bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strategic business applications and new virtual knowledge‐based businesses through community‐based information networks
Authors: Kodama Mitsuru
Published: July 2002

This article will point out that fully utilizing community‐based information networks based on multimedia digital networking IT (information technology) supports managerial speed and excellence, while making it possible to formulate a new, customer value creation business model. Aggressive IT investment by top management to build community‐based information networks, a support tool for this future network strategy, will permit business innovation based on strengthened competitiveness and enhanced customer service. This article describes some real examples of communities within companies, among companies, and between companies and their customers, using cases of companies currently making active use of community nets. Case studies of manufacturing companies demonstrate the value of community nets as a network strategy support tool that bolsters community management in companies. This article will also point out that community‐based information networks will become an important multimedia communication platform for the creation of new virtual, knowledge‐based businesses.
The Impact of Informatisation on Economic and Human Development: A Cross‐Country Analysis
Authors: Suriya M
Published: July 2002

This study attempts to measure the impact of information on national development by taking into consideration a set of IT variables, and analyses the contribution of each variable individually and collectively to the national economy and human resource development in the 21 sample countries. The authors developed a composite index to assess IT development in high, middle and low income nations. This paper highlights the disparities in IT development not only among different groups of nations but also within countries of the same group. The IT Index would assist policy makers to determine technologies suitable to people in different geographic regions and according to each country’s socio‐economic status. The authors also developed a tool to measure the extent of the IT gap between countries. This Informatisation Paucity Index (PI) combines several parameters such as the “Head Count Ratio”, “Informatisation Gap Ratio”, “Gini Ratio” and “Sen Index”. This index sheds light on the distance of individual countries from standard norms fixed for IT development. To assess the relationship between IT availability and the economic (GNP) and human resource development (HRD) of a country, a Correlation Analysis was applied and the impact of each IT sector on overall development was derived from the Regression Analysis.
East Asian studies electronic datafiles
Authors: CJK Users Group OCLC , CJK Users Group Program Committee OCLC
Published: July 2002

The OCLC CJK Users Group has prepared a list of electronic datafiles for potential loading on to OCLC. The lists of resources are useful in Chinese, Japanese and Korean studies.
Automating Vietnam’s academic libraries: the example of Vietnam National University
Authors: Huy Chuong Nguyen
Published: July 2002

This paper describes the current situation in Vietnam with regard to uneven progress in the important task of automating the academic library sector. Activities in the Library and Information Centre at Vietnam National University are offered as a case study of procedures that might be followed in other academic libraries in the country.
Libraries and development in the People’s Republic of China
Authors: Pateman John
Published: July 2002

This article emphasises the importance placed on libraries since the establishment of the People’s Republic of China: their role as a link between government and people, their economic and political functions and importance in relation to modernisation. The Shanghai Public Library is an outstanding example of China’s commitment to libraries in the context of social construction.
Is the Internet helping to create learning environments?
Authors: Butler John C.
Published: July 2002

An environment in which learning is facilitated is multidimensional. On one axis is the content producer/deliverer and on another is a learner. Regardless of the other axes, a learning environment requires a set of interactions between the former and the latter and the flow of information can be in either direction. What do the producers/deliverers need in order to use Internet‐based resources as part of their “bag of tricks” to build a learning environment? What are the expectations, skill sets and experiences of the learners? This note reflects the author’s experiences over a four‐year time span in attempting to answer the question raised in the title.
Information literacy courses for university students: some experiments and some experience
Authors: Nieuwenhuysen Paul
Published: July 2002

Focuses on some official courses, organised at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel and at the University of Antwerp, in Belgium, that are all related to information literacy, mainly focusing on information retrieval. The following components of the courses and of the course materials are presented: a brief overview of the contents of each course, which is made available through the WWW in the official framework organised by the university; a document for each course, with an overview of the contents, the aims, and the evaluation procedure; a series of slides related to the course contents; questions, tasks, problems, practical exercises for the students; case studies to be carried out by each student as part of the evaluation procedure; an extensive bibliography about the subjects covered in the courses; and communication with students using electronic mail.
Using computers in business writing classes
Authors: Shelffo Andrew
Published: July 2002

Shows how both instructors and students can benefit from business writing classes taught in computer classrooms. Instructors will see improvement in the quality of student work, and students will gain real knowledge of how business documents are created. To incorporate computers in the classroom, instructors first need to overcome the common objections to moving a class into a laboratory setting, including inadequate computer knowledge, and to learn what changes in classroom dynamics occur when a class is taught in a computer laboratory. Once they do this, they can enjoy a reduction in class preparation time, more freedom to conduct individual conferences with students, and increased student co‐operation.
Legalnet: solo practitioners and the utility of the Internet
Authors: Blake William
Published: July 2002

Provides an introduction to the Internet for attorneys, including its usefulness in advertising, communicating with other professionals and in legal research. Concludes that the Internet can be a valuable tool for the attorney.
Improving university processes through computer‐mediated process redesign groups
Authors: Kock Nereu F. , Corner James L.
Published: July 2002

Describes an action research study of a computer‐mediated business process redesign (BPR) group in a New Zealand university. The BPR group used an integrated BPR framework, which comprises a group process methodology, called MetaProi, and an asynchronous groupware tool. BPR group members were from two different departments and successfully redesigned two course‐related processes. Reveals some possible effects of computer mediation on BPR groups, namely: lower demand for leadership skills, much lower overall running cost, and much lower degree of interaction. No impact on the group effectiveness was observed. Also indicates that computer mediation lowers barriers to, and, in turn, fosters more interdepartmental communication. This favours the occurrence of new BPR groups involving different departments. On the other hand, indicates that those groups lead to more threats to management, which can lead to lack of support from managers for future BPR groups. Finally, suggests that strategic BPR groups, as opposed to those dealing with local operational issues, can better benefit from computer mediation when this is combined with face‐to‐face and other types of oral interaction.
Perish ‐ on the World Wide Web
Authors: Strauss Howard
Published: July 2002

Describes the procedures and pitfalls of publishing on the Web: document creation; HTML formatting; CGI scripts; personal, shared and central servers; etc.
Using technology in teaching: using integrated computer tools for data acquisition, data analysis and modeling in introductory physics courses
Authors: Laws Priscilla W.
Published: July 2002

Describes how Dickinson College (Carlisle, Pennsylvania, USA) has redesigned the teaching methods in introductory physics courses to take advantage of findings in physics education research and introduce students to the use of modern computer tools. Applications include data analysis, graphing and curve fitting; calculations and modeling; video analysis; and microcomputer‐based laboratory tools.
The copyright permission pages: making a frustrating experience more convenient
Authors: Steele Tom
Published: July 2002

Describes a Web‐based service set up for authors and teachers at the library, Wake Forest University. It involves a Web site which facilitates copyright permission requests, thus encouraging the seeking of permission and freeing up library staff time which had previously been spent helping individual patrons through the process.
Automating Yapi Kredi Bank archives – a case study
Authors: Kemal Ataman Bekir
Published: July 2002

Archivists, records managers, and librarians need to manipulate large amounts of data every day. Many people believe that this requires specially designed, complicated and expensive software. However, depending on your setting, the specifics of what you want to do and how comfortable you feel with computers, many information processing tasks can be automated with the use of ordinary, simple and inexpensive software. In most cases, all that an information professional would need is a good word processor and a piece of decent database management software. In addition, if the amount of data to be handled is large, then a powerful computer would help to speed things up. This paper describes how this was achieved in one setting: the Archives Museum of the Yapi Kredi Bank in Turkey.
Information and library services S/NVQs embrace IT
Authors: Scarsbrook Paul
Published: July 2002

Describes and evaluates the IT aspects of S/NVQs (Scottish/National Vocational Qualifications). Begins by outlining the structure of the qualifications and their use within libraries and information work. Outlines the units involving IT in particular. Gives information on assessment centres and information and support materials available.
Getting started with Passport for Windows macros
Authors: Hyland‐Carver Maureen
Published: July 2002

Introduces the Passport for Windows OCLC Macro Language (OML), and its ability to automate repetitive user activities in communications sessions. Presents sample macros which illustrate some of OML’s functionality and capabilities. Describes the basic steps for creating, editing, and running macros in Passport for Windows. Highlights the advantages of writing macros in OML, a true programming language.
Electronic delivery of information in Nigeria: situation and suggestions for future directions
Authors: Olorunsola R.
Published: July 2002

States that the use of information technologies in the provision of information and communication in libraries has had a far‐reaching effect on librarians and library users. Points out that the provision of information can be made more effective and efficient with the use of electronic information, and examines the extent to which electronic information sources have been used in Nigerian libraries. Reveals that there is nothing to show a widespread or intensive use of electronic information in Nigerian libraries. Identifies some problems facing the application and use of electronic information sources and proffers suggestions on how to overcome them.
Real electronic commerce ‐ smart cards on the superhighway
Authors: Birch David
Published: July 2002

Discusses “smart cards” as electronic cash carriers. Examines technological innovations such as the Mondex “electronic purse” in the UK, where card values can be topped up by telephone. Forecasts that in the next few years, physical cash will be replaced as a main medium for transactions by “e‐cash,” which is cheaper to manufacture, more portable, and more versatile.
The base delta principle
Authors: Noguchi Hitoshi
Published: July 2002

Proposes a system in which the information superhighway can be built, maintained and routinely upgraded by the efforts of multitudes of small scale servers looking after only their own individual economic interests. Each server will be classified as either a “parasitic” server or an “integrated” server. At a given band‐width level, integrated servers are equal to each other in their network, but parasitic servers will be functionally dependent on their integrated parent servers to which they must pay a fee. Although it is initially cheaper to open a parasitic server, economic incentive will motivate owners of parasitic servers to make their servers integrated. The primeval seed of this network will be a structure composed of three servers arranged in a triangle called the “base delta.” The first integrated servers will be connected to each of the three base delta servers. Later, servers will have to be connected to at least three other integrated servers to qualify as integrated servers. Each base delta will have a territory extending from it that, when intermeshed with other base delta territories, will become “integrated” base delta territories. All integrated servers within integrated base delta territories are equal to each other in function. The aim is to motivate the owners of independent small‐scale servers in such a way as to cover the globe with integrated base delta territories.
Creating common knowledge: school networking in an urban setting
Authors: Carlitz Robert D. , Zinga Mario
Published: July 2002

Describes a project currently under way in the Pittsburgh Public Schools seeking to develop new environments for teaching and learning using the technology of wide area computer networks. The history of this project offers lessons for other school districts which might wish to develop similar resources for their own use. Extracts a set of guidelines that can be followed by these other school districts.
Applying Chaos Theory to school reform
Authors: Wertheimer Richard , Zinga Mario
Published: July 2002

This paper is a case study of the ideology, strategies and process of the Common Knowledge: Pittsburgh project in its attempt at school reform in an urban school district. The paper reflects on the project’s activities, looks at its efforts from the literature of school reform, and uses its experience to develop a conceptual framework for discussing such reform efforts. The conceptual framework is based on Chaos Theory (Gleick, 1987). The objectives of this paper are to apply Chaos Theory, as developed in mathematics and science to educational organizations and present a conceptual model for school reform consistent with this theory.
Evaluating Internet information services in the Asia‐Pacific region
Authors: Watters Paul A. , Watters Maya F. , Carr Stuart C.
Published: July 2002

States that there has been a trend for publications in the Asia‐Pacific region to move to a combined print and electronic medium, in an effort to achieve the goals of social equity and increased exposure to the worldwide community through the World Wide Web (WWW). Reviews some of the mechanisms by which this transition can be evaluated with respect to these two goals, both economically, but more importantly, in terms of user‐behaviour recorded WWW server access logs. The auditing of these logs facilitates new forms of market research which are impossible to conduct on traditional paper publications, as objective, quantitative information about usage patterns can be measured directly from key variables such as country of origin, most popular content pages, and typical access errors. It is argued that these audits can be used effectively for future planning, developing popular content areas, and creating publicity policy for electronic publications. The transition to a joint paper and electronic format for the South Pacific Journal of Psychology is presented in a three‐month case study, with important issues, such as the importance of indigenous contributions, being resolved using statistics computed from the server access logs.
Intranet document management systems
Authors: Wen H. Joseph , Yen David C. , Lin Binshan
Published: July 2002

Intranets use Internet technology to construct private, corporate webs. They take advantage of available TCP/IP Internet development tools to bring a variety of server‐based information to desktops. This research presents a case study of a large regional Bell operating company and illustrates how intranets faciltate documentation availability within the company at substantial cost savings. The paper first reviews the current practice of document publication process, and then compares the traditional paper‐based publication costs with intranet publication costs. This is followed by the examination of intranet document management systems (IDMS) design and development issues. Finally, managerial challenges of IDMS are discussed.
Corporate Web sites in traditional print advertisements
Authors: Pardun Carol J. , Lamb Larry
Published: July 2002

This study attempts to better understand how marketers are creating bridges between traditional advertising and the Internet. As such, it describes the Web presence in print advertisement. A content analysis of 1,249 ads in 20 magazines found: 42 percent included Web addresses; Business Week ads were most likely to include Web addresses; 98 percent of print advertisements for autos included Web addresses, while office equipment advertisements (including computer ads) included Web addresses only 10 percent of the time; and that 68 percent of Web sites were used to develop a database of potential customers.
MOTION ‐ the European approach for participative business reengineering
Authors: Tanner Hans R. , Schuh Günther , Müller Mathias , Tockenbürger Lüder
Published: July 2002

Surveys show that the results of top‐down oriented Business Process Reengineering projects often are to be questioned because of implementation problems due to internal resistance to change. Bottom‐up oriented Continuous Improvement projects on the other hand experience typically a lack of strategic orientation and do not necessarily improve the enterprise process system as a whole. The MOTION (MOdel for Transforming, Identifying and OptimiziNg core processes) approach developed in a European Union project provides a method to combine the strengths of the top‐down approach of business process reengineering with the advantages of the bottom‐up oriented continuous improvement process to create well balanced processes to meet customer requirements. The MOTION guidelines were developed by a consortium of European industrial companies and universities.
Management as a science: emerging trends in economic and managerial theory
Authors: Albach Horst , Bloch Brian
Published: July 2002

This paper considers the scientific development of business education on the basis of five criteria: if‐then statements, freedom from values, spatial and temporal validity, objectivity, and falsifiability. Methodologically, the emphasis is placed on emerging scientific and societal trends which influence scientific research and the paper is aimed primarily at academics. The paper also has an implicit politico‐scientific theme. Considering the multiplicity of approaches in management education, any attempt to take an overall perspective is likely to be controversial. Specific themes include the interdependence problem, uncertainty, dynamics, the development of various theoretical paradigms and trends such as globalisation and ecological consciousness. The context of analysis and discussion is predominantly that of German management theory and, in this sense, the paper provides a different perspective from that of other English‐language contributions in the area.
Institutionalization and structuring of certified public accountants
Authors: Siegel Philip H. , Rigsby John T.
Published: July 2002

The effects of institutionalization and structuring in the public accounting profession are considered in relation to the development of education and experience requirements for the profession. The goal is to explain the development of education and experience requirements for public accountants from a broader perspective and improve our understanding of the changes which have taken place in the profession and which are still taking place.
Labor, capital and the Church: a call for action
Authors: Kelly Eileen P.
Published: July 2002

The Catholic Church has provided an evolving framework, for well over a century, to deal with economic issues. This article examines the past century of Catholic social teaching on the economic order, with particular emphasis on the papal social encyclicals. Focuses on three key aspects of the Church’s social teachings: economic systems, private property and labor. Suggests key areas for further research.
Computational methods for rapid prototyping of analytic solid models
Authors: Farouki Rida T. , König Thomas
Published: July 2002

Looks at how layered fabrication processes typically entail extensive computations and large memory requirements in the reduction of three‐dimensional part descriptions to area‐filling paths that cover the interior of each of a sequence of planar slices. Notes that the polyhedral “STL” representation exacerbates this problem by necessitating large input data volumes to describe curved surface models at acceptable levels of accuracy. Develops a geometrical modelling system that captures and processes analytic slice representations, based on models bounded by the natural quadric surface. Finds that empirical results from this system on representative parts systematically yield improvements of between one and two orders of magnitude in efficiency, accuracy and data volume over an equivalent processing of the STL model. Furthermore, discovers that the analytic form is significantly more reliable, since it is not subject to the geometrical or topological defects frequently encountered in STL files generated by commercial CAD systems.
The business of rapid prototyping
Authors: Smith Preston G.
Published: July 2002

Rapid prototypes will gain acceptance in business only to the extent that they provide bottom‐line business value. Thus, this paper guides engineers wishing to “sell” rapid prototyping in helping them to operate from a business perspective. Presuming that the relative value of rapid prototypes is in their speed, I show how to identify, quantify and exploit timesaving opportunities by using rapid prototypes to greatly shorten product development cycles. The article first illustrates how to calculate the cost of delay for a development project so that we have a means of measuring the business value of the time saved. Then I show where to look for leveraged time‐savings that will yield greater benefit than just the time saved directly in building the prototype faster. By addressing associated process and cultural change issues, the paper guides the rapid prototyper in setting up an environment in which the identified business advantage will actually be realized after the new system is installed.
PAD design reliability for SMD passives
Authors: Dusek Milos , Szendiuch Ivan , Szuscik Petr
Published: July 2002

Investigates the influence of land pattern pad designs and solder volume on reliability of solder joint attachments for surface mounted passive chip devices. All boards were thermal cycled and periodically tested to induce a damage mechanism in less time than in real service use. The difference in the number of failures for different pad designs and for different stencil thicknesses was recorded. Failure analysis with respect to stencil thickness and position of resistor on board is studied and a new approach for the comparison of resistor reliability by using Weibull distribution is shown. The time period for this testing was kept to a minimum by accelerated ageing of tested samples. This test aims to predict the onset of the wear‐out period under the normal conditions of service. The results from measurements during thermal cycling are also given and the basic rules for practical application are summarised.
Saying “welcome” is not enough: women, information systems and equity in work
Authors: Miller Linda , Wood Tracey Ann , Halligan Jackie , Keller Laurie , Hutchinson‐Pike Claire , Kornbrot Diana , deLotz Julie
Published: July 2002

The rise of all forms of information systems has been one of the major factors affecting the nature of work over the last decade. This article reports on research that suggests that whilst females may now gain more experience of computers and information systems at an earlier age, this does not appear to lead to more favourable evaluations of jobs involving computers. If women overcome initial negative perceptions of jobs involving computers then the particular style, manner, skills or approach that are seen as prerequisite for success, can constitute an additional barrier over and above that of the “glass ceiling”. The study looked at factors influencing initial attitudes towards computers, female attitudes to jobs involving computers and factors influencing self‐selection into gender‐typical and atypical jobs, including IT‐based jobs. The article considers the actions required from managers in many roles, including those with responsibility for staff development, marketing and recruitment.
Benchmarking competitive responses to pioneering new product introductions
Authors: Dacko Scott G.
Published: July 2002

Given that the majority of firms are followers of pioneering firms into new, related product markets, managers of almost all firms can benefit from benchmarking their competitive responses to pioneering new product introductions. This paper examines the competitive responses of firms not only in terms of the time until their responding new product introduction, but also in terms of the firms’ preceding stages of competitive response: awareness, interest, and evaluation. For example, how long does – and should – it take a follower firm to become aware of a pioneering new product introduction? A general conceptual framework and basic methodology is proposed for firms to evaluate and benchmark their competitive responses. Follower firm responses to pioneering new low‐fat food product introductions in North America are examined and illustrate the opportunity for benchmarking firms’ competitive responses.
Benchmarking international marketing research practice in UK agencies – Preliminary evidence
Authors: Reynolds Nina L
Published: July 2002

This paper looks at the methodology adopted for international marketing research by commercial marketing research agencies. It considers the actual practices used by providers of commercial international marketing research, and reveals that while most commercial researchers are aware of, and address, the overt problems of international marketing research (e.g. language differences), they are less aware of the more covert problems that may arise (e.g. response bias). This paper shows that no single organization can be used as benchmark for commercial international marketing research; consequently, theoretical researchers concerned with international marketing research methodology must address how they disseminate their findings to commercial marketing researchers.
Homeowner warranties and building codes
Authors: Gwin Carl R. , Ong Seow‐Eng
Published: July 2002

A game‐theoretic model of moral hazard associated with unobservable builder effort is postulated to examine the effectiveness of homeowner warranties and building code enforcement by local government in assuring desired builders’ effort. Builders have an incentive to claim and charge for high unobservable effort level in constructing homes, but actually exert low effort to earn higher profits. We find that a homeowner warranty increases the unobservable effort of the builder, but cost minimizing behavior by the builder results in an effort choice less than the most efficient level. On the other hand, building code enforcement essentially converts unobservable builder effort to observable effort and efficient effort is indeed possible if enforcement cost is justifiable. However, an overly strict building code may be detrimental to buyers. The conditions under which a buyer would prefer one alternative over the other and where both measures can co‐exist are also examined. The model provides several interesting implications and testable hypotheses. A survey of builders and building codes provides preliminary evidence to support the proposed model.
Is Clinical Pathology Accreditation worth it? A survey of CPA‐accredited laboratories
Authors: Gough Lindsey A. , Reynolds Tim M.
Published: July 2002

Following two pilot studies, Clinical Pathology Accreditation (CPA) accreditation was introduced to UK pathology laboratories in 1992. Since then, significant numbers of laboratories have undergone accreditation but many have never applied. We carried out a postal survey of 145 accredited laboratories in the UK to independently determine the opinions of laboratory managers/clinicians about CPA and whether accreditation had produced any significant benefits to pathology services. Ninety‐three replies were received (64 per cent) a good response to an unsolicited questionnaire. Most laboratories felt accreditation by CPA had resulted in better laboratory performance with more documentation and better health and safety and training procedures. CPA accreditation was believed to provide useful information by approximately 50 per cent of laboratories but was also felt by a significant proportion of laboratories to be over‐bureaucratic, inefficient and expensive (46 of 93 respondents). Many complaints were voiced about the excessive paperwork that CPA generated and there was also a significant body of opinion that felt that CPA assessed areas were the domain of other regulatory bodies such as the CPSM, IBMS and HSE.
Effect of Residual Stress and Heterogeneity on Circumferential Stress in the Arterial Wall
Authors: Peterson S. J. , Okamoto R. J.
Published: July 2002

Quantifying the stress distribution through the arterial wall is essential to studies of arterial growth and disease. Previous studies have shown that both residual stress, as measured by opening angle, and differing material properties for the media-intima and the adventitial layers affect the transmural circumferential stress σθ distribution. Because a lack of comprehensive data on a single species and artery has led to combinations from multiple sources, this study determined the sensitivity of σθ to published variations in both opening angle and layer thickness data. We fit material properties to previously published experimental data for pressure–diameter relations and opening angles of rabbit carotid artery, and predicted σθ through the arterial wall at physiologic conditions. Using a one-layer model, the ratio of σθ at the internal wall to the mean σθ decreased from 2.34 to 0.98 as the opening angle increased from 60 to 130 deg. In a two-layer model using a 95 deg opening angle, mean σθ in the adventitia increased (112 percent for 25 percent adventitia) and mean σθ in the media decreased (47 percent for 25 percent adventitia). These results suggest that both residual stress and wall layers have important effects on transmural stress distribution. Thus, experimental measurements of loading curves, opening angles, and wall composition from the same species and artery are needed to accurately predict the transmural stress distribution in the arterial wall. [S0148-0731(00)02204-4]
A Closed-Form Approach to Coupler-Curves of Multi-Loop Mechanisms
Authors: Dhingra A. K. , Almadi A. N. , Kohli D.
Published: July 2002

This paper presents a closed-form approach, based on the theory of resultants, for deriving the coupler curve equation of 16 8-link mechanisms. The solution approach entails successive elimination of problem unknowns to reduce a multivariate system of 8 equations in 9 unknowns into a single bivariate equation. This bivariate equation is the coupler curve equation of the mechanism under consideration. Three theorems, which summarize key coupler curve characteristics, are outlined. The computational procedure is illustrated through two numerical examples. The first example addresses in detail some of the problems associated with the conversion of transcendental loop equations into an algebraic form using tangent half-angle substitutions. An extension of the proposed approach to the determination of degrees of input-output (I/O) polynomials and coupler curves for a general n-link mechanism is also presented. [S1050-0472(00)01104-1]
Microwave Imaging for the Integrity Assessment of IC Packages
Authors: Ju Y. , Saka M. , Abe´ H.
Published: July 2002

Since IC packages have been made thinner and smaller, the delamination and crack, which may be induced in the soldering process, have become important factors affecting the reliability of the package. The ability to penetrate deeply inside dielectric materials, and to reflect completely at the metal surface makes microwave inspection very suitable to detect such delamination. The authors have recently developed a new microwave imaging technique that uses an open-ended coaxial line sensor to detect the delamination in IC packages. The image was created by measuring the phase of the effective reflection coefficient at the aperture of the coaxial line sensor. For better evaluation of the shape and the size of the delamination, a method to further increase the spatial resolution of microwave imaging was studied in the present paper. The resolution affected by the dimensions of the sensor, the frequency of operation, and the standoff distance between the sensor and the sample was investigated by experiment. The experimental results indicate that microwave imaging is a promising technique for the integrity assessment of IC packages.
Steady-State Component of Three-Dimensional Slab-on-Grade Foundation Heat Transfer
Authors: Chuangchid Pirawas , Krarti Moncef
Published: July 2002

General semi-analytical solutions for the steady-state heat conduction problems for circular and three-dimensional rectangular slab-on-grade floors with uniform insulation are presented. The soil temperature field, and the total slab heat loss are presented and analyzed using the Interzone Temperature Profile Estimation (ITPE) technique. A parametric analysis is conducted to determine the effect of thermal insulation U-value, slab size, and water table depth on the total slab heat loss. In particular, it was found that the total slab heat loss is independent of its shape but is strongly affected by the slab size and thermal characteristics.
On the Normal Forms Associated with High Dimensional Systems
Authors: Huseyin Koncay , Zhang Weiyi
Published: July 2002

In this paper, a modified normal form approach is proposed for the analysis of high dimensional nonlinear systems. Using the modified approach, calculations of normal forms and, in particular, the related coefficients are carried out much more conveniently. Certain high dimensional systems, including systems with inner resonances, are investigated. These systems exist widely in engineering applications. To illustrate the approach, five examples are presented.
Photochemical Effects in Carbide Synthesis of d-group Transition Metals (Ti, Zr; V, Nb, Ta; Cr, Mo, W) in a Solar Furnace at PSA (Plataforma Solar de Almerı´a)
Authors: Rodrı´guez Jose´ , Martı´nez Diego , Rosa Luı´s Guerra , Fernandes Jorge Cruz , Amaral Pedro Miguel , Shohoji Nobumitsu
Published: July 2002

During the course of our recent series of solar carbide and carbonitride synthesis work for d-group transition elements (Ti,Zr;V,Nb,Ta;Cr,Mo,W), we detected several intriguing evidences apparently indicative of involvement of photochemical effects in some reactions under solar radiation. 1) Acceleration of graphitization of amorphous carbon during carburization of W under solar radiation. 2) Promoted formation of high temperature mono-carbide phase of Mo under solar radiation at a temperature lower than the one indicated in equilibrium phase diagram. 3) Formation of sub-carbide Ta2C besides mono-carbide TaC in the carburization of Ta with amorphous carbon under solar radiation. Only mono-carbide TaC formed by the carburization of Ta with graphite under solar radiation in accordance with the equilibrium phase diagram. These features were already published individually elsewhere. This article is the brief summary of the reported facts in our earlier publications. Although the results so-far-obtained are rather primitive and still lacking quantitative characterization, there seems to be no doubt that solar materials processing would open new routes for unique products which cannot be prepared through traditional industrial manufacturing processes.
The Development of the Water Jet Scalpel With Air Pressure
Authors: Jian Yang , Jiajun Sun
Published: July 2002

The development of a new kind of air-pressurized water jet scalpel is discussed, including its design, assembly, and adjustment, the choice of optimum parameters, results of animal experiments, and clinical applications. The water jet scalpel is known for its compact structure and safe operation. The air pressure to drive the water jet scalpel varies from 1.0–1.5 MPa, and the quantity of normal saline used is 3×10−3 to 4×10−3 m3 per operation. The results of preliminary clinical applications have shown that the water jet scalpel has many advantages over the conventional scalpel in operations requiring liver cutting.
High-Temperature Corrosion of Martensite Alloy Under Oil Shale Fly Ash
Authors: Tallermo H. , Klevtsov I. , Uus M. , Crane R. A.
Published: July 2002

Superheater surfaces in oil shale steam boilers, constructed from pearlitic or austenitic alloys, are subject to intensive corrosion, primarily from the presence of chlorine in external deposits. The applicability of martensitic alloys X10CrMoVNb91 and X20CrMoV121 for superheaters has been examined and empirical equations to predict alloy corrosion resistance have been developed for the operational temperature range. Alloy 10CrMoVNb91 is found highly suitable for superheaters in boilers firing fossil fuels that contain alkaline metals and chlorine. An abnormal dependence of corrosion resistance of martensitic alloys on temperature is revealed, namely that corrosion in presence of oil shale fly ash is more severe at 580°C than at 620°C.
A New Regulating Wheel Truing Method for Through-Feed Centerless Grinding
Authors: Shih Albert J.
Published: July 2002

A new regulating wheel truing method for through-feed centerless grinding is presented. In conventional regulating wheel truing systems, a single-point diamond tool is traversed across the regulating wheel in a straight line. The interference between the regulating wheel and workpiece exists. This interference problem, a main source of error in precision through-feed centerless grinding, is due to the radius of curvature of the regulating wheel and workpiece. A new concept for regulating wheel truing is developed to eliminate the interference problem. In this new truing system, the rotary diamond truing tool has the same size as the finished workpiece, locates at the same center-height of the workpiece, and moves across the regulating wheel in the direction parallel to axes of workpiece and grinding wheel. A mathematical model is developed to calculate the surface profile for the regulating contact and to study the curved line of contact between workpiece and regulating wheel. An example is used to illustrate the model and to demonstrate that the interference between regulating wheel and workpiece has been eliminated.
Parameter Space Decomposition for Selection of the Axial and Radial Depth of Cut in Endmilling
Authors: Stori J. A. , Wright P. K.
Published: July 2002

Feeds and speeds for conventional endmilling operations have been empirically investigated and extensively tabulated 1. However, the selection of the geometric cutting parameters, the axial and radial depths of cut, remains an inexact science. Observation of mechanistic process simulation predictions reveal a relatively complex topology resulting from the multiple cutting flutes of conventional endmilling cutters as the axial and radial depths of cut are varied. A partitioning approach is presented that explicitly enumerates the transition events due to the entrance and exit of the individual cutting flutes. The resulting simplified optimization formulation permits selection of the axial and radial depth of cut that most efficiently satisfy critical simulation predictions such as maximum cutting force or form error. Case studies are presented illustrating the application of the method to select the cutting parameters in climb milling. The optimization objective in the case studies is to maximize the material removal rate, subject to the process induced constraints. Results suggest that operating at the extremes of either axial or radial engagement may in various instances be preferable to more conventional combinations of depth and width of cut. Certain regions of the parameter space are observed to be necessarily sub-optimal relative to particular planning constraints, while other regions are found to contain particularly attractive operating points.
A Finite Element Based Die Design Algorithm for Sheet-Metal Forming on Reconfigurable Tools
Authors: Socrate Simona , Boyce Mary C.
Published: July 2002

Tooling cost is a major contributor to the total cost of small-lot production of sheet metal components. Within the framework of an academic/industrial/government partnership devoted to the development of a reconfigurable tool for stretch forming, we have implemented a Finite Element-based procedure to determine optimal die shape. In the reconfigurable forming tool (Hardt, D. E. et al., 1993, “A CAD Driven Flexible Forming System for Three-Dimensional Sheet Metal Parts,” Sheet Metal and Stamping Symp., Int. Congress and Exp., Detroit, MI, SAE Technical Paper Series 930282, pp. 69–76.), the die surface is created by the ends of an array of square pins, which can be individually repositioned by computer driven servo-mechanisms. An interpolating polymer layer is interposed between the part and the die surface to attain a smooth pressure distribution. The objective of the die design algorithm is to determine optimal positions for the pin array, which will result in the desired part shape. The proposed “spring-forward” method was originally developed for matched-die forming (Karafillis, A. P., and Boyce, M. C., 1992, “Tooling Design in Sheet Metal Forming using Springback Calculations,” Int. J. Mech. Sci., Vol. 34, pp. 113–131.; Karafillis, A. P., and Boyce, M. C., 1996, “Tooling And Binder Design for Sheet Metal Forming Processes Compensating Springback Error,” Int. J. Tools Manufac., Vol. 36, pp. 503–526.) and it is here extended and adapted to the reconfigurable tool geometry and stretch forming loading conditions. An essential prerequisite to the implementation of the die design procedure is the availability of an accurate FE model of the entire forming operation. The particular nature of the discrete die and issues related to the behavior of the interpolating layer introduce additional challenges. We have first simulated the process using a model that reproduces, as closely as possible, the actual geometry of the discrete tool. In order to optimize the delicate balance between model accuracy and computational requirements, we have then used the information gathered from the detailed analyses to develop an equivalent die model. An automated algorithm to construct the equivalent die model based on the discrete tool geometry (pin-positions) is integrated with the spring-forward method, to generate an iterative die design procedure that can be easily interfaced with the reconfiguring tool. The success of the proposed procedure in selecting an optimal die configuration is confirmed by comparison with experimental results.
Elastic Solutions for a Solid Rotating Disk With Cubic Anisotropy
Authors: Zhou F. , Ogawa A.
Published: July 2002

Elastic solutions of a rotating solid disk made of cubic anisotropic material are obtained using direct displacement method. Displacement, strain, and stress distributions within the disk are expressed as simple functions of polar coordinates.
Application of Model Order Reduction to Compressor Aeroelastic Models
Authors: Willcox K. , Peraire J. , Paduano J. D.
Published: July 2002

A model order reduction technique that yields low-order models of blade row unsteady aerodynamics is introduced. The technique is applied to linearized unsteady Euler CFD solutions in such a way that the resulting blade row models can be linked to their surroundings through their boundary conditions. The technique is applied to a transonic compressor aeroelastic analysis, in which the high-fidelity CFD forced-response results are better captured than with models that use single-frequency influence coefficients. A low-speed compressor stage is also modeled to demonstrate the multistage capability of the method. These examples demonstrate how model order reduction can be used to systematically improve the versatility, fidelity, and range of applicability of the low-order aerodynamic models typically used for incorporation of CFD results into aeroelastic analyses.
Numerical Simulation of the Mechanically Coupled Cook-Off Experiment
Authors: Gerken Jobie M. , Bennett Joel G. , Smith F. W.
Published: July 2002

There has been a significant amount of recent interest concerning the behavior of High Explosives including work on an experiment known as the Mechanically Coupled Cook Off experiment in which a confined sample of polymer bonded explosive is heated and then ignited. This paper presents a finite element simulation of that experiment and provides comparisons with the experimental results. The numerical simulation includes elastic-plastic behavior of the confinement, thermal expansion effects, the mechanical and thermal response of the explosive, and a discrete crack propagation model. The results of the numerical simulation show that the general features of the experiment are reproduced.
Lateral Dynamics of a Moving Web With Geometrical Imperfection
Authors: Benson Richard C.
Published: July 2002

In this paper, an analysis is provided for the steering of a long, warped web that is transported between two rollers. The web is modeled using the Timoshenko beam theory, which admits small amounts of elastic bending and transverse shearing. Closed-form solutions are obtained for three commonly encountered forms of in-plane imperfection: (1) a splice, (2) a sinusoidal warpage, and (3) a cambered web with a constant radius-of-curvature. The fact that partial wrinkling in the web can affect the lateral dynamics is demonstrated in a simple example. This analysis reveals information on the phenomenon of weave regeneration and will be useful to designers of transport systems who wish to control the lateral tracking of webs with geometrical flaws.