bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rheumatoid Synovial Lymphocytes Lack Concanavalin‐A‐activated Suppressor Cell Activity
Authors: CHATTOPADHYAY C. , CHATTOPADHYAY H. , NATVIG J. B. , MELLBYE O. J.
Published: June 2006

Synovial lymphocytes eluted by enzyme treatment from eleven patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were investigated for the presence of concanavalin A (Con A)‐activated suppressor cell activity as compared with that of peripheral blood lymphocytes of twenty normal donors. In addition, two patients with psoriatic arthritis and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) were also investigated. Synovial lymphocytes from the eleven RA patients showed a mean augmentation of 28±13.30, and thus clearly lacked suppressor activity, whereas the mean suppression in the lymphocytes from the twenty normal donors was 13 ±14.40. Synovial lymphocytes from one patient with JRA and one with psoriatic arthritis showed a normal suppressor activity.
Macrophage‐Lymphocyte Clusters in the Immune Response to Soluble Protein Antigen in Vitro
Authors: WERDELIN O. , BRÆNDSTRUP O.
Published: June 2006

T‐cell populations from guinea‐pigs sensitized to the protein antigens purified protein derivative of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, ovalbumin, or horseradish peroxidase can be selectively depleted of cells capable of initiating antigen‐specific macrophage‐lymphocyte clusters in vitro. The depletion is achieved by incubating the T cells on a monolayer of antigen‐pulsed macrophages in a Petri dish for some hours and then gently aspirating the cells not adhering to the bottom of the dish. When subsequently assayed, the aspirated cells were found to be depleted of cluster‐initiating lymphocytes. To remove the cluster‐initiating lymphocytes committed to ovalbumin, monolayers of ovalbumin‐pulsed macrophages must be used as immunoabsorbent. To remove cluster‐initiating lymphocytes committed to horseradish peroxidase, monolayers of macrophages pulsed with that antigen must be used. The optimum time for incubation on the absorbing monolayer appears to be 4 h, and two successive incubations are more effective than one. The cell density of the absorbing monolayer and the handling of the Petri dish may be critical for effective removal of the cluster‐initiating lymphocytes. With optimum procedure we have achieved up to 90% depletion of specific cells with no depletion of cells committed to a control antigen.
Maturation of Bursal Stem Cells within Allogeneic or Syngeneic Bursal Microenvironment: Surface Determinants and Capacity for Germinal Centre Formation
Authors: VAINIO O.
Published: June 2006

Maturation of bursal stem cells in an allogeneic environment was studied. The occurrence of surface IgM, surface IgG, and Ia‐like antigens on B cells after differentiation within an allogeneic bursa was studied. Furthermore, the immediate capacity of B cells to form germinal centres after differentiation in an allogeneic bursa was studied by injecting them with histocompatible T cells into ‘test‐tube’ birds. The results indicate that the switch to surface‐IgG‐bearing cells occurs in an allogeneic bursa in a similar manner as in a Syngeneic bursa. Studies of the occurrence of la‐like antigens on bursa cells demonstrate that they retain their original Ia‐like antigens, even during maturation in an allogeneic host. Third, the results demonstrate that after differentiation within an allogeneic environment bursa cells have acquired the immediate capacity to cooperate with histocompatible T cells as measured by germinal centre formation in ‘test‐tube’ birds.
Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity and Mitogen Responsiveness of Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes Differing in Avidity for Sheep Erythrocytes
Authors: JÓNSDÓTTIR I. , DILLNER‐CENTERLIND M.‐L. , PERLMANN H. , PERLMANN P.
Published: June 2006

To characterize the effector cells (K‐cells) in antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against a nucleated target cell (El 4), human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were fractionated by roseue sedimentation into subpopulations differing in avidity for sheep erythrocytes (E). The fractions obtained were assayed for surface markers, and as a functional T cell marker, for responsiveness to the mitogen leucoagglutinin (La). By depleting PBL of E‐receptor‐bearing cells (El+), approximately half of the cytotoxic potential was found in the EL+‐depleted fraction. While the EL+ fraction had low activity on a per cell basis, it nevertheles contained a significant proportion of the original cytotoxicity. By sequential E‐rosetting, fractions binding E with high avidity (EL+), low avidity (EL+) or not at all (E ‐) were obtained. Both E‐binding fractions consisted primarily of T‐cells, as judged from their surface marker profiles. Both fractions responded well to La, but with different dose optima. The E‐ fraction contained primarily B‐and null cells and did not respond to La. Significant K‐cell activity was foundl in all these fractions. The results show that a significant fraction of the K‐cells have receptors for E and these can be of either high or low avidity. Since both EH+ and EL+ fractions respond well to La and contain K‐cells, a T‐cell origin of the later is suggested. However, whether or not cytotoxicity and La‐responsiveness are functions of the same cells remains to be established.
Cell‐mediated Cytotoxicity during Vaccinia Virus Revaccination in Man: Influence of Antibodies and Interferon
Authors: MØLLER‐LARSEN A.
Published: June 2006

Seven healthy human adults were revaccinated with vaccinia virus. Cell‐mediated cytotoxicity to vaccinia virus‐i nfected fibroblasts was investigated on the day of vaccination and on days with peak activity. Three donors were studied until day 30 after vaccination. The addition of interferon to cytotoxicity reactions resulted in an increase in killing. This increase was not seen when antibodies were added. When a mixture of lymphocytes from a revaccinaied and a non‐rcvaccin‐ated donor was used as effector cells, the killing observed corresponded to the killing seen with lymphocytes from the revaccinaied donor, when tested alone. This finding indicates that no antibodies or other soluble mediators capable of increasing cytotoxicity are released from the lymphocytes during the cytotoxicity assay.
Human Monocyte‐mediated Cytotoxicity to K‐562 Cells: Activation by Lymphokines
Authors: HAMMERSTROM J.
Published: June 2006

Human monocytes purified by adherence and prolonged in vitro monolayer cullure were activated by supernatants of autoiogous lymphocytes stimulated with live bacillus Calmelte‐Guérin or killed Corynebacterium Corynebacterium parvum. Activated monocytes expressed increased ability to lyse K‐562 cells prelabelled with methyl‐3H‐thymidine in a 48 h assay. Activation could be detected at a 1:64 dilution of lymphokine supernatants. Target cell killing by activated monocytes was strongly influenced by the density of the monocyte monolayer. Monocytes at an intermediate stage of in vitro differentiation seemed to be most responsive to lymphokine activation. Morphological studies indicated that a considerable number of K‐562 cells attach firmly to monocytes, The monocyte‐mediated lysis of K‐562 seems to be extracellular, as phagocytosis was not observed. Freshly isolated adherent blood mononuclear cells (>90% monocytes) were strongly cytostatic to K‐562 cells, as determined by inhibition of methyl‐3H‐thymidine uptake. Considerable cytolytic activity was also found with freshly isolated adherent cells, strong enhancement being produced by performing the assay in the presence of newborn calf serum, as opposed to human AB serum.
Hyporesponsiveness to Virus Antigens in Rheumatoid Synovial and Blood Lymphocytes Using the Indirect Leucocyte Migration Inhibition Test
Authors: CHATTOPADHYAY H. , CHATTOPADHYAY C. , NATVIG J. B.
Published: June 2006

Mononuclear cells (MNC) from rheumatoid synovial tissue and peripheral blood were tested for immune responses to various viral antigens, purified protein derivative (PPD) and Mycoplasma pneumonia by the indirect leucocyte migration inhibition test. MNC from the eleven rheumatoid synovial tissues tested had deficient leucocyte inhibitory factor production against all antigens tested for, and this was also the case in the peripheral blood of seven juvenile rheumatoid arthritis patients (JRA). In the peripheral blood of eight rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients there was also generally low reactivity. However, significant differences in migration indexes were found with rubella viral antigen and with PPD at 5 μg/ml when zero‐hour and overnight incubations of the culture were compared. In contrast, MNC of peripheral blood of control donors had significant responses to PPD (19/19), mumps virus (7/11), rubella virus (10/19), cytomegalovirus (4/11), and herpes simplex type 1 virus (4/11) antigen after zero‐hour culture, and no differences was seen after overnight incubation.
Restimulation of PPD‐stimulated Lymphocytes: Decreased Responsiveness of Prestimulated Cells to a Second Challenge with PPD and PHA
Authors: SÖRÉN L. , MALLER R.
Published: June 2006

Lymphocytes stimulated with purified protein derivative (PPD) were inhibited in their response to a second stimulation with PPD or phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). The degree of inhibition was related to the PPD concentration during prestimulalion, the dose‐response curve for inhibition resembling very much that of stimulation. The decreased reactivity was neither due to a toxic effect of PPD nor to altered proliferation kinetics of the prestimulated cells. Lymphocytes preincubated for 6 h or 16 days with PPD were equally refractory, and the non‐reactivity persisted even if the cells were incubated without stimulant for 1 week or more. The prestimulated cells were able to suppress the PHA stimulation of fresh lymphocytes. These results indicate that the decreased reactivity of the prestimulated lymphocytes is due to the action of suppressor lymphocytes, generated during the primary stimulation.
Morphological Study of Autologous Rosettes (A‐RFC)
Authors: NABARRA B. , CHARREIRE J.
Published: June 2006

The morphology of autologous rosette forming cells (A‐RFC) has been studied by light and electron microscopy, Aulorosette forming cells were obtained from the spleen of adult thymectomized (ATx) or nude mice, and from neonatal thymus grafts during the regeneration phase. Among the autorosettes seen by light microscopy, 76% of them were formed by lymphoid cells which included a high proportion of large lymphocytes (48%). Electron microscopy study performed after isolation of A‐RFC by micromanipulation demonstrated that 74% were formed by large lymphoid cells wilh an immature nucleus. The finding of such large‐sized lymphoid cells wilh immature nuclei is in agreement with our previous results indicating that A‐RFC might belong to an immature T cell class.
Selective Expression of Antibody Classes and Contact Sensitivity Affected by Genes in the Major Histocompatibility Complex
Authors: THOMAS W. R. , WATKINS M. C. , ASHERSON G. L.
Published: June 2006

This report describes IgM, IgG and IgE antibody and contact sensitivity responses of strains of mice congenic at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) to skin painting with picryl chloride or oxazolone. B10 had low responses of all classes to picryl chloride. This was also reflected by the DNA synthesis occurring in their draining lymph nodes alter painting. B10BR were high responders to picryl chloride for all classes but B10A and B10D2 were high responders for all classes except IgE. This presents evidence that genes in the MHC can selectively control antibody classes. The contact sensitivity response of the congenics to oxazolone confirmed the low previously described responsiveness of B10 mice. Antibody responses to oxazolone (agglutinin and reagin) were low for all congenics with B10 backgrounds.
Influence of Thymus Genotype on Acquisition of Responsiveness in Delayed‐type Hypersensitivity
Authors: MILLER J. F. A. P. , GAMBLE J. , MOTTRAM P. , SMITH F. I.
Published: June 2006

Antigen‐pulsed macrophages (Mph) could sensitize syngeneic mice for delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) and also elicit sensitivity from mice sensitized to antigen in adjuvant provided these were syngeneic or semi‐allogeneic to the strain providing the Mph. Sensitivity could not be elicited with antigen‐pulsed allogeneic Mph. Antigen‐pulsed Mph from low‐responder (LR) strains could not sensitize LR mice nor F1 hybrids between responder (R) and LR strains. Normal F1 mice could he sensitized to respond to antigen presented on Mph of either parental type (i.e. P1 or P2): if, however, they were sensitized to antigen on P1 Mph. DTH transfer was restricted to naive P1 mice, not to P2 (restriction imposed by priming). F1 T cells derived from stem cells differentiating in a P1 thymus graft could he sensitized but could transfer sensitivity only to naive P1 mice, not to P2 (restriction imposed in thymus). When an antigen under Ir gene control was used, LR derived T cells differentiating in an (R×LR)F1 thymus could be sensitized but only if antigen was presented on (R×LR)F1 Mph not on LR Mph. Totally allogeneic chimaeras could be sensitized but only if given antigen in association with the appropriate Mph. These findings suggest that restriction of T cell activities can be imposed as a result of priming in some cases and as a result of differentiation within the thymus in others. LR strains appear to have a lesion at the level of antigen presentation by Mph; whether they also have a defect at the level of generation of T cell repertoire cannot he determined from the present investigations.
Cell‐mediated and Humoral Immune Responses to Cartilage Antigenic Components
Authors: GLANT T. , HADAS E. , NAGY M.
Published: June 2006

Cell‐mediated immunity and antibody production to cartilage antigens were studied in rabbits. From day 3 of immunization an inhibition of leucocyte migration was observed in animals immunized with collagen‐free fractions of bovine nasal or human rib cartilage. Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity was elicited between 5 and 6 days and the circulating antibodies were demonstrated by passive haemagglutination on day 9. No significant correlation was observed between the antibody production and the cell‐mediated immunity. Cell‐mediated immune responses to cartilage antigens and to purified protein derivative were distinctly different, but the two antigens influenced one another when they were administered together. The ‘species common’ antigen of connective tissues may be primarily responsible for the early immune reactions
Evidence that Soluble Products Released by PHA‐stimulated Human Lymphoid Cells Activate Immunosuppressive Monocytes
Authors: LARSSON E.‐L. , BLOMGREN H.
Published: June 2006

Soluble mediators, tymphokines, released by stimulated lymphoid cells can modify immunological responses in several ways, In this investigation we have examined whether the supernatants of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)‐activated human lymphocytes (active SUPs) contain factors that can suppress proliferative responses of lymphocytes in vitro. The results have shown that crude preparations of peripheral lymphoid cells incubated for 24 h in active SUPs can suppress the responses of cocultured autologous lymphocytes to PPD tuberculin in vitro. Their suppressive activity was not abolished by mitomycin treatment. Some reduction of phytomitogen responses was also noted. Maximal suppressive activity was obtained within 24 h of incubation in active SUPs and it could not he induced in cell preparations depleted of monocytes‐macrophages. Similar results were obtained by treating lymphoid cells with lipopolysaccharide fromEscherichia roli, which is a known activator of monocytes. These results thus show that lymphokines released by stimulated lymphoid cells can activate monocytes‐macrophages in such a way that they become immunosuppressive.
Detection of Antibodies in Human Sera to Streptococcal Groups A and C Carbohydrates by a Radioimmunoassay
Authors: AASTED B. , BERNSTEIN D. , KLAPPER D. G. , EL KHOLY A. , KRAUSE R. M.
Published: June 2006

Human antibodies to Streptococcal groups A and C carbohydrates were measured quantitatively with a radioimmunoassay using tyrosylated 125I carbohydrate. Analysis of acute and convalescent sera from people with groups A or C streptococcal pharyngeal infection or persistent carriage revealed a significant rise in antibodies. Inhibition reactions with the cold carbohydrate indicated the specificity of the elicited antibodies. In some instances, group C as well as group A antibodies occurred after group A pharyngeal infections. Further clinical and epidemiological studies are required to determine the significance of group‐specific antibodies. Antistreptolysin‐O (ASO) rises were observed in individuals with group C antibody responses after persistent group C pharyngeal carriage. For this reason, epidemiological surveys that rely primarily on ASO surveys to determine the incidence of group A streptococcal infections must be interpreted wilh caution, at least in the developing countries, where group C pharyngeal carriage is common.
Incompatibility between Complement Components C3 and C5 of Guinea‐Pig and Man, an Indication of their Interaction in C5 Activation by Classical and Alternative C5 Convertases
Authors: VON ZABERN I. , NOLTE R. , VOGT W.
Published: June 2006

The use of heterologous combinations of guinea‐pig and human complement components for titration of C5 with Convertases of the alternative and classical pathway has been investigated. In addition to the known unfavourable combination of C2hu with C4gp partial incompatibilities were detected between heterologous C3 and C5 as well as between C2hu and C5gp. The incompatibility between heterologous C3 and C5 is of special interest since it indicates an interaction of these two non‐enzymic components. Concomitant binding studies have demonstrated that a reduced efficiency of C5 Convertases correlates with decreased binding affinity of surface‐fixed C3b for C5 when heterologous components are offered. Hence, the present studies give further evidence that surface‐bound C3b has the function of a co‐factor which binds C5; this interaction is required for C5 activation via the classical as well as the alternative pathway, i.e. by the C3/C5 Convertases and .
Alpha‐Naphthyl Acetate Esterase Activity in Human Lymphocytes: Distribution in Lymphocyte Subpopulations and in Mitogen‐activated Cells
Authors: MANCONI P. E. , MARROSU M. G. , PAGHI L. , CORREALE G. , ZACCHEO D.
Published: June 2006

The cytochemical demonstration of nonspecific alpha‐naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) activity in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells was studied. Different staining patterns were found, allowing differentiation of mononuclear cells into macrophages (strong granular cytoplasmic activity), B lymphocytes (negative reaction), Tγ lymphocytes, i.e. bearing IgG Fc receptors (granular scattered reaction), and T non‐γ lymphocytes, i.e. devoid of IgG Fc receptors (single cytoplasmic ANAE spot). During the early phases of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)‐ and concanavalin A (Con A)‐induced activation, the reactivity of most lymphocytes became granular and scattered, similar to that found in Tγ cells. Blast cells generating in successive phases, appeared devoid of detectable enzymatic activity. The hypothesis is put forth that T cells showing granular, scattered reactivity represent a population of activated cells and that the redistribution of enzymatic activity could represent a preliminary step leading to secretion (lymphokine‐like?) of enzyme from cytoplasm in the course of cell activation.
The VKVI Subgroup of Rabbit Light Chains: Complete Amino Acid Sequence of a Third Variable Region (K29–213)
Authors: HUSER H. , BRAUN D.G.
Published: June 2006

The amino acid sequence of the variable region of a rabbit anti‐streptococcal A‐variant antibody light chain was determined. By using a combination of different cleavage methods, the sequence was established. Large peptides were sequenced in an extensively modified Beckman sequenator. Light chain K29–213 belongs to a rare subgroup (KVI). Several of these light chains of antibodies with different specificities have been totally or partially sequenced. Comparison of these light chains reveals at least four germ‐line‐encoded variants within this subgroup.
Cross‐reactions between Mycobacteria
Authors: HARBOE M. , MSHANA R. N. , CLOSS O. , KRONVALL G. , AXELSEN N. H.
Published: June 2006

Cross‐reactions between Mycobacterium bovis BCG and various other mycobacteria, Nacardia asteroides, Corynebacterium pyogenes and Listeria monocrtogenes were studied by incorporating antibodies against these bacteria in the ineermediate gel of a crossed immuno‐electrophoretic system with BCG antigen and anti‐BCG antibodies. In the BCG reference system forty‐four distinct antigenic components were recorded, of which thirty‐three cross‐reacted with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, twenty‐five with M. avium, twenty‐one with A, duvalii, eighteen with M. smegmatis, fifteen with M. nonchromogenicum, twelve with M. phlei, eight with N. asteroides and two wilh C. pyogenes, whereas no cross‐reaction was detected with L. monocytogenes. The value of the method for characterization of mycobacterial antigens is discussed. A taxonomic system based on this method appears particularly valuable for studies of non‐cultivable mycobacteria such as M. leprae, A majority of twenty‐one patients with lepromatous leprosy had anti‐BCG antibodies of restricted specificity, affecting only four or live BCG antigens, although one patient had twelve anti‐BCG specificities. Most of these antibodies reacted with those BCG antigens that cross‐react extensively with other mycobacteria.
Effect of Calcium and Factor D Depletion on C3 Conversion by Rat Intestinal Glycoprotein
Authors: WINSNES R.
Published: June 2006

These studies demonstrate that a rat intestinal glycoprotein fraction may activate C3 in normal human serum by the alternative complement pathway alone and by the classical pathway alone. Conversion of C3 by the rat intestinal glycoprotein fraction amounted to 55% when both the classical and the alternative pathways were intact, to 21% when the classical pathway was blocked by ethyleneglycol‐bis‐(β‐aminoethyl ether)N,N′‐tetraacetic acid, and to 21% in Factor‐D‐depleted serum. Comparable figures for zymosan were 58% 44% and 12%, and for sheep erythrocytes sensitized with anti‐sheep haemolysin, 27%, <1% and 21% respectively.
Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines are Polyclonal Activators of Human T Lymphocytes
Authors: BOYLSTON A. W. , ANDERSON R. L.
Published: June 2006

Following stimulation with autologous or allogeneic lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) human T lymphocytes acquire two properties which suggest that LCL act as polyclonal activators. Cytotoxic activity, which has an antigen‐specific component, is produced towards normal lymphocytes and LCL, and the cells become capable of mounting proliferative responses to antigens on human B lymphocytes which have accelerated secondary‐type kinetics. Only weak responses to autologous cells occur. In addition, repeated restimulation with the original LCL leads to a progressive increase in the number of cells in the culture for a period of about 4 weeks. This approach may prove a useful way to grow large numbers of human T lymphocytes for further study.
Macrophage Requirement for the in Vitro Response to an Insolubilized T‐independent Antigen
Authors: DUCLOS H. , GALANAUD P. , MAILLOT M. C. , CREVON M. C. , DORMONT J.
Published: June 2006

The role of macrophages in the in vitro response of mouse spleen cells to the insolubilized, T‐independent antigen trinitrophenylated polyacrylamide (TNP‐PAA) is demonstrated by the following points. The response is abolished by filtration on Sephadex G‐10 and can be restored by the addition of splenic adherent cells, deficient in either B or T cells, or by 2‐mercaptoethanol (2‐ME). It is suppressed upon elimination of phagocytic cells by silica, and restored by 2‐ME. 2‐ME can restore a normal response from zero, in cultures depleted of both adherent and phagocytic cells, and is efficient in the absence of mature T cells. Experiments in microcultures show that large numbers of macrophages can stimulate a supra‐optimal response from B cells. This response is only obtained in the presence of the antigen, and is specific for TNP. These results show that macrophages, probably by their polyclonal B‐cell activator (PBA) property, play a role in the specific response to TNP‐PAA. This prompts us to discuss the respective roles in the B‐cell response of this PBA activity and of the interaction of the antigen with the specific B‐cell receptors.
Severe Suppression of the B‐cell System has No Impact on the Maturation of Natural Killer Cells in Mice
Authors: GIDLUND M. , OJO E. A. , ÖRN A. , WIGZELL H. , MURGITA R. A.
Published: June 2006

Mice were treated with a heterologous anti‐IgM serum to obtain B‐cell‐deprived mice. Spleen cells from normal and B‐cell‐deprived mice were tested in three different cytolytic systems: natural killer cells (NK); antibody‐dependent cell‐mediated cytolysis (ADCC) against an NIC‐sensitive tumour, P815; and ADCC against chicken erythrocytes. The impact of administration of an interferon‐inducing NK enhancing agent, Tilorone, was also investigated. Whereas the cell population from B‐cell‐deprived mice was significantly suppressed in antibody‐producing cells, the capacity to function in NK or ADCC was largely unimpaired both before and after administration of Tilorone. Our results would imply that mature B cells play no significant role in either the maturation of the NK cells or the expression of their cytolytic ability. Furthermore, effector cells for both NK and ADCC against antibody‐coated tumour target cells were found to be distinct from those functioning in ADCC against chicken erythrocytes.
In Vitro Sensitization of Human T Lymphocytes to Hapten (TNP)‐Conjugated and Non‐treated Autologous Cells is Restricted by Self‐HLA‐D
Authors: THORSBY E. , NOUSIAINEN H.
Published: June 2006

By co‐culturing human T lymphocytes with TNP‐treated autologous B lymphocytes and macrophages for 10 days in vitro, Sensitization to TNP‐treated autologous cells could be detected in a proliferative assay. By restimulation with different types of allogeneic cells and with cells from donors compatible or incompatible for the HLA‐ABC or ‐D determinants, results were obtained suggesting that the TNP‐specific response was restricted by the HLA‐D but not the ‐ABC antigens of the autologous priming cells. Furthermore, our experiments demonstrate that T lymphocytes can also be primed against non‐treated autologous cells in vitro and suggest that the HLA‐D determinants may be involved also in this auto‐sensitization.
V and C Gene Contribution in Creating Anti‐α‐1,3 Dextran Antibodies in Mice
Authors: BELL C.
Published: June 2006

The light (L) and heavy (H) chain and the antigenic, idiotypic (Id) composition of the antibody (Ab) plaque‐forming cells (PFC) and serum Ab specific for α‐1, 3 dextran have been characterized in Ig‐lal BALB/c prototype mice, in Ig‐la− [30] mice, and in BALB/c congenic and recombinant strains. Four distinct Ab Id specificities were identified by using criteria of Id relatedness to three Id‐distinct, α‐1, 3 dextran‐binding BALB/c myeloma proteins (MP), all associated, in the Ig‐lal mice with the lambda (λ) chains: a major, common IdX in 40–90% of the molecules; three minor, individual IdI in 1–49% of the molecules; and a fifth, Id‐undefined one. These specificities were expressed at the PFC and serum level in the μ and γ isotypes. A minor, kappa (K), Id‐negative Ab was discerned only at the PFC level. The Ig‐la− CBA and C3H mice responded with anti‐α‐1, 3 dextran, K Id‐negative Ab. The BALB/c, congenic strain CB20 (BALB/c Ig‐lb, carrying the C57BI/Ka, Ig‐lb variable H (VH) gene complement and CH phenotype, made anti‐α‐1, 3 dextran K Id‐negative Ab of the Ig‐lb prototype. The recombinant BAB/14, carrying in the C57Bl/Ka CH‐Ig‐lb phenotype the BALB/c Ig‐lal VH gene(s) controlling anti‐α‐1, 3 dextran λ Ab responsiveness and Id specificity (VH‐DEX+), express the BALB/c λId repertoire.
V and C Gene Contribution in Creating Anti‐α‐1, 3 Dextran Antibodies in Mice
Authors: BELL C.
Published: June 2006

The light (L) and heavy (H) chain and the idiotypic (Id) composition of the antibody (Ab) plaque‐forming cells (PFC) and serum Ab specific for α‐1, 3 dextran have been characterized in murine strains exhibiting the CH‐lg‐l bto e allotypes and in their F1 hybrids with lg‐lal, BALB/c prototypes, The Ab response of the Ig‐lb to e mice to the α‐1, 3 dextran was low in the kappa (K) L chain class with only a minor, sporadic Ab in the lambda (λ) L chain class discernible after prolonged immunization. Two of a total of sixty‐eight C57BI/6 Ig‐lb mice, in a total of 318 Ig‐lb to e mice tested, exhibited, in late responses, a significantly elevated Ab in the λ L class at both serum and PFC levels, equalling at the PFC level the total non‐specific λ PFC values. An Id analysis showed this λ Ab and the K Ab to lack the Id relatedness to the three BALB/c α‐1, 3 dextran‐binding myeloma proteins (MP) Ab prototypes, J‐558, 104 E, and UPC‐102, exhibited by the λ Id’ Ab of the lg‐lal BALB/c prototypes and their F1 hybrids with the Ig‐lb to e prototypes. Furthermore, affinity differences could be detected by α‐1, 3 nigerodextrans, PFC inhibition analysis, between the late C57BI/6 anti‐α‐1, 3 dextran λ Id−Ab PFC and the λ Id+ Ab PFC of the BALB/c and their F1 progeny.
Analysis of the Serum IgE Levels in Nonimmunized Rats of Various Strains by a Radioimmunoassay
Authors: KARLSSON T. , ELLERSON J. R. , DAHLBOM I. , BENNICH H.
Published: June 2006

An assay, the paper radioimmunosorbent test (PRIST) for the measurement of total serum IgE in the rat, that allows the measurement of IgE down to a level of 0.25 ng/ml, is described. With this assay it has been demonstrated that significant differences exist in normal serum IgE levels in non‐immunized rats. These differences are strain‐dependent, and strains may be classified as to low (<50 ng/ml), medium (50–300 ng/ml) or high (>300 ng/ml) serum levels. The serum IgE level is not sex‐dependent. Environmental factors have a pronounced influence, optimal housing conditions resulting in low and stable levels while suboptimal conditions result in high levels with great fluctuations. Hybridization experiments suggest a multigenic control, with low IgE strains having a dominating suppressor effect.
A Radioimmunoassay for Evaluation of the IgE and IgG Antibody Responses in the Rat
Authors: KARLSSON T. , ELLERSON J. R. , HAIG D. M. , JARRETT E. E. E. , BENNICH H.
Published: June 2006

An assay, the paper radioallergosorbent test (PRAST), tor the measurement of specific serum IgE antibody in the rat is described in detail. This assay has been used, in conjunction with a modified PRAST for the determination of relative specific serum IgG antibody and the PRIST assay for total serum IgE [13], to measure specific IgE and IgG and total IgE immune responses in normal parasite infected rats immunized using various protocols. The results indicate that there is a relationship between the basic IgE level and the immune response, i.e. a rat strain with a low constitutive IgE level demonstrates a weak response whereas a high level strain reacts strongly. When PRAST and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) were compared, using standardized IgE antibody containing sera, the results were in good agreement. However. PRAST is the preferable assay as it shows less intrinsic variation, is more sensitive than PCA, and is not influenced by high serum IgE levels in the recipient animal.
Human Natural Cell‐mediated Cytotoxicity against Fetal Fibroblasts
Authors: TIMONEN T.
Published: June 2006

The dependence of human natural killer (NK) cell activity on antibodies was investigated. Absorption of the culture medium with target cells, trypsinization of the effector cells followed by a brief recovery, and incubation of the effector cells in serum‐free nutrient medium did not affect natural killer cell activity against fetal fibroblasts. No soluble mediator in the nutrient media of effector cell‐fibroblast co‐cultures could be demonstrated. It was therefore concluded that antibodies are not involved in the cytolytic activity of natural killer cells. However, competition data and the activity of isolated NK cells against antibody‐coated target cells suggested overlapping between the effector cells mediating natural and antibody‐dependent cell‐mediated cytotoxicity.
Immunoglobulins G, A and M in Normal and Pathologic Human Sera Determined with the Spot Immunoprecipitate Assay (SIA) in Multi‐assay Plates
Authors: WADSWORTH C. , WADSWORTH E.
Published: June 2006

A simple rapid spot immunoprecipitate assay (SIA) is presented. The antigen‐antibody reaction takes place in a field of alternating current; small amounts of specific antisera are used and the influence of diffusion or electromobility of the antigen is avoided. Determinations of IgG, IgA and IgM in sera from healthy individuals correlated highly significantly with radial immuno‐diffusion (RID) results. The reaction conditions in SIA, particularly the availability of a sufficiency of specific antibodies, may permit more accurate estimates of monoclonal forms of Ig than in RID, where the combination depends on diffusion of one reactant. The precision of SIA quan‐titation of IgG and IgA was within ± 10% and ± 13% for IgM. Working ranges of the standard curves were from about 25–150 ng for G and A and 75–300 ng for IgM: least squares regression coefficients for four sets of standards on three SIA plates were 0.995 for IgG, 0.969 for IgA, and 0.986 for IgM. IgA at 7.5 ng in a 2.5 mg/1 dilution was at the lower limit of demonstrability. Photometric registrations and estimates made by visual inspection compared highly significantly (P<0.001), differing by ±13%.
Natural Cytotoxicity of Human Fcγ‐Receptor‐positive T Lymphocytes after Surface Modulation with Immune Complexes
Authors: PAPE G. R. , MORETTA L. , TROYE M. , PERLMANN P.
Published: June 2006

In humans T cells with surface receptors for the Fc fragment of IgG (Fcγ receptors) (TG cells) are effector cells in antibody‐dependent cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC) and in natural cytotoxicity. While Fcγ receptors are required to mediate ADCC, their role in natural cytotoxicity is unknown. To investigate this question, Fcγ receptors on effector cells were modulated by interaction with IgG immune complexes. As a consequence of this modulation, TG cells lost most of their ADCC activity but retained a significant part of their natural killer activity. Thus, these experiments demonstrate that the cytotoxic mechanisms exerted by the same cell population can be dissociated experimentally. Furthermore, they suggest that the net natural cytotoxicity of normal human lymphocytes in certain effector cell‐target cell combinations is the result of distinct types of reaction.
A Chemical Approach to the Mechanism of B‐Lymphocyte Activation
Authors: VIDAL‐GOMEZ J. , A Vidal‐Gomez. J.
Published: June 2006

Non‐immunogenic dinitrophenyl‐polymethylmethacrylate and dinitrophenyl‐cellulose were rendered immunogenic by introducing, or by exposing, hydroxyl groups; i.e. hydrogen bonds. Conversely, acetylation of Ficoll yielded a polymer no longer functioning as a good carrier, and a similar result was obtained when dipole and hydrogen bond‐supplying groups of polyacrylamide were replaced by more hydrophobic chains. All these findings point towards the existence of a carrier‐associated lymphocyte‐triggering structure. Despite the latter conclusion, the carrier need not be a polyclonal antibody inductor. The possibility of a signal not resulting in polyclonal antibody induction was tested with the system Ficoll/dinitrophenyl‐Ficoll: whereas a pulse of Ficoll specifically impaired the immunogenicity of dinitrophenyl‐Ficoll, it did not elicit a significant antibody level increase over background. Nevertheless, repetitive Ficoll inoculations into mice gradually increased the basal anti‐trinitrophenyl antibody level, and concomitantly the anti‐dinitrophenyl response to dinitrophenyl‐Ficoll was specifically impaired since the anti‐trinitrophenyl response lo trinitrophenyl‐LPS was unaffected. The two main conclusions are that (1) the ultimate lymphocyte‐triggering structure resides in the carrier, and (2) the mere presence of that carrier‐associated structure does not mean polyclonal antibody induction, at least under conventional test conditions (i.e. one pulse, 2 days in culture).
Lymphocyte Subpopulations in Man: Relationship between Four Subpopulations Identified by Membrane Markers
Authors: JOHNSEN H. E. , MADSEN M.
Published: June 2006

The interrelationship between four Subpopulations of human lymphocytes was studied in eight normal persons, Double marking and fractionation experiments established that lymphocytes with receptors for AET‐treated sheep erythrocytes constitute a population complementary to cells that carry surface membrane immunoglobulins as they are identified by polyvalent rabbit anti‐human immunoglobulin: the latter includes nearly all tells with complement receptors. Two functionally different receptors for antigen‐bound IgG are identified by their binding avidity for rabbit‐antibody‐sensitized ox erythrocytes, defining populations of lymphocytes with high‐avidity and low‐avidity receptors, indicating two valuable differentiation markers.
Immunoelectron‐microscopic Localization of Immunoglobulin A and Secretory Component in Jejunal Mucosa from Children with Coeliac Disease
Authors: JOS J. , LABBE F. , GENY B. , GRISCELLI C.
Published: June 2006

Using peroxidase‐lahelled antibodies, the ultrastructural localization of IgA and secretory component (SC) was investigated in duodeno‐jejunal biopsies from six children with coeliac disease and compared wilh that observed in non‐coeliac mucosa. In normal intestinal mucosa this study confirmed the presence of IgA in the rough endoplasmic reliculum and the pcrinuclear space of numerous subcpithelial plasma cells and on the lateral cell membranes of villous and especially crypt epithelial cells. SC was only detected in the epithelium and principally in crypt epithelium where it was identified in endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi saccules, perinuclear spaces and on lateral cell membranes. These findings support the suggestion that SC is synthesized mainly in crypt epithelium and acts as a receptor on epithelial cell membranes for dimeric IgA. In untreated coeliac patients, SC was observed at the same sites, but SC staining was reduced in damaged surface epithelial cells. The number of IgA immunocytes was increased and heavy deposits of IgA were found on basement membranes. In post‐treatment biopsies, no abnormality was apparent. After re‐exposure to gluten, depositions of IgA on basement membranes were the only early change. The unaltered distribution of SC and IgA in crypt epithelium strongly suggests thai the epithelial transport mechanism of secretory IgA is normal in coeliac disease.
Isolation and Properties of Detergent‐Solubilized HLA Antigens Obtained from Platelets
Authors: TRÄGÅRDH L. , KLARESKOG L. , CURMAN B. , RASK L. , PETERSON P. A.
Published: June 2006

Deoxycholate‐solubilized HLA antigens have been isolated from plalelets and comprised a mixture of 43,000‐ and 39,000‐dalton polypcptide chains associated with β2‐microglobulin. Limited proteolysis experiments suggested that the 39,000‐dalton chain is a fragment of the intact 43,000‐dalton chain. Further proteolysis of the 39,000‐dalton fragment yields a 33,000‐dalton component. The 39,000‐dalton molecule is more acidic than both the 43,000‐ and the 33,000‐dalton chains. Differences in the amino acid compositions of the 43,000‐ and 39,000‐dalton species demonstrate that the peptide(s) released on generation ofthe 39,000‐dalton com‐coniponent are charged. The proieolytic split mosl probably occurs in the COOH‐terminal end which, owing to its content of charged amino acids, most probably is not integrated into the hydrocarbon matrix of the membrane. The 39,000‐ and 43,000‐dall on components bind detergent in micellar form and can be incorporated into liposonies. The 33,000‐dalton fragment has lost the ability to bind detergent micelles and is not incorporated into liposomes
Regulatory Influences on the Response of Rabbit T Cells to Concanavalin A and Phytohaemagglutinin
Authors: ALCALA A. R. RIVAS , CHOU C.‐T. , CINADER B. , DUBISKI S. , FILOSA M. F.
Published: June 2006

The proliferative response, induced in rabbit spleen cell by concanavalin A (Con A) and phyto‐haemagglutinin (PHA), is abolished when T cells are killed with antibody againsi rabbit thymus lymphocyte antigen (RTLA) in the presence of complement. The response was examined witb puritied spleen T cells, to whieh various helper cell factions were added; it could he shown that B cells help the responding T cells, The helper effect in ihe response to PHA is abolished imd ihe response to Con A is reduced by any manoeuvre which destroys or removes B cells. Help by B cells is given when helper cells have lost proliferative capacity as a consequence of mitomycin‐C treatment. Spleen cells adhering to the walls of culture tubes help suspended T spleen cells in their response to Con A. This help could be abolished by complement mediated coll kill with antibody to rabbit bursal equivalent lymphocyte antigen (RABELA). On the other hand, the helper effect in Con A response was increased when T cells were removed. Thus the response of T cells to Con A is regulated by helper B cells and suppressor T cells.
Properties of Antinuclear Antibodies that Cross‐react with Plasma Membranes
Authors: REKVIG O. P. , HANNESTAD K.
Published: June 2006

Certain human antinuclear antibodies (ANA) cross‐react specitically with the surface membrane of human leucocytes, in the present work ihese cross‐reacting (X) ANA could be eluted directly from viable leucocytes isolaied from three patients. The plasma membrcine antigen recognized by X‐ANA appeared phylogenetically highly conserved since it was present on viable HeLa cells and cells from mouse and rabbit spleen, rat liver, and the slime mould Physarum polycephalum. X‐ANA did not react with the plasma membrane of nucleated bird erythrocytes or human erythrocytes or thrombocytes. The same X‐ANA subset reacted with the various cells. The presence of X‐ANA correlated strongly (P < 0.01) with antibodies against a HcLa cell surface antigen. The nuclear antigen recognized by X‐ANA was present in all species examined, including bird erythrocyte nuclei and nuclei of Physarum polycephalum. Native or denatured DNA, RNA or a saline extract of nuclei did not inhibit the binding of X‐ANA to cell nuclei.
Functional Characterization in Vitro of Two Human T‐cell Subpopuiations with Different Affinities to Sheep Erythrocytes
Authors: HOKLAND P. , HERON I.
Published: June 2006

On the basis of their different abilities to form rosettes with unsensitized sheep erythrocytes (SRBC), two subpopuiations of human T lymphocytes were separated by the rosette sedi‐mentation technique. In a series of in vitro experiments the T cells carrying high‐avidity receptors for SRBC (‘active’ T cells) were shown to respond significantly better when stimulated with purified protein derivative (PPD) and allogeneic cells than the subpopulation carrying low‐avidity reecplors ‘non‐active’ T cells). On the other hand, the latter responded better to phytohaemaggiutinin, concanavalin A and pokcweed mitogen; it was likewise demonstrated that these cells were better stimulators in a mixed lymphocyte reaction. The role of monocytcs in mitogen and PPD responses was investigated by adding such cells to Fe‐treated suspensions. These were found io be crucial for an optimal response of both subpopuiations. Furthermore, ditfereni patterns of activation were observed for the active and non‐active cells. Especially interesting was the observation that the Con A response of the active fraction was more mono‐cyte‐dependent than that of the non‐active one.
Interactions between Mouse Immunoglobulins and Staphylococcal Protein A
Authors: CHALON M. P. , MILNE R. W. , VAERMAN J.‐P.
Published: June 2006

When mouse serum or ascites is applied on protein A‐Sepharose columns and washed with enough phosphate‐buffered saline, a second protein peak is often eluted with the same buffer after the first major peak of unbound proteins. This second peak is almost pure IgG1. More IgG I plus IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG3 are thereafter eluted with acid saline, 90% of the IgG1 which had been eluted with neutral buffer could be re‐eluted at the same retarded position with the same buffer. When a gradient from 0 to 3 M sodium thiocyanate was started after the major peak of unbound proteins, all IgG I was eluted before IgG2 and IgG3. These results suggest that IgG1 has a much lower affiniiy for protein A than IgG2 or IgG3 and that normal mouse serum IgG1 can be purified by such a simple procedure.
Covariances of Mitogenic Responses in Leukaemic Blood Lymphocytes: a Functional Marker System for the Human B Lymphocyte Differentiation
Authors: ROBÈRT K.‐H. , NILSSON B.
Published: June 2006

Various polyclonal activating substances have been shown to stimulate human chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL) cells lo undergo blast transformation, to divide and to secrete monoclonal immunoglobulin. CLL cells from different patients show distinct response patterns to these ligands. We have statistically analysed these response patterns and found that responses to certain ligands demonstrate covariance; that is, a high response to one ligand is statistically associated with a high response to another ligand. A factor analysis of these data on the basis of responses of CLL cells from twenty‐one patients and from the use of five different ligands in three different concentrations has shown that as few as two factors can account for as much as 63% of the total variance of these responses. On the assumption that these two factors were T‐cell dependency of CLL responses and stage of maturity of the responding CLL cell, we have formulated a theory that explains the basis for this functional marker system for CLL cells. Its possible application to the characterization of individual CLL clones has been discussed.
Lymphocyte Blastogenesis Studied by Volume Spectroscopy
Authors: STEEN H. B. , NIELSEN V.
Published: June 2006

The blastogenesis of human blood lymphocytes has been studied by measuring the distribution of cellular and nuclear volumes in concanavalin A (Con A)‐stimulated leucocyte cultures by means of a modified Coulter counter. Agglutinated and adherent cells wan dispersed by 3 h of incubation will α‐methyl‐mannoside and EDTA. Fresh suspensions contained 5‐35% monocytes with an average cellular volume 2‐2.5 times that of small lymphocytes. The nuclear volume of monocytes was similar to that of small lymphocytes within 10% and remained constant upon stimulation. In cultures given the optimal dose of Con A, 30 μg/ml. measurable cell growth commenced within 8‐12 h, whereas nuclear growth began some 6 h later, which is approximately 6‐8 h before increased 3H‐thymidine incorporation could he detected. The average volume of responding cells grew by a factor of about 4 until mitosis, which started after around 48 h. whereas the average nuclear volume increased by a factor of about 3. The percentage of cells responding by volume growth increased with mitogen concentration even for hyperoptimal concentrations (150μg/ml) which strongly suppressed 3H‐thymidine incorporation. The results exemplify the type of information obtained by volume spectroscopy of leucocyte cultures. This method appears to have several advantages over conventional assays of immune response.