bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Two-dimensional strain rate imaging study using a polarization camera and birefringent aqueous cellulose nanocrystal suspensions
Authors: Lane Connor , Baumann Frédéric , Rode David , Rösgen Thomas
Published: December 2023

The birefringence response of aqueous cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) suspensions in a two-dimensional laminar flow is measured and studied. The suspensions have CNC concentrations of 1.0 wt% (weight percentage) and 1.2 wt%. Cellulose nanocrystals are optically anisotropic rod-like particles that align when subjected to local velocity gradients, whereas at rest, they remain randomly orientated by Brownian motion. The alignment causes birefringence, a phenomenon also known as flow-induced birefringence. We study the flow through an additively manufactured flow channel and measure the amount of birefringence as well as the position of the refractive index axes by using polarizers and a polarization camera. With the help of reference data published in a previous study (Lane, Rode, et al., 2022a), strain rates are derived from the birefringence measurements and compared with numerical simulations. Two flow situations are studied, a plane Poiseuille flow and the flow around a cosine-shaped constriction. The experimentally derived shear rates for the plane Poiseuille flow are consistent with theoretical and computational results. The derived strain rates for the flow around the cosine-shaped constriction show an unexpected asymmetric profile, with the strain rates in the contraction zone being larger than in the expansion zone. The averaged orientation of the CNCs in the flow is linked to the position of the refractive index axes. In the contraction zone, the CNCs tend to align parallel to the flow, whereas in the expansion zone, the CNCs tend to align perpendicular to the flow. The results of this study are discussed in the context of previous, similar studies. The asymmetric strain rate profile around the cosine-shaped constriction is thought to originate from history effects, and the alignment of the CNCs is influenced by extensional rates.
3D-exoscopic microlaryngoscopy in phonosurgery for glottic insufficiency
Authors: Eckel Hans N. C. , Nolte Antonia , Otte Martin S. , Shabli Sami , Lang-Roth Ruth , Klußmann Jens P. , Hansen Kevin K.
Published: December 2023

Purpose

We hypothesized that using a 3D-exoscope (3Dex) in microlaryngoscopic phonosurgery is non-inferior to using a standard operating microscope (OM). To compare the above, we utilized a 3Dex and an OM for microlaryngoscopic vocal fold augmentation with autologous fat in patients with glottic insufficiency and compared the procedure itself and the long-term impact of vocal fold augmentation on subjective and objective voice parameters in both groups.

Methods

36 patients with glottic insufficiency received microlaryngoscopic laryngeal augmentation with autologous fat. A 3Dex was utilized in 24 cases for visualization and compared to twelve cases in which an OM was used. Voice parameters were evaluated over a period of twelve months.

Results

Comparison of operation time and voice parameters between the 3Dex and OM groups did not reveal significant differences. Significant improvement of mean voice quality in all parameters excluding roughness was observed at 3 and 6 months followed then by a slight decrease of voice quality parameters between the 6 and 12 months interval in both groups.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate no difference concerning operation time and outcome between the use of a 3Dex and an OM in phonosurgery. Our results highlight a significant voice improvement after vocal fold augmentation with autologous fat in glottic insufficiency mediated dysphonia. The smaller viewing system, better ergonomics for the primary surgeon and the assistant and a direct view for the entire surgical team make a 3Dex an interesting alternative for visualization in microlaryngoscopic phonosurgery.
Thermodynamic modelling of continental arc-adjacent magmatism: the Loicas Trough, N. Patagonia, Argentina
Authors: Traun Marie Katrine , Waterton P. , Søager N. , Waight T. E. , Iannelli S. B. , Folguera A. , Litvak V. D.
Published: December 2023

Continental arcs are associated with volcanism concentrated into two main belts—the main arc and back arc, often separated by fold and thrust belts. The Loicas Trough, Argentina, is a post-orogenic extensional feature that obliquely cuts the fold and thrust belts. The trough hosts large Pliocene–Holocene volcanic centres, including Domuyo and Tromen, that lie between the main arc and back arc and thus provide a rare window into this setting. We present major and trace element data for the Loicas Trough, which we combine with geochemical modelling using the Magma Chamber Simulator (MCS) to explore the origin and evolution of the volcanism. The lavas display a wide continuous range from alkaline basalts to subalkaline rhyolites. Trace elements reveal variable extents of arc enrichment (2 < Nb/U < 28), which correlate with proximity to the trench and differentiation indices. Our results and MCS models indicate that the Loicas Trough parental magmas formed from compositionally zoned mantle. Best-fit models indicate that the differentiation occurs at middle and upper crustal levels, in sharp contrast to lower crustal hot zones beneath main arcs. Assimilation of partial crustal melts drives compositional evolution and obscures source signatures. Pure or high fraction end-member partial crustal melts are also identified at Domuyo based on their low Ba (~ 250 ppm) and moderate Sc contents (~ 8 ppm). We find evidence of similar lavas in transtensional settings adjacent to continental arcs worldwide, which do not adhere to the main versus back arc volcanism binary. We suggest the term arc-adjacent magmatism, where compositions are mainly controlled by extensive assimilation and reworking in the middle to upper crust.
RAWS4all project: validation of a new silicone model for robotic TAPP inguinal hernia repair
Authors: Gonçalves Mário Rui , Morales-Conde Salvador , Gaspar Reis Sofia , Carlos Alves Palmira , Novo de Matos José , Oliveira António , Marinho Ricardo , Cadime Irene , Castelo-Branco Sousa Miguel
Published: December 2023

Background

Trans-abdominal pre-peritoneal (TAPP) hernia repair is a complex procedure that presents several challenges. Even though, due to the high prevalence of inguinal hernia, TAPP technique is increasing in frequency and robotic Abdominal Wall Surgery (rAWS) is emerging as a valuable tool in this regard. Although inguinal TAPP procedure principles have been published and simulation is needed, the availability of validated models remains scarce.

Methods

A new low-cost model was developed to simulate inguinal rTAPP repair. For validity assessment, a new TAPP-specific fidelity questionnaire and assessment scale were developed to compare the performance of novices and experts in the simulated procedure. The models used were assessed at 60 min for execution and quality score.

Results

Twenty-five residents and specialists from all over the country participated in this study. Execution, quality, and global performance was higher in the seniors group compared to juniors (8.91 vs 6.36, p = 0.02; 8.09 vs 5.14, p < .001; and 17 vs. 11,5, p < .001, respectively). Overall fidelity was assessed as being very high [4.41 (3.5–5.0), α = .918] as well as face [4.31 (3.0–5.0), α = .867] and content validity [4.44 (3.2–5.0), α = .803]. Participants strongly agreed that the model is adequate to be used with the DaVinci® Robot [4.52 (3.5–5.0), α = .758].

Conclusion

This study shows face, content, and construct validity of the model for inguinal TAPP simulation, including for robotic surgery. Therefore, the model can be a valuable tool for learning, understanding, practicing, and mastering the TAPP technique prior to participating in the operating room.

Graphical abstract
Fifteen-year temporal changes in rates of acute kidney injury among children in Denmark
Authors: Høyer Sidse , Heide-Jørgensen Uffe , Jensen Simon Kok , Nørgaard Mette , Slagle Cara , Goldstein Stuart , Christiansen Christian Fynbo
Published: December 2023

Background

We aimed to examine temporal changes in the annual rate of acute kidney injury (AKI) in Danish children and associated changes in patient characteristics including potential underlying risk factors.

Methods

In this population-based cohort study, we used plasma creatinine measurements from Danish laboratory databases to identify AKI episodes in children aged 0–17 years from 2007 to 2021. For each child, the first AKI episode per calendar year was included. We estimated the annual crude and sex- and age-standardized AKI rate as the number of children with an AKI episode divided by the total number of children as reported by census numbers. Using Danish medical databases, we assessed patient characteristics including potential risk factors for AKI, such as use of nephrotoxic medication, surgery, sepsis, and perinatal factors.

Results

In total, 14,200 children contributed with 16,345 AKI episodes over 15 years. The mean annual AKI rate was 148 (95% CI: 141–155) per 100,000 children. From 2007 to 2021, the annual AKI rate demonstrated minor year-to-year variability without any discernible overall trend. The highest AKI rate was recorded in 2007 at 174 (95% CI: 161–187) per 100,000 children, while the lowest rate occurred in 2012 at 129 (95% CI: 118–140) per 100,000 children. In 2021, the AKI rate was 148 (95% CI: 141–155) per 100,000 children. Characteristics of children with AKI were similar throughout the study period.

Conclusion

The rate of AKI among Danish children was stable from 2007 to 2021 with little variation in patient characteristics over time.

Graphical abstract
Seeing both sides: context-aware heterogeneous graph matching networks for extracting-related arguments
Authors: Mao Tiezheng , Yoshie Osamu , Fu Jialing , Mao Weixin
Published: December 2023

Our research focuses on extracting exchanged views from dialogical documents through argument pair extraction (APE). The objective of this process is to facilitate comprehension of complex argumentative discourse by finding the related arguments. The APE comprises two stages: argument mining and argument matching. Researchers typically employ sequence labeling models for mining arguments and text matching models to calculate the relationships between them, thereby generating argument pairs. However, these approaches fail to capture long-distance contextual information and struggle to fully comprehend the complex structure of arguments. In our work, we propose the context-aware heterogeneous graph matching (HGMN) model for the APE task. First, we design a graph schema specifically tailored to argumentative texts, along with a heterogeneous graph attention network that effectively captures context information and structural information of arguments. Moreover, the text matching between arguments is converted into a graph matching paradigm and a multi-granularity graph matching model is proposed to handle the intricate relationships between arguments at various levels of granularity. In this way, the semantics of argument are modeled structurally and thus capture the complicated correlations between arguments. Extensive experiments are conducted to evaluate the HGMN model, including comparisons with existing methods and the GPT series of large language models (LLM). The results demonstrate that HGMN outperforms the state-of-the-art method.
Electronegativity as a new case for emergence and a new problem for reductionism
Authors: Cairns Monte
Published: December 2023

The potential reducibility of chemical entities to their physical bases is a matter of dispute between ontological reductionists on one hand, and emergentists on the other. However, relevant debates typically revolve around the reducibility of so-called ‘higher-level’ chemical entities, such as molecules. Perhaps surprisingly, even committed proponents of emergence for these higher-level chemical entities appear to accept that the ‘lowest-level’ chemical entities—atomic species—are reducible to their physical bases. In particular, the microstructural view of chemical elements, actively developed and defended by emergentists, appears to hold that the explanatory power of nuclear charge justifies being reductionist about atomic species. My first task in this paper is to establish that nuclear charge cannot ultimately provide explanations sufficient to justify a reductionist approach to atomic species, unless we abandon the persuasive intuition that the presence of an element in a substance ought to explain the properties of that substance. The ‘missing piece’ for explaining the properties of substances by way of their elemental constituents is the electronegativity values of participant atoms. But electronegativity is a strikingly disunified concept that appears distinctly unamenable to analysis by way of fundamental physical principles. Through evaluating the uncertain physical identity of electronegativity, as well as its widespread and indispensable epistemic utility in chemical practice, I argue that electronegativity provides compelling grounds to seriously consider emergence for atomic species.
Thermal and Microstructural Characterization of GRCop-84/In718 Bi-metallic Structures Additively Manufactured by Directed Energy Deposition
Authors: Wang Zexiao , O’Brien Nicholas , Jones Nicholas , Beuth Jack , Shen Sheng
Published: December 2023

As a nickel-based super alloy, Inconel 718 (In718) has gained attention in different industries due to its excellent mechanical behavior under elevated temperatures. Nevertheless, its low thermal conductivity limits its application in many fields, such as thermal energy conversion and heat dissipation. GRCop-84, in contrast, is a copper-based alloy with extremely high thermal conductivity. Making bi-metallic structures with GRCop-84 may expand the thermal-related applications of Inconel 718. In this study, we investigate the thermal properties of In718/GRCop-84 bi-metallic structures fabricated by the directed energy deposition (DED) technique with different process parameters of laser power and scanning velocity. The resulting microstructures were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), while the frequency-domain thermoreflectance (FDTR) technique has been adopted to acquire the thermal properties. The melt pool thermal conductivities were 50 W/m K on single bead samples and 100 W/m K on single-layer pads, significantly lower than that of bulk GRCop-84. EDS analysis reveals large deviations from standard GRCop-84 compositions inside the melt pool.
Integrating single-cell transcriptomics with cellular phenotypes: cell morphology, Ca2+ imaging and electrophysiology
Authors: Camunas-Soler Joan
Published: December 2023

I review recent technological advancements in coupling single-cell transcriptomics with cellular phenotypes including morphology, calcium signaling, and electrophysiology. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) has revolutionized cell type classifications by capturing the transcriptional diversity of cells. A new wave of methods to integrate scRNAseq and biophysical measurements is facilitating the linkage of transcriptomic data to cellular function, which provides physiological insight into cellular states. I briefly discuss critical factors of these phenotypical characterizations such as timescales, information content, and analytical tools. Dedicated sections focus on the integration with cell morphology, calcium imaging, and electrophysiology (patch-seq), emphasizing their complementary roles. I discuss their application in elucidating cellular states, refining cell type classifications, and uncovering functional differences in cell subtypes. To illustrate the practical applications and benefits of these methods, I highlight their use in tissues with excitable cell-types such as the brain, pancreatic islets, and the retina. The potential of combining functional phenotyping with spatial transcriptomics for a detailed mapping of cell phenotypes in situ is explored. Finally, I discuss open questions and future perspectives, emphasizing the need for a shift towards broader accessibility through increased throughput.
SOMP2B scientific nanosatellite of TU Dresden: operation and first results
Authors: Langer G. , Bärtling Y. , Schmiel T.
Published: December 2023

This paper presents the first in-orbit results of the modular two-unit (2U) nanosatellite SOMP2b, focusing on the satellite bus itself and its scientific payloads. Launched in January 2021, SOMP2b comprises an innovative highly integrated satellite design with a high payload capacity. It contains the in-situ measurement of atomic oxygen in the thermosphere (FIPEXnano), a thermoelectric generator to investigate waste heat recovery in satellites (TEGonSOMP) and a material experiment to study the behaviour of carbon nanotubes in a space environment (CiREX2). The commissioning of the satellite bus was, in most respects, successful. Despite manageable limitations in communication and attitude functions, the payloads TEGonSOMP and FIPEXnano were successfully commissioned. Regarding the failure of CiREX2, countermeasures in fthe orm of in-orbit software updates are being investigated at the time of this publication.
Euler–Lagrange–Herglotz equations on Lie algebroids
Authors: Anahory Simoes Alexandre , Colombo Leonardo , de León Manuel , Salgado Modesto , Souto Silvia
Published: December 2023

We introduce Euler–Lagrange–Herglotz equations on Lie algebroids. The methodology is to extend the Jacobi structure from$$TQ\times \mathbb {R}$$TQ×Rand$$T^{*}Q \times \mathbb {R}$$T∗Q×Rto$$A\times \mathbb {R}$$A×Rand$$A^{*}\times \mathbb {R}$$A∗×R, respectively, whereAis a Lie algebroid and$$A^{*}$$A∗carries the associated Poisson structure. We see that$$A^*\times \mathbb {R}$$A∗×Rpossesses a natural Jacobi structure from where we are able to model dissipative mechanical systems on Lie algebroids, generalizing previous models on$$TQ\times \mathbb {R}$$TQ×Rand introducing new ones as for instance for reduced systems on Lie algebras, semidirect products (action Lie algebroids) and Atiyah bundles.
Long-run real-time PCR analysis of repetitive nuclear elements as a novel tool for DNA damage quantification in single cells: an approach validated on mouse oocytes and fibroblasts
Authors: Kotarska Katarzyna , Gąsior Łukasz , Rudnicka Joanna , Polański Zbigniew
Published: December 2023

Since DNA damage is of great importance in various biological processes, its rate is frequently assessed both in research studies and in medical diagnostics. The most precise methods of quantifying DNA damage are based on real-time PCR. However, in the conventional version, they require a large amount of genetic material and therefore their usefulness is limited to multicellular samples. Here, we present a novel approach to long-run real-time PCR-based DNA-damage quantification (L1-LORD-Q), which consists in amplification of long interspersed nuclear elements (L1) and allows for analysis of single-cell genomes. The L1-LORD-Q was compared with alternative methods of measuring DNA breaks (Bioanalyzer system, γ-H2AX foci staining), which confirmed its accuracy. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the L1-LORD-Q is sensitive enough to distinguish between different levels of UV-induced DNA damage. The method was validated on mouse oocytes and fibroblasts, but the general idea is universal and can be applied to various types of cells and species.
Structural properties and failure characteristics of granite after thermal treatment and water cooling
Authors: Li Wenxi , Li Quangui , Qian Yanan , Ling Faping , Liu Ronghui
Published: December 2023

In a variety of fields such as exploitation of geothermal energy and the reconstruction of nuclear waste storage, both of high-temperature and cooling process change the physical and mechanical properties of granite. Uniaxial compression tests were performed on five groups of granite samples at 25 °C, 200 °C, 400 °C, 600 °C and 800 °C after water cooling, and CT scanning, acoustic emission(AE) monitoring and X-ray diffraction(XRD) scanning were used to investigate the structure properties and failure characteristics of granite. It is found that the proportions of pore volume greater than 106 μm3 and less than 105 μm3 with are positively and negatively correlated with the thermal treatment temperature respectively. The mechanical properties of granite are significantly deteriorated by temperature gradient shock, and crack development scale during failure process overall increases as implied by AE response. The failure intensity index η is proposed to characterize the failure severity of granite, and the value of η descends with the increase of thermal treatment temperature, indicating the failure severity of granite is alleviated. Three types of loading failure mode are classified for water-cooled high-temperature granite. The failure mode of granite at 200 °C and 600 °C is tensile failure and tensile-shear failure respectively, while the granite samples are dominated by shear failure at 25 °C, 400 °C and 800 °C.
Bedingungen des Überlebens: Kriegsversehrung im Zeitalter der Extreme
Authors: Dinçkal Noyan , Nikolow Sybilla
Published: December 2023

Kriegsversehrungen waren kein gesellschaftliches Randphänomen, sondern bis weit in die zweite Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts ein prägendes Merkmal europäischer Kriegsfolgengesellschaften. Nicht zuletzt aufgrund des russischen Angriffs auf die Ukraine im Februar 2022 erfährt die Frage nach den Bedingungen des Überlebens infolge kriegerischer Auseinandersetzungen derzeit wieder mehr öffentliche Aufmerksamkeit. In diesem Aufsatz werden Sammelbände und Monografien diskutiert, die in den letzten 15 Jahren erschienen sind und sich dauerhaft geschädigten Invaliden im 20. Jahrhundert widmen. Im Zentrum stehen Studien, die die Weltkriege und Nachkriegsgesellschaften in Deutschland, Österreich, Italien, den USA und Großbritannien zum Untersuchungsgegenstand haben, aber auch übergreifende Publikationen zur Veteranengeschichte, die weitere Länder und Kriege einbeziehen. Dabei nehmen wir vier Themenkomplexe in den Blick: Erstens geht es um die sozialpolitischen Dimensionen des Themas und die Bedeutung der Kriegsversehrten für die Herausbildung des modernen Sozialstaates. In einem zweiten Schritt rücken wir die immense symbolpolitische und erinnerungskulturelle Bedeutung in den Vordergrund, in einem dritten die mit medizinischen und technischen Interventionen verbundenen nationalen Rehabilitationsregime. Abschließend erörtern wir körper- und geschlechtergeschichtliche Perspektiven auf die Kriegsgeschädigtenproblematik.
Two H3K36 methyltransferases differentially associate with transcriptional activity and enrichment of facultative heterochromatin in rice blast fungus
Authors: Xu Mengting , Sun Ziyue , Shi Huanbin , Yue Jiangnan , Xiong Xiaohui , Wu Zhongling , Kou Yanjun , Tao Zeng
Published: December 2023

Di- and tri-methylation of lysine 36 on histone H3 (H3K36me2/3) is catalysed by histone methyltransferase Set2, which plays an essential role in transcriptional regulation. Although there is a single H3K36 methyltransferase in yeast and higher eukaryotes, two H3K36 methyltransferases, Ash1 and Set2, were present in many filamentous fungi. However, their roles in H3K36 methylation and transcriptional regulation remained unclear. Combined with methods of RNA-seq and ChIP-seq, we revealed that both Ash1 and Set2 are redundantly required for the full H3K36me2/3 activity in Magnaporthe oryzae, which causes the devastating worldwide rice blast disease. Ash1 and Set2 distinguish genomic H3K36me2/3-marked regions and are differentially associated with repressed and activated transcription, respectively. Furthermore, Ash1-catalysed H3K36me2 was co-localized with H3K27me3 at the chromatin, and Ash1 was required for the enrichment and transcriptional silencing of H3K27me3-occupied genes. With the different roles of Ash1 and Set2, in H3K36me2/3 enrichment and transcriptional regulation on the stress-responsive genes, they differentially respond to various stresses in M. oryzae. Overall, we reveal a novel mechanism by which two H3K36 methyltransferases catalyze H3K36me2/3 that differentially associate with transcriptional activities and contribute to enrichment of facultative heterochromatin in eukaryotes.
Non-thermal processing as a preservation tool for health-promoting beverages
Authors: Jeevitha G. C. , Saravanan R. , Mittal Aanchal , Kumar S. Venkat
Published: December 2023

In the recent past, non-thermal food processing methods have been promoted due to the limitations associated with conventional thermal processing methods such as poor nutrient quality, rheological properties, and sensory characteristics of food products. The microbial and enzyme inactivation in food products subjected to non-thermal processes occurs without the application of heat that in turn results in products of superior quality. Non-thermal food processing for health-promoting beverages is gaining popularity because of the various advantages like processing at ambient temperature resulting in minimal or no changes in the texture, sensory attributes, composition of nutrients, bioactive compounds (antioxidants, anthocyanin, β-carotene and flavonoids), and organic acids. Due to the continuous rise in the research in this field, it is very important to synthesize relevant literature to supplement existing information to benefit all researchers and industrialists in the food processing sectors. This review aims to critically discuss various non-thermal processing technologies like ultrasound, pulsed light, high hydrostatic pressure, supercritical carbon dioxide, cold plasma, membrane technology, and pulsed magnetic field for processing health-promoting beverages. The working principle, effect of non-thermal processing technologies on the nutritional quality, sensory attributes, and elimination of microbial load of health-promoting beverages are also discussed. Most of the studies are performed on a laboratory scale which exhibits the need for the development of industrial-scale trials. Non-thermal processes are potential alternatives to thermal processing methods due to the retention of superior product quality and lower energy requirements. It is concluded that the adaptability of the combination of non-thermal processes along with aseptic packaging and cold temperature storage will result in superior product quality.
The Adopted Child
Authors: Brodzinsky David , Palacios Jesus
Published: December 2023

This Element overviews recent research on children's adjustment to adoption and its relevance for key questions addressed in developmental science. First, a historical perspective on trends in adoption practice and adoptive family life is offered. Second, research on children's adjustment to adoption is reviewed, including the impact of early adversity on their development, as well as biological and social factors related to their recovery from adversity. Third, factors impacting adoptive identity development are examined, followed by research on open adoption and adoption by sexual minority adults. Fourth, different types of postadoption support and services that facilitate family stability and children's emotional well-being are analyzed. Finally, conclusions are drawn, and recommendations for future research and practice are offered.
Direct numerical simulation of flow in open rectangular ducts
Authors: Yu Ming , Modesti Davide , Pirozzoli Sergio
Published: December 2023

We study turbulent flow in open channels with a free surface and rectangular cross-section, for various Reynolds numbers and duct aspect ratios. Direct numerical simulations are used to obtain accurate characterization of the secondary motions, which are found to be more intense than in closed ducts, and to scale with the bulk, rather than with the friction velocity. A notable feature of open-duct flows is the presence of a velocity dip, namely the peak velocity is achieved at some depth underneath the free surface. We find that the depth of the velocity peak increases with the Reynolds number, and correspondingly the flow becomes more symmetric with respect to the horizontal midplane. This is also confirmed from the change of the topology of the secondary motions, which exhibit a strong corner circulation at the free-surface/wall corners at low Reynolds number, which, however, weakens at higher

$Re$

. The structure of the mean velocity field is such that the log law applies with good approximation in the direction normal to the nearest wall, which allows us to explain why predictive friction formulae based on the hydraulic diameter concept are successful. Additional analysis shows that the secondary motions account for a large fraction of the frictional drag (up to

$15$

 %).
Eccentric Circles: Rudolf Goldscheid and the Unrealized Goal of Menschenökonomie during the Era of Socialization
Authors: Wasserman Janek
Published: December 2023

This article explores the sudden rise in popularity and limited long-term impact of Rudolf Goldscheid's work around the time of the Great War. Goldscheid is remembered as a founder of central European sociology, a creator of fiscal sociology, and a fin-de-siècle feminist and pacifist. His reputation ranks behind many of his peers in the social sciences, however. A reevaluation of Goldscheid's position within the fin-de-siècle intellectual landscape of Vienna and central Europe reveals why his sudden success—which was really decades in the making—did not endure in the same way as that of Joseph Schumpeter or Otto Neurath, among others. Goldscheid's ideas seemed innovative in the revolutionary years 1918–1920, yet they were frequently misunderstood. His eccentric position in the socio-liberal sphere of fin-de-siècle Vienna seemed to mute his political impact after the war. A better appreciation of Goldscheid's work not only enriches our understanding of his innovative proposals but also illuminates a frenetic, experimental era in central European history.
Helicity of the magnetic axes of quasi-isodynamic stellarators
Authors: Camacho Mata Katia , Plunk Gabriel G.
Published: December 2023

In this study, we explore the influence of the helicity of the magnetic axis – defined as the self-linking number of the curve – on the quality of quasi-isodynamic stellarator-symmetric configurations constructed using the near-axis expansion method (Plunk et al., J. Plasma Phys., vol. 85, 2019, 905850602; Camacho Mata et al., J. Plasma Phys., vol. 88, 2022, 905880503). A class of magnetic axes previously unexplored within this formalism is identified when analysing the axis shape of the QIPC configuration (Subbotin et al., Nucl. Fusion, vol. 46, 2006, p. 921): the case of half-helicity (per field period). We show that these shapes are compatible with the near-axis formalism and how they can be used to construct near-axis stellarators with up to five field periods,

$\def\iotaslash{{\require{HTML} \style{display: inline-block; transform: rotate(-13deg)}{\iota}}\kern-7pt{\require{HTML} \style{display: inline-block; transform: rotate(-25deg)}{-}}}{\epsilon _{\mathrm {eff}}} \approx 1.3\,\%$

, and similar rotational transform to existing conventionally optimized designs, without the need of a plasma boundary optimization.
Cosmologies of conquest: The Renaissance foundations of modern international thought
Authors: Bartelson Jens
Published: December 2023

This paper seeks to reconstruct the worldview informing Iberian overseas expansion during the long sixteenth century, arguing that this worldview was more indebted to Renaissance cosmology than to a recognisably modern scientific worldview. The paper describes how this cosmology provided the intellectual resources necessary to justify overseas expansion to those who doubted its viability and legitimacy, and how the same cosmological beliefs were invoked to make sense of the New World and the people found there, if only to facilitate and justify the subjection of the latter to European rule. This story constitutes an important yet often neglected part of the prehistory of modern international thought insofar as it exposes its Iberian origins and Renaissance foundations and the role played by pre-modern ideas in the making of a modern international system.
Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia is associated with increased morbidity and mortality after neonatal heart surgery
Authors: Hunt Mallory , de Jong Iris E.M. , Wells Rebecca G. , Shah Amit A. , Russo Pierre , Mahle Marlene , Gardner Monique M. , Fuller Stephanie , Chen Jonathan , Gaynor J. William
Published: December 2023

Background:

Cholestasis characterised by conjugated hyperbilirubinemia is a marker of hepatobiliary dysfunction following neonatal cardiac surgery. We aimed to characterise the incidence of conjugated hyperbilirubinemia following neonatal heart surgery and examine the effect of conjugated hyperbilirubinemia on post-operative morbidity and mortality.

Methods:

This was a retrospective study of all neonates who underwent surgery for congenital heart disease (CHD) at our institution between 1/1/2010 and 12/31/2020. Patient- and surgery-specific data were abstracted from local registry data and review of the medical record. Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia was defined as perioperative maximum conjugated bilirubin level > 1 mg/dL. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Survival analysis was conducted using the Kaplan–Meier survival function.

Results:

Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia occurred in 8.5% of patients during the study period. Neonates with conjugated hyperbilirubinemia were more likely to be of younger gestational age, lower birth weight, and non-Caucasian race (all p < 0.001). Patients with conjugated hyperbilirubinemia were more likely to have chromosomal and non-cardiac anomalies and require ECMO pre-operatively. In-hospital mortality among patients with conjugated hyperbilirubinemia was increased compared to those without (odds ratio 5.4). Post-operative complications including mechanical circulatory support, reoperation, prolonged ventilator dependence, and multi-system organ failure were more common with conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (all p < 0.04). Patients with higher levels of conjugated bilirubin had worst intermediate-term survival, with patients in the highest conjugated bilirubin group (>10 mg/dL) having a 1-year survival of only 6%.

Conclusions:

Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia is associated with post-operative complications and worse survival following neonatal heart surgery. Cholestasis is more common in patients with chromosomal abnormalities and non-cardiac anomalies, but the underlying mechanisms have not been delineated.
Characteristics and Occurrence of Magnetosonic Waves in Plasmaspheric Plumes
Authors: Han Yun‐Gi , Kim Kyung‐Chan
Published: December 2023

Magnetosonic waves, or equatorial noise, are whistler‐mode emissions distributed near the Earth's magnetic equator between proton cyclotron frequency and lower hybrid resonance frequency. Their origin and characteristics inside and outside the plasmasphere have been investigated due to their potential role in scattering energetic electrons and protons. However, their characteristics in plasmaspheric plumes remained undocumented. This study, for the first time, statistically investigated magnetosonic waves in the plasmaspheric plumes based on the entire mission period (2012–2019) of Van Allen Probes A and B. Results showed that the occurrence rate of magnetosonic waves in plumes was 25%, with an average amplitude and wave normal angles of 44 pT and 84°–88°, respectively. Increased geomagnetic activity enhanced its amplitude and ratio of plasma frequency to electron cyclotron frequency. Approximately 78% of selected magnetosonic wave events were simultaneously observed with plasmaspheric hiss that is most effective in scattering electrons in the plume.
Revisiting the San Andreas Heat Flow Paradox From the Perspective of Seismic Efficiency and Elastic Power in Southern California
Authors: Ziebarth Malte J. , Anderson John G. , von Specht Sebastian , Heidbach Oliver , Cotton Fabrice
Published: December 2023

We investigate the relation between frictional heating on a fault and the resulting conductive surface heat flow anomaly using the fault's long‐term energy budget. Analysis of the surface heat flow surrounding the fault trace leads to a constraint on the frictional power generated on the fault—the mechanism behind the San Andreas fault (SAF) heat flow paradox. We revisit this paradox from a new perspective using an estimate of the long‐term accumulating elastic power in the region surrounding the fault, and analyze the paradox using two parameters: the seismic efficiency and the elastic power. The results show that the constraint on frictional power from the classic interpretation is incompatible with the accumulating elastic power and the radiated power from earthquake catalogs. We then explore four mechanisms that can resolve this extended paradox. First, stochastic fluctuations of surface heat flow could mask the fault‐generated anomaly (we estimate 21% probability). Second, the elastic power accumulating in the region could be overestimated (≥550 MW required). Third, the seismic efficiency—ratio of radiated energy to elastic work—of the SAF could be higher than that of the remaining faults in the region (≥5.8% required). Fourth, the scaled energy—ratio of radiated energy to seismic moment—on the SAF could be lower than on the remaining faults in the region (a factor 5 difference required). In the last three hypotheses, we analyze the interplay of the energy budget on a single fault with the total energy budget of the region.
Physical Mechanism for a Temporal Decrease of the Gutenberg‐Richter b‐Value Prior to a Large Earthquake
Authors: Ito Ryo , Kaneko Yoshihiro
Published: December 2023

Observations of seismicity prior to large earthquakes show that the slope of a Gutenberg‐Richter magnitude‐frequency relation, referred to as a b‐value, sometimes decreases with time to the mainshock. Yet, underlying physical processes associated with the temporal change of a b‐value remain unclear. Here we utilize continuum models of fully dynamic earthquake cycles with fault frictional heterogeneities and aim to simulate the temporal variation of a b‐value. We first identify a parameter regime in which the model gives rise to an active and accelerating foreshock behavior prior to the mainshock. We then focus on the spatio‐temporal pattern of the simulated foreshocks and analyze their statistics. We find that the b‐value of simulated foreshocks decreases with time prior to the mainshock. A marked decrease in the resulting b‐value occurs over the duration of less than a few percent of the mainshock recurrence interval, broadly consistent with foreshock behaviors and b‐value changes as observed in nature and laboratory, rock‐friction experiments. In this model, increased shear stresses on creeping (or velocity‐strengthening) fault patches resulting from numerous foreshocks make these creeping patches more susceptible to future coseismic slip, increasing the likelihood of large ruptures and leading to a smaller b‐value with time. This mechanism differs from a widely invoked idea that the decrease of a b‐value is caused by a rapid increase in shear stress that promotes micro‐crack growth, and offers a new interpretation of b‐value changes prior to a large earthquake.
Inter‐Basin Water Transfer Effectively Compensates for Regional Unsustainable Water Use
Authors: Dong Jianzhi , Chen Xi , Li Yuxi , Gao Man , Wei Lingna , Tangdamrongsu Natthachet , Crow Wade T.
Published: December 2023

Globally, a persistent decline of freshwater availability has been identified over a number of intensively irrigated agricultural regions. Large‐scale inter‐basin water transfer (IBWT) has been suggested as a key tool for stabilizing regional terrestrial water storage (TWS). However, IBWT projects are prohibitively expensive, and their large‐scale cost effectiveness remains unclear. Here we quantify the IBWT impacts on TWS trends in the North China Plain (NCP), a global hotspot for TWS depletion and IBWT. Based on in‐situ observations, remote sensing, and water balance principles, we provide a framework to disentangle complex climate and anthropogenic impacts on NCP TWS. Results show that the NCP TWS depletion rate was significantly attenuated in 2015–2021, which is primarily attributable to recently enhanced IBWT. Otherwise, the average NCP TWS would currently be 94.9 ± 4.9 mm (or 12.2 ± 0.6 km3) lower. However, the positive effect of IBWT is partly offset by increased crop water consumption (−24.1 ± 5.2 mm or −3.1 ± 0.7 km3). IBWT and agricultural management (i.e., reducing crop density) are both necessary for stabilizing future NCP TWS. Otherwise, a TWS declining trend exceeding 100 mm/year may occur under elevated CO2 conditions. As such, this study verifies the feasibility and effectiveness of IBWT for mitigating regional water shortages, as well as the crucial role of agricultural management in stabilizing regional TWS.
Patient Education to Increase Behavioral Treatment Referrals for Rumination Syndrome
Authors: Mayer-Brown Sarah , Downing Maura A. , Webster Jennifer , Maxwell Elizabeth C. , Baber Kari F.
Published: December 2023

Objective:

Rumination syndrome (RS) is a disorder of gut–brain interaction (DGBI) for which evidence-based intervention includes behavioral treatment (BT). However, youth with DGBIs, including RS, face numerous barriers to accessing behavioral health care. This brief report describes the initiation of a quality improvement project that (a) assessed RS education and referral practices within our gastroenterology (GI) division, (b) developed patient education materials about RS and BT, and (c) implemented a process to monitor the educational initiative’s impact on BT referrals.

Method:

Baseline referral and education practices were assessed by a provider survey. The authors developed a patient handout, a two-part video, and a provider documentation phrase about RS and BT to be used in the electronic medical record (EMR). A newly developed EMR-based registry tracks patients diagnosed with RS, use of education materials, and referrals to BT. A follow-up survey assessed providers’ knowledge and use of new education tools.

Results:

Data from 39 GI providers indicated multiple BT referral barriers. Providers expressed confidence in educating patients/families about RS but endorsed limited time for comprehensive education. In response, we developed and disseminated educational materials about RS and BT. Follow-up data from 25 providers indicated general awareness of education materials, with 50% of providers disseminating RS materials to patients/families. After this educational intervention, BT referrals increased from 50.8% to 61.3% of patients diagnosed with RS.

Conclusions:

Development and distribution of RS educational materials increased referrals to BT. Providing standard educational materials may decrease variability in care and increase the acceptability of appropriate therapy for RS and, potentially, other DGBIs.

Implications for Impact Statement

Youth with rumination syndrome (RS) may not be referred for evidence-based behavioral treatment (BT) in a timely manner. Medical providers also have limited time and resources to fully educate patients and families about treatment. This study suggests that providing consistent education materials to medical providers, patients, and families increases how many newly diagnosed patients with RS are referred to BT.
Feasibility of a Virtual Group-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Intervention for Adolescents With Disorders of Gut–Brain Interaction
Authors: Carmody Julia K. , Kramer Rebecca L. , Distel Laura M. L. , Davidson Ryan D. , Snyder Julie M. , Villa Manuela , Nemec Grace E. , Hale Amy E.
Published: December 2023

Objective:

Psychological intervention is an essential treatment component of disorders of gut–brain interaction (DGBIs), but engagement in evidence-based intervention is far from routine. A group-based treatment delivered via telehealth may expand access to evidence-based care for adolescents with DGBIs. The current study describes the development and initial feasibility and acceptability of the Gastroenterology psychology skills for adolescents (GPS-A), a five-session cognitive behavioral group intervention that teaches adolescents evidence-based skills to manage a range of DGBI symptoms.

Method:

Participants were 33 adolescents with a range of DGBI diagnoses who completed the intervention group and provided quantitative and qualitative feedback. Participant-reported outcomes (somatic symptoms, functional disability, quality of life [QoL]) were collected pre- and postintervention and at 1-month follow-up.

Results:

Fifty-one percent of patients contacted (30% of all potentially eligible patients) agreed to participate in the group intervention. Retention was high, with 100% of participants completing five sessions. Participants identified skills, community and interpersonal connections, and validation of their gastrointestinal condition and experience as the most helpful intervention components. There was a significant positive difference in overall and emotional QoL from preintervention to 1-month follow-up, though no significant differences were found in somatic symptoms or functional disability.

Conclusions:

Unlike previously developed cognitive behavioral therapy interventions, GPS-A was both specific to patients with DGBI symptoms and flexible enough to incorporate a range of disorders (e.g., Irritable Bowel Syndrome, functional dyspepsia, and functional abdominal pain). Future directions include testing preliminary effectiveness in a larger sample and expanding diversity of the sample (gender, race/ethnicity).

Implications for Impact Statement

Psychological interventions have gained recognition as an indispensable component in the treatment of disorders of gut–brain interaction (DGBIs) but access to evidence-based intervention is often challenging. The present study describes the development of a virtual, group-based, cognitive behavioral intervention for adolescents with DGBIs. Developed and piloted in a real-world clinical setting, the intervention proved feasible and acceptable, and as such represents a step toward increasing access to evidence-based care for adolescents with DGBIs.