bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NK‐Cell Biofactory as an Off‐the‐Shelf Cell‐based Vector for Targeted In Situ Synthesis of Engineered Proteins
Authors: Repellin Claire E. , Ssemadaali Marvin A. , Newmyer Sherri , Radhakrishnan Harikrishnan , Javitz Harold S. , Bhatnagar Parijat
Published: April 2021

The NK‐92MI, a fast‐growing cytolytic cell line with a track record of exerting clinical efficacy, is transformed into a vector for synthesizing calibrated amounts of desired engineered proteins at our disease site, that is, NK‐cell Biofactory. This provides an allogeneic option to the previously published T‐cell‐based living vector that is limited by high manufacturing cost and product variability. The modularity of this pathway, which combines a “target” receptor with an “effector” function, enables reprogramming of the NK‐cell Biofactory to target diseases with specific molecular biomarkers, such as cancer, viral infections, or auto‐immune disorders, and overcome barriers that may affect the advancement of NK‐cell therapies.
Fast X‐ray Nanotomography with Sub‐10 nm Resolution as a Powerful Imaging Tool for Nanotechnology and Energy Storage Applications
Authors: De Andrade Vincent , Nikitin Viktor , Wojcik Michael , Deriy Alex , Bean Sunil , Shu Deming , Mooney Tim , Peterson Kevin , Kc Prabhat , Li Kenan , Ali Sajid , Fezzaa Kamel , Gürsoy Doga , Arico Cassandra , Ouendi Saliha , Troadec David , Simon Patrice , De Carlo Francesco , Lethien Christophe
Published: April 2021

In the last decade, transmission X‐ray microscopes (TXMs) have come into operation in most of the synchrotrons worldwide. They have proven to be outstanding tools for non‐invasive ex and in situ 3D characterization of materials at the nanoscale across varying range of scientific applications. However, their spatial resolution has not improved in many years, while newly developed functional materials and microdevices with enhanced performances exhibit nanostructures always finer. Here, optomechanical breakthroughs leading to fast 3D tomographic acquisitions (85 min) with sub‐10 nm spatial resolution, narrowing the gap between X‐ray and electron microscopy, are reported. These new achievements are first validated with 3D characterizations of nanolithography objects corresponding to ultrahigh‐aspect‐ratio hard X‐ray zone plates. Then, this powerful technique is used to investigate the morphology and conformality of nanometer‐thick film electrodes synthesized by atomic layer deposition and magnetron sputtering deposition methods on 3D silicon scaffolds for electrochemical energy storage applications.
Herringbone Microfluidic Probe for Multiplexed Affinity‐Capture of Prostate Circulating Tumor Cells
Authors: Glia Ayoub , Deliorman Muhammedin , Sukumar Pavithra , Janahi Farhad K. , Samara Bisan , Brimmo Ayoola T. , Qasaimeh Mohammad A.
Published: April 2021

In this work, for first time, circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are captured on an open biofunctionalized substrate with multiplexing capability. This is achieved by developing a new microfluidic probe (MFP) integrated with radially staggered herringbone (HB) elements for microvortex generation. The new tool, named as herringbone microfluidic probe (HB‐MFP), is a channel‐less microfluidic system with physically separated bottom capture substrate and top fluidics delivery system. The concept allows for functionalizing the capture substrate with multiple biorecognition ligands (in this work, stripes of different capture antibodies) and scanning the fluidics delivery system across the substrate in a 2D printing‐like movement. Using the HB‐MFP, CTCs are efficiently captured from prostate cancer blood samples through their specific EpCAM, PSMA, and PSA antigens in a single run, with counts ranging from as low as 6 CTCs mL‐1 (localized cancer patients) to as high as 280 CTCs mL‐1 (metastatic cancer patients). In the process, CTC clusters with sizes of as high as 40–50 cells are also successfully captured. The results indicate that multiplex profiles of CTCs could reveal certain cellular phenotypes based on PSMA and PSA expression levels. The developed HB‐MFP is simple and robust to use, allows for high throughput sample processing, and provides seamless access to captured CTCs for further downstream characterization.
Intense Mechanoluminescence in Undoped LiGa5O8 with Persistent and Recoverable Behaviors
Authors: Zhang Na , Tian Birong , Wang Zhaofeng , Smith Andrew T. , Ma Zhidong , Xue Zhonghua , Sun Luyi
Published: April 2021

The distinctive crystal characteristics of undoped LiGa5O8 allow the production of abundant defects and traps in the structure, contributing to attractive luminescent properties. In this work, the mechanoluminescent pathways of LiGa5O8 are demonstrated in terms of the defect induced localized energy levels and trap levels, which are further optimized by adjusting the synthesis atmosphere. The results suggest that the LiGa5O8 synthesized under a reducing atmosphere exhibits an extremely intense mechanoluminescence, which is even better than that of commercial ZnS:Cu. Because of the existence of shallow trap with the spontaneous transfer activity at room temperature, the mechanoluminescence of LiGa5O8 can also exhibit a persistent behavior, overcoming the transient emitting problem in most of the previous mechanoluminescent materials. In addition, the mechanoluminescence of LiGa5O8 can be easily and quickly recovered by refilling the energy in traps. As a result, the undoped LiGa5O8 is confirmed to be an efficient material with intense, persistent, and recoverable mechanoluminescence, which is promising to substitute the doped ones for various applications.
Direct Measurement of Transient Charging and Dipole Alignment Speed in Ferroelectric Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 Gate Dielectric Using Graphene FETs
Authors: Hwang Hyeon Jun , Lee Sang Kyung , Kim Seung Mo , Lee Byoung Hun
Published: April 2021

A novel method to analyze the ferroelectric switching behaviors of Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 (HZO) gate dielectric is developed using the unique charge response characteristics of graphene field effect transistor (GFET). The linear density of state of graphene in a low Vg region enables a detailed transient analysis of the effects of transient charging and dipole switching. The trans‐conductance of GFET with ferroelectric HZO is observed to be increased by 610% in DC measurement with a minimal hysteresis as reported for negative capacitance FET. However, fast pulse I–V analysis reveals that the improved swing and small hysteresis of GFET with ferroelectric HZO are the result of compensation between the bulk charge trapping and dipole charges.
Squaramide Catalyzed Asymmetric Synthesis of Five‐ and Six‐Membered Rings
Authors: Biswas Anup , Ghosh Avisek , Shankhdhar Rajat , Chatterjee Indranil
Published: April 2021

Chiral analogues of squaramides have been fruitful in organocatalyzed asymmetric reactions over last decade. Alongside other H‐bonding catalysts like ureas, thioureas: squaramides have been proved to be efficient asymmetric catalysts for the formation of acyclic and cyclic chiral molecules. A wide range of cyclic molecules bearing multiple functionalities and stereocenters have been synthesized by using several bifunctional squaramides as catalysts. These catalysts perform as base utilizing basic N atom in their chiral extension and help in stereoinduction by forming H‐bonds with suitable H‐bond acceptors. The present review focuses on assembling recent progresses of asymmetric synthesis of five and six membered rings promoted by squaramides. A handful of articles have been published by several research groups documenting asymmetric construction of five‐ and six‐membered rings as part of interesting and complex molecular architectures. Different methodologies like conventional and formal cycloadditions or cascade reactions have been engineered through the assistance of chiral squaramides to fabricate the carbo‐ and heterocycles. This review also includes dual and cooperative catalytic system in which squaramide is one of the catalysts.
Comprehensive insight of crosslinking agent concentration influence on starch‐based aerogels porous structure
Authors: Camani Paulo H. , Gonçalo Maria G. M. , Barbosa Rennan F. S. , Rosa Derval S.
Published: April 2021

In this work, we evaluated starch‐based aerogels prepared using freeze‐drying, and an eco‐friendly crosslinking agent (trisodium citrate), in three different concentrations: 12.8, 19.3, and 25.7 mg ml−1. Aerogels were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, relative density, porosity percentage, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and water uptake. The results indicated a higher reticulation and crystallinity and lower water uptake, increasing crosslinking agent concentration (Aero 1:2). SEM images revealed the prominent presence of macroporous structure (more than 50 nm) within the aerogel, containing small and large pores within the aerogel structure. The small pores were statistically similar for Aero 1:1 and Aero 1:1.5, as observed by analysis of variance analysis, but they were statistically different from Aero 1:2. The large pores diameter increased with higher crosslinking concentration and induced them as closed pores, resulting in a less porous structure. This result is directly associated with a higher reticulation degree. Overall, the influence of crosslinking agent concentration was studied and indicated that Aero 1:1.5 presented valuable properties.
Co9S8@CN Composites Obtained from Thiacalix[4]arene‐Based Coordination Polymers for Supercapacitor Applications
Authors: Wang Zhao , Wang Meilin , He Kai , Hang Xinxin , Bi Yanfeng
Published: April 2021

Metal sulfides have been recognized as promising electrodes for electrochemical energy storage owing to their remarkable electrochemical properties. Here, we demonstrate the preparation of Co9S8 nanoparticles anchored on a carbon matrix (denoted as Co9S8‐X@CN (X=1, 2)) from precursor sources, two 1D infinite coordination polymers 1 and 2. The two polymers were assembled by linking Co4‐TC4A secondary building blocks (SBUs) with ligands L1 and L2, respectively (H4TC4A=p‐tert‐butylthiacalix[4]arene, L1=1,4‐bis(2H‐tetrazol‐5‐yl)benzene, L2=1,3‐bis(2H‐tetrazol‐5‐yl)benzene). The composites obtained from 1D polymers showed different morphologies, that is, the Co9S8 nanoparticles of Co9S8‐1@CN are octahedral with a size of ca. 140 nm, while the lamellar Co9S8 nanoparticles in Co9S8‐2@CN possess different sizes (50–150 nm). The Co9S8‐2@CN immobilized on nickel foam (Co9S8‐2@CN/NF) show better supercapacitive performance than that of Co9S8‐1@CN. Co9S8‐2@CN showed exceptionally high activities, combining higher specific capacitances (445.2 F g−1 at 2 A g−1 and 393.9 F g−1 and 5 A g−1), rate capacity (94.5% retention at 2 A g−1), and long‐term stability (79.2% retention at 5 A g−1 over 1000 cycles). The smaller size and larger BET surface area of Co9S8‐2@CN nanoparticles can improve the electrical conductivity and provide facile pathways for charge transport, thus leading to conspicuous electrochemical performance of Co9S8‐2@CN compared with its Co9S8‐1@CN counterpart.
Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Coupled with Production of Highly Value‐Added Organic Chemicals by a Composite Photocatalyst CdIn2S4@MIL‐53‐SO3Ni1/2
Authors: Zhang Huan‐Huan , Zhan Guo‐Peng , Liu Zi‐Kun , Wu Chuan‐De
Published: April 2021

Photocatalytic water splitting coupled with the production of highly value‐added organic chemicals is of significant importance, which represents a very promising pathway for transforming green solar energy into chemical energy. Herein, we report a composite photocatalyst CdIn2S4@MIL‐53‐SO3Ni1/2, which is highly efficient on prompting water splitting for the production of H2 in the reduction half‐reaction and selective oxidation of organic molecules for the production of highly value‐added organic chemicals in the oxidation half‐reaction under visible light irradiation. The superior photocatalytic properties of the composite photocatalyst CdIn2S4@MIL‐53‐SO3Ni1/2 should be ascribed to coating suspended ion catalyst (SIC), consisting of redox‐active NiII ions in the anionic pores of coordination network MIL‐53‐SO3−, on the surface of photoactive CdIn2S4, which endows photogenerated electron‐hole pairs separate more efficiently for high rate production of H2 and selective production of highly value‐added organic products, demonstrating great potential for practical applications.
Size‐dependent light scattering of CoOOH nanoflakes for convenient and sensitive detection of alkaline phosphatase in human serum
Authors: Zhu Lu Ning , Cheng Ru , Kang Kai Wen , Chen Ming Yun , Zhan Tianrong , Wang Jian
Published: April 2021

As a natural enzyme, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) plays an essential role in clinicopathological examinations and biomedical research, and is capable of hydrolyzing the phosphate group of l‐ascorbic acid‐2‐phosphate (AAP) to yield l‐ascorbic acid (L‐AA). L‐AA reduced cobalt oxyhydroxide (CoOOH) nanoflakes to Co2+, leading to a smaller size and weaker light scattering, which could be monitored by electron microscopic images and optical spectra. The indirect detection of ALP was achieved by the reduced light scattering signal of CoOOH nanoflakes. Under optimal conditions, the decrease in scattering intensity was proportional to the ALP concentration over the range 0.1–160 U/L and the detection limit was 0.034 U/L (3σ/k). Compared with other assays, this proposed light scattering method was more convenient and economic for ALP sensing. The method was successfully applied to ALP analysis in human serum samples, and was similar to the results obtained by commercial kits.
Biocomputing Based on DNA Strand Displacement Reactions
Authors: Lv Hui , Li Qian , Shi Jiye , Fan Chunhai , Wang Fei
Published: April 2021

The high sequence specificity and precise base complementary pairing principle of DNA provides a rich orthogonal molecular library for molecular programming, making it one of the most promising materials for developing bio‐compatible intelligence. In recent years, DNA has been extensively studied and applied in the field of biological computing. Among them, the toehold‐mediated strand displacement reaction (SDR) with properties including enzyme free, flexible design and precise control, have been extensively used to construct biological computing circuits. This review provides a systemic overview of SDR design principles and the applications. Strategies for designing DNA‐only, enzymes‐assisted, other molecules‐involved and external stimuli‐controlled SDRs are described. The recently realized computing functions and the application of DNA computing in other fields are introduced. Finally, the advantages and challenges of SDR‐based computing are discussed.
Mediation and the degree of its institutionalization in the Czech Republic within the context of the development of the discipline in Europe
Authors: Holá Lenka , Urbanová Martina , Fiedor David
Published: April 2021

The paper aims at analyzing the degree of institutionalization of mediation. Samuel Huntington's concept of an institution is applied to mediation in the Czech Republic, in the development context of mediation in Europe. The degree of institutionalization of mediation is analyzed using the dimensions of adaptability, autonomy, coherence, and integrity. The question of examining the degree of institutionalization of mediation has not been addressed by research yet. Using the example of the Czech Republic, the paper illustrates new ways of analyzing the degree of the institutionalization of mediation. This should help with focusing on its dimensions, which are still underdeveloped.
Air monitoring for illegal drugs including new psychoactive substances: A review of trends, techniques and thermal degradation products
Authors: Gent Luke , Paul Richard
Published: April 2021

The detection of illicit psychotropic substances in both indoor and outdoor air is a challenging analytical discipline, and the data from such investigation may provide intelligence in a variety of fields. Applications of drug monitoring in air include providing data on national and international drug consumption trends, as monitored by organisations such as the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). Air monitoring enables mapping of illicit drug manufacturing, dealing or consumption in cities and the identification of emergent compounds including the recent proliferation of new psychoactive substances (NPS). The rapid spread of NPS has changed the global drug market with greater diversity and dynamic spread of such compounds over several nations. This review provides an up to date analysis of key thematic areas within this analytical discipline. The process of how illicit psychotropic substances spread from emission sources to the atmosphere is considered alongside the sampling and analytical procedures involved. Applications of the technique applied globally are reviewed with studies ranging from the analysis of individual dwellings through to major international air‐monitoring campaigns providing evidence on global drug trends. Finally, we consider thermal breakdown products of illicit psychotropic substances including NPS that are released upon heating, combustion or vaping and related potential for exposure to these compounds in the air.
Holocene lake phosphorus species and primary producers reflect catchment processes in a small, temperate lake
Authors: Klamt Anna‐Marie , Poulsen Sofie P. , Odgaard Bent V. , Hübener Thomas , McGowan Suzanne , Jensen Henning S. , Reitzel Kasper
Published: April 2021

This paleolimnological study aims to investigate how natural processes and anthropogenic land‐use changes have affected sedimentary phosphorus (P) forms and primary producers in a small, temperate lake (Lake Fuglsø, Denmark) throughout the Holocene. Our multi‐proxy approach uses pollen, X‐ray fluorescence scanning, carbon (C) and nitrogen contents and stable isotopes, sequential P extraction, 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, pigments, diatoms, and plant macrofossils from a 14C‐dated sediment record. We found three periods of human impact: (1) low disturbance from domestic grazing during the early/mid Neolithic (~3600 to ~2600 BC), (2) higher disturbance because of animal husbandry and some grain cultivation during the Late Bronze and Pre‐Roman Iron Age (~800 BC to AD ~100), and (3) strong disturbance caused by domestic grazing, intensified crop cultivation and, in particular, by retting of fiber plants during the Middle Ages and Renaissance (AD ~1000 to ~1700). Cultural eutrophication during the latter phase caused unprecedented changes in the lake, including altered species composition, high production, and strongly accelerated sediment accumulation rates. Generally, catchment deforestation was related to elevated proportions of metal (iron, aluminum, calcium)‐bound P forms in the sediment, while high tree cover correlated with elevated proportions of P forms associated with organic material (“organic” P, humic‐bound P, refractory organic P) and loosely bound P. During phases with forest in the catchment, silicon (Si) inputs to the lake were insufficient and diatom frustules were mostly absent in the sediments. In contrast, diatoms thrived in the lake when the landscape was open and erosional Si influx was high. This study is the first to show long‐term (~eight millennia) and recurring Si limitation of diatoms, a finding that may explain the absence of diatoms in sediment records of other sites too. In summary, human land‐use with preceding deforestation accelerated the transport of nutrients and elements from the terrestrial to the aquatic environment, leading to substantial and irreversible changes in Lake Fuglsø. Our study is a good example of the tight links between catchment processes and lake status, indicating that catchment dynamics should be considered in lake restoration projects, particularly for lowland lakes with high catchment : lake area ratios.
Precise Color Communication by Determination of the Color of Vegetable Oils and Fats in the CIELAB 1976 (L*a*b*) Color Space
Authors: Brühl Ludger , Unbehend Günter
Published: April 2021

The precise determination of the colour of oils and fats is a common and important parameter for the production of oils, fats, margarine, and mayonnaise. A new method has been developed and tested in order to improve reliability and reproducibility of the results. It is based on colour values, which describe the colour in a 3D space as defined by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) as CIE 1976 (L*a*b*). The precision data obtained from a collaborative method validation test show significant improved repeatability with relative coefficients of variation of repeatability between 0.1 and 1.7% except for a very dark pumpkin seed oil (2.7%). The coefficients of variation of reproducibility range from 0.7 to 13.9 %. The signals of very intense colored samples might exceed the linear range of some measuring instruments. Solutions of colour standards tartrazine and Ponceau 4R as pure (>99 %) and non‐toxic substances are tested for laboratory calibration covering a colour space from CIE 1976 L* (63–99), a* (−23–67), and b* (0.5–119). A storage experiment with these standard substances is carried out and the results show improved stability over a period of 80 days compared to bromothymol blue and iodine standard solutions.

Practical Applications: The results of this study show the suitability of an analysis method for the determination of the colour of oils and fats using the 3D CIE 1976 colour space as an alternative to the common Lovibond system of red and yellow colour values. As the international harmonized approach of the CIE 1976 colour space is widely accepted for the communication of precise colour description and differences between two different colors in many applications all over the world, this will be also an advantage for the communication and specification of colors in the oils and fats industry, market, and trade. In addition, the use of easy to prepare colour standard solutions enables every laboratory to check the suitability of their colour measuring device in a convenient way.
Effect of Interfacial Activity of Eugenol and Eugenol Esters with Different Alkyl Chain Lengths on Inhibiting Sunflower Oil Oxidation
Authors: Keramat Malihe , Golmakani Mohammad‐Taghi , Toorani Mohamad Reza
Published: April 2021

Effects of eugenol esters with different alkyl chain lengths and combinations of eugenol + eugenol esters on sunflower oil oxidation at 338, 358, and 378 K are evaluated by determining different kinetic parameters. Also, water content and reverse micelles size of sunflower oil samples are monitored during oxidation. Eugenyl acetate shows higher antioxidant activity than eugenol in sunflower oil, while eugenyl butyrate, eugenyl hexanoate, and eugenyl decanoate shows lower antioxidant activity than eugenol. Antioxidant activity of eugenol esters decreases by increasing their alkyl chain length. Eugenol shows a synergistic effect with eugenyl acetate and eugenyl butyrate on increasing the induction period and antioxidant activity values, while it shows an antagonistic effect with eugenyl hexanoate and eugenyl decanoate. Also, combinations of eugenol + eugenyl acetate, as well as, eugenol + eugenyl butyrate stabilize the reverse micelles at longer period of time (3263 min for eugenol + eugenyl acetate and 2900 min for eugenol + eugenyl butyrate) than eugenol (2750 min). In addition, eugenol + eugenyl acetate and eugenol + eugenyl butyrate decrease the magnitude of temperature‐related effects on sunflower oil oxidation to the higher extent than eugenol did.

Practical applications: Recent studies have suggested that the antioxidants with ability to locate at the active sites of lipid oxidation can efficiently reduce lipid oxidation in bulk oil. Despite a remarkable focus on antioxidant activity of eugenol, there is no information regarding improving its interfacial performance through esterification method. Also, there are few published data regarding the effects of esterified antioxidants on physicochemical changes during the oxidation of bulk oil. In this study, eugenol is esterified with anhydrides with different alkyl chain lengths to increase its accessibility to the active site of lipid oxidation, that is, water–oil interface of reverse micelles in sunflower oil. Effects of eugenol esters on stability of reverse micelles and critical reverse micelles concentration of lipid hydroperoxides have been investigated for the first time.
Maximization of heat transfer density from a single‐row cross‐flow heat exchanger with wing‐shaped tubes using constructal design
Authors: Anas Rusul Qusay , Mussa Munther Abdullah
Published: April 2021

A single‐row cross‐flow heat exchanger with wing‐shaped tubes is designed in this paper using the constructal design method. The wing‐to‐wing spacing and the wing thickness are free to morph while the chord of the wings remains constant. Wing‐to‐wing spacing optimization or heat transfer density maximization from the wings is the objective function in this design. Two directions of the free‐stream (incoming) flow are considered. The right‐ and left‐flow directions are considered with a constant drop in pressure. All wings are heated at a uniform temperature, and the air is used to cool these wings. The two‐dimensional conservation of mass, conservation of momentum, and the conservation of energy equations are solved by means of the finite volume method for steady and incompressible flow. The ratio of the wing thickness to the chord (dimensionless wing thickness) is changed from 0.2 to 1. For each wing thickness, three Bejan numbers (Be = 103, 104, and 105) are used in the numerical simulation. The results revealed that in the case of the flow direction to the left, the maximum heat transfer density is higher than that in the case of the flow direction to the right for all wing thicknesses and all Bejan numbers.
In vitro evaluation of loaded chitosan membranes for pain relief and infection prevention
Authors: Harrison Zoe L. , Bumgardner Joel D. , Fujiwara Tomoko , Baker Daniel L. , Jennings J. Amber
Published: April 2021

Wounds resulting from surgeries, implantation of medical devices, and musculoskeletal trauma result in pain and can also result in infection of damaged tissue. Up to 80% of these infections are due to biofilm formation either on the surface of implanted devices or on surrounding wounded tissue. Bacteria within a biofilm have intrinsic growth and development characteristics that allow them to withstand up to 1,000 times the minimum inhibitory concentration of antibiotics, demonstrating the need for new therapeutics to prevent and treat these infections. Cis‐2‐decenoic acid (C2DA) is known to disperse preformed biofilms and can prevent biofilm formation entirely for some strains of bacteria. Additionally, local anesthetics like bupivacaine have been shown to have antimicrobial effects against multiple bacterial strains. This study sought to evaluate hexanoic acid‐treated electrospun chitosan membranes (HA‐ESCM) as wound dressings that release C2DA and bupivacaine to simultaneously prevent infection and alleviate pain associated with musculoskeletal trauma. Release profiles of both therapeutics were evaluated, and membranes were tested in vitro against Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) to determine efficacy in preventing biofilm infection and bacterial growth. Results indicate that membranes release both therapeutics for 72 hr, and release profile can be tailored by loading concentration. Membranes were effective in preventing biofilm growth but were toxic to fibroblasts when loaded with 2.5 or 5 mg of bupivacaine.
Preparation and biological evaluation of radioiodine‐labeled triphenylphosphine derivatives as mitochondrial targeting probes
Authors: Shi Shuyu , Liu Zelan , Wu Zhenmin , Zhou Hang , Lu Jie
Published: April 2021

The positive‐charged lipophilic triphenylphosphonium cations (TPPs+) have been served as mitochondrial targeting vehicles for the delivery of various probes. In this study, we developed a new method for the preparation of radioiodine‐labeled TPPs+. Four 125I‐labeled TPPs+, [125I] 9–[125I] 12, were prepared from the corresponding triphenylphosphine phenylborate precursors of B 5–B 8 via an optimized copper‐catalyzed one‐step procedure in high radiochemical yield (>95%). After radio‐HPLC purification, the final products could be obtained with high specific activity. Their physicochemical properties, in vitro cellular uptake, and ex vivo mice biodistribution were investigated. The results suggested the 125I‐labeled TPPs+ were lipophilic and could specifically accumulate in the mitochondrial‐rich myocardial cells through the mitochondrial membrane potential.
Patellofemoral and tibiofemoral joint loading during a single‐leg forward hop following ACL reconstruction
Authors: Sritharan Prasanna , Schache Anthony G. , Culvenor Adam G. , Perraton Luke G. , Bryant Adam L. , Morris Hayden G. , Whitehead Timothy S. , Crossley Kay M.
Published: April 2021

Altered biomechanics are frequently observed following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Yet, little is known about knee‐joint loading, particularly in the patellofemoral‐joint, despite patellofemoral‐joint osteoarthritis commonly occurring post‐ACLR. This study compared knee‐joint reaction forces and impulses during the landing phase of a single‐leg forward hop in the reconstructed knee of people 12‐24 months post‐ACLR and uninjured controls. Experimental marker data and ground forces for 66 participants with ACLR (28 ± 6 years, 78 ± 15 kg) and 33 uninjured controls (26 ± 5 years, 70 ± 12 kg) were input into scaled‐generic musculoskeletal models to calculate joint angles, joint moments, muscle forces, and the knee‐joint reaction forces and impulses. The ACLR group exhibited a lower peak knee flexion angle (mean difference: −6°; 95% confidence interval: [−10°, −2°]), internal knee extension moment (−3.63 [−5.29, −1.97] percentage of body weight × participant height (body weight [BW] × HT), external knee adduction moment (‐1.36 [−2.16, −0.56]% BW × HT) and quadriceps force (−2.02 [−2.95, −1.09] BW). The ACLR group also exhibited a lower peak patellofemoral‐joint compressive force (−2.24 [−3.31, −1.18] BW), net tibiofemoral‐joint compressive force (−0.74 [−1.20, 0.28] BW), and medial compartment force (−0.76 [−1.08, −0.44] BW). Finally, only the impulse of the patellofemoral‐joint compressive force was lower in the ACLR group (−0.13 [−0.23, −0.03] body weight‐seconds). Lower compressive forces are evident in the patellofemoral‐ and tibiofemoral‐joints of ACLR knees compared to uninjured controls during a single‐leg forward hop‐landing task. Our findings may have implications for understanding the contributing factors for incidence and progression of knee osteoarthritis after ACLR surgery.
AuNPs Decorated PLA Stereocomplex Micelles for Synergetic Photothermal and Chemotherapy
Authors: Fan Xiaoshan , Luo Zheng , Ye Enyi , You Mingliang , Liu Minting , Yun Ye , Loh Xian Jun , Wu Yun‐Long , Li Zibiao
Published: April 2021

A unique platform for combined photothermal and chemotherapy using PLA stereocomplex (PLA SC) micelles‐induced hybrid gold nanocarriers is designed. The PLA SC micelles, made from the self‐assembly of poly(ethylene glycol)‐block‐poly(l‐lactide) (PEG‐PLLA) and poly(2‐(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate)‐block‐poly(d‐lactide) (PDMAEMA‐PDLA), for the first time are used as a template to fabricate the hybrid PLA SC@Au core–shell nanocarriers, in which the anticancer drugs are encapsulated within the core, while the Au nanoparticles are tethered in the shell via the in situ reduction of AuCl4− by PDMAEMA. The obtained PLA SC@Au hybrid nanocarriers exhibit low toxicity and remarkable photothermal effect. Upon near‐infrared laser irradiation, the on‐site photothermal therapy can further induce an accelerated drug release from the hybrid nanocarrier reservoir via hyperthermia heating of the nanocarriers, thus leading to a synergistic photothermal and chemotherapy toward a significantly improved efficacy in tumor shrinkage. The as‐designed PLA SC@Au hybrid nanocarriers, with their biocompatible compositions, dual‐drug delivery characteristics, and combined photothermal/chemotherapy, show high potential as a novel platform for cancer treatment.
Fabrication of Biodegradable Polyurethane Foam Scaffolds with Customized Shapes and Controlled Mechanical Properties by Gas Foaming Technique
Authors: Han Soo Kyung , Song Minju , Choi Kangho , Choi Sung‐Wook
Published: April 2021

Poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL)‐based polyurethane (PU) foam scaffolds with different mechanical properties are fabricated using a gas foaming technique to use as porous substitutes for ear or bone with cartilage. PCL diol or triol is used as a polyol in PU foam for biocompatibility and biodegradation, with an aqueous gelatin solution as a blowing agent. The highly porous inner and outer structures of the scaffolds are developed by employing a silicone surfactant and sulfuric acid, respectively. The PU scaffolds prepared by PCL diol show ductile and flexible properties, whereas the PU scaffolds prepared by PCL triol exhibit high compression strength. In vitro test reveals the low toxicity of the PU scaffolds and the high ALP activity of MC3T3‐E1 cells in the PU scaffold prepared by PCL triol. By taking advantage of the difference in mechanical properties, customized PU scaffolds with ear or bone shapes are fabricated using a silicone mold. The PU scaffolds with two compartments of PCL diol and triol (corresponding to cartilage and bone, respectively) are fabricated as a substitute for bone with cartilage. It is believed that the PU scaffolds with highly porous structure and controlled mechanical properties have wide potential application for tissue engineering.
Shape‐free arbitrary polygonal hybrid stress/displacement‐function flat shell element for linear and geometrically nonlinear analyses
Authors: Wu Cheng‐jin , Cen Song , Ma Ru‐xia , Li Chen‐feng
Published: April 2021

A high‐performance shape‐free arbitrary polygonal hybrid stress/displacement‐function flat shell finite element method is proposed for linear and geometrically nonlinear analyses of shells. First, an arbitrary polygonal Mindlin–Reissner plate element and an arbitrary polygonal membrane element with drilling degrees of freedom are constructed based on hybrid displacement‐function and hybrid stress‐function methods, respectively. Both elements have only two corner nodes along each edge. Second, by assembling the plate and the membrane elements, an arbitrary polygonal flat shell element is constructed. Third, based on the corotational method, a proper best‐fit corotated frame for geometrically nonlinear polygonal elements is designed. By updating the analytical trial functions of shell element in each increment step, the original linear flat shell element is generalized to a geometrically nonlinear model. Numerical examples show that the new element possesses excellent performance for both linear and geometrically nonlinear analyses, and possesses outstanding flexibility in dealing with complex loading distributions and mesh shapes.
Magnetohydrodnamics nanofluid flow of shaped nanoparticles over a porous stretching wall and slip effect
Authors: Rashid Irfan , Sagheer Muhammad , Hussain Shafqat
Published: April 2021

In this study, we analyze the magnetohydrodynamic flow of magnetite‐engine oil nanofluid in the presence of nonidentical shaped nanoparticles subject to the porous medium and velocity slip effect. Energy analysis is carried out with the Ohmic heating and thermal radiation impacts. The system of partial differential equations are transformed into the system of ordinary differential equations using similarity variable. The Hamilton–Crosser model is used. The exact solutions for the momentum and heat transport analysis are found. The impact of various emerging parameters on the velocity and temperature profiles are analyzed by graphs. Furthermore, the local skin friction and heat transfer rate are examined graphically. It is examined that the velocity field increases with an increment in the magnitude of ϕ and L. An increase in the value of Hartman number enhancing the temperature profile.
Feasibility studies of intraocular use of gelatin methacryloyl hydrogel to patch retinal tears
Authors: Chen Juan , Wang Chunyi , Wen Wen , Ni Jie , Jiang Jingjie , Ge Zhongjun , Wang Mingwei , Zhang Fang
Published: April 2021

Absract

We engineered gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) to be a sealant that can patch retinal tears and verified its biocompatibility in rabbit eyes. We compared adhesion, stability at 37°C, degradation time, swelling ratio, photo‐crosslinking time, pH, and physical conditions before photo‐crosslinking GelMA at 37°C with different methacrylic anhydride (MA) degrees of substitution (25, 50, and 75%) and concentrations (10, 20, and 30%). We injected 0.1 ml GelMA prepolymer into the vitreous cavity in study rabbits (n = 6) and 0.1 ml normal saline into control rabbits (n = 6), and performed clinical and histological examinations. GelMA hydrogel with a 75% degree of substitution and 20% concentration (75/20) exhibited stronger adhesion and stable properties during the first 2 weeks. It can be injected with a 25‐gauge needle at 37°C before photo‐crosslinking. Degradation time was acceptable, the swelling ratio was low, photo‐crosslinking time was short, and the pH was stable. No significant inflammation or other complications occurred, and intraocular pressure remained within a normal range of 16–20 mmHg after surgery. Histological examination revealed no damage to the retinal layers. GelMA (75/20) was the most suitable formulation to close retinal tears, and it exhibited satisfactory intraocular biocompatibility. GelMA can be used as a patch to seal retinal tears during vitrectomy for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.
Downregulation of 5‐hydroxymethylcytosine is an early event in pancreatic tumorigenesis
Authors: Fujikura Kohei , Alruwaii Zainab I , Haffner Michael C , Trujillo Maria A , Roberts Nicholas J , Hong Seung‐Mo , Macgregor‐Das Anne , Goggins Michael G , Roy Sujayita , Meeker Alan K , Ding Ding , Wright Michael , He Jin , Hruban Ralph H , Wood Laura D
Published: April 2021

Epigenetic alterations are increasingly recognized as important contributors to the development and progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. 5‐hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) is an epigenetic DNA mark generated through the ten‐eleven translocation (TET) enzyme‐mediated pathway and is closely linked to gene activation. However, the timing of alterations in epigenetic regulation in the progression of pancreatic neoplasia is not well understood. In this study, we hypothesized that aberrant expression of ten‐eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenase 1 (TET1) and subsequent global 5hmC alteration are linked to early tumorigenesis in the pancreas. Therefore, we evaluated alterations of 5hmC and TET1 levels using immunohistochemistry in pancreatic neoplasms (n = 380) and normal ducts (n = 118). The study cohort included representation of the full spectrum of precancerous lesions from low‐ and high‐grade pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (n = 95), intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (all subtypes, n = 129), intraductal oncocytic papillary neoplasms (n = 12), and mucinous cystic neoplasms (n = 144). 5hmC and TET1 were significantly downregulated in all types of precancerous lesion and associated invasive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas compared with normal ductal epithelium (all p < 0.001), and expression of 5hmC positively correlated with expression of TET1. Importantly, downregulation of both 5hmC and TET1 was observed in most low‐grade precancerous lesions. There were no clear associations between 5hmC levels and clinicopathological factors, thereby suggesting a common epigenetic abnormality across precancerous lesions. We conclude that downregulation of 5hmC and TET1 is an early event in pancreatic tumorigenesis. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling and simulation of the elastic properties of natural fiber‐reinforced thermosets
Authors: Alhijazi Mohamad , Safaei Babak , Zeeshan Qasim , Asmael Mohammed
Published: April 2021

This paper presents an analysis on the elastic characteristics of luffa and palm natural fiber composites (NFC) with epoxy and ecopoxy matrixes, taking into account the impact of fiber volume fractions. Furthermore, longitudinal modulus, transverse modulus, shear modulus, and Poisson's ratio were predicted using representative volume elements (RVEs) with chopped random and unidirectional fiber arrangements. However, analytical approaches such as rule of mixture, Chamis, Halpin–Tsai, and Nielsen were considered for validating and comparing the findings of finite element analyses. Hence, it was found that increasing fiber volume fraction increased the elastic properties of palm/epoxy, palm/ecopoxy, and luffa/epoxy NFCs, but decreased that of luffa/ecopoxy NFC. Addition of palm fibers in ecopoxy and epoxy had stronger effect than luffa on enhancing the elastic properties of the final structure. However, greatest elastic characteristics observed through analytical and numerical models were obtained for ecopoxy matrix with 0.5 palm fibers. A strong agreement was observed between the results obtained from analytical approaches and RVE unidirectional model. Chamis model exhibited higher outcomes compared to the considered analytical techniques, while Halpin–Tsai model showed the least values.
A Highly Specific Multiple Enhancement Theranostic Nanoprobe for PET/MRI/PAI Image‐Guided Radioisotope Combined Photothermal Therapy in Prostate Cancer
Authors: Xia Lei , Meng Xiangxi , Wen Li , Zhou Nina , Liu Teli , Xu Xiaoxia , Wang Feng , Cheng Zhen , Yang Zhi , Zhu Hua
Published: April 2021

An integrated molecular probe for combined tumor‐targeted multimodal imaging and therapy in the era of precision medicine requires a multiplexed platform that simultaneously has high targeting specificity, versatile conjugation capability, and biocompatibility. Here, a novel biocompatible melanin nanoprobe (PMNs‐II‐813) coupled with a highly specific prostate‐specific membrane antigen small molecule inhibitor is developed for the targeted multimodal diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer. The melanin nanoparticles demonstrate photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy (PTT) functionalities via strong near‐infrared absorption. The imaging contrast agents 89Zr and Mn2+ are stably conjugated to the nanoparticles for positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Fusion PET/MRI with PMNs‐II‐813 enables the monitoring of treatment effects in real time and lasts for more than 1 week, demonstrating the capability for multimodal theranostics in prostate cancer. Labeling with a therapeutic radionuclide, 131I, simultaneously endows the nanoprobe with the capability for radioisotope therapy (RIT) and PTT under triple‐modal imaging guidance. Combined PTT and RIT has an inhibitory effect on prostate cancer growth (tumor inhibition rate of ≈93% 20 days after treatment), which is significantly better than that with the single treatment. Overall, it is believed that PMNs‐II‐813 has potential for clinical translation to treat prostate cancer.
De Novo Nano‐Erythrocyte Structurally Braced by Biomimetic Au(I)‐peptide Skeleton for MDM2/MDMX Predation toward Augmented Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma Immunotherapy
Authors: Zheng Xiaoqiang , Yan Jin , You Weiming , Li Fanni , Diao Jiajie , He Wangxiao , Yao Yu
Published: April 2021

In nature, cells rely on a structural framework called the “cytoskeleton” to maintain their shape and polarity. Based on this, herein a new class of cell‐mimicking nanomedicine using bionic skeletons constituted by the oligomeric Au(I)–peptide complex is developed. The peptide function of degrading pathological MDM2 and MDMX is used to synthesize an oligomeric Au(I)–PMIV precursor capable of self‐assembling into a clustered spherical bionic skeleton. Through coating by erythrocyte membrane, an erythrocyte‐mimicking nano‐cell (Nery‐PMIV) is developed with depressed macrophage uptakes, increased colloidal stability, and prolonged blood circulation. Nery‐PMIV potently restores p53 and p73 in vitro and in vivo by degrading MDM2/MDMX. More importantly, Nery‐PMIV effectively augments antitumor immunity elicited by anti‐PD1 therapy in a murine orthotopic allograft model for LUAD and a humanized patient‐derived xenograft (PDX) mouse model for LUAD, while maintaining a favorable safety profile. Taken together, this work not only presents evidence showing that MDM2/MDMX degradation is a potentially viable therapeutic paradigm to synergize anti‐PD1 immunotherapy toward LUAD carrying wild‐type p53; it also suggests that cell‐mimicking nanoparticles with applicable bionic skeletons hold tremendous promise in offering new therapies to revolutionize nanomedicine in the treatment of a myriad of human diseases.
Effects of neighboring nation terrorism on imports
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Subhayu , Doucouliagos Hristos , Pham Cong S.
Published: April 2021

We consider the effects of terrorism in a home nation and in its neighbors on the home nation's imports. We find that a 10% increase in terrorist attacks in a neighboring nation reduces a country's imports from the rest of the world by approximately $320 million USD, on average. Mediation analysis shows that trading delays is a potential channel of transmission of trade costs of terrorism to a neighbor. We also present a monopolistically competitive theoretical model to throw light on our empirical results.
Evaluation of symmetric dimethylarginine and creatinine in dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism receiving long‐term mineralocorticoid replacement therapy
Authors: Casado Díaz Jose I. , Sieber‐Ruckstuhl Nadja S. , Boretti Felicitas S. , Fracassi Federico , Reusch Claudia E.
Published: April 2021

Objectives

To investigate kidney function by determining serum symmetric dimethylarginine (sSDMA) and serum creatinine (sCr) concentrations in dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism (PH) receiving long‐term mineralocorticoid replacement therapy.

Methods

Dogs with PH receiving a minimum of 12 months of either desoxycorticosterone pivalate or fludrocortisone acetate were included in the study provided that banked frozen serum samples were available for sSDMA analysis. sCr concentrations were retrieved from the medical records. In dogs still alive and presented for regular re‐evaluations and in newly diagnosed patients, blood was prospectively collected for sSDMA and sCr determination.

Results

Thirty‐two dogs met the inclusion criteria. The treatment time ranged from 12 to 146 months after initial diagnosis (median, 55.5 months). The majority of dogs had normal sSDMA and sCr concentrations throughout the hormone replacement treatment. Both sSDMA and sCr concentrations were persistently elevated in three of 32 dogs. Further workup confirmed chronic kidney disease (CKD) in all three dogs.

Conclusions

Based on these data, the prevalence of CKD could be higher in dogs with PH receiving long‐term mineralocorticoid replacement treatment than in the general dog population. However, additional studies with a larger number of dogs are needed to confirm it.