ or ‘Fibermax 966’, the parental lines with the strongest (326–334 kN m kg–1) and longest (29.3–30.0 mm) fibers. MS‐RIL‐009, MS‐RIL‐037, MS‐RIL‐219, and MS‐RIL‐303 are homozygous for favorable alleles at the A07 strength quantitative trait locus (QTL). All lines except MS‐RIL‐009 are homozygous for favorable alleles at the D11 length QTL.
A Micromechanics Pressurization Model for Cookoff
Authors: Hobbs Michael L. , Brown Judith A. , Kaneshige Michael J. , Aviles‐Ramos Cuauhtemoc
Published: November 2021

A micromechanics pressurization (MMP) model has been derived for explosive decomposition models that are pressure‐dependent. The model includes volumetric thermal strain and internal pressurization using well‐known solutions of elastic equations that include displacement of the condensed phase. The model is based on observations of a heated, high‐density, plastic bonded explosive (PBX) containing 95 wt% triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB) with 5 wt% chlorotrifluoroethylene/vinylidene fluoride binder (Kel‐F). The model was developed for explosives that are either permeable or impermeable to decomposition gases. The MMP model is based on pore mechanics which describe reaction nucleation, decomposition chemistry, and elastic volumetric expansion. The model accounts for the expansion or swelling of the explosive into the surrounding gas‐filled ullage space. The pressurization model was used in conjunction with a simple decomposition model to determine ignition time and internal temperatures for the TATB‐based explosive at 1881 kg/m3. The MMP model was used to predict pressure, specific surface area, and gas volume fraction. A Latin hypercube sensitivity analysis showed that prediction of ignition time was most sensitive to the maximum pore pressure which defines the threshold between permeable and impermeable explosive layers. The MMP model coupled to a pressure‐dependent chemistry model can predict accurate ignition times for high‐density PBX's exposed to high temperatures and may be useful for more general application scenarios.
The non‐prion SUP35 preexists in large chaperone‐containing molecular complexes
Authors: Park Shiwha , Wang Xin , Xi Wen , Richardson Roy , Laue Thomas M. , Denis Clyde L.
Published: November 2021

Prions, misfolded proteins that aggregate, cause an array of progressively deteriorating conditions to which, currently, there are no effective treatments. The presently accepted model indicates that the soluble non‐prion forms of prion‐forming proteins, such as the well‐studied SUP35, do not exist in large aggregated molecular complexes. Here, we show using analytical ultracentrifugation with fluorescent detection that the non‐prion form of SUP35 exists in a range of discretely sized soluble complexes (19S, 28S, 39S, 57S, and 70S–200S). Similar to the [PSI+] aggregated complexes, each of these [psi‐] complexes associates at stoichiometric levels with a large variety of molecular chaperones: HSP70 proteins comprise the major component. Another yeast prion‐forming protein, RNQ1 (known to promote the production of the prion SUP35 state), is also present in SUP35 complexes. These results establish that the non‐prion SUP35, like its prion form, is predisposed to form large molecular complexes containing chaperones and other prion‐forming proteins. These results agree with our previous studies on the huntingtin protein. That the normal forms for aggregation‐prone proteins may preexist in large molecular complexes has important ramifications for the progression of diseases involving protein aggregation.
Structure‐Property Correlation of C10‐(H)‐Arylated‐N‐(pyren‐1‐yl)‐picolinamide Regioisomers towards Cu2+ and Fe3+ Sensing
Authors: Reji Rosmi , Tripathi Narendra Pratap , Rani Kavita , Dalal Arup , Babu Srinivasarao Arulananda , Sengupta Sanchita
Published: November 2021

Recently developed C10‐(H)‐arylated‐N‐(pyren‐1yl)‐picolinamide compounds have been investigated spectroscopically for their photophysical properties and metal ion sensing abilities. Two sets of regioisomers were selected based on their molar absorptivities and fluorescence quantum yields and classified into two series I methoxy group at meta‐ and para‐ position of phenyl ring, and series II methyl group at meta‐ and para‐ position of phenyl ring. Additionally, for better understanding on structure‐property relationship, a comparison study with C‐10 unsubstituted compound was also conducted. All compounds exhibited characteristic absorption and emission responses only towards Cu2+ and Fe3+ ions among all the screened metals. While the reference compound and those with methoxy substituent displayed a fluorescence turn‐off behaviour, compounds with methyl groups showed fluorescence turn‐on response through excimer formation at ∼550 nm in the presence of Cu2+ and Fe3+. Sensing studies were performed to elucidate structure‐property relationship and to obtain limits of detection, binding constants and fluorescence quenching constants. Temperature‐dependent fluorescence studies were performed to distinguish the type of excimers produced by two compounds in series II with the metal ions.
Spatiotemporal hydrological analysis of streamflows and groundwater recharge for sustainable water management in Prince Edward Island, Canada
Authors: Bhatti Ahmad Zeeshan , Farooque Aitazaz Ahsan , Krouglicof Nicholas , Peters Wayne , Acharya Bishnu , Li Qing , Ahsan Muhammad Sheraz
Published: November 2021

Prince Edward Island (PEI), Canada, entirely depends on groundwater for freshwater supplies, which also highly feeds streamflows. In a few watersheds, pumping has had disturbed steady‐state conditions and reduced streamflows. Spatiotemporal hydrological analysis of streamflows and recharges was performed in its scattered watersheds. Mill, Wilmot, West, Winter, and Bear River watersheds were modeled by the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) under the shallow water‐table conditions, besides other analyses. The model was calibrated against 120 observed mean monthly flows (1995–2004) and validated for another 120 observations (2005–2014), with Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) as the major performance assessment parameter. The model accurately simulated mean monthly flows for all watersheds during 1995–2014, except Winter River watershed (NSE = 0.02–0.33), wherein it overpredicted by 31%–52% and 5–12% in Wilmot River (NSE = 0.28–0.64). Streamflows were found highly dependent on groundwater; therefore, pumpings of 6.92 and 0.73 million cubic meters (MCM)/year caused the overpredictions in Winter and Wilmot watersheds, as SWAT cannot account pumping. In the rest three watersheds with negligible pumping, 4%–18% underprediction was due to multisite calibration. Spatially, streamflows randomly varied between 555 and 811 mm/year across watersheds, whereas thick and highly permeable sandstone produced higher recharges, the maximum ~600 mm/year in the eastern forest‐dominated Bear River watershed, lesser in western ~330 mm/year, and moderate ~450 mm/year in central watersheds. Temporally, March–May are the months of highest streamflows, whereas recharge is maximum during April–July. The succession trend justified strong surface water–groundwater interactions. Existing Water Extraction Permitting Policy ensures sustainability at the island scale. It sets pumping limit at 20% of recharge, that is, 0.48 km3/year altogether, against the present pumping of ~0.04 km3/year, yet a few watersheds are somewhat water‐stressed due to population and pumping concentration. Expansion of streamflow and groundwater monitoring, promoting population and pumping in rural areas, and more scrutiny for further pumping permits in water‐stressed watersheds are quite important for sustainable water management in PEI.
Mentorship, Sponsorship, and Professional Networking
Authors: Jamison-McClung Denneal
Published: November 2021

Creating an ecosystem of mentorship and sponsorship requires institutional commitment and the collaboration of faculty and administrators from diverse backgrounds. From 2012 to 2018, the UC Davis ADVANCE Mentorship and Networking Initiative (MNI) partnered with the campus leadership to implement several programs and activities to support mentorship, sponsorship, and professional networking for STEM women faculty across career levels. During this award period, pilot programs aimed to provide strong mentorship for newly recruited faculty, including scholars affiliated with the Center for Multicultural Perspectives on Science (CAMPOS) as well as mid-career faculty, with the intention of scaling efforts across campus units. MNI committee projects included piloting “Launch Mentoring Committees” for 43 new faculty, support for faculty-led “New Faculty Network” monthly networking mixers, implementation of the Associate Professor Network listserv, annual co-hosting of the Fall Welcome for Women Faculty, and development of the ADVANCE Scholar Award Distinguished Lecture and Networking Reception. Though all MNI programs and activities were well-received, both faculty mentors and mentees evaluated the Launch Mentoring Committees especially positively. This program emerged as a recommended best practice for engaging new faculty and building a sense of community that crosses disciplinary and intersectional boundaries.
Latinx Communities and Academic Trajectories
Authors: Brazil-Cruz Lisceth , Grindstaff Laura , Flores Yvette G.
Published: November 2021

This chapter will focus on why the Latina experience is critical to understanding current efforts to diversify the academy in the United States. We discuss the demographic realities of Latinx representation in higher education, the various ways in which Latinx scholars are marginalized, and what’s currently known about “best practices” when seeking excellence and inclusion through institutional diversity. We stress the importance of intersectionality in understanding and addressing the underrepresentation of Latina scholars in STEM.
Seeing Self: The CAMPOS Model
Authors: de Leon Siantz Mary Lou , Brazil-Cruz Lisceth
Published: November 2021

Building an inclusive community that diversifies the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) is a daunting task, all the more so given the low numbers of Latinas and other underrepresented minority groups (URM) who enter academic STEM disciplines. This chapter takes an in-depth look at one of the novel ADVANCE initiatives—the Center for the Advancement of Multicultural Perspectives on Science (CAMPOS). The center fosters sustainable institutional transformation by collaborating with traditional campus committees to recruit, retain, and promote excellent faculty committed to inclusion while also engaging the broader UC Davis STEM community. Its core mission is to support the discovery of knowledge though multicultural perspectives. CAMPOS creates an environment that is diversity-driven, mentorship-grounded, and career-success-focused. It recognizes the barriers that URM STEM scientists endure within academia and seeks to mitigate those barriers, highlighting the accomplishments of CAMPOS faculty scholars and making URM STEM scientists visible role models. The center is committed to transforming STEM by developing the leadership skills needed to sustain institutional transformation in laboratories, departments, and universities locally, nationally, and globally. The CAMPOS model can be replicated at other universities seeking to change the face of STEM.
Comparison of Aspiration Catheters with Modified Standard Catheters for Treatment of Large Pulmonary Embolism Using an In-vitro Patho-Physiological Model
Authors: Schubert Franziska , Tamura Masashi , Bezela Sophie , Weyers Alexander , Kütting Daniel , Menne Matthias , Steinseifer Ulrich , Clauser Johanna C. , Schmitz-Rode Thomas
Published: November 2021

Purpose

The presented in-vitro study provides a comparison of various catheters for mechanical treatment of large-burden pulmonary embolism (PE) under standardized conditions, using a new test rig. Dedicated aspiration catheters (JETi®, Penumbra Indigo®, Aspirex®) were compared with standard catheters (Pigtail, Multi-Purpose, Balloon Catheter) applied for embolus fragmentation.

Materials and Methods

Emboli prepared from porcine blood were washed into the test rig which consists of anatomical models of the pulmonary artery (PA) and of the right heart in combination with a pulsatile drive system. For all catheters, the duration of the recanalization procedure and the weight percentage (wt%) of the remaining, removed and washed-down clot fractions were evaluated. For aspiration catheters, the aspirated volume was measured.

Results

All catheters achieved full or partial recanalization. The aspiration catheters showed a significantly (p < 0.05) lower procedure time (3:15 min ± 4:26 min) than the standard fragmentation catheters (7:19 min ± 4:40 min). The amount of thrombus removed by aspiration was significantly (p < 0.001) higher than that by fragmentation, averaging 86.1 wt% ± 15.6 wt% and 31.7 wt% ± 3.8 wt%, respectively. Nonetheless, most of the residue was fragmented into pieces of ≥ 1 mm and washed down. Only in 2 of 36 tests, a residual thrombus of 11.9 wt% ± 5.1 wt% remained in the central PA.

Conclusion

Comparison under standardized in-vitro patho-physiological conditions showed that embolus fragmentation with standard catheters is clearly inferior to aspiration with dedicated catheters in the treatment of large-burden PE, but can still achieve considerable success.

Level of Evidence

No level of evidence, experimental study.
Convection-permitting fully coupled WRF-Hydro ensemble simulations in high mountain environment: impact of boundary layer- and lateral flow parameterizations on land–atmosphere interactions
Authors: Zhang Zhenyu , Arnault Joel , Laux Patrick , Ma Ning , Wei Jianhui , Shang Shasha , Kunstmann Harald
Published: November 2021

Numerical climate models have been upgraded by the improved description of terrestrial hydrological processes across different scales. The goal of this study is to explore the role of terrestrial hydrological processes on land–atmosphere interactions within the context of modeling uncertainties related to model physics parameterization. The models applied are the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and its coupled hydrological modeling system WRF-Hydro, which depicts the lateral terrestrial hydrological processes and further allows their feedback to the atmosphere. We conducted convection-permitting simulations (3 km) over the Heihe River Basin in Northwest China for the period 2008–2010, and particularly focused on its upper reach area of complex high mountains. In order to account for the modeling uncertainties associated with model physics parameterization, an ensemble of simulations is generated by varying the planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes. We embedded the fully three-dimensional atmospheric water tagging method in both WRF and WRF-Hydro for quantifying the strength of land–atmosphere interactions. The impact of PBL parameterization on land–atmosphere interactions is evaluated through its direct effect on vertical mixing. Results suggest that enabled lateral terrestrial flow in WRF-Hydro distinctly increases soil moisture and evapotranspiration near the surface in the high mountains, thereby modifies the atmospheric condition regardless of the applied PBL scheme. The local precipitation recycling ratio in the study area increases from 1.52 to 1.9% due to the description of lateral terrestrial flow, and such positive feedback processes are irrespective of the modeling variability caused by PBL parameterizations. This study highlights the non-negligible contribution of lateral terrestrial flow to local precipitation recycling, indicating the potential of the fully coupled modeling in land–atmosphere interactions research.
Including dental professionals in the multidisciplinary treatment team of head and neck cancer patients improves long-term oral health status
Authors: Bertl Kristina , Savvidis Philippe , Kukla Edmund Benjamin , Schneider Steffen , Zauza Konstantin , Bruckmann Corinna , Stavropoulos Andreas
Published: November 2021

Objective

To assess in a cross-sectional study the impact of including dental professionals in the multidisciplinary treatment team of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients on the long-term oral health status.

Materials and methods

Oral health status, dental care behaviours, and oral health–related quality of life were assessed based on a clinical and radiographic examination, interview, and medical records in patients treated for HNSCC ≥ 6 months ago. This patient group (‘cohort 2’) was treated in a multidisciplinary treatment team including dental professionals and compared to a group of HNSCC patients previously treated at the same university, but without dental professionals included in the multidisciplinary treatment team (‘cohort 1’).

Results

Cohort 2 consisted of 34 patients, who had received a dental check-up and if necessary, treatment by dental professionals prior to the initiation of cancer treatment. This cohort showed significantly improved oral hygiene habits and a better periodontal health status compared to cohort 1. However, cohort 2 still presented high demand for treatment due to active carious lesions; only a few, statistically insignificant improvements were detected compared to cohort 1.

Conclusion

Including dental professionals in the multidisciplinary treatment team of HNSCC patients has a positive impact on patient oral health status—primarily in terms of periodontal disease—6 months and longer after finishing cancer therapy.

Clinical relevance

A team-based approach including dental professionals specialised in head and neck cancer improves oral health status.
Comparative study of high-pressure fluid flow in densely packed granules using a 3D CFD model in a continuous medium and a simplified 2D DEM-CFD approach
Authors: Abdi R. , Krzaczek M. , Tejchman J.
Published: November 2021

An isothermal compressible single-phase fluid flow through a non-homogeneous granular body composed of densely packed overlapping spheres imitating rock under high pressure was numerically studied using two different approaches. The first approach called the full 3D CFD model used the finite volume method (FVM) to solve the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations using Reynolds stress model (BSL) in the continuous domain between the granulates. The model was verified, based on experimental and numerical results from the literature. The second approach was a simplified coupled DEM-CFD model based on a fluid flow network. The main aim of the work was to develop a validation procedure for simplified coupled DEM-CFD models due to the lack of experimental data for fluid flow characteristics in densely packed granules under extremely high-pressure conditions. First, a series of numerical simulations were performed for the fluid domain with the full 3D CFD model. The results of those simulations were next used to validate the 2D numerical results of the simplified coupled DEM-CFD model with respect to velocities, pressures, densities and flow rates. Almost the same pressure and density distributions and mass flow rates were obtained in both approaches. However, the fluid velocity was different due to the different fluid volumes in both fluid domains. The current simulation results constitute a reliable benchmark for validating other coupled 2D/3D DEM-CFD models that use a fluid flow network approach.

Graphic abstract
Plasma exchange with albumin replacement and disease progression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a pilot study
Authors: Povedano Mónica , Paipa Andrés , Barceló Miquel , Woodward Michael K. , Ortega Sandra , Domínguez Raúl , Aragonés Maria Esperança , Horrillo Raquel , Costa Montserrat , Páez Antonio
Published: November 2021

Background

Plasma exchange (PE) is used to treat a range of neurological disorders. Based on results demonstrated in Alzheimer’s disease, we theorized that PE with albumin replacement (PE-A) might alter the metabolic profile of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) by removing disease-inducing molecules. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of PE-A on disease progression in ALS.

Methods

In this open-label, non-controlled, single-arm, prospective pilot study, 13 adults with ALS had 6 months’ treatment with PE-A 5% and 6 months’ follow-up. Primary endpoints were changes from baseline in the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale-Revised (ALSFRS-R) score and forced vital capacity (FVC) through 48 weeks. A post hoc analysis compared individual patient data with the expected ALSFRS-R progression slope.

Results

The median ALSFRS-R score declined throughout the study, although the rate of decline was slower than expected in seven patients at treatment end and in five patients at study end. Six patients remained in the same baseline slope progression category, and four patients improved their slope category at treatment end. Median FVC decreased significantly during the study. Treatment was well tolerated. Of 330 PE-A procedures, 0.9% were associated with potentially related adverse events.

Conclusion

Although functional impairment progressed, about two-thirds of patients showed a slower than expected rate of decline at treatment end. Most patients had unaltered (54.5%) or reduced (36.4%) ALSFRS-R slope progression at treatment end. Further evaluation of PE-A in controlled studies involving more patients is warranted.

EudraCT number

2013-004842-40.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02479802.
Analysis of the diagnostic accuracy of rapid antigenic tests for detection of SARS-CoV-2 in hospital outbreak situation
Authors: Aranaz-Andrés Jesús María , Chávez Abelardo Claudio Fernández , Laso Amaranta McGee , Abreu Melanie , Núñez Paloma Moreno , Galán Juan Carlos , Moreno Rafael Cantón
Published: November 2021

The reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) continues to be the reference diagnostic method for the confirmation of COVID-19 cases; however, rapid antigen detection tests (RADT) have recently been developed. The purpose of the study is to assess the performance of rapid antigen-based COVID-19 testing in the context of hospital outbreaks. This was an observational, cross-sectional study. The study period was from October 2020 to January 2021. The “Panbio COVID-19 AG” RADT (Abbott) was performed and TaqPath COVID-19 test RT-PCR. The samples were obtained from hospitalised patients in suspected outbreak situations at the Ramón y Cajal Hospital. A hospital outbreak was defined as the presence of 3 or more epidemiologically linked cases. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of the RADT were calculated using RT-PCR as a reference. A total of 17 hospital outbreaks were detected in 11 hospital units during the study period, in which 34 RT-PCR and RADT screenings were performed. We obtained 541 samples, which were analysed with RT-PCR and a further 541 analysed with RADT. Six RADT tests gave conflicting results with the RT-PCR, 5 of them with a negative RADT and positive RT-PCR and one with positive RADT and a negative RT-PCR. The sensitivity of the RADT was 83.3% (65.3–94.4%) and the specificity was 99.8% (98.9–100%). The PPV was 96.2% (80.4–99.9%) and the NPV was 99% (97.7–99.7%). The RADT shows good diagnostic performance in patients on non-COVID-19 hospital wards, in the context of an outbreak.
Glasfaserbereitstellungsentgelt — wirksames Instrument für rascheren Gigabitausbau?
Authors: Gerpott Torsten J.
Published: November 2021

Das Telekommunikationsmodernisierungsgesetz führt ab dem 1. Dezember 2021 mit § 72 Telekommunikationsgesetz ein „Glasfaserbereitstellungsentgelt“ für gebäudeinterne Netze befristet ein. Die neue Vorschrift wird erläutert. Sie sollte in eine Richtung weiterentwickelt werden, die Interessen von Mieter:innen, Immobilienunternehmen, Vermieter:innen und Festnetzbetreibenden ausgewogener berücksichtigt. Außerdem sollten stärkere Beschleunigungsimpulse beim Bau von Glasfaseranschlüssen gesetzt werden.
Gender gap in the impact of social capital on household food security in Zimbabwe: does spatial proximity matter?
Authors: Kairiza Terrence , Kembo George , Magadzire Vengesai , Chigusiwa Lloyd
Published: November 2021

Despite the numerous strides that have been made towards ensuring food security since the launch of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the gap between the rich and poor across and within countries is still worryingly too large. Around 57.7% of the Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) population is food insecure compared to 26.4% of the world population. It is therefore necessary to make concerted efforts to improve food security in Sub-Saharan Africa and the rest of the developing world particularly among the poorest and most vulnerable groups. This paper employs propensity score matching analysis to explore gender heterogeneity in the impact of bonding and bridging social capital on household food security on the basis of a nationally representative sample of Zimbabwean households. It offers five major findings. First, female headed households are more likely to have bonding social capital than their male counterparts. Second, there are no gender differences in the household’s ability to possess bridging social capital. Third, household spatial proximity to households with social capital improves the probability of the household possessing social capital. Fourth, both bonding and bridging social capital improves household food security. Finally, female headed households are more able to increase food security than those headed by males when they have both bonding and bridging social capital. The study argues that coping strategies should target putting the family at the core of inclusive development agendas such as food and nutrition assistance programmes in order to maximise the likelihood of easing food insecurity within communities.
Lost in uncertainty? Sozial entscheiden und organisieren in der Sozialwirtschaft
Authors: Effinger Herbert
Published: November 2021

Dieser Beitrag der Zeitschrift „Gruppe. Interaktion. Organisation. (GIO)“ behandelt den Wohlfahrtsmix von Gemeinschaft, Sozialstaat und Markt mit ihren widersprüchlichen Regulationsprinzipien in der Sozialwirtschaft. Im Zusammenspiel solidarischer, sozialstaatlicher und ökonomischer Regulation werden Situationen von Ungewissheit, Ambiguität, Unsicherheit und Ambivalenz sowie wenig geeignete Bewältigungsstrategien, wie ein defensives Vermeidungsverhalten und dysfunktionale Organisationskulturen, begünstigt. In dem Kontext stehen die Organisationen und ihre Sorgearbeitenden vor der Herausforderung Komplexität und damit verbundener Ungewissheit und Unsicherheit bewältigen zu müssen und sich dabei vor unproduktiven Komplexitätsreduktionen, etwa in Form von moralisierender Vereindeutigungen und Simplifizierungen, zu schützen. Es gilt die widersprüchlichen Dynamiken dieses Handlungsfeldes proaktiv zu auszubalancieren und zu bewältigen.
30 years of the transformation of non-urban public transport in Poland’s peripheral areas — what went wrong?
Authors: Ciechański Ariel
Published: November 2021

Transport-based social exclusion is currently a serious social problem in Poland, and one which is apparently most severe at the level of the county (Polish powiat) in the south-east of the country, including the Beskid Niski and Bieszczady Mountains. A deeper illustration of this problem requires both observation of changes in the suburban public-transport network and the identification of areas in which this has deteriorated significantly in quantity and quality. The chosen starting point for the research was therefore 1990, as a year in which — on the one hand — the Polish economy was already shifted to the new free-market principles; while — on the other — state PKS (Przedsiębiorstwo Komunikacji Samochodowej) non-urban bus transport enterprises still dominated public transport. The endpoint of the study is then the beginning of 2019 (the author’s research year). The article introduced here seeks to identify and present cartographically the changes affecting the public-transport network in the study area over the last 30 years, as well as to point to possible consequences of these processes. The background of the described changes is also discussed, as are the observed consequences of what is taking place.
Factors influencing gas well productivity in fractured tight sandstone reservoir
Authors: Zhao Bin , Zhang Hui , Wang Haiying , Wang Zhimin
Published: November 2021

There are many factors which influence the absolute open flow potential (AOFP) of gas well. One of them is the angle between maximum principal stress direction and natural fracture strike in gas reservoir. In order to find out how the angle influences the AOFP of gas well. A lot of data related to gas well productivity of 14 wells located in gas reservoir T were collected and collated. Influential intensity of each factor on the AOFP before and after reservoir modification was investigated through grey relation analysis method. Results indicated that the AOFP of gas well before and after reservoir modification was governed by 10 factors. The five central factors influencing the initial AOFP are natural fracture density, porosity, permeability, elevation of geological top surface, and gas saturation, respectively. The five central factors influencing the AOFP of hydraulically fractured gas well are porosity, gas saturation, elevation of geological top surface, minimum principal stress, and permeability, respectively. Angle between maximum principal stress direction and natural fracture strike was not the central factor influencing gas well productivity. Reservoir modification can greatly improve gas well productivity in fractured tight sandstone reservoir. Natural fracture density was the strongest influencing factor of the initial AOFP. Minimum principal stress was one of the central factors influencing the AOFP of hydraulically fractured gas well. Research results can be used to guide well deployment and gas productivity investment projects of fractured tight sandstone reservoir.
The Suspensory Ligament of the Clitoris: A New Anatomical and Histological Description
Authors: Botter Charles , Botter Mégane , Pizza Chiara , Charpy Cécile , Pineau Virginie , La Padula Simone , Meningaud Jean-Paul , Hersant Barbara
Published: November 2021

Background

The importance of the clitoris as an organ has been neglected by doctors and anatomists over the centuries. Its central role in female sexuality is widely recognized and respected. Although multiple studies have been conducted on the fundiform ligament of the penis, the literature concerning the suspensory ligament of the clitoris is extremely poor. The possibility to describe its complex structure may help us understand female orgasm and sexuality.

Aim

Carrying out an anatomical and histological study about the supporting ligaments of the clitoris and in particular the suspensory ligament of the clitoris.

Study Design

A total of 10 female cadavers were dissected specifically for this study. All the supporting structures of the clitoris were studied, photographed and measured. A histological study of these structures was also carried out.

Results

The suspensory ligament of the clitoris is a multidimensional structure consisting of three anatomically and histologically distinct components. The superficial layer originates from the anterior abdominal wall, it is the anatomical extension of the fascia superficialis of the abdomen. It mainly consists of loosely organized elastic fibers, fibroblasts and few loosely organized collagen fibers. The intermediate component also originates from the anterior abdominal wall through the extensions of the abdominal aponeurosis that reach the body of the clitoris. It completely encloses the clitoral body and sends lateral extensions to the labia majora. Histologically, this layer mainly consists of well-organized collagen fibers as well as fibroblasts. The deep component is shorter and extends from the pubic symphysis to the knee of the clitoris and also connects the two crus to the pubic symphysis. It almost exclusively consists of very well organized collagen fibers.

Conclusion

The suspensory ligament of the clitoris is a multidimensional structure that extends from the anterior abdominal wall to the clitoris. Unlike previous descriptions of the ligament supporting the clitoris, we observed that this structure consists of three anatomically and histologically distinct layers. These new anatomical considerations must be taken into account for any surgery affecting the subcutaneous tissues of the pubis and the abdomen as well as for reconstructive surgery of the clitoris and metoidioplasty.
Filtering Populist Claims to Fight Populism
Authors: Martinico Giuseppe
Published: November 2021

The new wave of populism that has emerged over the last five years in Europe and in the US urgently needs to be better understood in a comparative and historical context. Using Italy – including the experiment of a self-styled populist coalition government – as a case study, this book investigates how populists in power borrow, use and manipulate categories of constitutional theory and instruments of constitutional law. Giuseppe Martinico goes beyond treating constitutionalism and populism as purely antithetical to dive deeply into the impact of populism on the activity of some instruments of constitutional democracy, endeavoring to explore their role as possible fora of populist claims and targets of populist attacks. Most importantly, he points to ways in which constitutional democracies can channel populist claims without jeopardizing the legacy of post-World War II constitutionalism. This book is aimed at academics and practicing lawyers interested in populism and comparative constitutional law.
How and Why to Do Things with Eighteenth-Century Manuscripts
Authors: Levy Michelle , Schellenberg Betty A.
Published: November 2021

This Element examines eighteenth-century manuscript forms, their functions in the literary landscape of their time, and the challenges and practices of manuscript study today. Drawing on both literary studies and book history, Levy and Schellenberg offer a guide to the principal forms of literary activity carried out in handwritten manuscripts produced in the first era of print dominance, 1730-1820. After an opening survey of sociable literary culture and its manuscript forms, numerous case studies explore what can be learned from three manuscript types: the verse miscellany, the familiar correspondence, and manuscripts of literary works that were printed. A final section considers issues of manuscript remediation up to the present, focusing particularly on digital remediation. The Element concludes with a brief case study of the movement of Phillis Wheatley's poems between manuscript and print. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
AN EIGENVALUE CHARACTERISATION OF THE DUAL EDM CONE
Authors: BRODER KYLE
Published: November 2021

We show that the elements of the dual of the Euclidean distance matrix cone can be described via an inequality on a certain weighted sum of its eigenvalues.
Baima
Authors: Chirkova Katia , Kocjančič Antolík Tanja , Amelot Angélique
Published: November 2021

The Baima language (/pêkê/, Chinese 白马语 báimăyŭ, ISO-639 code bqh) is a little-studied Tibeto-Burman (Bodic or Himalayish) language spoken in the southwestern part of the People’s Republic of China. Approximately 10,000 people, who traditionally reside in three counties in Sichuan Province (Pingwu 平武, Songpan 松潘 (in Written Tibetan, hereafter WT, zung chu), and Jiuzhaigou 九寨沟 (WT gzi rtsa sde dgu), and in one county in Gansu Province (Wenxian 文县), speak the Baima language (see Sichuan Sheng Minzu Yanjiusuo 1980, Zeng & Xiao 1987), see Figure 1.1 The largest concentrations of Baima speakers are in Baima Township (白马乡, Baima /tôpû/) of Pingwu County, and in Tielou Township (铁楼乡) of Wenxian County.
The evolution of knowledge during the Cambrian explosion
Authors: Veit Walter
Published: November 2021

Phillips et al. make a compelling case for a reversal in the current paradigm in “other minds” research by considering the representation of other people's knowledge more basic than the attribution of belief. Unfortunately, they only discuss primates. In this commentary, I argue that the representation of others' knowledge is an evolutionary ancient trait, first appearing during the Cambrian explosion.
Knowledge by default
Authors: Gordon Robert M.
Published: November 2021

The target article presents strong empirical evidence that knowledge is basic. However, it offers an unsatisfactory account of what makes knowledge basic. Some current ideas in cognitive neuroscience – predictive coding and analysis by synthesis – point to a more plausible account that better explains the evidence.
Beyond knowledge versus belief: The contents of mental-state representations and their underlying computations
Authors: Asaba Mika , Chuey Aaron , Gweon Hyowon
Published: November 2021

Moving beyond distinguishing knowledge and beliefs, we propose two lines of inquiry for the next generation of theory of mind (ToM) research: (1) characterizing the contents of different mental-state representations and (2) formalizing the computations that generate such contents. Studying how children reason about what others think of the self provides an illuminating window into the richness and flexibility of human social cognition.
Gateway to Africa: The History of Television Service in Late Colonial Nigeria
Authors: Arthur Tori Omega , Ukelina Bekeh Utietiang
Published: November 2021

The constitutional changes that took place in Nigeria in the decade before independence granted significant authority to the colonial state's three regions. The 1954 constitution gave both the federal and regional governments the authority to legislate on broadcasting issues. In 1959, Western Region leader, Chief Obafemi Awolowo, established the Western Nigeria Television Service (WNTV), a service considered the ‘Gateway to Africa’. This article historicizes the processes and politics of the founding of this station, revealing metropolitan efforts to control the television service's direction in order for it to remain aligned with British cultural and imperial interests. It also shows the BBC's attempts to stall the successful launch of a service that it considered a competitor. The study argues that the broadcasting service's creation was an act of dissent against British colonial rule and its cultural imperialism and sheds light on how the Western Region's political elites embraced emerging public communication technologies to undermine colonialism.
Government Contracting Services to Social Organisations in China: A Review of Research for Future Enquiry
Authors: Enjuto Martinez Regina , Qu Yuanyuan , Howell Jude
Published: November 2021

Contracting of social services has been adopted in China as an innovation in welfare provision. This article reviews the emerging literature on contracting of services to social organisations in China in order to identify lines of further enquiry. It reviews research published in the English and Chinese languages up to 2018. We identify three distinct narratives: public sector reform, improvement of welfare service quality and capacity, and transformation of state-society relations. We contrast the identified narratives with the empirical evidence produced for the Chinese case. We demonstrate that, despite contradictory empirical evidence, the premise that contracting improves public sector efficiency and quality of services predominates. The narrative that contracting transforms state-society relations is contested. This article contributes to the understanding of how contracting of services is justified in theory and practice, and proposes an agenda for future social policy research on contracting of services to social organisations in China.
Patrick O’Brien on industrialization, little Britain and the wider world
Authors: Vries Peer
Published: November 2021

Patrick O’Brien has dedicated most of his career to studying British economic history, focusing on the Industrial Revolution, its antecedents, characteristics and consequences. He has always paid attention to long-term developments and never confined himself to strictly economic aspects. From the late 1990s onward, he increasingly turned ‘global’. His importance for global history cannot be overstated. His essay in this issue presents the outcome of his long intellectual journey. I will in this rejoinder try to assess his approach and his findings and comment on Patrick as a scholar and as a person. As we are close friends I will be critical.
Toward understanding the impact of nuisance algae bloom on the reduction of rice seedling emergence and establishment
Authors: Ohadi Sara , Laguerre Guelta , Madsen John , Al-Khatib Kassim
Published: November 2021

California rice (Oryza sativa L.) production has been recently challenged by the early-season nuisance algae blooms. The algal community in rice is a complex of green algae (Nostoc spongiforme Agardh ex Bornet) and cyanobacteria species that can develop a thick algal mat on the surface of the water and interfere with the emergence and establishment of rice seedlings. The objective of this research was to determine the impact of algal infestation level on rice seedling emergence. A mesocosm study was conducted in 57-L tubs. Three levels of algal infestation (low, medium, and high) were produced by adding fertilizer (N:P) into the tubs at 0:0, 75:35, and 150:70 kg−1 ha. Sixty rice seeds (‘M-206’) were soaked for 24 h and spread into tubs filled with water. Photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), chlorophyll a concentration as the quantitative measure of algae, number of emerged rice seedlings, and their dry biomass were studied during the experiment. Results showed that algal infestation can directly change the amount of light received into the water. Minimum, maximum, and mean percentage of PAR inside the water declined as the algal infestation level increased. As a consequence, rice seedling emergence dropped under the high algal pressure. At very high algal infestation (i.e., chlorophyll a concentration of above 500 µg ml−1), rice seedling emergence was reduced up to 90%. Furthermore, rice seedling emergence was delayed under algal infestation. When algal infestation was low, time to 50% rice seedling emergence (t50) ranged between 5 and 10 d, while at high algal infestation, t50 ranged between 12 and 20 d. Moreover, individual rice seedling biomass was reduced from 1 g to 0.01 g as algal infestation increased. The results from this study indicate that uncontrolled algae at the beginning of the rice-growing season could reduce rice seedling emergence, establishment, and rice stand. Given that algal infestation in fields has a patchy pattern, loss of rice stand in these patches could provide empty niches for other weeds to grow.
Current History: Exploring the Past of the Tasman Leakage
Authors: Thompson Elizabeth
Published: November 2021

A new study sheds light on an important Pacific-to-Atlantic connecting current, including the global changes that led to its flowing that ushered in near-modern ocean circulation.
Cosmic Dust May Be Key Source of Phosphorus for Life on Earth
Authors: Stanley Sarah
Published: November 2021

When tiny particles enter Earth’s atmosphere, a newly described series of chemical reactions may lead to production of phosphorus-containing molecules that are essential for biological processes.
Multi‐Instrument Investigation of the Polar Holes
Authors: Forsythe Victoriya V. , Kunduri Bharat , Zou Shasha
Published: November 2021

During the solar minimum the F‐region plasma density can become extremely low, and in some exceptional cases the F‐layer can completely disappear. These F‐region density depletions are particularly deep during geomagnetically quiet nights, when slow plasma convection creates polar holes, extending 100–1000 km in size, where the electron density is several orders of magnitude lower than the background values. Polar holes are believed to be formed during the periods of the very slow anti‐sunward convection, when the plasma is trapped just poleward of the auroral oval in the absence of any ionization sources. At the same time, fast convection with rapid vertical plasma transport has also been associated with the polar hole formation. Combining the electron density measurements from the Resolute Bay Incoherent Scatter Radar (RISR) and Poker Flat ISR (PFISR), the state of art variational data assimilation tool Ionospheric Data Assimilation Four‐Dimensional (IDA4D), and the convection data from the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) array, the polar hole formation and evolution are experimentally investigated. The F‐region plasma is traced back in time prior to the polar hole formation to analyze the favorable conditions for the formation of the polar holes. The role of plasma convection in the formation of the polar holes is experimentally investigated. The results show that the polar holes can be formed in the twilight condition and without being trapped in the closed convection loops. The formation of the polar holes were equally possible during slow and strong convection flows, predominantly with a standard two‐cell convection configuration.