bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adventive Embryogenesis from Leaf Explants of Apple Seedlings
Authors: Liu J. R. , Sink K. C. , Dennis F. G.
Published: October 2022

Leaf explants excised from in vitro grown, open-pollinated seedlings of ‘Golden Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) and placed on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, containing B5 vitamins, 30 g/liter sucrose, and 8 g/liter agar supplemented with 10.0 mg/liter 6-benzylamino purine (BA) and 3.0 mg/liter naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) produced low frequencies of globular to heart-shaped embryoids. The early embryonic states were observed after 3 to 4 weeks of incubation in the dark but not on cultures placed in the light. Upon excision and transfer to MS medium with or without 3.0 mg/liter BA plus 0.3 mg/liter NAA, most of the embryoids did not undergo further development; however, 6 did attain the cotyledonary stage. Two of these eventually developed into bipolar structures which gave rise to intact plants.
Production of Chrysanthemum Cuttings under Supplementary Lighting and C02 Enrichment
Authors: Eng Rex Y. N. , Tsujita M. J. , Grodzinski B. , Dutton R. G.
Published: October 2022

Stock plants of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. cv. Dramatic were grown in clear plastic chambers within a greenhouse to study the effects of CO2 enrichment at a commercial level (1375 ppm) and supplementary high pressure sodium (HPS) lighting on yield and quality of cuttings. Based on increases in the number of cuttings, stem length, leaf area, fresh weight, and dry weight, CO2 enrichment during the day period was beneficial, regardless of the use of HPS lighting. When HPS lighting was used for 24 hours, the most effective time to add C02 was during the day because the low light level of 60 µmol s−1m−2 provided solely by the lamps was insufficient to make night CO2 enrichment a beneficial practice.
Influence of Leaf Nitrogen on Leafminer Damage and Yield of Spray Chrysanthemum
Authors: Harbaugh B. K. , Price J. F. , Stanley C. D.
Published: October 2022

Damage by leafminer [Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess)], increased linearly as leaf nitrogen increased from 2.2% to 4.0% in spring and fall plantings of Chrysanthemum x morifolium Ramat. ‘Manatee Yellow Iceberg’. The number of marketable stems was related quadratically to leaf nitrogen with maximum yields estimated to occur at 3.6% at harvest.
Characteristics of Creeping Bentgrass Clones (Agrostis stolonifera L.) from a Salinity-tolerant Population after Surviving Drought Stress
Authors: Wu Lin , Huff David R.
Published: October 2022

A severe drought stress was imposed on a salinity-tolerant, creeping bent-grass population (‘Seaside’) under turf conditions. Salinity and osmotic stress resistance did not differ between clones collected before drought and after surviving drought stress. Survival under drought stress was greater for clones having higher heat tolerance and root/shoot ratio, but less leaf area and thinner stolons.
Utilization of Melaleuca quinquenervia as a Potting Medium Component for Greenhouse Production of Foliage Plants
Authors: Conover Charles A. , Poole Richard T.
Published: October 2022

Potting media composed of sedge peatmoss and 50% or less shredded (by volume) Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T. Blake bark or the entire tree composed of shredded bark, wood, seed pods, and leaves produced high quality Aglaonema and Nephrolepis in 2 separate experiments. Mixes containing melaleuca bark had high noncapillary pore space, water-holding capacity, cation-exchange capacity, and low bulk density when mixed with at least 50% sedge peatmoss. No phytotoxicity problems were observed from use of melaleuca components in artificial media.
Vegetative Propagation of Winged Bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus)
Authors: Wyatt J. E.
Published: October 2022

Worldwide interest in the winged bean [Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) D.C.] as a food legume has increased in the past decade (6). The crop has the potential for greatly improving human nutrition needs in the tropics due to the relatively high protein content of the seeds (30–42%) and tuberous roots (8–20%, dry weight basis) and the fact that all plant parts except the stem are edible (4). It also is grown as a cover crop or green manure crop and is useful for livestock feed (5).
Studies on the Nitrate Reductase Activities of the Fruit and the Source Leaf in Pepper
Authors: Achhireddy N. R. , Beevers L. , Fletcher J. S.
Published: October 2022

Nitrate reductase (NR) activity (NO2− produced in the dark and under anaerobic conditions) of 30-day-old fruit of Capsicum annuum L. was 2.2% that in tissues of a single leaf adjacent to each fruit (33 vs. 1500 nmoles/hr-g fresh weight). The optimal NR activity in one source leaf could only account for about 17% of the fruit’s total nitrogen accumulation, while the fruit’s own NR activity was almost negligible. Covered and uncovered fruits did not differ significantly in NR activities.
Foliar Application of Chelated and Mineral Zinc Sulphate to Zn-deficient ‘McIntosh’ Seedlings
Authors: Neilsen G. H. , Hogue E. J.
Published: October 2022

Growth of Zn-deficient apple seedlings (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. McIntosh) grown in the greenhouse responded equally well to chelated or mineral Zn foliar sprays of the same Zn concentration. Absolute leaf Zn uptake, but not leaf Zn concentration, was a good measure of growth response. Foliar sprays with a concentration greater than 2.5 × 103 µg Zn/ml were required to correct Zn deficiency and adequately support growth of severely deficient seedlings for a month.
Effects of Modified Fruit and Leaf Weight Loss on Apple Mineral Content and Firmness Loss in Storage
Authors: Lidster P. D. , Webster D. H.
Published: October 2022

Applications of an antitranspirant (8% v/v Vapor Gard) to leaves decreased concentrations of N, P, Mg, and Ca in leaves, decreased apple dry-matter content, mass, and the amount of Ca per apple, but increased fruit firmness at harvest and after 120 days of 0°C air storage. Surfactant applications (8% v/v Tween 20) to fruit decreased fruit mass and N and Mg concentrations in leaves, but increased fruit dry-matter content and firmness after storage. Since selective application of either an antitranspirant or a surfactant to leaves or fruit, respectively, to modify the water loss balance between the fruit and leaves did not increase Ca concentrations in fruit, increased fruit firmness was probably due to reduced fruit mass and increased dry-matter contents.
Translocation of 14C-Photosynthate in One-Year-Old Apple Trees Following Summer Pruning
Authors: Marini Richard P. , Barden John A.
Published: October 2022

Autoradiography was used to examine the movement of assimilate from basal leaves of first-year, container-grown greenhouse Mailing Merton (MM) 111 apple trees (Malus sp.) exposed to 14CO2 either 2 or 21 days following summer pruning. Two days after summer pruning, the majority of 14C was transported to the roots regardless of treatment. Control trees exhibited a similar pattern of transport 3 weeks after summer pruning, while in summer-pruned trees, photosynthate moved primarily to regrowth. Prevention of regrowth with naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) resulted in transport of photosynthate primarily to the roots.
Trickle and Sprinkler Irrigation of Red Raspberries
Authors: DeBoer D. W. , Peterson R. M. , Evers N. P.
Published: October 2022

Trickle and sprinkler irrigation systems were effective in attaining an average fruit yield of 1660 g/m of row of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) in eastern South Dakota. Water requirements averaged 68 cm with an average irrigation requirement of 33 cm.
Effects of Boron Nutrition upon Strawberry Yield Components
Authors: Neilson B. V. , Eaton G. W.
Published: October 2022

Plants of everbearing strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch. ‘Quinault’) were grown in solution culture with 0.01, 0.05, 0.25, and 1.25 ppm boron. Fruit developed abnormally on deficient plants, but there was no reduction in fruit weight. Where boron was insufficient, flower number per leaf, fruit set, or fruit enlargement limited yield but where boron was intermediate, leaf numbers limited yield. No single component limited yield at the highest level of boron.
Management Practices and Marketable Yields of Lowbush Blueberry
Authors: Blatt C. R.
Published: October 2022

The management practices of successive cropping and fertilization with 56 and 112 kg N/ha from urea or sulfur-coated urea3 (SCU) were applied to 4 clones of lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) over 5 seasons. Marketable yields over 4 cropping seasons were influenced more by clone than by management practice with average yields of 12.8, 8.5, 8.0, and 2.7 MT/ha for clones 74-2, ‘Chignecto’, ‘Augusta’, and 206, respectively.
Toxicity of Giyphosate to Peach Trees as Influenced by Application Timing
Authors: Weller Stephen C. , Skroch Walter A.
Published: October 2022

During the Aprtl–October season, leaves of 7-year-old peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cv. Norman] were serially dipped in a N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine (giyphosate) solution (10,000 ppm or 20,000 ppm) each month over a 2-year period. Fewer trees died the following year when giyphosate was applied as a leaf dip before July 1 than when applications were made after July 1; all applications resulted in tree injury.
The Tatura Trellis as a High-density System for Pear Trees
Authors: van den Ende Bas , Chalmers David
Published: October 2022

The Tatura Trellis consists of V-shaped trees planted closely together in single rows. Each tree has 2 limbs trained at 60° from the horizontal across the inter-row alley-way. No dwarfing rootstock is used and trees fill their allotted space rapidly and come into bearing early. The system, which employs a high tree density but does not require dwarfing rootstocks, has most of the advantages ascribed to other intensive orchards. Furthermore, it facilitates rapid and easy hand-harvesting and meets the requirements for simple mechanization (2, 8). We previously have reported experimental results (2) and commercial experience (6) with clingstone peach trees on Tatura Trellis. We report the results of a preliminary study of the planting and management approach for ‘Bartlett’ (‘Williams’ Bon Chretien’) pear trees in this paper.
Daminozide and Gibberellin Effects on Floral Induction of Citrus latifolia
Authors: Davenport Thomas L.
Published: October 2022

Gibberellin (GA3) applied to ‘Tahiti’ lime (Citrus latifolia Tan.) markedly inhibited flowering, producing morphologically typical vegetative growth. Butanedioic acid mono-(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide) slightly inhibited production of flowering shoots. Neither treatment consistently affected the number of new shoots.
Preemergence Herbicides for Container-grown Citrus
Authors: Singh Megh , Tucker D. P. H.
Published: October 2022

These experiments were designed to evaluate the seasonal efficacy of several preemergence herbicides in the production of container-grown citrus trees. Sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. cv. Hamlin] nursery trees on Carrizo citrange [C. sinensis (L.) Osb. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] and on Milam (C. jambhiri Lush hybrid) rootstocks were potted in synthetic mix (1 sand : 1 peat: 1 wood shavings, by volume) and grove soil (Astatula fine sand) in 15-liter, black plastic containers. Treatments included high and low rates of the preemergent herbicides trifluralin, napropamide, oxyfluorfen, metolachlor, oryzalin, alachlor, and oxadiazon along with manually weeded and weedy checks. Initial herbicide treatments were applied in March 1981 and repeated 3 additional times at 90-day intervals. All herbicide treatments significantly reduced the total number and fresh weight of weeds. High rates were consistently more effective than low rates. No treatment resulted in any visual foliar phytotoxicity, although alachlor and metolachlor significantly reduced the root vigor of both Carrizo and Milam.
Quality and Decay of Mango Fruit Wrapped in Heat-shrinkable Film
Authors: Miller W. R. , Hale P. W. , Spalding D. H. , Davis P.
Published: October 2022

Fruit of mango (Mangifera indica L.) were individually sealed in heat-shrinkable plastic films, stored for 2 weeks at 12°C, and then ripened at 21°. Weight loss of film-sealed fruit was significantly less than that of nonsealed fruit. There were no significant differences in firmness, color development of the skin, decay development, or time to ripen to the soft-ripe stage between film-sealed and nonsealed fruit.
‘William Baffin’ Rose
Authors: Svejda Felicitas
Published: October 2022

‘William Baffin’ rose combines the valuable features of winter hardiness, free and repeated flowering, and resistance to mildew [Sphaerotheca pannosa (Wallr. ex Fr.) Lév.] and blackspot [Diplocarpon rosae Wolf.]. It is one of the few winter-hardy climbers which survives the winters of Ottawa where it shows tip killing only and, therefore, can be left on the trellis over winter.
‘Reliance’ Seedless Grape
Authors: Moore J. N.
Published: October 2022

The development of high quality, seedless (stenospermocarpic) table grape cultivars adapted to eastern United States is a major objective of the grape breeding program of the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station. ‘Venus’, a blue, seedless cultivar, was released from this program in 1977 (1). A red, seedless cultivar, ‘Reliance’, with wider adaptation, is the most recent development.
Release of Six Illinois Sweet Corn Inbreds with the Sugary Enhancer (se) Gene
Authors: Juvik J. A. , Mikel M. A. , Carey E. E. , Rhodes A. M.
Published: October 2022

Six sweet com (Zea mays L.) inbreds homozygous for the genes sugary (su) and sugary enhancer (se) have been developed at the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station. The se gene is a recessive modifier of the su genotype (2) and results in increased kernel sugar content, sweetness, and tenderness (3). Kernels with the su se genotype contain amounts of sugar comparable to those found in lines homozygous for the shrunken-2 (sh2) gene but without a concomitant reduction in phytoglycogen (water-soluble polysaccharides) content (4). The high level of phytoglycogen found in su and su se cultivars contributes to their tender, creamy texture.
American Vegetable Seed Industry—A History
Authors: Becker Robert F.
Published: October 2022

The first commercial seedsman in the United States generally is believed to have been David Landreth, who started his business in Philadelphia in 1784. Previous to this time, all garden seed was imported from Europe and sold by general merchants or individuals with an interest in horticulture. An advertisement that appeared in the Boston Gazette in February of 1719 might be cited as an example: “Fresh garden seeds of all sorts, lately imported from London to be sold by Evan Davies, gardener, at his house over against the powder house in Boston”. Nathaniel Bird, a book seller in Newport, R.I., sold garden seed at his shop in 1763.
Effect of Package Type and Storage Time-temperature on Weight Loss, Firmness, and Spoilage of Rabbiteye Blueberries
Authors: Miller W. R. , McDonald R. E. , Melvin C. F. , Munroe K. A.
Published: October 2022

Rabbiteye blueberries, Vaccinium ashei (Reade), were stored in each of 3 containers and 4 time-temperature regimes: 24 hr at 1°C + 24 hr at 10° + 24 hr at 21°; 48 hr at 10° + 24 hr at 21°; 7 days at 1°; and 14 days at 1°. Berries of ‘Tifblue’ lost less weight, were firmer, had fewer “leakers” and less decay than those of ‘Woodard’ following storage under identical treatments and storage conditions. When means of both cultivars and 4 time-temperature treatments were combined, there was an effect of consumer packaging type on weight loss, but there was no effect on berry firmness or the incidence of “leakers” and decay. There was no effect of packaging type on the percentage of sugars during 1 and 2 weeks of storage at 1°.
Resistance of Fragaria chiloensis Clones to the Twospotted Spider Mite
Authors: Shanks Carl H. , Barritt Bruce H.
Published: October 2022

Thirty clones of the beach strawberry, Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Duch., that were known to be resistant to strawberry aphid, Chaetosiphon fragaefolii (Cockerell), were evaluated for resistance to twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch. AH clones had fewer mites per leaf than the cultivar ‘Totem’. Two clones, BSP-14 and LCM-19, had totals of only 6 and 82 mites, respectively, on 4 dates compared to 1741 mites on ‘Totem’. The ‘Del Norte’ clone of F. chiloensis, previously used as a source of aphid resistance in breeding, was more susceptible than BSP-14 and LCM-19 to the mite.
Influence of Paclobutrazol Plant Growth Regulator on Strawberry Plant Growth, Fruiting, and Runner Suppression
Authors: Stang E. J. , Weis G. G.
Published: October 2022

Paclobutrazol (ICI PP333), an inhibitor of gibberellin biosynthesis, suppressed early season number of berries but did not affect seasonal yield of field grown strawberry plants. Plant growth was greatly suppressed at all application rates. Petioles, peduncles, and pedicels were shortened with leaves and fruit tightly appressed to the crown. Green leaf color was intensified in all paclobutrazol treatments, but fruit color was not appreciably influenced. Runner suppression was obtained in mid-July field applications, but runners were not inhibited by August application. In the greenhouse, PP333 applied directly to the soil of potted plants was more effective than foliar applications in suppressing crown, leaf, and root growth. The degree of suppression generally was related to increasing the concentration of the chemical.
Soil and Foliar Application of Magnesium Compounds for the Control of Magnesium Deficiency in ‘Shamouti’ Orange Trees
Authors: Erner Y. , Schwartz S. , Bar-Akiva A. , Kaplan Y.
Published: October 2022

Band application of MgCl2·6H2O under the tree canopy of ‘Shamouti’ orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] trees significantly increased leaf Mg and Cl concentration. MgSO4 and MgO were not effective. Fertigation with MgCl2·6H2O was less efficient than band application and was not superior to foliar application of Mg(NO3)2·6H2O for increasing leaf Mg concentrations. In spite of high Cl concentration of the leaves, no visible toxicity symptoms were observed.
A Method of Estimating Pecan Yield
Authors: Worley Ray E. , Smith Morris
Published: October 2022

A quick method of estimating pecan yield is described and compared with mechanically harvested yields. The estimate accounted for 80% of the yield variation.
Inheritance of an Indehiscent Anther Character in the Common Bean
Authors: Wyatt J. E.
Published: October 2022

Inheritance of an indehiscent anther (ia) mutant in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was studied. Dehiscence was incompletely dominant in heterozygotes making classification difficult in backcross and F2 populations. Progeny tests were necessary to determine that the character was conditioned by a single recessive gene. The symbol ia is proposed to denote the indehiscent anther gene.
Chemical Defoliation of Cucumber Vines for Simulation of Once-over Harvest in Small-plot Yield Trials
Authors: Wehner Todd C. , Monaco Thomas J. , Bonanno A. Richard
Published: October 2022

Chemical defoliation of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) vines was evaluated as a method for rapid screening of breeding lines. Six chemicals (dinoseb, diquat, ethephon, glufosinate, glyphosate, and paraquat) were used at one or 2 rates on one pickling and one fresh-market cucumber cultivar (‘Calypso’ and ‘Poinsett 76’, respectively) in 1983 to determine speed of vine defoliation and amount of fruit damage. Of the chemicals tested, paraquat at 0.6 kg/ha provided the most rapid defoliation (85% to 91% defoliation one day after treatment) but caused some bleaching and chlorosis of the fruit. If the fruit were rolled 180° during evaluation, the damage was not noticeable. Chemical defoliation of vines for simulated once-over harvest provided a rapid, labor-saving method, requiring only 42% of the time to evaluate each plot compared to the conventional method. The chemical defoliation method is especially useful for initial evaluation of populations and breeding lines for fruit yield and other horticultural characteristics.
Salt Tolerance of Lettuce Introductions
Authors: Shannon M. C. , McCreight J. D.
Published: October 2022

Salt tolerance differences among 115 plant introductions of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) were screened in sand cultures under greenhouse conditions. Leaf and root fresh weights of plants grown for 4 to 5 weeks in salinized sand cultures were compared to a benchmark cultivar, ‘Buttercrunch’. Plant introductions showed a wider range of salt tolerance than standard cultivars of the United States and therefore have some potential in breeding programs designed to increase the salt tolerance of this crop.
The Effects of Genotype and Ethephon on Rhizoctonia Soil Rot of Processing Tomatoes
Authors: Murphy Jacqueline B. , McFerran Joe , Goode M. J.
Published: October 2022

Two Arkansas breeding lines, 2 USDA breeding lines, and 2 commercial cultivars were evaluated for resistance to fruit rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuehn. Each line or cultivar was field evaluated for the percentage of rot of fruit touching the ground and for yield. Arkansas breeding lines and USDA breeding line 79B 888-3 had the lowest percentage of rot and the highest yield, whereas the commercial cultivars and USDA 79B 823-3 had the highest percentages of rot and the lowest yields. The use of Ethephon at 500 ppm significantly decreased the percentage of rot in the field and increased yield.
Semi-mechanically Harvested Fresh-market Tomato Yields as Influenced by Harvest Date and Cultivar
Authors: Stoffella Peter J. , Sherman Mark
Published: October 2022

Three jointless tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars, ‘MH-1’, ‘Hayslip’, and ‘Burgis’, were evaluated for fruit yields using a semi-mechanical freshmarket tomato harvester. Harvest dates were 85 or 99 days after transplanting in Fall 1980, and 88 or 95 days after transplanting in Fall 1982. Total fruit yields of the late harvest were significantly higher than the early harvest in 1982, but not in 1980. An increased percentage yield (weight basis) of colored fruit occurred during the late harvest in both trials. ‘Burgis’ and ‘Hayslip’ had significantly higher green fruit yields and lower ripe fruit yields than ‘MH-1’ in both years. Yields of semi-mechanically harvested fruit were reduced by an average of 25% and 47% when compared with manually harvested fruit yields during 1980 and 1982, respectively.
Using Basidiospores of the Oyster Mushroom to Prepare Grain Spawn for Mushroom Cultivation
Authors: San Antonio James P. , Hanners Patrick K.
Published: October 2022

Serial dilution of basidiospores of a spore print to prepare grain spawn of the Oyster mushroom is described. The method, which has a contamination rate of about 5%, requires sterilization of a grain medium and the use of some simple “clean” procedures. The method is especially advantageous for small scale and part-time cultivation of mushrooms on logs. Pleurotus ostreatus Kumm. mycelium grew rapidly into the wood of freshly cut logs inoculated with disks of grain spawn prepared using spore inoculum. Unlike pure-culture spawn disks, however, disks prepared from spore-inoculated grain did not become completely tightly bonded to the wood surface.
Effect of Fertilizer and Watering Methods on Growth and Yields of Pot-grown Sweet Potato Genotypes
Authors: Acock M. C. , Garner J. O.
Published: October 2022

A high fertilizer rate reduced the number but not the weight, of storage roots of sweet potatoes [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] grown in greenhouse pots. Increased water availability had little effect on the small, bush type ‘Vardanian’ but enhanced growth and yield of the large, prostrate type L I-207. Differences between conditions of this experiment and field conditions are discussed.
Response of Shore Juniper To Ozone Alone and in Mixture with Sulfur Dioxide and Nitrogen Dioxide
Authors: Fravel D. R. , Benson D. M. , Reinert R. A.
Published: October 2022

A single 4 hour exposure of shore juniper, Juniperus conferta Parl., to 0.3 ppm O3, alone or in combination with 0.15 ppm nitrogen dioxide and/or sulfur dioxide, produced a significant number of small (<3 mm), elongate, tan foliar lesions 2 to 4 days after exposure. The injury symptoms were not identical to those associated with shore juniper decline.
Effect of Hot Water Treatment on Respiration, Endogenous Ethanol, and Ethylene Production from Gladiolus Corms and Easter Lily Bulbs
Authors: Hosoki Takashi
Published: October 2022

A hot water (46° ± 1°C for 1 hr) treatment accelerated sprouting from gladiolus corms (Gladiolus sp.) and Easter lily bulbs (Lilium longiflorum). The respiration rate increased in both corms and bulbs after the hot water treatment. Ethanol was produced in corm and scale tissues immediately after the treatment, but no enhancement of ethylene production was observed.
In Vitro Propagation of African Marigold
Authors: Kothari S. L. , Chandra N.
Published: October 2022

Leaf segments of Tagetes erecta L. (African marigold) were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium supplemented with 6-benzyl-aminopurine (BA), kinetin, 3-indoleacetic acid (IAA), 3-indolebutyric acid (IBA), and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Regeneration of a large number of adventitious shoot buds was observed on a medium with BA (3 to 5 mg/liter) + IAA (1 mg/liter). When shoot buds plus some callus were subcultured on the same medium, additional buds differentiated for up to 2 years. The shoot buds elongated when subcultured on a medium with BA (2 mg/liter) + 0.5 mg/liter gibberellic acid (GA3). Shoots with sufficiently developed internodes were rooted on filter paper bridges in culture tubes on MS liquid medium with IBA (0.5 mg/liter) + GA3 (0.5 mg/liter) to obtain complete plantlets with well developed root and shoot systems. Abnormal negatively geotropic green roots formed on a medium with kinetin (1 to 4 mg/liter) + IBA (1 to 4 mg/liter).
Pollen Viability in Rosa
Authors: Pearson Hugh M. , Harney Patricia M.
Published: October 2022

The viability of fresh pollen from 6 Rosa species (Rosa spinosissima L., R. fedtschenkoana Regel, R. pendulina L., R. arkansana Porter, R. Carolina L., R. virginiana Miller), one botanical variety (R. spinosissima altaica Rehd.) and 3 cultivars (‘Betty Bland’, ‘George Will’, ‘Prairie Princess’) were evaluated. Correlation between pollen staining and germination was positive and significant, but absolute pollen viability was found to be a better indicator of viability than staining. Rosa spinosissima and R. fedtshenkoana were considered to be the best pollen parents from the genotypes sampled.
Germination of Western Soapberry as Affected by Scarification and Stratification
Authors: Munson Richard H.
Published: October 2022

Western soapberry (Sapindus drummondii Hook & Arn.) seeds were collected in Sept. 1982 and scarified with acid or hot water, or treated by freezing. The seeds were sown immediately or after cold-moist stratification for 90 days. Best germination was achieved with acid scarified and stratified seeds followed by hot water treatment plus stratification and freezing plus stratification. Stratification significantly increased the germination of all treatments by a combined average of 25%. Acid scarification for 60 or 90 min provided better germination than scarification periods of 30 or 120 min. Seeds collected in Nov. 1982 and Mar. 1983 germinated as well as seeds collected in Sept. 1982. For maximum germination, fall or winter collection of seeds followed by 60 min acid scarification and 90 days cold moist stratification is recommended.
Guayule Seedling Root Regeneration Potential Increases with Age
Authors: Tipton Jimmy L.
Published: October 2022

Root generation of guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray) seedlings was determined by suspending 8, 10, and 12 week old plants in a bottom mist chamber. The number and length of new roots were significantly greater after 3, 6, 9, and 12 days for 12 week old as compared to 8 week old plants. The major difference between 10 and 12 week old plants was an increased root length of 0.44 and 1.03 cm, respectively, after 3 days.
In Vitro Somatic Embryogenesis from Nucellar Callus of Monoembryonic Mango
Authors: Litz Richard E.
Published: October 2022

Slowly growing calli were induced in vitro from nucellar explants excised from fertilized ovules of immature 4.0-4.8 cm long monoembryonic mango fruitlets. The medium consisted of Murashige and Skoog formulation that had been modified accordingly: half strength major salts, 60 g/liter sucrose, 400 mg/liter glutamine, 100 mg/liter ascorbic acid, 1.0 mg/liter 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and 8 g/liter Difco Bacto agar. Somatic embryogenesis occurred from callus on this medium and following subculture to medium without growth regulators. Maturation and limited germination of somatic embryos occurred in the absence of growth regulators.
In Vitro Propagation and Growth of Hydrangea
Authors: Stoltz Leonard P.
Published: October 2022

Hydrangea macrophylla Thunb. ‘Merveille’ can be propagated by tissue culture and the resulting plants acclimated to a greenhouse environment. Utilizing rapidly replicating cultures for continued propagation and slow replicating cultures for producing plants in a greenhouse is an effective method of increasing the overall tissue culture propagation rate. Planting out in a greenhouse by 30 July at the latitude of Lexington, Ky., provided adequate time to develop hydrangea plants that produced 3 or more flowers per plant by 15 Apr.
Tissue Culture of Grape Hyacinth
Authors: Cumming Bruce G. , Peck Deborah E.
Published: October 2022

Laboratory exercises are described to familiarize students with procedures for preparing a sterile nutrient medium and for culturing bulb scales of grape hyacinth (Muscari spp.) in vitro.
‘Fu Shuai’ Apple
Authors: Guo Z. N. , Guo G. N.
Published: October 2022

The Old Yellow River Basin district in China is a new apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) growing area (1). ‘Red Astrachan’, ‘Yellow Transparent’, ‘Gravenstein’, and ‘American Summer Pearmain’ are early cultivars grown in this area, but none are well adapted.
‘Harcrest’ Peach
Authors: Layne Richard E. C.
Published: October 2022

‘Harcrest’ is a cold hardy, productive, attractive, firm-fleshed freestone peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] that ripens 2-3 days after ‘Cresthaven’ and ‘Redskin’ in the late season. It was introduced in 1983 for the Ontario fresh market to extend the ‘Cresthaven’ and ‘Redskin’ season with a similar type of peach and is considered a potential replacement for ‘Redskin’. The tree is vigorous and appears to have moderate field tolerance to perennial canker (Leucostoma spp.). Leaves and fruit are moderately resistant to bacterial spot [Xanthomonas campestris pv. pruni (Smith) Young et al.] while flowers and fruit are resistant to brown rot [Monilinia fructicola (Wint.) Honey]. Fruit are resistant to split pits but subject to preharvest drop if hot, dry conditions prevail just before harvest. The yellow flesh does not brown readily on exposure to air. ‘Harcrest’ is well suited for the fresh market including local sales and shipping and is suitable for preservation at home by canning or freezing. ‘Harcrest’ is performing well in regional trials in Ontario, and is adapted to regions where ‘Redhaven’ is successfully grown.
‘Florida XVR 3-25’ Bell Pepper
Authors: Cook A. A.
Published: October 2022

‘Florida XVR 3-25’ is a nonpungent, bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) resistant to tobacco etch and potato Y viruses and both pepper pathotypes of the spot bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Dowson) Young et al. The combined resistances to these viruses and bacterial spot should prove useful in areas where these diseases are prevalent.
Changes in HortScience: An Opportunity to Improve Communication
Authors: Peirce Lincoln C. , Bliss Fredrick A.
Published: October 2022

HortScience will undergo some changes that the Publications Committee and the publications staff believe will increase interest and expand usefulness of this publication. The first of these changes—the reorganization of the currently combined Reports & Notes section into 2 separate sections—will begin with the Feb. 1985 issue.
International Alumni Evaluate a Horticulture Department’s Graduate Program
Authors: Bittenbender H. C.
Published: October 2022

International graduate alumni of the Dept. of Horticulture, Michigan State Univ., were surveyed. Recommendations for future graduate programs were developed with emphasis on students from less developed countries (LDC). Ninety-two percent of the LDC alumni were professionally employed in agricultural colleges, ministries of agriculture or agribusiness prior to graduate work, and over 45% were sponsored by a government or international agency. Fifty-seven percent of all international students were obligated to their governments to return after graduation. It is recommended, based on LDC comments on courses and program orientation, that LDC students take problem-solving courses such as in postharvest physiology, plant pathology, weed control, and plant propagation. Furthermore, the United States is favored for course work for both the MS and PhD degree, but home-based research is highly favored for MS and equally preferred to the United States for PhD research. Postharvest physiology, research program and industry evaluation, and plant breeding were identified by the alumni as important areas for collaboration with the department. A nationwide study of international horticulture alumni is necessary to understand more completely their training needs.
Introduction to the Symposium
Authors: Bliss Fredrick A.
Published: October 2022

People unaware of the great differences among horticultural crops often regard fruits and vegetables each as a homogeneous group when considering requirements for implementation and support of breeding programs. Each fruit and vegetable crop is different enough, and of sufficient importance, to merit individual consideration. Although the total dollar value or hectarage grown are measures of economic worth of a crop, other factors must be considered when determining the importance of horticultural crops either singularly or as a group. Generally horticultural crops require more intensive culture than field crops, and thus are grown with greater risk which is rewarded by a higher per acre value. The contributions of the horticultural crops to our daily diets are far greater than economic values indicate. The USD A task group (Senti Committee) on GRAS status of new plant cultivars pointed out that fruits and vegetables provide 90% of the Vitamin C, 50% of the Vitamin A, 30% of the B6, 25% of the magnesium, 20% of the thiamin, and 18% of the riboflavin and niacin in the United States food supply. Research support for horticultural crops must reflect, in part, their dietary importance rather than solely their dollar value.
A Private Seed Company’s Views of the Roles of Public and Private Breeders—Cooperation and Support
Authors: Strosnider Robert E.
Published: October 2022

We must ask why we are addressing the roles of private and public breeders when, for at least a century, researchers in the private and public sector have enjoyed a remarkedly close and mutually beneficial relationship. The answer is the evolution of time and a changing economic environment. The public sector bore the major responsibility for both basic research and variety development as recently as 50 to 60 years ago (1920-1930), with private industry being the vendor of improved varieties. Private industry had the necessary incentive to make major capital investments in variety development, with the development of hybrid com and potential control of the parental lines leading to proprietary products. The passage of the Plant Variety Protection Act of 1970 led to the extension of this profit incentive to all sexually propagated crops, except for 6 vegetables which have since been included.
Public and Private Plant Breeding of Horticultural Food Crops in Western Europe
Authors: Innes N. L.
Published: October 2022

The well-being of plant breeding (1, 11, 14), and hence of agricultural and horticultural productivity, depends upon careful planning to make the maximum use of resources. This is as true for the individual plant breeder as it is for those political planners who control the relationship between public and private sector breeders, especially in relation to the respective roles of private and public plant breeders. The policies and experiences in different countries are helpful in pointing the way to a format that will be beneficial for all. I propose to describe the organization of public breeding programs for vegetables and fruit (but not ornamentals) in western Europe. Inevitably, most references will be made to the current situation in the United Kingdom, and to other countries where there is a strong and thriving plant breeding industry, indicating the relationship between public and private sectors in such countries.
An Interactive Microcomputer Program for Development and Calculation of a Plant Breeding Selection Index
Authors: Hellman E. W.
Published: October 2022

A microcomputer program was written to enable the development and calculation of a selection index appropriate for the objectives of any plant breeding program. Other features of the computer program include the capability to accept numerical character rating scores and statistically analyzed objective measurements, estimate missing data, average multiple year data, and storage of breeding line data with output capability.
Effects of Differential Pine Vole Populations on Growth and Yield of ‘McIntosh’ Apple Trees
Authors: Forshey C. G. , Miller P. N. , Richmond M. E.
Published: October 2022

Known populations (0, 269, 538, and 1075/ha) of pine voles (Microtus pinetorum LeConte) were maintained in wire mesh-enclosed blocks of ‘McIntosh’/M26 apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) for 2 years. There was little effect of the voles the 1st year, but the 2nd year the highest population was associated with the death of one tree; severe reductions in growth, yield, and fruit size; and a dramatic reduction in the value of the crop. Neither the low nor the medium population affected yield significantly, but there was a reduction in vegetative growth in the medium population plot in the 2nd year.
The Effects of Oryzalin Alone and in Combination with Diuron and Simazine on Young Peach Trees
Authors: Welker W. V.
Published: October 2022

Oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-dipropylsulfanilamide), simazine (2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine), and diuron (3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-l,l-dimethylurea) alone and combinations of oryzalin plus simazine or diuron were applied annually for 4 years to young peach (Prunus persica L.) trees. The effectiveness of each herbicide decreased as years of use increased. Weed population shifts occurred with continuous use of the same herbicide. Herbicide combinations resulted in better weed control than did the monoherbicide treatments. Growth and yield were highly correlated with increased weed control.
Soil pH Rate for Fruit Yield and Elemental Concentration of Muscadine Grapes
Authors: Cummings George A. , Lilly Paul
Published: October 2022

Muscadine grapes (Vitis rotundifolia Michx. ‘Carlos’) were established in 1972 with 5 soil pH levels, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, and 7.0. An annual N variable of 50 and 83 kg/ha was imposed in 1975. Yields from 1975-1983 were increased by N application and decreased at soil pH 5.0. By 1980, soil Ca and Mg concentrations were increased about 3-times between the lowest and highest pH treatments. With increased soil pH, foliar concentration of Mg, but not Ca, increased whereas K, N, and Mn decreased. Fruit size, soluble solids, acidity, and concentrations of P, Fe, Zn, Cu, and B in the foliage or fruit were not affected by treatments.
Influence of Paclobutrazol on Selected Growth and Chemical Characteristics of Young Pecan Seedlings
Authors: Wood Bruce W.
Published: October 2022

Soil drench applications of paclobutrazol (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 mg a.i·pot-1) to greenhouse grown pecan seedlings reduced plant height, plant dry weight, organ dry weight, in ter node length, leaf thickness, leaf area, and chlorophyll content. Carbohydrate levels (mg·g dry weight-1 and mg·g plant-1) in treated plants increased. Total plant carbohydrate levels were unchanged at levels ≤ 2m g a.i.·pot-1, but plants of reduced size showed increased levels of carbohydrates per mg of tissue. Seedlings treated with high levels of paclobutrazol had a slight tendency for increased net photosynthesis.
Propagation of Jojoba by Single Node Cuttings
Authors: Won Lee Chi , Palzkill David A.
Published: October 2022

Double eye (DE) and single eye (SE) nodal semihardwood cuttings of jojoba [Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider] treated with 2000 ppm indolebutyric acid were rooted successfully under intermittent mist in a mixture of 1 perlite : 1 vermiculite. Differences in rooting percentages between 5-node, single node DE, and single node SE cuttings were not significant. The root systems of 5-node cuttings were much larger than those of nodal cuttings, and DE cuttings produced significantly more roots than SE cuttings. Clonal differences for rooting capability were evident among 12 clones tested; percentage of rooting varied from 30 to 97 for DE cuttings and from 43 to 95 for SE cuttings. Significantly more cuttings rooted in the 1 perlite: 1 vermiculite rooting mix than in Oasis Root Cubes.
Temperature Effects on ‘Nellie White’ Flower Bud Development
Authors: Healy W. E. , Wilkins H. F.
Published: October 2022

Lilium longiflorum Thunb. ‘Nellie White’ flower buds developed from visible bud to open flower more rapidly at constant 27°C than at constant 15°. This increased growth rate was most pronounced when buds were less than 6 cm. Once buds were greater than 10 cm, the differences in rate of flower bud growth at 15° compare to 27° was insignificant. Bud development was biphasic, with a relatively slow growth rate up to 6 cm and then an accelerated rate from 6 cm to open flower. The fitted regression line for buds less than 6 cm was: days to flower (DTF) = 37.969 - 8.945 Ln [bud length (L)] — 0.453 [(Temperature (T)]; for buds greater than 6 cm: DTF = 33.258 — 2.039 (L) - 0.736 (T) + 0.044 (L x T). The correlation coefficients for the 2 equations were respectively: r = 0.82 (R2 = 0.67) and r = 0.93 (R2 = 0.87).
Rapid Propagation and Establishment of Florists’ Hydrangea
Authors: Bailey Douglas A. , Weiler Thomas C.
Published: October 2022

Terminal cuttings of Hydrangea macrophylla Ser. ‘Rose Supreme’, ‘Merritt’s Supreme’, and ‘Sister Therese’ were treated with basal dips of 0, 5000, 10,000, or 20,000 mg/kg IBA-talc and allowed to root in 22°C sand under mist for 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 weeks. Adequate root-system development required 4 weeks for ‘Sister Therese’ treated with 10,000 or 20,000 mg/kg IBA, and 5 weeks for ‘Merritt’s Supreme’ treated with 5000, 10,000, or 20,000 mg/kg IBA. After 5 weeks under mist, no cuttings of ‘Rose Supreme’ had developed an adequate root system. ‘Merritt’s Supreme’ hydrangeas were irradiated continuously with 0 or 84 ± 3 μmol -2s-1, supplemental photosynthetically-active radiation (PAR) supplied by high-pressure sodium vapor lamps, and were grown in an 18°-minimum-temperature greenhouse during the winter months. Plants receiving PAR concomitant with natural daylight developed 7 expanded leaf pairs after 9 weeks, whereas control plants required 12 weeks to reach the same stage. Plants receiving supplemental PAR were significantly taller, yet acquired less leaf and stem dry weight and less leaf area than did plants receiving natural daylight alone.
Rooting of Douglas-fir Stem Cuttings: Relative Activity of IBA and NAA
Authors: Proebsting W. M.
Published: October 2022

The effects of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and indolebutyric acid (IBA) on rooting, root quality, and budbreak of Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] stem cuttings were studied. Between 1 and 100 him, NAA was more effective than IBA in stimulating rooting. Regression analysis indicated that the highest rooting response to NAA was centered on 7.4 mM, whereas 100 mM IBA, the highest concentration tested, was the most effective. NAA concentration significantly affected budbreak percentage. Root quality was weak, but not significantly affected by auxin concentration.
Evaluation of Some Indigenous Western Plants for Xeric Landscapes
Authors: Cox Robert A. , Klett James E.
Published: October 2022

Forty-five indigenous Western plants, mostly herbaceous perennials, were transplanted into a field plot and evaluated for water requirements and landscape value. The majority of species showed no significant differences in growth between irrigated and nonirrigated treatments. Several species are suggested for use as ornamentals in dryland or low-maintenance situations.
Photoperiodic Response of Miniature Gladiolus Cultivars
Authors: Halevy Abraham H. , Kofranek Anton M. , Besemer Seward T.
Published: October 2022

Ten American cultivars of miniature gladiolus responded to photoperiod similarly to that of large-flowered gladiolus cultivars (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.). Long day (LD) generally delayed flowering time and enhanced stem elongation and the number of florets per spike. Response to LD was more apparent under greenhouse than field conditions. The 19th century cultivars of miniature gladiolus of G. colvillei and G. nanus hybrids generally were not sensitive to photoperiod and mostly did not respond to supplemental lighting.
Overview of the Genetics and Breeding of Husk Tomato
Authors: Quiros Carlos F.
Published: October 2022

In husk tomato, Physalis ixocarpa Brot., a wide range of self-incompatibility phenotypes was observed upon self-pollination. Self-incompatibility seems to be a polygenic trait of low heritability, affected by inbreeding depression and by environment. Organ coloration and leaf serration also were found to be polygenic traits. The chromosomes of this species are characterized by conspicuous heterochromatic knobs which would facilitate identification of each pair. Attempts to hybridize P. ixocarpa with P. floridiana L. and P. peruviana L. were unsuccessful. Propagation by cuttings is readily attainable in P. ixocarpa and might be useful for growing and intercrossing field selections in isolation plots.
Influence of Pollination Treatments on Fruit Set and Development in Parthenocarpic Tomato
Authors: Scott J. W. , George W. L.
Published: October 2022

Flowers of 3 parthenocarpic tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) genotypes, ‘Severianin’ (pat-2), PSET-1 (pat-2) and RP 75/79, and one nonparthenocarpic genotype, ‘Tiny Tim’ (pat-2+), were given various pollination treatments in a greenhouse study: a) natural pollination, b) pollination with a hand vibrator, c) emasculation followed by pollination with mentor (heat-killed) pollen, d) emasculation only, e) removal of stigmas, and f) removal of the distil half of the anthers and styles. RP 75/59 had greater total fruit set than did the pat-2 genotypes. Treatments preventing pollination inhibited seed formation of all genotypes and inhibited fruit set of ‘Tiny Tim’. Mentor pollen did not increase parthenocarpic fruit set for any genotype. Vibration of the flowers completely inhibited parthenocarpic fruit set for all genotypes except PSET-1, which had 15.7% parthenocarpic fruit. No difference in fruit size or days to ripening for seeded vs. seedless fruit were evident for the pat-2 genotypes. Seeded fruit of RP 75/59 were larger than seedless fruit (34.2 g vs. 20.3 g), and also took longer to ripen (2.9 days).
‘Allgold’ and ‘Goldilocks’ Peaches
Authors: Moore James N. , Rom Roy C. , Brown Stanley A. , Sistrunk William A.
Published: October 2022

‘Allgold’ and ‘Goldilocks’ are 2 new cultivars of clingstone peaches [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] with nonmelting flesh texture suitable for processing. Both are earlier ripening than ‘Babygold 5’ and possess good processing qualities. ‘Allgold’ is notable for its high tolerance to bacterial spot.
‘Homestead’ Elm
Authors: Townsend A. M. , Masters W. O.
Published: October 2022

The ‘Homestead’ elm is a new disease resistant cultivar developed at the USD A Nursery Crops Research Laboratory in Delaware, Ohio. It shows promise for planting as a street, highway, or landscape tree.