bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Overview of the Development of Personalized Genomic Medicine and Surgery
Authors: Brunicardi F. Charles , Gibbs Richard A. , Wheeler David A. , Nemunaitis John , Fisher William , Goss John , Chen Changyi
Published: March 2011

Personalized genomic medicine and surgery (PGMS) represents a new approach to health care that customizes patients’ medical treatment according to their own genetic information. This new approach is the result of increased knowledge of the human genome and ways this information can be applied by physicians in the medical and surgical management of their patients. A patient’s genotype can yield important information concerning disease susceptibility and the effectiveness of medications, therefore guiding specific, targeted imaging and treatment therapies. This review summarizes major achievements of human genomic studies and applications of genomics in health care. Five years ago we developed a model for the development of PGMS in which genomic profile guides choice of therapy. In this article we discussed our progress, including an updating of the model, and a future vision of PGMS.
Laparoscopic Splenectomy: Standardized Approach
Authors: Feldman Liane S.
Published: March 2011

Laparoscopic splenectomy was first reported in 1991‐1992 by several groups. The impact and role of laparoscopy for splenectomy can be considered as significant as that for gallbladder disease, achalasia, esophageal reflux, and adrenal disease. In many centers, the laparoscopic approach is now routine for most cases of elective splenectomy. The laparoscopic approach is associated with reduced morbidity, especially pulmonary, wound, and infectious complications. This article reviews a standardized approach to laparoscopic and hand‐assisted splenectomy and covers indications, operative strategy, and complications. Several special considerations, including massive splenomegaly, postsplenectomy thrombosis of the portosplenic venous system, and accessory spleens are also discussed.
Continuous Hydrolysis of Cuphea Seed Oil in Subcritical Water
Authors: Eller Fred J. , Teel J. A. , Palmquist D. E.
Published: March 2011

Cuphea seed oil (CSO) is a source of decanoic acid which is useful in the preparation of estolide lubricants among other applications. Decanoic acid and other free fatty acids (FFA) can be hydrolyzed from CSO using a catalyst like KOH, followed by neutralization with HCl and extraction with hexane. This procedure, however, uses caustic materials, hazardous solvents and generates waste salt streams. This study investigated the use of water without catalysts to hydrolyze CSO in a continuous flow tubular reactor. Parameters such as the interaction of pressure and temperature, temperature, water to cuphea oil fatty acid residue (H2O:COFAR) molar ratio, and flow rate were examined. The lowest conversions of CSO to FFA were at the lowest temperature (i.e., 300 °C) and the hydrolysis was ca. 90% at 350 °C and 13.8 MPa and ca. 80% at 365 °C and 13.8 MPa. Hydrolysis increased with pressure and leveled off at 13.8 MPa. Hydrolysis increased with temperature and leveled off at ca. 330 °C. The optimal H2O:COFAR molar ratio was found to be 6:1. Conversion rates were inversely proportional to flow rate with 95% conversion at the lowest flow rate (i.e., 0.25 mL/min) corresponding to the longest residence time (i.e., ca. 45.2 min). These results demonstrate a continuous subcritical water process for hydrolyzing CSO to FFA that is effective, requires no catalysts and does not generate a waste salt stream.
The effect of dietary amino acid abundance and isotopic composition on the growth rate, metabolism and tissue δ13C of rainbow trout
Authors: Gaye-Siessegger Julia , McCullagh James S. O. , Focken Ulfert
Published: March 2011

The aim of the present study was to test whether the dietary non-essential/conditionally essential amino acid composition has an effect on growth and protein utilisation and on δ13C of individual amino acids in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Trout were reared on six purified diets containing only synthetic amino acids in place of protein. Diet 1 mimicked the amino acid composition of fishmeal, in diet 2, cysteine (Cys), glycine (Gly), proline (Pro) and tyrosine (Tyr) were isonitrogenously replaced by their precursor amino acids serine (Ser), glutamic acid (Glu) and phenylalanine (Phe), and in diet 3, alanine (Ala), asparagine and aspartate, Cys, Gly, Pro, Ser and Tyr were isonitrogenously replaced by Glu. Diets 4, 5 and 6 resembled diets 1, 2 and 3 except that Glu contained 0·1 % 13C-enriched Glu. A control group was reared on a fishmeal-based diet. A total of forty-two trout (4·7 (sd 0·57) g) were fed one of the diets at a level of 3·5 % body mass for 10 weeks in a flow-through system. Dietary non-essential amino acid composition significantly influenced protein gain (P < 0·025) and δ13C of Ala, arginine (Arg), Gly, histidine (His), Phe and Tyr. Non-enriched Glu was predominantly found in trout fed 13C-enriched Glu, which is consistent with the fact that Glu has been shown to be used extensively in the gut as an energy source but is less consistent with the enrichment of Pro in fish fed diet 6 compared with fish fed diet 3. Further research is required to better understand the mechanisms that lead to the alteration of amino acid δ13C between diet and body tissues.
SOME PROPERTIES OF THE ZERO-DIVISOR GRAPH FOR THE RING OF GAUSSIAN INTEGERS MODULO n
Authors: OSBA EMAD ABU , AL-ADDASI SALAH , AL-KHAMAISEH BASEM
Published: March 2011

This paper is a continuation for the study of the zero-divisor graph for the ring of Gaussian integers modulo n, Γ(ℤn[i]) in [8] (Emad Abu Osba, Salah Al-Addasi and Nafez Abu Jaradeh. Zero divisor graph for the ring of Gaussin integers modulo n. Comm. Algebra 36(10) (2008), 3865–3877). It is investigated, when is Γ(ℤn[i]) locally H, Hamiltonian or bipartite graph? A full characterisation for the chromatic number and the radius is also given.
ON WEAKLY -SUPPLEMENTED SUBGROUPS OF SYLOW p-SUBGROUPS OF FINITE GROUPS
Authors: MIAO LONG
Published: March 2011

A subgroup H is called weakly -supplemented in a finite group G if there exists a subgroup B of G provided that (1) G = HB, and (2) if H1/HG is a maximal subgroup of H/HG, then H1B = BH1 < G, where HG is the largest normal subgroup of G contained in H. In this paper we will prove the following: Let G be a finite group and P be a Sylow p-subgroup of G, where p is the smallest prime divisor of |G|. Suppose that P has a non-trivial proper subgroup D such that all subgroups E of P with order |D| and 2|D| (if P is a non-abelian 2-group, |P : D| > 2 and there exists D1 ⊴ E ≤ P with 2|D1| = |D| and E/D1 is cyclic of order 4) have p-nilpotent supplement or weak -supplement in G, then G is p-nilpotent.
ON THE CAPABILITY OF FINITELY GENERATED NON-TORSION GROUPS OF NILPOTENCY CLASS 2
Authors: KAPPE LUISE-CHARLOTTE , MOHD ALI NOR MUHAINIAH , SARMIN NOR HANIZA
Published: March 2011

A group is called capable if it is a central factor group. In this paper, we establish a necessary condition for a finitely generated non-torsion group of nilpotency class 2 to be capable. Using the classification of two-generator non-torsion groups of nilpotency class 2, we determine which of them are capable and which are not and give a necessary and sufficient condition for a two-generator non-torsion group of class 2 to be capable in terms of the torsion-free rank of its factor commutator group.
Conciliatory reflections on the procession of the Holy Spirit in Giles of Viterbo'sSentencescommentary
Authors: Nodes Daniel J.
Published: March 2011

Giles of Viterbo's early sixteenth-century commentary on Peter Lombard'sLibri sententiarumincludes a discussion of the controversial Western doctrine of the procession of the Holy Spirit from the Father and the Son (Filioque) in its regular place at distinction 11 of book 1. In treating this issue Giles remained true to his aim of producing a commentary ‘according to the mind of Plato’ (ad mentem Platonis). Giles had access to the dialogues of Plato but only limited access to original texts of the Greek Fathers. Nevertheless, he reviewed theFilioquecontroversy in a manner which respects thesententia Graecorum, even disagreeing with a line of argumentation championed by scholastic supporters of the Augustinian tradition, including Thomas Aquinas, over the related question of whether it should be said that there is onespiratoror pluralspiratores. Giles' conciliatory position owes much to his intellectual environment, which fostered a renewed admiration for Hellenism and classical humanism. Working largely without benefit of the emerging rediscovery of Eastern patristic theology Giles nevertheless reassesses the arguments for and against theFilioquewhich he received from the Latin scholastic tradition, seeking, as he does throughout his commentary, what is true on both sides of apparently divergent teachings on divine mystery.
From Metaphysics to Kataphysics: Bonaventure's ‘Good’ Creation
Authors: Delio Ilia
Published: March 2011

The question of ecology is fundamentally a question of relatedness. Is the Christian tradition, at once incarnational and other-worldly, responsible for the ecological crisis? This article examines the position of Bonaventure whose unique theological-philosophical synthesis leads to a new understanding of created reality, which I term ‘kataphysics’. The foundation of kataphysics begins with Bonaventure's understanding of philosophy as a heteronymous discipline, insofar as philosophy is completed and perfected in theology. From this position he develops an understanding of Being as Goodness based on the Trinity. Bonaventure's integral relationship between Trinity and creation leads to an understanding of created reality as essentially good and intrinsically relational. The integral relation between Trinity and creation through the divine Word gives rise to a theological metaphysics; the metaphysical question becomes the christological question and hence a new understanding of created reality, kataphysics, emerges which involves relatedness. It is suggested that kataphysics undergirds a Christian philosophy of nature which has implications for an ecological stance today.
The freedom of the Spirit: the pneumatological point of Barth's ecclesiological minimalism
Authors: Hawksley Theodora
Published: March 2011

Karl Barth's ecclesiology has come under fire in recent years from those who find his work on the church insufficiently concrete. Proponents of concrete ecclesiologies argue that Barth's use of the wirkliche Kirche/Scheinkirche motif, and his general lack of attention to the way in which the assent of faith takes shape in the concrete church, result in the belittling of the concrete church. In turn, this lack of regard for the visible church creates problems relating to the role of the Holy Spirit. This article rereads Barth's lack of concentrated attention on the concrete church and argues that his ecclesiological minimalism functions as a theological crash barrier. By attending to the structure and doctrinal context of Barth's sections on the church in the Church Dogmatics, Barth's reticence to pronounce on the concrete church can be seen not as omission or denigration, but as a methodological principle preserving the freedom of the Holy Spirit in relation to the concrete church. The way in which Barth opens up space for the work of the Spirit in the historical, sinful church has much to offer those in search of a challenging, faithful, realistic and pastorally careful concrete ecclesiology.
Emergence, reductionism and the stratification of reality in science and theology
Authors: McKenzie Ross H.
Published: March 2011

The success of reductionism as a method in the natural sciences has heavily influenced modern theology, much of which attempts to reduce theology to other disciplines. However, the past few decades in science have shown the limitations of reductionism and the importance of emergence. The properties of complex systems with many constituents cannot be understood solely in terms of the constituent components and their interactions. I illustrate emergent properties and concepts with specific examples from geometry, condensed matter physics, chemistry and molecular biology. Emergence leads to a stratification of reality which affirms that ontology determines epistemology. To show the significance of emergence for the dialogue between theology and the natural sciences parallels are drawn with the theology of Karl Barth. The approach here is distinctly different from most writing on emergence and theology which embraces ‘strong’ emergence (which most scientists consider speculative), an immanent God and does not engage with orthodox Christian theology. Aspects of Barth's theology which are particularly relevant include his view that theology is an autonomous discipline which is not reducible to anthropology or history, the irreducible character of revelation, and the emphasis that ontology determines epistemology.
The contribution of comparative research to the development and testing of life history models of human attachment and reproductive strategies
Authors: Maestripieri Dario
Published: March 2011

Research with nonhuman primates can make important contributions to life history models of human attachment and reproductive strategies, such as: including parental responsiveness into female reproductive strategies, testing the assumption that adult attachment is a reproductive adaptation, assessing genetic and environmental effects on attachment and reproduction, and investigating the mechanisms through which early stress results in accelerated reproductive maturation.
Tight translational control by the initiation factors eIF4E and eIF(iso)4E is required for maize seed germination
Authors: Dinkova Tzvetanka D. , Márquez-Velázquez Norma A. , Aguilar Raúl , Lázaro-Mixteco Pedro E. , Sánchez de Jiménez Estela
Published: March 2011

A characteristic mechanism of gene expression regulation during seed germination is the selective translation of mRNAs. Previous findings indicate that the two cap-binding complexes eIF4F (with eIF4E and eIF4G subunits) and eIF(iso)4F [with eIF(iso)4E and eIF(iso)4G subunits] are differentially expressed during maize seed germination. In addition, several studiesin vitrohave suggested that these factors may participate in selective mRNA translation. The translational activities of eIF4E and eIF(iso)4E were testedin vitrousing transcripts from two different sets: dry (0 h) and 24-h-imbibed maize embryonic axes.In vitrotranslation of these mRNA pools in the presence of the recombinant eIF4E or eIF(iso)4E, and the native cap-binding complexes from dry- or 24-h-imbibed axes, produced different profiles of proteins which were visualized by two-dimensional protein gels and autoradiography. The data indicated that eIF(iso)4E was particularly required for translation of the stored mRNAs from dry seeds, and that eIF4E was unable to fully replace the eIF(iso)4E activity. In addition, the dry seed mRNA pool was translated by the cap-binding complex isolated from dry seeds better than by the complex isolated from 24-h-imbibed seeds, whereas the translational efficiency of the mRNA pool from 24-h-imbibed seeds was similar between the cap-binding complexes from these two stages. Interestingly, eIF(iso)4E was more abundant than eIF4E in dry seeds, while both cap-binding proteins were present at similar levels in 24-h-imbibed seeds. These results suggest that the ratio of eIF(iso)4E to eIF4E in the corresponding eIF4F complex is critical for the mechanisms of translational control during maize germination.
Finite-state methods and models in natural language processing
Authors: YLI-JYRÄ ANSSI , KORNAI ANDRÁS , SAKAROVITCH JACQUES
Published: March 2011

For the past two decades, specialised events on finite-state methods have been successful in presenting interesting studies on natural language processing to the public through journals and collections. The FSMNLP workshops have become well-known among researchers and are now the main forum of the Association for Computational Linguistics' (ACL) Special Interest Group on Finite-State Methods (SIGFSM). The current issue on finite-state methods and models in natural language processing was planned in 2008 in this context as a response to a call for special issue proposals. In 2010, the issue received a total of sixteen submissions, some of which were extended and updated versions of workshop papers, and others which were completely new. The final selection, consisting of only seven papers that could fit into one issue, is not fully representative, but complements the prior special issues in a nice way. The selected papers showcase a few areas where finite-state methods have less than obvious and sometimes even groundbreaking relevance to natural language processing (NLP) applications.
An alternative to synchronous tree substitution grammars
Authors: MALETTI ANDREAS
Published: March 2011

Synchronous tree substitution grammars (stsg) are a (formal) tree transformation model that is used in the area of syntax-based machine translation. A competitor that is at least as expressive as stsg is proposed and compared to stsg. The competitor is the extended multi bottom-up tree transducer (mbot), which is the bottom-up analogue with the additional feature that states have non-unary ranks. Unweighted mbot have already been investigated with respect to their basic properties, but the particular properties of the constructions that are required in the machine translation task are largely unknown. stsg and mbot are compared with respect to binarization, regular restriction, and application. Particular attention is paid to the complexity of the constructions.
Efficiently generating correction suggestions for garbled tokens of historical language
Authors: REFFLE ULRICH
Published: March 2011

Text correction systems rely on a core mechanism where suitable correction suggestions for garbled input tokens are generated. Current systems, which are designed for documents including modern language, use some form of approximate search in a given background lexicon. Due to the large amount of spelling variation found in historical documents, special lexica for historical language can only offer restricted coverage. Hence historical language is often described in terms of a matching procedure to be applied to modern words. Given such a procedure and a base lexicon of modern words, the question arises of how to generate correction suggestions for garbled historical variants. In this paper we suggest an efficient algorithm that solves this problem. The algorithm is used for postcorrection of optical character recognition results on historical document collections.
Regular relations for temporal propositions
Authors: FERNANDO TIM
Published: March 2011

Relations computed by finite-state transducers are applied to interpret temporal propositions in terms of strings representing finite contexts or situations. Carnap–Montague intensions mapping indices to extensions are reformulated as relations between strings that can serve as indices and extensions alike. Strings are related according to information content, temporal span and granularity, the bounds on which reflect the partiality of natural language statements. That partiality shapes not only strings-as-extensions (indicating what statements are about) but also strings-as-indices (underlying truth conditions).
THE ART OF TRAGEDY
Authors: Barnes Daniel
Published: March 2011

In this essay, I want to provide an introduction to Aristotle's theory of the Greek Tragedy, which he outlines in his book, the Poetics. Many philosophers since Aristotle, including Friedrich Nietzsche and Walter Benjamin, have analysed tragic art and developed their own theories of how it works and what it is for. What makes Aristotle's theory interesting is that it is as relevant to art today as it was in Ancient Greece because it explains the features of not just tragic art, but of the films and stories that we enjoy today. I will explain the features that Aristotle says make a good tragic play and give examples of them from popular culture. The examples I give will be from tragedy, but also from romance, crime and fantasy to demonstrate how he has outlined, not just the features of Greek Tragedy, but also the internal workings of the drama that we enjoy today. The contemporary relevance of Aristotle's theory is in the fact that the features he outlines are basic features of great stories, which I think is best illustrated by applying Aristotle's analysis to popular Hollywood movies.
BEWARE THE CONVINCING EXPLANATION
Authors: Mayes G. Randolph
Published: March 2011

Most advice for sharpening our thinking skills concerns how to avoid bad arguments. But argument is only one of the two basic forms of reasoning. The other is explanation, and it is equally susceptible to abuse. You may already be familiar with certain forms of explanatory malfeasance. One of the best known is circular explanation, in which the stated cause is just a different way of describing the effect. (Why did we lose the match? Because our opponents scored more goals.) Here I'd like to introduce you to a less appreciated error of explanation. To my knowledge it has no widely accepted name, but I call it ‘the convincing explanation’.
LOCKE ON MORALITY
Authors: Moore Terence
Published: March 2011

In An Essay Concerning Human Understanding Locke makes an extravagant claim: Morality is as capable of demonstration as Mathematics. In the sixth Conversation between the seventeenth-century philosopher John Locke and the student of language Terence Moore, Moore points out that Locke's own arguments on the nature of language demonstrate that morality in a strong sense is not demonstrable. The Conversation then turns to Locke's real concern – ways in which words used in moral judgements might be made less ‘uncertain, vague, ambivalent’.
Antipsychotic utilisation and polypharmacy in Italian residential facilities: a survey
Authors: Ghio L. , Natta W. , Gotelli S. , Ferrannini L.
Published: March 2011

Objective.

To evaluate the prescribing practices in psychiatric residential facilities, with particular focus both on the antipsychotic dose and polypharmacy as well as the variation of antipsychotic patterns during a patient's stay within the facilities.

Methods.

Fifteen residential facilities of Liguria region in Italy were included. Data were collected through a chart review during a one-day census. Frequency of psychotropic patterns was estimated. Different non-parametric tests were used to analyse the changes in prescription patterns as well as the relationship among antipsychotic dose, the number of antipsychotics and anticholinergic use.

Results.

The study sample includes 362 patients, 61.9% males. On the census day 77.5% of patients received psychotropic polypharmacy and 57.2% antipsychotic polypharmacy. Antipsychotic polypharmacy was related to the total antipsychotic daily dose and to anticholinergic use. A trend towards an increase of antipsychotic and psychotropic polypharmacy and higher doses of antipsychotics over the period of stay within the facilities was noted. This tendency was related to the length of stay in the facility.

Conclusions.

Compared to earlier studies in the same clinical environment a significant increase in the use of psychotropic and antipsychotic polypharmacy was observed. The risk of prescribed polypharmacy seems to be related to time spent in the facility.
Reported stigma and discrimination by people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia
Authors: Rose D. , Willis R. , Brohan E. , Sartorius N. , Villares C. , Wahlbeck K. , Thornicroft G.
Published: March 2011

Aims.

This article examines the extent of stigma and discrimination as reported by people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. The hypothesis is that when people express in their own words the discrimination they experience such discrimination will be found to be widespread.

Methods.

Seventy-five people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia from 15 different countries were interviewed with a mixed methods instrument to assess reported discrimination. The data were analysed for frequency counts and then a thematic analysis was performed. A conceptual map is provided.

Results.

The study was a cross-cultural one but, contrary to expectations, few transnational differences were found. The main hypothesis was supported. Conversely, we found that when participants reported ‘positive discrimination’, this could as easily be conceptualised as being treated similarly to how others in society would expect to be treated.

Conclusion.

Negative discrimination is ubiquitous and sometimes connotatively very strong, with reports of humiliation and abuse. ‘Positive discrimination’ conversely indicates that people with a mental illness diagnosis expect discrimination and are grateful when it does not occur. The literature on self-stigma is discussed and found wanting. Similarly, the theory that contact with mentally ill people reduces stigma and discrimination is not fully supported by our results.
Development and psychometric properties of the Reported and Intended Behaviour Scale (RIBS): a stigma-related behaviour measure
Authors: Evans-Lacko S. , Rose D. , Little K. , Flach C. , Rhydderch D. , Henderson C. , Thornicroft G.
Published: March 2011

Background.

Although stigma in relation to mental health has been defined as including components of knowledge, attitudes and behaviour, no psychometrically tested instrument to assess behavioural discrimination at the population level has been developed. This paper presents details of the development and psychometric properties of the Reported and Intended Behaviour Scale (RIBS), an instrument based on the Star Social Distance Scale, to assess reported (past and current) and intended (future) behavioural discrimination among the general public against people with mental health problems.

Methods.

Three studies were carried out to evaluate psychometric properties of the RIBS (Study 1,n = 92; Study 2,n= 37; Study 3,n= 403). Adults aged 25–45 in socio-economic groups: B, C1 and C2 (middle-income groups) took part in development and testing of the RIBS.

Results.

Internal consistency and test–retest reliability is moderate/substantial. Strong consensus validity was found, as rated by service users/consumers and international experts in stigma research.

Conclusions.

Use of a behavioural outcome may be important to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions intended to reduce stigma and/or discrimination related to mental illness. The RIBS was found to be a brief, feasible and psychometrically robust measure for assessing mental health-related reported and intended behavioural discrimination.
The trauma symptom inventory: Italian validation of an instrument for the assessment of post-traumatic symptoms
Authors: Gambetti E. , Bensi L. , Nori R. , Giusberti F.
Published: March 2011

Aim.

The trauma symptom inventory (TSI; Briere, 1995) is a useful instrument for the assessment of post-traumatic and common trauma-related mental health symptoms. The purpose of the study was to validate the Italian version of the original TSI.

Methods.

Participants from non-clinical (n = 285), clinical (n = 110) and post-traumatic (n = 30) samples completed the TSI as part of a battery that included self-report measures of trauma exposure [MMPI-2 PK scale and Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R)] and of psychological symptoms [brief symptom inventory (BSI) and symptom questionnaire (SQ)]. TSI validity scales were compared with MMPI-2 validity scales in order to assess convergent validity.

Results.

The TSI Italian version showed adequate internal consistency reliability and a good convergent validity. Discriminant function analysis indicates a classification accuracy of TSI scales of 90% for true-positive and 91.4% for true-negative post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) cases. A revised three-factor structural model, which demonstrated an adequate and the best fit for the data, was proposed.

Conclusions.

The study extended the generalization and validity of TSI and provided some suggestions for eventually revisiting factorial structure of the questionnaire.
The magma‐assisted removal of Arabia in Afar: Evidence from dike injection in the Ethiopian rift captured using InSAR and seismicity
Authors: Keir Derek , Pagli Carolina , Bastow Ian D. , Ayele Atalay
Published: March 2011

In seismically and tectonically active regions, the present‐day strain field tends to bias interpretation of the geological record. This is usually reasonable, but in areas such as triple junctions, the orientation of stress and the locus of strain can evolve abruptly in space and time. We present deformation measurements using satellite radar interferometry (InSAR) and seismicity that together capture the intrusion of a ∼6 km long, ∼1.5 m wide dike into the upper crust of the Ethiopian rift in southern Afar during May 2000. Dike‐induced volcano‐tectonic seismicity suggests that the intrusion was injected laterally during a period of ∼4 days. Seismic moment release accounts for only 5% of the total 1.6 × 1018 Nm geodetic moment, showing that diking accommodates the majority of strain. The intrusion intriguingly strikes at N122°E, perpendicular to the trend of the present‐day East African rift. The geometry and age constraints on faulting and volcanic activity in southern Afar, combined with plate reconstructions, suggest that the dike likely intrudes an ∼ESE‐SE striking magmatic system that localized strain during Oligo‐Miocene rifting in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. We also identify the southerly extent of the Arabian Plate in Afar during the Oligocene in mantle seismic tomographic images: an abrupt increase in seismic velocity in southern Afar is coincident with a stepped increase of ∼20 Myr in the time elapsed since the onset of plate stretching. The anomalous orientation of the May 2000 intrusion implies that African‐Arabian tectonics still influences the stress field in southern Afar and is at least partly accommodated by magma intrusion.
Dynamics of hyporheic flow and heat transport across a bed‐to‐bank continuum in a large regulated river
Authors: Gerecht Katelyn E. , Cardenas M. Bayani , Guswa Andrew J. , Sawyer Audrey H. , Nowinski John D. , Swanson Travis E.
Published: March 2011

The lower Colorado River (LCR) near Austin, Texas is heavily regulated for hydropower generation. Daily water releases from a dam located 23 km upstream of our study site in the LCR caused the stage to fluctuate by more than 1.5 m about a mean depth of 1.3 m. As a result, the river switches from gaining to losing over a dam storage‐release cycle, driving exchange between river water and groundwater. We assessed the hydrologic impacts of this by simultaneous temperature and head monitoring across a bed‐to‐bank transect. River‐groundwater exchange flux is largest close to the bank and decreases away from the bank. Correspondingly, both the depth of the hyporheic zone and the exchange time are largest close to the bank. Adjacent to the bank, the streambed head response is hysteretic, with the hysteresis disappearing with distance from the bank, indicating that transient bank storage affects the magnitude and direction of vertical exchange close to the bank. Pronounced changes in streambed temperature are observed down to a meter. When the river stage is high, which coincides with when the river is coldest, downward advection of heat from a previous cycles' warm‐water pulse warms the streambed. When the river is at its lowest stage but warmest temperature, upwelling groundwater cools the streambed. Future research should consider and focus on a more thorough understanding of the impacts of dam regulation on the hydrologic, thermal, biogeochemical, and ecologic dynamics of rivers and their hyporheic and riparian zones.
Magnetocaloric effect and critical exponents of Fe77Co5.5Ni5.5Zr7B4Cu1: A detailed study
Authors: Franco V. , Caballero-Flores R. , Conde A. , Knipling K. E. , Willard M. A.
Published: March 2011

The critical exponents of the alloy have been determined with the Kouvel–Fisher method to predict the field dependence of the magnetic entropy change ΔSM. The nonlinear fit of ΔSM(H) to a power law provides a field exponent in perfect agreement with the predictions of the relevant scaling laws using the obtained critical exponent values. It is shown that possible discrepancies between these two methods for determining the field dependence of ΔSM might arise due to a poor resolution in the temperature of the experiments.
A sensor measuring the Fourier coefficients of the magnetic flux density for pipe crack detection using the magnetic flux leakage method
Authors: Nara T. , Takanashi Y. , Mizuide M.
Published: March 2011

A simple sensor for magnetic flux leakage methods of detecting cracks on the surfaces of ferromagnetic pipes is proposed. We show that the crack position can be determined by the Fourier coefficients of the leakage magnetic flux density on a circle inside the pipe in the pipe cross-sectional plane. Coils that directly output the Fourier cosine and sine coefficients were made. The experimental results showed that, using only these two coils rather than dozens of magnetic sensors, the center position of a crack on the inside/outside surface of the pipe could be localized.
Anomalous Zeeman splittings of II–VI diluted magnetic semiconductors at L-critical points
Authors: Ando K. , Saito H. , Zayets V.
Published: March 2011

Zeeman splittings at the L-critical points (E1 and E1 + Δ1) of diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMSs) Cd1−xTMxTe (TM = Cr, Mn, Fe, Co) and Zn1−xTMxTe (TM = Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) were systematically studied by magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy. Theoretically predicted opposite polarities of g-values at E1 and E1 + Δ1 were experimentally confirmed, with the exception of Cd1−xMnxTe and Zn1−xMnxTe, which are the canonical DMSs. This result indicates that the electronic structures of II–VI DMSs have not been as well clarified as we previously believed.
Development of advanced rectangular microspeakers used for wide liquid-crystal display mobile phones
Authors: Lee Chang-Min , Hwang Sang-Moon
Published: March 2011

The development of mobile phones as multimedia devices has led to limited insertion space for microspeakers, particularly due to wider liquid crystal displays. To enhance the performance of microspeakers in a limited area, this paper proposes a technique for designing a magnetic circuit considering the effective area of the diaphragm. The comparison between magnetic flux density and magnetic forces between conventional and the proposed magnetic circuit was carried out using finite element analysis. For higher flux density, alteration of the magnetic circuit was performed. Because every microspeaker is structurally sealed in a small back volume, expect for the top sound emission side, this work considered using a small back volume under the diaphragm. Although the flux density of the proposed microspeaker is higher than that of the conventional type due to alteration of the magnetic circuit, the magnetic force is less than that of the conventional type due to the effect of the voice coil. However, because of the small effective area of the diaphragm and the lightweight voice coil, the sound pressure level (SPL) of the proposed microspeaker is higher than that of the conventional type. The SPL obtained by a mathematical approach is compared to the experimental results.
Hybrid antenna–magnetoresistive sensor for radio frequency field detection
Authors: Macedo R. , Cardoso S. , Freitas P. P. , Germano J. , Piedade M. S.
Published: March 2011

A self-powered, hybrid sensor integrating a resonant microfabricated antenna with a spin valve sensor was fabricated. The device was activated by a radio frequency (RF) external electromagnetic source. This hybrid device was designed to behave as a series resonant circuit at 130 MHz. The self-powered sensor (powered by the RF field through the antenna) was capable of measuring the amplitude of the perpendicular RF excitation field crossing the antenna, down to 2.5 μT when excited with a RF field of 130 MHz.
Low aspect ratio micron size tunnel magnetoresistance sensors with permanent magnet biasing integrated in the top lead
Authors: Chaves R. C. , Cardoso S. , Ferreira R. , Freitas P. P.
Published: March 2011

Optimized single magnetic bead detection requires magnetic sensors with an improved field detection limit and a sensor area matching the bead cross section (micron size spatial resolution). This work shows that square micron sized tunnel magnetoresistance sensors can be fabricated with integrated longitudinal permanent magnet (PM) biasing that show a linearized field response and low noise. PMs (Co66Cr16Pt18) were integrated in the top lead of an AlOx based magnetic tunnel junction sensor for transfer curve linearization. Sensors patterned with dimensions down to 3 × 3 μm2 present field detection limits of 6 nT/Hz0.5 and 3 nT/Hz0.5 at 10 kHz and 500 kHz, respectively, corresponding to a field sensitivity of 1.8% per mT (linear field detection range ΔB = −8 mT + 8 mT) and αH = 3.9 ± 0.3 × 10−10 μm2 (RxA = 1.9 kΩ μm2).
Compositional control of FexPt(1−x) nanowires by electrodeposition
Authors: Xu J. P. , Zhang Z. Z. , Ma B. , Jin Q. Y.
Published: March 2011

FexPt(1−x) nanowire arrays embedded in porous alumina membranes with controlled diameters and high aspect ratios were fabricated by the pulse electrodeposition method in a novel bath with a simple composition. The composition of FexPt(1−x) nanowires can be highly controlled by the negative deposition voltage and the pulse duration. A growth mode of alternating Fe and Pt composition within wires is observed for electrodeposition in different periods of pulse time. The space separation between the iron-rich layer and the platinum-rich layer contributes to the relatively low coercivity of FexPt(1−x) nanowire arrays with an atomic ratio of 1:1.
Magnetic and ferroelectric properties of multiferroic Bi2NiMnO6 nanoparticles
Authors: Du Y. , Cheng Z. X. , Wang X. L. , Liu P. , Dou S. X.
Published: March 2011

Multiferroic Bi2NiMnO6 nanoparticles were synthesized by a simple electrospray method. Bi2NiMnO6 nanoparticles crystallize in the monoclinic structure with space group C121. The particles show a uniform spherical shape with a diameter of 100 nm to 300 nm. The ferromagnetic transition of Bi2NiMnO6 is confirmed at 122 K. The room temperature ferroelectricity of the Bi2NiMnO6 nanoparticles is verified by Kelvin probe force microscopy.
Morphology and magnetic properties of InMnAs nanodots and nanowires with ultrahigh Mn concentrations
Authors: Xu F. , Huang P. W. , Huang J. H. , Lee W. N. , Chin T. S. , Ku H. C. , Li S. D.
Published: March 2011

In1−xMnxAs (0.22 ≤ x ≤ 0.55) nanostructures with ultrahigh Mn concentration were grown on GaAs(001) substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. When the growth is performed at 380 °C, nanodots are obtained. The M(T) relation of InMnAs nanodots is highly dependent on the morphology which is affected by Mn concentration. When the growth temperature is higher up to 550 °C, the shape transition from nanodots to nanowires takes place and well-shaped nanowires are obtained at high Mn concentrations. The formation of InMnAs nanowires brings about the in-plane uniaxial magnetic anisotropy, with the easy axis along the self-alignment orientation, namely, [1−10] GaAs.
Magnetic and vibrational properties of high-entropy alloys
Authors: Lucas M. S. , Mauger L. , Muñoz J. A. , Xiao Yuming , Sheets A. O. , Semiatin S. L. , Horwath J. , Turgut Z.
Published: March 2011

The magnetic properties of high-entropy alloys based on equimolar FeCoCrNi were investigated using vibrating sample magnetometry to determine their usefulness in high-temperature magnetic applications. Nuclear resonant inelastic x-ray scattering measurements were performed to evaluate the vibrational entropy of the 57Fe atoms and to infer chemical order. The configurational and vibrational entropy of alloying are discussed as they apply to these high-entropy alloys.
Co/Pt multilayer dot switching experiments with sub-nanosecond pulse field
Authors: Kikuchi N. , Suyama Y. , Okamoto S. , Kitakami O.
Published: March 2011

Magnetization switching experiments on a single Co/Pt multilayer dot of 300 nm in diameter have been carried out using pulse fields with the duration τp = 0.6–10.3 ns and the amplitude up to 3.2 kOe perpendicular to the film plane. The switching field increases from 3.4 kOe in a quasistatic field to 4.56 kOe in a pulse field for τp = 0.6 ns. From the analysis of the field duration dependence of the switching field based on the Néel-Arrhenius model, the energy barrier E0 = 214 kBT and the intrinsic switching field H0 = 5.0 kOe were obtained. Those two parameters well reproduce the experimentally observed dependence of switching probability on pulse field amplitude, indicating that the magnetization behavior of the dot can be described by the thermal fluctuation effect for a single barrier over the field duration ranging from subnanoseconds to quasistatic regime.
Magnetoelectric response in lead-free multiferroic NiFe2O4–Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 composites
Authors: Narendra Babu S. , Hsu Jen-Hwa , Chen Y. S. , Lin J. G.
Published: March 2011

Multiferroic composites that comprise NiFe2O4(NFO) and Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3(NBT) are synthesized using the sol-gel method. The results of XRD and scanning electron microscopy indicate the single-phase formation of NFO and NBT and the presence of two phases in the composites. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss are determined as functions of frequency over a wide range of frequencies from 40 Hz to 1 MHz. Room-temperature magnetization measurements show that these composites are soft magnetic. Further, the multiferroic character is confirmed by their magnetoelectric (ME) response at room temperature. The optimal ME response is 0.14% in a 67NFO–33NBT composite. The present study demonstrates that NFO–NBT could be effective as a lead-free multiferroic composite and provides an alternative for environmental-friendly ME devices.
Photoelectric effects and magnetic responses in highly rectifying Nd0.7Sr0.3MnO3/Nb-SrTiO3 heterojunctions
Authors: Wang J. F. , Gao J.
Published: March 2011

Heterostructures composed of Nd0.7Sr0.3MnO3 and Nb-SrTiO3 were fabricated by laser ablation and characterized under different fields (optic, electric, and magnetic). The asymmetric ratios [β = I(1V)/I(−1V)] in I-V curves were over 107, demonstrating highly rectifying properties in a wide temperature range. Under magnetic fields, remarkable modulations of I-V curves were achieved. Significant open circuit voltages were observed when illuminated by visible lights with wavelengths of 532 nm and 650 nm. A planar back-to-back diode (Nd0.7Sr0.3MnO3/Nb-SrTiO3/Nd0.7Sr0.3MnO3) with a good on/off ratio to visible lights was also fabricated. These results were discussed in analogy with conventional semiconductor junctions.
Tailoring magnetic properties in Mn4 molecules: A way to develop single-molecule magnets
Authors: Anh Tuan Nguyen , Huy Sinh Nguyen , Hieu Chi Dam
Published: March 2011

Distorted cubane Mn4+Mn3+3 single-molecule magnets (SMMs) having the general chemical formula [Mn4+Mn3+3(μ3-L2−)3(μ3-X−)(OAc)−3(dbm)−3] (L = O; X = various; dbmH = dibenzoyl-methane), have been studied using first-principles calculations. It was shown in our previous paper that the ferrimagnetic structure of Mn4+Mn3+3 SMMs is dominated by the π type hybridization between the dz2 orbitals at the three high-spin Mn3+ ions and the t2g orbitals at the Mn4+ ion. This result allows us to predict that the ferrimagnetic structure of Mn4+Mn3+3 molecules will be the most stable with the Mn4+-(μ3-L2−)-Mn3+ angle α ≈ 90°, while synthesized Mn4+Mn3+3 molecules have α ≈ 95°. To design new Mn4+Mn3+3 molecules having a much more stable ferrimagnetic state, one following approach is suggested: Controlling the Mn4+-(μ3-L2−)-Mn3+ exchange pathways by rational variations in ligands to strengthen the hybridization between Mn ions. By employed N-based ligands to form the Mn4+-(μ3-L2−)-Mn3+ exchange pathways, new distorted cubane Mn4+Mn3+3 molecules with α ≈ 90° have been designed. These molecules have the Mn4+-Mn3+ exchange coupling of about 2.5 times stronger than that of the synthesized Mn4+Mn3+3 molecules. These results should facilitate the rational synthesis of new SMMs.
Spherical metallic nanoparticle arrays for super-resolution imaging
Authors: Yan Chang Chun , Zhang Dao Hua , Li Dong Dong
Published: March 2011

We report super-resolution imaging in a metamaterial system comprising spherical silver nanoparticle chain arrays, where each chain consists of nanoparticles with a smaller particle added to the end. Our simulations reveal that silver nanoparticale chains have subwavelength resolution capability at visible wavelengths and that the field intensity in the imaging plane varies with the number of layers of nanoparticles, their polarization, and their coupling. By adding a smaller nanoparticle at the end of each chain, the resolution capability is significantly enhanced, and high-quality super-resolution imaging can be realized for incident waves polarized along the chain direction.
Transient electrophoretic current in a nonpolar solvent
Authors: Kornilovitch Pavel , Jeon Yoocharn
Published: March 2011

The transient electric current of surfactants dissolved in a nonpolar solvent is investigated both experimentally and theoretically in the parallel-plate geometry. Due to a low concentration of free charges the cell can be completely polarized by an external voltage of several volts. In this state, all the charged micelles are compacted against the electrodes. After the voltage is set to zero the reverse current features a sharp discharge spike and a broad peak. This shape and its variation with the compacting voltage are reproduced in a one-dimensional drift-diffusion model. The model reveals that the broad peak is formed by a competition between an increasing number of charges drifting back to the middle of the cell and a decreasing electric field that drives the motion. After complete polarization is achieved, the shape of the peak stops evolving with the further increase of the compacting voltage. The spike-peak separation time grows logarithmically with the charge content in the bulk. The time peak is a useful measure of the micelle mobility. Time integration of the peak yields the total charge in the system. By measuring its variation with temperature, the activation energy of bulk charge generation has been found to be 0.126 eV.
A new white beam x-ray microdiffraction setup on the BM32 beamline at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility
Authors: Ulrich O. , Biquard X. , Bleuet P. , Geaymond O. , Gergaud P. , Micha J. S. , Robach O. , Rieutord F.
Published: March 2011

A white beam microdiffraction setup has been developed on the bending magnet source BM32 at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. The instrument allows routine submicrometer beam diffraction to perform orientation and strain mapping of polycrystalline samples. The setup features large source to optics distances allowing large demagnification ratios and small beam sizes. The optics of the beamline is used for beam conditioning upstream a secondary source, suppressing any possible interference of beam conditioning on beam size and position. The setup has been designed for an easy and efficient operation with position control tools embedded on the sample stage, a high magnification large aperture optical microscope, and fast readout detectors. Switching from the white beam mode to the monochromatic mode is made easy by an automatic procedure and allows the determination of both the deviatoric and hydrostatic strain tensors.